bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation of 5‐Hydroxymethylfurfural Promoted by a Ru1Cu Single‐Atom Alloy Catalyst
Authors: Ji Kaiyue , Xu Ming , Xu Si‐Min , Wang Ye , Ge Ruixiang , Hu Xiaoyu , Sun Xiaoming , Duan Haohong
Published: July 2022

Electrochemical reduction of biomass‐derived 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) represents an elegant route toward sustainable value‐added chemicals production that circumvents the use of fossil fuel and hydrogen. However, the reaction efficiency is hampered by the high voltage and low activity of electrodes (Cu, Bi, Pb). Herein, we report a Ru1Cu single‐atom alloy (SAA) catalyst with isolated Ru atoms on Cu nanowires that exhibits an electrochemical reduction of HMF to 2,5‐dihydroxymethylfuran (DHMF) with promoted productivity (0.47 vs. 0.08 mmol cm−2 h−1) and faradic efficiency (FE) (85.6 vs. 71.3 %) at −0.3 V (vs. RHE) compared with Cu counterpart. More importantly, the FE (87.5 %) is largely retained at high HMF concentration (100 mM). Kinetic studies by using combined electrochemical techniques suggest disparate mechanisms over Ru1Cu and Cu, revealing that single‐atom Ru promotes the dissociation of water to produce H* species that effectively react with HMF via an electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) mechanism.
Novel Poxin Stable cGAMP‐Derivatives Are Remarkable STING Agonists
Authors: Stazzoni Samuele , Böhmer Daniel F. R. , Hernichel Fabian , Özdemir Dilara , Pappa Aikaterini , Drexler David , Bauernfried Stefan , Witte Gregor , Wagner Mirko , Veth Simon , Hopfner Karl‐Peter , Hornung Veit , König Lars M. , Carell Thomas
Published: July 2022

2′,3′‐cGAMP is a cyclic A‐ and G‐containing dinucleotide second messenger, which is formed upon cellular recognition of foreign cytosolic DNA as part of the innate immune response. The molecule binds to the adaptor protein STING, which induces an immune response characterized by the production of type I interferons and cytokines. The development of STING‐binding molecules with both agonistic as well as antagonistic properties is currently of tremendous interest to induce or enhance antitumor or antiviral immunity on the one hand, or to treat autoimmune diseases on the other hand. To escape the host innate immune recognition, some viruses encode poxin endonucleases that cleave 2′,3′‐cGAMP. Here we report that dideoxy‐2′,3′‐cGAMP (1) and analogs thereof, which lack the secondary ribose‐OH groups, form a group of poxin‐stable STING agonists. Despite their reduced affinity to STING, particularly the compound constructed from two A nucleosides, dideoxy‐2′,3′‐cAAMP (2), features an unusually high antitumor response in mice.
Remote C−H Glycosylation by Ruthenium(II) Catalysis: Modular Assembly ofmeta‐C‐Aryl Glycosides
Authors: Wu Jun , Kaplaneris Nikolaos , Pöhlmann Julia , Michiyuki Takuya , Yuan Binbin , Ackermann Lutz
Published: July 2022

The prevalence ofC‐aryl glycosides in biologically active natural products and approved drugs has long motivated the development of efficient strategies for their selective synthesis. Cross‐couplings have been frequently used, but largely relied on palladium catalyst with prefunctionalized substrates, while ruthenium‐catalyzedC‐aryl glycoside preparation has thus far proven elusive. Herein, we disclose a versatile ruthenium(II)‐catalyzedmeta‐C−H glycosylation to accessmeta‐C‐aryl glycosides from readily available glycosyl halide donors. The robustness of the ruthenium catalysis was reflected by mild reaction conditions, outstanding levels of anomeric selectivity and exclusivemeta‐site‐selectivity.
Synergistic effect of adding graphene nanoplates and carbon nanotubes in polycarbonate/acrylonitrile‐styrene‐butadiene copolymer blend
Authors: dos Anjos Erick Gabriel Ribeiro , Marini Juliano , Gomes Newton Adriano Santos , Rezende Mirabel Cerqueira , Passador Fabio Roberto
Published: July 2022

Hybrid nanocomposites of graphene nanoplates (GNP) and multi‐wall carbons nanotubes (MWCNT) might balance the best properties of these nanofillers and proportion synergistic effects to some specific properties as the electromagnetic shielding efficiency (EMI SE). These nanocomposites are being studied in many polymer matrixes, and a promising one should be the blend of polycarbonate (PC) and acrylonitrile‐styrene‐butadiene copolymer (ABS) that are applied mainly in the electronics industry. In this work, the hybrid nanocomposites of GNP/MWCNT in a PC/ABS/ABS‐g‐MAH polymer blend matrix were prepared by melt mixing, using extrusion and injection molding. The rheological, electromagnetic, thermal, and mechanical properties were analyzed to clarify the effect of using individually and both fillers. The morphologies of the hybrid nanocomposites revealed that the fillers were close to each other at the polymer matrix, interacting and forming some hybrid agglomerates. The effect of these hybrids agglomerates was confirmed as a deviation to solid‐like behavior (G′ > G″) in the rheological analyses, and the electrical percolation threshold was only achieved for the hybrid nanocomposites with higher content of nanofillers, 5 wt% of GNP and 1 wt% of MWCNT with electrical resistivity of 106 Ω cm. The same composition had a synergetic effect on the EMI SE properties (11 dB at 8.4 GHz), with a higher attenuation by absorption component, also in the dynamical mechanical, thermal behavior, increasing the Storage modulus and the statical mechanical properties increasing the shore D hardness, the elastic modulus, and ultimate tensile strength. The hybrid nanocomposites of GNP/MWCNT were promising materials for electronic housing with EMI SE properties.
Mannose‐Decorated Composite Peptide Hydrogel with Thixotropic and Syneresis Properties and its Application in Treatment of Leishmaniasis
Authors: Dowari Payel , Roy Shalini , Das Saurav , Chowdhuri Sumit , Kushwaha Ritvika , Das Basab K. , Ukil Anindita , Das Debapratim
Published: July 2022

Leishmaniasis, caused by the intramacrophage protozoan parasite Leishmania donovani, is a life‐threatening yet neglected vector‐borne disease. Few medications for the treatment of this disease are available. However, targeted delivery of drugs to macrophages remains a significant concern. Macrophages are equipped with many receptors, and therefore putting suitable ligands in the macrophage targeting drug delivery vehicle gained a lot of attention. One such receptor is the mannose receptor, abundantly expressed by macrophages. To treat this deadly disease, in this study, a mannose containing composite hydrogel is prepared by combining a self‐aggregating short peptide (Nap‐FFGE‐NH2, Pep‐A) and a mannose containing non‐aggregating peptide (Nap‐FF‐mannosyl, Pep‐B). The self‐aggregation of the composite hydrogel is evaluated using various spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. Intermolecular hydrogen bonding and π‐π stacking lead to an antiparallel β‐sheet like arrangement of the peptides. Notably, the composite hydrogel showed shear‐thinning and syneresis properties. Moreover, the composite hydrogel was found to be stable in cell‐culture media, biodegradable and non‐toxic to the macrophages. Both control and infected macrophages showed effective cell growth and proliferation when subjected to the composite 2D and 3D hydrogel matrix. When treated with Amphotericin B loaded composite hydrogel, the drug was effectively delivered to kill the parasite in the infected macrophages. Almost 3.5 fold decrease in the parasite burden was recorded when infected cells were treated with drug‐loaded composite hydrogel. The injectability, biodegradability, non‐cytotoxicity, and efficient drug delivery properties of the mannose‐functionalized hydrogel make it a suitable candidate for the treatment of Leishmaniasis.
Schlankes und elegantes integrales Brückenbauwerk in Leipzig – die neue Messebrücke
Authors: Reichel Michael , Langkabel Rüdiger , Sander Jörg
Published: July 2022

Die neue Messebrücke verbindet das Alte Messegelände und den dem Leipziger Völkerschlachtdenkmal vorgelagerten Wilhelm‐Külz‐Park über die Gleise der Deutschen Bahn AG. Das Bauwerk ist Teil der prägnanten städtebaulichen und denkmalgeschützten Sichtachse zwischen Neuem Rathaus und Völkerschlachtdenkmal, welche zum Großteil Alleencharakter aufweist. Bei dem Bauwerk handelt es sich um den Ersatzneubau für ein altes Straßenbrückenbauwerk als dreifeldriges vollintegrales Sprengwerk in Stahl‐ und Spannbetonbauweise mit hohem gestalterischem Anspruch. Der Querschnitt ist als sehr schlanker zweistegiger Plattenbalken mit einer weit auskragenden Fahrbahnplatte ausgebildet. Die schrägen Widerlagerwände wurden direkt gegen die bindemittelstabilisierte Böschung betoniert. Für die geneigten Widerlagerwände und Stützen kam selbstverdichtender Beton zum Einsatz. Wegen kurzer Sperrpausen und zur Vermeidung einer überhöhten, sehr aufwendigen Herstellung auf Lehrgerüst besteht das Mittelfeld über dem Bahnbereich aus Längs‐ und Querfertigteilen, die mit Ortbeton ergänzt wurden. Die Randfelder wurden dagegen klassisch auf Lehrgerüst hergestellt. Im Folgenden werden Entwurf, Konstruktion, Berechnung, Montage und Ausführung des vollintegralen Sprengwerks beschrieben.
Bayesian time‐varying autoregressive models of COVID‐19 epidemics
Authors: Giudici Paolo , Tarantino Barbara , Roy Arkaprava
Published: July 2022

The COVID‐19 pandemic has highlighted the importance of reliable statistical models which, based on the available data, can provide accurate forecasts and impact analysis of alternative policy measures. Here we propose Bayesian time‐dependent Poisson autoregressive models that include time‐varying coefficients to estimate the effect of policy covariates on disease counts. The model is applied to the observed series of new positive cases in Italy and in the United States. The results suggest that our proposed models are capable of capturing nonlinear growth of disease counts. We also find that policy measures and, in particular, closure policies and the distribution of vaccines, lead to a significant reduction in disease counts in both countries.
Impacts of industrialization, renewable energy and urbanization on the global ecological footprint: A quantile regression approach
Authors: Quito Byron , del Río‐Rama María de la Cruz , Álvarez‐García José , Durán‐Sánchez Amador
Published: July 2022

Debates on how growth and urbanization affect the environment have been intense, but they lack the global perspective. Therefore, this research examined those relationships, and to a greater extent other forms of global environmental degradation, such as foreign direct investment (FDI). It also explored the relationships between industrialization and technologies. The results, using Westerlund cointegration and quantile regressions over the period 1995–2017, show cointegration and regional heterogeneities in the environmental transmissions of economic development, industrialization, renewable energy, urbanization and FDI. The results show that economic development generates more environmental degradation in all quantiles at a global level, whereas urbanization and renewable energy reduce environmental degradation in all quantiles, with the highest effect being in the upper quantiles. On the other hand, industrialization affects the lower quantiles negatively and significantly but affects the upper quantiles positively. Finally, the empirical analysis supports the paradise haven or pollution halo hypothesis (PHH) for the 40th, 50th, 60th and 80th quantiles. This suggests that FDI inflows have a detrimental effect on the host country for these quantiles. Therefore, among the objectives of the policies are to give priority to more sustainable economic growth processes, which contribute to reducing environmental degradation, and furthermore to reinforce strict environmental laws on investment inflows and to build sustainable urbanization and industrialization processes for countries.
Risk of non‐colorectal cancer‐related death in elderly patients with the disease: A comparison of five preoperative risk assessment indices
Authors: Yasui Kohei , Shida Dai , Ahiko Yuka , Takamizawa Yasuyuki , Moritani Konosuke , Tsukamoto Shunsuke , Kanemitsu Yukihide
Published: July 2022

Background

A considerable number of elderly patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) die of non‐CRC‐related causes. The Controlling Nutritional Status (CONUT) score, American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status classification, Charlson Comorbidity Index, National Institute on Aging, and National Cancer Institute Comorbidity Index, and Adult Comorbidity Evaluation‐27 score are all known predictors of survival in patients with CRC. However, the utility of these indices for predicting non‐CRC‐related death in elderly CRC patients is not known.

Methods

The study population comprised 364 patients aged 80 years or more who received curative resection for stage I–III CRC between 2000 and 2016. The association of each index with non‐CRC‐related death was compared by competing‐risks analysis such as the cumulative incidence function and proportional subdistribution hazards regression analysis as well as time‐dependent receiver‐operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

Results

There were 85 deaths (40 CRC‐related and 45 non‐CRC‐related) during a median observation period of 53.2 months. Cumulative incidence function analysis identified CONUT score as the most suitable for risk stratification for non‐CRC‐related death. In proportional subdistribution hazards regression, risk of non‐CRC‐related death increased significantly as CONUT score worsened (2/3/4 vs. 0/1, hazard ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.91–3.15; ≥5 vs. 2/3/4, hazard ratio 2.71, 95% CI 1.08–6.81). Time‐dependent ROC curve analysis showed that CONUT score were consistently superior to other indices during the 5‐year observation period.

Conclusions

The majority of deaths in elderly patients with CRC were not CRC‐related. CONUT score was the most useful predictor of non‐CRC‐related death in these patients.
Learning based versus heuristic based: A comparative analysis of visual saliency prediction in immersive virtual reality
Authors: Askin Mehmet Bahadir , Celikcan Ufuk
Published: July 2022

While visual saliency has been used for various purposes in virtual reality (VR), the efforts to properly understand the saliency mechanism in VR remain insufficient. In this paper, we present an extensive comparative analysis of learning‐based and heuristic‐based approaches to visual saliency prediction in immersive VR experienced using head‐mounted‐displays with a particular focus on the contribution of the depth cue. To this end, we use three learning‐based RGB‐D image saliency detection methods and two heuristic‐based RGB‐D image saliency detection methods on a VR dataset curated from three distinct virtual environments under two‐dimensional and three‐dimensional viewing conditions. Additionally, we extend the analysis by including a heuristic‐based RGB video saliency detection method and its depth‐infused version. The results acquired using these seven methods reveal the superiority of the learning‐based RGB‐D image saliency prediction methods in VR and validate the importance of the depth cue in the saliency prediction of virtual environments.
Giant multinodular goiter for 24 years; hidden in a village in Western Nepal
Authors: Sigdel Brihaspati , Neupane Bhima , Pokhrel Amrit , Nepali Prakash
Published: July 2022

Here, we present the case of a giant multinodular goiter with retrosternal extension in an old lady with dyspnea for 3 months. The patient was treated with microscopic‐assisted total thyroidectomy without any postoperative complications.
Complete laryngotracheal separation after a clothesline‐type injury: A case report
Authors: Ciburaite Gintare , Kaseta Marius
Published: July 2022

This case report presents management of a complete laryngotracheal separation after a ‘clothesline’ type injury. Laryngeal trauma to some extent was suspected but the diagnosis was confirmed after massive subcutaneous emphysema occurred after seemingly successful intubation. The airway was secured with a tracheostomy and secondary laryngotracheal anastomosis was done.
Non‐traumatic myositis ossificans circumscripta in the anterior abdominal wall of a seven‐year‐old Ugandan child: A case report
Authors: Isse Hamdi Mohamed , Sereke Senai Goitom , Vincent Mboizi , Zeridah Muyinda
Published: July 2022

Myositis ossificans circumscripta (MOC) is a benign and self‐limiting heterotopic ossification in the subcutaneous fat, tendons, muscles, and nerves. It is commonly due to trauma and is frequently encountered in the arm, shoulder, thigh, and hand which are prone to trauma. Non‐traumatic MOC arising from the abdominal muscles is extremely rare. We report a case of 7‐year‐old male child with a three‐year history of progressive painless abdominal swelling in the left hypochondria region with no history of associated trauma. CT scan of the abdomen showed a well‐defined hyperdense mass in the left external oblique muscle. Histological diagnosis confirmed myositis ossificans of the external oblique muscle. The mass was removed surgically with no immediate or late complications.
Noninvasive treatment of two deeply invasive cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the midface located close to the orbits with intensity‐modulated arc therapy: A case report
Authors: Gruber Isabella , Weidner Karin , Koelbl Oliver
Published: July 2022

Definitive radiotherapy is a curative and noninvasive treatment modality for cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas of the midface when surgery has an impact on function and cosmetics. Volumetric modulated arc therapy provides optimal dose coverage for complex‐shaped tumors without compromising adjacent organs at risk.
Synergistic Coupling of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 and Fluoroethylene Carbonate Boosts Electrochemical Performances of Poly(Ethylene Oxide)‐Based All‐Solid‐State Lithium Batteries
Authors: Zhang Lu , Wang Zhitao , Zhou Hu , Li Xiaogang , Liu Qian , Wang Ping , Yuan Aihua
Published: July 2022

All‐solid‐state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) with poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO)‐based composites solid‐state electrolytes have received much attention owing to their higher energy density and better safety compared with conventional liquid electrolytes. However, ASSLBs with PEO‐based solid‐state electrolytes generally suffer from severe capacity degradation and interface transfer obstacles during the charge/discharge process. In this work, fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) is employed as a reducing additive to in‐situ form LiF‐rich and stable solid‐state electrolyte interface (SEI). Benefiting from the integrated advantages of Li6.4La3Zr1.4Ta0.6O12 (LLZTO) and FEC binary additives, the number of lithium‐ion transference increases to 0.48, which facilitates the stable cycling of Li||Li symmetrical batteries over 900 h at 0.1 mA cm−2. The synergistic interplay of LLZTO and FEC constructs a stable LiF‐rich SEI film, effectively addressing the interfacial problems caused by lithium dendrites and promoting the transport of Li ions. Therefore, the high ionic conductivity and self‐healing anode‐electrolyte interface are achieved. This study provides a facile and economical strategy to solve the problem of the lithium‐electrolyte interface. It is of great scientific significance for the development of dendrite‐free solid‐state lithium metal batteries.
Mechanistic Insights about the Ligand‐Enabled Oxy‐arylation/vinylation of Alkenes via Au(I)/Au(III) Catalysis
Authors: Rigoulet Mathilde , Miqueu Karinne , Bourissou Didier
Published: July 2022

The mechanism of oxy‐arylation/vinylation of alkenes catalyzed by the (MeDalphos)AuCl complex was comprehensively investigated by DFT. (P,N)Au(Ph)2+and (P,N)Au(vinyl)2+are key intermediates accounting for the activation of the alkenols and for their cyclization by outer‐sphere nucleophilic attack of oxygen. The 5‐exoand 6‐endopaths have been computed and compared, reproducing the peculiar regioselectivity difference observed experimentally between 4‐penten‐1‐ol, (E) and (Z)‐4‐hexen‐1‐ols. Examining the way the alkenol coordinates to gold (more η2or η1) can offer, in some cases, a simple way to predict the favored path of cyclization.
Photostable NIR‐II Pigments from Extended Rylenecarboximides
Authors: Wu Ze‐Hua , Reichert Hans , Reichelt Helmut , Basché Thomas , Müllen Klaus
Published: July 2022

A series of near‐infrared (NIR) organic absorbers, named FNs and FPs, have been obtained with absorption maxima from 870 nm to 1100 nm and thus falling into the attractive second near‐infrared region (NIR‐II). The synthesis of their extended aromatic cores utilized an initial aryl‐amination between 4‐aminonaphthalene‐1,8‐dicarboximide (NMI‐NH2) or 9‐aminoperylene‐3,4‐dicarboximide (PMI‐NH2) with chloro‐substituted 9,10‐anthraquinones followed by a novel base‐induced cyclodehydrogenation. A NIR‐II pigment, compound FPP, was obtained through de‐alkylation of a soluble precursor. The synthesis of this photostable pigment is high‐yielding and avoids column chromatographic purification which is important for many applications.
Pharmacokinetic Comparison of Favipiravir Oral Solution and Tablet Formulations in Healthy Thai Volunteers
Authors: Siripongboonsitti Taweegrit , Ungtrakul Teerapat , Watanapokasin Natcha , Timsri Pornuma , Wongpakdee Kawinthida , Wattanasin Parin , Pavitrapok Chiravi , Khunvichai Ariya , Jamnongtanachot Promporn , Mueannoom Wunlapa , Kitpoka Tanya , Arjharn Weena , Mahanonda Nithi
Published: July 2022

This study compared the pharmacokinetics and safety of favipiravir oral solution with those of tablet formulations, which were agents repurposed to treat nonsevere coronavirus disease 2019 in Thailand. In an open‐label, single‐dose, randomized, crossover study, 24 healthy subjects under fasting conditions were randomly assigned to a single dose of 200 mg of favipiravir, either as an oral solution of 200 mg/15 mL (test product) or a tablet (reference product), separated by a 7‐day washout period. Fifteen plasma samples were collected over 12 hours after drug administration. Plasma favipiravir levels were quantified using in‐house developed ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. The test/reference geometric mean ratio along with 90%CI for the maximum plasma concentration, area under the concentration‐time curve (AUC) to the time of the last quantifiable concentration, and AUC after single‐dose administration, extrapolated to infinity were 115.3% (90%CI, 107.7%‐123.3%), 100.4% (90%CI, 96.9%‐104.0%), and 100.4% (90%CI, 96.8%‐104.2%), respectively. These results were within the predefined acceptance criteria for bioequivalence (80.0%‐125.0%). No adverse events were observed in either group. The oral solution formulation could offer the advantage of easier swallowing in broader patient groups.
Acid Rain and Flue Gas: Quantum Chemical Hydrolysis of NO2
Authors: Menezes Filipe , Popowicz Grzegorz Maria
Published: July 2022

Despite decades of efforts, much is still unknown about the hydrolysis of nitrogen dioxide (NO2), a reaction associated with the formation of acid rain. From the experimental point of view, quantitative analyses are hard, and without pH control the products decompose to some reagents. We resort to high‐level quantum chemistry to compute Gibbs energies for a network of reactions relevant to the hydrolysis of NO2. With COSMO‐RS solvation corrections we calculate temperature dependent thermodynamic data in liquid water. Using the computed reaction energies, we determine equilibrium concentrations for a gas‐liquid system at controlled pH. For different temperatures and initial concentrations of the different species, we observe that nitrogen dioxide should be fully converted to nitric and nitrous acid. The thermodynamic data in this work can have a potential major impact for several industries with regards to the understanding of atmospheric chemistry and in the reduction of anthropomorphic pollution.
Linked color imaging improves the diagnostic accuracy of eosinophilic esophagitis
Authors: Abe Yasuhiko , Sasaki Yu , Yagi Makoto , Mizumoto Naoko , Onozato Yusuke , Kon Takashi , Shoji Masakuni , Sakuta Kazuhiro , Sakai Takayuki , Umehara Matsuki , Ito Minami , Nakamura Shuhei , Tsuchida Hidemoto , Ueno Yoshiyuki
Published: July 2022

Objectives

To assess the usefulness of linked color imaging (LCI), a recently developed image‐enhanced endoscopy technique, in the endoscopic diagnosis of eosinophilic esophagitis (EoE).

Methods

Thirty white light images (WLIs) and 30 WLI+LCI images collected from patients with and without EoE were randomly and blindly reviewed by 10 endoscopists, including four experts (Exs) and six non‐Exs. Edema, ring, exudate furrows, and strictures were rated on the adjusted EoE endoscopic reference score; the diagnosis of EoE was assessed. Using the kappa value, inter‐ and intra‐observer agreements were analyzed among endoscopists.

Results

WLI+LCI images had a higher diagnostic accuracy for EoE than WLIs (0.85 vs. 0.70, respectively), especially in non‐Exs or endoscopists with no experience with EoE patients. Inter‐observer agreement for WLI+LCI images statistically surpassed WLIs for furrows (kappa, 0.73 vs. 0.67, respectively; p = 0.0013), stricture (kappa, 0.51 vs. 0.39, respectively; p = 0.0072), and diagnosis (kappa, 0.67 vs. 0.57, respectively; p < 0.0001) of EoE. The increase in inter‐observer agreement in WLI+LCI images allowed for a reduction in the differences between the Exs and non‐Ex endoscopists. Intra‐observer agreement for WLI+LCI images surpassed WLIs for a ring (kappa, 0.62 vs. 0.43, p = 0.0052), and a similar trend was found in exudates, furrows, and diagnosis irrespective of the Exs or non‐Exs.

Conclusions

LCI can contribute to the improvement of the endoscopic diagnosis for EoE, with “moderate” to “substantial” consistency, by enhancing the visibility of abnormal findings, leading to reduced diagnostic disparities among endoscopists.
Comparative assessment of electronic nicotine delivery systems aerosol and cigarette smoke on endothelial cell migration: The Replica Project
Authors: Caruso Massimo , Emma Rosalia , Distefano Alfio , Rust Sonja , Poulas Konstantinos , Giordano Antonio , Volarevic Vladislav , Mesiakaris Konstantinos , Boffo Silvia , Arsenijevic Aleksandar , Karanasios Georgios , Pulvirenti Roberta , Ilic Aleksandar , Canciello Angelo , Zuccarello Pietro , Ferrante Margherita , Polosa Riccardo , Li Volti Giovanni
Published: July 2022

Cigarette smoking is associated with impairment of repair mechanisms necessary for vascular endothelium homeostasis. Reducing the exposure to smoke toxicants may result in the mitigation of the harmful effect on the endothelium and cardiovascular disease development. Previous investigations evaluated in vitro the effect of electronic cigarette (EC) compared with cigarette smoke demonstrating a significant reduction in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) migration inhibition following EC aerosol exposure. In the present study, we replicated one of these studies, evaluating the effects of cigarette smoke on endothelial cell migration compared with aerosol from EC and heated tobacco products (HTPs). We performed an in vitro scratch wound assay on endothelial cells with a multi‐center approach (ring‐study) to verify the robustness and reliability of the results obtained in the replicated study, also testing the effect of aerosol from two HTPs on endothelial cells. Consistently with the original study, we observed a substantial reduction of the effects of aerosol from EC and HTPs on endothelial cell migration compared with cigarette smoke. While cigarette smoke reduced endothelial wound healing ability already at low concentrations (12.5%) and in a concentration‐dependent manner, EC and HTPs aerosol showed no effect on endothelial cells until 80%–100% concentrations. In conclusion, our study further confirms the importance of EC and tobacco heated products as a possible harm reduction strategy for cardiovascular diseases development in smokers.
Effect of cathode operation parameters on the performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cell with curved wing vortex generator by response surface method
Authors: Yang Laishun , Shi Luhao , Cui Weiwei , Xu Yichao , Mao Jianghai , Li Yongtong , Jiang Dongfang , Yue Guangxi
Published: July 2022

With the increasing popularity of fuel cells, improving their power density and the fuel cell system efficiency has become very topical. This study used the curved wing vortex generator to generate a secondary flow in the cathode flow channel to improve the performance of the proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). The curved wing's structure and arrangement effects on the performance of fuel cells were numerically simulated. Next, to summarize the combined effects of cathode operating conditions on the performance of PEMFC, this study used the response surface method to assess the influence of operating conditions variables on the performance target of PEMFC with curved wings. The combined effects of cathode operating conditions, namely temperature, pressure, reactant stoichiometry, and relative humidity, on the system efficiency and power density of the fuel cell system were investigated. The predictive correlations between these variables were also fitted. The installation of curved wings promoted the diffusion of reactants, as well as improved the uniformity of temperature distribution and the discharge of liquid water in the fuel cell, enhancing its overall performance. Among the four operating parameters under study, the most significant effect on the fuel cell power density was provided by the temperature, followed by pressure, humidity, and reactant stoichiometry. The fuel cell efficiency was the most significantly improved by increasing the relative humidity, while temperature increase had the second‐best impact, followed by pressure, and reactant stoichiometry.
Gender differentials in value addition and lean season market participation in the grasshopper value chain in Uganda
Authors: Donkor Emmanuel , Mbeche Robert , Mithöfer Dagmar
Published: July 2022

Gender gaps in agrifood value chains are manifested in differential access to and control of productive resources, upgrading activities, market participation, farm productivity and food security among women and men. These gender gaps threaten economic development in sub‐Saharan Africa. With low‐resource requirements, edible insects have emerged as a promising agrifood value chain with income opportunities for women and men. However, it is not clear how gender gaps are manifested in the participation in value addition and lean season market of the edible insect value chain with a potential to improve household welfare. In this paper, we analyse the gender gaps of retailers' participation in value addition and lean season market in the grasshopper value chain in Uganda. Multivariate probit and tobit models are used in the empirical analyses. We find that women are 15% more likely to participate in primary value addition. However, there are no gender gaps in the participation in secondary value addition and the lean season market. The study also shows that grasshopper business is an important source of income for many retailers. Therefore, the development of the grasshopper value chain, especially the aspects of value addition and lean season market, could contribute to gender equality and improvement of livelihoods of women and men.
Safety Concerns for the Management of End‐of‐Life Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Chen Zhuowen , Yildizbasi Abdullah , Wang Yan , Sarkis Joseph
Published: July 2022

Lithium‐ion battery (LIB) usage is growing dramatically worldwide. Relatedly, there is a need for the management of end‐of‐life (EOL) LIBs. EOL requires closed‐loop systems and supply chains. Although many studies related to managing EOL in closed‐loop supply chains exist, one especially pernicious issue is overlooked—safety. This study seeks to address this major safety oversight for EOL LIBs using closed‐loop supply chains that are critical to a larger circular economy environment. The evaluation is completed along a technology–organization–environment (TOE) framework; potential research directions for mitigating safety issues are part of the analysis of this study. Specific and general research questions pertaining to secure management of EOL LIBs are put forward to help advance academic research. Practical concerns are also described for policymakers and organizations. This study reveals implications of these questions for the intersection of materials science, supply chain management, and fire‐protection engineering.
Verification on the mode of moisture transfer in the vadose zone of thick loess
Authors: Wang Chenxing , Li Tonglu , Li Ping , Wang Yu , Li Hua , Xi Yu
Published: July 2022

Precipitation is the only source of groundwater recharge in the Chinese loess region. However, rainfall has been the main driver of geological disasters and engineering challenges in China, such as landslides, slope collapse and sinking of foundations. The roles of preferential flow and piston flow in moisture transfer in the thick loess vadose zone remain controversial. This study used a 100‐m thick loess shaft to monitor soil moisture content and soil temperature over 5 years, whereas climate indices were monitored on the Earth surface. The soil water characteristic curves and hydraulic conductivity function of the loess and the palaeosol collected in the profile were measured in a laboratory. The soil profile moisture transfer process was simulated based on the climatic boundary conditions and measured hydraulic parameters. The monitored and simulated results suggest that loess moisture transfer is dominated by piston flow. The thick loess vadose zone above the groundwater level could be divided into two sub‐zones, namely the active and steady zones. The active zone has a thickness of ~7 m and shows a direct response to climate change, with soil moisture content regulated by rainfall infiltration, evaporation and transpiration and soil moisture moving as transient flow. Although preferential flow can move in the active zone along joints, fissures and holes when water accumulates in the lower ground during heavy rainfall, piston flow remains the main mode of water movement. The steady zone has a thickness of <7 m and is above the groundwater level. Soil moisture content and soil temperature in the steady zone show temporal stability and soil moisture moves as a steady flow. Piston flow is the only mode of water movement in the steady zone. Since percolation velocity in the steady zone is estimated to be 73.3 mm/year, 1330 years of rainfall infiltration through the 97.5 m thick vadose zone would be required to recharge groundwater.
CCN2 Facilitates IL-17 Production and Osteoclastogenesis in Human Osteoarthritis Synovial Fibroblasts by Inhibiting miR-655 Expression
Authors: Liu Shan-Chi , Hsieh Hung-Lun , Tsai Chun-Hao , Fong Yi-Chin , Ko Chih-Yuan , Wu Hsi-Chin , Chang Sunny Li-Yun , Hsu Chin-Jung , Tang Chih-Hsin
Published: July 2022

Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with extensive upregulation of osteoclastogenesis and subsequent bone breakdown. The CCN family protein connective tissue growth factor (CCN2, also called CCN2) enhances inflammatory cytokine production in OA disease. The cytokine interleukin (IL)-17 is known to induce osteoclastogenesis and bone erosion in arthritic disease. Our retrieval of data from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) data set and clinical tissues exhibited higher CCN2 and IL-17 expression in OA synovial sample than in normal healthy samples. We observed the same phenomenon in synovial tissue from rats with anterior cruciate ligament transaction (ACLT)-elicited OA compared with synovial tissue from control healthy rats. We also found that CCN2 facilitated increases in IL-17 synthesis in human OA synovial fibroblasts (OASFs) and promoted osteoclast formation. CCN2 affected IL-17 production by reducing miR-655 expression through the ILK and Syk signaling cascades. Our findings improve our understanding about the effect of CCN2 in OA pathogenesis and, in particular, IL-17 production and osteoclastogenesis, which may help with the design of more effective OA treatments. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Board diversity: Are firms rewarded?
Authors: Bonaparte Isaac , Mburu Henry Kimani , Sun Huey‐Lian
Published: July 2022

To adduce empirical evidence of the benefits of board diversity to investors, we examine the relation between board age‐diversity and firm value. We examine different factors that are known to influence firm value both in the short‐term and long‐term horizons:  cumulative abnormal returns, real earnings management, firm innovative activities, and analyst coverage. Our proxy for board diversity is the board age diversity. We find that board age‐diversity enhances firm value through different mechanisms; increased firm innovative activities and curtailed real earnings manipulation. We find that board age‐diversity has (no) effect on firm value in the long (short) term horizon. Overall, our results emphasize the long‐term benefits of board diversity to investors.
Photocatalytic degradation of Ponceau 4R by ZnAl‐layered double hydroxide nanostructures obtained with and without polyvinyl alcohol
Authors: Balayeva Ofeliya Oqtay
Published: July 2022

In this work, zinc‐aluminum layered double hydroxides were synthesized with and without the presence of polyvinyl alcohol by co‐formation and co‐precipitation methods, respectively. The photocatalytic activity of the obtained nanocomposites was studied and a comparative analysis was performed. The mechanism of photocatalytic decomposition of Ponceau 4R (P4R) on the nanocomposites has been explained in detail by relating it to the compositional and structural properties of the nanocomposite. The structural and optical properties of nanocomposites are characterized by XRD, UV–vis, PL, and SEM in a pure state, dye loaded and after photodegradation. The bandgap of nanocomposites (Eg = 3,23 eV) was reduced after sorption (Eg = 3,1 eV) and photocatalytic degradation (Eg = 2,87 eV) of P4R. This result is in good agreement with basal spacing determined by XRD. To study the sunlight degradation of P4R at different initial concentrations (8, 12, 16, 20, 30, 40, 50 mg L−1), firstly sorption was developed with Langmuir and other isothermal models. The Langmuir constant value (KL = 0,102) of ZnAl‐LDH/PVA is close to the Langmuir–Hinshelwood constant (KL‐H = 0,094) obtained from the kinetics of the photodegradation in sunlight. The photocatalytic degradation of P4R onto the obtained nanocomposites follows the Langmuir‐Hinshelwood kinetic model.
Danish heritable retinoblastoma survivors' perspectives on reproductive choices: “It's important for me, not to pass on this condition”
Authors: Gregersen Pernille A. , Funding Mikkel , Alsner Jan , Olsen Maja H. , Overgaard Jens , Urbak Steen F. , Staffieri Sandra E. , Lou Stina
Published: July 2022

Despite reporting an overall normal life, survivors of heritable retinoblastoma face numerous physical and psychosocial issues. In particular, reproductive decision‐making is often complex and difficult. This study aims to examine survivors' reflections on passing on heritable retinoblastoma to their children, how survivors approach their reproductive choices, and how the healthcare system can optimize counseling and support. Semi‐structured interviews with Danish adult survivors of heritable retinoblastoma were qualitatively analyzed to explore their experiences. Participants were recruited from the Retinoblastoma Survivorship Clinic, Aarhus University Hospital, Denmark. Thematic data analysis was conducted followed by a condensing process specifically for the subthemes relating to reproductive choices. A common subtheme for all participants was a strong wish to avoid passing on retinoblastoma to their children. The participants emphasized the various medical, practical, emotional, and moral issues impacting their final reproductive choice in the process of family planning to conceive a child unaffected by retinoblastoma. Some had no option other than to conceive naturally and hope for an unaffected baby; while others weighed the pros and cons of choosing natural conception with prenatal testing and then considering termination of pregnancy (in case of an affected fetus) versus choosing fertility treatment with preimplantation genetic testing to achieve an unaffected pregnancy. Several participants underlined the complexity of their decisions, and also expressed feelings of guilt, both toward their affected child, and guilt for putting their partner through many difficult decisions and obstacles due to their genetic condition. Our findings demonstrate how one family‐planning decision is not unequivocally “better” or easier than another. Healthcare professionals must provide the necessary information and tools to support the individual's unique decision‐making process. Survivors' autonomy and individual needs, as well as the numerous and diverse aspects of heritable retinoblastoma, should be carefully considered.
The mutation features and geographical distributions of the surface glycoprotein (S gene) in SARS‐CoV‐2 strains: A comparative analysis of the early and current strains
Authors: Liu Rang , Lin Xinran , Chen Bing , Hou Zhenhui , Zhang Qiuju , Lin Shouren , Geng Lan , Sun Zhongyi , Cao Canhui , Shi Yu , Xia Xi
Published: July 2022

The surface glycoprotein (S protein) of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) was used to develop coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) vaccines. However, SARS‐CoV‐2, especially the S protein, has undergone rapid evolution and mutation, which has remained to be determined. Here, we analyzed and compared the early (12 237) and the current (more than 10 million) SARS‐CoV‐2 strains to identify the mutation features and geographical distribution of the S gene and S protein. Results showed that in the early strains, most of the loci were with relative low mutation frequency except S: 23403 (4486 strains), while in the current strains, there was a surge in the mutation strains and frequency, with S: 23403 constantly being the highest one, but tremendously increased to approximately 1050 times. Furthermore, D614 (S: 23403) was one of the most highly frequent mutations in the S protein of Omicron as of March 2022, and most of the mutant strains were still from the United States, and the United Kingdom. Further analysis demonstrated that in the receptor‐binding domain, most of the loci with low mutation frequency in the early strains, while S: 22995 was nowadays the most prevalent loci with 3 122 491 strains in the current strains. Overall, we compare the mutation features of the S region in SARS‐CoV‐2 strains between the early and the current stains, providing insight into further studies in concert with emerging SARS‐CoV‐2 variants for COVID‐19 vaccines.
Afforestation may accelerate the depletion of deep soil moisture on the Loess Plateau: Evidence from a meta‐analysis
Authors: Liang Haibin , Xue Yayong , Li Zongshan , Gao Guangyao , Liu Guohua
Published: July 2022

Afforestation is an effective way to restore degraded landscapes and protect ecosystems in arid and semiarid regions. However, the responses of soil moisture content (SMC) to afforestation in deep soil layers as well as the related controlling factors on a regional scale are still poorly understood. In this study, a meta‐analysis compiled a total of 3045 individual measurements in 203 sites, was conducted to evaluate the effects of afforestation on SMC to a depth of 300 cm based on a field transect survey covering non‐afforested modes (traditional rain‐fed cropland as the control) and afforested vegetation types (forestland, shrubland, and grassland) from southeast to northwest across the Chinese Loess Plateau and to examine the relationships between the SMC and potential affecting factors. The results showed that afforestation led to a decreasing SMC across the entire profile, especially in forestland and shrubland. Soil moisture changes were significantly affected by restoration types (forests, shrubs, and grasses) and restoration ages. Mean annual precipitation, mean annual temperature, and initial soil moisture jointly affected soil moisture in all land use types along the precipitation gradient. The artificial restoration mode significantly decreased the soil moisture, while the natural restoration mode partially restored the soil moisture. These results indicate that natural restoration may be the better choice from the soil moisture perspective in the context of future climate change in arid and semiarid regions.
Catalytic Graphitized Silicone Rubber Coatings with Highly Graphitized Ceramic Layer and Superior Ablation Resistance
Authors: Chen Yang , Liu Zhuodong , Huang Yisen , Liang Mei , Zou Huawei
Published: July 2022

The strength of the ceramic layer formed during ablation of the silicone rubber composite is closely related to its resistance to ablation. Increasing the content of graphitic carbon in the ceramic layer plays a key role in enhancing the strength of ceramic layer. In this study, series of catalytically graphitized mesophase pitch‐modified silicone rubber composites with excellent ablation performance are prepared. And the average linear ablation rate of the composite is reduced to a maximum of 0.046 mm s‐1, which is 44.0% lower than that of the sample without catalyst named 5MP. XRD characterization proves that the addition of transition metal catalysts increases the content of graphitic carbon in the ceramic layers after ablation. The strength of ceramic layer of the 0.13Fe2O3 reached 12.09 MPa, which is 60.3% higher than that of the 5MP. The transition metal catalyst effectively increases the content of graphitic carbon in the ceramic layers, and the strengths of the ceramic layers are significantly improved, thereby greatly improving the ablation performance of the composites.
Critical Assessment of State‐of‐the‐Art Ligand‐Based Virtual Screening Methods
Authors: Sciabola Simone , Torella Rubben , Nagata Asako , Boehm Markus
Published: July 2022

The availability of large chemical libraries containing hundreds of millions to billions of diverse drug‐like molecules combined with an almost unlimited amount of compute power to achieve scientific calculations has led investors and researchers to have a renewed interest in virtual screening (VS) methods to identify biologically active compounds. The number of in silico screening tools and software which employ the knowledge of the protein target or known bioactive ligands is increasing at a rapid pace, creating a crowded computational landscape where it has become difficult to assess the real advantages and disadvantages in terms of accuracy and efficiency of each individual VS technology. In the current work, we evaluate the performance of several state‐of‐the‐art commercial software for 3D ligand‐based VS against well‐known 2D methods using an internally curated benchmarking data set. Our results show that the best individual methods can differ significantly based on the data set, and that combining them using data fusion techniques results in improved enrichment in the top 1 % of retrieved hits. Although 2D methods alone can already provide a significant enrichment in the number of predicted active compounds, the combination of data‐fused 2D results with just one out of the best 3D methods (ROCS, FLAP or Blaze) further improves early enrichment and the likelihood of identifying additional chemotypes.