bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The British Convention
Authors: Barrell John
Published: November 2023

The idea of a national association which could claim either to represent the sovereign people, or at least to be more fully representative of the people than the corrupt House of Commons, was developed in the 1770s by Obadiah Hulme, James Burgh, and John Cartwright.1 By either claim such an association, sometimes imagined as meeting in a convention of delegates, would have the right as well as the power to command or overawe the legislature, to demand rather than petition for particular measures or for parliamentary reform, and (though this was never quite spelled out by Hulme or Burgh) to resist a government which refused to accept its demands. This Whig tradition of conventionism entered practical politics in the years of agitation for reform in the first years of the 1780s, and was closely linked with the developing sense, expressed among others by the Duke of Richmond, that the House of Commons would never reform itself, and could be reformed only by ‘the people at large’. The fragmented reform movement of those years, divided between the moderate proponents of county reform and the sup porters of universal manhood suffrage, was divided also on the question of the authority with which the association and its conventions were supposed to speak.
Donne’S Funeral Poems And Anniversaries
Authors: Kay Dennis
Published: November 2023

The importance of Donne’s Anniversaries in the history of the English elegy is immense, and an entire elegiac tradition (as later chapters will show) derived from them. In this chapter Donne’s career as elegist is considered chronologically, and I hope to show that his funeral verses—most particularly those composed during the years 1609—14 when funeral elegies apparently constituted his major poetic occupation—represent a development from faltering imitation to generic innovation of the highest order of sophistication and accomplishment.
John Shakespeare’s Fortunes
Authors: Honan Park
Published: November 2023

In the late1560s Stratford had only about a dozen streets, fewer than 240 households, and a populace (lately reduced by epidemic) of1,200 people at most; yet relatively speaking the market town was not small. A day’s ride to the north, Birmingham with its lorimers (makers of metal parts for bridles and saddles), nailers, and other metal craftsmen was about the same size, and the red-walled, cloth-manufacturing city of Coventry less than twenty miles from Stratford had only 7,000 or 8,000 people —though it was one of the largest English towns. The largest city outside London was Norwich, with fewer than 15,000 inhabitants. Liverpool had 900 or 1,000, Gloucester about 5,000, Worcester no more than 7,000. A majority of the Queen’s subjects lived in tiny, scattered villages and hamlets of fifty or sixty people or less.
Summer Kings in Conflict The Popular Perspective in The Troublesome Raigne of King John, and The Misfortunes of Arthur
Authors: Billington Sandra
Published: November 2023

To begin with, it is necessary to establish the validity of claims for critical reassessment, and to demonstrate the ingenuity with which popular structures were absorbed and reinterpreted in the drama. One of the earliest popular Chronicle plays was The Troublesome Raigne of King John, and it can be seen that this contains one of the most well-balanced and extended of summer game dramatizations. The complex politics of the plot are held together as an elaborate king game based on the fortunes of the main protagonist, John. As one might expect, in Part I he ascends, and in Part falls, but the point is woven in organically rather than being left as an undramatic, literary allusion to Fortune’s wheel. The two-part story is told without act divisions, and it is the central hiatus between the two parts which is integral to its structure.
‘Light amid the encircling gloom’
Authors: White Norman
Published: November 2023

Early in 1876 Hopkins was also engaged on the three Silver Jubilee poems. The Catholic hierarchy had been restored to Britain in 1850, and in the following year a bishop had been appointed to the diocese of Shrewsbury, which included the six counties of North Wales. In 1876 the silver jubilee of the first Bishop, James Brown, was celebrated. It was a time for rejoicing over the past and hope for the future.
Malory and Prose Romance
Authors: Gray Douglas
Published: November 2023

In this period prose came to be used for the writing of ‘romance’. This was a significant development in the history of English prose fiction, and it produced in Sir Thomas Malory one of the greatest writers of English prose. His work certainly towers above the achievements of others in this genre, but the other prose romances do not deserve to be consigned to oblivion. Our necessarily selective account will in this chapter consider a number of examples which probably pre-date Malory and Malory’s own work; the two subsequent chapters will treat those written later, and some shorter fictional tales.
Hoccleve and Lydgate
Authors: Gray Douglas
Published: November 2023

Chaucer’s poetry continued to be copied and read after his death. One interesting testimony to this is to be found in the ‘Moral Balade’ of Henry Scogan, to whom Chaucer had written a witty short poem, Lenvoy de Scogan, probably in the later 1390s. Scogan became tutor to the four sons of Henry IV and his own ‘Moral Balade’ (?1406 ?1407), which he calls a ‘litel tretys’, ‘writen with myne owne hand full rudely’, addressed to ‘my noble sones, and eek my lordes dere’ may have been read to them, according to John Shirley (see p. 100), the scribe of one of the two surviving manuscript copies, at a supper of a meeting of merchants in the Vintry. It is certainly full of good ‘advice to princes’.
Introductory
Authors: Gray Douglas
Published: November 2023

The history of the earlier English drama used to be wonderfully clear. It was a simplified and vulgarized account which derived ultimately from the great E. K. Chambers’s The Medieval Stage and which afforded some highly memorable patterns: the ancient drama died out completely, but then there was a new start in the liturgical plays (in Latin and inside the church); then these gave way to mystery plays (in the vernacular and outside the church); these in turn gave way to morality plays (in the vernacular and increasingly dissociated from the church); then the early sixteenth century brought secular ‘interludes’ and ‘school plays’; then came the rediscovery of Roman comedy and Senecan tragedy, and, finally, with the establishment of professional London theatres the way was open for Marlowe and Shakespeare.
Invisible Bullets
Authors: Greenblatt Stephen
Published: November 2023

In his notorious police report of 1593 on Christopher Marlowe, the Elizabethan spy Richard Baines informed his superiors that Mar lowe had declared, among other monstrous opinions, that “Moses was but a Juggler, and that one Heriots being Sir W Raleighs man Can do more than he.” The “Heriots” cast for a moment in this lurid light is Thomas Harriot, the most profound Elizabethan mathematician, an expert in cartography, optics, and navigational science, an adherent of atomism, the first Englishman to make a telescope and turn it on the heavens, the author of the first original book about the first English colony in America, and the possessor throughout his career of a dangerous reputation for atheism.2 In all of his extant writings, private correspondence as well as public discourse, Harriot professes the most reassuringly orthodox religious faith, but the suspicion persisted. When he died of cancer in 1621, one of his contemporaries, persuaded that Harriot had challenged the doctrinal account of creation ex nihilo, remarked glee fully that “a nihilum killed him at last: for in the top of his nose came a little red speck (exceeding small), which grew bigger and bigger, and at last killed him.”
Martial Law in the Land of Cockaigne
Authors: Greenblatt Stephen
Published: November 2023

I want to begin this chapter with a sermon that Hugh Latimer, the great Protestant divine martyred during the reign of Mary Tudor, delivered before the Lady Catharine Bertie, duchess of Suffolk, in 1552. In the course of expounding his text, the Lord’s Prayer, Latimer tells of something that happened many years before in Cam bridge. He had gone with Thomas Bilney-the man who converted Latimer and who was himself martyred in the later years of Henry VIII’s rule-to the town prison to urge the condemned to acknowledge their faults and to bear patiently their punishments. Among the prisoners was a pregnant woman who had been convicted of murdering one of her children. The woman claimed that the child had been sick for a year and had died of natural causes. Her husband being away, she alone witnessed the death. She went, she said, to her neighbors and friends to seek their help to prepare the child for burial, but it was harvest time and no one was at home. Therefore alone, “in an heaviness and trouble of spirit,” she made the necessary preparations and buried the dead. But when her husband re turned home, he-who “loved her not; and therefore ... sought means to make her out of the way”-accused her of murdering the child. The accusation was believed by the Cambridge jury, and the woman was sentenced to be executed, the execution being delayed only until such time as she delivered her baby.
Introduction: New Learning and New Ignorance
Authors: Lewis C S
Published: November 2023

The rough outline of our literary history in the sixteenth century is not very difficult to grasp. At the beginning we find a literature still medieval in form and spirit. In Scotland it shows the highest level of technical brilliance: in England it has for many years been dull, feeble, and incompetent. As the century proceeds, new influences arise: changes in our knowledge of antiquity, new poetry from Italy and France, new theology, new movements in philosophy or science. As these increase, though not necessarily because of them, the Scotch literature is almost completely destroyed. In England the characteristic disease of late medieval poetry, its metrical disorder, is healed: but replaced, for the most part, by a lifeless and laboured regularity to which some ears might prefer the vagaries of Lydgate. There is hardly any sign of a new inspiration. Except for the songs of Wyatt, whose deepest roots are medieval, and the prose of the Prayer Book, which is mostly translation, authors seem to have forgotten the lessons which had been mastered in the Middle Ages and learned little in their stead. Their prose is clumsy, monotonous, garrulous; their verse either astonishingly tame and cold or, if it attempts to rise, the coarsest fustian. In both mediums we come to dread a certain ruthless emphasis; bludgeon-work. Nothing is light, or tender, or fresh. All the authors write like elderly men. The mid-century is an earnest, heavy-handed, commonplace age: a drab age. Then, in the last quarter of the century, the unpredictable happens. With startling suddenness we ascend. Fantasy, conceit, paradox, colour, incantation return. Youth returns. The fine frenzies of ideal love and ideal war are readmitted. Sidney, Spenser, Shakespeare, Hooker—even, in a way, Lyly—display what is almost a new culture: that culture which was to last through most of the seventeenth century and to enrich the very meanings of the words England and Aristocracy. Nothing in the earlier history of our period would have enabled the sharpest observer to foresee this transformation.
Drab Age Verse
Authors: Lewis C S
Published: November 2023

The ‘new company of courtly makers’ who came up, says Puttenham, at ‘the latter end’ of Henry VIII’s reign are usually, and rightly, taken to constitute a decisive novelty in the history of our literature. Yet they too had their precursors. During the later Middle Ages in England the lyric had suffered less than any other form. The tune of the shorter line, as anyone can see by comparing Lydgate’s Reason and Sensuality with his Troy Book, had never been so completely lost as that of the decasyllable; and in the lyric, which was nearly always written to be sung, it was still further supported and disciplined by the music. In the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries we were a very musical nation. The art flourished at the courts of Henry VI and Henry VIII, the names of Dunstable, Fairfax, and Cornish are still remembered by the historians of music, and Erasmus complimented us on our skill. Most, perhaps all, the lyric poetry of that age is to be regarded as words for music; hence purely literary judgement on it may be as unfair as the study-criticisms we make about plays we never saw acted.
Conclusions and Recent Developments
Authors: Milner N P
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this final chapter is to draw together the results of McNicoll ‘s detailed investigations and to show how far they must be updated in the light of research over the last twenty years. It should be borne in mind that it is impossible to do complete justice to the complexity and detail of all the material in a summary chapter. I shall select three main arguments: strategic concepts, tactical concepts, and builders ‘ techniques.
The Arcadian System
Authors: Winter Nancy A
Published: November 2023

The region of Arcadia (Map 2) has produced several roofs resembling the Laconian system with its characteristic concave pan tiles, convex cover tiles, and disc acroteria. Although some early roofs in south Arcadia and Kynouria, the immediate neighbours of Laconia, conform also in the style of the antefixes, others further away or later in date possess a different form or style of decoration. In general, relief decoration on the antefixes, often figural, as may occur even on disc acroteria, a.practice thus far undocumented in Laconia itself, appears to be characteristic of Arcadia, where palmette finials and decorated geison tiles may also form part of this regional style.
The Aegean Island System
Authors: Winter Nancy A
Published: November 2023

A Few of the Greek islands of the Aegean Sea, undoubtedly those with a supply of good clay, and some sites in north-eastern Greece also produced architectural terracottas for their sacred buildings, beginning about 560 BC if not earlier. These take slightly different forms from the roofs of the Greek mainland and seem in many respects closer to those of the mainland of Asia Minor (Map 5). In order to assess their dependence or unique character, a summary overview of the systems employed in Asia Minor will be presented.
Objects and Animals
Authors: Plantzos Dimitris
Published: November 2023

A large number of Hellenistic intaglios draw their iconography from a wide repertory of simple motifs, depicting either animals or single objects. Many of the latter were, or are thought to have been, of a symbolic value, mostly religious or political. Since, however, the elements of their iconography are so few, an assessment of their significance can be precarious. These gems are also extremely difficult to date, as they present one with very little information compared with the intaglios discussed so far. Accordingly, the present chapter and the relevant entries in the catalogue (nos. 634-709) had to be selective. Only pieces with some significance were included here: either those with known provenance, or set in datable rings, or those with devices that can be reasonably interpreted and placed.
Introduction
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2023

THE pages that follow chart some of the difficulties inherent in reading Barthes. They arise from my feeling that those difficulties have not always been recognized, and that a tendency to try to fit Barthes into the various models of literary theory currently available leads to disappointment. It is true that Barthes himself contributed to so many of these models: Marxism, semiology, ideology critique, reader-response theory, structuralist narratology, psychoanalysis, deconstruction, and, to some extent, feminism. Yet his work seems to offer more than a mere contribution to these disciplines. The question lies in detecting the nature of this ‘more’. It is a question to which Barthes himself was extremely sensitive: hence the somewhat introverted and anxiously self-questioning nature of his writing. And his answers to this question were always given with an air of provisionality, as if it would not be long before he had found a better way of describing what it was he wanted to do. This theoretical insecurity coexisted with a tendency to keep moving. The first tendency is reflected in his moments of doubt about the value of his endeavour, his frequent sense of having reached an impasse, a theoretical aporia, or a moment of stagnation and repetition. The second tendency takes the form of a capacity for self-renewal, for discovering a new theoretical matrix which would enable him to tackle again, in a slightly different way, the questions that obsessed him throughout his career: how do human beings make meaning? How is this reflected in their social practices? And above all, perhaps: what is the function and status of literature among these practices? Here is an example of one way Barthes one kind of reader.
The Drifter Losing Ground
Authors: Brown Andrew
Published: November 2023

Drift is a major theme in Barthes. But it is a paradoxical and self-referential theme, which questions the very possibility of extracting themes from Barthes’s work or of defining key notions in it. In following this word ‘drift’ across some of Barthes’s texts, my aim in these first two chapters will be to suggest the variety of ways drift intervenes in his writing, opening up a broad spectrum of meanings, and touching on a number of issues literary theory has been examining in recent years: politics, history, semantics, modernity, the status of science, and the value of the aesthetic. At the same time, I will show how drift refuses to be tied down and stabilized, baffling any desire to arrest the meanings it produces. A theme, etymologically, is something laid down: drift, however, floats.
Introduction
Authors: Crone Patricia , Zimmermann Fritz
Published: November 2023

The Khārijites were the first sect to crystallize in the Islamic world and also the first to leave its heartlands for distant provinces in which they could hold their own against the majority in religious and sometimes in political terms as well. They are traditionally said to have emerged in the first civil war (656–61) and to have split into sub-sects in the second (684–92); their last bid for metropolitan power certainly came in the third civil war (744–50); thereafter, their centre of gravity shifted to the provinces. Even there they mostly died out, but the lbādī sub-sect survived, primarily in Oman and North Africa. The lbဝīs constitute less than 1 per cent of the total number of Muslims today, but, unlike many other tiny sectarian groups dotted about the landscape of the Middle East, they have a rich literary heritage stretching back to the formative centuries of Islam.
Gòngora And Barthes
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

Barthes is the least systematic of writers: we will find no consistent theory of sexuality to abstract from his texts. The label ‘feminist’ or ‘deconstructionist’ can perhaps be taken as referring to a particular body of criticism, however multiple and contradictory that body may be. But to proclaim oneself a ‘Barthesian’ would be senseless, since Barthes’s own career is one of continuous displacement and self-contradiction. Thus it is conventional, if not quite accurate, to draw a distinction between the early ‘scientific’ Barthes and the later ‘subjectivist’ Barthes. The watershed is taken as occurring in 1970 with the publication of the books on Balzac and Japan (S/Z and L’Empire des signes, respectively).S/Z in particular, a work which sets out a complex system for the analysis of narrative to which Barthes himself never returned, has been taken as emblematic of this insistent displacement and dispersal of self. The emphasis in Barthes’s later work would seem to shift from language to the body. While some critics (such as Culler)2 have seen this move as a retreat into subjectivism and mystification, it could also be read (in broadly Marxist fashion) as an attention to the materiality of the subject and to his or her position in history. These are questions which were neglected or repressed by the implicitly transcendental model of the subject implied by an earlier structuralism.
Lorca And Foucault
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

Foucault begins Les Mots et les choses (Paris, 1966) with two examples taken from Hispanic sources. The first is Borges’s Chinese encyclopaedia. It contains a list of animals: belonging to the Emperor; embalmed; fabulous; included in the present classification; drawn with a fine camel hair brush; et cetera (p. 7). For Foucault the humour of the list derives not so much from the placing of incongruous items next to one another as from the impossibility of assigning all of the items to a common field of reference or ‘operating table’ (pp. 8-9). Borges’s ‘heterotopia’ is disquieting because it disrupts the familiar discursive framework within which knowledge finds its place in our culture: the history of the ‘order of things’ in the West is the history of the Same. When this order is challenged (when knowledge breaks down or mutates) then the very earth seems to move beneath our feet (pp. 15- 16).
Fuentes, Puig, Lyotard
Authors: Smith Paul Julian
Published: November 2023

What is postmodernism? Recent collections of essays and papers have attempted empirical definitions of the area it encompasses or the object it treats. This area or object is often held to be characterized by fragmentation, electicism, and reflexivity. A postmodern culture is one in which a formerly unified subject is split into his or her constituent parts; in which a single homogeneous style is superseded by a number of heterogeneous fashions; in which an artistic practice experienced as authentic or gestural gives way to one only too aware of its own status as art, as practice. These tendencies (fragmentation, eclecticism, reflexivity) seem to be most fully expressed in popular culture, particularly in such visual forms as television advertising and pop music promos. But these examples immediately raise the question of political allegiance.
Sexuality and the Reading Encounter
Authors: Wilson Emma
Published: November 2023

Can fictions of desire determine real pleasures? Do texts regulate the performance of our sexual identities? In Sexuality and the Reading Encounter, Emma Wilson offers a new account of the intimate relations between reading, identity and identification. Interweaving theoretical debate with analysis of texts by Proust, Duras, Tournier and Cixous, her study reveals the formative potential and transferential pleasures of the reading encounter. Drawing on an understanding of identity as performative, alienated and fictitious, this study argues that the fictions we read act as mirrors and decoys displaying seductive images of intelligible sexual identities. The texts chosen for discussion here draw attention to the strategies by which identity is constructed textually. They work thus to frame the reading encounter and to highlight its formative power. In analysis of these texts, this study works to cut across the axes of homosexuality and heterosexuality, offering an alternative focus on the independence of fantasy and identity.
Use
Authors: Gordon Robert S C
Published: November 2023

In both his ethics and his personal make-up, Levi invariably strikes us as a pragmatist. When he tackles problems, encounters the unfamiliar, follows passions, or simply invents for pleasure, we can almost always trace in the shape of his thinking a pragmatic, constructive, solution-led Weltanschauung. A practical, engaged sense of living, working, and writing exudes from his every page and from it emerges a defining feature of his ethics, the commitment to various forms of practical intelligence, what Aristotelians would call ‘practical wisdom’ or phronesis.
Measure, or A Sense of Limit
Authors: Gordon Robert S C
Published: November 2023

This second Part examines four virtues of wit or practical intelligence at work in Levi. The first of these is what I have called ‘measure’. The word is deliberately intended as multivalent (multivalency is itself an active virtue for Levi and many of his values are best expressed by terms with overlapping, plural-although not endless-meanings). Its meanings and uses branch out in several directions yielding further dividends in helping to shape Levi’s ethics.
Practice, or Trial and Error
Authors: Gordon Robert S C
Published: November 2023

A great deal has been written about Levi’s championing of a certain work ethic. Indeed, for anyone attempting a reading of his oeuvre from an ethical perspective, his ideas on work, expressed especially in books from the 1970s such as II sistema periodico and La chiave a stella, would seem to constitute one of the most evident and weighty anchors of all. In both those books, Levi champions a vision of work as an intelligent, individual, and immensely fulfillingendeavour in contrast to a certain strand of pessimistic left radicalism of the 1960s and 1970s which saw all work as necessarily alienating, deindividualizing, and, ultimately, complicit with ‘the system’; all of this set against the memory of the genuinely alienating, deindividualizing-we might say, useless-work of the Lager (‘Arbeit macht frei’).
Storytelling
Authors: Gordon Robert S C
Published: November 2023

Friends tell each other stories; by telling each other stories-of troubles overcome, ‘ibergekumene tsores’ (I. 739)-two interlocutors become friends. The ethics of friendship and the ethics of storytelling are deeply intertwined. In Levi, stories real or invented-of characters, episodes, curious facts or ideas, or fantastic possibilitiesare the basic currency of almost everything he wrote. His stories, in the very human particularity and variety they present, provide the raw material for his ethical universe, the individuals and the exempla that stimulate his flexible vision of how to live. They are his best defence against reductive generalization and over-simplification, and at the same time they foment his ethical enquiry, never stalling at the merely anecdotal. They conform to Martha Nussbaum’s understanding of a Jamesian narrative philosophy: teaching and learning do not simply involve the learning of rules and principles.
Irony, or Wit Revisited
Authors: Gordon Robert S C
Published: November 2023

As was noted at the outset of Part II, wit has a double meaning that perfectly fits Levi’sforma mentis. In Levi as in Boccaccio, wit in the sense of shrewd, practical intelligence overlaps and coincides with a taste for wit in the sense of incisive, clear, light-handed humour. Indeed, each gains ethical value by association with the other. In particular, certain forms of humour in Levi serve as a means to sharpen the insights offered by intelligent application, to complicate and delimit the possibilities of response, whilst at the same time reinforcing the bonds of community through a shared smile or laugh.
The Companies of Florence
Authors: Wilson Blake
Published: November 2023

Still located midway between the Cathedral and the palace of the Signoria, the meeting place of the Compagnia della Madonna d’Or San Michele from its thirteenth-century origins was the city’s greatest confluence of mercantile sensibility and lay spirituality. There is no better image of this city’s passionate and worldly piety than the spontaneous veneration of an image of the Virgin that developed beneath the loggia of a bustling grain market, a veneration which in 1291 assumed the popular institutional form of a lauda-singing lay confraternity. Contemporary references indicate both the fame of this devotion, as well as the envy and resentment of the ecclesiastical institutions, of which Orsanmichele was independent. In one of his sonnets, Guido Cavalcanti wrote of the image:
Dances And Dance Music, C.1300–1530
Authors: Salmen Walter
Published: November 2023

Those who lived in the period between the fourteenth and the early sixteenth century were caught up in conflicting tendencies of judging the world and human life, albeit with chronological and regional variations. These currents gravitated between the admonition ‘mementomori’, denying all things corporeal, and the life-affirming invitation ‘iuvatvivere’. Dance, whether conceptualized transcendentally as the Dance of Death, or taking the practical form of performance, was ubiquitous, a manifestation of life; apart from its broad social significance, it possessed a heavenly, cosmic, indeed universal meaning (see Pl. III). Dancing is thus an essential signifier of the world-view of late medieval and Renaissance society. Despite the disruptive effect of the Reformation it retained a central function both in public and in private life. Dancing was held to be both a right, differentiated according to social rank, and a duty; consequently both admonitions and prohibitions with regard to dancing were issued.
Magnificence as Civic Image: Music and Ceremonial Space in Early ModernVenice
Authors: Fenlon Iain
Published: November 2023

The public rituals of early modern Venice, particularly those that relate to the state and its figurehead, the doge, were invariably religious before they were political. In its more developed form, as practised at least from the thirteenth century, Venetian political theology assigned to the elected head of the Venetian polity a role that was analogous to that of the pope in Rome. Ceremonies which surrounded the doge, and in which he participated, emphasized his position as an intermediary, one that became particularly crucial at moments of crisis. It was then that the doge was placed in the role of prime agent of intercession, the true representative of St Mark on earth.
Music and Reform: The Savonarolan Legacy
Authors: Fenlon Iain
Published: November 2023

The deliberations of the Council of Trent, and their alleged influence on the composition of sacred music, continue to occupy an exaggerated position in conventional histories of sixteenth-century music. Similarly, most discussions of the more specific question of music and reform have placed an unjustifiably heavy emphasis on what might be described as the conciliar position. According to this interpretation Trent itself is seen to be the culmination of a body of complaint about sacred polyphony that dates back as least as far as the late fifteenth century, despite the fact that these earlier pronouncements, which are usually of the most vague and unspecific kind, occur almost as a rhetorical gesture and seem to have had little practical effect, even less than Trent itself. Moreover, these pre-Trent statements about polyphony are sometimes thought of as a coherent tradition despite their very different origins.
Giaches de Wert and the Palatine Basilica of Santa Barbara: Music, Liturgy, and Design
Authors: Fenlon Iain
Published: November 2023

The question of liturgy is fundamental to understanding how music and ceremony in fifteenthand sixteenth-century Italian religious institutions actually worked. Far from being an unchanging, rigidly formalized structure, capable only of being received ‘passively’, the liturgy could and often was appropriated or modified by those in power, whether high-ranking ecclesiastics, autocratic rulers, or republican governments. This was most obviously true in the period before the Council of Trent resolved to abolish all local liturgies with less than two hundred years of life; nevertheless, as the particular case of the basilica of Santa Barbara in Mantua so clearly demonstrates, in practice the new atmosphere did not totally inhibit the creation of new liturgies. Stronger emphasis upon feasts associated with local patron saints was the most common expression of spiritual and political identity. Festal calendars could be revised so that civic and dynastic celebrations could be incorporated, and saints of even comparatively minor importance in the Roman calendar could assume greater importance in a local context, even one in which Roman use was being followed.
Madrigals with basso continuo
Authors: Arnold Denis
Published: November 2023

The basso continua was one of those inventions which had an influence on the history of music far beyond any expectations of its originators. It came out of the specific needs of certain composers. Some of them were mundane. Lodovico Grossi da Viadana, sometime maestro di cappella at Mantua Cathedral, had the need for a notation which would allow the organist to fill in gaps in the harmony when the singers were few. Motets written deliberately for one or two or three solo voices required a well-organized accompaniment if the music was not to sound thin and weak. A notation which allowed for the cheap production of keyboard parts was a godsend to him and many another musician working in difficult conditions.
The dramatic music
Authors: Arnold Denis
Published: November 2023

Opera was very new in 1607. Orfeo was to be the sixth dramma per musica ever written. To Monteverdi the form was even newer. He may have seen one of the first Florentine operas, Peri’s Euridice (1600), or he may have studied its score—that was all. But if opera was new, dramatic music was not; plays with music were extremely common, especially in the free courts of northern Italy. Mantua was famed for its players, Ferrara and Venice for their court entertainments. The fashionable plays at these courts by the early years of the seventeenth century were the pastorals. To the English the pastoral idiom is best known through the lyric poetry of Comus and Lycidas; or in the dramatic form in As You Like It, where Shakespeare gently pokes fun at its conventions.
The Papers and the Critics
Authors: Mccoll Sandra
Published: November 2023

Before beginning a detailed examination of what the critics wrote, it is necessary to sort out the journals in which they wrote and, indeed, just who the critics themselves were. The lists of journals and critics provided in this chapter are intended to serve as a guide for reference .in the following chapters.

The purpose of the first section of this chapter is to list the various journals and papers from which the feuilletons and other items of journalism have been taken, in order to give a brief overview of their respective policies. Circulation figures are given, where known. These should be seen in the context of an increasing population (the population of Vienna being between the 1,364,548 recorded in 18901 and the 1,674,57 recorded in 19002) and improving literacy rate.
Opera, Drama, and the Artwork of the Future
Authors: Mccoll Sandra
Published: November 2023

The oratorio could be defined as a kind of vocal music which must always be too long. Only for the English is no oratorio long enough, just as no mountain is high enough for them. . . . In drama, and so also in musical drama, things follow out of each other.... In epic, and so also in musical epic, in oratorio, things simply follow after each other.1

Even taking into account the differences between ‘musical epic’ and ‘musical drama’, opera, oratorio, and another form to figure in Viennese cultural life in 1897, melodrama, all have in common the fact that, if they are to succeed, they must satisfy both poetically and musically.
Epilogue
Authors: Powell John S
Published: November 2023

Moliere and Lully had been a dynamic team throughout the 1660s, and their comedies-ballets and one tragédie-ballet set new standards for the lyric stage that prepared the way for French opera. Indeed, as mentioned at the end of Chapter 18, there were signs that Moliére and Lully had planned to take over Perrin's monopoly and form their own opera company. By the summer of 1671 Moliere had the playhouse and the singers, dancers, and instrumentalists that would have enabled his company to move into opera; moreover, their summer performances of Psyché demonstrated the popularity and commercial viability of serious lyric theatre.
Epilogue
Authors: Macneil Anne
Published: November 2023

Little more than a year before Virginia Andreini lamented Arianna’s fate in the tiny hall adjacent to Vincenzo Gonzaga’s apartments in the Palazzo Ducale in Mantua, her husband Giovan Battista stood in the rooms formerly occupied by Vincenzo’s sister Margherita to witness Orfeo’ s laments for the death of Euridice.
The Market for Loyalties
Authors: Price Monroe E
Published: November 2023

The previous chapter focused on images that constitute versions of national identity, the conscious effort to provide a cohesive frame work for continued state legitimacy. This ‘official nationalism’, as Seton Watson has called it, is heavy-handed and difficult, in its execution, to accommodate with human rights. The effort, here, is to domesticate and bring within democratic theory the enormous effort expended by governments, everywhere, to articulate, shape, and reinforce images of the communal self. Fear of the state virtually precludes a model in which it has direct control over the media. And yet the state seems destined to play some role, at least as architect, and usually far more. The government is inevitably a speaker, but we fail to have the means to express the limits on its speech; nor can we define the boundary between government-generated imagery and the full and boisterous speech of the rest of society.
Law, Force, and the Russian Media
Authors: Price Monroe E
Published: November 2023

Looking at the development of mass-media law in post-Soviet Russia is like examining the wrists of a recently freed prisoner where the marks of the chains are still present. The very claims for freedom and the guarantees of change bespeak past injustices and old allocations of power. In the short moments that have transpired, issues of law in the defining of communication have already had a dramatic cycle: the rule of law has been followed by the assertion of military force and bloodshed, and force, in its tum, has been followed again by a clumsy reaffirmation of law. In 1995, Vladislav Listyev, the first head of a newly-organized Russian Public Television, was assassinated. Television has been an arena for bitter struggle, political and armed. In this context, the evolution of rules for the organization and governance of the press has reflected changes in political and economic powers in a society seeking definition and stability. The forms of a media law-its words, its constructions, its hermeneutics-cannot be understood without its embedded context. Like other laws, those concerning broadcasting can be studied like shards from an archaeological site, as clues to the nature of their social and political origins.
Text and Context
Authors: Price Monroe E
Published: November 2023

As societies move from one political paradigm to another, the transitions in their media law reveal much about them. In the midst of reconstruction, the scaffolding of reform is evident as press and broad casting organizations are transformed (or fight to remain the same), and as state functions are reorganized, destroyed, or reformulated. Justifications for control that once had the quality of faith are suddenly publicly useless, but new justifications take their place. Not only in Russia, the subject of the last chapter, but throughout Central and Eastern Europe and the severed Republics of the former Soviet Union, the process of transition has led to local media wars. Everywhere, beneath the frequent and fervid search for a free and independent press, lies an active and changing market for loyalties.
Baring Bottom: Shakespeare and the Chaucerian Dream Vision
Authors: Lynch Kathryn L
Published: November 2023

A Midsummer Night’s Dream contains only a single actual dream, at the end of the second act: Hermia’s nightmare vision of the crawling serpent devouring her heart. Why, then, is the play titled as though the entire framework were structured as a dream? A partial answer to this question emerges from the quality of the midsummer and midnight frolic in the woods and from the characters’ own interpretations of what has happened to them.
Can the Native Return?
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: November 2023

My title is a question: ̒Can the Native Return?̓ It may put you in mind of Hardy, and The Return of the Native will indeed be a crucial instance in the later part of my argument, forming the centre of a triptych of examples: ̒triptych̓ here not in the devotional sense, but in the original meaning of a set of three writing-tablets hinged together. But I want briefly to set Hardy̕s theme in a longer literary perspective and then to demonstrate how for the Victorians the idea of the native̕s return held particularly disturbing cultural possibilities.
Travelling the Other Way: Travel Narratives and Truth Claims
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: November 2023

All narratives take the reader or listener on a journey, and many of them tell the story of a journey too. Narratives are organized to move through time, to transport the reader, and to bring us home again, augmented by the experience and by the knowledge we have acquired. This narrative motion is enacted as much in non-fictional accounts, like the many records of nineteenth century surveying voyages, as it is in the Odyssey or Gulliver ‘s Travels. The differences begin when we examine the freight the reader gains by the expedition.
Darwin and the Growth of Language Theory
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: November 2023

My title embeds an assumption that my argument will pry out again: ‘the growth of language theory ‘. ls knowledge, then, an organic process, its accretions and transformations more than metaphorically like that of the organism? Such taken for granted locutions as ‘growth ‘ illustrate how readily the discourse of one field is appropriated by another. The case I want to examine is one of more conscious appropriation and re-appropriation: that between Darwinian evolutionary theory and language theory. During the last 1 50 years these two major fields of human enquiry have drawn upon each other ‘s evidences, and, even more, upon each other ‘s metaphors, as I shall demonstrate. Equally striking-though harder to demonstrate empirically since this phase of theory-making relies upon the absence of material-is the desire for autonomy which has, from time to time, involved repudiating and suppressing links between the fields. There are often sound intellectual reasons for such disengagement. However, it also seems that for theory to conceive itself as authentic and to establish itself as free-standing, it needs to obliterate traces of dependence and to repudiate analogies with other fields of learning. Such suppressed dependencies may re-emerge later, generating fresh topics of enquiry. This pattern of interchange and autonomy will also be seen to have significance for appraising claims to self-sufficiency in scientific language.
Forging the Missing Link: Interdisciplinary Stories
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: November 2023

Interdisciplinary work crosses over between fields: it transgresses. It thus brings into question the methods and materials of differing intellectual practices and may uncover problems dis guised by the scope of established disciplines. Forms of knowledge do not readily merge; they may lie askance or cross-grained. But that does not imply failure. Dis analogy can prove to be a powerful heuristic tool. Indeed, it is important not too readily to pau particular disciplines since that ignores indirection, the shared and dispersed other forms of experience and knowledge active in the time.
Helmholtz, Tyndall, Gerard Manley Hopkins: Leaps of the Prepared Imagination
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: November 2023

Gerard Manley Hopkins was pre-eminently a religious writer, of that no doubt. The vicissitudes of his calling and his sufferings have preoccupied many who respond to his life-story. Between 1868, the year of his entry into the Jesuit novitiate at the age of 24, and 1876, the year of ̒The Wreck of the Deutschland̓, he wrote no poetry. His major output dates from 1876 to 1889, when he died. His poetry expresses the energies of the material world funnelled and focused to break through to a world beyond, or a world within.
‘Not of an Age’ Jonson, Shakespeare, and the Verdicts of Posterity
Authors: Donaldson Ian
Published: November 2023

‘HE was not of an age, but for all time!’, declared Ben Jonson in his poem ‘To the Memory of My Beloved, The Author, Mr William Shakespeare, and What He Hath Left Us’, that stands at the head of Shakespeare’s r623 First Folio. These were brave words in r623: no one until then had so positively asserted the perennial and enduring nature of Shakespeare’s genius, hailing him so boldly as a writer for all time. By the late eighteenth century Jonson’s phrase had changed from a lively prediction to an uncontested truism. Shakespeare had by now self-evidently stood the test of time, and appeared to belong to more ages than one. In the late twentieth century the tribute has become once more debatable: Shakespeare is no longer viewed as a timeless and transhistorical genius, but as a textual phenomenon that is constantly reconstructed, constantly reinvented, constantly reinterpreted by every age according to its needs, priorities, and pre conceptions. At the end of his memorial poem, Jonson figures Shakespeare as a fixed star, shining chidingly and cheeringly from the heavens throughout all time. For Gary Taylor, Shakespeare is no longer a star but a black hole, an insatiable vortex, ‘spinning, suck ing, growing’, a source and centre of massive critical turbulence. In this new and sharply relativist vision, Shakespeare has become, as Derek Longhurst puts it in the title of a recent revisionist essay, ‘ “Not for all time, but for an Age” ‘.
Books
Authors: Peterson William S
Published: November 2023

IN descriptive bibliographies it is conventional to make a distinction be- tween books written by an author and books edited or compiled by him/ her. Unfortunately this sharp demarcation does not work satisfactorily for Betjeman’s books. In a number of his guidebooks, for example, he is described as the editor, presumably because he drew his information from a variety of published sources, yet it seems obvious that, by any ordinary standard, he would have to be regarded as the author.
Fielding, Grub Street, and Canary Wharf
Authors: Uglow Jenny
Published: November 2023

The name ‘Grub Street’ was originally applied to Milton Street, a warren of garrets and tenements in Moorfields where poor writers lived at the end of the seventeenth century. Their work included indexing, proofing, compiling dictionaries, translating and writing poems to order for special occasions. By the 1720s this milieu spread through the impoverished wards that clung to the edges of the city, curling round to Clerkenwell and St John’s Gate —home of the Gentleman’s Magazine in the 1730s and for a while, until recently, of The Times Literary Supplement. Canary Wharf, also on the city’s margins, is a megalith of glass and steel and concrete, an emblem to many of over-reaching entrepreneurism, 1980s greed and spiritual (and financial) bankruptcy.
Coleridge and the Uses of Journalism
Authors: Leader Zachary
Published: November 2023

Coleridge had strong political as well as pecuniary motives for writing for newspapers and periodicals but the most important effect journalism had on him was psychological: it was good for his creative health.1 This effect was most pronounced in the period of his deepest engagement with the editor and polemicist Daniel Stuart and the newspaper he had recently purchased, the Morning Post, from the years I797 to I803.