bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NAMING AND CATEGORIZATION IN YOUNG CHILDREN: V. MANUAL SIGN TRAINING
Authors: Horne Pauline J. , Lowe C. Fergus , Harris Fay D. A.
Published: December 2007

Following pre‐training with everyday objects, 8 children aged from 2 to 4 years learned to produce one manual sign (fists placed one above the other, in front of body) to one stimulus and an alternative manual sign (shoulders touched with ipsilateral hands) to the other stimulus, with each of three pairs of different arbitrary wooden shapes (Set 1). The six stimuli then were presented in category match‐to‐sample tests, which all subjects passed. Three of the children were next trained to produce the manual signs (denoted as fist/shoulder) for an additional six arbitrary stimuli, Set 2. All 3 children went on to pass category match‐to‐sample tests for Set 2, and for Set 1 and Set 2 combined. In the final experimental phase, 2 of the children were trained, for one of the six stimulus pairs, to produce the vocal tact “zag” to one stimulus and “vek” to the other. Both children showed category transfer of these vocalizations in test trials with each of the remaining five stimulus pairs, and all the stimuli combined in a 12‐stimulus array. In line with Horne and Lowe's (1996) naming account, manual sign naming was found to be as effective as vocal naming in establishing arbitrary stimulus categorization, measured in terms of category sorting and transfer of function. The findings also have implications for the training of verbal repertoires in people with learning disabilities.
FAILURE TO REPLICATE THE “WORK ETHIC” EFFECT IN PIGEONS
Authors: Vasconcelos Marco , Urcuioli Peter J. , Lionello‐DeNolf Karen M.
Published: December 2007

We report six unsuccessful attempts to replicate the “work ethic” phenomenon reported by Clement, Feltus, Kaiser, and Zentall (2000). In Experiments 1–5, pigeons learned two simultaneous discriminations in which the S+ and S— stimuli were obtained by pecking an initial stimulus once or multiple (20 or 40) times. Subsequent preference tests between the S+ stimuli and between the S— stimuli mostly revealed indifference, on average, between the S+ from the multiple‐peck (high‐effort) trials and the S+ from the one‐peck (low‐effort) trials, and likewise between the two respective S— stimuli. Using a slightly different procedure that permitted assessment of the relative aversiveness of low versus high effort, Experiment 6 again revealed a pattern of indifference despite showing that pigeons took considerably longer to begin pecking on high‐ than on low‐effort trials. Our findings call into question the reliability of the original findings and the sufficiency of the hypothesized within‐trial contrast mechanism to produce them.
Women in Computer-Related Majors: A Critical Synthesis of Research and Theory From 1994 to 2005
Authors: Singh Kusum , Allen Katherine R. , Scheckler Rebecca , Darlington Lisa
Published: December 2007

In this article, the authors review, critique, and synthesize the emerging research literature from 1994 to 2005 on women’s enrollment and persistence in computer-related majors. A thorough examination of 44 empirical studies in scholarly journals reveals that this literature primarily relies on exploratory and descriptive analyses, individualized measures, and implicit theoretical frameworks. Findings are grouped by four themes: (a) enrollment patterns, (b) gender differences in self-confidence and performance, (c) gender differences in computer use, and (d) academic environments. An explicit gender theory of women in computing is needed to reconceptualize diverse women’s experiences and to direct future research on women’s enrollment and persistence patterns in computer fields.
Professional Development in Integrating Technology Into Teaching and Learning: Knowns, Unknowns, and Ways to Pursue Better Questions and Answers
Authors: Lawless Kimberly A. , Pellegrino James W.
Published: December 2007

The literature base on technology professional development for teachers reveals that there is a long way to go in understanding methods of effective practice with respect to the various impacts of these activities on teaching and learning. In the No Child Left Behind era, with programs like Preparing Tomorrow’s Teachers to Use Technology, the Fund for the Improvement of Post Secondary Education, and E-rate (the schools and library portion of the Universal Service Fund) that have been targeted as No Demonstrated Results, we need to move to a more systematic study of how technology integration occurs within our schools, what increases its adoption by teachers, and the long-term impacts that these investments have on both teachers and students. In addition to the findings of a comprehensive literature review, this article also articulates a systematic evaluation plan that, if implemented, will likely yield the information needed to better understand these important educational issues.
Minipig: Advantages and Disadvantages as a Model in Toxicity Testing
Authors: Khan M. A.
Published: December 2007

The choice of animal models for toxicity testing is usually based on convenience rather than validity for application in human beings. Attention must be paid to the similarities of the test system with those of humans so that extrapolations can be made with some margin of safety. Miniature swine offer many advantages in terms of being phylogenetically closer to humans and having many physiological similarities. The neonatal piglet is an excellent model for studies of perinatal toxicology and pediatrics because of its physiological resemblance to the human infant. The size of mature miniature swine, short reproductive cycle, ease of breeding, high prolificacy, large litter size, diversity of gene pool, early maturity, and adaptability to the experimental situation are advantages that do not exist in other species. All in all, the miniature swine is as yet an unappreciated and underutilized species for experimental purposes.
A Survey of Metal-induced Mutagenicity in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Hansen K. , Stern R. M.
Published: December 2007

A survey of the literature shows that organic and inorganic compounds of 53 metals have been assayed for genotoxic effects in vitro and in vivo. It is found that there are great variations in the response obtained with different test systems and that a wide range of compounds of the different metals is positive in at least one of the short-term tests. Some of the variation observed could be due to differences in uptake mechanisms. This effect plus the wide variation in the quantity and quality of the data prevents any direct comparison of in vitro activity with in vivo potency of the various metallic species.
Twitch Radical
S
‐adenosyl‐
l
‐methionine Alcohol Dehydrogenases
Authors: Zheng Ziyang , Lee Yu‐Hsuan , Ruszczycky Mark W , Ushimaru Richiro , Liu Hung‐Wen
Published: April 2024

Radical
S
‐adenosyl‐
l
‐methionine (SAM) enzymes are currently the largest known group of metalloenzymes. These enzymes catalyze an extraordinarily broad range of chemical reactions via radical‐mediated catalytic cycles that begin with the reductive cleavage of SAM by an active site [Fe
4
S
4
] cluster. The twitch subgroup of radical SAM enzymes also binds a second, auxiliary [Fe
4
S
4
] cluster, which is believed to participate in the reaction though its precise catalytic role remains uncertain. Like their parent group, the twitch radical SAM enzymes are also known to catalyze several different types of reactions acting as epimerases, dehydrogenases, and lyases. Currently, two twitch radical SAM alcohol dehydrogenases have been characterized
in vitro
. The first is BtrN, which catalyzes the dehydrogenation of 2‐deoxy‐
scyllo
‐inosamine to yield 3‐amino‐2,3‐dideoxy‐
scyllo
‐inosose during the biosynthesis of the aminoglycoside antibiotics butirosin A and B. The second is SpeY, which catalyzes the dehydrogenation of (2′
R
,3′
S
)‐tetrahydrospectinomycin and thereby facilitates formation of the dioxane bridge in spectinomycin, which is another aminoglycoside natural product. Moreover, SpeY is related to HygY from the hygromycin B biosynthetic pathway that normally operates as a twitch radical SAM epimerase on a substrate structurally similar to that of SpeY. The activities of these homologs can be interchanged via the mutation of a single homologous cysteine/serine residue thereby converting the HygY mutant into a twitch alcohol dehydrogenase as well. Much work has been done to characterize the structures and mechanisms of these enzymes and is summarized here; however, many questions still remain for future investigation.
Computational Studies of Small Molecule Activation Using Low‐Valent Group 13 and Group 14 Elements
Authors: Jain Shailja , Vipin Raj Kakkadan , Vanka Kumar
Published: April 2024

The significance of small molecule activation spans diverse fields, including catalysis, medicine, and energy production. This article delves into the chemistry of low‐valent group 13 and 14 compounds as a more sustainable alternative for small molecule activation compared to the often toxic and expensive transition metal compounds. Emphasizing the pivotal role of computational chemistry, particularly density functional theory (DFT) calculations, the article explores how DFT methods contribute to comprehending and predicting various small molecule activation reactions by low‐valent group 13 and 14 compounds.
Breast cancer diagnosis through an optimization‐driven multispectral gamma correction (ODMGC)
Authors: A Arul Edwin Raj , Ahmad Nabihah Binti , S Ananiah Durai
Published: April 2024

The Optimization‐Driven Multispectral Gamma Correction (ODMGC) algorithm overcomes challenges in gathering subtle information and detecting cancer in dense breast thermograms. This algorithm enhances the accuracy of true positives and true negatives while minimising false negatives and false positives. The ODMGC involves a multi‐step optimisation process that categorises grey‐scale images of breast thermograms based on mean brightness. Then, based on the grey levels of the pixels, we grouped each categorisation into sub‐regions. Followed by each group has undergone individually optimised base enhancement. This process enhances the contrast between cancerous and normal tissues, eliminates over‐ and under‐enhancement, and supports breast tumour diagnosis. The optimised‐based enhancement images serve as a reference point for the histogram specification of the V component of the thermograms in the HSV (Hue, Saturation, and Value) model. Further, we evaluated the proposed model using both qualitative and quantitative measures. Finally, using dimension‐reduced significant Grey‐Level Co‐occurrence Matrix (GLCM) features, we validated the results with a Random Forest (RF) classifier. The algorithm was successfully implemented in MATLAB 2020a, and the classifier was developed in Jupyter Notebook using Python. The subjective comparison confirmed the proposed method's superior resolution in normal and malignant cases. The classifier results showed an accuracy of 96.4%, sensitivity of 98.1%, and specificity of 96.9%.
Predefined‐time adaptive fuzzy control for a class of stochastic nonlinear uncertain systems
Authors: Wu Jingyi , Wang Fang , Zhang Jing
Published: April 2024

This article is mainly concentrated on the predefined‐time adaptive fuzzy control of stochastic nonlinear systems. To handle nonlinear functions that are uncertain, fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) are used to approximate them. Compared with the existing studies, a Lyapunov‐type criterion for practically predefined‐time stochastic stabilization (PPSS) is put forward to guarantee the stabilization of the system. The stabilization time is merely dependent on one design parameter, which means the parameter can be adjusted to set the stability time.
Solid‐State Single‐Photon Sources: Recent Advances for Novel Quantum Materials
Authors: Esmann Martin , Wein Stephen C. , Antón‐Solanas Carlos
Published: April 2024

In this review, the current landscape of emergent quantum materials for quantum photonic applications is described. The review focuses on three specific solid‐state platforms: single emitters in monolayers of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), defects in hexagonal boron nitride (hBN), and colloidal quantum dots in perovskites (PQDs). These platforms share a unique technological accessibility, enabling the rapid implementation of testbed quantum applications, all while being on the verge of becoming technologically mature enough for a first generation of real‐world quantum applications. The review begins with a comprehensive overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art for relevant single‐photon sources in the solid‐state, introducing the most important performance criteria and experimental characterization techniques along the way. Progress for each of the three novel materials is then benchmarked against more established (yet complex) platforms, highlighting performance, material‐specific advantages, and giving an outlook on quantum applications. This review will thus provide the reader with a snapshot on latest developments in the fast‐paced field of emergent single‐photon sources in the solid‐state, including all the required concepts and experiments relevant to this technology.
Harnessing Photo‐to‐Thermal Conversion in Sulfur‐Vulcanized Mxene for High‐Efficiency Solar‐to‐Carbon‐Fuel Synthesis
Authors: Chen Yahui , Lin Xinyu , Li Wanhe , Sun Hongyang , Jia Shuhan , Zhou Yiying , Hao Yue , Liu Zhonghuan , Yin Shikang , Guo Chengqi , Sun Yuming , Huo Pengwei , Li Chunxiang , Ng Yun Hau , Crittenden John , Zhu Zhi , Yan Yan
Published: April 2024

Harnessing solar energy for the conversion of CO2 into value‐added chemicals and fuels represents a promising strategy for sustainable development. Photo‐to‐thermal (PTT) conversion, an often‐underestimated factor, offers a remarkable approach to enhance the photocatalytic transformation of CO2, by reducing the activation energy of catalytic reactions and accelerating reaction kinetics. In order to achieve a higher energy return on investment (EROI), in this study, a sulfur‐vulcanized, multi‐layer Ti3C2 MXene is unveiled, capable of efficient sunlight‐driven CO2 photoreduction, by capitalizing on PTT conversion across the full visible‐to‐near‐infrared (NIR) spectrum. The vulcanization strategy is pivotal here, as it not only introduces an abundance of reactive sites but also extends the NIR response (peaking at 1095 nm) of MXene. The resulting rapid PTT and synergistic photo‐thermal‐catalytic CO2 reduction constitute a significant advance in this area, where CH4 (12.03 mmol g−1 h−1) and C2H4 (3.55 mmol g−1 h−1) yields are achieved with a C2+ selectivity of 29.76% under concentrated natural sunlight. This work sets a new benchmark for EROI with an average solar‐to‐carbon‐fuel (STF) conversion efficiency greater than 0.045%.
3D‐Printed Dendritic Cell Vaccines for Post‐Surgery Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Xu Yangtao , Zhu Wenxiang , Wu Jicheng , Liu Lujie , Yue Ludan , Zhang Xueyang , Li Jiayi , She Peng , Yang Jingjing , Sun Chengliang , Xu Ximing , Rao Lang
Published: April 2024

Dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have shown promising effects in cancer management, while low cell activity and low migration rate to lymph nodes limit their clinical application. Here, this work reports a bioink DC vaccine, synthesized by 3D printing methacryloyl gelatin to encapsulate DCs and tumor cellular vesicles overexpressing programmed cell death protein 1 (PD1‐CVs), for cancer immunotherapy. Compared with a traditional hydrogel, the porous 3D scaffold significantly improves the viability of DCs from ∼16% to ∼70% after 7 days of cell culture and increases the proportion of released DCs from the scaffold into lymph nodes by about fourfold. The PD1‐CVs stimulate DC maturation and block PD ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) in mature DCs and tumor cells, synergistically boosting DC‐mediated antitumor immunity. In breast tumor mouse models, this personalized 3D DC vaccine developed for site‐specific filling after tumor resection significantly suppress tumor recurrence and extend median survival time to 45 days. This 3D printed vaccine offers a simple, safe, and robust strategy for enhanced cell‐based cancer immunotherapy.
Molecular Engineering of D‐π‐A Conjugate with N‐Heterocycle Purine for Enhanced ROS Generation and Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Chen Xue , Shi Lei , Ran Xiao‐Yun , Xu Ji‐Xuan , Zhang Li‐Na , Kong Qing‐Quan , Yu Xiao‐Qi , Li Kun
Published: April 2024

The efficient generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is crucial for the photodynamic therapy (PDT) effect. The D‐π‐A molecular engineering strategy can effectively separate the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) distribution to achieve a smaller energy gap thereby facilitating ROS generation of photosensitizers (PSs). Incorporating heterocycles as π‐bridges can not only extend the conjugation system with improving the degree of π‐delocalization but also effectively accelerate the intersystem crossing process. Herein, a N‐heterocycle purine is innovatively integrated into the D‐π‐A structure as a π‐bridge, which significantly enhances the photodynamic performance by achieving high levels of Type I and Type II ROS generation. The most potent TPM‐QN2 is obtained by modulating the electron‐withdrawing ability of the acceptor (quinolinium), with a 1O2 yield of 9.32, which is the highest yield reported to date. Furthermore, these purine‐based PSs exhibit excellent capabilities in promoting cell photodynamic ablation and inhibiting tumor tissue growth. This novel approach of introducing natural heterocycles provides a promising avenue for developing high‐performance PSs and promoting tumor phototherapy.
Dual Cross‐Linked Magnetic MXene Aerogel with High Strength and Durability Enables Multifunctionality
Authors: Qiao Jing , Song Qinghua , Xuan Lixin , Liu Jiurong , Zhang Xue , Zheng Sinan , Lin Jingpeng , Cai Weiqi , Zhang Qingdong , Zeng Zhihui , Wu Na
Published: April 2024

The construction of lightweight yet robust, durable magnetic transition metal carbides and/or nitride (MXene) aerogels is highly desired for assembling high‐performance, multifunctional architectures. However, the fabrication and application of magnetic MXene aerogels is severely restricted by their inferior mechanical strength and poor water/oxygen resistance. Here, sustainable cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) are employed for assisting in the physical and chemical dual cross‐linking to strongly bind the MXenes and MOF‐derived magnetic nanoparticles. The dual‐crosslinked magnetic MXene aerogels (D‐MMAs) achieve a density as low as 12 mg cm−3, and acquire a significantly improved mechanical strength of up to 1311% over physically crosslinked ones, as well as remarkably improved hydrophobicity, and oxidation stability. Furthermore, the multifunctional integration of efficient and tunable electromagnetic wave (EMW) absorption, remarkable photothermal conversion, thermal insulation, prominent oil‐water separation, thin/thick oil and dye absorption capability, and the remote magnetic controllability is accomplished. Notably, the D‐MMA performs a maximum absorption intensity of −63.9 dB, and accomplishes a specific reflection loss of −1105 dB mm−1, comparable to the best MXene‐based EMW absorbers ever reported. Given its facile, scalable, and sustainable manufacturing approach, the multifunctional D‐MMAs hold great application prospects in various fields of next‐generation electronics, special equipment protection, defense, and aerospace.
Selenium‐Based Catalysts for Efficient Electrocatalysis
Authors: Wei Yuanhao , Huang Mingtao , Wu Yonggan , Tang Xiannong , Yuan Kai , Chen Yiwang
Published: April 2024

Electrocatalytic technology is essential to develop environmentally friendly energy technologies and to reduce dependence on non‐renewable resources. The construction of highly efficient, inexpensive, and robust electrocatalysts is the primary prerequisite to the large‐scale application of electrochemical devices. In recent years, selenium‐based catalysts (SBCs) have been extensively investigated and emerged as a promising candidate for electrocatalysis given their potential to reduce or replace the dosage of noble metals and their ability to catalyze a range of critical electrochemical processes. This Review minutely analyses the recent research advances in SBCs, highlighting the significant role of Se in enhancing the catalytic performance. First, it starts from the concepts related to SBCs, followed by the classification of SBCs as well as the strategies to regulate the activity of SBCs are elaborated. Then, the techniques for characterizing SBCs are systematically summed up, mainly focusing on morphological and structural characterization methods. Next, the applications of SBCs in various energy‐conversion reactions (e.g., hydrogen evolution reaction, oxygen evolution reaction, oxygen reduction reaction, nitrogen reduction reaction, CO2 reduction reaction) are discussed, aiming at elucidating the association between their structure–activity correlations. Finally, the challenges related to SBCs and their future development trends are presented.
Functional Oxidized Hyaluronic Acid Cross‐Linked Decellularized Heart Valves for Improved Immunomodulation, Anti‐Calcification, and Recellularization
Authors: Wu Yunlong , Chen Xing , Song Peng , Li Rui , Zhou Ying , Wang Qin , Shi Jiawei , Qiao Weihua , Dong Nianguo
Published: April 2024

Tissue engineering heart valves (TEHVs) are expected to address the limitations of mechanical and bioprosthetic valves used in clinical practice. Decellularized heart valve (DHV) is an important scaffold of TEHVs due to its natural three‐dimensional structure and bioactive extracellular matrix, but its mechanical properties and hemocompatibility are impaired. In this study, DHV is cross‐linked with three different molecular weights of oxidized hyaluronic acid (OHA) by a Schiff base reaction and presented enhanced stability and hemocompatibility, which could be mediated by the molecular weight of OHA. Notably, DHV cross‐linked with middle‐ and high‐molecular‐weight OHA could drive the macrophage polarization toward the M2 phenotype in vitro. Moreover, DHV cross‐linked with middle‐molecular‐weight OHA scaffolds are further modified with RGD‐PHSRN peptide (RPF‐OHA/DHV) to block the residual aldehyde groups of the unreacted OHA. The results show that RPF‐OHA/DHV not only exhibits anti‐calcification properties, but also facilitates endothelial cell adhesion and proliferation in vitro. Furthermore, RPF‐OHA/DHV shows excellent performance under an in vivo hemodynamic environment with favorable recellularization and immune regulation without calcification. The optimistic results demonstrate that OHA with different molecular weights has different cross‐linking effects on DHV and that RPF‐OHA/DHV scaffold with enhanced immune regulation, anti‐calcification, and recellularization properties for clinical transformation.
Low‐Cost Photoelectric Flow Rate Sensors Based on a Flexible Planar Curved Beam Structure for Clinical Treatments
Authors: Cao Xinfang , Li Qinlan , Li Shuang , Xu Xinkai , Wang Liyang , Wang Mengjie , Ding Bo , Bao Shengwen , Wang Shugang , Sun Bao , Cui Jingqiang , Wang Guosheng , Li Huiling , Su Yewang
Published: April 2024

In clinical treatments, reliable flow rate measurements ensure accurate drug delivery during infusions, precise gas delivery during artificial ventilations, etc., thereby reducing patient morbidity and mortality. However, precise flow rate sensors are costly, so medical devices with limited budgets choose cheaper but unsatisfactory flow rate measurement approaches, leading to increased medical risks. Here, a photoelectric flow rate sensor based on a flexible planar curved beam structure (FPCBS) is proposed. The FPCBS ensures low out‐of‐plane stiffness of the sensitive sheet and allows large deformation in the elastic range, enabling the flow rate sensor to measure the flow rate with high sensitivity over a wide range. Meanwhile, the flow rate sensor can be mass‐produced using mature materials and manufacturing technology at less than $5 each. The flow rate sensors are integrated into a commercial infusion pump to measure drug infusion and a home ventilator to monitor respiration. The results are comparable to those measured by a commercial flow rate sensor, demonstrating the applicability of the sensor. Considering its proven outstanding performance at low cost, the flow rate sensor shows great potential in clinical treatment, medical diagnosis, and other medical fields.
Enhancing the Thermoelectric Properties of Conjugated Polymers by Suppressing Dopant‐Induced Disorder
Authors: Wang Suhao , Zhu Wenjin , Jacobs Ian E. , Wood William A. , Wang Zichen , Manikandan Suraj , Andreasen Jens Wenzel , Un Hio‐Ieng , Ursel Sarah , Peralta Sébastien , Guan Shaoliang , Grivel Jean‐Claude , Longuemart Stéphane , Sirringhaus Henning
Published: April 2024

Doping is a crucial strategy to enhance the performance of various organic electronic devices. However, in many cases, the random distribution of dopants in conjugated polymers leads to the disruption of the polymer microstructure, severely constraining the achievable performance of electronic devices. Here, it is shown that by ion‐exchange doping polythiophene‐based P[(3HT)1‐x‐stat‐(T)x] (x = 0 (P1), 0.12 (P2), 0.24 (P3), and 0.36 (P4)), remarkably high electrical conductivity of >400 S cm−1 and power factor of >16 µW m−1 K−2 are achieved for the random copolymer P3, ranking it among highest ever reported for unaligned P3HT‐based films, significantly higher than that of P1 (<40 S cm−1, <4 µW m−1 K−2). Although both polymers exhibit comparable field‐effect transistor hole mobilities of ≈0.1 cm2 V−1 s−1 in the pristine state, after doping, Hall effect measurements indicate that P3 exhibits a large Hall mobility up to 1.2 cm2 V−1 s−1, significantly outperforming that of P1 (0.06 cm2 V−1 s−1). GIWAXS measurement determines that the in‐plane π–π stacking distance of doped P3 is 3.44 Å, distinctly shorter than that of doped P1 (3.68 Å). These findings contribute to resolving the long‐standing dopant‐induced‐disorder issues in P3HT and serve as an example for achieving fast charge transport in highly doped polymers for efficient electronics.
Glassy Synaptic Time Dynamics in Molecular La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/Gaq3/AlOx/Co Spintronic Crossbar Devices
Authors: Shumilin Andrei , Neha Prakriti , Benini Mattia , Rakshit Rajib , Singh Manju , Graziosi Patrizio , Cecchini Raimondo , Gnoli Luca , Prezioso Mirko , Bergenti Ilaria , Dediu Valentin Alek , Riminucci Alberto
Published: April 2024

The development of neuromorphic devices is a pivotal step in the pursuit of low‐power artificial intelligence. A synaptic analog is one of the building blocks of this vision. The synaptic behavior of molecular La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/tris(8‐hydroxyquinolinato)gallium/AlOx/Co spintronic devices is studied, where the conductance plays the role of the synaptic weight. These devices are arranged in a crossbar configuration, the most effective architecture for the purpose. The conductance of each cross point is controlled separately by the application of voltage pulses: when set in the high conductance potentiated state, the devices show a spin‐valve magnetoresistance, while in the low conductance depressed state, no magnetoresistance is observed. The time dependence of the resistive switching behavior is an important parameter of the synaptic behavior and is very revealing of the underlying physical mechanisms. To study the time dynamics of the resistive switching after the voltage pulses, the response of the device to trains of potentiation and depression pulses, and the time‐resolved conductivity relaxation after the pulses are measured. The results are described with the conductivity model based on impurity energy levels in the organic semiconductor's gap. A flat distribution of the activation energies necessary to move these impurities is hypothesized, which can explain the observed glassy behavior.
Effective N‐Doping of Non‐Fullerene Acceptor via Sequential Deposition Enables High‐Efficiency Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Xie Meiling , Zhu Lingyun , Zhang Jianqi , Wang Tong , Li Yawen , Zhang Weichao , Fu Zhen , Zhao Guanghan , Hao Xiaotao , Lin Yuze , Zhou Huiqiong , Wei Zhixiang , Lu Kun
Published: April 2024

Charge transport in the active layer, which can be effectively modulated by molecular doping of organic semiconductors, significantly affects the photovoltaic performance of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, it is difficult to control the dopant distribution in the bulk heterojunction (BHJ) films, which hinders efficient doping in OSCs. Herein, an effective n‐doping strategy is developed via sequential deposition (SD) of D18 donor and doped acceptor. The favorable vertical component distribution in SD films helps to optimize carrier transport pathways. The SD method confines the n‐dopant N‐DMBI to the acceptor layer, allowing positive effects of molecular doping. Consequently, the doped SD device exhibits superior charge transport with suppressed charge recombination, lower trap density, and enhanced charge extraction compared to the undoped one, resulting in a high power conversion efficiency of 19.55% for D18/L8‐BO binary OSCs. In addition, the doping does not affect the thermal stability of the devices, with the doped SD device retaining over 90% of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of heating at 80 °C. The universality of the SD doping method is also verified in other non‐fullerene acceptor systems. These results demonstrate the great potential of SD doping strategy for building high‐performance OSCs with enhanced charge transport.
Distorted Iron Oxide Quantum Dots with Unprecedented Fast‐Charging Capability for High‐Energy and High‐Power Lithium Storage
Authors: Fan Hongguang , Wang Yanpeng , Luo Yusheng , Jin Yongcheng , Liu Shuang , Wang Zhenxu , Wu Yuefeng , Cao Xiangqian , Lei Jiale , Liu Wei
Published: April 2024

High‐energy lithium‐ion storage devices that can be used at high rates are the eternal pursuit in electrical vehicles and various other applications. However, existing anode materials are difficult to achieve the desired fast‐charging reaction. Here, a new type of distorted iron oxide quantum dots is reported containing abundant crystallographic defects and edge dislocations encapsulated in carbon (d‐Fe2O3 QDs@C). When used as the anode, it achieves nearly complete six‐electron reaction close to the theoretical capacity. More importantly, it harvests exceptional fast‐charging capability, delivering over half of the capacity (475 mAh g−1) in <1 min. Even at its fastest, the distorted structure can still harvest 182 mAh g−1 within just 7 s, far outperforming all existing Fe‐based anodes and is unprecedented. Theoretical calculations reveal that the exceptional fast‐charging characteristic originates from the optimized ion adsorption and significantly reduced ion migration energy barrier, thus ensuring that the electrode can still effectively operate at ultra‐large currents. This promotional effect is further verified by ex situ characterization. Besides, the constructed lithium‐ion capacitor also exhibits prominent energy/power output with excellent stability. These findings emphasize the superiority of distorted structure in fast‐charging capability and afford novel insights into the development of next‐generation high performance electrodes.
Sports participation plays a relevant role in the relationship between birth weight and bone mineral content in adolescents
Authors: Urban Jacqueline Bexiga , Torres Wesley , Nunes David Silva , Pelegrini Andreia , Kemper Han C. G. , Fernandes Romulo Araújo
Published: April 2024

The Developmental Origins of Health and Disease hypothesis (DOHaD) proposes that growth during the prenatal period might play a critical role in health, affecting the development of diseases, such as osteoporosis. Bone health is particularly affected by human behaviors when sports participation constitutes the main manifestation of physical exercise. The aim of this study is to analyze the relationship between birth weight (BW) and bone mineral content (BMC) among adolescents, as well as to identify if sports participation and maturity can affect this relationship. The sample was composed of adolescents with ages ranging from 11 to 18 years, stratified according to normal birth weight (n = 331), low birth weight (n = 36), and macrosomia (n = 47), extracted from a wider cross‐sectional study (ABCD Growth Study). BW was self‐reported by the adolescent's parent. Sports participation was assessed by face‐to‐face interview. BMC was assessed using dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry. In the multivariate models, the relationships between BW and BMC remained non‐significant, while sports participation was significantly related to BMC on lower limbs among boys (r = 0.154; p value = .001) and BMC of upper limbs among girls (r = 0.124; p value = .044). APHV was related to BMC of upper limbs among boys (r = 0.137; p value = .001). In conclusion, BMC was not affected by BW, while this phenomenon seems to be significantly affected by the positive impact of sports participation and maturation on it.
Towards a Global View of Parkinson's Disease Genetics
Authors: Khani Marzieh , Cerquera‐Cleves Catalina , Kekenadze Mariam , Wild Crea Peter , Singleton Andrew B. , Bandres‐Ciga Sara
Published: April 2024

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a global health challenge, yet historically studies of PD have taken place predominantly in European populations. Recent genetics research conducted in non‐European populations has revealed novel population‐specific genetic loci linked to PD risk, highlighting the importance of studying PD globally. These insights have broadened our understanding of PD etiology, which is crucial for developing disease‐modifying interventions. This review comprehensively explores the global genetic landscape of PD, emphasizing the scientific rationale for studying underrepresented populations. It underscores challenges, such as genotype–phenotype heterogeneity and inclusion difficulties for non‐European participants, emphasizing the ongoing need for diverse and inclusive research in PD. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:831–842
Experimental investigation on dynamic characteristics of methane/air combustion in double‐layer pellets porous media
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Ning , Wang Guangshun , Wang Xiangyu , Liu Xiang , Zhu Yuxuan
Published: April 2024

The double‐layer porous media burner is considered as an effective way to realize stable lean‐burn. In order to quickly achieve a stable combustion state in a double‐layer porous media burner, this work investigated the dynamic characteristics of methane/air premixed combustion in a bench‐scale double‐layer porous media burnspanning from ignition to stable combustion and ultimately flameout. The experimental results indicate that regulating the equivalence ratio and the inlet velocity enables the establishment of a stable flame front and the φ = 0.75 and the Vin = 0.20 m/s are the appropriate start‐up conditions. The average propagation velocity of the combustion wave variation along the axial direction and ranged approximately from −0.022 to −0.078 mm/s. Moreover, the transition time to a stable combustion state is reduced by nearly 47.14% as the equivalence ratio increases from 0.60 to 0.70. During start‐up stage, there are significant fluctuations in CO and NOx concentrations, but both emissions remain low during steady combustion state, with the maximum concentrations of 37.5 and 40.2 mg/m3, respectively. Furthermore, the porous media combustion exhibits a pronounced re‐ignition capacity. At higher equivalence ratios, longer interruptions of premixed gas are allowed.
Research on the influence of aeration manners on the mass transfer characteristics of bubbles in multi‐column airlift photobioreactor
Authors: Fu Shuangcheng , Liu Chenxi , Zhou Faqi , Yu Tao , Li Kewei , Zhang Yue , Yan Shenghu , Zhang Xiang
Published: April 2024

Mass transfer of bubbles is important in microalgae cultivation. In this study, aiming to improve the microalgae culturing efficiency, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was adopted to study the influence of the aeration manners on mass transfer of bubbles within ascending columns in multi‐column airlift photobioreactor (PBR) and the hydrodynamic conditions within the PBR under different aeration manners. In addition, the bubble generation time, the detachment diameter, and the average volumetric mass transfer coefficient of bubbles in ascending columns were analyzed. Furthermore, the experimental results were compared with the simulation results obtained from microalgae cultivation. The results showed that the whole aeration manner yields the lowest mixing strength and mass transfer efficiency of bubbles at an aeration rate of 0.2 vvm. Conversely, both the mixing strength of the liquid and mass transfer coefficient of bubbles were enhanced under the half and alternate aeration manners. However, the results demonstrated that the distribution of the flow field was not uniform under the half aeration manner and there were obvious high‐speed and low‐speed zones. In contrast, the flow field distribution in the PBR was more uniform under the alternate aeration manner, which was suitable for microalgae cultivation at high concentration. This study effectively enhanced the mixing strength and CO2 transfer rate in the PBR.
A self‐healing polymer electrolyte based on the Diels–Alder reaction in lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Zhang Juansu , Bai Guoliang , Wang Chunhua , Geng Tingqing , Wang Jianyu , Liu Xingjiang , Zhou Xuehua , Zhang Jianli
Published: April 2024

In lithium‐ion batteries, the polymer electrolyte was susceptible to mechanical damage from external stimuli or internal expansion caused, which in turn affected the performances of the batteries. The thermally reversible self‐healing gel polymer electrolyte (DASHPE) based on the Diels–Alder reaction was prepared to solve the above problems. The DASHPE electrolytes exhibited good flexibility and self‐healing ability, achieving self‐healing at 80°C for 30 min. Furthermore, the DASHPE electrolyte exhibited excellent thermal stability and could withstand temperatures above 300°C. Additionally, it had a wide electrochemical window (about 5 V) and good electrochemical performances. Serving as the electrolyte in lithium‐ion batteries, DASHPE‐2 showed an initial specific capacity of 133.11 mAh g−1 at 0.1 C. The DASHPE electrolyte was expected to be a candidate material for self‐healing battery.
A multi‐metric index for assessing two decades of community responses to broad‐scale shoreline enhancement and restoration along the Toronto waterfront
Authors: Theis Sebastian , Cartwright Lyndsay , Chreston Andrea , Coey Brynn , Graham Brian , Little Don , Poesch Mark , Portiss Rick , Scott Ryan , Wallace Angela , Ruppert Jonathan L. W.
Published: April 2024

Biodiversity and habitat loss due to historical and continued urbanization and anthropogenic development require continuous efforts to abate ongoing environmental decline. Restoration and enhancement efforts that aim to address biodiversity and habitat loss, have shown some promise at providing suitable habitat for species in the more urbanized nearshore areas of Lake Ontario.

Using 20 years of fish community data from the Toronto waterfront, this study examined ecosystem responses in a spatio‐temporal context across wetland and embayment ecotypes. The goals of this study were to (1) assess how fish communities have changed over time in restored, reference and more and less urbanized nearshore ecosystems and (2) determine if restored and enhanced habitats meet the defined fish community management targets.

Fish communities were assessed through a newly developed multi‐metric index based on species life history traits and habitat associations like trophic and thermal guild.

Fish communities along the waterfront have transitioned from cool and coldwater pelagic species to a higher proportion of native warmwater species, many of them piscivores, associated with cover and vegetation, that meet community targets. These changes are more pronounced at the largest restoration site ‘Tommy Thompson Park’, where community indices approach natural reference levels. This result indicates the benefits and effectiveness of the decade‐long restoration efforts and subsequent monitoring of responses. Our results underline that large‐scale restoration projects in urbanized settings can be of vital importance for freshwater conservation efforts, as well as application scenarios for multi‐metric community indices, and will play an even larger role when looking at Lake Ontario or the Great Lakes as a whole.
Microsatellite instability evaluation by a novel PCR‐based 8‐loci test kit in colorectal cancer
Authors: Xiao Gaofang , Li Jing , Deng Lijun , Gao Shuangquan , Tan Caiyun , He Guiqing , Du Richang
Published: April 2024

Microsatellite instability (MSI) assessment is strongly recommended for colorectal cancer patients, as MSI status is crucial in determining optimal treatment and predicting prognosis. This study evaluated the reliability and accuracy of a novel polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based 8‐loci MSI test kit, a rapid test kit designed to detect MSI, by comparing its performance with immunohistochemistry (IHC) and the National Cancer Institute (NCI) 2B3D Panel. MSI status was determined in 186 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) colorectal cancer tissue samples with known mismatch repair (MMR) status by IHC using the novel PCR‐based 8‐loci MSI test kit. Additionally, the consistency between the NCI 2B3D Panel and the novel PCR‐based 8‐loci panel was compared using 69 FFPE tumor tissues paired with adjacent non‐cancerous tissue. The novel PCR‐based 8‐loci MSI test kit and IHC demonstrated high concordance (overall agreement: 97.8%). However, four samples displayed discordant results, exhibiting MMR deficiency using IHC and microsatellite stability using the novel PCR‐based 8‐loci MSI test kit. Of the 69 samples reanalyzed using the NCI 2B3D Panel, high concordance with the novel PCR‐based 8‐loci MSI test kit was observed in 67 of 69 cases (overall agreement: 97.1%). The novel PCR‐based 8‐loci MSI test kit is a rapid and reliable tool for accurately detecting MSI status in colorectal cancer.
Structural and thermoluminescence properties of lithium borate glass matrices under UV and beta radiation
Authors: Menezes Daiane de Lima Alves , Zanatta Katia Cristina , Bannwart Enderson Sérgio , Antonelli Eduardo , Rodriguez Chialanza Maurício , Azcune Germán , De Souza José Ezequiel , Rojas de Souza Seila
Published: April 2024

In the present work, glass samples in the (100 − x)B2O3–xLi2O binary system, with x varying from 30 to 50 mol%, were prepared using the conventional melting and moulding method, with the main objective of evaluating the thermoluminescence response when exposing these materials to ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Complementary analysis based on density, optical absorption on the UV–visible region (UV–vis absorbance), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy on the medium region, X‐ray diffraction, and differential thermal analysis measurements were performed. Thermoluminescence measurements of vitreous samples showed glow curves with at least one peak with a maximum temperature of ~170°C after exposure to UV radiation in the temperature range 50–250°C. Samples were also exposed to beta radiation in the temperature range 25–275°C, also showing single peaks with a maximum temperature of ~150°C.
The perception of time is slowed in response to exercise, an effect not further compounded by competitors: behavioral implications for exercise and health
Authors: Edwards Andrew Mark , Menting Stein Gerrit Paul , Elferink‐Gemser Marije Titia , Hettinga Florentina Johanna
Published: April 2024

Introduction

The theory of relativity postulates that time is relative to context and exercise seems such a situation. The purpose of this study was to examine whether situational factors such as perceived exertion and the introduction of an opponent influence competitors’ perception of time.

Methods

Thirty‐three recreationally active adults (F = 16; M = 17) performed three standardized 4‐km cycling trials in a randomized order. Velotron 3D software was used to create a visual, virtual environment representing (1) a solo time trial (FAM and SO), (2) a time trial with a passive opponent avatar (PO), and (3) a time trial with an opponent avatar and participant instruction to actively finish the trial before the opponent (AO). Participants were asked to estimate a 30‐s time period using a standardized protocol for reproducibility before exercise at 500 m, 1500 m, 2500 m, and post exercise. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was measured throughout the trials.

Results

Exercise trials revealed that time was perceived to run “slow” compared to chronological time during exercise compared to resting and post‐exercise measurements (p < 0.001). There was no difference between exercise conditions (SO, PO, and AO) or time points (500 m, 1500 m, and 2500 m). RPE increased throughout the trials.

Conclusion

The results of this study demonstrate for the first time that exercise both with and without the influence of opponents influences time perception. This finding has important implications for healthy exercise choices and also for optimal performance. Independent of RPE, time was perceived to move slower during exercise, underpinning inaccurate pacing and decision‐making across physical activities.
Goal maintainers' preferences: The influence of goal type on self‐control means choices
Authors: Zhang Lan , Bian Xuemei , Zheng Chundong
Published: April 2024

This research examines how goal type (i.e., attainment vs. maintenance) affects consumers' preferences for different means of self‐control (i.e., initiatory vs. inhibitory). Across four studies, the authors demonstrate that pursuing maintenance versus attainment goals decreases the willingness to choose inhibitory self‐control but not initiatory self‐control. The effect is primarily attributed to two reasons: distinct decision concerns when choosing the means for attainment and maintenance goals; and asymmetry when evaluating initiatory and inhibitory self‐control. The effects are consistent across cultures and domains and impact consumers' purchase and real‐life behaviours. These findings shed light on the relationship between goal type and self‐control preferences and offer insights to both consumers and marketers on how to engage in self‐control for long‐term goals.
Empyema necessitans as a rare manifestation of Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Zeinali Nezhad Nazanin , Gholami Shahrebabak Aazam , Shahpar Amirhossein
Published: April 2024

Key Clinical Message

Empyema necessitans (EN) is a rare complication of empyema, in which pus accumulates within the pleural space and spreads through the chest wall, leading to the formation of a subcutaneous abscess. This condition presents significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges due to its rarity and potential for serious complications. Here, we present the case of an 8‐year‐old boy with a history of parapneumonic effusion that was incompletely treated due to a lack of fibrinolytic agent injection. He presented with fever, chills, a productive cough, and left‐sided chest pain with yellowish purulent secretions from the left chest wall. The patient was diagnosed with EN caused by Staphylococcus aureus, which has occurred due to inadequate treatment and the lack of administration of a fibrinolytic agent injection for the patient. He was treated with broad‐spectrum antibiotics, video‐assisted thoracic surgery, and a chest tube for complete drainage. The patient showed a smooth and uneventful recovery, highlighting the importance of early diagnosis and prompt treatment of EN to avoid further complications. This case report aims to increase awareness among clinicians about the importance of early recognition and appropriate management of EN to improve patient outcomes.