bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Epilogue: Resurrection and Zombies
Authors: Gil Daniel Juan
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines the current pop culture fascination with the undead body visible in the explosion of TV shows and films about zombies. Emmanuel Carrère’s The Kingdom tells the story of the well-known French writer’s brief but intense conversion to Christianity, in the grip of which he was involved in developing the French TV series Les Revenants, which was the model for A&E’s The Returned. Carrère’s account of his relationship to the Christian theology of resurrection as an inspiration for Les Revenants reveals the truth of the “undead” genres more generally, namely as a culture-wide return of the repressed, a protest against the increasingly disembodied, virtualized way we live today. Implicitly, the undead character (including the zombie) attacks the modern fantasy that the self is, in its essence, disembodied and therefore reducible to information, data, and code and in which people yearn for a cybernetic resurrection that will take the form of entering into the disembodied life of the digital world. In the midst of this disembodied virtualized world, pop zombie culture, like seventeenth-century culture, is a reminder of the body’s abiding vulnerabilities, limitations, and also potentials for transcendence.
Toward a Feminist Ethics of Nonviolence
Authors: Cavarero Adriana , Butler Judith , Honig Bonnie
Published: September 2021

This volume forms a tribute to Adriana Cavarero’s extraordinary contribution to feminist philosophy. Responding to Cavarero’s provocative style the text presents an engagement between Cavarero, Judith Butler, Bonnie Honig, and seven other interlocutors, engaging with the themes of horrorism, sex, maternity, inclination, and the body to develop her feminist ethics of nonviolence. Presented as a musical arrangement that demonstrates Cavarero’s theory of pluriphony, this volume captures the collaborative yet diverse mood of much contemporary feminism, and particularly the inspirational, scholarly friendship between Butler, Honig, and Cavarero.
Prelude
Authors: Huzar Timothy J.
Published: September 2021

Personal introduction to the background of this volume.
Introduction
Authors: Huzar Timothy J. , Woodford Clare
Published: September 2021

This introduction endeavours to not only introduce Cavarero’s work, but to also chart the journey by which Cavarero, Butler, and Honig have initiated and sustained an increasingly productive dialogue to bring together what at first were perceived to be radically divergent positions. It captures the collaborative but provocative spirit of the inspirational scholarly friendship between Butler, Honig, and Cavarero, brought together in their contestation of the boundaries of their common project for a pluralistic, heterogeneous but urgent feminist ethics of nonviolence.
Thinking Materialistically with Locke, Lonzi, and Cavarero
Authors: Guaraldo Olivia
Published: September 2021

A “scherzo” is a musical piece which traditionally retains the ternary form of the minuet but is considerably quicker. This is a materialist scherzo, since it treats three different authors that are all significantly concerned with the body. John Locke, Carla Lonzi, and Adriana Cavarero present three different modes of narrating sex: the first implicitly, the second explicitly, the third creatively. Cavarero’s relationality, whilst giving a provocatively creative account of orgasm, attributes to sex a grounding function in rethinking the subject. Yet that there is also a political dimension in this carnal account of orgasm. By exploring the possibilities of the given of our bodily condition—an anatomical destination to pleasure that is always relational—this etude defends relational ethics as providing a different perspective on how to imagine social and political forms of co-existence and non-violence, beyond and apart from the naturalized claim to “fundamental hostility.”
Bad Inclinations
Authors: Bernini Lorenzo
Published: September 2021

Adriana Cavarero states that queer theories constitute a fundamental critique of “the hegemony of the hierarchizing dispositif of heterosexuality that turns ‘right’ and ‘straight’ into synonyms.” In dialogue with queer scholar Judith Butler she discusses Emmanuel Levinas’s theory of the precedence of the Other over the self, which she interprets, differently from Butler, in terms of the precedence of the caring mother over the child. This etude engages Cavarero’s relational ethics with a different trend in queer thought—so-called “antisocial theories,” arguing against the centrality of the Child as matrix of meaning (Edelman, 2004) and queerness as the break of all human relations. Anti-social theorists may complement a relational ethics by returning to the problematisation of drive as both masochistic and the obscene double of maternal care.
From Horrorism to the Gray Zone
Authors: Forti Simona
Published: September 2021

This etude problematizes the continuity between Cavarero’s earlier work on horrorism and her later ethics of inclination. The genocidal legacy of the twentieth century brings to completion the discourse that, from Levinas to Butler, through Arendt and Agamben, has philosophically interrogated the historical and ontological specificity of the new figure of the helpless “absolute victim.” Making a comparison between “ontological crime” and Primo Levi’s tale of the process of annihilation endured in the camp this etude addresses Levi’s reflection on power arguing that it marks the distance between a political philosophy of the “normality of evil” and the so called post-Auschwitz philosophy of “radical evil,” to which a relational ethics, to some extent, still belongs.
Queer Madonnas
Authors: Woodford Clare
Published: September 2021

Cavarero’s relational ethics uses the trope of motherhood, illustrated by Leonardo’s Madonna, to critique the rectitude of patriarchal order. But, the assertion of “fundamental” interdependence imposes a new “correct” schema. The method Cavarero uses of “repositioning our gaze” in order to unveil offers greater promise although rather than unveiling or revealing something that is hidden, it is perhaps of more use in showing what we have always known—but showing it differently such that it can be challenged. This etude accordingly repositions Cavarero’s Madonna within queer Mariology, using the method of “repositioning the gaze” to undermine patriarchal rectitude, whilst using Honig’s passionate ambivalence to ensure we perpetually question the extent to which we may need any new “fundamental” schematism.
Coda
Authors: Cavarero Adriana
Published: September 2021

Cavarero responds to the pluriphonic “germinal democracy” that has emerged in the volume. She acknowledges that she may have neglected Kant a little in her reading, but in the main stands by her methodology of theft and her provocative reading style with “bad intentions” to read a text against itself. She defends her position in an open manner that takes on board the good spirit and humor of the critiques offered.
Who Is a Muslim?
Authors: Khan Maryam Wasif
Published: September 2021

Who is a Muslim? Orientalism and Literary Populisms argues that modern Urdu literature, from its inception in colonial institutions such as Fort William College, Calcutta, to its dominant forms in contemporary Pakistan—popular novels, short stories, television serials—is formed around a question that is and historically has been at the core of early modern and modern Western literatures. The question—who is a Muslim—is predominant in eighteenth-century literary and scholarly orientalist texts, the English oriental tale chief amongst them, but takes on new and dangerous meanings once it travels to the North-Indian colony, and later to Pakistan. A literary-historical study spanning some three centuries, this book argues that the modern Urdu literary formation, far from secular or progressive, has been shaped as the authority designate on the intertwined questions of piety, national identity, and citizenship, first in colonial India and subsequently in contemporary Pakistan.
Introduction
Authors: Khan Maryam Wasif
Published: September 2021

This introduction asks how a modern Muslim identity came to be attached and formed via the idea of literature and canonicity. Attempting to remain close to Edward Said’s conception of secular criticism, it traces how the European ideal of literary canonicity becomes imbricated with that of religious identity in the Indian subcontinent over the course of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Paying close attention to the history as well as contemporary debates on European orientalisms, it asks contemporary humanists from postcolonial states such as Pakistan, India, and Egypt to re-examine the histories of literary canons and their deep ties to religio-national identities.
Hindustani/Urdu: The Oriental Tale in the Colony
Authors: Khan Maryam Wasif
Published: September 2021

This chapter traces the journey of the oriental tale to the North-Indian colony as a prose form instrumental to the colonial exercise that refashions Urdu, once an elite, aesthetic register, into a modern vernacular language complete with a “literature” of its own. It examines how orientalists such as William Jones and John Gilchrist invented a modern Muslim identity in North India through the category of “literature.” It focuses, in particular, on Fort William College and its transformative effects on Urdu aesthetics.
Introduction
Authors: Chepurin Kirill , Dubilet Alex
Published: September 2021

This chapter advances an innovative framework of political theology in general and its intersection with the German Idealist concepts and archives in particular, arguing for the indispensability of the latter for understanding the Christian-modern condition. The general thrust of this framework is to put into question the legitimacy of the Christian-modern world and its authorities, whether secular or religious. As such, it may be said to reactivate a Gnostic perspective within the political-theological debate, one that refuses the world and its modalities of justification and transcendence. At stake is not only the decoupling of immanence from its equation with the secular world and ungrounding modern forms of sovereignty, but also the subversion of modernity’s (no less than Christianity’s) self-legitimating conceptual narratives. Based on this framework, this essay 1) reconfigures German Idealism as the first speculative attempt to think the (genealogical and conceptual) entanglement of modernity and Christianity in the wake of the Enlightenment and the French Revolution; 2) reconsiders German Idealist conceptions of nothingness, the world, and the absolute as caught between the delegitimating and the theodical tendencies, with special emphasis on the problematics of nihilism and history; and 3) provides an overview of the volume’s contents and interventions.
Knot of the World
Authors: Chepurin Kirill
Published: September 2021

This essay re-reads German Idealism as a thinking oscillating between world-justification or theodicy, on the one hand, and the utopic or the non-place at which the world is delegitimized and even annihilated, on the other. For Hegel, world-history is theodicy: to think the way the world has been historically constructed or produced by spirit is to justify this world as necessarily the way it is. This essay calls it “the transcendental knot”: to think the possibility of the world is to justify it as necessary—a problem with which post-Kantian thinkers but also contemporary political theology and continental philosophy grapple. Through an analysis of the ultimate telos of the world and the subject’s striving in the world in Schelling, the late Fichte, and Friedrich Schlegel—as well as via such a-worldly concepts as the absolute, bliss, nothingness, God, chaos, and irony—this essay reconfigures German Idealism and Romanticism as spanning the conceptual space between two poles, world-annihilation and world-construction, and traces the ways in which these thinkers attempt to resolve the transcendental knot, or to think the way the world is without absolutizing it.
Utopia and Political Theology in the “Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism”
Authors: Chrostowska S. D.
Published: September 2021

This chapter focuses on a figure of historical progression embedded in revolutionary thought in the modern era: the spiral. Most associated with Hegelianism, the spiral stands for the dialectic of history: an eventual future return to the origin. The spiral’s secularized telic schema remains, however, continuous with the theological model of change as the circle of perfection. This continuity is reflected in Romantic messianism and its heirs. My discussion of the spiral is anchored well before their time, in “The Oldest Systematic Program of German Idealism,” likely authored in 1796/1797 by Hegel himself. Unpublished until the twentieth century, the text calls for a new, rational mythology to do away with the modern state. In contrast to the later Hegel’s attempt to identify the spiral of history with the development of the state-form, the political theology of this radical early document identifies its utopian telos with the overcoming of the state.
Otherwise Than Terror
Authors: Whistler Daniel
Published: September 2021

This chapter suggests that—whether or not one wishes to implement a concept of the secular—a proper understanding of its classic variant (the “modernist” secular) is only possible when one leaves behind the typical Hegelian framework in which the secular is equated with a deadening and immature form of immediate negation and instead Schellingianizes the secular. This involves paying attention—on their own terms—to the concepts of abstraction, indifference, and the neutral. By way of Fichte’s and Schelling’s construction of an a-Hegelian form of German Idealism—as well as a whole host of resources from abstract expressionism and Blanchot to a case heard at the European Court of Human Rights concerning the value of the secular (Lautsi v. Italy)—it is shown that the modernist secular has, for better or worse, its own peculiar logic of reduction.
Hegel, Blackness, Sovereignty
Authors: Lloyd Vincent
Published: September 2021

Hegel places sub-Saharan Africa outside the path of world history, and he suggests that Africans have no chance at realizing their humanity or flourishing in community. His paradigm African political sovereign has religious authority because she is god-like; indeed, she sacrifices her son and consumes him in what seems like a parody of Christian communion. Instead of earthly sovereign mirroring divine sovereign, the earthly sovereign becomes divine through self-assertion and through severing her affective and familial ties to all other humans. While Hegel represents this as a world where humans and animals are indistinct, he also represents it as Eden-like, prefiguring the full realization of world spirit. This chapter explores Hegel’s account of African sovereignty and its entanglement with his account of European sovereignty. Ultimately, it argues that Hegel’s philosophical method offers an unrealized potential for a political theology that takes Africa, and Blackness, seriously.
Political Theology of the Death of God
Authors: Bielik-Robson Agata
Published: September 2021

This essay attempts to complicate Carl Schmitt’s claim that most of modern political concepts demonstrate a “continuing vitality” of God, by evoking another theological figure which, already for Hegel, constituted the gist of modern religiosity: “the sentiment of the death of God,” as he calls it in his Faith and Knowledge. Reading Hegel through Derrida’s lenses, most of all his Glas, the essay shows the inherent subversion of the political theology, which focuses not on God’s vitality but, to the contrary, on God’s demise. Yet, the death of God appears here not as the Nietzschean metaphor of radical atheisation, but as the antinomian moment within the modern political theology: the moment of the paradoxical a/theologisation which occurs in the theological realm itself. Modern political theology would thus be the paradoxical political a/theology of the death of God: not of the Schmittian forever vital, undying, powerfully decisionistic God, but the God who himself agrees to die and cedes his legacy to the finite world.
Once More, from Below
Authors: Shakespeare Steven
Published: September 2021

This essay articulates a threefold typology of subjectivities (broadly derived from Kant, Schelling, and Kierkegaard) and their relevance to political theology. Each thinker refuses to dialectically unify self and world. Instead, in different ways, they “reduplicate” and intensify the gap between subject and object, and within the subject itself. This reduplication, the essay argues, exposes and expresses the inconsistency of the immanent real itself, which cannot be mastered and defined by any transcendent perspective. This in turn opens the possibility of articulating theories of political subjectivity and resistance outside the parameters set by the discourse of sovereignty.
On the General Secular Contradiction
Authors: Dubilet Alex
Published: September 2021

This essay turns to Marx’s “On the Jewish Question” in order to diagnose the collusive interplay between mediation and sovereignty as modes of transcendence that, together, prevent real immanence from irrupting. It does so by recovering the logic of “the general secular contradiction”—the division between the state and civil society that materializes and secularizes the structure of diremption originally articulated in theological form, as the opposition between heaven and earth. In this analysis, the logic of Christianity is shown to be imbricated with the political form of secular modernity itself. Moreover, this account reveals that the modern secular state does not inaugurate the political theology of immanence, but constitutes, rather, a mechanism of transcendent mediation. The exception that mediates across the two realms renders transcendence livable, but also reproduces the dirempted life, establishing it as the unsurpassable horizon and foreclosing all operations of dissolution that could collapse the structure of civil society and the state that governs “the order of the world.” Although immediate transcendence (sovereignty) may be positioned, as it is in the Schmittian paradigm, as radically distinct from its mediational counterpart, in relation to real immanence the two operate as a collusive ensemble.
The National Frame
Authors: Karaca Banu
Published: September 2021

Based on long-term ethnographic research in the art world of Istanbul and Berlin, The National Frame rethinks the role of art in state governance. It argues that artistic practices, arts patronage and sponsorship, collecting and curating art, and the modalities of censorship, just like official cultural policies, continue to be refracted through the conceptual lens of the nation-state—despite the intensified and much-studied globalization of art. By examining discussions on the civilizing function of art in Germany and Turkey and moments in which art is seen to cede this function, the book reveals the histories of violence on which the production, circulation, and presentation—indeed our very understanding—of art are predicated. It is in the process of disavowing this violence that contemporary art as a global practice keeps being called back into the national frame. Turkey and Germany occupy different places in dominant geopolitical and civilizational imaginaries that have construed the world in terms of “East” and “West,” and, more recently, “Islam” and “Christianity” as incommensurable entities. Unlike German art, art from Turkey is often seen as merging “traditional” and modern motifs, and expressive of “Turkish culture.” Working against this asymmetric perception the book fosters a comparative perspective by showing that Germany and Turkey share a long, troubling history of cultural encounters and political affiliation and similar struggles in claiming modern nationhood. The joint analysis of both cases reveals how art is configured politically and socially and why art has been at once vital and unwieldy for national projects.
Governing Culture, Producing Modern Citizens
Authors: Karaca Banu
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 shows how ideas of art as a greater good have been translated into Turkish and German cultural policies. It begins with a general overview of cultural policy as a domain of statecraft rooted in modernist notions of aesthetic education as essential for modern personhood and then turns to the fundamental contradictions that characterize the interlocution of art and administration. It revisits and retells major debates and turning points in Turkish and German arts policies of the twentieth century by examining forgotten episodes of this history that allow for re-evaluating the present. These include the heated discussions on the relationship between art and politics in the early Turkish republic that resulted in a constant reshuffling of the administrative units in charge of the arts, and the fact that engagements abroad, including arts initiatives in the Ottoman Empire, were formative for Imperial Germany’s domestic cultural policy. Analyzing the tension between art as a supposedly functionless good and the many ways in which the state mobilizes different understandings of art for its own purposes, the chapter shows how the critical potential of art always also presents a risk that the state needs to contend with.
Enterprising Art, Aestheticizing Business
Authors: Karaca Banu
Published: September 2021

Chapter 6 explores the political economy of art in urban spaces marked by waves of dispossession and social segmentation. Formerly inhabited by minorities, the physical “voids” of Istanbul and Berlin have become nexuses for the enterprising art and aestheticizing business in contexts of urban and national governance that identify art primarily as an economic expediency and tool for urban renewal. Gentrification is just one—but perhaps the most visible—component of this dynamic in which artists are both complicit and resistant. The chapter anchors this discussion in the biennials that both cities host. It shows how these events as proclaimed realms of artistic experimentation have been increasingly streamlined to accommodate normative frames of for-profit enterprise that in turn likens it workings to that of creative labor. I argue that the spectacularization of art in urban space through the format of large-scale arts event has been vital in disavowing the violence of the 1980 coup d’état in Turkey and the specter of Nazism that haunted the lead-up to and aftermath of Germany’s reunification. Finally, the chapter takes a look at the counterstrategies that artists develop to (re)claim urban spaces for artistic interventions as well as for engagements with their difficult pasts.
Narrative Hospitality
Authors: Kearney Richard , Fitzpatrick Melissa
Published: September 2021

This chapter illustrates how the model of hospitality as translation and narrative exchange (presented in the previous chapter) applies to three recent pedagogical experiments: the Guestbook Project of exchanging stories; the Twinsome Minds project of “Double Remembrance”; and the “Exchanging memories” project of the Irish Famine Memorial in New York. It ends with a brief discussion on ethics, narrative, and memory in light of Ricoeur’s understanding an ethic of flexibility, which resists the fixation of an historical event in dogma by showing how each event can be told in different ways by different narrators in different generations. This does not mean that everything becomes relative and arbitrary. On the contrary, acts of trauma and suffering call out for justice, and the best way of achieving this is often to invite empathy with strangers and adversaries by hosting a plurality of narrative perspectives.
Carnal Hospitality
Authors: Kearney Richard , Fitzpatrick Melissa
Published: September 2021

This chapter makes a plea for a “double hospitality” involving both word and touch. An ethics of hospitality, as shown in the previous chapters, involves empathizing with others through the exchange of stories, memories, and faiths—the aim being to work through the wounds of history and open a space for charity and gift. Here law is supplemented by love; and in this step toward a higher poetics of pardon there comes a point where narrative exchange—of histories, traditions, confessions, testimonies—often needs to be supplemented by an exchange of physical gestures. A point where narrative hospitality calls for carnal hospitality. Where the textual solicits the tactile. Where word gives way to touch.
Hospitality beyond Borders
Authors: Kearney Richard , Fitzpatrick Melissa
Published: September 2021

This chapter will provide a hermeneutic of Kant’s notion of international hospitality as it relates to what I take to be his phenomenology of respect (i.e., experiencing the moral law), and respect’s call to hospitably that holds space open for the freedom-dignity of the other. My ultimate claim is that hospitality in Kant’s world involves welcoming the freedom of ourselves and others both within and beyond domestic borders—including the unanticipated, unknown, unforeseeable consequences that freedom so construed necessarily entails. This is to say that acting from duty (out of respect for the other) can be understood as acting in hospitality, while acting from inclination (disrespecting the other in the service of oneself) can be understood as acting in hostility.
Teleological Hospitality
Authors: Kearney Richard , Fitzpatrick Melissa
Published: September 2021

This chapter will explore what I take to be the post-Kantian practical-possible ethics par excellence: contemporary virtue ethics. In the spirit of Aristotle, contemporary virtue ethics seeks to provide an account of ethics that is relevant to life, as we know it—and for our purposes, an ethics of hospitality that is more than armchair theory. Elaborating on the two preceding chapters, I will critically interpret Talbot Brewer’s recent and remarkably comprehensive Aristotelian-inspired approach to re-imagining the task of moral philosophy and the moral philosopher, ultimately illustrating that a vital aspect of human flourishing—eudaimonia, a life of practical wisdom—is hospitality to the strange and strangers.
Exordium
Authors: Ohi Kevin
Published: September 2021

Departing from Giorgio Agamben’s “The End of the Poem,” the introduction distinguishes “inception” from a series of related but not synonymous terms: origin, birth, and beginning. Recalling what R. Murray Schafer calls “onset distortion” in music, inception marks the text’s (and the life’s) vexed relation to its outside; inception, for this book, marks an asynchronicity within beginnings, textual and existential, where foundation diverges from mere starting out. The literary work, because it can neither comprise its inception nor externalize it in an authorizing exteriority, must in some sense posit itself. This fundamental, non-trivial self-reflexivity the book links to potentiality and to a striving for literary language to communicate itself, beyond any particular content of communication. In brief discussions of texts by Agamben, Arendt, Augustine, Benveniste, Frank Kermode, Roland Barthes, J Hillis Miller, Nabokov, and others, the introduction attempts to spell out its understanding of the relation of potentiality to inception and to trace some of its consequences for understandings of the relation between art and life. In so doing, it also distinguishes the book’s project from other possible approaches (empirical, practical, narratological) to the question of beginning.
Ovid and Orpheus
Authors: Ohi Kevin
Published: September 2021

The beginning of Ovid’s Metamorphoses raises the question of inception in many different ways. As is well known, the poem itself becomes an object of textual controversy in its second line. In question is a pronoun (them), which, depending on its case, refers either to Ovid’s verse or to the forms it depicts. The uncertainty is fitting: Enjambment makes it initially seem as if the poem invoked its own originality; only in the second line, when a seeming noun retrospectively becomes an adjective, does the invocation become one to unnamed gods. In the second line, too, after a notable feint, Ovid, who, in the Amores, had invented the limping meter of elegiac couplets, returns to the dactylic hexameter of epic. Such play makes explicit that creation and writing are forms of metamorphosis; past the first two lines, the poem turns to repeated, sometimes mutually cancelling, accounts of the world’s creation. The chapter pursues the consequences of this structure of inception for the songs of Orpheus in Book X, focusing on Orpheus’s foundational place for male same-sex desire, and on recurrent images of stone—which links Book X’s account of desire and loss to the opening paradoxes of creation and inception.
Wallace Stevens and the Temporalities of Inception and Embodiment
Authors: Ohi Kevin
Published: September 2021

Beginning with Wallace Stevens’s reimagining of the Promethean origins of man (depicted in The Metamorphoses) in “The Rock,” the chapter argues that this poem’s imagining of origin makes manifest ways his thinking about embodiment and temporality has shifted since the early poems—since, for example, “Peter Quince at the Clavier,” “Sunday Morning,” and “The Idea of Order at Key West.” These early poems can be read to assert the body’s power to transcend itself, paradoxically by dwelling on its desiring and ephemeral nature; they assert the body’s power to transcend human finitude by coupling it with the capacity for sensuous evocation in poetic language. Detailed readings of these poems spell out the complications of this assertion. By “The Rock,” Stevens’s figures have taken on an arid abstraction: Their concrete immediacy often seems in inverse relation to their possible visualization, and the claim of a poetic power of transcendence is difficult to distinguish from the radical destitution of meaning voided in a pure material presence. The earlier poems’ concern with embodiment has been transposed to a more primal drama of inception: the coming into being of the poem and the poetic voice, prior to persons, forms, or meanings.
The Gospel According to the Foreskin
Authors: Strouse A. W.
Published: September 2021

This chapter explicates Paul’s theory of circumcision as epitomized in his formulation in Romans 2 of “circumcision of the heart.” In the wake of early Christianity’s circumcision controversy, Paul read circumcision allegorically, providing a framework for the deployment of un/circumcision in medieval literature. The chapter also discusses Peter and his vision of the sheet led down from heaven in Acts 10 and 11 as an early deployment of circumcision allegory.
Literary Modernity and the Emancipation of Voice
Authors: Sun Emily
Published: September 2021

Chapter 1 approaches the literary manifesto as an exemplary form of literary modernity, which writers all over the world used in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries to declare bold new conceptions of literature and aesthetics. It focuses on texts by Percy Bysshe Shelley and Lu Xun, major writers whose critical sophistication and wide-ranging erudition have made their work sources of both literary influence and forces in ongoing legacies of cultural critique. While the chapter focuses on Shelley’s 1821 A Defence of Poetry and Lu Xun’s 1908 “On the Power of Mara Poetry” and “Toward a Refutation of Malevolent Voices,” it refers also more widely to other of these authors’ writings that sustain and extend the preoccupation with the emancipatory power of poetic voice found in the aforementioned literary manifestoes.
Coda
Authors: Sun Emily
Published: September 2021

In Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s 1798 poem “Frost at Midnight,” the ruminating speaker writing late at night finds his attention drawn to a piece of film fluttering over his fireplace grate. “In all parts of the kingdom these films are called strangers,” Coleridge explains in a footnote appended to early editions of the poem, and “are supposed to portend the arrival of some absent friend.”...
Active Vibration Control of a Mechanical Servo High-speed Fine-Blanking Press
Authors: Liu Yanxiong , Shu Yuwen , Hu Wentao , Zhao Xinhao , Xu Zhicheng
Published: September 2021

The fine-blanking process as an advanced sheet metal forming process has been widely applied in industry. However, specially designed equipment is required for this process. In this paper, a novel mechanical servo high-speed fine-blanking press with the capacity of 3200 kN is proposed, and the vibration control for this machine is researched to achieve the requirement of fine-blanked parts of high dimensional accuracy, since the vibration of the fine-blanking machine will cause the machining displacement error and reduce the machining accuracy. Self-adaptive feed-forward control is used to simulate the active vibration control of the mechanical fine-blanking machine. The vibration control principle of the fine-blanking machine is described, and the control algorithm is established. At the same time, the mechanical vibration model of the fine-blanking machine as the controlled object is established, and the parameters of the excitation input and the mechanical model are obtained by the fine-blanking finite element simulation and the experiments of the vibration measurement of the press. Finally, the numerical simulation and analysis of active vibration control based on MATLAB are carried out. The results show that the control effect is good, and the vibration response is effectively reduced, thus greatly increasing the processing accuracy, saving a significant amount of energy, and reducing the energy consumption and defective rate.
The well-fit for the FET model: Understanding training transfer factors in Spain
Authors: Quesada-Pallarès Carla , Musso Mariel F. , Ciraso-Calí Anna , Cascallar Eduardo
Published: September 2021

Learning transfer evaluation is a necessary process for practitioners to assess the effectiveness of training, and the outcomes of training produces in workers’ behaviors. In this paper, we explore an alternative way to evaluate transfer: through the study of transfer facilitators and barriers. Our aim is to validate the Factors to Evaluate Transfer (FET) model in a large sample of Spanish employees using confirmatory factor analysis. We applied the Spanish version of the FET scale to a sample of 2,745 Spanish workers of public service institutions and private companies. The results show a seven-factor model as the best choice according to the adjustment indices presented in the paper. We obtained a shorter version of the instrument, with adequate construct validity as well as good reliability and internal consistency. This model is a step forward in the measurement of indirect transfer and allows keeping working on the FET model to diagnosis transfer factors and increase the probabilities of higher learning transfer levels.
Experiences with latent TB cascade of care strengthening for household contacts in Calgary, Canada
Authors: Bedingfield N. , Barss L. , Oxlade O. , Menzies D. , Fisher D.
Published: September 2021

SETTING: Identification, assessment, and treatment of latent TB infection (LTBI), collectively known as the LTBI cascade of care, is critical for TB prevention.OBJECTIVE: The objective of this research, conducted within the ACT4 trial, was to assess and strengthen
the LTBI cascade of care for household contacts at Calgary TB Services, a clinic serving a predominately foreign-born population in Western Canada.DESIGN: Baseline assessment consisted of a retrospective LTBI cascade analysis of 32 contact investigations, and questionnaires administered
to patients and health care workers. Four solutions were implemented in response to identified gaps. Solution impact was measured for 6 months using descriptive statistics.RESULTS: Pre-implementation, 56% of household contacts initiated treatment. Most contacts were lost to care
because the tuberculin skin test (TST) was not initiated, or physicians did not recommend treatment. Evening clinics, a patient education pamphlet, a nursing workshop, and treatment recommendation guidelines were implemented. Post-implementation, losses due to LTBI treatment non-recommendation
were reduced; however, the overall proportion of household contacts initiating treatment did not increase.CONCLUSION: Close engagement between researchers and TB programmes can reduce losses in the LTBI cascade. To see sustained improvement in overall outcomes, long-term engagement
and data collection for ongoing problem-solving are required.
The family planning “know–do” gap among married women of reproductive age in urban Pakistan
Authors: Yameen S. , Nausheen S. , Hussain I. , Hackett K. , Rizvi A. , Ansari U. , Lassi Z. S. , Canning D. , Shah I. , Soofi S. B.
Published: September 2021

OBJECTIVE: To examine the prevalence and predictors of family planning (FP) know-do gaps among married women of reproductive age (MWRA) in low socio-economic urban areas of Karachi, Pakistan.DESIGN: This was a cross-sectional survey of randomly selected 7288 MWRA (16–49
years) to identify predictors of the know-do gap in FP using a logistic regression model.RESULTS: More than one third (35.5%) of MWRA had FP know-do gap, i.e., despite having a knowledge of contraceptives and desire to limit or delay childbearing, they were not using contraceptives.
Women were less likely to use FP if they were getting older (25–35 years: OR 1.45, 95% CI 1.09–1.94; >35 years: OR 3.02, 95% CI 1.90–4.80), from certain ethnicities (Sindhi: OR 1.64, 95% CI 1.11–2.42; Saraiki: OR 1.66, 95% CI 1.01–2.71; other minorities: OR
2.37, 95% CI 1.63–3.44); did not receive FP counselling: OR 1.43, 95% CI 1.13–1.80; and had not made a joint decision on FP: OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.06–1.98). Conversely, women were more likely to use contraceptives if they had >10 years of schooling (OR 0.66, 95% CI 0.46–0.94),
with each increasing number of a living child (OR 0.68, 95% CI 0.62–0.75) and each increasing number of contraceptive method known (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88–0.98).CONCLUSION: The predictors associated with the FP know-do gap among MWRA should be considered when planning
future strategies to improve the contraceptive prevalence rate in Pakistan.
Mobile HIV testing in South Africa: maximizing yield through data-guided site selection
Authors: Mabuto T. , Holzman S. , Kubeka G. , Hoffmann C. J.
Published: September 2021

BACKGROUND: Mobile community HIV testing can effectively reach undiagnosed people living with HIV in southern Africa. Variable yield in HIV test positivity has been a challenge with high- and low-yield sites often being closely situated. We sought to test whether easy-to-identify,
site-level characteristics were associated with HIV positivity yield in a routine mobile HIV testing program.METHODS: We used routine testing program test data augmented with site-level characterization, either of the community or shopping site at which HIV testing was offered.
Specifically, we described the local environment and interviewed key informants to gain additional information regarding the availability of HIV and other services in the locale.RESULTS: We included 122 residential and 26 shopping sites with median HIV-positive test yields of 7.6%
and 6.9%, respectively. The range for community sites was from 2 to 55% with high and low yields at geographically proximal sites. Factors related to lower income and marginalization, including informal housing and the absence of name-brand stores in shopping venues, were associated with higher
HIV-positive testing yield.CONCLUSIONS: Characterization of sites, particularly identifying factors related to marginalization, lack of services, and poverty, can aid in identifying sites with higher HIV-positive yield.
Atlantic Passages
Authors: Murray Robert
Published: September 2021

Established by the American Colonization Society in the early nineteenth century as a settlement for free people of color, the West African colony of Liberia is usually seen as an endpoint in the journeys of those who traveled there. In Atlantic Passages, Robert Murray reveals that many Liberian settlers did not remain in Africa but returned repeatedly to the United States, and he explores the ways this movement shaped the construction of race in the Atlantic world.
Tracing the transatlantic crossings of Americo-Liberians between 1820 and 1857, in addition to delving into their experiences on both sides of the ocean, Murray discusses how the African neighbors and inhabitants of Liberia recognized significant cultural differences in the newly arrived African Americans and racially categorized them as “whites.” He examines the implications of being perceived as simultaneously white and black, arguing that these settlers acquired an exotic, foreign identity that escaped associations with primitivism and enabled them to claim previously inaccessible privileges and honors in America.
Highlighting examples of the ways in which blackness and whiteness have always been contested ideas, as well as how understandings of race can be shaped by geography and cartography, Murray offers many insights into what it meant to be black and white in the space between Africa and America.
“They Would Dearly Learn What It Was to Fight White Men”
Authors: Murray Robert
Published: September 2021

Chapter 4 explores the multifaceted violence that rocked Liberia, characterizing day-to-day life in intimate settings as well as larger conflicts. Liberia continually expanded its influence and territory along the coast and into the interior of the continent. The settlers quickly utilized their oft-violent interactions with Africans to establish their cultural separation from Africans and celebrated their victories as evidence of their power and control over African barbarity. The threat of barbaric neighbors also papered over the many divisions within Liberian society. In addition, such violent excursions to expand “civilization” provided martial glory to the settlers and their cause. The violence likewise reinforced colonization’s masculine projection as settlers heroically defended their outpost of “civilization” against aggressive heathenism.
Afterword
Authors: Murray Robert
Published: September 2021

The continued use of oburoni in the twenty-first century despite the Ghana’s government’s best efforts to reduce use of the term and the nineteenth-century origins of America’s black university system in a college dedicated to sending educated officials to the Republic of Liberia remind us to embrace the complexity of these mobile Atlantic societies. Settlers forced colonizationists to uphold bargains and make good on their rhetoric of black opportunity in Africa, and for certain colonizationists the fulfillment of those promises would have to begin and be continuously upheld in America. Liberia was not an end for many but only a way station. The actions on one side of the ocean resonated on the other, often with unintended consequences.
Slavery and Freedom in the Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War Era
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

In Slavery and Freedom in the Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War Era, Jonathan Noyalas examines the complexities of life for African Americans in Virginia’s Shenandoah Valley from the antebellum period through Reconstruction. Although the Valley was a site of fierce conflicts during the Civil War and its military activity has been extensively studied, scholars have largely ignored the black experience in the region until now. Correcting previous assumptions that slavery was not important to the Valley, and that enslaved people were treated better there than in other parts of the South, Jonathan Noyalas demonstrates the strong hold of slavery in the region. He explains that during the war, enslaved and free African Americans navigated a borderland that changed hands frequently—where it was possible to be in Union territory one day, Confederate territory the next, and no-man’s land another. He shows that the region’s enslaved population resisted slavery and supported the Union war effort by serving as scouts, spies, and laborers, or by fleeing to enlist in regiments of the United States Colored Troops. Noyalas draws on untapped primary resources, including thousands of records from the Freedmen’s Bureau and contemporary newspapers, to continue the story and reveal the challenges African Americans faced from former Confederates after the war. He traces their actions, which were shaped uniquely by the volatility of the struggle in this region, to ensure that the war’s emancipationist legacy would survive.
Introduction
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

The book’s introduction stresses that while a handful of historians have examined various aspects of the African American experience in the Shenandoah Valley during the Civil War era, the topic has been largely ignored or inaccurately portrayed. The introduction’s cornerstone is a historiographical discussion of how authors such as Joseph Waddell, John Walter Wayland, and Julia Davis—who minimized slavery’s role in the Valley, promulgated the myth that slavery was not important to the Valley’s agrarian economy, and wrote that enslaved people in the Shenandoah Valley were treated better than in other parts of the slaveholding South—influenced various authors. Finally, the introduction highlights the various primary source material, including freedom narratives, never before utilized by historians who investigated any aspect of the Shenandoah Valley’s African American story.
“In the Land of Bondage”
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter offers an overview of slavery in the Shenandoah Valley from the moment the first enslaved people reportedly arrived in 1727. Slavery’s importance steadily increased in the region from the era of the American Revolution, spurred in part by demand for hemp during the American Revolution, through the 1850s. Furthermore, chapter one examines the practice of enslavers renting surplus labor, various forms of resistance enslaved people employed in the Shenandoah Valley in the decades leading up to the Civil War, how enslavers attempted to subdue that resistance, and how enslaved people who escaped to points north carved out a new life for themselves. Examinations of these various elements reveals that although slavery might have superficially looked somewhat different in the Shenandoah Valley—enslavers working alongside those whom they enslaved or enslaved people not comprising as much of the total population as in areas where large plantations dominated the landscape—the experiences of enslaved people on an individual level did not differ at all from other areas. The Valley’s enslaved still suffered abuse, both physical and emotional, and desired freedom.
“To Call on All the Blacks”
Authors: Noyalas Jonathan A.
Published: September 2021

Chapter 3 closely examines the experiences of the Shenandoah Valley’s African Americans during the Civil War’s first year. Initially, enslaved people believed that Union general Robert Patterson’s army, which entered the northern Shenandoah Valley in the late spring of 1861, might liberate them. However, as this chapter shows, the Valley’s enslaved learned that Patterson enforced Union policy at the conflict’s outset, which precluded Union soldiers from aiding enslaved people flee enslavers. Despite Patterson seizing freedom seekers and either returning them to enslavers or locking them up in the jail in Martinsburg, those who desired freedom remained undaunted. Freedom seekers hoped that offering something of value to Patterson, either labor or services as spies, might soften Patterson’s position, but it did not. Additionally, this chapter examines the efforts of some soldiers in Patterson’s army to defy his orders and aid freedom seekers. Finally, this chapter highlights the reaction of the Valley’s enslaved population to passage of the First Confiscation Act and the stories of enslaved people who fled to Harpers Ferry in late 1861 and early 1862, seeking refuge with Patterson’s replacement in the Shenandoah Valley, General Nathaniel P. Banks.