bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Omega‐3 Fatty Acid Incorporation in Fat and Muscle Tissues of Growing Pigs, Fed Supplements of Fish Oil
Authors: TAUGBØL O.
Published: May 2010

Fifteen pigs from two litters of Norwegian Landrace were divided into three groups of five animals. The pigs were fed individually the same basic diet for 64 days, one group serving as control, the two other groups receiving daily supplements of 5 and 20 g fish oil, respectively.

Biopsies were taken from subcutaneous fat and muscle tissues on day 0, 3, 8, 16 and 32. Samples were also collected from animals slaughtered on days 64 and 78.

In fat tissue from pigs given a daily dose of 20 g fish oil containing 30% eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) as triglycerides, the concentrations of EPA and DHA were significantly increased above the levels in the control animals over the 32 days period. Unexpectedly, there was also a significant increase in docosapentaenoic acid (DPA), in spite of the very low level of this fatty acid in the fish oil. In fat tissue from pigs given 5 g fish oil the contents of EPA and DPA were significantly increased.

Also in muscle tissue from pigs given a daily dose of 20 g fish oil, the concentration of EPA, DPA and DHA were significantly elevated above the level of the control group over the 32 days period. In muscle tissue from pigs given 5 g fish oil only the contents of EPA were significantly increased.

There was a positive correlation between the dose of fish oil and the concentrations of omega‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in both fat and muscle tissues.

In fat tissue the 20 g dose of fish oil caused a clear increase above control levels of EPA already after 3 days, in DPA and DHA after 8 days.
Periparturient Concentrations of Insulin Glucagon and Ketone Bodies in Dairy Cows Fed Two Different Levels of Nutrition and Varying Concentrate/Roughage Ratios
Authors: HOLTENIUS P. , OLSSON GUN , BJÖRKMAN CAMILLA
Published: May 2010

High producing multiparous dairy cows were fed either diets differing in energy content or diets with identical energy and protein content but differing in roughage content at the end of the dry period and beginning of lactation. Basal insulin and ketone bodies were analysed every week from 3 weeks before to 7 weeks after calving. Pancreatic glucagon was estimated 3 weeks before, 1–3 days after, and 3 weeks after calving.

Before calving the feeding regimen had a very strong influence on the basal insulin level. High amounts of concentrate increased basal insulin levels until one week before calving and caused an interruption in the physiological decreasing course. After calving the insulin levels were low in all groups of cows.

Before calving there were small variations in the glucagon levels, and no influence of feeding was observed. After calving there was a strong increase, especially in the cows fed the highest amounts of concentrate.

Feeding high amounts of concentrate resulted in varying and in many cases increased levels of ketone bodies in plasma. Hyperketonemic cows had lower insulin and higher glucagon levels than normal cows. The influence of non‐structural carbohydrates in the feed on pancreatic hormones as a cause of ketogenesis is discussed.
Einfluß von Lagerungstemperatur und ‐dauer sowie des Probenausgangsmaterials auf LDH‐Isoenzymaktivität und Eiweißfraktionen in Pferdeblut
Authors: LINDNER A. , HATZIPANAGIOTOU A.
Published: May 2010

Effect of Temperature, Duration of Storage and Sample Material on LDH‐Isoenzyme Activity and Protein Fractions in Equine Blood

The LDH‐isoenzyme activities and the concentration of protein fractions did not differ among heparinized plasma and serum samples of horses. In heparinized plasma samples stored at 20–22 °C and −18 °C the LDH‐isoenzyme activities and the content of the protein fractions remained constant within seven days. In contrast in heparinized blood samples the total LDH activity increased markedly after seven days of storage. This increase was shared by all LDH‐isoenzymes but to different extents. While the share of LDH1, LDH2and LDH3decreased, the proportions of LDH4and LDH5increased. The concentration of the protein fractions in heparinized blood samples was not affected by storage at 20–22 °C for seven days.

Danksagung

Die Autoren danken Herrn UWE RADKE für seine Unterstützung.

Zwischen Na‐Heparinat‐Plasma‐ und Serumproben waren keine Unterschiede bei den LDH‐Isoenzymaktivitäten und Eiweißfraktionsgehalte feststellbar.

Innerhalb von sieben Tagen änderten sich die LDH‐Isoenzymaktivitäten und Eiweißfraktionsgehalte in bei 20–22 °C und −18 °C gelagerten Na‐Heparinat‐Plasmaproben nicht bedeutend. Dagegen nahm die Gesamt‐LDH‐Aktivität in bei 20–22 °C gelagerten Na‐Heparinat‐Vollblutproben innerhalb von 7 Tagen deutlich zu. An der Gesamt‐LDH‐Aktivitätszunahme beteiligten sich schon nach einem Tag Lagerung alle LDH‐Isoenzyme aber in unterschiedlichen Ausmaßen. Während von LDH1, LDH2sowie LDH3die Anteile an der Gesamt‐LDH‐Aktivität dabei abnahmen, stiegen sie von LDH4und LDH5an. Die Eiweißfraktionsgehalte änderten sich während der sieben Tage langen Lagerung von Na‐Heparinat‐Vollblutproben bei 20–22 °C nicht.
Biochemical Variation of Blood Proteins in Race Hounds
Authors: SCHERER KIRA , KLUGE R.
Published: May 2010

In the present study biochemical polymorphisms were investigated in blood of different race hounds and compared to those of other dog breeds.

Twenty‐three proteins were separated electrophoretically in starch gel and Polyacrylamide gel respectively. For 9 proteins genetic variants could be assured: postalbumin‐1 (PA‐1), postalbumin‐3 (PA‐3), transferrin (TRF), plasma esterase (ES), leucine arylaminopeptidase (LAP), haptoglobin (HP), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI), superoxide dismutase (SOD), albumin (ALB).

The already known HP polymorphism was analyzed and described in more detail. In addition, a sex independent variation was found for the GPD.
Efficiency of 5‐Hydroxytryptamine Receptor Blockade as Therapeutic Measure During Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Double‐Muscled Cattle
Authors: GENICOT B. , MOULIGNEAU F. , LINDSEY J.K. , LAMBERT P. , CLOSE R. , LEKEUX P.
Published: May 2010

During this investigation, which involved 58 Belgian White and Blue double‐muscled calves affected by a naturally occurring Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, the clinical efficiency of a 5‐HT2receptor blockade with metrenperone (group A) was compared to the efficiency of a nonsteroidal (flunixine meglumine — group B) and a steroidal (prednisolone sodium succinate — group C) antiinflammatory drug. Each animal of this trial was treated with ceftiofur sodium as antimicrobial agent.

A clinical score and a breathing score were calculated at each step of the investigation period, i. e. before (T0) and 1 hour (T1), 12 hours (H), 24H, 48H and 168H (T3) after the first treatment, the interval 12H–48H being considered as period T2. Three clinical parameters were also taken into account separately: rectal and peripheral temperatures and heart rate.

A significant improvement of the clinical score was registered at T2 in group A and at T3 in groups A and B, while this score did not significantly change in group C. In group A, the breathing score was significantly improved at T2 and T3, but not in groups B and C.

Peripheral and rectal temperatures recorded at T1 were, in group A, significantly increased and decreased respectively, but not significantly changed in groups B and C.

The proportions requiring change of treatment during the investigation period were significantly (P = 0.022) different in the three groups, being 5.6, 21.4 and 50.0% in groups A, B and C respectively.

In conclusion, compared with flunixine meglumine and prednisolone sodium succinate, metrenperone significantly reduced the proportion requiring treatment change in double‐muscled calves affected by a naturally occurring Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome. Furthermore, the respiratory and clinical status of the animals subjected to such a 5‐HT2receptor blockade improved more quickly.
The Relationships Between Seasonal Variations in the Concentration of Urea in Bulk Milk and the Production and Fertility of Dairy Herds
Authors: CARLSSON J. , PEHRSON B.
Published: May 2010

The concentration of urea was measured in bulk milk samples taken on seven occasions during a period of 13 months from 1,658–1,815 of the 2,100 suppliers of milk to a dairy. The mean concentration of urea was significantly higher when the cows were grazing than when they were housed, but there were no significant variations within either of these periods. In herds with very low milk urea concentrations while they were housed (< 2.4 mmol/l) the mean increase during the grazing season was approximately 2.0 mmol/l, whereas in herds with very high urea concentrations while they were housed (> 6.0 mmol/l) there was a slight decrease in urea concentration during the grazing season. The annual milk yield of herds with low urea concentrations was significantly lower than the yield of herds with intermediate or high concentrations. The interval between calving and first insemination was significantly longer in herds with low milk urea concentrations, but these herds also had a higher 56‐day non‐return rate.
Influence of Motilin on Gastrointestinal Electrical Activity in the Conscious Piglet
Authors: WECHSUNG E. , HOUVENAGHEL A.
Published: May 2010

In conscious just‐weaned piglets, fed ad libitum, with electrodes implanted in the wall of the antrum pylori, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and caecum, infusion of motilin (2 and 20 ng/kg/min for 2 h) induced a transient increase in the frequency of the fast oscillations in the antrum followed by a delayed decrease. The polypeptide, however, was unable to induce a premature or extra phase III activity or to change the frequency of the migrating myoelectrical complexes.
Die M‐mode‐Echokardiographie bei S‐Dressur‐, S‐Springpferden und bei untrainierten Pferden
Authors: STADLER P. , REWEL ANKE , DEEGEN E.
Published: May 2010

M‐mode‐Echocardiography in Dressage‐ and Show Jumping Horses of Class “S” and in Untrained Horses

Heart structures of 45 warmblooded horses were measured by M‐mode‐echocardiography. The current training level of 15 dressage horses (group I) and 15 show‐jumping horses (group II) was category “S”. In the third group were 15 untrained horses.

Four standardized transducer positions were determined for the m‐mode echobeam, calibrated according to the two‐dimensional real time technique. Endsystolic and enddiastolic diameters of left ventricle, right ventricle, aortic root, interventricular septum and left ventricular wall, as well as motion pattern of heart wall, mitral valve and aortic valve of all horses were measured.

The dressage horses showed a significant thickening of interventricular septum and left‐ventricular wall compared with the show‐jumping horses and the untrained horses.

The enddiastolic left ventricle diameter of the show‐jumping horses was significantly larger than in the other groups. Compared to the untrained horses the show‐jumping horses showed a significantly larger endsystolic left ventricular wall diameter measured at the level of papillary muscle.

It can be concluded, that an increase in heart mass in category “S” sport horses is attributed to their level of training.

Mit Hilfe der M‐mode‐Technik wurden die Herzstrukturen von 45 Warmblutpferden ausgemessen. Es wurden 15 Dressurpferde (Gruppe 1) und 15 Springpferde (Gruppe 2) der Leistungsklasse “S” und 15 untrainierte Pferde (Gruppe 3) untersucht.

Der M‐mode‐Schallstrahl wurde mit Hilfe der Schnittbildtechnik (B‐mode) in 4 standardisierte Anleitungen eingerichtet. Es wurden einerseits die endsystolischen und enddiastolischen Durchmesser des linken Ventrikels, des rechten Ventrikels, der Aortenwurzel, des interventrikulären Septums und der linken Herzhinterwand und andererseits die Bewegungsmuster der Herzwände und der Mitral‐und Aortenklappen bestimmt.

Die Dressurpferde hatten einen signifikant größeren Durchmesser des Herzseptums und der linken Herzhinterwand im Vergleich zu den Springpferden und den untrainierten Pferden.

Der enddiastolische Durchmesser des linken Ventrikels der Springpferde war signifikant größer als der der anderen Gruppen. Im Vergleich zu den untrainierten Pferden war der Durchmesser der linken Herzhinterwand der Springpferde, gemessen auf Höhe der Papillarmuskeln, signifikant größer. Die Ursache für die größeren Herzdimensionen der Sportpferde im Vergleich zu den untrainierten Pferden wird in dem höheren Trainingsstand gesehen.
Valuable Indicators of Physical Stress in Porcine Plasma
Authors: JENSEN‐WAERN MARIANNE , NYBERG LENA
Published: May 2010

Various markers for stress were evaluated in the plasma of pigs. Treadmill exercise was chosen as a well defined and quantifiable stressor. One group of non‐stress‐susceptible pigs had to carry out two intense exercise bouts at a one‐week interval, and another group remained in their pens and served as controls. Large interindividual differences in the performance and in the hormonal and metabolic responses to exercise were observed.

The exercise stress resulted in an immediate increase in the plasma concentrations of Cortisol, lactate and hypoxanthine, with a return to the pre‐exercise levels within one hour. No direct effect of physical stress on CBG binding capacity or on the concentrations of xanthine and uric acid was observed.

In two very nervous pigs, even mild stress in connection with the first blood sampling resulted in an elevated concentration of lactate, but the Cortisol and hypoxanthine values remained at the basal level.

It is concluded that plasma concentrations of Cortisol, lactate and hypoxanthine are valuable markers for physical stress.
Medetomidine Sedation in Sheep
Authors: MOHAMMAD F. K. , ZANGANA I.K. , ABDUL‐LATIF A.R.
Published: May 2010

The sedative effect of medetomidine was evaluated in 6 male Awassi sheep. Medetomidine at 40 μg/kg, i.m. induced sedation and recumbency in the sheep within 9±1 and 17±4 minutes, respectively. The duration of recumbency was 58 ± 1 minutes. Medetomidine produced good analgesia and marked muscle relaxation in the recumbent animals for 30 to 45 minutes. The side effects of medetomidine were bradycardia, respiratory depression, stasis of the rumen with tympany, salivation and polyuria. The animals recovered from the sedative and side effects of medetomidine 1.5 to 2 hours after gaining the righting reflex without any apparent adverse effect. The results suggested that medetomidine could be a useful sedative analgesic in sheep.
Influence of Food Deprivation on SCFA and Electrolyte Transport across Sheep Reticulorumen
Authors: GÄBEL G. , MAREK M. , MARTENS H.
Published: May 2010

Net absorption rates for SCFA, sodium, chloride, magnesium, and water were measured in the temporarily isolated and washed reticulorumen of sheep. The animals were either fed hay ad lib. plus concentrates once daily or were deprived of food for two days. Food deprivation led to decreased net absorption of all the substances tested. Comparing the solutes, the relative decreases varied between 43% (butyrate) and 56% (acetate). The decrease in solute absorption was accompanied by diminshed water absorption. It is concluded that the reduction in absorption may be beneficial for the animal in that energy consumption is diminished and the reservoir function of the forestomach will be maintained longer. However, the reduced absorptive capacity may lead to a deficiency of magnesium, which is thought to be absorbed mainly by the forestomachs.
The Morphology of Synovial Grooves (Fossae synoviales) in Joints of Cattle of Different Age Groups
Authors: WEGENER K. M. , HEJE N.‐I. , AARESTRUP F.M. , RAVN B.T. , ØSTERBY J.
Published: May 2010

The joint cartilage of the head of the radius, the metacarpal bone, the tibial cochlea, the proximal trochlea of the talus and the metatarsal bone of 26 cattle in the age groups fetuses, 0 days, 2–5 weeks, 2–5 months, 7–13 months, 2–3.5 years, and 5–7 years were examined macroscopically and histologically. Synovial grooves developed on all joint surfaces examined, but at different times. At some locations the development of the grooves began prenatally. During the groove development the same features were in principle observed on all joint surfaces: Degeneration and progressive thinning of the joint cartilage, invasion of connective tissue into the cartilage, cessation of the endochondral ossification, and depression of the groove area into the subchondral bone. The findings indicated that the synovial grooves should be considered as being part of the normal morphology of the joints. In 4 animals aged from 3 weeks to 13 months dyschondroplastic (osteochondrotic) lesions were observed in the joint cartilage both inside and outside the groove areas on one or more joint surfaces.
Über die postnatale Entwicklung des porcinen Purinkatabolismus und den Einfluß der Umgebungstemperatur auf den Turnover*
Authors: GIESECKE D. , HEISS G. , POSPISCHIL A.
Published: May 2010

Postnatal development of porcine catabolism of purines and effect of ambient temperature on turnover

Experiments in piglets indicate that the catabolic metabolism of purines is only developed during the first 4 weeks of life. During this time the catalytic activity of uricase in liver homogenates is increased about 5.5fold (p < 0.01). The counts of uricase‐carrying peroxisomes and cores are increased to a similar degree (p < 0.01).

In the same time the catalytic activity of cytosolic xanthine oxidase is elevated about 4.6fold (p < 0.01), mainly in the second and third week. In blood plasma uric acid is decreased from 19 to 12 molar% during weeks 1 to 4, hypoxanthine, xanthine and allantoin remain relatively constant. In urine xanthine and uric acid are decreased, hypoxanthine and allantoin are increased. At the age of 2–3 days a decrease of ambient temperature from 32 to 20 °C caused an increase of the plasma pool (p < 0.01) and turnover (p < 0.05) of uric acid. Pool size and turnover of hypoxanthine are only slightly elevated. The results are discussed in view of the slow development of hepatic enzymes, the increase of uric acid pool at lowered ambient temperature and causal events leading to urate nephropathia.

Untersuchungen an Ferkeln zeigen, daß sich der katabole Stoffwechsel der Purine erst im Laufe der ersten 4 Lebenswochen entwickelt. So steigt die katalytische Aktivität der Uricase im Leberhomogenat von der 1.–4. Woche im Mittel auf das 5.5fache an (p < 0.01). Die Zahl der Uricase‐tragenden Peroxisomen und “Cores” nimmt ähnlich zu (p < 0.01). Die katalytische Aktivität der cytosolischen Xanthinoxidase erhöht sich in dieser Zeit etwa 4,6fach (p < 0.01), steigt aber schon in 2–3 Wochen am stärksten an. Im Blutplasma fällt Harnsäure von der 1.–4. Woche von 19 auf 12 Mol%, Hypoxanthin, Xanthin und Allantoin bleiben relativ konstant. Im Harn nehmen Xanthin und Harnsäure ab, Hypoxanthin und Allantoin zu. Im Alter von 2–3 Tagen bewirkt die Erniedrigung der Umgebungstemperatur von 32 auf 20°C eine Zunahme des Harnsäure‐Pools (p < 0.01) und ‐Turnover (p < 0.05) im Plasma. Pool‐Größe und Turnover von Hypoxanthin steigen nur wenig an. Die Ergebnisse werden in Hinblick auf die langsame Entwicklung der Leberenzyme, die Erhöhung des Harnsäure‐Pools bei erniedrigter Temperatur und Ursachen der Uratnephropathie diskutiert.
Patterns of Release of Oxytocin, Prolactin, Insulin and LH in Lactating Sows, Studied Using Continuous Blood Collection Technique
Authors: ROJKITTIKHUN T. , EINARSSON S. , UVNÄS‐MOBERG K. , LUNDEHEIM N. , MADEJ A.
Published: May 2010

To describe the patterns of release of oxytocin, prolactin, insulin and LH in relation to suckling and to investigate relationships between them, blood was collected continuously from four sows at a rate of 1 ml per min for 12 h (0900–2100 h) on day 10 (D10) and day 20 (D20) of lactation. The 12‐h period was divided into four smaller periods: P1 (0900–1200 h), P2 (1200–1500 h), P3 (1500–1800 h) and P4 (1800–2100 h). The number of nursings occurring during a 12‐h period tended to decrease between D10 (17.3 ± 0.3) and D20 (16.0 ± 0.3). About 40–50% of all sucklings induced a significant rise in plasma oxytocin, while prolactin gradually increased following each suckling. Decrease in the levels of oxytocin (14.1 ± 0.4 vs 7.1 ± 0.4 pmol/l, P < 0.001), prolactin (12.9 ± 0.3 vs 7.9 ± 0.1 μg/l, P < 0.001) and insulin (24.8 ± 1.7 vs 14.4 ± 1.7 mU/l, P < 0.001) were observed between D10 and D20. Average and basal levels of LH and the number of LH pulses increased (P < 0.01) between D10 and D20. A negative correlation between number of sucklings and number of LH pulses was demonstrated on D20 (r = −0.59, P = 0.07). There was a positive correlation between levels of LH and oxytocin on D10 (r = 0.54, P = 0.001) and between prolactin and insulin levels on D20 (r = 0.34, P = 0.05).
Ameloblastoma (Adamantinoma) in a Buffalo
Authors: FARAG K.A. , MOSTAFA M.B. , SHETA E.M.E. , FETAIH H.A.
Published: May 2010

A six year old buffalo was admitted with a chronic indurated swelling at the left ramus of the mandible since 3 months. The radiographic picture showed a large osteolytic area and soft tissue swelling at the cheek teeth of the mandible. His topathological examination disclosed neoplastic epithelial cells arranged in islands and cords. The cells were arranged in palisade form resembling the ameloblasts. The clinical findings, the radiographic features and the criteria of the neoplastic cells confirmed an ameloblastoma in a buffalo.
Desmitis of the Accessory Ligament of the Deep Digital Flexor Tendon in the Horse: Clinical and Ultrasonographic Features A Report of 24 Cases
Authors: VAN DEN BELT A.J.M. , BECKER CH. K. , DIK K.J.
Published: May 2010

The clinical and ultrasonographic features of desmitis of the accessory ligament of the deep digital flexor tendon (carpal check ligament) are reported in a series of 24 horses.

Lameness associated with the carpal check ligament especially was found in Warmblood riding horses ranging in age from 6 to 18 years with a mean age of 11.3 years.

The most striking clinical feature was a firm, painful swelling medially and laterally in the proximal and/or mid metacarpal region, corresponding with the dorsoproximal‐palmarodistal oblique direction of the carpal check ligament.

Sonographically swelling of the carpal check ligament was common, the enlarged ligament mostly showing a type 1–2 texture. Occasionally a more localized lesion with a type 3–4 texture was present. About 40% of the horses also showed additional lesions in (one of thee other flexor tendons or ligaments in the metacarpal region.

Most horses were treated conservatively, i.e. boxstallrest and/or a controlled exercise regime were applied.

From the 19 horses available for follow up (1–36 months), only 3 horses resumed full work.

Obviously the prognosis of this injury is guarded.
Pentagastrin Cytoprotection in Ethanol‐Induced Gastric Mucosal Lesions in Rats
Authors: DODIG M. , ROTKVIĆ I. , GRABAREVIĆ Ž. , SIKIRIĆ P. , DRAHOTUSKY T. , ERCEG D. , ÐAČIĆ S. , SEIWERTH S.
Published: May 2010

To establish pentagastrin cytoprotection, the effectiveness of various doses of pentagastrin on ethanol induced gastric mucosal lesions was investigated in Wistar rats. Significant protection was obtained only after parenteral pretreatment with the exception of the lowest dose (1 μg/kg b.w.). Pentagastrin cytoprotection is not mediated either by a dopamine, muscarinic or gastrin/CCK receptor or by prostaglandin synthesis. However, the protective effect of pentagastrin is abolished by prior vagotomy, although this procedure alone or sham operation is ineffective to influencing control‐ethanol lesions. In secretory studies pentagastrin increased both the volume of gastric juice and total acid output. Unlike cytoprotection, these were reversed by vagotomy, but also with atropine and problumide, whereas domperidone and indomethacin were ineffective.
Recording of Intratracheal Pressure in the Horse under Field Conditions as a Method for Evaluation of Upper Airway Resistance
Authors: ROETHLISBERGER‐HOLM KARIN
Published: May 2010

Recording of intratracheal pressure during exercise as a method for evaluating upper airway obstruction in the horse has previously been carried out on the treadmill. In the present study the method was applied to normal horses, outdoors under field conditions, to assess its usefulness for analysis of respiratory problems mainly occurring under racing conditions.

The horses examined performed a standardized exercise test during which the intratracheal pressure was recorded with a tape recorder receiving amplified signals from a transducer connected to a percutaneously inserted intratracheal catheter. The exercise test was carried out under three different conditions: with (1) sulky or (2) rider outdoors and (3) on treadmill indoors. The latter test was included for comparison between field conditions and treadmill exercise. From the recordings obtained, several respiratory variables were calculated.

The pressure graphs essentially resembled those obtained previously in tests performed exclusively on the treadmill. There were, however, some differences between the reactions of the horses to the three tests, which seem to necessitate a control material studied under comparable conditions.

The technique is simple and the equipment for the outdoor tests is comparatively inexpensive, qualities which seem to make these tests suitable for studies of upper airway obstructions in clinical routine. Further, the outdoor tests may permit investigations of disorders of the respiratory tract that occur mainly under racing conditions.
Effect of Serotonin on Gastrointestinal Electrical Activity in the Conscious Piglet
Authors: WECHSUNG E. , HOUVENAGHEL A.
Published: May 2010

In conscious piglets with electrodes implanted in the wall of the antrum pylori, duodenum, jejunum and ileum, the influence of intravenous infusion of serotonin (5‐HT), 4 μg/kg/min for 2 hours, on gastrointestinal electrical activity and arterial pressure was examined. 5‐HT was without significant influence on antral electrical activity and arterial pressure. In the small intestinal parts 5‐HT provoked a shortening of the interval of the migrating myoelectrical complex (MMC) by reducing the duration of phase I and phase II activities, and an increase in propagation velocity. 5‐HT also induced an increase in phase III activity. A possible involvement of 5‐HT in the initiation and propagation of the MMC is suggested.
Influence of Naproxen on the Zinc, Copper, Magnesium and Calcium Content of Guinea Pig Tissues
Authors: KOTSAKI‐KOVATSI V. P. , ALEXAKI‐TZIVANIDOU E. , BATZIAS G. , ROZOS G. , KOVATSIS A.
Published: May 2010

The effect of the administration of chronic doses of naproxen on the zinc, copper, magnesium and calcium concentrations in guinea pig tissues was studied. One hundred mg naproxen/kg body weight/week were administered intraperitoneally to adult female guinea pigs in two doses twice a week for eight weeks. A statistically significant decrease was found of the zinc content in the brain, lung, heart, liver, kidney, spleen and adrenals, of the copper content in the liver, kidney and adrenal and of the magnesium content in the spleen and heart. A significant increase was observed of the calcium content in the adrenals, heart, spleen and uterus of the treated animals, while no significant changes were observed in the thigh bone concentrations of the various ions tested.
The Effect of Intensive Flunixin Treatment during the Postpartum Period in the Bovine
Authors: ODENSVIK K. , FREDRIKSSON G.
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of flunixin meglumine (FM), a substance which inhibits the prostaglandin biosynthesis, on the uterine involution. One of the characteristics of the postpartum period in cattle is the massive and extended release of prostaglandin (PG) F2α.

Eleven primiparous cows, divided into three groups, were included in the study. The first group was injected with FM four times daily, the second group twice daily and the third group acted as controls. The dose was 2.2 mg/kg body weight injected intramuscularly. The treatment period was 14 days beginning at parturition. Blood samples were collected prior to calving and up to 28 days postpartum. The plasma concentrations of the main circulating PGF2α metabolite, i.e. 15‐keto‐dihydro‐PGF2α, and progesterone were analysed. The involution of the uterus was assessed by rectal palpation and ultrasonography.

The study showed that it was not possible to affect the time period to completed uterine involution, not even when a very intensive drug dosage was used. A statistical difference was found between the group receiving the most intensive treatment and the controls, when the areas under the prostaglandin metabolite curve (AUC) were compared. The PG synthesis and release were decreased by the treatment, but never totally suppressed.

Even though the treatment with FM did not shorten the time to completed uterine involution, it was not detrimental for the process of involution. However, as the uterine involution is an inflammatory process, flunixin could, as an anti‐inflammatory drug, be beneficial under certain circumstances.
Isotopic Water Dilution Technique in Body Fluid Measurement in Some Domestic Animal Species
Authors: MAKINDE M. O.
Published: May 2010

Dilution procedures using tritiated water and Evans blue dye (T 1824) were applied to estimate total body water and plasma volume in small ruminants, pigs and cockrels during the two different seasons in Zimbabwe. The amounts of total body water (TBW) obtained were between 60% to 85% of the body weight in sheep and goats, 40% to 60% in pigs and 63% to 75% in cockrels. TBW values were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the small ruminants than in pigs and observed age differences were significant (P < 0.05) in the small ruminants. There were significant (P < 0.05) seasonal differences in the total body water mean values but nonsignificant (P > 0.05) differences in the plasma volume mean values for the domestic species investigated.
Effects of Selenium Status on Bovine Mononuclear Cell Function
Authors: SORDILLO L. M. , HICKS C. R. , WILSON R. , MADDOX J.
Published: May 2010

The effects of selenium (Se) status on the distribution and functional capabilities of bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) were examined. No differences in proliferative responses to mitogens, interleukin (IL)‐2 production, IL‐2 receptor expression, or lymphocyte trafficking patterns were observed between PBMC from dairy cows maintained on Se adequate or Se deficient diets. In contrast, Se deficiency significantly reduced the numbers of circulating monocytes when compared to cows fed a Se adequate diet. Differences in the number of circulating monocytes had no apparent effect on the accessary functions of these cells with respect to antigen presentation and IL‐2 production. These results suggest that the effect of Se‐modified diets on bovine defense mechanisms is not mediated by the ability of peripheral blood lymphocytes to respond to antigen and mature into immunocompetent cells.
Response of Sympatho‐Adrenal Axis and Adrenal Cortex to Short‐Term Restraint Stress in Sheep
Authors: NIEZGODA J. , BOBEK S. , WRONSKA‐FORTUNA D. , WIERZCHOS E.
Published: May 2010

The sympatho‐adrenal and pituitary‐adrenal cortex axes are the most sensitive, and specific indicators of stress in animals. Increased plasma levels of catecholamines and glucocorticoids are generally considered as the classical response to stress. Most experiments on immobilization have been performed on rats and only a few of them concerned domestic animals. In this experiment we want to learn whether short‐term restraint ‐ a stressor most commonly used in animal husbandry ‐ is a stressor for sheep (ewes) like in rats. For this reason we measured adrenaline (A), noradrenaline (NA) (radioenzymatic method), cortisol (RIA method), glucose and free fatty acids (FFA). Unlike in rats, in stressed sheep the peak of A appeared earlier than the NA peak, i.e. at 2 and 5 min. of stress, respectively. In contrast to rats, the basal and stress levels of NA exceeded the corresponding level of A. Cortisol concentration rose 7 fold above baseline and maximal concentration appeared at a time (15–30 min.) observed in other animal species. A similar time‐related increase was observed in the plasma FFA concentration. It increased maximally 3.2 fold at 15 min. of stress. A significant correlation coefficient was found between plasma cortisol and FFA (r = 0.91) what may suggest the lipolytic effect of ACTH and/or a positive feedback of FFA on the hypophysis‐adrenal axis.

The plasma glucose of stressed animals rose only 1.47 fold above the basal level. A significant correlation was found between cortisol and glucose (r = 0.53) whereas no correlations have been obtained between A, NA and glucose or FFA. The control levels of all analyzed hormones, FFA and glucose did not change significantly throughout the experiment, thereby excluding the possible effect of handling on the results.
Effects of Oral Administration of Toxic Levels of Lead and Selenium upon Concentration of Different Elements in the Liver of Broiler Chicks
Authors: KHAN M. Z. , SZAREK J. , MARKIEWICZ K.
Published: May 2010

Broiler chicks fed lead or selenium for varying periods were later intoxicated with two levels of either of these elements. In this way different groups of chicks were exposed to lead or selenium alone or a combination of these two. Lead caused increased liver concentrations of lead and iron. Selenium administration increased liver selenium and iron levels while liver copper decreased. Concurrent administration of lead and selenium greatly enhanced the accumulation of both elements in the liver and increased the liver iron. Lead partially counteracted the depression of liver copper caused by selenium. Mortality due to concurrent exposure to lead and selenium was lower when vitamin E was added to the feed. Body weights were markedly suppressed by selenium. The concurrent administration of lead partially alleviated the growth depression caused by selenium. Selenium fed birds had increased relative weights of liver and heart but this increase was of lesser degree in birds given both elements.
Diagnosis of Bovine Cardiomyopathy by Electrolyte and Protein Analysis
Authors: GRABER H. U. , MARTIG J.
Published: May 2010

The intention of this paper was to describe a reliable method for the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy (CMP) in adult cattle and, in particular, a clear distinction between CMP and inflammatory heart diseases (IHD). In a first study we performed a linear discriminant analysis using serum and urine electrolyte concentrations (sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, phosphate, iron, creatinine) of 33 CMP‐affected and 35 healthy cattle. This analysis allowed to classify all the animals of both animal groups correctly. In a second study, we examined the clotting reaction of the glutaraldehyde coagulation test (GCT) in cardiomyopathy (n = 49), inflammatory heart diseases (n = 9) and in healthy cows (n = 35). 96% of the CMP‐sick and all the control animals showed a clotting time above 10 minutes. In the IHD group, the clotting time was always below 10 minutes. In a third study, we applied the combination of discriminant analysis and GCT to a new set of CMP‐(n = 14) and IHD‐affected (n = 9) as well as to healthy cattle (n = 15). The classification was correct in 93% of the CMP‐sick and in all the IHD‐affected and the control animals. The results are discussed.
Immunohistological and Immuno‐Electron Microscopic Localization of Fibronectin in Chicken Bone Marrow
Authors: BUBE A. , WEISS E.
Published: May 2010

Fibronectin (FN) was immunolocated in chicken bone marrow with the PAP‐technique by light and electron microscopy. A pre‐embedding method was employed for immunolabelling the specimen for electron microscopy. Blood vessels and lining cells of capillaries and sinusoids were labelled for FN. Monocytes, intrasinusoidal macrophages, and stromal elements in the extrasinusoidal compartment.

The distribution of FN in the chicken bone marrow supports the assumption that FN facilitates extravascular haematopoiesis, especially migratory processes, whereas its contribution to intravascular haematopoiesis seems less likely and needs further investigation.
Field Research on Veterinary Problems in Group‐Housed Sows ‐ A Survey of Lameness
Authors: KRONEMAN A. , VELLENGA L. , VAN DER WILT F.J. , VERMEER H. M.
Published: May 2010

Investigations on two experimental farms with group‐housing revealed that lameness occurred mainly at the hind legs of sows, with a higher incidence in first parity sows. The highest incidence of lameness was seen during the first 2 months of gestation and the highest prevalence in the last 2 months of gestation. No relation could be established between lameness of a sow in the last month of gestation and reproduction results.

The incidence of claw lesions increased too, during the group‐housing during pregnancy and was higher compared to sows kept in crates. This increase was clearest in first parity sows. In addition the observations suggest a pattern in the course of development of lesions. Claw lesions mainly occur on the outer claws of a sow. For two types of lesions left‐right symmetry has been established for both the hind and the front legs.

On the level of the individual animal there was no relation between the incidence of claw lesions and lameness.
The Correlation between the Dose and Distribution of Intratendinous Fluid Injections in the Flexor Tendons/Ligaments of the Horse
Authors: VAN DEN BELT A. J. M. , KEG P. R. , DIK K. J. , BARNEVELD A.
Published: May 2010

An in vitro study was carried out to define the correlation between the dose and distribution of intratendinous fluid injections in the different flexor tendons/ligaments of the palmar/plantar, metacarpal/metatarsal region of the horse.

Injection of 0.1–0.2 ml resulted in a local intratendinous fluid depot showing minimal abaxial spreading and more extensive proximodistal expansion. If 0.3–0.5 ml was injected the abaxial spreading remained minimal but the proximodistal expansion increased significantly, the depots in the axial proximal, mid and distal region flowing together. Also minimal peritendinous fluid accumulation was visible. Increasing the dose from 0.5 to 2 ml resulted in extensive abaxial spreading and peritendinous accumulation.

These findings indicate that the 2 ml injection recommended in the veterinary literature probably represents an oversized dose.

If a small lesion is present a 0.1–0.2 ml intratendinous injection should be adequate. The injection should preferably be guided by ultrasonography to allow precise deposition of the drug into the lesion. In larger local defects a depot of 0.3–0.5 ml apparently is sufficient. If a very large portion of the tendon is injured, several depots of 0.3–0.5 ml approximately 5 cm apart is preferred to cover the full proximodistal extension of the lesion.
Echokardiographische Messungen im gepulsten Dopplerverfahren (PW) beim gesunden Warmblutpferd
Authors: STADLER P. , WEINBERGER T. , DEEGEN E.
Published: May 2010

Pulsed Doppler Echocardiography in Healthy Warm Blooded Horses

Twenty adult warm blooded horses (body weight 585 ± 59 kg) were evaluated with pulsed doppler echocardiography. Locations for the transducer and the sample volume were determined to get typical blood flow tracings of the equine heart. Angle of doppler beam was between 37° and 40° in right heart atrioventricular flow tract and between 44° and 47° in left heart atrioventricular flow tract. Peak blood flow velocity (angle corrected) was 0.71 ± 0.17 m/s in tricuspid valve and 0.92 ± 0.22 in mitral valve.

In right and left atrioventricular flow tracts in all sample volume positions typical double peaked spectral tracings of blood flow were seen.

In supravalvular, valvular and subvalvular sample volume locations of the ventriculoatrial flow tracts angles were between 28° and 33° in right heart and between 34° and 37° in left heart. Peak flow velocity (angle corrected) was 0.98 ± 0.13 m/s in pulmonary valve and 0.92 ± 0.09 m/s in aortic valve. Paradoxical systolic and diastolic flows were seen. The flow velocity tracings were similar to those found in man. Flow velocity values of clinically normal horses have a wide range like in healthy human beings. Nevertheless flow tracings of healthy horses have a characteristical profile and may be helpful in detecting abnormal blood flow in heart diseased horses.
Further Studies on Osmotic Resistance of Nucleated Erythrocytes: Observations with Pigeon, Peafowl, Lizard and Toad Erythrocytes During Changes in Temperature and pH
Authors: Oyewale J. O.
Published: May 2010

The osmotic resistance of pigeon, peafowl, lizard and toad erythrocytes at different temperatures and pH was studied. Erythrocytes from female pigeons showed greater osmotic resistance than those from males, but no sex difference appeared with erythrocytes from peafowls. Pigeon erythrocytes were more resistant and the red blood cell, packed cell volume and haemoglobin values were higher than those in peafowls. Although no significant differences appeared in their haemato‐logical values, erythrocytes from the lizard were more resistant than erythrocytes from the toad. At higher temperature, the osmotic resistance of pigeon, lizard and toad erythrocytes increased, while that of peafowl erythrocytes decreased. The resistance of toad erythrocytes decreased in acidic and alkaline solutions, but that of peafowl erythrocytes increased in both solutions. However, with pigeon and lizard erythrocytes, the resistance was unaltered in alkaline solution and decreased in acidic solution.
Plasma Protein Synthesis and Serum Amino Acids in Dry and Lactating Dairy Cows
Authors: Pösö A. R. , Lindberg L.‐A.
Published: May 2010

Blood serum concentrations of protein, albumin, prealbumin, transferrin, amino acids and urea were measured in 31 healthy cows 0 to 6 weeks before and 3 to 8 weeks after parturition. In comparison to the precalving values the concentrations of albumin, prealbumin and transferrin were all lower after parturition. Alanine, glutamine, leucine, methionine, serine, and urea concentrations were also lower after calving. Multiple correlation analysis between plasma protein and amino acid concentrations reveals that the synthesis of export proteins in liver may be reduced due to limitation in amino acid availability.
Nucleolar Size and Mitotic Index in Basal Cell Carcinomas (BCC) and Squamous Cell Carcinomas (SCC) of Canine Skin
Authors: De Vico G. , Agrimi U. , Maiolino P.
Published: May 2010

Nine squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) and ten basal cell carcinomas (BCC) of the dog's skin were retrospectively evaluated from the point of view of both their nucleolar size and their mitotic index. With the exception of one, all SCC samples under investigation were non‐metastasizing. Mean nucleolar area/cell ranged from 4.36 to 9.87 μm2 in SCC, and from 1.06 to 2.59 μm2 in BCC samples. A significant statistical correlation could be demonstrated between cell nucleolar area and mitotic index in SCC samples.
Serotonin‐Induced Short‐Circuit Current in Pig Jejunum
Authors: Hansen M. B. , Thorbøll J. E. , Christensen P. , Bindslev N. , Skadhauge E.
Published: May 2010

This paper presents the effects of serotonin (5‐HT) on short‐circuit current (SCC), sodium and chloride fluxes, and prostaglandin E2release in pig jejunum, using the Ussing‐chamber technique.

5‐HT elicited a dose‐dependent increase in SCC, yielding an EC50of 6 ± 4 μM and EMAXof 77± 8 μA. cm−2using about 100 ±. Inhibited sodium absorption and stimulated chloride secretion carried part of the 5‐HT‐induced SCC. 5‐HT caused a dose‐independent PGE2release, and indomethacin reduced the SCC‐inducing effect of 5‐HT by 40%. Octreotide, a long‐lasting somatostatin analogue, also reduced 5‐HT‐induced SCC by about 40%, while tetrodotoxin (TTX) did not alter the effect of 5‐HT.

In conclusion, 5‐HT causes a dose‐dependent indomethacin and octreotide‐sensitive, and TTX‐insensitive increase in SCC, and a chloride secretion and inhibited sodium absorption and an increased release of PGE2in pig jejunum in vitro.

Abbreviations: 5‐HT, 5‐hydroxytryptamine, serotonin; Cl−, chloride; Na+, sodium; HCO3−, bicarbonate; J, ion flux; PGE2, prostaglandin E2; TTX, tetrodotoxin; AUC, area under the curve; T1/2, halftime.
Hormonal and Metabolic Responses to the Stress of Transport and Slaughterhouse Procedures in Clenbuterol‐Fed Pigs
Authors: Baldi A. , Bontempo V. , Cheli F. , Corino C. , Polidori F.
Published: May 2010

The aim of this study was to evaluate if metabolic and endocrine adaptive responses to stressful stimuli are influenced by clenbuterol treatment in pigs.

Two groups of nine Goland barrows of 167 kg liveweight, fed diets containing 0 (control) or 1 ppm of clenbuterol (clenbuterol‐treated) for 40 days, were used. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture the day before (day 40) and at slaughter (day 41). On day 40 clenbuterol‐treated pigs had lower levels of thyroxin, tri‐iodothyronine, insulin, urea and higher levels of lactate and creatine phosphokinase activity. On day 41, thyroxin concentration was lower and creatine phosphokinase activity higher in clenbuterol‐treated pigs than in controls. In response to transport and slaughterhouse procedures, most of the parameters considered both in clenbuterol‐treated and in control pigs increased.
Trisomy D1, Marker F1: New Cytogenetic Findings in Two Cases of Feline Fibrosarcoma
Authors: Mayr B. , Hofstadler E. , Schleger W. , Reifinger M. , Eisenmenger E.
Published: May 2010

An 11‐year‐old female cat and a 12‐year‐old male cat developed fibrosarcomas. Trisomy D1 was observed in a high percentage (20 %) of the tumour cells of the female patient while a large marker chromosome F1 was present in 25 % of the tumour cells of the male patient.
Bewertung von hypoxischen Zuständen beim Kalb mit Hilfe des Erythrozytendichtetests (EDT)
Authors: Flegel Th. , Hartmann H.
Published: May 2010

Estimation of Hypoxic Conditions in Calves Using the Erythrocyte Density Separation Test

The erythrocyte density separation test (EDT) divides the red blood cells into two groups: younger (less dense) and older (more dense) erythrocytes. Using this test enables veterinarians to assess the erythropoiesis in calves on the basis of the percentage of less dense (younger) red blood cells. Anemic calves, as well as those with pneumonic infections show higher proportions of less dense red blood cells in the EDT than healthy ones.

This testing procedure makes it possible to estimate the effects of an oxygen deficiency condition, such as hypoxemia, anemia, shock etc. on the peripheral tissues. So the EDT represents a valuable complement to existing hematological laboratory methods. Carrying out the EDT is very simple and suitable in routine clinical testing.

Zusammenfassung

Der Erythrozytendichtetest (EDT), der den Anteil der jugendlichen (leichteren) Erythrozyten an der Gesamtpopulation der roten Blutzellen mit Hilfe deren Dichte ermittelt, ist beim Kalb geeigner, eine gesteigerte Erythropoese unterschiedlicher Genese zu beschreiben. Sowohl anämische als auch lungenkranke Kälber zeigen höhere Befunde im EDT als die gesunden Vergleichstiere. Mit den Ergebnissen des EDT gelingt es diagnostisch vorteilhaft, die Auswirkungen von O2‐Mangelzuständen, wie Hypoxämie, Anämie, Schock u.a., auf das periphere Gewebe zu beurteilen. Der Test stellt somit eine wertvolle Ergänzung bereits vorhandener hämatologischer Verfahren dar. Die Testdurchführung ist einfach und für die klinische Routinediagnostik geeignet.