bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Desafios para o design de informação em ambientes de realidade aumentada
Authors: Tori Romero
Published: December 2020

O design de informao um processo que depende, em grande medida, do suporte de mdia empregado. A transposio de mdia impressa para mdia digital, por exemplo, vem permitindo a explorao de recursos de interatividade, atualizao em tempo-real e personalizao, entre outros, mastambm tem trazido grandes desafios aos designers. A falta de controle sobre formatos, resolues, fontes, cores e outros aspectos dos dispositivos de exibio digital so apenas algumas das dificuldades dos projetistas de interface, certamente no as nicas, nem as menores. O que se esperar ento de uma mdia cujo suporte de exibio seja o prprio ambiente? o caso da Realidade Aumentada (RA), que aps vrios anos de incubao em laboratrios de pesquisa e eventos cientficos especializados, comea a se tornar vivel como meio de comunicao e, portanto, como mais uma opo tecnolgica a ser considerada pelos designers de informao. A RA uma evoluo da conhecida Realidade Virtual (RV), com a diferena de que, em lugar de se buscar a imerso do usurio em um ambiente virtual, se enriquece o ambiente real com informaes virtuais a esse integradas. A partir da experincia do autor em diversos projetos de pesquisa envolvendo a tecnologia de realidade aumentada, este artigo faz uma sntese dos conceitos fundamentais envolvidos e discute alguns dos desafios que devem ser enfrentados pelos designers de informao que decidirem utiliz-la. [ Download ]
Hipermídia para aprendizagem da língua espanhola: avaliação qualitativa realizada por usuários/tutores
Authors: Nunes Juliane Vargas , Gonçalves Berenice Santos
Published: December 2020

O tutor de EAD atua como mediador do processo de aprendizagem a distncia. Buscando afirmar esse papel, este artigo apresenta uma avaliao qualitativa relativa ao processo de interao entre usurios/tutores e uma hipermdia para aprendizagem no contexto da EAD. Aps a fundamentao terica, adotou-se o mtodo prospectivo de entrevistas realizadas com tutores presenciais e a distncia atuantes em um curso de Letras Espanhol da UAB. As perguntas realizadas nas entrevistas foram originadas por categorias investigao prdefinidas a partir dos seguintes eixos: explicitao dos objetivos de aprendizagem, clareza na apresentao dos conceitos/contedos, uso dos recursos miditicos, legibilidade e consistncia na apresentao visual das telas, dentre outros. Tais eixos, tambm foram utilizados na categorizao dos dados levantados. Alguns dos resultados ressaltam a importncia da mediao do tutor na reiterao dos objetivos de aprendizagem, a necessidade de manuteno do menu em todas as telas da hipermdia e a insero de ferramentas de busca. Tal avaliao pretende contribuir com novos projetos no contexto do curso.
Determining the hierarchical order by which the variables of sampling season, dust
outbreaks occurrence, and sampling location, can shape the airborne bacterial
communities in the Mediterranean basin
Authors: Rosselli Riccardo , Fiamma Maura , Deligios Massimo , Pintus Gabriella , Pellizzaro Grazia , Canu Annalisa , Duce Pierpaolo , Squartini Andrea , Muresu Rosella , Cappuccinelli Pietro
Published: December 2020

Abstract. An NGS-based taxonomic analysis was carried out on airborne bacteria sampled at ground level in two periods (May and September) and two opposite localities on the North-South axis of the Sardinia Island. Located in a central position of the Mediterranean basin, Sardinia constitutes a suitable outpost to reveal possible immigration of bacterial taxa during transcontinental particle discharge between Africa and Europe. With the aim of verifying relative effects of dust outbreaks, sampling period and sampling site, on the airborne bacterial community composition, we compared air collected during dust-carrying meteorological events to that coming from wind regimes not associated to long-distance particle lifting. Results indicated that: (a) a higher microbial diversity (118 orders vs 65) and increased community evenness were observed in the campaign carried out in September in comparison to the one in May, irrespective of the place of collection and of the presence or absence of dust outbreaks. (b) During the period of standard wind regimes without transcontinental outbreaks a synchronous, concerted succession of bacterial communities across distant locations of the same island, accompanied as mentioned by a parallel rise in bacterial diversity and community evenness appears to have occurred. (c) changes in wind provenance could transiently change community composition in the locality placed on the coast facing the incoming wind, but not in the one located at the opposite side of the island; for this reason the community changes brought from dust outbreaks of African origin are observed only in the sampling station exposed to south; (d) the same winds, once proceeding over land appear to uplift bacteria belonging to a common core already present over the region, which dilute or replace those that were associated with the air coming from the sea or conveyed by the dust particulate, explaining the two prior points. (e) the hierarchy of the variables tested in determining bacterial assemblages composition results: sampling period >> ongoing meteorological events > sampling location within the island.
Management induced changes of soil organic carbon on global
croplands
Authors: Karstens Kristine , Bodirsky Benjamin Leon , Dietrich Jan Philipp , Dondini Marta , Heinke Jens , Kuhnert Matthias , Müller Christoph , Rolinski Susanne , Smith Pete , Weindl Isabelle , Lotze-Campen Hermann , Popp Alexander
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Soil organic carbon (SOC) is one of the largest terrestrial carbon stocks on Earth. The first meter of the Earths soils profile stores three times as much carbon as the vegetation and twice the amount of C in the atmosphere. SOC has been depleted by anthropogenic land cover change and agricultural management. However, the latter has so far not been well represented in global carbon stock assessments. While SOC models often simulate detailed biochemical processes that lead to the accumulation and decay of SOC, the management decisions driving these biophysical processes are still little investigated at the global scale. Here we develop a spatial explicit data set for agricultural management on cropland, considering crop production levels, residue returning rates, manure application, and the adoption of irrigation and tillage practices. We combine it with the IPCC Tier 2 steady-state soil model to create a half-degree resolution data set of SOC stocks and SOC stock changes for the first 30 cm of mineral soils. We estimate that due to arable farming, soils have lost around 26 GtC relative to a counterfactual natural state in 1975. Yet, within the period 1975–2010 this SOC debt has been decreasing again by a net quantity of 4 Gt SOC, which can be mainly traced back to an increased input of C in crop residues due to higher crop productivity. We also find that SOC is very sensitive to management decisions such as residue returning indicating the necessity to incorporate better management data in soil model simulations.
Technical note: Mobile open dynamic chamber measurement of methane macroseeps in lakes
Authors: Thalasso Frederic , Walter Anthony Katey , Irzak Olya , Chaleff Ethan , Barker Laughlin , Anthony Peter , Hanke Philip , Gonzalez-Valencia Rodrigo
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Methane (CH4) seepage (i.e., steady or episodic flow
of gaseous hydrocarbons from subsurface reservoirs) has been identified as a
significant source of atmospheric CH4. However, radiocarbon data from
polar ice cores have recently brought into question the magnitude of fossil
CH4 seepage naturally occurring. In northern high latitudes, seepage of
subsurface CH4 is impeded by permafrost and glaciers, which are under
an increasing risk of thawing and melting in a globally warming world,
implying the potential release of large stores of CH4 in the future.
Resolution of these important questions requires a better constraint and
monitoring of actual emissions from seepage areas. The measurement of these
seeps is challenging, particularly in aquatic environments, because they
involve large and irregular gas flow rates, unevenly distributed both
spatially and temporally. Large macroseeps are particularly difficult to
measure due to a lack of lightweight, inexpensive methods that can be
deployed in remote Arctic environments. Here, we report the use of a mobile
chamber for measuring emissions at the surface of ice-free lakes subject to
intense CH4 macroseepage. Tested in a remote Alaskan lake, the method
was validated for the measurement of fossil CH4 emissions of up to 1.08 × 104 g CH4 m−2 d−1 (13.0 L m−2 min−1
of 83.4 % CH4 bubbles), which is within the range of global fossil
methane seepage and several orders of magnitude above standard ecological
emissions from lakes. In addition, this method allows for low diffusive flux
measurements. Thus, the mobile chamber approach presented here covers the
entire magnitude range of CH4 emissions currently identified, from
those standardly observed in lakes to intense macroseeps, with a single
apparatus of moderate cost.
Simultaneous debridement, Ilizarov reconstruction and free muscle flaps in the management of complex tibial infection
Authors: Mifsud Max , Ferguson Jamie Y. , Stubbs David A. , Ramsden Alex J. , McNally Martin A.
Published: December 2020

Abstract. Chronic bone infections often present with complex bone and soft tissue
loss. Management is difficult and commonly delivered in multiple stages over
many months. This study investigated the feasibility and clinical outcomes
of reconstruction in one stage. Fifty-seven consecutive patients with chronic osteomyelitis (n=27) or
infected non-union (n=30) were treated with simultaneous debridement,
Ilizarov method and free muscle flap transfer. 41 patients (71.9 %) had
systemic co-morbidities (Cierny-Mader group Bs hosts). Infection was
confirmed with strict criteria. 48 patients (84.2 %) had segmental
defects. The primary outcome was eradication of infection at final follow-up.
Secondary outcomes included bone union, flap survival and complications or
re-operation related to the reconstruction. Infection was eradicated in 55/57 cases (96.5 %) at a mean follow-up of 36 months (range 12–146). No flap failures occurred during distraction but 6
required early anastomotic revision and 3 were not salvageable (flap failure
rate 5.3 %). Bony union was achieved in 52/57 (91.2 %) with the initial surgery alone.
After treatment of the five un-united docking sites, all cases achieved bony
union at final follow-up. Simultaneous reconstruction with Ilizarov method and free tissue transfer is
safe but requires careful planning and logistic considerations. The outcomes
from this study are equivalent or better than those reported after staged
surgery.
Determination of the angle of attack on a research wind turbine rotor blade using surface pressure measurements
Authors: Soto-Valle Rodrigo , Bartholomay Sirko , Alber Jörg , Manolesos Marinos , Nayeri Christian Navid , Paschereit Christian Oliver
Published: December 2020

Abstract. In this paper, a method to determine the angle of attack on a wind turbine rotor blade using a chordwise pressure distribution measurement was applied. The approach used a reduced number of pressure tap data located close to the blade leading edge. The results were compared with the measurements from three external probes mounted on the blade at different radial positions and with analytical calculations. Both experimental approaches used in this study are based on the 2-D flow assumption; the pressure tap method is an application of the thin airfoil theory, while the probe method applies geometrical and induction corrections to the measurement data. The experiments were conducted in the wind tunnel at the Hermann Föttinger Institut of the Technische Universität Berlin. The research turbine is a three-bladed upwind horizontal axis wind turbine model with a rotor diameter of 3 m. The measurements were carried out at rated conditions with a tip speed ratio of 4.35, and different yaw and pitch angles were tested in order to compare the approaches over a wide range of conditions. Results show that the pressure tap method is suitable and provides a similar angle of attack to the external probe measurements as well as the analytical calculations. This is a significant step for the experimental determination of the local angle of attack, as it eliminates the need for external probes, which affect the flow over the blade and require additional calibration.
La sostenibilidad en las empresas multinacionales
Authors: Mateo Collantes Miguel Ángel
Published: December 2020

El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo analizar la capacidad real de implementar, en las empresas multinacionales, acciones, políticas, actuaciones, etc. Que conduzcan a las sostenibilidad ambiental. Primeramente, se analizan los conceptos, para después realizar una revisión de los antecedentes, poco sostenibles, de las empresas multinacionales. La parte del central del trabajo se destina a analizar la relación de las empresas con el medio ambiente y la sostenibilidad, que pasos pueden seguir las empresas para alcanzarla, las complicaciones económicas y sociales para alcanzar los objetivos y los beneficios que obtienen tanto las empresas como la sociedad de las practicas sostenibles. Por último, se presenta la relación de las empresas con el territorio y los polígonos industriales.
OCORRÊNCIA DE PARASITAS GASTROINTESTINAIS EM CÃES E GATOS ATENDIDOS NO HOSPITAL VETERINÁRIO DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO PARANÁ SETOR PALOTINA
Authors: Torres Bruna Ávila , Souza Laura Zanella , Candeias Ana Paula Molinari , Fernandes Nelson Luis Mello
Published: December 2020

Os parasitos que mais infectam os cães e gatos são: Ancylostoma sp., Toxocara sp., Dipylidium sp., os sinais clínicos são caracterizados por diarreia, anorexia, apatia e perda de peso, acometem mais os filhotes onde o maior problema é a enterite hemorrágica aguda, podendo ser fatal (RIBEIRO, 2016). O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a predominância dos principais endoparasitos na região noroeste do Paraná, utilizando como foco de estudo os cães e gatos atendidos no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal do Paraná, setor Palotina, no período entre 2019 a 2020. Utilizou-se as técnicas de flutuação simples (Willis-mollay, 1921) e centrífugo-flutuação (Sheather, 1923) para identificar ovos e oocistos dos parasitos. Foram avaliados 82 cães e 25 gatos, machos e fêmeas, com idade entre 1 mês a 15 anos, de diferentes raças, sendo mais predominante os sem raça definida. Dentre os cães, 21,95% foram positivos nos exames através de flutuação simples, destes 14,63% positivos para Ancylostoma sp., 7,32% Toxocara sp. e 2,44% Cystoisopora sp. Para os exames através de centrífugo-flutuação, 29,27% obtiveram resultados positivos, destes 14,63% positivos para Giardia sp., 7,32% Ancylostoma sp., 4,88% Toxocara sp. e 3,66% Cystoisospora sp. Durante os exames também foram encontrados oocistos de coccídeos em dois animais. Nos gatos, para a técnica de flutuação simples 12% foram positivos, destes 8% para Ancylostoma sp., 4% para Cytoisospora sp. e um animal com presença de proglotes de Dipylidium sp. nas fezes. Para centrífugo-flutuação 20% foram positivos, destes 12%  positivos para Giárdia sp., 4% Ancylostoma sp., 4% Cystoisospora sp. Outros trabalhos corroboram com estes resultados como o de Ribeiro (2016), onde foram identificados 24,91% de positividade, sendo encontrado com maior prevalência do Ancylostoma sp.; presente em 12,22%, seguido de Toxocara sp. com 7,71%. Ferraz et al. (2019) em um estudo com amostras analisadas pela técnica de centrífugo-flutuação, sendo que destas, 12,7% e 35,3% foram positivas para oocistos de Giardia sp. em cães e gatos, respectivamente. Esses gêneros tem uma grande importância na saúde pública, pois são zoonoses, como o Ancylostoma sp., que infectam pela penetração na pele (larva migrans cutânea), causando uma dermatite pruriginosa e o Toxocara sp. que causa migração em órgãos através da circulação sanguínea (larva migrans visceral), assim como o género Giardia que inclui espécies com potencial zoonótico de distribuição mundial, sendo considerado um dos parasitas mais comuns no homem e uma das principais causas de diarreia não viral em humanos e animais. Pelo fato de serem zoonoses, é necessário adotar medidas sanitárias que visem à diminuição da contaminação dos animais e do ambiente, diminuindo consequentemente a exposição a este protozoário, assim como os outros parasitos (RIBEIRO, 2016).
DETERMINAÇÃO DA POPULAÇÃO DE HELMINTOS GASTRINTESTINAIS EM OVINOS DO MUNICÍPIO DE SANTA TEREZINHA DE ITAIPU, PARANÁ, BRASIL
Authors: Prado Carolina Melchior , Vieira Douglas Luís , Molento Marcelo Beltrão
Published: December 2020

A criação de pequenos ruminantes, possui importância econômica e social no mundo todo. Nesse aspecto, as helmintoses gastrintestinais estão listadas como uma das principais causas de impacto negativo na saúde e bem-estar de ovinos e caprinos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo determinar a prevalência de helmintos que acometem ovinos. Foram coletadas dez amostras de ovinos (entre adultos e jovens) em uma propriedade no munícipio de Santa Terezinha de Itaipu, que se localiza a 615 Km de Curitiba, PR. Todas as amostras foram mantidas sob refrigeração até o seu processamento. Também foi realizado questionário de histórico clínico, onde o responsável relatou tratamento com levamisol 17 dias antes da coleta. Além disso, foi relatado que nunca foi realizada nenhuma forma de tratamento seletivo ou exame coproparasitológico. Para quantificar a ocorrência dos helmintos encontrados, foi realizada a técnica de coprocultura que possibilita a determinação dos gêneros de parasitos encontrados a partir da morfologia da larva. Para realizar a técnica, foi adicionado cerca de 30 g de fezes com vermiculite comercial. O conteúdo foi misturado com o auxílio de uma espátula até que se obtivesse um composto homogêneo que preenchesse 2/3 de um frasco de 500 mL com boca larga. Logo após, o conteúdo foi umidificado com água destilada e coberto com placa de Petri, permitindo a entrada de ar com o auxílio de um barbante cruzando transversalmente a boca do frasco. O frasco foi mantido em temperatura ambiente (acima de 20º C) por dez dias e a cada dois dias o conteúdo foi novamente umidificado com água destilada. Após dez dias, o frasco foi preenchido com água destilada morna e coberto com uma placa de Petri. O recipiente foi invertido afim de estimular a migração larval para a placa por termotropismo. Depois de passadas 12 h, o conteúdo líquido da placa de Petri foi coletado com o auxílio de uma pipeta Pasteur, para em seguida ser realizada a leitura. Três alíquotas de 10 µL foram lidas em microscópio óptico no aumento de 40x. Na média, foram contabilizadas 210 larvas por alíquota. Das larvas de helmintos encontrados, 91% pertenciam a parasitos do gênero Haemonchus, enquanto que 9% pertenciam ao gênero Trichostrongylus. Com base nos resultados encontrados, podemos afirmar que Haemonchus é o parasito com maior população e consequentemente de maior importância nessa propriedade. Também podemos suspeitar de resistência do Haemonchus ao levamisol na propriedade, pois esse helminto apresentou alta ocorrência mesmo após recente tratamento. Novos estudos e coletas de dados com auxílio de técnicas mais acuradas (ex. PCR) são necessários para determinar a presença de mutações relativas a resistência ao levamisol.
POTENTIAL OF ILMENITE AS A SOLAR ABSORBER
Authors: Sousa G. C. P. , Gomes K. C. , Júnior W. F. A. , Duarte R. N. C.
Published: December 2020

Titanium is considered the fourth most widely used material in industry worldwide. Titanium minerals are currently being applied in various branches of industry, mainly in the field of pigmentation. Ilmenite (FeTiO3) is an iron and titanium oxide of more common and abundant occurrence, with theoretical composition of Fe (36.8%), Ti (31.6%) and O (31.6%). Having regard to the potential of titanium minerals and the abundance of ilmenite, together with the importance of validating direct applications of this ore, since the processing of titanium is still complex and expensive, it is necessary to study this mineral and the knowledge of its main characteristics. This work brings thermal, chemical and mineralogical characterizations of ilmenite, in order to know the potential of application of this ore as a solar absorbing material. The characterization techniques used were: X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Rietveld refinement for phase quantification, X-ray fluorescence (XRF), optical spectroscopy in the middle infrared region with Fourier Transformation by Transmittance (FTIR) and thermogravimetric thermal analysis (TGA). The analyzed sample obtained X-ray diffractogram, ilmenite (80.6%) and rutile (19.4%) as significant phases, corroborating the FRX results that indicated greater presence of Fe and titanium oxide in the ilmenite chemical composition under study. The TGA, DTA and DSC analyses indicated good thermal stability of the material in medium and high temperatures. The integration of the obtained data shows that the application of this ore as a precursor material of absorber films for selective purposes is considerable.
Impasse nas relações entre o Governo Imperial Brasileiro e a Santa Sé: do Decreto de n° 373, de 30 de julho de 1844, ao Acordo sobre as Missões Apostólicas de 1862
Authors: Ribeiro Edilmar Cardoso
Published: December 2020

Este artigo tem por objetivos esclarecer as causas que levaram o Governo imperial brasileiro a promulgar o Decreto de n° 373, de 30 de julho de 1844, que regulou a distribuição dos missionários Capuchinhos em missão pelas províncias do Brasil; analisar e expor o conteúdo do decreto e os desentendimentos acerca deste que geraram desarmonias nas relações entre o Governo imperial brasileiro e a Santa Sé, e reconstruir as negociações entre o Governo imperial brasileiro e a Santa Sé, que levaram ao acordo sobre as missões apostólicas de 1862. Este estudo é resultado de uma pesquisa qualitativa, descritiva e documental, baseou-se quase exclusivamente em correspondências encontradas no Arquivo de Propaganda Fide (Roma), no Arquivo da Cúria Geral dos Capuchinhos (Roma), no Arquivo da Congregação dos Negócios Eclesiásticos Extraordinários (Cidade do Vaticano), no Arquivo Secreto Vaticano (Cidade do Vaticano), no Arquivo dos Capuchinhos do Rio deJaneiro e no Arquivo Nossa Senhora da Piedade dos Capuchinhos da Bahia (Salvador). Ademais, foram também analisados alguns relatórios do Ministro da Justiça.
Classification and Separation of Audio and Music Signals
Authors: I. Al-Shoshan Abdullah
Published: December 2020

This chapter addresses the topic of classification and separation of audio and music signals. It is a very important and a challenging research area. The importance of classification process of a stream of sounds come up for the sake of building two different libraries: speech library and music library. However, the separation process is needed sometimes in a cocktail-party problem to separate speech from music and remove the undesired one. In this chapter, some existed algorithms for the classification process and the separation process are presented and discussed thoroughly. The classification algorithms will be divided into three categories. The first category includes most of the real time approaches. The second category includes most of the frequency domain approaches. However, the third category introduces some of the approaches in the time-frequency distribution. The approaches of time domain discussed in this chapter are the short-time energy (STE), the zero-crossing rate (ZCR), modified version of the ZCR and the STE with positive derivative, the neural networks, and the roll-off variance. The approaches of the frequency spectrum are specifically the roll-off of the spectrum, the spectral centroid and the variance of the spectral centroid, the spectral flux and the variance of the spectral flux, the cepstral residual, and the delta pitch. The time-frequency domain approaches have not been yet tested thoroughly in the process of classification and separation of audio and music signals. Therefore, the spectrogram and the evolutionary spectrum will be introduced and discussed. In addition, some algorithms for separation and segregation of music and audio signals, like the independent Component Analysis, the pitch cancelation and the artificial neural networks will be introduced.
Solar Energy Assessment in Various Regions of Indian Sub-continent
Authors: Renoald Albert Johny , Shunmugham Vanaja Dishore
Published: December 2020

The demand for sustainable energy has increased significantly over the years due to the rapid depletion of fossil fuels. The solar photovoltaic system has been the advantage of converting solar irradiation directly to electricity, and it is suitable for most of the regions. But in the case of solar energy conversion, the voltage evolved from the solar photovoltaic cells is not adequate to meet the energy demand. Therefore, the converters and inverters with energy storage systems are used to fulfill the energy demand. These conversion architectures create new challenges for effective management of the grid. Due to the evaluation of power generation, load in a particular region or area, let us simplify with the help of the duck curve. The study is focused on the energy auditing, assessment, and measurement of solar irradiation from PV system design software. This graphical representation is implemented with a typical electricity load pattern at any region.
Breast Fine-Needle Aspiration Practice in 2019: Results of a College of American Pathologists National Survey
Authors: Li Zaibo , Souers Rhona J. , Tabbara Sana O. , Natale Kristen E. , Nguyen Lananh N. , Booth Christine N.
Published: December 2020

Context.—

The College of American Pathologists surveys provide national benchmarks of pathology practice for laboratories.

Objective.—

To investigate breast fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy practice in domestic and international laboratories in 2019.

Design.—

We analyzed data from the College of American Pathologists Breast FNA Practice Supplemental Questionnaire that was distributed to laboratories participating in the 2019 College of American Pathologists Non-Gynecologic Cytopathology Education Program.

Results.—

Sixty-one percent (499 of 816) of respondent laboratories routinely evaluated breast FNAs. Cystic lesions were the most common indication, and radiologists primarily performed FNAs in most settings. Forty-five percent (220 of 491) of laboratories performed ancillary studies on breast FNA samples, but 33.8% (70 of 207) did not report fixation time for breast biomarker studies. Only 54.5% (271 of 497) of laboratories had a standardized reporting system and only 16.8% (82 of 488) were aware of the International Academy of Cytology Yokohama Breast FNA Biopsy Cytology Reporting System. There were significant differences among different types of institutions in several aspects of breast FNA practice, including frequency of concurrent FNA and core needle biopsy for the same lesion, primary personnel who performed the FNA, etc. Significant differences existed between domestic and international laboratories in slide preparation, ancillary studies, fixation time reporting, standardized/descriptive diagnosis, and International Academy of Cytology Yokohama Reporting System awareness.

Conclusions.—

This is the first survey from the College of American Pathologists Cytopathology Committee to investigate breast FNA practices. The data reveal significant differences in breast FNA practice among different types of institutions and between domestic and international laboratories, and provide a baseline for future breast FNA studies in a variety of practice settings.
Journey with Veterans
Authors: Hall Jessica
Published: December 2020

The Fresno County Public Library in Fresno, California partnered with the Community Living Center at the VA Medical Center and the Veterans Home of California – Fresno to bring a virtual reality program to residents. The program utilized Google Expeditions to provide a fun, educational virtual reality experience for veterans. This column will discuss how the program was developed, the implementation of the program, the software and hardware used, and the outcomes.
Les métamorphoses de l’identité et l’absence du sujet dans 'Espèces' de Ying Chen
Authors: Hung Shiau-Ting
Published: December 2020

Cet article vise à démontrer, en évaluant l’enjeu de la métamorphose et la question identitaire du sujet romanesque, l’importance de la notion de dualité pour les études sur l’écriture de Ying Chen. Mettant en dialogue Espèces (Ying, 2013), avec les théories sur la construction du sujet dans le contexte de la diaspora avec la conception de soi dans le discours philosophique et féministe, l’auteure tente de montrer l’articulation du récit de soi dans la traversée du corps, du langage, et de l’espace temporel dans le monde de fiction. La construction d’identité implique aussi bien la distanciation du réel, et tente d’accéder à l’hybridation de l’identité du sujet au sein du monde de la fiction.
Phosphonium Bromides Regulating Solid Electrolyte Interphase Components and Optimizing Solvation Sheath Structure for Suppressing Lithium Dendrite Growth
Authors: Qi Shihan , He Jian , Liu Jiandong , Wang Huaping , Wu Mingguang , Li Fang , Wu Daxiong , Li Xin , Ma Jianmin
Published: December 2020

Electrolyte additives play important roles in suppressing lithium dendrite growth and improving the electrochemical performance of long‐life lithium metal batteries (LMBs), however, it is still challenging to design individual additive for adjusting the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) components and changing lithium ion solvation sheath in the electrolyte at the same time for optimizing electrochemical performance. Herein, alkyl‐triphenyl‐phosphonium bromides (alkyl‐TPPB) are designed as the electrolyte additive to enhance the stability of metallic Li anode under the guidance of multi‐factor principle for electrolyte additive molecule design (EDMD). Both alkyl‐TPP cations and Br− anions produce positive influences on suppressing Li dendrite growth and stabilizing the unstable interphase between metallic Li anode/electrolyte. As expected, the optimized solvation sheath structure, and the stable SEI suppress Li dendrite growth. As a result, the Li||Li4Ti5O12 cell reveals a long stable life over 1000 cycles with high Coulombic efficiency (99.9%). This work provides an insight on stabilizing SEI and optimizing solvation sheath structure with novel approach to develop long‐term stability and safety LMBs.
Copper‐Free Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Triazolo[1,5‐a][1,4]diazepin‐6‐ones
Authors: Kriegelsteinová Patricia , Lemrová Barbora , Ručilová Veronika , Soural Miroslav
Published: December 2020

Synthesis of triazolo[1,5‐a][1,4]diazepin‐6‐ones on solid support is reported in this article. Amino acids immobilized on Wang resin were nosylated and alkylated with propargyl alcohol, but‐2‐yn‐1‐ol or different 3‐phenylprop‐2‐yn‐1‐ols using Mitsunobu alkylation conditions. After denosylation, acylation with Fmoc‐azidoalanine yielded linear precursors that were thermally cyclized on resin to give immobilized triazolodiazepinones. After cleavage from the polymer support, the target compounds were obtained in high crude purities and good overall yields. Furthermore, the synthetic approach was applied to convenient solid‐phase synthesis of oligopeptide containing the triazolodiazepinone moiety as the peptidomimetic heterocyclic constraint.

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Nonfluorinated Ionic Liquid Electrolytes for Lithium Metal Batteries: Ionic Conduction, Electrochemistry, and Interphase Formation
Authors: Karimi Niyousha , Zarrabeitia Maider , Mariani Alessandro , Gatti Daniele , Varzi Alberto , Passerini Stefano
Published: December 2020

Cyano‐based ionic liquids (ILs) are prime candidates for the manufacturing of cheaper and safer batteries due to their inherently low‐volatility and absence of expensive fluorinated species. In this work, N‐methyl‐N‐butylpyrrolidinium (Pyr14)‐based ILs featuring two different cyano‐based anions, i.e., dicyanamide (DCA) and tricyanomethanide (TCM), and their mixture with the respective Li salts (1:9 salt:IL mole ratio), alongside their combination (DCA–TCM), are evaluated as potential electrolytes for lithium metal batteries (LMBs). The electrolytes display significant ionic conductivity at room temperature (5 mS cm−1) alongside an electrochemical stability window up to 4 V, suitable for low‐voltage LMBs such as Li–sulfur, as well as promising cycling stability. In addition to the detailed physicochemical (viscosity, conductivity) and electrochemical (electrochemical stability window, stripping/plating, and impedance test in symmetrical Li cells) characterization, the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) formed in this class of ionic liquids is studied for the first time. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) provides evidence for an SEI dominated by a polymer‐rich layer including carbon–nitrogen single, double, and triple bonds, which provides high ionic conductivity and mechanical stability, leading to the aforementioned cycling stability. Finally, a molecular insight is achieved by density functional theory (DFT) and classic molecular dynamics simulations both supporting the experimental evidence.
Ethical guidance for geriatric clinical research in China
Authors: Yu Lingling , Li Xiaoling , Zhang Pengjun , Zhang Guojun
Published: December 2020

In China, the population is aging rapidly, and the elderly have enormous medical needs. However, the elderly are underrepresented in clinical research, potentially forcing them to use medical devices and treatments that may be not suitable for them. Elderly patients are characterized by multiple comorbidities, concomitant treatments, and high incidence of cognitive impairment, and consequently are at increased risk of participating in clinical research. To reduce the risks involved with the elderly participating in clinical research, guidance on the ethical review of geriatric research is necessary. Based on a literature review and panel discussion, we have developed the Ethical Guidance for Geriatric Clinical Research, aiming to provide guidance on the ethical review of geriatric clinical research.
Does local label bias consumer taste buds and preference? Evidence of a strawberry sensory experiment
Authors: He Chenyi , Liu Ruifeng , Gao Zhifeng , Zhao Xin , Sims Charles A. , Nayga Rodolfo M.
Published: December 2020

Previous research mainly focuses on the impact of locality information/labels on consumer preference as a credence attribute that is not observable even after purchasing the products. We hypothesize that locality information on food may also influence consumer perception of the three types of attributes of food products: search (i.e., color, size, freshness, and shape), experience (i.e., flavor and texture), and other credence attributes (i.e., nutritional value). We conduct an experiment with a total of 100 participants. We combine the consumer sensory analysis with the CVM to determine the impact of locality information on consumers' perception of strawberry search, experience, and credence attributes, and how these three types of attributes affect consumers' willingness to pay (WTP) at different consumption stages. Results show that providing locality information affects the sensory attributes of color perceived by consumers. Color, size, and freshness have a significant impact on consumers' WTP before consumers taste the strawberries, while flavor and texture exhibit an influential impact on consumers' WTP after tasting. Locality information is not a significant factor in determining consumers' WTP before and after they taste the strawberries. However, for some consumers, it significantly affects their WTP if locality is perceived to be associated with improved nutritional quality and food safety comparing to people who perceive local food to be fresher.
The character of parietal and orbital alterations in the superfamily Hominoidea (families Hominidae [exclusive of Homo] and Hylobotidae)
Authors: Rothschild Bruce
Published: December 2020

Parietal external surface disruption routinely referred to as porotic hyperostosis, and orbital alterations (cribra orbitalia), have been attributed to anemia‐related bone marrow hyperplasia in humans. A recent study in humans identified that they were actually vascular in nature. Skeletons were examined and epi‐illumination surface microscopy was performed on the parietal region and orbit of 156 Hominidae and 123 Hylobotidae to assess if these phenomena were trans‐phylogenetic. Trans‐cortical channels were recognized on the basis of visualized ectocranial surface defects penetrating the parietal; cribra orbitalia, by alteration of the normally smooth orbital roof appearance. Trans‐cortical parietal channels, ranging in size from 20 to 100 µm, are rare in Gorilla and Pan troglodytes and absent in Pan paniscus. They are universally present in adult Pongo abeli and in Hylobatidae, independent of species. Cribra orbitalia was common in Hylobotidae, Pongo pygmaeus and P. abelii, less prevalent in adult P. troglodytes, and not recognized in any Gorilla gorilla or P. paniscus examined. The proliferative form predominated, with the exception of Hylobates concolor and muelleri, in which uncalcified vascular grooves predominated. No correlation was observed between the presence of either trans‐cortical channels or cribra orbitalia and fractures, osteoarthritis, or inflammatory arthritis. Parietal alterations observed in apes are trans‐cortical channels, analogous to those observed in humans, and do not represent porosity. Similarly, cribra orbitalia in apes is confirmed as vascular in nature. The proliferative form apparently represents calcification of blood vessel walls, indistinguishable from observations in humans. Predominant presence in adults rather than in juveniles suggests that both forms are acquired rather than developmental in derivation. Sex and bone alteration/disease‐independence suggests that mechanical, endocrine, and inflammatory phenomena do not contribute to the development of either. Further, independent occurrence of trans‐cortical channels and cribra orbitalia suggests that they do not have a shared etiology.
A Pseudotetrahedral Terminal Oxoiron(IV) Complex: Mechanistic Promiscuity in C−H Bond Oxidation Reactions
Authors: Warm Katrin , Paskin Alice , Kuhlmann Uwe , Bill Eckhard , Swart Marcel , Haumann Michael , Dau Holger , Hildebrandt Peter , Ray Kallol
Published: December 2020

S=2 oxoiron(IV) species act as reactive intermediates in the catalytic cycle of nonheme iron oxygenases. The few available synthetic S=2 FeIV=O complexes known to date are often limited to trigonal bipyramidal and very rarely to octahedral geometries. Herein we describe the generation and characterization of an S=2 pseudotetrahedral FeIV=O complex 2 supported by the sterically demanding 1,4,7‐tri‐tert‐butyl‐1,4,7‐triazacyclononane ligand. Complex 2 is a very potent oxidant in hydrogen atom abstraction (HAA) reactions with large non‐classical deuterium kinetic isotope effects, suggesting hydrogen tunneling contributions. For sterically encumbered substrates, direct HAA is impeded and an alternative oxidative asynchronous proton‐coupled electron transfer mechanism prevails, which is unique within the nonheme oxoiron community. The high reactivity and the similar spectroscopic parameters make 2 one of the best electronic and functional models for a biological oxoiron(IV) intermediate of taurine dioxygenase (TauD‐J).
Prevalence of structural birth defects among infants with Down syndrome, 2013–2017: A US population‐based study
Authors: Heinke Dominique , Isenburg Jennifer L. , Stallings Erin B. , Short Tyiesha D. , Le Mimi , Fisher Sarah , Shan Xiaoyi , Kirby Russell S. , Nguyen Hoang H. , Nestoridi Eirini , Nembhard Wendy N. , Romitti Paul A. , Salemi Jason L. , Lupo Philip J. ,   for the National Birth Defects Prevention Network
Published: December 2020

Background

Down syndrome is the most common chromosomal disorder at birth and is often accompanied by structural birth defects. Current data on major structural defects in this population are limited.

Methods

States and territorial population‐based surveillance programs submitted data on identified cases of Down syndrome and identified structural birth defects during 2013–2017. We estimated prevalence by program type and maternal and infant characteristics. Among programs with active case ascertainment, we estimated the prevalence of birth defects by organ system and for specific defects by maternal age (<35, ≥35) and infant sex.

Results

We identified 13,376 cases of Down syndrome. Prevalence among all programs was 12.7 per 10,000 live births. Among these children, 75% had at least one reported co‐occurring birth defect diagnosis code. Among 6,210 cases identified by active programs, 66% had a cardiovascular defect with septal defects being the most common: atrial (32.5%), ventricular (20.6%), and atrioventricular (17.4%). Defect prevalence differed by infant sex more frequently than by maternal age. For example, atrioventricular septal defects were more common in female children (20.1% vs. 15.1%) while limb deficiencies were more prevalent in male children (0.4% vs. 0.1%).

Conclusions

Our study provides updated prevalence estimates for structural defects, including rare defects, among children with Down syndrome using one of the largest and most recent cohorts to date. These data may aid clinical care and surveillance.
Guidelines for botulinum neurotoxin injections in piriformis syndrome
Authors: Yi Kyu‐Ho , Lee Kyu‐Lim , Lee Ji‐Hyun , Hu Hye‐Won , Lee Kangwoo , Seo Kyle K. , Kim Hee‐Jin
Published: December 2020

Background

The piriformis muscle is normally involved in piriformis syndrome and can be treated with botulinum neurotoxin using several different injection methods. However, definitive injection guidelines for the muscle have not been reported previously.

Aims

This study aimed to determine the ideal area for injections based on the intramuscular nerve distribution as obtained using a modified Sihler's staining technique.

Materials and Methods

A modified Sihler's method was applied to the piriformis muscle in 15 specimens. The intramuscular arborization areas were identified based on two anatomical landmarks: (a) the lateral border of the sacrum bone and (b) the greater trochanter.

Results

The nerve entry point for both piriformis muscles was found in the area between the lateral border of the sacrum and one‐fifth of the distance toward the greater trochanter. The intramuscular nerve distribution for the piriformis muscle had the largest arborization patterns between one‐fifth and two‐fifths of the distance from the sacrum to the greater trochanter. The piriformis muscle was tendinous from two‐fifths of the distance to the greater trochanter.

Discussion

This study has yielded suggested optimal injection locations for the piriformis muscle relative to external anatomical landmarks.

Conclusion

Clinicians can use these guidelines to ensure the effectiveness of not only botulinum neurotoxin injections but also other agents such as steroids, anesthetics, and normal saline. These guidelines will also help to avoid adverse outcomes of injection treatments.
Covalent Functionalization of Graphene for the Enhancement of Thermophysical Properties in Nanofluids
Authors: Selvaraj Vishnuprasad , Senthilkumar Karthick , Krishnan Haribabu
Published: December 2020

Covalent functionalization of graphene nanoparticles by autoclave, reflux‐condensation, and microwave‐assisted methods was performed. Nanofluids prepared by acidic functionalized graphene exhibit a higher dispersion stability than raw graphene. The thermal conductivity of nanofluids obtained by the microwave‐assisted method was higher than with other functionalization methods, and a signifcant maximum thermal conductivity enhancement compared to deionized water was achieved. Microwave‐assisted thermochemical synthesis is a highly effective energy‐saving method over other conventional approaches.
Preparation of Functionalized Carbon‐Coated Cobalt Nanoparticles with Sulfonated Arene Derivatives, a Study on Surface Functionalization and Stability
Authors: Doswald Simon , Stark Wendelin J.
Published: December 2020

The functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles has been an important field in the last decade due to the versatile applications in catalysis and biomedicine. Generally, a high degree of functionalities on the surface of the nanoparticles is desired. In this study, covalent functionalization of various aromatic sulfonic acids on carbon‐coated cobalt nanoparticles are investigated on surface functionalization yield and stability. The nanoparticles are prepared via covalent linkage of an in situ generated diazonium on the graphene‐like surface. Adsorption and wash experiments were performed to confirm a covalent bonding of the naphthalene derivatives on the nanoparticle surface. With an increased number of sulfonic acid groups on the aromatic compound a significantly lower loading is observed on the corresponding functionalized nanoparticles. This can be counteracted by a change of nitrite species. With this method, nanoparticles with a high number of sulfonic acid groups can be produced.
A Scalar Version of the Caflisch‐Luke Paradox
Authors: Gloria Antoine
Published: December 2020

Consider an infinite cloud of hard spheres sedimenting in a Stokes flow in the whole space ℝd. Despite many contributions in fluid mechanics and applied mathematics, there is so far no rigorous definition of the associated effective sedimentation velocity. Calculations by Caflisch and Luke in dimension d = 3 suggest that the effective velocity is well‐defined for hard spheres distributed according to a weakly correlated and dilute point process, and that the variance of the sedimentation speed is infinite. This constitutes the Caflisch‐Luke paradox. In this contribution, we consider a scalar version of this problem that displays the same difficulties in terms of interaction between the differential operator and the randomness, but is simpler in terms of PDE analysis. For a class of hardcore point processes we rigorously prove that the effective velocity is well‐defined in dimensions d > 2 and that the variance is finite in dimensions d > 4, confirming the formal calculations by Caflisch and Luke, and opening a way to the systematic study of such problems . © 2020 Wiley Periodicals LLC
Spin density polarization effects in the presence of Coriolis force on ion acoustic waves in quantum plasma
Authors: Hussain Sajjad , Abdikian Alireza , Hasnain Haseeb
Published: December 2020

Ion acoustic solitary waves in a quantum plasma, which is slowly rotating around an axis at an angle θ with the direction of magnetic field, are investigated. Quantum hydrodynamic model is under consideration with the effects of rotations which are included via Coriolis force. Fermions are degenerate and have different spin density states, that is, up and down characterized via parameter α. Linear analysis is performed by applying Fourier transformation to derive dispersion relation. For nonlinear analysis, we apply reductive perturbation method to derive Korteweg de Vries equation (KdV). The effects of variations of Coriolis force, spin polarization, and quantum parameter on characteristics of solitary structure are discussed. These results are applicable to astrophysical and laboratory plasmas.