bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Microwave-Assisted Furfural Production Using Hectorites and Fluorohectorites as Catalysts
Authors: Sánchez Vladimir , Dafinov Anton , Salagre Pilar , Llorca Jordi , Cesteros Yolanda
Published: August 2019

It has previously been reported that the use of microwave heating, together with the presence of co-solvents, improves the efficiency of furfural production from biomass. Solid acid catalysts can be a good alternative to mineral acids, since they can prevent corrosion and can be reused. However, the formation of humines should be minimized. Several delaminated and fluorinated hectorites, with different types and strengths of acid sites, were synthesized and tested as catalysts for the production of furfural from commercial xylose and from an acid biomass extract of almond shells. A new methodology was developed to prepare crystalline fluorohectorite at 800 °C in just 3 h. The presence of F significantly increased the acidity strength in the protonated fluorohectorite (H-FH) taking into account its high ammonia desorption temperature (721 °C). Additionally, this sample had fourteen times higher total acidity by m2 than the reference H-βeta acid catalyst. H-FH was the most efficient catalyst at short reaction times (1 h) for the transformation of xylose to furfural under microwaves using toluene as co-solvent, regardless of whether the xylose was commercial (20% furfural yield) or an extract of almond shells (60% furfural yield). However, the acidity of the extract affected the fluorohectorite structure and composition.
Immobilized rGO/TiO2 Photocatalyst for Decontamination of Water
Authors: Zouzelka Radek , Remzova Monika , Plsek Jan , Brabec Libor , Rathousky Jiri
Published: August 2019

The preparation of immobilized graphene-based photocatalyst layers is highly desired for environmental applications. In this study, the preparation of an immobilized reduced graphene oxide (rGO)/TiO2 composite by electrophoretic deposition (EPD) was optimized. It enabled quantitative deposition without sintering and without the use of any dispersive additive. The presence of rGO had beneficial effects on the photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol in an aqueous solution. A marked increase in the photocatalytic degradation rate was observed, even at very low concentrations of rGO. Compared with the TiO2 and GO/TiO2 reference layers, use of the rGO/TiO2 composite (0.5 wt% of rGO) increased the first-order reaction rate constant by about 70%. This enhanced performance was due to the increased formation of hydroxyl radicals that attacked the 4-chlorophenol molecules. The direct charge transfer mechanism had only limited effect on the degradation. Thus, EPD-prepared rGO/TiO2 layers appear to be suitable for environmental application.
Zr-Modified ZnO for the Selective Oxidation of Cinnamaldehyde to Benzaldehyde
Authors: Du Pengju , Su Tongming , Luo Xuan , Xie Xinling , Qin Zuzeng , Ji Hongbing
Published: August 2019

ZnO and Zr-modified ZnO were prepared using a precipitation method and used for the selective oxidation of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde in the present study. The results showed that physicochemical properties of ZnO were significantly affected by the calcination temperature, and calcination of ZnO at 400 °C demonstrated the optimum catalytic activity for the selective oxidation of cinnamaldehyde to benzaldehyde. With 0.01 g ZnO calcined at 400 °C for 2 h as a catalyst, 8.0 g ethanol and 2.0 g cinnamaldehyde reacted at an oxygen pressure of 1.0 MPa and 70 °C for 60 min, resulting in benzaldehyde selectivity of 69.2% and cinnamaldehyde conversion of 16.1%. Zr was the optimal modifier for ZnO: when Zr-modified ZnO was used as the catalyst, benzaldehyde selectivity reached 86.2%, and cinnamaldehyde conversion was 17.6%. The X-ray diffractometer and N2 adsorption–desorption characterization indicated that doping with Zr could reduce the crystallite size of ZnO (101) and increase the specific surface area of the catalyst, which provided more active sites for the reaction. X-ray photoelectron spectrometer results showed that Zr-doping could exchange the electrons with ZnO and reduce the electron density in the outer layer of Zn, which would further affect benzaldehyde selectivity. The results of CO2 temperature-programmed desorption showed that Zr-modification enhanced the alkalinity of the catalyst surface, which caused the Zr–ZnO catalyst to exhibit higher catalytic activity.
Enhanced Circadian Entrainment in Mice and Its Utility under Human Shiftwork Schedules
Authors: Walbeek Thijs J. , Harrison Elizabeth M. , Soler Robert R. , Gorman Michael R.
Published: August 2019

The circadian system is generally considered to be incapable of adjusting to rapid changes in sleep/work demands. In shiftworkers this leads to chronic circadian disruption and sleep loss, which together predict underperformance at work and negative health consequences. Two distinct experimental protocols have been proposed to increase circadian flexibility in rodents using dim light at night: rhythm bifurcation and T-cycle (i.e., day length) entrainment. Successful translation of such protocols to human shiftworkers could facilitate alignment of internal time with external demands. To assess entrainment flexibility following bifurcation and exposure to T-cycles, mice in Study 1 were repeatedly phase-shifted. Mice from experimental conditions rapidly phase-shifted their activity, while control mice showed expected transient misalignment. In Study 2 and 3, mice followed a several weeks-long intervention designed to model a modified DuPont or Continental shiftwork schedule, respectively. For both schedules, bifurcation and nocturnal dim lighting reduced circadian misalignment. Together, these studies demonstrate proof of concept that mammalian circadian systems can be rendered sufficiently flexible to adapt to multiple, rapidly changing shiftwork schedules. Flexible adaptation to exotic light-dark cycles likely relies on entrainment mechanisms that are distinct from traditional entrainment.
Investigation on the Deposition of an AlN-ZnO/ZnO/AlN-ZnO Double Heterojunction Structure Using Radio Frequency Magnetron Cosputtering Technology
Authors: Zheng Yu-Kai , Zhang Yang-Zheng , Lee Hsin-Ying , Lee Ching-Ting , Huang Ruei-Hao , Liu Day-Shan
Published: August 2019

A symmetric AlN-ZnO/ZnO/AlN-ZnO double heterojunction structure was consecutively deposited onto silicon substrate using cosputtering technology and then annealed at 700 °C under vacuum ambient for 30 min. The crystalline quality of the ZnO film in the heterojunction structure was significantly improved as verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Improvement on the crystalline structure was ascribed to the stress in the ZnO active film, which was effectively buffered by the underlayered AlN-ZnO layer. Native oxygen vacancies in the ZnO film also were effectively suppressed due to a little diffusion of the Al atoms from the cosputtered AlN-ZnO layer, and led to an increase in the carrier concentration. Such ZnO film deposited onto the homogeneous AlN-ZnO buffer layer emitted an intense near-band-edge emission, and the deep level emission was absent. The ultraviolet emission was further enhanced by covering an AlN-ZnO barrier laye, which was a consequence of the improvement on the carrier confinement. Accordingly, single ultraviolet emission with a quality ZnO crystalline structure, which is very promising for application in short-wavelength optoelectronic devices, was realized from the ZnO film sandwiched by the homogeneity of the cosputtered AlN-ZnO layers.
Washing Durability and Photo-Stability of NanoTiO2-SiO2 Coatings Exhausted onto Cotton and Cotton/Polyester Fabrics
Authors: Ojstršek Alenka , Fakin Darinka
Published: August 2019

The purpose of this study was to assess and compare the durability of TiO2-SiO2 coatings applied in three concentrations onto two lightweight cellulose-based fabrics diverse in the composition against two external factors, repeated washings and prolonged intensive UV irradiation, by observing the changes in surface morphology, investigation of optical properties, and identification of specific molecular vibrations. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) micrographs, diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (DRS) profiles and fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) spectra implied equal distribution of TiO2-SiO2 nanoparticles over the surfaces of both fabrics after exhaustion procedures, regarding the concentration of colloidal paste and the type of material used, followed by a slight reduction of nanoparticles after twenty washing cycles. Moreover, the newly gained, good to very good UV protective functionality proved the suitability of the employed procedure and the sufficient durability of the selected coatings. Additionally, UV irradiation mainly caused damages to the cotton. Cotton/polyester became yellower under UV, although the application of TiO2-SiO2 protected the material against yellowness.
Optical and Superhydrophilic Characteristics of TiO2 Coating with Subwavelength Surface Structure Consisting of Spherical Nanoparticle Aggregates
Authors: Kameya Yuki , Yabe Hiroki
Published: August 2019

It is expected that the applications of photocatalytic coatings will continue to extend into many areas, so it is important to explore their potential for enhanced functionality and design flexibility. In this study, we investigated the effect of a subwavelength surface structure in a TiO2 coating on its optical and superhydrophilic characteristics. Using submicron-scale spherical aggregates of TiO2 nanoparticles, we fabricated a TiO2 film with a subwavelength surface structure. Optical examination showed the enhanced transmittance of visible light compared to that of a plain surface. This was considered to be a result of a graded refractive index at the air–TiO2 interface. The effect of the subwavelength surface structure on optical transmittance was also demonstrated by the numerical simulation of visible light propagation in which Maxwell’s equations were solved using the finite-difference time-domain method. In addition, superhydrophilic behavior without ultraviolet light illumination was observed for the subwavelength-structure film via the measurement of the contact angle of a water drop. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the photocatalytic activity of the proposed film was comparable with that of a standard TiO2 film. It was suggested that the control of the subwavelength surface structure of a TiO2 film could be utilized to achieve novel properties of photocatalytic coatings.
Multi-Physics Bi-Functional Intelligent Meta-Device Based on the Shape Memory Alloys
Authors: Jiang Chaoran , Fang Chenchao , Shen Xiangying
Published: August 2019

Transformation theory, succeeding in multiple transportation systems, has enlightened researchers to manipulate the field distribution by tailoring the medium’s dominant parameters in certain situations. Therefore, the science community has witnessed a boom in designing metamaterials, whose abnormal properties are induced by artificial structures rather than the components’ characteristics. However, a majority of such meta-devices are restricted to the particular physical regimes and cannot sense the changes taking place in the surrounding environment and adjust its functions accordingly. In this article we propose a multi-physics bi-functional “intelligent” meta-device which can switch its functions between an invisible cloak and a concentrator in both thermal and DC electric conduction as the ambient temperature or voltage varies. The shape memory alloys are utilized in the design to form a moveable part, which plays the crucial role in the switching effect. This work paves the way for a practicable method for obtaining a controllable gradient of heat or electric potential, and also provides guidance for efficiently designing similar intelligent meta-devices by referring to the intriguing property of shape memory alloys.
A New Species of Terrestrial-Breeding Frog (Amphibia, Strabomantidae, Noblella) from the Upper Madre De Dios Watershed, Amazonian Andes and Lowlands of Southern Peru
Authors: Santa-Cruz Roy , von May Rudolf , Catenazzi Alessandro , Whitcher Courtney , López Tejeda Evaristo , Rabosky Daniel
Published: August 2019

We describe and name a new species of Noblella Barbour, 1930 (Strabomantidae) from southern Peru. Key diagnostic characteristics of the new species include the presence of a short, oblique fold-like tubercle on the ventral part of the tarsal region, two phalanges on finger IV, and an evident tympanum. The elevational distribution of the new species spans 1250 m (240–1490 m) from lowland Amazon rainforest to montane forest on the eastern slopes of the Andes.
On the Wave Turbulence Theory for the Nonlinear Schrödinger Equation with Random Potentials
Authors: Nazarenko Sergey , Soffer Avy , Tran Minh-Binh
Published: August 2019

We derive new kinetic and a porous medium equations from the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with random potentials. The kinetic equation has a very similar form compared to the four-wave turbulence kinetic equation in the wave turbulence theory. Moreover, we construct a class of self-similar solutions for the porous medium equation. These solutions spread with time, and this fact answers the “weak turbulence” question for the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with random potentials. We also derive Ohm’s law for the porous medium equation.
A Multi-Layer Multi-Timescale Network Utility Maximization Framework for the SDN-Based LayBack Architecture Enabling Wireless Backhaul Resource Sharing
Authors: Wang Mu , Karakoc Nurullah , Ferrari Lorenzo , Shantharama Prateek , Thyagaturu Akhilesh S. , Reisslein Martin , Scaglione Anna
Published: August 2019

With the emergence of small cell networks and fifth-generation (5G) wireless networks, the backhaul becomes increasingly complex. This study addresses the problem of how a central SDN orchestrator can flexibly share the total backhaul capacity of the various wireless operators among their gateways and radio nodes (e.g., LTE enhanced Node Bs or Wi-Fi access points). In order to address this backhaul resource allocation problem, we introduce a novel backhaul optimization methodology in the context of the recently proposed LayBack SDN backhaul architecture. In particular, we explore the decomposition of the central optimization problem into a layered dual decomposition model that matches the architectural layers of the LayBack backhaul architecture. In order to promote scalability and responsiveness, we employ different timescales, i.e., fast timescales at the radio nodes and slower timescales in the higher LayBack layers that are closer to the central SDN orchestrator. We numerically evaluate the scalable layered optimization for a specific case of the LayBack backhaul architecture with four layers, namely a radio node (eNB) layer, a gateway layer, an operator layer, and central coordination in an SDN orchestrator layer. The coordinated sharing of the total backhaul capacity among multiple operators lowers the queue lengths compared to the conventional backhaul without sharing among operators.
Analysis of Steady-State Characteristics for a Newly Designed High Voltage Gain Switched Inductor Z-Source Inverter
Authors: Subhani Nafis , Kannan Ramani , Mahmud Md. Apel , Roy Tushar Kanti , Romlie Mohd Fakhizan
Published: August 2019

This paper aims to develop a new switched inductor assisted strong boost Z-source inverter (SL-SBZSI) topology with high voltage gain and analyze the steady-state characteristics of the proposed topology. In the proposed topology, two switched inductors are used within the series impedance structure of the Z-source inverter (ZSI) in order to achieve the high voltage gain. The steady-state characteristics of the proposed topology are analyzed to disseminate its several advantages as compared to traditional ZSIs. The key advantages include the higher boost factor with lower shoot-through duty ratio and lower voltage stresses on capacitors as well as on switches of the inverter bridge. Furthermore, the proposed topology has the soft-start ability which significantly reduces the inrush start-up current while comparing with the traditional ZSI. In the proposed topology, a common ground is shared between the output AC voltage and the input DC voltage source which categorizes this topology to the doubly grounded inverter. The characteristics of the proposed SL-SBZSI are analyzed by considering two operating condition where the simple boost pulse width modulation (PWM) scheme is used to extract the shoot-through pulses. The characteristics of the proposed topology are also compared with different existing topologies along with the conventional modified capacitor assisted Z-source inverter (MCA-ZSI), whose boost factor is much closer to the proposed topology. Rigorous mathematical analyses are presented to clearly demonstrate the benefits of the proposed topology while simulation studies are carried out to demonstrate its distinct features as compared to the existing topology. Finally, experimental studies are conducted to further validate the theoretical and simulation results.
Multiscale Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Drikakis Dimitris , Frank Michael , Tabor Gavin
Published: August 2019

Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) has numerous applications in the field of energy research, in modelling the basic physics of combustion, multiphase flow and heat transfer; and in the simulation of mechanical devices such as turbines, wind wave and tidal devices, and other devices for energy generation. With the constant increase in available computing power, the fidelity and accuracy of CFD simulations have constantly improved, and the technique is now an integral part of research and development. In the past few years, the development of multiscale methods has emerged as a topic of intensive research. The variable scales may be associated with scales of turbulence, or other physical processes which operate across a range of different scales, and often lead to spatial and temporal scales crossing the boundaries of continuum and molecular mechanics. In this paper, we present a short review of multiscale CFD frameworks with potential applications to energy problems.
A Virtual-Reality and Soundscape-Based Approach for Assessment and Management of Cultural Ecosystem Services in Urban Forest
Authors: Sacchelli Sandro , Favaro Mirko
Published: August 2019

The work develops an analysis based on integrated perception of landscape and soundscape in urban forests (UF) to classify recreational suitability at spatial level. Scientific literature stresses a lack of decision support systems allowing for management of cultural ecosystem services in UF. An innovative approach grounded on landscape and soundscape’s individual perceptions are implemented to cope with this need. Geographic Information System, virtual reality and psychoacoustic parameters are merged to allow for an improved elicitation of willingness to visit UF. Geostatistical methods and the use of the Street View application enable for spatialization of output. The test area is located in an urban park of the city of Florence (Italy). Results stress the importance of logistics and tree variables (e.g., density) to assess the cultural service in the case of visual perception. Natural and people-related sounds as well as aural loudness seem to be significant for integrated perception, in addition to visual parameters. The open-source approach applied in the research can simplify replication to other case studies and the updating of the output. Future improvement and integration of the work for UF recreational planning are suggested.
Collaboration and Conflict—Developing Forest Restoration Techniques for Northern Thailand’s Upper Watersheds Whilst Meeting the Needs of Science and Communities
Authors: Elliott Stephen , Chairuangsri Sutthathorn , Kuaraksa Cherdsak , Sangkum Sudarat , Sinhaseni Kwankhao , Shannon Dia , Nippanon Phuttida , Manohan Benjapan
Published: August 2019

This paper describes an early example of Forest Landscape Restoration (FLR), which resulted from collaboration between a university, local community, and national park authority in the upper Mae Sa Valley, near Chiang Mai City, northern Thailand. Working together, the Hmong community of Ban Mae Sa Mai, Doi Suthep National Park Authority and Chiang Mai University’s Forest Restoration Research Unit (FORRU-CMU) established a chronosequence of trial restoration plots from 1996 to 2013, to test the framework-species method of forest restoration. The project developed successful restoration techniques and gained insights into the factors that influence villagers’ participation in forest restoration. Recovery of forest biomass, carbon storage, structure, biodiversity and ecological functioning exceeded expectations. Villagers appreciated the improved water security resulting from the project, as well as a better relationship with the park authority and increased land security. Recently, however, tree chopping and a breakdown in fire-prevention measures (perhaps symptoms of “project fatigue”) have threatened the sustainability of the plot system. The project demonstrates the importance of a sound scientific basis for forest restoration projects, long-term institutional support, and appropriate funding mechanisms, to achieve sustainability.
CFD Julia: A Learning Module Structuring an Introductory Course on Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Pawar Suraj , San Omer
Published: August 2019

CFD Julia is a programming module developed for senior undergraduate or graduate-level coursework which teaches the foundations of computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The module comprises several programs written in general-purpose programming language Julia designed for high-performance numerical analysis and computational science. The paper explains various concepts related to spatial and temporal discretization, explicit and implicit numerical schemes, multi-step numerical schemes, higher-order shock-capturing numerical methods, and iterative solvers in CFD. These concepts are illustrated using the linear convection equation, the inviscid Burgers equation, and the two-dimensional Poisson equation. The paper covers finite difference implementation for equations in both conservative and non-conservative form. The paper also includes the development of one-dimensional solver for Euler equations and demonstrate it for the Sod shock tube problem. We show the application of finite difference schemes for developing two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes solvers with different boundary conditions applied to the lid-driven cavity and vortex-merger problems. At the end of this paper, we develop hybrid Arakawa-spectral solver and pseudo-spectral solver for two-dimensional incompressible Navier-Stokes equations. Additionally, we compare the computational performance of these minimalist fashion Navier-Stokes solvers written in Julia and Python.
The RabGAP Gene Family in Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and Wild Relatives: Identification, Interaction Networks, and Transcriptional Analysis during Plant Development and in Response to Salt Stress
Authors: Madrid-Espinoza José , Salinas-Cornejo Josselyn , Ruiz-Lara Simón
Published: August 2019

RabGTPase activating proteins (RabGAP) are responsible for directing the deactivation of vesicular trafficking master regulators associated to plant development, the RabGTPase proteins. Recently, RabGAPs were identified in Arabidopsis and rice, but studies were not yet reported in tomato. Herein, we identified 24 RabGAP-encoding genes in cultivated tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and its wild relative genomes (Solanum pimpinellifolium and Solanum pennellii). We analyzed them based on their exon-intron structures, conserved protein motifs, putative subcellular localizations, phylogenetic and gene duplications analyses, interaction networks, and gene expression patterns in tomato. Phylogenetic relationship analysis also indicated that RabGAP family is classified into seven subclasses, of which subclasses I and II are plant-exclusive. Furthermore, segmental duplication events and positive evolutionary forces are associated with the maintenance of the number and function of their members. On the other hand, the protein–protein interaction networks on tomato suggested that members of subclasses I, II, and III could be associated to endocytic traffic routes. In addition, the qRT-PCR experiments in S. lycopersicum and Solanum chilense exposed to a salt stress treatment validated the differential expression patterns of 20 RabGAP genes in different tissues, development stages, and stress conditions obtained through extensive microarray-based analyses. This work suggests the critical role of RabGAP family in the context of intracellular vesicular trafficking in tomato, particularly under conditions of abiotic stress. It also contributes to the breeding programs associated with the development of crops tolerant to salt stress.
Effects of Radiation Therapy on Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Michaelidesová Anna , Konířová Jana , Bartůněk Petr , Zíková Martina
Published: August 2019

Brain and nervous system cancers in children represent the second most common neoplasia after leukemia. Radiotherapy plays a significant role in cancer treatment; however, the use of such therapy is not without devastating side effects. The impact of radiation-induced damage to the brain is multifactorial, but the damage to neural stem cell populations seems to play a key role. The brain contains pools of regenerative neural stem cells that reside in specialized neurogenic niches and can generate new neurons. In this review, we describe the advances in radiotherapy techniques that protect neural stem cell compartments, and subsequently limit and prevent the occurrence and development of side effects. We also summarize the current knowledge about neural stem cells and the molecular mechanisms underlying changes in neural stem cell niches after brain radiotherapy. Strategies used to minimize radiation-related damages, as well as new challenges in the treatment of brain tumors are also discussed.
A Concise Psychometric Tool to Measure Personal Characteristics for Surviving Natural Disasters: Development of a 16-Item Power to Live Questionnaire
Authors: Ishibashi Ryo , Nouchi Rui , Honda Akio , Abe Tsuneyuki , Sugiura Motoaki
Published: August 2019

The ability of individuals to manage and rebuild their lives after a disaster depends on environmental factors, as well as their own psychological characteristics. A psychometric questionnaire to measure personality traits relevant to disaster survival was proposed based on a large-scale investigation of survivors of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (Sugiura et al. 2015). This tool, the Power to Live with Disasters questionnaire, measures eight personality characteristics that are beneficial for coping with disasters. However, this instrument has not been optimised for practical use; it is long and lacks benchmark scores for the general population. Thus, we developed a concise, 16-item version of the Power to Live with Disasters questionnaire through reanalysis of the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake survivor data and an additional Web-based survey to obtain normative data from 1200 respondents drawn from the general population of Japan. The scores obtained from the short-form version of the questionnaire successfully replicated the results of the long-form version; eight distinct personality characteristics correlated well with several items associated with “successful survival” of the 2011 earthquake and tsunami. The normative data of the full- and short-version questionnaires were also highly correlated. We propose use of the shortened questionnaire to determine the personality traits critical for survival in the face of unexpected, life-threatening situations caused by natural disasters. Our questionnaire could be useful in schools and other public settings to enhance disaster-mitigation efforts and resilience to disasters in the general population.
Monitoring and Analysis of Drought Using Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE)
Authors: Nemati Ahmad , Ghoreishi Najafabadi Seyed Hossein , Joodaki Gholamreza , Mousavi Nadoushani S. Saeid
Published: August 2019

Drought monitoring needs comprehensive and integrated meteorological and hydrologic data. However, such data are generally not available in extensive catchments. The present study aimed to analyze drought in the central plateau catchment of Iran using the terrestrial water storage deficit index (TSDI). In this arid catchment, the meteorological and hydrologic observed data are scarce. First, the time series of terrestrial water storage changes (TWSC) obtained from the gravity recovery and climate experiment (GRACE) was calculated and validated by the water budget output. Then, the studied area was divided into semi-arid, arid, and hyper-arid zones and the common drought indices of SPI and RDIe within a timescale of 3, 6, and 12 months were calculated to compare the results obtained from the TSDI by using the meteorological data of 105 synoptic stations. Based on the results, the study area experienced a drought with extreme severity and expansion during 2007–2008. The drought spatial distribution map obtained from three indices indicated good conformity. Based on the maps, the severity, duration, and frequency of drought in the semi-arid zone were greater than that in other zones, while no significant drought occurred in the hyper-arid zone. Furthermore, the temporal distribution of drought in all three zones indicated that the TSDI could detect all short- and long-term droughts. The study results showed that the TSDI is a reliable, integrated, and comprehensive index. Using this index in arid areas with little field data led to some valuable results for planning and water resource management.
Managing Medication Cost Burden: A Qualitative Study Exploring Experiences of People with Disabilities in Canada
Authors: Gupta Shikha , McColl Mary , Guilcher Sara , Smith Karen
Published: August 2019

Despite the abundant literature on the burden of rising costs of prescription medications, there is limited research to explore how these costs affect people and the decisions they are forced to make within the context of disability. In this qualitative study we explored strategies adopted, factors influencing, and the impact of some of these strategies to manage the burden of medication cost among persons with disabilities. We interviewed 12 adults with spinal cord injuries living in Canada, using a general inductive approach to analyze the data. We found that before cutting back on medications due to costs, participants generally tried and sought help from the government, employers, and/or their prescribers to improve their drug coverage. The key factors that participants considered while making decisions on the strategies included the cost and perceived importance of medications, their financial status, other competing needs, and their relationship with the prescribers. While some of their efforts were successful, many participants were still not able to obtain their medications as prescribed. In those cases, patients resorted to rationing strategies such as cutting back on medications, other essential needs, or selling assets. These strategies had serious implications on their health, healthcare utilization, and quality of life.
Feasibility and Reliability of Physical Fitness Tests among Colombian Preschool Children
Authors: Amado-Pacheco Julio , Prieto-Benavides Daniel , Correa-Bautista Jorge , García-Hermoso Antonio , Agostinis-Sobrinho César , María Alonso-Martínez Alicia , Izquierdo Mikel , Ramírez-Vélez Robinson
Published: August 2019

The aim of the study was to assess the feasibility and reliability of physical fitness field tests used in the “Fuprecol kids” study among Colombian preschool children aged 3–5 years. A total of 90 preschoolers aged 3–5 years participated in the study. Weight, height, waist circumference, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF), musculoskeletal fitness (handgrip strength and standing broad jump), speed–agility (4 × 10 m shuttle run), and flexibility (sit and reach test) components were tested twice (two weeks apart). The feasibility of the tests (preschoolers able to complete the test) ranged from 96% in the CRF test to 100% in the musculoskeletal fitness, speed–agility, and flexibility tests. Overall, the %TEMs were 0.625% for the weight, 0.378% for the height, 1.035% for the body mass index, and 0.547% for the waist circumference. In addition, all tests were substantial reliable, for CRF (in stages and laps, concordance correlation coefficient = 0.944 and 0.941, respectively) in both sexes and flexibility (concordance correlation coefficient = 0.949) in girls. There were no significant differences in fitness test–retest mean differences in the boys (p > 0.05), except in CRF (laps p = 0.017). In girls, there were differences in CRF (stages (p = 0.017) and laps (p = 0.013)), and flexibility (p = 0.002) variables. The results from this study indicate that the “Fuprecol kids” battery of tests, administered by physical education teachers, was reliable and feasible for measuring components of physical fitness in preschoolers in a school setting in Colombia.
Effects of a Community Health Worker-Led Multimedia Intervention on the Uptake of Cervical Cancer Screening among South Asian Women: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Wong Cho , Choi Kai , Law Bernard , Chan Dorothy , So Winnie
Published: August 2019

The utilization rate of cervical cancer screening services among South Asian women is low. Multimedia interventions conducted by community health workers (CHWs) could potentially enhance the cervical cancer screening uptake among these individuals. This study aimed to investigate the feasibility and preliminary effects of a CHW-led multimedia intervention on cervical cancer screening uptake among this underprivileged group. This pilot study utilized a randomized wait-list controlled trial design. Forty-two South Asian women were recruited at six ethnic minority associations. Randomization of each organization into either the intervention arm or wait-list control arm was then performed. The intervention was conducted by the CHWs from the associations where the participants were recruited. Outcome measures were assessed and compared at baseline and immediately post-intervention. We demonstrated that the intervention was feasible as evidenced by the high consent rate and low withdrawal and attrition rates. The intervention arm showed a statistically significant improvement in perceived benefits (p = 0.001) and perceived barriers (p = 0.02). However, no significant difference was noted in screening uptake and screening intention between arms. Our findings support the feasibility of CHW-led multimedia intervention and provide preliminary evidence of its effectiveness on enhancing the cervical cancer screening beliefs among South Asian women.
The Subjective Well-Being Challenge in the Accounting Profession: The Role of Job Resources
Authors: Molina-Sánchez Horacio , Ariza-Montes Antonio , Ortiz-Gómez Mar , Leal-Rodríguez Antonio
Published: August 2019

The main activity of the accountant is the preparation and audit of the financial information of a company. The subjective well-being of the accountant is important to ensure a balanced professional judgment and to offer a positive image of the profession in the face of the incorporation and retention of talent. However, accountants are subjected to intense pressures that affect their well-being in the performance of their tasks. In this paper, the job demands–resources theoretical framework is adopted to analyze the relationships between job demands, job resources, and the subjective well-being of a large sample of 739 accounting experts at the European level. Applying a structural equations model, the results confirm, on the one hand, the direct effects provided in the theoretical framework and, on the other, a new mediating role of job demands–subjective well-being relationship resources.
Evaluating Neighborhood, Social, and Genetic Influences on Precursors of Alcohol Use Risk Behavior in African American Adolescents
Authors: Compton Kimberly S. , Barr Peter , Karriker-Jaffe Katherine J. , Bares Cristina , Aliev Fazil , Mustanski Brian , Dick Danielle , Chartier Karen G.
Published: August 2019

Background: Using a socioecological framework, we examined neighborhood and social stressors in concert with genetic risk for alcohol dependence in relation to externalizing behaviors, important precursors to alcohol-related problems. Methods: We used data from African American adolescents and their caregivers in the Gene, Environment, and Neighborhood Initiative, a subsample of the Mobile Youth and Poverty Study. Participants for the current analyses included 112 adolescents who reported ever having at least one full drink of alcohol. Empirical Bayes scores were used to estimate neighborhood-level violence and transitions. Multivariate models tested main effects and then interactions of family stressors, discrimination, and genetic risk with the neighborhood variables. Results: In the main effects model, adolescent externalizing behaviors were positively associated with greater family stressors, more racial discrimination experiences, and genetic liability, while neighborhood variables were nonsignificant. We found three significant interactions. Specifically, the joint effects of neighborhood violence and transitions and between these neighborhood variables and family stressors were significantly associated with externalizing behaviors. Conclusions: Our findings suggest genetic liability and complex interactions between neighborhood context and social stressors are important contributors that should be considered in the development of early prevention programs for adolescents who live in economically disadvantaged areas.
Effectiveness of an Online CBT-I Intervention and a Face-to-Face Treatment for Shift Work Sleep Disorder: A Comparison of Sleep Diary Data
Authors: Peter Lukas , Reindl Richard , Zauter Sigrid , Hillemacher Thomas , Richter Kneginja
Published: August 2019

In western societies, about one in six employees works in shifts. Shiftwork is associated with a number of poor somatic and psychological health outcomes, especially sleep issues. Higher rates of absenteeism and accidents in the workplace are possible consequences. Still, prevention programs and treatment options that are specifically tailored to shift-workers’ needs are rare. We devised a 4-week online cognitive behavioral therapy for insomnia (CBT-I) intervention (n = 21) and compared sleep outcomes to a face-to-face outpatient treatment for shift-workers (n = 12) using a sleep diary and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS). In the online sample, measures also included the World Health Organization wellbeing questionnaire (WHO-5) and the Insomnia Severity Index (ISI). In the outpatient sample, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II), the Montgomery–Åsberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were administered. Results showed significant improvements in sleep efficiency by 7.2% in the online sample and 7.7% in the outpatient sample. However, no significant difference was found in the rate of improvement in sleep efficiency across four weeks of treatment between the samples. In the online sample, the wellbeing (WHO-5) and insomnia symptoms (ISI) scores were significantly improved following the CBT-I intervention (p < 0.004 and p < 0.002 respectively). In the outpatient sample, symptoms of depression (BDI-II and MADRS scores) and insomnia symptoms (PSQI scores) improved significantly following the CBT-I intervention. In summary, CBT-I significantly improved sleep efficiency in both the online and outpatient samples, in addition to wellbeing, symptoms of insomnia, and depression. The findings of this study demonstrate online CBT-I as a feasible approach for treating insomnia in shift-workers. Future randomized controlled trials are needed.
How Do Family Role Overload and Work Interferance with Family Affect the Life Satisfaction and Sleep Sufficiency of Construction Professionals?
Authors: Lu Ruodan , Wang Ziyi , Lin Xiaoming , Guo Liang
Published: August 2019

Sleep and work-family problems attract a great attention in the construction industry because construction professionals are usually prone to work-family conflicts and sleep problems. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of Family-Role Overload (FRO) and Work Interference with Family (WIF) on sleep sufficiency. We also included life satisfaction as a mediator and family supportive supervision behaviors (FSSB) as a moderator. Using a sample of 193 Chinese construction professionals, we collected objectively-measured sleep sufficiency data with validated wrist actigraphies and self-reported sleep sufficiency data, FRO, WIF, life satisfaction and FSSB with questionnaires through multiple waves. Results demonstrated that FRO was negatively associated with both objectively-measured and self-reported sleep sufficiency and life satisfaction played an important mediating role in this relationship. The moderating effect of life satisfaction on the path between WIF and sleep sufficiency is trivial. In addition, no significant moderating effects of FSSB were found. More substantial policies should be taken to improve the life satisfaction and sleep sufficiency of construction professionals.
Lesson Learned from Peer Volunteers in a Peer-Led Pain Management Program among Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Tse Mimi , Ng Shamay , Bai Xue , Lee Paul , Lo Raymond , Cheung Daphne Sze Ki , Cheung Kin , Yeung Suey
Published: August 2019

Background: Chronic pain is common among older adults and is associated with adverse physical and psychological outcomes. Given the burden of pain and limited healthcare resources, devising innovative and cost-effective ways of managing chronic pain is of high priority. The aim of this paper is to explore the experiences and perceptions of peer volunteers (PVs) in a peer-led pain management program among nursing home residents in Hong Kong. Methods: Forty-six PVs were recruited and trained to lead a pain management program (PAP). The PAP consisted of one 1 hour session per week for 12 weeks. It included 20 min of physical exercises performed under the supervision of PVs, followed by 30 min of pain management education, including information on pain situations, the impacts of pain, the use of drugs and non-drug strategies for pain management, demonstrations, and return demonstrations of various non-drug pain management techniques. Quantitative data were collected from questionnaires (demographics, pain situation, and pain knowledge) for all PVs. Qualitative data (PVs’ experiences in leading the PAP, their perceived benefits, barriers encountered, and recommendations for improving the PAP) were collected at week 12 (upon completion of the PAP). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences and content analysis for qualitative data. Results: A total of 46 PVs were recruited (34 females, 74%), with a mean ± SD age of 61.0 ± 5.1 years. Thirty-one of them reported having chronic pain. Before the training, their self-rated pain knowledge was 40.0 ± 20.5 (maximum 100 points) while their actual pain knowledge score was 86.1 ± 10.6 (maximum 100 points). The PVs reported an improvement in their knowledge and skills after leading PAPs. No PVs reported having received any negative comments about their role in leading the PAP but mentioned that they had received feedback on how to improve the program. Conclusions: This study provides further evidence that peer-led pain management programs are feasible and can lead to positive experiences for the PVs. Peer support models are coming into wide use because they show promise in helping patients to manage chronic conditions. Peer volunteers will become important resources in elderly care. The barriers that were identified may lead to improvements in the design and planning of future PAPs.
Using Intelligent Clustering to Implement Geometric Computation for Electoral Districting
Authors: Hung Ying-Che , Chen Liang-Yü
Published: August 2019

Traditional electoral districting is mostly carried out by artificial division. It is not only time-consuming and labor-intensive, but it is also difficult to maintain the principles of fairness and consistency. Due to specific political interests, objectivity is usually distorted and controversial in a proxy-election. In order to reflect the spirit of democracy, this study uses computing technologies to automatically divide the constituency and use the concepts of “intelligent clustering” and “extreme arrangement” to conquer many shortcomings of traditional artificial division. In addition, various informational technologies are integrated to obtain the most feasible solutions within the maximum capabilities of the computing system, yet without sacrificing the global representation of the solutions. We take Changhua County, Taiwan as an example of complete electoral districting, and find better results relative to the official version, which obtained a smaller difference in the population of each constituency, more complete and symmetrical constituencies, and fewer regional controversies. Our results demonstrate that multidimensional algorithms using a geographic information system could solve many problems of block districting to make decisions based on different needs.
MicroRNA Signature in Human Normal and Tumoral Neural Stem Cells
Authors: Diana Andrea , Gaido Giuseppe , Murtas Daniela
Published: August 2019

MicroRNAs, also called miRNAs or simply miR-, represent a unique class of non-coding RNAs that have gained exponential interest during recent years because of their determinant involvement in regulating the expression of several genes. Despite the increasing number of mature miRNAs recognized in the human species, only a limited proportion is engaged in the ontogeny of the central nervous system (CNS). miRNAs also play a pivotal role during the transition of normal neural stem cells (NSCs) into tumor-forming NSCs. More specifically, extensive studies have identified some shared miRNAs between NSCs and neural cancer stem cells (CSCs), namely miR-7, -124, -125, -181 and miR-9, -10, -130. In the context of NSCs, miRNAs are intercalated from embryonic stages throughout the differentiation pathway in order to achieve mature neuronal lineages. Within CSCs, under a different cellular context, miRNAs perform tumor suppressive or oncogenic functions that govern the homeostasis of brain tumors. This review will draw attention to the most characterizing studies dealing with miRNAs engaged in neurogenesis and in the tumoral neural stem cell context, offering the reader insight into the power of next generation miRNA-targeted therapies against brain malignances.
Comparison of Twelve Ant Species and Their Susceptibility to Fungal Infection
Authors: Bos Nick , Kankaanpää-Kukkonen Viljami , Freitak Dalial , Stucki Dimitri , Sundström Liselotte
Published: August 2019

Eusocial insects, such as ants, have access to complex disease defenses both at the individual, and at the colony level. However, different species may be exposed to different diseases, and/or deploy different methods of coping with disease. Here, we studied and compared survival after fungal exposure in 12 species of ants, all of which inhabit similar habitats. We exposed the ants to two entomopathogenic fungi (Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium brunneum), and measured how exposure to these fungi influenced survival. We furthermore recorded hygienic behaviors, such as autogrooming, allogrooming and trophallaxis, during the days after exposure. We found strong differences in autogrooming behavior between the species, but none of the study species performed extensive allogrooming or trophallaxis under the experimental conditions. Furthermore, we discuss the possible importance of the metapleural gland, and how the secondary loss of this gland in the genus Camponotus could favor a stronger behavioral response against pathogen threats.