bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinforcement learning approach to self-organization in a biological manufacturing system framework
Authors: Fujii N , Hatono I , Ueda K
Published: June 2004

Biological manufacturing systems (BMS) aim at dealing with complexity and uncertainty in today's manufacturing, employing biologically inspired ideas such as self-organization, learning and evolution. This study proposes a self-organizing manufacturing system where manufacturing process progresses as a result of local interaction among manufacturing elements using potential fields as an implementation of the BMS idea. The study then verifies that system's feasibility. However, it is difficult to achieve the complex global objective of a system using only the self-organization method because it uses only local information of each element to implement; achievement of global objectives often requires global system information. This study proposes a reinforcement learning approach to a self-organizing manufacturing system to achieve the global manufacturing system objectives. The proposed method is applied to the maximizing throughput problem with consideration of the machine set-up time. The results of computer simulations illustrate effectiveness of the proposed method.
Intelligent classification of neural network models for mild steel behaviour in hot forming
Authors: Teti R , D'Addona D
Published: June 2004

The rheological behaviour of mild steel subjected to hot forming was modelled through a parallel distributed processing paradigm based on the artificial neural network prediction of the metal material response. The evaluation of different feedforward back-propagation neural networks for the flow stress prediction was carried out on the basis of laboratory data of the stress-strain behaviour of mild steel subjected to compression tests with different temperature and strain rate conditions. The results obtained consist of a number of neural network models capable of describing the material flow stress under the considered processing conditions with diverse levels of agreement with the experimental data. The availability of a range of neural network models for the prediction of mild steel rheological behaviour under hot forming conditions evidenced the need for optimum model identification. The latter was carried out through the development and application of selected intelligent computing methods: a supervised neural network technique, an unsupervised neural network procedure and a neuro-fuzzy system. Each of the developed intelligent computation paradigms provided for satisfactory results in the selection of an optimum neural network model for the flow stress prediction. The choice of the intelligent computing approach could therefore be determined by the complexity of the tool development phase and the ease in the resulting evaluation.
Web-based optimization of milling operations for the selection of cutting conditions using genetic algorithms
Authors: Wang X , Jawahir I S
Published: June 2004

This paper presents a new methodology involving the use of genetic algorithms for the selection of cutting conditions in single-pass milling operations based on a comprehensive optimization criterion integrating the contributing effects of all major machining performance measures. A Web-based, user-interactive expert system has been established for the application of the newly developed methodology to enable process planners to determine optimum cutting conditions in milling operations. Case studies are presented to demonstrate the application of this new methodology for the determination of optimum cutting conditions in face- and end-milling operations.
Fuzzy-logic-based behaviour coordination in a multi-robot system
Authors: Pham D T , Awadalla M H
Published: June 2004

This paper proposes a biologically inspired collective behaviour for a team of cooperating mobile robots. This behaviour is achieved by controlling the local interactions among a team of identical mobile robots performing a set of simple behaviours in the context of tracking a dynamic target. In general, the behaviours of the individual robots have different aims and this may cause conflict. To address this issue, a fuzzy-logic-based approach for the coordination of multiple behaviours in each robot is proposed. Computer simulation of mobile robots tracking a dynamic target is employed to test this approach. The results show an improvement in overall group performance even in a cluttered environment.
Fine-tuning of the rolling mill using an Internet-based on-line application-processing interface
Authors: Cser L , Naude J
Published: June 2004

In order to meet the challenge of steady growing pressure to improve product quality, rolling mills employ extensive automation and sophisticated on-line data sampling techniques. However, the steel sheet quality is influenced by the entire ‘life history’ of the rolled strip.

Application of the self-organizing maps helps to discover hidden dependencies influencing the quality parameters, such as flatness, profile, wedge, thickness and width deviations and surface quality, as well as mechanical and magnetic properties. A dataset collected from the measured parameters in a strip location corresponds to a proper process state, described by a point in the state space. Time series of points corresponding to each sampled data set show how the system ‘moves’ in the state space and how the predicted product quality is changing within the strip.
A Design of panel structure for the improvement of dynamic stiffness
Authors: Lee Dong-Chan
Published: June 2004

Visco-elastic layer materials are widely used as the damping treatment to control noise and vibration characteristics of the panel structure. However, the effect of damping treatment can be considered by the structural damping coeffcient and this is diffcult when investigating the geometric dimensions and distribution of damping treatment. In this paper, applying the equivalent parameters based on shell theories to the damping layers, it is possible to simulate the finite element analysis of damping-layered panels on the vibration characteristics of the structure, and the reduced computational cost and the optimization designs for the reduction of vibration effect on the substructure model can easily be achieved.
Estimation of AIS3+ thoracic injury risks of belted drivers in NASS frontal crashes
Authors: Prasad P , Laituri T R , Sullivan K
Published: June 2004

Real-world field data from the 1988-2001 National Automotive Sampling System (NASS) — Crashworthiness Data System of the United States were examined. The abbreviated injury scale (AIS) was used to relate the injuries. Specifically, the AIS3 + thoracic injury rates of belted drivers in real-world frontal crashes in the United States were investigated. The research consisted of five steps. Firstly, aggregate NASS data (i.e. the total number of AIS3 + injured drivers across the entire crash speed domain) were collected for numerous frontal crash categories. These categories included: primary direction of force (11 o'clock, 12 o'clock and 1 o'clock), crash severity (barrier-like and not barrier-like), gender (men and women), age groups (13–49 and 50–97 years) and level of restraint (belt-only and belt + airbag). Secondly, to control for the effect of these categories and to introduce the effect of crash speed change ( V), a statistical model was constructed to fit the field data. The outcome variable was AIS3 + thoracic injury rate; the predictor variables were V and the aforementioned categories. Thirdly, the resulting logistic fit was compared with the original (unfitted) field data. Conclusions derived from the logistic fit of the field data were consistent with the aggregate NASS data, i.e. for like events: higher-speed crashes were associated with a higher injury risk than lower-speed crashes; higher-severity crashes were associated with a higher injury risk than lower-severity crashes; female drivers exhibited a higher risk than male drivers; older drivers exhibited a higher risk than younger drivers; age effects were more pronounced than the gender effects (e.g. aggregate risk ratios between men and women were about 1.5, whereas ratios between older and younger drivers ranged from 4.2 to 5.5); and belt-only drivers exhibited a higher risk than belted drivers with airbags. Fourthly, the fidelity of the logistic model was evaluated against numerous, published, point estimates of AIS3 + thoracic field injury rates. The correlations were deemed acceptable. Finally, as an example of the utility of the logistic fit results, a set of empirical AIS3 + thoracic risk curves for differing ages (13-49 versus 50-97 years) and genders (male versus women) were derived for belt-only drivers.
Structural and biomechanical crashworthiness using multi-body dynamics
Authors: Ambrósio J A C , Silva M P T
Published: June 2004

Multi-body dynamics methodologies are the prime tools used for the design and analysis of structural and biomechanical systems that undergo multiple-impact conditions during relatively long simulation times and for which the large rigid body motion of the components is of major importance. A computational methodology based on the use of Cartesian coordinates is presented to represent the general multi-body system. In order to represent the contact between the system components a continuous force model is introduced in the framework of the chosen multi-body formulation. The structural crashworthiness requires that some of the system components are allowed to undergo deformations. A methodology that uses the non-linear finite element method integrated with the classical multi-body dynamics equations is proposed here. The formulations are demonstrated by an application to a complex crash scenario represented by a rollover of an all-terrain vehicle with several occupants inside. Special emphasis is put on the determination of the occupants' initial positions using video cameras and spatial position reconstruction techniques in order to allow for the study of out-of-position occupant dynamics. It is shown that the methodology proposed here allows not only for the description of the major structural deformations of the vehicle but also for the evaluation of the occupants' kinematics.
Limiting performance analysis of toepan padding for mitigating lower limb injuries
Authors: Cheng Zhiqing , Crandall J R , Darvish K , Pilkey W D
Published: June 2004

The potential application of using toepan padding for the prevention and reduction of lower limb injuries is investigated computationally in this paper. A two-mass lower limb injury model is developed on the basis of impact tests using post-mortem human surrogates. A limiting performance analysis is used to find the best possible physical performance and characteristics of passive and active padding for the minimization of peak tibia force. Computational results indicate that, for the prevention and reduction of lower limb injuries, the active padding is superior to the passive padding.
Accidents, injuries and safety priorities for light goods vehicles in Great Britain
Authors: Lenard J , Frampton R , Kirk A , Morris A , Newton R , Thomas P , Fay P A
Published: June 2004

This study presents data on light goods vehicle (LGV) crashes. The data are derived from two main sources. The first source involves mass analysis of crashes involving LGVs recorded in the national British STATS19 accident database for 1994 to 2000. The second source involves analysis from an in-depth study of LGV accidents in Britain since the late 1980s. In total, in-depth data on almost 500 LGV crashes are considered.

Three main issues are apparent. Firstly, there is an issue of crash compatibility between LGVs and passenger cars. The second issue involves restraint use among LGV occupants, since the in-depth data reveal that use is low compared with car occupants. The third issue is the implications of introducing a regulatory compliance crash test for LGVs.
NbCl5-catalyzed Rapid and Efficient Synthesis of 3,4-Dihydropyrimidinones Under Ambient Conditions
Authors: Yadav J S , Reddy B V S , Naidu Jaishri J , Sadashiv K
Published: June 2004

Three-component condensation of an aldehyde, 1,3-dicarbonyl compound and urea or thiourea proceeds smoothly at room temperature in the presence of 5 mol % of NbCl5 under extremely mild conditions to afford the corresponding 3,4-dihydropyrimidines in high to quantitative yields. This method is very useful for the synthesis of a wide range of dipyrimidinones at room temperature from aromatic, heterocyclic, and aliphatic aldehydes.
Characterization of the Chiral Paramagnetic Multispin System Built on a Cyclotriphosphazene Scaffold
Authors: Shimono Satoshi , Tamura Rui , Ikuma Naohiko , Takahashi Hiroki , Sakai Naoko , Yamauchi Jun
Published: June 2004

Chiral nitroxide–cyclotriphosphazene hybrid compounds such as 2,2-dinitroxide (1a), 2,2,4,4-tetranitroxide (2a), and 2,2,4,4,6,6-hexanitroxide (3a) have been prepared to examine the potentiality for the use of the cyclotriphosphazene framework as a molecular scaffold for elaborating robust, chiral paramagnetic multispin systems. EPR spectroscopic studies of these compounds in solution and in frozen solvent matrixes indicate the existence of appreciable intramolecular electron-exchange interactions between two or three neighboring radical moieties disposed on the same side of the cyclotriphosphazene ring. Their bulk paramagnetic properties have also been characterized by magnetic susceptibility measurements.
Lithium Acetate-catalyzed Mannich-type Reaction between Trimethylsilyl Enolates and Aldimines in a Water-containing DMF
Authors: Takahashi Eiki , Fujisawa Hidehiko , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: June 2004

Lithium acetate-catalyzed Mannich-type reaction between trimethylsilyl enolates and aldimines proceeded smoothly in dry or even in a water-containing DMF to afford the corresponding β-amino carbonyl compounds in good to high yields under mild conditions.
Crystal Structure of [(C2H5)2(CH3)2N][Pd(dmit)2]2 at High Pressure
Authors: Okano Yoshinori , Adachi Takafumi , Narymbetov Bakhyt , Kobayashi Hayao , Zhou Biau , Kobayashi Akiko
Published: June 2004

The high-pressure crystal structure determination was performed on [(C2H5)2(CH3)2N][Pd(dmit)2]2, which is a unique molecular superconductor with pressure-induced insulating phase above about 7 kbar. The structure analysis at 10 kbar revealed the pressure-induced cation ordering coupled with the doubling of the unit cell.
An Efficient Lutidine-assisted Etherification of Phenols with Alkyl Chloride in Water
Authors: Aki Shinji , Nishi Takao , Minamikawa Jun-ichi
Published: June 2004

An efficient etherification of phenol derivatives with alkyl chloride in water was achieved. The reactivity of the ether bond forming reaction was activated by addition of 2,6-lutidine.
Synthesis of (±)-Sordaricin
Authors: Kitamura Mitsuru , Chiba Shunsuke , Narasaka Koichi
Published: June 2004

(±)-Sordaricin, the aglycon of antifungal sordarin, was synthesized starting from bicyclo[5.3.0]decan-3-one derivative. The strained bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene framework of sordaricin was constructed by the palladium-catalyzed intramolecular Tsuji–Trost reaction.
Synthesis of Manganese Oxide Nanofibers by Selfassembling Hydrothermal Process
Authors: Tian Zhibin , Feng Qi , Sumida Naoto , Makita Yoji , Ooi Kenta
Published: June 2004

Manganese oxide nanofibers with layered structure and γ-MnOOH structure have been prepared from a layered manganese oxide by using a self-assembling hydrothermal process. This process includes preparation of manganese oxide nanosheets by exfoliating the layered manganese oxide, self-assembling the nanosheets with a cationic surfactant into a nanocomposite, and transforming the nanocomposite into the nanofibers under hydrothermal conditions.
Photocatalytic Water Splitting into H2 and O2 over R2Ti2O7 (R = Y, Rare Earth) with Pyrochlore Structure
Authors: Abe Ryu , Higashi Masanobu , Zou Zhigang , Sayama Kazuhiro , Abe Yoshimoto
Published: June 2004

Titanate pyrochlores R2Ti2O7 (R = Y, rare earth) were synthesized by a polymerized complex (PC) technique and used as photocatalysts for the splitting of water into H2 and O2. NiOx-loaded Y2Ti2O7, the first example of an active photocatalyst with a pyrochlore structure, demonstrated efficient evolution of H2 and O2 in a stoichiometric ratio from pure water under UV-light irradiation, whereas R2Ti2O7 compounds with partly filled 4f orbitals showed quite low activity.
A Novel Process Utilizing Subcritical Water to Remove Lead from Wasted Lead Silicate Glass
Authors: Miyoshi Hiroshi , Chen Danping , Akai Tomoko
Published: June 2004

Lead was removed from lead silicate glass 7.3Na2O–6.4K2O–3.7MgO–5.4CaO–66.4SiO2–7.8PbO–3Al2O3 (mol %), used in color television CRT funnel, utilizing a subcritical hydrothermal treatment at 628 K and 24 MPa followed by acid leaching at 373 K. This process may be used to prevent disposal of lead containing waste glass wares to landfills, reduce environmental risks in future.
A Remarkable Effect of Alkali Addition in the Oxidative Carbonylation of Methanol to Dimethyl Carbonate Catalyzed by a Polymer-complexed Cu(II) Catalyst System
Authors: Feng Wei-Liang , Cao Yong , Yi Nan , Dai Wei-Lin , Fan Kang-Nian
Published: June 2004

The presence of a small amount of alkali additive in the polymer-complexed copper catalysts can lead to a remarkable increase in the reaction efficiency for the oxidative carbonylation of methanol to dimethyl carbonate.
Silica-supported Sodium Hydrogen Sulfate and Amberlyst-15 : Two Efficient Heterogeneous Catalysts for Single-step Synthesis of 4(3H)-Quinazolinones from Anthranilic Acid, Ortho Esters, and Amines under Solvent Free Conditions
Authors: Das Biswanath , Banerjee Joydeep
Published: June 2004

The single step synthesis of 4(3H)-quinazolinones has been carried out efficiently by coupling of the three components, anthranilic acid, ortho esters, and amines in the presence of silica-supported sodium hydrogen sulfate (NaHSO4·SiO2) or Amberlyst-15 as a heterogeneous catalyst. The reaction occurred within a few minutes under solvent free conditions to afford the products in excellent yields. One of the catalysts, Amberlyst-15 can be recovered and recycled.
Copper(II) Triflate-mediated Addition Reaction of α-Sulfurated Alkylstannanes to Imines: Facile Synthesis of Vicinal-amino Sulfides
Authors: Kagoshima Hirotaka , Takahashi Naoshi
Published: June 2004

In the presence of copper(II) triflate, the addition reaction of α-sulfurated alkylstannanes to imines proceeded smoothly to give the corresponding vicinal-amino sulfides in good yields.
Novel π-Extended Donors Containing a 2,2,5,5-Tetramethylpyrrolin-1-yloxyl Radical Designed for Magnetic Molecular Conductors
Authors: Fujiwara Emiko , Kobayashi Akiko , Fujiwara Hideki , Sugimoto Toyonari , Kobayashi Hayao
Published: June 2004

We synthesized π-extended donors for magnetic conductors that contain a stable 2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolin-1-yloxyl radical, and cleared their structure and physical properties. We also discussed the conducting and magnetic properties of cation radical salts of the synthesized donor.
Transforming Growth Factor-β Isoform Expression in the Perisutural Tissues of Craniosynostotic Rabbits
Authors: Poisson Elyane , Sciote James J. , Koepsel Richard , Cooper Gregory M. , Opperman Lynne A. , Mooney Mark P.
Published: June 2004

Objective

To describe the expression patterns of the various transforming growth factor-β (Tgf-β) isoforms, known to be involved in suture development, in the perisutural tissues of rabbits with naturally occurring craniosynostosis and relate such differential expression to the pathogenesis of premature suture fusion.

Method

Twenty-one coronal sutures were harvested from six wild-type control New Zealand White rabbits and five rabbits with familial coronal suture synostosis at 25 days of age for histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses. Tgf-β isoform immunoreactivity was assessed using indirect immunoperoxidase procedures with specific antibodies.

Results

Synostosed sutures had significantly (p < .01) greater bone area and relatively more osteoblasts and osteocytes in the osteogenic fronts, compared with wild-type sutures. Tgf-β isoform immunoreactivity showed differential staining patterns between wild-type and synostosed perisutural tissues. In wild-type sutures, Tgf-β1 and Tgf-β3 immunoreactivity was significantly (p < .001) greater than Tgf-β2 staining in all perisutural tissues. In synostosed sutures, the opposite pattern was observed, with Tgf-β2 immunoreactivity significantly (p < .001) greater than Tgf-β1 and Tgf-β3 in the osteogenic fronts, dura mater, and periosteum.

Conclusions

Findings from this study suggest that an overexpression of Tgf-β2, either in isolation or in association with an underexpression of Tgf-β1 and Tgf-β3, may be related to premature suture fusion (craniosynostosis) in this pathological rabbit model. These abnormal expression patterns may be involved in premature suture fusion either through increased cell proliferation, decreased apoptosis of the osteoblasts or both at the osteogenic fronts.
Smoking and Orofacial Clefts: A United Kingdom–Based Case-Control Study
Authors: Little J. , Cardy A. , Arslan M. T. , Gilmour M. , Mossey P. A. ,   The ITS MAGIC collaboration includes, Clayton-Smith Jill , Connor Mike , Crampin Lisa , FitzPatrick David , Fryer Alan , Gilmour Mhairi , Hill Alison , Little Julian , Mossey Peter , Nevin Norman , Russell Joyce , Whiteford Margo
Published: June 2004

Objective

To investigate the association between smoking and orofacial clefts in the United Kingdom.

Design

Case-control study in which the mother's exposure to tobacco smoke was assessed by a structured interview.

Setting

Scotland and the Manchester and Merseyside regions of England.

Participants

One hundred ninety children born with oral cleft between September 1, 1997, and January 31, 2000, and 248 population controls, matched with the cases on sex, date of birth, and region.

Main Outcome Measure

Cleft lip with or without cleft palate and cleft palate.

Results

There was a positive association between maternal smoking during the first trimester of pregnancy and both cleft lip with or without cleft palate (odds ratio 1.9, 95% confidence interval 1.1 to 3.1) and cleft palate (odds ratio 2.3, 95% confidence interval 1.3 to 4.1). There was evidence of a dose-response relationship for both types of cleft. An effect of passive smoking could not be excluded in mothers who did not smoke themselves.

Conclusion

The small increased risk for cleft lip with or without cleft palate in the offspring of women who smoke during pregnancy observed in this study is in line with previous evidence. In contrast to some previous studies, an increased risk was also apparent for cleft palate. In these U.K. data, there was evidence of a dose-response effect of maternal smoking for both types of cleft. The data were compatible with a modest effect of maternal passive smoking, but the study lacked statistical power to detect or exclude such an effect with confidence. It may be useful to incorporate information on the effects of maternal smoking on oral clefts into public health campaigns on the consequences of maternal smoking.
Morphological Evaluation of Changes in Velopharyngeal Function following Maxillary Distraction in Patients with Repaired Cleft Palate during Mixed Dentition
Authors: Satoh Koichi , Nagata Junko , Shomura Kenji , Wada Takeshi , Tachimura Takashi , Fukuda Jinichi , Shiba Ryosuke
Published: June 2004

Objective

To describe the morphological changes of nasopharyngeal components after maxillary distraction and clarify whether the morphological characteristics are related to velopharyngeal function (VPF).

Design

Perceptual judgments of hypernasality and nasendoscopy were performed before and after treatment. Lateral cephalograms were obtained to describe the morphological changes.

Setting

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Miyazaki Medical College, Miyazaki, Japan.

Participants

Nine patients with repaired cleft palate in the mixed dentition stage underwent maxillary distraction using a face mask and an intraoral fixed appliance system.

Outcome Measures

The severity of hypernasality, velopharyngeal insufficiency, and measurements such as pharyngeal depth, velar length, and the rotation of the palatal plane were evaluated.

Results

Increase in pharyngeal depth was not always proportional to the amount of advancement. It depended on the posture of the posterior pharyngeal wall and the rotation of palatal plane.

Conclusion

Cephalometric measurements of the nasopharynx before and after surgery confirmed subsequent changes in VPF. These were suggested to be useful in predicting future VPF. When performing maxillary distraction in patients with cleft palate in the mixed dentition stage, and when velopharyngeal closure is found to occur by velar contact against the hypertrophied adenoid, patients should be counseled about risks of subsequent deterioration in their speech before surgery.
Adolescents’ Perspectives on Living and Growing up with Treacher Collins Syndrome: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Beaune Laura , Forrest Christopher R. , Keith Tracy
Published: June 2004

Objective

This study explored the experiences and essences of growing up and living with Treacher Collins syndrome (TCS) from an adolescent perspective.

Design

A qualitative approach using the long interview method was used to explore the adolescents’ experiences. Semistructured interviews and peer debriefing techniques were used to gather and verify data with each participant.

Participants

A purposive sampling technique was used to recruit a sample of six adolescents with TCS, ranging in age from 12 to 18 years, who received care from a craniofacial center in a large pediatric hospital.

Results

The themes central to the adolescents’ experiences were balancing sameness and difference and the journey toward social and self-acceptance. Five subthemes further described this experience: reconstructing perceptions of others; making meaning of the difference; forming friendships and fitting in; handling staring and teasing; and excelling.

Conclusions

The study group described good psychosocial adjustment, experienced an increasing acceptance of self, TCS, and social acceptance over time and demonstrated resilient adaptive strategies (optimism, motivation, and positive meaning making). They were, however, also challenged by the social stigma associated with difference and by the challenges of finding a good fit in their school environments in meeting unique needs, particularly in their early grades. This study highlights the value of using a qualitative research approach in furthering our understanding of the experiences of children and youth with facial differences.
Mandibular Morphology in Complete Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Swennen Gwen , Berten Johannes-Ludwig , Kramer Franz-Josef , Malevez Chantal , De Mey Albert , Schwestka-Polly Rainer , Hausamen Jarg-Erich
Published: June 2004

Objective

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare mandibular morphology and spatial position in children with complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) treated at two different cleft centers (Hannover and Brussels) following different surgical treatment protocols.

Patients

A total of 62 Caucasian children (40 boys, 22 girls) with nonsyndromic complete unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) were evaluated by means of conventional cephalometric analysis at approximately the age of 10 years. Data of both cleft groups were compared with a control, noncleft group (n = 40) matched according to age and sex.

Interventions

The Hannover children with cleft (n = 36) underwent lip repair at a mean age of 5.83 ± 1.16 months. The hard and soft palates were closed at a mean age of 29.08 ± 4.68 and 32.25 ± 4.29 months, respectively. The Brussels children with cleft (n = 26) were treated according to the Malek surgical protocol with soft palate repair at a mean age of 3.04 ± 0.20 months and simultaneous lip and hard palate repair at a mean age of 6.15 ± 0.68 months.

Results

Statistical analysis (analysis of variance with post hoc Tukey's test) showed a significant (p = .001) smaller mandibular ramus length (Co-Go) in the Brussels cleft group, compared with the control group. The Hannover-Brussels comparison data revealed that the S-N-B angle was significantly (p = .047) less in the Brussels cleft group.

Conclusions

The influence of surgical procedures in patients with UCLP might not be restricted to the maxilla but could influence mandibular spatial position to the cranial base. Because of these positional changes of the mandible, both cleft groups showed facial balance.
Craniofacial Morphology in Children with Complete Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Does Infantile Size of the Premaxilla Predetermine Outcome?
Authors: Liao Yu-Fang , Huang Chiung-Shing , Tsai Ya-Yu , Noordhoff M. Samuel
Published: June 2004

Objective

To evaluate the possible association between the size of the premaxilla in infants and craniofacial morphology in children with complete bilateral cleft lip and palate (CBCLP) and identify the characteristics of craniofacial morphology in children with CBCLP with median facial dysplasia (MFD).

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

A university hospital craniofacial center.

Subjects

Thirty-four patients with nonsyndromic CBCLP, 24 boys and 10 girls, had large premaxilla (LP group). Thirty-six patients with nonsyndromic CBCLP, 16 boys and 20 girls, had small premaxilla (SP group). Thirteen CBCLP patients with MFD, five boys and eight girls (MFD group).

Main Outcome Measures

Infant maxillary dental cast at the age of 1 year was used to measure the size of the premaxilla. Cephalometric analysis was used to determine craniofacial morphology in children at the age of 5 years.

Results

The size of the premaxilla in infants with CBCLP varied greatly. The LP group tended to have a longer maxilla and a more protruded maxilla, producing a better interjaw relation. The opposite phenomena were observed in the MFD group; the SP group yielded results between those of the LP and the MFD groups.

Conclusion

The size of the premaxilla in infants with CBCLP can be used to predetermine subsequent craniofacial morphology at the age of 5 years. Children with nonsyndromic CBCLP had craniofacial characteristics that differed significantly from those of children with CBCLP with median facial dysplasia.
Combined Surgical/Orthodontic Treatment and Autotransplantation of a Premolar in a Patient with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: De Muynck Stijn , Verdonck Anna , Schoenaers Joseph , Carels Carine
Published: June 2004

Objective

The treatment of a patient with a complete unilateral left cleft lip and palate, agenesis of the left upper second premolar, and a severely malformed left upper lateral incisor is reported. Treatment included placement of an autologous bone graft from the left iliac crest into the alveolar cleft at 8 years of age and transplantation of a lower premolar into the reconstructed alveolar process at 10 years of age. During the succeeding orthodontic treatment, the dental arches were aligned and corrected toward a Class I molar occlusion. One year after the end of treatment, the status of the transplanted premolar was good.
Prepubertal Midface Growth in Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate following Alveolar Molding and Gingivoperiosteoplasty
Authors: Lee Catherine T. H. , Grayson Barry H. , Cutting Court B. , Brecht Lawrence E. , Lin Wen Yuan
Published: June 2004

Objectives

To examine the long-term effect of nasoalveolar molding and gingivoperiosteoplasty (modified Millard type) on midface growth at prepuberty.

Procedures

In this retrospective study, 20 consecutive patients with a history of complete unilateral cleft lip and palate were evaluated. Ten patients had nasoalveolar molding and gingivoperiosteoplasty performed at lip closure; 10 control patients had nasoalveolar molding but no gingivoperiosteoplasty because of late start in treatment or poor compliance. A single surgeon (C.B.C.) performed all surgical procedures. Standardized lateral cephalometric radiographs were evaluated at two time periods: T1 at pre–bone-grafting age and T2 at prepuberty age. Superimposition and cephalometric analysis were undertaken to investigate the two groups. Two cephalometric reference planes, sella-nasion and basion-nasion, were used to assess the vertical and sagittal relations of the midface (ANS-PNS). The reference landmarks were procrustes fitted. The mean location and variance of ANS and PNS landmarks were computed. All results were analyzed by permutation test.

Results

No significant difference in mean location or variance of ANS-PNS in both vertical and sagittal planes at both T1 and T2 periods were found between the two groups (p > .05).

Conclusions

The results suggested that midface growth in sagittal or vertical planes (up to the age of 9 to 13 years) were not affected by presurgical alveolar molding and gingivoperiosteoplasty (Millard type).
Overdiagnosis and Medication for Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in Children with Cleft: Diagnostic Examination and Follow-Up
Authors: Richman Lynn C. , Ryan Susan , Wilgenbusch Tammy , Millard Tom
Published: June 2004

Objective

To examine the diagnosis of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in children with cleft to determine whether language-learning characteristics are taken into account when making this diagnosis.

Design

Prospective examination of 177 consecutive patients. Objective behavioral ratings, cognitive assessments, and attention/impulsivity testing of 32 of the 177 children with nonsyndromic cleft lip and palate (CLP) who had previously been diagnosed as ADHD and were receiving medication were performed. the prospective 6- to 9-month follow-up examination was examined to determine the accuracy of prior and posttest diagnoses.

Setting

University hospital-based cleft palate clinic.

Main Outcome Measures

Pretest/posttest design to determine accuracy of DSM-IV psychiatric diagnosis.

Results and Conclusions

The results show that the proportion of children originally diagnosed with ADHD (18%) was significantly higher than posttest diagnosis of ADHD (6% p < .001). Also, the frequency of pretest diagnosis of learning disorder (LD; 31%) was significantly different from posttest diagnosis (66% p < .01). The overdiagnosis of ADHD and underdiagnosis of LD in this sample of children with nonsyndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate appears to be due to lack of language-learning assessment.
Early Craniofacial Morphology and Growth in Children with Bilateral Complete Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Hermann N. V. , Darvann T. A. , Jensen B. L. , Dahl E. , Bolund S. , Kreiborg S.
Published: June 2004

Purpose

Analysis of craniofacial morphology and growth in children with bilateral complete cleft lip and palate (BCCLP), compared with a control group with unilateral incomplete cleft lip (UICL), before any treatment as well as 20 months after lip closure.

Material

The children were drawn from a group representing all Danish children with cleft born 1976 to 1981. Sixty-four children were included in the study (19 BCCLP and 45 UICL). The ages were 2 and 22 months at examinations 1 and 2, respectively.

Method

The method of investigation was infant cephalometry in three projections. The craniofacial morphology was analyzed using linear, angular, and area variables. Growth was defined as the displacement vector from the coordinate of the corresponding landmark in the x-ray at examination 1 to its coordinate at examination 2, corrected for x-ray magnification. The growth of an anatomical region in a patient was assessed by investigating the growth pattern formed by a collection of individual growth vectors in that region.

Results

The BCCLP group differed significantly from the UICL group. The most striking findings in BCCLP were an extremely protruding premaxilla; markedly increased posterior maxillary width; increased width of the nasal cavity; short maxilla with reduced posterior height; short mandible; bimaxillary retrognathia; severe reduction in the size of the pharyngeal airway; and a more vertical facial growth pattern.

Conclusion

Our findings indicate that a facial type including a wide and posterior short maxilla, short mandible, and bimaxillary retrognathia might be a liability factor that increases the probability of developing cleft lip and palate.
Middle Ear Disease in Children with Congenital Velopharyngeal Insufficiency
Authors: Sheahan Patrick , Miller Ian , Earley Michael J. , Sheahan Jerome N. , Blayney Alexander W.
Published: June 2004

Objective

To examine the incidence and natural history of middle ear disease in children with congenital velopharyngeal insufficiency (VPI) without cleft palate.

Setting and Subjects

Children with congenital VPI attending the combined cleft clinic at a tertiary cleft center. The diagnosis of congenital VPI in all cases was confirmed be the observation of hypernasality, nasal air escape, or both by a speech and language therapist and the demonstration of incompetence of the velopharyngeal sphincter by means of nasoendoscopy or videofluoroscopy. Children with overt cleft palate or postsurgical VPI were excluded.

Design

The children's medical records were reviewed, and a questionnaire regarding history of ear problems was sent to all parents. Children were divided into those with Pruzansky type I VPI (showing bifid uvula, midline diastasis of soft palate, or submucous cleft of the hard palate) and Pruzansky type II VPI (no visible stigmata).

Main Outcome Measures

Incidence of reported ear problems, ear infections, hearing loss, and surgical intervention for middle ear disease in the whole group and in each of the subgroups.

Results

Seventy-one parents returned completed questionnaires. The overall incidence of middle ear disease was 63%, with 28% reported to have below-normal hearing. There was no significant difference between children with Pruzansky types I and II VPI with respect to incidence of otopathology or hearing loss.

Conclusions

Irrespective of the presence of any visible palatal abnormalities, children with congenital VPI showed a substantial incidence of otopathology and should thus be closely monitored.
Synthesis, spectral and DSC analysis of glycidyl azide polymers containing different initiating diol units
Authors: Murali Mohan Y. , Padmanabha Raju M. , Mohana Raju K.
Published: June 2004

Glycidyl azide polymers (GAPs), containing different diol units, were prepared by treating the corresponding poly(epichlorohydrin)s (PECHs) with sodium azide in DMF solvent at 110°C for 8–10 h. The poly(epichlorohydrin)s containing different diol units were synthesized by the polymerization of epichlorohydrin using borontrifluoride etherate as initiator in the presence of a small amount of low molecular weight diols. The formation of these PECHs was confirmed by IR spectroscopy. The nature of terminal hydroxyl group present in the polymer chain was confirmed by proton NMR spectroscopy. The structure of GAPs containing different initiating diol units was confirmed by UV, IR, and proton NMR spectral analysis. Thermal properties of the GAPs were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry; the stabilities and glass‐transition temperatures of the GAPs varied according to the initiating diol unit present in the polymer chains. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2157–2163, 2004
Elastomeric composites. I. Silicone composites
Authors: Bokobza Liliane
Published: June 2004

The reinforcement of poly(dimethylsiloxane) (silicone rubber) imparted by different types of fillers was investigated. Three different techniques of incorporation of silica were compared: the usual blending process, in situ filling process, and introduction of spherical colloidal silicas (Stöber silicas). In addition, results obtained with other types of fillers—layered silicates and fibrous clays—were discussed. The role of filler is assessed essentially through the mechanical properties of the silicone composites. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2095–2104, 2004
Glass transition and mechanical properties of PLLA and PDLLA‐PGA copolymer blends
Authors: Nakafuku Chitoshi , Takehisa Shin‐ya
Published: June 2004

The change of the glass transition temperatures (Tg) in the blend of poly(L‐lactic acid) (PLLA) and the copolymers of poly(D,L‐lactic acid) and poly(glycolic acid) (PDLLA‐PGA) with different D,L‐lactic acid and glycolic acid composition ratio (50 : 50, 65 : 35, and 75 : 25) was studied by DSC. Dynamic mechanical measurement and tensile testing were performed at various temperatures around Tg of the blend. In the blend of PLLA and PDLLA‐PGA50 (composition ratio of PDLLA and PGA 50 : 50), Tg decreased from that of PLLA (about 58°C) to that of PDLLA‐PGA50 (about 30°C). A single step decrease was observed in the DSC curve around Tg between the weight fraction of PLLA (W(PLLA)) 1.0 and 0.7 (about 52°C) but two‐step changes in the curve are observed between W(PLLA) = 0.6 and 0.3. The Tg change between that of PLLA and that of PDLLA‐PGA and the appearance of two Tgs suggest the existence of PLLA rich amorphous region and PDLLA‐PGA copolymer rich amorphous region in the blend. A single step decrease of E′ occurs at around Tg of the pure PLLA but the two‐step decrease was observed at W(PLLA) = 0.6 and 0.4, supporting the existence of the PLLA rich region and PDLLA‐PGA rich region. Tensile testing for various blends at elevated temperature showed that the extension without yielding occurred above Tg of the blend. Partial miscibility is suggested for PLLA and PDLLA‐PGA copolymer blends. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2164–2173, 2004
A novel fluorescence temperature sensor based on a surfactant‐free PVA/borax/2‐naphthol hydrogel network system
Authors: Lee Sang Min , Chung Woo Young , Kim Jong Kyu , Suh Dong Hack
Published: June 2004

This article is a report about the novel fluorescence temperature sensor based on a surfactant‐free Poly (vinly alcohol)/borax/2‐naphthol hydrogel system. The well‐known fluorescence indicator, 2‐naphthol, exhibits a change of fluorescence intensity when it is embedded in aqueous PVA/borax gel networks at various temperatures. The blue color emission intensity(PL:λmax = 426 nm) of 2‐naphthol in a basic hydrogel changed gradually to strong from 30°C to 80°C when excitation wavelength was 365 nm. The pH change in the hydrogel system was in the range from 8.50 at 30°C to 9.35 at 80°C with rising temperature.

In the case of salicylic acid, the blue color emission intensity in the acidic gel decreases with rising temperature when excitation wavelength was 365 nm in all cases. The pH change in the hydrogel system was from 2.80 at 30°C to 2.40 at 80°C with rising temperature. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2114–2118, 2004
Thermally induced homolytic scissions of interunitary bonds in a softwood lignin solution: A spin‐trapping study
Authors: Seino T. , Yoshioka A. , Takai M. , Tabata M.
Published: June 2004

Unstable chemical species, that is, radicals generated by the thermal treatment of a dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) solution of the lignin of a softwood, Yezo spruce (Picea jezoensis Carr.), were studied in detail with an electron spin resonance (ESR) method combined with a spin‐trapping technique. An unstable secondary carbon radical (∼CH ·) in the solution was trapped as a stable nitroxide spin adduct [R(NO ·)CH∼ (R = tert‐butyl benzene)] when the DMSO solution was heat‐treated in the presence of a spin‐trapping reagent [2,4,6‐tri‐tert‐butylnitrosobenzene (BNB)] at about 40°C. This meant that alkyl phenyl ether bonds (∼CHO‐phenyl), known as interunitary lignin bonds, were homolytically scissioned by the thermal treatment in the lignin solution. A detailed analysis of the ESR spectrum revealed that three kinds of radicals—primary (∼CH2 ·), secondary (∼CH ·), and tertiary (∼C ·) carbon radicals—were trapped as stable spin adducts at about 60°C, although the phenoxy radical (PhO ·) was not trapped by the BNB spin trap as the counter radical of the secondary carbon radical. This suggested that a fairly large steric hindrance existed between the so‐called guaiacoxy radical with a methoxy group in the ortho position and the BNB molecule bearing two butyl groups as bulky moieties in the ortho positions. However, the phenoxy radicals in the lignin solution were stable up to about 60°C. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2136–2141, 2004
Study of the composition effect of glass ceramic and silver on poly(vinyl butyral) thermal degradation with thermogravimetric analysis
Authors: Liau Leo Chau‐Kuang , Liau Jing‐Yi , Chen Yen‐Tai
Published: June 2004

The thermal degradation of poly(vinyl butyral) (PVB)/glass ceramic, PVB/Ag, and PVB/glass ceramic/Ag composites was investigated with thermogravimetric analysis in nitrogen and air. Thermogravimetric data revealed that the compositions of both inorganic materials in air could greatly influence the thermal degradation of PVB. The degradation reactions of PVB/ceramic and PVB/Ag composites began earlier and accelerated rapidly at lower temperatures. The overall degradation period was obviously shortened for the thermal degradation of PVB/Ag in air, whereas a longer time was required for the PVB/ceramic composite than for PVB. Moreover, dual effects of ceramic and Ag on the thermal degradation of PVB were observed for PVB/ceramic/Ag composites. In addition, the catalytic effects of ceramic and Ag on the degradation reaction of PVB in air were verified with a kinetic analysis. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2142–2149, 2004
Structural and physical properties of silk fibroin/alginate blend sponges
Authors: Lee Kwang‐Gill , Kweon HaeYong , Yeo Joo‐Hong , Woo Soon‐Ok , Lee Jang‐Hern , Hwan Park Young
Published: June 2004

Silk fibroin/alginate blend sponges were examined through IR spectroscopy, X‐ray diffractometry, and differential scanning calorimetry to determine the structural changes of silk fibroin. The effects of fibroin/alginate blend ratios on the physical and mechanical properties were investigated to discover the feasibility of using these blend sponges as biomedical materials such as wound dressings. The compressive modulus of silk fibroin was increased up to 30 kPa, from 7.1 kPa, by blending with alginate. Thermal crystallization behavior of fibroin induced by heat treatment was restricted by blending with alginate. In spite of that, the structural characteristics of fibroin were not changed by incorporation with alginate. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2174–2179, 2004
Study on temperature‐resistant properties of polymer–matrix solid film lubricants
Authors: Gao Jintang , Shao Xin , Feng Bo , Zhao Jiazheng , Mao Shaolan
Published: June 2004

The temperature‐resistant properties of some polymer–matrix solid film lubricants were studied. Different chemically modified methods were used in this study to enhance, their temperature‐resistant properties. The friction and wear mechanism of polymer–matrix solid film lubricants rubbing at different temperatures in air were explored with differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The test results showed that the blending modification of polymer and the application of certain of filler were beneficial to enhance heat resistance of polymer–matrix solid film lubricants, and therefore, improved their lubricating properties at different temperatures in air. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 93: 2180–2184, 2004