bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Zonal Distributions of Alkaline Phosphatase, Adenosine Triphosphatase, Laminin, Fibronectin and Chondroitin 4‐Sulphate in Growing Rat Humerus Proximal Epiphyseal Cartilage: a Histochemical and an Immunohistochemical Study
Authors: Üstünel İ. , Şahin Z. , Akkoyunlu G. , Demir R.
Published: December 2004

Although there are many studies about epiphyseal cartilage extracellular matrix (ECM) macromolecules in bone formation, studies of their distribution and role in the mineralization of these components in growing rat humerus proximal epiphyseal cartilage have not been sufficiently detailed. The aim of this study was to determine the distributions of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), adenosine triphosphatase (ATPase), laminin, fibronectin and chondroitin 4‐sulphate in growing rat humerus proximal epiphyseal cartilage. The rats were killed by cervical dislocation, and the humeri were removed, sectioned (6 and 10 μm) on a cryotome or paraffin microtome, and stained using histochemical and immunohistochemical methods. ALP and ATPase were markedly observed in the hypertrophy and calcifying cartilage. In addition, ATPase was found to be very strongly positive in the tangential zone of articular cartilage. Results of immunohistochemical staining for laminin, fibronectin and chondroitin 4‐sulphate showed that the immunostaining was the heaviest in the tangential zone of articular cartilage. In growing epiphyseal plates, there were differences in the density of these macromolecules of chondrocytes as a function of the maturation process. In conclusion, these ECM macromolecules of epiphyseal cartilage may regulate the cell–cell and cell–matrix interactions as well as the matrix calcification during the ossification of epiphyseal cartilage.
Pax‐7 Immunoreactivity in the Post‐natal Chicken Central Nervous System
Authors: Shin D. H. , Lee K.‐S. , Lee E. , Chang Y. P. , Kim J.‐W. , Choi Y. S. , Kwon B.‐S. , Lee H. W. , Cho S. S.
Published: December 2004

In this immunocytochemical study on the constitutive expression of Pax‐7 protein in the postnatal chicken brain, Pax‐7 showed region and cell type specific expression. In the optic tectum, only cells in grey matter showed positive immunoreactivities (IRs), whereas those in the white matters did not show any IRs. In thalamic nuclei and several pontine nuclei, we also localized Pax‐7 positive IRs. On the contrary, in the cerebellum, Pax‐7 was mainly localized within the Bergmann glia, whereas Purkinje cells did not show any IRs. In double immunolabelling studies, most of the Pax‐7 IRs did not originate from neuroglial cells such as oligodendrocytes, microglia or astrocytes, but from neurons, with the exception of Bergmann glia in the cerebellum. The presence of Pax‐7 IRs in the adult chicken brain could suggest that Pax‐7 might play a role in maintaining normal physiological function in some postnatal chicken brain cells.
Subgross Investigation of Vessels Originating from Arcus Aortae in Guinea‐Pig (Cavia porcellus)
Authors: Kabak M. , Haziroglu R. M.
Published: December 2004

The vessels that originate from the aortic arch were studied in 16 adult guinea‐pigs. Two major vessels, the left subclavian artery and the brachiocephalic trunk, were easily identified as they were branching off from the aortic arch. The brachiocephalic trunk, at first branched off to the left common carotid artery and continued as a common trunk, which was then divided into the right subclavian artery and the right common carotid artery. The left subclavian artery branched off to the following vessels: the costacervical trunk, the internal thoracic artery, a common trunk from which the dorsal scapular artery and the vertebral artery originated, and the superficial cervical artery. The right subclavian artery branched off to the bronchoesophageal artery (in five cadavers), the caudal thyroid artery (in three cadavers) and the tracheal artery (in three cadavers) in addition to the above vessels. There were two vertebral arteries branching off to the right subclavian artery in all dissected cadavers. However, only 10 cadavers had two vertebral arteries originating from the left subclavian artery. The first vertebral artery originated from the common trunk, whereas the second vertebral artery arose from the dorsal scapular artery. The second vertebral artery entered the foramen transversarium of the seventh cervical vertebrae and anastomosed with the first vertebral artery just before entering the foramen transversarium of the sixth cervical vertebrae.
The Macroanatomical Investigations on the Aortic Arch in Porcupines (Hystrix cristata)
Authors: Atalar Ö. , Yilmaz S. , Burma O. , İlkay E.
Published: December 2004

The anatomy of aortic arch in porcupine was studied. Angiography was applied to each of the three adult porcupines (two males, one female) following the injection of latex from the abdominal aorta for the examination of aortic arch. The results indicated that three arteries arose from aortic arch in porcupine. These were truncus brachiocephalicus, arteria carotis communis sinistra and arteria subclavia sinistra. The truncus brachiocephalicus in porcupine yielded arteria subclavia dextra and arteria carotis communis dextra. Truncus bicaroticus was absent. The origin of truncus costocervicalis (right) and arteria vertebralis (right) arose from a common root. Left or right axillary arteries seemed to be a continuation of subclavian arteries. The results of this study may contribute to the data in this area of science.
Peculiar Bundles of Filaments in Leydig Cells of the Lesser Mouse Deer (Tragulus javanicus): an Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Andriana B. B. , Mizukami T. , Kanai Y. , Kimura J. , Fukuta K. , Kurohmaru M. , Hayashi Y.
Published: December 2004

Leydig cells of lesser mouse deer (Tragulus javanicus) testes were observed using light and transmission electron microscopies. Sexually mature lesser mouse deer were obtained in East Malaysia. The testes were perfused with 5% glutaraldehyde, postfixed with 1% OsO4, dehydrated in ethanol and embedded in Araldite. The semithin sections were cut, stained with toluidine blue and observed under light microscopy. The ultrathin sections were cut, stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and examined using a JEM‐1200 transmission electron microscope. As a result, two types of filament bundles were frequently recognized in Leydig cells, but not in other testicular cells. These bundles were clearly seen at even a light microscopic level. One type was bundles of actin filaments (approximately 5 nm in diameter). These structures were found not only in the cytoplasm but also in the nucleus. The other type was bundles of intermediate filaments (approximately 10 nm in diameter). These structures were found only in the cytoplasm. The existence of filament bundles has never been reported in the testicular cells of another mammalian species. Thus, while bundles of actin and intermediate filaments are specifically present in the Leydig cells of the lesser mouse deer, their functions are still unclear.
Basilar Artery of the Capybara (Hydrochaeris hydrochaeris): an Ultrastructural Study
Authors: Islam S. , Ribeiro A. A. C. M. , Loesch A.
Published: December 2004

The present study investigated the ultrastructural features of the basilar artery of the largest rodent species, the capybara. The study suggests that the general ultrastructural morphological organization of the basilar artery of the capybara is similar to that of small rodents. However, there are some exceptions. The basilar artery of the capybara contains a subpopulation of ‘granular’ vascular smooth muscle cells resembling monocytes and/or macrophages. The possibility cannot be excluded that the presence of these cells reflects the remodelling processes of the artery due to animal maturation and the regression of the internal carotid artery. To clarify this issue, more systemic studies are required involving capybaras of various ages.
Differentiation and Developmental Potential of Rat Post‐implantation Embryo without Extra‐Embryonic Membranes CulturedIn Vitroor GraftedIn Vivo
Authors: Belovari Tatjana , Stević Nataša , Gajović Srećko , Kostović‐Knežević Ljiljana
Published: December 2004

Different experimental systems are used to study developmental processes in mammals. In this study, three experimental models were analysed and correlated: (1) cultivation of rat embryosin vitro; (2) cultivationin vitroand then transplantationin vivo; (3) direct transplantationin vivo. When embryos were cultivatedin vitroand then transplantedin vivo, after the initialin vitrorestriction, developmental potential was recovered. Thein vitrorestriction depended on medium used and duration of culture. Pre‐cultivation in serum‐free medium for 7 days restricted developmental potential for nervous tissue, and for 14 days restricted developmental potential for skeletal muscles, adipose tissue and glandular epithelia. Transferrin addition improvedin vitrodifferentiation of neuroblasts, cartilage and columnar epithelium. In the combinedin vitroandin vivomethod, transferrin preserved developmental potential in comparable extent to the addition of the serum. Even in serum‐free conditionsin vitro, the subsequentin vivowide expression of developmental potential was possible. Therefore, the combination ofin vitroandin vivomethods turned to be advantageous than the isolated approaches (in vitroorin vivoonly), and enabled testing in more detail the influence of a single substance on developmental course and potential.
A Striated Muscle on the Hard Palate of Rodents and Rabbits
Authors: Pavlíková H. , Witter K. , Míšek I.
Published: December 2004

A striated muscle of the hard palate has been previously described in some rodents and rabbits. It is not termed in the official veterinary anatomical nomenclature. The aim of this work was to verify the existence of this muscle. Heads of the golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus), the guinea pig (Cavia aperea f. porcellus), the laboratory rat (Rattus norvegicus var. alba), the field vole (Microtus agrestis) and the domestic rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus) have been dissected. Moreover, histological sections have been prepared from heads of the field vole. In all species under study, we could detect a striated muscle of the hard palate composed of an anterior and a posterior muscle. The anterior muscle originated on the os incisivum and diverged in anterior, lateral and posterior directions. The posterior muscle originated on the processus palatinus maxillae and verged into the m. buccinator. Inter‐species differences could be detected in shape and position of the muscle. The palatal muscle was innervated by the ramus buccalis of the facial nerve. Whether this muscle should be classified as an individual facial muscle or as a part of the m. buccinator remains to be discussed.
Anatomical Description of the Muscles of the Pelvic Limb in the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Gangl D. , Weissengruber G. E. , Egerbacher M. , Forstenpointner G.
Published: December 2004

Dissections of 12 formalin‐fixed ostriches were performed to give anatomical descriptions of the muscles and tendons of the pelvic, femoral, tibiotarsal, tarsometatarsal and digital regions. In the pelvic limb of the ostrich, 36 muscles can be determined. The ostrich lacks those muscles to the first and second toes (with exception of the M. flexor hallucis longus), which can be found in birds with four toes. The Mm. iliotrochantericus medius, plantaris, extensor proprius digiti IV and adductor digiti IV, which are present in other birds, are also absent, whereas the Mm. pectineus and femorotibialis accessorius additionally occur in the ostrich. The Pars supramedialis is a tendineous part of the M. gastrocnemius, on which the Mm. flexor cruris lateralis and flexor cruris medialis insert by means of a fascial sheet. The caudal part of the M. iliofibularis terminates within the caudal aspect of the superficial fascia cruris. The caudal heads of the Mm. flexor perforatus digiti III and flexor perforatus digiti IV as well as the M. flexor hallucis longus have a common origin on the Fossa poplitea of the femur. The lateral head of the M. flexor perforatus digiti IV and the femoral head of the M. flexor perforans et perforatus digiti III originate on the tendon of origin of the Caput laterale of the M. flexor perforatus digiti III. Furthermore, the last named tendon fuses with the tendon of insertion of the M. ambiens. The M. extensor proprius digiti III originates on a plate‐like fascial sheet part of the dorsal joint capsule of the intertarsal joint.
Two Cases of Brachymelia in Cats
Authors: Cornillie P. , Van Lancker S. , Simoens P.
Published: December 2004

In this report, two cases of brachymelia in related neonatal cats are described. The malformations are described in view of normal limb development, which is illustrated by scanning electron microscopic images. Hypoplasia and aplasia of the distal limb segments were the main disorders in both kittens. Additional malformations in the second case included fusion of the radius and ulna, congenital patella luxation and a shortened tail. Brachymelia and similar cases of feline dysmelia are poorly documented in the existing literature. Possible causes and terminology of these developmental deformations are discussed.
Preferential Expression of L‐type Amino Acid Transporter 1 in Ameloblasts During Rat Tooth Development
Authors: Park J.‐C. , Kim Y. B. , Yoon J. H. , Kim H.‐J. , Kim S. M. , Kanai Y. , Endou H. , Kim D. K.
Published: December 2004

Certain amino acid transport systems play an important role in supplying organic nutrients to each cell and for cell proliferation during tooth development. However, the mechanisms responsible for such actions are unclear. This study demonstrated for the first time that LAT1 and 4F2hc are expressed during tooth development in prenatal and postnatal rats, and that the transporters show cell‐specific expression in ameloblasts, which are the epithelium‐derived dental cells. LAT1 and 4F2hc expression was not observed in other dental cells of the developing teeth such as odontoblasts and cementoblasts. Overall, these results suggest that LAT1 and 4F2hc might play an important role in enamel formation.
Expression of Nestin and IGF‐1 in Rat Pancreas after Streptozotocin Administration
Authors: Nagasao J. , Yoshioka K. , Amasaki H. , Mutoh K.
Published: December 2004

The present study examines whether centroacinar (CA) and intercalated duct (ICD) cells can serve as stem cells, after administration of the diabetogenic agent streptozotocin (STZ). Thirty rats were divided into five experimental groups: (1) control, (2) 1 day after STZ (STZ‐1), (3) 3 days after STZ (STZ‐3), (4) 7 days after STZ (STZ‐7) and (5) 14 days after STZ (STZ‐14). Many small pancreatic islets were observed in the STZ‐7 group than in the other experimental groups, and many of these small islets were in close contact with ICD and CA cells. A higher number of nestin, insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) and IGF‐1‐receptor positive ICD and CA cells were observed at STZ‐3 and STZ‐7 than at the others. These expression patterns coincided well with the proliferating cell nuclear antigen pattern. The results suggest that rat pancreatic endocrine cells after damage by STZ administration might be recovered from newly generated cells derived from ICD and CA cells.
Dynamics of Mast Cells in Lymph Node Following Antigenic Stimulation
Authors: Dabak D. O. , Aydin G. , Ozguner M.
Published: December 2004

Dynamics of mast cells in rat cervical lymph nodes were examined using conventional histological techniques after injection of Salmonella paratyphi B‐H antigen. There was no significant change in the number of mast cells at sixth hour and on the first day of stimulation compared with the controls. The number of mast cells was increased in all lymph node compartments on the second day of stimulation, which continued in the following 3 days. On the eighth day of stimulation, although the mast cell number decreased in the subcapsular area, it was still high in the paracortical area and medullary sinuses of the lymph nodes. On the second day of stimulation, the mast cell number was apparently increased in the subcapsular area than those of the other compartments. In the following days of stimulation, the highest number of mast cells was seen in the medullary sinuses. The highest paracortical mast cell number was determined on the third day of stimulation and some mast cells were observed near the high endothelial venules (HEVs). The changes of mast cell number among the lymph node compartments after antigenic stimulation support the hypothesis that the migration of mast cells occurred. This migration pattern indicates that mast cells enter the lymph node via afferent lymphatics and migrate to the lymph node compartments following antigenic stimulation.
Intestinal Villus Histological Alterations in Piglets fed Dietary Charcoal Powder Including Wood Vinegar Compound Liquid
Authors: Mekbungwan A. , Yamauchi K. , Sakaida T.
Published: December 2004

To investigate the effects of dietary charcoal powder including wood vinegar compound liquid (CWVC, 4 : 1) on intestinal villus histology, piglets were fed 0, 1, 3 and 5% dietary CWVC diets for 30 days. Feed intake and body weight gain were measured during the experimental period. At the end of the experiments, intestinal villus height, epithelial cell area and cell mitosis were examined using light microscopy (LM), and the duodenal villus tip surface was observed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Feed efficiency tended to be improved in the CWVC group. The 3% CWVC group showed the highest value, followed by 1% CWVC group of most LM parameters in most intestinal parts, but the 5% CWVC group showed the almost similar value compared with the control. In addition, on the duodenal villus tip surface, the 3% CWVC group showed a clearer cell outline, larger cells and cells protuberated further into the lumen than those of the 1% CWVC group. However, the 5% CWVC group showed faint SEM features than the 1% CWVC group. The present trend of improved feed efficiency after feedings of dietary CWVC demonstrates that the CWVC could be incorporated into piglet diets up to 3% level, and that the CWVC might activate intestinal functions both at villus and cellular levels.
Oxytalan Fibres in the Periodontal Ligament of Equine Molar Cheek Teeth
Authors: Staszyk C. , Gasse H.
Published: December 2004

The distribution and arrangement of oxytalan fibres were examined in periodontal specimens of cheek teeth from seven horses. Oxidation prior to aldehyde fuchsin exposition permitted a selective staining of the oxytalan fibres, which are a distinct component of the elastic fibre system. On three horizontal levels of the periodontium – (a) subgingival, (b) middle third and (c) apical – two oxytalan fibre groups were shown histologically: ‘blood vessel‐related’ and ‘independent’ oxytalan fibres. In levels a and b, both groups were arranged in a typical occluso‐apical alignment along the reserve crown. Single oxytalan fibres deviated from their general course in order to attach to the cementum. In these cemental entheses the oxytalan fibres ran parallel to collagen fibre bundles. The interpretation of such morphological features emphasized the oxytalan fibres’ capacity to improve the stability of periodontal blood vessel walls during masticatory movements. Level c, especially in regions next to the persisting epithelial root sheath, is the site of oxytalan fibre generation. This is a prerequisite for the facilitation of periodontal regeneration and reorganization during dental growth and eruption.
Colocalization of DNA Fragmentation and Caspase‐3 Activation During Atresia in Pig Antral Follicles
Authors: Berardinelli P. , Russo V. , Martelli A. , Nardinocchi D. , Di Giacinto O. , Barboni B. , Mattioli M.
Published: December 2004

Apoptosis is the cellular mechanism of ovarian follicular atresia. The major downstream effector of this phenomenon in many tissues is caspase‐3 but little is known about its role in pig ovarian apoptosis. In the present study, we detected the localization of caspase‐3 in parallel with nuclear fragmentation (TUNEL) on healthy and early atretic antral follicles. In healthy antral follicles caspase‐3 and TUNEL positivity were occasionally recorded within theca layer. The incidence of DNA fragmentation, as indicated also by the biochemical detection, increased mainly in the granulosa layer of early atretic follicles. Quantitative analysis revealed, besides, that atresia was accompanied by a higher incidence of caspase‐3 (57.20 ± 20.05 versus 3.64 ± 0.61 positive cells in atretic versus healthy follicles, respectively; P < 0.05), of TUNEL positivity (20.13 ± 9.33 versus 0.42 ± 0.12; P < 0.05) and simultaneous immunostaining for caspase‐3 and TUNEL (15.02 ± 6.95 versus 0.31 ± 0.05; P < 0.05) in the granulosa layer. In detached granulosa cells isolated from the follicular fluid of early atretic follicles a further significantly increase was recorded in the percentage of TUNEL positivity and in the incidence of cells that showed colocalization of caspase‐3 activity and DNA fragmentation. Granulosa cells of early atretic follicles exhibited a higher positivity for caspase‐3 localized in the cytoplasm and occasionally in the nucleus area of granulosa cells. These results indicate that capsase‐3 was involved and precociously activated during the process of atresia. Finally, the progressively higher incidence of TUNEL positivity and of double immunostaining in atretic cells collected within the follicular fluid seems to indicate that proteases activity leads only tardily in a detectable DNA fragmentation.
Ossification of the Appendicular Skeleton in the Spanish Ibex Capra pyrenaica Schinz, 1838 (Artiodactyla: Bovidae), with Regard to Determination of Age
Authors: Serrano E. , Gállego L. , Pérez J. M.
Published: December 2004

We studied ossification macroscopically in 35 Spanish ibex (Capra pyrenaica) appendicular skeletons in order to establish the skeletochronology in both sexes of the species. The age of animals had been determined by means of horn segment counts, teeth replacement and cementum layer counts from first incisors and ranged from <1 to 12 years. Females showed a faster ossification process than males. Moreover, for each age or year class considered, regarding both sexes, different stages of epiphyseal fusion could be found. Therefore, if we try to use data from bone remains in population studies (e.g. differential mortality rates), determination of the ossification stage for ageing bone samples must be carried out with caution.
Fine Structure of the Retinal Pigment Epithelium, Bruch's Membrane and Choriocapillaris in the Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Altunay H.
Published: December 2004

The fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE), Bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris in the ostrich (Struthio camelus) was investigated by using light microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. In this species, the RPE consisted of a single layer of low columnar cells. The epithelial cells were joined laterally by two type junctions, zonulae occludentes and zonulae adherentes located in the midregion of the cells. These cells displayed numerous deep basal infoldings and thick extensive apical processes, which enclosed the outer segments of the rods. The epithelial cell nuclei were large, vesicular and located basally within the epithelial cells. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum was very abundant, while rough endoplasmic reticulum was scarce. Mitochondria of various shapes were abundant basally while polysomes were plentiful and widespread. In the light‐adapted state melanosomes were located in the apical region and in apical processes of the epithelial cells. Myeloid bodies were large, numerous and often showed ribosomes on their outer surface. Bruch's membrane (complexus basalis) was typical pentalaminate throughout the retina, as noted in the majority of other vertebrates. The endothelium of the choriocapillaris facing Bruch's membrane was extremely thin but only moderately fenestrated. Some of the fenestrations displayed a double‐layered diaphragm while the majority showed the more typical single‐layered diaphragm noted in most species.
An Immunohistochemical Study of Gastrointestinal Endocrine Cells in the BALB/c Mouse
Authors: Ku S. K. , Lee H. S. , Lee J. H.
Published: December 2004

The distributions and frequencies of some endocrine cells in the eight portions of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of BALB/c mouse were studied. Endocrine cells were stained using immunohistochemical method with seven types of antisera against bovine chromogranin (BCG), serotonin, gastrin, cholecystokinin (CCK)‐8, somatostatin, glucagon and human pancreatic polypeptide (HPP), and the regional distributions and their relative frequencies were observed in the eight portions of the GIT of BALB/c mice. All seven types of immunoreactive (IR) cells were identified. Most of the IR cells in the intestinal portion were generally spherical or spindle in shape (open type cell) while round‐shaped cells (closed type cell) were found in the intestinal gland and stomach regions occasionally. Their relative frequencies varied according to each portion of the GIT. BCG‐IR cells were observed throughout the whole GIT except for the rectum and they were most predominant in the pylorus. Serotonin‐IR cells were detected throughout the whole GIT and they showed the highest frequency in the fundus. Gastrin‐ and CCK‐IR cells were restricted to the pylorus and duodenum with a majority in the pylorus and rare or a few frequencies in the duodenum. Compared with other mammals, somatostatin‐IR cells were restricted to the fundus and pylorus with a few frequencies, respectively. In addition, glucagon‐ and HPP‐IR cells were restricted to the fundus and duodenum, respectively, with relative low frequencies. Some species‐dependent unique distributions and frequencies of endocrine cells were observed in the GIT of BALB/c mouse compared with other rodents.
Histochemical and Morphometrical Characterization and Distribution of Fibre Types in Four Muscles of Ostrich (Struthio camelus)
Authors: Velotto S. , Crasto A.
Published: December 2004

A staining procedure used for simultaneously determining three different fibre types in single sections bovine, porcine or ovine skeletal muscle was modified for use with ostrich skeletal muscle. The muscle fibres of gastrocnemius pars externa, tibialis cranialis caput tibiale, tibialis cranialis caput femorale and fibularis longus tendo caudalis were studied. The histochemical results revealed the presence of three types of fibre only in the gastrocnemius pars externa muscle: fast‐twitch glycolytic fibres (FG), fast‐twitch oxidative glycolytic fibres (FOG) and slow‐twitch oxidative fibres (SO), while in the other muscles the FG fibres were absent. The percentage distribution of fibres types showed a higher incidence of SO fibres compared to FOG fibres in tibialis cranialis caput femorale and tibialis cranialis caput tibiale muscles, while it was opposite in the case of the fibularis longus tendo caudalis muscle. In the gastrocnemius pars externa muscle the FG fibres outnumber the other fibres, followed by the SO and FOG fibres. The results of the analysis of variance show significant interaction between muscle × fibre type for every morphometric parameter evaluated. Differences about value of fibres area exists between tibialis cranialis caput femorale and fibularis longus tendo caudalis muscles. Both fibre types in tibialis cranialis caput tibiale muscle have mean values of transversal section area smaller than tibialis cranialis caput femorale. The other morphometric parameters show a similar trend. The gastrocnemius pars externa muscle presents similar dimensions of muscle fibres for the FG and FOG types, and significantly smaller for the SO type.
Male and Female Effects on the In Vitro Production of Bovine Embryos
Authors: Palma G. A. , Sinowatz F.
Published: December 2004

A 3‐year study was carried out to evaluate male and female effects on the efficiency of an in vitro fertilization (IVF) programme. The semen of different bulls used for artificial insemination was tested for the in vitro production of transferable blastocysts. The fertilization capacity was recorded for each bull. Bovine oocytes were matured in vitro, fertilized with frozen/thawed semen of 63 individual bulls and cultured during 8 days. The semen of one bull was used as control. The percentage of cleavage (36.3–93.4%) and blastocysts on day 7 (6.9–51.2%) varied from bull to bull. Despite high variability, blastocysts were produced with the semen of all bulls in the first trial. Moreover, oocytes fertilized with 85% of tested bulls reached a blastocyst rate not different to the control bull. The correlation coefficients of six bulls showed no significant male effect but an influence of oocytes on the cleavage rate (F‐value 0.38, P > 0.05, and 12.4, P < 0.001, respectively). The development to blastocysts on day 7 was significantly influenced by sperms and also oocytes and session (P < 0.01), but no combined interaction was observed between female and male. It is concluded that transferable embryos can be produced in vitro in the first trial with frozen/thawed semen of 63 tested bulls. The results show different capacities of bulls to produce embryos and high male and female effects on the efficiency of an IVF programme.
On the Structure of the Adrenal Gland of the Common Seal (Phoca vitulina vitulina)
Authors: Bragulla H. , Hirschberg R. M. , Schlotfeldt U. , Stede M. , Budras K.‐D.
Published: December 2004

The adrenal gland is a vitally important endocrine gland that occupies a central role in the regulatory mechanisms of the body metabolism. Environmental stress factors lead to permanent strain and overload of the body resulting in structural alterations of the adrenals that in turn are followed by hormonal imbalances. This leads to an increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral diseases. The recurrence of numerous fatalities in the different seal populations of the North Sea (during the years 1988, 1989 and 2002), of the Baikal Lake and Caspian Sea (during the years 2000 and 2001) were the motive for a morphological investigation of the species‐specific structure of the adrenal gland of the common seal in order to differentiate environmental stress‐induced pathological alterations from the physiological structure of this organ. The study was based on adrenals of 112 common seals (Phoca vitulina vitulina) using light microscopic and transmission and scanning electron microscopic methods. The phocine adrenal gland displays several structural characteristics. Originating from the connective tissue organ capsule, narrow and broad septa intersperse the adrenal cortex. These septa contain blastemata as a reserve for the regeneration of hormone‐producing cortical cells. Such blastemata are also occurring in the form of an intermediate zone in between the zona glomerulosa and zona fasciculata in the phocine adrenal cortex. Another species‐specific characteristic is an inverse part of the adrenal cortex encircling the central vein of the organ. These structural features have to be considered in assessment and definition of pathological alterations of the adrenals as observed in the form of exhausted blastema cell pools in the adrenocortex of seals perished in the mentioned phocine mass mortalities.
The Neonatal Treatment of Rats with Monosodium Glutamate Induces Morphological Changes in the Subfornical Organ
Authors: Pesini P. , Rois J. L. , Menéndez L. , Vidal S.
Published: December 2004

The parenteral administration of monosodium glutamate (MSG) to neonatal rats induces specific lesions in the central nervous system that lead to a well characterized neuroendocrinological dysfunction. Additionally, it has been shown that MSG‐treated rats present a blunted blood pressure response to the injection of nitric oxide synthase inhibitors. Recently, a similar cardiovascular alteration has been reported after the electrolytic lesion of the anteroventral region of the third ventricle affecting the connections of the subfornical organ (SFO). We hypothesized that the treatment of neonatal rats with MSG could affect the nitrergic cells of the SFO. In the present work, we have looked for alterations in the NADPH‐diaphorase activity (a commonly used marker for nitrergic neurons) in the SFO of MSG‐treated rats of either sex and at two different ages. Our results shown that the treatment of neonatal rats with MSG induced a substantial reduction in the volume of the SFO and in the number of its nitrergic cells with regard to control animals. These findings suggest that the SFO could be implicated in some of the cardiovascular alterations observed in MSG‐treated rats.
The Macroanatomy of Coronary Arteries in Donkeys (Equus asinus L.)
Authors: Ozgel O. , (Çengelci) Haligur A. , Dursun N. , Karakurum E.
Published: December 2004

The aim of this study was to define the arteries that supply the cardiac muscle in donkeys with regard to their course and possible variations. Six hearts belonging to donkeys of different age and sex constituted the material of the study. Following exposition of the arteries by means of injection of latex coloured with Rotring ink to a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra, dissection was performed. The arterial vascularization of the heart in donkeys was determined to be supplied by a. coronaria sinistra and a. coronaria dextra which originate from the aorta. A. coronaria sinistra, measured to be larger than a. coronaria dextra, was determined to have its origin at the aorta, at the level of the free border of valvula semilunaris sinistra, and to extend between truncus pulmonalis and auricula sinistra. The mentioned artery was detected to give off two branches, namely, ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus circumflexus sinister which extend in sulcus interventricularis paraconalis and sulcus coronarius, respectively. However, a. coronaria dextra was determined to have its origin at the beginning of the aorta, at the level of valvula semilunaris dextra, and to extend to margo ventricularis dexter between truncus pulmonalis and auricula dexter. This study has revealed ramus interventricularis subsinuosus and ramus circumflexus dexter to intercommunicate by means of anastomosis and to form a. coronaria dexter. Examination of material revealed the absence of anastomosis between r. circumflexus sinister and r. circumflexus dexter. Branches named rami septales, originating from ramus interventricularis paraconalis and ramus interventricularis subsinuosus were determined to supply septum interventriculare. Ramus proximalis atrii sinistri was determined to have its origin at ramus circumflexus sinister whereas ramus proximalis venriculi dextri was determined to stem from the beginning of a. coronaria dextra in the material of this study. However, examination of the cranial and caudal branches of ramus coni arteriosi, revealed the cranial branch to be ramus proximalis ventriculi dextri in a cadaver.
Histological, Histochemical and Immunohistochemical Study of the Haemal Nodes of the Dromedary Camel
Authors: Zidan M. , Pabst R.
Published: December 2004

Haemal nodes are lymphoid organs found in various mammals and some birds. The structure of haemal nodes has been described in a number of species but not yet in the camel. Therefore, haemal nodes from 10 camels were studied histologically and tested for CD3, CD22, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class II/DR,α‐smooth muscle actin and for the demonstration of acid and alkaline phosphatases. The haemal nodes were of spherical or kidney shape with one or two hili and had a capsule and trabeculae of connective tissue and smooth muscles. The main parenchyma was composed of a cortex and a medulla. The cortex was formed from lymphoid follicles and diffuse interfollicular lymphocytes. The medulla consisted of lymphoid cords separated by medullary sinuses. The interfollicular lymphocytes and those in the medullary cord were CD3‐positive. The lymphoid follicles showed CD22‐positive cells. MHC class II/DR was expressed by most cells of the parenchyma. There were also subcapsular, peritrabecular and medullary blood sinuses. Afferent and efferent lymphatics and lymphatic sinuses were also found. Acid phosphatase‐positive cells were localized mainly in the marginal, the interfollicular zone and in the medullary cord. Alkaline phosphatase positivity was observed in the endothelium of the sinuses and in the lymphoid follicles. The morphology of these organs in the camel allows a classification as haemolymph nodes and suggests involvement in blood and lymph filtration.
Scanning Electron Microscopy of Lingual Papillae in the Common Shrew, Sorex araneus, L.
Authors: Jackowiak H. , Godynicki S. , Jaroszewska M. , Wilczyńska B.
Published: December 2004

The dorsal surface of the tongue of the adult common shrew (Sorex araneus L.) was examined by scanning electron microscopy. As in the other insectivores, three types of lingual papillae were observed: filiform, fungiform and vallate papillae. The filiform papillae represented the most numerous type of lingual papillae. The characteristic feature of the filiform papillae, covering the apex and corpus of the tongue, is the two processes tilted to the root of the tongue. The filiform papillae on the lingual apex are reduced in size and structure. Five to six fungiform papillae are placed symmetrically along the left and right border of the corpus of the tongue. Two large oval vallate papillae are located on the radix of the tongue. The posterior surface of the tongue in common shrew is covered with a smooth mucosa with the openings of the serous glands.
An Anatomical Study of an Electric Organ and its Nerve Supply in the Electric Ray (Torpedinidae Narke japonica)
Authors: Kawashima T. , Igarashi M. , Sasaki H.
Published: December 2004

Despite anatomist's great interest in the electric organ (EO) of the electric ray, its detailed morphology remains unclear. In order to understand more completely the architecture of the EO and the branchial organ, it is necessary to examine detailed relationships regarding the origin, course and distribution of nerves innervating the EO. We thus carried out a macroscopic and microscopic anatomical study, focusing on issues, using the 18 sides of nine electric rays. The following results were obtained: (i) the EO was innervated exclusively by the facial, glossopharyngeal and vagus nerves; (ii) although these three cranial nerves consistently innervated the EO, variation in the number of the nerves innervating the EO was observed; (iii) cranial nerves innervated the EO in a segmental manner, at both entry and in the area of distribution. These results suggest that the EO of the electric ray might have differentiated from a non‐constant branchial muscle anlage but preserves the branchial segments in terms of the craniocaudal, dorsoventral and proximodistal axes.
Changes of Calbindin D‐28k Immunoreactivity in the Hippocampus after Adrenalectomy in the Seizure Sensitive Gerbil
Authors: Hwang I. K. , Lee H. Y. , Seong N. S. , Chung H. G. , Kim J. H. , Lee H. J. , Kim J. D. , Kang T.‐C. , Won M. H.
Published: December 2004

Calbindin D‐28k (CB), a calcium‐binding protein, containing neurons in the hippocampus plays an important role in hippocampal excitability in epilepsy. In the present study, we investigated changes of CB immunoreactivity after adrenalectomy (ADX) in the hippocampus and dentate gyrus of the seizure sensitive gerbil, which is susceptible to seizure to identify roles of CB in epileptogenesis. The changes of the CB immunoreactivity after ADX were significant in the hippocampal CA1 region. By 24 h after ADX, CB‐immunoreactive CA1 pyramidal cells and CB immunoreactivity increased. At this time, well‐stained dendrites projected to the stratum radiatum. Thereafter, the CB immunoreactivity decreased time dependently by 96 h after ADX. In the dentate gyrus, the changes of CB‐immunoreactive neurons were mainly observed in the granule cell layer. The number and immunoreactivity of CB‐immunoreactive neurons was high at 24 h after ADX, thereafter, those decreased by 96 h after ADX. These results suggest that glucocorticoid has an important role in modulating the seizure activity and CB serves an inhibitory function, which regulates the seizure activity and output signals from the hippocampus.
The Scanning Electron and Light Microscopic Structure of Bovine Tactile Hair
Authors: Yildiz D. , Gultiken M. E. , Karahan S.
Published: December 2004

Bovine tactile hairs in skin samples from the lateral side of the upper lip were examined using scanning electron and light microscopy. The root of these hairs has a variable length and is surrounded by a large sinus located between the internal and the external dermal sheath. With a prominent thickness, the external dermal sheath forms the external wall of the tactile hair and contains many nerves some of which extend into trabeculae. Trabeculae projecting from the internal dermal sheath and attaching to the external dermal sheath with two or more branches are present in the entire sinus. The trabeculae are interconnected by connective tissue sheets that support the integrity of the trabecular organization. The sinus surfaces as well as trabeculae are lined by endothelia. As a result, the bovine tactile hair is truly a cavernous type of tactile hair with a well organized microscopic anatomy. Thus, the bovine tactile hair most likely plays an important role in relatively immobile and insensitive bovine lips.
Immunohistochemical Study of Intermediate Filaments and Neuroendocrine Marker Expression in Leydig Cells of Laboratory Rodents
Authors: Ortega H. H. , Lorente J. A. , Salvetti N. R.
Published: December 2004

The aims of this study were to detect the expression of intermediate filaments and to verify the existence of marker substances for neuronal and neuroendocrine cells within the interstitial Leydig cells of laboratory rodent's testes, such as it has been described in other species. Adult male rats, mice, gerbils, Syrian hamsters and guinea‐pigs were used and the localization of the different markers was achieved by the streptoavidin–peroxidase immunohistochemical method. The present study demonstrates in all rodents studied a similar pattern of localization in Leydig cells of intermediate filaments (vimentin, cytokeratin, neurofilament 200 kD and glial fibrillary acidic protein) and other marker substances (S‐100, CgA, substance P and neurone‐specific enolase), which are typical of neuroendocrine (APUD cells or paraneurones) and glial cells. The expression of these substances, related to neurotransmitters or neurohomones and other proteins characteristic of neuroendocrine cells, could suggest that it is a neural crest derived cell. Although this study provides more evidences about the immunoexpression of neuronal and glial markers in Leydig cells, this fact cannot be related directly to their embryological origin, because the current data support the hypothesis of a mesenchymal origin of the Leydig cells.
Circulating basement membrane zone antibodies are found in lichen sclerosus of the vulva
Authors: Howard Anne , Dean Diane , Cooper Susan , Kirtshig Gudula , Wojnarowska Fenella
Published: December 2004

This study was undertaken to investigate the prevalence of basement membrane zone (BMZ) antibodies, their subtypes and clinical correlations in 96 patients attending the Oxford vulval clinic with lichen sclerosus (LS) of the vulva. Indirect immunofluorescence of serum (intact and split skin) to immunoglobulin (Ig)G was performed looking for the presence or absence of staining at the BMZ. Eighteen patients' sera (14 with positive indirect immunofluorescence to IgG) were examined for IgG antibodies of subclasses IgG1, 2 and 3, and 23 sera were examined for IgG4 subclass. Immunoblotting was performed in seven patients, and showed antibodies to BP180 in six patients and BP230 in one. One‐third of patients with vulval LS had BMZ antibodies binding to the epidermal side of salt split skin. Immunoblotting showed antibodies to BP180 collagen XVII (six of seven patients) and BP230 in one. The subclasses were chiefly IgG1 and 2, different from those seen in bullous pemphigoid. No clinical correlation was found between the presence of antibodies and the presence of erosions, severity of scarring, age of onset of disease or response to treatment. These antibodies may be a reflection of a tendency to produce autoantibodies or be relevant to pathogenesis.
Treatment of primary cutaneous follicular centre lymphoma with rituximab: A report of two cases
Authors: Kennedy Glen A , Blum Robert , McCormack Christopher , Prince H Miles
Published: December 2004

Rituximab (anti‐CD20 chimeric monoclonal antibody) has been demonstrated to have significant activity in nodal B‐cell lymphomas, with very few associated adverse effects. Although primary cutaneous B‐cell lymphomas (PCBCL) also express the CD20 antigen, relatively few reports of rituximab use in PCBCL have been published to date. We present two cases of primary cutaneous follicular centre lymphoma treated with rituximab (375 mg/m2/week intravenously for 4 weeks). Both cases responded to rituximab, with one partial response and one complete response seen. No adverse effects were observed. To date, disease progression has occurred in one case during overall follow up at 6 and 17 months. The potential role of rituximab in the treatment of these lymphomas is discussed.
Metastatic Merkel cell carcinoma to the soft tissues of the lower back
Authors: Wang Wei , Veness Michael
Published: December 2004

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare primary cutaneous neuroendocrine carcinoma. It has a propensity for both locoregional and distant recurrence despite treatment. We describe the case of a 51‐year‐old man diagnosed with MCC of the left forehead. At 14 months post surgery and adjuvant radiotherapy he developed an isolated deposit of metastatic MCC in the paraspinal soft tissues of his lower back. This atypical site of metastatic disease was treated with radiotherapy and combination chemotherapy. Atypical and isolated sites of metastatic MCC, although infrequently reported, highlight the often bizarre nature of this aggressive skin cancer. Treatment in such cases needs to be individualized.
Granulomatous mycosis fungoides with extensive chest wall involvement
Authors: Von Nida Jamie , Randell Peter , Heenan Peter
Published: December 2004

A 40‐year‐old woman presented with a 5‐year history of a mass overlying her right pectoralis major muscle. Histopathology of the lesion revealed a florid granulomatous infiltrate including an atypical lymphocytic component with marked epidermotropism consistent with granulomatous mycosis fungoides. Staging investigations demonstrated the tumour to be localized to the right chest. Consequently, the patient was treated with radiotherapy (50 Gy) to the lesion with good clinical effect. However, she soon developed a clinically palpable lesion on the left chest outside the radiotherapy field. Positron emission tomography scanning demonstrated an extensive left‐sided chest wall tumour and also residual tumour on the right. This left‐sided lesion failed to respond to systemic chemotherapy. Further radiotherapy (50 Gy) has recently been administered to the left chest lesion; the response is being monitored. While granulomatous inflammation has been previously described in cutaneous T‐cell lymphomas, it is rare and is often associated with a delay in the diagnosis and difficulty with clinical staging. The clinical presentation can be extremely variable and consequently, diagnosis rests with histological features, immunohistochemical studies and gene rearrangement analysis.