bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multilevel hybrid spectral element ordering algorithms
Authors: Scott Jennifer A.
Published: March 2005

For frontal solvers to perform well on finite‐element problems it is essential that the elements are ordered for a small wavefront. Multilevel element ordering algorithms have their origins in the profile reduction algorithm of Sloan but for large problems often give significantly smaller wavefronts. We examine a number of multilevel variants with the aim of finding the best methods to include within a new state‐of‐the‐art frontal solver for finite‐element applications that we are currently developing. Numerical experiments are performed using a range of problems arising from real applications and comparisons are made with existing element ordering algorithms. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eigenvalues of factorable matrices with form IV symmetry
Authors: Kaveh A. , Sayarinejad M. A.
Published: March 2005

The methods developed for eigensolution of matrices with special patterns (Commun. Numer. Methods Engng 2003; 19: 125; 2004; 20: 133) is extended to another canonical form defined as the symmetry of Form IV. Efficient methods are presented for evaluating the eigenvalues for this form of matrices. The graph representation of this type of symmetry is also included in this study. The process of development is accompanied by some illustrative examples. Copyright © 2005 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Digital dialogues in Dundee: 8th International Conference on Limb Development
Authors: Lettice Laura A. , Kapoor Tania , Hill Robert E.
Published: March 2005

Developmental Dynamics, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Determination of the Absolute Configuration of Inherently Chiral Resorc[4]arenes
Authors: Klaes Michael , Neumann Beate , Stammler Hans‐Georg , Mattay Jochen
Published: March 2005

The absolute configuration of twelve inherently chiral resorc‐arenes was determined using a combination of the X‐ray structure of (–)‐3a and optical rotation as well as NMR techniques. Starting from a racemic mixture of 1 both diastereomers (–)‐3a and (+)‐3b can be obtained in high yields in two steps and the absolute configuration of these diastereomers could be determined by X‐ray analysis. Using enantiomerically pure (–)‐1 for the same reactions, however, (+)‐3b is formed. The alkylation of (–)‐1 with (S)‐2‐methylbutyl tosylate and the methylation of (–)‐5a lead to the same resorcarene (–)‐4a, while the alkylation of (+)‐1 and the methylation of (+)‐5b yield in resorcarene (+)‐4b. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
Facile Preparation of 3‐Amino‐4‐(arylamino)‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐ones by a New Multicomponent Reaction
Authors: Opatz Till , Ferenc Dorota
Published: March 2005

Reactions between 2‐formylbenzoic acid, various anilines and HCN result in the formation of 3‐amino‐4‐(arylamino)‐1H‐isochromen‐1‐ones in high yield. The mechanism of this three‐component condensation involves the intermediate formation of an α‐aminonitrile and subsequent cyclization through nucleophilic attack of the ortho‐carboxylate at the nitrile carbon. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2005)
The potential of inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometric detection for capillary electrophoretic analysis of pesticides
Authors: Wuilloud Rodolfo G. , Shah Monika , Kannamkumarath Sasi S. , Altamirano Jorgelina C.
Published: March 2005

In this work, the potential of inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) coupled to capillary electrophoresis (CE) to determine organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) is demonstrated. Element specific detection of 31P with ICP‐MS is performed for the detection of OPPs. Three common OPPs, including glyphosate, glufosinate, and aminomethylphosphonic acid (AMPA), were analyzed by CE‐ICP‐MS to demonstrate its applicability for the analysis of OPPs. The advantages of using ICP‐MS with respect to other common detectors, such as flame photometric detection (FPD), for CE analysis of OPPs are shown. Additionally, different CE separation conditions were studied to achieve complete baseline separation of the pesticide compounds in short migration times. Two CE buffer systems were evaluated for the separation of OPPs using ICP‐MS detection. A buffer solution containing 40 mmol·L−1 ammonium acetate at pH 9.0 and an applied voltage of +20 kV were finally selected leading to a separation time of 10.0 min. Both migration time and area relative standard deviations (%RSD) were evaluated and their respective values were in the intervals of 1.1–3.3% and 2.7–5.3%. Detection limits obtained with the CE‐ICP‐MS system were in the range of 0.11–0.19 mg·L−1 (as compound) yielding an enhancement of 130‐ to 230‐fold with respect to FPD. The proposed methodology was finally applied for the determination of the OPPs mentioned above in natural river water samples.
Screening and analytical confirmation of sulfonamide residues in milk by capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Santos Bricio , Lista Adriana , Simonet Bartolomé M. , Ríos Angel , Valcárcel Miguel
Published: March 2005

A new methodology is proposed to automate the monitoring of sulfonamide residues in milk samples. It combines a screening unit for the total amount of sulfonamide with capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry (CE‐MS) equipment for processing the samples containing a detectable level of sulfonamide. The screening unit consists of continuous‐flow system (CFS) to precipitate the proteins connected on‐line to the CE‐MS equipment, in which a common characteristic ion of all sulfonamides was monitored with the MS detector by flushing the sample through the capillary. The confirmatory method is based on the purification and preconcentration of sulfonamides in a CFS unit and posterior analysis by CE‐MS. The sample treatment unit was also on‐line connected to the CE‐MS equipment. In order to increase sensitivity, the flow rate of the sheath liquid was diminished from 0.5 to 0.2 μL·min−1 by increasing the content in water from 0 to 50% and the formic acid from 0.5 to 1.5% in this liquid and by applying an overimposed pressure of 5 mbar during the electrophoretic separation. The method allowed the analysis of 30 samples per hour.
Sheathless reverse‐polarity capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray‐mass spectrometry for analysis of underivatized glycoconjugates
Authors: Bindila Laura , Peter‐Katalinić Jasna , Zamfir Alina
Published: March 2005

We report on the development of a novel methodology to extend the limits of capillary electrophoresis‐electrospray ionization‐mass spectrometry (CE‐ESI‐MS) general applicability. A sheathless on‐line CE‐ESI‐MS setup was optimized on standard monosaccharide mixture to operate in reverse polarity and negative ion mode for MS detection without pressure to assist the sample migration, coating of the capillaries, and/or sample derivatization. This approach was further applied for screening of a complex glycopeptide mixture obtained from the urine of a patient diagnosed with N‐acetylhexosaminidase deficiency, known as Schindler's disease. The potential of this methodology in terms of high sensitivity, separation efficiency, resolution, and reproducibility is demonstrated. In combination with the high quality of MS data, a new, significantly improved insight into the sample heterogeneity is possible.
Complete isolation of target solute from multicomponent similar mixture using continuous rotating annular chromatograph with double‐stage partial recycling of effluent
Authors: Fukumura Takuya , Honda Hiroki , Kubo Masaki , Yonemoto Toshikuni
Published: March 2005

A double‐stage partial recycling continuous rotating annular chromatograph was proposed in order to isolate a target solute from multisolutes with similar retention strengths. The impurities with a higher retention strength are removed from the mixture by the first stage partial recycling where the effluent of incomplete separation is recycled to the inlet adjacent to that of the raw feed mixture. The effluent containing the target solute and the impurities with a lower retention strength is sent to the second stage and the target solute is isolated and collected. The optimum arrangement of the recycling channels and their corresponding nozzles was determined using a numerical calculation based on a mass transport model. The quadruple saccharides of kestose, sucrose, glucose and fructose were used as model solutes for experimental verification. The distribution coefficients needed for the numerical calculation were obtained from adsorption experiments. The effectiveness of the proposed technique was first verified using a two‐apparatu system. On the basis of the two‐apparatus method, the guide to designing a suitable single apparatus was discussed regarding the capital cost savings. The model target solute, sucrose, was isolated using a single apparatus by special recycling of a part of the effluents containing sucrose and kestose with a lower retention strength to the inlet of the first stage. All experimental concentration profiles of the respective saccharides were in reasonable agreement with the calculated ones. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
Effects of an Avidin‐Biotin Binding System on Chondrocyte Adhesion and Growth on Biodegradable Polymers
Authors: Tsai Wei‐Bor , Wang Min‐Cheng
Published: March 2005

Summary: Cell adhesion to a scaffold is a prerequisite for tissue engineering. Many studies have been focused on enhancing cell adhesion to synthetic materials that are used for scaffold fabrication. In this study, we applied an avidin‐biotin binding system to enhance chondrocyte adhesion to biodegradable polymers. Biotin molecules were conjugated to the cell membrane of chondrocytes, and mediated cell adhesion to avidin‐coated surfaces. We demonstrated that immobilization of biotin molecules to chondrocyte surfaces enhanced cell adhesion to avidin‐coated biodegradable polymers such as poly(L‐lactic acid), poly(D,L‐lactic acid), and polycaprolactone, compared to the adhesion of normal chondrocytes to the same type of biodegradable polymer. The biotinylated chondrocytes still maintained their proliferation ability. This study showed the promise of applying the avidin‐biotin system in cartilage tissue engineering.

The adhesion of B‐chondrocytes to avidin‐adsorbed surfaces (PDLLA) in serum‐free medium (♦) and that of normal chondrocytes to untreated surfaces in the serum‐containing media (▪) (control: adhesion of normal chondrocytes to untreated TCPS in the serum‐containing medium (▴)).

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The adhesion of B‐chondrocytes to avidin‐adsorbed surfaces (PDLLA) in serum‐free medium (♦) and that of normal chondrocytes to untreated surfaces in the serum‐containing media (▪) (control: adhesion of normal chondrocytes to untreated TCPS in the serum‐containing medium (▴)).
Kinetics of Polymerization of Dimer Fatty Acids with Ethylenediamine After 90% Conversion
Authors: Heidarian Javad , Ghasem Nayef , Wan Daud Wan Ashri
Published: March 2005

Summary: Today, hot melt adhesives are used in a variety of manufacturing processes, including bookbinding, product assembly and box and carton heat sealing. Understanding the kinetics of the process is of great importance. In this work, the kinetics for the polymerization of dimer fatty acids and ethylenediamine after 90% conversion were investigated. The rate equation used was based on a third order expression after 90% conversion. The reaction temperature was in the range 435–475 K. The parameters of the rate equations were determined using non‐linear regression analysis. Comparison of the model predictions with the experimental data showed that the approach was useful for predicting the polymerization kinetics. The frequency factor and the activation energy for the forward rate constant after 90% conversion were 93 339.62 kg · mol−1 · min−1 and 53.40 kJ · mol−1, respectively. The reverse rate constant was almost zero.

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Novel Alternating Dioctyloxyphenylene Vinylene‐Benzothiadiazole Copolymer: Synthesis and Photovoltaic Performance
Authors: Lu Shengli , Yang Mujie , Luo Jie , Cao Yong , Bai Fenglian
Published: March 2005

Summary: A novel alternating conjugated copolymer (poly[(dioctyloxyphenylene vinylene)‐alt‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)], C8‐PPV‐BT) consisting of electron‐rich dioctyloxybenzene and electron‐deficient 2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole repeat units was synthesized via a Pd‐catalyzed Heck cross‐coupling polycondensation. The thermal, electrochemical, optical properties, and photophysics of C8‐PPV‐BT blended with [6,6]‐phenyl‐C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) have been investigated. Photovoltaic devices of ITO/PEDOT‐PSS/C8‐PPV‐BT + PCBM (1/4, w/w)/Ba/Al were fabricated and their photovoltaic parameters were measured. The results showed the energy conversion efficiency (ηe) and external quantum efficiency (EQE) were 0.335 and 11.7% (451 nm), respectively, under simulated solar light illumination having light intensity of 78.2 mW · (cm2)−1 (AM1.5), which were both higher than those of devices based on poly[(dioctyloxyphenylene ethynylene)‐alt‐(2,1,3‐benzothiadiazole)] (C8‐PPE‐BT) and PCBM blend under the same conditions. Optical, electrochemical, and photovoltaic properties of C8‐PPV‐BT and C8‐PPE‐BT copolymers were also compared and discussed.

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Statistical Megamer Morphologies and Materials from PAMAM Dendrimers
Authors: Khopade Ajay J. , Möhwald Helmuth
Published: March 2005

Summary: Generation‐4 poly(amidoamine) dendrimers (G4‐PAMAM) were cross‐linked using gluteraldehyde to obtain aldehyde‐activated G4‐PAMAM and cross‐linked G4‐PAMAM, termed pre‐megamers, which were grafted with octadecylamine (ODA) in chloroform (CHCl3). Statistical megamer morphologies and particles were prepared by an emulsification solvent‐evaporation method using an ODA‐premegamer/CHCl3 solution, surfactant, and water. Physicochemical characterization of the premegamers and megamers by various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques demonstrated their formation and properties useful in diagnostic and chromatographic applications.

Formation of pre‐megamers and megamers and their transmission electron microscopy images.

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Formation of pre‐megamers and megamers and their transmission electron microscopy images.
Reversible Oxygen Binding to the Polymeric Cobalt Tetraazaporphyrin Complex and Oxygen‐Facilitated Transport through Its Membrane
Authors: Shinohara Hiromi , Shibata Hirokazu , Wöhrle Dieter , Nishide Hiroyuki
Published: March 2005

Summary: A membrane of a cobalt tetraazaporphyrin polymer complex was prepared with a nanometer thickness and used as an oxygen‐facilitated transport membrane. Rapid and reversible oxygen binding to the cobalt tetraazaporphyrin complex with a polymeric imidazole ligand was observed at low temperature. Oxygen transport through the membrane was facilitated and a high (oxygen/nitrogen) permselectivity of 28 was obtained.

Oxygen‐facilitated transport through a cobalt tetraazaporphyrin complex‐polymer membrane of nanometer thickness.

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Oxygen‐facilitated transport through a cobalt tetraazaporphyrin complex‐polymer membrane of nanometer thickness.
Haunting the Buddha
Authors: DeCaroli Robert
Published: March 2005

Although Buddhist monasteries are commonly understood as being institutions dedicated to non‐attachment and transcendence, the architectures of the earliest known monasteries are overwhelmingly decorated with sculptural images of minor deities and spirits directly associated with wealth, health and worldly success (yakshas, nagas, etc). This text refutes the notion that the presence of these deities is linked to periods of decline in Buddhism by demonstrating how the inclusion of these semi‐divine figures was part of an intentional process by which the Buddhist monastic community managed to attract adherents and expand into new regions. Specifically, the incorporation of these supernatural beings into Buddhist contexts provided the Buddhists with a social role as the tamers and keepers of potentially dangerous and unpredictable spirits. This new social relevance ensured Buddhist patronage after the cessation of royal support (c. 200‐100 bce) and provided the monastic community with a strategy for expansion. Both the architecture and the sculpture served as important visual markers that signified the spiritual authority of Buddhist teachings and identified the monastic community as spiritually accomplished individuals worthy of support. This work situates Buddhism within the social and political contexts of early India and in so doing explores the contributions made to the developing monastic institution by the religious ideas and local beliefs that surrounded it.
High dispersal in a frog species suggests that it is vulnerable to habitat fragmentation
Authors: Funk W. Chris , Greene Allison E , Corn Paul Stephen , Allendorf Fred W
Published: March 2005

Global losses of amphibian populations are a major conservation concern and have generated substantial debate over their causes. Habitat fragmentation is considered one important cause of amphibian decline. However, if fragmentation is to be invoked as a mechanism of amphibian decline, it must first be established that dispersal is prevalent among contiguous amphibian populations using formal movement estimators. In contrast, if dispersal is naturally low in amphibians, fragmentation can be disregarded as a cause of amphibian declines and conservation efforts can be focused elsewhere. We examined dispersal rates in Columbia spotted frogs (
Rana luteiventris
) using capture–recapture analysis of over 10 000 frogs in combination with genetic analysis of microsatellite loci in replicate basins. We found that frogs had exceptionally high juvenile dispersal rates (up to 62% annually) over long distances (>5 km), large elevation gains (>750 m), and steep inclines (36° incline over 2 km) that were corroborated by genetic data showing high gene flow. These findings show that dispersal is an important life-history feature of some amphibians and suggest that habitat fragmentation is a serious threat to amphibian persistence.
Comparison of the Flexiblade levering laryngoscope with the English Macintosh laryngoscope in patients with a poor laryngoscopic view
Authors: Beilin B. , Yardeni I. Z. , Smolyarenko V. , Zeidel A. , Ram E. , Mayburd E.
Published: March 2005

The effectiveness of two laryngoscopes, the English Macintosh and the Flexiblade (a levering laryngoscope), were compared in a clinical setting.

An investigation was carried out in 100 patients admitted for surgery under general anaesthesia, to compare intubation with the Flexiblade or the Macintosh laryngoscope. The patients had two anatomical characteristics that may predict difficult intubation – Mallampati score II and III, and a thyromental distance ≤ 6.5 cm. Patients were randomly allocated to receive intubation with one of the laryngoscopes. The laryngeal view obtained during laryngoscopy, the intubation time, and the need for optimization manoeuvres and assistance required were compared in the two groups. The correlation between intubation time and anatomical characteristics was determined.

Only 49 patients had a poor laryngeal view during initial laryngoscopy and required additional facilitating manoeuvres. In these patients, successful intubation time (in seconds) using the Flexiblade was significantly shorter than using the Macintosh laryngoscope (median 14.3 s, IQR 6.3 vs. median 20.8 s, IQR 10.5) (p < 0.01). Assistance and additional manoeuvres were required significantly less frequently in the Flexiblade group (21%) compared to Macintosh group (67%) (p < 0.01). No correlation was found between intubation time, Mallampati scores, thyromental distance, or body weight. We concluded that in patients with an initial poor laryngoscopic view, the Flexiblade may enable faster and easier tracheal intubation.
Describing gerontological nursing: an academic exercise or prerequisite for progress?
Authors: Kelly Timothy B. , Tolson Debbie , Schofield Irene , Booth Jo
Published: March 2005

Aims and objectives.  To develop a practitioner‐led description of gerontological nursing and articulate the principles which underpin its practice.

Background.  As the population ages expertise in gerontological nursing will become increasingly important. However, a complete and widely accepted delineation of the rationale, philosophy, knowledge base and special skills for gerontological nursing is yet to be developed.

Methods.  As one cycle of a larger action research project informed by realistic evaluation, a representative sample of 30 Scottish nurses worked together as a Community of Practice to develop a description of gerontological nursing that would have utility in their practice and in the development of best practice care guidance. Data collection involved group interviews and records of on‐line discussions. Data were analysed using content analysis. The emerging description was verified through external consultation with other nursing colleagues and older people.

Results.  Nursing older people within Scotland was perceived as low status and participants reported that a positive reframing of gerontological nursing was needed. A description and underlying principles were developed by nurses and used as a lens to shape best practice statements. The description embraces a person‐centred and enabling approach to evidenced‐based gerontological nursing.

Conclusions.  Gerontological practice requires an accessible consensus view and description to support its development. Practising nurses developed such a view and its utility has been seen in the development of best practice statements.

Relevance to clinical practice.  The description and principles of gerontological nursing can be used to guide nursing practice, practice development and research.
Patient‐centred outcomes in dietary research
Authors: Jackson J. A. , Kinn S. , Dalgarno P.
Published: March 2005

Introduction  Current health policy stresses the need to take patients’ views into account in the provision of health care, including involvement in the process of care and determining the outcome(s) of treatment. It is unclear whether patients undergoing dietary treatment have been consulted on their views.

Methods  A literature review, searching electronic databases and hand searching dietetic journals, of dietary intervention research was carried out to identify if patients’ views were sought in determining outcomes.

Results  Searching uncovered a total of 28 papers reporting the results of studies of dietary interventions where patients views were sought in the measurement of outcome, however little detail was given about patient(s) involvement and whether the use of the measures influenced future care.

Future work  Should address the issue of patient involvement in the determination of outcome and how this then influences future care.
The Take‐Up of Multiple Means‐Tested Benefits by British Pensioners: Evidence from the Family Resources Survey
Authors: HANCOCK RUTH , PUDNEY STEPHEN , BARKER GERALDINE , HERNANDEZ MONICA , SUTHERLAND HOLLY
Published: March 2005

Non‐take‐up of means‐tested benefits among pensioners is of long‐standing concern. It has assumed increased importance from October 2003 with the introduction of the new means‐tested pension credit to which about half of pensioners are expected to be entitled. We use Family Resources Survey data from April 1997 to March 2000 to investigate patterns of pensioner take‐up of income support (IS) (subsequently renamed the minimum income guarantee and now subsumed in pension credit), housing benefit (HB) and council tax benefit (CTB). Although 36 per cent of pensioners in our sample failed to claim their entitlements to at least one of these benefits, only 16 per cent failed to claim amounts worth more than 10 per cent of their disposable income. Generally, take‐up is high where entitlement is high. But there are exceptions which may reflect the claims process and/or a greater degree of social stigma associated with IS than with HB or CTB.
The Distributional Impact of Pension System Reforms: An Application to the Italian Case
Authors: BORELLA MARGHERITA
Published: March 2005

Between 1992 and 1995, the Italian pension system was deeply reformed, and it is now moving from an earnings‐related to a contribution‐based scheme. The pre‐1992 system was generous and redistributive; however, often redistribution operated from the poor to the rich, notably because the benefit formula was based on the last years of earnings, thus benefiting workers with steep earnings profiles. The new contribution‐based scheme may enhance equity by removing (some of) the inequities implicit in the previous system.

Simulations calibrated on Italian male employees show that the contribution‐based scheme reduces inequality among all groups considered, with the exception of college graduates employed in the private sector. When taking into account the average level of the benefit as well as its distribution, the analysis shows mixed results depending on the worker's number of years of contribution and on their retirement age, as well as on the steepness of their earnings profile.
Terminating Taiwan's Fourth Nuclear Power Plant under the Chen Shui‐bian Administration
Authors: Hsu Shu‐Hsiang
Published: March 2005

This article integrates the termination literature with the Punctuated‐Equilibrium (P‐E) model of policy change into a broader framework of policy termination to examine the Chen Shui‐bian administration's abrupt decision to terminate Taiwan's fourth nuclear power plant (FNPP) as well as to explore the evolution of agenda‐setting for the FNPP's termination over a decade. The termination of the FNPP may be viewed as a result of interactions among the nuclear policy image, the institutional venue, and the political or policy strategy over time, as indicated in the integrated framework. Nevertheless, changing nuclear policy image is not sufficient to automatically change the institutional venue in the process of Taiwan's transition from an authoritarian regime to a pluralist political system. Before venue shopping for policy termination, antinuclear activists had to ally with the Democratic Progressive Party to struggle for opening up Taiwan's political institutions along with Taiwan's democratization. On the other hand, as a consequence of Taiwan's recent democratization, antinuclear activists were unsuccessful in terminating the FNPP in the absence of sufficient political resources, notwithstanding a major venue change from the Kuomintang (KMT) government to the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) government under President Chen's leadership. Furthermore, besides domestic venues, international institutions also appear to be important to the creation and maintenance of the nuclear policy system, as well as to the dramatic reversal of the Chen administration's termination decision in this case.
Recognition of Multi-Axis Milling Features: Part II—Algorithms & Implementation
Authors: Sridharan Nandakumar , Shah Jami J.
Published: March 2005

This two-part paper describes general purpose methods for recognizing both simple and complex features; the latter may have freeform faces that may require 4 or 5 axis machining. The major impediment to recognition of complex features has been the difficulty in generalizing the characteristics of their shape. Part I of this paper presented features in terms of geometric and topological characteristics. This part of the paper (Part II) demonstrates how the characterization and classification developed in Part I can be used in automatic feature recognition. The paper presents algorithms for Cut-Thru, Cut-Around, and all types of Cut-On features, namely Open-surface, Open-Cavity and Closed-Cavity. A modular and progressive approach is implemented to keep the process planner involved in decisions about setups, tool approach, and fixturing. Data collected from several case studies is included.
PROCEDURES FOR MULTIPLE INPUT FUNCTIONS WITH DNA MOLECULES
Authors: FUJIWARA AKIHIRO , KAMIO SATOSHI
Published: March 2005

In recent works for high performance computing, computation with DNA molecules, that is, DNA computing, has been receiving considerable attention as an alternative for silicon based computers. In this paper, we propose two procedures for computing multiple input functions. We first propose a simple procedure for computing AND function. The procedure runs in O(1) steps using O(mn) DNA strands for n binary numbers of m bits. The procedure is also applicable to other simple logic functions, such as OR, NAND and NOR. We next propose a procedure for EX-OR function. The procedure runs in O(1) steps using O(mn2) DNA strands, and is also applicable to other functions, such as majority and threshold functions.
DESIGNING FAULT TOLERANT ALGORITHMS FOR RECONFIGURABLE MESHES
Authors: FERNÁNDEZ-ZEPEDA JOSÉ ALBERTO , ESTRELLA-BALDERRAMA ALEJANDRO , BOURGEOIS ANU G.
Published: March 2005

This paper proposes a procedure to design fault tolerant algorithms for the R-Mesh and some of its restrictive variations. This procedure first identifies a healthy sub-mesh from a faulty model using the bypass and removal fault model. Then it uses scalable algorithms to simulate the larger faulty model on the resulting healthy sub-mesh. The algorithms for the bypass model tolerates n faults in an n×n R-Mesh (LR-Mesh) and runs in O(T log n) (O(T)) time, where T is the execution time on the original mesh without faults. For the removal model, we design fault tolerant algorithms for some interesting variations of the R-Mesh, specifically, the NXR-Mesh and the NXLR-Mesh. We propose the first scaling simulations for these models and present a simulation of the R-Mesh on the NXR-Mesh. The results of this paper enable us to consider certain reconfigurable models in a more practical environment than previously allowed.
FM SCREENING BY THE LOCAL EXHAUSTIVE SEARCH, WITH HARDWARE ACCELERATION
Authors: ITO YASUAKI , NAKANO KOJI
Published: March 2005

The main contribution of this paper is to show a new approach for FM screening which we call Local Exhaustive Search (LES) method, and to present ways to accelerate the computation using an FPGA. FM screening, as opposed to conventional AM screening, keeps unit dot size when converting an original gray-scale image into the binary image for printing. FM screening pays great attention to generate moiré-free binary images reproducing continuous-tone and fine details of original photographic images. Our basic approach for FM screening is to generate a binary image whose projected image onto human eyes is very close to the original image. The projected image is computed by applying a Gaussian filter to the binary image. LES performs an exhaustive search for each of the small square subimages in the binary image and replaces the subimage by the best binary pattern. The exhaustive search is repeated until no more improvement is possible. The experimental results show that LES produces a high quality and sharp binary image. We also implemented LES on an FPGA to accelerate the computation and achieved a speedup factor of up to 51 over the software implementations.
SYSTEMATIC SEARCH OF EXACTLY SOLVABLE NON-CENTRAL POTENTIALS
Authors: GÖNÜL B. , KOÇAK M.
Published: March 2005

Recently developed supersymmetric perturbation theory has been successfully employed to make a complete mathematical analysis of the reason behind exact solvability of some non-central potentials. This investigation clarifies once more the effectiveness of the present formalism.
CONFINEMENT IN THE PRESENCE OF EXTERNAL FIELDS AND AXIONS
Authors: GAETE P. , GUENDELMAN E. I.
Published: March 2005

For a theory with a pseudo-scalar coupling [Formula: see text] and in the case that there is a constant electric or magnetic strength expectation value, we compute the interaction potential within the structure of the gauge-invariant but path-dependent variables formalism. While in the case of a constant electric field strength expectation value the static potential remains Coulombic, in the case of a constant magnetic field strength the potential energy is the sum of a Yukawa and a linear potentials, leading to the confinement of static charges.
Physiological and morphological correlates of among-individual variation in standard metabolic rate in the leopard frog Rana pipiens
Authors: Steyermark Anthony C. , Miamen Alexander G. , Feghahati Hesam S. , Lewno Anthony W.
Published: March 2005

Rates of standard metabolism (SMR) are highly variable among individuals within vertebrate populations. Because SMR contributes a substantial proportion of an individual's energy budget, among-individual variation in this trait may affect other energetic processes, and potentially fitness. Here, we examine three potential proximate correlates of variation in SMR:organ mass, serum T4 thyroxine and relative mitochondrial content, using flow cytometry. Body-mass-adjusted kidney mass correlated with SMR, but liver,heart, small intestine and gastrocnemius did not. Thyroxine correlated with SMR, as did mitochondrial content. These results suggest several novel proximate physiological and morphological mechanisms that may contribute to among-individual variation in SMR. Variation in SMR may be maintained by diverse environmental conditions. Some conditions, such as low resource availability, may favor individuals with a low SMR, through small organ size,or low thyroxine or mitochondrial content. Other conditions, such as high resource availability, may favor individuals with a high SMR, through large organ size, or high thyroxine or mitochondrial content.
Three-dimensional antennal lobe atlas of male and female moths, Lobesia botrana (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) and glomerular representation of plant volatiles in females
Authors: Masante-Roca Ingwild , Gadenne Christophe , Anton Sylvia
Published: March 2005

Spatiotemporal odour coding is thought to be linked closely with the specific glomerular anatomy of the primary olfactory centre. In most insects the number of the glomeruli within the antennal lobe is limited to fewer than 100, allowing their individual identification. In the grapevine moth, Lobesia botrana, a map of the antennal lobe glomeruli was reconstructed three-dimensionally, by comparing three different brains in males and females. The map of the antennal lobe of females served then as a basis to identify glomeruli containing dendritic arborisations of 14 physiologically characterised projection neurons. Projection neurons responding to the same plant compound did not always arborise in the same glomerulus and some neurons arborising in the same glomerulus responded to different compounds. Different zones of target glomeruli were, however,identified when pooling all neurons responding to one of two different compounds respectively (α-farnesene and nonatriene). All identified glomeruli of specifically responding projection neurons were situated close to the anterior surface of the antennal lobe. One broadly responding projection neuron arborised in a more posteriorly situated glomerulus. A local interneuron responding to only one compound was arborising densely in a neighbouring glomerulus and had sparse branches in all other glomeruli. These results are discussed with respect to plant odour processing and structure-function relations in antennal lobe neurons. The 3D AL atlas will,in the future, also be used to obtain a better understanding of coding mechanisms of grapevine odours in this pest insect.
[3+2] Cycloaddition Reactions of Cyclopropylmethylsilanes and α-Keto Aldehydes: Trans- and Cis-selective Formation of 2-Silylmethyltetrahydrofurans
Authors: Fuchibe Kohei , Aoki Yuji , Akiyama Takahiko
Published: March 2005

Cyclopropylmethylsilanes and α-keto aldehydes underwent novel [3+2] cycloaddition reaction to afford 2-silylmethyl substituted tetrahydrofurans in good yields. Relative stereochemistries of the products were dependent on the reaction temperatures, trans- and cis-tetrahydrofurans were obtained stereoselectively at 0 °C and at −78 °C, respectively.
Synthesis of 3,4-Disubstituted Quinolin-2(1H)-ones via Palladium-catalyzed Regioselective Cross-coupling Reactions of 3-Bromo-4-trifloxyquinolin-2(1H)-one with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Wu Jie , Zhang Liang , Sun Xiaoyu
Published: March 2005

Palladium-catalyzed regioselective cross-coupling reactions of 3-bromo-4-trifloxyquinolin-2(1H)-one with arylboronic acids provide an efficient and practical route for the synthesis of 3,4-disubstituted quinolin-2(1H)-ones.
Formation of Single-wall Carbon Nanotubes by Using Porous Glass
Authors: Aoki Yosuke , Suzuki Shinzo , Okubo Shingo , Kataura Hiromichi , Nagasawa Hiroshi , Achiba Yohji
Published: March 2005

Single-wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) were prepared by several kinds of porous glass, with different inner pore size, each of which was prepared by controlling the condition of phase separation. By applying alcohol CCVD technique, it was found that the yield of SWNTs was enhanced when the pore size increases from 6 to 10 nm and 16 nm. On the other hand, the diameter distribution of SWNTs was invariant in all porous glasses under investigation, under the same ambient temperature.
Cover Picture: Separation Techniques for Carbon Nanotubes (Adv. Eng. Mater. 3/2005)
Authors: Krupke R. , Hennrich F.
Published: March 2005

The cover shows a single‐walled carbon nanotube in a schematic drawing. How these fascinating materials can be separated from semiconducting tubes in substantial quantities is described in the review article by R. Krupke and F. Hennrich on page 111.
The dynamo layer in solar‐type stars
Authors: Ossendrijver M.
Published: March 2005

The role of the dynamo layer for dynamo action in solar‐type stars is discussed. As a result of instabilities, magnetic flux is expelled from the dynamo layer into the convection zone above it. The resulting partial evacuation of the dynamo layer and amplification of the deep‐seated toroidal magnetic field is investigated in an illustrative 3D numerical simulation. The simulation is performed with a finite‐difference code that solves the anelastic MHD equations for a Cartesian geometry. It is found that the field strength in the dynamo layer is amplified by a factor of up to about 7. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Estimates of the Strouhal number from numerical models of convection
Authors: Käpylä P. J. , Korpi M. J. , Ossendrijver M. , Tuominen I.
Published: March 2005

We determine the Strouhal number (hereafter St), which is essentially a nondimensional measure of the correlation time, from numerical calculations of convection. We use two independent methods to estimate St. Firstly, we apply the minimal tau‐approximation (MTA) on the equation of the time derivative of the Reynolds stress. A relaxation time is obtained from which St can be estimated by normalising with a typical turnover time. Secondly, we calculate the correlation and turnover times separately, the former from the autocorrelation of velocity and the latter by following test particles embedded in the flow.We find that the Strouhal number is in general of the order of 0.1 to 1, i.e. rather large in comparison to the typical assumption in the mean‐field theories that St ≪ 1. However, there is a clear decreasing trend as function of the Rayleigh number and increasing rotation. Furthermore, for the present range of parameters the decrease of St does not show signs of saturation, indicating that in stellar convection zones, where the Rayleigh numbers are much larger, the Strouhal number may indeed be significantly smaller. (© 2005 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Decreased plasma levels of nitric oxide metabolites, angiotensin II, and aldosterone in spontaneously hypertensive rats exposed to 5 mT static magnetic field
Authors: Okano Hideyuki , Masuda Hiroshi , Ohkubo Chiyoji
Published: March 2005

Previously, we found that whole body exposure to static magnetic fields (SMF) at 10 mT (Bmax) and 25 mT (Bmax) for 2–9 weeks suppressed and delayed blood pressure (BP) elevation in young, stroke resistant, spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). In this study, we investigated the interrelated antipressor effects of lower field strengths and nitric oxide (NO) metabolites (NOx = NO + NO) in SHR. Seven‐week‐old male rats were exposed to two different ranges of SMF intensity, 0.3–1.0 mT or 1.5–5.0 mT, for 12 weeks. Three experimental groups of 20 animals each were examined: (1) no exposure with intraperitoneal (ip) saline injection (sham‐exposed control); (2) 1 mT SMF exposure with ip saline injection (1 mT); (3) 5 mT SMF exposure with ip saline injection (5 mT). Arterial BP, heart rate (HR), skin blood flow (SBF), plasma NO metabolites (NOx), and plasma catecholamine levels were monitored. SMF at 5 mT, but not 1 mT, significantly suppressed and retarded the early stage development of hypertension for several weeks, compared with the age matched, unexposed (sham exposed) control. Exposure to 5 mT resulted in reduced plasma NOx concentrations together with lower levels of angiotensin II and aldosterone in SHR. These results suggest that SMF may suppress and delay BP elevation via the NO pathways and hormonal regulatory systems. Bioelectromagnetics 26:161–172, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Apartment electrical wiring: A cause of extremely low frequency magnetic field exposure in residential areas
Authors: Moriyama Kosei , Yoshitomi Kuniaki
Published: March 2005

Extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MFs) were measured at 696 points in a room of a Japanese apartment building. The building had 124 rooms with layouts and wiring identical to those of the studied room. ELF‐MFs exceeded 0.4 μT in 24% of the living space, and the maximum value, 1.8 μT, was detected at floor level. Analysis of the MF distribution revealed that 60 Hz 100 V electrical wiring for room lights within the floor and ceiling had been laid out in large rectangles, equivalent to 1 turn coils. Further plotting of the vertical components every 0.01 m on the floor indicated that the depth of the cable was 0.23 m. Further studies should be conducted in order to confirm that the building investigated in this pilot study is typical of Japanese apartment buildings in terms of ELF‐MFs. Bioelectromagnetics 26:238–241, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synaptic organization of complex ganglion cells in rabbit retina: Type and arrangement of inputs to directionally selective and local‐edge‐detector cells
Authors: Famiglietti Edward V.
Published: March 2005

The type and topographic distribution of synaptic inputs to a directionally selective (DS) rabbit retinal ganglion cell (GC) were examined and were compared with those received by two other complex GC types. The percentage of cone bipolar cell (BC) input, presumably an index of sustained responses and simple receptive field properties, is much higher than expected for complex GCs in reference to previous reports in other species: approximately 20% for the type 1 bistratified ON–OFF DS GC and for a multistratified GC, and approximately 40% for the small‐tufted local‐edge‐detector GC. Consistent with a previous study (Famiglietti [1991] J. Comp. Neurol. 309:40–70), no ultrastructural evidence is found for inhibitory synapses from starburst amacrine cells to the ON–OFF DS GC. The density of inputs to the ON–OFF DS GC is high and rather evenly distributed over the dendritic tree. Clustering of inputs brings excitatory and inhibitory inputs into proximity, but the strict on‐path condition of more proximal inhibitory inputs, favoring shunting inhibition, is not satisfied. Prominent BC input and its regional variation suggest that BCs play key roles in DS neural circuitry, both pre‐ and postsynaptic to the ON–OFF DS GC, according to a bilayer model (Famiglietti [1993] Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci. 34:S985). Asymmetry of inhibitory amacrine cell input may signify a region on the preferred side of the receptive field, the inhibition‐free zone (Barlow and Levick [1965] J. Physiol. (Lond.) 178:477–504), supporting a role for postsynaptic integration in the DS mechanism. Prominent BC input to the local‐edge‐detector, often without accompanying amacrine cell input, indicates presynaptic integration in forming its trigger feature. J. Comp. Neurol. 484:357–391, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Expression patterns of collagen I (α1) encoding gene and muscle‐specific genes reveal that the lateral domain of the fish somite forms a connective tissue surrounding the myotome
Authors: Rescan P.Y. , Ralliere C. , Chauvigné F. , Cauty C.
Published: March 2005

Somites are repeated, epithelial structures that are derived from the unsegmented paraxial mesoderm located lateral to the notochord. In higher vertebrates, somites differentiate into a sclerotome that subsequently forms the vertebrae and the ribs and into a dermomyotome that gives rise to a myotome, from which arises the skeletal muscle, and to a dermatome, from which arises the dermis. Fish somites have been shown to produce a sclerotome and a myotome, but very little is known regarding their participation in the formation of connective tissues, especially at the junction between the epidermis and the myotome. To investigate the formation of connective tissues in fish somites, we have examined the expression pattern of the collagen I (α1) chain. As somitogenesis proceeds rostrocaudally, collagen I (α1) expression marks the sclerotomal cells and delineates the formation of the vertebrae. Surprisingly, after the completion of the segmentation, transcript for the collagen I (α1) chain appeared in a distinct epithelial‐like monolayer situated at the periphery of the developing somite facing the surface epidermis. This epithelial monolayer of somitic cells that covered the superficial slow muscle cells, did not express the myogenic transcriptional regulator myogenin and was devoid of contractile filament. As the somite increased in size, these collagen‐expressing epithelial cells flattened, forming a thin cellular layer underlying the epidermis and recovering the lateral surface of the myotome. In conclusion, the lateral domain of the fish somite forms a distinct epithelial cell layer sharing many characteristics with amniote dermatome. Developmental Dynamics 233:605–611, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Hoxb3 vagal neural crest‐specific enhancer element for controlling enteric nervous system development
Authors: Chan Kwok Keung , Chen Yuk Shan , Yau Tai On , Fu Ming , Lui Vincent Chi Hang , Tam Paul Kwong Hang , Sham Mai Har
Published: March 2005

The neural and glial cells of the intrinsic ganglia of the enteric nervous system (ENS) are derived from the hindbrain neural crest at the vagal level. The Hoxb3 gene is expressed in the vagal neural crest and in the enteric ganglia of the developing gut during embryogenesis. We have identified a cis‐acting enhancer element b3IIIa in the Hoxb3 gene locus. In this study, by transgenic mice analysis, we examined the tissue specificity of the b3IIIa enhancer element using the lacZ reporter gene, with emphasis on the vagal neural crest cells and their derivatives in the developing gut. We found that the b3IIIa‐lacZ transgene marks only the vagal region and not the trunk or sacral region. Using cellular markers, we showed that the b3IIIa‐lacZ transgene was expressed in a subset of enteric neuroblasts during early development of the gut, and the expression was maintained in differentiated neurons of the myenteric plexus at later stages. The specificity of the b3IIIa enhancer in directing gene expression in the developing ENS was further supported by genetic analysis using the Dom mutant, a spontaneous mouse model of Hirschsprung's disease characterized by the absence of enteric ganglia in the distal gut. The colonization of lacZ‐expressing cells in the large intestine was incomplete in all the Dom/b3IIIa‐lacZ hybrid mutants we examined. To our knowledge, this is the only vagal neural crest‐specific genetic regulatory element identified to date. This element could be used for a variety of genetic manipulations and in establishing transgenic mouse models for studying the development of the ENS. Developmental Dynamics 233:473–483, 2005. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.