bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
COMPARISON OF HONEYCOMB AND INDEPENDENT CULLING OF SPACED PLANTS FOR YIELD POTENTIAL IN FABA BEAN
Authors: LULSDORF M. M. , McVETTY P. B. E.
Published: March 2010

The honeycomb design of Fasoulas (1973) and the independent culling methods of McVetty and Evans (1980) were used to select among spaced plants of two generations (F2 and F4) of two crosses of faba bean (Vicia faba L.) for yield potential. Single plants were planted in a hexagon pattern with 60 cm interplant spacing for the honeycomb selection method and in a grid pattern with 60 cm interplant spacing for the independent culling selection method, on Riverdale silty loam soil at Winnipeg in 1983. Three selected groups per cross and generation were developed using honeycomb, independent culling and random selection. The randomly selected population served as a check against which to evaluate the effectiveness of the honeycomb and independent culling selection methods. Response to selection, as measured by the differences in mean yields among the three selection groups determined by replicated yield trials of derived F3 or F5 families indicated that neither selection method was effective. Response to selection, as measured by the number of high yielding families retained by either honeycomb or independent culling methods compared with the number retained by random selection also indicated that neither selection procedure was effective. Correlations between F2 and F4 single plant characters and plot characters on corresponding F3 or F5 families were low and generally nonsignificant. Heritability of single plant yield ranged from zero in most cases to 0.44 for one cross, generation and selection method. Heritabilities for both total dry matter and harvest index were not significantly different from zero. It is concluded that the response to selection is too small for either selection method to warrant use in faba bean breeding programs.Key words: Vicia faba L., early generation selection, heritability, faba bean
THE USE OF CULTIVAR YIELD DATA TO ESTIMATE LOSSES DUE TO OZONE IN PEANUT
Authors: ENSING J. , HOFSTRA G. , ADOMAIT E. J.
Published: March 2010

To establish the relationship between ozone (O3) dose and foliar injury and yield in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.), several approaches were employed. First, foliar sensitivity to O3 of 10 Spanish cultivars and lines, and eight Valencia cultivars and lines were assessed over a 3-yr period. Maximum percentage of the foliage affected by O3 rarely exceeded 10% for any Valencia cultivar, while foliar injury on Spanish cultivars in August frequently exceeded 25% and even 50% on some cultivars. In a second study, two Spanish and two Valencia cultivars were treated with the antioxidant, EDU, and compared to untreated controls. Neither Valencia cultivar exhibited relevant foliar injury or differences in yield because of EDU application. Untreated USDA PI 268661 (Spanish) exhibited consistently high levels of foliar injury and significant reductions in yield, while the Spanish line EM-12 exhibited less foliar injury and more variability in yield response. Thirdly, yield data of cultivar trials from 1975 to 1984 were used to determine if differences in yield between sensitive and insensitive cultivars could be regressed on seasonal ozone dose to attempt an estimation of a dose-response function. Over the 10-yr period regressions of yields of single cultivars on seasonal O3 dose were not significant for any cultivar. Regressions of the yield ratios (sensitive cultivar/insensitive cultivar) against O3 were also not significant. Even though yield varied greatly from year to year, yields of any two cultivars (sensitive or insensitive to O3) in any given year were highly correlated over the 10-yr period. It appears that yield data are not a sufficiently sensitive parameter to establish a dose-response function, and that other factors override any yield effects of O3 over the 10-yr period examined.Key words: Peanut, ozone sensitivity, ethylene diurea, cultivar differences, yield
COLD HARDINESS AND ICE TOLERANCE OF PASTURE GRASSES GROWN AND TESTED IN CONTROLLED ENVIRONMENTS
Authors: GUDLEIFSSON B. E. , ANDREWS C. J. , BJORNSSON H.
Published: March 2010

A number of forage grass species were tested for cold hardiness and ice tolerance after growth and cold hardening under controlled conditions. Tests exposing cold-hardened plants to a single level of stress separated species into statistically similar groups but, in a number of cases, the stress was not sufficient to kill plants so the true cultivar rankings were obscured. Derivation of the 50% kill point from a wide range of levels of stress served to identify cold hardiness and ice tolerance levels of cultivars of 10 species. Ranked according to the most hardy cultivar of the species tested were: timothy (Phleum pratense L.), Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis L.), red fescue (Festuca rubra L.), meadow fescue (Festuca pratensis L.), tufted hairgrass (Deschampsia caespitosa L.), creeping foxtail (Alopecurus arundinaceus L.), berings hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis L.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinaceae). LT50 values varied from −15.7 °C for timothy to −4.7 °C for reed canarygrass. Cold hardiness and ice tolerance were only loosely associated (r = 0.36). The most ice-tolerant species were berings and tufted hairgrasses and timothy with LI50 values of 50, 39 and 44 d, respectively.Key words: Acclimation, encasement, freezing, resistance
THE EFFECT OF SUPPLEMENTAL LIGHTING ON WINTER FLOWERING OF TRANSPLANTED Gypsophila paniculata
Authors: HICKLENTON P. R.
Published: March 2010

Flowering of Gypsophila paniculata L. ’Bristol Fairy’ was promoted by supplemental lighting during the period September to February (fall) and January to June (spring) in greenhouses at latitude 45°N. Plants which received 42 or 63 d of night-time supplemental photosynthetic photon flux (PPF: 2000–0700 h; 93 μmol s−1 m−2 from high pressure sodium lamps) prior to transplanting flowered earlier and showed more vigorous vegetative growth than those subjected to only 21 d of supplemental PPF. Flowering did not occur in the fall crop for plants which received only low-level photoperiod extension lighting (8 μmol s−1 m−2, 2000–0700 h). Flowering in this cultivar is closely related to PPF during production as well as to photoperiod. Production strategies for northern greenhouses involving supplemental lighting treatments to plants prior to transplanting are suggested by these results.Key words: Gypsophila paniculata, supplemental lighting, flowering, long-day plant
DOSE RESPONSE RELATIONSHIPS OF THE GROWTH AND INJURY EFFECTS OF OZONE AND SULPHUR DIOXIDE ON BRASSICACEAE SEEDLINGS
Authors: MARIE B. A. , ORMROD D. P.
Published: March 2010

Dose response relationships for growth and injury of various Brassicaceae exposed to ozone (O3) and sulphur dioxide (SO2) were developed using a central composite factorial design, analysis of covariance and regression analysis. Cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata ’Market Prize’) response variables were insensitive to SO2 and sensitive to O3. All rutabaga (Brassica napus L. ssp. rapifera (Metzg.) Sinsk ’Laurentian’) response variables except specific leaf area and specific water content were sensitive to both SO2 and O3. All cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis ’Snow Crown’) response variables except shoot fresh weight and specific leaf area were sensitive to SO2; all were sensitive to O3. There was no significant interaction between SO2 and O3 in any of the crops, suggesting that the gases acted independently. All the equations describing the responses of cabbage had negative linear relationships to O3 concentration. The response equations for rutabaga differed among variables. Leaf specific water content had a negative linear response to O3. Specific leaf area was not affected and the other growth variables had negative linear relationships to SO2 and negative linear and positive quadratic relationships to O3. Cauliflower response equations varied among response variables, containing negative or positive linear SO2 terms, and negative linear and negative or positive quadratic O3 terms. In all three crops, visible injury was primarily a function of O3 concentration. The R2 values of the equations were lower for cabbage than for rutabaga and cauliflower, suggesting a greater population heterogeneity in cabbage than in the other two crops.Key words: Cabbage, rutabaga, cauliflower, air pollution, central composite design, polynomial quadratic equations
EFFECTS OF PLANTING DENSITY AND DESIGN ON POD YIELD OF BUSH SNAP BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)
Authors: WAHAB M. N. J. , DABBS D. H. , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Because of interest in maximizing production per unit area in regions where the land base is limited, the effects of planting density; (16–116 plants m−2) and planting design on pod yield of bush snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) were measured in replicated field trials with cv. Harvester in 1980 and 1981. Three planting designs were used: (a) conventional row designs with interplant spacing of 5 cm and interrow spacing of 20, 45, 80 and 125 cm; (b) square designs with interplant and interrow spacings both at 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm; and (c) triangle designs (honeycomb) with plants arranged at equal distances of 10, 15, 20 and 25 cm from each of their six nearest neighbors. In all three planting designs, higher planting densities (up to 116 plants m−2) gave higher pod yields per unit area. Except for the lower response in the square design in 1981, increases in yield with increasing density were similar for all designs in both years. Pod yields did not differ from one design to the other in 1980. In 1981, the triangle design gave the highest average yield and the row design gave the lowest average yield. The results confirm observations of yield advantages in planting designs which use equal spacing in all directions.Key words: Yield-density relationship, row spacing, honeycomb design, snap bean, Phaseolus vulgaris
ZONATION OF OPTIMUM SEEDING PERIOD OF WINTER WHEAT BASED ON AUTUMN TEMPERATURES
Authors: BOOTSMA A. , SUZUKI MICHIO
Published: March 2010

Seeding date is an important management factor affecting the performance of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In this study, optimum seeding date was closely related to air temperatures in autumn in various regions of Canada (R = 0.998). This relationship was used to estimate optimum seeding period (SP) and construct a zonation map for the Maritime Provinces. Seeding period ranged from 15–28 Aug. in northern New Brunswick to 10–25 Sept. in the Annapolis Valley region of Nova Scotia.Key words: Wheat (winter), climate, winter survival, zonation map
EFFECT OF PLANT DENSITY AND SOIL FERTILITY ON THE PERFORMANCE OF NONOIL SUNFLOWER
Authors: GUBBELS G. H. , DEDIO W.
Published: March 2010

The nonoil sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) cultivar Sundak was grown at four plant densities and two soil fertility levels for 3 yr in the Morden, Manitoba area. Fertilizer increased achene yield in 2 of the 3 yr and increased achene size in 1 of the 3 yr. Achene size and weight decreased with increase in plant density. Achene yield reached a maximum at approximately 30 000 plants ha−1.Key words: Nonoil sunflower, Helianthus annuus L., plant density, soil fertility
A DETACHED LEAF TECHNIQUE FOR SCREENING BEANS (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) IN VITRO AGAINST ANTHRACNOSE (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum)
Authors: TU J. C.
Published: March 2010

An effective alternative method of screening white beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) for anthracnose (Colletotrichum lindemuthianum (Sacc. & Magn.) Briosi & Cav.) resistance was developed using excised leaves or leaflets. The inoculum was brushed on the underside of the excised leaves and leaflets. The inoculated leaves were placed, inoculated side up, on several layers of wet paper towels in a tray which was then covered with a transparent lid or plastic to maintain high humidity. The trays were kept at 22 ± 1 °C with 9 h light daily for 6 d for symptom development. With this method one plant can be assayed several times either for the same race or for different races of the pathogen. The latter is particularly important when resistance to different races involves different genes.Key words: Bean (navy), anthracnose, screening technique
GROWTH AND [14C] SUCROSE UPTAKE OF APICAL AND BASAL MAIZE KERNELS
Authors: GREENBERG JONATHAN M. , SETTER TIM LLOYD
Published: March 2010

Kernels located near the apex of the ear of corn (Zea mays L.) are smaller and more likely to abort than basal kernels. Studies were conducted to evaluate the importance of time of pollination and rate of sucrose uptake in determining differences in mature kernel weight between apical and basal kernels. Simultaneous pollination of all florets in an ear did not reduce the difference in mature dry weight between apical and basal kernels or the incidences of sterility and abortion. The ability of developing apical and basal kernels to take up sucrose was evaluated by immersing the bases of detached kernels in 50 mM 14C-sucrose and measuring the incorporated radioactivity by liquid scintillation counting. Sucrose uptake increased during development, especially at the beginning of the linear phase of grain filling. Differences in sucrose uptake rate were insufficient to explain the differences between apical and basal kernels in dry weight.Key words: Carbohydrate, partitioning, corn, sucrose transport, seed development, Zea mays L.
INTERGENOTYPIC COMPETITION IN BIBLENDS OF SPRING WHEAT
Authors: MARTIN J. M. , ALEXANDER W. L.
Published: March 2010

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding programs evaluate germplasm sources and/or segregating progenies comprising a mixture of genotypes. If intergenotypic competition is operating, then performance of mixtures of genotypes may not be indicative of the performance of its pure line components. Our objective was to measure and quantify intergenotypic competition in 1:1 mixtures of eight spring wheat cultivars representing both tall and semidwarf classes. The 28 possible 1:1 biblends plus the eight uniblends were evaluated in a replicated trial in 2 yr at Bozeman, Montana. Grain yield, test weight, and grain protein concentration were measured. Analysis of variance showed the eight cultivars differed as uniblends and for average performance in biblends for all three measured traits. Interactions, deviations of biblends from average performance of the two uniblend components, were detected for test weight and grain protein concentration in the first year and for grain yield in the second year and for grain protein concentration when combined over years. Intergenotypic competition reduced grain yield of biblends compared to uniblends in the second year but not in the first year. Grain protein concentration and test weight did not show a proportionate change in response to the reduced grain yield. General mixing effects isolated for each cultivar showed competitive ability could not be delineated on the basis of height class.Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., mixtures, competing ability
EFFECT OF LEAF ROLLING ON LEAF WATER LOSS IN Triticum spp.
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M.
Published: March 2010

The effect of leaf rolling on water loss by wheat (Triticum aestivum L. and T. turgidum L. var. durum) leaves and its relationship to yield and other parameters was studied in field-grown wheat in 1983 and 1984. The influence of rolling on water loss was estimated by measuring water loss from excised leaves held flat during wilting compared to that from control leaves allowed to roll during wilting. Leaf rolling was visually scored for both excised leaves and for intact plants growing in the field. Leaves which were held flat during wilting lost 9–46% more water than the controls, and there was evidence of genotypic variation in the effect of rolling on water loss. Complete rolling reduced leaf surface area by 41–48%. There were inter- and intragenotypic differences in the amount of water lost by excised durum leaves prior to reaching intermediate and high rolling scores. Percentage water loss before reaching an intermediate rolling score ranged from 20 to 84% across genotypes, and from 24 to 84% within the most variable genotype. There were no consistent correlative relationships between leaf rolling score in field plots and yield and other parameters, probably as a result of intragenotypic differences in expression or rolling. Leaf rolling is unlikely to be of adaptive significance to wheat in environments where stress develops rapidly, but could be of potential use where stress develops gradually or is of short duration. This potential could only be exploited if the low water loss prior to onset of rolling observed in some genotypes is heritable.Key words: Triticum aestivum L., T. turgidum L. var. durum, leaf rolling, leaf water loss, drought, wheat
TIME OF APPLICATION AND SOURCE OF NITROGEN FERTILIZER ON YIELD, QUALITY, NITROGEN RECOVERY, AND NET RETURNS FOR DRYLAND FORAGE GRASSES
Authors: CAMPBELL C. A. , LEYSHON A. J. , ZENTNER R. P. , UKRAINETZ H.
Published: March 2010

Studies were conducted in Saskatchewan for 4 yr at Swift Current (Brown soil zone) and 3 yr at Scott (Dark Brown soil zone) to assess the effect of time of application and source of N fertilizer on grass forage yields and N and P content, fertilizer N recovery and net returns. A single rate of N, 50 kg ha−1 was applied to established forage stands at three dates during the late fall to early winter period and one or two dates during the early spring period. Six grass species were grown at Swift Current and one at Scott. At Swift Current there were significant differences in dry matter yields between grass species but no species × fertilizer interactions. Fertilizer applied in April generally gave the highest forage yields and N concentration, N recovery, and net returns, but sometimes October and/or November applications provided as good or better results. At Swift Current relative yields (averaged over grass species and source of N) for the different application dates were: April, 158; late October, 154; late November, 145; and late December, 137; with the unfertilized control given a value of 100. At Scott, a similar rating of yields gave: mid-April, 225; mid-October, 219; mid-November, 216; mid-December, 213; and mid-March, 192. Nitrogen concentration in forages averaged 2.06% at Swift Current and 1.53% at Scott, and was mainly affected (increased) by the April fertilizer application date. Yields were 11–13% greater when ammonium nitrate was used compared to when urea was used. Because the N was broadcast and yields were small, recoveries of N by the crop were low, variable due to weather, and averaged 21% at both sites. In most years N fertilizer increased yields, but net returns varied depending on the occurrence of early spring precipitation and on whether the forage was sold for hay or fed on the farm. Fertilization was profitable in the wetter years, but in dry years money was lost irrespective of the N source or site. Net returns favored the ammonium nitrate source of N.Key words: Grass species, grass yield, urea, ammonium nitrate, net returns
NUTRIENT STRESS IN BIRDSFOOT TREFOIL
Authors: RUSSELLE M. P. , McGRAW R. L.
Published: March 2010

Birdsfoot trefoil (Lotus corniculatus L.) is often grown on poorly drained, low fertility, and low pH soils under marginal management. The objective of this research was to document several aspects of single nutrient stresses in birdsfoot trefoil. Plants were grown hydroponically in the glasshouse through two vegetative cycles and one reproductive growth cycle. Nutrient deficient treatments included P, K, Ca, Mg, S, B, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu and Mo; toxicity treatments included B, Mn, Zn, Cu and Mo. Dry mass of shoots, shoot branching, and leaf area were typically lower in stressed plants than in plants grown in complete nutrient solution and specific leaf mass was generally larger in stressed plants. Nodule function and appearance were more severely affected by macronutrient than by micronutrient (except B) deficiencies. A deficiency or excess of a given nutrient often increased concentrations of other nutrients, but concentrations of some elements also decreased in response to a stress in another. In a few instances, concentrations of a nutrient differed from the complete treatment in an opposite manner in shoots than in roots. Seed yield and yield components were less frequently affected by nutrient stress than were herbage yields. Visual symptoms were generally similar to those of alfalfa (Medicago sativa) and the clovers (Trifolium spp.).Key words: Lotus corniculatus L., mineral nutrition, nutrient deficiency, nutrient toxicity, hydroponic solution culture, birdsfoot trefoil
INFLUENCE DU NIVEAU D’IRRADIANCE D’APPOINT (HPS) EN PEPINIERE SUR LA CROISSANCE ET LA PRODUCTIVITE D’UNE CULTURE DE TOMATE DE SERRE.
Authors: BOIVIN CLAIRE , TRUDEL MARC-J. , GOSSELIN ANDRÉ
Published: March 2010

Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. ’Vendor’) were seeded at three different dates between 23 Jan. and 17 Feb. 1984. Young tomato plants received the following supplementary lighting treatments: natural light only, and natural irradiance supplemented by 10, 20 or 30 W m−2 (PAR) for a photoperiod of 17 h. Twenty-nine days after the first seeding date, shoot dry weight of plants grown under 10, 20 or 30 W m−2 was, respectively, 311, 378 and 458% of the control. Shoot dry weight of the third seeding was 159, 181 and 207% of the control for the 10-, 20- or 30-W m−2 treatments, respectively. Early yields were increased by 19,4, 31,2 and 42% when tomato transplants received 10, 20 or 30 W m−2. Total yields were not significantly affected by supplementary lighting provided in the nursery period.Key words: Tomato, supplementary light, growth, productivity, HPS, Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.
THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS.: 78. Solanum carolinense L. and Solanum rostratum Dunal
Authors: BASSETT I. J. , MUNRO D. B.
Published: March 2010

A summary of biological information is provided on two species of prickly nightshade, Solanum carolinense (horse-nettle) and Solanum rostratum (buffalobur). Horse-nettle, a perennial, is a troublesome weed in southern Ontario. It is also an important host for insects and diseases of crop plants and is considered poisonous to sheep, cattle and humans. Buffalobur, an annual, is widely scattered across Canada, and reported to be poisonous to livestock. Details of reproductive biology, response to insects and methods of control for both species are presented.Key words: Horse-nettle, weed biology, Solanum spp., buffalobur
JASPER OAT
Authors: KIBITE SOLOMON
Published: March 2010

Jasper is an early-maturing, high-yielding spring oat (Avena sativa L.) cultivar developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Lacombe, Alberta. It was selected from a Cavell/Gemini cross, and is intended primarily for production in central and northern Alberta. Jasper is the highest yielding cultivar in its maturity group. It has moderate to low hull content, high test weight and excellent sprouting tolerance.Key words: Avena sativa, oat, cultivar description
EFFICACY OF EOSIN DYE AND 14C-SUCROSE AS INDICATORS OF PHYSIOLOGICAL MATURITY IN WHEAT
Authors: CLARKE JOHN M. , McCAIG THOMAS N.
Published: March 2010

Translocations of eosin dye and 14C-sucrose into wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) spikes were evaluated as indicators of physiological maturity. Neither was a precise indicator, as there was a lag phase of up to several days between the cessation of grain growth and dye or 14C-sucrose uptake, varying with available moisture.Key words: Wheat, physiological maturity, eosin, 14C-sucrose
TIPU FIELD PEA
Authors: ALI-KHAN S. T.
Published: March 2010

Tipu, a semi-leafless cultivar of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba, was licensed on 12 June 1985. Tipu is similar to the cultivar Century in yield but exhibits superior standing ability and other agronomic advantages associated with the semi-leafless characteristic.Key words: Pea (field, dry), Pisum sativum L., cultivar description, semi-leafless
VEEGEM STRAWBERRY
Authors: RICKETSON C. L. , GRAY VICTORIA P. , COOK FRANCES I. , VANDENBERG A. A. , DALE ADAM
Published: March 2010

Veegem is a June-bearing strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) released to replace Redcoat. The fruit is bright, firm, with good flavor and has shown some promise as a processing berry. It is only slightly susceptible to verticillium wilt.Key words: Fragaria × ananassa Duch., fruit breeding, strawberry, Verticillium albo-atrum R. & B., cultivar description
EFFECT OF WEED INTERFERENCE ON YIELD AND QUALITY OF FLAX SEED OIL
Authors: FRIESEN G. H.
Published: March 2010

In 26 field experiments over a 4-yr period, weed interference significantly reduced the oil content of flax seed (Linum usitatissimum L. ’Linott’) in 21 of the experiments and the iodine value of flax seed oil in 19 of the experiments, regardless of dominant weed species. Seed density and seed weight were not seriously affected by weed interference. Flax seed yields were reduced by weed interference in 25 of the experiments.Key words: Flax, weed competition, linseed oil
COMPARISON OF ASSAY METHODS FOR N2 FIXATION UTILIZING WHITE BEAN AND SOYBEAN
Authors: SMITH D. L. , HUME D. J.
Published: March 2010

Acetylene reduction estimates of N2 fixation and nodulation by white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris) are generally low under field conditions. Recent reports using 15N dilution have resulted in higher estimates. In the work reported here, estimates of white bean N2 fixation determined by acetylene reduction, 15N dilution, and the difference method were compared under field conditions. Difference and acetylene reduction assays were also compared under controlled environment conditions. Soybean (Glycine max), which has given high estimates by all three methods and is generally well nodulated under field and controlled environment conditions, was included as a control. Results from field experiments showed that the 15N dilution and difference method estimates were not different within or between species. Acetylene reduction estimates of N2 fixation for soybean grown in the field or under controlled environment conditions were about half those of the difference assay. This was also true for white bean in the growth room, but in the field the acetylene reduction estimate for white bean was about 10% that of the difference or 15N dilution method. Either the acetylene reduction assay is not applicable to white bean under field conditions, or white bean has access to a source of N not detected by acetylene reduction and not available to soybean or the control plants used in the 15N dilution and difference methods. In support of the latter possibility, white beans grown under controlled environment conditions, without soil N, nodulated and reduced acetylene as well as soybeans grown under the same conditions.Key words: Phaseolus vulgaris, Glycine max, N2 fixation assay methods, alternate N sources, bean (white), soybean
PLANT DENSITY, MATURITY AND PROLIFICACY EFFECTS ON EARLY MAIZE
Authors: CROSS H. Z. , KAMEN J. TONYE , BRUN L.
Published: March 2010

Several early maize (Zea mays L.) ideotypes were evaluated to determine if maturity or prolificacy differences were important determinants of responses to variable plant densities. Sixteen hybrids were tested at 24 000, 48 000 and 72 000 plants ha−1 in four North Dakota environments. These 16 hybrids represented a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of maturity (ear moisture at harvest) and prolificacy (ears per plant), with four randomly selected hybrids representing each combination of factors. Grain yield, ear moisture at harvest, stalk and root lodging, test weight and yield components were evaluated. No significant maturity × plant density or prolificacy × plant density interactions were detected although trends were for early hybrids to yield relatively better at higher planting densities. In the four environments, early hybrids outyielded late hybrids and prolific hybrids outyielded nonprolific hybrids. Early hybrids had higher test weights, more stalk lodging, heavier kernels and more ears per plant than late hybrids. Prolific hybrids had higher yields, lower test weights, lighter kernels, more ears per plant and more root lodging than nonprolific hybrids. For the four environments tested, the highest density produced the highest average yields. The data supported the use of early, prolific hybrids at medium to high densities. However, early prolific hybrids grown at high plant densities had increased root lodging, stalk lodging and higher moisture at harvest.Key words: Maize, yield components, genotype × environment interaction, plant population, planting rate, ears per plant
YIELD RESPONSE OF RAPESEED TO ROW SPACING AND RATES OF SEEDING AND N-FERTILIZATION IN INTERIOR ALASKA
Authors: LEWIS C. E. , KNIGHT C. W.
Published: March 2010

The effects of row spacings, seeding rates, and N-fertilization rates on yield of Candle, a cultivar of Brassica campestris L., were studied for 2 yr in interior Alaska. Rows were spaced at 18 and 36 cm. Seeding rates were 3, 7 and 13 kg ha−1. Fertilizer N was broadcast at 0, 55, 90, 125, 160 and 195 kg ha−1. Seed yield was not significantly affected by row spacing in either year of the study. Seeding rate did not significantly affect yield in 1978. In 1979, however, an interaction was detected between seeding rate and N-fertilization rate. During this year of abnormally high precipitation, when no N was applied, stands seeded at 3 kg ha−1 produced higher yields than those seeded at higher rates. With an initial N application of 55 kg ha−1, yields decreased from stands seeded at 3 kg ha−1, while yields from those seeded at 7 and 13 kg ha−1 increased. Nitrogen fertilization had a significant effect on yield in both 1978 and 1979. Regression equations from both years (with the exception of that for the 3 kg ha−1 seeding rate in 1979) predicted maximum yields from N applications between 89 and 105 kg ha−1.Key words: Rapeseed, row spacing, seeding rate, nitrogen fertilization, yield
A RECURRENT SELECTION SCHEME FOR FABA BEAN
Authors: ROWLAND G. G.
Published: March 2010

A recurrent selection method for use in faba bean (Vicia faba) was evaluated over a 10-yr period. The method consists of growing superior lines in open-pollinated random mating nurseries (RMN), selecting heavily podded plants from these lines, evaluating the offspring for yield and seed protein concentration, and replacing inferior lines in the RMN with selections deemed superior. Two types of RMN were established, one for yield (RMY) and the other for both yield and seed protein content (RMP). The criterion for entry of a line into the RMY was a seed yield in the top 3 % of a yield trial while entry into the RMP required a line to be in the top 5% for seed yield and 3% for protein content. A positive increase in seed yield of the selected lines from both RMNs was found over time, but no increase in seed protein content was noted.Key words: Vicia faba, recurrent selection, breeding method, faba bean
A STUDY OF ANCESTRAL AND MODERN CANADIAN SPRING WHEATS
Authors: HUCL P. , BAKER R. J.
Published: March 2010

Spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) representing a century of crop breeding effort were evaluated in three rain-fed environments to determine which yield-related traits have been altered over time. Plant height and the length of the vegetative growth phase were shortened during the pre-Thatcher era. Spikelet number has been reduced but kernel weight increased during the period of cultivar development discussed herein. Tiller production has changed little since the turn of the century while spike number has been reduced slightly in the post-Thatcher period. Harvest indices increased with the introduction of Thatcher, but neither that trait nor crop grain yield have undergone consistent improvements since the 1930s. A significant cultivar × environment interaction resulted from adverse environment having a greater negative impact on grain yield of the older cultivars Red Fife and Marquis relative to their descendents. HY320, representing a potential new market class (Canadian Prairie Spring), yielded 25% more than standard height cultivars due to a higher biological yield and harvest index. Crop and spike grain yields were associated with kernel number/spike (r = 0.78,0.75) and days to spike emergence (r = 0.50,0.55), suggesting that high grain yield in this material is a function of maturity-dependent kernel production. Future improvements in grain yield might result from selection for higher harvest index since the latter trait is positively correlated with yield (r = 0.63) but not associated with maturity (−0.17).Key words: Old cultivars, spring wheat, yield components, harvest index, cultivar × environment interaction
GENETIC EFFECTS ON REPRODUCTIVE PHENOLOGY IN SOYBEAN ISOLINES DIFFERING IN MATURITY GENES
Authors: McBLAIN B. A. , HESKETH J. D. , BERNARD R. L.
Published: March 2010

Soybean (Glycine max (L.)) reproductive phenology is influenced by genotype, photo-period, and temperature. Backcross-derived isolines for three maturity genes, E1, E2, and E3 were used. Three Harosoy and four Clark isolines were evaluated for flowering date (R1) in the Duke University Phytotron. Eight Clark isolines were tested in controlled-photoperiod and planting-date field experiments at Urbana, Illinois. The phytotron data showed a mean delay in flowering of 16, 7 and 2 d for E1, E2 and E3 vs. e1, e2 and e3, respectively. The genes were mainly additive, as were temperature and photoperiod on rate of progress to flowering. Flowering was delayed 14.4, 5.4, and 2.7 d and 16.0, 6.6 and 5.5 d in the controlled-photoperiod and planting-date experiments by E1, E2and E3, respectively. Maturity was delayed 16.1, 7.1 and 4.3 d, and 10.8, 10.6 and 5.8 d in the controlled-photoperiod and planting-date field experiments by E1, E2 and E3, respectively. Postflowering development (R1 to R8) was slowed by E2 and E3, E1 showed no effect in the controlled-photoperiod experiment, but hastened postflowering development in the planting-date experiment. Reproductive development periods prior to and after flowering can be affected by the same gene to different extents and in different directions.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max, photoperiod, temperature, flowering, maturity
EFFECT OF UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE ON YIELDS AND NITROGEN CONCENTRATION OF TIMOTHY AND BROMEGRASS AND LOSS OF AMMONIA FROM UREA SURFACE APPLICATIONS
Authors: KUNELIUS H. T. , MACLEOD J. A. , MCRAE K. B.
Published: March 2010

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha−1 in spring and after cutting the primary growth of timothy and bromegrass in three field experiments. Dry matter yields of timothy and bromegrass and total nitrogen concentration of tissue and nitrogen yields of timothy were determined. Loss of nitrogen as ammonia was monitored on microplots between the end of May and early July. Primary growth yields were usually similar for ammonium nitrate and urea but in the secondary growth timothy fertilized with ammonium nitrate outyielded timothy fertilized with urea in four out of six harvest years. Dry matter response to applied nitrogen was usually curvilinear in primary growth but linear in secondary growth over the nitrogen rates studied. Total nitrogen concentration in primary and secondary growths of timothy increased linearly with nitrogen rate during the initial 2–3 yr; ammonium nitrate and urea were equally effective in all but one harvest year. Total nitrogen production of timothy also increased linearly over the range of 30–120 kg N ha−1, while ammonium nitrate outyielded urea-fertilized timothy during one season in primary and two seasons out of four in secondary growth. Nitrogen losses increased from spring to summer, in general, with 68–75% of the variation explained by air temperature. Urea and ammonium nitrate were considered equivalent nitrogen sources for the primary growth of timothy but urea was less efficient in the secondary growth under summer conditions.Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, timothy, bromegrass, ammonia losses
GRASSES INDIGENOUS TO ALASKA AND ICELAND COMPARED WITH INTRODUCED GRASSES FOR FORAGE QUALITY
Authors: MITCHELL Wm. W.
Published: March 2010

Entries of red fescue (Festuca rubra), bluejoint reedgrass (Calamagrostis canadensis), polargrass (Arctagrostis latifolia), Bering hairgrass (Deschampsia beringensis), and tufted hairgrass (D. caespitosa), native to Alaska or Iceland, were compared with entries of timothy (Phleum pratense), bromegrass (Bromus inermis), meadow foxtail (Alopecurus pratensis), and creeping foxtail (A. arundinaceus), of more southern origin, for forage quality characteristics in a trial at Palmer, Alaska. The grasses were sampled at head emergence and after 30–32 d regrowth in 1982; in 1983 initial growth was sampled weekly for 11 w commencing 13 May. The native grasses were generally as high and sometimes significantly higher in N and P percentages than the introduced grasses. Red fescue and Bering hairgrass tended to be the highest in N and red fescue and polargrass the highest in P concentrations. Bromegrass was notably low in P content. Timothy and bromegrass were often the highest in IVDMD, and bluejoint and tufted hairgrass tended to be the lowest. The average daily rate of decline in IVDMD for timothy and bromegrass over the 1983 sampling period approximated the 4.8–5 g kg−1 reported by others. However, rates of decline varied considerably from week to week and generally were highest during the first 4–6 wk. The native entries manifested sufficient potential in quality to merit further consideration for forage use.Key words: Alopercurus, Arctagrostis, Bromus, Calamagrostis, Deschampsia, Festuca, Phleum
INHERITANCE OF KERNEL HARDNESS IN WHEAT CLARIFIED
Authors: SAMPSON D. R. , FLYNN D. W.
Published: March 2010

Kernel hardness, measured as grinding time, of seed from plant-rows extracted from the spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) parents of a previous study, showed that Cal 3, thought to have had medium-hard kernels, was in fact a mixture of soft and hard plants plus a few intermediates. This explains unexpected results. Parents Cal 9, Cal 25 and Cal 13 were each homogeneous for plants with soft, hard and very hard kernels, respectively.Key words: Wheat, Triticum aestivum L., medium-hard kernels, grinding time, genetics
INTERGENERIC HYBRIDIZATION OF DIPLOTAXIS SPP. WITH Brassica napus: A SOURCE OF NEW CMS SYSTEMS?
Authors: RINGDAHL E. A. , McVETTY P. B. E. , SERNYK J. L.
Published: March 2010

Seventeen species of the genus Diplotaxis were used as female parents to determine the crossability to Brassica napus using conventional crossing techniques. Only D. muralis and D. erucoides were successfully hybridized to B. napus although hundreds of pollinations were performed for each intergeneric cross. Brassica napus ’Karat’ was backcrossed twice to the two intergeneric hybrids in an attempt to identify male sterility induced by the Diplotaxis cytoplasms. Brassica napus ’Bronowski’ and a nap A line were also crossed to BC2 plants of the D. erucoides × B. napus cross to ascertain if the nuclear genotype had any effect on the expression of male sterility. Neither D. muralis nor D. erucoides cytoplasms induced male sterility in any of the B. napus genotypes tested.Key words: Diplotaxis, Brassica napus, cytoplasmic male sterility, crossability
VIMY FLAX
Authors: ROWLAND G. G. , BHATTY R. S.
Published: March 2010

Vimy is a medium-early and high-yielding oilseed flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) released by the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan. It is large seeded, has a high oil content of excellent quality, is immune to all North American races of rust (Melampsora lini (Ehrenb.) Lév.) and is moderately resistant to fusarium wilt (Fusarium oxysporum Schlecht. f. sp. lini (Bolley) Snyd. & Hansen). In western Canada, Vimy is particularly well adapted to the Black soils, outside the Red River Valley, and the Brown soils. As Vimy has only fair resistance to lodging it is not recommended for growing in areas with high rainfall or under irrigation.Key words: Linum usitatissimum, flax, oilseed, cultivar description
MAX SPRING WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G. , JONES D. , BUBAR J. S. , BELANGER G. , FILLMORE A. , LANGILLE J. E. , DUPUIS B.
Published: March 2010

Max is a hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.em. Thell.) with milling quality and high yield in Eastern Canada. It is resistant to powdery mildew, has good straw strength, and is suited for production under intensive management. Maintenance of breeder seed and distribution of pedigreed seed is through Minas Seed Cooperative Limited, Canning, Nova Scotia.Key words: Wheat (spring), cultivar description
RECOVERY OF PINEGRASS AFTER CLIPPING (SIMULATED GRAZING)
Authors: HALI J. W. , STOUT D. G. , BROOKE B.
Published: March 2010

Pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.) plots which had been clipped for 4 consecutive years were left to recover for 6 yr. Full recovery did not occur during this period. There was an apparent lag of 1 yr after which recovery proceeded exponentially. Full recovery was estimated to require a minimum of 7 yr following clipping to a stubble height of 15 cm, 13 yr after clipping to a stubble height of 10 cm and 20 yr after clipping to a stubble height of 5 cm.Key words: Calamagrostis, tillers, range, Douglas-fir zone
EFFECTS OF STOCK PLANT ETIOLATION ON THE ROOTING OF SASKATOON BERRY (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) CUTTINGS
Authors: NELSON S. H.
Published: March 2010

The etiolation of field-grown, rejuvenated saskatoon berry (Amelanchier alnifolia Nutt.) bushes in 1984 and 1985 proved to be a beneficial aid-to-rooting of softwood cuttings under intermittent mist. The cuttings had to be regreened for a short period of time (6 d) before they were exposed to direct sun in the outdoor intermittent mist propagation bed covered with a clear polyethylene tent. The tedious and time-consuming taping of shoot bases during the regreening period to continue the etiolation process at the base of the cutting proved to be unnecessary with the cultivar Smoky, but gave increased rooting percentage and root mass with the cultivar Pembina on regreened etiolated cuttings in combination with a concentrated auxin. The regreened etiolated treatments produced 95% rooting without auxin with both cultivars. The beneficial effect from the use of a concentrated auxin as a quick dip was more evident on the nonetiolated material, but still increased root mass on the etiolated plant material.Key words: Saskatoon berry, intermittent mist propagation, auxin, softwood cuttings, Amelanchier alnifolia
THE EFFECT OF A WINDBREAK AND MULCH ON THE GROWTH AND YIELD OF PEPPER (Capsicum annuum L.)
Authors: MONETTE STEPHEN , STEWART K. A.
Published: March 2010

Experiments using an artificial windbreak and polyethylene mulch were conducted in 1983 and 1984 with sweet pepper in Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Quebec. When analyses were conducted on pooled distance data plant fresh weight was increased by sheltering but not by mulching. In 1983, the windbreak increased yields up to a distance 24 times the windbreak height but only if plants were not mulched. Yield increases were due to greater fruit number per plant rather than a greater mean fruit weight. The windbreak had no influence on yield in 1984. Mulching resulted in a significant increase in yield in both years and appeared to be a more reliable practice than the use of windbreaks to increase pepper yields.Key words: Windbreak, paraweb, pepper, Capsicum annuum L.
COMPARISON OF ASCORBIC ACID CONTENT IN IMPORTED TOMATOES AND IN CULTIVARS GROWN IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: JU HAK-YOON , MULLIN W. JOHN
Published: March 2010

The ascorbic acid (vitamin C) content of fresh imported field tomatoes and Nova Scotia greenhouse and field tomatoes was determined on a bi-weekly basis during the period of availability of each type of tomato to the Nova Scotia consumer in 1984. The average ascorbic acid contents of imported and Nova Scotia field and greenhouse tomatoes were 13.3, 16.7 and 17.7 mg 100 g−1 fresh weight, respectively. A study of nine recommended or promising field tomatoes for the Atlantic region showed significant differences in ascorbic acid content among the cultivars. The cultivar Quick Pick had the highest ascorbic acid content of 22.5 ± 1.5 mg 100 g−1, the cultivar Campbell 18 had the lowest content, 12.0 ± 2.9 mg 100 g−1. In Dombito greenhouse tomatoes the stage of maturity and the effect of cluster location were tested against ascorbic acid content. The lowest ascorbic acid content of 9.1 ± 1.0 mg 100 g−1 was found with the small green tomatoes while others from mature green to overripe contained 14.0–16.7 mg 100 g−1. Tomatoes from different cluster locations showed no significant difference in ascorbic acid content.Key words: Vitamin C, L-ascorbic acid, tomatoes
ADAPTABILITY AND DISEASES OF JERUSALEM ARTICHOKE (Helianthus tuberosus) IN QUEBEC
Authors: LABERGH CHRISTIANE , SACKSTON W. E.
Published: March 2010

An early and a midseason cultivar of Jerusalem artichoke (JA) (Helianthus tuberosus) were better adapted than a late cultivar at Macdonald College and L’Acadie, Quebec, and Ottawa, Ontario. Diseases observed on JA were powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum), Sclerotinia rot (S. sclerotiorum), and apical chlorosis (Pseudomonas syringae pv. tagetis).Key words: Jerusalem artichoke, Helianthus tuberosus, adaptability, powdery mildrew, Sclerotinia rot, apical chlorosis
DISAPPEARANCE OF CAPTAN FROM FIELD- AND GREENHOUSE-GROWN TOMATO FRUIT IN RELATIONSHIP TO TIME OF HARVEST AND AMOUNT OF RAINFALL
Authors: FRANK R. , BRAUN H. E. , RITCEY G.
Published: March 2010

Between 1982 and 1984 studies were conducted into captan disappearance from the fruit of field- and greenhouse-grown tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Captan was applied to field-grown tomatoes at 1.8 kg ha−1 a.i. in August 1982 and 1983, and to greenhouse tomatoes at 1.9 kg ha−1 in May 1983 and 1984. Initial residues in both cases were below 1.5 mg kg−1. Significant declines in residue occurred by day 2 (1983) or day 3 (1982) for field-grown tomatoes and residues were below 0.1 mg kg−1 by day 14 (1982) or day 15 (1983). The decline in field tomatoes was correlated with rainfall. With greenhouse tomatoes the residue did not significantly decline by day 15 in 1983 and significantly increased by day 15 in 1984.Key words: Tomato (field and greenhouse), Lycopersicon esculentum L., captan, residue decline
INFLUENCE OF POTASSIUM FERTILIZATION ON BLOTCHY RIPENING IN PROCESSING TOMATOES
Authors: DICK J. , SHATTUCK V.
Published: March 2010

The effect of potassium fertilization on blotchy ripening in processing tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) was investigated. Potassium treatments up to 624 and 590 kg ha−1 in 1983 and 1984 decreased the incidence of blotchy fruit. Differences in blotch susceptibility occurred among commercial cultivars. Potassium fertilization and cultivar are factors influencing pericarp color in processing tomatoes.Key words: Tomato, blotchy ripening, potassium
INCREASED YIELD OF SMALL SEED TUBERS OF YUKON GOLD POTATOES USING MULTIPLE-ROW BEDS
Authors: McKEOWN A. W.
Published: March 2010

Tuber yield for seed purposes is low for Yukon Gold potatoes (Solarium tuberosum L.) in Ontario because this cultivar usually develops only one or two stems and four to seven tubers per plant. Yield, especially of the more desirable small seed tubers, was greatly improved by the use of twin or triple rows, 30 cm apart, and top killing the plants prior to maturity.Key words: Potato, multiple-row beds, potatoes (seed)