bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
İlhanlı Devleti’nde Yargı Sistemi (1256-1335)
Authors: DAYI Özkan
Published: June 2021

Moğolların Ön Asya coğrafyasına gelmesi ile bölgede idarî ve kültürel açıdan yeni bir dönemin başladığını görmekteyiz. İdarî ve kültürel açıdan bir değişim dönemi olan bu zaman diliminde, İslâm medeniyetinin unsurları ile Bozkır Medeniyeti’nin bir parçası olan Moğol geleneklerinin iç içe geçerek 1231 yılından İlhanlı Devleti’nin yıkılışına kadar Ön Asya’da yönetimi oluşturan bütün sistemlere yerleştiğini görmekteyiz. Yargı sistemi açısından İlhanlı dönemi, Moğol tahakkümü öncesi yargı ve hukuk anlayışı olan İslam geleneği ile Bozkır Medeniyeti’nin yazısız hukuk kuralları olan Töre’nin Cengiz Han yasası ile yazılı hale getirilen hukuk anlayışının beraber yürütüldüğü bir dönemdir. İlhanlı Devleti’nin hukuk anlayışında şer‘î hukuk ve Cengiz Han yasaları bir arada tatbik edilmiştir. Bu kültürel dönüşüm içerisinde, yargı sisteminde İslâmî anlayışın hâkim olduğu bölgede İlhanlı Devleti’nin kendi yargı sistemi içerisinde nasıl bir uygulama ile hareket ettiğini çalışmamızda inceleyeceğiz.
Design and Analysis of Single Switch Transformer Less DC-DC Converter with Universal Input Voltage for Fuel Cell based Vehicles
Authors: Birundha R. , Maruthapandi Dr. P.
Published: June 2021

A new single switch solar powered high gain step-up DC-DC converter is proposed for plug-in hybrid battery charger in Electric vehicle (EV). The proposed topology utilizes a L2C3D2network to obtain high voltage gain and reduce the voltage stress on the power switch. Additionally, the proposed converter has a universal input voltage in order to suit the soft output characteristics of the fuel cell. The fuel cell has a relatively low output voltage and high current, and it has soft output characteristics as its output voltage drops as the output current increases. Therefore, the fuel cell cannot be directly interfaced to the dc-link bus (400V) of the inverter inside the EV. This dc-dc converter has a universal input voltage feature with wide voltage gain range to suit the soft output characteristics of the fuel cell. Additionally, this dc-dc converter has to have low input current ripple to prolong the life time of the fuel /solar cell, and a common ground between its input and output ports to avoid additional EMI and maintenance safety problem. This control strategy is modelled and simulated using MATLAB -Simulink. A proto type experimental has been fabricated and tested. The experimental analysis was done and the results are in line with the simulation results.
Water Absorbing Pavement by Using Porous Concrete
Authors: Sir Prof. Zen , Mandal Ms. Nitu S. , Gadikar Ms. Dipali N. , Warhokar Ms. Kanchan P. , Bansare Ms. Sonam S. , Golait Ms. Pooja S. , Sharma Mr. Arjun
Published: June 2021

Water Absorbing pavement is a technique in Pavement construction. This technique we can find a solution for the low ground water level, effective management of rain water runoff, Agricultural problems, etc. Porous concrete can be introduced in low traffic volume areas, walk ways, sub base for concrete pavements, inter locking material etc. Porous concrete material have the ability to allow water to flow through itself to recharge ground water level and minimize surface rain water runoff. This property of porous concrete reviews its applications and engineering properties, including environmental benefits, strength. By replacing a part of cement with conplast SP430, then it results the more strength to the concrete. Hence it take acts as an eco-friendly paving material. Porous concrete is a special type of concrete, which consists of cement, coarse aggregates, water and if required, mixtures and other cement materials. As there are no fine aggregates used in the concrete matrix, the void content is more which allows the rain water to flow through its body. So the porous concrete is also called as Permeable concrete and Previous concrete.
Automation of Data Consumption by Pluggable Module Software
Authors:   Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore., Balamurali Vinay , Venkatesh S Prof. ,   Department of Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, R V College of Engineering, Bangalore.
Published: June 2021

Servers are required to monitor the health of the various I/O cards connected to it to alert the required personnel to service these cards. The Data Collection Unit (DCU) is responsible for detecting the I/O cards, sending their inventory as well as monitoring their health. Currently, the keys required to detect these I/O cards are manually coded into the source code. Such a task is highly laborious and time-consuming. To eliminate this manual work, a Software Pluggable Module was devised which would read the I/O card-related information from the I/O component list. This software design aims at using Data Science and OOPS concepts to automate certain tasks on server systems. The proposed methodology is implemented on a Linux system. The software design is modular in nature and extensible to accommodate future requirements. Such an automation framework can be used to track information maintained in Excel Spreadsheets and access them using an Application Programming Interface (API).
Environmental monitoring and development of environmental protection measures in the conditions of the Ryazan region enterprise
Authors:   ООО ", Saakian Alexander ,   БАЛАНС ПРОФИ"
Published: June 2021

Annotation Environmental monitoring allowed us to analyze the state of the environment and forecast the development of the situation. It included the control of natural and anthropogenic factors of various kinds. Environmental control allowed us to assess the ecological state of agricultural landscapes in the conditions of the NGO "Zarya" of the Ryazan district, the Ryazan region. The information obtained will reduce the anthropogenic pressure on the environment and the population, as well as optimize the use of non-renewable natural resources. Keywords: ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING, ECOLOGY, ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION MEASURES, ENVIRONMENT
İbn Ebu’l-Hadîd’e Göre Hz. Ali’nin Siyasî Kişiliği
Authors: Sonay Ahmet
Published: June 2021

Bağdat Mutezilesi’nin Hz. Ali’yi (ö. 40/661) diğer sahabîlerden üstün gördüğü bilinmekte-dir. Özellikle ekolün önde gelen isimlerinden Ebû Cafer el-İskâfî (ö. 240/854) ve Ebü’l-Kâsım el-Kabî’nin (ö. 319/931) bu konuyu eserlerinde ilmî bir üslupla ele aldıkları ve uzun-ca tartıştıkları anlaşılmaktadır. Ekolün son temsilcilerinden olup “Mutezile’nin Allâmesi” unvanıyla tanınan İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd (ö. 656/1258) de onların izinden gitmiş, Hz. Ali’ye nis-pet edilen çeşitli hutbe, mektup ve veciz sözleri içeren Nehcu’l-belâga adlı antolojiye yazdığı şerhte Hz. Ali’nin üstünlüğünü savunmuştur. İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd, şerhinin bir bölümünde ko-nuyla ilişkili olarak Hz. Ali’nin siyasî kişiliği hakkındaki görüşlerini de serdetmiştir. Bu gö-rüşler Mutezile’nin son dönemindeki Hz. Ali tasavvurunu yansıtmakta, ayrıca İmâmiyye-Mutezile ilişkisinin 7./13. asırdaki vaziyetine ilişkin önemli ipuçları vermektedir. Bu maka-lede İbn Ebü’l-Hadîd’in söz konusu görüşleri aktarılmış, ayrıca konuya ilişkin diğer âlim-lerden yaptığı nakillere de yer verilmiştir. Böylelikle ehemmiyet arz eden bu görüşlere ve na-killere dikkat çekmek amaçlanmıştır. Makalede genel anlamda deskriptif metoda bağlı ka-lınmış, bazen de şahısların görüşleri objektif bakış açısıyla yorumlanmaya çalışılmıştır.
Hanyalı Nûrî Osman Divanı’nda Celvetîlik
Authors: Karabıyık Edibali
Published: June 2021

Hanyalı Nûrî Osman, XVIII. yüzyılın sonu ile XIX. yüzyılın başlarında Girit adasında yaşamıştır. Büyük edebî merkezlerden uzak bir bölgede yaşamış olmasına rağmen, babasının mesleğinden dolayı geniş bir kültür muhitinde yetişme olanağına sahip olmuş ve bu sayede yaşadığı dönemin önemli bir şairi konumuna gelmiştir. Yirmi sekiz yaşındayken tertip ettiği müstakil divanının dışında birkaç eser daha yazmıştır. Bu çalışma, şair Hanyalı Nûrî Osman’ın mensubu olduğu Celvetî tarikatıyla ilgili yönünün incelenmesi gerektiği düşüncesiyle hazırlanmıştır. Çalışmada ilk olarak, şairin hayatı hakkında bilgi verilmiş, daha sonra ise hacimli bir divana sahip olan şairin şiirlerinde kullandığı Celvetî tarikatıyla ilgili kavramlar tespit edilmiştir. Tespit edilen bu kavramların yer aldığı şiirler tahlil yöntemi kullanılarak yorumlanmıştır. Çalışma, Prof. Dr. Abdullah Aydın’ın “Hanyalı Nûrî Osman ve Dîvânı” isimli doktora tezindeki şiirler esas alınarak hazırlanmıştır. Örnek olarak sunduğumuz beyitlerin yanlarındaki numaralar, yararlanılan doktora tezindeki nazım biçimi ve beyit numarasına göre verilmiştir. Sonuç bölümünde ise çalışmada varılan hükümler çerçevesinde genel bir değerlendirme yapılmıştır.
CORE ETHICAL VALUES PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER BERBASIS NILAI-NILAI ISLAM
Authors: Hamim Ahmad Husni , Rindiani Ani , Hasanah Aan , Arifin Bambang Samsul
Published: June 2021

Tulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap nilai-nilai yang terkandung di dalam ajaran Islam yang bermuatan karakter. Islam adalah agama yang kaya akan nilai. Islam juga dijadikan basis rujukan dalam pendidikan karakter. Maka dapat dikatakan bahwa ketika umat Islam patuh dan taat terhadap ajarannya maka umat Islam tersebut adalah umat yang berkarakter, Masyarakat Muslim yang berkarakter adalah masyarakat taat agama yang menjadikan dunia seagai alat untuk mengumpulkan perbekalan akhirat. Pendidikan karakter pada umumnya memiliki tujuan besar yaitu mencapai akhlaqul karimah yang bersumber keada Al-Qur’an dan Hadits. Dalam pendidikan karakter berbasis Al-Qur’an dan Hadist, materi pendidikan secara garis besar dapat dikelompokkan dalam tiga dimensi nilai akhlah yaitu akhlak terhadap Allah Swt. Akhlak terhadap sesama manusia, akhlak terhadap alam semesta. Beberapa karakter utama yang melandasi karakter-karakter baik lainnya yang terdapat dalam Al-Qur’an yaitu : a) tabah dan pantang menyerah, didalamnya meliputi sabar, baik sabar scara pasif maupun sabar secara aktif, b) konsisten (istiqomah) yang konsekwensinya tidak mengikuti hawa nafsu, baik yang muncul dalam dirinya, maupun keinginan buruk orang, c) Integritas yang dibangun dari disiplin diri, disiplin untuk jujur, adil sebagaimana mestinya di setiap situasi, d) profesionalisme yang melhirkan mentalitas mutu, mentalitas altruistik, mentalitas pembelajar, dan mentalitas etis.
PENANAMAN NILAI-NILAI KARAKTER ISLAMI MELALUI PROGRAM BPI (BINA PRIBADI ISLAM) DI SMPIT AL KHOIRIYAH GARUT
Authors: Karmila Wati , Tarmana Uci
Published: June 2021

Tujuan penelitian ini secara umum untuk menganalisis dan mengetahui penanaman nilai-nilai karakter Islami melalui program BPI (bina pribadi islam) di SMPIT Al khoiriyah Garut. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode deskriptif analitis. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan observasi, wawancara, dan studi dokumentasi. Sedangkan analisis datanya menggunakan reduksi data, display data dan kongklusi data. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa: 1) Tujuan Penanaman Nilai-nilai Karakter Islami Melalui Program BPI (Bina Pribadi Islam) di SMP Islam Terpadu Al-Khoiriyyah, yaitu untuk menumbuhkan kebiasaan Islami dan akhlak yang baik yang sesuai  tuntunan ajaran Islam bagi siswa secara kontinu dalam kehidupan sehari-hari agar nantinya siswa siap  terjun ke masyarakat sebagai generasi unggul yang cerdas, mandiri dan religius/spiritual. Sedangkan programnya: Pembelajaran Tahsinul dan Tahfidzul Qur'an, Program Ekstrakurikuler, Penambahan Muatan lokal, Kegiatan Sekolah Orangtua, dan Program Pesantren yang di asramakan 2) Implementasinya dengan menggunakan pendekatan  pembinaan keteladanan, pembinaan dengan pembiasaan, dan pembinan dengan nasihat yang masuk kedalam program, dan masuk dalam waktu pembelajaran 3) Hasilnya berdampak positif dengan bertutur kata dengan bahasa yang sopan dan berbuat baik terhadap orang lain, senantiasa menutup aurat, belajar amar ma’ruf nahi mungkar, melakukan wudhu dengan tertib dan benar, melaksanakan shalat berjama’ah, menghafal al-Qur`an beserta
MODEL PENDIDIKAN KARAKTER DI MASYARAKAT
Authors: Sopian Agus
Published: June 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji mengenai pengembangan model pendidikan karakter di masyarakat. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kepustakaan atau library research, yakni penelitian yang dilakukan melalui pengumpulan data atau karya tulis ilmiah dengan objek penelitian atau pengumpulan data bersifat kepustakaan. Hasil analisis menunjukkan,  bahwa Karakter merupakan cara berpikir dan berprilaku yang menjadi ciri khas tiap individu untuk hidup dan bekerjasama, baik dalam lingkup keluarga, masyarakat, bangsa, dan negara. Nilai-nilai dalam pendidikan karakter berbasis masyarakat dapat bersumber dari agama, Pancasila, budaya, dan tujuan pendidikan nasional. Adapun pengembangan  Model  yang dapat digunakan dalam praktik pendidikan karakter di masyarakat khususnya  di Institusi Pemerintah , Institusi Sosial , dan di Ruang-ruang Publik, yaitu  model pendidikan melalui proses pengajaran, keteladanan, pembiasaan, pemotivasian, serta penegakan aturan.
IMPLEMENTASI PENGEMBANGAN KEBERAGAMAAN PESERTA DIDIK DI SEKOLAH
Authors: Munandar Anhar , Solihutaufa Encep
Published: June 2021

Tujuan dari penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk mendeskripsikan implementasi pengembangan keberagamaan peserta didik di SMA Negeri 1 Simpenan. Hasil observasi menunjukkan bahwa implementasi pengembangan keberagamaan peserta didik di SMA Negeri 1 Simpenan telah teraktualisasikan dengan baik dan terprogram, baik yang dilakukan oleh sekolah sebagai institusi pendidikan yang utuh dengan kebijaksanaan yang berkaitan dengan pengembangan keberagamaan di sekolah dan kegiatan masyarakat yang dilakukan oleh Rohis (Spiritual of Islam) sebagai salah satu ekstrakurikuler sekolah khusus menaungi kegiatan keagamaan lainnya. Kesuksesan ini bisa diraih karena usaha kepala sekolah dan dukungan seluruh komunitas sekolah dengan menunjukkan komitmen masing-masing yang saling terkait dan saling mendukung.
TARIM İŞLETMELERİNDE KADIN GİRİŞİMCİLİĞİ
Authors: SOLMAZ Elif Eda , ÖZDEMİR Halil Özcan
Published: June 2021

Kadın girişimciler; girişimcilik özelliklerini taşıyan, girişimcilik faaliyetlerini ve süreçlerini benimseyip uygulayan iş sahibi kadınlardır. Araştırmanın amacı; kadın girişimcilerin, girişimci faaliyetlerine başlamalarına sebep olan faktörleri belirleyerek bu süreçte karşılaştıkları sorunlara çözüm bulmaktır. Bu araştırmada; Adana’nın kırsal kesiminde bulunan Pozantı ilçesine bağlı Karakışlakçı köyünde çilek üretiminde faaliyet gösteren kadın girişimcilerin arasından 100 kişi ile anket uygulaması yöntemi ile görüşmeler sağlanmış, kadın girişimciliği ve kırsalda kadın girişimciliği konularında ise literatür araştırması yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda; kadınların girişimci olma nedenlerinde en çok aile bireylerinin ihtiyaçlarını karşılamak, kendi işinin patronu olmak, ekonomik bağımsızlığını kazanmak, zamanı değerlendirmek gibi unsurların öne çıktığı saptanmıştır. Kadın girişimcilerin eğitimlerinin yetersiz oluşu, aile tepkileri, finans bulma güçlüğü, hibe desteklerinin yetersizliği ve toplumsal cinsiyet eşitsizliği gibi sorunlarla karşılaştıkları tespit edilmiştir. Bu kapsamda; girişimciliğin ilk aşamada desteklenmesi, kredi koşullarının kolaylaştırılması, kredi verilecek alanların sınırlandırılmaması, kadın girişimcileri bilgilendirmek amacıyla eğitim programlarının oluşturulması ve kadın girişimcilerinin örgütlenmesinin gerektiği önerilmektedir.
QUALITY CONTROL OF CERAMIC TILES FOR ASSESSME NT OF THE STATE OF THE PRODUCTION PROCESS
Authors:   Al-Farabi Kazakh National University, Nurbay A.S.
Published: June 2021

Керамикалық еден плиткаларының сапасын зерттеу мәселесі әлі де ашық сұрақтардың бірі. Олардың беріктігі және нәтижесінде мүмкін болатын қолдану аясы керамикалық композиттің құрамына да, оның біркелкілік дәрежесіне де байланысты. Керамикалық плитка электр тоғын өткізбейді, химиялық заттармен байланыста болған кезде дерлік жойылуға жатпайды, күннің әсерінен түс өзгертпейді. Керамикалық плитка микробтардың ұзақ уақыт бойы өмір сүре алмайтын ең гигиеналық материалдардың бірі болып табылады. Плитканың беріктігін бақылау әдісі әртүрлі көлденең қималарда осы белгіні бағалауға негізделуі керек. Мұндай өлшеулер өте маңызды, өйткені олардың механикалық қасиеттері көбінесе бүкіл плита бетінде біркелкі болмайды. Стандартты бақылау сынақтары бұл талапқа сәйкес келмейді, өйткені олар тек орташа көлденең қимада бұзылатын беріктікке арналған сынақтарды ұсынады. Ультрадыбыстық әдісті қолдану керамикалық композиттің плиткадағы біркелкілігін оңай бағалауға мүмкіндік береді. Материалдың кедергісі бойынша тікелей нәтижелерді түрлендіру өлшеу құралын масштабтауды қажет етеді, бұл зерттеу саласын едәуір кеңейтеді, бірақ қарсылық параметрлері әрдайым қажет емес. Кілт сөздер: керамикалық плитка, ультрадыбыс, гигиеналық материал, композит
EFFICIENCY OF APPLICATION OF AUTOMATED DESIGN AND INFORMATION MODELING SYSTEMS
Authors:   Kyzylorda University named after Korkyt Ata, Zhakapbaeva G. , Ermakhan B. ,   Kyzylorda University named after Korkyt Ata
Published: June 2021

Автоматтандырылған жобалау жүйелері мен BIM технологиялар білім беру сапасын арттырып, білім алушылардың кәсіби дамуын қамтамасыз ететін, техникалық салалар маманының толық бейнесін қалыптастыруға жәрдемдесетін тиімді құралдарға айналып келеді. Оның ішінде ғимараттарды ақпараттық модельдеу (BIM) – жобалау сәтінен бастап және ғимарат құрылысы мен пайдалануымен аяқтап, жоба туралы расталған, келісілген ақпаратқа негізделген заманауи технология болғандықтан өндірісте жоғары сұранысқа ие болып отыр. Қазіргі таңда мемлекеттік білім беру стандарттары бойынша жоғарғы оқу орындарының инженерлік мамандықтарын бітірушілердің маңызды құзыретіне қолданбалы бағдарламалар пакетін қолдана білу жатады. АЖЖ мен BIM технологияларымен жұмыс жасауға дағдылану, сөзсіз, инженерлік кадрларды даярлау сапасын жақсартуға септігін тигізіп, жас маманның жоғары оқу орнын тәмамдағаннан кейін жұмыс орнына бейімделуге қажетті уақытын едәуір қысқартады және жұмыс беруші жағынан оның сұранысын айтарлықтай арттырады. Сонымен бірге, оқу үдерісінде аталмыш технологияларды қолдану, мамандарды даярлаудың негізгі мәселелерін шешумен қатар, жиынтық әрекеті оқыту нәтижелерін бірнеше есеге жақсартатын бірқатар қосымша білім беру нәтижелерін бермек. Кілт сөздер: Ғимараттарды ақпараттық модельдеу (BIM), AutoCAD, инженерлік мамандықтар, оқу үдерісі, ақпараттық модель
Parceria público-privada: um estudo sobre aquisição e investimento em material apostilado para a Educação Infantil da rede pública municipal de ensino – Irati/PR
Authors: Czekalski Elisandra Aparecida , Schneckenberg Marisa
Published: June 2021

Este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar e discutir a parceria público-privada entre a Prefeitura Municipal de Irati – PR e a Editora OPET/SEFE, na aquisição de apostilas para a rede pública de ensino do referido município. Como referencial teórico e metodológico para descrição e análise dos dados, o ciclo de políticas foi utilizado. Com o propósito de entender como ocorreu o processo de parceria, foram utilizadas entrevistas com a Secretária Municipal de Educação que atuava na época (2001-2004) da contratação das apostilas (2001). Também, com a Secretária Municipal que atuou no processo de transição da Educação Infantil, em sua perspectiva assistencialista, para a gestão da Secretaria Municipal de Educação, na perspectiva educacional (2005-2009). Ainda, em consulta ao setor administrativo da Prefeitura Municipal, foi possível realizar um levantamento parcial do montante investido pelo município nos dezoito anos da parceria. A conclusão da pesquisa permitiu verificar a urgência das políticas públicas do município discutirem o currículo para a infância com embasamento teórico sólido e pertinente, para que o trabalho pedagógico com os pequenos seja adequado, colocando como premissa primeira o respeito à infância e suas particularidades.
Tupiabá: cartas do mundo para os(as) guardiões(ãs) da terra
Authors: Rodrigues Miranda Marina , Monteiro Barreto Camargo Fernanda , Guss Strelhow Fábio
Published: June 2021

Conforme contatos anteriores, via e-mail, recebemos a confirmação de o gênero discursivo por nós utilizado e autorizado para envio, não demanda resumo, bem como tradução para outras línguas.
As crianças e suas performances em contextos de instalações de jogo: diálogos entre Educação Infantil e Arte Contemporânea
Authors: Santos Nathalia Scheuermann dos , Carvalho Rodrigo Saballa de
Published: June 2021

A partir dos Estudos Sociais da Infância, em articulação com as contribuições dos estudos da Arte Contemporânea, o artigo tem como objetivo discutir a proposição de instalações de jogo na Educação Infantil, como contextos de produção de performances pelas crianças através de suas interações e brincadeiras. Por conseguinte, também apresenta indicativos para a criação de propostas de instalações de jogo, inspiradas em produções de arte contemporânea. Metodologicamente o artigo é constituído por três etapas. Na primeira etapa é apresentada uma revisão bibliográfica sobre a temática. Na segunda, é compartilhado um inventário de instalações produzidas por artistas contemporâneos. Por fim, na terceira etapa, são apresentadas análises de episódios de brincadeira vivenciados por crianças durante seções de instalações de jogo. A partir das análises, é possível inferir sobre a importância das instalações de jogo como espaço de produção de brincadeiras e performances pelas crianças.
Influence of Ultrasound on the Synthesis of Biogas During Disposal of Beer Spent Grain
Authors: Житков Владимир Владимирович , Федоренко Борис Николаевич
Published: June 2021

Ультразвуковая предварительная обработка считается экологически чистым процессом для повышения биоразлагаемости органических веществ при анаэробном сбраживании. Однако количество потребляемой энергии во время предварительной обработки является проблемой, особенно в тех случаях, когда производство энергии является основной целью биогазовой установки. Основной целью настоящего исследования работы было изучение эффективности ультразвуковой предварительной обработки для увеличения производства биогаза из отходов пивоваренного производства - пивной дробины. Результаты показали, что применение частоты 40 кГц при температуре 40 °С соответственно привело к увеличению выхода биогаза на 83%. Методология показала положительный результат в отношении содержания метана и скорости производства биогаза. Использование ультразвуковой предварительной обработки в отношении пивоваренной дробины для производства биогаза, по-видимому, позволяет решить проблемы не только эффективной утилизации пивоваренных отходов, но и создать экономически эффективный ресурс возобновляемой энергии на пивоваренном или аффилированном с ним производстве.

Ultrasonic pretreatment is considered an environmentally friendly process to increase the biodegradability of organic substances during anaerobic digestion. However, the amount of energy consumed during pretreatment is a problem, especially in cases where energy production is the main purpose of the biogas plant. The main purpose of this study was to study the effectiveness of ultrasonic pretreatment to increase the production of biogas from brewing waste - brewer's grains. The results showed that the use of a frequency of 40 kHz at a temperature of 40 °C, respectively, led to an increase in the biogas yield by 83%. The methodology showed a positive result in terms of methane content and biogas production rate. The use of ultrasonic pretreatment for brewing spent grains for biogas production seems to solve the problems of not only efficient disposal of brewing waste, but also to create an economically efficient resource of renewable energy in brewing or its affiliated production.
The Different Hopping Methods Mathematical Models
Authors: Борисенко Ольга Алексеевна , Грибкова Ирина Николаевна
Published: June 2021

Статья посвящена вопросу сравнения двух способов охмеления - классического и инновационного «холодного» способа внесения хмеля при дображивании пива, - а именно оценке основных факторов процесса, влияющих на интенсивность образования изоксантогумола, характеризующего тона горечи в пиве. Приведены результаты исследования качественных показателей модельных растворов, позволяющих минимизировать влияние прочих органических соединений на уровень содержания изоксантогумола в среде. Математическая оценка зависимостей позволила получить многофункциональные уравнения зависимости содержания изоксантогумола от ряда параметров, играющих важное значение при различных способах охмеления в технологии пивоварения. Математический анализ позволил выявить высокую достоверность полученных данных. Анализ полученных качественных характеристик в доверительном интервале р ≥ 0,95 позволил при классическом способе охмеления выявить влияние рН среды, а при «холодном» способе - живых дрожжевых клеток, преобразующих ксантогумол в изоформу. Основная часть полученных результатов согласовалась с ранее полученными относительно влияния рН, продолжительности охмеления, корреляции количества полифенолов, уровня изоксантогумола. Однако, влияние жизнедеятельности дрожжевых клеток не было отмечено ни в одном труде, что требует дополнительного экспериментального исследования.

The article is devoted to the issue of comparing two hopping methods - the classical and innovative «dry hopping» method during the beer maturation, namely, the process main factors assessment that affect the isoxanthohumol formation intensity, which characterizes the beer bitterness tone. The model solutions qualitative indicators study results, which allow minimizing the effect of other organic compounds on the level of isoxanthohumol content in the medium, are presented. The dependences mathematical assessment made it possible to obtain multifunctional equations for the dependence of the isoxanthohumol content on several parameters that play an important role in various methods of hopping in brewing technology. Mathematical analysis made it possible to reveal the high reliability of the data obtained. The obtained qualitative characteristics analysis in the confidence interval p ≥ 0.95 made it possible to reveal the medium pH influence with the classical method of hopping, and with the «dry hopping» method - living yeast cells that convert xanthohumol into an isoform. Most of the results obtained were consistent with those previously obtained regarding the effect of pH, duration of hopping, and the correlation between the polyphenols amount and the isoxanthohumol level. However, the influence of the yeast cells vital activity was not noted in any work, which requires additional experimental research.
Doxorubicin hydrochloride liposome and albumin-bound paclitaxel in cancer: a nanotechnology perspective
Authors: Hossain Rajib , Khan Rasel Ahmed , Islam Muhammad Torequl , Jain Divya , Janmeda Pracheta , Godfrey Obinna Chukwuemeka , Bisht Shiwali , Bharati Aakanksha
Published: June 2021

Nanoparticles (1-100 nanometres in size), products of nanotechnology, offer a modern way to transport anti-cancer drugs by acting as transporters of drugs into tumor cells, hence quenching tumor cell proliferation. Such nanoparticles may be formulated to bind to the tumor cell membrane or inhibit specific reactions of tumor biosynthetic pathway by gene repression, or directly bind to the active sites of essential enzymes in the biosynthetic pathway. Consequently, drugs are completely delivered to the desired cancerous cells without system interference. Liposomal doxorubicin and albumin-bound paclitaxel are two examples of nanotechnologically developed drugs for treating cancer. Modern knowledge of nanotechnology opens up new opportunities for innovative research on cancer therapies and administration and helps minimize harm to healthy cells. This review focuses on the doses and routes of administration of these chemotherapeutic agents used in treating cancers.
TÜRKİYE’DE BANKA ŞUBE LOKASYONUNUN VERİ MADENCİLİĞİ İLE ANALİZİ
Authors: BAYRAM Seliha Seçil , DÜNDAR Süleyman
Published: June 2021

Bankaların faaliyet gösterecekleri kuruluş yeri seçimi, banka başarısı açısından oldukça önemlidir. Bankaların kuruluş yeri seçimini etkileyen faktörler bölgenin nüfusu, kişi başına gayri safi milli hasıla ve rekabettir. Bankaların faaliyet yeri seçiminin yanı sıra, müşterilerin de çalışacakları banka seçiminde bankanın yaygın şube ağının olması da tercih edilmektedir.

Bu çalışmanın amacı Türkiye’nin 81 il ve bunlara bağlı ilçe ve beldelerinde yer alan 960 yerleşim yerinde, banka şubelerinin varlığı açısından incelenmesi ve hangi banka şubelerinin aynı yerleşim yerinde birlikte faaliyet gösterdiğini veri madenciliği, Birliktelik Kuralları Analizi, Apriori Algoritması ile belirlenmesidir. Bu amaçla “Türkiye Bankalar Birliği’ne kayıtlı, Türkiye’de faaliyet gösteren bankaların faaliyet gösterdikleri yerleşim yerlerine göre sayıları ve yerleşim yerindeki varlığı “IBM SPSS Modeler” programı ile analiz edilmiştir.
Üstün Yetenekli/Zekâlı Öğrencilerle “Çocuklar İçin Felsefi Etkinlik” Uygulaması: Nitel Bir Çalışma Örneği
Authors: KEFELİ İdil , ÜÇÜNCÜ Duru , YAMAN Zehranur
Published: June 2021

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Bilim ve Sanat Merkezinde eğitime devam eden üstün yetenekli/zekalı çocukların kendini tanıma, özüyle tanışma sürecinde “Filozof Çocuk Platon’un Mağarasında” etkinliğinin etkililiğine yönelik görüşlerini ortaya koymaktır. Çalışmada nitel araştırma yöntemi dikkate alınarak görüşme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma grubuna amaçlı örnekleme tekniği ile ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma grubu 2020-2021 eğitim öğretim yılında Bilim ve Sanat Merkezi’nde özel yetenekleri geliştirme programına (ÖYGP) devam eden 13-14 yaş aralığındaki üçü kız üçü erkek öğrencidir. Araştırmanın verileri yarı yapılandırılmış görüşme formu ile elde edilmiştir. Verilerin analizinde içerik analizi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda elde edilen verilere göre, üstün yetenekli/zekalı çocuklar felsefi düşünme becerisi sayesinde özlerine yönelmiş ve “Ben kimim?” sorusunu farklı açılarda ele almaya başlamıştır. Üstün yetenekli/zekalı çocukların Çocuklar İçin Felsefe (ÇİF) yöntemi kullanılarak yapılan etkinlikte birbirlerini dinledikleri, düşüncelerini gerekçeli ifade ettikleri ortaya konmuştur. Ayrıca bu uygulamanın öğrencilerin üst düzey düşünme becerilerinin gelişimine katkı sağladığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu durum ortak özelliklere sahip akranların grup çalışmasının olumlu sonuçlarındandır. Sonuç olarak okulda, akranları yanında özlerinde bulunan merak etme ve soru sorma özelliklerini bastırarak var olmaya çalışan üstün yetenekli/zekalı bireyler Bilim ve Sanat Merkezi’nde yapılan çocuklar için felsefe etkinliklerinde farklılıklarıyla mutlu olmuşlardır.
Sibling species as a result of microevolution (a case study of Lepidoptera)
Authors: Artemieva Elena
Published: June 2021

This article is devoted to the problems of diagnosis and taxonomy of sibling species in Lepidoptera of different taxonomic groups. The most important advances in understanding the reality of species include: species are real and objectively exist; each species has specific spatial characteristics and its own biological time, which may not coincide with the physical one. The main criteria for the reality of a species include the following: a certain stability in space and time, isolation from the surrounding world, a certain opposition to the environment; material continuity over time; a certain degree of indivisibility; the presence of special, distinctive properties in relation to other similar systems; the presence of a certain number of degrees of freedom in relation to higher taxa; the presence of a given set of individuals of a lower order, a certain hierarchy of individuals; continuity in space and time. Through the construction of a natural system of phenotypes of the wing pattern, it is possible to build a system of groups of populations of a species and create a population taxonomy, while the phenotype should act as a reliable diagnostic feature of a specific population or groups of populations. In the landscape complex of Lepidoptera populations of a particular geographic region, as a rule, only one of the available forms is the most often found, which is also the most often collected and described as typical. All other forms are found in populations with a lower frequency, so they can be described as atypical, up to giving them the status of new species. This applies primarily to European populations of Lepidoptera, individuals of which were once accepted by taxonomists as typical and therefore received the status of nominative species and subspecies. Individuals from populations at the border of ranges, for example, from mountainous areas, are most often described as new taxa. Quite often, polytypical Lepidoptera species have a wide phenotypic diversity of the wing pattern, which makes rare forms in central populations often found in peripheral populations of the range. Therefore, the species of Lepidoptera should be considered in the light of a biological concept. Based on an integrated approach to studying the phenotypic variability of the wing pattern, it is possible to carry out taxonomic studies of Lepidoptera populations and the separation of sibling species.
Species from the viewpoint of biocoenology
Authors: Protasov Alexander
Published: June 2021

Some questions of the use of the “species” concept in biocoenology and hydrobiology are considered. The existence of certain difficulties and ambiguities in the use of this concept is shown. It is proposed to clarify the goals and objectives of identifying the species structure of biocoenoses. The examples show that ecomorphs and coeno-ecomorphs are not less important elements of a biocenotic system and require thorough research. The question of the possibility and feasibility of definitions "to species level" of all members of the community is considered. The ecological niche concept is associated with species, although there is also the guild concept that unites species according to the principle of convergent similarity of trophic, topical, or other preferences. Various systems of bioindication have become widespread, which are based on the principle of compliance of a particular species population to certain conditions. First of all, we are talking about disturbed conditions, including various impacts by pollution. It was shown that not only species, but also more easily identifiable higher taxa could be used as bioindicators of certain conditions.
On the processes of sympatric speciation in the group of «yellow» wagtails in the Middle Volga region
Authors: Artemieva Elena
Published: June 2021

This article discusses the mechanisms of sympatric speciation in the group of species of «yellow» wagtails based on hybridization. Interspecific and intraspecific hybridization can be attributed to the genetic mechanisms of divergence of populations of «yellow» wagtails. The existence of hybridization between the subspecies of the white-eared yellow wagtail M. flava beema and the yellow-fronted wagtail M. lutea leads to the emergence and further accumulation in the population of individuals with a light-colored head to varying degrees, the so-called «gray-headed» individuals. Intraspecific hybridization of subspecies forms of the yellow wagtail M. flava — nominative M. f. flava and white-eared M. f. beema leads to constantly occurring genotypic splits, which support intraspecific polymorphism of populations and provide the basis for further genetic divergence of these subspecies and species. The form of "gray-headed" hybrids is characterized by maximum genetic distances (1306.67–1375.67), which may correspond to the species rank. The modern polytypic complex of M. flava (in the narrow sense, a series of species and subspecies of only M. flava) probably formed in historical time on the basis of fan hybridization between the original forms of M. f. flava and M. lutea. Thus, the factors of genetic differentiation and divergence, along with ecological and geographical isolation, play a leading role in the formation of the spatio-temporal and genetic structure of the genus Motacilla. Currently, there is an active process of genetic divergence and separation of subspecies and species forms of «yellow» wagtails under conditions of wide sympatry within a single polytypic complex based on intraspecific and interspecific hybridization in the European part of Russia.
Some theoretical aspects of the systematic study of fossil ostracods (Arthropoda, Crustacea, Ostracoda) in the context of species problems in palaeontology
Authors: Dykan Natalia
Published: June 2021

Theoretical contributions into the systematics and taxonomy of fossil ostracods conducted according to unified methodological stands have resolved some key problems of paleontology. For example, this is a problem of species and its derivatives, namely the identification of species, the estimation of the taxonomic weight of morphological characters, the determination of diagnostic characters of different taxonomic ranks, and taxa diagnoses. The unification of the terminology and the formalization of morphological description of fossil shells made it possible to estimate the taxonomic weight of morphological elements. A scheme to identify the rank of taxonomic characters (pyramid principle) has been developed. A unified terminological dictionary has been prepared to describe the morphological elements of ostracod shells in detail.
The speciation continuum and species relations between populations: in search of agreement between the theory and practice of systematics
Authors: Zinenko Oleksandr
Published: June 2021

From an evolutionary point of view, the achievement of species status by a group of populations is an ongoing process (except for rare cases of instantaneous speciation), during which isolated populations acquire traits and adaptations that minimize gene flow between them. However, depending on the group, the ways and timing of the gaining of reproductive isolation may be different. In such a complex group for systematics as small vipers (genus Vipera, subgenus Pelias), there are a number of problematic situations for species delimitation: the ability to form hybrids and hybrid populations between species, adaptive hybridization and hybrid speciation, and possible traces of reversed speciation, which indicate that complete and irreversible reproductive isolation may not be achieved at all. The effectiveness of reproductive isolation largely depends on external factors, mostly related to the range spatial structure, ecology of species in areas of sympatry, as well as climatic conditions and their changes, landscape dynamics, etc. The only species concept that allows to describe new species in the absence of reproductive isolation, recognizes the possibility of hybrid and reverse speciation — de Queiroz unified species concept — is practically unsuitable due to the need to consider as species a large number of isolated populations. Therefore, the solution is a conservative approach in practical taxonomy, which takes into account as a species criterion the ecological divergence of species, the possibility of their sympatric existence, which is usually achieved at 5% divergence of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene. Stabilized hybrid populations occupying distinct ecological niche different from those of parental species also deserve recognition as species of hybrid origin. Not only species deserves to be protected, but also a distinguishable and diverged group of populations — Evolutionary Significant Unit (ESU) or subspecies in traditional taxonomy.
Ecological and geographical criteria of species in Quaternary mammals on the example of ground squirrels of the subgenus Colobotis (Sciuridae, Rodentia)
Authors: Popova Liliia , Rekovets Leonid
Published: June 2021

Pleistocene small mammals demonstrate two main types of response to climatic changes: elastic (significant changes of species ranges) and resistant (stable ranges). Extinct ground squirrels of the subgenus Соlobotis belonged to climate-resistant species and formed morphologically distinct subspecies. The dispersal of the Middle Pleistocene Spermophilus (Сolobotis) superciliosus both on the left and right bank of the Dnipro corresponds to the absence of any isolating effect of the river under conditions of tectonic stability. In the Late Pleistocene, under the dominance of tectonic uplift and increasing isolating role of rivers, several subspecies were formed: S. superciliosus palaeodesnensis and S. superciliosus fulvoides on the left bank and another form on the right bank that was morphologically similar to S. major. The major-like form disappeared in the Holocene being replaced by S. s. fulvoides, which came from the Left-Bank Dnipro area.
From species to cultivar and backwards
Authors: Yena Andrey
Published: June 2021

When one describes some plants, there are cases when natural selection produces cultivars, and the products of selective breeding appear to be species. The majority of specialists in fundamental and applied botany do not pay respective attention to this problem. Meanwhile, despite the formal following of the rules of respective Codes, there is a disregard to fundamental tenets of philosophy and mixing of natural and cultural objects. There is need to develop mechanisms that would prevent the conversion of species into cultivars and vice versa. The issue is considered on nomenclatural examples of taxa and culta of the genus Hedera.
Are Nemiana Palij and Beltanelliformis Menner (Beltanelloides (Sokolov)) synonyms or different genera?
Authors: Paliy Volodymyr , Grytsenko Volodymyr , Mosyakin Sergiy
Published: June 2021

During recent decades, the issue of the nature of Ediacaran cyclic imprints, including the widely distributed in Podillia (southwestern Ukraine) Nemiana simplex Palij, 1976, and the less common Beltanelliformis brunsae Menner, 1974 (Beltanelloides sorichevae (Sokolov), 1965) has been actively debated. Several new and similar forms were discovered in other regions of the Globe. The disk-like outlines were considered to be sufficient characters to synonymize several earlier recognized genera and species. The main additional features used to distinguish cyclic genera included such features as the shape and sculpture of surfaces, facial differences, and geological age. Novel palaeobiochemical studies of these ancient remains opened a new phase of discussions on the possible identities of the organisms that formed these fossil structures. Sometimes the remains are covered with thin brown films providing biochemical evidence for the cyanobacterial nature of some structures, for example Beltanelliformis brunsae. However, these films are found only in clayey or carbonate environments (rocks). For Nemiana Palij, characteristic features are clustered communities and budding. In contrast, Beltanelliformis brunsae formed taphonomic communities of closely arranged disks almost identical in their shape and size. Nemiana simplex structures are confined to clastic rocks (mostly thin-grained sandstones or siltstone), which are not suitable for good preservation of imprints and organic remains of ancient animals, cyanobacteria, algae, and plants. Considering these and some additional considerations, synonimization of Nemiana та Beltanelliformis, as well as some other Ediacaran fossil structures differing in their morphology, is at best premature.
Concepts of species and strain in relation to microorganisms under formation of biofilms as superorganismic systems
Authors: Pallag Oleksandra , Boyko Nadiya
Published: June 2021

Nowadays, many biological terms receive new interpretations, especially the concept of species. The species is the main structural unit of living things. It emerges, develops, and, when living conditions change either disappear or transforms into other species. There is no clear and unified definition of species. The achievements of contemporary molecular genetic studies indicate that the majority of microorganisms exist mainly not in a free-floating condition, but in formed associations or consortia. Microbial interactions occur by transferring molecular and genetic information, and various mechanisms such as secondary metabolites, siderophores, quorum-sensing system, biofilm formation, and cell transduction signals can be involved in this exchange. Therefore, for a deeper understanding of the concept of "species" in biology, it is necessary to take into account not only morphological and physiological criteria, but also to consider species from the viewpoint of systems biology, and to bear in mind factors of horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, the concept of "species" can be considered in a broader context, in particular within ecosystems with all assimilation relations.
Elusive species criteria and paradigms of botany
Authors: Tokhtar Valeriy
Published: June 2021

The development of botanical science and the improvement of methods used to identify the boundaries of species lead to constant changes in the criteria and volume of species in various systematic groups of plants. Currently, to solve these problems, modern methods of geno- and chemosystematics (for example, use of PCR, ITSS, and other markers), methods of discriminant and factor analyses, assessment of boundaries of ecological and climatic niches of different species, approaches of chemosystematics and metabolomics are used. However, the emergence of a large number of different modern approaches to estimate the volume of species has not simplified the task of plant taxonomists. Instead, it gave them the task to select or reasonably combine reliable methods. The latter would allow to progress in solving this difficult tasks and set priorities for the development of an integrated methodological approach to the study criteria and volumes of species.
The taxonomic complex Centaurea stoebe s. l. (Asteraceae) in the flora of Ukraine
Authors: Shynder Oleksandr
Published: June 2021

Nowadays, many biological terms receive new interpretations, especially the concept of species. The species is the main structural unit of living things. It emerges, develops, and, when living conditions change either disappear or transforms into other species. There is no clear and unified definition of species. The achievements of contemporary molecular genetic studies indicate that the majority of microorganisms exist mainly not in a free-floating condition, but in formed associations or consortia. Microbial interactions occur by transferring molecular and genetic information, and various mechanisms such as secondary metabolites, siderophores, quorum-sensing system, biofilm formation, and cell transduction signals can be involved in this exchange. Therefore, for a deeper understanding of the concept of "species" in biology, it is necessary to take into account not only morphological and physiological criteria, but also to consider species from the viewpoint of systems biology, and to bear in mind factors of horizontal gene transfer. Therefore, the concept of "species" can be considered in a broader context, in particular within ecosystems with all assimilation relations.
Geographical distribution and species diagnostics of the Carboniferous and Permian genus Gzheloceras (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea)
Authors: Dernov Vitaliy
Published: June 2021

The article is devoted to an attempt to trace the ways of distribution of Late Paleozoic nautilids Gzheloceras Ruzhencev et Shimansky, 1954. The genus Gzheloceras Ruzhencev et Shimansky (Cephalopoda: Nautiloidea) includes a large number of species from Carboniferous and Permian sediments. Representatives of the genus Gzheloceras were distributed mainly in the northern hemisphere. They inhabited the warm epicontinental seas of the northern and north-western periphery of the Palaeo-Tethys. Species of the genus Gzheloceras differ from each other by insignificant differences in the position of the siphuncle, the details of the surface ornamentation, less often in the form of suture and the shape of the cross section of the whorls. The form of the conch and a transverse ornamentation indicate a nectobenthic lifestyle of the genus Gzheloceras. The centre of origin of the genus is the waters on the place of modern Kazakhstan. In the Serpukhovian or Early Bashkirian, representatives of the genus Gzheloceras, apparently, dispersed into the Urals. The genus Gzheloceras flourished in the Early Permian of the Urals.