bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness and Tolerability of Every-Other-Day Rosuvastatin Dosing in Patients with Prior Statin Intolerance
Authors: Backes James M , Venero Carmelo V , Gibson Cheryl A , Ruisinger Janelle F , Howard Patricia A , Thompson Paul D , Moriarty Patrick M
Published: February 2008

Background:

Statins are generally well tolerated, but some patients discontinue therapy secondary to adverse effects. Dosing a statin (rosuvastatin) every other day (EOD) may provide significant lipoprotein changes while avoiding common adverse effects in this statin-intolerant population.

Objective:

To determine the effect and tolerance of EOD rosuvastatin in patients previously intolerant to statin therapy.

Methods:

We performed a retrospective analysis of patients treated with EOD rosuvastatin at 2 lipid specialty clinics: the University of Kansas Lipid, Atherosclerosis, and LDL-Apheresis Center and the Hartford Hospital Cholesterol Management Center. Approximately 2600 charts were reviewed to identify patients receiving rosuvastatin EOD who previously had experienced statin intolerance. Fifty-one patients were eligible for the analysis, which evaluated changes in the lipid profile, the number achieving their low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals, and the percent tolerating rosuvastatin EOD. Laboratory data were assessed immediately prior to rosuvastatin EOD therapy and at the first follow-up.

Results:

Myalgias (76.5%) and increased transaminase levels (19.5%) were the most common causes of prior statin intolerance, but 72.5% (37/51) of patients were able to tolerate the EOD therapy (mean dose 5.6 mg) regimen for 4 ± 2.9 (mean ± SD) months. Mean LDL-C decreased 34.5% (p < 0.001) in the patients who tolerated the regimen, enabling approximately 50% to achieve their LDL-C goal. All patients who were considered to be intolerant to rosuvastatin EOD therapy (27.5%; 14/51) reexperienced the symptoms of their prior statin intolerance.

Conclusions:

Treating patients intolerant to statins with rosuvastatin EOD was tolerated by the majority of patients and reduced LDL-C in our study. This dosing strategy may be useful in patients intolerant to once-daily statin dosing, although such an approach has not been documented to reduce cardiovascular events.
Prejudice towards Muslims in The Netherlands: Testing integrated threat theory
Authors: Velasco González Karina , Verkuyten Maykel , Weesie Jeroen , Poppe Edwin
Published: February 2008

This study uses integrated threat theory to examine Dutch adolescents’ (N =1,187) prejudice towards Muslim minorities. One out of two participants was found to have negative feelings towards Muslims. Perceived symbolic and realistic threat and negative stereotypes were examined as mediators between antecedent factors (in‐group identification, intergroup contact, and the endorsement of multiculturalism) and prejudice. Based on structural equation modelling, it was found that stereotypes and symbolic threats, but not realistic threats, predicted prejudice towards Muslims. Further, it was found that the effect of in‐group identification on prejudice was fully mediated by symbolic threat, the effect of contact was partially mediated by stereotypes, and the effect of the endorsement of multiculturalism was mediated by both symbolic threat and stereotypes. In addition, contact and multiculturalism were directly associated with prejudice towards Muslims. The theoretical and practical implications of these findings are discussed.
Work engagement and financial returns: A diary study on the role of job and personal resources
Authors: Xanthopoulou Despoina , Bakker Arnold B. , Demerouti Evangelia , Schaufeli Wilmar B.
Published: February 2008

This study investigates how daily fluctuations in job resources (autonomy, coaching, and team climate) are related to employees' levels of personal resources (self‐efficacy, self‐esteem, and optimism), work engagement, and financial returns. Forty‐two employees working in three branches of a fast‐food company completed a questionnaire and a diary booklet over 5 consecutive workdays. Consistent with hypotheses, multi‐level analyses revealed that day‐level job resources had an effect on work engagement through day‐level personal resources, after controlling for general levels of personal resources and engagement. Day‐level coaching had a direct positive relationship with day‐level work engagement, which, in‐turn, predicted daily financial returns. Additionally, previous days' coaching had a positive, lagged effect on next days' work engagement (through next days' optimism), and on next days' financial returns.
Better than brainstorming? Potential contextual boundary conditions to brainwriting for idea generation in organizations
Authors: Heslin Peter A.
Published: February 2008

Organizations and societies all need good, useful ideas to survive and prosper. People often enjoy brainstorming, though it is not as productive as they tend to believe. Groups can potentially generate more and better ideas when ‘brainwriting’; that is, silently sharing written ideas in a time‐ and sequence‐structured group format. This conceptual paper identifies likely boundary conditions to the promising findings from brainwriting laboratory research generalizing to real‐world organizational contexts. Important dimensions of organizational context may be revealed by drawing on the journalistic principle to examine what, who, when, where, and why certain outcomes result from particular organizational practices (Johns, 2006). Multiple potential contextual moderators are suggested in each of these five areas. Subsequent field research will inform the idea‐generation literature as well as those concerned with eliciting high‐quality, useful ideas to address particular organizational and societal challenges.
A comparison of treatment completers and non‐completers of an in‐patient treatment programme for male personality‐disordered offenders
Authors: McMurran Mary , Huband Nick , Duggan Conor
Published: February 2008

Background. In the treatment of offenders with personality disorders, one matter that requires attention is the rate of treatment non‐completion. This is important as it has cost‐efficiency and negative outcome implications.

Method. We compared the characteristics of those who participated in a personality disorder treatment programme divided into three groups: Group 1, treatment completers (N = 21); Group 2, those expelled for rule breaking (N = 16); and Group 3, those removed because they were not engaging in treatment (N = 19). We hypothesized that, compared with the other two groups, Group 2 would score higher on the impulsive/careless style scale, and that those in Group 3 would score higher on the avoidant style scale of the social problem‐solving inventory‐revised (SPSI‐R). Further, we hypothesized that high anxiety would be associated with treatment non‐completion in both the groups.

Results. These differences were not found. However, in combining both groups of non‐completers for comparison, completers were shown to score significantly higher on SPSI‐R rational problem solving and significantly lower on SPSI‐R impulsive/careless style.

Conclusion. Findings suggest that teaching impulsive people a rational approach to social problem solving may reduce their level of non‐completion.
Murine mCLCA6 Is an Integral Apical Membrane Protein of Non-goblet Cell Enterocytes and Co-localizes With the Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Conductance Regulator
Authors: Bothe Melanie K. , Braun Josephine , Mundhenk Lars , Gruber Achim D.
Published: February 2008

The CLCA family of proteins consists of a growing number of structurally and functionally diverse members with distinct expression patterns in different tissues. Several CLCA homologs have been implicated in diseases with secretory dysfunctions in the respiratory and intestinal tracts. Here we present biochemical protein characterization and details on the cellular and subcellular expression pattern of the murine mCLCA6 using specific antibodies directed against the amino- and carboxy-terminal cleavage products of mCLCA6. Computational and biochemical characterizations revealed protein processing and structural elements shared with hCLCA2 including anchorage in the apical cell membrane by a transmembrane domain in the carboxy-terminal subunit. A systematic light- and electron-microscopic immunolocalization found mCLCA6 to be associated with the microvilli of non-goblet cell enterocytes in the murine small and large intestine but in no other tissues. The expression pattern was confirmed by quantitative RT-PCR following laser-capture microdissection of relevant tissues. Confocal laser scanning microscopy colocalized the mCLCA6 protein with the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator CFTR at the apical surface of colonic crypt cells. Together with previously published functional data, the results support a direct or indirect role of mCLCA6 in transepithelial anion conductance in the mouse intestine.
The Community Music Activity Commission of ISME, 19822007: A forum for global dialogue and institutional formation
Authors: McCarthy Marie
Published: February 2008

The development of community music as a structured activity and academic discipline occurred in a variety of social and institutional contexts during the last fifty years. The International Society for Music Education, through its Commission on Community Music Activity (CMA), represents
one forum in which community musicians and those interested in such activity maintained a dialogue and exchanged ideas and practices. This article documents the history of the Commission and evaluates its contribution to the emerging field of community music.
South Africa, the arts and youth in conflict with the law
Authors: Woodward Sheila C , Sloth-Nielsen Julia , Mathiti Vuyisile
Published: February 2008

This article describes the Diversion into Music Education (DIME) youth intervention programme that originated in South Africa in 2001. DIME offers instruction in African marimba and djembe ensemble performance to juvenile offenders. Conceived as community collaboration among organizations
in the cities of Cape Town, South Africa and Tampa, United States of America (including the University of the Western Cape and the University of South Florida), DIME offers a unique example of community music and multicultural music education. Its distinctive nature lies in an intervention
format that integrates music teaching, mentoring and intercultural exchanges aimed at both the acquisition of musical skills that offer opportunities for healthy diversion from crime and at successful reintegration into society.
Crossing borders: issues in music technology education
Authors: Ferreira Giselle M. d. S
Published: February 2008

Music technology can be construed in a variety of ways, ranging from the design to the use of technologies for musical purposes, thus involving skills across the traditional disciplinary divide that polarizes art and technology. This creates a conundrum for curriculum developers who
are aiming to create learning opportunities that are relevant and exciting for students with widely varying backgrounds. This paper examines some of the issues that arise in music technology curriculum development, illustrated with examples taken from the experience of the team responsible
for the production of the UK Open University course TA225 The Technology of Music and its expanded version TA212. The paper discusses the rationale negotiated by the team to guide course-related decision making, while bearing in mind the fundamental question of how to create an interesting
learning context for students with very different educational experiences and reasons for studying.
Reframing creativity and technology: promoting pedagogic change in music education
Authors: Burnard Pamela
Published: February 2008

No matter what else may divide us, most music educators are agreed on one general point. A central aim of defining how effective music educational practice should happen in the new e-learning environments which expand and connect communities of learners in music classrooms, is an imperative; a view which is emphasized in policy and widely acknowledged in teacher training. Yet, the critical roles played by creativity and technology in supporting the promotion of pedagogic change are less clear. This paper integrates theoretical framing and practical insights into a set of basic principles that may be useful for researching the interrelationship between creativity (as an essential human attribute lying at the heart of all learning and as processes of making something new) and technology (as tools that mediate how creative activity occurs). Several ways of driving pedagogical evolution, in ways that resemble the relationship between creativity and technology as we see in the world beyond school, are introduced. These include consideration of the potential contribution of sociocultural, post-Vygotskian Activity Theory (AT) to overcome some of the problems that have plagued both music educational theorizing and practice. While outlining potentials for future research, the article highlights how these processes may be brought into a productive relation as agents of pedagogic change in music education.
DubDubDub: Improvisation using the sounds of the World Wide Web
Authors: Savage Jonathan , Butcher Jason
Published: February 2008

DubDubDub was an educational project conducted by staff at Egerton High School, Manchester Metropolitan University and UCan.tv. It introduced a new type of musical instrument to the classroom, the DubDubDub player, which developed pupils' musical performance and improvisation skills
by using the sonic environment of the Internet. Users of DubDubDub remixed the sonic content of the Internet, arranged sounds and prioritised them in real time to form new musical works. The name DubDubDub references the three w's of internet URLs: <ext-link xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"
ext-link-type="uri" xlink:href="http://www">http://www. The musical improvisations generated by DubDubDub can be combined with other instruments, as illustrated during DubDubDub's first performance at the Discourse, Power and Resistance conference (hosted by the University
of Plymouth and Manchester Metropolitan University on 21 April 2006). This paper reflects on the development of DubDubDub and this first performance, providing an insight into how technologies can facilitate new models of musical performance and improvisation that may be beneficial for educational
application.
Design research by practice: modes of writing in a recent Ph.D. from the RCA
Authors: Edwards Harriet , Woolf Natalie
Published: February 2008

How do Design by Practice Ph.D. students occupy the territory of the Humanities Ph.D. thesis? This article, based on an analysis of a Design by Practice thesis, puts forward one answer to the question. It describes a project in which the voice, style, genre and structure were able to
emerge from the particular nature and thinking of a design project. It is written by an English for Academic Purposes (EAP) coordinator, in collaboration with the author of the thesis, who contributed visual and written extracts.

The article emerges from one element of an RCA T/L fellowship
(2006) that explored practice research culture from an English for Academic Purposes' (EAP) standpoint. The analysis has developed from earlier work on the academic culture of writing which advocated working from student writing exemplars, rather than from received models of writing.

The
aim of this article is not to put forward a fixed model of thesis writing but to emphasize principles that give rise to diverse writing outcomes. A celebration of heterogeneity then, that, through design practice, incorporates the orthodox beside the radical.
Writing in fine arts and design education in context
Authors: Borg Erik
Published: February 2008

The inclusion of writing as a required component of qualifications in Fine Arts Practice and Design (FAP & D) was neither inevitable nor natural. It was the outcome of social processes in education and in the arts. The role of writing in FAP & D education has been contested
and in particular its role is currently called into question in relation to the practice-based Ph.D. (e.g. Candlin 2000).

The inclusion of writing in FAP & D education was a result of the development of theory as a central element in Fine Arts education and of changes in the institutions
that provide this education. This article will discuss the writings of Sir Nikolaus Pevsner amongst others and his role in shaping post-secondary education in FAP & D, the increasing prominence of theory, and the institutional changes that contributed to the inclusion of writing in arts
education.

This background will illuminate the ongoing discussion about the Ph.D. in FAP & D and contribute to discussions of the purposes of writing in creative practice.
The sound of Coen comedy: music, dialogue and sound effects in Raising Arizona
Authors: Barnes Randall
Published: February 2008

The Coen brothers' approach to film-making places them among a minority of film-makers that integrate aural ingredients from the beginning of the film-making process. The Coens established this mode of production as standard practice in their second film, Raising Arizona (1987),
a comedy told primarily through repetition and cartoon-like exaggeration. To help communicate these basic elements, the Coens asked their regular sound personnel to construct a soundtrack that emphasized them. As a result, many of the aural ingredients recur throughout the film, reinforcing
events or a sense of place. Music and effects also strengthen the rapid, and often chaotic, pace of events. Moreover, the dialogue accentuates the larger-than-life characters and helps situate their rustic nature. Through Raising Arizona the Coens not only demonstrate how sound can
be integral to the film-making process, but they also show how another mode of production can challenge the long-standing dominance of image as the primary storyteller.
Humor in apes
Authors: Gamble Jennifer
Published: February 2008

Cognitive capacity of non-human primates has become a popular topic in recent years. Humor is an important indicator of mental function. For the four stages of humor development in children: 1.) inappropriate action. 2.) incongruous labels. 3.) incongruous features. and 4.) multiple word meanings, examples are presented from ape behavior. Apes appreciate and produce humor in a manner comparable to humans.
Risus Sardonicus: Neurotic and pathological laughter
Authors: Brottman Mikita
Published: February 2008

Taking two moments from literature as a starting point and touchstone, this paper examines the kind of human laughter that is not associated with mirth, or even with humor. There are a number of medical cases in which pathological laughter has been identified as a side effect or symptom of neurological disorder; this paper considers these and other cases, where unexplained pathological laughter seems to be not a symptom of the disease, but the disease itself. Most theorists of laughter inevitably associate it with mirth, joy, moments of rebellion or of “sudden glory.” The paper considers the work of those philosophers and psychoanalysts who believe laughter to be more troublesome than many of us tend to assume, concluding that most human laughter may be as much about neurosis as catharsis, partaking less of the carnival than the apocalypse.
Evaluation of Occupational Exposure to Antiblastic Drugs in an Italian Hospital Oncological Department
Authors: Castiglia Loredana , Miraglia Nadia , Pieri Maria , Simonelli Angela , Basilicata Pascale , Genovese Giuliana , Guadagni Rossella , Acampora Antonio , Sannolo Nicola , Scafarto Maria Virginia
Published: February 2008

Evaluation of Occupational Exposure to Antiblastic Drugs in an Italian Hospital Oncological Department: Loredana Castiglia, et al. Department of Public Medicine and Social Health, University of Naples “Federico II”, Italy—The determination of the current antiblastic drug contamination levels in an Italian hospital oncology ward was carried out. Statistical evaluation of data aiming to identify potential exposure causes was performed. Cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF) and 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU) were determined by wipe tests, extracted with diatomaceous earths and quantified by GC/MSMS or HPLC/UV. Data were analysed with respect to the potential contamination levels of sampled surfaces, and various amounts of handled analyte. χ2tests and Spearman correlation coefficients were calculated. Median concentration levels of 0.086, 0.071, 2.363 µg/dm2were obtained, (CP, IF, 5‐FU, respectively). 3.8 and 13.5% of investigated surfaces showed CP and IF concentrations higher than 1 µg/dm2 (up to 26.96 µg/ dm2) and 13.4% of samples contained 5‐FU concentrations in the range 20–208.9 µg/dm2. Analytes' concentration levels were dependent on sampling sites, with significant correlations showing a progressive contamination decrement going from workbenches, floor, hood planes and other surfaces. A diffuse contamination (traces of all the three analytes) was found on all investigated surfaces, even when analytes had not been used during the sampling days. A significant correlation (ρs=0.303, p=0.001) between the measured analyte concentration and the analyte handled amount was found only in the case of IF. The risk management strategy should be improved, as suggested by the measured and widespread levels of contamination. Since contamination also depends on other factors attributable to working modalities and cleaning procedures, the obtained results suggest that performance of specific training courses as well as scheduling environmental monitoring plans to achieve an actual decrement of the observed contamination levels should be implemented.
Postural Support by a Standing Aid Alleviating Subjective Discomfort among Cooks in a Forward‐bent Posture during Food Preparation
Authors: Iwakiri Kazuyuki , Kunisue Reiko , Sotoyama Midori , Udo Hiroshi
Published: February 2008

Postural Support by a Standing Aid Alleviating Subjective Discomfort among Cooks in a Forward‐bent Posture during Food Preparation: Kazuyuki Iwakiri, et al. National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health, Japan—In this study, we evaluated the effects on subjective discomfort among cooks during food preparation through use of a standing aid that we developed to alleviate the workload on the low back in the forward‐bent posture. Twelve female cooks who worked in a kitchen in a nursing home were asked to prepare foods in 2 working postures: (a) supported by the standing aid (Aid) and (b) without the aid (No aid). They were instructed to evaluate discomfort in 13‐body regions during food preparation and the degree of fatigue at the day's end and to enter their ratings after the end of the workday. Since a significant correlation was observed between body height and the improvement effect of discomfort through use of the standing aid, cooks were divided into two groups according to the height, and ratings were analyzed in each group. Among the tall cooks, subjective discomfort in the low back and the front and back of thighs was significantly less with the Aid posture than with the No aid posture. However, in short cooks these values tended to increase in the Aid posture compared with the No aid posture. The results suggest that the standing aid was effective in alleviating tall cooks' workload on the low back in the forward‐bent posture.
Qualidade do mamão cv. Solo submetido ao choque térmico e tratamento quarentenário por radiação gama
Authors: Pimentel Rodrigo Meirelles de Azevedo , Marcondes Yvens Ely de Mattos , Walder Julio Marcos Melges
Published: February 2008

Para se exportar, é necessário não só atingir padrões de qualidade exigidos pelo país importador, mas também padrões fitossanitários. A irradiação tem como principal função o controle quarentenário de moscas-das-frutas, portanto é necessário que se associe a tratamentos que visem à manutenção da qualidade do fruto. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade dos mamões submetidos à imersão em água quente seguidos de irradiação em doses de tratamento quarentenário. Os mamões verdes selecionados foram submetidos aos seguintes tratamentos: a) controle; b) 250 Gy; c) 500 Gy; d) choque térmico (60º C por 30 segundos); e) 250 Gy + choque térmico, e f) 500 Gy + choque térmico. Os mamões foram armazenados a 21±1ºC e umidade relativa de 85-90%, e, após 8 dias, foram avaliados quanto ao teor de sólidos solúveis, pH, acidez titulável, firmeza, índice de doenças e coloração interna. As análises de perda de massa e coloração externa foram realizadas a 0; 2; 4 e 7 dias após a irradiação. Foi observado nos frutos submetidos a choque térmico (d, e, f) quantidade menor de sintomas de antracnose e podridão peduncular e, nos tratamentos combinados (e, f), foi verificada manutenção da firmeza do mamão. Somente no segundo dia os frutos irradiados (b, c, e, f) estavam mais amarelados que os demais. Para os demais parâmetros avaliados, não houve diferença entre os tratamentos.
Identificação e análise da cadeia de distribuição das frutas cítricas de mesa sem sementes: um estudo de caso na cidade de São Paulo
Authors: Senna Ana Júlia Teixeira , Pedrozo Eugenio Ávila , Koller Otto Carlos
Published: February 2008

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar mecanismos de comercialização para as frutas cítricas, de mesa, sem sementes, provenientes dos municípios de São Gabriel, Santa Margarida do Sul e Rosário do Sul, situados no limite norte da metade sul do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul. O método de pesquisa foi um estudo de caso, de caráter exploratório, em que foram entrevistados dez comerciantes na cidade de São Paulo. Constatou-se que há comerciantes que importam frutas cítricas do Uruguai e da Espanha para abastecer o mercado interno e que esses, em sua maioria, estão interessados em substituir as importações por frutas produzidas no Brasil, desde que possuam qualidade semelhante à das frutas importadas e preço mais baixo. A Central de Abastecimento (CEAGESP) é o estabelecimento que, num mesmo lugar, responde pelo maior volume de frutas distribuídas. Neste estudo, determinou-se a configuração da cadeia de distribuição das frutas cítricas sem sementes.
Produção de polpas de mangas Tommy Atkins, na Amazônia setentrional, através da aplicação de preservativos e da pasteurização
Authors: Neves Leandro Camargo , Benedette Ronaldo Moreno , Silva Vanuza Xavier da , Prill Marcos André de Souza , Vieites Rogério Lopes
Published: February 2008

O presente trabalho avaliou a eficiência da pasteurização e o uso de preservativos em polpas de manga Tommy Atkins (Mangifera indica L.) refrigeradas. Antes da confecção dos tratamentos, os frutos foram higienizados em solução de hipoclorito de sódio (NaOCl) a 100 mg. L-1, por 10 minutos. Após o processamento, foi realizado o ajuste do pH das polpas para 3,0, e o ajuste da atividade de água (Aa) para 0,95. As variáveis utilizadas foram a pasteurização (água fervente a 95 ± 5 ºC, por 0 e 1 minuto), a adição de benzoato de sódio nas concentrações de 0; 200 e 500 mL.L-1 , e dióxido de enxofre (SO2) a 0; 100 e 200 mL.L-1. As polpas foram então embaladas em sacos de polietileno de baixa densidade (PEBD) de 0,060 mm (0,10 x 0,12 m - sem espaço livre e contendo 500g de polpa), e armazenadas em câmara frigorífica a 20 ± 1 ºC e 80 ± 3% de U.R, por 28 dias. Ao final do experimento, os tratamentos não-submetidos à pasteurização apresentaram os maiores níveis de ácido ascórbico. Entretanto, nesses mesmos tratamentos, foram intensa atividade microbiana e elevados níveis de pH. Não foram detectadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos testados nas análises de acidez titulável (AT) e sólidos solúveis (SS). Devido à ausência de escurecimento nas polpas trabalhadas, durante todo o período experimental, não se podem detectar as diferenças entre a aplicação do SO2 e a utilização da pasteurização. O menor índice de contaminação microbiológica e a preferência dos julgadores no painel sensorial foram atribuídos aos tratamentos submetidos à pasteurização, adição de benzoato de sódio a 500 mL.L-1 e adição de dióxido de enxofre a 200 mL.L-1.
A cidade, o verdadeiro e o falso em Parmênides
Authors: Casertano Giovanni
Published: February 2008

Parte da historiografia filosófica da segunda metade do século XIX se empenha em renovar a imagem de Parmênides de Eléia fixada pela tradição - filósofo do imobilismo, isolado, estranho e venerável - recuperando as relações estreitas que ele mantinha com as exigências da cultura de sua época. O propósito deste artigo é reconduzir Parmênides ao seu tempo, apontando o pensamento vivo de um homem que foi não apenas filósofo, mas também cientista e político de grande relevo.
Soluble tissue sugar content and leaf blast severity in response to the application of calcinated serpentinite as a silicon source in irrigated rice
Authors: Prabhu Anne Sitarama , Santos Alberto Baêta dos , Didonet Agostinho Dirceu
Published: February 2008

A field experiment conducted with the irrigated rice cultivar BRS Formoso, to assess the efficiency of calcinated serpentinite as a silicon source on grain yield was utilized to study its effect on leaf blast severity and tissue sugar levels. The treatments consisted of five rates of calcinated serpentinite (0, 2, 4, 6, 8 Mg.ha-1) incorporated into the soil prior to planting. The leaf blast severity was reduced at the rate of 2.96% per ton of calcinated serpentinite. The total tissue sugar content decreased significantly as the rates of serpentinite applied increased (R² = 0.83). The relationship between the tissue sugar content and leaf blast severity was linear and positive (R² = 0.81). The decrease in leaf blast severity with increased rates of calcinated serpentinite was also linear (R²= 0.96) and can be ascribed to reduced sugar level.
Reforma(s) e estruturação do Sistema de Saúde Britânico: lições para o SUS
Authors: Tanaka Oswaldo Yoshimi , Oliveira Vanessa Elias de
Published: February 2008

O presente artigo apresenta uma descrição cronológica e uma análise crítica das reformas realizadas no Sistema de Saúde Britânico (NHS) a partir da década de 1990. Aborda as bases político-administrativas dessas reformas, as formas de financiamento delas resultantes e as repercussões no processo de atenção à saúde. O aprofundamento político organizacional desse processo de reforma do NHS permite a identificação de analogias com o Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS). Estratégias inovadoras como: a) a busca de maior autonomia e de aumento da eficiência como a criação dos Grupos de Atenção Primaria; b) as fundações dos hospitais públicos britânicos: c) a distribuição dos gastos públicos em saúde: d) as inovações introduzidas na reforma da reforma em 1997, foram analisadas comparativamente com o SUS. Apesar do distinto contexto histórico de construção desses dois sistemas universalistas é possível identificar experiências e lições que poderão ser úteis ao processo de aprimoramento dos princípios de Universalidade, Integralidade e Eqüidade, proposto pelo SUS.
Características dos idosos em área de abrangência do Programa Saúde da Família na região noroeste do Paraná: contribuições para a gestão do cuidado em enfermagem
Authors: Meireles Viviani Camboin , Matsuda Laura Misue , Coimbra Jorseli Ângela Henriques , Mathias Thais Aidar de Freitas
Published: February 2008

Este artigo é produto de um estudo do tipo descritivo-exploratório e teve como principal objetivo investigar a população idosa atendida por uma Equipe de Saúde da Família (ESF) de uma área de Maringá-PR. Como resultado, constatou-se predominância de mulheres idosas na faixa etária de 60 a 79 anos; na faixa de 80 anos ou mais houve predomínio de homens. Dentre as mulheres, 81,8% possuem algum tipo de renda. Dentre os homens, esse número foi de 91,7%. As doenças de maior prevalência entre os idosos de ambos os sexos foram à hipertensão arterial e a diabetes, seguida da Hipertensão Arterial e Diabete Mellitus como doenças associadas que corresponderam a 4 (12,1%) das mulheres. Observou-se grande número de registros em branco em relação a este dado, sendo 25% entre os homens e 12,1% entre as mulheres. Em relação à moradia, 82,5% moram com duas ou mais pessoas. O analfabetismo foi prevalente entre os homens. O conhecimento dos dados referentes às características dos idosos permite ao serviço de saúde gerenciar a assistência à saúde de maneira mais coerente e adequada à realidade vivida pela clientela. Considera-se que a estruturação e a execução das políticas de saúde ao idoso, fundamentadas no diagnóstico de problemas específicos, possibilitam ações e resultados efetivos.
Reflexões sobre água de abastecimento e saúde pública: um estudo de caso na Amazônia brasileira
Authors: Giatti Leandro Luiz
Published: February 2008

Embora a Amazônia ostente grandioso patrimônio ambiental e abundância de recursos hídricos, é na região Norte do Brasil, contida neste notável bioma, que se verificam os piores índices de acesso a serviços de saneamento e respectivos indicadores de saúde pública. Por meio de estudo de caso efetuado na cidade de São Gabriel da Cachoeira, localizada à noroeste do Estado do Amazonas, com aproximadamente 18.000 habitantes e substancial parcela de população indígena, verificou-se a complexidade de fatores relacionados ao provimento de água e à melhoria da saúde pública para núcleos urbanos da Amazônia. A ausência de políticas concisas, as peculiaridades ambientais, as dificuldades logísticas e financeiras somam-se a questões socioculturais, a aspectos migratórios e a processo de urbanização desordenada, associada a impactos ambientais. Para melhoria da saúde pública nessas circunstâncias torna-se necessária uma abordagem interdisciplinar, que possibilite a gestão dos recursos hídricos, a implementação de saneamento básico e, não obstante, a promoção de adesão dos habitantes.
Mortalidade infantil em remanescentes de quilombos do Munícipio de Santarém - Pará, Brasil
Authors: Guerrero Ana Felisa Hurtado , Silva Denise Oliveira e , Toledo Luciano Medeiros de , Guerrero José Camilo Hurtado , Teixeira Pery
Published: February 2008

Este trabalho é uma análise preliminar da mortalidade infantil em áreas quilombolas do município de Santarém-Pará. Trata-se de uma Pesquisa Domiciliar Censitária realizada no período de março/abril de 2006, por meio de procedimentos de busca ativa de óbitos em menores de um ano de idade, com identificação de sub-registro na população das comunidades de terra firme e de várzea. Os níveis de mortalidade foram obtidos pela técnica indireta de estimação. Encontrou-se diferencial na mortalidade de menores de um ano de idade para os quilombos da área de terra firme e várzea, de 30,4 óbitos/por mil nascidos vivos e de 50,2 óbitos/por mil nascidos vivos, respectivamente. Os resultados evidenciam profundas desigualdades, na medida em que as taxas de mortalidade das comunidades quilombolas são maiores quando comparadas com as do país (27,0 óbitos/por mil nascidos vivos), da região Norte (26,2 óbitos/por mil nascidos vivos), e da população negra rural do estado do Pará (32,9 óbitos/por mil nascidos vivos). Observa-se que nenhuma das taxas de mortalidade dos quilombos alcançou níveis considerados satisfatórios quando comparadas com os parâmetros preconizados pelo Ministério da Saúde em 2005 (menos de 20 óbitos/por mil nascidos vivos). Constata-se que, enquanto a mortalidade infantil vem diminuindo no país como um todo, nos quilombos de Santarém, principalmente os da área de várzea, a probabilidade de uma criança quilombola morrer antes de completar o primeiro ano de vida é bastante elevada, superando a média nacional, regional e estadual e classificando-se como alta, conforme os critérios definidos pelo Ministério da Saúde.
Los Determinantes Sociales de Salud y la lucha por la equidad en salud: desafíos para el estado y la sociedad civil
Authors: Villar Eugenio
Published: February 2008

La OMS ha creado una Comisión de los Determinantes Sociales de la Salud que producirá su reporte en el 2008. Aunque el tema de los determinantes sociales (DSS) de la salud no es nuevo, la nueva visibilidad global en el tema refleja el agotamiento del modelo de desarrollo neoliberal que ha agudizado la inequidad y consecuentemente hace resurgir el tema de la justicia social. Nuevos enfoques y evidencia ubican la inequidad en salud como resultado de la inequitativa distribución de los DSS. Procesos en curso como la globalización de signo neoliberal y el cambio climático agudizan las inequidades así como la exclusión en salud al actuar directa y desigualmente sobre los DSS. Algunos ejemplos de políticas publicas exitosas: Suecia, dado su particular contexto político-institucional ha desarrollado una política (intersectorial) de salud publica cuyo objetivo es disminuir la inequidad diseñando estrategias participativas sobre sus DSS. Chile viene también construyendo inclusivamente un sistema de protección social infantil (Chile Crece Contigo) a partir de una integración de programas bajo un norte de derechos y de DSS. La meta es la cobertura universal con un enfoque de ciclo de vida. Finalmente, la Sociedad Civil de las Américas viene desarrollando un debate hacia una agenda común en el tema de los DSS, con los gobiernos de Brasil y Chile así como la OEA, OPS y OMS. Los ejes son la lucha por un nuevo modelo de desarrollo participativo y sostenible que democratice el abordaje de los DSS bajo un enfoque de derechos.
O enfoque dos determinantes sociais de saúde sob o ponto de vista da teoria social
Authors: Zioni Fabiola , Westphal Márcia Faria
Published: February 2008

Este artigo apresenta reflexões teóricas relacionadas à contribuição das ciências humanas e sociais para o campo da saúde. Partindo dos artigos de Eugênio Villar e de Mirta Roses Periago e colaboradores, busca salientar a relação entre a preocupação com justiça social que inspira o enfoque dos Determinantes Sociais de Saúde com o contexto social contemporâneo e paradigmas que vão ao encontro à idéia de determinação social. Ao mesmo tempo, focalizam questões éticas e reforçam a importância da dimensão social do processo saúde-doença, o que implica em uma re-politização do campo da saúde. Busca, também, discutir a concepção de participação política no campo da saúde e suas limitações para o enfrentamento de desafios colocados pela fragmentação da sociedade e os novos níveis de pobreza e "exclusão social".
Relação saneamento-saúde-ambiente: os discursos preventivista e da promoção da saúde
Authors: Souza Cezarina Maria Nobre
Published: February 2008

Diversos discursos podem ser encontrados na literatura científica, indicativos de como o saneamento vem sendo percebido em sua relação com a saúde e o ambiente. Entre eles destaca-se um grupo de discursos alicerçados na prevenção de doenças, segundo os quais cabe ao saneamento higienizar o ambiente e com isso evitar as doenças. Há também outro grupo, cujos discursos se aproximam dos pressupostos da promoção da saúde, de acordo com os quais o saneamento assume ações para a melhoria da qualidade ambiental e de vida e para a erradicação das doenças. Foi realizada pesquisa em base eletrônica de dados com o fim de identificar artigos científicos publicados em periódicos da área de saneamento. A partir destes, foram resgatados e examinados quatro discursos coletivos sobre a relação saneamento-saúde-ambiente com o propósito de identificar suas possíveis afiliações a um dos grupos acima citados. Os discursos obtidos revelaram um viés essencialmente preventivista.
Hipertrofia das mediações, internet e empoderamento, no campo da saúde-doença
Authors: Lefèvre Fernando , Lefèvre Ana Maria Cavalcanti , Madeira Wilma
Published: February 2008

Busca-se neste trabalho discutir a questão das mediações técnicas que, hoje, no campo da saúde/doença, interpõe-se entre o homem e seu corpo e mente. Trata-se de um trabalho de natureza essencialmente ensaística no qual a questão é analisada considerando que as formações sociais não são entidades auto evidentes, necessitando, portanto, de modelos teóricos para serem entendidas. Assim, adotam-se, como referência teórico-metodológica, os princípios que regem a pós-modernidade, especialmente aquele que diz respeito à "separação entre meios e fins". Ainda no plano metodológico, tais princípios são ilustrados utilizando-se como referência dissertação de mestrado defendida em 2006, que explora as possibilidades do uso da internet como instrumento de ação empoderadora. A principal proposta apresentada levanta a necessidade de uma ação empoderadora de controle social sobre as instâncias mediadoras, visando enfrentar o fenômeno da hipertrofia das mediações, que faz com que elas se tornem autônomas, deixando com isso de estar a serviço do homem na sua relação com seu corpo e mente.
Desenvolvimento, ciência e política: o debate sobre a criação do Instituto Internacional da Hiléia Amazônica
Authors: Magalhães Rodrigo Cesar da Silva , Maio Marcos Chor
Published: February 2008

Analisa o tema do desenvolvimento a partir do debate em torno do projeto de criação do Instituto Internacional da Hiléia Amazônica (IIHA). Abordam-se as relações entre ciência e desenvolvimento no pós-Segunda Guerra Mundial. Apresentam-se as iniciativas do Estado brasileiro na Amazônia na década de 1940 e a recepção do projeto IIHA. Analisam-se as controvérsias suscitadas pelo plano da Unesco no Brasil. O projeto do IIHA foi um catalisador do debate sobre o desenvolvimento no pós-Segunda Guerra no Brasil. As discussões que ele motivou no país e o desfecho que teve consolidaram um modelo de desenvolvimento para a Amazônia que permanece pautando as iniciativas relacionadas a essa região na atualidade.
Gestão de pessoas em unidades produtoras de refeições comerciais e a segurança alimentar
Authors: Cavalli Suzi Barletto , Salay Elisabete
Published: February 2008

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar a gestão de pessoas em unidades produtoras de refeições comerciais, visando a discutir as implicações para o oferecimento de segurança alimentar. MÉTODOS: Este trabalho adotou procedimentos previstos para uma pesquisa de natureza descritiva. A amostra do estudo foi formada por restaurantes comerciais das cidades de Campinas, do Estado de São Paulo, e Porto Alegre, do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, divididos por linhas de atuação: self-service por quilo, churrascarias e fast-food. Foram analisadas 108 empresas, 62 em Porto Alegre e 46 em Campinas. Para entrevistar os gerentes dos restaurantes foi elaborado um questionário, contendo questões abertas e fechadas, e previamente testado. RESULTADOS: Foi constatado que somente 21,7% dos funcionários possuem cursos e treinamentos na área de atuação. Predominou a escolaridade de ensino fundamental entre os recursos humanos e ambos os sexos estiveram presentes na mesma proporção. A maioria das empresas adota critérios para a contratação dos funcionários, sendo que o critério de apresentação pessoal é o mais freqüente. A higiene pessoal dos colaboradores foi considerada como "muitíssimo importante" pelos gerentes dos restaurantes. A falta de experiência, de responsabilidade na realização das atividades e de formação mínima para a função estão entre as principais dificuldades encontradas pelos restaurantes na contratação de funcionários. CONCLUSÃO: Faz-se necessário qualificar a gestão de pessoas no segmento de restaurantes comerciais, de modo a favorecer as condições de segurança alimentar para a população consumidora.
Reintroduction of Nassella pulchra to California coastal grasslands: Effects of topsoil removal, plant neighbour removal and grazing
Authors: Buisson Elise , Anderson Sean , Holl Karen D. , Corcket Emmanuel , Hayes Grey F. , Peeters Alain , Dutoit Thierry
Published: February 2008

Question: What is the most appropriate combination of treatments to reintroduce Nassella pulchra, a perennial bunchgrass, into degraded mediterranean coastal grasslands?

Location: Central coast of California, USA.

Methods: N. pulchra was sown from seeds and transplanted into a degraded grassland in a multi‐factorial experiment testing the effects of (1) two grazing intensities (lightly grazed by native mammal species or ungrazed); (2) topsoil removal and (3) reduction of plant neighbours. The experiment was carried out on two types of surrounding vegetation (exotic annual grasses and exotic forbs).

Results: Topsoil removal greatly enhanced establishment from seeds and transplant survival, mainly because it reduced the exotic vegetation and thus reduced competition. While removing neighbours was essential when topsoil was left intact, it had a negative effect on N. pulchra when surrounding species included exotic forbs (Brassica spec, and Asteraceae) at low density (after topsoil removal). Moderate grazing by native mammals (deer, rabbits and gophers) did not affect N. pulchra.

Conclusion: Our results suggest that seeding after topsoil has been removed is a promising method to reintroduce N. pulchra to highly degraded sites where there is little to no native seed bank.
Germinable soil seed banks in abandoned grasslands in central and western Norway and their significance for restoration
Authors: Rosef Line
Published: February 2008

Questions: Could the seed bank increase biodiversity during restoration of abandoned, species‐poor, formerly cultivated vegetation? Is it possible to identify how climate, soil and former and present management and vegetation affected the seed bank?

Location: The study sites were eight abandoned grasslands, four in Orkdal, central Norway and four in Gaular, western Norway.

Methods: 144 seed bank samples were collected from three depths. Each sample was sown and placed in a greenhouse. After three months, the trays were dried and stored at 4°C in a dry place for two months. This was repeated twice.

Results: There was a separation of the two regions along the first DCA axis in both the seed bank and in the vegetation analysis and also a clear separation of the seed bank from the vegetation along the second axis. These results are caused by differences in former management as well as temperature, precipitation and soil type between Gaular and Orkdal. We found more annuals, short‐lived species and species demanding light open conditions in the seed bank than in the vegetation probably because these species have the capacity for producing persistent seeds. Most of the species found only in the seed bank were found in very few samples and with few individuals.

Conclusion: These results suggest that it may be difficult to increase vegetation biodiversity through restoration of grasslands such as those investigated if the natural soil seed bank is the main seed source.
TDP‐43 A315T mutation in familial motor neuron disease
Authors: Gitcho Michael A. , Baloh Robert H. , Chakraverty Sumi , Mayo Kevin , Norton Joanne B. , Levitch Denise , Hatanpaa Kimmo J. , White Charles L. , Bigio Eileen H. , Caselli Richard , Baker Matt , Al‐Lozi Muhammad T. , Morris John C. , Pestronk Alan , Rademakers Rosa , Goate Alison M. , Cairns Nigel J.
Published: February 2008

To identify novel causes of familial neurodegenerative diseases, we extended our previous studies of TAR DNA‐binding protein 43 (TDP‐43) proteinopathies to investigate TDP‐43 as a candidate gene in familial cases of motor neuron disease. Sequencing of the TDP‐43 gene led to the identification of a novel missense mutation, Ala‐315‐Thr, which segregates with all affected members of an autosomal dominant motor neuron disease family. The mutation was not found in 1,505 healthy control subjects. The discovery of a missense mutation in TDP‐43 in a family with dominantly inherited motor neuron disease provides evidence of a direct link between altered TDP‐43 function and neurodegeneration. Ann Neurol 2008