bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Compact neural-network quantum state representations of Jastrow and stabilizer states
Authors: Pei Michael Y , Clark Stephen R
Published: August 2021

Neural-network quantum states (NQSs) have become a powerful tool in many-body physics. Of the numerous possible architectures in which neural-networks can encode amplitudes of quantum states the simplicity of the complex restricted Boltzmann machine (RBM) has proven especially useful for both numerical and analytical studies. In particular devising exact NQS representations for important classes of states, like Jastrow and stabilizer states, has provided useful clues into the strengths and limitations of the RBM based NQS. However, current constructions for a system of N spins generate NQS with M ∼ O(N
2) hidden units that are very sparsely connected. This makes them rather atypical NQS compared to those commonly generated by numerical optimisation. Here we focus on compact NQS, denoting NQS with a hidden unit density α = M/N ⩽ 1 but with system-extensive hidden-visible unit connectivity. By unifying Jastrow and stabilizer states we introduce a new exact representation that requires at most M = N − 1 hidden units, illustrating how highly expressive α ⩽ 1 can be. Owing to their structural similarity to numerical NQS solutions our result provides useful insights and could pave the way for more families of quantum states to be represented exactly by compact NQS.
Study on The Evaluation of The Sustainability Physical Facilities (Infrastructures) of Ruminant-Slaughterhouses in Indonesia
Authors: Maharani M D D , Suprapto G
Published: August 2021

Physical infrastructure at urban in Indonesia ruminant slaughterhouse is typically old and in need of urgent rehabilitation. Infrastructure and equipment at ruminant slaughterhouses, in particular, are very poor and in many cases new facilities may be the only option for medium to long-term solutions. This study was carried out to evaluate the sustainability on physical conditions, and functional status of infrastructure of ruminant slaughterhouses. The survey data were collected the December 2017 until at April 2019 for this study. Twelve ruminant slaughterhouses situated at Bogor City, IPB, Depok, Jakarta, Bekasi, Yogyakarta, Denpasar, Yogyakarta, Semarang, Kudus, Surabaya, and Malang were selected for the study. Data were collected through interview as well as through observations. The data were coded, classified, tabulated and analysed using the software Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) and Multidimensional Scaling (MDS). Furthermore, influential variables are processed through MDS analysis to find out the Ruminant Slaughterhouse infrastructure sustainability index. The research finding that the sustainability status value is 77.30 % (good sustainable), and leverage analysis showed that the attribute that has the highest Root Mean Square (RMS) value is Infrastructure of Water supply source (4.0119).
Distribution of land stability based on standard penetration value (SPT) with various depth in Semarang city, Indonesia
Authors: Wahyudi P A , Purwanto P , Putranto T T
Published: August 2021

Land stability is one of the main determining factors for the bearing capacity of the environment. The land stability is influenced by the condition and characteristics of the resources in the environment. The supply capacity in terms of the level of land stability for spatial use allocation has been based on the capacity of land for agriculture and the physical aspects of the land. It accordance with the local regulation i.e. no. 17 of 2009. Land stability includes the ability of land for agriculture and the physical aspects of land, as well as the stratigraphy of subsurface soil mass, especially geological characteristic. The research was conducted in Semarang City Indonesia by drilling and standard penetration test (SPT) and taking 448 undisturbed samples (UDS’s) of soil that scattered in the research area. Analysis of UDS’s have been carried out in the laboratory to obtain comparisons with SPT values in determining the level of land stability both vertically and horizontally. Soil types obtained are clay, silt, silt-sand, sand, and sand stone with a level of consistency and density in accordance with the measured SPT. Land stability values ranged from 0.201 kg/cm2-14.248 kg/cm2 covering all types of soil with different consistencies and density. The distribution of land stability is given in an infographic to get an overview of the land stability levels geographically at a depth of 2.5m, 5.0m, 7.5m, and 10.0m. This infographic can be useful for spatial evaluation, engineering guidance, and environmental research in Semarang City, Indonesia.
The Study of Concrete Mixture Performance to Support the Non-Destructive Testing Evaluation
Authors: Widodo S. , Pramudiyanto  , Sumiyanto J
Published: August 2021

An experimental program is conducted which three type of concrete mixtures are made to express the different in quality of concrete. Each type of concrete mixture will be consisting of two type of specimens, i.e., ∅100mm × 200mm in height and ∅150mm × 300mm in height. Each set will be 30 specimens, so the total specimens are 180. All the specimens will be tested in the standard age of 28 days. All of them will be tested as follow: (1) Rebound hammer test, (2) ultrasonic pulse velocity, and (3) compressive test. The ∅100mm test specimens having correlation ranged from 90% to 95% against ∅150mm test specimens. The rebound number of Schmidt hammer test having good correlation to the compression strength since it has the R2 of 0.8259, so that the regression value to be 0.9088. The ultrasonic pulse velocity reading also having good correlation to the compression strength since it has the R2 of 0.8006, so that the regression value to be 0.8946. The combine between rebound number, ultrasonic pulse velocity against the compression strength, after being normalize and analyse using nonlinear dynamic regression, having the good correlation since it has the R2 of 0.9843 and so that the regression value to be 0.9921. The chart produced from the nonlinear dynamic regression can be used directly to predict the concrete compression strength from the rebound number and the reading of ultrasonic pulse velocity.
Enhancing the Performance of Reinforced Concrete Beam Structure Using CFRP and CFRP Anchor
Authors: Ariyansyah R , Gunadi R , Reski I A , Rosanti I
Published: August 2021

Structural problems related to damage and failure of the buildings. Some methods have been commonly applied to enhance the capacity of a building structure through strengthening and repair by enlarging the dimensions of the structure, reinforcing it using steel plates, applying external pre-stressing, and carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP). CFRP is alternative material for reinforcing building structures. Unfortunately, debonding failure often occurs in the use of CFRP unless special treatment is applied for more optimal reinforcement capability. In this experimental study, CFRP with an anchor system made of CFRP was applied in concrete reinforcement. This experimental laboratory study was done through a series of scientific procedures to explain the problems and propose a proper solution. The test object in this study was a beam of 150 mm x 200 mm x 3200 mm size with a third point load. The variables in this study were different distances between anchors at 0.000 mm, 1200 mm, 800 mm, 400 mm, 200 mm. The results showed that the CFRP anchor applied within 1200 mm successfully increased the strength capacity by 33,910%. The use of anchor solved debonding problems regarding the use of CFRP. The use of CFRP anchors within 1200 mm distance was found as the most effective method in the use of anchors.
Prediction of Deflection of Single-pile Nailed-slab by Using the Allowable Equivalent Modulus of Subgrade Reaction in Case of Additional Modulus from Modified Hardiyatmo Method
Authors: Puri A , Oktavia F , Dharmowijoyo D B E , Ali M
Published: August 2021

An equivalent modulus of subgrade reaction was proposed for analyzing the Nailed-slab Pavement System. This modulus is defined by accumulating the modulus of subgrade of the slab and the additional modulus of subgrade reaction which is contributed by a pile under the slab. The additional modulus can be defined by the Modified Hardiyatmo Method. The equivalent modulus of subgrade reaction only consideres a safety factor for additional modulus of subgrade reaction. In this research, a global safety factor will be considered for all modulus. This research is aimed to learn the prediction of the slab deflection by using the allowable equivalent modulus of subgrade reaction. The global safety factor was varied by 1.0; 2.0; 2.5; and 3.0. The slab deflection was calculated by using Beam on Elastic Foundation. Data of the nailed-slab and the soil were based on the previous researcher for a single pile nailed-slab model. Results show that the calculated deflection of the slab was in good agreement with the observed deflection. Increasing the global safety factor resulted in the over-estimated slab deflections. It means the design by using allowable equivalent modulus of subgrade reaction tends to result in a safety zone.
Performance Evaluation of Bus Network in Yogyakarta, Indonesia Using Macroscopic Simulation Model (VISUM)
Authors: Suryadwanti Novia , Ha Lee Seon
Published: August 2021

The problem of TransJoga as an alternative mode in Yogyakarta is the shortage of resources required for the optimum operation, thus there is a need for constant revision and enhancement of the transit system through performance evaluation. Main objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of TransJogja from the government as the operator and the commuters as the passenger. Evaluation was done based on Origin-Destination matrix travel demand in Yogyakarta. The existing network was modelled with traffic macrosimulation VISUM software. Headway-based assignment procedure was used to model TransJogja passengers travel behaviours. Assignment calibration using TFlowFuzzy was done to produce model that can represent the existing condition the best. The results revealed that network of TransJogja has decent coverage and accessibility. However, it has low frequency and low passenger demand, thus effects in very low productivity and line efficiency. There is a long waiting time from and to line 8 (feeder line) with a waiting time up to 19 – 20 minutes in the morning rush hour and 16-20 minutes in the afternoon rush hour. All line routes have smaller number of average passenger volume than the required number due to low demand or low passenger turnover rate.
The Study of Adding Left Turn Lanes Effectiveness at Signalized Intersection with PKJI 2014 (Case Study Sarwo Edhie Wibowo-Sudirman Signalized Intersection, Magelang, Indonesia)
Authors: Puspitasari Evi , Eka S Ayu Rizka , Sudarno
Published: August 2021

The signalized intersection on the case study area continued getting worse in recent times due to the increasing traffic volume. To increase the level of service, treatment is carried out by adding a special left turn lanes of Sarwo Edhi Wibowo Street (named sodetan road). The research was conducted to analyze the effectiveness of adding left-turn lane to increase the intersection capacity. Analysis method using Pedoman Kapasitas Jalan Indonesi (PKJI) 2014. Based on the analysis results, the snooze value and queue length decreased in the observation area (sodetan road), but the decrease in the average delay value of all approach lanes was not significant enough. Unfortunately, the level of service with or without the new road has not changed, still worse (F). Widening road in the form of the addition of sodetan road at this signalized intersections turns out not to be very effective in solving congestion problems. This research is expected to be a recommendation for related agencies in improving the performance of the signalized intersection and can be considered in the development of policies related to the effectiveness of widening the road or adding lanes at other intersections in reducing congestion at intersections.
Numerical Modeling of The Effects of Reclamation and Proposed Infrastructures on Thermal Dispersion of Power Plant Wastewater at PLTGU Muara Karang, Jakarta Bay
Authors: Khoirunnisa H , Wibowo M , Gumbira G , Hendriyono W , Karima S
Published: August 2021

Reclamation plan in Jakarta Bay close to the power plant cooling water discharge location. It will affect hot water distribution system and possibly increase water temperature around the power plant intake location. The increase in water temperature at the intake location will disrupt the operation of the power plant. The impact of hot water discharge to the intake location can be reduced by extending the intake channel and building barrier walls as planned by the Muara Karang Power Plant. Modeling is done with 3 scenarios, namely the existing condition, the existence of the reclamation island, and the proposed infrastructure around the power. This modeling aims to determine the effect of the reclamation island on heat distribution, especially around the intake location and the effectiveness of the infrastructures in minimizing the problem. Simulation for the east and west monsoons is done in 3 dimensions with MIKE3 Flow Model FM (DHI) by applying temperature function. Overall, the presence of reclamation island will increase the average temperature at the intake by 0.32 to 0.7°C compared to the existing conditions, and the proposed infrastructure is quite effective to reduce the temperature at the intake by 0.5 to 0.8°C.
Study on the Economic Feasibility of an Underwater-Sill (UWS) Development for Sediment Countermeasure at Patimban Port’s Navigation Channel
Authors: Suranto  , Istiyanto D C , Subarkah A , Widagdo A B , Murtiaji C , Hamid A , Aziz S A , Cholishoh E
Published: August 2021

A new international seaport is under construction at Patimban area of Subang Regency, West Java, Indonesia. This Port’s navigation channel runs from the position of –6m LWS to –17m LWS of the existing depth with total length of 3,762 m. The original design considers that the existing sedimentation rate is low along the channel. The Cipunagara River which shows continuous delta expansion of about 1.00m to 1.25m toward navigation channel. In reference to the successful application of Underwater-sill (UWS) structure in controlling the siltation rate into the navigation channel of Kumamoto Port in Japan and Tuban Port in East Java Indonesia, the possible application this type of structure was carried out. The calculation has resulted that installation of UWS with height of 1.0 m, 1.5m, 2.0 m, and 4.0 m respectively decrease the sedimentation rate to be 0.09 m per year, 0.06 m per year, 0.022 m per year and 0.022 m per year. The present economic feasibility study concluded that 2m height UWS which is designed for minimum service life of 30 years with development interest rate at 10 percent per year and an annual inflation rate at 10% gives the most economic investment.
Installation Assistance Repeated Processing Technology Septictank (RPS) in Pahandut Seberang Village, Palangka Raya City
Authors: Hamidah N , Garib T W , Nindito D A , Santoso M
Published: August 2021

The people of Pahandut Seberang Village have long lived on the Kahayan Riverside area. The characteristics of the settlements in Pahandut Seberang Village are floating houses and pillar houses, most of which are located above the water. The river is used for water transportation, fishing, fulfilling daily needs such as bathing, washing, and as a source of drinking water. The Kahayan River problem is also a place for disposal of waste from human activities such as household waste. Human waste is dumped directly into water bodies because the toilets of the pillar houses on the riverside do not have septic tank facilities. To solve the priority problems of Partners, a solution to assist the manufacture and installation of Repeated Processing Septic tank (RPS) Technology for pillar houses in Pahandut Seberang Village is needed. The goal is to provide sanitation problem solving for settlement in Pahandut Seberang Village through training on the construction and installation of RPS. The methods used qualitatively include: (a) Finding concrete problems and priorities: the existence of a toilet on pillar house without a septic tank; (b) Offering ideas, making RPS to settlement who are located on pillar houses on the riverside; (c) Making activity plans and work procedures, and d ) Inviting Partner participation by providing training (creating and installing RPS). A special target has been achieved by giving a pilot RPS to settlement of Pahandut Seberang Village, by facilitating a house on stilts with the RPS. Outputs in the form of RPS goods and products and their specifications.
A Reliability-based Optimization Model for Comprehensive Lightning Protection System Design
Authors: Zhang Zhirui , Zhang Li , Liu Xingdou , Zhao Tong , Zou Liang
Published: August 2021

Lightning strike is the main reason for the failure of overhead lines in distribution network, which seriously affects the reliability of power supply and power quality. The existing optimization research of lightning protection system(LPS) mainly focuses on a specific lightning protection method, and there are few kinds of research on comprehensive optimization methods among various lightning protection solutions. A model based on distribution network reliability index is proposed in this paper. In the model, mixed integer linear programming (MILP) is used to optimize the lightning protection measures of lightning rods, lightning wires and lightning arresters with different densities. The model considers the influence of arc over rate on the basis of related research and obtains a comprehensive optimization method of different protection measures acting on distribution lines. Taking an actual distribution network as an example, this paper applies the optimization model established to obtain the appropriate lightning protection measures for each line.
Inertia Evaluation for Power System Based on Quasi-Steady-State Data
Authors: Qin Hao , Cao Yongji , Zhang Hengxu , Gao Zhimin , Ma Huan , Yang Dong
Published: August 2021

With the integration of renewable energy sources, the power system equivalent inertia has dropped significantly. It is urgent to conduct the online evaluation of inertia. Current inertia evaluation methods are mostly based on the rate of change of frequency under large disturbances. In order to evaluate inertia under quasi-steady-state operation, an evaluation method is proposed based on system identification. The monitoring data under the quasi-steady-state operating conditions of the power system is acquired through the synchronous phasor measurement units (PMUs). And the PMU data including frequency and active power under small disturbances are used for the quantitative evaluation of inertia. The WSCC 9-bus system is established to verify the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Tensile behavior of environmental pollutant crumb rubber filled epoxy composites
Authors: Shahapurkar Kiran
Published: August 2021

Tensile test is conducted on environmentally pollutant crumb rubber/epoxy composite. Crumb rubber particles with different volume fractions (10, 20 and 30%) are reinforced with epoxy matrix. Stress-strain curves reveal brittle fail for all the samples. Crumb rubber filled epoxy composites reveal higher modulus (13%–28%) and strength (28%–44%) than neat epoxy sample. Epoxy with 30 volume % of crumb rubber depicts higher modulus and strength compared with all other compositions, exemplifying use of crumb rubber for utilarian applications. Crumb rubber/epoxy composites register higher specific modulus and strength for all compositions in comparison with neat epoxy. Scanning electron micrographs of test samples are used to analyze property - composition correlations. Finally, property map is plotted to compare the results of present study with existing ones to highlight the efficacy of the proposed composites.
Study on electrochemical polishing of TC4 alloy
Authors: Wang Shan-Fei , Wang Yi , Wen Jia-Cheng , Suo Hong-Li , Liu Zhuang-Zhuang , Suo Wen-Hua , Zhao Cong-Cong
Published: August 2021

Using an environmentally friendly acid-alcohol system solution for electrochemical polishing of 3D printed titanium alloy, a typical U-I polarization curve was obtained, and explained the mechanism of electrochemical polishing. In this paper, the influence of electrochemical polishing factors (electrolyte temperature, polishing distance, and polishing time) on the surface roughness of Ti-6Al-4V (TC4) was studied, and optimized the process parameters to obtain a surface roughness of 0.3 μm (1 mm × 1 mm). Electrochemical polishing can reach the level of mechanical grinding and polishing, meeting the requirements for subsequent assembly and use.
Large eddy simulation on the flow characteristics of an argon thermal plasma jet
Authors: ZHOU Xu , CHEN Xianhui , YE Taohong , ZHU Minming
Published: August 2021

Large eddy simulations based on the CFD software OpenFOAM have been used to study the effect of Reynolds number and turbulence intensity on the flow and mixing characteristics of an argon thermal plasma jet. Detailed analysis was carried out with respect to four aspects: the average flow field, the instantaneous flow field, turbulence statistical characteristics and the self-similarity. It was shown that for the argon thermal plasma jet with low Reynolds number, increasing the turbulence intensity will increase the turbulent transport mechanism in the mixing layer rather than in the jet axis, leading to the faster development of turbulence. The effect of the turbulent transport mechanism increases with increasing Reynolds number. However, the characteristics of flow and mixing are not affected by turbulence intensity for high Reynolds number situations. It was also found that the mean axial velocity and mean temperature in the axis of the turbulent thermal plasma jet satisfy the self-similarity aspects downstream. In addition, decay constant K is 1.25, which is much smaller than that (5.7–6.1) of the turbulent cold gas jet and has nothing to do with the Reynolds number or turbulence intensity in the jet inlet.
Demographic and lifestyle risk factors for gastroesophageal reflux disease and Barrett’s esophagus in Australia
Authors: Wang Sabrina E , Kendall Bradley J , Hodge Allison M , Dixon-Suen Suzanne C , Dashti S Ghazaleh , Makalic Enes , Williamson Elizabeth M , Thomas Robert J S , Giles Graham G , English Dallas R
Published: August 2021

We examined demographic and lifestyle risk factors for incidence of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) and Barrett’s esophagus (BE) in an Australian cohort of 20,975 participants aged 40–63 at recruitment (1990–1994). Information on GERD and BE was collected between 2007 and 2010. GERD symptoms were defined as self-reported heartburn or acid regurgitation. BE was defined as endoscopically confirmed columnar-lined esophagus. Risk factors for developing GERD symptoms, BE diagnosis, age at symptom onset, and age at BE diagnosis were quantified using regression. During a mean follow-up of 15.8 years, risk of GERD symptoms was 7.5% (n = 1,318) for daily, 7.5% (n = 1,333) for 2–6 days/week, and 4.3% (n = 751) for 1 day/week. There were 210 (1.0%) endoscopically diagnosed BE cases, of whom 141 had histologically confirmed esophageal intestinal metaplasia. Female sex, younger age, lower socioeconomic position (SEP) and educational attainment, and former smoking were associated with higher GERD risk. Male sex and smoking were associated with earlier GERD symptom onset. Men, older participants, those with higher SEP, and former smokers were at higher BE risk. There was some evidence higher SEP was associated with earlier BE diagnosis. GERD and BE had different demographic risk factors but shared similar lifestyle factors. Earlier GERD symptom onset for men and smokers might have contributed to higher BE risk. The SEP patterns observed for GERD and BE suggest potential inequity in access to care. These findings would be important in the development of clinical risk prediction models for early detection of BE.
Blow up and global solvability for an absorptive porous medium equation with memory at the boundary
Authors: Anderson Jeffrey R , Deng Keng
Published: August 2021

We study the characterization of global solvability versus blow up in finite time for a porous medium model including a balance of internal absorption with memory driven flux through the boundary. Such a boundary condition was previously investigated as part of a model for the transmission of tumour-released growth factor from the site of a pre-vascularized tumour up to and across the wall of a nearby capillary, initiating the process of new capillary growth known as angiogenesis. In previous studies of the model without absorption, we have established the characterization of global solvability in a manner that exactly parallels known results for the corresponding model with localized boundary flux conditions. To include models accounting for internal uptake of growth factor, this analysis has recently been extended to a heat equation with absorption, and herein, we consider the case of a porous medium equation with absorption. Conditions for global solvability emerge naturally out of integral estimates and again provide close parallels with results for localized boundary flux models. It is noted that the results provide a complete characterization in a wide range of models considered.
Leaf removal effects on light absorption in virtual Riesling canopies (Vitis vinifera)
Authors: Bahr Christopher , Schmidt Dominik , Friedel Matthias , Kahlen Katrin
Published: August 2021

Leaf removal is a standard vineyard management technique to influence grape composition or to reduce disease pressure; however, the timing and intensity of leaf removal is a widely discussed issue. The interplay of different goals and effects over time does not make experimental studies any easier. To gain insight into positive and negative consequences of leaf removal on grapevine development, a first step can be to study how leaf removal affects the canopy’s light absorption using a dynamic model approach. Functional–structural plant models combine canopy architecture with physiological processes and allow analysing canopy interaction with the environment with great topological detail. The functional–structural plant model Virtual Riesling simulates Riesling vines in a vineyard set-up depending on temperature and plant management. We implemented leaf removal and applied this method in or above the bunch zone to compare the light absorption in canopies. Leaf removal in the bunch zone led to greater loss of absorbed light, but canopies of both scenarios could compensate for most of the loss during the simulation time frame. Compensation was mainly driven by lateral leaves closing the gaps induced by leaf removal and by leaves in the proximity of the leaf removal zones, re-exposed to light. Results showed similar effects as observed in in vivo studies; hence, we suggest extending these simulations to investigate other effects linked to light distribution such as berry sunburn. Simple modifications of implemented leaf removal techniques also allow for testing different application scopes and their impact on canopy light absorption.
Detecting diabetic retinopathy through machine learning on electronic health record data from an urban, safety net healthcare system
Authors: Ogunyemi Omolola I , Gandhi Meghal , Lee Martin , Teklehaimanot Senait , Daskivich Lauren Patty , Hindman David , Lopez Kevin , Taira Ricky K
Published: August 2021

Objective

Clinical guidelines recommend annual eye examinations to detect diabetic retinopathy (DR) in patients with diabetes. However, timely DR detection remains a problem in medically underserved and under-resourced settings in the United States. Machine learning that identifies patients with latent/undiagnosed DR could help to address this problem.

Materials and Methods

Using electronic health record data from 40 631 unique diabetic patients seen at Los Angeles County Department of Health Services healthcare facilities between January 1, 2015 and December 31, 2017, we compared ten machine learning environments, including five classifier models, for assessing the presence or absence of DR. We also used data from a distinct set of 9300 diabetic patients seen between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2018 as an external validation set.

Results

Following feature subset selection, the classifier with the best AUC on the external validation set was a deep neural network using majority class undersampling, with an AUC of 0.8, the sensitivity of 72.17%, and specificity of 74.2%.

Discussion

A deep neural network produced the best AUCs and sensitivity results on the test set and external validation set. Models are intended to be used to screen guideline noncompliant diabetic patients in an urban safety-net setting.

Conclusion

Machine learning on diabetic patients’ routinely collected clinical data could help clinicians in safety-net settings to identify and target unscreened diabetic patients who potentially have undiagnosed DR.
Trans-2-hexenal downregulates several pathogenicity genes of Pseudogymnoascus destructans, the causative agent of white-nose syndrome in bats
Authors: Korn Victoria L , Pennerman Kayla K , Padhi Sally , Bennett Joan W
Published: August 2021

White-nose syndrome is an emergent wildlife disease that has killed millions of North American bats. It is caused by Pseudogymnoascus destructans, a cold-loving, invasive fungal pathogen that grows on bat tissues and disrupts normal hibernation patterns. Previous work identified trans-2-hexenal as a fungistatic volatile compound that potentially could be used as a fumigant against P. destructans in bat hibernacula. To determine the physiological responses of the fungus to trans-2-hexenal exposure, we characterized the P. destructans transcriptome in the presence and absence of trans-2-hexenal. Specifically, we analyzed the effects of sublethal concentrations (5 μmol/L, 10 μmol/L, and 20 μmol/L) of gas-phase trans-2-hexenal of the fungus grown in liquid culture. Among the three treatments, a total of 407 unique differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 74 were commonly affected across all three treatments, with 44 upregulated and 30 downregulated. Downregulated DEGs included several probable virulence genes including those coding for a high-affinity iron permease, a superoxide dismutase, and two protein-degrading enzymes. There was an accompanying upregulation of an ion homeostasis gene, as well as several genes involved in transcription, translation, and other essential cellular processes. These data provide insights into the mechanisms of action of trans-2-hexenal as an anti-fungal fumigant that is active at cold temperatures and will guide future studies on the molecular mechanisms by which six carbon volatiles inhibit growth of P. destructans and other pathogenic fungi.
The hiss produced by the opening of a drink can cannot be registered as EUTM
Authors: Martin Stefan , Boyd Jonathan
Published: August 2021

T-668/19, Ardagh Metal Beverage Holdings GmbH & Co KG v EUIPO, EU:T:2021:420 (not available in English), 7 July 2021

The General Court clarifies its approach to sound marks and Article 7(1)(b) of the EU Trade Mark Regulation 2017/1001 (EUTMR).
Distinguishing Homogeneity From Vagueness
Authors: Feinmann Diego
Published: August 2021

The question of whether the gappiness associated with vague sentences is of the same kind as the gappiness associated with homogenous sentences has been raised but not settled. In this article, I set out to fill this gap. To begin with, I examine the arguments that have been given for and against assimilating homogeneity to the phenomenon of vagueness (and contend that none of these arguments, neither the positive nor the negative ones, are conclusive). Next, I present three linguistic tests in which homogeneous and vague sentences come apart very clearly, namely, the disagreement test (§ 3.1), the epistemic test (§ 3.2), and the ‘I’m not sure’ test (§ 3.3). On the basis of these results, I conclude that homogeneity is best understood as a phenomenon of its own and not as a manifestation of vagueness.
Effectiveness of pictograms in patients or caregivers in healthcare settings: a systematic review
Authors: Menon Divya Devkumar , Joy Jisu Mariam , Paul Abin , Reddy Suravarapu Anitha , Raj Elstin Anbu , Krishnan Jisha B , Vilakkathala Rajesh
Published: August 2021

Objectives

Pictorial representation has shown to be potential in enhancing patient knowledge. This study aimed to identify the usefulness of pictograms improving the knowledge of the patients or their caregivers.

Key findings

The electronic databases such as PubMed, CINAHL, Embase and Scopus were searchedfor relevant studies. The Cochrane risk of bias tool was used to assess the quality of the included studies. The study was conducted following PRISMA guidelines. Pictograms were used alone or in combination with the text-based/written or verbal/ oral instructions of medication used in study intervention. All the included studies showed similar outcomes that had a positive impact on improving patient adherence and helped in decreasing the dosing error. Factors such as age, gender, literacy level had a negative impact on adherence. Pictograms had a positive impact on the adherence in patients with low health literacy levels than the written/oral interventions.

The current review provided insights on the effectiveness of pictograms in patients or their caregivers of various age groups in healthcare settings. Future studies should be aimed to identify the knowledge gaps and barriers impacting the effectiveness of pictograms in various settings.
Endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair in a patient with previous history of simultaneous orthotopic liver kidney transplantation
Authors: Salimi Javad , Jafarian Ali , Behzadi Mohamad , Nejat Afsaneh , Fakhar Nasir
Published: August 2021

Management of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) tends to be an issue in patients with a previous history of abdominal transplantation surgeries. Open surgery poses the risk of ischemia to the grafted tissue. Additionally, these patients have comorbidities that make them unable to endure such procedures. As a result, endovascular repair is becoming the accepted procedure in the transplanted population. Herein, we describe a patient with a previous history of simultaneous orthotopic liver-kidney transplantation who successfully underwent EVAR for AAA correction.
Giant primary scrotal lipoma in a low-resource setting: challenges with diagnosis and review of literature
Authors: Seidu Anwar Sadat , Yorke Joseph , Akpaloo Joseph , Danso Patrick , Sukenibe Seidu Suhewie , Fiifi-Yankson Papa Kwesi , Adae-Aboagye Kwadwo , Amoah George , Yamoah Francis Akwaw , Afful-Yorke Denis , Agyeman-Gyebi Samuel Nana Prempeh , Brenu Samuel Gyasi , Adjei Ernest
Published: August 2021

Lipoma is the commonest benign mesenchymal tumor composed of matured adipocytes. A literature search revealed few reported cases of giant scrotal lipoma. This article aims to report a giant scrotal lipoma weighing 1100 g and illustrate our challenges with the diagnostic process in a low-resource setting. A 28-year-old male presented with a huge right scrotal mass. Examination revealed the mass had no cough impulse. It was firm, non-tender and lobulated, with definite edges. Scrotal sonography was suspicious of lipoma. Intraoperatively, there was an encapsulated scrotal wall mass and an incidental inguinoscrotal hernia, content being the omentum. The scrotal mass was excised, hernia sac was ligated, and excised and the posterior wall was repaired. Histology confirmed the scrotal mass as a lipoma. Primary scrotal lipomas are rare but should be considered in the differential diagnosis of unusual scrotal masses. Ultrasonography is a useful diagnostic tool in resource-limited settings.
COVID-19 health passes: lessons from the past
Authors: Riva Michele Augusto , Paladino Maria Emilia , Brambilla Sara , Belingheri Michael
Published: August 2021

First examples of health passport dated back to the Renaissance. The introduction of the first vaccinations modified the contents of health passes, including their certification. The history illustrates some concerns that the COVID-19 health passes must overcome: identification of the bearer, standardization, universal language, appropriate examination and prevention of counterfeits.
Vegetarian Evolution in Nineteenth-Century Britain
Authors: Kim Haejoo
Published: August 2021

Victorian vegetarians envisioned the evolutionary progress of the human race from a cannibal past towards a vegetarian future, moralizing evolutionary science to vindicate their cause. This essay explores this rhetoric of vegetarian evolution and how it conjoined vegetarian identity with British identity by reinventing vegetarianism as a practice of individual liberty. The main archives I examine are the Dietetic Reformer and Vegetarian Messenger (1860–1887), a major vegetarian journal from the period, and Edward Bulwer-Lytton’s The Coming Race (1871), a work of speculative fiction that represents vegetarian utopianism from an evolutionary angle. My reading of the Dietetic Reformer reveals that Victorian vegetarians imagined themselves to be at the vanguard of human evolution, with their conscious, mindful, and individual practices of vegetarianism operating as a progressive departure from what they perceived as the communal and anti-modern vegetarianism of the non-Western world. By doing so, they reshaped human evolution not only into a teleological progress, but also into a humanized process, on which individual subjects had a direct bearing through their control over daily food consumption. The rhetoric of vegetarian evolution thus addressed a deeper cultural anxiety about individual agency in the Victorian period, provoked by the Darwinian turn. This vegetarian resolution, however, as my reading of The Coming Race uncovers, contained incongruities within its rhetoric. Bulwer-Lytton’s literary representation of an evolved vegetarian species as a homogeneous heap rather than a society of self-governing individuals discloses the inherent difficulty in reconciling individual moral agency with the framework of evolutionary vegetarianism.
The importance of thermal torques on the migration of planets growing by pebble accretion
Authors: Guilera Octavio M , Miller Bertolami Marcelo M , Masset Frederic , Cuadra Jorge , Venturini Julia , Ronco María P
Published: August 2021

A key process in planet formation is the exchange of angular momentum between a growing planet and the protoplanetary disc, which makes the planet migrate through the disc. Several works show that in general low-mass and intermediate-mass planets migrate towards the central star, unless corotation torques become dominant. Recently, a new kind of torque, called the thermal torque, was proposed as a new source that can generate outward migration of low-mass planets. While the Lindblad and corotation torques depend mostly on the properties of the protoplanetary disc and on the planet mass, the thermal torque depends also on the luminosity of the planet, arising mainly from the accretion of solids. Thus, the accretion of solids plays an important role not only in the formation of the planet but also in its migration process. In a previous work, we evaluated the thermal torque effects on planetary growth and migration mainly in the planetesimal accretion paradigm. In this new work, we study the role of the thermal torque within the pebble accretion paradigm. Computations are carried out consistently in the framework of a global model of planet formation that includes disc evolution, dust growth and evolution, and pebble formation. We also incorporate updated prescriptions of the thermal torque derived from high-resolution hydrodynamical simulations. Our simulations show that the thermal torque generates extended regions of outward migration in low-viscosity discs. This has a significant impact in the formation of the planets.
The first spectroscopically confirmed brown dwarfs in NGC 2264
Authors: Pearson Samuel , Scholz Aleks , Teixeira Paula S , Mužić Koraljka , Almendros-Abad Víctor
Published: August 2021

We present spectroscopic follow-up observations of 68 red, faint candidates from our multi-epoch, multiwavelength, previously published survey of NGC 2264. Using near-infrared spectra from VLT/KMOS, we measure spectral types and extinction for 32 young low-mass sources. We confirm 13 as brown dwarfs in NGC 2264, with spectral types between M6 and M8, corresponding to masses between 0.02 and 0.08 M⊙. These are the first spectroscopically confirmed brown dwarfs in this benchmark cluster. 19 more objects are found to be young M-type stars of NGC 2264 with masses of 0.08–0.3 M⊙. 7 of the confirmed brown dwarfs as well as 15 of the M-stars have IR excess caused by a disc. Comparing with isochrones, the typical age of the confirmed brown dwarfs is <0.5–5 Myr. More than half of the newly identified brown dwarfs and very low-mass stars have ages <0.5 Myr, significantly younger than the bulk of the known cluster population. Based on the success rate of our spectroscopic follow-up, we estimate that NGC 2264 hosts 200–600 brown dwarfs in total (in the given mass range). This would correspond to a star-to-brown dwarf ratio between 2.5:1 and 7.5:1. We determine the slope of the substellar mass function as $\alpha = 0.43^{+0.41}_{-0.56}$; these values are consistent with those measured for other young clusters. This points to a uniform substellar mass function across all star-forming environments.
The infrared excess emission from nearby Gaia DR2 M dwarfs
Authors: Sgro Lauren A , Song Inseok
Published: August 2021

We use Gaia DR2 data to search for M dwarfs with infrared (IR) excess, within 100 pc. By cross-matching Gaia with AllWISE and 2MASS catalogues, we select a subset of K/M dwarfs with reliable photometric data in both the optical and near-to-mid IR. Using our SED fitting pipeline, we determine a photospheric model for each star and determine its significance of excess (SOE) inWISE passbands W3 and W4, which is used to classify potential IR excess. Through exhaustive vetting procedures, we present 37 new late-type IR-excess candidates, most of them M dwarfs, along with analyses of 12 previously known IR-excess stars. We group our candidates into two categories based on their SOE and likelihood of contamination. We also perform an isochronal age analysis as well as a moving group membership analysis, and discover six potential moving group members belonging to β Pictoris, Argus, Carina, Columba, and Tucana/Horologium Moving Groups. We conclude with a discussion of the nature of IR excess around late-type stars.
Influence of inhomogeneous stochasticity on the falsifiability of mean-field theories and examples from accretion disc modelling
Authors: Zhou Hongzhe , Blackman Eric G
Published: August 2021

Despite spatial and temporal fluctuations in turbulent astrophysical systems, mean-field theories can be used to describe their secular evolution. However, observations taken over time scales much shorter than dynamical time scales capture a system in a single state of its turbulence ensemble. Comparing with mean-field theory can falsify the latter only if the theory is additionally supplied with a quantified precision. The central limit theorem provides appropriate estimates to the precision only when fluctuations contribute linearly to an observable and with constant coherent scales. Here, we introduce an error propagation formula that relaxes both limitations, allowing for non-linear functional forms of observables and inhomogeneous coherent scales and amplitudes of fluctuations. The method is exemplified in the context of accretion disc theories, where inhomogeneous fluctuations in the surface temperature are propagated to the disc emission spectrum – the latter being a non-linear and non-local function of the former. The derived precision depends non-monotonically on emission frequency. Using the same method, we investigate how binned spectral fluctuations in telescope data change with the spectral resolving power. We discuss the broader implications for falsifiability of a mean-field theory.
Oblique Lumbar Interbody Fusion From L2 to S1: 2-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Kuzmik Gregory A , Wozny Thomas A , Ammanuel Simon , Eichler Charles M , Mummaneni Praveen V , Chou Dean
Published: August 2021

This surgical video demonstrates the technique of an oblique lumbar interbody fusion (OLIF) in the lumbar spine from L2 to L5 as well as an oblique approach to the L5-S1 level. It demonstrates the surgical approach, technical nuances of OLIF, and pearls of the surgery. The video discusses the importance of the release of the disc space to allow for height restoration and deformity correction, endplate preparation to enhance arthrodesis, and appropriate implant sizing. The concept of the approach is the minimally invasive blunt dissection through the abdominal wall musculature and mobilization of the retroperitoneal fat. Unlike the transpsoas approach, the surgery is performed anterior to the psoas, avoiding the lumbar plexus.
1
For L5-S1, the approach is still performed in the lateral position but with an oblique approach. A vascular surgeon performs the L5-S1 approach, and the disc space is accessed through the iliac bifurcation.
2
The discectomy and interbody fusion are performed similarly to a standard anterior lumbar interbody fusion (ALIF), but in a lateral position and at an oblique angle. The patient consented to this procedure and for filming a video of this case.
Predictors of Treatment Response to Progressive Resistance Training for Adolescents With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Theis Nicola , Noorkoiv Marika , Lavelle Grace , Ryan Jennifer
Published: August 2021

Objective

The aim of the study was to examine the variability in plantar-flexor muscle strength changes after progressive resistance training for adolescents with cerebral palsy (CP) and to identify baseline variables associated with change in muscle strength.

Methods

Thirty-three adolescents with CP were randomized to a 10-week progressive resistance training program as part of a randomized controlled trial (STAR trial). The associations between muscle strength at 10 weeks (n = 30 adolescents) and 22 weeks (n = 28 adolescents) and biomechanical and neuromuscular baseline characteristics, motor function, and fidelity to the program were examined with multivariable linear regression.

Results

Changes in plantar-flexor muscle strength from baseline ranged from −47.7% to 192.3% at 10 weeks and −54.3% to 198.4% at 22 weeks. Muscle activation was the only variable associated with change in strength at 10 weeks and 22 weeks. A model containing peak muscle activity and baseline muscle strength explained 49.1% of the variation in change in muscle strength (R2 = 0.491) at 10 weeks and 49.2% of the variation in change muscle strength at 22 weeks (R2 = 0.492).

Conclusion

Assessing levels of muscle activation may be able to identify responders to a progressive resistance training program for adolescents with CP. These findings are a first step toward developing tools that can inform decision making in the clinical setting.

Impact

Due to the heterogenous nature of CP, it is challenging to assess the efficacy of strength training programs in individuals with CP and to understand the variability in outcomes among participants. This study provides a better understanding of the factors that predict response to an exercise program so that resistance training can be directed to those who will potentially benefit from it.

Lay Summary

There is wide variability in how well young people with CP respond to resistance training. If you are a young person with CP, your physical therapist can measure the amount of gastrocnemius muscle activity you have, so as to get an indication of how well you will respond.