bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of Confining Pressure on Unsteady‐State Air Permeability Measurement Method in an Aggregated Andisol
Authors: Nakajima Toru , Saito Hirotaka , Tojo Seishu , Hu Qinhong
Published: March 2016

Core Ideas

We propose an unsteady‐state air permeability method with confined sleeve pressure.

Interaggregate permeability increased slightly compared with the intraaggregate region.

Air permeability is affected by air leakage through the sample–column wall space.

Air permeability is also affected by soil structure and water state in an Andisol.

Soil air permeability is an important parameter to characterize convective gas transport through the soil gas phases. However, current air permeability measurements have limitations, specifically in Andisols, which are highly aggregated and often shrink during drying processes. Determining the air content at different tension gradient points by drying is also time consuming because experiments have to reach several steady‐state conditions. Thus, the objective of this research was to demonstrate an unsteady‐state air permeability measurement method with confined sleeve pressure. Furthermore, the effects of confined pressure and air leakage on the measurement of air permeability were determined using an Andisol across a wide range of soil water and air contents. Under confined pressure, the air flow rates at air contents of 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m3 m−3 and soil bulk density of 0.75 Mg m−3 were 5.8, 2.3, and 0.8 times higher, respectively, than those under unconfined pressure. Using the unsteady‐state air permeability measurements method on the Andisol, our results show that the interaggregate region had air contents in the range from 0.13 to 0.25 m3 m−3, with air permeability ranging from 12.6 to 54.8 μm2. Conversely, the intraaggregate region had air contents ranging from 0.25 to 0.65 m3 m−3, with air permeability ranging from 54.8 to 81.5 μm2. The intraaggregate air permeability increased only slightly due to less space in the aggregate.
Study of kinetics of degradation of cyclohexane carboxylic acid by acclimated activated sludge
Authors: Wang Chunhua , Shi Shuian , Chen Hongyan
Published: March 2016

Activated sludge contains complex microorganisms, which are highly effective biodegrading agents. In this study, the kinetics of biodegradation of cyclohexane carboxylic acid (CHCA) by an acclimated aerobic activated sludge were investigated. The results showed that after 180 days of acclimation, the activated sludge could steadily degrade >90% of the CHCA in 120 h. The degradation of CHCA by the acclimated activated sludge could be modeled using a first-order kinetics equation. The equations for the degradation kinetics for different initial CHCA concentrations were also obtained. The kinetics constant, kd, decreased with an increase in the CHCA concentration, indicating that, at high concentrations, CHCA had an inhibiting effect on the microorganisms in the activated sludge. The effects of pH on the degradation kinetics of CHCA were also investigated. The results showed that a pH of 10 afforded the highest degradation rate, indicating that basic conditions significantly promoted the degradation of CHCA. Moreover, it was found that the degradation efficiency for CHCA increased with an increase in temperature and concentration of dissolved oxygen under the experimental conditions.
Borderlands, Climate Change, and the Genocidal Impulse
Authors: Alvarez Alex
Published: March 2016

The focus of this paper is on tracing and exploring some of the implications of climate change for various types of conflict with a particular emphasis on genocide and with specific reference to borderland regions. This paper examines some of the ways in which climate induced stresses may contribute to the development of conflict over resources and borders, and persecutory ideologies and practices against groups and populations defined as dangerous and/or superfluous.
Reflections on Contemporary Responses to Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Scheffer David
Published: March 2016

Several challenges arise in responding to atrocity crimes in contemporary practice. First, there is not the same proactive vision for justice in the U.N. Security Council as existed in 1993 and 1994. Second, reflecting upon the practice of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia and recent controversial judgments, the question looms whether judges properly evaluate how mass atrocity crimes occur within the particular characteristics of the overall situation or overall conflict. Third, the great value of international criminal tribunals and internationally-created hybrid tribunals is that they create a clear public record of events that, through the rigorous investigation and prosecution of atrocity crimes, rebut attempts at denial or revisionism by politicians and extremists. Further, a new paradigm in international affairs should be formulated, one that compels effective, timely, and significant multilateral responses directly aimed at lawless forces engaged in atrocity crimes and bold enough to act swiftly with lawful justification even in the absence of Security Council authorization thwarted by the veto power.
Effects of Curculigo orchioides total glucosides in mouse perimenopause model of related organization and organs morphology
Authors: Shan Cao , Shuo Tian , Ming Bai , Shaoyan Liu , Jiaojiao Jia , Mingsan Miao
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Curculigo orchioides total glucosides in mouse perimenopause model. The castrated mice were treated with different doses of soybean isoflavone soft capsule, Gengnianan, C. rhizome total glycoside. Hypothalamus, thymus, spleen and uterus were collected and then fixed in 10% formaldehyde, HE staining, to observe the pathological changes of morphology. The results indicate that compared with the model group, soybean isoflavone soft capsule, gengnianan capsule and big, medium, small dose of C. rhizome total glycoside group could significantly improved the pathological changes in mouse uterus, hypothalamic, thickening of the thymic cortex and significantly increased the number of lymphocytes in the cortex, increased the volume of splenic nodule (p<0.01), in which the effect of large dose of C. orchioides total glycosides group was the best. In conclusion, C. orchioides total glucosides in mice caused by perimenopausal pathological changes of uterine, hypothalamus, spleen and other organs have good improvement effect.
Wives, Widows and Children: War Victims in Iliad Book II
Authors: Werner Christian
Published: March 2016

Épouses, veuves et enfants : les victimes de guerre au livre II de l’Iliade. – L’article analyse les différences et les similitudes entre trois expressions qui apparaissent au livre II de l’Iliade : ἄλοχοι καὶ νήπια τέκνα (136), παῖδες νεαροὶ χῆραί τε γυναῖκες (289), et νήπια τέκνα

(311). Je fais l’hypothèse que la première et la troisième formule ont un sens qui est déterminé par les thèmes épiques traditionnels. En revanche, la deuxième formule est liée au rôle d’Andromaque dans l’Iliade, et le caractère traditionnel de sa signification ne peut être affirmé. L’Iliade qui ressort de ma lecture est un poème dont le sens dépend de la réélaboration du savoir traditionnel présent dans sa production et qui est partagée par le narrateur et l’auditoire. L’oeuvre présuppose aussi le développement d’une intrigue particulière – et donc de phrases particulières – ciselée par son poète.
La argumentación en las arengas militares de Tucídides
Authors: Iglesias Zoido Juan Carlos
Published: March 2016

El objetivo del presente trabajo es analizar la argumentación de las arengas militares de Tucídides, en las que hay dos líneas argumentativas. Una de tipo explicativo (διδαχή), acorde con la función que estos discursos desempeñan en el conjunto de la obra, y en la que se observa la influencia de la oratoria deliberativa. Otra de tipo exhortativo (παρακέλευσις), que emplea motivos parenéticos ya presentes en la épica, que fueron ampliamente reutilizados por la oratoria fúnebre. La combinación de ambas líneas generó un nuevo tipo de discurso historiográfico caracterizado por su flexibilidad y capacidad de adaptación al contexto narrativo.
Who Were the Tribuni Militum Consulari Potestate?
Authors: Holloway R. Ross
Published: March 2016

This article argues that the colleges of Tribuni Militum Consulari Potestate, which in the surviving histories of the early Roman Republic largely replaced the consulship during the period 444 to 367 B. C., are inventions of the Roman annalists. The members of these colleges were leaders of private war bands dignified by the title tribuni militum, whose commands, the annalists reasoned, gave them consular powers. The sources of this information were family traditions and especially funeral eulogies. In the development of the argument examination is given to the problem of the pontifical Annales Maximi, which, as the Elder Cato made clear, had no value as a source of military or political history. The conclusion is also reached that the Romans derived dates for the early Republic from synchronisms with events in the Greek world.
Cives Galli de(ae) Galliae concordesque Britanni: a Dedication at Vindolanda
Authors: Birley Anthony R.
Published: March 2016

An inscription found at Vindolanda in 2006 records a dedication made by ciues Galli to de(a) Gallia ; the dedicators are assumed to have been soldiers in the cohors IV Gallorum equitata, based at Vindolanda from the time of Caracalla onwards. They were joined in their dedication by (ciues) Britanni, no doubt men serving in the same cohort, who are described as concordes. The term ciuis Gallus is very rare, compared to similar ethnic labels, which are listed. No other examples of Gallia as a goddess seem to be known ; comparable ‘ geographical’ deities are also listed. Finally, the relations, not always friendly, between Gauls and Britons are discussed.
Wine and Wine Drinking in the Homeric World
Authors: Papakonstantinou Zinon
Published: March 2016

Cet article étudie les pratiques de la consommation de vin dans l’épopée homérique, ainsi que les points de vue qui y sont attachés. Le vin était abondamment consommé par des personnes de toute origine sociale et souvent présenté comme une substance nourrissante et revigorante. Les effets toxiques et potentiellement perturbateurs d’une consommation excessive de vin étaient également connus, mais une telle conscience n’a pas conduit à diaboliser des degrés modérés d’ivresse. Le vin était considéré comme une denrée matérielle, dont la qualité et le mode de consommation servaient de marqueurs sociaux, la xenia aristocratique. En outre, une invitation à une «drinking party » dans l’élite homérique faisait partie des plus hauts symboles de reconnaissance sociale que l’on pouvait se voir octroyer. Les témoignages sur la consommation de vin dans le monde homérique suggèrent que la Grèce des débuts de la période archaïque était une culture où l’alcool était accepté, un élément moralement neutre de la vie sociale. Des comparaisons ethnographiques avec d’autres cultures de ce type peuvent apporter un éclairage à la pratique et aux idées homériques sur la consommation de vin.
Athènes et les « Philaïdes » Formes de réciprocité entre les aristocrates et la polis
Authors: Bonanno Daniela
Published: March 2016

Le thème de cette étude est la relation entre Athènes et les membres de la famille de Miltiade et de Cimon, ceux que les historiens nomment «Philaïdes ». L’histoire de ce lignage a significativement marqué le développement d’Athènes à la période archaïque. Bien que la tradition sur ces personnages soit dramatiquement contradictoire et fragmentaire, une analyse lexicale des sources pourra mettre en évidence des traits de cohérence dans leur politique nous permettant d’interpréter en termes de réciprocité leur rapport avec la polis. Il s’agit, toutefois, d’une forme particulière de réciprocité, engendrée par la relation inégale et asymétrique que ces aristocrates semblent avoir entretenue avec Athènes.
Seleucid Campaign Beards
Authors: Iossif Panagiotis , Lorber Cathy
Published: March 2016

À l’exception de Démétrios II lors de son second règne, les rois séleucides étaient normalement représentés sans barbe sur leur monnayage. Toutefois, un certain nombre de Séleucides portait la barbe sur une partie des portraits numismatiques. Cet article explore l’hypothèse selon laquelle ce type de barbe temporaire était la manifestation d’un voeu effectué avant une campagne militaire et qu’elle était dès lors rasée à son terme. Les barbes étaient associées à des types de campagnes particulières, contre des envahisseurs orientaux, des usurpateurs et des rivaux dynastiques. Les divinités auxquelles chaque Séleucide faisait ses voeux pourraient avoir été celles qui étaient figurées sur les monnaies aux portraits barbus.
Une famille de notabilité précoce à Antioche de Pisidie : les Volumnii
Authors: Christol Michel , Drew-Bear Thomas
Published: March 2016

Le réexamen d’une inscription honorifique, publiée par W. M. Ramsay (AE 1941, 142), pour une prêtresse de la déesse Julia Augusta, permet de reconsidérer la personnalité de son fils Volumnius Varro, notable de l’ordre équestre de la colonie romaine d’Antioche en Pisidie, en étudiant sa carrière : préfet de la cohorte II Italica, tribunus militum de la légion VII Claudia, duumvir, trois fois questeur et pontifex dans sa cité, ainsi que les alliances de sa famille. Dans la carrière d’un autre notable d’Antioche (PIR II2, p. 101 n° 427), nous relevons, contre nos prédécesseurs, l’exercice de la questure à quatre reprises. Apparaissent aussi, grâce à un dossier épigraphique complémentaire, les liens entretenus par des personnes gravitant autour de cette lignée et le culte de Men, puisqu’une nouvelle inscription signale la dédicace d’un cenaculum

avec une table d’offrandes pour le grand dieu local, tandis qu’une autre constitue une dédicace familiale à Men Askaénos.
Crisis management: what are the methodological challenges for ergonomics?
Authors: Morel Gaël , Chauvin Christine
Published: March 2016

Cet article traite de la gestion de crise. Etudier une situation de crise implique de nombreux défis méthodologiques pour les ergonomes. Cet article a pour objectif de mettre en avant ce que de telles situations imposent comme changements quant aux méthodes et techniques d’analyse de l’activité classiquement mises en œuvre par les ergonomes. Afin de répondre à l’objectif visé, cet article est structuré selon quatre parties. La première présente l’ancrage théorique de la gestion de crise ainsi que les défis méthodologiques qui en découlent. Nous avons identifié quatre défis : 1. Modéliser et analyser l’activité d’un collectif lors de la gestion d’une crise ; 2. Capter les flux d’informations et les interactions entre acteurs ; 3. Identifier les défaillances dans la gestion de l’information ; 4. Quel type d’analyse mener : in-situ ou simulée ? La seconde partie est illustrative. A partir d’un exemple – la mise en œuvre du plan ORSEC NOVI – nous tenterons de préciser les avantages et les insuffisances des techniques et méthodes traditionnellement utilisées en ergonomie pour relever les défis en lien avec l’analyse d’une situation de gestion de crise. Les deux dernières parties sont consacrées à la discussion et à la conclusion. Elles mettent en perspective l’approche mise en œuvre dans le cadre du dispositif ORSEC, avec la réelle nécessité de mieux outiller les ergonomes qui souhaitent étudier ce type de situation de travail.
Dendritic Cells Guide Islet Autoimmunity through a Restricted and Uniquely Processed Peptidome Presented by High-Risk HLA-DR
Authors: van Lummel Menno , van Veelen Peter A. , de Ru Arnoud H. , Janssen George M. C. , Pool Jos , Laban Sandra , Joosten Antoinette M. , Nikolic Tatjana , Drijfhout Jan W. , Mearin M. Luisa , Aanstoot Henk J. , Peakman Mark , Roep Bart O.
Published: March 2016

Identifying T cell epitopes of islet autoantigens is important for understanding type 1 diabetes (T1D) immunopathogenesis and to design immune monitoring and intervention strategies in relationship to disease progression. Naturally processed T cell epitopes have been discovered by elution from HLA-DR4 of pulsed B lymphocytes. The designated professional APC directing immune responses is the dendritic cell (DC). To identify naturally processed epitopes, monocyte-derived DC were pulsed with preproinsulin (PPI), glutamic acid decarboxylase (65-kDa isoform; GAD65), and insulinoma-associated Ag-2 (IA-2), and peptides were eluted of HLA-DR3 and -DR4, which are associated with highest risk for T1D development. Proteome analysis confirmed uptake and processing of islet Ags by DC. PPI peptides generated by DC differed from those processed by B lymphocytes; PPI signal-sequence peptides were eluted from HLA-DR4 and -DR3/4 that proved completely identical to a primary target epitope of diabetogenic HLA-A2–restricted CD8 T cells. HLA-DR4 binding was confirmed. GAD65 peptides, eluted from HLA-DR3 and -DR4, encompassed two core regions overlapping the two most immunodominant and frequently studied CD4 T cell targets. GAD65 peptides bound to HLA-DR3. Strikingly, the IA-2 ligandome of HLA-DR was exclusively generated from the extracellular part of IA-2, whereas most previous immune studies have focused on intracellular IA-2 epitopes. The newly identified IA-2 peptides bound to HLA-DR3 and -DR4. Differential T cell responses were detected against the newly identified IA-2 epitopes in blood from T1D patients. The core regions to which DC may draw attention from autoreactive T cells are largely distinct and more restricted than are those of B cells. GAD65 peptides presented by DC focus on highly immunogenic T cell targets, whereas HLA-DR–binding peptides derived from IA-2 are distinct from the target regions of IA-2 autoantibodies.
T Cell Priming by Activated Nlrc5-Deficient Dendritic Cells Is Unaffected despite Partially Reduced MHC Class I Levels
Authors: Rota Giorgia , Ludigs Kristina , Siegert Stefanie , Tardivel Aubry , Morgado Leonor , Reith Walter , De Gassart Aude , Guarda Greta
Published: March 2016

NLRC5, a member of the NOD-like receptor (NLR) protein family, has recently been characterized as the master transcriptional regulator of MHCI molecules in lymphocytes, in which it is highly expressed. However, its role in activated dendritic cells (DCs), which are instrumental to initiate T cell responses, remained elusive. We show in this study that, following stimulation of DCs with inflammatory stimuli, not only did NLRC5 level increase, but also its importance in directing MHCI transcription. Despite markedly reduced mRNA and intracellular H2-K levels, we unexpectedly observed nearly normal H2-K surface display in Nlrc5−/− DCs. Importantly, this discrepancy between a strong intracellular and a mild surface defect in H2-K levels was observed also in DCs with H2-K transcription defects independent of Nlrc5. Hence, alongside with demonstrating the importance of NLRC5 in MHCI transcription in activated DCs, we uncover a general mechanism counteracting low MHCI surface expression. In agreement with the decreased amount of neosynthesized MHCI, Nlrc5−/− DCs exhibited a defective capacity to display endogenous Ags. However, neither T cell priming by endogenous Ags nor cross-priming ability was substantially affected in activated Nlrc5−/− DCs. Altogether, these data show that Nlrc5 deficiency, despite significantly affecting MHCI transcription and Ag display, is not sufficient to hinder T cell activation, underlining the robustness of the T cell priming process by activated DCs.
Genetic and Epigenetic Regulation of PD-1 Expression
Authors: Bally Alexander P. R. , Austin James W. , Boss Jeremy M.
Published: March 2016

The inhibitory immune receptor programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) is intricately regulated. In T cells, PD-1 is expressed in response to most immune challenges, but it is rapidly downregulated in acute settings, allowing for normal immune responses. On chronically stimulated Ag-specific T cells, PD-1 expression remains high, leading to an impaired response to stimuli. Ab blockade of PD-1 interactions during chronic Ag settings partially restores immune function and is now used clinically to treat a variety of devastating cancers. Understanding the regulation of PD-1 expression may be useful for developing novel immune-based therapies. In this review, the molecular mechanisms that drive dynamic PD-1 expression during acute and chronic antigenic stimuli are discussed. An array of cis-DNA elements, transcription factors, and epigenetic components, including DNA methylation and histone modifications, control PD-1 expression. The interplay between these regulators fine-tunes PD-1 expression in different inflammatory environments and across numerous cell types to modulate immune responses.
Investigating the Rate of Applying the Ethic’s Charter Components and its relation to Power Management Components in Isfahan Educational Departments
Authors: Hoseini Shadi Sadat , Siadat Seyed Ali
Published: March 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between legal power and the ethic’s charter components applying. This study is a descriptive cross-functional. The population consisted of 1,539 managers, planners and experts in education departments of Isfahan; the 220 out of that were selected as study’s sample by Morgan and stratified random sampling with the population size based on their business and position. In the present study, two questionnaires were used for collecting data; power supplies questionnaire and component of ethics charter inventory. The results show that: (1) The component of ethics charter, administrative, environmental and personal-care have no legal relation with using managers, planners and experts from the legal power source. (2) There is a significant relationship between the power source reference and the rate of applying the ethics charter, administrative, environmental, personal and caring components from the managers, planners and experts’ point of view. (3) There is a significant relationship between the reward and the application of ethic’s charter components sin managers, planners and experts of the departments of Educational systems in Isfahan. (4) The punishment’spower source has its effects only on three thics charter’s environmental component in managers, planners and agencies’ experts of Isfahan and can remain in the regression equation, while the mentioned power source has no effect on management component and personal-care of managers, planners and experts. (6) There is no meaningful relationship between the level of expertise and the application of ethics’ charter component among the managers, planners and experts of Isfahan educational departments. (7) There is no meaningful difference between the power source and the application of ethics’ charter component among managers, planners and experts of Isfahan educational departments in terms of the components of the age, sex and position.
Preparation of diamond-like carbon films using reactive Ar/CH4 high power impulse magnetron sputtering system with negative pulse voltage source for substrate
Authors: Kimura Takashi , Kamata Hikaru
Published: March 2016

Diamond-like carbon films were prepared using a reactive Ar/CH4 high-power impulse magnetron sputtering system with a negative pulse voltage source for the substrate, changing the CH4 fraction up to 15% in the total pressure range from 0.3 to 2 Pa. The magnitude of the negative pulse voltage for the substrate was also varied up to about 500 V. The hardness of films monotonically increased with increasing magnitude of the negative pulse voltage. The films with hardnesses between 16.5 and 23 GPa were prepared at total pressures less than 0.5 Pa and CH4 fractions less than 10% by applying an appropriate negative pulse voltage of 300–400 V. In X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, the area ratio C–C sp3/(C–C sp2 + C–C sp3) in the C 1s core level was higher than 30% at pressures less than 0.5 Pa and CH4 fractions less than 15%. On the other hand, the films with hardnesses between 5 and 10 GPa were prepared with a relatively high growth rate at the partial pressures of CH4 higher than 0.1 Pa. However, the observation of the photoluminescence background in Raman spectroscopy indicated a relatively high hydrogen content.
Species Diversity of Rattan (Uay) in Selected Municipalities in the Province of Abra, Philippines
Authors: Guzman Mary Joan
Published: March 2016

Rattan (Uay) is known for its commercial use such as furniture and handicrafts e.g. cabinets, bags, chairs, swings, and matting. The study determined the species diversity of rattan (uay) in Danglas, Licuan- Baay, Lagayan, Dagiuoman, Tubo, and Villaviciosa, Abra, Philippines. The researcher had gone through a fieldwork for plant collection, identification and taxonomic classification using a dichotomous key and to assess the species diversity using biological diversity indices. Phytochemical analysis of the leaves, roots, stalk of rattan (uay) was done. Calamus merrilii, Calamus ornatus, Calamus microcarpus, and Calamus sp. are the identified species of rattan in the province of Abra. They have similar morphological characteristics but they differ in size and color of the vines, position of the thorns and spines in the plant body, and leaf sizes. Phytochemical contents of the stalk, roots, and leaves of rattan (uay) contain the most abundant medicinal properties. Biological diversity indices revealed that Calamus merrilii, Calamus ornatus, Calamus microcarpus, and Calamus sp. were most abundant species of rattan (uay) found in Tubo, Dagiuoman, Danglas, Lagayan and least diverse in Baay- Licuan. Lapat System was the conservation and preservation method of rattan (uay) in Tubo and Dagiouman, Danglas, Lagayan, Baay- Licuan and Villaviciosa. These help the Abrenians generate income for their daily sustenance.
Effectiveness of the Two-in-One Device; Ignition Coil and Spark Plug Testing Instrument
Authors: Guillermo Allan Q. , Bajet, Jr. Manuel A. , Tolentino Dominador F.
Published: March 2016

Technological modernization and invention have brought convenience that life has become fulfilling, and they give amusement to our lives. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the Ignition Coil and Spark Plug Instrument that can be used to determine the condition of an Ignition coil through high voltage output and also spark plug through visible spark. It made use of project and experimental method of research. This was accomplished in three phases namely: the making of the design for the device, constructing the device and testing the device functionality through actual observation. Group of experts coming from the automotive and electronic sectors evaluated the effectiveness of the automotive testing instrument. A five-point Likert scale was used to find the mean product and the descriptive rating in terms of usefulness, effectives, functionality, reliability and safety. The results of the study revealed that the output voltage and frequency are directly proportional to the resistance of network Ra, but inversely proportional to resistance network Rb in the circuit.Â  The output frequency is directly proportional to the output voltage. The evaluation of the group of experts in terms of usefulness, effectiveness, functionality, reliability and safety was rated excellent respectively. The device is an instrument for automotive technicians in testing ignition coil and spark plugs. The researchers recommended further study about the device for its safety because based on the result it has the least rating among the different standards although it was evaluated as â€œExcellent.â€Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â  Keywords â€“ Engineering, development, ignition, spark plug, testing instrument, R and D, Vigan City, Philippines
Growth and Yield Performance of Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) Lines in Pampanga, Philippines
Authors: Gatan Mary Grace
Published: March 2016

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea Linn) is grown on nearly 23.95 million hectares worldwide with a total production of 36.45 million tons. In the country, peanut is one of the food legumes with commercial importance that contributed much to domestic earnings. There are promising peanut lines that need to be evaluated to pass the National Seed Industry Council (NSIC) Certification. Hence, the National Cooperative Trials from 2011-2014 were conducted to evaluate their agronomic characteristics, reaction to diseases and yield potential in Pampanga, Philippines. Experimental trials were laid out following Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD). Data were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and treatment means were compared using Least Significant Difference (LSD). At wet season trials, results revealed significant differences in all treatments relative to days to flower, number of pods/plant, weight of 100 seeds, shelling percentage and pod yield except days to maturity.Â  The ICGV 00350 and ICGV 99046 obtained the highest pod yield with 2.1 and of 2.4 tons/ha, respectively. During dry season, significant differences were noted among peanut lines in relation to days to flower, days to maturity, number of pods/ plant, weight of 100 seeds, shelling percentage and pod yield (tons/ha). The ICGV 01273 out yielded the 10 peanut lines.Â Keywordsâ€” Agriculture, National Cooperative Trials, Arachis hypogaea, experimental trials, Philippines, Asia
Growth and Yield Performances of Tubigan Rice Varieties under Abra, Philippines Conditions
Authors: Edwin Milandro
Published: March 2016

Increased rice production through the use of high yielding varieties is a possible solution for rice shortage in the Philippines. The study on six (6) Tubigan rice varieties which was conducted for wet and dry growing seasons at Abra State Institute of Sciences and Technology, Lagangilang, Abra, Philippines was aimed to determine their growth and yield performances of Tubigan rice varieties under Abra Conditions. Results revealed that there were significant differences in the number of days to mature, height of plants at maturity, number of unfilled grains per panicle, length of panicle, harvest index, weight of 1000 seeds and yield per hectare between the Tubigan varieties. The varieties tested showed highly significant differences in the parameters studied except in the number of filled grains. NSIC Rc 158 outranked the other varieties in yield probably because it produced the highest number of tillers per hill, filled grains per panicle, high harvest index and yield per hectare of 6.4 tons/ha. NSIC Rc160 was the tallest at maturity and produced the longest panicle. NSIC Rc156 produced the highest number of unfilled grains. The yield of all the varieties exceeded the average production of lowland rice in Abra, which was 3.48 t/ha (PhilRice & BAS, 2002). NSIC Rc158 could be grown by rice farmers in irrigated lowland condition in Abra because it exceeded the average yield of the check variety NSIC Rc160 and found acceptable to consumers.
Age, Residence, Parents' Educational Attainment and Exposure to Media Affect Students' Learning Styles
Authors: Balallo Elvin , Bajet Paz Crizzle
Published: March 2016

Most students are unaware of their learning styles and emotional intelligence.  Thus, it is important to know one's learning styles and emotional intelligence because they can be used to increase self-awareness as to their strengths and weaknesses as learners. The study determined the learning styles and emotional intelligence of the students in the College of Technology of University of Northern Philippines, Philippines. The study utilized descriptive-correlational method of research. Results showed that student respondents have an overall high level of learning style in all of its three dimensions: visual, auditory, and kinesthetic. Also, they have an overall high level of emotional intelligence in all of its dimensions. The overall level of learning styles of the respondents is significantly related with self-motivation while visual learning style is significantly linked to self-regulation.  Likewise, auditory learning style is significantly related to self-awareness, self-motivation, social skills and the overall level of emotional intelligence. Meanwhile, kinesthetic learning style is significantly related to social awareness and self-motivation. The university should conduct an assessment of learning preferences of the students to determine their strengths and weaknesses. Likewise, emotional intelligence tests should be given to students to provide essential data on the attitudes of these students.
Development and Evaluation of Discovery Approach-Based Instructional Materials for High School Science
Authors: Paderes Nero
Published: March 2016

The traditional method of science teaching in the province of Abra, Philippines is still prevalent. This leads to poor academic outcomes due to poor understanding and comprehension of students on the different theories in science. Hence, the study was conducted to develop and evaluate instructional materials aligned to discovery approach and to determine the level of appropriateness, acceptability, and usability of the developed instructional materials for science teaching. The study used the Students and Teacher Collaborative Instructional Materials Development Model (STCIMD) to develop and evaluate instructional materials exclusively for Physics, Chemistry, and Biology. Students from Fourth Year, Third Year, and Second Year of ASIST Laboratory High School and subject teachers served as the evaluators of the prepared instructional materials. Majority of the instructional materials developed were evaluated by the teachers as Strongly Appropriate (SA), Acceptable (A), and Usable (U). The students evaluated the instructional materials as Appropriate (A), Acceptable (A), and Usable (U). Results showed that the instructional materials captured their interest and curiosity in discovering the scientific principle behind the activity. Accordingly, these instructional materials that were aligned to discovery approach were proven valuable in achieving meaningful learning. Thus, these materials should be utilized during the lesson presentation to facilitate learning.
Artificial ionospheric layers driven by high‐frequency radiowaves: An assessment
Authors: Mishin Evgeny , Watkins Brenton , Lehtinen Nikolai , Eliasson Bengt , Pedersen Todd , Grach Savely
Published: March 2016

High‐power ordinary mode radio waves produce artificial ionization in the F region ionosphere at the European Incoherent Scatter (Tromsø, Norway) and High Frequency Active Auroral Research Program (Gakona, Alaska, USA) facilities. We have summarized the features of the excited plasma turbulence and descending layers of freshly ionized (“artificial”) plasma. The concept of an ionizing wavefront created by accelerated suprathermal electrons appears to be in accordance with the data. The strong Langmuir turbulence (SLT) regime is revealed by the specific spectral features of incoherent radar backscatter and stimulated electromagnetic emissions. Theory predicts that the SLT acceleration is facilitated in the presence of photoelectrons. This agrees with the intensified artificial plasma production and the greater speeds of descent but weaker incoherent radar backscatter in the sunlit ionosphere. Numerical investigation of propagation of O‐mode waves and the development of SLT and descending layers have been performed. The greater extent of the SLT region at the magnetic zenith than that at vertical appears to make magnetic zenith injections more efficient for electron acceleration and descending layers. At high powers, anomalous absorption is suppressed, leading to the Langmuir and upper hybrid processes during the whole heater on period. The data suggest that parametric upper hybrid interactions mitigate anomalous absorption at heating frequencies far from electron gyroharmonics and also generate SLT in the upper hybrid layer. The persistence of artificial plasma at the terminal altitude depends on how close the heating frequency is to the local gyroharmonic.
Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Griffis Eric R
Published: March 2016

Fluorescence microscopy is an essential technique that allows scientists to visualise molecules (proteins, nucleic acids, ions, metabolites, carbohydrates and lipids), large structures and whole cells in fixed and living specimens as well as single molecules, assemblies and enzymesin vitro. Using multiple different imaging modalities, scientists have adapted fluorescence microscopy to advance our knowledge in all areas of biology and across length scales that range from tens of millimetres to a few nanometres.

Key Concepts

Fluorescence is an intrinsic property of some molecules and proteins that causes them to absorb and then emit light at given wavelengths.

Fluorescence imaging systems are built to excite molecules and then collect the emitted photons.

There are many different imaging techniques that can be used for interrogating different types of specimens and obtaining different kinds of data.

Localisation of molecules is only one of many readouts that scientists can obtain from fluorescence microscopy.

Imaging resolution has been limited to a diffraction limit based on the nature of our ability to collect fluorescence light through the objective, but new techniques have allowed for imaging to almost arbitrary precision.
Asymmetric Cell Division inDrosophilaNeuroblasts
Authors: Koe Chwee Tat , Wang Hongyan
Published: March 2016

Neuronal diversity provides the basis for brain complexity. Asymmetric division of neural stem cells is a fundamental strategy for generating such diversity.Drosophilaneural stem cells called neuroblasts emerge as a key model for in‐depth understanding of asymmetric division. Asymmetric division of neuroblasts is regulated by a group of highly conserved intrinsic factors through three critical steps: establishment of cortical polarity, mitotic spindle orientation and asymmetric localisation/segregation of cell fate determinants. With each round of asymmetric division, a neuroblast generates a new neuroblast to self‐renew and a ganglion mother cell (GMC) that divides terminally giving rise to two neurons. In addition, neuroblasts acquire different temporal identities that contribute to the differential neurons subtypes generated.

Key Concepts

Asymmetric cell division is regulated by intrinsic machinery.

Par complex establishes cortical polarity of neuroblasts.

Pins–Gαi complex regulates spindle orientation.

Basal cell fate determinants promote neuronal differentiation.

Cell cycle regulators regulate asymmetric division of neuroblasts.

Positioning of cleavage furrow is regulated by two temporally independent pathways.

Temporal regulation of neuroblasts generates neuronal diversity.
The Role of Phytochromes in Triggering Plant Developmental Transitions
Authors: Kaiserli Eirini , Chory Joanne
Published: March 2016

Light is an essential stimulus for energy production, plant growth, development and adaptation to constantly changing environmental conditions. Plants sense different wavelengths of light through the action of specialised families of photoreceptor proteins. The molecular and physiological role of the phytochrome family of red/far‐red light receptors is well characterised. Upon light activation, phytochromes trigger multicomponent signalling cascades to induce fundamental cellular processes ranging from gene expression to protein abundance and nuclear architecture to regulate various aspects of plant development. Phytochrome responses are cell autonomous but in some cases mediate interorgan communication to control major developmental and adaptive responses such as flowering initiation and shade avoidance. Reciprocal interactions and integration between phytochrome and circadian signalling pathways are essential for optimising growth and reproductive success during the life cycle of the model plant
Arabidopsis thaliana
.

Key Concepts

Light is a vital informational signal for plant survival and growth.

The phytochrome family of plant photoreceptors acts as molecular photoswitches in response to red and far‐red light.

Plant phytochrome signal transduction regulates molecular and cellular processes.

Phytochromes induce cell‐autonomous responses and interorgan communication.

Phytochromes regulate light‐induced developmental transitions as well as adaptation to growth under dense canopy.

Plant phytochromes have antagonistic and synergistic roles in regulating photoperiodic flowering in
Arabidopsis
.

Phytochromes inform the endogenous clock about seasonal and daily changes to optimise plant growth and establish reproductive success.
Depression
Authors: Kaska Sophia , Mazei‐Robison Michelle
Published: March 2016

Depression, a debilitating illness characterised by a persistent depressed mood that impairs normal function, exerts an enormous health and financial cost worldwide. Diagnosis of depression is complex, as not all people experience the same symptoms, with diagnosis based on a series of questions as no biological test is currently available. This is due to the fact that the causes of depression have yet to be fully elucidated, although development of depression appears to be dependent on both genetic and environmental factors. While there is no cure for depression, psychological, pharmacological and brain stimulation approaches successfully manage the symptoms of many patients. However, there are patients that are refractive to current treatments, highlighting the need for improved diagnostics and therapeutics. For this, increased understanding of the neurobiology underlying depression is necessary, requiring further research utilising both animal models of depression and human clinical studies.

Key Concepts

The diagnosis of depression is complex, is based on the types and duration of the symptoms and is commonly complicated by the presence of comorbid conditions.

While there is no cure for depression, symptoms of depression can be managed through a variety of cognitive, pharmacological and brain stimulation approaches.

Depression is thought to result from a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Human imaging studies suggest that depression is correlated with activity changes in multiple brain regions.

Animal models are necessary to investigate the neurobiological mechanisms that lead to depression and to test novel therapeutic strategies.
Network Theory and Models
Authors: Oh Poong , Monge Peter
Published: March 2016

This entry introduces the theory and models of communication networks as a powerful tool for examining the structural complexity and underlying dynamics of human communication. The first section provides a brief overview of the historical background on which network thinking was born and discusses its implications. The second section reviews early studies on communication networks and introduces several important network concepts such as centrality and structural holes. The third section focuses on the recent developments in network research, which has been facilitated by the availability of digital data since the 1990s.
Multifunktionale Beschichtung verbessert Zelladhäsion auf Titan durch kooperativ wirkende Peptide
Authors: Pagel Mareen , Hassert Rayk , John Torsten , Braun Klaus , Wießler Manfred , Abel Bernd , Beck‐Sickinger Annette G.
Published: March 2016

Die Verbesserung der Zelladhäsion auf einer Biomaterialoberfläche ist entscheidend für den Langzeiterfolg eines Titanimplantats. Ein neues Konzept ist die Kombination aus sehr affiner und stabiler Adhäsion an Titanoberflächen mit spezifisch zellbindenden Motiven in einem Molekül. Ein l‐3,4‐Dihydroxyphenylalanin‐haltiges Peptid wurde synthetisiert und auf seine Affinität für Titan untersucht. Die Modifizierung mit einem cyclischen RGD‐Peptid und einem Heparin‐Bindepeptid (HBP) gelang mittels einer effizienten Festphasenkombination aus einer Diels‐Alder‐Reaktion mit inversem Elektronenbedarf und einer CuI‐katalysierten Azid‐Alkin‐Cycloaddition. Darüber hinaus wurde das Peptid durch Thiol‐Michael‐Addition fluoreszenzmarkiert. Die Konjugation von RGD und HBP in einem Molekül führte zu verbesserter Ausbreitung, Proliferation, Viabilität und Entstehung eines gut ausgebildeten Aktinzytoskeletts sowie fokaler Adhäsionskomplexe von Osteoblast‐ähnlichen Zellen.
Total Syntheses of the Tetracyclic Cyclopiane Diterpenes Conidiogenone, Conidiogenol, and Conidiogenone B
Authors: Hou Si‐Hua , Tu Yong‐Qiang , Wang Shuang‐Hu , Xi Chao‐Chao , Zhang Fu‐Min , Wang Shao‐Hua , Li Yan‐Tao , Liu Lin
Published: March 2016

Total syntheses of the biologically important and structurally unique tetracyclic diterpenes conidiogenone, conidiogenol, and conidiogenone B of the cyclopiane class are reported. The absolute configuration of naturally occurring conidiogenone B was also corrected. The key step of our strategy involved the highly efficient construction of both ring C and the quaternary carbon center shared by rings A and C through a one‐step regioselective and diastereoselective cycloenlargement in the form of a semipinacol‐type rearrangement. In particular, the desired regioselectivity was made possible by properly adjusting the migratory aptitude of the migrating carbon atom through the introduction of an electron‐donating phenylthio group at this position.
Zooarchaeology in Oceania: An overview
Authors: CRABTREE PAM J.
Published: March 2016

This paper explores several main themes in the zooarchaeology of Oceania, including the question of Pleistocene “overkill” and its relationship to island biogeography, human impacts on the indigenous faunal communities of Remote Oceania, the spread of the Pacific faunal package – pigs, dogs, chickens and the Pacific rat – throughout Oceania, and the impact of European colonialism on traditional hunting, foraging, fishing and animal husbandry regimes. The methodological implications of some of these big‐picture questions are also discussed briefly.
Causal Reasoning Under Ambiguity: An Illustration of Modeling Mixture Strategies
Authors: Shou Yiyun , Smithson Michael
Published: March 2016

Causal reasoning with ambiguous observations requires subjects to estimate and evaluate the ambiguous observations. Detecting how people process ambiguous observations can be complicated by individual differences in causal reasoning. This paper proposes a hierarchical model that accounts for the uncertainty in both the distribution of the functional form selection and the distribution of the ambiguity treatment selection. The model provides an alternative to self‐report measures for identifying subjects' strategic choices in reasoning about causal relationships under ambiguity. The posterior distribution of the causal estimates is determined by both the functional form and the ambiguity processing strategy adopted by the reasoner. Our model is tested in a simulation study where it demonstrates its ability to recover the strategies and functional forms adopted by simulated subjects across a range of hypothetical conditions. In addition, the model is applied to the results of an experimental study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Investigations on luminescence behaviour of Ce‐activated BaMgAl10O17 phosphor
Authors: Tigga Shalinta , Brahme Nameeta , Bisen D. P.
Published: March 2016

The present paper describes the synthesis of cerium‐doped barium magnesium aluminate phosphor by combustion method. The crystal structure of synthesized phosphor belongs to the P63/mmc space group and is related to the β‐alumina structure. The photoluminescence emission spectra exhibited a broad peak centered at 440 nm showing the Ce3+ emission. The thermoluminescence properties of phosphors under ultraviolet irradiation were investigated. The activation energy was calculated by Chen's empirical method. Fracto‐mechanoluminescence properties were also investigated. The phosphor showed mechanoluminescence (ML) properties without irradiation and the ML intensity increased linearly with the impact height of the moving piston. Therefore this compound may have a use as a damage sensor. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.