bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The first order theory of 𝑁-colorable graphs
Authors: Wheeler William H.
Published: July 2010

Every N-colorable graph without loops or multiple edges is a substructure of a direct power of a particular, finite, N-coloarable graph. Consequently, the class of N-colorable graphs without loops or endpoints can be recursively axiomatized by a first order, universal Horn theory. This theory has a model-companion which has a primitive recursive elimination of quantifiers and is decidable, complete,

ℵ
0

{\aleph _0}

-categorical, and independent. The N-colorable graphs without loops or multiple edges which have a proper, prime model extension for the model-companion are precisely the finite, amalgamation bases.
Deforming twist-spun knots
Authors: Litherland R. A.
Published: July 2010

In [15] Zeeman introduced the process of twist-spinning an n-knot to obtain an (n + l)-knot, and proved the remarkable theorem that a twist-spun knot is fibred. In [2] Fox described another deformation which can be applied during the spinning process, and which he called rolling. We show that, provided one combines the rolling with a twist, the resulting knot is again fibred. In fact, this result holds for a larger class of deformations, defined below.
Nonstandard measure theory: avoiding pathological sets
Authors: Wattenberg Frank
Published: July 2010

The main results in this paper concern representing Lebesgue measure by nonstandard measures which avoid certain pathological sets. An (external) set E is S-thin if InfmA|A standard,*

A

⊇

E

A\, \supseteq \,E

= 0 and Q-thin if Inf*mA|A internal,

A

⊇

E

A\, \supseteq \,E

= 0. It is shown that any *finite sample which represents Lebesgue measure avoids every S-thin set and that given any Q-thin set E there is a *finite sample avoiding E which represents Lebesgue measure. In the last part of the paper a particular pathological set

H

⊆

∗

[

0
,

1

]

{\mathcal {H}}\,\, \subseteq \, * \left [ {0,\,1} \right ]

is constructed which is important for the study of approximate limits, derivatives etc. It is shown that every *finite sample which represents Lebesgue measure assigns inner measure zero and outer measure one to this set and that Loeb measure does the same. Finally, it is shown that Loeb measure can be extended to a

σ
\sigma

-algebra including

H

{\mathcal {H}}

in such a way that

H

{\mathcal {H}}

is assigned zero measure.
Stable measures and central limit theorems in spaces of stable type
Authors: Marcus Michael B. , Woyczyński Wojbor A.
Published: July 2010

Let X be a symmetric random variable with values in a quasinormed linear space E. X satisfies the central limit theorem on E with index p,

0

>

p

⩽

2

0 \, > \, p \, \leqslant \, 2

, if

L

n

−
1

/

p

(

X
1

+
⋯
+

X

n

)
)

\mathcal {L}{n^{ - 1/p}}({X_1} + \cdots + {{\text {X}}_n}))

converges weakly to some probability measure on E. Hoffman-Jorgensen and Pisier have shown that Banach spaces of stable type 2 provide a natural environment for the central limit theorem with index

p
=
2

p = 2

. In this paper we show that, for

0
>
p
>
2

0 > p > 2

, quasi-normed linear spaces of stable type p provide a natural environment for the central limit theorem with index p. A similar result holds also for the weak law of large numbers with index p.
On 3-manifolds that have finite fundamental group and contain Klein bottles
Authors: Rubinstein J. H.
Published: July 2010

The closed irreducible 3-manifolds with finite fundamental group and containing an embedded Klein bottle can be identified with certain Seifert fibre spaces. We calculate the isotopy classes of homeomorphisms of such 3-manifolds. Also we prove that a free involution acting on a manifold of this type, gives as quotient either a lens space or a manifold in this class. As a corollary it follows that a free action of

Z
8

{Z_8}

or a generalized quaternionic group on

S
3

{S^3}

is equivalent to an orthogonal action.
Sweedler’s two-cocycles and generalizations of theorems on Amitsur cohomology
Authors: Riffelmacher Dave
Published: July 2010

For any (not necessarily commutative) algebra C over a commutative ring k Sweedler defined a cohomology set, denoted here by

H

2

(
C

/

k
)

{\mathcal {H}^2}(C/k)

, which generalizes Amitsur’s second cohomology group

H
2

(
C

/

k
)

{H^2}(C/k)

. In this paper, if I is a nilpotent ideal of C and

C
¯

≡

C

/

I

\bar C\, \equiv \,C/I

is K-projective, a natural bijection

H

2

(
C

/

k
)

→
~

H

2

(

C
¯

/

k
)

{\mathcal {H}^2}(C/k)\tilde \to {\mathcal {H}^2}(\bar C{\text {/}}k)

is established. Also, when

k
⊂
B

k \subset B

are fields and C is a commutative B-algebra, the sequence
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartSet 1 EndSet right-arrow upper H squared left-parenthesis upper B slash k right-parenthesis right-arrow Overscript l Superscript asterisk Baseline Endscripts upper H squared left-parenthesis upper C slash k right-parenthesis right-arrow Overscript r Endscripts upper H squared left-parenthesis upper C slash upper B right-parenthesis">

{
1
}
→

H
2

(
B

/

k
)

→

l

∗

H
2

(
C

/

k
)

→

r

H
2

(
C

/

B
)

\{ 1\} \to {H^2}(B{\text {/}}k)\xrightarrow {{{l^{\ast }}}}{H^2}(C/k)\xrightarrow {r}{H^2}(C/B)

is shown to be exact if the natural map

C

⊗
k

C
→
C

⊗
B

C

C{ \otimes _k}C \to C{ \otimes _B}C

induces a surjection on units,

l

∗

{l^ {\ast } }

is induced by the inclusion, and r is the “restriction” map.
The Albanese mapping for a punctual Hilbert scheme. I. Irreducibility of the fibers
Authors: Huibregtse Mark E.
Published: July 2010

Let

f
:

X
→
A

f:\,X \to A

be the canonical mapping from an algebraic surface X to its Albanese variety A,

X
(
n
)

X(n)

the n-fold symmetric product of X, and

H
X
n

H_X^n

the punctual Hilbert scheme parameterizing 0-dimensional closed subschemes of length n on X. The latter is a nonsingular and irreducible variety of dimension

2
n

2n

, and the “Hilbert-Chow” morphism

σ
n

:

H
X
n

→
X
(
n
)

{\sigma _n}:\,H_X^n \to X(n)

is a birational map which desingularizes

X
(
n
)

X(n)

. This paper studies the composite morphism
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="phi Subscript n Baseline colon upper H Subscript upper X Superscript n Baseline right-arrow Overscript sigma Subscript n Baseline Endscripts upper X left-parenthesis n right-parenthesis right-arrow Overscript f Subscript n Baseline Endscripts upper A comma">

φ
n

:

H
X
n

→

σ
n

X
(
n
)

→

f
n

A
,

{\varphi _n}:\,H_X^n\xrightarrow {{{\sigma _n}}}X(n)\xrightarrow {{{f_n}}}A ,

\]
where

f
n

{f_n}

is obtained from f by addition on A. The main result (Part 1 of the paper) is that for

n
≫
0

n \gg 0

, all the fibers of

φ
n

{\varphi _n}

are irreducible and of dimension

2
n
−
q

2n - q

, where

q
=
dim
⁡
A

q = \dim A

. An interesting special case (Part 2 of the paper) arises when

X
=
A

X = A

is an abelian surface; in this case we show (for example) that the fibers of

φ
n

{\varphi _n}

are nonsingular, provided n is prime to the characteristic.
Projective geometries as projective modular lattices
Authors: Freese Ralph
Published: July 2010

It is shown that the lattice of subspaces of a finite dimensional vector space over a finite prime field is projective in the class of modular lattices provided the dimension is at least 4.
On the topology of the set of completely unstable flows
Authors: Nitecki Zbigniew
Published: July 2010

We show that: (1) on any open manifold other than the line or plane, there exist nonsingular flows with

Ω

≠

∅

\Omega \, \ne \,\emptyset

which can be perturbed, in the strong

C
r

{C^r}

topology (any r), to flows with

Ω

≠

∅

\Omega \, \ne \,\emptyset

, and that (2) on certain open 3-manifolds there exist flows with

Ω

≠

∅

\Omega \, \ne \,\emptyset

which cannot be approximated, in the strong

C

1

{{\mathcal {C}}^1}

topology, by flows satisfying both

Ω

≠

∅

\Omega \, \ne \,\emptyset

and no

C

1

{{\mathcal {C}}^1}

Ω
\Omega

-explosions. These examples give partial negative answers to the conjecture of Takens and White, that the completely unstable flows with the strong

C

r

{{\mathcal {C}}^r}

topology equal the closure of their interior.
Globally hypoelliptic and globally solvable first-order evolution equations
Authors: Hounie Jorge
Published: July 2010

We consider global hypoellipticity and global solvability of abstract first order evolution equations defined either on an interval or in the unit circle, and prove that it is equivalent to certain conditions bearing on the total symbol. We relate this to known results about hypoelliptic vector fields on the 2-torus.
Singular perturbations and nonstandard analysis
Authors: Albeverio S. , Fenstad J. E. , Høegh-Krohn R.
Published: July 2010

We study by methods of nonstandard analysis second order differential operators with zero order coefficients which are too singular to be defined by standard functions. In particular we study perturbations of the Laplacian in

R
3

{R^3}

given by potentials of the form

λ

Σ
j

δ

(

x

−

x
j

)

\lambda {\Sigma _j}\delta \left ( {x\, - \,{x_j}} \right )

. We also study Sturm-Liouville problems with zero order coefficients given by measures and prove that they satisfy the same oscillation theorems as the regular Sturm-Liouville problems.
Expanding maps on sets which are almost invariant. Decay and chaos
Authors: Pianigiani Giulio , Yorke James A.
Published: July 2010

Let

A

⊂

R
n

A\, \subset \,{R^n}

be a bounded open set with finitely many connected components

A
j

{A_j}

and let

T
:

A
¯

→

R
n

T:\,\overline A \to \,{R^n}

be a smooth map with

A

⊂

T

(
A
)

A\,\, \subset \,\,T\left ( A \right )

. Assume that for each

A
j

{A_j}

,

A

⊂

T
m

(

A
j

)

A\,\, \subset \,\,{T^m}\left ( {{A_j}} \right )

for all m sufficiently large. We assume that T is “expansive", but we do not assume that

T

(
A
)

=
A

T\left ( A \right ) = A

. Hence for

x

∈

A
,

T
i

(
x
)

x\, \in \,A,\,{T^i}\,\left ( x \right )

may escape A as i increases. Let

μ
0

{\mu _0}

be a smooth measure on A (with

inf
A

d

μ
0

/

d

μ
0

d
x

d
x

>

0

{\operatorname {inf} _A}\,{{d{\mu _0}} \left / {\vphantom {{d{\mu _0}} {dx}}} \right . {dx}}\, > \,0

) and let

x

∈

A

x\, \in \,A

be chosen at random (using

μ
0

{\mu _0}

). Since T is “expansive” we may expect

T
i

(
x
)

{T^i}\left ( x \right )\,

to oscillate chaotically on A for a certain time and eventually escape A. For each measurable set

E

⊂

A

E\, \subset \,A

define

μ
m

(
E
)

{\mu _m}\left ( E \right )

to be the conditional probability that

T
m

(
x
)

∈

E

{T^m}\left ( x \right ) \in \,E

given that

x
,
T

(
x
)

,
…
,

T
m

(
x
)

x,T\left ( x \right ),\ldots ,{T^m}\left ( x \right )

are in A. We show that

μ
m

{\mu _m}

converges to a smooth measure

μ
\mu

which is independent of the choice of

μ
0

{\mu _0}

. One dimensional examples are stressed.
Dispersion points for linear sets and approximate moduli for some stochastic processes
Authors: Geman Donald
Published: July 2010

Let

Γ

∈

[
0
,

1
]

\Gamma \, \in \,[0,\,1]

be Lebesgue measurable; then

Γ
\Gamma

has Lebesgue density 0 at the origin if and only if
\[
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="integral Underscript normal upper Gamma Endscripts t Superscript negative 1 Baseline normal upper Psi left-parenthesis t Superscript negative 1 Baseline meas left-brace normal upper Gamma intersection left-parenthesis 0 comma t right-parenthesis right-brace right-parenthesis d t greater-than normal infinity">

∫
Γ

t

−
1

Ψ
(

t

−
1

meas

{
Γ

∩

(
0
,

t
)
}
)

d
t

>

∞

\int _\Gamma {{t^{ - 1}}\Psi ({t^{ - 1}}\,{\text {meas}}} \{ \Gamma \, \cap \,(0,\,t)\} )\,dt\, > \,\infty

\]
for some continuous, strictly increasing function

Ψ
(
t
)

(
0

⩽

t

⩽

1
)

\Psi (t)\,(0\, \leqslant \,t\, \leqslant \,1)

with

Ψ
(
0
)

=

0

\Psi (0)\, = \,0

. This result is applied to the local growth of certain Gaussian (and other) proceses

{

X
t

,

t

⩾

0
}

\{ {X_t},\,t\, \geqslant \,0\}

as follows: we find continuous, increasing functions

ϕ
(
t
)

\phi (t)

and

η
(
t
)

(
t

⩾

0
)

\eta (t)\,(t\, \geqslant \,0)

such that, with probability one, the set
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartSet t colon eta left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis less-than-or-slanted-equals StartAbsoluteValue upper X Subscript t Baseline minus upper X 0 EndAbsoluteValue less-than-or-slanted-equals phi left-parenthesis t right-parenthesis EndSet">

{
t
:
η
(
t
)

⩽

|

X
t

−

X
0

|

⩽

ϕ
(
t
)
}

\{ t:\eta (t)\, \leqslant \,\left | {{X_t}\, - \,{X_0}} \right |\, \leqslant \,\phi (t)\}

has density 1 at the origin.
On the global asymptotic behavior of Brownian local time on the circle
Authors: Bolthausen E.
Published: July 2010

The asymptotic behavior of the local time of Brownian motion on the circle is investigated. For fixed time point t this is a (random) continuous function on

S
1

{S^1}

. It is shown that after appropriate norming the distribution of this random element in

C
(

S
1

)

C({S^1})

converges weakly as

t

→

∞

t\, \to \,\infty

. The limit is identified as

2
(
B
(
x
)

−

∫

B
(
y
)

d
y
)

2(B(x)\, - \,\int {B(y)\,dy)}

where B is the Brownian bridge. The result is applied to obtain the asymptotic distribution of a Cramer-von Mises type statistic for the global deviation of the local time from the constant t on

S
1

{S^1}

.
Partially conservative extensions of arithmetic
Authors: Guaspari D.
Published: July 2010

Let T be a consistent r.e. extension of Peano arithmetic;

Σ
n
0

\Sigma _n^0

,

Π
n
0

\Pi _n^0

the usual quantifier-block classification of formulas of the language of arithmetic (bounded quantifiers counting “for free"); and

Γ
\Gamma

,

Γ
′

\Gamma ’

variables through the set of all classes

Σ
n
0

\Sigma _n^0

,

Π
n
0

\Pi _n^0

. The principal concern of this paper is the question: When can we find an independent sentence

ϕ

∈

Γ

\phi \, \in \,\Gamma

which is

Γ
′

\Gamma ’

-conservative in the following sense: Any sentence

χ
\chi

in

Γ
′

\Gamma ’

which is provable from

T
+
ϕ

T + \phi

is already provable from T? (Additional embellishments: Ensure that

ϕ
\phi

is not provably equivalent to a sentence in any class “simpler” than

Γ
\Gamma

; that

ϕ
\phi

is not conservative for classes “more complicated” than

Γ
′

\Gamma ’

.) The answer, roughly, is that one can find such a

ϕ
\phi

, embellishments and all, unless

Γ
\Gamma

and

Γ
′

\Gamma ’

are so related that such a

ϕ
\phi

obviously cannot exist. This theorem has applications to the theory of interpretations, since “

ϕ
\phi

is

Γ
\Gamma

-conservative” is closely related to the property “

T
+
ϕ

T + \phi

is interpretable in T"-or to variants of it, depending on

Γ
\Gamma

. Finally, we provide simple model theoretic characterizations of

Γ
\Gamma

-conservativeness. Most results extend straightforwardly if extra symbols are added to the language of arithmetic, and most have analogs in the Levy hierarchy of set theoretic formulas (T then being an extension of ZF).
Antiholomorphic involutions of analytic families of abelian varieties
Authors: Adler Allan
Published: July 2010

In this paper, we investigate antiholomorphic involutions of Kuga-Satake analytic families of polarized abelian varieties V. A complete set of invariants of the Aut(V)-conjugacy classes of antiholomorphic involutions of V is obtained. These invariants are expressed as cohomological invariants of the arithmetic data defining V. In the last section, the fibre varieties of Kuga-Satake type belonging to totally indefinite quaternion division algebras over totally real fields are investigated in more detail, and the cohomological invariants are related to results of Steve Kudla. The group of holomorphic sections of V is computed for this case. It is also shown that in general the fibre structure of V is intrinsic.
Algebraic description of homogeneous cones
Authors: Dorfmeister Josef
Published: July 2010

This paper finishes the author’s investigations on homogeneous cones. As a result a classification of homogeneous cones is derived. The most important tool to get insight into the structure of homogeneous cones areJ-morphisms. Therefore, in this paper we mainly deal with morphisms of homogeneous cones. The main result gives an algebraic description ofJ-morphisms. It includes a description of “Linear imbeddings of self-dual homogeneous cones” and the above mentioned classification of homogeneous cones. In a subsequent paper it will be used to describe homogeneous Siegel domains.
Ergodic behaviour of nonstationary regenerative processes
Authors: McDonald David
Published: July 2010

Let

V
t

{V_t}

be a regenerative process whose successive generations are not necessarily identically distributed and let A be a measurable set in the range of

V
t

{V_t}

. Let

μ
n

{\mu _n}

be the mean length of the nth generation and

α
n

{\alpha _n}

be the mean time

V
t

{V_t}

is in A during the nth generation. We give conditions ensuring

lim

t
→
∞

prob
⁡
{

V
t

∈

A

}

=

α

/

μ

{\lim _{t \to \infty }}\,\operatorname {prob} \{ \,{V_t}\, \in \,A\,\} \, = \,\alpha /\mu

where

lim

n
→
∞

(
1

/

n
)

Σ

j
=
1

n

μ
j

=
μ

\lim \limits _{n \to \infty } (1/n)\Sigma _{j = 1}^n\,{\mu _j}\, = \mu

and

lim

n
→
∞

(
1

/

n
)

Σ

j
=
1

n

α
j

=

α

\lim \limits _{n \to \infty } (1/n)\Sigma _{j = 1}^n\,{\alpha _j}\, = \,\alpha

.
Moduli of punctured tori and the accessory parameter of Lamé’s equation
Authors: Keen L. , Rauch H. E. , Vasquez A. T.
Published: July 2010

To solve the problems of uniformization and moduli for Riemann surfaces, covering spaces and covering mappings must be constructed, and the parameters on which they depend must be determined. When the Riemann surface is a punctured torus this can be done quite explicitly in several ways. The covering mappings are related by an ordinary differential equation, the Lamé equation. There is a constant in this equation which is called the “accessory parameter". In this paper we study the behavior of this accessory parameter in two ways. First, we use Hill’s method to obtain implicit relationships among the moduli of the different uniformizations and the accessory parameter. We prove that the accessory parameter is not suitable as a modulus-even locally. Then we use a computer and numerical techniques to determine more explicitly the character of the singularities of the accessory parameter.
Notes on square-integrable cohomology spaces on certain foliated manifolds
Authors: Yorozu Shinsuke
Published: July 2010

We discuss some square-integrable cohomology spaces on a foliated manifold with one-dimensional foliation whose leaves are compact and with a complete bundle-like metric. Applications to a contact manifold are given.
On the embedding problem for 1-convex spaces
Authors: Tan Vo Van
Published: July 2010

In this paper we provide a necessary and sufficient condition for 1-convex spaces (i.e., strongly pseudoconvex spaces) which can be realized as closed analytic subvarieties in some

C
N

×

P
M

{C^N} \times {P_M}

. A construction of some normal 3-dimensional 1-convex space which cannot be embedded in any

C
N

×

P
M

{C^N} \times {P_M}

is given. Furthermore, we construct explicitly a non-kählerian 3-dimensional 1-convex manifold which answers a question posed by Grauert.
Global ideal theory of meromorphic function fields
Authors: Alling Norman L.
Published: July 2010

It is shown that the ideal theories of the fields of all meromorphic functions on any two noncompact Riemann surfaces are isomorphic. Further, various new representation and factorization theorems are proved.
On 2-blocks with semidihedral defect groups
Authors: Erdmann Karin
Published: July 2010

Let G be one of the following groups:

L
3

(
q
)

{L_3}(q)

and

G
L
(
2
,

q
)

GL(2,\,q)

with

q

≡

3

(
mod

4
)

q\, \equiv \,3\,(\bmod \,4)

,

U
3

(
q
)

{U_3}(q)

and

G
U
(
2
,

q
)

GU(2,\,q)

with

q

≡

1

(
mod

4
)

q\, \equiv \,1\,(\bmod \,4)

. This paper is concerned with 2-blocks B of G having semidihedral defect groups. In particular, vertices, sources and Green correspondents of the simple modules in B are determined and used to obtain the submodule structure of the indecomposable projective modules.
Hypoconvexity and essentially 𝑛-normal operators
Authors: Salinas Norberto
Published: July 2010

In this paper a classifying structure for the class of essentially n-normal operators on a separable Hilbert space is introduced, and various invariance properties of this classifying structure are studied. The notion of a hypoconvex subset of the algebra

M

n

{\mathcal {M}_n}

of all complex

n

×

n

n\, \times \,n

matrices is defined, and it is shown that the set of all equivalence classes of essentially n-normal operators (under a natural equivalence relation), whose reducing essential

n

×

n

n\, \times \,n

matricial spectrum is a given hypoconvex set, forms an abelian group. It is also shown that this correspondence between hypoconvex subsets of

M

n

{\mathcal {M}_n}

and abelian groups is a homotopy invariant, covariant functor. This result is then used to prove that Toeplitz operators (on strongly pseudoconvex domains) which have homotopic continuous matricial symbols, are unitarily equivalent up to compact perturbation.
Identities involving the coefficients of a class of Dirichlet series. V
Authors: Berndt Bruce C.
Published: July 2010

We derive various forms of the Voronoï summation formula for a large class of arithmetical functions. These arithmetical functions are generated by Dirichlet series satisfying a functional equation with certain gamma factors. Using our theorems, we establish several arithmetical identities.
A matrix representation for associative algebras. II
Authors: Lewin Jacques
Published: July 2010

The results of part I of this paper are applied to show that if F is a free algebra over the field K and W is a subset of F which is algebraically independent modulo the commutator ideal [F, F], then W again generates a free algebra. On the way a similar theorem is proved for algebras that are free in the variety of K-algebras whose commutator ideal is nilpotent of class n. It is also shown that if L is a Lie algebra with universal enveloping algebra F, and U, V are ideals of L, then

F
U
F
⋅
F
V
F
∩
L
=
[
U
∩
V
,
U
∩
V
]

FUF \cdot FVF \cap L = [U \cap V,U \cap V]

. This is used to extend the representation theorem of part I to free Lie algebras.
Groups, semilattices and inverse semigroups. II
Authors: McAlister D. B.
Published: July 2010

An inverse semigroup is called proper if the equations

a
e
=
e
=

e
2

ae = e = {e^2}

together imply

a
2

=
a

{a^2} = a

. In a previous paper, with the same title, the author proved that every inverse semigroup is an idempotent separating homomorphic image of a proper inverse semigroup. In this paper a structure theorem is given for all proper inverse semigroups in terms of partially ordered sets and groups acting on them by order automorphisms. As a consequence of these two theorems, and Preston’s construction for idempotent separating congruences on inverse semigroups, one can give a structure theorem for all inverse semigroups in terms of groups and partially ordered sets.
Immunodetection of Two Curtoviruses Infecting Sugar Beet
Authors: Durrin Jenny S. , Nikolaeva Olga V. , Strausbaugh Carl A. , Karasev Alexander V.
Published: July 2010

Beet leafhopper-transmitted curly top virus is a serious problem in many different crops in the semiarid western United States, including sugar beet, tomatoes, and beans. Curly top is caused by a genetically diverse complex of phloem-limited curtoviruses. Due to the phloem restriction of curtoviruses and the lack of a convenient laboratory host–vector system for curly top virus propagation and purification, no commercial immunodetection tests are available for curtoviruses. Routine diagnostics for curly top rely either on visual symptoms or on polymerase chain reaction (PCR) tests. Lack of an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) system is one of the factors hampering development and screening of the curly top resistant germplasm in, for instance, sugar beet and bean breeding programs. To fill in this gap, we developed an ELISA-based detection system for curtoviruses which utilizes virus-specific antibodies generated against bacterially expressed capsid protein (CP) of Beet mild curly top virus. Bacterially expressed CP was affinity purified and used as an antigen for antibody production in two animal species. Specificity of the resulting antisera was tested in Western blots and various triple-antibody sandwich (TAS)-ELISA formats with sugar beet, bean, and Nicotiana benthamiana leaf tissue. We demonstrate reliable detection of two curtoviruses in different crops in TAS-ELISA format, suitable for large-scale screening of germplasm in breeding programs.
Primary Inoculum Sources of Monilinia spp. in Spanish Peach Orchards and Their Relative Importance in Brown Rot
Authors: Villarino M. , Melgarejo P. , Usall J. , Segarra J. , De Cal A.
Published: July 2010

Immediately following the identification of Monilinia fructicola in a Spanish peach orchard in the Ebro Valley in 2006, this orchard and two other orchards in the same valley were intensively sampled for potential tree and ground sources of primary Monilinia inoculum before and during three growing seasons between 2006 and 2008. Overwintered Monilinia spp. produced inoculum from only mycelium, and no apothecia were found in any of the three orchards over the three growing seasons. Mummies on trees were the main source of primary inoculum. More than 90% of Monilinia isolates on all fruit mummies were M. laxa. Positive relationships were found between (i) the number of mummified fruit and the incidence of postharvest brown rot (P = 0.05, r = 0.75, n = 8), and (ii) the number of mummified fruit and nonabscised aborted fruit in the trees and the number of conidia on the fruit surface (P = 0.04, r = 0.71; P = 0.01, r = 0.94, respectively, n = 8) and the incidence of latent infection (P = 0.03, r = 0.75; P = 0.001, r = 0.99; respectively, n = 8). In addition, the numbers of mummified fruit and pruned branches on the orchard floor were correlated with the number of airborne conidia in the orchard. Based on the results of these surveys, the control of brown rot in stone fruit orchards is discussed.
First Report of Anthracnose Caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides in Pumpkin in Trinidad
Authors: Rampersad S. N.
Published: July 2010

In Trinidad, pumpkin (Cucurbita pepo L. and C. moschata L.) is extensively grown for local and international export markets. In November 2008, symptoms of foliar chlorosis and necrosis were observed in 15 commercial pumpkin fields located in the main production areas of St. George East, Caroni, Victoria, and St. Patrick counties. Severely infected plants were unable to support fruit maturation, which resulted in yield loss. The pathogen was isolated from surface-sterilized tissues of symptomatic plants. Colonies on potato dextrose agar (PDA) were white to cream with gray spore masses in the center. Conidia were hyaline, cylindrical with rounded ends, aseptate, and measured 12.5 to 16.5 μm × 3.5 to 5.0 μm. PCR amplification was carried out with ITS4/5 universal primers (4) and species-specific primers, CgInt/ITS4 (1), using a positive control of Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (courtesy of D. Perez-Brito). Species-specific primers generated a single amplicon, ~450 bp long, which corresponded with the positive control. The ITS1 region (1) of pumpkin isolates (GenBank No. GU320190) was 100% identical to cognate sequences of C. gloeosporioides isolates (GenBank Nos. AY841136 and FJ624257). Phylogenetic analyses (MEGA 4 – Molecular Evolutionary Genetic Analysis Software version 4 for Windows) using the neighbor-joining (NJ) algorithm placed the pumpkin isolates in a well-supported cluster (>90% bootstrap value based on 1,000 replicates) with other C. gloeosporioides isolates. The tree was rooted with C. crassipes (GenBank No. AJ536230). The pathogen was similar to C. gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. & Sacc. (3). In pathogenicity tests, six plants (cv. Jamaican squash) for each of five isolates were spray inoculated to runoff with a conidial suspension (1.0 × 106 conidia/ml). Negative controls were sprayed with sterile distilled water. In repeated tests, plants were symptomatic of infection 7 days postinoculation. There were no symptoms on control plants. Koch's postulates were fulfilled with the reisolation of the pathogen from symptomatic leaf tissues. Anthracnose is a serious threat to cucurbit production; however, infection is not common in pumpkin and squash (2). To my knowledge, this is the first report of C. gloeosporioides causing widespread anthracnose infection in pumpkin in Trinidad.

References: (1) A. E. Brown et al. Phytopathology 86:523, 1996. (2) G. Kelly. Acta Hortic. (ISHS) 731:479, 2007. (3) B. C. Sutton. Page 1 in: Colletotrichum: Biology, Pathology and Control. CAB International. Wallingford, UK, 1992. (4) T. J. White et al. Page 315 in: PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods and Applications. Academic Press, San Diego, 1990.
First Report of Pestalotiopsis microspora Causing Leaf Spot of Hidcote (Hypericum patulum) in Japan
Authors: Zhang M. , Wu H. Y. , Tsukiboshi T. , Okabe I.
Published: July 2010

Hidcote, Hypericum patulum Thunb. ex Murray, is a deciduous shrub that is cultivated as an ornamental in landscape gardens and courtyards in Japan. In early August 2008, severe leaf spotting was observed on plants growing in a courtyard in Nasushiobara, Tochigi, Japan. More than 30% of the leaves on five shrubs exhibited leaf spot symptoms. Small, round, pale brown lesions were initially observed. Later, they expanded to 5 to 12 mm in diameter, round to irregular-shaped with pale brown centers and dark brown margins. Under continuously wet or humid conditions, black acervuli developed on the leaf lesions. Conidia were straight or slightly curved, fusiform to clavate, and five-celled with constrictions at the septa. Conidia ranged from 17 to 21 × 5 to 8 μm with hyaline apical and basal cells. Fifteen percent of apical cells had two and the rest had three appendages (setulae) ranging from 10 to 21 μm long. The basal hyaline cell tapered into a 2 to 4 μm pedicel. The three median cells ranged from light or dark brown to olive green. These morphological characteristics matched those of Pestalotiopsis microspora (Speg.) G.C. Zhao & N. Li (1,2). The identity of the fungus was confirmed by DNA sequencing of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region (GenBank Accession No. GU908473) from single-spore isolates, which revealed 100% homology with those of other P. microspora isolates (e.g., GenBank Accession Nos. FJ459950 and DQ456865). Koch's postulates were confirmed using leaves of three detached branches of a field-grown asymptomatic plant of H. patulum. Thirty leaves of each branch were inoculated by placing mycelial plugs obtained from the periphery of 7-day-old single-spore cultures on the leaf surface. Potato dextrose agar plugs without mycelium served as controls. Leaves on branches were covered with plastic bags for 24 h to maintain high relative humidity in a greenhouse (approximately 24 to 28°C). After 5 days, all inoculated leaves showed symptoms identical to those described above, whereas control leaves remained symptom free. Reisolation of the fungus from lesions on inoculated leaves confirmed that the causal agent was P. microspora. To our knowledge, this is the first report of leaf spots on H. patulum caused by P. microspora in Japan. Management options may have to be developed and implemented to protect Hidcote plants in areas where leaf spot cannot be tolerated.

References: (1) P. A. Saccardo. Sylloge Fungorum III:789, 1884. (2) G. C. Zhao and N. Li. J. Northeast For. Univ. 23(4):21, 1995.
First Report of Phytophthora pseudosyringae Associated with Ink Disease of Castanea sativa in Italy
Authors: Scanu B. , Linaldeddu B. T. , Franceschini A.
Published: July 2010

Since December 2008, a severe outbreak of ink disease has been observed in a chestnut grove in the Sardinia Region in Italy (40°01′N, 9°13′E, 1,200 m above sea level). Trees have shown symptoms such as microphylly and yellowish foliage as well as necrosis on the main roots and collar. Isolations were made from infected roots and soil using green apples as baits. Small pulp pieces were cut from the lesions that developed in the apples and plated on Phytophthora selective medium (1). In addition to Phytophthora cambivora, another Phytophthora sp. was detected from 60% of 25 symptomatic trees sampled. Colonies subcultured onto carrot agar (CA) were generally appressed and stellate. Growth occurred from 2 to 26°C with an optimum at 20°C (mean radial growth rate of 4.5 mm/day). Sporangia were produced abundantly in unsterile pond water; they were semipapillate, rarely bipapillate, limoniform or ovoid, occasionally caducous with short pedicels (<5 μm), and 35.2 to 58.1 (46.3) × 22.1 to 35.3 (31.9) μm, with a length/breadth ratio of 1.5:1. Catenulate hyphal swellings were frequently present, whereas no chlamydospores were observed. Isolates produced numerous homothallic oogonia with diameters from 23.7 to 31.7 (27.3) μm. Antheridia were predominantly paragynous. Cultural and morphological features were in close agreement with those described for P. pseudosyringae (2). Identity was confirmed by analysis of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) of rDNA. BLAST searches at GenBank showed 100% identity with reference sequences of P. pseudosyringae (Accession Nos. AY230190 and EU074793). The representative sequence of one P. pseudosyringae strain (CST2A), stored in the culture collection of the Department of Plant Protection-University of Sassari, was submitted to GenBank (Accession No. GU460375). Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating 10 5-month-old chestnut seedlings grown in pots. One shallow cut was made into the bark on the main stem and an agar plug colonized by P. pseudosyringae was inserted beneath the flap. Seedlings were kept at the laboratory at temperatures varying from 16 to 22°C and watered as necessary. After 20 days, extensive, sunken, necrotic lesions measuring 27.2 ± 1.9 mm (mean + standard error) developed around the inoculation sites. Control plants inoculated with sterile CA plugs did not show any disease symptoms. The pathogen was consistently reisolated from infected tissues. P. pseudosyringae has recently been reported as the causal agent of stem necroses on chestnut seedlings in a nursery in Spain (3). To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. pseudosyringae on Castanea sativa in Italy.

References: (1) C. M. Brasier and S. A. Kirk. Plant Pathol. 50:218, 2001. (2) T. Jung et al. Mycol. Res. 107:772, 2003. (3) C. Pintos Varela et al. Plant Dis. 91:1517, 2007.
First Report of Black Spot Disease Caused by Alternaria alternata in Persimmon Fruits in Turkey
Authors: Kurt Ş. , Soylu E. M. , Soylu S.
Published: July 2010

In recent years, postharvest rot symptoms have been observed in persimmon fruit (Diospyros kaki L.) during long storage in Hatay Province, one of the main production areas of Turkey. Infection appeared to begin through small cracks around and beneath the calyx. Symptoms developed as small, slightly depressed, dark brown spots. Slices of infected peel were surface sterilized in 1% sodium hypochlorite for 2 min, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA), and then incubated at 24°C in darkness for 7 days. Hyphal tips from the margin of each developing colony were subcultured on PDA. Fungal colonies were initially white, becoming olivaceous, and turning brown with age. Conidiophores were brown, short, simple, or sometimes branched. Conidia were obclavate, obpyriform or ellipsoidal with a short conical beak, and 18 to 32 μm long and 5 to 14 μm wide at the broadest point. The pathogen was identified as Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissler based on morphological characteristics (2). Pathogenicity tests were conducted on previously wounded persimmon fruit (cv. Fuyu) by spraying 12 fruits with a conidial suspension (106 conidia per ml). Six control fruits were treated with sterilized water only. All fruit were kept in a moist chamber (100% relative humidity) at 25°C for 3 days, and then moved to a growth chamber at 26°C with a 16-h photoperiod. Many, small, and black sporulating spots were observed on inoculated fruit 5 days after treatment. After 21 days, these spots developed into lesions similar to those produced on naturally infected fruit. No lesions developed on the control fruit. A. alternata was reisolated from inoculated fruit. The disease was previously reported in Israel (1). To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata infecting persimmons in Turkey.

References: (1) D. Prusky et al. Phytopathology 71:1124, 1981. (2) E. G. Simmons. Alternaria: An Identification Manual. The American Phytopathological Society, St. Paul, MN, 2007.
First Report of Crown Rot Caused by Phytophthora tropicalis on Gloxinia in North Carolina
Authors: Olson Heather A. , Benson D. Michael
Published: July 2010

In 2007, wilting and crown rot were observed on recently transplanted gloxinias (a popular ornamental houseplant) in a commercial greenhouse in North Carolina. The pathogen was identified as Phytophthora tropicalis based on morphology and sequencing of the ITS rDNA region. Pathogenicity of the isolates to gloxinia was confirmed by successful completion of Koch's postulates. To our knowledge, this is the first report of Phytophthora tropicalis on gloxinia.

Accepted for publication 2 June 2010. Published 8 July 2010.
How to get the best out of drama based training
Authors: Swales Robbie
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to help readers understand why drama based training is effective and how it can be incorporated into learning and development initiatives.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper describes the basic methodologies of drama based training and presents three examples of its use.

Findings

Drama based training is at its most effective when it is engaging participants to reflect on their own behaviors and how they might adapt their behavior for their own and others benefit.

Practical implications

This approach can be used with various group sizes. It is suggested that organizations wanting to use this type of initiative should contract with an experienced provider, who knows how to research and write a drama based program and has an experienced and talented pool of actors to call upon.

Originality/value

The use of drama based training has grown over the last 20 years, but it is still an original and innovative method of learning and development.
Assembly semantics modeling for assembling process planning in virtual environment
Authors: Zhu Hongmin , Wu Dianliang , Fan Xiumin
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to develop a modeling and interactive operating method for virtual assembly (VA) to support assembly process generation based on interactive operation.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper puts forward an assembly semantic modeling method for interactive assembly and process generation after the analysis on requirements of operation process generation. Based on this semantic model, methods for semantic generation, semantic processing and assembly motion extraction from interactive operation are presented. Partial process generation of auto engine is proposed to verify the approaches in this paper.

Findings

The application shows that assembly semantic modeling and operating methods can support process generation based on VA operations.

Originality/value

The approaches presented in this paper improve the efficiency of assembly process, making assembly process intuitive and natural.
Preventive measures for mitigating fire risks in big box retail facilities
Authors: Hassanain Mohammad A.
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to investigate a set of preventive measures required for mitigating fire risks in big box retail facilities.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper identifies the potential sources of ignition and fuel in big box retail facilities. It describes the variety of hazardous situations commonly found in such facilities worldwide. The paper then endeavors to discuss the series of fire protection challenges that could be faced during fire emergencies. It also explores the challenges of evacuation and rescue in such mega store facilities.

Findings

Mega stores, distribution centers and large retail stores are amongst the most challenging occupancies from a fire protection perspective. Fires can occur in big box retail facilities at any time and from a number of causes. These facilities represent a type of occupancy that poses considerable challenges to both fixed fire suppression systems and fire departments in cases of fire emergencies. The paper also describes the responsibilities of building management staff towards their employees and the public. Facility managers should always seek proactive measures to reduce the risk of fire and fire spread in big box retail facilities. These measure include providing sufficient number and capacity of exits; clear exit access; efficient smoke detection systems; voice communication systems; and efficient automatic sprinkler systems.

Quality/value

This paper serves to increase the awareness about fire and its effects in mega store facilities. The paper provides practical value to property directors and facility managers responsible for the daily operations of mega store facilities and for surveyors inspecting such properties.
Innovation in facilities management: from trajectories to ownership
Authors: Lindkvist Carmel , Elmualim Abbas
Published: July 2010

Purpose

Innovation in facilities management (FM) is a complex process as FM is a diverse discipline. This paper aims to use innovation trajectories to explore this complex process through the introduction of a technology innovation in two FM services of security and workspace management. It also aims to consider the discourse of individuals within their trajectory to understand their positions toward the innovation.

Design/methodology/approach

A two‐year case study was conducted and it was based in an in‐house FM department that was part of a financial institution. The specific methods used for the paper were semi‐structured interviews with key participants of the project. Critical discourse analysis was used to examine the data.

Findings

Individuals who were involved in introducing the technology to the FM department were both internal and external to FM as innovation in FM does not happen in isolation to the organisation. Innovation trajectories were often intertwined or occurred simultaneously during the process of a project which sometimes resulted in conflict. Tensions within the discourse of ownership of the project were particularly apparent as this discourse had a power dimension in driving the project through to implementation.

Research limitations/implications

The research is limited by being a single case study so it is not possible to generalise findings but the findings may have resonances with other organisations.

Originality/value

The paper presents an original idea about how to understand innovation processes in FM services.
The influence of plants on productivity
Authors: Bakker Iris , van der Voordt Theo
Published: July 2010

Purpose

This paper aims to review available research into the impact of plants on people and labour productivity in order to test a number of hypotheses and the reliability and validity of “evidence based” statements.

Design/methodology/approach

An extended literature review was conducted of research concerning the potential impacts of plants on people and labour productivity. In order to be able to compare the findings of different researchers, an analysis was made of similarities and dissimilarities with regard to the research context, starting‐points and test methods.

Findings

The paper identifies a lack of precise descriptions of the research design and poor comparability between different research with regard to the characteristics of the plant, test persons, test procedures, surrounding conditions and contents of the reports. Although it can be concluded that plants can have a positive impact on the productivity of human beings, it is remarkable that in research reports and research papers the properties of the plant itself are only mentioned by exception. The condition of the plant – whether it is healthy or not – is not described at all.

Research limitations/implications

Only 17 studies and underlying papers were investigated and no new research was conducted with the proposed improvements.

Practical implications

The findings can be used by managers to legitimate investments in plants and by researchers to improve (the comparability of) research into plants.

Originality/value

In addition to the review of the impact of plants on different types of productivity a vision is presented about the impact of the vitality of plants. Furthermore recommendations are given on how to cope with the methodological problem of poor comparability of research.
Developing a new key performance index for measuring service quality
Authors: Pan Jeh‐Nan , Kuo Tzu‐Chun , Bretholt Abraham
Published: July 2010

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to develop a new key performance index (KPI) and its interval estimation for measuring the service quality from customers' perceptions, since most service quality data follow non‐normal distribution.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on the non‐normal process capability indices used in manufacturing industries, a new KPI suitable for measuring service quality is developed using Parasuraman's 5th Gap between customers' expectation and perception. Moreover, the confidence interval of the proposed KPI is established using the bootstrapping method.

Findings

The quantitative method for measuring the service quality through the new KPI and its interval estimation is illustrated by a realistic example. The results show that the new KPI allows practising managers to evaluate the actual service quality level delivered within each of five SERVQUAL categories and prioritize the possible improvement projects from customers' perspectives. Moreover, compared with the traditional method of sample size determination, a substantial amount of cost savings can be expected by using the suggested sample sizes.

Practical implications

The paper presents a structured approach of opportunity assessment for improving service quality from a strategic alignment perspective, particularly in the five dimensions: tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, and empathy. The new approach provides practising managers with a decision‐making tool for measuring service quality, detecting problematic situations and selecting the most urgent improvement project. Once the existing service problems are identified and improvement projects are prioritized, it can lead to the direction of continuous improvement for any service industry.

Originality/value

Given a managerial target on any desired service level as well as customers' perceptions and expectations, the new KPI could be applied to any non‐normal service quality and other survey data. Thus, the corporate performance in terms of key factors of business success can also be measured by the new KPI, which may lead to managing complexities and enhancing sustainability in service industries.