bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploration of a brain-inspired photon reservoir computing network based on quantum-dot spin-VCSELs
Authors: Zhong Dongzhou , Wu Qingfan , Zhang Jinbo , Wang Tiankai , Chen Yujun , Zeng Hongen , Ren Zhanfeng , Wang Youmeng , Qiu Chenghao
Published: July 2024

Based on small-world network theory, we have developed a brain-inspired photonic reservoir computing (RC) network system utilizing quantum dot spin-vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (QD spin-VCSELs) and formulated a comprehensive theoretical model for it. This innovative network system comprises input layers, a reservoir network layer, and output layers. The reservoir network layer features four distinct reservoir modules that are asymmetrically coupled. Each module is represented by a QD spin-VCSEL, characterized by optical feedback and optical injection. Within these modules, four chaotic polarization components, emitted from both the ground and excited states of the QD Spin-VCSEL, form four distinct reservoirs through a process of asymmetric coupling. Moreover, these components, when emitted by the ground and excited states of a driving QD spin-VCSEL within a specific parameter space, act as targets for prediction. Delving further, we investigated the correlation between various system parameters, such as the sampling period, the interval between virtual nodes, the strengths of optical injection and feedback, frequency detuning, and the predictive accuracy of each module’s four photonic RCs concerning the four designated predictive targets. We also examined how these parameters influence the memory storage capabilities of the four photonics RCs within each module. Our findings indicate that when a module receives coupling injections from more than two other modules, and an RC within this module is also subject to coupling injections from over two other RCs, the system displays reduced predictive errors and enhanced memory storage capacities when the system parameters are fixed. Namely, the superior performance of the reservoir module in predictive accuracy and memory capacities follows from its complex interaction with multiple light injections and coupling injections, with its three various PCs benefiting from three, two, and one coupling injections respectively. Conversely, variations in optical injection and feedback strength, as well as frequency detuning, introduce only marginal fluctuations in the predictive errors across the four photonics RCs within each module and exert minimal impact on the memory storage capacity of individual photonics RCs within the modules. Our investigated results contribute to the development of photonic reservoir computing towards fast response biological neural networks.
Performance analysis of free space optical communications with FOA-WFS
Authors: Mao Yongming , Cao Jingtai , Wang Zhimin , Ma Xinyang , Gu Haijun , Liu Wei
Published: July 2024

Adaptive optics (AO) technology can correct wavefront distortion in coherent free space optical communication (FSOC), with wavefront sensors playing a vital role in this process. However, traditional wavefront sensors are large and expensive. Therefore, we propose using the inexpensive and easy-to-deploy flat optics angle-based wavefront sensor (FOA-WFS) to measure the wavefront aberration. It aims to meet the needs of various FSOC applications. We first establish the relationship between the energy ratio and the Zernike coefficient through theoretical studies and analyze the feasibility of applying the FOA-WFS to the FSOC. We then generate experimental datasets based on the relevant principles. Through numerical simulation, we verify that it can reconstruct wavefront aberration accurately and improve system performance. Finally, we analyze the mixing efficiency and bit error rate based on the collected aberration data by the experimental platform. The results indicate that the AO system based on the FOA-WFS can efficiently improve the performance of the FSOC. This study provides a novel wavefront aberration detection method for designing the AO systems in the FSOC.
Detection of chlorine in cement matrix using microwave-enhanced laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy
Authors: Illguth Marcus , Kapteina Gesa , Soriano Joey Kim , Ikeda Yuji
Published: July 2024

The detection of chloride in reinforced concrete, crucial for maintenance against damage from de-icing salt or seawater, is advanced by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). This study demonstrates that integrating microwaves with LIBS enhances cement analysis, improving the signal-to-noise ratio by up to four times and extending the detection limit for chlorine to 0.17 ± 0.02 wt%. As a method, microwave-enhanced LIBS (MWE-LIBS) has existed for a decade, but in cement analysis, MWE-LIBS has been used for the first time in Cl I atomic emission measurements. This pioneering approach provides a more efficient alternative, marking a significant advancement in cement analysis.
LVTSR: learning visible image texture network for infrared polarization super-resolution imaging
Authors: Wang Xuesong , Chen Yating , Peng Jian , Chen Jiangtao , Huang Feng , Wu Xianyu
Published: July 2024

Infrared polarization (IRP) division-of-focal-plane (DoFP) imaging technology has gained attention, but limited resolution due to sensor size hinders its development. High-resolution visible light (VIS) images are easily obtained, making it valuable to use VIS images to enhance IRP super-resolution (SR). However, IRP DoFP SR is more challenging than infrared SR due to the need for accurate polarization reconstruction. Therefore, this paper proposes an effective multi-modal SR network, integrating high-resolution VIS image constraints for IRP DoFP image reconstruction, and incorporating polarization information as a component of the loss function to achieve end-to-end IRP SR. For the multi-modal IRP SR, a benchmark dataset was created, which includes 1559 pairs of registered images. Experiments on this dataset demonstrate that the proposed method effectively utilizes VIS images to restore polarization information in IRP images, achieving a 4x magnification. Results show superior quantitative and visual evaluations compared to other methods.
Optimization of spherically arranged lens arrays based on class II and III geodesic polyhedra
Authors: Jia Shuqiang , Huang Wei , Xu Mingfei , Qin Xin
Published: July 2024

Spherical arrangement is a common way to pack lens arrays. Due to the restriction of original structures, the previous optimization methods based on icosahedral subdivision are only applicable to a few types of lens arrays adopting different numbers of sub-lenses. In order to design more types of lens arrays, an optimization packing method is proposed with the vertices of class II and class III geodesic polyhedra as the arrangement positions of sub-lenses. The vertices of the geodesic polyhedron are generated by projecting grid nodes on each face of the ortho-icosahedron to a sphere. The vertex translation function is established in a barycentric coordinate system, and then the chord ratio and packing density are used as evaluation functions to optimize the vertices’ positions. The universality of the optimization method is tested, and its robustness is certified by analyzing the optimization results of different original structures with the same number of vertices. Finally, the effectiveness and feasibility of the optimization method in engineering applications are demonstrated in a monocentric multi-scale imaging system. The optimization method proposed in this paper can significantly increase the types of lens arrays from 9 to 37 types, adopting different numbers of sub-lenses within 1000 and effectively improved the distribution uniformity of lens arrays.
Self-holding magneto-optical switch integrated on silicon photonic platforms
Authors: Wang Jianping , Taniguchi Shohei , Shoji Yuya
Published: July 2024

We demonstrated what we believe to be a novel self-holding waveguide switch integrated on silicon photonic platforms utilizing the magneto-optical (MO) effect with electrical switching operation. In this study, we designed thin-film magnet arrays and electrodes positioned beside the waveguide. The switching states were changed by flipping the magnetization of thin-film magnets with an applied current of 700 mA, and the switching states were successfully maintained with zero current. The fabricated MO switch has an extinction ratio (ER) of 16.5 dB and an insertion loss (IL) of 7.3 dB at a wavelength of 1546.2 nm, with a phase shift of π/2. This study shows the potential of self-holding silicon photonic switches, enabling large-scale photonic integrated circuits with extremely low energy consumption.
Time-delayed sensing strategy based on a fluorescence decay profile for achieving highly sensitive optical thermometry
Authors: Zhou Shaoshuai , Wang Wei
Published: July 2024

A time-delayed temperature sensing method based on a fluorescence decay profile was proposed for the purpose of boosting the temperature sensitivity of optical thermometry. The thermal quenching effect of the LiCa3ZnV3O12 sample was investigated to evaluate the viability of the method. Specifically, by applying the integral intensity obtained after a certain delay time in the normalized decay profile as a probing parameter, high relative sensitivity with a maximum of 13.5% K−1 was achieved. The high relative sensitivity along with the good reversibility verified by the temperature cycling test indicate that the time-delayed sensing strategy proposed here is promising for excellent optical thermometry.
Improving decryption quality of optical chaos communication using neural networks
Authors: Fan Xiaoqi , Mao Xiaoxin , Wang Longsheng , Fu Songnian , Wang Anbang , Wang Yuncai
Published: July 2024

Optical chaos communication is a promising secure transmission technique because of the advantages of high speed and compatibility with existing fiber-optic systems. The deterioration of chaotic synchronization quality caused by fiber optic transmission impairments affects the quality of recovery of information, especially high-order modulated signals. Here, we demonstrate that the use of a convolutional neural network (CNN) with a bidirectional long short-term memory (LSTM) layer can reduce the decryption BER in an optical chaos communication system based on common-signal-induced semiconductor laser synchronization. The performance of a neural network is investigated as a function of network parameters and chaos synchronization coefficient. Experimental results show that the BER of 16-ary quadrature-amplitude-modulation (16QAM) signal after 100-km fiber transmission is decreased from 3.05 × 10−2 to below the soft-decision forward-error-correction (SD-FEC) threshold of 2.0 × 10−2.
Projection superimposition for the generation of high-resolution digital grating
Authors: Han Min , Xing Yibo , Wang Xiaohao , Li Xinghui
Published: July 2024

Fringe projection profilometry based on MEMS micro-vibration mirrors is very promising due to its rapid projection, large depth of field, compact size, and low cost. Although high-frequency fringes can achieve accurate reconstruction, the projector must offer sufficient pixel resolution. In this paper, we proposed a high-resolution projection technique called the delay superposition method. During a single exposure time of the camera, the projector projects a group of low-resolution fringe patterns, which are delayed according to the movement characteristics of the vibration mirror. Then, the camera exposure superimposes these low-resolution images to form a high-resolution image. These two steps effectively subdivide the angle intervals, thereby achieving a pixel interpolation. Finally, experimental results show that the proposed method can significantly improve the projector’s pixel resolution and reconstruction accuracy. The proposed method allows the MEMS projector’s pixel resolution (along one direction) to far exceed that of common DLP projectors. It holds great application potential for high-frequency fringe projection.
Experimental photon addition and subtraction in multi-mode and entangled optical fields
Authors: Thapliyal Kishore , Peřina Jr. Jan , Haderka Ondřej , Michálek Václav , Machulka Radek
Published: July 2024

Multiple photon addition and subtraction applied to multi-mode thermal and sub-Poissonian fields as well as twin beams are mutually compared using one experimental setup. Twin beams (TWBs) with tight spatial correlations detected by an intensified CCD camera with high spatial resolution are used to prepare the initial fields. Up to three photons are added or subtracted to arrive at the nonclassical and non-Gaussian states. Only the photon-subtracted thermal states (TSs) remain classical. In general, the experimental photon-added states exhibit greater nonclassicality and non-Gaussianity than the comparable photon-subtracted states. Once photons are added or subtracted in twin beams, both processes result in comparable properties of the obtained states owing to twin-beam photon pairing.
Enhanced light extraction efficiency for the inclined-sidewall-shaped AlGaN-based DUV LED by using an omni-directional reflector with a thin hybrid dielectric layer
Authors: Liu Zhaoqiang , Dong Yifei , Wang Linhao , Jia Tong , Chu Chunshuang , Tian Kangkai , Zhang Yonghui , Zhang Zi-Hui , Sun Xiaowei
Published: July 2024

In this Letter, an omni-directional reflector (ODR) with a thin hybrid dielectric layer (hybrid-ODR) is proposed to enhance the light extraction efficiency (LEE) for inclined-sidewall-shaped AlGaN-based deep ultraviolet light-emitting diode (DUV LED) by inserting a thin diamond with high refraction index into a conventional Al/Al2O3-based ODR. The three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (3D FDTD) simulation results show that the LEE of TM-polarized light for the DUV LED with hybrid-ODR is enhanced by 18.5% compared with Al/Al2O3-based ODR. It is because the diamond can transform the evanescent wave in Al2O3 into the propagating light wave in diamond, thereby preventing effective excitation of the surface plasmon polariton (SPP) on the surface of the metal Al. Moreover, the Brewster’s angle effect causes the TM-polarized light in diamond to propagate effectively into AlGaN. Furthermore, decreasing the total thickness of the dielectric layer also improves the scattering effect of the inclined sidewall. However, the utilization of hybrid-ODR results in a slight reduction in the LEE for transverse electric (TE) polarized light because the light is confined to the diamond layer and eventually absorbed by the metal Al.
Polarization-insensitive multimode interference coupler on an x-cut thin-film lithium niobate platform
Authors: Wu Lingfeng , Xing Xinke , Ruan Ziliang , Gan Ranfeng , Qi Lu , Wang Haohua , Guo Changjian , Chen Kaixuan , Liu Liu
Published: July 2024

Thin-film lithium niobate (TFLN) is a promising integrated photonics platform but currently lacks a polarization-insensitive multimode interference (MMI) coupler, a crucial component for polarization-related optical communication applications such as polarization management, polarization-division multiplexing, and polarization-insensitive modulation systems. This paper presents a novel, to the best of our knowledge, approach by rotating the MMI structure on an anisotropic x-cut TFLN at specific angles to compensate for the difference in the beat length between the two polarizations. A polarization-insensitive 1 × 2 MMI coupler is experimentally achieved with measured transmittances of −2.5 to −4 dB for both output ports and polarization modes in the wavelength range of 1520–1580 nm.
Individual canopy tree species maps for the National Ecological Observatory Network
Authors: Weinstein Ben G. , Marconi Sergio , Zare Alina , Bohlman Stephanie A. , Singh Aditya , Graves Sarah J. , Magee Lukas , Johnson Daniel J. , Record Sydne , Rubio Vanessa E. , Swenson Nathan G. , Townsend Philip , Veblen Thomas T. , Andrus Robert A. , White Ethan P.
Published: July 2024

The ecology of forest ecosystems depends on the composition of trees. Capturing fine-grained information on individual trees at broad scales provides a unique perspective on forest ecosystems, forest restoration, and responses to disturbance. Individual tree data at wide extents promises to increase the scale of forest analysis, biogeographic research, and ecosystem monitoring without losing details on individual species composition and abundance. Computer vision using deep neural networks can convert raw sensor data into predictions of individual canopy tree species through labeled data collected by field researchers. Using over 40,000 individual tree stems as training data, we create landscape-level species predictions for over 100 million individual trees across 24 sites in the National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON). Using hierarchical multi-temporal models fine-tuned for each geographic area, we produce open-source data available as 1 km2 shapefiles with individual tree species prediction, as well as crown location, crown area, and height of 81 canopy tree species. Site-specific models had an average performance of 79% accuracy covering an average of 6 species per site, ranging from 3 to 15 species per site. All predictions are openly archived and have been uploaded to Google Earth Engine to benefit the ecology community and overlay with other remote sensing assets. We outline the potential utility and limitations of these data in ecology and computer vision research, as well as strategies for improving predictions using targeted data sampling.
Mapping mutational fitness effects across the coxsackievirus B3 proteome reveals distinct profiles of mutation tolerability
Authors: Álvarez-Rodríguez Beatriz , Velandia-Álvarez Sebastian , Toft Christina , Geller Ron
Published: July 2024

RNA viruses have notoriously high mutation rates due to error-prone replication by their RNA polymerase. However, natural selection concentrates variability in a few key viral proteins. To test whether this stems from different mutation tolerance profiles among viral proteins, we measured the effect of >40,000 non-synonymous mutations across the full proteome of coxsackievirus B3 as well as >97% of all possible codon deletions in the nonstructural proteins. We find significant variation in mutational tolerance within and between individual viral proteins, which correlated with both general and protein-specific structural and functional attributes. Furthermore, mutational fitness effects remained stable across cell lines, suggesting selection pressures are mostly conserved across environments. In addition to providing a rich dataset for understanding virus biology and evolution, our results illustrate that incorporation of mutational tolerance data into druggable pocket discovery can aid in selecting targets with high barriers to drug resistance.
The burden and trends of child and maternal malnutrition across the regions in Ethiopia, 1990–2019: The Global Burden of Disease Study 2019
Authors: Woldekidan Mesfin Agachew , Arja Asrat , Worku Getaye , Walker Ally , Kassebaum Nicholas J. , Hailemariam Alemnesh , Naghavi Mohsen , Hay Simon , Misganaw Awoke
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Child malnutrition is the main contributor to the disease burden in Ethiopia. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence and trends of child malnutrition and maternal anemia in Ethiopia at the national and regional state levels between 1990 and 2019.

Methods

We used all accessible data sources and analyzed prevalence, death, and years of life lost (YLL) due to child malnutrition and maternal anemia across nine regions and two chartered cities in Ethiopia, as part of the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2019. The burden and trends of child and maternal malnutrition and anemia at the national level, across the regions, and in cities were assessed. Point estimates with 95% uncertainty intervals (UI) are presented.

Findings

Of the 190,173 total under-5 deaths in Ethiopia in 2019, 108,864 (95% UI: 83,544–141,718; 57·2%, 51·3–62·7) were attributed to malnutrition. The prevalence of stunting, underweight, and wasting was 37·0%, 27·0%, and 7·0%, respectively, in 2019. The YLL rate attributable to child malnutrition declined from 251,964 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 218,720–287,559) in 1990 to 57,615 (95% UI: 44,190–75,015) in 2019. The YLL rate of wasting, stunting, and underweight in Ethiopia was 18,566 per 100,000 population (95% UI: 12,950–26,123), 3,290 (95% UI: 1,443–5,856), and 5,240 (95% UI: 3,608–7,312) in 2019, respectively. Gambella showed the highest YLL rate reduction among regions, with a 98·2% change for stunting, 95·9% for wasting, and 97·9% for underweight between 1990 and 2019. The prevalence of anemia among under-5 children in Ethiopia was 62·0% (95% UI: 59·1%–65·1%) in 2019. Somali has the highest child anemia prevalence, 84·4% (95% UI: 79·8%–88·8%), compared to others in 2019. The prevalence of anemia in women of reproductive age (15–49 years) in Ethiopia was 20·4% (95% UI: 19·0%–21·8%) in 2019.

Interpretation

The prevalence of child malnutrition and maternal anemia in Ethiopia remains high compared to national, WHO, and UNICEF 2030 targets in all indicators of child malnutrition and anemia despite several interventions in the last three decades. The YLL rate due to child malnutrition was high, with regional variations. In conjunction with other sectors, especially agriculture, the National Nutrition Program and other nutrition initiatives must make greater efforts with short-term and long-term interventions to improve access and better nutrition.
Unmasking the coronavirus pandemic impact on students’ academic performance (University of Cape Coast—Ghana)
Authors: Kissi Jonathan , Wise Kwabla Pomegbe Wisdom , Adzakpah Godwin , Kumasenu Mensah Nathan , Owusu-Marfo Joseph , Wooduwa Asmah Zenobia , Ekua Tawiah Gloria , Amoah-Anomah Grace
Published: July 2024

The coronavirus (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted various institutions significantly, including education. Although several studies have explored the transmission of the COVID-19 virus among humans health, few have investigated its impact on tertiary education in Ghana. This study, therefore, aimed to unmask the effects of COVID-19 on the academic performance of tertiary students in Ghana, specifically at the University of Cape Coast (UCC). Stratified and convenience sampling techniques were employed to select respondents from the College of Health and Allied Sciences at UCC for this study. Based on Krejcie and Morgan’s table for determining sample sizes for a large population in a study, a sample size of 531 was studied. Questionnaires were created and distributed to respondents from various departments to solicit their views. COVID-19 has significantly affected the academic performance of students at the University of Cape Coast, Ghana. A strong positive correlation was found between the positive impact of COVID-19 and academic performance (β = 3.385, p < 0.001). The study identified the absence of group discussions, poor internet networks, and other factors hurting students’ academic performance (β = -2.308, p < 0.001). Resources such as libraries, conducive environments in halls and hostels, and other factors also significantly influenced students’ academic performance (β = 2.941, p < 0.005). The study’s findings suggest that virtual learning platforms, adequate learning infrastructures, and internet packages should be available to students to facilitate teaching and learning as the University prepares for future pandemics.
Mapping the distribution of sandflies and sandfly-associated pathogens in China
Authors: Hong Xue-Geng , Zhu Ying , Wang Tao , Chen Jin-Jin , Tang Fang , Jiang Rui-Ruo , Ma Xiao-Fang , Xu Qiang , Li Hao , Wang Li-Ping , Sun Yi , Fang Li-Qun , Liu Wei
Published: July 2024

Background

Understanding and mapping the distribution of sandflies and sandfly-associated pathogens (SAPs) is crucial for guiding the surveillance and control effort. However, their distribution and the related risk burden in China remain poorly understood.

Methods

We mapped the distribution of sandflies and SAPs using literature data from 1940 to 2022. We also mapped the human visceral leishmaniasis (VL) cases using surveillance data from 2014 to 2018. The ecological drivers of 12 main sandfly species and VL were identified by applying machine learning, and their distribution and risk were predicted in three time periods (2021–2040, 2041–2060, and 2061–2080) under three scenarios of climate and socioeconomic changes.

Results

In the mainland of China, a total of 47 sandfly species have been reported, with the main 12 species classified into three clusters according to their ecological niches. Additionally, 6 SAPs have been identified, which include two protozoa, two bacteria, and two viruses. The incidence risk of different VL subtypes was closely associated with the distribution risk of specific vectors. The model predictions also revealed a substantial underestimation of the current sandfly distribution and VL risk. The predicted areas affected by the 12 major species of sandflies and the high-risk areas for VL were found to be 37.9–1121.0% and 136.6% larger, respectively, than the observed range in the areas. The future global changes were projected to decrease the risk of mountain-type zoonotic VL (MT-ZVL), but anthroponotic VL (AVL) and desert-type zoonotic VL (DT-ZVL) could remain stable or slightly increase.

Conclusions

Current field observations underestimate the spatial distributions of main sandfly species and VL in China. More active surveillance and field investigations are needed where high risks are predicted, especially in areas where the future risk of VL is projected to remain high or increase.
A protocol for neoWONDER: Neonatal whole population data linkage to improve long-term health and wellbeing of preterm and sick babies
Authors: van Blankenstein Emily , Aveline Alice , Battersby Cheryl
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Early-life medical and surgical interventions in babies born preterm and/or with surgical conditions influence later life health and educational outcomes. Obtaining long-term outcomes post-discharge to evaluate the impact of interventions is complex, expensive, and burdensome to families. Linkage of routinely collected data offers a feasible and cost-effective solution. The NeoWONDER research programme aims to describe the short and long-term health and educational outcomes for babies born preterm and/or with surgical conditions and evaluate the impact of neonatal care and interventions on later health and educational outcomes.

Methods and analysis

We will include babies who received care in neonatal units in England and Wales, born between 2007–2020 with a gestational age below 32 weeks (approximately 100,000), and/or born between 2012–2020 (all gestations) with any of six surgical conditions: necrotising enterocolitis, Hirschsprung’s disease, gastroschisis, oesophageal atresia, congenital diaphragmatic hernia, and posterior urethral valves (approximately 8,000). A detailed list of surgical condition codes is shown in S3 File. We will obtain long-term health and education outcomes through linkage of the National Neonatal Research Database, which contains routine data for all babies admitted to NHS neonatal units, to other existing health and educational datasets. For England, these are: Hospital Episode Statistics, the Office for National Statistics, Mental Health Services Dataset, Paediatric Intensive Care Audit Network, National Pupil Database; and for Wales, the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage databank. Analysis will be undertaken on de-identified linked datasets. Outcomes of interest for health include mortality, hospital admissions, diagnoses indicative of neurodisability and/or chronic illness, health care utilisation; and for education are attainment (using national curriculum assessments), school absence and special educational needs status.
The impact of preventive behaviors on self-rated health, depression symptoms, and daily functioning among middle-aged and elderly Chinese: An empirical study
Authors: Zhang Yuehong , Zang Wenbin , Tian Manxia , Zhang Yumiao
Published: July 2024

Introduction

With the intensifying issue of an aging population, the health of middle-aged and elderly individuals garners increased attention. Preventive behaviors are pivotal in enhancing life quality and extending healthy living. This study examines the effects of preventive behaviors on self-rated health, depression, and daily functioning among these populations.

Materials and methods

Drawing on data from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), this research applies a panel ordered probability model to scrutinize the influence of preventive behaviors on health outcomes among middle-aged and elderly populations. It utilizes self-rated health, depression, and daily functioning as pivotal health indicators to assess the effects.

Results

Preventive behaviors exert a significant impact on self-assessed health and daily functioning among middle-aged and elderly populations. Engagement in social activities effectively reduces depression symptoms. Primary preventive measures, including physical and social activities, enhance health outcomes through medical consultations. Conversely, secondary preventive actions, such as undergoing physical examinations, facilitate early detection of diseases, enabling timely intervention and health advisories. It is noteworthy that individuals with higher incomes derive lesser benefits from these physical or social endeavors.

Conclusion

Sociodemographic determinants such as age, income, and educational attainment significantly modulate the efficacy of preventive behaviors on the health outcomes of middle-aged and elderly populations. This research underscores the pivotal role of physical examination services within primary healthcare frameworks and advocates for the tailoring of health promotion strategies to the accessible social needs and engagements of economically and educationally disadvantaged seniors.
Research integrity in Instructions for Authors in Japanese medical journals using ICMJE Recommendations: A descriptive literature study
Authors: Koizumi Shiho , Ide Kazuki , Becker Carl , Uchida Tomoe , Ishizaki Miho , Hashimoto Akane , Suzuki Shota , Sano Makiko , Toyama Mayumi , Nishikawa Yoshitaka , Okada Hiroshi , Takahashi Yoshimitsu , Nakayama Takeo
Published: July 2024

Background

The International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE) has published Recommendations for the Conduct, Reporting, Editing, and Publication of Scholarly Work in Medical Journals. These provide a global standard for writing and editing medical articles, including research integrity. However, no study has examined the research integrity-related content of Japanese medical journals’ Instructions for Authors. We therefore compared research integrity content in ICMJE member journals with those in the English- and Japanese-language journals of the Japanese Association of Medical Sciences (JAMS).

Materials and methods

This was a descriptive literature study. We obtained Instructions for Authors from English- and Japanese-language journals listed on the JAMS website and the ICMJE member journals listed on the ICMJE website as of September 1, 2021. We compared the presence of 20 topics (19 in the ICMJE Recommendations plus compliance with ICMJE) in the Instructions for Authors, and analyzed the content of the conflict of interest disclosure.

Results

We evaluated 12 ICMJE member journals, and 82 English-language and 99 Japanese-language subcommittee journals. The median number of topics covered was 10.5 for ICMJE member journals, 10 for English-language journals, and three for Japanese-language journals. Compliance with ICMJE was mentioned by 10 (83%) ICMJE member journals, 75 (91%) English-language journals, and 29 (29%) Japanese-language journals. The ICMJE Conflicts of Interest Disclosure Form was requested by seven (64%) ICMJE member journals, 15 (18%) English-language journals, and one (1%) Japanese-language journal.

Conclusions

Although the topics in the JAMS English-language journals resembled those in the ICMJE member journals, the median value of ICMJE-related topic inclusion was approximately one-third lower in JAMS Japanese-language journals than in ICMJE member journals. It is hoped that Japanese-language journals whose conflict of interest disclosure policies differ from ICMJE standards will adopt international standards to deter misconduct and ensure publication quality.
Effectiveness of food supplement on treatment outcomes and quality of life in pulmonary tuberculosis: Phased implementation approach
Authors: Mahapatra Amarendra , Thiruvengadam Kannan , Nair Dina , Padmapriyadarsini Chandrasekaran , Thomas Beena , Pati Sanghamitra , Bulliyya Gandham , Das Dasarathi , Chowdhury Jayeeta , Bang Anand , Swaminathan Soumya
Published: July 2024

Background

By encouraging treatment adherence and lowering mortality, dietary supplements can serve as adjuvant therapy for the success of medical interventions. We determined the effect of locally accessible food supplements on treatment outcomes, and health-related quality of life in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis initiating anti-tuberculosis treatment (ATT) in Odisha, India.

Method

Between September 2017 and December 2018, implementation research in patients with newly diagnosed sputum smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis initiating ATT in five districts of the tribal belt of Odisha, offered food supplements along with ATT in a phased manner. Clinical symptoms, anthropometry, sputum for M. tuberculosis (M. tb), health-related quality of life and return to normal function were assessed periodically, and favourable treatment outcome (cure or treatment completed) was measured at the end of treatment. The effect of the food supplement on unfavorable outcomes (treatment failure, death, or lost-to-follow-up) was modelled using mixed-effects Poisson regression to determine the risk factors.

Results

Among the 761 participants enrolled, 614 participants received the food supplement and 147 did not receive the food supplement. Among the 614 participants in the supplement group, 537 (87%) had a favorable outcome and among the 147 participants in the no-supplement group, 113 (77%) had a favorable outcome (p = 0.0017). Higher age (>55 years) [aRR = 2.1(95% CI: 1.1–3.8)], male gender [aRR = 1.7(95% CI: 1.2–2.9)], and smear grading ≥2+ [aRR = 1.5 (95% CI: 1.1–2.2)] were associated with unfavorable treatment outcomes. Nutritional status, quality of life and lung health showed significant improvement from baseline in the supplement group.

Conclusion

Improvement in the nutritional status of the patient can be considered a predictor of treatment success rates. Early food supplementation has a positive impact on the nutritional status.
“I want to be healthy and move on”: A qualitative study of barriers and facilitators to antiretroviral treatment adherence among young adult survivors with perinatal HIV in Thailand
Authors: Aurpibul Linda , Tangmunkongvorakul Arunrat , Detsakunathiwatchara Chanidapa , Srita Angkana , Masurin Supunnee , Meeart Patcharaporn , Chueakong Walailak
Published: July 2024

We know that HIV treatment outcome depends on antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence. Young adults with perinatal HIV (YPHIV) who survived have endured various adherence challenges in their adolescent years. While some of them could maintain perfect adherence with sustainable virologic suppression, many experienced one or more episodes of virologic failure. We explored factors affecting ART adherence from real-life experiences of YPHIV. A qualitative study was conducted between June and November 2022. Twenty YPHIV aged 21–29 years with a history of virologic failure and resumed virologic suppression during adolescent years were invited to share their experiences through individual in-depth interviews. Audio records were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using deductive thematic analysis. We divided excerpts into two themes: barriers and facilitators to ART adherence. The socio-ecological model was used to frame subthemes at personal, societal, and healthcare system levels. Most barriers to adherence were concentrated at the personal level, including work/study-related conditions, personal entertainment, medication issues, mental health problems, thought, and belief. At the societal level, social activities and fear of HIV disclosure were frequently mentioned as barriers. Medical care cost was the only identified barrier at the healthcare system level. The facilitators to adherence at the personal level included perceiving health deterioration, being afraid of hospitalization and medical procedures, and wishing to be healthy and move on. At the same time, perceived family support and determination to complete family without HIV transmission were identified as facilitators at the societal level. Service behaviors of healthcare providers were mentioned as facilitators to adherence at the healthcare system level. From this study, most factors associated with non-adherence in adolescents were at the personal level, and the fear of HIV disclosure was critical at the societal level. The key facilitator to adherence was the determination to be healthy and have a promising future. Our findings reinforce the importance of establishing youth-friendly services in the existing HIV care setting. More time allocation for tailored individual counseling, using other novel approaches like mHealth, online media, and involvement of social support from different sectors might be beneficial to maximize adherence self-efficacy during the transitional period of YPHIV.
Retinal imaging with hand-held optical coherence tomography in older people with or without postoperative delirium after hip fracture surgery: A feasibility study
Authors: Noah Abiodun M. , Spendlove Jennie , Tu Zhanhan , Proudlock Frank , Constantinescu Cris S. , Gottlob Irene , Auer Dorothee P. , Dineen Rob A. , Moppett Iain K.
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Postoperative delirium in older people may result from the interaction between intrinsic brain vulnerability (e.g. neurodegeneration) and precipitating factors (e.g. surgery induced cytokines). Intrinsic brain vulnerability may be overt (e.g. Alzheimer’s disease) or preclinical. In cognitively intact older people presenting for surgery, identification of preclinical neurodegeneration using bedside tools could aid postoperative delirium risk stratification. Thinning of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness is associated with neurodegenerative disorders e.g. Alzheimer’s disease. We propose that thinning of the retinal nerve fibre layer may be present some older people with postoperative delirium due to preclinical neurodegeneration, albeit to a lesser extent than in overt dementia.

Objectives

The primary objective: Feasibility of acquiring usable retinal images with the hand-held optical coherence device, at the bedside of older, hip fracture surgery patients. Secondary objective: Comparison of the circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness between people who did/did not have postoperative delirium. Proportion of exclusions due to retinal pathology.

Method

Feasibility study involving 30, cognitively intact, older people recovering from hip fracture surgery. Retinal images were obtained using the hand-held optical coherence tomography device at the participants’ bedside. Imaging was deferred in participants who had postoperative delirium.

Results

Retinal images that could be assessed for circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness were obtained in 26 participants (22 no postoperative delirium, 4 postoperative delirium). The mean circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer thickness was lower in the participants who had postoperative delirium compared to those who did not experience postoperative delirium (Mean (95% CI) of 76.50 (62.60–90.40) vs 89.19 (85.41–92.97) respectively).

Conclusion

Retinal imaging at the patient’s bedside, using hand-held OCT is feasible. Our data suggests that the circumpapillary retinal nerve fibre layer may be thinner in older people who experience postoperative delirium compared to those who do not. Further studies are required.
Correlates of susceptibility to waterpipe tobacco smoking in young adults
Authors: Alalwan Mahmood A. , Long Lauren , Stevens Elise M. , Keller-Hamilton Brittney , Villanti Andrea C. , Leshner Glenn , Wagener Theodore L. , Mays Darren
Published: July 2024

Introduction

Many US young adults are susceptible to waterpipe (i.e., hookah) tobacco smoking (WTS) initiation, but research on factors associated with WTS susceptibility is limited. We examined sociodemographic, other tobacco and substance use, and attitudes and perceptions correlates of WTS susceptibility among young adults.

Methods

Baseline data from a randomized trial testing WTS risk messages was collected in US young adults aged 18 to 30 years who never used waterpipe tobacco but were susceptible to WTS (n = 294). Extent of susceptibility to WTS was defined using the average score of a valid scale with higher scores indicating higher susceptibility. Correlates were sociodemographics, other tobacco and substance use, and attitudes and perceptions. Multiple linear regression models identified correlates of greater WTS susceptibility.

Results

Participants averaged 25 (SD 3.2) years of age, 60% were male, 22% were Black non-Hispanic, 47% completed some college education, and 66% were employed. Our models consistently showed that more positive attitudes toward WTS (β = -0.08, p<0.01), lower perceived addictiveness relative to cigarettes (β = -0.09, p = 0.04), and greater perceived social acceptability of WTS (β = 0.05, p<0.01) were positively correlated with WTS susceptibility. Additionally, young adults who smoked cigarillos (β = 0.53, p<0.01), used cannabis (β = 0.14, p = 0.02), and Black non-Hispanic versus White non-Hispanic young adults (β = 0.18, p = 0.03) also had higher WTS susceptibility.

Conclusions

Findings suggest that WTS prevention efforts require multicomponent interventions including targeting subpopulations at greater risk based on race/ethnicity and other tobacco and substance use. These interventions should consider attitudes and social acceptability of WTS as modifiable targets to maximize public health benefits.
Factors influencing IMF assistance in the Sub-Saharan African region
Authors: Abeywickrama Kalindu , Perera Nehan , Samarathunga Sithesha , Pabasara Harshani , Jayathilaka Ruwan , Wisenthige Krishantha
Published: July 2024

This study examines the determinants influencing the likelihood of Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries seeking assistance from the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The IMF, as a global institution, aims to promote sustainable growth and prosperity among its member countries by supporting economic strategies that foster financial stability and collaboration in monetary affairs. Utilising panel-probit regression, this study analyses data from thirty-nine SSA countries spanning from 2000 to 2022, focusing on twelve factors: Current Account Balance (CAB), inflation, corruption, General Government Net Lending and Borrowing (GGNLB), General Government Gross Debt (GGGD), Gross Domestic Product Growth (GDPG), United Nations Security Council (UNSC) involvement, regime types (Closed Autocracy, Electoral Democracy, Electoral Autocracy, Liberal Democracy) and China Loan. The results indicate that corruption and GDP growth rate have the most significant influence on the likelihood of SSA countries seeking IMF assistance. Conversely, factors such as CAB, UNSC involvement, LD and inflation show inconsequential effects. Notable, countries like Sudan, Burundi, and Guinea consistently rank high in seeking IMF assistance over various time frames within the observed period. Sudan emerges with a probability of more than 44% in seeking IMF assistance, holding the highest ranking. Study emphasises the importance of understanding SSA region rankings and the variability of variables for policymakers, investors, and international organisations to effectively address economic challenges and provide financial assistance.
Chemical characterization and antibacterial activities of Brazilian propolis extracts from Apis mellifera bees and stingless bees (Meliponini)
Authors: Gomes Karolina Oliveira , Messias da Silva Lorena Cristina Fernandes , dos Santos Rebeca Dias , Prado Bruno Alcântara , da Silva Montes Patrícia , Silva Rodrigues Letícia Fernandes , de Araújo Marta Oliveira , Bilac Carla Azevedo , Freire Daniel Oliveira , Gris Eliana Fortes , Rodrigues da Silva Izabel Cristina , de Sá Barreto Lívia Cristina Lira , Orsi Daniela Castilho
Published: July 2024

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical composition and antibacterial activity of Brazilian propolis extracts from different types, concentrations, and extraction solvents and from different regions in Brazil. A total of 21 samples were analyzed, comprising 14 samples from Apis mellifera (12 green, 1 brown, and 1 red) and 7 samples from stingless bees (3 mandaçaia, 2 jataí, 1 hebora, and 1 tubuna). The analyses performed were dry extract, total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity (DPPH and ABTS). The antibacterial activity was performed by Determination of Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimal Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The results showed that very low levels of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity decreased the antimicrobial activity of the propolis extracts from tubuna and jataí. However, there was no correlation between the increase in propolis concentration in the extract, and the increase in antimicrobial activity. The highest TPC and antioxidant activity was obtained for green propolis extract made with 70% raw propolis that presented similar antibacterial activity to the samples formulated with 30% or less raw propolis. The aqueous propolis extract showed lower antimicrobial activity compared to the alcoholic extracts, indicating that ethanol is a better solvent for extracting the active compounds from propolis. It was observed that the MIC (0.06 to 0.2 mg/mL) and MBC (0.2 to 0.5 mg/mL) values for Gram-negative bacteria were higher compared to Gram-positive bacteria (MIC 0.001–0.2 mg/mL, and the MBC 0.02–0.5 mg/mL). The propolis extracts that exhibited the highest antimicrobial activities were from stingless bees hebora from the Distrito Federal (DF) and mandaçaia from Santa Catarina, showing comparable efficacy to samples 5, 6, and 7, which were the green propolis from the DF. Hence, these products can be considered an excellent source of bioactive compounds with the potential for utilization in both the pharmaceutical and food industries.
Can digital financial inclusion converge the regional agricultural carbon emissions intensity gap?
Authors: Tan Lingzhi , Tian Nuolan , Li Xiaxuan , Chen Huan
Published: July 2024

To explore whether digital finance can reduce agricultural carbon emissions, promote regional convergence, and foster inclusivity in rural revitalization and shared prosperity, this paper uses the provincial-level index of digital financial inclusion to analyze the impact of digital financial inclusion on the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions and the Degum Gini coefficient (D-Gini coefficient) of regional carbon emission intensity in 30 sample provinces from 2010 to 2020. It examines the mechanism of the impact of digital financial inclusion on both variables to understand the underlying factors better. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) Digital financial inclusion significantly reduces the intensity of agricultural carbon emissions and narrows the gap in carbon emission intensity between regions. (2) The unconditional quantile regression coefficients show that the negative coefficients of the digital financial inclusion index and the three-dimensional indices decrease with increasing quantiles. However, the significant effects vary significantly at different quantiles. (3) Technological progress and the government’s ability to allocate financial resources play a significant mediating role, and the income gap between urban and rural areas can be further narrowed, as well as the carbon emission intensity gap between provinces. The empirical results are robust and proven by replacing the econometric analysis method, changing the core variables, and other methods.