bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cosmic quenching and scaling laws for the evolution of supermassive black holes and host galaxies
Authors: Xu Zhijie
Published: December 2024

Observations suggest a co-evolution of supermassive black holes (SMBHs) and host galaxies. In this paper, we consider the mass and energy flow in a near-equilibrium bulge suffused by gases of varying temperatures. By assuming the rate of energy flow independent of the distance r from the bulge center and the local virial equilibrium for permeated gases on scale r, a key parameter $\varepsilon _b$ was identified that quantifies the mass and energy flow in gases and the efficiency of gas cooling (or the "specific" cooling rate per unit mass), and thus regulates the co-evolution of both SMBHs and hosts. With the help of Illustris simulations and observations, we determined the redshift variation $\varepsilon _b\propto (1+z)^{5/2}$. A higher $\varepsilon _b$ in the early Universe means a higher specific cooling rate that allows rapid evolution of SMBHs and hosts. This simple theory, characterized by a single parameter $\varepsilon _b$, provides the dominant mean cosmic evolution of SMBHs and hosts. All other transient phenomena may only contribute to the dispersion around this mean evolution. Based on this theory and relevant assumptions, scaling laws involving $\varepsilon _b$ were identified for the evolution of SMBHs and hosts. For host galaxies, the mass–size relation $M_b\propto \varepsilon _b^{2/3}r_b^{5/3}G^{-1}$, the dispersion–size relation $\sigma _b^2\propto (\varepsilon _b r_b)^{2/3}\propto (1+z)$, or the mass–dispersion relation $M_b\propto \varepsilon _b^{-1}G^{-1}\sigma _b^5$ were identified, where $r_b\propto (1+z)^{-1}$ is the bulge size. For SMBHs, three evolution phases were found involving an initial rapid growth stage with a rising luminosity $L_B\propto (\varepsilon _b M_{\rm BH})^{4/5}$, a transition stage with a declining $L_B\propto \varepsilon _b^2 M_{\rm BH} \propto (1+z)^5$, and a dormant stage with $L_B\propto (\varepsilon _b M_{\rm BH})^{4/3}$. Our results suggest a rapid initial super-Eddington growth in a short period with a new redshift-dependent luminosity limit $L_X\propto\varepsilon _b^{4/5}M_{\rm BH}^{4/5}G^{-1/5}c$, in contrast to the Eddington limit. Analytical solutions were formulated for the BH mass function $\Phi _{\rm BH}$, active galactic nucleus (AGN) mass function $\Phi _{\rm AGN}$, and duty cycle U that predict $\Phi _L\propto L^{-1/5}$ for the faint-end luminosity function, $\Phi _{\rm AGN}\propto M^{-1/5}$ for small-mass-end AGN mass function $\Phi _L$, and $U\propto M^{-1/5}$ at high redshift.
Spiral Arm, Rotating Structure and Outflow Cavity in Massive Star-Forming Region G23.43−0.18
Authors: Chibueze James O , Ugwu Chukwuebuka J , Hirota Tomoya , Kim Kee-Tae , Liu Tie , Vorster Jakobus M , Kang Ji-hyun , Kim Jungha , Burns Ross A , Sobolev Andrey M , Hwang Jihye , Lee Chang Won , Kim Mi Kyoung , Sugiyama Koichiro
Published: December 2024

We confirmed the existence of a massive proto-cluster in G23.43−0.18 from our ALMA 1.3 mm continuum and molecular line observations. We resolved the region into 1 main massive protostellar object, G23.43−0.18 A, 1 intermediate mass protostellar object, G23.43−0.18 B, and 3 low mass objects, G23.43−0.18 C1, G23.43−0.18 C2 and G23.43−0.18 C3. A spiral arm structure is observed in G23.43−0.18 B. G23.43−0.18 A 1.3 mm dust continuum emission showed a “butterfly” morphology with clear evidence of the existence of a cavity and bipolar outflow with an inclination angle of 50○. G23.43−0.18 B presents a compact rotating structure, and possibly an inner Keplerian disk, traced with methanol lines and powers a jet revealed by multiple compact emission peaks in CO, indicating episodic ejections every 300 years. The presence of 6.7 GHz methanol masers in G23.43−0.18 A and G23.43−0.18 B are strong indications that both objects host massive protostars and are good sites to test some theories of the early evolutionary phases of massive stars.
CRISPR-Cas12a bends DNA to destabilize base pairs during target interrogation
Authors: Soczek Katarzyna M , Cofsky Joshua C , Tuck Owen T , Shi Honglue , Doudna Jennifer A
Published: December 2024

RNA-guided endonucleases are involved in processes ranging from adaptive immunity to site-specific transposition and have revolutionized genome editing. CRISPR-Cas9, -Cas12 and related proteins use guide RNAs to recognize ∼20-nucleotide target sites within genomic DNA by mechanisms that are not yet fully understood. We used structural and biochemical methods to assess early steps in DNA recognition by Cas12a protein-guide RNA complexes. We show here that Cas12a initiates DNA target recognition by bending DNA to induce transient nucleotide flipping that exposes nucleobases for DNA-RNA hybridization. Cryo-EM structural analysis of a trapped Cas12a–RNA–DNA surveillance complex and fluorescence-based conformational probing show that Cas12a-induced DNA helix destabilization enables target discovery and engagement. This mechanism of initial DNA interrogation resembles that of CRISPR-Cas9 despite distinct evolutionary origins and different RNA-DNA hybridization directionality of these enzyme families. Our findings support a model in which RNA-mediated DNA interference begins with local helix distortion by transient CRISPR-Cas protein binding.
Instruction-responsive programmable assemblies with DNA origami block pieces
Authors: Wang Fang , Shi Xiaolong , Chen Xin , Deng Di , Li Sirui , Sun Si , Kou Zheng , Xu Jin , Qiang Xiaoli
Published: December 2024

DNA nanotechnology has created a wide variety of nanostructures that provide a reliable platform for nanofabrication and DNA computing. However, constructing programmable finite arrays that allow for easy pre-functionalization remains challenge. We aim to create more standardized and controllable DNA origami components, which could be assembled into finite-scale and more diverse superstructures driven by instruction sets. In this work, we designed and implemented DNA origami building block pieces (DOBPs) with eight mutually independent programmable edges and formulated DNA instructions that tailored such components. This system enables DOBPs to be assembled into one or more specific 2D arrays according to the instruction sets. Theoretically, a two-unit system can generate up to 48 distinct DNA arrays. Importantly, experiments results demonstrated that DOBPs are capable of both deterministic and nondeterministic assemblies. Moreover, after examining the effects of different connection strategies and instruction implementations on the yield of the target structures, we assembled more complex 2D arrays, including limited self-assembly arrays such as ‘square frames’, ‘windmills’ and ‘multiples of 3’ long strips. We also demonstrated examples of Boolean logic gates ‘AND’ and ‘XOR’ computations based on these assembly arrays. The assembly system provides a model nano-structure for the research on controllable finite self-assembly and offers a more integrated approach for the storage and processing of molecular information.
Phenotypic screens identify SCAF1 as critical activator of RNAPII elongation and global transcription
Authors: Bhandare Pranjali , Narain Ashwin , Hofstetter Julia , Rummel Teresa , Wenzel Julia , Schülein-Völk Christina , Lamer Stephanie , Eilers Ursula , Schlosser Andreas , Eilers Martin , Erhard Florian , Wolf Elmar
Published: December 2024

Transcripts produced by RNA polymerase II (RNAPII) are fundamental for cellular responses to environmental changes. It is therefore no surprise that there exist multiple avenues for the regulation of this process. To explore the regulation mediated by RNAPII-interacting proteins, we used a small interfering RNA (siRNA)-based screen to systematically evaluate their influence on RNA synthesis. We identified several proteins that strongly affected RNAPII activity. We evaluated one of the top hits, SCAF1 (SR-related C-terminal domain-associated factor 1), using an auxin-inducible degradation system and sequencing approaches. In agreement with our screen results, acute depletion of SCAF1 decreased RNA synthesis, and showed an increase of Serine-2 phosphorylated-RNAPII (pS2-RNAPII). We found that the accumulation of pS2-RNAPII within the gene body occurred at GC-rich regions and was indicative of stalled RNAPII complexes. The accumulation of stalled RNAPII complexes was accompanied by reduced recruitment of initiating RNAPII, explaining the observed global decrease in transcriptional output. Furthermore, upon SCAF1 depletion, RNAPII complexes showed increased association with components of the proteasomal-degradation machinery. We concluded that in cells lacking SCAF1, RNAPII undergoes a rather interrupted passage, resulting in intervention by the proteasomal-degradation machinery to clear stalled RNAPII. While cells survive the compromised transcription caused by absence of SCAF1, further inhibition of proteasomal-degradation machinery is synthetically lethal.
Protein-free catalysis of DNA hydrolysis and self-integration by a ribozyme
Authors: Szokoli Deni , Mutschler Hannes
Published: December 2024

Group II introns are ancient self-splicing ribozymes and retrotransposons. Though long speculated to have originated before translation, their dependence on intron-encoded proteins for splicing and mobility has cast doubt on this hypothesis. While some group II introns are known to retain part of their catalytic repertoire in the absence of protein cofactors, protein-free complete reverse splicing of a group II intron into a DNA target has never been demonstrated. Here, we demonstrate the complete independence of a group II intron from protein cofactors in all intron-catalyzed reactions. The ribozyme is capable of fully reverse splicing into single-stranded DNA targets in vitro, readily hydrolyzes DNA substrates and is even able to unwind and react with stably duplexed DNA. Our findings make a protein-free origin for group II introns plausible by expanding their known catalytic capabilities beyond what would be needed to survive the transition from RNA to DNA genomes. Furthermore, the intron’s capacity to react with both single and double-stranded DNA in conjunction with its expanded sequence recognition may represent a promising starting point for the development of protein-free genomic editing tools.
Cadence in the High Baroque
Authors: Caplin William E.
Published: December 2024

This chapter examines cadential practice in the high baroque, focusing on works by Corelli, Vivaldi, Handel, and J. S. Bach. Whereas some baroque authentic cadences resemble the “classical cadence,” many feature other formulaic configurations, especially the cadenza doppia (double cadence), rarely found in the later style. The chapter assesses the role of cadential deviations in the baroque and discusses why evaded cadences are rarely employed. With respect to cadential expansion, it highlights the baroque propensity of retaining the formula, such that expanded cadential progressions are often abandoned so that a compact cadential formula emerges at the end. It also introduces a form of pre-cadential dominant expansion, a technique infrequently found in later tonal styles. The chapter concludes with a study of cadence in the fugues of Bach’s Well-Tempered Clavier, emphasizing a distinction between subject-ending cadences and independent cadences (i.e., those not associated with the end of the subject).
Conclusion
Authors: Morris Mark A.
Published: December 2024

This conclusion briefly describes four key themes that touch on emerging trends in talent acquisition (TA), along with implications for practitioners for how best to address them. These themes align with the chapters in this book, the post-pandemic challenges of remote hiring, new ways of working, and the critical need to provide equity and inclusion in hiring practices to realize the full power of our diverse workforce.
Interventions to strengthen teaching and learning in contexts of disadvantage
Authors: Graven Mellony , Venkat Hansa
Published: December 2024

This chapter focuses on interventions for equity in under-resourced and under-served contexts of teaching and learning. It begins with an overview of the presence of this topic in SEMT, from its emergence in 2005 in a presentation by Bednarz on supporting weak classes in under-privileged schools in Canada to presentations in subsequent conferences, and ends by summarizing the many presentations on the topic in the last two SEMTs. By analysing the content of these presentations, the scale of disadvantage in national systems is identified as a key distinguishing feature that provided a lens for thinking about intervention methodologies, foci, and approaches. The diverse nature of contributions is discussed—including research and intervention foci and geographical location. The chapter then builds on the authors’ SEMT contributions on this topic in 2017 and 2019 to describe some national expansion of their teaching and learning interventions in contexts of disadvantage in South Africa.
Cultural and linguistic heterogeneity in research presented at SEMT symposia
Authors: Novotná Jarmila , Moraová Hana
Published: December 2024

This chapter focuses on cultural and linguistic heterogeneity in primary mathematics classrooms. It gives an overview of 1990s research on this topic as presented at SEMT, as well as documenting further developments. Before 2015 the topic seems to have been somewhat marginal, with more attention paid to communication and interaction in mathematics classrooms, development of reasoning, or comparative studies of practices in two or more countries. The past few symposia have witnessed presentations explicitly targeting the issue of heterogeneity (linguistic, cultural, and special needs) and obstacles in learning for pupils with different socio-cultural and socio-linguistic backgrounds. This may be because educators and policy makers look for how to support their own children from previously marginalized populations or because they look for ways of helping migrant children and newcomers. Undoubtably, cultural and linguistic heterogeneity deserves attention from researchers, educators, policy makers, and teachers, as a prerequisite for equity in education.
Problem solving, problem posing, and enhancing creativity
Authors: Hershkovitz Sara , Dana-Picard Thierry
Published: December 2024

The core of mathematics is problem solving. Understanding that the range of problems is wide, both within mathematics and in so-called real-world mathematics, led to the understanding that the teaching space also is large and involves different domains of contents and competencies: mathematics, linguistics, world knowledge, and students’ abilities. These elements affect the students’ expertise in solving and posing mathematical problems, and those engaged in mathematics instruction should take them into account. SEMT symposia reflect the changes in researchover the years. This chapter does not aim to present all the research in the field, not even all the works (over 120) in SEMT but highlights key ideas and directions that have evolved. It starts with the most basic problems and their assumptions and elaborate on them within today’s problem-solving space: problems, non-routine problems, research problems with or without the use of technology, and the opportunity for developing creativity.
Imperatives, Opportunities, and Dilemmas
Authors: Addison Tony , Roe Alan
Published: December 2024

The extractive industries are highly controversial but remain vitally important in much of the developing world. This chapter considers their role in reducing energy poverty and discusses scenarios for the future of the global markets for oil, gas, and metals (emphasizing the increasing importance of Asia). It then provides a snapshot of the increasing dependence of many developing countries on the extractive sector and uses that analysis to provide a perspective on the new opportunities arising from the global net-zero transition. Finally, the chapter sets out six dilemmas arising from the role of the extractive industries under the sub-headings of: poverty reduction and nature; mining and environmental risk; demand and supply imbalances; fragile states and supply-chains; strategic dependence; and technological backwardness. Overall, the chapter seeks to sketch the context, both national and global, in which policy-makers must make often hard choices.
Transforming Economies
Authors: Addison Tony , Roe Alan
Published: December 2024

The chapter argues for a change in government attitudes to their extractive industries: as enclaves useful primarily as revenue sources. This is too narrow a perspective: it fails to recognize the broader economic linkages that are invariably possible. Achieving greater economic impact requires governments to redefine how best to encourage economic diversification. Specifically, manufacturing activities tend to be over-emphasized—especially those based on a narrow view of local content ignoring competitiveness—while opportunities in the renewable resource economy are under-emphasized (especially agriculture and ecosystem services, the livelihood of millions of poor people). Moreover, industrial policy will not succeed when policies and investments in energy, enterprise development (especially for small and medium-sized enterprises), and financial systems are neglected. Stronger development finance institutions can be key players—one lesson from Latin American successes. Sharing power and transport infrastructure can further strengthen the linkages from extractive industries to local and national economies.
Things in Heaven and Earth
Authors: Rutter Tom
Published: December 2024

This chapter sets out the heliocentric model of the universe that remained dominant in Shakespeare’s time, including the distinction between the unchanging things above the Moon and the changeable things below it. It summarizes some challenges to this model that were being offered, and makes reference to recent critical work on Shakespeare, cosmology, and meteorology. It discusses the Histories as a sequence of plays whose interest in the causes of phenomena in the heavens parallels its interest in political causality. Finally, it addresses the question of whether Hamlet demonstrates Shakespeare’s familiarity with heliocentrism and suggests that Hamlet’s sense of existential scepticism is articulated in terms that imply cosmological uncertainty.
Maths
Authors: Rutter Tom
Published: December 2024

In the early modern period, developments in the sciences were facilitated by the growing use of Hindu-Arabic numerals in place of Roman ones. While such numerals are ubiquitous today, in Shakespeare’s time their seeming oddity (read from right to left, their value shifting depending on their position in a sequence) prompted comment and confusion. This chapter considers Shakespeare’s use of imagery related to Hindu-Arabic numerals in Henry V and King Lear to address themes of performance and identity. Noting the visual similarity between the zero and the circle, it discusses his use of geometrical imagery in the same plays, often with sexual implications. Finally, it emphasizes the importance of circularity in Shakespeare’s sense of theatrical space, a quality that symbolically linked the playhouse with scientific instruments such as celestial and terrestrial globes.
Beyond the Either/Or in Aesthetic Life
Authors: Matherne Samantha
Published: December 2024

What is a flourishing aesthetic life? According to a classical view, found in Hume and Kant, it is one that is organized around experiences of universal aesthetic value. According to a diversity-based view, it is one organized around what aesthetically speaks to us given who we are as individuals and members of local communities. The universality- and diversity-based views thus seem to represent two competing models of aesthetic flourishing. In this chapter, however, it is argued that if one adopts a radically revised view of aesthetic universality, then this either/or evaporates. To this end, it is claimed that our aesthetic lives go better if we are responsive to both a universality-based ideal, which orients us toward the good of aesthetic exploration, and a diversity-based ideal, which orients us toward the good of aesthetic resonance.
Changing Musical Style and Social Identity in Tamil Christian Kirttanai
Authors: Sherinian Zoe C.
Published: December 2024

The Indian devotional genre of kirttanai has been the most widely performed genre of indigenous Christian music among Protestant Tamils in South India since the late-seventeen hundreds. Songs produced by upper-caste Christians in karnatak classical style called kirttanai were disseminated by missionaries after 1853 to poor lower-caste converts in villages and towns as a primary means to transmit Christianity. Since then, kirttanai have gone through various oral transformations of style resulting in three different versions of this practice: karnatak, folk, and Western hymn-like performances utilizing harmonic accompaniment on the organ. In this chapter, the author argues that the stylistic transformations or “reindigenizations” of kirttanai are a manifestation of the need to create indigenous Christian musical and theological expression relevant to changing socio-religious identities among Tamil Christians. The chapter shows that musical ritual acts as a primary context in which Christians meaningfully reconstruct and renegotiate their identities of class, caste, and location.
Caste, Class, Aesthetics, and the Making of Modern Bharatanatyam Dance
Authors: Krishnan Hari , Soneji Davesh , Pillai Nrithya
Published: December 2024

Bharatanatyam dance is perhaps one of the most easily recognizable cultural products of modern India. Underpinning global acts of heritage-making is a complex, modern history of the dance’s reinvention, intimately tethered to the forces of Indian cultural nationalism in the early twentieth century. This essay contextualizes the caste debate within the reinvention of bharatanatyam that occurred in the 1930s at the hands of elite nationalist Brahmin performers. It argues that expressions of caste- and class-based power were at the heart of the establishment of the aesthetic and social boundaries of the practice of bharatanatyam as its new, urban, middle-class, upper-caste avatar in cities like Madras. Through the bold, public interventions of Nrithya Pillai, a dancer from the hereditary courtesan community (formerly called “devadasis”), the caste and nationalist debates around bharatanatyam have once again been enlivened, but this time, with the backing of caste-oppressed activists from around India.
Following in the Footsteps of Muria Music and Dance
Authors: Knight Roderic
Published: December 2024

This chapter focuses on a single song, called “Marmi Pata,” or “Wedding Song,” as performed in 1979 by young Muria Gond women in the village of Remawand, Bastar District, Chhattisgarh. Sung and danced by young people in a kind of clubhouse called a ghotul, the song is about the upcoming marriage of one of the women and the change it will mean for her and her friends as she joins her husband in another village. The chapter also illustrates the process by which field research unfolds, and how a song sung in a remote forest in India can make its way to a classroom in the West. The author was following in the footsteps of Verrier Elwin, noted mid-twentieth-century scholar on India’s tribal peoples, producing recordings, films, and articles in the late 1970s and early 1980s to further illuminate Elwin's pioneering print documentation from forty years before.
Bhangra Brotherhood
Authors: Sundar Pavitra
Published: December 2024

chapter seeks to bring sound and music to the forefront of the study of cinema and that of the nation through an analysis of the hit Bollywood film Rang De Basanti (RDB). It argues that RDB not only links a history of radical anticolonial activism in India to contemporary struggles against state corruption, it also depicts Hindi film music (and its affiliated technologies) as a crucial element of national popular culture and history. The Punjabi folk dance and musical genre bhangra has a special role to play in the revitalization of the nation in RDB. This visual and aural representation of the “real” India, village India, in effect grants the protagonists authenticity as Indian nationalist subjects. At the same time, bhangra links them to global circuits of musical production and exchange, circuits crucial to the history of Hindi film music.
Disrupted Divas
Authors: Maciszewski Amelia
Published: December 2024

This chapter (a companion text to the 2010 ethnographic film Disrupted Divas) examines the lives of socially marginalized women singers and dancers, referred to as tawa’ifs, in three communities in North India. These women of the courtesan/red-light districts are part of a tradition of divas: celebrated, controversial women entertainers, sought-after court musicians and dancers, and pioneers in India’s early twentieth-century media. However, their social status since the 1940s has fallen, disrupted by historical, political, and socioeconomic issues they encountered. Despite such disruptions, the efficacy of these divas can be discovered in their voices, both narrative and musical, as they “perform their caste” in a globalized market. That is, in their stories and songs we can hear vivid discourses and narratives about their community’s and individual history, culture, customs, and life trajectories.
The Female Voice in Hindi Cinema
Authors: Sarrazin Natalie
Published: December 2024

Hindi cinema, often referred to as Bollywood, is India’s primary form of entertainment as well as its primary source of popular music. This chapter highlights the lineage of the female voice: the relationship of specific vocal aesthetics to on-screen protagonists in Indian cinema and its uses in constructing female protagonists’ identity, agency, and expression through song. How are women represented, and how has this representation changed musically? How have song picturizations advanced or limited women’s characterizations beyond the wife/mother or vamp paradigm? What is the impact of outside media (such as MTV) on women’s voices? This chapter draws on examples from Pre-Partition, Nation-Building, and Post-Liberalization eras to illustrate the trajectory of Indian national ideals and global aspirations as they are communicated through the female voice.
The Role of Systematic Reviews in the EBP Process
Authors: Garcia Antonio R. , Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: December 2024

Systematic reviews, along with meta-analyses, and variations of reviews, are the focus of Chapter 5. The most effective approach to gathering studies to answer a practice question involves systematic reviews, which offer a comprehensive synthesis of research on a specific question using transparent and replicable procedures. Meta-analysis, a statistical technique, is commonly used in systematic reviews. It combines results from multiple studies to provide an overall summary of empirical knowledge. As this chapter argues, reviews are emerging as an even more salient way to approach the EBP process than single randomized controlled trials while reducing the burden on individual, time-strapped practitioners to undergo this laborious search, read, and appraisal process themselves. Understanding and interpreting systematic reviews can be challenging, but a structured approach to reading and summarizing key elements (such as purpose, inclusion criteria, results, and critical appraisal) can help. By accessing systematic reviews, one can gain valuable insights into the current research status on a particular topic, and these reviews play a significant role in the evidence-based practice process.
Introduction to Implementation Science
Authors: Snyder Sean E. , Wolk Courtney Benjamin
Published: December 2024

Chapter 7 focuses on information that may be more useful or applicable for social workers passionate about leading teams or directing organizations and creating the conditions necessary for clinicians, staff, and stakeholders to implement the evidence-based practice (EBP) process. Like social workers and other direct service providers, leaders need support to create optimal contexts necessary for implementation. To that end, this chapter offers an overview of implementation science frameworks, models, and strategies to implement the EBP process. Case examples are presented to illustrate the complexity of aligning the needs and strengths of clients with an optimal case plan that incorporates the best available evidence—and how important it is to optimize the inner and outer settings or contexts to implement the optimal case plan.
Adaptation
Authors: Garcia Antonio R. , Corcoran Jacqueline
Published: December 2024

Chapter 9 focuses on adapting existing treatments, so they are relevant for clients, as well as real-world practice contexts. There is recognition in the EBP process that interventions studied under university conditions with study personnel for support, and with strict inclusion criteria for participation may not always be applicable to community settings; hence, the need for assessing any adaptations made by tracking progress and gathering data to understand the effects of adaptations. In this chapter, how to go about consulting the literature to gather information on how to fit the specific needs of the client and setting is illustrated.
Disgraced
Authors: Krivulskaya Suzanna
Published: December 2024

Disgraced is a sweeping religious and cultural history of US Protestant sex scandals in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. From the birth of the modern press to the advent of the internet age, the book traces the public downfalls of religious leaders who purported to safeguard the morality of the nation. Along the way, Protestant ministers’ private transgressions journeyed from the privilege of silence to the spectacle of sensationalism. At first hesitant to report on sexual misconduct among the clergy in order to protect the reputation of Protestantism writ large, newspapers embraced the genre of pastoral scandal in the 1870s, when the biggest celebrity minister of the era stood trial for adultery. Scandal reporting escalated in the following decades, creating multiple publicity crises, the likes of which continue to plague churches to this day. As Protestant institutions struggled to protect their reputations in light of scandals’ revelations, they turned to secrecy and silencing—often foregoing opportunities for engaging in productive reckoning with the problem of sexual hypocrisy among their clergy. Sex scandals, it turns out, have not been mere aberrations in the history of modern Protestantism; they have, in fact, been constitutive of its development. Using the understudied intersection of scandal and religion, Disgraced explains how the persistence of stories about misbehaving Protestant ministers allowed the press to compete with the pulpit as a source of moral authority, forced denominations to confront the problems that scandal exposed, and emboldened sustained public scrutiny of religious piety.
Heroes and Cold War Relations
Authors: Titus Joan
Published: December 2024

Chapter 5 (“Heroes and Cold War Relations”) provides an examination of Shostakovich’s first postwar biopics and first Cold War film: Pirogov (dir. Grigory Kozintsev, 1947), Michurin (dir. Aleksandr Dovzhenko, 1948), and Meeting at the Elbe (Vstrecha na El’be, dir. Grigory Aleksandrov, 1948). Providing discussions about and analyses of Shostakovich’s scores, this chapter focuses on the complexity of his musical characterizations of historical figures, war, and revisionism during the late 1940s when Resolutions targeted specific artists, including filmmakers and musicians. Analyses of these scores illuminate how Shostakovich created complex and musically diverse works that represented emerging Soviet Cold War narratives in filmmaking.
Ethical Challenges in Rural Child Welfare Practice
Authors: Cashwell Suzie T. , Moran Mariah
Published: December 2024

Rural communities are often tight-knit with complex social networks. The nature of relationships in rural communities creates an environment with the potential for multiple ethical dilemmas in social work practice. This chapter introduces ethical challenges specific to rural practice with a focus on child welfare. Readers will learn to apply Congress’ five-step decision-making model, which facilitates ethical rural practice, to specific case studies. Rural ethical challenges include navigating boundary management and dual relationships, lack of anonymity, lack of resources and professional collaborations, and maintaining confidentiality. Child welfare practice is often complicated by these challenges. For example, a social worker’s vehicle is often easily recognizable to the community, which limits confidentiality and reduces anonymity. Thus, ethical decision-making is a critical skill for social workers in rural communities. The model includes a review of values, an application of the National Association of Social Workers’ Code of Ethics, hypothesizing consequences, identifying who benefits, and the importance of consultation. Case studies are presented that illustrate ethical concerns situated in rural context and utilize Congress’ five-step decision-making model in child welfare practice. Case studies demonstrate how ethical issues are intertwined and require complex negotiations. Although no one resolution can be applied across all situations, the process by which resolutions are reached is the focal point of this chapter. Furthermore, the information in this chapter provides a foundation for students and practitioners to build their own ethical rural practice.
Ingram in the Caribbean and the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Snow Dean
Published: December 2024

Hawkins’s fleet left Africa on February 3, 1567–1568. African slaves in the cargo holds endured confinement for almost two months on the middle passage to the Caribbean. Ingram later described stops at Margarita, Borburata, Curaçao, La Hacha, Santa Marta, and Cartagena, along with observations of the botany and zoology of the region. Spanish colonists were resistant, but Hawkins overcame their reluctance to violate Spanish law using his usual alternately friendly and hostile techniques. The fleet headed for home but ran into a hurricane in the Gulf of Mexico. Hawkins had no choice but to forcefully take shelter for repairs at San Juan de Ulua, where modern Veracruz stands. Unfortunately for Hawkins, the annual Spanish fleet from Seville arrived, and a furious battle erupted. Many Englishmen were killed or captured. All but two English ships were sunk, including the Jesus of Lübeck. Hawkins escaped in the Minion, overloaded with 200 men. After determining that only 100 could survive the return trip to England, Hawkins put 100 volunteers ashore. Ingram and his friends Browne and Twide were among them. Most were later killed or captured, but Ingram and his partners journeyed 3,600 miles in 11 months to be rescued in New Brunswick. This was Ingram’s long walk.
Betrayed by a Brother
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

This chapter presents a fresh reading of the period known as the March Crisis, from January 1954 to Gamāl ʿAbd al-Naṣīr’s assassination attempt on October 26, 1954, as told from behind the prison walls through the memoirs of the Brothers. For many of the leading members, the growing repression of the Muslim Brotherhood (MB) was considered a betrayal on the part of the Free Officers, many of whom were believed to have been in an alliance with the MB on the eve of the July Revolution. I argue that the principal reasons for the dissolution of the MB in 1954 was (1) ʿAbd al-Nāṣir’s inability to co-opt the Brothers, and (2) the subsequent rise of a radical wing within the MB that, defying al-Huḍaybī, sought to take up armed resistance against the Revolutionary Command Council (RCC). As will become apparent, al-Huḍaybī was on a difficult path in attempting to guide the Brothers through a new political reality in Egypt.
The Virtuous City
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

This chapter begins by delineating the reform project of the Prison Service to overhaul the prison system in Egypt. Second, the chapter shows how the Brothers were able to build a society for themselves in prison, most notably in Camp Wāḥāt, and how they engaged in literary and recreational activities that mirrored the reforms of the Prison Service. Third, it argues that these prison activities were ultimately seen as a manifestation of an ideal religious society that, based on religious freedom, absence of labor, and lack of everyday responsibilities, also served as a subtle critique of ʿAbd al-Nāṣir’s secular Egypt. However, the autonomy enjoyed by the Brothers also became a concern for the Revolutionary Command Council, and the chapter concludes by showing how a struggle over forced labor at Ṭurra Penitentiary resulted in the death of more than 20 Brothers.
Pharaoh Strikes Again
Authors: Ghyoot Mathias
Published: December 2024

This chapter details the beginnings of the Muslim Brotherhood’s (MB) third prison ordeal, in 1965. Beginning with the reasons for the crackdown, including the Kirdāsa Massacre, the chapter documents the brutal experiences of the Brothers, and some Sisters, inside the Military Prison. After discussing how the Brothers made sense of these experiences and castigated Gamāl ʿAbd al-Nāṣir, the chapter examines the mass trials of 1965 and 1966 that brought an end to the crackdown and marked the beginning of yet another ten-year ordeal in the prisons of Egypt. It argues that the prison memoirs of the Brothers strongly challenge the official narratives of ʿAbd al-Nāṣir’s regime about both the treatment of the imprisoned Brothers and the legal charges brought against the MB. This chapter not only shows that allegations leveled against the majority of the Brothers were baseless, but also demonstrates that the crackdown involved an unprecedented degree of violence committed, among other places, in the Military Prison.
Transparency and Open Science Practices in Research on Emerging Adulthood
Authors: Nguyen Phuong Linh L. , Syed Moin
Published: December 2024

The replication crisis has become a major focus throughout the sciences, spurring discussions among researchers about the limits of the mainstream work produced in their fields. In response, there have been strong efforts toward developing solutions to address these limits, efforts that are broadly referred to as the open science movement. This chapter highlights three core issues related to open science that are particularly important for producing and consuming research on emerging adulthood: (1) the importance of understanding and reducing research degrees of freedom across the research cycle; (2) the underappreciated role of statistical power in quantitative studies, particularly when testing interaction effects; and (3) some of the unique challenges facing emerging adulthood researchers in adopting open science practices. Across the discussion, concrete steps are provided that researchers can take to promote the open science principles of transparency, credibility, reproducibility, and accessibility.
The Alphas and Omegas of Validity and Reliability
Authors: Sorgente Angela , Zumbo Bruno D.
Published: December 2024

The current chapter presents a non-technical description of the most important features of the current conceptualization of validity and reliability and the best practices to evaluate them. The chapter is organized into two sections. The first section introduces the contemporary view of validity, which stresses that validity is unified (the core of validity is construct validity, which can be argued for by collecting different kinds of evidence) and contextualized (validity always depends on the population, place, and time in which the test is applied). Implications in terms of validation practices are presented. The second section explains why the widely used coefficient alpha may be an inadequate index of reliability and suggests substituting it with coefficient omega. Guidelines in both sections of the chapter are demonstrated using the procedures adopted to develop and validate the Multidimensional Subjective Financial Well-being Scale in a sample of Italian emerging adults.
Thematic Analysis
Authors: Naudé Luzelle
Published: December 2024

This chapter presents the theory and practice of thematic analysis as an accessible and flexible method for analyzing qualitative data in emerging adulthood research. As a family of approaches ranging on a continuum from systematically scientific to creatively artful, thematic analysis’ defining feature is a focus on the patterned meaning within data. The chapter begins with a conceptualization of thematic analysis, its position in the qualitative research community, and its value in emerging adulthood research. Frequently asked questions and misconceptions about the approach are addressed, with attention to epistemological positioning, theoretical assumptions, methodological integrity, researcher reflexivity, and qualitative sensibility. In the last section of the chapter, the process of reflexive thematic analysis is presented, according to Braun and Clarke’s contemporary six-phase approach to data engagement, coding, and theme development, with guidelines for good practice.
Mixed Methods Approaches to Emerging Adult Research
Authors: Turner Kit , Weststrate Nic M. , McLean Kate C.
Published: December 2024

The present chapter provides an overview of the mixed methods approaches used to conduct research with emerging adults. The discussion will define mixed methods approaches as those that meaningfully mix both quantitative and qualitative data together in order to fully understand the phenomena in question. The chapter will provide an overview of when and why a mixed methods approach may be most practical to use, and it will then provide descriptions of different mixed methods designs. Finally, the chapter will provide an illustrative case example of a mixed methods study using an exploratory sequential design on the socialization of LGBTQ+ emerging adults.
Longitudinal Mixed Methods in the Study of Young Adults
Authors: Klimstra Theo A. , Johnson Sara K.
Published: December 2024

Longitudinal data are necessary for the study of young adult development, but researchers face many options with respect to designs. This chapter focuses on longitudinal mixed methods designs, which refer to research that integrates qualitative and quantitative data analyses. The first section describes why researchers should consider mixed method designs. In the second section, we describe three broad approaches to mixed methods research designs and provide examples that have been, or could be, applied in longitudinal research on young adults. The third section presents some possibilities that we envision for creative application of mixed method designs. In the fourth section, we conclude the chapter with several challenges and opportunities relevant to longitudinal mixed methods research that focus on considerations for the use of these methods among early career scholars.
Sanctifying Suburbia
Authors: Miller Brian J.
Published: December 2024

This book explains how American evangelicals came to see the suburbs as a promised land, home to the evangelical good life. Within the sprawling American suburbs are millions of evangelical residents, thousands of evangelical congregations, and numerous evangelical organizations. Employing sociological and historical analysis, this book systematically assesses how evangelicals became intertwined with the suburbs, the implications of this for evangelical life and aspirations, and how evangelicals view and experience race and ethnicity, social class, and gender in regards to suburbia. Through anti-urban sentiments, an evangelical cultural toolkit that both limits engagement with places broadly and simultaneously has affinities with suburban life, white flight and racial exclusivity in metropolitan areas, the pursuit of a middle-class nuclear family life, seeking more conservative political climates, and clusters of evangelical organizations gathering in suburbs, evangelicals now call the suburbs home in large numbers. To fully understand American evangelicals requires examining their connections to and their adoption of the suburbs as the places best suited for their daily activities and societal goals.
Evangelicals, Suburbs, and the American Dream
Authors: Miller Brian J.
Published: December 2024

Chapter 1 defines evangelicals and suburbs, two phenomena that may be easy to recognize but have several important key traits in the American context. Four brief examples of the intersection of evangelicals and suburbs show the need for this study: influential suburban megachurches that emerged in the postwar era, critiques of suburban religious faith, cultural affinities between suburbs and American evangelical life, and voting patterns. The chapter discusses previous studies of evangelicals and suburbs and how this book offers a new approach, and how connecting the development and deployment of evangelical cultural toolkits is a necessary addition to two existing theories of settlement and development patterns: ecological explanations and growth machine theories. The toolkits approach allows for the agency of evangelicals to select locations and develop meaning-making processes within suburbia.
Evangelicals (and Other Protestant Groups) Leave Chicago for the Suburbs
Authors: Miller Brian J.
Published: December 2024

Chapter 3 uses congregational data from a region-wide directory of Chicago area churches to examine location patterns across multiple Protestant denominations during the twentieth century, including Evangelical Lutheran, Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod, Episcopalian, Methodist, Disciples of Christ, Presbyterian, Christian Reformed Church, Reformed Church in America, and African Methodist Episcopal congregations. Looking specifically at the changes in the region between 1925 and 1988–1990, the analysis shows that mainline, Black, and conservative Protestant groups moved congregations to the suburbs for whiter areas and left behind Chicago neighborhoods with increasing Black populations. Congregational growth in DuPage County helps highlight the connections between changes in the suburban religious landscape and suburbanization. The patterns in the Chicago region illustrate how race and settlement patterns affected evangelicals across denominations moving to and starting congregations in suburbs.
Where Evangelicals and Other Religious Traditions Live, 1972–2016
Authors: Miller Brian J.
Published: December 2024

Chapter 7 examines the kinds of communities evangelicals and members of other religious traditions lived in between 1972 and 2016. In comparison to Americans as a whole, evangelicals were more likely to be in smaller suburbs, small towns, and rural areas. At the same time, the percentage of evangelicals living in rural areas declined over this period and the percentage of evangelicals living in suburbs and smaller big cities increased. Other religious traditions also changed locations over this time period: the locations of mainline Protestants largely mirrored evangelicals, Black Protestants and Jews were more likely to be in large cities and their suburbs, and almost all religious traditions experienced increases in adherents in the suburbs. These patterns suggest that it would be difficult to imagine evangelicals returning to big cities, even with some evangelicals doing so and calling for change among their religious tradition.
2016
Authors: Kastner Jill , Wohlforth William C.
Published: December 2024

This chapter provides the first analysis of Russia’s 2016 subversive operation that benefits from a comprehensive view of similar operations over 2,000 years. It shows exactly what was novel about 2016 by evaluating three core claims: that subversion assumed a newly salient role in Russian strategy; that the new information environment radically altered the cost–benefit calculations for hostile great power rivals; and that the United States has recently become an especially vulnerable target, again easing the path for subverters. The chapter examines each of these claims against the backdrop of centuries of great power subversion. In this light, the 2016 operation was not unprecedented.