bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of Freeform Surface Finish Using Synchronous Processes of Electrochemical Finishing and Burnishing
Authors: Pa Pai Shan
Published: March 2009

A most effective design system and an advantage of low cost equipment using synchronous processes of electrochemical finishing and burnishing for a freeform surface following turning machining is investigated. The proposed design process uses a feeding finish-tool instead of the mate electrode as in conventional ECM. Hence higher electrical current is not required when the effective design electrode is used to reduce the response area. Through simple equipment attachment, electrochemical finishing can follow the traditional turning on the same machine. The controlled factors include the chemical composition and concentration of the electrolyte, die material, and rotational speed of workpiece. The design finish-tool is primarily discussed among the factors affecting the synchronous processes of electrochemical finishing and burnishing. The experimental parameters are initial gap width, flow rate of electrolyte, current rating, feed rate of finish tool, pulsed period, and the evaluation of different process features. The use of large electrolytic flow rate is advantageous to the finish effect. High rotational speed of the finish tool produces better finish. The finish effect is better with longer off-time because discharge of finish dregs becomes easier. Higher current rating with quicker feed rate of finish tool effectively reaches the fast improvement of the surface roughness of the workpiece is recommend in current study. The effective design finish-tool with an electrode of a globe-form and a burnishing tool of a pin-form have an optimal value for higher current density and provides larger discharge space, which produces a smoother surface. The synchronous processes of electrochemical finishing and burnishing just needs only a short time to make the workpiece smooth and bright and saves the need for the precise process of traditional machining is recommended for the finish process of the freeform surface.
Study on the Temperature Field of Cemented Carbide Substrate in Miniature EACVD System
Authors: Wang Hong Xiang , Zuo Dun Wen , Lu Wen Zhuang , Xu Feng , Zeng Dang , Shen Jian Liang
Published: March 2009

The uniform distribution and the stability of the substrate temperature are the most
important factors that deeply affect the quality and the growth rate of diamond films. In this paper,
cemented carbide cutters were chosen for substrates, the 3D finite element (FE) model of filaments
and substrates was developed in ANSYS 8.0, the calculated results show that the substrate
temperature is influenced by the filament temperature, filaments diameter, the quantity of the
filaments and the distance between the filaments and the substrates. The 3D finite element model of
filaments and substrates also provides a basis for selecting the parameters to obtain uniform diamond
films in miniature EACVD system.
Calculation and Optimization of Cutter Position for Flank Milling Spatial Cam Based on NURBS
Authors: Ge Rong Yu , Feng Xian Ying , Song Xian Chun
Published: March 2009

In some cases the spatial cam is manufactured with a cutter whose diameter is smaller than that of the roller of cam mechanism, which is defined as nonequivalent manufacture method in the paper. By the analysis for manufacture of contact lines between the cam and the roller, it is indicated that errors caused by the different directions of normal vector are unavoidable for the nonequivalent manufacture method. In order to find the best tool axis vector to minimize the machining error, this paper realized the nonequivalent machining of spatial cam surfaces using the NC flank milling method and proposed a new generation algorithm of the tool path based on NURBS. The NURBS ruled surface of tool axis trajectory is confirmed based on the least square optimization method and the machining error model is given. At last, a numerical calculation and simulation example is described to verify the effectiveness of the algorithm proposed in the paper.
Clamping Behaviour of Modern Jaw-Chuck with Centrifugal Force Compensation during High Speed Turning
Authors: Feng Ping Fa , Yu Ding Wen , Wu Zhi Jun , Uhlmann E.
Published: March 2009

In order to meet the requirements of high speed turning, modern power operated
jaw-chucks with centrifugal force compensation (CFC) were developed by some chuck producers.
Based on the force and deformation analysis of the clamping system, a new analytic computation
model of dynamic clamping force for modern chuck with CFC was developed, and verified by means
of experimental investigations. The clamping behaviours during high speed turning, such as the loss
of dynamic clamping force, centrifugal force compensation efficiency and clamping force hysteresis
are investigated. Some problems of design and application of modern chuck with CFC are discussed.
The study results provide reliable theoretic and technical supports to reasonably utilize the potential
of modern chucks at higher rotational speed and guarantee a safe high speed turning process.
Design of the Intelligent Turning Tool System with Adjustable Tool Geometry
Authors: Wu Wen Ge , Liu Zhan Qiang , Cheng Yun Ping
Published: March 2009

The tool geometry such as rake angles and cutting edge inclination angles play significant roles in determining machining performance. The task of selecting cutting tool inserts and cutting conditions is traditionally carried out on the basis of the experience of process planners with the help of data from machining handbooks and tool catalogues. This situation urges the need for development of some intelligent tooling system to reduce these inefficiencies for optimum economic and technological machining performance. A model of turning tool mechanism having the function of controllability in changing the tool inclination angle and tool approach angle is described. The mechanism is realized through the use of three specific slopes which work simultaneously to compensate the tool tip deviation due to the change of inclination angles so that the tool tip always stays at working point in space. Based on the ‘classical’ oblique cutting operation, analytically simulated prediction of the tangential cutting forces were presented with MATLAB software.
Low Cycle Fatigue in Model Al-Si Alloys. A Contribution to the Understanding of Cyclic Damage in Two Phase Materials
Authors: Stolarz Jacques
Published: March 2009

Low cycle fatigue of porosity free Al-Si alloys containing between 11 and 18 wt.% Si and
produced through directed solidification has been investigated. All alloys contain acicular Al-Si
eutectic as the principal element of microstructure, completed by different amounts of primary (Al)
and (Si) phases. Crack initiation and propagation modes have been determined for all alloys: crack
initiation is always associated with brittle Si particles while propagation takes place across layers of
the ductile aluminium which act as effective microstructural barriers. A simple energetic model
allows a semi-quantitative interpretation of experimental results concerning damage evolution at the
surface: single or multiple cracking. LCF data are analysed both on the basis of Coffin-Manson
relation and taking into account the effect of the maximal stress on the fatigue life. The second
approach gives a coherent and complete interpretation of experimental results in all investigated
materials. The fatigue life of two phase Al-Si model alloys is determined by a combination of the
macroscopic response of alloys to cyclic straining which depends on the overall microstructure,
including phases which do not participate directly in fatigue, and of local parameters which act at
the level of short crack propagation. Since the damage mechanisms at the microstructure size scale
are the same in all investigated alloys, the parameter which really determines the fatigue life is the
maximal stress. Concerning the effect of microstructure, it is emphasized that it is necessary to take
into account both extreme and average values of parameters associated with microstructure
elements which effectively play a role in fatigue. Finally, it is shown that the conclusions of the
present work can be easily generalised to the fatigue of various single and two phase materials, the
unifying element being the physical nature and the resistance of microstructural barriers to the
propagation of short cracks.
A Study of Fatigue (Cyclic Deformation) Behavior in FCC Metals Using Strain Rate Change Tests
Authors: Kaschner George C. , Gibeling Jeffrey C.
Published: March 2009

Strain rate jump tests were performed during low cycle fatigue using plastic strain rate as the real time computed control variable. Test materials included OFE polycrystalline copper, AA7075-T6 aluminum, and 304 stainless steel. The evolution of dislocation interactions was observed by evaluating the activation area and true stress as a function of cumulative plastic strain. Activation area values for each of the three materials were evaluated from an initial state to saturation. All three materials exhibit a deviation from Cottrell-Stokes law during cyclic deformation. Tests performed on each of the three materials at saturation reveal a dependence of activation area on plastic strain amplitude for copper and aluminum but no such relationship for stainless steel. These results reflect a contrast between wavy slip for pure copper and 7075 aluminum versus planar slip for 304 stainless steel tested at room temperature. Dislocation motion in copper transitions from forest dislocation cutting [1-6] to increasing contributions of cross slip. Dislocation motion in 7075 aluminum and 304 stainless steel is controlled by obstacles that are characteristically more thermal than forest dislocations: obstacles in 7075-T6 aluminum are identified as solutes from re-dissolved particles; obstacles in 304 stainless steel are also solutes.
Fatigue Crack Growth Resistance of Special Nodular Cast Irons
Authors: Ostash O.P. , Andreiko I.M.
Published: March 2009

The strength and fatigue crack growth resistance (FCGR) of ferritic, pearlitic and
austenitic nodular cast irons (NCIs), recommended to be used in structural components working at
low (up to –60 °C), cryogenic (below –60 °C) and elevated (450 °C) temperatures, are analysed.
The influence of the manganese content and the strain-induced martensite transformation on FCGR
of the austenitic NCIs is shown. An admissible phosphorus content for the optimum wear resistance
and FCGR is determined. The strength and FCGR of the NCIs and corresponding rolled steels are
compared.
The Research of Data Acquisition and Control Method about On-Line Measurement System on High Precision of Large Diameter
Authors: Wang Biao , Yu Xiao Fen , Zeng H.
Published: March 2009

The system bases on the theory of rolling-wheel to measure large diameter, by applying
double counters to record the round grating’s signal and using the method of three rolling-wheels
paralleling data acquisition, redundancy measurement and error amendment and so on, realizes the
measurement of large axis workpieces’ diameter with high precision in on-line and dynamic
condition. The experiment shows that the system can achieve the on-line dynamic measurement
precision in m D µ 5 at the range of the diameter m m D 5 ~ 1 = complexly combining hardware and soft
under the relevant control methods.
Optical-Electronic System for Remote Measurements of Shifts and Deformations in Huge Mechanical and Engineering Constructions
Authors: Chuguy Yuri V. , Verkhogliad Alexander G. , Bazin Vladimir S. , Kalikin Vadim E. , Kalichkin Stepan V. , Makarov S. , Savkov Sergei G.
Published: March 2009

An optical-electronic measurement system for continuous monitoring of displacements
and analysis of the friction pendulum bearings for the oil-drilling platforms is presented. Measuring
principle of the system is based on target image formation by camera and digital image processing.
The passive part of the system (optical target) is fixed on one part of construction while active part -
a field measurement sensor (FMS) - is installed on another part of construction that moves relative
to the first one. On the FMS output, after processing, the relative displacement between FMS and
optical target is obtained with high degree of accuracy. The spatial resolution of a few micrometers
can be achieved at cost of reduced measurement range.
Laser Remote Inspection of Live Contact Wire for Railways
Authors: Chuguy Yuri V. , Verkhogliad Alexander G. , Bazin Vladimir S. , Kalikin Vadim E. , Kalichkin Stepan V. , Makarov S. , Vykhristyuk Ignat A.
Published: March 2009

Based on an optical structured light method an opto-electronic system for automatic
noncontact distant measurements of wear and defects detection for a contact wire electro-supply
network is presented. The created industrial system prototype measures the main technological wire
parameters, first of all, the remaining height with RMS error down to 0,15 mm and the wire
cross-section area with RMS error of 1,5 mm2. Measurement results are sufficient for confident
decision about the replacement of worn-out contact wires of electro-supply network. This method is
also fit for automatic wire wear measurement and defects detection for trams, trolleybuses and other
electro-supply vehicles.
New Approach to Fringe Pattern Analysis Obtained by Scanning Polished Metal Cylinders with Gaussian Beam
Authors: Jabłoński Ryszard , Mąkowski J.
Published: March 2009

In laser-scanning measurement of cylindrical objects extremely complex interfering signals occur. They are due to superimposition of: reflected, unobstructed and scattered light. The proportions between these components vary in time and also the total intensity distribution changes. The considerations applying Fraunhofer theory are static and fragmentary, and may be concluded that the existing solutions for diffraction of 3D bodies do not fit to engineering applications. Having the above in view, the close analysis of detector signal was carried out. The obtained differential intensity characteristics allow to determine the important metrological qualities of diffraction field.
Simulation of Light Scattering from Nanostructured Surfaces
Authors: Tausendfreund Andreas , Patzelt S. , Simon S. , Goch G.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an efficient computation method to evaluate scattered light intensity distributions, generated by a nanostructured surface which is illuminated with a monochromatic laser beam of several millimeters in diameter. The new simulation approach based on a modified Huygens-Fresnel approximation enables to improve measuring methods without expensive and time consuming experiments. The qualitative verification of the model results in a roughness measuring principle based on double scattering of coherent light.
Fabrication of Micro Tetrahedron Patterns Using Ultra-Precision Shaping System
Authors: Park J.W. , Choi Soo Chang , Oh H.S. , Kim Yong Woo , Kim S.W. , Lee C.M. , Lee D.W.
Published: March 2009

Recently, ultra-precision machining of components and dies for information and
communication industries, such as fresnel mirrors, diffraction lens, and die for super high intensity
reflective sheet is one of the major target. To machine three-dimensional micro patterns, such as super
high-intensity reflective sheets, ultra-precision and mirror surface fabrication processes are required.
It has been reported, however, that continuous cutting, such as turning or shaping, is more suitable to
ultra-precision machining. Many researchers have studied the manufacturing process of reflective
sheet dies to obtain high form accuracy and surface quality. In this paper, ultra-precision shaping
system was developed to fabricate micro patterns mechanically. In order to estimate performance of
the shaping system, micro V-shaped grooves and tetrahedron pattern arrays for a super high intensity
reflective sheet was applied. Also, a new measuring technology to inspect form and machining errors
of a machined tetrahedron patterns was proposed. The results show that shaping system has a
positioning accuracy of x, y, z axis with 100, 10, 10nm resolution, respectively. Micro V-shaped
grooves could be machined at various depths and micro tetrahedron patterns with a good quality were
obtained as well.
Analysis of Gear Measurement Using Virtual Gear Checker (VGC)
Authors: Takeoka Fumi , Komori Masaharu , Takahashi M. , Kubo A. , Takatsuji Toshiyuki , Osawa Sonko , Sato Osamu
Published: March 2009

Tooth flank form deviation of micrometers influences vibration and noise characteristics of
gears and therefore strict quality control of tooth flank form is demanded. However, since gear
checker is structurally-complex, it is difficult to analyze how error factors of gear checkers influence
the measurement result. In this research, Virtual Gear Checker (VGC) is proposed, which is a
simulation program of gear measurement considering the mechanisms and motions of gear checkers
and possible error factors. The influence of the error factors on the measurement result can be clarified
by VGC. VGC is also able to calculate the theoretical measurement result of non-involute helicoid
artifact. It is easy for VGC to measure tooth flank form repeatedly in virtual space and therefore it can
assess the uncertainty of measurement with gear checker. The uncertainty of gear measurement is
calculated as an example.
Novel High-Precision Pitch Artifact Using Balls
Authors: Komori Masaharu , Osawa Sonko , Sato Osamu , Kiten T. , Shirasaki D. , Takatsuji Toshiyuki
Published: March 2009

In this research, a novel high-precision pitch artifact using balls is proposed for
calibration of pitch measuring instruments. This pitch artifact is composed of the combination and
the alignment of balls and cylinders on a plane. Balls, cylinders and planes are possible to be
manufactured with several-ten-nanometer-order accuracy. Therefore, this artifact can accomplish
high dimensional accuracy. In addition, manufacturing of this artifact is not difficult because
time-consuming special process is not needed. In this report, the concept, structure and feature of
this pitch artifact are proposed and theoretical analysis is carried out.
An Experimental and Numerical Study of the Static and Fatigue Performance of a Composite Adhesive Repair
Authors: Tenchev Rosen T. , Falzon Brian G.
Published: March 2009

Experimental static and fatigue tension-tension tests were carried out on 5HS/RTM6
composite intact coupons and coupons incorporating adhesively-bonded (FM300-2) stepped flush
joints. The results show that the adhesive joint, which is widely used in repairs, significantly
reduces the static strength as well as the fatigue life of the composite. Both, the static and the
fatigue failure of the ‘repaired’ coupons occur at the adhesive joint and involve crack initiation and
propagation. The latter is modelled using interface finite elements based on the decohezive zone
approach. The material degradation in the interface constitutive law is described by a damage
variable, which can evolve due to the applied loads as well as the number of fatigue cycles. The
fatigue formulation, based on a published model, is adapted to fit the framework of the pseudotransient
formulation that is used as a numerical tool to overcome convergence difficulties. The
fatigue model requires three material parameters. Numerical tests show that a single set of these
parameters can be used to recover, very accurately, the experimental S-N relationship. Sensitivity
studies show that the results are not mesh dependent.
Studies on Expansion Properties in Concrete Containing Waste Glass, Silica Fume, Rice Husk Ash and Polypropylene Fibers
Authors: Sadrmomtazi Ali , Alidoust O. , Haghi Akbar K.
Published: March 2009

The amount of waste glass sent to landfill has increased over recent years due to an ever
growing use of glass products. Landfilling can cause major environmental problems because the
glass is not biodegradable material. However, waste glass can be used as fine aggregate, coarse
aggregate and powder form in concrete. The fine and coarse aggregate can cause alkali-silica
reaction (ASR) in concrete, but the powder form can suppress their ASR tendency and acts as a
pozzolanic material. This paper studies the expansion properties in concrete containing waste glass,
silica fume, rice husk ash and polypropylene fibers in detail.
Crack Propagation Behavior of Asphalt Concrete; Part II: A Study into Influence of Loading Rates
Authors: Jiang Ze Zhong , Xie Tao , Qiu Yan Jun , Lan Bo
Published: March 2009

Cracking has long been accepted as a major mode of premature failure in flexible
pavements. Expected life of pavements, pavement condition and maintenance cost are directly
related to pavement cracking. It is crucial to have a sufficient understanding of cracking mechanism
in order to produce a sound and safe material and structural design of asphalt pavements.
Simulation, surveying, observation, and measurement of cracking in pavement structures have been
reported in literature in last three decades. However, cracking process in asphalt mixtures in a three
dimensional scale is still a great challenge to road engineers. Using SIEMENS SOMATOM plus
X-ray CT (computerized tomography) and multi-functional testing rig, a dynamic observation of
cracking propagation of hot mix asphalt was conducted in this research. Marshall samples of AC20
were used under uniaxial compressive stress state. Stress and strain behavior was observed during
the compressive failure process of asphalt mixtures. Cracking propagation in the samples can be
clearly observed and failure mode and stress-strain behavior can then be simulated. Research results
show that loading rate is a critical factor influencing cracking velocity and cracking density.
Effect of Thermal Cycle Conditions on Thermal Fatigue Life of Chip Size Package Solder Joint
Authors: Shohji Ikuo , Tohei Tomotake , Yoshizawa Keisuke , Nishimoto Masaharu , Ogawa Yasushi , Kawano Takayuki
Published: March 2009

Accelerated thermal cycling (ATC) tests were conducted to investigate an effect of thermal
cycle conditions on thermal fatigue life of a chip size package (CSP) lead-free solder joint. A ternary
Sn-Ag-Cu alloy was used as a lead-free solder material. For frequency of thermal cycle (1~3 cycles/h)
and maximum (388~423 K) and minimum (223~273 K) temperatures investigated, the effects of
them on thermal fatigue life of the solder joint were slight. On the contrary, correlation was
recognized between temperature amplitude and thermal fatigue life of the solder joint. The thermal
fatigue life increased with decreasing temperature amplitude. The relationship obeyed the
Coffin-Manson’s type equation.
Influences of Aging History on Low Temperature Performance of Asphalt Concrete
Authors: Wu Shao Peng , Zhu Guo Jun , Pang Ling , Liu Cong Hui
Published: March 2009

According to three-point bending test, this paper explores the influence of low temperature
on the flexural strength, the tensile strain and bending stiffness modulus of the aged Stone Mastic
Asphalt (SMA-13) concrete. The asphalt mixtures are aged according to the short-term aging (at
135°C, 4 hours), and long-term aging (asphalt concrete at 85°C, 120 hours) and natural aging (3
months, 6 months and 9 months). The result shows that, with the same loading rate, the tensile strain
of specimens at -30°C are smaller than those at -10°C; but when temperature is certain, the tensile
strain of specimens lager than those of aged specimens. The longer the aging time lasts, the more
flexural strength differences between high and low temperatures can be found. A pretty well index
variation can be found between the tensile strain and temperature. The same trend also appears
between the bending stiffness modulus and temperature of SMA-13 asphalt concrete.
Effect of Strain-Induced Martensitic Transformation on Coaxing Effect of Austenitic Stainless Steels
Authors: Jung Jae Woong , Nakajima Masaki , Uematsu Yoshihiko , Tokaji Keiro , Akita Masayuki
Published: March 2009

The effects of martensitic transformation on the coaxing behavior were studied in
austenitic stainless steels. The materials used were austenitic stainless steels, type 304 and 316.
Conventional fatigue tests and stress-incremental fatigue tests were performed using specimens
subjected to several tensile prestrains from 5% to 60%. Under conventional tests, the fatigue
strengths of both steels increased with increasing prestrain. Under stress-incremental tests, 304 steel
showed a marked coaxing effect, where the failure stress significantly increased irrespective of
prestrain level. On the other hand, the coaxing effect in 316 steel decreased with increasing
prestrain up to 15%, where the failure stresses were nearly the same. Above this prestrain level, the
coaxing effect increased with increasing prestrain. In 304 steel, the coaxing effect is primarily
dominated by work hardening at low prestrains, while the effect of strain-induced martensitic
transformation increases with increasing prestrain. The coaxing effect in 316 steel is dominated by
both work hardening and strain aging at low prestrains, but strain-induced martensitic
transformation could play a significant role at high prestrains.
Fatigue Analysis on a Full Scale Fuselage Panel
Authors: Apicella A. , Armentani Enrico , Priore Stefano
Published: March 2009

Fatigue test on a full scale panel with complex loading and geometry has been carried out using a tri-axial test machine specifically designed, built and located in the laboratory of the University of Naples. The aeronautical test panel was designed and manufactured by Alenia. The demonstrator is made up of two skins which are linked by a transversal butt-joint that is parallel to the stringer direction. A fatigue load was applied in the direction normal to the longitudinal joint, while a constant load was applied in the longitudinal joint direction. The demonstrator broke up after about 177000 cycles. Subsequently, a finite element analysis was carried out in order to correlate failure events; due to the biaxial nature of the fatigue loads, Sines criterion was used. The analysis was performed taking into account the different materials of which the panel is composed. The output shows good correlation between experimental data and numerical results, predicting the location on the panel exactly where the failure occurred.
An Orientation-Dependent Failure Criterion for FCC Crystals
Authors: Huynh Nam N. , Lu Cheng , Si Liang Ying , Tieu Kiet
Published: March 2009

The crystalline orientation significantly affects the fracture behavior of crystals.
However, the orientation-dependent failure criterion is still lacking up to now. In this paper the
failure criteria for different crystalline planes of aluminum have been developed. The critical
normal stresses to separate two parallel crystallographic planes have been calculated based on
Morse potential. The critical stresses on four different planes ({100}, {111}, {110} and {120})
were obtained. It has been found that plane {120} had the minimum critical normal stress. The
developed failure criteria have been applied in the crystal plasticity finite element method (CPFEM)
model to simulate the uniaxial tensile deformation of single crystal aluminum with a notch. The
lattice orientation evolution during deformation has been predicted by the CPFEM model. Elements
at notch tip reaching predefined orientation-dependent failure criterion were removed from the
mesh so that the crack growing could be determined explicitly without any path assumption.
Fatigue Properties of Al-Li Plates Joined by Friction Stir Welding
Authors: Cavaliere Pasquale , Panella Francesco W. , Squillace Antonio
Published: March 2009

Al-Li alloys are characterized by a strong anisotropy in mechanical properties and microstructure with respect to the rolling direction. Plates of 2198 Al-Li alloy were friction stir welded by employing maximum rotation speed: 1000 rev/min and welding speed of 80 mm/min, both in parallel and orthogonal directions with respect to the rolling one. The joints mechanical properties were evaluated by means of tensile tests at room temperature. In addition, fatigue tests performed with a resonant electro-mechanical testing machine under constant amplitude control up to 250 Hz loading, were conducted in axial control mode with R(σmin/σmax)=0.33, for all the welding and rotating speed conditions. The fatigue crack propagation experiments were performed by employing single edge notched specimens.With the aim to characterize the weld performances, both the microstructure evolution at jointed cross sections, related to the welding variables, and the fractured surfaces were respectively analyzed by means of optical and scanning electron microscopy.
Influence of Synthesis Condition on N2 Adsorption Characteristics of Anatase TiO2 Particles Prepared in an Aqueous Solution
Authors: Masuda Yoshitake , Kato Kazumi
Published: March 2009

TiO2 was crystallized to form particles in aqueous solutions containing ammonium
hexafluorotitanate and boric acid. XRD diffraction patterns indicated they were in a single phase of
anatase TiO2. TiO2 particles prepared at 90 °C exhibited N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of type
IV. BET specific surface area of the particles was estimated to 13 m2/g. On the other hand, TiO2
particles prepared at 50 °C exhibited N2 adsorption-desorption isotherms of type I. BET specific
surface area of the particles was estimated to 168 m2/g. Crystal growth of TiO2 was strongly
affected by synthesis temperature. Nano-sized pores or surface structure of TiO2 particles prepared
at 50 °C would increase N2 adsorption volume to realize high BET specific surface area.
Additionally, aqueous solution process described here had an advantage that TiO2 crystallized at
ambient temperature. Anatase TiO2 was prepared without annealing at high temperature which
caused aggregation of particles and disappearance of surface nanostructures. The particles with
large surface area can be thus utilized for catalyst, cosmetic, photocatalyst, dye-sensitized solar cell
or sensors.
Morphology Control of High Luminance Phosphors
Authors: Toda Kenji , Hosoume Masafumi , Sato Kenji , Uematsu Kazuyoshi , Sato Mineo , Watanabe Akira , Fukui Takehisa
Published: March 2009

We report synthesis of well-grown blue phosphor powder, CaMgSi2O6:Eu2+, from new vapor phase
method (Flash creation method) derived nanopowder precursor. Single phase phosphor sample was
obtained by post-annealing at 1100 oC. Luminescence properties were compared with that of the
sample synthesized by a conventional solid state reaction. The post-annealed sample showed
intense blue emission under UV excitation.
Photoluminescence from ZnO Thin Film Deposited on R-Plane Sapphire Substrate by RF Magnetron Sputtering
Authors: Tanaka Shigeru , Ishikawa Yukari , Suzuki Toshiyuki , Shibata Noriyoshi
Published: March 2009

Photoluminescence from epitaxial ZnO thin films deposited on R-plane sapphire substrates by RF
magnetron sputtering was investigated. The intensity of the near band emission (NBE) of the ZnO
thin film on R-plane sapphire was stronger than that of the film formed on C-plane sapphire at a low
temperature. Some experimental results suggest that NBE depends on the polarization of the
excitation light, which are considered to be related to the ZnO crystal orientation on the sapphire
substrate.
Laser-Anneal of Metal-Based Micro Optical Scanner Derived by Aerosol Deposition
Authors: Baba So , Park Jae Hyuk , Sato Harumichi , Nakano Shizuka , Ashida Kiwamu , Akedo Jun
Published: March 2009

To retain the driving properties of metal-based micro optical scanner derived by aerosol deposition
(AD) technique, CO2 laser irradiation was used to anneal the PZT films deposited onto the
stainless-steel substrate. Stainless-steel mirror and frame of the scanner with the film annealed by
laser irradiation maintained their metallic luster. The scanner with the film annealed by laser
irradiation at 600 °C for 1 min has a scanning angle over 30 degree that is comparable with the
scanning angle of a similar scanner annealed by electric furnace at 600 °C for 10 min.
Effect of Template Particle Formation on Texture Development in Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 Ceramics
Authors: Kimura Toshio , Motohashi Takao
Published: March 2009

The factor determining texture development was examined for Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 ceramics made by the reactive-templated grain growth process using platelike Bi4Ti3O12 particles as reactive template. Platelike, skeleton Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 particles were formed by the reaction between Bi4Ti3O12 and Na2CO3 in calcined compacts. Coalescence of small grains in the skeleton particles to form single template particles was important to obtain highly textured ceramics.
Comparative Study on the Materials Removal Mechanism of Ceramics and Steels
Authors: Guo Jian Qiang , Ohmori Hitoshi , Katahira Kazutoshi , Uehara Yoshihiro
Published: March 2009

Ceramics has many advantages that cannot be substituted by metals, but its machining
induced defects, such as crack and crater, are the obstacle of using ceramics in engineering. Thus,
the further studies on the materials removal mechanism of ceramics should be done. As known, the
cutting theory of metals is very successful and it is helpful to understand the material removal
mechanism of ceramics. Through doing comparative experiments, the material removal mechanism
of ceramics may be more deeply ascertained. Four types of material, such as ZrO2, SiC, STAVAX
and SKD11, were ground by ELID (ELectrolytic In-process Dressing) method in this study. The
grinding forces, roughness and topography of the ground surface were investigated. On the basis of
this experiment, the difference of material removal mechanism between ceramics and steels was
explained.
Effects of Grain Size and Concentration of Grinding Wheel in Ultrasonically Assisted Grinding
Authors: Nomura Mitsuyoshi , Wu Yong Bo , Kuriyagawa Tsunemoto , Kawashima Takahiro , Shibata Takayuki
Published: March 2009

This study aims to develop an ultrasonically assisted grinding technology for precision
internal grinding of a small hole measuring several millimeters in diameter, such as those formed in a
fuel injector for an automotive engine. In a previous work, an experimental apparatus mainly
composed of an ultrasonic vibration spindle was designed and constructed, and grinding experiments
were carried out. The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of ultrasonic vibration on grinding
force and surface roughness when the grain size and concentration of small cBN grinding wheel are
changed. The experimental results indicate that applying ultrasonic vibration to the wheel decreases
the normal and tangential grinding forces by more than 50% and 78%, respectively, and improves the
surface roughness by as much as 10% when the wheel grain size and concentration are changed. In
addition, over the range of grinding conditions employed in this paper, the grain size as small as 5μm
can be used in ultrasonically assisted grinding.
A Truing Technique of Flattening Diamond Grains for Fabricating Microstructures with Fine Surfaces
Authors: Harada Takeshi , Semba Takuya
Published: March 2009

A truing technique that can be used to shape the tip of an electroformed diamond tool into
a hemisphere and flatten diamond grains on the tool working surface at the same level as the bond
face was developed. A polycrystalline diamond disk whose top surface roughened by electrical
discharge machining was partially flattened by grinding was used as a truer. Diamond grains on the
tool working surface were successfully flattened along the hemispherical tool profile when the grains
mesh size of #1000 was employed. In addition, a grinding test using glasslike carbon as a work
material revealed that a surface roughness of less than 50 nm Rz could be obtained in both cases when
moving the tool on contour and scanning paths.
Complete Recovery of Subsurface Structures of Machining-Damaged Single Crystalline Silicon by Nd:YAG Laser Irradiation
Authors: Yan Ji Wang , Asami Tooru , Kuriyagawa Tsunemoto
Published: March 2009

Ultraprecision diamond-cut silicon wafers were irradiated by a nanosecond pulsed
Nd:YAG laser, and the resulting specimens were characterized using transmission electron
microscopy and micro-Raman spectroscopy. The results indicate that at specific laser energy
density levels, machining-induced amorphous layers and dislocated layers were both reconstructed
to a complete single-crystal structure identical to the bulk region. Similar effects were confirmed for
diamond-ground silicon wafers. Effects of overlapping irradiation were investigated and perfect
crystallographic uniformity was achieved in the boundary region. The recovery process involved
rapid melting of the near-surface amorphous layer, followed by epitaxial regrowth from the
damage-free crystalline bulk.
Study on Measurement of Melting Process of Molten Pool Formed by Laser Scanning Mirror
Authors: Wang Y.S. , Wang Juan Juan , Lei J.B. , Yang Xi Chen
Published: March 2009

The profile and temperature distribution of laser molten pool are mainly factors which
have directly effect on quality of laser processing (laser melting and laser cladding). It is very
necessary to study measurement method of melting process in laser molten poo1 on-line, for
improving processing design and inspecting laser processing quality. A system of dynamic process
measurement for laser molten pool was developed. The melting process of laser scanning molten
pool formed by high power CO2 Laser was measured. Its temperature distribution was analyzed by
special analysis software. It was shown that a section of integrated molten pool would come into
being in the middle of the laser scanning line spot after a period of scanning time, and then the
molten pool got increased in length with the time, and a little increased in width at the same time,
the result was consistent with that of computer numerical simulation. Compared with laser focusing
spot, laser scanning spot was more uniform in temperature distribution, that could be propitious to
improve the quality of laser processing.
Analysis of Wavelet Algorithm of Redundancy Denoising for Hydraulic System Signal
Authors: Gao Chun Fu , Zhu Xi Lin , Hu Q.Y.
Published: March 2009

Based on the theory of Wavelet decomposing algorithm, in this paper an algorithm of
redundancy real-time denoising is presented, and the test of on-line identification mode of a hydraulic
cylinder’s work load pressure signals was fulfilled. This method can improve the stability of the
signal collection and the control accuracy of hydraulic cylinder pressure effectively, solve the
crawling phenomenon of hydraulic cylinder when working, and reduce the signal collection error
resulted from the load mutation. By means of controlling the wavelet decomposing depth, the
calculation amount of real-time denoising is controled, thus the optimization of the signal, damping
vibration and denoising are achieved.
Microcosmic Observing and Analysing of the Chips Formation from Precision Hard Cutting GCr15 Bearing Steel
Authors: Chen Guang Jun , Liu X.L. , Wang Y.
Published: March 2009

The sawtooth chip from hard cutting can influence on the precision of the form and
dimension, the machined surface integrity and the tool life. A study on the microcosmic dynamic
fracture mechanism of hardened bearing steel carried out by the author, based on the microcosmic
observing and analysing of sections of the chips from PCBN tools cutting GCr15 bearing steel. The
experiments and analyses indicate that the adiabatic shear loses stabilization in the primary
deformation zones due to thermal softening during cutting machining, and shear ductile fracture
limitation of the chip forms. The sawtooth chip formation of GCr15 bearing steel hardened cutting
results not from the periodical brittleness fracture but from periodical adiabatic shear fracture; being
no clear damnification before the adiabatic shear loses stabilization, thermal softening occurs and be
controlled by nucleation, growth and coalescence of microvoids in the whole shear fracture tenacity
progress.
A Method of Auto-Focusing Based on Fuzzy-Control
Authors: Shao Dong Xiang , Wang Guang Lin , Cui T.Z. , Zhu H.C.
Published: March 2009

This paper introduces a method of auto focusing based on fuzzy-control. Using this
method, we design the scheme of optimization for focus. Variance function is used as approximately
evaluate function for a large-scale in this system, and Square-gradient function is used as precise
evaluate function in certain scale. Fuzzy-control is adopted the control of optimization for focus.
The experiment testified that auto-focusing in this system is so accurate that accord with the
required precision, and the image of collecting is clear. The machine of auto-focusing is simple, and
the control of whole system is easy to implement.
Study of Double-Motor Anti-Backlash of Heavy NC Machine Tool C Axis System
Authors: Shao Jun Peng , Han Gui Hua , Jiao Wei Bing , Liu J.C.
Published: March 2009

The Turning-Milling may machine various complex components in once positioning and
fixture with the C axis function (revolving milling). But, the vibration phenomenon of workpiece will
be aggravating whether C axis is performing static cutting or continuous rotation feeding. A
double-motor anti-backlash theory was applied to C axis dividing apparatus to improve the
positioning and indexing accuracy of heavy NC turning-milling in this paper. The model of
double-motor servo driving system with backlash was set up with mechanism analytic method. The
simulation of double-motor anti-backlash was carried out. The simulation results show that the
double-motor system with offset voltage has favorable performance to decrease the influence of the
backlash non-linearity to the system, can guarantee the system tracks the input parameter stably, and
improve dynamic feeding performance in C axis at low speed revolving. And the plant test results
show that the accuracy of C axis meet practical demand.
Study on the Method for Measuring the Deflection Angle of a New Type Gyroscope Rotor
Authors: Cui Da Peng , Yao Ying Xue , Qin Dong Li
Published: March 2009

It is an important performance for gyroscopes to read out the angle information of the
gyroscope rotor accurately. There are few methods for measuring the deflection angle of gyroscopes,
and they are only fit for the special rotors. A new method based on laser triangulation with position
sensitive device (PSD), and the calculation theory of measuring the deflection angle are presented in
this paper, which is designed for measuring the deflection angle of a new type gyroscope rotor, and
can improve the precision of measuring by several reflections. It indicates by calculation that the
method presented in this paper is feasible, and the precision can be improved several times by many
reflections, furthermore, the more the number of reflection is, the higher the precision of
measurement is improved.
Motion Planning of Wheeled Mobile Robot Driven by Differential Wheels
Authors: Wang Zhong Min , Yan Bing
Published: March 2009

This paper studies the problem of motion planning of wheeled mobile robot (WMR),
which is driven by double wheels separately. It mainly accomplish the motion planning of WMR by
taking center of one of double wheels as a base point, and also carry out this problem by traditional
method, which takes the midpoint of interval between two wheels as a base point. Besides, these two
motion planning methods are compared. Experimental results show that the first motion planning
method is simply controlled, saves much computer time and it establishes the foundation to solve the
problem of real time control to WMR.
An Adjustment Algorithm of the GA Representation for Injection Mold Manufacturing Optimized Scheduling with Operation Constraint
Authors: Zhao Li Zhong , Wang Yan Bin , Gao G.A.
Published: March 2009

The crux of injection mold production is scheduling, which should be made before the
mold manufacturing. Generally, a mold part has some operations subject to certain sequence
constraints. Furthermore, some operations have to satisfy process combination constraints with one
or more other operations. The expression method of operation constraints is studied. If genetic
algorithm is employed to solve scheduling problems in injection mold manufacturing, invalid
chromosome representation during the computing period of population initialization and the
crossover, mutation will generated unavoidably. An adjustment algorithm is proposed to ensure the
validity of chromosome representation. Any chromosome representation based on operation or
workpiece could be adjusted to a valid operation sequence by this algorithm. The feasibility of the
algorithm is validated by computing cases.
Mechanism Analysis of Ultrasonic Machining Based on Finite Element Method
Authors: Liu Yao , Wang Shi Ying , Ya Gang
Published: March 2009

In the process of the ultrasonic machining, the machining efficiency is affected directly by material removal rate. In the paper, the material structure deformation under abrasive impacting is simulated by the LS-DYNA3D software, and the stresses occurring are analyzed numerically. In addition, the effects of some machining parameters on the amount of the material removal are investigated by the experiments.
Research of Detector for Surface Defects of Steel Ball Based on Improved PID Control
Authors: Liu Yi Zhi , Liu Xian Li , Wang P. , Wang Yi Wen , Zhu Liang , Wang Lan
Published: March 2009

This paper used digital image technology to detect surface defects of steel ball, and
designed mechanism body and the corresponding control system. In order to improve the poor
control effect of basic PID, we put forward modified PID control strategy, combining
speed-variable integral, differential, and anti-saturation integral, then realized optimum design for
PID parameters. The experimental results indicated that PID control strategy in the paper based on
optimizing parameters had a maximum output at the initial time interval, so that the response speed
of system would be much higher, and the adjusting time would also be shorter.
Macroporous Calcium Phosphate Cement (MCPC®) for Bone Reconstruction in Cranioplasty: Animal Study Performance
Authors: Bourges Xavier , Aguado Eric , Goyenvalle Eric , Baroth Serge , Daculsi G.
Published: March 2009

We have developed a novel macroporous calcium phosphate cement MCPC® that sets to poorly crystalline apatite after mixing the powder component with an aqueous solution and has interconnective macroporosity We performed cranioplasty on rat model by injecting the new macroporous calcium phosphate cement MCPC®. The mechanical property of the cement is about 12MPa after 24 hours (compression test). The cement matrix is totally transformed into poorly crystalline apatite in 48 hours. This study demonstrates that MCPC® cement was suitable and efficient for parietal bone reconstruction. Its injectability and moldability allows to be used in bone reconstruction surgery and its mechanical properties are compatible to support calvarial reconstruction. In addition, a bone ingrowth onto the BCP granules occurred on time.
A Collagen Grafting on Hydroxyapatite to Enhancement of Bone Cell Attachment
Authors: Lee D.W. , Lee E.J. , Chun Sung Su , Ahn Myun Whan , Song I.W. , Kang I.K. , Kim Suk Young
Published: March 2009

A collagen material was chemically grafted on hydroxyapatite (HA) to enhance bone cell attachment because the collagen is a major constituent of connective tissues and has been regarded as one of the most excellent coating materials for bone bonding. First, HA disks were prepared with 12mm diameter and 1mm thickness. And then collagen (type I) was immobilbized on the HA surface using a 3-APTES coupling agent on HA disk surfaces. MC3T3-E1 osteoblasts were seeded on the collagen-grafted and non-grated HA disks and cultured for 4 hrs to evaluate the cell adhesion on the HA discs. The Attached cell morphology on discs was observed with a fluorescent optical microscopy (FOM) and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The osteoblasts on the collagen-grafted sample were more spread than those on the non-grafted sample. It is believed that collagen-grafted HA surface provides suitable sites for cell attaching due to the high biocompatibility of collagen.