bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
En norsk pilotstudie av helsesøstres oppfatninger av pasienters health literacy: helsefremmende allmenndannelse
Authors: Finbråten Hanne Søberg , Pettersen Kjell Sverre
Published: October 2015

Bakgrunn Uttrykket “ansvar for egen helse” innebærer også evnen til kritisk evaluering av helseinformasjon. Slike kunnskaper og ferdigheter reflekterer health literacy (HL) – på norsk; helsefremmende allmenndannelse, som handler om å forstå, kunne skaffe seg tilgang på, kritisk vurdere og adekvat anvende helseinformasjon for ervervelse av god helse.

Hensikt Formålet var å kartlegge helsesøstres oppfatninger av brukeres tre hierarkiske nivåer av HL (Nutbeam 2000): functional HL (FHL), interactive HL (IHL) og critical HL (CHL).

Metode Et spørreskjema bestod av Likert-skalerte holdningsutsagn (fra 1 = sterkt uenig, til 5 = sterkt enig) som reflekterte FHL, IHL og CHL. Totalt N = 515 responderte. Faktor- og reliabilitetsanalyser etablerte konstrukter av utsagnsindikatorene som gjenspeilte FHL, IHL og CHL. Konstruktscorene ble sammenlignet.

Resultater Score på CHL var lavere enn på FHL og IHL. Enkelte nøkkelindikatorer i de tre konstruktene oppnådde lave score.

Konklusjon Brukernes HL-nivå bør tas i betraktning under helsekommunikasjon med helsesøstre.
”Uten oss går det ikke” – pårørendes erfaringer med psykisk krise
Authors: Borg Marit , Haugård Ellinor , Karlsson Bengt
Published: October 2015

Summary

“Without us there is nothing” – relatives experiences of mental health crisis.

As Norway moves toward the provision of home-based crisis response, more knowledge is needed about understandings of mental health crisis and effective ways of addressing crises within the home context. The objective of this study was to explore and learn from relatives’ experiences about the subjective meanings of crisis and meaningful and efficient crisis support. Findings were clustered into three themes: 1) Experiences of rejection and responsibility, 2) Living with contradictions, and 3) The art of balancing openness. The findings indicate that it is crucial to transform the recent knowledge about family and social network involvement in crisis resolution into a new practice. Family and network expect to be treated with reciprocal trust and respect by services, and guidance on how they can help. Least of all they accept discharge to the family without any information or guidance. Neither do they want to be deprived the opportunity to tell their part of the story.

 
Læring i praksis. Tilrettelegging for å fremme refleksjonskompetanse og læringsutbytte hos studenter i praksis. Erfaringer fra en pilotstudie.
Authors: Høium Kari
Published: October 2015

Studien belyser erfaringer med en tilpasset veiledningsmodell i gruppe, for å styrke profesjonell kompetanse hos vernepleiestudenter i praksis. Intervensjonen er gjennomført i forhold til 32 bachelorstudenter fra tre ulike kull. Den tar utgangspunkt i en obligatorisk veiledningsgruppe som foregår inne på høgskolen, midtveis i en av deres praksisperioder. Hovedmålsettingen var å se i hvilken grad veiledningsmodellen bidro til utbytte og læringseffekt i forhold til målsetting for praksisperioden. Et annet mål med studien har vært å skaffe erfaringer med hvordan refleksjon og kritisk tenkning kan læres gjennom praktisk student veiledning. Resultater fra undersøkelsen viste at den tilpassede veiledningsmodellen som her ble benyttet, bidro til å fremme refleksjonskompetanse og læringsutbytte hos studentene. Dette gir grunnlag for videre optimisme med tanke på å styrke vernepleiestudentenes læring og profesjonelle kompetanse. Betydningen forsterkes ved at refleksjonskompetanse fremheves som en sentral kvalitetsvariabel, både fra myndighetene og fra fagfeltet.

En videre utfordring vil være å raffinere modellen ytterligere med tanke på utprøving og tilpasset implementering gjennom ulike praksisperioder i studiet.
Personer med demenssykdom i sykehjem: Refleksjon over livet
Authors: Drageset Ingrid , Normann Ketil , Elstad Ingunn
Published: October 2015

Abstract

Persons with dementia disease in nursing homes: Reflection about life

The article is based on interviews with eight individuals with dementia disease living in nursing homes in Northern Norway. They were asked to tell about their lives, especially habits, interests and activities through the lifespan. Narrative analysis was conducted, phases and happenings through the lifespan were especially important for the interpretation. The persons reflected about their lives, they held up what had been meaningful to them, what they wanted to continue in the nursing home, and how they experienced living with dementia disease. The article holds up the importance of letting the patient tell from his or her life to be able to experience sense of coherence when moving to the nursing home. Continuing contact with family, relationship with nature, animals, local food traditions, singing and music, were also told about as meaningful activities throughout lifespan and in the nursing home.
Helsekulturer” Hvordan kan sykepleiestudenter øke sin kulturkompetanse?
Authors: Magnussen Inger- Lise
Published: October 2015

Abstract

”Health cultures”

How can nursing students improve their knowledge about different cultures?

A learning project for nursing students and multilingual students in

high school.

Norway is a multicultural society, and the need for knowledge about different cultures will be present in several professions, including nursing. During practice, nursing students will most probably meet immigrants, either as a colleague or a patient. Do students have enough knowledge about their cultural background, and how can this knowledge be acquired? Is it possible to create "cultural meetings" when they are in practice, so nursing students can get to know different cultures during their education? Working together with multilingual students in high school can be a way to create cultural meetings. Such cooperation can provide mutual learning, community and integration. The learning project "Health Cultures" is based on cultural meetings and uses project as learning method. The project is conducted while students are in practice in municipal health services.

 
Grindagutar på sjukeheim: Tilsette sin erfaring med kulturprosjekt
Authors: Fossøy Aud Berit , Hauge Solveig , Grov Ellen Karine
Published: October 2015

Grindagutar at nursing home: Employees experience with cultural project.
Background: Culture activity contributes to holistic care for nursing home residents, and the employees are key personnel for success.
Aim: Explore the employees’ experience putting culture projects into life in a nursing home.
Methods: The material, based on four focus group interviews with employees in the nursing home, is categorized and analyzed through text condensation.
Results: The culture projects created activity and were sources for thriving. However, not participating directly in the activity, the employees let the artists in, were available for them, and watched the patients during the performances. Their function as “door-openers/-keepers” resulted in hosting responsibility, leading to a position of confusion regarding the role as protectors for the patients. Main challenges were how to give feedback regarding whether the patients liked/disliked the performance, and the feeling of being trapped in a position as bystander rather than making the culture activity a common happening for the patients and the employees.
Ansatte og temaet seksualitet: Hvilke utfordringer opplever ansatte i sitt arbeid når det gjelder voksne med intellektuell funksjonsnedsettelse og seksualitet?
Authors: Lunde Hilde
Published: October 2015

Caregivers awareness of sexuality
This study deals with the results from two focus group interviews with 13 students from education in "Sexology and Disability" by Oslo and Akershus University College (HIOA). The purpose of this study was to highlight the experiences and perceptions of employees in their work with the theme of sexuality.
Findings from the study show that it is still difficult to talk openly about people with developmental disabilities and their sexuality. Many see it as a taboo area. The study shows that both the caregiver and care recipient are in need of training. Staff working with the theme of sexuality may feel stigmatized by colleagues. They get little support from managers and colleagues.
Management must ensure good care for the client. The study indicates that employees should have knowledge and methods to meet the challenges of sexual education and prevent abuse.
Nyutdannede sykepleieres oppfatninger om tverrprofesjonell og tradisjonell studentpraksis som arena for tilegnelse av trygghet på rolle og ansvar
Authors: Furunes Kari Anita , Brataas Hildfrid V.
Published: October 2015

The article deals with recently graduated nurses' perceptions of traditional practical studies during the last year of the nurse education, and of practical studies in a cross-professional student-run rehabilitation center. The purpose was to gain knowledge about how nurses feel the two forms of practical studies contribute to role confidence and feeling of competence for interdisciplinary collaboration in inexperienced nurses.Method: A qualitative descriptive and interpretive pilot study was conducted. Narrative interviews with nurses were done two years after graduation. Thematic content analysis was done.Results: The nurses highlighted that practical training in taking nursing responsibilities was of importance in preparation for employment. Graduate nurses who only had had traditional practical studies felt role uncertainty and stress. Those who had interdisciplinary team based practical studies before the transition to working life had experienced trade role learning and collaborative learning during these studies. That learning process contributed to a feeling of role confidence in the inexperienced nurse.Conclusion: Practical studies where interdisciplinary student groups are training on team-based collaboration appear to promote inexperienced nurses’ confidence in interdisciplinary collaboration and in the professional role. The study is a pilot study with few informants. There is a need for research that provides knowledge about the learning outcomes of different practice models on preparation for professional work.
Bedre samhandling – er løsningen nye arenaer?
Authors: Hansen Gunnar Vold , Ramsdal Helge
Published: October 2015

This article discusses the challenges facing service provision for people with simultaneous addiction and severe mental health problems (ROP-patients). Based on a mid-term evaluation of a project intended to improve collaboration and coordination of services for the patient group we discuss different approaches to analyse service organisations from an organisation theoretical perspective.  One of the findings is that it will give new insights if approaching these challenges as “wicked problems”.  Here we find that a non-linear approach, organised as an interaction between patients’ and professionals’ experience, data gathering and organisation analysis will offer a more comprehensive understanding on how to improve services than a linear, rational decision process. 
Fagpersonells forståelse av økt registrert tvangsbruk overfor personer med utviklingshemming
Authors: Dragsten Frode , Søndenaa Erik
Published: October 2015

Norwegian legislation concerning restraint measures in the care and treatment to people with intellectual disability (ID) has been established since 1999. This study examined the social workers’ explanations for the increased number of people with ID being legally restrained since 1999. This article discussed both staff and the supervisors perspectives of the increase. Although an increasingly number of people with ID are treated by restraint measures, respondents (n = 206) report that care services has evolved in a positive direction. The strong increase is explained by a higher ethical awareness and changes in legal rules along the way. When asked about the future development, most respondents expect a continuing growth in the number of people with ID treated with the use of restraint measures.
Sammenhengen mellom depresjon, mental helse og fysisk funksjon i en alderspsykiatrisk avdeling, en pilotstudie
Authors: Aarseth Elfrid Margrete , Korsnes Maria Stylianou , Ulstein Ingun Dina , Tjernæs Inger-Marie , Mcpherson Bodil A.
Published: October 2015

Patients with mental disorders are often less active than the general population and inactivity over time reduces mental and physical health. We know from previous studies that physical activity contributes to improved mental and physical health, but it is not clear whether any type of physical activity will give the same effect. The objective of this pilot study was to investigate whether the nature of the physical activity the patients participated in during their stay in a psychiatric ward would make a difference in outcome related to improved mental and physical health. Fifty patients (39 women) participated, mean age 80 years (SD 6.0), length of stat from 3 to 28 weeks (mean 8.8, SD 4.4). Patients were offered different types of physical activity and physical therapy in addition to cognitive psychotherapy and supporting conversations. They were subsequently divided into three groups (self-training, joint exercise, regular walking). We examined the difference in treatment effect with regard to general mental health, depression, balance, physical strength and walking skills. Average values showed significant improvements on all tests except for the timed walking tests. Depression scores according to the MADRS was at least one category lower on discharge than on arrival for 31 of the 36 participants. We find that older patients with moderate to severe depression benefit greatly from the treatment they receive during their stay at the age psychiatric ward. The improvements are significant both for mental and physical health. Furthermore, the findings indicate that walking appears to be a type of activity that has especially good effect on mental health.
En kvalitativ studie av sykepleiestudenters opplevelser av nye læringsaktiviteter i kritisk vurdering av kvantitative forskningsartikler
Authors: Grønvik Cecilie Katrine Utheim , Julnes Signe Gunn , Ødegård Atle
Published: October 2015

A qualitative study of nursing students' experience of new learning activities in critical evaluation of quantitative research articles

Evidence-Based Practice is a vital part of professional health care and nurses need to have knowledge of research. This article presents nursing students' experience with new learning activities in critical evaluation of quantitative research articles. This experience was studied in focus group interviews with second-year nursing students. The students described it as challenging to understand the various quantitative designs and statistical methods. Specific requirements in the learning activities, constructive feedback, relevance and conformity between learning activities and assessments seem to promote the targeted learning outcome. How students' knowledge and skills are received in practice seems to affect students' attitudes and behavior in relation to the application of research results. To increase evidence-based practice there appears to be a need for innovative processes that can strengthen the cooperation between the nursing education and the field of practice.
Selvmordsforebyggelse: Inddragelse af pårørende
Authors: Jensen Jens Peter Dam Eckardt
Published: October 2015

Preventing suicide: Involvement of relatives

In addition to the devastating consequences of suicide attempt and suicide contemplation, suicidal behavior also has dramatic consequences for family and loved ones. However, close connections may play an important role in the prevention of suicide if they are capable of aiding the mental health care services with early detection and management. To do so, they should be informed and given the right tools. This article sums up existing knowledge and recommendations on the topic but further studies are needed before definite conclusions can be drawn.
Å smi et tillitsforhold - helsepersonells erfaringer om samtalens vilkår i møte med pasienter og pårørende
Authors: Sørfonden Wenche Bjarnedotter , Finstad Helga Helland
Published: October 2015

This paper emphases and discusses counseling to interpret how the practitioners use judgment and reflection in dialogues with patients and their relatives. The purpose of the study was to gain more insight into the opportunity for the practitioners to encounter patients and their families within the hospital, and how the practitioners judgment are expressed when they counseling the patients and their next of kin. Data was collected using twenty papers from students undergoing the study program at master level “Honours in Health Pedagogy”, 30 ECTS, in Northern Norway. Qualitative content analysis where reducing, grouping and abstracting the text is used to achieve main themes. The practitioners’ experiences from practicing counseling and dialogue with patients and their relatives represent three following perspectives. It’s a challenge to find a room with possibility for confidentiality. The practitioners also experience not having time enough for counseling, based on dialogues. The practitioners say the encounter and counseling is often behind the screen or in the corridor. According to the practitioners you need to forge a relation based on trust. The practitioners value the skills of judgment, but at the same time they experience the burden of judgment.
Fødselen kom som et sjokk. Ni foreldrepars opplevelse av for tidlig fødsel
Authors: Hansen Ellen Sæter
Published: October 2015

Artikkelen presenterer og diskuterer funn fra kvalitative intervjuer med 9 foreldrepar når det prematurt fødte barnet er tre måneder korrigert alder. Intervjuene har fokus på begge foreldres opplevelse av for tidlig fødsel, og hvordan dette påvirker samspillet i familien. Det benyttes en metodologisk tilnærming inspirert av grounded theory. Funnene inndeles i fire hovedkategorier: 1. Følelseskaos 2. Følelsemessig støtte 3. Nærhet til barnet 4. Bli en familie. Mødre og fedre synes å uttrykke en tilsvarende følelsesmessig opplevelse av for tidlig fødsel, men tar ulike roller i situasjonen.
En studie om hvilken kompetanse norske jordmødre mener er viktig ved fødeavdelinger og kvinneklinikker
Authors: Brunstad Anne
Published: October 2015

Jordmors arbeid har endret seg i takt med sentralisering, spesialisering og risikotenkningen. Fødselsomsorgen er i Norge inndelt i 3 kompetansenivåer. Hensikt med studien var å beskrive hvilken kompetanse jordmødre mente er viktig i fødesituasjoner, når de arbeidet på kvinneklinikker eller fødeavdelinger. Data ble samlet ved telefon intervju med 11 jordmødre, som arbeider på 4 ulike sykehus. Analyse av intervjuene skjedde ved bruk av kvalitativ innholds analyse. Resultatet viste at jordmødrene vektla tre tema områder som viktig kompetanse ved fødsler; å få kvinnen til å føde, å gi rett hjelp til rett tid, å ta ansvar for egen fagutvikling. Jordmødrene i studien omtaler normal fødsel synonymt med spontan vaginal fødsel. De mente at mest mulig ro for kvinnen var viktig og tekniske hjelpemidler måtte en beherske og bruke med skjønn.
Axial distribution of a VHF H2 plasma produced by a narrow gap discharge
Authors: Chen Kuan-Chen , Chen Chia-Fu , Lien Cheng-Yang , Chiu Kuo-Feng , Shi Jen-Bin , Tsai Yu-Jer , Lien Ting-Kuei , Ogiwara Kohei , Uchino Kiichiro , Kawai Yoshinobu
Published: October 2015

A capacitively coupled VHF H2 plasma was produced with a conventional parallel plate electrode of 400 × 300 mm2. Axial distributions of the plasma parameters were examined using a movable Langmuir probe. The electron density had a hill-like profile near the center while the electron temperature around the discharge electrode was higher than that near the center. It was found that the axial distribution of the plasma potential was considerably different from that based on ohmic heating. The measured sheath potentials around the discharge electrode were lower than the theoretical potentials. A simulation using a hybrid model was performed and compared the results with the experimental results.
Building icelandic igneous crust by repeated melt injections
Authors: Greenfield Tim , White Robert S.
Published: October 2015

Observations of microseismicity provide a powerful tool for mapping the movement of melt in the crust. Here we record remarkable sequences of earthquakes 20 km below the surface in the normally ductile crust in the vicinity of Askja Volcano, in northeast Iceland. The earthquakes occur in swarms consisting of identical waveforms repeating as frequently as every 8 s for up to 3 h. We use template waveforms from each swarm to detect and locate earthquakes with an automated cross‐correlation technique. Events are located in the lower crust and are inferred to be the result of melt being injected into the crust. During melt intrusion high strain rates are produced in conjunction with high pore fluid pressures from the melt or exsolved carbon dioxide. These cause brittle failure on high‐angle fault planes located at the tips of sills. Moment tensor solutions show that most of the earthquakes are opening cracks accompanied by volumetric increases. This is consistent with the failure causing the earthquakes by melt injection opening new tensile cracks. Analysis of the magnitude distribution of earthquakes within a swarm reveals a complicated relationship between the imposed strain rates and the fluids that cause brittle failure. The magnitude of the earthquakes is controlled by the distance fluids can migrate along a fault, whereas the frequency of the events is controlled by the strain rate. Faults at the tips of sills act to focus melt transport between sills and so must be an important method of transporting melt through the lower crust.
In situ observations of wave‐supported fluid‐mud generation and deposition on an active continental margin
Authors: Hale Richard P. , Ogston Andrea S.
Published: October 2015

Wave‐supported fluid muds (WSFM) are a type of gravity flow that can rapidly transport sediment across continental margins. They occur when wave‐induced bed stress maintains suspended‐sediment concentrations (SSC) >10 g L−1, and sediment‐induced stratification near the top of the wave boundary layer limits upward diffusion of sediment. Observations from near‐bed instrumentation are used to evaluate the conditions under which WSFMs form on the continental shelf offshore of the Waipaoa River, NZ. An event in July 2010 featured >130 h of energetic ocean conditions, and water discharge >1900 m3 s−1. A calibrated acoustic backscatter sensor at the midshelf measured near‐bed SSC >50 g L−1, with a strong lutocline occurring >15 cm above the predicted wave‐current boundary layer, resulting in ~5 cm deposition. A velocity anomaly occurred during this time, with offshore‐directed currents faster at 1 m above bed (mab) than at 3.5 mab. Using these observations, we empirically solve a simple buoyancy‐drag force balance to estimate the gravity‐driven velocity of the WSFM, which is always <0.03 m s−1. Extending the force balance across a shelf transect suggests that WSFM‐carried sediment can reach the shelf edge in 50–240 h. Spatial and temporal patterns of deposition predicted by the gradient of modeled sediment flux correlate well with seabed observations on the Waipaoa shelf reported in Walsh et al. (2014). This study highlights the importance of WSFMs for cross‐shelf sediment transport, despite relatively slow gravity‐driven velocities and the infrequency with which they occur.
Ultrathin Metal Fluoride Interfacial Layers for Use in Organic Photovoltaic Cells
Authors: Lin Fengyuan , Liu Xingyuan , Li Yantao , Hu Yongsheng , Guo Xiaoyang
Published: October 2015

A variety of metal fluorides, including lithium fluoride (LiF), magnesium fluoride (MgF2), barium fluoride (BaF2), strontium fluoride (SrF2), aluminum fluoride (AlF3), zirconium fluoride (ZrF4), and cerium fluoride (CeF3), are used as the cathode interfacial layer (CIL) in polymer photovoltaic cells to assess their effect on device performance. CeF3, BaF2, and SrF2 CILs exhibit better performance than a typical LiF CIL. The SrF2‐based device shows a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 7.17%, which is approximately 9% higher than that of the LiF‐based device; this, to our knowledge, is the first report on the SrF2‐based organic photovoltaic cell device. The open‐circuit voltage (V
OC) and fill factor (FF) of the fluoride‐based devices are correlated to the work functions (WFs) of the corresponding metals, which in turn influence the PCE. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy measurements of fluoride‐based cathodes reveal the occurrence of a displacement reaction and an interfacial dipole at the fluoride/aluminum interface, which lead to a reduced effective WF of the cathode and improved charge collection. Consequently, an improved PCE is achieved together with an increased V
OC and FF.
Singlet Fission and Triplet Exciton Dynamics in Rubrene/Fullerene Heterojunctions: Implications for Electroluminescence
Authors: Ullah Mujeeb , Yambem Soniya D. , Moore Evan G. , Namdas Ebinazar B. , Pandey Ajay K.
Published: October 2015

The role of triplet excitons in rubrene/C60 heterojunctions is investigated through detailed spectroscopic studies of triplet generation routes in the neat and heterojunction films of rubrene and C60. Time‐correlated single‐photon counting experiments on rubrene and rubrene/C60 give a long‐lived component with lifetime >200 ns, and triplets are found to live longer in rubrene/C60. A distinct reduction at short time scales in fluorescence lifetime of rubrene/C60 gives the indication of singlet exciton dissociation via formation of charge‐transfer (CT) states. Using ultrafast transient absorption spectroscopy, it is found that triplets are generated via singlet‐fission in neat rubrene films at t ≈ 1.8 ps, whereas a delayed population buildup of triplets in rubrene/C60 occurs at t ≈ 8 ps. The slow rise of triplet population confirms the role of CT‐state‐mediated triplet energy transfer in rubrene/C60. The recombination of triplets via triplet–triplet annihilation in organic light‐emitting diode (OLED) operation of rubrene/C60 is shown to generate extra singlets, which lift the spin branching ratio to values >25%. It is concluded that triplet excitons in rubrene/C60 are instrumental in bringing lower turn‐on voltages, brighter emission, and higher external quantum efficiency of electroluminescence in OLED and light‐emitting field effect transistors.
The effect of different porous media on moisture loss and oil absorption profiles during frying using glass micromodels
Authors: Cortés Pablo , Badillo Guillermo , Segura Luis , Bouchon Pedro
Published: October 2015

Microstructure plays a key role in oil absorption during frying. The aim of this work was to improve our understanding of the relationship between microstructure and oil absorption, through the use of glass micromodels to obtain evidence of transport phenomena in three porous networks. Micromodels were saturated with water and partially immersed in oil at 190°C. Moisture and oil profiles were imaged to get water and oil saturation maps. Image and fractal analyses were performed to describe the morphology of the evaporation and oil fronts. Results showed that higher porosity facilitated the moisture removal and promoted greater oil absorption during cooling. The fractal dimension showed that microstructures with a relatively high number of fine capillaries were less stable and propitiated fingering during the advance of the evaporation front. In all matrices, the disruption of the surface oil film due to air penetration was a critical factor to stop oil imbibition. © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 629–638, 2016
Truncating a disease. The reduction of silica hazards to silicosis at the 1930 international labor office conference on silicosis in Johannesburg
Authors: Rosental PA
Published: October 2015

The current nosology and etiology of silicosis were officially adopted by the 1930 International Labor Office (ILO) Conference on silicosis in Johannesburg. Convened by the International Labor Office and by the Transvaal Chamber of Mines, it paved the way to the adoption of a 1934 ILO convention which recognized silicosis as an occupational disease. Even though it constituted a social and sanitary turning point, the Johannesburg conference, strongly influenced by South African physicians working for the gold mining industry, reduced silica hazards to silicosis, an equation which is questioned nowadays. While the definition of silicosis adopted in 1930 was a major step in the recognition of occupational pneumoconioses, it also led to the under‐identification of some pathogenic effects of silica. Going back to history opens new avenues for contemporary medical research. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S6–S14, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
From the definition of silicosis at the 1930 Johannesburg conference to the blurred boundaries between pneumoconioses, sarcoidosis, and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP)
Authors: Vincent Michel , Chemarin Cecile , Cavalin Catherine , Catinon Mikael , Rosental Paul‐André
Published: October 2015

The 1930 International Labour Office Conference on silicosis in Johannesburg identified silicosis by setting a medicolegal framework to its nosology: as with other occupational illnesses, its medical content was fixed under economic pressure. This article follows a reading of all the proceedings of this conference (debates and reports of experts) to examine their potential impact on the etiology and nosology of other diseases, specifically sarcoidosis and pulmonary alveolar proteinosis (PAP), “idiopathic” diseases in which inorganic particles may be involved. We propose renewed study of the role of inorganic particles in these diseases. To do this, we propose to mobilize detection means such as mineralogical analysis and electron microscopy and in depth interviewing that are currently seldom used in France, in order to establish diagnosis and the potential occupational and environmental origin of these diseases. Am. J. Ind. Med. 58:S31–S38, 2015. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
What's burning got to do with it? Primate foraging opportunities in fire‐modified landscapes
Authors: Herzog Nicole M. , Keefe Earl R. , Parker Christopher H. , Hawkes Kristen
Published: October 2015

Objectives

Anecdotal and formal evidence indicate that primates take advantage of burned landscapes. However, little work has been done to quantify the costs and benefits of this behavior. Using systematic behavioral observations from a population of South African vervet monkeys (Chlorocebus aethiops pygerythrus), we evaluate differences in food availability and energetics before and after controlled burns altered vegetation near their home range. We aim to determine whether burned habitats offer improved foraging opportunities.

Methods

We collected feeding data from foraging individuals and analyzed common plant foods for their energetic content. We then used the feeding and energetic data to calculate postencounter profitabilities and encounter rates for food types. Using negative binomial and mixed linear regression models we compared data from burned and unburned habitats.

Results

Our results show significantly improved encounter rates in burned landscapes for two prey items, invertebrates and grasses. However, postencounter profitabilities in burned areas were not significantly different than those achieved in unburned areas.

Conclusions

Results suggest that improved encounters alone can motivate changes in foraging behavior. These foraging benefits enable the exploitation of burned savanna habitats, likely driving postburn range expansions observed among populations of vervet monkeys. Thus quantified, these results may serve as a foundation for hypotheses regarding the evolution of fire‐use in our own lineage. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:432–441, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Einblick in die supramolekulare Architektur von intaktem Diatomeen‐Biosilikat mithilfe DNP‐verstärkter Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie
Authors: Jantschke Anne , Koers Eline , Mance Deni , Weingarth Markus , Brunner Eike , Baldus Marc
Published: October 2015

Das Biosilikat von Diatomeen ist ein organisch‐anorganisches Hybridmaterial mit interessanten Eigenschaften. Die molekulare Architektur des Materials sowohl auf der atomaren als auch auf der Nanometerskala ist bisher noch unbekannt, insbesondere im Fall des intakten Biosilikats. DNP‐verstärkte Festkörper‐NMR‐Spektroskopie in Kombination mit Mikroskopie, MS und MD‐Simulationen wurde zur Untersuchung der strukturellen Organisation des intakten Biosilikats angewendet. Damit gelang es erstmals, die Sekundärstrukturelemente von stark Biosilikat‐assoziierten nativen Proteinen im Biosilikat in situ zu charakterisieren. Anhand der Festkörper‐NMR‐Daten wurde eine Mischung von Random‐Coil‐ und β‐Faltblatt‐Konformation nachgewiesen. Außerdem wurden mit dem Biosilikat assoziierte, langkettige Polyamine und Kohlenhydrate untersucht, woraus ein neues Modell für die supramolekulare Organisation des intakten Biosilikats abgeleitet wurde.
Insight into the Supramolecular Architecture of Intact Diatom Biosilica from DNP‐Supported Solid‐State NMR Spectroscopy
Authors: Jantschke Anne , Koers Eline , Mance Deni , Weingarth Markus , Brunner Eike , Baldus Marc
Published: October 2015

Diatom biosilica is an inorganic/organic hybrid with interesting properties. The molecular architecture of the organic material at the atomic and nanometer scale has so far remained unknown, in particular for intact biosilica. A DNP‐supported ssNMR approach assisted by microscopy, MS, and MD simulations was applied to study the structural organization of intact biosilica. For the first time, the secondary structure elements of tightly biosilica‐associated native proteins in diatom biosilica were characterized in situ. Our data suggest that these proteins are rich in a limited set of amino acids and adopt a mixture of random‐coil and β‐strand conformations. Furthermore, biosilica‐associated long‐chain polyamines and carbohydrates were characterized, thereby leading to a model for the supramolecular organization of intact biosilica.
Cellulose NANOFIBER‐polyethylene nanocomposites modified by polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Kiziltas Alper , Nazari Behzad , Kiziltas Esra Erbas , Gardner Douglas J. S. , Han Yousoo , Rushing Todd S.
Published: October 2015

The uniform dispersion of cellulose nanofibers (CNFs) in non‐polar polymer matrices is a primary problem to overcome in creating novel nanocomposites from these materials. The aim of this study was to produce CNF‐polyethylene (PE) nanocomposites by melt compounding followed by injection molding to investigate the possibility of using polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to improve the dispersion of CNF in the PE matrix. The tensile strength of CNF‐ filled composites was 17.4 MPa with the addition of 5 wt % CNF–PVA, which was 25% higher than the strength of neat PE. The tensile modulus of elasticity increased by 40% with 5% CNF–PVA addition. Flexural properties also significantly increased with increased CNF loading. Shear viscosity increased with increasing CNF content. The elastic moduli of the PE/CNF composites from rheological measurements were greater than those of the neat PE matrix because of the intrinsic rigidity of CNF. Melt creep compliance decreased by about 13% and 45% for the composites with 5 wt % CNF and 10 wt % CNF, respectively. It is expected that the PVA carrier system can contribute to the development of a process methodology to effectively disperse CNFs containing water in a polymer matrix. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 42933.
Preparation and characterization of poly(ethylene glycol) stabilized nano silver particles by a mechanochemical assisted ball mill process
Authors: Jayaramudu Tippabattini , Raghavendra Gownolla Malegowd , Varaprasad Kokkarachedu , Reddy Gangireddygari Venkata Subba , Reddy A. Babul , Sudhakar K. , Sadiku Emmanuel Rotimi
Published: October 2015

Nano silver particles with an average mean crystallite size of between 10 and 12 nm were synthesized from different molecular weights of poly(ethylene glycol) as a stabilizing agents, through solid state oxidation of silver nitrate using a higher energy planetary ball mill. Ultraviolet‐Visible spectra were used to confirm the synthesis of nano silver particles. The surface plasmon resonance bands were observed around 410 nm. Fourier transformed infrared spectrum, X‐ray diffraction, and transmission electronic microscopy techniques were used to characterize the nano silver particles synthesized. Thermal stability was determined using thermogravimetic analysis and the elemental composition of the sample was determined by energy dispersive X‐ray analysis. The nano silver particles synthesized, exhibited very good antibacterial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria (Bacillus) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). Based on the obtained results, it was additionally explored that the size and the stabilization of the nano silver particles synthesized, strongly depend on the molecular weight of poly(ethylene glycol). © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43027.
Unusual presentation of a distal cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Fama' Fausto , Piquard Arnaud , Pallela Jessica , Lo Presti Dario , Saint‐Marc Olivier , Gioffre'‐Florio Maria
Published: October 2015

Key Clinical Message

We report a case of a 51‐year‐old male presented with abdominal pain and itching, whereas jaundice occurred afterwards. Diagnosis was made by means of CT and better assessed by MRI and endoscopic ultrasounds. Patient was treated with an open Whipple's procedure, and after an 18‐month follow‐up he was doing well.
Chloride‐Anion‐Templated Synthesis of a Strapped‐Porphyrin‐Containing Catenane Host System
Authors: Brown Asha , Langton Matthew J. , Kilah Nathan L. , Thompson Amber L. , Beer Paul D.
Published: October 2015

The synthesis, structure and anion‐recognition properties of a new strapped‐porphyrin‐containing [2]catenane anion host system are described. The assembly of the catenane is directed by discrete chloride anion templation acting in synergy with secondary aromatic donor–acceptor and coordinative pyridine–zinc interactions. The [2]catenane incorporates a three‐dimensional, hydrogen‐bond‐donating anion‐binding pocket; solid‐state structural analysis of the catenane⋅chloride complex reveals that the chloride anion is encapsulated within the catenane’s interlocked binding cavity through six convergent CH⋅⋅⋅⋅Cl and NH⋅⋅⋅Cl hydrogen‐bonding interactions and solution‐phase 1H NMR titration experiments demonstrate that this complementary hydrogen‐bonding arrangement facilitates the selective recognition of chloride over larger halide anions in DMSO solution.
Directional Functionalization of MOF‐74 Analogs via Ligand Pre‐installation
Authors: Hao Liang , Qiu Qiming , Li Hui
Published: October 2015

A MOF‐74 analog derived from non‐DOBDC linkers, Cu(II)‐MOF‐74‐L1, was synthesized and characterized. Based on this, directionanl functionalizations of the hexagonal pore were introduced through well‐designed pre‐installation of ligands. By this strategy, two MOF‐74 analogs with hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces of pore had been achieved by equiping with Cl or OH groups respectively and proved with excellent catalysis and luminescent sensing properties. Herein, the synthetic strategy and functional regulation were reported toward the development of functional MOF‐74 materials.
Bone disease in cirrhosis
Authors: Patel Nishita , Muñoz Santiago J.
Published: October 2015

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Treatment of patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 3: Where are we now?
Authors: Landaverde Carmen , Wells Jennifer T. , Gutierrez Julio , Poordad Fred
Published: October 2015

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Matrix metalloproteinases as promising regulators of axonal regrowth in the injured adult zebrafish retinotectal system
Authors: Lemmens Kim , Bollaerts Ilse , Bhumika Stitipragyan , de Groef Lies , Van Houcke Jessie , Darras Veerle M. , Van Hove Inge , Moons Lieve
Published: October 2015

Overcoming the failure of axon regeneration in the mammalian central nervous system (CNS) after injury remains a major challenge, which makes the search for proregenerative molecules essential. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been implicated in axonal outgrowth during CNS development and show increased expression levels during vertebrate CNS repair. In mammals, MMPs are believed to alter the suppressive extracellular matrix to become more permissive for axon regrowth. We investigated the role of MMPs in axonal regeneration following optic nerve crush (ONC) in adult zebrafish, which fully recover from such injuries due to a high intrinsic axon growth capacity and a less inhibitory environment. Lowering general retinal MMP activity through intravitreal injections of GM6001 after ONC strongly reduced retinal ganglion cell (RGC) axonal regrowth, without influencing RGC survival. Based on a recently performed transcriptome profiling study, the expression pattern of four MMPs after ONC was determined via combined use of western blotting and immunostainings. Mmp‐2 and ‐13a were increasingly present in RGC somata during axonal regrowth. Moreover, Mmp‐2 and ‐9 became upregulated in regrowing RGC axons and inner plexiform layer (IPL) synapses, respectively. In contrast, after an initial rise in IPL neurites and RGC axons during the injury response, Mmp‐14 expression decreased during regeneration. Altogether, a phase‐dependent expression pattern for each specific MMP was observed, implicating them in axonal regrowth and inner retina remodeling after injury. In conclusion, these data suggest a novel, neuron‐intrinsic function for multiple MMPs in axon regrowth that is distinct from breaking down environmental barriers. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:1472–1493, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Biopolymers from Composted Biowaste as Stabilizers for the Synthesis of Spherical and Homogeneously Sized Silver Nanoparticles for Textile Applications on Natural Fibers
Authors: Nisticò Roberto , Barrasso Marco , Carrillo Le Roux Galo Antonio , Seckler Marcelo Martins , Sousa Walter , Malandrino Mery , Magnacca Giuliana
Published: October 2015

The use of bio‐based substances (BBS) obtained from composted biowaste as stabilizers for the production of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in substitution to citrate is investigated herein, evaluating the functionalization of natural fibers for textile antibacterial applications. The results obtained evidenced that BBS can substitute citrate as reducing/stabilizing agent in the synthesis, inducing a geometrical control (in shape and size) of the AgNPs. Two different substrates were selected (wool and cotton) and two dip‐coating deposition techniques investigated. The release of AgNPs from the supports in water was evaluated under two different experimental conditions: 1) soaking (static conditions) for 7 and 15 days, simulating the contact with sweat, and 2) centrifugation (dynamic conditions), simulating a washing machine treatment. A wide physicochemical characterization was carried out to evaluate the effects of BBS on the morphology and stability of AgNPs suspensions as well as the functionalization effectiveness.
Enhanced Hydrogen Transport over Palladium Ultrathin Films through Surface Nanostructure Engineering
Authors: Abate Salvatore , Giorgianni Gianfranco , Gentiluomo Serena , Centi Gabriele , Perathoner Siglinda
Published: October 2015

Palladium ultrathin films (around 2 μm) with different surface nanostructures are characterized by TEM, SEM, AFM, and temperature programmed reduction (TPR), and evaluated in terms of H2 permeability and H2–N2 separation. A change in the characteristics of Pd seeds by controlled oxidation–reduction treatments produces films with the same thickness, but different surface and bulk nanostructure. In particular, the films have finer and more homogeneous Pd grains, which results in lower surface roughness. Although all samples show high permeo‐ selectivity to H2, the samples with finer grains exhibit enhanced permeance and lower activation energy for H2 transport. The analysis of the data suggests that grain boundaries between the Pd grains at the surface favor H2 transfer from surface to subsurface. Thus, the surface nanostructure plays a relevant role in enhancing the transport of H2 over the Pd ultrathin film, which is an important aspect to develop improved membranes that function at low temperatures and toward new integrated process architectures in H2 and syngas production with enhanced sustainability.
Innovate to grow enrollment, meet community needs
Authors: Hope Joan
Published: October 2015

Wake Technical Community College in North Carolina started the fall term with record enrollment.
Conditioned inhibition in preweanling rats
Authors: Aranda‐Fernandez Patricio E. , Gaztañaga Mirari , Arias Carlos , Chotro M. Gabriela
Published: October 2015

Inhibitory conditioning is a very well established phenomenon in associative learning that has been demonstrated in both humans and adult animals. But in spite of the fact that this topic has generated much empirical and theoretical work, there are no published studies assessing inhibitory learning during the early ontogeny of the rat. In this study we test the possibility of finding conditioned inhibition in infant rats (Day 10) using a conditioned taste aversion procedure. We tested whether the consumption of saccharin (A) was reduced when paired with a LiCl injection compared to the presentation of saccharin in compound with a lemon odor (AX) without any aversive consequence. After training, retardation, and summation tests were conducted in order to evaluate the inhibitory properties of the lemon odor (X). The results of this study showed that in male pups, after conditioned inhibition training, stimulus X passed both retardation and summation tests. These results indicate that conditioned inhibition can be established in the early development of the rat, suggesting that animals at this stage of ontogeny have the capacity to acquire and to express inhibitory conditioning, although this effect appears to be sex‐dependent. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58:98–106, 2016.
Early deprivation and autonomic nervous system functioning in post‐institutionalized children
Authors: Esposito Elisa A. , Koss Kalsea J. , Donzella Bonny , Gunnar Megan R.
Published: October 2015

The relations between early deprivation and the development of the neuroendocrine and central components of the mammalian stress response have been examined frequently. However, little is known about the impact of early deprivation on the developmental trajectories of autonomic function. Children adopted between 15–36 months from institutional care were examined during their first 16 months post‐adoption (N = 60). Comparison groups included same‐aged peers reared in their birth families (N = 50) and children adopted internationally from overseas foster care (N = 46). The present study examined trajectories of baseline autonomic nervous system function longitudinally following entry into adopted families. Post‐institutionalized children had higher sympathetic tone, measured by pre‐ejection period (PEP). Individual differences in PEP soon after adoption served as a mediator between early deprivation and parent‐reported behavioral problems 2 years post‐adoption. There were no group differences in parasympathetic function, indexed by respiratory sinus arrhythmia. All three groups showed similar trajectories of ANS function across the 16 month period. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 58: 328–340, 2016.