bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FASB and IASB diverging perspectives on the new lessee accounting
Authors: Beckman Judy Kay
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the expected effect of diverging accounting requirements and practices on firms in two industries – construction and retailing – which typically undertake different types of leases, namely, equipment and real estate, respectively. The paper also discusses how the new standards will provide expanded disclosures to aid this financial statement analysis.

Design/methodology/approach

– The research demonstrates how to estimate information comparable to that produced under IFRS from US GAAP financial statements and estimates the significance of the impact on key financial statement ratios.

Findings

– Key profitability ratios – return on assets and return on equity – generally improve over the time period 2007-2013 while interest coverage drastically deteriorates particularly for retailing firms. This finding contrasts with what some view as the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s reason for its choice of income statement presentation – to avoid the front-end loading of costs that ensues from accounting for leases as one would any other long-lived asset acquired through long-term financing.

Practical implications

– Current IFRS and US GAAP requirements do not provide sufficient information to estimate lease accounting changes for those firms which have no long-term debt other than long-term leases. Therefore, the estimates presented in this analysis are limited below what will be possible to do under new accounting requirements.

Originality/value

– The research covers a current topic of new divergence between US GAAP and IFRS requirements for leases. In addition, improvements over analysis techniques currently required that will be possible with new financial statement disclosures also are discussed.
The effect of mandatory XBRL and IFRS adoption on audit fees
Authors: Shan Yuan George , Troshani Indrit
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and eXtensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL) on audit fees based on evidence from listed companies operating in an emerging economy. Whilst IFRS constitute high-quality accounting standards, XBRL represents a technology standard that can enhance the usability of IFRS and overall financial reporting transparency.

Design/methodology/approach

– Multivariate analyses are used on a sample of 1,798 firm-year observations between 2000 and 2011 from companies listed in the Shanghai Stock Exchange that were subject to XBRL and IFRS adoption mandates.

Findings

– The main results suggest that XBRL has a main negative effect on audit fees which is weaker for larger firms. Additionally, the authors find that IFRS increases audit fees for all companies. Whilst this effect is positive for firms of different sizes, it is weaker for larger firms.

Research limitations/implications

– Whilst the findings are applicable to the selected sample and may or may not be generaliseable to other economies, they can provide important implications for both regulators and companies that are undertaking IFRS convergence and XBRL implementation projects in developing economies around the world.

Originality/value

– This study offers a timely assessment of the economic consequences of IFRS and XBRL on listed companies operating in an emerging economy, in addition to providing an important basis upon which further research can be designed in order to extend the analysis.
Followership and job satisfaction in the public sector
Authors: Jin Myung , McDonald Bruce , Park Jaehee
Published: April 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to explicate the role of followership behavior on employee job satisfaction as well as the conditions that may moderate its impact.

Design/methodology/approach

– This study uses a largensurvey data from federal agencies and investigates an additive moderation model in which two situational factors, perceived supervisor support (PSS) and performance-oriented culture (POC), interact with followership behavior.

Findings

– Employees high on active followership perceived greater job satisfaction when PSS was high, rather than low. On the other hand, employees high on active followership perceived greater job satisfaction when POC was low, rather than high.

Research limitations/implications

– This is, to the knowledge, the first empirical study based on a cross-sectional survey that tests how the effects of active followership on employee job satisfaction may vary depending on the different types of situational factors. As such, more studies are needed to validate the causal directions of the findings.

Practical implications

– The present findings show that active engagement had greater association with job satisfaction when leader involvement was high and performance orientation was low. For highly engaged employees, leaders are encouraged to show higher degree of involvement in their work but with less emphasis on the performance orientation of the organization.

Originality/value

– This study contributes to the broader literature in public sector leadership in two ways. First, research on the relationship between followership and job satisfaction has been sparse. Second, and most importantly, this study is the first empirical study that tests the moderating roles of situational (organizational) factors on the relationship between followership and employee attitude (job satisfaction).
Improving organizational learning through leadership training
Authors: Hasson Henna , von Thiele Schwarz Ulrica , Holmstrom Stefan , Karanika-Murray Maria , Tafvelin Susanne
Published: April 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to evaluate whether training of managers at workplaces can improve organizational learning. Managers play a crucial role in providing opportunities to employees for learning. Although scholars have called for intervention research on the effects of leadership development on organizational learning, no such research is currently available.

Design/methodology/approach

The training program consisted of theoretical and practical elements aimed to improve line managers’ transformational leadership behaviors and, in turn, improve organizational learning. The study used a pre- and post-intervention evaluation survey. Line managers’ and their subordinates’ perceptions of organizational learning were measured with the Dimensions of Organizational Learning Questionnaire and with post-intervention single items on organizational learning.

Findings

Comparisons between pre- and post-intervention assessments revealed that managers’ ratings ofcontinuous learningand employees’ ratings ofempowermentandembedded systemsimproved significantly as a result of the training. The leadership training intervention had positive effects on managers’ perceptions of individual-level and on employees’ perceptions of organizational-level aspects of organizational learning.

Originality/value

The study provides empirical evidence that organizational learning can be improved through leadership training. Both line managers and their subordinates perceived that organizational learning had increased after the training intervention, albeit in different ways. Implications for developing leadership training programs and for evaluating these are discussed.
Automatic Block Pattern Generation from a 3D Unstructured Point Cloud
Authors: Huang Haiqiao , Mok P.Y. , Kwok Y.L. , Au J.S.
Published: April 2016

Accurate and fitted garment patterns are fundamentally important in garment manufacturing. Even though a virtual body can now be obtained by 3D scanning, the problem of generating patterns model is still challenging because the mapping from a 3D body to 2D pattern is
constrained by complex garment style information and sewing definitions. This paper presents a new approach for generating 2D block patterns directly from scanned 3D unstructured points of the human body. The new approach consists of a series of steps from body recognition, body modelling to pattern formation. In the paper, algorithms for body feature extraction and body modelling are first described, then the relationship
between the human body, patterns and darts are investigated, and pattern creation through automatic dart transformation are thus developed. The paper has demonstrated that the proposed method can generate 2D block patterns from a 3D unstructured point cloud.
Surface Modification of Cotton Fabric by Wet Chemical Treatments to Impart Hydrophobicity
Authors: Awal A. , Ghosh S.B. , Rana M. , Hund R.D. , Rossbach V.
Published: April 2016

Temporary surface modifications of cotton fabrics with different water repellent agents by wet chemical treatments were examined. The hydrophobicity of the treated substrates was determined by contact angle. The results show that the cotton fabric became hydrophobic. Three hydrophobic finishing agents were used in this study. The fabric properties were investigated in terms of moisture regain. Significant changes in properties were observed for the different finished materials. The surface investigation conducted by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) provided distinctive features of the untreated and treated fabric samples. Elementary analysis was also carried out on the substrate through energy dispersive x-ray (EDX) to confirm the presence of hydrophobic groups. In this study, a unique approach based on the double coating method was found to be a promising technique for modifying cotton fabrics temporarily and the hydrophobic finishing agent was easily removable which
in turn would be beneficial for dyeing in supercritical CO2 medium. The method therefore offers great advantages in terms of regaining natural properties of cotton fabrics after suitable modifications.
Cationization of Cotton Fabric for Dyeing with Natural Anthraquinone Dyes from Fusarium Oxysporum
Authors: Ali N.F. , EL. Mohamedy R.S.R.
Published: April 2016

Two anthraquinone compounds are extracted from culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporum isolate no. 4, which were previously isolated from roots of citrus trees affected with root rot disease. These anthraquinone compounds were identified as 2- acetyl- 3,8- dihydroxy- and/or 3-acetyl- 2,8- dihydroxy- 6- methoxy- anthraquinone. Dyeing of cationized cotton fabrics with these anthraquinone compounds as natural dyes has been studied. The values of the dyeing rate constant, half-time of dyeing and standard affinity have been calculated and discussed. The results of the dye uptake isotherms of cationized cotton fabrics dyed with these compounds indicate high dye uptake and the standard affinity of cationized cotton fiber is higher. The toxicity assay of culture filtrates as well as anthraquinone pigment extracted from Fusarium oxysporum against root growth (seed germination) of citrus seeds is investigated. Seeds of sour orange are more affected by all tested concentrations of anthraquinone compounds as well as culture filtrates of Fusarium oxysporium than other citrus seeds. Seeds of lime and Cleopatra mandarin are less affected. The effects of dye bath pH, salt concentration, dyeing time and temperature are studied. Color strength and dye uptake exhibit high values. The results of fastness properties of the dyed fabric are good.
Super Water Repellent Fabrics Produced by Silica Nanoparticle-containing Coating
Authors: Wang Hongxia , Ding Jie , Lin Tong , Wang Xungai
Published: April 2016

In this paper, we report on superhydrophobic fabrics (polyester, wool and cotton) produced by a wet-chemical coating technique. The coating solutions were synthesized by the co-hydrolysis of two silane precursors, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and an alkylsilane, in an alkaline condition. Without any purification, the as-hydrolyzed solutions were directly used to treat fabrics, and the treated fabrics had water contact angles (CA) as high as 170° and sliding angles (SA) as low as 5°. Three alkylsilanes have been used for the synthesis of the coating solutions, and all contain three hydrolysable alkoxyl groups and one non-hydrolysable alkyl, but with different chain lengths (C1, C8 and C16). It was found that the CA value increased with an increase in the alkyl chain length, while the SA showed a reverse trend. When the functional group had a C16 alkyl, the treated fabric surfaces were highly superhydrophobic, with the CA not being affected much by the fabric type, while theSA values were slightly affected by the original wettability of the fabric substrates. The superhydrophobic feature was attributed to a highly rough surface formed by the particulate coating. Aside from the superhydrophobicity, the influence of the coating on the fabric softness was also examined.
Surface Modification of Nomex Fabric by a 172 nm Xe2
* Excimer UV Lamp
Authors: Xie Jing , Yang Mei , Yan Kelu , Yao Ping
Published: April 2016

Nomex fabric is irradiated by an Xe2
* excimer UV lamp (172 nm). The influence of different
irradiating times and atmospheres (nitrogen and air) on the properties of Nomex fabric has been studied. The results show that the wettability of Nomex fabrics greatly improves when irradiated for 2 minutes. The scanning electron microscope (SEM) photos denote that the surface of the irradiated Nomex fiber is etched and the degree of etching in nitrogen is more severe than that in air. The XPS measurement proves that the surface of the Nomex fibers, which is irradiated in nitrogen and in air, generates carboxyl and hydroxyl groups. The results also show that the adhesive strength of the Nomex/polyethylene composite is reinforced by the irradiation.
Concept Development and Interaction Design for Wearable Systems
Authors: Papadopoulos Despina
Published: April 2016

Wearable systems with embedded electronics or electronic textiles are maturing and appear not only in specialized applications for health monitoring, protective and performance gear, but have also begun to appear in fashion “applications”. The design of such systems, regardless of their use, can greatly benefit from the field of interaction design and a collaborative framework. This paper discusses the principles and tensions of interaction design and points to how it can be applied to the design of wearable systems. The paper also underlines the important characteristics of wearable design as these relate to the human body and its embodied experiences.
Fibers and Fabrics for Chemical and Biological Sensing
Authors: Coyle Shirley , Benito-Lopez Fernando , Radu Tanja , Lau King-Tong , Diamond Dermot
Published: April 2016

Wearable sensors can be used to monitor many interesting parameters about the wearer’s physiology and environment, with important applications in personal health and well-being, sports performance and personal safety. Wearable chemical sensors can monitor the status
of the wearer by accessing body fluids, such as sweat, in an unobtrusive manner. They can also be used to protect the wearer from hazards in the environment by sampling potentially harmful gas emissions, such as carbon monoxide. Integrating chemical sensors into textile structures is a challenging and complex task. Issues which must be considered include sample collection, calibration, waste handling, fouling and reliability. Sensors must also be durable and comfortable to wear. Here, we present examples of wearable chemical sensors that monitor the person and also his/her environment. We also discuss the issues involved in developing wearable chemical sensors and strategies for sensor design and textile
integration.
Study on Sensing Properties of Electro-spun PEO/MWNT Non-woven Fabric
Authors: Krucińska Izabella , Surma Beata , Chrzanowski Michał
Published: April 2016

This paper presents a study on the sensing properties of a conductive polymer composite (CPC) that is processed by an electrospinning technique. The CPC is obtained by mixing multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNT) with a poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO) matrix. Sensors made of this composite are characterised by measuring their electrical properties as a function of external stimuli. In particular, their responses to vapours of toluene, methanol and dioxan are investigated. As studied, the PEO/MWNT material shows high and stable sensitivity over three testing cycles for the selected vapours. An increase in electrical resistance is observed under the influence of chemical substances. This paper supports the concept that penetration of molecules of selected chemical substances leads to the partial disorder of contact between neighboured nanotubes located in the polymer matrix. The electro-spun non-woven fabric with a low amount of MWNT (3 wt.%) in the PEO matrix seems to be a good textile product for application as sensing membranes in personal protective clothing.
Jacquard-Woven Photonic Bandgap Fiber Displays
Authors: Sayed I. , Berzowska J. , Skorobogatiy M.
Published: April 2016

We present an overview of photonic textile displays woven on a Jacquard loom, using newly discovered polymer photonic bandgap (PBG) fibers that have the ability to change color and appearance when illuminated with ambient or transmitted light. The photonic fiber can be
thin (smaller than 300 microns in diameter) and highly flexible, which makes it possible to weave in the weft on a computerized Jacquard loom and develop intricate double weave structures together with a secondary weft yarn. We demonstrate how PBG fibers enable a variety of color and structural patterns on the textile, and how dynamic imagery can be created by balancing the reflected ambient light and emitted light. Finally, a possible application in security wear for low visibility conditions is described as an example.
The Cutting Circle: How Making Challenges Design
Authors: McQuillan Holly , Rissanen Timo , Roberts Julian
Published: April 2016

The Cutting Circle is an international research initiative by fashion designers/patternmakers and educators Timo Rissanen, Julian Roberts and Holly McQuillan. By exploring alternative methods of making clothes and patterns, we have employed 'risky' design practice, research and teaching to develop zero waste fashion and subtraction cutting. The project manifested as an intensive two-week practice-based research event, where via a series of collaborative collisions, experiments and design intersections, we asked the following three questions. What costs/benefits can we identify to aid the development of a sustainable fashion industry through risk taking at the intersection of our design practices? What new knowledge arises in risky collaborative design practice? And how can this new knowledge be best communicated to foster an environment of risk-taking within the traditionally risk adverse fashion industry? This paper primarily discusses our responses to the first two questions and related issues raised. It covers how experimenting with each other's design practice and practicing in each other's creative space as we both designed and made, enable the free transfer of ideas and cross-pollination, thus expanding our ability to identify links, gaps and opportunities. The Cutting Circle project has developed experimental practices with emphasis on the fusion of aesthetics, patternmaking, craft and socially invigorating design.
Valuing the Role of the Wearer in the Creation of Sustainable Fashion
Authors: Gwilt Alison
Published: April 2016

A number of recent studies have documented the views and experiences of wearers as a method of profiling patterns of garment use and care. These findings tell us how wearers engage with garments and, importantly, have unearthed common problems in clothing care, including neglect, abuse and disengagement. Critically these narratives can provide the fashion designer with a fresh perspective on the design of 'meaningful' garments that engage sustainable strategies. Few designers located within micro- or small- to medium-sized fashion companies consider a life cycle approach to the design of fashion garments. Moreover, many do not appear to appreciate the significance of the wearer as a participant in the success of sustainable fashion. Within the design process there is scope for the designer to develop garments that can assist the wearer to extend the life cycle of a garment during the use phase. In acknowledging the use phase as an important area for consideration in the design process, it becomes apparent that the responsibility for the success of sustainable fashion might lie with the designer, the producer, the wearer or all of these. This issue is a key point that will be raised and discussed at intervals throughout the paper.
Review of Antibacterial Finishing Processes with Plasma for Cotton
Authors: Zhou Chang-E , Kan Chi-wai
Published: April 2016

Textiles are a suitable substrate for the growth of micro-organisms, especially at appropriate humidities and temperatures, when in contact with the human body. Due to the awareness that healthcare textiles enhance the quality of life, antimicrobials and antibacterial textiles have received, and continue to receive, considerable attention from researchers due to their potential to provide quality and safety benefits to many products. However, antimicrobial agents and antibacterial finishing processes have not grown in number because of possible harmful or toxic effects on humans and the environment. The application of rechargeable, safe antimicrobial agents and eco-friendly antibacterial finishing processes are being studied. This paper analyzes the disadvantages and advantages of antimicrobials and antibacterial finishing processes and finds suitable antimicrobials and antibacterial finishing processes for cotton. It is anticipated that the review will be a good resource for those who are interested in antimicrobials and biocidal textile materials, and will help to stimulate further interest in this area.
Potential Application of Orange Peel as an Eco-friendly Adsorbent for Textile Dyeing Effluents
Authors: A.G. El-Said , A.M. Gamal , Mansour Heba F.
Published: April 2016

Orange peel (OP) has been considered as an ideal, alternative low-cost, natural waste adsorbent for the removal of textile effluents. The effectiveness of OP in adsorbing C.I. Direct Red 79 (DR 79) and C.I. Direct Yellow 27 (DY 27) from their dye baths has been
studied in accordance with pH, solid/liquid ratio, agitation time and initial dye concentration. The sorption isotherms are analyzed by using the Langmuir and Freundlich models. The results indicate that acidic solutions support the adsorption of the studied dyes with the use of OP. Adsorption kinetic models are analyzed by using the pseudo-first order, pseudo-second order and intraparticle diffusion equations. The results show that the
order equation fits the experimental data very well. The effect of the adsorbent surface is analyzed by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), with the SEM images showing a reasonable agreement with the adsorption measurements.
The Effect of Seaming on Cloth Shrinkage During Finishing Treatment of Denim Garments
Authors: Khedher Faouzi , Dhouib Soufien , Sakli Faouzi
Published: April 2016

The principal purpose of this work is to study the dimensional stability of cloth upon seaming, particularly after finishing treatments. This study is carried out on denim blue jean fabrics with different structures which are transformed into pants. Various types of assembling are used, such as safety stitch, felled seam and lockstitch. The sewing operation is carried out with the same parameters: the stitch type, stitch density per centimeter, and sewing thread count and composition. The garment shrinkage is influenced by several parameters, such as the type of assembling and the industrial finishing treatment. The results show that the type of industrial seaming, resin treatment and special treatment as well as their succession has a significant effect on garment shrinkage. There is more shrinkage in the garment assembled with a flat-felled seam than that with a safety stitch. The difference can reach 57.8% if the garment is treated with mixed methods, such as washing and chemical special treatment. Moreover, the shrinkage measured on the waist or hem is less than that measured on the legs. Finally, the shrinkage due to the type of assembling in the warp direction is more than that in the weft direction.
A Study on Growth of Human Body Measurements and Its Implication on Clothing Consumption in Tamilnadu, India
Authors: Gurunathan K. Balanaga , Krishnakumar M. , Suganya C.
Published: April 2016

Body dimensions differ from person to person as well as generation to generation. It is essential to periodically provide anthropometric surveys to revise the sizing system according to recent changes in the data, in order to allow apparel manufacturers to produce mass customized products. The sizing system has a vital role in apparel fit, which attracts customers to buy ready to wear garments. There will not be quality in apparel unless it satisfactorily fits the potential wearers. Current sizing standards rely on anthropometric data that are decades old. The current generation is apparently taller than its predecessors. People are growing into a race of giants and the future generations are likely to be even bigger. Increasing human sizes will have implications on future homes, clothes, cars and furniture. This study will help to prove this fact through figures obtained by taking the measurements of those above 18 years old and their parents. It will also be helpful to find out the impacts of changes in dimensional growth on clothing consumption.
Comparison of machine learning algorithms for concentration detection and prediction of formaldehyde based on electronic nose
Authors: Xu Liyuan , He Jie , Duan Shihong , Wu Xibin , Wang Qin
Published: April 2016

Purpose

Sensor arrays and pattern recognition-based electronic nose (E-nose) is a typical detection and recognition instrument for indoor air quality (IAQ). The E-nose is able to monitor several pollutants in the air by mimicking the human olfactory system. Formaldehyde concentration prediction is one of the major functionalities of the E-nose, and three typical machine learning (ML) algorithms are most frequently used, including back propagation (BP) neural network, radial basis function (RBF) neural network and support vector regression (SVR).

Design/methodology/approach

This paper comparatively evaluates and analyzes those three ML algorithms under controllable environment, which is built on a marketable sensor arrays E-nose platform. Variable temperature (T), relative humidity (RH) and pollutant concentrations (C) conditions were measured during experiments to support the investigation.

Findings

Regression models have been built using the above-mentioned three typical algorithms, and in-depth analysis demonstrates that the model of the BP neural network results in a better prediction performance than others.

Originality/value

Finally, the empirical results prove that ML algorithms, combined with low-cost sensors, can make high-precision contaminant concentration detection indoor.
Graphene film development on flexible substrate using a new technique: temperature dependency of gauge factor for graphene-based strain sensors
Authors: Sayed Sahour , Gamil Mohammed , Fath El-Bab Ahmed , Nakamura Koichi , Tsuchiya Toshiyuki , Tabata Osamu , Abd El-Moneim Ahmed
Published: April 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a new simple technique to synthesize graphene film on a flexible polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate and applied as a strain sensor.

Design/methodology/approach

Graphene film was synthesized using laser treatment of graphene oxide (GO) film deposited on PET substrate. A universal laser system was used to simultaneously reduce and pattern the GO film into laser reduced graphene oxide (LRGO) film.

Findings

The laser treatment synthesizes a multilayer graphene film with overlapped flakes, which shows structure integrity, mechanical flexibility and electrical conductivity of 1,330 S/m. The developed LRGO/PET film was used to fabricate a high sensitivity strain sensor. The sensitivity and temperature dependency of its gauge factor (GF) was examined at applied strains up to 0.25 per cent and operating temperatures up to 80°C. The fabricated sensor shows stable GF of approximately 78 up to 60°C with standard error of the mean not exceeding approximately ± 0.2.

Originality/value

The proposed method offers a new simple and productive technique of fabricating large-scale graphene-based flexible devices at a low cost.
SURVIVING AND THRIVING
Authors: Chandy Rajesh
Published: April 2016

Can innovation among micro‐entrepreneurs in South Africa teach global corporations a lesson? Rajesh Chandy, Stephen Anderson‐Macdonald and Bilal Zia reckon so
A CELLARS' MARKET
Authors: Dimson Elroy , Spaenjers Christophe , Rousseau Peter L
Published: April 2016

We talk to three experts in asset prices, who summarise the pros and cons of investing in fine wine
WHAT ARE YOU SAVING BY FACE?
Authors: Adams Gabrielle
Published: April 2016

Research by Dr Gabrielle Adams holds the nonverbal expression of ‘sorry’ to financial account
HOW TO GO FROM GOOD TO GREAT
Authors: Peterson Randall S
Published: April 2016

What turns a manager into a leader? Professor Randall S Peterson suggests some answers
Incentivized Obedience: How a Gentler Israeli Military Prevents Organized Resistance
Authors: Weiss Erica
Published: April 2016

In this article, I offer an ethnographic examination of neoliberal techniques of control through absence by the Israeli military, the state institution most associated with discipline, indoctrination, and direct coercion. I highlight the ways that the apparent withdrawal of the state from practices of indoctrination and the punishment of conscientious objectors are accompanied by a shift in recruitment and training that emphasizes self‐advancement and social mobility above national and ideological commitments. While in the past the Israeli state and military focused exclusively on shaping self‐sacrificing citizens, today it invests a great deal of its effort in structuring the calculated choices of self‐interested individuals toward favorable outcomes. I explore the uneven but strategic deployment of incentivized governance and consider some of the effects of these techniques for the meaning of engaged citizenship and the politics of state violence in a militarized society. Further, I demonstrate that the lightening of disciplinary sanctions in favor of individual freedom is an effective form of weakening dissent and that it confounds efforts to constitute organized resistance to militarism, leaving activists floundering to find effective ways to express their political concerns.
After Teotihuacan: A View of Collapse and Reorganization from the Southern Basin of Mexico
Authors: Clayton Sarah C.
Published: April 2016

The collapse of ancient states is often examined from the perspective of regional capitals. However, factors contributing to the decay of central power may be better measured in the fates of surrounding communities, which may closely shadow or depart markedly from the trajectories of declining capitals. Here I examine the breakdown of the first millennium state of Teotihuacan, Mexico, from the vantage of Chicoloapan, a settlement outside of the capital that prospered in the years surrounding the state's dissolution. As a settlement that expanded while others were abandoned, Chicoloapan presents an opportunity to consider the conditions and strategies that promote resilience in the midst of decentralization and to examine collapse as a simultaneously regional and local process. Recent data pertaining to demographic growth, changing household practices and material culture, and internal social diversity at Chicoloapan are discussed. Particular attention is given to the possible impact of migration, an issue at the heart of enduring debates surrounding Teotihuacan's demise. Chronometric data from Chicoloapan suggest that Teotihuacan's influence in this area had diminished by C.E. 600s, lending support to recent arguments, based on evidence from within the capital, that the power of the state's governing institutions deteriorated during the sixth century. [Teotihuacan, collapse, Basin of Mexico]
Report of the Japan diabetes society/Japanese cancer association joint committee on diabetes and cancer, Second report
Authors: Goto Atsushi , Noto Hiroshi , Noda Mitsuhiko , Ueki Kohjiro , Kasuga Masato , Tajima Naoko , Ohashi Ken , Sakai Ryuichi , Tsugane Shoichiro , Hamajima Nobuyuki , Tajima Kazuo , Imai Kohzoh , Nakagama Hitoshi
Published: April 2016

The Japan Diabetes Society/Japanese Cancer Association Joint Committee on Diabetes and Cancer published its first report in July 2013 on the epidemiological assessment of the associations of diabetes with cancer risk/prognosis, the common risk factors for diabetes and cancer, and cancer risk associated with diabetes treatment. The Joint Committee continued its work to assess the role of glycemic control in the development of cancer in patients with diabetes. This review shows that high‐quality evidence examining the association between glycemic control and cancer risk is lacking.

In 2014, the Japan Diabetes Society (JDS) and the Japanese Cancer Association (JCA) restarted the JDS/JCA Joint Committee on Diabetes and Cancer, which published the second committee report in Japanese [1]. This is the English version of that report. This article has been jointly published in Diabetology International (doi:10.1007/s13340‐016‐0257‐z) and Cancer Science by the Japan Diabetes Society and the Japanese Cancer Association.

Members of the JDS/JCA Joint Committee on Diabetes and Cancer. JDS: Mitsuhiko Noda, Kohjiro Ueki, Masato Kasuga, Naoko Tajima, and Ken Ohashi; Editorial collaborators: Atsushi Goto and Hiroshi Noto; JCA: Ryuichi Sakai, Shoichiro Tsugane, Nobuyuki Hamajima, Kazuo Tajima, Kohzoh Imai, and Hitoshi Nakagama.
Psychosoziale Belastung und Unterstützungswunsch ambulanter Hauttumorpatienten
Authors: Buchhold Britta , Wiesmann Ulrich , Bahlmann Johannes , Lutze Stine , Eggert Claudia , Arnold Andreas , Daeschlein Georg , Jünger Michael , Hannich Hans‐Joachim
Published: April 2016

Hintergrund

Eine wichtige Basis für eine adäquate psychoonkologische und soziale Betreuung von Tumorpatienten bildet die regelmäßige Evaluation der psychosozialen Belastungen und somit der Betreuungsbedürftigkeit. Hierfür stehen zahlreiche Fragebögen zur Verfügung. Ziel der Untersuchung war es, zu ermitteln, ob belastete Patienten Unterstützung wünschen und welches Screening‐Instrument ambulante Hauttumorpatienten präferieren.

Patienten und Methodik

Im Rahmen einer Querschnittserhebung baten wir ambulante Hauttumorpatienten drei Fragebögen zur Erhebung psychosozialer Belastung auszufüllen und den auszuwählen, welcher ihnen für die Befragung am geeignetsten erscheint. Wir stellten folgende Instrumente zur Wahl: Hornheider Fragebogen (27 Items), Hornheider Screening‐Instrument (7 Items) und das Distress‐ Thermometer. Zudem haben wir den Unterstützungswunsch erfragt.

Ergebnis

(1.) Beim Vergleich von subjektiver Belastung und angegebenem Unterstützungswunsch wurde eine große Divergenz deutlich. Während etwa ein Drittel der 137 Patienten betreuungsbedürftig war, wünschten lediglich 11,5 % der Stichprobe Unterstützung. (2.) 63,7% der Patienten entschieden sich für die lange Version des Hornheider Fragebogens.

Schlussfolgerungen

Zusätzlich zur psychosozialen Belastung sollten der Wunsch nach Unterstützung erhoben und neben dem Screening weitere Zugangswege zu psychosozialen Angeboten berücksichtigt werden.
Back to the roots – die Anfänge der Dermatologie in der altägyptischen Medizin
Authors: Hartmann Anke
Published: April 2016

Although ancient Greek and Roman medicine is generally considered the origin of European medicine, there is evidence in ancient Egyptian texts suggesting a precursor role of ancient Egyptian medicine in this regard. What did Greek and Roman physicians learn from their Egyptian counterparts? Of the medical papyri discovered to date, the largest and most significant – the Ebers papyrus and the Smith papyrus – originate from the beginning of the New Kingdom, however, they were – at least in part – already written during the Old Kingdom. Considering the times, the spectrum of diseases treated as well as the range of conservative and surgical treatment methods was truly astounding. Taking a medical history, performing a thorough manual examination, and assessing clinical findings constituted key components in establishing a diagnosis. Apart from hygienic aspects, skin and hair disorders, the treatment of acute and chronic wounds and injuries as well as cosmetic procedures took on an important role. Even back then, physicians sought to assess inflammatory processes with respect to their cardinal features, implement graded wound therapy, and treat diseases with allopathic drugs. The ‘channel theory’ prevalent at that time, in which the unimpeded flow of bodily fluids was considered a fundamental prerequisite for health, may likely be regarded as precursor of ancient Greek humoral pathology. The latter became the basis for the subsequently established theory of the four humors, and was thus essential for the entire field of medieval medicine.
Proctology – diseases of the anal region
Authors: Kreuter Alexander
Published: April 2016

Proctology is a medical subspecialty that encompasses diseases of the perianal region, anal canal, and rectum. Dermatologists play a pivotal role in this realm, as inflammatory perianal disorders, infectious and sexually transmitted diseases, as well as perianal tumors and their precursor lesions fall within the core competency of dermatology. In a concise manner, the present article highlights all relevant disease groups in the field of proctology. With a particular focus on aspects pertinent to dermatologists, this includes inflammatory disorders, “classic” proctologic diseases, sexually transmitted diseases, malignancies of the anal region, as well as pathogen‐induced diseases. Despite the wide variety of disorders, there are only five key symptoms prompting patients to consult a proctologist, including anal pruritus and burning, discharge, bleeding, pain, and foreign body sensation. A simple algorithm, which incorporates these symptoms as well as key clinical features, may assist in quickly establishing the correct diagnosis in everyday clinical practice.
Functional magnetic resonance connectivity studies in infants born preterm: suggestions of proximate and long‐lasting changes in language organization
Authors: Kwon Soo Hyun , Scheinost Dustin , Vohr Betty , Lacadie Cheryl , Schneider Karen , Dai Feng , Sze Gordon , Constable R Todd , Ment Laura R
Published: April 2016

Sophisticated neuroimaging strategies demonstrate alterations in functional connectivity at school age, adolescence, and young adulthood in individuals born preterm. Recent data suggest these alterations are present in the postnatal period prior to term‐equivalent age in neonates born preterm. Likewise, functional organization increases across development, but the influence of preterm birth on this fundamental infrastructure is immediate and unchanging. This article briefly reviews the current methods of measuring functional connectivity throughout development in those born preterm, and the association of functional connectivity with language disorders. Taken together, these data suggest that the effects of preterm birth on the functional organization of language in the developing brain are both proximate and long‐lasting.
Returning the favor: positive employee responses to supervisor and peer support for training transfer
Authors: Wei Tian Amy , Cordery John , Gamble Jos
Published: April 2016

Drawing on social exchange theory and associated notions of reciprocity, we argue that interpersonal support for training transfer in the workplace is associated with increased employee task performance and organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and reduced turnover intention. We test our hypotheses using survey data from 786 Chinese retail employees. The findings show that when employees perceive high levels of supervisor/peer support for training transfer, they are more likely to deliver higher levels of task performance and OCB in response, which in turn, lead to reduced turnover intention. We also found that the strength of the relationship between supervisor/peer support for training transfer on individuals’ OCB varied across regions within China. The results confirm the moderating role of regional context (coastal and inland regions) on the relationship between supervisor/peer support for training transfer on individuals’ OCB, with a stronger effect found in less economically developed inland regions. The moderating effect of region indicates that cross‐cultural researchers need to be aware of possible within‐country variations in employee attitudes and values.
Developing meaningfulness at work through emotional intelligence training
Authors: Thory Kathryn
Published: April 2016

To date, there remains a significant gap in the human resource development (HRD) literature in understanding how training and development contributes to meaningful work. In addition, little is known about how individuals proactively make their work more meaningful. This article shows how emotional intelligence (EI) training promotes learning about sources of meaningful work and documents managers’ experiences of independently applying to the workplace what they have learnt about meaningfulness from their EI training. Data is collected from participant observations and interviews with trainers and managers attending three externally provided, ‘popular’ EI training courses. Interpreting the data through Lips‐Wiersma and Morris's model of meaningful work enables a clear articulation of managers’ capacity to shape their work environments to create four, interconnected sources of meaningfulness: inner development, expressing one's full potential, unity with others and serving others. The findings also reveal structural and agential constraints when individuals attempt to create meaningful work. Practically, the study demonstrates the importance of training to enhance work of value and significance and offers recommendations for practitioners.
The use of the Persian translation of the Learning Transfer System Inventory in the context of agricultural sustainability learning in Iran
Authors: Zamani Naser , Ataei Pouria , Bates Reid
Published: April 2016

The Learning Transfer System Inventory considers 16 factors likely to influence the transfer of training to the workplace. This study uses the Persian translation of the inventory and applies it to agricultural sustainability learning in Iran. The aim is to examine the internal structure and predictive ability of the inventory as translated into Persian. The agricultural context was chosen because of its importance to Iran and because agricultural human resource interventions have failed to give serious attention to connecting training to practice. A valid and reliable tool for evaluating the transfer of learning among farmers can be helpful. A sample of 159 participating farmers was surveyed. Exploratory factor analysis revealed an 11‐factor structure among specific scales and a five‐factor structure among the general scales. The regression results indicated that about 82 per cent of the variability in the farmers’ sustainability learning transfer is predicted by six inventory factors including motivation to transfer, performance self‐efficacy, supervisor support, performance‐outcomes expectations, opportunity to use and supervisor sanctions. The findings suggest that the Persian translation of the inventory has both internal and predictive validity and can be used either as a tool to diagnose training needs or as a means of evaluating existing learning programs.
Emergency Contraception in Post‐Conflict Somalia: An Assessment of Awareness and Perceptions of Need
Authors: Gure Faduma , Dahir Mohammed Koshin , Yusuf Marian , Foster Angel M.
Published: April 2016

In conflict‐affected settings such as Somalia, emergency contraception (EC) has the potential to serve as an important means of pregnancy prevention. Yet Somalia remains one of the few countries without a registered progestin‐only EC pill. In 2014, we conducted a qualitative, multi‐methods study in Mogadishu to explore awareness of and perceptions of need for EC. Our project included 10 semi‐structured key informant interviews, 20 structured in‐person interviews with pharmacists, and four focus group discussions with married and unmarried Somali women. Our findings reveal a widespread lack of knowledge of both existing family planning methods and EC. However, once we described EC, participants expressed enthusiasm for expanding access to post‐coital contraception. Our results shed light on why Somalia continues to be a global exception with respect to an EC product and suggest possible politically and culturally acceptable and effective avenues for introducing EC into the health system.
Upwelling areas as climate change refugia for the distribution and genetic diversity of a marine macroalga
Authors: Lourenço Carla R. , Zardi Gerardo I. , McQuaid Christopher D. , Serrão Ester A. , Pearson Gareth A. , Jacinto Rita , Nicastro Katy R.
Published: April 2016

Aim

Global climate change has profound and diverse effects on biological diversity. Identifying present‐day climate refugia is an increasingly recognized strategy for the management of biodiversity loss. Such refugia are potential safe havens that enhance environmental diversity by buffering the effects of large scale change, facilitating species persistence at regional scales and conserving unique genetic diversity. Although their ecological effects are well studied, the potential of upwelling centres to act as refugia in a scenario of climate warming remains largely unexplored. Here, we investigate whether upwelled waters act as refugia in a region heavily affected by recent climatic changes.

Location

Shores of south‐western Iberia and north‐western Africa.

Methods

We compared changes in distribution of the canopy‐forming macroalga Fucus guiryi with sea surface temperature patterns in five upwelling areas and adjacent warmer regions. Population diversity and structure was inferred from genotypic analyses using nine microsatellite loci.

Results

Fucus guiryi has disappeared from large expanses of non‐upwelling shores, currently persisting in areas characterized by strong upwelling and reduced or non‐significant rates of warming. Populations of F. guiryi were more abundant towards upwelling centres. Furthermore, the genetic characterization of populations revealed distinct genetic groups associated with each upwelling system.

Main conclusions

Within a large region of predominantly changing climate, we highlight the fundamental importance of upwelling areas as favourable, comparatively stable climates where F. guiryi has retreated and persists, preserving unique portions of the species’ genetic pool.