bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of γδ T Lymphocytes in the Pathogenesis of Autoimmune Diseases with Skin Lesions
Authors: Sorokina E. V. , Bisheva I. V. , Mishina N. V. , Stolpnikova V. N.
Published: April 2024

Autoimmune diseases are associated with a severe course, early complications, disability and early mortality. Subpopulations of γδ T cells participate in the development of autoimmune diseases, including experimental ones, contributing to tissue damage. The inflammatory functions of γδ T cells are determined by their synthesis of cytokines, including IL-17, IFNγ and TNF-α, which are usually involved in autoimmunity. Different subpopulations of γδ T cells are associated with different autoimmune diseases depending on their tissue expression, and their function may contribute to pathogenesis. In this article we review studies on the role of γδ T cells in autoimmune diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, and scleroderma, as well as their animal models. Due to the unique properties of γδ T cells encompassing adaptive and innate immunity functions, a growing understanding of this unique T cell population sheds new light on the pathogenesis of these diseases and potentially allows new therapeutic approaches to their treatment.
Stereotaxic Method of Brain Loci Localization: The Alternative Approaches
Authors: Albertin S. V.
Published: April 2024

The article discusses the possibilities of the alternative methods for determining the localization of small-sized brain cell formations in animals. The advantages of the electrophysiological approach used in localization of the tested nuclear structures of the brain, their selective damage and subsequent histological verification of the location and size of the damage to the brain tissue are shown. Methodological recommendations are proposed that provide an error-free determination of the coordinates of the tested brain structures, which leads to a significant reduction in the time for conducting planned studies and the costs of their implementation due to the absence of the need to include a large number of animals in the experiment.
Ethological Basis for the Relationship between Humans and Miniature Pigs
Authors: Bystrova N. A.
Published: April 2024

Traditionally pigs are perceived as farm animals, but in the last 70–80 years they are serving some other purposes, particularly as companion animals. It is necessary to have structured and comprehensive data on the specifics of their perception, communication and social behavior to manage their behavior and welfare effectively. This article gathers and analyzes information from currently available publications and studies conducted on wild boars, domestic pigs of productive breeds and miniature pigs, characterizing the functioning of their sense organs, specifics of social behavior and communication with humans.
Role of Haptoglobin in Protecting the Toxic Effects of Hemoglobin in Various Pathologies
Authors: Golubeva M. G.
Published: April 2024

The review presents modern domestic and foreign literature data on the blood plasma protein haptoglobin, its structure, synthesis, function and interaction with hemoglobin. The ability of haptoglobin in interaction with hemoglobin to reduce the toxic effect of the latter is shown. Clinical studies of such interaction in various pathological conditions such as diabetes mellitus, sickle cell anemia, malaria, sepsis, etc. are described. It is noted that the development of new haptoglobin derivatives can contribute to the prevention of hemoglobin toxicity in hemolytic diseases.
Variability of the Gene Cytochrome b mtDNA of the Tundra Vole (Alexandromys oeconomus Pallas, 1776) in North-Eastern Asia and Alaska
Authors: Pereverzeva V. V. , Dokuchaev N. E. , Primak A. A. , Dubinin E. A.
Published: April 2024

The nucleotide sequence polymorphism and haplotype diversity of the cytochrome b gene in samples of the tundra vole (Alexandromys oeconomus) from North-Eastern Asia and Alaska were studied. 63 haplotypes of cytb gene (51 variants of Central Asian and 12 of Beringian genetic lineages), differing among themselves by 94 mutations, were found. The Upper Kolyma River is inhabited by voles of the Central Asian clade. Mixed population of this species in the basin of the Omolon River (right tributary of the Kolyma River) was found. In Chukotka and Alaska, only specimens of the Beringian phylogroup were found. Genetic differences between all samples are statistically significant. Genetic data of A. oeconomus populations of the Kolyma River basin, Alaska, and Northern Okhotomorye were compared. A total of 231 substitutions in 226 sites were found in the nucleotide sequence of cytochrome b mtDNA gene in voles from both clades. The values of molecular diversity indices testify to the stability of populations with a high value of effective abundance over a long period of time. An analysis of population gene pool formation was performed and a proposed reconstruction of the complex dispersal history of this species across North-Eastern Asia was proposed.
Non-Synonymous Single-Nucleotide Mutations and Indels: Contribution to the Molecular Postgenome Portrait of the HepG2 Cell Line
Authors: Poverennaya E. V. , Kiseleva O. I. , Arzumanian V. A. , Pyatnitskiy M. V. , Vakhrushev I. V. , Ponomarenko E. A.
Published: April 2024

A comparative analysis of the results of genomic, transcriptomic, and proteomic profiling of HepG2 cell line was carried out in the gene-centric mode. The traceability at the transcriptomic and proteomic levels of changes associated with nonsynonymous single nucleotide substitutions and indels in the genome was shown. Most of the molecular events caused by aberrations at the genomic level are recorded at the transcriptomic level. Only single proteoforms encoded by the selected mutant genes can be reliably detected due to the methodological limitations of proteomic methods, which do not allow the registration of proteoforms present in the sample at low concentrations. The results are consistent with the previously obtained data of other scientific groups and describe the principal methodological solutions required for deciphering the molecular postgenomic portrait of biological samples with a resolution at the level of aberrant molecules.
Diagnostic and Therapeutic Approach to Multisystem Inflammatory Syndrome and Similar Condition
Authors: Emami A. , Yeganeh S. A. , Mohammadi H. A. , Shahbazi T.
Published: April 2024

Multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C) can occur in kids, who have severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus type 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Clinically, characteristics of MIS-C are manifested by two or more involved organ systems, fever, severe illness, laboratory-evidenced inflammation, and laboratory or epidemiologically e-videnced infection with SARS-CoV-2. MIS-C has several traits with Kawasaki illness, subsequent hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis/macrophage activation syndrome, and toxic shock syndrome. The association between MIS-C and infection with SARS-CoV-2 shows the cause of post-infectious immunological dysregulation. Given the likelihood of rapid clinical deterioration, it is recommended to handle MIS-C patients in a pediatric critical care unit. Depending on the clinical presentation, a certain immunomodulatory therapy is advised. More research is needed to determine the connection between MIS-C and the immunological reaction to SARS-CoV-2 vaccines that are currently being developed. Numerous therapeutic methods have been developed for the treatment of COVID-19-associated MIS in children (MIS-C), the full elucidation of its etiology requires further studies. Here, we carefully review and summarize the previously released management guidance.
Bacteriophages and their Endolysin: An Alternative Therapeutic Approach for Bovine Mastitis
Authors: Kanwar R. , Aslam M. A. , Zulqurnain H. , Qadeer A. , Ali S. , Nayab S. , Mustafa S.
Published: April 2024

Mastitis is one of the most prevalent and serious disease in bovines and led to high economic loss in the dairy industry. Mastitis dramatically reduces the reproduction abilities of cows. Despite significant progress in controlling and treating this disease, it is still frequent. Mastitis risks public health if milk from treated animals is taken by humans. Multiple factors are responsible for this disease, but bacterial mastitis is the most prevalent and threatening. The emergence of drug-resistant bacterial strains makes mastitis untreatable. Misuse of antibiotics in animal therapy is responsible for this issue, which resulted in the creation of strains that are multidrug resistant. This antibiotic resistance among bacteria is alarming. There is a need for an alternative treatment to cure mastitis. Bacteriophages are viruses, which kill bacteria. The effectiveness of bacteriophages and their endolysin against different bacterial infections causing mastitis has been approved from the results of various studies. Phage therapy is used as both a treatment and preventive measure.
Preadaptivity of Non-Contractive Thermogenesis in the Evolution of Warm-Bloodedness in Vertebrates
Authors: Cherlin V. A.
Published: April 2024

Most of the heat that is released in the vertebrate body is produced in the muscles during contractive (during movement or trembling) and non-contractive (without muscle activity) thermogenesis. Contractive thermogenesis is characteristic for all vertebrates, but it is not able to constantly maintain a high body temperature in animals. The main idea discussed in this article, and based on a large number of publications in recent years: the main biochemical base of warm-bloodedness in vertebrates is part of the cycle of contraction–relaxation of striated skeletal muscles, in which the act of muscle contraction somehow falls out, and the energy that should have been used for it is dissipated in the form of heat. This non-contractive thermogenesis, which is able to support the regional and general endothermy in vertebrates, can be considered the real biochemical basis of warm-bloodedness. Thus, the presence of skeletal muscles in all vertebrates and the common biochemical foundations of the contraction–relaxation cycle represent a single preadaptive property of the manifestation of non-contractive thermogenesis in all vertebrates, starting with fish, which is the basis for the evolution of warm-bloodedness. Therefore, it is understandable and unsurprising modern data that the first terrestrial vertebrates were most likely animals with high levels of both metabolism and body temperature.
Evaluation of Morphological Malformities and hsp70 Gene Response on Aristolochic Acid Exposed Neocaridina davidi (Red Shrimp)
Authors: R Parvathy , Jithin Thomas
Published: April 2024

In our study, we investigated morphological abnormalities and overexpression of one of the stress genes (hsp70) at different concentrations of Aristolochia extract.The plant material and animal for study was collected. The plant was mechanically grinded to prepare the infusion. The shrimp were acclimatized in a laboratory. Aristolochic acid (AA) exposure at concentrations 6000, 12 000, 18 000, 24 000 and 30 000 ppm to shrimp after 48 h, led to morphological malformations at 18 000 ppm concentration. Expression analysis revealed that the transcription of hsp70 was higher in 24 000 ppm (72 h) exposed N. davidi relating to control. The data obtained from the current study helps in better understanding of aristolochic acid induced toxicity, thus indicating the regulation of herbal products containing aristolochic acid in high concentration.
Organic Silicon in Plants as a Limiting Factor of Forage Digestibility in the Nutrition of Herbivorous Mammals
Authors: Abaturov B. D. , Kolesnikov M. P.
Published: April 2024

The effect of organic forms of silicon contained in plant tissues on the digestibility of feed for herbivorous mammals has been studied. In the process of digestion, an extremely small part of the consumed silicon is assimilated, which makes it possible to use organic silicon naturally contained in plants as an indicator of the digestibility of plant foods. The consumed silicon reduces the digestibility of the feed, puts a limit on the fermentation of the consumed vegetable substrate and its structural components (fiber, lignin). With an increase in the part of silicon in the consumed vegetation per unit, the digestibility decreases linearly by 3–4 units. The fermentation limit is set when the silicon content in the feed is within 3–4% of the dry weight. Among the main groups of forage plants (grasses and forbs), the amount of silicon is significantly higher in grasses (1.70 and 0.91%, respectively). For this reason, the digestibility of grasses in all compared animals (camels, Przewalski’s horses, bison, saiga) is 1.2–1.4 times lower than the digestibility of forbs. With an increase in the proportion of grasses in feed per unit, the digestibility of feed in animals with different types of digestion (ruminant, monogastric) decreases linearly by an average of 0.16 units. The different digestibility of grasses and forbs causes the separation of herbivores by types of nutrition and food specialization. Consumers of various forbs (saigas) avoid the consumption of grasses and are not viable with their dominance in pasture vegetation. The specific features of the digestion of herbivores (Equidae, Bovidae) provide an increased volume of consumption, compensating for the reduced digestibility of grasses.
Sunny Vitamin D3 – Multifaceted, Mysterious, Necessary
Authors: Gomazkov O. A.
Published: April 2024

The importance of vitamin D3 for maintaining the level of health in conditions of acute respiratory and vascular infectious pathology COVID-19 is considered. Physiological vitamin deficiency has been documented as a negative predictor of virus exposure and disease severity. A complex of clinical and experimental studies documents that vitamin D3 performs the function of controlling hemovascular homeostasis – the endothelium of the vascular wall, a complex of immunological reactions, coagulation and rheological properties of blood, systemic hemodynamics, etc. The variety of effects is determined by the transcriptional role of the vitamin D3 receptor, which expresses gene targets for synthesis functional protective proteins. The possibilities of supplementation, maintaining the level of vitamin D3 and its chemical metabolites, for the preventive and therapeutic strategy of COVID-19 are considered.
rol-Genes of Agrobacteria: Possible Biological Functions
Authors: Shvets D. Yu. , Berezhneva Z. A. , Musin Kh. G. , Baimukhametova E. A. , Kuluev B. R.
Published: April 2024

As a result of agrobacterium-mediated transformation the rolA, rolB, rolC, and rolD genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes are integrated into plant genomes as part of T-DNA. These genes cause abundant growth of hairy roots, and the regeneration of shoots from them causes short stature, shortening of internodes and wrinkled leaves. A sufficient number of representatives of the genera Nicotiana, Linaria, Ipomoea and others in their genome contain some rol genes that got into them during horizontal gene transfer and thus evolutionarily fixed. The conservatism of the rol genes of A. rhizogenes in naturally transgenic plants can probably be associated with the performance of important biological functions by them. The purpose of this review article is to review the currently available data on the biological role of rol genes in hairy roots, transformed plants, and naturally transgenic plants. The results of scientific studies published to date describe the expression of rol genes both together and separately. It should be noted that expression has a different effect on the morphology of both plants transformed by agrobacteria and naturally transgenic species. The review presents the results of studies that have shown a positive effect of rol genes on secondary metabolism, the antioxidant system and plant stress resistance. The question of the possible effect of protein products of rol genes through the influence on the content of phytohormones or sensitivity to them is also discussed. Experimental evidence of subcellular localization of Rol proteins and enzymatic activity of Rol proteins with respect to phytohormone glucosides are described. However, these experiments did not give exhaustive answers, and therefore studies of the biological functions of the rol genes should be continued. This knowledge can be used to create transgenic and genome-edited plants that have economically valuable traits.
Study of Correlations and Genetic Associations of Body Measurements in Female Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) of the Nenets Breed
Authors: Svishcheva G. R. , Semina M. T. , Konorov E. A. , Nikolaeva E. A. , Kashtanov S. N. , Laishev K. A. , Yuzhakov A. A. , Stolpovsky Yu. A.
Published: April 2024

The breeding potential of reindeer husbandry is determined by competent work with genetic resources; therefore, the study of the phenotypic traits of reindeer must be carried out in combination with the study of the features of their gene pools. In this work, we analysed the correlations and genetic associations of phenotypic traits in 98 female reindeer (Rangifer tarandus) of the Nenets breed aged from 3 to 9 years in a comparative aspect according to the main body measurements and physique indexes calculated from these measurements. A panel of 16 microsatellite loci (BMS1788, RT30, RT1, RT9, C143, RT7, OHEQ, FCB193, RT6, C217, RT24, C32, BMS745 NVHRT16, T40 and C276) was used for analysis. The search for associations between the genotype and phenotype of reindeer was performed using regression analysis; only for three phenotypic traits, height at the withers, chest depth and the index of prolixity, non-zero heritability was revealed. Using correlation analysis, it was found that the live weight of adult females, taking into account age and genetic relationship, has a high positive correlation with the height at the withers (r ≈ 0.70), chest girth (r ≈ 0.79) and chest depth (r ≈ 0.73).
Wolf (Canis lupus L.) as a Model in Studies of the Structural and Functional Hierarchy of the Species Life Strategy
Authors: Kochetkov V. V.
Published: April 2024

Structural and functional vital activity of each animal species organically fits into the life of the biosphere. To understand their place and role, a new approach to study methods is needed. Based on many years of research (1975–2022) on the ecology and behavior of the wolf, an attempt was made to understand the features of the structural and functional hierarchy of the life strategy of this species. Shown with argumentation: the strategy of the Individual is to adapt to living in the environment; the couple’s strategy is to form a habitat and fit into the general structure of the population; the Family’s strategy is to raise and educate wolf cubs; Population strategy — to preserve genetic diversity, fixed adaptations and sustainability in the environment; the strategy of the Species is to preserve the habitat; strategy in the Community (biocenosis) — participation in the conservation and formation of certain species biodiversity; strategy in the Ecosystem (biogeocoenosis) — participation in structural, functional and energy processes.
Wolf (Canis lupus L.): Territory or Habitat
Authors: Kochetkov V. V.
Published: April 2024

The organization of the living space of animal populations is diverse, but in the generalized variant it is characterized by two concepts – “territory” and “habitat area”. The first provides for the protection of the “territory” by single individuals, married couples, families, flocks using acoustic signals and olfactory labels to mark boundaries. The second does not provide for such strict habitat protection. It is generally recognized that wolf families are characterized by lifestyle according to the “territory” type. But long-term studies of the ecology and behavior of wolf families (1975–2022) in the Central Forest Biosphere Reserve do not confirm this opinion: reasoned doubts about the “territoriality” of wolves are presented. The nature of the change in the size of the “territories”, the features of the placement of labels, the absence of conflict situations suggest the organization of living space according to the type of “habitat”.
Low-Molecular Fluoropolymers: Structure and Thermal Properties
Authors: Ignatieva L. N. , Mashchenko V. A. , Gorbenko O. M. , Buznik V. M.
Published: April 2024

The main representatives of low-molecular-weight fluoropolymers obtained by the thermogasdynamicmethod of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) pyrolysis, radiation polymerization of tetrafluoroethylene(TFE) in various solvents, and direct fluorination of low-molecular-weight paraffins are characterized. Thefeatures of the morphology, structure, molecular chain length, and thermal properties of the polymersobtained by various methods are shown. During repeated heat treatment of low-molecular weight fluoropolymers(heating to a temperature when the process of weight loss ends), regardless of the method of obtainingthe polymer, new more dispersed low-molecular-weight fluoropolymers are formed, which may not differfrom the original ones (fluoroparaffins) or differ in a number of characteristics (telomers, UPTFE (PTFEconverted into low-molecular ultrafine powder) fractions). A new low-molecular-weight product is formedduring the pyrolytic processing of high-molecular-weight copolymers of ethylene with TFE. The product isa low-molecular-weight form of ETFE, differing from the original objects in morphology, molecular chainlength, and thermal properties.
Two-Stage Method for the Synthesis of Reactor Heterophase
Thermoplastic Elastomers Based on Polypropylene
Authors: Klyamkina A. N. , Nedorezova P. M. , Aladyshev A. M.
Published: April 2024

A simple method for the two-stage synthesis in one reactor on one catalyst of heterophase thermoplasticelastomers based on isotactic polypropylene (PP) and an ethylene-propylene copolymer or an ethylene-propylene-1,4-hexadiene terpolymer is developed. The obtained materials, depending on the composition,have good elastomeric properties or behave like thermoplastics. Polymers in which ethylene units formlong sequences have the best set of basic characteristics: high values of the elastic modulus, strength, andelongation at a break, as well as a low residual deformation.
The Influence of the Specifics of the Formation of the Polymer Shell
of a Microcapsule with a Nitrogen-Containing Compound Core
on the Durability of the Tool During Blade Cutting
Authors: Naumov A. G. , Syrbu S. A. , Taratanov N. A.
Published: April 2024

Microcapsules with gelatin shells are obtained by coacervation. In the process of microcapsulation,the shells of microcapsules are treated with ozone and ozonated water is introduced into their core. Magneticsensitivity was imparted to microcapsules by introducing magnetite in their shell. The influence of the compositionand concentration of microcapsules in an aqueous emulsion on the durability of the tool during bladecutting is studied. It is shown that the lubricating and cooling technological means obtained by introducingozonated water into the core of a gelatin microcapsule is more effective for increasing the tool’s durabilityduring blade cutting.
Polymer Composites Based on Polylactide-Containing Various Kinds
of Carbon Nanofillers
Authors: Rogovina S. Z. , Gasymov M. M. , Lomakin S. M. , Kuznetsova O. P. , Shevchenko V. G. , Arbuzov A. A. , Berlin A. A.
Published: April 2024

Filled nanocomposites of polylactide with graphite nanoplates (GNPs) and reduced grapheneoxide (RGO) are prepared by liquid-phase synthesis. A comparative study of the mechanical, electric, andthermophysical characteristics of the compositions depending on the nature of the nanofillers is carried out.An insignificant difference in the mechanical parameters of the compositions containing GNPs and RGO asfillers is established. At the same time, when studying the electrical properties, it is found that the use of RGOas a filler leads to the production of composites with a lower percolation threshold of the flow than in the caseof GNPs and increased conductivity. The differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) method shows that compositionscontaining GNPs as a filler have a higher degree of crystallinity in comparison with similar compositionscontaining RGO. This is caused by the structure of the filled compositions, which influences thenucleation rate of polylactide (PLA) crystallites on the surface of ordered planar nanoparticles of the GNPsand imperfect RGO particles. Thus, the use of different carbon nanofillers may promote the production ofcompositions that differ in their characteristics.
Comparative Analysis of the Kinetics and Mechanism
of the Destruction of Phenoxy Radicals of 2,6-Diisobornyl-4-
Methylphenol and 2,6-Ditret-Butyl-4-Methylphenol
Authors: Sadykov R. A. , Khursan S. L. , Sukhanov A. A. , Kuchin A. V.
Published: April 2024

The kinetics of the death of phenoxy radicals In• 2,6-diisobornyl-4-methylphenol (DBP) and2,6-ditretbutyl-4-methylphenol (ionol) in toluene at 295 K is studied by EPR. The first-order effective rateconstants of the death of In• are determined: kef = 0.30 s–1 (I) and 8.4 × 10–3 s–1 for DBP and ionol, respectively.Using the density functional theory, the mechanism of the death of In• is analyzed. It is found that thephenoxy radicals of DBP are dimerized with the formation of the p-C,O-dimer, while In• ionol predominantlyforms the p,p-C,C-dimer. The dimers are in reversible equilibrium with phenoxy radicals, while theirreversible consumption of In• occurs in the reaction of their disproportionation. Based on the density functionaltheory (DFT) research and published data, it was found that the value kef = k/2K of DBP is higher dueto the much higher disproportionation rate constant of In•, although the equilibrium constant K of thereversible dimerization of the phenoxy radicals of DBP is also higher than the equilibrium constant for In•ionol.
Dielectric Properties of Aerogels Containing Carbon Nanostructures
Authors: Simbirtseva G. V. , Babenko S. D.
Published: April 2024

Aerogels based on composite systems with polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and graphite oxide(GO) or reduced graphite oxide (rGO) are investigated in order to study their dielectric properties. Th highfrequencycharacteristics (9.8 GHz) of complex dielectric permittivities of the studied polymer compositesystems are presented. The obtained results are analyzed.
The Rate of Absorption by the Styrene Epoxide–P-Toluene Sulfonic
Acid Double System Depending on the Structure of the Aliphatic Tail
of the Alcohol Solvent
Authors: Solyanikova V. M. , Petrov L. V.
Published: April 2024

Oxygen oxidation of the styrene epoxide (SE)–p-toluene sulfonic acid (TSA) double system (DS)in solutions of three primary alcohols, 1-octanol (OCT), n-butanol (BUT), and ethanol (ET), is studied. Thecorresponding concentration expressions of oxidation rates are as follows: VOCT = k [SE]0 [TSA]1, VBUT = k[SE]0 [TSA]0.63, and VET = k [SE]0 [TSA]0.7 at [SE] [TSA]. The proximity of the oxidation activation energiesin three alcohols contrasts with the difference in the oxidation rates: the oxidation rate in ET is threetimes the rate in n-butanol and thirty times the oxidation rate in 1-octanol.
Effect of Impurities on Lean Laminar Hydrogen–air Flames
Authors: Terezaa A. M. , Agafonova G. L. , Anderzhanov E. K. , Betev A. S. , Medvedev S. P. , Mikhalkin V. N. , Khomik S. V. , Cherepanova T. T.
Published: April 2024

Simulations of the effect of addition of H, O, OH, HO2, and H2O2 on the structure and propagationof laminar flames in lean (12 and 15%) hydrogen-air flames are performed at pressures of 1 and 6 bar. Itis found that impurities in concentrations of no more than 0.1% do not have any significant effect on laminarburning velocity. When initial temperature is increased to 400 K, the effect of impurities becomes evenweaker. Among the impurities under study, only the addition of OH reduces the laminar flame velocity. Theweak effect of the impurities is attributed to fast formation of intermediate products via reactions involving Oand H atoms without noticeable change in heat release rate. An increase in initial pressure to 6 bar does notchange the effect of impurities.
Compression in the auditory system
Authors: Nechaev D. I.
Published: April 2024

The review is devoted to the mechanism of compression in the mammals auditory system. The compression provides the high sensitivity with a wide dynamic range of the auditory system, and sharpness of the frequency tuning. In this review, three main methods for detecting compression were observed: the direct registration of basilar membrane vibrations, the registration of the auditory nerve, and the psychoacoustic studies. At the end of the review, the question of the morphofunctional basis of compression in the cochlea briefly was observed.
Рeculiarities of control commands generation for oculographic interfaces under the conditions of vestibular impacts
Authors: Turovsky Ya. A. , Alekseev V. Yu. , Muradova L. G. , Mironkin A. P.
Published: April 2024

The article presents the results of a study of the parameters of human eye movement when using an oculographic interface to control a self-propelled chassis. In the course of the experiment, it was shown that from race to race, the time spent by the subjects on one race was reduced, the number of errors and the number of subjects who did not successfully complete their races decreased. On the basis of cluster analysis, individual typological features of the reaction of eye movement to the movement of the user’s head during the execution of the main commands for controlling the self-propelled chassis were revealed. It is shown that when the self-propelled chassis is moving, the generation of the “forward” and “backward” commands by the optical-oculographic interface is generally carried out according to the scenario common for users, and does not require correction when controlling the self-propelled chassis. At the same time, the generation of turn commands is a more individual process, which is associated both with the calibration of the device and with the individual position of the user’s head and eyes and, therefore, requires more careful control when using oculographic interfaces.
Forward masking of the auditory evoked potentials in a dolphin at monaural and dichotic auditory stimulation: implications for the preceding effect and biosonar
Authors: Supin A. Ya. , Sysueva E. V. , Nechaev D. I. , Tarakanov M. B. , Popov V. V.
Published: April 2024

Short-latency auditory brainstem evoked potentials (ABR) to paired sound pulses (the conditioning and test stimuli) were recorded non-invasively in a bottlenose dolphin Tursiops truncatus. The stimuli were played through transducers contacting the left and right acoustic windows at the lower jaw. Two manners of stimulation were used: monaural (the both stimuli played through one and the same transducer) and dichotic (the conditioning and test stimuli played through different transducers, contacting the left and right acoustic window). Thе conditioning and test stimuli were equal in level and duration. The inter-stimulus delay varied from 0.15 to 10 ms. At the monaural stimulation, the suppression of the test stimulus was constant at interstimulus intervals from 0.15 to 0.5 ms; at longer intervals, the test response recovered. At the dichotic stimulation, the deepest suppression of the test response appeared at an interval of 0.5 ms; the test response recovered at both shorter and longer intervals. The complete recovery appeared at intervals as short as 0.15 ms and as long as 2 ms. Implications of the found regularities for the preceding effect and biosonar is discussed.
Experimental methods to study the sound source localization by distance in humans
Authors: Andreeva I. G. , Sitdikov V. M. , Ogorodnikova E. A.
Published: April 2024

The review presents current methods used for researches of the auditory distance perception. The monaural and binaural cues of stationary and moving sources localization are considered. The role of binaural hearing in estimating the distance to a sound source is discussed in detail. The involvement of localization cues in absolute and relative distance estimation is described. The advantages and limitations of different experimental practices for forming virtual sound images are discussed. The special section discusses approaches to the creation of moving sound images. The results of auditory distance estimations obtained by different methods for stationary and moving sound sources are summarized. The review includes the results of the authors' own studies and a description of promising experimental and applied approaches of this research field.
Providing Reproducibility and objective control in computer measurement of fusion reserves
Authors: Bolshakov A. S. , Vasilyeva N. N. , Rozhkova G. I.
Published: April 2024

As is known, the main indicators of the stable functioning of fusion mechanisms – the physiological basis of binocular perception – are the fusion reserves (FR), an accurate assessment of which is still problematic. To measure the FR, a small mismatch between the accommodation and vergence systems is introduced and gradually increasing to reach certain critical angles at which the fusion mechanisms cease to function, as judged by the subjective sensations of the subjects reporting the break of the binocular image into two monocular ones. The subjectivity of such assessments of FR, as well as poorly studied dependence of FR on the parameters of test objects and measurement procedures, make it difficult to determine standard values and to create databases on RF. To overcome these shortcomings inherent in traditional methods of measuring RF, at the end of the last century, attempts were made to use computer methods (Rozhkova et al., 1996 ab, 1998). This article presents the results of a critical evaluation of the computer method for measuring FR using the author’s interactive computer program FUZIYA (Bolshakov, Rozhkova, 2013), which provides for the generation of variable test images on a special display designed for the polarization method of separating the left and right channels of test object presentation. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the accuracy and reproducibility of the measurement results, as well as to test the effectiveness of the previously proposed method to programmatically provide objective control of the binocular image break. The data obtained confirm the prospects of the approach used and make it possible to clarify the specific forms of its rational application.
Hearing perception by cochlear implantation
Authors: Pudov V. I. , Zontova O. V.
Published: April 2024

Cochlear implantation is a unique development in the field of prosthetics of human sensory systems. Due to the electrical stimulation of the auditory nerve, auditory sensations close to natural occur. Despite significant progress in the engineering design of cochlear implants (CI), the quality of auditory perception when used is significantly limited. CI users experience the greatest difficulties in communication tasks such as understanding speech in noise or in multi-talkers environment. There are many factors, both technical and physiological, to reduce speech intelligibility in CI users. Speech perception in CI users is limited due to low frequency resolution, perceptual distortion of pitch, and compression of dynamic range. Low frequency resolution is the reason a decrease in speech intelligibility and the ability to perceive music. To realize these ability the question about the state of central hearing mechanisms, especially for children with congenital deafness, is crucial Neuroplasticity with ages decreases and the central auditory processing deficiency develops, therefore, it is desirable to carry out cochlear implantation as early as possible after hearing loss identification. Analysis of the auditory perception features in case of the auditory nerve is electrically excited allows not only to propose innovative approaches to improve the auditory abilities of CI users, but also to study auditory processing disorders.
Blood Rheology and Microcirculation
Authors: Tikhomirova I. A.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—The article discusses the features of the functioning of the microcirculation system, in particular, modern integrative ideas about the microcirculatory-tissue system, which provides blood supply and regulation of oxygen delivery in accordance with the metabolic needs of the tissue and organ. In this system, an important role belongs to the rheological properties of blood and the microrheological properties of erythrocytes, which act as intravasal regulators of microcirculation and have a significant impact on the functioning of the hemostasis system. In the implementation of the fundamental physiological function – oxygen supply to tissues matching their metabolic needs – erythrocytes play an active role, acting not only as a gas transporter, but also as a sensor of hypoxia and regulator of the endothelial vasodilatation function. The problems of dysfunction of the microcirculation and features of the rheological properties of blood in patients with severe COVID-19 are considered.
TRPV1 Channel in Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Dvornikova K. A. , Platonova O. N. , Bystrova E. Yu.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) including Ulcerative colitis (UC) and Crohn’s disease (CD) is a group of chronic immune-mediated diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) with complex pathophysiology and pathogenesis. Although the exact pathophysiological mechanisms are poorly understood, in recent years, studies have described the activation and alteration of nociceptor functions and their signaling pathways in the inflammation development in IBD and associated hyperalgesia, in particular, the key role of the transient receptor potential vanilloid channel 1 (TRPV1) has been demonstrated. The highest expression level of TRPV1 is specific for sensory neurons, however, it can also be expressed by other cell types, including epithelial cells of the intestine and bladder, immunoreactive cells such as lymphocytes, mast and dendritic cells, vascular endothelial cells, etc. An increasing number of studies in various experimental models, including humans, demonstrate that activation of the TRP superfamily channels, which includes TRPV1, can significantly enhance visceral hypersensitivity, mediate the development of inflammation and pain. In this review, we highlight the present knowledge on the structure, functions and potential role of TRPV1 in the pathogenesis of IBD. Much attention is paid to the discussion of the signaling pathways underlying TRPV1 modulation. We propose that further research in this area will contribute to a better understanding of the general mechanisms of inflammatory and pain response formation and may facilitate the development of new therapeutic targets for the treatment of IBD.
Hypoxic Conditioning as a Stimulus for the Formation of Hypoxic Tolerance of the Brain
Authors: Semenov D. G. , Belyakov A. V.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—The review is devoted to the problem of moderate hypoxic exposure as a natural, non-drug stimulus activating mechanisms of brain hypoxic tolerance. The history and current level of research on this problem are highlighted. The conditions of neuroprotective effectiveness of hypoxic conditioning as preventive (preconditioning) and corrective (postconditioning) effects are considered. The physiological and molecular-cellular mechanisms of pre- and postconditioning are revealed. Particular attention is paid to our own research on brain conditioning using moderate hypobaric hypoxia.
Gabaergic System in the Regulation of the Functioning of Pancreas Beta-Cells in Normal Physiological Conditions and in Diabetes
Authors: Tyurenkov I. N. , Faibisovich T. I. , Dubrovina M. A. , Bakulin D. A. , Kurkin D. V.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—The incidence of diabetes mellitus (DM) is steadily increasing all over the world, and at the same time there is an increase in its complications, which are the main causes of early disability and premature death. The pathogenesis of DM is based on a steady decrease in pancreatic β-cells. A decrease in β-cell mass leads to a decrease in insulin production and the development of hyperglycemia and associated severe complications. Therefore, the need to prevent the death of β-cells and stimulate their regeneration is obvious. In recent literature, much attention has been paid to the role of GABA in the regulation of the function of α- and β-cells of the pancreas and carbohydrate metabolism, which is the subject of this review. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) in β-cells and pancreatic islets is determined in quantities comparable to those in the brain. It also contains a high amount of glutamadecarboxylase, an enzyme that synthesizes GABA. In DM, the level of GABA in pancreatic β-cells decreases and this correlates with the severity of DM. GABA plays an important role in the paracrine regulation of α- and β-cell functions and carbohydrate homeostasis. The potential possibility of using GABA to achieve a decrease in apoptosis and, at the same time, an increase in the regeneration of β-cells, an increase in the β-cell mass of the pancreas has been proven. It has been proven that the positive effect of GABA on the structure and functions of pancreatic β-cells in DM can be significantly higher when combined with antidiabetic agents: GLP-1 receptor agonists, DPP-4 inhibitors, SGLT-2 inhibitors, and others. The antidiabetic properties of GABA are explained by its interaction with various signaling proteins (Kloto protein, SIRT, PI3K/Akt, CREB-IRS2, NF-kB, Nrf2 and many others), through which these effects are realized. Data on the pancreatic protective effect of GABA and its derivatives can form the basis for the development of a new pharmacotherapeutic strategy for the treatment of DM and associated complications.
The Compensatory Alterations оf the Relaxability and Distensibility of the Myocardium at Weakening of Its Contractility
Authors: Kapelko V. I.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—The contractile function of the heart is carried out due to the coordinated interaction of the basic properties of the myocardium – distensibility, contractility and relaxability. Violation of myocardial contractility due to any reason creates a situation of chronic heart failure (CHF). The severity of CHF is determined by the ability of the circulatory system to a certain extent to compensate for the weakening of the contractility of the heart, the criterion of which is the value of the ejection fraction. The form of CHF with preserved ejection fraction is defined as diastolic dysfunction. It is the first stage of CHF, its distinctive features are delayed relaxation and increased diastolic pressure in the left ventricle. The review is devoted to the consideration of the structure of diastole in 4 types of CHF – ischemic heart disease in myocardial infarction or microinfarctions caused by isoproterenol, myocardial damage induced by doxorubicin and type 1 diabetes. A common sign of all types of CHF is an increase in myocardial extensibility and a slowdown in relaxation. It has been shown that they are based on a change in the properties of connectin (titin) – a sacromeric protein that connects the ends of myosin filaments with the boundaries of the sarcomere. Its properties determine the distensibility and relaxation of the myocardium, and these changes underlie the primary compensatory reaction of the heart at weakening its contractility. Also mechanisms are mobilized that increase the inflow to the heart and reduce peripheral resistance. The degree of their mobilization depends on the degree of reduction in myocardial contractility. Along with this, each form of CHF has its own specifics, which must be taken into account when choosing the means of therapy.
Analysis of the Relationship of Moderate Cognitive Impairments with Changes in Synchronization between Photostimulation and Brain Activity
Authors: Dick O. E.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—The review is devoted to the application of methods of nonlinear dynamics to the analysis of dynamic changes in the patterns of physiological rhythms of the brain in the event of disorders associated with chronically elevated blood pressure and atrial fibrillation-type cardiac arrhythmias in the presence and absence of moderate cognitive impairment. The possibility of using these methods to identify markers of these disorders is shown. These markers are associated with the parameters of phase synchronization between rhythmic photostimuli and brain responses in the form of electroencephalographic patterns.
Cognitive Impairment under Prolonged Social Isolation: Insights from Human Studies and Animal Experiments
Authors: Krupina N. A. , Shirenova S. D.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Having close social connections is essential for mental and physical health and overall well-being, regardless of age. A considerable portion of the world’s population has experienced lockdown due to the COVID-19 pandemic. An increasing amount of scientific literature is emerging, focusing on the negative impact of social isolation on attention, memory, perception, executive functions, and other aspects of cognitive processes. These effects can significantly complicate people’s daily lives and diminish their quality of life. In this review, we aim to organize the existing scientific findings on the relationship between social isolation and the development of cognitive impairments in individuals, as observed in longitudinal population studies. Additionally, we analyze data from experimental research on animals to examine how different durations of social isolation impact learning and memory processes. We briefly address the potential links between these social isolation-induced impairments and alterations in the functioning of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, one of the stress-reactivity systems, and the immune-inflammatory response.
Sweet Taste: From Perception to Evaluation
Authors: Murovets V. O. , Lukina E. A. , Zolotarev V. A.
Published: April 2024

Abstract—Sweetness is the strongest gustatory modality, which shapes eating behavior and influences homeostasis. The review summarizes data on the perception and encoding of taste signals at the level of taste receptors and brain centers during consumption of sweet substances. We focus on the molecular and cellular mechanisms of sweet taste identification and determination of food caloric content, including the role of membrane receptor proteins T1R2/T1R3 and signal transduction enzyme cascades, as well as a metabolic mechanism for estimating the concentration of glucose in the cytoplasm. Genetic aspects of sweet sensitivity and the influence of sweet taste receptor gene polymorphisms on sensitivity to sugar and low-calorie sweeteners are described. The review presents results of modern studies of endocrine, paracrine and autocrine modulation of sweet taste perception and evaluation depending on the metabolic state of the body. The assumption of a promising research area on the problem is made.
Muslim crimean tatar parish "hereditary" clergy in the late 18th - early 20th centuries
Authors: Zagidullin Il'dus Kotdusovich
Published: April 2024

Key aspects of the legal position of Muslim Crimean Tatar parish "hereditary" clergy in the end of the XVIII - the beginning of the XX centuries are covered in the article: benefits and privileges on the taxation, questions of expansion of structure of parish clergy and the reasons of the happened changes.
City elections in the White South of Russia (autumn-winter 1919)
Authors: Chemakin Anton Aleksandrovich
Published: April 2024

The article is devoted to municipal elections in the white South of Russia in the autumn of 1919. The author examines the features of the electoral legislation approved by the Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces in the South of Russia A.I. Denikin, shows the course of campaigns in various provinces, gives full or partial results of voting in 39 cities.