bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photonic Source of Heralded Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger States
Authors: Cao H. , Hansen L. M. , Giorgino F. , Carosini L. , Zahálka P. , Zilk F. , Loredo J. C. , Walther P.
Published: March 2024

Generating large multiphoton entangled states is of main interest due to enabling universal photonic quantum computing and all-optical quantum repeater nodes. These applications exploit measurement-based quantum computation using cluster states. Remarkably, it was shown that photonic cluster states of arbitrary size can be generated by using feasible heralded linear optics fusion gates that act on heralded three-photon Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states as the initial resource state. Thus, the capability of generating heralded GHZ states is of great importance for scaling up photonic quantum computing. Here, we experimentally demonstrate this required building block by reporting a polarisation-encoded heralded GHZ state of three photons, for which we build a high-rate six-photon source (547±2  Hz) from a solid-state quantum emitter and a stable polarization-based interferometer. The detection of three ancillary photons heralds the generation of three-photon GHZ states among the remaining particles with fidelities up to F=0.7278±0.0106. Our results initiate a path for scalable entangling operations using heralded linear-optics implementations.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Limits on High-Frequency Gravitational Waves in Planetary Magnetospheres
Authors: Liu Tao , Ren Jing , Zhang Chen
Published: March 2024

High-frequency gravitational waves (HFGWs) carry a wealth of information on the early Universe with a tiny comoving horizon and astronomical objects of small scale but with dense energy. We demonstrate that the nearby planets, such as Earth and Jupiter, can be utilized as a laboratory for detecting the HFGWs. These GWs are then expected to convert to signal photons in the planetary magnetosphere, across the frequency band of astronomical observation. As a proof of concept, we present the first limits from the existing low-Earth-orbit satellite for specific frequency bands and project the sensitivities for the future more-dedicated detections. The first limits from Juno, the latest mission orbiting Jupiter, are also presented. Attributed to the long path of effective GW-photon conversion and the wide angular distribution of signal flux, we find that these limits are highly encouraging, for a broad frequency range including a large portion unexplored before.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Fate of Chiral Symmetries in the Quark-Gluon Plasma from an Instanton-Based Random Matrix Model of QCD
Authors: Kovács Tamás G.
Published: March 2024

We propose a new way of understanding how chiral symmetry is realized in the high temperature phase of QCD. Based on the finding that a simple free instanton gas precisely describes the details of the lowest part of the spectrum of the lattice overlap Dirac operator, we propose an instanton-based random matrix model of QCD with dynamical quarks. Simulations of this model reveal that even for small quark mass the Dirac spectral density has a singularity at the origin, caused by a dilute gas of free instantons. Even though the interaction, mediated by light dynamical quarks, creates small instanton–anti-instanton molecules, those do not influence the singular part of the spectrum, and this singular part is shown to dominate Banks-Casher type sums in the chiral limit. By generalizing the Banks-Casher formula for the singular spectrum, we show that in the chiral limit the chiral condensate vanishes if there are at least two massless flavors. Our model also indicates a possible way of resolving a long-standing debate, as it suggests that for two massless quark flavors the U(1)A symmetry is likely to remain broken up to arbitrarily high finite temperatures.

Published by the American Physical Society
2024
Managing tourism and hospitality industry during pandemic: analysis of challenges and strategies for survival
Authors: Gupta Srikant , Kushwaha Pooja S. , Badhera Usha , Singh Rajesh Kumar
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study aims to explore the challenges faced by the tourism and hospitality industry following the COVID-19 pandemic and to propose effective strategies for recovery and resilience of this sector.

Design/methodology/approach

The study analysed the challenges encountered by the tourism and hospitality industry post-pandemic and identified key strategies for overcoming these challenges. The study utilised the modified Delphi method to finalise the challenges and employed the Best-Worst Method (BWM) to rank these challenges. Additionally, solution strategies are ranked using the Criteria Importance Through Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method.

Findings

The study identified significant challenges faced by the tourism and hospitality industry, highlighting the lack of health and hygiene facilities as the foremost concern, followed by increased operational costs. Moreover, it revealed that attracting millennial travellers emerged as the top priority strategy to mitigate the impact of COVID-19 on this industry.

Originality/value

This research contributes to understanding the challenges faced by the tourism and hospitality industry in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. It offers valuable insights into practical strategies for recovery. The findings provide beneficial recommendations for policymakers aiming to revive and support these industries.
What is the insolvency regime applied under Shariah for Islamic banks?
Authors: bin Md Nor Ahmad Hidayat , Muneeza Aishath , Mohsin Magda
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study aims to develop a comprehensive insolvency model tailored to Islamic banks, ensuring alignment with Shariah principles throughout pre-insolvency, bankruptcy and post-bankruptcy stages.

Design/methodology/approach

The research adopts a qualitative research method, using a desktop research approach. Primary sources and secondary sources are examined to gather information and draw conclusions.

Findings

This study presents a comprehensive insolvency model designed for Islamic banks, rooted in Shariah principles. The model covers pre-insolvency, bankruptcy (taflis) and post-bankruptcy stages, incorporating key Shariah parameters to ensure adherence to Islamic finance principles. It addresses challenges such as adapting to dynamic financial landscapes and varying interpretations of Shariah principles. Notably, the model recognizes the separate legal personality of Islamic banks and emphasizes transparency, fairness and compliance with religious obligations. In the post-bankruptcy stage, directors are urged to voluntarily settle remaining debts, aligning with ethical and Shariah-compliant standards.

Originality/value

The study contributes to the stability and growth of Shariah-compliant financial systems by extending insolvency principles to Islamic banks, providing a foundation for future research and policymaking specific to this context.
Exploring the interplay between job resources, employee engagement, and adaptive job performance with a focus on psychological contract fulfillment
Authors: Naveed Muhammad , Qamar Zia Muhammad
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study aims to discuss relationship between job resources and employees adaptive job performance. Using the job demands-resource (JD-R) theory, the paper examines the mediating role of work engagement in the relationship between job resources and adaptive job performance. The study also explores the moderating role of psychological contract fulfillment.

Design/methodology/approach

The study is based on data gathered from 254 employees of hospitality sector in Pakistan through a Web-based survey. The statistical verification conducted through using partial least squares structural equation modeling.

Findings

Findings has confirmed that job resources positively related to employees’ adaptive job performance. Furthermore, the mediation effect is explained by employees’ work engagement. Interestingly, employee psychological contract fulfillment moderated the positive relationship between job resources and employees’ work engagement.

Originality/value

The present study expands the previous research that validates the assumptions of job demand-resources theory into hospitality employees to harness job resources with employees’ engagement and performance as well as highlight the role of psychological contract fulfillment.
The influence of family social capital toward the entrepreneurial intention among prospective graduates in Tanzanian universities
Authors: Elias Ruth
Published: March 2024

Purpose

The study examines the influence of family social capital on prospective university graduates' entrepreneurial intentions in Tanzania. The study also looks at the way entrepreneurial education amplifies the primary link between the study variables.

Design/methodology/approach

Cross-sectional data were gathered at a specific period from potential graduates in Tanzanian universities using structured questionnaires under the quantitative approach. The links between family social capital, entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial intention were examined using the PROCESS macro.

Findings

Family social capital significantly influences the entrepreneurial intention of prospective Tanzanian university graduates. The entrepreneurial intentions of prospective graduates from Tanzanian universities are positively and significantly impacted by entrepreneurship education. The relationship between family social capital and the entrepreneurial intention of prospective graduates from Tanzanian universities is positively and significantly moderated by entrepreneurship education, and as a result, the positive impact of family social capital is amplified with increased entrepreneurship education.

Research limitations/implications

This study examines the impact of family social capital on the entrepreneurial intention of the prospective graduates from Tanzanian Universities. Other studies may look at the impact of family social capital on entrepreneurial intention when controlled with social capital acquired after university life. This is to check if the entrepreneurial intention has changed in any way.

Practical implications

Universities should stress the importance of offering entrepreneurship education as a way to complement and amplify the influence of family support on encouraging people to intend to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities. This is because the presence of entrepreneurship education increases the positive impact of family social capital on entrepreneurial intention. Furthermore, families should have the culture of having good relationship that brings strong family social capital which are necessary for the intention to pursue entrepreneurship opportunities.

Originality/value

The study advances the literature on analysing the entrepreneurial intention of prospective graduates in Tanzanian universities by giving empirical evidence from Tanzania. The report also identifies entrepreneurship education as a crucial programme to enhance the impact of family social capital and entrepreneurial intention on aspiring graduates in Tanzanian universities. Furthermore, the study shows the importance of family social capital on the prospective graduate’s intention to pursue entrepreneurship opportunities.
Examining Turkish travellers’ non-immersive virtual heritage tour experiences through stimulus–organism–response model
Authors: Akyurt Kurnaz Hande , Kahraman Onur Cüneyt , Kurnaz Alper , Atsız Ozan
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study aims to examine how travellers’ non-immersive virtual heritage authenticity, sense of presence and virtual tour satisfaction stimulate their behavioural intentions (continuance and travel intention) within the stimulus–organism–response model.

Design/methodology/approach

A questionnaire was designed to survey Turkish travellers (n = 275) participating in a virtual tour. A structural equation modelling method was used to estimate the model and test the research hypotheses.

Findings

Research findings revealed that four out of six hypotheses were supported. Based on the study outputs, authenticity and sense of presence impact overall travellers’ satisfaction. Furthermore, satisfaction influences continuance intention and travel intention.

Originality/value

The study presents a pioneering effort to investigate tourists’ non-immersive virtual heritage tour experiences in a developing destination context through a theoretical framework.
A review on Gharar dimension in modern Islamic finance transactions
Authors: Mohd Noh Mohd Shahid , Nor Azelan Suffian Haqiem , Zulkepli Muhammad Izzul Syahmi
Published: March 2024

Purpose

This study aims to systematically review the literature on modern Islamic finance transactions pertaining to Gharar dimensions. Gharar is defined as uncertainty that potentially leads to ambiguities and conflicts in contracts.

Design/methodology/approach

The articles reviewed in this study consisted of 13 articles related to Gharar published between 2013 and 2022. All selected articles were empirically and descriptively searched using specific keywords and strings. The main sources for this study were Scopus and Web of Science (WoS), whereas Google Scholar was a supportive database.

Findings

The review found that the dimensions that discussed previous research were trying their best to elaborating Gharar in modern financial transactions. They also demonstrate that rigorous study and deployment of the definition remain in the context defined by jurisprudence scholars. The focus of recent studies pertaining to Gharar is derivatives products that indicate high possibility of uncertainty in its operation.

Research limitations/implications

This method relies heavily on the accessed database, namely, Scopus and WoS, also referred to the articles as recommended by the databases. Furthermore, the criteria of inclusion and exclusion of papers outlined by the authors deemed as an intrinsic limitation in writing systematic literature review.

Originality/value

To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this paper is original in its nature whereby the scholars had different comprehension on how Gharar exists in transaction but they still centred in its original meaning of uncertainty. As a result, this paper also realized how Gharar were interpreted differently relied on the contract’s nature and behaviour. In addition, this paper is expected to contribute to understand how Gharar been interpreted in modern finance transactions and finally reached to the point that further research is needed in establishing Gharar parameter for each contract in Islamic commercial law.
Pyric herbivory in a temperate European wood‐pasture system
Authors: Amsten Karin , Cromsigt Joris P. G. M. , Kuijper Dries P. J. , Loberg Jenny M. , Jung Jens , Strömgren My , Niklasson Mats , Churski Marcin
Published: March 2024

The termpyric herbivorywas first introduced in 2009, describing how fire shapes herbivory as burned areas attract herbivores and, simultaneously, herbivory shapes fuel load and fire behaviour. Pyric herbivory results in a mosaic of patches with varying levels of herbivory and grazing intensity fire intensity and frequency. The importance of pyric herbivory for ecosystem heterogeneity and biodiversity has been described for North American, Australian and African systems, but the concept remains largely untested in a European context.

We introduced fire and herbivory in a full‐factorial experiment in a temperate European wood‐pasture system to test whether pyric herbivory operates in ways comparable to grassy systems elsewhere in the world. Using camera traps, we observed the behaviour of cattle in burned subplots (49 m2) compared with unburned subplots. We measured grass height and the proportion of the subplot that burned as variables affecting cattle preference and to assess how grazing affects fire behaviour. We also examined the effect on plant species and life‐form composition after six seasons of treatment.

Cattle spent more time grazing in burned than in unburned subplots in the most productive paddock, where a larger proportion of the subplot burned. The proportion of a subplot that burned was positively related to pre‐fire grass height. Moreover, both grass height and the proportion of subplot burned declined in the burned subplots during the 6‐year study period and fire and cattle grazing altered the relative cover of graminoids and shrubs (Rubusspp.), with more graminoids in grazed and/or burned subplots and more shrubs in ungrazed subplots at the end of the study.

Synthesis and applications. In our temperate European wood pasture, fire and (cattle) grazing interacted in ways comparable to pyric herbivory in grassy ecosystems elsewhere in the world, especially in the most productive paddock. Fire attracted grazing, with cattle grazing longer on subplots that burned more fully. Grazing also affected fire, where over the course of our experiment cattle grazing reduced grass height and the proportion of a subplot that burned. We suggest that pyric herbivory is an interesting management method to further explore in the European context to address the loss of biodiversity in open ecosystems, particularly in more productive sites.
Modeling e‐Truck adoption for sustainable transport in Jordan: A system dynamics approach
Authors: Abaddi Samer
Published: March 2024

This study has developed a model that predicts the quantity of CO2 emissions reduced and the adoption of e‐Trucks until the year 2100 in Jordan. Using system dynamics software (Powersim) and business intelligence tools (Microsoft Power BI), the most significant factors affecting three modules: environment, government, and customer were examined. Twelve scenarios were modeled during the study (three factors and four cases for each factor). The factors were marketing effectiveness, environmental awareness, and government acquisition subsidy, and their values were (0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5), (0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6), and (500, 1500, 3000, 6000 Jordanian Dinar—JOD), respectively. Under normal conditions, with a marketing effectiveness of 0.2, environmental awareness of 0.3, and a subsidy of 500 JOD, the annual sales of e‐Trucks and Conventional Fuel Trucks (CFT) will break‐even in 2052 in Jordan. The cumulative CO2 emissions reduction at the same year will be 6165.213 Tons. Among the three factors, marketing effectiveness was found to have the highest impact followed by the environmental awareness and last came the acquisition subsidy. Based on our findings, it is recommended that policymakers prioritize improving marketing efforts to accelerate the shift towards e‐Trucks, raise environmental awareness among consumers, and provide subsidies for acquisition of e‐Trucks in Jordan. Additionally, further research is needed to incorporate other factors, such as ICT infrastructure, technology maturity and other social factors that can affect the adoption of e‐Trucks. The study's originality lies in its focus on e‐Trucks, a relatively underexplored area in the sustainable transport literature, especially in the context of Jordan as many other emerging nations. The practical implications include leading the switch to e‐Trucks, identifying infrastructural needs, and informing legislative choices. By analyzing long‐term dynamics and encouraging the deployment of e‐Trucks, it seeks to lower CO2 emissions, enhance air quality, and promote a sustainable transportation system in Jordan.
Do sleep and circadian characteristics predict alcohol use in adult drinkers?
Authors: Burgess Helen J. , Troost Jonathan P. , Rizvydeen Muneer , Kikyo Fumitaka , Kebbeh Nema , Tan Michael , Roecklein Kathryn A. , King Andrea C. , Hasler Brant P.
Published: March 2024

Background

While sleep and circadian rhythms are recognized contributors to the risk for alcohol use and related problems, few studies have examined whether objective sleep and circadian measures can predict future alcohol use in humans, and no such studies have been conducted in adults. This study examined whether any baseline sleep and/or circadian characteristics of otherwise healthy adults predicted their alcohol use over the subsequent 12 months.

Methods

Participants (21–42 years) included 28 light and 50 heavy drinkers. At baseline, a comprehensive range of self‐reported and objective sleep/circadian measures was assessed via questionnaires, wrist actigraphy, and measurement of dim light melatonin onset and circadian photoreceptor responsivity. Following this, the number of alcoholic drinks per week and binge drinking episodes per month were assessed quarterly over the subsequent 12 months. Anticipated effects of alcohol (stimulation, sedation, and rewarding aspects) were also assessed quarterly over the 12 months. Analyses included generalized linear mixed‐effects models and causal mediation analysis.

Results

Across the range of measures, only self‐reported insomnia symptoms and a longer total sleep time at baseline predicted more drinks per week and binges per month (ps <0.02). There was a trend for the anticipated alcohol effect of wanting more alcohol at the 6‐month timepoint to mediate the relationship between insomnia symptoms at baseline and drinks per week at 12 months (p = 0.069).

Conclusions

These results suggest that in otherwise healthy adults, insomnia symptoms, even if subclinical, are a significant predictor of future drinking, and appear to outweigh the influence of circadian factors on future drinking, at least in otherwise healthy adults. Insomnia symptoms may be a modifiable target for reducing the risk of alcohol misuse.
Impact of inpatient addiction psychiatry consultation on opioid use disorder outcomes
Authors: Kast Kristopher A. , Le Thao D. V. , Stewart Lisa S. , Wiese Andrew D. , Reddy India A. , Smith Jonathan , Marcovitz David E. , Reese Thomas J.
Published: March 2024

Background and Objectives

Addiction consultation services provide access to specialty addiction care during general hospital admission. This study assessed opioid use disorder (OUD) outcomes associated with addiction consultation.

Methods

Retrospective cohort study of individuals with OUD admitted to an academic medical center between 2018 and 2023. The exposure was addiction consultation. Outcomes included initiating medication for OUD (MOUD), hospital length of stay, before‐medically‐advised (BMA) discharge, and 30‐ and 90‐day postdischarge acute care utilization.

Results

Of 26,766 admissions (10,501 patients) with OUD, 2826 addiction consultations were completed. Consultation cohort was more likely to be young, male, and White than controls. Consultation was associated with greater MOUD initiation (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 5.07; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.41–5.82), fewer emergency department visits at 30 (aOR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.67–0.92) and 90 (aOR, 0.79; 95% CI, 0.69–0.89) days, and fewer hospitalizations at 30 (aOR, 0.65; 95% CI, 0.56 to 0.76) and 90 (aOR, 0.67; 95% CI, 0.59–0.76) days. Additionally, consultation patients were more likely to have a longer hospital stay and leave BMA.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

Addiction consultation was associated with increased MOUD initiation and reduced postdischarge acute care utilization. This is the largest study to date showing a significant association between addiction psychiatry consultation and improved OUD outcomes when compared to controls. The observed reduction in postdischarge acute care utilization remains even after adjusting for MOUD initiation. Disparities in access to addiction consultation warrant further study.
Long term follow‐up of axial length and orbital dimensions in congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia
Authors: Groot Annabel L. W. , de Graaf Pim , Remmers Jelmer S. , Moll Annette C. , Saeed Peerooz , Hartong Dyonne T.
Published: March 2024

Purpose

To evaluate axial length (AL), orbital width (OW) and height (OH) development in congenital microphthalmia and anophthalmia (MICA) using serial ultrasonography measurements.

Methods

A longitudinal prospective cohort (n = 74) of unilaterally and bilaterally affected MICA patients was followed from 2013 to 2022 at the university hospital in Amsterdam, the Netherlands. Clinical entity, age, severity category based on axial length, conformer treatment and intra‐orbital cysts were registered. The main outcome measures were the absolute and relative growth of AL, OW and OH. Surgical and intra‐orbital cyst cases were described separately.

Results

Absolute microphthalmic eye size increased in 27/49 (55%) unilateral MICA eyes, but growth arrest/decrease in the remaining could shift the case to a more severe category over time. A final affected/unaffected orbital symmetry ≥80% was seen in the large majority of unilateral cases (45/46 for OW, 43/46 for OH). Cases with AL < 10.5 mm had orbital symmetry <80% more often. Most orbital symmetry changes were seen in moderate and severe unilateral cases treated with 3D‐printed conformer therapy starting at age <1 year, with 6/10 (60%) symmetry increase, 30% unchanged symmetry and 10% symmetry decrease. All cases older than 6.5 years (n = 6) did not show any change anymore, regardless of treatment. For bilateral and unilateral mild cases, orbital dimensions kept the same proportions during follow‐up, with or without conformer treatment.

Conclusions

Using severity categories in MICA based on relative AL may aid the decision to start conformer treatment, as most orbital symmetry changes were seen in moderate and severe unilateral cases receiving 3D‐printed conformer therapy that started under age 1.
Impacts of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists on the risk of adverse liver outcomes in patients with metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatotic liver disease cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Elsaid Mohamed I. , Li Na , Firkins Stephen A. , Rustgi Vinod K. , Paskett Electra D. , Acharya Chathur , Reddy K. Rajender , Chiang Chien Wei , Mumtaz Khalid
Published: March 2024

Background/Aims

We examined the effects of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) initiation on long‐term Adverse Liver Outcomes (ALO) in patients with Metabolic Dysfunction‐Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD) cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes using real‐world data from the MarketScan database.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients with MASLD cirrhosis and type 2 diabetes between 2012 and 2020. Cox proportional hazard models examine the association between GLP‐1RAs initiation, modelled as time‐dependent, and the risk of ALO, a composite endpoint defined by the first occurrence of hepatic decompensation(s), portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) or liver transplantation (LT). We used Overlap Propensity Score Weighting (OPSW) to account for confounding. The study included 459 GLP‐1RAs and 4837 non‐GLP‐1RAs patients.

Results

The non‐GLP‐1RAs patients presented with 1411 (29%) ALO over 7431.7 person years, while GLP‐1RAs patients had 32 (7%) ALO over 586.6 person years – risk rate difference 13.5 (95% CI: 11.4–15.7) per 100 person‐years. The OPSW‐adjusted risk of ALO was reduced by 36% (hazard ratio [HR]: 0.64; 95% CI: 0.54–0.76) in patients with vs. without GLP‐1RAs initiation. GLP‐1RAs initiation was associated with significant reductions in the adjusted risk of hepatic decompensation (HR: 0.74; 95% CI: 0.61–0.88), portal hypertension (HR: 0.73; 95% CI: 0.60–0.88), HCC (HR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.20–0.63) and LT (HR: 0.24; 95% CI: 0.12–0.43).

Conclusion

The use of GLP‐1RAs was associated with significant risk reductions in long‐term adverse liver outcomes, including hepatic decompensation, portal hypertension, HCC and LT, in MASLD cirrhosis patients with type 2 diabetes.
Advancing clinical development for neuronopathic Hunter syndrome through a quantitatively‐driven reverse translation framework
Authors: Latzman Robert D. , Campagne Olivia , Modi Meera E. , Karas Marta , Malanga C. J. , Whiteman David A. H.
Published: March 2024

A quantitatively‐driven evaluation of existing clinical data and associated knowledge to accelerate drug discovery and development is a highly valuable approach across therapeutic areas, but remains underutilized. This is especially the case for rare diseases for which development is particularly challenging. The current work outlines an organizational framework to support a quantitatively‐based reverse translation approach to clinical development. This approach was applied to characterize predictors of the trajectory of cognition in Hunter syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis Type II; MPS‐II), a rare X‐linked lysosomal storage disorder, highly heterogeneous in its course. Specifically, we considered ways to refine target populations based on age, cognitive status, and biomarkers, that is, cerebrospinal fluid glycosaminoglycans (GAG), at trial entry. Data from a total of 138 subjects (age range 2.5 to 10.1 years) from Takeda‐sponsored internal studies and external natural history studies in MPS‐II were included. Quantitative analyses using mixed‐effects models were performed to characterize the relationships between neurocognitive outcomes and potential indicators of disease progression. Results revealed a specific trajectory in cognitive development across age with an initial progressive phase, followed by a plateau between 4 and 8 years and then a variable declining phase. Additionally, results suggest a faster decline in cognition among subjects with lower cognitive scores or with higher cerebrospinal fluid GAG at enrollment. These results support differences in the neurocognitive course of MPS‐II between distinct groups of patients based on age, cognitive function, and biomarker status at enrollment. These differences should be considered when designing future clinical trials.
Generic substitution of amlodipine is not associated with increased risk of mortality or adverse cardiovascular events: An observational cohort study
Authors: Zhao Boya , Wu Jing , Lu Chengzhi , Feng Xing Lin
Published: March 2024

This study aims to assess clinical outcomes following switching from originator to generic amlodipine. This population‐based, matched, cohort study included users of originator amlodipine using claims data during 2018–2020 from a health system in Tianjin, China, in which usage of generic amlodipine was promoted by a drug procurement policy, the national volume‐based procurement. Non‐switchers refer to those remained on originator after the policy, while pure‐switchers were those who switched to and continued using generic amlodipine, and back‐switchers were those switched to generic amlodipine but then back to the originator. Propensity score matching generates comparable non‐switchers and pure‐switchers pairs, and non‐switchers and back‐switchers pairs. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs), defined as all‐cause mortality, stroke, and myocardial infarction during follow‐up (April 1, 2019 to December 30, 2020). Secondary outcomes included heart failure, atrial fibrillation, and adherence to amlodipine. The hazard ratio (HR) for each clinical outcome was assessed through Cox proportional hazard regression. In total, 5943 non‐switchers, 2949 pure‐switchers, and 3061 back‐switchers were included (mean age: 62.9 years; 55.5% men). For the matched pairs, pure‐switchers (N = 2180) presented no additional risks of clinical outcomes compared to non‐switchers (N = 4360) (e.g., MACEs: 2.86 vs. 2.95 events per 100 person‐years; HR = 0.97 [95%CI: 0.70–1.33]). Back‐switchers (N = 1998) also presented no additional risk compared to non‐switchers (N = 3996) for most outcomes except for stroke (HR = 1.55 [95%CI: 1.03–2.34]). Pure‐switchers and back‐switchers all had better amlodipine adherence than non‐switchers. Generic substitution of amlodipine is not associated with increased risk of cardiovascular events or all‐cause mortality, but improves medicine adherence.
Limited complementarity of functional and taxonomic diversity in Chilean benthic marine invertebrates
Authors: Pino Loreto , Webb Thomas J.
Published: March 2024

Aim

Patterns of benthic biodiversity at the macroecological scale remain poorly characterised throughout the Chilean latitudinal gradient, in part due to the lack of integrated databases, uneven sampling effort, and the use of species richness alone to quantify biodiversity. Different diversity measures, encompassing taxonomic and functional components, may give us extra information on biodiversity relevant to conservation planning and management. Thus, evaluating the spatial complementarity of these measures is essential.

Location

Coast and continental shelf of Chile.

Methods

The latitudinal gradient of Chile was divided into five ecoregions according to the Marine Ecosystems of the World classification. Using a 55 × 55 km equal area grid, we estimated the incidence coverage‐based estimator (ICE), taxonomic distinctness (Δ+) and three measures of functional diversity: functional richness (FRic), functional evenness (FEve) and functional divergence (FDiv). For each measure, we described spatial patterns, identified hotspots, evaluated hotspot congruence and evaluated complementarity between measures.

Results

Diversity patterns varied between ecoregions and over the latitudinal gradient. ICE and Δ+ peaked in the Chiloense and Channels and Fjords ecoregions. Δ+ and FRic present a similar pattern at mid‐latitudes. FEve showed a contrary pattern, principally with FRic. Areas with high numbers of hotspots differed spatially according to each metric, and three latitudinal bands were observed. ICE, Δ+ and FRic were positively correlated, but the hotspot overlap at the grid cell level was more limited.

Main Conclusions

The complementarity between taxonomic and functional diversity measures is limited when we observe the overlap between grid cells representing hotspots. However, some regions are consistently identified as highly diverse, with the Magellanic Province (Chiloense and Channels and Fjords ecoregions) being the most important for the richness, taxonomic and functional diversity of benthos. Confirmation of the importance of this region can help prioritise conservation efforts.
A Historical Introduction to Continental Pedagogics from a North American Perspective
Authors: Kraus Anja , Ylimaki Rose
Published: March 2024

This article aims to serve as an introductory discussion of the European Continental tradition of pedagogics, specifically from a North American perspective. It begins with an overview of the Continental tradition and its main figures. Here, we find a philosophical and, thus, language‐sensitive attitude toward the human, the child; and a specific pedagogical terminology, i.e., descriptions and interpretations about the reality of education, such as educational practices, goals, norms, and organizational forms of educational institutions. John Dewey's educational theories exemplify the North American perspective on Continental pedagogics and its study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence. Dewey's writings diverge notably from this tradition, as he integrated into his work American pragmatism and an interest in the scientific method, an interest that plays a role in today's policy trends in the United States and elsewhere. Then again, Dewey took a critical stand toward instrumentalizing pedagogics for political aims. On this point, the German‐born political philosopher Hannah Arendt agreed with him. As Arendt can be seen as an example of a Continental perspective on philosophy that includes a strong warning to separate politics and education, she relates to Dewey's argument against instrumentalization. Thus, this article also features some of her work. The overall intention is to contribute to a renewal of a language for pedagogics by delineating a historical‐philosophical perspective on this specific field of professional practice.
Transformations of Choice and Diversity in Education: Bildung from Wilhelm von Humboldt through John Stuart Mill to Milton Friedman
Authors: Price Todd Alan , Mattig Ruprecht
Published: March 2024

There is fierce controversy in the United States over whether parents should be able to choose their children's schools and/or curriculum. To discuss the pedagogical arguments inherent in this question, Todd Alan Price and Ruprecht Mattig begin with the classical concept of Bildung as developed by Wilhelm von Humboldt around 1800. Next, they compare Humboldt's ideas with the ideas of John Stuart Mill and Milton Friedman, who stand in the tradition of liberal thought, as Mill was strongly influenced by Humboldt and Friedman, in turn, by Mill. Finally, they consider Friedman's role as a central figure in the school choice movement, and are thus able to trace a line of thought from Humboldt to actual controversies. Price and Mattig's analysis here shows that the liberalism of Humboldt, Mill, and Friedman revolves around diversity and choice in education. Moreover, it traces that in the process of translating, translocating, and transcontextualizing Humboldt's original thought through Mill to Friedman, the complexity of arguments about education and the role of parents and the state in a liberal society has been unduly reduced. The authors conclude the paper by proposing a principle for thinking about the relationship between different educational institutions in democracies.
Rediscovery of Forgotten Dimensions of Pedagogical Practice from a Continental Perspective
Authors: Pfrang Agnes , Castner Daniel J.
Published: March 2024

This article critically assesses contemporary empirical educational research, directing attention toward overlooked facets of pedagogical practice. Here, Agnes Pfrang and Daniel Castner raise questions about predominant psychological approaches to empirical educational research, instead advocating for a holistic viewpoint that encompasses the subtleties of educational situations and experiences. They highlight the learning atmosphere and pedagogical relationships as crucial dimensions often neglected by researchers. By delving into the historical evolution of the relationship between educational research and empirical pedagogy, the article underscores the ramifications of an increasing emphasis on evidence‐based approaches. It contends that conventional control measures, focused on performance metrics and rankings, inadequately encapsulate the essence of pedagogy. Pfrang and Castner call for a paradigm shift, urging a more comprehensive and context‐sensitive framework in both educational research and practice. This article serves as a rallying cry for a nuanced understanding that embraces the multifaceted nature of educational interactions, advocating for a move away from traditional metrics and toward more inclusive perspectives.
General neurology: Current challenges and future implications
Authors: Bassetti Claudio Lino Alberto , Accorroni Alice , Arnesen Astri , Basri Hamidon Bin , Berger Thomas , Berlit Peter , Boon Paul , Charway‐Felli Augustina , Kruja Jera , Lewis Steven , Markowski Michael , Medina Marco Tulio , McCombe Pamela , Moro Elena , Ozturk Serefnur , Smith Phil , Vuletic Vladimira
Published: March 2024

Background and purpose

In the coming decades, the world will face an increasing burden of neurological disorders (ND) and an urgent need to promote brain health. These challenges contrast with an insufficient neurological workforce in most countries, as well as decreasing numbers of general neurologists and neurologists attracted to work in general neurology (GN). This white paper aims to review the current situation of GN and reflect on its future.

Methods

The European Academy of Neurology (EAN) task force (TF) met nine times between November 2021 and June 2023. During the 2023 EAN annual meeting, attendees were asked to answer five questions concerning the future of GN. The document was sent for suggestions and eventually approval to the board and the presidents of the 47 national societies of the EAN.

Results

The TF first identified four relevant current and future challenges related to GN: (i) definition, (ii) practice, (iii) education, and (iv) research. The TF then identified seven initiatives to further develop GN at both the academic and community level. Finally, the TF formulated 16 recommendations to promote GN in the future.

Conclusions

GN will remain essential in the coming decades to provide rapid, accessible, and comprehensive management of patients with ND that is affordable and cost‐effective. There is also a need for research, education, and other initiatives aiming to facilitate improved working conditions, recognition, and prestige for those pursuing a career in GN.
Playful personnel selection: The use of traditional versus game‐related personnel selection methods and their perception from the recruiters’ and applicants’ perspectives
Authors: Ohlms Marie L. , Melchers Klaus G. , Kanning Uwe P.
Published: March 2024

Game‐related assessments (GRAs) are increasingly gaining interest in practice and research. However, little is known about how recruiters view these methods. This study examined recruiters’ (N = 158) reasons for using GRAs, the influence of their characteristics on their use of these methods, and recruiters’ perceptions of GRAs compared to those of potential applicants (N = 144). Results indicated that perceived ease of use, perceived usefulness, innovativeness in IT, and video game pursuit partly explained recruiters’ intentions to use GRAs, which then predicted actual usage. The expected positive impact on the organizational image and applicant reactions were among the most important reasons for using GRAs. Recruiters and potential applicants perceived GRAs as more enjoyable and modern than traditional assessment methods.
K33 only mutant ubiquitin augments bone marrow‐derived dendritic cell‐mediated CTL priming via PI3K‐Akt pathway
Authors: Liang Yi Yun , Liao Xiao Yan , Jia Jun Jun , Yin Yi Zhen , Zhang Yue Hua , Gao Feng Guang
Published: March 2024

To explore the effect of K33 only mutant ubiquitin (K33O) on bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells' (BMDCs') maturity, antigen uptake capability, surface molecule expressions and BMDC‐mediated CTL priming, and further investigate the role of PI3K‐Akt engaged in K33O‐increased BMDC maturation, antigen uptake and presentation, surface molecule expressions and BMDC‐based CTL priming. BMDCs were conferred K33O and other ubiquitin mutants (K33R, K48R, K63R‐mutant ubiquitin) incubation or LY294002 and wortmannin pretreatment. PI3K‐Akt phosphorylation, antigen uptake, antigenic presentation and CD86/MHC class I expression in BMDC were determined by western blot or flow cytometry. BMDC‐based CTL proliferation and priming were determined by in vitro mixed lymphocyte reaction (MLR), ex vivo enzyme‐linked immunospot assay (Elispot) and flow cytometry with intracellular staining, respectively. The treatment with K33O effectively augmented PI3K‐Akt phosphorylation, BMDCs' antigen uptake, antigenic presentation, CD86/MHC class I and CD11c expressions. MLR, Elispot and flow cytometry revealed that K33O treatment obviously enhanced CTL proliferation, CTL priming and perforin/granzyme B expression. The pretreatment with PI3K‐Akt inhibitors efficiently abrogated K33O's effects on BMDC. The replenishment of K33 only mutant ubiquitin augments BMDC‐mediated CTL priming in bone marrow‐derived dendritic cells via PI3K‐Akt signalling.
Research progress of the netrins and their receptors in cancer
Authors: Gao Xing , Ye Jiazhou , Huang Xi , Huang Shilin , Luo Wenfeng , Zeng Dandan , Li Shizhou , Tang Minchao , Mai Rongyun , Li Yongqiang , Lin Yan , Liang Rong
Published: March 2024

Netrins, a family of secreted and membrane‐associated proteins, can regulate axonal guidance, morphogenesis, angiogenesis, cell migration, cell survival, and tumorigenesis. Four secreted netrins (netrin 1, 3, 4 and 5) and two glycosylphosphatidylinositols‐anchored membrane proteins, netrin‐G1 and G2, have been identified in mammals. Netrins and their receptors can serve as a biomarker and molecular therapeutic target for pathological differentiation, diagnosis and prognosis of malignant cancers. We review here the potential roles of the netrins family and their receptors in cancer.
Role of the gut microbiota and innate immunity in polycystic ovary syndrome: Current updates and future prospects
Authors: Zhou Min , Yu Jing , Li Xuewei , Ruan Zheng , Yu Shaohui
Published: March 2024

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the modern intractable reproductive diseases. The female irregular menstruation, infertility, obesity, and so forth caused by PCOS have become a hot issue affecting family harmony and social development. The aetiology of PCOS is complex. In recent years, many scholars have found that its pathogenesis was related to the imbalance of gut microbiota. Gut microbiota can form two‐way communication with the brain through the ‘gut‐brain axis’ and affect the host's metabolism. Current research has confirmed that the gut microbiota can interfere with glucose and lipid metabolism, insulin sensitivity, hormone secretion and follicular development in women by altering intestinal mucosal permeability and secreting metabolites. In addition, the diversity and composition of gut microbiota of PCOS patients changed, which may affect the metabolic function of the gut microbiota and the ability to produce metabolites, and may also directly or indirectly affect the endocrine function. This study reviewed recent research advances about the role of gut microbiota in PCOS. In order to provide basis for prevention and treatment of PCOS based on gut microbiota.
Bond pairs and the term structure
Authors: Diaz Antonio , Livingston Miles
Published: March 2024

In the US Treasury bond market, the existence of a bond pair (two bonds with the same maturity but different coupons) is shown to allow the computation of the zero‐coupon interest rate for that maturity directly from the bond prices, as well as the zero‐coupon interest rates for adjacent maturity bonds with the same number of coupon payments. Since the 2008–2009 financial crisis, the number of bond pairs has increased, allowing for the direct estimation from bond prices of the zero‐coupon interest rates for an average of 180 individual maturities for bond maturities between 6 months and 30 years. The bond pairs approach outperforms popular yield‐curve‐fitting models in accurately reproducing original bond prices.
Variant‐specific in vitro neuronal network phenotypes and drug sensitivity in SCN2A developmental and epileptic encephalopathy
Authors: Jia Linghan , Li Melody , Pachernegg Svenja , Sedo Alicia , Jancovski Nikola , Burbano Lisseth Estefania , Dalby Kelley , Nemiroff Alex , Reid Christopher , Maljevic Snezana , Petrou Steven
Published: March 2024

De novo variants in the NaV1.2 voltage‐gated sodium channel gene SCN2A are among the major causes of developmental and epileptic encephalopathies (DEE). Based on their biophysical impact on channel conductance and gating, SCN2A DEE variants can be classified into gain‐of‐function (GoF) or loss‐of‐function (LoF). Clinical and functional data have linked early seizure onset DEE to the GoF SCN2A variants, whereas late seizure onset DEE is associated with the loss of SCN2A function. This study aims to assess the impact of GoF and LoF SCN2A variants on cultured neuronal network activity and explore their modulation by selected antiseizure medications (ASM). To this end, primary cortical cultures were generated from two knock‐in mouse lines carrying variants corresponding to human GoF SCN2A p.R1882Q and LoF p.R853Q DEE variant. In vitro neuronal network activity and responses to ASM were analyzed using multielectrode array (MEA) between 2 and 4 weeks in culture. The SCN2A p.R1882Q neuronal cultures showed significantly greater mean firing and burst firing. Their network synchronicity was also higher. In contrast, the SCN2A p.R853Q cultures showed lower mean firing rate, and burst firing events were less frequent. The network synchronicity was also lower. Phenytoin and levetiracetam reduced the excitability of GoF cultures, while retigabine showed differential and potentially beneficial effects on cultures with both GoF and LoF variants. We conclude that in vitro neuronal networks harboring SCN2A GoF or LoF DEE variants present with distinctive phenotypes and responses to ASM.

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