bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigations on Interaction between Recrystallization and Precipitation at Finishing Steps of Seamless Tube Rolling
Authors: Carvalho Ricardo Nolasco , Ferreira Marcelo A.C. , Santos Dagoberto Brandao , Barbosa Ronaldo
Published: April 2012

Conventional controlled rolling is normally used in a hot strip mill in order to refine the microstructure and, consequently, to meet a good combination of mechanical strength and toughness in low carbon steels. Nb microalloying are used for this purpose once this rolling technique requires the occurrence of strain induced precipitation before that any recrystallization process takes place. In a hot strip mill, the transfer time between roughing and finishing steps is considered fast enough to keep all Nb, previously solubilized in plate furnace, in solid solution just before finishing. As a consequence, the thermodynamic driving force required for strain induced precipitation remains high, accelerating its kinetics and preventing the occurrence of recrystallization. On the other hand, in a seamless tube rolling, the transfer time between roughing and finishing steps is about 20 times longer than in a hot strip mill. As a consequence, Nb can precipitate in the recrystallized austenite after roughing, decreasing the driving force for strain induced precipitation at finishing. Transmission electron microscopy investigations on samples simulating the material just before finishing rolling in a seamless tube mill show that both grain boundary precipitation and co-precipitation on TiN particles takes place during transfer time. Based on these findings, this paper discusses the effect of long times after roughing steps on the driving force for strain induced precipitation at finishing rolling in seamless tube. Thermo-Calc software was used to evaluate the possible amount of Nb that remains in solid solution just before finishing. Due to previous precipitation, the driving force to be considered in the Dutta-Sellars equations for onset of precipitation decreases and a comparison between recrystallization and precipitation curves shows that recrystallization takes place before the start of strain induce precipitation.
Control of Sonoluminescence in Carbon Dioxide Containing Di Water at near Neutral pH Conditions
Authors: Kumari Sangita , Keswani Manish , Singh Satish Kumar , Beck Mark , Liebscher Eric , Deymier Pierre , Raghavan Srini
Published: April 2012

Light emission in sound-irradiated liquids, known as Sonoluminescence (SL), is associated with the phenomenon of cavitation that affects wafer damage during megasonic processing of wafers. It has been shown that the intensity of SL can be substantially decreased through the dissolution of carbon dioxide in deionized water. However, such dissolution decreases the pH to roughly 4.0, which is not very desirable for the removal of contaminant particles. This paper reports two chemical systems that are capable of taking advantage of the effect of CO2 while allowing the use of slightly higher pH values. Specifically, NH4OH/CO2 and NH4HCO3/dilute HCl systems have been shown to be capable of well controlled reduction in SL at pH 5.7 or 7.0. In order to test whether the free radical scavenging ability of CO2 may be responsible for its strong SL-inhibitory effect, the effect of a well known free radical scavenger, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), on SL produced in DI water has been investigated.
Cleaning and Surface Preparation for SiGe and Ge Channel Device
Authors: Wada Masayuki , Takahashi H. , Snow James , Vos Rita , Conard Thierry , Mertens Paul W. , Shirakawa H.
Published: April 2012

Since silicon will ultimately face physical limitations, germanium and III-V materials, such as Ga, GaAs, InGaAs, are being extensively investigated for their high electron and hole mobility advantages. Prior to implementing germanium or III-V materials, it is believed that SiGe with high Ge concentration will be applied for channel materials in pMOS devices with high-k and metal gates in order to simultaneously adjust the work function and to increase the hole mobility. However, introduction of new channel materials leads to new challenges and substantial changes in the FEOL process flow.
Tungsten Oxidation Kinetic after Wet Cleaning: XPS and ToF-SIMS Characterization
Authors: Pipia Francesco , Votta Annamaria , Ravizza Enrica , Spadoni Simona , Grasso S. , Borsari S. , Lazzari C. , Alessandri Mauro
Published: April 2012

Tungsten importance in semiconductor manufacturing is renewed more and more due to its usage not only as metallization for plugs, but also in metal gates architectures. As the scaling down of the devices is becoming aggressive, the metal interfaces become more critical. Hence, a deeper understanding of the evolution of the W surface after wet cleaning processes is becoming increasingly more important.
Electrochemical, Physical, and Electrical Characterization of Two Clean Solutions for Cu PCMP Clean
Authors: Li Yun Long , Heylen Nancy , Daviot Jerome , Reid Chris , Leunissen Leonardus
Published: April 2012

Cu post-CMP clean is important to keep both Cu and low-k dielectric clean after polishing. In this paper, two Cu post-CMP clean solutions are analyzed in electrochemical, physical and electrical characterizations, based on the material and integration scheme of imec 65nm platform. It is shown that the combination of these two PCMP clean solutions can achieve both reasonable cleaning efficiencies and reliable low-k dielectric lifetime.
Wet Clean Induce Pattern Collapse Mechanism Study
Authors: Yang C.C. , Ko C.C. , Yang H. Ou , Chen K.F. , Peng Y.Y. , Liou J.W. , Chou C.C. , Tsai H.Y. , Lin K.C. , Jeng S.M. , Tao H.J. , Cao M.
Published: April 2012

Pattern collapse phenomenon was first time observed in BEOL application with the integration of ultra low-k film scheme. With the dimension and pitch shrinkage, the pattern collapse defects are getting worse during wet clean process. In this study, the line collapse defects can be significantly reduced by adding surfactant solution to the rinse liquid. Moreover, higher aspect ratio (>4) will also deteriorate the collapse window. In addition, the kink or bowing trench profile will induce localized stress at the interface. Accordingly, optimization of both wet clean and dry etch process are the successful keys to solve line collapse issue toward future generation and beyond.
Gettering Behavior of Transition Metals in Low Energy, High Dose Ion Implanted Silicon
Authors: Saga Koichiro
Published: April 2012

Metallic contamination on silicon surfaces has a detrimental impact on ULSI device performance and yield. Surface metal impurities degrade gate oxide integrity, while metal impurities dissolved in silicon provide recombination centers, resulting in junction leakage. Surface metal impurities penetrate silicon by the collision with dopant during ion implantation and are also diffused in silicon by subsequent annealing [. If metal impurities are present around junctions, they can cause junction leakage. In order to avoid the junction leakage, metal impurities must be away from junction. It was reported that iron can be gettered in the region of dopants implanted at high energy [. On the other hand, little work has been reported on the behavior of metal impurities in shallow junction. In this study, the gettering behavior of various transition metals in low-energy and high-dose ion-implanted silicon has been demonstrated.
Reliable Quantification of Inorganic Contamination by TXRF
Authors: Müller Matthias , Nutsch Andreas , Altmann Roswitha , Borionetti Gabriella , Holz T. , Mantler C. , Hönicke Philipp , Kolbe Michael , Beckhoff Burkhard
Published: April 2012

The European Integrated Activity of Excellence and Networking for nanoand Micro-Electronics Analysis (ANNA), www.ANNA-i3.net, has addressed the further development and assessment of methodologies for the detection of low concentration inorganic contaminants on and in silicon as well as for novel materials. The comparison of various analytical techniques available to the ANNA partners helped to identify the degree of comparableness of results revealed at different installations. The assessment of improved methodologies as well as the reliability of quantification and calibration procedures of specific analytical techniques such as Total-Reflection X-ray Fluorescence (TXRF) analysis has been of particular interest.
Reference Samples for Ultra Trace Analysis of Organic Compounds on Substrate Surfaces
Authors: Nutsch Andreas , Beckhoff Burkhard , Borionetti G. , Codegoni Davide , Grasso S. , Hönicke Philipp , Leibold Andreas , Müller Matthias , Otto Michael , Pfitzner Lothar , Polignano Maria Luisa
Published: April 2012

Reference samples were produced for development, benchmarking and comparison of analytical techniques based on mass spectroscopy as TD-GCMS and TOF-SIMS and x-ray analysis as TXRF-NEXAFS. Organic contaminants representing plasticizers, disinfectants and flame retardants were chosen. The contaminants were selected with respect to reliable detection using the above analytical techniques. The stability of the reference samples produced with dethylphtalate, triclosane, and tetrabrombisphenol A on silicon stripes or wafers with a diameter of 200 mm was found to be approx. 10 days. The comparison of the techniques showed that the mass spectroscopy methods allowed reliable qualification of organic surface contamination. TD-GCMS quantifies and identifies the volatile organic compounds whereas TXRF quantifies the carbon contamination, especially the non-volatile, on sample surfaces.
Simple Wet-Chemical Cleanings for High-Efficiency Silicon Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Breitenstein Lena , Sevenig Florian , Pysch Damian , Gottschalk Christiane , Hermle Martin , Warta Wilhelm
Published: April 2012

Simple two-step wet-chemical cleans composed of an oxidizing step with in water dissolved ozone followed by an etching step have been studied for high-efficient hetero-junction silicon solar cell applications. For this purpose flat Si (111) samples passivated with amorphous silicon have been investigated. The effect of nanoroughness of the crystalline silicon surface on the minority carrier lifetime is shown. An influence of the storage time between cleaning and a-Si:H deposition was found and can partly be attributed to changes in surface roughness and native oxide growth.
Achieving Ultra-Shallow Junctions in Future CMOS Devices by a Wet Processing Technique
Authors: Barnett Joel , Hill Richard , Majhi Prashant
Published: April 2012

The continued scaling of CMOS devices to the sub-16 nm technology node will likely be achieved with new architectures, such as FinFETs and high mobility substrates, including compound semiconductors (III-V). At these technology nodes, abrupt channel doping profiles with high dopant activation will be needed under low thermal budget environments for III-V materials. Ion implantation into III-V materials presents a problem as it induces crystal damage, which can alter the stoichiometry in a manner that is difficult to recover. The residual damage can lead to higher junction leakage and lower dopant activation. This paper presents a potentially defect-free alternative, mono-layer doping (MLD), which utilizes wet processing techniques.
Study of the Etching Mechanism of Heavily Doped Si in HF
Authors: Valckx Nick , Cuypers Daniel , Vos Rita , Philipsen Harold , Rip Jens , Doumen Geert , Mertens Paul W. , Heyns Marc M. , De Gendt Stefan
Published: April 2012

Following Moores scaling law, the transistor source and drain area become shallower and higher doped regions. As a consequence the limitations of substrate and dopant loss during cleaning become more stringent. For a better understanding, highly B, As and P doped blanket substrates, either prepared by ion implantation or by EPI growth, are studied. Substrate and dopant loss as a function of time and different HF etching conditions is monitored by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) and additional techniques like Spectroscopic Ellipsometry (SE), .... It is shown that in general, the Si etching is dependent of the position of the Fermi level. More remarkably, the junction (4 nm) of a non-annealed heavily As or P doped substrate is completely removed after less than 20 min of etching in HF. This process is related to enhanced etch rates because of the amorphization of the substrate.
Measurement of Adhesion Force of Resist to Wafer by Using SAICAS: Characteristics of Lift-Off of Resist by Steam-Water Mixed Spray
Authors: Mashiko Takashi , Sanada Toshiyuki , Horibe Hideo , Nishiyama Itsuo , Watanabe Masao , Hayashida Atsushi
Published: April 2012

We performed two experiments on resist-coated wafers. In the measurement of the resist-wafer adhesivity, we confirmed that it is significantly increased by an HMDS layer in between. In the resist-removal experiment using steam-water mixed spray, we found that the area of resist removal is limited within the area of spray application if HMDS is used, otherwise the former can be larger than the latter. These results suggest that the resist removal from a wafer surface by steam-water mixed spray is essentially a peel-off process.
Determination of ADAMTS13 and Its Clinical Significance for ADAMTS13 Supplementation Therapy to Improve the Survival of Patients with Decompensated Liver Cirrhosis
Authors: Uemura Masahito , Fujimura Yoshihiro , Ko Saiho , Matsumoto Masanori , Nakajima Yoshiyuki , Fukui Hiroshi
Published: April 2012

The liver plays a central role in hemostasis by synthesizing clotting factors, coagulation inhibitors, and fibrinolytic proteins. Liver cirrhosis (LC), therefore, impacts on both primary and secondary hemostatic mechanisms. ADAMTS13 is a metalloproteinase, produced exclusively in hepatic stellate cells, and specifically cleaves unusually large von Willebrand factor multimers (UL-VWFM). Deficiency of ADAMTS13 results in accumulation of UL-VWFM, which induces platelet clumping or thrombi under high shear stress, followed by sinusoidal microcirculatory disturbances and subsequent progression of liver injuries, eventually leading to multiorgan failure. The marked imbalance between decreased ADAMTS13 activity (ADAMTS13 : AC) and increased production of UL-VWFM indicating a high-risk state of platelet microthrombi formation was closely related to functional liver capacity, hepatic encephalopathy, hepatorenal syndrome, and intractable ascites in advanced LC. Some end-stage LC patients with extremely low ADAMTS13 : AC and its IgG inhibitor may reflect conditions similar to thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) or may reflect “subclinical TTP.” Hence, cirrhotic patients with severe to moderate deficiency of ADAMTS13 : AC may be candidates for FFP infusion as a source of ADAMTS13 or for recombinant ADAMTS13 supplementation. Such treatments may improve the survival of patients with decompensated LC.
Increased bronchoalveolar lavage fluid tin content in stannosis
Authors: Altraja Alan , Nigol Kaidi , Altraja Siiri , Viitak Anu
Published: April 2012

Stannosis is a rare non-fibrotic pneumoconiosis that follows the chronic inhalation of tin particles. Apart from occupational history and radiographic findings, no diagnostic criteria exist for stannosis. Therefore, analysis of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) to support stannosis might be of significant value. We present a case of a 74-year-old male patient, who developed progressive dyspnea and dry cough 35 years after working full-time as a tinner for 17 years. His post-bronchodilator forced vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in one second were 111% and 108% predicted, respectively, accompanied by a disproportionately low diffusing capacity of the lung (34.4% predicted). Contents of tin, lead and copper were measured in both the BALF and the systemic circulation by electrothermal atomic and flame absorption spectrometry. The patient had a 38.5-, 48.5-, 88- and 85- fold higher BALF concentration of tin than did four male individuals (controls) without stannosis or an exposure to other heavy metals (crude figures and standardized for total protein, albumin, and potassium contents, respectively). Moreover, there was no difference in the BALF concentrations of lead and copper, or any of the heavy metals in the peripheral blood stream between the patient and the controls. The relative coefficient of excretion of 24.9 for tin in the patient and of <1 both for tin in the controls and for other metals in the patient, as well as for all metals in the controls refers to the deposition of tin locally into the lungs of the patient via chronic inhalation. This case study indicates that weighed measurement of tin in the BALF could provide significant support to the clinical diagnosis of stannosis.
Successful Staged Management of Simultaneous Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm and Renal Tumor: The Novel Minimally Invasive Treatment with Endovascular Aneurysm Repair and Retroperitoneal Laparoscopic Radical Nephrectomy in an Elderly and High-Risk Case
Authors: Kira Satoru , Sawada Norifumi , Kudou Shouji , Zakoji Hidenori , Kaga Shigeaki , Matsumoto Masahiko , Takeda Masayuki
Published: April 2012

The association between abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) and renal tumor is becoming more frequent, and the increasing incidence of this synchronous diseases raised questions about the procedures of treatment. In most of the previous cases, open nephrectomy and AAA surgery have been reported, however in high risk and elderly patients, the procedure is life threatening. We present a successful staged treatment of AAA and renal tumor using novel minimally invasive treatment with endovascular aneurysm repair and retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical nephrectomy in an elderly and high-risk case.
A Cavitary Pneumonia Caused by Leptotrichia species in an Immunocompetent Patient
Authors: Lo Tze Shien
Published: April 2012

Leptotrichia species (LS) is an anaerobic Gram negative bacillus in the Bacteroidaceae family and part of the normal human oral flora. It is rarely pathogenic, but occasionally causes diseases in immunocompromised hosts. I am reporting a case of cavitary pneumonia caused by LS in an immunocompetent host.
Risk Factors for Tuberculosis in Contact Investigations in Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Authors: Verdier Jesse Eduard , de Vlas Sake Jan , Kidgell-Koppelaar Inge D. , Richardus Jan Hendrik
Published: April 2012

Contact investigations around tuberculosis patients enable early detection of infection and disease, and prevention of secondary tuberculosis cases. We aim to identify risk factors for M. tuberculosis transmission to contacts of tuberculosis patients, based on unique data from routine contact investigations by the Public Health Service in Rotterdam, the Netherlands, collected between 2001 and 2006. Through logistic regression analysis, we determined the effect of various risk factors on the chance of finding a latent tuberculosis (TB) infection or overt tuberculosis case among contacts. A total of 1165 index patients with active tuberculosis were registered and at least one contact was investigated in 731, resulting in 21,540 contacts overall. Altogether, the contact investigations led to 91 cases of active tuberculosis. Of the 12,698 contacts eligible for screening by tuberculin skin test, 1091 (9%) were diagnosed with latent tuberculosis infections. Risk factors were old age of the contact, old age of the index patient, and the relationship to the index. A larger fraction of infected close contacts was strongly associated with infections among more distant contacts. Our findings emphasize the importance of including these personal and interpersonal risk factors in decision making in contact investigations.
Concurrence of Thyrotoxicosis and Gitelman’s Syndrome-Associated Hypokalemia-Induced Periodic Paralysis
Authors: Imashuku Shinsaku , Teramura-Ikeda Tomoko , Kudo Naoko , Kaneda Shigehiro , Tajima Toshihiro
Published: April 2012

A 16-year-old Japanese boy with a history of truancy had been treated at a psychiatric clinic. When the patient was referred to us for hypokalemia-associated paralysis, the diagnosis of thyrotoxic hypokalemic periodic paralysis was made, common in Asian men. Subsequently, the patient was found to have persistently high plasma renin and aldosterone levels. Thus, solute carrier family 12 member 3 gene (SLC12A3) analysis was performed. A novel missense homozygous mutation CTC->CAC at codon 858 (L858H) was found for which the patient was homozygous and his non-consanguineous parents heterozygote. These findings indicated that the patient developed hypokalemia-associated paralysis concurrently with thyrotoxicosis and Gitelman’s syndrome. This case underscores the importance of careful examinations of adolescents with complaints of truancy as well as of precise determinations of the causes of hypokalemia-associated paralysis.
Overview of aerosol properties associated with air masses sampled by the ATR-42 during the EUCAARI campaign (2008)
Authors: Crumeyrolle S. , Schwarzenboeck A. , Sellegri K. , Burkhart J. F. , Stohl A. , Gomes L. , Quennehen B. , Roberts G. , Weigel R. , Roger J. C. , Villani P. , Pichon J. M. , Bourrianne T. , Laj P.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Within the frame of the European Aerosol Cloud Climate and Air Quality Interactions (EUCAARI) project the Météo-France aircraft ATR-42 performed 22 research flights, over central Europe and the North Sea during the intensive observation period in May 2008. For the campaign, the ATR-42 was equipped in order to study aerosol physical, chemical and optical properties, as well as cloud microphysics. During the campaign, continental air masses from Eastern and Western Europe were encountered, along with polar and Scandinavian air masses. For the 22 research flights, retroplume analyses along the flight tracks were performed with FLEXPART in order to classify air masses into five sectors of origin which allows for a qualitative evaluation of emission influence on the respective air parcel. In the polluted boundary layer (BL), typical concentrations of particles with diameters larger than 10 nm (N10) are of the order of 5000–6000 cm−3, whereas N10 concentrations of clean air masses were lower than 1300 cm−3. The detection of the largest particle number concentrations occurred in air masses coming from Polar and Scandinavian regions for which an elevated number of nucleation mode (25–28 nm) particles was observed and attributed to new particle formation over open sea. In the free troposphere (FT), typical observed N10 are of the order of 900 cm−3 in polluted air masses and 400–600 cm−3 in clean air masses, respectively. In both layers, the chemical composition of submicron aerosol particles is dominated by organic matter and nitrate in polluted air masses, while, sulphate and ammonium followed by organics dominate the submicron aerosols in clean air masses. The highest CCN/CN ratios were observed within the polar air masses while the CCN concentration values are the highest within the polluted air masses. Within the five air mass sectors defined and the two layers (BL and FT), observations have been distinguished into anticyclonic (first half of May 2008) and cyclonic conditions (second half of May 2008). Strong relationships between meteorological conditions and physical, chemical as well as optical properties are found.
Bayesian uncertainty assessment of flood predictions in ungauged urban basins for conceptual rainfall-runoff models
Authors: Sikorska A. E. , Scheidegger A. , Banasik K. , Rieckermann J.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Urbanization and the resulting land-use change strongly affect the water cycle and runoff-processes in watersheds. Unfortunately, small urban watersheds, which are most affected by urban sprawl, are mostly ungauged. This makes it intrinsically difficult to assess the consequences of urbanization. Most of all, it is unclear how to reliably assess the predictive uncertainty given the structural deficits of the applied models. In this study, we therefore investigate the uncertainty of flood predictions in ungauged urban basins from structurally uncertain rainfall-runoff models. To this end, we suggest a procedure to explicitly account for input uncertainty and model structure deficits using Bayesian statistics with a continuous-time autoregressive error model. In addition, we propose a concise procedure to derive prior parameter distributions from base data and successfully apply the methodology to an urban catchment in Warsaw, Poland. Based on our results, we are able to demonstrate that the autoregressive error model greatly helps to meet the statistical assumptions and to compute reliable prediction intervals. In our study, we found that predicted peak flows were up to 7 times higher than observations. This was reduced to 5 times with Bayesian updating, using only few discharge measurements. In addition, our analysis suggests that imprecise rainfall information and model structure deficits contribute mostly to the total prediction uncertainty. In the future, flood predictions in ungauged basins will become more important due to ongoing urbanization as well as anthropogenic and climatic changes. Thus, providing reliable measures of uncertainty is crucial to support decision making.
Understanding the drivers for the development of design rules for the synthesis of cylindrical flexures
Authors: Telleria M. J. , Culpepper M. L.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Cylindrical flexures (CFs), defined as flexures with only one finite radius of curvature loaded normal to the plane of curvature, present an interesting research direction in compliant mechanisms. CFs are constructed out of a cylindrical stock which leads to geometry, manufacturability, and compatibility advantages. Synthesis rules must be developed to design these new systems effectively. Current knowledge in flexure design pertains to straight-beam flexures or curved flexures loaded along the plane of curvature. CFs present a challenge because their mechanics differ from those of straight beams, and although their modelling has been researched thoroughly it has yet to be distilled into element and system creation rules. This paper uses models and finite element analysis to demonstrate that current design rules for straight-beam flexures are insufficient and inadequate for the design of CF systems. The presented discussion will show that CFs differ both at the element and systems levels, and therefore future research will focus on developing the three components of the building block approach: (i) reworking of element mechanics models to reveal the parameters which cause the kinematics of the curved beam to differ from those of the straight beam, (ii) development of a visual stiffness representation, and (iii) formation of system creation rules.
A cautionary note regarding comparisons of fire danger indices
Authors: Eastaugh C. S. , Arpaci A. , Vacik H.
Published: April 2012

Abstract. Over the past decade, several methods have been used to compare the performance of fire danger indices in an effort to find the most appropriate indices for particular regions or circumstances. Various authors have proposed comparators and demonstrated different responses of indices to their tests, but rarely has much effort been put into demonstrating the validity of the comparators themselves. We present a demonstration that many of the published comparators are sensitive to the different frequency distributions, that may be inherent in the performance of the different indices, and outline a non-parametric method that may be useful for future work. We compare four hypothetical fire danger indices, three of which are simple mathematical transformations of each other. The hypothesis tested is that the comparators often used in such studies may indicate spurious performance differences between these indices, which is found to be the case. Non-parametric methods are robust to differences in index value frequency distribution and may allow more valid comparisons of fire danger indices. The new comparison method is shown to have advantages over other non-parametric comparators.
Alcohol Ignition Interlocks: Magic Bullet or Poison Pill?
Authors: Neugebauer Gregory T.
Published: April 2012

The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration ("NHTSA") recently published some sobering statistics on drinking and driving. [1] A person dies on America’s highways in an alcohol-related fatality every 33 minutes. A person is injured every 2 minutes. Approximately one third of all Americans will experience an alcohol-related crash at least once in their lives. A staggering 1.4 million people "one for every 132 licensed drivers" were arrested for driving under the influence in 1998 alone. As if this human toll is not alarming enough, alcohol-related crashes cost Americans over $100 billion annually.
The National Counterterrorism Center: Foreign and Domestic Intelligence Fusion and the Potential Threat to Privacy
Authors: Thompson Bennie G.
Published: April 2012

Late last year, Americans woke, dressed, read the newspaper, and learned that the Federal Government had been spying on them for over three years. The White House had asked theNew York Times not to publish an article detailing President Bush’s authorization of National Security Agency (NSA) wiretapping of American citizens.1 The paper consequently delayed publication of the story for a year.2 When the news finally broke, it ignited a firestorm of public controversy.
Searching for Initial Interest Confusion im Trademark Protection in Cyberspace
Authors: Fritch David M.
Published: April 2012

The modern Internet enables “millions of people to communicate with one another and to access vast amounts of information from around the world.”1 Due to the enormous repository of information the Internet makes available online, some have compared the Internet to an immense “library with no card catalog.”2 While web users can generally access web sites directly with a domain name, the sheer size of the Internet makes it difficult for the average web surfer to locate the majority of web sites unless they know the web site address  beforehand.3
Impeaching Finnigan and Realigning the Corroboration Standard for Uninterested Single Witness Testimony with Precedent and Policy
Authors: Underwood Jessica R.
Published: April 2012

Thomson3 3 and Finnigan4 were decided by different panels of Federal Circuit judges with one judge in common,5 only four and a half months apart. Both panels addressed whether an uninterested witness’s testimony must be corroborated, and both panels reached different outcomes. Although the latter of the two cases, Finnigan, attempted to reconcile the apparent inconsistencies, its craftsmanship suggests a veiled attempt to overrule Thomson,6 rather than distinguish it.7 Even though most courts have followed Finnigan8 instead of Thomson,9 Thomson deserves special attention--not only because it has not been overruled,10 but also because its holding is a natural extension of legal precedent and patent policy that may prove to be the more contoured rule to the issue at hand. Namely, whether an uninterested witness’s testimony submitted to prove patent invalidity must be corroborated with other evidence as a bright-line rule or whether courts should have the option to evaluate this testimony on a case-by-case basis. In other words, the issue discussed in the conflicting holdings of Thomson and Finnigan is whether a single witness’s testimony is ever sufficient to meet the evidentiary burden of clear and convincing evidence to prove patent invalidity.
The Girl Talk Dilemma: Can Copyright Law Accomodate New Forms of Sample-Based Music?
Authors: Mongillo David
Published: April 2012

On Gregg Gillis’ laptop computer are thousands of files representing a vast slice of 20th and 21st century popular music.1 His digital music collection is similar to that of many music consumers: it spans a wide variety of genres and runs from the obscure to the mainstream. But Gillis is different from most music consumers in that he uses computer software to cut his digital music files into audio snippets, or samples, and then piece them together into song collages.2 Gregg Gillis is Girl Talk, a recording artist on the Illegal Art label whose music has made yearend best music lists in Time Magazine,3 Rolling Stone,4 Blender5 and Pitchforkmedia.com.6 Girl Talk has developed a strong following throughout the United States and has toured throughout Europe and Australia.7 A PC user, he was recently featured in one of the “I’m a PC” ads for Microsoft.8 But while Girl Talk has been successful, Gillis adds almost no original musical content to his recordings. Although he often alters the speed or pitch of his samples, or loops them in a continuous pattern, he does not sing or rap over his creations. Furthermore, Gillis has never sought licenses or authorization for any of the samples he uses.9 For instance, his latest album, “Feed the Animals,” includes over 300 unauthorized samples10 of artists ranging from Lil Wayne to Radiohead to Metallica to Kenny Loggins.
Mural Rights: Establishing Standing for Communities Under American Moral Rights Laws
Authors: Ehret Christian
Published: April 2012

The origins of mural art have been traced back more than 30,000 years, evidenced by prehistoric images of animals found painted on the walls of the Chauvet Cave in Southern France.1 Throughout history, murals have been employed by man to tell stories and to convey artistic expression. The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra, India, date back to the third century B.C. and contain intricate mural art depicting the Jataka stories.2 The San Bartolo murals in Guatemala were created in the first century B.C. and represent an important part of Mayan history.3 The significance of mural art still exists in society today and remains an effective way of communicating expression to a large, public audience. Public murals create accessible artistic expression for the enjoyment of all classes of people, help to define urban neighborhoods and offer aesthetic relief from blight and abandonment.
ESRB Warning: Use of Virtual Worlds by Children May Result in Addiction and Blurring of Borders – The Advisable Regulations in Light of Foreseeable Damages
Authors: Goltz Nachson
Published: April 2012

This article analyzes the possible models for regulating the use of Internet-based virtual worlds by minors. While virtual worlds introduce a unique experience to their users, there is a strong indication that such use, if left unregulated, may cause harm, especially to minors. This article explains that the dangers associated with virtual worlds are different from those created by other types of media. The various phenomena which may be caused due to the use of virtual worlds and the damages likely to be caused by such phenomena, rest on two assumptions: that minors are especially prone to suffer from such dangers, since the exposure of minors to the experiences offered by virtual worlds is not mitigated by factors such as a more developed sense of reality and responsibility, and, that in the use of virtual worlds there is a greater potential to induce such harms when compared to the use of video games or other Internet applications. The methodology underlying this article is based on a comparativecritical review of the existing literature in the fields relevant to this interdisciplinary realm: technology, psychology, philosophy and law. This article concludes that non-legal regulation is insufficient and puts forth several suggestions for legal regulation. The proposed regulation is based on four principles: Awareness – forcing virtual worlds companies to issue a warning of the possible damages similar to the warnings printed on cigarettes packs; Prevention – operating technological measures to identify minor users and tracking their use length; Help – establishing help centers and posting distress buttons in the virtual world; and Liability – imposing tort liability on virtual worlds companies that fail to implement the proposed changes.
Perspectives from the Bench: Technology in the Pittsburgh Courtroom An Interview with the Honorable Nora Barry Fischer, District Judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
Authors: Angliss Katie
Published: April 2012

Judge Nora Barry Fischer has served as a district judge for the United States District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania since 2007, when she was appointed by President George W. Bush. Prior to her service as a district judge, Judge Fischer worked as a legal editor at Callaghan & Company, was a partner in private practice at Meyer Darragh Buckler Bebenek & Eck, and was an equity partner at Pietragallo Bosick & Gordon. Additionally, Judge Fischer worked as a trained mediator and arbitrator in Pennsylvania and West Virginia. Judge Fischer is a Fellow of the American College of Trial Lawyers, an active member of the Executive Women’s Council of Pittsburgh, a past President of the Academy of Trial Lawyers of Allegheny County, and a member of the Pennsylvania Bar Association Commission on Women in the Profession, where she serves on the Mentoring Subcommittee. She received a Bachelor of Arts Degree magna cum laude from Saint Mary’s College, and a JD degree from Notre Dame Law School in 1976.
Valuation Methods in Early-Stage Biotechnology Enterprises: The â€œVenture Capital Methodâ€ at Work
Authors: Sammut Stephen M.
Published: April 2012

Valuation approaches to biotechnology companies by angel investors and venture capitalists often appear to the entrepreneurs to be based on voodoo rather than sound principles of finance. While there may be some truth to that perception, there is actually a very sound, somewhat complex, internal logic to the way private biotechnology companies are valued. Note the emphasis on the word â€œprivate.â€ This article will focus entirely on the valuation methodology of companies that are not yet listed. Moreover, the article will not consider the valuation approaches used by, say, a pharmaceutical company when it is targeting a biotechnology company for acquisition or strategic partnering. The emphasis of this piece is on the thought process or algorithm in play â€” the so-called â€œVenture Capital Methodâ€ â€” when an investor is looking at a biotechnology company in the seed stage or in the first or second round of venture capital funding.
Licensing, Partnering, Strategic Alliances and University Relationships
Authors: Blakeslee Wesley Daniel
Published: April 2012

AbstractÂ The biopharmaceutical industry has been undergoing change for a number of years and that change is accelerating.Â  Larger pharmaceutical companies are acquiring smaller ones, companies are merging, laboratories are being closed, and the number of scientists performing research in the pharmaceutical industry is declining.Â  Overall, commercial industry, including the biotechnology industry, is becoming more interested in the benefits of collaboration with research institutions.Universities are also changing their view of relationships with industry.Â  Shrinking federal budgets are causing universities to look at other sources of revenue, including collaborations with industry.Â  Federal and state governments are also looking closely at the benefits of sponsoring university research, and in particular are seeking to accelerate commercialization of university discoveries not only to obtain the benefit of invested research dollars, but also for economic development and job growth.Â  Universities, and in particular university technology transfer offices, must understand these changes and adapt to them.Â This paper discusses the university/industry relationships, and the particular issues important to universities which shape that interface.Â
Building Teams in Entrepreneurial Companies
Authors: Boni Arthur , Weingart Laurie
Published: April 2012

This article focuses on the essentials of building effective, collaborative, team-based organizations. The entrepreneurs and innovators who found and build technology-based organizations comprise out target audience, but most specifically we address the biotechnology and biomedical field.Â  Two perspectives are provided in the article: 1) advice based on the experiential learning provided by years of experience of building and growing entrepreneurial organizations; and 2) identifying the keys to building effective teams based on some selected the academic or scholarly literature on building effective teams.Â  Our goal is to provide a perspective that blends real-world lessons filtered through a more scholarly approach based on case literature and other research-based studies.Â  The material summarized herein is presented as a learning module to the participants in the Biotechnology Entrepreneurship Boot Camp.Â  Our pedagogical approach in the Boot camp is to lead with the background material and perspective contained herein, and to then have a moderated panel discussion around these and other topics. The moderated panel consists of the key members of a real company consisting of key C-level officers and founders and a venture capitalist who funded the company.Â  Thus the â€œtheory and practiceâ€ of team-based innovation come together via a real-time case. Â
What Every Biotech Entrepreneur Needs to Know about VC Due Diligence
Authors: Sammut Stephen M
Published: April 2012

Due diligence, as it applies to venture capital, is actually imprecise. Origins of the term are based in banking case law. Due diligence to the attorney is more of a precise concept. A better term is â€œhomework.â€ Better indeed, because the burden of this homework weighs far more heavily on the entrepreneur than on the venture capitalist. The odds of getting funded by a venture capital firm are somewhere between 50: and 100: 1. In most instances, the funding goes to companies that already have some connection into the community of venture capital funds. Does this mean that all others need not apply? That is hardly the case. Good venture capitalists know a good opportunity when they see it, but sometimes it is not always obvious. Either the business plan is flawed in strategy, format or content, or the due diligence process reveals a team totally unprepared to fulfill their own vision. Elsewhere in this special edition of JCB is an article on the business plan and the pitch book. This article teaches, in a manner of speaking, how business plans get read and pitches gets heard.
Indicadores socioeconômicos e de saúde da Atenção Básica nos municípios da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte
Authors: Campos Ana Cristina Viana , Borges Carolina Marques , Leles Cláudio Rodrigues , Vargas Andréa Maria Duarte , Ferreira Efigênia Ferreira e
Published: April 2012

Objetivo: investigar a associação entre os indicadores socioeconômicos e de saúde da Atenção Básica nos municípios da Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais. Materias e Métodos: estudo ecológico com utilização de dados secundários referentes à Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte. Asvariáveis dependentes foram os indicadores de saúde geral e de saúde bucal da Atenção Básica. As variáveis exploratórias foram taxa de alfabetização, Índice de Desenvolvimento Humano, Índice de Gini e Índice Mineiro de Responsabilidade Social. A análise de Cluster Hierárquico foi realizada para segmentação dos municípios a partir dos indicadores socioeconômicos, por meio do método Between-linkage group e a medida Distância Euclidiana Quadrática. A comparação dos indicadores de saúde da Atenção Básica entre os clusters foi feita através do teste t-Student, com nível de significância estabelecido em 5%. Resultados: os municípios foram agrupados em dois clusters: 1) piores indicadores socioeconômicos (N=23) e 2) melhores (N=10). O cluster 1 apresentou maiores cobertura da Estratégia de Saúde da Família e média anual de visitas domiciliares (76,6 ± 32,5; 6,1 ± 24,6, respectivamente) do que o cluster 2 (70,4 ± 27,9; 0,8 ± 0,6, respectivamente) (p < 0,05). Em relação aos indicadores de Saúde Bucal não houve diferenças estatisticamente significantes entre os clusters.Conclusão: sugere-se que há uma associação entre municípios da região metropolitana de Belo Horizonte com piores indicadores socioeconômicos e maior cobertura da Saúde da Família e média de visita domiciliar.Descritores: Atenção primária à saúde. Indicadores básicos de saúde. Indicadores sociais.
Perfil profissional do cirurgião-dentista em associação ao conhecimento e utilização de marketing
Authors: Zuchini André Richard Bibiano , Lolli Maria Carolina Gobbi dos Santos , Lolli Luiz Fernando , Lolli Hugo Alberto
Published: April 2012

Objetivo: Verificar o conhecimento e a utilização do marketing por cirurgiões-dentistas, associados ao seu perfil profissional. Materiais e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo qualito-quantitativo transversal, realizado com 52 profissionais atuantes nos municípios de Maringá e Marialva, ambos situados na região Noroeste do Paraná. O instrumento utilizado para a coleta de dados foi um questionário estruturado e auto-responsivo, composto de questões abertas e fechadas, contendo variáveis sobre perfil profissional, conhecimento e atuação de marketing. A coleta de dados ocorreu nos locais de trabalho dos entrevistados durante os meses de agosto e setembro de 2010. Resultados: A maioria dos participantes possuía idade entre 20 e 30 anos (60%) e menosde 5 anos de profissão (42%), sendo a maior parte proveniente de instituições privadas (56%). Ao todo, 26 indivíduos eram trabalhadores autônomos (50%), atuantes em consultórios ou clínicas particulares (autônomos totais) e 26 (50%) autônomos, mas que possuíam algum vínculo no serviço público (autônomos parciais). Foi observado que os dentistas autônomos totais relataram utilizar mais estratégias de marketing em relação a autônomos parciais (p=0,01). Para as demais associações entre perfil profissional e conhecimento/utilização de marketing não foram encontradas diferenças estatísticas. Conclusão: De acordo com os resultados desse estudo, o conhecimento sobre marketing e sua utilização parece ainda não ser consenso na odontologia e tampouco dependeu do perfil profissional.Descritores: Odontologia. Marketing de serviços de saúde.
Condição de saúde bucal em trabalhadores atendidos no Núcleo de Saúde Ocupacional de Campina Grande-PB
Authors: Maia Emilanir Gomes , Cavalcante Gigliana Maria Sobral , Garcia Ana Flávia Granville- , Lucas Rilva Suely de Castro Cardoso , Cavalcanti Alessandro Leite , D’Avila Sérgio
Published: April 2012

Objetivo: Avaliar a saúde bucal de trabalhadores atendidos no Núcleo de saúde ocupacional de Campina Grande/PB. Materiais e Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo transversal com uma amostra do tipo probabilística de 341 indivíduos, de ambos os sexos, com idades entre 35 e 44 anos. A pesquisa foi realizada por meio de uma ficha clínica, abordando os dados sócio-demográficos e aspectos clínicos sobre as condições de saúde bucal (índices CPO e CPI) sobre o uso e necessidade de prótese dentária. O exame foi realizado por um único examinador. Os dados foram analisados pelo Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) versão 13, os resultados apresentados por estatística descritiva. Resultados: Verificou-se predomínio do sexomasculino (91,8%) e da faixa etária de 35 a 37 anos (51,6%). O valor médio do CPOD foi de 15,5, com predomínio do componente cariado (9,7). As prevalências de sangramento gengival, cálculo dentário e bolsas profundas foram de 9,7%, 34,0% e 10,0%, respectivamente. Dos examinados, 80,1% necessitavam de algum tipo de prótese. Em relação ao uso de prótese, 31,7% usavam no arco superior e 4,4% no inferior. Conclusão:Diante dessa realidade torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de programas de atenção à saúde bucal em adultos, a fim de diminuir os danos causados e prevenir a continuidade da tendência à perda dentária.Descritores: Saúde do trabalhador. Odontologia do trabalho. Índice CPO. Saúde bucal. Serviços de saúde. Assistência odontológica.