bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reinvestigation of Protelytron permianum (Insecta; Early Permian; USA) as an example for applying reflectance transformation imaging to insect imprint fossils
Authors: Béthoux Olivier , Llamosi Artémis , Toussaint Séverine
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We reinvestigated the holotype of Protelytron permianum, one of the earliest putative stem-dermapteran (i.e. stem-earwig). We recurred to reflectance transformation imaging (RTI) to deliver exhaustive and interactive photographic data. We were able to ascertain the occurrence of broadenings located along veins of the hind wing vannus and forming an arc, as well as a series of radiating folds, alternatively concave and convex. Such an organization is diagnostic of Dermaptera, in which it is indicative of hind wing folding mechanisms, particularly elaborated in these insects. We provide a foldable, paper model of the hind wing. Based on the case presented herein we anticipate that RTI process will be a major upheaval in the documentation of fossil insects preserved as imprints.
The relationship between Instagram selfies and body image in young adult women
Authors: Wagner Charles , Aguirre Ester , Sumner Erin M.
Published: September 2016

This study observed the relations between actual body size, body dissatisfaction, frequency of selfies taken, and number of Instagram selfies posted. Results indicated that actual body size was positively related to body dissatisfaction, and negatively related to the number of selfies taken. Results also revealed a positive relationship between body dissatisfaction and selfies taken. Conversely, no correlations were detected between the frequency of selfies posted to Instagram and either actual body size or body image dissatisfaction.
Nitric Oxide in Health and Physical Performance: Considering the Molecule 2 Nitrooxy Ethyl 2 Amino 3 Methylbutanoate
Authors: Bloomer Richard J.
Published: September 2016

Nitric oxide (NO∙) is an important signaling molecule that has received considerable attention in recent years for its beneficial impact on a variety of health related outcomes. The effects range from improving various aspects of circulatory health to aiding exercise performance. Although NO∙ is produced naturally within the body, methods have been proposed to increase circulating NO∙ within humans. Most notably, the performance of regular exercise, the use of pharmaceutical agents, and the use of nutritional ingredients has been studied. A newly developed molecule known as 2 nitrooxy ethyl 2 amino 3 methylbutanoate (VEEN™) is now being studied as a next generation NO∙ agent. This paper discusses the importance of NO∙ in human health, with a particular focus on methods to increase NO∙. Attention is given to VEEN™, highlighting the studies performed to date using this molecule. 
The Effect of Put Option Issuing on Risk Adjusted Return
Authors: Sadeqi Sharif Seyed Jalal , Joshan Ebrahim , Orouji Marjan
Published: September 2016

This research investigates the relation between put option issuing and risk adjusted return in Iran capital market for the period 2002-2016. Because data were not available before 2002, data from the period 2002 to 2016 were studied. All data gathered from Tehran Stock Exchange database the sample include 36 issuing events. The Event Study method was implied for 5 days. The empirical result shows that there is a significant relation between issuing options and abnormal return for the company stock, furthermore there is an approved relation between that abnormal return and stock liquidity, but the relation between option volume and that rerun was not approved.
Cardim, Pedro; Palos, Joan-Lluís (eds.) (2012). El mundo de los virreyes en las monarquías de España y Portugal
Authors: Aguilera Ferragut David
Published: September 2016

Cardim, Pedro y Palos, Joan-Lluís (eds.) (2012). El mundo de los virreyes en las monarquías de España y Portugal. Madrid: Iberoamericana, 472 p.
El concepto histórico de alianza en el Occidente cristiano
Authors: Jiménez Sureda Montserrat
Published: September 2016

Este artículo sitúa los orígenes de la interpretación eclesiástica occidental del concepto de alian-za en un universo cultural judeocristiano y romano. Asimismo, relaciona los conceptos de pacto y propiedad con el de soberanía y plantea diferentes evoluciones e interpretaciones históricas de los mismos.
Editorial
Authors: Jiménez Sureda Montserrat
Published: September 2016

Editorial Manuscrits 30 (2012)
Las órdenes religiosas y la crisis en el nombramiento de obispos en Castilla bajo Felipe IV (1621-1665)
Authors: Rawlings Helen
Published: September 2016

La Iglesia española del siglo XVII se destacó entre otros países católicos de la Europa occidental por el alto porcentaje de miembros de las órdenes religiosas - especialmente  dominicanos - reclutados como obispos. Mientras que su autoridad como predicadores y teólogos, en la tradición post-tridentina, los hizo candidatos eminentemente aptos para el cargo, tenían poca experiencia en asuntos de gobierno – requisito fundamental de un episcopado que trabajó en estrecha alianza con el Estado. Las presiones tanto políticas como fiscales a las que fue sujeta esta alianza en tiempos de Felipe IV provocaron una crisis sin precedentes en la provisión de candidatos a obispados en Castilla, que resultó en el ascenso de las órdenes religiosas en la carrera de obispo.
A tríade educar, ensinar e formar na teoria pedagógica: da paideia grega ao pensamento crítico adorniano
Authors: Oliveira Thiago Luiz Santos de
Published: September 2016

O objetivo deste artigo é abordar o desenvolvimento da teoria pedagógica, a partir da tríade educar, ensinar e formar. A perspectiva tricotômica da prática estruturada nas dimensões de educar, ensinar e formar fundamentam o preâmbulo da teoria pedagógica. No desenvolvimento histórico da educação percebe-se que essa tríade faz-se presente com constância e evidencia-se, sobretudo, em momentos de crise que se constituem de efetivas transformações na história da humanidade. Faz-se importante esclarecer que o processo histórico é composto de rupturas e permanecias que nos momentos transicionais de crise estabelecem-se com maior vigor. A partir dessa perspectiva pode-se dizer que as dimensões pedagógicas educar, ensinar e formar são retomadas ou renovadas mediante contextos e temporalidades. Para o entendimento de uma teoria educacional que em seu âmago tenha como objetivo fundante a experiência autônoma e o esclarecimento, neste texto buscar-se-á resgatar aspectos da história educacional humana, visitando, primeiramente, o pensamento grego clássico mediante a Paideia, posteriormente, a perspectiva educacional de Jon Amos Comenius, logo após o ideal emancipatório de Immanuel Kant e, por último, o pensamento crítico de Theodor Adorno.

 

ABSTRACT

The purpose of this article is to address the development of pedagogical theory from the triad education, teaching and formacion. The trichotomic perspective of structured practice in the dimensions of education, teaching and formacion underlying the preamble of pedagogical theory. In the historical development of education is perceived that the triad is present with constancy, and is evident especially in times of crisis. In this context means for crisis moments of effective transformations in human history. It will be important to clarify that the historical process consists of ruptures and continuities, and in these transitional times of crisis these disruptions and continuities established with greater vigor. From this perspective it can be said that the pedagogical dimensions educate, teach , and form are set out or renewed by contexts and temporalities . In order to understand an educational theory that at its core has the purpose founding the autonomous experience and enlightenment in this chapter will seek to rescue – educational aspects of human history, first visiting the classical Greek thought by Paideia later educational perspective Jon Amos Comenius, after the emancipatory ideal of Immanuel Kant and finally the critical thinking of Theodor Adorno.

Keywords: Educational Theory. Education. Teaching and Formation. Critical theory.
Optimizing Workflows and Processing of Cytologic Samples for Comprehensive Analysis by Next-Generation Sequencing: Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center Experience
Authors: Tian Shaozhou Ken , Killian J. Keith , Rekhtman Natasha , Benayed Ryma , Middha Sumit , Ladanyi Marc , Lin Oscar , Arcila Maria E.
Published: September 2016

The value and suitability of cytology specimens for molecular diagnosis has been demonstrated by numerous studies. In practice, however, the success rates vary widely across institutions depending on the disease setting, institutional practices of acquisition, handling/processing, and testing methodologies. As the number of clinically relevant biomarkers continues to increase, more laboratories are turning to next-generation sequencing platforms for testing. Although amplicon-based next-generation sequencing assays, interrogating a limited genomic territory, can be performed with minimal input material, broader-based next-generation sequencing assays have higher DNA input requirements that may not be met if the small tissue samples are not acquired and handled appropriately. We briefly describe some of the process changes we have instituted in our laboratories when handling cytologic material to maximize the tissue available for broad hybrid-capture–based next-generation sequencing assays. Among the key changes established were the consolidation and preservation of previously discarded supernatant material in cytologic samples, the introduction of mineral oil for deparaffinization of cell blocks, and adjustments in the molecular laboratory process and bioinformatics pipelines. We emphasize that even minimal changes can have broad implications for test performance, highlighting the importance of a cohesive group-based approach among clinical, cytopathology, surgical pathology, molecular, and bioinformatics teams.
Management of the Solitary Pulmonary Nodule
Authors: Chan Edward Y. , Gaur Puja , Ge Yimin , Kopas Lisa , Santacruz Jose F. , Gupta Nakul , Munden Reginald F. , Cagle Philip T. , Kim Min P.
Published: September 2016

Context.—

Optimal management of the patient with a solitary pulmonary nodule entails early diagnosis and appropriate treatment for patients with malignant tumors, and minimization of unnecessary interventions and procedures for those with ultimately benign nodules. With the growing number of high-resolution imaging modalities and studies available, incidentally found solitary pulmonary nodules are an increasingly common occurrence.

Objective.—

To provide guidance to clinicians involved in the management of patients with a solitary pulmonary nodule, including aspects of risk stratification, workup, diagnosis, and management.

Data Sources.—

Data for this review were gathered from an extensive literature review on the topic.

Conclusions.—

Logical evaluation and management pathways for a patient with a solitary pulmonary nodule will allow providers to diagnose and treat individuals with early stage lung cancer and minimize morbidity from invasive procedures for patients with benign lesions.
Investor experience in biotechnology
Authors: Bains William , Rabbie Daniel , Yao Weiyi , Guzman David Ricardo Munoz
Published: September 2016

Biotechnology is viewed as an industry that combines scientific innovation, entrepreneurial management and experienced investment to drive innovation, primarily in biomedicine. This paper examines the third of these assumed preconditions. We find that the majority of investors in biotechnology companies over the last decade by number or by value have not been experienced, and that the majority of investors in biotechnology companies have invested in less than three such companies in the decade, suggesting that they have very limited experience of biotechnology. 13% of investment syndicates contain no investors who have made more than three biotechnology investments. Investor inexperience is disproportionately high in Seed and Series A rounds, but has little correlation with amount invested. Investor inexperience is found in all categories of investors and all territories, although US investors tend to have greater experience than those outside North America. The banking crisis of 2008-11 has not materially changed this. We suggest that the conventional image of biotechnology investment as the careful selection and nurturing of young companies by experienced investors is incomplete. This has implications for candidate investor selection by entrepreneurs, and for government support of biotechnology by supporting investors or investment mechanisms.
Saussure’s Value(s)
Authors: Joseph John E.
Published: September 2016

Valeur, value, is central to how languages are conceived in the Cours de linguistique générale, and it has been an integral part of Saussure’s intellectual legacy. This paper investigates the background to his conception of value, focussing particularly on the work of Henri Dameth, as there is evidence suggesting that Saussure attended Dameth’s lectures on political economics while a student at the University of Geneva. Several parallels are noted between the treatment of value in Dameth’s work and in the Cours. The paper also examines the role of value in Saussure’s writings prior to his lectures on general linguistics, as well as the links between the Cours and the work of Saussure’s brother, René, on an international currency, in conjunction with his role in the Esperanto movement.
The N‐end rule adaptor protein ClpS from Plasmodium falciparum exhibits broad substrate specificity
Authors: Tan Ju Lin , Ward Linda , Truscott Kaye N. , Dougan David A.
Published: September 2016

The N‐end rule is a conserved protein degradation pathway that relates the metabolic stability of a protein to the identity of its N‐terminal residue. Proteins bearing a destabilising N‐terminal residue (N‐degron) are recognised by specialised components of the pathway (N‐recognins) and degraded by cellular proteases. In bacteria, the N‐recognin ClpS is responsible for the specific recognition of proteins bearing an N‐terminal destabilising residue such as leucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine or tryptophan. In this study, we show that the putative apicoplast N‐recognin from Plasmodium falciparum (PfClpS), in contrast to its bacterial homologues, exhibits an expanded substrate specificity that includes recognition of the branched chain amino acid isoleucine.
Assessing surface heat fluxes in atmospheric reanalyses with a decade of data from the NOAA Kuroshio Extension Observatory
Authors: Zhang Dongxiao , Cronin Meghan F. , Wen Caihong , Xue Yan , Kumar Arun , McClurg Dai
Published: September 2016

Previous studies have found large biases and uncertainties in the air‐sea fluxes from Numerical Weather Prediction model reanalyses, which must be identified and reduced in order to make progress on weather and climate predictions. Here air‐sea heat fluxes from NOAA Kuroshio Extension Observatory (KEO) measurements are used to assess two new reanalyses, NCEP's Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR) and ECMWF Reanalysis‐Interim (ERA‐I), suggesting that these two new generation reanalyses have significantly improved. In both reanalyses, all four flux components (sensible and latent heat flux and net longwave and shortwave radiation) are highly correlated with observation, with the correlation of total net surface heat fluxes above 0.96. Although errors of the net surface heat flux have significantly reduced from previous reanalyses, the Root Mean Square Errors (RMSEs) and biases remain high especially for CFSR: the RMSEs of CFSR and ERA‐I are reduced by 25–30% to 64 and 61 W/m2, respectively, while biases are reduced by 40–60% to 28 and 20 W/m2. But CFSR overestimates the winter heat release by 90 W/m2. The main cause of biases is the latent heat flux, while RMS errors are primarily due to latent heat flux and shortwave radiation errors. Both reanalyses overestimate the wind speed associated with winter storms and underestimate specific humidity in summer. The ERA‐I latent heat flux and its total net surface heat flux are however closer to observation. It is the bulk algorithm in CFSR that is found to be mainly responsible for overestimates of winter heat release in CFSR.
Heterojunction‐Depleted Lead‐Free Perovskite Solar Cells with Coarse‐Grained B‐γ‐CsSnI3 Thin Films
Authors: Wang Ning , Zhou Yuanyuan , Ju Ming‐Gang , Garces Hector F. , Ding Tao , Pang Shuping , Zeng Xiao Cheng , Padture Nitin P. , Sun Xiao Wei
Published: September 2016

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have been emerging as a breakthrough photovoltaic technology, holding unprecedented promise for low‐cost, high‐efficiency renewable electricity generation. However, potential toxicity associated with the state‐of‐the‐art lead‐containing PSCs has become a major concern. The past research in the development of lead‐free PSCs has met with mixed success. Herein, the promise of coarse‐grained B‐γ‐CsSnI3 perovskite thin films as light absorber for efficient lead‐free PSCs is demonstrated. Thermally‐driven solid‐state coarsening of B‐γ‐CsSnI3 perovskite grains employed here is accompanied by an increase of tin‐vacancy concentration in their crystal structure, as supported by first‐principles calculations. The optimal device architecture for the efficient photovoltaic operation of these B‐γ‐CsSnI3 thin films is identified through exploration of several device architectures. Via modulation of the B‐γ‐CsSnI3 grain coarsening, together with the use of the optimal PSC architecture, planar heterojunction‐depleted B‐γ‐CsSnI3 PSCs with power conversion efficiency up to 3.31% are achieved without the use of any additives. The demonstrated strategies provide guidelines and prospects for developing future high‐performance lead‐free PVs.
Understanding the Effectiveness and Impact of Student Success Interventions on Campus
Authors: McComb Bruce E. , Lyddon Jan W.
Published: September 2016

This chapter discusses the importance and common challenges of evaluating community college student success efforts; it includes a broad‐based framework for carrying out effective evaluations.
Examination of feline extraocular motoneuron pools as a function of muscle fiber innervation type and muscle layer
Authors: Bohlen Martin O. , Warren Susan , Mustari Michael J. , May Paul J.
Published: September 2016

This study explores two points related to the pattern of innervation of the extraocular muscles. First, species differences exist in the location of the motoneurons supplying multiply innervated fibers (MIFs) and singly innervated fibers (SIFs) in eye muscles. MIF motoneurons are located outside the extraocular nuclei in primates, but are intermixed with SIF motoneurons within rat extraocular nuclei. To test whether this difference is related to visual capacity and frontal placement of eyes, we injected retrograde tracers into the medial rectus muscle of the cat, a highly visual nonprimate with frontally placed eyes. Distal injections labeled smaller MIF motoneurons located ventrolaterally and rostrally within the oculomotor nucleus (III). More central injections also labeled a separate population of larger cells located dorsally in III. Thus, the cat shares with the nocturnal rat the feature of having MIF motoneurons located within the bounds of III. On the other hand, just as with monkeys, cats show segregation of the MIF and SIF medial rectus motoneuron pools, albeit in a different pattern. Second, extraocular muscles are divided into two layers; the inner, global layer inserts into the sclera, and the outer, orbital layer inserts into the connective tissue pulley. To test whether these layers are supplied by anatomically discrete motoneuron pools, we injected tracer into the orbital layer of the cat lateral rectus muscle. No evidence of either morphological or distributional differences was found, suggesting that the functional differences in these layers may be due mainly to their orbital anatomy, not their innervation. J. Comp. Neurol. 525:919–935, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Light and Electron Microscopy Methods for Examination of Cochlear Morphology in Mouse Models of Deafness
Authors: Parker Andrew , Chessum Lauren , Mburu Philomena , Sanderson Jeremy , Bowl Michael R.
Published: September 2016

Mice are an invaluable model organism for the study of auditory function. Even though there are differences in size and frequency response, the anatomy and physiology of the mouse and human ear are remarkably similar. In addition, the tools available for genetic manipulation in the mouse have enabled the generation of models carrying mutations in orthologous human deafness‐causing genes, helping to validate these lesions and assess their functional consequence. Reciprocally, novel gene mutations discovered to cause auditory deficits in the mouse highlight potential new loci for human hearing loss, and expand our basic knowledge of the mechanisms and pathways important for the function of the mammalian ear. Microscopy and imaging are invaluable techniques that allow detailed characterization of cochlear pathologies associated with particular gene mutations. However, the highly organized, delicate, and intricate structures responsible for transduction of sound waves into nerve impulses are encapsulated in one of the hardest bones in the body – the temporal bone. This makes sample preparation without damage to the soft tissue, be it from dissection or processing, somewhat challenging. Fortunately, there are numerous methods for achieving high‐quality images of the mouse cochlea. Reported in this article are a selection of sample preparation and imaging techniques that can be used routinely to assess cochlear morphology. Several protocols are also described for immunodetection of proteins in the cochlea. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages between different imaging platforms and their suitability for different types of microscopic examination are highlighted. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Neutrophil extracellular traps exacerbate Th1‐mediated autoimmune responses in rheumatoid arthritis by promoting DC maturation
Authors: Papadaki Garyfalia , Kambas Konstantinos , Choulaki Christiana , Vlachou Katerina , Drakos Elias , Bertsias George , Ritis Konstantinos , Boumpas Dimitrios T. , Thompson Paul R. , Verginis Panayotis , Sidiropoulos Prodromos
Published: September 2016

Aberrant formation of neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) is a key feature in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and plays a pivotal role in disease pathogenesis. However, the mechanism through which NETs shape the autoimmune response in RA remains elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that inhibition of peptidylarginine deiminases activity in collagen‐induced arthritis (CIA) mouse model significantly reduces NET formation, attenuates clinical disease activity, and prevents joint destruction. Importantly, peptidylarginine deiminase 4 blocking markedly reduces the frequency of collagen‐specific IFN‐γ‐producing T helper 1 (Th1) cells in the draining lymph nodes of immunized mice. Exposure of dendritic cells (DCs) to CIA‐derived NETs induces DC maturation characterized by significant upregulation of costimulatory molecules, as well as elevated secretion of IL‐6. Moreover, CIA‐NET‐treated DCs promote the induction of antigen‐specific Th1 cells in vitro. Finally, NETs from RA patients show an increased potential to induce the maturation of DCs from healthy individuals, corroborating the findings obtained in CIA mouse model. Collectively, our findings delineate an important role of NETs in the induction and expansion of Th1 pathogenic cells in CIA through maturation of DCs and reveal a novel role of NETs in shaping the RA‐autoimmune response that could be exploited therapeutically.
Development and optimization of a standard method for extraction of microplastics in mussels by enzyme digestion of soft tissues
Authors: Catarino Ana I. , Thompson Richard , Sanderson William , Henry Theodore B.
Published: September 2016

The authors compared procedures for digestion of mussel soft tissues and extraction of microplastics. Complete tissue digestion was achieved with 1M NaOH, 35% HNO3, and protease at 9.6 UHb/mL (unit hemoglobin per mL); but use of HNO3 caused unacceptable destruction of some microplastics. Recovery of microplastics spiked into mussels was similar (93 ± 10%) for NaOH and enzyme digestions. The authors recommend use of industrial enzymes based on digestion efficiency, microplastic recovery, and avoidance of caustic chemicals. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:947–951. © 2016 SETAC
Internationalizing Student Learning and Development
Authors: Roberts Dennis C. , Komives Susan R.
Published: September 2016

Best practices in internationalizing student learning and development require cultural critical analysis before transferring, adapting, hedging, or avoiding existing practices in cross‐border applications both in and beyond the classroom.
Staffing for Success
Authors: Perozzi Brett , Seifert Tricia , Al‐Sharif Mary Ann Bodine
Published: September 2016

This chapter explores institutional capacity building in cross‐border student affairs and services. The focus is on human capital and its importance to international higher education within local contexts.
Gain Modulation of Cholinergic Neurons in the Medial Septum‐Diagonal Band of Broca Through Hyperpolarization
Authors: Melonakos Eric D. , White John A. , Fernandez Fernando R.
Published: September 2016

Hippocampal network oscillations are important for learning and memory. Theta rhythms are involved in attention, navigation, and memory encoding, whereas sharp wave‐ripple complexes are involved in memory consolidation. Cholinergic neurons in the medial septum‐diagonal band of Broca (MS‐DB) influence both types of hippocampal oscillations, promoting theta rhythms and suppressing sharp wave‐ripples. They also receive frequency‐dependent hyperpolarizing feedback from hippocamposeptal connections, potentially affecting their role as neuromodulators in the septohippocampal circuit. However, little is known about how the integration properties of cholinergic MS‐DB neurons change with hyperpolarization. By potentially altering firing behavior in cholinergic neurons, hyperpolarizing feedback from the hippocampal neurons may, in turn, change hippocampal network activity. To study changes in membrane integration properties in cholinergic neurons in response to hyperpolarizing inputs, we used whole‐cell patch‐clamp recordings targeting genetically labeled, choline acetyltransferase‐positive neurons in mouse brain slices. Hyperpolarization of cholinergic MS‐DB neurons resulted in a long‐lasting decrease in spike firing rate and input‐output gain. Additionally, voltage‐clamp measures implicated a slowly inactivating, 4‐AP‐insensitive, outward K+ conductance. Using a conductance‐based model of cholinergic MS‐DB neurons, we show that the ability of this conductance to modulate firing rate and gain depends on the expression of an experimentally verified shallow intrinsic spike frequency‐voltage relationship. Together, these findings point to a means through which negative feedback from hippocampal neurons can influence the role of cholinergic MS‐DB neurons. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Regional Analysis of Virtual Water Flow in View of Crop Consumption
Authors: Kim Young Deuk , Lee Sung Hee , Itsubo Norihiro , Ono Yuya
Published: September 2016

It is important to identify virtual water for crop production (Pvw) and consumption (Cvw) and to analyse the virtual water flow among regions for a better understanding of water resource use. The estimation of virtual water flow in a basin or between regions of a basin can contribute to finding options for water‐saving strategies, such as changing cropping pattern and land use. The objective of this study was to analyse virtual water flow by using Pvw, Cvw and virtual water content (VWC). VWC of a product is the amount of fresh water required to produce the product, expressed as m3 t−1. The virtual water consumption rate in this study is defined as Cvw/Pvw, which indicates the extent of water shortage and self‐sufficiency of water use in a region. The Cvw and Pvw of 16 regions were computed and the virtual water flow in the Han and Nakdong River basins was analysed. The analysis indicated that a shift of rice cultivation between the upper and the lower regions of these basins can save between 503 and 752 Mm3 of VW in ideal conditions. Virtual water analysis can be useful for finding solutions to improve water productivity at basin level and to reduce pressure on local water resources. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in the mechanisms of action of BDE‐47 and its metabolites on OVCAR‐3 and MCF‐7 cell apoptosis
Authors: Karpeta Anna , Gregoraszczuk Ewa Łucja
Published: September 2016

Data concerning possible carcinogenic action of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) in hormone‐dependent tissues are limited. Our earlier studies showed that 2,2′,4,4′‐tetrabromodiphenyl ether (BDE‐47) stimulated OVCAR‐3 and MCF‐7 cell proliferation, while its hydroxylated metabolites (5‐OH‐BDE‐47 and 6‐OH‐BDE‐47) increased estrogen receptors protein expression and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 1/2 and protein kinase Cα phosphorylation in these cell lines. In addition to cell proliferative disorder, a failure in the regulation of apoptosis can also lead to the formation and development of tumors. Therefore, in the present study, we investigated the effect of BDE‐47 and its metabolites (2.5–50 ng ml–1) on the expression of apoptosis regulatory genes and proteins, caspase‐8 and ‐9 activity and DNA fragmentation induced by extracellular signal‐regulated kinase inhibitor (PD098059) and protein kinase Cα inhibitor (Gӧ 6976) in ovarian (OVCAR‐3) and breast (MCF‐7) cancer cells. In OVCAR‐3 cells, BDE‐47 upregulated expression of most of the investigated genes and increased protein expression of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, TNF receptor 1, caspase‐6, Bcl‐xl and caspase‐8 activity. Whereas in MCF‐7 cells, BDE‐47 resulted in the downregulation of most of the investigated genes, and decreased caspase‐8 and ‐9 activity. In both OVCAR‐3 and MCF‐7 cells, the expression of most of the investigated genes were downregulated by metabolites. Exposure of OVCAR‐3 cells to 5‐OH‐BDE‐47 corresponded with a decrease in the protein expression of caspase‐6, caspase‐9 and Bcl‐xl and treatment with 6‐OH‐BDE‐47 decreased Bcl‐xl and TNF receptor 1 expression in OVCAR‐3 cells and caspase‐9 expression in MCF‐7 cells. Hydroxylated metabolites of BDE‐47 have strong inhibitory effects on apoptosis in ovarian and breast tumor cells and thus should be considered potential carcinogens in hormone‐dependent cancers. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemical and biological characterization of a dermonecrotic metalloproteinase isolated from Cerastes cerastes snake venom
Authors: Ami Amina , Oussedik‐Oumehdi Habiba , Laraba‐Djebari Fatima
Published: September 2016

A dermonecrotic metalloproteinase (CcD‐II) was isolated from C. cerastes venom. Venom fractionation was performed using three chromatographic steps (molecular exclusion on Sephadex G‐75, ion‐exchange on DEAE‐Sephadex A‐50, and reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography on C8 column). CcD‐II presented an apparent molecular mass of 39.9 kDa and displayed a dermonecrotic activity with a minimal necrotic dose of 0.2 mg/kg body weight. CcD‐II showed proteolytic ability on casein chains and on α and β fibrinogen chains that was inhibited by ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid and 1,10‐phenanthroline while remained unaffected by phenylmethylsulphonyl fluoride and heparin. CcD‐II displayed gelatinase activity and degraded extracellular matrix compounds (type‐IV collagen and laminin). These results correlated with histopathological analysis showing a complete disorganization of collagenous skin fibers. These data suggested that CcD‐II belongs to P‐II class of snake venom metalloproteinase. The characterization of venom compounds involved in tissue damage may contribute in the development of new therapeutic strategies in envenomation.
Toxicity of lithium on isolated heart mitochondria and cardiomyocyte: A justification for its cardiotoxic adverse effect
Authors: Salimi Ahmad , Gholamifar Ehsan , Naserzadeh Parvaneh , Hosseini Mir‐Jamal , Pourahmad Jalal
Published: September 2016

Mitochondria play an important role in myocardial tissue homeostasis; therefore, deterioration in mitochondrial function will eventually lead to cardiomyocyte and endothelial cell death and consequently cardiovascular dysfunction. Lithium (Li+) is an effective drug for bipolar disorder with known cardiotoxic side effects. This study was designed to investigate the effects of Li+ on mitochondria and cardiomyocytes isolated from the heart of Wistar rat. Results revealed that Li+ induced a concentration‐ and time‐dependent rise in mitochondrial ROS formation, inhibition of respiratory complexes (II), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) collapse, mitochondrial swelling, and cytochrome c release in rat heart mitochondria and also induced Caspase 3 activation through mitochondrial pathway, decline of ATP and lipid peroxidation in rat cardiomyocytes. These results indicate that the cardiotoxic effects of Li+ were initiated from mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress, which finally ends in cytochrome c release and cell death signaling heart cardiomyocytes.
Babesia parasitemia rebound after red blood cell exchange
Authors: Alquist Caroline R. , Szczepiorkowski Zbigniew M. , Dunbar Nancy
Published: September 2016

Babesiosis is an increasingly recognized disease which may benefit from therapeutic apheresis (Category II/Grade 2C). Vulnerable populations include the splenectomized, those aged >50, those with malignancies, and the immunocompromised. In the setting of parasite levels > 10%, significant anemia, renal impairment, pulmonary compromise, or hepatic dysfunction, RBC exchange can rapidly reduce parasite burdens and decrease the bioavailability of proinflammatory cytokines. No previous report has shown such a rapid rebound in parasitemia despite adequate organism removal. Herein, we report a case of severe babesiosis in a splenectomized 56 year old male with a past medical history significant for benign multiple sclerosis. Following a week of flu‐like symptoms, the patient presented to an outside hospital with anemia, elevated bilirubin, thrombocytopenia, and 15% of his RBCs containing Babesia forms on a peripheral smear. Despite initiation of appropriate antimicrobials, subsequent transfer to our facility revealed worsening parasitemia (25%), tachypnea, and hypoxia. An emergent two volume RBC exchange was performed, resulting in 15% post‐exchange parasitemia. Twelve hours later, the parasitic burden had climbed to 30%. A second RBC exchange reduced the parasite burden to 1.5%. His post‐procedural course was significant for diminishing periodic increases in parasitemia despite continued antimicrobial therapy. Rapid increases in parasitic burden following RBC exchanges can occur and post‐procedural surveillance of parasitemia should be closely monitored to expedite additional exchanges.
Whole exome sequencing and array‐based molecular karyotyping as aids to prenatal diagnosis in fetuses with suspected Simpson–Golabi–Behmel syndrome
Authors: Kehrer Christina , Hoischen Alexander , Menkhaus Ralf , Schwab Eva , Müller Andreas , Kim Sarah , Kreiß Martina , Weitensteiner Valerie , Hilger Alina , Berg Christoph , Geipel Anne , Reutter Heiko , Gembruch Ulrich
Published: September 2016

Objective

Simpson–Golabi–Behmel (SGBS) syndrome type 1 and type 2 represent rare X‐linked prenatal overgrowth disorders. The aim of our study is to describe the prenatal sonographic features as well as the genetic work‐up.

Method

Retrospective analysis of four cases with a pre‐ or postnatal diagnosis of SGBS in a single tertiary referral center within a period of 4 years.

Results

In the study period, four male fetuses with SGBS were detected. The final diagnosis was made prenatally in three cases. In all cases the second trimester anomaly scan revealed left sided congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) with additional anomalies; three fetuses with SGBS type 1 showed fetal overgrowth. In two of these, whole exome sequencing showed a possible frameshift mutation and a point mutation in the gene GPC3, respectively. In the third case, multiplex ligation‐dependent probe amplification (MLPA) revealed a hemizygous duplication of exon 3–7 in the gene GPC3. In the fourth case, SGBS type 2 was confirmed by array comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) of amniotic fluid cells showing a deletion of the gene OFD1.

Conclusion

We could demonstrate, that in the presence of a CDH, syndromes of the fetus can be increasingly differentiated by detailed sonography followed by a selective and graded molecular diagnostic using microarray techniques and whole exome sequencing. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cryo‐EM of dynamic protein complexes in eukaryotic DNA replication
Authors: Sun Jingchuan , Yuan Zuanning , Bai Lin , Li Huilin
Published: September 2016

DNA replication in Eukaryotes is a highly dynamic process that involves several dozens of proteins. Some of these proteins form stable complexes that are amenable to high‐resolution structure determination by cryo‐EM, thanks to the recent advent of the direct electron detector and powerful image analysis algorithm. But many of these proteins associate only transiently and flexibly, precluding traditional biochemical purification. We found that direct mixing of the component proteins followed by 2D and 3D image sorting can capture some very weakly interacting complexes. Even at 2D average level and at low resolution, EM images of these flexible complexes can provide important biological insights. It is often necessary to positively identify the feature‐of‐interest in a low resolution EM structure. We found that systematically fusing or inserting maltose binding protein (MBP) to selected proteins is highly effective in these situations. In this chapter, we describe the EM studies of several protein complexes involved in the eukaryotic DNA replication over the past decade or so. We suggest that some of the approaches used in these studies may be applicable to structural analysis of other biological systems.
Gene expression related to serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission is altered in the flinders sensitive line rat model of depression: Effect of ketamine
Authors: Du Jardin Kristian Gaarn , Müller Heidi Kaastrup , Sanchez Connie , Wegener Gregers , Elfving Betina
Published: September 2016

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is associated with dysfunctional serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission, and the genetic animal model of depression Flinders Sensitive Line (FSL) rats display alterations in these systems relatively to their control strain Flinders Resistant Line (FRL). However, changes on transcript level related to serotonergic and glutamatergic signaling have only been sparsely studied in this model. The non‐competitive N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist ketamine has fast‐onset antidepressant properties, and recent data implicate serotonergic neurotransmission in ketamine's antidepressant‐like activities in rodents. Here, we investigated the transcript levels of 40 genes involved in serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission in FSL and FRL rats in response to a single dose of ketamine (15 mg/kg; 90 min prior to euthanization). Using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, we studied the effect of ketamine in the hippocampus, whereas strain differences were investigated in both hippocampus and frontal cortex. The expression of genes involved in serotonergic and glutamatergic neurotransmission were unaffected by a single dose of ketamine in the hippocampus. Relative to FRL rats, FSL rats displayed enhanced hippocampal transcript levels of 5‐ht2c, and P11, whereas the expression was reduced for 5‐ht2a, Nr2a, and Mglur2. In the frontal cortex, we found higher transcript levels of 5‐ht2c and Mglur2, whereas the expression of 5‐ht2a was reduced in FSL rats. Thus, ketamine is not associated with hippocampal alterations in serotonergic or glutamatergic genes at 90 min after an antidepressant dose. Furthermore, FSL rats display serotonergic and glutamatergic abnormalities on gene expression level that partly may resemble findings in MDD patients.
Transformative Learning and the Road to Maternal Leadership
Authors: Panton Rachel
Published: September 2016

This study of three Africana (Black women of the Diaspora) holistic health educators shows how their woman‐centered learning cultures led them to personal transformation and leadership roles. Understanding their development can inform educational programming and support services for Black women students.
Biocalcification by halophilic bacteria for remediation of concrete structures in marine environment
Authors: Bansal Roohi , Dhami Navdeep Kaur , Mukherjee Abhijit , Reddy M Sudhakara
Published: September 2016

Microbial carbonate precipitation has emerged as a promising technology for remediation and restoration of concrete structures. Deterioration of reinforced concrete structures in marine environments is a major concern due to chloride-induced corrosion. In the current study, halophilic bacteria Exiguobacterium mexicanum was isolated from sea water and tested for biomineralization potential under different salt stress conditions. The growth, urease and carbonic anhydrase production significantly increased under salt stress conditions. Maximum calcium carbonate precipitation was recorded at 5 % NaCl concentration. Application of E. mexicanum on concrete specimens significantly increased the compressive strength (23.5 %) and reduced water absorption about five times under 5 % salt stress conditions compared to control specimens. SEM and XRD analysis of bacterial-treated concrete specimens confirmed the precipitation of calcite. The present study results support the potential of this technology for improving the strength and durability properties of building structures in marine environments.
Production of Saponin Biosurfactant from Glycyrrhiza glabra as an Agent for Upgrading Heavy Crude Oil
Authors: Hajimohammadi Reza , Hosseini Morteza , Amani Hossein , Najafpour Ghasem Darzi
Published: September 2016

Saponins are the main group of phytogenic biosurfactants extracted from plants. One of the significant applications of these compounds is upgrading and viscosity reduction of heavy crude oil water in oil (W/O) emulsions. In this research, use of saponin extracted from Glycyrrhiza glabra was investigated for viscosity reduction of heavy crude oil and upgrading its API properties. The extracted saponin was characterized using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. Phase behavior analysis demonstrated a reduction in initial viscosity and improved API gravity of the heavy oil from 2350 mPa·s and 19 to 900 mPa·s and 27, respectively. In addition, the emulsification index (E24) was found to be 98 % at a saponin concentration of 8 % w/v. It was observed that the emulsions were stable in the pH range of 5.5–13, temperature from 30 to 80 °C and salinity up to 6 % w/v of NaCl solution. Average diameter of W/O droplets evaluated by dynamic light scattering (DLS) were in the range of 10–15 µm. The results obtained from the present research revealed that the extracted saponin improved the physical characteristics of heavy crude oil. We propose the use of saponin as a potential alternative to conventional emulsifiers for upgrading heavy crude oil in petroleum industry.
Stratification and segmentation: Social class in consumer behavior
Authors: Shavitt Sharon , Jiang Duo , Cho Hyewon
Published: September 2016

Comparing working‐class and middle‐class consumers, Carey and Markus (2016, this issue) highlight the ways that social class determines consumer behavior through a set of mutually supportive culture cycles. We use their framework to re‐examine several core assumptions in marketing and consumer behavior, assumptions that may fit middle‐class consumers better than they do working‐class consumers. Revisiting previous findings with an emphasis on social class allows us to offer an agenda for future research regarding advertising and consumer persuasion, material versus experiential purchases, conspicuous and compensatory consumption, and market segmentation.
Swapping and the social psychology of disadvantaged American populations
Authors: Conley Dalton
Published: September 2016

Are observed class gradients in cognitive frameworks cause or effect of those socioeconomic differences? This question is of critical importance not just for policymakers and psychologists but for all social scientists, including market researchers. The question is all the more salient today as economic and behavioral disparities have seemingly widened in tandem over the last few decades. This commentary offers various theories for this observed correlation within the context of recent psychological and sociological scholarship.
Functional near-tricuspid atresia in a patient with absent pulmonary valve and an intact ventricular septum
Authors: Miki Yasunobu , Tanaka Toshikatsu , Oshima Yoshihiro
Published: September 2016

Absent pulmonary valve with an intact ventricular septum is a rare malformation. We report a case of absent pulmonary valve and intact ventricular septum with functional near-tricuspid atresia caused by pulmonary regurgitation. Initial palliation with main pulmonary artery ligation and bilateral pulmonary artery banding was performed at 1 day of age. More antegrade flow across the tricuspid valve was recognised postoperatively, resulting in a successful right ventricular outflow tract reconstruction by a hand-sewn bileaflet polytetrafluoroethylene valve and modified Blalock–Taussig shunt at 11 days of age.
New Findings Suggest Dwarf Planet Ceres Is Geologically Active
Authors: Wendel JoAnna
Published: September 2016

Cryovolcanoes, landslides, and water ice all point to current activity, researchers found.
Cripto is essential to capture mouse epiblast stem cell and human embryonic stem cell pluripotency
Authors: Fiorenzano Alessandro , Pascale Emilia , D'Aniello Cristina , Acampora Dario , Bassalert Cecilia , Russo Francesco , Andolfi Gennaro , Biffoni Mauro , Francescangeli Federica , Zeuner Ann , Angelini Claudia , Chazaud Claire , Patriarca Eduardo J. , Fico Annalisa , Minchiotti Gabriella
Published: September 2016

Known molecular determinants of developmental plasticity are mainly transcription factors, while the extrinsic regulation of this process has been largely unexplored. Here we identify Cripto as one of the earliest epiblast markers and a key extracellular determinant of the naive and primed pluripotent states. We demonstrate that Cripto sustains mouse embryonic stem cell (ESC) self-renewal by modulating Wnt/β-catenin, whereas it maintains mouse epiblast stem cell (EpiSC) and human ESC pluripotency through Nodal/Smad2. Moreover, we provide unprecedented evidence that Cripto controls the metabolic reprogramming in ESCs to EpiSC transition. Remarkably, Cripto deficiency attenuates ESC lineage restriction in vitro and in vivo, and permits ESC transdifferentiation into trophectoderm lineage, suggesting that Cripto has earlier functions than previously recognized. All together, our studies provide novel insights into the current model of mammalian pluripotency and contribute to the understanding of the extrinsic regulation of the first cell lineage decision in the embryo.