bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
« S’en remettre » à l’institution militaire
Authors: Guillaume Mélanie
Published: September 2018

Ces dernières années, le renouvellement des recherches en sciences sociales sur les armées a octroyé une place de choix à l'étude de la « fabrique des militaires ». De fait, c'est sur l'institution militaire comme instance socialisatrice et sur les expériences des militaires au sein de l'institution que l'attention s'est principalement portée, laissant peu explorée la question des conditions de possibilité de l'engagement. Cet article entend déplacer le regard sur les ressorts de l'engagement, en mettant en lumière les spécificités de l'engagement des engagés volontaires. Ceux-ci constituent, au sein de l'institution militaire, la frange des personnels les moins gradés et aussi, très souvent, les moins dotés sur le plan social, scolaire ou culturel. L'article met l'accent sur leur disposition à « s'en remettre » à l'institution militaire, entendue comme une propension à accepter les règles de l’institution, dont la soumission à l’ordre hiérarchique, ainsi qu’à s’approprier ses catégories de perception, de jugement et d’action. En présentant les portraits sociologiques de quatre engagés, l'auteure dévoile comment les dispositions intériorisées dans les socialisations antérieures à l'engagement et les premiers pas dans l'institution modèlent les conceptions de l'engagement ainsi que les expériences militaires. De cette manière, elle met au jour la diversité des degrés et des modalités d'adhésion aux logiques institutionnelles. Enfin, contre la représentation d'une institution rigide, elle montre que l'institution militaire intègre ces différentes formes d’engagement, qui participent ensuite à la façonner.
À la recherche de la désincarnation : le cas de Second Life
Authors: Robert Martin
Published: September 2018

Dans une perspective qui vise à interroger le rapport contemporain au corps et à soi, nous proposons dans cet article une brève analyse critique du métavers Second Life (SL). Analyse, d’abord, par la mise en lumière de la conception du corps au fondement du discours publicitaire de SL et critique, ensuite, montrant le caractère illusoire de ce discours et ce qu’il traduit néanmoins quant à la manière dont les individus qui l’adoptent aujourd’hui se rapportent à la condition humaine.
L’impact négligé des politiques antidrogues
Authors: Tinasti Khalid
Published: September 2018

Alors que la politique internationale en matière de drogues sera discutée lors de la session extraordinaire de l’Assemblée générale des Nations Unies en avril 2016, les politiques antidrogues des vingt dernières années n’atteignent pas les objectifs annoncés de réduction significative des drogues illicites dans le monde, voire de leur élimination. La production des drogues n’a pas baissé et s’étend à de nouvelles régions, la consommation s’est stabilisée dans les pays à haut revenu et augmente dans les pays en développement, tandis que les organisations criminelles qui détiennent le marché des drogues illicites sont plus prospères que jamais. Cet article se concentre sur les effets des politiques antidrogues répressives et prohibitives sur la santé publique, leur dommage collatéral le plus important, qui engendre de nombreuses autres conséquences sur les droits humains, la dignité et la réduction de la pauvreté. Il traite en particulier de la priorité à donner aux mesures de santé publique dans les politiques relatives aux drogues, afin de mettre fin aux épidémies infectieuses, de développer l’accès aux médicaments essentiels contre la douleur et les dépendances, mais aussi de changer la nature des politiques publiques actuelles et de contenir leurs conséquences, à la fois sur la société en général et sur les populations concernées en particulier.
La traite des êtres humains, de la légende urbaine à la politique publique
Authors: Mathieu Lilian
Published: September 2018

La traite des blanches (requalifiée aujourd’hui en traite des êtres humains) constitue le motif de l’une des légendes urbaines les plus largement diffusées et les mieux étudiées, mettant en scène une jeune fille droguée puis enlevée pour être contrainte à la prostitution dans un pays étranger. Mais la traite est aussi, et de longue date, l’objet de politiques publiques spécifiques, légitimées par des conventions internationales et mises en œuvre par la police et la justice. Cette coexistence d’une légende urbaine et d’une politique publique constitue une énigme, que l’article tente de résoudre : comment imaginer que des moyens considérables soient déployés contre des faits à la réalité aussi incertaine ? Une analyse historique et sociologique révèle que croyances populaires et discours institutionnels se sont mutuellement consolidés, chacun apportant sa contribution spécifique à la plausibilité du motif de la traite.
Bibliografia publikacji Profesora dr. hab. Piotra Piotrowskiego
Authors: --- ---
Published: September 2018

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Estetyka, etyka i logika ogrodu. Filozofia Rosaria Assunta
Authors: Salwa Mateusz
Published: September 2018

The essay offers a philosophical interpretation of the concept of the garden accordingto the contemporary Italian aesthetician Rosario Assunto (1915–1994). Assuntosystematically developed a philosophical theory focused on the question of theidentity of the garden. He was interested in the “idea of the Garden” which, in hisopinion, determined historical gardens both at the ontological and epistemologicallevel. He defined the garden in terms of a happy connection of man and nature, basedon the aesthetic contemplation of beauty, characteristic of all the gardens regardlessof historical differences among them. According to Assunto, gardens are places whichcombine together aesthetics, ethics, and logic. This combination determines theunique identity of the garden which takes various forms, depending on the individualpoetics of their makers, socio-historical realities, taste, and the correspondent ideas ofnature. Assunto’s starting points are thus historical versions of the garden, descriptiveliterature, and German philosophy of the turn of the 19th century. For the Italianphilosopher, gardens have not only historical and artistic, but also ecological aspects,so that they should be protected and restored. Assunto’s theory is a unique proposalwhich anticipates today’s reflection on the topic of gardens, but seems much moresatisfactory than many contemporary approaches (A. Berleant, M. Miller, S. Ross).
Sprawozdanie z międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej „Jednostka wobec działań administracji publicznej”, Arłamów, 15–17 maja 2016 r.
Authors: Ura Paulina , Kubas Ewa
Published: September 2018

Sprawozdanie z międzynarodowej konferencji naukowej „Jednostka wobec działań administracji publicznej”, Arłamów, 15–17 maja 2016 r.
Podmiotowość prawnomiędzynarodowa korporacji międzynarodowych wyzwaniem dla systemu ochrony inwestycji zagranicznych
Authors: Kochowska Ewelina
Published: September 2018

This paper analyzes two issues: the current state of international investment law as to the question of the subjectivity of transnational corporations and whether this question contributes to changes in the system of protection of foreign investments. Transnational corporations have already some relevant attributes of the subjects of international law, although all we can say is that their international legal personality is incomplete, functional, relative and not independent. International legal personality of transnational corporations cannot be presumed and if it is for the purpose of assigning liability for infringements of the rules of jus cogens, this will not prejudge the subjectivity in the ﬁ eld of the use of international investment law. If international legal subjectivity of a transnational corporation has been decided upon, the future of the already existing norms of international law regarding the protection of investments (including diplomatic protection, BIT provisions and multilateral international agreements) is not clear. In this system, the rights and obligations of states and transnational corporations are not balanced as this area of international law favours investors (and thus also transnational corporations). States and local communities are neither entitled to claim damages from the investor when such damages are caused by an investment or if they arise from violations of the vital interests of the local community, nor may they bring counterclaims against the complaint to arbitration tribunals. Common goals for the whole international community, for which the concept of international legal personality of transnational corporations could be developed, have not as yet been precisely articulated. Unlike it is the case of liability for the international law of jus cogens, there are no strong axiological reasons to develop this concept in international investment law.
Zornitsa Kutlina-Dimitrova, Csilla Lakatos, Determinants of Direct Cross-border Public Procurement in EU Member States (Determinanty bezpośrednich transgranicznych zamówień publicznych w państwach członkowskich UE), „Review of World Economics” 2016, vol. 152, iss. 3 (opr. Konrad Różowicz)
Authors: Różowicz Konrad
Published: September 2018

Zornitsa Kutlina-Dimitrova, Csilla Lakatos, Determinants of Direct Cross-border Public Procurement in EU Member States (Determinanty bezpośrednich transgranicznych zamówień publicznych w państwach członkowskich UE), „Review of World Economics” 2016, vol. 152, iss. 3 (opr. Konrad Różowicz)
Sprawozdanie z Konferencji Naukowej „Prawno-administracyjne i finansowe aspekty bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa wobec aktualnych problemów migracyjnych”, Stężnica k. Baligrodu, 28–29 lutego 2016 r. (opr. Michał Ura, Wojciech Zając)
Authors: Ura Michał , Zając Wojciech
Published: September 2018

Sprawozdanie z Konferencji Naukowej „Prawno-administracyjne i finansowe aspekty bezpieczeństwa wewnętrznego państwa wobec aktualnych problemów migracyjnych”, Stężnica k. Baligrodu, 28–29 lutego 2016 r. (opr. Michał Ura, Wojciech Zając)
The international dimension of the human right to education and its reﬂection in the constitutional provisions
Authors: Krasnitskaya Liubou
Published: September 2018

Prawo do nauki jest podstawowym prawem człowieka, które wpływa na rozwój osobowości i godności ludzkiej, sprawia, że ludzie są świadomi swoich praw i wolności, wspiera społeczeństwo w celu przezwyciężenia biedy i poprawy warunków życia ludzi ubogich. Cel edukacji wykracza poza materialistyczne podejście gwarantujące dostęp do zawodu i nabywanie umiejętności praktycznych. Polega on na rozwoju moralnej i duchowej strony człowieka i uświadamianiu natury i godności ludzkiej opierającej się na wartościach. Pod pojęciem edukacji w międzynarodowym prawie w szerokim znaczeniu rozumie się wszelkie rodzaje i formy zdobywania wiedzy, ćwiczenie umiejętności i rozwijanie wartości społecznych. Natomiast rozmaite konwencje i orzecznictwo międzynarodowe przyjmują wąskie rozumienie tego terminu, odnosząc go wyłącznie do edukacji formalnej. Z analiz międzynarodowych aktów prawnych wynika, że u niwersalna deﬁ nicja edukacji obowiązująca we wszystkich państwach nie została dotychczas opracowana. Różnorodność kulturowa i religijna, odrębność języków i tradycji krajowych, rozmaicie prowadzona polityka przekonują, że wykonanie tego zadania jest prawie niemożliwe, a nawet nieużyteczne. Mimo że zdeﬁ niowanie uniwersalnego znaczenia edukacji ujednoliciłoby różnorodne podejścia i pogodziło konkurujące kraje na świecie, takie podejście nie wydaje się dobrym rozwiązaniem w zdrowej rozmaitości celów i praktyk. Niemniej jednak międzynarodowe regulacje poprzez prawo miękkie i orzecznictwo określiło główne cechy prawa do nauki: (a) dostępność, (b) wystarczalność, (c) akceptowalność i (d) adaptacyjność. Edukacja formalna w dowolnym kształcie musi wykazywać te cechy, aby zagwarantować każdemu prawo do nauki dobrej jakości. Biorąc pod uwagę, że prawo do nauki jest potężnym narzędziem świadomości, większość państw dokonała próby uwzględnienia prawa do nauki w swoich konstytucjach. Warto zaznaczyć, że przepisy krajów rozwiniętych regulujące prawo do nauki zostały sformułowane w wyniku rozwoju prawa międzynarodowego, chociaż często ograniczają się do kilku zdań.
Administracyjnoprawny obowiązek szczepienia dzieci a zgoda przedstawiciela ustawowego na badania kwalifikacyjne
Authors: Haberko Joanna
Published: September 2018

The article focuses on the analysis of the parent situation (or statutory representatives) who are under legal requirement to subject their children to preventive vaccination. The main deliberations focus on answering the question of how the parents’ (or statutory representatives’) position should be treated if they, relying on the principle of autonomy and their parental rights, and pointing to their duty to exercise care of a minor and to represent a minor child, fail to take any action intended to implement the obligation imposed by law. Parents refer to the principle of child’s welfare and argue that vaccination constitutes an essential threat to the values they recognise, such as autonomy, freedom to make decisions regarding the actual situation and legal position of a child, or the child’s welfare. The issue of parents’ autonomy and implementation of child’s welfare is raised. Parents often bring up an argument of the harmful eff ects of vaccination and claim that by refusing to agree to vaccination they exercise the principle of child’s welfare. The legal character of the refusal to consent to child vaccination is also analysed. Here, deliberations are set in the context of imprecisely formulated statutory provisions and their mutual relations, especially in the context of the meeting of acts from two branches of law:  administrative and civil, and within the latter family law in particular. An attempt has been made to explain doubts whether despite the mandatory requirement and resulting from it obligation threatened with an administrative ﬁ ne statutory representatives still have a right to express or not consent for vaccination of their children or to decide about at any stage of the procedure.
Francesca Strumia, European Citizenship and EU Immigration: A Demoi-cratic bridge between the Third Country Nationals’ Right to Belong and the Member States’ Power to Exclude (Obywatelstwo europejskie i imigracja do UE: demoikratyczny most pomiędzy prawem obywateli państw trzecich do przynależności i prawem państw członkowskich do wyłączania), „European Law Journal” 2016, vol. 22, iss. 4 (opr. Agnieszka Narożniak)
Authors: Narożniak Agnieszka
Published: September 2018

Francesca Strumia, European Citizenship and EU Immigration: A Demoi-cratic bridge between the Third Country Nationals’ Right to Belong and the Member States’ Power to Exclude (Obywatelstwo europejskie i imigracja do UE: demoikratyczny most pomiędzy prawem obywateli państw trzecich do przynależności i prawem państw członkowskich do wyłączania), „European Law Journal” 2016, vol. 22, iss. 4 (opr. Agnieszka Narożniak)
O niektórych skutkach prawnych i wątpliwościach, jakie rodzą orzeczenia zakresowe Trybunału Konstytucyjnego – uwagi na marginesie wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 10 marca 2015 r., sygn. K 29/13
Authors: Janas Krzysztof
Published: September 2018

O niektórych skutkach prawnych i wątpliwościach, jakie rodzą orzeczenia zakresowe Trybunału Konstytucyjnego – uwagi na marginesie wyroku Trybunału Konstytucyjnego z dnia 10 marca 2015 r., sygn. K 29/13
Marcin Princ, Julia Wojnowska-Radzińska, Prawa i obowiązki cudzoziemca związane z legalizacją pobytu na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Centrum Badań Migracyjnych UAM, Poznań 2015
Authors: Jankowska Paulina
Published: September 2018

Marcin Princ, Julia Wojnowska-Radzińska, Prawa i obowiązki cudzoziemca związane z legalizacją pobytu na terytorium Rzeczypospolitej Polskiej, Centrum Badań Migracyjnych UAM, Poznań 2015
A53T Mutant Alpha-Synuclein Induces Tau-Dependent Postsynaptic Impairment Independently of Neurodegenerative Changes
Authors: Teravskis Peter J. , Covelo Ana , Miller Eric C. , Singh Balvindar , Martell-Martínez Héctor A. , Benneyworth Michael A. , Gallardo Christopher , Oxnard Breeta R. , Araque Alfonso , Lee Michael K. , Liao Dezhi
Published: September 2018

Abnormalities in α-synuclein are implicated in the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease (PD). Because α-synuclein is highly concentrated within presynaptic terminals, presynaptic dysfunction has been proposed as a potential pathogenic mechanism. Here, we report novel, tau-dependent, postsynaptic deficits caused by A53T mutant α-synuclein, which is linked to familial PD. We analyzed synaptic activity in hippocampal slices and cultured hippocampal neurons from transgenic mice of either sex expressing human WT, A53T, and A30P α-synuclein. Increased α-synuclein expression leads to decreased spontaneous synaptic vesicle release regardless of genotype. However, only those neurons expressing A53T α-synuclein exhibit postsynaptic dysfunction, including decreased miniature postsynaptic current amplitude and decreased AMPA to NMDA receptor current ratio. We also found that long-term potentiation and spatial learning were impaired by A53T α-synuclein expression. Mechanistically, postsynaptic dysfunction requires glycogen synthase kinase 3β-mediated tau phosphorylation, tau mislocalization to dendritic spines, and calcineurin-dependent AMPA receptor internalization. Previous studies reveal that human A53T α-synuclein has a high aggregation potential, which may explain the mutation's unique capacity to induce postsynaptic deficits. However, patients with sporadic PD with severe tau pathology are also more likely to have early onset cognitive decline. Our results here show a novel, functional role for tau: mediating the effects of α-synuclein on postsynaptic signaling. Therefore, the unraveled tau-mediated signaling cascade may contribute to the pathogenesis of dementia in A53T α-synuclein-linked familial PD cases, as well as some subgroups of PD cases with extensive tau pathology.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTHere, we report mutation-specific postsynaptic deficits that are caused by A53T mutant α-synuclein, which is linked to familial Parkinson's disease (PD). The overexpression of WT, A53T, or A30P human α-synuclein leads to decreased spontaneous synaptic vesicle release. However, only those neurons expressing A53T α-synuclein exhibit tau phosphorylation-dependent postsynaptic dysfunction, which is characterized by decreased miniature postsynaptic current amplitude and decreased AMPA to NMDA receptor current ratio. The mutation-specific postsynaptic effects caused by human A53T α-synuclein will help us better understand the neurobiological basis of this specific form of familial PD. The differential effects of exogenous human WT, A53T, A30P, and E46K α-synuclein on glutamatergic synaptic responses will help to explain the clinical heterogeneity of sporadic and familial PD.
Regulation of the Natriuretic Peptide Receptor 2 (Npr2) by Phosphorylation of Juxtamembrane Serine and Threonine Residues Is Essential for Bifurcation of Sensory Axons
Authors: Schmidt Hannes , Dickey Deborah M. , Dumoulin Alexandre , Octave Marie , Robinson Jerid W. , Kühn Ralf , Feil Robert , Potter Lincoln R. , Rathjen Fritz G.
Published: September 2018

cGMP signaling elicited by activation of the transmembrane receptor guanylyl cyclase Npr2 (also known as guanylyl cyclase B) by the ligand CNP controls sensory axon bifurcation of DRG and cranial sensory ganglion (CSG) neurons entering the spinal cord or hindbrain, respectively. Previous studies have shown that Npr2 is phosphorylated on serine and threonine residues in its kinase homology domain (KHD). However, it is unknown whether phosphorylation of Npr2 is essential for axon bifurcation. Here, we generated a knock-in mouse line in which the seven regulatory serine and threonine residues in the KHD of Npr2 were substituted by alanine (Npr2-7A), resulting in a nonphosphorylatable enzyme. Real-time imaging of cGMP in DRG neurons with a genetically encoded fluorescent cGMP sensor or biochemical analysis of guanylyl cyclase activity in brain or lung tissue revealed the absence of CNP-induced cGMP generation in theNpr27A/7Amutant. Consequently, bifurcation of axons, but not collateral formation, from DRG or CSG in this mouse mutant was perturbed at embryonic and mature stages. In contrast, axon branching was normal in a mouse mutant in which constitutive phosphorylation of Npr2 is mimicked by a replacement of all of the seven serine and threonine sites by glutamic acid (Npr2–7E). Furthermore, we demonstrate that theNpr27A/7Amutation causes dwarfism as described for global Npr2 mutants. In conclusion, ourin vivostudies provide strong evidence that phosphorylation of the seven serine and threonine residues in the KHD of Npr2 is an important regulatory element of Npr2-mediated cGMP signaling which affects physiological processes, such as axon bifurcation and bone growth.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe branching of axons is a morphological hallmark of virtually all neurons. It allows an individual neuron to innervate different targets and to communicate with neurons located in different regions of the nervous system. The natriuretic peptide receptor 2 (Npr2), a transmembrane guanylyl cyclase, is essential for the initiation of bifurcation of sensory axons when entering the spinal cord or the hindbrain. By using two genetically engineered mouse lines, we show that phosphorylation of specific serine and threonine residues in juxtamembrane regions of Npr2 are required for its enzymatic activity and for axon bifurcation. These investigations might help to understand the regulation of Npr2 and its integration in intracellular signaling systems.
Unique Mapping of Structural and Functional Connectivity on Cognition
Authors: Zimmermann Joelle , Griffiths John D. , McIntosh Anthony R.
Published: September 2018

The unique mapping of structural brain connectivity (SC) and functional brain connectivity (FC) on cognition is currently not well understood. It is not clear whether cognition is mapped via a global connectome pattern or instead is underpinned by several sets of distributed connectivity patterns. Moreover, we also do not know whether the spatial distributions of SC and FC that underlie cognition are overlapping or distinct. Here, we study the relationship between SC and FC and an array of psychological tasks in 609 subjects (males, 269; females, 340) from the Human Connectome Project. We identified several sets of connections that each uniquely map onto cognitive function. We found a small number of distributed SCs and a larger set of corticocortical and corticosubcortical FCs that express this association. Importantly, the SC and FC each show unique and distinct patterns of variance across subjects as they relate to cognition. The results suggest that a complete understanding of connectome underpinnings of cognition calls for a combination of the two modalities.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStructural connectivity (SC), the physical white-matter inter-regional pathways in the brain, and functional connectivity (FC), the temporal coactivations between the activity of the brain regions, have each been studied extensively. Little is known, however, about the distribution of variance in connections as they relate to cognition. Here, in a large sample of subjects (N= 609), we showed that two sets of brain–behavior patterns capture the correlations between SC and FC with a wide range of cognitive tasks, respectively. These brain—behavior patterns reveal distinct sets of connections within the SC and the FC network and provide new evidence that SC and FC each provide unique information for cognition.
Specificity of Primate Amygdalar Pathways to Hippocampus
Authors: Wang Jingyi , Barbas Helen
Published: September 2018

The amygdala projects to hippocampus in pathways through which affective or social stimuli may influence learning and memory. We investigated the still unknown amygdalar termination patterns and their postsynaptic targets in hippocampus from system to synapse in rhesus monkeys of both sexes. The amygdala robustly innervated the stratum lacunosum-moleculare layer of cornu ammonis fields and uncus anteriorly. Sparser terminations in posterior hippocampus innervated the radiatum and pyramidal layers at the prosubicular/CA1 juncture. The terminations, which were larger than other afferents in the surrounding neuropil, position the amygdala to influence hippocampal input anteriorly, and its output posteriorly. Most amygdalar boutons (76–80%) innervated spines of excitatory hippocampal neurons, and most of the remaining innervated presumed inhibitory neurons, identified by morphology and label with parvalbumin or calretinin, which distinguished nonoverlapping neurochemical classes of hippocampal inhibitory neurons. In CA1, amygdalar axons innervated some calretinin neurons, which disinhibit pyramidal neurons. By contrast, in CA3 the amygdala innervated both calretinin and parvalbumin neurons; the latter strongly inhibit nearby excitatory neurons. In CA3, amygdalar pathways also made closely spaced dual synapses on excitatory neurons. The strong excitatory synapses in CA3 may facilitate affective context representations and trigger sharp-wave ripples associated with memory consolidation. When the amygdala is excessively activated during traumatic events, the specialized innervation of excitatory neurons and the powerful parvalbumin inhibitory neurons in CA3 may allow the suppression of activity of nearby neurons that receive weaker nonamygdalar input, leading to biased passage of highly charged affective stimuli and generalized fear.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTStrong pathways from the amygdala targeted the anterior hippocampus, and more weakly its posterior sectors, positioned to influence a variety of emotional and cognitive functions. In hippocampal field CA1, the amygdala innervated some calretinin neurons, which disinhibit excitatory neurons. By contrast, in CA3 the amygdala innervated calretinin as well as some of the powerful parvalbumin inhibitory neurons and may help balance the activity of neural ensembles to allow social interactions, learning, and memory. These results suggest that when the amygdala is hyperactive during emotional upheaval, it strongly activates excitatory hippocampal neurons and parvalbumin inhibitory neurons in CA3, which can suppress nearby neurons that receive weaker input from other sources, biasing the passage of stimuli with high emotional import and leading to generalized fear.
Parkinson's Disease-Linked LRRK2-G2019S Mutation Alters Synaptic Plasticity and Promotes Resilience to Chronic Social Stress in Young Adulthood
Authors: Matikainen-Ankney Bridget A. , Kezunovic Nebojsa , Menard Caroline , Flanigan Meghan E. , Zhong Yue , Russo Scott J. , Benson Deanna L. , Huntley George W.
Published: September 2018

The G2019S mutation in leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a prevalent cause of late-onset Parkinson's disease, producing psychiatric and motor symptoms, including depression, that are indistinguishable from sporadic cases. Here we tested how this mutation impacts depression-related behaviors and associated synaptic responses and plasticity in mice expressing aLrrk2-G2019S knock-in mutation. Young adult male G2019S knock-in and wild-type mice were subjected to chronic social defeat stress (CSDS), a validated depression model, and other tests of anhedonia, anxiety, and motor learning. We found that G2019S mice were highly resilient to CSDS, failing to exhibit social avoidance compared to wild-type mice, many of which exhibited prominent social avoidance and were thus susceptible to CSDS. In the absence of CSDS, no behavioral differences between genotypes were found. Whole-cell recordings of spiny projection neurons (SPNs) in the nucleus accumbens revealed that glutamatergic synapses in G2019S mice lacked functional calcium-permeable AMPARs, and following CSDS, failed to accumulate inwardly rectifying AMPAR responses characteristic of susceptible mice. Based on this abnormal AMPAR response profile, we asked whether long-term potentiation (LTP) of corticostriatal synaptic strength was affected. We found that both D1receptor (D1R)- and D2R-SPNs in G2019S mutants were unable to express LTP, with D2R-SPNs abnormally expressing long-term depression following an LTP-induction protocol. Thus, G2019S promotes resilience to chronic social stress in young adulthood, likely reflecting synapses constrained in their ability to undergo experience-dependent plasticity. These unexpected findings may indicate early adaptive coping mechanisms imparted by the G2019S mutation.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe G2019S mutation inLRRK2causes late-onset Parkinson's disease (PD).LRRK2is highly expressed in striatal neurons throughout life, but it is unclear how mutantLRRK2affects striatal neuron function and behaviors in young adulthood. We addressed this question usingLrrk2-G2019S knock-in mice. The data show that young adult G2019S mice were unusually resilient to a depression-like syndrome resulting from chronic social stress. Further, mutant striatal synapses were incapable of forms of synaptic plasticity normally accompanying depression-like behavior and important for supporting the full range of cognitive function. These data suggest that in humans,LRRK2mutation may affect striatal circuit function in ways that alter normal responses to stress and could be relevant for treatment strategies for non-motor PD symptoms.
Neural Classifiers with Limited Connectivity and Recurrent Readouts
Authors: Kushnir Lyudmila , Fusi Stefano
Published: September 2018

For many neural network models in which neurons are trained to classify inputs like perceptrons, the number of inputs that can be classified is limited by the connectivity of each neuron, even when the total number of neurons is very large. This poses the problem of how the biological brain can take advantage of its huge number of neurons given that the connectivity is sparse. One solution is to combine multiple perceptrons together, as in committee machines. The number of classifiable random patterns would then grow linearly with the number of perceptrons, even when each perceptron has limited connectivity. However, the problem is moved to the downstream readout neurons, which would need a number of connections as large as the number of perceptrons. Here we propose a different approach in which the readout is implemented by connecting multiple perceptrons in a recurrent attractor neural network. We prove analytically that the number of classifiable random patterns can grow unboundedly with the number of perceptrons, even when the connectivity of each perceptron remains finite. Most importantly, both the recurrent connectivity and the connectivity of downstream readouts also remain finite. Our study shows that feedforward neural classifiers with numerous long-range afferent connections can be replaced by recurrent networks with sparse long-range connectivity without sacrificing the classification performance. Our strategy could be used to design more general scalable network architectures with limited connectivity, which resemble more closely the brain neural circuits that are dominated by recurrent connectivity.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mammalian brain has a huge number of neurons, but the connectivity is rather sparse. This observation seems to contrast with the theoretical studies showing that for many neural network models the performance scales with the number of connections per neuron and not with the total number of neurons. To solve this dilemma, we propose a model in which a recurrent network reads out multiple neural classifiers. Its performance scales with the total number of neurons even when each neuron of the network has limited connectivity. Our study reveals an important role of recurrent connections in neural systems like the hippocampus, in which the computational limitations due to sparse long-range feedforward connectivity might be compensated by local recurrent connections.
The Motor Network Reduces Multisensory Illusory Perception
Authors: Murakami Takenobu , Abe Mitsunari , Wiratman Winnugroho , Fujiwara Juri , Okamoto Masahiro , Mizuochi-Endo Tomomi , Iwabuchi Toshiki , Makuuchi Michiru , Yamashita Akira , Tiksnadi Amanda , Chang Fang-Yu , Kubo Hitoshi , Matsuda Nozomu , Kobayashi Shunsuke , Eifuku Satoshi , Ugawa Yoshikazu
Published: September 2018

Observing mouth movements has strikingly effects on the perception of speech. Any mismatch between sound and mouth movements will result in listeners perceiving illusory consonants (McGurk effect), whereas matching mouth movements assist with the correct recognition of speech sounds. Recent neuroimaging studies have yielded evidence that the motor areas are involved in speech processing, yet their contributions to multisensory illusion remain unclear. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) in an event-related design, we aimed to identify the functional roles of the motor network in the occurrence of multisensory illusion in female and male brains. fMRI showed bilateral activation of the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) in audiovisually incongruent trials. Activity in the left IFG was negatively correlated with occurrence of the McGurk effect. The effective connectivity between the left IFG and the bilateral precentral gyri was stronger in incongruent than in congruent trials. The McGurk effect was reduced in incongruent trials by applying single-pulse TMS to motor cortex (M1) lip areas, indicating that TMS facilitates the left IFG-precentral motor network to reduce the McGurk effect. TMS of the M1 lip areas was effective in reducing the McGurk effect within the specific temporal range from 100 ms before to 200 ms after the auditory onset, and TMS of the M1 foot area did not influence the McGurk effect, suggesting topographical specificity. These results provide direct evidence that the motor network makes specific temporal and topographical contributions to the processing of multisensory integration of speech to avoid illusion.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe human motor network, including the inferior frontal gyrus and primary motor cortex lip area, appears to be involved in speech perception, but the functional contribution to the McGurk effect is unknown. Functional magnetic resonance imaging revealed that activity in these areas of the motor network increased when the audiovisual stimuli were incongruent, and that the increased activity was negatively correlated with perception of the McGurk effect. Furthermore, applying transcranial magnetic stimulation to the motor areas reduced the McGurk effect. These two observations provide evidence that the motor network contributes to the avoidance of multisensory illusory perception.
The Materiality of Musical Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Weaver Andrew H.
Published: September 2018

In 1648 Andreas Rauch, an Austrian composer living in the Hungarian town of Sopron, published the Currus triumphalis musicus, a collection of thirteen Latin motets, each dedicated to a different Habsburg Holy Roman Emperor. With its sumptuous paratexts and impressive musical scope, this “triumphal musical chariot” was not a typical commercial commodity. Instead the volume functioned as an assertion of Habsburg power at the end of the Thirty Years’ War (1618–48).

A straightforward reading of the book is complicated, however, by the exile of Rauch, a Lutheran, from Austria in the 1620s. This musical panegyric, produced by a composer with a troubled relationship to the honoree, opens the door to a reading of the print as an act of diplomacy, in which the composer not only seeks reconciliation by acknowledging the Emperor’s power but also subtly admonishes the Habsburgs in the wake of a peace settlement that was decidedly more favorable to his side. Through close readings of the paratexts and the texts of the musical works against a political and theological backdrop, it is possible to uncover the diplomatic functions of the print for Ferdinand III, the town of Sopron, and Rauch himself. In shedding light on a fascinating cultural artifact, this article offers a fresh perspective on the diplomatic potential of printed music in early modern Europe.
Los efectos de la campaña electoral de las elecciones generales de 2015 y 2016 en el voto / The effects of the election campaign of the general elections of 2015 and 2016 in the vote
Authors: Viera Berriel Acaymo , Mo Groba Diego
Published: September 2018

Las elecciones generales de 2015 suponen una ruptura del sistema bipartidista español. Dos fuerzas políticas emergentes, Podemos y Ciudadanos, irrumpieron en el sistema de partidos. En este trabajo se aborda un análisis sobre la influencia de las campan?as electorales de las elecciones generales de 2015 y 2016 en el voto, considerando un escenario de alta fragmentación partidista. Se buscara?, además, delimitar los factores explicativos de los efectos de la campan?a electoral en el voto.The general elections of 2015 represent a rupture of the bipartisan system that prevailed until that moment. Two emerging political forces, Podemos and Ciudadanos, broke into the party system. This paper analyze the influence of the electoral campaigns on general elections of 2015 and 2016 on the vote, considering a stage of high partisan fragmentation. It will also seek to delimit the explanatory factors of the effects of the electoral campaign on the vote.
Infant Feeding and Weight Gain: Separating Breast Milk From Breastfeeding and Formula From Food
Authors: Azad Meghan B. , Vehling Lorena , Chan Deborah , Klopp Annika , Nickel Nathan C. , McGavock Jonathan M. , Becker Allan B. , Mandhane Piushkumar J. , Turvey Stuart E. , Moraes Theo J. , Taylor Mark S. , Lefebvre Diana L. , Sears Malcolm R. , Subbarao Padmaja ,   on behalf of the CHILD Study Investigators
Published: September 2018

OBJECTIVES:

Studies addressing breastfeeding and obesity rarely document the method of breast milk feeding, type of supplementation, or feeding in hospital. We investigated these practices in the CHILD birth cohort.

METHODS:

Feeding was reported by mothers and documented from hospital records. Weight and BMI z scores (BMIzs) were measured at 12 months. Analyses controlled for maternal BMI and other confounders.

RESULTS:

Among 2553 mother-infant dyads, 97% initiated breastfeeding, and the median breastfeeding duration was 11.0 months. Most infants (74%) received solids before 6 months. Among “exclusively breastfed” infants, 55% received some expressed breast milk, and 27% briefly received formula in hospital. Compared with exclusive direct breastfeeding at 3 months, all other feeding styles were associated with higher BMIzs: adjusted β: +.12 (95% confidence interval [CI]: .01 to .23) for some expressed milk, +.28 (95% CI: .16 to .39) for partial breastfeeding, and +.45 (95% CI: .30 to .59) for exclusive formula feeding. Brief formula supplementation in hospital did not alter these associations so long as exclusive breastfeeding was established and sustained for at least 3 months. Formula supplementation by 6 months was associated with higher BMIzs (adjusted β: +.25; 95% CI: .13 to .38), whereas supplementation with solid foods was not. Results were similar for weight gain velocity.

CONCLUSIONS:

Breastfeeding is inversely associated with weight gain velocity and BMI. These associations are dose dependent, partially diminished when breast milk is fed from a bottle, and substantially weakened by formula supplementation after the neonatal period.
Effects of transverse normal strain on bending of laminated composite beams
Authors: Nguyen Trung-Kien , Nguyen Ngoc-Duong
Published: September 2018

Effect of transverse normal strain on bending of laminated composite beams is proposed in this paper. A Quasi-3D beam theory which accounts for a higher-order variation of both axial and transverse displacements is used to consider the effects of both transverse shear and normal strains on bending behaviours of laminated composite beams. Ritz method is used to solve characteristic equations in which trigonometric shape functions are proposed. Numerical results for different boundary conditions are presented to compare with those from earlier works, and to investigate the effects of thickness stretching, fibre angles, span-to-height ratio and material anisotropy on the displacement and stresses of laminated composite beams.
Optimal control of transverse vibration of Euler-Bernoulli beam with multiple dynamic vibration absorbers using Taguchi's method
Authors: Khang Nguyen Van , Phuc Vu Duc , Huong Nguyen Thi Van , Duong Do The
Published: September 2018

Vibration absorbers are frequently used to suppress the excessive vibrations in structural systems. In this paper, an imposing nodes technique is applied for vibration suppression of Euler-Bernoulli beams subjected to forced harmonic excitations by means of multiple dynamic vibration absorbers. A procedure based on Taguchi's method is proposed to determine the optimum absorber parameters to suppress the vibration amplitude of the beams. Numerical tests are performed to show the effectiveness of the proposed procedure.
Nonlinear buckling of CNT-reinforced composite toroidal shell segment surrounded by an elastic medium and subjected to uniform external pressure
Authors: Tung Hoang Van , Hieu Pham Thanh
Published: September 2018

Buckling and postbuckling behaviors of Toroidal Shell Segment (TSS) reinforced by single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT), surrounded by an elastic medium and subjected to uniform external pressure are investigated in this paper. Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are reinforced into matrix phase by uniform distribution (UD) or functionally graded (FG) distribution along the thickness direction. Effective properties of carbon nanotube reinforced composite (CNTRC) are estimated by an extended rule of mixture through a micromechanical model. Governing equations for TSSs are based on the classical thin shell theory taking into account geometrical nonlinearity and surrounding elastic medium. Three-term solution of deflection and stress function are assumed to satisfy simply supported boundary condition, and Galerkin method is applied to obtain nonlinear load-deflection relation from which buckling loads and postbuckling equilibrium paths are determined. The effects of CNT volume fraction, distribution types, geometrical ratios and elastic foundation on the buckling and postbuckling behaviors of CNTRC TSSs are analyzed and discussed.
The specifics of clotting and endogenic fibrinolysis in acute coronary syndrome patients
Authors: Kalinskaya A. I. , Savvinova P. P. , Vasilieva E. Yu. , Shpektor A. V.
Published: September 2018

Aim. To assess the processes of clot formation in relation to endogenic fibrinolysis in patients with various types of acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Material and methods. To the study, 89 persons (40 males) included: 59 with ACS, 30 — control group. Among the ACS patients, 28 were ST-elevation (STEMI), 31 with non-ST-elevation ACS (NSTEACS). All participants were assessed for clotting formation parameters and thrombus lysis with rotational elastometry on ROTEM equipment (Germany) and “Hemacore” Thrombodynamics (Russia), before coronary arteriography.

Results. Clot density and its size in 10 minutes were significantly higher in ACS comparing to control patients (2867 units vs 25084 units, p<0,001; 41,8 mm vs 36,4 mm, p<0,05, respectively). The time from onset of thrombus lysis was lower in ACS (79,4 min vs 69,3 min, p<0,05). The percent of lysis by the end of process registration was lower in ACS (20,1% vs 23,1%, p<0,05). Amplitude of clot formation in 20 minutes from the onset of clotting, as the maximum density of clot were significantly higher in NSTEACS comparing to STEMI (56,2 mm vs 49,7 mm, p=0,018; 59 mm vs 53,2 mm, p=0,011; respectively). Thrombus lysis was slower in NSTEACS patients comparing to STEMI (62,26 min vs 45,5 min, p=0,02).

Conclusion. With the measurement in vitro, the process of clotting and thrombus lysis is more active in ACS patients comparing to controls, that point on a baseline activated hemostasis. Within the ACS group, higher the existing clot in vessel lumen, more active the shift of the balance to anticoagulation and fibrinolysis.
Radiation heart disease in a patient post treatment of Нodgkin’s lymphoma
Authors: Eniseeva Е. S. , Protasov К. V. , Chernysheva N. L. , Bagadaeva E. Yu. , Stefanenkova A. A.
Published: September 2018

A clinical case of radiation induced heart disease in 43 year old female patient after 15 years since radiation therapy of Hodgkin’s lymphoma. During clinical and instrumental investigation, a post-radiation constrictive pericarditis was found, comorbid with lesion of aortic, mitral and tricuspid valves. Surgical treatment of pericarditis was applied. Morphology confirmed the diagnosis.
Cardiovascular death risk reduction in type 2 diabetes patients with confirmed cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Shlyakhto Е. V. , Shestakova M. V.
Published: September 2018

Chairs of the Workgroup: Shlyakhto E. V., Shestakova M. V.

Workgroup: Arutyunov G. P., Babenko A. Yu., Barbarash O. L., Boytsov S. A., Galstyan G. R., Grineva E. N., Drapkina O. M., Duplyakov D. V., Karpov Yu. A., Koziolova N. A., Konradi A. O., Lopatin Yu. M., Martynov A. I., Nedogoda S. V., Nedoshivin A. O., Ratova L. G., Sukhareva O. Yu., Tereshchenko S. N., Khalimov Yu. Sh.
Controlled arterial hypertension and adverse event free survival rate in heart recipients
Authors: Shevchenko A. О. , Nikitina E. A. , Koloskova N. N. , Shevchenko О. P. , Gotje S. V.
Published: September 2018

Aim.To evaluate the prevalence of arterial hypertension (AH) in heart transplant recipients, and its influence on the risk of adverse events, as the efficacy and safety of antihypertension medications (AHM).

Material and methods.To the study, were consequently included all heart transplant recipients operated in the Shumakov Centre during the years 2013 to 2016 and survived 90 days after orthotopic heart transplantation.

Results.Totally, 353 recipients included, with AH or AHM intake in anamnesis in 62 (17,6%). Within 90 days post-surgery, AH that demanded  for medication therapy was found in 151 (42,8%) patients. In posttransplant AH patients there were the following specific parameters in preoperational period: higher body mass index — 25,7±4,1 vs 24,9±4,4 (р=0,026), blood creatinine concentration — 100,6±62,6 vs 68,8±4,8 (р<0,001), donor heart posterior wall thickness — 11,9±0,8 vs 11,3±0,7 (р=0,034), creatinine concentration in 3 month after operation  — 131,7±101,6 vs 94,1±46,5 (p<0,001). There was relation revealed, of AH development risk with anamnesis of AH and renal failure, as a necessity for renal replacement therapy within 30 days post surgery and episodes of acute antibody-mediated reaction on transplant. In the recipients taking angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin II receptor blockers (ACEi/ARB) before operation, the survival rate free from adverse events was better than in those taking calcium channel blockers (CCB) (plog-rank=0,042).

Conclusion.The results of the study point on high prevalence of AH in heart recipients. Presence of AH in anamnesis, renal failure, episodes of humoral, but not cellular, reaction to the transplant, and donor heart hypertrophy do significantly increase the probability of AH development after transplantation. Comparison revealed significant benefit of ACEi/ ARB versus CCB as antihypertension medications in either monotherapy or in combination with diuretics.