bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
FACTORS INFLUENCING LONGEVITY OF AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHIC PRODUCTS ON ARCHIVAL STORAGE
Authors: Edge M. , Allen N. S.
Published: July 2010

Maintaining the quality of aerial photographic products with time requires a simultaneous retention of both image and dimensional characteristics. These factors are prerequisites for maintaining aesthetic value and ensuring no distortion of information occurs. It is, however, the recent experience of archivists that many negatives and prints are suffering irreversible deterioration. Degradation is typified by image fading, the presence of surface crystalline deposits which obscure any image and significant dimensional distortion. This paper relates those factors which influence stability, principally temperature, relative humidity and oxygen, and correlates them to structural changes in the materials. In addition an overview is given of methods of monitoring and of inhibiting breakdown.

Pour maintenir la qualité des produits photographiques aériens dans le temps, il faut satisfaire auxproblèmes de conservation à la fois de ľimage et de ses qualités dimensionnelles. Ce sont des préalables nécessaires au maintien de la qualité esthétique du document et àľabsence de distorsion dans ses données. C'est que ľexpérience récente des archivistes a montré que nombre de négatifs et de tirages subissaient actuellement des détériorations irréversibles. Ces détériorations sont caractérisees par ľaffaiblissement de ľimage, ľapparition de dépôts cristallins en surface qui obscurcissent ľimage et ľexistence de variations dimensionelles importantes. On examine dans cet article les facteurs qui pertubent cette conservation, essentiellement la température, ľhumidité relative et ľoxydation et on les corrèle avec les changements structured des matériaux. On donne de plus un aperçu des méthodes permettant de suivre et de freiner ces altérations.

Das Gewährleisten der Qualität von Luftbilderzeugnissen in Abhängigkeit der Zeit erfordert die gleichzeitige Bewahrung sowohl der Bild‐ als auch der Dimensionscharakteristika. Diese Faktoren sind die Voraussetzungen zur Erhaltung des ästhetischen Wertes und gewährleisten, daβ keine Verzerrung der Informationen auftritt. Es ist jedoch neuste Erfahrung von Archivaren, daβ viele Negative und Kopien irreversible Wertminderungen erleiden. Das wird sichtbar durch das Verblassen von Bildern, das Auftreten von kristallinen Ablagerungen aufder Oberfläche, die Bilddetails verdecken und durch signifikante Dimensionsänderungen. Der Betrag bezieht sich auf solche Faktoren, die die Stabilitat beeinflussen, vor allem Temperatur, relative Luftfeuchte und Sauerstoff und korreliert diese mit strukturellen Veranderungen des Materials. Zusätzlich wird ein Überblick über Verfahren zur Materialbeobachtung und der Verminderung von dessen Verderb gegeben.
AIR PHOTOGRAPHY AT ORDNANCE SURVEY FROM 1919 TO 1991
Authors: Macdonald A. S.
Published: July 2010

The well established use of air survey photography in Ordnance Survey mapping programmes since the Second World War contrasts markedly with spasmodic experiments in earlier years. Even so, the author laments the absence of photography which is known to have been taken in the 1920s and 1930s and which underlines the need for appropriate preservation of air photography of the recent past.

L'utilisation de la photographie aérienne qui fait désormais tout à fait partie intégrante de programmes cartographiques de I'Ordnance Survey, contraste de façon notable avec les à‐coups qui ont caractérisé les expériences des premières années. L'auteur n'en déplore pas moins I'absence des photographies que l'on sait avoir été prises dans les années 1920 et 1930; cela souligne la nécessité d'une conservation adéquate des photographies aéiennes remontant à un proche passé.

Die nach dem 2. Weltkrieg gut organisierte Nutzung der Aerophotogrammetrie beim Ordnance Survey kontrastiert markant zu den verkrampften Versuchen in früheren Jahren. Desgleichen beklagt der Autor das Fehlen von Fotos, die in den 20er und 30er Jahren aufgenommen wurden, was die Notwendigkeit einer geeingneten Aufbewahrung von Luftbildern aus der jüngsten Vergangenheit zeigt.
DEVELOPMENT OF A MONOSCOPIC MEASUREMENT SYSTEM FOR SMALL FORMAT OBLIQUE PHOTOGRAPHY
Authors: Warner W. S. , Carson W. W.
Published: July 2010

This paper discusses development of a monoscopic measurement system for oblique photography, based upon space resection by collinearity. The method consists of enlarging 35 mm slides with a colour laser scanned copier, then digitising surveyed targets with a standard digitising tablet. Particular attention is given to systematic errors introduced by enlarging and digitising as well as to the accuracy of space resection solutions.

On examine dans cet article le développement ďun systeme de mesure monoscopique pour photographies obliques, basé sur le relèvement dans ľespace et les équations de colinéarité. La méthode consiste à agrandir dans un copieur balayé par un laser de couleur, les diapositives 35 mm, puis à numériser sur une petite table à numériser standard les cibles qui ont été relevées. Les erreurs systématiques provenant de ľagrandissement et de la numérisation font ľobjet ďune attention particulière, ainsi que la précision des solutions du relévement dans ľespace.

Im Artikel wird die Entwicklung eines monoskopischen Meβsystems für Schrägbilder diskutiert, das auf dem Rückwärtseinschnitt nach der Kolli‐nearitätsbedingung beruht. Die Methode basiert auf der Vergröβergung von 35 mm‐Diapositiven mit einem Laser‐Farbkopierer und der nachfolgenden Digitalisierung vermessener Zieltafeln mit einem Standard‐Digitalisier‐tablett. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit wird sowohl den systematischen Feh‐lern, die durch Vergröβerung und Digitalisierung entstehen, als auch der Genauigkeit der räumlichen Berechnungen gewidmet.
Extent of right hepatectomy determines postoperative donor albumin and bilirubin changes: new insights
Authors: Schumann Roman , Bonney Iwona , McDevitt Lisa M. , Cooper Jeffrey T. , Cepeda M. Soledad
Published: July 2010

Background: Changes in donor plasma albumin (Alb) and bilirubin (Tbili) are common following right hepatectomy for liver transplantation. We conducted a retrospective study to determine whether the size of the liver resection and the estimated blood loss (EBL) impact these laboratory values in the first week (early) and third week (late) postoperatively.

Methods: Demographics and peri‐operative data of 34 donors undergoing right hepatectomy were analysed by Spearman's correlation (data in means±SD, P<0.05=statistically significant). Re‐admissions for pleural effusions were tracked.

Results: Donors were 26–56 (43.3±9.1) years old, body mass index (kg/m2) was 27.7±4.2, liver resected (%) was 58±7 and EBL (mL) was 1505±927. A larger hepatectomy correlated with lower Alb at 3 weeks (P=0.03) and also with a higher early (P=0.025) and late Tbili (P=0.037). Larger blood loss determined low Alb in the first week (P=0.013), still noticeable 3 weeks postoperatively (P=0.047). Re‐admissions for pleural effusion were not associated with the size of the liver resection or postoperative Alb changes.

Conclusions: A remaining liver size‐dependent reduced synthetic hepatic function may explain the persistent low Alb that becomes apparent at end of the preoperative Albs half‐life. A size‐related diminished metabolic liver capacity results in early and late elevated Tbili. Prospective studies are needed to better understand the impact of resection size on hepatic physiology, donor care and clinical outcomes.
Clinicopathological study of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in Japan: the risk factors for fibrosis
Authors: Miyaaki Hisamitsu , Ichikawa Tatsuki , Nakao Kazuhiko , Yatsuhashi Hiroshi , Furukawa Ryuji , Ohba Kazuo , Omagari Katsuhisa , Kusumoto Yukio , Yanagi Kenji , Inoue Osami , Kinoshita Noboru , Ishibashi Hiromi , Yano Michitami , Eguchi Katsumi
Published: July 2010

Background/Aims: We evaluated patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and compared the clinical and pathological features to identify the risk factors for NAFLD with severe fibrosis.

Methods: One hundred and eighty‐two patients with biopsy‐confirmed NAFLD from various medical centres were recruited into this study.

Results: The variables that were significantly associated with severe steatosis were male gender (mild:severe=36%:53%, P=0.02), younger age (mild:severe=57%:82%, P>0.001) and absence of type 2 diabetes (mild:severe=43%:71%, P>0.001). There was no significant difference in the degree of inflammation among the clinical groups. The variables that were significantly associated with severe fibrosis were female gender (mild:severe=54%:84%, P=0.002), older age (≥60 years old) (mild:severe=29%:53%, P=0.020), type 2 diabetes (mild:severe=42%:71%, P=0.020) and hypertension (mild:severe=24%:53%, P=0.002). Although there were more obese patients in the group with severe fibrosis, the association was not statistically significant (mild:severe=67%:78%, P=0.229). The prevalence of high serum triglyceride levels was similar between the two groups. The N (Nippon) score (total number of risk factor) could significantly predict severe fibrosis in NAFLD patients (1.48 ± 1.14 vs. 2.66 ± 0.94, P<0.001).

Conclusions: The N score can be used to predict severe fibrosis in cases of NAFLD.
Pigmentary Anomalies in the Multiple Lentigines Syndrome: Is it Distinct from LEOPARD Syndrome?
Authors: Arnsmeier Sheryl L. , Palier Amy S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: We observed 2 families with 26 individuals affected by multiple lentigines syndrome (MLS). All patients had extensive generalized lentigines, including in the axillary and inguinal regions, diffuse hyperpigmentation, hypopigmented patches, and hyperpigmented patches, many of which appeared clinically to be café au lait spots. Multiple lentigines syndrome should be considered in the differential diagnosis of multiple café au lait spots in children, particularly since the spots are usually present before the lentigines develop and may be clinically indistinguishable from the café au lait spots of neurofibromatosis. No significant non‐cutaneous features occurred in the two families with three generations of affected individuals, suggesting that MLS is a distinct entity. However, patients with the noncutaneous abnormalities of the LEOPARD syndrome have been described in families in which most members had pigmentary lesions only. Therefore, patients with multiple lentigines should be evaluated for noncutaneous abnormalities, particularly hearing loss and cardiac anomalies. Similarly, until investigators demonstrate lack of genetic linkage between MLS and LEOPARD syndrome, genetic counseling of patients affected by the cutaneous features of the former should include the potential for noncutaneous features in offspring.
Childhood Calcinosis Cutis
Authors: Rodríguez‐Cano Laura , García‐Patos Vicente , Creus Margaret , Bastida Pilar , Ortega Juan José , Castells Antoni
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Calcinosis cutis, an uncommon disorder characterized by hydroxyapatite crystals of calcium phosphate deposited in the skin, has been described infrequently in childhood. Classically, it is divided into dystrophic, metastatic, and idiopathic types. We report an 8‐year‐old girl with hyperphosphatemia secondary to a tumor lysis syndrome, who developed a localized soft tissue calcification over a previous lesion of ec‐thyma gangrenosum. Intravenous infusion of calcium gluconate was probably the precipitating factor. Our case illustrates that several etio‐pathogenic mechanisms may be simultaneously involved in calcinosis cutis.
Urticaria Pigmentosa and Juvenile Xanthogranuloma: Case Report and Brief Review of the Literature
Authors: Mann Ranon E. , Friedman Kenneth J. , Milgraum Sandy S.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: Juvenile xanthogranuloma and urticaria pigmentosa are well described in the dermatologic literature. We recently observed a 9‐month‐old boy with the two diseases occurring concomitantly. This rare combination is described and a brief review of the literature is given.
Hair Follicle Nevus: Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Davis Daniel A. , Cohen Philip R.
Published: July 2010

Abstract: The study of hair follicle tumors can be confusing, and hair follicle nevi are no exception. Analogous lesions frequently have divergent appellations. We evaluated the English‐language literature on hair follicle nevi and histologic equivalents from 1921 to 1994. In addition, we reviewed four standard dermatopathology textbooks for further examples. We found 20 published valid cases of hair follicle nevi. Two of the cases were called congenital vellus hamartoma. Hair follicle nevi are rare, benign, often congenital hamartomas composed of multiple vellus hairs. They are typically on the face. We present an infant girl with a hair follicle nevus and review the histologic features and nomenclature of the lesion.
Reduced Resource Optimization in Male Alcoholics: N400 in a Lexical Decision Paradigm
Authors: Roopesh Bangalore N. , Rangaswamy Madhavi , Kamarajan Chella , Chorlian David B. , Pandey Ashwini K. , Porjesz Bernice
Published: July 2010

Background:  Event Related Potential (ERP) studies have highlighted some measures, notably P3 amplitude, that are associated with both state and trait deficits in alcoholism, while studies examining N400 amplitude in alcoholism are few. The present study aims to examine differences in the N400 component, an electrophysiological correlate of semantic priming, in event‐related potentials from a lexical decision task in 87 alcohol dependent subjects and 57 community controls.

Methods:  Each subject was presented with 300 stimuli sequentially in a quasi‐randomized design, where 150 stimuli were words and 150 were non‐words. The subjects made a lexical decision indicating the word/non‐word status with a button press. Among the words, 50 words (primed) were always preceded by their antonyms (prime, n = 50), whereas the remaining 50 words were unrelated. N400 amplitude and latency measures were compiled from ERPs to the primed and unprimed words. Corresponding reaction time (RT) and response characteristics were also analyzed.

Results:  Control subjects revealed a significant attenuation of the N400 response to the primed word when compared to the unprimed word. Significantly less attenuation was observed in alcohol dependent subjects. No significant group differences were seen for latency and behavioral measures. All subjects had slower RT for unprimed words compared to primed words; however significantly less RT savings between the unprimed and primed condition was noted for alcoholics.

Conclusions:  These results suggest a reduced flexibility in the cognitive networks and a lack of resource optimization in alcoholics. The reduced attenuation of N400 during the primed condition in the alcohol dependent subjects may reflect an inability to engage similar neuronal substrates associated with semantic relatedness as seen in the controls. As diminished N400 attenuation during priming is observed in both alcoholics and high risk subjects, it may be a marker of risk and a good endophenotype for alcoholism.
Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment (SBIRT): 12‐Month Outcomes of a Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial in a Polish Emergency Department
Authors: Cherpitel Cheryl J. , Korcha Rachael A. , Moskalewicz Jacek , Swiatkiewicz Grazyna , Ye Yu , Bond Jason
Published: July 2010

Background:  A randomized controlled trial of screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment (SBIRT) among at‐risk (based on average number of drinks per week and drinks per drinking day) and dependent drinkers was conducted in an emergency department (ED) among 446 patients 18 and older in Sosnowiec, Poland.

Methods:  Patients were recruited over a 23‐week period (4:00 pm to 12:00 midnight) and randomized to 1 of 3 conditions: screened‐only (n = 147), assessed (n = 152), and intervention (n = 147). Patients in the assessed and intervention conditions were blindly reassessed via a telephone interview at 3 months, and all 3 groups were assessed at 12 months (screened‐only = 92, assessed = 99, and intervention = 87).

Results:  No difference was found across the 3 conditions in at‐risk drinking at 12 months, as the primary outcome variable, or in decrease in the number of drinks per drinking day, with all 3 groups showing a significant reduction in both. Significant declines between baseline and 12 months in secondary outcomes of the RAPS4, number of drinking days per week, and the maximum number of drinks on an occasion were seen only for the intervention condition, and in negative consequences for both the assessment and intervention conditions.

Conclusions:  Data suggest that improvements in drinking outcomes found in the assessment condition were not because of assessment reactivity, with both the screened and intervention conditions demonstrating greater (although nonsignificant) improvement than the assessed condition. Only those in the intervention condition showed significant improvement in all outcome variables from baseline to 12‐month follow‐up. Although group by time interaction effects were not found to be significant, these findings suggest that declines in drinking measures for those receiving a brief intervention can be maintained at long‐term follow‐up.
Individual Differences in Problem Drinking Among Tribal Members From One First Nation Community
Authors: Spillane Nichea S. , Smith Gregory T.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Health disparities related to drinking in native communities are of concern. Although individuals living in native communities have high rates of problem drinking, there is also variability in their drinking levels. The authors conducted a test of a model of First Nation drinking risk that incorporates personality and psychosocial learning to examine its cross‐cultural applicability. That model identifies a risk process thought to explain aspects of individual differences in both native problem drinking and non‐native problem drinking. One implication of the theory is that positive alcohol expectancies mediate the influence of negative urgency (the tendency to act rashly when distressed) on problem drinking similarly for both cultures.

Methods:  We administered questionnaires to a total of 211 First Nation people and 236 Caucasians.

Results:  A structural modeling analysis of 211 First Nation people and 236 Caucasian people found that (i) personality, alcohol expectancy, and problem drinking measures were invariant across the 2 cultures and (ii) results consistent with the hypothesis that positive alcohol expectancies mediated the influence of negative urgency on problem drinking were also invariant across culture.

Conclusions:  The findings support the theory that personality traits and psychosocial learning are important determinants of problem drinking in First Nation people and Caucasians.
Percentage of Subjects With No Heavy Drinking Days: Evaluation as an Efficacy Endpoint for AlcoholClinical Trials
Authors: Falk Daniel , Wang Xin Qun , Liu Lei , Fertig Joanne , Mattson Margaret , Ryan Megan , Johnson Bankole , Stout Robert , Litten Raye Z.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Percent subjects with no heavy drinking days (PSNHDDs), an efficacy end point recommended by the Food and Drug Administration, considers abstinent individuals or those engaging in low‐risk drinking behavior as successful responders to treatment. As PSNHDD has been used infrequently in previous alcohol clinical trials, we evaluated the utility and validity of the PSNHDD outcome measure in 2 large alcohol clinical trials.

Methods:  Data sets from 2 alcohol trials, COMBINE and a multisite topiramate trial, were used to analyze PSNHDDs and other traditional end points for the topiramate, naltrexone, acamprosate, and placebo groups. Effect sizes of PSNHDDs were determined for each month of active treatment and by varying grace periods—early periods in the trial where outcome is not considered in the analysis—and were compared with that of other traditional outcome measures. Long‐term outcomes were compared for groups that had no heavy drinking days versus those that had heavy drinking days during active treatment.

Results:  PSNHDD effect sizes were significant for both topiramate (0.34 and 0.25 at months 2 and 3, respectively) and naltrexone (0.24 and 0.26 at months 3 and 4, respectively). Given a 2‐month grace period for naltrexone, the effect size of PSNHDDs was comparable to the effect sizes using traditional outcome measures. With a 1‐month grace period for topiramate, it was greater than the majority of traditional outcome measures. Little is gained by allowing up to 1, 2, or 3 heavy drinking days as an end point. Subjects with no HDDs during treatment fared better than those with some HDDs on drinking outcomes and alcohol‐related consequences during a 1‐year follow‐up.

Conclusions:  PSNHDD appears to be a clinically informative end point measure, especially when used with a grace period, and is as sensitive as most traditional outcome measures in detecting differences between the medication and placebo groups. Nonetheless, these findings should be replicated in other clinical data sets, particularly with medications that work via different mechanisms.
Acute Alcohol Intoxication Impairs the Hematopoietic Precursor Cell Response to Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Authors: Raasch Caroline E. , Zhang Ping , Siggins Robert W. , LaMotte Lynn R. , Nelson Steve , Bagby Gregory J.
Published: July 2010

Background:  Alcohol abuse is associated with an increased incidence and severity of pneumonia. In both the general population and individuals consuming excess alcohol, Streptococcus pneumoniae is the most frequent lung infection pathogen. Alcoholic patients with pneumonia frequently present with granulocytopenia, which is predictive of increased mortality. The mechanisms underlying this impaired granulopoietic response to pneumococcal pneumonia have yet to be elucidated.

Methods:  Acute alcohol intoxication was induced in mice 30 minutes before intrapulmonary infection with S. pneumoniae. Bone marrow, lung, and blood samples were collected. Bone marrow cells were also isolated from naïve mice and treated in vitro with plasma from mice infected with S. pneumoniae.

Results:  Alcohol intoxication impaired the pneumococcal‐induced increase in granulocyte recruitment into the alveolar space, decreased bacterial clearance from the lung, and increased mortality. Pneumococcal pneumonia significantly increased bone marrow lineage−c‐Kit+Sca‐1+ (LKS) cell number and colony‐forming unit—granulocytes and monocyte (CFU‐GM) activity of these cells. Both enhanced proliferation of LKS cells and re‐expression of Sca‐1 surface protein on downstream progenitor cells bearing lineage−c‐Kit+Sca‐1− surface markers accounted for the expansion of marrow LSK cells during pneumonia. Alcohol intoxication impaired these 2 mechanisms of LKS cell population expansion and was associated with a relative granulocytopenia during pneumococcal lung infection.

Conclusions:  Alcohol inhibits the hematopoietic precursor cell response to pneumonia, which may serve as a mechanism underlying the granulocytopenia and impaired host defense in alcohol abusers with bacterial pneumonia.
Judd‐Ofelt Parameters, Hypersensitivity, and Emission Characteristics of Ln3+ (Nd3+, Ho3+, and Er3+) Ions Doped in PbO‐PbF2 Glasses
Authors: Nachimuthu Ponnusamy , Jagannathan Ranga
Published: July 2010

The Judd–Ofelt parameters, Ω2 and ΣΩλ (λ= 2, 4, 6), for Nd3+, Ho3+, and Er3+ doped in the oxyfluoride glass 30PbO70PbF2 lie intermediate between fluoride glasses and oxide glasses such as borate and phosphate glasses, providing evidence for the sensitivity of these parameters to the bonding environment. The variation of Ω2 unlike Ω4 and Ω6 for the lanthanide series is qualitatively different for glass matrices compared to crystalline matrices. Plots of oscillator strengths of hypersensitive transitions for these ions against ΣΩλ (λ= 2, 4, 6) are found useful in discerning the degree of hypersensitivity of these transitions due to change in the host matrix. The 5F23K85G6←5I8 transition of Ho3+ is found to be the most hypersensitive. The radiative parameters for the oxyfluoride glasses are close to fluoride glasses and the branching ratio of the important lasing transition, viz., 4F3/2→4I11/2, of Nd3+ is higher for the present case compared to fluoride glass. The results suggest that the oxyfluoride glasses may be used as hosts in the place of fluoride glasses wherever suitable as they are more stable and easy to prepare and have similar radiative properties.
Effects of La2O3 Addition and PbO Excess on the Transmittance of PbZrO3–PbTiO3–Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 Ceramics by Spark Plasma Sintering
Authors: Wu Yong Jun , Li Juan , Chen Xiang Ming , Kimura Ryo , Kakegawa Kazuyuki
Published: July 2010

The effects of La2O3 addition and PbO excess on the microstructures and optical properties of PbZrO3–PbTiO3–Pb(Zn1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZ–PT–PZN) ceramics prepared by spark plasma sintering were investigated. When 1 mol% La2O3 was added, the highest transmittance of 35% at 700 nm for PZ–PT–PZN ceramics was obtained. The improved transmittance was attributed to the increased relative density and the decreased optical anisotropy. The samples containing more than 1 mol% La2O3 showed decreased transmittance, due to the appearance of secondary phases. The transmittance of PZ–PT–PZN ceramics increased slightly to 29% at 700 nm with increasing amount of excess PbO up to 10 mol% and thereafter decreased rapidly.
Apoptotic effect of Polygonum Cuspidatum in oral cancer cells through the regulation of specificity protein 1
Authors: Shin J‐A , Shim J‐H , Jeon J‐G , Choi K‐H , Choi E‐S , Cho N‐P , Cho S‐D
Published: July 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 162–170

OBJECTIVES:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the growth inhibitory and apoptosis‐inducing effects and mechanisms of Polygonum cuspidatum root in oral cancer cells.

MATERIALS AND METHODS:  The testing materials were separated by normal‐phase silica gel liquid chromatography. The effect of P. cuspidatum root on apoptotsis and its mechanism were performed using 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐20yl)‐(3‐carboxymethoxyphenyl)‐2‐(4‐sulphophenyl)‐2H‐tetrazolium) (MTS) assay, western blot analysis, RT‐PCR, promoter assay, and (4′‐6‐Diamidino‐2‐phenylindole) (DAPI) staining .

RESULTS:  The methanol extract of P. cuspidatum (MEPC) inhibited the proliferation of oral cancer cells by inducing caspase‐dependent apoptosis. Protein and mRNA expression levels and the transactivation of Specificity protein 1 (Sp1) were markedly decreased in KB cells treated with MEPC. Ethyl acetate fraction (EA) from MEPC was more potent than aqueous fraction (AQ) from MEPC to induce apoptosis. F2, F3, and F4 from EA differentially inhibited the growth of KB cells, and it depends on the amount of Emodin in F2, F3, and F4. Moreover, Emodin inhibited oral cancer cell growth and induced caspase‐dependent apoptosis by decreasing Sp1. MEPC also decreased an apoptosis‐related downstream target of Sp1 protein, survivin.

CONCLUSION:  The results from this study strongly suggest that MEPC, its fraction, and Emodin may be potential bioactive materials to cause apoptosis mechanism via the down‐regulation of Sp1 in oral cancer cells.
Correlation between Skp2 expression and nodal metastasis in Stage I and II oral squamous cell carcinomas
Authors: Tosco P , La Terra Maggiore G M , Forni P , Berrone S , Chiusa L , Garzino‐Demo P
Published: July 2010

Oral Diseases (2010) 17, 102–108

Purpose:  The aim of this study was to investigate the role of S‐phase kinase associated protein (Skp2) in the development of nodal metastasis and to assess its influence on prognosis in stage I and II oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs).

Experimental Design:  Seventy‐one patients affected by OSCC (stage I‐II) were observed in the period ranging from March 2003 to December 2006. The research was performed using immunohistochemical and histopathological analysis.

Results:  The overall survival rate was 89.6% at 3 years, 87% at 5 years and 80.7% at 10 years. Patients with vascular or perineural invasion showed no statistically significant survival difference when compared with the ones with no invasion. The tumour depth of invasion did not prove to be related to the metastatic potential.

Nine of the seventeen patients with Skp2 positive nuclei (≥20%) developed nodal metastasis. Conversely, only 6 of the 54 patients with a nuclear positivity lower than 20% developed a laterocervical metastasis (P = 0.001). When comparing survival curves of Skp ≥ 20% and Skp2 < 20% OSCCs, no significant P value emerged from the statistical analysis.

Conclusions:  This study is the first to report an important correlation between an Skp2 expression lower than 20% and the capability of the tumour not to develop nodal laterocervical metastases (P = 0.001).
Osteoclasts and odontoclasts: signaling pathways to development and disease
Authors: Wang Z , McCauley LK
Published: July 2010

Oral Diseases (2011) 17, 129–142

Osteoclasts are cells essential for physiologic remodeling of bone and also play important physiologic and pathologic roles in the dentofacial complex. Osteoclasts and odontoclasts are necessary for tooth eruption yet result in dental compromise when associated with permanent tooth internal or external resorption. The determinants that separate their physiologic and pathologic roles are not well delineated. Clinical cases of primary eruption failure and root resorption are challenging to treat. Mineralized tissue resorbing cells undergo a fairly well characterized series of differentiation stages driven by transcriptional mediators. Signal transduction via cytokines and integrin‐mediated events comprise the detailed pathways operative in osteo/odontoclastic cells and may provide insights to their targeted regulation. A better understanding of the unique aspects of osteoclastogenesis and osteo/odontoclast function will facilitate effective development of new therapeutic approaches. This review presents the clinical challenges and delves into the cellular and biochemical aspects of the unique cells responsible for resorption of mineralized tissues of the craniofacial complex.
Early life environment determines the development of adult phobic‐like fear responses in BALB/cAnN mice
Authors: Thoeringer C. K. , Pfeiffer U. J. , Rammes G. , Pamplona F. A. , Moosmang S. , Wotjak C. T.
Published: July 2010

Environmental factors may unleash genetically determined susceptibility to psychopathology. Great effort has been spent in identifying both the genetic basis and environmental sources of exaggerated fear in animal models of anxiety disorders. Here, we show that the origin of inbred mice, probably via subtle differences in breeding and rearing conditions, may have large consequences specifically on acquisition and retention of fear memories, while leaving anxiety‐related behaviours unaffected. These effects could be seen in BALB/cAnN (BALB), but not in C57BL/6N (C57BL/6) mice, thus suggesting their dependency on the genetic background. Increased susceptibility for developing exaggerated fear responses was accompanied by decreased long‐term depression and increased surface trafficking of the AMPA receptor GluR1 subunit at the level of the basolateral amygdala complex. Together, these data raise a novel caveat in the debate about the origins of variation in behavioural studies with experimental animals. Considering that there are currently no animal models which explicitly consider conceptual analogy to the specific gene–environment interactions observed in the aetiology of phobias, our study might suggest a novel approach and direction for further preclinical studies focusing on such aspects of phobic‐like fears.
How do regional factors influence psoriasis patient care in Germany?
Authors: Radtke Marc Alexander , Augustin Jobst , Blome Christine , Reich Kristian , Rustenbach Stephan J. , Schäfer Ines , Laass Anna , Augustin Matthias
Published: July 2010

Background: Two national surveys conducted in 2005 and 2007 indicated deficits in psoriasis care in Germany, although there has been a notable nationwide improvement within this period. It remained unclear whether regional differences in psoriasis health care have an influence on patient outcomes in Germany.

Aim: Assessment of regional differences in the health care situation of patient with psoriasis in Germany.

Patients and Methods: Nation‐wide cross‐sectional study in 130 dermatological practices and clinics. Regional classification was based on the affiliation to the Associations of Statutory Health Insurance Physicians. A panel of experts developed eight criteria as indicators of quality of care, among them clinical characteristics and severity of psoriasis (PASI), previous treatments, quality of life and patient‐relevant therapeutic benefits.

Results: Care indicators showed marked regional differences. The proportion of patients with preceding systemic or biologic treatment varied between regions. Those regions with high proportions had better results in patient‐reported outcomes.

Conclusions: Differences in economic and regulatory conditions of health care might account for the observed regional variations. Thus, further analyses of these factors are of great importance to assure consistent psoriasis health care in Germany.
THE BOOK SHELF
Authors: Bailey Franklin C.
Published: July 2010

Books reviewed in this articles:

1. Berne, Eric, M.D. What Do You Say After You Say Hello?

2. Brothers, Joyce, Ph.D. The Brothers System for Liberated Love and Marriage.

3. Dominguez, J., M.D. Felicidad Sexual, Matrimonial y Prematrimonial.

4. Gagnon, John H., and William Simon. Sexual Conduct.

5. Goldstein, Joseph; Anna Freud, and Albert J. Soinit. Beyond the Best Interests of the Child.

6. James, Muriel, and Dorothy Jongeward. Born to Win.

7. Klein, Carole. The Single Parent Experience.

8. Kuhn, Jerold R., Ph.D. Marriage Counseling: Fact or Fallacy?

9. Le Shan, Eda. The Wonderful Crisis of Middle Age.

10. Lieberman, E. James, M.D., and Ellen Peck. Sex and Birth Control.

11. Maliver, Bruce L., Ph.D. The Encounter Game.

12. Mann, John. Encounter.

13. Tanner, Ira J. Loneliness: The Fear of Love.
THE BOOK SHELF
Authors: Bailey Franklin C.
Published: July 2010

Books reviewed in this articles:

1. Eller, Vernard–The Sex Manual for Puritans.

2. Hallett, Kathryn–A Guide for Single Parents (or is it: People in Crisis–as it is called on the spine?)

3. Jackson, Donald Dale. Judges.

4. Singleton, Mary Ann. Life After Marriage: Divorce as a New Beginning.
THE BOOKSHELF
Authors: Hulbert E. Ronald
Published: July 2010

Child Custody Mediation: Techniques for Couselors, Attorneys and Parents by Florence Bienenfeld, Ph.D.

Treating the Remarried Family by Clifford J. Sager, et alii
POSTPONED PARENTHOOD: A CANADIAN STUDY
Authors: Schlesinger Benjamin
Published: July 2010

The latest Canadian data indicates that 20 percent of births in Canada are to women aged 30 years and over. Postponed parenthood has become an increasing viable option for Canadian couples. This paper reports on a study of 46 couples who delayed their childbearing. It is the first Canadian study of this area of family life.
AGAINST JOINT CUSTODY: A DISSENT TO THE GENERAL BULLMOOSE THEORY
Authors: Kuehl Sheila James
Published: July 2010

With the exception of the opening section, which is all my own, this article has been written in a kind of collaboration with authors from whose works and reports I have borrowed liberally, with permission. These include the majority report of the 1987–88 Executive Committee of the Child Custody Committee, Family Law Section of the American Bar Association, Professor Carol S. Bruch of the Martin Luther King, Jr. School of Law, University of California, Davis: Joanne Schulman, a gifted attorney who has researched, written and spoken extensively on the subject and the report of the Women's Legal Defense Fund on Joint Custody. Others are cited in footnotes.
ARE SELF‐DETERMINED DIVORCE AND CHILD CUSTODY AGREEMENTS REALLY BETTER?
Authors: D'Errico Maria G. , Elwork Amiram
Published: July 2010

The results of this study support the hypothesis that couples who perceived themselves as having actively participated in the development of their own divorce decrees were more satisfied with their custody and financial arrangements and obligations. These same couples, however, reported more postdivorce conflict with their ex‐spouses and more emotional maladjustment. It is concluded that there are costs and benefits attached to self‐determined divorce decrees. Such decrees tend to require greater cooperation between ex‐spouses, which in turn creates more opportunities for disagreements. Thus more attention needs to be paid to helping couples deal with the strife that is likely to occur after the divorce is final.
BEHIND CLOSED DOORS
Authors: Dingwall Robert , Greatbatch David
Published: July 2010

This report describes the findings from a study of 79 mediation sessions tape‐recorded at five sites in England: three independent agencies and two probation services. Mediators were found to have extensive power to influence both process and outcome, although this is restrained by the need to depict their role as formally neutral. This power is used both positively to encourage some options and negatively to discourage others. The content of settlements is not controlled exclusively by the parties. References to children's interests seem to be rarer than might be expected. They appear to arise more as a means of sanctioning parents than as a way of focusing discussion on what would be best for their children. There are few differences between the behavior of probation officers holding joint interviews with couples in the course of preparing a welfare report and the behavior of mediators working for independent agencies. Those that do occur seem to be more related to local contingencies than to some fundamental difference between court‐associated and independent work. While co‐working sometimes achieves the benefits claimed by its proponents, especially in the provision of additional insights into disputants' problems, it brings greater risks of unacceptable pressure from the concerted action of two mediators. This report does not undermine the case for seeing mediation as a useful addition to the means by which people may choose to arrange their divorces. However, it does argue that there is a need for clients to be given much clearer information about exactly what they should expect and to have a freer and more informed choice about whether or not to participate. It also underlines the need for mediators to have adequate training, especially in understanding the practical implications of divorce, and to be made properly accountable.
FROM RIGHTS TO RESPONSIBILITIES FOR PARENTS
Authors: Walker Janet
Published: July 2010

Few pieces of legislation in recent years have been heralded with such enthusiasm as the Children Act 1989, in force in England and Wales as of October 14, 1991. This article looks at the philosophy and principles underpinning this radical landmark in family law, outlines the new provisions in both public and private child care issues, and considers some of the implications and dilemmas for social workers, lawyers, and the courts.
TAILORING THE INTERVENTION TO THE CHILD IN THE SEPARATING AND DIVORCED FAMILY
Authors: Wallerstein Judith S.
Published: July 2010

Longitudinal and national studies show that many children of divorce suffer grave emotional and educational difficulties. These difficulties, which are evident before, during, and long after divorce, have complex roots in skewed family relationships, such as troubled parent/child relationships, the psychiatric disturbance of one or both parents, and continuing parental conflict. Although it is abundantly clear that these families are in dire need of a wide range of sophisticated educational and clinical programs, both brief and extended, to address the different subgroups within this population, few such programs are available. Of particular concern are high‐conflict families where the divorce may have triggered a thought disorder Family‐centered and group programs that make use of recent research findings have been successful in addressing both parents and children within different target groups in the divorce population. Programs based on these successful demonstration projects should be made widely available through the courts and/or in the community.
BUILDING A UNIFORM STATISTICAL REPORTING SYSTEM
Authors: Depner Charlene E. , Cannata Karen V. , Simon Marlene B.
Published: July 2010

This article reports the first descriptive findings from the Snapshot Study of California Family Court Services. The study compiled data about all sessions with clients in 75 branch courts in 51 counties during a fixed period in June 1991. This report is confined to sessions in which mediation was provided. On socioeconomic variables, families involved in mediation ranked lower than the general California population. The results revealed widespread concerns about serious family problems, such as violence and substance abuse. In spite of the grave circumstances facing many families who use court‐connected mediation, a range of independent indicators confirmed that mediation is an effective dispute resolution tool. A high proportion of clients described their agreements as satisfactory and good for their children. The mediation process itself was rated favorably by most clients. The majority of sessions were deemed productive by mediators.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND STRUCTURAL FACTORS CONTRIBUTING TO THE DISENGAGEMENT OF NONCUSTODIAL FATHERS AFTER DIVORCE
Authors: Kruk Edward
Published: July 2010

The phenomenon of noncustodial fathers' disengagement from their children's lives is critically examined. Based on data obtained from a cross‐national (Canada and Scotland) study on the impact of divorce on noncustodial fathers, the argument is developed that these fathers' disengagement from their children's lives results from a combination of structural constraints and fathers' own psychological response to the threatened or actual loss of their children and the predivorce father‐child relationship. While divorce represents a loss which deprives fathers of an attachment figure and a role or identity, it also constitutes a situation where fathers are judicially and legislatively disadvantaged on the basis of gender. Attachment theory constructs relating to situations of loss and bereavement frame the analysis of fathers' psychological adaptation to divorce and psychological factors contributing to their disengagement from their children, and analyses of gender are used in an examination of the structural consequences of divorce for noncustodial fathers and structural factors contributing to their disengagement. This study also documents the destructive effect of a purely adversarially based approach to divorce.
GENDER BIAS IN THE U. S. BANKRUPTCY CODE
Authors: Dickinson Leslie K.
Published: July 2010

This article explores gender bias in the U. S. Bankruptcy Code and demonstrates how it is often used in family law by fathers seeking to escape their financial obligations. Also discussed is both statutory and case law pertinent to this issue.
UNDERSTANDING DISTRESSED FATHERS' PERCEPTIONS OF LEGAL AND RELATIONAL INEQUITIES POSTDIVORCE
Authors: Arditti Joyce A. , Allen Katherine R.
Published: July 2010

This study examines distressed fathers' perceptions of inequity about their experiences related to the divorce process, custody, visitation, and child support. A content analysis of men's subjective responses to an open‐ended survey question revealed dissatisfactions with the legal system and emotional hardships associated with divorce. Fathers expressed strong negative feelings about discrimination from the legal system. Relational inequities centered around the ex‐wife and her perceived responsibility for problems with the courts and relationships with children.
THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF DIVORCE
Authors: Garrison Marsha
Published: July 2010

This article objectively reviews the effects of divorce on the financial well‐being of families. Women and children suffer disparities in income, but the differences are not as great as publicized in other studies and diminish with remarriage. The absence of marriage, not the presence of divorce, is the major cause of poverty for women.
DOMESTIC VIOLENCE AND EMPOWERMENT IN CUSTODY AND VISITATION CASES
Authors: Newmark Lisa , Harrell Adele , Salem Peter
Published: July 2010

This article reports a State Justice Institute funded research project attempting to demonstrate the difference between mediation and evaluation disputes over child custody, and visitation where domestic violence is involved. The researchers attempted to develop samples at two courts—Hennepin County Circuit Court in Minneapolis, Minnesota, and Multnomah County Circuit Court in Portland, Oregon.
HOMOSEXUAL PARENTS
Authors: Fowler Judith G.
Published: July 2010

This article will first examine the approaches used by the courts in making custody decisions that involve homosexual parents; second it will review the assumptions commonly made about homosexuals and the effect homosexual parenting has on a child, and how these rationales are in fact used to justify a denial of custody or the imposition of restrictions on the homosexual parent; third, it will discuss what implications the courts' treatment of this issue has for legal practice.
RESEARCH UPDATE
Authors: Johnston Janet R.
Published: July 2010

In this report, overall findings from the most recent custody studies of children ages 3 to 16 years, made publicly available within the past 6 years, are briefly reviewed to establish a framework of general principles for decision making around custody and access issues. Most of the comparisons drawn are between joint and sole custody, with some attention being given to differences between mother and father sole custody. All of these studies are of children's adjustment to the physical custody, or residential arrangements, rather than to legal custody, which refers to parents' decision‐making authority.
1995 MEYER ELKIN ESSAY CONTEST WINNER IMPACT OF EXPEDITED VISITATION SERVICES, A COURT PROGRAM THAT ENFORCES ACCESS
Authors: Lee Cheryl D. , Shaughnessy John J. , Bankes Joel K.
Published: July 2010

The impact of a court service that is set up to enforce access orders is measured from the perspective of 70 children whose parents were program participants in the service. Children's perception of conflict diminished significantly over the 6‐month period of service involvement. Children improved in their overall and school adjustment when visits with their noncustodial parents were more frequent. They were less depressed when they had quality relationships with both their mother and father. Children perceived more conflict as visits increased, but the negative impact was minimal.
VOICE ALTERATIONS
Authors: Gray Cathleen , Merrick Susan B.
Published: July 2010

The experience of divorce is difficult for everyone involved. To best help with the legal experience, we need to understand gender differences that affect the process. This article adds to the understanding of that difference by addressing women's development and the female “voice.” Women have not been acculturated to the subtle rules of litigation, which are in the male “voice.” The authors offer an alternative scenario to add balance to the traditional experience of divorce for women and men and to the divorce process itself.
LANGUAGE AND CULTURE IN CHILD LAW
Authors: Fricker Nigel
Published: July 2010

In 1989, England and Wales adopted the Children Act, a revolutionary and pioneering statute changing the language of the law in regards to the needs of children. Judge Nigel Fricker, the family court judge in York, formerly in Sheffield, describes this change and some of its effects on the practice of judging, the law, and the behavioral sciences regarding children.
LANGUAGE AND FAMILY
Authors: Kydd John
Published: July 2010

This article examines how the English language has evolved away from supporting familial relationships and follows with proposals to remedy the problem.