bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Lived Experience of Feeling Cared for: A Human Becoming Perspective
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to answer the research question, What is the structure of the lived experience of feeling cared for? The participants were 10 women volunteers who were struggling with lack of economic, social, or interpersonal resources and who were or had been homeless. The Parse research method, a phenomenological-hermeneutic method, was used to discover the meaning of feeling cared for. The major finding of this study is the structure: Feeling cared for is contentment with intimate affiliations arising with salutary endeavors, while honoring uniqueness amid adversity. The structure provides knowledge about feeling cared for and its connection to health and quality of life. Feeling cared for is discussed in relation to the principles and concepts of human becoming and in relation to how it can inform nursing practice and future research.
Review of Research Related to Watson's Theory of Caring
Authors: Smith Marlaine
Published: May 2004

Forty retrievable studies are reviewed, covering the period of 1988 to 2003, that were based on Watson’s theory of caring. The author provides an overview of the studies, identifies measurement instruments developed, critiques the body of work, and offers suggestions for future research.
A Human Becoming Teaching-Learning Model
Authors: Parse Rosemarie Rizzo
Published: May 2004

Teaching-learning is a never-ending journey of giving-receiving in coming-to-know. The purposes of this column are to distinguish among the traditional and human becoming paradigms of teaching-learning, and to set forth the essences, paradoxes, and processes of a human becoming teaching-learning model.
The Classroom for a Learning Community
Authors: Bunkers Sandra Schmidt
Published: May 2004

This column focuses on Eighth Street Bridge, a street newsletter printed in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. The evolution of the newsletter is depicted along with a discussion of the essence of a learning community. Teaching-learning endeavors associated with the newsletter are explicated and activities of this collaborative community effort are presented in light of Parse’s community change concepts.
Trust and Power in Adults: An Investigation Using Rogers’ Science of Unitary Human Beings
Authors: Wright Barbara W.
Published: May 2004

Trust is a critical element in establishing a therapeutic nurse-client relationship that can help to change people’s health experiences and quality of life. This study’s purpose was to examine the relationship between trust and power using Rogers’science of unitary human beings and Barrett’s theory of power. A national sample, comprised of 189 women and men, aged 21 to 60, completed Barrett’s Power as Knowing Participation in Change Test that measured power and Gibb’s TORI Self-Diagnosis Scale that measured trust, trust of self, and trust of others. Correlation analyses revealed support for the three hypotheses stated which predicted a positive relationship between power and trust, trust of self, and trust of others. Findings support the conceptualization of trust and power.
Creating Difference: Neo-Liberalism, Neo-Conservatism and the Politics of Educational Reform
Authors: Apple Michael W.
Published: May 2004

This article raises questions about current educational reform efforts now underway in a number of nations. Research from a number of countries is used to document some of the hidden differential effects of two connected strategies—neo-liberal inspired market proposals and neo-liberal, neo-conservative, and middle class managerial inspired regulatory proposals, including national curricula and national testing. This article describes how different interests with different educational and social visions compete for dominion in the social field of power surrounding educational policy and practice. In the process, it documents some of the complexities and imbalances in this field of power. These complexities and imbalances result in “thin” rather than “thick” morality and tend toward the reproduction of both dominant pedagogical and curricular forms and ideologies and the social privileges that accompany them.
Against the Undertow: Language-Minority Education Policy and Politics in the “Age of Accountability”
Authors: Wiley Terrence G. , Wright Wayne E.
Published: May 2004

This article reviews historical and contemporary policies, ideologies, and educational prescriptions for language-minority students. It notes language and literacy policies historically have been used as instruments of social control and that racism and linguistic intolerance have often been closely linked with antecedents in the colonial and early nationalist periods as well as in nativist thought of the 19th century. The article concludes that the contemporary Englishonly and antibilingual education movements share features reminiscent of the restrictionism of earlier periods. The article next assesses policies of the federal and state governments in accommodating language-minority students. urrent debates over appropriate assessment of language-minority students are backgrounded against the history of the testing movement. Recent research on high-stakes testing is reviewed with the conclusion that it is not improving the quality of teaching and learning and appears to be having a negative effect for language-minority students.
Politics of Character Education
Authors: Howard Robert W. , Berkowitz Marvin W. , Schaeffer Esther F.
Published: May 2004

Character education’s history in the United States goes back to the beginning of public schools. The emphasis and profile has waxed and waned, frequently with political trends. The current standards-based environment poses particular threats and challenges to character education. In spite of these pressures, character education continues and—by most measures—is growing. This article (a) defines character and examines the history of character education in U.S. public schools; (b) introduces and contrasts the major approaches: traditional character education, caring, and developmental; and (c) outlines and examines current issues including the relationship of character to citizenship education, the family and school roles in character development, the relationship of church and state, federal and state polices and funding of character education programs, and issues of evaluation and research. Although advocating for character education, the approach here to the issues is descriptive and as impartial as possible.
The New Japanese Educational Reforms and the Achievement “Crisis” Debate
Authors: Tsuneyoshi Ryoko
Published: May 2004

The present state of Japanese educational reform is a mystery when seen from the outside. Although internationally known as one of the most highly achieving nations on international tests since the end of the 1990s, the Japanese have been engaged in a heated achievement crisis debate over the newest reforms to the national curriculum implemented in 2002. This article explores the main arguments and the concepts behind the achievement crisis debate, the evidence, and the consequences for Japanese educational policy. A “prospective crisis” is seen as influencing the course of the debates just as importantly as the data on the present achievement levels of Japanese children. The nature of the “crisis” is examined.
Pragmatic and Internal Validity Issues in Sampling in Caregiver Studies
Authors: Fredman Lisa , Tennstedt Sharon , Smyth Kathleen A. , Kasper Judith D. , Miller Baila , Fritsch Thomas , Watson Maura , Harris Emily L.
Published: May 2004

Objectives: Studies of caregivers illustrate a classic sampling dilemma: maximizing recruitment without compromising study validity. Because caregivers are defined in relation to a care recipient, sampling methods are often determined by pragmatic decisions such as access, efficiency, and costs. However, overlooking validity may result in selection bias, misclassification of caregiver status, and the confounding of results. Validity and pragmatic concerns were compared in four caregiver studies that used different sampling frames: community based, Alzheimer’s disease registry, and ancillary studies to existing epidemiologic studies. Methods: Systematic comparison of validity and of pragmatic aspects of sampling frames, recruitment methods, and participation rates, with attention to caregiver identification, inclusion criteria, and sample restriction. Results: All studies used task-based inclusion criteria. Caregiver participation rates ranged from 81% to 96%, with higher rates in community-based and registry-based studies than in ancillary studies. The latter studies benefited from unbiased selection of noncaregivers. Discussion: Regardless of sampling frame, standard task-based inclusion criteria to define caregivers may enhance validity.
Racial Differences in Perceived Discrimination in a Community Population of Older Blacks and Whites
Authors: Barnes Lisa L. , De Leon Carlos F. Mendes , Wilson Robert S. , Bienias Julia L. , Bennett David A. , Evans Denis A.
Published: May 2004

Objectives: To examine the prevalence of perceived discrimination in an older biracial population and to examine its correlation with depressive symptoms. Methods: The sample consisted of 2,652 Blacks and 1,630 Whites, 68 years old and older, from the Chicago Health and Aging Project (CHAP). Perceived discrimination was measured with a nine-item scale developed by Williams, Yu, Jackson, and Anderson (1997). Results: Afactor analysis of the discrimination scale revealed two subscales, unfair treatment and personal rejection. Blacks scored higher on both subscales as compared with Whites. In linear regression models, race was significantly associated with higher levels of unfair treatment and personal rejection, controlling for demographic variables and socioeconomic status (SES). Each subscale was also positively related to depressive symptoms, and these effects did not vary by race. Discussion: These findings suggest that older Blacks perceive more discrimination than do older Whites. This may have important implications for health differences between older Blacks and Whites.
Children’s Views on Children’s Right to Work
Authors: Leonard Madeleine
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this article is to examine children’s attitudes regarding the right to work. The article is based on comments made by 245 15-year-old children on child employment and is supported by focus group interviews with 56 boys and 38 girls and tape-recorded interviews with 15 working pupils. One of most dominant themes to emerge from the data is children’s perception that they have a right to work. The article examines the legislation regarding child employment in Northern Ireland and the role of the state in determining the legislation. The author suggests that within this legislation, children are seen as vulnerable and in need of protection. Traditionally the protection of children in the workforce has been achieved by limiting the hours they can work and the occupations they can enter. Yet when children’s own views are taken into account, they move beyond the limits of protecting them through exclusion to suggesting frameworks whereby their protection may be achieved by empowering them within the labour market.
Teaching Social Rules
Authors: Raffel Stanley
Published: May 2004

The article presents one perspective on how children can be encouraged to develop moral judgement. The recalcitrance that Piaget encounters in his attempts to teach his own daughter a specific mundane rule provide a focus for much of the discussion. The differing impact of two separate strategies for conveying the point of rules, both on immediate behaviour and on long-term judgement, is assessed. A major conclusion concerns the need to modify discourse in order to teach the young, and the article concludes by discussing an additional example of this, telling children stories.
Playground Panopticism
Authors: Blackford Holly
Published: May 2004

In this article, the author invokes Michel Foucault's analysis of panopticism to understand the performance of mothering in the suburban playground. The mothers in the ring of park benches symbolize the suggestion of surveillance, which Foucault describes as the technology of disciplinary power under liberal ideals of governance. However, the panoptic force of the mothers around the suburban playground becomes a community that gazes at the children only to ultimately gaze at one another, seeing reflected in the children the parenting abilities of one another. The author analyzes the elaborate rules of playground etiquette and social competition that occupy the mothers, linking their social discourses to the public neighborhood playground as a symbol for child-centered (suburban) ideology. The author then compares the mothers at suburban playgrounds with the parents that she observed at McDonald's PlayPlaces, which affords different context of use, design and social opportunities. She argues that maternal social worlds need to be understood in relation to the play of children on playgrounds and the increasing appeal of commercial playplaces.
Psychoanalysis is on the Couch: France Celebrates Freud in 2000
Authors: Quinney Anne
Published: May 2004

This article assesses the public response in France in 2000 to the centenary celebration of the publication of Freud’s The Interpretation of Dreams. It argues that the discussions that took place during this event provoked a re-evalution of the status of psychoanalysis in France today. Rather than unsettling psychoanalysis as a cultural institution in France, however, the large volume of commentary produced revealed a general faith in psychoanalysis’s unwavering stability and vitality in the public imagination. Through an analysis of these discussions, this article underscores the ways in which the French public reaction to the celebration serves as an important metric for gauging the cultural stakes at issue when interrogating the future of psychoanalysis in France. Finally, the recent work of J.-B. Pontalis provides one example of a contemporary approach embraced by practising French psychoanalysts to respond to the major vectors of criticism about the profession from other branches of psychology and psychiatry.
On Membership Categorization: ‘Us’, ‘Them’and‘Doing Violence’ in Political Discourse
Authors: Leudar Ivan , Marsland Victoria , Nekvapil Jirí
Published: May 2004

This article concerns the attacks on New York and Washington in September 2001. We use Membership Categorization Analysis to establish how the key figures involved in the conflict represented these events and the participants in them. We analyse public addresses made soon after the attacks by the US President George W. Bush, the British Prime Minister Tony Blair and Osama bin Laden of Al Qaeda. Each speaker distinguished ‘us’ from ‘them’ and formulated this distinction so as to justify past violent actions and to prepare grounds for future ones. Bush and Blair both distinguished ‘us’ from ‘them’ in social, political and moral terms, whereas bin Laden did so in religious terms. The categorizations were not done in isolation from each other, but were instead networked. We discuss the relation between membership categorizations, presentations of happenings and violent actions, prior and subsequent and we extend our concept of a ‘dialogical network’.
Combining Lone Motherhood and Paid Work: The Rationality Mistake and Norwegian Social Policy
Authors: Duncan Simon , Strell Monika
Published: May 2004

How lone mothers combine being mothers with employment has become a central policy issue in many western countries. But policy making is dominated by the operational assumption that lone mothers are ‘rational actors’ who make individual utility calculations about the costs and benefits of taking up paid work. This is what we have called the ‘rationality mistake’, for evidence shows that decisions are still made rationally, but with a different sort of rationality. In this article we use a case-study from Norway to explore this issue further. Norway is unusual in having a ‘designer benefit’ – the transitional allowance – exclusively for lone mothers. Before 1998, the transitional allowance positioned lone mothers as mothers at home, whereas after 1998 policy places lone mothers – after the first three years of motherhood – as workers in employment. The policy lever of benefit change was supposed to change how lone mothers – as rational economic actors – behave. Using an intensive research design, we find that lone mothers employ a moral and relational rationality which usually means that both the pre and post-1998 policy would act more as a constraint than an enabler on their behaviour.
Poverty Alleviation and the Degree of Centralization in European Schemes of Social Assistance
Authors: Hölsch Katja , Kraus Margit
Published: May 2004

In this paper, the relationship between the degree of centralization and the distributive outcomes in European schemes of social assistance is investigated. For this purpose, a scheme of classification suitable for grouping the EU15 schemes according to features related to centralization is established by using cluster analysis and an indicator for centralization is developed by employing multidimensional scaling. Subsequently, on the basis of Luxembourg Income Study (LIS) data, the effectiveness and efficiency in reducing poverty through social assistance payments are calculated using several measures of poverty for five selected EU systems and the linkage of their distributive impacts to the degree of centralization is examined. Concerning effectiveness in poverty alleviation, the results provide some evidence that extremely centralized systems are more effective with regard to redistribution than extremely decentralized schemes. However, for systems with a medium degree of centralization, the hypothesis that greater decentralization leads to more effectiveness is not supported. With respect to efficiency, no support is lent to the hypothesis that a higher degree of decentralization is accompanied by a better distributive efficiency. Rather, the results seem to suggest that systems with a medium degree of decentralization do better than either extremely centralized or extremely decentralized systems.
AIDS and Health-Policy Responses in European Welfare States
Authors: Steffen Monika
Published: May 2004

This article analyses the complex policy issues set into motion by the AIDS epidemic in Europe. It shows how different health systems responded to the challenge and how the management of an epidemic influenced general trends in health-care policies. AIDS emerged as an ill-structured problem calling into question the central position of the medical profession in policy making, institutional fragmentation in the health sector and the exclusive role of economic factors in policy reform. While the mainstream health services had to adapt to new demands, public- health services had to reinvent themselves to cope with the specific issues around prevention. The analysis thus distinguishes between the well-established medical-care sector and the weakly structured public-health sector. It focuses on the reshaping of policies in this previously neglected field, including at the level of the European Union.
Why Psychometrics is Not Pathological
Authors: Borsboom Denny , Mellenbergh Gideon J.
Published: May 2004

This paper comments on an article by Michell (2000), who argues that psychometrics should be qualified as pathological science for two reasons: (a) psychometrics assumes psychological attributes to be quantitative without testing this hypothesis; and (b) the fact that this hypothesis is not tested is disguised. Michell further argues that the hypothesis should be tested using additive conjoint measurement theory. Although relevant to classical test theory, Michell’s arguments do not apply to psychometrics in general. In particular, they are largely irrelevant to item response theory models. We show that these models result from introducing probabilistic relations, which are needed to deal with measurement error, and not from a breakdown in critical inquiry, as Michell suggests. Moreover, at least one class of these models can be formulated in terms of additive conjoint measurement theory, which renders Michell’s call for the additive conjoint model in need of qualification. Finally, item response theory models are routinely tested against empirical data, and although the assumption that an attribute is quantitative cannot be tested directly, such tests do address the conjunction of this assumption and other model assumptions. We conclude that, although Michell’s arguments are important to psychological measurement, they are largely irrelevant to item response theory. In fact, we argue that they can be phrased in terms of this theory in a natural way.
Employment Practices of Multinationals in the Spanish and German Quick-Food Sectors: Low-Road Convergence?
Authors: Royle Tony
Published: May 2004

This article examines the labour relations practices of multinational corporations (MNCs) in the German and Spanish quick-food service sectors. The demand for greater profitability and lower costs is leading to a greater standardization of work methods across a widening range of food service operators, resulting in the gradual elimination of more expensive, skilled and experienced workers, and an increasingly non-union approach in employee relations practices. The outcome involves increasing standardization, union exclusion, low trust, low skills, and low pay. These sectoral characteristics appear to outweigh both country-of-origin and host-country effects. The findings therefore confirm continuing variation within national industrial relations systems and the importance of sectoral characteristics and organizational contingencies in understanding MNC cross-border behaviour.
Research-Led Teaching in Librarianship and Information Studies
Authors: Goulding Anne , Usherwood Bob
Published: May 2004

Discusses the role of research within the teaching curriculum of departments of library and information studies (LIS), drawing on the experience of the University of Sheffield’s Department of Information Studies. Explains that the quality of research is assessed through the RAE (Research Assessment Exercise) but that research also plays a fundamental role in the teaching activities of departments. Describes how research is incorporated into the teaching curriculum by: drawing on research undertaken by members of departmental staff; the involvement of research staff in classes; teaching and learning activities involving practical research exercises; inquiry-based learning; the incorporation of others’ research into teaching. A taught research methods course with dissertation is also discussed, which ensures that students have the practical skills necessary to carry out their own research projects. The need for effective dissemination of research activities, undertaken in libraries as well as by academics, is emphasized to ensure that the results of research are converted into policy and practice.
Hearing voices: James Joyce, narrative voice and minority translation
Authors: Millán-Varela Carmen
Published: May 2004

This article explores the question of voice in translated texts, more specifically in the case of literary texts translated into a minority language. Drawing on Bakhtinian concepts, and focusing on the Galician translation of James Joyce’s ‘The Dead’, this study traces back the translators’ voice and its interaction with other voices already present in the source text. This type of qualitative study shows, I would like to argue, how texts translated into minoritized languages become an ideal arena in which to explore not only translating processes, but also issues of language, ideology and identity in the target context.
Altered Texts, Altered Worlds, Altered Styles
Authors: Hoover David L.
Published: May 2004

This article uses text alteration to illuminate literary style, the creation of the fictional world within literary texts, and the connections between textual features and interpretation. After briefly examining some previous uses of this technique, it discusses some recent work on how the world of the text is created and understood and then argues that altering texts can help us to understand text world creation and mind style. A series of changes of different kinds in the opening paragraph of Henry James’s The Ambassadors illustrates some of the uses of text alteration in the characterization of authorial style. The results are sometimes surprising and suggest that making focused alterations in texts can be an effective analytic tool for stylistic study more generally. Finally, I briefly re-examine the question of the connection between stylistic features and interpretation through the lens of text alteration.
The European Union’s Two Dimensions: The Eastern and the Northern
Authors: Browning Christopher S. , Joenniemi Pertti
Published: May 2004

In light of the forthcoming enlargement of the European Union, concerns over how the Union will deal with its new eastern neighbours have risen to some prominence. This article analyses Poland’s current efforts to get to grips with the new challenges posed by enlargement, as expressed in its policy initiative of the Eastern Dimension. In particular, the Eastern Dimension is compared with the EU’s Northern Dimension, which has been on the scene for some time. The argument of this article is that, despite some similarities and despite the fact that the Eastern Dimension has clearly been influenced by its Northern counterpart, key conceptual differences exist between the two initiatives. While the Northern Dimension opens up for overlapping spaces of governance, for being genuinely inclusive of outsiders and for emphasizing regionality in the construction of a new Europe, the Eastern Dimension remains more traditional in essence. Indeed, in some respects the Eastern Dimension, despite apparent intentions otherwise, will only contribute to re-bordering in Europe.
Military Uses of Nanotechnology: Perspectives and Concerns
Authors: Altmann Jürgen
Published: May 2004

It is predicted that nanotechnology (NT) will bring revolutionary changes in many areas, with the potential for both great benefits and great risks. Developments in the military could entail specific dangers, containment of which will need special analysis and effort. Military research and development in NT is expanding rapidly. Potential future applications span all areas of warfare. Special dangers to arms control and stability may arise from new biological weapons and microrobots. For humans and society, non-medical body implants – possibly made more acceptable via the military – raise a number of problems concerning human nature. Further research is needed to find the best way to avoid possible dangers. For the near and medium term, several guidelines for limits and restrictions are suggested. As a first step, transparency and international cooperation should be improved.
Uses and Misuses of the Concept of Identity
Authors: Von Busekist Astrid
Published: May 2004

In international politics as in the domestic management of collective claims, everything today is a question of ‘identity’: identity-based demands, identity-based mobilizations, ethnic, religious, social and professional identity, etc. Recourse to the term ‘identity’, whether by the group concerned or from distant analysts, is the most immediately evocative and the most effective packaging in its appeal to common sense. It is as if there were a legitimacy immediately attached to identities: ‘oppressed identities’ (oppressed by the state, by the big and powerful, by the West, by globalization or by market liberalism) always fit the bill. Martyrs or liberators, opponents of the order in power and self-proclaimed holders of an alternative identity are all situated in a face-to-face situation that at once ensures them if not sympathy, then at least understanding. The only clear dividing line between perceptions of ‘identity-based movements’ is the recourse to violence: if one recognizes the legitimacy of working for a community-based culture and an identity that is shielded from the great process of global homogenization, then the use of (terrorist) violence must be condemned.
Embedded Expectations, Embodied Knowledge and the Movements That Connect
Authors: Tangen Jan Ove
Published: May 2004

In this article I propose another way of studying the use and non-use of sport facilities. I argue that sport facilities embed expectations observable to individuals who are forced to meet these expectations or not. I also claim that our choices concerning the use or non-use of a sport facility are grounded in our embodied knowledge, a knowledge that is not easy to make conscious. My last claim is that movements connect the embedded expectations and embodied knowledge and eventually mediate changes in both these structures.
Green and Greenback
Authors: Diekmann Andreas , Preisendörfer Peter
Published: May 2004

The low-cost hypothesis predicts that the strength of effects of environmental concern on environmental behavior diminishes with increasing behavioral costs. Thus, environmental concern influences environmental behavior primarily in situations and under conditions connected with low costs and little inconvenience for individual actors. In a first step, we develop and specify this hypothesis. Referring to two procedures, we then test it on the basis of an environmental survey of a random sample of 2307 respondents from the German population. The empirical evidence is positive. The low-cost hypothesis is not confined to the area of environmental research. It points to general limits of attitude-research (in high-cost situations) and to general limits of rational-choice theory (in low-cost situations), and suggests a strategy for integrating research in social psychology, sociology, and economics.
Health Promotion and Disease Prevention through Sanitation Education in South African Zulu and Xhosa Women
Authors: Smith Maria A. , Garbharran Hari , Edwards M. Jo , O’Hara-Murdock Peggy
Published: May 2004

Poor sanitation and hygiene facilitate transmission of environmental diseases and pose a threat to the health of South African residents. This study focused on identifying sanitation needs from the perspective of informal community residents, addressing need related issues, and empowering Zulu and Xhosa women. The study used a multistep approach to identify and access communities of interest, reflexive critique during data collection from 300 heads of households, and a reiterative process to identify major themes. A process, which impacted 1, 467 residents, was developed; it included culturally sensitive presentation styles and educational materials that facilitated understanding of sanitation concepts. Main sanitation themes were health knowledge and community role models. Educational sessions incorporated women. Using women as educators elevated their status and validated their community importance. Project participation added to the educational background of the Zulu and Xhosa women. It empowered them and provided an opportunity for them to articulate community needs.
Depression among Korean, Korean American, and Caucasian American Family Caregivers
Authors: Lee Eunice E. , Farran Carol J.
Published: May 2004

This study compared depressive symptoms among Korean, Korean American, and Caucasian American female family caregivers of older persons with dementia. The sample included Korean caregivers living in Seoul, Korea (KK); Korean American (KA) caregivers living in the Chicago and Los Angeles areas; and Caucasian American (CA) caregivers from the Chicago metropolitan area. KK caregivers were more likely to be daughters-in-law, KA caregivers were more likely to be daughters, and CA caregivers were more likely to be wives or daughters. Overall, wives were more depressed than daughters and daughters-in-law. KK caregivers were the most depressed of the three cultural groups. When caregiver relationship and cultural group were examined simultaneously, KK and KA wives were most depressed, and KA daughters-in-law were least depressed. Differences in culture and social role appeared to affect depressive symptoms among these caregivers. The findings suggest a need to further examine the associations between caregivers’ relationships with their care recipients and their own emotional status.
Searching Electronically for Information on Transcultural Nursing and Health Subjects
Authors: Andrews Margaret , Burr Jennifer , Janetos Deborah H.
Published: May 2004

With the proliferation of electronic resources available to search for subjects related to transcultural nursing and health, nurses must keep abreast of computer-based tools that enable them to quickly and efficiently obtain information on a variety of topics. This article provides suggestions for narrowing and focusing a search on transcultural nursing and related subjects using important research databases such as Medline and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL). Information about additional useful databases such as Educational Resources Information Center (ERIC) and Psychological Abstracts (PsycINFO) is also provided. In the article, selected examples of Internet sites of interest in transcultural nursing and health are identified and described in brief annotations. Web sites for U.S. government agencies, organizations, and commercial groups that concern transcultural nursing and health care are cited. Global transcultural health and nursing Internet resources also are included.
Outcomes of Swedish Nursing Students’ Field Experiences in a Hospital in Tanzania
Authors: Sandin Ingrid , Grahn Kristina , Kronvall Ewa
Published: May 2004

This study describes the experiences of a group of nursing students from Sweden in a hospital in Tanzania. Students were interviewed on their return after the trip. Although students experienced considerable upheaval and frustration working in a different context, they learned valuable lessons as to how nursing can be conducted in conditions entirely different from those familiar to them. They attempted to understand the value and behavioral divergences they encountered, yet values of their home culture remained their frame of reference. This project reflected the importance of working through students’ experience if knowledge and understanding of self and others are to be enhanced or developed.
Compstat
Authors: Magers Jeffrey S.
Published: May 2004

This essay examines Compstat as a new paradigm of policing as presented in The Meaning of Compstat: A Theoretical Analysis by William F. Walsh and Gennaro F. Vito. Compstat has been implemented in some form by many police agencies in the U.S. as a means to produce a resultsoriented strategy to achieve effective crime control. Some view this as a revolutionary process replacing community policing, while others observe that Compstat is an evolutionary policing strategy synthesizing effective elements of the rational-legal bureaucratic and community policing-problem solving models of policing. The argument is made that Compstat has been very effective as a means of focusing police tactical efforts on specific crime and disorder problems while effectively maintaining consistency with the more philosophical and strategic elements of community policing. The key factor is the application of strategic management principles to create a new level of accountability for achieving goal-oriented results.
Teasing Apart the Developmental Associations Between Alcohol and Marijuana Use and Violence
Authors: Wei Evelyn H. , Loeber Rolf , White Helene Raskin
Published: May 2004

This study explored the longitudinal associations of alcohol and marijuana use and violence over ages 11-20 in the youngest sample of males from the Pittsburgh Youth Study ( N= 503). We examined trends in alcohol and marijuana use and violence, howthey covaried both concurrently and over time, and whether frequent substance use predicted violence and vice versa in multivariate models controlling for common risk factors. The analyses focused on frequent alcohol or marijuana users, those who scored in the highest 25% of frequency. Throughout adolescence, substance use was more prevalent than violence. Most substance users did not engage in violence, and the proportion of substance users who engaged in violence was smaller than the proportion of violent offenders who were also substance users. Concurrently, frequent use of alcohol and marijuana were both significantly associated with violence. Longitudinal associations between frequent drinking and violence were weak, whereas longitudinal associations between frequent marijuana use and violence were more consistent. However, the relationship between frequent marijuana use and violence (and vice versa) was spurious; itwas no longer significant when common risk factors such as race/ethnicity and hard drug use were controlled for. We conclude that the marijuana-violence relationship is due to selection effects whereby these behaviors tend to co-occur in certain individuals, not because one behavior causes the other; rather, both are influenced by shared risk factors and/or an underlying tendency toward deviance.
Nonlinear Stress-Based Control of a Rotary SMA-Actuated Manipulator
Authors: Elahinia Mohammad H. , Seigler T. Michael , Leo Donald J. , Ahmadian Mehdi
Published: May 2004

this paper a nonlinear stress-based controller is designed to position a singledegreeof-freedom shape memory alloy (SMA) actuated manipulator. A three-part model was constructed based on the dynamics/kinematics of the arm, the thermomechanical behavior of SMAs, and an assumed heat transfer model consisting of electrical heating and natural convection. Both sliding mode control and inverse dynamics control are used to calculate a desired stress, based on the position error. The desired stress is compared with the actual stress which is computed using an Extended Kalman Filter. The stress error is then used for control via a proportional-integral controller. Numerical simulations are performed to investigate tracking performance as well as other issues such as robustness. The results demonstrate that the variable structure controller designs are highly accurate in tracking both stationary and variable input signals.
Damage Identification by the Dynamic Virtual Distortion Method
Authors: Kolakowski Przemyslaw , Zielinski Tomasz G. , Holnicki-Szulc Jan
Published: May 2004

This paper presents a novel approach to damage identification based on the phenomenon of elastic waves propagation. The theoretical background is the dynamic Virtual Distortion Method, which is capable of modelling both a reference excitation signal propagated in the structure over a time domain and a perturbed signal due to damaged locations. The related methodology is presented including a brief description of experimental verification. Numerical example with successful, multi-damage case identification is demonstrated. Advantages of the approach as well as its challenging points are discussed.
Personality Heterogeneity in Teams
Authors: Mohammed Susan , Angell Linda C.
Published: May 2004

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of personality heterogeneity on team performance. Relationships were tested from 267 business students in 59 teams working on process improvement projects sponsored by organizations. The impact of personalitycomposition on two types of team tasks (oral vs. written) was examined. Relationships between predictors and criteria differed depending on the type of task performed. Specifically, higher variability on agreeableness and neuroticism resulted in lower oral presentation scores, whereas higher variability on extraversion resulted in higher oral presentation scores. Teams with higher mean cognitive ability scored better on written reports. The implications of these findings for the study of team performance are discussed.
The Effect of Functional Roles on Group Efficiency
Authors: Strijbos Jan-Willem , Martens Rob L. , Jochems Wim M. G. , Broers Nick J.
Published: May 2004

The usefulness of roles to support small group performance can often be read; however, their effect is rarely empirically assessed. This article reports the effects of functional roles on group performance, efficiency, and collaboration during computer-supported collaborative learning. A comparison of 33 questionnaire observations, distributed over 10 groups in two research conditions (role and nonrole) revealed no main effect for performance (grade). A latent variable was interpreted as perceived group efficiency (PGE). Multilevel modeling yielded a positive, marginal effect for PGE. Groups in the role condition appear to be more aware of their efficiency as compared to groups in the nonrole condition, regardless of whether they performed well or poorly. Content analysis reveals more task-content focused statements in the role condition; however, this was not as we hypothesized (i.e., the premise that roles decrease coordination). In fact, roles appear to stimulate coordination that simultaneously increases the amount of task-content focused statements.
Contributions of Psychodynamic Theories to Understanding Small Groups
Authors: Mcleod Poppy Lauretta , Kettner-Polley Richard B.
Published: May 2004

Psychodynamic theories of groups operate on the fundamental assumption that (a) nonconscious emotional processes shape interpersonal behavior in groups; (b) the lack of awareness of these processes inhibits effective work in the group; and (c) bringing such processes to members’ awareness will help remove this inhibition. Psychodynamic theories can be classified into two types of approaches: psychoanalytic and humanistic. These perspectives further assume that social behavior has biological bases and that a group mind exists. The psychoanalytic approach is governed by a medical model and traces its early development to Freud. Humanistic approaches are governed by an education and the human development model and trace their roots to the early social psychological theories of Lewin. Psychodynamic perspectives have influenced the study of groups widely and are notable for their major contribution to theories of group development.
Online Chatting: An Alternative Approach to Simulations
Authors: Freiermuth Mark R.
Published: May 2004

This article looks at online Internet chatting as a means to resolve simulation tasks in lieu of face-to-face negotiation. It is suggested here that online chatting extends linguistic opportunities for participation in small-group settings in a much more egalitarian manner, while retaining the interactive qualities of spoken conversation. The conclusion is that language learners who are normally reluctant to speak in groups readily participate online. Furthermore, it appears that using online synchronous communication to resolve simulation tasks is viewed positively by language learners, which may in turn stimulate further attempts at language production.
Interactive Participatory Dramas for Language Learning
Authors: Hubbard Philip
Published: May 2004

Interactive participatory dramas are software applications that engage the users by involving them as a character in a story. Although these dramas have been part of computer-assisted language learning (CALL) for more than a decade, they have not become a widespread genre. However, recent advances in video, graphics, and speech recognition, as well as the spread of interactive participatory dramas in other areas of education and training, make the proliferation of such applications in CALL considerably more likely. As there is presently little in the way of research or agreed-on standards of practice to inform the process of creating participatory dramas, this article offers some preliminary guidelines for software developers and evaluators engaged in their design. Among other points, it argues for the use of engaging characters and plots, the use of speech recognition for verbal interaction, the presentation of choice points with consequences for the learners, and the abandonment of the common use of full text prompts that are simply read out loud. It concludes by observing that most of these language learning considerations are equally relevant for simulations and role plays.
Simulations and Games as Chaordic Learning Contexts
Authors: Leigh Elyssebeth , Spindler Laraine
Published: May 2004

Effective facilitation of experiential learning involves an array of knowledge and skills. Educators who facilitate open simulations—one form of experiential learning—benefit from having relevant theoretical frameworks to sustain an appropriate balance between being directive and supportive of their participants’ freedom to learn. This ongoing research is examining the use of a particular open simulation as an exemplar of the way in which such structured activities have the potential to create unpredictable learning contexts. The article introduces chaos theory as one such framework for identifying skills and knowledge to anticipate and respond to the uncertainties generated in such an environment. The authors suggest that an understanding of chaos theory, coupled with skills to apply this knowledge to open simulations, enables educators to more quickly and accurately select and apply appropriate learning-centered interventions.
Simulation Gaming for Organizational Development
Authors: Ruohomäki Virpi
Published: May 2004

This article introduces development and design approaches to organizational change (DIL). Simulation games can be used for promoting organizational development. They offer an arena for organization members to analyze the present state of an organization and create new organizational solutions. The bridge between the present and future mode of working can be built on by the ideas for improvement brought forward by the participants of the simulation game. The study focuses on the WORK FLOW GAME (WFG) (DIS). It integrates the following activities: work process improvement, use of information technology, and participation and learning by the personnel of a company or public agency. WFG promotes organizational innovations through interaction and cooperation of the people involved. The study showed improvements in the quality and efficiency of the work process, customer relations, and working conditions of the personnel.
Development and Validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale
Authors: Bride Brian E. , Robinson Margaret M. , Yegidis Bonnie , Figley Charles R.
Published: May 2004

Objective: To describe the development and validation of the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale (STSS), a 17-item instrument designed to measure intrusion, avoidance, and arousal symptoms associated with indirect exposure to traumatic events via one’s professional relationships with traumatized clients. Method: A sample of 287 licensed social workers completed a mailed survey containing the STSS and other relevant survey items. Results: Evidence was found for reliability, convergent and discriminant validity, and factorial validity. Conclusions: The STSS fills a need for reliable and valid instruments specifically designed to measure the negative effects of social work practice with traumatized populations. The instrument may be used to undertake empirical investigation into the prevention and amelioration of secondary traumatic stress among social work practitioners.