bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reflections on Taxpayers' Revolt
Authors: Shariff Zahid
Published: March 2007

Two overriding facts concerning the taxpayers' revolt deserve serious attention: (1) the fact that its thrust and momentum continue in California, where it originated, but are no longer confined to it; and (2) the fact that the revolt is being carried forward not against government in a generic sense as much as it is against a set of particular institutions collectively called "public administration." Charges of waste, mismanagement, and inefficiency in government-which constitute a large part of the litany of the supporters of the tax revolt-acquire meaning and relevance almost exclusively to public administration. The purposes of this article are to make explicit the underlying ideological premises on which the taxpayers' revolt-and, by inference, the attack on public administration-is based and to evaluate the validity of those premises.
Administrative Freedom for Interorganizational Action
Authors: Burns Mark , Mauet Alfred
Published: March 2007

This article speculates that the applicability of specific models of interorganizational relations for public agencies may be linked to the stage of the organizational life cycle in which a particular agency is located. Five classes of models are examined, each of which implies different types of interorganizational problems and different amounts of freedom for public administrators to handle these problems. It is suggested that administrative freedom of action in interorganizational relations is at the maximum near the "midlife" of public organizations, at the minimum near their "birth " and "death. "
Development of Organizational Memory in Presidential Agencies
Authors: Covington Cary R.
Published: March 2007

This article models how organizational memory develops and applies that model to three presidential agencies. Such memory is information generated within an organization, providing a sense of identity and an ability to learn. It enables staff agencies to ground information and advice to the president in sound historical knowledge. Presidential demands and extrapresidential responsibilities influence six organizational features, which in turn affect how memory develops. Usually, presidential requirements disrupt memory, and extrapresidential demands facilitate it. Data from staff interviews allow application of the model to staff components of the National Security Council, the Office of Management and Budget, and the Council on Environmental Quality. As expected, OMB receives the most extrapresidential pressures and the fewest presidential demands, and its organizational features help memory to develop. NSC depends on the president alone, and its features deter memory development. CEQ receives few external demands from any source, and its features mildly support some types of memories. Hence OMB has the most extensive memory, strongest learning capability, and clearest identity; NSC has the least memory, learning capacity, and sense of identity; and the CEQ's memory results in strong identity but weak learning.
Conceptualizing Bureaucratic Responsiveness
Authors: Saltzstein Grace Hall
Published: March 2007

The concept of bureaucratic responsiveness has been utilized by scholars in contradictory and incomplete fashion. This analysis considers essential elements of the general concept of political responsiveness to provide the basis for consideration of the unique components of bureaucratic responsiveness. The problems of specifying the parameters of responsiveness under any given conceptualization are addressed as a means of delineating the bases of disagreement regarding the meaning of bureaucratic responsiveness.
Theodore J. Lowi and the Administrative State
Authors: Schaefer David Lewis
Published: March 2007

Despite its author's lip service to such traditional principles of liberal constitutionalism as the rule of law and separation of powers, the system of "juridical democracy" advocated by Theodore Lowi in his influential book The End of Liberalism actually represents a considerable departure from the intentions of the American founders. Its true ancestry lies rather in the political science of Woodrow Wilson, who sought to subordinate apolitically "neutral "civil service to the majority "will, "as articulated and shaped by rival "opinion leaders. "A serious doubt must be raised as to whether Lowi's system provides adequate security for individual liberty, or for the rights of the citizenry as a whole. In fact, as Tocqueville's argument suggests, the sort of citizen "access" to the administrative process that Lowi denounces may be essential to the preservation of free government.
Business and the Conservatives
Authors: Hetzner Candace
Published: March 2007

In her efforts to revivify the British economy. Prime minister Margaret Tatcher has been attempting to promote societal values that will support the creation of an "enterprise culture." To do so, she has been doing battle with the consensual economic planning undertaken by business, unions and civil servants known as tripartism and the gentlemanly ethos underpinning such arrangements. Her broadsides against such members of the British gentlemanly culture as the Tory grandees in her own party and members of the higher civil service have been aimed at replacing the British gentleman with a new ideal type more suited to lead her "capitalist revolution."
Vulgar Ethics for Public Administration
Authors: Mainzer Lewis C.
Published: March 2007

Can goodness be taught? How? Though committed to ethical concerns in the teaching and practice of public administration, this article warns how little basis there is for an evidently burgeoning confidence in the ability to prepare others to do good actions. Yet skepticism is not despair, and ethical reflection is surely required. Ethics may, paradoxically, be both the easiest and the most difficult element of public administration to teach. This article examines the possibilities of teaching a "vulgar ethics" of public administration.
Constitutional Jurisprudence
Authors: Green Richard T.
Published: March 2007

This article argues that American public administrative thought rests on philosophically pragmatic premises that treat praxis as an exercise in relating explanatory theories to empirically derived facts. This methodocentric "knowledge production" approach directs attention away from a rhetorical "normative judgment" approach that undergirds and legitimizes both legal and administrative practices. The latter approach to praxis emphasizes the dialogic relation of enduring values and principles to changing circumstances. It brings concerns for permanence, stability, aspiration, moral teaching, public good, restraint, and discovery to bear on these practices. It exposes both their rhetorical foundations and the centrality of law as a focal point for administrative wisdom. This "jurisprudential" approach to praxis ties public administrators to constitutional foundations and entails dramatically different emphases in their education and training.
Contracting Out of Science and Technology Services
Authors: Dalpέ Robert , Anderson Frances
Published: March 2007

This article deals with contracting out of civil science and technology services. Implementation of Canadian government programs in conservation and renewable energies is analyzed, as are characteristics ofpublic sector demand in relation to the choice of contractors. Data show that public and nonprofit sectors benefit most from contracts, even though the manufacturing sector originally was the targeted clientele. This is explained,first, by public sector demand that did not correspond to research and development done by firms and, second, by the fact that public sector and nonprofit organizations are in afavorable position to obtain contracts due to closer relations with public organizations. The contracting out policy has contributed to the development of organizations that share common characteristics with the public sector
Management Consultants, the State, and the Politics of Administrative Reform in Britain and Canada
Authors: Saint-Martin Denis
Published: March 2007

Recent contributions to the literature on bureaucratic reform suggest that profit-seeking consultants from the private sector are one of the main driving forces behind the global spread of New Public Management (NPM) ideas. But contrary to what is expected, the growing role of consultants in the construction of the “post-bureaucratic state” in Britain and Canada did not lead to policy uniformity or convergence in the acceptance of NPM ideas. To explain these differences, the article focuses on the ways in which the differential access of consultants to decision-making centers inside the state influenced the application of the business management ideas that they bring to the policy process.
Delay of Gratification among Black College Student Leaders
Authors: Ward Wanda E. , Perry T. Bridgett , Woltz Jon , Doolin Estrellita
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this research was to examine the existence of multidimensionality in delay of gratification for Black university student leaders. We investigated delay preference as it related to academic decisions, career choices, sociopolitical issues, and consumer preferences. Results supported such multidimensionality by yielding evidence for the heretofore unexamined sociopolitical dimension as well as an achievement-oriented delay dimension in this sample of Black students. Gender differences are also reported. Results indicated that similar factor structures emerged for both sexes. The importance of this approach to the study of delay is discussed as well as directions for future research.
An Epistemological Perspective on Intelligence Assessment among African American Children
Authors: Schiele Jerome H.
Published: March 2007

Intelligence assessment procedures fail to tap additional capabilities of African American children. One cause of this problem is the failure of conventional IQ tests to tap attributes of the African American epistemology. This shortcoming of IQ tests is a result of the cultural bias of the tests and of the heavy emphasis on left-hemisphere brain functions and skills. These tests, moreover, significantly omit functions and skills of the right brain hemisphere, which may underlie the use of the African American epistemology. This article explains the epistemological attributes of African Americans and discusses these attributes and their implications for testing.
Emotional and Social Development of African American Children
Authors: Barbarin Oscar A.
Published: March 2007

Concerns about the development of African American children living in poverty most often center on academic, behavioral, and emotional functioning. Efforts to understand and to remedy thege concerns are giving rise to explorations of social and emotional development. Social development refers to the growth of abilities and dispositions that are the basis of emotional adjustment and competence in meeting the demands of the social environment. It includes the development offavorable personal, ethnic, and gender identities, emotion regulation, prosocial behavior, and a capacity for intimate relations. As this research progresses, attention to the role of culture and social context (e.g., poverty and racism) in development is unavoidable. Clearly, developmental research is less than illuminating if itfails to consider variations in the ability offamilies', schools', and neighborhoods' to provide protective and nurturing environments conducive to healthy development of children. Accordingly, the role of socioculturalfactors as sources of risk and resilience constitute an important area of scholarly inquiry regarding the social and emotional development ofAfrican American children.
Pervasive and Persistent Risks: Factors Influencing African American Women's HIV/AIDS Vulnerability
Authors: McNair Lily D. , Roberts George W.
Published: March 2007

This study focuses on the context of risk taking in a group of African American women. Correlates and predictors of risk-taking behavior in a sample of 278 African American women were examined to explore the nature of risk taking related to HlVinfection. It was hypothesized that increased riskforHIVinfection would be associated with engaging in a variety of risky behaviors across several domains. Results indicate that the women in this sample engaged in risky behaviors related not only to HIVbut also to other significant health risks, such as cigarette smoking and substance use. Risk for HIV infection, as measured by condom use, was predicted by individual and peer-related factors. The concept of pervasive risk is proposed to explain the behavior of individuals who are at high riskfor HIV/AIDS, yet continue to engage in risky behaviors.
Mammy-ism: A Diagnosis of Psychological Misorientation for Women of African Descent
Authors: Abdullah Afi Samelia
Published: March 2007

AfricanAmerican women can experience somefeelings of self-hatred to the extent that they evaluate and then devalue their physical characteristics (facial features, skin color, hair texture, personal behaviors) referencing beauty standards set by European Americans who imbue White supremacy. These same Black women may find themselves acting out certain behaviors in historically defined and ascribed roles dictated by individual and institutionalized racism, roles that help to maintain the dependency and oppression of Black women. One such role ascribed to a Black woman is that qfmammy. This article addresses the concept of mammy and the maintaining of the mammy cultural image. The diagnosis of Mammy-ism is discussed as an example of one way thatAfricanAmerican women historically assume the role and acquiesce to this socially determined inferior status, demonstrate attitudes of self-alienation, and display mental confision. As a result, African social reality and survival thrust are displaced with European social reality and survival thrust. African women who display the above characteristics suffer from the mental disorder of Mammy-ism. The Azibo nosology categorizes Mammy-ism as a subcategory of Psychological Misorientation (genetic Blackness minus psychological Blackness).
Predictors of African American Well-Being
Authors: Adams Virgil H.
Published: March 2007

This study examines panel data from the National Survey of Black Americans with regard to the predictors of African American quality of life between 1980 and 1992. Objective measures (such as health, education, and income) indicate that the situation for African Americans has either stagnated or declined during this period. Regression analyses found: (a) measures of general life satisfaction, happiness, and family satisfaction to be interrelated across time; (b) global well-being measures of general life satisfaction and happiness to be the strongest predictors of each other; and (c) variation in general life satisfaction to be consistently accounted for by domain well-being measures of family satisfaction and health satisfaction. Implications for further research are discussed.
Theory and Practice of Self-Induced Pain Management: Approaches Learned from Effective Copers
Authors: Fox Patricia , Ingram Denise
Published: March 2007

Pain control can be central to the effective management of sickle cell disease (SCD). The traditional medical model has relied on pharmacological intervention as the primary treatment approach to pain management. Alternatively, psychologists have the capability of assisting people with SCD through methods that empower them to control SCD pain. The concepts advanced in this article are based on the clinical experiences of the authors in working with people who have SCD. The purpose of the article is to describe alternative strategies to the traditional pharmacological methods for management of SCD pain. The authors examine in more depth cognitive strategies and autonomic nervous system engaging strategies that have been found to be effective in the self-induced management of SCD pain.
How Long before It Hurts?
Authors: Sharp Sonia , Thompson David , Arora Tiny
Published: March 2007

Long-term bullying is an area which has not been specifically investigated. Yet, its consequences and susceptibility to change may be very different from short-term bullying episodes. This article sets out to look at some of the issues involved and draws on the findings of two studies, both of which have relevance to the phenomenon of long-term bullying. The first findings are those of a follow-up study which looked at the progress of anti-bullying policies in secondary schools. The second findings are from a pilot study which investigated students' feelings about long-term bullying. The outcomes of these studies suggest that a small percentage of students may be bullied for a long period of time and that this more persistent bullying may need focused, long-term solutions to resolve it.
School Psychology in the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Gaude Peter , Kamratowski Joachim
Published: March 2007

The beginnings and development of school psychology in the FRG To understand the multifaceted nature of school psychology in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) it must be kept in mind that in our country, which has existed as a political unit since 1949, the educational system is decentralized. This means that the parliaments and governments of the federal states of the FRG are responsible for the related laws and regulations. There are, however, meetings of delegates of the states, such as meetings of the ministers of culture and education, where topics of common interest are discussed and transmitted as unified recommendations to states.
A Reference Framework for Abnormal Children
Authors: Xie Zhang
Published: March 2007

The psychological development of such handicapped children as the blind, the deaf and the dumb is often accompanied by frustration, demonstrated by unhappiness, depression, a sense of inferiority and low levels of aspiration. This project was an investigation of how to minimize these frustrations.
Paired Reading
Authors: Law Marjorie , Kratochwill Thomas R.
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of a home tutoring program entitled Paired Reading was evaluated, using a multiple baseline time-series design. Paired Reading consists of two phases: simultaneous and independent reading. The procedure provides the children with a model (the parent) and focuses on the use of positive reinforcement. In the study 13 parents were taught in groups of three to four to implement the Paired Reading program at home. All baseline and Paired Reading sessions were audiotaped which allowed for an evaluation of how accurately parents implemented the technique after receiving training. Graded reading passages were also used to evaluate children's reading accuracy and fluency throughout baseline and intervention phases of the study. In addition, consumer satisfaction and perceptions of child behavior change were examined at the completion of the intervention. The results indicated that parents were able to implement the Paired Reading procedures with relatively high accuracy. A significant improvement in the children's reading skills, however, was not observed. At the completion of the intervention parents and children reported having a positive perception of the Paired Reading program. Parents reported that they observed the greatest change in the children's self-confidence and attitude toward reading. The conclusions of previous Paired Reading research are discussed in light of these results and suggestions are made for future research.
What is the Diagnostic Significance of Specific Learning Difficulties?
Authors: Ogilvy Carole M.
Published: March 2007

The controversy surrounding the issue of specific learning difficulties/dyslexia may be attributed partly to the inappropriate application of the medical model of diagnosis and treatment to an educational context and partly to a politico-economic climate which encourages individual competition for scarce resources. The individual-centred focus of specific learning difficulties detracts from the wider problem of reading failure and what can be done to prevent it in all children. It is suggested that an ecological approach to reading difficulties would be a more appropriate orientation, leading to interventions of a preventive rather than a reactive nature.
Teachers' Perceptions of Children's Behaviour Problems in Nursery Classes in Greece
Authors: Ramasut Arlene , Papatheodorou Theodora
Published: March 2007

The extent and nature of behaviour problems exhibited by children 4 to 6 years old in nursery classes in Greece were investigated. A questionnaire was constructed and distributed to 225 nursery teachers with a 68.4 percent response rate. The results showed that an overall 14.3 percent of nursery school children were identified as exhibiting behaviour problems of various degrees of seriousness. Teachers perceived all three types of behaviour problems, namely conduct, emotional and developmentally related problems, as being of equal seriousness. Boys were perceived as exhibiting more specific items of conduct problems, while girls demonstrated more specific items of withdrawn problems. Both boys and girls were identified as exhibiting almost the same specific items within the developmentally related problems category. Teacher training was found to be an insignificant factor for conduct and emotional problems, but significant for developmentally related problems. In contrast, length of teaching experience was found to be a significant factor for conduct and emotional problems, but not for developmentally related problems. Whether teachers have children of their own seems to be a significant factor for emotional and developmentally related problems, but insignificant for conduct problems. Finally, teachers said that they worry about behaviour problems more than being disturbed by them.
Violence in Rural Schools
Authors: Kingery Paul M. , Pruitt B. E. , Brizzolara Jeffrey A. , Heuberger Greg
Published: March 2007

Often considered largely an urban problem, school violence has been found to be unusually high in rural schools near the US-Mexico border. Beyond being a social problem and a public health problem, school violence is an educational problem, limiting the ability of students to learn. Seventh through twelfth graders (n = 2,746) in thirty-eight rural school districts were surveyed regarding their involvement in school violence and victimization. More than half of the boys had fought with fists or weapons in the past year at school. More than half of the boys had carried a knife at school. Eighteen percent of fifteen to seventeen year old boys had carried a handgun at school. In the past year 16 percent of students had been robbed, 37 percent had been threatened, and 15 percent had been attacked (often repeatedly) while at school. Ten percent had someone try to force them to have sex against their will while at school. A constellation of factors was found to be related to involvement in school violence. These provided the basis for recommended prevention strategies.
Risk Factors for Violent Behaviors among Ethnically Diverse Urban Adolescents
Authors: Kingery Paul M. , Zimmerman Rick S. , Biafora Frank A.
Published: March 2007

The higher rate ofjuvenile homicide among African-American males than among white males has led many to the assumption that blacks are more violent than whites and other racial/ethnic groups. The present study examines that hypothesis in the context of 3955 inner-city Miami boys who were surveyed over a three-year period from grades 6 and 7 to grades 8 and 9. Concurrent risk factors were more predictive than prospective risk factors in relation to self-reported violence in grades 8 and 9. A variety of familial, psychosocial, sociocultural and school-based risk factors for violence were examined. These included race/ethnicity, normative values, derogation (from self, teachers and parents), cocaine and crack use, marital and educational status of parents, grade in school, beliefs (on several levels) and behaviors (delinquency, response to anger, etc). Gun carrying at school was only slightly more prevalent among American blacks (6% for the partial school term) than among whites (4%) and boys of other races. White boys were more likely to carry knives than American blacks. Using a composite of violent behavior, no single racial group was more violent than another (F = .508,p = .83). Haitians, Caribbean blacks and Nicaraguans were more likely to be involved in gangs than other groups. Normlessness, low empathy, stealing, law-breaking and wanting to quit school and leave home function as a constellation of risk factors that appear to increase the likelihood of weapon carrying and interpersonal violence regardless of race/ethnicity. Other risk factors vary by race/culture group.
The Past, Present and Future of Chinese Early Childhood Education
Authors: Mcloughlin Caven S. , Pang Lijuan , Dong Qi
Published: March 2007

Early childhood education in the People's Republic of China has been inextricably influenced by the changes and progress of politics and economy in Chinese society. As the economic-political scene has undergone a dramatic and tortuous development over the past four decades, the development of China's early childhood education services has experienced a parallel progression. In this article, four stages in the development of a national early childhood model are considered: stages of steady initial advance which involved the post-revolutionary creation of early childhood as a field of service and study, the incorporation of Soviet systems and the creation of personnel preparation programs (1949-57); a stage of unchecked growth, and eventual consolidation (1958-65); the Cultural Revolution, wherein early childhood education experienced serious damage (1966-76); and post-revolutionary restoration and development (1976-present). We illustrate current Chinese early childhood educational goals and its content, including the eightelement comprehensive national curriculum, educational activities, methods, problems, reforms and prospects for the future. We conclude with observations about changes in PRC social/political/economic life which in turn will create a new impact on Chinese early childhood provision.
Enriching Swedish Women's Work Environment: The Case of Social Enterprises in Day Care
Authors: Pestoff Victor A.
Published: March 2007

This article addresses the dramatic increase of work-related demands and the deterioration of the psychosocial work environment for women employed in the public service sector in Sweden during the 1990s and the potential contribution of social enterprises to enriching women's work environment. The empirical part of the study of the staff of 57 day care centres, chosen throughout Sweden, compares the three main types of social enterprises providing day care services, namely parent cooperatives, voluntary organizations and worker cooperatives, with each other and contrasts them, in a retrospective study, with similar municipal services. The staff study shows that social enterprises provide good jobs in the sense of being both demanding and providing decision latitude for the employees. Women gain more control over their jobs through greater participation and influence in the decision-making processes of social enterprises. This both enriches their work life and results in a more engaged staff and better quality services.
The Democratization of Capital
Authors: Mathews John
Published: March 2007

Schemes of financial participation developed by unions in negotiations with employers, such as pension funds, profit-sharing arrangements and employee investment funds, are theorized in this paper as steps towards the democratization of capital. Based on experience obtained to date, particularly more recent cases such as the Swedish Renewal Funds, an approach to a theory of collective capital formation is offered. The political implications of following this strategy, and interpreting it as fulfilment of the nineteenth-century goal of 'socialization', are sketched out.
Policy and the Performance of Bulgarian Agricultural Organizations
Authors: Boyd Michael L.
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the performance of Bulgarian agriculture since 1960, using an aggregate production function analysis. Particular attention is paid to how organizational changes affected performance, and the implications of the Bulgarian experience for current reforms in centrally-planned economies. Results indicate that organizational reforms in the 1970s and 1980s did not increase output and productivity growth. Significant estimates of increasing returns to scale, declining rates of disembodied technological change growth and interperiod differences in input coefficients suggest that these failures lie both in the difficulties associated with the implementation of new organizational regimes and in the changes in technology between policy periods. This indicates that the outcome of current reforms in centrally-planned economies depends critically on the methods of and the commitment to their implementation.
Participation in Economic Management and the Second Economy: Lessons from the Soviet Case
Authors: Grancelli Bruno
Published: March 2007

The paper begins with a short review of key institutional arrangements for labour participation in the management of the Soviet enterprises. Next, sociological evidence is presented which indicate: (a) that the apparatus of labour participation is largely inadequate to fulfil the declared aims of perestroika, and (b) that many workers find it much more rewarding to participate instead in the activities of the second economy. These results are explained in the last section by referring to a series of interrelations between the processes of 'statization' and 'privatization' in Soviet society.
How Progressive are Progressive Economic Policies? A Note on Latin America's 'Catch 22'
Authors: de Vyider Stefan
Published: March 2007

Most attempts by left-wing regimes to reduce Latin America's appalling inequalities in income and opportunities have failed. This article summarizes a few conclusions that can be drawn from wellintentioned but largely counterproductive policies carried out in the name of equality. Among these lessons can be mentioned: (1) the more,progressive' a government is, the more important it becomes to maintain conservative macroeconomic policies; (2) although inflation hurts the poor, attempts to suppress inflation with the help of subsidies, price controls and massive increases in state expenditure tend to hurt the poorest of the poor; and (3) honest, radical governments attacking 'speculation' with the wrong means easily end up creating an economic environment where honesty is punished, while 'speculation' and corruption are rewarded.
Transforming South Africa's Economy: From Racial-Fordism to Neo-Fordism?
Authors: Kraak Andre
Published: March 2007

One of the most significant debates of the present period revolves around attempts to account for the rapidly changing nature of global capitalism, and, in particular, the paradigm shift in production methods from 'Fordism' to 'post-Fordism'. This article examines how such a global phenomenon has impacted on South Africa in the period 1980-95. The analysis begins with a clarification of concepts used. A hybrid typology is employed as a means of signifying the coexistence of a multiplicity of labour processes. It is a conceptual device aimed at overcoming the tendency within the international and South African literature which assumes an all-pervasive dominance of one production paradigm across the entire economy. The article then evaluates all available evidence regarding the diffusion of the new technologies and managerial techniques in the South African manufacturing sector. The predilection towards neo-Fordism and the absence of a clear shift to post-Fordist methods of production is interpreted as a consequence of key structural and conjunctural constraints on technological, social and economic change. The article concludes by assessing the new macroeconomic policy proposals which have arisen since the resounding electoral victory of the African National Congress (ANC) and its leader, Nelson Mandela, in South Africa's first ever democratic elections in April 1994. The remarkable similarity between these policy propositions and the principal features of post-Fordism are critically reviewed.
Gendered Constraints and Opportunities: An Analysis of Workers' Experience in UK Cooperative and Collective Organizations
Authors: Oerton Sarah
Published: March 2007

This article is based upon empirical research with 45 cooperative and collective workers, 30 women and 15 men, undertaken in the United Kingdom between 1989 and 1993. It addresses both the constraints and the opportunities that workers experience in such organizations, and how both of these are informed by the gender of workers and the gender composition of the organization. Two lines of argument around which to theorize workers' experiences are presented; first, it is suggested that workers in cooperative and collective organizations have failed to overcome some of the material and discursive constraints that locate women and men in different positions in workplace organizations and in the labour market generally. Second, it is argued that gender inequalities are resisted and challenged by workers in cooperative and collective organizations in ways which allow for a different reading of their experiences, albeit one that is still informed by gender. The article argues that these gender inequalities, and the strategies adopted by workers to overcome them, operate at both the material and the discursive level. It concludes that there is support for both of the two apparently contrasting lines of argument, and that rather than viewing sociostructural and agency- orientated approaches to gender and work in opposition, it is possible to elucidate the ways in which they can be seen as elaborations or developments of one another.
'Reflective Production': An Alternative to Mass Production and Lean Production?
Authors: Freyssenet Michel
Published: March 2007

The newly reopened Volvo Uddevalla plant is the only automobile factory in the world where 'reflective production' system principles are put into practice. This article attempts to analyse the implementation of these principles in the plant. Reflective production reattributes both cognitive and cooperative dimensions of ordinary activity to industrial work. Applying it to automobile assembly has proven that it is not necessarily econoniic or practical to 'deconstruct/reconstruct' work into elementary operations with the final stage of combining them sequentially. Insofar as lean production is concerned (best observed at Toyota in 1992), it continues to rely on traditional principles of additivity and fluidity. When compared to the Uddevalla experience, the lean production system remains one which seeks to limit loss of time inherent in additive assembly line production, without recognizing the very origin of this problem as being the production method itself.
Economic Globalization and Labour Market Transformations in Fiji
Authors: Prasad Satendra
Published: March 2007

The decollectivizing impacts of Fiji's post-1990 economic reforms upon its labour market institutions have aggravated its economic vulnerabilities. Accelerated internationalization of its economy has meant that the market coordinating capabilities of labour market institutions have been eroded. Weakened labour market institutions have harmed state capacity to deal with social exclusion and economic marginalization. It has also inhibited its ability to direct small- to medium-scale enterprises towards competitive growth.
Attention, Automaticity, and Affective Disorder
Authors: Matthews Gerald , Wells Adrian
Published: March 2007

This article reviews possible mechanisms for attentional bias in affective disorders and anxiety. Attentional bias is sometimes conceptualized as automatic in nature. However, there are methodological difficulties with studies purporting to demonstrate automaticity, and empirical and simulation evidence suggest that bias may be predominantly strategic. Bias in the voluntary control of attention may be driven by coping strategies, which in turn depend on appraisal of external demands, metacognitions of mental function, access of self-relevant knowledge in long-term memory, and self-focus of attention. The Self-Regulatory Executive Function (S-REF) model of emotion and attention specifies how these processes interact to influence attentional control. Clinical disorder is associated with loss of dynamic adaptability and a syndrome of perseverative rumination and worry that directs attention toward monitoring for threat and away from restructuring of maladaptive self-knowledge. Implications of the S-REF model for therapeutic interventions directed toward attentional control are discussed.
Cueing, Demand Fading, and Positive Reinforcement to Establish Self-Feeding and Oral Consumption in a Child with Chronic Food Refusal
Authors: Luiselli James K.
Published: March 2007

A3-year-old child with multiple medical disorders and chronic food refusalwas treated successfully using a program that incorporated antecedent control procedures combined with positive reinforcement. The antecedent manipulations included visual cueing of a criterion number of self-feeding responses that were required during meals to receive reinforcement and a gradual increase in the imposed criterion (demand fading) that was based on improved frequency of oral consumption. As evaluated in a changing criterion design, the child learned to feed himself as an outcome of treatment. One year following intervention, hewas consuming a variety of foods and had gained weight. Advantages of antecedent control methods for the treatment of chronic food refusal are discussed.
Organicity in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Yaryura-Tobias Jose A. , Anderson Mark C. , Neziroglu Fugen A.
Published: March 2007

Though pharmacological and/or behavioral interventions have proven highly effective, 20 to 30% of the obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) population is treatment refractory. This study describes the OCD clinical profile that is correlated to organicity. Two groups of OCD patients were presented: an organic group and a control nonorganic group. The 9 organic patients exhibit an indifference to their illness, a lack of motivation, are nonanxious even during exposure exercises, are nondepressed, have rigid and concrete thinking, are treatment refractory, and have some type of organic impairment. The 10 nonorganic patients are also treatment refractory but do not exhibit the clinical profile correlated to the organic OCD patients. Furthermore, MRI results indicate that no organic impairment exists in this control group. All of these patients were tried on medication and behavior therapy to no avail. Reasons for lack of response in organic OCD patients, based on cerebral anatomical changes, are discussed.
Treatment of Reactivated Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Russo Stephen A. , Hersen Michel , van Hasselt Vincent B.
Published: March 2007

A single-case analysis was used to assess the effects of imaginal exposure in a 57-year-old woman suffering from current and reactivated post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) following a transient ischemic attack. The client’s responses to self-reported depression, anxiety, and PTSD symptoms were repeatedly recorded during four phases: (a) initial psychotherapy, (b) imaginal exposure, (c) skill generalization, and (d) fading of treatment. In addition to dramatic reduction in levels of depression and anxiety, results showed a significant improvement in PTSD symptoms relating to recent and remote traumatic experiences. Improvements were maintained approximately 16 months after imaginal exposure ended, despite ongoing external stressors.
An Experimental Analysis of Aggression
Authors: Marcus Bethany A. , Vollmer Timothy R. , Swanson Victoria , Roane Henry R. , Ringdahl Joel E.
Published: March 2007

Iwata, Dorsey, Slifer, Bauman, and Richman developed an assessment method to identify the operant functions of self-injurious behavior. In this study, a similar methodwas used to assess the operant functions of aggression displayed by children and adolescents with developmental disabilities. Although previous research has shown that aggression is an operant behavior, there has been no comprehensive analysis of aggression using analog functional analysis methods. Eight children and adolescents participated. The experimental conditions involved attention, escape, materials, no interaction, and control. Results for 7 of the 8 participants identified clear operant functions (positive or negative reinforcement) for aggression. For 1 child, subsequent analyses suggested that aggression was possibly sensitive to peer attention as reinforcement.
Covert Conditioning
Authors: Cautela Joseph R. , Baron Mary Grace
Published: March 2007

There appears to be a consensus that an investigation of covert events is necessary for a complete study of human behavior. Covert conditioning involves the manipulation of covert events. Three assumptions of covert conditioning (homogeneity, interaction, and learning) are presented together with a theoretical analysis and supportive evidence.
Generalization of Reinforcement Effects in a Token Program in the Home
Authors: Bucher Bradley , Reaume James
Published: March 2007

A behavioral management program was established in the home for a behavior problem child. When the program showed success for the targeted behaviors, observations were begun in an additional problem area: proper bedroom maintenance. This behavior was divided into four separate components. The mother instructed the child to carry out each of the component behaviors, and promised a reward for one, or promised no reward, depending on the experimental condition. As the amount of the reward varied, performance for all components varied, but no behavioral discrimination appeared among the reinforced and nonreinforced component behaviors. Compliance with the nonexperimental treatment program remained high throughout the study. Questionnaire testing showed precise verbal discrimination of the token reward contingency. The results show that the effects of token reinforcement programs may extend to behaviors other than those specifically targeted.
Effects of Concurrent Fast and Slow Models on Drinking Rate
Authors: Dericco Denice , Niemann Joan E.
Published: March 2007

Two male subjects and one female subject drank beer with same sex confederate models in a simulated bar. An ABACA reversal design was used. Condition A indicated subject baseline drinking rate. Condition B consisted of one confederate modeling a high rate concurrent with a second confederate modeling a low rate. For Condition C, confederates modeled in the opposite direction to Condition B. Sessions were of one hour duration. Each condition was continued until stability was reached. Subjects consistently matched the high rate model and ignored the low rate model.
The Modification of Parent Behavior
Authors: Sanders Matthew R. , James Jack E.
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature on the extratraining effects of behavioral family intervention relating to parent behavior. The review classifies generalization and maintenance into several distinct categories suggested by Drabman, Hammer, and Rosenbaum (1979). The authors conclude that only limited aspects of generalization and maintenance questions in parent training have been addressed and highlight several persisting methodological deficiencies that have hampered the development and evaluation of effective generalization programming technologies.
Demand-Related Tantrums
Authors: Carr Edward G. , Newsom Crighton
Published: March 2007

Tantrums constitute a serious behavior problem frequently manifested by children in educational settings. Three developmentally disabled children were observed during a series of sessions in which the presence or absence of instructional demands was systematically manipulated. Tantrums occurred at a high rate when demands were presented, but rarely occurred in the absence of demands. Further, when a signal was given that demands had terminated, the rate of tantrums immediately dropped. These results were interpreted as consistent with a coercion hypothesis of tantrum control. Specifically, tantrums were conceptualized as a form of escape behavior maintained by negative reinforcement resulting from termination of an aversive stimulus; in this case, demands. A treatment was designed that attempted to reduce the aversiveness of the demand situation by introducing strongly preferred reinforcers to make tantrums nonfunctional. The treatment produced strong, sustained suppression of tantrums and increased levels of task compliance. Results were interpreted as providing evidence for the generality of coercion as an explanatory construct in childhood psychopathology and as demonstrating the heuristic value of this construct vis-a-vis the design of treatment.
Contingent Glove Wearing for the Treatment of Self-Excoriating Behavior in a Sensory-Impaired Adolescent
Authors: Luiselli James K.
Published: March 2007

Contingently applied protective equipment is a treatment strategy to control self injury but one that has received limited experimental evaluation. This study examined the effects of contingent glove wearing for the treatment of self excoriating, skin picking behavior in a sensory impaired adolescent. Brief application of gloves following occurrences of self injury produced clinically significant reductions in the behavior as demonstrated in a multiple baseline design. Intervention effects were maintained at 1-and 3-month follow-up assessments.
Increasing Social Interactions in Deaf-Blind Severely Handicapped Young Adults
Authors: Van Hasselt Vincent B. , Hersen Michel , Egan Brenda S. , Mckelvey Jenifer L. , Sisson Lori A.
Published: March 2007

The effectiveness of prompting and positive reinforcement for increasing on-task behavior and social interactions in two deaf-blind severely handicapped young adults was examined. Treatment was conducted in a leisure setting in which subjects participated in games requiring social interchange. On-task behavior was initially targeted and treatment efficacy evaluated with a withdrawal design. After demonstration of experimental control, treatment was then implemented with social interactions in a multiple baseline design. Results showed increased percentages of on-task social interactions for both subjects with introduction of treatment. In addition, rates of non-targeted self-stimulatory responses were observed to decrease concurrently with treatment for target behaviors. Results are discussed in terms of the utility of behavioral strategies with deaf-blind persons and the importance of improved social performance in these individuals.
Clinical Social Work and Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Himle Joseph , Thyer Bruce A.
Published: March 2007

Clinical research on the purely obsessional patient is considerably less developed than that for compulsive ritualizers or obsessive compulsives with mixed features. A single case investigation of exposure therapy in the treatment of obsessive ruminations is presented. Treatment involved exposing the patient to a variety of stimuli related to obsessional thoughts including reading, writing, and listening to such content. The patient's immediate response to treatment was favorable, with improvements being maintained at two-year follow-up.