bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of plant concepts for ethanol production from wheat and wheat straw
Authors: Gröngröft Arne , Brosowski André , Meisel Kathleen , Müller-Langer Franziska
Published: December 2019

Fuel ethanol produced from sugar and starch is to be complemented and eventually even replaced by ethanol produced from lignocellulose, in order to mitigate possible competition with the food sector. A first step towards this goal may be a combination of both feedstocks in one plant. This is topic of the presented study, whether synergies in lowering the production costs and greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions can be reached through combined processing was topic of the presented study. A greenfield straw ethanol plant, a wheat ethanol plant and an integrated plant, processing both wheat grain and straw were developed and compared regarding the resulting GHG emissions and production costs.

Despite showing the best results with regard to greenhouse gas emissions, greenfield straw ethanol production is related to relatively high production costs. The wheat based ethanol plant again is associated with higher GHG emissions, but low production costs. By combining straw and wheat processing, resulting production costs of EUR651/m3 ethanol are at a level close to market prices, but the same mitigation potential as separate straw based ethanol cannot be reached. The low level of 16.1 g CO2-eq/MJ of straw based ethanol results mainly from the use of the agricultural residue as feedstock and the use of the internally produced lignin to ensure the steam supply. In the assessment of the production costs, feedstock costs are one of the most relevant parameters. Since straw prices are not available from market statistics, an assessment of Germany’s sustainable straw potential in a high spatial resolution has served to calculate straw supply costs. Depending on the exact location of the plant, a range of EUR50/t to EUR90/t (fresh matter) was found to be the cost for straw provision.
Convection-aided Explosions in One-dimensional Core-collapse Supernova Simulations. I. Technique and Validation
Authors: Mabanta Quintin A. , Murphy Jeremiah W. , Dolence Joshua C.
Published: December 2019

Most one-dimensional core-collapse simulations fail to explode, yet multidimensional simulations often explode. A dominant multidimensional effect aiding explosion is neutrino-driven convection. We incorporate a convection model in approximate one-dimensional core-collapse supernova (CCSN) simulations. This is the 1D+ method. This convection model lowers the neutrino luminosity required for explosion by

%, similar to the reduction observed in multidimensional simulations. The model is based upon the global turbulence model of Mabanta & Murphy and models the mean-field turbulent flow of neutrino-driven convection. In this preliminary investigation, we use simple neutrino heating and cooling algorithms to compare the critical condition in the 1D+ simulations with the critical condition observed in two-dimensional simulations. Qualitatively, the critical conditions in the 1D+ and the two-dimensional simulations are similar. The assumptions in the convection model affect the radial profiles of density, entropy, and temperature, and comparisons with the profiles of three-dimensional simulations will help to calibrate these assumptions. These 1D+ simulations are consistent with the profiles and explosion conditions of equivalent two-dimensional CCSN simulations but are ∼102 times faster, and the 1D+ prescription has the potential to be ∼105 faster than three-dimensional CCSN simulations. With further calibration, the 1D+ technique could be ideally suited to test the explodability of thousands of progenitor models.
Constraining the Emission Geometry and Mass of the White Dwarf Pulsar AR Sco Using the Rotating Vector Model
Authors: Plessis Louis du , Wadiasingh Zorawar , Venter Christo , Harding Alice K.
Published: December 2019

We apply the standard radio pulsar rotating vector model to the white dwarf (WD) pulsar AR Sco’s optical polarization position angle swings folded at the WD’s spin period as obtained by Buckley et al. Owing to the long duty cycle of spin pulsations with a good signal-to-noise ratio over the entire spin phase, in contrast to neutron star radio pulsars, we find well-constrained values for the magnetic obliquity α and observer viewing direction ζ with respect to the spin axis. We find

and

, implying an orthogonal rotator with an observer angle

. This orthogonal nature of the rotator is consistent with the optical light curve consisting of two pulses per spin period, separated by 180° in phase. Under the assumption that ζ ≈ i, where i is the orbital inclination, and that the companion M star is Roche-lobe-filling, we obtain

for the WD mass. These polarization modeling results suggest the that nonthermal emission arises from a dipolar WD magnetosphere and close to the star, with synchrotron radiation (if nonzero pitch angles can be maintained) being the plausible loss mechanism, marking AR Sco as an exceptional system for future theoretical and observational study.
Tying Spatial Variations in Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (PAH) Emission to a Changing PAH Population in the Reflection Nebula NGC 2023
Authors: Zang R. X. , Peeters E. , Boersma C.
Published: December 2019

The PAH emission in Spitzer-IRS spectral maps of the reflection nebula NGC 2023 have been previously studied using a Gaussian decomposition method for the 7–9 μm region and a database-fitting approach. Both studies provided insight into the spatial-spectral evolution of the PAH population and related them to changing local physical conditions. This study investigates whether the database-fitting technique provides insight into the PAH populations at the origin of the four Gaussian components. To this end, clustered PAH species maps and spectra are generated from the database-fitting results using spectral clustering utilizing the Structural Similarity Index as an affinity measure. The application of spectral clustering solely based on spatial structure is strongly dependent on the anatomy of the considered regions and is unable to align specific morphological features with a PAH population characterized by a single distinct property. However, in the south FOV the projected distance from the star of the peak emission in a cluster map correlates with the PAH cation fraction and the cluster dominated by small PAHs is confined to the S and SSE ridges, consistent with results from Knight et al. Furthermore, the cluster and Gaussian maps exhibit limited morphological similarity and the 7–9 μm cluster spectra do not show consistent overlap with any of the Gaussian components. However, the relative strengths of the Gaussian components strongly correlate with the PAH ionization parameter as determined from the database-fitting approach. This lends further support to the existence of at least two sub-populations contributing to the 7–9 μm PAH emission.
Is the SNR HESS J1731-347 Colliding with Molecular Clouds?
Authors: Cui Yudong , Yang Ruizhi , He Xinbo , Tam P. H. Thomas , Pühlhofer Gerd
Published: December 2019

The supernova remnant HESS J1731-347 is a young supernova remnant (SNR) that displays a nonthermal X-ray and TeV shell structure. A molecular cloud at a distance of ∼3.2 kpc is spatially coincident with the western part of the SNR, and it was likely hit by the SNR. The X-ray emission from this part of the shell is much lower than from the rest of the SNR. Moreover, a compact GeV emission region coincident with the cloud has been detected with a soft spectrum. These observations seem to imply a shock-cloud collision scenario at this area, where the stalled shock can no longer accelerate super-TeV electrons or maintain strong magnetic turbulence downstream, while the GeV cosmic rays (CRs) are released through this stalled shock. To test this hypothesis, we have performed a detailed Fermi-LAT reanalysis of the HESS J1731-347 region with over nine years of data. Two distinct GeV components are found, one displaying a soft spectrum is from the compact GeV emission region, the other one displaying a hard spectrum is from the rest of the SNR (excluding the cloud region). A hadronic model involving a shock-cloud collision scenario is built to explain the γ-ray emission from this area. It consists of three CR sources: run-away super-TeV CRs that have escaped from the fast shock, leaked GeV CRs from the stalled shock, and the local CR sea. The X-ray and γ-ray emission of the SNR excluding the shock-cloud interaction region is explained in a one-zone leptonic model. Our shock-cloud collision model explains the GeV–TeV observations from the clouds around HESS J1731-347, i.e., a cloud in contact with the SNR and a distant cloud in spatial coincidence to the TeV source HESS J1729-345. We find however that the leaked GeV CRs from the shock-cloud collision do not necessarily dominate the GeV emission from the clouds, due to a comparable contribution from the local CR sea.
Modeling Collisional Excitation of [O i] Fine Structure Line Emission from PDRs. I. Homogeneous Clouds
Authors: Goldsmith Paul F.
Published: December 2019

Atomic oxygen (O0) plays a critical role in determining the structure of photon-dominated regions (PDRs), but reliable modeling of its emission has been hampered by the high optical depth of the 63 μm fine structure line and complexities in the excitation of the relevant fine structure levels. We discuss here radiation produced by collisional excitation of the submillimeter fine structure lines of atomic oxygen ([O I]) using recent calculations of rates for collisions with atomic and molecular hydrogen. We employ the Molpop–CEP code to include the effects of optical thickness in slab models that are characterized by uniform oxygen abundance, hydrogen density, and kinetic temperature. The particular spontaneous decay rates and collisional excitation rates connecting the three O0 fine structure levels result in population inversion of the upper, 145 μm transition. The effects of trapping are rigorously included and are reflected in the resulting line profiles that exhibit prominent self-absorption even with uniform physical conditions. We present figures for analyzing the two fine structure lines based on the intensity of the 63 μm line and the 145 μm/63 μm line ratio. For the clouds considered, the results for line intensities and line ratios are modestly different from those obtained with a large-velocity-gradient model, but the ability to calculate line profiles is an additional powerful tool. Comparison of the model results with observed line profiles suggests that cloud models with varying physical conditions are required to optimally utilize [O I] fine structure line emission to trace the energetics of PDR regions and the feedback from massive, young stars.
From marine park to future genomic observatory? Enhancing marine biodiversity assessments using a biocode approach
Authors: Ip Yin Cheong Aden , Tay Ywee Chieh , Gan Su Xuan , Ang Hui Ping , Tun Karenne , Chou Loke Ming , Huang Danwei , Meier Rudolf
Published: December 2019

Few tropical marine sites have been thoroughly characterised for their animal species, even though they constitute the largest proportion of multicellular diversity. A number of focused biodiversity sampling programmes have amassed immense collections to address this shortfall, but obstacles remain due to the lack of identification tools and large proportion of undescribed species globally. These problems can be partially addressed with DNA barcodes (“biocodes”), which have the potential to facilitate the estimation of species diversity and identify animals to named species via barcode databases. Here, we present the first results of what is intended to be a sustained, systematic study of the marine fauna of Singapore’s first marine park, reporting more than 365 animal species, determined based on DNA barcodes and/or morphology represented by 931 specimens (367 zooplankton, 564 macrofauna including 36 fish). Due to the lack of morphological and molecular identification tools, only a small proportion could be identified to species solely based on either morphology (24.5%) or barcodes (24.6%). Estimation of species numbers for some taxa was difficult because of the lack of sufficiently clear barcoding gaps. The specimens were imaged and added to “Biodiversity of Singapore” (http://singapore.biodiversity.online), which now contains images for > 13,000 species occurring in the country.
Extension of lifespan of graphite in fuel blocks of high-temperature gas-cooled reactors as the resource for ensuring design values of nuclear fuel burn-up
Authors: Bulakh Olga I. , Kostylev Oleg K. , Nesterov Vladimir N. , Cherdizov Eldar K.
Published: December 2019

High-temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) is one of promising candidates for new generation of nuclear power reactors. This type of nuclear reactor is characterized with the following principal features: highly efficient generation of electricity (thermal efficiency of about 50%); the use of high-temperature heat in different production processes; reactor core self-protection properties; practical exclusion of reactor core meltdown in case of accidents; the possibility of implementation of various nuclear fuel cycle options; reduced radiation and thermal effects on the environment, forecasted acceptability of financial performance with respect to cost of electricity as compared with alternative energy sources.

The range of output coolant temperatures in high-temperature reactors within the limits of 750–950 °C predetermines the use of graphite as the structural material of the reactor core and helium as the inert coolant. Application of graphite ensures higher heat capacity of the reactor core and its practical non-meltability.

Residence time of reactor graphite depends on the critical value of fluence of damaging neutrons (neutrons with energies above 180 keV). In its turn, the value of critical neutron fluence is determined by the irradiation temperature and flux density of accompanying gamma-radiation. The values of critical fluence for graphite decrease within high-temperature region of 800–1000 °C to 1·1022 – 2·1021 cm–2, respectively. The compactness of the core results in the increase of the fracture of damaging neutrons in the total flux. These circumstances predetermine relatively low values of lifespan of graphite structures in high-temperature reactors.

Design features and operational parameters of GT-MHR high-temperature gas-cooled reactor are described in the present paper. Results of neutronics calculations allowing determining the values of damaging neutron flux, nuclear fuel burnup and expired lifespan of graphite of fuel blocks were obtained. The mismatch between positions of the maxima in the dependences of fuel burnup and exhausted lifespan of graphite in fuel blocks along the core height is demonstrated.

The map and methodology for re-shuffling fuel blocks of the GT-MHR reactor core were developed as the result of analysis of the calculated data for ensuring the matching between the design value of the fuel burnup and expected total graphite lifespan.
Analyzing the causes for the dispersion of the fast reactor spent fuel rod cladding properties
Authors: Shemyakin Valeriy N. , Kinev Evgeniy A. , Kozlov Aleksander V. , Portnykh Irina A. , Panchenko Valeriy L. , Evseev Mikhail V.
Published: December 2019

The swelling, corrosion and high-temperature embrittlement behavior of the fast-neutron sodium-cooled reactor standard and test fuel rod claddings was studied following the operation up to a damaging dose of 55 to 69 dpa. The tested characteristics were found to differ sensitively in conditions similar to irradiation for the claddings of the experimental tube conversion technology. Unlike the standard fuel rod claddings, the test rod claddings were additionally heated in the process of fabrication to homogenize the solid solution at different temperatures and austenitization times. On the whole, this led to an increased cladding resistance contrary the damaging factor of the reactor environment. The positive effect is explained by the influence of carbon and the morphology of swelling-reducing alloying elements, as well as by the nature of the carbide and intermetallide phase precipitation. However, the dispersion of the post-irradiation properties which remained significant and was also earlier observed in the standard rods is explained by potential differences in the heat treatment technology and the irradiation temperature in conditions of a hard-to-control coolant flow velocity. The swelling rate and the in-fuel corrosion depth for the test technology tubes were respectively 0.04 to 0.058%/dpa and 20 to 47 μm; similar values for the test material are 0.036 to 0.056%/dpa and 15 to 35 μm respectively. The short-term mechanical properties of the test fuel rods at a temperature of 600 °C showed a smaller tendency towards high-temperature embrittlement. The dispersion of the properties was caused by the chemical and structural heterogeneity as the result of the tube fabrication.
Taxonomic revision of the genus Machleida Fåhraeus, 1870 (Tenebrionidae, Pimeliinae, Asidini)
Authors: Kamiński Marcin J. , Kanda Kojun , Smith Aaron D.
Published: December 2019

The taxonomic concept of the genusMachleidaFåhraeus, 1870 is tested and revised based on newly identified material. The following new species are described:Machleida banachi,M. flagstaffensis,M. tarskii, andM. zofiaeKamiński.Machleida capillosaWilke, 1925 is considered as a junior subjective synonym ofAsida deviaPéringuey, 1899.Asida lectaPéringuey, 1899 (=Pseudomachla recurvaWilke, 1925) (transferred toAfrasida),Machleida nossibianaFairmaire, 1897 (transferred toScotinesthes), andMachleida tuberosaWilke, 1925 (interpreted asincertae sedisin Asidini) are excluded fromMachleida. An identification key for the species of the newly revisedMachleidais provided. The present paper brings the total number of species within the genus to six (M. banachisp. nov.;M. devia(Péringuey, 1899);M. flagstaffensissp. nov.;M. nodulosaFåhraeus, 1870;M. tarskiisp. nov.;M. zofiaeKamińskisp. nov.). The morphology of female terminalia (ovipositor and genital tubes) is described for the genus for the first time.
Nystagmus in the Diagnosis of Russell Diencephalic Syndrome
Authors: Tuohy Megan , Robertson Patricia L. , Rivas-Rodriguez Francisco , Trobe Jonathan D.
Published: December 2019

Russell diencephalic syndrome is a condition in which infants become emaciated in the setting of a decreased or normal caloric intake as the result of a hypothalamic astrocytoma. The diagnosis may be delayed if providers initially attribute the symptoms to a behavioral disorder. The detection of nystagmus, which is present in many patients, may be a critical diagnostic clue. The authors describe two patients in whom the discovery of nystagmus months after the onset of emaciation led to the diagnosis of Russell diencephalic syndrome.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56:e79–e83.]
Pupil-Involving Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Following Tonsillectomy and Adenoidectomy
Authors: Chung Seung Ah , Han Mi Ran
Published: December 2019

Ocular complications of adenotonsillectomy are rare. The authors describe a 6-year-old boy who developed mydrasis and limitations of supraduction and infraduction after adenotonsillectomy. This was attributed to the hemorrhagic compression of the nerve in the cavernous sinus. This is the first report of pupil-involving oculomotor nerve palsy following adenotonsillectomy.

[
J Pediatr Ophthalmol Strabismus
. 2019;56:e76–e78.]
Armaduras de lazo toledanas. Evolución de las trazas geométricas con estrellas de ocho puntas y su relación con los diferentes sistemas constructivos empleados
Authors: Nuere E. , Franco E. , Fernandez Cabo M. C.
Published: December 2019

La ciudad de Toledo, sede permanente del poder durante casi seis siglos tras la ocupación romana, fue dominada por visigodos y omeyas hasta su conquista castellana. Su evolución arquitectónica la convierte es un enclave idóneo para el desarrollo de la carpintería de armar. Sus armaduras de lazo suponen un magnífico ejemplo donde entender el oficio a través de las posibilidades geométricas y constructivas exploradas por quienes las realizaron. Se analizan las trazas geométricas y su implantación desde los ejemplos más sencillos y numerosos con estrellas de ocho puntas hasta las complejas trazas de geometría radial; la evolución de las armaduras de par y nudillo, que, mediante la prefabricación, posibilitó construir complejas armaduras de siete paños con lacería.
A Comprehensive Study on Pedestrians’ Evacuation
Authors: Muhammed Danial Abdulkareem , Saeed Soran Abubakir Mohammed , Rashid Tarik Ahmed
Published: December 2019

Human beings face threats because of unexpected happenings, which can be avoided through adequate crisis evacuation plan, which is vital to stop wound and demise as its negative results. Consequently, different typical evacuation pedestrians have been created. Moreover, through applied research, these models for various applications, reproductions, and conditions have been examined to present an operational model. Furthermore, new models have been developed to cooperate with system evacuation in residential places in case of unexpected events. This research has taken into account an inclusive and a ‘systematic survey of pedestrian evacuation’ to demonstrate models methods by focusing on the applications’ features, techniques, implications, and after that gather them under various types, for example, classical models, hybridized models, and generic model. The current analysis assists scholars of this field of study to write their forthcoming papers about it, which can suggest a novel structure to recent typical intelligent reproduction with novel features.
Public Reporting on Health and Social Care Services
Authors: Suomi Reima , Damalie Elorm
Published: December 2019

The growth of the healthcare sector has led to innovative ways to cater to consumers' needs, with some of the rich, developed countries at the forefront. An in-depth understanding of them enables a successfully implemented and useful system for consumers. Public reporting is developed mainly for and around consumers. In this chapter, the authors take a general look at public reporting on health and social care services. They examine the existing reporting systems and the issues they encounter. There are significant benefits of public reporting on health and social care services, but we currently do not know the limits of such reporting. Citizens need such information services when deciding from there to acquire health and social care services for themselves or their families and relatives. Service providers need these information services for benchmarking purposes and for the development of their service offerings.
The E-Viewer Study
Authors: Wickramasinghe Nilmini , O'Connor Louise , Grummet Jeremy
Published: December 2019

For patients undergoing surgery in a multi-day admission, standard care requires that their surgeon review the patient post-operatively to check on their progress. This is usually done by the specialist attending in person. However, in the Australian setting, most specialists work at multiple institutions. As a result, review ward rounds, especially of post-operative patients, can be delayed, which can delay management decisions and discharge, which in turn may lower patient satisfaction. A telemedicine solution is designed, and results from a pilot test are examined to assess the benefits of incorporating an electronic discharge capability into the current process.
Camel Milk Composition and Nutritional Value
Authors: Konuspayeva Gaukhar S.
Published: December 2019

If gross composition of camel milk is roughly comparable to cow milk, fine composition shows significant differences explaining potential health benefit for regular consumers. The main particularities of camel milk are (1) better atherogenicity index thanks to its higher proportion of mono-unsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids compared to other milks, (2) different proportion of caseins than cow milk leading to difficult clotting, (3) lack of β-lactoglobulin, often responsible for cow milk allergy, (4) slightly higher concentration in antibacterial and immunity support proteins with higher bio-activity than in other milk, (5) presence of WAP (whey acidic protein) and PGRP (peptidoglycan-recognition protein) not available in cow milk, (6) probable efficient insulin for supporting better glycemia regulation, (7) better metabolization of lactose leading to lower intolerance in consumers, (8) richness in sodium and iron compared to other milks, and (9) contrasted values of vitamins (less vitamins B, high quantity of vitamins C and D). This chapter explores camel milk composition and nutritional value.
Strategies and Technologies for Camel Milk Preservation
Authors: Oussaief Olfa , Jrad Zeineb , Khorchani Touhami , El-Hatmi Halima
Published: December 2019

This chapter aimed to report the strategies and technologies for camel milk preservation. Raw camel milk is easily spoiled owing to its nutrient content, which provides an ideal substrate for the development of microorganisms. Several traditional methods have been conducted in order to increase the shelf life of camel milk including fumigation of milk containers, simple evaporative cooling, chilling, freezing, pasteurization, and milk processing into many products like fermented camel milk, butter, and ghee. Modern technologies are used nowadays to preserve camel milk including freeze-drying, spray drying, high hydrostatic pressure, and sterilization. Besides, many value-added products are produced like yoghurt, cheese, ice cream, snacks, and camel milk protein hydrolysates, which are used in the field of functional food and nutraceuticals. The non-marketed camel milk is sold at a lower price or consumed at the household level in tea or after processing it into naturally fermented milk.
Manufacture of Dairy and Non-Dairy Camel Milk Products
Authors: Elsahoryi Nour Amin , Al-Sayyed Hiba Fathi
Published: December 2019

Camel milk is popular in the world as it has an excellent nutritive value and many health benefits. There are many dairy and non-dairy products that could be manufactured from camel milk such as milk powder, UHT-milk, yogurt and fermented products, cream, ghee, ice-cream, frozen products, sweets, and candy (such as chocolate bars and cookies). In general, camel milk processing encounters challenges. This chapter is aimed to cover the recent issues of the manufacturing and processing of the most popular above-mentioned camel milk products based on the recent studies and other available commercial resources. Camel milk seems to have many challenges during high temperature treatment as well as creaming to manufacture yogurt and other fermented dairy products, cream, and butter. On the other hand, ice cream and frozen yogurt and chocolate bar manufacturing from camel milk seems to be less challenging. Further research is recommended to solve the faced challenges and to develop different versions of these products such as skim, low fat, low sugar, and flavored products.
Camel Colostrum Composition, Nutritional Value, and Nutraceuticals
Authors: Jrad Zeineb , Oussaief Olfa , Khorchani Touhami , El-Hatmi Halima
Published: December 2019

Colostrum is an important source of nutrients and immune factors for the newborn. The nutrient profile and immunological composition of colostrum vary from species to species. The composition and characteristics of the colostrum of human, cows, and goats have been the subject of several studies. The study of the characteristics of camel colostrum is more recent. In this chapter, the current understanding of the composition of camel colostrum (i.e., carbohydrates, proteins, oligosaccharides, fats, vitamins, and minerals) is reviewed. A complete comparison with other animal colostrum in whole composition and nutritional value of camel colostrum will be investigated in the current chapter. Consequently, the aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the vast research, underlining the significance of camel colostrum in feeding of human beings and to predict the potential possible role of camel colostrum that can play in the functional products market in the future.
Camel Meat Nutrient Content and Potential Health Benefits
Authors: Kadim Isam Tawfik , Purchas Roger , Al-Amri Issa , Alkindi Abdulaziz , Abbas Ghulam
Published: December 2019

Camels are an important source of nutritious meat and meat products for people, and therefore play a major role in the national economies of many countries. In comparison with other red meats, camel meat generally contains less fat and ash, more moisture, and similar protein content. Camel meat products are receiving worldwide interest owing to its unique healthy features and the ability of camels to thrive in climatic regions of the world that may be a challenge to many other meat-producing species. Camel meat products contain many essential nutrients and some components with potential bioactive properties that could be beneficial for human health and wellbeing. Continued improvements in the understanding and optimization of the production processes of camel meat are required for successful industrial implementation and marketing. Advances in ingredient systems may be used to manufacture new meat products from camel meat where higher levels of nutrition are required to enhance consumer health and wellbeing. Camel meat as a functional food is one area that can be exploited.
Camel Hair Structure, Properties, and Commercial Products
Authors: Hasi Surong , Amu Guleng , Zhang Wenbin
Published: December 2019

The camel coat can be divided into upper and lower layers based on the external shape. The upper layer is sparse and upright coarse wool; the lower layer is thick wool, which is mainly composed of camel cashmere mixed with small amount of coarse hair. This chapter introduces the basic characteristics of camel hair, such as morphological structure, microstructure, fiber type, and density. Then it introduces the process characteristics of camel wool, the net wool rate, camel hair grades, the photometric and thermodynamic properties of camel cashmere. Finally it gives some camel cashmere and hair products. All contents try to give detailed experimental data and images and insist on giving a more comprehensive and scientific explanation for camel hair.
CRITÉRIOS DE QUALIDADE PARA ARTIGOS DE PESQUISA QUALITATIVA
Authors: Patias Naiana Dapieve , Von Hohendorff Jean
Published: December 2019

A partir da revisão não sistemática de publicações científicas sobre pesquisa qualitativa, os autores descrevem as suas particularidades, bem como apresentam critérios de qualidade utilizados internacionalmente para artigos qualitativos. Inicialmente, a pesquisa qualitativa foi contextualizada em termos de paradigmas filosóficos e delineamentos. Em seguida, diferentes considerações sobre critérios de qualidade para pesquisa qualitativa foram discutidos, nomeadamente aqueles derivados da abordagem quantitativa e outros já desenvolvidos para a abordagem qualitativa. Por fim, foram sistematizados critérios de qualidade propostos em três publicações que vêm sendo utilizados internacionalmente. Tais critérios foram apresentados aos leitores em uma tabela que pode ser utilizada por autores, editores e revisores como um checklist de conferência visando o aprimoramento das publicações nacionais.
Enhancing scientific credibility: An open science strategy for the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology
Authors: Van Zyl Llewellyn E.
Published: December 2019

Orientation: The purpose of this editorial was to provide an introduction and a general overview of the special issue on Open Science Practices: A Vision for the Future of SAJIP, as hosted in the 45th edition of the South African Journal of Industrial Psychology (SAJIP). Specifically, the aim was to provide a viable, practical and implementable strategy for enhancing the scientific credibility, transparency and international stature of SAJIP.
Oxford Nanopore MinION Sequencing Enables Rapid Whole Genome Assembly of Rickettsia typhi in a Resource-Limited Setting
Authors: Elliott Ivo , Batty Elizabeth M. , Ming Damien , Robinson Matthew T. , Nawtaisong Pruksa , de Cesare Mariateresa , Newton Paul N. , Bowden Rory
Published: December 2019

The infrastructure challenges and costs of next-generation sequencing have been largely overcome, for many sequencing applications, by Oxford Nanopore Technologies’ portable MinION sequencer. However, the question remains open whether MinION-based bacterial whole genome sequencing is by itself sufficient for the accurate assessment of phylogenetic and epidemiological relationships between isolates and whether such tasks can be undertaken in resource-limited settings. To investigate this question, we sequenced the genome of an isolate of Rickettsia typhi, an important and neglected cause of fever across much of the tropics and subtropics, for which only three genomic sequences previously existed. We prepared and sequenced libraries on a MinION in Vientiane, Lao PDR, using v9.5 chemistry, and in parallel, we sequenced the same isolate on the Illumina platform in a genomics laboratory in the United Kingdom. The MinION sequence reads yielded a single contiguous assembly, in which the addition of Illumina data revealed 226 base-substitution and 5,856 indel errors. The combined assembly represents the first complete genome sequence of a human R. typhi isolate collected in the last 50 years and differed from the genomes of existing strains collected over a 90-year time period at very few sites, with no rearrangements. Filtering based on the known error profile of MinION data improved the accuracy of the nanopore-only assembly. However, the frequency of false-positive errors remained greater than true sequence divergence from recorded sequences. Although nanopore-only sequencing cannot yet recover phylogenetic signals in R. typhi, such an approach may be applicable for more diverse organisms.
Biomass burning and urban emission impacts in the Andes Cordillera region based on in situ measurements from the Chacaltaya observatory, Bolivia (5240 m a.s.l.)
Authors: Chauvigné Aurélien , Aliaga Diego , Sellegri Karine , Montoux Nadège , Krejci Radovan , Močnik Griša , Moreno Isabel , Müller Thomas , Pandolfi Marco , Velarde Fernando , Weinhold Kay , Ginot Patrick , Wiedensohler Alfred , Andrade Marcos , Laj Paolo
Published: December 2019

Abstract. This study documents and analyses a 4-year continuous record of
aerosol optical properties measured at the Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW)
station of Chacaltaya (CHC; 5240 m a.s.l.), in Bolivia. Records of particle light
scattering and particle light absorption coefficients are used to
investigate how the high Andean Cordillera is affected by both long-range
transport and by the fast-growing agglomeration of La Paz–El Alto, located
approximately 20 km away and 1.5 km below the sampling site. The extended
multi-year record allows us to study the properties of aerosol particles for different
air mass types, during wet and dry seasons, also covering periods when the
site was affected by biomass burning in the Bolivian lowlands and the Amazon Basin. The absorption, scattering, and extinction coefficients (median annual
values of 0.74, 12.14, and 12.96 Mm−1 respectively) show a clear
seasonal variation with low values during the wet season (0.57, 7.94, and
8.68 Mm−1 respectively) and higher values during the dry season (0.80,
11.23, and 14.51 Mm−1 respectively). The record is driven by variability
at both seasonal and diurnal scales. At a diurnal scale, all records of
intensive and extensive aerosol properties show a pronounced variation
(daytime maximum, night-time minimum), as a result of the dynamic and
convective effects. The particle light absorption, scattering, and extinction
coefficients are on average 1.94, 1.49, and 1.55 times higher respectively
in the turbulent thermally driven conditions than the more stable
conditions, due to more efficient transport from the boundary layer.
Retrieved intensive optical properties are significantly different from one
season to the other, reflecting the changing aerosol emission sources of
aerosol at a larger scale. Using the wavelength dependence of aerosol particle
optical properties, we discriminated between contributions from natural (mainly
mineral dust) and anthropogenic (mainly biomass burning and urban transport
or industries) emissions according to seasons and local circulation. The
main sources influencing measurements at CHC are from the urban area of La Paz–El Alto in the Altiplano and from regional biomass burning in the
Amazon Basin. Results show a 28 % to 80 % increase in the extinction
coefficients during the biomass burning season with respect to the dry
season, which is observed in both tropospheric dynamic conditions. From this
analysis, long-term observations at CHC provide the first direct evidence
of the impact of biomass burning emissions of the Amazon Basin and urban
emissions from the La Paz area on atmospheric optical properties at a remote
site all the way to the free troposphere.
OH chemistry of non-methane organic gases (NMOGs) emitted from laboratory and ambient biomass burning smoke: evaluating the influence of furans and oxygenated aromatics on ozone and secondary NMOG formation
Authors: Coggon Matthew M. , Lim Christopher Y. , Koss Abigail R. , Sekimoto Kanako , Yuan Bin , Gilman Jessica B. , Hagan David H. , Selimovic Vanessa , Zarzana Kyle J. , Brown Steven S. , Roberts James M. , Müller Markus , Yokelson Robert , Wisthaler Armin , Krechmer Jordan E. , Jimenez Jose L. , Cappa Christopher , Kroll Jesse H. , de Gouw Joost , Warneke Carsten
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Chamber oxidation experiments conducted at the Fire Sciences Laboratory in 2016 are evaluated to identify important chemical processes contributing to the hydroxy radical (OH) chemistry of biomass burning non-methane organic gases (NMOGs). Based on the decay of primary carbon measured by proton transfer reaction time-of-flight mass spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS), it is confirmed that furans and oxygenated aromatics are among the NMOGs emitted from western United States fuel types with the highest reactivities towards OH. The oxidation processes and formation of secondary NMOG masses measured by PTR-ToF-MS and iodide-clustering time-of-flight chemical ionization mass spectrometry (I-CIMS) is interpreted using a box model employing a modified version of the Master Chemical Mechanism (v. 3.3.1) that includes the OH oxidation of furan, 2-methylfuran, 2,5-dimethylfuran, furfural, 5-methylfurfural, and guaiacol. The model supports the assignment of major PTR-ToF-MS and I-CIMS signals to a series of anhydrides and hydroxy furanones formed primarily through furan chemistry. This mechanism is applied to a Lagrangian box model used previously to model a real biomass burning plume. The customized mechanism reproduces the decay of furans and oxygenated aromatics and the formation of secondary NMOGs, such as maleic anhydride. Based on model simulations conducted with and without furans, it is estimated that furans contributed up to 10 % of ozone and over 90 % of maleic anhydride formed within the first 4 h of oxidation. It is shown that maleic anhydride is present in a biomass burning plume transported over several days, which demonstrates the utility of anhydrides as markers for aged biomass burning plumes.
The impact of fluctuations and correlations in droplet growth by collision–coalescence revisited – Part 2: Observational evidence of gel formation in warm clouds
Authors: Alfonso Lester , Raga Graciela B. , Baumgardner Darrel
Published: December 2019

Abstract. In recent papers (Alfonso et al., 2013; Alfonso and Raga, 2017) the sol–gel
transition was proposed as a mechanism for the formation of large droplets
required to trigger warm rain development in cumulus clouds. In the context
of cloud physics, gelation can be interpreted as the formation of the
“lucky droplet” that grows by accretion of smaller droplets at a much
faster rate than the rest of the population and becomes the embryo for
raindrops. However, all the results in this area have been theoretical or
simulation studies. The aim of this paper is to find some observational
evidence of gel formation in clouds by analyzing the distribution of the
largest droplet at an early stage of cloud formation and to show that the
mass of the gel (largest drop) is a mixture of a Gaussian distribution and a Gumbel
distribution, in accordance with the pseudo-critical clustering scenario
described in Gruyer et al. (2013) for nuclear multi-fragmentation.
Street-in-Grid modeling of gas-phase pollutants in Paris city
Authors: Lugon Lya , Sartelet Karine , Kim Youngseob , Vigneron Jérémy , Chrétien Olivier
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Regional-scale chemistry-transport models have coarse spatial resolution, and thus can only simulate background concentrations. They fail to simulate the high concentrations observed close to roads and in streets, i.e. where a large part of the urban population lives. Local-scale models may be used to simulate concentrations in streets. They often assume that background concentrations are constant and/or use simplified chemistry. Recently developed, the multi-scale model Street-in-Grid (SinG) estimates gaseous pollutant concentrations simultaneously at local and regional scales, coupling them dynamically. This coupling combines the regional-scale chemistry-transport model Polair3D and the street network model MUNICH (Model of Urban Network of Intersecting Canyons and Highway). MUNICH models explicitly street canyons and intersections, and it is coupled to the first vertical level of the chemical-transport model, enabling the transfer of pollutant mass between the street canyon roof and the atmosphere. The original versions of SinG and MUNICH adopt a stationary hypothesis to estimate pollutant concentrations in streets. Although the computation of NOx concentration is numerically stable with the stationary approach, the partitioning between NO and NO2 is highly dependent on the time step of coupling between transport and chemistry processes. In this study, a new non-stationary approach is presented with a fine coupling between transport and chemistry, leading to numerically stable partitioning between NO and NO2. Simulations of NO, NO2 and NOx concentrations over Paris city with SinG, MUNICH and Polair3D are compared to observations at traffic and urban stations to estimate the added value of multi-scale modeling with a dynamical coupling between the regional and local scales. As expected, the regional chemical-transport model underestimates NO and NO2 concentrations in the streets. However, there is a good agreement between the measurements and the concentrations simulated with MUNICH and SinG. The dynamic coupling between the local and regional scales tends to be important for streets with an intermediate aspect ratio and with high traffic emissions.
Long-term trends in the ionospheric response to solar extreme-ultraviolet variations
Authors: Vaishnav Rajesh , Jacobi Christoph , Berdermann Jens
Published: December 2019

Abstract. The thermosphere–ionosphere system shows high complexity due to its interaction with the continuously varying solar radiation flux. We investigate the temporal and spatial response of the ionosphere to solar activity using 18 years (1999–2017) of total electron content (TEC) maps provided by the international global navigation satellite systems service and 12 solar proxies (F10.7, F1.8, F3.2, F8, F15, F30, He II, Mg II index, Ly-α, Ca II K, daily sunspot area (SSA), and sunspot number (SSN)). Cross-wavelet and Lomb–Scargle periodogram (LSP) analyses are used to evaluate the different solar proxies with respect to their impact on the global mean TEC (GTEC), which is important for improved ionosphere modeling and forecasts. A 16 to 32 d periodicity in all the solar proxies and GTEC has been identified. The maximum correlation at this timescale is observed between the He II, Mg II, and F30 indices and GTEC, with an effective time delay of about 1 d. The LSP analysis shows that the most dominant period is 27 d, which is owing to the mean solar rotation, followed by a 45 d periodicity. In addition, a semi-annual and an annual variation were observed in GTEC, with the strongest correlation near the equatorial region where a time delay of about 1–2 d exists. The wavelet variance estimation method is used to find the variance of GTEC and F10.7 during the maxima of the solar cycles SC 23 and SC 24. Wavelet variance estimation suggests that the GTEC variance is highest for the seasonal timescale (32 to 64 d period) followed by the 16 to 32 d period, similar to the F10.7 index. The variance during SC 23 is larger than during SC 24. The most suitable proxy to represent solar activity at the timescales of 16 to 32 d and 32 to 64 d is He II. The Mg II index, Ly-α, and F30 may be placed second as these indices show the strongest correlation with GTEC, but there are some differences in correlation during solar maximum and minimum years, as the behavior of proxies is not always the same. The indices F1.8 and daily SSA are of limited use to represent the solar impact on GTEC. The empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of the TEC data shows that the first EOF component captures more than 86 % of the variance, and the first three EOF components explain 99 % of the total variance. EOF analysis suggests that the first component is associated with the solar flux and the third EOF component captures the geomagnetic activity as well as the remaining part of EOF1. The EOF2 captures 11 % of the total variability and demonstrates the hemispheric asymmetry.
Reviews and syntheses: Greenhouse gas exchange data from drained organic forest soils – a review of current approaches and recommendations for future research
Authors: Jauhiainen Jyrki , Alm Jukka , Bjarnadottir Brynhildur , Callesen Ingeborg , Christiansen Jesper R. , Clarke Nicholas , Dalsgaard Lise , He Hongxing , Jordan Sabine , Kazanavičiūtė Vaiva , Klemedtsson Leif , Lauren Ari , Lazdins Andis , Lehtonen Aleksi , Lohila Annalea , Lupikis Ainars , Mander Ülo , Minkkinen Kari , Kasimir Åsa , Olsson Mats , Ojanen Paavo , Óskarsson Hlynur , Sigurdsson Bjarni D. , Søgaard Gunnhild , Soosaar Kaido , Vesterdal Lars , Laiho Raija
Published: December 2019

Abstract. Drained organic forest soils in boreal and temperate climate zones
are believed to be significant sources of the greenhouse gases (GHGs) carbon
dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O), but the
annual fluxes are still highly uncertain. Drained organic soils exemplify
systems where many studies are still carried out with relatively small
resources, several methodologies and manually operated systems, which
further involve different options for the detailed design of the measurement
and data analysis protocols for deriving the annual flux. It would be
beneficial to set certain guidelines for how to measure and report the data,
so that data from individual studies could also be used in synthesis work
based on data collation and modelling. Such synthesis work is necessary for
deciphering general patterns and trends related to, e.g., site types,
climate, and management, and the development of corresponding emission
factors, i.e. estimates of the net annual soil GHG emission and removal, which
can be used in GHG inventories. Development of specific emission factors
also sets prerequisites for the background or environmental data to be
reported in individual studies. We argue that wide applicability greatly
increases the value of individual studies. An overall objective of this
paper is to support future monitoring campaigns in obtaining high-value
data. We analysed peer-reviewed publications presenting CO2, CH4
and N2O flux data for drained organic forest soils in boreal and
temperate climate zones, focusing on data that have been used, or have the
potential to be used, for estimating net annual soil GHG emissions and removals.
We evaluated the methods used in data collection and identified major gaps
in background or environmental data. Based on these, we formulated
recommendations for future research.