bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of an Evaluation Scale for Self-Management Behavior Related to Physical Activity of Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Nakawatase Yuri , Taru Chiemi , Tsutou Akimitsu , Shiotani Hideyuki , Kido Yoshiaki , Ohara Takeshi , Ogawa Wataru , Miyawaki Ikuko
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—The aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of an evaluation scale for self-management behavior related to physical activity of type 2 diabetic patients (ES-SMBPA-2D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Outpatients with type 2 diabetes (n = 146) completed a self-administered questionnaire supported by a semistructured interview based on a literature review. The content, factor, and concurrent validity and internal consistency and reproducibility of the scale were analyzed. Pearson’s correlation coefficients for the ES-SMBPA-2D and International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ) subscale scores were calculated to evaluate the concurrent validity.

RESULTS—The ES-SMBPA-2D was divided into two parts, the first dealing with self-management behavior to enhance physical activity in daily life and the second with behavior to maintain the level of physical activity. Factor analysis showed that the first part comprised four factors and the second five. The ES-SMBPA-2D correlated with the IPAQ subscales. Cronbach’s α coefficient was between 0.56 and 0.90, and the intraclass test-retest correlation coefficient of the subscales was between 0.60 and 0.88.

CONCLUSIONS—The ES-SMBPA-2D is reasonably reliable and valid and is expected to prove useful for the assessment of patients’ self-management behavior and for individualized instruction.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is a Risk Factor for Type 2 Diabetes in Middle-Aged Japanese Men
Authors: Shibata Michihiko , Kihara Yasuyuki , Taguchi Masashi , Tashiro Mitsuo , Otsuki Makoto
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine the association between nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and the risk for development of diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We conducted an observational cohort study in male workers ≥40 years old in a Japanese company from 1997 to 2005. We excluded workers with alcohol intake ≥20 g/day and those with impaired glucose tolerance by a 75-g oral glucose tolerance test. The remaining 3,189 workers were classified into fatty liver (FL) and non-FL group based on the findings of abdominal ultrasonography. Both groups were followed for the development of diabetes. Hazard ratio (HR) was determined in Cox proportional hazard analysis. A nested case-control study was conducted to determine the odds ratio (OR).

RESULTS—The average age of participants was 48.0 years at the entry, and the average follow-up period was 4.0 years. The incidence of diabetes in the FL group was 2,073 per 100,000 person-years (65 cases), whereas 452 per 100,000 person-years (44 cases) in the non-FL group. The age- and BMI-adjusted HR of diabetes associated with FL was 5.5 (95% CI 3.6–8.5, P < 0.001). In the nested case-control analysis, the OR adjusted for age and BMI was 4.6 (3.0–6.9, P < 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS—Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease significantly increases the risk of diabetes in middle-aged Japanese men.
The CETP TaqIB Polymorphism Is Associated With the Risk of Sudden Death in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Porchay-Baldérelli Isabelle , Péan Franck , Bellili Naïma , Jaziri Riphed , Marre Michel , Fumeron Frédéric ,   for the DIABHYCAR Study Group
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—Type 2 diabetic patients have a high risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and sudden death. This cardiovascular risk can be partly attributed to low levels of HDL cholesterol. The B2 allele of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism has been repeatedly reported to be associated with high HDL cholesterol levels in both healthy and type 2 diabetic subjects, but its association with CHD is unclear. We investigated the association of the CETP TaqIB polymorphism with CHD, and sudden death in particular, in a prospective cohort of type 2 diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The CETP TaqIB polymorphism was genotyped in 3,124 type 2 diabetic subjects with high cardiovascular risk: the Noninsulin-Dependent Diabetes, Hypertension, Microalbuminuria, Proteinuria, Cardiovascular Events, and Ramipril (DIABHYCAR) study. We used Cox regression analysis to estimate the impact of the TaqIB single nucleotide polymorphism on the CHD events (myocardial infarction or sudden death) during follow-up.

RESULTS—The incidence of CHD was higher in B1B1 homozygotes than in B2 carriers (P = 0.02). This effect was mainly due to sudden death (hazard ratio [B1B1 vs. B2+] = 1.51 [95% CI = 1.05–2.18]). Although the B1 allele was associated in a dose-dependent fashion with lower HDL cholesterol (P < 0.001), the association with sudden death persisted after adjustment for multiple risk factors, including HDL cholesterol levels.

CONCLUSIONS—In type 2 diabetic patients, the CETP TaqIB polymorphism is a good genetic predictor of cardiac mortality. This association is partly independent of the effect on HDL cholesterol levels.
Dehydroepiandrosterone Administration Counteracts Oxidative Imbalance and Advanced Glycation End Product Formation in Type 2 Diabetic Patients
Authors: Brignardello Enrico , Runzo Cristina , Aragno Manuela , Catalano Maria Graziella , Cassader Maurizio , Perin Paolo Cavallo , Boccuzzi Giuseppe
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) has been shown to prevent oxidative stress in several in vivo and in vitro models. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of DHEA administration on oxidative stress, pentosidine concentration, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α/TNF-α receptor system activity in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Twenty patients were enrolled in the study and randomly assigned to the DHEA (n = 10) or placebo (n = 10) group. Twenty healthy sex- and age-matched subjects with normal glucose levels served as control subjects. DHEA was given as a single daily dose of 50 mg for 12 weeks.

RESULTS—Oxidative stress parameters were significantly higher in diabetic patients versus control subjects. Pentosidine levels, as well as soluble TNF receptor (sTNF-R)I and sTNF-RII, were also higher in diabetic patients. After DHEA, plasma levels of reactive oxygen species and hydroxynonenal dropped by 53 and 47%, respectively, whereas the nonenzymatic antioxidants glutathione and vitamin E increased (+38 and +76%, respectively). The same changes in oxidative parameters were detected in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). DHEA treatment also induced a marked decrease of pentosidine plasma concentration in diabetic patients (−50%). Moreover, the TNF-α/TNF-α receptor system was shown to be less activated after DHEA treatment, in both plasma and PBMCs.

CONCLUSIONS—Data indicate that DHEA treatment ameliorates the oxidative imbalance induced by hyperglycemia, downregulates the TNF-α/TNF-α receptor system, and prevents advanced glycation end product formation, suggesting a beneficial effect on the onset and/or progression of chronic complications in type 2 diabetic patients.
Supplementation of Conventional Therapy With the Novel Grain Salba (Salvia hispanica L.) Improves Major and Emerging Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Vuksan Vladimir , Whitham Dana , Sievenpiper John L. , Jenkins Alexandra L. , Rogovik Alexander L. , Bazinet Richard P. , Vidgen Edward , Hanna Amir
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—To determine whether addition of Salba (Salvia hispanica L.), a novel whole grain that is rich in fiber, α-linolenic acid (ALA), and minerals to conventional treatment is associated with improvement in major and emerging cardiovascular risk factors in individuals with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Using a single-blind cross-over design, subjects were randomly assigned to receive either 37 ± 4 g/day of Salba or wheat bran for 12 weeks while maintaining their conventional diabetes therapies. Twenty well-controlled subjects with type 2 diabetes (11 men and 9 women, aged 64 ± 8 years, BMI 28 ± 4 kg/m2, and A1C 6.8 ± 0.9%) completed the study. This study was set in the outpatient clinic of the Risk Factor Modification Center, St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, Canada.

RESULTS—Compared with the control treatment, Salba reduced systolic blood pressure (SBP) by 6.3 ± 4 mmHg (P < 0.001), high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) (mg/l) by 40 ± 1.6% (P = 0.04), and vonWillebrand factor (vWF) by 21 ± 0.3% (P = 0.03), with significant decreases in A1C and fibrinogen in relation to the Salba baseline but not with the control treatment. There were no changes in safety parameters including liver, kidney and hemostatic function, or body weight. Both plasma ALA and eicosapentaenoic polyunsaturated fatty acid levels were increased twofold (P < 0.05) while consuming Salba.

CONCLUSIONS—Long-term supplementation with Salba attenuated a major cardiovascular risk factor (SBP) and emerging factors (hs-CRP and vWF) safely beyond conventional therapy, while maintaining good glycemic and lipid control in people with well-controlled type 2 diabetes.
Resolution of Asymptomatic Myocardial Ischemia in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes in the Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) Study
Authors: Wackers Frans J. Th. , Chyun Deborah A. , Young Lawrence H. , Heller Gary V. , Iskandrian Ami E. , Davey Janice A. , Barrett Eugene J. , Taillefer Raymond , Wittlin Steven D. , Filipchuk Neil , Ratner Robert E. , Inzucchi Silvio E. ,   for the Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) Investigators
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—The purpose of this study was to assess whether the prevalence of inducible myocardial ischemia increases over time in patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—Participants enrolled in the Detection of Ischemia in Asymptomatic Diabetics (DIAD) study underwent repeat adenosine-stress myocardial perfusion imaging 3 years after initial evaluation. Patients with intervening cardiac events or revascularization and those who were unable or unwilling to repeat stress imaging were excluded.

RESULTS—Of the initial 522 DIAD patients, 358 had repeat stress imaging (DIAD-2), of whom 71 (20%) had ischemia at enrollment (DIAD-1). Of 287 patients with normal DIAD-1 studies, 259 (90%) remained normal in DIAD-2, whereas 28 (10%) developed new ischemia in DIAD-2. Of the 71 patients with abnormal DIAD-1 studies, 56 (79%) demonstrated resolution of ischemia, whereas 15 (21%) remained abnormal. During this 3-year interval, medical treatment was intensified, with more patients using statins, aspirin, and ACE inhibitors than at baseline. Patients with resolution of ischemia had significantly greater increases in these medications than patients who developed new ischemia (P = 0.04).

CONCLUSIONS—Thus, the majority of asymptomatic patients with type 2 diabetes demonstrated resolution of ischemia upon repeat stress imaging after 3 years. This resolution was associated with more intensive treatment of cardiovascular risk factors.
Working memory abilities and children's performance in laboratory analogues of classroom activities
Authors: Gathercole Susan E. , Durling Emily , Evans Matthew , Jeffcock Sarah , Stone Sarah
Published: October 2007

Laboratory analogues of classroom activities on which children with low working memory skills have been observed to perform very poorly were developed and employed in two studies. In Study 1, 5‐ and 6‐year‐old completed one task involving recalling spoken sentences and counting the numbers of words, and another task involving the identification of rhyming words in spoken poems. Poorer performance of low than average working memory children was obtained on the recall measure of both tasks. In Study 2, 5‐ and 6‐year‐old children heard spoken instructions involving the manipulation of a sequence of objects, and were asked either to perform the instructions or repeat them, in different conditions. The accuracy of performing but not repeating instructions was strongly associated with working memory skills. These results indicate that working memory plays a significant role in typical classroom activities that involve both the storage and mental manipulation of information. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A facet analysis of police officers' self‐reported use of suspect‐interviewing strategies and their Discomfort with Ambiguity
Authors: Alison Laurence , Kebbell Mark , Leung Joane
Published: October 2007

This study sought to establish: (i) whether tactics in police suspects interviews can be represented by two interacting facets (cognitive/emotional and coercive/facilitative) and (ii) whether a preference for coercive combinations are positively associated with Discomfort with Ambiguity (Kruglanski, 1989). Ninety‐nine police interviewers from the Crime Wing Headquarters of the Hong Kong Police completed a self‐report survey of preferred suspect interviewing tactics, as well as Chiu, Morris, Hong, and Menon (2000) version of the Need For Closure scale. Smallest Space Analysis (Guttman, 1968) revealed a duplex structure of cognitive and affective coercive/facilitative themes. Moreover, self‐report results indicated that high scorers on Discomfort with Ambiguity were more willing to use a wider variety of tactics (including more coercive cognitive and emotional tactics) than low scorers (who were more prudent in their constraint and willingness to stick with facilitative cognitive and emotional tactics). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Plasmonic Materials
Authors: Murray W. A. , Barnes W. L.
Published: October 2007

We provide an overview of the way in which different approaches to nanostructuring metals can lead to a wealth of interesting optical properties and functionality through manipulation of the plasmon modes that such structures support, a field known as plasmonics. The increasing interest in plasmonics derives in large measure from the interplay between better fabrication techniques and an awareness of the potential that controlled plasmon modes have to offer. The combination of nanometer‐scale fabrication techniques and increasingly sophisticated numerical modeling capabilities thus enables a significant advance in our understanding of the science underlying plasmonics. Here, we survey some of the different structures that have been explored. We hope that this Review will spur others to continue the exploration of this fascinating topic.
Using Lessons from Cellular and Molecular Structures for Future Materials
Authors: LeDuc P. R. , Robinson D. N.
Published: October 2007

Cells and molecules exhibit robust and efficient characteristics that occur as a result of highly organized and hierarchical structures within these small scale living systems. These structures have the ability to adapt themselves to a wide variety of stimuli, including mechanical and chemical environmental changes, which ultimately affect behavior including cell life and death. The characteristics of these structures can be utilized as they provide unique advantages for building a future generation of material science technologies. In this article, we provide an overview of the similarities between materials and living cells, and discuss specific types of biological materials including cytoskeletal elements, DNA, and molecular motors that have already been leveraged to build unique functional materials. The future challenge will be to continue to use the scientific discoveries of today with upcoming discoveries in cellular and molecular science, and apply these principles to develop as yet unknown technologies and materials.
Interpopulation, interindividual, intercycle, and intracycle natural variation in progesterone levels: A quantitative assessment and implications for population studies
Authors: Jasienska Grazyna , Jasienski Michal
Published: October 2007

Methodological challenges in studying sex steroid hormones in premenopausal women result from the existence of variation at three levels: among women from the same population, among menstrual cycles recorded for women at different times of the year, and among days of the same cycle. We partitioned, for a Polish rural population, the natural, nonpathological, variation in salivary progesterone concentrations (measured during 14 days of the luteal phase) into the intracycle component (which accounts for 65% of the total variation) and the among‐cycle component (the remaining 35% of the total variation). Out of the among‐cycle variation in salivary progesterone, as much as 46% is expressed as differences among individual women (interindividual component); the remaining 54% of variation is due to differences among cycles of individual women (intercycle, within‐women component). Such intercycle variation is probably caused by a seasonality of agricultural workload and is much higher than in nonseasonal, industrial populations. We also used bootstrap analyses to generate heuristic recommendations for choosing sample sizes of the number of subjects, number of cycles per woman, and number of days per cycle. Studies in populations with seasonal lifestyles should rely on measurements of at least three cycles per woman. Given the substantial intracycle amplitude in hormone levels to reliably assess biologically and medically relevant variation in ovarian function, at least 7–8 days/cycle should be measured. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Longitudinal assessment of cognitive characteristics in Costello syndrome
Authors: Axelrad Marni E. , Nicholson Linda , Stabley Deborah L. , Sol‐Church Katia , Gripp Karen W.
Published: October 2007

Costello syndrome encompasses pre‐ and postnatal medical problems including polyhydramnios, failure to thrive, cardiac complications, and an increased risk for solid tumors. Hypotonia and developmental delay are typical in infancy, and mental retardation can be diagnosed in older patients. Previous studies on the cognitive development in Costello syndrome relied on clinically diagnosed cases. The recent discovery of heterozygous HRAS mutations allows for molecular confirmation of the clinical diagnoses. We report here on cognitive abilities and adaptive behavior in the first cohort of patients with molecularly confirmed diagnoses. Further, this is the first longitudinal assessment of cognitive function in this patient population. Sixteen patients with identified HRAS mutations were tested, and 14 completed the Leiter International Performance Scale—Revised. The mean Full‐Scale IQ score of 57 (range 30–87) was within the range of mild Mental Retardation. Analysis of test component subsets showed a relative strength in Fluid Reasoning with a mean score of 69 (range 48–98), in the mild range of Mental Retardation. Longitudinal analysis was performed for 12 patients by comparison of data obtained at the first evaluation (T1) to results obtained 2 years later (T2). In these patients intellectual and language abilities remained stable, and no deterioration was seen. We have thus shown that Costello syndrome is a static condition regarding intellectual and language abilities. The Leiter‐R Memory Screen indicated functioning in the mildly delayed range for the majority of patients. Adaptive behavior was evaluated using the Vineland tool, and longitudinal data comparison for adaptive behavior showed improvements in Daily Living Skills, Communication, and the Adaptive Behavior Composite. However, these results must be interpreted cautiously as the measuring tool was updated from T1 to T2. Receptive language skills were measured with the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test‐III, showing a mean receptive vocabulary standard score of 65 (SD 15) in the Extremely Low range. Expressive language skills, as measured by the Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT), scored a mean of 51 (SD 14), in the Extremely Low range. However, half of the subjects obtained the lowest possible score on the EVT, demonstrating that this is not the ideal tool for use in this patient population. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expanding the phenotype of oculoectodermal syndrome: Possible relationship to encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis
Authors: Ardinger Holly H. , Horii Kimberly A. , Begleiter Michael L.
Published: October 2007

Oculoectodermal syndrome (OES) is characterized by epibulbar dermoids, aplasia cutis congenita, and other abnormalities. Here, we report 2 new cases, review 13 previous cases, and propose that OES may be a mild variant of encephalocraniocutaneous lipomatosis (ECCL), differing primarily in its lack of intracranial pathology. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Two siblings with an unusual nasal malformation: Further instances of craniorhiny?
Authors: Lees Melissa M. , Kangesu Loshan , Hall Per , Hennekam Raoul C.M.
Published: October 2007

We report a brother and sister born to consanguineous parents. The siblings have hypertelorism, bifid nose, upturned nares, histologically proven intranasal dermoid, and soft‐tissue swellings of the philtrum. One sibling also has a midline cleft lip and the other has narrowing of the posterior choanae. We suggest that they have craniorhiny, despite the absence of an abnormal skull shape. The differential diagnosis is discussed. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis, characterization, and bactericidal properties of composites based on crosslinked resins containing silver
Authors: de Santa Maria Luiz Claudio , Souza Jacqueline D. C. , Aguiar Mônica R. M. P. , Wang Shu H. , Mazzei José L. , Felzenszwalb Israel , Amico Sandro C.
Published: October 2007

Two different commercial crosslinked resins (Amberlite GT73 and Amberlite IRC748) were employed for anchoring silver. The SH and N(CH2COOH)2 groups, respectively, present on these resins were used for Ag+ chelation from an aqueous solution. The Ag+ ions were reduced with three different reductants: hydrazine, hydroxylamine, and formaldehyde (under an alkaline pH). The produced composites were characterized with thermogravimetry/differential thermogravimetry and scanning electron microscopy combined with a backscattered scanning electron detector. Energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy coupled to scanning electron microscopy allowed the observation of submicrometer particles of silver, and chemical microanalysis of emitted X‐rays revealed the presence of metal on the internal and external surfaces of the composite microspheres. The amount of incorporated silver was determined by titration. The antibacterial activity of the silver/resin composites was determined toward 103–107 cells/mL dilutions of the auxotrophic AB1157 Escherichia coli strain; the networks containing anchored submicrometer silver particles were completely bactericidal within a few minutes because of the combined action of silver and functional groups of the resins. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Novel chemically synthesized polyaniline electrodes containing a fluoroboric acid dopant for supercapacitors
Authors: Palaniappan Srinivasan , Devi Subbarao Lakshmi
Published: October 2007

The performance of chemically synthesized dual‐acid‐doped polyaniline (PANI) electrode material was investigated for supercapacitors for the first time. Three different grades of PANI‐containing fluoroboric acid (HBF4) as one of the dopants were prepared by a chemical polymerization method. PANI–dodecylhydrogen sulfate–HBF4 salt was synthesized by an emulsion polymerization pathway. A PANI–HBF4–sodium tetrafluoroborate composite and PANI–HBF4 salt were prepared from different modifications of dopants by a dedoping–redoping process. Capacitative behaviors of the three grades of PANI electrode materials were investigated. Among the three different grades of PANI, PANI–HBF4 electrode showed the best performance in terms of conductivity (2.3 × 10−1 S/cm), specific capacitance of the supercapacitor (140 F/g), specific energy (9.6 W h/kg), and specific power (58.8 W/kg). An increase in the capacitance of PANI–HBF4 was achieved, which identified the significant contribution of the dedoping–redoping processes in the PANI system for supercapacitors. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008
Cloning and characterization of two glutathione S‐transferase cDNAs in the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana
Authors: Zheng Sichun , Deng Huimin , Ladd Tim , Tomkins Bill L. , Krell Peter J. , Feng Qili
Published: October 2007

Two Choristoneura fumiferana glutathione S‐transferase cDNAs were cloned from a cDNA library constructed using mRNA from the midgut cell line, CF‐203. These cDNAs (CfGST2, CfGST3) encoded two structurally different proteins with a predicted molecular mass of 21 and 24 kDa, respectively, which was confirmed through protein expression in a bacterial system. Quantitative reverse‐transcription PCR analyses revealed that the transcripts of these two genes were present in the epidermis, fat body, and midgut of the 6th instar larvae. CfGST2 was expressed in the fat body when the insects were close to pupal molting, while it was constantly expressed in the other two tissues during the 6th instar stage. CfGST3 gene was expressed highly and constantly in all of the tissues throughout the 6th instar stage. Immunohistochemistry analysis demonstrated that CfGST2 and CfGST3 proteins were present mainly in the fat body and epidermis and no protein was detected in the midgut. CfGST2 and CfGST3 were different from CfGST reported before (Feng et al., 1999: Insect Biochem Mol Biol 29:779–793) in amino acid sequence, expression pattern, and responsiveness to tebufenozide. Arch. Insect Biochem. Physiol. 66:146–157, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determining factors of academic library Web site usage
Authors: Heinrichs John H. , Lim Kee‐Sook , Lim Jeen‐Su , Spangenberg Melissa Allen
Published: October 2007

This study develops three alternative models of academic library Web site usage based on the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The three alternative models depict relationships among various intrinsic and extrinsic determinant factors of an academic library's Web site usage. The four factors included in the models are perceived ease‐of‐use, perceived usefulness, service functionality, and task functionality. These four factors are hypothesized to affect directly or indirectly both factors of satisfaction and intention‐to‐use. LISREL analysis using survey data shows that the best‐fit model is the “Dual Mediation Impact” Model. Research and managerial implications for the academic library are discussed. Future research directions and limitations also are provided.
The user‐subjective approach to personal information management systems design: Evidence and implementations
Authors: Bergman Ofer , Beyth‐Marom Ruth , Nachmias Rafi
Published: October 2007

Personal Information Management (PIM) is an activity in which an individual stores personal information items to retrieve them later. In a former article, we suggested the user‐subjective approach, a theoretical approach proposing design principles with which PIM systems can systematically use subjective attributes of information items. In this consecutive article, we report on a study that tested the approach by exploring the use of subjective attributes (i.e., project, importance, and context) in current PIM systems, and its dependence on design characteristics. Participants were 84 personal computer users. Tools included a questionnaire (N = 84), a semistructured interview that was transcribed and analyzed (n = 20), and screen captures taken from this subsample. Results indicate that participants tended to use subjective attributes when the design encouraged them to; however, when the design discouraged such use, they either found their own alternative ways to use them or refrained from using them altogether. This constitutes evidence in support of the user‐subjective approach as it implies that current PIM systems do not allow for sufficient use of subjective attributes. The article also introduces seven novel system design schemes, suggested by the authors, which demonstrate how the user‐subjective principles can be implemented.
Verwendung diskreter, kohäsiver Risse zur Berechnung von Beton unter hochdynamischer Belastung
Authors: Larcher Martin
Published: October 2007

Die Berechnung von hochdynamisch beanspruchten Bauteilen stellt hohe Anforderungen an die verwendeten Methoden und Stoffgesetze. Neben dem nichtlinearen Verhalten des Betons durch das Risswachstum ist die bei hohen Belastungsgeschwindigkeiten erhöhte Festigkeit zu berücksichtigen. Zusätzlich ist das Verhalten der Mikroporen unter einer hydrostatischen Beanspruchung einzubeziehen. Die Art der Entlastung von stark hydrostatisch beanspruchtem Beton entscheidet über die Höhe der Energiedissipation.

In dieser Arbeit wird das elementfreie Galerkin‐Verfahren verwendet, um in Kombination mit einem kohäsiven Rissansatz die Rissentwicklung im Beton darzustellen. Das Verhalten der Mikroporen wird über eine Volumenfunktion implementiert, deren Entlastungsfunktion ebenfalls vorgestellt wird. Das Simulationsmodell wird an verschiedenen statischen und dynamischen Versuchen validiert. Die Berechnung eines mit einer Kontaktdetonation beaufschlagten Betonkörpers zeigt ein Rissbild, das das experimentell bestimmte gut abbildet.
Schlank und leicht – Ganghoferbrücke an der Theresienhöhe in München
Authors: Riedel Sven , Seidl Günter , Kotz Peter
Published: October 2007

Die Zusammenführung von bewährten Systemen macht die Ganghoferbrücke zu einer gestalterisch anspruchsvollen, modernen und sehr günstigen Fußgängerbrücke. Der Überbau ist aus Stahlbeton C35/45 und mit einer Schlankheit von 1/42 sehr schlank. Die Flächen unterhalb der anschließenden Rampen beherbergen Ateliers für Künstler. Die Fußund Radwegbrücke stellt eine sichere Querungshilfe für die Schüler zur nah gelegenen Schule dar.
Investigation of interaction between human serum albumin and N6‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐adenosine by fluorescence spectroscopy and molecular modelling
Authors: Cui Fengling , Wang Junli , Cui Yanrui , Yao Xiaojun , Qu Guirong , Lu Yan
Published: October 2007

The interaction between human serum albumin (HSA) and N6‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐adenosine (HEA) was investigated using fluorescence spectroscopy in combination with UV absorption spectroscopy for the first time. The results of spectroscopic measurements suggested that the hydrophobic interaction was the predominant intermolecular force stabilizing the complex, which was in good agreement with the results of molecular modelling study. The enthalpy change (ΔH) and the entropy change (ΔS) were calculated, according to the Van't Hoff equation, to be –24.05 kJ/mol and 30.23 J/mol/K, respectively. The effects of common ions on the binding constant of the HEA–HSA complex at room temperature were also investigated. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Time Series Modeling of Two‐ and Three‐Phase Flow Boiling Systems with Genetic Programming
Authors: Liu M.‐Y. , Yang Y.
Published: October 2007

The time series of the physical parameters in boiling evaporators with vapor‐liquid (V‐L) two‐phase and vapor‐liquid‐solid (V‐L‐S) three‐phase external natural circulating flows exhibit nonlinear features. Hence, proper system evolution models may be built from the point of view of nonlinear dynamics. In this work, genetic programming (GP) was utilized to find the nonlinear modeling functions necessary to develop global explicit two‐variable iteration models, using wall temperature signals measured from the heated tube in ordinary two‐phase and three‐phase fluidized bed evaporators. The model predictions agree well with the experimental data of the time series, which means that the models established with GP can adequately describe the dynamic evolution behavior of multi‐phase flow boiling systems.
Semibatch Production of Pharmaceutical Grade Magnesium Stearate: A Statistical Approach
Authors: Asgari M. , Fatemi S. , Sotudeh Gharebagh R. , Haririan I.
Published: October 2007

Fractional factorial design was employed to investigate the effect of feed composition and the major operating variables on the production of pharmaceutical grade magnesium stearate in a double decomposition process. The studied variables were initial stearic acid concentration, initial sodium hydroxide concentration, initial magnesium sulfate concentration, as well as reactor temperature at the time of NaOH addition (the first reaction temperature) and reactor temperature during magnesium sulfate addition (the final reaction temperature), pH of the solution at the end of reaction (final pH). The moisture content of the cake produced after filtration and the yield of magnesium stearate in the dried cake (assay), were the most important responses investigated as a function of feed and operating variables and these were optimized through statistical analysis. The results of the study showed that both magnesium sulfate and NaOH had high positive effects on the final pH, with a nonsignificant effect of the other main factors being observed. Increasing the NaOH concentration and the first reaction temperature led to an increase in the assay production, whereas the binary interaction of stearic acid and NaOH revealed a negative effect. The acid as well as NaOH concentrations exhibited positive influence on the moisture content of the filtered cake. Finally, the simplex optimization method was used to obtain the optimal conditions. The results of the study were successfully adapted to the large scale production of pharmaceutical grade magnesium stearate and pharmaceutical grade product was produced meeting the standards required.
Side Products Formation in the Synthesis of Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane on Zeolite ZSM‐5
Authors: Trejbal J. , Petrisko M. , Pašek J.
Published: October 2007

A research investigation into the synthesis of 1, 4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane from ethylendiamine over zeolite ZSM‐5 was carried out. A number of side products such as alkylpyrazines, alkylpiperazines and alkyl‐1, 4‐diazabicyclo[2.2.2.]octanes were identified in the reaction mixture. A chemical mechanism based on elimination, condensation, cracking and proton transfer reactions was proposed for the formation of these compounds.
Prediction of Droplet Velocities and Rain Out in Horizontal Isothermal Free Jet Flows of Air and Viscous Liquid in Stagnant Ambient Air
Authors: Al Rabadi S. , Friedel L. , Surma R.
Published: October 2007

Two‐dimensional phase Doppler anemometer measurements of droplet size and velocity conducted under several nozzle conditions and a systematic variation of the air mass flow quality and liquid phase viscosity show that the air entrainment process is enhanced when keeping all test conditions constant except for increasing the Newtonian liquid viscosity above of that of water. A two‐zone entrainment model based on a variable two‐phase entrainment coefficient is proposed with the normalized axial distance allowing for a change in the jet angle. Thus, the jet perimeter is lower and the breakup length is longer in the case of air/relatively higher viscosity liquid phase. It provides the most accurate reproduction of the experimental droplet velocity in comparison with that of other models in the literature and, hence, is recommended for the prediction of the droplet velocity in the case of two‐phase air/liquid phase free jet flow in stagnant ambient air. A model for predicting the droplet rain out, considering the droplet trajectories in the free jet flow, allows also for an adequate reproduction of the experimental data.
Neural Network Based Control of the Acrylonitrile Polymerization Process
Authors: Atasoy I. , Yuceer M. , Oguz Ulker E. , Berber R.
Published: October 2007

Acrylic fiber is commercially produced by free radical polymerization, initiated by a redox system. Industrial production of polyacrylonitrile is a variant of aqueous dispersion polymerization, which takes place in a homogenous phase under isothermal conditions with perfect mixing. The fact that the kinetics are a lot more complicated than those of ordinary polymerization systems makes it difficult to control the molecular weight. On the other hand, abundant data is being gathered in industrial polymerization systems, and this information makes the neural network based controllers a good candidate for managing such a difficult control problem. Multilayer neural networks have been applied successfully in the identification and control of dynamic systems. In this work, the neural network based control of continuous acrylonitrile (ACN) polymerization is studied, based on a previously developed new rigorous dynamic model for the polymerization of acrylonitrile. Two typical neural network controllers are investigated, i.e., model predictive control and NARMA‐L2 (Nonlinear Auto Regressive Moving Average) control. These controllers are representative of the variety of common ways in which multilayer networks are used in control systems. The results present a comparison of the two common neural network controllers, and indicate that the model predictive controller requires a larger computational time.
Electrochemical Methoxylation of p‐Xylene Over Modified Kaolin
Authors: Wang B. , Zhu Z. G. , Ma H. Z. , Zhao J.
Published: October 2007

Electrochemical methoxylation of p‐xylene with methanol over mono‐ and multi‐metal oxide(s) modified kaolin was performed under various conditions and the conversion of p‐xylene was seen to be higher than 80 %. The oxidation states of the metal(s) after modification were found from catalyst characterization by powder X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The reaction process was monitored by UV‐Vis spectroscopy and the extent of reaction was evaluated. Investigation of the application of the products by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC‐MS) could lead to an improvement of the octane number of gasoline.
Optimization of Photoreaction for the Production of Vitamin D2
Authors: Chen Y. , Lu J. , Wang F. , Tan T.
Published: October 2007

The photochemical formation of vitamin D2 (VD2) is complicated, and optimization is essential for commercial production. An optimization methodology is introduced for investigating the factors influencing highly effective production of VD2. For this research, the irradiation time and the initial concentration of ergosterol (CE) were fully considered as the significant factors to simulate in the predictive models developed using SPSS and MATLAB software. The data obtained from the designed experiments were fit as two variable equations and their relationships were plotted as three‐dimensional surfaces. The model has a quite satisfactory coefficient (R2 > 0.99). The best conditions observed were: CE = 1.09 g/dm3 and an irradiation time of 64.5 min, while the yield of pre‐vitamin D2 (P) reached a maximum of 45.83 %. Three experiments were performed and an average yield 45.93 % was obtained. The yield obtained could be compared with the predicted yield satisfactorily.
1,x‐Elimination Reactions: Extending the Limits of a Classical Organic Reaction
Authors: Werner Christian , Hopf Henning , Dix Ina , Bubenitschek Peter , Jones Peter G.
Published: October 2007

α,ω‐Dibromo derivatives in which the two terminal carbon atom are separated by an unsaturated spacer unit (“π spacer”) undergo 1,x‐elimination reactions (with x = 6, 8, 10, and 14), using Mori's reagent (nBu3SnSiMe3/CsF). The resulting cumulenic intermediates cyclodimerize in a subsequent step yielding novel macrocyclic acetylenic and bridged aromatic compounds (cyclophanes). Thus 1,6‐eliminations were carried out with dibromide 17 to yield 1,3,7,9‐cyclododecatetrayne (20) and with benzylbromide 24 to provide cyclophanes 26 and 27. By 1,8‐eliminations the 16‐membered macrocycle 33 could be prepared from enediyne 31, the benzannelated 1,5‐cyclooctadiyne 41 from dibromide 38, and a mixture of cyclophanes 45 and 46 from the precursor 43. 1,10‐Eliminations were carried out successfully with dibromides 47, 50, and 53 yielding the corresponding unsaturated cyclophanes (“cyclophynes”) 49, 52, and 55. The influence of the solvent on the cyclodimerization 47→49 was investigated, with acetonitrile providing the highest yields. The heterophanes 59 a and b were obtained by 1,10‐elimination of the precursor dibromides 57 a and b, and in an elimination experiment involving a 1:1 mixture of the dibromides 50 and 57 b the “mixed dimer” 60 was isolated, besides the homodimers 52 and 59 b. The method reached its limits with the 1,14‐elimination of 68, 70, and 74 providing the cyclophanes 69, 71, and 75 in varying amounts. Two final debrominations with 76 and 77, which in principle could undergo 1,16‐ and 1,20‐eliminations reactions, respectively, failed. The structures of the new cyclophanes 49, 50, 59 a, and 59 b were established by X‐ray structural analysis; all other structure assignments rest on the usual spectroscopic and analytical data.
Synthesis and optical resolution of an allenoic acid by diastereomeric salt formation induced by chiral alkaloids
Authors: Nyhlén Jonas , Eriksson Lars , Bäckvall Jan‐E.
Published: October 2007

A synthetic procedure for the preparation of 4‐cyclohexyl‐2‐methyl‐buta‐2,3‐dienoic acid in the two optically active forms has been developed. Synthesis of the racemic allenoic acid was made by an efficient route with good overall yield. Resolution of the enantiomers was achieved by forming the cinchonidine and cinchonine diastereomeric salt, respectively, and the enantiomers were isolated in up to 95% enantiomeric excess. The absolute configuration of the allenoic acid was determined by X‐ray crystallography. Chirality, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis and Activity of a Trinuclear Platinum Complex: [{trans‐PtCl(NH3)2}2μ‐{trans‐Pt(3‐hydroxypyridine)2(H2N(CH2)6NH2)2}]Cl4 in Ovarian Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Tayyem Hasan , Huq Fazlul , Yu Jun Qing , Beale Philip , Fisher Keith
Published: October 2007

This paper describes the synthesis, characterisation, and cytotoxicity of a novel trinuclear platinum complex code named TH1. In addition to its activity against human ovarian cancer cell lines: A2780, A2780cisR, and A2780ZD0473R, cell uptake, DNA‐binding, and the nature of the compound interaction with pBR322 plasmid DNA have been determined. TH1 is found to be significantly more cytotoxic than cisplatin ‐ two times more active than cisplatin against the parent cell line A2780, thirteen times more active against the cisplatin‐resistant cell line A2780cisR and 11.5 times more active against the cell line A2780ZD0473R. Whereas the resistance factors for cisplatin as applied to the cell lines A2780 and A2780cisR, and A2780 and A2780ZD0473R are 12.9 and 3.0 respectively, the corresponding values for TH1 are 1.98 and 0.5. The results suggest that TH1 has been able to significantly overcome resistance in A2780cisR and A2780ZD0473R cell lines. Whereas cisplatin binds with DNA forming mainly intrastrand GG adduct that causes local bending of a DNA strand, TH1 should bind with DNA forming mainly interstrand GG adducts that would cause more of a global change in DNA conformation. Provided it has favourable toxicity profile, TH1 has the potential to be developed into a highly active anticancer drug with a wider spectrum of activity than cisplatin.
FOLFOX in patients aged between 76 and 80 years with metastatic colorectal cancer
Authors: Figer Arié , Perez‐Staub Nathalie , Carola Elisabeth , Tournigand Christophe , Lledo Gerard , Flesch Michel , Barcelo Ramon , Cervantes Andre , André Thierry , Colin Philippe , Louvet Christophe , de Gramont Aimery
Published: October 2007

BACKGROUND.

Patients older than 75 years of age are usually excluded from metastatic colorectal cancer randomized studies. The OPTIMOX1 study evaluated FOLFOX7, a simplified (s) leucovorin (LV) and 5‐fluorouracil (5FU) regimen (sLV5FU2) with high‐dose oxaliplatin, in a new oxaliplatin stop‐and‐go strategy. An exploratory cohort of patients aged 76 to 80 years was included in the study.

METHODS.

In all, 620 previously untreated patients were randomized between FOLFOX4 until progression (arm A), or FOLFOX7 for 6 cycles, maintenance without oxaliplatin for 12 cycles, and reintroduction of FOLFOX7 (arm B).

RESULTS.

A total of 37 patients aged 76 to 80 years were included, 20 in arm A and 17 in arm B. The overall response rate (ORR) was 59.4%, comparable to younger patients (59%). Median progression‐free survival (PFS) was 9.0 months and median overall survival (OS) was 20.7 months. These results did not differ from that in younger patients ≤75 years in the OPTIMOX1 study with PFS 9.0 months (P = .63) and OS 20.2 months (P = .57). They experienced slightly more grade 3 of 4 toxicity than younger patients: 65% versus 48% (P = .06), mainly with more neutropenia (41% vs 24%, P = .03) and neurotoxicity (22% vs 11%, P = .06). Tolerability, however, was manageable and no toxic death occurred in this elderly population.

CONCLUSIONS.

The efficacy of FOLFOX‐based treatment was maintained in patients >75 years with both FOLFOX regimens. The oxaliplatin stop‐and‐go management strategy performed well in this population. Cancer 2007. © 2007 American Cancer Society.
Using theory of change to enhance peace education evaluation
Authors: Ashton Carolyne V.
Published: October 2007

This article brings together concepts and practices from the fields of peace education, conflict resolution, and evaluation. It examines the implementation and evaluations of selected peace education programs conducted by UNICEF to determine if theories of change can be identified and to consider how theories of change may inform the design and evaluation of future peace education programs.
Citizenship competencies in Colombia: Learning from policy and practice
Authors: Patti Janet , Espinosa Adriana Cepeda
Published: October 2007

This article provides an in‐depth look at Colombia's national policy on national citizenship competencies designed to foster the peaceful resolution of conflict, promote the understanding of differences, and involve young people in mutual decision making and democratic engagement in schools. It also provides a brief overview of similar efforts in the United States in social and emotional learning and the development of civic engagement and compares and contrasts these efforts. Finally, it offers suggestions for school systems that wish to engage in similar processes to ensure the future of democracy and peaceful coexistence using education as the vehicle of change.
A map of peace and conflict studies in U.S. Undergraduate colleges and universities
Authors: Smith David J.
Published: October 2007

Colleges and universities continue to explore avenues for making curriculum relevant for students and responsive to world events and societal changes. Peace studies and conflict resolution are increasingly seen as approaches that can be taken to achieve these objectives at the undergraduate level. This article provides a succinct overview of curriculum strategies at the programmatic level. The Inter‐American Summit on Conflict Resolution Education provided an opportunity to explore approaches that are being used in all educational sectors to advance peace and conflict approaches.
Drug discovery: outside the box
Authors: Munk Stephen A.
Published: October 2007

The pharmaceutical industry, like so many industries today, is in a state of flux. Most of my graduate school colleagues, after completing their studies twenty‐odd years ago, joined large pharmaceutical companies with plans to stay with those organizations for their entire career. It was the best, if not the only, option for conducting cutting‐edge pharmaceutical discovery and development research during those years. Research and development programs in those corporations were very large and very well funded. Currently, the landscape is radically different. Much innovative research is being conducted in very small research and development operations, some with only a few workers, and some in larger organizations that qualify as mid‐size, specialty pharmaceutical companies. These larger organizations are still far from the scope and size of traditional, large organizations. Drug Dev Res 68:145–146, 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.