bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superior protection in a relapsing Plasmodium cynomolgi rhesus macaque model by a chemoprophylaxis with sporozoite immunization regimen with atovaquone-proguanil followed by primaquine
Authors: Yongvanitchit Kosol , Kum-Arb Utaiwan , Limsalakpetch Amporn , Im-Erbsin Rawiwan , Ubalee Ratawan , Spring Michele D. , Vesely Brian A. , Waters Norman , Pichyangkul Sathit
Published: April 2024

Background

To gain a deeper understanding of protective immunity against relapsing malaria, this study examined sporozoite-specific T cell responses induced by a chemoprophylaxis with sporozoite (CPS) immunization in a relapsing Plasmodium cynomolgi rhesus macaque model.

Methods

The animals received three CPS immunizations with P. cynomolgi sporozoites, administered by mosquito bite, while under two anti-malarial drug regimens. Group 1 (n = 6) received artesunate/chloroquine (AS/CQ) followed by a radical cure with CQ plus primaquine (PQ). Group 2 (n = 6) received atovaquone-proguanil (AP) followed by PQ. After the final immunization, the animals were challenged with intravenous injection of 104P. cynomolgi sporozoites, the dose that induced reliable infection and relapse rate. These animals, along with control animals (n = 6), were monitored for primary infection and subsequent relapses. Immunogenicity blood draws were done after each of the three CPS session, before and after the challenge, with liver, spleen and bone marrow sampling and analysis done after the challenge.

Results

Group 2 animals demonstrated superior protection, with two achieving protection and two experiencing partial protection, while only one animal in group 1 had partial protection. These animals displayed high sporozoite-specific IFN-γ T cell responses in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow after the challenge with one protected animal having the highest frequency of IFN-γ+ CD8+, IFN-γ+ CD4+, and IFN-γ+ γδ T cells in the liver. Partially protected animals also demonstrated a relatively high frequency of IFN-γ+ CD8+, IFN-γ+ CD4+, and IFN-γ+ γδ T cells in the liver. It is important to highlight that the second animal in group 2, which experienced protection, exhibited deficient sporozoite-specific T cell responses in the liver while displaying average to high T cell responses in the spleen and bone marrow.

Conclusions

This research supports the notion that local liver T cell immunity plays a crucial role in defending against liver-stage infection. Nevertheless, there is an instance where protection occurs independently of T cell responses in the liver, suggesting the involvement of the liver's innate immunity. The relapsing P. cynomolgi rhesus macaque model holds promise for informing the development of vaccines against relapsing P. vivax.
Repeat cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC for colorectal peritoneal metastases: a systematic review
Authors: Sarofim Mina , Wijayawardana Ruwanthi , Ahmadi Nima , Morris David L.
Published: April 2024

Background

Colorectal peritoneal metastases (CRPM) are present in 10–20% of patients at the time of their initial cancer diagnosis, and affects over 20% of those who develop colorectal cancer recurrence. Cytoreductive surgery (CRS) with HIPEC is firmly established as the optimal surgical treatment, but there is very little known about the benefit of repeat or iterative CRS. The aim of this review is to provide a systematic evaluation of the perioperative complications, survival outcomes and quality of life in patients undergoing repeat CRS with HIPEC for CRPM.

Methods

A systematic review of PubMed, Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus and Cochrane databases was performed to identify all studies that reported outcomes for repeat CRS with or without HIPEC for CRPM.

Results

Four hundred and ninety-three manuscripts were screened, and 15 retrospective studies were suitable for inclusion. Sample sizes ranged from 2 to 30 participants and comprised a total of 229 patients. HIPEC was used in all studies, but exact rates were not consistently stated. Perioperative morbidity was reported in four studies, between 16.7% and 37.5%. Nine studies reported mortality rate which was consistently 0%. The median overall survival after repeat CRS ranged from 20 to 62.6 months. No studies provided quality of life metrics.

Conclusion

Repeat CRS for CRPM has perioperative morbidity and mortality rates comparable to initial CRS, and offers a potential survival benefit in selected patients. There is however limited high-quality data in the literature.
Single-cell transcriptomics dissects the transcriptome alterations of hematopoietic stem cells in myelodysplastic neoplasms
Authors: Zeng Xiangzong , Wang Yichen , Dai Min , Li Wei , Huang Qingtian , Qin Lingsha , Li Yuquan , Yan Yanwen , Xue Xiangjun , Yi Fang , Li Wenhao , He Langyu , Liu Qifa , Qi Ling
Published: April 2024

Background

Myelodysplastic neoplasms (MDS) are myeloid neoplasms characterized by disordered differentiation of hematopoietic stem cells and a predisposition to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). The underline pathogenesis remains unclear.

Methods

In this study, the trajectory of differentiation and mechanisms of leukemic transformation were explored through bioinformatics analysis of single-cell RNA-Seq data from hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) in MDS patients.

Results

Among the HSPC clusters, the proportion of common myeloid progenitor (CMP) was the main cell cluster in the patients with excess blasts (EB)/ secondary AML. Cell cycle analysis indicated the CMP of MDS patients were in an active proliferative state. The genes involved in the cell proliferation, such as MAML3 and PLCB1, were up-regulated in MDS CMP. Further validation analysis indicated that the expression levels of MAML3 and PLCB1 in patients with MDS-EB were significantly higher than those without EB. Patients with high expression of PLCB1 had a higher risk of transformation to AML. PLCB1 inhibitor can suppress proliferation, induce cell cycle arrest, and activate apoptosis of leukemic cells in vitro.

Conclusion

This study revealed the transcriptomic change of HSPCs in MDS patients along the pseudotime and indicated that PLCB1 plays a key role in the transformation of MDS into leukemia.
IgM anti-GM2 antibodies in patients with multifocal motor neuropathy target Schwann cells and are associated with early onset
Authors: Budding Kevin , Bos Jeroen W. , Dijkxhoorn Kim , de Zeeuw Elisabeth , Bloemenkamp Lauri M. , Zekveld Eva M. , Groen Ewout J.N. , Jacobs Bart C. , Huizinga Ruth , Goedee H. Stephan , Cats Elisabeth A. , Leusen Jeanette H.W. , van den Berg Leonard H. , Hack C. Erik , van der Pol W. Ludo
Published: April 2024

Background

Multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) is a rare, chronic immune-mediated polyneuropathy characterized by asymmetric distal limb weakness. An important feature of MMN is the presence of IgM antibodies against gangliosides, in particular GM1 and less often GM2. Antibodies against GM1 bind to motor neurons (MNs) and cause damage through complement activation. The involvement of Schwann cells (SCs), expressing GM1 and GM2, in the pathogenesis of MMN is unknown.

Methods

Combining the data of our 2007 and 2015 combined cross-sectional and follow-up studies in Dutch patients with MMN, we evaluated the presence of IgM antibodies against GM1 and GM2 in serum from 124 patients with MMN and investigated their binding to SCs and complement-activating properties. We also assessed the relation of IgM binding and complement deposition with clinical characteristics.

Results

Thirteen out of 124 patients (10%) had a positive ELISA titer for IgM anti-GM2. Age at onset of symptoms was significantly lower in MMN patients with anti-GM2 IgM. IgM binding to SCs correlated with IgM anti-GM2 titers. We found no correlation between IgM anti-GM2 titers and MN binding or with IgM anti-GM1 titers. IgM binding to SCs decreased upon pre-incubation of serum with soluble GM2, but not with soluble GM1. IgM anti-GM2 binding to SCs correlated with complement activation, as reflected by increased C3 fixation on SCs and C5a formation in the supernatant.

Conclusion

Circulating IgM anti-GM2 antibodies define a subgroup of patients with MMN that has an earlier onset of disease. These antibodies probably target SCs specifically and activate complement, similarly as IgM anti-GM1 on MNs. Our data indicate that complement activation by IgM antibodies bound to SCs and MNs underlies MMN pathology.
Sex differences in foraging ecology of a zooplanktivorous little auk Alle alle during the pre-laying period: insights from remote sensing and animal-tracking
Authors: Jakubas Dariusz , Wojczulanis-Jakubas Katarzyna , Iliszko Lech Marek
Published: April 2024

Background

Energy and time allocation in seabirds differ between consecutive stages of breeding given various requirements of particular phases of the reproductive period. Theses allocations may also be sex-specific considering differential energetic or nutritional requirements of males and females and/or sexual segregation in foraging niches and/or areas. In this study we investigated the foraging ecology of an Arctic, zooplanktivorous seabird, the little auk Alle alle during the pre-laying period using remote sensing of the environment and GPS-TDR loggers deployed on birds. We compared foraging trips range and habitats of birds with other stages of the breeding period and between sexes.

Results

We found that little auks during the pre-laying period foraged exclusively in cold sea surface temperature zones (with temperatures < 5 ºC) but in various sea depth zones. They dived to similar depths ranging from -4.0 to -10.9 m, exploring various thermal microhabitats (with mean temperatures values ranging from 2.2 °C in Shelf sea depth zone to 5.9 °C in Deep sea depth zone). The majority of foraging trips and dives characteristics were similar to subsequent phases of breeding. However, home ranges during the pre-laying trips were wider compared to the incubation period. As expected, females exhibited wider foraging niches compared to males (wider range of sea surface temperature and sea depth in foraging locations), which could be explained by sex specific energetic and/or nutritional requirements (females producing an egg). We also delineated local foraging areas important for little auks during their whole breeding season. Protection of these areas is crucial for sustaining the local marine biodiversity.

Conclusions

We found that little auks females during the pre-laying period explored wider foraging niches compared to males. These differences may be attributed to sex-specific nutritional or/and energetical constraints at this stage of breeding. The results of this study also emphasize the importance of shelf Arctic-type water masses as the foraging areas for little auks during successive stages of breeding.
Choroid plexus enlargement in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients and its correlation with clinical disability and blood-CSF barrier permeability
Authors: Dai Tingjun , Lou Jianwei , Kong Deyuan , Li Jinyu , Ren Qingguo , Chen Yujing , Sun Sujuan , Yun Yan , Sun Xiaohan , Yang Yiru , Shao Kai , Li Wei , Zhao Yuying , Meng Xiangshui , Yan Chuanzhu , Lin Pengfei , Liu Shuangwu
Published: April 2024

Background

Using in vivo neuroimaging techniques, growing evidence has demonstrated that the choroid plexus (CP) volume is enlarged in patients with several neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. However, although animal and postmortem findings suggest that CP abnormalities are likely important pathological mechanisms underlying amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), the third most common neurodegenerative disease, no available study has been conducted to thoroughly assess CP abnormalities and their clinical relevance in vivo in ALS patients to date. Thus, we aimed to determine whether in vivo CP enlargement may occur in ALS patients. We also aimed to identify the relationships of CP volume with clinical disabilities and blood-CSF barrier (BCSFB) permeability in ALS patients.

Methods

In this retrospective study, based on structural MRI data, CP volume was assessed using a Gaussian mixture model and underwent further manual correction in 155 ALS patients and 105 age- and sex-matched HCs from October 2021 to April 2023. The ALS Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) was used to assess clinical disability. The CSF/serum albumin quotient (Qalb) was used to assess BCSFB permeability. Moreover, all the ALS patients completed genetic testing, and according to genetic testing, the ALS patients were further divided into genetic ALS subgroup and sporadic ALS subgroup.

Results

We found that compared with HCs, ALS patients had a significantly higher CP volume (p < 0.001). Moreover, compared with HCs, CP volume was significantly increased in both ALS patients with and without known genetic mutations after family-wise error correction (p = 0.006 and p < 0.001, respectively), while there were no significant differences between the two ALS groups. Furthermore, the CP volume was significantly correlated with the ALSFRS-r score (r = -0.226; p = 0.005) and the Qalb (r = 0.479; p < 0.001) in ALS patients.

Conclusion

Our study first demonstrates CP enlargement in vivo in ALS patients, and continues to suggest an important pathogenetic role for CP abnormalities in ALS. Moreover, assessing CP volume is likely a noninvasive and easy-to-implement approach for screening BCSFB dysfunction in ALS patients.
Evaluation of the consistency of the MRI- based AI segmentation cartilage model using the natural tibial plateau cartilage
Authors: Sun Changjiao , Gao Hong , Wu Sha , Lu Qian , Wang Yakui , Cai Xu
Published: April 2024

Objective

The study aims to evaluate the accuracy of an MRI-based artificial intelligence (AI) segmentation cartilage model by comparing it to the natural tibial plateau cartilage.

Methods

This study included 33 patients (41 knees) with severe knee osteoarthritis scheduled to undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA). All patients had a thin-section MRI before TKA. Our study is mainly divided into two parts: (i) In order to evaluate the MRI-based AI segmentation cartilage model’s 2D accuracy, the natural tibial plateau was used as gold standard. The MRI-based AI segmentation cartilage model and the natural tibial plateau were represented in binary visualization (black and white) simulated photographed images by the application of Simulation Photography Technology. Both simulated photographed images were compared to evaluate the 2D Dice similarity coefficients (DSC). (ii) In order to evaluate the MRI-based AI segmentation cartilage model’s 3D accuracy. Hand-crafted cartilage model based on knee CT was established. We used these hand-crafted CT-based knee cartilage model as gold standard to evaluate 2D and 3D consistency of between the MRI-based AI segmentation cartilage model and hand-crafted CT-based cartilage model. 3D registration technology was used for both models. Correlations between the MRI-based AI knee cartilage model and CT-based knee cartilage model were also assessed with the Pearson correlation coefficient.

Results

The AI segmentation cartilage model produced reasonably high two-dimensional DSC. The average 2D DSC between MRI-based AI cartilage model and the tibial plateau cartilage is 0.83. The average 2D DSC between the AI segmentation cartilage model and the CT-based cartilage model is 0.82. As for 3D consistency, the average 3D DSC between MRI-based AI cartilage model and CT-based cartilage model is 0.52. However, the quantification of cartilage segmentation with the AI and CT-based models showed excellent correlation (r = 0.725; P values < 0.05).

Conclusion

Our study demonstrated that our MRI-based AI cartilage model can reliably extract morphologic features such as cartilage shape and defect location of the tibial plateau cartilage. This approach could potentially benefit clinical practices such as diagnosing osteoarthritis. However, in terms of cartilage thickness and three-dimensional accuracy, MRI-based AI cartilage model underestimate the actual cartilage volume. The previous AI verification methods may not be completely accurate and should be verified with natural cartilage images. Combining multiple verification methods will improve the accuracy of the AI model.
Theta-burst rTMS in schizophrenia to ameliorate negative and cognitive symptoms: study protocol for a double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized clinical trial
Authors: Csukly Gábor , Orbán-Szigeti Boglárka , Suri Karolin , Zsigmond Réka , Hermán Levente , Simon Viktória , Kabaji Anita , Bata Barnabás , Hársfalvi Péter , Vass Edit , Csibri Éva , Farkas Kinga , Réthelyi János
Published: April 2024

Background

Treatment effects of conventional approaches with antipsychotics or psychosocial interventions are limited when it comes to reducing negative and cognitive symptoms in schizophrenia. While there is emerging clinical evidence that new, augmented protocols based on theta-burst stimulation can increase rTMS efficacy dramatically in depression, data on similar augmented therapies are limited in schizophrenia. The different patterns of network impairments in subjects may underlie that some but not all patients responded to given stimulation locations.

Methods

Therefore, we propose an augmented theta-burst stimulation protocol in schizophrenia by stimulating both locations connected to negative symptoms: (1) the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), and (2) the vermis of the cerebellum. Ninety subjects with schizophrenia presenting negative symptoms and aging between 18 and 55 years will be randomized to active and sham stimulation in a 1:1 ratio. The TBS parameters we adopted follow the standard TBS protocols, with 3-pulse 50-Hz bursts given every 200 ms (at 5 Hz) and an intensity of 100% active motor threshold. We plan to deliver 1800 stimuli to the left DLPFC and 1800 stimuli to the vermis daily in two 9.5-min blocks for 4 weeks. The primary endpoint is the change in negative symptom severity measured by the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Secondary efficacy endpoints are changes in cognitive flexibility, executive functioning, short-term memory, social cognition, and facial emotion recognition. The difference between study groups will be analyzed by a linear mixed model analysis with the difference relative to baseline in efficacy variables as the dependent variable and treatment group, visit, and treatment-by-visit interaction as independent variables. The safety outcome is the number of serious adverse events.

Discussion

This is a double-blind, sham-controlled, randomized medical device study to assess the efficacy and safety of an augmented theta-burst rTMS treatment in schizophrenia. We hypothesize that social cognition and negative symptoms of patients on active therapy will improve significantly compared to patients on sham treatment.

Trial registration

The study protocol is registered at “ClinicalTrials.gov” with the following ID: NCT05100888. All items from the World Health Organization Trial Registration Data Set are registered. Initial release: 10/19/2021.
Results of the implementation of a double-check protocol with point-of-care ultrasound for acute heart failure in the emergency department
Authors: Villén Tomás , Tung Yale , Llamas Rafael , Neria Fernando , Carballo César , Vázquez José Luis , Monge Diana
Published: April 2024

Objective

To determine the effectiveness of a double-check protocol using Point-of-Care Ultrasound in the management of patients diagnosed with Acute Heart Failure in an Emergency Department.

Method

Prospective analytical cross-sectional observational study with patients diagnosed with Acute Heart Failure by the outgoing medical team, who undergo multi-organ ultrasound evaluation including cardiac, pulmonary, and inferior vena cava ultrasound.

Results

96 patients were included. An alternative diagnosis was found in 33% of them. Among the 77% where AHF diagnosis was confirmed, 73.4% had an underlying cause or condition not previously known (Left Ventricular Ejection Fraction less than 40% or moderate-severe valvulopathy). The introduction of the protocol had a clinically relevant impact on 47% of all included patients.

Conclusions

The implementation of a double-check protocol using POCUS, including cardiac, pulmonary, and inferior vena cava assessment in patients diagnosed with Acute Heart Failure, demonstrates a high utility in ensuring accurate diagnosis and proper classification of these patients.
Pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum and pneumomediastinum: rare complications of perforation peritonitis: a case report
Authors: Hafiani H. , Bouknani N. , Choukri E. M. , Saibari R. Charif , Rami A.
Published: April 2024

Background

Gas extravasation complications arising from perforated diverticulitis are common but manifestations such as pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumomediastinum happening at the same time are exceedingly rare. This case report explores the unique presentation of these 3 complications occurring simultaneously, their diagnosis and their management, emphasizing the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration for accurate diagnosis and effective management.

Case presentation

A 74-year-old North African female, with a medical history including hypertension, dyslipidemia, type 2 diabetes, goiter, prior cholecystectomy, and bilateral total knee replacement, presented with sudden-onset pelvic pain, chronic constipation, and rectal bleeding. Clinical examination revealed hemodynamic instability, hypoxemia, and diffuse tenderness. After appropriate fluid resuscitation with norepinephrine and saline serum, the patient was stable enough to undergo computed tomography scan. Emergency computed tomography scan confirmed perforated diverticulitis at the rectosigmoid junction, accompanied by the unprecedented presence of pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumomediastinum. The patient underwent prompt surgical intervention with colo-rectal resection and a Hartmann colostomy. The postoperative course was favorable, leading to discharge one week after admission.

Conclusions

This case report highlights the clinical novelty of gas extravasation complications in perforated diverticulitis. The unique triad of pneumoperitoneum, pneumoretroperitoneum, and pneumomediastinum in a 74-year-old female underscores the diagnostic challenges and the importance of advanced imaging techniques. The successful collaboration between radiologists and surgeons facilitated a timely and accurate diagnosis, enabling a minimally invasive surgical approach. This case contributes to the understanding of atypical presentations of diverticulitis and emphasizes the significance of interdisciplinary teamwork in managing such rare manifestations.
The role of blood protein biomarkers in acute ischemic stroke prognosis
Authors: Sabbah Asmaa , Elsayed Mohamed , Helmy Hanan , Mostafa Riham Hamdy , Hatem Ghada
Published: April 2024

Background

Stroke is one of the most frequent causes of mortality and disability, blood protein biomarkers are used to determine patients at high risk for a severe illness and to estimate the outcome. This study aimed to detect the relation between serum levels of C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase 9, S100 calcium-binding protein B, brain natriuretic peptide, D-dimer and stroke severity and outcome in acute ischemic stroke patients.

Results

One hundred eighty-six patients with acute ischemic stroke participated and were subjected to complete general, neurological examination, assessment of stroke severity clinically and radiologically using National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), and Alberta Stroke Program Early CT (ASPECT) score and assessment of functional outcome using (modified Rankin Scale). C-reactive protein, matrix metalloproteinase 9, S100 calcium-binding protein B, brain natriuretic peptide and D-dimer were assessed. Higher C-reactive protein was found in patients with ASPECT score ≤ 7 and in patients with cerebral edema, seizures and was positively correlated with stroke severity according to NIHSS and modified Rankin Scale. C-reactive protein serum level at onset was negatively correlated with NIHSS at onset and is a significant predictor for mortality. D-dimer was negatively correlated with NIHSS. S100 calcium-binding protein B was significantly elevated in patients who developed hemorrhagic transformation.

Conclusions

Serum C-reactive protein level can be used as a predictor for mortality and higher S100 calcium-binding protein B was detected in patients with hemorrhagic transformation.
Noise reduction of electron holography observations for a thin-foiled Nd-Fe-B specimen using the wavelet hidden Markov model
Authors: Lee Sujin , Midoh Yoshihiro , Tomita Yuto , Tamaoka Takehiro , Auchi Mitsunari , Sasaki Taisuke , Murakami Yasukazu
Published: April 2024

In this study, we investigate the effectiveness of noise reduction in electron holography, based on the wavelet hidden Markov model (WHMM), which allows the reasonable separation of weak signals from noise. Electron holography observations from a Nd2Fe14B thin foil showed that the noise reduction method suppressed artificial phase discontinuities generated by phase retrieval. From the peak signal-to-noise ratio, it was seen that the impact of denoising was significant for observations with a narrow spacing of interference fringes, which is a key parameter for the spatial resolution of electron holography. These results provide essential information for improving the precision of electron holography studies.
Upper limb neural tissue extensibility in asymptomatic health care professionals
Authors: Goyal Priyanka , Soni Retasha
Published: April 2024

Aim

Is upper quadrant neural tissue extensibility affected in asymptomatic health care professionals?

Participants

Ninety asymptomatic health care professionals of 26–60 years (30 surgeons, 30 dentists, 30 physiotherapist) were selected on the basis of inclusion and exclusion criteria.

Methodology

This was a cross-sectional type of observational study, and the data was collected by simple random sampling, in which various ULTT were performed on both upper extremities for median (ULTT1), radial (ULTT2), and ulnar (ULTT3) nerve. Elbow position was measured at first onset of discomfort perceived by participants (R1) and, secondly, when the firm resistance to movement was felt by the examiner (R2), by using universal goniometer. The test was considered positive if the symptoms arise before 60° of end elbow ROM.

Results

The results showed that there was reduced upper quadrant neural tissue extensibility in asymptomatic health care professionals. The median nerve was most affected, and the ulnar nerve was least affected. The prevalence rate of reduced neural extensibility was highest among dentists as compared to the surgeons and physiotherapists. High correlation was found between R1and R2 for all three ULTT (p-value = 0.000).

Conclusion

More than half, specifically 51.1%, of asymptomatic health care professionals had reduced extensibility of the neural tissues in their upper limbs. Therefore, early introduction of exercise will help in combating the occurrence of these nerve-related issues in further life.
Analysis of oxidative status, inflammatory cytokines, and Ascaris lumbricoides infection in women at a health district in Bamenda, Northwest, Cameroon
Authors: Mugob Bashi Brenda , Ngum Ntonifor Helen , Boubga Clifford , Ngwenah Foncham Evans , Mahamat Oumar
Published: April 2024

Background

Clinical outcomes of ascariasis, one of the most common parasitic infections, are remarkably variable ranging from asymptomatic infection to death. Ascariasis can pair absorption of fats, vitamin A, iodine, and lactose digestion and destroys the villi, with significant consequences in pregnancy outcomes, leading to growth retardation, and cognitive impairment, decreased work capacity, and adverse pregnancy outcomes. One of the crucial factors driving the clinical outcomes of ascariasis is the immune response and associated oxidative stress. This study therefore examined the prevalence of ascariasis and associated immune response dysfunction by measuring four inflammatory cytokines alongside with the oxidant and antioxidant biomarkers in women of reproductive age in a health center in Cameroon.

Results

Three-hundred and fifty-five women (pregnant and non-pregnant) were examined for the parasite. Because some participants did not donate blood and due to low volume of blood available, only 127 individuals (62 non-pregnant women and 65 pregnant women) were included for analysis of oxidative biomarkers, and 90 samples were used for the evaluation of inflammatory biomarkers (40 non-pregnant and 50 pregnant). The prevalence of Ascaris lumbricoides was of 13.23%. Ascariasis was associated with high levels in inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12, IL-10, and TNF-α) and oxidative markers (TOS, OSI, MDA, and CAT) in both pregnant and non-pregnant women, while high level of NO was only seen in pregnant women. A significant relation was observed between some cytokines and oxidant markers: IL-10 and OSI and IL-12 and NO and between IL-1β and MDA in pregnant women, while in non-pregnant, significant relation was found between Il-10 and NO as well as IL-1β and OSI and NO. Principal component analysis (PCA) underlined a pro-inflammatory cytokine signature (with strongest contributions from IL-1β, IL-10, TNF-α). PCA also highlighted an oxidative stress with strongest contributions from TOS, OSI, SOD, NO, and CAT in pregnant and from OSI, TOS, NO, CAT, and TAC in non-pregnant.

Conclusion

These findings demonstrate elevated cytokines (IL-1β, IL-12, IL-10, and TNF-α) and high oxidative stress imbalance, adding further evidence for the role of a pro-inflammatory cytokine signature of oxidative stress in women with A. lumbricoides.
The importance of individualised care, good communication and trust for reducing nasogastric tube feeding under physical restraint: qualitative multi-informant study
Authors: Fuller Sarah J. , Tan Jacinta , Nicholls Dasha
Published: April 2024

Background

Nasogastric tube (NGT) feeding against a patient's consent is an intervention that clinicians working in specialist mental health in-patient units may need to implement from time to time. Little research has explored clinician, patient and carer perspectives on good practice.

Aims

To use qualitative data from people with lived experience (PWLE), parents/carers and clinicians, to identify components of best practice when this intervention is required.

Method

PWLE and parents/carers were recruited via BEAT UK's eating disorder charity. Clinicians were recruited via a post on The British Eating Disorders Society's research page. Semi-structured interviews were administered, transcribed and thematically analysed.

Results

Thirty-six interviews took place and overlapping themes were identified. Participants spoke in relation to three themes: first, the significance of individualised care; second, the importance of communication; third, the impact of staff relationships. Sub-themes were identified and explored.

Conclusions

Good care evolved around positive staff relationships and individualised care planning rather than standard processes. The centrality of trust as an important mediator of outcome was identified, and this should be acknowledged in any service that delivers this intervention.
Dissonance in the face of Alzheimer's disease breakthroughs: clinician and lay stakeholder acceptance, concerns and willingness to pay for emerging disease-modifying therapies
Authors: Kinchin Irina , Walsh Sharon , Dinh Rachel , Kapuwa Margaret , Kennelly Sean P. , Miller Ann-Marie , Nolan Ann , O'Dowd Sean , O'Philbin Laura , Timmons Suzanne , Leroi Iracema
Published: April 2024

Background

Introducing new disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) for Alzheimer's disease demands a fundamental shift in diagnosis and care for most health systems around the world. Understanding the views of health professionals, potential patients, care partners and taxpayers is crucial for service planning and expectation management about these new therapies.

Aims

To investigate the public's and professionals’ perspectives regarding (1) acceptability of new DMTs for Alzheimer's disease; (2) perceptions of risk/benefits; (3) the public's willingness to pay (WTP).

Method

Informed by the ‘theoretical framework of acceptability’, we conducted two online surveys with 1000 members of the general public and 77 health professionals in Ireland. Descriptive and multivariate regression analyses examined factors associated with DMT acceptance and WTP.

Results

Healthcare professionals had a higher acceptance (65%) than the general public (48%). Professionals were more concerned about potential brain bleeds (70%) and efficacy (68%), while the public focused on accessibility and costs. Younger participants (18–24 years) displayed a higher WTP. Education and insurance affected WTP decisions.

Conclusions

This study exposes complex attitudes toward emerging DMTs for Alzheimer's disease, challenging conventional wisdom in multiple dimensions. A surprising 25% of the public expressed aversion to these new treatments, despite society's deep-rooted fear of dementia in older age. Healthcare professionals displayed nuanced concerns, prioritising clinical effectiveness and potential brain complications. Intriguingly, younger, better-educated and privately insured individuals exhibited a greater WTP, foregrounding critical questions about healthcare equity. These multifaceted findings serve as a guidepost for healthcare strategists, policymakers and ethicists as we edge closer to integrating DMTs into Alzheimer's disease care.
Growth and Adult Height Attainment in Danish Transgender Adolescents Treated With GnRH Analog and Sex Hormones
Authors: Norup Pernille Badsberg , Haahr Mette Ewers , Christiansen Peter , Aksglaede Lise , Cleemann Line , Johannsen Trine Holm , Juul Anders , Main Katharina M
Published: April 2024

Background

Endogenous sex steroids influence the pubertal growth spurt and adult height. However, the impact of puberty suppression and sex steroids on growth in transgender adolescents is sparsely studied.

Aim

We investigated pubertal growth, serum IGF-I and IGF binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3), and adult height of transgender adolescents receiving hormone therapy.

Methods

Observational study of a national cohort (2016-2023) comprising 219 transgender adolescents <18 years of age. Treatment consisted of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist combined with estradiol or testosterone (adjusted to serum concentrations between 0 and +2 SDs corresponding to the gender identity).

Results

Adult height was within ±2 SD for sex assigned at birth.

Most trans girls reached adult height within references of girls. For trans girls (bone age ≤15 years before treatment), a growth spurt was observed during estradiol therapy. IGF-I and height SD score (SDS) declined during oral estradiol administration (−0.13 SDS per month, P = .059, and −0.02 SDS, P = .001, respectively). We observed significantly lower adult height compared to target height for trans girls (−2.7 cm, P = .01) and significant differences between height SDS before treatment and at adult height (−0.35 SDS, P < .001).

Half of the trans boys remained short (<−2 SD) compared to references for boys, and most completed growth spurt before initiation of treatment. IGFBP-3 declined following testosterone treatment. There was a significant difference between height SDS before treatment and at adult height (−0.17 SDS, P < .001).

Discussion and Conclusion

The minor reduction in adult height of trans girls after hormone treatment may be beneficial to some, whereas trans boys did not experience height gain.
Expanding boundaries – a cell biologist's guide to expansion microscopy
Authors: Hümpfer Nadja , Thielhorn Ria , Ewers Helge
Published: April 2024

Expansion microscopy (ExM) is a revolutionary novel approach to increase resolution in light microscopy. In contrast to super-resolution microscopy methods that rely on sophisticated technological advances, including novel instrumentation, ExM instead is entirely based on sample preparation. In ExM, labeled target molecules in fixed cells are anchored in a hydrogel, which is then physically enlarged by osmotic swelling. The isotropic swelling of the hydrogel pulls the labels apart from one another, and their relative organization can thus be resolved using conventional microscopes even if it was below the diffraction limit of light beforehand. As ExM can additionally benefit from the technical resolution enhancements achieved by super-resolution microscopy, it can reach into the nanometer range of resolution with an astoundingly low degree of error induced by distortion during the physical expansion process. Because the underlying chemistry is well understood and the technique is based on a relatively simple procedure, ExM is easily reproducible in non-expert laboratories and has quickly been adopted to address an ever-expanding spectrum of problems across the life sciences. In this Review, we provide an overview of this rapidly expanding new field, summarize the most important insights gained so far and attempt to offer an outlook on future developments.
Critical thermal maxima and oxygen uptake in Elysia viridis, a sea slug that steals chloroplasts to photosynthesize
Authors: Laetz Elise M. J. , Kahyaoglu Can , Borgstein Natascha M. , Merkx Michiel , van der Meij Sancia E. T. , Verberk Wilco C. E. P.
Published: April 2024

Photosynthetic animals produce oxygen, providing an ideal lens for studying how oxygen dynamics influence thermal sensitivity. The algivorous sea slug Elysia viridis can steal and retain chloroplasts from the marine alga Bryopsis sp. for months when starved, but chloroplast retention is mere weeks when they are fed another green alga, Chaetomorpha sp. To examine plasticity in thermal tolerance and changes in net oxygen exchange when fed and starving, slugs fed each alga were acclimated to 17°C (the current maximum temperature to which they are exposed in nature) and 22°C (the increase predicted for 2100) and measured at different points during starvation. We also examined increased illumination to evaluate a potential tradeoff between increased oxygen production but faster chloroplast degradation. Following acclimation, we subjected slugs to acute thermal stress to determine their thermal tolerance. We also measured net oxygen exchange before and after acute thermal stress. Thermal tolerance improved in slugs acclimated to 22°C, indicating they can acclimate to temperatures higher than they naturally experience. All slugs exhibited net oxygen uptake, and rates were highest in recently fed slugs before exposure to acute thermal stress. Oxygen uptake was suppressed following acute thermal stress. Under brighter light, slugs exhibited improved thermal tolerance, possibly because photosynthetic oxygen production alleviated oxygen limitation. Accordingly, this advantage disappeared later in starvation when photosynthesis ceased. Thus, E. viridis can cope with heatwaves by suppressing metabolism and plastically adjusting heat tolerance; however, starvation influences a slug's thermal tolerance and oxygen uptake such that continuous access to algal food for its potential nutritive and oxygenic benefits is critical when facing thermal stress.
The genome sequence of the Lesser Yellow Underwing, Noctua comes Hübner, 1813
Authors: Boyes Douglas , Crowley Liam M. , Hutchinson Finley , Wawman Denise C. ,   University of Oxford and Wytham Woods Genome Acquisition Lab,   Darwin Tree of Life Barcoding collective,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Management, Samples and Laboratory team,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Scientific Operations: Sequencing Operations,   Wellcome Sanger Institute Tree of Life Core Informatics team,   Tree of Life Core Informatics collective,   Darwin Tree of Life Consortium
Published: April 2024

We present a genome assembly from an individual female Noctua comes (the Lesser Yellow Underwing; Arthropoda; Insecta; Lepidoptera; Noctuidae). The genome sequence is 540.7 megabases in span. Most of the assembly is scaffolded into 32 chromosomal pseudomolecules, including the W and Z sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome has also been assembled and is 15.37 kilobases in length. Gene annotation of this assembly on Ensembl identified 18,001 protein coding genes.
Beyond conventional therapies - an overview of the alternative approaches in migraine management
Authors: Barg Marta , Biały-Karbowniczek Julia , Jędrasek Aleksandra , Wojtyła Klaudia
Published: April 2024

Introduction: Migraine remains one of the most prevalent chronic neurological conditions that significantly impacts the quality of life. The treatment aims to help with the symptoms and prevent further attacks. There are several pharmacological methods, but because of their side effects, sometimes lower-than-expected effectiveness, costs, and long-term dependency, non-pharmacological approaches have gained popularity. Review methods: We conducted our study as a literature review, with data gathered via PubMed and Embase.The state of knowledge: Managing migraine is hard to achieve based only on pharmacological therapy. Recently, the development of alternative approaches, such as  cognitive behavioral therapy, acupuncture, or butterbur, has been observed. Many studies try to assess its effectiveness. Biofeedback is a promising treatment method, however, it is expensive and requires special equipment. Aerobic training is essential in the prevention and therapy of many illnesses and proper intensity can be helpful with migraines, while yoga is a great lower-intensity option. Conclusions: Alternative methods may be a great alternative or support in migraine management. However, there is still a need for standardized investigations to evaluate effectiveness and safety.
Âzyk i myšlenie: Kognitivnye issledovaniâ russkogo i polʹskogo âzykov
Authors: Rycielska Beata
Published: April 2024

The monograph examines important and interesting linguistic problems, using, among others, imaging theory and network models of linguistic categories. The assumptions of Ronald W. Langacker’s cognitive grammar and George Lakoff ’s and Mark Johnson’s conceptual metaphor adopted in this work have become popular in linguistic research since the 1970s. They have been used to characterize the cognitive and communicative side of any natural language. It should be emphasized that in Polish linguistics, the model developed by cognitive linguistics was used for translation research, and also turned out to be useful for translators. The theory and practice of translation owe their development in a cognitive direction to Elżbieta Tabakowska – a specialist in cognitive linguistics and translation theory.
Los sistemas internacionales de protección de derechos humanos y su vocación de prevenir responsabilidad internacional por violación a los derechos de las personas en movilidad humana
Authors: Palacios Sanabria María Teresa
Published: April 2024

En este capítulo, se busca reflexionar sobre la utilidad que tienen estas herramientas para prevenir vulneraciones a derechos humanos a nivel interno y, de manera subsiguiente, evitar responsabilidad internacional con respecto a las violaciones a los derechos de las personas en situación de movilidad humana. Para tales fines, este está integrado por las siguientes partes: a) presentación y reflexión sobre el esquema de responsabilidad en el entorno internacional y sobre los mecanismos universales, b) la responsabilidad en el Sistema Interamericano de Protección de Derechos Humanos (SIPDH) frente a los extranjeros y c) conclusiones.
Pensar la vida: crisis de las humanidades y praxis filosófica
Authors: Acevedo-Zapata Diana María , Prada Dussán Maximiliano
Published: April 2024

El texto propone un modo de entender la llamada “crisis de las humanidades” desde el punto de vista de la presencia de la filosofía en el sistema educativo e investigativo colombiano actual. Según los autores, una versión de tal crisis descansa en la creciente tecnificación de la filosofía. En ese orden de ideas, el trabajo cuestiona este modelo y explora, en su lugar, un esquema alternativo, soportado en la noción de praxis, desde el enfoque de la filosofía como forma de vida. A partir de ahí, los autores sostienen que comprender la filosofía como praxis posibilita una relación estrecha del saber con la vida, al mismo tiempo que le permite apartarse de un posible sentido instrumental.
Filosofía y educación. Notas sobre una relación vacilante
Authors: Cerletti Alejandro
Published: April 2024

Si bien la filosofía en la actualidad forma parte de los programas oficiales de enseñanza de muchos países, su utilidad, su pertinencia o su permanencia son motivos recurrentes de debates. Es habitual que, de cuando en cuando, la filosofía deba tener que evidenciar su valor para la formación integral de los jóvenes y justificar su inclusión en los planes de estudio de la educación formal, de acuerdo con los requerimientos circunstanciales de las políticas educativas de turno. En esta exposición reflexionaremos sobre los diferentes sentidos que pueden atribuirse a la enseñanza de la filosofía en la educación, revisaremos los supuestos de las demandas usuales que se le formulan, y, en función de ello, analizaremos los diferentes lugares que puede asignársele.
The Effect of Online Bilingual Shared Book Reading on Vocabulary Learning for Korean-English Bilingual Children
Authors: Cho Ye Rim , Yim Dongsun
Published: April 2024

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a bilingual shared book reading intervention on vocabulary learning for Korean-English bilingual children with and without developmental language disorder (DLD).Methods: A total of 16 Korean-English bilingual children aged 4-6 (9 typically developing children and 7 children with DLD) participated in this study. Participants participated in a bilingual shared book reading intervention using bridging to L1 techniques twice a week for 3 weeks, for a total of 6 sessions. Korean, English, and conceptual receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, and expressive definitions were assessed at pre and post tests to examine the effect of the intervention on vocabulary learning.Results: First, there was a statistically significant increase between pre-test and post-test results on all measures of Korean, English, and conceptually scored receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, and expressive definitions for typically developing children. Second, there was a statistically significant increase between pre-test and post-test results on measures of Korean receptive vocabulary, English receptive and expressive vocabulary, and conceptually scored receptive and expressive vocabulary for children with DLD.Conclusion: These results provide preliminary evidence that bilingual shared book reading is an effective method of vocabulary intervention for Korean-English bilingual children with and without DLD.