bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Measuring the Division of Household Labor
Authors: BLAIR SAMPSON LEE , LICHTER DANIEL T.
Published: March 2007

Despite a large body of research on the household division of labor, surprisingly little is known about how husbands and wives divide their family work time across a variety of domestic tasks. What differentiates couples exhibiting gender specialization or segregation in household tasks from those couples who share tasks? Using newly released data from the National Survey of Families and Households, this study has two major objectives. First, a new summary measure of the gender-based segregation of family labor is presented. Second, sources of intercouple variation in the sex segregation of household labor are examined, focusing especially on the effects of time availability, family power, and gender role ideology. The results indicate that, even in the late 1980s, American couples exhibited highly sex-segregated family work patterns, including those couples in which the male partner contributes many hours to housework. The study shows that American males would have to reallocate over 60% of their family work time to other tasks before sex equality in the division of labor is achieved. The analysis indicates that this gender-based division of family work is symptomatic of continuing gender inequality and gender role socialization in American society.
Elder Care as Family Labor
Authors: DWYER JEFFREY W. , SECCOMBE KAREN
Published: March 2007

This research indicates that gender differences in the performance of specific caregiving tasks and the amount of time spent providing care by family caregivers of frail elders should be considered in the context of family position-related norms and expectations. Using a nationally representative sample of noninstitutionalized impaired elderly people in the United States ( N = 813), the results show that husbands (when compared to wives) and daughters (when compared to sons) report spending more time and performing a greater number of caregiving tasks. The authors suggest that family position may confound interpretations regarding the association between gender and family caregiving.
Families Under Economic Pressure
Authors: ELDER GLEN H. , CONGER RAND D. , FOSTER E. MICHAEL , ARDELT MONIKA
Published: March 2007

Within a context of increasing economic pressure in rural America, this study assesses family responses to this change and their consequences from the perspective of the household economy in middle-class families. It draws on the findings of largely separate fields of inquiry, including those on income level and loss, unemployment, and economic adjustments. Using survey and observational data on two-parent families in a midwestern rural county, the analysis shows that (a) adverse income change increases economic pressures and hardship adaptations in ways that match the effect of income level and exceed the influence of unstable work, (b) economic pressures and adaptations mediate the negative effects of economic adversity on emotional health and family relationships, (c) father's negativity in the family represents a stronger link between economic conditions and child behavior than does mother's negativity, and (d) economic pressure and father's negativity increase the risk of aggressive behavior and depressed feelings among boys and girls, especially in the absence of maternal support.
The Role of Economic Resources and Remarriage in Financial Assistance for Children of Divorce
Authors: HILL MARTHA S.
Published: March 2007

Rarely can we view marital disruption and remarriage from the perspective of both exspouses despite the need to do so for understanding processes that leave many children without adequate support. Here, pairs of ex-spouses are tracked over time to observe the flow of resources from an absent father to his former family, how it shifts as the marital, economic, and geographic circumstances of the two ex-spouses change, and the extent to which it could be increased. This longitudinal view of the determinants of the flow is supplemented with a cross-sectional one. Although data limitations preclude definitive conclusions, the analysis suggests that remarriage by the custodial mother prompts sizable reductions in child support but remarriage by the absent father has no appreciable effect. Child support increases modestly with the absent father's income, but absent fathers tend to pay considerably less than maximal equitable levels of child support.
The Effect of Parental Divorce and Remarriage on Parental Support for Adult Children
Authors: WHITE LYNN
Published: March 2007

This article uses the NSFH data set to examine the consequences of parental divorce and remarriage for parental support for adult children. Using three dimensions of parental support (social, instrumental, and financial), the findings show a significant and substantial support deficit when comparing divorced to first-married parents. Remarriage does not substantially enlarge nor decrease this support deficit. Although there are gender interactions, support deficits are generally significant for both mothers and fathers. With the exception of financial support, support deficits from ever-divorced parents appear to be due largely to lower parent-child solidarity rather than to decreased parental resources.
Does Marital Status Make a Difference?
Authors: SHELTON BETH ANNE , JOHN DAPHNE
Published: March 2007

In this article, a comparison is made between the time that cohabiting and married women and men spend doing housework, to determine whether there are differences between them and to isolate the sources of those differences. Differences in cohabiting and married women's and men's household labor time are interpreted in light of the way that marital status may affect how gender is accomplished. Using the National Survey of Families and Households, the authors found that marital status affects women's household labor time but not men's; married women spend significantly more time on housework than do cohabiting women. In addition, the gap between cohabiting and married women's housework time cannot be accounted for by sociodemographic differences between them. It was also found that cohabiting women are more like single, noncohabiting women than they are like married women. That is, the research demonstrates the uniqueness of married women. It is not simply the presence of a man that is associated with women's spending more time on housework; it is the presence of a husband.
Contemporary Scholarship on Fatherhood
Authors: MARSIGLIO WILLIAM
Published: March 2007

The principal aim in this thematic essay is to identify and discuss three central foci that have influenced the direction of contemporary sociological scholarship on fatherhood issues in North America. These foci include commentaries on the meaning and changing nature of cultural images of fatherhood, efforts to conceptualize and study the social psychological dimensions of fatherhood, and empirical studies that examine resident and nonresident fathers' conduct as it pertains to their children. Discussion of the linkages between these foci is informed by symbolic interactionism and identity theory. The article concludes with suggested avenues for future theory development, research, and social policy relevant to fathers.
Midlife Marital Status Differences in Social Support Relationships With Adult Children and Psychological Well-Being
Authors: MARKS NADINE F.
Published: March 2007

This research examined marital status differences in attitudes about parental obligation, social support relationships with adult children, and psychological well-being using data from 3,002 midlife parents (age 35-64) of nonresident adult children interviewed by the National Survey of Families and Households 1987-1988. Remarried and single parents generally professed less belief in parental financial obligation to adult children than first marriage parents. Overall, parents in first marriages were the most likely to be giving support. Separated/divorced and widowed mothers were more likely to only receive support; remarried and single fathers were more likely to be uninvolved in support. Single and remarried mothers reported less happiness and more distress than first marriage mothers. Single fathers generally reported poorer psychological well-being than first marriage fathers, but there was a trend for remarried fathers to report somewhat more happiness. Support relationships affected the well-being of midlife mothers more than fathers. In general, giving to adult children (reciprocated or not) was associated with more well-being than only receiving from adult children.
Exploring Wives' Sense of Fairness About Family Work
Authors: HAWKINS ALAN J. , MARSHALL CHRISTINA M. , MEINERS KATHRYN M.
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to test empirically the value of the distributive justice framework in terms of understanding wives' sense of fairness about the division of family work, as recommended by Thompson. Operationalizations of many of the social-psychological cognitions suggested by the framework are presented. In a sample of 234 dual-earner wives randomly selected from metropolitan areas of the western United States, there was qualified support for the framework. Feelings of appreciation were the strongest predictor of fairness. Deciding together how things would be divided was also a strong predictor. Other effects on fairness were indirect, however; they affected the division of family work, which, in turn, influenced wives' sense of fairness. More psychometric work will be needed, and replication with different samples is necessary, but the distributive justice framework appears to have significant merit for understanding wives' perceptions of fairness about family work.
Entitlement, Obligation, and Gratitude in Family Work
Authors: PYKE KAREN , COLTRANE SCOTT
Published: March 2007

This article explores how feelings of entitlement, obligation, and gratitude affect family work. Exploratory interviews suggested that memories of past events, including extramarital affairs, created expectations and referents that influenced subsequent divisions of household labor. Using regression analysis of survey data from a random sample of 193 remarried individuals, hypotheses about the division of labor derived from human capital and social structural theories were tested along with the hypothesis that past affairs would influence the allocation of household tasks. More sharing of household labor was associated with husbands being employed fewer hours and holding egalitarian attitudes, and wives being employed longer, earning more, and holding conventional attitudes. Husbands' previous extramarital affairs were associated with less sharing. Drawing on gender theory, the authors suggest that past experiences, situational constraints, and patterns of inequality in the larger society influence marital economies of gratitude, which, in turn, shape the allocation of household labor.
African American and European American College Students' Expectations for Self and for Future Partners
Authors: GANONG LAWRENCE H. , COLEMAN MARILYN , THOMPSON AARON , GOODWIN-WATKINS CHANEL
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to examine self-expectations, expectations for future partners, and comparative expectations (self versus partner) held by college students. Participants were 33 African American males, 57 African American females, 53 European American males, and 74 European American females. African Americans had higher self-expectations regarding future income, probability of being a professional success, and educational achievement than European Americans. There were no differences in expectations for future partners' success. However, there were gender differences in comparative expectations. Females expected their future partners to be more intelligent, more able to solve problems, and more successful professionally and to make more money than themselves, and males expected their future partners to do more parenting than they expected to do. The pattern of responses for Black men and Black women was similar to that of White men and women.
Low-Income Single Fathers in an African American Community and the Requirements of Welfare Reform
Authors: ROY KEVIN
Published: March 2007

This study examines the impact of state welfare reform policies on the paternal involvement of low-income single fathers. Life history interviews were conducted with 40 African American fathers participating in a community-based parenting program in Chicago. Men's rightful claims to fatherhood were constructed through voluntary involvement with their children and enforced paternity establishment. Welfare policies gave precedence to child support and providing and dismissed fathers' in-kind caregiving. Policy requirements reflected limited understanding of related caregiving and providing aspects of fatherhood as they vary across race and class. Family welfare policies that prioritize finances over care may curtail paternal involvement altogether; they may also adversely affect the well-being of poor children, who could benefit from the potential commitment of their fathers.
Unity and Difference in Postmodern Families
Authors: CHEAL DAVID
Published: March 2007

It is argued here that recent changes in families require us to rethink the standard model of family change, initiated by Burgess, as disorganization/reorganization. The dominant image of family life in standard sociological theory was summarized by Burgess in his influential definition of the family as “a unity of interacting persons.” Yet Burgess's studies of families in the 1920s, in fact, revealed two contrasting patterns of relationships. He referred to them as “the highly integrated family” and the “unintegrated or loosely integrated family.” Burgess's devalorization of the latter is described as being typical of theories of the modern family. In the 1980s and 1990s, sociological attention has increasingly turned toward concepts of divergence and difference. It is recommended that these issues be brought into sharper focus in theories of the postmodern family. Some suggestions are made for a research agenda from this emergent perspective.
Family Discourse, Organizational Embeddedness, and Local Enactment
Authors: GUBRIUM JABER F. , HOLSTEIN JAMES A.
Published: March 2007

Treating family as an everyday, working vocabulary or discourse for assigning meaning to social relations, the analysis considers the social processes and descriptive conditions through which meaning is established, managed, and transcended. Highlighting both the descriptive utilities and the limits of organizationally embedded discourses, the article presents ethnographic material to show how family, although discursively and interactionally constituted, is a local enactment of practical reasoning substantively bounded by local culture yet offering grounds for resistance. The article suggests analytic orientations and strategies for examining family discourse and meaning in organizational context.
Strategies-Based Instruction for Learners of a Second Language
Authors: Cohen Andrew D.
Published: March 2007

The goal of strategies-based instruction is to help learners become more responsible for their efforts to learn and use the target language. It also aims to help them become more effective learners by atlowing them to individualize the language learning experience. Teachers who have used this approach report their students become more efficient in completing classroom language tasks, take more responsibility for directing their own learning outside class, and gain more confidence in their ability to learn and use the target language.
Foreign Language Instruction in a Global Community
Authors: Nugent Stephanie A.
Published: March 2007

As we move from the Industrial Age into the Information Age, foreign language programs are challenged by a lack of curricular emphasis and negligible funding for materials or teachers. In an age when assistive technology is available to translate speech as well as the written word, is the formal study of foreign languages beneficial?
Foreign Language 101 for School Administrators: Effective Evaluation Of Foreign Language Teachers
Authors: Wallinger Linda M.
Published: March 2007

What should principals know about the foreign language teachers in their school? How can they evaluate the teachers when they might not understand the language being used in the classroom? What should they look for during classroom observations?
Bilingual Paraeducators: What We Can Learn from Rosa
Authors: Ashbaker Betty , Morgan Jill
Published: March 2007

Paraeducators (instructional assistants/aides) are typically hired from the local community, and increasing numbers are now being drawn from local minority groups. This enhances the linguistic and cultural diversity of the school and its personnel, and provides more culturally appropriate support for students. Care should be taken, however, to ensure these bilingual paraeducators are assigned appropriate roles and properly supported in their work.
Computer Expertise: What Expectations Should We Have Of New Teachers?
Authors: Dougherty William V.
Published: March 2007

The use of computers in education has generated considerable discus sion : Should they be relegated to a lab or should they be in every class room ? Should they be the objects of instruction, the means to teach other subjects, or a combination of both? The Internet provokes its own controversy; many educators promote the wiring of every class room while others insist students must first master the basics before surfing the Web.
Personal Learning Plans: Building Collaboration among Teachers, Students with Disabilities, and Their Parents
Authors: Phillips Charles , Prue Jennifer F. , Hasazi Susan Brody , Morgan Patricia
Published: March 2007

During the past decade, much has been written about the importance of personalizing learning for all students, particularly at the middle and high school levels. Although students with disabilities have had the benefit of an Individualized Education Plan (IEP), for the most part these plans have focused on educational deficits in selected skill areas, rather than individual strengths and aspiration.
Secondary Teachers' Perceptions Toward Inclusion of Students with Severe Disabilities
Authors: Gwin Smith M.
Published: March 2007

The current movement to educate students with severe disabilities in their neighborhood high schools creates a new classroom environment for teachers. How do secondary teachers view the inclusion of students with severe disabilities in their neighborhood school and/or in the reg ular education classroom?
Curriculum Benchmarking: a Tool for School Improvement
Authors: Shelly Richard W.
Published: March 2007

How can we know if a new course is doing what it was intended to do for students? Are things getting better or worse because of our cur riculum planning? Are new courses serving the purpose for which they were intended? Programs that espouse transformation of teaching and learning in middle level and high schools need a way to determine if their efforts are consistent with their plans.
Can We Meet Standards and Encourage Teachers to Differentiate for the Highly Able?
Authors: Gould Holly C.
Published: March 2007

Differentiation is one way to meet the standards while maintaining rigor and challenge in our curriculum for highly able learners that may also have positive effects on the curriculum for all learners into the next decade.
What is Your Priority?
Authors: Whitaker Todd , Turner Elizabeth
Published: March 2007

A principal's role is multifaceted and continually transforming to include new demands. In a 31-item survey of 1,801 principals from Indiana, results show that disparities exist among rankings of perceived priorities and actual priorities. Only three items were rated comparably: school climate, curriculum expansion, and improved staff morale. Implications are discussed.
Supervision and Staff Development: Overview of the Literature
Authors: Wanzare Zachariah , da Costa Jose L.
Published: March 2007

Instructional supervision should be an important component of a successful staff development program. This article examines the literature and research on instructional supervision and addresses the importance of supervision for fostering professional growth.
Newcomer Programs for Linguistically Diverse Students
Authors: Short Deborah J. , Boyson Beverly A.
Published: March 2007

The population of limited English proficient students is growing. Some of these students also lack core academic skills and knowledge in their first language. To assist recent immigrant students, newcomer programs have been implemented. This article describes the rationale for such programs, types of programs available, and their various features.
Experiences of Latino Immigrant Students at an Urban High School
Authors: Norrid-Lacey Barbara , Spencer Dee Ann
Published: March 2007

Many high schools are facing the challenge of educating immigrants from non-English speaking countries. This study investigates the social and educational experiences of Latino immigrants at a large, urban high school. Recommendations are given to improve the academic success of this population.
Caring to Try: How Building Students’ Developmental Assets Can Promote School Engagement and Success
Authors: Scales Peter C. , Taccogna Judy
Published: March 2007

Both a sense of belonging and a belief in their own competency seem to be missing from the school experiences of disengaged, underachieving students. Building students’ developmental assets is a promising practice for reconnecting students and supporting achievement. Looking at schools through an assets lens can promote concrete changes in school organization, curriculum and instruction, cocurricular programs, support services, and community partnerships that make the whole environment more conducive to great teaching and learning.
Standards Are Not Enough: Essential Transformations for School Success
Authors: Reeves Douglas B.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses five transformations necessary to bring standards from theory into reality. These changes, though difficult to elicit, will have a positive and productive effect when made collaboratively and thoughtfully. The concept of power standards, a subset of standards that involves thoughtful focus, is proposed to ensure successful educational practice and improved test performance.
Moving from Standards to Instructional Practice
Authors: Daggett Willard R.
Published: March 2007

The new rules for engagement in K–12 education include mandatory learning and accountability. Because of the pressure to focus on high-stakes assessments, educators are striving to maintain an appropriate balance and still teach the content they believe is essential. Teachers need to know what to emphasize in an overcrowded curriculum. Suggestions for what to teach as well as for translating standards into practice are offered.
Positive and Not-So-Positive Effects of Preparing Students to Pass Standards of Learning Tests in Virginia's High School Classrooms
Authors: Grogan Margaret
Published: March 2007

Reports on a study of nine teachers who used various strategies to prepare high school students to pass the Virginia Standards of Learning tests. Researchers found positive aspects of “teaching to the test,” an instructional practice that critics of standards oppose. Suggests four methods teachers may use to minimize the negative effects of externally imposed tests.
Tinker’s Gang: Student Expression Versus Gang Suppression
Authors: Weldon William H. , Petrie Garth , Lindauer Patricia
Published: March 2007

The presence of gangs in schools is increasing. Administrators must deal with gang presence but may instead be focused on deterring violence and fail to recognize other issues such as students’ Constitutional rights to express themselves. This article offers a definition of gangs and discusses the fine line between student expression and suppression.
Active Learning: Raising the Achievement Bar
Authors: Krajewski Bob , Parker Melverlene V.
Published: March 2007

A school cannot flourish on academic probation. A new active learning and shared decision-making improvement plan, combined with stable leadership, has enabled Hirsch Metropolitan High School of Communications to quickly become a thriving school. Continued success for this southside Chicago school is dependent on tenure and retention of key faculty and staff.
Influencing Student Achievement Through Counseling: The Story of a Commonsense Professional Development School
Authors: Esters Irvin G. , Douet Kenneth P.
Published: March 2007

This article describes how achievement for at-risk students can be improved through the implementation of a comprehensive professional development model. Areas affected include academic, personal, social, and career development. Implications are discussed.
Where Are the Principal Candidates? Perceptions of Superintendents
Authors: Whitaker Kathryn
Published: March 2007

This article reports the findings of a study on superintendent perceptions of the quantity and quality of candidates for the principalship. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 10 superintendents of variously sized school districts. Of the respondents, 90 percent indicated a moderate to extreme shortage of principal candidates, with the problem more severe at the high school level. Superintendents offered suggestions for ways to increase the candidate pool for principalships.
Creating Effective After-School Programs for Middle and High School Students
Authors: McElvain Carol K. , Caplan Judith C.
Published: March 2007

After-school programs offer great hope for students and communities and significant challenges for those charged with operating them. School administrators will face programmatic, governance, budgetary, and “political” questions that have no easy answers. Guidance to help school administrators and program planners leverage their abilities and insights to make the best decisions possible are offered.
Learning Style Differences of Nonconforming Middle-School Students
Authors: Dunn Rita
Published: March 2007

This article describes and defines the concept of learning style differences. It explains why young adults have, and cause, problems while learning. Suggestions for teaching those students whom teachers often cannot reach are offered.
Alternative Routes for Teacher Professional Development and Resources: The Merlot Online Community
Authors: Powers Susan M. , Barnes Felicie M.
Published: March 2007

MERLOT (Multimedia Educational Resource for Learning and Online Teaching) is a multifaceted project that optimizes resources and extends “linking to learn.” Although intended for use by higher education faculty members, this resource provides rich options for K-12 teachers and administrators. Professional development applications are also discussed.
Teacher Quality and Student Achievement: Recommendations for Principals
Authors: Kaplan Leslie S. , Owings William A.
Published: March 2007

Principals play major roles to ensure both teacher and teaching quality in classrooms. Understanding essential research findings on both teacher and teaching quality and their relation to student learning can help principals significantly improve student achievement.
Legal Implications for Student Retention
Authors: Murray Kenneth T. , Murray Barbara A.
Published: March 2007

The practice of student retention has always been a controversial method of remediation. Consequently, with opponents of the practice arguing that retention is an ineffective alternative for at-risk youth and advocates charging that social promotion amounts to a failure to enforce meaningful academic standards, the courts have become involved in litigation concerning this issue. This article reviews several retention-related court decisions nationwide and suggests 10 best practices that school administrators can use when considering or implementing student retention policies.
Budget Priorities of Selected Principals: Reallocation of State Funds
Authors: Clover Michael W. , Jones Enid B. , Bailey William , Griffin Barry
Published: March 2007

This study was designed to determine the flexibility that selected principals preferred when implementing financial site-based decision making in their schools. To complete the research, the fund categories representing areas of educational functions and service in the school system chart of accounts were evaluated. The findings indicated that principals have a strong desire to gain control over the funds they feel will help them improve instruction. The principals in the study did not show a desire to revamp the finance process, but desired to have more flexibility in the use of funds associated with instructional programs. Further, the principals revealed they could make significant changes in their educational programs without increas ing the amount of funds in the budget.
Interdisciplinary Teaming as an Induction Practice
Authors: Bickmore Dana L. , Bickmore Steven T. , Hart Laurie E.
Published: March 2007

The role of interdisciplinary teaming in the induction of new teachers was examined at two middle level schools through the perceptions of three par ticipant groups: new teachers, mentors, and principals. Data collected through a mixed-method design indicated that participants perceived inter disciplinary teams as an integral part of the induction process of new teach ers that supported their personal and professional needs. Teaming was most helpful in meeting new teachers' professional needs chiefly through sup porting the management practices of new teachers.
The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act Amendments of 1997: Selected Observations
Authors: Morrissey Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Since its initial enactment, many federal and state regulations have been written, interpreting IDEA. Moreover, extensive case law has developed, interpreting IDEA. Now, with the passage of these recent amendments to IDEA, everyone has an opportunity to shape the regu lations that will be written pertaining to these new amendments.
Sharing Shakespeare: Integrating Literature, Technology, and American Sign Language
Authors: Cambridge Theresa , Abdulezer Susan
Published: March 2007

The unique ability of multimedia computing to help special students see and feel words leads to comprehension and the desire to advance in the language arts area. The technology available to us helps connect concept to visualization. The computer allows students to review, to self-direct and, most of all, to enjoy the process.
School Communication to Outside Publics: Truthfulness Must Be the Bottom Line
Authors: Martinson David L.
Published: March 2007

Does the school's duty to report truthfully to the public require the school or school district to tell the public everything? What if telling the public everything results in confusion or an invasion of someone's privacy? Is it ever permissible for school administrators to tell a lie? Are all false statements lies?
Giftedness and Egalitarianism in Education: A Zero Sum?
Authors: Winner Ellen , von Karolyi Catya
Published: March 2007

Schools can meet the needs of gifted students without violating the principle of egalitarianism. This is not a zero sum game. In fact, the authors argue that schools cannot be truly egalitarian unless they acknowledge learning differences, including those differences pos sessed by students of high ability.
Principal Instructional Leadership Can Reverse the Under-Representation of Black Students in Gifted Education
Authors: Grantham Tarek C. , Ford Donna Y.
Published: March 2007

Researchers and educators have been aware for decades that Black students are under-represented in gifted education, yet few have dis cussed the importance of the principal's role in addressing this problem. The principal can help to improve the representation of Black stu dents in gifted education by focusing on teacher supervision and eval uation, staff development, and quality control.
Developing Middle Level Experts: Can Aspects of Gifted Education Be Applied to the Benefit of All Middle Level Students?
Authors: McIntire Jay A.
Published: March 2007

By applying certain practices common in gifted education programs to all students, middle level schools could help every student develop exper tise while contributing to each student's positive identity development.
Reading, Writing, Arithmetic, And Suspensions
Authors: Feucht Joseph E.
Published: March 2007

How does your school solve discipline problems? Do your methods work? When you must suspend a student, do you feel the suspension offers students a chance to learn and grow? Maybe there is a better way.
The School Discipline Plan: Does It Have All the Right Components?
Authors: Williams Sheri S.
Published: March 2007

What do effective school discipline plans have in common? With the skyrocketing increases in student disruption in classrooms across the nation, workable plans must be in place in every school.
Leadership Theory and Student Violence: Is There a Relationship?
Authors: Moore Linda Watson
Published: March 2007

Who will address the problem of violence in schools? Dealing with student violence is an unwelcome administrative duty, but it is a reality that cannot be ignored. Even though leadership theory appears far removed from daily routines, perhaps it is helpful to examine leadership theory before student violence happens. Is there a relationship between student violence and the principal's leadership behaviors?
Independent Student Inquiry: Unlocking the Resources of the World Wide Web
Authors: Windschid Mark
Published: March 2007

When something old and something new come together, great things can happen. Such is the case with a traditional mainstay of instruction, student inquiry, and the most dynamic technological phenomenon in recent years, the World Wide Web.
The Role of Classroom Artifacts in The Clinical Supervision of Science
Authors: Pyle Eric J.
Published: March 2007

How might a supervisor approach the use of classroom artifacts while helping teachers to improve their teaching? Artifacts, whether teacher or student made, provide solid, visual referents that the teacher and the supervisor can use not only as data, but also as springboards for wider distribution to other teachers.
Creating Pioneers for an Unknown Land: Education for the Future
Authors: Marshall Stephanie Pace
Published: March 2007

Because continuous learning and knowledge generation are the core competencies in our ability to resolve the problems facing us as a world community, we must embrace the emerging new paradigm of learning. Schools, teachers, students, and communities must change to develop the creative, adaptive, and purposeful learner required in the next millennium.
Repecharge, Reflection, and Brain Processing: Personality Influences In the Classroom
Authors: Alcock Martha Wilson
Published: March 2007

Everyone appreciates a second chance, in the classroom or in life. Effective teachers realize the value of a "second chance" when initial strategies fail to elicit optimal learning. Second chances have a special impact on students with a particular personality preference, and brain research supports the bio-psycho-social nature of personality that is so evident in our students.
Applying Systems Thinking to Curriculum Evaluation
Authors: Jasparro Ralph J.
Published: March 2007

Implementing a systemwide approach to curriculum evaluation will ensure districtwide uniformity in evaluating the curriculum in each subject area. Developing and implementing a comprehensive written curriculum evaluation plan will provide educators with information needed to meet new demands for accountability as they work on school improvement initiatives.
The Seven Steps to Critical Thinking: A Practical Application Of Critical Thinking Skills
Authors: Hannel G. Ivan , Hannel Lee
Published: March 2007

In the task of helping students become critical thinkers, two impediments stand in the way. The first is a widespread misdiagnosis about why students fail to become critical thinkers in the first place, and the second is the lack of a practical instructional strategy for teaching critical thinking skills in the classroom. Both of these problems can be remedied.
The Principal and Discipline with Special Education Students
Authors: Osborne Allan G.
Published: March 2007

Under the provisions of the IDEA school officials may, and should, take action to change a disruptive student's placement before the situation escalates into one that requires reactive disciplinary measures. The very purpose of the IDEA is to address a student's disabilities and that includes disabilities that may cause a student to misbehave.
The Principal and Religious Activity
Authors: Mawdsley Ralph D.
Published: March 2007

Religious activity in public schools has become a major issue in the 1990s as result of the Equal Access Act and Lamb's Chapel, but neither has eliminated the Establishment Clause as a viable concern for public school officials. Despite indications that student religious expression is protected to the same extent as other forms of free speech, legitimate concerns still exist re garding public school endorsement of religion.
The Law and Student Activities: Answers to Ten Frequently Asked Questions
Authors: Strope John
Published: March 2007

When principals are chatting about school activities, what are the "hot" topics? State championships? Beating the cross-town rival last weekend? Law? When hard reality sets in, the conversation invariably turns to law. Principals live with legal issues every day.
Gearing Up for the Opening of the School Year: A Checklist for Principals
Authors: Findley Beverly , Findley Dale
Published: March 2007

It is important to have the opening day of school run smoothly. Principals need to be well organized and have everything in place and ready to go. The following checklist offers principals a way to determine if all bases are covered.
Adolescents, Health, and School: Early Analyses from the National Longitudinal Study Of Adolescent Health
Authors: Bearman Peter S. , Burns Laura J.
Published: March 2007

There are substantial gender differences in self-esteem and in attach ment to school that appear to be associated with characteristics of schools. While there are also substantial gender differences with respect to physical and mental health, school-level variables are less important than individual or family variables, although adolescent relationships are significantly more important for the mental health of females than of males.
The Adapted Physical Educator: Your Physical Education Resource Teacher
Authors: Nolan Joseph E. , Duncan Charles
Published: March 2007

Progressive and appropriate physical education classes can provide a variety of benefits to students: improved fitness; reduced risk of dis ease ; stress release; lifelong recreation and leisure skills; and social skills. But do students with disabilities receive these benefits?
The Changing Principalship and Its Impact: Voices from Principals
Authors: Portin Bradley S. , Jianping Shen  , Williams Richard C.
Published: March 2007

Principals are approaching the timits of the amount of time they can dedicate to the job. Legislators, school boards, and district administrators who are proposing additional changes that will affect the school and the principal's role should realize that many principals are severely limited in their capacity to take on additional duties. In addition to the time constraints, the principals, because of external priorities, are increasingly becoming managers, rather than instructional leaders.
Improving Leadership Preparation Programs Through a School, University, and Professional Organization Partnership
Authors: Peel Henry A. , Wallace Corinna , Buckner Kermit G. , Wrenn Steven L. , Evans Ralph
Published: March 2007

In North Carolina, Halifax County Schools, NASSP, and the School of Education at East Carolina University formed a partnership in which all were learners, teachers, and pioneers. The Potential Administrator Development Program (PADP) showed that a partnership to improve administrative training is a viable option.
Helping Students Learn To Work Together as a Team
Authors: Murphy Stephen H.
Published: March 2007

Students need to acquire interpersonal skills, including the ability to work as a member of a team, to teach others, and to work well with people from diverse cultural backgrounds as well as with those with viewpoints different from their own. Only when we help our students learn these skills are we truly preparing them to be competitive in the global work place of the 21st century.
Nationalizing the Olympics Around and Away from “Vulnerable” Bodies of Women
Authors: Borcila Andaluna
Published: March 2007

This article examines print media responses to the 1996 NBC coverage of the Olympic Games and the actual coverage of the women’s gymnastics competition. Whereas print media critics of the coverage emphasize NBC’s feminization of the Olympics, which they imagine as a unique televisual event, this article underscores the nationalizing function of the narratives (stories of personal trauma). By focusing on the production of women gymnasts as sites of national investment, the author shows how the coverage narratives function to contain other nationals and the individual vulnerabilities of the American gymnasts. More specifically, the author argues that even as “America” is separated and distinguished from other nations, and individual vulnerabilities are translated into the invulnerability of Team USA, both the coverage and the reactions to it attest to an anxiety that accompanies the production of “little girls” as main sites of national investment.
Supporters, Followers, Fans, and Flaneurs
Authors: Giulianotti Richard
Published: March 2007

World football (or soccer) has undergone an intensive hypercommodification over the past decade or so. This article examines the impact of this process on forms of spectator identification with top professional football clubs. Drawing upon previous analyses by Taylor and Critcher (on football) and the theories of Bryan Turner (on body culture), the article advances four ideal types of spectator identity: supporters, followers, fans, and flâneurs. The broad trend in sports identification is away from the supporter model (with its hot, traditional identification with local clubs) and toward the more detached, cool, consumer-orientated identification of the flâneur.
The Jim Braddock-Max Schmeling Affair: an Assessment of a Jewish Boycott of a Professional Prizefight
Authors: Evans Arthur S.
Published: March 2007

The impact of the Jewish boycott of the Jim Braddock-Max Schmeling fight in the latter 1930s is assessed in this paper. The author's interpretation of historical evidence surround ing this event is that the Jewish boycott played only a minor role in the cancellation of this sporting event. It is suggested that the cancellation of this sporting event is better understood in the light of the search for the "Great White Hope." This study demonstrates how groups infuse sport with socially significant symbolic political values to further some desired objective. Through the process of using sport as a political weapon, athletes defined as political adversaries are often denied or restricted from competitive opportunities.
BIG-TIME COLLEGE SPORTS: MANAGEMENT AND ECONOMIC ISSUES
Authors: Padilla Arthur , Baumer David
Published: March 2007

This article discusses management issues of “big time” intercollegiate athletic programs and examines the detailed athletics budgets of 35 large universities on the east coast. The programs are found to be increasingly commercialized and professionalized, largely a result of their mandate to be self-supporting and the influence of television. Pressures to win, exacerbated by the economic profitability of successful programs, and the relationships between profits, on the one hand, and variables such as graduation rates of athletes and NCAA violations, on the other hand, are explored.
EXAMINING THE ROOTS OF A GENDERED DIVISION OF LABOR IN INTERCOLLEGIATE ATHLETICS: INSIGHTS INTO THE GENDER EQUITY DEBATE
Authors: Staurowsky Ellen J.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to examine gender-based, systematic inequity in sport as reflected in the 1993 final report of the NCAA Gender Equity Task Force. Using a feminist, materialist perspective, attention is given to the identification of underlying ideological and structural frameworks within intercollegiate athletics as manifest in the report that support a gendered division of labor in which male athletes, particularly football and basketball players, are perceived as breadwinners, whereas female athletes are regarded as passive consumers. Further, an argument is advanced that these predestined economic roles for females and males in sport, when mediated by the pretense of an educational model of athletics, give rise to powerful assumptions about the profitability of intercollegiate athletic programs. Finally, a case will be made that those assumptions serve to maintain the gender order in sport while hindering a meaningful resolution to the gender equity issue.
TELEVISION SPORT AND THE SACRIFICIAL HERO
Authors: Izod John
Published: March 2007

This article reexamines television sporting heroes in the light of the myths that accompany their stereotypical images. It considers briefly the pressures that encourage broadcasters to build the most successful athletes into stars and addresses some of the main constituents propagated in such figures. The elaborate ceremonies mounted in the stadium for the Barcelona Olympics are reviewed so as to focus on a central myth on which those presentations touched. And an account is given of the manner in which the television channels received in Britain mediated these performances. The article concludes by arguing that, despite the evidence provided by the Barcelona ceremonies, the vestiges of certain ancient myths still have an animating function in television's routine sports coverage.
THE GLOBAL CIRCUS: INTERNATIONAL SPORT, TOURISM, AND THE MARKETING OF CITIES
Authors: Whitson David , Macintosh Donald
Published: March 2007

International sports events have long evoked the discourses and imagery of internationalism while serving as occasions for the advertisement of the host nation and city. This article seeks to explore some of the tensions that follow from this. It has become almost a truism that hosting international events generates enormous benefits for the host city and region. However, the economic evidence examined suggests that although these events provide short-term windfalls for the local construction and tourist industries, the public sector costs of staging them are understated regularly. This is routinely justified in terms of the importance of establishing an identity as a “world-class” city, but the relationships between public costs and private gains need to be examined carefully. The article argues that the benefits of living in a world-class city are very unevenly distributed, and it raises questions on both economic and equity grounds about the urban strategy of promoting the city as a center for leisure, tourism, and consumption.
THE THRILL OF A CLOSE GAME
Authors: Su-lin Gan , Tuggle Charles A. , Mitrook Michael A. , Coussement Sylvere H. , Zillmann Dolf
Published: March 2007

Students watched live broadcasts of eight games of the 1995 NCAA men's basketball tournament. They reported their enjoyment of second-half play, which was either extremely, substantially, moderately, or minimally suspenseful (as defined by point separations of 1-4, 5-9, 10-14, and 15 or more, respectively, during the second half of games). Men's enjoyment proved to be a monotonic function of suspense about outcome. Women's enjoyment paralleled that of men, with the glaring exception of extremely suspenseful games. Whereas men enjoyed the nail-biter type of game the most, women's enjoyment dropped to levels associated with minimal suspense. In addition, rooting for the winning team and, to a lesser degree, being right in predicting the winning team were found to contribute to game enjoyment.