bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The trade-off of reproduction and survival in slow-breeding seabirds
Authors: Dobson F. Stephen , Jouventin Pierre
Published: October 2010

A trade-off between reproduction and survival is one of the most consistent empirical aspects of life-history diversification. One explanation for this interspecific pattern is evolved differences in the balance of allocation to reproduction versus individual maintenance and survival. The same pattern is expected, however, simply as a result of differences among species in body size. We tested these alternatives using original data from 44 species of albatrosses and petrels, long-lived seabirds that breed very slowly. After application of regression techniques to remove the effects of body size and phylogeny, annual reproduction and survival exhibited a significant trade-off. Our measures of reproductive effort also exhibited significant trade-offs with age at maturity, the latter strongly associated with survival. Feeding rate of chicks, success at fledging chicks, and annual chick production were also significantly associated. In conclusion, after removing the effects of body size, we found a significant trade-off of reproduction and survival, in spite of the fact that these long-lived birds lay only one egg at a time. Our examination of the pattern among life-history traits of these slow breeders and their pelagic feeding ecology provide support for the evolutionary explanation of a trade-off of reproduction and survival.
Testing Williams’ prediction: reproductive effort versus residual reproductive value (RRV)
Authors: Dobson F. Stephen , Jouventin Pierre
Published: October 2010

Williams (1966; Am. Nat. 100(916): 687–690) furthered R.A. Fisher’s concept of reproductive value by breaking it into two components: (1) current reproduction and (2) residual reproductive value (RRV, the summed product of survival and reproduction over the rest of the lifespan). He predicted a negative correlation of measures of these two components among species, and this prediction led in part to the idea of trade-offs in life-history theory. We tested Williams’ prediction with 24 species of albatrosses and petrels (order Procellariiformes), species with a great range of body sizes and all laying only one egg at a time (like humans, highly iteroparous). Two measures of reproductive investment were not negatively correlated with RRV. Adjusting data for body mass and phylogeny resulted in significant positive associations. In addition, any measure of annual parental allocation to reproduction (once adjusted for body size) should give a positive association with RRV as shown by a simple simulation model that assumes a highly iteroparous life cycle. Under such life cycles, Williams’ prediction confounds the positive influence of reproduction on both current investment and RRV. Principles of life-history theory, however, do not require re-evaluation, as this particular prediction can in at least some cases be internally inconsistent.
Can chemical cues act as landmarks in the orientation of the cave fishPhreatichthys andruzzii?
Authors: Ceccolini F. , Paglianti A. , Streitenberger C. , Berti R.
Published: October 2010

In the constant darkness of cave environments fish locomotion has to be directed by nonvisual spatial information. Four series of tests were done to determine the ability of the hypogean cyprinid Phreatichthys andruzzii Vinciguerra, 1924 to memorize a synthetic chemical cue (morpholine, C4H9NO), to associate it with an area, to utilize such information for direct locomotory activity, and to determine how long that association is retained in fish memory. Although morpholine acts as neutral stimulus for P. andruzzii, after acclimation in morpholine-scented areas devoid of food resources specimens showed a clear tendency to avoid waters characterized by the odour of that chemical. We hypothesize that an association between odours and trophic characteristics of an area allows the fish to optimize their exploratory activity, as it allows them to recognize areas already experienced to be devoid of trophic resources and to avoid these as unprofitable places. The above association seems to be memorized for a short time; the behavioural response vanishing between 6 and 18 h after the end of the acclimation period. After a certain time has elapsed, it could be profitable to visit the same areas again to verify the incidental availability of new food sources.
INFLUENCE OF LATTICE VIBRATION ON THE GROUND STATE OF MAGNETOPOLARON IN A PARABOLIC QUANTUM DOT
Authors: EERDUNCHAOLU  , XIN WEI , ZHAO YUWEI
Published: October 2010

Influence of the lattice vibration on the properties of the magnetopolaron in the parabolic quantum dots (QDs) is studied by using the Huybrechts' linear combination operator and Lee–Low–Pines (LLP) transformation methods. The expressions for the vibration frequency and the ground-state energy of the magnetopolaron as functions of the confinement strength of the QDs, the magnetic field and temperature are derived under the strong and weak coupling, respectively. The results of the numerical calculations show that the changes of the vibration frequency and ground-state energy of the magnetopolaron with the confinement strength of the QDs, the magnetic field and temperature are different under different couplings. The vibration frequency and the ground-state energy of the weak-coupling magnetopolaron and the vibration frequency of the strong-coupling magnetopolaron will increase with increase of the confinement strength of the QDs and cyclotron frequency, the vibration frequency and ground-state energy of the strong-coupling magnetopolaron. However, the ground-state energy of the weak-coupling magnetopolaron will decrease with increase of the temperature. The dependence of the ground-state energy of the strong-coupling magnetopolaron on the confinement strength of the QDs and cyclotron frequency is strongly influenced by the temperature. The remarkable influence of the temperature on the ground-state energy of the magnetopolaron arises when the temperature is relatively higher.
FAILED THEORIES OF SUPERCONDUCTIVITY
Authors: SCHMALIAN JÖRG
Published: October 2010

Almost half a century passed between the discovery of superconductivity by Kamerlingh Onnes and the theoretical explanation of the phenomenon by Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer. During the intervening years the brightest minds in theoretical physics tried and failed to develop a microscopic understanding of the effect. A summary of some of those unsuccessful attempts to understand superconductivity not only demonstrates the extraordinary achievement made by formulating the BCS theory, but also illustrates that mistakes are a natural and healthy part of scientific discourse, and that inapplicable, even incorrect theories can turn out to be interesting and inspiring.
QUANTUM TRAJECTORY CALCULATIONS FOR BIPOLAR WAVEPACKET DYNAMICS IN ONE DIMENSION: SYNTHETIC SINGLE-WAVEPACKET PROPAGATION
Authors: PARK KISAM , POIRIER BILL
Published: October 2010

In a previous paper [Park K, Poirier B, Parlant G, J Chem Phys129:194112, 2008], a synthetic quantum trajectory method (QTM) was successfully implemented for wave-packet dynamics in a one-dimensional (1D) symmetric Eckart barrier system, utilizing a "double-wavepacket" version of the bipolar decomposition, ψ = ψ++ ψ-= (ψ1++ ψ2+) + (ψ1-+ ψ2-), to avoid a technical difficulty involving negligible initial ψ-density. In this paper, we develop a new synthetic algorithm which overcomes this difficulty directly, utilizing the original "single-wavepacket" version of the bipolar decomposition, ψ =ψ++ ψ-, and also show that the initial propagation of ψ-is mainly governed by probability transfer from ψ+, rather than by the given initial conditions for ψ-. The new algorithm makes it possible to apply the synthetic bipolar QTM to asymptotically asymmetric as well as symmetric potential systems. Successful application results for both symmetric and asymmetric Eckart barrier systems in 1D are presented.
THEORETICAL CALCULATION OF THE LOW-LYING ELECTRONIC STATES OF THE MOLECULE YS
Authors: KOREK M. , FARHAT A. , ABDUL-AL S. N.
Published: October 2010

The potential energy curves have been investigated for the 25 lowest electronic states in the 2s+1Λ(±) representation of the molecule YS via complete active space self-consistent field. Multireference configuration interaction calculations (single- and double excitations with Davidson corrections) were performed by using Gaussian basis sets for the two considered atoms. The harmonic frequency ωe, the internuclear distance re, and the electronic energy with respect to the ground state Te have been calculated for 25 electronic states where 21 states have been studied for the first time. The comparison of these values to the theoretical and experimental results available in the literature shows a very good agreement.
Thrombin Inhibitors from Different Animals
Authors: Tanaka-Azevedo A. M. , Morais-Zani K. , Torquato R. J. S. , Tanaka A. S.
Published: October 2010

Venous and arterial thromboembolic diseases are still the most frequent causes of death and disability in high-income countries. Clinical anticoagulants are inhibitors of enzymes involved in the coagulation pathway, such as thrombin and factorXa. Thrombin is a key enzyme of blood coagulation system, activating the platelets, converting the fibrinogen to the fibrin net, and amplifying its self-generation by the activation of factors V, VIII, and XI. Thrombin has long been a target for the development of oral anticoagulants. Furthermore, selective inhibitors of thrombin represent a new class of antithrombotic agents. For these reasons, a number of specific thrombin inhibitors are under evaluation for possible use as antithrombotic drugs. This paper summarizes old and new interests of specific thrombin inhibitors described in different animals.
The Selection of the Best Control Rule for a Multiple‐Load AGV System Using Simulation and Fuzzy MADM in a Flexible Manufacturing System
Authors: Azimi Parham , Haleh Hasan , Alidoost Mehran
Published: October 2010

Pick up‐dispatching problem together with delivery‐dispatching problem of a multiple‐load automated guided vehicle (AGV) system have been studied. By mixing different pick up‐dispatching rules, several control strategies (alternatives) have been generated and the best control strategy has been determined considering some important criteria such as System Throughput (ST), Mean Flow Time of Parts (MFTP), Mean Tardiness of Parts (MFTP), AGV Idle Time (AGVIT), AGV Travel Full (AGVTF), AGV Travel Empty (AGVTE), AGV Load Time (AGVLT), AGV Unload Time (AGVUT), Mean Queue Length (MQL) and Mean Queue Waiting (MQW). For ranking the control strategies, a new framework based on MADM methods including fuzzy MADM and TOPSIS method were developed. Then several simulation experiments which had been based on a flow path layout to find the results were conducted. Finally, by using TOPSIS method, the control strategies were ranked. Furthermore, a similar approach was used for determining the optimal fleet size. The main contribution of this paper is developing a new approach combining the top managers′ views in selecting the best control strategy for AGV systems while trying to optimize the fleet size at the mean time by combining MADM, MCDM and simulation methods.
Nonlinear Dynamics of a Periodically Driven Duffing Resonator Coupled to a Van der Pol Oscillator
Authors: Wei X. , Randrianandrasana M. F. , Ward M. , Lowe D.
Published: October 2010

We explore the dynamics of a periodically driven Duffing resonator coupled elastically
to a van der Pol oscillator in the case of 1 : 1 internal resonance in the cases of weak
and strong coupling. Whilst strong coupling leads to dominating synchronization, the
weak coupling case leads to a multitude of complex behaviours. A two‐time scales
method is used to obtain the frequency‐amplitude modulation. The internal resonance
leads to an antiresonance response of the Duffing resonator and a stagnant response (a
small shoulder in the curve) of the van der Pol oscillator. The stability of the dynamic
motions is also analyzed. The coupled system shows a hysteretic response pattern and
symmetry‐breaking facets. Chaotic behaviour of the coupled system is also observed
and the dependence of the system dynamics on the parameters are also studied using
bifurcation analysis.
Superficial Type of Multiple Basal Cell Carcinomas: Detailed Comparative Study of Its Dermoscopic and Histopathological Findings
Authors: Hirofuji Akiko , Takiguchi Kojiro , Nakamura Koichiro , Kuramochi Akira , Tsuchida Tetsuya , Arai Eiichi , Shimizu Michio
Published: October 2010

We investigated in detail the dermoscopic and histopathological findings in a case of a superficial type of multiple basal cell carcinomas (BCCs). These multiple lesions (occurring in the chest, neck, and back) showed three different findings, respectively. Dermoscopy of the erythematous and brown-colored patch on the anterior chest showed spoke wheel areas, and the histopathological cross-section revealed vertical spoke wheel structures. In the black- and brown-colored patch at the neck, the dermatoscopy showed a maple leaf-like structure, which was in accordance with the strengthening of the histological lateral connection of the lesion. The brown-colored patch of the lateral back histologically showed irregularly enlarged spoke wheel-like areas with peripheral increased melanin pigments, which correlated with the dark black color of dermoscopic maple leaf-like areas. The vertical spoke wheel areas by dermatoscopy revealed a horizontal spoke wheel structure by histopathology.
Preparation and Magnetic Properties of ZnFe2O4Nanotubes
Authors: Xu Yan , Liang Yantian , Jiang Lijuan , Wu Huarui , Zhao Hongzhi , Xue Desheng
Published: October 2010

Ordered ZnFe2O4nanotube arrays with the average outer diameter of 100 nm were prepared in porous anodic aluminum oxide template using an improved sol-gel approach. The morphology was studied by transmission electron and field emission scanning electron microscope. X-ray diffraction result shows that the nanotubes were polycrystalline in structure. The magnetic properties of the prepared ZnFe2O4nanotubes were also studied. The results show that the sample shows typical superparamagnetism at room temperature and obvious ferromagnetism below blocking temperature.
Pancreatic Cancer Cells Expressing Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Tend to Be Adjacent to Intratumoral Blood Vessels
Authors: Cheng B.-Q. , Segersvärd R. , Permert J. , Wang F.
Published: October 2010

We investigated whether cells expressing hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) are specially related to blood vessels in human pancreatic tumors. HIF-1α and blood vessels were stained in 7 pancreatic ductal adenocarcinomas (PDAC) and 3 nonmalignant tumors. HIF-1α+ cells accounted for 37 ± 5% of the total PDAC cells and increased to 52 ± 4% in perivascular PDAC cells and to 67 ± 4% in PDAC cells found in intratumoral blood vessels. In nonmalignant tumors, 12 ± 3% of the total tumoral cells examined were HIF-1α+, and HIF-1α+ cells decreased to 2 ± 0.3% in perivascular cells examined in the tumors. In conclusion, HIF-1α+ cells in PDAC and nonmalignant pancreatic tumors differ not only in their amounts but also in their relation to intratumoral blood vessels. HIF-1α+ cells usually are adjacent to intratumoral blood vessels in PDAC tumors, but are farther away from the vessels in nonmalignant pancreatic tumors.
Trans-10,cis-12-CLA-Caused Lipodystrophy Is Associated with Profound Changes of Fatty Acid Profiles of Liver, White Adipose Tissue and Erythrocytes in Mice: Possible Link to Tissue-Specific Alterations of Fatty Acid Desaturation
Authors: Jaudszus Anke , Moeckel Peter , Hamelmann Eckard , Jahreis Gerhard
Published: October 2010

Dietary supplementation with conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been shown to reduce body fat mass. To investigate the effects of individual CLA isomers on the fatty acid profiles of lipogenic (liver and white adipose) and lipid sensitive (erythrocyte) tissues, BALB/c mice were fed with 1 of 2 diets supplemented with either a c9,t11-CLA-enriched and t10,c12-CLA-free or a CLA-mixture containing both isomers in equal amounts (1% w/w of the diet) for 5 weeks. A control group was fed with a diet enriched in sunflower oil to energy balance the CLA. Compared to the t10,c12-CLA-free and the control diets, we observed a significant reduction of adipose tissue accompanied by fatty livers in the CLA-mix-fed group. These alterations in body fat distribution entailed a conspicuous shift of the fatty acid profiles of adipose tissue and livers. Liver enlargement was mainly caused by accumulation of C18 monoenes that accounted for 67 ± 1% of total fatty acid methyl esters. The significant reduction of the 18:0/18:1 desaturation index in the liver upon CLA-mix diet indicated high stearoyl-CoA desaturase activity. In contrast, reduction in white adipose tissue was largely driven by percental reduction of monounsaturated fatty acids (p ≤ 0.001). 16:0/ 16:1 and 18:0/18:1 desaturation indices for white adipose tissue significantly increased, suggesting an inhibition of stearoyl-CoA desaturase upon CLA-mix diet. The fatty acid profile of the erythrocytes widely reflected that of livers, depending on the supplemented diet. These profound changes in fatty acid composition of lipogenic organs due to t10,c12-CLA intake may be the consequence of function- al alterations of lipid metabolism.
Recurrence of Basosquamous Carcinoma after Mohs Micrographic Surgery
Authors: Skaria A.M.
Published: October 2010

Background: The recurrence rate of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) after Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is well documented. Only little is published concerning the recurrence rate in relation to the different histologic subgroups. Objective: To analyze the recurrence rate of the different histologic groups and subgroups after MMS. Subjects and Methods: We investigated 1,000 cases of epidermal tumors in a private center of MMS including BCC, squamous cell carcinoma and basosquamous carcinoma (BSC) treated by MMS from 1998 to 2007 in a retrospective study. The cases where analyzed regarding the histologic groups and subgroups. The mean follow-up time was 59.55 months. Results: The recurrence rate of epidermal tumors in this study was about 2.5% and comparable to that in the literature. Interestingly we observed a relatively high incidence and recurrence rate of BSC compared to other studies. Conclusion: BSC seems to be highly aggressive and subject to recurrence even after MMS. The classical approach to stop further excision once the excision is total should be reevaluated.
Evaluation of the Relationship between Air and Land Surface Temperature under Clear- and Cloudy-Sky Conditions
Authors: Gallo Kevin , Hale Robert , Tarpley Dan , Yu Yunyue
Published: October 2010

Clear and cloudy daytime comparisons of land surface temperature (LST) and air temperature (Tair) were made for 14 stations included in the U.S. Climate Reference Network (USCRN) of stations from observations made from 2003 through 2008. Generally, LST was greater than Tair for both the clear and cloudy conditions; however, the differences between LST and Tair were significantly less for the cloudy-sky conditions. In addition, the relationships between LST and Tair displayed less variability under the cloudy-sky conditions than under clear-sky conditions. Wind speed, time of the observation of Tair and LST, season, the occurrence of precipitation at the time of observation, and normalized difference vegetation index values were all considered in the evaluation of the relationship between Tair and LST. Mean differences between LST and Tair of less than 2°C were observed under cloudy conditions for the stations, as compared with a minimum difference of greater than 2°C (and as great as 7+°C) for the clear-sky conditions. Under cloudy conditions, Tair alone explained over 94%—and as great as 98%—of the variance observed in LST for the stations included in this analysis, as compared with a range of 81%–93% for clear-sky conditions. Because of the relatively homogeneous land surface characteristics encouraged in the immediate vicinity of USCRN stations, and potential regional differences in surface features that might influence the observed relationships, additional analyses of the relationships between LST and Tair for additional regions and land surface conditions are recommended.
Statistics and Possible Sources of Aviation Turbulence over South Korea
Authors: Kim Jung-Hoon , Chun Hye-Yeong
Published: October 2010

The characteristics of aviation turbulence over South Korea during the recent five years (2003–08, excluding 2005) are investigated using pilot reports (PIREPs) accumulated by the Korea Aviation Meteorological Agency (KAMA). Among the total of 8449 PIREPs, 4607 (54.53%), 1646 (19.48%), 248 (2.94%), 7 (0.08%), and 1941 (22.97%) correspond to the turbulence categories of null, light, moderate, severe, and missing, respectively. In terms of temporal variations, the annual total number of turbulence events increased from 2003 to 2008, and the seasonal frequency is the highest in the spring. With regard to spatial distributions, reported turbulence encounters are dominant along the prevailing flight routes, but are locally higher over the west coast, Jeju Island, and the Sobaek and Taebaek mountains. The turbulence events in these regions vary by season. To examine the regional differences and possible sources of the observed turbulence, lightning flash data, Regional Data Assimilation and Prediction System (RDAPS) analysis data with a 30-km horizontal grid spacing provided by the Korean Meteorological Administration (KMA), and a digital elevation model (DEM) dataset with a 30-s resolution, are additionally used. Convectively induced turbulence (CIT) and clear-air turbulence (CAT) events comprised 11% and 89% of the total 255 moderate or greater (MOG)-level turbulence events, respectively. CAT events are classified as tropopause/jet stream–induced CAT (TJCAT) and mountain-wave-induced CAT (MWCAT) events. The MOG-level TJCAT and MWCAT events are responsible for 41.2% and 19.6% of the total MOG-level turbulence events, respectively. The CIT events in summer and the TRCAT and MWCAT events in spring occur most frequently over the previously mentioned regions of South Korea, associated with specific generation mechanisms.
Multiscale Asymptotics Analysis for the Mesoscale Dynamics of Cloud-Topped Boundary Layers
Authors: Owinoh Antony Z. , Stevens Bjorn , Klein Rupert
Published: October 2010

This paper presents the derivation of a model to explore the coupling between the dynamic and thermodynamic processes of a cloud-topped boundary layer on mesoscales using a formal multiscale asymptotic approach. The derived equations show how the anomalies in the heat, moisture, and mass budgets in the boundary layer affect boundary layer motions, and how these motions can organize and amplify (or damp) such anomalies.

The thermodynamics equations are similar to those that have been suggested in mixed layer studies; that is, the evolution of the thermodynamics variables depends on the surface heat and moisture fluxes, cloud-top radiative cooling rate, temperature, and moisture jumps across the capping inversion. However, these equations are coupled to the dynamics equation through the entrainment rate at the top of the cloud deck. The entrainment rate is parameterized from results obtained in laboratory experiments and clearly shows the dependence on the velocity perturbation, which in turn strongly depends on the horizontal gradient of the thermodynamics variables. The derived entrainment rate is applicable when the thermal jump at cloud top is sufficiently weak and the velocity jump is on the order of the velocity perturbation.

Aside from some initial analyses of the main balances in steady-state solutions, the mathematical properties and physical characteristics of the system of equations will be explored in future papers.
The Surface-Pressure Signature of Atmospheric Tides in Modern Climate Models
Authors: Covey Curt , Dai Aiguo , Marsh Dan , Lindzen Richard S.
Published: October 2010

Although atmospheric tides driven by solar heating are readily detectable at the earth’s surface as variations in air pressure, their simulations in current coupled global climate models have not been fully examined. This work examines near-surface-pressure tides in climate models that contributed to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC); it compares them with tides both from observations and from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), which extends from the earth’s surface to the thermosphere. Surprising consistency is found among observations and all model simulations, despite variation of the altitudes of model upper boundaries from 32 to 76 km in the IPCC models and at 135 km for WACCM. These results are consistent with previous suggestions that placing a model’s upper boundary at low altitude leads to partly compensating errors—such as reducing the forcing of the tides by ozone heating, but also introducing spurious waves at the upper boundary, which propagate to the surface.
Diurnal Variations of Precipitation, Deep Convection, and Lightning over and East of the Eastern Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Xu Weixin , Zipser Edward J.
Published: October 2010

Diurnal cycles of total rainfall, precipitation features, mesoscale convective systems (MCSs), deep convection, precipitation vertical structure, and lightning over the eastern Tibetan Plateau (TP) and eastward through China are investigated using 11 yr of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) measurements. Diurnal cycles of rainfall and precipitation features present apparent phase propagation eastward from the eastern TP for about 1000 km. The phase propagation is most evident during the pre-mei-yu and mei-yu seasons. However, it weakens with the northward progress of the East Asian monsoon and ceases in midsummer. During the pre-mei-yu season, diurnal cycles of storm population, total rainfall, deep convection, and lightning over the central and eastern TP foothills are in phase, peaking during the early morning. Another striking feature of the pre-mei-yu season is that nocturnal rainfall and MCSs prevail over the southeastern TP foothills following the deep convection and lightning maxima. These nocturnal peaks of deep convection and lightning over the foothills shift to afternoon after the onset of the monsoon, but nocturnal precipitation still dominates. Over the less mountainous region of eastern China, deep convection usually has an afternoon peak during the mei-yu whereas the rainfall maximum is at night. In midsummer, most parts of eastern China have strong afternoon peaks of deep convection, precipitation, and lightning, except in northeastern China where deep convection has an afternoon peak followed by a nocturnal precipitation peak.
Contributions of ENSO and East Indian Ocean SSTA to the Interannual Variability of Northwest Pacific Tropical Cyclone Frequency*
Authors: Zhan Ruifen , Wang Yuqing , Lei Xiaotu
Published: October 2010

This study attempts to understand contributions of ENSO and the boreal summer sea surface temperature anomaly (SSTA) in the East Indian Ocean (EIO) to the interannual variability of tropical cyclone (TC) frequency over the western North Pacific (WNP) and the involved physical mechanisms. The results show that both ENSO and EIO SSTA have a large control on the WNP TC genesis frequency, but their effects are significantly different. ENSO remarkably affects the east–west shift of the mean genesis location and accordingly contributes to the intense TC activity. The EIO SSTA affects the TC genesis in the entire genesis region over the WNP and largely determines the numbers of both the total and weak TCs. ENSO modulates the large-scale atmospheric circulation and barotropic energy conversion over the WNP, contributing to changes in both the TC genesis location and the frequency of intense TCs. The EIO SSTA significantly affects both the western Pacific summer monsoon and the equatorial Kelvin wave activity over the western Pacific, two major large-scale dynamical controls of TC genesis over the WNP. In general the warm (cold) EIO SSTA suppresses (promotes) the TC genesis over the WNP. Therefore, a better understanding of the combined contributions of ENSO and EIO SSTA could help improve the seasonal prediction of the WNP TC activity.
Interactions between Boreal Summer Intraseasonal Oscillations and Synoptic-Scale Disturbances over the Western North Pacific. Part I: Energetics Diagnosis*
Authors: Hsu Pang-chi , Li Tim , Tsou Chih-Hua
Published: October 2010

The role of scale interactions in the maintenance of eddy kinetic energy (EKE) during the extreme phases of the intraseasonal oscillation (ISO) is examined through the construction of a new eddy energetics diagnostic tool that separates the effects of ISO and a low-frequency background state (LFBS; with periods longer than 90 days). The LFBS always contributes positively toward the EKE in the boreal summer, regardless of the ISO phases. The synoptic eddies extract energy from the ISO during the ISO active phase. This positive barotropic energy conversion occurs when the synoptic eddies interact with low-level cyclonic and convergent–confluent ISO flows. This contrasts with the ISO suppressed phase during which the synoptic eddies lose kinetic energy to the ISO flow. The anticyclonic and divergent–diffluent ISO flows during the suppressed phase are responsible for the negative barotropic energy conversion.

A positive (negative) EKE tendency occurs during the ISO suppressed-to-active (active-to-suppressed) transitional phase. The cause of this asymmetric EKE tendency is attributed to the spatial phase relation among the ISO vorticity, eddy structure, and EKE. The southwest–northeast-tilted synoptic disturbances interacting with cyclonic (anticyclonic) vorticity of ISO lead to a positive (negative) EKE tendency in the northwest region of the maximum EKE center.

The genesis number and location and intensification rate of tropical cyclones in the western North Pacific are closely related to the barotropic energy conversion. The enhanced barotropic energy conversion favors the generation and development of synoptic seed disturbances, some of which eventually grow into tropical cyclones.
Generation of Low-Frequency Spiciness Variability in the Thermocline*
Authors: Kilpatrick Thomas , Schneider Niklas , Di Lorenzo Emanuele
Published: October 2010

The generation of variance by anomalous advection of a passive tracer in the thermocline is investigated using the example of density-compensated temperature and salinity anomalies, or spiciness. A coupled Markov model is developed in which wind stress curl forces the large-scale baroclinic ocean pressure that in turn controls the anomalous geostrophic advection of spiciness. The “double integration” of white noise atmospheric forcing by this Markov model results in a frequency (ω) spectrum of large-scale spiciness proportional to ω−4, so that spiciness variability is concentrated at low frequencies.

An eddy-permitting regional model hindcast of the northeast Pacific (1950–2007) confirms that time series of large-scale spiciness variability are exceptionally smooth, with frequency spectra ∝ ω−4 for frequencies greater than 0.2 cpy. At shorter spatial scales (wavelengths less than ∼500 km), the spiciness frequency spectrum is whitened by mesoscale eddies, but this eddy-forced variability can be filtered out by spatially averaging. Large-scale and long-term measurements are needed to observe the variance of spiciness or any other passive tracer subject to anomalous advection in the thermocline.
Impact of Stochastic Convection on Ensemble Forecasts of Tropical Cyclone Development
Authors: Snyder Andrew , Pu Zhaoxia , Reynolds Carolyn A.
Published: October 2010

Two versions of the Navy Operational Global Atmospheric Prediction System (NOGAPS) global ensemble, with and without a stochastic convection scheme, are compared regarding their performance in predicting the development and evolution of tropical cyclones. Forecasts of four typhoons, one tropical storm, and two selected nondeveloping tropical systems from The Observing System Research and Predictability Experiment (THORPEX) Pacific Asian Regional Campaign and Tropical Cyclone Structure 2008 (T-PARC/TCS-08) field program during August and September 2008 are evaluated. It is found that stochastic convection substantially increases the spread in ensemble storm tracks and in the vorticity and height fields in the vicinity of the storm. Stochastic convection also has an impact on the number of ensemble members predicting genesis. One day prior to the system being declared a tropical depression, on average, 31% of the ensemble members predict storm development when the ensemble includes initial perturbations only. When stochastic convection is included, this percentage increases to 50%, but the number of “false alarms” for two nondeveloping systems also increases. However, the increase in false alarms is smaller than the increase in correct development predictions, indicating that stochastic convection may have the potential for improving tropical cyclone forecasting.
What Makes You Stronger
Authors: Pudrovska Tetyana
Published: October 2010

Using two waves of the National Survey of Midlife Development in the United States, I compare changes in personal growth over a 10 year period among cancer survivors and individuals without cancer. Moreover, I examine joint effects of age and cohort on personal growth after a cancer diagnosis. The theoretical framework of this study integrates impairment, resilience, and thriving perspectives. Findings reveal that, although personal growth declines with age for all individuals regardless of cohort and cancer status, cancer slows the decline in personal growth with age in 1940s, 1950s, and 1960s birth cohorts, yet accelerates the age-related decline in the 1920s cohort. I argue that a sociological perspective can enhance our understanding of the interplay of developmental and sociocultural influences on psychological adjustment to cancer. Seemingly idiosyncratic psychological reactions to cancer partly reflect macrolevel processes represented by cohort differences.
Gene–Environment Correlations in the Stress–Depression Relationship
Authors: Schnittker Jason
Published: October 2010

A critical feature of the social stress model is the apparent relationship between stress and depression. Although many studies have demonstrated a connection between the two, the relationship may be contaminated by genes affecting both stress and depression. Using a sample of identical and fraternal twins, this study explores genetic influences on depression and assorted sources of stress while explicitly estimating, and thereby controlling for, gene–environment correlations. I consider both stress and depression in a fine-grained fashion. For the former, the study explores assorted sources of stress, including health and disability, family, unemployment, discrimination, and perceived neighborhood safety, as gene–environment correlations may be stronger for some forms of stress than others. For the latter, the study explores both depressive symptoms and major depressive disorders, as each may entail a different epidemiological process, especially with respect to genes. The results reveal that most, but not all, measures of stress have moderate heritabilities, suggesting that genes influence exposure to the environment in a broad fashion. Yet, despite this, the relationship between stress and depression is generally robust to gene–environment correlations. There are some notable exceptions. For example, allowing for gene–environment correlations, marital conflict is generally unrelated to depression. Moreover, gene–environment correlations are generally stronger for major depression than for depressive symptoms, encouraging further elaboration of the distinction between the onset of depression and its recurrence, especially in the context of genes. These exceptions do not put limits on environmental influence, but do suggest that genes operate in a complex life-course fashion.
Paris or New York? Contesting Melbourne’s Skyline, 1880-1958
Authors: Schrader Ben
Published: October 2010

This article examines the building height limit debate in Melbourne, Australia, in the early twentieth century. At issue was whether the city should modernize according to beaux arts planning principles or adopt skyscraper urbanism, which would require raising the city’s building height limit. Skyscraper opponents looked to Paris as a model for growth; skyscraper advocates favored New York. The debate shows the importance of ideal cultural landscapes—Paris and New York—in the imagining and shaping of Melbourne throughout the twentieth century. It also highlights the multiple meanings and expressions of modernity and progress within city contexts.
Profiling in the age of total information awareness
Authors: Murray Nancy
Published: October 2010

In recent years, a secretive domestic surveillance apparatus has been created in the US in the name of counter-terrorism. Based on the notion of ‘predictive policing’, it aims to gather such detailed information about individuals — ‘total information awareness’ — that it is able to anticipate crimes before they are committed. Linked to the return of racial profiling in the name of the ‘war on terror’ and implemented by local Joint-Terrorism Task Forces, operating effectively with federal powers and little accountability, this new surveillance apparatus is especially focused on Muslims, immigrants and prisoners.
Recommendations for Publishing Case Studies of Cell Transplantation for Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Dobkin Bruce H.
Published: October 2010

Background. Cellular transplantation for subacute and chronic spinal cord injury (SCI) continues to proceed around the world, but clinicians and patients have only 10 English language publications of case reports and self-serving Web page anecdotes to guide them. Methods. Recent publications about the use of olfactory ensheathing, bone marrow stromal, and fetal tissue stem cells in human subjects are examined to assess the adequacy of their designs, conclusions, and interpretation. Results. Case series reports to date reveal adverse responses to cellular therapy when clinicians look for these and no clear functional effects when a matched group that is not treated is compared. Rehabilitation that focuses on potential targets for sensorimotor and functional gains must precede a transplantation until a plateau of change is reached and then continue for at least 6 months if not a year. Conclusion. Criteria are listed as the minimum requirements for any further case series reports to be considered by journals in regard to cellular interventions for SCI. Based on available reports, the published interventions should not be given to additional patients. One or two of the strategies can be considered for testing in a randomized trial with blinded assessors and an independent data monitoring committee to examine for biological activity in patients with motor complete SCI of greater than 4 to 6 months duration.
Creaky Voice: A New Feminine Voice Quality for Young Urban-Oriented Upwardly Mobile American Women?
Authors: Yuasa Ikuko Patricia
Published: October 2010

An examination of creaky voice occurring in natural conversations among relatively young educated American and Japanese speakers revealed that female speakers of American English residing in California employed creaky voice much more frequently than comparable American male and Japanese female speakers. Previously, creaky voice was interpreted as a voice quality of masculinity or authority. Moreover, a matched-guise perception survey indicates that college-age Americans residing in two contrasting regions, northern California and eastern Iowa, perceive female creaky voice as hesitant, nonaggressive, and informal but also educated, urban-oriented, and upwardly mobile. The sociocultural meanings indexed through this voice quality may have been reinterpreted recently as a new type of female voice in America. In addition, these American listeners reported frequent creaky voice usage by women in both regions. Creaky voice as a new type of female voice quality may also be becoming a conspicuous part of relatively young American women's unconscious (linguistic) performance. This investigation constitutes an exploratory study that stimulates and encourages new research on sociocultural usage of female creaky voice from various perspectives.
American English Has Goʔ A Loʔ Of Glottal Stops: Social Diffusion and Linguistic Motivation
Authors: Eddington David , Channer Caitlin
Published: October 2010

In word-final, prevocalic position (e.g., it is) there are various possible phonetic realizations of /t/ in American English (e.g., [t], [ʕ], [ʔ]). The present study examines the linguistic and social factors associated with the use of the glottal stop in American English in 1,101 instances of word-final, prevocalic /t/ from the Santa Barbara Corpus. The glottal stop occurred in 24% of the cases. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify factors that favor glottaling of /t/. our findings concur with previous research in that age and region were significant: Westerners in their teens and 20s glottalized more than non-Westerners in the same age groups; speakers who are 30 and older, both Westerners and non-Westerners, glottalize to a much smaller degree. We also found that glottaling is favored by a following stressed syllable; however, gender and following vowel quality were not influencing variables, which contradicts previous experimental findings. If prevocalic glottaling is uncommon word-internally in American English, why is it apparently spreading word-finally? We provide evidence that word-final /t/s are more often followed by word-initial consonants than vowels, which places them in a glottalizing context. Instances with a glottal realization are stored in the mental lexicon and are available as possible pronunciation choices even in prevocalic position.
February 6, 1934: The Veterans' Riot
Authors: Millington Chris
Published: October 2010

On February 6, 1934, nationalist leagues and Great War veterans rioted in Paris. The next day the elected radical government resigned, despite having won three votes of confidence. A conservative government took its place. Street violence had restored the right to power. Histories of the riot have generally contrasted the violence of the paramilitary leagues with the peaceful march of the Union Nationale des Combattants (UNC). Veterans' associations are largely understood to have been republican and an obstacle to the development of fascism in France. This article challenges this historiography. In examining the violence of veterans and their interpretation of the riot, the article shows that a straightforward understanding of the veterans as republican is untenable. Veterans throughout the UNC were gladdened to see the government fall and hoped that a more authoritarian regime would soon be installed.

Le six février 1934, des ligues nationalistes et des anciens combattants de la Grande Guerre se livraient à l'émeute dans Paris. Le lendemain, malgré le rejet de trois motions de censure, le gouvernement radical dut démissionner. Un gouvernement conservateur le remplaçait. La violence de la rue avait remis la droite au pouvoir. En général, les histoires de l'émeute distinguent la violence des ligues paramilitaires et la calme manifestation de l'Union nationale des combattants (UNC). En somme, on considère les associations d'anciens combattants comme républicaines voire comme un obstacle au développement d'un fascisme français. Cet article conteste une telle historiographie. Un clair examen de la violence des anciens combattants et de leur interprétation de l'émeute démontre qu'on ne saurait nommer républicains les anciens combattants qui y participèrent. Nombre d'entre eux étaient satisfaits de la chute du gouvernement et souhaitaient qu'un régime autoritaire soit bientôt installé.
Giono's Popular Front: La Joie Au Grand Air, Idéologie Réactionnaire?
Authors: Emery Meaghan
Published: October 2010

A pacifist and an emblematic figure in the history of France's youth hostel, or ajiste, movement, Jean Giono is identified by French historian Pascal Ory as one of the most representative writers of the Popular Front era (1936–38). With regard to Giono's Occupation-period essays, fiction, and documentary film, critics generally link the author to the “gauche collaboratrice” because of his “integral pacifism” or to the ideological reactionaryism of the Vichy regime due to his vocal commitment to rural regeneration. By contrast, Ory views Giono as an “involuntary contributor” who was “rediscovered” by Vichy propagandists. Determining where to position Giono ideologically between resistance and collaboration is only part of the following analysis. At the crux of the discussion is the cost of his outward apoliticism in the revolutionary hope of offering Europe a breath of fresh air.

Pacifiste et figure symbolique de l'histoire de l'ajisme en France, Jean Giono est cité par l'historien Pascal Ory parmi les écrivains représentatifs de l'ère du Front populaire (1936–38). A l'égard de ses essais, romans et de son film documentaire produits sous l'Occupation, les critiques ont tendance à associer Giono à la « gauche collaboratrice » à cause de son « pacifisme intégral » ou à l'idéologie réactionnaire du régime de Vichy dû à sa position en faveur de la renaissance rurale. Par contraste, Ory voit Giono comme un « contributeur involontaire » qui a été « redécouvert » par les propagandistes de Vichy. L'analyse qui suit n'évoque qu'en partie le placement idéologique de Giono entre la résistance et la collaboration. Le coût de son attitude apolitique dans l'espoir révolutionnaire d'offrir à l'Europe une bouffée d'air frais est au cœur de la discussion.
Serious professional misconduct and the need for an apology
Authors: Whiting Demian
Published: October 2010

In this paper I argue that doctors who are found guilty of serious professional misconduct should be required to apologize as a condition of their registration. I argue that such a requirement is to be justified on the basis of the need to protect patients, maintain public confidence in the profession, and declare and uphold proper standards of conduct and behaviour. I also answer an objection that might be made to the position I defend. Finally, I consider whether there should be any exceptions to the demand for an apology from doctors who have been found guilty of serious professional misconduct.
The Influence of Elastic Follow-Up on the Integrity of Structures
Authors: Hadidi-Moud S. , Smith D. J.
Published: October 2010

Based on the traditional definitions associated with creep strain accumulation in defect free components, a generalised definition for “elastic follow-up” factor, Z, is proposed that characterises the influence of a “nonlinear” event experienced locally within a structure, i.e., creep, plasticity, cracking, growth of an existing crack, or any combination of such events, on the response of the structure to the applied loading. A “crack affected zone” approach is then outlined for evaluation of this parameter in a defective component. The significance of quantifying elastic follow-up in relation to integrity assessment procedures and the challenges facing its practical implication to the codes is discussed. The approach is finally examined through its application to two example problems; a standard test geometry, centre cracked plate and an external circumferential cracked thick cylinder, i.e., a conventional structural component.