bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deinonychus, The Ultimate Killing Machine
Authors: Ostrom John H.
Published: June 2019

Speculation about the behavior and life activities of any kind of extinct animal seems to be a waste of time. But people are curious, and they do it all the time. Their favorite subjects, of course are dinosaurs. You don't have to be an expert and it doesn't cost any money. Anybody can do it. Did Diplodocus swim? Or just soak in those Mesozoic lakes and streams? Did Tyrannosaurus chase its prey, or did it just scavenge on left-overs? Did Mononykus burrow in the ground to hide its head, or did it just scratch its arm pits? It is obvious that it didn't fly, but it must have run fast. You don't have to be a paleontologist, or an ethologist. In fact, it is probably an advantage not to be a scientist at all. (How come? Then you're free to let your imagination run wild. That sure would help Mononykus.) The only equipment you need is a powerful imagination, some common sense, and a certain amount of evidence. That evidence will be the clues, the tips that stimulate your imagination–in this case, how a long-dead animal that lived many millions of years ago behaved. Let me show you how that works.
Apatosaurus as a Means of Understanding Dinosaur Respiration
Authors: Hengst Richard , Rigby J. Keith
Published: June 2019

Dinosaur activity has been the object of speculation since the first skeletal reconstructions were completed in the last century. Charles Knight, the famous artist, painted dinosaurs as active agile animals whereas researchers later portrayed them as slow moving and clumsy due to some similarities with modern reptiles. Modern research leans toward an active lifestyle for such enormous animals. This implies that dinosaurs needed a lot of oxygen to supply the necessary energy for these activities, but is it possible to estimate just how much this really was? Modern investigations confirm that the ability to supply oxygen to active tissues such as muscle is the factor most likely to set the limits of performance.
Thermal Physiology of the Dinosauria: Evidence from Oxygen Isotopes in Bone Phosphate
Authors: Barrick Reese E.
Published: June 2019

Dinosaurs were an abundant group of reptiles that originated in the mid-Triassic. They rapidly diversified, filling all of the ecological niches for large-bodied terrestrial vertebrates by the Late Triassic and dominated this landscape for 163 m.y. Yet due to the lack of direct evidence little is known about their metabolism. The question as to whether dinosaurs were “warm-blooded” or “cold-blooded” has been debated for over 25 years. Knowledge of dinosaur thermal physiology is critical if we are to understand how they lived and functioned. This knowledge can then be used to help answer questions regarding to their origin, diversification, and their eventual extinction. The question that is being resolved here is, “How do you stick a thermometer into dinosaur bone?”.
The Dinosaur Growth Plate: A Study in Paleohistology
Authors: Barreto Claudia
Published: June 2019

Paleontologists study past life through analysis of the fossil record. Vertebrate paleontologists are particularly interested in studying those animals with vertebral columns (backbones). The biology of vertebrates is dictated by the millions of cells that make up these complex animals. Histology is the science concerned with the microscopic anatomy of cells, tissues and organs. All life forms are made of cells (membrane-bound bodies within which the chemical reactions necessary to sustain life occur). In complex animals, such as vertebrates, similar cells work together in associations called tissues. Typically, only the harder tissues of the vertebrate body become preserved as fossils. An example of a hard tissue is bone. Our ability to derive information from a fossil is dependent on how well it is preserved and on the techniques we use to study the specimen. Certain fossilization regimes conserve cellular and sub-cellular structure and microscopic examination of appropriately prepared specimens permits detailed study of fossil bone histology (Barreto and Albrecht 1993). The microscopic structure of bone reflects the activity of the cells that produced it. All organisms on earth, and all the cells that compose them are descended from a common ancestral cell; and we have no reason to believe that cells that produced bone millions of years ago were different from bone cells we can study in living animals today. It is possible to compare the cellular structure of well preserved fossil bone to modern bone. Such research, called “paleohistology,” allows interpretation of the biology of extinct vertebrates (Reid 1984; Ricqles 1976; Ricqles 1980).
Does the Physiology of Large Living Reptiles Provide Insights into the Evolution of Endothermy and Paleophysiology of Extinct Dinosaurs?
Authors: Paladino Frank V. , Spotila James R.
Published: June 2019

Our studies using American alligators,Alligator mississippiensis, green turtles,Chelonia mydas, and leatherback turtles,Dermochelys coriacea, have provided insights into the physiology of large extant and extinct reptiles. Respiratory and metabolic physiology studies indicate that many living large reptiles exhibit heat conservation adaptations and mechanisms which allow them to maintain constant warm body temperatures in cold environments with low “reptilian” metabolism. For example, leatherback turtles which are found in the oceans as far north as the Arctic Circle can maintain constant body temperatures above 25° C while water temperatures are below 7° C. This dramatic ability to maintain warm temperatures in cold, highly conductive water, that would quickly cause hypothermia and kill most endotherms, is made possible by a mechanism we describe as gigantothermy. Gigantothermy is the ability to maintain constant warm body temperatures with low energy consumption, control of peripheral circulation and extensive insulation due to large body size.

The muscles of leatherbacks show a fiber type unlike the specialized, endothermic heater organs of modern fish Scombroidei (tunas, billfish, bonitos, butterfly mackerel and relatives) that have evolved specialized “endotherm like” red muscle to maintain regional endothermy. The primitive large reptiles like leatherbacks do not show the specialization in muscle fiber type nor do the enzyme activities indicate the emergence or evolution of endothermy or a high rate of energy consumption. Yet leatherbacks can migrate over 70 km per day in the open ocean and dive to depths deeper than 1000 m on a regular basis.

Collectively these physiological studies on large living reptiles support the concept that dinosaurs, especially the larger more spectacular species, were able to maintain high body temperatures, be very active, move great distances quickly, as well as exhibit complex behavior such as communal nesting and nest building without evolving endothermy or high levels of energy consumption. The physiology of large living reptiles indicates that it is not necessary to attribute heretical ideas to explain the paleophysiology and capabilities of dinosaurs. As reptiles they were fully capable of complex and spectacular behaviors such as long and rapid migrations and surviving the cold. All evolutionary indications suggest that large size would provide a negative selection pressure for the development of endothermy especially in equable and or tropical climates.
Paleopathology and the Sexual Habits of Dinosaurs, as Derived from Study of Their Fossil Remains
Authors: Rothschild Bruce M.
Published: June 2019

Dinosaurs, medicine, and pathology and have long been intertwined. A family physician, Gideon Algernon Mantell, found the first English dinosaur, while making house calls (Rothschild and Martin, 1993). This was 19 years prior to Sir Richard Owen's first use of the name, dinosaur in 1841. The Carnegie Museum's acquisition of its superbTyrannosaurus rexskeleton was the result of another form of pathology. Fear that Hitler would bomb New York City led The American Museum of Natural History to transfer one of its two tyrannosaurs (to safeguard the genus).
The Enigmatic Dinosaur Faunas of Australia
Authors: Long John
Published: June 2019

Australia has a scant but significant record of dinosaurs which includes a prosauropod, two or three sauropods, at least four theropods (including carnosaurs and an ornithomimosaur), four hypsilophodontids, an aberrant iguanodont, a primitive thyreophoran (possibly an ankylosaur), and a possible primitive neoceratopsian. Footprint fossils indicate higher taxonomic diversity, including small bipedal ornithopods and coelurosaurs, very large sauropods, large carnosaurs, and a stegosaur. The most diverse dinosaur assemblage, from the Early Cretaceous of Victoria, represents a polar dinosaur community that lived within the Cretaceous Antarctic Circle.
Chicxulub Structure: A Volcanic Sequence of Late Cretaceous Age
Authors: Officer Charles B.
Published: June 2019

The present Cretaceous/Tertiary extinction debate started with findings by Alvarez et al. (1980) of enhanced levels of iridium at K/T sections in Italy, Denmark and New Zealand. They postulated that the iridium was extraterrestrial in origin and related to a 10 km diameter asteroid impact which would have produced a crater some 200 km in diameter. They further suggested that a giant dust cloud would have been injected into the stratosphere from the impact with a residence time of several years and that the resulting darkness would have suppressed photosynthesis with a consequent elimination of succeeding members in the biological food chain — ergo, a mass extinction event.
Common Patterns of Mass Extinction, Survival, and Recovery in Marine Environments: What Do They Tell Us About the Future?
Authors: Kauffinan Erle G.
Published: June 2019

Mass extinction is characterized by the loss of more than 50 percent of the world's species within a short interval of geologic time - months to as much as 3 million years (My). In the fossil record, these events have primarily been recorded from the marine realm. Three patterns of mass extinction have been described - catastrophic, stepwise, and graded extinction. Many well-studied extinction intervals contain elements of more than one pattern, suggesting that these biotic crises were caused by varied forcing mechanisms linked by complex environmental feedback loops. This hypothesis is supported by the discovery that the four well-studied Phanerozoic mass extinctions (Late Devonian, middle and terminal Cretaceous, Eocene-Oligocene boundary extinctions) share a number of physical, chemical, and biological characteristics in common. They consistently show stepwise extinction patterns linked to intervals of extraordinary fluctuations in the temperature, chemistry and structure of ocean-climate systems, at rates and magnitudes well above background levels. In addition, tropical ecosystems were the first and most severely affected, and more poleward, temperate biotas were mainly stressed during the later phases of the extinction interval. Evidence for these unusual environmental changes is derived from high-resolution (cm-scale) paleobiological, sedimentological, trace-element and stable-isotope analyses spanning mass extinction intervals. These dramatic environmental fluctuations were the immediate causes of mass extinction, as they progressively exceeded the survival limits of global biotas largely adapted to warm, equable, ice-free climates which characterized over 90 percent of Phanerozoic time. These environmental fluctuations probably represented feedback phenomena from more powerful, short-term forcing mechanisms which abruptly perturbed the structure of ocean-climate systems. Multiple impacts of extraterrestrial objects within short (<1-3 My) time intervals - so-called meteorite/comet showers - are the most logical candidates. This hypothesis is supported by physical and chemical evidence for impacts clustered around most, but not all, Mesozoic and Cenozoic mass extinctions.
Evolution and Systematics
Authors: Carlson Sandra J.
Published: June 2019

The biological process of evolution – descent with modification – generates and structures the remarkable diversity of life on Earth today and in the geological past. Take a moment to consider the vast number of different kinds of living things: mushrooms, koalas, sunflowers, whales, mosquitoes, kelp, bacteria, tapeworms, lichens, clams, redwoods,…. the list could go on and on, seemingly forever. Without some understanding of how the diversity of life was generated, the scope of the diversity may seem overwhelming, perhaps even unknowable. Fortunately the structure of this extraordinary diversity, generated by the process of evolution, can be discovered using the methods of systematics. Evolution can be thought of as “an axiom from which systematic methods and concepts are deduced” (de Queiroz, 1988). Systematics, therefore, provides a way to organize the diversity surrounding us, and make sense of it in an evolutionary framework. Patterns of similarity and difference in morphology, genetics, and development — the evidence of evolution — can only be explained in an evolutionary context by means of systematics. No other method seeks to identify patterns that are evolutionary in origin, generated by the process of common descent.
Patterns of Change in Fossil Invertebrates
Authors: Allmon Warren D.
Published: June 2019

The problem with using fossils as evidence for evolution is that they are dead. You cannot experiment on them or watch them do anything. However, fossils more than make up for this shortcoming and provide compelling evidence for evolutionary change, because of their unique temporal dimension. Fossils give us information not just about the form of organisms, but also their form through time. “Reading” this information from the fossil record, however, requires that we understand a central concept about how all science (and especially historical science) works, namely that processes produce patterns and, therefore, process can be reconstructed or inferred from those patterns. This is true even in the “hard” or “experimental” sciences. You do not have to see a process occur to have confidence that it did. When we look at the fossil record and ask, “How did it come to be this way?”, we answer by inferring continuity among the patterns resulting from a process of change that took place millions of years ago. We call that inferred process of continuity with change evolution.
Molecular Time Scale for Evolution
Authors: Wilson Allan C. , Ochman Howard , Prager Ellen M.
Published: June 2019

Up to the 1960s, geology was the only source of information about the times when common ancestors lived. Since then, molecular genetics has become a major contributor to knowledge of these times. By comparing genetic macromolecules from any two living cells or species, one can now tell roughly when they had a common ancestor. Our contribution aims to trace this development and assess its implications. It is a suitable occasion to offer this perspective because 1987 was the 25th anniversary of the first inkling that genes and their protein products behave as evolutionary clocks (Zuckerkandl and Pauling, 1962). It should be noted that the term “molecular clock” was intended to imply that base substitutions accumulate on surviving molecular lineages at a fairly steady rate, not as steady as the ticking of a metronome but nearly as steady as the process of radioactive decay.
Biochemical Innovations, Oxygen and Earth History
Authors: Towe Kenneth M.
Published: June 2019

It is conventional to view the origin and early evolution of life as having taken place beneath an atmosphere devoid of free oxygen. Of primary concern is the fact that experiments designed to produce simple prebiotic compounds as precursor “building-blocks” for life are generally successful only if free oxygen is lacking from the starting mixture of gases. Clearly, life could hardly have evolved in the absence of suitable starting materials. Secondly, organic compounds are thermodynamically susceptible to oxygen and, given enough time, will become oxidized, ultimately to carbon dioxide. A centerpiece of biochemical evidence commonly invoked to support early anoxic conditions is the fact that almost all of the metabolic pathways for respiratory electron transfer in aerobic organisms take place anaerobically. Only the last step in the process requires free oxygen. It is easy to argue that this last step was an evolutionary response to the development of oxygenic conditions and was a later addition to the less energy-efficient pathways found in primitive anaerobes. The assumption in arguments of this type is that the present-day descendants of these early, primitive organisms are using similar biochemical pathways today that they used billions of years ago. For paleobiologists the meagre early Precambrian fossil record is of minimal help and such a uniformitarian approach toward deciphering early evolution is, together with the protein and nucleic acid sequence studies, one of the few methodologies available to go on.
Interspecific and intraspecific interference of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri) and large crabgrass (Digitaria sanguinalis) in sweetpotato
Authors: Basinger Nicholas T. , Jennings Katherine M. , Monks David W. , Jordan David L. , Everman Wesley J. , Hestir Erin L. , Waldschmidt Matthew D. , Smith Stephen C. , Brownie Cavell
Published: June 2019

Field studies were conducted in 2016 and 2017 in Clinton, NC, to determine the interspecific and intraspecific interference of Palmer amaranth (Amaranthus palmeri S. Watson) or large crabgrass [Digitaria sanguinalis (L.) Scop.] in ‘Covington’ sweetpotato [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.]. Amaranthus palmeri and D. sanguinalis were established 1 d after sweetpotato transplanting and maintained season-long at 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 0, 1, 2, 4, 16 plants m−1 of row in the presence and absence of sweetpotato, respectively. Predicted yield loss for sweetpotato was 35% to 76% for D. sanguinalis at 1 to 16 plants m−1 of row and 50% to 79% for A. palmeri at 1 to 8 plants m−1 of row. Weed dry biomass per meter of row increased linearly with increasing weed density. Individual dry biomass of A. palmeri and D. sanguinalis was not affected by weed density when grown in the presence of sweetpotato. When grown without sweetpotato, individual weed dry biomass decreased 71% and 62% from 1 to 4 plants m−1 row for A. palmeri and D. sanguinalis, respectively. Individual weed dry biomass was not affected above 4 plants m−1 row to the highest densities of 8 and 16 plants m−1 row for A. palmeri and D. sanguinalis, respectively.
Validierung einer deutschen Version der Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA)
Authors: Kaiser Nathalie , Seves Mauro , Koutsouleris Nikolaos , Ruhrmann Stephan
Published: June 2019

Zusammenfassung. Bislang war im deutschen Sprachraum kein Fragebogen vorhanden, der den multifaktoriellen Konstrukteigenschaften der Resilienz gerecht wird. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es daher, eine deutsche Version eines multifaktoriellen, personelle, familiäre und soziale Schutzfaktoren abbildenden Selbstauskunftsfragebogens, der Resilience Scale for Adults (RSA) zu validieren. Hierzu wurde eine internetbasierte Querschnittsuntersuchung an einer nicht-klinischen Stichprobe ( N = 524) durchgeführt. Ergänzend wurde explorativ eine klinische Stichprobe von Patientinnen und Patienten mit einer ersten depressiven Episode ( N = 69) mit der RSA untersucht. Eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse bestätigte eine akzeptable Passung des postulierten Sechs-Faktoren-Modells. Die internen Konsistenzen der Subskalen und der Gesamtskala RSA waren moderat bis hoch einzuschätzen, eine Ausnahme bildete hierbei die Subskala Strukturiertheit. Signifikant positive sowie negative Korrelationen mit Fragebögen zur wahrgenommenen Resilienz, sozialen Unterstützung und Beeinträchtigung durch Symptombelastungen belegten die Konstruktvalidität. Die Probanden der nicht-klinischen Stichprobe erreichten im Vergleich zur klinischen Stichprobe in allen RSA Subskalen sowie dem Gesamtskalenwert signifikant bessere Summenwerte. Mit der untersuchten Version der RSA steht dem deutschsprachigen Raum erstmals ein reliables und valides Instrument zur Verfügung, das auf ökonomische Weise eine multifaktorielle Erfassung des individuellen Schutzfaktorenrepertoires und damit der potentiellen psychischen Resilienz gegenüber widrigen Lebensumständen ermöglicht.
Effects of Alignment Between Particle Precipitation and Ion Convection Patterns on Joule Heating
Authors: Sheng Cheng , Deng Yue , Chen Yun‐Ju , Heelis Roderick A. , Huang Yanshi
Published: June 2019

In the high‐latitude thermosphere and ionosphere the Joule (frictional) heating rate is related to both conductivity and electric field. Thus, an accurate calculation of the Joule heating rate requires self‐consistent specifications of high‐latitude particle precipitation and ion convection patterns. However, general circulation models usually use uncorrelated empirical models to specify high‐latitude particle precipitation and ion convection separately and independently. Here, studies have been conducted to examine the significance of the appropriate spatial alignment of the precipitation and ion convection patterns to the energy input estimation for the upper atmosphere. As shown in Defense Meteorological Satellite Program satellite observations, a close alignment between the particle poleward boundary (PPB) and the convection reversal boundary (CRB) can be identified when the interplanetary magnetic field is strongly southward. To illustrate the importance of this alignment, a comparison between two Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model runs has been conducted. In the first case, the uncorrelated empirical models were used in Global Ionosphere‐Thermosphere Model to specify the high‐latitude electrodynamics. In the second case, the PPB was adjusted to be approximately coincident with the CRB. The alignment between the PPB and the CRB causes changes in the Joule heating distribution and a 50% enhancement of hemispheric integrated Joule heating under extreme conditions. The effect of the alignment on Joule heating and neutral density has also been investigated preliminarily during the 5 August 2011 geomagnetic storm.
Major Climate Variabilities and the Associated Interbasin Relationships Predicted by the APCC In‐House Model
Authors: Kim Seon Tae , Oh Ji‐Hyun , Lee Yun‐Young , Kim WonMoo , Lim A‐Young
Published: June 2019

In this study, a series of analyses were performed to verify the performance of the current Asia‐Pacific Economic Cooperation Climate Center (APCC) in‐house model, the Seamless Coupled Prediction System (SCoPS), for predicting major climate variabilities and the related dynamical processes. The prediction skills for forecasting the major atmospheric and oceanic climate modes and the related circulation patterns in the tropical Pacific, Indian, and Atlantic Oceans were examined. The interbasin relationships between the major modes were also analyzed. Despite slight spatial and temporal shifts, SCoPS simulates the atmospheric responses to the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) well over both the tropical and the northwestern Pacific. The major modes over the Indian Ocean are also reasonably well predicted. The dynamical interaction between the Indian and Pacific Oceans, which is involved in the development of the tropical Pacific modes, is also represented with good accuracy. In case of the Atlantic Ocean, the northern tropical sea surface temperature (SST) variability is better predicted than the southern tropical SST variability. Through examining the characteristics of El Niño‐La Niña asymmetries in forcing the tropical Atlantic variability SST modes, we found that this skill difference could be partly because of too strong linear response of the SST variability in the southern region to ENSO. The North Atlantic Oscillation, one of the major atmospheric modes during boreal winter, was also investigated. It was found that SCoPS reasonably replicates the observed loading pattern and temporal variation but tends to overestimate the relationship between North Atlantic Oscillation and ENSO.
Major Impact of Dust Deposition on the Productivity of the Arabian Sea
Authors: Guieu Cécile , Al Azhar Muchamad , Aumont Olivier , Mahowald Natalie , Levy Marina , Ethé Christian , Lachkar Zouhair
Published: June 2019

In the Arabian Sea (AS), spatiotemporal nutrient limitation patterns of primary production and the possible role of nutrient inputs from the atmosphere are still not well understood. Using a biogeochemical model forced by modeled aerosol deposition, we show that without high atmospheric iron inputs through dust deposition during the summer monsoon, primary production over the AS would be reduced by half. Atmospheric iron deposition also supports most of the nitrogen fixation over the AS. However, our ocean biogeochemistry modeling results suggest that dinitrogen fixation constitutes a negligible fraction of the primary production. Finally, we show that atmospheric inputs of nitrogen, mostly from anthropogenic activities in India, have a negligible impact on primary production.
Alfvénic Fluctuations Associated With Jupiter's Auroral Emissions
Authors: Gershman Daniel J. , Connerney John E. P. , Kotsiaros Stavros , DiBraccio Gina A. , Martos Yasmina M. , ‐Viñas Adolfo F. , Hue Vincent , Clark George , Bagenal Fran , Levin Steve , Bolton Scott J.
Published: June 2019

The Alfvén wave mode transmits field‐aligned currents and large‐scale turbulence throughout Jupiter's magnetosphere. Magnetometer data from the Juno spacecraft have provided the first observations of Alfvénic fluctuations along the polar magnetic flux tubes connected to Jupiter's main auroral oval and the Jovian satellites. Transverse magnetic field perturbations associated with Io are observed up to ~90° away from main Io footprint, supporting the presence of extended Alfvénic wave activity throughout the Io footprint tail. Additional broadband fluctuations measured equatorward of the statistical auroral oval are composed of incompressible magnetic turbulence that maps to Jupiter's equatorial plasma sheet at radial distances within ~20 RJ. These fluctuations exhibit a k|| power spectrum consistent with strong magnetohydrodynamic turbulence. This turbulence can generate up to ~100 mW/m2 of Poynting flux to power the Jovian aurora in regions connected to the inner magnetosphere's central plasma sheet.
Perturbations of O(1D) VER, Temperature, Winds, Atomic Oxygen, and TEC at High Southern Latitudes
Authors: Shepherd Marianna , Shepherd Gordon , Codrescu Mihail
Published: June 2019

The study investigates previously unrecognized wind reversals of the daytime thermosphere in the Southern Hemisphere at latitudes of 50°S–70°S employing observations of O(1D) airglow volume emission rates (VER), temperature, and neutral winds at 170–300‐km height by the Wind Imaging Interferometer. Atomic oxygen densities derived from the Wind Imaging Interferometer O+ (732–733 nm) emission observations were also considered together with contemporaneous observations of total electron content by the TOPEX Poseidon satellite mission. The O(1D) VER for fall equinox (March/April 1994) and summer solstice (January 1995) revealed a peak in the VER over the longitude range of 50°E–150°E, for both seasons and daytime local times. The Doppler temperatures also exhibited a maximum at the same location and times. The co‐located zonal wind field shows a westward trough at 50°E–150°E with wind speeds reaching −450 m/s and an eastward peak at 200°E–300°E. Meridional winds show a “peak and trough” structure over the 50°E–150°E region, with a distinct eastern boundary at ~150°E. During summer solstice the atomic oxygen is depleted at the region of the O(1D) VER enhancement in the presence of westward zonal wind. However, the total electron content observations showed a peak that coincided with the O(1D) VER and temperature enhancements.
Vertical Current Density Structure of Saturn's Equatorial Current Sheet
Authors: Martin C. J. , Arridge C. S. , Case N. A. , Ray L. C.
Published: June 2019

Routine spacecraft encounters with the Saturn current sheet due to the passage of aperiodic waves provide the opportunity to analyze the current sheet structure. The current density is expected to peak where the field strength reaches a minimum if approximated as a Harris current sheet. However, in Earth's magnetotail this is not always the case as the sheet is sometimes bifurcated (having two or more maxima in the current density). We utilize measurements of Saturn's magnetic field to estimate the current density during crossings of the current sheet by time differentiating the Ba component of the field in a current sheet coordinate system, where Ba is perpendicular to both the current and current sheet normal. This is then averaged and organized by the magnitude of Ba. Using this method, we can identify a classical Harris‐style or bifurcated current sheet as a peak at the center or two distinct maxima on either side of Ba=0, respectively. We find that around 10% of current sheet profiles exhibit a bifurcated current sheet signature, which is substantially lower than an ∼25% occurrence rate at Earth.
Diatomite derived hierarchical hybrid anode for high performance all-solid-state lithium metal batteries
Authors: Zhou Fei , Li Zheng , Lu Yu-Yang , Shen Bao , Guan Yong , Wang Xiu-Xia , Yin Yi-Chen , Zhu Bai-Sheng , Lu Lei-Lei , Ni Yong , Cui Yi , Yao Hong-Bin , Yu Shu-Hong
Published: June 2019

Lithium metal based anode with hierarchical structure to enable high rate capability, volume change accommodation, and dendritic suppression is highly desirable for all-solid-state lithium metal battery. However, the fabrication of hierarchical lithium metal based anode is challenging due to the volatility of lithium. Here, we report that natural diatomite can act as an excellent template for constructing hierarchical silicon-lithium based hybrid anode for high performance all-solid-state lithium metal battery. This hybrid anode exhibits stable lithium stripping/plating performance over 1000 h with average overpotential lower than 100 mV without any short circuit. Moreover, all-solid-state full cell using this lithium metal composite anode to couple with lithium iron phosphate cathode shows excellent cycling stability (0.04% capacity decay rate for 500 cycles at 0.5C) and high rate capability (65 mAh g−1 at 5C). The present natural diatomite derived hybrid anode could further promote the fabrication of high performance all-solid-state lithium batteries from sustainable natural resources.
Long-term stress levels are synchronized in dogs and their owners
Authors: Sundman Ann-Sofie , Van Poucke Enya , Svensson Holm Ann-Charlotte , Faresjö Åshild , Theodorsson Elvar , Jensen Per , Roth Lina S. V.
Published: June 2019

This study reveals, for the first time, an interspecific synchronization in long-term stress levels. Previously, acute stress, has been shown to be highly contagious both among humans and between individuals of other species. Here, long-term stress synchronization in dogs and their owners was investigated. We studied 58 dog-human dyads and analyzed their hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) at two separate occasions, reflecting levels during previous summer and winter months. The personality traits of both dogs and their owners were determined through owner-completed Dog Personality Questionnaire (DPQ) and human Big Five Inventory (BFI) surveys. In addition, the dogs’ activity levels were continuously monitored with a remote cloud-based activity collar for one week. Shetland sheepdogs (N = 33) and border collies (N = 25), balanced for sex, participated, and both pet dogs and actively competing dogs (agility and obedience) were included to represent different lifestyles. The results showed significant interspecies correlations in long-term stress where human HCC from both summer and winter samplings correlated strongly with dog HCC (summer: N = 57, χ2 = 23.697, P < 0.001, β = 0.235; winter: N = 55, χ2 = 13.796, P < 0.001, β = 0.027). Interestingly, the dogs’ activity levels did not affect HCC, nor did the amount of training sessions per week, showing that the HCC levels were not related to general physical activity. Additionally, there was a seasonal effect in HCC. However, although dogs’ personalities had little effects on their HCC, the human personality traits neuroticism, conscientiousness, and openness significantly affected dog HCC. Hence, we suggest that dogs, to a great extent, mirror the stress level of their owners.
Development of antiseptic adaptation and cross-adapatation in selected oral pathogens in vitro
Authors: Verspecht Tim , Rodriguez Herrero Esteban , Khodaparast Ladan , Khodaparast Laleh , Boon Nico , Bernaerts Kristel , Quirynen Marc , Teughels Wim
Published: June 2019

There is evidence that pathogenic bacteria can adapt to antiseptics upon repeated exposure. More alarming is the concomitant increase in antibiotic resistance that has been described for some pathogens. Unfortunately, effects of adaptation and cross-adaptation are hardly known for oral pathogens, which are very frequently exposed to antiseptics. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the in vitro increase in minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) in oral pathogens after repeated exposure to chlorhexidine or cetylpyridinium chloride, to examine if (cross-)adaptation to antiseptics/antibiotics occurs, if (cross-)adaptation is reversible and what the potential underlying mechanisms are. When the pathogens were exposed to antiseptics, their MICs significantly increased. This increase was in general at least partially conserved after regrowth without antiseptics. Some of the adapted species also showed cross-adaptation, as shown by increased MICs of antibiotics and the other antiseptic. In most antiseptic-adapted bacteria, cell-surface hydrophobicity was increased and mass-spectrometry analysis revealed changes in expression of proteins involved in a wide range of functional domains. These in vitro data shows the adaptation and cross-adaptation of oral pathogens to antiseptics and antibiotics. This was related to changes in cell surface hydrophobicity and in expression of proteins involved in membrane transport, virulence, oxidative stress protection and metabolism.
Observation of Hofstadter butterfly and topological edge states in reconfigurable quasi-periodic acoustic crystals
Authors: Ni Xiang , Chen Kai , Weiner Matthew , Apigo David J. , Prodan Camelia , Alù Andrea , Prodan Emil , Khanikaev Alexander B.
Published: June 2019

The emergence of a fractal energy spectrum is the quintessence of the interplay between two periodic parameters with incommensurate length scales. crystals can emulate such interplay and also exhibit a topological bulk-boundary correspondence, enabled by their nontrivial topology in virtual dimensions. Here we propose, fabricate and experimentally test a reconfigurable one-dimensional (1D) acoustic array, in which the resonant frequencies of each element can be independently fine-tuned by a piston. We map experimentally the full Hofstadter butterfly spectrum by measuring the acoustic density of states distributed over frequency while varying the long-range order of the array. Furthermore, by adiabatically changing the phason of the array, we map topologically protected fractal boundary states, which are shown to be pumped from one edge to the other. This reconfigurable crystal serves as a model for future extensions to electronics, photonics and mechanics, as well as to quasi-crystalline systems in higher dimensions.
Fate of adsorbed arsenic during early stage sulfidization of nano-ferrihydrite
Authors: Zhang Guoqing , Zhang Danni , Yuan Zidan , Ma Xu , Lei Lei , Wu Xing , Lin Jinru , Wang Xin , Wang Shaofeng , Jia Yongfeng
Published: June 2019

Sulfidization of As adsorbed nano-ferrihydrite at early stage by the low concentration of S(−ii) significantly affects the re-distribution and speciation of As, Fe, and S in the reducing environments.
Two-dimensional RuO2 nanosheets as robust catalysts for peroxymonosulfate activation
Authors: Lim Jonghun , Lee Jang Mee , Kim Chuhyung , Hwang Seong-Ju , Lee Jaesang , Choi Wonyong
Published: June 2019

This study explored for the first time the application of two-dimensional (2D) ruthenium oxide (RuO2) nanosheets (NSs) for organic decomposition through peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation.
Magnetically enhancing the Seebeck coefficient in ferrofluids
Authors: Salez Thomas J. , Kouyaté Mansour , Filomeno Cleber , Bonetti Marco , Roger Michel , Demouchy Gilles , Dubois Emmanuelle , Perzynski Régine , Cēbers Andrejs , Nakamae Sawako
Published: June 2019

A thermogalvanic cell containing nanofluids under working conditions.
Will surface effects dominate in quasi-two-dimensional gallium oxide for electronic and photonic devices?
Authors: Kim Jihyun , Ren F. , Pearton S. J.
Published: June 2019

The ultra-wide band gap semiconductor Ga2O3 has advantages for power electronics applications in the automotive industry, data center power management and industrial systems but attention must be paid to its surface sensitivity to the environment.
Mapping the phase behavior of coacervate-driven self-assembly in diblock copolyelectrolytes
Authors: Ong Gary M. C. , Sing Charles E.
Published: June 2019

We predict the phase behavior of coacervate-driven solution self-assembly of diblock copolyelectrolytes using transfer matrix-informed self-consistent field theory.
Chemical sensors based on nano-sized lanthanide-grafted periodic mesoporous organosilica hybrid materials
Authors: Kaczmarek Anna M. , Van Der Voort Pascal
Published: June 2019

Nano-sized PMOs grafted with lanthanides show selective ion sensing for Pb2+ and Cr3+ and strong solvatochromism allowing their use as protic and aprotic solvent sensors.
Achievement of persistent and efficient organic room-temperature phosphorescence with temperature-response by adjusting the proportion of excited-state configurations in coupled molecules
Authors: Chen Junru , Rahman Naveed Ur , Mao Zhu , Zhao Juan , Yang Zhiyong , Liu Siwei , Zhang Yi , Chi Zhenguo
Published: June 2019

Achieving the bright pRTP compound OMe-SPhT with temperature-response by adjusting the proportion of excited-state configurations in coupled molecules.
Luminescence landscapes of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond: quasi-localized vibrational resonances and selective coupling
Authors: Su Zhicheng , Ren Zeyang , Bao Yitian , Lao Xiangzhou , Zhang Jinfeng , Zhang Jincheng , Zhu Deliang , Lu Youming , Hao Yue , Xu Shijie
Published: June 2019

77 K micro-photoluminescence spectrum, room-temperature near-field photoluminescence image, and a local atomic arrangement of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond.
Salt–cocrystal continuum for photofunction modulation: stimuli-responsive fluorescence color-tuning of pyridine-modified intramolecular charge-transfer dyes and acid complexes
Authors: Yano Yoshio , Ono Toshikazu , Hatanaka Sou , Gryko Daniel T. , Hisaeda Yoshio
Published: June 2019

A series of acid–base complexes reveal ΔpKa value and the crystalline environment determine the extent of proton transfer, which governs the intramolecular charge-transfer (ICT) strength of the complexes and tunes the photoluminescence properties.
Remediating Residual Rhotic Errors With Traditional and Ultrasound-Enhanced Treatment: A Single-Case Experimental Study
Authors: Preston Jonathan L. , McAllister Tara , Phillips Emily , Boyce Suzanne , Tiede Mark , Kim Jackie Sihyun , Whalen Douglas H.
Published: June 2019

Purpose

The aim of the study was to examine how ultrasound visual feedback (UVF) treatment impacts speech sound learning in children with residual speech errors affecting /ɹ/.

Method

Twelve children, ages 9–14 years, received treatment for vocalic /ɹ/ errors in a multiple-baseline across-subjects design comparing 8 sessions of UVF treatment and 8 sessions of traditional (no-biofeedback) treatment. All participants were exposed to both treatment conditions, with order counterbalanced across participants. To monitor progress, naïve listeners rated the accuracy of vocalic /ɹ/ in untreated words.

Results

After the first 8 sessions, children who received UVF were judged to produce more accurate vocalic /ɹ/ than those who received traditional treatment. After the second 8 sessions, within-participant comparisons revealed individual variation in treatment response. However, group-level comparisons revealed greater accuracy in children whose treatment order was UVF followed by traditional treatment versus children who received the reverse treatment order.

Conclusion

On average, 8 sessions of UVF were more effective than 8 sessions of traditional treatment for remediating vocalic /ɹ/ errors. Better outcomes were also observed when UVF was provided in the early rather than later stages of learning. However, there remains a significant individual variation in response to UVF and traditional treatment, and larger group-level studies are needed.

Supplemental Material

https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.8206640
Non‐destructive testing method of micro‐debonding defects in composite insulation based on high power ultrasonic
Authors: Wang Hanqing , Cheng Li , Liao Ruijin , Zhang Sida , Yang Lijun
Published: June 2019

It is crucial to ensure the adhesive quality of the interface in composite insulation equipment for power grid security. Due to viscoelasticity of silicone rubber and roughness of interface, the thickness of the local air layer in the defective interface is <100 μm. This kind of defect is called micro‐debonding defect in this paper, and it is significantly smaller than the millimetre‐scale air gaps which could be defected by the x‐ray, THz, and traditional ultrasonic method. It remains challenging to detect the micro‐debonding in composite insulation by non‐destructive testing methods. In this paper, the acoustic model and bi‐linear stiffness model for micro‐debonding in different stages are established. Accordingly, a conjecture is proposed that the bonding property of composite insulation is related to the acoustic impedance of interface and non‐linear distortion of its constitutive relation. The result obtained from numerical simulation with and without defect is compared with the high‐power ultrasonic experimental data to validate the correctness of the theoretical model. In addition, it can be concluded that the non‐linear distortion of high‐power ultrasonic wave can be effectively used to diagnose micro‐debonding defect at the interface of composite insulation in its early stage (1–20 μm).
Nested backward/forward sweep algorithm for power flow analysis of droop regulated islanded microgrids
Authors: Kumar Abhishek , Jha Bablesh Kumar , Dheer Dharmendra Kumar , Singh Devender , Misra Rakesh Kumar
Published: June 2019

In this study, nested backward/forward sweep (NBFS) algorithm, is proposed to solve the load flow problem of islanded microgrids. The proposed algorithm is designed in such a way that the voltage magnitude of the angle reference bus and the system frequency become additional variables in the power flow analysis. In the absence of the slack bus, new loops and equations are introduced in the proposed backward/forward sweep (BFS) method to fulfil the requirement of droop characteristics in the power flow analysis. In each loop of the proposed algorithm, modified equations of BFS are employed to update the voltages of every bus except angle reference bus (slack bus). The voltage of angle reference bus and the system frequency are updated at the end of each loop operation. The proposed NBFS method is applied on several test systems including IEEE 22‐bus, 38‐bus, 69‐bus, and 160‐bus and the obtained results are compared with the result obtained from other BFS‐based algorithms including direct BFS and modified BFS, Jacobian‐based algorithms including Newton trust region (NTR) algorithm and modified Newton ‐Raphson (MNR) algorithm, and time‐domain simulation in PSCAD/EMTDC. The proposed algorithm for droop‐regulated AC microgrid exhibits faster convergence with better accuracy as compare to other algorithms.
Efficient clustering approach for adaptive unsupervised colour image segmentation
Authors: Khan Zubair , Yang Jie , Zheng Yuanjie
Published: June 2019

This study proposes a clustering‐based colour image segmentation approach consisting of a novel initialisation technique. Colour image segmentation transforms image pixels into regions and a prerequisite for image analysis and computer vision applications. Therefore, colour image segmentation is considered one of the most important processes in image understanding and pattern recognition. This study presents an efficient and adaptive unsupervised approach based on bottom‐up red–green–blue (RGB) colour histogram search approach to achieve colour image segmentation. Firstly, the RGB histogram is processed through a double‐scan procedure to determine significant modes in each histogram. In the next step, each mode is processed through a bottom‐up histogram search approach, completing RGB triplet. The RGB triplets are utilised as the cluster centroids, clustering the pixels into regions and producing the final segmented image. The authors proposed method was compared with several other unsupervised image segmentation algorithms with an extensive experiment performed on various image segmentation evaluation benchmarks. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms state‐of‐the‐art algorithms both in terms of features integrity and execution speed.
Review of underwater image restoration algorithms
Authors: Raihan A Jarina , Abas Pg Emeroylariffion , C. De Silva Liyanage
Published: June 2019

Underwater images are susceptible to various distortions compared to images taken on land, due to the nature of the water environment. These images often suffer from diffraction, polarisation, absorption, scattering, colour loss and attenuation of light. Each part of the ocean will have its own sources of distortions, due to flickers caused by direct sunlight, marine snow, the fluorescence of biological objects, the presence of macroscopical organisms, loss of stability in divers, loss of light, artificial lighting and floating dust particles present in the water. There are numerous techniques and algorithms that may be used to restore these underwater images. This study reviews different algorithms and methods, developed in the past two decades, to give clearer ideas on the techniques present in the image restoration process, specifically for underwater images.
Long quasi-periodic oscillations of the faculae and pores
Authors: Riehokainen A. , Strekalova P. , Solov’ev A. , Smirnova V. , Zhivanovich I. , Moskaleva A. , Varun N.
Published: June 2019

Aims. The main goal of this work is to analyze the structural and temporal evolution of small-scale magnetic structures (SSMSs) observed in the solar atmosphere, such as solitary faculae and pores, and reveal long quasi-periodic oscillations of these structures.

Methods. The statistical method of regression analysis and the wavelet transform were used to obtain the periods of oscillations and dependences between the parameters of magnetic structures and periods of oscillations.

Results. Long-period oscillations with periods in the interval of 18−260 min are found for the structurally stable phase of SSMSs at the level of the solar photosphere. These long-period oscillations were interpreted as natural oscillations of the structurally stable long-lived magnetic structures around their equilibrium position. These oscillations, which are of similar nature, are observed in the chromospheric bright formations associated with photospheric SSMSs. Dependences between the magnetic field and the continuum intensity of the facula elements were found. It is shown that the continuum intensity of a SSMS decreases when its magnetic field increases.