bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Organic Flexible Memristor with Reduced Operating Voltage and High Stability by Interfacial Control of Conductive Filament Growth
Authors: Lee Sin‐Hyung , Park Hea‐Lim , Keum Chang‐Min , Lee In‐Ho , Kim Min‐Hoi , Lee Sin‐Doo
Published: February 2019

Herein, the underlying mechanisms for the growth of conductive filaments (CFs) at a metal–polymer electrolyte interface through ion migration in organic electrochemical metallization (ECM) memristor are presented. It is observed that the free volume of voids (nanopores) in the polymer electrolyte serves as the pathways of metal‐cations whereas the interfacial topography between an active electrode and a polymer electrolyte determines the nucleation sites of the CFs. The growth kinetics of the CFs and the resultant resistive memory are found to vary with the molecular weight of the polymer electrolyte and the metal protrusions at the interface. Our direct observations show that the free volume of voids of the polymer electrolyte, varied with the molecular weight, dictates the ion transport for the growth and the disruption of the CFs. Our organic ECM‐based memristor with a hetero‐electrolyte exhibits high mechanical flexibility, low switching voltages reduced by about three times compared to those of conventional devices, and stable memory retention for longer than 104 s under repeated cycles of bending.
Adduct ion formation as a tool for the molecular structure assessment of ten isomers in traveling wave and trapped ion mobility spectrometry
Authors: Hadavi Darya , de Lange Erik , Jordens Jan , Mengerink Ynze , Cuyckens Filip , Honing Maarten
Published: February 2019

Rationale

The separation of isomeric compounds with major differences in their physiochemical and pharmacokinetic properties is of particular importance in pharmaceutical R&D. However, the structural assessment and separation of these compounds with current analytical techniques and methods are still a challenge. In this study, we describe strategies to separate the various structural and stereo‐isomers.

Methods

The separation of ten structural and stereo‐isomers was investigated using Trapped and Travelling Wave ion mobility spectrometry (TIMS and TWIMS). Different strategies including adduct ion formation with Na, Li, Ag and Cs as well as fragmentation before and after the ion mobility cell were applied to separate the isomeric compounds.

Results

All the counter ions (in particular Na) strongly coordinated with the test analytes in all the IMS systems. The highest resolving power was achieved for the sodium and lithium adducts using TIMS‐time‐of‐flight (TOF). However, some separation was attained on a Synapt HDMS system with its unique potential to monitor the ion mobility of the product ions. The elution order of the adduct ions was the same in all instruments, in which, unexpectedly, the para‐substituted isomer of the [M + Na]+ species had the lowest collision cross section followed by the meta‐ and ortho‐isomers.

Conclusions

The formation of adduct ions could facilitate the separation of structural and even stereo‐isomers by generating different molecular conformations. In addition, fragmenting isomers before or after the ion mobility cell is a valuable strategy to separate and also to assess the structures of adducts and different conformers.
Synthesis of PANI/AlOOH composite for Cr(VI) adsorption and reduction from aqueous solutions
Authors: Chen Zhongshan , Wei Benben , Yang Shanye , Li Qian , Liu Lu , Yu Shujun , Wen Tao , Hu Baowei , Chen Jianrong , Wang Xiangke
Published: February 2019

In this study, polyaniline rafted to the surface of AlOOH (PANI/AlOOH) composites were successfully synthesized and applied for chromium (Cr(VI)) adsorption from aqueous solutions. Cr(VI) adsorption isotherms were described by Langmuir model well and the maximum adsorption capacity was 66.77 mg/g at pH=5 and T=298 K. Cr(VI) adsorption was attributed to chemisorption and outer‐sphere surface complexation. The interaction mechanism was further investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy‐energy dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy techniques, and the results suggested the partially reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III). Cr(VI) removal was mainly related with the electrostatic attraction and chelation of different Cr(VI)/Cr(III) species with protonated nitrogen‐containing functional groups (‐NH+, ‐NH‐) on PANI/AlOOH.
Feasibility of Pristine and Decorated AlN and SiC Nanotubes in Sensing of Noble Gases: A DFT study
Authors: Nemati‐Kande Ebrahim , Abbasi Mahdi , Mohammadi Mohsen Doust
Published: February 2019

The periodic boundary condition density functional theory framework was recruited in order to study the reactivity and electronic sensitivity of aluminium nitride (AlN) and silicon carbide (SiC) nanotubes as well as the gallium‐doped aluminium nitride (AlN(Ga)) and germanium‐doped silicon carbide (SiC(Ge)) nanotubes toward noble gases (NGs). In this respect, the adsorption possibility of the He, Ne, Ar, and Kr NGs onto the exterior surface of AlN, SiC, AlN(Ga) and SiC(Ge) nanotubes in the form of single‐walled armchair (5,5) was comprehensively and comparatively investigated. All possible configurations were considered and optimized at B3LYP/6‐311G (d) level of theory for each unit cells. Moreover, the single point energy calculations were applied on the completed nanotube/gas systems using different functionals including B3LYP, WB97X‐3D, M062X, and CAM−B3LYP in combination with 6–311G (d) and DEF2‐TZVP basis sets. It was found that, there are tiny differences between any possible configurations of gas and nanotube systems, and therefore, the most stable configuration of each system was chosen for further analyses such as density of state, natural bond orbital, and quantum theory of atoms in molecules in order to better understand the intermolecular interaction between NGs and nanotubes. The obtained results indicate that, the Ga‐doped and Ge‐doped nanotubes are more profound in the sensing of NGs compared to the pristine nanotubes.
Synthesis of Functionalised Indoline and Isoquinoline Derivatives through a Silylcarbocyclisation/Desilylation Sequence
Authors: Albano Gianluigi , Morelli Martina , Lissia Margherita , Aronica Laura A.
Published: February 2019

A two steps sequence of silylcarbocyclisation‐TBAF promoted desilylation/aryl migration has been applied to the synthesis of indolines and tetrahydroisoquinolines derivatives starting from suitable tosylamides and aryldimethylsilanes. In both cases silylcarbocyclisation reactions determined the formation of the heterocyclic ring together with the insertion of a CO functionality. Under the experimental conditions the carbonyl moiety is reduced to OH quantitatively. Subsequent treatment of silylated indolinols with TBAF generates stereoselectively the corresponding arylmethyl‐tosylindolinols. In the case of tetrahydroisoquinolinols, during the desilylation step, migration of the aryl moiety is followed by spontaneous loss of water thus affording 3,4‐dihydroisoquinolines exclusively.
WC1−x‐Coupled 3D Porous Defective g‐C3N4 for Efficient Photocatalytic Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Xiong Ye , Chen Yipeng , Yang Ning , Jin Chunde , Sun Qingfeng
Published: February 2019

Constrained by the limited visible light harvesting and high photogenerated electron‐hole pair recombination rate, pristine g‐C3N4 typically possesses poor overall water splitting behavior under visible light. To achieve efficient overall water splitting of g‐C3N4 without the assistance of precious metals, herein, a WC1−x‐coupled 3D porous defect g‐C3N4 is constructed through simple one‐step pyrolysis. Due to the introduction of platinum‐like WC1‐x, the effective heterogenization of WC1−x/g‐C3N4 greatly improves the charge separation. In the meanwhile, the 3D multiple microstructures established by the self‐protocol of ultrathin 2D g‐C3N4 nanosheets enhance the light absorption efficiency and optimize the separation of photoexcited carriers. Significantly, the generation of nitrogen defects is capable of bringing about an optimized band structure. Based on those modifications, a significant photocatalytic overall water splitting capacity under visible light is obtained without the sacrificial agent by the prepared 3D WC1−x/g‐C3N4, in which the simultaneous evolution of H2 and O2 was up to 84.1 and 41.7 µmol h−1 g−1, respectively.
User allocation‐aware edge cloud placement in mobile edge computing
Authors: Guo Yan , Wang Shangguang , Zhou Ao , Xu Jinliang , Yuan Jie , Hsu Ching‐Hsien
Published: February 2019

Mobile edge computing is emerging as a novel ubiquitous computing platform to overcome the limit resources of mobile devices and bandwidth bottleneck of the core network in mobile cloud computing. In mobile edge computing, it is a significant issue for cost reduction and QoS improvement to place edge clouds at the edge network as a small data center to serve users. In this paper, we study the edge cloud placement problem, which is to place the edge clouds at the candidate locations and allocate the mobile users to the edge clouds. Specifically, we formulate it as a multiobjective optimization problem with objective to balance the workload between edge clouds and minimize the service communication delay of mobile users. To this end, we propose an approximate approach that adopted the K‐means and mixed‐integer quadratic programming. Furthermore, we conduct experiments based on Shanghai Telecom's base station data set and compare our approach with other representative approaches. The results show that our approach performs better to some extent in terms of workload balance and communication delay and validate the proposed approach.
Comparison of Euler‐Euler Approach and Euler–Lagrange Approach to Model Gas Injection in a Ladle
Authors: Liu Yu , Ersson Mikael , Liu Heping , Jönsson Pär , Gan Yong
Published: February 2019

The gas injection in a ladle using a porous plug is simulated using both the Euler‐Euler and Euler‐Lagrange approaches. The effects of various forces, bubble sizes, and bubble injection frequencies on the flow pattern are modeled. For predicting axial velocity and turbulent kinetic energy, the Euler‐Lagrange approach fits better than Euler‐Euler approach with the measured data. In the Euler‐Euler approach, differences in axial velocities and turbulent kinetic energies for various bubble sizes mainly appears in the plume zone. In the Euler‐Lagrange approach, different bubble sizes with the same injection frequency have a small impact on the turbulence dissipation. Furthermore, the turbulent dispersion from the gas phase to the liquid phase has an important effect on the plume structure and spout eye formation. For both modeling, the smaller the bubble diameter is, the larger the axial velocity and turbulent kinetic dissipation are in the central zone. For the bubble coalescence and breakup, according to the comparison of two modeling approaches, the Euler‐Lagrange approach is more accurate in predicting the flow pattern for gas injection with a porous plug in the ladle.
On the Optimization of Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of CrWMn Tool Steel by Deep Cryogenic Treatment
Authors: Wang Kaikai , Gu Kaixuan , Misra R. D. K. , Chen Liubiao , Liu Xuanzhi , Weng Zeju , Wang Junjie
Published: February 2019

The authors explore here the influence of cryogenic treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of CrWMn tool steel. Compared to the normal quenching and tempering process, the tensile strength, toughness, and hardness is enhanced after quenching‐cryogenic‐tempering treatment. The result is attributed to the high number density of precipitated ultra‐fine small granular carbide (SGC), the transformation of retained austenite, and the refinement of the martensite. Two types of retained austenite (filmy and blocky) would transform at low temperature or during the tempering process. Results of tempering curves indirectly prove that a part of SGCs precipitates during the deep cryogenic treatment. The wear resistance is improved and the friction coefficient is decreased by adding cryogenic treatment. The excellent wear resistance after cryogenic treatment is ascribed to the enhancement of hardness and low friction coefficient. The extra precipitation of small granular carbides induced by cryogenic treatment contributes to the wear resistance.
Effects of Multiple Post Weld Heat Treatments on Microstructure and Precipitate of Fine Grained Heat Affected Zone of P91 Weld
Authors: Wang Yu , He Wanjun , Zeng Qunfeng , Zhu Jianing
Published: February 2019

To understand the potential impact of multiple post weld heat treatments (PWHTs) on service life of P91 weld, the multiple PWHTs are designed and carried out to explore their influences on microstructure and precipitate of fine grained heat affected zone (FGHAZ) of the P91 weld. The results show that the multiple PWHTs cause the recovery of martensite matrix (specifically, the elimination of lath‐like structure and the decrease of dislocation's density) and the evolution of M23C6 carbide (specifically, the coarsening of M23C6 carbide and the change of its distribution). The recovery of martensite matrix and the coarsening of M23C6 carbide are undesirable in terms of the creep resistance of the FGHAZ. Besides, the change trend of hardness is consistent with that of M23C6 carbide density, indicating that the dispersion hardening introduced by the M23C6 carbide plays a dominant role in hardening effect.
Typification of four Linnaean names in the genus Juncus (Juncaceae)
Authors: Ferrer‐Gallego P. Pablo
Published: February 2019

The lectotypification of four Linnaean names in the genus Juncus: J. articulatus, J. inflexus, J. pilosus (≡ Luzula pilosa) and J. stygius is discussed. The designation of the nomenclatural types is based on the consultation of Linnaeus's original material and the literature cited in the respective protologues. The names are lectotypified using specimens from LINN and L (Adriaan van Royen Herbarium), and a Morison illustration for the name J. inflexus. Furthermore, an epitype is designated for J. inflexus due to ambiguity in the interpretation of the lectotype.
On the priority of Orthotrichum cylindrocarpum over O. coulteri and Lesquereux's early vindication of an autonomous American bryology
Authors: Medina Rafael , Lara Francisco , Goffinet Bernard , Garilleti Ricardo , Mazimpaka Vicente
Published: February 2019

In a recent revision of the Orthotrichum tenellum complex, the authors erroneously concluded that the name O. coulteri predated the supposed synonym O. cylindrocarpum. This confusion was due to incongruent publication dates reported in the literature and lack of evidence of effective publication of the latter. Here, we demonstrate that the name O. cylindrocarpum was indeed published a few months before O. coulteri based on correspondence by the authorities and dated reprints. The almost simultaneous publication of both names occurred during a period in which some early American bryologists advocated that the discovery of new species from North America should be reported by them and not by their European colleagues.
Students' self‐efficacy for science in different school systems
Authors: Dorfman Bat‐Shahar , Fortus David
Published: February 2019

The important role of self‐efficacy (SE) in students' motivation, engagement, persistence, and academic achievements has been reconfirmed by ample research, both in general and for STEM disciplines. As most studies focused on traditional school systems, additional research is needed on how science SE develops in different educational environments, which was the goal of this study. Data were collected from 1979 students in Grades 5–9 from 19 traditional, Waldorf, and democratic schools in Israel. Students completed a questionnaire that assessed their science self‐efficacy (SSE), general and academic self‐efficacy (GASE), and the sources of their SSE: teachers', parents', and peers' social persuasions, vicarious experiences and mastery experiences. Results revealed that SSE and GASE differed in their levels and in the way they changed with grade. These differences, and variations in the roles of the various sources of SSE, appeared to be influenced by the schools' cultures and curricula. Quantitative results are accompanied by verbal illustrative examples from interviews with students and teachers.
TGF‐β1 mediated MAPK signaling pathway promotes collagen formation induced by Nano NiO in A549 cells
Authors: Tian Minmin , Chang Xuhong , Zhang Qiong , Li Chengyun , Li Sheng , Sun Yingbiao
Published: February 2019

Nickel oxide nanoparticles (Nano NiO) could induce pulmonary fibrosis, however, the mechanisms are still unknown. The aim of the present study was to explore the roles of transforming growth factor‐β1 (TGF‐β1), mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway and MMPs/TIMPs balance in Nano NiO‐induced pulmonary fibrosis. For that purpose, we first established Nano NiO‐induced human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cells (A549 cells) model of collagen excessive formation through detecting the levels of hydroxyproline (Hyp) and type I collagen (Col‐I). Then the protein levels of TGF‐β1, MAPKs, and MMPs/TIMPs were assessed by Western blot. The results showed that Nano NiO resulted in the increased contents of Hyp, Col‐I, and TGF‐β1, the MAPK pathway activation and MMPs/TIMPs imbalance with a dose‐dependent manner. In addition, to investigate whether TGF‐β1 mediated MAPK signaling pathway, A549 cells were treated by 100 μg/mL Nano NiO combined with TGF‐β1, p38 MAPK, and ERK1/2 inhibitors (10 μM SB431542, 10 μM SB203580, and 10 μM U0126), respectively. We found that MAPK signal pathway was suppressed by TGF‐β1 inhibitor. Meanwhile, the increased contents of Hyp and Col‐I, and MMPs/TIMPs imbalance were alleviated by the p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 inhibitors, respectively. These findings indicated that the MAPK pathway and MMPs/TIMPs imbalance were involved in collagen excessive formation induced by Nano NiO.
The replacement of mercury thermometers in Stevenson screens
Authors: Strangeways Ian
Published: February 2019

With the withdrawal of mercury thermometers from use and sale due to a perceived health hazard, a suitable alternative is required for meteorological observations. This article looks at the possible alternatives and describes an electronic design that will simulate the response of traditional meteorological thermometers and thereby prevent a major discontinuity in the long‐term temperature and humidity records. The design also enables a simple, direct, physical exchange of thermometers using the same screen fixtures. It uses a platinum resistance thermometer as the sensor, exposed within a ‘bulb’ designed to replicate the thermal characteristics of traditional mercury thermometers. Being electrical, the measurements can also be logged automatically, allowing unattended operation.
Towards multiscale modeling of the CD8+T cell response to viral infections
Authors: Baral Subhasish , Raja Rubesh , Sen Pramita , Dixit Narendra M.
Published: February 2019

The CD8+T cell response is critical to the control of viral infections. Yet, defining the CD8+T cell response to viral infections quantitatively has been a challenge. Following antigen recognition, which triggers an intracellular signaling cascade, CD8+T cells can differentiate into effector cells, which proliferate rapidly and destroy infected cells. When the infection is cleared, they leave behind memory cells for quick recall following a second challenge. If the infection persists, the cells may become exhausted, retaining minimal control of the infection while preventing severe immunopathology. These activation, proliferation and differentiation processes as well as the mounting of the effector response are intrinsically multiscale and collective phenomena. Remarkable experimental advances in the recent years, especially at the single cell level, have enabled a quantitative characterization of several underlying processes. Simultaneously, sophisticated mathematical models have begun to be constructed that describe these multiscale phenomena, bringing us closer to a comprehensive description of the CD8+T cell response to viral infections. Here, we review the advances made and summarize the challenges and opportunities ahead.

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Fates

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Observable signatures of dark photons from supernovae
Authors: DeRocco William , Graham Peter W. , Kasen Daniel , Marques-Tavares Gustavo , Rajendran Surjeet
Published: February 2019

Abstract

A dark photon is a well-motivated new particle which, as a component of an associated dark sector, could explain dark matter. One strong limit on dark photons arises from excessive cooling of supernovae. We point out that even at couplings where too few dark photons are produced in supernovae to violate the cooling bound, they can be observed directly through their decays. Supernovae produce dark photons which decay to positrons, giving a signal in the 511 keV annihilation line observed by SPI/INTEGRAL. Further, prompt gamma-ray emission by these decaying dark photons gives a signal for gamma-ray telescopes. Existing GRS observations of SN1987a already constrain this, and a future nearby SN could provide a detection. Finally, dark photon decays from extragalactic SN would produce a diffuse flux of gamma rays observable by detectors such as SMM and HEAO-1. Together these observations can probe dark photon couplings several orders of magnitude beyond current constraints for masses of roughly 1-100 MeV.
Vcb determination from inclusive b → c decays: an alternative method
Authors: Fael Matteo , Mannel Thomas , Vos K. Keri
Published: February 2019

Abstract

The determination of V

cb
relies on the Heavy-Quark Expansion and the extraction of the non-perturbative matrix elements from inclusive b → c decays. The proliferation of these matrix elements complicates their extraction at 1/m

b

4
and higher, thereby limiting the V

cb
extraction. Reparametrization invariance links different operators in the Heavy-Quark expansion thus reducing the number of independent operators at 1/m

b

4
to eight for the total rate. We show that this reduction also holds for spectral moments as long as they are defined by reparametrization invariant weight-functions. This is valid in particular for the leptonic invariant mass spectrum (q
2), i.e. the differential rate and its moments. Currently, V

cb
is determined by fitting the energy and hadronic mass moments, which do not manifest this parameter reduction and depend on the full set of 13 matrix elements up to 1/m

b

4
. In light of this, we propose an experimental analysis of the q
2 moments to open the possibility of a model-independent V

cb
extraction from semileptonic decays including the 1/m

b

4
terms in a fully data-driven way.
Correction to: Differences in Characteristics and Outcome of Patients with Penetrating Injuries in the USA and the Netherlands: A Multi‐institutional Comparison
Authors: Dijkink Suzan , Krijnen Pieta , Hage Aglaia , Van der Wilden Gwendolyn M. , Kasotakis George , Den Hartog Dennis , Salim Ali , Goslings J. Carel , Bloemers Frank W. , Rhemrev Steven J. , King David R. , Velmahos George C. , Schipper Inger B.
Published: February 2019

In the original article Dennis Den Hartog’s name was tagged incorrectly. It is correct as reflected here.
Incremental column-wise verification of arithmetic circuits using computer algebra
Authors: Kaufmann Daniela , Biere Armin , Kauers Manuel
Published: February 2019

Verifying arithmetic circuits and most prominently multiplier circuits is an important problem which in practice still requires substantial manual effort. The currently most effective approach uses polynomial reasoning over pseudo boolean polynomials. In this approach a word-level specification is reduced by a Gröbner basis which is implied by the gate-level representation of the circuit. This reduction returns zero if and only if the circuit is correct. We give a rigorous formalization of this approach including soundness and completeness arguments. Furthermore we present a novel incremental column-wise technique to verify gate-level multipliers. This approach is further improved by extracting full- and half-adder constraints in the circuit which allows to rewrite and reduce the Gröbner basis. We also present a new technical theorem which allows to rewrite local parts of the Gröbner basis. Optimizing the Gröbner basis reduces computation time substantially. In addition we extend these algebraic techniques to verify the equivalence of bit-level multipliers without using a word-level specification. Our experiments show that regular multipliers can be verified efficiently by using off-the-shelf computer algebra tools, while more complex and optimized multipliers require more sophisticated techniques. We discuss in detail our complete verification approach including all optimizations.
Psychometric evaluation of the Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Suicide (ATTS) in Poland
Authors: Stecz Patryk
Published: February 2019

The Questionnaire on Attitudes Towards Suicide (ATTS) is widely used to evaluate the views of an individual regarding acceptability of suicide and orientation towards suicide prevention. However, recent findings suggest that it requires some revision. The present study examines the factor structure of the ATTS questionnaire in two Polish samples, consisting of 239 students (sample one) and 128 students (sample two) of the helping professions. The previously-established 10-factor model was not supported by confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). Theoretical revaluation of the scale followed by factor analysis suggested that the best fit was provided by a five-factor model accounting for 48.2% of the variance. The adapted Polish ATTS questionnaire showed satisfactory reliability and validity; however, the factor loading patterns and factor structure varied from earlier studies. These improvements in the ATTS theoretical base and construct validity may enhance the utility of the revised scale.
Parents' beliefs of the Black Church's role in teen pregnancy prevention
Authors: Wright LaNita S. , Branscum Paul , Maness Sarah , Larson Daniel , Taylor E. Laurette , Mayeux Lara , Cheney Marshall K.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Parents are important decision makers in black churches. The objective of this qualitative study was to identify African American parents' beliefs of the Black Church's role in preventing teen pregnancy and promoting healthy teen relationships.

Methods

Parent members (n = 36) of 27 predominately Black churches in two southwestern US cities participated in semi‐structured interviews from February–June 2017. A question path was developed based on literature searches, key informant interviews, and a previous study with local pastors, and questions focused on parents' knowledge/beliefs about 1) sexuality education, 2) the church's role in preventing teen pregnancy, and 3) implementation obstacles. Interviews were transcribed verbatim, coded using NVivo, and open‐coded for themes to investigate patterns across codes and participants. Transcripts were then reviewed for quotes to represent each theme.

Results

Five themes were identified, with multiple subthemes. Most parents said there should be no boundaries on the type of sexuality information shared by their church, but later changed their minds after reviewing a list of potential topics. Parents listed ‘parent‐child communication’, ‘goals and dreams’, and ‘relationships’ as the most important topics for teen pregnancy prevention intervention. Parents said information shared during workshops should be judgement‐free and realistic. Parents most often said pastors and/or youth pastors/directors should deliver sexual health information. Parents believed older adults and other parents may oppose sexual education.

Conclusions

By understanding parents' beliefs of teen pregnancy prevention programs, public health practitioners can understand concerns, modify implementation strategies, and utilize parental support to gain buy‐in before planning and implementing programs.
Longitudinal relations between emotional awareness and expression, emotion regulation, and peer victimization among urban adolescents
Authors: Riley Tennisha N. , Sullivan Terri N. , Hinton Tiffany S. , Kliewer Wendy
Published: February 2019

Introduction

There are potential long‐term psychosocial effects of experiencing peer victimization during adolescence, including: internalizing symptoms, externalizing behaviors, and risks behaviors such as substance use. While social‐emotional theories of development note associations between deficits in emotion competencies and peer victimization in childhood, these associations are less established among adolescent samples. Identifying which inadequacies in emotional competence place particular adolescents at risk for peer victimization may provide insight into the developmental pathways leading to unfavorable outcomes.

Methods

The current study examined the relation between emotional competence and overt peer victimization among adolescents. Adolescents living in a mid‐sized urban city in the southeastern region of the United States (N = 357; Mage = 12.14 years, 92% African American) reported their emotional awareness and reluctance to express emotion at baseline. Two years later, adolescents reported their regulation of anger and caregivers reported on adolescents' global emotion regulation. Adolescents also reported on occurrences of overt peer victimization during the previous 30 days at baseline and during the two‐year follow up.

Results

Our hypothesized model fit the data adequately. Greater emotion awareness was associated with higher scores on caregiver‐rated emotion regulation and adolescent‐rated anger regulation two years later, and in turn, lower frequencies of overt victimization by peers. Further, greater expressive reluctance was associated with greater anger regulation, and in turn, lower frequencies of overt victimization by peers. Patterns of associations did not vary by sex or age.

Conclusions

The present study extends models of social‐emotional development and peer interactions into the development age stage of adolescence.
On the riskiness of lower‐tier suppliers: Managing sustainability in supply networks
Authors: Villena Verónica H. , Gioia Dennis A.
Published: February 2019

Although multinational companies (MNCs) have increasingly embraced a sustainability strategy for their own operations, fewer have tried to engage their (tier‐one) suppliers in their sustainability initiatives. It is even rarer that MNCs engage their suppliers' suppliers (lower‐tier suppliers), despite the latter having a higher incidence of violations with more acute environmental and social impacts that can jeopardize the MNCs’ operations and reputation. We conducted inductive research on three supply networks in the automotive, electronics, and consumer product/pharmaceutical industries. We collected data on three leading sustainable MNCs and a subset of 9 tier‐one suppliers and 22 lower‐tier suppliers and complemented that information with data on several NGOs and industry organizations. This study (1) reveals that many lower‐tier suppliers address their environmental and labor issues passively and constitute the riskiest suppliers in a supply network; (2) provides a grounded theoretical framework for managing a sustainable supply network that accounts for multiple network members as well as three sustainability dimensions (the 3Ps: profit, people, and planet); and (3) shows how processes MNCs use to manage their suppliers differ from processes these suppliers use with their own (lower‐tier) suppliers. The study reveals the practices that leading sustainable MNCs use to manage their supply networks and provides important future research directions.
Impact of spanwise non-uniform discrete gusts on civil aircraft loads
Authors: Lone M. , Dussart G.
Published: February 2019

The drive for increasing flight efficiency is resulting in wing designs that are of higher aspect ratios, lower in weight, increased wingspans and, consequently, require greater attention in the disciplines of aeroelastics and loads. This trend in aircraft design, along with past research experience with flexible aircraft, motivate a review of assumptions in gust models; especially, that of the gust maintaining a uniform spanwise profile. In this paper, the authors investigate the use of spanwise varying 1−cos gust models for loads prediction using a non-linear aeroelastic model of a conventional large transport aircraft. The comparison between a test case using conventional uni-dimensional approach and another, using multidimensional gusts, illustrates the impact of stepping away from traditional discrete tuned gust processes and adding a spanwise varying gust component. A methodology for processing and analysing the loads data arising due to the added dimension is also developed and both envelope and correlated loads are considered. Gust characteristics and resulting load factor are, respectively, considered for comparison between the two models, as both metrics define realistic gust encounters. In this case, it has been shown that spanwise variation of gust profiles leads to lower envelope loads if viewed in terms of conventional gust gradients. However, higher envelope loads are found if the maximum load factors are matched.
Conducting Benefit-Cost Analysis in Low- and Middle-Income Countries: Introduction to the Special Issue
Authors: Robinson Lisa A. , Hammitt James K. , Jamison Dean T. , Walker Damian G.
Published: February 2019

Investing in global health and development requires making difficult choices about what policies to pursue and what level of resources to devote to different initiatives. Methods of economic evaluation are well established and widely used to quantify and compare the impacts of alternative investments. However, if not well conducted and clearly reported, these evaluations can lead to erroneous conclusions. Differences in analytic methods and assumptions can obscure important differences in impacts. To increase the comparability of these evaluations, improve their quality, and expand their use, this special issue includes a series of papers developed to support reference case guidance for benefit-cost analysis. In this introductory article, we discuss the background and context for this work, summarize the process we are following, describe the overall framework, and introduce the articles that follow.
Making medications stick: improving medication adherence by highlighting the personal health costs of non-compliance
Authors: JACHIMOWICZ JON M. , GLADSTONE JOE J. , BERRY DAN , KIRKDALE CHARLOTTE L. , THORNLEY TRACEY , GALINSKY ADAM D.
Published: February 2019

Poor compliance of prescription medication is an ongoing public health crisis. Nearly half of patients do not take their medication as prescribed, harming their own health while also increasing public health care costs. Despite these detrimental consequences, prior research has struggled to establish cost-effective and scalable interventions to improve adherence rates. We suggest that one reason for the limited success of prior interventions is that they make the personal health costs of non-adherence insufficiently prominent, while a higher saliency of these costs may motivate patients to adhere more. In the current research, we test whether an intervention that makes the personal health costs of non-compliance more salient for patients will increase their medication adherence. To do so, we conducted a randomized controlled trial with 16,191 patients across 278 UK pharmacies over a 9-month time period and manipulated the perceived consequences of medication non-adherence. We find that patients who received a treatment highlighting the personal health costs of non-compliance were significantly more likely to adhere to their medication than three comparison groups (odds ratio = 1.84, 95% confidence interval = 1.37–2.47). Shifting patients’ focus to the personal health costs of non-compliance may thus offer a potentially cost-effective and scalable approach to improving medication adherence.
The function(s) of bone ornamentation in the crocodylomorph osteoderms: a biomechanical model based on a finite element analysis
Authors: Clarac François , Goussard Florent , de Buffrénil Vivian , Sansalone Vittorio
Published: February 2019

This paper aims at assessing the influence of the bone ornamentation and, specifically, the associated loss of bone mass on the mechanical response of the crocodylomorph osteoderms. To this end, we have performed three-dimensional (3D) modeling and a finite element analysis on a sample that includes both extant dry bones and well-preserved fossils tracing back to the Late Triassic. We simulated an external attack under various angles on the apical surface of each osteoderm and further repeated the simulation on an equivalent set of smoothed 3D-modeled osteoderms. The comparative results indicated that the presence of an apical sculpture has no significant influence on the von Mises stress distribution in the osteoderm volume, although it produces a slight increase in its numerical score. Moreover, performing parametric analyses, we showed that the Young's modulus of the osteoderm, which may vary depending on the bone porosity, the collagen fiber orientation, or the calcification density, has no impact on the von Mises stress distribution inside the osteoderm volume. As the crocodylomorph bone ornamentation is continuously remodeled by pit resorption and secondary bone deposition, we assume that the apical sculpture may be the outcome of a trade-off between the bone mechanical resistance and the involvement in physiological functions. These physiological functions are indeed based on the setup of a bone superficial vessel network and/or the recurrent release of mineral elements into the plasma: heat transfers during basking and respiratory acidosis buffering during prolonged apnea in neosuchians and teleosaurids; compensatory homeostasis in response to general calcium deficiencies. On a general morphological basis, the osteoderm geometric variability within our sample leads us to assess that the global osteoderm geometry (whether square or rectangular) does not influence the von Mises stress, whereas the presence of a dorsal keel would somewhat reduce the stress along the vertical axis.
The evolution of the dicynodont sacrum: constraint and innovation in the synapsid axial column
Authors: Griffin Christopher T. , Angielczyk Kenneth D.
Published: February 2019

Constraint is a universal feature of morphological evolution. The vertebral column of synapsids (mammals and their close relatives) is a classic example of this phenotypic restriction, with greatly reduced variation in the number of vertebrae compared with the sauropsid lineage. Synapsids generally possess only three sacral vertebrae, which articulate with the ilium and play a key role in locomotion. Dicynodont anomodonts are the exception to this rule, possessing seven or more sacral vertebrae while reaching a range of body sizes rivaled among synapsids only by therian mammals. Here we explore the evolution of this unusual sacral morphology in dicynodonts by (1) hypothesizing homologies of the additional sacral vertebrae, (2) using ancestral state reconstruction and phylogenetic regressions (e.g., logistic regression, Poisson regression) to track the coevolution of sacral count and body size, and (3) proposing mechanisms by which additional sacral vertebrae were incorporated during dicynodont evolution. We find that sacral vertebral morphology covaries with sacral count in consistent ways across dicynodonts, implying that sacra with a given number of vertebrae are composed of homologous elements. There is a correlation between increased sacral count and larger body size, especially at the shift from four to five sacrals near the origin of Bidentalia. Based on position, morphology, and the consistent number of presacral vertebrae among dicynodonts, we hypothesize that the additional sacrals anterior to the plesiomorphic three are duplications of the first sacral, and that a single caudosacral was incorporated by a shift in the identity of the anteriormost caudal vertebra. Although changes in sacral count appear to be correlated with shifts in body size in dicynodonts, the evolution of general morphological conservativism in the synapsid sacrum remains to be further explored.
Localisation of basic fibroblast growth factor in cholesteatoma matrix: an immunochemical study
Authors: Hamed M A , Sayed R H , Shiogama K , Eltaher M A , Suzuki K , Nakata S
Published: February 2019

Objective

To investigate the expression of basic fibroblast growth factor in the matrix of human acquired cholesteatoma compared to the deep meatal skin. This topic does not appear to have been fully investigated before.

Methods

An immunochemical study was conducted. Cholesteatoma tissues from adult patients were collected during surgery (n= 19). Control specimens were taken from the deep meatal skin (n= 8) and compared.

Results

A highly significant difference in basic fibroblast growth factor expression was identified between cholesteatoma and skin (mean ± standard error = 58.53 ± 3.6 per cent in cholesteatomavs40.6 ± 3.5 per cent in skin;p= 0.005). Both basal and parabasal keratinocytes were stained positive with basic fibroblast growth factor. Additionally, there was specific staining in the basal columnar middle-ear epithelium and mast cell membrane.

Conclusion

Basic fibroblast growth factor plays an active role in proliferative activity of cholesteatoma through its overexpression in basal and parabasal layers of cholesteatoma matrix. Moreover, its expression in the mast cell membrane supports its role in bone resorption activity.
Improved Method for Single and Multiple GNSS Faults Exclusion based on Consensus Voting
Authors: Zhang Qieqie , Zhao Long , Zhou Jianhua
Published: February 2019

Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM) provides an integrity service for Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS). The conventional RAIM algorithm is based on the assumption of a single fault and typically uses the forward-backward method, which is based on thew-test or correlation analysis methods, to exclude the faults. It is suitable for single fault detection and exclusion, while it can lead to inefficiency, can be misleading and can even fail in the exclusion of multiple faults. To solve this problem, an improved method based on consensus voting of thew-test and correlation analysis methods is presented. To verify the performance of the improved method, tests using Global Positioning System (GPS)/BeiDou System (BDS) data have been carried out in comparison with the conventional methods in terms of false and correct faults exclusion rate and computational complexity in the case of a different number of faults. Results show that the improved method has almost the same correct exclusion rate compared to the conventional RAIM in the case of a single fault. It is worth noting that the improved method has a higher correct exclusion probability and computational efficiency as well as a lower possibility of false exclusion in the case of multiple faults.
A new Concentric Circles Detection method for Object Detection applied to Radar Images
Authors: Guerrero José Miguel , Muñoz Andreas , Santos Matilde , Pajares Gonzalo
Published: February 2019

In this work, a new concentric circles detection method for object detection is proposed. It has been applied to the images of a commercial radar, captured with a Charge-Coupled Device (CCD) camera. The processing includes the detection of centres and concentric circles in the images and the identification of the radar scale. Several methods found in the literature have been applied and compared with our novel proposal for multiple concentric circles detection, called “Propagation Method based on Circular Regression”. This methodology has been validated with real radar images, proving its efficiency in obtaining the distance of any object to a marine vessel, with high accuracy and low computational cost, in real time. This system can not only be applied to most existing radars in the market by adjusting the parameters of each model but our proposal for concentric circle detection can be also applied to other sensing applications.
Indirect Effects of Threat on the Contact–Prejudice Relationship
Authors: Aberson Christopher L.
Published: February 2019

Abstract. This meta-analysis examines propositions derived from Intergroup Threat Theory (ITT; Stephan, Ybarra, & Morrison, 2009 ) regarding the role of symbolic and realistic threats on the relationship between contact and prejudice. Specifically, analyses examined whether threat has an indirect effect on the contact–prejudice relationship (aka mediation). Thirty-nine papers comprising 54 samples and over 25,000 participants provided 347 effects for analysis. Supporting ITT predictions, results clearly demonstrated the presence of an indirect effect. Tests of several moderators, including type of contact measure, type of threat, dimension of prejudice, and target of bias suggest that indirect effects are largely consistent across each domain of comparison. Findings are consistent with ITT’s propositions that contact influences threat and feelings of threat lead to prejudice.
Constraining the Early Eruptive History of the Mono Craters Rhyolites, California, Based on 238U‐230Th Isochron Dating of Their Explosive and Effusive Products
Authors: Marcaida Mae , Vazquez Jorge A. , Stelten Mark E. , Miller Jonathan S.
Published: February 2019

The Mono Craters are an overlapping chain of at least 28 domes and coulees located south of Mono Lake, east central California, and represent the most recent eruptions of high‐silica rhyolite magma in the Mono Lake‐Long Valley volcanic region. Regionally widespread tephra fall deposits from the Mono Craters serve as important chronostratigraphic markers for correlations of late Quaternary terrestrial archives in the western United States. A well‐resolved eruption chronology for the Mono Craters is thus not only critical for volcanic hazard considerations but also for paleoclimatic and paleomagnetic studies. Here we constrain the timing of early Mono Craters volcanism using ion microprobe 238U‐230Th dating of unpolished crystal faces of autocrystic zircon and allanite microphenocrysts, which samples the final stage of crystallization prior to eruption. The stratigraphically oldest domes (biotite‐bearing rhyolites) yield 238U‐230Th isochron dates between ca. 42 and ca. 19 ka and are unambiguously linked to dated tephras in the Wilson Creek formation of ancestral Mono Lake via coupled 238U‐230Th geochronology and titanomagnetite geochemistry. The second oldest set of domes (orthopyroxene‐bearing rhyolites) have overlapping 238U‐230Th isochron dates that are within uncertainty of published K/Ar and 40Ar/39Ar dates for the fayalite‐bearing rhyolite domes, suggesting a period of intense effusive activity for the Mono Craters near the Pleistocene‐Holocene boundary. Our new and previously published 238U‐230Th dates for tephras in the Wilson Creek formation provide robust geochronologic constraints for the controversial geomagnetic excursion recorded in the Wilson Creek formation.