bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Energetic cost of building a virus
Authors: Mahmoudabadi Gita , Milo Ron , Phillips Rob
Published: May 2017

Significance

Viruses rely entirely on their host as an energy source. Despite numerous experimental studies that demonstrate the capability of viruses to rewire and undermine their host’s metabolism, we still largely lack a quantitative understanding of an infection’s energetics. However, the energetics of a viral infection is at the center of broader evolutionary and physical questions in virology. By enumerating the energetic costs of different viral processes, we open the door to quantitative predictions about viral evolution. For example, we predict that, for the majority of viruses, translation will serve as the dominant cost of building a virus, and that selection, rather than drift, will govern the fate of new genetic elements within viral genomes.
Ubiquitin- and ATP-dependent unfoldase activity of P97/VCP•NPLOC4•UFD1L is enhanced by a mutation that causes multisystem proteinopathy
Authors: Blythe Emily E. , Olson Kristine C. , Chau Vincent , Deshaies Raymond J.
Published: May 2017

Significance

The ATPase p97 plays an important cellular role by extracting proteins modified with ubiquitin (Ub) from membranes, chromatin, or protein complexes. However, the unstable and complicated nature of p97 substrates has hindered a detailed study of mechanism. To overcome these issues, we developed Ub-GFP as a fluorescent reporter of p97 activity. When Ub-GFP is conjugated with ubiquitin chains, p97 and its cofactor NPLOC4-UFD1L unfold it in an ATP-dependent manner, explicitly demonstrating that p97 is an unfoldase. We also show that a p97 mutation associated with multisystem proteinopathy has enhanced unfoldase activity, which suggests a novel approach to disease therapy. Our method opens the door for future studies of p97 mechanism that were until now not feasible.
A macroscopic perspective on translation of knowledge in China
Authors: Jun Tang
Published: May 2017

The translation, dissemination and reception of knowledge has served as an excellent indicator of changing ideologies and the major catalyst for institutional changes, language reforms and social transformation in China. However, English representations of the Chinese tradition of translation (e.g.Hung 2005;Hung and Pollard 2009) have not incorporated research findings from Chinese studies (e.g.Cohen 1995;Amelung, Kurtz and Lackner 2001;Elman 2005) and tend to provide unsubstantiated generalizations and hasty conclusions. This article uses a combination of “cultural tool” (Even-Zohar 2005) and “culture planning” (Even-Zohar 2008) as a frame of reference to provide a macroscopic perspective on knowledge translation in different Chinese historical periods as “a means of planning” (Toury 2002: 166) to promote religious agendas, modernize traditional Chinese natural studies, Westernize educational and academic systems, facilitate modernization of the state or participate in global knowledge production.
Talking about things
Authors: Zouinar Moustafa , Velkovska Julia
Published: May 2017

This paper focuses on how conversation and a shared participation frame are maintained in video-mediated family conversations which ordinarily do not have a particular agenda. In order to examine this question, how conversations are maintained whilst being sometimes improvised, the paper analyses a particular interactional phenomenon, namely, the image-based topic management accomplished via two methods: showings and noticings. Through a detailed multimodal analysis of family video mediated conversations, it shows how these methods are used for introducing or changing topics and hence sustaining talk. Moreover, by describing the practical actions that involve technological and social dimensions, the paper highlights the link between interaction, personal relationships and technology. The analysis of showings and noticings, enabled by the technical features of the systems used by the participants, reveals how video-communication technology is mobilized by family members as a resource for maintaining intimacy in distant relationships.
The Skype paradox
Authors: Harper Richard H. , Watson Rod , Woelfer Jill Palzkill
Published: May 2017

Digital technologies are likely to be appropriated by the homeless just as they are by other segments of society. However, these appropriations will reflect the particularities of their circumstances. What are these appropriations? Are they beneficial or effective? Can Skype, as a case in point, assuage the social disconnection that must be, for many, the experience of being homeless? This paper analyses some evidence about these questions and, in particular, the ways communications media are selected, oriented to and accounted for by the homeless young. Using data from a small corpus of interviews, it examines the specific ways in which choice of communication (face-to-face, social media, or video, etc.), are described by these individuals as elected for tactical and strategic reasons having to do with managing their family relations. These relations are massively important both in terms of how communications media are deployed, and in terms of being one of the sources of the homeless state the young find themselves in. The paper examines some of the methodical ways these issues are articulated and the type of ‘causal facticity’ thereby constituted in interview talk. The paper also remarks on the paradoxical problem that technologies like Skype provide: at once allowing people in the general to communicate but in ways that the homeless young want to resist in the particular. The consequences of this for the shaping of communications technology in the future are remarked upon.
Immune checkpoints on innate lymphoid cells
Authors: Chiossone Laura , Vivier Eric
Published: May 2017

In this issue of JEM, Taylor et al. (https://doi.org/10.1084/jem.20161653) describe PD-1 as a critical negative regulator of group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC-2s). PD-1 intrinsically controls proliferation and cytokine production of both mouse and human ILC-2s. PD-1 signaling inhibits STAT5 phosphorylation and the removal of this brake by knocking down PD-1 expression or by using anti–PD-1 blocking antibodies, translated in vivo into better clearance of helminth worm infection in mice.
Motivational Interviewing
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 7, “Motivational Interviewing: Theory and Practice,” provides the theoretical and practice foundation for motivational interviewing (MI). MI employs a client-centered counseling style for achieving behavior change by facilitating exploration and resolution of ambivalence. The trans-theoretical model of change is discussed, as is the “spirit of motivational interviewing,” which highlights the practitioner’s way of being with clients. The chapter presents skills and techniques to enhance older adults’ ability to work through ambivalence and develop a sustainable plan for action. In addition, later-life problems in functioning that benefit from the use of motivational interviewing are summarized, including substance abuse/misuse, chronic disease management, smoking cessation and diet, exercise and weight control. Contextual issues related to clinical practice, and special considerations for use of MI with older clients, are discussed. The chapter includes a case example of motivational interviewing with an older woman with alcohol misuse issues.
Psychoeducational and Social Support Interventions
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

In Chapter 10, “Psychoeducational and Social Support Interventions: Evidence-Based Practice,” summarizes the results of meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of psychoeducational and social support intervention studies with older adults and related populations. The majority of studies (n = 11) compared the effectiveness of interventions for deceasing depression and enhancing functioning among caregivers. Psychoeducational intervention studies were more prevalent than social support studies, and stronger evidence exists for the effectiveness of psychoeducational approaches. However, evidence does suggest that interventions types are useful in reducing caregiver depression and increasing caregiver support, well-being, and coping. Inconclusive results were found on caregiver burden. Four studies examined interventions focused on reducing depression, increasing well-being, or enhancing social functioning among older clients with cancer and other health/mental health issues. Positive results were found. Lack of intervention specificity, however, weakens practitioners and researchers’ ability to replicate the interventions included in these studies.
Reminiscence and Life Review
Authors: Kropf Nancy P. , Cummings Sherry M.
Published: May 2017

Chapter 12, “Reminiscence and Life Review: Evidence-Based Practice,” examines meta-analyses, systematic reviews, and RCTs of these two related therapeutic approaches, which are commonly used to enhance well-being, promote cognitive functioning, and mitigate emotional difficulties of later life. All studies reported some positive outcome of reminiscence and life review interventions. The greatest evidence exists for reduction in geriatric depression, as this outcome was evaluated in the largest number of reviews. Stronger support was found for the use of life review with older adults who have higher levels of cognitive functioning. Although a subset of reviews favored life review over reminiscence, this difference was not reported across the board. Study results suggest that both approaches are useful and that group and individual interventions are effective. Variations in administration of these interventions, however, were extensive and make interpretation of the efficacy of a particular approach or style of reminiscence and life review difficult.
The Politics of Presence
Authors: Johnson Andrew
Published: May 2017

Pentecostal pastors and volunteers who work with prison populations tend to focus on individual salvation and personal transformation of inmates as opposed to participating in traditional political action aimed at reforming criminal justice institutions. Though the emphasis is on the individual inmate, pastors’ and volunteers’ choice to stand alongside inmates throughout the week and during times of crisis is a political act that has political ramifications. I observed Pentecostal pastors intervene on behalf of vulnerable inmates, but also on behalf of entire prisons during times of crisis and in one case they pressured government officials to improve conditions for inmates.
Utility and Risk Aversion
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

Expected utility is introduced. Risk aversion and its equivalence with concavity of the utility function (Jensen’s inequality) are explained. The concepts of relative risk aversion, absolute risk aversion, and risk tolerance are introduced. Certainty equivalents are defined. Expected utility is shown to imply second‐order risk aversion. Linear risk tolerance (hyperbolic absolute risk aversion), cautiousness parameters, constant relative risk aversion, and constant absolute risk aversion are described. Decreasing absolute risk aversion is shown to imply a preference for positive skewness. Preferences for kurtosis are discussed. Conditional expectations are introduced, and the law of iterated expectations is explained. Risk averse investors are shown to dislike mean‐independent noise.
Portfolio Choice
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

The portfolio choice model is introduced, and the first‐order condition is derived. Properties of the demand for a single risky asset are derived from second‐order risk aversion and decreasing absolute risk aversion. Optimal investments are independent of initial wealth for investors with constant absolute risk aversion. Optimal investments are affine functions of initial wealth for investors iwth linear risk tolerance. The optimal portfolio for an investor with constant absolute risk aversion is derived when asset returns are normally distributed. Investors with quadratic utility have mean‐variance preferences, and investors have mean‐variance preferences when returns are elliptically distributed.
Continuous-Time Markets
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

A continuous‐time model of a securities market is introduced. The intertemporal budget constraint is defined. SDF processes and prices of risks are defined and characterized. Many properties of SDF process are analogous to those in a single‐period model, including the relation to the risk‐free rate, orthogonal projections, the Hansen‐Jagannathan bound, and factor pricing. To value future cash flows using an SDF process, we need to assume a local martingale is a martingale. Sufficient conditions including Novikov’s condition are discussed. Use of the martingale representation theorem in a complete market to derive a portfolio that replicates a payoff is explained. A Markovian model is introduced, in which the investment opportunity set depends on state variables that form a Markov process.
Learning
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

Continuous‐time filtering is explained, including the Kalman filter and filtering for a Markov chain with hidden states. Filtering theory is applied to analyze portfolio choice and equilibrium asset prices. When the expected return of an asset is unknown and is estimated from past returns, the myopic demand is a momentum strategy. When investors learn expected consumption growth from realized consumption growth, equilibrium prices are more sensitive to consumption shocks and the equity premium is higher. When the consumption growth rate follows a Markov chain with hidden states, return volatility tends to be higher when investors are less certain about which state the economy is in.
Alternative Preferences
Authors: Back Kerry E.
Published: May 2017

The Allais and Ellsberg paradoxes are presented. Various generalizations of expected utility motivated by these and other paradoxes are discussed, including betweenness preferences, rank‐dependent preferences, multiple prior max‐min preferences, and prospect theory. For betweenness preferences, which include weighted utility and disappointment aversion, an investor’s marginal utility is proportional to a stochastic discount factor. Disappointment averse utility and rank‐dependent utility have first‐order risk aversion. Multiple prior max‐min utility is one way to accomodate the Ellsberg paradox (ambiguity aversion or Knightian uncertainty). The dynamic consistency of updating multiple priors is discussed.
Global Organizations
Authors: Bhagat Rabi S. , McDevitt Annette S. , Baliga B. Ram
Published: May 2017

Organizations that function across dissimilar nations and cultures are known as global organizations. Their origins may be in any of the globalized countries of the World Trade Organization as well as other supernational systems that coordinate activities of the United Nations and similar organizations. Global organizations are everywhere, and their growth has been phenomenal since World War II. Managing them effectively requires in-depth knowledge of the political and economic geography in which they operate. Along with such knowledge, managers must also discern the underpinnings of cultural and technological developments in their strategic planning and implementation. A few decades ago, an interdisciplinary perspective was not regarded as crucial in understanding the functioning of global organizations. However, in the complex and dynamic era of globalization, an interdisciplinary perspective is crucial. This book adopts this perspective and integrates the often conflicting and dynamic perspectives in a fashion that sheds light for understanding the nature of global organizations in the twenty-first century.
Global Organizations in a Changing World
Authors: Bhagat Rabi S.
Published: May 2017

During the past four decades, there has been a significant growth of organizations that function across borders and cultures. These organizations are not necessarily Western or European in origin. The functioning and evolution of global organizations are topics of considerable importance. This chapter discusses the role of increasing interdependence among nations as a context for the functioning of global organizations. The chapter presents the rationale for going global and discusses the framework for understanding the differences among countries and institutions that present opportunities and barriers. Global organizations function in an increasingly complex and dynamic environment, as is clearly evidenced by Brexit. The concept of tariff-free transactions resulting in economic blocs guided most of the economic activities of these global organizations in the twentieth century. Recent events cast doubt as to their viability and effectiveness. The chapter discusses these issues and presents the various challenges that globalization creates for these organizations.
Outsourcing, Offshoring, and Innovation
Authors: Bhagat Rabi S.
Published: May 2017

Three techniques for accessing strategic resources and talent on a worldwide basis are outsourcing, offshoring, and innovation. Offshoring is the process of manufacturing in foreign locations of strategic significance. It can enable global organizations to create strategic centers for providing services in locations where there is significant cost advantage. The strategy of outsourcing white collar jobs to foreign locations in an attempt to reduce overall costs is a regular practice for large global organizations. Offshore outsourcing enhances global competitiveness by enabling small- and medium-scale enterprises to reduce costs, expand relational ties, serve customers, free up scarce resources, and leverage the capacities of joint venture and strategic alliance partners. Given that these strategies are increasingly common, the chapter devotes a significant amount of attention to their discussion. The technique of innovation for improving products and services on an ongoing basis is discussed, with attention to the factors that foster innovation.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Lavender Kyle
Published: May 2017

My name is Kyle Lavender. I am a Caucasian male. I graduated from Woods Cross High School with a GPA of 3.3 and an ACT of 24. This is the story of how I found a successful career in a job I love prior to a formal college education. I found myself to be mostly bored by my high school education. When I was engaged in a class, I did extremely well and got As. When I found myself bored in a class I got Bs without ever doing much of anything. I struggled in math and chemistry classes, but did really well in English, anatomy, and physiology. My reading comprehension was exceptional and I loved to read. I played and loved sports....
Positive Relationships as an Indicator of Flourishing During Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Padilla-Walker Laura M. , Memmott-Elison Madison K. , Nelson Larry J.
Published: May 2017

In this chapter we argue that positive development takes place within the context of relationships, and we review research on a number of relationships that emerging adults may have during this time period. This chapter explores theories of how and why relationships may be influential, and it reviews research on the role that relationships with members of one’s family of origin (parents, grandparents, and siblings) and with peers (friends, romantic partners, and spouses) play in flourishing during emerging adulthood. The way in which young people navigate these changing relationships, and the new patterning of relationships that are formed, may play important roles in the extent to which young people flourish during the third decade of life.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Anderson Brynn
Published: May 2017

My name is Brynn Anderson; I am a 20-year-old Caucasian female. I come from a family of six. My household is composed of my dad, mom, twin sister, and two younger siblings. My sister and I have both left the house in order to pursue higher education, while my younger siblings remain at home. Reflecting on relationships in my life that have helped me to flourish, I wish to emphasize the relationship that I have with my grandparents, because of whom I have flourished in my young adulthood. My grandparents have always played a very prominent role in my life. As I reflect on my relationship with them, I realize that much of my development has been because of their prominent role. I have experienced outcomes in my life that have stemmed from several examples of their important role, which I will further examine....
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Roderick Stephanie
Published: May 2017

My name is Stephanie Roderick. I’m a 22-year-old white female, and I was born and raised in St. Louis, Missouri. Currently, I am completing my fourth and final year at Saint Louis University (SLU), where I plan to graduate with a degree in political science and international studies....
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Speakman Danielle
Published: May 2017

I was only 21 when I went to Lima, Peru, for the first time. I never could have anticipated the transformation that occurred as a result of that decision at that time in my life. In King and Merola’s chapter, “Crucibles of Transformation,” they speak of how the particular challenges, gifts, and perspective of the emerging adult will create a fire that can make religious service especially powerful and transformative. This fire will create a crucible experience for the emerging adult. In such a crucible, one element is heated to the degree that it becomes something new. This sort of alchemy was at the heart of my own emerging adulthood experience in Lima....
Positive Development in Africa
Authors: Lah Lo-oh Joseph
Published: May 2017

This chapter delves into the African experience of positive development in the third decade of life. Despite the formidable challenges and difficulties growing up African, African youth not only flourish during the third decade of life, but also exhibit glaring and giant, but (most often) undocumented, steps toward overcoming their difficulties. Where distressing life experiences seem to stand in their way, they have been raised or brought up in ways to deal with difficult experiences by taking their lives and futures in their own hands. They do not just live life for the sake of it, but also become key actors and agents of their own development. This chapter therefore emphasizes positive and productive life courses often adopted by African youth to navigate the third decade of life so that they eventually flourish and not flounder.
Volunteer Work Among Young Adults in Asia
Authors: Law Ben M. F. , Shek Daniel T. L. , Liang Rosemary L. Y.
Published: May 2017

This chapter focuses on how the development of volunteerism among young adults in Asia has grown in the past decade. A boom in the development of volunteer work in some Asian countries has been observed since the beginning of the 21st century. We compare the prevalence and characteristics of volunteerism among young adults in Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, and South Korea. The participation in general is sporadic rather than marking a long-term commitment among volunteers. We argue that to develop young adults’ volunteering in Asian context, the participation should be matched with young adults’ developmental issues. The volunteering opportunity should be job-related. More young adults would be interested in volunteering if it can contribute to an enhanced worldview formation and the generation of friendship or even romantic relationships. We also argue that the Asian cultural beliefs of family-centered collectivism may be a hindrance for helping nonfamily out-groups. Methods of enhancing participation are discussed.
Positive Development in Latin American Emerging Adults
Authors: Facio Alicia , Prestofelippo María Eugenia , Sireix María Cecilia
Published: May 2017

This chapter presents some empirical evidence on the strikingly high level of life satisfaction, happiness, and optimism that young people in Latin America enjoy, comparable to those of the United States or the Netherlands, despite the difficult social, political, and economic context in which they are embedded. Moreover, around half of them flourish regardless their scarce social participation beyond the network of family members, friends, and trusted neighbors. Higher Latin American social closeness and support (rewarding current and past close relationships with family and friends) seem to be the main reason for these youths’ well-being and flourishing.
Emerging Adult Essay
Authors: Shapiro Matthew
Published: May 2017

Throughout life, transitions can create some of the most daunting experiences anyone will encounter. Leaving school, finding a job, moving out on your own, finding someone to share your life with—these all constitute life transitions and events that force everyone to look outside of their comfort zone to formulate a solution. Everyone dreads the change, but we all must face it head-on and accept the challenge of something different. For people with disabilities these changes may be overwhelming and, at times, debilitating. The key to success while transitioning is having attained the proper skill set to help overcome whatever transitional barrier(s) your particular disability mandates....
Institutional Investors
Authors: Skiba Alexandre , Skiba Hilla
Published: May 2017

A large body of behavioral finance literature focuses on the behavioral biases of individual investors in their trading choices. The research shows that sophistication is related to the level at which these behavioral biases influence investors’ trading choices. This chapter reviews the literature on institutional investors’ trading behavior and finds that, consistent with the level of investor sophistication, institutional investors are less subject to the common behavioral biases. However, some behavioral biases are also present in institutional trading, and more so among less sophisticated practitioners. Evidence also shows that institutional investors engage in some trading choices such as herding, momentum trading, and under-diversification, which could be symptoms of behavioral biases. Based on the reviewed research, these trading behaviors are not value reducing. Overall, evidence indicates that institutional investors are less subject to behavioral biases, making markets more efficient.
Financial Analysts
Authors: Young Susan M.
Published: May 2017

Financial analysts are important players in the marketplace. Analysts’ reports, which include forecasts of earnings and stock recommendations, move market prices. Investors, both large and small, rely on the information in reports when forming their investment decisions. Given the relevance of financial analysts’ research, understanding whether their reports are biased is important. Despite an increase in market regulation, evidence suggests that analysts’ reports are biased. Research also finds that analysts’ bias increases when information uncertainty is high. Thus, investors should understand the possible dangers in blindly relying on research by financial analysts.
A Closer Look at the Causes and Consequences of Frequent Stock Trading
Authors: Strahilevitz Michal
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the phenomenon of frequent stock trading. Specifically, it covers the ample research demonstrating the negative effects of frequent trading on investor returns, as well as several possible underlying causes for this irrational behavior. Possible causes of frequent trading discussed include overconfidence, risk seeking, gambling addiction, frequency of negative emotions, and emotional instability. The chapter also examines gender differences. Although the body of research showing that frequent trading is bad for returns is vast, many investors continue to trade too often for their own good. Therefore, besides discussing potential causes of frequent stock trading, this chapter also stresses the need for future research to identify effective methods of helping investors reduce this financially harmful behavior.
Insurance and Risk Management
Authors: Moten James M. , Copeland C. W.
Published: May 2017

According to modern portfolio theory (MPT), rational market participants make most decisions and seek to be compensated for additional risk. However, investors sometimes behave irrationally owing to preconceived notions and biases based on past experience. Behavioral finance offers an alternative view to MPT, suggesting that individuals often make irrational decisions. This chapter explores how individuals make decisions to buy different types of insurance, even when faced with predicable outcomes involving the frequency and severity of the loss. That is, individuals appear to buy insurance only when the frequency of loss is low and the severity of loss is high; otherwise they self-insure.
Behavioral Aspects of Portfolio Investments
Authors: Mauck Nathan
Published: May 2017

Investors are inextricably linked to financial institutions, money managers, and the products they market. Mutual funds, exchange-traded funds (ETFs), hedge funds, and pension funds manage or hold roughly $55 trillion in combined wealth. This chapter examines these topics with a behavioral finance approach, focusing on two main ideas: the performance and rationality of each group, and the behavioral biases that relate to individuals’ selection of particular investments within each group. Research indicates that actively managed mutual funds and hedge funds underperform passive investments. Pension funds generate alpha of roughly zero on a risk-adjusted basis. The fees involved in investing in such funds exacerbate the observed underperformance in mutual funds and hedge funds. Behavioral biases provide one perspective on sources of underperformance. Further, individuals exhibit a wide range of behavioral biases that may lead to suboptimal asset allocation, including the selection of mutual funds, ETFs, and hedge funds.
Music at Hand
Authors: De Souza Jonathan
Published: May 2017

Musical instruments ground players’ actions and the sounds they create. Yet this book further claims that instruments mediate perception and imagination. Practicing an instrument builds bodily skills, while also fostering auditory-motor connections in players’ brains. These intersensory links reflect the ways that a particular instrument converts action into sound, the ways that it coordinates tonal and physical space. Reactivated in various ways, these connections can influence instrumentalists’ listening, improvisation, and composition. To investigate these effects, the book engages both classical and popular styles, from Bach to electronic music, from Beethoven to the blues. It uses Lewinian transformational theory to model instrumental interfaces and to analyze patterns of body-instrument interaction. Though based in music theory and analysis, the book also draws on psychology, including cognitive neuroscience, and the phenomenological philosophy of Maurice Merleau-Ponty and Martin Heidegger. Ultimately, it argues that music cognition is not simply embodied; it is also conditioned by musical technology.
Beethoven’s Prosthesis
Authors: De Souza Jonathan
Published: May 2017

This chapter takes performances by the deaf Beethoven as an instance of body-instrument interaction. Prior research in music theory, drawing on cognitive linguistics, suggests that Beethoven’s music was shaped by conceptual metaphors, which are both culturally specific and grounded in the body. Yet this chapter shows that players’ experience is not simply embodied but also technical. To that end, the chapter explores cognitive neuroscience, ecological psychology, and phenomenology. Patterns of auditory-motor coactivation in players’ brains are made possible by the stable affordances of an instrument. These auditory-motor connections support performative habits, and they may be reactivated and recombined in perception and imagination—supporting Beethoven’s auditory simulations after hearing loss, for example.
Equilibrium models and explanation
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter examines the explanatory purpose of building equilibrium models and the need to consider dynamics and disequilibria. It examines Marshall’s two ‘Principles’ of explanation, the ‘Principle of Substitution’ (essentially the usual neoclassical premise that every decision maker is a maximizer) and the ‘Principle of Continuity’ (that using the assumption of maximization as a basis for explanation is not possible without a continuous range of options to choose among). Marshall’s main mode of explanation using these Principles is his comparative statics analysis. His version of comparative statics introduces a role for time by distinguishing his long-run from short-run equilibria. With this in mind, the chapter goes further to explain why an equilibrium state implies recognition of disequilibrium dynamics and why equilibrium models must recognize the knowledge necessary for the dynamics of equilibrium attainment.
Limits of equilibrium methodology
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter uses a dialogue between an ‘inquisitive student’ and an ‘economics teacher’ to expose a fundamental problem with how economics is taught at the introductory level. It illustrates the need to address the questions of equilibrium stability (does an equilibrium return if disturbed) and methodological individualism (the requirement that in an explanation of social events, ‘things don’t decide; only people do’). It also illustrates the inadequacy of what is taught in beginning economics classes. Specifically, if one has to assume the presence of an equilibrium to make any policy point, the validity of the point is always open to the criticism that it might not correspond to reality.
Equilibrium models vs. complexity economics
Authors: Boland Lawrence A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter will critically examine the non-equilibrium-based complexity theory approach to model building. Complexity theory replaces equilibrium-based models with algorithm-based models. Attention will be paid to the work of W. Brian Arthur and the other researchers at the Santa Fe Institute, with a particular assessment of their approach to including knowledge and learning recognition in their alternative to equilibrium models. Topics discussed include complexity economics, technology, increasing returns, diversity, learning, path dependency and evolution. Particular attention is given to the Santa Fe Institutes use of inductive learning to characterize how a market participant acts in the face of incomplete and uncertain information.
The Ways Judges Dismiss Cases
Authors: Sperino Sandra F. , Thomas Suja A.
Published: May 2017

This chapter explains the ways that judges dismiss cases before trial, at trial, after trial, and even on appeal. It describes how cases proceed through litigation, discussing procedural junctures in a lawsuit that are likely to lead to a negative result for a worker claiming discrimination. It describes discrimination cases in which workers offered evidence suggesting that discrimination occurred and shows how judges dismissed those cases despite the workers’ evidence. Judges even dismissed cases after juries determined that the worker suffered discrimination in the workplace.
Down the Rabbit Hole
Authors: Sperino Sandra F. , Thomas Suja A.
Published: May 2017

The “stray remarks doctrine” is a court-created concept that allows courts to declare that certain discriminatory remarks are not relevant to an underlying claim of discrimination. This doctrine is one of many evidentiary rules and inferences that courts have created and that they sometimes use at the pretrial motion stage to evaluate discrimination claims instead of allowing cases to proceed to trial and to be decided by juries. In addition to the stray remarks doctrine, this chapter explores the “same-actor inference,” the “honest-belief doctrine,” “inference blindness,” and the idea that courts do not sit as “super-personnel departments.” These doctrines and inferences are unique to discrimination law, reflect stereotypical thinking, and are not justifiable. They prioritize the employer’s explanations over the interests of discrimination victims.
Causation
Authors: Sperino Sandra F. , Thomas Suja A.
Published: May 2017

Causation is another legal concept that courts use to dismiss workers’ discrimination claims. Causation requires some connection between the wrongful, discriminatory conduct and the harm that occurs. While causation can work as a general principle, courts have developed causation doctrines that unfairly limit discrimination claims. Courts declare that the worker has not shown a causal connection between discriminatory words or conduct and a later employment decision, even when a reasonable jury might decide there is evidence of discrimination.
The Future of Discrimination Law
Authors: Sperino Sandra F. , Thomas Suja A.
Published: May 2017

The words of the federal discrimination laws explicitly prohibit discrimination. Over time, however, federal judges have created a system of frameworks, rules, and inferences that distract them away from the central question of discrimination law and that push cases toward dismissal. This chapter discusses ways to ensure that the courts robustly enforce the federal antidiscrimination mandates. It sets forth measures legislatures, the EEOC, the judiciary, litigants, companies, and citizens can take to introduce more neutrality into discrimination law.
Experience and Constructive Theology
Authors: Peckruhn Heike
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 introduces the reader to the scope of the work, situates it in the scholarly field, and defines terms repeatedly used throughout the book, such as bodily experience, difference, constructive theology, and body theology. The chapter notes that the important question regarding bodily experience is not whether but how it will be valued. All experience is essentially bodily experience, and theology as a critical inquiry into our being in the world needs to consider experience as a resource by attending to bodily experience and the way it situates us in the world. The chapter previews the book’s aim to provide a robust and complex notion of “body theology” and demonstrate what kinds of analyses this re-envisioned approach can do, and to offer an integrated view of the role of perception in bodily experience.
Situating Feminist Theologies Phenomenologically
Authors: Peckruhn Heike
Published: May 2017

Chapter 2 investigates the manner in which feminist theologies employ experience as a source for theology, particularly sensory experience. It highlights scholarly work that seeks to overcome body-mind dualisms by appealing to perception and analyzes where and how these attempts fall short. Perception in the theological works surveyed is either conceived in an empiricist or intellectualist fashion, which upholds the very body-mind dualism sought to move beyond. The chapter proposes that we are our bodies, and we experience the world as we are in the world through our bodies, as body-subjects. This leaves no room for an ontological separation of the subject “I” and the body of the subject.
Revisiting Body Theology Approaches
Authors: Peckruhn Heike
Published: May 2017

Chapter 6 revisits feminist theologies, using body theology commitments to analyze potential issues detected in the works of Carter Heyward and Marcella Althaus-Reid. Inattention to the dynamics of perception fundamental to our bodily experience inadvertently undermines the strength of their respective works. Both theologians explicitly reflect on bodily experience and seek to construct liberative theologies, make reference to the pitfalls of body/mind dualisms, and highlight, in one way or another, knowledge via perception. Bringing body theology commitments to Carter Heyward’s theological project, the chapter discusses ways in which body theology can go beyond naïve appeals to sensory perception as epistemological venue. Marcella Althaus-Reid’s work will serve as an example of body metaphor theology. Exploring and suspending/delaying Althaus-Reid’s theological method will show how body theology can strengthen theological aims, namely by dwelling on and exploring experience more thoroughly, thus avoiding a too quick move from experience to metaphor.
To Continue
Authors: Peckruhn Heike
Published: May 2017

I do not have to write on or about bodies but without doubt will always write through bodies, my own and those with whom I am mutually emerging and becoming. So then, what would “body” as adjective do, facing disembodied though divinized masculinities of the theological Word? Our bodily experiences are what immerse us in “the stuff” of who we are and what this life is made of, and we move as bodies in various perceptual dimensions. If bodily experience is difficult to express or narrate, it is because it is always on the edge of, never reducible to or arrested within, what is speakable....
Kidnapped, Jailed, Vilified
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

In 1919, rebels seeking to discredit President Carranza kidnapped Jenkins, but once his friends had paid the ransom he found himself jailed for having concocted the episode, a move that outraged hawkish US politicians and almost provoked an armed intervention. As Carranza looked for a successor he might manipulate as his puppet, rebels abducted Jenkins from his mill, targeting him for his wealth and his status as US consular agent. After his release and subsequent jailing, Senator Albert Fall and Secretary of State Robert Lansing tried to use the “insult” as a final-straw pretext for an invasion; the Revolution had seen loss to American life and property and multiple kidnappings. But the plan failed when Carranza had Jenkins released. The affair gave birth to a Machiavellian Jenkins “Black Legend” and marked an evolution in gringophobia, whereby US businessmen rather than politicians were perceived as Mexico’s chief exterior threat.
The Jenkins Foundation and the Battle for the Soul of the PRI
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

During his final years, Jenkins set up a charity that introduced the US-style foundation to Mexico, bought the second-largest bank, and became a political football amid the left wing versus right-wing struggle for dominance within the ruling party. The Mary Street Jenkins Foundation echoed the noblesse oblige of the US robber barons, but it also facilitated Jenkins’s continued shaping of Puebla politics, keeping power in conservative hands. With the help of his film-industry deputy, Manuel Espinosa Yglesias, he performed the first major hostile takeover in Mexican history, buying number-two bank Bancomer. Under President López Mateos, he continued to loom large but as an ultracapitalistic symbol of how the Mexican Revolution had lost its way—and thus as a tool of politicized gringophobia. Impervious to criticism, Jenkins dedicated his remaining energy to philanthropy and a cotton plantation in Michoacán. Distanced from his daughters, he would daily visit Mary’s grave and read to her. He died in 1963.
Jenkins’s Earthly Afterlife
Authors: Paxman Andrew
Published: May 2017

Jenkins lived on in both a Black Legend, whereby leftists memorialized him as a grasping gringo, and a White Legend, whereby his Mary Street Jenkins Foundation perpetuated his repute as a philanthropist. Ironically, Espinosa Yglesias steered the foundation askew, focusing on private education rather than public and on projects outside Puebla, as he fought the rise of the left at universities and sought protection for his bank. Having lost Bancomer after all amid the nationalizations of 1982, he pursued philanthropy full-time. Espinosa’s story reflects his mentor’s. Both excelled at making money with the complicity of politicians; both pursued business to the detriment of their families. The Jenkins legends continue today, and in Puebla one’s view of Jenkins is a litmus test of one’s ideology: left or right. But the gringophobia of which he was a major tool has waned, as increasing contact between Mexicans and Americans has eroded old fears and suspicions.
Federal Careers for Applied Community Psychologists
Authors: Armstead Theresa L.
Published: May 2017

This chapter covers one community psychologist’s transition from academia to a public health agency in the federal government. The author compares and contrasts the similarities of the two employer types, describes her roles and responsibilities for supporting a publicly funded prevention program, and offers advice for job seekers. Readers will learn how community psychology competences position them well for a career in the federal government.
Practicing Community Psychology in a Large Nonprofit Research and Evaluation Organization
Authors: Tanyu Manolya
Published: May 2017

This chapter introduces the reader to work life in a large nonprofit research organization with respect to project-based work, teaming, organizational resources and challenges, as well as technical and soft skills that are valued in this type of environment. The chapter discusses how the concepts of diversity and theoretical perspectives of community psychology apply within such a setting and gives the reader an overview of how the content and tools acquired during training in community psychology are used within this setting. The chapter closes with suggestions for learning areas that can be strengthened while still in school or early on a career path in a large organization.
Community Colleges
Authors: Majer John M.
Published: May 2017

Community psychologists typically work in various settings, such as universities, community-based organizations, and/or as independent consultants. This chapter describes the experiences of one community psychologist who found a niche within a community college, including some material on his transition from graduate school to community college faculty and progression to tenured professor. This chapter describes how some community psychology values and competencies (i.e., human diversity, advocacy, mentorship, community-building) are practiced in this unique setting.
Doing Community Psychology Internationally
Authors: Harvey Ronald , Mihaylov Nikolay L.
Published: May 2017

International Community Psychology (ICP) is an exciting and growing development in our field and worthy of serious consideration as a career choice. However, ICP’s unique rewards come with additional challenges in the field. In this chapter, the authors interviewed five experienced international researchers to describe past, current, and future community research and action in the United States, South America, Kenya, Hungary, Bulgaria, Russia, and China. The interviewees discuss how they got started with international research, found international collaborators, what it is like to do ICP research, and how they addressed practical issues encountered in the field like overcoming language barriers and working effectively with collaborators with limited resources and differing attitudes toward social problems. The authors argue that doing ICP is a methodology in itself: international work can expose one’s hidden assumptions about theory, context, and implementation. Conducting ICP research requires a level of creativity and humility that generates unique satisfaction.
The Melancholic State of Turkish Classical Music
Authors: Gill Denise
Published: May 2017

Chapter 1 brings to life a vast history of institutional reforms, politics, and performance practices that were affected by, and also facilitated, massive political changes from the seventeenth century of the Ottoman Empire to the founding of the Turkish Republic in 1923 through the various coups in Turkey (1960, 1971, 1981, and 1997, and the 2016 coup attempt) and contemporary shifts experienced by Turkish classical musicians under privatization and neoliberalism. The chapter argues that one of the most central binding elements of the genre “Turkish classical music” is a loss narrative which that tells the story of roots that have been cut and positions the music as dead.