bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Composite Magnetic Particles as Carriers for Laccase from Trametes versicolor
Authors: Pich Andrij , Bhattacharya Sanchita , Adler Hans‐Juergen P. , Wage Tobias , Taubenberger Anna , Li Zheng , van Pee Karl‐Heinz , Böhmer Ulrike , Bley Thomas
Published: March 2006

Summary: In this paper we report a study of laccase immobilisation on different kinds of carrier particles. The immobilisation of enzyme on the particle surface with respect to the immobilisation efficiency and the properties of the immobilised enzymes is discussed. The immobilisation of laccase on polystyrene particles bearing reactive β‐diketone groups is characterised by high efficiency, but grafting of the enzyme increases the stability of the colloidal system, which makes the separation/purification procedure difficult. Additionally, the extreme colloidal stability of the immobilisates hinders the application of such particles with immobilised enzymes in some applications where the recycling of the enzyme should be performed. It has been found that hybrid PS‐AAEM particles equipped with maghemite show similar immobilisation efficiency to that of their analogues without maghemite and can additionally be manipulated in magnetic fields. The activity of the immobilised laccase is much higher in the pH region 5–7 and the temperature range 50–70 °C as compared with that of the free enzyme. Immobilised enzymes also exhibit much better storage stability.

SEM images of PS‐AAEM particles before (a) and after (b) laccase immobilisation.

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SEM images of PS‐AAEM particles before (a) and after (b) laccase immobilisation.
Bioengineering Functional Copolymers. IX. Poly[(maleic anhydride‐co‐hexene‐1)‐g‐poly(ethylene oxide)]
Authors: Mazı Hidayet , Kibarer Günay , Emregül Emel , Rzaev Zakir M. O.
Published: March 2006

Summary: Amphiphilic bioengineering copolymers having a combination of hydrophilic/hydrophobic linkages and polyelectrolyte behavior, along with an ability to interact with biomacromolecules, in particular with the invertase enzyme, have been synthesized by (a) complex‐radical copolymerization of maleic anhydride (MA, the acceptor) and hexene‐1 (H‐1, the donor) monomers with benzoyl peroxide as the initiator in 1,4‐dioxane at 65 °C under high‐conversion conditions and (b) subsequent grafting (polyesterification) of synthesized poly(MA‐alt‐H‐1) with α‐methoxy‐ω‐hydroxy‐poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO). Copolymerizations were also carried out in the steady state, in order to essentially reduce the effect of copolymer composition drift. The values of the monomer reactivity ratios (r1 and r2) determined by using the known terminal models of Fineman‐Ross (FR) and Kelen‐Tüdös (KT), as well as by nonlinear regression (NLR) analysis, are: r1 = 0.16 and r2 = 0.30 (FR), r1 = 0.14 and r2 = 0.27 (KT), and r1 = 0.15 and r2 = 0.29 (NLR), respectively. All the copolymers and graft copolymers were characterized by FTIR spectroscopy, 1H{13C} NMR spectroscopy, viscometric measurements, and chemical (acid number), thermal (DSC and TGA), and X‐ray diffraction analyses. Unlike poly(MA‐alt‐H‐1)s, PEO macrobranched graft copolymers exhibit expressed polyelectrolyte and swelling behavior in diluted and concentrated dioxane solutions, respectively. The copolymer and its PEO hyperbranched derivatives can be used as carriers for enzyme immobilization.

Schematic representation of the chemical structure of hyperbranched poly[(MA‐alt‐H‐1)‐g‐PEO].

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Schematic representation of the chemical structure of hyperbranched poly[(MA‐alt‐H‐1)‐g‐PEO].
Cover Picture: Macromol. Chem. Phys. 7/2006
Authors: He Lihong , Zhang Yanhong , Ren Lixia , Chen Yongming , Wei Hao , Wang Dujin
Published: March 2006

Cover: A double hydrophilic block copolymer brush was prepared by controlled radical polymerization. This well‐defined molecular nano‐object was used to induce crystallization of calcium carbonate in aqueous solution by using densely and uniformly grafted poly‐ (acrylic acid)s. Further details can be found in the Full Paper by L. He, Y. Zhang, L. Ren, Y. Chen,* H. Wei, and D. Wang* on page 684..
Pilot study of the incidence and prognosis of degenerative Parkinsonian disorders in Aberdeen, United Kingdom: Methods and preliminary results
Authors: Taylor Kate S.M. , Counsell Carl E. , Harris Clare E. , Gordon Joanna C. , Smith W. Cairns S.
Published: March 2006

The objective of this study was to test the methods for a large study of the incidence and prognosis of Parkinson's disease and other degenerative parkinsonian disorders and provide provisional incidence figures. This was a community‐based prospective study to identify patients with newly diagnosed non–drug‐induced Parkinsonism (≥2 of tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, postural instability) from a population of 148,600 people in Aberdeen, Scotland, over 18 months. Multiple search strategies were used to identify patients, including some population screening. Incident patients and age/sex–matched controls had assessments of impairment, disability, quality of life, mood, and cognition and are being followed up yearly. Two hundred and two people with possible parkinsonian symptoms were assessed, and 82 incident patients were identified, 50 with probable Parkinson's disease. The crude incidences of probable Parkinsonism and probable Parkinson's disease were 31.4/100,000/year (95% CI: 24.5–39.7) and 22.4/100,000/year (95% CI: 16.6–29.6), respectively. The mean age of diagnosis of Parkinson's disease was 76.1 ± 10.0 years and the incidence was greater in men. The methods were generally successful. Provisionally, we found a higher incidence of Parkinson's disease than other comparable studies, and our patients were considerably older. This may reflect better case ascertainment in the elderly. A larger study is planned. © 2006 Movement Disorder Society
Capacitance characterization of multipath interconnects for nanotechnology circuits
Authors: Goel A. K. , Eady N. R.
Published: March 2006

A multipath interconnect carries a signal on an electrical circuit by using the concept of parallel processing, that is, by providing two or more paths between the driver and the load. These paths are stacked vertically and isolated from one another by insulating layers between them. In this paper, we have used the Green's function method to determine the parasitic capacitances associated with a system of nanoscale multipath interconnects fabricated on a silicon‐based substrate. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 848–852, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21495
An L‐band, circularly polarised, dual‐feed, cavity‐backed annular slot antenna for phased‐array applications
Authors: Vesterdal Larsen Niels , Breinbjerg Olav
Published: March 2006

The results of a parametric study for the development of an L‐band, circularly polarised, dual‐feed, cavity‐backed annular slot antenna is presented. The study includes detailed numerical simulations and measurements on a prototype with different ground planes in order to assess the antenna's applicability as an element in a small phased array antenna. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 873–878, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21504
Antenna characteristics enhancement using patch‐slot‐patch (PSP) superstrates
Authors: Betancourt D. , Ibáñez A. , del Río C.
Published: March 2006

In this paper, a novel patch‐slot‐patch (PSP) structure is presented. The frequency‐resonant characteristics of this structure are calculated and measured. Gain enhancement of 15 dB is obtained for a PSP structure as the superstrate of a microstrip patch antenna. A grating‐lobe reduction of more than 16 dB is observed for a PSP structure applied over a 3 × 1 linear array. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 902–906, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/mop.21513
A novel planar UWB monopole antenna formed on a printed circuit board
Authors: Peyrot‐Solis M. A. , Galvan‐Tejada G. M. , Jardon‐Aguilar H.
Published: March 2006

A novel planar UWB printed circuit board (PCB) monopole antenna is presented. The design realizes a planarized model of a rectangular planar monopole using a beveling technique over a rectangular ground plane. This was done to investigate the impact on its main parameters when an improvement of its compact profile is achieved. The planarized version exhibits a nearly omnidirectional radiation pattern from 3.1 to 13.3 GHz for an achieved VSWR ≤ 2.1.© 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 933–935, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21523
A wideband linear‐in‐dB VGA using a CMOS in the triode region
Authors: Lee Hui Dong , Lee Kyung‐Ai , Park Bonghyuk , Choi Sangsung , Hong Songcheol
Published: March 2006

This paper presents a wideband variable gain amplifier (VGA) fabricated using the 0.18‐μm CMOS process. An exponential CMOS triode transconductor scheme is proposed to achieve highly linear‐in‐dB characteristics of a VGA for ultra‐wideband (UWB) systems. The proposed VGA achieves a linear‐in‐dB controllable gain range of 28.4 dB (7 to −21.4 dB) with a bandwidth of 1200 MHz, while drawing only 2.7 mA from a 1.8‐V power supply. Measurements show a linear gain range with a linearity error of less than ±0.5 dB.P1dBvaries from −8.5 to −6 dBm. The chip occupies an area of 0.2 × 0.2 mm2, excluding bond‐pads. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 48: 997–1000, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/mop.21546
Mixed mode failure analysis of bonded joints with rate‐dependent interface models
Authors: Giambanco G. , Fileccia Scimemi G.
Published: March 2006

The recent developments in joining technologies and the increasing use of composites materials in structural design justify the wide interest of structural mechanics researchers in bonded joints. Joints often represent the weakness zone of the structure and appropriate and rigorous mechanical models are required in order to describe deformation, durability and failure. The present work is devoted to the theoretical formulation and numerical implementation of an interface model suitable to simulate the time‐dependent behaviour of bonded joints. The interface laws are formulated in the framework of viscoplasticity for generalized standard materials and describe the softening response of the joint along its decohesion process in presence of shear and tensile normal tractions. These laws are derived in a thermodynamic consistent manner and take into account the rate dependency modifications of the fracture process zone making use of a sort of non‐local instantaneous dissipation. The interface constitutive laws are expressed both in rate and discrete incremental form for the purpose of numerical implementation. The consistent tangent matrix is derived. Finally, the problem of model parameters identification is approached making use of the finite element method for the experiments simulation and of an evolution strategy to solve the constrained optimization problem which mathematically represents the parameter identification inverse problem. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Capturing strain localization in dense sands with random density
Authors: Andrade José E. , Borja Ronaldo I.
Published: March 2006

This paper presents a three‐invariant constitutive framework suitable for the numerical analyses of localization instabilities in granular materials exhibiting unstructured random density. A recently proposed elastoplastic model for sands based on critical state plasticity is enhanced with the third stress invariant to capture the difference in the compressive and extensional yield strengths commonly observed in geomaterials undergoing plastic deformation. The new three‐invariant constitutive model, similar to its two‐invariant predecessor, is capable of accounting for meso‐scale inhomogeneities as well as material and geometric nonlinearities. Details regarding the numerical implementation of the model into a fully nonlinear finite element framework are presented and a closed‐form expression for the consistent tangent operator, whose spectral form is used in the strain localization analyses, is derived. An algorithm based on the spectral form of the so‐called acoustic tensor is proposed to search for the necessary conditions for deformation bands to develop. The aforementioned framework is utilized in a series of boundary‐value problems on dense sand specimens whose density fields are modelled as exponentially distributed unstructured random fields to account for the effect of inhomogeneities at the meso‐scale and the intrinsic uncertainty associated with them. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilized‐coupled modelling of creep phenomena for saturated porous media
Authors: Salomoni V. A. , Schrefler B. A.
Published: March 2006

The proposal of two models for simulating the behaviour of soils subjected to secondary consolidation (creep) is here described. In normal circumstances, settlements due to secondary consolidation account for only a small fraction of the total settlements, having a magnitude of a small percentage of the primary consolidation settlements due to compression. However, in a situation where very soft organic clays are under compression, secondary consolidation may be a much more important factor. The models are implemented in a fully coupled finite element code where the governing equations are discretized in time in accordance to what proposed by the characteristic‐based split method, well known in Fluid Mechanics, obtaining a stabilizing split‐type method. In this way, pressure oscillations (wiggles)—usually present in consolidation problems—have been eliminated. The first model assumes that the soil skeleton consists of a linear spring in series with a Kelvin body: the spring is representative of an elastic model, whereas the Kelvin body keeps count of a time‐progressing strain, once the primary consolidation has stopped. The second model considers some Maxwell chains in parallel. Their efficiency is proved studying the long‐term behaviour of soft soils; the results, compared with in situ measurements, show a good accuracy in predicting creep phenomena for soils. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A constrained reproducing kernel particle formulation for shear deformable shell in Cartesian coordinates
Authors: Chen Jiun‐Shyan , Wang Dongdong
Published: March 2006

The meshfree approximation functions for shell analysis to date are formulated using parametric coordinates, and this parametric description of shell kinematics limits the applications only to shell structures with simple geometries. On the other hand, construction of moving least square or reproducing kernel (RK) approximation on shell surface using Cartesian coordinates leads to a singular system when RK basis functions and shell surface function are linearly dependent. In this study, a constrained RK approximation formulated under Cartesian coordinate for approximation of shell kinematics in arbitrary shell geometry is proposed. Two methods, the dummy node approach and the pseudo‐inverse method, are presented. Further, stabilization of nodal integration for solving shear deformable shell is introduced. The performance of present formulation is demonstrated in several benchmark problems. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical modelling of tidal flows in complex estuaries including turbulence: an unstructured finite volume solver and experimental validation
Authors: Cea L. , French J. R. , Vázquez‐Cendón M. E.
Published: March 2006

In this paper an unstructured finite volume model for quasi‐2D tidal flow with wet–dry fronts and turbulence modelling is presented, and applied to the Crouch–Roach estuarine system (Essex, U.K.). Two depth averaged turbulence models, a mixing length model and a k–ε model, are used in the numerical computations. An additional limiter to the production of turbulence due to bed friction is introduced in order to improve the performance and numerical stability of the model near wet–dry fronts. In addition to a first‐order and a second‐order schemes, an hybrid second‐order/first‐order upwind scheme which improves the accuracy of the first‐order scheme while maintaining a good numerical stability is used to discretize the convective flux. Numerical results are compared with observed current speed and water level data, with particular reference to the ability of the model to reproduce shallow water tidal harmonics. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mitigating the integration error in numerical simulations of Newtonian systems
Authors: Gurfil Pini , Klein Itzik
Published: March 2006

We introduce a method for mitigating the numerical integration errors of linear, second‐order initial value problems. We propose a methodology for constructing an optimal state‐space representation that gives minimum numerical truncation error, and in this sense, is the optimal state‐space representation for modelling given phase‐space dynamics. To that end, we utilize a simple transformation of the state‐space equations into their variational form. This process introduces an inherent freedom, similar to the gauge freedom in electromagnetism. We then utilize the gauge function to reduce the numerical integration error. We show that by choosing an appropriate gauge function the numerical integration error dramatically decreases and one can achieve much better accuracy compared to the standard state variables for a given time‐step. Moreover, we derive general expressions yielding the optimal gauge functions given a Newtonian one degree‐of‐freedom ODE. For the n degrees‐of‐freedom case we describe MATLAB® code capable of finding the optimal gauge functions and integrating the given system using the gauge‐optimized integration algorithm. In all of our illustrating examples, the gauge‐optimized integration outperforms the integration using standard state variables by a few orders of magnitude. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Treatment of sensory defensiveness in adults
Authors: Pfeiffer Beth , Kinnealey Moya
Published: March 2006

This pilot study explored the relationship between sensory defensiveness and anxiety, as well as the impact of a sensory integration treatment protocol on normal adults. Fifteen adult subjects identified as having sensory defensiveness completed the Adult Sensory Questionnaire (ASQ), Adult Sensory Interview (ADULT‐SI), and Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) at pre‐test and post‐test intervals to measure sensory defensiveness and anxiety. A treatment protocol was implemented which included providing insight into sensory defensiveness, regular and daily sensory input, and engagement in activities of choice providing primarily proprioceptive, vestibular and tactile sensory input. Subjects engaged in an individualized self‐treatment protocol for one month.

Results indicated a significant correlation between anxiety and sensory defensiveness (r = 0.62,p = 0.027). The differences in pre‐test and post‐test mean scores of the Adult Sensory Interview (p = 0.048) and the Beck Anxiety Inventory (p = 0.0453) supported the use of a sensory treatment protocol to decrease sensory defensiveness and secondary anxiety. There is a need for further research using experimental methodology with a control group to explore the effectiveness of a sensory treatment protocol on sensory defensiveness and anxiety. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
The meaning of psychosocial occupational therapy in a life‐story perspective. a long‐term follow‐up of three cases
Authors: Eklund Mona , Rottpeter Jane , VikstrÖm Frida
Published: March 2006

This study is a long‐term follow‐up in narrative form of three former psychiatric patients who had been discharged eight to nine years earlier from an outpatient occupational therapy programme. The purpose of the study was to gain an understanding about the participants' views about the period of therapy from a long‐term perspective and of how the outcome of therapy could be understood within the context of the patients' life plots. In‐depth retrospective interviews and two former interviews with each participant, conducted at the time of therapy, comprised the data. The interview transcripts were subjected to narrative analysis. The fit between the characteristics of the therapy programme and important life themes of the informants seemed crucial for the long‐term outcome of therapy, suggesting that taking life histories is important for occupational therapists in clinical practice in order to design appropriate interventions. Four components of the therapy, the activities, the social interaction, the milieu, and the therapeutic relationship, appeared as vital in re‐shaping the informants' life plots. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Facilitating professional identity in occupational therapy students
Authors: Ikiugu Moses N. , Rosso Heather M.
Published: March 2006

The purpose of this study was to explore how a graduate course in occupational therapy theory can help prepare students to develop a professional identity. Thirty students participated in the study. The course included content on the history of occupational therapy, models of practice and the social, philosophical, political and economic factors that impact on occupational therapy. The students were divided into groups of four or five where they discussed issues assigned by the instructor. An electronic blackboard was used to share the discussion with the class. Surveys of the students' opinions were used to collect data on what the students viewed as the strengths and weaknesses of the course. The students felt that the class discussions were the strongest part of the course. They felt that the course improved their critical thinking and problem solving significantly. It was concluded from the results that the course facilitated their professional identity through the connection made between theory and practice. There is a recognized need to explore the issue of developing a professional identity in occupational therapy students through courses integrating philosophical topics and clinical practice. Specifically, it is recommended that further research be carried out in educational settings with larger samples, using comparison groups and other methodologies to evaluate the issue of facilitating professional identity in occupational therapy students. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
‘Facilitation’ of practice development: a concept analysis
Authors: Simmons Maxine
Published: March 2006

‘Facilitation’ is a concept frequently referred to as a strategy for enabling the process of developing nursing practice. However, despite its frequent usage and importance to the development of practice, ‘facilitation’ in a practice development context is poorly defined and there is a scarcity of literature relating to this specific use of the concept, which has previously been explored in relation to the role and function of facilitation in evidence‐based practice (Harvey et al. 2002). However, practice development is broader than the implementation of evidence‐based practice (Unsworth 2000) and here the aim is to add to the understanding of the concept for ‘practice developers’ with diverse role remits. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Evidence‐based practice: unravelling the rhetoric and making it real
Authors: Gerrish Kate
Published: March 2006

The present paper is based on the Winifred Raphael Memorial Lecture, presented at the Royal College of Nursing Annual Congress, 2002. It explores the rhetoric surrounding evidence‐based practice by examining different sources of evidence in the form of research evidence, professional expertise and patient preference, and by considering models of research utilization. A case study approach is then taken to describing how the principles underpinning the rhetoric were translated into evidence‐based practice initiatives in a large acute hospital. It is concluded that nursing needs to be cautious about taking its lead from medicine in moving forward the evidence‐based practice agenda. Rather, nurses need to be prepared to think beyond the traditional notions of evidence‐based medicine and direct research utilization, and to develop strategies for evidence‐based practice located in the real world of nursing practice. It is only through being creative that the rhetoric of evidence‐based practice will become real. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Investigation of Gas Phase Species and Deposition of SiO2 Films from HMDSO/O2 Plasmas
Authors: Wavhal Dattatray S. , Zhang Jianming , Steen Michelle L. , Fisher Ellen R.
Published: March 2006

Summary: SiOxCyHz films are deposited by radio frequency plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) using a mixture of HMDSO and oxygen as source gases. The gas phase species produced in HMDSO and HMDSO/O2 plasmas are investigated by optical emission spectroscopy (OES) and mass spectrometry (MS). These data reveal that oxygen dilution causes strong dissociation of the HMDSO monomer. The film composition was investigated with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Fourier‐transform infrared (FT‐IR) spectroscopy. Low O2 dilution (≤50%) results in the deposition of polymer‐like SiOxCyHz films while higher O2 dilution (≥80%) results in the deposition of inorganic SiO2‐like films. Surface energy measurements show that the SiO2 films have higher surface energy than the polymer‐like SiOxCyHz films. Deposition rates are measured with variable angle spectroscopic ellipsometry and are strongly dependent on the percentage of O2 dilution in the feed mixture.

Si 2p high‐resolution XPS spectra of films deposited in 50 W HMDSO/O2 plasmas with different gas ratios in the feed.

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Si 2p high‐resolution XPS spectra of films deposited in 50 W HMDSO/O2 plasmas with different gas ratios in the feed.
Relief vent sizing for deflagrations
Authors: Darby Ron
Published: March 2006

Many gas‐phase reactions result in a pressure buildup that is very fast, but slower than that for an explosion (that is, a deflagration). Sizing a relief vent by the conventional method, which assumes a steady state discharge mass flow rate that is sufficient to remove energy from the vessel at a rate equal to the maximum rate at which it is input into or released within in the vessel, can result in an unacceptably large vent size. A method previously proposed by DuPont, which is based on an experimental rate constant for the deflagration reaction (the “violence coefficient”) and an empirical expression for the vent mass flux gives the vent size that limits the maximum transient pressure to less than the maximum allowable vessel pressure results in more realistic vent sizes. This paper compares the results of these two methods, as well as a modified method using a more general relation for the valve flow capacity, with the data for an ethylene decomposition reaction reported by DuPont. The modified method can be used for any gaseous relief with a known reaction rate constant and gas density as a function of pressure. © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2006
Extra high frequency study of magnetic order in GMI nanostructures
Authors: Tarapov S.
Published: March 2006

The research of the magnetic properties of electron system of low dimensional magnetic nanostructures is presented. Namely we discuss the results of study of multilayered and granular nanomagnets that demonstrate the Giant Magnetic Resistance (GMR) and Giant Magnetic Impedance (GMI) phenomena.

The Electron Spin Resonance/Ferromagnetic Resonance (ESR/FMR) technique of millimeter waveband has been applied to define the magnetic ordering in the nanostructures dependent on the interaction between single magnetic granules/particles. The magnetization of saturation for various types of Co‐, Fe‐ and Ni‐nanogranular structures as well as the magnetoresonance response is under discussion. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
FMR studies of bilayer Co90Fe10/Ni81Fe19, Ni81Fe19/Co90Fe10 and monolayer Ni81Fe19 thin films
Authors: Güner S. , Yalçın O. , Kazan S. , Yıldız F. , Şahingöz R.
Published: March 2006

The magnetic properties of ferromagnetic bilayers Co90Fe10/Ni81Fe19, Ni81Fe19/Co90Fe10 and monolayer Ni81Fe19 thin films with individual layer thicknesses of 2 nm and 5 nm were grown on thermally oxidized Si substrate have been investigated by a ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) technique at room temperature. The FMR spectra were recorded for both parallel geometry, where the applied DC magnetic field in the surface of the films and perpendicular geometry with the magnetic field perpendicular to surface. The FMR resonance field were analyzed and fitted theoretically by using the dispersion relation with the Bloch–Bloembergen damping term. Computer programs have been written to extract the theoretical magnetization (M ), resonance field values (H r) and spin–spin relaxation time (T 2) fit parameters. Experimental and theoretical analyses showed that the order of bilayers with respect to the substrate creates remarkable effects on the magnetization properties due to changing continuity of structure on the substrate. (© 2006 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
DFT calculation of core‐electron binding energies of pyrimidine and purine bases
Authors: Takahata Yuji , Okamoto Andre K. , Chong Delano P.
Published: March 2006

We calculated the accurate core‐electron binding energies (CEBEs) of pyrimidine and purine bases in their isolated forms in the gas phase, i.e., uracil (U), thymine (T), cytosine (C), adenine (A), and guanine (G), using density functional theory (DFT) with the scheme ΔE (PW86‐PW91)/TZP//HF/6‐31G*. The relative magnitude of calculated CEBEs of the same type of atom in the gas phase pyrimidine and purine bases reflect its chemical environment. Comparison between the calculated CEBEs of the bases in the gas phase and observed CEBEs of the same molecules in the solid state permitted estimation of the approximate work functions (WD). Using the approximate WD, it was possible to calculate approximate CEBEs of the DNA bases in the solid state. The average absolute deviation from experiment was 0.37 eV. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2006
A conversation with Dr Christina Puchalski
Authors: Puchalski Christina M.
Published: March 2006

Dr Christina Puchalski is Founder and Director of the George Washington Institute for Spirituality and Health and Associate Professor in the Departments of Medicine and Health Care Sciences at the George Washington University, Washington DC, USA. She has pioneered the development of numerous educational programmes for undergraduate, graduate and postgraduate medical education in spirituality and medicine. Her spirituality curriculum at the George Washington University was one of the first in the country and received the John Templeton Award for Spirituality and Medicine. Since 1996, she has been directing an award programme for medical school curricula in spirituality and health nationally. Her research interests and expertise include the role of spirituality in health and end‐of‐life care, the role of clergy in health and end‐of‐life care, and evaluation of education programmes in spirituality and medicine. Dr Puchalski is Co‐Chair of a national education conference co‐sponsored by the Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) and Course Co‐Director of Harvard Medical School and the Mind/Body Medical Institute's annual Spirituality & Healing in Medicine conference. Dr Puchalski has been published widely in peer‐reviewed journals as well as other national journals and media outlets. She is the recipient of the AAMC and Pfizer's Award for the Medical Humanities Initiative 1999 and the Healthcare Foundation of New Jersey's faculty Humanism in Medicine Award 2001. Dr Puchalski's work in the field of spirituality and medicine encompasses the clinical, the academic and the pastoral application of her research and insights. She and her work have been featured widely in the press and other media both nationally and internationally. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Compassion and loving‐kindness: heartsongs for healing spirit
Authors: Malinski Violet
Published: March 2006

Rogers' science of unitary human beings has been an influential, if controversial, model affecting the development of nursing and health care. Some of the main tenets are explored and debated in the context of loving‐kindness and personal reflections on the author's own life and contact with Rogers. Key concepts such as healing, spirituality and caring are explored with reference to the work of Rogers and others, including recent stories of women with breast cancer, to illuminate how these concepts underpin the potential for illness and suffering to be the source of transformation rather than despair. Indeed, the influences of such transformation, it is argued, extend way beyond the individual person to embrace a whole philosophy of interconnectedness with all of creation. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
L'Arche communities – a challenge for gentleness
Authors: Vanier Thérèse
Published: March 2006

Thomas Philippe, a French Dominican friar, and Jean Vanier, a Canadian philosopher and former naval officer, founded the first L'Arche community in France in 1964. L'Arche has now become an international federation of some 120 communities. In the 1960s and 1970s it was seen as a groundbreaking movement and as a leader in the development of non‐institutional and life‐affirming approaches to caring for those with learning disabilities. The term ‘mental handicap’ was more commonly used at the time that L'Arche was founded. The ethos of a caring community underpinned by spiritual and religious values has provided a much‐admired and emulated model. It has not been without its costs, however, and the communities, like others involved in caring, are having to address some fundamental issues concerning the impact on carers and the way in which the vision of the founders can be developed and sustained in the future. This personal account and reflection, by the sister of one of the founders, is built on her experience of L'Arche in the UK. It sets out some of the challenges facing the creation of a caring environment for both carers and cared for. Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
A conversation with Margaret Guenther
Authors: Guenther Margaret Adah Beltz
Published: March 2006

Margaret Guenther is currently Associate Rector for Spiritual Formation, St Columba's Episcopal Church, Washington, DC. She is a lecturer, preacher, conductor of workshops and retreats and Professor Emerita of Ascetical Theology, the General Theological Seminary, and she was Director, the Center for Christian Spirituality, the General Theological Seminary (1985–1997). She has worked across the world, including lectureships in Australia and the Netherlands as well as holding teaching roles at George Washington, Harvard and Kansas universities. Her educational background includes (1983) a Masters in Divinity at the General Theological Seminary and a PhD in Germanic Languages and Literatures, Radcliffe College (Harvard University 1958). She was ordained to the priesthood in 1984. Her main publications include:

Notes from a Sojourner, Church Publishing, 2002

My Soul in Silence Waits, Cowley Publications, 2000

The Practice of Prayer, Volume 4 in The New Church's Teaching Series, Cowley Publications, 1998

Toward Holy Ground: Spiritual Directions for the Second Half of Life, Cowley Publications, 1995. Published in England by Darton, Longman & Todd, 1996

And the acclaimed Holy Listening: The Art of Spiritual Direction, Cowley Publications, 1992. Published in England by Darton, Longman & Todd, 1992 (Reviewed in Spirituality and Health International Volume 5, Issue 3) Copyright © 2004 Whurr Publishers Ltd.
Understanding the behavior of compiler optimizations
Authors: Lee Han , von Dincklage Daniel , Diwan Amer , Moss J. Eliot B.
Published: March 2006

Compiler optimizations are difficult to implement and add complexity to a compiler. For this reason, compiler writers are selective about implementing them: they implement only the ones that they believe will be beneficial. To support compiler writers in this, we describe a method for measuring the cost and benefits of compiler optimizations, both individually and in synergy with other optimizations. We demonstrate our method by presenting results for the optimizations implemented in the Jikes Research Virtual Machine on the PowerPC and IA32 platforms. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Passion fruit juice sacs: biochemical characterization and enzymatic treatment
Authors: Florez Luz Marina , Vaillant Fabrice , Hollander Harold , Ariza‐Nieto Magnolia
Published: March 2006

Producing passion fruit juice involves separating the juice sacs from seeds, a tedious operation which can affect the juice quality. To improve this operation, the morphology and biochemical composition of arils were studied. The aril has two major membranes, one external, which retains almost two‐thirds of the juice, and one internal that retains the other third. The two membranes are composed of a single‐cell layer which stains for pectin. To solubilize the middle lamella and free the juice, only 18 nkat of pectinlyase activity per litre was needed. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Genetic analysis of attractiveness of Upper Amazon cocoa selections to homopterous insect pests
Authors: Adomako B , Ackonor JB
Published: March 2006

There were significant differences in the attractiveness of ten Upper Amazon cocoa selections to homopterous insect pests but none of the Nanay, Parinari, IMC or T types was consistently preferred when the female parents were considered. For the male parents, Sca 9 (Upper Amazon) was markedly more attractive to the insect pests than either ICS 6 (Trinitario) or P30 (Amelonado). Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Effect of harvesting method on quality and storability of dry dates in Sudan
Authors: Abu‐Goukh Abu‐Bakr A , Shattir Adil E , El Balla Mustafa MA
Published: March 2006

Harvesting Barakawi and Gondeila dates by climbing the palm and lowering the bunch by rope, rather than throwing it to the ground, reduced the proportion of shattered fruits to 2.1 from 97.3% and fruits that lost perianths to 6.4 from 72.1%. The improved method kept the Barakawi dates completely free from insect infestation for 4 months and Gondeila for 2 months of storage at ambient conditions. Insect infestation after 12 months of storage was 93.0% in Gondeila, significantly higher than 56.2% in Barakawi. Copyright © 2003 Whurr Publishers Ltd
Oligophosphanid‐Anionen: Synthesen und Molekülstrukturen von [K2(PMDETA)2(P4Ph4)], [K2(PMDETA)(P4tBu4)]2 und [K(PMDETA)(THF){cyclo‐(P5tBu4)}] (PMDETA = NMe(CH2CH2NMe2)2)
Authors: Wolf Robert , Hey‐Hawkins Evamarie
Published: March 2006

Oligophosphanide Anions: Syntheses and Molecular Structures of [K2(PMDETA)2(P4Ph4)], [K2(PMDETA)(P4tBu4)]2 and [K(PMDETA)(THF){cyclo‐(P5tBu4)}] (PMDETA = NMe(CH2CH2NMe2)2)

The alkali metal tetraphosphanediides [K2(PMDETA)2(P4Ph4)] (1) and [K2(PMDETA)(P4tBu4)]2 (2) [PMDETA = NMe(CH2CH2NMe2)2] were synthesized via reaction of PhPCl2 or tBuPCl2 with 2.5 equiv. potassium and characterized by X‐ray crystallography and 31P NMR spectroscopy. As in other ion contact complexes of the type M2(P4R4) (M = alkali metal) the solid‐state structures are retained in solution. While 1 could be prepared in comparatively good yield (54 %), 2 was only isolated in very modest yield and with low purity as [K(PMDETA)(THF){cyclo‐(P5tBu4)}] (3) was formed as a side product in this case. 3 was also characterized by X‐ray crystallography and 31P NMR spectroscopy.
Benzodithiazolium‐Chlorooxomolybdate(V): Darstellung und Kristallstruktur von (C6H4NS2)[MoOCl4] und (C6H4NS2)[MoOCl4·H2O]
Authors: Beck Johannes , Koch Michael
Published: March 2006

Benzodithiazolium Chlorooxomolybdate(V): Preparation and Crystal Structure of (C6H4NS2)[MoOCl4] and (C6H4NS2)[MoOCl4·H2O]

Red benzo‐1,3,2‐dithiazolium‐chlorooxomolybdate(V) (C6H4NS2)[MoOCl4] (1) was obtained by the reaction of benzo‐1,3,2‐dithiazoliumchloride and molybdenum(V)chloride oxide in dichlormethane under solvothermal conditions at 70 °C. In the presence of small amounts of concentrated hydrochloric acid the yellow compound (C6H4NS2)[MoOCl4·H2O] (2) is formed under analogue conditions. Both crystal structures (1: monoclinic, C2/c, a = 799.2(1), b = 2091.5(2), c = 791.5(1) pm, β = 102.2(1)°, Z = 4; 2: monoclinic, Cc, a = 953.7(1), b = 2468.9(3), c = 608.1(1) pm, β = 112.5(1)°, Z = 4) contain the planar benzo‐1,3,2‐dithiazolium ion. Within the structure of 1 the molybdenum atoms in the [MoOCl4]− ions are coordinated in a square pyramidal fashion with an oxygen atom in apical position and the basal plane formed by chlorine atoms. The nitrogen atom of the cation, which bears a partial negativ charge, expands the coordination to a distorted octahedron. The structure therefore is made up of ionic pairs {(C6H4NS2)+ [MoOCl4]−} with a Mo–N distance of 266 pm. 1 is paramagnetic with a magnetic moment of 1.7 B.M. corresponding to one unpaired electron per formula unit. In the structure of 2 the coordination of the [MoOCl4]− ion is expanded by the oxygen atom of a coordinating water molecule. The structure is dominated by hydrogen bonds between the oxygen atoms of the [MoOCl4·H2O]− ions which cause the concatenation of the anions to infinite chains.
Synthese und Charakterisierung neuer fünf‐ und sechsfach koordinierter Mangan(II)‐Komplexe als Modellsysteme für manganabhängige Catecholdioxygenasen
Authors: Kloskowski Michael , Krebs Bernt
Published: March 2006

Synthesis and Characterization of Novel Five‐ and Six‐coordinate Manganese Complexes as Catechol Dioxygenase Models

The five‐ and six‐coordinate manganese complexes [Mn(tphhp)Cl2] {tphhp = N,N′‐bis(2‐pyridylmethyl)‐2‐(2‐pyridyl)hexahydropyrimidine} (1), [Mn(bpma)Cl](ClO4) {bpma = bis((2‐pyridylmethyl)((1‐methylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐methyl)amine} (2) and [Mn(L)TCC] {HL = (1‐hydroxy‐4‐nitrobenzyl)((1‐methylimidazol‐2‐yl)methyl)(2‐pyridylmethyl)amine} (3) were synthesized and characterized by various techniques such as single crystal X‐ray structure analysis, mass spectrometry, IR and UV/vis spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and elemental analysis. 1 and 2 crystallize in the monoclinic space group P21/n (No. 14) (1) and P21/c (No. 14) (2). The ligand and the chlorine ions provide the N3Cl2‐donorset in 1 and the N3Cl2‐donorset in 2, respectively. Compounds 1 and 2 show catalytic activity regarding the oxidation of 3,5‐di‐tertbutylcatechol to 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylchinon. To our knowledge, 1 and 2 are the first five‐coordinate manganese complexes that show catecholase activity. 3 crystallize in the orthorhombic space group P212121 (No. 19) and the ligand and tetrachlorocatechol (TCC) build the N3O3‐donorset in 3.
Phenylimidorhenium(V) Complexes with 1,3‐Diethyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazole‐2‐ ylidene Ligands
Authors: Braband Henrik , Przyrembel Daniel , Abram Ulrich
Published: March 2006

The phenylimidorhenium(V) complexes [Re(NPh)X3(PPh3)2] (X = Cl, Br) react with the N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) 1,3‐diethyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazole‐2‐ylidene (LEt) under formation of the stable rhenium(V) complex cations [Re(NPh)X(LEt)4]2+ (X = Cl, Br), which can be isolated as their chloride or [PF6]− salts. The compounds are remarkably stable against air, moisture and ligand exchange. The hydroxo species [Re(NPh)(OH)(LEt)4]2+ is formed when moist solvents are used during the synthesis.

The rhenium atoms in all three complexes are coordinated in a distorted octahedral fashion with the four NHC ligands in equatorial planes of the molecules. The Re–C(carbene) bond lengths between 2.171(8) and 2.221(3) Å indicate mainly σ‐bonding between the NHC ligand and the electron deficient d2 metal atoms. Attempts to prepare analogous phenylimido complexes from [Re(NPh)Cl3(PPh3)2] and 1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazole‐2‐ylidene (Li−Pr) led to a cleavage of the rhenium‐nitrogen multiple bond and the formation of the dioxo complex [ReO2(Li−Pr)4]+.
Jahn‐Teller‐Ordnung in pipzH2[Mn2F8], einem Fluoromanganat(III) mit neuer Schichtstruktur
Authors: Stief Ronald , Massa Werner
Published: March 2006

Jahn‐Teller Ordering in pipzH2[Mn2F8], a Fluoromanganate(III) with a New Layer Structure

From a solution of (pipzH2)[MnF2(HPO4)(H2O)]·(H2PO4) in concentrated hydrofluoric acid the title compound could be crystallized and was characterized by X‐ray crystallography: monoclinic, space group P21/n, Z = 8, a = 13.275(1), 10.400(1), c = 14.928(1) Å, β = 112.337(8), R = 0.0265. The structure shows a new type of anionic layers [Mn2F8] built of dimers of edge‐sharing [MnF6] octahedra linked via common vertices, alternating with layers of piperazinium(2+) cations. A dense network of hydrogen bonds N–H···F achieves a strong 3D interconnection. Strong elongation of the [MnF6] octahedra is observed due to the Jahn‐Teller effect.The long axes show parallel (ferrodistortive) orientation within the dimers, but the ordering between the dimers is antiferrodistorive. A possible mechanism of formation is discussed on the basis of precursor structures.
Trovacenchemie. 13 [1] Weg und Irrweg zu Di([5]trovacenyl)keton
Authors: Elschenbroich Christoph , Plackmeyer Jörn , Harms Klaus , Burghaus Olaf , Pebler Jürgen
Published: March 2006

Trovacene Chemistry. 13 [1] On Being Lead and Mislead in the Synthesis of Di([5]trovacenyl)ketone

Di([5]trovacenyl)ketone (3¨) has been prepared from lithio‐[5]trovacene and dimethylcarbamoyl chloride and studied by X‐ray diffraction, cyclic voltammetry, magnetic susceptometry and EPR spectroscopy. Slight variation of the synthetic protocol affords an unusual trinuclear complex 5 ⃛ that is also fully characterized. Spin‐spin exchange interaction is smaller in 3¨ than in 1,1‐di([5]trovacenylethene (2¨), which differs from 3¨ by a replacement of O for CH2. The novel trinuclear complex 5 ⃛, however, displays exchange coupling very similar to that observed in 1‐methoxy‐2,5,6‐tri([5]trovacenyl)benzene (7 ⃛). In both cases, an unsymmetrical triangular arrangement of S = 1/2 centers is encountered. These findings are discussed in terms of the nature of the respective spacers.
Metal Chelates of N‐(2‐pyridylmethyl)iminodiacetate(2‐) Ion (pmda). Part II. Ternary pmda Chelates with M = Co, Cu or Zn and Creatinine as Auxiliary Ligand
Authors: Castiñeiras Alfonso , Choquesillo‐Lazarte Duane , González‐Pérez Josefa María , Carballo Rosa , Niclós‐Gutiérrez Juan
Published: March 2006

The compounds [Cu(pmda)(crea)]·H2O (1), [Zn(pmda)(crea)]·H2O (2) and [Co(pmda)(crea)(H2O)]·H2O (3) were prepared and characterized by thermal, spectral and X‐ray diffraction methods. In compounds 1 and 2 the MII coordination is of type 4+1 and approaches to a trigonal bipyramid (71.85 and 86.18 %, respectively) with rather linear N(pmda)‐MII‐N(crea) trans‐apical angles, but with different longest coordination bond (Cu‐O(pmda) or Zn‐N(apliphatic, pmda), respectively). Both compounds are isotypic and one intra‐molecular interligand N‐H···O interaction reinforces the molecular recogniton crea‐MII(pmda) chelate. In contrast, the compound 3 exhibits an octahedral coordination, imposed by the 3d7 electronic configuration of the cobalt(II) atom, and the crea‐chelate recognition involves the Co‐N(crea) coordination bond and one intramolecular ‘bifurcated’ H‐bonding interaction between one N‐H(crea) bond and one O(pmda) plus the O(aqua) atoms as ‘acceptors’.
Bis[N,N′‐bis(2‐nitrocinnamaldehyde)phenylenediimine]copper(I) Perchlorate
Authors: Hadjikhani Ramin , Dehghanpour Saeed , Mahmoudi Ali , Mojahed Fresia
Published: March 2006

The complex [Cu(nitroca2ph)2]ClO4, where nitroca2ph is N,N′‐bis(2‐nitrocinnamaldehyde)phenylenediimine, crystallizes in the triclinic space group ${\rm P}{\bar 1}$ with a = 13.167(1), b = 13.209(1), c = 14.465(1) Å, α = 83.209(9)°, β = 68.438(2)°, γ = 70.803(2)°, V = 2209.4(3) Å3, Z = 2, Dcalc = 1.527 mg/m3. The coordination polyhedron about the Cu(I) atom is best described as a distorted tetrahedron. 2‐nitroca2en acts as a bidentate ligand coordinating via two N atoms to the copper. The four Cu–N distances are 2.04 (2), 2.038(2), 2.046(2), and 2.062(2) Å.