bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Subchronic treatment of rats with oxytocin results in improved adipocyte differentiation and increased gene expression of factors involved in adipogenesis
Authors: Eckertova Miroslava , Ondrejcakova Maria , Krskova Katarina , Zorad Stefan , Jezova Daniela
Published: September 2010

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Treatment with thiazolidinediones, insulin‐sensitizing drugs, enhances adipogenesis, which may result in unwanted increase in adiposity. Based on the suggested metabolic effects of oxytocin, the aims of the present study were to: (i) determine whether chronic treatment with oxytocin exerts positive effects on white adipose tissue growth without increasing adiposity; (ii) investigate possible mechanisms of action of oxytocin by measuring the level of gene expression of adipogenic factors; and (iii) test the hypothesis that oxytocin's effect on adipose tissue involves specific activation of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2).

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Adult rats were subcutaneously treated with oxytocin (3.6 µg·100 g−1 body weight day−1) via osmotic minipumps for 2 weeks. Adipocytes from epididymal adipose tissue were isolated and their size evaluated by light microscopy. Gene expression of adipogenic and angiogenic factors was determined by real‐time PCR and dephosphorylation of eEF2 by immunoblotting.

KEY RESULTS Oxytocin treatment decreased the diameter of adipocytes and increased the epididymal adipose tissue protein content without changing the adipose tissue mass. Increases in fatty acid binding protein, peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ, insulin‐sensitive glucose transporter 4, leptin and CD31 mRNA levels were noted in the epididymal and/or retroperitoneal fat tissue of oxytocin‐treated rats. Oxytocin enhanced the dephosphorylation of eEF2 in the epididymal adipose tissue.

CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS The present results demonstrate that subchronic treatment with oxytocin induces adipogenic and angiogenic effects and that the eEF2 signalling pathway is involved in these effects of oxytocin on adipose tissue in vivo. These findings are likely to motivate further research and indicate new approaches for modulating adipose tissue morphology and metabolism.
One‐Week Once‐Daily Triple Therapy with Esomeprazole, Moxifloxacin, and Rifabutin for Eradication of Persistent Helicobacter pylori Resistant to Both Metronidazole and Clarithromycin
Authors: Miehlke Stephan , Schneider‐Brachert Wulf , Kirsch Christian , Morgner Andrea , Madisch Ahmed , Kuhlisch Eberhard , Haferland Christian , Bästlein Elke , Jebens Claus , Zekorn Christian , Knoth Holger , Stolte Manfred , Lehn Norbert
Published: September 2010

Aim:  To investigate a 1‐week once‐daily triple therapy with esomeprazole, moxifloxacin, and rifabutin for rescue therapy of Helicobacter pylori infection.

Methods:  Consecutive patients (n = 103) with at least one previous treatment failure and H. pylori infection resistant to both metronidazole and clarithromycin were treated with esomeprazole 40 mg, moxifloxacin 400 mg, and rifabutin 300 mg, given once daily for 7 days. Eradication was confirmed by histology and culture. CYP2C19 status was determined by polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism.

Results:  Intention‐to‐treat and per‐protocol eradication rates were 77.7% (68.4–85.3) and 83.3% (74.4–90.2). Five patients discontinued prematurely (4.8%). Eradication was achieved in 93.1% of poor/intermediate metabolizers and in 78.8% of homozygous extensive metabolizers (p = .14). Eradication rates in patients with one, two, three, and four or more previous failures were 78.3%, 89.6%, 68.6%, and 88.9%, respectively (p = .21). The regimen was effective in seven of nine patients who previously failed quadruple therapy. Post‐treatment resistance to moxifloxacin and rifabutin was detected in two (12.5%) and five (31%) patients after treatment failure.

Conclusion:  Once‐daily triple therapy with esomeprazole, moxifloxacin, and rifabutin is a promising, safe, and convenient regimen for rescue therapy of H. pylori infection that may serve as a valuable alternative to quadruple therapy, particularly for patients with intolerance to amoxicillin.
An Evaluation of a Serologic Test with a Current Infection Marker of Helicobacter pylori Before and After Eradication Therapy in Chinese
Authors: Wang Xiao Yong , Yang Yang , Shi Rui Hua , Ho Bo , Wang Hong Di , Zhang Guo Xin
Published: September 2010

Background and Aims:  Development of an accurate and less cumbersome noninvasive method to detect current Helicobacter pylori infection is essential in clinic. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance of the CIM test, also known as the Assure®H. pylori Rapid Test (Genelabs Diagnostics Pty. Ltd., Singapore), for the diagnosis of current H. pylori infection before and after eradication therapy in Chinese population.

Methods:  A total of 452 eligible people were recruited for this study in Jiangsu Province, China. Each individual underwent a 13C urea breath test (13C‐UBT). For the evaluation of CIM test after eradication, 115 H. pylori‐positive outpatients were treated with 1‐week triple therapy. One month after the end of therapy, the patients underwent 13C‐UBT again, and the CIM‐test was performed 1, 3, and 6 months after the end of therapy. Its performance (sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy) were determined using the 13C‐UBT as a gold standard for H. pylori diagnosis.

Results:  H. pylori was detected in 221 (65.6%) of the 337 people by 13C‐UBT. The sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, and accuracy of the CIM test were 93.2%, 90.5%, 94.9%, 87.5%, and 92.3%, respectively, using 13C‐UBT as a gold standard. One month after eradication therapy, the sensitivity, specificity of CIM test were only 50% and 66.7%, 66.7% and 84.6% 3‐month after eradication therapy and the sensitivity, specificity increased to 85.7% and 96.9%, respectively, when CIM test was used 6 months after the end of anti‐H. pylori therapy.

Conclusions:  The CIM test is a simple, rapid, accurate, cheap, and near‐people test. It may be satisfactory for detecting H. pylori infection in cases without eradication therapy, but it could not differentiate the past or current infection correctly within 6 months after anti‐H. pylori therapy.
The Bactericidal and Morphological Effects of Peroxynitrite on Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Tecder‐Ünal Müge , Can Füsun , Demirbilek Müge , Karabay Gülten , Tufan Hale , Arslan Hande
Published: September 2010

Peroxynitrite (ONOO−) is correlated with the pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori‐induced peptic ulcer diseases. We aimed to investigate the time‐ and concentration‐dependent bactericidal and morphological effects of ONOO− on H. pylori. Authentic ONOO− was synthesized as quenched‐flow method. A stock culture of H. pylori NCTC 11637 was exposed to different concentrations of ONOO− (0.1–40 µmol/L) or decomposed ONOO− or fresh medium. Samples were taken at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 minutes, for the evaluation of viable bacteria and bacterial morphology with gram strain and transmission electron microscopy. Decomposed ONOO− showed no bactericidal activity against H. pylori. ONOO− application caused a decrease in the number of viable bacteria within the first 15 minutes. The significant conversion of H. pylori from spiral form to coccoid form was determined with 10 µmol/L of ONOO−, and higher concentrations caused lysis of the cells. Separation of cell wall, bleb formation, vacuolization, decrease of secretory granules, and lysis of bacteria were the morphological effects of ONOO− on H. pylori. Because the morphology of the bacteria is one of the important factors in virulence; peroxynitrite‐related morphological effects might have an impact in the progress of the H. pylori‐induced peptic ulcer diseases.
The Chromosome 6p Epilepsy Locus: Exploring Mode of Inheritance and Heterogeneity Through Linkage Analysis
Authors: Greenberg David A. , Delgado‐Escueta Antonio V.
Published: September 2010

Juvenile myoclonic epilepsy (JME) is a common form of adolescent‐onset, generalized epilepsy. JME is genetically linked to the HLA locus on chromosome 6. Families of JME patients also have a significant recurrence of other forms of generalized epilepsy. We used the linkage data to investigate the mode of inheritance of JME and the associated electroencephalographic (EEG) traits at the HLA‐linked locus. We investigated how robust the linkage results were when we changed the assumptions of mode of inheritance and penetrance and whether absence and clonic—tonic—clonic in JME families are influenced by the same gene locus as JME. Our results show that the finding of linkage is stable within a wide range of assumptions of penetrance and mode of inheritance, and that the EEG traits seen in unaffected family members reflect the actions of the same gene that is involved in the expression of JME. Our data also suggest that the same locus is responsible for non—JME forms of epilepsy seen in JME families, and that either different doses of the disease allele at the JME locus may lead to different epilepsy phenotypes or that another locus influences the final disease phenotype.
Progressive Myoclonus Epilepsies: Clinical and Genetic Aspects
Authors: Berkovic Samuel F. , Cochius Jeffrey , Andermann Eva , Andermann Frederick
Published: September 2010

The progressive myoclonus epilepsies (PMEs) are a group of rare genetic disorders previously shrouded in nosological confusion. Recent advances have clarified the features of these disorders and provided a rational approach to diagnosis. The major causes of PME are now known to be Unverricht—Lundborg disease, myoclonus epilepsy ragged‐red fiber (MERRF) syndrome, Lafora disease, neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses, and sialidoses. Over the past 3 years, a series of molecular genetic findings have further refined the understanding of the PMEs. The specific mutation responsible for many cases of MERRF has been identified, and the genes for Unverricht—Lundborg disease and for juvenile neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis have been linked to chromosomes 21 and 16, respectively. Although the PMEs are among the rarest of the inherited epilepsies, because of molecular genetic discoveries they may soon be the best understood at the neurobiologic level.
Animal Models of Inherited Epilepsy
Authors: Buchhalter Jeffrey R.
Published: September 2010

A significant proportion of the childhood epilepsies have a genetic component. Therefore, animal models that can be bred for seizure expression may provide important information regarding the mechanisms by which molecular defects result in the neuronal hyperexcitability states collectively termed “epilepsy.” Because of the rate and ease of breeding, rodent models are the most commonly used. The genetically epilepsy‐prone rat has motor seizures in response to auditory stimuli. It is likely that the seizures are generated in the inferior colliclus because of an abnormality in the noradrenergic system. The seizure predisposition is inherited as an autosomal dominant trait. The genetic absence epilepsy rat has age‐related spontaneous seizures characterized by motor arrest and head drops that are correlated with generalized spike‐wave on the electroencephalogram (EEG). The seizure generating mechanism appears to be located in the lateral thalamic nuclei. The epileptic mongolian gerbil demonstrates behavioral arrest followed by myoclonic, tonic, and tonic‐clonic seizures in response to unfamiliar environments. The underlying neuroanatomy involves hippocampal‐cortical interactions indicative of a partial epilepsy. The tottering mouse has absence and myoclonic seizures, a 6‐ to 7‐Hz ictal spike‐wave EEG, and noradrenergic hyperinnervation that are linked to a mutation on chromosome 8. Hippocampal network hyperexcitability has been found with normal neuronal intrinsic properties. Stargazer is a mouse mutant with almost identical clinical and electrographic features as found in tottering. However, the genetic defect is located on chromosome 15 and no abnormalities of norepinephrine have been discovered. The El mouse demonstrates ictal automatisms in response to vestibular stimulation. Metabolic and structural abnormalities have been found in the hippocampus. Linkage to chromosomes 9 and 2 have been reported recently. The dilute brown agouiti mouse demonstrates motor seizures in response to auditory stimuli. Chromosomes 4 and 17 are linked to seizure expression. Thus, a variety of models exist to study the genetic, biochemical, structural and electrophysiological mechanisms that underlie the predisposition and expression of the inherited epilepsies.
How Probabilistic Risk Assessment Can Mislead Terrorism Risk Analysts
Authors: Brown Gerald G. , Cox, Jr. Louis Anthony (Tony)
Published: September 2010

Traditional probabilistic risk assessment (PRA), of the type originally developed for engineered systems, is still proposed for terrorism risk analysis. We show that such PRA applications are unjustified in general. The capacity of terrorists to seek and use information and to actively research different attack options before deciding what to do raises unique features of terrorism risk assessment that are not adequately addressed by conventional PRA for natural and engineered systems—in part because decisions based on such PRA estimates do not adequately hedge against the different probabilities that attackers may eventually act upon. These probabilities may differ from the defender's (even if the defender's experts are thoroughly trained, well calibrated, unbiased probability assessors) because they may be conditioned on different information. We illustrate the fundamental differences between PRA and terrorism risk analysis, and suggest use of robust decision analysis for risk management when attackers may know more about some attack options than we do.
Theme Articles: A Man Caught Between Bad Anthropology and Good Theology? Martin Luther's View of Women Generally and of Mary Specifically
Authors: Pedersen Else Marie Wiberg
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  Martin Luther's view of women is as complex as his authorship is vast, encompassing a diversity of genres and purposes. Luther seems ambivalent toward women like the tradition before and after him. In his reformation enterprise he appears torn between his good theology and the bad anthropology that obscures his purportedly universal principles. This article uncovers some of the ambiguities in Luther's approaches to women, theoretically teaching men's authority over women yet simultaneously teaching the mutuality and equality of women and men; and practicing such mutuality and equality in his everyday life, not least in his marriage to Katharina von Bora. His good theology also comes to the fore in his Mariology, especially in his commentary to the Magnificat, in which Mary is not just a ‘woman’ but the human being par excellence in her truly faithful relation to God.
On Not Three Male Gods: Retrieving Wisdom in Trinitarian Discourse
Authors: Malcolm Lois
Published: September 2010

Abstract:  In response to recent debates over gender and the Trinity, this essay examines how biblical texts concerning Christ as the Wisdom of God played a crucial role in developing the case for the co‐equal Trinity. The theme of wisdom not only helps us understand why trinitarian doctrine precludes a tritheism of three male gods or a hierarchy within the Trinity, but it also provides insight into what lies at the heart of the Trinity and the incarnation.
A GEOGRAPHY OF ENERGY: AN EMERGING FIELD OF STUDY
Authors: Chapman John D.
Published: September 2010

L'auteur indique que l'on peut prendre connaissance de l'tvolution des études géographiques de I'énergie par un examen critique des travaux publiés sur ce sujet. Dans cet article, il propose l'adoption d'un cadre bien déterminé devant servir à l'orientation des recherches à venir. Les éléments de ce cadre sont basés sur I'observation des tendances mises à jour dans les ouvrages deja parus et sur la considération des caractéres propres aux industries de I'énergie. M. Chapman insiste tout particuliérement sur les besoins suivants:

1. L'analyse descriptive de facteurs tels que:

a) Le complexe tnergitique d'une region. Les conditions de la production et celles de I'utilisation. L'équilibre entre l'offre et la demande.

b) Toutes les phases se rattachant aux industries de I'énergie: sources, production, transport, utilisation.

c) Les systémes de gérance — entreprises privées ou gouvernementales. Développement a des fins singulitres ou multiples. Méthodes préservatives.

d) La répartition des dispositifs énergé tiques dans la délimitation des régions.

2. L'analyse des causes de la répartition des industries de I'énergie. comportant l'étude des éléments du milieu physique et des faits humains (eg. technologiques, économiques et politiques).

3. Des etudes détaillées portant sur:

a) L'influence de la répartition des sources d'énergie sur celle des établissements manufacturiers.

b) Influence des systémes d'administration sur I'orientation et le rythme du développement des sources d'énergie.

c) Les critires pouvant aider a déterminer les conséquences du développement des sources d'énergie sur les groupements sociaux et à trouver solution aux conflits qui s'y rattachent.

Le géographe doit faire usage d'unités de mesure incorporant à la fois plusieurs facteurs. s'il désire que son travail soit utile. II doit également formuler des unités secondaires, oh les valeurs d'énergie brute puissent itre mises en rapport avec d'autres éléments (e.g. milieu physique, population, coût, utilisation du territoire, fonction manufacturière).
SOME PERTINENT FACTORS IN ENERGY STUDIES
Authors: Warren Harry V.
Published: September 2010

By using some simple generalized equations, it is possible to obtain a picture of the amount of energy available to any community or country. This can readily be expressed in terms of tons of coal per person per year, and the amount so determined may be conveniently referred to as the “energy quotient.”

For more specific purposes it is convenient to refer to the cost of energy in the form of heat in terms of cents per million Btu's, and in the form of electricity as mills per kilowatt hour.

All of the above can be determined simply, and depend only on data which usually are readily available.

Jusqu'à une date relativement récente il existaii peu de concurrence entre diverses formes d'énergie. En régle générale, les groupements et les individus se contentaient d'harnacher et d'utiliser I'une oti I'autre des sources d'énergie immédiaternent disponibles, comme le bois, le vent ou le charbon.

Aujourd'hui, I'hornme a souvent I'embarras du choix. En maintes parties du Canada il y a des groupernents qui se voient forcés de choisir parrni plusieurs forrnes d'énergie, et les décisions sont souvent difficiles à prendre.

Chaque Canadien se doit de pouvoir répondre de maniére sage ou au moins rationnelle à des questions telles que les suivantes: a) Le Canada devrait‐il exporter de I'énergie vers les Etats‐Unis ?

b) Quelle forme d'énergie devrait activer telle manufacture de ciment ou telle pulperie ?

c) Quelle forme d'énergie servirait le mieux au chauffage d'un logis donné ?

d) Quels sont les avantages et désavantages respectifs des agences de contrôle publiques et privées ?

e) Une source d'énergie peutelle être'mise au service des besoins de la nation sans compromettre les intérêts locaux?

Les géographes ne peuvent pas seuls répondre à toutes ces questions, rnais ils sont en mesure de contribuer largement à la tâhe de fournir des réponses adéquates. Ils peuvent rendre service non seulement en mettant leurs connaissances à la disposition des companies et des agences d'aménagement directement intéressées. mais aussi par le rnoyen de leur enseignement, qui leur fournit I'occasion de renseigner le public, ce dernier étant trop souvent victirne de la confusion créée par la réclame d'agences rivales.

Cet article a pour objet I'étude comparative des avantages propres à chacune des sources d'énergie qui sont présentement les plus importantes dans le monde. L'auteur use de trois barémes: le nombre de tonnes de charbon par personne, par an; le coût de production par million d' U.T.B.; le coût de I'électricité par kilowatt‐heure. Par un choix judicieux de I'une ou d'une combinaison de ces unités de mesure, le géographe peut trouver me solution à maints problémes usuels.
VALIJOKI AND LISMA: NEW PLANNED SETTLEMENTS IN FINNISH LAPLAND
Authors: Michie George H.
Published: September 2010

A Valijoki et à Lisma, dans la Province de Laponie, en Finlande du Nord, des projets de colonisstion promettent de transformer systématiquement des étendues de forêt et des marais. Les méthodes qui y sont utilisées et I'expérience qui y est acquise peuvent être grandement utiles aux régions de peuplement de la bande argileuse du nord de I'Ontario et de I'Abitibi, oh les conditions climatiques sont semblables.

II y a eu une poussée graduelle de la frontiére septentrionale du peuplement agricole en Finlande et un accroissement de la marche conquérante des colons dans les étendues forestiéres. Dans le passé, les établisszments individuels dans cette zone n'ont pas eu grand succts, car il était difficile et coûteux de procurer aux fermes dispersées certains services essentiels tels que routes, électricité, etc. Récemment, des agronomes locaux, en collaboration avec les Ministéres de I'Agriculture et de la Colonisation, ont fait le choix d'un certain nombre de sites propices à l'établissenent de villages organisés en agglomérations trés concentrées. Après un relevé détaillé des ressources agricoles et forestières, on procéda à la construction d'une route principale permettant de communiquer le plus directement possible avec la ville 1a plus proche. Cette route donne accès À des chemins secondaires aménagés pour servir une colonie compacte d'environ cinquante ferrnes. Les services essentiels suivent le tracé du réseau routier.

Le choix des colons est fait avec soin; certaines familles qui ont beaucoup d'enthousiasme et d'expérience sont placées à côté d'autres, plus novices, qui profiteront de I'encouragernent et de I'exernple des prernières.

L'agronome local conseille les colons dnns le choix des cultures, dans la préparation des produits pour le marché et surveille étroitement les méthodes de drainage et de culture.

Dans les zones marécageuses, I'autorité provincia!e établit à ses frais le réseau principal des conduits souterrains. Les édifices sont irigis daprts des plans détaillés et conformément aux lois de prévention des incendies. La Province contribue aux projets de construction par le rnoyen de prêts à long terme et à un taux d'intérêt peu éleké. Lorsque le village parvient à un stage de production oh il peut fournir des denrées marchandes telles que du lait, des grains, du bois de pulpe ou de construction, l'écoulement de ces produits s'effectue dans les cadres de I'économie provinciale ou nationale.

Au Canada, la colonisation des territoires du Nord n'a pas, en général, reçu cette surveillance avisée qui est pourtant nécessaire pour assurer I'intégration des activitées nouvelles au cornplexe économique national. Cet article décrit deux colonies nouvelles situées dans la province finnoise de Laponie et présente quelques cornparaisons générales entre ces dernières et les établissements du Nord de I'Ontario et du Québec occidental.
CHANGES IN SEASONAL SNOWFALL IN CITIES
Authors: Potter J. Graham
Published: September 2010

L'expansion urbaine modifie le climat en favorisant l'accroissernent des températures et des prkcipitations atrnospheriques moyennes.

Cet article présente une etude des effets du développement urbain sur les précipitations neigeuses par l'exarnen des données statistiques de plusieurs années pour quelques villes canadiennes. On peut observer une diminution des chutes de neige à Toronto et à Montréal swlement. L'auteur explique ce phénomène en l'attribuant (1) à un changement général du climat et (2) à I'expansion urbaine.
ALTERNATIVE FACTORIAL SOLUTIONS AND URBAN SOCIAL STRUCTURE: A DATA ANALYSIS EXPLORATION OF CALGARY IN 1971
Authors: Vies W.K.D. Da
Published: September 2010

In recent years the development of the phenomenological (Stewart 1974) and prescriptive (Harvey 1973) approaches to the study of urban areas has increased the number of descriptive options open to the urban geographer. Undoubtedly these new methods have deepened our understanding of the complexity of urban areas, but it can be argued that these approaches are of little use to those with a positivist viewpoint who are concerned with providing consistent taxonomies or descriptions of urban character. Their basic problem is one of ensuring that the same set of descriptions or results would be obtained by any number of different investigators using the same data set. In studies of the dimensionality of urban social areas this requirement of consistency has led to factor analysis methods becoming the standard technical procedure in the field, primarily because these methods appear to provide the necessary objectivity and rigour needed by urban dimension and classification schemes. Moreover, they have the additional advantage of providing a choice between two distinct approaches: that of testing the adequacy of previous ideas or theories via common factor methods, and that of simply describing the maximum amount of variability of a data set by means of the component model. Unfortunately, the first option has rarely been used by urban ecologists, and despite the range of factor analysis procedures that are available (Harman 1976) practically all urban researchers have used one basic approach, namely the principal axes technique and component model (Clark, Davies, and Johnston 1974). It is well known that factors can be obtained from a given correlation matrix in a variety of ways so this restriction of effort to one procedure could mean that descriptions of the dimensionality of cities are technique‐dependent, in the sense that different factorial procedures could produce substantially different results from a single data set (Berry 1971; Hunter 1972). If these descriptions are technique‐dependent then any comparison between the factorial results of two studies of urban areas in which different factor procedures have been used can produce spurious conclusions.
A REPLY TO J.A. SYBESMA IRONSIDE
Authors: Rees Ronald
Published: September 2010

Silence is the correct response to an unflattering critical commentary that does not misrepresent one's views. But for a commentary that seems to have sprung from a complete misreading of the text, one can only reply loudly and at length. I will deal with the criticisms levelled by Professor Ironside in order of occurrence.
THE ORIGIN OF THE OAK RIDGES AND ORANGEVILLE MORAINES OF SOUTHERN ONTARIO
Authors: Gwyn Q.H.J. , Cowan W.R.
Published: September 2010

The Orangeville and Oak Ridges moraines have long been considered the main Iandforms constructed during the initial deglaciation of southern Ontario. Recent mapping and stratigraphic studies indicate that they were deposited rather later than the initial phase of deglaciation. This note briefly describes some of these recent developments.
CONTESTING HOME: TOURISM, MEMORY, AND IDENTITY IN SACKVILLE, NEW BRUNSWICK
Authors: McCABE HAUNA
Published: September 2010

The expression of place and cultural identity through tourism practices is the focus of this paper. Extending recent work which has maintained that contemporary tourist landscapes must be seen as more than superficial responses to economic restructuring and deindustrialisation, it argues that these practices are in no way simple, uncontested constructions of identity and culture. Rather, cultural and heritage tourism practices may be sites where a fundamental symbolic struggle is waged over that identity and culture: over the meaning and representation of place and of ‘home’.

L'article suivant traite de l'expression touristique d'endroit et de l'identité culturelle. Je propose que les paysages touristiques contemporains sont plus que des réponses superficielles à la restructuration économique et à la désindustrialisation. Ces pratiques touristiques liées à la culture et à l'héritage sont plutôt les sites d'une lutte symbolique entre la signification et la représentation du lieu, de la mémoire et de l'identité.
Teaching and Learning with Therapists Who Work with Street Children and Their Families
Authors: ROBERTS JANINE
Published: September 2010

Providing training for people working with some of the most marginalized families in Guatemala and Peru meant establishing credibility as a facilitator; entering organizations as a learner; cocreating training agendas; and working in a format that paralleled a strength‐based, resilience focus in therapy. Strategies used for different phases of the work are detailed: multiple ways to gather information, shadowing staff, delivering topics on demand, and creating learning environments with a focus on families as teachers. Key processes included moving in and out of the role of facilitator and participant, entering into the trainings from different vantage points within the organizations, and designing activities with an eye to how they would impact work relationships of staff and clients.
Location of Self: Opening the Door to Dialogue on Intersectionality in the Therapy Process
Authors: WATTS‐JONES Thandiwe DEE
Published: September 2010

All abstracts are available in Spanish and Mandarin Chinese on Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1545‐5300). Please pass this information on to your international colleagues and students.

This article describes the evolution and current practice of a model of location of self, a process in which the therapist self‐discloses her or his social locations and invites a conversation about how the intersection of the identities held by the therapist and family may be beneficial and/or limiting. It invites thoughtfulness and dialogue in recognizing and addressing explicit and implicit ways that experience, with its associated privilege or subjugation in the world, can operate in the therapy room. It signifies that the therapist is open to exploring how these issues influence clients' lives outside of therapy as well. The conceptual foundations for location of self, along with its clinical development, are discussed, including the social justice perspective in which it is firmly embedded. Clinical benefits and challenges in its use are also noted.
Families as Navigators and Negotiators: Facilitating Culturally and Contextually Specific Expressions of Resilience
Authors: UNGAR MICHAEL
Published: September 2010

A social ecological model of resilience is used to show that resilience is dependent on a family's ability to both access available resources that sustain individual and collective well‐being, as well as participate effectively in the social discourse that defines which resources are culturally and contextually meaningful. In this paper both clinical evidence and a review of the research inform an integrated social ecological model of practice that is focused on advocating for the mental health resources necessary to nurture resilience, including the individual and family processes of coconstruction of meaning. Family therapists can help marginalized families living in challenging contexts develop skills as both navigators who access resources, as well as negotiators who are able to convince therapists and other service providers of what are culturally and contextually meaningful sources of support. A case study of an African‐Canadian youth and his family will be presented. The implications of this approach to assessing therapeutic outcomes will also be discussed.
Institutional Habitus as the de facto Diversity Curriculum of Teacher Education
Authors: Cornbleth Catherine
Published: September 2010

The unofficial “diversity curriculum” of an urban high school and how it is negotiated by prospective teachers during field experience and student‐teaching experiences are examined. The school setting, including the people within it, communicate messages such as “who we are” and “how we do things here.” The intermediary construct of institutional habitus is used theoretically and analytically to focus institutional setting and illuminate how it shapes prospective teachers' understanding and practice.[diversity, teacher education, social context, habitus]
Duty Hours in Emergency Medicine: Balancing Patient Safety, Resident Wellness, and the Resident Training Experience: A Consensus Response to the 2008 Institute of Medicine Resident Duty Hours Recommendations
Authors: Wagner Mary Jo , Wolf Stephen , Promes Susan , McGee Doug , Hobgood Cheri , Doty Christopher , McErlean Mara Ann , Janssen Alan , Smith‐Coggins Rebecca , Ling Louis , Mattu Amal , Tantama Stephen , Beeson Michael , Brabson Thomas , Christiansen Greg , King Brent , Luerssen Emily , Muelleman Robert
Published: September 2010

Representatives of emergency medicine (EM) were asked to develop a consensus report that provided a review of the past and potential future effects of duty hour requirements for EM residency training. In addition to the restrictions made in 2003 by the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME), the potential effects of the 2008 Institute of Medicine (IOM) report on resident duty hours were postulated. The elements highlighted include patient safety, resident wellness, and the resident training experience. Many of the changes and recommendations did not affect EM as significantly as other specialties. Current training standards in EM have already emphasized patient safety by requiring continuous on‐site supervision of residents. Resident fatigue has been addressed with restrictions of shift lengths and limitation of consecutive days worked. One recommendation from the IOM was a required 5‐hour rest period for residents on call. Emergency department (ED) patient safety becomes an important concern with the decrease in the availability and in the patient load of a resident consultant that may result from this recommendation. Of greater concern is the already observed slower throughput time for admitted patients waiting for resident care, which will increase ED crowding and decrease patient safety in academic institutions. A balance between being overly prescriptive with duty hour restrictions and trying to improve resident wellness was recommended. Discussion is included regarding the appropriate length of EM training programs if clinical experiences were limited by new duty hour regulations. Finally, this report presents a review of the financing issues associated with any changes.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1004–1011 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Factors Related to Missed Diagnosis of Incidental Scabies Infestations in Patients Admitted Through the Emergency Department to Inpatient Services
Authors: Hong Ming‐Yuan , Lee Ching‐Chi , Chuang Ming‐Che , Chao Sheau‐Chiou , Tsai Ming‐Che , Chi Chih‐Hsien
Published: September 2010

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:958–964 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Scabies is highly contagious and requires prompt diagnosis and implementation of infection control measures to prevent transmission and outbreaks. This study investigated the clinical and administrative correlates associated with missed diagnosis of scabies in an emergency department (ED).

Methods:  This was a retrospective study of patients with incidental scabies infestations who were admitted to a university hospital via the ED during a 4‐year period.

Results:  A total of 135 inpatients were identified as having scabies; among them, 111 patients (82%) had visited the ED. Scabies were diagnosed during the ED stay in 39 of 111 patients (35%), while the diagnosis was missed in the ED in 72 patients (65%). Although no geographic clusters suggestive of nosocomial scabies transmission were registered, 160 medical workers and one hospitalized patient received prophylactic treatment due to direct skin‐to‐skin contact with inpatient scabies cases during the study period. Overcrowding (odds ratio [OR] = 8.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.9 to 38.0) and time constraints (OR = 8.2; 95% CI = 1.9 to 34.7) in the ED were associated with a missed diagnosis of scabies during ED stay. Patients with lower illness severity scores were at higher risk for failure to diagnose and to treat scabies prior to hospital admission (OR = 5.7; 95% CI = 1.6 to 20.9).

Conclusions:  Missed diagnoses of scabies during ED stay may result in nosocomial spread and increase the unnecessary use of prophylactic treatments. ED overcrowding, time constraints, and less severe illness compromise ED recognition of scabies. Health care workers should be especially alert for signs of scabies infestations under these conditions.
Prospective Evaluation of Real‐time Use of the Pulmonary Embolism Rule‐out Criteria in an Academic Emergency Department
Authors: Kline Jeffrey A. , Peterson Courtney E. , Steuerwald Michael T.
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  The pulmonary embolism rule‐out criteria (PERC rule) is a nine‐component decision rule derived to exclude pulmonary embolism (PE) without the use of formal diagnostic testing (D‐dimer, computed tomography pulmonary angiography, ventilation–perfusion lung scanning, or venous ultrasonography) when all nine components are negative (“PERC negative”). This study examined whether clinicians who document PERC negative also document results of all nine components of the PERC rule.

Methods:  This was a pilot study at a single‐center, urban teaching emergency department (ED) with a residency program in emergency medicine. Patients were over 17 years of age with at least one of nine predefined chief complaints. Clinicians were asked three questions regarding suspicion for PE, intent to use the PERC rule, and the result. Charts were independently reviewed by two authors for fidelity of the nine PERC components. Patients were followed for PE outcome at 14 days.

Results:  The study examined 526 patients cared for by 82 clinicians, who indicated suspicion for PE in 183 of 526 (35%) and intent to use the PERC rule in 115 of 526 (22%) cases, of whom 65 of 115 were documented as PERC negative. No formal test for PE was ordered in 49 of 65 (75%), and 46 of 49 had incomplete documentation to support PERC negative. The most common deficiency was omission of two risk factors for PE in the rule (prior venous thromboembolism or recent surgery). Six patients had PE diagnosed within 14 days, but none of these had been deemed PERC negative.

Conclusions:  Clinicians seldom document all nine data elements of the PERC rule in patients they deem PERC negative. These data suggest the need for paper or electronic aids to support use of the PERC rule.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1016–1019 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Why Bystanders Decline Telephone Cardiac Resuscitation Advice
Authors: Dami Fabrice , Carron Pierre‐Nicolas , Praz Laurent , Fuchs Vincent , Yersin Bertrand
Published: September 2010

Objectives:  The aim of this study was to evaluate the rate and reason for refusal of telephone‐based cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) instruction by bystanders after the implementation of the dispatch center’s systematic telephone CPR protocol.

Methods:  Over a 15‐month period the authors prospectively collected all case records from the emergency medical services (EMS) dispatch center when CPR had been proposed to the bystander calling in and recorded the reason for declining or not performing that the bystander spontaneously mentioned. All pediatric and adult traumatic and nontraumatic cases were included. Situations when resuscitation had been spontaneously initiated by bystanders were excluded.

Results:  During the study period, dispatchers proposed CPR on 264 occasions: 232 adult nontraumatic cases, 17 adult traumatic cases, and 15 pediatric (traumatic and nontraumatic) cases. The proposal was accepted in 163 cases (61.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 54.6% to 66.5%), and CPR was eventually performed in 134 cases (51%, 95% CI = 43.2% to 55.3%). In 35 of the cases where resuscitation was not carried out, the condition of the patient or conditions at the scene made this decision medically appropriate. Of the remaining 95 cases, 55 were due to physical limitations of the caller, and 33 were due to emotional distress.

Conclusions:  The telephone CPR acceptance rate of 62% in this study is comparable to those of other similar studies. Because bystanders’ physical condition is one of the keys to success, the rate may not improve as the population ages.

ACADEMIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE 2010; 17:1012–1015 © 2010 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine
Spontaneous and Reflexive Cognitions Related to Spousal Abuse: The Role of Experiences of Violence
Authors: Chamberland Claire , Laporte Lise
Published: September 2010

The aim of this study was to investigate the recognition of violent behaviors, assessment of their severity, and reaction time in recognizing violent behaviors among individuals (91 men, 122 women) who have been exposed to spousal abuse, either as victim or aggressor, and those who have not reported such experiences. Results indicate a relation between the rapidity with which participants recognized a behavior, number of behaviors recognized, and assessment of the severity of such behaviors. Moreover, participants recognized physical violence more readily than psychological violence, and rated physical violence more severely. Finally, the experience of violence in a couple, as perpetrator or as victim, was linked to reaction time for each type of violence.
If We Produce Discrepancies, Then How? Testing a Computational Process Model of Positive Goal Revision
Authors: Scherbaum Charles A. , Vancouver Jeffrey B.
Published: September 2010

Within the self‐regulation literature on goals, both discrepancy reduction and discrepancy production are considered important theoretical and practical processes. Yet, discrepancy production has only been examined in a limited number of goal‐striving contexts, and the analytical strategies employed (e.g., difference scores) are difficult to interpret. This study extends discrepancy production research to multiple goal contexts where the goals are in conflict. Computational modeling and an organizational simulation were used to test a control theory explanation of discrepancy production. The occurrence of discrepancy production in the computational model and participants was assessed using hierarchical linear modeling. Comparing the data from the computational model with participants' data indicated a good fit. Implications of the findings and methods are discussed.
Exploring the Attitudinal Structure of Partisanship
Authors: Roscoe Douglas D. , Christiansen Neil D.
Published: September 2010

This study examined the structure of attitudes toward the political party an individual primarily identifies with and attitudes toward the other party with an emphasis on differentiating between the cognitive and affective components. Participants responded to a telephone survey that included measures of party identification, partisan attitudes, political information involvement activities, and voting behavior. Results indicated attitudes toward the parties were a function of both cognitive and affective components, although strong partisans had an attitudinal structure characterized as having a stronger cognitive component. Strong partisans were more polarized in their attitudes across parties. In addition, individuals with more cognitive‐affective ambivalence toward their own parties were less likely to vote, and their votes were less likely to be along party lines.
Advisor–Student Relationship in Business Education Project Collaborations: A Psychological Contract Perspective
Authors: Bordia Sarbari , Hobman Elizabeth V. , Restubog Simon Lloyd D. , Bordia Prashant
Published: September 2010

Fulfillment of students' expectations in the educational context is likely to generate a sense of satisfaction and well‐being. The current study examines the association between students' perceptions of psychological contract breach and their psychological well‐being and satisfaction in a project collaboration context with a thesis advisor. The moderating role of conscientiousness on these relationships is considered. Students in 48 group thesis projects of the undergraduate management program at a private university in the Philippines were surveyed. Students perceiving higher levels of psychological contract breach in the advisor–student relationship reported lower levels of psychological well‐being and project satisfaction. The negative effects of psychological contract breach on psychological well‐being were stronger for students high in conscientiousness compared with students low in conscientiousness.
Arctic waders and the capital‐income continuum: Further tests using isotopic contrasts of egg components
Authors: Hobson Keith A. , Jehl Joseph R.
Published: September 2010

Birds migrating annually to high‐latitude breeding grounds may benefit from the transport of endogenous nutrient reserves that ultimately contribute to reproduction. Shorebirds represent a diverse group of Arctic breeders that typically arrive on the breeding grounds with body reserves enriched in13C and15N due to wintering and staging in marine or estuarine habitats. Such isotopic differences between endogenous macronutrient reserves and local foodwebs allow the use of stable isotopes to test for the source of nutrient allocations to eggs. We examined δ13C and δ15N values in lipid‐free yolk and albumen and δ13C values in yolk lipid of first clutches of ten species of sandpiper and plover breeding near Churchill, Manitoba, Canada in 2003. Most birds had egg isotope values indicating a C3 terrestrial biome, which fits primarily an income (exogenous) breeding strategy. Two exceptions were single sandpiper and plover with strong marine isotope values. Among species, strong positive relationships for each isotope between egg tissue components suggest that egg proteins and lipids tended to be derived from the same isotopic source. Correlations of egg δ13C values for lipids and proteins approached theoretical relationships expected for exogenous breeding strategies, based on captive studies. Significant positive correlations between clutch initiation date and δ13C values of egg lipids and albumen suggest some endogenous nutrient contributions to later laid eggs but the circumstances under which this may occur are unstudied. Where possible, we recommend that researchers use blood and fat biopsies from laying females as a means of anchoring endogenous and exogenous endpoints for modeling of each reproductive event. We encourage the isotopic analysis of egg albumen, yolk and yolk lipids among individuals and species and tests of correlations among these components as a means of inferring origins of nutrients to eggs.