bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Biological Oxidation Reactions – Mechanisms and Design of New Catalysts
Authors: Browne Wesley R. , Nordlander Ebbe
Published: July 2015

An overview of the papers in this cluster issue is presented.
“Biological oxidation reactions utilising dioxygen, superoxide or hydrogen peroxide as oxidants are amongst the most ubiquitous of metal‐catalysed reactions in biology. Over the last four years, the COST action CM1003 ‘Biological Oxidation Reactions – Mechanisms and Design of New Catalysts’ has brought together over 150 researchers from over 18 European countries to exchange ideas and collaborate on answering key questions facing the field.”
mRNA Cap Modification through Carb­amate Chemistry: Synthesis of Amino‐ and Carboxy‐Functionalised Cap Analogues Suitable for Labelling and Bioconjugation
Authors: Warminski Marcin , Warminska Zofia , Kowalska Joanna , Jemielity Jacek
Published: July 2015

A simple and efficient synthesis of dinucleotide mRNA 5′ cap analogues functionalised by the addition of an amine or carboxylic acid group onto one of the ribose rings is reported. Selection of the modification sites was dictated by the recognition specificity for the 5′ cap by various cap‐binding proteins, including eIF4E, DcpS, and Dcp2, as well as by bacteriophage RNA polymerase, which enables the incorporation of the synthetic cap into the mRNA chain. Some analogues were further modified by O‐to‐CH2 substitution in the triphosphate bridge to confer resistance to specific hydrolases. Spatial crowding and structural rigidity were balanced by use of diamines and amino acids of different lengths attached to the ribose through a carbamate moiety. The impact of these substitutions on the conformational equilibria of the ribose components was investigated by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The utility of the analogues for labelling with fluorescent dyes and affinity tags was demonstrated with the aid of NHS activation chemistry.
Gram Scale Total Synthesis of 2‐Hydroxy‐3‐methylcarbazole, Pyrano[3,2‐a]carbazole and Prenylcarbazole Alkaloids
Authors: Dai Jianxin , Ma Dengke , Fu Chunling , Ma Shengming
Published: July 2015

Naturally occurring carbazole alkaloids including 2‐hydroxy‐3‐methylcarbazole, pyrano[3,2‐a]carbazole alkaloids (girinimbine and murrayacine) and prenylcarbazole alkaloids (mukoenine‐A and heptaphylline) have been synthesized on gram scale. The key compound in these syntheses is 9‐benzyl‐2‐methoxy‐3‐methylcarbazole, which was prepared by an efficient Au‐catalyzed cyclization reaction of readily available methoxypropadiene and indole‐2‐carbaldehyde. Girinimbine and murrayacine were synthesized by a concise PhB(OH)2‐mediated intermolecular cyclization with 3‐methylbut‐2‐enal. Palladium‐catalyzed allylation/Claisen rearrangement proved to be the best route to mukoenine‐A and heptaphylline.
Age moderates response to acceptance and commitment therapy vs. cognitive behavioral therapy for chronic pain
Authors: Wetherell Julie Loebach , Petkus Andrew J. , Alonso‐Fernandez Miriam , Bower Emily S. , Steiner Amanda R. W. , Afari Niloofar
Published: July 2015

Objective

The purpose of this study was to examine age differences in response to different forms of psychotherapy for chronic pain.

Methods

We performed a secondary analysis of 114 adults (ages 18–89 years) with a variety of chronic, nonmalignant pain conditions randomly assigned to 8 weeks of group‐administered acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) or cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT). Treatment response was defined as a drop of at least three points on the Brief Pain Inventory‐interference subscale.

Results

Older adults were more likely to respond to ACT, and younger adults to CBT, both immediately following treatment and at 6‐month follow‐up. There were no significant differences in credibility, expectations of positive outcome, attrition, or satisfaction, although there was a trend for the youngest adults (ages 18–45 years) to complete fewer sessions.

Conclusions

These data suggest that ACT may be an effective and acceptable treatment for chronic pain in older adults. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Psyclones: a roller coaster of life? Hidden synthetic cannabinoids and stimulants in apparently harmless products
Authors: Santacroce Rita , Corazza Ornella , Martinotti Giovanni , Bersani Francesco Saverio , Valeriani Giuseppe , Di Giannantonio Massimo
Published: July 2015

Objective

The urge to gain information on a new drug marketed online as ‘Psyclone’ has emerged after the death of a 38‐year‐old man in Bolton (UK). The fatality appeared to be a consequence of smoking this psychoactive product.

Methods

From October to December 2013, qualitative searches of the Web have been carried out in English and Italian, using the keywords ‘Psyclone’, ‘Psyclone legal high’, ‘Psyclone incense’ and ‘Psyclone research chemical’ on the Google search engine and on the database provided by the Global Public Health Intelligence Network.

Results

Our research highlighted the existence of two psychoactive products labelled as Psyclone but with different contents and packaging: a herbal blend containing two synthetic cannabinoids (AKB‐48 and 5f‐PB‐22) and a research chemical containing 50% ethylphenidate, 30% caffeine and 20% lidocaine. Desired and side effects of both compounds are explored in the paper.

Conclusions

Being sold as a legal product, Psyclone may appeal to recreational users, who remain unaware of its real content. This is a serious public health threat, which may lead to acute intoxications and fatalities. Further studies in the field, including Internet monitoring, are therefore required. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Deaths of individuals aged 16–24 years in the UK after using mephedrone
Authors: Loi Barbara , Corkery John Martin , Claridge Hugh , Goodair Christine , Chiappini Stefania , Gimeno Clemente Carla , Schifano Fabrizio
Published: July 2015

Objective

Mephedrone is a stimulant drug chemically related to amphetamine, with effects similar to those of amphetamine and cocaine. This study aims to analyse fatalities following ingestion of mephedrone in the UK amongst 16‐ to 24‐year‐olds in 2009–2013, providing an update on data presented at the 2nd International Conference on Novel Psychoactive Substances.

Methods

A literature search was undertaken to identify published information on pharmacology, toxicity and fatalities associated with mephedrone. Fatalities involving mephedrone were extracted from the National Programme on Substance Abuse Deaths database, which receives information on drug‐related deaths from coroners in the UK and Islands and other data suppliers. Selection criteria are as follows: deceased aged 16–24 years at time of death and mephedrone directly implicated in the cause of death and/or mentioned in the coroner's verdict.

Results

Thirty cases met the study criteria, and when known, all were of White ethnicity, most (85%) had a history of drug use and 73% were male. Two‐thirds (63%) were accidental poisonings. Mephedrone was used with other substances in most cases (87%); other substances were implicated in 60% of deaths.

Conclusions

Mephedrone use can have potentially fatal consequences, especially in combination with other substances. Deaths from its use in the 16–24 years' age group continue to occur in the UK, despite it being a controlled drug. Health professionals and potential consumers should be alert to this risk. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Developmental outcomes of 3,4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (ecstasy)‐exposed infants in the UK
Authors: Singer Lynn T. , Moore Derek G. , Min Meeyoung O. , Goodwin Julia , Turner John J. D. , Fulton Sarah , Parrott Andrew C.
Published: July 2015

Objective

This paper aims to review findings from a longitudinal study of prenatal methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA, “ecstasy”) on infant development.

Methods

In a prospective, longitudinal cohort design, we followed 28 MDMA‐exposed and 68 non‐MDMA‐exposed infants from birth to 2 years of age. Women recruited voluntarily into a study of recreational drug use during pregnancy were interviewed to obtain type, frequency, and amount of recreational drug use. Their children were followed for a 2‐year period after birth. A large number of drug and environmental covariates were controlled. Infants were seen at 1, 4, 12, 18, and 24 months using standardized normative tests of mental and motor development.

Results

There were no differences between MDMA‐exposed and non‐MDMA‐exposed infants at birth except that MDMA‐exposed infants were more likely to be male. Motor delays were evident in MDMA infants at each age and amount of MDMA exposure predicted motor deficits at 12 months in a dose‐dependent fashion.

Conclusions

Prenatal MDMA exposure is related to fine and gross motor delays in the first 2 years of life. Follow‐up studies are needed to determine long‐term effects. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Profiling online recreational/prescription drugs' customers and overview of drug vending virtual marketplaces
Authors: Orsolini Laura , Francesconi Giulia , Papanti Duccio , Giorgetti Arianna , Schifano Fabrizio
Published: July 2015

Objectives

Internet and social networking sites play a significant role in the marketing and distribution of recreational/prescription drugs without restrictions. We aimed here at reviewing data relating to the profile of the online drug customer and at describing drug vending websites.

Methods

The PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases were searched here in order to elicit data on the socio‐demographic characteristics of the recreational marketplaces/online pharmacies' customers and the determinants relating to online drug purchasing activities.

Results

Typical online recreational drugs' customers seem to be Caucasian, men, in their 20s, highly educated, and using the web to impact as minimally as possible on their existing work/professional status. Conversely, people without any health insurance seemed to look at the web as a source of more affordable prescription medicines. Drug vending websites are typically presented here with a “no prescription required” approach, together with aggressive marketing strategies.

Conclusions

The online availability of recreational/prescriptions drugs remains a public health concern. A more precise understanding of online vending sites' customers may well facilitate the drafting and implementation of proper prevention campaigns aimed at counteracting the increasing levels of online drug acquisition and hence intake activities. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Why all stimulant drugs are damaging to recreational users: an empirical overview and psychobiological explanation
Authors: Parrott Andrew C.
Published: July 2015

Aims

Stimulant drugs such as nicotine and Ecstasy/3, 4‐methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA) are taken for positive reasons, yet their regular use leads to deficits rather than gains. This article outlines the psychobiological rationale for this paradox.

Methods

The empirical literature on nicotine, cocaine, amphetamine, Ecstasy/MDMA, and mephedrone are reviewed. A theoretical explanation for why they are problematic to humans is then described.

Results

The acute effects of central nervous system (CNS) stimulants are typically positive, with greater alertness and emotional intensity. However, in the post‐drug recovery period, the opposite feelings develop, with lethargy and low moods. All recreational stimulants cause mood fluctuation, although it is most pronounced in drugs with rapid onset and comedown (e.g. nicotine and cocaine), explaining why they are the most addictive. Parallel fluctuations occur across many psychological and neurocognitive functions, with users suffering various off‐drug deficits. CNS stimulants also affect the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, impairing sleep, disrupting homeostasis, and exacerbating psychiatric distress. Neuroimaging studies reveal altered brain activity patterns in regular users. These problems are related to lifetime usage but commence in novice users.

Conclusions

Repetitive CNS stimulation is potentially damaging to the organism, both acutely and chronically. The review describes the various psychobiological systems through which recreational stimulant drugs impair human well‐being. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Injecting eye‐drops: a mini‐review on the non‐clinical use of tropicamide
Authors: Bersani Francesco Saverio , Imperatori Claudio , Prilutskaya Mariya , Kuliev Ramiz , Corazza Ornella
Published: July 2015

Objectives

The intravenous (IV) injection of tropicamide for non‐clinical purposes is a new and widespread drug trend. The aim of this study is to provide the first literature review on the topic.

Methods

Relevant literature was identified through a search of MEDLINE, Psycinfo, Google Scholar, conference proceedings and select citations.

Results

Cases of tropicamide (IV) injection have been reported in Russia, Italy, Turkey and Kazakhstan. This phenomenon is mainly secondary to primary opioid (especially heroin) addiction. Several key factors can be associated with its rapid diffusion: (i) enhancement of the ‘positive’ effects of heroin; (ii) decrease and delay of heroin withdrawal symptoms; (iii) easy availability; (iv) low costs; (v) fast effects; and (vi) visibility of self‐reported experiences on Internet. Acute tropicamide intoxications can lead to anticholinergic syndrome, hyperthermia, tremors and convulsions. Chronic tropicamide‐related problems include cardiovascular toxicity, psychosis, renal or liver failures, severe weight loss and infections. Fatalities due to tropicamide IV injection have been reported in non evidence‐based/peer‐reviewed sources, such as drug fora, websites and media news.

Conclusions

Tropicamide IV injections represent a serious health risk. Specific prevention programmes should be implemented for the general population as well as for the high‐risk population of polydrug abusers. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Symmetry in the pigeon with sample and comparison stimuli in different locations. II
Authors: Swisher Melissa , Urcuioli Peter J.
Published: July 2015

Pigeons were trained on arbitrary (hue‐form) and identity (hue‐hue and form‐form) successive matching with center‐key samples and left‐key comparisons. Later, they were tested on form‐hue (symmetry) probe trials that were structured either in the different‐locations fashion as the baseline trials (viz., center‐key samples and left‐key comparisons) or with a constant location by using center‐key samples and center‐key comparisons. Three of four pigeons showed symmetry when the probe‐trial samples and comparisons appeared in center‐ and left‐key spatial locations, respectively, but none did when both appeared in one (center‐key) location. Subsequently, pigeons previously tested with center‐key samples and left‐key comparisons were tested with those form‐hue stimuli shown in the same (center‐key) location, and vice versa for the other pigeons. None of the former pigeons showed symmetry on the second test even if they had on the first test. By contrast, two of three pigeons that had not shown symmetry with single‐location samples and comparisons did so when those stimuli appeared in different (center‐ vs. left‐key) locations. Taken together, these results show that symmetrical relations between the same, nominal matching stimuli depend on where those stimuli appear in testing vis‐à‐vis in training and, more generally, confirm that spatial location is part of the functional matching stimuli.
Ultrasound in the diagnosis and management of pleural effusions
Authors: Soni Nilam J. , Franco Ricardo , Velez Maria I. , Schnobrich Daniel , Dancel Ria , Restrepo Marcos I. , Mayo Paul H.
Published: July 2015

We review the literature on the use of point‐of‐care ultrasound to evaluate and manage pleural effusions. Point‐of‐care ultrasound is more sensitive than physical exam and chest radiography to detect pleural effusions, and avoids many negative aspects of computerized tomography. Additionally, point‐of‐care ultrasound can assess pleural fluid volume and character, revealing possible underlying pathologies and guiding management. Thoracentesis performed with ultrasound guidance has lower risk of pneumothorax and bleeding complications. Future research should focus on the clinical effectiveness of point‐of‐care ultrasound in the routine management of pleural effusions and how new technologies may expand its clinical utility. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015; 10:811–816. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Sepsis: An update in management
Authors: Galen Benjamin T. , Sankey Christopher
Published: July 2015

Hospitalists are a critical link in providing evidence‐based care for patients with sepsis across the disease spectrum, from early recognition to recovery. The past decade of sepsis research has led to significant findings that will change clinical practice for hospital medicine practitioners. Although the incidence of severe sepsis in the United States has continued to rise, in‐hospital mortality has declined. Management of the spectrum of sepsis disorders is no longer restricted to the intensive care unit (ICU). This review article will provide an update in the management of sepsis for hospitalists based on recently published pivotal studies. The expanding evidence base in sepsis includes early goal‐directed therapy/clinical endpoints/sepsis bundles, antibiotics and source control, volume resuscitation, ICU considerations (including the use of insulin and corticosteroids), mortality/complications, and the newly recognized condition of “sepsis survivorship”. Journal of Hospital Medicine 2015;10:746–752. © 2015 Society of Hospital Medicine
Topographical and sex variations in the T2 relaxation times of articular cartilage in the ankle joints of healthy young adults using 3.0T MRI
Authors: Lim Youngsik , Cha Jang Gyu , Yi Jisook , Kang Sung Jin , Lee Young Koo , Lee Sun Joo , Kim Hyun‐Joo , Lee Bo Ra
Published: July 2015

Purpose

To prospectively evaluate topographical and sex variations in the T2 relaxation values of tibiotalar cartilage (TTC) of healthy young adults.

Materials and Methods

Sagittal 8‐echo multiecho spin‐echo T2 maps of TTC were acquired using a 3.0T MR in 25 male and 25 female healthy young adult participants. Quantitative measurements of T2 values in tibial cartilage (TBC) and talar cartilage (TLC) were obtained from three zones (anterior zone, AZ; middle zone, MZ; and posterior zone, PZ) and from four compartments (medial compartment, MC; midmedial compartment, MMC; midlateral compartment, MLC; and lateral compartment, LC) of TBC and TLC in the sagittal plane.

Results

The T2 values of AZ (for TBC, 29.31 msec; for TLC, 35.81 msec) and MZ (for TBC, 28.56 msec; for TLC, 36.12 msec) in males were significantly higher than those in females (for AZ of TBC, 26.99 msec; for AZ of TLC, 33.56 msec; for MZ of TBC, 25.88 msec; for MZ of TLC, 31.85 msec) (for TBC, AZ, P = 0.009, MZ, P = 0.002; for TLC, AZ, P = 0.047, MZ, P = 0.001). Except for MMC and MLC of TBC (MMC, P = 0.02, MLC, P = 0.03), TTC T2 values did not differ significantly between these compartment in either group (for TBC, MC, P = 0.27, LC, P = 0.37; for TLC, MC, P = 0.26, MMC, P = 0.08, MLC, P = 0.30, LC, P = 0.10).

Conclusion

We found significant sex and topographic variations among TTC T2 values of healthy young adults. Acknowledgment of the significant topographical and sex variations in cartilage T2 values may minimize misinterpretation of ankle joint TTC T2 mapping data. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;43:455–462.
Response of the North Atlantic wave climate to atmospheric modes of variability
Authors: Martínez‐Asensio Adrián , Tsimplis Michael N. , Marcos Marta , Feng Xiangbo , Gomis Damià , Jordà Gabriel , Josey Simon A.
Published: July 2015

This study investigates the relationship between the wind wave climate and the main climate modes of atmospheric variability in the North Atlantic Ocean. The modes considered are the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the East Atlantic (EA) pattern, the East Atlantic Western Russian (EA/WR) pattern and the Scandinavian (SCAN) pattern. The wave dataset consists of buoys records, remote sensing altimetry observations and a numerical hindcast providing significant wave height (SWH), mean wave period (MWP) and mean wave direction (MWD) for the period 1989–2009. After evaluating the reliability of the hindcast, we focus on the impact of each mode on seasonal wave parameters and on the relative importance of wind‐sea and swell components. Results demonstrate that the NAO and EA patterns are the most relevant, whereas EA/WR and SCAN patterns have a weaker impact on the North Atlantic wave climate variability. During their positive phases, both NAO and EA patterns are related to winter SWH at a rate that reaches 1 m per unit index along the Scottish coast (NAO) and Iberian coast (EA) patterns. In terms of winter MWD, the two modes induce a counterclockwise shift of up to 65° per negative NAO (positive EA) unit over west European coasts. They also increase the winter MWP in the North Sea and in the Bay of Biscay (up to 1 s per unit NAO) and along the western coasts of Europe and North Africa (1 s per unit EA). The impact of winter EA pattern on all wave parameters is mostly caused through the swell wave component.
Evaluation of downscaled estimates of monthly temperature and precipitation for a Southern Ecuador case study
Authors: Ochoa A. , Campozano L. , Sánchez E. , Gualán R. , Samaniego E.
Published: July 2015

The downscaling of global climate models (GCMs) aims at incorporating finer scale information to their horizontal resolution in order to represent regional and local processes better. There are two main approaches to downscaling: statistical (based on data relationships between synoptic atmospheric variables and observations of local variables) and dynamical (based on the modelling of regional atmospheric processes and land–surface interactions). In this study, some predictive capabilities regarding the generation of station‐scale mean monthly temperature and rainfall of both a statistical artificial neural network (ANN‐based) and a dynamical weather research and forecasting (WRF‐based) downscaling approach are assessed. We have devised two versions of the statistical downscaling approach. One of them includes regional orographic variables as predictors to allow for spatial extrapolation; the other is purely local. Historical observational data, from the period 1990 to 1999, of two major watersheds in the Ecuadorian Southern Andes, the Jubones and Paute river basins, were used. Since, to a certain extent, the value added by downscaling techniques can be attributed to terrain information, it is worth noting that some characteristics of the selected catchments (as notorious altitude differences and the presence of qualitatively different precipitation regimes) provide a scientifically interesting location for exploring how finer scale effects are captured. For this reason, we concentrate on the ability of downscaling techniques to reproduce seasonality. A decade of evaluation proved that both approaches were able to qualitatively describe precipitation and temperature seasonal variations for different regimes at representative weather stations. Furthermore, the seasonality of precipitation represented by both downscaling approaches surpassed the seasonality representation of reanalysis data. However, shortcomings on the estimates were found. Specifically, dynamical downscaled precipitation estimates were prone to overestimation. Despite the fact that the considered downscaling approaches are different in nature, their ability to represent the high spatio‐temporal variability in this region highlights the importance of evaluating their strengths and limitations.
Agro‐climate changes over Northeast Asia in RCP scenarios simulated by WRF
Authors: Ahn Joong‐Bae , Hong Ja‐Young , Shim Kyo‐Moon
Published: July 2015

Dynamically downscaled agro‐climates for present (1981–2010) and future (2071–2100) climates under Representative Concentration Pathways (Historical, RCP4.5, and RCP8.5) in Northeast Asia (118°–138°E, 30°–45°N) are analysed in terms of the indices, such as vegetable and crop periods, frost days, and the climatic yield potential (CYP) for Japonica type rice (hereafter, rice). The model employed for dynamical downscaling is the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF), with a 12.5‐km horizontal grid spacing in the domain. According to our results, the CYP for rice, one of the major crops presently cultivated in the area, is expected to decrease throughout most of the region, despite a projected expansion of both vegetable and crop periods. This is projected to occur particularly in South Korea, Japan, and Southeast and Northeast China. Such a change is related to the projected rise in temperature within these regions, which will exceed the grain‐filling optimum temperature of rice. In contrast, the climate projection of the RCPs is that the CYP will increase over northeastern parts of the Korean Peninsula and the Russian Far Eastern region (Primorsky), because temperatures in these regions are expected to rise and approach the grain‐filling optimum temperature. For the RCPs, the optimum heading date, on which the domain averaged CYP is the highest, is expected to be later than that of the Historical by approximately 17–24 days. In addition, the maximum CYP in the RCPs is projected to decrease compared with that of the historical, and the possible period of rice ripening (period in which the CYP is greater than 0) is also expected to decrease.
The limits of passive motion are variable between and unrelated within normal tibiofemoral joints
Authors: Roth Joshua D. , Hull Maury L. , Howell Stephen M.
Published: July 2015

Patient‐to‐patient differences should be accounted for in both clinical evaluations and computational models of knee laxity. Accordingly, the objectives were to determine how variable the laxities are between knees by determining the range of the internal–external (I‐E), varus–valgus (V‐V), anterior–posterior (A‐P), and compression–distraction (C‐D) limits of passive motion, and how related the laxities are within a knee by determining whether these limits are correlated with one another. The limits in I‐E (± 3 Nm), V‐V (± 5 Nm), A‐P (± 45 N), and C‐D (± 100 N) were measured in 10 normal human cadaveric knees at 0° to 120° flexion in 15° increments using a six degree‐of‐freedom load application system. The ranges from 15° to 120° flexion of the I‐E limits were greater than 3.6°, of the A‐P limits were greater than 1.8 mm, and of the varus limits were greater than 1.4°. The ranges from 30° to 120° flexion of the distraction limits were greater than 2.0 mm. Twenty‐four of the 28 pair‐wise comparisons between the limits had a correlation coefficient less than 0.65. These results demonstrate that a patient‐specific approach, including all degrees of freedom of interest, is necessary during clinical evaluations of laxity and when creating and validating computational models of the tibiofemoral joint. © 2015 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 33:1594–1602, 2015.
A systematic review and critical appraisal of qualitative metasynthetic practice in public health to develop a taxonomy of operations of reciprocal translation
Authors: Melendez‐Torres G. J. , Grant Sean , Bonell Chris
Published: July 2015

Introduction

Reciprocal translation, the understanding of one study's findings in terms of another's, is the foundation of most qualitative metasynthetic methods. In light of the proliferation of metasynthesis methods, the current review sought to create a taxonomy of operations of reciprocal translation using recently published qualitative metasyntheses.

Methods

On 19 August 2013, MEDLINE, Embase and PsycINFO were searched. Included articles were full reports of metasyntheses of qualitative studies published in 2012 in English‐language peer‐reviewed journals. Two reviewers, working independently, screened records, assessed full texts for inclusion and extracted data on methods from each included metasynthesis. Systematic review methods used were summarised, and metasynthetic methods were inductively analysed to develop the taxonomy.

Results

Of 61 included metasyntheses, 21 (34%) reported fully replicable search strategies and 51 (84%) critically appraised included studies. Based on methods in these metasyntheses, we developed a taxonomy of reciprocal translation with four overlapping categories: visual representation; key paper integration; data reduction and thematic extraction; and line‐by‐line coding.

Discussion

This systematic review presents an update on methods and reporting currently used in qualitative metasynthesis. It also goes beyond the proliferation of approaches to offer a parsimonious approach to understanding how reciprocal translations are accomplished across metasynthetis methods. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Monitoring the sensory quality of canned white asparagus through cluster analysis
Authors: Arana Inés , Ibañez Francisco C , Torre Paloma
Published: July 2015

BACKGROUND

White asparagus is one of the 30 vegetables most consumed in the world. This paper unifies the stages of their sensory quality control. The aims of this work were to describe the sensory properties of canned white asparagus and their quality control and to evaluate the applicability of agglomerative hierarchical clustering (AHC) for classifying and monitoring the sensory quality of manufacturers.

RESULTS

Sixteen sensory descriptors and their evaluation technique were defined. The sensory profile of canned white asparagus was high flavor characteristic, little acidity and bitterness, medium firmness and very light fibrosity, among other characteristics. The dendrogram established groups of manufacturers that had similar scores in the same set of descriptors, and each cluster grouped the manufacturers that had a similar quality profile.

CONCLUSION

The sensory profile of canned white asparagus was clearly defined through the intensity evaluation of 16 descriptors, and the sensory quality report provided to the manufacturers is in detail and of easy interpretation.AHCgrouped the manufacturers according to the highest quality scores in certain descriptors and is a useful tool because it is very visual. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
Resource supply alone explains the variability of marine phytoplankton size structure
Authors: Marañón Emilio , Cermeño Pedro , Latasa Mikel , Tadonléké Rémy D.
Published: July 2015

Due to the covariation between temperature and resource availability in the surface ocean, a correct assessment of resource supply is crucial to determine if temperature has a direct effect on phytoplankton size structure. To remove the effect of resources, López‐Urrutia and Morán analyzed data subsets with narrow ranges of variation in Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration and found that temperature is correlated with Chl a partitioning among size classes, from which they concluded that temperature is an important variable to explain the variability of phytoplankton size structure. Our analysis, however, shows that resource supply varies widely also within these subsets and, importantly, that it is inversely correlated with temperature. Therefore, the relationship between temperature and size structure reflects instead the effect of resources. When groups of samples with similar resource supply conditions are considered, no correlation between temperature and phytoplankton size structure is observed, which invalidates the conclusion of López‐Urrutia and Morán. Even within restricted ranges of variation for phytoplankton biomass and production, changes in resource supply alone are sufficient to explain the variability of phytoplankton size structure in the sea.
Predicting effects of ocean warming, acidification, and water quality onChesapeake region eelgrass
Authors: Zimmerman Richard C. , Hill Victoria J. , Gallegos Charles L.
Published: July 2015

Although environmental requirements of seagrasses have been studied for years, reliable metrics for predicting their response to current or future conditions remain elusive. Eelgrass (Zostera marinaL.) populations of the Chesapeake region lie near the southern limit of their range in the Western North Atlantic, exposing them to increasing thermal stress as the climate warms. However, CO2stimulated photosynthesis may offset some of the negative effects of temperature stress. The combined effects of temperature, CO2, and light availability controlled by water quality and epiphytes were explored usingGrassLight, a bio‐optical model that provided a predictive environment for evaluating the interaction of multiple stressors on eelgrass distribution and density across the submarine landscape. Model predictions were validated against in situ measures of spectral diffuse attenuation, eelgrass density, and distribution. The potential for photosynthesis stimulated by ocean acidification to mitigate the effects of high temperature on eelgrass populations growing near the southern limit of their distribution was explored. The model accurately reproduced the submarine light environment from measured water quality parameters, and predicted their impacts on eelgrass distribution. It also reproduced the negative effects of warm summer temperatures on eelgrass distributions, and demonstrated that CO2increases projected for the next century should stimulate photosynthesis sufficiently to offset the negative effects of thermal stress on eelgrass growing in the Chesapeake region, even in the presence of epiphytes. Thus, improved water quality should facilitate the survival of eelgrass populations in Chesapeake region, even in the face of a warming climate.
Length‐scale dependence of horizontal dispersion in the surface water of lakes
Authors: Peeters Frank , Hofmann Hilmar
Published: July 2015

Horizontal dispersion in the surface waters of a medium‐sized lake was investigated based on four experiments with ensembles of 14 to 17 drifters deployed in Lake Constance during the winter season. The experiments cover length scales between ∼30 and ∼3000 m which are typical for the grid length scales employed in 3‐D models. Horizontal dispersion coefficients Kdisp were estimated to range from ∼0.01 to ∼0.03 m2 s−1 at 100 m and from ∼0.1 to ∼0.7 m2 s−1 at 1000 m length scale L of the drifter distributions. In all experiments Kdisp increased with L and in three of the four experiments this increase was about linear in L. However, although a linear increase of Kdisp with L is consistent with dispersion by shear diffusion in flow fields with constant current shear, numerical modelling of the paths of the drifters, and the resulting spreading of the drifter ensembles indicates that horizontal shear diffusion is not sufficient to explain the increase of Kdisp with L. The model results suggest that not shear diffusion due to large‐scale shear across the entire drifter distribution, but scale‐dependent turbulent diffusion is dominating the scale‐dependence of Kdisp at length scales between 100 and 1000 m. According to the model results, effects due to horizontal shear contribute less than 40% to the overall dispersion coefficient at length scales between 100 and 1000 m. However, horizontal shear is required to explain shape and orientation of the drifter distributions.
Diffusion‐driven continuous‐wave‐pumped organic dye lasers
Authors: Coles David M. , Trichet Aurélien A. P. , Dolan Philip R. , Taylor Robert A. , Vallance Claire , Smith Jason M.
Published: July 2015

We report on the realisation of ultra‐small‐mode‐volume tunable dye lasers based on hemispherical open microcavities. The cavity mode volume is of the order of cubic micrometers, such that self‐diffusion of the dye molecules allows continuous wave operation over several minutes without the need for driven circulation. Such micro lasers could be integrated into lab‐on‐a‐chip devices. A rate‐equation model that incorporates the diffusion mechanism is used to predict the effect of the microcavity parameters on the lasing threshold.

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Splitting‐characterizations of the Papangelou process
Authors: Nehring Benjamin , Rafler Mathias , Zessin Hans
Published: July 2015

For point processes we establish a link between integration‐by‐parts‐ and splitting‐formulas which can also be considered as integration‐by‐parts‐formulas of a new type. First we characterize finite Papangelou processes in terms of their splitting kernels. The main part then consists in extending these results to the case of infinitely extended Papangelou and, in particular, Pólya and Gibbs processes.
Explaining Bank Productivity in Ghana
Authors: Alhassan Abdul Latif , Biekpe Nicholas
Published: July 2015

The objective of this paper is to examine productivity changes among Ghanaian banks. The Malmquist productivity index is employed to estimate total factor productivity changes and its components on a panel of 18 banks from 2003 to 2011. The results indicate that productivity growth was attributable to the catch‐up effect of efficiency changes. We also find productivity growth across three categories of bank size to be driven by efficiency changes. From a panel regression analysis, we identify size, concentration, income diversification and risk as the factors that explain productivity differences among Ghanaian banks. Recommendations for improving bank productivity are derived from the results. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical solution of a class of two‐dimensional quadratic optimal control problems by using Ritz method
Authors: Mamehrashi Kamal , Yousefi Sohrab Ali
Published: July 2015

In this paper, we focus on a class of a two‐dimensional optimal control problem with quadratic performance index (cost function). We are going to solve the problem via the Ritz method. The method is based upon the Legendre polynomial basis. The key point of the Ritz method is that it provides greater flexibility in the initial and non‐local boundary conditions. By using this method, the given two‐dimensional continuous‐time quadratic optimal control problem is reduced to the problem of solving a system of algebraic equations. We extensively discuss the convergence of the method and finally present our numerical findings and demonstrate the efficiency and applicability of the numerical scheme by considering three examples. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and evaluation of new phosphonic acid‐functionalized acrylamides with potential biomedical applications
Authors: Bingol H. Betul , Altin Ayse , Bal Tugba , Agopcan‐Cinar Sesil , Kizilel Seda , Avci Duygu
Published: July 2015

Phosphorus‐containing acidic monomers are able to interact with the inorganic phase of mineralized tissues such as enamel, dentin, and bone. From this perspective, three phosphonic acid‐containing acrylamide monomers with different lengths of alkyl chains were synthesized to be used for both self‐etching dental adhesives and mineralized hydrogel scaffolds. Monomers were synthesized by the reaction of α‐aminophosphonates (diethyl aminomethylphosphonate, diethyl 2‐aminobutan‐2‐ylphosphonate, and diethyl 2‐aminooctan‐2‐ylphosphonate) with acryloyl chloride followed by the hydrolysis of phosphonate groups by using trimethylsilyl bromide. The properties such as pH in the range of mild self‐etching adhesives, hydrolytic stability, high rate of copolymerizations with 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) and HEMA/glycerol dimethacrylate, giving high‐molecular‐weight polymers on thermal polymerization, and strong decalcification ability of hydroxyapatite make these monomers good candidates for self‐etching adhesives, although no appreciable effect of the number and size of the α‐substituents was observed. Hydrogel scaffolds containing phosphonic acid groups were fabricated, characterized, and mineralized. Altogether, the results suggest that these phosphonic acid‐containing monomers have suitable properties to be used in fabrication of biomaterials for both dental and bone tissue engineering applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2015, 53, 2755–2767
Longitudinal associations among maternal communication and adolescent posttraumatic stress symptoms after cancer diagnosis
Authors: Murphy Lexa K. , Rodriguez Erin M. , Schwartz Laura , Bemis Heather , Desjardins Leandra , Gerhardt Cynthia A. , Vannatta Kathryn , Saylor Megan , Compas Bruce E.
Published: July 2015

Objective

The purpose of this study was to prospectively examine adolescent and maternal posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS) and maternal communication from time near cancer diagnosis to 12‐month follow‐up to identify potential risk factors for adolescent PTSS.

Methods

Forty‐one adolescents with cancer (10–17 years, 54% female) and their mothers self‐reported PTSS at T1 (two months after cancer diagnosis) and T3 (1‐year follow‐up). At T2 (3 months after T1), mother–adolescent dyads were videotaped discussing cancer, and maternal communication was coded with macro (harsh and withdrawn) and micro (solicits and validations) systems.

Results

Adolescent PTSS at T1 was associated with adolescent PTSS at T3. Greater maternal PTSS at T1 predicted greater harsh maternal communication at T2. There was an indirect effect of maternal PTSS at T1 on adolescent PTSS at T3 through maternal validations at T2.

Conclusions

Findings underscore the importance of maternal PTSS, maternal communication, and subsequent adolescent PTSS over the course of treatment of childhood cancer. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The photoresponse of crystalline silicon strained via ultrasonic cavitation processing
Authors: Savkina R. K. , Smirnov A. B.
Published: July 2015

(100)‐oriented p ‐type silicon grown by the liquid‐encapsulated Czochralski method was exposed to cavitation impacts to induce changes of the physical and structural properties of semiconductor. Optical and atomic force microscopy methods as well as X‐ray diffraction, ellipsometry and photovoltage spectroscopy were used. By applying a high‐intensity (15 W/cm2) and high‐frequency (1 ÷ 6 MHz) sonication technique we successfully formed a dendrite‐like micron‐scale array on a silicon surface. It was found also a surprising improvement in the photoelectric properties of silicon samples exposed to the megasonic processing. Significant rise in value and expansion of the spectral range of photosensitivity take place after cavitation treatment. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Conceptual Model of Vegetation–hydrogeomorphology Interactions Within River Corridors
Authors: Gurnell A. M. , Corenblit D. , García de Jalón D. , González del Tánago M. , Grabowski R. C. , O'Hare M. T. , Szewczyk M.
Published: July 2015

We propose a conceptual model of vegetation–hydrogeomorphology interactions and feedbacks within river corridors (i.e. river channels and their floodplains) that builds on previous similar hydrogeomorphologically centred models by

incorporating hydrogeomorphological constraints on river corridor vegetation from region to reach scales;

defining five dynamic river corridor zones within which different hydrogeomorphological processes are dominant so that plants and physical processes interact in different ways, and considering the potential distribution of these zones longitudinally from river headwaters to mouth, laterally across the river corridor, and in relation to different river planform styles;

considering the way in which vegetation‐related landforms within each zone may reflect processes of self‐organization and the role of particular plant species as physical ecosystem engineers within the context of the dominant hydrogeomorphological processes;

focussing, in particular, upon a ‘critical zone’ at the leading edge of plant–hydrogeomorphological process interactions that is located somewhere within the area of the river corridor perennially inundated by flowing water (zone 1) and the area that is frequently inundated and subject to both sediment erosion and deposition processes (zone 2). Within the critical zone some plant species strongly influence the position and character of the margin between the river channel and floodplain, affecting channel width, channel margin form and dynamics, and the transition from one river planform type to another; and

considering the vegetated pioneer landforms that develop within the critical zone and how their morphological impact needs to be scaled to the river size.

The model is illustrated using three example reaches from rivers within different biogeographical zones of Europe, and its potential application in the context of river management and restoration/rehabilitation is discussed. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Clustered data analysis under miscategorized ordinal outcomes and missing covariates
Authors: Roy Surupa , Rana Subrata , Das Kalyan
Published: July 2015

The primary objective in this article is to look into the analysis of clustered ordinal model where complete information on one or more covariates cease to occur. In addition, we also focus on the analysis of miscategorized data that occur in many situations as outcomes are often classified into a category that does not truly reflect its actual state. A general model structure is assumed to accommodate the information that is obtained via surrogate variables. The theoretical motivation actually developed while encountering an orthodontic data to investigate the effects of age, sex and food habit on the extent of plaque deposit. The model we propose is quite flexible and is capable of tackling those additional noises like miscategorization and missingness, which occur in the data most frequently. A new two‐step approach has been proposed to estimate the parameters of model framed. A rigorous simulation study has also been carried out to justify the validity of the model taken up for analysis. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identifying functions in binary code with reverse extended control flow graphs
Authors: Qiu Jing , Su Xiaohong , Ma Peijun
Published: July 2015

In binary code analysis, current function identification approaches are challenged by functions without explicit call sites and handcrafted assembly without standard prologues/epilogues. We propose a new function representation called a reverse extended control flow graph (RECFG) and a RECFG‐based method for identifying functions in stripped binary code. A function has at least one return instruction (an instruction that makes the control flow leave a function). Therefore, return instructions are more reliable than the function prologues and epilogues used by traditional methods. We first build RECFGs from any values that can be interpreted as return instructions in a code range. Then, for each independent RECFG, the multiple‐decision method chooses a subgraph as the control flow graph of a function. A prototype tool is developed for evaluation on seven open source applications, 138 binaries in MASM32 code examples, and 292 binaries in Windows XP SP3. Experimental results show that the proposed method can identify functions that cannot be identified by current methods with high precision and stable recall. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.