bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Women offenders: Promoting a holistic approach and continuity of care across criminal justice and health interventions
Authors: Annison Jill , Byng Richard , Quinn Cath
Published: May 2018

Analysis of data in this article focuses on the self-reported situations of 21 female respondents who were part of a large-scale study of offenders’ health needs. The findings show an extensive range of physical and psychological problems, often intertwined with substance misuse and other issues, including offending behaviour. Four components of an existing model of ‘continuity of care’ are reviewed to explore the difficulties, but also the potential, for collaborative and co-ordinated interventions with regard to working with women offenders. Concern is expressed about the changes and fragmentation in provision for women brought about by the Transforming Rehabilitation agenda in England and Wales. It is advocated here that policy and practice should be developed across health and criminal justice agencies to provide holistic and integrated approaches which could support women offenders in their attempts to stabilize their lives and to find pathways out of crime.
In reply to: “Intra-aortic balloon pump protects against hydrostatic pulmonary oedema during peripheral venoarterial-extracorporeal membrane oxygenation”
Authors: Privratsky Jamie R , Diaz Sebastian , Nicoara Alina , Daneshmand Mani A
Published: May 2018

Veno-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VA-ECMO) is an increasingly utilized life-saving measure. However, left-ventricular distention from inadequate left-ventricular off-loading can lead to unwanted pulmonary and cardiac complications. We are writing to indicate our agreement with a recent article by Brechot et al. published in the June 2017 issue where the authors demonstrated that intra-aortic balloon pump provides mechanical support to off-load the left ventricle during VA-ECMO, which prevents pulmonary edema.
Understanding Conflict Management Styles in Anesthesiology Residents
Authors: Vasilopoulos Terrie , Giordano Christopher R. , Hagan Jack D. , Fahy Brenda G.
Published: May 2018

BACKGROUND:

Successful conflict resolution is vital for effective teamwork and is critical for safe patient care in the operating room. Being able to appreciate the differences in training backgrounds, individual knowledge and opinions, and task interdependency necessitates skilled conflict management styles when addressing various clinical and professional scenarios. The goal of this study was to assess conflict styles in anesthesiology residents via self- and counterpart assessment during participation in simulated conflict scenarios.

METHODS:

Twenty-two first-year anesthesiology residents (first postgraduate year) participated in this study, which aimed to assess and summarize conflict management styles by 3 separate metrics. One metric was self-assessment with the Thomas-Kilmann Conflict Mode Instrument (TKI), summarized as percentile scores (0%–99%) for 5 conflict styles: collaborating, competing, accommodating, avoiding, and compromising. Participants also completed self- and counterpart ratings after interactions in a simulated conflict scenario using the Dutch Test for Conflict Handling (DUTCH), with scores ranging from 5 to 25 points for each of 5 conflict styles: yielding, compromising, forcing, problem solving, and avoiding. Higher TKI and DUTCH scores would indicate a higher preference for a given conflict style. Sign tests were used to compare self- and counterpart ratings on the DUTCH scores, and Spearman correlations were used to assess associations between TKI and DUTCH scores.

RESULTS:

On the TKI, the anesthesiology residents had the highest median percentile scores (with first quartile [Q1] and third quartile [Q3]) in compromising (67th, Q1–Q3 = 27–87) and accommodating (69th, Q1–Q3 = 30–94) styles, and the lowest scores for competing (32nd, Q1–Q3 = 10–57). After each conflict scenario, residents and their counterparts on the DUTCH reported higher median scores for compromising (self: 16, Q1–Q3 = 14–16; counterpart: 16, Q1–Q3 = 15–16) and problem solving (self: 17, Q1–Q3 = 16–18; counterpart: 16, Q1–Q3 = 16–17), and lower scores for forcing (self: 13, Q1–Q3 = 10–15; counterpart: 13, Q1–Q3 = 13–15) and avoiding (self: 14, Q1–Q3 = 10–16; counterpart: 14.5, Q1–Q3 = 11–16). There were no significant differences (P > .05) between self- and counterpart ratings on the DUTCH. Overall, the correlations between TKI and DUTCH scores were not statistically significant (P > .05).

CONCLUSIONS:

Findings from our study demonstrate that our cohort of first postgraduate year anesthesiology residents predominantly take a more cooperative and problem-solving approach to handling conflict. By understanding one’s dominant conflict management style through this type of analysis and appreciating the value of other styles, one may become better equipped to manage different conflicts as needed depending on the situations.
Is blogging a new form of communication in palliative health care? A qualitative research study
Authors: Ozanne Anneli , Henoch Ingela , Strang Susann
Published: May 2018

Aim:

To illuminate experiences of living with life-threatening diseases as described in blogs and the experience of blogging about these matters.

Methods:

A secondary analysis of 21 blogs was performed.

Results:

It was difficult for bloggers to accept what they perceived to be the unacceptable aspects of having an life-threatening disease. They searched for hope and acceptance, and tried to manage their life. They felt strengthened by supportive encounters with health professionals, relatives, friends, and from their blogging. However, they also felt that they were set aside in relation to both health professionals and relatives.

Conclusion:

These patients appreciated being able to express their feelings and received support from their readers. Even if patient blogs can be used in health care, research and education, there is a lack of research studies that have examined the benefits of using blogging for any of these purposes.
Philo’s Self-Fashioning in the Historical Writings
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses Philo's self-fashioning in the historical writings, which has emerged as highly stylized and complex. Self-consciously playing with different roles, he identifies as an Alexandrian but projects an uprooted image of himself characterized by the distinctly Roman quality of mobility in the Mediterranean. These features of playful estrangement and emphasis on religion make sense in the context of Philo's embassy to Rome. They reflect his current situation under Claudius, which prompts him to inscribe himself into the new imperial ideology. Involved in political negotiations, he directly translates Claudius's new priorities into autobiographical terms, suggesting that the Jewish religion agrees with the Roman emperor. Philo's portrait of Agrippa as a leader concerned with Jewish worship reflects the same political awareness. Meanwhile, by emphasizing religion under Gaius, Philo as a narrator regains some of the power he lost in the political arena.
Stoic Ethics in the Service of Jewish Law
Authors: Niehoff Maren R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter shows how Philo's exposition of Mosaic law is motivated by the apologetic need to counter Apion's slanders and persuade a broader Roman audience of the value of Jewish customs. Confronted with harsh criticism of the Jewish religion, which has immediate political implications for his embassy to Gaius, Philo devotes several treatises to the Decalogue and the special laws, which hardly interested him in his early Alexandrian period. He engages typically Stoic notions, using them not only as general gestures, as he did at the beginning of his career, but accepting the fundamental ethical principles of the school most popular in Rome. Philo also appeals to the realia of Roman feasts and law to explain the Jewish tradition in an understandable way. Ultimately, Philo's philosophical interpretation of Mosaic law offers an enlightened form of ethnicity.
Introduction
Authors: Field Kendra Taira
Published: May 2018

The Introduction outlines the major arguments of the book; discusses the author’s research process and relationship to the book’s subject matter and historical actors; addresses family history, genealogy, and storytelling in relation to historical methodology; and engages relevant historiographical debates.
“Intruder of Color”
Authors: Field Kendra Taira
Published: May 2018

Chapter 1 documents the life path of Thomas Jefferson Brown, the son of an African-American father and Irish mother, who migrated from Arkansas to Indian Territory in the 1870s and married two African-descended women of the Creek and Seminole nations. This chapter uses Brown’s story to illustrate how some early African-American settlers initially bolstered their claims to freedom in the postemancipation era by attaching themselves to American expansion, Native Americans, and the acquisition of Indian land. This complex moment of African-American participation in the expropriation
of Indian Territory was tellingly short-lived. African-American access to Indian land ended abruptly with the advent of Oklahoma statehood, Jim Crow segregation, and oil speculation. As Indian sovereignty was dissolved and notions of racial purity and “blood” acquired growing significance, “race” ultimately eclipsed “nation” as a guarantor of rights and resources. Brown’s story illuminates the construction of a new racial order in Indian Territory, and, ultimately, the limits of North American escape.
“No Such Thing as Stand Still”
Authors: Field Kendra Taira
Published: May 2018

Chapter 4 recovers the origins of the little-known 1913–15 Chief Sam back-to-Africa movement and the lifelong migrants who created it. African-American access to Indian land ended abruptly after 1907 with the advent of Oklahoma statehood, Jim Crow segregation, and oil speculation. These migrants and many of their black and Indian counterparts lost their land and the associated mineral rights to white settlers and oil speculators through a combination of legal and extralegal exploitation. Thousands, including Coleman and Davis, joined Chief Alfred Sam’s 1914 “back-to-Africa” movement in hopes of claiming lasting freedom once and for all on the Gold Coast. This chapter employs the stories of Elic Davis and Monroe Coleman to show that this movement was not only prelude to Garveyism and the Great Migration, but capstone to “a century of negro migration.”
Why Psychoanalysis Matters to Law
Authors: Dailey Anne C.
Published: May 2018

This chapter describes the contribution contemporary psychoanalysis has to make in three specific areas: legal theory, legal doctrine, and adjudication in the courtroom. Psychoanalysis improves the law’s theoretical foundations by modifying its foundational presumption of rationality. Psychoanalysis also helps to reform legal doctrine by identifying those particular subject matter areas, primarily family law and criminal law, where the law’s presumption of rationality leads to unjust legal rules. With domestic violence as its example, this chapter shows how psychoanalysis offers a body of practical knowledge that humanizes the law by bringing legal rules into line with actual, everyday lived experience. And finally, psychoanalysis reveals the deep tension between the law’s focus on individual moral responsibility for behavior and the law’s objective methods of proof in the courtroom. Psychoanalytic insights into the art of proving what really happened in a case can move law in the direction of a more empathic and forgiving model of judging. Overall, the psychoanalytic study of the law unveils the damaging consequences of the law’s rationalist assumptions about who we are as human beings, and offers an alternative, humanistic perspective in line with law’s foundational ideals of individual freedom and systemic justice.
Sexual Choice
Authors: Dailey Anne C.
Published: May 2018

The right of sexual autonomy occupies a central place in our constitutional scheme of individual liberties. Consensual sexual relations, including fornication, adultery, and sodomy, now presumptively lie beyond the reach of law’s regulatory power. But as this chapter shows, there is one long-standing law banning consensual sexual relations that remains solidly on the books in every state: the prohibition on adult incest. The subject of adult incest opens the door to a psychoanalytic perspective on the right of sexual autonomy and the modern laws regulating sexual choice. The chapter explores how powerful unconscious forces deriving from the parties’ close familial relationship render the “choice” to have sex a potentially tragic illusion. Similar kinds of unconscious coercion can happen in other contexts as well. For example, the therapist-patient relationship also involves forms of unconscious coercion not known to the parties themselves, and deserving of some regulation. Understanding in close detail the unconscious dynamics in adult incest and the therapist-patient relationship can illuminate less obvious forms of sexual coercion in more common types of professional relationships. A psychoanalytic perspective has a crucial role to play in defining the range and meaning of sexual autonomy as a fundamental right in our constitutional culture.
Interlude: “My Children Are Here and I Will Stay”
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This interlude narrates the journey of Job Kattenanit, James Printer’s brother, to Menimesit as a scout and spy for Massachusetts colony. The chapter relies on a careful reading of Job’s petition, preserved in the Massachusetts Archives, an account of Job’s journey by magistrate Daniel Gookin, and the “Relation” of the scout James Quananopohit, Job’s partner in the spying mission, which provides a detailed snapshot of life at the Nipmuc stronghold during the winter of 1675-76. This short piece provides a prelude to the chapter on Mary Rowlandson’s narrative, concluding with Job Kattenanit’s attempt, via an eighty-mile journey on snowshoes, to warn Massachusetts settlers of the imminent raid on Rowlandson’s town of Lancaster.
The Captive’s Lament: Reinterpreting Rowlandson’s Narrative
Authors: Brooks Lisa
Published: May 2018

This chapter presents a nuanced close reading of The Sovereignty and Goodness of God . . . A Narrative of the Captivity and Restoration of Mrs. Mary Rowlandson, framed within Indigenous geographies. Although Rowlandson conveyed a picture of a forbidding wilderness, she traveled through an intricately mapped network of Indigenous people and places, including the Nipmuc interior and the Connecticut River Valley. This chapter provides an alternative map and narrative of Rowlandson’s “removes” through Native towns and territories and elucidates the ways in which the stories of Weetamoo, James Printer, and Mary Rowlandson intertwined. Shortly after the raid on her town of Lancaster, Rowlandson was carried to the Nipmuc stronghold of Menimesit, where she encountered James and his extended family, and was given to Weetamoo, whom she followed deep into the interior of Nipmuc and Sokoki countries, as the saunkskwa sought protective sanctuaries for Native families who were evading colonial troops.
Egypt
Authors: Salameh Franck
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyzes the work of Ali Salem (1936–2015) and Taha Husayn (1889–1973). Husayn, the doyen of modern Arabic literature, and Salem, a leading Arabic-language playwright, are considered two of the main avatars of Pharaonism; the former dominating the early decades of the twentieth century, the latter commanding influence in the early twenty-first. In The Future of Culture in Egypt (1938), Husayn made the case for an Egyptian Egypt and an Egyptian identity separate and distinct from the worlds of Islam and Arab nationalism. Salem's 2004 satire, The Odd Man and the Sea, presents a spacious notion of the Mediterranean as a sea of culture—fluid, inclusive, pantheist by its very nature, and of which Egypt is a vital current.
Nightmare Fury and Public Sacrifice
Authors: Dorrien Gary
Published: May 2018

Martin Luther King Jr. was more radical and angry in 1960 than in 1955, more of both in 1965 than in 1960, and more of both in 1968 than ever. The great demonstrations in Birmingham, St. Augustine, and Selma yielded the civil rights bills, but King struggled to adjust to the rise of Black Power and dared to oppose the Vietnam War, burning his alliance with President Johnson. King provided the theology of social justice that the civil rights movement spoke and sang.
A School for Self-Inquiry
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at the concepts of Self-inquiry and at a school where Self-inquiry takes place. The figure of Yossef, who founded the school for Self-inquiry is examined.
The School after the Death of Yossef
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

The death of Yossef is covered in detail. This is followed by looking at the discussions that established new ways of making decisions in the school of Neot Smadar.
Everyday Mysticism
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the nature of religious experience, comparing Buddhist, Hindu and Christian examples with the school at Neot Smadar. The key is making and unmaking of conceptual maps of reality and attaining states of true presence.
A Wedding Gift for Dani
Authors: Glucklich Ariel
Published: May 2018

On the eve of Dani’s wedding the men participated in an elaborate ritual in the desert, which is described in great detail. The ritual was a conscious parody of religious initiatory rituals and culminated with performances of gift-giving to the groom.
Taconite and the Fight over Reserve Mining Company
Authors: Langston Nancy
Published: May 2018

Iron was a key component of steel, and steel was essential for industrial and military purposes. Postwar concerns about iron depletion led American mining interests to promote technologies and tax incentives to exploit taconite ore bodies. As the Reserve Mining case shows, taconite required expensive new processing technologies to be profitable, while creating new environmental consequences, particularly concerning finely ground tailings and the use of water. As taconite iron ore mining boomed in the Lake Superior basin in the three decades after World War II, faith in cooperative pragmatism began to clash with new industrial developments and new understandings of pollution mobility.
Mining Pollution Debates, 1950s Through the 1970s
Authors: Langston Nancy
Published: May 2018

By the late 1950s, the taconite boom that Reserve Mining Company stimulated was having a profound effect on the region’s economy, just as the pulp and paper boom had stimulated the Canadian economy along Lake Superior. Towns thrived; new cars filled the parking lots where well-paid union workers toiled in the taconite facilities. Schools improved, funded by abundant tax receipts. Harms to the lake from the taconite boom were subtle and hard to pin down whereas the benefits were clear to see: jobs for miners and economic development for the region. Throughout the 1950s, as evidence accumulated that taconite was causing pollution problems, state agencies continued to insist that the industry was harmless. Only after scientists found that asbestos had been mobilized from taconite disposal into the drinking water and bodies of urban residents distant from the disposal site did the federal and state governments question the risks from taconite.
The Liberated African Department
Authors: Scanlan Padraic X.
Published: May 2018

After the conclusion of the Napoleonic Wars, the Court of Vice-Admiralty at Sierra Leone lost its place at the centre of the colonial economy. Former slaves released from the slave trade by the Court, and by its successor, the Courts of Mixed Commission, became the focus of intense attention from colonial officials and missionaries. Governor Charles MacCarthy, in conjunction with the Church Missionary Society, established a network of villages, the Liberated African Villages, scattered around the colony. The villages were the site of a sustained civilizing mission, which helped MacCarthy and other colonial officials to organise labour in the colony, to attract investment from Britain, and to expand Britain’s territory in West Africa. Under MacCarthy, British antislavery transformed into colonialism, as ‘captured Negroes’ became ‘Liberated Africans.’ The chapter also explores the relationship between Sierra Leone and the American colony of Liberia.
Locating Crimea in Russian History
Authors: O'Neill Kelly
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter locates Crimea in Russian history. Early in the spring of 1783, Empress Catherine II announced that Russia had at long last annexed the Crimean Khanate. Russia had annexed coastal territory before as well, though it was possession of Crimea that gave it a substantive presence on the Black Sea. Crimea was neither the biggest nor the most lucrative of the empire's acquisitions. Its significance rests instead in the combination of cultural, chronological, and geographical conditions that made it an object of intense fascination and anxiety in distant St. Petersburg. Ultimately, the khanate presented a novel opportunity to Catherine and the “viceroy of Southern Russia,” Prince Grigorii Potemkin. Surveying the steppe, the mountains, the rivers, and the sea, they saw an opportunity not simply to integrate a new province, but to build a new empire—a southern empire.
Geographies of Authority
Authors: O'Neill Kelly
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the administrative reorganization of the khanate and the development of new structures of authority. It describes the implementation of Catherine's provincial reform and charter to the nobility, as well as the creation of the Tavrida Muslim Spiritual Board, as events that demonstrate the empire's capacity to preserve and control difference. While previous scholarship has suggested that Tavrida became a regular province of the empire in a matter of months, and certainly by 1802, the end of local particularity came much later—the result of nearly half a century of wrangling over the shape of administrative, social, and cultural institutions. Ultimately, the noble assembly emerges as a crucial site of debate and struggle over access to authority, for it was this body that served as gatekeeper of noble status.
Washington Formulates a Buddhist Policy, 1954–1957
Authors: Ford Eugene
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at how the comprehensive strategy for Southeast Asian Buddhism that would eventually emerge did not represent an entirely new direction for U.S. officials. Rather, it was an approach that found numerous, if fragmentary, precedents in earlier efforts to marshal faith, often through the use of religious rhetoric, against what was perceived as an atheistic Soviet menace. The Sixth Great Buddhist Synod that Burma's government held during 1954–56 coincided with intensified efforts within the Dwight D. Eisenhower administration to formulate a coherent policy toward religion. Religion's bearing on the Cold War had emerged as the main preoccupation of the president.
Reforming the Monks
Authors: Ford Eugene
Published: May 2018

This chapter illustrates how the Thai Buddhist community appeared more harmonious and stable—and more resilient to the exogenous pressures of the Cold War—than the Buddhist establishment of neighboring Laos, just to the east across the Mekong from Khon Kaen, Ubon, and other Isan provinces. By 1958, Cold War tensions in Laos had already escalated to an intensity never experienced in Thailand—a civil war loomed. The chapter shows how U.S. officials, undertaking a series of Buddhist programs on both sides of the Mekong under separate United States Information Service (USIS) and Asia Foundation auspices, sought to ensure that the clerical establishments of both countries would serve their interests in the Cold War fight.
The Rage of Thai Buddhism, 1975–1980
Authors: Ford Eugene
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers how the December 2, 1975 abolition of the Lao monarchy, one immediate outcome of the Pathet Lao victory, had tremendous psychological impact in Thailand. This was due in large part to its troubling implications for Buddhism. Because of the centuries-long symbiotic relationship between the Lao Buddhist hierarchy and the Lao monarchy, the fates of the two institutions seemed closely intertwined. Indeed, the Pathet Lao's destruction of the monarchy (the Lao king, queen, and crown prince were sent to a reeducation camp, where they subsequently died) seemed to Thailand's Buddhist elders equally as much an attack on Buddhism itself. That the new communist government of Laos also chose to disband the Thammayut monastic order, which it saw as an agent of Thai imperialism in the country, only confirmed such fears.
Unsustainable Liberalism
Authors: Deneen Patrick J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter argues that liberalism has failed because it has drawn down on a preliberal inheritance and resources that at once sustained liberal ideology but which it cannot replenish. It considers the loosening of social bonds in virtually every aspect of life as a reflection of the advancing logic of liberalism and as the source of its deepest instability. The chapter examines two revolutions in the understanding of human nature and society that constitute “liberalism” inasmuch as they introduce a radically new definition of liberty: anthropological individualism and the idea of voluntarism—the unfettered and autonomous choice of individuals—as the basis of politics; and human separation from and opposition to nature. Liberalism, it contends, has not realized its titanic wager that a wholly new understanding of liberty could be pursued and realized by overturning preceding philosophic tradition and religious and social norms, and by introducing a new relationship between humans and nature.
Uniting Individualism and Statism
Authors: Deneen Patrick J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the ways in which the individualist philosophy of classical liberalism and the statist philosophy of progressive liberalism reinforce each other. It begins with a discussion of the conflict between the “conservatives,” who advance the project of individual liberty and equality of opportunity especially through defense of a free and unfettered market, and the liberals, who aim at securing greater economic and social equality through extensive reliance upon the regulatory and judicial powers of the national government. The chapter shows how statism and individualism grow together while local institutions and respect for natural limits diminish, noting that, despite their differences, this ambition animated thinkers such as John Locke, John Dewey, Francis Bacon, Francis Bellamy, Adam Smith, and Richard Rorty.
Technology and the Loss of Liberty
Authors: Deneen Patrick J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the ways in which technology makes us lose our freedom and relates it to liberalism's conception of liberty. Various critiques assume that our technology is changing us, often for the worse. Our anxiety stems in no small part from the belief that there is an inevitability to technological advances that no amount of warning about their dangers can prevent. A number of works, such as Daniel J. Boorstin's 1978 short book The Republic of Technology, describe technological inevitability as a result of forces embedded within the nature of reality itself. This chapter considers two related ways that modern humans have come to discern and portray technology—as something that shapes and even remakes us, and does so with a kind of iron law of inevitability. To this end, it discusses political philosophy and the deeper origins of humanity's new relationship to technology.
The New Aristocracy
Authors: Deneen Patrick J.
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines how the educational system, transformed into a tool of liberalism, also ultimately becomes the systemic creation of a new aristocracy of the strong over the weak. It describes the emergence of a two-tier system in which elite students are recruited from all over the world so that they may prepare for lives of deracinated vagabondage, majoring only in what Wendell Berry calls “upward mobility.” It argues that liberalism's success fosters the conditions of its failure: having claimed to bring about the downfall of aristocratic rule of the strong over the weak, it culminates in a new more powerful, even more permanent aristocracy that fights incessantly to maintain the structures of liberal injustice. The chapter also considers the economic liberalism of John Locke and the lifestyle liberalism of John Stuart Mill, the views of Charles Murray and Robert Putnam on generational inequality, and the liberalocracy's self-deception.
Conclusion: Liberty after Liberalism
Authors: Deneen Patrick J.
Published: May 2018

This book concludes with a discussion of the failures of liberalism and how the “Noble Lie” of liberalism continues to be believed and defended by those who benefit from it. It envisions two scenarios: the perpetuation of liberalism that, becoming fully itself, operates in forms opposite to its purported claims about liberty, equality, justice, and opportunity; and the end of liberalism, to be replaced by another regime. It also outlines three steps to avoid the grimmer scenarios of a life after liberalism. First, the achievements of liberalism must be acknowledged, and the desire to “return” to a preliberal age must be abandoned. Second, we must outgrow the age of ideology. Third, out of such experience and practice, a better theory of politics and society might ultimately emerge. The book also emphasizes the theory of consent as one of liberalism's most damaging fictions and explains how we can build a counter-anticulture.
All That Is Solid
Authors: Burt Robert A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter considers the Supreme Court's promotion of the interests of vulnerable people and of emancipation for subjugated groups. There has been a recurrent pattern in American social history of alternating eras predominately characterized either by rigid hierarchical boundaries between superiors and inferiors or by more fluid, egalitarian modes of social authority. The hierarchic eras have focused on fears of social disorder and the consequent need to subjugate disruptive (or potentially disruptive) forces. The more fluid eras, by contrast, have been less fear-filled and more attentive to empathic, egalitarian fellow feeling. There was never a time in these alternating social eras when disorder was entirely suppressed or when the lion and lamb peaceably lay down together. The alternation was more a matter of social emphasis; but the social emphasis did change.
Race Relations: Between Emancipation and Subjugation
Authors: Burt Robert A.
Published: May 2018

This chapter discusses race relations as the paradigmatic judicial effort to protect vulnerable groups under the commitment made in Footnote Four. After the Supreme Court correctly held in Brown I that racial segregation in schools was unconstitutional, and in Brown II wisely paused to enlist the assistance of district courts, the federal Congress, the executive, and others, the Court then failed to continue this approach after the passing of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, the Voting Rights Act of 1965, and the Fair Housing law in 1968 by requiring past intentionally imposed race discrimination in public schools to obtain judicial relief. The chapter then offers suggestions on what the Court could have done—an approach of less intervention by the Court imposing its views of equality on the parties and more promotion of deliberation among the parties to achieve democratic equality.
Catholicism in a Newly Communist World
Authors: Kosicki Piotr H.
Published: May 2018

This chapter tells the story of how the Red Army’s liberation of Poland from German occupation in 1944–1945 circumscribed the postwar choices of Catholic activists. In a nascent Communist Poland, social Catholicism emerged as a hotly contested badge of honor—all while Catholic projects of “revolution” began to converge with their secular, Marxist counterpart. As a result, Thomism was driven to the margins of Communist Poland, and Christian Democracy eliminated outright. One strain of Catholic intellectuals proved both intellectually vibrant and, thanks to Communist support, politically viable. This was the ex-fascist Bolesław Piasecki’s Dziś i Jutro (Today and Tomorrow) movement, which wrapped itself in the banner of social Catholicism as it supplanted the Christian Democrats of Poland’s Christian Labor Party, led by Karol Popiel. All the while, Dziś i Jutro drew on both personalism and “revolution” to chart an alternative Catholic course in public life: Catholic socialism.
The Beginnings
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Fogg Brandy R.
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between humans and wolves. The relationship began as coevolutionary, with the species cooperating at times but also capable of functioning independently. This state of affairs dominated early stages of the relationship between the two species and may have persisted for 20,000 years or longer. In other parts of the world, for example, southern Asia, humans began to shape wolves into clearly domestic forms: animals phenotypically distinct from wolves, especially in body size. This latter process involves various aspects of the wolf gene pool being essentially divided, with many individuals staying true wolves while others changed in form, becoming what people now describe as “dogs” without losing their genetic links to their wolf ancestry or their ability to interbreed with wolves.
Wolves, Archaeologists, and the Origin of Dogs
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Fogg Brandy R.
Published: May 2018

This chapter focuses on archaeological research and its role in explaining the transformation from wolf to dog, addressing why this topic is controversial: the tendency to identify wolf remains found in archaeological sites as evidence of either interlopers or human killing overshadows the alternate possibility of social bonding between humans and wolves. This probably has prevented appreciation of considerable early evidence of relationships between humans and wolves before the latter became sufficiently phenotypically distinct (“doglike”) to be recognized as domestic animals shaped by humans. Some archaeologists do not acknowledge the possibility that humans interacted with and coevolved with wolves for thousands of years without generating significant phenotypic change in either species, and thus early wolves living with or cooperatively hunting with humans probably go unrecognized by scholars looking only at obvious physical changes.
Conclusion
Authors: Pierotti Raymond , Fogg Brandy R.
Published: May 2018

This concluding chapter assesses the great enigma of the first domestication: wolves and dogs are so affectionate and seem willing, if not driven, to create strong and persistent social bonds that it becomes easy for humans to anthropomorphize and idealize these four-leggeds that share their lives so easily. Yet they remain predators, highly evolved carnivores, and they know how to kill. Given the opportunity, sometimes they kill things that humans value, for example, other domestic animals. As long as humans considered themselves to be fellow predators, however, they lived comfortably with wolves. The chapter then examines one particular case of a wild wolf that showed repeated friendly relations with humans over a period of several years and discusses the implications of such experiences.
Réaumur and the Science of the Arts
Authors: Bertucci Paola
Published: May 2018

This chapter looks at the connections between natural history and the mechanical arts in the work of René Réaumur, a prominent member of the Académie des Sciences. It argues that his understanding of natural materials created connections among the natural world, the mechanical arts, and the world of industry and trade. For Réaumur, the history of the arts was strategic to the economic advancement of France because it would stimulate artisans to improve their techniques and promote technical literacy among entrepreneurs who owned manufactures. He conceived of the encyclopedia of the arts as an instrument that would enable the learned public to understand the true value of labor and to appreciate the actual cost of useful items.
L’Esprit in the Machine
Authors: Bertucci Paola
Published: May 2018

This chapter examines the role of the mechanical arts in the articulation of educational programs and of projects of reform of the manufacturing system. It shows that around the 1730s, mechanical devices such as clocks and watches were considered as material metaphors of the rational mind. A positive conception of the repetitive nature of artisanal gestures underpinned the introduction of machines in popular educational programs, such as Louis Dumas' method for teaching children how to read, or the abbé Nollet's course of experimental physics. These inventions relocated skill from the body of the artisan into the machine, and so introduced a new system of production that mechanized human labor and silenced potentially riotous workers.
New Testament
Authors: Wheeler-Reed David
Published: May 2018

This chapter maintains that two ideologies concerning marriage and sex pervade the New Testament writings. One ideology codifies a narrative that argues against marriage, and perhaps, sexual intercourse, and the other retains the basic cultural values of the upper classes of the Greco-Roman world. These two ideologies are termed “profamily” and “antifamily.” The chapter proceeds in a chronological fashion starting with 1 Thessalonians, 1 Corinthians, and Mark. It concludes by examining Matthew, Luke, the Pastoral Epistles, and the Acts of Paul and Thecla.
History as Consolation
Authors: Myers David N.
Published: May 2018

Consolation is a deeply rooted human emotion, as well as mode of religious expression. It also has been a frequent catalyst for Jewish historical production. Jewish chroniclers after the outbreak of the First Crusades turned to recording recent events as a means of demonstrating the moral virtue of the sacrificed Jews. Interestingly, this impulse to console through recourse to the past has animated modern Jewish historical writing as well, especially in the wake of tragedy. In the aftermath of anti-Jewish pogroms in 1903 and 1918-19, Elias Tcherikower and Simon Dubnow collected documentary traces both as a means of holding accountable the perpetrators and in order to demonstrate that the Jews were capable of surviving attempts at harming or destroying them. Meanwhile, in the midst of the darkest chapter in modern Jewish history, Emanuel Ringelblum and his colleagues in the Oyneg Shabbes group scrupulously recorded the manifold activities of the Warsaw ghetto as a form of cultural resistance, as well as a testament to the ultimate ability of the Jews to outlive their attempted exterminators. This chapter demonstrates that throughout their long historical journey, Jews often consoled themselves by recording past travails and their ultimate triumph over them.
Migrant mothers: performing kin work and belonging across private and public boundaries
Authors: Reynolds Tracey , Erel Umut , Kaptani Erene
Published: May 2018

This article explores how migrant mothering kin work challenges private and public boundaries, giving rise to new conceptions and practices of citizenship. We highlight the potential of participatory theatre methods – specifically, forum theatre and Playback – for understanding the relationship between mothering, ethnic belonging and citizenship. We also assess the significance of migrant women’s kin work within their families and communities for re-framing notions of citizenship (Erel et al, 2017a, 2018). Our analysis gives particular focus to two scenes developed as part of the participatory theatre project that took place with a group of ethnically and racially diverse mothers in East London. The first scene, entitled ‘Where is my food?’, draws attention to the mothers’ kin work and reproductive labour operating at the boundaries of the public/private dichotomy, and also highlights gendered household dynamics. The second scene, entitled ‘At the community centre’, examines everyday encounters at the centre, and how ‘cultural work’, which is pivotal to the mothers’ kin work, informs intergenerational relations. The article argues for a more embodied understanding of citizenship in order to broaden understanding of migrant mothers’ kin work in making new citizens.
Introduction
Authors: Bäckström Anders
Published: May 2018

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the relationship between welfare and religion. The relationship between welfare and religion, as it developed during the 20th century, was shaped during the formative ‘golden years’ following 1945. Welfare became part of a modernity in which the relationship between religion and societal institutions—such as school, health, and social care—was weakening rapidly or in some cases had ceased to exist. Studies of different welfare regimes have revealed, however, that their roots lie in contrasting political, social and religious circumstances. These circumstances function as a historically based ‘glue’ that helps to explain the subtle values that connect religion and welfare within these different systems. The chapter then presents the project Welfare and Values in Europe: Transitions Related to Religion, Minorities and Gender (WaVE), which formed the background to the project featured in this volume.
Between contextuality and comparability: a dilemma in qualitative comparative case studies
Authors: Repstad Pål
Published: May 2018

This chapter illustrates the challenge of obtaining notably rich data from the respective localities, while at the same time being able to draw effective and insightful comparisons. Comparative case studies contain an inherent tension between offering a useful and problem-oriented opportunity for conducting research keeping the local situation in mind and seeking more general patterns, which may turn out to be fruitful and rewarding for social science in the long run. The inherent tension in the case study method shows that there is no perfect research design for study in social science. However, when an international group of researchers has been given the means to conduct a large international study and has succeeded in the painstaking job of establishing an international framework, there are some good arguments to develop a design for the study with a minimum level of standardisation, to increase the possibilities of identifying causal mechanisms.
The WaVE project as a record of religious and social transformations in northern Europe
Authors: Bäckström Anders
Published: May 2018

This chapter explores the idea of secularisation or religious change and the increasing visibility of religion in northern Europe. In the 20th century, the links between welfare and religion were thought to be fading. Today, however, it is clear that this assumption was based on a definition of religion as something for ‘others’, for those deviating from a dominant secular culture. In the Nordic countries, culture is understood as broad, ‘cool’, or inclusive. It is based on the rule of law and is linked to modernisation and the emancipation of the individual rather than close family ties. This is also true of religion, which is similarly perceived. This provides the basis for a broad culture of trust to which minority as well as majority religions can adhere.
The challenge of integration
Authors: Cribb Alan
Published: May 2018

This chapter analyses the increasingly influential idea that healthcare systems, or health and social care systems more broadly, need to be better integrated—that both services and the experiences of individuals need to be less ‘fractured’ and that this depends upon attending to the overall architecture of systems. In order to approach the integration agenda, it is worth acknowledging the ‘problem’ that gives rise to it. The agenda is closely bound up with divisions and boundaries that are both necessary and a source of difficulties. The way in which health systems seek to provide diverse goods is through a division of labour that structures both services and roles. Yet the necessary division of labour inevitably and notoriously creates problems. Perhaps the central device through which health policy addresses and manages this tension—between differentiated provision and consolidated needs—is by supporting both specialism and generalism.
Robert Pinker on rethinking approaches to welfare
Authors: Offer John
Published: May 2018

This book examines Robert Pinker's selected works on social policy and welfare pluralism, past and present. Pinker began writing on social policy in the 1960s, undertaking research work on issues such as the development of health care within the poor law. He published books devoted to social policy, including Social Theory and Social Policy (1971) and The Idea of Welfare (1979), along with various articles on complementary topics. Pinker's main concern was to rethink the study of social policy, arguing that ‘theory’ should not be confused with ideology or rhetoric. His ideas were primarily built around such themes as stigma, conditional altruism, access to land and property, giving and receiving, and migration and civil war. In Social Theory and Social Policy, Pinker highlighted the distinction in social life between ‘givers’ and ‘receivers’. He also made explicit the areas of study under the heading of ‘sociology of morals’.
On social care, communities and the conditions for well-being
Authors: Offer John
Published: May 2018

Social policies concerned with the areas of social care and of social work as a profession have always been topics on which Pinker has made significant contributions. His writings more frequently and in more detail dealt with what are often referred to as the ‘personal social services’ than those of, say, ...
Citizenship, civil war and welfare: the making of modern Ireland
Authors: Pinker Robert
Published: May 2018

In this chapter, Robert Pinker examines how civil war influences T.H. Marshall's hypothesis that the civil, political and social rights of citizenship developed under conditions of peace. Using the examples of Ireland and Northern Ireland, Pinker discusses the conditions in which the advancement of welfare or well-being is likely to be seriously disrupted by focusing on Marshall's theory of citizenship and welfare. Marshall describes three key elements in the status of citizenship: civil rights, political rights and social rights. Pinker traces the history of the often conflictual relationship between England and Ireland in order to address a gap in Marshall's theory of citizenship and welfare, rendering it open to criticism. He suggests that civil wars ‘are not fought over the conventional issues of social welfare. Ordinary people are not prepared to kill or be killed in the cause of better social services’.
On welfare pluralism
Authors: Offer John
Published: May 2018

One writer has described welfare pluralism as ‘a vital, but relatively neglected, part of social policy’ (Powell, 2007: 2). Pinker, however, did not neglect it. The third section explores some of the key arguments for pluralism in social policy in the UK which Pinker has highlighted since the 1980s. In this section in particular, space considerations have meant that it is a necessity that some of the many interesting essays by Pinker on pluralism have to be summarised here rather than reprinted....