bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Business Ethics and Efficiency
Authors: Singer Abraham A.
Published: November 2018

This and the next chapter articulate a theory of business ethics that fits with how the book has approached corporate governance and corporate law. It takes the “market failures approach” (MFA) to business ethics as a starting point, a view that takes efficiency to be the primary moral principle for business. The MFA holds that businesses have an ethical duty not to exploit “market failures,” the inefficiencies and misallocations systematically and predictably effected by markets. This view is strong because it provides a robust account of business’s ethical duties within the framework of contemporary economic theory; business ethics is neither a wet blanket draped over the C-suite nor a self-serving rationalization of business’s self-interested activities. Instead, business ethics is shown to fit within a larger scheme of social cooperation, taking seriously businesses’ place within that scheme, particularly within a competitive market characterized by deontic weakening.
Business Ethics and Equality
Authors: Singer Abraham A.
Published: November 2018

This chapter shows why concerns for equality must affect business ethics. In the last chapter, we saw that the market failures approach takes the theory of second best seriously when it comes to the first fundamental theorem; however, it does not seem to apply it to its own reliance on the second fundamental theorem. Just as we ask corporate executives to constrain and restrain themselves according to the spirit of efficiency-promoting laws in order to achieve second-best efficiency, market actors ought to shoulder some of the burden of justice in order to achieve second-best social justice. To this end this chapter introduces the concept of “justice failure” as a concept parallel to “market failure” and sketches out what a justice failures approach to business ethics would look like. The chapter concludes by responding to potential objections.
Conclusion
Authors: Singer Abraham A.
Published: November 2018

The conclusion reviews the arguments that have been offered throughout the book. This book started with some basic presuppositions that represent the underlying normative commitments of the liberal democratic market societies we find ourselves in. This chapters reviews the critique offered of the Chicago School of economics, the normative account of corporate productivity, as well as the prescriptions offered for corporate law, corporate governance, and business ethics, that were offered in light of these presuppositions. Graphical representations are offered for each of the theories reviewed. The chapter concludes with a methodological reflection on the nature of immanent critique and the role of idealizing assumptions in political theory.
Modernism and the Media History of Obscenity
Authors: Forster Chris
Published: November 2018

This chapter surveys the history of obscenity in English jurisprudence, from the invention of obscene libel as a crime in the eighteenth century through the 1857 Obscene Publications Act and its 1959 reform. It draws on Marshall McLuhan and Friedrich Kittler to argue that the invention of obscenity, and its subsequent definitions and redefinitions, reflect changes in media ecology and technology. It begins by examining the 1960 trial of D. H. Lawrence’s Lady Chatterley’s Lover, before surveying the history of obscenity, and concluding with readings of the way the technologically mediated character of obscenity is reflected in both James Joyce’s Portrait of the Artist as Young Man and Ian McEwan’s Atonement.
Materializing Ulysses
Authors: Forster Chris
Published: November 2018

This chapter compares the reception of Joyce’s 1922 Ulysses with that of Joseph Strick’s 1967 film adaptation of the novel. Although Ulysses had been legally publishable in England for decades, Strick’s film still encountered censorship from the British Board of Film Censors. The chapter argues that Joyce’s novel, for all its obscenity and provocation, mitigated its threat by foregrounding its own printedness, allying its fate to the waning power of print as a bearer of obscenity. Strick’s film, by contrast, activated the perceived power of film. The contrast of the two versions of Ulysses, which are often identical in language, thus offers a valuable window on how obscenity changed across media through the twentieth century. In making this argument, the chapter surveys print strategies of censorship, including the asterisk, and how these strategies operated in a range of works.
Revealing Vulnerabilities
Authors: Mauldin Erin Stewart
Published: November 2018

The Civil War precipitated the breakdown of southerners’ extensive land-use system by removing vital agricultural resources and accelerating ongoing environmental damage. For four years, military operations ripped up fences, reduced open range, made roaming stock more vulnerable to soldiers, stopped the flow of fertilizers, and interfered with crop production. The practices of Civil War armies were not particularly destructive in a global context, but the antebellum farming system had made the South peculiarly vulnerable to them. Troop movements put pressure on soil and timber resources through constructing breastworks, trenches, and camps across farmland, and armies introduced a number of animal diseases to the more isolated parts of the South, such as hog cholera. Although in some ways, the war proved an ecological boon to the land as more fields lay fallow and southerners shifted reluctantly toward subsistence crops, the heavy tread of armies reshaped agriculture in ways that long outlasted the surrender.
The Legal System and Its African American Constituents
Authors: Gibson James L. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: November 2018

Despite popular reports that the legal system is in a state of crisis with respect to its African American constituents, research on black public opinion in general is limited owing to the difficulty and expense of assembling representative samples of minorities. We suspect that the story of lagging legal legitimacy among African Americans is in fact quite a bit more nuanced than is often portrayed. In particular, black public opinion is unlikely to be uniform and homogeneous; black people most likely vary in their attitudes toward law and legal institutions. Especially significant is variability in the experiences—personal and vicarious—black people have had with legal authorities (e.g., “stop-and-frisk”), and the nature of individuals’ attachment to blacks as a group (e.g., “linked fate”). We posit that both experiences and in-group identities are commanding because they influence the ways in which black people process information, and in particular, the ways in which blacks react to the symbols of legal authority (e.g., judges’ robes).
Group Identities and Experiences with Legal Authorities
Authors: Gibson James L. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: November 2018

Black and white Americans hold vastly different explicit attitudes about law, justice, and the legal system. But to what extent are the views of blacks toward the legal system homogeneous? We argue that identities and experiences color the extent to which blacks exhibit high levels of support for the legal system. First, we discuss how both personal and vicarious experiences with the legal system vary among blacks, and explain how individuals who have had more negative experiences with the legal system may be less likely to support it. Second, drawing from a rich and developing literature on race and politics, we catalog variation in feelings of linked fate and group identification among blacks. Relying on a nationally-representative survey of blacks, we demonstrate that these two forms of group attachments are surprisingly different.
Have Ferguson and Its Companions Contaminated Black Support for Legal Institutions?
Authors: Gibson James L. , Nelson Michael J.
Published: November 2018

Given that African Americans have been victimized by the abuses of individual police officers as well as by discriminatory public policies such as “stop-and-frisk,” it is no surprise that considerable alienation seems to characterize the contemporary relationship between African Americans and the legal institutions that govern them. But have those attitudes poisoned more general views of legal institutions such as the U.S. Supreme Court? Using a nationally-representative sample of African Americans, we assess whether blacks generalize from their experiences with local authorities to perceptions of legal system fairness, and further to institutional support for the high bench. While we find that perceptions of legal system fairness have not undermined Supreme Court legitimacy, all of the relationships we consider are found to be conditional upon the nature of group attachments.
The Problem of War
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2018

Darwinian evolutionary theory is one of the brightest jewels in the crown of science; yet it has been highly controversial since its first appearance in the Origin of Species in 1859. Well known is the opposition of so many Christians, an opposition that shows little sign of abating today. The Problem of War: Darwinism, Christianity, and Their Battle to Understand Human Conflict argues that the roots of the unease lie not simply (as many think) in a straight clash between science and religion, but more deeply in the fact that, while professional biologists are producing first-class science, Darwinism has always had a somewhat darker side where it functions as a secular religion, a form of humanism, directly challenging Christianity. Testing and confirming this claim, The Problem of War is an in-depth study of Christians and of Darwinians on the theme of war. It covers a wide range of thinkers, showing that they are functioning in the same religious mode, but in directly conflicting ways—Christians arguing that war is always evil and we fallible humans will have it with us always; and Darwinians arguing that since war led to humankind, it has in respects to be considered good, but now we can and must move on to a more peaceful future. Appreciating the essentially religious nature of the debate helps us to understand the criticisms of Darwinism and to hope that the different perspectives, Christian and Darwinian, might indeed find common meeting ground.
Darwinism After Darwin
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2018

In the forty-plus years, from the time of the Descent in 1871 to the time of the outbreak of the First World War in 1914, people influenced by or responding to Darwin’s thinking wrote extensively on the nature of war. Often, religious upbringing—as for Herbert Spencer and Alfred Russel Wallace—infused discussions showing how really the whole debate was as much religious as scientific. Thomas Henry Huxley showed his innate Calvinism and Prince Petr Kropotkin equally showed his Russian roots. American thinkers tended to worry about the eugenical effects of war, and William James proposed a kind of proto Peace Corps to harness the violent tendencies of the young. Across in Germany, Friedrich von Bernhardi was hymning the necessity of war, although in major respects his ideas owed more to Germanic philosophy, especially Hegel, than to anything coming out of England, a country he feared and despised.
Moving Forward
Authors: Ruse Michael
Published: November 2018

The Augustinian vision of humankind, on which so much Christian thinking about war is based, is false. Thanks to Darwinian evolutionary biology we know there was no original couple, Adam and Eve; there was no eating of the apple; there is no original sin. We are not innately depraved in this way. Morbid fatalism is inappropriate. The killer-ape vision of humankind, on which so much Darwinian thinking about war is based, is equally false. Thanks to updated Darwinian evolutionary biology, we know that we did not evolve in the violent ways often presumed, and that in major respects we are designed to avoid war. Culture, particularly agriculture, changed much of that and war became common. Changing this is not to go against our nature. Naïve optimism is no more in place. There is hope of more constructive engagement between Christians and Darwinians. On the Christian side, there are alternative theologies to Augustinian Atonement theology, notable Incarnational theology, not dependent on a literal Adam and Eve. On the Darwinian side, there are fresh empirical findings and interpretations, with truer understandings of human history and nature. Perhaps now, together, we can move forward the debate on the nature and causes and possible ending of human warfare.
No Hard Feelings
Authors: O'Shea Janet
Published: November 2018

This chapter continues the examination of how martial arts differ from violence by delving into the symbolism attached to sport fighting. Here, this section investigates the significance of seemingly small gestures such as handshakes and fist bumps, treating them as play markers that separate the mat or the ring from the outside world. The rich symbolism of play markers run alongside an inversion of the meaning attached to strikes: in the outside world a punch devalues, whereas in sport fighting it signals respect for an opponent’s abilities. In this sense, sport fighting differentiates but also walks a fine line between the form and the function of violence. This consideration of significance in martial arts practice includes an investigation of martial arts and combat sport’s vexed relationship to real violence.
Chess with Cardio
Authors: O'Shea Janet
Published: November 2018

This chapter extends the consideration of martial arts as play by investigating sparring as a game—a structured, rule-bound interaction that balances playing and winning—and competition fighting as a sport: a spectacle that hinges on an outcome. The importance of rules to sport fighting is considered, as rules make the game and ostensibly assure fairness, although the latter proves elusive in light of the social and economic variables that render access to training uneven. This chapter treats sparring as an exploration of disagreement, contrasting it with interactions in the public sphere where a lack of physical presence enables incivility.
Making Play Work
Authors: O'Shea Janet
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the overlapping categories of games and sport through a consideration of sparring versus competition fighting. Although sports retain the inefficient means of games, they tilt the emphasis toward success, so that sport comprises a tension between work and play. Exercise, like sport, emphasizes outcome rather than process. For this reason, both sport and exercise can arise from obligation. This chapter invokes the historical standardization of sports, particularly through quantification, and examines the pitfalls of a societal outsourcing of competitive pleasure to experts. The section concludes by proposing intentional amateurism as a means of correcting an overemphasis on success at all costs.
Introduction
Authors: Rodgers Yana van der Meulen
Published: November 2018

This chapter argues that the book fills a knowledge gap by conducting a systematic analysis of how the global gag rule affects women’s reproductive health across developing regions. The book extends the focus of the two previous econometric studies of the global gag rule’s impact in sub-Saharan Africa to include three additional developing regions: Latin America and the Caribbean, Eastern Europe and Central Asia, and South and Southeast Asia. This statistical analysis is grounded in a conceptual framework that models the complex factors that influence women’s decision-making about fertility. The chapter also describes the book’s multimethod approach to examining restrictions on women’s reproductive health through historical analysis, case studies, and analysis of aggregate data. The evolution of family-planning programs, the links between contraceptive access and fertility rates, the relationship between restrictive abortion laws and abortion rates, and the likelihood of other adverse effects are also introduced.
Global Abortion Policies and Practices
Authors: Rodgers Yana van der Meulen
Published: November 2018

Chapter 5 provides a detailed examination of global abortion laws and rates. Policies and practices around abortion have evolved since ancient times in ways that vary across regions according to deeply entrenched religious views, political ideologies, patriarchal structures, and strong stigmas. A critical conclusion is that instead of reducing abortion rates, restrictive laws change the conditions under which women obtain abortions in ways that endanger their health. Unsafe abortion is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality, and some governments have started to liberalize their laws. However, implementation is often slow due to weak health infrastructure. Offsetting these challenges are innovations in reproductive health technologies that have enabled women in some countries to have a “medical abortion” using pharmaceuticals made available through the internet, pharmacies, and black market. Some obstacles remain that prevent this option, including affordability, import restrictions, lack of information about proper usage, and slow-to-change stigmas.
Jains as the Intimate, Wholly Other
Authors: Ben-Herut Gil
Published: November 2018

Chapter 6 deals with interactions with the religious other, namely Jains, outside the courts and most significantly at temples. The chapter highlights the ambiguity in Harihara’s depictions of Jains, who are presented as utterly alien to Śaiva dispositions but also intimately close in terms of daily living. Harihara’s rendering of the wholly other is complicated by the text’s implicit admittance of the intimate presence of the wholly other in the mundane life of most Śaivas—at temples, in marketplaces, and even in the domestic sphere through interreligious marriages. Thus, Chapter 6 reads the aggressive alienation of Jains in the Ragaḷegaḷu stories against the text’s silent admittance in a social reality made of some amount of religious coexistence.
A Brief History of Buddhist-Inspired American Spirituality, 1830s–1970s
Authors: Kucinskas Jaime
Published: November 2018

This chapter introduces the historical cultural antecedents to the contemplative movement, showing that mindfulness builds upon the rhetoric and logics of prior religious liberal and spiritual thought in the United States. Americans were exposed to Buddhism, and its emphasis on cultivating inner spiritual life through solitude and reflection, in the mid-nineteenth century from the Transcendentalist literature of Henry David Thoreau and Ralph Waldo Emerson. In the late nineteenth century, the Theosophists and the World’s Parliament of Religions meetings brought additional attention to Buddhism, aligning it with science. Interest in Zen and solitary, reflective Buddhist practices surged in the mid-twentieth century based on the influence of D. T. Suzuki, Alan Watts, and the politicized literature of the Beats. These romanticized portrayals of Buddhism were then more widely popularized with the countercultural movements of the 1960s and 1970s. The contemplatives built upon the work of these prior streams of Buddhist-inspired American spirituality.
Collective Authenticity
Authors: Kucinskas Jaime
Published: November 2018

With the rising popularity of mindfulness and other contemplative practices, a backlash has emerged. Critics have suggested that the contemplative movement has abandoned its Buddhist ethical roots, has lost authenticity, has been coopted by corporate interests, and has failed to initiate deep, structural social reform. This chapter shows how movement leaders have responded to such claims by performing collective authenticity in their meetings. They hearkened back to Buddhist sacred texts, teachers, and ethics and affirmed their sense of social responsibility and their commitment to social reform. The contemplatives showed how, as a movement, central organizations can enact authenticity as a process to confront external and internal threats, to reflect on and connect to their ideological roots, and to strengthen their collective identity.
Sacred Space Becomes Public Space
Authors: Moodie Deonnie
Published: November 2018

At the turn of the twenty-first century, middle-class men and women formed non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and filed public interest litigation suits (PILs) in order to expand temple space, knock down buildings that block views of Kālīghāṭ’s façade, and remove undesirable materials and populations from its environs. Employing the language of cleanliness and order, they worked (and continue to work) to make Kālīghāṭ a “must-see” tourist attraction. Scholarship has shown that India’s new middle classes—those produced through India’s economic liberalization policies in the 1990s—desire highly visible forms demonstrating their modernity as well as their uniqueness on the international stage of urban space. The example of Kālīghāṭ indicates how India’s new middle classes build on the work of the old middle classes to deploy the temple as emblematic of both their modernity and their Indian-ness. In so doing, they read the idioms of public space onto sacred space.
Resisting Middle-Class Modernizing Projects
Authors: Moodie Deonnie
Published: November 2018

Middle-class modernizers frame their projects at Kālīghāṭ as being in the best interests of the Hindu public in Kolkata. However, so many who frequently worship at the temple or who live and work on temple grounds do not share the desire to transform the temple so that it represents Indian modernity. Lower-class men and women are successful in resisting modernizing projects because they employ tactics that make state control difficult or impossible. These include protests, the formation of political organizations, as well as obstinacy and deception. This chapter demonstrates that while middle-class actors may use the tools of civil society to gain state support for their projects, they are not guaranteed success. Even informal and non-legal tools of what Partha Chatterjee calls “political society” are effective in blocking the enactment of modernizing projects.
Epilogue
Authors: Hunt Luke William
Published: November 2018

The epilogue pulls together the arguments from the prior chapters by analyzing a scenario involving an informant who engages in “otherwise illegal activity” on behalf of the police. The epilogue then revisits the overlapping conceptions of human dignity that were introduced earlier, reaching the following conclusion: a broadly defined ideal theory of justice in the liberal tradition provides constraints regarding how the state (especially the police) may fulfill its reciprocal duties in society; one of those constraints is a commitment to a conception of persons that includes human dignity. By concluding the book in this way, the goal is to emphasize liberalism’s commitment to a conception of persons that is based upon multiple foundational stances. This helps show how liberal personhood likewise constrains the police’s power from multiple foundational stances. The hope is that, by following this path, there has been something of a retrieval of dignity in policing.
(Mythical) Battles in Medieval Scandinavia
Authors: Meylan Nicolas
Published: November 2018

This chapter uses Lincoln’s critical analysis of myth to examine various medieval poetic and historiographical accounts of the battle of Hjørung Bay, fought by Danes and Norwegians off the coast of Norway in the late tenth century.. These accounts, which for the most part postdate the battle by some two hundred years, are compared not to reconstruct the event itself but rather to identify the political subtexts embedded in them. It argues that these battle narratives, like cosmogonic myths in other contexts, have played a key ideological role in the construction of social and political identities from the medieval period to the present.
Where Men Are Knights and Women Are Princesses
Authors: Hayes Kelly E.
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the role of gender in the Valley of Dawn, a New Age movement headquartered in Brazil with a growing international presence. Known for its eclectic cosmology and collective rituals performed by adepts dressed in ornate garments, the Valley proposes that men and women embody complementary energetic forces that, when harmonized, promote spiritual evolution on the individual and cosmic levels. However, despite the Valley’s rhetorical emphasis on gender complementarity and male-female partnerships, in practice it systematically subordinates women to men’s authority. While this movement is indeed uplifting and meaningful for many participants, in reinforcing traditional ideas of masculinity and femininity by projecting them onto a spiritual plane, it gives supernatural sanction to a heteronormative model of gender.
Norn, Vampire, Female Christ
Authors: von Schnurbein Stefanie
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines the role of gender and myth in the Swedish novel Hertha, which is often identified as the “first emancipatory women’s novel.” Combining Bruce Lincoln’s insights into myth with an experimental, self-reflexive writing style (suited to Hertha’s own experimental style), the chapter explores the ways in which the novel combines Christian and Norse religious narratives in order to imagine a radical new form of female identity and a utopian future. While Hertha might ultimately be read as a “failed novel,” the chapter suggest, it can also be seen as a kind of revolutionary myth that helped inspire change.
What Is Religion?
Authors: Calame Claude
Published: November 2018

This chapter examines two major trends in the contemporary study of religion—cognitive science and cultural anthropology. While the former seeks a universal, naturalist, evolutionary explanation for religion, the latter emphasizes cultural relativism, variability, and local context. After interrogating the weakness of both, the chapter suggests that Bruce Lincoln’s more critical, reflexive, and ideologically sensitive approach offers one of the best ways to move forward in the study of religion today. While recognizing the limitations and provisional nature of any definition of religion, Lincoln’s approach offers for a broad comparative method while also paying close attention to history, politics, and social change.
Sovereignty, Political Obligation, and Fairness
Authors: O’Brian William E.
Published: November 2018

This chapter analyzes the leading theories of freedom in recent legal and philosophical theory, focusing on the pure negative freedom approach, the Kantian approach, and the Republican approach, contrasting these with the leading “positive freedom” approach, that of capabilities. Adopting elements of all of these theories, the chapter develops a Kantian approach incorporating elements of the Republican analysis of freedom. In doing so, the chapter discusses the Principle of Fairness, and applies the Principle of Fairness to the concept of political obligation. The resulting theory lends support to a particular principle, the Reciprocal Sovereignty Principle, which permits restrictions of freedom only where doing so is mutually beneficial.
Sovereignty and Executive Power
Authors: Morris Christopher W.
Published: November 2018

States claim sovereignty, that is, to be the ultimate source of political authority in their realm. The classical conception of sovereignty defended by early modern thinkers such as Hobbes and Rousseau would give the sovereign extraordinary powers, the authority to rule on just about any matter concerning its subjects and territory. Few today defend this classical conception of sovereignty as unconstrained authority; most everyone thinks that the powers of the state are constrained and limited. Constrained states can still be very powerful, and today many argue that the power of the executive branch of government, in particular, ought to be less constrained than it is thought to be. This chapter argues that the concept of the sovereignty of the state, whether understood in a classical way or as limited, gives little support to those who argue that the executive branch ought to be relatively unconstrained in the realm of security and foreign affairs. The doctrine of the sovereignty of the state does not single out any branch of government for distinctive powers. While there may be reasons intrinsic to sovereignty to attribute greater powers to states, these reasons don’t privilege the executive branch of government. Our executive branches are not sovereigns.
International Human Rights Law in the Reparation Practice of the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia
Authors: Perez-Leon-Acevedo Juan-Pablo
Published: November 2018

Among international and hybrid criminal tribunals, the Extraordinary Chambers in the Courts of Cambodia (ECCC) is one of the few that include a reparation system for victims of crimes under its jurisdiction. This article analyses how and to what extent the ECCC has used international human rights law (IHRL) to interpret and apply reparation provisions of the ECCC legal instruments. The ECCC has largely relied on IHRL sources, particularly, the UN Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and Reparation for Victims of Gross Violations of International Human Rights Law and Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law, case-law of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights and case-law of the European Court of Human Rights. However, such use has been adapted to the legal framework of the ECCC. Unlike human rights courts, the ECCC determines individual criminal liability and, thus, can only order reparations against convicted individuals.
Introductory Note
Authors: Reinisch August
Published: November 2018

In 2016, the jurisprudence of ICSID tribunals and ad hoc committees largely followed established lines. However, two jurisdictional decisions evidenced that the Salini test seems to have been almost eviscerated. The use of the GATS MFN clause to access investment arbitration was rejected in Menzies and forged documents led to the inadmissibility of investment claims in Churchill Mining. The Philip Morris case addressed core issues of host state regulatory measures and investment protection standards. Several cases clarified the role of compensation as a legality requirement for expropriation, while others made the due diligence standard states owe under full protection and security more precise and one tribunal held that an investor could not even import more favourable substantive standards under the applicable MFN clause. Two annulment committees ruled on the impartiality and independence of arbitrators and the issue of “surprise arguments.”
Embodied Mathematics
Authors: Nagarajan Vijaya
Published: November 2018

This chapter introduces ethnomathematics and discusses the multiple relationships between the kōlam and mathematics. Some of these mathematical properties align with women’s implicit framing knowledge of the kōlam. These ritual patterns are relevant to four key mathematical aspects: symmetry, fractals, array grammars and picture languages, and infinity. This chapter presents the concept of embodied mathematics and argues that Chandralekha’s choreographies embody the three dimensional kōlam. The dot kōlams and the square kōlams are symmetrical. Using geometric algorithms, mathematicians have found that the kōlam is created by transforming and superimposing basic subunits into fractals. Picture languages use sets of basic units combined with formal rules to make larger and seemingly infinite patterns, which computer scientists use for programming computer languages. The kōlam’s connection to infinity serves as a vehicle for auspiciousness. This chapter also discusses how Chandralekha’s choreographies expand the two-dimensional kōlam into three dimensions.
Premiere and Revival
Authors: Christoforidis Michael
Published: November 2018

Carmen’s 1875 premiere at the Opéra-Comique was an unauspicious launch for a work that became Bizet’s most famous opera. Its controversial subject, Célestine Galli-Marié’s realist performance of the eponymous heroine, and surrounding politics all contributed to the work’s initial failure. Despite this, Carmen quickly became established in theaters around the world, leading to a triumphant revival when Galli-Marié finally returned to the role in Paris in 1883. This chapter examines connections between the opera’s changing fortunes in Paris and a range of issues related to Spain. It explores how fresh notions of local color, including the phenomenal success of the estudiantinas from 1878, transformed the landscape of Spanishness in the French capital at this time.
Dueling Carmens in Madrid
Authors: Christoforidis Michael
Published: November 2018

The notion that Spanish audiences and critics rejected Carmen as an exoticist abomination is interrogated in Chapter 3, which investigates the opera’s arrival in Madrid during the 1887–88 season, and its ultimate embrace by local audiences. Carmen’s debut in the Spanish capital was surrounded by controversies, including a protracted legal dispute over performance rights between Madrid’s two leading lyric theaters, the Teatro Real and the Teatro de la Zarzuela. These events coincided with significant debates over Spanish cultural identity, and the translation of Carmen into Spanish for adaptation as a zarzuela exposed the fault lines between Bizet’s vision of Spain and local concerns about self-representation.
Profusion and Parody in Barcelona
Authors: Christoforidis Michael
Published: November 2018

The cosmopolitan northern city of Barcelona played host to Carmen’s Spanish premiere in 1881, starring Célestine Galli-Marié, and although the opera failed to take root at this point, Barcelona’s status as a center of entertainment in a variety of Spanish genres and a keen purveyor of European trends set the stage for Carmen’s return in the late 1880s. This revival led to a proliferation of competing productions in the early 1890s, and a degree of popularity that inspired the composition of a successful parody, the género chico work Carmela (1891), which subverted the local color and melodies of Bizet’s opera for a Hispanic audience and toured Spain and the Americas for several years.
Introduction
Authors: Hutchinson Mark P. , Brown Candy Gunther
Published: November 2018

This introduction combines a statistical and geographical overview of Protestant dissenting traditions, defining key terms such as modernity, dissent, liberalization, globalization, and glocalization, and pointing to concurrent discourses in other disciplines such as indigenization theory. The various chapters are introduced, pointing towards the importance of changing imperial politics, rising nationalism, adaptive structures and approaches, and the process of crossing cultural boundaries as these interact with new technologies. A number of graphs indicating the geographical and numerical development of dissenting Protestant movements across the twentieth century are provided. The work of scholars such as Appadurai, Berger, Elvin, Horton, Giddens, Waters, and others is canvassed and placed within a statistical and evidential framework. The entanglement of multiple layers of colonialism and previous globalizations is pointed to. Liberalization, primitivism, popularization, charismaticization, re-socialization, and even, in some cases, re-nationalization, it is noted, are all responses to the increasingly common experiences of living in transnational spaces.
Encounters with Modernity among Received Spiritualities and Traditions
Authors: Brown Candy Gunther
Published: November 2018

This chapter canvasses the various meanings of modernity and secularization, and develops a partial typology of Protestant reactions to these key themes of the twentieth century. Through the author’s expertise in global charismatic and divine healing movements, and shifting interpretations of sacred texts and religious practice, the chapter notes six categories of Protestant responses, which are to: (1) reinterpret the Bible in light of modern scholarship; (2) reaffirm the Bible’s authoritative status; (3) recontextualize the Bible in light of modern society and culture; (4) reinterpret medical materialism through the prism of biblical supernaturalism; (5) reassess the Bible’s compatibility with a plurality of spiritual healing resources; and (6) reappropriate modern technologies for traditional biblical ends. The chapter notes the challenges to the standard secularization theory, and to the self-definition of Protestant dissenting movements, as they move around the world. It illustrates these points with particular reference to the rise of African indigenous charismatic dissenting practice, starting with key figures such as William Wadé Harris.
Biblical Interpretation in the Majority World
Authors: Yeo K. K.
Published: November 2018

This chapter challenges the ‘received’ view that traces the expansion of the dominant theologies of the European and North American colonial powers and their missionaries into the Majority World. When they arrived, these Westerners found ancient Christian traditions and pre-existing spiritualities, linguistic and cultural forms, which questioned their Eurocentric presumptions, and energized new approaches to interpreting the sacred texts of Christianity. The emergence of ‘creative tensions’ in global encounters are a mechanism for expressing (D)issent against attempts to close down or normalize local Bible-reading traditions. This chapter points to the elements which establish a creative tension between indigenizing Majority World approaches to the Bible and those described in the ‘orthodox’ narrative, including: self-theologizing and communal readings; concepts of the Spirit world and human flourishing; the impact of multiple contexts, vernacular languages, sociopolitical and ethno-national identities, and power/marginalization structures; and ‘framing’ public and ecological issues.
Have Your Cause and Beat It
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

Regularity can be taken as a sign of causation but it is also true that once a cause occurs, its usual effect might still not happen. There are preventions and interferences that can stop a cause from having its typical effect and this explains why prediction is fallible. A positive way to look at the same issue, however, is that intervention and manipulation are possible in cases where it is useful to stop a cause from doing its work or to change its effect in some way. Subtractive and additive interference can be distinguished, the latter especially posing a challenge to regularity accounts of causation.
The Modality of Causation
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

Hume said that necessity was part of the popular concept of cause but not legitimately so. Necessity could be found in no experience of causation so should be expelled from the concept. To this extent, Hume was right but it leaves us with a problem of inductive scepticism. Nevertheless, many of his critics overreacted in defending the necessity of causation. Additive interference shows that there is no causal necessity. Both Hume’s thesis and its antithesis seem flawed; but there are prospects of a synthesis. The idea of tendency can give us an intermediate, third modality between necessity and pure contingency, and this seems to be the correct modality of causation.
Digging Deeper to Find the Real Causes?
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

Mechanisms are typically thought of as lower level than which they explain; as ‘underlying’ their effects. But this conception is not inevitable and it allies with a reductionist conception of nature. There are cases where the mechanisms of production are plausibly at a higher level of nature than that which they explain, which justifies a position of strong ontological emergence and a commitment to holism. This also vindicates the need for ‘special’ or non-fundamental sciences. But such emergence should not be understood as a ‘brute’ phenomenon. There is no reason why there cannot be a perfectly naturalistic explanation of how parts become transformed through their interaction to produce new powers of their whole.
Uncertainty, Certainty, and Beyond
Authors: Anjum Rani Lill , Mumford Stephen
Published: November 2018

The issue of probability enters into science because there can be inconclusive evidence, degrees of belief, and chancy phenomena in the world. This is relevant to Bayesian thinking, for example, which accepts that theories should be accepted only tentatively and considered more or less probable in the light of new evidence. Probability can be modelled in a simplified way, such as where a maximal degree of belief is assigned the value 1. A question remains of how well this reflects the reality of epistemic phenomena, which seems to allow cases where there is more than certainty, i.e. where you would still be certain of something even with less evidence than there is.
Toward a Conservative Revolution
Authors: Trencsényi Balázs , Kopeček Michal , Lisjak Gabrijelčič Luka , Falina Maria , Baár Mónika , Janowski Maciej
Published: November 2018

The interwar radicalization of politics in East Central Europe was linked to the proliferation of a discourse of crisis. Symptoms of crisis could be localized in certain social groups, institutions, and social relations, such as the generational cleavage. Since the topos of crisis was not bound to any particular ideology, the very same discourse was used by liberal and leftist intellectuals as well. Nevertheless, the most plausible ideological framework offering a way out of the crisis seemed to be the “conservative revolution,” promising to restore the continuity of traditions that had been interrupted by the breakthrough of modernity. This led to the proliferation of “national metaphysics,” defining the specificity of the respective nation with ontological categories. Another face of this “conservative revolution” was the politicization of religion, linked to the renewed interest in myth and popular religiosity. At the same time, there was also a conservative anti-totalitarian stance and, in a few cases, a left-wing reorientation of certain religious subcultures.
Truth Serum, Liar Serum, and Some Problems about Saying What You Think Is False
Authors: Pepp Jessica
Published: November 2018

This chapter investigates the conflict between thought and speech that is inherent in lying: the conflict of saying what you think is false. Traditionally, this is analyzed in terms of saying something and believing that it is false. But cases of unconscious or divided belief challenge these analyses. Amendments involving assent instead of belief fare no better. Attempts to save these analyses by appeal to guises or modes of presentation will also run into trouble. Alternative approaches to untruthfulness are considered. Two new kinds of case are introduced, “truth serum” and “liar serum” cases. Consideration of these cases reveals structural problems with intention- and expectation-based approaches also. The cases suggest that saying what you think is false, or being untruthful, is no less difficult and interesting a subject for analysis than lying itself. The discussion illuminates how the study of lying intertwines with issues in the nature of intentional action.
Lying to Mindless Machines
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2018

We routinely lie to mindless machines, such as present-day computers, but they cannot lie to us. A mindless machine cannot lie because it cannot assert. One of the ways we can assert is by going on the record. The recorder need only make the assertion accessible to hearers. This is compatible with the speaker knowing that no one will actually access the recorded assertion. For instance, you lied when you last checked the box affirming that you read the service agreement to your computer’s new software. But you did not intend to deceive anyone. How did you manage to lie in such psychologically barren circumstances? An answer is suggested by the legal concept of estoppel.
Thomas Jefferson’s Virginia Criminal Law Bill
Authors: Dubber Markus D.
Published: November 2018

Part III of Dual Penal State uses dual penal state analysis to generate a comparative-historical account of American penality. With comparative glimpses at Germany and, to a lesser extent, England, it distinguishes between two responses to the shared challenge of legitimating state penal power in a modern liberal democratic state: (1) the failure to appreciate the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power in particular (United States) and of modern state power in general (England); and (2) the failure to address the legitimatory challenge of modern state penal power as an ongoing existential threat to the legitimacy of the state (Germany). Chapter 6 undertakes a critical analysis of Jefferson’s 1779 draft of a criminal law bill for the State of Virginia, concluding that it fell well short of a criminal code that reflected the ideals of the American legal-political project as spelled out, for instance, in Jefferson’s Declaration of Independence of 1776.
The Cameri
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter discusses the establishment and growth of two new theatres founded by actor-director Yosef Milo: the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv (1944) and Haifa Municipal Theatre in Haifa (1961). Milo was a representative of a young generation of theatre artists who arrived in Israel at an early age and were educated by the Eretz-Yisraeli education system. The encounter of these young artists with classical Greek tragedy is presented in the context of these new theatres. By examining three productions—Anouilh’s Antigone (1946), Euripides’ Electra (1964), and Sophocles’ Antigone (1965)—the chapter defines the theatrical questions and practical problems that arose as the classic masterpieces were transposed to a new culture, and describes Yosef Milo’s quest for an innovative artistic, theatrical identity.
Experimentations
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the theatrical work of three directors of the first post-independence generation—Arieh Sachs, Yossi Yizraely, and Edna Shavit—Israeli-born directors who chose to study directing in well-known academies in England and universities in America. They returned to Israel after their studies with plans to assimilate the traditions they learned abroad on the professional stages in Israel. All three chose to divide their professional work between teaching in academia and experimenting with dramaturgy techniques and directing methods on the professional stage. The analysis of their experiments with plays such as The Bacchae and Medea by Euripides, and Oedipus Tyrannus by Sophocles, demonstrates the challenges that they faced while grappling with the theatrical practice inherent in performing classical Greek drama: the actor’s work, the use of space, the forging of a stage image, and the expressivity of the chorus.
Lysistrata
Authors: Yaari Nurit
Published: November 2018

This chapter focuses on the comedy Lysistrata by Aristophanes. Lysistrata is the most commonly staged of Aristophanes’ comedies in Israel; to date seven productions of that play have been staged in Israel. This is not surprising, given that it is a lurid anti-war comedy, with a plot that combines sex and war, and raises weighty issues concerning state management, war fatigue, and the desire for peace, in a fantasy where women take over control of the city. Through an analysis of four productions of that play that have been staged in Israel between 1958 and 2002, the chapter discusses the impact of historical events on the reading of the play and its performance, and shows how each production steered in the narrow range between entertainment, criticism, and protest.