bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Turnaround Time of Patients in Emergency Department at a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in Uttarakhand, India: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Joshi Dinesh Chandra , Saini Ravinder Singh , Samant Shweta , Kanchan Nitin
Published: April 2024

Introduction: The Emergency Department (ED) is the point of first contact for any critically ill patient needing immediate medical attention. EDs use a triage system which ensures people who are critically ill are treated first. Turnaround Time (TAT) for the ED is taken as the time from the patient’s arrival in the ED to either their hospitalisation or discharge. Aim: To estimate the TAT of patients in the ED at a tertiary care teaching hospital. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted from August 1 to August 31, 2022, at the ED of Himalayan Hospital, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India. A sample size of 300 patients were selected using a simple random sampling technique. Data were collected by direct observation using a data collection sheet. Timings were recorded with the help of a stopwatch. Statistical analysis was performed using the data analysis tool in Microsoft Excel and Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Pearson coefficient of correlation (r-value) and p-value were calculated. The level of statistical significance was set at 5% (p-value <0.05). Results: Most of the patients attending the ED were over 60 years of age 65 (21.7%). Only 24 (8%) patients were triaged as priority 1 (Red), whereas priority 2 (Yellow) and priority 3 (Green) patients were 135 (45%) and 141 (47%), respectively. It was observed that a maximum of 79 (26%) patients reported to the ED between 4 pm to 8 pm. A total of 186 (63%) patients were given final disposal within three hours of their arrival in the ED. The overall average length of stay in the ED was 2 hours, 53 minutes, and 4 seconds, or 173 minutes. Conclusion: The study provided valuable insight into the causes of the increased TAT of patients in the ED. The highest time (1 hour, 48 minutes, and 59 seconds±1 hour, 31 minutes, and 43 seconds, constituting 63% of the total time in the ED) was taken by radiological investigations in the ED, followed by the time of 36 minutes and 30 seconds±39 minutes and 3 seconds (21% of total time in the emergency) for shifting patients.
Comparison of Cryobiopsy and Forceps Biopsy in Suspected Lung Carcinoma Patients with Endobronchial Lesions: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Gadwal Vaishnavi , Vinay V , Sethi Prabhpreet , Saini Jitendra Kumar , Abdullah V Yasir , Singh Kuljeet , Swaroon A
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Forceps Biopsy (FB) is usually used to obtain tissue in endobronchial lesions through a flexible bronchoscope. The mean diagnostic rate of bronchoscopic FB is 74% in central tumours. A limitation of FB is the small tissue size and the occurrence of crush artifacts. In contrast, Cryobiopsy (CB) provides larger samples without such artifacts, which are crucial for accurate histopathological diagnoses. Aim: To compare the efficacy and safety of CB with FB in endobronchial mass lesions suspected of lung cancer. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on suspected endobronchial mass lesions with suspicion of malignancy from October 2015 to March 2017. About 35 patients fulfilling the inclusion criteria were enrolled, and five of these 35 patients were excluded as they were diagnosed with benign lesions. Among these 30 patients, a flexible biopsy was obtained first followed by CB using the same endobronchial cryobiopsy. Data were analysed in terms of tissue viability, mean tissue size, diagnostic yield, complications, and histological diagnosis. Parameters were compared using the Chi-square test (χ2 test) and Fisher’s exact test. Results: The mean age of the study participants was 58.33±10.12 years. The mean±SD size (diameter) of tissue obtained by CB (0.73±0.47 cm) was higher than that of FB (0.23±0.08 cm) (p-value<0.001). The diagnostic yield obtained by CB was 96.7% compared to 70% in FB (p-value<0.005). Mild bleeding was seen in 86.7% of the CB group and in 60% of the FB group (p-value=0.019). None of the patients in the study experienced moderate or severe bleeding. Conclusion: CB emerges as a safe and dependable method, offering superior diagnostic outcomes compared to conventional FB with its capability to obtain larger biopsy samples and goodquality tissue while minimal bleeding. CB stands as a viable alternative to FB.
Effect of Dexmedetomidine versus Propofol on Sevoflurane related Emergence Agitation in Paediatric Patients: A Randomised Clinical Study
Authors: Vettuvanthodi Thasreefa , Abdul Basheer Padinjare Madathil , Subramonian Minu , Krishnankutty Rekha
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Postoperative Emergence Agitation (EA) is a troublesome side-effect of sevoflurane anaesthesia. Drugs like dexmedetomidine and propofol offer significant benefits in reducing the incidence and severity of sevoflurane-related postoperative EA in paediatric patients. Aim: To compare the efficacy of intravenous dexmedetomidine and propofol in reducing the incidence and severity of EA associated with sevoflurane anaesthesia in paediatric patients. Materials and Methods: A randomised clinical study was conducted on 140 patients, belonging to American Society of Anaesthesiologists Physical Status (ASA PS) classes I and II, aged between 2-6 years, undergoing infraumbilical surgery lasting more than one hour. The patients were divided into two equal groups receiving dexmedetomidine 0.3 μg/kg (Group SD) and propofol 1 mg/kg (Group SP) at the start of skin closure, administered over 10 minutes. The incidence of EA in the Post Anaesthesia Care Unit (PACU) was evaluated using the Watcha scale, and the severity of EA was assessed using the Paediatric Anaesthesia Emergence Delirium (PAED) scale. A Watcha score of 3 or 4 indicated the presence of EA, while a PAED score of ≥12 was deemed significant. Statistical analysis of the data was performed using International Business Machines (IBM) Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 22.0, with an Independent sample t-test for comparing normally distributed quantitative parameters, and the Chi-square test for comparing categorical outcomes between the study groups. Results: The mean age of the patients in group SD was 4.19±0.78 years, and in group SP was 4.03±0.71 years. Both study groups were found to be comparable in terms of patient characteristics such as age, sex, weight, and duration of surgery (p-value >0.05). The incidence of postoperative EA, as measured by the Watcha scale, was higher in group SP compared to group SD upon arrival and up to 30 minutes in the PACU (p-value <0.001). The severity of EA, assessed using the PAED score, was greater in group SP compared to group SD at 0, 5, 10,15 and 20 minutes in the PACU (p-value <0.001). Conclusion: Dexmedetomidine 0.3 μg/kg was more effective than propofol 1 mg/kg in reducing the incidence and severity of EA associated with sevoflurane anaesthesia, with minimal haemodynamic effects and no clinically relevant severe adverse effects in both the groups. The significantly prolonged extubation times observed in the propofol group did not result in significantly longer stays in the PACU.
Play Tool Kit to Strengthen Prosocial Behaviour and Empathy among Attention-Deficit/Hyperactive Children
Authors: Emmanuel Franny Joel , Sharma Anil
Published: April 2024

Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that affects individuals’ ability to regulate their attention, impulses, and activity levels. It is commonly diagnosed in childhood but can persist into adolescence and adulthood. Children with such type of disorder are having copious problems related to social skills. Understanding these core symptoms is crucial in recognising and addressing the challenges faced by children with ADHD. Hence, some interventions has to be introduced in the form of a play toolkit, which has a significant effect on ADHD children’s prosocial behaviour and empathy. This play toolkit includes two components: play therapy and doodle therapy. Using play-based activities to enhance social skills, emotional regulation, problem-solving, and cooperation skills in a supportive and engaging environment is essential. Utilising creative activities like drawing, colouring, and art-based projects to facilitate self-expression, communication, and emotional understanding can indirectly improve social interactions. By incorporating these interventions into a comprehensive treatment plan, nurses and healthcare professionals can help children with ADHD develop essential social skills, improve their relationships with peers and adults, and enhance their overall well-being.
Exploring Recent Advancements in Rotator Cuff Injury Rehabilitation: A Narrative Review
Authors: Kumar Brajesh , Rishi Priyanka , Reyalch Neha
Published: April 2024

Rotator cuff injuries are prevalent musculoskeletal injuries that may impair quality of life and function. This narrative review covers current rotator cuff injury rehabilitation breakthroughs and provides insights into evidence-based techniques that improve patient outcomes. Recent advances in evaluation and rehabilitation are the topic of this narrative review. It covers the newest diagnostic techniques and imaging modalities for better diagnosis and patient stratification. It also examines how wearable gadgets and tele rehabilitation might improve recovery. Recent exercise prescription and progression advances include eccentric training, isometric movements, and neuromuscular re-education for rotator cuff repair and function. It emphasises patient-specific rehabilitation procedures and the growing significance of regenerative treatments and biologics in rotator cuff injury treatment. This evaluation also stresses patient education and collaborative decision-making for rehabilitation success. Managing rotator cuff injuries psychologically involves treating pain, fear avoidance, and psychosocial concerns. In conclusion, this narrative review summarises the latest rotator cuff injury rehabilitation techniques and modalities. Rotator cuff injury patients may benefit from these advances in outcomes, recurrence rates, and quality of life. This narrative review helps physicians, researchers, and healthcare workers treating rotator cuff injuries keep current.
Breeding by Barn Owls Tyto alba in artificial nest hollows established for an endangered black cockatoo in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia
Authors: Mawson Peter R , Dawson Rick , Saunders Denis A
Published: April 2024

Barn Owls Tyto alba were recorded breeding in natural nest hollows in a Wandoo Eucalyptus wandoo woodland in the northern wheatbelt of Western Australia infrequently and at low densities during the period 1969-2022. During a record cropping season in 2022, Barn Owls were first recorded nesting successfully in natural hollows and in artificial nest hollows designed for use by Carnaby's Cockatoos. The large clutch sizes (5-7) and complete fledging success observed in three artificial nest hollows was likely facilitated by a large House Mouse Mus musculus population associated with the record cropping season experienced at the study site.
Climatic Suitability for Cocoa Production in Nigeria
Authors: Omotayo F. S. , Oguntunde P. G. , Akinwumiju A. S.
Published: April 2024

Cocoa is one of the major cash crops that contribute more to the gross domestic product (GDP) of Nigeria and West Africa as a whole. Its contribution to the economic development of Africa and the world in general cannot be over emphasized. However, it has been discovered that cocoa is susceptible to changes in climatic parameters which has made it difficult to be grown in every part of the country, hence, the need to underscore the areas that are climatically suitable for the production of cocoa in Nigeria. This study was carried out to determine the climatic suitability pattern for the production of cocoa in Nigeria. A series of multi-year climate and crop yield simulations were performed for the present day (1976-2005), Mid-term (2021-2050) and long-term (2071-2100) under RCP 4.5 emission scenario using Fuzzy Logic Method (FLM) in ArcGIS (10.4.1). The results showed that some regions that are climatically suitable for cocoa production in the present day have not been explored. The regions with moderately suitability was projected to decrease the year 2050 while regions with marginally suitable, will increase by the year 2050. The remaining land that are not suitable will also decrease by the year 2050. The very suitable region was projected to increase by the year 2050 and by 2100. Also, a land area suitable and moderately suitable for cocoa production was projected to increase in land mass by the year 2050 and 2100. However, the region with marginally suitability will decrease by 2050 and year 2100. Meanwhile, the area that is not suitable by 2050 will increase by the year 2100. Which means there is a decrease in climatic suitability of cocoa by 2100 as projected.
Optimization of Tannin’s Extraction from Cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) Nut Testa for Use in Leather Tanning
Authors: Mwangi Sharif Zuberi , Silayo Valerian Cosmas , Chaula Davis Naboth
Published: April 2024

Extensive researches have been conducted over the years, focusing on the use of vegetable tannins to reduce pollution caused by mineral tanning. Vegetable tannins have been utilized commercially, but they remain costly and are not easily accessible. The purpose of this study was to optimize the tannin’s extraction from cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) nut testa using water in order to determine their suitability in leather tanning. Samples of cashew nut testa were collected randomly from cashew nut processors in Mtwara region, Southern Tanzania. They were shade-dried and ground into powder. Various ratio of powder/water (1:6, 1:9, 1:12 and 1:15) -on weight basis were made for extraction, maintained at a temperature of 70 0C for 90 minutes. Results showed that, depending on the extract ratios, different tannin concentrations were obtained which had an implication on tannin extracted from powder. Experiment was found solution with ratio 1:9 have shown to extract about 50.73% of total tannins presented on cashew nut testa powder followed by solutions with ratio 1:12, ratio 1:15, and ratio 1:6 extracted about 46.27%, 43.51% and 38.95% respectively. Suitability of various tannins solution extracted from cashew nut testa was tested using conventional tanning process on sheepskins. The physical properties of the resultant leathers were determined using the standard methods (TBS/ISO). Under given condition, it has shown that using the ratios of 1:6, 1:9, 1:12 and 1:15 resulted in leather with tensile strength ranging between 19.41+6.36 MPa and 43.00+8.18 MPa and elongation at maximum load in the range of 34.48+10.12 % to 77.56+10.96 %., average shrinkage temperatures were above 75oC, and flexing test gave no damage of leather at 100,000 flexes. The physical properties of leather recorded have shown to meet the minimum recommended values from the standard (ISO 14931-2021). The mixing ratio 1:9 of cashew nut testa powder/water has been recommended for extracting tannin for vegetable tanning.
Effect of Phosphorus Levels on Early Seedlings of Rice (Oryza sativa) under Varying Moisture Stress Conditions
Authors: Pathak Jayesh , Biswas Sneha , Rao J Himanshu
Published: April 2024

This study investigated the impact of moisture levels and phosphorus applications on different rice varieties. It aimed to: 1. Identify optimal rice varieties for specific moisture and phosphorus combinations. 2. Understand how moisture stress affects seed germination speed and root and shoot development. 3. Analyze the influence of increased phosphorus on root growth, especially under moisture stress. 4. Evaluate if additional NPK application enhances the positive effects of phosphorus.
The meticulously controlled experiment, conducted within the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI)'s RGA facility from October to November 2023, utilized five rice varieties, three moisture levels (flooded, ideal, and Drought-like), and varying phosphorus levels.
The findings revealed a positive correlation between phosphorus levels and root length across all rice varieties. This emphasizes the crucial role of phosphorus in promoting root development under challenging conditions. Notably, while increased phosphorus significantly enhanced root adhesion under flooding and aided seedling recovery, drought remained a significant barrier to root growth, regardless of phosphorus application. Interestingly, despite general genetic uniformity in germination and root-shoot parameters among the varieties, a clear positive correlation between phosphorus levels and root length was still observed.
In conclusion, this study highlights the importance of phosphorus in strengthening root grip during floods, thereby aiding seedling recovery. However, it also emphasizes that drought remains a dominant factor hindering plant growth. The consistency observed across different rice varieties strengthens the findings, and the significant increase in root length with increased phosphorus application underscores its vital role in root development under challenging conditions. This study provides valuable insights for optimizing rice growth strategies by considering specific rice varieties, moisture levels, and phosphorus applications.
Hydrothermal Treatment: A Critical Research on Improving Milling Efficiency Using the Parboiling Process for Pearl Millet
Authors: Sangma Salnamchi J. , Belagalla Ningaraj , H.V Vikram Simha , Debnath Abhijit , Kamalasundari S. , Devi Okram Ricky , Ojha Nayanjyoti , Pandey Saurabh Raj , Malathi G. , Asmatullah .
Published: April 2024

Hydrothermal treatment, particularly through the parboiling process, has emerged as a critical method for enhancing milling efficiency in pearl millet. This study provides a comprehensive analysis of the various aspects related to parboiling as a means to improve the quality and yield of milled pearl millet grains. The study begins by elucidating the significance of milling efficiency in pearl millet processing, considering its nutritional value and widespread consumption in regions such as sub-Saharan Africa and Asia. It then delves into the principles underlying the parboiling process, including soaking, steaming, and drying stages, and their impact on the physicochemical properties of millet grains. Key factors influencing milling efficiency, such as soaking temperature, duration, and steaming conditions, are thoroughly examined based on recent research findings and empirical evidence. The study highlights the critical role of gelatinization in starch transformation, protein denaturation, and fiber preservation during the parboiling process, contributing to improved milling outcomes. Furthermore, the review explores the effects of parboiling on reducing grain breakage, enhancing milling yield, and minimizing nutrient losses, thereby optimizing the overall milling efficiency of pearl millet. It discusses the implications of parboiling on nutritional quality, food safety, and economic viability, underscoring its potential to address challenges in millet processing and promote sustainable agricultural practices. The study concludes by outlining future research directions and practical considerations for optimizing the parboiling process in pearl millet production. It emphasizes the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration, knowledge exchange, and technology transfer to realize the full benefits of hydrothermal treatment in improving milling efficiency and enhancing the value chain of pearl millet. In summary, this critical review provides valuable insights into the role of parboiling as a transformative technique for enhancing milling efficiency in pearl millet processing, offering implications for research, policy, and practice in the domains of food security, nutrition, and agricultural development.
Residual Soil Fertility and Yield of Okra as Affected by Bio-inoculants and Bio-organic Nutrient Sources
Authors: Dhiman Shivali , Kumari Santosh , Sohi Anuj , Dogra Balbir S
Published: April 2024

Over the course of two kharif seasons in 2020 and 2021, a study was conducted to explore the impact of bi-inoculants (Pseudomonas fluorescens and Pseudomonas lactis) and bio-organic nutrient sources (farmyard manure, vermicompost, Beejamrit and Jeevamrit) over the fruit yield and residual soil fertility of okra in the Entisols of Himachal Pradesh. The study was structured around seventeen treatments with different combinations of bio-inoculants, bio-formulations and nutrient sources. The investigation revealed that minimum soil pH (6.96), maximum soil organic carbon (0.76 %), available nitrogen (259.36 kg/ha) and available phosphorus (26.98 kg/ha) were obtained with treatment T16 [FYM (50 q/ha) + Vermicompost (25 q/ha) + Jeevamrit + Pseudomonas fluorescens]. The maximum soil electrical conductivity (0.208 dSm-1) and available potassium (174.65 kg/ha) was obtained in treatment T17 [Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (78N:50P:54K kg/ha)]. The highest gross income (₹2,58,760 /ha), net income (₹1,60,620 /ha) were observed in treatment T16 [FYM (50 q/ha) + Vermicompost (25q/ha) + Jeevamrit + Pseudomonas fluorescens] and the highest benefit: cost ratio (1.69) was observed in treatment T10 [Jeevamrit + Pseudomonas fluorescens]. Therefore, it is evident that using bio-organic nutrients such as farmyard manure, vermicompost, and Jeevamrit, in conjunction with the bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens, is advantageous for enhancing the residual fertility of the soil and achieving sustainable cultivation of okra, while also allowing for a complete savings of 100% on fertilizers.
Depression among Women during Menopause and Its Effect
Authors: Haritha Y. D. , Bilquis .
Published: April 2024

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a serious medical condition that affects how people feel, how they think and how they behave. In developed countries, menopause usually begins between the ages 40 and 58. The average age in the United States is 52 years. For some women, menopause (perimenopause), or the "change of life", is a rollercoaster of physical and emotional highs and lows. The so-called "change of life" is accompanied by a variety of symptoms, such as hot flashes and insomnia, mood swings and depression. When women experience sudden hormonal changes, such as menopausal changes, puberty and postpartum changes, and even changes in their monthly cycles, they are at an increased risk for developing depression. In fact, women are three times more likely to develop depression than men. The main focus of this study was on “depression among women during menopause and its effect”. The study included women aged 45-55 years. For the study, a sample of sixty women from Madakasira village in the Sathya Sai district comprised the sample. Under the direction of subject matter specialists, the researcher created a questionnaire, which was pre-tested on a different sample before being given to the real sample. According to the study, women experienced anxiety and despair throughout menopause.
An Analysis of Visual Field Defects in Pituitary Macroadenomas: A Prospective Study
Authors: Bashir Asma , Khateeb Erum Waris , Lone Imtiyaz A
Published: April 2024

Pituitary Adenomas are common benign Intracranial tumours which cause visual field defects by anterior visual pathway compression after suprasellar extension of pituitary macroadenomas. After fulfilling the inclusion criteria, 31 patients with pituitary macroadenomas were evaluated for visual field defects using Humphrey Visual filed analyser (Perimeter). Thirteen patients had normal visual fields and 18 patients had abnormal visual fields.  Bitemporal hemianopia was the most common visual field defect seen on perimetry. Also there was a positive correlation between the tumour size and the visual field defects.
Pontederia crassipes Biosynthesised Silver Nanoparticles (AgNPs), Characterisation and Activity against Multidrug-Resistant Microbes
Authors: Semu T. C , Williams J , Cheng J. , Mutingwende I , Chifamba J
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Pontederia crassipes (water hyacinth) has been singled out as one of the major causes of enormous economic and ecological losses to tropical water systems and habitats. Almost impossible to eradicate, the ominous species is characterized by rapid multiplication, giving rapid and extensive spread that can choke entire rivers and water bodies. However, vast, diverse bioactive secondary metabolites are found in P crassipes which exhibit an expansive assortment of antibacterial properties used in traditional medicine. The rapid emergence of Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) pathogens to common drugs is a pandemic of global proportions. Global health institutions are calling for a coordinated, global action plan to develop new biomaterials to combat the rising threat by MDR strains and improve treatment outcomes and save lives. This study proposes consumption of the water hyacinth lily species through a novel, material biosynthesis approach not only to manage the aquatic infestation but to develop advanced multifunctional, anti-microbial Silver nanoparticles through bio-reduction and capping of Silver salts targeted at MDR microbes.
Methodology: After screening for active phytoconstituents of P.crassipes. The Biosynthesis of Novel AgNPs mediated by phenolic, antibacterial lyophilized hydro-ethanolic extracts from P crassipes as both bioreduction and capping agents was investigated. The resultant AgNPs characteristics, toxicological profiles and the antibacterial effects on 10 common microbes including MDR bacterial strains were evaluated.
Observations and Results: TEM revealed that cubic and spherical nanometric AgNPs structures were successfully synthesized with particle size range from 10-60nm. With an average zone of inhibition of 29mm and an MIC of 6.25 µg/ml .The nanoparticles were efficacious against selected MDR strains and common infectious bacterial strains tested. In-vivo acute oral toxicity evaluations confirmed the safety of P crassipes.
Conclusion: Biogenic P.crassipes mediated AgNPs are feasible, safe and efficacious and have immense potential for optimization into efficient broad spectrum MDR antibacterial agents.b
Productivity and Profitability of Fodder oat (Avena sativa L.) as Affected by Integrated Nutrient Management: A Review
Authors: Kour Manpreet , Dwivedi M.C. , Rahimzai Aliahmad Abdul , Kour Simrandeep , Singh Prabhjeet , Bochalya Ranjeet Singh
Published: April 2024

Fodder oats (Avena sativa L.) is a valuable feed resource for livestock, providing high-quality forage rich in nutrients essential for animal health and productivity. This review summarizes the key components and benefits of integrated nutrient management in fodder oats cultivation. Organic inputs such as farmyard manure, compost, and green manure enhance soil quality while inorganic fertilizers provide essential macro and micronutrients necessary for robust crop growth and yield.Various researchers found that higher green and dry fodder yields were obtained with the application of Farmyard Manure @ 5 t/ha + 50 percent of the recommended dose of fertilizers (329.76- 518.32 q ha-1) and 75% RDF along with 2 t Poultry manure ha-1 (77.57- 91.31 q ha-1 ). While 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF)+Zn + plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR)+residual farm yard manure (R-FYM) and 100%RDF + Zn + R-FYM significantly increased fodder quality traits- Crude protein (9.44-10.10%), ether extract (4.5-5%), total ash yield (33.8-34.6%), ADF and NDF. Uptake of N, K, P, S and Mn by oat crop was highest at 75% NPK+2.5t Vermicompost +10kg Mn+20kg S ha-1. Higher net returns per ha were obtained by integrated nutrient management treatment of FYM @ 5 t/ha + 50 percent of the recommended dose of fertilizers and the application of 75% RDF (60:40 NP) kg ha-1 along with 2 t poultry manure ha-1. Thus Integrated nutrient sources increased the yield and quality of fodder oat besides enhancing profitability.
Evaluasi Penyediaan Air Bersih Di Kecamatan Maulafa Kota Kupang
Authors: Fernandez Wenceslaus Reinaldo , Octavia Tanti
Published: April 2024

Pertumbuhan dan perkembangan penduduk yang cukup tinggi menyebabkan kebutuhan air bersih juga semakin meningkat, salah satunya di Kecamatan maulafa. Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja jaringan distribusi air bersih di kecamatan maulafa. Evaluasi kinerja jaringan distribusi air bersih ditinjau berdasarkan aspek pelayanan danberdasarkan hasil kuesioner, Berdasarkan hasil evaluasi didapatkan bahwa hanya sekitar 22,58% (18840 dari 85455 jiwa) masyarakat Kecamatan Maulafa yang terlayani PDAM Kota Kupang atau masih sekitar 64615 jiwa masyarakat kecamatan maulafa yang tidak mendapat pelayanan dari PDAM kota kupang, total kekurangan kebutuhan air di kecamatan maulafa sekitar 140 liter/ detik. Hasil survey juga menunjukkan pelayanan dari pihak PDAM Kota Kupang masih kurang maksimal seperti distribusi air ke pelanggan tidak lancar/aliran airnya tidak mengalir secara kontinyu, kurangnya pemeliharaan operasional dari pihak PDAM.
Pembangunan Rumah dan Showroom Untuk Kenyamanan Penghuni di Surabaya
Authors: Lukyanto Nikolaus , Chandra Jimmy , Tjahjadi Hendra
Published: April 2024

Kenyamanan sebuah tempat tinggal sangat menjadi hal yang krusial bagi penghuninya. Lingkungan sebuah tempat tinggal dipengaruhi beberapa hal diantaranya kenyamanan dan keamanan. Seorang kontraktor Design and Build (D&B) memiliki peran penting dalam mendesain sebuah bangunan hunian yang dinilai dari nilai estetika (tampilan visual) dan desain struktur rumah. Selain itu kontraktor juga bertanggung jawab atas kepuasan owner. Dalam pembangunan rumah untuk menciptakan suasana yang nyaman perlu memperhatikan beberapa faktor, seperti ergonomi, estetika, ketahanan struktural, partisipasi masyarakat, dan pekerja. Keergonomisan sebuah bangunan tempat tinggal berpengaruh pada efisiensi energi. Efisiensi energi berpengaruh terhadap hal-hal seperti pengurangan biaya operasional, penghematan energi, dan membuat hunian menjadi sebuah bangunan ramah lingkungan. Pemilihan penggunaan Desain sebuah bangunan perlu memperhitungkan prinsip ergonomi yang menunjang kebutuhan fisik pemilik hunian. Estetika pada sebuah ruangan dapat berpengaruh pada efek psikologis penghuninya. Ketahanan struktural sebuah bangunan juga merupakan bagian penting dalam proses pembangunan dimana dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor seperti desain struktural, bahan bangunan yang digunakan, serta pengawasan selama masa konstruksi. Faktor perijinan dengan tetangga dan instansi lingkungan setempat sangat mempengaruhi pekerjaan terutama pada produktivitas pekerjaan. Tenaga kerja juga sangat berpengaruh terhadap pekerjaan. Penggunaan teknologi seperti BIM (Building Information Modelling) dapat menjadi solusi apabila terdapat hambatan dalam memahami gambar lokasi (shop drawing) dan penentuan pekerjaan tambahan selama proses pembangunan. Identifikasi risiko dan implementasi manajemen risiko perlu dilakukan untuk meningkatkan kesadaran dalam penentuan pekerjaan apa yang diperlukan perhatian khusus untuk menghindari adanya kecelakaan kerja.
Superparamagnetic Hyperbranched Polyglycerol‐Grafted Fe3O4 Nanoparticles as a Novel Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agent: An In Vitro Assessment
Authors: Wang Liang , Neoh K. G. , Kang E. T. , Shuter Borys , Wang Shih‐Chang
Published: July 2009

Hyperbranched polyglycerol‐grafted, magnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (HPG‐grafted MNPs) are successfully synthesized by surface‐initiated ring‐opening multibranching polymerization of glycidol. Reactive hydroxyl groups are immobilized on the surface of 6–9 nm Fe3O4 nanoparticles via effective ligand exchange of oleic acid with 6‐hydroxy caproic acid. The surface hydroxyl groups are treated with aluminum isopropoxide to form the nanosized macroinitiators. The successful grafting of HPG onto the nanoparticles is confirmed by infrared and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The HPG‐grafted MNPs have a uniform hydrodynamic diameter of (24.0 ± 3.0) nm, and are very stable in aqueous solution, as well as in cell culture medium, for months. These nanoparticles have great potential for application as a new magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent, as evidenced by their lack of cytotoxicity towards mammalian cells, low uptake by macrophages, excellent stability in aqueous medium and magnetic fields, and favorable magnetic properties. Furthermore, the possibility of functionalizing the hydroxyl end‐groups of the HPG with cell‐specific targeting ligands will expand the range of applications of these MNPs.
Sodium, blood pressure, and ethnicity: What have we learned?
Authors: Gleiberman Lillian
Published: July 2009

An enormous amount of research has yielded significant knowledge about ethnic differences in sodium homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. Consistent findings such as greater sodium‐sensitivity, lower potassium excretion and high higher serum sodium levels in African Americans need further exploration to define more precise physiological mechanisms. The genetic alleles associated with sodium homeostasis in relation to blood pressure have accounted for only a small proportion of the variance in blood pressure. Several allelic variants differ in frequency among ethnic groups and heat‐adapted genetic variants have a high prevalence in low latitudes and hot, wet climates which lends support to the “sodium retention” hypothesis. The blood pressure disparities between African Americans and whites may, in part, be due to different allelic frequencies of genes associated with sodium homeostasis. However, with advances in genomics, environmental factors tend to be neglected in research. Better measures of environmental stress have recently been developed by anthropologists and should be included in research designs by investigators in other disciplines. Public health efforts should encourage food producers to reduce sodium content of its products, and physicians should encourage patients to reduce consumption of high sodium packaged and fast foods. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Autosomal and X chromosome Alu insertions in Bolivian Aymaras and Quechuas: Two languages and one genetic pool
Authors: Gayà‐vidal Magdalena , Dugoujon Jean‐Michel , Esteban Esther , Athanasiadis Georgios , Rodríguez Armando , Villena Mercedes , Vasquez René , Moral Pedro
Published: July 2009

Thirty‐two polymorphic Alu insertions (18 autosomal and 14 from the X chromosome) were studied in 192 individuals from two Amerindian populations of the Bolivian Altiplano (Aymara and Quechua speakers: the two main Andean linguistic groups), to provide relevant information about their genetic relationships and demographic processes. The main objective was to determine from genetic data whether the expansion of the Quechua language into Bolivia could be associated with demographic (Inca migration of Quechua‐speakers from Peru into Bolivia) or cultural (language imposition by the Inca Empire) processes. Allele frequencies were used to assess the genetic relationships between these two linguistic groups. Our results indicated that the two Bolivian samples showed a high genetic similarity for both sets of markers and were clearly differentiated from the two Peruvian Quechua samples available in the literature. Additionally, our data were compared with the available literature to determine the genetic and linguistic structure, and East–West differentiation in South America. The close genetic relationship between the two Bolivian samples and their differentiation from the Quechua‐speakers from Peru suggests that the Quechua language expansion in Bolivia took place without any important demographic contribution. Moreover, no clear geographical or linguistic structure was found for the Alu variation among South Amerindians. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Genetic profiling of the Azores Islands (Portugal): Data from 10 X‐chromosome STRs
Authors: Silva Francisca , Pereira Rui , Gusmão Leonor , Santos Cristina , Amorim António , Prata Maria João , Bettencourt Conceição , Lourenço Paula , Lima Manuela
Published: July 2009

The populations from the Azores islands have been the target of several genetic studies, using data derived from monoparental and recombining genetic systems. These studies have provided a complex picture of the genetic landscape of the three groups of Azorean islands, and further data are required to assess its genetic profile. We present a study of the polymorphism in 10 X‐chromosome STR loci (DSXS8378, DXS9898, DXS7133, GATA31E08, GATA172D05, DXS7423, DXS6809, DXS7132, DXS9902, DXS6789) conducted on a total of 304 chromosomes (97 females and 110 males) of unrelated individuals with Azorean ancestry. Average gene diversity was 74.47%, ranging from 66.21% (DXS7133) to 81.19% (GATA172D05). No shared haplotypes were found. Genotype frequencies among females displayed conformity with Hardy‐Weinberg expectations for all loci. Pairwise linkage disequilibrium tests did not reveal evidences of association between the studied markers. Significant differences in allelic frequencies between the Western and the Eastern group of islands are in agreement with previous results from mitochondrial DNA and Y chromosome studies, providing further evidence that the Azores cannot be considered an homogeneous population. Moreover, differences between the Western group and the North of Portugal are also reported, supporting the pertinence of a specific database for the Azores populations, on what concerns the genetic markers analyzed. Am. J. Hum. Biol., 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tracing the origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese by mitochondrial DNA analysis
Authors: Wang Wen‐Zhi , Wang Cheng‐Ye , Cheng Yao‐Ting , Xu An‐Long , Zhu Chun‐Ling , Wu Shi‐Fang , Kong Qing‐Peng , Zhang Ya‐Ping
Published: July 2009

Hakka and Chaoshanese are two unique Han populations residing in southern China but with northern Han (NH) cultural traditions and linguistic influences. Although most of historical records indicate that both populations migrated from northern China in the last two thousand years, no consensus on their origins has been reached so far. To shed more light on the origins of Hakka and Chaoshanese, mitochondrial DNAs (mtDNAs) of 170 Hakka from Meizhou and 102 Chaoshanese from Chaoshan area, Guangdong Province, were analyzed. Our results show that some southern Chinese predominant haplogroups, e.g. B, F, and M7, have relatively high frequencies in both populations. Although median network analyses show that Hakka/Chaoshanese share some haplotypes with NH, interpopulation comparison reveals that both populations show closer affinity with southern Han (SH) populations than with NH. In consideration of previous results from nuclear gene (including Y chromosome) research, it is likely that matrilineal landscapes of both Hakka and Chaoshanese have largely been shaped by the local people during their migration southward and/or later colonization in southern China, and factors such as cultural assimilation, patrilocality, and even sex‐bias in the immigrants might have played important roles during the process. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Scramble or contest competition over food in solitarily foraging mouse lemurs (Microcebus spp.): New insights from stable isotopes
Authors: Dammhahn Melanie , Kappeler Peter M.
Published: July 2009

The relationships between resource distribution, type of competition, and consequences for social organization have been formalized in the socioecological model (SEM) which predicts that ecological factors are the main determinants of female distribution. We tested this basic prediction in two solitary primates (Microcebus berthae and M. murinus) which differ in female association patterns. Using stable nitrogen and carbon isotope data of hair samples and food sources we quantified inter‐specific differences in diet. δ13C in M. berthae reflected a diet composed mainly of insect secretions. Higher within‐species as well as seasonal variation in δ13C of M. murinus indicated a wider trophic niche including plant and animal source food. Constantly elevated δ15N in M. murinus most likely reflected extended torpor during the lean season. This energy‐saving strategy together with a wider, more opportunistic feeding niche might reduce female competition in this species, facilitating smaller female ranges, and a higher association potential. In contrast, δ15N fluctuated seasonally in M. berthae, most likely indicating varying amounts of arthropod food in the diet. Intense scramble competition over small and seasonally limited resources might lead to female spatial avoidance and a reduced association potential in M. berthae. Thus, differences in female association patterns between these two solitary foragers are due to different types of competition and overall intensities of intra‐specific competition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2010. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Mediators, when the court comes calling, remember: It's not your business to declare this settlement to be fair
Authors: Kichaven Jeff , McCauley Jay
Published: July 2009

Jeff Kichaven and Jay McCauley, of Los Angeles, explain why mediators enlisted for a so‐called Fairness Declaration should just say no.
A recent innovation, ‘cooperative’ negotiation can promote early and efficient settlement through joint case management
Authors: Lande John
Published: July 2009

A new way of negotiating could provide a refuge for attorneys tired of the litigation mindset, and produce more control and better results. John Lande, of Columbia, Mo., provides the details on Cooperative practice.
An ADR procedure for loss allocation in a joint defense agreement
Authors: Dauer Edward A. , Nyhart J.D.
Published: July 2009

Successful joint defense agreements require a procedure by which settlements or adverse judgments can be allocated among the participating defendants. Such agreements usually preclude inter‐defendant argument during the principal trial; as a result, neither a judgment nor the terms of a prudential settlement are useful as a guide to allocating the joint loss among the participants.

Submitting claims (for contribution) to formal litigation after the principal trial defeats the purpose of the joint defense agreement vis‐a‐vis future plaintiffs. Hence the need for a private ADR (Alternative Dispute Resolution) procedure.

The following pages outline an ADR procedure specially tailored to the needs of multi‐party or multi‐chemical toxic tort litigation. The components of the process are largely well known ADR techniques, supplemented by a novel science process that addresses the unique characteristics of the allocation problem in instances of scientific uncertainty or disputed scientific causality. The process is only partly binding; while it permits litigation as a last resort, it imposes sanctions on its use. The multiple‐defendant and often multiple‐chemical dimensions of the underlying litigation also call for practical groupings of interests, to keep the complexity of the process manageable. How those groups are assembled, when necessary, is a matter of negotiation in each case. Other selected features of the process are discussed in additional, although still brief, detail in these pages.
A non‐adversary solution for employee conflicts
Authors: Robbins Lee , Deane William
Published: July 2009

The use of corporate ombuds (“a neutral member of the corporation who provides confidential and informal assistance to employees in resolving work‐related concerns and is outside the normal management control structure”) is a growing phenomenon among large U.S. corporations. In contrast to such classic approaches to dispute resolution as grievance procedures, arbitration, and lawsuits, ombuds use non‐adversary methods. The paper closes with a detailed “idealized design” for an ombuds program usable for comparison with existing systems or as a starting point for the development of new ombuds positions.
Die Suche nach infektiösen Ursachen für Krebserkrankungen beim Menschen: wo und warum (Nobel‐Vortrag)
Authors: zur Hausen Harald
Published: July 2009

Gut 20 % aller Krebserkrankungen weltweit können derzeit auf infektiöse Agentien zurückgeführt werden, darunter auch Viren, Bakterien und Parasiten. In diesem Aufsatz werden Gründe für ihre relativ späte Entdeckung analysiert und epidemiologische Beobachtungen herausgegriffen, die auf eine mögliche Beteiligung weiterer infektiöser Faktoren bei bestimmten menschlichen Krebsarten hinweisen. Der Schwerpunkt liegt auf malignen Tumoren des blutbildenden Systems, Brust‐ und Kolorektalkrebsen, aber auch auf Basaliomen der Haut und Lungenkrebs bei Nichtrauchern.
Integration of remote sensing, geophysical surveys and archaeological excavation for the study of a medieval mound (Tuscany, Italy)
Authors: Campana S. , Dabas M. , Marasco L. , Piro S. , Zamuner D.
Published: July 2009

The area described in this article was ‘detected’ by the Laboratory for Landscape Archeology and Remote Sensing, University of Siena research team during aerial prospection in spring 2005. Analysis of the aerial photographs allowed interpretation of the site as a triple‐ditched enclosure. During subsequent field‐walking survey a number of archaeological artefacts were collected and mapped. Differential global positioning system (DGPS) survey confirmed the morphological pattern of the site, which seems to represent a survival of the Early Medieval Age settlement pattern on the coastal plain. The field‐walking and DGPS surveys were followed by a programme of geophysical survey combining three different methods: differential magnetics (Overhauser probe), ground‐penetrating radar (GPR) and Automatic Resistivity Profiler (ARP©, Geocarta). Finally, three sample areas were excavated, mainly to test the evidence collected previously. The excavation data – ditches, post‐holes, domestic pottery, animal bones, and wall remains – support the interpretation of the site as the first earth‐and‐timber castle mound, or motte, to be identified in Tuscany. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
PHA bioplastic: A value‐added coproduct for biomass biorefineries
Authors: Snell Kristi D. , Peoples Oliver P.
Published: July 2009

The petroleum industry has optimized profits by producing value‐added coproducts, such as plastics and chemicals, in addition to primary liquid fuels. A similar coproduct strategy applied to biorefineries processing cellulosic biomass to liquid fuels and/or energy would transform a technology that is marginally economic, depending on oil prices, to a sustainable business with enhanced revenue streams from multiple coproducts. The challenge is finding a biobased coproduct that is compatible with a biorefinery scenario and where markets warrant its production on a similar scale as liquid fuels and/or energy. Polyhydroxyalkanoate (PHA) bioplastics represent a coproduct that would be entirely compatible with either production of liquid fuels by hydrolyzing the residual biomass after PHA extraction or by alternative thermochemical processes. PHA bioplastics possess properties making them suitable replacements for many of the applications currently served by petroleum‐based plastics, thus providing tremendous market potential. Proof‐of‐concept technology for production of these plastics in several crops of agronomic interest has been demonstrated. In this review, we show that the potential for developing biomass‐based biorefineries producing liquid fuels and a value‐added coproduct is both real and realizable. Examples using switchgrass producing PHA bioplastics as a coproduct are described. © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.