bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Is the Run, Hide, Fight Concept Effective in Improving Hospital Response to Shooting Incidents?: A Systematic Review
Authors: Rummaneethorn Natcha , Taubman Cara , Adamakos Frosso
Published: October 2024

Objective

The recent rise of active shootings calls for adequate preparation. Currently, the ‘Run, Hide, Fight’ concept is widely accepted and adopted by many hospitals nationwide. Unfortunately, the appropriateness of this concept in hospitals is uncertain due to lack of data. To understand the ‘Run, Hide, Fight’ concept application in hospital, a review of currently available data is needed.

Methods

A systematic review was done focusing on the ‘Run, Hide, Fight’ concept using multiple databases from the last 12 years. The PRISMA flow diagram was used to systematically select the articles based on specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The measurements were subjective evaluations and survival probabilities post-concept.

Results

One agent-based modeling study suggested a high survival probability in non-medical settings. However, there is a paucity of data supporting its effectiveness and applicability in hospitals. Literature suggests a better suitable concept, the ‘Secure, Preserve, Fight’ concept, as a response protocol to active shootings in hospitals.

Conclusion

The effectiveness of the ‘Run, Hide, Fight’ concept in hospitals is questionable. The ‘Secure, Preserve, Fight’ concept was found to be designed more specifically for hospitals and closes the gaps on the flaws in the ‘Run, Hide, Fight’ concept.
Comparison of the Utilization of Disaster Medical Assistance Teams (DMATs) and Multiple Physician-staffed Helicopters in Mass Casualty Responses
Authors: Yanagawa Youichi , Kanda Akio , Taniguchi Hiroaki , Muramatsu Ken-ichi , Sakai Tatsuro , Nagasawa Hiroki , Takeuchi Ikuto , Ohsaka Hiromichi , Omori Kazuhiko
Published: October 2024

Objective

To investigate the differences between doctor helicopters (DHs) and disaster medical assistance teams (DMATs) based on past examples and the current situation in Shizuoka Prefecture.

Methods

First, we examined cases in Shizuoka Prefecture from 2014 to 2023, where incidents involving five or more injured individuals were simultaneously managed using multiple DHs. Next, we investigated the presence of DMATs in Shizuoka Prefecture and assessed their role in disaster responses within the prefecture.

Results

Since 2014, there have been eight incidents in Shizuoka Prefecture where multiple DHs were deployed to respond to mass casualties. In contrast, Shizuoka DMATs were placed on standby three times during the same period, with one active deployment during a disaster caused by a landslide in Atami. The other two cases were managed solely by DHs and ambulance teams.

Conclusion

Localized disasters in Shizuoka Prefecture have seen the effective use of multiple DHs for timely patient transportation, particularly when suitable weather conditions permit. In contrast, DMATs are primarily deployed for extended medical activities lasting more than one day. This differentiation highlights the importance of choosing the appropriate medical response approach based on the nature and scope of the disaster.
Hospital MCI Response Plan Analysis in a Low Resource Country After a Mass Casualty Incident: The Beirut Blast
Authors: Helou Mariana , Weinstein Eric S , Mouawad Yara , Khater Danielle Abou
Published: October 2024

Objective

Mass casualty incidents (MCIs) come unannounced, mandating the immediate shift from the daily routine to crisis mode through the implementation of an MCI response plan (plan). On August 4, 2020, a massive explosion devastated the Lebanese capital, Beirut, causing 8643 injuries and 200 deaths.1 The private Lebanese American University Medical Center in Beirut has an an estimated 10,000 emergency department (ED) visits per year. The purpose of this study is to analyse the plan of this private hospital in a low resource country in response to a blast MCI.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of the expected outcome of the pre-existing plan was performed.

Results

Major flaws were noted. Triage was impossible using the START method and will be done outside the ED dividing patients into walking and non-walking. Identification and registration of patients was impossible. Patients will be assigned a number and be registered later. Colored jackets were created to recognize response team members for better organization.t Radiologic imaging will be ordered only when they change the patients’ disposition.

Conclusion

This analysis showed failure of the plan at different levels and adjustments were made to advance the plan. Periodic exercises and annual review are needed for continuous improvement.
Virtual Reality Simulation for Assessment of Hemorrhage Control and SALT Triage Accuracy in First Responders
Authors: Kman Nicholas E , Panchal Ashish R , Patterson Jeremy , Danforth Douglas , Mani Ashutosh , Babbitt David , Hyde Jacob N , Pippen Brian , de Visser Ewart , McVay Jennifer
Published: October 2024

Objective

Hemorrhage control, triage efficiency, and triage accuracy are essential skills for optimal outcomes in mass casualty incidents. This study evaluated user application of skills through a Virtual Reality (VR) simulation of a subway bombing.

Methods

EMS clinicians and healthcare professionals engaged in a VR simulation of a bomb/blast scenario utilizing VRFirstResponder, a high-fidelity, fully immersive, automated, customizable, and programmable VR simulation platform. Metrics including time to control life-threatening hemorrhage and triage efficacy were analyzed using median and interquartile ranges (IQR).

Results

389 EMS responders engaged in this high-fidelity VR simulation encountering 11 virtual patients with varying injury severity. The median time to triage the scene was 7:38 minutes (SD = 2:27, IQR = 6:13, 8:59). A robust 93% of participants successfully implemented all required hemorrhage control, with a median time of 3:51 minutes for life-threatening hemorrhage control (SD = 1:44, IQR = 2:41, 4:52). Hemorrhage control per patient took a median of 11 seconds (SD = 0:47, IQR = 0:06, 0:20). Participants accurately tagged 73% of patients and 17% effectively utilized the SALT sort commands for optimal patient evaluation.

Conclusion

The VRFirstResponder simulation, currently under validation, aims to enhance realism by incorporating distractors and refining assessment tools.
Hospital Based Shootings 2000–2019
Authors: Rizer Nicholas W , Chang Alexander H , Jasani Gregory , HSD Grace Jiang , Iuliucci Kayla , Hsu Edbert
Published: October 2024

Objective

To determine the incidence and characteristics of hospital-based gun violence from 2000–2019.

Methods

A keyword-based search of the Nexis Uni database was conducted to identify hospital based shootings ((“shooting” w/5 “healthcare”) OR (“shooting” w/5 “health care”) OR (“shooting” w/5 “hospital”) OR (“shooting” w/5 “emergency room”) OR (“shooting” w/5 “ER”). Hospital based shootings were defined as any firearms discharge that occurred on hospital grounds in which at least one person was injured. Specialty hospitals and other healthcare facilities were excluded. Demographic, motive, and outcome data from news articles were abstracted by 2 independent reviewers with discrepancies resolved by a third reviewer. Motives were categorized according to a previously published classification schema.

Results

We identified 146 hospital-based shootings. 88 shootings have occurred since 2010. 133 of the shooters were male (91%), with a median age of 46. 77 (53%) shooters were killed, 49 from suicide (34%). Shootings were most frequently motivated by social violence (n=32, 22%).

Conclusions

Hospital-based shootings are not a rare occurrence, with middle-aged male shooters as the most common perpetrators. These events appear to be increasing over time and evidence-based mitigation strategies should be investigated.
The Impact of Climate Change on Persons with Disabilities in Developing Countries: A Scoping Review
Authors: Uddin Taslim , Islam Mohammed T , Tasnim Anika , Gosney James E
Published: October 2024

Objective

This review aimed to identify health impacts of climate change on persons with disabilities in developing countries as well as factors influencing the vulnerability and resilience of affected individuals to related natural disasters.

Methods

PubMed, PsycINFO, Scopus, and Embase databases were searched, 2005 to 2023 inclusive, focusing on the keyword terms “persons with disabilities”, “climate change” and “developing countries”. Identified articles were screened for inclusion and qualifying articles received a full-text review. Of 463 articles identified, following removal of six duplicates, 457 articles were screened; 412 were excluded. Of the remaining 45 full-text articles assessed for eligibility, 15 were selected and included in the review with two additional articles from a manual search.

Results

Findings revealed themes including the impact of climate change on the physical and mental health of persons with disabilities in developing countries. The general theme of resilience to natural disasters and specific coping strategies were also elaborated.

Conclusions

While there is increasing recognition of the psychosocial impacts of climate change-related natural disasters on persons with disabilities, there remain significant gaps in awareness of mental health needs and related service provision. Resolving these gaps is indispensable to achieving equitable climate change-related health outcomes in developing countries.
Impact of Point-of-Care Ultrasound on Secondary Triage: A Pilot Study
Authors: Stucchi Riccardo , Weinstein Eric S , Ripoll-Gallardo Alba , Franc Jeffery M , Azzaretto Massimo , Sesana Giovanni , Corte Francesco Della , Neri Luca
Published: October 2024

Objectives

In mass casualty scenarios, patients with apparent hemodynamic and respiratory stability might have occult life-threatening injuries. These patients could benefit from more accurate triage methods. This study assessed the impact of point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) on the accuracy of secondary triage conducted at an advanced medical post (AMP) to enhance the detection of patients who, despite their apparent clinically stable condition, could benefit from immediate life-saving interventions or priority earlier transport to definitive care.

Methods

A mass casualty simulated event consisting of a bomb blast in a remote area was conducted with 10 simulated casualties classified as YELLOW at the primary triage scene; patients were evaluated by 4 physicians at an AMP. Three patients had, respectively, hemoperitoneum, pneumothorax, and hemothorax. Two of the four physicians were provided the use of POCUS.

Results

All 4 physicians were able to suspect hemoperitoneum, but only physicians utilizing POCUS detected pneumothorax and hemothorax.

Conclusion

This study suggests that POCUS-enhanced secondary MCI triage at an AMP may represent an effective methodology to accurately detect nonapparent injuries that require time-dependent priority transport or life-saving interventions. Further studies with larger samples conducted in varied MCI scenarios are warranted.
The global flow state in a precessing cylinder
Authors: Giesecke André , Vogt Tobias , Pizzi Federico , Kumar Vivaswat , Garcia Gonzalez Fernando , Gundrum Thomas , Stefani Frank
Published: October 2024

We examine the fluid flow forced by precession of a rotating cylindrical container using numerical simulations and experimental flow measurements with ultrasonic Doppler velocimetry. The analysis is based on the decomposition of the flow field into contributions with distinct azimuthal symmetry or analytically known inertial modes and the corresponding calculation of their amplitudes. We show that the predominant fraction of the kinetic energy of the precession-driven fluid flow is contained only within a few large-scale modes. The most striking observation shown by simulations and experiments is the transition from a flow dominated by large-scale structures to a more turbulent behaviour with the small-scale fluctuations becoming increasingly important. At a fixed rotation frequency (parametrized by the Reynolds number,

$Re$

) this transition occurs when a critical precession ratio is exceeded and consists of a two-stage collapse of the directly driven flow going along with a massive modification of the azimuthal circulation (the zonal flow) and the appearance of an axisymmetric double-roll mode limited to a narrow range of precession ratios. A similar behaviour is found in experiments which make it possible to follow the transition up to Reynolds numbers of

$Re\approx 2\times 10^6$

. We find that the critical precession ratio decreases with rotation, initially showing a particular scaling

${\propto }Re^{-({1}/{5})}$

but developing an asymptotic behaviour for

$Re\gtrsim 10^5$

which might be explained by the onset of turbulence in boundary layers.
Regular reflection to Mach reflection (RR–MR) transition in short wedges
Authors: Baby Vinod Yeldho , Paramanantham Vinoth , Rajesh G.
Published: October 2024

Regular reflection (RR) to Mach reflection (MR) transitions (

${\rm RR}\leftrightarrow {\rm MR}$

) on long wedges in steady supersonic flows have been well studied and documented. However, in a short wedge where the wedge length is small, the transition prediction becomes really challenging owing to the interaction of the expansion fan emanating from the trailing edge of the wedge with the incident shock and the triple/reflection point. The extent of this interaction depends on the distance between the wedge trailing edge and the symmetry line (Ht). This distance is a geometric combination of the distance of the wedge leading edge from the symmetry line

$(H)$

, the wedge angle (

$\theta$

) and the wedge length

$(w)$

. In the present study, we used the method of characteristics to model the complete wave interactions which accurately predicted shock curvatures and the reflection configurations for all ranges of the incoming flow Mach number. In the case of short wedges, the transition criterion strongly depends on the wedge length, which can be so adjusted even to eliminate the

${\rm RR}\rightarrow {\rm MR}$

transitions till the wedge angle reaches the no-reflection domain. Transition lines for both the detachment criterion and von Neumann criterion are also drawn to investigate the dual solution domain, and the reflection configurations were verified experimentally for the first time on short wedges. By using proper input configuration parameter (

$w/H$

), various types of shifts in the dual solution domain for short wedges are studied and categorised into three types, namely Type I, Type II and Type III.
Progressive evolution of the viscous dissipation mechanism from the macroscale to the nanoscale
Authors: Wang Yi-Feng , Cai Zhi-Hui , Wang Yi-Bo , Gao Shu-Rong , Yang Yan-Ru , Zheng Shao-Fei , Lee Duu-Jong , Wang Xiao-Dong
Published: October 2024

Recent studies of viscous dissipation mechanisms in impacting droplets have revealed distinct behaviours between the macroscale and nanoscale. However, the transition of these mechanisms from the macroscale to the nanoscale remains unexplored due to limited research at the microscale. This work addresses the gap using the many-body dissipative particle dynamics (MDPD) method. While the MDPD method omits specific atomic details, it retains crucial mesoscopic effects, making it suitable for investigating the impact dynamics at the microscale. Through the analysis of velocity contours within impacting droplets, the research identifies three primary contributors to viscous dissipation during spreading: boundary-layer viscous dissipation from shear flow; rim geometric head loss; and bulk viscous dissipation caused by droplet deformation. This prompts a re-evaluation of viscous dissipation mechanisms at both the macroscale and nanoscale. It reveals that the same three kinds of dissipation are present across all scales, differing only in their relative intensities at each scale. A model of the maximum spreading factor (βmax) incorporating all forms of viscous dissipation without adjustable parameters is developed to substantiate this insight. This model is validated against three distinct datasets representing the macroscale, microscale and nanoscale, encompassing a broad spectrum of Weber numbers, Ohnesorge numbers and contact angles. The satisfactory agreement between the model predictions and the data signifies a breakthrough in establishing a universal βmax model applicable across all scales. This model demonstrates the consistent nature of viscous dissipation mechanisms across different scales and underscores the importance of integrating microscale behaviours to understand macroscale and nanoscale phenomena.
Orientation of inertialess spheroidal particles in turbulent channel flow with spanwise rotation
Authors: Chen Dongming , Cui Zhiwen , Yuan Wenjun , Zhao Lihao , Andersson Helge I.
Published: October 2024

The orientation dynamics of inertialess prolate and oblate spheroidal particles in a directly simulated spanwise-rotating turbulent channel flow has been investigated by means of an Eulerian–Lagrangian point-particle approach. The channel rotation and the particle shape were parameterized using a rotation number Ro and the aspect ratio λ, respectively. Eleven particle shapes 0.05 ≤ λ ≤ 20 and four rotation rates 0 ≤ Ro ≤ 10 have been examined. The spheroidal particles retained their almost isotropic orientation in the core region of the channel, despite the significant mean shear rate set up by the Coriolis force. Irrespective of channel rotation rate Ro, rod-like spheroids tend to align in the streamwise direction, while disk-like particles are oriented in the wall-normal direction. These trends were accentuated with increasing departure from sphericity λ = 1. The changeover from the isotropic orientation mode in the centre to the highly anisotropic near-wall orientation mode commenced further away from the suction-side wall with increasing Ro, whereas the particle orientations on the pressure side of the rotating channel remained essentially unaffected by Ro. We observed that the alignments of the fluid rotation vector with the Lagrangian stretching direction were similarly unaffected by the imposed system rotation, except that the de-alignment set in deeper into the core at high Ro. This contrasts with the well-known substantial impact of system rotation on the velocity and vorticity fields. Similarly, slender rods and flatter disks were aligned with the Lagrangian stretching and compression directions, respectively, for all Ro considered, except in the vicinity of the walls. The typical near-wall de-alignment extended considerably further away from the suction-side wall at high Ro. We conjecture that this phenomenon reflects a change in the relative importance of mean shear and small-scale turbulence caused by the Coriolis force. Preferential particle alignment with Lagrangian stretching and compression directions are known from isotropic and anisotropic turbulence in inertial reference systems. The present results demonstrate the validity of this principle also in a non-inertial system.
The International Labour Organization and Management Development in Argentina
Authors: Amdam Rolv Petter , Lluch Andrea
Published: October 2024

This article explores how the International Labour Organization (ILO) introduced management development programs in Argentina as a pilot project in developing countries in the late 1950s. By studying how the ILO worked together with actors at the national level, the article reveals how the ILO’s original idea to focus on top management development was reshaped through a dialogue with local actors within the context of tripartite cooperation between the government, business organizations, and unions. While the initiative was successful during the project period, it collapsed when Argentina’s government closed down the national productivity center with which the ILO was cooperating. While the tripartite principle was valuable for the first achievements, it was extremely vulnerable without the support of all partners.
Is L2 pronunciation affected by increased task complexity in pronunciation-unfocused speaking tasks?
Authors: Mora-Plaza Ingrid , Mora Joan C. , Ortega Mireia , Aliaga-Garcia Cristina
Published: October 2024

This study examines the effects of task complexity on second language (L2) pronunciation accuracy and global pronunciation measures in pronunciation-unfocused tasks and assesses the relationship between acoustic and listener-based pronunciation measures. Eighty-two Catalan/Spanish learners of English performed simple and complex versions of a problem-solving monologic speaking task, for which the oral stops /p, t, k/ and vowel contrasts /iː/-/ɪ/ and /æ/-/ᴧ/ were embedded in the lexical items used to perform the task. Pronunciation accuracy was gauged through acoustic measurements of laryngeal timing (voice onset time), vowel contrastiveness and nativelikeness (Mahalanobis distances), and native speakers’ ratings of comprehensibility and accentedness. Results revealed detrimental effects of increased task complexity on the productions of oral stops and speech comprehensibility and accentedness; however, no consistent task complexity effects were found on vowel accuracy. The analysis also revealed an association between segmental accuracy and global dimensions of L2 speech.
Liberty or life: mental health care in Australia
Authors: MacDonald Kirsty , Ellis Andrew
Published: October 2024

This article reviews the development of mental health and psychiatric services in Australia for the international reader. The development of relevant legislation, health-care systems, and the effectiveness of treatment for people with schizophrenia is reviewed. Gaps in service delivery and future directions are considered.
Ecological system theory and school-age obesity in Thailand: a participation action research for implications to practice
Authors: Suwannawong Pennapa R. , Auemaneekul Naruemon , Powwattana Arpaporn , Chongsuwat Rewadee
Published: October 2024

Objective

Developing an appropriate context-based school-age obesity prevention programme, understanding the root causes of obesity in real-life situations is vital. The objectives of this study were to explore the risk factors of school-age obesity based on Ecological System Theory (EST) and develop mutual problem-solving guidelines for school-age obesity prevention.

Methods

Participation Action Research (PAR) was used as the study design. The data collection employed focus group discussions, in-depth interviews, participant’s observations, together with the procedures of Appreciation, Influence, and Control (AIC) with 55 school key informants.

Results

Risk factors supported by EST at all level included high-calorie intake; sedentary lifestyles; perceptions of ‘Chubby are cute’; indulgent parenting, including limited exercise area in school. PAR process guarantees the sustained context-based prevention guidelines.

Conclusions

The results could be used as a policy-driven for school-based participation and environmental support in order to promote health-promoting school.
“Like Us, but Not Quite Us”: Researching Gender Politics in Autocratic Contexts
Authors: Allam Nermin
Published: October 2024

What challenges do researchers encounter in authentically engaging with the field site and academia when certain aspects of their true identities diverge from the established norms within those domains? Using the case of female political scientists who conduct research on gender politics in the Middle East and North Africa, I highlight the ethical, logistical, and epistemological challenges of carrying out research in a politically and socially closed context. Few studies have investigated how the research process and the knowledge it produces are affected by the intertwinement of authoritarianism and patriarchy, and by the researcher’s positionality within this context. This study fills this gap by drawing upon interviews with feminist political scientists who were born and raised in the region but are based in Western academic institutions to examine the impact of authoritarianism, patriarchy, and the researchers’ insider/outsider positionality on the research process. The analysis shows three key findings. First, researching gender politics is a contentious topic that places researchers on the radar of the state. For scholars who are originally from the region, the issue is compounded by the fact that they are sometimes viewed as traitors by the regime in their country of origin, which accuses them of tarnishing the image of the government and scrutinizing its gender policies. Second, within the wider society, the politics of representation also impose certain limitations and expectations on female scholars. Such limitations include gendered restrictions on their access and mobility in the field. Finally, feminist researchers share how the knowledge they produce, which centers social justice demands, is not always valued in the discipline of political science. The article contributes to this discipline by expanding our understanding of the interplay between identity politics, fieldwork practices, and knowledge production in complex political and social settings.
Umgang mit Herausforderungen ausländischer Pflegeschüler_innen
Authors: Binder Stefanie , Goller Eileen
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung: Der steigende Pflegefachkräftemangel veranlasst die deutsche Regierung, im Ausland für eine Pflegeausbildung in Deutschland zu werben. Die Einwanderung und damit verbundene Integration bergen für ausländische Auszubildenden Chancen und Herausforderungen. Eine nachhaltige und hochwertige Ausbildung erfordert Kenntnisse über vorhandene Bewältigungsstrategien und vielfältige Unterstützungsangebote.
Klimakompetente Pflegestudierende
Authors: Cruel Eva , Ilskens Karina , Preissler Ronja , Buschsieweke Nele , Palmdorf Sarah , Vetter Nils Sebastian , Wiens Stephanie , Blome Sofie , Latteck Änne-Dörte , Büker Christa
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung: Die Auswirkungen der Klimakrise erfordern von Gesundheitsprofessionen eine Auseinandersetzung mit den gesundheitlichen Folgen und der Minimierung von Emissionen. Dieses Anforderungsprofil muss auch in der Pflegeausbildung und im Studium berücksichtigt werden. Der Beitrag stellt Überlegungen der Hochschule Bielefeld zu klimarelevanten Kompetenzen für Pflegestudierende und deren Vermittlung vor.
„Was habe ich eigentlich gelesen?“
Authors: Bauermann Elisabeth
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung: Mangelnde Lesekompetenz von Auszubildenden in der Pflege stellen für sie und die Lernbegleitenden eine große Herausforderung dar. Dem möchte dieser Artikel etwas entgegensetzen und so werden im Folgenden Lesestrategien erläutert und anhand eines Modells verdeutlicht. Am Thema „Pflegediagnosen“ wird eine mögliche Umsetzung an Pflegeschulen aufgezeigt.
Pflegelehrende bewerten ihre Arbeitsbedingungen
Authors: Suckert Michaela
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung: Arbeitsbedingungen beeinflussen maßgeblich die Arbeitsleistung und Gesundheit von Arbeitnehmenden. Ergebnisse einer Forschungsarbeit zeigen, dass Pflegelehrende ihre Arbeitssituation deutlich schlechter einschätzten als der Durchschnitt der Arbeitnehmenden in Deutschland. Eine Verbesserung der Bedingungen könnte dem Lehrermangel an Pflegeschulen entgegenwirken.
Strukturierte perioperative Patientenedukation
Authors: Dolata Luisa , Brodersen Freya , Zastrow Inke
Published: October 2024

Zusammenfassung: Im Universitätsklinikum Hamburg-Eppendorf (UKE) werden seit 2016 Patient_innen anhand von ERAS® Konzepten behandelt. Durch die interprofessionellen und evidenzbasierten Behandlungspfade können Prozesse optimiert und das Outcome der Patient_innen verbessert werden. Ein wichtiger Bestandteil ist die Beratung, Edukation und Information der Patient_innen durch akademisch qualifizierte ERAS® Nurses.
Saharan Dust Carries Iron That Feeds Life in the Distant Ocean
Authors: Bourzac Katherine
Published: October 2024

A new study of seafloor sediments suggests reactions in the atmosphere convert dust-borne iron into forms more readily taken up by phytoplankton.
Venous thromboembolism in adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on a pediatric-inspired regimen
Authors: Shimony Shai , Raman Hari S. , Flamand Yael , Keating Julia , Paolino Jonathan D. , Valtis Yannis K. , Place Andrew E. , Silverman Lewis B. , Sallan Stephen E. , Vrooman Lynda M. , Brunner Andrew M. , Neuberg Donna S. , Galinsky Ilene , Garcia Jacqueline S. , Winer Eric S. , Wadleigh Martha , Stone Richard M. , Connors Jean M. , DeAngelo Daniel J. , Luskin Marlise R.
Published: October 2024

Asparaginase (ASP)-containing regimens for acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) are associated with venous thromboembolism (VTE). We evaluated the prevalence, risk factors, role of prophylaxis and clinical impact of VTE among adolescents and young adult (AYA) patients (15–50 years) treated on Dana-Farber Cancer Institute (DFCI) ALL protocols. The 1- and 2-year cumulative incidence of VTE were 31.9% (95% CI: 27.0%, 36.9%) and 33.5% (95% CI: 28.5%, 38.5%) respectively, with most events occurring during ASP-based consolidation phase (68.6%). VTE was more frequent in patients with overweight/obese vs. normal BMI (39.2% vs. 29.0%, p = 0.048). In a 1-year landmark analysis, the 4-year overall survival was 91.5%, without difference between patients with vs. without VTE (93.8% vs. 90.0%, p = 0.93). Relapse and non-relapse mortality rates were also similar. Among patients treated at Dana-Farber/Harvard Cancer Center, cerebral sinus vein thrombosis occurred in 3.6% of patients (8.5% of VTE events) in comparison to pulmonary embolism (32.9%) and deep vein thromboses (58.6%, 24.4% line-associated). In a Cox regression model for VTE free-time, elevated BMI was associated with shorter VTE free-time (HR 1.94 [95% CI 1.13-3.35], p = 0.018), while low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) prophylaxis as time-varying covariate was not. In conclusion, we found that VTE was frequent in AYAs treated on DFCI ALL protocols but did not impact survival outcomes. Overweight/obese BMI increased risk for VTE.
Universal control of four singlet–triplet qubits
Authors: Zhang Xin , Morozova Elizaveta , Rimbach-Russ Maximilian , Jirovec Daniel , Hsiao Tzu-Kan , Fariña Pablo Cova , Wang Chien-An , Oosterhout Stefan D. , Sammak Amir , Scappucci Giordano , Veldhorst Menno , Vandersypen Lieven M. K.
Published: October 2024

The coherent control of interacting spins in semiconductor quantum dots is of strong interest for quantum information processing and for studying quantum magnetism from the bottom up. Here we present a 2 × 4 germanium quantum dot array with full and controllable interactions between nearest-neighbour spins. As a demonstration of the level of control, we define four singlet–triplet qubits in this system and show two-axis single-qubit control of each qubit and SWAP-style two-qubit gates between all neighbouring qubit pairs, yielding average single-qubit gate fidelities of 99.49(8)–99.84(1)% and Bell state fidelities of 73(1)–90(1)%. Combining these operations, we experimentally implement a circuit designed to generate and distribute entanglement across the array. A remote Bell state with a fidelity of 75(2)% and concurrence of 22(4)% is achieved. These results highlight the potential of singlet–triplet qubits as a competing platform for quantum computing and indicate that scaling up the control of quantum dot spins in extended bilinear arrays can be feasible.
Demographic toxicology of insect growth regulators on the nontarget ectolarval parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor
Authors: Mansour Amany N. , Ghoneim Karem S. , Hamadah Khaled S. , Elsoud Ahmed A. Abo
Published: October 2024

Habrobracon hebetor Say (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) is one of the most important parasitoids of many pyralid moths, including the olive leaf moth, Palpita unionalis Hubner (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). The widespread use of insecticides threatens natural enemies. Assessing the side effects of insecticides on nontarget organisms supports the rational use of insecticides during field application. The present study evaluates the lethal and sublethal effects of three insect growth regulators (IGRs), novaluron, methoxyfenozide, and pyriproxyfen, on P. unionalis and the demographic toxicology of these IGRs on its parasitoid H. hebetor. The LC50 values of these IGRs on P. unionalis were 0.97, 0.176, and 0.00009 ppm, respectively, indicating that pyriproxyfen was the most toxic. When H. hebetor adults were exposed to these LC50 levels under laboratory conditions to determine possible side effects. The IGRs did not affect the paralysis and parasitism rates of the parasitoid nor the sex ratio of its offspring. IGR treatments slightly reduced hatching rates and immature survival by 15–25%, indicating moderate effects on the early developmental stages of H. hebetor. The longevity and fecundity of treated females were each reduced to < 50% of their respective values in untreated females. Additionally, some demographic parameters of the parasitoid were significantly affected by the IGRs. Nevertheless, despite these observed effects, the positive net reproductive rate (R0 > 0) and intrinsic rate of increase (rm > 1) of H. hebetor indicated an exponential population increase that reflects the compatibility of the IGRs with the parasitoid. Our results demonstrated that the tested IGRs could be categorized as relatively harmless compounds to the parasitoid. Following these laboratory assessments, field studies will be required to confirm the effects of the tested IGRs on H. hebetor as well as other nontarget organisms.
A large scale multi institutional study for radiomics driven machine learning for meningioma grading
Authors: Karabacak Mert , Patil Shiv , Feng Rui , Shrivastava Raj K. , Margetis Konstantinos
Published: October 2024

This study aims to develop and evaluate radiomics-based machine learning (ML) models for predicting meningioma grades using multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The study utilized the BraTS-MEN dataset’s training split, including 698 patients (524 with grade 1 and 174 with grade 2–3 meningiomas). We extracted 4872 radiomic features from T1, T1 with contrast, T2, and FLAIR MRI sequences using PyRadiomics. LASSO regression reduced features to 176. The data was split into training (60%), validation (20%), and test (20%) sets. Five ML algorithms (TabPFN, XGBoost, LightGBM, CatBoost, and Random Forest) were employed to build models differentiating low-grade (grade 1) from high-grade (grade 2–3) meningiomas. Hyperparameter tuning was performed using Optuna, optimizing model-specific parameters and feature selection. The CatBoost model demonstrated the best performance, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) of 0.838 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.689–0.935], precision of 0.492 (95% CI: 0.371–0.623), recall of 0.838 (95% CI: 0.689–0.935), F1 score of 0.620 (95% CI: 0.495–0.722), accuracy of 0.729 (95% CI: 0.650–0.800), an area under the precision-recall curve (AUPRC) of 0.620 (95% CI: 0.433–0.753), and Brier score of 0.156 (95% CI: 0.122-0.200). Other models showed comparable performance, with mean AUROCs ranging from 0.752 to 0.784. The radiomics-based ML approach presented in this study showcases the potential for non-invasive and pre-operative grading of meningiomas using multiparametric MRI. Further validation on larger and independent datasets is necessary to establish the robustness and generalizability of these findings.
Fluorescent Probes for NIR-I Bioimaging
Authors: Qiu Qianfang , Ren Yifei , Xuan Jigao , Huang Chusen
Published: October 2024

To understand the significance of biological processes in living systems, it is first necessary to unveil related phenomena, preferably visualized through the direct readout of fluorescence signals. Near-infrared (NIR)-I bioimaging enables direct and in situ observation of these biological phenomena through selective labeling of target biomolecules, subcellular organelles, and living cells, as well as malignant tissues. Since the imaging depth is greatly improved relative to fluorescence imaging in the visible region, NIR fluorescence imaging provides precise spatiotemporal information on biomolecules, particularly in vivo. One typical advance using NIR-I bioimaging technology is fluorescence image-guided tumor surgery, which has been successful in clinical trials. From a chemistry perspective, NIR-I bioimaging requires the development of fluorescent probes that can emit NIR-I fluorescence signals. In this chapter, we discuss small molecule fluorescent probes, highlighting the latest publications in the area of NIR-I bioimaging, focusing on the fundamental principles of design, synthetic protocols, and photophysical properties of NIR-I fluorophores and fluorescent probes. The future direction of bioimaging with these NIR-I fluorescent probes is also discussed.
Chemiluminescence-based Imaging
Authors: Green O.
Published: October 2024

This chapter provides a comprehensive overview of chemiluminescence, from its historical origins to modern imaging applications. The focus is on recent advancements in chemiluminescence imaging tools, emphasizing the revolutionary role of dioxetane-based probes. These probes are compatible with biological systems, allow controlled chemiexcitation and exceptional efficiency under physiological conditions, and thus stand out as pivotal tools in molecular imaging. The chapter navigates through the discovery of chemiluminescence, its comparison to fluorescence, and the classification of chemiluminescent materials. Then, it describes two classes of chemiluminescent compounds: oxidation-dependent (such as luminol and oxalate esters) and dioxetane probes. The latter, a breakthrough in the last decade, allow for precise control over the chemiexcitation event, enabling diverse chemical biology applications. This chapter concludes with recent developments in the realm of dioxetane probes, elucidating their real-time chemiluminescence imaging of small molecules and enzymes. At this point, these dioxetane probes give great promise at the forefront of future advancements in chemiluminescence imaging.
Enhancing the HER rate over Pt–TiO2 nanoparticles under controlled periodic illumination: role of light modulation
Authors: Bianco Ettore , Sordello Fabrizio , Pellegrino Francesco , Maurino Valter
Published: October 2024

In hydrogen production through water splitting, two reactions are involved: the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER), both with efficiency issues.
The curious case of co-planarity in di-nuclear triel complexes: a density functional investigation
Authors: Khera Mayank , Goel Neetu
Published: October 2024

Density functional investigation of intramolecular triel (Tr) bonding present in di-nuclear aryl complexes of group 13 elements having general formula [(Tr)Me2(2,6-(X)2C6H3O)]2 has been performed.
What is the key factor affecting the cathodoluminescence intensity of europium complexes?
Authors: Lu Rongdeng , Huang Tinghui , Goloveshkin Alexander , Kopytov Dmitry , Orekhova Kseniya , Khanbekov Ivan , Utochnikova Valentina V.
Published: October 2024

Cathodoluminescence of lanthanide coordination compounds correlates with PLQY/τ in the saturation regime and with PLQY when saturation is not reached. Understanding this, a brightly cathodoluminescent europium complex was obtained.
Trigonal bipyramidal or square planar? Density functional theory calculations of iron bis(dithiolene) N-heterocyclic carbene complexes
Authors: Merkel Katherine , Santos Alyssa V. B. , Simpson Scott
Published: October 2024

DFT calculations of 57 iron bis(dithiolene)-N-heterocyclic carbene adducts were conducted to determine what parameters predict their coordination. The properties were compared via regression models to see which best predict the Addison τ parameter.
Syntheses and structures of dimesitylphosphinite complexes of alkali metals and their catalytic activity in hydrophosphorylation reactions
Authors: Fener Benjamin E. , Schüler Philipp , Liebing Phil , Görls Helmar , Westerhausen Matthias
Published: October 2024

The diarylphosphinite complexes of the alkali metals exhibit a broad structural variety. Especially for potassium dimesitylphosphinite, the heterocubane cage can be broken down into dimeric K2O2 units by adding oligodentate ether molecules.
Hierarchical multi‐modal video summarization with dynamic sampling
Authors: Yu Lingjian , Zhao Xing , Xie Liang , Liang Haoran , Liang Ronghua
Published: October 2024

Previous video summarization methods often neglected inter‐frame variations during the preprocessing stage. Sampling repeated frames can lead to information redundancy, while missing key frames can result in deviations in semantic comprehension and inaccuracies in the generated summaries. This work proposes a dynamic sampling module that leverages frame‐level motion information to alleviate these issues. The module conducts high‐frequency sampling during intervals with significant changes, allowing for a finer capture of details. Combined with a hierarchical multi‐modal structure, it integrates shot‐level visual and textual information to enhance the semantic understanding of video clips and improve the accuracy of the summarized content. Extensive experiments on benchmark datasets SumMe and TVSum demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Broadband wavelength conversion in Si-rich silicon nitride waveguides based on intermodal four-wave mixing
Authors: Vitali Valerio , Domínguez Bucio Thalía , Liu Hao , Bottrill Kyle R.H. , Luque González José Manuel , Ortega-Moñux Alejandro , Churchill Glenn , Gates James C. , Hillier James , Kalfagiannis Nikolaos , Melati Daniele , Schmid Jens H. , Cristiani Ilaria , Cheben Pavel , Wangüemert-Pérez J. Gonzalo , Molina-Fernández Íñigo , Gardes Frederic , Petropoulos Periklis , Lacava Cosimo
Published: October 2024

All-optical wavelength converters and frequency synthesizers represent essential components for the development of advanced and reconfigurable optical communications systems. In this respect, the exploitation of intermodal nonlinear processes in integrated multimode waveguides has received significant attention in recent years for all-optical processing applications. Here, we discuss our recent results on the realization of fully-integrated and broadband wavelength converters utilizing the Bragg scattering intermodal four-wave mixing nonlinear process in a silicon-rich silicon nitride platform.
Dual-polarization photonic integrated biosensor in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer with coherent phase readout
Authors: Sánchez-Ramírez Ana , Wangüemert-Pérez J. Gonzalo , Piretta Flaminia , López-Arroyo Erika , Luque-González José Manuel , de Oliva-Rubio José , Godoy-Rubio Rafael , Ortega-Moñux Alejandro , Halir Robert , Leuermann Jonas , Otón Claudio J. , Molina-Fernández Iñigo
Published: October 2024

Photonic integrated biosensors have garnered considerable attention due to their promising applications in various fields such as healthcare. Differentiating specific targets from interfering background effects is a challenging task. In this work, a dual-polarization Mach-Zehnder interferometer (MZI) with coherent phase readout is proposed to identify refractive index changes from different layers above the waveguide surface, thus improving sensor specificity. All the system building blocks have been designed for a 300 nm-thick silicon nitride platform, fabricated and characterized. The first experimental results show a bulk waveguide sensitivity of 0.17 RIU/RIU for TE polarization and 0.25 RIU/RIU for TM, confirming the correct functioning of the sensors when operating for each polarization separately. Future work will focus on simultaneous sensing with both polarizations and experiments with layered variation of refractive indices.
Development of silicon photodetectors for absolute optical power measurement
Authors: Brida Giorgio , Pepe Carlo , Rajteri Mauro
Published: October 2024

Traditional methods used to realize the primary standard for the absolute optical power standard rely on expensive equipment and require well-trained personnel for maintenance and measurement activities. Silicon photonics technologies have enabled the development of predictable photodiodes with uncertainty comparable to (or perhaps better than) traditional methods. This work will report these research activities.
Near-interface sensing, imaging and nanometrology using smart surfaces
Authors: Salomon Adi , Oheim Martin
Published: October 2024

We present two distinct types of ‘smart’ surfaces designed for facilitating the quantitative exploration of dynamic processes occurring at sub-wavelength distances from interfaces, using far-field optical techniques. Based on evanescent waves in excitation and/or emission, we achieve an axial localization precision of about 10 nm. The first type of substrate incorporates nanocavities in a thin metallic film, enhancing and confining the electromagnetic field to a tiny volume. The second sample consists of a thin fluorescent film sandwiched between transparent spacer and capping layers deposited on a glass coverslip. The emission pattern from this film codes detailed information about the local fluorophore environment, namely, the refractive index, defects, reciprocal lattice, and the axial distance of the molecular emitter from the surface. An application to axial metrology in total internal reflection fluorescence and axial super-localisation microscopes is presented.
Detection of refractive index and imperfection in thin film transparent polymer by back focal plane imaging
Authors: Kilmovsky Hodaya , Shavit Omer , Oheim Martin , Salomon Adi
Published: October 2024

Emission patterns from molecules at interfaces encode many details about their local environment and their axial position, along the microscope’s optical axis. We introduce an advanced approach that synergizes back focal plane (BFP) imaging with innovative ‘smart’ surfaces make surface imaging more qualitative, more reliable, and more robust. Our method is particularly focused on accurately measuring the refractive index (RI) of transparent thin films and their imperfections close to the interfaces. Our technique utilizes a ‘smart’ surface, which features a uniform fluorescent thin film of about 4 nm thickness together with back-focal plane (BFP) imaging. We manage to detect bubbles or other imperfection in 100 nm thin film of polymer with RI of 1.34.
Investigation of the positioning accuracy of the Cat’s Eye as a reference position in asphere-measuring interferometry
Authors: Scholz Gregor , Evers Daniel , Fortmeier Ines
Published: October 2024

Fast and accurate asphere and freeform measurements are in high demand by the optics manufacturing industry. Interferometric methods such as tilted-wave interferometry meet these demands but require accurate surface positioning of the specimen along the optical axis, since such measurements are sensitive to such positioning errors. In this work the Cat’s Eye position will be investigated in terms of accuracy and repeatability as a reference position for surface positioning in tilted-wave interferometry. For this purpose, a two-regime method for specimen alignment using different optimization criteria is investigated and its repeatability is evaluated. Accurate and reproducible positioning into the Cat’s Eye position together with interferometric movement tracking will allow accurate specimen positioning along the optical axis, which will significantly reduce the surface measurement errors associated with such misalignment and improve the overall measurement uncertainty.
Subsampling Schemes for Compressive Nearfield Spectroscopy
Authors: Siebenkotten Dario , Marschall Manuel , Kästner Bernd
Published: October 2024

Nearfield spectroscopy is crucial for characterizing micro- and nanostructures and it often requires hyperspectral imaging, where at each spatial point a full spectrum is recorded. Due to its combination with an atomic force microscope, nearfield hyperspectral imaging is serial in nature and results in long acquisition times and stability challenges, also restricting its industrial use. In this work, we employ a subsampling strategy combined with low-rank matrix reconstruction in a commercial nearfield spectroscopy system to significantly shorten measurement acquisition times.