bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) for Assessment of Collection and Transportation of Solid Waste: An Empirical Study
Authors: Sasikumar Gnanasekaran , Sivasangari A. , Venkatachalam N.
Published: March 2022

Cities and Urban Local Bodies (CULB) are considered to be the engines of economic growth and any significant improvement in their operational efficiency will lead to a positive impact on the economy. The major portion of expenditure on Solid waste management (SWM) of CULBs is spent on waste collection and transportation activities. To enhance the efficiency of SWM, it is essential to collect and transport solid waste in a scientific manner. As a result, systematic solid waste collection and transportation will effectively resolve and improve SWM concerns. In this paper, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) method is adopted to appraise various alternatives of solid waste collection and transportation methods of municipal solid waste in Visakhapatnam city, India. The additive normalization method is applied for calculating the criteria weights. The fairness of judgment is checked by the consistency ratio. To calculate AHP accurately and fast, a decision support system was built. The findings of the study will be beneficial in evaluating existing solid waste collection and transportation processes to improve the operational efficiency of managing SWM.
Design and Performance Analysis of Biomass Cook stove with Thermoelectric Generator
Authors: Vijay R , Balaji D , Kumaresan K , Mohamed javith S , Mohamed anas S
Published: March 2022

The aim of the paper is to design and evaluate the performance of an energy efficient biomass combustion store fitted with thermoelectric generator to produce both thermal energy and electrical energy from a single fuel source. The combustion chamber in the stove is designed in a way to utilize the primary and secondary air to provide
complete combustion by not using any external source such as blower. Due to complete combustion process the stove never produces smoke which causes asthma and other respiratory diseases for women and children. The cook stove is fitted with a light and electric charger arrangement. This stove can be used in rural and hilly regions for producing thermal, light and electrical energy. The new design in the cook stove have been made for the better usage of sustainable energy and reducing worst impact of climate change on environment. Biomass cook stove is a combustion device which liberates a lot of lot of thermal process during cooking process. In the newly developed TEG biomass cook stove the liberated waste heat energy is utilized for the generation of electricity with the help of thermoelectric generator and the electrical energy is stored in a li-ion battery which is used for lighting a led light and charging a mobile phone. Water boiling test which ic used to measure the performance of cook stove was carried out in this stove and the stove is found to be efficient in the conversion of biomass fuel into thermal and electrical energy. This cook stove has been deployed in the rural areas to check its usability, viability, electrical and thermal performance under the umbrella of clean combustion.
Physical Changes of Some Colored Table Grape Varieties During Ripening
Authors: SUCU Seda , BARAN Kadir
Published: March 2022

In this study, it was aimed to determine the physical changes of seven different colored table grape varieties in the samples taken at different periods until the ripening time. The cultivars used in the study are Alphonse Lavallée, Royal, Tekirdağ Çekirdeksizi, Michael Palieri, Karaerik, Bilecik İrikara and Horoz Karası. Grape samples were harvested for four weeks (20.08.2019, 27.08.2019, 02.09.2019 and 09.09.2019) every week for approximately one month until ripening. Cluster weight, bunch length and width, berry weight, berry width-length and berry hardness values were taken from the harvested grapes. Horoz Karası variety attracted attention with its cluster weight (550.86 g) and cluster width (15.01 cm) characteristics. The Michael Palieri variety stood out with its berry weight (8.92 g) and the Alphonse Lavallée variety with its berry hardness (0.94). Physical characteristics of all cultivars from fall to maturity differed according to both periods and cultivars. While the varieties and periods used in the study serve the literature, they are also an infrastructure for different studies with more varieties, different locations and different periods.
I See Myself in Your Eyes: Good Enough Mother as a Nun or an Amazon
Authors: Elahi Roya , Kheradmand Mahdieh
Published: March 2022

Abstract:
This article aims to compare mother figures in three novels: The Mysterious of Udolpho (1794), Villette (1853), and The Magic Toyshop (1967) based on Winnicott’s theory on mothers. These Gothic novels belong to three different centuries; therefore they reveal different types of mother figures in different times. Winnicott believes that the mother’s role is crucial for the child’s future, especially daughters, so the mother-child bond can help the child to create her true ‘self’. As a result, this article seeks to answer the raised questions based on Winnicott’s good-enough-mother in the girl’s life: which century does introduce the best good enough mother? And in which century girls can reject the Gothic life? By making a proper environment for her daughter a good-enough-mother helps her daughter to make her true self. Besides, the Gothic novel exposes mother as a helper to daughter and her efforts to save daughter from the Gothic future. Studying Winnicott's theory reveals that various elements define a good-enough-mother such as helping her daughter to make her true self, aiding the girl to have progress, and erasing horror and terror from her future. Based on Winnicott’s we found out the nineteenth-century Villette introduces the best example of a gothic good-enough-mother.
Keywords: Amazons, nuns, mother, daughter, family, gothic
ESTUDO DA UTILIZAÇÃO DAS FERRAMENTAS DA QUALIDADE PARA ANÁLISE DE CAUSA RAIZ DA BAIXA PERFORMANCE DE ATENDIMENTO EM UMA EMPRESA DE TELECOMUNICAÇÕES
Authors: Silva Catala Racile Ruela , Souza Junior Wilson Rodrigues de
Published: March 2022

A abordagem sistematizada de problemas é um dos aspectos mais importantes de um programa da qualidade. Diversas ferramentas foram desenvolvidas para auxiliar o profissional a compreender os problemas que ocorrem em seu dia a dia, achar a causa raiz e encontrar soluções adequadas para eles. O trabalho proposto teve por objetivo aplicar ferramentas da área de gestão da qualidade, trabalhando todos os seus aspectos de resolução de problemas, para encontrar a causa raiz da avaliação ruim realizada pelo cliente acerca do atendimento, com o intuito de melhorar a nota de satisfação (avaliação realizada pelo cliente) de atendimento de uma campanha de atendimento ao cliente. Dentre as ferramentas que foram utilizadas, estão: gráfico de Pareto, diagrama de causa e efeito, Matriz GUT e 5W2H. Os resultados encontrados foram ações de melhorias contínuas que contribuirão para melhora do indicador da operação, confirmando o objetivo da gestão da qualidade, a satisfação total dos clientes.
Current Admissions and Enrollment Trends of Asian Students in Doctor of Pharmacy Programs—Author's Viewpoint
Authors: Do Duc P. , Petrova Tatjana
Published: March 2022

Pharmacists have been among the frontline healthcare workers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Based on a 2020 Gallup poll, they were ranked fourth for honesty and ethical standards among professionals. As of fall 2020, there were 141 colleges/schools of pharmacy with accredited professional Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) programs in the United States. Applications to Pharm.D. programs have declined nationally each year since the 2013–2014 admissions cycle, and, in particular, the number of Asian applicants applying to Pharm.D. programs has decreased since 2016. This commentary will highlight the latest admissions and enrollment trends in pharmacy education, particularly for Asian students.
Шахсни қийнашнинг объекти ҳақида мулоҳозалар
Authors: Омонов Зафаржон
Published: March 2022

Ушбу мақолада «жиноят объекти» тушунчаси, турлари, хусусан, «умумий объект», «махсус объект», «бевосита объект» ва «турдош объект» тушунчалари, жиноят объектининг юридик белгилари, қийнаш жиноятининг объекти, ушбу жиноят объектининг бошқа жиноят турларидан фарқли жиҳатлари, миллий ма хорижий олимларнинг фикр-мулоҳазалари ўрганилиб , таҳлил қилинган. Таҳлил асосида тегишли хулосалар баён этилган.
Monitoring of oxidative stress and TNF-α status during the healing process in hair goats with metritis
Authors: KURT Serdal , EŞKİ Funda , MİS Leyla
Published: March 2022

Objective: This study aimed to monitor oxidative stress parameters including total antioxidant status (TAS) and total oxidant status (TOS), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) level during the healing process in hair goats with metritis.

Materials and Methods: This study was carried out on a total of 25 hair goats with metritis (n=10; Group 1) and healthy (n=15; Group 2). The beginning of the study was accepted as day 0. In both Group 1 and Group 2, blood samples were collected on days 0 (first measurement day), 14 (second measurement day) and 28 (third measurement day) of the study for TAS, TOS and TNF-α analyzes. In addition, oksidatif stress index (OSI) was calculated using TAS and TOS values.

Results: It was found that TAS level decreased in Group 1 compared to Group 2 at the first measurement day (p
CONTRATOS INTERNACIONAIS PRIVADOS: BRASIL VERSUS ESTADOS UNIDOS DA AMÉRICA
Authors: Maia de Souza Gabriela
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo objetiva discutir os contratos internacionais privados, dando-se ênfase à mitigação de danos no ordenamento jurídico dos Estados Unidos da América e na República Federativa do Brasil. Para tanto, aborda alguns aspectos inerentes aos contratos privados no direito estadunidense elucidando os critérios da razoabilidade, contratação substitutiva, gastos com a mitigação, violação antecipada do contrato e ônus da prova; e expõe alguns aspectos inerentes aos contratos privados no direito brasileiro esclarecendo sobre os lucros cessantes, nexo de causalidade, culpa concorrente e boa-fé objetiva. Visando cumprir o objetivo dessa pesquisa, foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica em doutrinas e na legislação vigente, fontes de pesquisa estas que orientaram a elucidação do tema proposto permitindo concluir que o processo de aproximação jurídica promove o diálogo entre sistemas normativos em um esforço conjunto para o desenvolvimento do direito contratual de forma convergente. Como consequência desse processo, a evolução do direito contratual observa hoje um movimento cíclico em que diferentes sistemas interagem entre si e, nesse contexto, se desenvolve o princípio da mitigação de danos.
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Authors: بسام احمد
Published: March 2022

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Cytospora Canker Development on Aspen in Response to Nitrogen Fertilization
Authors: Burks Susan , Jacobi William , Mclntyre Gary
Published: March 2022

The effect of nitrogen fertilization on Cytospora canker development in aspen (Populus tremuloides) was examined in a greenhouse hydroponic system. Aspen trees grown in rock wool or sand were watered with 1 of 5 nitrogen treatments: 0, 55, 111, 185, or 333 mg/L nitrogen as (NH4)2NO3. After 6 wk, trees were inoculated with 2 isolates of Cytospora chrysosperma in separate wounds. Canker length and width were measured every 2 wk for 6 wk, beginning the 2nd week after inoculation. To assess the effect of prolonged nutrient treatment on canker development, a subset of the original trees was selected to receive treatments for 2 growing seasons, with inoculations at 6 wk after treatments were begun in the 2nd season. Nitrogen deficiency (0 mg/L) contributed to significantly larger cankers in 1 of 4 trials run for 1 growing season and in the 2 trials carried out for 2 growing seasons (P = 0.00-0.006). Canker sizes on trees treated with the other nitrogen rates were not significantly different from each other. Large cankers formed on trees treated with the abnormally high rate (333 ppm), but the differences were not significant from the other nitrogen treatments. Thus, nitrogen deficiencies increase the likelihood of canker expansion, while proper nutrient management allows aspen to defend against canker expansion induced by Cytospora fungi.
Comparison of Five Methods for Estimating Leaf Area Index of Open-Grown Deciduous Trees
Authors: Peper Paula , McPherson E. Gregory
Published: March 2022

We compared the accuracy of five methods used to estimate leaf area index (LAI) of eight open-grown deciduous trees, including six white mulberries (Moms alba) and two black cherries (Prunus serotina var. rufula). The methods included the use of four instruments (AccuPAR Ceptometer, CI-100 Plant Canopy Analyzer, image processing with the AgVision System, LI-COR LAI-2000 Plant Canopy Analyzer) and the application of a logarithmic regression equation. The image processing method demonstrated the highest probability of accurately estimating LAI (P = 0.99). However, all methods showed bias toward returning LAI estimates that did not increase as actual LAI increased when the mulberry tree data were examined separately from the cherry data. Additional research is necessary to determine whether this bias is real or merely a function of the limited sample size.
Designing Urban Pavement Sub-Bases to Support Trees
Authors: Kristoffersen Palle
Published: March 2022

In Denmark, poor growth conditions for urban trees have been perceived as a problem since the 1980s. Restricted planting-pit sizes are mainly responsible for this problem. In 1996, a survey found that the average size of municipal planting pits had increased from 0.1 m3 (3.5 ft3) in the late 1960s, to 3.4 m3 (120 ft3) in 1996. To increase the volume of the planting pit, several materials have been introduced to mix with soil to allow root growth under pavements. Three methods are available for installing these materials under pavements. During the last 5 years, more than 800 trees have been planted on more than 30 sites using these materials and installation methods. Every method has advantages and disadvantages. No serious difficulties due to load-bearing capacity or frost heaves have been recorded.
Correlating Foliar Nitrogen Levels with Growth in two Landscape Tree Species
Authors: Perry Ed , Hickman Gary
Published: March 2022

Trials were conducted to determine the effect of applied soluble nitrogen fertilizer on leaf nitrogen concentrations and growth in valley oak (Quercus lobata) and Chinese pistache {Pistacia chinensis) trees. Leaf nitrogen concentrations in valley oak were not significantly affected by the fertilizer at 3,9,16, and 28 months following treatment. Leaf nitrogen concentrations in Chinese pistache were not significantly affected by the fertilizer at 9 and 12 months following treatment. The fertilizer treatments did not cause increases in trunk diameter growth in either species over the period of the study. Additionally, no correlation could be made between visual nitrogen deficiency symptoms and actual leaf nitrogen concentrations. Keywords. Nitrogen fertilization; ornamental tree nutrition; leaf analysis; Quercus lobata; Pistacia chinensis.
Biological Control of Elm Leaf Beetle
Authors: Thurston Graham
Published: March 2022

The bacterial insecticide Bacillus thuringiensis tenebrionis (Novodor-FC®) (Btt) protected elm foliage from feeding damage by elm leaf beetle larvae, Xanthogaleruca luteola, when applied to urban elms by mistblower or rotomist. Whereas untreated control trees lost up to 40% of their total foliage due to elm leaf beetle feeding in a 3-week sample period, Sff-treated trees suffered only 10% defoliation. The entomopathogenic nematode Steinernema carpocapsae, when incorporated into tree bands containing cellulose mulch, proved effective at killing high proportions of migrating larvae. The use of the bacterium and nematode together in an integrated program may effectively reduce elm leaf beetle populations, thus eliminating the need for chemical insecticides.
Rainfall Interception by Sacramento's Urban Forest
Authors: Xiao Qingfu , McPherson E. Gregory , Simpson James , Ustin Susan
Published: March 2022

A one-dimensional mass and energy balance model was developed to simulate rainfall interception in Sacramento County, California. The model describes tree interception processes: gross precipitation, leaf drip, stem flow, and evaporation. Kriging was used to extend existing meteorological point data over the region. Regional land use/ land cover and tree canopy cover were parameterized with data obtained by remote sensing and ground sampling. Annual interception was 1.1% for the entire county and 11.1% of precipitation falling on the urban forest canopy. Summer interception at the urban forest canopy level was 36% for an urban forest stand dominated by large, broadleaf evergreens and conifers (leaf area index = 6.1) and 18% for a stand dominated by medium-sized conifers and broadleaf deciduous trees (leaf area index = 3.7). For 5 precipitation events with return frequencies ranging from 2 to 200 years, interception was greatest for small storms and least for large storms. Because small storms are responsible for most pollutant washout, urban forests are likely to produce greater benefits through water quality protection than through flood control.
Effects of Periodical Cicada Ovipositional Injury on Woody Plants
Authors: Miller Fredric , Crowley Webster
Published: March 2022

The long-term effect of oviposition by the female periodical cicadas Magicicada septendecim and M. cassini (Homoptera: Cicadidae) was examined on woody plants in landscape plantings at The Morton Arboretum in northeastern Illinois following the 1991-1993 growing seasons. A minimum branch diameter of approximately 5 mm appears to be a critical factor in ovipositional activity. Plants with stout branching habits do not appear to be suitable for oviposition. The percent canopy flagging, as a function of the number of wounds per branch, may not be an accurate measurement of ovipositional damage. Young trees with stem diameters or main scaffold branches with diameters between 5 and 10 mm may experience significant damage to the main trunk, resulting in breakage and significant growth loss. Larger plant material does not appear to be significantly affected by ovipositional damage, but it does result in a minor natural pruning event.
Mass Trapping for Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) Suppression in Isolated Areas
Authors: Wawrzynski Robert , Ascerno Mark
Published: March 2022

Mass trapping to reduce an isolated population of Japanese beetles (Popillia japonica) was investigated. Four years of mass trapping produced a 97% reduction in P. japonica numbers. Although this study lacked strict statistical controls, we feel it shows mass trapping for isolated Japanese beetle populations has merit. Therefore, under certain conditions mass trapping, as part of an integrated pest management program, may be useful for reducing P. japonica populations.
An Unusual Attack Pattern ofScolytus mulistriatusBeetles in Chinese Elm
Authors: Švihra Pavel
Published: March 2022

In autumn, some Chinese elm (Ulmus parvifoliaMarsham) trees, especially those with large seed crops, attractScolytus multistriatusbeetles. The beetles land on a single tree in masses and attempt to penetrate the inner bark. The tree responds with a copious flow of sticky sap that kills beetles at entrances or repels them. As the sap flow increases,Scolytusbeetles aggregate on the tree in even larger numbers and continue to excavate very short, erratic, and shallow tunnels in the outer bark. The basal to mid-bole section was attacked with highest density (17 to 18 tunnels per dm2, with a male-to-female ratio of 1:8.7). Perhaps due to a high concentration of host volatiles and insect-produced attractants,S. multistriatusbeetles shifted their attack to adjacent elms. However, the beetles avoided penetrating the inner bark of these trees and excavated only shallow tunnels in the outer bark. The beetles also showed a preference for tunneling into the basal to mid-bole section, but high mortality was observed (36.3% to 40.7%, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from 1:3.8 to 1:4.3). The number of female beetles and number of feeding scars in the crotches of small twigs were dependent on the number of females in the stem and branches (P≥ 0.001).
Use of Soil and Trunk Injection of Systemic Insecticides to Control Lace Bug on Hawthorn
Authors: Gill Stanton , Jefferson David , Reeser Rondalyn , Raupp Michael
Published: March 2022

Several systemic insecticides are labeled for control of sucking insect pests of trees, and numerous application methods are available for arborists. A field trial was conducted to test 2 formulations of imidacloprid (Pointer 4% and Merit 75 WP systemic insecticides), a formulation of abamectin (Greyhound 1.9%, Bl), and 2 different delivery systems. The delivery systems evaluated were the Kioritz soil injector and ArborSystem's Wedgletip tree injection system. The target pest in this field trial was hawthorn lace bug (Corythucha cydoniae) on hawthorn (Crataegus viridis) trees. The Kioritz is a handheld soil injector made for injecting fertilizer and systemic pesticides into the root zone of trees and shrubs with relatively small amounts of water. The Wedgle tip is an injection system that uses a blunt-edged tip inserted through a small hole through the bark, just to the edge of the sapwood. Wounding to the tree with the Wedgle tip is minimal. This study indicates that systemic insecticides applied through soil injection and trunk injection have potential for controlling sucking insects that feed on ornamental trees.
Species Differ in Responses to Tree Shelters
Authors: Gerhold Henry D.
Published: March 2022

Effects of tree shelters on height, caliper, and diameter at breast height of 11 landscape tree species and cultivars were investigated in 2 nurseries during a 4-year period; the ratio of height to caliper was calculated as an indicator of trunk sturdiness. Species differed greatly in their responses, ranging in the fourth year from none to 44% and 55% height increases ofMagnolia‘Merrill’ and M.stellataaccompanied by 18% and 14% caliper increases.Acer griseum, Carpinus caroliniana, Cercis canadensis, Cornus‘Celestial’ and ‘Constellation’,Prunus serrulata‘Kwanzan’, and P.subhirtella autumnalisexhibited more modest height increases, but also caliper decreases, compared to controls without shelters.Malus‘Adirondack’ andSyringa reticulata‘Summer Snow’ did not benefit. Two shelter sizes and severe winter weather also affected the results of some varieties.
Tree Shade Preferred by Recreational Users of a Brazilian Beach Sidewalk
Authors: Malavasi U.C. , Malavasi M.M.
Published: March 2022

Barbecuing near the beach is a well-established leisure activity during weekends and holidays for many people in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. A daily nonstimulated census composed of personal interviews conducted along the beach of Mangaratiba was undertaken during school vacations in summer (January and February) and winter (July) of 1994 and 1995. A total of 955 interviews were completed. On average, each group of barbecuers consisted of 3 adults and 2 children (up to 12 years old). Ninety-five percent of the barbecues took place on weekends and holidays. The responses suggested that 85% of the groups prefer to be under shade trees, even during the winter months. Reasons offered for this preference are temperature amelioration (80%), privacy (65%), security (45%), and isolation (30%). On average, a barbecue lasts 6.1 hours.
A Comparison of Landscape Mulches: Chemical, Allelopathic, and Decomposition Properties
Authors: Duryea Mary L. , Jeffery English R. , Annie Hermansen L.
Published: March 2022

This study compared chemical, allelopathic, and decomposition properties of 6 mulches: cypress, eucalyptus, pine bark, pine needle, melaleuca, and a utilitytrimming mulch (GRU). Eucalyptus and GRU mulches had the highest decomposition after 1 year (21% and 32%), while only 3% to 7 % of the other mulches decayed. Lignin and lignin:nitrogen ratio were negatively correlated with decomposition; high values resulted in low decomposition. Winter respiration of both eucalyptus and GRU mulches was high, and respiration was positively correlated with decomposition. Pine-straw mulch subsided from 9 cm (3.5 in.) to 4 cm (1.6 in.) during the year, while the other mulches subsided approximately 2 cm (0.8 in). Nutrient composition of the mulches was significantly different, with GRU mulch having the highest levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K). Pine straw was the next highest in N and P. Soils under the mulches were acidified most by pine straw (from a pH of 5.0 to 4.4), followed by pine bark and cypress. In a standard test of allelopathy, all fresh mulches inhibited germination of lettuce seed, and although variable in concentration, all mulches contained hydroxylated aromatic compounds that could have caused these allelopathic effects. After 9 months and 1 year, pine straw and GRU still exhibited allelopathic effects on germination. Cypress, melaleuca, and pine bark retained their color after 1 year, while the other 3 mulches changed to a pinkish gray.
Using GIS to Assess Urban Tree Canopy Benefits and Surrounding Greenspace Distributions
Authors: Dwyer Mark C. , Miller Robert W.
Published: March 2022

CITYgreen®, a geographic information system (GIS)-based program, was used to evaluate selected benefits provided by the tree canopy in the city of Stevens Point, Wisconsin. We assessed the distribution of open space in and around the greater Stevens Point area, energy savings from lowered air-conditioning costs, and the reductions in stormwater runoff as a partial function of existing tree canopy. Estimated annual energy savings for residential areas in Stevens Point and surrounding communities was $126,859. A storm delivering 6.6 cm (2.6 in.) of rain in 24 hours will deposit just under 2 billion L (530 million gal) of water on Stevens Point, of which 400 million L (106 million gal) will run off into the Wisconsin River. Approximately 6% of Stevens Point is covered by impervious surfacing, which accounts for 24% of the city’s total stormwater runoff volume. Orthophotographs were digitized on screen, and land surrounding Stevens Point was classified based on vegetation cover, land use, and current zoning. Land use in the greater Stevens Point area (22,250 ha [55, 000 ac]) is 20.7% developed, 24.1% agriculture, 46.8% undeveloped, and 8.4% surface water. Planners, managers, elected officials, and other interested parties in land-use planning for the region are using the results of this study for open-space planning.
Will Subterranean Termites Consume Landscape Mulches?
Authors: Duryea Mary , Huffman Jacob , English R. Jeffery , Osbrink Weste
Published: March 2022

Subterranean termites live in colonies in the soil in both temperate and tropical regions throughout the world. These termites feed on cellulose and are a major cause of damage to wood in use. Organic tree-based mulches provide many benefits to a landscape, yet recently, questions about whether they could harbor or be a source of food for termite colonies have arisen. In a series of 2 no-choice food experiments, this study investigated whether termites would consume 6 landscape mulches: cypress, eucalyptus, melaleuca, pine bark, pine straw, and a utility pruning mulch, and 5 woods: pine sapwood, cypress heartwood and sapwood, and melaleuca heartwood and sapwood. In the wood experiments, termites consumed pine and cypress sapwood but did not consume the cypress heartwood or melaleuca sapwood or heartwood. In the pine and cypress sapwood, 64% to 77% of the termites survived, while melaleuca and cypress heartwood had fewer than 15% live termites.In Experiment 1, termites ate more of the utility mulch than any other mulch. In Experiment 2, termites consumed all mulches except melaleuca, which was the least desirable food in both experiments. Correlations with chemical characteristics were significant for both nitrogen and phosphorus (r = 0.91 and 0.96), showing that termites preferred mulches with higher N and P concentrations.In both experiments termite consumption was also correlated with 1-year decomposition of mulches in another study. Because termites ate most mulches, further investigation is necessary to determine whether landscape mulches around building foundations could harbor or support termite colonies.
Progress in the Development of Borerresistant White-Barked Birches
Authors: Santamour Frank
Published: March 2022

This paper presents a thorough and comprehensive review of the current state of knowledge regarding the hosts of the bronze birch borer (Agrilus anxius) and biochemical and genetics studies designed to identify and develop borer-resistant white-barked birches. Both older and heretofore unpublished observations and experiments are evaluated to provide a framework for future research. Based on the hypothesis that the presence of the chemical rhododendrin in the inner bark of birches is the key to their susceptibility to the borer, the finding that Betula nigra and B.maximowicziana do not contain this compound, and that B. davurica, B. occidentalis, and B. papyrifera have low levels, increased experimentation with these species is encouraged. Some low-rhododendrin, and potentially borer-resistant, hybrids have also been discovered and are awaiting large-scale propagation for long-term trials.
Feeding Preference for Selected Tilia Spp. And Cultivars by the Adult Japanese Beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae)
Authors: Miller Fredric , Ware George
Published: March 2022

Species and hybrids of Tilia are widely used in urban landscapes and as street trees. Planting Tiiia species that are less preferred by the Japanese beetle (Popillia japonica Newman) would greatly minimize the need for insecticide sprays, which would in turn reduce environmental contamination, human exposure, and management costs. Thus, a study was initiated to evaluate horticulturally desirable Tilia spp. for feeding preference by the adult Japanese beetle. A secondary objective of the study was to determine if leaf pubescence is a factor in feeding preference. The Asian species of T. petiolaris, T. oliveri, T. chinensis, and T. japonica show promise for partial resistance to Japanese beetle. Three North American species, T. americana, T. heterophylla, and T. caroliniana, also look promising along with the pubescent European species of T. tomentosa and T. tomentosa 'Erecta'.
Underlying Beliefs and Attitudes about Topping Trees
Authors: Fazio James , Krumpe Edwin
Published: March 2022

Topping trees has long been a problem in community forestry, not only by creating visual blight, but also by endangering the health of trees and the safety of pedestrians and property. Despite regulations in some cities and a long history of educational campaigns, the practice continues. In this study, a survey was conducted in one region of the United States to determine the reasons behind the continuing practice, in part by directly interviewing people who had requested or allowed their shade trees to be topped. The survey investigated attitudes toward topping, knowledge of basic tree care, how the individuals receive advice related to tree care, how their topping service was obtained, and related sociodemographic characteristics. A second survey was conducted among tree care companies in the same study area to allow comparisons and determine policies toward topping.
Cyclic Irrigation Improves Irrigation Application Efficiency and Growth of Sawtooth Oak
Authors: Fain Glenn , Tilt Ken , Gilliam Charles , Ponder Harry , Sibley Jeff
Published: March 2022

Two studies were conducted to evaluate different irrigation regimes for production of container-grown sawtooth oak. Three irrigation treatments (single, 3 times daily, and 6 times daily) and 2 substrate treatments (100% pinebark and 4:1 (v:v) pinebarkxoir) were evaluated to determine their effects on irrigation application efficiency and growth of sawtooth oak (Quercus acutissima Carruthers) in a pot-in-pot production system. Irrigation application efficiency increased with cyclic treatments compared to a single application and was increased with the pinebark: coir substrate compared to pinebark alone in the single application treatment. Growth was greater when irrigation was applied in 6 cycles than in 1 single application. Trees grown in pinebark: coir substrate were larger than those grown in the pinebark substrate.
The Assessment of Tree Priority at the United States Military Academy
Authors: Green Thomas , Jones Robert
Published: March 2022

The United States Military Academy at West Point, New York, attracts more than three million visitors each year. Trees dominate the 1,700-ac (700-ha) urban community that is part of a 16,000-ac (6,500-ha) heavily forested scenic hillside on the west bank of the Hudson River. A tree inventory was conducted in 1996 and 1997 to help develop a tree management program. This inventory included typical inventory elements used to determine maintenance priority: pruning, removal, and hazard assessment as well as species, size, and condition. This inventory, however, adds an additional element usually not found in other tree inventories—overall priority assessment. Overall tree priority values were determined by assigning specific values to each tree according to species, condition, specimen, function, heritage, memorial, historical, location, and special designation"(tree trail), then adding the values together for a total priority value. Priority values can help the landscape manager better identify the trees that have the most significance on the property and provide the documentation necessary for better allocation of funds to preserve and protect those trees considered the most important. This method of priority assessment can also be used with any tree inventory for college campuses, parks, golf courses, cemeteries, and municipalities.
Evidence for the Downward Movement of Materials Injected into Trees
Authors: Tattar Terry , Tattar Stacy
Published: March 2022

Movement of the xylem-mobile dyes (acid fuchsin, saffranin O, and gentian violet) after lower trunk or root flare injection was found to occur both upward into the xylem of stems, twigs, and leaves and downward into the xylem of woody roots, at most times of year when soil temperatures equaled or exceeded 5°C (40°F). Similar patterns of movement of xylem-mobile dyes were observed on the following species tested: American chestnut, black birch, eastern hemlock, eastern white pine, red maple, red oak, weeping willow, white ash, and white birch. Downward movement of dye into root systems involved all ages of xylem tissues present within a root, while upward movement was confined to the most recently formed xylem growth ring. Evidence is presented of initial downward dye movement followed by later upward movement within a 12-hour period. Our results suggest that xylem-mobile materials injected into trees may be distributed into stem, leaf and root tissues under most growing conditions.
Universidade Amazônica, colonialidade do saber e filosofia: arranjos epistêmicos e concepções
Authors: Souza Sulivan Ferreira de , Oliveira Ivanilde Apoluceno de
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo objetiva analisar pela perspectiva Decolonial como a colonialidade do saber está presente no ensino de filosofia em duas universidades públicas situadas na cidade de Belém-Pará. O estudo se caracteriza metodologicamente como uma pesquisa de campo, do tipo qualitativa. Os sujeitos da pesquisa foram os discentes e os docentes das instituições de educação superior. A partir das falas dos (as) entrevistados (as) foi constituída a unidade temática de problematização da investigação: a) compreensão do saber filosófico e do ensino de filosofia na geopolítica do saber. A partir dessa unidade foram feitas as análises sobre como a colonialidade do saber influencia as práticas pedagógicas, as concepções filosóficas e educacionais dos docentes e dos discentes das universidades investigadas. A colonialidade é uma matriz de poder/saber que invade as relações de caráter tanto macrossociais quanto microssociais, matriz que produz ausência dos saberes filosóficos da América Latina e Caribe. A colonialidade de saber constitui arranjos conceituais como: tradição, regionalismo, totalidade, universal, simultaneidade, autenticidade entre outros conceitos. Conceitos que estão imbricados nos discursos docentes e discentes. Essas operações conceituais pautadas na colonialidade do saber vão arquitetando hierarquias cognitivas que vão sendo incorporadas nos sistemas de pensamento, nas compreensões filosóficas e educacionais e induzindo teorias, currículos, práticas pedagógicas e metodologias de ensino.
A educação nos tempos do espírito do neoliberalismo
Authors: Gambarotta Emiliano
Published: March 2022

Essas reflexões estudam os desafios que para a educação – concebida como a transmissão de uma arbitraria cultura de uma geração para outra – gera o espírito do neoliberalismo, especificamente, sua temporalidade de “curto-prazo”. Com esse objetivo, este trabalho conecta as pesquisas de Richard Sennett sobre a cultura do novo capitalismo, com elementos próprios da tradição crítica. No particular, com a análise que Walter Benjamin faz da reprodutibilidade técnica, de sua potencialidade politizante, assim como de seu conter um acrescentamento dessa temporalidade de “curto-prazo”.
Uma abordagem do romance Palácio do Pavão na perspectiva dos estudos culturais e pós-coloniais
Authors: Khemraj Suraj , Machado Ananda
Published: March 2022

Sob a perspectiva dos estudos culturais e pós-coloniais analisamos o romance Palácio do Pavão do escritor guianense Wilson Harris. O artigo começa pelas discussões teóricas acerca da identidade na perspectiva dos estudos culturais e de análise de obras literárias a partir das teorias do pós-colonial. Ainda na parte da fundamentação teórica apresentamos as características do gênero romance. Para contextualização abordamos aspectos da biografia do escritor Wilson Harris, do espaço da Guiana Inglesa no qual a narrativa da obra se desenrola e a própria obra Palácio do Pavão. O romance é analisado, principalmente em relação a alguns aspectos dos personagens, evidenciando como o autor constrói suas identidades culturais de forma fragmentada. Identificamos características do romance moderno marcadas na obra sobretudo na forma de contradições vividas pelo herói. O artigo é um resultado parcial da pesquisa de mestrado em andamento na qual pretendemos fazer ainda uma análise mais aprofundada.
Carl Einstein editor de contos e lendas - todos os caminhos levam à África
Authors: Barbosa Maria Aparecida , N'gana Yeo
Published: March 2022

Apresentação concernente a movimentos que perfazem as narrativas tradicionais africanas. Essa ficção e esse imaginário em mobilidade desempenham papel fundamental na constituição da cultura brasileira.  Este ensaio estuda a metodologia e as estratégias eleitas pelo escritor judeu alemão Carl Einstein (1885-1940),  na transcriação dos contos e lendas africanos à língua alemã e na respectiva edição da coletânea Afrikanische Märchen und Legenden (1925). A título de ilustração, apresentamos no final a tradução ao português de alguns dos contos africanos que a integram. Editor também de várias revistas modernistas, colaborou, entre outras, com Die Aktion, Der blutige Ernst, Pleite, Die Opale, Zenit e, de 1929 a 1931, dirigiu a Documents de Paris, editando-a com George Bataille, Georges Henri Rivière e Michel Leiris, revista em que ele concretizou a guinada antropológica de suas pesquisas. Dentro de sua obra, importa salientar Plástica Negra [Negerplastik] e A Arte do Século 20.
Early results of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy for localized prostate cancer: Initial 5 cases
Authors: Trần Chí Thanh ,   Thiều Sỹ Sắc, Võ Văn Minh, Lê Hữu Thanh
Published: March 2022

Tóm tắt
Đặt vấn đề: Đánh giá kết quả sớm phẫu thuật cắt tuyến tiền liệt qua nội soi ổ bụng ngoài phúc mạc do ung thư biểu mô tuyến tại khoa Điều trị theo yêu cầu bệnh viện Hữu nghị Việt Đức từ 9/ 2019 - 12/2020.
Đối tượng và phương pháp nghiên cứu: Nghiên cứu mô tả tiền cứu trên 5 người bệnh được mổ cắt tuyến tiền liệt toàn bộ qua nội soi ổ bụng. Chỉ tiêu nghiên cứu gồm tuổi, trọng lượng tuyến tiền liệt, nồng độ PSA toàn phần trước và sau mổ, thời gian mổ, lượng mất máu trong mổ, các biến chứng trong và sau mổ. Chức năng giữ nước tiểu chủ động sau mổ 3 tháng.
Kết quả nghiên cứu: Tuổi trung bình 64,4 (63 - 77).Thời gian mổ trung bình 322,5 phút (270 - 420 phút). Mất máu trung bình 237,5 ml (VV100 - 300), không người bệnh nào phải truyền máu trong và sau mổ. Thời gian nằm viện 7,5 (5 - 10 ngày). Chủ động giữ nước tiểu ban ngày và đêm 4/5 trường hợp.1 trường hợp phải điều trị Hormon bổ trợ sau phẫu thuật.
Kết luận: Phương pháp mổ cắt tuyến tiền liệt toàn bộ qua nội soi ổ bụng an toàn và có thể áp dụng được.
Từ khóa: Ung thư tuyến tiền liệt, cắt toàn bộ tuyến tiền liệt, cắt toàn bộ tuyến tiền liệt nội soi.

Abtracts
Objective: To evaluate the surgical and functional outcomes in retroperitoneal laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.
Patients and Methods: Between Jan September 2019 to Decembre 2020, five cases of retroperitonial radical prostatectomy were performed at our clinic. Demographic datas, variables before and after surgery, and outcomes were taken.
Results: The operative duration was 322.5 min (270 - 420 min). Estimed blood loss was 237.5 ml (100 - 300 ml). There was no biochemical recurrence but one has adjuvant hormonal therapy. At 3 month after surgery, day time and night time continence were reported in 4/5 cases.
Conclusions: Laparoscopic retroperitoneal radical prostatectomy was safe.
Keywords: prostate cancer, radical prostatectomy, laparoscopic radical prostatectomy.
Why Individual Freedom and the Autonomy of Law Stand or Fall Together
Authors: Melkevik Bjarne , Melkevik Åsbjørn
Published: March 2022

There is, in legal philosophy, an ongoing debate about the autonomy of law, that is, about the extent to which law is distinguishable from some other phenomena. The dominant views, today, all understand law as fulfilling a certain instrumental role. Justice and efficacy, then,are probably the most common relational others to law. For example, it is common to say that the law should further a certain understanding of distributive justice – this is the view preferred by philosophers such as John Rawls and Ronald Dworkin. Others have argued for the efficacy of the law as with the law-and-economics approach most famously championed by Judges Frank Easterbrook and Richard Posner. This paper argues for a radically different understanding of the law, as it explains why the law should indeed be autonomous. The question, however, is not whether the law is actually autonomous or not – it is obviously not, as the law is too often the plaything of various lawgivers.
A COOPERAÇÃO PROCESSUAL NO MODELO CONSTITUCIONAL DE PROCESSO
Authors: Reis Mundim Luis Gustavo
Published: March 2022

O presente artigo objetiva apresentar a cooperação insculpida no artigo 6º do CPC/2015 a partir do modelo constitucional de processo, tendo por base o princípio do contraditório como garantia de influência e não surpresa. O procedimento metodológico utilizado consistiu na revisão bibliográfica acerca do processo constitucional e da cooperação processual. A proposta de desenvolver um estudo sobre a cooperação processual no modelo constitucional de processo, teve como motivação a visualização de que autores tem utilizado a cooperação processual para dar sustento a concepções que reforçam o solipsismo judicial e aumentam os poderes do Estado-Juiz, o que não coaduna com os ditames do Estado Democrático de Direito. Para tanto, fez-se uma análise acerca do processo constitucional, compreendido como pilar do Estado Democrático de Direito e balizado pela articulação entre contraditório e fundamentação das decisões. Analisa-se, também, as normas fundamentais do CPC/2015 que se afeiçoam ao processo constitucional. Desta feita, análise da necessária leitura da cooperação processual pelo princípio do contraditório possibilita avanços na legislação processual, eis que esvazia o monopólio da interpretação do direito pelos juízes e tribunais, contribuindo para a criação de um ambiente comparticipativo. Atingido esse objetivo foi possível realizar uma crítica às vertentes da cooperação processual que ainda mantém o juiz como supra parte e concluir que o princípio do contraditório e o processo constitucional são os fundamentos democráticos da cooperação processual no Código de Processo Civil de 2015.
O segredo de Kelsen: resenha de um livro imaginário sobre o fim do neoconstitucionalismo no direito brasileiro
Authors: Simioni Rafael Lazzarotto
Published: March 2022

Esta pesquisa objetiva problematizar o fim do neoconstitucionalismo no Brasil e a instalação de um novo paradigma, qual seja, o paradigma da différence, que no direito aparece sob o nome de pluralismo jurídico. Através da relação entre os pensamentos de Hans Kelsen e Kurt Gödel a respeito da incompletude de um sistema simbólico de referência, pretende-se descrever a estrutura lógica do processo de estratificação dos referentes simbólicos do direito no Brasil. A questão central está em observar que, por trás dos discursos neoconstitucionalistas, outro regime de verdade se insinua sobre os espaços de produção de sentido do direito. Para serem alcançados esses resultados, esta pesquisa utiliza, como metodologia, os aportes analíticos da segunda fase do neopositivsmo lógico, especialmente a análise da relação entre o teorema da incompletude de Kurt Gödel e o problema da indeterminação da linguagem jurídica em Hans Kelsen, de modo a inscrever no tempo a estrutura correlacionista dos diversos referentes simbólicos do discurso jurídico brasileiro deste início de século. Como resultado, a pesquisa sinaliza o esgotamento do neoconstitucionalismo e o triunfo do pluralismo jurídico, que nada mais é do que a versão jurídica do paradigma da différence e seu regime de verdade.
IMUNIDADE TRIBUTÁRIA DAS INSTITUIÇÕES RELIGIOSAS
Authors: Gimenes Nilson Roberto da Silva
Published: March 2022

Este artigo examina o instituto do direito fundamental da imunidade tributária das instituições religiosas, disciplinado pela Constituição brasileira, através tanto de sua análise teórica, como pelo estudo de casos práticos submetidos à interpretação judicial, a fim de propiciar ao leitor critérios para a correta aplicação desse direito, que se presta a facilitar o exercício de outro direito fundamental, que é o direito à liberdade religiosa.
DELAÇÃO PREMIADA: breves comentários sobre os aspectos negativos do instituto no sistema jurídico brasileiro
Authors: De Farias Ângela Simões
Published: March 2022

A delação premiada é  o objeto  do presente estudo, qual objetiva desenvolver de uma breve consideração critica sobre suas inúmeras inconsistências na perspectiva do sistema jurídico-penal brasileiro, pelas suas impropriedades e incompatibilidades. No quadro genérico de sua aplicação, a credibilidade, a eficácia do seu emprego tem chamado a atenção de quantos se preocupam com o problema. Por ter sido um instituto importado por assimilação, vindo direto do sistema norte-americano. Neste sentido, o trabalho inicia esboçando uma conceituação para, a partir da mesma, desenvolver uma visão coordenada sobre deste novel instituto com outros institutos solidificados do nosso sistema.