bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self-Nowcast Model of extreme precipitation events for operational meteorology
Authors: França G. B. , de Almeida M. V. , Rosette A. C.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Nowadays many social activities require short-term (one to two hours) and local area forecasts of extreme weather. In particular, air traffic systems have been studying how to minimize the impact of meteorological events, such as turbulence, wind shear, ice, and heavy rain, which are related to the presence of convective systems during all flight phases. This paper presents an alternative self-nowcast model, based on neural network techniques, to produce short-term and local-specific forecasts of extreme meteorological events in the area of the landing and take-off region of Galeão, the principal airport in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Twelve years of data were used for neural network training and validation. Data are originally from four sources: (1) hourly meteorological observations from surface meteorological stations at five airports distributed around the study area, (2) atmospheric profiles collected twice a day at the meteorological station at Galeão Airport, (3) rain rate data collected from a network of twenty-nine rain gauges in the study area; and (4) lightning data regularly collected by national detection networks. An investigation was done about the capability of a neural network to produce early warning signs – or as a nowcasting tool – for extreme meteorological events. The self-nowcast model was validated using results from six categorical statistics, indicated in parentheses for forecasts of the first, second, and third hours, respectively, namely: proportion correct (0.98, 0.96, and 0.94), bias (1.37, 1.48, and 1.83), probability of detection (0.84, 0.80, and 0.76), false-alarm ratio (0.38, 0.46, and 0.58), and threat score (0.54, 0.47, and 0.37). Possible sources of error related to the validation procedure are discussed. Two key points have been identified in which there is a possibility of error: i.e., subjectivity on the part of the meteorologist making the observation, and a rain gauge measurement error of about 20 % depending on wind speed. The latter was better demonstrated when lightning data were included in the validation. The validation showed that the proposed model's performance was quite encouraging for the first and second hours.
The Austrian radiation monitoring network ARAD – best practice and added value
Authors: Olefs M. , Baumgartner D. J. , Obleitner F. , Bichler C. , Foelsche U. , Pietsch H. , Rieder H. E. , Weihs P. , Geyer F. , Haiden T. , Schöner W.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The Austrian RADiation monitoring network (ARAD) has been established to advance the national climate monitoring and to support satellite retrieval, atmospheric modelling and solar energy techniques development. Measurements cover the downwelling solar and thermal infrared radiation using instruments according to Baseline Surface Radiation Network (BSRN) standards. A unique feature of ARAD is its vertical dimension of five stations, covering an air column between about 200 m a.s.l. (Vienna) and 3100 m a.s.l. (BSRN site Sonnblick). The paper outlines the aims and scopes of ARAD, its measurement and calibration standards, methods, strategies and station locations. ARAD network operation uses innovative data processing for quality assurance and quality control, applying manual and automated control algorithms. A combined uncertainty estimate for the broadband shortwave radiation fluxes at all five ARAD stations indicates that accuracies range from 1.5 to 23 %. If a directional response error of the pyranometers and the temperature response of the instruments and the data acquisition system (DAQ) is corrected, this expanded uncertainty reduces to 1.4 to 5.2 %. Thus, for large signals (global: 1000 W m−2, diffuse: 500 W m−2) BSRN target accuracies are met or closely met for 70 % of valid measurements at the ARAD stations after this correction. For small signals (50 W m−2), the targets are not achieved as a result of uncertainties associated with the DAQ or the instrument sensitivities. Additional accuracy gains can be achieved in future by additional measurements and corrections. However, for the measurement of direct solar radiation improved instrument accuracy is needed. ARAD could serve as a powerful example for establishing state-of-the-art radiation monitoring at the national level with a multiple-purpose approach. Instrumentation, guidelines and tools (such as the data quality control) developed within ARAD are best practices which could be adopted in other regions, thus saving high development costs.
Stable isotope paleoclimatology of the earliest Eocene using kimberlite-hosted mummified wood from the Canadian Subarctic
Authors: Hook B. A. , Halfar J. , Gedalof Z. , Bollmann J. , Schulze D. J.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The recent discovery of well-preserved mummified wood buried within a subarctic kimberlite diamond mine prompted a paleoclimatic study of the early Eocene "hothouse" (ca. 53.3 Ma). At the time of kimberlite eruption, the Subarctic was warm and humid producing a temperate rainforest biome well north of the Arctic Circle. Previous studies have estimated that mean annual temperatures in this region were 4–20 °C in the early Eocene, using a variety of proxies including leaf margin analysis and stable isotopes (δ13C and δ18O) of fossil cellulose. Here, we examine stable isotopes of tree-ring cellulose at subannual- to annual-scale resolution, using the oldest viable cellulose found to date. We use mechanistic models and transfer functions to estimate earliest Eocene temperatures using mummified cellulose, which was well preserved in the kimberlite. Multiple samples of Piceoxylon wood within the kimberlite were crossdated by tree-ring width. Multiple proxies are used in combination to tease apart likely environmental factors influencing the tree physiology and growth in the unique extinct ecosystem of the Polar rainforest. Calculations of interannual variation in temperature over a multidecadal time-slice in the early Eocene are presented, with a mean annual temperature (MAT) estimate of 11.4 °C (1 σ = 1.8 °C) based on δ18O, which is 16 °C warmer than the current MAT of the area (−4.6 °C). Early Eocene atmospheric δ13C (δ13Catm) estimates were −5.5 (±0.7) ‰. Isotopic discrimination (Δ) and leaf intercellular pCO2 ratio (ci/ca) were similar to modern values (Δ = 18.7 ± 0.8 ‰; ci/ca = 0.63 ± 0.03 %), but intrinsic water use efficiency (Early Eocene iWUE = 211 ± 20 μmol mol−1) was over twice the level found in modern high-latitude trees. Dual-isotope spectral analysis suggests that multidecadal climate cycles somewhat similar to the modern Pacific Decadal Oscillation likely drove temperature and cloudiness trends on 20–30-year timescales, influencing photosynthetic productivity and tree growth patterns.
Runoff- and erosion-driven transport of cattle slurry: linking molecular tracers to hydrological processes
Authors: Lloyd C. E. M. , Michaelides K. , Chadwick D. R. , Dungait J. A. J. , Evershed R. P.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. The addition of cattle slurry to agricultural land is a widespread practise, but if not correctly managed it can pose a contamination risk to aquatic ecosystems. The transport of inorganic and organic components of cattle slurry to watercourses is a major concern, yet little is known about the physical transport mechanisms and associated fluxes and timings of contamination threats. Therefore, the aim of the study was to ascertain the importance of flow pathway partitioning in the transport (fluxes and timing) of dissolved and particulate slurry-derived compounds with implications for off-site contamination. A series of rainfall–runoff and erosion experiments were carried out using the TRACE (Test Rig for Advancing Connectivity Experiments) experimental hillslope facility. The experiments allowed the quantification of the impact of changing slope gradient and rainfall intensity on nutrient transport from cattle slurry applied to the hillslope, via surface, subsurface and vertical percolated flow pathways, as well as particulate transport from erosion. The dissolved components were traced using a combination of ammonium (NH4+) and fluorescence analysis, while the particulate fraction was traced using organic biomarkers, 5β-stanols. Results showed that rainfall events which produced flashy hydrological responses, resulting in large quantities of surface runoff, were likely to move sediment and also flush dissolved components of slurry-derived material from the slope, increasing the contamination risk. Rainfall events which produced slower hydrological responses were dominated by vertical percolated flows removing less sediment-associated material, but produced leachate which could contaminate deeper soil layers, and potentially groundwater, over a more prolonged period. Overall, this research provides new insights into the partitioning of slurry-derived material when applied to an unvegetated slope and the transport mechanisms by which contamination risks are created.
Glacial–interglacial changes of H218O, HDO and deuterium excess – results from the fully coupled Earth System Model ECHAM5/MPI-OM
Authors: Werner M. , Haese B. , Xu X. , Zhang X. , Butzin M. , Lohmann G.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. In this study we present first results of a new isotope-enabled general circulation model setup. The model consists of a fully coupled atmosphere–ocean model ECHAM5/MPI-OM, enhanced by the interactive land surface scheme JSBACH and an explicit hydrological discharge scheme to close the global water budget. Stable water isotopes H218O and HDO have been incorporated into all relevant model components. Results of two equilibrium simulations under pre-industrial and last glacial maximum conditions are analysed and compared to observational data and paleoclimate records for evaluating the model's performance of simulating spatial and temporal variations in the isotopic composition of the Earth's water cycle. For the pre-industrial climate, many aspects of the simulation results of meteoric waters are in good to very good agreement with both observations and earlier atmosphere-only simulations. The model is capable of adequately simulating the large spread in the isotopic composition of precipitation between low and high latitudes. A comparison to available ocean data also shows a good model-data agreement, however a strong bias of too depleted ocean surface waters is detected for the Arctic region. Simulation results under last glacial maximum boundary conditions also fit to the wealth of available isotope records from polar ice cores, speleothems, as well as marine calcite data. Data-model evaluation of the isotopic composition in precipitation reveals a good match of the model results and indicates that the temporal glacial–interglacial isotope–temperature relation was substantially lower than the present spatial gradient for most mid- to high-latitudinal regions. As compared to older atmosphere-only simulations, a remarkable improvement is achieved for the modelling of the deuterium excess signal in Antarctic ice cores. Our simulation results indicate that cool sub-tropical and mid-latitudinal sea surface temperatures are key for this progress. A recently discussed revised interpretation of the deuterium excess record of Antarctic ice cores in terms of marine relative humidity changes on glacial–interglacial timescales is not supported by our model results.
Improving flood forecasting capability of physically based distributed hydrological model by parameter optimization
Authors: Chen Y. , Li J. , Xu H.
Published: October 2015

Abstract. Physically based distributed hydrological models discrete the terrain of the whole catchment into a number of grid cells at fine resolution, and assimilate different terrain data and precipitation to different cells, and are regarded to have the potential to improve the catchment hydrological processes simulation and prediction capability. In the early stage, physically based distributed hydrological models are assumed to derive model parameters from the terrain properties directly, so there is no need to calibrate model parameters, but unfortunately, the uncertanties associated with this model parameter deriving is very high, which impacted their application in flood forecasting, so parameter optimization may also be necessary. There are two main purposes for this study, the first is to propose a parameter optimization method for physically based distributed hydrological models in catchment flood forecasting by using PSO algorithm and to test its competence and to improve its performances, the second is to explore the possibility of improving physically based distributed hydrological models capability in cathcment flood forecasting by parameter optimization. In this paper, based on the scalar concept, a general framework for parameter optimization of the PBDHMs for catchment flood forecasting is first proposed that could be used for all PBDHMs. Then, with Liuxihe model as the study model, which is a physically based distributed hydrological model proposed for catchment flood forecasting, the improverd Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm is developed for the parameter optimization of Liuxihe model in catchment flood forecasting, the improvements include to adopt the linear decreasing inertia weight strategy to change the inertia weight, and the arccosine function strategy to adjust the acceleration coefficients. This method has been tested in two catchments in southern China with different sizes, and the results show that the improved PSO algorithm could be used for Liuxihe model parameter optimization effectively, and could improve the model capability largely in catchment flood forecasting, thus proven that parameter optimization is necessary to improve the flood forecasting capability of physically based distributed hydrological model. It also has been found that the appropriate particle number and the maximum evolution number of PSO algorithm used for Liuxihe model catchment flood forcasting is 20 and 30, respectively.
Aspectos a valorar dentro de la bioeconomía y su sendero de eco – intensificación para el buen desempeño de la actividad apícola ante la variabilidad de la Actividad Solar y Geomagnética y los cambios climáticos
Authors: Sierra Figueredo Pablo , Pérez Piñeiro Adolfo M , Durán Zarabozo Odil , Castellanos-Pontenciano Blanca , Zaldivar Cruz Juan Manuel
Published: October 2015

La actividade productiva de las abejas (Apis mellifera) es susceptible de ser afectada por numerosos factores naturales, sobre todo los meteorológicos por razones de que su accionar está fuertemente vinculado al estado del tiempo, que impone límites para su labor. La presencia cada año de eventos meteorológicos severos es un factor también a tener en cuenta por su impacto directo en las plantas y en la propia población de abejas. Las plagas y epidemias que sufren las colonias de abejas de cierta forma modulan la producción, haciendo decaer severamente la misma ante la aparición de aquellas. A su vez se ha encontrado y mostrado en numerosos trabajos que el clima, el estado del tiempo y la aparición de plagas y epidemias, muestran una sensible dependencia con la Actividad Solar y geomagnética, provocando esto que el fenómeno sea mucho más complejo por lo multivariado. En el presente trabajo mostramos los resultados de un análisis de la variabilidad de la producción de miel de abejas en el territorio cubano durante 50 años y su posible asociación a largo plazo con la variabilidad de la actividad solar y geomagnética. Se analiza producción de miel, de cera, así como la productividad por colmena para todo el período. Se discuten los resultados y se plantean hipótesis sobre la relación encontrada, que permite establecer una asociación entre el comportamiento de los indicadores productivos y la actividad solar y geomagnética.

Rev. iberoam. bioecon. cambio clim. Vol.1(1) 2015; 207-222
A Neglected Drama for Elders: Discrepancy Between Self-Perception and Objective Performance Regarding Financial Capacity in Patients With Cognitive Deficits
Authors: Giannouli Vaitsa , Tsolaki Magda
Published: October 2015

The article aims at investigating whether patients from Greece with different kinds of cognitive deficits (resulting from Alzheimer’s Disease, Parkinson’s Disease Dementia, and Mild Cognitive Impairment) can be characterized as financially capable (based on neuropsychological assessment), and if this claimed (in)capacity is in accordance with their personal belief of (in)capacity. Results revealed that the vast majority of the mild, moderate and severe Alzheimer’s disease patients as well as patients with Mild Cognitive Impairment and Parkinson’s disease, who scored significantly lower than normal on a relevant financial decision-making capacity test, believed that they were capable to handle their finances. This finding is in contrast with their actual financial capacity scores and the beliefs of their family members-caregivers on this issue. Some critical questions concerning incapacity and intellectual insight are raised, and future cross-cultural investigative attempts on this issue are suggested.
Treating the Initial Physical Reflex of Misophonia With the Neural Repatterning Technique: A Counterconditioning Procedure
Authors: Dozier Thomas H.
Published: October 2015

Misophonia is a condition in which a person has an acute emotional response of anger or disgust to a commonly occurring innocuous auditory or visual stimulus referred to as a trigger. This case details the effective treatment of misophonia in a young woman that included a counterconditioning treatment called the Neural Repatterning Technique (NRT), which combines a continuous positive stimulus and a reduced intensity, intermittent trigger. The treatment was delivered via the Misophonia Trigger Tamer smartphone app and all treatments were conducted independently by the patient. In this patient, the trigger elicited a physical reflex of contraction of the flexor digitorum profundus, which caused her to clench her fist. To enhance the effect of the NRT treatment, Progressive Muscle Relaxation was incorporated to increase her ability to deliberately relax the affected muscle during treatment. During NRT treatment sessions, the patient experienced a weak physical reflex to the reduced trigger stimulus but no emotional response. Her emotional response of misophonia was not treated, but when the physical reflex extinguished, the emotional response also extinguished. This case indicates that the misophonic response includes a Pavlovian-conditioned physical reflex. It is proposed that the trigger elicited the physical reflex and the physical reflex then elicited the conditioned emotional response that is characteristic of misophonia. Because of the conditioned reflex nature of misophonia, it is proposed that a more appropriate name for this disorder would be Conditioned Aversive Reflex Disorder.
The Min-Max Edge q-Coloring Problem
Authors: Larjomaa Tommi , Popa Alexandru
Published: October 2015

In this paper we introduce and study a new problem named min-max edge q-coloring which is motivated by applications in wireless mesh networks. The input of the problem consists of an undirected graph and an integer q. The goal is to color the edges of the graph with as many colors as possible such that: (a) any vertex is incident to at most q different colors, and (b) the maximum size of a color group (i.e. set of edges identically colored) is minimized. We show the following results:

Min-max edge q-coloring is NP-hard, for any q ≥ 2.

A polynomial time exact algorithm for min-max edge q-coloring on trees.

Exact formulas of the optimal solution for cliques and almost tight bounds for bicliques and hypergraphs.

A non-trivial lower bound of the optimal solution with respect to the average degree of the graph.

An approximation algorithm for planar graphs.
Interpreting Broken Arrow Points
Authors: Engelbrecht William
Published: October 2015

This paper compares unnotched triangular arrow point refits (conjoined fragments) with whole points from the Eaton site in New York. The differences between the two samples are significant, suggesting that point typologies based on whole points may be misleading. Refits tended to have greater length to width ratios and lower thickness to length ratios, rendering them less durable. While lack of durability is generally considered to be a negative characteristic of stone points, fragmentation of a projectile in an enemy or hunting prey creates a large internal wound cavity, which is desirable. Also desirable is a point base that makes a cut wide enough to prevent drag on the arrow shaft, but narrow enough to have a good chance of passing through the ribs of the target.
Taxonomie des conflits entre le travail et la famille : une analyse multidimensionnelle à l’aide de cartes auto-organisatrices
Authors: Wils Thierry , Rhnima Aziz
Published: October 2015

Fréquemment, les chercheurs ont conceptualisé le conflit travail-famille de façon bidirectionnelle : l’étude des effets de la vie professionnelle à l’endroit de la vie de famille (appelé conflit travail-famille) et celle des effets de la vie de famille à l’égard de la vie d’emploi (appelé conflit famille-travail). Toutefois, les résultats inhérents aux recherches basées sur cette conceptualisation se sont avérés controversés. Autrement dit, très peu d’effort a été déployé afin de différencier entre les effets des différentes formes de ce conflit. Pourtant, Greenhaus et Beutell (1985) en ont proposé une conceptualisation multidimensionnelle, en ajoutant aux deux dimensions directionnelles trois autres supplémentaires liées au conflit de temps, d’effort et de comportement. Ainsi, notre recherche répond à la question générale suivante: la conceptualisation multidimensionnelle du conflit travail-famille est-elle plus efficace pour cerner la réalité de ce phénomène que la conceptualisation bidirectionnelle ?

À partir d’un échantillon de 375 sujets provenant du personnel infirmier d’un centre hospitalier, nous avons privilégié une conceptualisation multidimensionnelle dudit conflit (Greenhaus et Beutell, 1985), et ce, afin d’identifier les effets spécifiques aux diverses dimensions de ce conflit. Pour ce faire, nous avons utilisé l’analyse en termes des cartes autoorganisatrices de Kohonen (SOM), cartes qui sont basées sur un réseau de neurones résultant de la méthode d’apprentissage non supervisée (Kohonen, 2001).

Les résultats de l’analyse neuronale indiquent qu’il y a six formes de conflit. Deux d’entre elles paraissent générer des effets similaires à ceux obtenus selon la conceptualisation bidirectionnelle (conflit à haute intensité versus conflit à basse intensité), tandis que les quatre autres formes apparaissent engendrer des effets spécifiques, justifiant la nécessité d’appliquer la conceptualisation multidimensionnelle préconisée. En outre, l’analyse de variance appliquée aux données a révélé plusieurs différences significatives entre les six formes de ce conflit et des variables externes liées à des facteurs explicatifs dudit conflit, ainsi qu’à ses conséquences.

Cette nouvelle taxonomie, basée sur la conceptualisation multidimensionnelle des conflits travail-famille, contribue à une meilleure compréhension de l’interférence entre la sphère de la vie familiale et celle de la vie professionnelle, en identifiant les formes spécifiques du conflit travail-famille au niveau desquelles une ou plusieurs sources de conflictualité sont en action. Des avenues de recherche et des implications managériales sont déduites à la lumière des résultats enregistrés.
Les politiques de formation professionnelle dans les services à domicile. Influence de la structure de marché et du dialogue social en France et en Belgique
Authors: Cognard Étienne
Published: October 2015

Cet article étudie les politiques de formation professionnelle négociées par les partenaires sociaux des secteurs belge et français des services à domicile. Une attention particulière est accordée aux parcours professionnels offerts aux aides-ménagères à domicile. Ces parcours sont quasi-inexistants en Belgique, mais beaucoup mieux construits en France. Notre analyse comparative qualitative montre que deux principaux facteurs expliquent cette différence d’approche de la formation continue. Le premier est le type d’activités subsidiées par l’État dans le cadre des politiques d’emploi centrées sur le développement des services à domicile. La France se distingue de la Belgique par l’inclusion de l’aide à domicile et de la garde d’enfant. Dans la mesure où les prestataires « titres-services d’aide-ménagère » ne proposent pas ces deux types de services à domicile, ils n’ont pas intérêt à promouvoir des formations sectorielles qualifiantes. En France, les employeurs des services à la personne ont soutenu la mise en oeuvre de dispositifs sectoriels certifiant ou diplômant vers l’aide à domicile et la garde d’enfant, deux évolutions possibles pour les aides-ménagères. Le second facteur est la structure du dialogue social sectoriel. En Belgique, la concentration des aides-ménagères titres-services dans une seule commission paritaire spécifique rend plus difficile la construction de parcours professionnels par les partenaires sociaux sectoriels. En France, la concurrence économique et politique entre les trois branches des associations, entreprises et particuliers-employeurs stimulent, au contraire, la volonté des partenaires sociaux, employeurs en tête, de développer des politiques sectorielles cohérentes. L’effet pervers de cette concurrence est, toutefois, la réticence à organiser des mobilités interbranches.
The Prospects for Greater Enforcement of Teen Employment Laws in Alberta, Canada. “Politically, how do you make it relevant? […] Kill more young people!”
Authors: Barnetson Bob
Published: October 2015

This study uses a Delphi analysis to identify significant barriers to the development of sustained and meaningful pressure on the Alberta government to increase the enforcement of its laws regulating the employment of teenagers. In addition to general employment laws (e.g., wage payment, occupational health and safety) that appear to go broadly unenforced, Alberta also appears not to enforce laws specifying the hours during which teens may work, the occupations in which they may work and the job tasks they may perform. The result is wage theft, workplace injury and illegal forms of employment among teens. The seven Delphi panelists—a mixture of academics, trade unionists and staff members in not-for-profit agencies with an interest in employment matters—identify a tight business-government relationship as an important limit on the political opportunities available to insurgents seeking change. Insurgents must also grapple with a framing that minimizes concerns around teen employment, i.e. by framing illegal or injurious work as an educational rite of passage and complaints as whining. Together, these barriers significantly limit the opportunities to pressure the state to enhance enforcement.

Panelists also noted that there is no mobilizing structure in place that teenage workers and their allies can access. Alberta’s labour movement has had limited success organizing the service sector (where most teens are employed). Some panelists suggested leveraging the widespread sexual harassment of female teen workers as a way to access existing networks and resources in feminist and labour organizations. Other panelists argued that focusing on sexual harassment would emphasize individual employers’ misbehaviour and obscure the class-based nature of inadequate enforcement.

Most panelists suggested that highlighting the socially inappropriate nature of the death or serious injury of teen workers would be the best way to destabilize the existing barriers to better enforcement of employment laws. The opportunity to do so is (fortunately) rare and may be difficult to leverage. Indeed, research on high profile occupational fatalities in Canada (e.g., the Westray Mine disaster) suggests that such fatalities do not have a significant effect on state enforcement efforts. In the meantime, advocates such as organized labour and community groups may also work to alter conventional views of teen employment by supporting educational or artistic endeavours that problematize teen employment. This could include identifying the risks and consequences of the non-enforcement of laws regulating the employment of teens (such as injury and wage theft) as well as highlighting the reasons why teen workers warrant the enforcement of their workplace rights by the state.
Declines in violence and police arrest among female sex workers in Karnataka state, south India, following a comprehensive HIV prevention programme
Authors: Beattie Tara S , Bhattacharjee Parinita , Isac Shajy , Mohan HL , Simic‐Lawson Milena , Ramesh BM , Blanchard James F , Moses Stephen , Watts Charlotte H , Heise Lori
Published: October 2015

Introduction

Female sex workers (FSWs) frequently experience violence, harassment and arrest by the police or their clients, but there is little evidence as to the impact that such factors may have on HIV risk or whether community interventions could mitigate this impact.

Methods

As part of the evaluation of the Avahan programme in Karnataka, serial integrated behavioural and biological assessment (IBBA) surveys (four districts) (2005 to 2011) and anonymous polling booth surveys (PBS) (16 districts) (2007 to 2011) were conducted with random samples of FSWs. Logistic regression analysis was used to assess 1) changes in reported violence and arrests over time and 2) associations between violence by non‐partners and police arrest and HIV/STI risk and prevalence. Mediation analysis was used to identify mediating factors.

Results

5,792 FSWs participated in the IBBAs and 15,813 participated in the PBS. Over time, there were significant reductions in the percentages of FSWs reporting being raped in the past year (PBS) (30.0% in 2007, 10.0% in 2011, p<0.001), being arrested in the past year [adjusted odds ratio (AOR) 0.57 (0.35, 0.93), p=0.025] and being beaten in the past six months by a non‐partner (clients, police, pimps, strangers, rowdies) [AOR 0.69 (0.49, 0.95), p=0.024)] (IBBA). The proportion drinking alcohol (during the past week) also fell significantly (32.5% in 2005, 24.9% in 2008, 16.8% in 2011; p<0.001). Violence by non‐partners (being raped in the past year and/or beaten in the past six months) and being arrested in the past year were both strongly associated with HIV infection [AOR 1.59 (1.18, 2.15), p=0.002; AOR 1.91 (1.17, 3.12), p=0.01, respectively]. They were also associated with drinking alcohol (during the past week) [AOR 1.98 (1.54, 2.53), p<0.001; AOR 2.79 (1.93, 4.04), p<0.001, respectively], reduced condom self‐efficacy with clients [AOR 0.36 (0.27, 0.47), p<0.001; AOR 0.62 (0.39, 0.98), p=0.039, respectively], symptomatic STI (during the past year) [AOR 2.62 (2.07, 3.30), p<0.001; AOR 2.17 (1.51, 3.13), p<0.001, respectively], gonorrhoea infection [AOR 2.79 (1.51, 5.15), p=0.001; AOR 2.69 (0.96, 7.56), p=0.060, respectively] and syphilis infection [AOR 1.86 (1.04, 3.31), p=0.036; AOR 3.35 (1.78, 6.28), p<0.001, respectively], but not with exposure to peer education, community mobilization or HIV testing uptake. Mediation analysis suggests that alcohol use and STIs may partially mediate the association between violence or arrests and HIV prevalence.

Discussion

Violence by non‐partners and arrest are both strongly associated with HIV infection among FSWs. Large‐scale, comprehensive HIV prevention programming can reduce violence, arrests and HIV/STI infection among FSWs.
Calibration and analysis of genome-based models for microbial ecology
Authors: Louca Stilianos , Doebeli Michael
Published: October 2015

Microbial ecosystem modeling is complicated by the large number of unknown parameters and the lack of appropriate calibration tools. Here we present a novel computational framework for modeling microbial ecosystems, which combines genome-based model construction with statistical analysis and calibration to experimental data. Using this framework, we examined the dynamics of a community of Escherichia coli strains that emerged in laboratory evolution experiments, during which an ancestral strain diversified into two coexisting ecotypes. We constructed a microbial community model comprising the ancestral and the evolved strains, which we calibrated using separate monoculture experiments. Simulations reproduced the successional dynamics in the evolution experiments, and pathway activation patterns observed in microarray transcript profiles. Our approach yielded detailed insights into the metabolic processes that drove bacterial diversification, involving acetate cross-feeding and competition for organic carbon and oxygen. Our framework provides a missing link towards a data-driven mechanistic microbial ecology.
Molar pregnancy presenting with hyperemesis gravidarum
Authors: Glick Matthew Michael , Dick Edward Lewis
Published: October 2015

Nausea and vomiting are common complaints in pregnancy, occurring in more than 50% of pregnant women. Occasionally, the vomiting becomes severe and persistent enough to develop into the syndrome called hyperemesis gravidarum and sometimes requires hospitalization. A 20-year-old woman presented with hyperemesis gravidarum, which was later found to be associated with a molarpregnancy. Hyperemesis gravidarum is reported to occur in as many as 26% of molar pregnancies. Increases in the level of serum [3-human chorionic gonadotropin may be the mechanism of hyperemesis gravidarum in molar pregnancy. Hyperthyroid states linked to molar pregnancy may further exacerbate hyperemesis gravidarum. Physicians should be aware of this possibility of molar pregnancy in all patients with hyperemesis gravidarum and be familiar with the appropriate management to monitor and prevent .an often-fatal trophoblastic neoplasm.
Determination of hypercoagulable state in acute bronchospasm
Authors: Pandit Hema B , Spillert Charles R , Shih Richard D.
Published: October 2015

The issue of hypercoagulability in acute asthmatic attacks is controversial. Thismay be due to lack of an appropriate test to monitor overall coagulation. Currenthematologic tests do not account for the cellular fraction of blood that haspro coagulant activity. Our study uses a clotting assay called the modified recalcification time test that is performed with whole blood to ensure the contribution of all chemical and cellular mediators in the coagulation process, particularly tissue factor. Venous blood samples were obtained from 12 adult patients with acute exacerbation of asthma or chronic obstructive pulmonary disease andcompared with samples from 12 age-matched healthy control subjects. By use of the modified recalcification time, the presence of a relative hypercoagulable state was demonstrated in patients with acute bronchospasm. Furthermore, there is an identifiable difference in modified recalcification time value between the patients with acute attacks who required hospital admission versus those discharged from the emergency department.
Domestic violence: Effect on pregnancy outcome
Authors: Fernandez F Miguel , Krueger Paul M
Published: October 2015

A predominantly white, suburban, indigent population of pregnancy women were followed up to determine the incidence of domestic violence and its effect on preterm delivery, low birth weight, and outcome of pregnancy (infant admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. A total of 489 gravidas were screened for domestic violence and drug and alcohol abuse. Patients were assigned to the control group if they had no substance abuse and no domestic violence and to the study group if they had no substance abuse but were victims of domestic violence. Of the total study population, 20% were victims of domestic violence. Among patients suffering domestic violence, 22 % had preterm deliveries as compared with 9% of patients without domestic violence (P= .002). Sixteen percent of patientsin the study group had low-birth-weight babies compared with 6% of women in the control group (P= .002). No significant relationship was found between domestic violence and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. Therefore, domestic violence is a risk factor for preterm delivery and low-birth-weight infants.
An osteopathic approach to asthma
Authors: Rowane William A , Rowane Michael P
Published: October 2015

Asthma has become a serious challenge to clinical medicine today, with an increase in incidence, morbidity, and mortality over the past two decades. Asthma continues to be a problem despite increased knowledge of the pathophysiology of asthma coupled with the development of a variety of new and innovative medications that can be used to treat asthma. Five areas involving asthma management are reviewed and involve a failure to do the following: (1) identify disease instability and progression; (2) adopt an optimal pharmacologic treatment plan; (3) identify and help the patient avoid environmental triggers; (4) evaluate and treat certain disruptive psychodynamic issues; and (5) use essential nonpharmacologic modes of therapy such as osteopathic manipulation, nutritional considerations, physical training, and controlled breathing techniques that may help to favorably modify the asthma disease process.
Hybrid casts: a comparison of different casting materials
Authors: Philbin Terry M , Gittins Mark E
Published: October 2015

Casting and splinting materials used in orthopedics have historically consisted of plaster of Paris and, more recently, fiberglass. Plaster is cost-effective and malleable enough to help to hold reductions. Fiberglass is stronger and lighter, but more expensive. The hybrid cast of plaster and fiberglass optimizes the advantages of both materials in fracture management; it is sufficiently strong, yet still cost-effective.
Product Development of Malunggay (Moringga Oleifera) and Sweet Potato (Ipomea Batatas) for Pastry and Fillings
Authors: Aller Margie C. , Villarin Manolito D. , Pascual Pet Roey L.
Published: October 2015

This study used the experimental method that involved 90 taste panelists composed of culinary arts teachers, food technologist, culinary arts students, homemakers, faculty and staff. The sensory attributes studied the specific criteria on color, flavor, texture, and over-all acceptability. Findings of the study revealed that 75mL camote leaves decoction and 24g dried “malunggay” leaf powder formulation on the “malunggay-camote” pastry shell got the highest mean score in all sensory attributes considered due to higher amount of variables added to the formulation. There were significant differences on the 75mL camote leaves decoction added with 24g dried “malunggay” leaves powder, level of acceptability in terms of flavor and over-all acceptability. On the hedonic mean acceptability score of “malunggay-camote” boat tart product, 75mL camote decoction added with 24g dried malunggay leaves powder is the most acceptable formulation. DOST chemical result showed the aerobic plate count <25x102 EAPC*/g, Escherichia coli Count, <1.0x10 cfu/g. Total Coliform Count <1.0 x 10 cfu/g, Mold and Yeast Count 2.0x10 cfu/g. The microbial results in cfu/g for S. aureus (coagulase+) was <102, MYC <102, SPC/APC cfu/g <104, Coliforms, <50. These results are within the acceptable limit, therefore the product is safe for human consumption.
Heavy‐ion dominance near Cluster perigees
Authors: Ferradas C. P. , Zhang J.‐C. , Kistler L. M. , Spence H. E.
Published: October 2015

Time periods in which heavy ions dominate over H+ in the energy range of 1–40 keV were observed by the Cluster Ion Spectrometry (CIS)/COmposition DIstribution Function (CODIF) instrument onboard Cluster Spacecraft 4 at L values less than 4. The characteristic feature is a narrow flux peak at around 10 keV that extends into low L values, with He+ and/or O+ dominating. In the present work we perform a statistical study of these events and examine their temporal occurrence and spatial distribution. The observed features, both the narrow energy range and the heavy‐ion dominance, can be interpreted using a model of ion drift from the plasma sheet, subject to charge exchange losses. The narrow energy range corresponds to the only energy range that has direct drift access from the plasma sheet during quiet times. The drift time to these locations from the plasma sheet is > 30 h, so that charge exchange has a significant impact on the population. We show that a simple drift/loss model can explain the dependence on L shell and MLT of these heavy‐ion‐dominant time periods.
Constraining the geometries of small‐scale heterogeneities: A case study from the Mariana region
Authors: Korenaga Jun
Published: October 2015

A new array‐based method for seismic waveform data is developed to detect small‐scale heterogeneities in the mantle and constrain their possible locations and sizes. Detecting small‐scale heterogeneities using scattered waves has been challenging because scattered phases usually suffer from low signal‐to‐noise ratios, and determining the shapes of such heterogeneities is even more difficult because of isochronal artifacts. In the proposed method, the problem of the low signal‐to‐noise ratio is addressed by adopting dual bootstrap stacking, which can detect weak signals even with a limited number of seismic traces, as well as by ensuring reproducibility among multiple events. The locations of detected scatterers and their sizes and shapes are then estimated using a new kind of hierarchical cluster analysis that could minimize the effect of isochronal artifacts. The new method is applied to a previously analyzed data set of Mariana earthquakes to facilitate a comparison with conventional methods. In the middle to lower mantle beneath the Mariana Trench region, a total of 39 scatterers are identified via S‐to‐P scattering, with their potential volumes ranging from <8 × 104 to ∼1 × 106 km3.
Concentric gravity waves over northern China observed by an airglow imager network and satellites
Authors: Xu Jiyao , Li Qinzeng , Yue Jia , Hoffmann Lars , Straka William C. , Wang Cuimei , Liu Mohan , Yuan Wei , Han Sai , Miller Steven D. , Sun Longchang , Liu Xiao , Liu Weijun , Yang Jing , Ning Baiqi
Published: October 2015

The first no‐gap OH airglow all‐sky imager network was established in northern China in February 2012. The network is composed of six all‐sky airglow imagers that make observations of OH airglow gravity waves and cover an area of about 2000 km east and west and about 1400 km south and north. An unusual outbreak of Concentric Gravity Wave (CGW) events were observed by the network nearly every night during the first half of August 2013. These events were coincidentally observed by satellite sensors from Fengyun‐2 (FY‐2), Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS)/Aqua, and Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS)/Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership (NPP). Combination of the ground imager network with satellites provides multilevel observations of the CGWs from the stratosphere to the mesopause region. In this paper, two representative CGW events in August 2013 are studied in detail: first is the CGW on the night of 13 August 2013, likely launched by a single thunderstorm. The temporal and spatial analyses indicate that the CGW horizontal wavelengths follow freely propagating waves based on a GW dispersion relation within 300 km from the storm center. In contrast, the more distant observed gravity wave field exhibits a smaller horizontal wavelength of ~20 km, and our analysis strongly suggest this wave field represents a ducted wave. A second event, exhibiting multiple CGWs, was induced by two very strong thunderstorms on 9 August 2013. Multiscale waves with horizontal wavelengths ranging from less than 10 km to 200 km were observed.
Modeling forest carbon cycle response to tree mortality: Effects of plant functional type and disturbance intensity
Authors: Frasson Renato Prata de Moraes , Bohrer Gil , Medvigy David , Matheny Ashley M. , Morin Timothy H. , Vogel Christoph S. , Gough Christopher M. , Maurer Kyle D. , Curtis Peter S.
Published: October 2015

Natural and anthropogenic disturbances influence ecological succession and impact the carbon cycle. Understanding disturbance effects and ecosystem recovery is essential to carbon modeling. We hypothesized that (1) species‐specific disturbances impact the carbon cycle differently from nonspecific disturbances. In particular, disturbances that target early‐successional species will lead to higher carbon uptake by the postrecovery, middle‐ and late‐successional community and (2) disturbances that affect the midsuccessional deciduous species have more intense and long‐lasting impacts on carbon uptake than disturbances of similar intensity that only affect the early‐successional species. To test these hypotheses, we employed a series of simulations conducted with the Ecosystem Demography model version 2 to evaluate the sensitivity of a temperate mixed‐deciduous forest to disturbance intensity and type. Our simulation scenarios included a control (undisturbed) case, a uniform disturbance case where we removed 30% of all trees regardless of their successional status, five cases where only early‐successional deciduous trees were removed with increasing disturbance intensity (30%, 70%, 85%, and 100%), and four cases of midsuccessional disturbances with increasing intensity (70%, 85%, and 100%). Our results indicate that disturbances affecting the midsuccessional deciduous trees led to larger decreases in carbon uptake as well as longer recovery times when compared to disturbances that exclusively targeted the early‐successional deciduous trees at comparable intensities. Moreover, disturbances affecting 30% to 100% of early‐successional deciduous trees resulted in an increased carbon uptake, beginning 6 years after the disturbance and sustained through the end of the 100 year simulation.
From soilscapes to landscapes: A landscape‐oriented approach to simulate soil organic carbon dynamics in intensively managed landscapes
Authors: Papanicolaou A. N. (Thanos) , Wacha Kenneth M. , Abban Benjamin K. , Wilson Christopher G. , Hatfield Jerry L. , Stanier Charles O. , Filley Timothy R.
Published: October 2015

Most available biogeochemical models focus within a soil profile and cannot adequately resolve contributions of the lighter size fractions of organic rich soils for enrichment ratio (ER) estimates, thereby causing unintended errors in soil organic carbon (SOC) storage predictions. These models set ER as constant, usually equal to unity. The goal of this study is to provide spatiotemporal predictions of SOC stocks at the hillslope scale that account for the selective entrainment and deposition of lighter size fractions. It is hypothesized herein that ER values may vary depending on hillslope location, Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) conditions, and magnitude of the hydrologic event. An ER module interlinked with two established models, CENTURY and Watershed Erosion Prediction Project, is developed that considers the effects of changing runoff coefficients, bare soil coverage, tillage depth, fertilization, and soil roughness on SOC redistribution and storage. In this study, a representative hillslope is partitioned into two control volumes (CVs): a net erosional upslope zone and a net depositional downslope zone. We first estimate ER values for both CVs I and II for different hydrologic and LULC conditions. Second, using the improved ER estimates for the two CVs, we evaluate the effects that management practices have on SOC redistribution during different crop rotations. Overall, LULC promoting less runoff generally yielded higher ER values, which ranged between 0.97 and 3.25. Eroded soils in the upland CV were up to 4% more enriched in SOC than eroded soils in the downslope CV due to larger interrill contributions, which were found to be of equal importance to rill contributions. The chronosequence in SOC storage for the erosional zone revealed that conservation tillage and enhanced crop yields begun in the 1980s reversed the downward trend in SOC losses, causing nearly 26% of the lost SOC to be regained.