bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of cranberry juice on nifedipine pharmacokinetics in rats
Authors: Uesawa Yoshihiro , Mohri Kiminori
Published: July 2006

Little information is available about drug interactions with cranberry juice (CJ). Using microsomes from the human liver and rat small intestine, this study was designed to determine whether CJ could inhibit CYP3A-mediated nifedipine (NFP) oxidase activity; it showed that CJ was a potent inhibitor of human and rat CYP3A. Preincubation with 10% vol/vol of CJ and 1 mM NADPH for 10 min resulted in significant inhibition of the NFP oxidation activity of human and rat CYP3A (18.2 and 12.6% decreases, respectively, compared with preincubation experiments without NADPH). In addition, the pharmacokinetic interaction between CJ and NFP in vivo was confirmed in rats. In comparison with a control group, the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) of NFP was approximately 1.6-fold higher when CJ (2 mL) was injected intraduodenally 30 min before the intraduodenal administration of NFP (30 mg kg−1). However, the mean residence time, the volume of distribution and the elimination rate constant were not changed significantly. These data suggest that CJ component(s) inhibit the function of enteric CYP3A. In conclusion, it was found that CJ inhibits the CYP3A-mediated metabolism of NFP in both rats and humans. Furthermore, CJ alters NFP pharmacokinetics in rats.
Lidocaine metabolism in isolated perfused liver from streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats
Authors: Gawronska-Szklarz Barbara , Musial Heros David , Loniewski Igor , Paprota Bartosz , Drozdzik Marek
Published: July 2006

Insulin deficiency can trigger not only an altered glucose metabolic state but may also affect drug metabolism. The formation rate of the major lidocaine metabolite monoethylglycinxylidide (MEGX) has been shown to reflect the activity of CYP3A2 and CYP1A2. In the present study the effects of streptozotocin-induced diabetes on lidocaine elimination and MEGX formation in a model of isolated, non-recirculated, perfused rat liver with constant flow was evaluated. The parameters describing hepatic lidocaine elimination studied 10 days after streptozotocin administration, i.e. hepatic extraction coefficient (EH), hepatic clearance (ClH) and elimination rate (VL), were significantly decreased in diabetic livers in comparison with the controls. The EH in the controls varied between 0.88±0.07 and 0.93±0.06, whereas in diabetic livers it was markedly reduced to between 0.27±0.15 and 0.39±0.23. The ClH dropped to 8.04±4.12-11.66±2.99mLmin 1 in diabetic rats in comparison to 26.29±2.07–27.94±0.92 mL min−1 in the control animals. The VL was estimated to be 128.08±18.60–136.44±17.59 μg mL−1 in the controls and from 40.87±28.31 μg mL−1 to 56.83±22.16 μg mL−1 in diabetic perfused livers. The major lidocaine metabolite, i.e. MEGX, concentrations were significantly decreased in diabetic rats compared to the controls. The observed changes indicate an impairment of N-deethylation metabolic pathway in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats, i.e. a possible decrease in the enzymatic activity of CYP3A2 and CYP1A2.
Characterization of fasted-state human intestinal fluids collected from duodenum and jejunum
Authors: Moreno Mariangeles Perez de la Cruz , Oth Marianne , Deferme Sven , Lammert Frank , Tack Jan , Dressman Jennifer , Augustijns Patrick
Published: July 2006

The solubility of drugs in the gastrointestinal tract is very challenging to simulate with artificial media due to the high complexity of human intestinal fluid (HIF). In particular, bile salt composition, pH and buffer capacity are very important characteristics of HIF, since they determine the solubility of drugs in-vivo. In this study, we have measured the concentrations of individual bile salts in human intestinal fluids (n = 6) collected from two different locations (duodenum and jejunum) in the fasted state. Total bile salt concentrations ranged from 570 to 5137 μM in the duodenum and from 829 to 5470 μM in the jejunum. The following rank order of relative bile salt concentration in duodenum was observed: taurocholic acid > glycocholate > glycochenodeoxycholate > glycodeoxycholate > taurochenodeoxycholate > taurodeoxycholate. Cholic acid, tauroursodeoxycholate, chenodeoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid represented less than 1% of bile salts present in the samples. Ursodeoxycholate could not be detected in HIF. No statistically significant difference between bile salt composition of duodenal and jejunal aspirates was observed. The buffer capacity of HIF was compared with other media commonly used for solubility/dissolution determinations, indicating a relatively low buffer capacity of HIF (4–13 mmol L−1/pH). This low buffer capacity was reflected in the change in pH (between 4 and 9.5) that occurred in HIF after addition of model compounds covering a broad pKa range. Interindividual variability in pH, buffer capacity and bile salt contents of HIF will contribute to differences in the rate and extent of absorption of compounds for which dissolution/solubility is the rate limiting step. The variability observed warrants further research to explore the impact of intraluminal conditions on drug solubility.
The influence of rutin on the extracellular matrix in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rat kidney
Authors: Kamalakkannan N , Prince P Stanely Mainzen
Published: July 2006

We previously reported that rutin administration to streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats decreased plasma glucose and increased plasma insulin levels. In this study, we have examined the role of rutin on matrix remodelling in the kidney of STZ-induced diabetic rats. STZ was administered intraperitoneally (50 mg kg−1) to male albino Wistar rats to induce experimental diabetes. Rutin (100 mg kg−1) was orally administered to normal and STZ-induced diabetic rats for a period of 45 days and its influence on the content of hydroxyproline and collagen and on the activity of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) were studied. We have also studied the levels of tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) in the kidney. STZ-induced diabetic control rats showed increased content of hydroxyproline and collagen, decreased activity of MMPs and increased levels of TIMPs in the kidney. These changes were positively modulated by rutin treatment in STZ-induced diabetic rats, thereby protecting the kidney. In normal rats treated with rutin, none of the parameters studied were significantly altered. From the results obtained, we could conclude that rutin influences MMPs and effectively protects kidney against STZ-induced damage in rats. The effects observed are due to the reduction of plasma glucose levels by rutin.
Inhibition of pancreatic lipase by poloxamer 407 may provide an adjunct treatment strategy for weight loss
Authors: Johnston Thomas P , Goldberg Ira J
Published: July 2006

This investigation was conducted to evaluate whether poloxamer 407 (P-407), a nonionic surface-active-agent that functions as a lipase inhibitor, could aid in weight loss by inactivating pancreatic lipase (PL) following oral administration to mice. Using a pH-titrimetric method, P-407 was evaluated for its ability to inhibit PL activity in-vitro. The palatability of drinking water containing P-407 (50 μM) was assessed in mice to determine whether inclusion of P-407 altered either the volume of water ingested, or the volume of urine produced, per day. P-407 at the same concentration was next evaluated for its potential to mediate weight loss over a one-month period in mice fed a high-fat diet. Faecal fat determinations and the potential for P-407 to lower plasma triacylglycerol concentrations following oral administration of a standard lipid emulsion were also conducted. P-407 was determined to have an IC50 of 15.9 μM in-vitro. Inclusion of P-407 in drinking water neither perturbed the daily volume of water ingested, nor the volume of urine produced. Over the course of one month, adult mice, which were fed the high-fat diet and treated with P-407, lost approximately 12.4±1.7% of their initial body weight, whereas, control mice fed the identical diet continued to slowly gain weight (7.3±0.5% of their initial body weight). The amount of total lipids excreted in the faeces of high-fat-fed, P-407-treated mice was approximately 45% greater than that observed for control mice eating the same diet. Lastly, plasma triacylglycerol concentrations following oral administration of the standard lipid emulsion containing P-407 were significantly lower than corresponding plasma triacylglycerol concentrations observed in mice administered the lipid emulsion alone. While not as potent as orlistat, P-407 may potentially represent an additional treatment strategy for weight loss, especially when combined with caloric restriction, regular exercise, and anti-obesity medications of other drug classes.
Vasorelaxing effect of levosimendan against 5-hydroxytryptamine-induced contractions in isolated human conduit bypass grafts
Authors: Pataricza János , Szolnoky Jenö , Krassói Irén , Hegedüs Zoltán , Kun Attila , Varró András , Papp Julius Gy
Published: July 2006

Levosimendan is a novel inodilator drug developed for the treatment of heart failure. The possible vasodilating property of the drug in human coronary artery bypass grafts was investigated. Isometric tensions of the left internal thoracic artery (LITA, n = 8) as well as the proximal and distal segments of the radial artery (RA, n = 8 and 8) were measured in isolated organ baths. Concentration-relaxation curves for levosimendan (0.009-1.14 μmol L−1) were obtained against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin, 0.002–9.3 μmol L 1)-induced contractions. 5-HT-induced contraction of LITA was considerably smaller than that of the proximal and distal RAs. Levosimendan relaxed the grafts in the following order of calculated maximum efficacies (Emax): LITA > proximal RA > distal RA (LITA 100.3 ±16.2% of 5-HT-induced maximum tension, proximal RA 86.9 ±8.6%, distal RA 59.4 ± 17.5%, P < 0.05 LITA vs distal RA). The potency values of levosimendan, expressed as the negative logarithm of 50% effective concentrations (pD2), were comparable in the three bypass grafts (LITA −6.52 ± 0.44 log mol L−1, proximal RA −6.60 ± 0.49 log mol L−1, distal RA −6.85 ± 0.45 log mol L−1). The results suggest that levosimendan is an effective vasorelaxant of conduit bypass grafts and may serve as a new therapeutic tool, especially in the case of LITA and proximal RA grafts, for relieving perioperative spasm and subsequent graft failure.
Effect of leptin administration on membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatase activity in ethanol-induced experimental liver toxicity
Authors: Balasubramaniyan Vairappan , Viswanathan Periyaswamy , Nalini Namasivayam
Published: July 2006

Hepatic injury elicits intracellular stress that leads to peroxidation of membrane lipids accompanied by alteration of structural and functional characteristics of the membrane, which affects the activity of membrane-bound ATPases. We have explored the effect of leptin on hepatic marker enzyme and membrane-bound adenosine triphosphatases in ethanol-induced liver toxicity in mice. The experimental groups were control, leptin (230 μg kg−1, i.p. every alternate day for last 15 days), alcohol (6.32 g kg−1, by intragastric intubation for 45 days), and alcohol plus leptin. Ethanol feeding to mice significantly (P < 0.05) elevated the plasma leptin, alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (GGT) and hepatic lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH), and plasma and hepatic total ATPases, Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase. There was a significant decrease in Ca2+-ATPase and reduced glutathione (GSH). Leptin injections to ethanol-fed animals further elevated the levels of hepatic LOOH, plasma and hepatic total ATPases, Na+, K+-ATPase and Mg2+-ATPase, while the Ca2+-ATPase and GSH were decreased significantly. In addition, leptin administration was found to increase the plasma levels of leptin, ALT, ALP, GGT, Na+ and inorganic phosphorous, and decrease the levels of K+ and Ca2+ in ethanol-fed mice. These findings were consistent with our histological observations, confirming that leptin enhanced liver ailments in ethanol-supplemented mice.
Dose-response efficacy of caraway (Carum carvi L.) on tissue lipid peroxidation and antioxidant profile in rat colon carcinogenesis
Authors: Kamaleeswari Muthaiyan , Nalini Namasivayam
Published: July 2006

Colon cancer is a leading cause of cancer death and its prevention is of great interest throughout the world. This study was conducted to examine the efficacy of different doses of dietary caraway (Carum carvi L.) on tissue lipid peroxidation (LPO) and antioxidant profile in rat colon carcinogenesis. Wistar male rats were divided into 6 groups and were fed a modified pellet diet for the whole of 30 weeks. To induce colon cancer, rats were given a weekly subcutaneous injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH) at a dose of 20 mg kg−1 (based on body weight) for the first 15 weeks. Caraway was supplemented every day orally at doses of 30, 60 and 90 mg kg−1 for different groups of rats for the total period of 30 weeks. All rats were sacrificed at the end of 30 weeks, the colons were examined visually for masses and were subsequently evaluated histologically. The results showed diminished levels of intestinal, colonic and caecal LPO products, such as conjugated dienes (CD), lipid hydroperoxides (LOOH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and also the antioxidants superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione reductase (GR) in DMH treated rats, which were significantly reversed (P < 0.05) on caraway supplementation. Moreover, enhanced activity of intestinal, colonic and caecal glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione S-transferase (GST) and colonic ascorbic acid and α-tocopherol levels were observed in carcinogen-treated rats, which were significantly (P < 0.05) reduced on caraway supplementation. Thus, our study showed that caraway supplementation at a dose of 60 mg kg−1 had a modulatory role on tissue LPO, antioxidant profile and prevented DMH-induced histopathological lesions in colon cancer rats.
Antibacterial, antiviral, antiproliferative and apoptosis-inducing properties of Brackenridgea zanguebarica (Ochnaceae)
Authors: Möller Maren , Suschke Ulrike , Nolkemper Silke , Schneele Jürgen , Distl Melanie , Sporer Frank , Reichling Jürgen , Wink Michael
Published: July 2006

Brackenridgea zanguebarica is a small tree that is used in traditional African medicine as a type of cure-all for many diseases, including the treatment of wounds. The yellow bark of B. zanguebarica was used for the preparation of an ethanolic extract, which was tested in various concentrations against eleven bacteria, Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) and different human tumour cell lines. The extract that contains different polyphenolic substances like calodenin B. Cell growth inhibition, assessed via MTT-assay, was found in all tested human cell lines with IC50 values (concentration of extract that reduced cell viability by 50%) between 33 μg dry extract/mL for HL-60 human myeloid leukaemia cells and 93 μg dry extract/mL for HaCaT human keratinocytes. Staining with Annexin-V-FLUOS and JC-1 followed by subsequent analysis via flow cytometry revealed significant apoptosis-inducing properties. Analysis of caspase activity using a fluorogenic caspase-3 substrate showed a significant caspase activity in Jurkat T-cells after incubation with the extract. The bark extract had a pronounced activity against free HSV-1 and a strong antibacterial activity against Gram-positive strains (MICs: 6–24 μg dry extract/mL), which are often involved in skin infections. Additionally, no irritating properties of the extract could be observed in hen-egg test chorioallantoic membrane (HET-CAM) assay. These findings give a rationale for the traditional use of B. zanguebarica and are a basis for further analysis of the plant's components, their biological activity, and its use in modern phytotherapy.
Tea flavanols inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme activity and increase nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells
Authors: Persson Ingrid A-L , Josefsson Martin , Persson Karin , Andersson Rolf G G
Published: July 2006

A diversity of pharmacological effects on the cardiovascular system have been reported for Camellia sinensis: antioxidative, antiproliferative and anti-angiogenic activity, and nitric oxide synthase activation. The purpose of this study was to investigate if the connection between tea and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and nitric oxide (NO) might be an explanation of the pharmacological effects of tea on the cardiovascular system. Cultured endothelial cells from human umbilical veins (HUVEC) were incubated with extracts of Japanese Sencha (green tea), Indian Assam Broken Orange Pekoe (black tea) and Rooibos tea, respectively. The main flavanols and purine alkaloids in green and black tea were examined for their effects on ACE and NO. After incubation with green tea, black tea and Rooibos tea for 10 min, a significant and dose-dependent inhibition of ACE activity in HUVEC was seen with the green tea and the black tea. No significant effect on ACE was seen with the Rooibos tea. After 10-min incubation with (–)-epicatechin, (–)-epigallocatechin, (–)-epicatechingallate and (–)- epigallocatechingallate, a dose-dependent inhibition of ACE activity in HUVEC was seen for all four tea catechins. After 24-h incubation, a significantly increased dose-dependent effect on NO production in HUVEC was seen for the green tea, the black tea and the Rooibos tea. After 24-h incubation with (–)-epicatechin, (–)-epigallocatechin, (–)-epicatechingallate and (–)-epigallocatechingallate, a dose-dependent increased NO production in HUVEC was seen. In conclusion, tea extracts from C. sinensis may have the potential to prevent and protect against cardiovascular disease.
Intrasperm Ca2+ modulation and human ejaculated sperm viability: influence of miconazole, clotrimazole and loperamide
Authors: Gulati Abhishek , Tiwary Ashok K , Jain Subheet , Moudgil Pranab , Gupta Anshu
Published: July 2006

Elevation of intrasperm Ca2+ is reported to influence viability of ejaculated spermatozoa. Human spermatozoa possess inositol triphosphate (IP3)-sensitive Ca2+ stores, which can be targeted for increasing intrasperm Ca2+ level. The influence of agents affecting Ca2+ homeostasis has been investigated. Miconazole nitrate, clotrimazole and loperamide hydrochloride produced a dose- and time-dependent decrease in viability, each requiring respectively 0.5, 1.0 and 1.0 mM for producing death of all sperm cells immediately upon addition to ejaculated human semen samples. The reduction in sperm viability was accompanied by elevation of intrasperm Ca2+ and was not affected by presence or absence of extracellular Ca2+. Significantly (P < 0.05) less time was required for producing complete loss of sperm viability and increasing intrasperm Ca2+ when any of these drugs was added to sperm cells previously treated with selected agents affecting Ca2+ homeostasis. This enhanced spermicidal activity of miconazole, clotrimazole and loperamide appeared to be due to further mobilization of Ca2+ from partially depleted intrasperm Ca2+ stores. Synergism of spermicidal activity and intrasperm Ca2+ elevation by miconazole or clotrimazole was observed when Ca2+ efflux from sperm cells was simultaneously inhibited by 2′,4′-dichlorobenzamil hydrochloride, a Na+-Ca2+ exchange inhibitor. The spermicidal activity of miconazole, clotrimazole or loperamide due to elevation of intrasperm Ca2+ and its synergism, therefore, has great potential for exploitation of these drugs as contact spermicides.
ANOMALOUS ELECTRICAL BEHAVIOURS IN [(C6H5)3PCH3](TCNQ)2 AND [(C6H5)3AsCH3](TCNQ)2 AT HIGH PRESSURES
Authors: Shirotani Ichimin , Kawamura Haruki , Iida Yoichi
Published: July 2006

The resistance in [(C6H5)3PCH3](TCNQ)2 and [(C6H5)3AsCH3](TCNQ)2 increased with increasing pressure and reached the maximum value at approximately 20 Kbar. The anomalous electrical behaviours at high pressures were discussed.
EVIDENCE FOR THE PRESENCE OF CONTACT TERM CONTRIBUTION TO LANTHANIDE-INDUCED ISOTROPIC SHIFTS IN 13C AND 19F NMR SPECTRA OF ALIPHATIC COMPOUNDS: CAUTION FOR APPLICATIONS OF LANTHANIDE SHIFT REAGENTS
Authors: Kainosho Masatsune , Ajisaka Katsumi , Tori Kazuo
Published: July 2006

Evidence for the presence of the contact term contribution besides the dipolar interaction has been presented in paramagnetic shifts induced by lanthanide shift reagents in 13C and 19F NMR spectra of several aliphatic alcohols, ketone, amines, and nitriles. Thus, it is suggested that caution should be exercised in their applications.
SYNTHESIS OF NORBORNENE EPISULFIDES USING ARENETHIOSULFENYL CHLORIDES
Authors: Fujisawa Tamotsu , Kobori Takeo
Published: July 2006

Preparation of new kinds of norbornene episulfides by use of arenethiosulfenyl chlorides has been investigated. Norbornene and 7,7-dimethylnorbornene afforded exo and endo epithio derivatives, respectively. Norbornadiene gave a mixture of exo and endo monoepithio compounds. The structure of the episulfides and of the intermediately formed adducts of the norbornenes with the chlorides is discussed on the basis of nmr spectra.
STERIC EFFECTS IN COMPLEXATION OF N-ALKYLIDENEANILINES WITH TRIS(DIPIVALOMETHANATO)EUROPIUM
Authors: Iwamura Hiizu , Tsuchimoto Michiko , Nishimura Shigeo
Published: July 2006

The pmr paramagnetic shifts induced by Eu(DPM)3 have been studied in a series of N-sec-alkylideneanilines and related to their structures around the C=N bond. Steric effects in complexation with Eu(DPM)3 are discussed from the values of the intrinsic paramagnetic shifts, Δmax , and the complexation equilibrium constants.
REMOTE PARTICIPATION OF A SULFUR ATOM TO THE PROTON EXCHANGE OF 1,3,5-TRITHIANE DERIVATIVES
Authors: Fukunaga Michio , Oki Michinori
Published: July 2006

The H–D exchange at the 2-position of 2,4,6-triinethyl-1,3,5-trithiane derivatives was found to be accelerated, by a large factor, by converting the sulfur atom at the 5-position to the sulfinyl or the sulfonyl group. The results are interpreted by assuming the remote participation of the sulfur atom. The slow H–D exchange of a 1,3,5-oxadithiane derivative is an additional support for the above assumption.
THE REACTION OF TROPONOID WITH YLIDE. V. THE REACTION OF TROPYLIUM- AND ALKOXYTROPYLIUM ION WITH STABLE SULFUR YLIDE
Authors: Sugimura Yukio , Iino Kimio , Kawamoto Isao , Kishida Yukichi
Published: July 2006

Tropylium ion reacted with stable sulfur ylides accompanying with the rearrangement of the seven membered ring to afford benzal derivatives. Analogous reaction of alkoxytropylium ion afforded o- and p-alkoxybenzylidene derivatives.
SYNTHESIS AND REACTION OF A SERIES OF SUBSTITUTED BENZYL ESTERS OF GUANOSINE 3′-PHOSPHATE
Authors: Satoh Kimihiko , Inoue Yasuo
Published: July 2006

Four new substituted benzyl esters of guanosine 3′-phosphate have been prepared, and the acid- and base-catalyzed transphosphorylation reactions have been studied in 0.2M HCl and 0.2M NaOH solutions at 35°. A linear relationship exists between the logarithms of the base-catalyzed rate constants and para substituent constants, σp°. A positive ρ value of +1.24 was obtained. In contrast to this, the rate of the acid-catalyzed transphosphorylation was found to be little affected by the corresponding change in substitution.
PHOTO-INDUCED FRIEDEL-CRAFTS TYPE REACTION OF CYCLOHEXENE TO BENZENE RING
Authors: Tada Masaru , Shinozaki Hiraku
Published: July 2006

Ultraviolet irradiation of toluene or anisole in the presence of cyclohexene and catalytic amount of BF3-etherate gave cyclohexyltoluene or cyclohexylanisole. Irradiation of β-(1-cyclohexenyl)ethylbenzene (v) under the same reaction conditions afforded octahydrophenanthrene VII.
STUDIES ON MTRO SUGARS. V. A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF METHYL 5-O-BENZOYL-2,3-DIACETAMIDO-2,3-DIBEOXY-β-d-RIBOFURANOSIDE
Authors: Takamoto Tetsuyoshi , Tanaka Hozumi , Sudoh Rokuro
Published: July 2006

Treatment of methyl 5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-nitro-β-d-glycero-pent-2-enofuranoside (4) with hydrazoic acid in chloroform afforded quantitatively methyl 2-azido-5-O-benzoyl-2,3-dideoxy-3-nitro-β-d-ribofuranoside (5) which was easily led to the corresponding 2,3-diacetamido-ribofurancside derivative (6). Structure of 5 was determined by the specific rotation and its p.m.r. spectrum data.
CARBONYLATION IN THE SbCl5-LIQUID SULFUR DIOXIDE SYSTEM. THE CARBOXYLIC ACID ESTER SYNTHESIS FROM ALKYL CHLOROSULFITE AND DIALKYL SULFITE
Authors: Nojima Masatomo , Shiba Fumiaki , Tokura Niichiro
Published: July 2006

A new synthesis of fatty acid esters by the carbonylation of alkyl chlorosulfite and dialkyl sulfite in SbCl5-liq.SO2 system containing ethanol has been described. The reactions of dialkyl sulfites in this medium gave esters in high yields and with lesser skeletal rearrangement.
EMISSION SPECTRA OF XYLENES BY CONTROLLED ELECTRON IMPACT
Authors: Ogawa Teiichiro , Tsuji Masaharu , Toyoda Minoru , Ishibashi Nobuhiko
Published: July 2006

The emission spectra of o-, m- and p-xylenes were observed by exciting them with controlled electron beam of 200 – 300 V. A characteristic band of the aromatic hydrocarbon was observed in the 270 – 320 nm region. However, the intensity and the vibrational structure of the band of p-xylene were different from those of o- and m-xylenes.
NOVEL SYNTHESIS AND ABSOLUTE CONFIGURATION OF SEMPERVIROL
Authors: Matsumoto Takashi , Imai Sachihiko , Matsubayashi Tomio , Tsunenaga Fukuko , Fukui Kenji
Published: July 2006

Friedel-Crafts reaction of methyl 12-bromodehydroabietate (IV) with acetyl chloride afforded methyl 13-acetyl-14-bromo-12-isopropyldeisopropyldehydroabietate (V), its cis-isomer (VI), and methyl 12-acetyldehydroabietate (VII). Conversion of V to sempervirol (I) was successfully carried out. The absolute configuration of sempervirol has also been assigned.
ON THE REACTION OF n-BUTYLLITHIUM WITH BENZOPHENONE
Authors: Nakamura Hideo , Yamamoto Hisashi , Nozaki Hitosi
Published: July 2006

The title reaction at low temperature gives benzhydrol, whereas at higher temperature the normal adduct, 1,1-diphenyl-1-pentanol.
DECOMPOSITION OF BENZOYL PEROXIDE IN THE PRESENCE OF POLY-p-N,N-DIMETHYLAMINOSTYRENE
Authors: Kunieda Norio , Mochizuki Hideaki , Kinoshita Masayoshi
Published: July 2006

Benzoyl peroxide(BPO) decomposes readily in the presence of poly-p-N,N-dimethylaminostyrene(poly-DMAS), and the initial rate of the decomposition of BPO in the presence of poly-DMAS is about 23 times faster than that in the presence of N,N-dimethylaniline. The fact of the enhancement of the rate attributed to polymeric effect of poly-DMAS and the data of kinetics were discussed.
SUCCESSIVE DETERMINATION OF SULFIDE, THIOSULFATE AND SULFITE IONS BY POTENTIOMETRIC ARGENTOMETRIC TITRATION
Authors: Ikeda Sanae , Satake Hiromu
Published: July 2006

Sulfide, thiosulfate and suifite ions in their mixed solution were successively titrated without any separation procedure. These ions were precisely titrated with a silver nitrate solution by the potentiometric method using a silver–silver sulfide electrode and a silver–silver iodide electrode as the indicator electrodes. Sulfide and thiosulfate were titrated directly. Then, suifite was determined indirectly by titrating the iodide ion generated by addition of iodine.
PHOTOINDUCED REACTIONS. LXVII. PHOTOSENSITIZED OXYGENATION OF N-SUBSTITUTED 1,2,3,4-TETRAHYDROCARBAZOLES
Authors: Saito Isao , Imuta Mitsuru , Matsuura Teruo
Published: July 2006

Rose bengal-sensitized photooxygenation of N-methyl- (1a), N-methyl-6-nitro- (1b), and N-acetyl- (1c) 1,2,3,4-tetrahydrocarbazoles was investigated. The N-methyl derivatives underwent oxidative cleavage of the enamine double bond to give exclusively 2, whereas the N-acetyl derivative in water-containing solvents gave predominantly 3, possibly via a zwitterionic peroxide intermediate.
REACTIONS OF β-d-HEXOPYRANOSIDE INVOLVING α-NITROOLEFIN STRUCTURE WITH SOME S-YLIDES
Authors: Sakakibara Tohru , Takamoto Tetsuyoshi , Sudoh Rokuro , Nakagawa Toshio
Published: July 2006

Treatment of methyl 4,6-O-benzylidene-2,3-dideoxy-3-nitro-β-d-erythro-hex-2-enopyranoside (1) with dimethylsulfoxonium methylide and dimethylsulfuranylidene acetophenone afforded the corresponding cyclopropane derivative 3 (75%) and 4 (71%), respectively. In the case of ethyl (dimethylsulfuranylidene) acetate, however, stable ylide (6) which involves two isomers was obtained in 75% yield. Catalytic reduction of 6 gave quantitatively ethoxycarbonylmethyl derivative (7) which has gluco-configuration.
THE MOLECULAR STRUCTURES OF TETRANACTIN AND ITS ALKALI METAL ION COMPLEXES
Authors: Iitaka Yoichi , Sakamaki Toshio , Nawata Yoshiharu
Published: July 2006

Molecular structures of tetranactin and its alkali metal ion complexes were determined by the X-ray crystal structure analysis. Molecular shape of free tetranactin is fairly flat, elongated and twisted, and outline of the molecule resembles that of propeller. Molecular conformation of the complexes is similar to that of K+-nonactin complex. A complex formation mechanism is proposed.
AROMATIC SOLVENT-INDUCED SHIFT (ASIS) . A NOVEL APPROACH
Authors: Nakagawa Naoya , Niki Kunio , Takeuchi Yoshito , Kumagai Izumi
Published: July 2006

The aromatic solvent-induced shift (ASIS) has been explained in terms of the dipole-induced dipole interaction. It can hardly account for the experimental results. The dipole-quadrupole interaction seems better to explain ASIS. A preliminary calculation has been carried out for acetone in benzene.
COMPLEX FORMATION IN THE GROUND AND EXCITED STATES OF THE PYRENE-N,N-DIMETHYLANILINE SYSTEM
Authors: Yoshihara Keitaro , Futamura Kazuyoshi , Nagakura Saburo
Published: July 2006

From the measurement of absorption and fluorescence spectra, a 1:1 electron-donor-acceptor complex formation in the ground state was confirmed for the pyrene-N,N-dimethylaniline system which is a well-known exciplex formation system, the equilibrium constant being determined to be 0.2 M−1.
CRYSTAL AND MOLECULAR STRUCTURE OF INTRAMOLECULAR CYCLOADDUCT OF DICYCLOHEPTATRIENYL KETONE BY PHOTOCHEMICAL REACTION
Authors: Kabuto Chizuko , Kayama Yasutaka , Oda Masaji , Kitahara Yoshio
Published: July 2006

A Photochemical reaction of dicycloheptatrienyl ketone affords a crystalline intramolecular (π2s+π6s) cycloadduct, the structure of which has been determined by X-ray analysis.
PHOTOELECTRON SPECTRA OF NITRO-COMPOUNDS
Authors: Kobayashi Tsunetoshi , Nagakura Saburo
Published: July 2006

Molecular photoelectron spectra of nitromethane and nitrobenzenes were measured. The assignment of the observed spectra was made, the results of the CNDO/2 and extended Hückel calculations being referred. The steric hindrance effect was found to be significant in the interpretation of the observed photoelectron spectra.
FORMATION OF BIACETYL IN THE PHOTOOXIDATION OF ACETALDEHYDE WITH THE URANYL ION
Authors: Sakuraba Shukichi , Matsushima Ryoka
Published: July 2006

In contrast to earlier reports of the formation of acetic acid, a deoxygenated aqueous acid solution containing 0.01 F uranyl ion and excess acetaldehyde gave biacetyl as the main organic oxidation product, upon irradiation with λ≥3650 Å from a 500–W high pressure mercury lamp, at 5∼15°C.
REACTION OF TOLUENE WITH HYDROGEN ATOMS AT ELEVATED TEMPERATURES
Authors: Amano Akira , Horie Osamu , Hanh Nguyen Hieu
Published: July 2006

Reactions of toluene and hydrogen atoms were carried out at 300–780°K under 6 mmHg pressure, Methylcyclohexadienes and methylcyclohexenes were main products in the vicinity of room temperature, while benzene and ethylbenzene were formed with high selectivities at higher temperatures.
REDUCTION OF 7-HALO-7-FLUORO-2,5-DIOXABICYCLO[4.1.0]HEPTANES WITH TRI-n-BUTYLTIN HYDRIDE
Authors: Yamanaka Hiroki , Shimamura Toshio , Teramura Kazuhiro , Ando Teiichi
Published: July 2006

The inversion of the 7-endo-fluoro-2,5-dioxabicyclo[4.1.0]hept-7-yl radical, formed in the reduction of 7-endo-fluoro-7-exo-halo-2,5-dioxabicyclo[4.1.0]heptane with tri-n-butyltin hydride, to the corresponding 7-exo-fluoro radical occurs much more rapidly than its hydrogen abstraction from the tin hydride.
A SIMPLE METHOD FOR PREPARATION OF 1-CYANO-1,2-DIAMINOETHYLENE DERIVATIVES THROUGH NICKEL-ISOCYANIDE COMPLEXES
Authors: Otsuka Sei , Nakamura Akira , Ito Kazuo
Published: July 2006

1-Cyano-1,2-diaminoethylene derivatives, R-C(NH-t-Bu)=C(NH-t-Bu)CN were found obtainable from isocyanide oligo-insertion complexes, R[C=N(t-Bu)]3NiX(t-BuNC), by reaction with, protic reagents, e.g. dimethylglyoxime. N,N′-Di-t-butyl-C-acylglycinamide, RCO-CH(NH-t-Bu)CONH-t-Bu, was also isolated from the same reaction in wet conditions.
REACTIONS OF HEXAFLUOROTHIOACETONE DIMER WITH ALCOHOLS IN THE PRESENCE OF FLUORIDE ION
Authors: Ishikawa Nobuo , Kitazume Tomoya
Published: July 2006

Hexafluorothioacetone dimer [1] in KF/DMF system reacted with alcohols to give disulfides 2 and alkylthio compounds 3. The reaction mechanism was speculated.
A NOVEL ASPECT AGAINST THE “ORBITAL SYMMETRY CORRELATION IN THE SENSITIZATION”
Authors: Tokumaru Katsumi , Sakuragi Hirochika , Takahashi Yasushi
Published: July 2006

An aspect against Ullman’s postulate of “orbital symmetry correlation in the sensitization” for the aromatic hydrocarbon-sensitized reaction of 2-benzylidene-4-phenyl-3-buten-4-olide is now presented, by showing that the lactone efficiently reabsorbes fluorescence emitted from the hydrocarbon sensitizers and its wavelength seems to govern the course of the reaction.
THE PYROLYSIS OF TRICYCLCO[3.3.1.02,8]NONA-3,6-DIENE (BARBARALANE)
Authors: Tsuruta Haruki , Kimagai Tsutomu , Mukai Toshio
Published: July 2006

Vapor phase pyrolysis of barbaralane (2) produced vinylcycloheptatriene (3), cis-8,9-dihydroindene (4) and allylbenzene (5). The formation of 4 was interpreted by considering 7-vinyl-1,3,5-cycloheptatriene (7) as an intermediate.
A CONVENIENT METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESES OF BENZYL N-MONOALKYLCARBAMATES AND N-BENZYLOXYCARBONYLAMINO ACIDS
Authors: Taguchi Takeo , Mukaiyama Teruaki
Published: July 2006

A convenient method for the preparations of benzyl N-monoalkylcarbamates and N-benzyloxycarbonylamino acids have been established. Benzyl N-monoalkylcarbamates were obtained in good yields by the reactions of potassium salt of benzyl N-(p-chlorophenylthio)carbamate with alkyl halides and the subsequent treatment of the alkylated carbamates with p-chlorobenzenethiol.
PREPARATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF A NEW COMPOUND CONTAINING MoO3, Al2O3 AND SiO2
Authors: Ueno Akifumi , Kotera Yoshihide
Published: July 2006

A new compound containing MoO3, Al2O3 and SiO2 was prepared by heating their mixture in a proper proportion at 1200°C for 12 hours. This compound was obtained in the form of small needle-like crystals, whose colour is slightly pale gray. Its composition was determined to be \frac16MoO3·Al2O3·2SiO2 by the chemical analysis. Crystallographic properties and preparative method of this compound were discussed in this report.
A CONVENIENT ROUTE TO 4,5-HOMOTROPONES
Authors: Noyori Ryoji , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Makino Shinji , Takaya Hidemasa
Published: July 2006

A new route to 4,5-homotropones starting with 4-cycloheptenone derivatives is described.
SOLVATION OF BIS(2,9-DIMETHYL-1,10-PHENANTHROLINE)COPPER(I) CATION BY ACETONE
Authors: Miyoshi Katsuhiko , Tominaga Toshihiro , Yamamoto Yuroku
Published: July 2006

Conductance of bis(2,9-dimethyl-1,10-phenanthroline)Cu(I) perchlorate was measured at 25°C in 1-propanol/acetone mixtures with about the same dielectric constants. The derived parameters have shown that addition of acetone to propanol decreases the ionic association of the chelate salt. This behavior can be interpreted in terms of the solvation of acetone to the chelate cation.
A NOVEL SYNTHESIS OF OPTICALLY ACTIVE AZETIDINE-2-CARBOXYLIC ACID
Authors: Miyoshi Muneji , Sugano Hiroshi , Fujii Toshiyuki , Ishihara Teruo , Yoneda Naoto
Published: July 2006

Treatment of tosyl-l-homoserine lactone (I) with hydrogen bromide, followed by recyclization by the use of sodium hydride below 20°C, gave tosyl-l-azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (III). After the detosylation, the optically active azetidine-2-carboxylic acid (IV) was obtained in a good yield.
ZUR SYNTHESE DER OLIGOKONDENSATE AUS EINIGEN NUCLEINBASENHALTIGEN PROPANDIOLEN
Authors: Kawabata Toshio , Ueda Nasuo , Takemoto Kiichi
Published: July 2006

Die purin- sowie pyrimidinbasenhaltigen Propandiole wurden mit Phenylphosphorodichloridat umgesetzt. In einigen Fällen wurden oligomere Kondensate gewonnen, die Phosphoratome in der Hauptkette und Nucleinbasen in der Seitenkette enthalten. Aus dem neu hergestellten, ein Adeninrest enthaltenden Carbonat wurde durch Umsetzung mit Phosphorsäure auch die ähnliche Oligomere erhalten.
HEATS OF SOLUTION OF COBALT(III) ACETYLACETONATE IN ALCOHOLS AND WATER
Authors: Tarumoto Tsunehiko , Yamamoto Yuroku
Published: July 2006

Heats of solution of cobalt(III) acetylacetonate in alcohols and water were measured and the results were related to the number of hydroxyl groups and the cohesive energy densities of solvents. Heats of solution of the same chelats were also measured in dilute carbon tetrachloride solutions of alcohols. From the results, it was found that alcohols can exist completely as monomer at an extremely low concentration range.
ON THE BIRADICAL VS. CONCERTED MECHANISMS FOR THE THERMAL REARRANGEMENT OF TRICYCLO[3.3.0.02,6]OCTA-3,7-DIENE TO SEMIBULLVALENE
Authors: Iwamura Hiizu , Kihara Hiroshi
Published: July 2006

A symmetry-allowed concerted process is proposed by the MINDO/2 MO study for the facile rearrangement of tricyclo[3.3.0.02,6]octa-3,7-diene 1 to semibullvalene 2. The reaction path involves the cleavage of an allylic bond by twisting the molecule with C2 symmetry operation kept until the geometry corresponding to the transition state for the Cope rearrangement of 2 is obtained.
A MAGNETIZATION STUDY ON TETRAKIS(DIETHYLDITHIOCARBAMATO)DICOPPER(II)
Authors: Mcgregor Kenneth T , Eckberg Richard P , Hatfield William E
Published: July 2006

A magnetization study on tetrakis(diethyldithiocarbamato)dicopper(II) has shown that the dimeric molecule has a triplet ground state resulting from a ferromagnetic intradimer interaction.
Synthesis of Gemcitabine Analogues as Potential Anti-tumor Agents
Authors: Ding Yili
Published: July 2006

Gemcitabine analogue was designed to keep the anti-tumor activities but not to be the substrate of deoxycytidine deaminase. By coupling the 2-deoxy-2,2-difluoro sugar derivative with a bicyclic base, the gemcitabine analogue was synthesized, and its configuration was confirmed by 2D NMR studies.
Synthesis and Luminescent Properties of Novel Twisted Copolymers Containing Dithienophosphole Oxide/Dithienosilole and Spirobifluorene
Authors: Zhang Zhaowei , Li Jun , Huang Bin , Qin Jingui
Published: July 2006

Two new series of twisted polymers, poly[fluorenedithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]phosphole oxide-alt-2,2′-spirobifluorelene] (PFDTPO-SBF) and poly[fluorenedithieno[3,2-b:2′,3′-d]silole-alt-2,2′-spirobifluorelene (PFDTS-SBF), in which the backbone was sufficiently twisted and the effective conjugation length was controlled, were synthesized through Suzuki coupling reaction. The introduction of DTPO or DTS into π-conjugated main chains apparently turned the emission wavelength, and possessed the low-lying LUMO energy levels.
Selective Preparation of MoO3 and HxMoO3 Nanobelts in Molybdenum–Hydrogen Peroxide System
Authors: Hu XiaoKai , Ma DeKun , Xu LiQiang , Zhu YongChun , Qian YiTai
Published: July 2006

In this letter a new synthetic strategy has been established for MoO3 nanobelts by oxidizing Mo powders with H2O2 in neutral water at 70 °C and a subsequent hydrothermal treatment at 140 °C. By introducing alcohol into this system, we can selectively prepare blue HxMoO3 nanobelts. The photoluminescence (PL) property can be greatly altered before and after hydrogen incorporation into MoO3 nanobelts. The mechanism on formation process of nanobelts has also been addressed.
Pan-African politics in African American visual art: Where have we been? Where are we going?
Authors: Cooks Bridget R
Published: July 2006

From the nineteenth century sculptures of Edmonia Lewis to contemporary art installations by Pat Ward Williams, the history and aesthetics of African cultures have inspired art-making and political solidarity for artists of African descent in the United States. This article examines
the ways in which African American artists have explored diverse aspects of African history and cultures in their artwork. Their desire to create a Pan-African community by visualizing common black experiences expresses their solidarity with black struggles in Africa and desire to reconnect
with an African heritage lost through the violence of the Atlantic slave trade.

The article discusses the role of Pan-Africanism as a political ideal through which people of African descent can work toward political freedom. It discusses the visual history of Pan-Africanist ideology by
African American artists and explores the current possibility for transnational reciprocity and identification despite cultural and ethnic differences between the African and American contexts.
Forced Expiratory Volume in 1 Second Percentage Improves the Classification of Severity Among Children With Asthma
Authors: Fuhlbrigge Anne L. , Weiss Scott T. , Kuntz Karen M. , Paltiel A. David ,   for the CAMP Research Group
Published: July 2006

OBJECTIVE. Spirometry is an important component of the National Asthma Education and Prevention Program guidelines for asthma, yet published data show variable associations between forced expiratory volume in 1 second percentage (FEV1%) predicted, symptoms and health care utilization. The objective of this analysis was to examine the association between FEV1% and future risk of exacerbations among a well-characterized population of children with asthma.

METHODS. Using data that are available from the Childhood Asthma Management Program, we examined the relationship between prebronchodilator FEV1% and important clinical outcomes. Multiple observations of FEV1 were available for each patient; multivariate regression analysis, using a general estimating equation approach, was used to control for the correlation between repeated measurements among individuals and potential confounders. FEV1% was categorized into 4 levels and as a continuous variable. Outcomes of interest included mean symptom score (0–3), episode-free days, and asthma-related events (oral steroid use, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations) during the ensuing 4-month period. Our analysis was limited to the placebo group (N = 417).

RESULTS. We observed a clear relationship between prebronchodilator FEV1% and important clinical outcomes. In multivariable models that simultaneously controlled for covariates of interest, age at baseline, time, previous event history, and nocturnal awakenings, a significant relationship between FEV1% and asthma symptoms and serious asthma exacerbations (oral steroids, emergency department visits, and hospitalizations) was observed. Compared with children with an FEV1% ≥100%, children with FEV1% 80% to 99%, 60% to 79%, and <60% were 1.3, 1.8, and 4.8, respectively, more likely to have a serious asthma exacerbation during the ensuing 4 months.

CONCLUSIONS. In children with mild to moderate asthma, FEV1% predicted is independently associated with future asthma symptoms and health care utilization. Previous asthma-related hospitalizations and nocturnal symptoms also were independently associated with risk for future adverse events. FEV1 is an important component of asthma health status and asthma severity classification.
Survival and Growth of Age-0 Steelhead after Surgical Implantation of 23-mm Passive Integrated Transponders
Authors: Bateman Douglas S. , Gresswell Robert E.
Published: July 2006

Little information is available on the effects of implanting 23-mm passive integrated transponder (PIT) tags in salmonids less than 90 mm fork length (FL). Using juvenile steelhead Oncorhynchus mykiss (range, 73–97 mm FL), we compared instantaneous growth rates and survival among three experimental groups: control, surgery with no tag, and surgery with tag. Survival rate was lower for tagged fish (86%) than for control and surgery−no tag fish (virtually 100% in each group). Approximately 90% of the mortalities occurred during days 1–3. Growth rate for the tagged group was lower for the first two 10-d measurement intervals; however, during the third 10-d interval, growth rates for tagged fish equaled or exceeded values for the other groups. These results suggest that tagged fish recovered by day 20. Growth rates for the control and surgery−no tag groups did not differ from one another during any measurement interval. Tag retention rate was 97% over the 30-d period of the study. It appears that the combination of fish length and tag size in this study resulted in short-term negative effects on growth rate and survival; however, 23-mm PIT tags may still be useful for studies of salmonids 80–90 mm FL when survival is not the parameter of interest.
Feasibility of driving PDPs with 1‐V data and 30‐V scan pulses by controlling the self‐erase‐discharge threshold
Authors: Saito A. , Shiga T. , Mikoshiba S.
Published: July 2006

Abstract— In order to realize low‐voltage addressing of PDPs, an erase‐addressing scheme was adopted together with an accumulation of an appropriate amount of wall charge by using priming and bias pulses prior to addressing. The switching operation is performed by using sharp threshold characteristics of the self‐erase discharge. Cessation of the scan pulse ignites a weak self‐erase discharge, which, together with the data pulse, triggers an intense self‐erase discharge. By using the drive scheme, the data‐ and scan‐pulse voltages can be reduced to 1.1 and 29.6 V, respectively, provided that the panel has perfectly uniform voltage characteristics.
Third-generation sensors for night vision
Authors: Norton P.
Published: July 2006

Third generation sensors are under development to enhance capabilities for target detection and identification, threat warning, and 3D imaging. Distinct programs for both cooled HgCdTe and uncooled microbolometer devices are part of this thrust. This paper will describe the technology for HgCdle two-colour, high-definition imaging sensors and threat warning devices, avalanche photodiode arrays for 3D imaging, and the supporting technology being developed to enhance the readouts that support these devices. Uncooled detector initiatives will also be described to reduce pixel size in conjunction with the production of 480×640 arrays. Finally, efforts are also beginning to move both photon and thermal detectors closer to radiative-limited performance while simultaneously reducing the cooling requirements for photon detectors.
Noise minimization via deep submicron system-on-chip integration in megapixel CMOS imaging sensors
Authors: Kozlowski L.
Published: July 2006

Infrared sensor designers have long maximized S/N ratio by employing pixel-based amplification in conjunction with supplemental noise suppression. Instead, we suppress photodiode noise using novel SoC implementation with simple three transistor pixel; supporting SoC components include a feedback amplifier having elements distributed amongst the pixel and column buffer, a tapered reset clock waveform, and reset timing generator. The tapered reset method does not swell pixel area, compel processing of the correlated reset and signal values, or require additional memory. Integrated in a 2.1 M pixel imager developed for generating high definition television, random noise is ∼8e-at video rates to 225 MHz. Random noise of ∼30e-would otherwise he predicted for the 5 μm 5 μm pixels having 5.5 fF detector capacitance with negligible image lag. Minimum sensor S/N ratio is 52 dB with 1920 by 1080 progressive readout at 60 Hz, 72 Hz and 90 Hz. Fixed pattern noise is <2 DN via on-chip signal processing.