bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Layered double hydroxides‐based Z‐scheme heterojunction for photocatalysis
Authors: Ding Guixiang , Wang Zhaoqiang , Zhang Juntao , Wang Peng , Chen Lihui , Liao Guangfu
Published: February 2024

Layered double hydroxides (LDHs)‐based photocatalysts have generated widespread interest owing to their great potential for solving both energy and environmental issues through directly converting nonconsumable solar energy. Numerous methods have been investigated and analyzed in recent years to promote the photocatalytic efficiency of LDHs. Z‐scheme heterojunction that mimics the artificial photosynthesis is employed in photocatalysis owing to the outstanding advantages, such as high quantum efficiency, separation of redox sites, and low recombination of photocarriers. Herein, various LDHs‐based Z‐scheme heterojunction photocatalysts are briefly reviewed. Z‐scheme heterojunction associated with LDHs‐based materials exhibit high photocatalysis performance, and these types of hybrids are applied in photocatalytic H2O splitting, CO2 reduction, and pollution degradation, which are introduced and summarized in detail. In the end, a brief conclusion focused on future challenges and expectations of LDH‐based Z‐scheme photocatalytic system is presented. We expect that more advances for LDH‐based Z‐scheme photocatalyst can be achieved in the field of photocatalysis in the coming days.
Potential extinction cascades in a desert ecosystem: Linking food web interactions to community viability
Authors: Eichenwald Adam J. , Fefferman Nina H. , Reed J. Michael
Published: February 2024

Desert communities are threatened with species loss due to climate change, and their resistance to such losses is unknown. We constructed a food web of the Mojave Desert terrestrial community (300 nodes, 4080 edges) to empirically examine the potential cascading effects of bird extinctions on this desert network, compared to losses of mammals and lizards. We focused on birds because they are already disappearing from the Mojave, and their relative thermal vulnerabilities are known. We quantified bottom‐up secondary extinctions and evaluated the relative resistance of the community to losses of each vertebrate group. The impact of random bird species loss was relatively low compared to the consequences of mammal (causing the greatest number of cascading losses) or reptile loss, and birds were relatively less likely to be in trophic positions that could drive top‐down effects in apparent competition and tri‐tropic cascade motifs. An avian extinction cascade with year‐long resident birds caused more secondary extinctions than the cascade involving all bird species for randomized ordered extinctions. Notably, we also found that relatively high interconnectivity among avian species has formed a subweb, enhancing network resistance to bird losses.
Effect of ecological and anthropogenic factors on grouping patterns in African lions across Kenya
Authors: Chege Mumbi , Bertola Laura D. , De Snoo Geert R. , Ngene Shadrack , Otieno Tobias , Amoke Irene , van 't Zelfde Maarten , Dolrenry Stephanie , Broekhuis Femke , Tamis Will , De Iongh Hans H. , Elliot Nicholas B.
Published: February 2024

Social carnivores frequently live in fission–fusion societies, where individuals that share a common territory or home range may be found alone, in subgroups, or altogether. Absolute group size and subgroup size is expected to vary according to resource distribution, but for species that are susceptible to anthropogenic pressures, other factors may be important drivers. African lions (Panthera leo) are the only truly social felid and lion prides are characterized by fission–fusion dynamics with social groups frequently splitting and reforming, and subgroup membership can change continuously and frequently. The number of individuals in a group can be reflective of social, ecological, and anthropogenic conditions. This dynamic behavior makes understanding lion grouping patterns crucial for tailoring conservation measures. The evolution of group living in lions has been the topic of numerous studies, and we drew on these to formulate hypotheses relating to group size and subgroup size variation. Based on data collected from 199 lion groups across eight sites in Kenya, we found that group sizes were smaller when lions were closer to human settlements, suggesting that edge effects are impacting lions at a national scale. Smaller groups were also more likely when they were far from water, and were associated with very low and very high levels of non‐tree vegetation. We found significant differences between the study sites, with the Maasai Mara having the largest groups (mean ± SD = 7.7 ± 4.7, range = 1–19), and Amboseli conservation area the smallest (4.3 ± 3.5, range = 1–14). While long‐term studies within a single site are well suited to thoroughly differentiate between absolute group size and subgroup size, our study provides unique insight into the correlates of grouping patterns in a vulnerable species at a national scale.
Validating a molecular clock for nudibranchs—No fossils to the rescue
Authors: Layton Kara K. S. , Wilson Nerida G.
Published: February 2024

Time calibrated phylogenies are typically reconstructed with fossil information but for soft‐bodied marine invertebrates that lack hard parts, a fossil record is lacking. In these cases, biogeographic calibrations or the rates of divergence for related taxa are often used. Although nudibranch phylogenies have advanced with the input of molecular data, no study has derived a divergence rate for this diverse group of invertebrates. Here, we use an updated closure date for the Isthmus of Panama (2.8 Ma) to derive the first divergence rates for chromodorid nudibranchs using multigene data from a geminate pair with broad phylogeographic sampling. Examining the species Chromolaichma sedna (Marcus & Marcus, 1967), we uncover deep divergences among eastern Pacific and western Atlantic clades and we erect a new species designation for the latter (Chromolaichma hemera sp. nov.). Next, we discover extensive phylogeographic structure within C. hemera sp. nov. sensu lato, thereby refuting the hypothesis of a recent introduction. Lastly, we derive divergence rates for mitochondrial and nuclear loci that exceed known rates for other gastropods and we highlight significant rate heterogeneity both among markers and taxa. Together, these findings improve understanding of nudibranch systematics and provide rates useful to apply to divergence scenarios in this diverse group.
Fault current limiter principle by switching magnetic circuit
Authors: Tsukima Mitsuru , Hatauchi Yamato
Published: February 2024

Several types of fault current limiters have been studied so far, including superconductor based one or nonsuperconductor based one. However, it is difficult to satisfy all requirements for cost, maintainability, and current limiting performance. This study proposes another type of fault current limiter, variable transformer based one. It is supposed to be less expensive and easier to be maintained since it is based on the conventional transformer, and to be expected better current limiting performance since the magnetic circuit of the transformer is drastically changed. The magnetic circuit of the transformer is switched to be opened and to produce another one by shifting a portion of its iron core mechanically, allowing the primary and secondary electric circuit to be magnetically isolated. In that way, the electromotive force of the secondary winding could be reduced so that the secondary current could be limited. The prototype based on this concept was designed and built up, and its stational performance has been investigated. As a result, it was confirmed that the prototype shows good current limiting performances identical to the results of the previous FE analysis. Furthermore, the prototype was connected to the operating mechanism to investigate the transient performances, and as a result, satisfying current limiting performances are confirmed
Keratinocytes in the pathogenesis, phenotypic switch, and relapse of psoriasis
Authors: Wang Xinxin , Lai Yuping
Published: February 2024

Although biologics have achieved tremendous success in the treatment of psoriasis and revolutionized the clinical management of the disease, certain issues arise during treatments, including the phenotypic switch from psoriasis to other skin disorders and the recurrence of psoriasis after the cessation of biologic treatment. Here we provide a concise overview of the roles of keratinocytes in the pathogenesis of psoriasis, elucidate the involvement of keratinocytes in the phenotypic switch and relapse of psoriasis, and address the challenges encountered in both basic and clinical research on psoriasis.
Controlled WASp activity regulates the proliferative response for Treg cell differentiation in the thymus
Authors: Vasconcelos‐Fontes Larissa , Vieira Rhaissa C. , He Minghui , Ferreira‐Reis Rafaella , Jurberg Arnon Dias , Arêas Mendes‐da‐Cruz Daniella , Andersson John , Cotta‐de‐Almeida Vinicius , Westerberg Lisa S.
Published: February 2024

The Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome protein (WASp) regulates actin cytoskeletal dynamics and function of hematopoietic cells. Mutations in the WAS gene lead to two different syndromes; Wiskott–Aldrich syndrome (WAS) caused by loss‐of‐function mutations, and X‐linked neutropenia (XLN) caused by gain‐of‐function mutations. We previously showed that WASp‐deficient mice have a decreased number of regulatory T (Treg) cells in the thymus and the periphery. We here evaluated the impact of WASp mutations on Treg cells in the thymus of WAS and XLN mouse models. Using in vitro Treg differentiation assays, WAS CD4 single‐positive thymocytes have decreased differentiation to Treg cells, despite normal early signaling upon IL‐2 and TGF‐β stimulation. They failed to proliferate and express CD25 at high levels, leading to poor survival and a lower number of Foxp3+ Treg cells. Conversely, XLN CD4 single‐positive thymocytes efficiently differentiate into Foxp3+ Treg cells following a high proliferative response to IL‐2 and TGF‐β, associated with high CD25 expression when compared with WT cells. Altogether, these results show that specific mutations of WASp affect Treg cell development differently, demonstrating a critical role of WASp activity in supporting Treg cell development and expansion.
Copper‐Catalyzed Fluoroamide‐Directed Remote C(sp3)‐H Bond Functionalization Through Intramolecular Hydrogen Atom Transfer
Authors: Lv Xin , Yang Yuhao , Zhou Liejin , Zeng Xiaojun
Published: February 2024

Direct C−H functionalization is an important strategy for the rapid synthesis of valuable organic molecules. Radical‐involved remote C(sp3)‐H functionalization based on hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) becomes an important method enabling selective direct transformation of C(sp3)‐H bonds at specific distal position(s). In the recent years, copper‐catalyzed fluoroamide‐directed remote C(sp3)‐H bond functionalization through intramolecular HAT has served as a robust and elegant strategy for the assembly of a variety of functionalized (sulfon)amides and related derivatives. This review focuses on the recent advances in this area. These transformations proceed effectively with high selectivities and good functional group compatibility under mild conditions.
Significance of addition of carbon nanotubes and fly ash on the wear and frictional performance of aluminum metal matrix composites
Authors: Devadiga Udaya , Fernandes Peter , Buradi Abdulrajak , Emma Addisu Frinjo
Published: February 2024

In order to improve the wear and frictional behavior of the aluminum metal matrix composites, carbon nanotube, and fly ash were added as reinforcements. Powder metallurgy technique was used to fabricate the hybrid metal matrix composites. Experimentations were carried out using pin on disc type wear test rig. The analyzed experimental results showed that, in comparison to the pure aluminum and mono reinforcement combination, the wear loss and coefficient of friction of hybrid metal matrix composites were greatly reduced. It was noted that compared to pure aluminum wear loss was decreased to 89.58%, 86.97%, 83.3% by adding 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 wt% carbon nanotube (CNT), respectively. By the addition of 4, 8 and 16 wt% FA to pure Al wear loss was decreased to 83.85%, 89.58%, and 78.12%, respectively. It was also noted that compared to Al/8 wt% FA mono reinforced composites, wear loss was decreased to 77%, 71.26%, and 53.22% with the addition of 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 wt% CNT, respectively. With the addition of 4, 8, 16 wt% FA, wear loss decreased to 81%, 88%, and 75% over Al/0.25 wt% CNT composites, respectively. The microstructural study of the worn‐out surfaces revealed low abrasive and adhesive wear by the presence of carbon nanotubes and fly ash in aluminum metal matrix. The reinforcing mechanisms of the wear and frictional properties were also discussed.
Modeling of the Continuous Dehydrogenation of Perhydro‐Dibenzyltoluene in a Cuboid Reactor
Authors: Geißelbrecht Michael , Benker Rachid , Seidel Alexander , Preuster Patrick
Published: February 2024

The use of the dibenzyltoluene/perhydro‐dibenzyltoluene (H18–DBT) system as a liquid organic hydrogen carrier (LOHC) enables the safe and loss‐free storage of hydrogen. The release of hydrogen from the LOHC is a catalytic reaction and requires ≈27% of the lower heating value of the released hydrogen in the form of heat neglecting heat losses. The high heat requirement makes it necessary to design chemical conversion units that both provide good heat input and accommodate the high gas release. Up to 1200 L of hydrogen is released from 1 L of LOHC under reaction conditions. In this work, a cuboid reactor for the release of hydrogen from H18–DBT is demonstrated. In the experiments, it is shown that evaporation has a significant effect on the reaction rate and thus the amount of hydrogen releases. Therefore, a kinetic model capable of accounting for the release rate and evaporation in the reactor is developed. The model is successfully validated and shows deviations of less than 15% between measured and modeled hydrogen flow in the entire range considered. Since the model considers this important interaction between evaporation and hydrogen release for the first time, it is suitable for optimizing the reactor used.
Wine is more than just a beverage: Chemical diversity, health benefits, and immunomodulating potential of wine polyphenols
Authors: Mitrović Danka , Sredović Ignjatović Ivana , Kozarski Maja , Popović‐ Đorđević Jelena
Published: February 2024

Wine, the fermented juice of the grape (Vitis vinifera), is a complex beverage composed primarily of water and ethanol. On the other hand, phenolic compounds are less abundant components that participate in taste and color formation. In addition to their major role in the sensory profile of wine, phenolic compounds (also referred as polyphenols) function through various mechanisms, exerting positive influence on health. According to recent research, consuming just one glass of red wine positively contributes to health protection, and it is connected to the maintenance of the redox endothelial balance, potential for reducing diabetes occurrence, preventing atherosclerosis, and reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases. What is more, a lower incidence of certain types of cancers has also been observed. The health promoting benefits of wine are explained by its wide spectrum of structurally diverse phenolic compounds whose content may depend on numerous factors. The most abundant compounds are anthocyanins with up to 400 mg/L, followed by phenolic acids, flavanols, flavonols, hydrolyzable tannins, flavanones, and stilbenes (up to 200, 120, 60, 50, 25, and 5 mg/L, respectively). This review paper outlines the structural variety, health advantages, and immunomodulatory capacity of wine polyphenols, drawing upon the latest and most pertinent scientific literature available in this domain.
Deciphering genotype‐by‐environment interaction in new soybean lines based on multiple traits using different adaptability and stability methods
Authors: Majidian Parastoo , Masoudi Bahram , Hezarjaribi Ebrahim , Razmi Nasrin , Peyghamzadeh Kamal , Gholizadeh Amir
Published: February 2024

The multi‐environmental trials aid breeders in selecting the best genotypes for specific or general adaptability to different environments before commercial release. This study aimed to assess the stability of 13 new soybean pure lines, along with two controls, in terms of seed yield and important agronomic traits. The assessment was based on a completely randomized block design with three replications across four areas during 2020–2022. Various adaptability methods, including parametric, AMMI, GGE biplot, PCA, and SIIG were employed. The mixed analysis showed that the effects of environment, genotype, and genotype–environment (GE) interaction were significant for most studied traits. The AMMI showed the highest portion of environment (65.89%) in soybean seed yield. Based on all stability parameters, lines 2 and 5 were selected for their average seed yields of 3349 and 3142 kg ha−1, respectively. Additionally, lines 6 and 5 showed the most stability, yielding higher than the average, which were 2992 and 3142 kg ha−1, respectively, according to GGE biplot results. Furthermore, lines 2, 5, and 8 were identified as the ideal genotypes concerning seed yield and other agronomic traits, with high SIIG parameters and yields exceeding the average. Finally, the soybean line 5 was deemed the most suitable due to its higher yield, stability, and early maturity (128‐day growth period). Therefore, line 5 is considered appropriate for its high stability and earliness in various regions of Iran.
Coping with marsh floods and fires: Resilience at the pile‐dwelling site of Dispilio, Northwestern Greece
Authors: Gkouma Myrsini
Published: February 2024

Lacustrine environments are considered favorable locations for Neolithic settlements, constituting a reliable year‐round water resource, which contributes to fertile arable land, rich biodiversity, and natural protection. Living by the wetlands, however, is characterized by intensive ecological vulnerabilities, that is, floods and fire events. These recurrent episodes are difficult to trace in the occupation layers since natural processes combined with human activities can form variable mixed microenvironments. Consequently, the direct impact of these events on the biography of the settlement and the decision‐making of its inhabitants is understudied. This paper presents a high‐resolution, microstratigraphic analysis at the Neolithic pile‐dwelling settlement of Dispilio (Kastoria, northern Greece) to trace past ecological threats and unravel the resilience strategies of the lake‐dwellers against the continuously altered microenvironments. By correlating the results with regional environmental and cultural events, this paper questions the role of environmental changes as triggers for cultural modifications and considers a wide range of strategies for coping with wetland hazards.
Predicting reoperation and readmission for head and neck free flap patients using machine learning
Authors: Wang Stephanie Y. , Barrette Louis‐Xavier , Ng Jinggang J. , Sangal Neel R. , Cannady Steven B. , Brody Robert M. , Bur Andrés M. , Brant Jason A.
Published: February 2024

Background

To develop machine learning (ML) models predicting unplanned readmission and reoperation among patients undergoing free flap reconstruction for head and neck (HN) surgery.

Methods

Data were extracted from the 2012–2019 NSQIP database. eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost) was used to develop ML models predicting 30‐day readmission and reoperation based on demographic and perioperative factors. Models were validated using 2019 data and evaluated.

Results

Four‐hundred and sixty‐six (10.7%) of 4333 included patients were readmitted within 30 days of initial surgery. The ML model demonstrated 82% accuracy, 63% sensitivity, 85% specificity, and AUC of 0.78. Nine‐hundred and four (18.3%) of 4931 patients underwent reoperation within 30 days of index surgery. The ML model demonstrated 62% accuracy, 51% sensitivity, 64% specificity, and AUC of 0.58.

Conclusion

XGBoost was used to predict 30‐day readmission and reoperation for HN free flap patients. Findings may be used to assist clinicians and patients in shared decision‐making and improve data collection in future database iterations.
Situations of anomie and the health workforce crisis: Policy implications of a socially sensitive and inclusive approach to human resources
Authors: Côté Nancy , Denis Jean‐Louis
Published: February 2024

Health systems in most jurisdictions are facing an unprecedented workforce crisis, manifesting as labour shortages, high staff turnover, and increasing rates of absenteeism and burnout. These issues affect professional and occupational groups in both health and social care and individuals at early and later stages of their career. The intensity and pervasiveness of the crisis suggests that it is a multicausal phenomenon. Studies have focused on the relationship between working environments and worker satisfaction and well‐being. However, these are of limited use in understanding the deeper mechanisms behind the large‐scale workforce crisis. The subjective experience of work, while rooted in a particular work context, is also shaped by broader social and cultural phenomena that put social norms and individuals' ability to conform to them in tension. The concept of anomie, initially developed by Durkheim and redefined by Merton, focuses on the way social norms that guide conduct and aspirations lose influence and become incompatible with each other or unsuited to contemporary work contexts. Understanding the workforce crisis from the perspective of anomie enables the development and implementation of novel policies based on co‐production strategies where concerned publics engage collaboratively in framing the problem and searching for solutions.
Safety of pregnancy after cerebral venous thrombosis: A case‐control study
Authors: AlSerehi Amal A. , Al Mufarrih Basmah M. , Abu‐Shaheen Amani , Saleh Ahmed , AlSheef Mohammed
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Since pregnancy is considered one of the major risk factors of cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT), the safety of pregnancy in women of childbearing age and a previous history of CVT, is concerning in terms of prevention, family planning, and management. This study aims to estimate the prevalence of pregnancies among women of childbearing age with previous CVT, evaluate the pregnancy‐associated risk of CVT recurrence, and explore the maternal and fetal outcomes among CVT women in comparison with pregnant women without a history of CVT.

Methods

A retrospective, case‐control study was conducted at the Obstetrics Departments of King Fahad Medical City Hospital, Saudi Arabia. It included all women with a history of CVT diagnosed in the last 5 years (cases), as well as CVT history‐free pregnant women (control). The prevalence of pregnancy after CVT was estimated and the prepartum and postpartum parameters of the two groups were compared.

Results

Fifty women with CVT and 100 controls were included. Among the 50 CVT cases, 28 (56.0%) have been pregnant. The incidence of pre‐eclampsia was significantly more frequent in CVT women (7.1% vs. 0.0%, p = 0.047); however, only one case of deep vein thrombosis (3.6%) was reported in CVT patients versus none in controls (p = 0.219). CVT women delivered at a lower gestational age (mean [SD] = 36.9 [3.5] weeks) compared with controls (38.3 [1.4] weeks) (p = 0.006). No significant differences in other pregnancy or delivery outcomes were observed between the two groups.

Conclusion

More than half of women of childbearing age with a history of CVT opt for pregnancy after the CVT episode, with no major additional risk for pre or postpartum complications.
Assessing the hazard of death, cardiac tamponade, and pericardial constriction among HIV and tuberculosis pericarditis patients using the extended Cox‐hazard model: Intervention study
Authors: Iddrisu Abdul‐Karim , Otoo Dominic , Kwasi Afa , Gumedze Freedom
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Tuberculous (TB) pericarditis (TBP), a TB of the heart, is linked to significant morbidity and mortality rates. Administering glucocorticoid therapy to individuals with TBP might enhance overall results and lower the likelihood of fatality. However, the actual clinical effectiveness of supplementary glucocorticoids remains uncertain. This study specifically evaluated the effects of prednisolone, prednisolone‐antiretroviral therapy (ART) interaction, and other potential risk factors in reducing the hazard of the composite outcome, death, cardiac tamponade, and constriction, among TBP and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients.

Methods

The data used in this study were obtained from the investigation of the Management of Pericarditis trial, a multicentre international randomized double‐blind placebo‐controlled factorial study that investigated the effects of two TB treatments, prednisolone andMycobacterium indicus pranii immunotherapy in patients with TBP in Africa. This study used a sample size of 587 TBP and HIV‐positive patients randomized into prednisolone and its corresponding placebo arm. We used the extended Cox‐proportional hazard model to evaluate the effects of the covariates on the hazard of the survival outcomes. Models fitting and parameter estimation were carried out using R version 4.3.1.

Results

Prednisolone reduces the hazard of composite outcome (hazrad ratio [HR] = 0.32, 95% confidence interval [CI] = ,p < 0.001), cardiac tamponade (HR = 0.14, 95% CI = 0.05, 0.42,p < 0.001) and constriction (HR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.41, 1.61,p = 0.55). However, prednisolone increases the hazard of death (HR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.11, 2.24,p = 0.01). Consistent usage of ART reduces the hazard of composite outcome, death, and constriction but insignificantly increased the hazard of cardiac tamponade.

Conclusion

The study offers valuable insights into how prednisolone impact the hazard of different outcomes in patients with TBP and HIV. The findings hold potential clinical significance, particularly in guiding treatment decisions and devising strategies to enhance outcomes in this specific patient group. However, there are concerns about prednisolone potentially increasing the risk of death due to HIV‐related death.
Insights into the interplay between Epstein‐Barr virus (EBV) and multiple sclerosis (MS): A state‐of‐the‐art review and implications for vaccine development
Authors: Mohammadzamani Mahtab , Kazemzadeh Kimia , Chand Swati , Thapa Sangharsha , Ebrahimi Narges , Yazdan Panah Mohammad , Shaygannejad Vahid , Mirmosayyeb Omid
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS). MS results from an inflammatory process leading to the loss of neural tissue and increased disability over time. The role of Epstein Barr Virus (EBV), as one of the most common global viruses, in MS development has been the subject of several studies. However, many related questions are still unanswered. This study aimed to review the connection between MS and EBV and provide a quick outline of MS prevention using EBV vaccination.

Methods

For this narrative review, an extensive literature search using specific terms was conducted across online databases, including PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, to identify pertinent studies.

Results

Several studies proved that almost 100% of people with MS showed a history of EBV infection, and there was an association between high titers of EBV antibodies and an increased risk of MS development. Various hypotheses are proposed for how EBV may contribute to MS directly and indirectly: (1) Molecular Mimicry, (2) Mistaken Self, (3) Bystander Damage, and (4) Autoreactive B cells infected with EBV.

Conclusion

Given the infectious nature of EBV and its ability to elude the immune system, EBV emerges as a strong candidate for being the underlying cause of MS. The development of an EBV vaccine holds promise for preventing MS; however, overcoming the challenge of creating a safe and efficacious vaccine presents a significant obstacle.
Global incidence of intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: A protocol for systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Sadeghi Alireza
Published: February 2024

Background

Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy (ICP) typically develops in the late second and third trimesters and resolves rapidly after delivery. Although not associated with serious maternal sequelae, ICP can be highly bothersome. On the other hand, the major complications of ICP are fetal and neonatal, which can be fatal. The current knowledge lacks an estimation regarding the global prevalence of ICP.

Methods

PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science will be searched systematically. Records will be screened for eligibility by two independent reviewers. Observational studies that reported the incidence of ICP will be eligible. Joanna Bridge Institute checklist for appraisal of prevalence studies will be used for quality assessment. Freeman‐Tukey double arcsine transformed effect sizes will be pooled under random‐effect models. The residual between study heterogeneity will be quantified using I2 statistic. Further investigations will be done using subgroup and meta‐regression analyses.

Discussion

Estimating the global and regional prevalence of ICP and evaluating the effects of moderating factors will provide valuable insights into the knowledge. Further investigations on the moderating factors will help researchers to hypothesize the associations and extend the current understanding of the disease. The planned study will be the first systematic review and meta‐analysis that estimates the global prevalence of ICP. The reviewers will try rigorous mythology to ensure high‐quality evidence. However, substantial heterogeneity is expected as prevalence studies utilize different mythologies, settings, and definitions. Moreover, this study relies on utilizing previously published studies, which may impede the overall data quality and comprehensiveness.
ChatGPT and mental health: Friends or foes?
Authors: Kalam Khondoker Tashya , Rahman Jannatul Mabia , Islam Md. Rabiul , Dewan Syed Masudur Rahman
Published: February 2024

Background

ChatGPT is an artificial intelligence (AI) language model that has gained popularity as a virtual assistant because of its exceptional capacity to solve problems and make decisions. However, there are some ways in which technological misuse and incorrect interpretations can have potentially hazardous consequences for a user's mental health.

Discussion

Because it lacks real‐time fact‐checking capabilities, ChatGPT may create misleading or erroneous information. Considering AI technology has the potential to influence a person's thinking, we anticipate ChatGPT's future repercussions on mental health by considering instances in which inappropriate usage may lead to mental disorders. While several studies have demonstrated how the AI model may transform mental health care and therapy, certain drawbacks, including bias and privacy violations, have also been identified.

Conclusion

Educating people and organizing workshops on AI technology usage, strengthening privacy measures, and updating ethical standards are crucial initiatives to prevent misuse and resultant dire impacts on mental health. Longitudinal research on the potential of these platforms to impact a variety of mental health problems is recommended in the future.
Depression is associated with discoordination between heart rate variability and physical acceleration in older women
Authors: Taniguchi Kentaro , Jinno Naoya , Seiyama Akitoshi , Shimouchi Akito
Published: February 2024

Background and Aims

It is well known that depression is closely associated with the autonomic nervous system and physical acceleration (PA), which may cause functional time‐deviance between these two parameters. Exploring this relationship is important in sustaining the mental and physical health of older adults in daily life. However, few studies have assessed the relationship between depression and the coordination of parasympathetic nervous activity (PSNA) and PA. The present study was designed to investigate whether the coordination between PSNA and PA is associated with the mental state of healthy volunteers in normal daily lives and the underlying mechanism.

Methods

In total, 95 adult women were divided into non‐older and older groups comprising 50 (aged 20–59 years) and 45 (aged 60–85 years) women, respectively. PSNA and PA data were simultaneously obtained every minute for 24 h during the free‐moving day using the ActiveTracer accelerometer. Lag time was determined as the time difference between PSNA and PA, and it was introduced as a parameter of %lag0, which is the percent ratio of the lag = 0 min between PSNA and PA in 1 h. The General Health Questionnaire 28 (GHQ28) was used to evaluate the effects of psychological distress, including depression.

Results

In the hour before sleep, %lag0 was significantly lower in older women (38.7 ± 6.4) who had higher GHQ28 values (subscale D = 0, n = 12) compared with that in older women (19.4 ± 10.5) with lower values (subscale D ≧ 1, n = 33) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

Impairments in coordination between PSNA and PA are significantly associated with depression in older women, particularly in the hour before sleep on free‐moving days.
A novel triad for the diagnosis of endometriosis, the short anogenital distance combines with high endometrial BCL2 and low endometrial FASL
Authors: Alabiad Mohamed Ali , Elhasadi Ibtesam , Aljafil Raja , Shalaby Amany Mohamed , Alshaikh Ahmed Baker A. , Edris Fawaz E. , Heraiz Ahmed Ismail , Alorini Mohammed , Aboregela Adel Mohamed , Mohamed Asmaa Hussein
Published: February 2024

Objective

To investigate the anogenital distance from the upper verge of the anus to the posterior fourchette (AGDAF), FASL, and BCL2 combination as a reliable and non‐invasive tool for the diagnosis of endometriosis.

Methods

This study included 100 women with endometriosis and 50 women without endometriosis as the control group. All cases underwent history taking, body mass index (BMI) measurement, AGD measurement, and FASL and BCL2 immunohistochemical staining of the eutopic endometrial tissue.

Results

This study included 150 women divided into endometriosis and control groups. Endometriosis cases significantly had shorter AGDAF, 22.9 ± 2.6 mm, compared with the control group, 27.3 ± 3.5 mm (P < 0.001). Lower FASL and higher BCL2 expression were associated with endometriosis (P < 0.001). The combined measurement of AGDAF (cut‐off point 24.55 mm) with FASL and BCL2 was associated with endometriosis (P < 0.001). The combined diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value of AGDAF, FASL, and BCL2 were 83%, 78%, 87.3%, and 69.6%, respectively. The area under the curve was greater for AGDAF, FASL, and BCL2 in combination than for individual measurements.

Conclusion

Combining short AGDAF with high BCL2 and low FASL is a highly sensitive, non‐invasive diagnostic tool for endometriosis.
Maternal origin matters: Country of birth as a risk factor for obstetric anal sphincter injuries
Authors: André Kristin , Stuart Andrea , Källén Karin
Published: February 2024

Objective

Obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) are severe complications to vaginal births with potential long‐term consequences. Maternal origin has been proposed to affect the overall risk, but the association and underlying explanation are uncertain. The objective was to assess the association between maternal country of birth and OASIS.

Methods

A Swedish nationwide cohort study including singleton term vaginal births during 2005–2016. Data were extracted from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry and Statistics Sweden. Modified Poisson regression analyses were performed to obtain crude and adjusted risk ratios (RRs). Adjustments were made in four cumulative steps. Sub‐analyses were performed to investigate the risk of OASIS associated with female genital circumcision (FGC).

Results

In all, 988 804 births were included. The rate of OASIS in Swedish‐born women was 3.5%. Women from East/Southeast Asia had an increased risk of OASIS (adjusted RR [aRR] 1.71, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.60–1.83), as did women born in Sub‐Saharan Africa (aRR 1.60, 95% CI 1.49–1.72). The risk remained significantly increased also after adjustment for maternal height. By contrast, women from South/Central America had a decreased risk of OASIS (aRR 0.65, 95% CI 0.56–0.76). FGC was associated with an increased risk of OASIS (aRR 3.05, 95% CI 2.60–3.58). Episiotomy appeared to have an overall protective effect (aRR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92–0.98), but not significantly more protective among women with female genital mutilation.

Conclusions

Country of birth plays an important role in the risk of OASIS. Women from East/Southeast Asia and Sub‐Saharan Africa are at significantly increased risk as compared with Swedish‐born women, whereas women from South/Central America are at lower risk. FGC is also a significant risk factor for OASIS.
Oral rehydration therapy versus intravenous rehydration therapy in the first 12 h following hospitalization for hyperemesis gravidarum: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Wan Jabarudin Wan Nurul Ezyani , Narayanan Vallikkannu , Hamdan Mukhri , Gunasagran Yogeeta , Thavarajan Rudra Devi , Kamarudin Maherah , Tan Peng Chiong
Published: February 2024

Objective

To evaluate oral rehydration therapy (ORT) compared with intravenous rehydration therapy (IVT) in the early inpatient management of hyperemesis gravidarum (HG).

Methods

A total of 124 women hospitalized for HG from February 10, 2021 till January 6, 2023 were randomized to ORT (n = 61) or IVT (n = 63) for an initial 12 h. Inclusion criteria includes women older than 18 years, with a viable intrauterine pregnancy less than 14 weeks at their first hospitalization for HG with ketonuria of at least 2+. Primary outcomes were (1) satisfaction score with allocated intervention, (2) weight change, and (3) ketonuria change at 12 h. Secondary outcomes included vomiting frequency, nausea score, serial vital signs, hematocrit and electrolyte levels at 12 h, deviation from treatment protocol (cross‐over therapy), participant recommendation of allocated treatment to a friend, and length of hospital stay.

Results

Primary outcomes of (1) participant satisfaction score (on a 0–10 visual numerical rating scale) was 7 (interquartile range [IQR] 5–8) versus 9 (IQR 8–10), P < 0.001; (2) weight gain was 293 ± 780 g versus 948 ± 758 g, P < 0.001; and (3) ketonuria improvement was 50/61 (82.0%) versus 49/63 (77.8%) (relative risk [RR] 1.05, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.88–1.26, P = 0.561) for ORT versus IVT, respectively. For secondary outcomes, vomiting frequency was 2.6 ± 2.7 versus 1.1 ± 1.4 episodes (P < 0.001), participant cross‐over rate to opposing treatment 20/61 (32.8%) versus 0/63 (0%) (P < 0.001) (in the 12‐h study period) and participant recommendation of allocated treatment to a friend rate 24/61 (39.3%) versus 61/63 (96.8%) (RR 0.41, 95% CI 0.30–0.56, P < 0.001) for ORT versus IVT, respectively. By hospital discharge, 31/61 (50.8%) of women allocated to ORT had required IVT. Other secondary outcomes of serial assessments of nausea score and vital signs, hematocrit and electrolyte levels, and length of hospital stay were not different.

Conclusions

ORT was inferior to IVT in two primary outcomes and three secondary outcomes. Cross‐over rate to intravenous therapy from oral therapy was 50.8% by hospital discharge. Intravenous rehydration therapy should remain as first‐line rehydration therapy in the early inpatient treatment of HG.

Clinical Trial Registration

The present study was registered in ISRCTN registry on December 6, 2020 with trial identification number: ISRCTN 40152556 (https://doi.org/10.1186/ISRCTN40152556). The first participant was recruited on February 10, 2021.
Implications of organophosphate pesticides on brain cells and their contribution toward progression of Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Yadav Bharti , Kaur Sharanjot , Yadav Anuradha , Verma Harkomal , Kar Swastitapa , Sahu Binit Kumar , Pati Kumari Riya , Sarkar Bibekanada , Dhiman Monisha , Mantha Anil Kumar
Published: February 2024

The most widespread neurodegenerative disorder, Alzheimer's disease (AD) is marked by severe behavioral abnormalities, cognitive and functional impairments. It is inextricably linked with the deposition of amyloid β (Aβ) plaques and tau protein in the brain. Loss of white matter, neurons, synapses, and reactive microgliosis are also frequently observed in patients of AD. Although the causative mechanisms behind the neuropathological alterations in AD are not fully understood, they are likely influenced by hereditary and environmental factors. The etiology and pathogenesis of AD are significantly influenced by the cells of the central nervous system, namely, glial cells and neurons, which are directly engaged in the transmission of electrical signals and the processing of information. Emerging evidence suggests that exposure to organophosphate pesticides (OPPs) can trigger inflammatory responses in glial cells, leading to various cascades of events that contribute to neuroinflammation, neuronal damage, and ultimately, AD pathogenesis. Furthermore, there are striking similarities between the biomarkers associated with AD and OPPs, including neuroinflammation, oxidative stress, dysregulation of microRNA, and accumulation of toxic protein aggregates, such as amyloid β. These shared markers suggest a potential mechanistic link between OPP exposure and AD pathology. In this review, we attempt to address the role of OPPs on altered cell physiology of the brain cells leading to neuroinflammation, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress linked with AD pathogenesis.
Mechanical strain regulates osteogenesis via Antxr1/LncRNA H19/Wnt/β‐catenin axis
Authors: Liu Lifei , Guo Jianmin , Tong Xiaoyang , Zhang Miao , Chen Xi , Huang Mei , Zhu Chenyu , Bennett Samuel , Xu Jiake , Zou Jun
Published: February 2024

Alleviating bone loss is an essential way to prevent osteoporotic fractures. Proper exercise improves bone density without the side effects of long‐term medications, but the mechanism is unclear. Our study explored the role of Antxr1/LncRNA H19/Wnt/β‐catenin axis in the process of exercise‐mediated alleviation of bone loss. Here we discovered that moderate‐intensity treadmill exercise alleviates bone loss caused by ovariectomy and ameliorates bone strength accompanied by an increased lncRNA H19 expression. Concomitantly, Antxr1, a mechanosensitive protein was found downregulated by exercise but upregulated by ovariectomy. Interestingly, knockdown expression of Antxr1 increased lncRNA H19 expression and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway in bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells, whereas overexpression of Antxr1 decreased lncRNA H19 expression and Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Hence, our study demonstrates the regulation of Antxr1/LncRNA H19/Wnt/β‐catenin axis in the process of mechanical strain‐induced osteogenic differentiation, which provides further mechanistic insight into the role of mechanical regulation in bone metabolism.
Is thermal sensitivity affected by predation risk? A case study in tadpoles from ephemeral environments
Authors: Miloch Daniela , Cecchetto Nicolas R. , Lescano Julián N. , Leynaud Gerardo C. , Perotti María Gabriela
Published: February 2024

Changes in environmental temperature may induce variations in thermal tolerance and sensitivity in ectotherm organisms. These variations generate plastic responses that can be analyzed by examining their Thermal Performance Curves (TPCs). Additionally, some performance traits, like locomotion, could be affected by other factors such as biological interactions (e.g., predator–prey interaction). Here, we evaluate if the risk of predation modifies TPCs in Mendoza four‐eyed frog (Pleurodema nebulosum, Burmeister, 1861) and Guayapa's four‐eyed frog (Pleurodema guayapae, Barrio, 1964), two amphibian species that occur in ephemeral ponds in arid environments. We measured thermal tolerances and maximum swimming velocity at six different temperatures in tadpoles under three situations: control, exposure to predator chemical cues, and exposure to conspecific alarm cues. TPCs were fitted using General Additive Mixed Models. We found that curves of tadpoles at risk of predation differed from those of control mainly in thermal sensitivity parameters. Our work confirms the importance of biotic interactions have in thermal physiology.
Machine Learning and Deep Learning Applications in Magnetic Particle Imaging
Authors: Nigam Saumya , Gjelaj Elvira , Wang Rui , Wei Guo‐Wei , Wang Ping
Published: February 2024

In recent years, magnetic particle imaging (MPI) has emerged as a promising imaging technique depicting high sensitivity and spatial resolution. It originated in the early 2000s where it proposed a new approach to challenge the low spatial resolution achieved by using relaxometry in order to measure the magnetic fields. MPI presents 2D and 3D images with high temporal resolution, non‐ionizing radiation, and optimal visual contrast due to its lack of background tissue signal. Traditionally, the images were reconstructed by the conversion of signal from the induced voltage by generating system matrix and X‐space based methods. Because image reconstruction and analyses play an integral role in obtaining precise information from MPI signals, newer artificial intelligence‐based methods are continuously being researched and developed upon. In this work, we summarize and review the significance and employment of machine learning and deep learning models for applications with MPI and the potential they hold for the future.

Level of Evidence

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Codon usage bias of secretory protein in Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4
Authors: Fang Hui , Li Min , Yu Shenxin , Sun Jiaman , Qin Zelin
Published: February 2024

Banana Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense tropical race 4 (Foc‐TR4) is a highly destructive pathogen that infects nearly all major banana cultivars and has a tendency to spread further. Secreted proteins play a crucial role in the process of Fusarium wilt infection in bananas. In this study, we analyzed the codon usage bias (CUB) of the Foc‐TR4 classical secretory protein genome for the first time and observed a strong bias toward codons ending with C. We found that 572 out of the 14,543 amino acid sequences in the Foc‐TR4 genome exhibited characteristics of classical secretory proteins. The CUB was largely influenced by selection optimization pressure, as indicated by the ENC value and neutral plot analysis. Among the identified codons, such as UCC and CCC, 11 were found to be optimal for Foc‐TR4 gene expression. Codons with higher GC content and a C base in the third position showed greater selectivity. The CUB in the secretory proteins encoded by Foc‐TR4 provides insights into their evolutionary patterns, contributing to the development and screening of novel and effective antifungal drugs.