bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FAKTOR-FAKTOR	YANG MEMPENGARUHI PINJAMAN MODAL PETANI IKAN MAS KE PT.BPR DIAN SINARTA DAN PERBANDINGAN PENDAPATAN ANTARA PEMINJAM DAN NON PEMINJAM MODAL
Authors: Romyanti . , Sriyoto . , Reflis .
Published: April 2018

A condition which is often find where farmers incapable to providing the capital because weakening of farmer fund which also result in weaken   source of farmer's own capital. The effect of this condition, farmers seldom have to use capital from outside both formal and informal sectors.   TIhis        research was objectived  to analyzing  factors influencing  the amount of goldfish farmer capital loan to PT.BPR DB in Desa  Tanjung Harapan Kecamatan  Padang Jaya Kabupaten  North Bengkulu  and compare the level earnings  of  goldfish  farmer  among of non capital lender and capital lender farmers to PT.BPR DB.  The result  showed that amount  dependent  of family responsibility,  goldfish  farming income and farmer  operating  cost  last season  have influenced  on level of the amount  of  goldfish  farmer capital loan, while as such as wide of fishpond, formal education level and farmers age do not have influence on. So, the difference of earnings  obtained  the average earnings compared to between bigger capital lender  to non capital lender. Key word : Lending capital, lenderm, non-lender
ESTIMASI BIAYA PRODUKSI DALAM MERENCANAKAN LABA PADA PABRIK KARET PT. BUKIT ANGKASA MAKMUR KABUPATEN BENGKULU UTARA
Authors: Badrudin Redy , Sugiarti Sri , Marbun Friska Oktora
Published: April 2018

The aim of the factory is to get the profit. Large or small the advantage the profit that the factory can reached out, that’s provide the management ability/succesfull in manage their company. Into arrange the profit planning could done by analyzing Break Event Point (BEP) and the varian analysis to estimate the product cost, checking cost, and measurement of the factory performance.The purpose of this research is (1) To know is it the process of crumb rubber on Bukit Angkasa Makmur factory Ltd has reached the level of minimum sale? (2) To know how much the value number of margin contribution, and the ratio of margin contribution, (3) To know is it in production activity (production process) on PT. Bukit Angkasa Makmur get the favourable or unfavourable varian?, (4) To know the value number of fixed cost and variable cost on PT. Bukit Angkasa Makmur.The result of this research show that the PT. Bukit Angkasa Makmur has reached the minimum level of sale with Break Event Point value (in Rp) Rp 201.585.596.402,50 and 21.894.818,77 Kg. The value of margin contribution is Rp 8.339.796.662,00, and the ratio margin of contribution value is 0.04. The fixed cost on PT. Bukit Angksa Makmur in year of 2005 is Rp 8.063.423.856,10 with the variable cost Rp 221.881.029.070,92. The means of raw materials varian is Rp (36.507.552.431,99) favourable. The means of the direct employees is Rp (49.296,00) favourable. The means of overhead variable is Rp (175.905.700,76) favourable. The means of fixed averhead varian is Rp (118.626.927,28) favourable.Key word : Profit, Unfavourable, Favourable
PERILAKU HARGA DAN PEMASARAN IKAN HASIL TANGKAPAN DI PROPINSI BENGKULU
Authors: Sukiyono Ketut , Kaban Harisma Ika
Published: April 2018

The aims of this research are  to analyze the market price of fish commodity and to forecast behaviour of fish price. Fish types that are analysed in this research are tongkol. The data consist of weekly data of tongkol in the four main market in Bengkulu  for the period of 2002 to 2004 are used. The analysis of weekly prices used table analysis and linear regression model involving seasonal fishing dummies. Long run dynamic price equilibrium is analysed using linear regression model based on Cobweb model are estimated using OLS method while  autocorrelation problems is overcome by Cochrane-Orcutt. From the trend analysis price tongkol fish result, it is concluded that the slope in Argamakmur and Curup was positive. Meanwhile, for tenggiri fish there was Bengkulu, Manna and Argamakmur that having a positive slope. Based on price behaviour estimation, it can be concluded that lagged price of tongkol is a signifikan factor in determining the fish price in all markets respectively. Moreover, marketing system analysed result that the price in Bengkulu market as a producer market has a signifikan influance to the price of fish in consumen market. Key words:  the market price, to forecast,behaviour
ANALISIS CURAHAN WAKTU KERJA DAN HUBUNGANNYA DENGAN PENDAPATAN WANITA PEDAGANG PENGECER SAYURAN (Studi Kasus Di Kota Bengkulu)
Authors: Nurung M. , Priyono Basuki Sigit , Yuniarti Fera
Published: April 2018

The research aim to know analize of  working time and related wich the woman’s vegetable’s retailer income (case in market of Bengkulu city) the research executed on July’s 27 – Agus’t 27 2005.The objek of this research were to know: 1. The reason why the women work as vegetable's retailer, 2.The factors that related with women's working time, 3. The related between working time witht income of women as vegetable's retailer, 4. Their contribution with household income. The location of this research determined with census method in Pasar Minggu, Pasar Baru Koto I, pasar Panorama, Pasar Pagar Dewa. The responden in this  research determined with census method with respondent of 28 persons.The information, that used in this research, based on primary and secondary data. The analysis that used are deskriptive method, income analyze, Rang Spearman Corelation by using two tail of t test whit confidence level of  95% ( = 0.025) and contribution analyze. The result of the research showed that the reason why working as vegetable' retailerbecause economic, social and culture  motive. Related to working time the motivation and perception are factor relatec to working time. The result of analyses show that, the average of income was Rp 1.950.937,50 / month and the average of  income's contribution was 66,76 %.  Key words : working time, vegetable’s retailer income
ANALISIS FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPUTUSAN KONSUMEN MEMILIH PRODUK SYNGENTA ATAU NON SYNGENTA (KASUS PADA PETANI SAYUR DI KECAMATAN SELUPU REJANG KABUPATEN REJANG LEBONG)
Authors: Arianti Nyayu Neti , Priyono Basuki Sigit , Women Elsi
Published: April 2018

This research aims are to know the reason of consumers chosen and the factors influencing decision of consumers chosen Syngenta or Non Syngenta product.This reseach was apllied at Selupu Rejang Sub district Rejang Lebong District. Analysis methods which used are descriptive analysis and quantitative analysis. Descriptive analysis that is giving common picture to reseach object, reasons pushing consumers to chosen and consume the Syngenta or Non Syngenta product, and also explain the proportion usage of  insecticide, fungicide and haerbicide from Syngenta or Non Syngenta product. Quantitative analysis is to know the factors of influencing consumers decision in chosen Syngenta or Non Syngenta product by using regression model of  logit. Result of analysis indicate that the reasons of consumers chosen Syngenta product are efective to use, good harvest, price reached, more use by the farmers. And than, the reasons of consumers chosen Non Syngenta product are efective to use, swafety to use, good harvest and more use by the farmers Key words :  influencing decision,consumer, chosen
PENGUSAHAAN DAN KELEMBAGAAN LAHAN PERTANIAN DI BERBAGAI AGROEKOSISTEM (KASUS DESA-DESA PATANAS)
Authors: Supadi .
Published: April 2018

In trying to get his land the farmer must consider the technical problem, economical and social the culture, the exploitation of agriculture always was linked with what will be produced, how many, here, when, how and where is distributed him.  The utilization of the farmer's land as the production factor that was most important in the farming really was influenced by the relations kind between humankind and his land because will be related to in continuation of his farming. The land that was made an effort to get could take the form of his property personally or property of the other person. This research was aimed at identifying and analyzing the exploitation and institutional the agricultural land in rural areas. The method used was survey that was carried out in 12 Patanas villages that were spread in Lampung, West Java, Central Java, East Java, South Sulawesi, and NTB. In three villages, 25 farm households were selected. Results of the research showed the growth index reached 200 to 300, except in the paddy-field land where its irrigation was rotated and in dryland that was cultivated with cassava. The farmer used the superior variety seed, but did not yet apply balanced fertilizing. Fertilizing exceeded the recomendation whereas for other fertilizer (P05 and K20) and relative manure utilization was still under recommendation, in fact some farmers did not use. The productivity of the crop in the rainy season (rice and corn) higher was compared to dry season, except for the potato. Generally the farmer used capital personally, “YARNEN” system was an alternative that often was followed. The price of agricultural product was fluctuating in which the price of the dry season tended to be higher than in the rainy season, the status of the farmer was dominated by owner followed by the sharecropper and the leaser. The sharecropper and the leaser always did not come from the group landless because of the owner, also entered the rented market and sharecropper. The rented system that more stressed the aspect of economics than social more prominent in production centers of the potato. Key word: farming, institutional the land, agroecosystem
MENCARI ALAS AKAR KONFLIK PERTANAHAN: SUATU TINJAUAN DINAMIKA MASYARAKAT PEDESAAN DI JAWA
Authors: Sihaloho Matua
Published: April 2018

Agrarian conflicts are one of agrarian facts and also become the popular ‘main theme’ in many discussions and studies in Indonesia. Cases and studies of land and sea agrarian source are the two important agrarian objects, for their connection to dominant source for many sides involved. The reality that happened on the natural/agrarian source management is one of the aspects that can make village society more dynamics, both in Java and outside Java. This writing tries to assess how conflicts among sides and the impacts on social life, especially in society development dynamic review. Some basic root of agrarian conflicts are society access level to land, regulations and outsider programmes, the fading of local institutions, threat to society existence, and other things that connecting to local institutions.Key word: basic root of conflicts, agrarian source, and village society dynamic.
PEMETAAN PRODUK ANDALAN SEKTOR PERTANIAN DI KABUPATEN MUKOMUKO
Authors: Cahyadinata Indra
Published: April 2018

Data of PDRB Mukomuko District indicates that contribution of agricultural sector up to 50.7%. That means, agricultural sector is one of the sectors able to be made as bases in development of Mukomuko. This Research aim is to cluster of agricultural product that is able to be developed as bases product and to study of feasibility of agricultural product. Research results indicate that food crop become bases in three sub-districts (Lubuk Pinang, Teras Terunjam and Pondok Suguh), animals breeding  become bases in three sub-districts (Lubuk Pinang, Mukomuko Utara and Mukomuko Selatan), fishery become bases at three sub-districts (Mukomuko Utara, Mukomuko Selatan and Pondok Suguh) and plantation sub-sector become bases at all of sub-districts. Financially, all farming type can be categorized a feasible, but its business (not include palm) is small scale, so the earnings is unable to fulfill requirement of household consumption. Key word : agricultural sector, bases product, product mapping
ANALISIS EFISIENSI DAN PENDAPATAN USAHA PEMBIBITAN KARET PADA PTPN III KEBUN RAMBUTAN TEBING TINGGI, SUMATERA UTARA
Authors: Nurung M.
Published: April 2018

The objective of this research was to know the number of income and level of efficiency in rubbers seeding business at PTPN III Kebun Rambutan. This research was done in five rubber seeding blocks in PTPN III Kebun Rambutan. PTPN III Kebun Rambutan was chosen as the place of the research because this company was the only one company that sold its rubber seeds to local consumers. The results of this research was shown that the average of real R/C Ratio was 1,81 and the unreal was 1,85 the meaning was efficient . The average of PTPN III Kebun Rambutan real income was Rp 1.166.509.090,93/Ut/5 months and the unreal income was Rp 1.221.160.530,93/Ut/5 months. It means that PTPN III has been success in doing its business.Key words: income analysis, efficiency analysis
KAJIAN PERGESERAN KERJA WANITA DARl TENAGA PEMETIK TEH KE JEN1S PEKERJAAN LAINNYA (KASUS D1 DESA SEKITAR PERKEBUNAN TEH PT. SARANA MAND1RI MUKTI KABUPATEN KEPAHIANG)
Authors: Arianti Nyayu Neti , Priyono Basuki Sigit
Published: April 2018

This research is aimed to investigate:  1) which jobs were chosen by women  who worked as the tea leaves pickers at P'I'Barana Mandiri  Mukti Plantation  in Kabupaten Kepahiang after they have fined due to the collapse of the plantation,  2)  the women's  working  time in their new job, 3) their income from their new job and 4) their income contribution  to their family income. The snowball sampling  was used to take the 60 respondents.  The primary  data were collected through interview and the secondary  data were taken from other institutions related to this research. The research results showed that there were 31J% respondents had new job as the helper of their husband  working  on their own farm, 20% worked  to clear weeds away at other tea plantation,  16J% as the pickers at other tea plantations  and 11,7% as housewives.  The women worked 4,8 hours/day on an average at their new job. The average of the women's  income from their new job was Rp 282.833,30/month  and their contribution to their family income was 35,96 on an average and it is classified on low category.Key words: work movement,  women,  tea pickers
AKUISISI DATA SENSOR INTERDIGITAL CAPACITOR UNTUK PENGUKURAN KADAR AIR PADA BATU BATA BERBASIS NON-DESTRUCTIVE TESTING
Authors: Albanna Isa
Published: April 2018

Sensor Interdigital capacitor (IDC-S) merupakan sensor berbasis non-destructive tes (NDT) yang mampu mengubah nilai parameter fisis menjadi besaran elektrik (kapasitansi). Perancangan sensor IDC-S dalam penelitian ini berfungsi sebagai unit pengukur kadar air dalam batu bata hasil produksi. Tujuan umum dari penelitian ini adalah melakukan akuisisi data dari model sensor IDC-S dalam implementasi pengukuran kadar air. Air merupakan meterial yang memiliki nilai dielektrik. Interaksi bahan dielektrik dan medan listrik yang ditransmisikan oleh elektroda coplanar sensor IDC-S akan mampu mengubah nilai kapasitansi. Tahap pertama dalam penelitian adalah simulasi numerik FEM sensor IDC-S menggunakan perangkat lunak Agros2D. Hasil simulasi menunjukkan distribusi potensial hanya berada pada sekitar elektroda. Pada kontur simulasi tidak terdapat overlap potensial antar elektroda. Proses pengujian dilakukan dengan dua metode yaitu statis dan dinamis. Pada metode pengujian statis dilakukan pengukuran nilai kapasitansi terhadap variasi kadar air. Pengukuran kapasitasni dalam metode statis dilakukan dengan instrumentasi standar RCL Meter PM 6303A Phillip-Fluke. Didapatkan data nilai kapasitansi sekitar 8.2 pF – 45.5 pF (kadar air 0% - 70%). Metode kedua adalah pengukuran nlai kapasitan dengan memanfaatkan sinyal kotak. Hasil analisa fungsi eksponensial dari sinyal luaran yang terukur didapatkan besar kapasitan adalah 9.4 pF– 43.9 pF. Nilai pengukuran kapasitansi pada metode dinamis dipengarui oleh beberapa derau frekuensi rendah yang teridentifikasi melaui FFT spectrume analyzer SR770. Diharapkan sensor IDC-S dapat diimplementasikan dalam pengukuran kadar air batu bata berbasis NDT.
PENGARUH ORIENTASI SERAT KACA TERHADAP KEKUATAN IMPACT PADA BODI PROTOTIPE MOBIL LISTRIK
Authors: Primaningtyas Widya Emilia
Published: April 2018

Pengembangan produksi kendaraan bermotor berpenggerak listrik tengah berjalan pesat dewasa ini, sebagai salah satu upaya pemecahan masalah krisis energi dunia. Studi perihal bodi mobil listrik berbahan komposit pun juga sedang dikembangkan untuk mencapai bodi mobil yang ringan, fleksibel, ekonomis, namun kuat dan tangguh. Penelitian tentang pengaruh variasi penyusunan orientasi serat kaca (30o , 45o , 60o, dan Acak) pada variasi komposisi material penguat dan material pengikat (1:2,7 dan 1:4,4) terhadap kekuatan impact pada bodi mobil listrik tipe prototipe dilakukan, dan didapatkan hasil nilai kekuatan impact tertinggi dari variasi komposisi 1 : 2,7 dengan penyusunan serat gelas secara acak. Untuk komposit dengan susunan serat acak dengan campuran komposisi 1:2,7 didapatkan nilai kekuatan impact sebesar 557.33± 38.68 kgm/m2, sedangkan untuk komposisi 1:4,4 didapat nilai 400 kgm/m2, dan masing-masing nilai tersebut merupakan kekuatan impact tertinggi dibandingkan dengan komposit yang tersusun secara seragam dengan variasi sudut di setiap komposisi campuran. Disimpulkan juga bahwa nilai kekuatan impact akan meningkat dengan bertambahnya komposisi penambahan serat pada campuran komposit.
Kata Kunci : Serat Gelas, Komposit, Orientasi, Kekuatan Impact
Teaching and Learning Vocabulary in a Second Language: Past, Present, and Future Directions
Authors: Maiguashca Raffaella Uslenghi
Published: April 2018

In this article I shall offer an overview of the various developments that have taken place during the last twenty years in the area of vocabulary research within the field of second language education. My goal is not to give a detailed or exhaustive account but rather to characterize the most salient trends in order, on the one hand, to highlight the progress that has been made so far and, on the other, to suggest possible directions for the future. In the first two sections of the article I will show how, from being the "poor relation" of language teaching in the 1960s and 1970s, vocabulary has moved during the 1980s into the "guest of honor" position. As for the 1990s, while there is no doubt that great strides have been made, I am also convinced that there are still great challenges ahead for those who do research in the area of vocabulary. I will conclude the article by suggesting precisely one such challenge.
ESL Vocabulary Acquisition: Contextualization and Decontextualization
Authors: Qian David D.
Published: April 2018

This study explores conflicting views concerning the relative superiority of two approaches to learning a second language (L2) vocabulary: i.e., learning words in context and learning words out of context. The present study endeavoured to explore these two apparently related issues at the same time. It would have been ideal if the present study could have followed the framework of Seibert' s (1930) study, which also explored the two issues. However, Seibert' s paper does not provide sufficient information as to what kind of target words were used in the experiment ( e.g., whether they were associative words or non-associative words). Meanwhile, Anderson and Jordan's (1928) study provided much more detail, which is helpful in designing follow-up studies. The time frame of the Anderson and Jordan (1928) study, therefore, was used as a basis for designing the present study.
A Comparison of Vocabulary Acquisition in Audio and Video Contexts
Authors: Duquette Lise , Painchaud Gisèle
Published: April 2018

The development of lexical proficiency in a second or foreign language often causes problems for learners, as Marton (1977), Meara (1980) and Richards (1985) have reported. Current pedagogical trends emphasize incidental or indirect learning by resorting to contextual cues but do not explicitly describe techniques to facilitate vocabulary learning. After a review of the literature on L1 vocabulary acquisition, Krashen (1989) concluded that vocabulary can best be acquired through reading and that all other vocabulary teaching techniques are inefficient to some degree.
A Study of the Acquisition of Verbs of Motion by Grade 4/5 Early French Immersion Students
Authors: Wright Rhonda
Published: April 2018

The purpose of the study described in this paper was to examine the effectiveness of vocabulary instruction aimed at filling an observed gap in the second language (L2) lexical competence of early French immersion students. In Canada, early French immersion programs, designed for non-Francophone students, begin typically in kindergarten with a half-day of schooling in French. In the program with which this study is concerned, instruction in French for the entire school day continues from grade 1 to grade 3, when daily lessons in English begin. The proportion of instructional time in English is increased gradually in each following grade, until approximately half of the curriculum is taught in English by grades 6 or 7.
Introduction: Vocabulary Learning and Teaching in a Second Language
Authors: Harley Birgit
Published: April 2018

Vocabulary knowledge in a second language (L2) is fundamental to the development of L2 proficiency. How this knowledge is acquired and what conditions favour its development are key questions that are now increasingly commanding research attention in a wide variety of language learning settings across the world (e.g.,Arnaud & Bèjoint, 1992; Harley, 1995; Huckin, Haynes, & Coady, 1993; Meara, 1987, 1992; Nation, 1990). These are the questions that motivated the present set of original articles on L2 vocabulary learning. Each of the 12 studies in this issue examines L2 vocabulary learning from a particular angle, focusing for example on the assessment of progress in vocabulary knowledge, the approaches and strategies that learners use in decoding, comprehending, and learning unfamiliar words, the relevance of context for vocabulary learning, the role of learner factors such as age, proficiency, and first language (Ll) background, and the merits of different instructional practices for developing lexical proficiency in the L2.
Effectiveness of perioperative antiepileptic drug prophylaxis for early and late seizures following oncologic neurosurgery: a meta-analysis
Authors: Joiner Evan F. , Youngerman Brett E. , Hudson Taylor S. , Yang Jingyan , Welch Mary R. , McKhann Guy M. , Neugut Alfred I. , Bruce Jeffrey N.
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE

The purpose of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the impact of perioperative antiepileptic drug (AED) prophylaxis on short- and long-term seizure incidence among patients undergoing brain tumor surgery. It is the first meta-analysis to focus exclusively on perioperative AED prophylaxis among patients undergoing brain tumor surgery.

METHODS

The authors searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, clinicaltrials.gov, and the System for Information on Gray Literature in Europe for records related to perioperative AED prophylaxis for patients with brain tumors. Risk of bias in the included studies was assessed using the Cochrane risk of bias tool. Incidence rates for early seizures (within the first postoperative week) and total seizures were estimated based on data from randomized controlled trials. A Mantel-Haenszel random-effects model was used to analyze pooled relative risk (RR) of early seizures (within the first postoperative week) and total seizures associated with perioperative AED prophylaxis versus control.

RESULTS

Four RCTs involving 352 patients met the criteria of inclusion. The results demonstrated that perioperative AED prophylaxis for patients undergoing brain tumor surgery provides a statistically significant reduction in risk of early postoperative seizures compared with control (RR = 0.352, 95% confidence interval 0.130–0.949, p = 0.039). AED prophylaxis had no statistically significant effect on the total (combined short- and long-term) incidence of seizures.

CONCLUSIONS

This meta-analysis demonstrates for the first time that perioperative AED prophylaxis for brain tumor surgery provides a statistically significant reduction in early postoperative seizure risk.
For the further training of individuals in neurosurgery: a history of the William P. Van Wagenen Fellowship
Authors: Schmidt Tyler M. , DeAndrea-Lazarus Ian A. , Kimmell Kristopher T. , Vates G. Edward , Haines Stephen J. , Pilcher Webster H.
Published: April 2018

The William P. Van Wagenen Fellowship, celebrating its 50th anniversary, is an annual award given by the AANS and administered by the Neurosurgery Research and Education Foundation (NREF). Named after its benefactor, Dr. William Van Wagenen, the fellowship continues his legacy of mentorship and innovation. As the premier research award for young neurosurgeons, it has provided a foundation for career development for many thought leaders in the field. The award was created in the spirit of Van Wagenen’s belief in collaboration with other institutions as a means of refining neurosurgical technique, creating new research initiatives, and improving patient outcomes. Van Wagenen’s commitment was informed by his early experiences in neurosurgery with his mentor Dr. Harvey Cushing, who helped to fund Van Wagenen’s scientific endeavors in Europe. This journey catalyzed Van Wagenen’s lifelong commitment to mentorship, which is exemplified by his instrumental role in the creation of the Harvey Cushing Society, now the AANS. Over the last 50 years, the recipients of this award have used the endowment to lay the groundwork for many scientific and technical innovations in neurosurgery. The fellowship remains an unmatched opportunity to explore new lines of investigation, foster academic and research goals, incorporate new technology and skills into American neurosurgical practice, and motivate young neurosurgeons to transform the field. The legacy of mentorship, scientific inquiry, and clinical excellence personified by Cushing and Van Wagenen is memorialized in the William P. Van Wagenen Fellowship.
Global neurosurgery: the current capacity and deficit in the provision of essential neurosurgical care. Executive Summary of the Global Neurosurgery Initiative at the Program in Global Surgery and Social Change
Authors: Dewan Michael C. , Rattani Abbas , Fieggen Graham , Arraez Miguel A. , Servadei Franco , Boop Frederick A. , Johnson Walter D. , Warf Benjamin C. , Park Kee B.
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE

Worldwide disparities in the provision of surgical care result in otherwise preventable disability and death. There is a growing need to quantify the global burden of neurosurgical disease specifically, and the workforce necessary to meet this demand.

METHODS

Results from a multinational collaborative effort to describe the global neurosurgical burden were aggregated and summarized. First, country registries, third-party modeled data, and meta-analyzed published data were combined to generate incidence and volume figures for 10 common neurosurgical conditions. Next, a global mapping survey was performed to identify the number and location of neurosurgeons in each country. Finally, a practitioner survey was conducted to quantify the proportion of disease requiring surgery, as well as the median number of neurosurgical cases per annum. The neurosurgical case deficit was calculated as the difference between the volume of essential neurosurgical cases and the existing neurosurgical workforce capacity.

RESULTS

Every year, an estimated 22.6 million patients suffer from neurological disorders or injuries that warrant the expertise of a neurosurgeon, of whom 13.8 million require surgery. Traumatic brain injury, stroke-related conditions, tumors, hydrocephalus, and epilepsy constitute the majority of essential neurosurgical care worldwide. Approximately 23,300 additional neurosurgeons are needed to address more than 5 million essential neurosurgical cases—all in low- and middle-income countries—that go unmet each year. There exists a gross disparity in the allocation of the surgical workforce, leaving large geographic treatment gaps, particularly in Africa and Southeast Asia.

CONCLUSIONS

Each year, more than 5 million individuals suffering from treatable neurosurgical conditions will never undergo therapeutic surgical intervention. Populations in Africa and Southeast Asia, where the proportion of neurosurgeons to neurosurgical disease is critically low, are especially at risk. Increasing access to essential neurosurgical care in low- and middle-income countries via neurosurgical workforce expansion as part of surgical system strengthening is necessary to prevent severe disability and death for millions with neurological disease.
The subatlantic triangle: gateway to early localization of the atlantoaxial vertebral artery
Authors: Tayebi Meybodi Ali , Gandhi Sirin , Preul Mark C. , Lawton Michael T.
Published: April 2018

OBJECTIVE

Exposure of the vertebral artery (VA) between C-1 and C-2 vertebrae (atlantoaxial VA) may be necessary in a variety of pathologies of the craniovertebral junction. Current methods to expose this segment of the VA entail sharp dissection of muscles close to the internal jugular vein and the spinal accessory nerve. The present study assesses the technique of exposing the atlantoaxial VA through a newly defined muscular triangle at the craniovertebral junction.

METHODS

Five cadaveric heads were prepared for surgical simulation in prone position, turned 30°–45° toward the side of exposure. The atlantoaxial VA was exposed through the subatlantic triangle after reflecting the sternocleidomastoid and splenius capitis muscles inferiorly. The subatlantic triangle was formed by 3 groups of muscles: 1) the levator scapulae and splenius cervicis muscles inferiorly and laterally, 2) the longissimus capitis muscle inferiorly and medially, and 3) the inferior oblique capitis superiorly. The lengths of the VA exposed through the triangle before and after unroofing the C-2 transverse foramen were measured.

RESULTS

The subatlantic triangle consistently provided access to the whole length of atlantoaxial VA. The average length of the VA exposed via the subatlantic triangle was 19.5 mm. This average increased to 31.5 mm after the VA was released at the C-2 transverse foramen.

CONCLUSIONS

The subatlantic triangle provides a simple and straightforward pathway to expose the atlantoaxial VA. The proposed method may be useful during posterior approaches to the craniovertebral junction should early exposure and control of the atlantoaxial VA become necessary.
The Conflict over Jerusalem: A Settler-Colonial Perspective
Authors: Mansour Awad
Published: April 2018

In July 2017 — while preparing this article for publication — a two-week standoff occurred between Palestinian worshippers in Jerusalem and the Israeli government, which sought to impose new restrictions on Palestinian Muslim access to the Al-Aqsa Mosque. Thus, this article has two parts. The initial version, providing a settler-colonial reading of the conflict over Jerusalem utilising three concepts: the ‘frontier’, ‘othering’ in Orientalism, and a Foucauldian application of the creation of docile subjects through an intrusive surveillance structure. The second part, the epilogue, highlights the standoff and concludes that the Palestinian self-mobilisation in Jerusalem demonstrated an ability to break loose from the intense Israeli settler-colonial dynamics.
The Production of Colonial Temporal Patterns in East Jerusalem
Authors: Samman Maha
Published: April 2018

This article analyses the on-going colonial situation in Jerusalem in real time in contrast to similar research that focuses on past cases. Using the time variable, the author illustrates how different settler-colonial urban strategies create two spatial systems, thereby producing two different temporal patterns for two different groups in the same space: the coloniser whose time is conserved and the colonised whose time is depleted. The article shows the spatial and temporal impact of colonial urban planning on the colonised through examples, including the ‘Separation Wall’ and checkpoints. The author advocates for temporal autonomy for the colonised in Jerusalem.
Collaborative Cartographies: Counter-Cartography and Mapping Justice in Palestine
Authors: Sánchez Olga Blázquez
Published: April 2018

Maps do not only represent space, but also produce it. This article is an attempt to approach cartographies from a performative perspective in order to argue that maps actually do things. The article is divided into three main parts that develop a reflection on the role of maps as devices, a comparison between different maps representing the Old City of Jerusalem, and an analysis of the ability of different actors (collectives, artists, and so on) to develop counter-cartographies with the aim of transforming the field, the community, the surrounding landscape, and, consequently, the material and socio-political conditions in Palestine.
‘One Giant House’: Civil Society Mobilisation and the Protection of Palestinian Cultural Heritage and Identity in Al-quds Al-Sharif
Authors: Smith O'Neil Maryvelma
Published: April 2018

Civil society organisations in East Jerusalem play a crucial role in protecting Palestinian cultural heritage in the Old City of Jerusalem by providing grassroots support and enhancing the steadfastness of East Jerusalem's Palestinian residents. In critically engaging with the Palestine National Authority's (PNA's) definition of the role of culture, this article seeks to provide the first comprehensive assessment of this civil society mobilisation. After breaking new ground by demonstrating how Jerusalemite university students perceive Palestinian identity, it concludes by asserting that the forging of an active collaboration between the PNA, Jerusalemite students and minority communities could bolster the frontline defense of vulnerable cultural heritage against further Zionist remodeling of Jerusalem's ‘one giant house’. ( Ghoshen 2013 )
Anthropogenic Food Subsidy to a Commensal Carnivore: The Value and Supply of Human Faeces in the Diet of Free-Ranging Dogs
Authors: Butler James R. A. , Brown Wendy Y. , Du Toit Johan T.
Published: April 2018

As the global population of free-ranging domestic dogs grows, there is increasing concern about impacts on human health and wildlife conservation. Effective management of dog populations requires reliable information on their diet, feeding behavior, and social ecology. Free-ranging dogs are reliant on humans, but anthropogenic food subsidies, particularly human faeces (i.e., coprophagy) have not previously been fully quantified. In this study we assess the contributions of different food types to the diet, and their influences on the social behaviour of free-ranging dogs in communal lands of rural Zimbabwe, with a focus on coprophagy. Free-ranging dog diets, body condition, and sociology were studied amongst 72 dogs over 18 months using scat analysis and direct observations. Human faeces constituted the fourth most common item in scats (56% occurrence) and contributed 21% by mass to the observed diet. Human faeces represented a valuable resource because relative to other food items it was consistently available, and of higher nutritional value than ‘sadza’ (maize porridge, the human staple and primary human-derived food), yielding 18.7% crude protein and 18.7 KJ/kg gross energy, compared to 8.3% and 18.5 KJ/kg for sadza, respectively. Human faeces had protein and energy values equivalent to mammal remains, another important food item. Dog condition was generally good, with 64% of adult females and 74% of adult males in the highest two body condition scores (on a five point scale), suggesting a plentiful and high quality food supply. Dogs largely fed alone, perhaps as a consequence of the small, inert, and spatially dispersed items that comprise their diet, and its abundance. We discuss the relationships between sanitation, human development, the supply of human faeces, female dog fertility, and population control.
Improved Deep Belief Networks (IDBN) Dynamic Model-Based Detection and Mitigation for Targeted Attacks on Heavy-Duty Robots
Authors: Li Lianpeng , Xie Lun , Li Weize , Liu Zhenzong , Wang Zhiliang
Published: April 2018

In recent years, the robots, especially heavy-duty robots, have become the hardest-hit areas for targeted attacks. These attacks come from both the cyber-domain and the physical-domain. In order to improve the security of heavy-duty robots, this paper proposes a detection and mitigation mechanism which based on improved deep belief networks (IDBN) and dynamic model. The detection mechanism consists of two parts: (1) IDBN security checks, which can detect targeted attacks from the cyber-domain; (2) Dynamic model and security detection, used to detect the targeted attacks which can possibly lead to a physical-domain damage. The mitigation mechanism was established on the base of the detection mechanism and could mitigate transient and discontinuous attacks. Moreover, a test platform was established to carry out the performance evaluation test for the proposed mechanism. The results show that, the detection accuracy for the attack of the cyber-domain of IDBN reaches 96.2%, and the detection accuracy for the attack of physical-domain control commands reaches 94%. The performance evaluation test has verified the reliability and high efficiency of the proposed detection and mitigation mechanism for heavy-duty robots.
Capability of the Direct Dimethyl Ether Synthesis Process for the Conversion of Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Ateka Ainara , Ereña Javier , Sánchez-Contador Miguel , Perez-Uriarte Paula , Bilbao Javier , Aguayo Andrés T.
Published: April 2018

The direct synthesis of dimethyl ether (DME) is an ideal process to achieve the environmental objective of CO2 conversion together with the economic objective of DME production. The effect of the reaction conditions (temperature, pressure, space time) and feed composition (ternary mixtures of H2 + CO + CO2 with different CO2/CO and H2/COx molar ratios) on the reaction indices (COx conversion, product yield and selectivity, CO2 conversion) has been studied by means of experiments carried out in a fixed-bed reactor, with a CuO-ZnO-MnO/SAPO-18 catalyst, in order to establish suitable ranges of operating conditions for enhancing the individual objectives of CO2 conversion and DME yield. The optimums of these two objectives are achieved in opposite conditions, and for striking a good balance between both objectives, the following conditions are suitable: 275–300 °C; 20–30 bar; 2.5–5 gcat h (molC)−1 and a H2/COx molar ratio in the feed of 3. CO2/CO molar ratio in the feed is of great importance. Ratios below 1/3 are suitable for enhancing DME production, whereas CO2/CO ratios above 1 improve the conversion of CO2. This conversion of CO2 in the overall process of DME synthesis is favored by the reverse water gas shift equation, since CO is more active than CO2 in the methanol synthesis reaction.
Forecasting of Energy Consumption in China Based on Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Least Squares Support Vector Machine Optimized by Improved Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm
Authors: Dai Shuyu , Niu Dongxiao , Li Yan
Published: April 2018

For social development, energy is a crucial material whose consumption affects the stable and sustained development of the natural environment and economy. Currently, China has become the largest energy consumer in the world. Therefore, establishing an appropriate energy consumption prediction model and accurately forecasting energy consumption in China have practical significance, and can provide a scientific basis for China to formulate a reasonable energy production plan and energy-saving and emissions-reduction-related policies to boost sustainable development. For forecasting the energy consumption in China accurately, considering the main driving factors of energy consumption, a novel model, EEMD-ISFLA-LSSVM (Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition and Least Squares Support Vector Machine Optimized by Improved Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm), is proposed in this article. The prediction accuracy of energy consumption is influenced by various factors. In this article, first considering population, GDP (Gross Domestic Product), industrial structure (the proportion of the second industry added value), energy consumption structure, energy intensity, carbon emissions intensity, total imports and exports and other influencing factors of energy consumption, the main driving factors of energy consumption are screened as the model input according to the sorting of grey relational degrees to realize feature dimension reduction. Then, the original energy consumption sequence of China is decomposed into multiple subsequences by Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition for de-noising. Next, the ISFLA-LSSVM (Least Squares Support Vector Machine Optimized by Improved Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm) model is adopted to forecast each subsequence, and the prediction sequences are reconstructed to obtain the forecasting result. After that, the data from 1990 to 2009 are taken as the training set, and the data from 2010 to 2016 are taken as the test set to make an empirical analysis for energy consumption prediction. Four models, ISFLA-LSSVM, SFLA-LSSVM (Least Squares Support Vector Machine Optimized by Shuffled Frog Leaping Algorithm), LSSVM (Least Squares Support Vector Machine), and BP(Back Propagation) neural network (Back Propagation neural network), are selected to compare with the EEMD-ISFLA-LSSVM model based on the evaluation indicators of mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE), which fully prove the practicability of the EEMD-ISFLA-LSSVM model for energy consumption forecasting in China. Finally, the EEMD-ISFLA-LSSVM model is adopted to forecast the energy consumption in China from 2018 to 2022, and, according to the forecasting results, it can be seen that China’s energy consumption from 2018 to 2022 will have a trend of significant growth.
Sensor Access to the Cellular Microenvironment Using the Sensing Cell Culture Flask
Authors: Kieninger Jochen , Tamari Yaara , Enderle Barbara , Jobst Gerhard , Sandvik Joe , Pettersen Erik , Urban Gerald
Published: April 2018

The Sensing Cell Culture Flask (SCCF) is a cell culture monitoring system accessing the cellular microenvironment in 2D cell culture using electrochemical microsensors. The system is based on microfabricated sensor chips embedded in standard cell culture flasks. Ideally, the sensor chips could be equipped with any electrochemical sensor. Its transparency allows optical inspection of the cells during measurement. The surface of the sensor chip is in-plane with the flask surface allowing undisturbed cell growth on the sensor chip. A custom developed rack system allows easy usage of multiple flasks in parallel within an incubator. The presented data demonstrates the application of the SCCF with brain tumor (T98G) and breast cancer (T-47D) cells. Amperometric oxygen sensors were used to monitor cellular respiration with different incubation conditions. Cellular acidification was accessed with potentiometric pH sensors using electrodeposited iridium oxide films. The system itself provides the foundation for electrochemical monitoring systems in 3D cell culture.
Chiropractic Manipulation Increases Maximal Bite Force in Healthy Individuals
Authors: Haavik Heidi , Özyurt Mustafa Görkem , Niazi Imran Khan , Holt Kelly , Nedergaard Rasmus Wiberg , Yilmaz Gizem , Türker Kemal Sitki
Published: April 2018

Recent research has shown that chiropractic spinal manipulation can alter central sensorimotor integration and motor cortical drive to human voluntary muscles of the upper and lower limb. The aim of this paper was to explore whether spinal manipulation could also influence maximal bite force. Twenty-eight people were divided into two groups of 14, one that received chiropractic care and one that received sham chiropractic care. All subjects were naive to chiropractic. Maximum bite force was assessed pre- and post-intervention and at 1-week follow up. Bite force in the chiropractic group increased compared to the control group (p = 0.02) post-intervention and this between-group difference was also present at the 1-week follow-up (p < 0.01). Bite force in the chiropractic group increased significantly by 11.0% (±18.6%) post-intervention (p = 0.04) and remained increased by 13.0% (±12.9%, p = 0.04) at the 1 week follow up. Bite force did not change significantly in the control group immediately after the intervention (−2.3 ± 9.0%, p = 0.20), and decreased by 6.3% (±3.4%, p = 0.01) at the 1-week follow-up. These results indicate that chiropractic spinal manipulation can increase maximal bite force.
Heterogeneous Biocatalysts Prepared by Immuring Enzymatic Active Components inside Silica Xerogel and Nanocarbons-In-Silica Composites
Authors: Kovalenko Galina , Perminova Larisa , Beklemishev Anatoly , Parmon Valentin
Published: April 2018

Proprietary results on preparation and studies of whole-cell and lysates-based heterogeneous biocatalysts with different enzymatic activity were reviewed. A peculiar method was developed for preparing these biocatalysts by immuring (entrapping) enzymatic active components (EAC) inside silica (SiO2) xerogel and nanocarbons-in-silica composites. Properties of the multi-component composite biocatalysts such as enzymatic activity and operational stability were compared. The effect of the inclusion of nanocarbons such as nanotubes, nanofibers, and onion-like nanospheres with various texture, nanostructure and dispersion were thoroughly studied. With invertase-active biocatalysts, the direct correlation between an increase in the enzymatic activity of the nanocarbons-in-silica biocatalyst and efficiency of EAC adhesion on nanocarbons was observed. The steady-state invertase activity of the baker yeast lysates-based biocatalysts was determined to increase by a factor of 5–6 after inclusion of the multi-walled carbon nanotubes inside SiO2-xerogel. With lipase-active biocatalysts, the effect of the included nanocarbons on the biocatalytic properties depended significantly on the reaction type. In interesterification of oil-fat blends, the biocatalysts without any included nanocarbons demonstrated the maximal lipase activity. In esterification of fatty acids with aliphatic alcohols, the activity of the biocatalysts increased by a factor of 1.5–2 after inclusion of the aggregated multi-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs) inside SiO2-xerogel. In the low-temperature synthesis of isopentyl esters of butyric (C4:0), capric (C10:0), and srearic (C18:0) fatty acids, the lipase-active composite CNTs-in-silica biocatalysts operated without loss of activity for more than thousand hours.
A Simple Route in Fabricating Carbon-Modified Titania Films with Glucose and Their Visible-Light-Responsive Photocatalytic Activity
Authors: Chen Shih-Hsun , Hsiao Yu-Cheng , Chiu Yu-Jia , Tseng Yao-Hsuan
Published: April 2018

Carbon-modified titania (C–TiO2) films were easily prepared by using an impregnation process with a glucose-containing TiO2 sol. Through controlling calcination conditions, the as-obtained C–TiO2 products exhibited highly photocatalytic activity for the degradation of gaseous NOx under visible light and ultraviolet illumination. The effects of carbon content and calcination temperature on the photocatalytic performances and their photochemical and physical properties were investigated. Carbonaceous species on the TiO2 surface enhanced the visible-light absorption of TiO2 films; however, an excessive amount of carbon on the TiO2 surface reduced its photocatalytic ability due to the serious coverage effect on active sites. The results show that a suitable glucose addition is about 50–100% of the weight of TiO2 content and the optimized calcination temperature is 300 °C, which leads to better photocatalytic activity under ultraviolet and visible- light irradiations. Accordingly, the simple-prepared C–TiO2 films functioned as visible-light-responsive catalysts, allowing for a feasible producing route for real applications.