bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Carbon Management Diagram for Oak-hickory Forests in Southern Ohio
Authors: Williams Roger A. , Tao Yuhua
Published: August 2019

A carbon management diagram for use in oak-hickory forests in southern Ohio has been developed to allow easier quantification of total forest carbon stock. The total carbon stock is positively correlated to basal area and average stand diameter but poorly correlated to the number of trees per acre. The total amount of carbon stored in these forests is going to be influenced by age and site quality to the extent that age and site influence basal area and the average tree size. Accordingly, not all stands considered to be fully to overstocked store the most carbon. Rather, it is a combination of basal area and average tree size that determines the total carbon stored, with the carbon stock in the forest increasing with an increase in both basal area and average tree diameter. Examples illustrating the use of the diagram are presented for two oak forests on oak site indexes 60 and 80. Both forests are overstocked at age 100 years, but the forest on site index 60 stores 77 tons/ac of total carbon compared with 103 tons/ac on site index 80.
Black Alder Seedlings Demonstrate Tolerance to Preemergence Herbicides in Preliminary Trials1
Authors: Hall Kip E. , McCormick Larry H. , Kuhns Larry J.
Published: August 2019

Seven preemergence herbicides, atrazine, metolachlor, napropamide, oryzalin, oxadiazon, oxyfiuorfen, and simazine, were screened for phytotoxic effects on newly planted black alder seedlings. All treatments containing atrazine significantly reduced seedling survival, as did simazine treatments greater than 3.4 kg/ha. The simazine rate of 3.4 kg/ha, the napropamide rate of 26.9 kg/ha, and metolachlor rates greater than 3.4 kg/ha temporarily stunted seedling height growth early in the first growing season. Temporary stunting was also observed for the highest rates of the granular and emulsifiable concentrate formulations of oxyfluorfen, 9.0 and 4.5 kg/ha respectively. However, those treatments that temporarily stunted height growth had no significant effect on seedling survival. Excluding atrazine, all of the preemergence herbicides evaluated in this study could be safely applied to newly planted black alder seedlings with no significant mortality or growth inhibition, providing the rate guidelines previously mentioned are observed. North. J. Appl. For. 3:76-79, June 1986.
Felling and Skidding Costs Associated with Thinning a Commercial Appalachian Hardwood Stand in Northern West Virginia
Authors: Brock Samuel M. , Jones Kenneth D. , Miller Gary W.
Published: August 2019

Detailed cost information on thinning operations is needed to develop economic guidelines for managing immature central Appalachian hardwood stands. Three thinning treatments were applied in a 50-yr-old mixed-oak, cove hardwood stand in northern West Virginia. A commercial logging contractor using chain saws and a rubber-tired skidder conducted the logging operations. Time-study data were used to compute production rates for felling marked trees and skidding tree-length logs to roadside landings for each thinning treatment. Production rates ranged from 2.7 to 3.0 cunits/hr depending on the residual stocking treatment. The cost of merchantable material at roadside ranged from $10.79 to $11.99 per cunit. Regression equations for predicting felling and skidding times were developed for each treatment. Data from these equations can be used in estimating production rates and costs for similar thinning operations. A nomogram is provided for estimating felling and skidding costs for a 60% residual stocking treatment, the current recommended silvicultural prescription for stands similar to the study area. North. J. Appl. For. 3:159-163, Dec. 1986.
Environmental Impact Management in the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness
Authors: Marion Jeffrey L. , Sober Toivo
Published: August 2019

Increases in wilderness and backcountry recreational use have resulted in significant environmental impacts that are requiring more intensive visitor and resource management by the managing agencies. Resource impacts in the nation's most highly used wilderness, the Boundary Waters Canoe Area, have been reduced through the implementation of a designated site camping policy in the early 1970s. The number and location of sites are matched to visitor numbers and use patterns by a travel model developed from visitor trip records. Recently, a campsite rehabilitation program has been extended to campsites currently in use in an effort to restore natural conditions and prevent impacts from reaching unacceptable levels. This has been accomplished through the use of native materials and plant species to reduce both the area and the extent of impact at each campsite. North. J. Appl. For. 4:7-10, Mar. 1987.
Rates of Value Change on Uncut Forest Stands in New Hampshire
Authors: Dennis Donald F.
Published: August 2019

Nominal rates of value change for 141 uncut forest plots in New Hampshire averaged 15.9% annually for the 10 years ending in 1983. In contrast, average annual nominal returns were 8.3% for the Standard and Poors 500 stock average and 7.6% for the Forbes bond and preferred stock composite fund from 1973 to 1983. Regression analysis failed to establish useful predictive relationships between stand variables and rates of value change, but some results were clear. Forest type was an important factor in determining rate of value change. Much of the difference between rates of value change among forest-type groups was due to differences in price trends for various species. Rates of value change declined at higher elevations, overall, and within forest-type groups. North. J. Appl. For. 4:64-66, June 1987.
Regeneration Methods for Oaks
Authors: Hannah Peter R.
Published: August 2019

Oaks, one of the most abundant species groups in the eastern United States, are difficult to regenerate in the time, place, and abundance desired. Regeneration is hampered by insect damage to acorns, consumption of acorns by animals, and competition by other more shade tolerant vegetation. With animal populations managed at tolerable levels, adequate stocking of oak seedlings can be accomplished with most conventional regeneration methods. With the clearcut and seed-tree method the harvest must be timed with a good seed year. Oak stump sprouts will also contribute to the regeneration. The one-cut shelterwood method can work if there is adequate advanced regeneration. Two- or three-cut shelterwoods should work well with about 60% crown cover in high shade or 60% stocking after the first cut. The group selection method should also be effective if regeneration is released from above once established. The key with all these methods is to control competing vegetation, keeping the oaks dominant and free to grow; oaks like plenty of light. Once oak is well established and about 5 ft high, any overwood should be carefully removed to minimize seedling damage. If desired for esthetic, wildlife, or economic purposes, a light canopy cover can be retained as a reserve shelterwood. Management of oak requires intensive silviculture; casual treatment of stands at long intervals will seldom result in good regeneration. North. J. Appl. For. 4:97-101, June 1987.
Gypsy Moth on a New Frontier: Forest Tree Defoliation and Mortality
Authors: Herrick Owen W. , Gansner David A.
Published: August 2019

The gypsy moth infestation in central Pennsylvania has been closely monitored between 1979 and 1984 for tree defoliation and subsequent mortality. These losses serve as an indicator of potential impact as gypsy moth invades new territory. Tree mortality on study plots averaged 18%, worth $18.80 per acre. During the three most severe defoliation years (1980-82), plots that averaged less than 10% defoliation lost 13% of their trees by 1984. Where defoliation averaged 40% or more, the average tree loss was 28%. Timber losses predicted with models developed from the 1970s infestation in northeastern Pennsylvania were within 2% of the actual average loss. The models seem to be acceptable for obtaining broad regional estimates of potential tree mortality and value loss. North. J. Appl. For. 4:128-133, Sept. 1987.
Forest Soil Compaction: Effect of Multiple Passes and Loadings on Wheel Track Surface Soil Bulk Density
Authors: Shetron Stephen G. , Sturos John A. , Padley Eunice , Trettin Carl
Published: August 2019

The change in wheel track surface soil bulk densities was determined after a mechanized thinning in a northern red oak stand. Mean bulk density values of the 0 to 5 cm surface of the wheel tracks immediately after felling, bunching, and skidding were: 0.80 g/cc on the high use areas; 0.77 g/cc on the low use areas; and 0.42 g/cc in the undisturbed areas. No significant differences in surface soil bulk densities were found between several loading treatments using a four-wheel drive articulated forwarder. The data indicate that initial passes of the equipment produce most of the disturbance. No significant recovery in wheel track soil bulk densities occurred during the year following harvest regardless of treatment. North. J. Appl. For. 5:120-123, June 1988.
An Analysis of Tax Savings Under Wisconsin's New Managed Forest Law
Authors: Stier Jeffrey C. , Moyle Daniel E. , Bliss John C. , Pubanz Dan M.
Published: August 2019

Wisconsin adopted a new optional yield tax for forestland in 1985. Analysis of a wide range of tax and forest management situations indicates that most landowners could realize substantial tax savings under the Managed Forest Law (MFL), but that the magnitude of the savings depends on the ad valorem tax levy, the specific forest management situation, and the owner's alternative rate of return. The MFL addresses some of the weaknesses of the previous yield tax law and provides landowners greater flexibility in their forest management decisions. North. J. Appl. For. 5:141-144, June 1988.
Mortality, Dieback, and Growth of Defoliated Hemlock and White Pine
Authors: Stephens George R.
Published: August 2019

In 1981, hemlock and white pine growing in four mixed-wood stands defoliated by gypsy moth were examined for amount of defoliation, crown class, and stem diameter. During May and October 1982-84 the trees were examined for refoliation, mortality, and crown dieback. Hemlock mortality rose quickly to 37% by October 1982 and slowly thereafter to 43% in October 1984. Mortality among dominant hemlock was half that of other crown classes. No dominant or codominant white pine died. Mortality of intermediate white pine leveled at 6% by October 1983; 16% of suppressed trees died by May 1983, and mortality rose slowly to 26% by October 1984. In the spring following defoliation about a third of the surviving hemlock had crown dieback; within two years, three-fourths of these trees died. No hemlock or white pine defoliated less than 60% died. Diameter growth in 1982, the year following defoliation, was about a fourth of that in 1984 for thinned trees and half for unthinned trees. North. J. Appl. For. 5:93-96, June 1988.
Container Volume Affects Survival and Growth of White Spruce, Black Spruce, and Jack Pine Seedlings: A Literature Review
Authors: Sutherland D. Craig , Day Robert J.
Published: August 2019

This paper is the first general review of the affects of container volume on the survival and growth of containerized white spruce, black spruce, and jack pine seedlings. The review shows that the literature on this topic is fragmentary and inconsistent. Seedling growth in the greenhouse production phase has been more completely quantified than subsequent establishment and growth after out-planting in the field. In the greenhouse production phase, seedling growth increased from 72 to 360% when the container volume was tripled in size. After outplanting in the field, seedling growth trends were more variable. Seedling height growth increased from 34 to 84% when container volume was tripled in size. Seedling survival was more difficult to assess because of limited data. Only white spruce showed a 10% increase in survival with an increase in container volume. The indications from this literature review suggest that nursery managers and practicing foresters should become more aware of the limitations imposed on seedling survival and growth due to container volume. To maintain optional survival and growth for white spruce, black spruce and jack pine, the container volume should range from 90 to 120 cm3. North. J. Appl. For. 5:185-189, Sept. 1988.
Yields of Japanese Larch Plantations in Pennsylvania
Authors: Shipman Robert D. , Fairweather Stephen E.
Published: August 2019

Equations to predict site index, merchantable cubic foot volume, basal area, and average tree diameter were developed for unthinned Japanese larch plantations in Pennsylvania. The yield function indicates that a biological rotation of less than 30 years is reasonable on good sites. The findings are applicable to Japanese larch planted on old-field, abandoned farmlands, and cutover sites in Pennsylvania.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:78-81, June 1989.
Growth, Yield, and Value Projections for Black Walnut Interplantings with Black Alder and Autumn Olive
Authors: Campbell Gene E. , Dawson Jeffrey O.
Published: August 2019

Silvicultural practices to reduce managerial inputs, increase yields, and decrease rotation age for eastern black walnut contribute substantially toward making this species more attractive as a forestry investment. Height and diameter measurements of black walnut interplanted with European black alder or autumn olive were taken at ages 14 and 18 in fifth-acre plots at a location in southern Illinois. Black walnut had been planted by USDA Forest Service scientists at a 12 x 32-ft spacing. For the interplanted plots, three black alder or autumn olive were planted within the rows between the walnut trees at a spacing of 8 ft. Based on projections of average dbh, the autumn olive and walnut mixture possessed the highest estimated black walnut yields and return on investment. Average dbh values of 11 in. were projected for the interplanted walnut at age 31. In the black alder interplanting it was estimated that similar rates of growth would require 40 years. Estimated dbh for the control plantings did not reach merchantable sawlog size within the 80-year projection period. Interplanting black walnut with nitrogen-fixing tree species also is well adapted for marginal farmland and may provide landowners with returns that match or exceed those from other more intensively managed alternatives.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:129-132, September 1989.
The Impact of Deer Browsing on the Allegheny Forest Type
Authors: Trumbull V. Lyle , Zielinski Edward J. , Aharrah Ernest C.
Published: August 2019

In many areas of the Allegheny Plateau, natural forest regeneration fails to occur after harvest cuttings. Browsing by an unusually large population of white-tailed deer is the primary cause of many of these regeneration failures. In this study, vegetational surveys were made of the woody and herbaceous plants inside and outside 20, 13-year-old, 1 ac deer exclosures in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania. Deer browsing had reduced the height of the seedlings in the unfenced areas, thereby maintaining large numbers of smaller stems. In the fenced areas, seedlings grew to normal height, and the competition that resulted from crown closure reduced the total number of stems present. Deer browsing also caused a significant reduction in Rubus sp. and a corresponding increase in grass and sedge in the unfenced areas.

North. J. Appl. For. 6:162-165, December 1989.
Avian Use of a Lakeshore Buffer Strip and an Undisturbed Lakeshore in Maine
Authors: Johnson Walter N. , Brown Patrick W.
Published: August 2019

We examined avian use of a lakeshore buffer strip and an undisturbed lakeshore in eastern Maine during 1984-85. Breeding bird density and species richness were lower in the buffer strip than in the undisturbed lakeshore. Of 35 species that nested in both study areas, 11 species nested only in the undisturbed lakeshore and 3 nested only in the buffer strip. A harvest index (HI) was developed to compare avian response to timber harvest within the buffer strip. Birds associated with forest interiors were observed less frequently on sites with a high HI than on sites with a low HI (e.g., blackburnian warbler, ovenbird, northern parula warbler). Species often found in cutover areas or edges were frequently counted on sites with a high HI. Eight species were found most frequently in lightly cut areas (i.e., low HI), 4 most frequently in moderate cuts, and 9 in greater HI. Although more species of birds were observed each year in the undisturbed lakeshore, the buffer strip provided breeding habitat for songbirds. For both years, 59% of all recorded breeding bird species were observed at both the undisturbed lakeshore and the buffer strip. North. J. Appl. For. 7:114-117, September 1990.
Economics of Red Pine Management for Utility Pole Timber
Authors: Grossman Gerald H. , Potter-Witter Karen
Published: August 2019

Including utility poles in red pine management regimes leads to distinctly different management recommendations. Where utility pole markets exist, managing for poles will maximize net returns. To do so, plantations should be planted with a minimum of 890 trees/ac. Residual thinning densities should be maintained above 110 ft²/ac, higher than usually recommended. In Michigan's northern Lower Peninsula, approximately 195,000 ac of established stands were suitable for utility pole management in 1980. Landowners can increase the soil expectation value (4% discount rate) on their investment from $4.00/ac to $104/ac by managing for poles along with pulpwood and sawtimber on site index 75, well-stocked stands. North. J Appl. For 8(1):22-25
Harvesting Causes Only Minor Changes in Physical Properties of an Upland Vermont Soil
Authors: Donnelly John R. , Shane John B. , Yawney Harry W.
Published: August 2019

Bulk density, oxygen, and temperature of a northern hardwood forest soil in Vermont were measured immediately before and for 2 years following harvesting using conventional clearcut and whole-tree removal methods. Bulk density increased (P ≤ 0.10) as a result of harvesting, but there was no difference between the two harvest methods. Increases were relatively small, and essentially disappeared within 2 years. Soil oxygen was never significantly affected by treatment. Soils in uncut (control) plots were warmer in winter and cooler in summer than those of either harvest area, but these differences appear to be diminishing with establishment of vegetation cover on the harvested plots. North. J. Appl. For 8(1):33-36.
Price Risk Analysis for Private Nonindustrial Forest Management
Authors: Baumgartner David C. , Hyldahl Carol A. , Thomson Thomas A.
Published: August 2019

Portfolio analysis techniques can be used to quantify risk and return impacts of including forestry investments in a diversified portfolio. We suggest that similar techniques can also be used to evaluate price risk of investments in managing individual forests and stands. By observing annual price variability for various timber species and products, a forest manager can shift the timber growing-stock species mix toward a desired combination of risk and return. Using Indiana price data, we develop sample species mixes displaying different levels of risk. North. J. Appl. For. 9(2):55-57.
Effects of Prescribed Fire on Pear Thrips in Pennsylvania Sugarbushes
Authors: Brose Patrick H. , McCormick Larry H.
Published: August 2019

Fall and spring prescribed fires were conducted in two Pennsylvania sugarbushes to evaluate the effects of fire on the emergence of overwintering pear thrips from the soil. Soil temperatures and numbers of emerging pear thrips were monitored in the burned and unburned areas at 2-day intervals from mid-March until early May 1991. At both sites, fall fires accelerated soil warming, resulting in an earlier peak emergence of the thrips. The fall and spring fires also significantly reduced the number of thrips emerging from the soil. These results suggest the potential for controlling pear thrips infestations in sugarbushes with prescribed fire, although fire impacts on sugar maple need to be addressed before this technique can be widely recommended. North. J. Appl. For. 9(4):157-160.
Latent Classes of Nicotine Beliefs Correlate with Perceived Susceptibility and Severity of Nicotine and Tobacco Products in US Young Adults
Authors: Villanti Andrea C , Naud Shelly , West Julia C , Pearson Jennifer L , Wackowski Olivia A , Hair Elizabeth , Rath Jessica M , Niaura Raymond S
Published: August 2019

Background

Pervasive misperceptions about nicotine may influence uptake of quit smoking aids and the impact of policies addressing nicotine as a tobacco product constituent.

Methods

Latent class analyses were conducted using four items on nicotine beliefs asked of 4037 adults aged 18–40 in wave 9 (February–March 2016) of the Truth Initiative Young Adult Cohort Study. Confirmatory factor analyses identified three factors from 12 items: nicotine susceptibility (NSUS), nicotine severity (NSEV), and tobacco severity (TSEV). Analyses assessed correlations between latent classes, sociodemographics, and nicotine/tobacco factor scores.

Results

A four-class model of nicotine beliefs was the best fit, with the largest class believing that nicotine plays a major part in smoking risks (class 1, n = 2070; 52%). Class 2 shared that belief but also responded “Don’t know” to addiction questions (class 2, n = 382; 11%). Fewer belonged in class 3, who reported that nicotine plays a small part in health risks (n = 1277; 30%), and class 4, who perceived nicotine as not cancer causing (n = 308; 7%). Latent class membership was correlated with sociodemographics, peer smoking, and past 30-day tobacco use. Classes 1 and 2 had similar NSUS scores and classes 3 and 4 had similar NSEV and TSEV scores.

Discussion

Differences in the perceptions of nicotine and tobacco-related harms can be partially explained by clustering of underlying nicotine beliefs. These classes of beliefs are correlated with sociodemographic predictors of smoking. These findings may help to identify specific beliefs or groups to be targeted by public education efforts on nicotine.

Implications

The current study supports that underlying nicotine beliefs are associated with perceived harms of specific nicotine and tobacco products (relative to cigarettes), with greater false beliefs about nicotine correlated with greater perceived susceptibility to nicotine addiction. Two important inferences emerge from this study: first, that education to address nicotine beliefs may also reframe perceptions of the harms of nicotine and tobacco products; and second, that this type of education may differentially impact perceptions of the harms of nicotine products (e.g., nicotine replacement therapy and e-cigarettes) and tobacco products (e.g., cigars, smokeless, and hookah).
Effects of early nutritional intervention on oral mucositis in patients with radiotherapy for head and neck cancer
Authors: Wei J , Wu J , Meng L , Zhu B , Wang H , Xin Y , Chen Y , Cui S , Sun Y , Dong L , Jiang X
Published: August 2019

Background

To observe the effect of early nutritional intervention on radiation-induced oral mucositis and nutritional status in patients with head and neck cancer (HNC).

Methods

A total of 54 HNC patients were divided into early (28 cases) and late (26 cases) nutritional intervention groups. The early group received enteral nutrition at the beginning of radiotherapy (RT), while the late group received enteral nutrition after restricted feeding. Operators reported and assessed the timing and extent of oral mucositis and nutritional status during treatment. The nutritional status assessment indicators included body weight; body mass index (BMI); Patient-Generated–Subjective Global Assessment (PG-SGA) score; levels of albumin, hemoglobin and pre-albumin and total lymphocyte count.

Results

The incidence of high-grade oral mucositis was significantly lower in the early group than that in the late group (P < 0.05). Nutritional status assessments showed more significant weight and BMI losses in the late group than in the early group at weeks 4 and 7 after RT (P < 0.01). The albumin decreased in the late group at week 7 after RT was more significant than that in the early group (P < 0.05). Albumin, hemoglobin and pre-albumin levels and total lymphocyte count decreased significantly in both groups (P > 0.05). During therapy, more patients in the early group were well-nourished and fewer were malnourished according to PG-SGA scores (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Early nutritional intervention can reduce the incidence of high-grade oral mucositis during RT in patients with HNC and improve the nutritional status during treatment, which has important clinical significance.
European Research Council: excellence and leadership over time from a gender perspective
Authors: Bautista-Puig Núria , García-Zorita Carlos , Mauleón Elba
Published: August 2019

European Research Council Grants (ERC) have become the most important vehicle for funding scientific research in the EU. Since their creation in 2007, they have provided funding for around 7,000 of the nearly 70,000 proposals for research projects submitted. With a success rate of about 11%, these Grants are highly competitive. Despite major advancement of women’s participation in research activity, women overall remain the minority in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM disciplines). Against that backdrop, this article analyses men’s and women’s presence in ERC Grants. The gender balance in the ERC Grant, have been examined in three dimensions: Excellence Awarded; Scientific Leadership Position; and Time Series Evolution. The results show that female presence is lower than men as submitted (26% vs 74%), granted (22% vs 78%), expert panel members (28% vs 72%), and as a panel chair (26% vs 74%). State-space prediction of the future pattern of these grants shows that time has no clearly beneficial effect on women’s participation as applicants, granted, expert panel members or panel chairs, particularly in the area of Physics and Engineering.
Haemophagocytic lymphohisticytosis—an underrecognized hyperinflammatory syndrome
Authors: Hutchinson Matthew , Tattersall Rachel S , Manson Jessica J
Published: August 2019

Haemophagocytic lymphohisticytosis (HLH) is a syndrome of uncontrolled, severe systemic inflammation (hyperinflammation) arising either from a genetic immune system defect [primary (pHLH)] or triggered as a complication of malignancy, infection, or rheumatologic disease [secondary (sHLH)]. Patients with HLH often have non-specific symptoms and become progressively and critically unwell, with fever, cytopenia and multi-organ failure. Untreated, HLH is almost universally fatal, but even when treated, mortality is high, particularly when HLH complicates malignancy. HLH is managed with immunosuppression, and this can seem difficult to justify in such unwell patients. This review aims to examine the diagnostic and treatment challenges posed by sHLH and to improve recognition among rheumatologists who, being expert in the management of multisystem diseases and in the use of immunosuppression, are ideally placed to deliver care and build an evidence base for better disease characterization and treatment.
Germination Characteristics of Bear Oak
Authors: Allen Roosevelt , Farmer Robert E.
Published: August 2019

Freshly collected bear oak (Quercus ilicifolia Wangenh.) seed from southwestern Virginia exhibited root growth under a range of temperatures but had epicotyl dormancy which was broken by stratification or gibberellic acid (GA3). Shoot elongation resulting from six weeks' chilling or GA3 was also influenced by temperature; a regime of 64°-75°F enhanced both percentage of seed with elongated shoots and leaf area per shoot relative to a 45°-61°F regime. Germination characteristics of seed lots from individual open-pollinated trees varied widely. Results suggest that fall-seeded beds will be most suitable in nursery production and that container stock for spring planting can be produced under greenhouse conditions with fall-stratified seed planted in early January.
Timber Management for Nonindustrial Forest Owners: A Matter of Perspective?
Authors: Porterfield Richard L. , Moak James E.
Published: August 2019

While federal and state incentive programs may be helpful in increasing future timber supplies, desired increases can be achieved only if forest management practices are made routine on small forest land ownerships and if greater consideration is given to the multiple goals of the nonindustrial private forest landowners. Research aimed at determining the physical tradeoffs between forest uses is needed so that intensive management practices can be tailored to landowner goals. Until such tradeoff information is available, unevenaged forest management is probably the most acceptable and compatible interim recommendation.
Individual Tree Treatments Using Herbicides for Control of Turkey Oak
Authors: Cantrell R. L. , Flinchum D. M. , Neary D. G.
Published: August 2019

Dicamba (Banvel® CST), 2,4-D (DMA® 4), triclopyr (Garlon® 3A), glyphosate (Roundup®), 2,4-D + picloram (Tordon® RTU), hexazinone (Velpar® L), dichlorprop (Weedone® 2,4 DP) and hexazinone (Velpar® Gridball®) were tested as individual tree treatments on turkey oak (Quercus laevis Walt.) trees ranging from 3 to 16 inches in dbh and 10 to 70 feet in height. Treatments were applied in June 1982 according to manufacturers recommendations. After two growing seasons, significant refoliation was observed on trees treated with Velpar® Gridball®, Weedone® 2,4-DP and Banvel® CST. Garlon® 3A, DMA® 4 and Velpar® L were the most successful treatments for control of turkey oak. South. J. Appl. For. 10:131-33, Aug. 1986.
Regeneration of Red Oak, White Oak, and White Pine by Underplanting Prior to Canopy Removal in the Virginia Piedmont
Authors: Tworkoski T. J. , Smith D. W. , Parrish D. J.
Published: August 2019

Three years after clearfelling and light shelterwood harvests, underplanted white oak (Quercus alba L.), red oak (Q. rubra L.), and eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L.) seedlings were competitive with other vegetation. Survival of oaks remained high (approximately 90%), and height growth increased with canopy removal. During the 3 years, white oak grew 1.2, 4.1, and 13.5 in., and red oak grew 0.6, 6.7, and 23.0 in. under control, shelterwood, and clearfelling, respectively. White pine height growth also responded positively with increased canopy removal (total increments of 11.3, 17.0, and 22.7 in.). After 3 years, total height of underplanted white oak did not differ significantly whether left intact or deliberately pruned back to the root collar prior to canopy removal. Early results indicate that underplanting prior to harvest can be a viable tool for oak stand regeneration. South J. Appl. For. 10:206-210, Nov. 1986.
Effects of Ripping and Herbicide Site Preparation Treatments on Loblolly Pine Seedling Growth and Survival
Authors: Wittwer R. F. , Dougherty P. M. , Cosby D.
Published: August 2019

Herbicide (1 lb ai/acre hexazinone as Velpar® L) and mechanical (ripping) site preparation treatments increased height and diameter of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) seedlings planted on a Ouachita Mountain site in southeastern Oklahoma. Total height after two growing seasons was increased approximately 10% by ripping, 23% by the herbicide treatment, and 49% by the combined herbicide and ripping treatment, as compared with the check treatment. Ground-line diameter was increased 20%, 55%, and 83% respectively by these treatments. Reduction of competing vegetation and increased soil moisture were related to site preparation treatments. The combined ripping and herbicide treatment was the most effective treatment in conserving soil water and in reduction of competing biomass. Competing vegetation biomass was reduced 75% in the first year by the combined ripping-herbicide treatment, and a substantial reduction in competing biomass was still evident at the end of the second growing season. South. J. Appl. For. 10:253-257, Nov. 1986.
Tree Content and Taper Functions for Loblolly and Slash Pine Trees Planted on Non-Old-Fields in East Texas
Authors: Lenhart J. David , Hackett Terry L. , Laman Charlie J. , Wiswell Thomas J. , Blackard Jock A.
Published: August 2019

Equations are presented to estimate total or partial stem content in cubic feet and pounds (green or dry) for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) and slash pine (Pinus elliotti Engelm.) trees planted on non-old-fields in East Texas. Equations are included to estimate the content of the completetree (stem and branches). In addition, a set of compatible stem taper functions are described. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):147-151.
Volume Growth Loss: A Hidden Cost of Periodic Prescribed Burning in Longleaf Pine?
Authors: Boyer William D.
Published: August 2019

The influence of understory hardwood control treatments, including periodic prescribed burning, on the growth of longleaf pine (Pinus palustris) was monitored over a 10-yr period. Treatments, established in 14-yr-old sapling stands thinned to 500 trees/ac, included biennial prescribedburns in (1) winter, (2) spring, (3) summer, and (4) an unburned check. Each of these was combined with three supplemental treatments: (1) initial chemical treatment of all hardwood stems, (2) repeated handclearing of all woody stems, and (3) no treatment. All measures of pine growth weresignificantly reduced by the burns. Pine volume growth over the first 7 years on unburned plots exceeded the average on burned plots by 23% (24 ft³/ac/ yr). During the next 3 years, volume growth on unburned plots exceeded the average on burned plots even more—by 33% (44 ft³/ac/yr).Supplemental treatments did not affect pine growth, even though plots without these treatments developed hardwood stands (>l.5-in. dbh) ranging from 4.0 ft³ basal area/ac with summer burns to 11.6 ft² on unburned plots. South. J. Appl. For. 11(3):154-157.
Responses of Vegetation and Deer Forage Following Application of Hexazinone
Authors: Blake Phillip M. , Hurst George A. , Terry Thomas A.
Published: August 2019

Vegetation responses were studied on a loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantation that had received intensive mechanical site preparation and hexazinone (1 lb/ac a.i.) for herbaceous weed control. Vegetation on plots treated by a broadcast application of granular hexazinone (Pronone® 5G) was compared to vegetation on plots that received a banded (top of bed only) application of liquid hexazinone (Velpar® L). Total plant biomass was significantly greater (P < 0.10) on control plots (2,512 lb/ac, dry wt) than on broadcast (1,089 lb/ac) or banded plots (1,481 lb/ac) in September of the first growing season, but differences disappeared by the end of the second growing season. Total number of plant species on control plots (105) and banded-treated plots (97) was similar, but fewer plant species (60) were found on broadcast-treated plots the first year. At the end of the second growing season, the number of plant species was similar on all treatments. White-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus)forage was significantly greater on control plots (1,481 lb/ac) than on broadcast (393 lb/ac) and banded plots (534 lb/ac) in September of the first year's growth, but there were no differences after the second growing season. Pine seedling survival was lower on herbicide treated plots, but seedling height and ground line diameter were greater on herbicide treated plots. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):176-180.
Coping with the Gypsy Moth on New Frontiers of Infestation
Authors: Gansner David A. , Herrick Owen W. , Mason Garland N. , Gottschalk Kurt W.
Published: August 2019

Forest managers on new frontiers of infestation are searching for better ways to cope with the gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar). Presented here are information and guidelines for remedial action to minimize future losses. Methods for assessing potential stand defoliation (susceptibility) and mortality (vulnerability), monitoring insect populations, and selecting action alternatives are discussed. With due consideration of management objectives, we address the primary concerns of managers who lack previous experience with the pest. South. J. Appl. For. 11(4):201-209.
The Impact of Timber Harvesting on Soil Properties and Seedling Growth in the South
Authors: Reisinger Thomas W. , Simmons Gerry L. , Pope Phillip E.
Published: August 2019

Mechanization of timber harvesting operations in the South has increased concern about the detrimental impact that heavy machine traffic has on soil physical properties and site productivity. Improperly timed harvesting operations have potentially detrimental effects on forest soils and the growth of seedlings Foresters and other land managers must be aware of the potential soil disturbance caused by heavy machines, and apply methods that minimize long-term site quality degradation attributable, directly or indirectly, to mechanized equipment.

Research literature about the effects of timber harvesting on soil properties and seedling growth is summarized. Various types of harvesting equipment commonly used in the South are examined and the degrees of soil disturbance and compaction associated with each system are compared Changes in soil physical properties resulting from compaction are also reviewed as they relate to the establishment and growth of seedlings. Recommendations are made to minimize the detrimental effects of machine traffic on forest soils. South. J. Appl. For. 12(1):58-67
Influence of Site Preparation on Soil Conditions Affecting Stand Establishment and Tree Growth
Authors: Morris Lawrence A. , Lowery Robert F.
Published: August 2019

Slash disposal, and the type and amount of competing vegetation that occur on a forest site, are the primary considerations of site preparation prescriptions. Site preparation effectiveness, as measured by pine survival and growth, can be improved by recognizing and separating soil manipulation effects from those that result from competition control. The data relating site preparation induced changes in soil properties to plantation growth are limited, but indicate that many common treatments have little potential for improving soil conditions. Only disking, bedding, and subsoiling are likely to have large positive effects. South. J. Appl. For. 12(3):170-178.
Common Characteristics of Six Successful Mechanized Small-Tree Harvesting Operations in the South
Authors: Corwin Matthew L. , Stuart William B. , Shaffer Robert M.
Published: August 2019

Southern forest industry personnel were surveyed to identify successful small-tree harvesting (thinning or prelogging) operations. Eighty-seven percent of the operations identified utilized a feller-buncher/grapple skidder harvesting system, and six operations of this system type with a range of capital investment were chosen for further intensive study. Selected cost and production measures of comparison are presented, and common characteristics are summarized for the six operations studied. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4): 222-226.
Eight-Year Performance of Loblolly Pine with Pisolithus Ectomycorrhizae on a Good-Quality Forest Site
Authors: Marx Donald H. , Cordell Charles E. , Clark Alexander
Published: August 2019

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L) seedlings with different initial amounts of Pisolithus tinctorius (Pt) ectomycorrhizae (Pt index 0, 27, 46, 68, or 88) were planted on a good-quality site (site index 90 ft at age 50) in southwest Georgia. After 8 years and crown closure, trees with Pt indices of 88 and 68 had significantly better survival and greater heights, diameters, volumes, and green weights per tree and per ac than nursery-run, control seedlings (Pt index 0). Volume and weight yields per ac were over 50% greater and volume and weight yields per tree were over 20% greater for trees in the Pt index 88 treatment than they were for control trees. A special statistical analysis indicated that average per ac volume was positively correlated with initial Pt index values larger than 58. Tree-ring analyses showed that trees with a Pt index of 88 had significantly greater annual basal area growth than controls during growing seasons with water deficits of 8 to 13 in. Annual growth did not differ when water deficits were greater or less than these amounts. After 8 years, Pt basidiocarps were present throughout the study site. Mycorrhizal treatment integrity may have been lost after 3 or 4 years. South. J. Appl. For. 12(4):275-280
Geographic Gradients in Loblolly Pine Site Productivity and Related Environmental Factors
Authors: Lockaby B. G. , Caulifield J. P.
Published: August 2019

Loblolly pine site index patterns were examined along latitudinal and longitudinal ranges in Alabama. While no patterns were discernible for site index vs. longitude, parabolic relationships for site index were observed in relation to latitude. These parabolic paterns appear to be relatedto selected monthly precipitation totals that also show latitude trends. The site index vs. latitude patterns were best defined for Typic Hapludult soils with siliceous mineralogy. This productivity gradient is discussed in relation to possible mechanisms and significance for forest management.South. J. Appl. For. 13(2):72-76.
Diameter Increment and Survival Equations for Loblolly Pine Trees Growing in Thinned and Unthinned Plantations on Cutover, Site-Prepared Lands
Authors: Amateis Ralph L. , Burkhart Harold E. , Walsh Terese A.
Published: August 2019

Individual tree dbh increment and survival equations were developed for predicting annual dbh growth and annual probability of survival of loblolly pine trees in thinned and unthinned plantations on cutover, site-prepared lands. The dbh increment equation predicts dbh increment froma potential dbh growth function multiplied by a modifier function. The survival equations predicts the probability of survival as a function of crown ratio and the tree's competitive position in the stand. When used together, the equations should be useful to foresters interested in predictingfuture dbh and survival values for both thinned and unthinned stand conditions. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):170-174.
Product-Class Proportions for Thinned and Unthinned Loblolly Pine Plantations
Authors: Burkhart Harold E. , Bredenkamp Brian V.
Published: August 2019

Data from thinned and unthinned loblolly pine plantations on cut-over, site-prepared lands were used to develop equations to predict the proportions of trees by dbh class that qualify as peelers, sawtimber, or pulpwood. This analysis showed that proportion of peelers increased withthinning but proportion of sawtimber (which included chip-n-saw material) remained relatively constant by dbh class regardless of thinning intensity. Equations were developed to predict the proportion of sawtimber by dbh class with data from all thinning intensities (including no thinning)combined. A constrained equation was fitted to predict proportion of peelers by dbh class for unthinned or thinned stands. South. J. Appl. For. 13(4):192-195.
Influence of Mechanical Site Preparation on Deer Forage in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Lacascio Cynthia G. , Lockaby B. G. , Caulfied Jon P. , Edwards M. Boyd , Causey M. Keith
Published: August 2019

Seasonal standing crops of white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) forage were compared among five types of mechanical site preparation in a 6-year-old loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantation. Treatments were: unharvested control (C); harvest only (H); chainsaw residuals (CR); shear and chop (SC); and shear, rake, burn, and disk (SRBD). Diferences among treatments were compared within species and within forage groups (vines, forbs, grasses, woody). The CR and SC treatments, which consistently produced more forage biomass in all categories, also exhibited average or above-average timber growth relative to the other treatments. South. J. Appl. For. 14(2):77-80.
Yield Prediction for Mechanically Site-Prepared Slash Pine Plantations
Authors: Pienaar Leon V. , Page Henry H. , Rheney John W.
Published: August 2019

Simultaneous yield prediction and projection equations are presented for both unthinned and thinned site-prepared slash pine plantations in the lower coastal plain of Georgia and north Florida. These equations were developed from permanent sample plot data representing different planting densities and thinning intensities, replicated at 29 locations throughout the region. An equation is also provided to estimate different solid wood product yields, thus providing information for a realistic evaluation of management regimes with different planting densities, with or without thinning. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):104-109.
Effect of Some Seedling Morphology and Planting Quality Variables on Seedling Survival in the Georgia Piedmont
Authors: Shiver Barry D. , Borders Bruce E. , Page Henry H. , Raper Steven M.
Published: August 2019

A seedling survival study for site-prepared loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations, consisting of 43 locations, was established during two planting seasons in 1986-87 in the Georgia Piedmont. Seedlings with top lengths less than 15 cm and with root collar diameters less than 2.5 mm survived significantly worse than larger seedlings, but such small seedlings comprised less than 2% of seedlings bagged and planted in the study. Culling in the field to eliminate such a small percentage of seedlings in addition to culling already done at the nursery is probably not worth the expense from a survival standpoint. Terminal bud condition was not related to survival. Seedlings planted deeper than root collar diameter survived the same as seedlings planted at root collar depth, but shallow planted seedlings had significantly poorer survival. Very loosely planted seedlings were more likely to die than firmly planted seedlings, but slightly loose seedlings survived as well as tightly planted seedlings. Differences between operationally planted and experimentally planted plots indicated that an average 10% increase in survival was possible from close planting crew supervision. Over 90% of first-year mortality occurred on both operationally and experimentally planted plots by the end of July. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):109-114.
Substantial Realized Gains from Mass Selection of Fusiform Rust-Free Trees in Highly Infected Stands of Slash Pine
Authors: Hodge G. R. , Schmidt R. A. , White T. L.
Published: August 2019

Three independent slash pine (Pinus elliottii var. elliottii) populations were formed through mass selection of fusiform rust-free individuals in stands with over 90% infection. Realized gain estimates were developed by comparing offspring from 592 selections to unimproved material in 46 progeny tests, and indicate substantial genetic gain in resistance. Across all tests of the three populations, unimproved material incurred nearly the entire possible range of infection from 0 to 100%. When both parents were rust-free selections, progeny rust infection was only two-thirds of the rust infection incurred by unimproved material at all levels of rust hazard. Realized heritability is high (hr2 ≅ 0.35), and increased resistance is evident in nearly all environments. This indicates that substantial genetic gain can be made by mass selection of healthy trees in highly infected stands. South. J. Appl. For. 14(3):143-146.
Interpreting 1987 Forest Survey Results for Mississippi Hardwood Sawtimber
Authors: Beltz Roy C. , Burkhardt E. C. , May Dennis M.
Published: August 2019

The 1987 Forest Survey of Mississippi shows a slight increase in forest area and a substantial gain in hardwood inventory. Hardwood gains, appearing in all diameter classes, suggest an increase in quality, but hardwood users generally believe quality is declining. By our analysis, volume of top quality hardwood declined while volume in other grades increased. When compared on individual trees, Forest Survey grades agreed only about one-half the time with grades assigned by a hardwood specialist. Sawtimber values for Cherrybark oak (Quercus falcata var. pagodifolia Ell.), recomputed to arbitrary hardwood user specifications, are one-third the standard values reported in the Forest Survey. South. J. Appl. For. 14(4):170-173.