bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Case of vaccine-associated measles five weeks post-immunisation, British Columbia, Canada, October 2013
Authors: Murti M , Krajden M , Petric M , Hiebert J , Hemming F , Hefford B , Bigham M , Van Buynder P
Published: December 2013

We describe a case of vaccine-associated measles in a two-year-old patient from British Columbia, Canada, in October 2013, who received her first dose of measles-containing vaccine 37 days prior to onset of prodromal symptoms. Identification of this delayed vaccine-associated case occurred in the context of an outbreak investigation of a measles cluster.
Stability of Platinum in Sulfuric Acid Solution Studied by Electrochemical Quartz Crystal Microbalance
Authors: Yadav Amar Prasad
Published: December 2013

The stability of electrodeposited platinum electrode in 0.5 M H2SO4 solution has been studied under potentiodynamic and potentiostatic conditions using electrochemical quartz crystal microbalance (EQCM). In potentiodynamic polarization, cyclic voltammetry (CV) was carried out from 0.0 to 1.4 V at the scan rate of 0.01 V s-1 while in potentiostatic polarization, potential was stepped from 0.45 V to higher anodic potential limits of 0.75V, 1.0V, 1.1V, 1.2V, 1.4V, and 1.5V and corresponding mass change resulting from the formation of PtO was measured by EQCM. The results of CV and EQCM revealed that the Pt surface was covered with PtO in 0.65 < E< 1.5 V. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v29i0.9233Journal of Nepal Chemical SocietyVol. 29, 2012Page: 24-27Uploaded date : 12/3/2013
Synthesis and characterization of 2-pyridineformamide 3-pyrrolidinylthiosemicarbazone
Authors: Shakya B. , Yadav P. N.
Published: December 2013

Pyrrolidine-1-carbothiohydrazide was prepared by the transamination reaction of 4-methyl-4-phenyl-3-thiosemicarbazide with pyrrolidine in MeCN. 2-pyridineformamide 3-pyrrolidinyl-thiosemicarbazone (HAmPyrr) was synthesized by the reduction of cyanopyridine in the presence of pyrrolidine-1-carbothiohydrazide in MeOH with Na metal. The synthesized compound was characterized by elemental analysis, IR, 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and ESI mass spectrometry. The prominent (M+1) peak (m/z) of HAmPyrr in the electron spray ionization mass spectrum was found at 250.09 which correspond to the molecular ion plus H. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v29i0.9234Journal of Nepal Chemical SocietyVol. 29, 2012Page: 28-33Uploaded date : 12/3/2013
Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of Azepine Analogue of Lignan
Authors: Singh Ashok Kumar
Published: December 2013

Diphenylamine (1) was condensed with maleic anhydride (2) in the presence of sodium hydride and dry benzene, 4-N,N-diphenyl amine-4-oxo-2-butenoic acid (3) was achieved. Intramolecular cyclization of compound 3 with PPE afforded 1-phenyl-1H-benzo[b] azepine-2,5 dione (4). DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v29i0.9236Journal of Nepal Chemical SocietyVol. 29, 2012Page: 44-47Uploaded date : 12/3/2013
Estimation of Concentration of K-40 by Gamma Spectroscopy and Atomic Emission Spectroscopy in the Environmental Samples of Northern Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Yadav P. N. , Rajbhandari P. , Shrestha K. K.
Published: December 2013

The concentration of K-40 was estimated by atomic emission spectroscopy (AES) and specific activity by gamma ray spectroscopy using by means of a multichannel analyzer (MCA) in the soil and water samples of northern parts of the Kathmandu valley. AES method was found to be sensitive and rapid for the routine analysis of water samples, however, cannot implement for the analysis of soil samples due to the loss of significant amount of potassium during the extraction process. The specific activity determined by a MCA in water samples ranged from 2.25 Bq/Kg to 17.87 Bq/Kg and for soil samples, from 17.48 Bq/Kg to 412.26 Bq/Kg.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v29i0.9255Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 29, 2012 Page: 75-80 Uploaded date: 12/5/2013
Interference of Drugs on Clinical Chemistry- Shall We Start Thinking?
Authors: Yadav Sharda , KC Sanjaya
Published: December 2013

Clinical chemistry is emerging area in the field of clinical medicine which deals with the estimation of different analytes from body fluids. Different drugs interfere with the estimation of these analyte. The interference can be either physiological or analytical. Out of many analytes the most commonly estimated analyte are glucose, urea, creatinine, sodium and potassium. Small changes in these analytes also might give misleading information to the clinician. Though the clinicians will be aware of the major side effects of the drug, minor physiological effect might be overlooked also the analytical procedure and the effect of drug in different analytes. Hence, it is necessary for laboratory to inform clinicians regarding the possible effects of drugs on analytes.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v29i0.9257Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 29, 2012 Page:  89-95 Uploaded date: 12/5/2013
Tapping Mode Atomic Force Microscopy (TMAFM) of Some Multi-Component Polymers
Authors: Adhikari Rameshwar
Published: December 2013

Atomic force microscopy (AFM) has been used frequently in polymer research in particular for imaging topography and phase morphology of multi-component polymers. In this work, we demonstrate the potential applications of the AFM in the study of morphology of multi-component polymers taking examples of some technically important semicrystalline polymers, blends and nanostructured block copolymers. The morphology of semicrystalline morphology could be determined ranging from molecular arrangement in the unit cells to the lamellar structure to the macroscopic morphology showing the spherulites of the polymers. Nanoscale morphology of block copolymers, nanocomposites and blends could be easily accessed by the aping mode AFM (TMAFM) phase imaging technique. It has been demonstrated that TMAFM phase imaging can be successfully utilized as a routine tool for the investigation of nanoscale morphology of the heterogeneous polymers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v29i0.9258Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 29, 2012 Page:  96-103 Uploaded date: 12/5/2013
One pot Aziridation of 2,3-trans Stilbene with Chloramine T derivatives in the presence of catalyst phenyltrimethyl Ammonium Tribromide
Authors: Joshi Susan
Published: December 2013

Phenyltrimethyl ammonium tribromide is an excellent source of bromine which was found to be an efficient catalyst for aziridination of 2,3-trans stilbene utilizing Chloramine T derivatives as a practical nitrogen source. Chloramine T derivatives were examined and were found to give the corresponding trans-2,3-diphenyl-N-arylsulfonyl aziridines in good yields.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jncs.v29i0.9277  Journal of Nepal Chemical Society Vol. 29, 2012 Page: 121-125 Uploaded date: 12/6/2013
Applicability of Tanaka & Johnston Analysis and Prediction of New Equation for Contemporary Nepalese Sample
Authors: Dhakal Jyoti , Shrestha Rabindra M , Shrestha Sujita
Published: December 2013

Objective: To examine applicability of Tanaka & Johnston prediction in Nepalese sample. Materials & Method: A total of 100 samples of the age ranging from 14-24 years were selected for the measurement of mesio-distal widths of mandibular permanent incisors, and maxillary and mandibular permanent canines and premolars. Descriptive statistics was calculated and paired t-test was carried out to find the difference between predicted and actual values of canine and premolar mesio-distal widths. The linear regression equation was performed to develop new equation for Nepalese sample. Result: Mean differences were observed in actual and predicted values between the present study and the reports of Tanaka & Johnston. Coefficient of correlation was found for maxilla, r=0.52 and mandible, r =0.51. Conclusion: The equations and charts used for other ethnic sample do not accurately predict for Nepalese sample. The linear regression equation developed in this study can be used for orthodontic treatment for Nepalese patients.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v3i1.9269 Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol.3, No.1, 2013: 14-18
Maxillary Impacted Canines: A Clinical Review
Authors: Yadav Rajiv , Shrestha Basanta K
Published: December 2013

Impacted teeth are those with a delayed eruption time or that are not expected to erupt completely based on clinical and radiographic assessment. Palatal displacement of the maxillary canines is defined as the developmental dislocation to a palatal site often resulting in tooth impaction requiring surgical and orthodontic treatments. Impacted permanent maxillary canine occur in 1-2% of the population. The Occurrence of impacted permanent maxillary canines are; 85% palatal and 15% labial. The prevalence of palatally displaced canines (PDC) fluctuates between 0.8-5.2%. Palatally erupting or impacted maxillary canines occur twice often in females than males, and are five times more common in Caucasians than Asians. Of all patients with maxillary impacted canines, 8% have bilateral impactions.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ojn.v3i1.9285 Orthodontic Journal of Nepal, Vol.3, No.1, 2013: 63-68
Enlargement of the sella turcica in pseudotumor cerebri
Authors: Kyung Sung-eun E. , Botelho James V. , Horton Jonathan C.
Published: December 2013

Object

The sella turcica usually appears partially empty in MR images obtained from patients with chronic elevation of intracranial pressure. The authors measured the size of the sella turcica to determine if enlargement of the pituitary fossa explains the partially empty sella associated with pseudotumor cerebri.

Methods

The medical records from 2005 to 2011 of a single neuro-ophthalmologist were searched to identify consecutive patients with pseudotumor cerebri. Age-matched control patients were selected from the same practice. The sella turcica and pituitary gland were measured on sagittal T1-weighted MR images.

Results

Measurements were obtained for 48 patients with pseudotumor cerebri and 48 controls. The cross-sectional area of the sella was 38% greater in the patients with pseudotumor cerebri, with only a slight reduction in mean pituitary gland size.

Conclusions

Chronic elevation of intracranial pressure is associated with bony enlargement of the sella turcica. Enlargement of the sella turcica contributes to its partially empty appearance.
The impact of extent of resection on malignant transformation of pure oligodendrogliomas
Authors: Snyder Laura A. , Wolf Andrew B. , Oppenlander Mark E. , Bina Robert , Wilson Jeffrey R. , Ashby Lynn , Brachman David , Coons Stephen W. , Spetzler Robert F. , Sanai Nader
Published: December 2013

Object

Recent evidence suggests that a greater extent of resection (EOR) extends malignant progression-free survival among patients with low-grade gliomas (LGGs). These studies, however, rely on the combined analysis of oligodendrogliomas, astrocytomas, and mixed oligoastrocytomas—3 histological subtypes with distinct genetic and molecular compositions. To assess the value of EOR in a homogeneous LGG patient population and delineate its impact on LGG transformation, the authors examined its effect on newly diagnosed supratentorial oligodendrogliomas.

Methods

The authors identified 93 newly diagnosed adult patients with WHO Grade II oligodendrogliomas treated with microsurgical resection at Barrow Neurological Institute. Clinical, laboratory, and radiographic data were collected retrospectively, including 1p/19q codeletion status and volumetric analysis based on T2-weighted MRI.

Results

The median preoperative and postoperative tumor volumes and EOR were 29.0 cm3 (range 1.3–222.7 cm3), 5.2 cm3 (range 0–156.1 cm3), and 85% (range 6%–100%), respectively. Median follow-up was 75.4 months, and there were 14 deaths (15%). Progression and malignant progression were identified in 31 (33%) and 20 (22%) cases, respectively. A greater EOR was associated with longer overall survival (p = 0.005) and progression-free survival (p = 0.004); however, a greater EOR did not prolong the interval to malignant progression, even when controlling for 1p/19q codeletion.

Conclusions

A greater EOR is associated with an improved survival profile for patients with WHO Grade II oligodendrogliomas. However, for this particular LGG patient population, the interval to tumor transformation is not influenced by cytoreduction. These data raise the possibility that the capacity for microsurgical resection to modulate malignant progression is mediated through biological mechanisms specific to nonoligodendroglioma LGG histologies.
The relationship between ruptured aneurysm location, subarachnoid hemorrhage clot thickness, and incidence of radiographic or symptomatic vasospasm in patients enrolled in a prospective randomized controlled trial
Authors: Abla Adib A. , Wilson David A. , Williamson Richard W. , Nakaji Peter , McDougall Cameron G. , Zabramski Joseph M. , Albuquerque Felipe C. , Spetzler Robert F.
Published: December 2013

Object

Cerebral vasospasm following subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) causes significant morbidity in a delayed fashion. The authors recently published a new scale that grades the maximum thickness of SAH on axial CT and is predictive of vasospasm incidence. In this study, the authors further investigate whether different aneurysm locations result in different SAH clot burdens and whether any concurrent differences in ruptured aneurysm location and maximum SAH clot burden affect vasospasm incidence.

Methods

Two hundred fifty patients who were part of a prospective randomized controlled trial were reviewed. Most outcome and demographic variables were included as part of the prospective randomized controlled trial. Additional variables were also collected at a later time, including vasospasm data and maximum clot thickness.

Results

Aneurysms were categorized into 1 of 6 groups: intradural internal carotid artery aneurysms, vertebral artery (VA) aneurysms (including the posterior inferior cerebellar artery), basilar trunk or basilar apex aneurysms, middle cerebral artery aneurysms, pericallosal aneurysms, and anterior communicating artery aneurysms. Twenty-nine patients with nonaneurysmal SAH were excluded. Patients with pericallosal aneurysms had the least average maximum clot burden (5.3 mm), compared with 6.4 mm for the group overall, but had the highest rate of symptomatic vasospasm (56% vs 22% overall, OR 4.9, RR 2.7, p = 0.026). Symptomatic vasospasm occurrence was tallied in patients with clinical deterioration attributable to delayed cerebral ischemia. There were no significant differences in maximum clot thickness between aneurysm sites. Middle cerebral artery aneurysms resulted in the thickest mean maximum clot (7.1 mm) but rates of symptomatic and radiographic vasospasm in this group were statistically no different compared with the overall group. Vertebral artery aneurysms had the worst 1-year modified Rankin scale (mRS) scores (3.0 vs 1.9 overall, respectively; p = 0.0249). A 1-year mRS score of 0–2 (good outcome) was found in 72% of patients overall, but in only 50% of those with pericallosal and VA aneurysms, and in 56% of those with basilar artery aneurysms (p = 0.0044). Patients with stroke from vasospasm had higher mean clot thickness (9.71 vs 6.15 mm, p = 0.004).

Conclusions

The location of a ruptured aneurysm minimally affects the maximum thickness of the SAH clot but is predictive of symptomatic vasospasm or clinical deterioration from delayed cerebral ischemia in pericallosal aneurysms. The worst 1-year mRS outcomes in this cohort of patients were noted in those with posterior circulation aneurysms or pericallosal artery aneurysms. Patients experiencing stroke had higher mean clot burden.
Estimation of odontoid process posterior inclination, odontoid height, and pB–C2 line in the adult population
Authors: Khaleel Ziyad L. , Besachio David A. , Bisson Erica F. , Shah Lubdha M.
Published: December 2013

Object

Posterior odontoid process inclination has been associated with Chiari malformation Type I in the pediatric population. There are varying reports to support a reliable range of odontoid inclination angles in control adults. The purpose of this study is to estimate the normal measurements in adults for odontoid retroflexion, retroversion, height, and the pB–C2 line (a line drawn through the odontoid tip from the ventral dura perpendicular to a second line from drawn the basion to the inferoposterior aspect of C-2 vertebral body) to establish a normative reference in this population.

Methods

After obtaining institutional review board approval, the authors performed a retrospective analysis of non–contrast enhanced cervical spine CT scans obtained in 150 consecutive control adults. Three neuroradiologists measured odontoid retroflexion, odontoid retroversion, odontoid height, and the pB–C2 line. The cohort was divided into sex and two age groups. Comparisons of the means with unpaired 2-tailed t-test were performed.

Results

A total of 125 subjects met the inclusion criteria; 80 were men and 45 were women (mean age 52 years, range 18–89 years). The odontoid retroflexion angle ranged from 70° to 89° (mean 79.3° ± 4.9°), and the odontoid retroversion angle ranged from 57° to 87° (mean 71.9° ± 5.3°). The range and mean of odontoid height were 17–27 mm and 22 ± 1.8 mm, respectively. The mean pB–C2 line was 6.5 ± 2.1 mm with a range of 0–11.2 mm. The results were also compared with previously published pediatric data.

Conclusions

The current study demonstrates that the odontoid process in adults is anatomically different from that in children: it is longer, more posteriorly inclined, and has a greater pB–C2 line. Therefore, utilization of these parameters with previously published cutoffs in the pediatric population is not appropriate for surgical planning in adults.
Hydrocephalus research funding from the National Institutes of Health: a 10-year perspective
Authors: Gross Paul , Reed Gavin T. , Engelmann Rachel , Kestle John R. W.
Published: December 2013

Object

Funding of hydrocephalus research is important to the advancement of the field. The goal of this paper is to describe the funding of hydrocephalus research from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) over a recent 10-year period.

Methods

The NIH online database RePORT (Research Portfolio Online Reporting Tools) was searched using the key word “hydrocephalus.” Studies were sorted by relevance to hydrocephalus. The authors analyzed funding by institute, grant type, and scientific approach over time.

Results

Over $54 million was awarded to 59 grantees for 66 unique hydrocephalus proposals from 48 institutions from 2002 to 2011. The largest sources of funding were the National Institute of Neurological Disease and Stroke and the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. Of the total, $22 million went to clinical trials, $15 million to basic science, and $10 million to joint ventures with small business (Small Business Innovation Research or Small Business Technology Transfer). Annual funding varied from $2.3 to $8.1 million and steadily increased in the second half of the observation period. The number of new grants also went from 15 in the first 5 years to 27 in the second 5 years. A large portion of the funding has been for clinical trials. Funding for shunt-device development grew substantially. Support for training of hydrocephalus investigators has been low.

Conclusions

Hydrocephalus research funding is low compared with that for other conditions of similar health care burden. In addition to NIH applications, researchers should pursue other funding sources. Small business collaborations appear to present an opportunity for appropriate projects.
A novel method of anterior lumbosacral cage reconstruction
Authors: Mathios Dimitrios , Kaloostian Paul Edward , Bydon Ali , Sciubba Daniel M. , Wolinsky Jean Paul , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Witham Timothy F.
Published: December 2013

Reconstruction of the lumbosacral junction is a considerable challenge for spinal surgeons due to the unique anatomical constraints of this region as well as the vectors of force that are applied focally in this area. The standard cages, both expandable and nonexpendable, often fail to reconstitute the appropriate anatomical alignment of the lumbosacral junction. This inadequate reconstruction may predispose the patient to continued back pain and neurological symptoms as well as possible pseudarthrosis and instrumentation failure. The authors describe their preoperative planning and the technical characteristics of their novel reconstruction technique at the lumbosacral junction using a cage with adjustable caps. Based precisely on preoperative measurements that maintain the appropriate Cobb angle, they performed reconstruction of the lumbosacral junction in a series of 3 patients. All 3 patients had excellent installation of the cages used for reconstruction. Postoperative CT scans were used to radiographically confirm the appropriate reconstruction of the lumbosacral junction. All patients had a significant reduction in pain, had neurological improvement, and experienced no instrumentation failure at the time of latest follow-up. Taking into account the inherent morphology of the lumbosacral junction and carefully planning the technical characteristics of the cage installation preoperatively and intraoperatively, the authors achieved favorable clinical and radiographic outcomes in all 3 cases. Based on this small case series, this technique for reconstruction of the lumbosacral junction appears to be a safe and appropriate method of reconstruction of the anterior spinal column in this technically challenging region of the spine.
Control of Collagen Stability and Heterotrimer Specificity through Repulsive Electrostatic Interactions
Authors: Parmar Avanish , Joshi Mihir , Nosker Patrick , Hasan Nida , Nanda Vikas
Published: December 2013

Charge-pair interactions between acidic and basic residues on the surface of collagen can promote stability as well as control specificity of molecular recognition. Heterotrimeric collagen peptides have been engineered de novo using either rational or computational methods, which in both cases optimize networks of favorable charge-pair interactions in the target structure. Less understood is the role of electrostatic repulsion between groups of like charge in destabilizing structure or directing molecular recognition. To study this, we apply a “charge crowding” approach, where repulsive interactions between multiple aspartate side chains are found to destabilize the homotrimer states in triple helical peptide system and can be utilized to promote the formation of heterotrimers. Neutralizing surface charge by increasing salt concentration or decreasing pH can enhance homotrimer stability, confirming the role of charge crowding on the destabilization of homotrimers via electrostatic repulsion. Charge crowding may be used in conjunction with other approaches to create specific collagen heterotrimers.
Genome Sequence of Dickeya solani, a New soft Rot Pathogen of Potato, Suggests its Emergence May Be Related to a Novel Combination of Non-Ribosomal Peptide/Polyketide Synthetase Clusters
Authors: Garlant Linda , Koskinen Patrik , Rouhiainen Leo , Laine Pia , Paulin Lars , Auvinen Petri , Holm Liisa , Pirhonen Minna
Published: December 2013

Soft rot Enterobacteria in the genera Pectobacterium and Dickeya cause rotting of many crop plants. A new Dickeya isolate has been suggested to form a separate species, given the name Dickeya solani. This bacterium is spreading fast and replacing the closely related, but less virulent, potato pathogens. The genome of D. solani isolate D s0432-1 shows highest similarity at the nucleotide level and in synteny to D. dadantii strain 3937, but it also contains three large polyketide/fatty acid/non-ribosomal peptide synthetase clusters that are not present in D. dadantii 3937. These gene clusters may be involved in the production of toxic secondary metabolites, such as oocydin and zeamine. Furthermore, the D. solani genome harbors several specific genes that are not present in other Dickeya and Pectobacterium species and that may confer advantages for adaptation to new environments. In conclusion, the fast spreading of D. solani may be related to the acquisition of new properties that affect its interaction with plants and other microbes in the potato ecosystem.
Establishment of Metabolism and Transport Pathways in the Rodent and Human Fetal Liver
Authors: Moscovitz Jamie , Aleksunes Lauren
Published: December 2013

The ultimate fate of drugs and chemicals in the body is largely regulated by hepatic uptake, metabolism, and excretion. The liver acquires the functional ability to metabolize and transport chemicals during the perinatal period of development. Research using livers from fetal and juvenile rodents and humans has begun to reveal the timing, key enzymes and transporters, and regulatory factors that are responsible for the establishment of hepatic phase I and II metabolism as well as transport. The majority of this research has been limited to relative mRNA and protein quantification. However, the recent utilization of novel technology, such as RNA-Sequencing, and the improved availability and refinement of functional activity assays, has begun to provide more definitive information regarding the extent of hepatic drug disposition in the developing fetus. The goals of this review are to provide an overview of the early regulation of the major phase I and II enzymes and transporters in rodent and human livers and to highlight potential mechanisms that control the ontogeny of chemical metabolism and excretion pathways.
Production of Porous β-Type Ti–40Nb Alloy for Biomedical Applications: Comparison of Selective Laser Melting and Hot Pressing
Authors: Zhuravleva Ksenia , Bönisch Matthias , Prashanth Konda , Hempel Ute , Helth Arne , Gemming Thomas , Calin Mariana , Scudino Sergio , Schultz Ludwig , Eckert Jürgen , Gebert Annett
Published: December 2013

We used selective laser melting (SLM) and hot pressing of mechanically-alloyed β-type Ti–40Nb powder to fabricate macroporous bulk specimens (solid cylinders). The total porosity, compressive strength, and compressive elastic modulus of the SLM-fabricated material were determined as 17% ± 1%, 968 ± 8 MPa, and 33 ± 2 GPa, respectively. The alloy’s elastic modulus is comparable to that of healthy cancellous bone. The comparable results for the hot-pressed material were 3% ± 2%, 1400 ± 19 MPa, and 77 ± 3 GPa. This difference in mechanical properties results from different porosity and phase composition of the two alloys. Both SLM-fabricated and hot-pressed cylinders demonstrated good in vitro biocompatibility. The presented results suggest that the SLM-fabricated alloy may be preferable to the hot-pressed alloy for biomedical applications, such as the manufacture of load-bearing metallic components for total joint replacements.
Recent Progress in Ferrocene-Modified Thin Films and Nanoparticles for Biosensors
Authors: Takahashi Shigehiro , Anzai Jun-ichi
Published: December 2013

This article reviews recent progress in the development of ferrocene (Fc)-modified thin films and nanoparticles in relation to their biosensor applications. Redox-active materials in enzyme biosensors commonly use Fc derivatives, which mediate electron transfer between the electrode and enzyme active site. Either voltammetric or amperometric signals originating from redox reactions of Fc are detected or modulated by the binding of analytes on the electrode. Fc-modified thin films have been prepared by a variety of protocols, including in situ polymerization, layer-by-layer (LbL) deposition, host-guest complexation and molecular recognitions. In situ polymerization provides a facile way to form Fc thin films, because the Fc polymers are directly deposited onto the electrode surface. LbL deposition, which can modulate the film thickness and Fc content, is suitable for preparing well-organized thin films. Other techniques, such as host-guest complexation and protein-based molecular recognition, are useful for preparing Fc thin films. Fc-modified Au nanoparticles have been widely used as redox-active materials to fabricate electrochemical biosensors. Fc derivatives are often attached to Au nanoparticles through a thiol-Au linkage. Nanoparticles consisting of inorganic porous materials, such as zeolites and iron oxide, and nanoparticle-based composite materials have also been used to prepare Fc-modified nanoparticles. To construct biosensors, Fc-modified nanoparticles are immobilized on the electrode surface together with enzymes.
Synthesis and Pharmacological Activities of Some New Triazolo- and Tetrazolopyrimidine Derivatives
Authors: Bahashwan Saleh , Fayed Ahmed , Amr Abd , Flefel Eman , Kalmouch Atef
Published: December 2013

A new series of fused triazolo- and tetrazolopyrimidine derivatives 2–14 were synthesized and their anti-inflammatory and ulcerogenic activities were evaluated. The pharmacological screening showed that many of these obtained compounds have good anti-inflammatory activities, comparable to the reference drug. The toxicity of the compounds was also assayed via the determination of their LD50 values. The structures of newly synthesized compounds were confirmed by IR, 1H-NMR, MS spectral data and elemental analysis.
Syntheses of Four Enantiomers of 2,3-Diendo- and 3-Endo-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-exo-carboxylic Acid and Their Saturated Analogues
Authors: Palkó Márta , Hänninen Mikko , Sillanpää Reijo , Fülöp Ferenc
Published: December 2013

Ethyl 2,3-diendo-3-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylate ((±)-1) was resolved with O,O'-dibenzoyltartaric acid via diastereomeric salt formation. The efficient synthesis of the enantiomers of 2,3-diendo-3-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-carboxylic acid ((+)-7 and (–)-7), 3-endo-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene-2-exo-carboxylic acid ((+)-5 and (–)-5), cis- and trans-3-aminobicyclo[2.2.2]octane-2-carboxylic acid ((+)-6, (–)-6, (+)-8 and (–)-8) was achieved via isomerization, hydrogenation and hydrolysis of the corresponding esters (–)-1 and (+)-1. The stereochemistry and relative configurations of the synthesized compounds were determined by NMR spectroscopy (based on the 3J(H,H) coupling constants) and X-ray crystallography.
Maternal High Fat Feeding Does Not Have Long-Lasting Effects on Body Composition and Bone Health in Female and Male Wistar Rat Offspring at Young Adulthood
Authors: Miotto Paula , Castelli Laura , Amoye Foyinsola , LeBlanc Paul , Peters Sandra , Roy Brian , Ward Wendy
Published: December 2013

High fat diets adversely affect body composition, bone mineral and strength, and alter bone fatty acid composition. It is unclear if maternal high fat (HF) feeding permanently alters offspring body composition and bone health. Female rats were fed control (CON) or HF diet for 10 weeks, bred, and continued their diets throughout pregnancy and lactation. Male and female offspring were studied at weaning and 3 months, following consumption of CON diet. At weaning, but not 3 months of age, male and female offspring from dams fed HF diet had lower lean mass and higher fat and bone mass, and higher femur bone mineral density (females only) than offspring of dams fed CON diet. Male and female offspring femurs from dams fed HF diet had higher monounsaturates and lower n6 polyunsaturates at weaning than offspring from dams fed CON diet, where females from dams fed HF diet had higher saturates and lower n6 polyunsaturates at 3 months of age. There were no differences in strength of femurs or lumbar vertebrae at 3 months of age in either male or female offspring. In conclusion, maternal HF feeding did not permanently affect body composition and bone health at young adulthood in offspring.
Evaluation of Different Topographic Corrections for Landsat TM Data by Prediction of Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) in Topographically Complex Landscapes
Authors: Ediriweera Sisira , Pathirana Sumith , Danaher Tim , Nichols Doland , Moffiet Trevor
Published: December 2013

The reflected radiance in topographically complex areas is severely affected by variations in topography; thus, topographic correction is considered a necessary pre-processing step when retrieving biophysical variables from these images. We assessed the performance of five topographic corrections: (i) C correction (C), (ii) Minnaert, (iii) Sun Canopy Sensor (SCS), (iv) SCS + C and (v) the Processing Scheme for Standardised Surface Reflectance (PSSSR) on the Landsat-5 Thematic Mapper (TM) reflectance in the context of prediction of Foliage Projective Cover (FPC) in hilly landscapes in north-eastern Australia. The performance of topographic corrections on the TM reflectance was assessed by (i) visual comparison and (ii) statistically comparing TM predicted FPC with ground measured FPC and LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging)-derived FPC estimates. In the majority of cases, the PSSSR method performed best in terms of eliminating topographic effects, providing the best relationship and lowest residual error when comparing ground measured FPC and LiDAR FPC with TM predicted FPC. The Minnaert, C and SCS + C showed the poorest performance. Finally, the use of TM surface reflectance, which includes atmospheric correction and broad Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) effects, seemed to account for most topographic variation when predicting biophysical variables, such as FPC.
Design and Evaluation of a Low-Cost Smartphone Pulse Oximeter
Authors: Petersen Christian , Chen Tso , Ansermino J. , Dumont Guy
Published: December 2013

Infectious diseases such as pneumonia take the lives of millions of children in low- and middle-income countries every year. Many of these deaths could be prevented with the availability of robust and low-cost diagnostic tools using integrated sensor technology. Pulse oximetry in particular, offers a unique non-invasive and specific test for an increase in the severity of many infectious diseases such as pneumonia. If pulse oximetry could be delivered on widely available mobile phones, it could become a compelling solution to global health challenges. Many lives could be saved if this technology was disseminated effectively in the affected regions of the world to rescue patients from the fatal consequences of these infectious diseases. We describe the implementation of such an oximeter that interfaces a conventional clinical oximeter finger sensor with a smartphone through the headset jack audio interface, and present a simulator-based systematic verification system to be used for automated validation of the sensor interface on different smartphones and media players. An excellent agreement was found between the simulator and the audio oximeter for both oxygen saturation and heart rate over a wide range of optical transmission levels on 4th and 5th generations of the iPod TouchTM and iPhoneTM devices.
Design and Implementation of a Smart LED Lighting System Using a Self Adaptive Weighted Data Fusion Algorithm
Authors: Sung Wen-Tsai , Lin Jia-Syun
Published: December 2013

This work aims to develop a smart LED lighting system, which is remotely controlled by Android apps via handheld devices, e.g., smartphones, tablets, and so forth. The status of energy use is reflected by readings displayed on a handheld device, and it is treated as a criterion in the lighting mode design of a system. A multimeter, a wireless light dimmer, an IR learning remote module, etc. are connected to a server by means of RS 232/485 and a human computer interface on a touch screen. The wireless data communication is designed to operate in compliance with the ZigBee standard, and signal processing on sensed data is made through a self adaptive weighted data fusion algorithm. A low variation in data fusion together with a high stability is experimentally demonstrated in this work. The wireless light dimmer as well as the IR learning remote module can be instructed directly by command given on the human computer interface, and the reading on a multimeter can be displayed thereon via the server. This proposed smart LED lighting system can be remotely controlled and self learning mode can be enabled by a single handheld device via WiFi transmission. Hence, this proposal is validated as an approach to power monitoring for home appliances, and is demonstrated as a digital home network in consideration of energy efficiency.
Le genre comme ressource politique au service de la citoyenneté sociale des femmes. Le cas du Parlement suisse
Authors: Lloren Anouk
Published: December 2013

Partant du débat entre représentation descriptive et substantielle d’une part, et de l’analyse féministe de la citoyenneté d’autre part, cette contribution s’intéresse à l’impact des parlementaires sur le développement de la citoyenneté sociale des femmes. Dans ce cadre, le Parlement constitue pour les femmes une arène de choix pour pratiquer leur propre citoyenneté à un niveau élevé. En même temps, le mandat politique représente une structure d’opportunité exceptionnelle pour renouveler les normes et les rapports sociaux de genre. En conséquence, nous tenterons, à travers une analyse des votes nominatifs de la Chambre basse suisse, de tester l’impact du sexe des parlementaires sur les projets de loi qui régulent les rapports de genre.
Les « batailles » de Paris et de New York
Authors: Dedieu Jean-Philippe , Chauvet Lisa , Gubert Flore , Mesplé-Somps Sandrine , Smith Étienne
Published: December 2013

La plupart des États ont, ces dernières années, octroyé la double nationalité et la double citoyenneté à leurs ressortissants établis à l’étranger. Cet article mobilise les données issues d’une enquête multisituée originale réalisée en France et aux États-Unis lors du premier tour de l’élection présidentielle sénégalaise de 2012 pour analyser le comportement électoral des migrants sénégalais et les transferts sociaux entre pays d’accueil et d’origine. Nos résultats mettent en évidence la forte participation électorale des migrants, tant pour les élections de leur pays d’origine que pour celles de leur pays d’accueil pour ceux ayant la double nationalité, et l’importance des transferts sociaux entre les deux espaces qui se traduisent notamment par des consignes de vote dont l’influence s’exerce de manière prépondérante en direction du pays d’origine.
A simulated mucus layer protects Lactobacillus reuteri from the inhibitory effects of linoleic acid
Authors: De Weirdt R. , Coenen E. , Vlaeminck B. , Fievez V. , Van den Abbeele P. , Van de Wiele T.
Published: December 2013

Lactobacillus reuteri is a commensal, beneficial gut microbe that colonises the intestinal mucus layer, where it makes close contact with the human host and may significantly affect human health. Here, we investigated the capacity of linoleic acid (LA), the most common polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) in a Western-style diet, to affect L. reuteri ATCC PTA 6475 prevalence and survival in a simulated mucus layer. Short-term (1 h) survival and mucin-agar adhesion assays of a log-phase L. reuteri suspension in intestinal water demonstrated that the simulated mucus layer protected L. reuteri against the inhibitory effects of LA by lowering its contact with the bacterial cell membrane. The protective effect of the simulated mucus layer was further evaluated using a more complex and dynamic model of the colon microbiota (SHIME®), in which L. reuteri survival was monitored during 6 days of daily exposure to LA in the absence (L-SHIME) and presence (M-SHIME) of a simulated mucus layer. After 6 days, luminal L- and M-SHIME L. reuteri plate counts had decreased by 3.1±0.5 and 2.6±0.9 log cfu/ml, respectively. Upon supplementation of 1.0 g/l LA, the decline in the luminal L. reuteri population started earlier than was observed for the control. In contrast, mucin-agar levels of L. reuteri (in the M-SHIME) remained unaffected throughout the experiment even in the presence of high concentrations of LA. Overall, the results of this study indicate the importance of the mucus layer as a protective environment for beneficial gut microbes to escape from stress by high loads of the antimicrobial PUFA LA to the colon, i.e. due to a Western-style diet.
Analyses of P-S-N Curve and Fracture Morphology of Die-Casting Magnesium Alloy AZ91D Containing Mischmetal
Authors: Xu Yu Lei , Zhang Kui , Han Li , Li Ming Feng
Published: December 2013

The p-S-N curve (p = 50%) of die casting magnesium alloy AZ91D with 1% mischmetal was determined and the fatigue strength corresponding to 3.8 × 105 cycles with 50% probability was 70 MPa. The fatigue fracture surfaces were observed using scanning electron microscopy. The fatigue factures varied with the applied stress and their own defects. The fracture surfaces of some samples loaded lower stress exhibited rubbing mark. The fatigue fracture surface of samples with minor defect possessed the mixed characteristics of quasi-cleavage, tearing ridge, dimple and fatigue striation. Fatigue cracks initiated at gas pores and shrinkage porosity clusters. It were found there was an minor defect size as the site of damage incubation on fracture surface of die casting testing bars which fatigue life was near to the upper bound of fatigue lives.
Morphological Comparison of PLGA/Gelatin Scaffolds Produced by Freeze Casting and Freeze Drying Methods
Authors: Zamanian Ali , Ghorbani Farnaz , Nojehdehian Hanieh
Published: December 2013

In this research, PLGA/Gelatin scaffolds were prepared by both freeze drying and freeze casting methods and their physical, mechanical and morphological observations were evaluated and compared to each other. The pore size and percent of porosity was measure for scaffolds fabricated by both freeze drying and freeze casting techniques. These values were more than 200μm and 95%, respectively. The results of scanning electron microscope (SEM) showed that freeze-cast scaffolds had aligned structures in comparison with freeze drying scaffolds whereas these kinds of microstructure were not seen for samples produced by freeze drying method. The compressive strength for freeze-cast scaffolds (3.2 MPa) was higher than freeze drying samples (2.1 MPa). Although adsorption percentage of freeze cast scaffolds was 650%, this parameter was 450% for freeze drying samples. Based on the obtained results, it seems that the freeze-cast scaffolds are able to support cell attachment, to maintain the required structural integrity and to prevent the pores of the scaffolds from collapsing during neo-tissue formation.
The Study of Biodegradation of Diesel Fuels by Different Strains of Pseudomonas
Authors: Doszhanov Ye.O. , Mansurov Z.A. , Ongarbaev Ye.K. , Tileuberdi Ye. , Zhubanova A.A.
Published: December 2013

The analysis of diesel fuels hydrocarbon composition before and after biodegradation is carried out by the methods of photocolorimetry. It was determinated, that the hydrocarbon composition of the diesel fuels is changed on influence of microorganisms. It has been shown that changes in composition hydrocarbons of diesel fuels and individual hydrocarbons in soil observe during growth of microorganisms on this soil.
Research on Boron Extraction Rate of Boron-Containing Slag and its Industrial Experimental Conditions
Authors: Liu Lu Shan , Liu Wen Bin , Zhan Hong Ren , Wang Li Peng
Published: December 2013

With the boron-containing slag separated from ludwigite in the 13m3 blast furnace as crude material, cooling experiments in practice are fulfilled, where reasonable boron-containing slag cooling technic and industrial cooling installation conditions in industrial practice are obtained. Relationship between cooling rate and extraction rate of boron is observed. That is, as long as cooling rate keeps below 2°C/min in the temperature range of 1200°C~900°C , average boron extraction rate increases with the rise of cooling rate in the temperature range of 1500°C~1200°C and could reach up to 80%. This result is coincided with that of laboratory research.The experimental result demonstrates that twin zone cooling technology could be fulfilled in practice. Meanwhile, the way for the future cooling equipments design is pointed out. This study has scientific values for both practice and theory on multipurpose utilization of mineral resources.
Study on Diallyl Phthalate Modified Phenol-Formaldehyde Resin
Authors: Bao Min Zhen , Yu Hong Wei , Bao Bin Fu , Cao Yuan
Published: December 2013

This paper aimed to produce the alkaline phenolic resin by the addition of diallyl phthalate into traditional phenolformaldehyde resin. Then the modified resin was characterized using dynamic mechanical analyzer (DMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and simultaneous thermal analyzer (STA). The results indicated that: the increase of the diallyl phthalate contributed to the rise of the storage modulus (E) and loss modulus (E), the decrease of the loss factor. Curing temperature also showed a decline trend and was decreased by 5°Cwhen the amount of modifider was 2.5% of the phenol. The improvemnt of Organic ester on curing of alkaline phenolic resin achieved by rapidly promoting resin molecular to generate reactive intermediate quinone methide. The amount of the modifier had little effect on the thermostability of resin, but it reduced the bonding strength of plywood.
An Investigation of Mechanical Properties of Recycled EVA/Commingled Plastics
Authors: Sanguanwong Kristsada , Nikzad Mostafa , Sbarski Igor , Masood S.H. , Kapoor Ajay
Published: December 2013

In the present study, the mechanical properties of recycled ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)/commingled thermoplastic polymer (CTP) composite material are investigated. The recycled CTP was blended with recycled EVA at different fractions by weight to form CTP/EVA composites.Test specimens of CTP/EVA composites were produced using compression moulding process to evaluate their mechanical properties. The results of tensile testing showed that the incorporation of EVA into CTP resulted in reduction of tensile strength but increase in elongation at break. In addition, the impact testing and flexural testing also showed that there is a general decrease in impact and flexural strength and also in flexural deformation, with increased percentage of EVA into the composite materials.
Evaluation on Thermo-Mechanical Fatigue Life of IN738LC Using Finite Element Analysis
Authors: Lee Jeong Min , Lee Dong Keun , Koo Jae Mean , Seok Chang Sung
Published: December 2013

In this paper, thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were performed for the nickel-based super alloy IN738LC, after which the thermo-mechanical fatigue life was evaluated using finite element analysis. Nickel-based super alloy is used as the main material of turbine blades, which are important equipment in thermal power generation plants. In general, such materials receive three types of damage under thermo-mechanical fatigue loading. In the case of low-cycle fatigue behavior in which large plastic deformation mainly occurs, the lifetime can be decided by its relationship with the plastic strain amplitude. In order to obtain the plastic strain amplitude from the measured strain amplitude, a hysteresis loop should be derived. However, low-cycle fatigue tests are difficult. Moreover, precise experimental techniques are required to obtain the hysteresis loops.
In this study, after thermo-mechanical fatigue tests were performed, thermal mechanical fatigue tests on IN738LC were simulated using finite element analysis. The results of analysis were verified by comparing with the hysteresis loops of an experiment