bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Routine Formation and Flexibility in Social and Non-Social Behaviour of Aggressive and Non-Aggressive Male Mice
Authors: Benus R.F. , DEN DAAS S. , Koolhaas J.M. , VAN OORTMERSSEN G.A.
Published: April 2008

To investigate the relationship between aggression and routine-like behaviour the response of male mice of bidirectionally selected lines for attack latency to a change in the social and non-social environment has been measured. In a non-social situation the extent of routine-like behaviour was measured in a Y-maze in which only one of the two arms gave access to the food compartments. The number of errors made in response to reversal of the arm that was blocked was taken as indicator for the degree of routine formation. Males of the short attack latency (SAL) line made significantly more errors, and hence were more routine-like in their performance, than mice of the long attack latency (LAL) line. Males of the LAL line that nevertheless had short attack latencies (i. e. aggressive LAL mice) turned out to be flexible in their behaviour; their response was similar to that of the non-aggressive LAL males. In a social situation SAL and aggressive LAL mice were used to investigate routine formation in attacking behaviour. The males were given different amounts of experience with male opponents after which their own female was introduced as opponent. The more extended the experience with male intruders was, the more SAL males subsequently attacked their female. In contrast, LAL mice appropriately changed their behaviour towards the female opponent. Thus, the attacking behaviour of SAL mice gets routine-like, whereas that of LAL males remains flexible. It is concluded that selection for attack latency generally coincides with selection for routine-like behaviour, suggesting that these two factors are influenced by many of the same genes. Regarding the fact that aggressive males of the LAL line show flexible behaviour, it may be proposed that with the phenotypic selection for attack latency there has in fact been selected for a mechanism that determines the organization (routine-like vs flexible) of behaviour.
The Development of a Behavior System: Dustbathing in the Burmese Red Junglefowl I. the Influence of the Rearing Environment On the Organization of Dustbathing
Authors: Vestergaard Klaus , Hogan Jerry A. , Kruijt Jaap P.
Published: April 2008

The purpose of this study was to determine the role played by functional experience in the development of the dustbathing behavior system in junglefowl. Small groups of birds were raised either in a rich environment with sand and earth, or in a poor environment with a wire mesh floor. Dustbathing and other behaviors were recorded at intervals between 2 and 9 months of age. The results showed that the form of the individual behavior patterns as well as the organization of extended bouts of dustbathing developed normally in chicks raised in a dustless environment. Further, the frequency of occurrence of dustbathing and the diurnal rhythm did not differ between groups raised in the two environments. Functional experience was necessary for the development of dust recognition, but some stimuli came to be recognized as "dust" more easily than others.
Signature Versus Perceptual Adaptations for Individual Vocal Recognition in Swallows
Authors: Loesche Patricia , Stoddard Philip K. , Higgins B.J. , Beecher Michael D.
Published: April 2008

Field experiments have shown that parents in the colonially-nesting cliff swallow (Hirundo pyrrhonota) discriminate between their offspring and unrelated young whereas parents in the closely-related but noncolonial barn swallow (H. rustica) do not, and that discrimination is based on the chick begging call. In a laboratory experiment, we trained three cliff swallows, two barn swallows and a European starling (Sturnus vulgaris) to discriminate among chick begging calls of the two swallow species. All birds discriminated more easily among the calls of different cliff swallows than among the calls of different barn swallows, suggesting that cliff swallow calls are more individually distinctive, and may be adapted for a signature function. Moreover, cliff swallows discriminated among both cliff swallow and barn swallow calls faster than did the other birds, which is consistent with a perceptual adaptation for conspecific calls that incidentally facilitates the discrimination of similarly-structured heterospecific calls.
Reactions of Four Passerine Species To Threats of Predation and Cowbird Parasitism: Enemy Recognition or Generalized Responses?
Authors: Neudorf Diane L. , Sealy Spencer G.
Published: April 2008

Four host species of the parasitic brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) were exposed to taxidermic mounts of a female cowbird, fox sparrow (Passerella iliaca), and common grackle (Quiscalus quiscula) at their nests during their egg-laying or nestling stage. Red-winged blackbirds (Agelaius phoeniceus), a species that accepts cowbird eggs laid in their nests, responded more aggressively to cowbird models early in their nesting cycle, indicating that they recognized the unique threat the cowbird posed. Gray catbirds (Dumetella carolinensis), northern orioles (Icterus galbula), and cedar waxwings (Bombycilla cedrorum) can remove cowbird eggs from their nests and for the most part they responded similarly to cowbird models and the "nonthreatening control," i.e. a fox sparrow. Cedar waxwings were nonaggressive to all the models and may rely on concealment to protect their nests from enemies. Removal of cowbird eggs by puncture ejection is more risky than grasp ejection. Despite this, orioles and waxwings (puncture ejectors) were not significantly more aggressive to cowbird models at egg laying than catbirds (grasp ejectors). Responses of the three rejector species toward the cowbird model did not change over the nesting cycle, indicating further that they do not recognize cowbirds as a unique threat. Rejector species may not recognize cowbirds because they have little experience with them. With the exception of waxwings, all of the hosts recognized the grackle as an enemy and increased their levels of defence from the laying to nestling stages. Three of the host-species did not simply respond in a generalized manner to any intruder at their nests but indeed recognized specific enemies. Considerable interspecific variability exists amongst the four species in defensive behaviours, which may reflect their different nesting habitats.
The Ontogeny of Food-Storing and Retrieval in Marsh Tits
Authors: Clayton N.S.
Published: April 2008

Marsh tits, Parus palustris, store food and rely on an accurate spatial memory to retrieve their caches. This study considers the ontogeny of storing and the spatial memory involved in retrieving these caches in juvenile hand-raised marsh tits. Preliminary work showed that these birds began storing and retrieving their caches around the time of feeding independence, suggesting that juveniles do not need to learn from adults. However, storing gradually improved over the first few trials, in terms of the appropriateness of items stored, the efficiency of choosing suitable storage sites and the rate of storing seeds. To answer the question of whether the behavioural improvement is a function of age, experience or both, the retrieval performance of two groups of birds were compared. During the first eight trials (24 days) after nutritional independence from the parents, the two groups were exposed to two different kinds of experience: experienced birds were provided with seeds which they could store and retrieve two hours later, whereas the naive birds were exposed only to the storage sites but they could not store. In the following eight trials, both groups were allowed to store and retrieve their caches. If the improvement was merely a consequence of age (maturation) no difference should be found between the two groups on trial 9. In contrast, if improvement was purely a function of experience then the pattern of improvement in the naive group should follow that of the experienced group, but showing an eight-trial time lag. The results suggested a pattern intermediate between these extremes, indicating that either the development of food-storing was a function of both age and experience or that other differences between the two groups, such as differences in motivation to store and/or experience at handling seeds, were important. In contrast, retrieval performance was better than expected by chance on the first trial it occurred and showed little, if any, improvement.
Female Resistance and Precopulatory Guarding in the Isopod Idotea Baltica (Pallas)
Authors: Jormalainen Veijo , Merilaita Sami
Published: April 2008

In a laboratory experiment in I. baltica the precopulatory guarding was preceded by a period of struggles between the sexes as males continuously tried to initiate the precopulatory guarding and females resisted their guarding attempts. This struggling lasted for a few days, during which the females escaped from the males on the average 1.3 times per hour. While the females resisted, the males usually responded by kicking back. Once the precopula started, on the average 43 h before the completion of the female parturial ecdysis, the female resistance stopped. If the guarding male was replaced by another male, the female accepted the new male without resistance or resisted only weakly. Larger males were able to perform longer precopulas, and furthermore, when males were hunger stressed they performed shorter precopulas than control males. The female resistance and the existence of struggles imply a conflict between the sexes over whether or not to start the precopulatory phase. This conflict may occur either because of different optimum precopula duration of the sexes or because of the unwillingness of the females to pair with whatever male. By resisting, females may, at least to some extent, control the duration of the guarding, and the resistance may lead to selection among male candidates. Thus the female resistance, although for so far largely neglected, may have potential importance in the mate choice and sexual selection of aquatic crustaceans with precopulatory guarding.
Mating Tactics in the Tropical Millipede Alloporus Uncinatus (Diplopoda: Spirostreptidae)
Authors: Telford Steven R. , Dangerfield J. Mark
Published: April 2008

Field and laboratory observations of mating behaviour in a population of the tropical millipede Alloporus uncinatus were carried out over one breeding season. Males obtained mates through random encounters and by forming triplet associations with copula pairs. The occurrence of triplet associations in the field was coincident with a highly male biased operational sex ratio. Mate acquisition by males was apparently stochastic and direct physical competition did not occur. In laboratory experiments mating was size-selective probably as a consequence of female choice. We consider the possibility that sperm competition has contributed to the evolution of the mating system in this species.
Hunting Decisions in Wild Chimpanzees
Authors: Stanford Craig B. , Wallis Janette , Mpongo Eslom , Goodall Jane
Published: April 2008

While field studies of wild chimpanzees have investigated the proximate determinants of hunting success, little attention has been paid to the decision to hunt. We present evidence from Gombe National Park, Tanzania, showing that the social factors that most strongly influence the decision to hunt red colobus monkeys are the presence of female chimpanzees with anogenital sexual swellings in the foraging party, the number of adult and adolescent males in the party, and the total size of the foraging party. Of these, the presence of one or more swollen females was the best predictor of a decision to undertake hunts of red colobus groups at all but the smalles chimpanzee foraging party size. Two likely explanations for this pattern are discussed. First, swollen females may be a primary influence on male grouping patterns, which in turn promotes hunting. Second, this finding, together with previous research showing that male chimpanzees preferentially give meat to estrous females, suggests that male chimpanzee hunting performance may be under sexual selection. While nutritional and ecological factors may influence chimpanzee hunting patterns at times, chimpanzees appear to hunt red colobus at least partially to obtain meat for use as a social and reproductive tool.
Jumping Spiders Make Predatory Detours Requiring Movement Away From Prey
Authors: Tarsitano M.S. , Jackson R.R.
Published: April 2008

The terms "reversed-route detours" and "forward-route detours" are introduced to distinguish between detours that require moving away from a goal and those that do not. We provide the first evidence under controlled laboratory conditions that salticids can perform reversed-route detours. Two species were tested: 1) Portia fimbriata, a web-invading salticid from Queensland, Australia, that normally preys on web-building spiders; 2) Trite planiceps, an insectivorous cursorial salticid from New Zealand. Although both of these species completed reversed-route detours, Trite planiceps was much more dependent on prey movement than Portia fimbriata. Interspecific differences appear to be related to the different predatory styles of these two salticids.
Philopatry and Affiliation Among Red Colobus
Authors: Starin E.D.
Published: April 2008

Temminck's red colobus (Procolobus badius temminckii) living in the Abuko Nature Reserve, The Gambia, have more prominent female-female bonds and less prominent male-male bonds than has been described in most other female-transfer, male-resident groups. This may be due to a number of factors such as female peer-group transfer, the small number of groups available to a transferee, the lack of sexual dimorphism, and the presence and importance of females in initiating and defending the social integrity of the social unit. It is clear from this that the presence of female-transfer, male-residence patterns is not always enough to automatically predict strong male-male bonds. Other factors must also be considered.
Social Relationships of Male Bonnet Macaques: Male Bonding in a Matrilineal Society
Authors: Silk Joan B.
Published: April 2008

Affiliative and cooperative relationships are not common among mammalian males. This may be partly the result of sexual selection which favors competitive and agonistic interactions among mature males, and partly the result of the fact that female mammals are generally philopatric. This means that adult males usually live among unrelated and unfamiliar individuals. Bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) represent one of several exceptions to this general pattern. Adult males in this species frequently sit together, groom, huddle, greet, and support one another. The nature of social relationships among males are related to their participation in coalitions as males tend to support the males with whom they associate and interact affilatively, and intervene against the males with whom they generally exchange greetings and aggression.
Reversed Sexual Size Dimorphism and Parental Care: Minimal Division of Labour in the Blue-Footed Booby
Authors: Guerra Maria , Drummond Hugh
Published: April 2008

Reversed sexual size dimorphism in avian species (females larger than males) may be an adaptive consequence of different roles of males and females in parental care. We examined the alleged division of labour in two-chick broods of the blue-footed booby, using behavioural observation and frequent weighing of chicks. In the first week of parental care, males and females fed broods at similar frequencies and provided similar masses of food, but females brooded more than males when broods were 5-10 d old. Subsequently, females provided a greater mass of food and frequency of feeds than males until chicks were at least 35 d old (mass) and 60 d old (frequency), while attending the brood for just as much time as males until chicks were at least 35 d old. Males and females did not differ in the tendency to feed (frequency and mass) the first-hatched chick differentially. In nearly all components of parental care examined here, and in other studies, the female's contribution is equal to or greater than the male's. Only in clutch attendance and nest defence does the male contribute more than the female, but his small size seems unlikely to enhance performance in these activities. Overall, small size appears potentially to limit male provisioning of the brood, and is unlikely to be an adaptation for division oflabour in parental care. This result casts doubt on the relevance of the division-of-labour hypothesis for adult size dimorphism.
Mating Strategy and Reproductive Success in the Teiid Lizard, Ameiva Plei
Authors: Censky Ellen J.
Published: April 2008

Current selection on sexual size dimorphism was studied in a widely foraging non-territorial lizard, Ameiva plei. Males were significantly larger than females. Large males won intrasexual agonistic encounters and guarded females during their entire receptive period (1-4 days). Guarding males spent significantly less time foraging than males who were alone. Only males that guarded females were observed to mate. Mating success was highly skewed with only six of 21 mature males in the study site observed mating. All six males who mated were 141 mm SVL (males mature at 62 mm SVL). The four largest males obtained 84% of all observed matings and were estimated to have fertilized 88% of the eggs. Sexual selection appears to favor large size in males due to competition among males to guard females. Large females on Anguilla also had higher reproductive success bccause SVL was positively correlated with clutch size and number of clutches in a season. It appears that natural selection has favored different trade-offs between growth and reproduction in males and females.
How Do Hens View Other Hens? the Use of Lateral and Binocular Visual Fields in Social Recognition
Authors: Dawkins Marian Stamp
Published: April 2008

When shown familiar and unfamiliar birds at different distances, hens viewed birds 0.7 m or 1.4 m away with modal head angles between 54° and 72° from the midline, using the lateral visual field but viewed birds closer (less than 20 cm) binocularly, with the head within 18° either side of the midline (Expt. 1 When faced with a choice between a familiar and an unfamiliar bird at different distances, hens chose the familiar bird if the choice could be made 8 cm away but their choices were random if they had to chose 66 or 124 cm away (Expt. 2). This suggests that hens may be unable to discriminate familiar from unfamiliar birds except when they are very close to them. Observations of freely moving birds suddenly confronted with another hen (Expt. 3) showed that even when the object bird was familiar, it was in all cases initially scrutinized from a close distance (26 cm or less), which is consistent with the hypothesis that hens are unable to recognize other birds except when close enough to view them with the myopic lower frontal field. Reasons for this constraint on social recognition are discussed.
UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF BEHAVIOR IN THREESPINE STICKLEBACK: THE VALUE OF GEOGRAPHIC VARIATION
Authors: Foster Susan A.
Published: April 2008

The endemic radiation of the threespine stickleback in North America possesses features that will permit us to gain unique insights into evolutionary pattern and process. Already, comparison of populations has demonstrated a remarkable level of adaptive differentiation in reproductive behavior across populations in both southern British Columbia, Canada, and the Cook Inlet Region of Alaska, U.S.A. In small, shallow lakes, threespine stickleback feed predominantly on benthic invertebrates in the shallow littoral zone. They form large groups that attack nests defended by males, and consume all of the young within. In contrast, in larger, more oligotrophic lakes, adult stickleback feed primarily on plankton in large open-water foraging groups. They do not form groups that cannibalize young in nests. In these non-cannibalistic populations, males perform more conspicuous courtship behavior than do those in cannibalistic populations, apparently because risk of attack by visually hunting conspecifics is low. Courtship in these lakes more often includes the conspicuous zig-zag dance, and less often, meandering and dorsal pricking. Anadromous populations tend to be cannibalistic, but also are often behaviorally intermediate. They incorporate the zig-zag dance in courtship more often than do males in cannibalistic freshwater populations, but also usually incorporate the less conspicuous dorsal pricking behavior. These results suggest that the ancestral condition was intermediate and that both cannibalistic and non-cannibalistic freshwater populations display some derived elements in their reproductive repertoires. This kind of comparison among populations thought to have been independently derived from the marine form can provide insights into the patterns and causes of adaptive diversification. For populations such as these, carefully chosen from disparate geographic locations so as to preclude common evolutionary history after colonization of freshwater,
Foraging Behaviour and Memory Window in Sticklebacks
Authors: Mackney P.A. , Hughes R.N.
Published: April 2008

Individuals were collected from a residential marine population of Spinachia spinachia, an anadromous population of Gasterosteus aculeatus forma trachura and a residential freshwater population of G. aculeatus forma leiura. After maintenance for 2 months on a diet of mysid, individuals were subjected to ten, consecutive daily trials on a diet of amphipods or oligochaetes. During this period, individuals learned to handle the prey more effectively, as measured by attack efficiency, handling efficiency and handling time. Learning was similar among populations but differed between diets, being more pronounced for amphipods, which are more difficult to catch and handle than oligochaetes. Once trained to these diets, fish were tested for foraging efficiency after successively longer periods of stimulus deprivation, when they were fed a maintenance diet of mysid. All three measures of foraging efficiency with the amphipod diet, but only that based on handling time with the oligochacte diet, declined to naive levels in the residential marine and anadromous populations. No decrease in foraging efficiency with either diet occurred in the residential freshwater population. Memory window was 8 d, 10 d and > 25 d in the residential marine, anadromous and residential freshwater populations respectively. The large difference between the freshwater and two marine populations is interpreted as an adaptive response to the stability of arrays of prey, characteristic of their respective habitats.
Response of Male European Starlings To Experimental Removal of Their Mate During Different Stages of the Breeding Cycle
Authors: Pinxten Rianne , Eens Marcel , Verheyen Rudolf Frans
Published: April 2008

We experimentally removed females from monogamous European starling Sturnus vulgaris pairs during different stages of the breeding cycle and recorded the effect of these removals on male behaviour and on offspring survival in order to assess the possibilities for female mate desertion. Removal of the female during the laying, incubation and early nestling stage (1- to 5-day-old nestlings) invariably resulted in complete failure of the brood. The survival of the nestlings improved slightly if the female was removed during the middle nestling stage (6- to 10-day-old nestlings), but mortality rate of nestlings was still significantly higher than in control two-parent broods. About 80% of the males widowed during the laying/incubation period removed all eggs from the nest, while only 49% of all males widowed during the early and middle nestling stage removed all dead nestlings. Removal of eggs/dead nestlings by a widowed male starling probably functions to increase the chance on a successful re-mating, since replacement clutches were found only in nests whereof the clutch/brood was removed. We recorded one definite and at least nine suspected cases of parental infanticide, the killing of own offspring, by experimentally widowed male starlings. After nestlings reached 10 days of age (late nestling stage), there was no longer a significant difference in nestling mortality rate between male-only and two-parent broods. This crucial point coincides with the time when (1) the nestlings are functionally homeothermic, and (2) the exponential growth of the nestlings begins to moderate. Moreover, at this time, late in the season, the only viable option for deserted males is to care for the young because the probability of renesting successfully is low. Our results thus indicate that after nestlings reach 10 days of age, female starlings may have the opportunity to desert their mate. However, at that time, the benefits of female mate desertion are reduced as opportunities for renesting succesfully are low.
Male and Female Competitive Strategies of Wild House Mice Pairs (Mus Musculus Domesticus) Confronted With Intruders of Different Sex and Age in Artificial Territories
Authors: Palanza P. , Re L. , Mainardi D. , Brain P.F. , Parmigiani S.
Published: April 2008

Male and female aggression at different reproductive stages was investigated in
pairs of wild mice. Fourteen pairs of laboratory-outbred wild mice were
established, each pair living in a multiple set of cages, connected by runaways.
Intruder tests were carried out at different stages of the reproductive cycle,
i.e. 48 h after introduction, during pregnancy and lactation. In these stages, a
female, a male and two pups were consecutively introduced in each territory (24
h separating each intrusion). Male residents were highly aggressive towards (and
always intolerant of) male but not female intruders. Conversely, resident
females preferentially attacked same sex intruders after colony establishment
and during pregnancy, but they attacked either sex of intruder when nursing
young. Seven out of 14 female intruders were tolerated 48 h after introduction
of residents but tolerance of females decreased during pregnancy and lactation.
Male and female residents were essentially responsible for the intolerance of
same-sex intruders. Both males and females exhibited infanticide, but sex
differences in the timing of attack on alien pups were observed. In the 7
colonies where the intruder female was tolerated (since that two females were
present) only one female reproduced successfully. This suggests that, as in
males, females of this stock compete for the opportunity to reproduce; they can
be exclusively territorial or form a dominance hierarchy which probably
determines reproductive success. While male competitive aggression appears to be
mostly directed to other males, females seem largely responsible of the
regulation of the reproductive potential of a deme unit throughout intrasexual
aggression (intolerance towards other females), and possibly also inhibition of
subordinate reproduction and killing of unrelated pups.
How Much Does Social Group Size Influence Golden Marmot Vigilance?
Authors: Blumstein Daniel T.
Published: April 2008

A commonly cited benefit of group living is the ability for individuals to reduce the time devoted to scanning for predators with increasing group size - the 'group size effect'. Interestingly, most studies reporting a group size effect have focused on documenting a significant group size effect and did not discuss the relative 'importance' of group size. One way to study the relative importance of group size is to calculate the amount of variation in vigilance explained by group size. I studied effects of social group size on golden marmot (Marmota caudata aurea) vigilance in two ways. First, I estimated the overall amount of time marmots were vigilant during their morning active periods. Second, I estimated the amount of time marmots were vigilant specifically while foraging. Analyses statistically controlled for several factors that have been suggested to confound the study of group size effects. While marmots were active, only 14% of the variation in vigilance was explained by social group size. For foraging marmots, even less variation (about 6%) was explained by social group size. The amount of variation explained by social group size in golden marmots is considerably less that reported in several studies of other species where explained variation was reported or could be estimated from data. Some of the discrepancy between variation explained in this and other studies may stem from my focus on social group size which appears to explain less variation than the more commonly studied foraging aggregation size. However, species differ in the amount of time they devote to foraging and therefore vary in the magnitude of net benefit from group size effects. Future comparative work will be required to rigorously study the relationship between amount of time foraging and the magnitude of group size effects.
Anti-Predator Responses To Conspecific and Heterospecific Skin Extracts By Threespine Sticklebacks: Alarm Pheromones Revisited
Authors: Brown Grant E. , Godin JEAN-GUY J.
Published: April 2008

Under laboratory conditions, we investigated the presence of chemical alarm signals in the threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). We exposed individual threespine sticklebacks to skin extract of conspecifics originating from either the same or a different population, fourspine sticklebacks (Apeltes quadracus; a member of the same prey guild as the threespine stickleback) or swordtails (Xiphophorus helleri), a species not known to possess alarm pheromones and which is phylogenetically distant and allopatric from the threespine stickleback. Threespine sticklebacks exhibited significant increases in anti-predator behaviour patterns when presented with skin extract from both populations of conspecifics and from fourspine sticklebacks, but not to swordtail skin extract. These results suggest, contrary to previous reports, that threespine sticklebacks possess chemical alarm signals, which appear to be similar to those of Ostariophysan fishes.
Reproductive Behaviour of Sea Trout (Salmo Trutta) - the Consequences of Sea-Ranching
Authors: Petersson Erik , Järvi Torbjorn
Published: April 2008

Reproductive behaviour and factors associated with male and female mating success were studied in sea trout (Salmo trutta) in a stream water aquarium, during three successive years. We compared a sea-ranched and a wild-produced strain, both of the same genetic origin. In general, dominant males courted females more often, spent more time on the spawnable areas, and had higher mating success than lower ranked males. Body mass explained about 18% of the males' position in the dominance hierarchy. Sea-ranched males, however, achieved on average fewer matings than wild ones. Wild males courted the nest-preparing females and chased away other males more frequently than did the sea-ranched males. Females were observed to be aggressive towards males, especially when the females were preparing a nest. The males that were more frequently the target of female aggression had smaller adipose fins and were more often aggressive towards females. In general the females spawned just once in each nest. Sea-ranched females defended and tested their redd less frequently than the wild females did. Digging activity by wild females diminished closer to spawning time, but not that of the sea-ranched females. To what extent the observed differences were due to the environmental conditions or to genetic differences is not known at present. However, the results of previous studies have revealed that behavioural and morphological differences exist between the strains, despite being reared under the same conditions. Thus, the behavioural changes noted in the sea-ranched sea-trout might have a genetic element.
A Comparative Study of Aggression and Conciliation in Three Cercopithecine Monkeys (Macaca Fuscata, Macaca Nigra, Papio Papio)
Authors: Petit O. , Abegg C. , Thierry B.
Published: April 2008

Patterns of aggression and reconciliation were studied in three captive groups of monkeys belonging to different species: Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata), crested macaques (M. nigra) and Guinea baboons (Papio papio). Consistent differences were found comparing same dyads of individuals in the three groups. Aggression was often followed by retaliation and reconciliation in the group of crested macaques, such responses occurred less frequently in the group of Japanese macaques, more variable results were found in the group of Guinea baboons. Aggressive manual contacts occurred more frequently in crested macaques than in the other two groups. Rates of biting did not differ consistently among groups but bites could induce bleeding in the group of Japanese macaques. The use of peaceful interventions in conflicts was common in crested macaques, rare in Guinea baboons and unobserved in Japanese macaques. Data from other studies indicate that the contrasts found between groups could be due to interspecific variation. The present results suggest that the covariation between conciliation rates, degree of symmetry in conflicts and level of intensity in aggression may stem from phylogenetic constraints.
Twin/Non-Twin Discrimination By Lambs: an Investigation of Salient Stimulus Characteristics
Authors: Porter Richard H. , Nowak Raymond , Orgeur Pierre , Lévy Frédéric , Schaal Benoist
Published: April 2008

A series of experiments was conducted to elucidate the stimuli that mediate twin/non-twin discrimination among 2-3 week old lambs. After being separated from their mother, lambs emitted more distress bleats when tested in isolation than when penned with their familiar twin, but separated from that lamb by a barrier of evenly spaced wood bars. A similar, albeit weaker effect was found for paired vs isolated non-twins. Twins separated by the barrier bleated less than did the non-twins in this condition. In contrast, bleat rates did not differ when subject lambs were tested in the presence of their twin vs a non-twin on the opposite side of a solid opaque barrier. Intact lambs in a final experiment bleated less when tested with their tranquillized twin vs a tranquillized non-twin agemate. The tranquillized stimulus lambs displayed atypical behavior patterns, including suppression of bleats and reduced activity levels. These data indicate that full bodily contact, vocalizations or normal behavioral patterns are not necessary for lambs to be recognized by their twin. Rather, twin/non-twin discrimination (and the effect of a twin on the rate of distress bleating) appears to depend upon visual, and possibly olfactory cues.
Response of the Tadpole Shrimp Triops Longica Udatus To Hypoxia
Authors: Scholnick David A. , Snyder Gregory K.
Published: April 2008

Tadpole shrimp, Triops loregicaudatus live at the bottom of small ephemeral pools where the supply of oxygen is extremely variable. When oxygen tensions in the lower water layers are low, shrimp make numerous trips to the surface in order to obtain oxygen to satisfy metabolic demand. These trips to the surface are disruptive to the normal growth and development of the shrimp because they are energetically costly and they require time away from the benthic feeding zone. This study investigated the negative impact of time spent at the surface on growth and the extent to which hemolymph hemoglobin concentration, [Hb], increase the capacity of animals to remain submerged in hypoxic waters. Hemolymph [Hb] were found to be inversely related to the oxygen tension in which animals were raised and positively correlated with the amount of time spent in the benthic feeding zone during hypoxia. Individuals that spent more time in the benthic feeding zone had higher growth rates than those which spent more time at the surface during hypoxia. We conclude that extracellular [Hb] is an important adaptation in T. longicaudatus by facilitating oxygen uptake during hypoxia, allowing animals to spend more time in benthic habitats where they feed thereby increasing growth and possibly reproductive success.
On a New Genus and New Species of Potamid Crab (Brachyura) From Burma
Authors: Ng Peter K.L.
Published: April 2008

A new genus and new species of potamid freshwater crab from Burma (present Myanmar), Flabellamon pretzmanni, is described. Flabellamon differs from other potamid genera in having a flat, transverse carapace with well developed epibranchial teeth which are separated from the external orbital angles by deep V-shaped clefts, and a short and relatively stout G1 which has a well developed fold on the dorsal margin of the terminal segment. The taxonomic status of two supposedly allied species, Potamon turgidulum Alcock, 1909, and Potamon kuehnelti Pretzmann, 1963, is also discussed.
A Brief History of Existential - Phenomenological Psychiatry a n d pSychotherapy
Authors: Halling Steen , Dearborn Nill Judy
Published: April 2008

This article provides a historical overview of the Existential-Phenomenological tradition in psychiatry and psychotherapy, tracing its development from its origin in nineteenth and twentieth century philosophical thought, through its major European psychiatric proponents and schools, to its emergence as an influential approach in North America after World War II. The emphasis is on the implicit themes that provide continuity within this movement as well as on the distinctive contributions of individual thinkers. We conclude with a discussion of the present status and future prospects of this tradition.
Zur Konzeption Der Islamischen Stadt
Authors: Wirth Eugen
Published: April 2008

Vorbemerkung: Mit Rücksicht auf nicht-orientalistische Leser wurde bei allen Fach-termini (z.B. sŪq, bān, rawda) auf eine korrekte arabische Pluralbildung verzichtet. Die Schreibweise arabischer Eigennamen folgt den üblichen Regeln. Ausnahmen davon erschienen überall dort geboten, wo bei allgemeiner bekannten Termini eine eingedeutschte Form zur Verfügung stand (z.B. Kairo, Damaskus, Aleppo, Teheran). Soweit es bei den Ortsnamen keine solchen Formen gibt, richtet sich die Schreibweise nach den Internationalen Kartenwerken 1:1 Mio. und 1:500.000. Deren Transkription ist für Nordafrika meist französisch, für Vorderasien meist englisch. Bei Zitaten und Literaturtiteln wurde selbstverständlich die von den jeweiligen Autoren gewählte Schreibweise beibehalten. Für wertvolle Hinweise und Anregungen ist der Verf. zahlreichen Fachkollegen verschiedenster Disziplinen zu herzlichem Dank verbunden. Genannt seien hier insbesondere die Damen Frau M. Barrucand (Paris) und Frau B. Finster (Bamberg) sowie die Herren K. Deller (Heidelberg), R. Endres (Erlangen), B. Fragner (Bamberg), H. Ganslandt (Erlangen), W. Hütteroth (Erlangen), D. Huff (Teheran/Berlin), B. Johansen (Berlin), K. Kreiser (Bamberg), W. Müller-Wiener (Darmstadt), H. Nissen (Berlin), J.-P. Pascual (Aix-en-Provence), G. Wirth (Bonn) und R. Zippelius (Erlangen). Der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft und der Stiftung Volkswagenwerk sei auch an dieser Stelle für die stete treue Unterstützung vieler Reisen in den Orient aufrichtig gedankt. Ohne deren Hilfe wären die seit 1964 laufenden ausgedehnten Feldforschungen der Erlanger Geographen zu Fragen der orientalischen Stadt nicht möglich gewesen.
Individual, collective and group rights: History, theory, practice and contemporary evolution
Authors: Ramcharan B.G.
Published: April 2008

This paper discusses the contemporary debate about collective and group rights in the light of actual cases, relevant literature, and emerging international norms. It offers the following submissions: 1. Group rights or collective rights are not incompatible with the intellectual history of human rights. 2. States are at liberty to work out arrangements that recognize rights for groups within the State or for members of the group. 3. The list of group or collective rights explicitly recognized by contemporary international law is still a rather short one. It has so far dealt mainly with the right of self-determination, the rights of minorities and of indigenous populations. 4. Recent statements on the rights of minorities contain explicit affirmations of their right to: existence, identity, participation, to establish associations, to establish and maintain contacts, to culture, to profess and practice their religion, to use their language, to establish schools and to protection. 5. Any recognition of group or collective rights should be complementary to, and not restrictive of, the rights contained in the Universal Declaration and the International Covenants. 6. The international community is competent to scrutinize the way in which claims to group or collective rights are dealt with nationally. 7. The international community should provide avenues, recourse procedures and specialized fora for promoting international cooperation on issues of group and collective rights. 8. It would seem a worthwhile policy objective for a global study to be made about claims and needs for the recognition of group rights.
Biblical hermeneutics: an Afrocentric perspective
Authors: Yorke Gosnell L.
Published: April 2008

Since it is now acknowledged that all theology is practised from a certain perspective, a space is cleared for an Afrocentric reading of biblical scriptures. Afrocentrism is an attempt to re-read Scripture from a premeditatedly Africa-centred perspective which breaks the hermeneutical hegemony and ideological stranglehold of Western biblical scholarship. It is shown, furthermore, that an Afrocentric reading of the Old and New Testaments and an Afrocentric understanding of the figure of Jesus Christ undercut all Eurocentric pretensions.
Perceptions of the Causes of Poverty in Finland
Authors: Niemelä Mikko
Published: April 2008

The issue of what people consider as reasons for living in poverty is often neglected in the literature on poverty. Studies of public perceptions are needed both on academic grounds and in terms of policy-making processes. In this article, I study three different meanings of poverty: the individualistic, the fatalistic and the structural. I explore whether different meanings can be attributed to specific socio-demographic characteristics, economic circumstances and attitudes towards the welfare state. The data derive from a cross-sectional survey conducted in Finland in 2005 and the results indicate that there is strong consensus in the Finnish population on the causes of poverty. Finns are more likely to blame the flaws and inadequacies of the labour market than the behaviour of individuals or societal injustice. In other words, structural explanations of poverty have the greatest support. However, fatalistic explanations are also supported, since a considerable proportion of people regard bad luck and lack of opportunities as reasons for poverty. Applied multivariate analysis indicates that perceptions of the causes of poverty are at least to some extent related to socio-demographic characteristics, economic circumstances and attitudes to the welfare state. However, the effects, as well as the group differences, are small.
A Genuinely Developmental Theory of Sexual Enjoyment and Its Implications for Psychoanalytic Technique
Authors: Fonagy Peter
Published: April 2008

A small computer-assisted word frequency analysis, indicating the extent of explicit concern with sexuality in the psychoanalytic literature, has revealed an apparent decline of psychoanalytic interest in psychosexuality. The apparent decline may be related to the limitations of drive theory and object relations approaches in offering persuasive and comprehensive accounts of the psychosexual. A new model of human sexual experience is proposed, rooted in an integration of French psychoanalytic ideas with recent developmental observational research, that once again places sexuality at the center of psychoanalytic clinical inquiry. Because emotion regulation arises out of the mirroring of affect by a primary caregiver and sexual feelings are unique in that they are systematically ignored and left unmirrored by caregivers, sexual feelings remain fundamentally dysregulated in all of us. Adult sexual experience serves as a way of coming to organize the psychosexual. The model accounts for some aspects of the phenomenology of sexual arousal and suggests ways of understanding pathological distortions of sexual behavior. The nature of the psychosexual is explored in the analytic treatment of an adolescent boy.
Sex and Shame: The Inhibition of Female Desires
Authors: Elise Dianne
Published: April 2008

A developmental narrative is presented that centers on bodily based narcissistic injury and sense of shame in response to unrequited oedipal longings. Through an experience of oedipal defeat in relation to both mother and father, a female sense of inadequacy and shame may be internalized and accepted as one's identity, in contrast to the male phallic-omnipotent trajectory. The demise of genital narcissism in females can underlie various expressions of pervasive inhibition and failure to actualize desire. The thesis offered goes beyond separation-individuation theory in suggesting that girls may inhibit sexuality and aggression, and themselves more generally, due to a representation of self as “not having what it takes” genitally, and then bodily and psychically. Mental representations of the self, based on positive imagery of the female body, are needed to give voice to a woman's bodily experience and sexual desire and agency in various realms. Two clinical vignettes illustrate female inhibitions in sexuality and in professional ambition as understood within the framework presented.
Understanding Preferences for Recycling Electronic Waste in California
Authors: Nixon Hilary , Saphores Jean-Daniel M. , Ogunseitan Oladele A. , Shapiro Andrew A.
Published: April 2008

Increasing stockpiles of electronic waste (e-waste) combined with low recycling rates are threatening human and environmental health because of the hazardous materials in electronic products. To date, however, little is known about household preferences for e-waste recycling alternatives. This study starts filling this gap. Our 2004 mail survey indicates that California households prefer “drop-off recycling at regional centers,” with “curbside recycling” a close second. A contingent ranking (CR) analysis shows that households are willing to pay approximately $0.13 per equivalent mile per month to increase e-waste recycling convenience. Our results show that ignoring environmental attitudes and beliefs leads to biased estimates of the trade-offs households are making between cost and recycling convenience. A good understanding of these trade-offs is necessary for a successful recycling program. Finally, this article illustrates some of the strengths and weaknesses of CR, an underused technique for analyzing preference rankings.
Snowflakes, Living Systems, and the Mystery of Giftedness
Authors: Dai David Yun , Renzulli Joseph S.
Published: April 2008

The main argument of this article is that human living systems are open, dynamic, intentional systems and, therefore, are capable of building ever more complex behaviors through self-organization and self-direction. This principle underlying general human development is also applicable to the development of gifted and talented behaviors. These behaviors are dynamic because persons demonstrating such behaviors are forming dynamic, functional relations with a specific environment, with unique temporal trajectories capable of engendering emergent properties that feed into further development. This Contextual, Emergent, and Dynamic Model provides an alternative to traditional static, reductionistic, trait-based conceptions of giftedness. The article further elaborates on three dynamic facets of the making of gifted potential: selective affinity, maximal grip, and being at the edge of chaos. These facets allow for dealing with the genesis of talents, developing expertise over an extended period, and developing creative potential.