bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrophysiology of Neuronal Interactions
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

Two aspects of electrophysiology are critical for the functioning of the nervous system — the properties of individual neurons and the properties of synaptic interactions. The cell doctrine, that animal tissues are constructed from individual cells, applies fully to neurons as well. Each neuron is an individual unit, separated from other neurons, but linked to them by special points of contact, the synapses, a term coined by Sherrington near the turn of the twentieth century. This chapter presents an introduction to the electrophysiology of neuronal interactions, including both chemical synapses and electrical junctions. The former are sites where unidirectional flow of information occurs, from the pre- to the postsynaptic neuron. Electrical junctions invariably lack amplification, but act as very fast, often bidirectional connections.
Neuronal Oscillators
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

It is known since the pioneering work of Adrian in the 1931s that the completely isolated nervous system can generate impulse patterns that are correctly structured for commanding meaningful movements. This chapter addresses the question of how neurons form circuits that play specific functional roles in generating animal movements, particularly rhythmic movements. Several mechanisms by which simple circuits can generate rhythmic activity patterns are described. These include reciprocal inhibition in circuits comprising only two neurons, recurrent cyclic inhibition in three-neuron loops, and the basic circuit that generates swimming movements in the sea slug Tritonia.
Patch Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

The Patch model simulates the dynamics of a small piece of cell membrane as observed with the patch-clamp technique. Either individual channels in a small patch of membrane or the macroscopic current observed with the whole cell patch clamp may be simulated. Channels are viewed as all-or-none conductances that are gated by voltage (sodium and potassium channels), by a messenger ligand (ACh channel), or not gated (chloride channel). The experimenter can specify the channel type and the number of channels found in the membrane patch. Properties that are simulated include the random opening of channels, the gating of the channels by membrane potential, the voltage dependence of the currents through the channels, the dependence of single channel currents on channel conductance, and the summation of microscopic currents from many individual, randomly gated channels to yield a noisy macroscopic current.
Axon Models
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

The Axon model simulates the equations and parameters derived from experiments by Hodgkin and Huxley on the squid giant axon. Because of the exact correspondence between the equations incorporated into this model and the equations developed in the studies of Hodgkin and Huxley, this model generates graphs that mirror precisely the theoretical curves depicted in the Hodgkin-Huxley papers on the squid axon. Three similar models are included in this chapter: the single space-clamped axon, simultaneous simulations of several spaced-clamped axons to compare model output when parameters are altered, and a simulation of the spatially extended axon to illustrate impulse propagation.
Neuron Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

The Neuron model simulates the membrane potentials in vertebrate neurons, which are modeled as three serially connected compartments: dendrite, soma, and axon. The model is designed to simulate the dynamic properties of neurons including electrotonic spread between neuronal compartments (dendrite, soma, and axon).
Circuit Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

The Circuit model simulates synaptic interactions among large numbers of neurons and includes many currents and derived values, such as cycle period, that are important for describing neuronal oscillations. This model simulates the membrane potentials of three-compartment invertebrate neurons with a passive soma, a neurite, where all synaptic interactions take place, and the axon, which is the only compartment that can generate an action potential. The Circuit model includes an internal feature whereby neurons are grouped into “segments” allowing for further complex outputs, such as interganglionic (or intersegmental) phase lags. Simulated neuronal interactions can be either of the chemical synaptic variety (excitatory and inhibitory) or electrical (rectifying and nonrectifying).
Equations Underlying the Electricity Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

This section provides a detailed description of the differential equations that underlie NeuroDynamix II simulations for the seven models. In addition, the rational behind some of these specific equations is presented. This chapter describes the elementary equations, based on Ohm's law, for simple electrical circuits. Because there are no time-dependent variables, no numerical integration is required.
Equations Underlying the Soma Model
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

The Soma model illustrates the origins of the membrane potential based on the parallel conductance model, with the capacitor not included in the simulation. In addition, none of the membrane conductances are voltage dependent. This chapter describes the equations underlying the resting potential, based on the fundamental Nernst equation, which gives the relationship between ionic concentrations and electrical potential.
Numerical Solution
Authors: Friesen W. Otto , Friesen Jonathon A.
Published: February 2010

This chapter describes the method for numerical integration of the equations that underlie NeuroDynamix II models.
Introduction
Authors: Bloom Floyd E.
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the major discoveries in dopamine (DA) research in the central nervous system from the anatomical, synaptic, and neurohistochemical perspectives, in keeping with the author's didactic hypothesis that “the gains in brain are mainly in the stain.” Topics discussed include what DA does, when DA neurons fire, and what DA does to the postsynaptic targets of DA neurons.
2.1 Functional Neuroanatomy of Dopamine in the Striatum
Authors: Gerfen Charles R.
Published: February 2010

This chapter begins with a discussion of the mesostriatal dopamine system. It then covers striatal patch-matrix compartments, input—output organization of the striatal patch and matrix compartments, D1 and D2 dopamine receptors in direct and indirect striatal projections, and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia in Parkinson's disease.
4.1 Genetic Control of Meso-diencephalic Dopaminergic Neuron Development in Rodents
Authors: Wurst Wolfgang , Prakash Nilima
Published: February 2010

Meso-diencephalic dopaminergic (mdDA) neurons play a key role in several human brain functions and are thus also involved in the pathophysiology of severe neurological and psychiatric disorders. The prospect of regenerative therapies for some of these disorders has fueled the interest of developmental neurobiologists in deciphering the molecular cues and processes controlling the generation of the mdDA neurons in the vertebrate brain. Rodents, in particular the mouse, have served as the classical model organism due to their phylogenetic relationship to humans, their relatively well-characterized mdDA system on both the anatomical and physiological levels, and the propensity of the mouse to undergo genetic manipulation. This chapter focuses on in vivo data obtained from the analyses of mutant mice, as several reports have indicated that cell culture-based in vitro data do not always recapitulate the in vivo situation.
4.4 Genetic Dissection of Dopamine-Mediated Prefrontal-Striatal Mechanisms and Its Relationship to Schizophrenia
Authors: Tan Hao-Yang , Weinberger Daniel R.
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines findings through which heritable human neuroimaging intermediate phenotypes could provide a window to examine genetic mechanisms of active prefrontal cognitive processing related to dopamine (DA). Genetic variation influencing task-related prefrontal cortical function was consistent with fundamental predictions based on the biology of DA tuning in cortical microcircuits. These findings also extended the basic biological data to implicate molecules impacting variation in active human brain function, potentially mirroring component disease-related brain processes in schizophrenia. The findings of interacting genetic elements consistent with the cross-talk within and across DA and glutamatergic systems, and their intracellular signaling pathways, arguably contribute further empirical validation to the strategy to identify molecules whose genetic variation could be of substantial combined influence on human brain function at the network or systems level.
5.3 Dopamine’s Influence on Prefrontal Cortical Cognition: Actions and Circuits in Behaving Primates
Authors: Arnsten Amy F.T. , Vijayraghavan Susheel , Wang Min , Gamo Nao J. , Paspalas Constantinos D.
Published: February 2010

This chapter summarizes current knowledge of dopamine (DA) and DA receptor localization in primate prefrontal cortex (PFC), and the powerful influences of DA on PFC physiology and cognitive function. It begins with an overview of PFC function, physiology, and circuitry. It then discusses the anatomy of DA and its receptors in the primate PFC, the effects of DA on PFC physiology and function, and the role of changes in DA transmission in PFC in several neuropsychiatric disorders.
6.1 Dopamine and Motor Function in Rat and Mouse Models of Parkinson’s Disease
Authors: Schallert Timothy , Fleming Sheila M.
Published: February 2010

In Parkinson's disease (PD), dopamine (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) progressively degenerate. This disruption in nigrostriatal DA transmission results in many motor abnormalities. A number of neurotoxins have been used to induce DA cell loss to model PD, with the most extensively studied models being 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) in the rat and 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the mouse. More recently, the discovery of genetic forms of PD has led to the development of genetic mouse models of parkinsonism. In all models, sensorimotor tests that are sensitive to dysfunction and loss of nigrostriatal DA neurons have been developed to provide important endpoint measures for preclinical testing of potential therapeutic treatments for PD. This chapter reviews many of the tests used in the unilateral 6-OHDA rat and in mice with mutations associated with PD and/or the development of DA neurons.
6.3 Functional Heterogeneity in Striatal Subregions and Neurotransmitter Systems: Implications for Understanding the Neural Substrates Underlying Appetitive Motivation and Learning
Authors: Baldo Brian A. , Andrzejewski Matthew E.
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on how advances in the study of striatal anatomy and physiology have informed our appreciation of dopamine's role in appetitive motivation, with an emphasis on studies of feeding behavior, food-reinforced operant behavior, and striatal gene expression, under different motivational conditions. It outlines the position that striatal dopamine plays a dual role in augmenting the various types of motor output associated with appetitively motivated behavior, by modulating information flow through functionally differentiable corticostriatal circuits, and in selecting/strengthening reinforced behavior by regulating intracellular plasticity within a corticostriatal network. Evidence indicates that while these functions are expressed throughout the striatum, the behavioral domains that are affected depend upon the unique information-processing roles of anatomically distinct striatal territories. Finally, the chapter discusses the additional layer of complexity conferred by the heterogeneous functions of discrete neurochemical systems within a given striatal territory.
9.2 Pathophysiology of L-DOPA-Induced Dyskinesia in Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Angela Cenci M.
Published: February 2010

This chapter begins with a discussion of motor complications of L-DOPA pharmacotherapy. It then discusses animal models of treatment-induced motor complications and the multilayered pathophysiology of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia, presynaptic changes in DA release and clearance, imbalance in the activity of striatal efferent pathways, altered plasticity of corticostriatal synapses, altered activity in peptidergic and GABAergic pathways to the basal ganglia output nuclei, and system-level changes in cortico-basal ganglionic circuits.
9.3 Progression of Parkinson’s Disease Revealed by Imaging Studies
Authors: Brooks David J.
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses imaging studies of Parkinson's disease (PD). Imaging dopaminergic function with positron emission tomography (PET) and single photon computed emission tomography (SPECT) or changes in the expression of a PD-related profile (PDRP) with 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) PET currently remain the best biomarkers for monitoring disease progression. These measurements correlate significantly with clinical disability in PD and are able to detect preclinical dysfunction. However, the modalities cannot be regarded as surrogate markers as they do not correlate well with clinical outcome in practice, and may well be directly influenced by medication changes. While structural changes in PD substantia nigra can be detected with transcranial sonograpy (TCS), the associated hyperechogenicity does not appear to alter as patients clinically deteriorate. Volumetric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is valuable for detecting progressive brain atrophy in PD patients who developed later dementia, but currently is unable to detect nigral volume changes.
9.4 Transplantation of Dopamine Neurons: Extent and Mechanisms of Functional Recovery in Rodent Models of Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Dunnett Stephen B. , Björklund Anders
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews the transplantation of dopamine (DA) neurons as a powerful model for understanding the basic neurobiology and methods for achieving viable cell transplantation in the brain. Analysis of the mechanisms involved in structural repair and functional recovery indicates that there are particular requirements for the implanted cells to differentiate into specific brainstem phenotypes for effective integration into the host brain and broad functionally efficacy. Cell implantation into DA-denervated rats and mice has provided effective animal models for the preclinical analyses required for translating novel cell therapies into applications in human neurodegenerative disease and for resolving specific issues, such as potential dyskinetic side effects, that have been raised in the course of the pilot clinical trials.
4 Theoretical Background: Splitting Up CP
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter contains the theoretical background for the analysis of English swiping and dialect Dutch spading. It introduces and discusses a specific incarnation of the split CP-hypothesis and its interaction with the syntax of wh-movement. While simple wh-phrases move from their IP-internal base position through a lower specCP onto the higher specCP, complex wh-phrases are base-generated in the high specCP and involve empty operator movement to the lower one. The chapter ends with a brief discussion of D-linking and connectivity effects.
11 The Data
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter contains a detailed empirical study of Short Do Replies. The construction is first compared to English VP-ellipsis and then to Dutch periphrastic constructions with doen ‘do’ and an overt demonstrative proform. In both cases the differences are substantial. Unlike VP-ellipsis, Short Do Replies are shown to contain a null, structureless proform, and unlike periphrastic constructions, this proform pronominalizes a larger part of the clausal structure than merely VP. The appendix to this chapter examines in detail the interaction between Short Do Replies on the one hand and ja ‘yes’ and other discourse particles on the other.
13 The Analysis
Authors: Craenenbroeck Jeroen van
Published: February 2010

This chapter provides the analysis of Short Do Replies and shows how the basic properties outlined in chapter 11 follow straightforwardly from that analysis.
Chapter Two From Roman toroman
Authors: Sachs Jonathan
Published: February 2010

This chapter evaluates the contours of republican poetics in the English Jacobin novels of Godwin, Holcroft, Hays, and Inchbald. Focusing on the invocation of classical texts and Roman historical models, it reveals how Jacobin fiction attempts to replace the pedagogical lessons drawn from the exemplary heroes of classical history while reproducing a “Plutarchian” mode of exemplarity, one which suggests that novels, in a manner similar to a traditional understanding of classical history, enable a better understanding of society through knowledge of the individual and that novels can therefore supplement or replace classical history as a means of promoting virtue. One of the ways Jacobin novels underscore this potential of the novel form is through their self‐reflexive representation of discursive processes like writing, revision, and, especially, reading, which then becomes an index of how these novels imagine their impact upon a reader.
DEMOCRATIC QUALITY IN AMERICA AND EUROPE
Authors: Ringen Stein
Published: February 2010

This chapter evaluates democratic quality in the United States and Europe. Eleven democracies are compared using the following indicators: consolidated democracy; freedom of the press; government effectiveness; economic transgression; child poverty; public health care; trust in state institutions; and trust in future freedom pre-government. It is shown that even among leading democracies, the quality of democracy differs greatly, not only in how they do democracy, but also in how good they are.
LIBERALISM AND DEMOCRACY IN AMERICA TODAY
Authors: Samples John
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines two models of politics: the American and the European. In theory and practice, these models share some features. Both more or less protect private property and more or less rely on market prices to guide economic life. But the two models also differ. The American model developed historically as a strong exemplar of the modern idea of politics and liberty. Apart from the United Kingdom, Europeans value government and collective choice much more than the Americans. What are the goals by which the New European should judge these models? Normative answers to that question compose much of the Western philosophical tradition. Instead of trying to add to that tradition, the chapter seeks to explicate the primary goals governments actually pursue: liberty, equality, and welfare.
EDUCATION IN EUROPE AND THE LISBON BENCHMARKS
Authors: Allmendinger Jutta , Ebner Christian , Nikolai Rita
Published: February 2010

This chapter discusses how important the EU's involvement in education has been. It outlines Europe's demographic development, the change in labor markets and human resources. The interaction of these three areas of society points to an enormous need for action. It then discusses how to gauge the level of education in a population, and what absolute and relative measures of educational achievement could look like. It examines the educational policy objectives formulated by the EU, and describes to what extent the European countries have already accomplished them. The chapter discusses two fundamental questions: first, how coherent are the individual goal dimensions of the Lisbon strategy and what can we learn from the degree of their correlation for future empirical research on education? Second, what do the indicators allow us to say about issues of equal opportunity and social exclusion in European countries, and how much diversity is there within Europe in this respect? It concludes with a summary illustrating the analytical potential of the indicators and showing that purportedly simple measures have more to them than first meets the eye.
DIFFERENT COUNTRIES, DIFFERENT GROUPS, SAME MECHANISMS? THE STRUCTURAL ASSIMILATION OF THE SECOND GENERATION IN EUROPE (D, F, GB) AND THE UNITED STATES
Authors: Kalter Frank , Granato Nadia
Published: February 2010

Immigration has become an important phenomenon in virtually every member state of the European Union. Rising shares of the immigrant populations are accompanied by growing concerns about the consequences of failing integration. This chapter considers labor market integration as the most important subdimension of assimilation. It compares ethnic groups within Germany, France, and Great Britain, which represent the three largest EU countries with considerable shares of the population belonging to the second generation. The chapter compares these countries to the United States as the allegory for a classic immigration country.
IMMIGRATION AND NATIVISM IN THE UNITED STATES AND EUROPE: DEMOGRAPHY AND GLOBALIZATION VERSUS THE NATION-STATE
Authors: Hirschman Charles , Perez Anthony Daniel
Published: February 2010

This chapter reviews the immigration history of the United States as an illustration of the tensions between national identity and international migration. At various points throughout American history, there have been efforts to limit immigration in order to retain the historical national identity of the country. But the volume and diversity of this effort eventually led to an assimilationist, and subsequently to a pluralist, definition of American identity.
5 Finding a Voice
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

A rundown of the individual elements and artists that would join together to form the musical film. To create the songs, studios bought music publishers and hired songwriters to create lower-common denominator versions of Broadway and pop hits. Music arrangements and sound recording slowly improved, as did photography and editing. Two-color Technicolor was hugely popular, then became a liability through its limited palette and loss of quality control. The personnel drew from both stage veterans and film people: directors such as Lubitsch and Mamoulian, stage and opera stars like Jolson and Lawrence Tibbett, and silent-film performers with acceptable voices, such as Bebe Daniels and Gloria Swanson.
6 Dueling Mammies
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

In the wake of The Jazz Singer and The Singing Fool arose the most risible musical genre of all: “mammy” films, tear-jerking musical melodramas forged with little flair or inspiration. Initially popular, they were the first musical films to wear out their welcome due to oversaturation and repetition. Among the participants: George Jessel, Maurice Chevalier, Morton Downey, Sophie Tucker, and Ted Lewis, appearing in films bearing such titles as Rainbow Man, Mother's Boy, Say It with Songs and, ominously, Is Everybody Happy?
8 Broadway Babies
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

Partly in imitation of the successful Broadway Melody format, backstage musicals became the most popular type of early musical. While Warner Bros.' Gold Diggers of Broadway was a huge success, others veered too closely to the original These included Jolson rival Harry Richman in Irving Berlin's Puttin' on the Ritz, Erich von Stroheim in the strange Great Gabbo, and Jolson in Mammy. Other backstage elements included heartbreak, nightclub settings, songwriters, and gangsters. The overabundance of these films contributed to growing audience impatience with musicals in the spring of 1930.
10 Just Imagine
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

Led by the smash hit of Fox's Sunny Side Up, starring Janet Gaynor, original musicals fared well in the early sound era. Such originals as Marianne tended to be more cinematic than the stage adaptations, although routine could also be the order of the day in such uninspired pieces as Honey and Tanned Legs. The most distinctive entries came near the end of the era: Fox's Just Imagine, a science-fiction musical comedy set in the future of 1930, and MGM's Madam Satan, a combination sex farce, operetta, and disaster epic directed by Cecil B. DeMille.
14 The March of Time
Authors: Barrios Richard
Published: February 2010

Numerous factors accounted for the precipitous decline in musicals starting in mid-1930. The stock market crash and the Pathé studio fire in 1929 were dire omens, and the overabundance of backstage films and unsuitability of filmed revues and operettas played a prominent role. Songs were cut from a number of (former) musicals such as The Life of the Party, while some major projects were aborted shortly before shooting. Most calamitous was MGM's The March of Time, a lavish and shapeless revue that was tinkered with incessantly and finally abandoned, a symbol of the hubris and miscalculation of the era.
14 Behavior Between People: Emphasizing the “Act” in Interaction
Authors: Agnew Christopher R. , Kelly Janice R.
Published: February 2010

Behaviors involving others, whether in their initiation, their enactment, or their consequences, are of particular interest to social psychologists. Not surprisingly, behaviors featuring the intertwining of outcomes of actors can be a theoretical and measurement challenge. This chapter introduces a section of the book containing a number of chapters that focus on behavior, both broadly and specifically defined, and inter-individual processes. This section provides readers with a thorough sense of the many ways in which behavior is considered in social psychological theory and research. Each of the chapters highlights the complexities and the challenges inherent in the study of inter-individual behavior. At the same time, each reflects the genuine enthusiasm of those whose own scholarly motivation and actions push us closer to a more complete understanding of the underpinnings and nuances of behavior in its various forms.
18 Mind–Behavior Relations in Attachment Theory and Research
Authors: Shaver Phillip R. , Mikulincer Mario
Published: February 2010

Building on the pioneering work of Bowlby on attachment theory, social psychological researchers have broadened the original focus of the theory to include more of an emphasis on adult relationships. In this chapter, the authors describe the reciprocal association between mental processes and behavior within attachment theory. Just as mental states of an individual guide behavioral enactment toward others, behaviors often give rise to changes in mental processes. The authors review Bowlby's notion of behavioral system, including its evolutionary roots and biological function. They also describe both normative features of the attachment system and individual differences in the functioning of the system that arise in response to exposure to differing experiences with others. The authors argue that relational experience can be characterized as a chain of mental states and observable behaviors, linked with reciprocal causal arrows. Viewed in this way, behavior can be seen as a vehicle between motivational states.
2 Generics and Concepts
Authors: Carlson Greg
Published: February 2010

This chapter points to the different uses of the terms “meaning” and “concept” in the literature that surrounds discussions of generic terms. It is usual in the linguistic and philosophical literature on the topic to take a truth‐conditional, “externalist” view as to what meaning is, while the psychological literature takes a mentalistic, “internalist” view. There is a similar conflict in how the term “concept” is used, with the philosophical literature favoring an “objective” sense (which might be cashed out independently of people, or maybe in terms of an interpersonal society in general) and the psychological and experimental literature employing a “subjective” sense of the term. This chapter considers what theorists might “want” from a theory of concepts and proceeds to show the ways that differing desires here lead to different accounts of the phenomena surrounding generics, even when the underlying data seem to be more or less the same.
9 On Using Count Nouns, Mass Nouns, andPluralia Tantum:
Authors: Wisniewski Edward J.
Published: February 2010

This chapter also asks about the conceptual basis of a mass/count distinction. One attitude is that the grammatical distinction is semantically unprincipled, such that children learn just that some nouns are count while others are mass, with no understanding of why there is such a syntactic distinction. Another is that the syntactic distinction is deeply based on a conceptual difference: when speakers use count nouns to refer to things, they implicitly have something in mind, common to all count nouns, that they are trying to communicate, and when they use a mass noun, they have something in mind, common to all mass nouns, that they are trying to communicate. These views are argued against, and instead the position is supported that the mass—count distinction is to a very large degree conceptually based, but that there are exceptions, some of which can be seen as caused by competing communicative functions of language.
Introduction
Authors: de Marneffe Peter
Published: February 2010

Although prostitution is commonly characterized as a “victimless crime,” prostitution laws in some form can be justified as reducing the harm caused by prostitution. They can be justified this way even though most prostitution is voluntary or by choice and not all those who do it are harmed by it. Harm‐reduction is not the only argument for prostitution laws, but it is an important one, one that is worthy of careful theoretical consideration. Although this is a paternalistic argument, it can nonetheless justify prostitution laws in some form consistent with the fundamental principles of liberalism.
3 The Permissibility of Paternalism
Authors: de Marneffe Peter
Published: February 2010

Although some paternalistic government policies are morally wrong, not all are. Even some “hard” paternalistic policies are morally justifiable. This position is consistent with a due respect for individual autonomy. J. S. Mill's arguments in On Liberty fail to provide good reasons to think that all paternalistic prostitution laws are unjustifiable. Recent academic critics of prostitution laws, Lars Ericsson, Martha Nussbaum, and David Richards, fail to give convincing grounds to oppose all paternalistic prostitution laws. The contractualist views of John Rawls and T. M. Scanlon provide no reason to believe that paternalism is always wrong. The cliché that “it is not the government's business to protect us against ourselves” is considered and rejected as a basis for opposing paternalistic prostitution laws.
Conclusion
Authors: de Marneffe Peter
Published: February 2010

Paternalistic prostitution laws in some form are compatible with the fundamental principles of liberalism. Liberalism is characterized as a kind of political conception of justice that is committed to certain principles of liberty, opportunity, security, and equality before the law. Paternalistic prostitution laws in some form are compatible with all these principles on some defensible interpretation, and therefore compatible with liberalism.
The Six Days of Creation According to the Greek Fathers
Authors: Louth Andrew
Published: February 2010

This chapter shows what may be learned for readers of Genesis after Darwin by attending to the profound—often strange—ways in which Genesis was read long before Darwin, particularly by Greek-speaking Christians and Jews of the early centuries of the Common Era. Observing that the six days of creation (the Hexaemeron) provided a recurring focus for theological reflection, the suggestion is made that the fathers offer an understanding of the cosmos that is of abiding relevance. Characteristics of this understanding are a resistance to a deterministic account of the cosmos, attention to wonder at creation as God's gift, humility as the appropriate moral corollary, and a conviction of the wholeness and interconnectedness of all created things.
The Hermeneutics of Reading Genesis after Darwin
Authors: Briggs Richard S.
Published: February 2010

This chapter looks at the issues occupying the interpretation of Genesis at the time of Darwin and notes that the impact of the discovery of ancient Near Eastern creation accounts came at more or less the same time as the impact of Darwin's writing. As a result, the interpretation of Genesis could operate within two completely different hermeneutical frameworks, neither of which was directly linked to the plain-sense concerns of the Genesis text. A variety of examples of interpreting Genesis in the light of ancient Near Eastern texts is explored, seeking to demonstrate that there is a variety of ways in which hermeneutical benefit may be derived from reading a text in the light of other concerns, and a similar case is then made with respect to the hermeneutics of reading Genesis after Darwin.
Reading Genesis 1–3 in the Light of Modern Science
Authors: Wilkinson David
Published: February 2010

The first chapters of Genesis have been enrolled into scientific creationism by some Christian groups or completely rejected by some scientists for their lack of relevance to the concerns of scientific cosmology. Yet the theological themes of the origin of the universe, the observed order of nature, the question of human significance, and the experience of awe which leads to worship go beyond a biblical literalism and find significant resonances in the questions raised by modern science. This chapter explores such themes in the relationship of the biblical text and modern science. It further suggests that the battles of the Darwinian controversies may free us for a deeper and more authentic dialogue between the text of Genesis and the discoveries of evolutionary cosmology and biology.
All God’s Creatures
Authors: Clough David
Published: February 2010

This chapter examines what the text of Genesis means for the discernment of continuities and discontinuities between human beings and other animals. It argues that, in the light of post-Darwinian understandings of evolution, human-separatist positions that establish a qualitative theological distinction between human and nonhuman animals on the grounds of Genesis texts are untenable. Because no satisfactory human-separatist theological account can be given, differences between human beings and other creatures must be understood theologically as differences in degree rather than kind. The chapter concludes that to absolutize the distinction between human and nonhuman creation is unnecessary, leads to incoherence in systematic theology, and is ethically perilous.
“Male and Female He Created Them” (Genesis 1:27)
Authors: Barton Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

Beginning with Darwin's almost religious awe at the wonder of natural selection, this chapter moves to an account of the ambiguous legacy of Darwin's views on gender, including the support they offered to a Victorian separate-spheres ideology and to theories and practices associated with Social Darwinism, such as eugenics. It then considers the wider history of gender before and after Darwin, running from the classical tradition through the biblical tradition, Hellenistic Judaism, and early Christianity to the universalizing tendencies of modernity and the postmodern destabilizing of gender in the interests of identity politics as represented by Judith Butler. A final section reflects on the possibility of reading and practicing "male and female" well in the light of this discomforting narrative. A Christological and eschatological hermeneutics is offered as a contribution to performing gender in ways that begin to do justice to the body's grace.
Propriety and Trespass
Authors: Davis Ellen F.
Published: February 2010

Contrary to the popular view, the first chapters of Genesis do not attempt to instruct us about the process by which the species came into being ("the origin of species"), but rather about the relations that obtain, or should obtain, among them. In the context of reading Genesis after Darwin, it is noteworthy that the theme of eating is central in Genesis 1 and 3, for an important part of Darwin's legacy is the understanding that food chains are the means whereby all creatures are bound together with one another and with the earth itself. Further, we learn from Darwin that, for each species, survival is a matter of propriety. That is, it depends upon behavior that observes the limits of a particular place within the larger web of life. This chapter focuses on what the opening chapters of the Bible suggest about the divine provision of food for all creatures, the intended role of humans, and the tendency of the human species to violate the limits. Contributions to the exegetical conversation come from contemporary agrarian writers (e.g., Wendell Berry, Wes Jackson, Norman Wirzba), who argue compellingly that industrial agriculture represents an unsustainable disruption of the food chains that sustain humans and numberless other creatures.
3 Representation
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter defends an interpretation of Spinoza's theory of representation, the obscurity of which in Spinoza might otherwise present a problem for our understanding of how passions represent objects and so lead to error. In response to arguments by Wilson and Della Rocca, it is argued that Spinoza takes an idea of imagination to represent an external object in virtue of a causal relationship between that object and the affection in the human body that is identical to the idea. Representation is thus an extensional notion in Spinoza in the sense that it does not restrict the thought content of an idea. Nevertheless, Spinoza does characterize the thought content of ideas of imagination: human minds imagine external objects “as present” to them.
5 The Striving to Persevere in Being  and Psychological Egoism
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter introduces Spinoza's theory of conatus or striving. It is argued that, despite a number of important historical precedents in Descartes, Hobbes, and the Stoics, Spinoza's theory is highly distinctive. One attractive interpretation, due principally to Curley, is that Spinoza's claim that we strive to persevere in being amounts to a kind of psychological egoism on which we all consciously desire, as much as we can, to persevere in being. The chapter raises questions about psychological egoism; about the relation between human desire and the affects, which are changes in the power of striving; and about the relation between perseverance and the affects in the ends of human desire.
7 Consciousness and Desire
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

Spinoza is best regarded, not as a psychological egoist but as a kind of psychological hedonist. Bondage to passion is in part a person's inability to recognize the means to perseverance. It is argued in the chapter, however, that the most severe problem associated with bondage is a failure to recognize that laetitia, or joy, the affect that human minds associate with the ends of their desires, is obtained only where the power of a mind's striving to persevere in being increases. In such cases, we may seek ends altogether different from perseverance. Bondage, then, presents human minds with two tasks: to develop from self-knowledge a conscious desire to persevere in being, and to attain the means the means to perseverance.
8 Descriptions of the Good
Authors: LeBuffe Michael
Published: February 2010

This chapter defends an interpretation of two accounts of value from the first half of the Ethics. The Providential Account from the Appendix to Part 1 of the Ethics is presented as an account of the meaning of ‘good’ that is false but that people often hold and have a natural disposition to hold. Desire Satisfaction and Hedonic accounts, from Ethics 3p9s and 3p39s respectively, are projective theories: they do not characterize people's understanding of ‘good’ but only describe the sorts of things that people find good. People always find what they desire and associate with laetitia to be good, but, as the Providential Account shows, they do not often understand the good in these terms.
3 True Places
Authors: Herron John P.
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on the life of Robert Marshall. Marshall dedicated his career to expanding the application of the natural sciences, especially his field of forestry. He recognized the primary flaw in progressive conservation: emphasizing nature's use made all questions of nature's value economic. He pushed scientists to understand the larger implications and social significance of their work. Most Americans knew nature only through limited personal experience. But like Clarence King, Robert Marshall believed that scientific study provided a unified and more complete picture of social relations and of the importance of nature to social health. The ideal product of such study was the modern American, an individual who understood that better living came through intimate contact with the natural world. Broadcasting this message on a wide scale would occupy the rest of his life.
5 The Biological Century
Authors: Herron John P.
Published: February 2010

This chapter focuses on the life of Rachel Carson. In late summer of 1929, 22-year-old Rachel Carson arrived at the Marine Biological Laboratory (MBL) in Woods Hole, Massachusetts. A recent graduate of the Pennsylvania College for Women, Carson came to the MBL as a “beginning investigator”, to study reptilian nerve systems. By the time Carson left Woods Hole, biology and its social implications were well known. When Carson established herself as natural scientist, her role as a scientist defined her social position. Her scientific credibility was (and often still is) debated, an issue greatly affected by the contemporary politics of gender, but her acceptance of the social responsibility of the scientist was not. Promoting a socially engaged understanding of natural science was something she had anticipated and prepared for much of her life.
6 Poetic Revolutions
Authors: Herron John P.
Published: February 2010

This chapter continues the discussion of the life of Rachel Carson. Human interaction with the nonhuman world was at the foundation of Carson's environmental vision. Her childhood nature writing, for example, focused on her ordinary surroundings. During her collegiate training, her scientific knowledge of nature increased, but analysis predicated on personal experience, on the beach and in the tide pools, was still most rewarding. Carson expected natural scientists to reveal the social uses of American biology. Her critics, however, labeled her a “generalist” and a “popularizer” and relegated her vision of natural science to the domain of the amateur.
2Li理/Coherence
Authors: Angle Stephen C.
Published: February 2010

Li is a difficult term, sometimes translated as “principle” or “pattern,” that lies at the center of Neo-Confucian philosophizing. Building on the insights of Willard Peterson, Brook Ziporyn, and other scholars, the chapter argues that li means “the valuable and intelligible way that things fits together,” and chooses “coherence” as the best short translation of li. The chapter draws not only on Zhu Xi and Wang Yangming, but also on other Neo-Confucians like Zhang Zai and Luo Qinshun. P.J. Ivanhoe's important arguments concerning the influence of Huayan Buddhism on Neo-Confucianism are both developed and critiqued. The chapter examines li's combination of subjective and objective dimensions, including the way that li is partly constituted by human purposes. Other topics include the ontological status of li, its causal role, and its simultaneous unity and multiplicity. The chapter concludes by showing that once li is understood as coherence, the question of how it can be both descriptive and prescriptive—which has long bedeviled interpreters, some of them worried by Hume's distinction between “is” and “ought”—is readily answered.
Introduction
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

The introduction argues that an examination of Seneca's death will demonstrate both the centrality of Seneca in Western thinking about death and the centrality of the death scene in the tradition on Seneca's life and various works. It explains the three distinct forms of representation through which Seneca's death is here analyzed: the historical narratives (Part I; Chapters 1–2), the writings of Seneca on death, especially in the consolations, tragedies, and letters (Part II; Chapters 3–6), and the tradition of reception in both word and image (Part III; Chapter 7). It also explains how these three forms of representation are considered together in three concluding case studies on the themes of forced suicide, Seneca's image, and the ruined villa (Part IV; Chapters 8–10).
1 Three Descriptions
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This chapter gives texts and translations of the three earliest versions of Seneca's death narrative. A discursive commentary is given for each, noting distinctive features and signaling interpretive dilemmas. The goal is to show that these versions together established a basic anatomy of the death narrative, but each also offered ambiguous starting points for future adaptation in more than one interpretive direction.
2 Neronian Exits: Writing Death into History
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This chapter shows how the earliest accounts of Seneca's death were shaped by the conventions of death writing in the Greco-Roman world, some of which were already in use in Plato's Phaedo and in the accounts of Cato the Younger's suicide. These conventions, when applied to Seneca's death, serve more than one function in the broader representational edifices constructed by the three historians, particularly Tacitus. The telling of Seneca's death plays a pivotal role in three main stories: the arc of Seneca's life and career in Julio-Claudian Rome; the self-consciously literary story of tension between annalistic writing and the Exitus virorum illustrium; and the catalogue of executions and suicides in books 15 and 16 of the Annals.
5 A Closing Scene in the Theaters of Ethics, Tragedy, and History
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This chapter draws on different areas of Seneca's writings to analyze the senses in which his death was “theatrical.” Seneca himself developed two largely separate theatrical modes in his philosophical prose and his tragedies, and each of these modes offered contemporaries a different dramatic framework through which to perceive the author's death; both are illustrated here. The chapter concludes by showing how both modes were taken up in early literary portrayals of Julio-Claudian society and of Seneca's death, from first-century drama (the Hercules Oetaeus and Octavia) to the Annals of Tacitus.
8 Forced Suicide and the Bodily Paths to Libertas
Authors: Ker James
Published: February 2010

This chapter considers the interpretive background to Seneca's “forced suicide,” and its refigurations. Seneca's own philosophical approach to suicide—including his partial opposition to it—is most fully elaborated in Epistulae morales 70, which Tacitus repeatedly echoes. In subsequent retellings, the nature of Seneca's killing was repeatedly transformed by a shifting of agency among Nero, Seneca, and the minor players. There was also frequent recombination of the corporeal dynamics of blood, poison, and bath through which his death was accomplished. With these changes in “deathways,” the death's meaning also changed.