bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Herbal Mechanisms and Prescriptions for Chronic Cerebral
Circulatory Insufficiency Based on Data Mining and Network
Pharmacology
Authors: Han Tao , Huang Hai-liang , Yu Ying , Zhang Gong
Published: January 2021

Background::

Traditional Chinese medicine has accumulated rich resources and
experience through clinical research to explore the prevention and treatment of chronic cerebral
circulatory insufficiency, but current medicine lacks in-depth research and confirmation on the
established protocols and mechanism of prescribed TCMs at the macro and micro levels.

Objective::

To explore the prescription of Chinese medicines for the treatment of chronic cerebral
circulation insufficiency (CCCI) and to explore the mechanism of core drugs.

Methods::

229 Chinese prescriptions for CCCI were collected from CNKI, CBM, VIP and
WANFANG databases for this study. The frequency and association rules of drugs were analyzed
and the core drugs by TCMISSV2.5 software was extracted. The active ingredients and targets
were obtained by TCMSP, and genes of CCCI were collected from the DisGeNET, OMIM,
DrugBank disease databases. The intersection targets of herbal medicine and disease were
imported into the STRING database for PPI network. The key targets were screened by the
network topology algorithm. The Systems Dock website was used to verify the molecular docking.
The GOEAST and DAVID tools were used to perform GO and KEGG pathway analysis with the
key target genes.

Results::

117 drugs involved in 229 prescriptions were identified, 2 core drugs were identified. We
identified 8 active ingredients, which were mandenol, myricanone, perlolyrine, senkyunone,
wallichilide, sitosterol, beta-sitosterol and stigmasterol. 371 herbal targets predicted and 335
disease targets. The enrichment analysis showed that the core herbal medicines could prevent
CCCI by 15 key signaling pathways.

Conclusion::

There are direct or indirect connections in key signaling pathways, which not only
participate in energy metabolism, hormone regulation, signal transduction, but also play a role in
the comprehensive intervention of nervous system, immune system, circulatory system and other
systems, which is consistent with the comprehensive pathogenesis of CCCI induced by multiple
factors.
One-pot Synthesis of a New Category of 2-aryl-quinazolinones Using
OImDSA as an Efficient Heterocyclic Medium
Authors: Keyhani Abdolrahman , Nikpassand Mohammad , Fekri Leila Zare , Kefayati Hassan
Published: January 2021

Background::

Dihydroquinazolinone derivatives are an important family of fused heterocyclic shows a wide
range of biological, medicinal and pharmacological properties such as anti-tumor, anti-biotic, diuretic, analgesic, antihypertonic,
anti-pyretic, anti-depressant, anti-histamine and vasodilation activities.

Introduction::

So far some acid catalysts, e.g.; p-toluenesulfonic acid, silica sulfuric acid, zinc(II) perfluorooctanoate,
gallium(III) triflate, ionic liquid, Al(H2PO4)3, I2, montmorillonite K-10, Amberlyst-15, Al/Al2O3 and Fe3O4 nanoparticles,
have been reported to accomplish this three component reaction. Some of these methods have drawbacks such as toxic
solvents and catalysts, long reaction time, the use of expensive catalysts and adverse yields.

Method::

A mixture of benzaldehydes (1mmol), isatoic anhydride (1 mmol), Glycine (1 mmol) and OImDSA (2 mL) were
stirred at room temperature for the required reaction times (1-2 h). The progress of the reaction was monitored by TLC
(EtOAc: petroleum ether 1:2). After completion of reaction, as indicated by TLC, the ionic liquid was separated by
extraction with 2×15 mL of water. The solid residue was separated by recrystallization from EtOH. The pure products were
collected in 86-97% yields.

Results::

Herein, in order to achieve a more efficient synthesis method, to deplete side effects, reduce reaction steps,
increase efficiency and curtail reaction time, and also to continue our research on the synthesis of heterocyclic and
pharmaceutical compounds. We wish to report the mild synthesis of some derivatives of 2-aryl-quinazolin-4(1H)-ones from
isatoic anhydride and Glycine using OImDSA

Conclusion::

In conclusion, we have developed a simple, green and efficient protocol for the synthesis of 2-aryl-quinazolin-
4(1H)-ones using OImDSA as an efficient and new procedure. Simplicity, easy practice, integrated with inexpensive,
environmentally friendly and reusable ionic liquid are notable attributes of this new method. To the best of our knowledge,
this is the first report for the synthesis of a new library of quinazolin-4(1H)-ones derived from Glycine as a natural substrate
based on green chemistry conditions.
Mechanisms of Plant Defense Under Pathogen Stress: A Review
Authors: Sood Monika , Kapoor Dhriti , Kumar Vipul , Kalia Namarta , Bhardwaj Renu , Sidhu Gagan Preet Singh , Sharma Anket
Published: January 2021

Being sessile organisms, plants are persistently confronted by a diverse array of biotic
agents, including viruses, bacteria, fungi, herbivores, and nematodes. Understanding the mechanism
of host-pathogen interactions is essential for improving plant resistance against these biotic
factors. In this review, we have discussed various means and mechanisms by which pathogens influence
the host plant defense. A virulent pathogen can reduce the growth and development of a
plant, which eventually lowers its yield by multiple processes, like enhancement in cell death, as
well as modification of plant architecture. This review also explains the various strategies used by
plants to control pathogen-caused diseases. These mainly include either resistance or tolerance by
activating cell signaling pathways, which further regulate the synthesis and accumulation of several
cellular products, such as phytohormones, enzymes, proteins, and secondary metabolites. To minimize
the influence of infection on their vigor, plants also exhibit immunity regardless of the
amount of pathogen multiplication. The current review provides an important insight into the mechanisms
of host-pathogen interaction, which is very significant for efficient disease management.
Amendatory Effect of Flavonoids in Alzheimer's Disease Against Mitochondrial Dysfunction
Authors: Gulcan Hayrettin O. , Orhan Ilkay E.
Published: January 2021

Flavonoids are chromene analogues abundantly found in plants. It has always been of interest
to discover natural flavonoid structures, since living things, including humans, are routinely
exposed to these compounds through many dietaries. So far, numerous studies have been conducted
on flavonoids with diverse biological actions. The activity results obtained, particularly regarding
the effects of flavonoids on various validated and non-validated targets of Alzheimer’s Disease
(AD), make these compounds promising agents either to be directly employed in clinical trials or
to be utilized as important scaffolds for flavonoid-based drug design studies. Although there are
many review articles on the treatment and protective effects of flavonoids on AD, within this review,
the effects of flavonoids on mitochondrial dysfunction developing throughout AD have been
presented concomitant to their structural organization.
Miscellaneous Passerini Reaction for α-Acyloxy Carboxamide: Synthesis
and Process Optimization Study
Authors: Jivani Amita J. , Kapadiya Khushal M. , Khunt Ranjan C.
Published: January 2021

:

An accelerating effect of “Phase Transfer Catalyst” as additive was exposed for the Passerini three-component
reactions and the influence on the reaction rate was studied concerning direct involvement of reactant molecules. The most
flexible reaction for the rapid formation of diverse “α-acyloxycarboxamides” using passerini reaction involved multicomponent reactions using miscellaneous 2-(prop-2-ynyloxy)benzaldehyde with various aromatic acid and slightly non-polar
fragment i.e. 2-isocyano-2,3,3-trimethylbutane and the representative molecule was characterized with resepct to DEPT135 NMR technique.
Breast Cancer: A Review of Risk Factors and New Insights into Treatment
Authors: Karami Kimia , Anbari Khatereh
Published: January 2021

Today, despite significant advances in cancer treatment have been made, breast cancer remains one of the main health problems and considered a top biomedical investigation urgency. The present study reviewed the common conventional chemotherapy agents and also some alternative and complementary approaches such as oncolytic virotherapy, bacteriotherapy, nanotherapy, immunotherapy, and natural products, which are recommended for breast cancer treatment. In addition to current surgery approaches such as mastectomy, in recent years, a number of novel techniques such as robotic mastectomies, nipple-sparing mastectomy, skin-sparing mastectomy, daycase mastectomy were used in breast cancer surgery. In this review, we summarize new insights into risk factors, surgical and non-surgical treatments for breast cancer.
The Adjunctive Value of Diffusion Weighted Imaging in Diagnosis and Follow Up of Uterovaginal Diffuse B-cell Lymphoma: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Saleh Gehad A. , Alghandour Reham , Rashad Eman Y. , Tawfik Ahmed M. , Elmokadem Ali H.
Published: January 2021

Background:

Lymphoma of the female gynecologic tract is extremely rare. Typically, lymphoma is managed nonsurgically unlike other non-lymphomatous malignant tumors raising the importance of differentiation between both entities.

Case Presentation:

We describe the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) features of a case of uterovaginal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma in a 50-year-old postmenopausal woman emphasizing Diffusion-Weighted Imaging (DWI) as a diagnostic and follow up tool. We reviewed the literature regarding the diagnostic methods for female genital lymphoma. Forty-five cases, including our patient, were reviewed with an age range from 22 to 85 years. Vaginal bleeding was the most common presentation. The diagnosis was established by Papanicolaou smear, cervical biopsy (25/45), endometrial biopsy (6/45), vaginal biopsy (2/45), pelvic mass biopsy (2/45), iliac LN biopsy (1/45) and surgical diagnosis (8/45). Diffuse Large B-Cell Lymphomas (DLBCL) constitute the vast majority of the cases (82%). The uterine cervix was involved at diagnosis in the majority of these cases (68%), while the uterine body (42%) and vagina (28%) were less involved. Pelvic lymphadenopathy was found in 15 cases, while extra genital lymphomatous infiltration in 13 cases. Sonographic findings were nonspecific, while CT provided excellent data about extra-genital involvement. Thirteen cases underwent pelvic MRI that displayed superior detection of disease extension and parametric involvement. Diffusion restriction was reported only in one case without quantitative analysis of ADC map.

Conclusion:

MRI shows unique features that differentiate uterovaginal lymphoma from the much more common carcinomas and discriminate post-operative changes from tumor recurrence. It exhibits a marked restricted diffusion pattern with lower ADC values than carcinomas and post-operative changes.
Fluorescent Carbon Dots and their Applications in Sensing of Small
Organic Molecules
Authors: Laghari Sakib Hussain , Memon Najma , Yar Khuhawer Muhammad , Jahangir Taj Muhammad
Published: January 2021

Background:

Fluorescence-based sensing is considered highly sensitive and fluorescent probes with improved
properties are always desired. Fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) are newly emerging quasi-spherical nanoparticles of less than
10 nm in size and belong to the carbon nano-material’s family. CDs have great potential as fluorescent probes and currently
are under open deliberation by the researchers due to their striking properties such as low environmental hazard, high
selectivity, greater sensitivity, good biocompatibility, tunable fluorescent properties and excitation dependent multicolor
emission behavior.

Introduction:

This review demonstrates various available methods for fabrication of fluorescent CDs, capping of CDs and
characterization with various techniques including UV-visible, FT-IR, and TEM. Analytical applications using CDs for the
sensing of small organic molecules, specifically nitroaromatic compounds in the environmental samples are complied.

Methods:

The review covers literature related to synthesis and characterization of carbon dots. It includes around 171
research articles in this field.

Results:

Carbon dots can be synthesized using numerous routes. In all cases CDs possess spectral properties with little
variation in wavelength maxima. Optical properties of CDs can be tuned by compositing these with metallic quantum dots
or by modifying their surface with desired functionalities. HR-TEM is needed to see the morphology and size of particles
whereas UV-Visible and FTIR are indispensable tools for this kind of research. These particles are successfully applied to
sense small molecules in some matrices.

Conclusion:

Carbon dots are bright stars in fluorescent sensing of small molecules. However, more research is needed to
determine small organic molecules in diversified areas of analysis.
Optimization of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipidic Carriers as Promising Delivery for Gefitinib: Characterization and Invitro Evaluation
Authors: Shah Akshat , Patel Asha , Dharamsi Abhay
Published: January 2021

Background:

Response surface methodology is a unique tool for the optimization of Solid lipid Nanoparticles
and Nanostructured lipid carriers by developing the relationship between dependent and independent variables and
exploring their interactions.

Methods:

Central Composite Design and Box Benkhen Design was used to develop
optimized formulations of Gefitinib [GEF] Solid Lipid Nanoparticles [SLN] and Nanostructured Lipidic Carriers [NLC].
In the design matrix, the independent variables chosen were the amount of Solid Lipid, Liquid Lipid, and Surfactant and
dependent variables were Particle Size and Poly Dispersity Index.

Result:

The GEF-SLN under optimized conditions gave
rise to Particle size (187.9 nm ± 1.15), PDI (0.318 ± 0.006), %EE (95.38%±0.14), Zeta Potential (-8.75 mv ±0.18) and
GEF-NLC under optimized conditions gave rise to Particle size (188.6 nm± 1.12), PDI (0.395± 0.004), %EE (97.46%±
0.33), Zeta Potential (-5.72 mv± 0.04) respectively. SEM of the Freeze-dried optimized lipidic carriers showed spherical
particles. The in vitro experiments proved that Gefitinib in the lipidic carriers is released gradually throughout 24 h.

Conclusion:

This study showed that the response surface methodology could be efficiently applied for the modeling of
GEF-SLN & GEF-NLC.
Chemical Genetic Validation of GWAS-derived Disease Loci
Authors: Quan Yuan , Zhang Hong-Yu
Published: January 2021

Background:

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have opened the door to unprecedented
large-scale identification of susceptibility loci for human diseases and traits. However,
it is still a great challenge to validate these loci and elucidate how these sequence variants give rise
to the genetic and phenotypic changes. Because many drug targets are genetic disease genes and the
general drug mode of action (MoA, agonist or antagonist) is in line with the consequence of target
gene mutations (loss-of-function (LOF) or gain-of-function (GOF)), here we propose a chemical
genetic method to address the above issues of GWAS.

Objective:

This study intends to use chemical genetics information to validate GWAS-derived disease
loci and interpret their underlying pathogenesis.

Method:

We conducted a comprehensive comparative analysis on GWAS data and drug/target information
(chemical genetics information).

Results:

We have identified hundreds of GWAS-derived disease loci which are linked to drug target
genes and have matched disease traits and drug indications. It is interesting to note that more
than 40% genes have been recognized as disorder factors, indicating the potential power of chemical
genetic validation. The pathogenesis of these loci was inferred by the corresponding drug MoA.
Some inferences were supported by prior experimental observations; some were interpreted in
terms of microRNA regulation, codon usage bias, and transcriptional regulation, in particular the
transcription factor-binding affinity variation induced by disease-causing mutations.

Conclusion:

In summary, chemical genetics information is useful to validate GWAS-derived disease
loci and to interpret their underlying pathogenesis as well, which has important implications
not only in medical genetics but also in methodology evaluation of GWAS.
Protective Effects of Antrodia cinnamomea and Its Constituent Compound Dehydroeburicoic Acid 32 Against Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease
Authors: Xu Lu , Peng An-Kang , Cao Yi-ni , Qiao Xue , Yue Shan-Shan , Ye Min , Qi Rong
Published: January 2021

Background:

Alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD), a leading chronic hepatic disease, affects an increasing
number of people, and no effective drugs for the treatment of AFLD are available. Antrodia cinnamomea (AC) can inhibit
AFLD, but its mechanisms and the effective compound in AC are unknown.

Objective:

We aimed to explore the anti-AFLD mechanism of AC and the active compound within AC.

Methods:

Wild-type (WT) C57BL/6J mice underwent 4 weeks of daily ethanol (EtOH) feeding to induce AFLD. AC or
dehydroeburicoic acid 32 (DEA32), a compound in AC, was given to the mice. Parallel experiments to assess the effect of
AC were conducted in aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2)-knockout (KO) mice. Primary mouse hepatocytes were
incubated with ethanol and Alda-1 (an ALDH2 agonist), AC or DEA32.

Results:

In WT mice with AFLD, AC reduced lipid deposition, increased the expression and activity
of ALDH2, reduced the acetaldehyde content, and downregulated the expression of lipogenic
and inflammatory genes in the liver. These effects of AC disappeared in ALDH2 KO mice. DEA32
was identified as an active compound in AC, as its effects on EtOH-treated WT hepatocytes were
similar to those of AC, which were comparable to the effects of Alda-1. These effects of DEA32
disappeared in EtOH-treated ALDH2 KO hepatocytes. Furthermore, in WT mice with AFLD,
DEA32 reduced lipid deposition, increased the activity of ALDH2, and reduced the accumulation
of acetaldehyde in the liver. DEA32 also downregulated the mRNA expression of genes related to
lipogenesis and inflammation.

Conclusion:

AC and its constituent compound DEA32 inhibit AFLD by upregulating ALDH2 activity, accelerating
acetaldehyde metabolism and suppressing lipogenesis and inflammation in the liver.
Natural Products as PI3K/ Akt Inhibitors: Implications in Preventing Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Narayanankutty Arunaksharan
Published: January 2021

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the prominent forms of cancer in developed
countries. Globally, the incidence of HCC is well correlated with fatty liver disease and cirrhosis;
the underlying chronic inflammation and lipotoxicity are thought to drive the process of HCC. Several
biochemical cycles and molecular pathways are associated. The review aims to summarize the
role of PI3K/Akt signaling and its downstream effectors in the development of HCC and its progression.
Further, the emphasis has been given to the role of natural inhibitors of the PI3K/Akt
pathway in HCC prevention, which are under various levels of drug discovery. The required literature
were collected from PubMed/Medline databases, as well as Scopus or Web of science. It is evident
that various signaling pathways activated by growth factors together with detoxification
machinery and biochemical cycles converge to the PI3K/Akt signaling. The pathway plays a key
role in the carcinogenesis, metastasis and drug resistance events of HCC cells and provides the
growth and survival advantage. Natural products belonging to various classes such as terpenoids,
flavonoids, saponins and stilbenoids are proven inhibitors of PI3K signaling and also found to inhibit
HCC progression. PI3K/mTOR pathway inhibitors, especially the different phytochemicals,
emerged as promising as anti-HCC agents. These molecules are shown to interfere with the PI3K
signaling at various stages and therefore the PI3K targeted drugs may be a future for the chemotherapeutic
arena.
Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF): Fuel for Cancer Progression
Authors: Satija Saurabh , Kaur Harpreet , Tambuwala Murtaza M. , Sharma Prabal , Vyas Manish , Khurana Navneet , Sharma Neha , Bakshi Hamid A. , Charbe Nitin B. , Zacconi Flavia C. , Aljabali Alaa A. , Nammi Srinivas , Dureja Harish , Singh Thakur G. , Gupta Gaurav , Dhanjal Daljeet S. , Dua Kamal , Chellappan Dinesh K. , Mehta Meenu
Published: January 2021

Hypoxia is an integral part of the tumor microenvironment, caused primarily due to rapidly multiplying tumor cells and a lack of proper blood supply. Among the major hypoxic pathways, HIF-1 transcription factor activation is one of the widely investigated pathways in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment (TME). HIF-1 is known to activate several adaptive reactions in response to oxygen deficiency in tumor cells. HIF-1 has two subunits, HIF-1β (constitutive) and HIF-1α (inducible). The HIF-1α expression is largely regulated via various cytokines (through PI3K-ACT-mTOR signals), which involves the cascading of several growth factors and oncogenic cascades. These events lead to the loss of cellular tumor suppressant activity through changes in the level of oxygen via oxygen-dependent and oxygen-independent pathways. The significant and crucial role of HIF in cancer progression and its underlying mechanisms have gained much attention lately among the translational researchers in the fields of cancer and biological sciences, which have enabled them to correlate these mechanisms with various other disease modalities. In the present review, we have summarized the key findings related to the role of HIF in the progression of tumors.
An Investigation for the Negative-Bias Temperature Instability Aware CMOS Logic
Authors: Kajal  , Sharma Vijay Kumar
Published: January 2021

Background:

Scaling of the dimensions of semiconductor device plays a very important role
in the advancement of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology. There are many advantages of
scaling in VLSI technology such as increment in the speed of the device and less area requirement of the
device. Aggressive device scaling causes some limitations in the form of short channel effects which
produce large leakage current. Large leakage current harms the characteristics of the device and affects
the reliability of the device.

Objective:

The most important and popular reliability issue in Deep Sub Micron (DSM) regime is Negative-
Bias Temperature Instability (NBTI). NBTI effect increases the threshold voltage of p-channel
Metal Oxide Semiconductor (PMOS) device over the time and affects the different characteristics of the
device. As a result, circuit delay exceeds the design specification and there may be timing violations or
logic failure. Different performance parameters are observed under NBTI effect for different logic gates.

Methods:

This paper presents an impact of NBTI at 22nm Berkeley short-channel IGFET model4
(BSIM4) Predictive Technology Model (PTM) for Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor
(CMOS) logic gates. Reliability simulations are utilized to evaluate the amount of gradual damage in
PMOS device due to NBTI effect.

Results :

The impact of NBTI degradation is checked for various CMOS logic gates using Mentor
Graphics’s Eldo circuit simulator. Output voltage and drain current are reducing over the time under
NBTI effect.

Conclusion:

NBTI degradation increases the threshold voltage of PMOS device over time and affects
the different characteristics of the device.
Internet of Things Based Stable Increased-throughput Multi-hop Protocol for Link Efficiency (IoT-SIMPLE) For Health Monitoring Using Wireless Body Area Networks
Authors: Rana Arun Kumar , Sharma Sharad
Published: January 2021

Aims:

This study aimed to propose a routing protocol for IoT-based WBANs that is reliable,
power-efficient, and has a high throughput.

Background:

A variety of services and applications that use wireless connections such as LTE,
3G, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, and ZigBee communication technologies have become popular in daily life
as a result of the rapid development of network hardware technology. Remote medical monitoring
and care is one such service. Governments have developed new policies in response to the
healthcare needs of aging populations. Their goal is to create a comprehensive medical network
based on new wireless technologies like sensor networks and cloud computing. Their purpose is to
take the medical industry and the Internet of Things (IoT) to the next level of development.

Objective:

The goal of our proposed study is to improve the network nodes' ability to stay alive for
a longer period of time and to maintain stability. A longer stability period contributes to high
packet delivery of the node to the sink that enhances the efficiency of the WBAN network.

Methods:

The Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) Internet of Things (IoT) for healthcare applications
has attracted attention from various fields of study in the last few years. In this paper,
we propose a routing protocol for IoT-based WBANs that is reliable, power-efficient and has a
high throughput. To achieve low energy consumption and a longer network lifetime, we used a
multi-hop topology. To choose a parent node or forwarder, we propose a cost function that selects
a parent node with the highest residual energy and the shortest distance to sink. The residual energy
parameter balances energy consumption among sensor nodes, while the distance parameter ensures
packet delivery to the sink. Our key goal is to increase WBAN’s total network by raising
cumulative energy usage. The residual energy parameter governs the usage of energy by the sensor
nodes, while the distance parameter ensures that the packet is effectively transmitted to the sink.

Result:

Simulation results demonstrate that our proposed protocol is energy efficient and maximizes
network stability for longer periods.

Conclusion:

Real-time health and activity recognition with wearable sensors is a prerequisite for
assistive paradigms. In this paper, we suggest a method for routing data to WBANs. The proposed
scheme employs a cost function to determine the best route to the sink. The residual energy of
nodes and their distance from the sink is used to calculate the cost function. Nodes with a lower
cost function value are selected as the parent node. Other nodes are children nodes and send their
data to the parent node. The proposed routing scheme improves network stability time and packet
delivery to sink, according to our simulation results. Path loss is also investigated in this protocol
and will be considered in future work.
Microbial-based Biocontrol Solutions for Fruits and Vegetables: Recent Insight, Patents, and Innovative Trends
Authors: De Simone Nicola , Capozzi Vittorio , Amodio Maria Luisa , Colelli Giancarlo , Spano Giuseppe , Russo Pasquale
Published: January 2021

Background:

Fruits and vegetables are susceptible to colonisation by undesired microflora, which, in pre- and post-harvest conditions, negatively impact the quality of these products, leading to a reduction of yield, shelf-life, and marketability. In the few last years, the use of microbial Biological Control Agents (BCAs) has assumed international relevance in order to control harmful microorganisms, as a promising alternative to chemical interventions.

Objective:

The purpose of this review is to discuss the microbial-based solutions applicable for the biocontrol of the main microbial spoilers, phytopathogens, and human food-borne pathogens affecting fruits and vegetables during their production and storage.

Results:

A comprehensive overview of the scientific literature investigating the effectiveness of BCA-based products available on the market is provided, as well as of the most recent patents protecting biotechnological applications in this field. Innovative trends are discussed, with a particular focus on the integration of BCAs to minimise spoilage phenomena and microbiological risks adopting combined approaches.

Conclusion:

This study underlines the growing interest about biocontrol strategies to counteract the growth of spoilage and/or pathogenic microorganisms indicating that in the next years a considerable increase of commercial products and patents will be developed worldwide to exploit innovative biotechnological solutions in the sector.
Blended Learning is an Educational Innovation and Solution During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Karma I Gede Made , Darma I Ketut , Santiana I Made Anom
Published: January 2021

The COVID-19 pandemic has indeed forced people to do more activities from home, including the learning process. The learning from home policy is not accompanied by rules and regulations such as what this learning process should be carried out. As a result, various learning processes emerged, from what they are to complex things. This study aims to find innovations and learning solutions during a pandemic, to support learning from home. Online learning is the only option. It's just that, based on the problems and constraints revealed, this online learning must be packaged like traditional face-to-face learning. The choice then turned to blended learning, with various adjustments. Face-to-face learning is carried out via video conference if needed only. The shortcomings are then overcome by compiling learning materials in the form of problem-based, text-based, video, or multimedia practical guides. The learning process is complemented by the opening of active interactive communication channels. Learning evaluation is carried out not only on results but also considering the process and self-evaluation. All of this learning process should be as optimal as possible using a mobile device or smartphone.
Dinamika Konflik Internal Pada Partai Persatuan Pembangunan Pasca Pemilu Tahun 2014
Authors: Sari Qurnia
Published: January 2021

Partai Persatuan Pembangunan (PPP) merupakan fusi dari keempat Partai Islam yang ikut serta pada Pemilu 1971 untuk menyederhanakan sistem kepartaian menjelang Pemilu 1977. Menjelang Pemilu tahun 2014 partai ini dilanda konflik internal yang berlarut-larut hingga kini. Konflik internal yang seharusnya bisa diselesaikan oleh mekanisme internal partai gagal, hingga masuknya campur tangan pemerintah dengan terbitnya SK Menkumham dan pengangkatan Menteri Agama dari kubu PPP Romahurmuzy yaitu Lukman Hakim Syarifuddin. Studi kualitatif ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis dinamika konflik Partai Persatuan Pembangunan, campur tangan pemerintah dalam konflik internal PPP serta dampak konflik internal bagi DPW dan DPC di daerah.
Hubungan Faktor Sosiodemografi Dengan Tingkat Pengetahuan Akseptor Terhadap Kontrasepsi Suntik Yang Mengandung Medroksiprogesteron Asetat Dan Estradiol Cypionate Di Puskesmas Kota Malang.
Authors:   Jurusan Farmasi,Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, Rohmah Nikmatur , Rachma Pramestutie Hananditia ,   Jurusan Farmasi,Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, Kurnia Illahi Ratna ,   Jurusan Farmasi,Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
Published: January 2021

Combined injectable contracetive is one of the effective, practical, and affordable ways to prevent pregnancy.An injection with Medroksiprogesteron Acetate 25mg and Estradiol Cypionate 5mg can be given once a month. It takes a regular injection according to the schedule to reach the effective result. Knowledge of injectable contraceptives may affect its effectiveness. This study aimed to determine the correalation between sociodemographic factorsand the acceptor's knowledge of contraception among four primary health centers (Puskesmas) in Malang. It employed observational analytic study with cross sectional approach and convenience sampling technique, with 40 samples obtained. This study was declared ethical with letter number230/EC/KEPK-S1-FARM/08/2019.The data obtained were then analyzed by using Spearman's test statistics and Cramer v contingency coefficient with 95% significancy. The resultshowed that the acceptors’ level of knowledge was average (50%), poor (30%), and good (20%). The sociodemographic factors that had significant correlation with level of knowledge including age (p=0.019), education (p=0.002), andincome level (p=0.020), while job had no correlation (p=0.161). It can be concluded that the sociodemographic factors correlated with acceptors’ level of knowledge in primary health centers of Malangwere age, education, and income level
Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan Petugas Pengelola Obat dengan Tingkat Ketersediaan Obat Di Puskesmas Kota Malang
Authors:   Jurusan Farmasi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, Alfian Machrozi , Lawuningtyas Hariadini Ayuk ,   Jurusan Farmasi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia, Sidharta Bambang ,   Jurusan Farmasi, Fakultas Kedokteran, Universitas Brawijaya, Malang, Indonesia
Published: January 2021

Drug management is the activity of management and storage of pharmaceutical preparations in an appropriate place, which aims of ensuring product safety and avoiding physical or chemical damage. One of the indicators that can be utilized in analysing drug management processes is the level of drug availability. The level of drug availability is a value that shows the percentage of the number of drugs required for healthcare services in health centres that must be in line with the needs of the population. Therefore, the number of drugs in the warehouse of the Primary Health Centre (Puskesmas) must be at least comparable to the amount of stock during the waiting time for the arrival of drugs. The staff must be knowledgeable about drug management at the Puskesmas. This research aims to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge of drug management of the staff with the level of drug availability in several Puskesmas in Malang. The research carried out was cross sectional analytic observational. The sampling technique of respondents was total sampling. The instrument used was a questionnaire of the knowledge of drug management of the staff and a data collection sheet for the drug availability obtained from the LPLPO datawhich hasethical clearance by the Medical Research Ethics Commission of the Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Brawijaya No. 81 / EC / KEPK-S1-FARM / 04/2020. The result of the average percentage of staff knowledge is 84.32%, which was included in the good category. The average percentage of drug availability is 64.19%. The percentage categorization of the level of drug availability comprises of 20% with good category, 70% with moderate category, and 10% with poor category. The results of the statistical correlation test using the Spearman Rank test indicate the Spearman Correlation value of 0.034 or p = 0.870 (p>0.05), indicating that the correlation is no meaningful relationship between The Level of Knowledge of Drug Management of The Staff With The Level of Drug Availability in Primary Health Centre (PUSKESMAS) in Malang City
Analisis Cost of Illness Pada Pasien Hipertensi Peserta BPJS Rawat Jalan di Puskesmas Banyuanyar
Authors:   Fakultas Ilmu Kesehatan, Universitas Muhammadiyah Malang, Malang, Indonesia, Etika Trias , Pristianty Liza ,   Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia, Ratna Hidayati Ika ,   Fakultas Farmasi, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, Indonesia
Published: January 2021

Hypertension is a chronic disease that requires regular therapy to control blood pressure. The cost of treating hypertension can be measured by using a cost-of-illness analysis. The purpose of this study was to find out the total cost of treating hypertensive outpatients participating in BPJS (universal coverage). Who treated with Captopril for one year at the Banyuanyar primary healthcare centre in Sampang Regency. In a study by Baroroh and Sari (2017), hypertension treatment requires a large cost because it is carried out in a long time. Method this study used a non-random sampling technique with a purposive sampling method with criteria that have been determined by the researcher. This research conducted at Banyuanyar Health Center with total sample 40 people. The instrument used was a structured interview which was previously tested for content validity. The data were analyze by using Microsoft® Excel. The result of this study showed that the cost-of-illness for hypertensive patients for one year was Rp 36.140 to Rp 2.528.000. The total range of direct medical costs was Rp 36.140 to Rp 368.000 per patient, the range of direct non-medical costs was Rp 0 to Rp 360.000 per patient, and the range of indirect costs is Rp. 0 to Rp. 1.800.000 per patient. The difference in cost value range was influenced by the frequency of patient visits. Cheaper costs indicated lower frequency of patient visits and disorderly patient compliance, therefore the therapeutic effects achieved were less good. However, more expensive cost indicated higher frequency of patient visits and orderly patient compliance, and be able to achieved better the therapeutic effects. The effect of less maximum therapy is known with often patients buying drugs outside the primary healthcare centre caused by uncontrolled hypertension disease so that it can trigger very high blood pressure at any time, this is related to the nonroutine of patients in carrying out treatment in the primary healthcare centre.
Selubung Ketidakadilan Peran Gender dalam Motherhood pada Film Athirah
Authors: Yoshina Siautta Sarah , Yuni Widyaningrum Anastasia , Winda Setyarinata Agatha
Published: January 2021

Often times Indonesian films raise issues around women, especially about mothers, which is linked to gender inequality between men and women. The films that depict women unfairly in a disadvantageous position is a product of patriarchal culture. Women, especially mothers, often have less dominant roles and positions in all fields; also women are rarely used as main characters. The same is the case with the characterization of the mother in the film Athirah. In this study, we discussed about how motherhood is shown in the film Athirah. This study employed semiotic method proposed by Charles Sander Peirce. The results of this study indicate that Athirah's motherhood revolves around her role as a wife and husband's companion, as a household organizer and leader, and also as a child caregiver. The depiction of motherhood in the film Athirah is still trapped in the classic depiction of a woman in an unequal gender construction. This inequality is shown in the double burden carried by Athirah's figure
Определение материальных параметров фоторефрактивных кристаллов на основе метода адаптивной голографической интерферометрии
Authors: Шандаров С.М. , Злобин А.О. , Шмидт А.А. , Буримов Н.И. , Мельник К.П. , Шмаков С.С. , Макаревич А.В. , Навныко В.Н. , Брюшинин М.А. , Соколов И.А.
Published: January 2021

Рассмотрено применение методов голографической интерферометрии, основанных на взаимодействии стационарного опорного светового пучка с фазово-модулированным сигнальным пучком на создаваемых ими возмущениях диэлектрического тензора в фоточувствительных кристаллах, для измерения материальных параметров, определяющих величину этих возмущений. Определены экспериментальные условия, при которых возможно выделение вкладов во взаимодействие флексоэлектрического и электрогирационного эффектов в кубических фоторефрактивных кристаллах класса силленитов; показана необходимость учета вклада в него эффекта флексогирации. Ключевые слова: адаптивная голографическая интерферометрия, фоточувствительные кристаллы, фоторефрактивный эффект, обратный флексоэлектрический эффект, двухпучковое взаимодействие.
Метод формирования единственного сфокусированного порядка дифракции при помощи бинарных амплитудных дифракционных элементов без пространственной несущей
Authors: Краснов В.В. , Стариков Р.С. , Злоказов Е.Ю.
Published: January 2021

The method of synthesis of self-focusing amplitude DOE without the carrier spatial frequency working in divergent beams and forming single focused diffraction order which can occupy whole DOE reconstruction field because there is no necessity for spatial separation of diffraction orders, which is the case with holograms, is presented. Synthesis was carried out in two stages. The first one was carried out by the iteration algorithm similar to Gerchberg-Saxton algorithm, with those differences that synthesizable DOE is an amplitude one and incident wave front is divergent. Then the method of direct search with random trajectory was applied. As a result for binary amplitude DOE synthesis error of 6% and diffraction efficiency of 6% was achieved. Results of experimental DOE implementation using DMD are presented.
Люминесцентные свойства комплексов галогенидов теллура (IV) с пиридином (C-=SUB=-5-=/SUB=-H-=SUB=-5-=/SUB=-NH)-=SUB=-2-=/SUB=-TeHaI-=SUB=-6-=/SUB=- (где HaI=Cl, Br)
Authors: Седакова Т.В. , Мирочник А.Г.
Published: January 2021

Изучены спектрально-люминесцентные свойства комплексных соединений галогенидов теллура (IV) с пиридином состава (C5H5NH)2TeHal6 (где Hal=Cl, Br). При искаженной островной октаэдрической координации иона Тe (IV) люминесценцией обладает только хлоридный комплекс (C5H5NH)2TeСl6 при 77 К. Проведен сравнительный анализ влияния геометрического строения координационного полиэдра теллура (IV) и положение A-полосы (переход 3P1->1S0) в спектрах люминесценции на люминесцентные свойства комплексов теллура (IV) c пиридином и щелочными металлами (Cs, Rb): наличие искажений координационного полиэдра теллура (IV) и батохромный сдвиг A-полосы способствует эффективной диссипации энергии электронного возбуждения в комплексах. Ключевые слова:
Factores de éxito en el financiamiento para Pymes a través del Crowdfunding en México
Authors: De Jesús González John , Valdés Medina Filiberto Enrique , Saavedra García María Luisa
Published: January 2021

El presente trabajo se enfoca en el creciente interés a nivel global por el estudio de las finanzas tecnológicas (Fintech) en lo general, y el fondeo colectivo en lo particular, como herramientas tecnológicas que permiten la financiación de diversas iniciativas de emprendimiento. El objetivo es identificar los factores que impactan en el éxito de financiamiento de las Pymes que participan en las plataformas de fondeo colectivo, mediante la técnica de análisis de la covarianza (Ancova) en las calificaciones de riesgo mientras se controlan estadísticamente el monto del crédito, el plazo, la tasa y el número de fondeadores. Los resultados muestran que el riesgo impacta significativamente el éxito de fondeo, resultando además ser covariables relevantes: la tasa de interés pagada, el monto financiado, y el número de fondeadores, no siendo el caso para el plazo del crédito pues es una covariable poco significativa. Del análisis del éxito de fondeo y su relación con el riesgo, se destaca la tasa de retorno como principal incentivo en el fondeo de las empresas, sin embargo, resta profundizar las investigaciones desde el impacto ético, social, y ambiental en las decisiones de fondeo.
Modelos de la estructura de plazos de las tasas de interés: Revisión, tendencias y perspectivas
Authors: Vasicek Oldrich Alfons , Venegas-Martínez Francisco
Published: January 2021

El trabajo proporciona una descripción general de los modelos de estructuras de plazos de las tasas de interés. Se trata de un planteamiento técnico de la teoría del comportamiento libre de arbitraje de tasas de interés de distintos vencimientos. Los modelos de tasa corta están ganando relevancia en la actualidad por su capacidad para describir y explicar la existencia de tasas de interés negativas como se ha observado en Europa y Asia. Las condiciones económicas actuales, en un entorno de incertidumbre generado por una recesión económica global, afectan el comportamiento de las tasas de interés, lo cual invita a realizar una revisión más cuidadosa de los factores que influyen en la dinámica de las mismas. Este artículo tiene como objetivo revisar las tendencias y perspectivas de los modelos de estructuras de plazos y destaca algunas áreas para futuras investigaciones.
Estimación del Riesgo de Mercado utilizando el VaR y la Beta del CAPM
Authors: Trejo Becerril Bárbara Ruth , Gallegos David Alberto
Published: January 2021

El objetivo de este estudio es medir el riesgo de mercado de portafolios de acciones del mercado financiero mexicano en periodos de alta volatilidad mediante cuatro metodologías: 1) la Beta del CAPM (-CAPM), 2) el VaR-Simulación Histórica (VaR-SH), 3) VaR-Delta Normal (VaR-δN) y 4) VaR-Simulación Montecarlo (VaR-SM). Estas métricas se seleccionaron por ser parsimoniosas. Los resultados muestran que las metodologías son consistentes en periodos de alta volatilidad. Se recomienda calcular la composición del portafolio de mercado y su VaR, para hacerlas comparables. La limitante principal, es que la -CAPM únicamente se puede calcular para portafolios de acciones, mientras que el cálculo del VaR con estas metodologías no contempla la ocurrencia de eventos extremos. Esto implica que los niveles de riesgo podrían subestimarse en periodos de alta volatilidad. La originalidad de este estudio reside en la comparación de estas metodologías mediante el cálculo de la composición del portafolio de mercado. Concluimos que el VaR-SH estima un mayor riesgo que la -CAPM después de experimentarse la alta volatilidad, si bien la -CAPM es consistente para las metodologías de VaR empleadas.
The Influence of Social Distancing on COVID-19 Mortality in US Counties: Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Tran Phoebe , Tran Lam , Tran Liem
Published: January 2021

Background

Previous studies on the impact of social distancing on COVID-19 mortality in the United States have predominantly examined this relationship at the national level and have not separated COVID-19 deaths in nursing homes from total COVID-19 deaths. This approach may obscure differences in social distancing behaviors by county in addition to the actual effectiveness of social distancing in preventing COVID-19 deaths.

Objective

This study aimed to determine the influence of county-level social distancing behavior on COVID-19 mortality (deaths per 100,000 people) across US counties over the period of the implementation of stay-at-home orders in most US states (March-May 2020).

Methods

Using social distancing data from tracked mobile phones in all US counties, we estimated the relationship between social distancing (average proportion of mobile phone usage outside of home between March and May 2020) and COVID-19 mortality (when the state in which the county is located reported its first confirmed case of COVID-19 and up to May 31, 2020) with a mixed-effects negative binomial model while distinguishing COVID-19 deaths in nursing homes from total COVID-19 deaths and accounting for social distancing– and COVID-19–related factors (including the period between the report of the first confirmed case of COVID-19 and May 31, 2020; population density; social vulnerability; and hospital resource availability). Results from the mixed-effects negative binomial model were then used to generate marginal effects at the mean, which helped separate the influence of social distancing on COVID-19 deaths from other covariates while calculating COVID-19 deaths per 100,000 people.

Results

We observed that a 1% increase in average mobile phone usage outside of home between March and May 2020 led to a significant increase in COVID-19 mortality by a factor of 1.18 (P<.001), while every 1% increase in the average proportion of mobile phone usage outside of home in February 2020 was found to significantly decrease COVID-19 mortality by a factor of 0.90 (P<.001).

Conclusions

As stay-at-home orders have been lifted in many US states, continued adherence to other social distancing measures, such as avoiding large gatherings and maintaining physical distance in public, are key to preventing additional COVID-19 deaths in counties across the country.