bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
O arbítrio dos juízes como exercício da prudência nos processos criminais do Vice-Reinado do Rio da Prata
Authors: Ruiz Rafael
Published: September 2017

Este artigo procurará mostrar como a administração da justiça na América espanhola estava fundamentada, como um elemento estruturante de todo o sistema jurídico, no exercício da prudência e do arbítrio dos juízes. A prudência, que era exigida do juiz na elaboração e na definição da sua sentença, era exercida por meio do seu bom arbítrio. Ao contrário do que se costuma pensar, esse arbítrio não era sinônimo de injustiça nem de “arbitrariedade”. Era fruto de uma longa tradição jurídica que entendia a vida social e a prática da justiça como algo essencialmente incerto, e era precisamente por meio de um arbítrio judicial prudente que essa incerteza podia ser convertida em justiça. Os documentos analisados neste trabalho são processos criminais, de um total de cem processos manuscritos, entre os anos 1770 e 1800, do Arquivo Histórico da Província de Buenos Aires (AHPBA), da cidade de La Plata, especificamente casos de adultério e de relações ilícitas.
Forma della norma-stato e fatto del potere pastorale
Authors: Magliacane Alessia
Published: September 2017

La complessità del soggetto (individuale e collettivo) è sottoposta nella fase detta postmoderna (Harvey, Jameson, Raymond) ad un aggressivo tentativo di riduzione che ha come strumento la norma-stato, che ha attraversato pressoché indenne le epoche storiche fino alla modernità borghese – capitalistica indagata da Habermas (nelle strutture discorsive), da Foucault (nella trasformazione del potere disciplinare e pastorale), da Deleuze (nella particolare struttura della ripetizione, erede della coazione freudiana), da Lacan (nella dialettica della repressione simbolico-normativa), da Butler (nella dialettica tra soggettivazione e assoggettamento) ma soprattutto nelle forme dell’immaginario letterario e cinematografico (di cui si fanno qui gli esempi di Lynch e McCarthy). L’autore tenta anche una netta distinzione tra la critica del diritto e l’analisi critica della forma normativa-giuridica, nella comparazione con altre esistenti forme normative quali quella strettamente simbolica (ad esempio nella morale sociale e nella famiglia) e quella istituzionale (ad esempio nelle forme di alienazione e di istituzione totale) alla luce delle più moderne teorie linguistiche, sistemiche, psicologiche e della complessità.
The Research of the Financial Strategy of SY Education Consulting Group
Authors: Li Yun
Published: September 2017

The consulting industry in our country began in the late 1970s. After 30 years of development, it has been already a matured industry. Then the international education consulting group start to emerge. With the development of our society and increasing national income, the demand for it also increases. However, due to various reasons, most international consulting groups still have some difficult problems remaining to be solved. SY Consulting Group is one of them. Since its establishment in the year 1992, it has met its bottleneck period for development. Analyzing its current industry environment and working out a development strategy benefiting its development has become an important matter. This paper can be divided into five parts, which relies on theoretical knowledge and tools about strategic management and combines document research method and empirical study. Also it was written after the author summarized and analyzed international and domestic development strategy papers, and studied SY Group’s current development. The author uses Michael Porter's Five Forces Model and SWOT Analysis to analyze the company’s competition environment and its advantages and disadvantages to analyze its current business and finally raised a strategic target, comprehensive strategy and competition strategy for its development. The author also provided specific strategies including the structure, marketing and human resources for the company.
Study on Frictional Characteristics of Medical Wipes in Contact with Mechanical Skin Equivalents
Authors: Ramamurthy Pasupathy , Chellamani Kandan , Dhurai Bhaarathi , Subramaniam Venkatraman
Published: September 2017

The optimum surface and frictional properties of textiles depend on theirspecific application. In this study, we examined the frictional behaviour of medical wipes against 15 mechanical near skin equivalents using synthetic leather material and bovine leather. The frictional behaviour characteristics, both static and kinetic, were evaluated at four different normal loads. It wasseen that the static and kinetic frictional coefficients decrease with an increasing normal load for all the reference candidatesstudied. Higherfriction was experienced forthe movement of the cotton and viscose wipe against leather than that for synthetic polyurethane (PU) and silicone material. The friction of the wipe against any equivalent skin material was found to be dependent on its surface nature and the morphology of the material against which it is in contact and moves. Friction is necessary in real-time use for a wipe to have an inherent frictional resistance for movement against skin during use.
Effect of Blend Ratio on the Quality Characteristics of Recycled Polyester/Cotton Blended Ring Spun Yarn
Authors: Vadicherla Thilak , Saravanan Dhandapani
Published: September 2017

This study investigates the effect of the blend ratio on recycled blended yarn quality characteristics. Ring-spun yarns of linear density of 23.6, 29.5 and 39.4 tex were produced from five blend proportions of recycled polyester and cotton (0:100, 33:67, 50:50, 67:33 and 100:0). Increasing the recycled polyester content increases the tenacity, elongation at break and hairiness and decreases unevenness, thin places, thick places and neps, while a decrease in linear density increases the tenacity, elongation at break, unevenness, thin places, thick places, neps and hairiness. Statistical analysis reflects that both the blend ratio and linear density have a significant difference on the tenacity, elongation at break, thin places, thick places, neps and hairiness. However, with reference to unevenness, a significant difference is reported only for linear density and not for the blend ratio. The ratio of recycled polyester has a significant influence on the overall quality of recycled polyester/cotton blended yarn. The blending of recycled polyester and cotton can be optimised to meet various end-use requirements.
Comparative Analysis of Knits from Peat Fibre and its Combinations with Other Natural Fibres
Authors: Mikučioniené Daiva , Čepukonė Lina
Published: September 2017

Natural and man-made fibres of natural origin are more and more widely used, while consideration of sustainability is constantly increasing. The properties and processing behaviour of newly introduced fibres of natural origin are usually compared and often predicted on the basis of widely investigated fibres; however, this prediction sometimes does not have any confirmed basis. Structural parameters and the majority of mechanical and physical properties of knitted fabrics depend on technical characteristics of the knitting machine, on the properties of yarns as well as on the origin of the raw material. This study attempts to develop knits from new natural peat fibres and their combination with widely used woollen, cotton and elastomeric Lycra yarns and to investigate the influence of peat fibre’s nature on structural parameters such as loop length, wale and course spacing, area density, the tightness factor and on main physical properties such as dimensional stability, air permeability and water adsorption.
Technique Based on Fuzzy Logic for Cotton Bale Lay-down Management
Authors: Das Subhasis , Ghosh Anindya
Published: September 2017

In this paper a new technique has been proposed for cotton bale management using fuzzy logic. The fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm has been applied for clustering cotton bales into 5 categories from 1200 randomly chosen bales of the J-34 variety. In order to cluster bales of different categories, eight fibre properties, viz., the strength, elongation, upper half mean length, length uniformity, short fibre content, micronaire, reflectance and yellowness of each bale have been considered. The fuzzy c-means clustering method is able to handle the haziness that may be present in the boundaries between adjacent classes of cotton bales as compared to the K-means clustering method. This method may be used as a convenient tool for the consistent picking of different bale mixes from any number of bales in a warehouse.
Study on the Friction Sound Properties of Natural-Fiber Woven Fabrics
Authors: Wang Pin-Ning , Ho Ming-Hsiung , Cheng Kou-Bing , Murray Richard , Lin Chun-Hao
Published: September 2017

An innovative frictional sound automatic measuring system (FSAMS) was designed and used in this study to investigate the frictional sound generated when natural-fibre woven fabrics are rubbed together. Frictional sound measurements made using the automatic FSAMS were compared with those from a manual frictional sound measuring system (Manual FSAMS). The frictional sounds of four natural-fiber woven fabrics (i.e., cotton, linen, silk, and wool) were recorded; the Fast Fourier Transform method was used to convert time domain signals into frequency domain signals, and the maximum sound amplitude (MSA) and level pressure of the total sound (LPTS) of cotton, linen, silk, and wool were calculated. The results of a t test, analysis of variance, data reproducibility, and cluster spectrums measured from the four natural-fiber woven fabrics were compared for the two test equipment systems. The results from the t test and analysis of variance showed significant differences in the MSA and LPTS measured. Data reproducibility was superior to the automatic FSAMS compared with the manual FSAMS, and the cluster spectrums were more readily distinguishable.
Stability of the Performance and Safety of the Ballistic Body Protections Used in Humanitarian Demining
Authors: Struszczyk Marcin , Zielińska Dorota , Miklas Michał , Grabowska Grażyna , Błaszczyk Joanna , Kucińska-Król Iwona , Solińska Elżbieta
Published: September 2017

This paper focused on analysing actual state-of-the-art personal protective equipment (PPE) used in humanitarian demining for the determination of potential gaps to provide improvements to increase the safety and, simultaneously, performance of PPE. The essential requirements and technical standards for PPEs used in humanitarian demining operations were analysed as a basis for gap identification. Furthermore based on the defined gap and risk analysis, the effect of accelerated ageing and simulation of the use of soft ballistic inserts designed with p-aramid woven fabrics was performed. The research provided new inputs for improvements in the standardisation of PPE with respect to performance and safety validation in a laboratory environment. Moreover the gap analysis resulted in strictly identified gap areas for PPE improvement in usability, functionality and safety.
Antimicrobial Characteristics of Pulsed Laser Deposited Metal Oxides on Polypropylene Hydroentangled Nonwovens for Medical Textiles
Authors: Ramamurthy Pasupathy , Chellamani Kandan , Dhurai Bhaarathi , ThankaRajan Senthil , Subramanian Balasubramanian , Santhini Elango
Published: September 2017

In this study, an attempt was made to investigate the antimicrobial activity on polypropylene (PP) hydroentangled nonwoven fabrics coated with transition metal oxides. After etching the nonwoven fabrics with RF plasma, nano-scale coatings of ZnO and CuO were done using the KrF excimer based pulsed laser deposition technique (PLD). Morphological and antimicrobial studies were carried out to elucidate the mechanism of antibiocidal behaviour of the coated fabrics. Results showed significant antibacterial activity of ZnO and CuO coated PP hydroentangled nonwovens with a better activity against gram positive S.aureus than gram negative E.coli. Inherently non-toxic, PP has excellent chemical resistance and the use of specialised PP fibres for hydroentangled nonwovens could offer scope in addition to metal oxide coatings; nano-scale biological materials such as enzymes and drugs could add specific functionality for their use as medical textiles.
Lei da inovação: estudo de caso em uma organização metalmecânica multinacional no norte do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Decesaro Leonardo , Serafin Vanessa Faedo , Capitanio Rossana Ribeiro Parizotto , Severo Eliana Andrea
Published: September 2017

A inovação está relacionada com a capacidade de introduzir novos processos, produtos ou serviços a uma organização. Neste contexto, o presente estudo abordará as temáticas de Inovação, Inovação de Produto Incremental e Lei da Inovação, o qual é um tema significativo por gerar várias interpretações. O fenômeno da inovação no contexto organizacional possui fatores que auxiliam ou não os processos de implantação de novas ideias dentro das organizações. Ainda, encontra-se a Lei da Inovação, a qual foi criada com o objetivo de incentivar as organizações a inovarem. Este estudo tem como objetivo analisar a implementação da Lei da Inovação em uma empresa metalmecânica multinacional Francesa, bem como verificar quais os resultados obtidos. A metodologia utilizada tratou-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, de caráter exploratório, por meio de um estudo de caso. Como resultados destaca-se que a Lei de Inovação é considerada importante pela empresa pesquisada, pois estimula a busca contínua pela inovação. Ainda, identifica-se um aumento nos registros de patentes de inovação pela empresa.
Críticas de Rawls a Hobbes e críticas de Habermas a Rawls
Authors: Volpato Dutra Delamar
Published: September 2017

O texto apresenta o que considera ser a principal crítica de Rawls a Hobbes, qual seja, de adolescer de um déficit obrigacional decorrente de sua argumentação baseada em uma teoria da decisão racional. Incontinente, apresenta o que considera ser a principal crítica de Habermas a Rawls, qual seja, aquela de um déficit cognitivo decorrente da estratégia argumentativa baseada na posição original. Defende-se que Habermas imputa a Rawls a crítica que este fizera a Hobbes, implicando um déficit deontológico de sua teoria, déficit este que seria inconsistente com a defesa da inviolabilidade da pessoa por ele defendida.
A representação em Carl Schmitt: O catolicismo romano e o caso da política
Authors: Bueno Roberto
Published: September 2017

Este artigo analisa a grave crise do conceito de representação política a partir doCatolicismo Romano e forma Política de Carl Schmitt. O artigo propõe alargar as vias de compreensão da crise de representação política das democracias liberais de mercado, realizando aproximação ao tema através de duplo movimento expansivo, tanto dos campos de força cognitivos acerca da representação política e de seu enraizamento econômico, nas políticas promotoras da turbação da legitimidade da representação política.
Decisão como mediação e representação em Carl Schmitt
Authors: Castelo Branco Pedro Hermínio Villas Bôas
Published: September 2017

Este artigo discute como os conceitos de mediação e representação se articulam na reflexão de Carl Schmitt em alguns de seus primeiros escritos e preparam o terreno para a formulação da ideia de representação política em um de seus trabalhos mais conhecidos: Teoria da Constituição. O procedimento mediante o qual se traduz uma realidade amorfa ou um coletivo em forma de representação política se atém à noção de presentificar algo ausente ou tornar visível algo invisível. Toda ideia entra no mundo empírico como hóspede forasteiro e para ganhar existência ou visibilidade necessita de uma decisão soberana pela sua representação. A finalidade deste estudo é explicar o modo pelo qual ocorre este procedimento.
Prolegômenos Schmittianos à energia política: Soberania, Legitimidade, Representação
Authors: Marder Michael
Published: September 2017

Neste texto, tracei caminhos de pensamento sobre a energia especificamente política baseado nos escritos de Carl Schmitt. Fora do paradigma da ciência natural – nomeadamente da física – proponho-me contrastar a energia política com o poder, retraçando as linhas da oposição aristotélica entre energeia e dunamis. Do mesmo modo, na teoria constitucional schmittiana, “a constituição absoluta” encontra-se do lado da plenitude energética, enquanto a “constituição relativa” baseia-se na força da potencialidade e numa perpétua escassez inerente ao fenómeno da entropia. Finalmente, reformulei a crítica de Schmitt da democracia representativa parlamentar em termos de uma energia emprestada que separa obras políticas, ou instituições, dos trabalhos que as animam. Consequentemente, defendo que é possível repensar o político como energia, para além das associações tradicionais de poder, força e violência.
«Commemorare insieme il 2017»: la Riforma, un evento ecclesiale ed ecumenico
Authors: Wirz Matthias
Published: September 2017

Il 2017 è l’anno del quinto centenario della Riforma protestante. Questo evento deve essere commemorato in modo ecumenico perché riguarda tutta la chiesa: infatti, la riforma in quanto tale è un principio critico perenne nella chiesa; inoltre, nell’intento dei suoi attori, la Riforma protestante doveva attuarsi all’interno dell’unica chiesa cattolica; infine, nonostante le divisioni ecclesiali che ha prodotto, la Riforma ha anche avuto effetti nella chiesa romana. Questo ci fa comprendere che, se le chiese oggi devono riformarsi, è per poter giungere insieme all’unità visibile dei cristiani.
La conmemoración de los 500 años de la Reforma: Su sentido para la Iglesia católica
Authors: Rodríguez Garrapucho Fernando , Maçaneiro Marcial
Published: September 2017

Llegado en 2017 el quinto centenario de la Reforma protestante, son muchas las actividades que se harán por todas partes para conmemorar este hecho de importancia capital en el cristianismo y en el mundo. El artículo se hace eco de esta efemérides y se divide en tres partes. La primera se ocupa en mostrar por qué esta vez la conmemoración de la Reforma tiene un carácter inédito y del todo original: por primera vez no la recordará cada Iglesia por su cuenta, sino que la gran oportunidad que se presenta es poder hacer esta memoria juntos, protestantes y católicos. Es el fruto para el ecumenismo de 50 años de diálogo ecuménico entre Luteranos y Católicos, así como el fruto de distintos diálogos con otras Iglesias protestantes. La segunda parte presenta cómo la Iglesia católica, a partir del Concilio Vaticano II y de la herencia que le dejó para el futuro, es una Iglesia en estado permanente de reforma (ecclesia semper purificanda), por lo cual con este Concilio ella se ha acercado mucho a las justas reivindicaciones de Lutero y los reformadores del siglo XVI. La tercera parte contiene varias propuestas prácticas para la celebración conjunta de protestantes y católicos, de modo que esta conmemoración sea una buena ocasión para dar pasos firmes hacia la unidad visible y plena entre la Iglesia católica y las Iglesias nacidas de la Reforma.
A contribuição erasmiana para a reforma da Igreja: pedagogia e catequese entre rhetorica e doctrina
Authors: Rodrigues Rui Luis
Published: September 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é discutir a contribuição do humanismo erasmiano para os projetos de reforma da religião cristã surgidos ao longo do século XVI. Ele parte de uma identificação dos vínculos entre pedagogia e catequese, centrais no humanismo erasmiano; a seguir, procura situar a catequese erasmiana em suas relações com a retórica (entendida enquanto instrumento não só de transmissão de conhecimentos, mas também como meio para mover a vontade dos ouvintes) e a doctrina, ou seja, a identificação de um núcleo conceitual na fé cristã que não poderia ser negligenciado. O quadro final que o artigo nos oferece é o de um Erasmo preocupado com a catequese e a transmissão de conteúdos doutrinários, mas também o de um humanista zeloso pela integridade dos vínculos entre fé e vida e defensor de uma prática doutrinária que permitisse o consenso mais amplo possível entre os cristãos.
Reforma e Ecumenismo no pontificado do Papa Francisco
Authors: Wolff Elias
Published: September 2017

O pontificado do Papa Francisco aponta para um novo modo de a Igreja ser, tanto em sua organização interna, quanto em sua missão. Isso se dá por um projeto de reformas que seja “capaz de transformar tudo”. Para tal, é necessário um verdadeiro caminho de conversão eclesial em três principais âmbitos: pessoal, estrutural e pastoral. Algumas instâncias da igreja são objeto direto de possíveis mudanças: a cúria romana, as conferênciasepiscopais e o ministério petrino. A reforma dessas instâncias eclesiais temimplicações ecumênicas, uma vez que elas podem assumir um papel protagonista na promoção da unidade cristã.
Os Pentecostais, o Espírito Santo e a Reforma
Authors: De Oliveira David Mesquiati
Published: September 2017

Os pentecostais estão separados historicamente da Reforma do século XVI, porém, também se sentem herdeiros desta tradição. Contudo, sua visão sobre o Espírito Santo é peculiar. Na esteira dos pilares da Reforma Protestante o pentecostalismo apresentaria um quinto elemento, que chamamos aqui de Solus Spiritus Sanctus. O texto está dividido em três seções. Na primeira reflete sobre a mística e sobre o humanismo pentecostal, que são diferentes da mística e do humanismo da época da Reforma. Na segunda busca-se mapear brevemente a pneumatologia pentecostal para, na terceira seção, analisar a contribuição pentecostal para a Ecclesia reformata et semper reformanda est.
The complex relationship of exposure to new Plasmodium infections and incidence of clinical malaria in Papua New Guinea
Authors: Hofmann Natalie E , Karl Stephan , Wampfler Rahel , Kiniboro Benson , Teliki Albina , Iga Jonah , Waltmann Andreea , Betuela Inoni , Felger Ingrid , Robinson Leanne J , Mueller Ivo
Published: September 2017

The molecular force of blood-stage infection (molFOB) is a quantitative surrogate metric for malaria transmission at population level and for exposure at individual level. Relationships between molFOB, parasite prevalence and clinical incidence were assessed in a treatment-to-reinfection cohort, where P.vivax (Pv) hypnozoites were eliminated in half the children by primaquine (PQ). Discounting relapses, children acquired equal numbers of new P. falciparum (Pf) and Pv blood-stage infections/year (Pf-molFOB = 0–18, Pv-molFOB = 0–23) resulting in comparable spatial and temporal patterns in incidence and prevalence of infections. Including relapses, Pv-molFOB increased >3 fold (relative to PQ-treated children) showing greater heterogeneity at individual (Pv-molFOB = 0–36) and village levels. Pf- and Pv-molFOB were strongly associated with clinical episode risk. Yearly Pf clinical incidence rate (IR = 0.28) was higher than for Pv (IR = 0.12) despite lower Pf-molFOB. These relationships between molFOB, clinical incidence and parasite prevalence reveal a comparable decline in Pf and Pv transmission that is normally hidden by the high burden of Pv relapses.

Clinical trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02143934
Rethinking and Reconfiguring English Language Education: Averting Linguistic Genocide in Cameroon
Authors: Muluh Nkwetisama Carlous
Published: September 2017

The over 285 indigenous languages of Cameroon may be crushed by the English language. To ensure a sustainable linguistic ecological balance whose peace is undoubtedly threatened by the global imperialistic terrors of English colonialism, an overhaul of ELT practitioners is needed. The English language is taught and learned in Cameroon against a conflictual linguistic platform of French (the other official language of questionable equal status as English), Pidgin English and over 285 indigenous languages. Of these local languages, just about 40 are currently being used (taught) in education at the different levels of education in the country. The aim of this paper was to examine the English language politics, practices and teaching. It thereafter evaluated English language teachers’ perception of the so called English Language Teaching Tenets. It also aimed at assessing the functional load of English and it ascertained the extent to which it was threatening the development of local languages as well as effective access to education in Cameroon.
Repetition and Reactance in Graham’s "Underneath" Poems
Authors: Farsi Roghayeh
Published: September 2017

The present paper gives a detailed analysis and interpretation of 16 poems in Jorie Graham's collection, Swarm (2000), which bear "UNDERNEATH" as their main titles. The poems are marked with different types of repetition such as graphological repetition, word, phrase, and sentential repetition, semantic repetition, and syntactic repetition. The study draws on Lakoff and Johnson's theories on metaphor and Brehm and Brehm’s reactance theory. It is argued "underneath" is a conceptual (orientational) metaphor which signifies a state of being limited, lack of control and freedom, and loss of power. The paper investigates the speaker's reactant behavior in "Underneath" poems, seeking a way to restore her lost freedom. Reactance behaviors can be skepticism, inertia, aggression, and resistance. It is concluded despite her thematic inertia, representing her submission to the oppressed state, her stylistic reactance reflected in repetitions, innovations, and disruptive diction stands for her attempts to regain her lost control.
The Effect of Reflective Reading on Reading Comprehension of Iranian EFL Learners
Authors: Nourdad Nava , Asghari Rasoul
Published: September 2017

Reading comprehension as a survival skill in EFL context is included in almost all language proficiency and achievement tests. However, it seems that traditional approaches to reading comprehension instruction have not been successful at satisfying the learners’ need. Considering the advantages of reflective reading, it appeared as a probable solution to reading problem of EFL learners. Therefore, this experimental study aimed at investigating the effect of reflective reading on reading comprehension of Iranian EFL learners. To this end 49 male and female participants were selected through convenient sampling and were randomly assigned to two control and experimental groups. An English proficiency test was given to the sample to make sure about the homogeneity of the participants and equality of proficiency levels of the two groups. Later reading comprehension ability of the study groups was measured. As the ten-session treatment began the experimental group experienced reflective reading, while the control group followed conventional method of reading and answering comprehension check questions. After the treatment period, the groups’ reading comprehension ability was assessed once more. Independent samples t-tests were run to analyze the gathered data. It was found that reflective reading has positive effect on reading comprehension of Iranian EFL learners. Pedagogical implications of this finding for language teachers, learners, material developers, policy makers and researchers are discussed.
Needs Analysis and Course Design; A Framework for Designing Exam Courses
Authors: Eshtehardi Reza
Published: September 2017

This paper introduces a framework for designing exam courses and highlights the importance of needs analysis in designing exam courses. The main objectives of this paper are to highlight the key role of needs analysis in designing exam courses, to offer a framework for designing exam courses, to show the language needs of different students for IELTS (International English Language Testing System) exam, to offer an analysis of those needs and to explain how they will be taken into account for the design of the course. First, I will concentrate on some distinguishing features in exam classes, which make them different from general English classes. Secondly, I will introduce a framework for needs analysis and diagnostic testing and highlight the importance of needs analysis for the design of syllabus and language courses. Thirdly, I will describe significant features of syllabus design, course assessment, and evaluation procedures.
The Rhetorical Analysis of Criticism in Persian and English Linguistics Papers
Authors: Dezfoolian Shabnam
Published: September 2017

Successful academic writing depends on being familiar with different rhetorical strategies .One of these strategies used by authors of scientific articles is the act of criticism, the criticism of the previous works or other members of their respective communities. Actually this helps writers to justify their own study and to create a gap. Therefore the socio-pragmatic variable of Academic Conflict (AC) has been investigated in different academic genres and disciplines. This study aims to examine this variable in linguistics papers in Persian and English. To this end a corpus of 60 papers, 30 in Persian and 30 in English, have been chosen randomly. First in the quantitative phase of the study, the direct and indirect AC variables that have been used for critical speech acts were compared by within and between languages and then in a qualitative examine, the discourse analysis of important features were examined to show the probable relations to the cultural contexts . The results showed that English writers used more criticism acts than Persian writers and both groups used direct AC more than indirect one. Although both groups of papers are written in different cultural contexts, the strategies used by authors seem familiar and have minute differences and this may show that the effect of discipline and the language of instruction are more than cultural contexts in rhetoric of criticism.
A practical guide to buildde-novoassemblies for single tissues of non-model organisms: the example of a Neotropical frog
Authors: Montero-Mendieta Santiago , Grabherr Manfred , Lantz Henrik , De la Riva Ignacio , Leonard Jennifer A. , Webster Matthew T. , Vilà Carles
Published: September 2017

Whole genome sequencing (WGS) is a very valuable resource to understand the evolutionary history of poorly known species. However, in organisms with large genomes, as most amphibians, WGS is still excessively challenging and transcriptome sequencing (RNA-seq) represents a cost-effective tool to explore genome-wide variability. Non-model organisms do not usually have a reference genome and the transcriptome must be assembledde-novo. We used RNA-seq to obtain the transcriptomic profile forOreobates cruralis, a poorly known South American direct-developing frog. In total, 550,871 transcripts were assembled, corresponding to 422,999 putative genes. Of those, we identified 23,500, 37,349, 38,120 and 45,885 genes present in the Pfam, EggNOG, KEGG and GO databases, respectively. Interestingly, our results suggested that genes related to immune system and defense mechanisms are abundant in the transcriptome ofO. cruralis. We also present a pipeline to assist with pre-processing, assembling, evaluating and functionally annotating ade-novotranscriptome from RNA-seq data of non-model organisms. Our pipeline guides the inexperienced user in an intuitive way through all the necessary steps to buildde-novotranscriptome assemblies using readily available software and is freely available at:https://github.com/biomendi/TRANSCRIPTOME-ASSEMBLY-PIPELINE/wiki.
Student engagement and perceptions of stigmatizing views in a mental health–focused collegiate organization
Authors: Harris Suzanne C. , Yates Derek , Patel Michael , Patel Khushboo
Published: September 2017

Introduction:

While often unintentional, stigma associated with mental health remains prevalent among health care professionals and is implicated in treatment disparities between patients with and without mental disorders. Pharmacists and pharmacy students have also been previously described as prone to discomfort interacting with this population. The purpose of this study was to evaluate stigma, student involvement in mental health activities, and student interest in psychiatric pharmacy.

Methods:

An anonymous, voluntary online survey was open to all student chapters in a mental health–focused professional organization. Sixty-five students from 19 chapters participated in the survey after consent was obtained. Stigma and social distance survey items were adapted from previously validated instruments. Descriptive statistics were used and correlations were investigated using Spearman rank correlation.

Results:

Results indicated that students had overall low stigma but more negative views related to disclosure of one's own illness or to more personal interactions. Level of involvement was unrelated to level of stigma, and perceived impact by nonleadership activities was associated with lower stigma (P = .016). Shadowing pharmacists and community service were frequently reported as most influential on student perceptions of mental health (23% and 26%, respectively).

Discussion:

Students involved in a mental health–focused organization had overall positive perceptions toward mental illness. Student engagement in specific opportunities at any level may be more influential than total number of activities participated in. Students have a strong interest in pursuing extracurricular activities in mental health and perceive interactions with patient contact as the most influential on their attitudes.
Effects of a psychiatric clinical rotation on pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness and the provision of pharmaceutical care to the mentally ill
Authors: Cates Marshall E. , Woolley Thomas W.
Published: September 2017

Introduction:

Previous studies have found ineffectiveness of psychiatric clinical rotations to change pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness, but those studies had various limitations that cast doubt on this conclusion.

Methods:

Pharmacy students who participated in a psychiatric clinical rotation over a 2-year time frame were invited to complete a survey at the beginning and end of their rotation. The survey included scales that measured attitudes toward dangerousness, social distance, stigmatization, suicide prevention, and provision of pharmaceutical care.

Results:

Forty-one (100%) students participated in the study. Statistically significant positive changes in total scale scores from pre-rotation to post-rotation were seen in the areas of stigmatization toward patients with schizophrenia (P = .02), attitudes toward suicide prevention (P = .05), and provision of pharmaceutical care services to patients with schizophrenia (P < .00001) and depression (P = .0006). There were no statistically significant changes on the total scores of the other scales, but there was a moderate improvement in stigmatization toward patients with depression.

Discussion:

Pharmacy students' participation in a psychiatric clinical rotation failed to have a major impact on their social distance from mentally ill patients. Findings were mixed in regards to stigmatization of mentally ill patients. However, pharmacy students' attitudes toward suicide prevention and providing pharmaceutical care services to mentally ill patients were significantly improved by participation in a psychiatric clinical rotation. Preceptors in the clinical setting should consider including educational techniques that address pharmacy students' attitudes toward mental illness, as improvement in such attitudes may further enhance their willingness to provide pharmaceutical care services.
Graphic representation of pharmacology: Development of an alternative model
Authors: Saklad Stephen R.
Published: September 2017

Introduction:

Providing clinicians with an easy to grasp and understandable representation of pharmacology is important to allow optimal clinical decisions to be made. Two of the most clinically relevant dimensions are receptor binding affinity and functional activity. The binding affinity for an agonist is described by the dissociation constant (KA), and an antagonist by the inhibition constant (Ki). Functionally, medications can act as superagonists, agonists, partial agonists, antagonists, partial inverse agonists, or inverse agonists at several receptor sites, transporters, or ion channels. Comprehending the differences between agents is complicated by the number and types of binding sites.

Methods:

Binding and functional data are obtained from primary literature, product labels, human cloned receptor binding, and other sources. Binding affinities are converted into ratios relative to the putative primary receptor for that category of agent. Antipsychotic binding is referenced to dopamine type 2 long (D2L) receptor binding. Binding affinity ratios (BARs) generate a 6-spoked diagram, with D2L as the hub. The most avidly bound sites are the spokes, and the disk diameter represents the BAR. Where functional data are available, they are shown as a pie chart shading the binding site's disk.

Results:

Binding and function diagrams are shown for the antipsychotics where binding data are available and are compared to previous methods of pharmacologic comparisons of antipsychotics.

Discussion:

Use of graphic models of psychotropic pharmacology improves clinician comprehension and may serve as an aid to improve rational therapeutics and patient outcomes.
Pimavanserin (Nuplazid™) for the treatment of Parkinson disease psychosis: A review of the literature
Authors: Touma Katie T. B. , Touma Daniel C.
Published: September 2017

Introduction:

Pimavanserin (Nuplazid™) is an atypical antipsychotic currently indicated for the treatment of hallucinations and delusions associated with Parkinson disease psychosis. The antipsychotic effects of this new agent are believed to occur via selective inverse agonist activity at serotonin 5-HT2a receptors.

Methods:

Study authors completed a literature review of 2 published randomized controlled trials of pimavanserin for the treatment of Parkinson disease psychosis. The Food and Drug Administration Briefing Document by the Psychopharmacologic Drugs Advisory Committee for the review of pimavanserin dated March 29, 2016, was reviewed for additional information on 2 unpublished trials.

Results:

Pimavanserin has demonstrated no worsening of motor symptoms of Parkinson disease, but only 1 of 4 trials has shown consistent statistically significant improvements in psychotic symptoms compared with placebo.

Discussion:

Options for the treatment of Parkinson disease psychosis are limited. The selective receptor profile of pimavanserin offers advantages for tolerability. Further studies are warranted to better provide clinicians and patients with information regarding the clinical utility of this agent.
Radial glia in the ventral telencephalon
Authors: Turrero García Miguel , Harwell Corey C.
Published: September 2017

The ventral telencephalon is the developmental origin of the basal ganglia and the source of neuronal and glial cells that integrate into developing circuits in other areas of the brain. Radial glia in the embryonic subpallium give rise to an enormous diversity of mature cell types, either directly or through other transit‐amplifying progenitors. Here, we review current knowledge about these subpallial neural stem cells and their progeny, focusing on the period of neurogenesis. We describe their cell biological features and the extrinsic and intrinsic molecular codes that guide their fate specification in defined temporal and spatial sequences. We also discuss the role of clonal lineage in the organization and specification of mature neurons.
Functional role of Lys residues of Psb31 in electrostatic interactions with diatom photosystem II
Authors: Nagao Ryo , Suzuki Takehiro , Dohmae Naoshi , Shen Jian‐Ren , Tomo Tatsuya
Published: September 2017

We recently revealed that positively charged amino acids of Psb31, an extrinsic subunit found in diatom photosystem II (PSII), are involved in electrostatic interactions with PSII intrinsic subunits. However, the molecular interactions of Psb31 with PSII remain unclear. Here, we report the functional contribution of Lys residues in the binding of Psb31 to PSII using site‐directed mutants of Psb31. Each of the K33A, K39A, K54A, K56A, K57A, and K69A mutants exhibits decreased binding affinities to PSII concomitantly with decreases in the O2 evolution activity. Conversely, each of the K24A, K76A, K80A, and K117A mutants functionally binds to PSII in a manner similar to wild‐type Psb31. These results provide evidence that some Lys residues of Psb31 are responsible for electrostatic interactions with PSII.
Multidimensional Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Jandera Pavel
Published: September 2017

Fundamentals of multidimensional liquid chromatographic techniques are overviewed, including off‐line, serial, stop‐and‐go, and heart‐cutting and comprehensive separation modes, with attention to resolution, peak capacity, efficiency, orthogonality, and selectivity with special attention to the effects of sample structure on the retention and optimization of two‐dimensional (2‐D) separation systems, including the selection of columns, flow rate, fraction volumes, and mobile phase.

Experimental set‐up, modulation of the fraction collection and transfer from the first to the second dimension, compatibility of mobile phases in comprehensive LC × LC, and 2‐D asymmetry are addressed. The survey presents various coupled 2‐D modes (RP × RP, HILIC × RP, IEX × RP, and SEC × RP) and problems with their on‐line coupling.
The Functional Response of Mesenchymal Stem Cells to Electron‐Beam Patterned Elastomeric Surfaces Presenting Micrometer to Nanoscale Heterogeneous Rigidity
Authors: Biggs Manus J. P. , Fernandez Marc , Thomas Dilip , Cooper Ryan , Palma Matteo , Liao Jinyu , Fazio Teresa , Dahlberg Carl , Wheadon Helen , Pallipurath Anuradha , Pandit Abhay , Kysar Jeffrey , Wind Shalom J.
Published: September 2017

Cells directly probe and respond to the physicomechanical properties of their extracellular environment, a dynamic process which has been shown to play a key role in regulating both cellular adhesive processes and differential cellular function. Recent studies indicate that stem cells show lineage‐specific differentiation when cultured on substrates approximating the stiffness profiles of specific tissues. Although tissues are associated with a range of Young's modulus values for bulk rigidity, at the subcellular level, tissues are comprised of heterogeneous distributions of rigidity. Lithographic processes have been widely explored in cell biology for the generation of analytical substrates to probe cellular physicomechanical responses. In this work, it is shown for the first time that that direct‐write e‐beam exposure can significantly alter the rigidity of elastomeric poly(dimethylsiloxane) substrates and a new class of 2D elastomeric substrates with controlled patterned rigidity ranging from the micrometer to the nanoscale is described. The mechanoresponse of human mesenchymal stem cells to e‐beam patterned substrates was subsequently probed in vitro and significant modulation of focal adhesion formation and osteochondral lineage commitment was observed as a function of both feature diameter and rigidity, establishing the groundwork for a new generation of biomimetic material interfaces.
Half‐Metallic Behavior in 2D Transition Metal Dichalcogenides Nanosheets by Dual‐Native‐Defects Engineering
Authors: Tong Yun , Guo Yuqiao , Mu Kejun , Shan Huan , Dai Jun , Liu Yi , Sun Zhe , Zhao Aidi , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Wu Changzheng , Xie Yi
Published: September 2017

Two‐dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have been regarded as one of the best nonartificial low‐dimensional building blocks for developing spintronic nanodevices. However, the lack of spin polarization in the vicinity of the Fermi surface and local magnetic moment in pristine TMDs has greatly hampered the exploitation of magnetotransport properties. Herein, a half‐metallic structure of TMDs is successfully developed by a simple chemical defect‐engineering strategy. Dual native defects decorate titanium diselenides with the coexistence of metal‐Ti‐atom incorporation and Se‐anion defects, resulting in a high‐spin‐polarized current and local magnetic moment of 2D Ti‐based TMDs toward half‐metallic room‐temperature ferromagnetism character. Arising from spin‐polarization transport, the as‐obtained T‐TiSe1.8 nanosheets exhibit a large negative magnetoresistance phenomenon with a value of −40% (5T, 10 K), representing one of the highest negative magnetoresistance effects among TMDs. It is anticipated that this dual regulation strategy will be a powerful tool for optimizing the intrinsic physical properties of TMD systems.
Thick Film Polymer Solar Cells Based on Naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c]bis[1,2,5]thiadiazole Conjugated Polymers with Efficiency over 11%
Authors: Jin Yaocheng , Chen Zhiming , Xiao Manjun , Peng Jiajun , Fan Baobing , Ying Lei , Zhang Guichuan , Jiang Xiao‐Fang , Yin Qingwu , Liang Ziqi , Huang Fei , Cao Yong
Published: September 2017

Two novel narrow bandgap π‐conjugated polymers based on naphtho[1,2‐c:5,6‐c′]bis([1,2,5]thiadiazole) (NT) unit are developed, which contain the thiophene or benzodithiophene flanked with alkylthiophene as the electron‐donating segment. Both copolymers exhibit strong aggregations both in solution and as thin films. The resulting copolymers with higher molecular weight show higher photovoltaic performance by virtue of the enhanced short‐circuit current densities and fill factors, which can be attributed to their higher absorptivity and formation of more favorable film morphologies. Polymer solar cells (PSCs) fabricated with the copolymer PNTT achieve remarkable power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) > 11% based on both conventional and inverted structures at the photoactive layer thickness of 280 nm, which is the highest value so far observed from NT‐based copolymers. Of particular interest is that the device performances are insensitive to the thickness of the photoactive layer, for which the PCEs > 10% can be achieved with film thickness ranging from 150 to 660 nm, and the PCE remains >9% at the thickness over 1 µm. These findings demonstrate that these NT‐based copolymers can be promising candidates for the construction of thick film PSCs toward low‐cost roll‐to‐roll processing technology.
Understanding Film Formation Morphology and Orientation in High Member 2D Ruddlesden–Popper Perovskites for High‐Efficiency Solar Cells
Authors: Soe Chan Myae Myae , Nie Wanyi , Stoumpos Constantinos C. , Tsai Hsinhan , Blancon Jean‐Christophe , Liu Fangze , Even Jacky , Marks Tobin J. , Mohite Aditya D. , Kanatzidis Mercouri G.
Published: September 2017

2D Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) perovskites have recently emerged as promising candidates for hybrid perovskite photovoltaic cells, realizing power‐conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of over 10% with technologically relevant stability. To achieve solar cell performance comparable to the state‐of‐the‐art 3D perovskite cells, it is highly desirable to increase the conductivity and lower the optical bandgap for enhanced near‐IR region absorption by increasing the perovskite slab thickness. Here, the use of the 2D higher member (n = 5) RP perovskite (n‐butyl‐NH3)2(MeNH3)4Pb5I16 in depositing highly oriented thin films from dimethylformamide/dimethylsulfoxide mixtures using the hot‐casting method is reported. In addition, they exhibit superior environmental stability over thin films of their 3D counterpart. These films are assembled into high‐efficiency solar cells with an open‐circuit voltage of ≈1 V and PCE of up to 10%. This is achieved by fine‐tuning the solvent ratio, crystal growth orientation, and grain size in the thin films. The enhanced performance of the optimized devices is ascribed to the growth of micrometer‐sized grains as opposed to more typically obtained nanometer grain size and highly crystalline, densely packed microstructures with the majority of the inorganic slabs preferentially aligned out of plane to the substrate, as confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and grazing‐incidence wide‐angle X‐ray scattering mapping.