bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bone Age in Children with Minimal Brain Dysfunction
Authors: Oettinger Leon , Majovski Lawrence V. , Limbeck George A. , Gauch Ronald
Published: September 2011

53 children diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunction by the criteria of Clements had X-rays of their left wrist and hand for the determination of bone age. All X-rays were read independently by three physicians skilled in radiology. The films were read blind, that is, sex and case numbers but not age were available. The degree of inter-rater reliability was very high ( r = 0.87). Bone age for the minimal brain dysfunction group was significantly retarded ( p < 0.01) compared with the standard group's norms. Bone ages of more than 2 SD below the mean occurred in 10 children, while only one child showed a bone age of more than 2 SD above the mean. Two-thirds of the children in the minimal brain dysfunction group fell below the mean of the standard norms. No correlation was found between bone age and thyroid level. These findings suggest that children diagnosed as having minimal brain dysfunction may be physiologically retarded in their bone age, although marked individual variations remain. The concept of physiological immaturity should be considered by professionals in the education and social planning for the child with minimal brain dysfunction.
Relationship between Two Tests of Visual Retention
Authors: Hemsley David
Published: September 2011

A retrospective investigation of the relationship between 2 tests of visual retention, used clinically in the assessment of brain damage on 31 patients, is described. Differences between the tests are discussed. The agreement between the tests is dependent on the cut-off points chosen. The results indicate once again the difficulties inherent in the unitary concept of brain damage.
Communication of Agent, Object, and Indirect Object in Signed and Spoken Languages
Authors: Bode Loreli
Published: September 2011

A picture-description task was used to study the comparative effectiveness of communication between deaf subjects using American Sign Language, and hearing subjects using spoken English: 16 deaf, native users of American Sign Language and 16 hearing, native users of English. All subjects were university undergraduate students. Within the two groups, paired subjects alternately described pictures to each other. Pictures illustrated three different characters assuming in turn the roles of agent, object, and indirect object. Following a description by Subject1, Subject2 selected the picture he or she thought Subject1 had described, from a set of 6 pictures containing the described picture. The frequency of errors did not differ significantly between signing and speaking subjects.
Dichotic Word-Perception of Aphasic and Normal Subjects
Authors: Moore W. H. , Weidner William E.
Published: September 2011

The present investigation examined the role of the right cerebral hemisphere in linguistic perception following a left cerebral insult which had resulted in aphasia. Auditory dichotic procedures were utilized to investigate the ear-preferences of 30 aphasic Ss, grouped relative to the amount of time since the onset of left cerebral insult, and a group of 10 normal control Ss. An oral-response task and a pointing-response task were given. Statistical analyses showed a significant left-ear preference for aphasic Ss who were more than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult; however, Ss less than 6 mo. post-cerebral insult did not demonstrate a significant ear-preference under auditory dichotic stimulation. In contrast, a significant right-ear preference was noted for the normal controls. Significant differences were not shown for the aphasic or control groups on the oral and pointing tasks.
Sex Differences in Expected Guilt Reactions to Hypothetical Behaviors of Sexual, Hostile, and Moral Substance
Authors: Heying Robert H. , Korabik Karen , Munz David C.
Published: September 2011

Differences between male and female guilt reactions to hypothetical guilt-inducing situations of a sexual, hostile, and moral nature were investigated. Two independent samples of Ss (56 men, 56 women; and 34 men, 62 women) reported the intensity of their anticipated guilt reactions to 60 hypothetical behavior situations presented in sentence-completion format through the use of scaled response alternatives. Across both samples there were specific behaviors in which stable sex differences were evidenced, i.e., females' reactions were more intense for those behaviors reflecting sexual transgressions. However, males and females were highly similar in their reactions to hostile and moral guilt-provoking situations. Implications of these results for research on trait-guilt were discussed.
Short-Term Memory for Intonation
Authors: Faust-Adams Austin S.
Published: September 2011

Ss were presented with lists of 16 words, each word spoken in one of four intonations. The final word was a repetition of one of the first 15 words, 40 Ss having to judge whether it was spoken in the same intonation as its earlier occurrence. A control group of 40 Ss did a similar task, ignoring intonation. Retention of intonation was significantly poorer, indicating that intonation is an additional load not normally retained. This argues against acoustic or articulatory encoding in short-term memory and in favor of an abstract-verbal encoding mode. Results are also interpreted as supporting the position that verbal and motor short-term memory obey similar laws.
Role of Nonverbal Communication in the Perception of Leadership
Authors: Gitter A. George , Black Harvey , Goldman Arthur
Published: September 2011

A 2 × 3 design was used to assess effects of nonverbal communication and sensory modality of presentation of stimuli on 107 undergraduates' perception of leadership. Nonverbal communication and modality of presentation had a significant effect on perception of leadership. These results suggest that nonverbal cues should be seen as essential in impression-formation.
Synchronization Error in Bilateral Simultaneous Flexion of Elbows
Authors: Nakamura R. , Taniguchi R. , Oshima Y.
Published: September 2011

Using 7 left- and 7 right-handed subjects, the difference in time between left and right arms in the initiation of bilateral simultaneous flexion of elbows (synchronization error) was measured under three conditions: response to a sound stimulus with a warning signal, response to a sound stimulus without a warning signal, and self-initiated trial (option). The absolute value of synchronization errors depended upon experimental conditions. In conditions ‘with warning’ and ‘option’ the dominance shown in performance of left-handed subjects was the mirror-image of that shown by the right-handed subjects. The right biceps muscle responded faster in left-handed subjects and vice versa. Right-handed subjects showed rather a constant value in their dispersion of synchronization errors.
Identification of Letterlike Distortions by Preschool Children
Authors: Cornell Edward H.
Published: September 2011

In two experiments preschool children chose one of two test forms that looked like previously exposed distortions of a letterlike-form. In Exp. I a distance metric was defined to measure the physical discrepancy between forms. It was found that the distance relationship between distortions and particular test forms did not designate the children's choice behavior. In Exp. II the children were able to choose previously exposed distortions when particular test forms contained novel features. The results are related to distinctive feature and prototype hypotheses to account for children's performance in recognizing forms.
Impression Formation: Differential Effects of Pictorial Context on Status-Relevant and -Nonrelevant Trait Attribution
Authors: Kelly Linda , Gulden Greg , Mudd Samuel
Published: September 2011

Ratings by college Ss of a young, female stimulus person on three status-relevant traits (ambitious, educated, cultured) and three status-non-relevant traits (friendly, moral, lazy) were compared when that person was photographed in a neutral (nature setting) vs a high, medium, or low status background (house type). It was hypothesized that: trait ratings would vary as a function of background across all traits, status-relevant traits would be more sensitive to background effects, and men and women would not differ in their ratings. All hypotheses were confirmed.
Picture Memory: Role of Figure-Ground Organization
Authors: Mitterer John O. , Rowland Guy L.
Published: September 2011

Alterations to the figure of pictures committed to visual memory are more easily detected than alterations to the ground, both in single and paired stimulus tests. Data for 40 scenes from 54 undergraduates suggest that perceptual processes interact with information storage and/or retrieval.
Test of the Validity of the Wilson-Patterson Conservatism Scale
Authors: Hogan H. Wayne
Published: September 2011

The conservatism construct has previously proved predictive of social and psychological dimensions having both practical and theoretical relevance. Its potential, however, has typically been limited by measurement imprecision due principally to the use of lengthy and potentially ambiguous verbal statements subject to either intentional or unintentional response bias. Wilson and Patterson's recently developed Conservatism Scale (C-scale) is intended to obviate the more critical sources of bias inherent in the traditional conservatism measures. In an extended test of the C-scale's validity, the present study finds 12 categories of “known groups” scoring as theoretically expected, and further shows C-scale scores consistently and significantly correlated with eight theoretically related dimensions.
Convergence (Intelligence) and Perseveration
Authors: Joshi Ram T.
Published: September 2011

Indirect suggestions in the literature about some possible relationship between convergence (intelligence) and perseveration was investigated for 80 boys and 63 girls, 12-yr.-olds. A small but significant correlation of .20 between the two variables was obtained.
Another Dimension for Assessment of Speech-Sound Discrimination: Latency of Response
Authors: Schwartz Arthur H. , Goldman Ronald
Published: September 2011

The relationship of speech-sound-discrimination skills and speed of responding was investigated by presenting monosyllabic nouns in three different listening conditions to a total of 72 nursery, kindergarten, and first-grade children divided into three equal-sized groups. Speed of responding was related to the age of subjects, accuracy of responding, and context of presentation of stimulus items. There was a consistent decrease in latency of responding as age increased. Error responses had greater response latencies than correct responses. Response latencies for different contexts of presentation of stimulus items were longest for the paired-comparison context and shortest for the carrier-phrase context. Speed of responding could be considered as an additional parameter when evaluating speech-sound-discrimination skills.
Stylus-Maze Learning under Conditions of Action-Information Feedback
Authors: Souder Marjorie A. , Burroughs Susan , Parker Nancy , Bunker Linda
Published: September 2011

The experiment evaluated the influence of visual and auditory action-information feedback on stylus-maze learning during acquisition, when such feedback was presented concurrently with the response and on transfer trials where such feedback was withdrawn. Terminal-information feedback designating serial error, and summary feedback, identifying time and error scores, were provided under both conditions. 40 apparatus-naive undergraduates were assigned to one of two conditions of action-information feedback. Both groups improved in speed and accuracy of performance during acquisition with superior results under visual condition. The reverse situation was evidenced during withdrawal of information feedback when the auditory group was relatively less affected by the removal of guidance than the visual group. The results are discussed in relation to the maze-task requirements and in terms of hypothesized performance-learning variables of action-information feedback.
Multidimensional Scaling of Pictorial Informativeness
Authors: Antes James R. , Stone Leroy A.
Published: September 2011

The dimensions used in the judgment of the informativeness of picture sections were investigated by means of a recently proposed methodology, multidimensional similarity analysis. 10 judges (college students) rated the informational similarity of 32 areas within a single picture. The five extracted dimensions accounted for 86% of the judgmental variance and were all readily interpretable. These dimensions were discussed with respect to an earlier study in which eye movements of subjects viewing this picture were recorded.
Interviewer's Nationality and Outcome of the Survey
Authors: Hue Phan Thi , Sager Eric B.
Published: September 2011

This experiment was conducted to determine whether interviewers of different nationalities would elicit significantly different responses to questionnaire and interview items on a nationality-related topic. Four Vietnamese female graduate students interviewed 79 female freshmen on the topic of the Vietnamese War. Each interviewer served representing three nationalities: South Vietnamese, Thai, and Japanese. The results indicated that the most pro-Vietnamese War answers were given to interviewers representing Japanese nationality. Results were significant ( p < .05) for the questionnaires but not for the interviews, although the trends were similar for both. The study suggests that interviewer's nationality can influence the outcome of a survey and that the direction of the influence is nor readily predictable.
Some Determinants of Word-Frequency Estimates
Authors: Matlin Margaret W. , Stang David J.
Published: September 2011

Subjects saw Turkish nonsense words and estimated their frequency of occurrence (72 subjects, 12 words, Exp. I; 33 subjects, 16 words, Exp. II). Results indicated that: (a) low-frequency stimuli were overestimated while high-frequency stimuli were underestimated; (b) stimuli were judged more frequent when they were positively evaluated than when they were negatively evaluated; (c) stimuli were judged more frequent in a distributed presentation than in a massed presentation; (d) stimuli were judged more frequent when they were rated after a 2-wk. delay than when they were rated immediately; (e) a 2-wk. delay enhanced the interaction between true frequency and judged frequency; (f) stimuli were judged more frequent when they appeared at the beginning or end of the presentation period rather than in the middle.
Visual Retention Test: Local Norms and Impact of Short-Term Memory
Authors: Brook Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Issues related to assessment of organic impairment and to normative data underscore the importance of securing reliable criteria directly applicable to the population under question. This study explored the applicability of the Visual Retention Test norms to a local, nonorganically impaired population of young people and made a preliminary empirical evaluation of the time-delay format. The 23 males and 18 females ranging from 8 to 17 yr. and seen at a midwestern child guidance center responded to two administrations (A and D) of the Visual Retention Test embedded in a complete psychological test battery. The proposition that present-day local subjects would not differ from the normative group either by the number correct or number of errors ( t = 1.02, p > .20; t = .83, p > .40, respectively), as well as the prediction that the time-delay format would effect a significant performance decrement with both scoring systems ( t = 2.63, p < .01; t = 4.40, p < .001, respectively) were clearly supported.
Note on Conservation Differences for Indian and White Children
Authors: Bowd Alan D.
Published: September 2011

Piagetian tasks for the conservation of length and volume were administered to two groups of 7- and 8-yr.-old Canadian Indian and white children ( ns = 35, 33). There was no significant difference across groups for the conservation of length; however, conservation of volume and the ability to conserve both length and volume resulted in a higher proportion of successful performances for the white group.
Utility of Analysis of Variance with Repeated Measures Programs for Estimating Reliability
Authors: Berk Ronald A.
Published: September 2011

This paper presents a brief description of the generalizability theory of measurement error and its relation to analysis of variance with repeated measures. The intraclass correlation is defined in terms of analysis of variance computer program output. The usefulness of several programs is discussed.
II. Autobiographical Notes: Prof. Dr. Franziska Baumgarten
Authors: Baumgarten Franziska
Published: September 2011

Autobiographical notes from Dr. Baumgarten's files give insights into the thinking and feelings of a first-rate professional psychologist.
Differences in Creativity among Homogeneous Groups of Students Using the Torrance Tests of Creative Thinking and the Welsh Figure Preference Test
Authors: Helwig Loren D.
Published: September 2011

Three intact groups of students in Grade 5 ( n = 79) were grouped by ability on the Metropolitan Achievement Test and given the Torrance and Welsh tests used to assess creativity. Middle ability children scored higher on fluency, flexibility, and origence than the other two groups.
Use of a Single Gibbon in Laboratory Research
Authors: Wilson Glenn , Harshfield Gregory , Laux Louis
Published: September 2011

The high cost of behavioral research with primates may be partially reduced by borrowing animals from a zoo. This report describes such an arrangement involving an adult female gibbon. Operant conditioning data are presented to show that an isolated animal may be used for research.
Use of Mental Imagery in Psychotherapy: A Critical Review
Authors: Sheikh Anees A. , Panagiotou Nancy C.
Published: September 2011

The paper presents arguments in favor of the use of mental imagery for therapeutic purposes. Several existing imagery approaches to psychotherapy are critically examined and suggestions for future inquiry are offered. The intimate relation between imagery and the affective-somatic processes is stressed.
Time Perception: Effects of Introversion/Extraversion and Task Interest
Authors: Gray Clyde T. , Gray Cynthia Roberts , Loehlin John C.
Published: September 2011

32 extraverted and 32 introverted college students rated the interest value and estimated the duration of 3-min. intervals filled with leading. There were 3 dull and 3 interesting readings. It was hypothesized that time perceptions of extraverts and introverts would differ when their interest in the task was dissimilar. But no personality differences in time perception and few in interest were found; both extraverts and introverts judged the intervals to be shorter when the reading was interesting.
Monaural Ear Differences for Same-Different Reaction Times to Speech with Prior Knowledge of Ear Stimulated
Authors: Morais José
Published: September 2011

Morais and Darwin's (1974) finding of a right-ear advantage for speech on a “same-different” reaction-time task under monaural stimulation was replicated with 8 Ss who knew before each block of trials which ear would be stimulated. The effect cannot be accounted for in terms of a lateral bias in voluntary attention.
Field Dependence in Relation to Alcohol Consumption: A Co-Twin Control Study
Authors: Bergman Hans , NorliN Berit , Borg Stefan , Fyrö Bengt
Published: September 2011

20 male, alcohol-discordant twin pairs, aged 45 to 65 yr. were compared for field-dependent cognitive style and general intelligence by means of one-sample t and multivariate Td2-tests. The high alcohol group was more field-dependent ( p < .01) than the low alcohol group, mainly because of poorer scores on the Embedded-figures Test. When general intelligence was controlled for, the amount of embedded-figures variance accounted for by consumption of alcohol dropped considerably.
Attention in Performance of a Complex Skill by Retarded Children
Authors: Birchard Miriam L. , Crowl Thomas K.
Published: September 2011

Try materials were used to train 9 retarded children to attend to differences in colors and shapes of objects, and Frostig worksheets were used to train the children to attend to left-to-right directionality. Evidence suggests Ss' ability to attend to these characteristics was generalized to a complex bead-stringing task on which significant gains in performance were found immediately after 15 days of practice with training materials and after a 6-mo. interval of no further training or practice.
How Generalized are the Public's Perceptions of a Prominent Political Figure Who is an Acknowledged Alcoholic?
Authors: Tolor Alexander , Tamerin John S.
Published: September 2011

The patterns of intercorrelations on 15 semantic differential scales, calling for the rating of Representative Wilbur D. Mills as a person, and on 6 variables on an Attitude Toward Alcoholism Instrument were determined for five groups of subjects ( n = 139) in order to investigate the specificity or globality of perceptions toward a nationally prominent self-acknowledged alcoholic individual. The results indicated that the degree of generality in ratings was dependent on the particular rating group employed. The 21 members of League of Women Voters disclosed the greatest degree of scale-specific judgments whereas the 22 female recovering alcoholics showed the most generalized judgments. These differences could be a function of the highly discerning problem-solving style of the League members and the defensive posture of the recovering alcoholics in dealing with a sensitive and emotionally laden area.
Electromyograph Responses and Performance Success Estimates as a Function of Internal-External Control
Authors: Vogt A. T.
Published: September 2011

For 12 externally scoring college women, marginally significant correlations of EMG recordings with self-estimates of success in tensing forearm muscles (–.50) and with success in relaxing these muscles (–.54) were obtained. Similar correlations for 12 internally scoring women were much smaller. Analysis of variance of means had indicated no differences in ability of these groups to control muscles of the forearm.
Analysis of General Anxiety Scale for Children and Draw-a-Person Measures of General Anxiety Level of Elementary School Children
Authors: Prytula Robert E. , Hiland David N.
Published: September 2011

Sarason's (1960) General Anxiety Scale for Children was used as the criterion measure of trait anxiety in a study investigating fifth- and sixth-graders' ( ns = 15) human figure-drawing performance. Figures drawn were man, woman, and self. Significant differentiation by the figure-drawing scores on the sex criterion was obtained for some indices; however, no significant relationships were found between subjects' human figure-drawing scores and their anxiety level as measured by the General Anxiety Scale for Children.
An Alternative for Judging Confusability of Visual Letters
Authors: Thorson Gary
Published: September 2011

Numerical values for shared distinctive features were derived from Gibson's (1) feature analysis of the 26 uppercase alphabet letters. Due to the lack of agreement among the empirical matrices, it is proposed that this more general table is a useful and practical approach for judging confusability of visual letters for uppercase items. Reaction time data from a Posner-type of letter-matching task support the effectiveness of the table for judging visual confusability among uppercase letters.
Jury Criticism and Design Ability: Factors in Evaluative Judgments of Design
Authors: Peterson John M.
Published: September 2011

Critical comment (the “crit”) is used to teach judgment and design to architects. It is assumed by experts that the best designers are likely to be the best judges. In this study architecture students ( ns = 16, 22, 20, 17) judged their own and their peers' work before or during a peer jury; 3 instructors' evaluations were criteria. When students judged their own work, good designers were more accurate then poor ones and hearing the jury assisted both good designers and poor designers. When students judged one another's work, their own ability in design made no difference. Again, the jury assisted both groups. It appears that all students tend to overrate poor designs by others. The implications in relation to peer norms and teaching are discussed.
Sleep and Memory: Reproduction of Syntactic Structures Previously Evoked within Rem Sleep-Related Reports
Authors: Cipolli C. , Salzarulo P.
Published: September 2011

7 subjects, aged 19 to 25 yr., who evoked syntactic verbal material in the report made after awakening during REM sleep, were asked to reproduce it a few minutes later. No big differences had been observed between the two recalls; all recalled verbal materials, many sentences and kernel-sentences reappeared in the second recall; the most complex units were the best reproduced. These results indicate a good consolidation of the material obtained after awakenings during REM sleep.
Performance of Institutional Retardates on Standard and New Forms of the Quick Test
Authors: Zimmermann Robert R. , Schroll Edward F. , Ackles Patrick , Barrett Rowland , Auster Mitch
Published: September 2011

121 institutionalized mentally retarded patients were tested on Forms 1–3 and 4–6 of the Quick Test; IQs were correlated with other IQs available from institution records. The forms of the Quick Test correlated significantly with the more traditional and time-consuming tests of intellectual performance. It was concluded that the Quick Test is an excellent tool for experimenters and educators who need an efficient and reliable estimate of intellectual development.
Reliability of Selected Psychomotor Measures with Mentally Retarded Adult Males
Authors: Dunn John M.
Published: September 2011

Reliability estimates were determined for 24 moderately mentally retarded adult males on three psychomotor tasks. For four consecutive days measures were taken on reaction time, auditory and visual, 15 trials daily for each; grip strength, dominant and non-dominant hand, two trials daily for each; and standing long jump, three trials daily. Analyses of variance, adjusted for day-to-day trend, were applied to the data. Intraclass reliability coefficients for both dominant ( R = .96) and non-dominant ( R = .94) handgrip strength were high. The reaction time scores for both the auditory ( R = .87) and visual ( R = .83) data were moderately reliable. A low reliability coefficient ( R = .49) was obtained for the standing long jump.
The Lateral Tongue Reflex in Human Neonates
Authors: Derkson Gary D. , Catalanotto Frank A.
Published: September 2011

We undertook an investigation of the lateral tongue reflex to determine whether reflex sensitivity was systematically related to selected perinatal factors. The subjects were 24 male and 27 female newborns with a mean age of 28.9 hr. ( SD = 16.8, range 5–72 hr.). The lateral tongue reflex was elicited by applying tactile stimulation of varying intensity to the lateral edge of the tongue approximately 1 cm off midline. Eight different stimuli from the Semmes-Weinstein esthesiometer were used; forces ranged from 68 mg to 3.6 gm. A total of 32 stimulations were given in two repetitions of 16 each (8 on the right side and 8 on the left side). The mean number of positive responses was 19.9 ( SD = 3.2, range 13–25), with a 5% response at the lowest level of stimulation and a 100% response at the highest level. There were no differences in total number of positive responses or thresholds on the right and left sides, or in Repetitions I and II. There were no differences between males and females, vaginally and caesarian delivered infants, or resuscitated and non-resuscitated infants. No systematic differences were observed as a function of length of labor, obstetric medications, postnatal age at time of testing, Apgar scores, birth weight, or gestational age. The results suggest that the lateral tongue reflex is a stable and reproducible response that could be used to measure oral sensation, both in normal neonates and in subjects with various anatomical and/or neurosensory deficits.
Retention of Bilateral Performance as a Function of Practice Order
Authors: Dunham Paul
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of practice order and initial performance hand on the bilateral retention of a simple tracking skill for 44 undergraduate volunteers. The apparatus was a Lafayette Model 30014 photoelectric rotary pursuit. The circle template was employed with rotation speed set at 20 rpm. Subjects were given 20-sec. trials and required to reach a criterion of 70% time on target twice in succession with both hands. For original practice, subjects were randomly assigned to one of four practice groups: preferred serial, non-preferred serial, preferred sequence and non-preferred sequence. Subjects' performance was recorded as the number of trials required to achieve criterion for both hands. One month later subjects were retested and scored in the same manner. A 2 × 2 × 2 analysis of variance with repeated measures on the last factor was used to determine the effects of initial hand, order of practice, testing periods, and the appropriate interactions. The results indicated that subjects' performance for the two testing periods differed significantly; retest was superior. Order of practice was significant and the sequential order more efficient during both learning and retest.
Body-Part Size Estimation in Children
Authors: Koff Elissa , Kiekhofer Margaret
Published: September 2011

30 children in Grades 1, 3, and 5 estimated the sizes of 8 personal body parts, 8 experimenter's body parts, and 4 nonbody objects. Errors of estimation were consistent across subjects and similar to those reported for adults. Hand length was estimated most accurately, and head width, forearm length, and lips estimated least accurately, on both self and experimenter. Non-body objects were estimated most accurately, followed by experimenter's body parts, and then personal body parts. No sex or age differences were found.
Application of the Theory of Signal Detectability to the Perception of Differences in Load
Authors: Blitz Peter S. , Van Moorst Annemiek
Published: September 2011

In applying the theory of signal detectability to the perception of differences in load on a bicycle ergometer, the distributions of signal and noise were tested for normality and equality of variances. Two subjects cycled on a basic load of 40% of their VO2 max. Each subject operated under five different response criteria. The results showed that the assumptions of normality and equality of variance were observed in both cases.
Can Newborn Infants Distinguish between Tone and Noise?
Authors: Levarie Siegmund , Rudolph Nathan
Published: September 2011

Full-term newborn infants were exposed to sounds produced alternatively either as tone at d = 293 Hz or as noise, each at a sound level of approximately 85 dB. In almost all cases, the infants were disturbed by noise but not by tone. The results suggest that the psychological distinction between tone and noise is inborn rather than conditioned.
Stability of Portable Rod-and-Frame Test Scores
Authors: Applebaum Helen
Published: September 2011

Data were obtained on the Portable Rod-and-Frame Test for a sample of 31 college women. For a test-retest interval of approximately 9 mo. a stability coefficient of .84 was obtained. There was no difference between test and retest means of 2.15 ( SD = 1.93) and 2.50 ( SD = 2.12), respectively ( tno = 1.65). These findings provide evidence for the intraindividual stability of scores on the portable task.
Cross-Modal Utilization of Information: Recognition Memory for Environmental Stimuli
Authors: Lawrence David M. , Cobb Nancy J.
Published: September 2011

In a study of cross-modal recognition memory for vision and audition photographs were matched for meaningful content with naturalistic sounds. Fifteen subjects inspected pictures and were tested with sounds and for 15 others the procedure was reversed. The two cross-modal groups were further divided into subgroups of 5 to test at one of three delays: immediate, 2 days, or 7 days. Accuracies for recognition of vision-audition for the respective retention intervals were 88.0%, 81.8%, and 76.4% and for audition-vision 87.9%, 85.1%, and 76.7%. Delay interval significantly affected cross-modal recognition. There was no interaction. Vision-audition recognition accuracy did not differ from audition-vision. The cross-modal recognition for both was high. Neither differed from a comparable intra-modal recognition memory for naturalistic sounds (Lawrence, 1974).
Brief Case Presentation on the Nature of Psychopathy in Structural Analysis Theory
Authors: Greene Robert S.
Published: September 2011

A case study is reported which clearly supports the theory and usefulness of Structural Analysis regarding psychopathy. Psychiatric diagnosis, a computer MMPI report, and clinical impressions constitute the data.
Matching Familiar Figures Test: A Unidimensional Measure of Reflection-Impulsivity?
Authors: O'Donneix James P. , Paulsen Karen A. , McGann Jon D.
Published: September 2011

In an initial factor-analytic study using preschool children (42 girls, 44 boys), the errors and latencies on the Matching Familiar Figures Test saturated different factors. A second study (47 boys, 39 girls), employing the Kansas Reflection Impulsivity Scale for Preschoolers, replicated this finding. In addition, the error (but not the latency) was associated with measures of gross-motor, fine-motor, and perceptual-motor coordination. The results suggest that error measures a maturational dimension of task-oriented attention for this age group.
Effects of Individual Psychotherapy on Body-Cathexis and Self-Cathexis
Authors: Loftis David E. , Clance Pauline Rose , Joesting Joan
Published: September 2011

Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis scales were administered to 24 people who received individual psychotherapy and a control group of 25 students. Body-cathexis and Self-cathexis tests were given before and after the therapeutic sessions. No significant differences were obtained:
Effects of Instructions for Visual Imagery on Rorschach Responses
Authors: Yanovski Alexander , Fogel Max L.
Published: September 2011

The Rorschach was administered to two groups of 12 subjects under two conditions. The first group was classified as imagery Reactors based upon their prior responsivity to imagery instructions during therapy. The second group was labelled Nonreactors using the same clinical criteria. The condition administered first utilized the standard Rorschach; in the second, subjects were asked to produce sequences of visual imagery using Rorschach cards as stimuli. Both groups received both Rorschach administrations. Responses were scored without knowledge of the two classifications of subjects. Instructions for imagery appeared to have a disinhibiting effect and led to significant changes in several major Rorschach scoring categories and in a specially derived index of the amount of clinically relevant conflictual and affective material manifested. There were a number of significant differences between Reactors and Nonreactors in Rorschach response levels under the imagery condition, among other changes. Reactors yielded significantly more complex and clinically revealing material under imagery than did Nonreactors. The findings were considered to be particularly useful for diagnostic and therapeutic decisions with certain types of patients. The results also suggest the possibility of differences in personality structure between imagery Reactors and Nonreactors which warrant further investigation.
An Assessment of a Property Analyzer Model in Predicting Adaptation Patterns of Simple and Complex Figures
Authors: Salmon Paul G. , Rodwan Albert S.
Published: September 2011

Selective adaptation patterns of simple contours and geometrical illusions under monocular stimulation were studied with five subjects. A strict property analyzer model predicted that adaptation patterns would mirror figural contours of both types of forms. The results supported this hypothesis: the geometrical illusions generated adaptation patterns reflecting their physical stimulus properties rather than the illusory percept resulting from contextual juxtaposition. The results are discussed with respect to a model of feature extraction which assumes that property analyzers possess a sensitivity bandwidth.
Retrieval Time and Decay of Information in Dichotic Memory
Authors: Byrnes Dennis L. , Wingfield Arthur
Published: September 2011

Self-paced recall in Broadbent's split-span memory task shows particular temporal patterns associated with different strategies of report. Accuracy is a decreasing function of the interval between presentation of an item and report of that item irrespective of report strategy. Presentation rate appears to affect the asymptote of this function but not its rate of decline. Results are related to an interaction between strategies of response selection and decay of information from memory.
Differences in Laterality for Recognition of Nonverbal Material by Japanese and English Subjects
Authors: Hatta Takeshi
Published: September 2011

Observed differences in hemispheric dominance of visual function, attributed to culturally based experience of Japanese and American subjects, need systematic exploration.
Multivariate Personality Analysis of Two Children's Hockey Teams
Authors: Bird Evelyn I.
Published: September 2011

This study described the characteristics of a select group of 8- to 11-yr.-old girls who play body-contact ice hockey. A survey of the literature indicated that there has been no study of the psychology of young girls who play this vigorous sport. Forty-four boys, 8- to 11-yr.-old, who also played recreational competitive hockey in the same locale, served as a comparison group. A demographic questionnaire and the Children's Personality Questionnaire were utilized to assess the children and multivariate discriminant analyses were employed to treat the data. While the boys did not differ significantly from their normative population, the girls differed significantly from their normative population, and from the male sample, being more tough-minded and enthusiastic. Factors tough-minded (I), enthusiastic (F), self-assured (O), reserved (A), and excitable (D) were the largest discriminators between the female and male profiles. These findings seemed to reinforce the gravitational hypothesis (Morgan, 1972) that girls with certain personality structures may elect to participate and remain in sports. It was concluded that the personality profile of these young girls was indicative of achieving children.
Drug Overdose and the Full Moon
Authors: Sharfman Mark
Published: September 2011

This study assessed the relationship between the phase of the full moon and the incidence of overdose as reported in five metropolitan Phoenix hospitals and the Maricopa County Medical Examiner over the 15-mo. period from January 1, 1976, through and including March 31, 1977. A chi-squared analysis was performed and no significant difference between the distribution of cases occurring during the full moon phase and that outside of these periods was found.
Suitability of Vigilance Test Data as a Neurobehavioral Measure of Uremic Status
Authors: Alexander Lelia , Hightower Michael G. , Anderson Robert P. , Snow Nancy E.
Published: September 2011

A vigilance/continuous performance test was designed to be used for the serial testing of patients on chronic maintenance hemodialysis therapy. Correct detections, false alarms, and reaction time provided measures of an attentional deficit. A matched sample of 28 patients and 28 controls composed of nondialysands were tested. No significant differences were found between groups in correct detections and false alarms. Reaction time discriminated younger and older subjects and also dialysands and controls. The clinical usage of the test is questioned because patients resist taking the test on a serial basis every 2 wk. Motivational factors or lack of willingness to be compliant outweighed technical accomplishments.
Does the ‘Torque Test’ Measure Cerebral Dominance in Adults?
Authors: Demarest Jack , Demarest Lorrie
Published: September 2011

The direction of drawing a circle, labeled the ‘torque test’ (Blau, 1977), was evaluated in 74 normal adults (age 14 to 44 yr.) as a predictor of both handedness and cerebral dominance on the dichotic listening test. The results indicate that torque is related to handedness but not to lateralization of language. We suggest that circle-drawing by adults is dependent more on the muscle mechanics of the hand than on cerebral dominance.
New Directions in Rorschach Research: I. The Process-Reactive Differentiation
Authors: Frank George
Published: September 2011

Research has demonstrated that psychiatric diagnoses bear no relationship to certain important psychological variables, e.g., broad personality characteristics or even such clinically important issues as aetiology or prognosis (Frank, 1975). From that research, one dimension emerged which did yield information regarding aetiology and prognosis, viz., the process-reactive differentiation. As it seems important to examine this differentiation from a personological point of view, this review focused on the Rorschach performance of process and reactive schizophrenics. Essentially, the Rorschach studies suggest that process schizophrenics manifest more serious psychopathology cognitively than do reactives. Suggestions for further research were made.
Human Intelligence and Power Spectral Analysis of Visual Evoked Potentials
Authors: Osaka Mariko , Osaka Naoyuki
Published: September 2011

The relationship between intelligence and power spectra of visual evoked potential was investigated using 8 normal and 8 mentally retarded children as subjects. The results showed the power spectrum of mentally retarded has a peak at 4 to 6 Hz, whereas that of normal has two apparent peaks at 4 and 12 Hz. It appears the peak at 12 Hz reflects the difference of intelligence.
Achromatic Rorschach Perceptions: Some Implications for the Diagnosis of Depression
Authors: Schlesinger Louis B. , Fox Corinne F.
Published: September 2011

The number of Rorschach achromatic perceptions of 10 male and 10 female hospitalized uni-polar depressed patients were compared with a control group of 10 male and 10 female hospitalized patients who held diagnoses other than depression or mania. The depressed patients gave significantly more achromatic perceptions than the non-depressed group. There was also a significant effect for sex and an interaction. The long held belief, based on clinical observation, that achromatic perceptions distinguish depressed from non-depressed individuals, was supported by this study. However, the intricacies of the results indicate that direct application in clinical work may be premature without further clarifying research.
The Solution of Achromatic and Chromatic Embedded Figures Revisited
Authors: Bush David F. , Ecker Steven L.
Published: September 2011

Two samples of 20 males and 20 females each were drawn from two Eastern universities. Each of these two samples was presented with the 12-item Form B of Witkin's Embedded Figures Test, with half of each sex receiving the achromatic and half the chromatic format. As in the previous experiment (Bush & Coward, 1974), neither replication yielded a significant difference in mean solution time attributable to the effects of color. However, unlike the previous investigation, no sex differences were observed.
Inhibition of—But Not between—Orientation Detectors: A Theoretical Note on Illusions of Direction
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

In accounting for illusions of direction, many current models assume lateral inhibition among orientation detectors; however, that assumption is unnecessary. Rather, the illusions can be predicted by a model based on the pattern of inhibition and excitation across orientation detectors as caused by a single stimulus line. From the collective effects of multiple stimulus lines, a pattern of excitation and inhibition results which is perceived as an illusion of direction. This collective effect is predicted by convoluting a function representing physical orientation of stimulus lines with a function representing the pattern of inhibition and excitation elicited by a single line. Both perceived angle-expansion (repulsion) and perceived angle-contraction (attraction) are generated by the model.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XXVIII: Shinkuro Iwahara: 1923–1978, Part 2
Authors: Marx M. H. , Bakan David , Hillix W. A.
Published: September 2011

Personal comments about Shinkuro Iwahara by two of his teachers and a colleague in graduate school are presented.
The Paradoxical Moon Illusions
Authors: Gilinsky Alberta S.
Published: September 2011

An adaptation theory of visual space is developed and applied to the data of a variety of studies of visual space perception. By distinguishing between the perceived distance of an object and that of the background or sky, the theory resolves the paradox of the moon illusions and relates both perceived size and perceived distance of the moon to the absolute level of spatial adaptation. The theory assumes that visual space expands or contracts in adjustment to changes in the sensory indicators of depth and provides a measure, A, of this adaptation-level. Changes in A have two effects—one on perceived size, one on perceived distance. Since A varies systematically as a function of angle of regard, availability of cues, and the total space-value, A is a measure of the moon illusions, and a practical index of individual differences by pilots and astronauts in the perception of the size and distance of objects on the ground and in the air.
Perceptual-Motor Deficiency in Autistic Children
Authors: Fulkerson Samuel C. , Freeman William M.
Published: September 2011

15 autistic children were matched with normals on the Beery-Buktenica Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration. The two groups were subsequently compared on ability to (1) increase geometric figure-copying performance using additional information provided during subsequent trials, (2) make figure-ground resolutions, (3) perform a fine motor integration task, and (4) cope with background interference while responding on the Developmental Test of Visual-motor Integration. The primary deficit observed in the autistic subjects appeared to be defective monitoring of the motor response.
Effect of Teacher's Gaze on Children's Story Recall
Authors: Otteson James P. , Otteson Carol Rodning
Published: September 2011

Two studies utilize a repeated-measures design to compare the story-recall performances of 46 primary-school children who were administered stories in the presence and absence of teacher's gaze. Analysis indicates a significant positive relationship between gaze and recall, especially among boys. These findings are discussed in terms of the literature on the effects of eye contact and teacher's expectancies.