bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A global invasion by the thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis: Current virus vector status and its management
Authors: He Zhen , Guo Jing‐Fei , Reitz Stuart R. , Lei Zhong‐Ren , Wu Sheng‐Yong
Published: August 2019

Western flower thrip, Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande), is among the most economically important agricultural pests globally, attacking a wide range of vegetable and horticultural crops. In addition to causing extensive crop damage, the species is notorious for vectoring destructive plant viruses, mainly belonging to the genera Orthotospovirus, Ilarvirus, Alphacarmovirus and Machlomovirus. Once infected by orthotospoviruses, thrips can remain virulent throughout their lifespan and continue transmitting viruses to host plants when and wherever they feed. These irruptive viral outbreaks in crops will permanently disrupt functional integrated pest management systems, and typically require a remedial treatment involving insecticides, contributing to further development of insecticide resistance. To mitigate against this continuing cycle, the most effective management is early and comprehensive surveillance of the pest species and recognition of plant viruses in the field. This review provides information on the pest status of F. occidentalis, discusses the current global status of the viruses vectored by this thrip species, examines the mechanisms involved in transmitting virus‐induced diseases by thrips, and reviews different management strategies, highlighting the potential management tactics developed for various cropping systems. The early surveillance and the utilization of potential methods for control of both F. occidentalis and viruses are proposed.
The commemoration of death, organizational memory, and police culture
Authors: Sierra‐Arévalo Michael
Published: August 2019

Police scholars document that although there is fragmentation of the so‐called “monolithic” police culture, historically consistent features of the occupational culture of police exist. By drawing on ethnographic observations in three U.S. police departments, I describe how one consistent feature of police culture—the preoccupation with danger and potential death—is maintained by the commemoration of officers killed in the line of duty. Through the use of commemorative cultural artifacts, officers and departments construct an organizational memory that locally reflects and reifies the salience of danger and potential death in policing. Furthermore, commemoration of fallen officers is not restricted to a department's own; the dead of other departments are commemorated by distant police organizations and their officers, maintaining broad, occupational assumptions of dangerous and deadly police work that transcend a single department and its localized organizational memory. Implications for the study of police culture, inequalities in policing, and police reform are considered.
Art‐omics: multi‐omics meet archaeology and art conservation
Authors: Vilanova Cristina , Porcar Manuel
Published: August 2019

Multi‐omics can informally be described as the combined use of high‐throughput techniques allowing the characterization of complete microbial communities by the sequencing/identification of total pools of biomolecules including DNA, proteins or metabolites. These techniques have allowed an unprecedented level of knowledge on complex microbial ecosystems, which is having key implications in land and marine ecology, industrial biotechnology or biomedicine. Multi‐omics have recently been applied to artistic or archaeological objects, with the goal of either contributing to shedding light on the original context of the pieces and/or to inform conservation approaches. In this minireview, we discuss the application of ‐omic techniques to the study of prehistoric artworks and ancient man‐made objects in three main technical blocks: metagenomics, proteomics and metabolomics. In particular, we will focus on how proteomics and metabolomics can provide paradigm‐breaking results by unambiguously identifying peptides associated with a given, palaeo‐cultural context; and we will discuss how metagenomics can be central for the identification of the microbial keyplayers on artworks surfaces, whose conservation can then be approached by a range of techniques, including using selected microorganisms as ‘probiotics’ because of their direct or indirect effect in the stabilization and preservation of valuable art objects.
Diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma in a patient with dermatomyositis‐associated interstitial lung disease: A case report
Authors: Li Shan , Sun Yuxin , Shao Chi , Xu Kai , Huang Hui
Published: August 2019

A 63‐year‐old man presented to our clinic complaining of cough and exertional dyspnea. He was diagnosed with dermatomyositis‐associated interstitial lung disease (DM‐ILD) with typical rashes, an elevated creatine kinase level and chest high‐resolution computed tomography (CT) manifestations. His symptoms and lung shadows improved after treatment with corticosteroids, immunosuppressants and pirfenidone, although his serum creatine kinase level remained elevated. An expanding nodule in the lower left lung and lymphadenopathy in the right cardiophrenic angle were visible on the repeated chest CT scan during follow‐up approximately one year later. Empirical antibiotics had no effect. A positron emission tomography‐computed tomography (PET‐CT) scan showed an increased standard uptake value (SUV) in the newly emerged pulmonary nodule, mediastinal lymphadenopathy and multiple hepatic masses. He was diagnosed with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma following liver biopsy. After eight cycles of rituximab‐cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, vincristine, and prednisone (R‐CHOP) chemotherapy, the lymphoma was cured clinically, and his interstitial lung disease (ILD) had improved. Tumor surveillance should be performed during DM‐ILD follow‐up, and rituximab could be a promising choice for DM‐ILD concurrent with lymphoma.
Dropout rates of in‐person psychosocial substance use disorder treatments: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Lappan Sara N. , Brown Andrew W. , Hendricks Peter S.
Published: August 2019

Background and Aims

Relapse rates for psychosocial substance use disorder (SUD) treatments are high, and dropout is a robust predictor of relapse. This study aimed to estimate average dropout rates of in‐person psychosocial SUD treatments and to assess predictors of dropout.

Design

A comprehensive meta‐analysis of dropout rates of studies of in‐person psychosocial SUD treatment. Studies included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and cohort studies.

Setting

Studies conducted anywhere in the world that examined SUD treatment and were published from 1965 to 2016, inclusive.

Participants/cases

One hundred and fifty‐one studies, 338 study arms and 299 dropout rates including 26 243 participants.

Measurements

Databases were searched for studies of SUD treatment that included an in‐person psychosocial component. Meta‐analyses and meta‐regressions were conducted to estimate dropout rates and identify predictors of dropout, including participant characteristics, facilitator characteristics and treatment characteristics. Pooled estimates were calculated with random‐effects analyses accounting for the hierarchical structure of study arms nested within studies.

Findings

The average dropout rate across all studies and study arms was 30.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) = 27.2–33.8 and 95% prediction interval (PI) = 6.25–74.15], with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 93.7%, P < 0.0001). Studies including a higher percentage of African Americans and lower‐income individuals were associated with higher dropout rates. At intake, more cigarettes/day and a greater percentage of heroin use days were associated with lower dropout rates, whereas heavier cocaine use was associated with higher dropout rates. Dropout rates were highest for studies targeting cocaine, methamphetamines and major stimulants (broadly defined) and lowest for studies targeting alcohol, tobacco and heroin, although there were few studies on methamphetamines, major stimulants and heroin. Programs characterized by more treatment sessions and greater average session length were associated with higher dropout rates. Facilitator characteristics were not significantly associated with dropout.

Conclusions

On average, approximately 30% of participants drop out of in‐person psychosocial SUD treatment studies, but there is wide variability. Drop‐out rates vary with the treated population, the substance being targeted, and the characteristics of the treatment.
Marked increase in the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament reconstructions in young females in New Zealand
Authors: Sutherland Kirsty , Clatworthy Mark , Fulcher Mark , Chang Kevin , Young Simon W.
Published: August 2019

Background

Anterior cruciate ligament injuries cause significant morbidity, and may be increasing in incidence as participation in high‐risk sports increases. The aim of this study is to investigate the incidence of anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) surgery in New Zealand, and to analyse changes over time in demographic subgroups.

Method

Data were sourced from the Accident Compensation Corporation. Data relating to primary ACLRs performed from 2009 to 2016 were evaluated (n = 20 751). Baseline population estimates were obtained from national census data to calculate the incidence, and results were compared to previous data from 2000 to 2005 (n = 7375).

Results

The annual incidence of ACLR for 2009–2016 was 58.2 per 100 000 person‐years and was greater in males than in females (72.2 and 44.9, respectively). This represents a 58% increase when compared with the period 2000–2005 (36.9 per 100 000). The greatest increase was seen in females aged 15–19 years, with the incidence increasing by 120% in the last decade, compared with 53% in females aged 20–24 years. The percentage of injuries caused by sports changed from 65% over 2000–2005 to 76% over 2009–2016, with netball, rugby and football accounting for the highest number of injuries.

Conclusion

The incidence of ACLR procedures has increased markedly in New Zealand, and this increase was most pronounced in females aged 15–19 years. A greater proportion of procedures are now due to sport‐related injuries.
A candidate pathogenic gene, zinc finger gene 217 (ZNF217), may contribute to polycystic ovary syndrome through prostaglandin E2
Authors: Zhai Junyu , Li Shang , Cheng Xiaoyue , Chen Zi‐Jiang , Li Weiping , Du Yanzhi
Published: August 2019

Introduction

Polycystic ovary syndrome is a complex endocrine condition with chronic inflammation. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) is a proinflammatory factor with an increased expression in the serum of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Zinc finger gene 217 (ZNF217) is known as a candidate gene for polycystic ovary syndrome. We aimed to investigate the relation between ZNF217 and PGE2 in polycystic ovary syndrome.

Material and methods

We used a rat model of dehydroepiandrosterone‐induced polycystic ovary syndrome and human granulosa cells both of women with polycystic ovary syndrome and of women without the syndrome to measure ZNF217 and other target gene expressions. In addition, we performed in vitro experiments with KGN human granulosa‐like tumor cells to verify the molecular mechanisms.

Results

ZNF217 was decreased in the granulosa cells both of dehydroepiandrosterone‐treated rats and of women with polycystic ovary syndrome. Cyclooxygenase 2, a key enzyme of PGE2 synthesis, was highly expressed in the granulosa cells of rats and women with the syndrome, and PGE2 concentration was increased in the follicular fluid. Furthermore, decreased ZNF217 expression was supposed to inhibit estradiol synthesis, which further promoted cyclooxygenase 2 and PGE2 synthesis. At the same time, PGE2 had an inhibitory effect on ZNF217 expression in a dose‐dependent manner in KGN cells.

Conclusions

Decreased ZNF217 expression in granulosa cells of women with polycystic ovary syndrome induced inflammation via PGE2, and PGE2 inhibited ZNF217 expression to establish a feedback loop. This mechanism might account for the pathogenesis of polycystic ovary syndrome.
Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibition) model to support dose rationale in diabetes patients, including those with renal impairment, for once‐weekly administered omarigliptin
Authors: Jain Lokesh , Chain Anne S.Y. , Tatosian Daniel A. , Hing Jeremy , Passarell Julie A. , Kauh Eunkyung A. , Lai Eseng
Published: August 2019

Aims

To characterize the population pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of the once‐weekly dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor omarigliptin in healthy subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, and use these models to support the dosing recommendation for patient labelling including patients with renal impairment.

Methods

PK and PD were assessed from a total of 9827 omarigliptin concentrations collected from 1387 healthy subjects and patients participating in Phase 1, 2 and 3 studies examining single‐ or multiple‐dose weekly administration of omarigliptin at doses ranging from 0.25 to 400 mg. Population PK and PD analyses were performed using nonlinear mixed effect modelling.

Results

A semi‐mechanistic 2‐compartment model with linear unbound clearance and concentration‐dependent binding of omarigliptin to the DPP‐4 enzyme in both the central and peripheral compartments adequately described omarigliptin PK. Key covariates on omarigliptin PK included reduced unbound clearance with renal impairment. A direct effect sigmoid maximum inhibitory efficacy model adequately described the relationship between omarigliptin plasma concentrations and DPP‐4 inhibition. These models supported the current Japan label instructions that the approved omarigliptin 25‐mg once‐weekly dose be halved in patients with severe renal impairment and in those with end‐stage renal disease. Also, if patients missed a dose, the next dose of omarigliptin should be taken as soon as remembered up to and including the day before the next scheduled dose. No other clinically important covariates were identified.

Conclusion

The models in the present analysis adequately described PK and PD characteristics of omarigliptin and supported the dosing and administration section of the omarigliptin label.
Dual inhibition of cannabinoid CB1 receptor and inducible NOS attenuates obesity‐induced chronic kidney disease
Authors: Udi Shiran , Hinden Liad , Ahmad Majdoleen , Drori Adi , Iyer Malliga R. , Cinar Resat , Herman‐Edelstein Michal , Tam Joseph
Published: August 2019

Background and Purpose

Obesity, an important risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (CKD), affects the kidneys by two main molecular signalling pathways: the endocannabinoid/CB1 receptor system, whose activation in obesity promotes renal inflammation, fibrosis, and injury, and the inducible NOS (iNOS), which generates ROS resulting in oxidative stress. Hence, a compound that inhibits both peripheral CB1 receptors and iNOS may serve as an effective therapeutic agent against obesity‐induced CKD.

Experimental Approach

Here, we describe the effect of a novel peripherally restricted, orally bioavailable dual CB1 receptor/iNOS antagonist, MRI‐1867 (3 mg·kg−1), in ameliorating obesity‐induced CKD, and compared its metabolic and renal efficacies to a stand‐alone peripheral CB1 receptor antagonist (JD5037; 3 mg·kg−1), iNOS antagonist (1400W; 10 mg·kg−1), and pair feeding. Mice with high‐fat diet‐induced obesity were treated orally with these compounds or vehicle (Veh) for 28 days. Standard diet‐fed mice treated with Veh served as controls.

Key Results

Enhanced expression of CB1 receptors and iNOS in renal tubules was found in human kidney patients with obesity and other CKDs. The hybrid inhibitor ameliorated obesity‐induced kidney morphological and functional changes via decreasing kidney inflammation, fibrosis, oxidative stress, and renal injury. Some of these features were independent of the improved metabolic profile mediated via inhibition of CB1 receptors. An additional interesting finding is that these beneficial effects on the kidney were partially associated with modulating renal adiponectin signalling.

Conclusions and Implications

Collectively, our results highlight the therapeutic relevance of blocking CB1 receptors and iNOS in ameliorating obesity‐induced CKD.
Behavioral and Neural Pathways Supporting the Development of Prosocial and Risk‐Taking Behavior Across Adolescence
Authors: Blankenstein Neeltje E. , Telzer Eva H. , Do Kathy T. , van Duijvenvoorde Anna C.K. , Crone Eveline A.
Published: August 2019

This study tested the pathways supporting adolescent development of prosocial and rebellious behavior. Self‐report and structural brain development data were obtained in a three‐wave, longitudinal neuroimaging study (8–29 years, N = 210 at Wave 3). First, prosocial and rebellious behavior assessed at Wave 3 were positively correlated. Perspective taking and intention to comfort uniquely predicted prosocial behavior, whereas fun seeking (current levels and longitudinal changes) predicted both prosocial and rebellious behaviors. These changes were accompanied by developmental declines in nucleus accumbens and medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC) volumes, but only faster decline of MPFC (faster maturity) related to less rebellious behavior. These findings point toward a possible differential susceptibility marker, fun seeking, as a predictor of both prosocial and rebellious developmental outcomes.
More than Sound: Record Stores in Majority Black Neighborhoods in Chicago, Milwaukee, and Detroit, 1970–2010
Authors: Calkins Thomas
Published: August 2019

Music consumption imbues a city's neighborhoods with a character all their own, contributing to a vibrant and dynamic map of urban cultures. Brick–and–mortar music retailers remain an important site for this consumption, persisting despite challenges posed by digitization. But the landscape of contemporary cultural consumption has been shaped by urban inequality over time. Using a unique dataset of record store locations derived from city directories, and census tract data from the Longitudinal Tract Database (LTDB), this article presents maps and regression results that suggest that the current pattern of music retail has undergone radical shifts between 1970 and 2010 in the cities of Milwaukee, Chicago, and Detroit. Record stores were once more highly clustered in predominantly black areas than they are today. An analysis of record store failure further suggests that in the period between 1980 and 1990, record stores outside of majority white areas had significantly higher probabilities of failure than those within them. This study contributes to scholarship on cultural consumption and urban change by accounting for how segregation shapes the retail landscape.
Marginal and internal fit of CAD/CAM frameworks in multiple implant‐supported restorations: Scanning and milling error analysis
Authors: Uribarri Agurne , Bilbao‐Uriarte Eneritz , Segurola Aiora , Ugarte Done , Verdugo Fernando
Published: August 2019

Background

Despite computer‐aided design and computer‐aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) technology improving prosthesis fit, errors inherent to digital workflow still exist.

Purpose

To measure scanning/milling errors, and identify factors influencing marginal (MD) and internal discrepancy (ID).

Materials and Methods

After scanning, 22 conical abutments in 5 master casts, 6 suprastructures with more than 2 implants (3, 4, and 6) were CAD designed. Angular deviation and errors in the vertical/horizontal planes were analyzed using a coordinate measuring machine (CMM). CAD suprastructures were milled and MD/ID evaluated with micro‐computed tomography (CT) and optic microscopy (OM) at one screw test (OST) and final fit test (FFT).

Results

Mean scanning errors, at the vertical/horizontal planes, and angulation error were 3 μm ± 13, 44 μm ± 34, 0.3° ± 0.2°, respectively. Angulation errors nearly double in structures >3 abutments (0.26°vs 0.4°). OM MD in FFT/OST was 57.7 μm ± 13.9/100.7 μm ± 34.6, respectively. Micro‐CT FFT‐MD was 38.9 μm ± 12.8. Lineal/perimetral ID was 49.6 μm ± 11.9 and 108.2° ± 41.8, respectively. Structures >3‐implants were 2.3 times more likely to present higher MD (CI95%:0.4‐13.6). Nearly all the internal horizontal gap was due to scanning errors (44 of 49.6 μm). Horizontal scanning errors were three times more likely to present greater ID (CI95%:0.5‐17.4).

Conclusion

Horizontal plane scanning errors are greater than vertical errors. Scanning angulation/milling errors are higher for suprastructures>3implants. Scanning/milling errors are associated with ID/MD, respectively, leading to micro‐gap formation. A CMM reduces scanning errors in >3‐implant‐frameworks before milling the final piece.
Incidence of and risk factors for lymphocele formation after lateral pelvic lymph node dissection for rectal cancer: a retrospective study
Authors: Ochiai K. , Kaneko M. , Nozawa H. , Kawai K. , Hata K. , Tanaka T. , Nishikawa T. , Shuno Y. , Sasaki K. , Hiyoshi M. , Emoto S. , Murono K. , Sonoda H. , Ishihara S.
Published: August 2019

Aim

Pelvic lymphocele is a common complication that develops after pelvic lymph node dissection. The incidence of pelvic lymphocele formation has been reported to be 10.5–51% after gynaecological or urological procedures. However, no evidence has been reported thus far with regard to the development of pelvic lymphocele following lateral pelvic lymph node dissection (LPND) for low rectal cancer. The aim of this study was to investigate the incidence of and risk factors for lymphocele formation after LPND for low rectal cancer and to examine its clinical management.

Method

We retrospectively analysed the incidence of and risk factors for pelvic lymphocele formation after LPND for rectal cancer in our hospital between January 2012 and December 2017. We also compared the size of the lymphocele between asymptomatic and symptomatic patients by using CT volumetry and examined its clinical management.

Results

A total of 30 out of 98 patients (30.8%) developed pelvic lymphocele after rectal LPND. The number of resected nodes was significantly higher in patients with a pelvic lymphocele (P < 0.01). The median volume was significantly higher in patients with symptomatic pelvic lymphocele (P = 0.011). Among the nine symptomatic patients, two underwent CT‐guided drainage, one underwent transurethral ureteral stent placement and one underwent laparoscopic marsupialization.

Conclusion

It is essential to keep in mind the possibility of pelvic lymphocele formation during follow‐up of patients who undergo LPND, and to consider an appropriate treatment when these patients are symptomatic.
Surgical treatment of a colon neoplasm of the splenic flexure: a multicentric study of short‐term outcomes
Authors: Binda G. A. , Amato A. , Alberton G. , Bruzzone M. , Secondo P. , Lòpez‐Borao J. , Giudicissi R. , Falato A. , Fucini C. , Bianco F. , Biondo S.
Published: August 2019

Aim

The optimal surgical treatment of splenic flexure neoplasm is still not well defined. Extended right hemicolectomy (ERH) and left colic resection (LCR) have been proposed but conclusive evidence concerning postoperative morbidity and oncological results is lacking. The aim of this study was to analyse the short‐term outcomes after surgery for splenic flexure cancer with regard to surgical procedure and surgeon's specialty.

Methods

This was a multicentre study on patients who underwent surgery for primary colon cancer of the splenic flexure.

Results

From 2004 to 2015, 324 patients fulfilled the criteria for inclusion into the study; 270 (83.4%) had elective surgery while 54 (16.6%) had emergency resection: 158 (48.8%) underwent ERH and 166 (51.2%) LCR; 176 (54.3%) procedures were performed by colorectal surgeons, 148 (46.7%) by general surgeons. In the ERH group a significantly higher rate of emergency operations was carried out (P = 0.005). After elective surgery, no significant differences between ERH and LCR concerning 30‐day mortality (3.3% vs 2.0%) and the need for reoperation (10.6% vs 7.4%) were found. Nodal harvesting was significantly higher in the ERH and colorectal surgeon groups in any clinical scenario. At multivariate analysis, age and smoking habit were predictive of the need for reoperation and major morbidity while the general surgeon group showed a higher risk of anastomotic failure (OR = 1.92; P = 0.168).

Conclusion

We analysed the largest series in literature of curative resections for splenic flexure tumours. The optimal procedure still remains debatable as ERH and LCR appear to achieve comparable short‐term outcomes. Surgeon's specialty seems to positively affect patient's outcomes.
Open access principles and practices benefit conservation
Authors: Alston Jesse M.
Published: August 2019

Open access is often contentious in the scientific community, but its implications for conservation are under‐discussed or omitted entirely from scientific discourse. Access to literature is a key factor impeding implementation of conservation research, and many open access models and concepts that are little‐known by most conservation researchers may facilitate implementation. Conservation professionals working outside academic institutions should have more access to research so that conservation is better supported by current science. In this perspective, I present elements missing from current discussions of open access and suggest potential pathways for journal publishers and researchers to make conservation publications more open. There are many promising avenues for open access to play a larger role in conservation research, including archiving pre‐prints and post‐prints, more permissive “green” open access policies, and increasing access to older articles. Collectively supporting open access practices will benefit our profession and the species we are working to protect.
Early allograft pancreatectomy—Technical failure or acute pancreatic rejection?
Authors: Wallace David F , Bunnett Joanna , Fryer Eve , Drage Martin , Horsfield Catherine , Callaghan Chris J
Published: August 2019

Introduction

“Technical failure” is still perceived to be a frequent cause of graft loss after pancreas transplantation. However, some early graft losses currently attributed to technical failure could be due to unrecognized acute pancreas rejection (APR).

Methods

We investigated the apparent incidence of APR in cases of early allograft pancreatectomy (EAP) that had previously been attributed to technical failure. We performed an analysis of 198 patients who underwent pancreas transplantation between January 2009 and January 2016 and identified all those with EAP within 90 days of transplantation. Explanted grafts of EAP recipients were re‐examined histologically to evaluate for evidence of APR using current Banff criteria.

Results

Twenty‐three EAPs were identified (11.6%; 23/198). APR was identified histologically in 9 out of the 15 recipients who lost their grafts due to duodenal leaks or recurrent peripancreatic collections, but was not identified in any of the patients whose grafts were lost due to thrombosis or ischemia.

Interpretation

Unsuspected APR appears common in the explanted grafts of recipients who have undergone EAP for apparently “technical” reasons. We suggest that EAP should be defined as a technical failure only when APR of the pancreas (or duodenum) has been excluded by histological analysis.
Predicting short‐ and long‐term glycated haemoglobin response after insulin initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus using machine‐learning algorithms
Authors: Nagaraj Sunil B. , Sidorenkov Grigory , van Boven Job F. M. , Denig Petra
Published: August 2019

Aim

To assess the potential of supervised machine‐learning techniques to identify clinical variables for predicting short‐term and long‐term glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) response after insulin treatment initiation in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Materials and methods

We included patients with T2DM from the Groningen Initiative to Analyse Type 2 diabetes Treatment (GIANTT) database who started insulin treatment between 2007 and 2013 and had a minimum follow‐up of 2 years. Short‐ and long‐term responses at 6 (±2) and 24 (±2) months after insulin initiation, respectively, were assessed. Patients were defined as good responders if they had a decrease in HbA1c ≥ 5 mmol/mol or reached the recommended level of HbA1c ≤ 53 mmol/mol. Twenty‐four baseline clinical variables were used for the analysis and an elastic net regularization technique was used for variable selection. The performance of three traditional machine‐learning algorithms was compared for the prediction of short‐ and long‐term responses and the area under the receiver‐operating characteristic curve (AUC) was used to assess the performance of the prediction models.

Results

The elastic net regularization‐based generalized linear model, which included baseline HbA1c and estimated glomerular filtration rate, correctly classified short‐ and long‐term HbA1c response after treatment initiation, with AUCs of 0.80 (95% CI 0.78–0.83) and 0.81 (95% CI 0.79–0.84), respectively, and outperformed the other machine‐learning algorithms. Using baseline HbA1c alone, an AUC = 0.71 (95% CI 0.65–0.73) and 0.72 (95% CI 0.66–0.75) was obtained for predicting short‐term and long‐term response, respectively.

Conclusions

Machine‐learning algorithm performed well in the prediction of an individual's short‐term and long‐term HbA1c response using baseline clinical variables.
Cyberinfrastructure and resources to enable an integrative approach to studying forest trees
Authors: Wegrzyn Jill L. , Falk Taylor , Grau Emily , Buehler Sean , Ramnath Risharde , Herndon Nic
Published: August 2019

Sequencing technologies and bioinformatic approaches are now available to resolve the challenges associated with complex and heterozygous genomes. Increased access to less expensive and more effective instrumentation will contribute to a wealth of high‐quality plant genomes in the next few years. In the meantime, more than 370 tree species are associated with public projects in primary repositories that are interrogating expression profiles, identifying variants, or analyzing targeted capture without a high‐quality reference genome. Genomic data from these projects generates sequences that represent intermediate assemblies for transcriptomes and genomes. These data contribute to forest tree biology, but the associated sequence remains trapped in supplemental files that are poorly integrated in plant community databases and comparative genomic platforms. Successful implementation of life science cyberinfrastructure is improving data standards, ontologies, analytic workflows, and integrated database platforms for both model and non‐model plant species. Unique to forest trees with large populations that are long‐lived, outcrossing, and genetically diverse, the phenotypic and environmental metrics associated with georeferenced populations are just as important as the genomic data sampled for each individual. To address questions related to forest health and productivity, cyberinfrastructure must keep pace with the magnitude of genomic and phenomic sampling of larger populations. This review examines the current landscape of cyberinfrastructure, with an emphasis on best practices and resources to align community data with the Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) guidelines.
Effect of length of apical root resection on the biomechanical response of a maxillary central incisor in various occlusal relationships
Authors: Ran S. J. , Yang X. , Sun Z. , Zhang Y. , Chen J. X. , Wang D. M. , Liu B.
Published: August 2019

Aim

To investigate the stress distribution and tooth displacement of a maxillary central incisor with various apical root resection lengths and occlusal relationships using finite element (FE) analysis.

Methodology

A maxillary central incisor was scanned by micro‐CT. First, the FE intact incisor model with dentine, enamel, pulp and root surrounded by alveolar bone and periodontal ligament was designed based on the micro‐CT image data. Then, six FE models with varying lengths of apical root resection were established to simulate the clinical treatment and reveal the clinically applicable limit of apical root resection during endodontic microsurgery. For each model under different loading conditions, the maximum von Mises stress (σ max) at the root apex, root cervix, alveolar bone and periodontal ligament and the maximum tooth displacement (ΔR max) were calculated and compared.

Results

In a normal occlusion, more than 6 mm of root resection resulted in a marked increase in the ΔR max values (>10%) and σ max values of alveolar bone (>50%); the stress levels at the root apex increased dramatically when the apical root was resected more than 7 mm. With increased overjet, apical root resection did not change the stress level markedly until it reached 8 mm, but the ΔR max increased markedly (>10%) if the root was resected more than 5 mm. With deep overbites, the σ max increased significantly (>50%) when the root was resected more than 4 mm whilst the ΔR max decreased. With increased overjet and deep overbite, more than 6 mm of resection resulted in a substantial σ max increase (>50%) of alveolar bone and the ΔR max increased markedly (>10%) when the root was resected 8 mm. Additionally, the σ max and the ΔR max values were greater with increased overjet and lower with deep overbites.

Conclusions

Using FE analysis, apical root resection of more than 6 mm resulted in a marked increase of stress distribution and tooth displacement in normal and increased overjet with deep overbite occlusal relationships. In increased overjets or deep overbites, more than 5 mm or 4 mm, respectively, stress distribution and tooth displacement increased markedly.
Phenolic compounds in potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) peel and their health‐promoting activities
Authors: Singh Balwinder , Singh Jaspreet , Singh Jatinder Pal , Kaur Amritpal , Singh Narpinder
Published: August 2019

Potato peel (PP), a by‐product of food processing industry, comprising 6–10% of tuber is mostly considered as a waste. Potato peel waste (PPW) can be utilised as a natural source of antioxidants that otherwise may create disposal‐related problems leading to environmental pollution. Valorisation of PPW is a fascinating area of research and is in the interest of potato‐based food processing industry. PP contains phenolic compounds (mainly chlorogenic, caffeic and ferulic acids), that are known for bioactivities. Phenolic acids from PP can be efficiently recovered by improving the efficiency of extraction methods. Phenolics extracted from PPW have an immense potential for utilisation as sources of antioxidant and functional components in food. PP extract (PPE) has been evaluated for protective (antioxidant, antidiabetic, hepatoprotective and antibacterial properties) effects and can be projected as a potential source of phenolic compounds beneficial for human health.
Extruded meat alternatives made from Maillard‐reacted beef bone hydrolysate and plant proteins. Part II – application in sausages
Authors: Chiang Jie Hong , Hardacre Allan K. , Parker Michael E.
Published: August 2019

This study investigated the physicochemical properties of sausages made from meat alternatives made from Maillard‐reacted beef bone hydrolysate and plant proteins (soy protein and wheat gluten) at different moisture contents (MC; S49%MC, S52%MC, S56%MC and S60%MC). S49%MC had the highest hardness and chewiness, observed with chunks of long fibres under SEM. The hardness and chewiness of sausages decreased as MC increased. S60%MC exhibited soft and mushy texture, and no fibre structure was observed. Sausages made from meat alternatives had higher protein oxidation as compared with reference sausage made from chicken breast (SCB), which could be due to longer storage period, as meat alternatives were extruded, frozen and stored before making into sausages. Sensory results showed that SCB obtained the highest scores for all attributes except for appearance, among all sausages. Overall results showed that further improvements can be made when using extruded meat alternatives to make sausages.
Mothers’ views of health problems in the 12 months after childbirth: A concept mapping study
Authors: Rouhi Maryam , Stirling Christine M. , Crisp Elaine P.
Published: August 2019

Aims

To identify the health problems that women feel require help and subsequent help‐seeking behaviour during the 12 months period after childbirth.

Background

Many women experience physical and mental health problems after childbirth, but there is a gap in understanding how they perceive their health after childbirth. Studies suggested they are inhibited in expressing their needs and so seek informal rather than professional help for their health problems.

Design

A mixed method concept mapping study.

Method

Two groups of Australian women were recruited by an online platform and purposive sampling (N = 81) in 2017–2018, based on an established concept mapping methodology. A first group created 83 brainstorm statements about post‐childbirth health problems and help‐seeking and a second group sorted and rated the statements based on their perception of the prevalence of the issues and the help‐seeking advice they would offer to others. Bradshaw`s Taxonomy of Needs was used to theoretically underpins the explanation of the results of women's felt need after childbirth.

Results

Multidimensional scaling resulted in six clusters of issues which were categorized into three domains: ‘health issues and care’, ‘support’ and ‘fitness’. Despite being directly asked, about two‐thirds of the women did not report experiencing any health problems.

Conclusion

Our findings showed women had a broader perception of healthcare needs which included support and fitness. There is a potential gap in services for women who do not have good social support.

Impact

Family and friends were a key source of help‐seeking. Post‐childbirth routine care was focused on infant care and limited to the first 6 weeks after childbirth. The content of current post‐childbirth care must be reviewed.
NOV/CCN3 induces cartilage protection by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway
Authors: Huang Xiaojian , Ni Bowei , Mao Zekai , Xi Yang , Chu Xiangyu , Zhang Rui , Ma Xiaohu , You Hongbo
Published: August 2019

Osteoarthritis (OA), an age‐related degenerative joint disease, is pathologically characterized by articular cartilage degeneration and synovial inflammation. Nephroblastoma overexpressed (NOV or CCN3), a matricellular protein, is a primary member of the CCN family (Cyr61, Ctgf, NOV) of proteins and is involved in various inflammatory disorders. Previous studies reported that CCN3 might play a therapeutic role in OA. However, the underlying mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we confirmed the expression of CCN3 was decreased in human and rat OA articular cartilage. Recombinant CCN3 ameliorated the IL‐1β‐induced matrix catabolism, as demonstrated by MMP1, MMP3, MMP13, ADAMTS5 and iNOS expression, in vitro. In addition, the degradation of cartilage matrix such as collagen 2 and aggrecan could be reversed by CCN3. Furthermore, we found CCN3 promoted autophagy as Atg5, Beclin1 and LC3‐II expression were increased. High‐mobility group box 1 was negatively correlated with CCN3 in IL‐1β‐induced osteoarthritis responses, and HMGB1 is involved in the protective effect of CCN3 in OA. Moreover, CCN3 overexpression decreased the expression of HMGB1 and reversed the IL‐1β induced MMPs production. Additionally, recombinant CCN3 or CCN3 overexpression attenuated the activation of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway induced by IL‐1β. Our study presents new mechanisms of CCN3 in osteoarthritis and indicates that CCN3 can serve as a novel potential therapeutic target for osteoarthritis.
Niche partitioning and morphospace in early stages of two sympatric Diogenichthys species (Myctophidae)
Authors: Zavala‐Muñoz Francisca , Vera‐Duarte Javier , Bustos Claudia A. , Angulo‐Aros Jorge , Landaeta Mauricio F.
Published: August 2019

Diet and morphospace of larval stages of two sympatric lanternfish Diogenichthys atlanticus and D. laternatus from the south‐east Pacific Ocean were compared and the covariance between both variables was assessed for each species. Diogenichthys atlanticus stomach contents consisted mainly of copepod nauplii and digested remains and this species had a broader niche than D. laternatus, in which stomach contents were highly digested. No dietary overlap was found between both species. The covariance between skull shape and diet for D. atlanticus was given by a wider mouth gape related to the presence of copepod nauplii, whilst for D. laternatus, a shorter snout and posteriorly displaced eye were related to the presence of highly digested stomach contents. Interspecific differences between diets and skull shapes suggest that both species may have undergone morphological or niche divergence to avoid competition, such as feeding at different hours or depth stratification.
A new cost‐effective process for limitation of microbial growth in fish fleshes: Wrapping by aluminum foil coated with electrospun nanofibers
Authors: Ceylan Zafer
Published: August 2019

The primary aim of this study was to obtain a cost‐effective nanofiber (NCNF) on the surface of aluminum foil. The main aim of the study was to investigate the microbial quality parameters of fish flesh wrapped by aluminum foil coated with NCNF. NCNF having 128.98 nm average diameter and −2.26 mV zeta potential was successfully obtained. NCNF was utilized to delay the rapid increase in total viable bacteria (TVB), psychrophilic bacteria (TPBc), yeast and mold (TYMc), and lactic acid bacteria (LABc) growth in the fish flesh. The changes between uncoated (UC) and NCNF fish samples in TVBc reached by 35% on the fourth day of the cold storage. During the 10 day, the difference in TPBc between the two groups reached 38%. Also, the reduction in TYMc and LABc was found over 2 log colony‐forming unit (CFU)/g. Although UC samples of TVB counts exceeded 6 log CFU/g on the fourth day, the samples treated with NCNFs reached 6 log CFU/g on the eighth day. The study revealed that 0.0432 g nisin and 0.72 × 10−4 g curcumin limited the rapid microbial growth of fish flesh. Moreover, the cost of NCNF containing 0.0432 g nisin and 0.72 × 10−4 g curcumin was defined to be €1.488.

Practical applications

The present nano process was aimed at obtaining an alternative and cost‐effective antimicrobial nanomaterial derived from highly‐cost food additive. As an effective practical application for the food industry, this obtained nanomaterial was successfully integrated on the surface of the aluminum foils. As a sample food material, the fish flesh was used in order to observe the effect of nanomaterials obtained from 0.0432 g nisin and 0.72 × 10−4 g curcumin. The results showed that cost‐effective nanomaterial was successfully obtained and also microbial spoilage was effectively controlled by wrapping fish fillets with aluminum foils. Therefore, this present study revealed that this cost‐effective nano application may be especially used for costly food materials such as caviar.
High‐Need Phenotypes in Medicare Beneficiaries: Drivers of Variation in Utilization and Outcomes
Authors: Keeney Tamra , Belanger Emmanuelle , Jones Rich N. , Joyce Nina R. , Meyers David J. , Mor Vincent
Published: August 2019

OBJECTIVES

High‐need (HN) Medicare beneficiaries heavily use healthcare services at a high cost. This population is heterogeneous, composed of individuals with varying degrees of medical complexity and healthcare needs. To improve healthcare delivery and decrease costs, it is critical to identify the subpopulations present within this population. We aimed to (1) identify distinct clinical phenotypes present within HN Medicare beneficiaries, and (2) examine differences in outcomes between phenotypes.

DESIGN

Latent class analysis was used to identify phenotypes within a sample of HN fee‐for‐service (FFS) Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 years and older using Medicare claims and post‐acute assessment data.

SETTING

Not applicable.

PARTICIPANTS

Two cross‐sectional cohorts were used to identify phenotypes. Cohorts included FFS Medicare beneficiaries aged 65 and older who survived through 2014 (n = 415 659) and 2015 (n = 416 643).

MEASUREMENTS

The following variables were used to identify phenotypes: acute and post‐acute care use, functional dependency in one or more activities of daily living, presence of six or more chronic conditions, and complex chronic conditions. Mortality, hospitalizations, healthcare expenditures, and days in the community were compared between phenotypes.

RESULTS

Five phenotypes were identified: (1) comorbid ischemic heart disease with hospitalization and skilled nursing facility use (22% of the HN sample), (2) comorbid ischemic heart disease with home care use (23%), (3) home care use (12%), (4) high comorbidity with hospitalization (32%), and (5) Alzheimer's disease/related dementias with functional dependency and nursing home use (11%). Mortality was highest in phenotypes 1 and 2; hospitalizations and expenditures were highest in phenotypes 1, 3, and 4.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings represent a first step toward classifying the heterogeneity among HN Medicare beneficiaries. Further work is needed to identify modifiable utilization patterns between phenotypes to improve the value of healthcare provided to these subpopulations. J Am Geriatr Soc 68:70–77, 2019
Oral mucositis and microbial colonization in oral cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy and chemotherapy: A prospective analysis in a tertiary care dental hospital
Authors: Subramaniam Nandhini , Muthukrishnan Arvind
Published: August 2019

Aim

The ulcerative phase of oral mucositis following radiotherapy/chemotherapy for oral cancer colonizes bacteria, fungi and viruses. The role of a microbiota, specifically bacterial colonization in oral mucositis, is still unclear, and there is no existing data that correlates the shift in the bacterial colonization with mucositis severity. The aim of this study was to assess the bacterial colonization and study the MCR‐1 (mobilized colistin resistance), VIM2 (β‐lactam resistance), TET(K) (tetracycline resistance) and blaKPC (carbapenem resistance) genes’ expression in isolated facultative anaerobes at 3 time points in oral mucositis patients undergoing radiotherapy and concomitant radiochemotherapy.

Methods

A total of 24 oral cancer patients were divided into 2 groups: A (N = 12) undergoing radiotherapy; and B (N = 12) undergoing radiochemotherapy. Saliva was collected from all patients at 3 time intervals during the treatment. The isolated bacterial colonies were subjected to gene expression and analysis.

Results

Staphylococcus aureus (22%), Staphylococcus epidermidis (29%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (28%), Escherichia coli (25%) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (26%) are the facultative anaerobes isolated from saliva. The bacterial isolates obtained during and at the end of therapy appeared to express a higher level of antibiotic‐resistance genes (VIM2, MCR‐1, TET[K], blaKPC) than those isolated at the onset of therapy.

Conclusion

Bacterial colonization and gene expression varied during different stages of mucositis.