bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
NADP-Malate Dehydrogenase from Unicellular Green Alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. A First Step toward Redox Regulation?
Authors: Lemaire Stéphane D. , Quesada Alberto , Merchan Faustino , Corral Juan Manuel , Igeno Maria Isabel , Keryer Eliane , Issakidis-Bourguet Emmanuelle , Hirasawa Masakazu , Knaff David B. , Miginiac-Maslow Myroslawa
Published: December 2004

The determinants of the thioredoxin (TRX)-dependent redox regulation of the chloroplastic NADP-malate dehydrogenase (NADP-MDH) from the eukaryotic green alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii have been investigated using site-directed mutagenesis. The results indicate that a single C-terminal disulfide is responsible for this regulation. The redox midpoint potential of this disulfide is less negative than that of the higher plant enzyme. The regulation is of an all-or-nothing type, lacking the fine-tuning provided by the second N-terminal disulfide found only in NADP-MDH from higher plants. The decreased stability of specific cysteine/alanine mutants is consistent with the presence of a structural disulfide formed by two cysteine residues that are not involved in regulation of activity. Measurements of the ability of C. reinhardtii thioredoxin f (TRX f) to activate wild-type and site-directed mutants of sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) NADP-MDH suggest that the algal TRX f has a redox midpoint potential that is less negative than most those of higher plant TRXs f. These results are discussed from an evolutionary point of view.
A Robot-Based Platform to Measure Multiple Enzyme Activities in Arabidopsis Using a Set of Cycling Assays: Comparison of Changes of Enzyme Activities and Transcript Levels during Diurnal Cycles and in Prolonged Darkness[W]
Authors: Gibon Yves , Blaesing Oliver E. , Hannemann Jan , Carillo Petronia , Höhne Melanie , Hendriks Janneke H.M. , Palacios Natalia , Cross Joanna , Selbig Joachim , Stitt Mark
Published: December 2004

A platform has been developed to measure the activity of 23 enzymes that are involved in central carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Activities are assayed in optimized stopped assays and the product then determined using a suite of enzyme cycling assays. The platform requires inexpensive equipment, is organized in a modular manner to optimize logistics, calculates results automatically, combines high sensitivity with throughput, can be robotized, and has a throughput of three to four activities in 100 samples per person/day. Several of the assays, including those for sucrose phosphate synthase, ADP glucose pyrophosphorylase (AGPase), ferredoxin-dependent glutamate synthase, glycerokinase, and shikimate dehydrogenase, provide large advantages over previous approaches. This platform was used to analyze the diurnal changes of enzyme activities in wild-type Columbia-0 (Col-0) and the starchless plastid phosphoglucomutase (pgm) mutant, and in Col-0 during a prolongation of the night. The changes of enzyme activities were compared with the changes of transcript levels determined with the Affymetrix ATH1 array. Changes of transcript levels typically led to strongly damped changes of enzyme activity. There was no relation between the amplitudes of the diurnal changes of transcript and enzyme activity. The largest diurnal changes in activity were found for AGPase and nitrate reductase. Examination of the data and comparison with the literature indicated that these are mainly because of posttranslational regulation. The changes of enzyme activity are also strongly delayed, with the delay varying from enzyme to enzyme. It is proposed that enzyme activities provide a quasi-stable integration of regulation at several levels and provide useful data for the characterization and diagnosis of different physiological states. As an illustration, a decision tree constructed using data from Col-0 during diurnal changes and a prolonged dark treatment was used to show that, irrespective of the time of harvest during the diurnal cycle, the pgm mutant resembles a wild-type plant that has been exposed to a 3 d prolongation of the night.
Solution Structure of the B3 DNA Binding Domain of the Arabidopsis Cold-Responsive Transcription Factor RAV1[W]
Authors: Yamasaki Kazuhiko , Kigawa Takanori , Inoue Makoto , Tateno Masaru , Yamasaki Tomoko , Yabuki Takashi , Aoki Masaaki , Seki Eiko , Matsuda Takayoshi , Tomo Yasuko , Hayami Nobuhiro , Terada Takaho , Shirouzu Mikako , Osanai Takashi , Tanaka Akiko , Seki Motoaki , Shinozaki Kazuo , Yokoyama Shigeyuki
Published: December 2004

The B3 DNA binding domain is shared amongst various plant-specific transcription factors, including factors involved in auxin-regulated and abscisic acid–regulated transcription. Herein, we report the NMR solution structure of the B3 domain of the Arabidopsis thaliana cold-responsive transcription factor RAV1. The structure consists of a seven-stranded open β-barrel and two α-helices located at the ends of the barrel and is significantly similar to the structure of the noncatalytic DNA binding domain of the restriction enzyme EcoRII. An NMR titration experiment revealed a DNA recognition interface that enabled us to propose a structural model of the protein–DNA complex. The locations of the DNA-contacting residues are also likely to be similar to those of the EcoRII DNA binding domain.
Phosphorylation of 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-Carboxylic Acid Synthase by MPK6, a Stress-Responsive Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase, Induces Ethylene Biosynthesis in Arabidopsis[W]
Authors: Liu Yidong , Zhang Shuqun
Published: December 2004

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) are implicated in regulating plant growth, development, and response to the environment. However, the underlying mechanisms are unknown because of the lack of information about their substrates. Using a conditional gain-of-function transgenic system, we demonstrated that the activation of SIPK, a tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) stress-responsive MAPK, induces the biosynthesis of ethylene. Here, we report that MPK6, the Arabidopsis thaliana ortholog of tobacco SIPK, is required for ethylene induction in this transgenic system. Furthermore, we found that selected isoforms of 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid synthase (ACS), the rate-limiting enzyme of ethylene biosynthesis, are substrates of MPK6. Phosphorylation of ACS2 and ACS6 by MPK6 leads to the accumulation of ACS protein and, thus, elevated levels of cellular ACS activity and ethylene production. Expression of ACS6DDD, a gain-of-function ACS6 mutant that mimics the phosphorylated form of ACS6, confers constitutive ethylene production and ethylene-induced phenotypes. Increasing numbers of stress stimuli have been shown to activate Arabidopsis MPK6 or its orthologs in other plant species. The identification of the first plant MAPK substrate in this report reveals one mechanism by which MPK6/SIPK regulates plant stress responses. Equally important, this study uncovers a signaling pathway that modulates the biosynthesis of ethylene, an important plant hormone, in plants under stress.
Anti-inflammatory response is associated with mortality and severity of infection in sepsis
Authors: Ashare Alix , Powers Linda S. , Butler Noah S. , Doerschug Kevin C. , Monick Martha M. , Hunninghake Gary W.
Published: December 2004

Using a murine model of sepsis, we found that the balance of tissue pro- to anti-inflammatory cytokines directly correlated with severity of infection and mortality. Sepsis was induced in C57BL/6 mice by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). Liver tissue was analyzed for levels of IL-1β, IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra), tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and soluble TNF receptor 1 by ELISA. Bacterial DNA was measured using quantitative real-time PCR. After CLP, early predominance of proinflammatory cytokines (6 h) transitioned to anti-inflammatory predominance at 24 h. The elevated anti-inflammatory cytokines were mirrored by increased tissue bacterial levels. The degree of anti-inflammatory response compared with proinflammatory response correlated with the bacterial concentration. To modulate the timing of the anti-inflammatory response, mice were treated with IL-1ra before CLP. This resulted in decreased proinflammatory cytokines, earlier bacterial load, and increased mortality. These studies show that the initial tissue proinflammatory response to sepsis is followed by an anti-inflammatory response. The anti-inflammatory phase is associated with increased bacterial load and mortality. These data suggest that it is the timing and magnitude of the anti-inflammatory response that predicts severity of infection in a murine model of sepsis.
Mean body temperature does not modulate eccrine sweat rate during upright tilt
Authors: Wilson Thad E. , Cui Jian , Crandall Craig G.
Published: December 2004

Conflicting reports exist about the role of baroreflexes in efferent control of eccrine sweat rate. These conflicting reports may be due to differing mean body temperatures between studies. The purpose of this project was to test the hypothesis that mean body temperature modulates the effect of head-up tilt on sweat rate and skin sympathetic nerve activity (SSNA). To address this question, mean body temperature (0.9·internal temperature + 0.1·mean skin temperature), SSNA (microneurography of peroneal nerve, n = 8), and sweat rate (from an area innervated by the peroneal nerve and from two forearm sites, one perfused with neostigmine to augment sweating at lower mean body temperatures and the second with the vehicle, n = 12) were measured in 13 subjects during multiple 30° head-up tilts during whole body heating. At the end of the heat stress, mean body temperature (36.8 ± 0.1 to 38.0 ± 0.1°C) and sweat rate at all sites were significantly elevated. No significant correlations were observed between mean body temperature and the change in SSNA during head-up tilt ( r = 0.07; P = 0.62), sweating within the innervated area ( r = 0.06; P = 0.56), sweating at the neostigmine treated site ( r = 0.04; P = 0.69), or sweating at the control site ( r = 0.01; P = 0.94). Also, for each tilt throughout the heat stress, there were no significant differences in sweat rate (final tilt sweat rates were 0.69 ± 0.11 and 0.68 ± 0.11 mg·cm−2·min−1within the innervated area; 1.04 ± 0.16 and 1.06 ± 0.16 mg·cm−2·min−1at the neostigmine-treated site; and 0.85 ± 0.15 and 0.85 ± 0.15 mg·cm−2·min−1at the control site, for supine and tilt, respectively). Hence, these data indicate that mean body temperature does not modulate eccrine sweat rate during baroreceptor unloading induced via 30° head-up tilt.
Oxygen distribution in murine tumors: characterization using oxygen-dependent quenching of phosphorescence
Authors: Ziemer Lisa S. , Lee William M. F. , Vinogradov Sergei A. , Sehgal Chandra , Wilson David F.
Published: December 2004

In the present work, a novel method for detecting hypoxia in tumors, phosphorescence quenching, was used to evaluate tissue and tumor oxygenation. This technique is based on the concept that phosphorescence lifetime and intensity are inversely proportional to the oxygen concentration in the tissue sample. We used the phosphor Oxyphor G2 to evaluate the oxygen profiles in three murine tumor models: K1735 malignant melanoma, RENCA renal cell carcinoma, and Lewis lung carcinoma. Oxygen measurements were obtained both as histograms of oxygen distribution within the sample and as an average oxygen pressure within the tissue sampled; the latter allowing real-time oxygen monitoring. Each of the tumor types examined had a characteristic and consistent oxygen profile. K1735 tumors were all well oxygenated, with a peak oxygen pressure of 37.8 ± 5.1 Torr; RENCA tumors had intermediate oxygen pressures, with a peak oxygen pressure of 24.8 ± 17.9 Torr; and LLC tumors were all severely hypoxic, with a peak oxygen pressure of 1.8 ± 1.1 Torr. These results correlated well with measurements of tumor cell oxygenation measured by nitroimidazole (EF5) binding and were consistent with assessments of tumor blood flow by contrast enhanced ultrasound and tumor histology. The results show that phosphorescence quenching is a reliable, reproducible, and noninvasive method capable of providing real-time determination of oxygen concentrations within tumors.
Telepaediatrics and diabetic retinopathy screening of young people with diabetes in Queensland
Authors: Stillman J K , Gole G A , Wootton R , Woolfield N , Price D , Van Der Westhuyzen J , Williams M , Williams J
Published: December 2004

We have examined the feasibility of a telemedicine-enabled screening service for children and adolescents with diabetes in Queensland. There are approximately 1400 young people with diabetes in Queensland and only about two-thirds of them are screened in accordance with international guidelines. A regional retinal screening service was established using a non-mydriatic digital retinal camera. Seven centres volunteered to participate in the study. During a five-month pilot trial, 83 of the young people with diabetes who attend these centres underwent digital retinal screening (3.7%). Retinal images were sent via email to a paediatric ophthalmologist for review and results were returned via email. A copy of each participant's results was forwarded by mail to the referring diabetes doctor and the participant and family. The majority of the image files (96%) were rated as excellent or good. Only one participant was identified as having an abnormal result. Participants and their families expressed satisfaction with the digital retinal screening process.
Extending a multimedia medical record to a regional service with electronic referral and discharge letters
Authors: Reponen J , Marttila E , Paajanen H , Turula A
Published: December 2004

Oulu University Hospital has a Web-based multimedia medical record in use. One key element in the creation of regional e-health networks is an electronic referral letter and discharge letter service. In Oulu an XML messaging system is used for an integral part of the medical record. The service has now been extended to primary care centres and hospitals in the Oulu region. Using a secure Web link, primary care physicians have direct remote access to the original hospital's electronic patient record, including medical images and laboratory results. According to the users, e-referral saves time and improves the quality of documentation. On the other hand, workflow development is still immature. Our experience suggests that the implementation of e-referrals is a process which requires careful handling, in relation to the technology as well as organizational changes and communication.
The role of telemedicine in the care of children in under-served communities
Authors: Ozuah Philip O , Reznik Marina
Published: December 2004

Children living in rural and other medically under-served areas are confronted with a shortage of paediatric specialists. Telemedicine has become increasingly popular as a means of providing health education and medical care to people living in rural areas of the United States and other countries. Some US hospitals have had experience with the use of telemedicine to provide subspecialty services to rural children with special health-care needs and health education for immigrant parents. The Medical Missions for Children, a non-profit organization, aims to provide a ‘virtual information bridge’ between sponsoring hospitals in the United States and hospitals located in developing nations. The organization serves children in hospitals in 58 countries throughout Latin America, eastern Europe, South Africa, Nigeria and India, and delivers three to four videoconferences per month. Since its inception, the programme has provided teleconsultations and services to approximately 18,000 children annually. In addition, there are on average 50 educational videoconferences per month, during which physicians at the mentoring hospitals exchange ideas with physicians in the developing countries. About 600 educational videoconferences are conducted annually.
Telemedicine consultations: Failed cases and floundering specialties
Authors: Krupinski Elizabeth A
Published: December 2004

The Arizona Telemedicine Program began as a multi-service provider, with teleconsultations in over 53 subspecialties. Although new sites often use numerous subspecialties at first, this is typically followed by a longer period when only a few subspecialties are used. A retrospective analysis of the referral rates from the sites showed wide variations, some exhibiting extreme fluctuations. There was a high correlation (0.84) between personnel turnover rates at each site (i.e. the number of personnel changing) and the degree to which the fluctuations were ‘out of control’. Over six years, 402 teleconsultations were scheduled but did not occur. Of these, 82% were closed with no further contact, although 63% were managed eventually via telemedicine, all in telepsychiatry. The reasons for these appointments not taking place were that the patient did not show up (45%), the patient cancelled (32%), the telepsychiatrist cancelled (22%) or bad weather prevented travel (1 %). Of the unsuccessful teleconsultations, 84% were realtime and 16% were store and forward. The average cost to the provider of a missed realtime teleconsultation was US$228 for a 1 h session.
Is there a contradiction between telemedicine and business?
Authors: Lievens Frank , Jordanova Malina
Published: December 2004

Is there a contradiction between telemedicine and business? The driving forces in the telemedicine market are: competition within the health-care industry, newly developed cheap information technology (especially the Internet) and 21st-century health-care consumers, with their expectations of free choice and a high level of health-care. The market has four segments (citizens, patients, professionals and employees) and the boundaries between these segments are blurred. The telemedicine market is obviously growing, but it is still unstructured, fractured and disorganized. The telemedicine market needs a meeting place where the status of telemedicine and telecare can be reviewed. This would be a place in which to explore new ways to improve the efficiency of health-care services and a forum in which to draw a roadmap for future developments. One such place is the International Trade Event and Conference for eHealth, Telemedicine and Health ICT, Med-e-Tel. At the 2004 event, there were 32 exhibitors from 23 countries and over 400 industry and medical participants. A survey of participants showed that the event was judged to be a success. There is no conflict between telemedicine and business. On the contrary, telemedicine is a promising area of business development.
Paediatric palliative home care with Internet-based video-phones: Lessons learnt
Authors: Bensink Mark , Armfield Nigel , Russell Trevor G , Irving Helen , Wootton Richard
Published: December 2004

We have designed and tested an Internet-based video-phone suitable for use in the homes of families in need of paediatric palliative care services. The equipment uses an ordinary telephone line and includes a PC, Web camera and modem housed in a custom-made box. In initial field testing, six clinical consultations were conducted in a one-month trial of the videophone with a family in receipt of palliative care services who were living in the outer suburbs of Brisbane. Problems with variability in call quality—namely audio and video freezing, and audio break-up — prompted further laboratory testing. We completed a programme of over 250 test calls. Fixing modem connection parameters to use the V.34 modulation protocol at a set bandwidth of 24kbit/s improved connection stability and the reliability of the video-phone. In subsequent field testing 47 of 50 calls (94%) connected without problems. The freezes that did occur were brief (with greatly reduced packet loss) and had little effect on the ability to communicate, unlike the problems arising in the home testing. The low-bandwidth Internet-based video-phone we have developed provides a feasible means of doing telemedicine in the home.
Investing in Long-Term Health
Authors: Baicker Katherine , Chandra Amitabh
Published: February 2024

This JAMA Forum discusses treatment and health care delivery, innovative use of risk analytics, and spending and coverage priorities in the US health insurance system.
Graphene‑Assisted Assembly of Electrically and Magnetically Conductive Ceramic Nanofibrous Aerogels Enable Multifunctionality
Authors: Li Bin , Tian Haoyuan , Li Lei , Liu Wei , Liu Jiurong , Zeng Zhihui , Wu Na
Published: February 2024

Ceramic aerogels are gaining increasing attention due to their low density, high‐temperature resistance, and excellent chemical stability. However, conventional ceramic aerogels are hindered by their intrinsic brittleness and limited dielectric properties, which restrict their scalable manufacturing and multifunctional applications. Here, ultralight, biomimetic porous, electrically and magnetically conductive ceramic nanofibrous aerogels composed of silicon dioxide (SiO2) nanofibers, graphene, and metal–organic framework (MOF) derivatives are prepared through an ice‐templating freeze‐casting followed by annealing approach. The renewable SiO2 nanofibers form robust bonding points with graphene, constructing interconnected high‐porosity aerogels with good mechanical resilience. This allows for efficient integration of MOF‐derived magnetic nanoparticles associated with a synergistic mechanical enhancement. The synergies of the dielectric and magnetic components, combined with the uniformly arranged sheet‐like cell walls which facilitate the outstanding electromagnetic wave absorption performance. Moreover, the hydrophobic ceramic aerogels showcase excellent magnetothermal conversion, contributing to the application in wireless therapy, antibacterial, and magnetothermal deicing. Furthermore, the nanofibrous aerogels exhibit good thermal stability and insulation properties, rendering them highly suitable for thermal management devices in extreme conditions. With the renewable, convenient, and scalable manufacturing method, these multifunctional ceramic nanofibrous aerogels thus hold great promise in electromagnetic protection, wireless heating, and next‐generation thermal management devices.
Drug‐Loaded Bacillus Calmette–Guérin Bacteria for Immuno‐Chemo Combo Therapy in Bladder Cancer
Authors: Liu Kangkang , Wang Lining , Peng Jing , Lyu Yuanji , Li Yiming , Duan Dengyi , Zhang Wenyi , Wei Guojiang , Li Taipeng , Niu Yuanjie , Zhao Yang
Published: February 2024

Intravesical Bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) is a well‐established strategy for managing high‐risk nonmuscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC); however, over half of patients still experience disease recurrence or progression. Although the combined intravesical instillation of various chemotherapeutic drugs is implemented in clinical trials to enhance the BCG therapy, the outcome is far from satisfying due to severe irritative effects and treatment intolerance at high doses. Therefore, it is adopted the “biotin–streptavidin strategy” to doxorubicin (DOX)‐encapsulated nanoparticles within live BCG bacteria (DOX@BCG) to improve treatment outcomes. Adherence of BCG to the bladder epithelium helps precisely target DOX@BCG to the local tumor cells and simultaneously increases intratumoral transport of therapeutic drugs. DOX@BCG effectively inhibits cancer progression and prolongs the survival of rats/mice with orthotopic bladder cancer owing to synergism between BCG‐immunotherapy, DOX‐chemotherapy, and DOX‐induced immunogenic tumor cell death; furthermore, it exhibits improved tolerance and biosafety, and establishes antitumor immunity in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, the drug‐loaded live BCG bacterial delivery system holds considerable potential for clinical translation in the intravesical treatment of bladder cancer.
Recent Progress in Wearable Self‐Powered Biomechanical Sensors: Mechanisms and Applications
Authors: Zhang Shaotong , Lin Xiang , Wan Ji , Xu Chen , Han Mengdi
Published: February 2024

Biomechanical signals, such as strain variations of the skin, vibrations of the chest and throat, as well as motions of the limbs, hold immense significance in healthcare monitoring, disease diagnosis, and human‐machine interface. Examples span from monitoring blood pressure and pulse waves for atherosclerosis diagnosis, to distinguishing between metatarsalgia patients and healthy individuals by tracking their walking postures, and to voiceprint recognition and hearing aid technology based on vibration sensing. Wearable biomechanical sensors play a crucial role in providing valuable insights into one's health condition and physiological features. However, the development of high‐performance sensors capable of prolonged monitoring poses challenges. Traditional batteries have limited lifespan and pose difficulty in replacement. Using self‐powered devices for the measurement of biomechanical signals represents an attractive solution to tackle the issues caused by batteries. This review focuses on the mechanisms of wearable self‐powered biomechanical sensors, and delves into recent advancements in their applications, covering areas of cardiovascular system monitoring, acoustic signals detection, human motion tracking, and many others associated with biomechanics. A concluding section outlines the potential future prospects in this evolving field of materials and biomedical research.
First‐trimester noninvasive prenatal diagnosis of seven facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 families using SNP‐based amplicon sequencing: An earlier, rapid and safer way
Authors: Fu Xinyu , Zhao Zhenhua , Kong Lingrong , Li Shaojun , Li Feifei , Han Xiujuan , Sun Luming , Wu Di , Wang Yanan , Kong Xiangdong
Published: February 2024

The study is to explore the feasibility and value of SNP‐based noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) for facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy type 1 (FSHD1) in early pregnancy weeks. We prospectively collected seven FSHD1 families, with an average gestational age of 8+6. Among these seven couples, there were three affected FSHD1 mothers and four affected fathers. A multiplex‐PCR panel comprising 402 amplicons was designed to selective enrich for highly heterozygous SNPs upstream of the DUX4 gene. Risk haplotype was constructed based on familial linkage analysis. Fetal genotypes were accurately inferred through relative haplotype dosage analysis using Bayes Factor. All tests were successfully completed in a single attempt, and no recombination events were detected. NIPD results were provided within a week, which is 4 weeks earlier than karyomapping and 7 weeks earlier than Bionano single‐molecule optical mapping (BOM). Ultimately, five FSHD1 fetuses and two normal fetuses were successfully identified, with a 100% concordance rate with karyomapping and BOM. Therefore, SNP‐based NIPD for FSHD1 was demonstrated to be feasible and accurate in early weeks of gestation, although the risk of recombination events cannot be completely eliminated. In the future, testing of more cases is still necessary to fully determine the clinical utility.
Sex and ancestry patterning of residual correlations in human dental development: Cooperative genetic interaction and phenotypic plasticity
Authors: Sgheiza Valerie
Published: February 2024

Objectives

Most research in human dental age estimation has focused on point estimates of age, and most research on dental development theories has focused on morphology or eruption. Correlations between developing teeth using ordinal staging have received less attention. The effect of demographic variables on these correlations is unknown. I tested the effect of reference sample demographic variables on the residual correlation matrix using the lens of cooperative genetic interaction (CGI).

Materials and Methods

The sample consisted of Moorrees et al., Journal of Dental Research, 1963, 42, 1490–1502, scores of left mandibular permanent teeth from panoramic radiographs of 880 London children 3–22.99 years of age stratified by year of age, sex, and Bangladeshi or European ancestry. A multivariate cumulative probit model was fit to each sex/ancestry group (n = 220), each sex or ancestry (n = 440), and all individuals (n = 880). Residual correlation matrices from nine reference sample configurations were compared using Bartlett's tests of between‐sample difference matrices against the identity matrix, hierarchical cluster analysis, and dendrogram cophenetic correlations.

Results

Bartlett's test results were inconclusive. Cluster analysis showed clustering by tooth class, position within class, and developmental timing. Clustering patterns and dendrogram correlations showed similarity by sex but not ancestry.

Discussion

Expectations of CGI were supported for developmental staging. This supports using CGI as a model for explaining patterns of variation within the dentition. Sex was found to produce consistent patterns of dental correlations, whereas ancestry did not. Clustering by timing of development supports phenotypic plasticity in the dentition and suggests shared environment over genetic ancestry to explain population differences.
An Enzyme‐Cleavable Solubilizing‐Tag Facilitates the Chemical Synthesis of Mirror‐Image Proteins
Authors: Zheng Yupeng , Zhang Baochang , Shi Wei‐Wei , Deng Xiangyu , Wang Tong‐Yue , Han Dongyang , Ren Yuxiang , Yang Ziyi , Zhou Yong‐Kang , Kuang Jian , Wang Zhi‐Wen , Tang Shan , Zheng Ji‐Shen
Published: February 2024

Mirror‐image proteins (D‐proteins) are useful in biomedical research for purposes such as mirror‐image screening for D‐peptide drug discovery, but the chemical synthesis of many D‐proteins is often low yielding due to the poor solubility or aggregation of their constituent peptide segments. Here, we report a Lys‐C protease‐cleavable solubilizing tag and its use to synthesize difficult‐to‐obtain D‐proteins. Our tag is easily installed onto multiple amino acids such as DLys, DSer, DThr, and/or the N‐terminal amino acid of hydrophobic D‐peptides, is impervious to various reaction conditions, such as peptide synthesis, ligation, desulfurization, and transition metal‐mediated deprotection, and yet can be completely removed by Lys‐C protease under denaturing conditions to give the desired D‐protein. The efficacy and practicality of the new method were exemplified in the synthesis of two challenging D‐proteins: D‐enantiomers of programmed cell death protein 1 IgV domain and SARS‐CoV‐2 envelope protein, in high yield. This work demonstrates that the enzymatic cleavage of solubilizing tags under denaturing conditions is feasible, thus paving the way for the production of more D‐proteins.
Nutrient and bioactive compounds from Neltuma spp. seeds
Authors: Cittadini M. Cecilia , Bodoira Romina , Barrionuevo Damián , Labuckas Diana , Martínez Marcela , Maestri Damián
Published: February 2024

In the search for compounds with nutritional and functional value, seeds from several Neltuma species were examined for lipid, protein and phenolic components. Lipid contents ranged between 9.3 and 12.5 g/100 g (seed dry weight), and showed both oleic and linoleic acids predominating largely. Lipids were also a good source of tocopherols (170–603 mg total tocopherols/kg). Proteins accounted for 14.7–35.5 g/100 g seed. Essential amino acids (EAA) comprised 26.1%–40.2% of the total AA content. Based on the EAA score, proteins from all the species analyzed were deficient in leucine, isoleucine and valine, but could meet requirements for histidine, threonine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and lysine. The qualitative patterns of phenolic compounds were similar each other (predominance of flavonoids, particularly apigenin derivatives). Keeping in mind the examined chemical components, Neltuma seeds have potential value as a source of healthy macronutrients and bioactive compounds.
Application of a One Welfare‐Based Ecosystem Model to assess wild collection for public aquariums
Authors: Fischer Brittany , Pempek Jessica A. , Flint Jaylene , Wittum Thomas , Flint Mark
Published: February 2024

1. Public aquariums are organizations that offer their visitors an opportunity to engage with, gain knowledge of, and contribute to the conservation of species and ecosystems. Unfortunately, the ways many aquariums maintain their populations include primarily sourcing marine species from the wild. This creates the potential for negative impacts to stressed aquatic environments and a need for a holistic approach to quantify the impacts of aquarium population management. 2. The objective of this study was to implement a developed One Welfare‐Based Ecosystem Model to predict impacts of aquarium population management on humans, animals, and the environment. Ecosystem indicators were selected and grouped into physical–chemical, biological, and socio‐economic categories. Data included measurements of environmental and animal indicators at field sites frequently visited by aquariums to collect animals from, aquarium visitor surveys, and publicly available data. Model development included comparing field data to reference information and then adding weightings based on indicator significance and alpha‐testing of the model. 3. At model completion, each institution was allocated a One Welfare status. Confidence ratings of measured indicators and reference data occurred for each field site to determine the appropriateness of use of the model for each aquarium. 4. Findings included a positive One Welfare status, with collaborating institutions scoring in the good and excellent categories (81.92/100 and 92.51/100). Confidence ratings showed positive results (62/100 and 78/100) for model applicability for the field sites studied as well as future use by other institutions assessing similar parameters. 5. To maintain their recognition as leaders in conservation, public aquariums must objectively assess their direct and indirect influence on marine ecosystems moving forward.
Pro‐fluorescent probe with morpholine moiety and its reactivity towards selected biological oxidants
Authors: Modrzejewska Julia , Grzelakowska Aleksandra , Szala Marcin , Michalski Radosław , Zakłos‐Szyda Małgorzata , Podsiadły Radosław
Published: February 2024

Biological oxidants participate in many processes in the human body. Their excessive production causes organelle damage, which may result in the accumulation of cytotoxic mediators and cell degradation and may manifest itself in various diseases. Peroxynitrite (ONOO−), hypochlorous acid (HOCl), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), and peroxymonocarbonate (HOOCO2−) are important oxidants in biology, toxicology, and various pathologies. Derivatives of coumarin, containing an oxidant‐sensitive boronate group, have been recently developed for the fluorescent detection of inflammatory oxidants. Here, we report the synthesis and characterization of 4‐[2‐(morpholin‐4‐yl)‐2‐oxoethyl]‐2‐oxo‐2H‐chromen‐7‐yl boronic acid (MpC‐BA) as a fluorescent probe for the detection of oxidants, with better solubility in water, high stability and fast response time toward peroxynitrite and hypochlorous acid. The effectiveness of the MpC‐BA probe for the detection of peroxynitrite was measured by adding bolus ONOO− or using the co‐generating superoxide and nitrogen oxide system. MpC‐BA is oxidized by ONOO− to 7‐hydroxy‐4‐[2‐(morpholin‐4‐yl)‐2‐oxoethyl]‐2H‐chromen‐2‐one (MpC‐OH). However, peroxynitrite‐specific product (MpC‐H) is formed in the minor reaction pathway. MpC‐OH is also yielded in the reaction of MpC‐BA with HOCl, and the subsequent formation of a chlorinated MpC‐OH gives a specific product for HOCl (MpC‐OHCl). H2O2 slowly oxidizes MpC‐BA. However, the addition of NaHCO3 increased the MpC‐OH formation rate. We conclude that MpC‐BA is potentially an improved fluorescent probe detecting peroxynitrite and hypochlorite in biological settings. Complementation of the fluorescence measurements by HPLC‐based identification of chlorinated and reduced coumarin(s) will help identify the oxidants detected.
Sustainability reporting for boosting national commitment and overcoming challenges: A hierarchical model
Authors: Paridhi  , Ritika
Published: February 2024

Sustainability reporting (SR) has emerged as a critical mechanism for organizations and nations to communicate their performance in terms of environmental, social, and governance (ESG). The present study investigates the challenges that prevent SR from being useful for system transparency and accountability. It identifies formidable barriers such as intentions, knowledge gaps, resource constraints, and the intricate nature of measurement metrics which necessitating a global collaborative efforts to improve SR's adaptability and acceptance within diverse systems. In addition, this pioneering research examines the factors that influence SR adoption and commitment at the national level. In the study, total interpretive structural modelling (TISM) is used to investigate the hierarchical relationship between factors while MICMAC analysis is administered to identify driver‐dependent connections. It reveals a multi‐layered structure in which macroeconomic factors such as political stability and resource availability drive regulatory effectiveness, operational factors such as administrative efficiency and awareness synergise for progress, and performance factors provide comprehensive insights into SR maturity at national level. The findings contribute significantly to the refinement of theoretical frameworks while emphasizing the importance of SR in advancing the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. It emphasizes on political will, resource allocation, and tailored regulatory frameworks for comprehensive reporting of sustainability. This study provides practical insights for managers, policymakers, and businesses navigating sustainability reporting. It identifies drivers of national SR commitment and guides corporate practices towards sustainable development goals. Understanding these issues strengthens risk management and governance, while advanced measurement tools facilitate assessment and communication. Overall, it empowers stakeholders to elevate their engagement in enhancing sustainability practices, refining governance structures, and informing policy formulation.
Engineering ORR Electrocatalysts from Co8Pt4 Carbonyl Clusters via ZIF‐8 Templating
Authors: Schneider Peter M. , Kollmannsberger Kathrin L. , Cesari Cristiana , Khare Rachit , Boniface Maxime , Roldán Cuenya Beatriz , Lunkenbein Thomas , Elsner Martin , Zacchini Stefano , Bandarenka Aliaksandr S. , Warnan Julien , Fischer Roland A.
Published: February 2024

To reduce the costs of proton exchange membrane fuel cells, the amount of Pt necessary to drive efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) should be minimized. Particle nanostructuring, (nano‐)alloying, and metal‐doping can yield higher activities per Pt mass through tailoring catalysts owning a high number of active sites and precise electronic properties. In this work, the atom‐precise [NBnMe3]2[Co8Pt4C2(CO)24] (Co8Pt4) cluster is encapsulated and activated in a zeolitic imidazolate framework (ZIF)‐8, which unlocks the access to defined, bare Pt−Co nanoclusters, Co8±xPt4±yNC@ZIF‐8, for the fabrication of highly active ORR catalysts. Upon controlled C‐interfacing and ZIF‐8‐digestion, Co‐doped Pt NPs (Pt27Co1) with a homogenous and narrow size distribution of (1.1±0.4) nm are produced on Vulcan® carbon. Restructuring of the Pt27Co1/C catalyst throughout the ORR measurement was monitored via high‐angle annular dark field‐scanning transmission electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The measured ORR mass activity of (0.42±0.07) A mgPt−1 and the specific activity of (0.67±0.06) mA cmECSA−2 compare favourably with the catalyst obtained by direct C‐interfacing the pristine Co8Pt4 cluster and with state‐of‐the‐art Pt/C reference catalysts. Our results demonstrate the potential of ZIF‐8‐mediated Pt−Co NP synthesis toward devising ORR catalysts with high Pt‐mass activity.
Continuous isomerisation of 2,5‐dimethylfuran to 2,4‐dimethylfuran over Ga‐silicate
Authors: Sauer Christopher , de Reijer Guido J. L. , Wilfinger Barbara , Hellman Anders , Carlsson Per‐Anders
Published: February 2024

2,4‐dimethylfuran has a rare disubstitution pattern in the five‐membered heterocyclic furan ring that is highly interesting chemically but challenging to access synthetically. We present a heterogeneously catalysed route to synthesise 2,4‐dimethylfuran from commonly available 2,5‐dimethylfuran using a zeolite packed‐bed flow reactor. As supported by DFT calculations, the reaction occurs inside the zeolite channels, where the acid sites catalyse proton transfer followed by migration of a methyl group. The zeotype Ga‐silicate (MFI type) appears superior to an aluminium‐containing ZSM‐5 by demonstrating higher selectivities and slower catalyst deactivation. This work provides new opportunities for the continuous valorisation of bio‐feedstock molecules in the perspective of the emerging biorefinery era.
ALDH18A1‐related hereditary spastic paraplegia and developmental and epileptic encephalopathy with spike‐wave activation in sleep: Expanding the clinical phenotype
Authors: Ferrara Giusi , Cutillo Gianni , Peterlongo Irene , Minacapilli Eleonora , Iascone Maria , Veggiotti Pierangelo , Fiocchi Isabella
Published: February 2024

Objective

We present the cases of two sisters, both harboring the same ALDH18A1 gene mutations, who presented with a complex clinical phenotype characterized by spastic paraparesis with ataxia, epileptic encephalopathy, severe psychomotor deficits, and behavioral abnormalities.

Methods

Case description of two sisters with ALDH18A1 gene mutations.

Results

The older patient, a 12‐year‐old girl, exhibited spastic paraparesis with ataxia, microcephaly, facial dysmorphisms, and severe intellectual disability, with an absence of verbal language. An electroencephalogram (EEG) revealed marked spike‐and‐wave activation during sleep (SWAS), although no clinically documented seizures were observed. The younger sister, who was 9 years old, displayed a similar clinical presentation, including spastic paraparesis with ataxia, microcephaly, dysmorphisms, however, she displayed slightly more severe intellectual deficits and polymorphic seizures. EEG revealed a SWAS pattern in this case. Magnetic resonance imaging scans in both cases showed only a thin corpus callosum. Whole exome sequencing unveiled the presence of two likely pathogenic variants in compound heterozygosity within the ALDH18A1 gene. Specifically, these variants included the splice site variant c.88 + 1c.88+1G>A of paternal origin and the variant c.1364c.1364T>C (p.Leu455Ser) of maternal origin. Both sisters displayed normal blood levels of ammonia, ornithine, citrulline, arginine, and other amino acids.

Interpretation

These findings were compatible with ALDH18A1‐related HSP complicated with a clinical and EEG pattern reminiscent of DEE‐SWAS. We present the first report of DEE‐SWAS in ALDH18A1‐related HSP, expanding the clinical manifestations of this complex neurodevelopmental condition.
Climate is changing, are European bats too? A multispecies analysis of trends in body size
Authors: Russo Danilo , Jones Gareth , Martinoli Adriano , Preatoni Damiano G. , Spada Martina , Pereswiet‐Soltan Andrea , Cistrone Luca
Published: February 2024

Animal size, a trait sensitive to spatial and temporal variables, is a key element in ecological and evolutionary dynamics. In the context of climate change, there is evidence that some bat species are increasing their body size via phenotypic responses to higher temperatures at maternity roosts. To test the generality of this response, we conducted a >20‐year study examining body size changes in 15 bat species in Italy, analysing data from 4393 individual bats captured since 1995. In addition to examining the temporal effect, we considered the potential influence of sexual dimorphism and, where relevant, included latitude and altitude as potential drivers of body size change. Contrary to initial predictions of a widespread increase in size, our findings challenge this assumption, revealing a nuanced interplay of factors contributing to the complexity of bat body size dynamics. Specifically, only three species (Myotis daubentonii, Nyctalus leisleri, and Pipistrellus pygmaeus) out of the 15 exhibited a discernible increase in body size over the studied period, prompting a reassessment of bats as reliable indicators of climate change based on alterations in body size. Our investigation into influencing factors highlighted the significance of temperature‐related variables, with latitude and altitude emerging as crucial drivers. In some cases, this mirrored patterns consistent with Bergmann's rule, revealing larger bats recorded at progressively higher latitudes (Plecotus auritus, Myotis mystacinus, and Miniopterus schreibersii) or altitudes (Pipistrellus kuhlii). We also observed a clear sexual dimorphism effect in most species, with females consistently larger than males. The observed increase in size over time in three species suggests the occurrence of phenotypic plasticity, raising questions about potential long‐term selective pressures on larger individuals. The unresolved question of whether temperature‐related changes in body size reflect microevolutionary processes or phenotypic plastic responses adds further complexity to our understanding of body size patterns in bats over time and space.
Experimental evidence for adaptive divergence in response to a warmed habitat reveals roles for morphology, allometry and parasite resistance
Authors: Smith Bethany A. , Costa Ana P. B. , Kristjánsson Bjarni K. , Parsons Kevin J.
Published: February 2024

Ectotherms are expected to be particularly vulnerable to climate change–driven increases in temperature. Understanding how populations adapt to novel thermal environments will be key for informing mitigation plans. We took advantage of threespine stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus) populations inhabiting adjacent geothermal (warm) and ambient (cold) habitats to test for adaptive evolutionary divergence using a field reciprocal transplant experiment. We found evidence for adaptive morphological divergence, as growth (length change) in non‐native habitats related to head, posterior and total body shape. Higher growth in fish transplanted to a non‐native habitat was associated with morphological shape closer to native fish. The consequences of transplantation were asymmetric with cold sourced fish transplanted to the warm habitat suffering from lower survival rates and greater parasite prevalence than warm sourced fish transplanted to the cold habitat. We also found divergent shape allometries that related to growth. Our findings suggest that wild populations can adapt quickly to thermal conditions, but immediate transitions to warmer conditions may be particularly difficult.