bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Genome‐wide association analysis reveals flowering‐related genes regulating rachis length in rice
Authors: Hu Yong , Huang Yong , Zhang Li , Zhao Hu , Liu Haiyang , Xing Yongzhong , Bai Xufeng
Published: October 2016

Rachis length is correlated with panicle size in rice. Unveiling the genetic basis of rachis length is important for understanding the genetic regulation of panicle size. In this study, we performed a genomewide association study of rachis length using 529 rice accessions from two environments. In total, 20 loci were identified for rachis length and distributed across the 12 chromosomes except for chromosomes 2 and 5. Thirteen of the 20 loci were not linked to the cloned panicle size genes. Six flowering‐related genes, including the CCT domain‐containing genes Ghd7, Ghd7.1, Hd1, OsCCT1 and OsCO3 as well as Ehd1, were associated with rachis length in this study. These findings suggest that the network of these flowering‐related genes probably participates in the regulation of rachis length and thus affects panicle length and yield. Interestingly, haplotype analysis showed that OsCCT1 is a putative candidate gene which plays a key role in the variation of rachis length. Together, the genetic loci identified in this study could be used for rice breeding by marker‐assisted selection to improve grain yield.
Pheromone trail following in the ant Lasius niger: high accuracy and variability but no effect of task state
Authors: Czaczkes Tomer J. , Castorena Martin , Schürch Roger , Heinze Jürgen
Published: October 2016

The use of pheromone trails in ant colony organization is an important model for understanding collective decision‐making and complex adaptive systems. The ant Lasius niger L. (Hymenoptera: Fomicidae) is one of the main model organisms used for such studies. Key to understanding pheromone trail use by ants is knowing how well trails are followed. The results of a previous study suggest that L. niger trail following is poor, with between 60% and 70% accuracy at a T bifurcation. It is hypothesized that the true trail following accuracy is higher, and that the low accuracy reported previously is the result of a methodological error. Specifically, it is hypothesized that ‘task state’ (i.e. what the ants ‘thought they were doing’) affected pheromone following accuracy. In the present study, the task state of the ants is set experimentally to one of three states: scouting (completely naive), recruited (having information that food has been found, but not where it is) and shuttling (having a strong memory of the location of a food source). Trail following accuracy is tested for each group. Trail following is found to be more accurate than previously reported: 83%, 82% and 74% correct decisions for scouts, recruits and shuttlers, respectively. However, the difference between the three groups is not significant. Importantly, very high inter‐trial variation is reported both in the present study and in experiments from other research groups. This variation is unexplainable by trail strengths or colony‐level differences, and is highlighted as an important factor when experimentally measuring trail following.
Molar incisor hypomineralization in HIV‐infected children and adolescents
Authors: Andrade Natália Silva , Pontes Alessandra Silva , Paz Hélvis Enri de Sousa , de Moura Marcoeli Silva , Moura Lúcia de Fátima Almeida de Deus , Lima Marina de Deus Mourade
Published: October 2016

The objective was to determine the prevalence of molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) among individuals between 7 and 15 years old infected or noninfected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). The study was conducted with 33 HIV‐infected individuals (study group; SG) and 66 non‐HIV‐infected schoolchildren (control group; CG), paired by gender and age. Data collection was based on medical records (SG), a questionnaire for caregivers and oral examination for diagnosis of MIH (European Academy of Pediatric Dentistry criteria) and caries (DMFT index and ICDAS). Data were analyzed with Mann‐Whitney, chi‐square, and Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression. In SG, MIH (45.5%) and caries (87.9%) had higher prevalence. MIH was associated with use of protease inhibitors in SG (OR: 2.14; 95% CI: 1.21 to 3.77) and incubator need in CG (OR: 2.80; 95% CI: 1.71 to 9.10). HIV‐infected patients had a higher prevalence of MIH and dental caries in the permanent dentition.
Acute exercise and motor memory consolidation: Does exercise type play a role?
Authors: Thomas R. , Flindtgaard M. , Skriver K. , Geertsen S. S. , Christiansen L. , Korsgaard Johnsen L. , Busk D. V. P. , Bojsen‐Møller E. , Madsen M. J. , Ritz C. , Roig M. , Lundbye‐Jensen J.
Published: October 2016

A single bout of high‐intensity exercise can augment off‐line gains in skills acquired during motor practice. It is currently unknown if the type of physical exercise influences the effect on motor skill consolidation. This study investigated the effect of three types of high‐intensity exercise following visuomotor skill acquisition on the retention of motor memory in 40 young (25.3 ±3.6 years), able‐bodied male participants randomly assigned to one of four groups either performing strength training (STR), circuit training (CT), indoor hockey (HOC) or rest (CON). Retention tests of the motor skill were performed 1 (R1h) and 24 h (R1d) post acquisition. For all exercise groups, mean motor performance scores decreased at R1h compared to post acquisition (POST) level; STR (P = 0.018), CT (P = 0.02), HOC (P = 0.014) and performance scores decreased for CT compared to CON (P = 0.049). Mean performance scores increased from POST to R1d for all exercise groups; STR (P = 0.010), CT (P = 0.020), HOC (P = 0.007) while performance scores for CON decreased (P = 0.043). Changes in motor performance were thus greater for STR (P = 0.006), CT (P < 0.001) and HOC (P < 0.001) compared to CON from POST to R1d. The results demonstrate that high‐intensity, acute exercise can lead to a decrease in motor performance assessed shortly after motor skill practice (R1h), but enhances offline effects promoting long‐term retention (R1d). Given that different exercise modalities produced similar positive off‐line effects on motor memory, we conclude that exercise‐induced effects beneficial to consolidation appear to depend primarily on the physiological stimulus rather than type of exercise and movements employed.
Does Foreign Direct Investment Promote Exports? Evidence from African Countries
Authors: Mijiyawa Abdoul G.
Published: October 2016

This paper empirically examines the effect of foreign direct investment (FDI) inflows on exports in Africa. Using the system‐generalised method of moments estimator for linear dynamic panel data on a sample of 53 African countries and five‐year periods from 1970 to 2009, the paper finds that higher FDI inflows are positively and significantly linked with higher exports of goods and services. A large part of the FDI effect is driven by its spillover effects on exports. The paper also finds the lagged value of exports, a competitive currency, as well as increases in domestic investment and physical infrastructure, to be factors stimulating African exports.
Effect of topical ophthalmic latanoprost 0.005% solution alone and in combination with diclofenac 0.1% solution in healthy horses: a pilot study
Authors: Tofflemire Kyle , Whitley Elizabeth M. , Allbaugh Rachel , Ben‐Shlomo Gil , Griggs Angela , Strong Travis , Whitley R. David
Published: October 2016

Objective

To evaluate the effect of topical ophthalmic 0.005% latanoprost alone and in combination with 0.1% diclofenac on healthy horses.

Animals studied

Twelve healthy adult horses.

Procedures

A randomized, masked crossover design was used with horses divided into three groups for once daily treatment in one randomly selected eye. For arm 1 of the study, Group D (n = 3) received 0.1% diclofenac, Group L (n = 3) received 0.005% latanoprost, and Group DL (n = 6) received 0.005% latanoprost and 0.2 ml of 0.1% diclofenac. For arm 2 of the study, horses from Group D and L were placed into Group DL and horses from Group DL were placed into either Group D or L. Evaluations of intraocular pressure (IOP), vertical pupil diameter, aqueous flare, conjunctival hyperemia, epiphora, blepharospasm, and blepharoedema were performed 4 times daily on days 1 and 2 (baseline), days 3 to 7 (arm 1 treatment), days 8 to 11 (washout), days 12 to 16 (arm 2 treatment), and days 17 and 18 (return to baseline).

Results

During the treatment period, significant reduction in IOP and vertical pupil diameter occurred in treated eyes of Groups L and DL, but not Group D. These variables did not differ significantly between Groups L and DL. Blepharospasm, blepharoedema, epiphora, and conjunctival hyperemia scores were significantly higher in Group L than in Groups D and DL.

Conclusions

Latanoprost reduced IOP in healthy horses and signs of drug‐induced discomfort were mitigated by concurrent use of diclofenac.
EVALUATION OF THE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC “SENTINEL CLOT SIGN” TO IDENTIFY BLEEDING ABDOMINAL ORGANS IN DOGS WITH HEMOABDOMEN
Authors: Specchi Swan , Auriemma Edoardo , Morabito Simona , Ferri Filippo , Zini Eric , Piola Valentina , Pey Pascaline , Rossi Federica
Published: October 2016

The CT “sentinel clot sign” has been defined as the highest attenuation hematoma adjacent to a bleeding organ in humans with hemoabdomen. The aims of this retrospective descriptive multicenter study were to describe CT findings in a sample of dogs with surgically or necropsy confirmed intra‐abdominal bleeding and determine prevalence of the “sentinel clot sign” adjacent to the location of bleeding. Medical records between 2012 and 2014 were searched for dogs with hemoabdomen and in which the origin of the bleeding was confirmed either with surgery or necropsy. Retrieved CT images were reviewed for the presence and localization of the “sentinel clot sign,” HU measurements of the “sentinel clot sign” and hemoabdomen, and presence of extravasation of contrast media within the abdominal cavity. Nineteen dogs were included. Three dogs were excluded due to the low amount of blood that did not allow the identification of a “sentinel clot sign.” A “sentinel clot sign” was detected in the proximity of the confirmed bleeding organ in 14/16 (88%) of the patients. The mean HU of the “sentinel clot sign” was 56 (range: 43–70) while that of the hemoabdomen was 34 (range: 20–45). Active hemorrhage was identified as extravasation of contrast medium within the peritoneal cavity from the bleeding organ in three dogs. In conclusion, the CT “sentinel clot sign” may be helpful for identifying the source of bleeding in dogs with hemoabdomen.
Acupuncture does not ameliorate metabolic disturbances in the P450 aromatase inhibitor‐induced rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome
Authors: Maliqueo Manuel , Benrick Anna , Marcondes Rodrigo Rodrigues , Johansson Julia , Sun Miao , Stener‐Victorin Elisabet
Published: October 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?

The effectiveness of low‐frequency electroacupuncture in the treatment of metabolic disorders associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), an endocrine–metabolic disorder characterized by an imbalance in sex steroid production, is controversial.

What is the main finding and its importance?

In a rat model of PCOS induced by the inhibition of P450 aromatase, low‐frequency electroacupuncture increased low‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol but did not improve the insulin resistance or the adipose tissue dysfunction, suggesting that a balance of sex steroids is needed to restore the metabolic function in this rat model of PCOS.

Low‐frequency electroacupuncture restores sex steroid synthesis and sympathetic activity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome, which may ameliorate its metabolic disturbances, probably by modulating sympathetic nerve activity or sex steroid synthesis. We investigated whether low‐frequency electroacupuncture regulates the metabolic function to the same extent as treatment with estradiol or β‐adrenergic blocking in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome induced by a P450 aromatase inhibitor (letrozole). Letrozole (200 μg day−1) or placebo pellets were implanted in prepubertal Wistar rats. Six weeks thereafter, rats were treated for 5–6 weeks with the following: low‐frequency electroacupuncture (5 days per week); a β‐adrenergic blocker (propranolol hydrochloride, 0.1 mg kg−1, 5 days per week); or 17β‐estradiol (2.0 μg) every fourth day. Body weight development, body composition, locomotor activity, insulin sensitivity, tissue‐specific glucose uptake, lipid profile, adipocyte size, serum concentrations of adiponectin and insulin, and gene expression in inguinal fat were measured. All treatments increased circulating levels of low‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol. Estradiol treatment restored locomotor activity and increased insulin sensitivity but did not modify the glucose uptake in muscle and fat. An upregulation of genes related to insulin sensitivity and downregulation of genes related to adipogenesis were observed in subcutaneous adipose tissue from rats exposed to letrozole. Only estradiol treatment normalized the expression of these genes. In conclusion, low‐frequency electroacupuncture increased low‐density lipoprotein–cholesterol without affecting insulin sensitivity or adipose tissue function, which could suggest effects on hepatic lipid regulation, probably mediated by the action of estradiol or the β‐adrenergic pathway.
Computational Study of a Fixed Orientation Photovoltaic Compound Parabolic Concentrator
Authors: Vance William , Gustafson Michael , Huang Hong , Menart James
Published: October 2016

The computer program called Solar_PVHFC has been modified to model a compound parabolic concentrator (CPC) that uses photovoltaic cells to produce electrical energy. This program was used to study the effects of concentration ratio, truncation height ratio, and photovoltaic cell efficiency on electrical power output and relative levelized cost of energy (LCE) of a fixed CPC photovoltaic device. Comparisons are made to fixed, conventional flat photovoltaic panels. This study indicates that CPCs can reduce the levelized cost of electrical energy produced by high efficiency, high cost photovoltaic cells, but provides no advantages for lower efficiency, lower price photovoltaic cells.
A Compressor Fouling Review Based on an Historical Survey of ASME Turbo Expo Papers
Authors: Suman Alessio , Morini Mirko , Aldi Nicola , Casari Nicola , Pinelli Michele , Spina Pier Ruggero
Published: October 2016

Fouling afflicts gas turbine operation from first time application. Filtration systems and washing operations work against air contaminants in order to limit the particles entering the compressor inlet and remove the existing deposits. In this work, a global overview of the operational experience of the manufacturer, the filtration systems, and the particle deposition of the compressor are reported. The data reported in this review have been collected from 60 years (1956–2015) of ASME Turbo Expo proceedings. This conference is recognized as the must-attend event for turbomachinery professionals. Through the years, many issues have been resolved by the contributions of this conference. Regarding the compressor fouling phenomenon, the contributions presented at the ASME Turbo Expo mark the high level of development in this field of research, thanks to the simultaneous presence of manufacturers, government, and academia attendees. The goal of the authors is to describe the technological evolution and challenges faced by manufacturers and researchers through the years, highlighting the state of the art in the knowledge of fouling, and defining the background on which further studies will be based.
Modeling Particle Deposition Effects in Aircraft Engine Compressors
Authors: Döring Felix , Staudacher Stephan , Koch Christian , Weißschuh Matthias
Published: October 2016

Airborne particles ingested in aircraft engines deposit on compressor blading and end walls. Aerodynamic surfaces degrade on a microscopic and macroscopic scale. Blade row, compressor, and engine performance deteriorate. Optimization of maintenance scheduling to mitigate these effects requires modeling of the deterioration process. This work provides a deterioration model on blade row level and the experimental validation of this model in a newly designed deposition test rig. When reviewing previously published work, a clear focus on deposition effects in industrial gas turbines becomes evident. The present work focuses on quantifying magnitudes and timescales of deposition effects in aircraft engines and the adaptation of the generalized Kern and Seaton deposition model for application in axial compressor blade rows. The test rig's cascade was designed to be representative of aircraft engine compressor blading. The cascade was exposed to an accelerated deposition process. Reproducible deposition patterns were identified. Results showed an asymptotic progression of blade row performance deterioration. A significant increase in total pressure loss and decrease in static pressure rise were measured. Application of the validated model using existing particle concentration and flight cycle data showed that more than 95% of the performance deterioration due to deposition occurs within the first 1000 flight cycles.
A method for geometric calibration of edge‐on detectors in a CT‐gantry
Authors: Sjölin Martin , Danielsson Mats
Published: October 2016

Purpose

Photon‐counting edge‐on detectors are currently being considered for use in clinical computed tomography (CT) systems. A method for geometric calibration of edge‐on detectors mounted on a CT‐gantry has been developed and evaluated. The method is complementary to the geometrical calibration methods developed for CT systems using flat‐panel detectors and takes the extra dimension of the edge‐on detectors (along the direction of the x‐rays) into account.

Methods

The method uses projection images of a simple phantom together with geometrical arguments to accurately estimate the orientation and relative position of the edge‐on detectors. Both computer simulations and experimental measurements were used to verify the method.

Results

It is experimentally demonstrated that the method can determine the orientation of the detector with an accuracy of 0.08°. The method is also shown to be insensitive to errors in the modeled parameters used in the algorithm.

Conclusions

The presented method can accurately determine the orientation and relative position of edge‐on detectors mounted on a CT‐gantry and can be used to evaluate the detector mounting and to produce an accurate forward model of the imaging system. Also, the method has potential to reduce the dimensionality of the geometric calibration of the full CT system since the direction of the x‐rays with respect to the detector is measured.
The epigenetic landscape of T cell exhaustion
Authors: Sen Debattama R. , Kaminski James , Barnitz R. Anthony , Kurachi Makoto , Gerdemann Ulrike , Yates Kathleen B. , Tsao Hsiao-Wei , Godec Jernej , LaFleur Martin W. , Brown Flavian D. , Tonnerre Pierre , Chung Raymond T. , Tully Damien C. , Allen Todd M. , Frahm Nicole , Lauer Georg M. , Wherry E. John , Yosef Nir , Haining W. Nicholas
Published: October 2016

Epigenetic profiling suggests that exhausted T cells are a distinct cell linage.
Phytochrome B integrates light and temperature signals in
Arabidopsis
Authors: Legris Martina , Klose Cornelia , Burgie E. Sethe , Rojas Cecilia Costigliolo Rojas , Neme Maximiliano , Hiltbrunner Andreas , Wigge Philip A. , Schäfer Eberhard , Vierstra Richard D. , Casal Jorge J.
Published: October 2016

Combining heat and light responses

Plants integrate a variety of environmental signals to regulate growth patterns. Legris
et al.
and Jung
et al.
analyzed how the quality of light is interpreted through ambient temperature to regulate transcription and growth (see the Perspective by Halliday and Davis). The phytochromes responsible for reading the ratio of red to far-red light were also responsive to the small shifts in temperature that occur when dusk falls or when shade from neighboring plants cools the soil.

Science
, this issue p.
897
, p.
886
; see also p.
832
Draft Genome Sequence of
Botryosphaeria dothidea
, the Pathogen of Apple Ring Rot
Authors: Liu Zhaotao , Lian Sen , Li Baohua , Lu Hongyun , Dong Xiangli , Wang Caixia
Published: October 2016

Botryosphaeria dothidea
is a destructive pathogen infecting apple (
Malus domestica
) on the fruit and stem. Here, we present the draft genome sequence of
B. dothidea
(strain LW030101) using Illumina sequencing. The draft genome sequence provides useful information and acts as a platform for further research on the pathogen.
Complete Genome Sequence of Pig-Originated Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Serotype O from Bangladesh
Authors: Ali M. Rahmat , Ullah Huzzat , Siddique Mohammad Anwar , Sultana Munawar , Hossain M. Anwar
Published: October 2016

In this article, we document the first pig-isolated complete genome sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus type O in Bangladesh. The complete viral genome revealed a potential serotypic recombination at the 5′ untranslated region (UTR). Conventional amino acid deletion was lacking in 3A region, and antigenic heterogeneity to circulatory type O existed within the VP1 region.
Draft Genome Sequences of Bradyrhizobium elkanii Strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1, Which Are Incompatible with
Rj
3
Genotype Soybean Cultivars
Authors: Zaw Htwe Aung , Kanesaki Yu , Yoshikawa Hirofumi , Tsurumaru Hirohito , Yamakawa Takeo
Published: October 2016

We report here the draft genome sequences of
Bradyrhizobium elkanii
strains BLY3-8 and BLY6-1, which are incompatible with
Rj
3
genotype soybean cultivars. The genome sequences of these strains will be useful to identify a causal gene for this incompatibility.
Draft Genome Sequences of Burkholderia contaminans FFI-28, a Strain Isolated from a Contaminated Pharmaceutical Solution
Authors: Haim Maria Sol , Mollerach Marta , Van Domselaar Gary , Teves Sergio A. , Degrossi José , Cardona Silvia T.
Published: October 2016

Burkholderia contaminans
is a species of the
Burkholderia cepacia
complex, a group of bacteria that can grow in pharmaceutical products and are capable of infecting the immunocompromised and people with cystic fibrosis. Here, we report draft genome sequences for
Burkholderia contaminans
FFI-28, a strain isolated from a contaminated pharmaceutical solution.
Draft Genome Sequence of Elizabethkingia anophelis Strain EM361-97 Isolated from the Blood of a Cancer Patient
Authors: Lin Jiun-Nong , Yang Chih-Hui , Lai Chung-Hsu , Huang Yi-Han , Lin Hsi-Hsun
Published: October 2016

Elizabethkingia anophelis
EM361-97 was isolated from the blood of a patient with nasopharyngeal carcinoma and lung cancer. We report the draft genome sequence of EM361-97, which contains a G+C content of 35.7% and 3,611 candidate protein-encoding genes.
Complete Genome Sequence of Aerococcus urinaeequi Strain AV208
Authors: Zhou Wanqing , Niu Dongmei , Zhang Zhifeng , Liu Yuan , Ning Mingzhe , Cao Xiaoli , Zhang Chunni , Shen Han
Published: October 2016

Aerococcus urinaeequi
strain AV208 was isolated from an ascites sample from a patient with chronic kidney disease. The assembled genome contained 2,227,638 bp with a 39.1% G+C content. The genome harbors a
Tn1546
transposon-like structure with a
vanA
gene causing vancomycin resistance phenotypes of strain AV208.
Unilateral fusion of the scaphoid and the trapezium
Authors: Poublon Alexander Robert , Kraan Gerald , Kleinrensink Gert-Jan
Published: October 2016

Fusion of the carpal bones is a rare anatomical abnormality, caused by a defect in the separation and cavitation during embryonic development. It has a prevalence of about 0.1% and most of the time, patients do not present with symptoms. Symptoms are usually caused by wear and tear of the ligaments attached to the fused carpal fragments. We present a case in which a woman aged 36 years experiences pain caused by a lunato-triquetral instability which in turn is caused by a unilateral complete fusion of the scaphoid and the trapezium. A unilateral complete fusion of the scaphoid and trapezium has not been reported before.
Non-traumatic trans-diaphragmatic intercostal hernia and cor pulmonale in a patient with poorly controlled obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Mehdi Syed Basharath , Madi Salem , Sudworth Jordan
Published: October 2016

Trans-diaphragmatic intercostal hernia is a rare entity. Patient with multiple medical comorbidities, including obstructive sleep apnoea, presents with shortness of breath, leg oedema and a bulging swelling through the right chest wall. CT shows partial herniation of the right lung and liver through intercostal space and an echocardiogram reveals right heart failure. He was treated initially with continuous positive airway pressure with poor response and subsequently treated with adaptive servo ventilation with much better symptomatic relief and treatment tolerance.
Pulmonary air leak syndrome associated with traumatic nasopharyngeal suctioning
Authors: Chitty Lopez Maria , Pollak-Christian Elza , Keenaghan Michael
Published: October 2016

We describe a healthy 7-month-old female infant who developed spontaneous pneumomediastinum (PM) and subcutaneous emphysema after traumatic nasopharyngeal suctioning (NPS) while hospitalised for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of pulmonary air leak syndrome associated with traumatic NPS in a healthy infant affected by bronchiolitis. Although NPS is currently the mainstay of treatment in patients admitted with bronchiolitis in the USA, currently there are minimal data regarding the safety and effectiveness of the procedure in patients with bronchiolitis. Physicians should consider the possibility of pulmonary air leak as a complication of NPS and have high suspicion in a decompensating infant after suctioning who is afflicted with bronchiolitis.
Transcervical approach to the removal of a deep-seated giant submandibular calculus and the submandibular gland
Authors: Goh Liang Chye , Chitra Banu Krishnan , Shaariyah Mohd Mokhtar , Ng Wei Siang Johnson
Published: October 2016

Sialolithiasis is among the most common disease affecting the major salivary glands whereby the submandibular gland or its duct is affected in the majority of cases. We report a case of the surgical removal of a giant sialolith along with the submandibular gland using the transcervical approach and its clinical outcome.
Exit block in emergency departments: a rapid evidence review
Authors: Mason Suzanne , Knowles Emma , Boyle Adrian
Published: October 2016

Background

Exit block (or access block) occurs when ‘patients in the ED requiring inpatient care are unable to gain access to appropriate hospital beds within a reasonable time frame’. Exit block is an increasing challenge for Emergency Departments (EDs) worldwide and has been recognised as a major factor in leading to departmental crowding. This paper aims to identify empirical evidence, highlighting causes, effects and strategies to limit exit block.

Methods

A computerised literature search was conducted of English language empirical evidence published between 2008 and 2014 using a combination of terms relating to exit block in ED.

Results

233 references were identified following the computerised search. Of these, 32 empirical articles of varying scientific quality were identified as relevant and results were presented under a number of headings. The majority of studies presented data relating to the impact of exit block on departments, patients and staff. A smaller number of articles evaluated interventions designed to reduce exit block. Evidence suggests that exit block is more likely to occur in more densely populated areas and less likely to occur in paediatric settings. Bed occupancy appears to be associated with exit block. Evidence supporting the impact of initiatives pointed towards increasing workforce and inpatient bed resources within the hospital setting to reduce block.

Conclusions

Further evidence is needed, especially within the NHS setting to increase the understanding around factors that cause exit block, and interventions that are shown to relieve it without compromising patient outcomes.
Variables associated with administration of analgesia, nurse-initiated analgesia and early analgesia in the emergency department
Authors: Taylor David McD , Chen Jessie , Khan Munad , Lee Marina , Rajee Mani , Yeoh Michael , Richardson Joanna R , Ugoni Antony M
Published: October 2016

Objective

To determine the patient and clinical variables associated with administration of any analgesia, nurse-initiated analgesia (NIA, prescribed and administered by a nurse) and early analgesia (within 30 min of presentation).

Methods

We undertook a retrospective cohort study of patients who presented to a metropolitan ED in Melbourne, Australia, during July and August, 2013. The ED has an established NIA programme. Patients were included if they were aged 18 years or more and presented with a painful complaint. The study sample was randomly selected from a list of all eligible patients. Data were extracted electronically from the ED records and by explicit extraction from the medical record. Logistic regression models were constructed to assess associations with the three binary study end points.

Results

1289 patients were enrolled. Patients were less likely to receive any analgesia if they presented 08:00–15:59 hours (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.46 to 0.98) or 16:00–24:00 hours (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.37 to 0.80) were triage category 5 (OR 0.20, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.49) or required an interpreter (OR 0.34, 95% CI 0.14 to 0.86). Patients were less likely to receive NIA or early analgesia if they were aged 56 years or more (OR 0.70 and 0.63; OR 0.57 and 0.21, respectively) or if they had received ambulance analgesia (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.36 to 0.95; OR 0.38, 95% CI 0.20 to 0.74, respectively).

Conclusions

Patients who present during the daytime, have a triage category of 5 or require an interpreter are less likely to receive analgesia. Older patients and those who received ambulance analgesia are less likely to receive NIA or early analgesia.
Is there a ‘weekend effect’ in major trauma?
Authors: Metcalfe David , Perry Daniel C , Bouamra Omar , Salim Ali , Lecky Fiona E , Woodford Maralyn , Edwards Antoinette , Costa Matthew L
Published: October 2016

Background

Many previous studies have shown that patients admitted to hospital at weekends have worse outcomes than those on other days. It has been proposed that parity of clinical services throughout the week could mitigate the ‘weekend effect’. This study aimed to determine whether or not a weekend effect is observed within an all-hours consultant-led major trauma service.

Methods

We undertook an observational cohort study using data submitted by all 22 major trauma centres (MTCs) in England to the Trauma Audit & Research Network. The inclusion criteria were all major trauma patients admitted for at least 3 days, admitted to a high-dependency area, or deceased following arrival at hospital. Patients with Injury Severity Score (ISS) >15 were also analysed separately. The outcome measures were length of stay, in-hospital mortality and Glasgow Outcome Score (GOS). Secondary transfer of patients between hospitals was also included as a process outcome.

Results

There were 49 070 patients, 22 248 (45.3%) of which had an ISS >15. Within multivariable logistic regression models, odds of secondary transfer into an MTC were higher at night (adjusted OR 2.05, 95% CI 1.93 to 2.19) but not during the day at weekends (1.09, 0.99 to 1.19). Neither admission at night nor at the weekend was associated with increased length of stay, worse GOS or higher odds of in-hospital death. These findings remained stable when confining analyses to the most severely injured patients (ISS >15), excluding transferred patients, and using a single mid-week (Wednesday) baseline.

Conclusions

After adjustment for known confounders the weekend effect is not detectable within a regionalised major trauma service.
An evidence-based treatment algorithm for colorectal polyp cancers: results from the Scottish Screen-detected Polyp Cancer Study (SSPoCS)
Authors: Richards CH , Ventham NT , Mansouri D , Wilson M , Ramsay G , Mackay CD , Parnaby CN , Smith D , On J , Speake D , McFarlane G , Neo YN , Aitken E , Forrest C , Knight K , McKay A , Nair H , Mulholland C , Robertson JH , Carey FA , Steele RJC
Published: October 2016

Objectives

Colorectal polyp cancers present clinicians with a treatment dilemma. Decisions regarding whether to offer segmental resection or endoscopic surveillance are often taken without reference to good quality evidence. The aim of this study was to develop a treatment algorithm for patients with screen-detected polyp cancers.

Design

This national cohort study included all patients with a polyp cancer identified through the Scottish Bowel Screening Programme between 2000 and 2012. Multivariate regression analysis was used to assess the impact of clinical, endoscopic and pathological variables on the rate of adverse events (residual tumour in patients undergoing segmental resection or cancer-related death or disease recurrence in any patient). These data were used to develop a clinically relevant treatment algorithm.

Results

485 patients with polyp cancers were included. 186/485 (38%) underwent segmental resection and residual tumour was identified in 41/186 (22%). The only factor associated with an increased risk of residual tumour in the bowel wall was incomplete excision of the original polyp (OR 5.61, p=0.001), while only lymphovascular invasion was associated with an increased risk of lymph node metastases (OR 5.95, p=0.002). When patients undergoing segmental resection or endoscopic surveillance were considered together, the risk of adverse events was significantly higher in patients with incomplete excision (OR 10.23, p<0.001) or lymphovascular invasion (OR 2.65, p=0.023).

Conclusion

A policy of surveillance is adequate for the majority of patients with screen-detected colorectal polyp cancers. Consideration of segmental resection should be reserved for those with incomplete excision or evidence of lymphovascular invasion.
All-cause and cancer-specific mortality in GORD in a population-based cohort study (the HUNT study)
Authors: Ness-Jensen Eivind , Gottlieb-Vedi Eivind , Wahlin Karl , Lagergren Jesper
Published: October 2016

Objective

Gastro-oesophageal reflux is a public health concern which could have associated oesophageal complications, including adenocarcinoma, and possibly also head-and-neck and lung cancers. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that reflux increases all-cause and cancer-specific mortalities in an unselected cohort.

Design

The Nord-Trøndelag health study (HUNT), a Norwegian population-based cohort study, was used to identify individuals with and without reflux in 1995–1997 and 2006–2008, with follow-up until 2014. All-cause mortality and cancer-specific mortality were assessed from the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry and Cancer Registry. Multivariable Cox regression was used to calculate HRs with 95% CIs for mortality with adjustments for potential confounders.

Results

We included 4758 participants with severe reflux symptoms and 51 381 participants without reflux symptoms, contributing 60 323 and 747 239 person-years at risk, respectively. Severe reflux was not associated with all-cause mortality, overall cancer-specific mortality or mortality in cancer of the head-and-neck or lung. However, for men with severe reflux a sixfold increase in oesophageal adenocarcinoma-specific mortality was found (HR 6.09, 95% CI 2.33 to 15.93) and the mortality rate was 0.27 per 1000 person-years. For women, the corresponding mortality was not significantly increased (HR 3.68, 95% CI 0.88 to 15.27) and the mortality rate was 0.05 per 1000 person-years.

Conclusions

Individuals with severe reflux symptoms do not seem to have increased all-cause mortality or overall cancer-specific mortality. Although the absolute risk is small, individuals with severe reflux symptoms have a clearly increased oesophageal adenocarcinoma-specific mortality.
Induction of IFN-λ3 as an additional effect of nucleotide, not nucleoside, analogues: a new potential target for HBV infection
Authors: Murata Kazumoto , Asano Mai , Matsumoto Akihiro , Sugiyama Masaya , Nishida Nao , Tanaka Eiji , Inoue Taisuke , Sakamoto Minoru , Enomoto Nobuyuki , Shirasaki Takayoshi , Honda Masao , Kaneko Shuichi , Gatanaga Hiroyuki , Oka Shinichi , Kawamura Yuki I , Dohi Taeko , Shuno Yasutaka , Yano Hideaki , Mizokami Masashi
Published: October 2016

Objective

The clinical significance of polymorphisms in the interleukin-28B gene encoding interferon (IFN)-λ3, which has antiviral effects, is known in chronic HCV but not in HBV infection. Thus, we measured IFN-λ3 levels in patients with HBV and investigated its clinical significance and association with nucleos(t)ide (NUC) analogue administration.

Design

Serum IFN-λ3 level was measured in 254 patients with HBV with varying clinical conditions using our own high sensitivity method. The resulting values were compared with various clinical variables. In addition, cell lines originating from various organs were cultured with NUCs, and the production of IFN-λ3 was evaluated.

Results

Higher serum IFN-λ3 levels were detected in the patients treated with nucleotide analogues (adefovir or tenofovir) compared with those treated with nucleoside analogues (lamivudine or entecavir). There were no other differences in the clinical background between the two groups. A rise in the serum IFN-λ3 levels was observed during additional administration of the nucleotide analogues. In vitro experiments showed that the nucleotide analogues directly and dose-dependently induced IFN-λ3 production only in colon cancer cells. Furthermore, the supernatant from cultured adefovir-treated colon cancer cells significantly induced IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs) and inhibited hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) production in hepatoma cells, as compared with the supernatant from entecavir-treated cells.

Conclusions

We discovered that the nucleotide analogues show an additional pharmacological effect by inducing IFN-λ3 production, which further induces ISGs and results in a reduction of HBsAg production. These findings provide novel insights for HBV treatment and suggest IFN-λ3 induction as a possible target.
Does Aspirin Use Reduce the Risk for Cancer?
Authors: Iqbal Usman , Yang Hsuan-Chia , Jian Wen-Shan , Yen Yun , Li Yu-Chuan (Jack)
Published: October 2016

Recently, studies have reported that aspirin has chemopreventive properties. In this study, we used the Taiwan NHI database, which covers a population of 23 million (99.99%) Taiwanese from 2001 to 2011. This was a case–control study which identified 601,733 patients using ICD-9-CM codes who were diagnosed with cancer. Each case with 4 eligible controls was matched for age, sex, and index date and adjusted for confounding factors. The observed overall cancer risk (adjusted OR (AOR), 0.95; 95% CI 0.94 to 0.96) reduced with aspirin use, specifically, colorectal (AOR, 0.97; 95% CI 0.94 to 0.99) and digestive system (AOR, 0.96; 95% CI 0.94 to 0.98) cancers. Findings from the Asian population would contribute to the discussion on aspirin's safety profile.
Analytical quantification of electrochemical ferrates for drinking water treatments
Authors: Cataldo Hernández Macarena A. , May Andrew , Bonakdapour Arman , Mohseni Madjid , Wilkinson David P.
Published: October 2016

Ferrate ions are a highly oxidizing and unstable species that are challenging to quantify and analyze. They are, however, becoming increasingly recognized as an excellent candidate for a number of applications such as for water treatment. A wider acceptance of ferrates requires an accurate assay of the produced ferrates. We report on four analytical methods (existing and new) for quantification of ferrates and discuss their advantages and disadvantages. These methods include titrimetric analysis and spectrometric techniques such as direct colorimetric measurements of ABTS or NaI colorimetric. In terms of accuracy, the cost, simplicity, and time required the modified indirect UV-Vis NaI method is shown to be the most effective of all of the four methods investigated.
Analysis of a Class of Low-Dimensional Models of Mutation and Predation
Authors: Abernethy Gavin M. , McCartney Mark
Published: October 2016

We consider a class of simple two-dimensional discrete models representative of a system incorporating both mutation and predation. A selection of analytic and numerical results are presented, classifying the dynamic behavior of the system by means of Lyapunov exponents over a biologically-reasonable region of parameter space, and illustrating the occurrence of hyperchaos and a Neimark–Sacker bifurcation producing regions of quasiperiodicity.
Application of Indicators for Chaos in Chaotic Circuit Systems
Authors: Ma Da-Zhu , Long Zhi-Chao , Zhu Yu
Published: October 2016

Lyapunov exponent (LE), fast Lyapunov indicator (FLI), relative finite-time Lyapunov indicator (RLI), smaller alignment index (SALI), and generalized alignment index (GALI) are some of the available methods in most conservative systems. This study focuses on the effects of the above indicators on dissipative chaotic circuit systems such as the Lorenz system and a hyperchaotic model. Numerical experiments show that the performances of the chaos indicators in the hyperchaotic system are almost similar to those in the Lorenz system. These indicators clearly provide transition from chaotic to regular motion. However, FLI, RLI, SALI, and GALI cannot describe transition from chaos to hyperchaos. These indicators are also applied to study a new four-dimensional chaotic circuit system. The basic dynamic behaviors and structures are investigated analytically and numerically. The dynamic qualitative properties of individual orbits are observed using an oscilloscope. Moreover, the entire set of LE about the parameter is found to have three threshold values. Comparisons show that all chaos indicators are able to capture chaotic and periodic motion in chaotic circuit systems, but SALI displays significantly different behavior in several periodic orbits. SALI drops exponentially to zero for “morphologically regular” orbits that are actually unstable and sensitive to perturbation. This conclusion can also be confirmed by GALI.
An Image Encryption Algorithm Based on Information Hiding
Authors: Ge Xin , Lu Bin , Liu Fenlin , Gong Daofu
Published: October 2016

Aiming at resolving the conflict between security and efficiency in the design of chaotic image encryption algorithms, an image encryption algorithm based on information hiding is proposed based on the “one-time pad” idea. A random parameter is introduced to ensure a different keystream for each encryption, which has the characteristics of “one-time pad”, improving the security of the algorithm rapidly without significant increase in algorithm complexity. The random parameter is embedded into the ciphered image with information hiding technology, which avoids negotiation for its transport and makes the application of the algorithm easier. Algorithm analysis and experiments show that the algorithm is secure against chosen plaintext attack, differential attack and divide-and-conquer attack, and has good statistical properties in ciphered images.
The phase-functions method and scalar amplitude of nucleon–nucleon scattering
Authors: Zhaba V. I.
Published: October 2016

A known phase-functions method (PFM) has been considered for calculation of a single-channel nucleon–nucleon scattering. The following partial waves of a nucleon–nucleon scattering have been considered using the phase shifts by PFM: 1S0-, 3P0-, 3P1-, 1D2-, 3F3-states for nn-scattering, 1S0-, 3P0-, 3P1-, 1D2-states for pp-scattering and 1S0-, 1P1-, 3P0-, 3P1-, 1D2-, 3D2-states for np-scattering. The calculations have been carried out using phenomenological nucleon–nucleon Nijmegen group potentials (NijmI, NijmII, Nijm93 and Reid93) and Argonne v18 potential. The scalar scattering amplitude has been calculated using the obtained phase shifts. Our results are not much different from those obtained by using the known phase shifts published in other papers. The difference between calculations depending on a computational method of phase shifts makes: for real (imaginary) parts 0.14–4.36% (0.16–4.05%) for NijmI. 0.02–4.79% (0.08–3.88%) for NijmII. 0.01–5.49% (0.01–4.14%) for Reid93 and 0.01–5.11% (0.01–2.40%) for Argonne v18 potentials.
Petroleum systems and results of exploration on the Atlantic margins of the UK, Faroes & Ireland: what have we learnt?
Authors: Scotchman Iain C. , Doré Anthony G. , Spencer Anthony M.
Published: October 2016

The exploratory drilling of 200 wildcat wells along the NE Atlantic margin has yielded 30 finds with total discovered resources of
c.
4.1×10
9
barrels of oil equivalent (BOE). Exploration has been highly concentrated in specific regions. Only 32 of 144 quadrants have been drilled, with only one prolific province discovered – the Faroe–Shetland Basin, where 23 finds have resources totalling
c.
3.7×10
9
BOE. Along the margin, the pattern of discoveries can best be assessed in terms of petroleum systems. The Faroe–Shetland finds belong to an Upper Jurassic petroleum system. On the east flank of the Rockall Basin, the Benbecula gas and the Dooish condensate/gas discoveries have proven the existence of a petroleum system of unknown source – probably Upper Jurassic. The Corrib gas field in the Slyne Basin is evidence of a Carboniferous petroleum system. The three finds in the northern Porcupine Basin are from Upper Jurassic source rocks; in the south, the Dunquin well (44/23-1) suggests the presence of a petroleum system there, but of unknown source. This pattern of petroleum systems can be explained by considering the distribution of Jurassic source rocks related to the break-up of Pangaea and marine inundations of the resulting basins. The prolific synrift marine Upper Jurassic source rock (of the Northern North Sea) was not developed throughout the pre-Atlantic Ocean break-up basin system west of Britain and Ireland. Instead, lacustrine–fluvio-deltaic–marginal marine shales of predominantly Late Jurassic age are the main source rocks and have generated oils throughout the region. The structural position, in particular relating to the subsequent Early Cretaceous hyperextension adjacent to the continental margin, is critical in determining where this Upper Jurassic petroleum system will be most effective.
Aviat: a Lower Pleistocene shallow gas hazard developed as a fuel gas supply for the Forties Field
Authors: Rose Phil , Byerley Grant , Vaughan Owen , Cater John , Rea Brice R. , Spagnolo Matteo , Archer Stuart
Published: October 2016

The search for a gas source near to Apache's Forties Field in the North Sea was motivated by the prediction of an ever-increasing fuel gas shortfall as the field oil rate declined. The Central North Sea is well known for a large number of shallow gas hazards in the Pleistocene section that have historically caused blowouts during exploration and development. These gas accumulations typically show up as small bright anomalies on seismic data. In 2009, a large gas anomaly was identified to the east of Forties, and the Aviat Field was discovered in 2010 when exploration well 22/7-5 was drilled.

The Aviat Field reservoir is interpreted to be a subaqueous glacial outwash fan, consisting of silt-grade, rock flour material, deposited in front of a grounded ice sheet in some 400 m of water. Aviat sits on an overcompacted silty mudstone that was deformed by this ice sheet – the Crenulate Marker. The distribution of this horizon implies that the Early Pleistocene ice sheet covered at least the northern half of the UK North Sea.

Although the Aviat reservoir is thin (2–9 m thick), the well tests, pressure profiles and geophysical response demonstrate that the reservoir is well connected, extensive (over 35 km
2
) with high deliverability (up to 18 MMscfd achieved). Aviat was sanctioned in 2014 for development as a fuel gas supply for the Forties Field, with first gas achieved in July 2016.