bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of White Blood Cell Count and Its Differential Count in Gingival and Periodontal Conditions Associated with Bleeding Gingiva
Authors: Charan L. Sai , Sinduja Palati , Priyadarshini R.
Published: January 2022

Background: Bleeding gingiva is caused primarily due to the accumulation of plaque and calculus which eventually leads to gingivitis or periodontitis. Other causes of bleeding gingiva can be due to improper flossing, over brushing of the teeth and gingiva, hormonal changes due to pregnancy, ill-fitting dentures and any other dental appliances impinging the gingiva. The bleeding gingiva can also indicate serious health problems like leukemia, scurvy, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, vitamin k deficiency and any bleeding disorder. Persistent gingival bleeding is a sign of serious medical problems like leukemia and platelet disorders. Leukemia is a group of cancer where there is an increased number of immature or abnormal white blood cells. In this study, the WBC and their differential count is analyzed in patients with bleeding gingiva to check the possibilities for the patient to get cancer.

Aim: To measure and observe the WBC count and its differentials by testing the blood from patients with bleeding gingiva.

Materials and Methods: The study was conducted in the clinical pathology lab at Saveetha Dental College and Hospitals, Chennai. 100 subjects were subjected to the study. Subjects with chief complaint of bleeding gingiva, without systemic diseases like diabetes, hypertension, and patients with the age of above 10 were included in the study.

Results and Conclusion: This study was conducted to analyze the WBC count and differential count among the patients with bleeding gingiva. No significant correlation was found between bleeding gingiva and white blood cells & their differential count in this study.
Diabetes Mellitus: Worst Comorbidity to have in COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Sengupta Kritarth , Sudame Bharat S.
Published: January 2022

Background: Diabetic patients have shown the worst clinical manifestation of the COVID-19. They are at higher risk of being infected and producing severe clinical outcomes, challenging to manage. Also, the share of the diabetic patient among case fatalities is large.

Summary: COVID-19 is a disease pandemic that has spread worldwide. All sections and age groups of people worldwide have been affected by the pandemic. Diabetes mellitus is the worst disease to have in OVID-19, as studies have shown some adverse clinical outcome that needs sophisticated medical attention. In lack of resources and overwhelmed infrastructure, the availability of these is tricky.

Conclusion: More study is needed about the bidirectional relationship between COVID-19 and diabetes mellitus so that a clearer picture can be emerged out of the fogged situation. Diabetes is already grappling the world, which is suggested by increasing the number of diabetic patient’s number worldwide. Especially in COVID-19, it has become a challenge to contain the disease along with all these comorbidities. The immunosuppressive state brought about by various underlying medical conditions like diabetes mellitus is suitable ground for novel coronavirus to propagate itself.
An Overview on Tuberculosis and Worldwide Steps to Combat TB Including Awareness Programme in India
Authors: Vidyadevi Bhoyar , Veena Belgamwar , Chandrakantsing Pardeshi , Ingle Pramod
Published: January 2022

Objectives of current review is to collate history of Tuberculosis (TB), overview of the current literature on epidemiology, world health organisations (WHO) recent strategic plan to overcome and eliminate TB from the root, and to determine current knowledge gaps for control of TB. This study is a review, a descriptive approach of state-of-science for better treatment strategies for TB. The article finds that to reach to end TB goal, WHO, we have to follow the guideline of who about TB control, along with that the Indian government also maintained awareness program. Current findings on TB suggest that with the development of science and technology, researches being conducted to minimise the drug resistance tuberculosis, as well as WHO sets new strategy to fight against TB, which could potentially change the casual outlook of the people towards their health habits, health issues, and will help them in future to tackle from this deadly killer disease.
Protocol for RCT: Effectiveness of Traditional Breast Stimulations as Adjuvant Techniques to Breast Milk Expression on Lactational and Maternal Outcomes
Authors: Abraham Lt. Col.  Asha K. , Maurya Archana , Dhopavka Gauri
Published: January 2022

Background: Mothers of infants who are dependent on expressed breast milk often find difficulty to express adequate quantity of breast milk to ensure exclusive breast feeding to their babies and it has become a major stress factor among these mothers. Many cost-effective adjuvant techniques are proved to be very useful in improving the quantity and quality of expressed breast milk.

Objective: To determine the effect of two traditional breast stimulation techniques such as warm compress and breast massage as adjuvant to breast milk expression on maternal and lactational outcomes.

Methodology: A hospital-based cross over trial will be considered to compare the effects of two interventions such as breast massage and warm compress, adjuvant to breast milk expression method (breast pump) on lactational outcomes (Quantity and quality of expressed breast milk) and maternal outcomes (Nipple pain, anxiety and experience of breast milk expression). The setting of the study will be selected tertiary level hospital of New Delhi. Approval from Institutional the Ethical approval is obtained from Institutional Ethical Committee, DMIMS (DMIMS (DU)/IEC/2017-18/6979) and also from the institutional ethical committee of armed forces medical services hospital of New Delhi where the study will be conducted. The data collected will be entered to an electronic data sheet and analysis will be done using SPSS.

Expected Results: There will be a positive impact of interventions on locational outcomes such as quantity of expressed breast milk and quality of expressed breast milk.

There will be a positive impact of interventions on maternal outcomes such as nipple pain. Anxiety and breast milk expression experience.

This nurse led interventions will be made as a part of hospital policy to provide routine care to the mothers who are expressing breast milk in hospital settings.

Conclusion: Conclusion will be drawn after the analysis of data collected from the predetermined sample size. The findings of the study will be published in an open access peer reviewed journal.
Application of Visagism Concept to Assess the Co-Relation between the Temperament and Smile Esthetics: A Clinical Study
Authors: Jain Poorvi , Godbole Surekha , Kambala Seema Sathe , Mahatme Chetan
Published: January 2022

Background: Ability of a person to express a wide range of emotions with the movement of teeth and lips is called as a smile. Dentogenic concept considers gender, personality, age in harmonizing shapes of teeth with the face. Personality is unique for an individual. Unveiling personality traits, desires of the individual, translating them into natural tooth shapes to maintain the psychodentofacial harmony poses a major challenge to the clinician in designing a smile. Visagism is a novel concept that helps the dentists in providing restorations that involve esthetics psychological and social features of the created image, which influences the individual’s emotions. It involves the customization of an image.

Aim and Objectives: To assess the co-relation between the smile esthetics and mental temperaments or personalities through the application of the concept of visagism.

Methodology: A Digital camera (DSLR) for capturing the photographs and smile designing software will be used. Each subject will be instructed to occlude the teeth while capturing photographs. A validated questionnaire study will be conducted that will help to discover temperament of the subject. The answers will be evaluated and maximum score of the responses out of the list will be dominant temperament in that individual.

Expected Outcome: Co-relation between this study might help clinicians to accurately assess the correlation between the temperament and the smile esthetics and eventually develop proper customisation of a smile with respect to the personality of the patient.

Conclusion: If computer-assisted smile design and application of visagism concept would be accurate and reproducible, this might help and improve the planning of smile designing, the oral rehabilitations.
The Use of Ophthalmic and Nasal Naphazoline in the Outpatient Setting
Authors: Ahmed Nehad Jaser , Yusufoglu Hasan Soliman
Published: January 2022

Aim: The present study aimed to describe the use of ophthalmic and nasal naphazoline in the outpatient setting.

Methodology: This was a retrospective study that includes reviewing the electronic prescriptions of naphazoline among outpatients in a public hospital in Alkharj.

Results: During the study period of 6 months, 393 patients received naphazoline. Most of them were male patients (77.35%) and the age of 34.35% of them was between 20 and 29 years. The majority of the prsecriptions that contained naphazoline were prescribed by residents (99.75%). Most of the patients received naphazoline as nasal drops either alone (47.84%) or combined with chlorpheniramine (36.13%). The majority of the prescriptions were written by the emergency department (99.24%).

Conclusion: The present study showed that naphazoline was commonly prescribed in Alkharj. Further studies are needed to explore the frequency and pattern of naphazoline use as well as to explore the frequency of prescribing other sympathomimetic vasoconstrictors in different settings.
A Review on Mucormycosis Disease & Its Treatment
Authors: Waster Akshay Kumar , Sune Pradeep
Published: January 2022

Mucormycosis is an angio-intrusive disease brought about by the Mucorales organism. Even though it is an uncommon condition, it is turning out to be more normal among immunocompromised patients. Rhino-orbitocerebral, cutaneous, dispersed, gastrointestinal, and pneumonic structures would all be able to be found. Notwithstanding the lively treatment, there is a generally speaking expanded passing rate. The audit's significant objective and objective are as follows: Mucormycosis Overview and Etiopathogenesis, Fatality of Rhino cerebral Mucormycosis Strategies for determination and treatment have as of late progressed. Mucormycosis is more typical in seriously neutropenia patients and people who need phagocytic action. Notwithstanding, this isn’t true on account of Patients with AIDS19. It suggests that T lymphocytes are involved. They are insufficient in forestalling parasitic expansion. Just the neutrophils are impacted. Voriconazole treatment for quite a while, essentially among the People with malignant growths of the blood and bone marrow Transfers of undifferentiated hematopoietic cells are more regular. Besides, Mucormycosis can likewise be found in individuals who don’t have any manifestations Rhino-orbitocerebral, cutaneous, dispersed, gastrointestinal, and pneumonic structures would all be found. Notwithstanding the lively treatment, there is a generally speaking expanded passing rate. Mucormycosis results from various fungi that may be innocuous and primarily affect immunocompromised patients. For this reason, the clinician must have a high index of suspicion to diagnose this disease in any of its forms when it presents in a patient with these risk factors. Starting with the host’s features and the fungus’s tropism once it invades the host, this activity discusses the manifestations of Disease, appropriate evaluation/management of mucormycosis, and highlights the role of the interprofessional team in evaluating and treating patients with this condition.
Estimation of Knowledge, Attitude and Practices of Tuberculosis Patients in Penang: A Prospective Study
Authors: Bhatti Zohra , Khan Amer Hayat , Sulaiman Syed Azhar Syed , Laghari Madeeha , Ali Irfhan Ali Bin Hyder
Published: January 2022

Background: A clear understanding of knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) of tuberculosis (TB) patients is important to encourage patients' contribution to TB prevention and control. Appropriate knowledge, positive attitude, preventing transmission and early diagnosis of TB are key factors in improving patient outcomes.

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and practices about TB and determine related influencing factors among TB patients.

Methodology:  A cross-sectional prospective study by using a validated structured tool was conducted among TB patients more than 18 years of age. Descriptive statistics were used to summarize socio-demographic characteristics and TB knowledge, attitude, and practices level. To compare scores of each domain with various demographic factors, the Kruskal Wallis H test was applied.

Results: Total participants in the study were 337. Of these, 231(68.5%) were male and 106(31.5%) were females with a mean age of 46.5±17.1 years. A significant difference was observed between males and females TB knowledge and practices concerning age. Patients with ³ 12 years of educational background profoundly have better knowledge.

Conclusion: Overall, TB patients have shown encouraging results of the study, but poor attitudes and practicing behaviors are observed among TB patients. More extensive strategies should be developed to enhance the campaign of awareness programs among TB patients to improve preventing behavior towards disease.
Endogenous Endophthalmitis in COVID-19 Patients
Authors: Manilika . , Maruthkar Swapneel , Daigavane Sachin , Rahate Nachiket , Sarda Prayas , Shukla Samarth , Acharya Sourya , Goyal Aditi
Published: January 2022

Intrinsic endophthalmitis is indeed behavior that causes eye disease that spreads into the bloodstream from a distant primary site. The intraocular disease caused by hematogenous microbial proliferation is known as indigenous endophthalmitis. Extrinsic and intrinsic endophthalmitis are the two types of endophthalmitis that exist.  The presence of an external point of entry is linked to extrinsic endophthalmitis. Intrinsic endophthalmitis is a kind of septicemia caused by a blood-borne infection. Endophthalmitis is a disease of all the inner coating of the eyeball except the sclera and cornea, which is accompanied by substantial, increasing vitreous swelling. Endophthalmitis is a severe ocular crisis with severe visual and general consequences. An exterior injury of the entrance, such as injury, operation, or an inflamed cornea, is the most prevalent route of entry for potential pathogens. Endophthalmitis has a complex etiology, with many pathogenic species and substantial regional heterogeneity. The treatment of endophthalmitis has evolved dramatically during the last century. Endophthalmitis induced by direct inoculation dissemination of pathogenic microbes is a rare occurrence that occurs most commonly in sick or disadvantaged people. Intravenous medication usage, diabetes mellitus, immunological impairment, cancer, prolonged hospitalization, or systemic antibiotic therapy have all been linked to a 0.04 percent incidence rate. Haden described metastatic endophthalmitis in a seriously sick patient with pneumococcal cerebrospinal encephalopathy treated with intravenously anti-meningococcal serum in the 1918 volume of the Journal Ophthalmology. Endogenous endophthalmitis, unlike extrinsic endophthalmitis, needs comprehensive systemic antibiotic treatment. In indigenous endophthalmitis, the illness originates not in the eye but elsewhere in the body. As a result, it is necessary to obtain comprehensive cultures. Patients are sometimes unable to carry out their functions in society or household. As a rest, the person cannot cope financially and socially in his environment. Many social and influential factors are disturbed, and the patients are often depressed. Cosmetically the surgeries are not satisfying. Artificial prosthetics can be used, but they're seldom of minimum functional importance. Such interventions can be helpful for the patient. The focus should be made to deliberately save the patients and not just the cosmetic value of the surgery. Persons with chronic endophthalmitis had more excellent eyesight than people with symptomatic or subacute endophthalmitis. Improvements in eyesight were observed in individuals with persistent or subacute keratitis several months after the surgery more frequently than in people with symptomatic endophthalmitis. Nevertheless, in 40 percent of the overall all instances with an abrupt start, there have been no improvements or even decrease in visual acuity.
Oral Candidiasis with Subcutaneaous Emphyema Associated With Sari Following Post COVID 19: A Case Report
Authors: Dandade Shiwani Padmakarrao , Taksande Vaishali
Published: January 2022

Background: Over the last few decades, the covid 19 has increased all over the world. More issues are likely to be observed as covid 19 rate increases. The major cause of morbidity and mortality is infection. Oral Candidiasis With Subcutaneaous Emphyema and SARI are very rare complications in Covid 19 patient. The final cause is infection, but sometimes it causes due to allergic or inflammatory reaction of the drugs. If it occurs after post covid 19 then creates very serious issues with the peoples health.

Case Presentation: Here we are mentioning a very rare case of Oral Candidiasis With Subcutaneaous Emphyema and SARI after Covid 19 positive patient. In this case, on physical examination and investigation, it was found that, after covid 19 patient has developed Oral Candidiasis, Subcutaneous Emphysema , severe breathlessness, cough, fever, nausea, vomiting, throat infection and loss of appetide. To overcome this sudden issue, emergency exploratory medical and surgical treatment was done. During Covid 19 treament her HRCT Score was 21/25 and the infection was severe. There was no any sign of oral candidiasis, subcutaneous emphysema, or tissue or organ damage or no any other abnormality was detected during Covid 19 tratment. No bacterial growth or fungal growth observed on investigation. After some days and treatment of covid 19 the patient was developed a Oral Candidiasis and Subcutaneous Emphysema and SARI. The working diagnosis was finalized by doctors i.e. Oral Candidiasis With Subcutaneaous Emphyema and SARI. After expert medical management and excellent nursing care patient was discharged with full recovery.

Conclusion: In this study, we mainly focus on expert medical management and excellent nursing care helped in managing the complicated case very nicely. All the patient response was positive for conservative and nursing management and after treatment the patient was discharged without any complications and satisfaction with full recovery.
Evaluation of the Knowledge of Saudi Women in Childbearing Period towards Toxoplasmosis Induced Teratogenicity – Evidence from A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Mansy Wael , Alwhaibi Abdulrahman , Alqahtani Ali Mohammad , Al-Arifi Nasser M. , Alotaibi Abdulaziz N , Babelghaith Salmeen D , Aljabli Norah , Alsubei Sara , Fayez Raghad Al , Ameel Nouf Al , Al-Arifi Mohamed N
Published: January 2022

Background: Toxoplasmosis is an environmental teratogen that may disrupt fetal development if transferred to the mother during pregnancy, resulting in maldevelopment and newborn mortality.

Objective: To assess knowledge of Saudi women in their childbearing period as regards risk factors of Toxoplasmosis infestation, testing, awareness of disease manifestation and prevention. 

Methods: Anonymous online survey was used to examine the knowledge of Saudi women in their childbearing period about Toxoplasmosis induced teratogenicity. The non-probability sampling yields a calculated size of 600 women. The cross-sectional design of the research required categorizing the questions into two significant portions, one for sociodemographic data and the other for assessing Toxoplasmosis awareness. First, a descriptive statistic summarized the demographic characteristics. In categorical data, chi-square tests were employed to compare groups.

Results: A total of 613 women in their childbearing years completed the questionnaire. Most respondents interviewed were 36-40 (46.7%), and Para 1-5 (80%), and 86% were graduates. In addition, 42.2 % had the basic knowledge of Toxoplasmosis, 25.3 % were aware of the manifestations of the disease, and 76.3% correctly identified premature labor or miscarriage as sequelae of the infection. Aside from the frequency of abnormalities and parities and knowledge of toxoplasmosis, no other demographics in our research sample showed a significant association.

Conclusion: The basic knowledge of Toxoplasmosis among Saudi women of childbearing age is unsatisfactory (42.6 %). Age, family income, educational level and the number of abortions were significantly associated with knowledge of Toxoplasmosis among Saudi women in their childbearing age.
Documentation, Clinical Validation, Safety Assessment and Efficacy of Siddha Treatment in COVID 19 SARS-CoV-2: A Case Series
Authors: Jeyavenkatesh J. , Saravanapandian P. , Yogeswari C. , Ramani S. Roja , Priya R. Shanmuga
Published: January 2022

Aims: To evaluate clinical validation, safety assessment and efficacy of Siddha line of treatment in COVID-19 patients.

Presentation of the Case: Open labelled, interventional, prospective cohort study conducted in Covid ward, Kokila Siddha Hospital and Research Centre, Madurai between June and Aug 2021. Among 22 registered in the trial 5 (22.72%) developed breathing difficulty, treated with oxygen support, 10 (45.5%) were male, 12 (54.5%) were female. At the time of admission, maximum 9 (40.9 %) had fever, followed by dry cough 18 (81.8%), dyspnea 8 (36.4%), malaise 16 (72.7%), anorexia 8 (36.4%), headache 4 (18.2%), Type-2DM 5 (23%), and 2 (9%) had hypertension as comorbidity. Hematology, LFT, RFT, D-Dimer, PTT, CRP were taken before and after 5 days of treatment.

Discussion: The mean hospital stay was 7 days and discharged on a minimum of 4th day and a maximum of 16th day. The mean hospital stay for hypoxic patients was 10 days. Paired sample test analysis has been carried out to find a significant difference in the counts of lymphocytes, ESR, CRP and PTT after the administration of the intervention.

Conclusion: The medications chosen according to the pathology of Kaba suram and administered starting on first day of admission, depending on the stage and severity of the infection. Patients were provided with appropriate food, exercise, therapy in conjunction with medications and found the patient's condition has not deteriorated further. It is reasonable to conclude that the treatment of COVID-19 with selective Siddha medications stopped the disease progress more critical.
Emergency Medical Services Challenges Regarding Resource Capacity and Competency during COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Filimban Ghaydaa , Aljasser Khaled , Alsulimani Loui , Altalhi Asma , Alshebili Abdulaziz , Masri Taha , Bojan Hattan , Alhajjaj Fahad , Altuwaijri Mohammad
Published: January 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to investigate the availability of resources, personal protective equipment PPE) and beliefs amongst Emergency Medical Services (EMS) professionals in Makkah city. Also, we aimed to assess various aspects of how Emergency Medical Services are handling the COVID-19 pandemic via online self-administrated questionnaire.

Methods: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted on a convenience sample of 276 EMS providers from the city of Makkah in Saudi Arabia during the period from July 2020 to June 2021. SPSS (version 21.0) was used for data entry and data analysis. We approximate a 95% confidence interval (±0.05).

Results: Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs) and paramedics are representing most of the participants, 44% and 43%, respectively. EMS doctor, EMS registered nurse and others represent the remaining 13%. When the participants assessed their level of satisfaction on how their institutions have handled the pandemic, 34% expressed that they were satisfied, 14% were very satisfied, while 21% and 13% expressed that they were dissatisfied and very dissatisfied. On the availability of resources, 42% had access to N95 masks whenever they needed access to them while 33% did not have access.

Conclusion: As the study demonstrates a relationship between the capability of emergency medical services personnel to handle a pandemic like COVID-19 and institutional preparedness, there are still significant gaps in EMS personnel's PPE training. EMS agencies should be supported in their efforts to effectively prepare their workers while the pandemic continues in our communities. Therefore, institutions should adopt guidelines that stipulate care for patients with COVID-19, provide training to emergency personnel, and properly distribute resources and PPE.
Health Literacy on COVID-19 among Older Adults in South-South Nigeria
Authors: Patrick John Mordecaih , Adekola Ganiyu
Published: January 2022

The aged is one of the most vulnerable cohorts of the COVID-19 pandemic; consequently to curb the spread of the virus public health knowledge is central. This study examines the sources of learning about COVID-19 pandemic, level of knowledge/awareness on the pandemic, and to ascertain if there is variation in the level of knowledge among older adults in South-South Nigeria on the basis of income, gender, education and marital status. The study was carried out in Port Harcourt Metropolis, Nigeria. Using analytical descriptive survey research design, older adults from 60 years and above were randomly selected. The instrument used was a structure questionnaire and an assessment test on Knowledge of COVID-19. Percentage, Mean, range, Standard deviation and ANOVA were used in analyzing the data collected.  The study reveals that radio and television were the major sources of learning about Covid-19 among older adults, that their level of awareness of the symptoms of the disease is poor, moderate in prevention of community spread and basic management of patients with the virus. The study also reveals that there is variation in the level of awareness on the basis of income, while no variation was found in terms of gender, education and marital status. From the findings, it was concluded that radio and television were the dominant source of information on health literacy among the older adults and there is an association between level of level of awareness of COVID-19 and level of income of older adults.
One–Step Hybrid Block Scheme for the Numerical Approximation for Solution of Third Order Initial Value Problems
Authors: Sabo J. , Kyagya T. Y. , Solomon M.
Published: January 2022

In this research, we have proposed the simulation of linear block algorithm for modeling third order highly stiff problem without reduction to a system of first order ordinary differential equation, to address the weaknesses in reduction method. The method is derived using the linear block method through interpolation and collocation. The basic properties of the block method were recovered and was found to be consistent, convergent and zero-stability. The new block method is been applied to model third order initial value problems of ordinary differential equations without reducing the equations to their equivalent systems of first order ordinary differential equations. The result obtained on the process on some sampled modeled third order linear problems give better approximation than the existing methods which we compared our result with.
Implementation of a Computerized System Based on the Recursive Core Heuristic (RCH) Algorithm for Optimal Filling of Tankers
Authors: Lwangi Richard Kangiama , Patrick Bokungu Efoto , Madika Cedrick Katambwa , Pierre Djanga Ndjondjo
Published: January 2022

The paper focuses on the implementation of a computerized dispatching system for petroleum products in service stations for the company SEPCONGO. The objective is to achieve a software allowing to automate the optimal planning of filling of tanker trucks by using the tools proposed by Operational Research, more precisely of the combinatorial optimization resolution methods for the multiple backpack problem. In this contribution we propose the design and realization of a computerized system for optimal filling and dispatching of tank trucks through the service stations of the City of Kinshasa based on a mathematical optimization problem, with making an optimal good decision. Knowing the trajectory of vehicles is important for a company because it saves time and capital. In this article, we clearly show that with a backpack algorithm we can easily solve the dispatching problem. However, we are proposing a system that will allow SEPCONGO to optimize the delivery of products through the city of Kinshasa in particular and those of the Democratic Republic of Congo.
finds
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Introduction
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Discussion
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Appendix 5
Authors: Hatherley Candy
Published: January 2022

Three archaeological excavations were undertaken by Headland Archaeology (UK) Ltd within the grounds of Doune Primary School in Stirlingshire, each located on the site of Doune Roman fort. These excavations revealed sections through triple-ditched defences, elements of the turf rampart and the perimeter road (via sagularis) on both the west and east sides of the fort. Within the interior of the fort the partial foundations of seven buildings were recovered, including barracks blocks, a corridored building that may represent a workshop (fabrica) and a stable-barracks to accommodate a cavalry squadron (turma). The everyday life of the fort was also revealed, with a series of ovens and an iron-smelting shaft furnace, a first for Roman Scotland. A range of pits were also identified, including some which are likely to be related to the demolition of the fort as it was decommissioned. Artefacts confirm that the fort was built and occupied during the Flavian occupation of Scotland between AD 80 and 86–7.
Midas
Authors: Burke Brendan
Published: January 2022

King Midas of Phrygia ruled from Gordion in central Turkey in the late eighth centurybce. Near eastern records provide information on his military and diplomatic activity. Phrygian texts attest to Midas but in some cases the name was likely reused by his successors. Greek and Roman sources created mythical stories about Midas as a wealthy eastern king. The most famous story is Midas’ golden touch which he gained from Dionysos, turned from a gift to a curse, ending with Midas bathing in the Pactolus River, which was rich in gold.
Alexander II of Epirus
Authors: Aneziri Sophia
Published: January 2022

Being the successor of an important father (Pyrrhos), Alexander II abandoned his father's grandiose plans and limited his power (except for a brief invasion of Macedonia during the Chremonidean war) to Epirus and the neighbouring areas of northwestern Greece. His name appears in one of the edicts of the Buddhist Emperor Asoka, who ruled India in the third centurybce.
Demetrios I Poliorketes (Demetrius Poliorcetes)
Authors: Wheatley Pat
Published: January 2022

Demetrios Poliorketes, “the Besieger of Cities” (336–282bce), was the son of Antigonos Monophthalmos,“the One‐Eyed.” Although defeated with his father at the battle of Ipsos in 301, he went on to rule Macedon from 294 to 288.
Phraates V of Parthia
Authors: Heller André
Published: January 2022

Phraates V Phraatakes (“little Phraates”) was the son of the Parthian king Phraates IV and of the concubine Musa. He ruled the Parthian Empire from 3/2bceto 4ceand settled the conflict with Rome over Armenia. He is said to have married his mother.
Ruler cult, Greek and Hellenistic
Authors: Aneziri Sophia
Published: January 2022

The worship of mortals goes back to the hero worship that had been widespread in Greece. During the fourth centurybcewe have the first cases of mortals who were holders of political power and received cultic honors. The phenomenon spread especially after Alexander, whose cult engendered several reactions, both in Macedonian circles and in Greek cities. The Hellenistic kings, who were supposed to have qualities that brought them close to the gods, systematically received cultic honors within and outside their kingdom. Their cult became a useful instrument for the cohesion of the kingdom and for communication with subjects and cities.
Ithome mountain
Authors: Müth Silke
Published: January 2022

Mount Ithome (802 m) is one of the most prominent elevations in the southwestern Peloponnese and, with its important sanctuary of Zeus Ithomatas, played a key role for the Messenians as a stronghold and as a place of identification. With the foundation of the city of Messene in 369bce, Mount Ithome was included in the city's defensive system as a separately fortified citadel.
Asia (Roman Province)
Authors: Mitchell Stephen
Published: January 2022

The Roman province of Asia was founded in 133bce. During the second and third centuriesceit was one of the wealthiest parts of the Roman Empire; it had abundant resources, including extensive agricultural land and marble quarries. There were more than 300 cities, extensive landed estates, and much imperial property. The system of roads and government assizes formed part of an administrative structure that had been created from the start. Taxation was initially contracted to private companies. During the imperial period the province required only a modest military garrison. In the third and fourth centuries Asia was subdivided into smaller provinces.
Interference and double discrepant misinformation: Comment on Blank, Panday, Edwards, Skopicz‐Radkiewicz, Gibson, and Reddy (in press)
Authors: Belli Robert F.
Published: January 2022

Blank, Panday, Edwards, et al. (in press) consider their notable evidence as challenging to interference‐type explanations of the misinformation effect. Despite their evidence, interference‐type explanations are likely to be viable. Source misattribution would provide an effect in the same direction as that observed by Blank et al. Memory impairment remains viable as source misattribution in combination with nonimpairment mechanisms may mask any influence of memory impairment in Blank et al.'s results. Both retrieval and storage‐based impairment mechanisms remain viable. The challenge of Blank et al. is not as great as they imply.
Effect of the Stirring Velocity and the SiO2 Precursor Particles Feeding Rate on the Microstructure of the Al2O3/SiO2/Al Composites Prepared via Stir Casting Process
Authors: Wang Kang , Lei Zhiqin , Liao Zhongmiao , Tao Chenliang , Zhong Yanglin , Wang Zhiyu , Zhang Lijuan , Li Wenfang
Published: January 2022

Stir casting has been taken as a low cost and effective way to disperse ceramic particles in molten alloys and obtain the high‐performance metal matrix composites. However, the reinforcement precursors with a similar density to the molten aluminum are difficult to be uniformly dispersed in the melts. Herein, the particulate quartz, which can react with the aluminum melts and form the Al2O3/SiO2 reinforcement, is used as the reinforcement precursor. Effect of the stirring speeds of the melts and the feeding rates of precursor particles on the reinforcement distribution in aluminum matrix are investigated. The numerical simulation is carried out to analyze the particles dispersion course in the melts. Results show that the precursor particles in molten aluminum achieve a relatively uniform dispersion at the modest stirring rate of 400 rpm. Meanwhile, numerical simulation results also prove that precursor particles will distribute homogenously in the Al matrix while exerting the stirring rate at 400 rpm. From the microstructure of the composites, it is evident that extremely high stirring rate and particles feeding rate will lead to the agglomeration of particles, which is not favorable to the composites performance.
A Skin‐Mountable Hyperthermia Patch Based on Metal Nanofiber Network with High Transparency and Low Resistivity toward Subcutaneous Tumor Treatment
Authors: Wang Qi , Sheng Hongwei , Lv Yurong , Liang Jie , Liu Yan , Li Na , Xie Erqing , Su Qing , Ershad Faheem , Lan Wei , Wang Jing , Yu Cunjiang
Published: January 2022

A wearable hyperthermia device that allows for tumor treatment without interfering with daily activities is of clinical and social significance. However, the wide adaptation of local hyperthermia from such wearable devices in clinical practice has been hindered mainly due to several critical challenges in existing hyperthermia devices, such as the contradiction of high electrical conductivity and high optical transparency of the device while in a thin, deformable format. Here a soft, skin‐mountable, hyperthermia patch (HTP) is reported with unusual optical and electrical characteristics based on unidirectional silver nanofibers (AgNFs) network with low‐voltage operation and uniform heating even under mechanical deformation. The patch presents both high electrical conductivity and highly optical transparency simultaneously thus allowing real time inspection of the subcutaneous tumor treatment and skin response during the treatment. The unidirectional nature of the AgNFs network renders the key features of high optical transparency, low electrical resistivity, excellent electrothermal performances, and mechanical deformability. Effective treatment of subcutaneous tumors in mice is demonstrated with the skin worn HTP while the skin response is visually tracked. Systematic studies reveal the physiological mechanisms of Notch signaling in inducing tumor cell apoptosis.
Augmenting the Precise Targeting of Antimicrobial Peptides (AMPs) and AMP‐Based Drug Delivery via Affinity‐Filtering Strategy
Authors: Tang Kaicheng , Wang Xiaoyou , Niu Miaomiao , Wang Xinyu , Zhou Guanghua , Shi Jinjin , Yu Yang , Chen Zhangbao , Li Chong
Published: January 2022

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) have aroused extensive attention due to their low incidences of resistance, yet their clinical transformation is thwarted by inferior selectivity and metabolic stability concerns, manifesting as rapid degradation, off‐target, and non‐selective toxicity. Here, a captivating affinity‐filtering strategy is proposed as a feasible solution for such challenges. Specifically, based on the selective affinity of AMPs toward distinct phospholipids, the membrane of host cells (e.g., erythrocytes) is pre‐bound to AMPs as the “filter,” which could screen out off‐target substances with non‐specific affinity while maintaining effective interaction with high‐affinity pathogens through competitive binding, realizing precise targeting, and enhanced stability. The practicability of the affinity‐filtering strategy has been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo, through systematic studies on various AMPs and AMPs‐modified delivery systems with multiple fungal infection models (Candida albicans and Cryptococcus neoformans), which pose severe threats to human health worldwide yet are often neglected. AMP‐modified nanoparticles with affinity filtering exhibit reduced off‐target toxicity, sufficient binding with target pathogen, as well as a substantially elevated 21‐day survival rate from 30% (conventional drug‐loaded nanoparticles) to 70%. In summary, this strategy may provide inspiration for overcoming off‐target effects in drug targeting and further promote the clinical application of AMPs.
Phenol‐Functionalized Perylene Bisimides as Amine‐Free Electron Transporting Interlayers for Stable Nonfullerene Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Wen Xinbo , Zhang Yu , Xie Guojing , Rausch Rodger , Tang Ningning , Zheng Nan , Liu Linlin , Würthner Frank , Xie Zengqi
Published: January 2022

A new type of cathode interlayer composed of 2,6‐di‐tert‐butyl‐phenol‐functionalized perylene bisimide (PBI‐2P) is successfully applied as an electron transporting layer for fused‐ring nonfullerene organic solar cells (OSCs). The stable contact between these novel electron transporting layers and the representative nonfullerene acceptor Y6 greatly enhances the device stability compared to conventional amine‐group containing cathode interlayers. Moreover, the easily formed biradical species in the interlayers yields rather good thickness tolerance of the PBI‐2P layer in photovoltaic devices. The OSCs based on the PBI‐2P interlayer show a power conversion efficiency up to 17.20% and good stability compared to amino‐group functionalized interlayers. The findings demonstrate a promising design principle for cathode interlayer engineering based on pigment chromophores equipped with the 2,6‐di‐tert‐butylphenoxy groups that are prone to form the respective ultrastable butylphenoxy radicals for stable nonfullerene OSCs.
Cholesterol Microdomain Enhances the Biofilm Eradication of Antibiotic Liposomes
Authors: Xie Jianjun , Meng Zhiping , Han Xingxing , Li Sipan , Ma Xinai , Chen Xuanyu , Liang Yinmei , Deng Xiaomin , Xia Kexin , Zhang Yue , Zhu Huaxu , Fu Tingming
Published: January 2022

Resistance and tolerance of biofilms to antibiotics is the greatest challenge in the treatment of bacterial infections. Therefore, developing an effective strategy against biofilms is a top priority. Liposomes are widely used as antibiotic drug carriers; however, common liposomes lack affinity for biofilms. Herein, biofilm‐targeted antibiotic liposomes are created by simply adjusting their cholesterol content. The tailored liposomes exhibit significantly enhanced bacterial inhibition and biofilm eradication effects that are positively correlated with the cholesterol content of liposomes. The experiments further demonstrate that this enhanced effect can be ascribed to the effective drug release through the pores, which are formed by the combination of cholesterol microdomains in liposomal lipid bilayers with membrane‐damaged toxins in biofilms. Consequently, liposome encapsulation with a high cholesterol concentration improves noticeably the pharmacodynamics and biocompatibility of antibiotics after pulmonary administration. This work may provide a new direction for the development of antibiofilm formulations that can be widely used for the treatment of infections caused by bacterial biofilms.
High‐Performance Ternary Perovskite–Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Zhu Tao , Shen Lening , Xun Sangni , Sarmiento Julio S. , Yang Yongrui , Zheng Luyao , Li Hong , Wang He , Bredas Jean‐Luc , Gong Xiong
Published: January 2022

Perovskite solar cells in which 2D perovskites are incorporated within a 3D perovskite network exhibit improved stability with respect to purely 3D systems, but lower record power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). Here, a breakthrough is reported in achieving enhanced PCEs, increased stability, and suppressed photocurrent hysteresis by incorporating n‐type, low‐optical‐gap conjugated organic molecules into 2D:3D mixed perovskite composites. The resulting ternary perovskite–organic composites display extended absorption in the near‐infrared region, improved film morphology, enlarged crystallinity, balanced charge transport, efficient photoinduced charge transfer, and suppressed counter‐ion movement. As a result, the ternary perovskite–organic solar cells exhibit PCEs over 23%, which are among the best PCEs for perovskite solar cells with p–i–n device structure. Moreover, the ternary perovskite–organic solar cells possess dramatically enhanced stability and diminished photocurrent hysteresis. All these results demonstrate that the strategy of exploiting ternary perovskite–organic composite thin films provides a facile way to realize high‐performance perovskite solar cells.
Water‐Durable Cesium Lead Halide Perovskite Nanocrystals Passivated with a Cationic Gemini Surfactant
Authors: Saito Norio , Urayama Akihiro , Ikezawa Motoki , Kondo Yukishige
Published: January 2022

Chemical states of perovskite nanocrystal surfaces are vital to withdraw their intrinsic optoelectronic nature and maintain the colloidal stability. This study reports that the cationic gemini surfactant alkanediyl‐α,ω‐bis(dodecyldimethylammonium bromide) “12‐n‐12” dramatically improved the luminescence properties and chemical stability of cesium lead bromide nanocrystals (CsPbBr3 NCs). Dispersion stability of CsPbBr3 NCs passivated with 12‐n‐12 (n = 3−7) is enhanced with the methylene spacer length, their dynamic light scattering studies ensure that the gemini ligands with more than the pentyl methylene spacer exhibit mono dispersion of NCs. Nuclear magnetic resonance and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy studies reveal that 12‐n‐12 is bound to the surfaces of CsPbBr3 NCs with a density of 0.74−1.06 nm−2 which is less than half the didodecyldimethylammonium bromide (DDAB) ligand density. Nevertheless, CsPbBr3 NCs with the 12‐n‐12 shell exhibit a high photoluminescence quantum yield equal to that of DDAB. Furthermore, the 12‐n‐12 shell demonstrates remarkably excellent luminescence stability when the NC solution is exposed to water. Hence, 12‐n‐12 is a promising candidate to substitute the conventional ligands.