bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NF-κB inhibitor with Temozolomide results in significant apoptosis in glioblastoma via the NF-κB(p65) and actin cytoskeleton regulatory pathways
Authors: Avci Naze G. , Ebrahimzadeh-Pustchi Sadaf , Akay Yasemin M. , Esquenazi Yoshua , Tandon Nitin , Zhu Jay-Jiguang , Akay Metin
Published: August 2020

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most malignant brain tumor characterized by intrinsic or acquired resistance to chemotherapy. GBM tumors show nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity that has been associated with tumor formation, growth, and increased resistance to therapy. We investigated the effect of NF-κB inhibitor BAY 11-7082 with Temozolomide (TMZ) on the signaling pathways in GBM pathogenesis. GBM cells and patient-derived GBM cells cultured in 3D microwells were co-treated with BAY 11-7082 and TMZ or BAY 11-7082 and TMZ alone, and combined experiments of cell proliferation, apoptosis, wound healing assay, as well as reverse-phase protein arrays, western blot and immunofluorescence staining were used to evaluate the effects of drugs on GBM cells. The results revealed that the co-treatment significantly altered cell proliferation by decreasing GBM viability, suppressed NF-κB pathway and enhanced apoptosis. Moreover, it was found that the co-treatment of BAY 11-7082 and TMZ significantly contributed to a decrease in the migration pattern of patient-derived GBM cells by modulating actin cytoskeleton pathway. These findings suggest that in addition to TMZ treatment, NF-κB can be used as a potential target to increase the treatment’s outcomes. The drug combination strategy, which is significantly improved by NF-κB inhibitor could be used to better understand the underlying mechanism of GBM pathways in vivo and as a potential therapeutic tool for GBM treatment.
Strong positively diversity–productivity relationships in the natural sub-alpine meadow communities across time are up to superior performers
Authors: Jiang Kai , Tan Zhaoyuan , He Qifang , Wang Lu , Zhao Yang , Sun Xinhang , Hou Weichen , Long Wenxing , Zhang Hui
Published: August 2020

In experiments that test plant diversity–productivity relationships, the common practice of weeding unsown species and disallowing species colonization may have the unintended consequence of favoring priority effects that maintain niche complementarity in determining productivity. However, in naturally assembled communities where colonization occurs, resource competition may favor dominant traits, which eventually have the greatest influence on productivity. Here, in naturally developed long-term subalpine meadows (from 4-year to at least 40 years meadows) in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, we investigated the relationships between species richness and productivity to testify whether positive diversity–productivity relationships can still exist in naturally developed long-term communities. We also measured five functional traits (specific leaf area, photosynthesis rate, leaf proline content, seed mass and seed germination rate) to calculate two functional diversity indices: community-weighted mean trait values (CWM) and Rao’s quadratic entropy (RaoQ) which are highly correlated to functional traits of dominating species and variety of functional trait among all species. Finally, we quantified the relative contribution of species diversity, functional traits of dominating species and functional diversity among all species to productivity along the succession. We demonstrated strong positively diversity–productivity relationships in the natural sub-alpine meadow communities across time. The five traits of dominating species explained a large proportion (54–80%) of the variation in productivity during succession, whereas species diversity and functional diversity (FD) for each of the five traits explained much less (24–48% for species richness and 0–40% for FD for each of the five traits respectively). We found unequivocal evidence that significantly positive diversity–productivity relationships in the natural sub-alpine meadow communities across time are up to superior performers (dominant traits) in naturally developed communities where colonization occurs. As a result, understanding diversity–productivity relationships under the full range of community assembly processes therefore merits further investigation.
Discovery and predictive modeling of urine microbiome, metabolite and cytokine biomarkers in hospitalized patients with community acquired pneumonia
Authors: Pierre Joseph F. , Akbilgic Oguz , Smallwood Heather , Cao Xueyuan , Fitzpatrick Elizabeth A. , Pena Senen , Furmanek Stephen P. , Ramirez Julio A. , Jonsson Colleen B.
Published: August 2020

Pneumonia is the leading cause of infectious related death costing 12 billion dollars annually in the United States alone. Despite improvements in clinical care, total mortality remains around 4%, with inpatient mortality reaching 5–10%. For unknown reasons, mortality risk remains high even after hospital discharge and there is a need to identify those patients most at risk. Also of importance, clinical symptoms alone do not distinguish viral from bacterial infection which may delay appropriate treatment and may contribute to short-term and long-term mortality. Biomarkers have the potential to provide point of care diagnosis, identify high-risk patients, and increase our understanding of the biology of disease. However, there have been mixed results on the diagnostic performance of many of the analytes tested to date. Urine represents a largely untapped source for biomarker discovery and is highly accessible. To test this hypothesis, we collected urine from hospitalized patients with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and performed a comprehensive screen for urinary tract microbiota signatures, metabolite, and cytokine profiles. CAP patients were diagnosed with influenza or bacterial (Streptococcus pneumoniaeandStaphylococcus aureus) etiologies and compared with healthy volunteers. Microbiome signatures showed marked shifts in taxonomic levels in patients with bacterial etiology versus influenza and CAP versus normal. Predictive modeling of 291 microbial and metabolite values achieved a + 90% accuracy with LASSO in predicting specific pneumonia etiology. This study demonstrates that urine from patients hospitalized with pneumonia may serve as a reliable and accessible sample to evaluate biomarkers that may diagnose etiology and predict clinical outcomes.
Thermodynamic perspectives on liquid–liquid droplet reactors for biochemical applications
Authors: Wei Yuanyuan , Cheng Guangyao , Ho Ho-Pui , Ho Yi-Ping , Yong Ken-Tye
Published: August 2020

Liquid–liquid droplet reactors have garnered significant interest in biochemical applications by simulating thermodynamic systmes, ranging from closed systems, semi-closed/semi-open systems, to open systems.
On-line attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR): a powerful tool for investigating the methyl cyclopentenone synthesis process
Authors: Mao Hai F. , Yuan Jia C. , Zhang Ping Y. , Jin Miao M. , Liu Ji B. , Zhao Yun
Published: August 2020

On-line attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy (ATR-IR) was used to gain a good understanding of the kinetics and mechanism for methyl cyclopentenone (MCP) synthesis from 2-methylfuran and formaldehyde in a four-step reaction.
A polydopamine-based biomimetic multifunctional nanoplatform for multilayer imaging of cancer biomarkers carried by extracellular vesicles
Authors: Zhou Ze-Rui , Wang Xiao-Yuan , Lv Jian , Qian Ruo-Can
Published: August 2020

A PDA-based biomimetic multifunctional nanoplatform is established for EV capture and imaging detection of cancer biomarkers carried by EVs.
Development and validation of a specific-stability indicating liquid chromatography method for quantitative analysis of pterostilbene: application in food and pharmaceutical products
Authors: Waszczuk Mairique , Bianchi Sara Elis , Martiny Simony , Pittol Vanessa , Lacerda Denise S. , Araújo Alex Sander da Rosa , Bassani Valquiria Linck
Published: August 2020

Pterostilbene is a natural constituent present in blueberries and other fruits, with several preventive and therapeutic properties for human health.
Zinc complexes supported by pyridine-N-oxide ligands: synthesis, structures and catalytic Michael addition reactions
Authors: Mo Xiu-Fang , Xiong Chang-Feng , Chen Ze-Wen , Liu Chao , He Piao , Tong Hai-Xia , Yi Xiao-Yi
Published: August 2020

Zinc complexes supported by pyridine-N-oxide ligands show highly efficient catalysis for Michael addition reaction. The NMR and MS experiments analysis displays intermediate [Zn(SR)2(HSR)4] has real catalytic activity for the addition reactions.
A revised mechanistic model for sodium insertion in hard carbons
Authors: Au Heather , Alptekin Hande , Jensen Anders C. S. , Olsson Emilia , O’Keefe Christopher A. , Smith Thomas , Crespo-Ribadeneyra Maria , Headen Thomas F. , Grey Clare P. , Cai Qiong , Drew Alan J. , Titirici Maria-Magdalena
Published: August 2020

Sodium filling inside hard carbon pores demonstrates increasingly metallic character with increasing pore size.
Synthesis of mono/dinuclear rhenium(i) tricarbonyl substituted with 4-mercaptopyridine related ligands: spectral and theoretical evidence of thiolate/thione interconversion
Authors: Gómez Alejandra , Jara Geraldine , Flores Erick , Maldonado Tamara , Godoy Fernando , Muñoz-Osses Michelle , Vega Andrés , Mera Raul , Silva Carlos , Pavez Jorge
Published: August 2020

κ1-S complexes show solvent-mediated tautomerism. The S–S bridge cleavage in κ1-N derivatives is attributed to the presence of a proton source.
Controlling the luminescence in K2Th(PO4)2:Eu3+ by energy transfer and excitation photon: a multicolor emitting phosphor
Authors: Gupta Santosh K. , Rajeshwari B. , Achary S. N. , Tyagi A. K. , Kadam R. M.
Published: August 2020

This work highlighted green, red, and white light emission from a single K2Th(PO4)2 compound consisting of actinide and an alkali ion through defect, doping, excitation, and energy transfer manipulation.
Catalytic H2 evolution/oxidation in [FeFe]-hydrogenase biomimetics: account from DFT on the interplay of related issues and proposed solutions
Authors: Arrigoni Federica , Bertini Luca , Breglia Raffaella , Greco Claudio , De Gioia Luca , Zampella Giuseppe
Published: August 2020

A DFT overview on selected issues regarding diiron catalysts related to [FeFe]-hydrogenase biomimetic research, with implications for both energy conversion and storage strategies.
Targeting DNA to the endoplasmic reticulum efficiently enhances gene delivery and therapy
Authors: Qin Bing , Yuan Xiaoling , Jiang Mengshi , Yin Hang , Luo Zhenyu , Zhang Junlei , Zhu Chunqi , Li Xiang , Shi Yingying , Luo Lihua , Du Yongzhong , You Jian
Published: August 2020

Gene therapy mediated by non-viral carriers is gaining an increasing popularity due to its high biosafety and the convenience of production on a large scale, yet inefficient gene delivery is a limiting obstacle.
Highly efficient ligand-modified manganese ion doped CsPbCl3 perovskite quantum dots for photon energy conversion in silicon solar cells
Authors: Sun Rui , Zhou Donglei , Wang Yue , Xu Wen , Ding Nan , Zi Lu , Zhuang Xinmeng , Bai Xue , Song Hongwei
Published: August 2020

DDAC modified manganese ions doped CsPbX3 perovskite quantum dots demonstrate high absorption of ultraviolet light and efficient orange emission, which are ideal photon energy converter for solar cells.
The origin of pulsating ultra-luminous X-ray sources: Low- and intermediate-mass X-ray binaries containing neutron star accretors
Authors: Misra D. , Fragos T. , Tauris T. M. , Zapartas E. , Aguilera-Dena D. R.
Published: August 2020

Context.Ultra-luminous X-ray sources (ULXs) are those X-ray sources located away from the centre of their host galaxy with luminosities exceeding the Eddington limit of a stellar-mass black hole (LX >  1039 erg s−1). Observed X-ray variability suggests that ULXs are X-ray binary systems. The discovery of X-ray pulsations in some of these objects (e.g. M82 X-2) suggests that a certain fraction of the ULX population may have a neutron star as the accretor.

Aims.We present systematic modelling of low- and intermediate-mass X-ray binaries (LMXBs and IMXBs; donor-star mass range 0.92–8.0 M⊙and neutron-star accretors) to explain the formation of this sub-population of ULXs.

Methods.Using MESA, we explored the allowed initial parameter space of binary systems consisting of a neutron star and a low- or intermediate-mass donor star that could explain the observed properties of ULXs. These donors are transferring mass at super-Eddington rates while the accretion is limited locally in the accretion disc by the Eddington limit. Thus, our simulations take into account beaming effects and also include stellar rotation, tides, general angular momentum losses, and a detailed and self-consistent calculation of the mass-transfer rate.

Results.Exploring the initial parameters that lead to the formation of neutron-star ULXs, we study the conditions that lead to dynamical stability of these systems, which depends strongly on the response of the donor star to mass loss. Using two values for the initial neutron star mass (1.3 M⊙and 2.0 M⊙), we present two sets of mass-transfer calculation grids for comparison with observations of NS ULXs. We find that LMXBs/IMXBs can produce NS-ULXs with typical time-averaged isotropic-equivalent X-ray luminosities of between 1039and 1041 erg s−1on a timescale of up to ∼1.0 Myr for the lower luminosities. Finally, we estimate their likelihood of detection, the types of white-dwarf remnants left behind by the donors, and the total amount of mass accreted by the neutron stars.

Conclusions.We show that observed super-Eddington luminosities can be achieved in LMXBs/IMXBs undergoing non-conservative mass transfer while assuming geometrical beaming. We also compare our results to the observed pulsating ULXs and infer their initial parameters. Our results suggest that a large subset of the observed pulsating ULX population can be explained by LMXBs/IMXBs in a super-Eddington mass-transfer phase.
Lower gastrointestinal polypectomy competencies in the United Kingdom: a retrospective analysis of Directly Observed Polypectomy Skills (DOPyS)
Authors: Rajendran Arun , Thomas-Gibson Siwan , Bassett Paul , Dunckley Paul , Rameshshanker Rajaratnam , Sevdalis Nick , Haycock Adam
Published: August 2020

Background Polypectomy is often the most hazardous part of colonoscopy. There is significant variability in polypectomy training and assessment internationally. DOPyS (Directly Observed Polypectomy Skills) is a validated assessment tool and is used to demonstrate polypectomy competency in the UK. This study aimed to describe the learning curve for polypectomy competency in UK trainees.

Methods Retrospective DOPyS data (January 2009 to September 2015) were obtained from the UK Joint Advisory Group (JAG) for intestinal endoscopy training system (JETS) national database. The number of lower gastrointestinal (LGI) procedures, overall cecal intubation rate (CIR), procedure intensity, and time in days to the first DOPyS assessment were recorded, and time to JAG certification was calculated.

Results 4965 DOPyS assessments from 336 trainees were analyzed. Within the study period, 124 and 53 trainees achieved provisional and full colonoscopy certification, respectively. Trainees started formative assessment of polypectomy after > 130 LGI procedures and with a CIR of > 70 %. Within 3 years from the first DOPyS assessment, 94 % of trainees achieved provisional certification, and 50 % full certification. Higher procedure intensity at baseline DOPyS assessment was associated with a higher likelihood of obtaining certification sooner.

Conclusion There is a significant variation in time to competency, and this potentially reflects the time necessary to acquire polypectomy skills. There is a need to start polypectomy training earlier, once sufficient skills, such as tip control, have been achieved to shorten the time to competency. Overall, the CIR could be used as a guide for such technical skills. Increasing exposure to training lists also potentially reduces the time to polypectomy competency.
Spectro-electrochemical setup for in situ and operando mechanistic studies on metal oxide electrode surfaces
Authors: Hauser Daniel , Nenning Andreas , Opitz Alexander K. , Klötzer Bernhard , Penner Simon
Published: August 2020

This work shows a combined setup of Diffuse Reflectance FT-IR Spectroscopy (DRIFTS) and electrochemical characterization by AC and DC methods for in situ and operando investigations of surface species during CO2 electrolysis on metal oxide electrodes and their correlation with electrochemical activity. A high-temperature reaction chamber enables conducting DRIFTS and electrochemical experiments simultaneously at temperatures up to 1000 °C in both reductive and oxidative reaction atmospheres and under anodic and cathodic polarization conditions. A dedicated gas- and electrical feedthrough solution is presented, which is the key element required for recording electrochemical AC and DC characteristics using an electrochemical cell, which is simultaneously studied by DRIFTS experiments under realistic operation conditions. Selected results, obtained on a gadolinium doped ceria model solid oxide electrolysis cell upon different polarization states, demonstrate the basic functionality and capabilities of the setup and show how the simultaneous DRIFT-spectroscopic and electrochemical investigation of the surface and bulk chemistry on electrode materials leads to increased insight in the population of potential intermediates during CO2 electrolysis. With infrared spectroscopy and impedance spectroscopy as common and complementary spectroscopic methods in material science, the setup is considered to exhibit a huge potential in a wide field of fundamental and applied mechanistic research.
Photo-excited charge carrier imaging by time-resolved pattern illumination phase microscopy
Authors: Katayama Kenji
Published: August 2020

A nanosecond time-resolved imaging technique has been developed for the observation of the photo-excited charge carrier dynamics in photo-devices such as photocatalysts and solar cells. An arbitrary spatial pattern of pump pulse light excites the charge carriers, which are observed by phase-contrast imaging. This patterned excitation is preferable for various statistical image reconstruction techniques based on robust principal component analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator, which helped the enhancement of the signal-to-noise ratio and the removal of unwanted image components. By using data assimilation with the charge decay model, the lifetime and diffusion coefficients were mapped for the photo-excited electrons in a nano-particulate titanium oxide film and other photo-device materials.
Magnetic transition behavior and large topological Hall effect in hexagonal Mn2−xFe1+xSn (x = 0.1) magnet
Authors: Liu Jun , Zuo Shulan , Zheng Xinqi , Zhang Ying , Zhao Tongyun , Hu Fengxia , Sun Jirong , Shen Baogen
Published: August 2020

The magnetic transition, transport properties, and magnetic domain structures of the polycrystalline Mn1.9Fe1.1Sn compound with a hexagonal structure have been investigated. The result shows that ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic phases coexist in this compound. A large topological Hall effect up to 3.5 μΩ·cm at 50 K has been found due to the formation of noncoplanar spin structures when the competition occurs among magnetocrystalline anisotropy, antiferromagnetic coupling, and ferromagnetic interaction at low temperature. The result of in situ Lorentz transmission electron microscopy cooling experiment at zero field indicates two shapes of domain walls containing vortexes coexisting simultaneously in the compound.
Realizing high thermoelectric performance in p-type Si1-x-yGexSny thin films at ambient temperature by Sn modulation doping
Authors: Peng Ying , Lai Huajun , Liu Chengyan , Gao Jie , Kurosawa Masashi , Nakatsuka Osamu , Takeuchi Tsunehiro , Zaima Shigeaki , Tanemura Sakae , Miao Lei
Published: August 2020

In this study, we report a power factor (PF) value as high as 1950 μW m−1 K−2 for B-ion implanted thermoelectric Si1-x-yGexSny ternary alloy films at ambient temperature by radio frequency sputtering followed by a short-term rapid thermal annealing heat treatment. The record high PF value was realized by modulation doping of Sn in the Si1-x-yGexSny film. It was found that using metallic Sn as nanoparticles and Si1-x-yGexSny as the matrix leads to a large enhancement of the carrier concentration and a very small decrease in carrier mobility. As a result, the electrical conductivity and power factor of the modulation doped Si1-x-yGexSny alloy were greatly improved. The findings of this study present emerging opportunities for the modulation of Si integration thermoelectrics as wearable devices charged by body temperature.
Chirality detection of surface desorption products using photoelectron circular dichroism
Authors: Westphal Georg , Wega Johannes , Dissanayake Rasika E. A. , Schäfer Tim
Published: August 2020

Chirality detection of gas-phase molecules at low concentrations is challenging as the molecular number density is usually too low to perform conventional circular dichroism absorption experiments. In recent years, new spectroscopic methods have been developed to detect chirality in the gas phase. In particular, the angular distribution of photoelectrons after multiphoton laser ionization of chiral molecules using circularly polarized light is highly sensitive to the enantiomeric form of the ionized molecule [multiphoton photoelectron circular dichroism (MP-PECD)]. In this paper, we employ the MP-PECD as an analytic tool for chirality detection of the bicyclic monoterpene fenchone desorbing from a Ag(111) crystal. We record velocity-resolved kinetics of fenchone desorption on Ag(111) using pulsed molecular beams with ion imaging techniques. In addition, we measure temperature-programmed desorption spectra of the same system. Both experiments indicate weak physisorption of fenchone on Ag(111). We combine both experimental techniques with enantiomer-specific detection by recording MP-PECD of desorbing molecules using photoelectron imaging spectroscopy. We can clearly assign the enantiomeric form of the desorption product fenchone in sub-monolayer concentration. The experiment demonstrates the combination of MP-PECD with surface science experiments, paving the way for enantiomer-specific detection of surface reaction products on heterogeneous catalysts for asymmetric synthesis.
Seiches in lateral cavities with simplified planform geometry: Oscillation modes and synchronization with the vortex shedding
Authors: Perrot-Minot Clément , Engelen Lukas , Riviere Nicolas , Lopez Diego , De Mulder Tom , Mignot Emmanuel
Published: August 2020

Lateral cavities adjacent to open-channel flows are dead zones located on one side of a main stream. With an approaching flow with a high (subcritical) Froude number, the free-surface of the dead-zone oscillates with high amplitudes and generates a so-called seiche. This configuration is reproduced in a rectangular cavity (with an interface length equal to the main stream channel width) in which the impact of the three dimensionless parameters (Froude number, dimensionless water depth, and geometrical aspect ratio) affecting the seiche is studied experimentally. For all configurations, a natural mode of the cavity is observed, this mode being either longitudinal or transverse, except in the case of a square cavity where bi-directional seiching occurs. Moreover, we show that while the approaching Froude number (0.55 < Fr < 0.7) and dimensionless water depth do not affect the oscillation mode, the selected natural mode is strongly dependent on the geometrical aspect ratio of the cavity. For narrow cavities (small [W + b]/b with W and b the cavity and channel widths, respectively), a longitudinal mode occurs while for wider cavities transverse modes occur, with an increasing number of nodes as the width of the cavity increases. Finally, measuring the time-resolved 2-dimensional field of free-surface deformation in the cavity and the adjacent main stream permits us to identify the vortices shed along the mixing layer at the cavity/main stream interface and thus to analyze the synchronization between the surface oscillation and vortex shedding (at the upstream edge) and impinging (at the downstream edge) processes.
Mechanism for H2 diffusion in sII hydrates by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Hasegawa Tomohiro , Brumby Paul E. , Yasuoka Kenji , Sum Amadeu K.
Published: August 2020

Among the many different types of molecules that form clathrate hydrates, H2 is unique as it can easily diffuse into and out of clathrate cages, a process that involves the physical–chemical interactions between guest (H2) and host (water) molecules, and is unlike any other molecular system. The dynamic and nano-scale process of H2 diffusion into binary structure II hydrates, where the large cages are occupied by larger molecules, was studied using molecular dynamics simulation. As the H2 molecules diffused from one cage to another, two types of diffusion processes were observed: (i) when moving between a pair of large cages, the H2 molecules pass through the central part of the hexagonal rings; (ii) however, when the H2 molecules move from a large cage to a small one, it requires one of the pentagonal rings to partially break, as this allows the H2 molecule to pass through the widened space. While the diffusion of H2 molecules between large cages was found to occur more frequently, the presence of SF6 molecules in the large cages was found to inhibit diffusion. Therefore, in order to attain higher H2 storage capacities in binary hydrates, it is suggested that there is an optimal number of large cages that should be occupied by SF6 molecules.
Large topological Hall effect in an easy-cone ferromagnet (Cr0.9B0.1)Te
Authors: He Yangkun , Kroder Johannes , Gayles Jacob , Fu Chenguang , Pan Yu , Schnelle Walter , Felser Claudia , Fecher Gerhard H.
Published: August 2020

The Berry phase understanding of electronic properties has attracted special interest in condensed matter physics, leading to phenomena such as the anomalous Hall effect and the topological Hall effect. A non-vanishing Berry phase, induced in momentum space by the band structure or in real space by a non-coplanar spin structure, is the origin of both effects. Here, we report a sign conversion of the anomalous Hall effect and a large topological Hall effect in (Cr0.9B0.1)Te single crystals. The spin reorientation from an easy-axis structure at high temperature to an easy-cone structure below 140 K leads to conversion of the Berry curvature, which influences both, anomalous and topological, Hall effects in the presence of an applied magnetic field and current. We compare and summarize the topological Hall effect in four categories with different mechanisms and have a discussion into the possible artificial fake effect of the topological Hall effect in polycrystalline samples, which provides a deep understanding of the relation between the spin structure and Hall properties.
A polarizable molecular dynamics method for electrode–electrolyte interfacial electron transfer under the constant chemical-potential-difference condition on the electrode electrons
Authors: Takahashi Ken , Nakano Hiroshi , Sato Hirofumi
Published: August 2020

Electron transfer (ET) at an electrode–electrolyte interface is a crucial step in electrochemical reactions. Computational simulations play an important role in unraveling the effects of the interfacial structure of the electrolyte solution and the applied voltage on the energetics and kinetics. In such simulations, it is important to know the chemical potentials of the electrons in the cathode and the anode and the nonequilibrium response of the interface to the abrupt change in the charge distribution in the system. We have developed a classical fully polarizable molecular dynamics method to deal with the interfacial nonadiabatic ET processes in which both the metal electrodes and the solvent molecules are electronically polarizable. The chemical potential of the electrons in each electrode is introduced based on the chemical potential equalization principle, and their difference between the cathode and the anode is kept equal to the applied voltage. We have investigated the effects of the electronic polarization of the solvent molecules on the interfacial structure of the electrolyte solution and the Marcus free energy curves. The effects are non-negligible for the accurate evaluation of the reorganization energies but become less significant as the redox species comes closer to the electrode surface, where the electronic polarization of the metal electrode plays a more dominant role.
Middle-aged Australians’ perceptions of support to reduce lifestyle risk factors: a qualitative study
Authors: Ashley Christine , Halcomb Elizabeth , McInnes Susan , Robinson Karin , Lucas Elizabeth , Harvey Susan , Remm Sarah
Published: August 2020

Increasingly, middle-aged people are demonstrating lifestyle risk factors that increase their risk of developing chronic disease. Reducing lifestyle risk in middle age can significantly reduce future morbidity and mortality and improve quality of life. Understanding peoples’ perceptions of health support is important to inform health professionals and policymakers regarding strategies to support lifestyle risk reduction. This paper seeks to explore middle-aged Australians’ perceptions of support for lifestyle risk reduction. Thirty-four middle-aged Australians were interviewed using a semi-structured interview schedule. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. The overarching theme ‘support for healthy lifestyles’ comprised three subthemes. ‘Engagement with general practice’ highlighted gender differences in why people attend and what impacts their access to general practice. ‘Providing information’ emphasised participants’ experiences of lifestyle risk communication in general practice. Finally, ‘Sources of support’ revealed participants’ current health advice-seeking behaviours. Findings highlight a need for general practices to better engage middle-aged people in behaviour change and educate them about the role of general practice in prevention and health promotion. Consistent messaging across the community and strategies that focus on gender-specific concerns are likely to ensure that middle-aged people are able to make informed choices about seeking support for lifestyle risk reduction.
Integrated weed management in carrot.
Authors: Colquhoun Jed
Published: August 2020

This chapter describes the effects of weed interference in carrot and suggests non-chemical (including crop rotations and systems, planting timing, false sowing, use of competitive varieties, mechanical or physical method, flame weeding, reduced tillage, cover crops and mulch, and hand weeding) and chemical (such as application of linuron, metribuzin, S-metolachlor, pendimethalin, prometryn and trifluralin) methods of weed management. The use of natural herbicides and biological control agents is also mentioned. Future challenges in carrot weed management, as well as current and future areas of carrot weed management research, are briefly discussed.
Management of carrot pests.
Authors: Collier Rosemary , Villeneuve François
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on the various insect, arthropod and nematode pests negatively affecting carrot production and quality. The efficacy of various methods used in the management of these pests are also discussed.
Arracacha.
Authors: Morillo Eduardo , Madeira Nuno , Jaimez Ramon
Published: August 2020

This chapter provides information on the importance, growing areas, plant development, cropping system, postharvest and product valorization of arracacha (Arracacia xanthorrhiza). Arracacha is an excellent alternative for small and medium producers, especially family farmers, due to its considerable demand for labour, mainly in preparing and planting the seedlings and harvesting the roots. It assumes great socio-economic importance in regions where it is cultivated, generally reaching high market value. In addition, it has the characteristics of low input use and low production cost. Arracacha has a captive and growing market, usually associated with more elaborate cuisine and even high gastronomy. It also enjoys a reputation as a healthy product and a source of highly digestible carbohydrates, besides a good number of vitamins.
Chervil.
Authors: Capecka Ewa
Published: August 2020

This chapter focuses on the morphology and development, usefulness and importance of chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium). Information on the cultivation requirements, postharvest processing and quality preservation of chervil are also presented.
Harmonic coordinates of the Kerr metric revisited
Authors: Zang Yunlong , He Xiaokai , Cao Zhoujian
Published: August 2020

Starting from the Kerr–Schild coordinates, a set of horizon penetrating harmonic coordinates for the Kerr metric is worked out and exhibit the explicit form of the whole metric. As a validity check on the calculations, the multipole expansion of the Kerr metric is then derived from the harmonic formulation. The resemblance of the geometry of the harmonic slicing with the ‘1 + log’ slicing and the generalized harmonic gauge in numerical relativity is then further discussed. Together with its horizon penetrating structure, the harmonic formulation is well suited for the numerical simulation of astrophysical electromagnetic phenomena, like for instance the Blanford–Znajek process, in the vicinity of a supermassive black hole.
Review of approximate equations for the pendulum period
Authors: Hinrichsen Peter F
Published: August 2020

Precision measurements of the pendulum period as a function of the amplitude can now be made with a variety of instruments including MEMs gyro/accelerometers, and thus theoretical expressions are required for comparison. Unfortunately exact solution of the pendulum equation involves elliptic integrals, which cannot be expressed in terms of elementary functions, and therefore a wide variety of approximations have been published. These range from simple single-term formulae to more sophisticated equations, which apply to a wider range of amplitudes, to an iterative procedure for calculating the precise period. The published approximations are compared as Taylor series expansions, and graphically to indicate their accuracy and their regions of applicability.
Effect of seed and interlayer Pt thickness on spin-orbit torque efficiency in Co/Pt multilayer with perpendicular magnetic anisotropy
Authors: Lim Gerard Joseph , Gan Weiliang , Lew Wen Siang
Published: August 2020

As-deposited [Co/Pt] multilayers show strong perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) and spin-orbit torque (SOT). However, such structures require properly textured Pt (111) seed layers and optimized interlayer Pt thicknesses in order to maximise both PMA and SOT efficiency. In this work, the interplay of seed and interlayer Pt thickness on PMA and SOT efficiency in Ta/Pt/[Co/Pt]3/Co/Ta multilayers was studied. Using the harmonic lock-in method, the SOT damping- and field-like efficiencies were determined, with corrections for current shunting as well as the planar Hall effect. Our measurements show that the corrected effective SOT efficiencies are at least twice as large as the uncorrected values, with damping-like efficiency of up to ∼22 Oe per 1010 A m−2, which scales inversely with the Pt seed and interlayer thicknesses due to screening of the spin current originating from the high-resistivity bottom

β

-Ta layer. The choice of Pt seed and interlayer thicknesses is a compromise between PMA and SOT efficiency of the device.
Spin splitted topological surface states in PbBi4Te7
Authors: Mal Priyanath , Das Bipul , Bera G , Rambabu P , Turpu G R , Tomy C V , Das Pradip
Published: August 2020

The most important feature in topological insulators is the conducting surface states that support back scattered prohibited transport of charge carriers. We report weak antilocalization (WAL) effect in mm size thick PbBi4Te7 single crystal, the transport evidence of the absence of back scattering of the charge carriers. Temperature dependency of phase coherence length is determined from modified Hikami–Larkin–Nagaoka (HLN) fitting of the WAL curves at different temperatures by considering electron–electron and electron–phonon interactions and the fitting parameters reveal two dimensional (2D) origin of the WAL effect, i.e. the presence of the topological surface states. Extracted Hikami pre-factor, α at different temperatures from the modified HLN fitting signifies that the top and bottom surface states in PbBi4Te7 are connected by bulk diffusive region. Shubnikov–de Haas (SdH) oscillations corroborate the presence of two Fermi surfaces DC1 and DC2 (deep buried one inside other) and non-trivial nature of which are confirmed from the observed

1
2

-shift in Landau-levels fan diagram based on the SdH oscillations. Mobility (µ

SdH
) values are determined from the Dingle analysis and are quite above the bulk mobility (µ) estimated from the low field Hall data, ascertaining the surface origin of the SdH oscillations. Surface Landé g-factors are determined from the observed peak splitting in SdH oscillations, attributed to the Zeeman effect and are 4.412 and 3.26 for DC1 and DC2, respectively, and are the consequence of strong spin–orbit coupling of the surface Dirac Fermions.
Noninvasive real-time detection of cerebral blood perfusion in hemorrhagic shock rabbits based on whole-brain magnetic induction phase shift: an experimental study
Authors: Pan Wencai , Zhuang Wei , Chong Yinbao , Qin Mingxin , Li Yang , Xiao Jingjing , Wang Qing , Zhang Shihui , Zhao Shuanglin , Zhao Peng
Published: August 2020

Objective: This study aimed to perform experiments to investigate the change trend in brain magnetic induction phase shift (MIPS) during hemorrhagic shock of different degrees of severity and to find the correlation between brain MIPS value and commonly used physiological indicators for detecting shock so as to explore a noninvasive method suitable for prehospital real-time detection of cerebral blood perfusion in hemorrhagic shock. Approach: The self-developed MIPS detection system was used to monitor the brain MIPS value in the whole process of hemorrhagic shock models of rabbits with different degrees of severity (control, mild, moderate, and severe) of shock in real time. Meanwhile, common physiological parameters, including arterial blood lactate (ABL), mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR),core body temperature (CBT), regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF), and electroencephalogram (EEG), were also evaluated. Main results: The findings suggested that the brain MIPS value showed a downward trend in the shock process, and the decline degree of the MIPS value positively correlated with the severity of shock. Moreover, it showed a good detection and resolution ability in time/process and severity (P < 0.05). The MIPS values significantly correlated with ABL (P < 0.01), CBT (P < 0.01), and EEG (P < 0.05) at all four shock levels; with MAP (P < 0.05) and rCBF (P < 0.05) in the control, moderate, and severe groups; and with HR (P < 0.01) only in the severe group. Significance: The results demonstrated that the brain MIPS value has the capability of detecting hemorrhagic shock. The MIPS technique is a noninvasive method suitable for prehospital real-time detection of cerebral blood perfusion in hemorrhagic shock.
Limitation of simple np-n tunnel junction based LEDs grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Robin Y , Bournet Q , Avit G , Pristovsek M , André Y , Trassoudaine A , Amano H
Published: August 2020

We show evidence that tunnel junctions (TJs) in GaN grown by metal-organic vapor phase epitaxy are dominated by defect level-assisted tunneling. This is in contrast with the common belief that highly doped layers (>1020 cm−3) are required to narrow the TJ space charge region and promote the band-to-band tunneling. Our conclusion stems from the study and the review of the major doping limitations of carefully optimized p++ and n++ layers. The secondary ions mass spectroscopy profiles of GaN based TJ LEDs show a strong oxygen concentration located close to the p++/n++ interface, typical for three dimensional growth. In addition, considering the doping limitation asymmetry and Mg carry-over, our simulations indicate a depletion region of more than 10 nm which is buried in a rough and defective n++ layer. However, decent electrical characteristics of the studied TJ based LEDs are obtained, with a low penalty voltage of 1.1 V and a specific differential resistance of about 10–2 Ω.cm2 at 20 mA. This indicates that a common TJ could be greatly optimized by using a moderate doping (∼1019 cm−3) while intentionally introducing local defects within the TJ.
Effect of N-type doping and vacancy formation on the thermodynamic, electrical, structural, and bonding properties of Si: X. (X = P, As, and Sb): a theoretical study
Authors: Lee Minhyeong , Lee Kiseok , Ko Dae-Hong
Published: August 2020

We investigated the effect of n-type doping and vacancy formation on the thermodynamic, electrical, structural, and bonding properties of Si:X (X = P, As, and Sb) using first-principles calculations. Density functional theory calculations show that the lattice parameter of Si1 − y
P
y
decreases with higher P concentrations due to the incorporation of smaller P atoms, while that of Si1 − y
As
y
and Si1 − y
Sb
y
increases with higher As and Sb concentrations. Moreover, both local density functional approximation and GGAgeneralized gradient approximation –Perdew, Burke, and Ernzerhof functionals demonstrate that donor-vacancy complex (X4V) is the most energetically favorable structure for Si:X for all n-type dopants. With most energetically favorable structure (P4V), the effect of the vacancy formation on the lattice parameter is greatly reduced, and thus the lattice parameters of P4 and P4V are similar. However, in case of As- and Sb-doped Si, we found that the relaxed lattice parameter in the form of As
n
and Sb
n
is not strongly influenced by the environment around V. For all n-type dopants, the relaxed lattice parameter is same, regardless of the dopant distribution such as random alloys or X
n
. Both bond length and angle in X4V decrease compared to those of X4 due to the greater electron repulsions caused by one lone pair of two electrons in the nonbonding region. Direct observation of the lone electron pair in P4V, As4V, and Sb4V using ELF shows that the vacancy plays a critical role in determining the structural and electrical properties of Si materials doped with n-type dopants. Theoretical findings in this study help to understand and predict the materials properties of Si doped with n-type atoms in fundamental researches as well as in industrial applications.
Signatures of discrete time crystalline order in dissipative spin ensembles
Authors: O’Sullivan James , Lunt Oliver , Zollitsch Christoph W , Thewalt M L W , Morton John J L , Pal Arijeet
Published: August 2020

Discrete time-translational symmetry in a periodically driven many-body system can be spontaneously broken to form a discrete time crystal, an exotic new phase of matter. We present observations characteristic of discrete time crystalline order in a driven system of paramagnetic P-donor impurities in isotopically enriched 28Si cooled below 10 K. The observations exhibit a stable subharmonic peak at half the drive frequency which remains pinned even in the presence of pulse error, a signature of discrete time crystalline order. This signal has a finite lifetime of ∼100 Floquet periods, but this effect is long-lived relative to coherent spin–spin interaction timescales, lasting ∼104 times longer. We present simulations of the system based on the paradigmatic central spin model and show good agreement with experiment. We investigate the role of dissipation and interactions within this model, and show that both are capable of giving rise to discrete time crystal-like behaviour.
Thermal and Physical Properties of Shallots (Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum)
Authors: Arfandywangsa  , Wulandani Dyah
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study was to analyze the thermal and physical properties of shallot (Allium cepa L. var. ascalonicum). The thermal and physical properties are density, thermal conductivity, specific heat, and thermal diffusivity. The methods of determining density, heat conductivity, and specific heat, were using the Archimedes principle, the transient method with probe and the mixture method, respectively. Thermal diffusivity was determined by numerical analysis of the cooling temperature of shallot. Mathematical equations of these physical and thermal properties at various water contents have been obtained from the results of this study. Based on the results of measurements, it was obtained the value of the apparent density of shallots of 929.67 kg/m3 and the bulk density of shallots 767.2 kg/m3. The value of thermal conductivity of shallot leaves ranged from 0.529 W m−1 K−1 to 0.758 W m−1 K−1, and the thermal conductivity of shallot bulbs was 0.841 W m−1 K−1 to 0.991 W m−1 K−1. The specific heat was 3530.5 J g−1 °C. Based on the numerical analysis of Fourier series of cooling temperature data, the thermal diffusivity value of shallots of 4.868 × 10−8 m2/s was obtained.
Estimation of main chemical content of nutmeg oleoresin by using near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Budiastra I W , Purwanto Y Aris , Fadillah R
Published: August 2020

Determination of the main chemical content of nutmeg oleoresin is usually carried out by the GCMS method that time-consuming and expensive. It is required a faster and cheaper method for the determination of chemical contents of nutmeg oleoresin. The purpose of this study was to estimate the main chemical composition of Banda nutmeg oleoresin by NIR Spectroscopy. Transflectance of nutmeg oleoresin were measured by the NIR spectrometer. The samples were then subjected to composition analysis using GCMS. The transflectance spectra were processed using some data pretreatments, and the calibration between transflectance and chemical composition were carried out by using Partial Least Square (PLS) and Principle Component Regression (PCR) method. The best estimation for myristicin by NIRS was obtained using original spectra and 3 factors of PLS ( r=0.95, SEC=1.56%, SEP=1.71%, CV=10.18%, RPD = 2.60, and consistency of 91%). The best estimation by NIRS for myristic acid was also obtained using original spectra and 5 factors of PLS ( r=0.95, SEC=3.94%, SEP=3.82%, CV=32.47%, RPD = 2.75, and consistency of 103%). Whereas for safrole was obtained by using data pre-treatment of de-trending and 7 factors of PLS (r = 0.98, SEC=0.08%, SEP = 0.10%, CV =10.87%, RPD = 3.82, and consistency of 82%).