bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pengaruh Tingkat Suku Bunga Dan Inflasi Terhadap Harga Saham Dengan Nilai Tukar Rupiah Sebagai Variabel Intervening Pada Jakarta Islamic Index (JII) Yang Terdaftar Di Bursa Efek Indonesia
Authors: Aizsa Ayu , Nurwati Solikah , Harinie Luluk Tri
Published: March 2021

Tujuan – penelitian bertujuan untuk membuktikan pengaruh nilai tukar rupiah sebagai mediasi hubungan antara suku bungan dan inflasi terhadar harga saham.

Desain/Methodologi/Pendekatan -  Pengambilan sampel dilakukan dengan teknik purposive sampling. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 13 perusahaan yang tergabung dalam kelompok Jakarta Islamic Index. Analisis data yang digunakan adalah uji validitas dan uji reliabilitas dengan aplikasi smartPLS versi 3.

Temuan penelitian - Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa: 1) tingkat suku bunga berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham; 2) inflasi berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap harga saham; 3) nilai tukar rupiah berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap harga saham; 4) tingkat suku bunga berpengaruh negatif dan signifikan terhadap nilai tukar rupiah; 5) inflasi berpengaruh negatif dan tidak signifikan terhadap nilai tukar rupiah; 6) nilai tukar rupiah tidak memediasi tingkat suku bunga terhadap harga saham; dan 7) nilai tukar rupiah tidak memediasi inflasi terhadap harga saham.
Pengaruh Kualitas Pelayanan Dan Harga Yang Dimediasi Oleh Kepuasan Pelanggan Terhadap Loyalitas Pelanggan
Authors: Hidayat Deddy Rakhmad , Peridawaty
Published: March 2021

Tujuan - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji dan menganalisis pengaruh kualitas layanan dan harga terhadap loyalitas pelanggan yang dimediasi oleh kepuasan pelanggan.

Desain/Methodologi/Pendekatan -  Metode penelitian dilakukan dengan menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif, pengumpulan data menggunakan kuesioner sebagai instrumen pengumpulan data utama untuk seluruh objek penelitian. Responden yang menggunakan total 110 pelanggan Speedy di Palangka Raya. Teknik analisis data menggunakan Partial Least Square (PLS) dengan perangkat lunak SMARTPLS 3.0. Temuan penelitian - Hasil pengujian hipotesis menunjukkan bahwa kualitas layanan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan, harga tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kepuasan pelanggan, kepuasan pelanggan berpengaruh positif dan signifikan terhadap loyalitas pelanggan, kualitas layanan memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifikan. dan pengaruh signifikan terhadap loyalitas pelanggan dimediasi oleh kepuasan pelanggan, dan harga memiliki efek positif dan signifikan untuk loyalitas pelanggan dimediasi oleh kepuasan pelanggan.
Pengaruh Pembelajaran Organisasi Terhadap Knowledge Sharing Dan Kinerja Karyawan PT. Sentana Adidaya Pratama (Wilmar-Group) Sampit
Authors: Meitiana  , TM. Murniati  , Maruwan Syahruji
Published: March 2021

Tujuan - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji pengaruh organisasi pembelajaran (organizational learning) terhadap kinerja karyawan di mediasi knowledge sharing.

Desain/Methodologi/Pendekatan -  Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam metode penelitian adalah pendekatan kuantitatif, dengan jumlah sampel sebesar 55 karyawan. Untuk menguji secara empiris hubungan antara variabel yang diusulkan dalam  penelitian digunakan Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) dengan menggunakan software SmartPLS 3.2.8.

Temuan penelitian - Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, organisasi pembelajaran (organizational learning) berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap knowledge sharing, knowledge sharing berpengaruh positif  signifikan terhadap kinerja karyawan, knowledge sharing memediasi pengaruh antara organisasi pembelajaran (organizational learning) terhadap kinerja karyawan.

Orsinalitas/nilai – Organization learning dan knowledge sharing menjadi perhatian dalam perkembangan tren organisasi saat ini, sehingga banyak pembahasan organization learning yang dilakukan pada organisasi di sektor publik baik profit ataupun non profit.
Strategi peningkatan kinerja Sumber Daya Manusia (SDM) pada UMKM di Malang dengan Metode SWOT
Authors: Puji Suci Rahayu , Hermawati Adya , Suwarta
Published: March 2021

Tujuan - Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menentukan strategi pengembangan kinerja sumber daya manusia pada UMKM di Kota Malang melalu implementasti analisis SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, dan Treatments).

Desain/Metodelogi/Pendikatan – Penelitian ini menggunakan SWOT analisis. SWOT dapat menjadi alat yang digdaya dan mampu mengeksplorasi kemungkinan-kemungkinan perencanaan strategi baru maupun memulai program yang baru

Temuan - Hasil menunjukkan indikator Strength yang paling tinggi adalah S5 (Pelayanan) yaitu sebesar 4.20. Sementara itu, indikator Weakness yang paling tinggi adalah W4 (Kualitas Sumber Daya Manusia), yaitu sebesar 3.20. Kemudian indikator Opportunity yang paling tinggi adalah O1 (Oleh-oleh khas daerah) dan O5 (Bahan Baku) yaitu sebesar 4. Sementara itu, indikator Threat yang paling tinggi adalah T3 (Pesaing pendatang baru), yaitu sebesar 2.3. Kemudian untuk lokasi titik potong A, B, C, dan D, yaitu titik E, berada kuadran I (Strategi agresif). Dengan demikian, analisis SWOT terhadap UMKM di Kota Malang menunjukkan posisi yang bagus, sehingga dapat diterapkan strategi SO.
Pengaruh Kepemimpinan Transformasional dan Motivasi terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Credit Union (CU) Betang Asi Palangka Raya
Authors: Aisyah Iram Siti , T. M Murniati  , Karuehni Ina
Published: March 2021

Tujuan - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kepemimpinan transformasi dan motivasi terhadap kinerja karyawan baik secara parsial maupun simultan pada Credit Union (CU) Betang Asi Palangka Raya.

Desain/Metodelogi/Pendekatan – Penelitian ini meggunakan metode kuantitatif, dengan teknik sampel adalah jenuh, dimana responden berjumlah 30 orang. Data yang dikumpulkan dengan kuesioner dan kemudian dianalisis dengan alat analisis Regresi Linier Berganda. Software yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah SPSS versi 24.

Temuan Penelitian - Hasil analisis diketahui bahwa kepemimpinan transformasional dan motivasi berpengaruh positif dan signifikan baik secara parsial dan simultan.
Pengaruh Kompensasi Dan Disiplin Kerja Terhadap Kinerja Karyawan Pada PT.Fajaray Kota Palangka Raya
Authors: Tindan  , Toendan Rita Yuanita , Ayu Shinta Devi
Published: March 2021

Tujuan - Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah terdapat pengaruh kompensasi dan disiplin kerja terhadap kinerja karyawan pada PT.Fajaray Multiraya kota Palangka Raya

Desain/Metodelogi/Pendekatan - Jumlah populasi adalah 30 orang, yang mana semua menjadi responden dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian ini menggunakan data primer yang diperoleh dengan penyebaran kuesioner kepada karyawan yang bekerja di PT.Fajaray Multiraya. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah regresi linier berganda, yang dioperasikan melalui progam SPSS 21.

Temuan - Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kompensasi berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan, disiplin kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan. Sedangkan kompensasi dan disiplin kerja berpengaruh terhadap kinerja karyawan secara simultan
Co-Optation of Feminism: Gender, Militarism and the UNSC Resolution 1325
Authors: Nikoghosyan Anna
Published: March 2021

United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325 is often referred to as a landmark resolution. Despite its revolutionary potential, I argue that the Resolution was developed through gendered discourses that allowed its use for militarist purposes. Informed by poststructuralist international relations feminist theory, I refer to the Resolution as a discursive practice and claim that the ways in which the UN conceptual apparatus understands and interprets gender and security open up possibilities for states to co-opt the very radical meaning of the Resolution by legitimising and normalising militarist practicing and silencing anti-militarist critique. In order to show this, I examine the gendered discourses behind the creation of the Resolution and address two major ways (including the ongoing militarisation processes in the Republic of Armenia) by which the Resolution is being militarised. (The full text is available in English and in translation into Ukrainian).
A Multi-Regional Input-Output (MRIO) Analytical Framework for Assessing the Regional Economic Impacts of Rising Water Prices
Authors: Credit Kevin , Mack Elizabeth , Wrase Sarah
Published: March 2021

Understanding the regional economic implications of rising water and wastewater services is important, because these services are household necessities. To date, however, there are few (if any) studies examining the link between water costs and indicators of economic vitality such as jobs, output, and regional income. To advance work on this particular topic, this paper proposes a novel methodology that estimates changes in household spending information from the Consumer Expenditure Survey (CES) for a particular change in water prices. This vector of final demand changes is then linked to multi-regional input-output (MRIO) models to estimate the regional economic impacts associated with changes in consumer spending patterns. To demonstrate this methodology, three water price increase scenarios are derived, and associated changes in final demand estimated.
The Measurement of Spatial Association
Authors: Latham III William R.
Published: March 2021

In this paper various measures of pairwise geographic association are analyzed and compared. The coefficient of correlation calculated between regional distributions of industrial employment is tentatively concluded to be the most satisfactory measure of geographic association among those considered. This measure is then applied to disaggregated data for selected U. S. manufacturing industries.
Quantifying the Regional Impact of Weather Variations of Electrical Energy Generation
Authors: Uri Noel D.
Published: March 2021

In attempting to assess the impact of the severe weather during the 1976-1977 winter on energy consumption, it became painfully apparent that the sensitivity of electrical energy loads to changing weather conditions, while significant, was at best quantifiable only on a subjective basis. To be sure, studies purporting to estimate weather sensitivity exist but all possess limitations that lead to questionable conclusions. For example, all of the econometric studies done on estimating weather sensitivity came up with a national annual average, but then only for residential consumers. Other studies, for example that done by the Congressional Research Service, subjectively assume that a one percent increase in weather severity results in a one percent increase in the demand for residential electrical energy. Again, the other consuming sectors are neglected. Clearly the need exists for objective estimates of the short-term regional impact of weather on electrical energy consumption, not just for residential consumers. Meeting this objective is the purpose of this paper.
On an Improvement of the Measurement of Market Demand as it Pertains to Industrial Location
Authors: Allen John W.
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this paper is to report the results of a pilot study designed to answer two basic questions: (I) Can an alternative measure of market demand which specifically accounts for both final and intermediate markets be developed from existing data? (2) Does it make any difference? Or, more specifically, how does this new market measure compare with the traditional measures in terms of its power of explaining the location of industry? Briefly, the answers are yes, there exists sufficient data to develop an alternative, and we believe superior, measure of market demand and there is substantial evidence to suggest that traditional measures tend to understate the importance of market demand as a determinant of location.
Air Pollution, Regional Morbidity Damanges, and Damage Functions
Authors: Liu Ben-Chieh , Yu Eden S.H.
Published: March 2021

Epidemiological studies have suggested that morbidity rates are significantly related to the air pollution concentration level. The relationship between air pollution and health can be an acute response, i.e., dramatic increases in air pollution can exert an immediate adverse effect on human health. However, air pollutants continuously react dynamically in the environment, and the effect of pollution on health should be examined over an extended period.
New Initiatives in State Economic Development Promotion: New England Prototypes
Authors: Katzman Martin T.
Published: March 2021

In this paper, three New England innovations of the 1970’s are analyzed: the municipal bond hank, the umbrella revenue bond, and the product development corporation. The first has been in operation in Vermont since 1970 and in Maine since 1972. To our knowledge, Puerto Rico is the only jurisdiction outside of New England to have adopted this institution. Umbrella revenue bonding has been in operation in a rudimentary form in Connecticut since 1973. Operating on the basis of bond anticipation notes prior to this, the umbrella program issued its first long-term bond in December 1975. Finally, a product development corporation has been in operation, also in Connecticut, since May 1975.
A Consistent Least Squares Estimator of the Economic Base Multiplier with Measurement Errors in the Export Coefficients
Authors: Park Se-Hark
Published: March 2021

Empirical estimations of the regional multiplier have been abundant in the literature of regional studies for many years. There have been traditionally two general approaches to the study of regional multipliers; one using the input-output model and the other the economic base approach. However, a large number of structural simultaneous equation models, which have been used primarily at the level of national economy, have been recently constructed and estimated to analyze many regional economic problems, including regional multiplier effects. Although input-output and regional macroeconomic models introduce a high degree of sophistication and comprehensiveness, the construction of such regional models usually entails high costs and complex data problems, especially in the case of a complete interindustry model. These difficulties seem to have led many investigators to use less costly and simpler economic base models.
Seasonal Economic Instability in Canadian Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Davis H. Craig
Published: March 2021

Specifically, the present paper is concerned with the following four questions regarding seasonal instability. What is the extent of seasonal fluctuations in the major metropobtan areas? Are the seasonal cycles of different sectors offsetting or mutually reinforcing? To what degree is seasonal stability in urban areas correlated with economic diversity? Do those sectors that are unstable vary between urban areas?
Recent Trends in Manpower Development in the Southeast
Authors: Traynham, Jr. Earle C.
Published: March 2021

It is the aim of this paper 1) to examine the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act, noting its strengths and weaknesses, and 2) provide some insights into our national manpower efforts in the first year of implementation of CETA. Part I briefly describes and evaluates the Act. In Part II, selected Manpower Plans in the Southeast are examined with the intent of determining how federal funds are being utilized and what groups are being served by manpower programs. Also, an attempt is made to evaluate the performance to date of local governments receiving CETA funds.
A Multivariate Analysis of Public Housing Residents
Authors: Kau James B. , Floyd Charles F.
Published: March 2021

The role of this paper is not to determine the optimal strategy of admission to public housing for the Public Housing Authority but rather to determine exactly what that strategy has been in Savannah.
An Improved Method for Estimating Local Fiscal Capacity
Authors: Akin John S.
Published: March 2021

Estimation of ability to raise tax revenues of localities is a policy relevant problem of extreme importance. Revenue sharing funds, education aid, and other grants from the federal and state governments use, or will in the future use, formulas in which either tax effort or fiscal capacity is an important variable. A perfect measure would have to come from the context of a general equilibrium model, taking account of such factors as capitalization of tax and service rates into property values, relocation of tax bases as a result of taxation levels, and competition among local units for tax bases. Lack of local data precludes the attempt to build such ambitious models for practical policy use. For many local units the maximum amount of feasible data available (given state tax agency cooperation) would be income, property values, and population data. Most past efforts to estimate local fiscal capacity have relied on either property values or income. The methodology presented in this paper creates an index which effectively adds to the above-mentioned two another factor: ability to shift taxes to non-residents. Because of the omnipresent data difficulties, proxies for ability to tax outsiders—in the form of values of commercial, industrial and resort property—are used in the actual estimation. The resultant practical estimation method is, as the title implies, an improved, not a conceptually perfect method. It is, however, a method which bases its estimates on norms derived from actual taxing behavior, and on the hypothesis that income, wealth, and the ability to tax outsiders are the important determinants of ability to raise local tax revenues. Implicit in the acceptance of such norms is the value judgement that for policy purposes it is reasonable to expect local units to tax themselves at a statewide average level.
A Two-Stage Heuristic Model for Intermediate-Run Sectorial Petroleum Allocation in a Multi-Regional Setting
Authors: Mulkey David , Hite James
Published: March 2021

In this paper we will outline a two-stage, heuristic model for bureaucratic allocation procedures. Our basic assumptions are: 1) the primary responsibility for such allocation will be vested with the various states, and 2) each state will attempt to allocate limited petroleum stocks so as to provide maximum protection to its economic base. We will further assume that a usable interregional input-output model of the U.S. economy is available and that each state has information on the size of the petroleum stocks available for allocation.
Criteria for and a Model of Efficient Location Subsidy Design and Administration
Authors: Asch L.V.
Published: March 2021

Given the objectives of manpower and regional development policies, there apears to be growing support for the principle of pubic intervention to affect the spatial distribution of employment, production, and population. There is also widespread agreement with the proposition that such intervention should be effected in the most efficient possible fashion. Unfortunately, not much attention has heretofore been developed to the problems of defining or attaining efficiency in the use of location subsidy measures. This paper attempts to develop a practicable standard of and workable procedure for attainment of such efficiency.
An Experiment in Computer-Aided Instruction in Regional Economics
Authors: Nicholas James C.
Published: March 2021

The new generation of time-sharing computers has provided the opportunity to use computer simulation techniques directly in the classroom. In this paper, I review the system developed by Florida Atlantic University to assess the benefits derived and to contrast such benefits to the costs.
An Exploratory Profile of Land Use Development Patterns at Interstate Interchanges in Alabama
Authors: Mason Joseph Barry , Moore Charles Thomas
Published: March 2021

Optimal and efficient planning, use, and protection of interchanges in urban and nonurban areas is necessary if the Interstate Highway System is to achieve functional goals of traffic movement and serve as a catalyst to economic and social development, both in the short and long run. The initial monetary outlays for interchange construction are significant, and this reason alone partially justifies detailed socioeconomic and land use impact studies to insure proper interchange planning, development, and utilization. An orderly and controlled process of land development and change near interchanges is necessary for the most efficient allocation of resources and to avoid congestion and early obsolescence. However, there is presently a deficiency of information that will allow the planning process forthese areas to anticipate land uses and traffic demand and plan accordingly. The analysis focused on land use changes at every interstate interchange in Alabama on which construction began during the 1964-1970 period (157 inter changes). The basis for this investigation of land use changes was a series of aerial photographs taken annually by the Alabama Highway Department during the 1964-1970 period.
Regional Development Strategies in Relation to Rural People: Some Alternatives and Their Implications
Authors: Bird Alan R.
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses necessary characteristics of population and labor force associated with increasingly adequate regional development when that development is compatible with and indeed reinforces national development. Migration and settlement patterns associated with adequate development and schematic regions are explored.
Regional Development Programs: A Critical Review
Authors: Moornaw Ronald
Published: March 2021

This paper discusses Rothblatt (1971). In the discussion, two general points are emphasized. First, attempts to change population or per capita income distributions over space through planning or tax/subsidy schemes will be costly and may fail. Second, most politically feasible regional development programs imposed by the Federal Government will allow any relatively poor county or istrict to prepare a “wish list” or to make a “reasonable” request for Federal development funds. This will cause, potentially, too many areas to be eligible given the funds available.
The Rust Belt, the Sunbelt, and the Concentration of Poverty Within Large U.S. Cities
Authors: Hegerty Scott W.
Published: March 2021

Previous research that has quantified the dispersion of U.S. urban poverty has often focused on metropolitan areas rather than on central cities themselves. Detroit, for example, shares a region with wealthy suburbs and thus appears to have concentrated poverty, but the city itself is uniformly poor and has few pockets of wealth. This study calculates four measures of household poverty concentration across block groups inside 74 U.S. cities, finding poor Rust Belt cities such as Detroit to have diffuse poverty. We also isolate a group of low-poverty, high-concentration cities in the U.S. South and West, as well as outliers that include Sunbelt cities with more diffuse poverty than predicted. Regression analysis finds the poverty rate itself to explain most of the variation in poverty concentration, with ethnic composition and the share of service employment also playing a potential role. Calculating changes in tract level poverty distributions from 2010 to 2015, we find that the concentration of poverty has decreased overall and that growth in the share of Hispanic residents might help explain these decreases.
Poverty, the U.S. South, and the SRSA
Authors: Lahr Michael L.
Published: March 2021

This paper is a broad expansion of an SRSA Research Fellows Address presented in Roslyn, Virginia on April 16th, 2019. In it, I extol the virtues of poverty research, particularly that focused on the U.S. where households living on less than $4/day/person compose the largest shares of county populations. I note that two factors that are the hallmark of such extreme poverty - lack of a vehicle and lack of internet service - are forcing poor household to perceive themselves as ever more isolated, for greater accessibility for the rest of the U.S. population amplifies the gap created by their deficiency. This is because others expect everyone has such access. Southern areas with persistent poverty - the Black Belt, the Mississippi Delta, and Appalachia - have concentrations of such extreme poor and also have deficient access to the rest of the world. I suggest that Americans should find away to ameliorate this condition. I conclude by encouraging my SRSA colleagues to do what they do best, but with a poverty tilt, as a means of petitioning policy makers and the public.
Regional Policies and Economic Growth: One Size Does Not Fit All
Authors: Nizalov Denys , Loveridge Scott
Published: March 2021

We analyze the impact of economic development policies and highway infrastructure improvements on growth of per capita income and jobs in Michigan counties. The policies considered for analysis have significant impact on growth outcomes. However, this effect is non-linear. Significant heterogeneity in policy effects is also detected. The impacts are different with respect to average income level in a county as well as between metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas. In addition, cross-policy effects are found. We use improved measurement of policy treatment while accounting for possible spillover effects.
An Empirical Note on Determinants of Geographic Living-Cost Differentials for Counties in the State of Florida, 2003
Authors: Cebula Richard J. , Todd Sherri
Published: March 2021

This study empirically seeks to identify determinants of geographic living-cost differentials among counties in the state of Florida for the year 2003. The heteroskedasticity-corrected ordinary least squares estimates reveal that the cost of living in those counties is an increasing function of population size, per capita income or the percentage of households with an annual income in excess of $100,000, coastal location, and the square of the population density while being unaffected by the unemployment rate.
The Effects of Perceptions of Hazardous Waste on Migration: A Laboratory Experimental Approach
Authors: Greenwood Michael J. , McClelland Gary H. , Schulze William D.
Published: March 2021

This study develops a methodology that allows migration decision-making to be studied in a laboratory experimental setting. Moreover, this methodology permits an examination of the importance of natural and man-made hazards in migration decisions-factors that have not been extensively studied as determinants of migration. The specific application is to the location of the U.S. nuclear waste repository at Yucca Mountain, Nevada. Empirical results suggest that the repository may influence employment-related migration, but probably not retirement migration.
The Economic Cost of Species Preservation: The Northwestern Nevada Cui-ui
Authors: Raffiee Kambiz , Luo Yiqi , Song Shunfeng
Published: March 2021

In the economics of biodiversity, the relevant policy question is the level of certainty of species survival, rather than the simplistic binary problem of species preservation or extinction. In this study models of cui-ui survival probability and economic cost of water transfer are developed to estimate the cost of an endangered species preservation: the Northwestern Nevada cui-ui fish. There is a cost of over 160 million dollars to increase the likelihood of cui-ui survival by 2 percent, from 53 to 55. The cost increases to over 2 billion dollars to increase the likelihood of cui-ui survival by 22 percent, from 63 to 85. These findings highlight the economic trade-offs associated with modifying the survival likelihood of an endangered species. These results also confirm quantitatively the biological fact that the survival uncertainty must explicitly enter any discussion of species preservation.
The Impact of Local Option Sales Taxes on Retail Sales, Employment, Payrolls, and Establishments: The Case for Kansas
Authors: Wong John D.
Published: March 2021

This study examines the impact of local option sales tax differentials in the State of Kansas on retail sales, retail employment, retail payrolls, and the number of retail establishments. It was found that (1) the county tax rate is inversely and significantly related to retail sales per capita, retail sales per vendor, and retail employment per vendor; (2) the city tax rate is inversely and significantly related to the number of retail establishment per capita only; (3) there is a significant border effect for counties bordering another state on retail sales per capita, retail sales per vendor, retail employment per capita, retail employment per vendor, retail payrolls per capita, retail payrolls per vendor, and the number of retail establishments per capita; and (4) regional market dominance is directly and significantly related to retail sales per capita, retail employment per capita, retail payrolls per capita, and the number of retail establishments per capita
Retail Sales Pull Factors in US Counties
Authors: Gale, Jr. H. Frederick
Published: March 2021

Retail sales pull factors provide information about the ability of communities to attract and retain retail trade. This study reviews the regional retail trade concepts underlying pull factor formulas, estimates the relationship between retail sales and personal income, and uses that information to compute pull factors for all U.S. counties for 1982, 1987, and 1992. The results confirm the trend toward increased sales leakage for more rural counties. Higher population density, lower farm reliance, larger county size, and interstate highway access are associated with higher pull factors.
The Role of Industry Structure, Costs, and Economic Spillovers in Determining State Employment Growth Rates
Authors: Partridge Mark D. , Rickman Dan S.
Published: March 2021

We examine differential state employment growth by appraising the relative effects of traditional cost factors versus knowledge and technology spillovers. One emphasis is the influence that industry composition has on employment growth. Traditional cost factors examined include wage rates, unionization, taxes, and government policies such as unemployment insurance and welfare programs. The results suggest that industry composition does influence growth, working through several different avenues. In addition, taxes and other cost factors also significantly influence employment growth. Conversely, there was less evidence to suggest that knowledge spillovers play a significant role in determining state employment growth.
Housing Attributes and the Cost of Private Rental Buildings in Lagos Nigeria: A Hedonic Price Analysis
Authors: Akpom Uchenna N.
Published: March 2021

While the hedonic analysis has been used extensively to analyze the housing markets in developed countries, it has relatively few applications to African housing markets. The need to study housing markets in Africa cannot be overemphasized. This paper presents the results of a hedonic price analysis of the Lagos, Nigeria, housing market. A Box-Cox transformation technique was employed for the analysis. Implicit prices for housing attributes were estimated to determine their impacts on rental rates in Lagos. The results indicate that both structural and environmental characteristics of a house affect its rent in Lagos. Further, structural characteristics appear to be more important than environmental characteristics in the market studied. These results are generally similar to the results obtained for developed countries, except that environmental attributes seem to be more important in developed countries than this study shows. Some policy implications of the hedonic analysis are briefly discussed.
Rail Rates and the Availability of Water Transportation: The Missouri Valley Region
Authors: Burton Mark L.
Published: March 2021

Prior to deregulation, there was no clear relationship between the availability of water transportation and railroad rates. The Interstate Commerce Commission established maximum rates, so that railroads could not readily respond to changes in demand conditions. Any change in the management of navigable waterways stood only to affect the direct users-the shippers and barge operators. However, in the wake of the Staggers Rail Act, rail rates are more sensitive to both intramodal and intennodal competition so that any interruption or improvement in the availability of barge transport may now affect rail customers as well. Using the ICC’s annual Carload Waybill Sample, this study examines railroad rates in the Missouri River Basin. The results point to water-compelled railroad rates for the movement of some commodities-in particular farm products. However, other bulk commodities appear to move under railroad rates that are independent from the influence of barge transportation.
Duration of Unemployment: Geographic Mobility and Selectivity Bias
Authors: Goss Ernest Preston , Paul Chris , Wilhite Al
Published: March 2021

Past researchers, examining the duration of joblessness, have failed to include a variable to account for the unemployed’s migration decision. By employing a simultaneous structure with a censored dependent variable and an endogenous binary migration variable, the present study demonstrates that single stage models, which do not control for migration, produce selectivity bias in the estimated duration equation. The empirical model used in this study provides estimated coefficients that differ significantly from those of single stage models. For example, most past studies conclude that nonwhites suffer longer periods of unemployment than whites. The findings from the present study indicate that, after controlling for geographic mobility, there is no statistical difference in unemployment duration between whites and nonwhites.
The Economics of Eyesores
Authors: Cumberland John H. , Taylor Leon
Published: March 2021

Few economic analyses exist of aesthetics regulation, an important tool for land-use planning. This paper uses simple geometry to calculate the Pareto-efficient height of an eyesore as well as its efficient distance from areas frequented by viewers. The paper provides a formula for a two-part Pigouvian tax to control eyesores as well as guidelines for its calculation. A tax is often more likely than conventional zoning instruments to enhance efficiency in the control of smoke plumes, signs, high-rises, and towers. As a more politically attractive alternative to the full compensation that eyesore laws mandate today, the paper recommends lump-sum compensation.
An Operational Model for Spatial Price Theory
Authors: Greenhut John G. , Smith Dean H.
Published: March 2021

This paper uses the basic properties of a general model of spatial pricing and distribution to establish an operational model that is free of many standard restrictive assumptions. In particular, the landscape viewed is not subject to the usual homogeneity assumptions of (1) an even distribution of identical buyers and (2) constant freight rates. Rather, heterogeneous distributions and demands of varying forms are assumed. The operational form that is constructed herein would enable empirical testing and application over a broad range of industries and countries. A few case examples are included in the paper to help characterize the data that empirical studies could discover in a world of heterogeneities among buyers and landscapes.
Interstate Differences in Price And Income Elasticities: The Case of Natural Gas
Authors: Hsing Yu
Published: March 2021

Based on a generalized functional form, this study tests potential spatial differences in the price and income elasticities of demand for natural gas. Empirical results show that the double-log and linear forms can be rejected at the 1 percent or 10 percent level and that price and income elasticities vary significantly with the price of natural gas and income, respectively. Specifically, price elasticities varied from -0.29 for Alaska to -2.24 for Florida, and income elasticities ranged from 0.37 for Alaska to 1.44 for Florida. Since separate elasticities can be estimated for individual states, in empirical work we need not choose a priori the double-log form by assuming a constant elasticity across states.
Deceptive Developers, Competitive Zoning Boards, and the Asymmetry of Information
Authors: Taylor Leon
Published: March 2021

Suppose that a developer applies to a zoning board for approval of his proposed project. He might understate the infrastructural costs of the project in order to trick the board into approving it. This chicanery later will saddle the community with unexpectedly high costs. Its fiscal loss could be heavy if it competes with its neighbors for economic development. Competition prevents the board from extracting from the project a location rent that would cover unexpectedly high infrastructural costs. The board can eliminate the developer’s incentive to mislead it by telling him that he will have to pay at least half of the infrastructural costs. Curiously, requiring him to pay all costs can reduce the loss of consumer surplus that is due to his exercise of market power in the private market. The analysis assumes that the board tries to maximize the community’s monetary gain from the project.
An Evaluation of the Maxwell-Boltzmann Entropy Model of the Appalachian Steam Coal Market
Authors: Yang Chin W.
Published: March 2021

Since the early 1950’s, there has been much effort expended in modeling interregional commodity flows. Among them are linear programming transportation models (e.g., Henderson); the Enke-Samuelson-Takayama-Judge models; the Leontief-Strout gravity models; and other econometric models. However, the entropy model has so far eluded description especially when implemented empirically. In this paper, we implement the Maxwell-Boltzmann entropy maximization model to the Appalachian steam coal market. We then compare the solution of optimum coal shipments with that of the corresponding linear programming transportation and spatial equilibrium models. It is found that (1) the performance of the Maxwell- Boltzmann entropy model is comparable to that of the spatial equilibrium model and (2) the entropy has outperformed the linear programming transportation model in its simplest form in terms of predicting actual coal shipments.
Economic Growth and Economic Development: Concepts and Measures
Authors: Malizia Emil E.
Published: March 2021

Given the inconsistencies among theories used to explain economic development, the recent work by Amos (1990) and Flammang (1990 and 1979) is important. The authors synthesize alternative theories in order to pose new meta-theory or conceptual frameworks and, in so doing, advance our understanding of economic development. This author draws on their concepts and frameworks to define economic growth and economic development more clearly and to suggest face-valid measures of these concepts. With better measures of these basic concepts, alternative theories and models of economic development may be tested more rigorously.
Development and Growth Revisited
Authors: Flammang Robert A.
Published: March 2021

The nature of economic development and economic growth has generated wide discussion over the years, especially since World War II (Flammang, 1979). In the past decade in particular, social scientists seem to this observer to have moved closer to a consensus on what the terms ‘development’ and ‘growth’ mean. It is quite common now for development economists to distinguish between the two, to accept the proposition that development is the broader term and that it includes growth, and to observe something like ‘development is more qualitative and growth is more quantitative in nature.’ Increasingly, too, scholars have been reticent to specify that the end product of development must necessarily be desirable (Rasmussen, 1990). But perhaps it is also true to say that quite often the terms still go undefined and that both theory and policy are shortchanged by this (Malizia, 1990). Recently it has occurred to me that perhaps development and growth are aspects of adaptation-economic adaptation within niches or regions and between niches or regions. The term “niches” of course refers to economic niches-niches formed by geography (regions) as well as niches formed by resource definitions, products, technology choices, demand patterns and the like. Niche filling, which to me is primarily the growth process, can indeed be thought of as something dealing with small changes over a series of fairly short runs. Niche changing, or economic development, is another matter, however. If, as this writer argued in 1979, the essence of economic development is structural change, then students of development must have some conception of two distinct subprocesses: the disintegration of at least part of one niche and the formation of at least part of another. That is, the first niche or structure must ‘soften,’ i.e. become somewhat ‘processual,’ before it begins to ‘harden’ and become more structured.
The Effects of FmHA Guaranteed Farm Loans on Rural Credit Markets
Authors: Sullivan Patrick J. , Herr William M.
Published: March 2021

Credit markets allocate a limited supply of loanable funds among alternative uses. In the process, some firms and invesunents are judged too risky and are excluded from receiving “affordably priced” credit Other firms may experience credit rationing because of market imperfections. Over the years, a number of Federally sponsored loan programs have evolved to address perceived problems with the credit delivery system. Several Federal programs are targeted at rural firms, in particular, because of their dependence on fairly small, geographically segmented capital markets. This paper examines the use of one Federal program in an attempt to determine how the delivery mechanism influences credit availability within rural communities. The Farmers Home Administration (FmHA), an agency of the U.S. Deparunent of Agriculture, provides credit to farmers and other rural businesses, homeowners, and communities through direct loans and by guaranteeing privately originated loans. The underlying principle guiding FmHA is that the assisted entity must not be able to obtain credit from usual commercial sources at reasonable rates and terms, but is judged economically viable or capable of becoming so in the future. This paper examines FmHA’ s farmer loan guarantee program operations during fiscal 1988 in an attempt to determine the characteristics of participating lenders and how lender behavior affects the guaranteed loan programs’ impact on local credit markets.
A Comparison of Regional Forecasting Techniques
Authors: Connaughton John E. , Madsen Ronald A.
Published: March 2021

The need for regional econometric forecasting models and the uses of their results has increased in recent years. A major reason for the growing interest in these models is the increasing recognition that regional economies vary in structure and performance, particularly in their cyclical behavior. Additionally, econometric models may be important for understanding differences in the trend behavior of regional economies. The purpose of this paper is to compare the quality of forecasts made using three different forecasting methods for a disaggregated regional economy.
The Impact of Production Structure on Income Distribution: A Multiplier Approach
Authors: Willumsen Maria J.F.
Published: March 2021

Distributional issues have increasingly asserted themselves as a major concern of economic analysis. Since production structure is believed to be a very important element to affect income distribution, technology and its impact on employment creation have also gradually gained importance as a policy instrument. The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between production structure and income distribution as well as to evaluate the implications of a given technological choice or output-mix to the income received by different socio-economic groups in Brazil.
Agricultural Nuisances and Right to Farm Laws: Implications Of Changing Liability Rules
Authors: Bergstrom John C. , Centner Terence J.
Published: March 2021

In this paper, the implications of changing liability rules with respect to agricultural nuisances are examined. The discussion begins by examining agricultural nuisances within economic externality theory. The effects of holding producers liable for damages caused by waste byproducts are then considered. The discussion then turns to public concern over the loss of agricultural capacity due to nuisance actions authorized by legislation known as “right-to-farm” laws. Right-to-farm laws attempt to reduce the liability of agricultural producers for damages caused by waste by-products through the provision of an affirmative defense to some nuisance actions. However, as discussed in the final section, the effectiveness of right-to-farm laws is dependent on the implicit assignment of initial property rights to the atmosphere.
Regional Conflict and the Clean Air Act
Authors: Stanton Timothy J.
Published: March 2021

Economists argue that efficiency criteria should dominate choice in government regulation, but distributional concerns influence policy. The political process determined that high-sulfur coal regions had been hurt by the Clean Air Act and sought to change these effects in the 1977 Amendment to the Act While other amendments combined promises of environmental change with the attempt to help areas perceived to be hurt by the original Act, one provision, the “local coal amendment” concentrated solely on economic consequences and allowed market intervention for equity concerns. The analysis suggests that the most important determinant of votes on the local coal amendment was the sulfur content of coal deposits in the home state of the Senators. Since most states do not have coal deposits, the votes of Senators from noncoal states became crucial for ultimate passage of the amendment. The emphasis of the analysis was on coalition building efforts.
Regional Variables that Influence the Allocation of Venture Capital: The Role of Banks
Authors: Pulver Glen C. , Hustedde Ronald J.
Published: March 2021

The major focus of this paper is to examine the regional variables that have the strongest influence on the allocation of venture capital with special emphasis on the information role of banks. The paper is divided into five sections: a description of venture capital markets, a summary of the factors that venture capitalists perceive as important in market transactions, an analysis of bankers’ involvement in venture capital markets, some general conclusions, and policy recommendations.
Forecasting Accuracy and Structural Stability of the Economic Base Model
Authors: Polzin Paul E. , Connaughton Kent , Schallau Con H. , Sylvester James T.
Published: March 2021

Despite the forecasting and impact analysis emphasis, there have been no attempts to evaluate the economic base model on the basis of its predictions. Simply comparing the projections reported in impact studies with actual data may provide unreliable tests because the specified project may be only one of many sources of local area change. This paper examines the performance of the economic base model for four timber-dependent communities in the Pacific Northwest, using the accuracy of ex post forecasts and other statistical measures.
An Empirical Study on Regional Welfare Inequalities and National Expenditure Priorities
Authors: Her Jaewan
Published: March 2021

The allocation of public funds among regions has been one of the most important decisions made by the national governments of many countries. To our knowledge, there have been no empirical attempts to measure such governmental tradeoffs, mainly due to the absence of an appropriate method. This paper is a first attempt aimed at measuring such implicit governmental tradeoffs based on an interesting programming approach that can deal with a dual measurement problem.
Tracking and Forecasting Local Economic Activity
Authors: Farrell Claude , Hall Jr. William H.
Published: March 2021

Both the private and public sectors have a strong and growing interest in current and future economic activity at the sub-state or local level. The purpose of this article is to provide some initial insight into a methodology for tracking, analyzing and forecasting economic activity at the local level, within the Wilmington, North Carolina area. Such breadth of coverage has, and continues to be, available only at the national, and to a lesser extent, at the state level.