bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Application of dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction combined with high‐performance liquid chromatography for the determination of methomyl in natural waters
Authors: Wei Guohui , Li Yanyan , Wang Xuedong
Published: November 2007

A new method was developed for determination of methomyl in water samples by combining a dispersive liquid–liquid microextraction (DLLME) technique with HPLC–variable wavelength detection (VWD). In this extraction method, 0.50 mL of methanol (as dispersive solvent) containing 20.0 μL of tetrachloroethane (as extraction solvent) was rapidly injected by syringe into a 5.00‐mL water sample containing the analyte, thereby forming a cloudy solution. After phase separation by centrifugation for 2 min at 4000 rpm, the enriched analyte in the settled phase (8 ± 0.2 μL) was at the bottom of the conical test tube. A 5.0‐μL volume of the settled phase was analyzed by HPLC–VWD. Parameters such as the nature and volume of the extraction solvent and the dispersive solvent, extraction time, and the salt concentration were optimized. Under the optimum conditions, the enrichment factor could reach 70.7 for a 5.00‐mL water sample and the linear range, detection limit (S/N = 3), and precision (RSD, n = 6) were 3–5000 ng/mL, 1.0 ng/mL, and 2.6%, respectively. River and lake water samples were successfully analyzed by the proposed method. Comparison of this method with solid‐phase extraction, solid‐phase microextraction, and single‐drop microextraction, indicates that DLLME combined with HPLC–VWD is a simple, fast, and low‐cost method for the determination of methomyl, and thus has tremendous potential in trace analysis of methomyl in natural waters.
Research challenges to ultra‐efficient inorganic solid‐state lighting
Authors: Phillips J.M. , Coltrin M.E. , Crawford M.H. , Fischer A.J. , Krames M.R. , Mueller‐Mach R. , Mueller G.O. , Ohno Y. , Rohwer L.E.S. , Simmons J.A. , Tsao J.Y.
Published: November 2007

Solid‐state lighting is a rapidly evolving, emerging technology whose efficiency of conversion of electricity to visible white light is likely to approach 50% within the next several years. This efficiency is significantly higher than that of traditional lighting technologies, giving solid‐state lighting the potential to enable significant reduction in the rate of world energy consumption. Further, there is no fundamental physical reason why efficiencies well beyond 50% could not be achieved, which could enable even more significant reduction in world energy usage. In this article, we discuss in some detail: (a) the several approaches to inorganic solid‐state lighting that could conceivably achieve “ultra‐high,” 70% or greater, efficiency, and (b) the significant research questions and challenges that would need to be addressed if one or more of these approaches were to be realized.
Biomineralized Polysaccharide Beads for Dual‐Stimuli‐Responsive Drug Delivery
Authors: Shi Jun , Liu Lihua , Sun Ximeng , Cao Shaokui , Mano João F.
Published: November 2007

Biomineralized polysaccharide‐coated alginate beads containing PNIPAAM were prepared. The resulting beads can be used as carriers for sustained pH/temperature‐sensitive drug delivery. Characterizations using SEM, EDS, FTIR, and POM revealed that the beads were covered by the calcium‐phosphate‐mineralized alginate/chitosan membrane. The drug‐release behavior was examined using indomethacin as a model drug, and the release profile of the developed materials was found to be responsive to pH and temperature. The release profile could be sustained under neutral conditions, indicating that the mineralized polysaccharide membrane could prevent the permeability of the encapsulated drug and reduce the drug release rate.

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Macromol. Chem. Phys. 22/2007
Authors: Yave Wilfredo , Shishatskiy Sergey , Abetz Volker , Matson Samira , Litvinova Elena , Khotimskiy Valeriy , Peinemann Klaus‐Viktor
Published: November 2007

Cover: The picture shows schematically the selective transport of butane through the free volume of a PMP/TiO2 hybrid membrane. The TiO2 nanoparticles occupy part of the free volume of PMP. This incorporation result in a simultaneous increase of butane permeability and butane/methan selectivity. Further details can be found in the article by W. Yave, S. Shishatskiy, V. Abetz, S. Matson, E. Litvinova, V. Khotimskiy, and K.‐V. Peinemann* on page 2412.
Facile Synthesis of Self‐Assembled Polyaniline Nanodisks
Authors: Li Guicun , Zhang Chuanqin , Peng Hongrui
Published: November 2007

Polyaniline nanodisks have been synthesized successfully by the chemical oxidation polymerization of aniline by a self‐assembly process without the use of any acid. The thickness and lateral dimensions of the polyaniline nanodisks are in the range of 20–30 nm and 1–2 µm, respectively. The influence of synthetic parameters, such as the concentration of ammonium peroxydisulfate and pH, on the morphologies of polyaniline nanostructures have been investigated.

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Macromol. React. Eng. 6/2007
Authors: Harshe Yogesh M. , Storti Giuseppe , Morbidelli Massimo , Gelosa Simone , Moscatelli Davide
Published: November 2007

Cover: The figure on the left side of the cover shows a comparison of the reaction profiles in terms of molecular weight of PLA from experiments with that predicted by the model at different temperatures (110, 150, 180°C) with Ti(BuO)4 as the catalyst. The figure on the right compares the molecular weight distribution of the polymer produced at 150°C after 48 h of reaction time as predicted by the model with that estimated through the experiment. Further details can be found in the article by Y. M. Harshe, G. Storti, M. Morbidelli,* S. Gelosa, and D. Moscatelli on page 611.
Experiences of an action learning set
Authors: Bell Miriam , Coen Eithna , Coyne‐Nevin Ann , Egenton Roisin , Ellis Ann , Moran Liz
Published: November 2007

This paper outlines the background to the establishment of a multidisciplinary action learning set in the Irish Health Service context; describes the action learning set process; explores set members' experiences of set membership and action learning; and concludes by making some recommendations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The patterns of antihypertensive drug prescription by cardiologists in Kerman province of Iran, 2006
Authors: Sepehri Gholamreza , Talebizadeh Nooshin , Mirzazadeh Ali , Mohsenbeigi Mottahareh
Published: November 2007

Purpose

This study was performed to evaluate the antihypertensive prescribing pattern by cardiologists in outpatients attending private clinics in Kerman province, Iran during 1 year period, 2006.

Methods

Using random sampling method, 1102 prescriptions issued by cardiologists were investigated. The prescriptions of outpatients which contain at least one antihypertensive medication were separated for further analysis. Using World Health Organization (WHO) standard drug indicators, we evaluate the quality and quantity of prescriptions. The indices were compared between different sex groups by SPSS 11.5 software.

Results

About 39% of the patients were male. The average age of the individuals was 57.3 ± 13. The mean number of drugs per prescription was 2.84 ± 0.7, but the average of antihypertensive drugs per prescription was 1.4 ± 0.3, similarly in both sexes. The most prescribed drug class was β‐blockers (46.2%) followed by calcium channel blockers (CCBs) (19.2%), angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors (13.7%), diuretics (10.3%), angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) (9.2%) and other antihypertensive agents (1.5%). Most of the hypertensive patients (69.6%) were treated with a single drug while 31.4% of the patients received more than one drug. There was not a significant gender difference between the types of drug class used. Statins and acetyl salicylic acid (ASA) were prescribed as cardiovascular disease preventive drugs in 10.2 and 38% of hypertensive patients, respectively.

Conclusion

The mean numbers of drugs per prescription by cardiologists in Kerman province of Iran were not in agreement with WHO standard drug use indicators. Lower using rate of diuretics, statins and ASA need a comprehensive reassessment of the medical management of hypertensive patients. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
RANKL acts directly on RANK‐expressing prostate tumor cells and mediates migration and expression of tumor metastasis genes
Authors: Armstrong Allison P. , Miller Robert E. , Jones Jon C. , Zhang Jian , Keller Evan T. , Dougall William C.
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND

Metastases to bone are a frequent complication of human prostate cancer and result in the development of osteoblastic lesions that include an underlying osteoclastic component. Previous studies in rodent models of breast and prostate cancer have established that receptor activator of NF‐κB ligand (RANKL) inhibition decreases bone lesion development and tumor growth in bone. RANK is essential for osteoclast differentiation, activation, and survival via its expression on osteoclasts and their precursors. RANK expression has also been observed in some tumor cell types such as breast and colon, suggesting that RANKL may play a direct role on tumor cells.

METHODS

Male CB17 severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice were injected with PC3 cells intratibially and treated with either PBS or human osteprotegerin (OPG)‐Fc, a RANKL antagonist. The formation of osteolytic lesions was analyzed by X‐ray, and local and systemic levels of RANKL and OPG were analyzed. RANK mRNA and protein expression were assessed on multiple prostate cancer cell lines, and events downstream of RANK activation were studied in PC3 cells in vitro.

RESULTS

OPG‐Fc treatment of PC3 tumor‐bearing mice decreased lesion formation and tumor burden. Systemic and local levels of RANKL expression were increased in PC3 tumor bearing mice. PC3 cells responded to RANKL by activating multiple signaling pathways which resulted in significant changes in expression of genes involved in osteolysis and migration. RANK activation via RANKL resulted in increased invasion of PC3 cells through a collagen matrix.

CONCLUSION

These data demonstrate that host stromal RANKL is induced systemically and locally as a result of PC3 prostate tumor growth within the skeleton. RANK is expressed on prostate cancer cells and promotes invasion in a RANKL‐dependent manner. Prostate 68: 92–104, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Interleukin‐4 stimulates androgen‐independent growth in LNCaP human prostate cancer cells
Authors: Lee Soo Ok , Pinder Elaine , Chun Jae Yeon , Lou Wei , Sun Meng , Gao Allen C.
Published: November 2007

BACKGROUND

Clinical data showed that the levels of interleukin‐4 (IL‐4) are significantly elevated in serum of patients with ablation resistant prostate cancer. Previous studies demonstrated that IL‐4 enhances androgen receptor (AR) activation mediated by NF‐κB in the absence or in the very low levels of androgen in prostate cancer cells. In this study, the role of IL‐4 in promoting the growth of androgen‐independent prostate cancer cells was examined.

METHODS

LNCaP cells were transfected with a full‐length IL‐4 cDNA and stable clones expressing IL‐4 were selected. The growth of LNCaP cells expressing IL‐4 was analyzed in vitro and in vivo both in the presence and absence of androgen.

RESULTS

Overexpression of IL‐4 enhances the growth of androgen‐sensitive LNCaP cells in culture media containing charcoal‐stripped FBS condition (CS‐FBC), and increases the sensitivity of LNCaP cells in response to androgen stimulation. The DHT‐mediated cell growth could not be blocked by bicalutamide in IL‐4 overexpressing LNCaP cells, but can be neutralized by bicalutamide in parental LNCaP and neo control cells. Furthermore, overexpression of IL‐4 stimulates tumor growth of androgen‐sensitive LNCaP cells both in intact and castrated male mice.

CONCLUSIONS

Overexpression of IL‐4 increases the sensitivity of androgen‐sensitive LNCaP prostate cancer cells in response to androgen stimulation and enhances the growth of LNCaP cells both in the presence and absence of androgen in vitro and in vivo. These studies suggest that IL‐4 plays an important role in promoting androgen‐independent prostate cancer growth. Prostate 68: 85–91, 2008. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A systematic review of randomized controlled trials to reduce hemorrhage during myomectomy for uterine fibroids
Authors: Kongnyuy E.J. , van den Broek N. , Wiysonge C.S.
Published: November 2007

Objective

To assess the effectiveness and safety of interventions to reduce blood loss during myomectomy.

Methods

Electronic searches of the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, and EMBASE, between 1966 and 2006 for randomized controlled trials (RCTs).

Results

We found significant reductions in blood loss with vaginal misoprostol (weighted mean difference [WMD] − 149.00 mL, 95% confidence interval [CI] − 229.24 to − 68.76); intramyometrial vasopressin and analogues (WMD − 298.72 mL, 95% CI − 593.10 to − 4.34); intramyometrial bupivacaine plus epinephrine (WMD − 68.60 mL, 95% CI − 93.69 to − 43.51); and pericervical tourniquet (WMD − 1870.00 mL, 95% CI − 2547.16 to − 1192.84). There was no evidence of effect in blood loss with myoma enucleation by morcellation and oxytocin.

Conclusion

There is limited evidence from a few RCTs that some interventions may reduce bleeding during myomectomy. There is need for adequately powered RCTs to shed more light on the effectiveness, safety, and cost of different interventions to reduce blood loss during myomectomy.
Comparison of depth of necrosis achieved by CO2‐ and N2O‐cryotherapy
Authors: Mariategui J. , Santos C. , Taxa L. , Jeronimo J. , Castle P.E.
Published: November 2007

Objective

To compare the depth of necrosis achieved using CO2‐ and N2O‐cryotherapy.

Method

We treated 20 women with CO2‐cryotherapy and 20 with N2O‐cryotherapy 24 h prior to undergoing total hysterectomy for reasons unrelated to cervical cancer. Depth of necrosis in the ectocervix was measured on surgically removed tissue.

Results

The mean depth of necrosis for the anterior lip achieved by N2O‐cryotherapy was 5.3 mm compared with 3.4 mm by CO2‐cryotherapy (P < 0.001). We found similar results for the posterior lip (5.0 vs 3.1 mm; P < 0.001). N2O‐cryotherapy was more likely than CO2‐cryotherapy to achieve a depth of necrosis of ≥ 4.8 mm for the anterior lip (75% vs 15%; P < 0.001) and posterior lip (60% vs 5%; P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our study showed that CO2‐cryotherapy may not achieve the depth of necrosis necessary to completely destroy cervical precancer and therefore may be less robust than N2O‐cryotherapy.
How Breastfeeding Works
Authors: Kent Jacqueline C.
Published: November 2007

Human milk is a complex secretion that is the sole ideal food for babies for at least the first 6 months of life. The amount and composition of the milk is largely independent of the mother's diet. The composition of the milk changes during lactogenesis II, and these changes can be used as biochemical markers of the onset of copious milk secretion. After 1 month of lactation, there are few further changes in the composition of milk until the volume of milk decreases substantially as the baby weans completely. The amount of milk produced depends on the amount of milk removed from the breast. Successful, exclusively breastfeeding babies show a three‐fold variation in the amount of milk they take per day, and in the frequency of breastfeeds and amount of milk consumed during each breastfeed. The fat intake of the baby is independent of the feeding frequency. If a baby is growing normally, the mother can be confident that her baby does not need to follow prescribed breastfeeding regimes. She should respond to her baby's cues for the frequency of breastfeeds, and whether the baby requires one or both breasts for a meal. Continuing research into the physiology of breastfeeding provides a foundation for evidence‐based treatment of breastfeeding difficulties.
Inside the Lactating Breast: The Latest Anatomy Research
Authors: Geddes Donna T.
Published: November 2007

Although it is well recognized that a thorough understanding of the anatomy of an organ is essential to enable assessment of any abnormalities in that organ, there has been little investigation of the anatomy of the normal lactating breast since Sir Astley Cooper performed detailed dissections of the anatomy of the breast more than 160 years ago. Many mothers recognize that breast milk provides the ultimate nutrition and protection for the infant; however, a significant proportion of women experience difficulties breastfeeding, some of which lead to weaning the infant. Recently, a small number of studies have focused on the gross anatomy of the breast, and have found that the ductal system is comprised of fewer numbers of main ducts than previously thought. In addition, the ducts are compressible and do not contain large amounts of milk, the amount of fatty tissue in the breast is variable, and a proportion is situated within the glandular tissue. These findings add to our understanding of both the physiology and pathology of the lactating breast.
Assessment of Breastfeeding and Infant Growth
Authors: Hill Pamela D. , Johnson Teresa S.
Published: November 2007

The purpose of this article is to provide information for health care professionals to guide the assessment of feeding and growth in breastfed infants. Tools to assist in the assessment of breastfeeding are discussed, as well as infant weight, infant test‐weighing, elimination, and growth patterns. We present in detail the research surrounding the development of infant growth charts and the potential for inaccurate assessment.
Impact of Birthing Practices on the Breastfeeding Dyad
Authors: Smith Linda J.
Published: November 2007

For breastfeeding to start and continue, the newborn must be able to suck, swallow, and breathe; the mother must be able and willing to let her infant breastfeed; and surroundings must support the biological unit: the mother–baby dyad. This article reviews how birth practices, including epidural anesthesia, cesarean surgery, forceps, and vacuum extraction, can affect the newborn's ability to feed, the mother's motivation and lactation capacity, and the mother–baby relationship.
Contraception and Lactation
Authors: King Joyce
Published: November 2007

The benefits of breastfeeding for both the infant and the mother are undisputed. Longer intervals between births decrease fetal/infant and maternal complications. Lactation is an effective contraceptive for the first 6 months postpartum only if women breastfeed exclusively and at regular intervals, including nighttime. Because a high percentage of women in the United States supplement breastfeeding, it is important for these women to choose a method of contraception to prevent unintended pregnancies. Both the method of contraception and the timing of the initiation of contraceptives are important decisions that a clinician must help the breastfeeding woman make. Ideally, the chosen method of contraception should not interfere with lactation. This article reviews the research on the effect of contraceptives, including hormonal contraceptives, on lactation.
Introduction: Special Issue on Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Ringer Simon P. , Larson David J. , Moody Michael P. , Miller Michael K. , Kelly Thomas F.
Published: November 2007

In February 2006, in conjunction with the 19th Australian Conference on Microscopy and Microanalysis held in Sydney, the 2nd Australian Workshop on Atom Probe Tomography was convened by S.P. Ringer, M.K. Miller, D.A. Saxey, and R. Zheng at the Australian Key Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis at The University of Sydney. The topics covered at that workshop included specimen preparation; data acquisition and data analysis methods for atom probe tomography; applications to spinodal alloys, phase transformations, light metals, atomic clustering, and detection methods, as well as future directions of the science and technology of atom probe tomography. The presentations and discussions that took place at this workshop, which was attended by more than 30 people, provided the inspiration for this special issue of Microscopy and Microanalysis.
Spatial Distribution Maps for Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Geiser Brian P. , Kelly Thomas F. , Larson David J. , Schneir Jason , Roberts Jay P.
Published: November 2007

A real-space technique for finding structural information in atom probe tomographs, spatial distribution maps (SDM), is described. The mechanics of the technique are explained, and it is then applied to some test cases. Many applications of SDM in atom probe tomography are illustrated with examples including finding crystal lattices, correcting lattice strains in reconstructed images, quantifying trajectory aberrations, quantifying spatial resolution, quantifying chemical ordering, dark-field imaging, determining orientation relationships, extracting radial distribution functions, and measuring ion detection efficiency.
Overview: Recent Progress in Three-Dimensional Atom Probe Instruments and Applications
Authors: Cerezo Alfred , Clifton Peter H. , Lozano-Perez Sergio , Panayi Peter , Sha Gang , Smith George D.W.
Published: November 2007

Over the last few years there have been significant developments in the field of three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analysis. This article reviews some of the technical compromises that have led to different instrument designs and the recent improvements in performance. An instrument has now been developed, based around a novel reflectron configuration combining both energy compensation and focusing elements, that yields a large field of view and very high mass resolution. The use of laser pulsing in the 3DAP, together with developments in specimen preparation methods using a focused ion-beam instrument, have led to a significant widening in the range of materials science problems that can be addressed with the 3DAP. Recent studies of semiconductor materials and devices are described.
Methods in Molecular Biology Series: Cell Imaging Techniques: Methods and Protocols. Edited by Douglas J. Taatjes and Brooke T. Mossman
Authors: Price Robert L.
Published: November 2007

Methods in Molecular Biology Series: Cell Imaging Techniques: Methods and Protocols. Edited by Douglas J. Taatjes and Brooke T. Mossman. Human Press, Inc., Totowa, NJ; 2005, 512 pages. (Hardcover and e-book, U.S. $125.00) ISBN 978-1-58829-157-8

Cell Imaging Techniques: Methods and Protocols, edited by Douglas J. Taatjes and Brooke T. Mossman, is Volume 319 in the long-standing Humana Press Methods in Molecular BiologyTM series. Unlike many of the books in the series that focus on a specific technology, growth factor, or cell type, this volume covers a wide range of technology and applications. As the editors state in the Preface, their goal is to “present an eclectic collection of what we consider some of the essential state-of-the-art methods for imaging cells and molecules.” While the editors have done a good job of collecting chapters that represent a range of cell imaging techniques, I believe this represents both the strength and the weakness of the work. In a situation such as a core facility where a wide variety of instrumentation and applications are being used, this will provide a reference text for a number of technologies. However, if an investigator is searching for a work focused on the study of a specific technology, cell type, or molecule, other volumes may be more applicable.
Gerechtigkeitseinschätzungen in Organisationen
Authors: Maier Günter W. , Streicher Bernhard , Jonas Eva , Woschée Ralph
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Das Konstrukt der organisationalen Gerechtigkeit wurde bislang in einer Vielzahl von Studien untersucht, wobei allerdings häufig mit unterschiedlichen Instrumenten unterschiedliche Faktoren erhoben wurden. Um die Ergebnisse zwischen Studien besser vergleichbar zu machen, entwickelte Colquitt (2001) ein vier-faktorielles Messinstrument zur Erhebung der Wahrnehmung organisationaler Gerechtigkeit. In der vorliegenden Studie sollte die Validität einer deutschsprachigen Version dieses Verfahrens überprüft werden. Der Fragebogen wurde in einer Stichprobe von 512 Berufstätigen eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse der konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen bestätigten die angenommene vier-faktorielle Struktur. Die Zusammenhänge der vier Faktoren mit proximalen und distalen Kriterien belegten die Validität dieser Version. Vorschläge für die weitere Validierung dieses Fragebogens werden diskutiert.
Angewandte Psychologie im Spannungsfeld zwischen Grundlagenforschung und Praxis - Plädoyer für mehr Pluralismus
Authors: Kanning Uwe Peter , von Rosenstiel Lutz , Schuler Heinz , Petermann Franz , Nerdinger Friedemann , Batinic Bernad , Hornke Lutz , Kersting Martin , Jäger Reinhold , Trimpop Rüdiger Manfred , Spiel Christiane , Korunka Christian , Kirchler Erich , Sarges Werner , Bornewasser Manfred
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Betrachten wir die geschichtliche Entwicklung der Psychologie seit Wilhelm Wundt, so stellen wir fest, dass sich unsere Wissenschaft zunehmend ausdifferenziert. Waren es in den Anfängen vor allem allgemeinpsychologische Forschungsfragen, so sind seither neben weiteren Grundlagenwissenschaften große Anwendungsfächer entstanden, die nicht zuletzt dafür verantwortlich sind, dass die Psychologie beständig an Einfluss in der Gesellschaft gewonnen hat. Bei aller Unterschiedlichkeit der zahlreichen Disziplinen lassen sich innerhalb der Psychologie vereinfachend dargestellt zwei Kulturen beschreiben. Eine Mehrheitskultur, die durch die Grundlagenwissenschaften geprägt wird und eine Minderheitskultur der Anwendungsfächer. In der Arbeit werden zunächst die Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede dieser beiden Kulturen herausgearbeitet. Dabei tritt ein Problem zu Tage: Die Wert- und Bewertungsmaßstäbe der Grundlangenforschung passen nur eingeschränkt zu den genuinen Aufgaben und Leistungen der Anwendungswissenschaften. Dennoch werden diese Maßstäbe zumeist auf alle Disziplinen der Psychologie angewandt. Gefordert wird daher ein adäquater Pluralismus in Forschung, Lehre und Evaluation akademischer Leistungen, der jeder der beiden Kulturen Rechnung trägt. Dieser Pluralismus kommt nicht nur der Angewandten Psychologie zugute sondern stärkt unser Fach insgesamt in seiner gesellschaftlichen Bedeutung.
Klinische Psychologie und Psychotherapie: Eine Standortbestimmung in der Psychologie
Authors: Rief Winfried , Hautzinger Martin , Rist Fred , Rockstroh Brigitte , Wittchen Hans-Ullrich
Published: November 2007

Zusammenfassung. Anforderungen und Erwartungen an die Klinische Psychologie in Wissenschaft und Praxis haben sich in den letzten Jahrzehnten drastisch verändert, ohne dass die Struktur der universitären Ausbildung und der diese tragenden Institute entsprechend angepasst wurden. Dieser Beitrag versucht eine Standortbestimmung unter Berücksichtigung dieser Veränderungen und skizziert Implikationen, die auch die Planung zukünftiger Studiengänge betreffen. Wissenschaftlich erfolgte eine Ausdifferenzierung der Klinischen Psychologie auf mehrere, zum Teil fast schon eigenständig wirkende Bereiche, die durch eigene diagnostische Methoden, eigene theoretische Modelle und beteiligte Prozesse, durch spezifische Interventionen sowie durch eigene große Berufsmärkte gekennzeichnet sind (z.B. Sucht, Psychosomatik und Verhaltensmedizin, Neuropsychologie, Klinische Kinder- und Jugendpsychologie). Durch die bestehenden strukturellen Einschränkungen an den Instituten werden Studierende jedoch für große klinische Anwendungsfelder nicht ausreichend vorbereitet. Eine bessere Vernetzung der Teilbereiche der Klinischen Psychologie mit anderen Teilgebieten der Psychologie einschließlich der Grundlagenfächer (zum Beispiel Statistik und Methodenlehre, Biologische Psychologie, Psychologische Diagnostik) ist zum gegenseitigen Vorteil wünschenswert. Jedoch haben sich die Anforderungen an die anderen Teilfächer der Psychologie aus Sicht der Klinischen Psychologie so deutlich verändert, dass hierbei Adaptationen notwendig sind. Für die Praxis hat das Psychotherapeutengesetz in Deutschland des Weiteren politische Realitäten geschaffen, die Psychologische Psychotherapie zu einer tragenden Säule im Gesundheitswesen machten. Neben Vorteilen bringt dies jedoch auch neue Verpflichtungen mit sich. Diverse Implikationen dieser Bestandsaufnahme für die Planung von Studiengängen werden thesenartig skizziert. Die Autoren plädieren dafür, dass die Klinische Psychologie innerhalb der universitären Psychologie verankert bleiben soll, jedoch auch besser positioniert werden muss, um konkurrenzfähig zu alternativen Ausbildungsvorschlägen zu sein. Dazu ist neben entsprechenden Ressourcen auch eine bessere strukturelle Verankerung in den Instituten notwendig.
Medicinal Applications of Coordination Chemistry
Authors: Jones Chris J , Thornback John R
Published: November 2007

Metals in pharmaceuticals have played an increasingly important role in medicine over the last century, particularly in cancer therapy and diagnostic imaging methods. Medicinal Applications of Coordination Chemistry focuses on the role that transition metals play in clinical applications. Medicinal Applications of Coordination Chemistry begins with a brief historical review and an introduction to the chemistry of d- and f- block metals. Subsequent sections discuss metallodrugs for a number of different applications, the design of new drugs and the relationship between structure and function. Key sections include diagnostic applications of metal compounds in anatomical and functional imaging, and therapeutic applications of metals compounds. This book is ideal for researchers in academia and industry and comes complete with examples of real life applications.
The Science of Bakery Products
Authors: Edwards William P
Published: November 2007

Ever wondered why bread rises? Or why dough needs to rest? From cakes and biscuits to flat breads and standard loaves, the diversity of products is remarkable and the chemistry behind these processes is equally fascinating. The Science of Bakery Products explains the science behind bread making and other baked goods. It looks at the chemistry of the ingredients, flour treatments, flour testing and baking machinery. Individual chapters focus on the science of breads, pastry, biscuits, wafers and cakes. The book concludes with a look at some experiments and methods and goes on to discuss some ideas for the future. The Science of Bakery Products is an interesting and easy to read book, aimed at anyone with an interest in everyday chemistry.
Chemical Kinetics and Mechanism
Authors:   The Open University, Clark Giles
Published: November 2007

Chemical Kinetics and Mechanism considers the role of rate of reaction. It begins by introducing chemical kinetics and the analysis of reaction mechanism, from basic well-established concepts to leading edge research. Organic reaction mechanisms are then discussed, encompassing curly arrows, nucleophilic substitution and E1 and E2 elimination reactions. The book concludes with a Case Study on Zeolites, which examines their structure and internal dimensions in relation to their behaviour as molecular sieves and catalysts. The accompanying CD-ROM contains the "Kinetics Toolkit", a graph-plotting application designed for manipulation and analysis of kinetic data, which is built into many of the examples, questions and exercises in the text. There are also interactive activities illustrating reaction mechanisms. The Molecular World series provides an integrated introduction to all branches of chemistry for both students wishing to specialise and those wishing to gain a broad understanding of chemistry and its relevance to the everyday world and to other areas of science. The books, with their Case Studies and accompanying multi-media interactive CD-ROMs, will also provide valuable resource material for teachers and lecturers. (The CD-ROMs are designed for use on a PC running Windows 95, 98, ME or 2000.)
Ribozymes and RNA Catalysis
Authors: Rodnina Marina V , Szostak Jack W , Golden Barbara L
Published: November 2007

The discovery that RNA could act as a macromolecular catalyst in the cell, signified a paradigm shift in molecular biology. Ribozymes and RNA Catalysis takes the reader through the origins of catalysis in RNA and necessarily includes significant discussion of structure and folding. The main focus of the book concerns chemical mechanism with extensive comment on how, despite the importance of RNA catalysis in the cell, its origins are still poorly understood and often controversial. The reader is given an outline of the important role of RNA catalysis in many aspects of cell function, including RNA processing and translation. There has been a significant coming together in the field of RNA in recent years and this book offers a compelling review of the whole field to date. Written by leading experts in their field, who in turn review the structural and mechanistic data for all known ribozymes this book is well suited for undergraduates, postgraduates and researchers in catalytic chemistry as well as those in related fields who require a unique overview of the subject.
High refractive-index sonic material based on periodic subwavelength structure
Authors: Cai Feiyan , Liu Fengming , He Zhaojian , Liu Zhengyou
Published: November 2007

We show that a steel plate with periodic array of subwavelength slits or holes can serve as a material of tunable refractive index for acoustic waves. The effective refractive index is inversely proportional to the filling factor of the slits or holes, which enables the realization of high refractive-index material for acoustic waves. An acoustic wave focusing lens based on this material is exemplified.
Reproductive phenology of Euterpe edulis (Arecaceae) along a gradient in the Atlantic rainforest of Brazil
Authors: Castro E. R. , Galetti M. , Morellato L. P. C.
Published: November 2007

The palm Euterpe edulis Mart. is one of the dominant tree species in the Atlantic rainforest and considered a key resource for many frugivorous birds. We compared the reproductive phenology of E. edulis in three types of Atlantic rainforest (two lowland forests, restinga and coastal-plain, and a premontane forest) on Cardoso Island (Cananéia, São Paulo, Brazil), aiming to answer the following questions: (i) whether the reproduction of E. edulis is annual and seasonal across the years in the three forest types studied; (ii) what are the environmental factors influencing the reproductive phenology of E. edulis; and (iii) how does the timing of fruiting and fruit production of E. edulis vary among the three forest types? We evaluated the presence of flowers and fruits (immature, unripe and ripe) from August 2001 to July 2004 in 150 individuals (50 per forest), and estimated the number of infructescences with ripe fruits and the production of fruits and seeds by collecting them on the forest floor in the three forest types. Flowering and fruiting of E. edulis were annual and significantly seasonal in the three forest types, with a high synchrony of flowering and medium to low synchrony of fruiting. Flowering peaked in November and December, and immature and unripe fruits peaked in January and March, all during the rainy season. Immature and unripe fruit phases were correlated with the daylength, precipitation and temperature, important factors for fruits development. Ripe fruits peaked in April and May, in the less rainy season, with significant differences in the mean dates among forests. The number of infructescences with ripe fruits and the biomass of fruits and seeds collected on the ground also differed significantly among the forest types, being greater in the restinga and coastal-plain forests, respectively. Differences in productivity were related to palm density in each area and the soil fertility. The complementary fruiting pattern of E. edulis in the forests studied may affect the distribution and abundance of certain frugivorous bird species that feed on their fruits.
Quantitative assessment of stand condition and its relationship to physiological stress in stands of Eucalyptus camaldulensis (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Cunningham Shaun C. , Read Jennifer , Baker Patrick J. , Mac Nally Ralph
Published: November 2007

River regulation has led to a decline in the condition of Australia’s dominant riverine tree species, Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh., in the Murray–Darling Basin. A quantitative method of assessing the condition of these important riparian forests is required for effective monitoring and management. A range of stand structural, morphological and physiological variables was measured in stands of contrasting condition along the Murray River in south-eastern Australia. Percentage live basal area, plant area index and crown vigour were found to be reliable, objective indicators of stand condition. Little difference was detected in the physiological performance of trees in terms of water potential and chlorophyll fluorescence among stands of good and poor condition.
Chloroplast DNA phylogeography reveals the island colonisation route of Eucalyptus urophylla (Myrtaceae)
Authors: Payn Kitt G. , Dvorak William S. , Myburg Alexander A.
Published: November 2007

We present a study of the colonisation patterns of a tropical tree species among an island archipelago. Eucalyptus urophylla (S.T.Blake) is an economically important plantation species endemic to the volcanic slopes of seven islands in eastern Indonesia. In the present study, we investigated the geographical distribution of chloroplast DNA sequence variation in E. urophylla to gain insight into its historical seed-migration routes. DNA sequence data were obtained from 198 plants from which 20 haplotypes were identified. A moderate to high level of chloroplast genetic differentiation (GST = 0.581, NST = 0.724) and significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST; P < 0.01) were observed, suggesting low levels of recurrent seed-mediated gene flow among the islands. The highest levels of haplotype diversity were observed on the eastern islands of Wetar and Timor. The two most westerly islands, Flores and Lomblen, were fixed for what appeared to be the ancestral haplotype. Chloroplast haplotype diversity therefore exhibited a decreasing trend from east to west in the species’ range, consistent with an east-to-west colonisation route across the seven islands. Environmental factors that may have contributed to the contemporary spatial distribution of chloroplast DNA haplotypes include island paleogeology, ocean currents, fluctuations in sea levels and possible hybridisation events.
Fruit core rot of the peach cultivar 'Fayette' caused by Alternaria alternata in Greece
Authors: Thomidis T. , Michailides T. J. , Karayiannis I.
Published: November 2007

This is the first report of the occurrence of core rot on peaches [Prunus persica (L.) Batsch] caused by the fungus Alternaria alternata in Greece. This disease caused significant preharvest (at commercial ripening stage) and postharvest damage (at a percentage of ~5% of the total production) in the cultivar ‘Fayette’. Rotting of the core began while fruit were still on the tree, with a soft, wet, brown rot progressing in the flesh around the stone. A. alternata was isolated on acidified potato dextrose agar from the edges of the rotted tissues. Symptoms were reproduced under laboratory conditions by injection of spore suspensions in the flesh of mature and immature fruit of ‘Fayette’. In contrast, immature fruit did not show core rot symptoms when naturally infected. Furthermore, none of the other peach cultivars tested (‘Spring Lady’, ‘Spring Crest’, ‘June Gold’, ‘Red Haven’, ‘Sun Crest’, ‘Sun Cloud’) showed the symptoms of core rot of fruit at the commercial ripening stage. The rates of infection were significantly reduced at 10°C and completely inhibited at 2–4°C. The effectiveness of the fungicides PIΛAZIN 60WP, Thiophanate methyl 70WP, Folicur 25WG, Rovral 50WP, Dithane M-45 80WP and Switch 25/37.5 WP, at rates recommended by the manufacturers, were evaluated against A. alternata on agar and artificially inoculated fruit. The fungicides Folicur 25WG, Rovral 50WP and Switch 25/37.5 WP significantly reduced the development of A. alternata. Moderate effectiveness was shown by Dithane M-45 80WP. In contrast, the fungicides PIΛAZIN 60WP and Thiophanate methyl 70WP were not effective against this pathogen.
The effect of hot dry wind on the pod set of faba bean (Vicia faba) cv. Fiord: a preliminary wind tunnel study
Authors: Bennell M. R. , Cleugh H. A. , Leys J. F. , Hein D.
Published: November 2007

Wind tunnel studies have been used to simulate hot dry wind events that occur in Mediterranean climates and to investigate their possible impact on field crop production. This study investigates the effects of wind speed, duration, flower development stage and soil moisture on flower abortion and pod set in faba bean (Vicia faba L.) using a wind tunnel. At an air temperature of 30°C and relative humidity of 15–25%, rates of flower abortion increased with wind speed across a range of 2 to 12 m/s with the proportion of flowers setting a healthy pod following treatment declining for all stages of flower development tested. At 12.5 m/s, flower abortion reached close to the maximum observed, with a 35% reduction in pod set below that observed in the control plants at flower development stages up to and including anthesis. As the flowers develop, they become less sensitive to the hot windy conditions with abortion rates declining gradually from early developmental stages and showing a sharp decline in sensitivity after anthesis. Once the pod has set and extended beyond the withered petals, it is not vulnerable to extreme wind conditions and has a high chance of continuing to develop if moisture is available. Lower soil moisture levels and increased duration inconsistently increased the rate of flower abortion. When soil moisture is not limiting, hot dry wind will significantly contribute to flower abortion and may reduce crop yield. This level of flower abortion does not necessarily translate directly to yield reduction as pods that have already set on proximal nodes have a low vulnerability to adverse conditions and may remain unaffected by a severe wind event, while flowers at an early stage of development on distal nodes are vulnerable and may be affected leading to flower loss. If plant development is interrupted due to ending of the growing season, the more distal flowers may not have an opportunity to reach a harvestable stage and the impact of the wind event will not be expressed in the final yield. Net yield reduction therefore depends on seasonal conditions and the timing of the event. These results infer that the risk and extent of yield reduction in faba beans following severe climate events during the flowering phase could be minimised by creating sheltered zones of reduced wind speed with planted windbreaks.
AGWEST Sothis: Trifolium dasyurum (eastern star clover)
Authors: Loi A. , Nutt B. J. , Revell C. K. , Snowball R.
Published: November 2007

Trifolium dasyurum C. Presl. (eastern star clover) is a species native to the eastern Mediterranean regions. AGWEST Sothis is the first cultivar of eastern star clover released to world agriculture. It has high levels of dry matter and seed production and seed can be harvested with modified grain harvesters. AGWEST Sothis is suitable for use on acid and alkaline fine-textured soils in low to medium rainfall areas (325–450 mm) in southern Australia. AGWEST Sothis is an early to mid-maturing variety, flowering ~100 days after emergence in Perth, Australia. Individual seeds weigh ~6 mg. In regenerating stands, AGWEST Sothis germinates very late in the season compared with traditional pasture legumes such as subterranean clover (Trifolium subterraneum L.) and annual medics (Medicago spp.) and weeds. The delay in germination allows the use of non-selective herbicides or intensive grazing after the break of season for a long period 3–6 weeks to obtain >90% control of troublesome crop weeds. In spite of its late germination, AGWEST Sothis grows rapidly in late winter/spring and can become a productive legume-dominant pasture for grazing or forage conservation.
Adoption of conservation tillage in California: current status and future perspectives
Authors: Mitchell J. P. , Klonsky K. , Shrestha A. , Fry R. , DuSault A. , Beyer J. , Harben R.
Published: November 2007

While there have been several similarities between the development of cropping systems in Australia and California (including climate, the need for irrigation and very diverse, highly specialised crop rotations), the historical patterns of conservation tillage development in the two regions have been quite different. Current estimates indicate that conservation tillage (CT) practices are used on less than 2% of annual crop acreage in California’s Central Valley. Tillage management systems have changed relatively little since irrigation and cropping intensification began throughout this region, more than 60 years ago. The University of California (UC) and United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) CT Workgroup is a diverse group of UC, NRCS, farmer, private sector, environmental group and other public agency people. It has provided wide-ranging services aimed at developing information on reduced tillage alternatives for California’s production valleys. In a short span of 7 years, the CT Workgroup has grown to over 1000 members and has conducted over 60 demonstration evaluations of CT systems. While CT is still quite new in California, a growing number of farmers has become increasingly interested in it, for both economic and environmental reasons. They are now pursuing a wide range of activities and approaches aimed at developing sustainable CT systems. As successful CT systems continue to be demonstrated, the rate of adoption is expected to increase.
Quantifying the biodiversity value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests
Authors: Barlow J. , Gardner T. A. , Araujo I. S. , Ávila-Pires T. C. , Bonaldo A. B. , Costa J. E. , Esposito M. C. , Ferreira L. V. , Hawes J. , Hernandez M. I. M. , Hoogmoed M. S. , Leite R. N. , Lo-Man-Hung N. F. , Malcolm J. R. , Martins M. B. , Mestre L. A. M. , Miranda-Santos R. , Nunes-Gutjahr A. L. , Overal W. L. , Parry L. , Peters S. L. , Ribeiro-Junior M. A. , da Silva M. N. F. , da Silva Motta C. , Peres C. A.
Published: November 2007

Biodiversity loss from deforestation may be partly offset by the expansion of secondary forests and plantation forestry in the tropics. However, our current knowledge of the value of these habitats for biodiversity conservation is limited to very few taxa, and many studies are severely confounded by methodological shortcomings. We examined the conservation value of tropical primary, secondary, and plantation forests for 15 taxonomic groups using a robust and replicated sample design that minimized edge effects. Different taxa varied markedly in their response to patterns of land use in terms of species richness and the percentage of species restricted to primary forest (varying from 5% to 57%), yet almost all between-forest comparisons showed marked differences in community structure and composition. Cross-taxon congruence in response patterns was very weak when evaluated using abundance or species richness data, but much stronger when using metrics based upon community similarity. Our results show that, whereas the biodiversity indicator group concept may hold some validity for several taxa that are frequently sampled (such as birds and fruit-feeding butterflies), it fails for those exhibiting highly idiosyncratic responses to tropical land-use change (including highly vagile species groups such as bats and orchid bees), highlighting the problems associated with quantifying the biodiversity value of anthropogenic habitats. Finally, although we show that areas of native regeneration and exotic tree plantations can provide complementary conservation services, we also provide clear empirical evidence demonstrating the irreplaceable value of primary forests.