bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Study on the influence of non‐load effects during the whole process of construction of setback super‐tall structures
Authors: Liu Jun , Song Bohan , Wu Guilong , Luo Xiaoqun , Zhang Qilin , Yu Guijing
Published: December 2023

The mechanical characteristics of the setback super‐tall structure are complex, and the design is difficult. In the actual analysis and design process, the relevant influencing factors should be fully considered. In this paper, the fine construction simulation analysis of the super‐tall structure is carried out. Based on the shrinkage test of concrete members, the CEB‐FIP 90 shrinkage model is modified in terms of the parameters of cross‐section shape and size. The modified model is used to calculate the shrinkage strain of concrete, and the influence of uneven settlement of foundation and seasonal temperature on the structure is considered in the construction simulation analysis. The influence proportion of each non‐load effect on the horizontal displacement, vertical displacement, and internal force of key components is obtained. The refined construction analysis results are compared with the field monitoring data, and the data are in good agreement.
Advancements in SERS‐based biological detection and its application and perspectives in pancreatic cancer
Authors: Xu Lei , Xie Yujiao , Lin Jie , Wu Aiguo , Jiang Tianan
Published: December 2023

Surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) has become an essential bio‐detection technique. Due to its high sensitivity, good signal specificity, and resistance to photobleaching, SERS has been widely used in biomedical research fields such as molecular imaging, tumor diagnosis, and drug monitoring. This review focuses on the progress of SERS in biomedical applications. We first introduce the basic principle of SERS and the progress of substrate research. Then, we summarize the latest research progress on SERS in drug monitoring, cell and exosome detection, tumor imaging, and detection platforms combining microfluidic and lateral flow technologies. Subsequently, the applied research of SERS in early diagnosis of pancreatic cancer and drug efficacy monitoring is described. Finally, the future development direction and possible challenges of SERS in tumor diagnosis and treatment are proposed.
Meat safety knowledge, attitude and practices of slaughterhouse workers in Kajiado, Kenya
Authors: Kimindu Victoria Atieno , Kaindi Dasel Wambua Mulwa , Njue Lucy Gicuku , Githigia Samwel Maina
Published: December 2023

Background

A major contributor to the poor meat safety status in Kenya is low level of slaughter hygiene knowledge and practices among slaughterhouse workers.

Introduction

The study determined knowledge, attitude and practices (KAPs) of workers from 7 small and medium slaughterhouses in Kajiado County on slaughter hygiene and meat safety.

Methodology

Semi‐structured questionnaires were administered to 78 workers, managers and meat inspectors.

Results

Majority (92.3%) of workers lacked slaughter hygiene and meat safety training. Workers had high knowledge with an overall mean score of 19.2 ± 2 out of 24, high personal hygiene scores (9.9 ± 0.8 out of 11), moderate carcass contamination scores (4.2 ± 0.8 out of 6), meat‐borne illness score (3.1 ± 1 out of 4) and temperature intervention scores (2.1 ± 0.6 out of 3). Moderate and high scores were recorded in attitude and practices and differed significantly across slaughterhouses (p < 0.05) with a mean of 33 ± 5 out of 40 and 59.3 ± 3.5 out of 65, respectively. There was no significant difference in KAP scores between trained and untrained workers. Carcass decontamination practices by workers differed from that of the meat inspector. Surface and handheld equipment sanitization practices were observed as poor. Medical testing practice was poor and significantly different across slaughterhouses (p < 0.001) with infection rates of zoonoses and occupational hazards as high as 33% in some slaughterhouses.

Conclusion

The study concluded that although high knowledge and neutral attitude were scored by slightly more than half of the workers, poor practices were reported and observed in carcass decontamination, equipment and facility sanitization and worker medical examination. Slaughter facilities in Kajiado County have an opportunity to offer their workers role‐specific training, the provision of personal protective equipment, hygiene and sanitation facilities and strict oversight of worker medical testing.
A dynamic model of wind turbine yaw for active farm control
Authors: Starke Genevieve M. , Meneveau Charles , King Jennifer R. , Gayme Dennice F.
Published: December 2023

This paper presents a graph‐based dynamic yaw model to predict the dynamic response of the hub‐height velocities and the power of a wind farm to a change in yaw. The model builds on previous work where the turbines define the nodes of the graph and the edges represent the interactions between turbines. Advances associated with the dynamic yaw model include a novel analytical description of the deformation of wind turbine wakes under yaw to represent the velocity deficits and a more accurate representation of the interturbine travel time of wakes. The accuracy of the model is improved by coupling it with time‐ and space‐dependent estimates of the wind farm inflow based on real‐time data from the wind farm. The model is validated both statically and dynamically using large‐eddy simulations. An application of the model is presented that incorporates the model into an optimal control loop to control the farm power output.
Navigator nurse implementation within a fast track program of liver resections: How to improve the healthcare service and perioperative results
Authors: Fermi Francesca , Ratti Francesca , Stepanyan Perthshanush , Corallino Diletta , Ingallinella Sara , Reineke Raffaella , Beretta Luigi , Aldrighetti Luca
Published: December 2023

Background

The introduction into the clinical practice of the navigator nurse (NaNu) to address the task of counseling and short term follow‐up help the effective implementation of the fast track protocol. The aim of the present study was to investigate the impact of the standardization of the NaNu's role in patients undergoing liver surgery.

Methods

Patients undergoing elective liver surgery for all diagnosis and approach, from 2015, received counseling and postoperative follow‐up by NaNu and constituted the study group (n = 890). This group was compared with the control group (n = 712) including patients treated in the era before the implementation of the NaNu role (2011–2014). Outcome was evaluated in terms of discrepancy between functional recovery and discharge, number of ER accesses, number of readmissions.

Results

Preoperative characteristics of patients and disease, as well as type of resection and postoperative outcomes were similar between the two groups. The proportion of laparoscopic cases was higher in the study group (51.2% vs. 32% in the control). Time for discharge, interval between functional recovery and discharge, number of ER accesses and number of readmissions were reduced in the study group. Benign diagnosis, absence of complications, laparoscopic approach and presence of NaNu were independent predictors of shorter length of stay. The positive effect of NaNu's activation was recorded in patients with complications and undergoing open surgery.

Conclusion

The implementation of NaNu's role has allowed to us optimize the level of healthcare service offered to patients. The wider benefit was offered in the setting of complex patients.
The effect of married status on cancer‐specific mortality in nonmetastatic pelvic liposarcoma patients according to sex
Authors: Baudo Andrea , Morra Simone , Scheipner Lukas , Jannello Letizia Maria Ippolita , de Angelis Mario , Siech Carolin , Touma Nawar , Goyal Jordan A. , Tian Zhe , Acquati Pietro , Longo Nicola , Ahyai Sascha , de Cobelli Ottavio , Briganti Alberto , Chun Felix K. H. , Saad Fred , Shariat Shahrokh F. , Carmignani Luca , Karakiewicz Pierre I.
Published: December 2023

Background

In nonmetastatic pelvic liposarcoma patients, it is unknown whether married status is associated with better cancer‐control outcome defined as cancer‐specific mortality (CSM). We addressed this knowledge gap and hypothesized that married status is associated with lower CSM rates in both male and female patients.

Methods

Within the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database (2000−2020), nonmetastatic pelvic liposarcoma patients were identified. Kaplan–Meier plots and univariable and multivariable Cox regression models (CRMs) predicting CSM according to marital status were used in the overall cohort and in male and female subgroups.

Results

Of 1078 liposarcoma patients, 764 (71%) were male and 314 (29%) female. Of 764 male patients, 542 (71%) were married. Conversely, of 314 female patients, 192 (61%) were married. In the overall cohort, 5‐year cancer‐specific mortality‐free survival (CSM‐FS) rates were 89% for married versus 83% for unmarried patients (Δ = 6%). In multivariable CRMs, married status did not independently predict lower CSM (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.74, p = 0.06). In males, 5‐year CSM‐FS rates were 89% for married versus 86% for unmarried patients (Δ = 3%). In multivariable CRMs, married status did not independently predict lower CSM (HR: 0.85, p = 0.4). In females, 5‐year CSM‐FS rates were 88% for married versus 79% for unmarried patients (Δ = 9%). In multivariable CRMs, married status independently predicted lower CSM (HR: 0.58, p = 0.03).

Conclusions

In nonmetastatic pelvic liposarcoma patients, married status independently predicted lower CSM only in female patients. In consequence, unmarried female patients should ideally require more assistance and more frequent follow‐up than their married counterparts.
Neural network design for cubic autocatalysis chemical processes, the flow of a Darcy‐Forchheimer viscous fluid is optimized for entropy
Authors: Shah Farooq Ahmed , Raja Muhammad Asif Zahoor , Shoaib Muhammad , Zamir Tayyab , Ihsan Adil
Published: December 2023

In this article, neural network backpropagation (NNBP) is used to present two‐dimensional Darcy‐Forchheimer viscous fluid (DFVF) of viscous liquid against a stretching sheet under the influence of heat sink/source and viscous dissipation. Mathematical modelling and numerical simulation are also discussed. Thermal polymer processing, engineering processes, and industrial processes all benefit from the dynamic entropy generation phenomenon. Scientists are primarily interested in finding ways to decrease entropy formation to polish up the thermal performance of industrial systems. In this continuation, the optimal frame for the Darcy‐Forchheimer flow with a curved surface has been developed. Non‐linear partial systems are converted to dimensionless differential systems through the employment of the appropriate variables. Utilizing tools from the bvp4c method, the problem's highly nonlinear equations are numerically solved. These ODEs are solved by applying the bvp4c solution approach to produce the reference dataset for NNBP. Using this reference dataset in MATLAB, the graphs for the solution and error analysis for changing various parameters are analyzed. The performance of NNBP is validated using mean squared error data, regression analysis, and error histogram. The DFVF solution is examined using the testing, validation, and training procedures. Examined through influential variables the effects of fluid flow, thermal field, Bejan number, and concentration.
On the optimal effective stability bounds for quasi-periodic tori of finitely differentiable and Gevrey Hamiltonians
Authors: Farré Gerard
Published: December 2023

It is known that a Diophantine quasi-periodic torus with frequency $$\omega \in \Omega _{\tau }^d$$

ω
∈

Ω

τ

d

of a $$C^{l}$$

C
l

Hamiltonian is effectively stable for a time T(r) that is polynomial on the inverse of the distance to the torus, that we denote by r, with exponent $$1+(l-2)/(\tau +1)$$

1
+
(
l
-
2
)
/
(
τ
+
1
)

. It is also known that a Diophantine quasi-periodic torus of a Gevrey Hamiltonian $$H\in G^{\alpha ,L}$$

H
∈

G

α
,
L

is effectively stable for an exponentially long time on the inverse of the distance to the torus with exponent $$1/(\alpha (1+\tau ))$$

1
/
(
α
(
1
+
τ
)
)

. In this note, we see that following the methods in [11] one can show the almost optimality of these exponents. We also show that, for a dense subset of non-resonant vectors, for quasi-periodic tori of finitely differentiable and Gevrey Hamiltonians, the naive lower bound $$T(r)\ge Cr^{-1}$$

T

(
r
)

≥
C

r

-
1

is optimal in terms of the exponent.
Myokarditis im Kindesalter
Authors: Michel-Behnke Ina
Published: December 2023

Für eine Myokarditis im Kindesalter sind virale Infektionen die häufigste Ursache; andere Erreger, kardiotoxische Medikamente und die myokardiale Inflammationen bei systemischer Erkrankung spielen geringere Rollen. Die meisten Myokarditiden verlaufen milde, jedoch sind fulminante Formen mit lebensbedrohlichen Arrhythmien und kardiogenem Schock möglich. Die unspezifische initiale Symptomatik erschwert die zeitgerechte Diagnosestellung und erleichtert den Übergang in eine Kardiomyopathie mit bleibender kardialer Funktionseinschränkung. Sorgfältige Anamnese und körperliche Untersuchung, Basislaborbestimmungen, EKG und der darauf aufbauende diagnostische Stufenplan mithilfe von Echokardio‑, Magnetresonanztomographie und Endomyokardbiopsie sichern die Diagnose. Kenntnis und Anwendung der therapeutischen Optionen des stadienhaften Verlaufs, einschließlich Beratung zu Wiederaufnahme körperlicher Aktivitäten/Rückkehr zum Sport, sind Bestandteile der kinderärztlichen/-kardiologischen Betreuung.
Potato and sweetpotato breeding at the International Potato Center: approaches, outcomes and the way forward
Authors: Lindqvist-Kreuze Hannele , Bonierbale Merideth , Grüneberg Wolfgang J. , Mendes Thiago , De Boeck Bert , Campos Hugo
Published: December 2023

Root and tuber crop breeding is at the front and center of CIP’s science program, which seeks to develop and disseminate sustainable agri-food technologies, information and practices to serve objectives including poverty alleviation, income generation, food security and the sustainable use of natural resources. CIP was established in 1971 in Peru, which is part of potato’s center of origin and diversity, with an initial mandate on potato and expanding to include sweetpotato in 1986. Potato and sweetpotato are among the top 10 most consumed food staples globally and provide some of the most affordable sources of energy and vital nutrients. Sweetpotato plays a key role in securing food for many households in Africa and South Asia, while potato is important worldwide. Both crops grow in a range of conditions with relatively few inputs and simple agronomic techniques. Potato is adapted to the cooler environments, while sweetpotato grows well in hot climates, and hence, the two crops complement each other. Germplasm enhancement (pre-breeding), the development of new varieties and building capacity for breeding and variety testing in changing climates with emphasis on adaptation, resistance, nutritional quality and resource-use efficiency are CIP’s central activities with significant benefits to the poor. Investments in potato and sweetpotato breeding and allied disciplines at CIP have resulted in the release of many varieties some of which have had documented impact in the release countries. Partnership with diverse types of organizations has been key to the centers way of working toward improving livelihoods through crop production in the global South.
Enhancement of cardiac angiogenesis in a myocardial infarction rat model using selenium alone and in combination with PTXF: the role of Akt/HIF-1α signaling pathway
Authors: Elseweidy Mohamed M. , Ali Sousou I. , Shaheen Mohamed A. , Abdelghafour Asmaa M. , Hammad Sally K.
Published: December 2023

Ischemic heart diseases such as myocardial infarction (MI) are a global health problem and a leading cause of mortality worldwide. Angiogenesis is an important approach for myocardial healing following ischemia. Thus, this study aimed to explore the potential cardiac angiogenic effects of selenium (Se), alone and in combination with the tumor necrosis factor-alpha inhibitor, pentoxifylline (PTXF), via Akt/HIF-1α signaling. MI was induced in rats using two subcutaneous doses of isoprenaline (ISP) at a 24-h interval (150 mg/kg). One week later, rats were orally given Se (150 µg/kg/day), PTXF (50 mg/kg/day), or Se/PTXF combination. ISP-induced myocardial damage was evident by increased HW/TL ratios, ST segment elevation, and increased serum levels of CK-MB, LDH, and troponin-I. ISP increased the cardiac levels of the lipid peroxidation marker MDA; the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-6, IL-1β, and TNF-α; and the pro-apoptotic protein Bax and caspase-3. In contrast, the cardiac levels of the antioxidant markers GSH and SOD and the anti-apoptotic marker Bcl-2 were reduced. Furthermore, ISP markedly increased the cardiac levels of p-Akt and HIF-1α proteins and the cardiac gene expression of ANGPT-1, VEGF, and FGF-2. Treatment with Se both alone and in combination with PTXF ameliorated the ISP-induced myocardial damage and further increased cardiac angiogenesis via Akt/HIF-1α signaling. Se/PTXF combined therapy was more beneficial than individual treatments. Our study revealed for the first time the cardiac angiogenic effects of Se both alone and in combination with PTXF in myocardial infarction, suggesting that both may be promising candidates for clinical studies.

Graphical Abstract
High-temperature ultrafast ChipHPLC-MS
Authors: Weise Chris , Westphal Hannes , Warias Rico , Belder Detlev
Published: December 2023

Herein, we present a miniaturized chip-based HPLC approach coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry utilizing temperature to achieve high-speed separations. The approach benefits from the low thermal mass of the microfluidic chip and can form an electrospray from the pre-heated mobile phase. With the help of this technology, isothermal and temperature-programmable operations up to 130°C were pursued to perform reversed-phase separations of pesticides in methanol and ethanol-containing eluents in less than 20 s.

Graphical Abstract
Occupational exposure to vapors, gasses, dusts, and fumes in relation to causes of death during 24 years in Helsinki, Finland
Authors: Jalasto Juuso , Luukkonen Ritva , Lindqvist Ari , Langhammer Arnulf , Kankaanranta Hannu , Backman Helena , Rönmark Eva , Sovijärvi Anssi , Piirilä Päivi , Kauppi Paula
Published: December 2023

Purpose

Environmental particulate matter (PM) exposure has been shown to cause excess all-cause and disease-specific mortality. Our aim was to compare disease-specific mortality by estimated occupational exposure to vapors, gasses, dusts, and fumes (VGDF).

Methods

The data source is the Helsinki part of the population-based FinEsS study on chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases including information on age, education level, main occupation, sex, and tobacco smoking combined with death registry information. We compared estimated VGDF exposure to mortality using adjusted competing-risks regression for disease-specific survival analysis for a 24-year follow-up.

Results

Compared to the no-exposure group, the high occupational VGDF exposure group had sub-hazard ratios (sHR) of 1.7 (95% CI 1.3–2.2) for all cardiovascular-related and sHR 2.1 (1.5–3.9) for just coronary artery-related mortality. It also had sHR 1.7 (1.0–2.8) for Alzheimer’s or vascular dementia-related mortality and sHR 1.7(1.2–2.4) for all respiratory disease-related mortality.

Conclusion

Long-term occupational exposure to VGDF increased the hazard of mortality- to cardiovascular-, respiratory-, and dementia-related causes. This emphasizes the need for minimizing occupational long-term respiratory exposure to dust, gasses, and fumes.
Simulations of the human heat balance during Mount Everest summit attempts in spring and winter
Authors: Błażejczyk Krzysztof , Havenith George , Szymczak Robert K.
Published: December 2023

The majority of research dealing with the impacts of the Himalayan climate on human physiology focuses on low air temperature, high wind speed, and low air pressure and oxygen content, potentially leading to hypothermia and hypoxia. Only a few studies describe the influence of the weather conditions in the Himalayas on the body’s ability to maintain thermal balance. The aim of the present research is to trace the heat exchange between humans and their surroundings during a typical, 6-day summit attempt of Mount Everest in the spring and winter seasons. Additionally, an emergency night outdoors without tent protection is considered. Daily variation of the heat balance components were calculated by the MENEX_HA model using meteorological data collected at automatic weather stations installed during a National Geographic expedition in 2019–2020. The data represent the hourly values of the measured meteorological parameters. The research shows that in spite of extreme environmental conditions in the sub-summit zone of Mount Everest during the spring weather window, it is possible to keep heat equilibrium of the climbers’ body. This can be achieved by the use of appropriate clothing and by regulating activity level. In winter, extreme environmental conditions in the sub-summit zone make it impossible to maintain heat equilibrium and lead to hypothermia. The emergency night in the sub-peak zone leads to gradual cooling of the body which in winter can cause severe hypothermia of the climber’s body. At altitudes < 7000 m, climbers should consider using clothing that allows variation of insulation and active regulation of their fit around the body.
Anchored heat kernel upper bounds on graphs with unbounded geometry and anti-trees
Authors: Keller Matthias , Rose Christian
Published: December 2023

We derive Gaussian heat kernel bounds on graphs with respect to a fixed origin for large times under the assumption of a Sobolev inequality and volume doubling on large balls. The main result is then applied to anti-trees with unbounded vertex degree, yielding Gaussian upper bounds for this class of graphs for the first time. In order to prove this, we show that isoperimetric estimates with respect to intrinsic metrics yield Sobolev inequalities. Finally, we prove that anti-trees are Ahlfors regular and that they satisfy an isoperimetric inequality of a larger dimension.
Biomechanical comparison of headless compression screws versus independent locking screw for intra-articular fractures
Authors: Mandala Meghana , Shaunak Shalin , Kreitmair Paul , Phadnis Joideep , Guryel Enis
Published: December 2023

Purpose

Headless compression screws (HCS) have a variable thread pitch and headless design enabling them to embed below the articular surface and generate compression force for fracture healing without restricting movement. Locking screws have greater variety of dimensions and a threaded pitch mirroring the design of the HCS. The objective of this study is to determine whether locking screws can generate compression force and compare the compressive forces generated by HCS versus locking screws.

Method

A comparison between 3.5-mm HCS versus 3.5-mm locking screws and 2.8-mm HCS versus 2.7-mm locking screws was performed using a synthetic foam bone model (Synbone) and FlexiForce sensors to record the compression forces (N). The mean peak compression force was calculated from a sample of 3 screws for each screw type. Statistical analysis was performed using the one-way ANOVA test and statistical significance was determined to be p =  < 0.05.

Results

The 3.5-mm Synthes and Smith and Nephew locking screws generated similar peak compression forces to the 3.5-mm Acutrak 2 headless compression screws with no statistically significant difference between them. The smaller 2.7-mm Synthes and Smith and Nephew locking screws initially generated similar compressive forces up to 1.5 and 2 revolutions, respectively, but their peak compression force was less compared to the 2.8-mm Micro Acutrak 2 HCS.

Conclusion

Locking screws are able to generate compressive forces and may be a viable alternative to headless compressive screws supporting their use for intra-articular fractures.
Platform trial for off-label oncology drugs using comprehensive genomic profiling under the universal public healthcare system: the BELIEVE trial
Authors: Ishimaru Sae , Shimoi Tatsunori , Sunami Kuniko , Nakajima Miho , Ando Yayoi , Okita Natsuko , Nakamura Kenichi , Shibata Taro , Fujiwara Yasuhiro , Yamamoto Noboru
Published: December 2023

Background

Precision medicine has transformed cancer treatment by focusing on personalized approaches based on genomic abnormalities. However, comprehensive genomic profiling (CGP) and access to targeted therapies are limited in Japan. This study investigates the BELIEVE trial, which aims to improve drug accessibility for patients with actionable genetic abnormalities through off-label drug administration.

Methods

The BELIEVE trial is a platform trial with a single master protocol, conducted under the Clinical Trials Act and the patient-proposed health services (PPHS) scheme. Eligible patients with solid tumors exhibiting actionable alterations were enrolled, and CGP tests covered by national health insurance were employed. Treatment selection, study drugs from collaborating pharmaceutical companies, and treatment schedules adhered to predefined protocols. Primary and secondary endpoints were evaluated, and statistical analysis was conducted based on patient response rates.

Results

The BELIEVE trial offered treatment opportunities for patients with relapse/refractory disease who lacked standard therapies or clinical trial options. This study addresses unmet medical needs and contributes to the establishment of precision medicine systems. Similar trials like NCI-MATCH and TAPUR are being conducted globally. The BELIEVE trial provides a platform for off-label drug administration, collects essential clinical data, and contributes to drug approval applications.

Conclusion

The BELIEVE trial provides hope for patients with actionable genetic abnormalities by facilitating access to targeted therapies through off-label drug administration. It establishes a regulatory framework and promotes collaboration between industry and academia by expanding organ-specific and cross-organ biomarker-based treatments.
Competitive displacement and acaricide resistance of two Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) species collected on commercial farms in South Africa
Authors: van Dalen Ellie M. S. P. , Jansen van Rensburg Candice
Published: December 2023

Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) microplus, an invasive species to Africa, and the endemic R. (B.) decoloratus are of high economic importance in the cattle industry. Invasion of the alien species in South Africa has mostly been reported for traditional communal grazing areas where it seemed to be rapid and, in some cases, even replaced the native species. The alien species is also assumed to already be resistant to acaricides upon invasion. The presence of R. (B.) microplus on commercial farms was therefore investigated and resistance screening of both species to field concentrations of cypermethrin, amitraz, and chlorfenvinphos was determined by means of the larval immersion test. Results showed that only 3.7% (of 383) tick collections submitted were R. (B.) microplus populations. A further 1.6% (of 383) showed co-existence of the two species. Comparing the level of resistance to the acaricides between the two species indicated a mean phenotypic resistance of 66.2 and 26.5% of R. (B.) decoloratus populations to cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. This was significantly lower for R. (B.) microplus, with 23.0 and 4.1% of its populations resistant to cypermethrin and amitraz, respectively. Closed commercial farming areas seemed to have a preventative advantage for the invasion of R. (B.) microplus and displacement of R. (B.) decoloratus by R. (B.) microplus. Regular monitoring of these two species may be of high importance to prevent unnecessary financial losses due to insufficient control and increased awareness of the threat of Asiatic babesiosis vectored by R. (B.) microplus.
A point-in-time inventory of chikanda orchids within a wild harvesting wetland area in Mwinilunga, Zambia: implications for conservation
Authors: Tembo Chimwemwe , Phiri Ethel Emmarantia , Syampungani Stephen , Malgas Rhoda Ronette , Maciejewski Kristine , Dube Thembani
Published: December 2023

Despite continued wild harvesting, there is limited data that provides estimates on the availability of African edible orchids as a resource, and that identifies the ecological drivers of their dynamics. This study was designed to investigate the relationship between distance from surface water and the diversity, frequency, and population density of chikanda orchids in a harvesting wetland in Mwinilunga, Zambia. Vegetation sampling was conducted using an interrupted belt transect design. Eight 50 m transects were systematically placed and positioned perpendicular (90o) to a stream within three separate orchid communities. Individual plant count was recorded within the 0–10 m, 10–20 m, 20–30 m, 30–40 m, and 40–50 m distance zones. Results showed a statistically significant decrease in the Shannon’s Diversity Index between the distance zones in all three communities (p < 0.05). Mean ranks for orchid taxa frequency and density across the distance zones were significantly different for communities 1 and 2 but not 3 and communities 1 and 3 but not 2, respectively. However, there was a medium to large effect size for distance on frequency and a small to large effect size for distance on density in all three communities. These results suggest that distance from surface water influences the frequency and density of orchid taxa occurring in wetland ecosystems. This implies that for conservation purposes, it may be important to focus on areas close to water when establishing orchid sites for the species investigated in this study.
Developing a diagnostic framework for primary and secondary students’ reasoning difficulties during mathematical problem solving
Authors: Säfström Anna Ida , Lithner Johan , Palm Torulf , Palmberg Björn , Sidenvall Johan , Andersson Catarina , Boström Erika , Granberg Carina
Published: December 2023

It is well-known that a key to promoting students’ mathematics learning is to provide opportunities for problem solving and reasoning, but also that maintaining such opportunities in student–teacher interaction is challenging for teachers. In particular, teachers need support for identifying students’ specific difficulties, in order to select appropriate feedback that supports students’ mathematically founded reasoning without reducing students’ responsibility for solving the task. The aim of this study was to develop a diagnostic framework that is functional for identifying, characterising, and communicating about the difficulties students encounter when trying to solve a problem and needing help from the teacher to continue the construction of mathematically founded reasoning. We describe how we reached this aim by devising iterations of design experiments, including 285 examples of students’ difficulties from grades 1–12, related to 110 tasks, successively increasing the empirical grounding and theoretical refinement of the framework. The resulting framework includes diagnostic questions, definitions, and indicators for each diagnosis and structures the diagnostic process in two simpler steps with guidelines for difficult cases. The framework therefore has the potential to support teachers both in eliciting evidence about students’ reasoning during problem solving and in interpreting this evidence.
How pedagogical content knowledge sharpens prospective teachers’ focus when judging mathematical tasks: an eye-tracking study
Authors: Brunner Kirsten , Obersteiner Andreas , Leuders Timo
Published: December 2023

Teachers’ ability to accurately judge difficulties of mathematical tasks is an essential aspect of their diagnostic competencies. Although research has suggested that pedagogical content knowledge (PCK) is positively correlated with the accuracy of diagnostic judgments, experimental studies have not been conducted to investigate how PCK affects perception and interpretation of relevant task characteristics. In an intervention study with a control group, 49 prospective mathematics teachers judged the difficulty of 20 tasks involving functions and graphs while an eye tracker tracked their eye movements. Some of the tasks included characteristics well known to be difficult for students. Participants’ domain-specific PCK of typical student errors was manipulated through a three-hour intervention, during which they learned about the most common student errors in function and graph problems. We found that the process of perception (relative fixation duration on the relevant area in the tasks) was related to judgment accuracy. Pre-post comparisons revealed an effect of the intervention not only on participants’ domain-specific PCK of typical student errors but also on their perception and interpretation processes. This result suggests that domain-specific PCK of typical student errors allowed participants to focus more efficiently on relevant task characteristics when judging mathematical task difficulties. Our study contributes to our understanding of how professional knowledge makes teachers’ judgment processes of mathematical tasks more efficient.
Neuroprotective effect of curcumin against experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis-induced cognitive and physical impairments in mice: an insight into the role of the AMPK/SIRT1 pathway
Authors: Sadek Mohamed A. , Rabie Mostafa A. , El Sayed Nesrine S. , Sayed Helmy M. , Kandil Esraa A.
Published: December 2023

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable chronic neurodegenerative disease where autoimmunity, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation collaboration predispose myelin sheath destruction. Interestingly, curcumin, a natural polyphenol, showed a neuroprotective effect in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, including MS. Nevertheless, the influence of curcumin against MS-induced cognitive impairment is still vague. Hence, we induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in mice using spinal cord homogenate (SCH) and complete Freund’s adjuvant, which eventually mimic MS. This study aimed not only to evaluate curcumin efficacy against EAE-induced cognitive and motor dysfunction, but also to explore a novel mechanism of action, by which curcumin exerts its beneficial effects in MS. Curcumin (200 mg/kg/day) efficacy was evaluated by behavioral tests, histopathological examination, and biochemical tests. Concisely, curcumin amended EAE-induced cognitive and motor impairments, as demonstrated by the behavioral tests and histopathological examination of the hippocampus. Interestingly, curcumin activated the adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase/silent mating type information regulation 2 homolog 1 (AMPK/SIRT1) axis, which triggered cyclic AMP response element-binding protein/brain-derived neurotrophic factor/myelin basic protein (CREB/BDNF/MBP) pathway, hindering demyelination of the corpus callosum. Furthermore, AMPK/SIRT1 activation augmented nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), a powerful antioxidant, amending EAE-induced oxidative stress. Additionally, curcumin abolished EAE-induced neuroinflammation by inhibiting Janus kinase 2 /signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (JAK2/STAT3) axis, by various pathways, including AMPK/SIRT1 activation. JAK2/STAT3 inhibition halts inflammatory cytokines synthesis. In conclusion, curcumin’s neuroprotective effect in EAE is controlled, at least in part, by AMPK/SIRT1 activation, which ultimately minimizes EAE-induced neuronal demyelination, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation.

Graphical Abstract

Graphical illustration of putative molecular pathways implicated in the management of EAE by curcumin. Curcumin activates AMPK/SIRT1, which in turn activates multiple pathways that hinder neurodegeneration, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation. Moreover, curcumin conquers the inflammatory pathway JAK2/STAT3/NF-kβ.
Impact of clinicians’ behavior, an educational intervention with mandated blood pressure and the hypotension prediction index software on intraoperative hypotension: a mixed methods study
Authors: de Keijzer Ilonka N. , Vos Jaap Jan , Yates David , Reynolds Caroline , Moore Sally , Lawton Rebecca J. , Scheeren Thomas W.L. , Davies Simon J.
Published: December 2023

Purpose

Intraoperative hypotension (IOH) is associated with adverse outcomes. We therefore explored beliefs regarding IOH and barriers to its treatment. Secondarily, we assessed if an educational intervention and mandated mean arterial pressure (MAP), or the implementation of the Hypotension Prediction Index-software (HPI) were associated with a reduction in IOH.

Methods

Structured interviews (n = 27) and questionnaires (n = 84) were conducted to explore clinicians’ beliefs and barriers to IOH treatment, in addition to usefulness of HPI questionnaires (n = 14). 150 elective major surgical patients who required invasive blood pressure monitoring were included in three cohorts to assess incidence and time-weighted average (TWA) of hypotension (MAP < 65 mmHg). Cohort one received standard care (baseline), the clinicians of cohort two had a training on hypotension and a mandated MAP > 65 mmHg, and patients of the third cohort received protocolized care using the HPI.

Results

Clinicians felt challenged to manage IOH in some patients, yet they reported sufficient knowledge and skills. HPI-software was considered useful and beneficial. No difference was found in incidence of IOH between cohorts. TWA was comparable between baseline and education cohort (0.15 mmHg [0.05–0.41] vs. 0.11 mmHg [0.02–0.37]), but was significantly lower in the HPI cohort (0.04 mmHg [0.00 to 0.11], p < 0.05 compared to both).

Conclusions

Clinicians believed they had sufficient knowledge and skills, which could explain why no difference was found after the educational intervention. In the HPI cohort, IOH was significantly reduced compared to baseline, therefore HPI-software may help prevent IOH.

Trial registration

ISRCTN 17,085,700 on May 9th, 2019.
The Middle Paleolithic of the Balkans: Industrial Variability, Human Biogeography, and Neanderthal Demise
Authors: Dogandžić Tamara
Published: December 2023

Europe is characterized by an uneven record of Middle Paleolithic occupations. Specifically, large parts of southeastern Europe display markedly lower site densities and less intensive evidence of human presence than is found elsewhere; this has often resulted in the exclusion of the Balkans from debates related to Pleistocene human adaptation. The discrepancy stems either from the lower population densities of southeastern Europe or an imbalance in research across Europe. Additionally, our understanding of Balkan Middle Paleolithic stone tool industries suffers from the use of Mousterian labels defined when Bordian typology was the chief method of lithic analysis. Industrial facies then defined and still in use include Balkan Charentian, Levallois Mousterian, Micromousterian, Denticulate Mousterian; their relation with the rest of the Eurasian record was and remains unclear. This paper sets aside the issue of scarcity of Pleistocene occupations and tries to address Neanderthal biogeography, and variations in Neanderthal technological behavior and subsistence, based on the available record. It reviews the current Middle Paleolithic record in the Balkans, presents the apparent temporal and spatial trends, and presents the provisional biogeography of hominins, including scenarios for the demise of Neanderthals at or soon after the arrival of modern humans in Europe. The paper ends with a discussion of perspectives for future research arising from this analysis of the available record and proposes some hypotheses regarding the role of the Balkans in the overall context of the occupational history of western Eurasia in the Middle/Late Pleistocene.
Ugi 5-center-4-component reaction of α-amino aldehydes and its application in synthesis of 2-oxopiperazines
Authors: Splandesci Marta , Wróbel Martyna Z. , Madura Izabela D. , Dawidowski Maciej
Published: December 2023

A synthetic route leading to densely functionalized 2-oxopiperazines is presented. The strategy employs a 5-center-4-component variant of Ugi multicomponent reaction followed by a deprotection/cyclization sequence. N-Boc-α-amino aldehydes were used for the first time as carbonyl components in a key Ugi 5-center-4-component reaction (U-5C-4CR). It is shown that the presented synthetic route can lead to rigid, heterocyclic scaffolds, as demonstrated by the synthesis of tetrahydro-2H-pyrazino[1,2-a]pyrazine-3,6,9(4H)-trione β-turn mimetic and derivatives of 1,6-dioxooctahydropyrrolo[1,2-a]pyrazine and 3,8-dioxohexahydro-3H-oxazolo[3,4-a]pyrazine.

Graphical abstract
A Biopsychosocial Framework for Apathy Following Moderate to Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Quang Halle , Wearne Travis , Filipcikova Michaela , Pham Nhi , Nguyen Nhi , McDonald Skye
Published: December 2023

Apathy, the deficit of goal-directed behaviour, is well recognised as one of the most debilitating syndromes after moderate-to-severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, mechanisms underlying apathy, or at least factors associated with apathy, are sporadically reported. Based on a biopsychosocial framework, this systematic review and meta-analysis synthesised evidence regarding neurobiological, socio-environmental and individual factors associated with apathy. Our searches identified 21 studies satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Results showed that the majority of work has focused on cognitive dysfunction, TBI-related factors, demographic variables and psychological correlates of apathy, while evidence for neural substrates and socio-cultural and premorbid aspects is scant. Overall, the current literature suggests that TBI-related and patient demographic factors did not contribute to apathy after TBI, whereas complex neurocognitive alterations, socio-environmental and cultural factors as well as patients’ self-related factors may be important components. The evidence points to the multifaceted interplay of certain biopsychosocial contributors to apathy and suggests future investigations of more complex behavioural traits, cultural elements and pre-injury levels to better characterise the aetiology of this detrimental impairment after TBI.
A double-zero bifurcation in a Lorenz-like system
Authors: Algaba Antonio , Domínguez-Moreno M. Cinta , Merino Manuel , Rodríguez-Luis Alejandro J.
Published: December 2023

The Lorenz system presents a double-zero bifurcation (a double-zero eigenvalue with geometric multiplicity two). However, its study by means of standard techniques is not possible because it occurs for a non-isolated equilibrium. To circumvent this difficulty, we add in the third equation a new term, $$Dz^2$$

D

z
2

. In this Lorenz-like system, the analysis of the double-zero bifurcation of the equilibrium at the origin guarantees, for certain values of the parameters, the existence of a heteroclinic cycle between the two equilibria located on the z-axis. The numerical continuation in parameter space of the locus of heteroclinic connections allows to detect various degeneracies of codimension two and three, some of which have not been previously studied in the literature. These bifurcations are organizing centers of the complicated dynamics exhibited by this system. Furthermore, studying how the bifurcation sets evolve when D tends to zero, we are able to explain, in the Lorenz system, the origin of several global connections which are related to T-point heteroclinic loops.
Hearing God speak? Debunking arguments and everyday religious experiences
Authors: Launonen Lari
Published: December 2023

Against claims that cognitive science of religion undercuts belief in God, many defenders of theistic belief have invoked the Religious Reasons Reply: science cannot undercut belief in God if one has good independent reasons to believe. However, it is unclear whether this response helps salvage the god beliefs of most people. This paper considers four questions: (1) What reasons do Christians have for believing in God? (2) What kinds of beliefs about God can the reasons support? (3) Are the reasons rationalizations? (4) Can cognitive science undercut the reasons? Many Christians invoke everyday religious experiences (EREs)—such as experiences of divine presence, guidance, and communication—as reasons to believe. Unlike another popular reason to believe in God (the appearance of design and beauty in nature), EREs can support beliefs about a relational God who is present to me, who guides my life, and who speaks to me. EREs are not rationalizations since they seem to cause and sustain such beliefs. Nonetheless, EREs like experiences of hearing God speak are problematic reasons to believe. ‘Soft’ voice-hearing experiences are easily undercut. ‘Hard’ experiences of an external, audible voice are probably underpinned by similar cognitive processes as audio-verbal hallucinations.
Water Microturbines for Sustainable Applications: Optimization Analysis and Experimental Validation
Authors: Rodríguez-Pérez A. M. , Rodríguez-Gonzalez C. A. , López R. , Hernández-Torres J. A. , Caparrós-Mancera J. J.
Published: December 2023

The use of microturbines in irrigation applications represents a great opportunity for increasing sustainable energy generation. Irrigation systems have water flow that can be used to generate electricity based on microturbines that are acceptably configure such, that efficiency in crop irrigation is not affected. This research validates this use of microturbines through a system designed specifically for the characterization of microturbine generation technology. This system includes a closed water pumping circuit capable of working under, different water flow settings, as well as flow, pressure, and electricity generation sensors. For this system, the production range of the microturbines and the pressure loss associated with the various proposed configurations are characterized and specifically quantified for the best performance. After design and characterization of a scalable microturbine system, the feasibility and benefits of this application to supporting most relevant crops supplied by localized irrigation are analysed. The experiments demonstrate the greatest benefit with the implementation of 15 series microturbines each at 80 V, alongside non-Citrus fruit, where a favourable balance is achieved for the amortization period in vineyards and citrus fruit. The results validate a profitable and sustainable design for electricity generation, with return on investment rates of up to 53%. Therefore, this research offers real and extensive applications, while being scalable to rural, residential, urban and industrial settings.
FLT3 targeting in the modern era: from clonal selection to combination therapies
Authors: Kennedy Vanessa E. , Smith Catherine C.
Published: December 2023

Fms-like tyrosine kinase 3 (FLT3) is the most frequently mutated gene in acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Modern targeting of FLT3 with inhibitors has improved clinical outcomes and FLT3 inhibitors have been incorporated into the treatment of AML in all phases of the disease, including the upfront, relapsed/refractory and maintenance settings. This review will discuss the current understanding of FLT3 biology, the clinical use of FLT3 inhibitors, resistance mechanisms and emerging combination treatment strategies.