bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
North‐South Negotiations about Financing for Development: State, Society and Market in the Global Age
Authors: Freeman Dena
Published: April 2018

In contemporary global politics different actors seek to create contrasting world orders through the existing mechanisms of global deliberation and policy making. This article draws on the anthropology of policy to elucidate some of the different potential world orders that are being discussed today. Developing the concept of ‘policy vision’, the article seeks to bring into focus the different policy visions currently being proposed by the countries of the North and those of the South in global policy negotiations at the United Nations. To do this it critically scrutinizes the divergent North‐South positions in the negotiations leading up to the 2015UNFinancing for Development conference in Addis Ababa and draws out their divergent visions of alternative world orders. The conclusion sets these alternative world orders within Dani Rodrik's ‘political trilemma of the global economy’ and considers their implications for the future of state, society and market in the global age.
Daily Patterns of Marijuana and Alcohol Co‐Use Among Individuals with Alcohol and Cannabis Use Disorders
Authors: Metrik Jane , Gunn Rachel L. , Jackson Kristina M. , Sokolovsky Alexander W. , Borsari Brian
Published: April 2018

Background

The study aims were to examine daily associations between marijuana and alcohol use and the extent to which the association differs as a function of cannabis use disorder (CUD) and/or alcohol use disorder (AUD) diagnosis.

Methods

Timeline Followback interview data was collected in a study of veterans (N = 127) recruited from a Veterans Affairs hospital who reported at least 1 day of co‐use of marijuana and alcohol in the past 180 days (22,860 observations). Participants reported 40% marijuana use days, 28% drinking days, with 37% meeting DSM‐5 criteria for CUD, 40% for AUD, and 15% for both. Use of marijuana on a given day was used to predict a 3‐level gender‐adjusted drinking variable (heavy: ≥5 (men)/4 (women) drinks; moderate: 1 to 4/3 drinks; or none: 0 drinks). A categorical 4‐level variable (no diagnosis, AUD, CUD, or both) was tested as a moderator of the marijuana–alcohol relationship.

Results

Multilevel modeling analyses demonstrated that participants were more likely to drink heavily compared to moderately (OR = 2.34) and moderately compared to not drinking (OR = 1.61) on marijuana use days relative to nonuse days. On marijuana use days, those with AUD and those with AUD + CUD were more likely to drink heavily (OR = 1.91; OR = 2.51, respectively), but those with CUD were less likely to drink heavily (OR = 0.32) compared to moderately, nonsignificant differences between any versus moderate drinking in interaction models.

Conclusions

Heavy drinking occurs on days when marijuana is also used. This association is particularly evident in individuals diagnosed with both AUD and CUD and AUDs alone but not in those with only CUDs. Findings suggest that alcohol interventions may need to specifically address marijuana use as a risk factor for heavy drinking and AUD.
Add‐On Memantine Treatment for Bipolar II Disorder Comorbid with Alcohol Dependence: A 12‐Week Follow‐Up Study
Authors: Lee Sheng‐Yu , Wang Tzu‐Yun , Chen Shiou‐Lan , Chang Yun‐Hsuan , Chen Po‐See , Huang San‐Yuan , Tzeng Nian‐Sheng , Wang Liang‐Jen , Lee I. Hui , Chen Kao Ching , Yang Yen Kuang , Hong Jau‐Shyong , Lu Ru‐Band
Published: April 2018

Background

Bipolar disorder (BD), especially BD‐II, is frequently comorbid with alcohol dependence. Because BD‐II and alcohol dependence are neurodegenerative disorders, agents with anti‐inflammatory and neurotrophic effects might provide effective therapy. We investigated whether add‐on memantine to regular valproic acid treatment ameliorated clinical symptoms, reduced alcohol use, and cytokine levels, and increased plasma brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in BD‐II patients with comorbid alcohol dependence.

Methods

In a single‐arm 12‐week clinical trial, BD‐II patients with comorbid alcohol dependence (n = 45) undergoing regular valproic acid treatments were given add‐on memantine (5 mg/d). Symptom severity, alcohol use, cytokine (plasma tumor necrosis factor‐α and C‐reactive protein [CRP], transforming growth factor‐β1 [TGF‐β1], interleukin‐8 [IL‐8], IL‐10), and plasma BDNF levels were regularly assessed.

Results

Mean within‐group decreases in Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS) and Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS) scores, alcohol use, CRP, BDNF, and IL‐8 levels were significantly different from baseline after 12 weeks of treatment. We found no significant correlation between alcohol use levels and changes in HDRS or YMRS scores. The correlation between reduced alcohol use and reduced TGF‐β1 level was significant (B = 0.003, p = 0.019).

Conclusions

BD‐II comorbid with alcohol dependence might benefit from add‐on memantine treatment, which significantly reduced clinical severity, alcohol use, and plasma cytokine levels, and increased BDNF levels.
The association between dividend payout and firm growth: Australian evidence
Authors: Dempsey Michael , Gunasekarage Abeyratna , Truong Thanh Tan
Published: April 2018

We report that whereas firms with high earnings distributions tend to have low‐to‐moderate growth (consistent with conventional theory), firms with low earnings distributions run the range between high and low performers. We interpret our findings for firm growth and payout policy in relation to the firm's location on the Boston Consulting Group (BCG) matrix that combines high/low growth with high/low market share. Our findings suggest that the market has difficulty in distinguishing between these types of firms. A concern is that investor preferences as an outcome may be focussed on dividend‐paying firms at the expense of younger growing firms in need of retained earnings.
Stress distributions in internal resorption cavities restored with different materials at different root levels: A finite element analysis study
Authors: Aslan Tuğrul , Üstün Yakup , Esim Emir
Published: April 2018

The aim of this study was to evaluate the stresses within simulated roots with internal resorption cavities at the apical, middle and coronal root levels, after obturation with gutta‐percha and/or MTA utilising finite element analysis (FEA). Mandibular premolar teeth with internal resorption cavities at different root levels were modelled. Models were restored with gutta‐percha and/or MTA. An oblique force of 300 N was applied and stress evaluations were carried out. In the MTA‐filled resorption models, the stresses were distributed more homogeneously than the gutta‐percha filled models, and the stress concentrations were lower in the remaining dentinal tissues. If the whole root is considered, the fully gutta‐percha‐filled models generated the highest stress values. Differences between the fully MTA‐filled models and hybrid techniques were present only in the apical resorption models. Both the MTA and combination of MTA and gutta‐percha can be suggested for use in clinical practice, in cases of internal root resorption cavity obturation.
Local and regional drivers of the African coffee white stem borer (Monochamus leuconotus) in Uganda
Authors: Liebig Theresa , Babin Régis , Ribeyre Fabienne , Läderach Peter , van Asten Piet , Poehling Hans‐Michael , Jassogne Laurence , Cilas Christian , Avelino Jacques
Published: April 2018

The African coffee white stem borer (CWSB) Monochamus leuconotus is a destructive pest of Arabica coffee in Africa. Documentation on outbreaks, spatiotemporal development and the relationship with different environmental conditions and coffee production system is limited.

To underpin effective control measures, we studied aspects of local and regional pest drivers in Eastern Uganda.

At the local scale, we (i) characterized the temporal development of CWSB and explored associations with environmental and shade‐related indicators. During two growing seasons and on 84 coffee plots, we recorded CWSB incidence/infestation and microclimate on an altitudinal gradient and different shading systems. The bimodal rainfall, altitude and shade affected CWSB development through their effect on minimum temperature.

At the landscape level, we (ii) analyzed the spatial pattern of CWSB. Data on CWSB were collected on 180 plots. Pest incidence showed a spatial arrangement varying by districts. A possible relationship with human movement and the landscape context contributing to pest spread is suggested.

CWSB control measures should be synchronized with the bimodal rainfall patterns and an emphasis should be given to identifying and limiting pathways of pest spread from highly infested to new areas.
Mitochondria, glycogen, and lipid droplets in skeletal muscle during testosterone treatment and strength training: a randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Jensen R. C. , Christensen L. L. , Nielsen J. , Schrøder H. D. , Kvorning T. , Gejl K. , Højlund K. , Glintborg D. , Andersen M.
Published: April 2018

Low testosterone levels in aging men are associated with insulin resistance. Mitochondrial dysfunction, changes in glycogen metabolism, and lipid accumulation are linked to insulin resistance in skeletal muscle. In this randomized, double‐blinded, placebo‐controlled study, we investigated the effects of six‐month testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and strength training (ST) on mitochondrial, glycogen, and lipid droplet (LD) content in skeletal muscle of aging men with subnormal bioavailable testosterone (BioT) levels. Mitochondrial, glycogen, and LD volume fractions in muscle biopsies were estimated by transmission electron microscopy. Insulin sensitivity (insulin‐stimulated Rd) and body composition were assessed by euglycemic‐hyperinsulinemic clamp and dual X‐ray absorptiometry, respectively. TRT significantly increased total testosterone levels, BioT, and lean body mass (LBM) (p < 0.05), whereas percent body fat decreased (p < 0.05), and insulin sensitivity was unchanged. Baseline mitochondrial volume fraction correlated inversely with percent body fat (ρ = −0.43; p = 0.003). Δ‐mitochondrial fraction correlated positively with Δ‐total testosterone (ρ = 0.70; p = 0.02), and Δ‐glycogen fraction correlated inversely with Δ‐LBM (ρ = −0.83; p = 0.002) during six‐month TRT, but no significant changes were observed in mitochondrial, glycogen, and LD volume fractions during TRT and ST. In conclusion, in this exploratory small‐scale study, the beneficial effects of six‐month TRT on total testosterone, LBM, and percent body fat were not followed by significant changes in fractions of mitochondria, glycogen, or lipid in skeletal muscle of aging men with lowered testosterone levels. Six‐month ST or combined three‐month ST+TRT did not change intramyocellular mitochondria, glycogen, and LD fractions compared to placebo. However, further studies with a larger sample size are needed.
“It is loved and it is defended”: Critical Solidarity Across Race and Place
Authors: Negrín da Silva Diana
Published: April 2018

Since 2010, the Wixárika (Huichol) indigenous people of western Mexico have struggled against transnational mining activity in their sacred pilgrimage site of Wirikuta in the semi‐desertic plateaus of San Luis Potosí. This struggle has been accompanied by a multitude of non‐indigenous and largely urban actors who have joined the Wixárika, bringing with them their own cultural, political and geographic registers for understanding and mobilising against mining in the region. Taking Wirikuta as a contemporary demonstration of interracial and cross‐geographic alliance building, I analyse how social movements that express solidarity and affective ties with the territories and cultures of indigenous peoples struggle to unsettle entrenched racial and spatial relations.
Did poor eyesight influence Goya's late works? Medicine and art history in search for an interpretation of Goya's late paintings
Authors: Pérez‐Trullén José M. , Ascaso Francisco J. , Auría María J.
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The aim of this article is to ‘determine’ the scope of Goya's eyesight difficulties and assess the extent to which those difficulties might explain his style of painting in the last years of his life.

Methods

We analyse the correspondence and late works of the Aragonese painter Francisco de Goya y Lucientes (1746–1828), who has been admired for his use of colour, his energetic loose brushstrokes, his disregard for details and his bold compositions, as well as for his different artistic styles throughout his life.

Results

The evolution of Goya's style of painting in his later works seems to have been the consequence of an eyesight condition, probably age‐related cataracts at an advanced stage. The faded dark backgrounds, which become blurred with the silhouette of the person portrayed, could indicate a certain degree of eye strain. This can be traced in all these works, but is especially evident in the unfinished portrait of Pío de Molina (1827–1828), as well as in the portraits of Mariano Goya, the artist′s grandson (1827), and Jacques Galos (1826).

Conclusion

It has been considered that the late and isolated Goya′s sight problems were a belated consequence of his severe illness of 1792. Nevertheless, in our opinion, this is a simplistic explanation and, given the painter's age, it is logical to presume that their cause could be age‐related lens opacities. This article argues that medicine may become a subsidiary science to art history, as it can provide empirical evidence of the way painters' illnesses may have a strong impact on their artworks.
The prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction, tear film and ocular surface parameters in an Austrian dry eye clinic population
Authors: Rabensteiner Dieter Franz , Aminfar Haleh , Boldin Ingrid , Schwantzer Gerold , Horwath‐Winter Jutta
Published: April 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study was to assess the prevalence of meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD) and its association with tear film and ocular surface parameters in an Austrian clinical population of dry eye patients.

Methods

The records of 1372 consecutive patients from a dry eye unit were analysed retrospectively. Symptoms and objective tear film and ocular surface parameters were evaluated. Patients were classified into pure MGD, pure aqueous tear deficiency (ATD), MGD combined with ATD, pure anterior blepharitis (AB), Sjogren's syndrome (SS) without MGD and SS together with MGD.

Results

Nine‐hundred and sixty‐five patients, that is 70.3% of the investigated population, mean age 55.4 ± 16.6 years, had signs of MGD. Of these, 684 (70.9%) were female. The intensity of symptoms did not differ between subgroups. Four hundred and ninety (50.8%) MGD patients had Schirmer test values ≤10 mm/5 min. The fluorescein break‐up time and Schirmer test values were significantly higher in the pure AB and MGD group. The pure MGD group showed a significantly lower fluorescein staining of the cornea compared to the other groups, except for pure AB. Lissamine green staining of the ocular surface was present in all groups, but was at least pronounced in the pure MGD and AB group.

Conclusion

Meibomian gland dysfunction is a major cause of ocular discomfort and could often be found in combination with a reduced aqueous tear secretion. Although the intensity of subjective complaints was similar to all other subgroups, pure MGD exhibited the lowest severity of signs of ocular surface damage and also affected younger people.
Evolution of fundus autofluorescence patterns over time in patients with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Zola Marta , Chatziralli Irini , Menon Deepthy , Schwartz Roy , Hykin Phil , Sivaprasad Sobha
Published: April 2018

Purpose

To determine the evolution of fundus autofluorescence (FAF) patterns in chronic central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) over time.

Methods

We retrospectively studied the changes in FAF patterns over time in 157 eyes of 112 patients with chronic CSCR using the Heidelberg Retina Angiography with a 488‐nm excitation light and a 500‐nm cutoff barrier filter.

Results

The mean duration of follow‐up was 37.2 months. The most common baseline pattern was that of granular hypoautofluorescence (51.0%). The earliest change in chronic CSCR is diffuse hyperautofluorescence and it occurs approximately 4 months after the reported first episode. The most common change observed at this stage is a change within areas of hyperautofluorescence where hyper‐reflective dots appeared or disappeared. Change in FAF patterns from areas of hyperautofluorescence to hypoautofluorescence was slow. Only 25% of eyes showed such a change in pattern by 36 months. It takes an average of 24 months for granular hypoautofluorescent pattern to develop confluent hypoautofluorescence. There were no predictive patterns for the development of confluent CSCR.

Conclusion

Fundus autofluorescence (FAF) changes in CSCR evolve very gradually and so is not a good outcome measure for clinical trials.
Patient with mediastinitis caused by delayed mucosal damage after peroral endoscopic myotomy
Authors: Okada Hiroki , Shiwaku Hironari , Yamashita Kanefumi , Ohmiya Toshihiro , Inoue Haruhiro , Hasegawa Suguru
Published: April 2018

Peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) is a groundbreaking procedure for treating esophageal achalasia, and many reports from various facilities have described its safety and efficacy. However, there have been few reports on adverse events. Here, we report a case of a patient with mediastinitis caused by delayed mucosal damage after POEM. This case was the most severe among all POEM cases at our hospital. A 58‐year‐old man had experienced dysphagia and chest tightness since he was around 50 years old. At a previous hospital, he had been diagnosed with nonerosive reflux disease and had undergone fundoplication. As his symptoms did not improve, he was referred to our department. POEM was able to be finished but a stable visual field could not be maintained throughout procedure because of strong esophageal contractions. From findings of endoscopy and esophagography after POEM, the patient was diagnosed mediastinitis caused by delayed esophageal perforation. In this case, conservative treatment (fasting, antibiotic therapy, and enteral feeding) was successful. However, the option to administer surgical treatment, such as drainage, must not be overlooked.
Splenic artery as a simple landmark indicating difficulty during laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy
Authors: Ishikawa Yoshiya , Ban Daisuke , Watanabe Shuichi , Akahoshi Keiichi , Ono Hiroaki , Mitsunori Yusuke , Kudo Atsushi , Tanaka Shinji , Tanabe Minoru
Published: April 2018

Introduction

The use of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy (LDP) is increasing worldwide. It is important for surgeons to predict preoperatively the difficulty and risks of a surgery. However, very few reports have evaluated the impact of patient or tumor factors on the difficulty of LDP. We aimed to determine the predictors of technical difficulties when performing LDP.

Methods

This study included 34 patients who underwent LDP. Patient information was obtained retrospectively and included age, gender, BMI, primary disease, previous abdominal surgery, previous pancreatitis, tumor size, tumor proximity to the splenic arterial origin, type of splenic artery (SpA), operative time, blood loss, postoperative pancreatic fistula, and length of hospital stay. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to determine the predictors of a long operative time. SpA anatomy was classified into two types based on the relationship between its origin and the pancreas. Patients whose SpA origin was upward of the pancreatic parenchyma were classified as SpA type 1, whereas patients whose SpA origin was covered by the pancreatic parenchyma were classified as SpA type 2.

Results

Multivariate analysis revealed SpA type 2 to be an independent risk factor for a long operation (odds ratio = 9.925; 95% confidence interval: 1.461–67.412; P = 0.019). SpA type 2 was related to a longer operative time (P < 0.001) and greater intraoperative blood loss (P = 0.001).

Conclusion

Classification according to SpA type is simple and useful for predicting technical difficulty when performing LDP.
Single‐use disposable digital flexible ureteroscopes: an ex vivo assessment and cost analysis
Authors: Hennessey Derek B. , Fojecki Grzegorz L. , Papa Nathan P. , Lawrentschuk Nathan , Bolton Damien
Published: April 2018

Objective

To assess and measure the capability of a single‐use disposable digital flexible ureteroscope, the LithoVue™ (Boston Scientific, Marlborough, MA, USA), and to assess if there is a benefit to switching to single‐use scopes.

Patients and Methods

The LithoVue was compared to two commonly used reusable flexible ureteroscopes (Olympus URF‐V [Olympus, Tokyo, Japan] and Karl Storz Flex‐Xc [Karl Storz & Co. KG, Tuttlingen, Germany]) ex vivo. An analysis of reusable ureteroscope usage was performed to evaluate damage, durability, and maintenance costs. This was then compared to the projected costs of using single‐use disposable scopes.

Results

Flexion, deflection and irrigation flow of the LithoVue was equivalent, if not better than the reusable flexible ureteroscopes. An analysis of 234 procedures with seven new Olympus URF‐V scopes, revealed 15 scope damages. Staghorn stones and lower pole/mid‐zone stones were significant risk factors for damage (P = 0.014). Once damage occurred it was likely to occur again. Total repair costs were $162 628 (Australian dollars) (£92 411 in Great British pounds), the mean cost per case was $695 (£395). Factoring in the purchase cost, cleaning and repair costs, the cumulative cost of 28 reusable flexible ureteroscopy procedures was ~$50 000 (£28 412). If the LithoVue was priced at $1 200 (£682), switching to a single‐use scope would cost ~$35 000 (£19 888).

Conclusion

The LithoVue is analogous to reusable flexible ureteroscopes in regard to standard technical metrics. Depending on its purchase cost it may also represent a cost saving for hospitals when compared to the cumulative costs of maintaining reusable scopes. Additionally, urologist may consider using the scope in cases in which reusable scope damage is anticipated.
The Cellie Coping Kit for Children with Injury: Initial feasibility, acceptability, and outcomes
Authors: Marsac M. L. , Weiss D. , Kohser K. L. , Van Allen J. , Seegan P. , Ostrowski‐Delahanty S. , McGar A. , Winston F. K. , Kassam‐Adams N.
Published: April 2018

Purpose

Physical and psychological challenges can arise from paediatric injury, which can impact child health outcomes. Evidence‐based resources to promote recovery are limited. The low cost, portable Cellie Coping Kit for Children with Injury provides evidence‐based strategies to help children manage injury‐related challenges. This study aimed to describe intervention feasibility and explore initial outcomes (learning, quality of life [QOL], and trauma symptoms).

Methods

Three independent pilot studies were conducted. Child–parent dyads (n = 61) participated in the intervention; ~36% completed a 4‐week follow‐up assessment.

Results

Results suggested that the intervention was feasible (e.g., 95% of parents would recommend the intervention; >85% reported that it was easy to use). Over 70% of participants reported learning new skills. No statistically significant differences were detected for children's QOL or trauma symptoms preintervention to postintervention.

Conclusion

Preliminary research suggests that the Cellie Coping Kit for Children with Injuries is a feasible, low‐cost, preventive intervention, which may provide families with strategies to promote recovery from paediatric injury. Future research, including a randomized controlled trial, ought to further examine targeted long‐term intervention outcomes.
Evaluation of Agri‐Environmental Programs: Can We Determine If We Grew Forward in an Environmentally Friendly Way?
Authors: Boxall Peter C.
Published: April 2018

The environmental elements of the quinquennial agricultural policy frameworks are probably the largest agri‐environmental programs in Canada and have been running for about 15 years. Formal evaluation of their effectiveness has either not been done, or is not available for researchers and policy analysts to compare with other agri‐environmental policy efforts. This address introduces this problem and attempts to examine evaluative approaches using Alberta's Growing Forward 1 and 2 environmental stewardship programs. While this attempt has uncovered significant data issues, there is evidence that program managers targeted funds to areas where water quality risks are of concern. The review also questions the requirement that producers eligible for funding must have an Environmental Farm Plan. After 15 years of having this requirement, I argue that it's time for Alberta's environmental stewardship program to relax this.

Les éléments environnementaux des cadres politiques agricoles quinquennaux représentent probablement les plus vastes programmes agroenvironnementaux au Canada et opèrent depuis environ quinze ans. L'évaluation formelle de leur efficacité n'a soit pas été entreprise, ou n'est pas disponible pour les chercheurs et analystes politiques afin qu'ils les comparent à d'autres efforts en matière de politique agroenvironnementale. Cet énoncé présente ce problème et tente d'examiner les approches évaluatives utilisées par les programmes albertains de gérance environnementale Cultivons l'avenir 1 et 2. S'il est vrai que cette tentative a révélé de considérables problèmes de données, des preuves démontrent que les gestionnaires de programmes dirigeaient les fonds vers les régions où la qualité de l'eau est en jeu. L'évaluation s'interroge aussi au sujet de l'exigence selon laquelle les producteurs admissibles au financement doivent présenter un plan agroenvironnemental. Ayant été requise pendant quinze ans, je propose que le programme de gérance environnementale de l'Alberta assouplisse cette exigence.
Randomized controlled clinical study assessing two membranes for guided bone regeneration of peri‐implant bone defects: 3‐year results
Authors: Basler Tobias , Naenni Nadja , Schneider David , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Jung Ronald E. , Thoma Daniel S.
Published: April 2018

Objectives

To assess two‐ and three‐dimensional changes of the peri‐implant tissues as well as clinical, biological, and radiological outcomes of implants having been treated with resorbable or nonresorbable membranes at 3 years.

Materials and methods

Twenty‐three patients were re‐examined after having received a single‐tooth implant in the esthetic zone in conjunction with guided bone regeneration (GBR) using either a resorbable (RES) or a titanium‐reinforced nonresorbable membrane (N‐RES) and demineralized bovine bone mineral. Volumetric and linear as well as clinical and radiographic measurements were performed at crown insertion (baseline), at 1 year (FU‐1) and 3 years (FU‐3). Statistics were performed by means of parametric and nonparametric tests.

Results

Minor, but ongoing buccal volume loss was observed in both groups during the 3‐year follow‐up. A slightly higher volume loss was observed in group RES (−0.22 mm) compared to N‐RES (−0.14 mm) at 1 year (FU‐1), but aligned at 3 years (FU‐3) RES (−0.30 mm) N‐RES (−0.32 mm). All changes over time were statistically significantly different within (p < .05), but not between the groups (p > .05). Stable median interproximal bone levels after 3 years (FU‐3); 0.26 mm (0.04; 0.36) (RES) and 0.14 mm (0.08; 0.20) (N‐RES) and healthy tissues (BOP, PD) were obtained with both membranes.

Conclusions

Both treatment modalities resulted in minor, but ongoing contour changes of the peri‐implant tissues. Stable interproximal bone levels and healthy tissues can be obtained with membranes up to 3 years.
Effect of cleaning methods on retentive values of saliva‐contaminated implant‐supported zirconia copings
Authors: Nejatidanesh Farahnaz , Savabi Omid , Savabi Ghazal , Razavi Mehdi
Published: April 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of different cleaning regimens on retentive strength of saliva‐contaminated implant‐supported zirconia copings.

Material and Methods

Seventy solid titanium abutments with 5.5 mm height (Straumann) were attached to the regular neck implant analogs (Straumann). The abutment‐analog complex was mounted vertically in an autopolymerized T‐shaped acrylic resin block. Seventy zirconia copings with an occlusal loop were made. The copings were contaminated with fresh human saliva for 1 min (except the control group). Afterward, the specimens were washed with water spray for 15 s and dried for 15 s. The copings were divided into seven groups according to cleaning methods (n = 10). Group 1: no contamination (control group); Group 2: water spray rinsing; Group 3: airborne particle abrasion; Group 4: immersion in 96% isopropanol; Group 5: applying Ivoclean (Ivoclar Vivadent); Group 6: applying 1% sodium hypochlorite; and Group 7: applying Monobond Plus (Ivoclar Vivadent). The copings were luted with a resin luting agent (RelyX Unicem; 3M ESPE). After 5,000 thermal cycles, the retentive values of the restorations were tested using universal testing machine. The dislodging forces were analyzed using one‐way analysis of variance and the Tukey's HSD tests (α = 0.05).

Results

The copings, which were cleaned with Ivoclean and 96% isopropanol, showed the highest retentive values (204.79 ± 44.49 and 232.65 ± 71.36, respectively). There was a significant difference between the studied groups (F = 2.735; p = .02). Tukey's HSD showed that there was no significant difference between the different cleaning procedures and control group except water rinsing group (p = .14). The lowest retentive value was related to the saliva‐contaminated group, which were only cleaned with water rinsing method.

Conclusion

The retentive values of zirconia‐based restorations were adversely affected by saliva contaminations. These restorations can be cleaned by Ivoclean, 96% isopropanol, airborne particle abrasion, 1% sodium hypochlorite, or applying Monobond Plus before luting procedures.
Predicting therapeutic response to fingolimod treatment in multiple sclerosis patients
Authors: Quirant‐Sánchez Bibiana , Hervás‐García José V. , Teniente‐Serra Aina , Brieva Luis , Moral‐Torres Ester , Cano Antonio , Munteis Elvira , Mansilla María J. , Presas‐Rodriguez Silvia , Navarro‐Barriuso Juan , Ramo‐Tello Cristina , Martínez‐Cáceres Eva M.
Published: April 2018

Aims

Fingolimod, an orally active immunomodulatory drug for relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS), sequesters T cells in lymph nodes through functional antagonism of the sphingosine‐1‐phosphate receptor, reducing the number of potential autoreactive cells that migrate to the central nervous system. However, not all RRMS patients respond to this therapy. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that by immune‐monitoring RRMS patient's leukocyte subpopulations it is possible to find biomarkers associated with clinical response to fingolimod.

Methods

Prospective study. Analysis of peripheral blood mononuclear cell subpopulations by multiparametric flow cytometry, at baseline and +1, +3, +6, +12 months of follow‐up in 40 RRMS patients starting fingolimod therapy.

Results

Fingolimod treatment induced a severe lymphopenia affecting mainly T and B cells. A relative increase in Treg (memory Treg: 3.8 ± 1.0% baseline vs 8.8 ± 4.4% month +1; activated Treg: 1.5 ± 0.7% baseline vs 3.7 ± 2.1% month +1, P < 0.001) as well as transitional B cells (10.5 ± 12.3% baseline vs 18.7 ± 14.6% month +1, P < 0.001) was observed.

Interestingly, lymphocyte subpopulations were already at baseline significantly different in responder patients. The percentage of recent thymic emigrants (RTE) used to stratify fingolimod responder, and no responder patients was the best biomarker (4.0 ± 1.4% vs 7.4 ± 1.9%, respectively [P < 0.001]).

Conclusion

The results support that immune‐monitoring of lymphocyte subpopulations in peripheral blood is a promising tool to select RRMS candidate for fingolimod treatment.
Sodium nitroprusside is effective in preventing and/or reversing the development of schizophrenia‐related behaviors in an animal model: The SHR strain
Authors: Diana Mariana C. , Peres Fernanda F. , Justi Veronica , Bressan Rodrigo A. , Lacerda Acioly L. T. , Crippa José Alexandre , Hallak Jaime E. C. , Abilio Vanesssa Costhek
Published: April 2018

Aims

The treatment of schizophrenia with antipsychotics is still unsatisfactory. Therefore, the search for new treatments and prevention is crucial, and animal models are fundamental tools for this objective. Preclinical and clinical data evidence the antipsychotic profile of sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a nitric oxide (NO) donor. We aimed to investigate SNP in treating and/or preventing the schizophrenia‐related behaviors presented by the spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) strain.

Methods

Wistar rats (WR) and SHRs were submitted to two schemes of treatment: (i) a single injection of SNP or vehicle in adulthood; (ii) a long‐term early treatment from 30 to 60 postnatal day with SNP or vehicle. The following behaviors were evaluated 24 hours after the acute treatment or 30 days after the long‐term treatment: locomotion, social interaction, and contextual fear conditioning.

Results

Spontaneously hypertensive rats presented hyperlocomotion, decreased social interaction, and impaired contextual fear conditioning. Single injection of SNP decreased social interaction in both strains and induced a deficit in contextual fear conditioning in WR. Oppositely, early treatment with SNP prevented the behavioral abnormalities in adult SHRs without promoting any effects in WR.

Conclusion

Our preclinical data point to SNP as a preventive and safe strategy with a broad range of effectiveness to the positive, negative, and cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia.
Repurposing carbamazepine for the treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in SOD1‐G93A mouse model
Authors: Zhang Jing‐Jing , Zhou Qin‐Ming , Chen Sheng , Le Wei‐Dong
Published: April 2018

Aims

To investigate the effect and mechanisms of carbamazepine (CBZ) on the onset and progression of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) in SOD1‐G93A mouse model.

Methods

Starting from 64 days of age, SOD1‐G93A mice were orally administered with CBZ at 200 mg/kg once daily until death. The disease onset and life span of SOD1‐G93A mice were recorded. Motor neurons (MNs) in anterior horn of spinal cord were quantified by Nissl staining and SMI‐32 immunostaining. Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen (NADH), modified Gomori trichrome (MGT), and α‐bungarotoxin‐ATTO‐488 staining were also performed to evaluate muscle and neuromuscular junction (NMJ) damage. Expressions of aggregated SOD1 protein and autophagy‐related proteins were further detected by Western blot and immunofluorescent staining.

Results

Carbamazepine treatment could delay the disease onset and extend life span of SOD1‐G93A mice by about 14.5% and 13.9%, respectively. Furthermore, CBZ treatment reduced MNs loss by about 46.6% and ameliorated the altered muscle morphology and NMJ. Much more interestingly, mechanism study revealed that CBZ treatment activated autophagy via AMPK‐ULK1 pathway and promoted the clearance of mutant SOD1 aggregation.

Conclusion

Our findings uncovered the therapeutic effects of CBZ against disease pathogenesis in SOD1‐G93A mice, indicating a promising clinical utilization of CBZ in ALS therapy.
AMP‐activated protein kinase‐dependent induction of autophagy by erythropoietin protects against spinal cord injury in rats
Authors: Wang Peng , Xie Zhong‐Dong , Xie Chang‐Nan , Lin Chao‐Wei , Wang Ji‐Li , Xuan Li‐Na , Zhang Chun‐Wu , Wang Yu , Huang Zhi‐Hui , Teng Hong‐Lin
Published: April 2018

Aims

Autophagy has been regarded as a promising therapeutic target for spinal cord injury (SCI). Erythropoietin (EPO) has been demonstrated to exhibit neuroprotective effects in the central nervous system (CNS); however, the molecular mechanisms of its protection against SCI remain unknown. This study aims to investigate whether the neuroprotective effects of EPO on SCI are mediated by autophagy via AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) signaling pathways.

Methods

Functional assessment and Nissl staining were used to investigate the effects of EPO on SCI. Expressions of proteins were detected by Western blot and immunohistochemistry.

Results

Treatment with EPO significantly reduced the loss of motor neurons and improved the functional recovery following SCI. Erythropoietin significantly enhanced the SCI‐induced autophagy through activating AMPK and inactivating mTOR signaling. The inhibitor of AMPK, compound C, could block the EPO‐induced autophagy and beneficial action on SCI, whereas the activator of AMPK, metformin, could mimic the effects of EPO. In the in vitro studies, EPO enhanced the hypoxia‐induced autophagy in an AMPK‐dependent manner.

Conclusions

The AMPK‐dependent induction of autophagy contributes to the neuroprotection of EPO on SCI.
A meta‐analysis on the surgical management of paraganglioma of the carotid body per Shamblin class
Authors: Jansen T.T.G. , Marres H.A.M. , Kaanders J.H.A.M. , Kunst H.P.M.
Published: April 2018

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the risk associated with different types of surgery for carotid body paraganglioma of different Shamblin class. A meta‐analysis was conducted to evaluate per tumour class, the local control, cranial nerve damage and complication rates of different techniques using internal carotid artery (ICA) and external carotid artery (ECA) ligation, clamping or bypassing, as well as the craniocaudal vs caudocranial techniques.

Design

A meta‐analysis is conducted after a systematic search in PubMed and the Cochrane library, in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines.

Main outcome measures

Local control, cranial nerve damage, complications, function recovery.

Results

Out of 3565 articles, 27 were selected. The overall quality of evidence of studies was low. Cranial nerve damage (3%, 17% and 39%) and complication rates (0%, 1% and 10%) were significantly related to Shamblin class (class 1, 2 and 3, respectively, P < .01). For class 3 tumours, an increased risk of complications was found associated with routine ICA manipulation/reconstruction (RR 3.12 with a 95% CI of 1.29‐7.59), as well as a trend towards enhanced risk of routine ECA ligation (RR 3.48 with a 95% CI of 0.88‐13.81).

Conclusions

For class 1 and 2 tumours, surgery seems a viable treatment option. For class 3 tumours, morbidity in terms of cranial nerve deficit and complications is considerable; particularly, the use of ICA manipulation/reconstruction and potentially ECA ligation seem to be accompanied by high stroke incidence.
The use, and usefulness, of spatial conservation prioritizations
Authors: Sinclair Samuel P. , Milner‐Gulland E.J. , Smith Robert J. , McIntosh Emma J. , Possingham Hugh P. , Vercammen Ans , Knight Andrew T.
Published: April 2018

Spatial conservation prioritization is used globally to guide decision making with the aim of delivering the best conservation gain per unit investment. However, despite many publications on the topic, the extent to which this approach is used by decision makers has been unclear. To investigate the degree to which prioritization has been adopted by practitioners to guide conservation implementation, we conducted an online survey, collecting data on the approaches used to develop prioritizations and the reported extent of translation to on‐the‐ground action. Using a cluster analysis, we identified two categories of prioritizations, those developed to advance the field (42% of responses) and those intended for implementation (58% of responses). Respondents reported 74% of the prioritizations intended for implementation had translated to on‐the‐ground action. Additionally, we identified strong collaboration between academics and practitioners in prioritization development, suggesting a bridging of the theory‐practice gap. We recommend continued collaboration and research into the effectiveness of prioritizations in delivering conservation impacts.
Wicked conflict: Using wicked problem thinking for holistic management of conservation conflict
Authors: Mason Tom H.E. , Pollard Chris R.J. , Chimalakonda Deepthi , Guerrero Angela M. , Kerr‐Smith Catherine , Milheiras Sergio A.G. , Roberts Michaela , R. Ngafack Paul , Bunnefeld Nils
Published: April 2018

Conservation conflict is widespread, damaging, and has proved difficult to manage using conventional conservation approaches. Conflicts are often “wicked problems,” lacking clear solutions due to divergent values of stakeholders, and being embedded within wickedly complex environments. Drawing on the concept of wicked environmental problems could lead to management strategies better suited to tackling conflict. However, it is unclear whether managers are embracing ideas from the wicked problems concept. There is currently a lack of guidance for applying strategies to tackle particular wicked problems, such as conservation conflict. We explored the suitability of wicked problems‐inspired management, using eight contemporary conflict case studies. Conservation conflict was managed predominantly using conventional approaches suited to tackling single objectives in simple environments, rather than balancing competing objectives in complex environments. To deal with different characteristics of wickedness, we recommend that managers develop strategies combining distributed decision‐making, diverse opinions, pattern‐based predictions, trade‐off‐based objectives, and reporting of failures. Recent advances in conservation conflict research have focused on improving interactions among stakeholders. We believe that such stakeholder‐focused approaches would dovetail with the whole‐system focus of a wicked problems framework, allowing conservationists to move toward a holistic strategy for managing conservation conflict.
When conservation research goes awry: A reply to Mascia and Mills (2018)
Authors: Lund Jens Friis , Bluwstein Jevgeniy
Published: April 2018

We raise two points of contention with “When conservation goes viral: The diffusion of innovative biodiversity conservation policies and practices” in which Mascia and Mills make a case for “diffusion of innovation theory” as a way of understanding how conservation interventions spread, drawing on case studies from Tanzania and the Pacific. First, the conceptualization of the spread of CBNRM as the uptake of innovative policies through diffusion depoliticizes CBNRM and ignores existing social science scholarship on Tanzanian CBNRM. Second, the article's central claim of “diffusion” builds on inflated statistics on the spread of CBNRM in Tanzania.
KDM1A regulated the osteo/dentinogenic differentiation process of the stem cells of the apical papilla via binding with PLOD2
Authors: Wang Lijun , Yang Haoqing , Lin Xiao , Cao Yangyang , Gao Peipei , Zheng Ying , Fan Zhipeng
Published: April 2018

Objectives

Dental tissue‐derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)‐mediated pulp‐dentin regeneration is considered a potential approach for the regeneration of damaged teeth. Enhancing MSC‐mediated pulp‐dentin regeneration is based on an understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying directed cell differentiation process. Histone demethylation enzyme, lysine demethylase 1A (KDM1A) can regulate the differentiation of some MSCs, but its role in dental tissue‐derived MSCs is unclear.

Material and Methods

We obtained SCAPs from immature teeth. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity assay, Alizarin red staining, quantitative calcium analysis, osteogenesis‐related genes expression and in vivo transplantation experiment were used to explore the osteo/dentinogenic differentiation. Co‐immunoprecipitation (Co‐IP) assay was used to investigate the binding protein.

Results

Knock‐down of KDM1A reduced ALP activity and mineralization, promoted the expressions of osteo/dentinogenic differentiation markers DSPP, DMP1, BSP and key transcript factors, RUNX2, OSX, DLX2 in SCAPs, and also enhanced the osteo/dentinogenesis in vivo. In addition, KDM1A could associate with PLOD2 to form protein complex. And knock‐down of PLOD2 inhibited ALP activity and mineralization, and promoted the expressions of DSPP, DMP1, BSP, RUNX2, OSX and DLX2 in SCAPs.

Conclusions

KDM1A might have different role in different stages of osteo/dentinogenic differentiation process by binding partner with PLOD2, and finally resulted in the inhibited function for the osteo/dentinogenesis in SCAPs. Our studies provided a further understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of dynamic osteo/dentinogenic differentiation process in dental tissue MSCs.
Mycobacterium tuberculosisafter solid organ transplantation: A review of more than 2000 cases
Authors: Abad Cybele Lara R. , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: April 2018

Background

Mycobacterium tuberculosis(TB) is a common pathogen worldwide, and it may cause significant infection after solid organ transplantation (SOT). We reviewed all reportedTBcases to provide an update on its epidemiology, clinical presentation, management, and outcome afterSOT.

Methods

MEDLINE,EMBASE, andOVIDwere reviewed from January 1, 1998, to December 31, 2016, using keywords tuberculosis and solid organ transplant or transplantation.

Results

There were 187 publications reporting 2082 cases ofTBamong kidney (n = 1719), liver (n = 253), heart (n = 77), lung (n = 25), and kidney‐pancreas (n = 8) recipients. Among cohort studies, the median incidence was 2.37% (range, 0.05%‐13.27%) overall. MostTBdisease was considered reactivation of latent infection, occurring beyond the first year afterSOT. Early‐onset cases were seen among donor‐derivedTBcases. Fever was the most common symptom. Radiologic findings were highly variable. Extrapulmonary and disseminatedTBoccurred 29.84% and 15.96%, respectively. Multidrug‐resistantTBwas rare. Treatment using 4 or 5 drugs was commonly associated with hepatotoxicity and graft dysfunction. All‐cause mortality was 18.84%.

Conclusions

This large review highlights the complexity ofTBafterSOT. ReactivationTB, donor‐transmitted infection, extrapulmonary involvement, and disseminated disease are common occurrences. Treatment ofTBis commonly associated with hepatotoxicity and graft dysfunction.
Impact of prolonged dialysis prior to renal transplantation
Authors: Aufhauser David D. , Peng Allison W. , Murken Douglas R. , Concors Seth J. , Abt Peter L. , Sawinski Deirdre , Bloom Roy D. , Reese Peter P. , Levine Matthew H.
Published: April 2018

Introduction

The new kidney allocation system (KAS) prioritizes patients based on date of dialysis initiation or waitlisting, whichever is earlier. We hypothesized that this change would increase transplant rates for patients with prolonged pretransplant dialysis times (DT) and aimed to assess the impact of prolonged DT on post‐transplant outcomes.

Methods

We used United Network for Organ Sharing registry data to assess outcomes for patients added to the renal transplant waitlist from January 1, 1998 to December 31, 2010 and patients transplanted from January 1, 1998 to December 3, 2012.

Results

Compared with patients transplanted pre‐emptively, patients with <5 years, 5‐9 years, and ≥10 years DT had progressively decreased graft and patient survival (P < .001). The rates of short‐term complications including delayed graft function, graft loss within 30 days, and patient death within 30 days were significantly higher in cohorts with ≥10 years DT than in cohorts with less DT (P < .001).

Conclusions

Patients with pretransplant DT of ≥10 years had worse outcomes than patients pre‐emptively transplanted or transplanted with shorter DT. Durations of dialysis dependence beyond 10 years were associated with further deterioration in short‐term but not long‐term post‐transplant outcomes.
A case of secretory carcinoma of the parotid gland provides cytological clues for the differential diagnosis of this disease
Authors: Ohta Y. , Norose T. , Ohike N. , Takiguchi S. , Murayama M. , Kobayashi S. , Shiokawa A. , Nagao T.
Published: April 2018

The diagnosis of secretory carcinoma, and in particular its distinction from acinic cell carcinoma, requires recognition of its morphological, immunochemical and genetic features.