bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Performance and injury incidence rate in home and away games in Iran Premier League teams
Authors: Zarei Mostafa , Rahnama Nader , Bambaeichi Effat
Published: July 2011

In soccer, home advantage is a very important factor in determining the outcome of a game. The main purpose of this study was to compare the performance and injury incidence rate in home and away games in Iran Premier League. The information about the number of wins and losses, received and scored goals, yellow and red cards in home and away teams were obtained via the website of http://www.iplstats.com. Then, videotapes for 253 matches of this league were selected and analysed. The results showed that when teams played at home, they scored significantly higher points than when they played away (t = 4.2, p<0.05). The number of wins in home games was significantly higher than in the away games (t = 3.8, p<0.05). The number of losses in away games was higher than home games (t =−4.6, p<0.05). Injury rate for away teams was significantly higher than for home teams (Z = 1.98, p<0.05) (57.6 injuries per 1000 h vs 72.01 injuries per 1000 h). Consequently, the results showed more ideal performance of the teams in home games. The rate of injury in away teams was significantly higher than in home teams. Thus, these factors must be considered by team coaches and physicians to prevent injuries and enhance performance.
Comparative effect of interval and continuous training on walking gait of stroke patients
Authors: Kankanala Venkateswarlu , Gunen Eraz A , Ikenna Igara E
Published: July 2011

Walking gait dysfunction has been a major problem among stroke survivors in Nigeria. Several training methods have been used to promote recovery from walking dysfunction among the patients. One of the most widely used methods is stair climbing. It is, however, not clear as to which of the methods of stair climbing has better recovery from walking gait dysfunction among stroke patients. This study was therefore conducted to find out and to compare the effects of 12 week continuous and interval training by stair climbing of walking gait of stroke patients. To achieve this purpose, a total of 12 volunteer stroke patients attending physiotherapy clinics of Ahmadu Bello University, Teaching Hospital, Zaria, were divided into two groups of six subjects each. Group 1 was the interval training group, which has three repetitions of stair climbing of two sets with 5 min of resting interval between sets and 2 min of resting interval between repetitions. Group 2 was the continuous training group, which has eight repetitions of continuous stair climbing without rest. Both groups underwent their respective training modes on alternate days (Monday, Wednesday and Friday) for a period of 12 weeks. The number of repetitions was increased by 2 after every 4 weeks of training in both groups to reach 12 repetitions by the 12th week. Both groups were tested with Tinnati Gait Evaluation Test in walking gait before the commencement of training, after 4th, 8th and 12th week of training. However, the interval group showed significant improvement even after 8 weeks of training, whereas the continuous group showed such improvement after 12 weeks of training. It was concluded that interval training was a better mode of training to restore walking gait of stroke patients as more workload can be given with this mode of training.
Effects of isokinetic resistance training on functional abilities of grade III anterior cruciate ligament injury patients
Authors: Malik Zulezwan A , Keong Chen Chee , Ahmad Shahrulazua , Yusof Mohd Imran
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the present study was to investigate if 12 weeks of isokinetic resistance training programme at two different angular velocities (120 and 240°/s) would improve functional abilities of patients with grade III anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury without reconstruction. 19 subjects were recruited to the study. They were randomly assigned into three groups: control (6 subjects), 120°/s intervention group (6 subjects) and 240°/s intervention group (7 subjects). The first invention group (120°/s trained group) aged 36.8 ± 7.9 years participated in the prescribed training along with the existing conventional physiotherapy treatment. The second intervention group (240°/s trained group) aged 33 ± 11.4 years also participated in the prescribed training along with the existing conventional physiotherapy treatment. The control group aged 33.5 ± 6.8 years continued with the conventional physiotherapy only. The physiotherapy treatment was carried out by the subjects two times per week. The subjects in both the intervention groups were required to perform the isokinetic resistance training two times per week after the physiotherapy sessions. The results show that there was significant improvement (p<0.05) of physical function in both intervention groups and the control group at post-training (after 12 weeks). However, there were no significant differences between the control group and intervention groups. These data indicate that isokinetic resistance training improved physical functions of patients with grade III ACL injury. Nevertheless, the existing physiotherapy programme also elicited similar benefits to these patients. Therefore, it is concluded that isokinetic resistance training combined with existing conventional physiotherapy and physiotherapy treatment alone are beneficial as a rehabilitation programme for patients with knee grade III ACL injury.
Scoliosis: muscle imbalance and treatment
Authors: Šarčević Zoran
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study was to detect muscle imbalance on both sides of the backbone, and with muscle strength training, to correct this imbalance and, as a final result, to eliminate scoliosis of the spine. Forty-seven children (32 girls and 15 boys), aged 10–16 years, were examined. Muscle strength tests showed that m. quadratus lumborum and m. gluteus medius on the convex side of the spinal curvature appeared to be weaker compared to concave side, and m. erector spine lumbalis and m. multifidus on the concave side of the spinal curvature appeared to be weaker compared to convex side. In the thoracic region, m. trapezius medius, m. trapezius distalis and m. serratus anterior on the convex side appeared to be weaker compared to concave side, and m. rhomboideus on the concave side appeared to be weaker compared to convex side. Apart from intense muscle training for strengthening of weak back muscle groups, all patients were instructed to do the abdominal muscle exercises.

This treatment lasted from 2 to 6 months. Using this method of intense muscle training, scoliosis was eliminated with a non-surgical treatment.
Management of soft tissue injury of hand wrist and elbow in sports
Authors: Mishra Alok
Published: July 2011

A large number of sports injuries are inflicted on hand, wrist, forearm and elbow. Some injuries are due to overuse and chronic trauma. They are elusive. Pathology is friction stress and ischaemia. Protocol of management and understanding of pathology will help manage dancers and sports persons better.

Soft tissue injury of hand wrist and forearm

Most sports injuries are obvious and direct. Those due to overuse are elusive and insidious. They are mainly seen in sportspersons and dancers. Friction stress and ischaemia are main causes of overuse trauma in sportspersons. A tendon of strong athletic muscle or bursa may, during joint movement, be subjected to excessive friction in fibrous sheath or over a bony prominence. An inflammatory reaction starts up swelling occurs gliding movement is restricted in long tendons of hand. Repeated or unguarded strong athletic stress in hand and forearm may result in tears of muscle tendon and microfractures of bone. Excessive force sometimes causes complete of tendon or muscle. Muscle, which is firmly enclosed in fascial compartments of the forearm, become ischaemic, which may be relative arising only when excessive activity makes demands on the blood supply that cannot be met or absolute when intramuscular oedema causes swelling in a tight compartment with rampant use of crepe and other pressure bandages in hand and forearm causing further damage leading to ischaemic myositis. VIC protocol of preseason conditioning to postseason rehabilitation will be detailed in the presentation.
A comparative study of static stretching versus ballistic stretching on the flexibility of the hamstring muscles of athletes
Authors: Kumar C K Kishore , Chakrabarty Surajeet
Published: July 2011

Background and objectives

Hamstring tightness is present in almost all population of the world. Poor hamstring flexibility in often associated with injuries to the lower back and lower extremities in athletes. Improper training often results in diminished flexibility. Stretching has been promoted for years as an integral part of training programme to decrease the risk of injury. Static stretching and ballistic stretching both help in improving hamstring flexibility, which, in term increases range of motion of knee extension. So, the main objectives of this study are to evaluate a comparative effectiveness between static stretching and ballistic stretching in improvement of hamstring flexibility. This will help to find out the most effective type of stretching for improvement of hamstring flexibility in hamstring tight individuals.

Methodology

40 hamstring tight individuals of both the sexes between the age group of 20 and 40 years were randomly selected. Hamstring tightness was analysed by active knee extension test in the supine position with the help of standard double arm plastic goniometer.

Result

The result of this study has shown that there in a significant difference in both static stretching and ballistic stretching. After 6 weeks of stretching, the study showed that ballistic stretching is better than static stretching in improving hamstring flexibility, with the help of a paired t test with a p value ≤0.05 significance.

Interpretation and conclusion

The study concluded that ballistic stretching is better than static stretching in improving hamstring flexibility in hamstring tight individual though it can not be generalised to the whole population.
Cellular mechanisms of muscle injury during exercise
Authors: Kalinski Michael
Published: July 2011

We will describe the current understanding of the biochemical events following strenuous exercise, associated with overloading of the contractile elements and resulting in injury of skeletal muscle and inflammation. The extent of this damage depends on the mode, intensity, duration of exercise and prior exercise training. As a result of disruption of the muscle cell membrane, myocellular proteins pass through the membrane into the bloodstream. A variety of factors may potentially influence inflammatory responses to muscle damage after eccentric exercise: age, gender, anti-inflammatory drugs. Mild muscle damage stimulates muscle hypertrophy, whereas severe muscle damage can cause injury and may interfere with the training schedules of competitive athletes.
Cellular regulation of exercise-induced insulin resistance
Authors: Kirwan John P
Published: July 2011

While the effects of exercise on insulin sensitivity are generally positive, eccentric exercise presents a paradox because it induces a transient state of insulin resistance that persists for up to 48 h after the exercise bout. Excessive eccentric contractions, such as prolonged downhill running or marathon running, cause muscle damage and disruption of the integrity of the cell. Downregulation of insulin receptor tyrosine phosphorylation and subsequent steps in the insulin signalling pathway, including insulin receptor substrate-1 (IRS-1)-associated phosphotidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase, Akt-kinase serine phosphorylation and activity, and glucose transporter (GLUT-4) protein content are evident in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise. Furthermore, increased TNF-α secretion from monocytes is associated with the decrease in PI 3-kinase activity after this type of exercise. Recent studies have shown that TNF-α can increase IRS-1 serine/threonine phosphorylation, which impairs IRS-1 docking to the insulin receptor, and this inhibits insulin signalling. Thus, a unifying hypothesis to explain insulin resistance after eccentric exercise may include inflammation arising from disruption of muscle cell integrity, leading to an acute-phase response that includes TNF-α, with the latter inhibiting insulin signalling and subsequent metabolic events. In contrast, exercise training increases insulin signalling and GLUT-4 expression, decreases TNF-α expression in skeletal muscle, and is associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity. These observations highlight the complexity of the cellular and molecular adaptations to exercise. Understanding these adaptations is essential in order to establish a sound theoretical basis for developing optimal training programmes for athletes and for recommending exercise as a therapeutic intervention for enhancing health.
Foods that fuel performance
Authors: Conn Carole A
Published: July 2011

This presentation will discuss the physiological mechanisms that convert food to energy required for powerful performance. Nutrition science will be translated to practical food choices for maximising energy utilisation for training and competition in endurance and resistance sports. Issues to be discussed include the fundamental importance of carbohydrates and hydration, the role of fats in daily training, how proteins optimise tissue growth and repair, and current theories of timing of nutrient intake for optimal competition. Dr Conn is a Board Certified Specialist in Sports Dietetics. She teaches nutrition science and sports nutrition to both undergraduate and graduate students. She provides lectures internationally on the effects of exercise and nutrition for maintaining health and optimising performance. Her published research includes the effects of exercise and nutrition on growth, immune function and chronic disease. She serves as a Fellow of the American College of Sports Medicine.
Effect of high intensity interval training and slow, continuous training on VO2max of school going non-athlete males: a comparative study
Authors: Upadhyay Vivekanand , Chowdhery Abhishek , Bhattacharyya Manabendra
Published: July 2011

Most endurance athletes use high intensity training (HIT) methods to train for competitions. The effects of low to moderate intensity training on aerobic fitness are well documented. The relative impact of short, HIT versus slow, long distance training has been debated for decades. This study seeks to compare the effect of VO2max, a measure of endurance capacity, on school-going males. Twenty-two school-going non-athlete males between 14 and 17 years of age with no history of systemic illness were randomly divided into HIT group (n=12) and slow continuous training (SCT) group (n=10). The HIT group was imparted thrice weekly training of six bouts of 2-min high-intensity run alternated with 2-min rest while SCT group was made to run five times every week for 60 min of slow continuous run (75% of HRmaxfor age). Both groups were trained for 6 weeks. Pre- and post-training VO2max were recorded for each group by bleep test. Pre-training mean VO2max was 40.3 ml/kg/min. Subsequent to training, HIT group showed mean improvement in VO2max by 4.5 ml/kg/min (11.7%) while SCT group showed mean improvement in VO2max by 2.2 ml/kg/min (6.0%). High intensity interval training is an effective endurance training tool in non-athletic school going male population and provides better improvement in VO2max than SCT.
Psychomotor and physiological responses to prolong walking in the heat in hydrated and dehydrated conditions among relaxation-trained army reserved personnel
Authors: Hashim Hairul Anuar , Hussin Zabidi Azhar , Keong Chen Chee , Ghosh Asok Kumar
Published: July 2011

The present study examined the effects of prolonged walking in the heat on choice reaction time, heart rate and rectal temperature among army reserved personnel. Using purposive sampling, 23 male reserved army personnel were recruited for this study and they were randomly assigned into hydrated and dehydrated groups. The experimental protocols consist of two experimental sessions (pre- and post-relaxation training). Within each session, subjects were required to walk on a treadmill for 3 h while wearing a backpack of 20 kg. Measurement of parameters was performed four times (0, 1, 2 and 3 h). In between the experimental sessions, subjects underwent eight sessions of 30-min progressive muscle relaxation trainings. The difference in the measured parameters between the group across the testing sessions and trials were analysed using a three-way repeated measure analysis of variance. The results indicated an interaction effect between the groups across experimental trials in choice reaction time. Hydrated group performed significantly faster in choice reaction time test in trial 1 (0 h) of the second experimental session. For heart rate, only main effect of group was found. Heart rate of the dehydrated group was significantly higher than the hydrated group across the experimental trials. Although not statistically significant for the rectal temperature, a pattern exists indicating that that the hydrated group exhibited lower rectal temperature across the experimental trials. In conclusion, our study highlighted that prolonged walking in the heat imparted a significant load on the heart rate in reserved army personnel. Our findings suggest that the army personnel should maintain hydration status during prolonged walking in the heat to reduce stress on the heart at least after every hour of exercise. Contrary to our expectation, progressive muscle relaxation training did not produce any significant effects on the measured parameters in our study.
Reaction of resting heart rate and blood pressure to high intensity interval and modern continuous training in coronary artery diseases
Authors: Bouri Shirin Zilaei , Arshadi Sajad
Published: July 2011

A previous study showed the importance of physical exercise in improving heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) at rest. Studies have shown that resting HR is an independent predictor of cardiovascular disease, which causes mortality in men and women with and without diagnosed cardiovascular disease, and that reducing hypertension would alone reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. But published guidelines did not recommend high-intensity exercise. Therefore, the purpose of this randomised study was to assess the effect and comparison of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) versus moderate intensity continuous training (MICT) representing the same total training load on resting HR and BP in coronary artery disease (CAD). Twelve CAD patients were randomised to supervise either HIIT (65–75% HR peak) for 33 min or MICT for 41 min, three times a week for 8 weeks. The result showed that HIIT decreased significantly the resting HR (p=0.03), and the systolic (p=0.006) and diastolic (p=0.03) BP; also MICT decreased these parameters but they were not significant. However, there was no significant difference between HIIT versus MICT. Therefore, HIIT was superior to MICT for improving resting HR and BP in CAD patients. The present data may be useful in designing effective training programme for improving health among CAD patients in the future.
Effect of aerobic exercise on overweight male students
Authors: Azeem Kaukab , Azeem Seemab
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the study was to find out the effect of aerobic exercise on the body mass index and anthropometric measurements of overweight students of KFUPM, Saudi Arabia. Pre- and post-tests were administered on a group of 25 overweight students in their first semester in the college for physical education at KFUPM, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia for the academic year 2009. The objectives of the study were to find out the effect of aerobic exercise on the overweight student's body mass index (BMI) and the effect of aerobic exercise on the waist and hip circumference of the subjects. The statistical tools used for the above study were mean, SD and ‘t’ test. As a result of the analysis it was found that the overweight students lost body weight, which ultimately helped them to reach the normal weight range of BMI (19.5–25) – an encouraging sign. The analysis with regard to the effect of aerobic exercise on anthropometric measurements also showed significant difference in the reduction of the circumference of the waist and hip girth in the both cases.
Effect of 8 weeks resistance training on plasma visfatin in middle aged men
Authors: Domieh Amin Mohammadi , Khajehlandi Ali
Published: July 2011

Visfatin, a novel adipokine, is increased in obesity. It is not well known whether resistance training induced change in adipose tissue and blood lipids decrease plasma visfatin; thus, the purpose of this study was to examine the effect of 8 weeks' resistance training on plasma visfatin in middle-aged men. Nineteen healthy middle-aged men (aged 39.2 ± 4.6 years; height 173.8 ± 6.5 cm; BMI 24.8 ± 2.8 kg/m2; mean ± SD) participated as subjects in this study. The subjects were randomly assigned to training group (n=9) or control group (n=10). Resistance training was performed for 3 days a week at an intensity corresponding to 65–80% of one-repetition maximum, 8–12 repetitions, 2–4 sets for 8 weeks. The results showed that body fat percent, WHR and plasma visfatin were decreased (p<0.05) in the training group. Maximum oxygen consumption, on the other hand, increased significantly (p<0.05) in the training group compared with the control group. Plasma visfatin levels at baseline were positively correlated (p<0.05) with body fat percent and triglyceride concentration. In conclusion, it was seen that 8 weeks resistance training induced change in adipose tissue decreased plasma visfatin in middle-aged men.
Comparison of effects of three types of endurance, resistance and combination training on (cTnT and CKMB) in active males
Authors: Rajaei Fakhreddin , Mojtahedi Hossein , Akbari Amir , Marandi Mohammad
Published: July 2011

The aim of this present study was to compare three types of endurance (E), resistance (R) and combined (C) exercise on cardiac biomarkers (cardiac troponin T and creatine kinase isoenzymes MB) in active men. 15 healthy and active young men (mean age ± SD of 23 ± 1.604 years, height 173 ± 3.751 m, weight 69 ± 8.742 kg and VO2max 51.48 ± 1.847 ml/kg/min) voluntarily participated. Each of the subjects did three types of exercise in 7 days interval. All of the subjects using the analysis of blood samples before and immediately after exercise were evaluated. Blood samples for biochemical indicators of cardiac (cTnT and CKMB) were analysed. Statistical analysis was performed using paired T independent and repeated measures analysis of variance (p≤0.05). Results indicate that CKMB increased significantly after all three types of exercise than before exercise levels. cTnT was also significantly elevated immediately after endurance training than the values before exercise, while they were not significantly different between the levels of cTnT after resistance and combination exercise than the values before exercise. Results show that short-term intense endurance training increased cTnT and CK MB that show the least sign of heart damage or exercise-induced cardiac fatigue, but resistance and combination exercise with the lack of significant change in cTnT levels after exercise do not induce physiologically important degenerative changes in myocardium. However, the clinical significance of these results requires further research.
Upper limb injuries in sports
Authors: Putty B B
Published: July 2011

Injuries, either to the athletes, amateurs, trainees or professional players, are common in any sporting event. Injuries can be to the limbs or to the trunk; acute, chronic or repetitive, from mild to severely disabling in severity. The most commonly injured regions are knee (28%) followed by the upper limb (23%). The common upper extremity injuries are the shoulder, followed by elbow and wrist. The type, biomechanics and frequencies of the use of the body parts determine the injury patterns. Shoulder injuries are more common in cricket players, during delivery or follow through of the bowler or throw of the fielder, either acute or chronic. Pain in the upper extremity, to shoulder and elbow are common in throwing sports, racquet sports and swimming while wrist pain is common in young gymnasts. Elbow injuries are common in athletes with over the head and arm motions. In chronic conditions, either lateral or medial epicondylitis (50%), popularly known as tennis elbow or golfers elbow are due to repetitive valgus or varus stress impacts. This repetitive stress pathology from mild to severely disabling to the sportsman is a common challenge to clinicians or physiotherapists in management. The musculoskeletal disorders, general or related to tendons, muscular, joints nerves or vascular, need a variety of management skills involving clinicians, physiotherapists and rehabilitation specialists.
Influence of incremental aerobic exercise on homocysteine level in young males
Authors: Bambaeichi Effat , Najari Mahdi Aliakbar , Barjasteh Behroz
Published: July 2011

Recent studies showed that elevated concentration of plasma homocysteine can be one of the risk factors for cardiovascular disease. The aim of this investigation was to study the effect of 8 weeks incremental aerobic exercise on homocysteine. Twenty-eight sedentary young males (mean ± SD; age: 19±1.2 years and percentage of body fat: 25±1.5) participated in this study, divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in a regular 8 weeks incremental aerobic exercise while the control group was prevented from any sport activity and just participated in pre- and post-testing. All participants were healthy and free of any medication and they did not have any sport activities during the last 6 months before entering study. However, at least one of their relatives suffered from cardiovascular risk factors. Maximal consumption oxygen (VO2max) was assessed by Bruce incremental treadmill. The blood samples were taken at 07:00 to 8:00 in the morning after an overnight fast for plasma homocysteine. The results showed significant difference in maximum oxygen consumption between experimental and control group in post-test (F=31, p<0.05). No significant effect was found for 8 weeks incremental aerobic exercise on homocysteine concentration (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in homocysteine level in post-test between experimental (X=17.9±8.2 mm/mol/l) and control group (X=15.7±4.8 mm/mol/l) (p>0.05). In conclusion, 8 weeks incremental aerobic exercise cannot reduce plasma homocysteine as risk factors for cardiovascular disease in sedentary young males.
The relationship between cardiovascular risk factors and trait anxiety of Iranian referees and assistant referees in Premier League Soccer
Authors: Bambaeichi Effat , Movahedi Ahmad Reza , Abedini Misam
Published: July 2011

The aim of this investigation was to explore the relationship between trait anxiety and cardiovascular disease risk factors of Iranian soccer referees and assistant referees. Twenty-five referees and 43 assistant referees (mean±SD, age: 36.7±3.8 years, height: 1.79±4.8 m, weight: 74.7±6 kg) with international (22% of all subjects) and national (78% of all subjects) degrees participated in this study. All referees were judging Premier League Soccer Competitions (2007–2008 season) under the supervision of Soccer Federation Referees committee. Trait anxiety was assessed by Zung Self-Rating Anxiety Scale and data regarding cardiovascular disease risk factors were obtained by cardiovascular disease risk factors (RISKO) questionnaire structured by Cardiovascular University of Michigan State in the USA. Blood pressure, heart rate and concentration of the cholesterol in blood serum were also measured. No significant difference was observed in trait anxiety score between soccer referees (34.4±4.9) and assistant referees (32.2±4.7) (p>0.05). There was no significant difference in RISKO score between soccer referees (16.8±2.5) and assistant referees (16.8±2.5). A significant relationship was not observed between trait anxiety and RISKO score in both referees (r=0.26, p>0.05) and assistant referees (r=0.11). Trait anxiety did not show significant relationship with age (r=0.07), physical activity (r=0.0), cholesterol (r=−0.00) and blood pressure (r=0.11) (p>0.05). A significant relationship was found between trait anxiety with weight (r=0.20, p<0.05) and heredity of cardiovascular disease (r=0.20, p<0.05). It can be concluded that Iranian referees and assistant referees in Premier League Soccer had normal trait anxiety. In addition, their cardiovascular disease risk factors scores were in the low and intermediate risk range.
Effects of two modes of resistance training on speed leg explosive power and anaerobic power of college men students
Authors: Muktamath Umesh , Maniazhagu D , Muktamatha Vinuta , Ganiger Basavaraj
Published: July 2011

The purpose of the present investigation is to find out the effects of two modes of resistance training on speed leg explosive power and anaerobic power of male college students. To achieve this purpose, 45 male students were selected from Alagappa Arts College, Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu as subjects. Their age ranged from 18 to 25 years. They were divided into three equal groups of 15 subjects each and assigned to experimental group I, experimental group II and control group. In a week, the experimental group I underwent plyometric training, experimental group II underwent circuit training and control group was not given any specific training. All the subjects underwent the test of speed, leg explosive power and anaerobic power. They were assessed before and after the training period of 8 weeks. The analysis of covariance was used to analyse the data. The study revealed that the speed, leg explosive power and anaerobic power were significantly improved due to the influence of two modes of resistance training.
Effects of plyometric exercises on selected motor abilities of university level female basketball players
Authors: Chaudhary Chetna , Jhajharia Birendra
Published: July 2011

Today there is not a single sport in the world at the competitive level for which resistance training in some or the other form is not used as conditioning exercises. Plyometric training is an excellent method of developing body power and it is proved as a very effective method for improving explosive strength. The purpose of the study was to find out the effects of plyometric exercises on selected motor abilities of university level female basketball players. The subjects, 20 female basketball players of Lakshmibai National Institute of Physical Education, Gwalior, were randomly divided in two groups, that is, experimental and control group. The age of subjects varied between 18 and 22 years. The criterion measures vertical jump, 20-m dash, movement speed, flexibility and agility in the beginning and at the end of the experimental period of 6 weeks for both the groups. In order to study the effect of plyometric exercises on selected motor abilities, the analysis of co-variance is used at the 0.05 level of significance. It was concluded that the plyometric training is an effective means for improving the following variables: agility, flexibility vertical jump and movement speed. On the other hand, plyometric training is not an effective means for improving the variable, that is, speed of movement (20-m dash). There was no significant improvement in case of control group.
Exercise, voluntary apnoea and reactive oxygen species
Authors: Hosseini S Mehran , Azimi Habib , Jamshir Mohsen
Published: July 2011

There are some evidences regarding in vitro hypoxic production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) or ‘reductive stress’, which is harmful. However, the formation of ROS is generally thought to be related to reoxygenation that occurs following hypoxic phase. These conditions may be repeated during exercise. In this study, we test the effect of voluntary apnoea as an in vivo physiologic tolerable hypoxic state on serum ROS level. Twelve healthy male volunteer students (age 21 ± 3) were studied during breath holding. Voluntary apnoea was started at the end of normal inspiration and was continued for 40 s. Respiration, pulse rate and arterial haemoglobin saturation were monitored. Blood samples were collected at rest (pre-apnoea) and at the end of breath holding period (before re-breathing). The D-ROM test was used for determination of serum ROS levels. The serum ROS levels did not show any significant changes following apnoea, there was 12.75% reduction in pulse rate (93.3 ± 3.03 bpm, range 87–107 bpm vs 81.43 ± 3.7 bpm, range 71–93 bpm, p<0.003) and 2.05% desaturation of arterial haemoglobin (97.6 ± 0.16%, range 97–98% vs 95.6 ± 0.33%, range 94–97%, p<0.000) during 40 s of breath holding. Single voluntary apnoea had no significant effect on serum ROS level at resting condition. The compensatory homeostatic mechanisms, detection limit of assaying method, time window of sampling and the size of effect may be masked by tiny biochemical changes and can be accounted for this negative result.
Fluid loss among swimmers during different duration water workouts
Authors: Aggarwal Sapna
Published: July 2011

To compare the amount of fluid lost among swimmers during different duration water workouts, 15 swimmers (10 males and 5 females) with age ranging from 17 to 23 with a mean and SD of 20.13 ± 2.06 years were selected randomly from LNIPE Swimming group. The subjects were given three treatments, that is, 12, 18 and 24 min continuous swimming. The data were collected under similar conditions on three different days with 2 days rest in between each treatment for full recovery. In order to measure amount of body fluid loss in swimmers ‘Wintrobe Test’ was used. The difference between the pre- and post blood samples was expressed in terms of number of plasma content, white blood cells and red blood cell. There was no significant difference found in the mean body fluid lost in three treatments given to swimmers. Value of calculated ‘f’, that is, 3.35 was less than the tabulated ‘f’, that is, 19.47 at the 0.05 level of significance. It shows that there was no variability of the amount of fluid loss during different durations of water workouts which is statistically insignificant.
Comparison of selected physiological variables among different weight-category Indian elite male boxers
Authors: Neha  , Ajita  , Kaur Rajdeep
Published: July 2011

The present study is aimed to compare the selected physiological parameters among the different weight categories of boxers (light, medium and heavy). 36 subjects were recruited from Indian male sportspersons belonging to boxing national camps that were held at the Netaji Subhas, National Institute of Sports, Patiala, Punjab, during the period of study. The obtained F ratios for peak power of three weight categories is statistically non-significant, as the calculated F values (0.094) are less than the table value. There are significant differences in anaerobic power index between light and heavy weight categories (p<0.05). There are significant differences in grip strength between light and heavy weight categories (p<0.05). The obtained F ratios for recovery heart rate (bpm) of three weight categories is statistically non-significant, as the calculated F values (1.138) is less than the table value. Keeping in view of the demand of various sports in physical and physiological attributes, the middle-weight category of boxers need to improve their anaerobic power.
The long term effects of different training models on power, speed, ability and anaerobic capacity of 13–16 years old female basket ball players
Authors: Yilmaz Gürkan , İri Rüçhan , Çözeli M Serdar
Published: July 2011

The aim of this study is to investigate the 16-week different training models in terms of power, speed, ability and aerobic capacity in 13–16 years old female basketball players. 20 female basketball players are divided into two groups as ‘power endurance’ and ‘general endurance’. Different 90-min training models are applied to both groups 3 days a week throughout 16 weeks. The 1st group (power endurance – PE) is applied interval training method and the 2nd (general endurance – GE) group is applied permanent runs method. The groups in the study are applied 20-m speed run, squat jump, countermovement jump and running-based aerobic speed run before and after the exercises. Paired-samples t test is done for arithmetical mean, SD and the evaluation between groups, and non-parametric test. Mann–Whitney U test is done for the comparison of the two groups. A significant difference is found in the assessment of EÖ and ES, grouped shuttle test in PE group and the 5th run of the 35-m running test while there is no significant difference (p>0.005) in the other values. In the GE group, a significant difference in favour of ES is seen in valid shoot test, 2nd run, 5th run and 6th run. In the evaluation of the groups, significant differences have been found in favour of shoots after exercise, grouped shuttle test, valid shoot test, run tests, 1st and 2nd run tests before and after exercise, and ES PE after 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th runs. In conclusion, initial power and speed values have been kept in both training models. Aerobic capacity and ability have increased in PE groups. Thus, it can be suggested that the application of interval training method besides cardiovascular and metabolic specific factors in the improvement of endurance in children may be useful.
A survey on the effect of aerobic exercises on function and structure of heart in diabetic male rats of Sprague Dawley-Albino species
Authors: Khajehlandi Ali , Domieh Amin Mohannadi
Published: July 2011

The aim of this research was to study the effect of aerobic physical exercises on the performance and heart structure of diabetic mice. Thus, 48 male mice from Sprague Dawley race with the weight of 150–300 g were bought and divided randomly in four groups, each including 12 mice. These four groups consisted of the control group with physical exercise, the control group without physical exercise, diabetic group without physical exercise and diabetic group with physical exercise. These mice were affected by diabetes by the injection of streptozotocin. The exercise protocol included three procedures: the first 4 weeks with the speed of 12 m in a minute during the time of 10 min, the second 4 weeks with the speed of 22–23 m in a minute during the time of 40 min and the final 4 weeks with the speed of 23–25 m on a minute during the time of 1 h. In this research, the levels of blood sugar and the lipoproteins were measured by enzyme method and the blood pressure, thickness and cavity of heart by sensitive electrodes and echocardiography. The results showed that after 4 weeks of physical exercise, the levels of sugar, blood pressure and lipoproteins had not changed anyway but after 12 weeks of physical exercise, it was determined that the levels of blood sugar and blood pressure in diabetic group with physical exercise have decreased meaningfully (p<0.05). In addition, this low blood sugar and low blood pressure had a positive and meaningful relation with each other. Also the thickness and cavity of the ventricle in the diabetic group with physical exercise had increased but the changes in blood sugar had just meaningful relation with the changes in the thickness of the ventricle (p<0.05).
Comparing structural variations and performance of heart in regular practice and longtime practice lack
Authors: Mehr Maesoomeh Khorshidi , Moeini Seyed Ziae , Sepasi Hossein
Published: July 2011

The purpose of this research was to compare structural variations and performance of left ventricle heart of athletes in regular practice and long time practice lack. In this research, 30 female athletes were selected. Two groups of 15 females playing basketball and aged 18–29 years in regular and long time practice lack groups were formed in Khuzestan. Some variables in these two stages of test were stroke volume, ejection fraction, heart rate and end systolic diameter that were evaluated by 1D, 2D and Doppler methods in rest situation. The main result of this article is positive effect of regular practice for basketball in performance of left ventricle paid and analysed in the paper.
Effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on basal metabolic-rate
Authors: Singh Moradhvaj , Dureha D K , Yaduvanshi Santosh , Mishra Pooja
Published: July 2011

Lack of activity destroys the good condition of every human being, while moment and methodical physical exercise save it and preserve it. Psychic tensions, anxieties, obesity, BP, etc, in sedentary people have now swelled (grew larger) to enormous proportions. Exercise or physical activities help in handling all this by increasing basal metabolic rate (BMR). The research findings could remove several misconceptions about exercise and remove the mystical sheath over it. Many people do not perform any exercise and are unaware of this fact. Proper exercise profoundly improves our BMR. The exercise is intimately connected with our State of Health and improper BMR will often reflect various disturbances of body and mind. The purpose of the study was to investigate the effect of aerobic and anaerobic exercise on BMR. For this study, 40 male and 20 female students from BPE group were randomly selected as subjects from LNUPE, Gwalior. The subjects were divided into two groups, that is, one experimental group and one control group. Experimental group was administered with aerobic and anaerobic exercise and second group was control group that did not participate in training programme. The quantitative measurement of each subject was taken with the help of standard equipment, before and after the treatment period of 2 h. The selected physiological variables were resting BMR administered in the Laboratory of Health Science and Yoga, LNUPE, Gwalior. The random group design applied for the effect of exercise on BMR. The analysis of resting BMR changes on the practice was positive of aerobic and anaerobic exercise subjects.
Comparison of PR and S-T segment responses of graded treadmill test among sports men
Authors: Kumar Harish , Verma S K , Mekonnen Deresey
Published: July 2011

The study was conducted on a total of 30 male volunteers in the age range of 16–22 years. The subjects were grouped into aerobic, anaerobic and sedentary groups based on their training specialty. The aerobic group consisted of eight trained cyclists while the anaerobic group consisted of three sprinters, four footballers and five wrestlers. Both the aerobic and anaerobic groups were trained for a year and above. The sedentary groups comprised of 10 students from different departments of Punjabi University, Patiala and were not taking part in any regular exercise programme. The main aim of the study was to compare the ECG responses to graded treadmill exercise among the aerobic, anaerobic and sedentary groups as well as to report the effect of intensity of exercise on the ECG. All the subjects of the study were administered a graded treadmill test using modified Bruce protocol that consisted of nine stages each of which lasted for 3 min. All the subjects completed all the nine stages. Exercise test was performed on electrical treadmill. Heart rate and ECG responses were monitored by using a standard 12-lead system with a computerised electrocardiograph machine. The grade of the treadmill was kept constant for the first three stages (0%) and then starting from stage 4 grade was increased to 12% whereafter it was progressively increased by 2% until stage 9–22%. The speed of the treadmill belt was 2.70 km/h in the first three stages thereafter gradually increased to 4.00, 5.40, 6.70, 8.00, 8.80 and 9.60 km/h at stage 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9, respectively. The workload or intensity was 4.80, 7.10, 10.00 and 14.00 MET at stages 3, 4, 5 and 6, respectively; and 20 MET through stage 7 to 9. The duration and amplitudes of the ECG waves (P, QRS, T) and various segments (PR & ST) and intervals (PR, QT, TP and RR) were measured manually from ECG graph paper printed with a paper speed of 25 mm/s.
The effects of selected submaximal short duration activities on S-T segment changes in active young men
Authors: Tayebi Seyed Mostafa , Moradi Fatah , Abdi Hassan
Published: July 2011

Because of the physiologically significant electrical changes of heart following the short- or long-term physical activities, and diagnostic value of these changes, after or during the exercise training, researchers suggest that type, duration and intensity of physical activity play key roles in studying the ECG responses to exercise. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of selected submaximal tests for estimating of VO2max (because of frequently use of them), as submaximal short duration activities, on ST segment changes in active young men. For this purpose, 13 healthy men were randomly selected from the physical education students at Urmia University. They had at least 3 years' experience in regular physical activity and sport participation. Measurements were made during four consecutive days (every day, 08:00). At 1st day, age (24.7±2.3 years), height (176.5±2.6 cm), weight (69.4±3.7 kg), and pretest ECGs were recorded. Subjects performed PWC195test, Katch-McArdle step test and Astrand ergometer test at 2nd, 3rd and 4th days, randomly. Immediately after the tests, post-test ECGs were recorded. Data were analysed using paired-sample t test (for comparison between pretest and each of post-tests) and one-way analysis of variance (for comparison among post-tests). Statistical significance was accepted at p<0.001 and p<0.05. Analysis of data indicated that all of three tests had significant effects on ST segment voltage (p<0.001). Also, there were no significant differences between mean ST segment voltages of post-tests (p<0.05) (rest: 0.053±0.017, PWC195test 0.023±0.011, Katch-McArdle step test 0.021±0.010, Astrand ergometer test 0.021±0.004 mv(. Our findings suggest that submaximal short duration activities (and tests) statistically reduce the voltage of ST segment, but, these depressions are not pathologically significant, because they were less than 0.1 mv.
Video analysis of causes and mechanism of the ACL injuries in the Iranian professional soccer player
Authors: Tarmah Hamed , Rahnama Nader , Khayyambashi Khalil
Published: July 2011

Soccer is one of the most popular and high-risk sports around the world. The highest number of injuries in this sport occurs in the knee joint and anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). The aim of this study was to examine the causes and mechanism of ACL injuries among the Iranian professional soccer players. Fifteen professional soccer players (age: 25±3.48 years, height: 179.13±4.61 cm, weight: 72.6±4.43 kg) who suffered from ACL injury were studied. Information was collected via watching the video of the matches and interviewing with the team physicians and studying the medical files and reports. The result of this study showed that the number of non-contact injuries (73.3%) was significantly more than that of contact (26.7%) injuries (χ2=3.26, p<0.05) and most of the injuries occurred in the dominant leg. Regarding the severity of the injuries, most of them were severe and needed surgery (χ2=11.26, p<0.05). Although the number of injuries during the match was greater than practice, the differences were not significant. The main causes of non-contact injuries were a sudden change in direction (χ2=5.09, p<0.05). Most of the injuries occurred in the away matches (χ2=3.6, p<0.05) and in the end of the competition season. No significant differences were found between playing positions. It is noteworthy that most of the injuries occurred during the first half of the match and during 31–45 min (χ2=10.8, p<0.05). It can be concluded that most of the ACL injuries are non-contact and sudden change in direction is the main cause of injury. This information can be used in planning preventive programmes.