bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of new chaotic system with multi-scroll attractor by using variable transformation and its application
Authors: Wang Shiya , He Jianbin
Published: January 2025

Multi-scroll chaos exhibits complex dynamic behavior, the method of designing chaotic systems with multi-scroll attractor is an important research topic. Without any theoretical guidance, it is very difficult to obtain a new chaotic system, especially the multi-scroll chaotic system. In this paper, a class of new chaotic systems with n-scroll attractor is investigated by using variable transformation based on nth order polynomial of complex number. The Lyapunov exponent, bifurcation diagram, and topological horseshoe in the Poincaré cross-section of new chaotic systems are presented to rigorously prove the existence of chaos in the multi-scroll chaotic system with the assistance of computer simulation. Based on the proposed multi-scroll chaotic system, a new encryption algorithm is proposed for image information, and the simulation experiments verify the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed encryption algorithm.
Spatio-temporal transformers for decoding neural movement control
Authors: Candelori Benedetta , Bardella Giampiero , Spinelli Indro , Ramawat Surabhi , Pani Pierpaolo , Ferraina Stefano , Scardapane Simone
Published: January 2025

Objective. Deep learning tools applied to high-resolution neurophysiological data have significantly progressed, offering enhanced decoding, real-time processing, and readability for practical applications. However, the design of artificial neural networks to analyze neural activity in vivo remains a challenge, requiring a delicate balance between efficiency in low-data regimes and the interpretability of the results. Approach. To address this challenge, we introduce a novel specialized transformer architecture to analyze single-neuron spiking activity. The model is tested on multi-electrode recordings from the dorsal premotor cortex of non-human primates performing a motor inhibition task. Main results. The proposed architecture provides an early prediction of the correct movement direction, achieving accurate results no later than 230 ms after the Go signal presentation across animals. Additionally, the model can forecast whether the movement will be generated or withheld before a stop signal, unattended, is actually presented. To further understand the internal dynamics of the model, we compute the predicted correlations between time steps and between neurons at successive layers of the architecture, with the evolution of these correlations mirrors findings from previous theoretical analyses. Significance. Overall, our framework provides a comprehensive use case for the practical implementation of deep learning tools in motor control research, highlighting both the predictive capabilities and interpretability of the proposed architecture.
Ringing suppression design for pulse parameter controllable transcranial magnetic stimulation
Authors: Zhang Ziqi , Ding Hongfa , He Zhou , Zhao Chengyue , Fang Xiao , Zhang Dandi , Liu Yingzhe
Published: January 2025

Objective. Pulse parameter controllable transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTMS) devices with fully-controlled semiconductor switches are increasingly being developed, but the primary waveform they generate is often accompanied by ringing, which is due to the resonance between the stimulation coil inductance and the snubber capacitors paired with the switches at the end of the pulse. This study provides a ringing suppression design method to effectively suppress it and reduce its impact on stimulation efficacy. Approach. A three-pronged design method is developed to suppress the ringing at its source. Firstly, laminated busbars are designed to connect main components, reducing parasitic inductance and thus decreasing the snubber energy requirement and the energy stored in the snubber capacitors, which is the main source of ringing energy. Secondly, the snubber circuit structure is improved by employing unidirectional snubber circuits to cut off the ringing loop. Lastly, a specially designed converter is used to transfer the energy stored in the snubber circuit, which to some extent represents the energy of the ringing, back to the cTMS storage capacitor. Main
results. The suppressed ringing duration has been significantly reduced from around 1000 μs to within 30 μs. The proposed method effectively suppresses ringing, making the realized waveform much closer to the ideal waveform, which minimizes the impact of ringing on the stimulation effect and reduces the uncontrollable deviation between the actual activated region and the ideal target activation region. Significance. The method can be easily transferred to other cTMS devices, enhancing the controllability of stimulation efficacy.
Quantitative attribution of 2016 extreme arctic warmth: comparison between late winter and early spring
Authors: Zhu Junjie , Fan Ke , He Shengping , Zhang Tuantuan , Deng Yi , Yang Song , Chen Deliang , Deng Kaiqiang , Yu Wei , Tian Baoqiang , Cheung Hoffman H N
Published: January 2025

A deep, large-scale warmth occurred in the Arctic from January to April 2016, but the roles of various physical processes in this period have not been quantified. Here, we utilize an updated version of the coupled atmosphere‒surface climate feedback response analysis method to quantitatively attribute the extreme warmth. Our results show distinct characteristics associated with the warm anomaly in January‒February and March‒April. This extreme Arctic warmth is largely explained by the positive contributions of atmospheric dynamics, which are dominated by horizontal advection in January‒February and by adiabatic heating and vertical terms in March‒April. Compared with January‒February, an increase in solar radiation leads to an enhanced positive contribution from surface albedo processes in March‒April. Water vapor processes provide considerable positive contribution during both periods. In contrast, surface dynamic processes provide positive contribution in January‒February but negative contribution in March‒April, while cloud processes provide nearly negative contribution during both periods, primarily through their longwave effects.
Morphometric Analysis in Developing Soil and Water Conservation of Microwatershed
Authors: Anggraini E , Yuliastuti N , Budihardjo M A
Published: January 2025

Agriculture is developing rapidly in tropical regions. Land use changes from gardens to vegetable cultivation have contributed to exacerbated floods in Ponorogo. Land use changes that trigger the destructive flood power need to be conserved. The microwatershed is the first ditch water catchment area with more than 15% land slope and less than 5000 ha. The research location is in Puteran Sub Watershed in Krisik Village, Pudak District, Ponorogo Regency. The aim of the research is to analyze the biophysical characteristics of microwatersheds for developing soil and water conservation. The method used is morphometric analysis and literature study of soil and water conservation types. The results of the morphometric analysis show that the Puteran Subwatershed has 40 micro watersheds. The biophysical characteristics of microwatersheds are dominated by erosive land, responsive to rain, and almost have short flow duration. The conservation method is intended to decrease water flow, facilitate infiltration, and mitigate the risk of landslides. Conservation development uses bioengineering check dams, specifically wicker check dams combined with Angsana (Pterocarpus indicus) and Alang-alang (Imperata cylindrica).
Examining factors of household’ waste sorting behaviour in an urban area: A case study in Sidoarjo, Indonesia
Authors: Khafid Rifai Muhamad
Published: January 2025

Examining and investigating household’ waste sorting behaviour (WSB) is essential as strategy to optimize solid waste management (SWM). This research was conducted to examine the internal and external factors influencing WSB in Sidoarjo regency. The theory of planned behaviour (TPB) and the norm activation model (NAM) applied to investigate, since each area its own “psychological” characters. By utilizing questionnaires from 190 household respondents distributed in 18 sub-districts, it will be analyzed using structural equation modelling (SEM) with SmartPLS 4.0.9.6. Further, adding “government support” as an external moderator and “knowledge” is expected to improve the predictive power of the WSB. The results showed that the personal norms not only could be a significant influence but also significantly increased the mediating factors (i.e. attitude, social norms, awareness of consequences, perceived behavioural control, knowledge) toward WSB. Meanwhile, local government support was shown to have significant direct effect but was unexpectedly shown to have no indirect effect as moderator influencing PN towards WSB. It indicated that the role of government targeting “residents’ awareness” in the form of programs related to intervention or environmental management is less perceived. It implied that regulators should target environmental education and effective policy-making to boost residents to be more positive toward WSB in reducing the waste generation problem.
Wastewater reuse for irrigation using constructed wetland in Jamblang Irrigation Area, Cirebon, Indonesia
Authors: Herwindo Wildan , Sekaring Bumi Ingerawi , Iryanti Yuny , Nilam Kamilia Setiyono Diar
Published: January 2025

Natural stone industry wastewater causes water pollution to the Jamblang River, the main water source of 2,200 hectares of rice fields in the Jamblang Irrigation Area, Palimanan District, Cirebon Regency, Indonesia. This water pollution can result in a decrease in rice productivity due to contamination of water sources. Therefore, efforts are needed to improve water quality so that polluted water can be reused for rice field irrigation. Reusing wastewater is a solution to facing the problem of increasing water demand and water scarcity, it also can make a significant contribution for controlling pollutants in the environment. In this research, a treatment prototype was built to improve the quality of natural stone industry wastewater, then it can be reused for rice field irrigation. The treatments consists of initial treatment in the form of a coarse filter using bamboo and a fine filter using a mosquito ram, primary treatments with a sand trap, and secondary and tertiary treatment using artificial wetlands. The results of the research show that based on 15 parameters, the efficiency of reducing pollutants in improving water quality is between 8% - 99%, especially for the TSS, COD, Total Phosphate, and Fecal Coliform parameters that can meet class II water quality requirements for irrigation.
Examining legal tools in encouraging the achievement of net zero emission: A way forward for Indonesia
Authors: Sentot Sudarwanto Albertus , Daryanti
Published: January 2025

Legal instruments in the context of climate change function to encourage all actors to reduce greenhouse gas emissions through advanced efforts, one of which is the use of technology and other Low Carbon policies. The Indonesian Government’s current advanced efforts through policies include building the largest solar power plant in Southeast Asia, tax exemptions on electric vehicles, and the implementation of carbon trading as a form of organising the economic value of carbon integrated in the forestry and energy sectors to achieve net zero emissions. Some other challenges occur such as the policy gap in Indonesia and innovation and knowledge in the development of technology transfer results. Based on the results of the policy instrument analysis, this research encourages a progressive legal future for sustainable development goals in Indonesia in the form of a special climate change law and a special agency that includes the achievement of targets to reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
The spatial layout in vintage houses of Kauman Surakarta in shaping local identity
Authors: Musyawaroh Musyawaroh , Marlina Avi , Pramesti Leny
Published: January 2025

This research tells that the house’s layout is an essential symbol for the continuity of Kauman culture. It expresses traditional values and historical riches in preserving Kauman’s unique, sustainable culture, “Kampung Santri Juragan Batik”. The research focuses to analyze how the layout and design of ancient houses reflect and influence local identity on its historical and cultural environment. This research uses rationalistic qualitative methods through observation, interviews, and interactive analysis. It reveals that the continuity of Kauman culture, is symbolized by the layout of the house and the activities that occur in it. The ancient Kauman house was formed from an initial spatial pattern, such as the Kampung Abdi Dalem Ulama of the Surakarta Palace. Despite facing the challenges of modernization, the Kauman people show their dedication to preserve local identity through their cultural heritage independently and sustainably. These findings provide in-depth insight between the interaction between the spatial layout of cultural heritage houses and local identity and provide a basis for management strategies. It should give more benefits for the Conservation of Sustainable Cultural Heritage Areas in Kauman Surakarta as a living and relevant cultural heritage.
Spatiotemporal evaluation of environmental quality of Karawang regency based on remote sensing ecological index
Authors: Dirgantara S C P , Hadibasyir H Z , Kiat U E I , Jumadi J
Published: January 2025

As urban areas expand, the growth of human activities increasingly degrades the ecological environment, causing a significant decline in vegetation, soil erosion, loss of biodiversity, temperature elevation, and other adverse effects. If left unchecked, these effects can have severe consequences for the living organisms inhabiting those areas. Evaluating the correlation between development activities and the ecological environment has become an urgent matter requiring attention from all countries, particularly in establishing effective and systematic environmental quality measures. Remote Sensing Ecological Index (RSEI) is one remote sensing method designed to analyze the ecological environmental quality using four parameters: wetness, greenness, dryness, and temperature. The aim of this research is to spatiotemporally assess the RSEI parameters and the ecological environmental quality using the RSEI method in Karawang Regency. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) results range from 70% to 80%. The findings indicate that high wetness, high temperature, and open and built-up land are negative driving factors. The year 2021 had the largest extent of the poor classification class, reaching 917.11 Km2, while the year 2019 had the smallest extent of the poor classification class, only 21.31 Km2.
The influence of Adiwiyata Program on students’ eco-friendly attitude
Authors: Afif Fadhlurrahman Muhammad , Nisa Jakiatin , Harjawati Tri
Published: January 2025

This study is aimed at finding the influence of Adiwiyata Program, as a Program of the Ministry of Environment encouraging the construction of the school stakeholders’ knowledge as well as their awareness in maintaining the environment, on students’ eco-friendly attitude at SMAN 5 Depok of West Java. The research method used in this study is quantitative approach with survey. The Adiwiyata Program (X) sub variables consist of 4 variables of: eco-friendly policy; the implementation of eco-based curriculum; participatory-based environmental activity; and the management of eco-friendly school. Eco-friendly Attitude (Y) SubVariables consist of: (1) No littering; (2) selecting organic/inorganic waste; (3) no organic waste burning; (4) buying food-and-drink as needed; (5) turning the lamp/light off; (6) using public transportation; (7) walking/cycling; (8) saving water; (9) doing community service/mutual cooperation; 10) reporting the environment destroyer and giving him/her some reprimand. The population was the whole 1010 students and the sampling was conducted through stratified random sampling based on Slovin formula with a sample of 304 students. The data was collected through questionnaire and the data analysis was conducted through simple linear regression, t-Test and determination coefficient test. The simple linear regression analysis test shows that (1) constant/a value is of 51.50, which means that adiwiyata program causes environmentally care attitude of 51.50; (2) The regression coefficient/b value is of 0.121, which means that in each increase in the implementation of adiwayata school program will increase students’ environment care attitude of 0.121. From the t-Test, it is gained that tcount= 2.894 and the significance = 0,004; ttable = 1.967with significance = 0.05/2 = 0.025 and df= 304-2=302; with test Criteria = tcount < ttable, then Ho is accepted or tcount > ttable, then Ho is rejected; it shows that the analysis of tcount is of 2.894 and the significance is of 0.004 which means that it is < 0.05. It can be concluded that adiwiyata program influences students’ eco-friendly attitude (ttable < tcount (1.967) < (2.894)). The final test through determination coefficient test is resulted in output model summary, i.e. R Square value is of 0.27. It means that adiwiyata program influences eco-friendly attitude of 27% while the rest 73% is influenced by other factors which were not tested in this study.
Analysis of the influence of built-up land on the availability of green open space using Sentinel-2A imagery in Bengkong Sub-district, Batam City in 2023.
Authors: Susilo F T , Sari D N , Priyana Y , Mukasyaf A A
Published: January 2025

Population growth is always followed by an increase in land demand for residential areas and other supporting facilities. This situation results in pressure on the existence of green open space. The growth rate and population density in Bengkong Sub-district in 2023 is one of the highest in Batam City with a growth rate of 3.26%, so that the area of green open space decreases and turns into a built-up area. This study aims to analyse the effect of built-up land on green open space in bengkong sub-district in 2023. the method used is quantitative method with remote sensing analysis using NDVI and NDBI transformation with Sentinel-2A satellite image data can be used as one of the efforts to determine the availability of green open space in the bengkong sub-district area. The area of green open space calculated based on the value of vegetation density is 284.62 Ha or 16.3% of the bengkong sub-district area and the relationship of built land to green open space is 46% which indicates that it does not have a significant impact.
Utilization of NDVI analysis in fulfilling Green Open Space in Balaraja District, Tangerang Regency in 2023
Authors: Pangestu D. R. , Sunariya M. I. T. , Anggani N. L. , Rudiyanto
Published: January 2025

Significant land-use transformations within Indonesia, particularly in Balaraja District, Tangerang Regency, have led to a decline in Green Open Spaces (GOS). To support sustainable spatial planning, this study comprehensively analyzed the distribution and availability of GOS in Balaraja Sub-district, employing the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) and Sentinel-2A satellite imagery. The NDVI method was utilized to assess vegetation levels, categorizing them into five classes: no vegetation, low vegetation, medium, high, and very high. The findings revealed that 43.42% of Balaraja remains covered by high to very high density vegetation, exceeding the government-mandated minimum GOS standard of 30%. Spatial analysis conducted using ArcGIS and QGIS facilitated the mapping of GOS distribution and identification of areas requiring supplementary GOS development. These results serve as valuable references for regional planning, ensuring adequate green space provision to mitigate the adverse effects of urbanization.
From mining to tourism: Sustainable management of the former mining area of Tebing Breksi
Authors: Saputra B , Fajri H , Pegi A L , Halawa H S , Renaldi I , Syolendra D F
Published: January 2025

Tebing Breksi is a former cliff rock mining site now designated as a geological heritage site conservation area. Since 2014, mining activities in this area have been stopped and transformed into tourism activities. The transformation of former mining areas like this often leads to environmental problems after the mining exploitation process is complete. However, the right approach can transform the area into an attractive tourism destination while maintaining environmental sustainability. This article will examine sustainable management strategies to transform former cliff mining areas into sustainable tourism destinations. Through a qualitative case study analysis and literature review, we identify best practices in designing and managing former cliff mining areas for sustainable tourism. The integration of economic, socio-cultural, and natural environmental factors must be explored to achieve sustainable tourism goals. Our findings show that with strong involvement from various stakeholders and targeted strategy implementation, transforming the former cliff mine area into a sustainable tourism destination is easily achievable while considering socio-cultural aspects. Ex-mining tourism activities provide significant economic and environmental benefits to local communities and the surrounding environment.
The potency of salt marshes for enhancing climate change adaptation and mitigation: Case study Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia
Authors: Mustofa Ikrom , Said Ramdlan M , Haru Radityo Suharyanto Hamzah
Published: January 2025

The purpose of this study is to gain an insight into how salt marshes in Kulon Progo, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, contribute to mitigation and adaptation to changing climates. Severe consequences from climate change are currently being experienced in Kulon Progo, such as bigger floods as well as problems to agriculture. Due to their location within land and sea, salt marshes provide an essential function of minimizing the risk of floods and coastal erosion in low-lying coastal areas. Additionally, these natural environments are very effective at storing carbon dioxide as they accumulate sediments which are rich in organic material. The primary objective of this study is to evaluate Kulon Progo’s salt marshes’ capacity for mitigation and adaptation to climate change. Methodologically, it involves the analysis of the protective and carbon-sequestering roles of salt marshes by a review of the scientific literature along with analysis of secondary data from local government sources. The findings show that salt marshes in Kulon Progo greatly reduce flood risks and act as important carbon sinks, contributing to climate resilience and sustainability. The discussion focuses on the need of enhancing salt marsh protection into local climate actions and initiatives, emphasizing their dual function in safeguarding coastal towns from shoreline erosion and lowering atmospheric carbon levels. The findings indicate that protecting and restoring salt marshes could be a critical component in regional climate adaptation and mitigation plans, providing a nature-based solution to the complex issues due to climate change in coastal areas.
Improving pavement structure at signalized intersections to reduce gas emissions
Authors: Widya Putri Rhahmadani , Yulianto Budi , Setyawan Ary
Published: January 2025

Road defects often occur at signalised intersections, leading to reduced vehicle speeds and traffic congestion. Road damage has a direct impact on increasing fuel consumption and vehicle emissions. So a benchmark is needed to assess the condition of the pavement, one of which is the PCI (Pavement Condition Index) method. PCI is the level of pavement surface condition. If there is known damage, it is necessary to make efforts to improve the pavement structure. One of them is with the help of SPDM (Shell Pavement Design Method) software, which is software that functions to determine the performance of asphalt in the form of pavement thickness. The results showed road damage at a signalled intersection using the PCI method, so that recommendations for handling the damage can be found. From these recommendations, road structure improvements are carried out with overlays analysed using the SPDM application. The overlay thickness is obtained by subtracting the SPDM design thickness and the total design thickness of the flexible layer. The result is the overlay thickness on Tentara Pelajar Road 49 mm, West Diponegoro Road 75 mm, and East Diponegoro Road 74 mm. Improvements to the pavement structure at signalised intersections can reduce vehicle gas emissions.
How parental education and financial savvy drive college students toward a green economy?
Authors: Mei Damayanti Rosita , Yuniarti Utami Eva , Pramesti Diah
Published: January 2025

To understand green economy literacy and awareness, this study tries to understand the relationship between parental education level, student financial literacy, student access to financial information and personal financial management experience. The green economy is an economic system for sustainable development concerned with the environment. Since it is becoming increasingly relevant today, the young generation, particularly college students, is at the forefront of this change in making decisions that have financial and environmental implications. However, the factors influencing their understanding and awareness of the green economy are poorly understood. The study uses 278 samples of vocational students. The results show that student financial literacy and access to financial information affect green economy literacy and awareness. However, parental education and student experience in financial management, as well as demographic characteristics such as age, gender, student’s semester, and financial course experience, do not affect the green economy. The findings of this study could have significant implications for universities and policymakers. The university needs to increase student engagement in the green economy by fostering students’ financial literacy, while policymakers must conduct active campaigns to promote the green economy.
Study of Milangasri Landfill management system for improved function and cost efficiency
Authors: Parama Astirin Okid , Suryanto  , Sarjiyanto  , Ardo Tanjung , Purwanti Eny , Mega Rahmawati Widya
Published: January 2025

Milangasri Landfill is the only landfill in Magetan Regency, East Java. The capacity of the landfill has been overloaded so that efforts are needed to manage landfill waste or renew the location of the landfill. Landfill mining can be a solution to reuse landfill that begins with the extraction of mineral and energy resources. This study aims to assess the economic feasibility and potential application of several waste management technologies at Milangasri Landfill, Magetan. The results of the economic feasibility calculation, investment in the Milangasri landfill of 50 billion will result in a 4th year Break Even Point (BEP) of 9,143 billion rupiah. If the project is continued, the 10th year waste will generate 98,975 billion rupiah. Therefore, waste management with Enhance Landfill Mining (ELFM) can have a positive impact on the environment and open up investment opportunities for the private sector.
The impact of land use patterns on water quality in the Cikapundung sub-watershed
Authors: Firdayati Mayrina , Ahwan Al-Farisi Fauzan , Virtriana Riantini , Adi Kuntoro Arno
Published: January 2025

Cikapundung River divides the city of Bandung, one of popular Indonesia’s tourist and educational destinations. The watershed land cover has drastically changed in the last twenty years. This study integrates water quality analysis across the Cikapundung sub-watershed, assessing various physical, chemical, and biological indicators impacted by land use practices. Critical sources of pollution identified include domestic waste, agricultural runoff, industrial discharge, and unpaved riverbanks. Results indicate that numerous parameters exceed Indonesian Government Regulation No. 22/2021 Class II thresholds, notably total dissolved solids, biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, Fe, Mn, oil and grease, hydrogen sulfide, MBAS, total coliform, E.coli, and fecal coliforms. The total coliform concentration ranged from 9.25×103 to 5.56×108 MPN/100 mL, fecal coliforms from 7.6×102 to 2.53×107 MPN/100 mL, TSS from 4 to 276 mg/L, and TDS from 88.4 to 1111.15 mg/L. Pollution levels varied across river segments, showing moderate to severe upstream and downstream contamination over three sampling periods. The pollution index ranged from 5.26 to 16.77 across the watershed. This research emphasizes the urgency of implementing pollution control measures and sustainable land use practices to safeguard water quality in the Cikapundung sub-watershed. Its findings provide valuable insights for policymakers and environmental managers to formulate effective watershed management and protection strategies.
Firm characteristics and environmental performance: Evidence from ASEAN-5 countries
Authors: Saktiawan Bimo , Risfandy Tastaftiyan , Suam Toro Juan
Published: January 2025

Issues regarding environmental performance have become important recently. Moreover, after the Paris Agreement, it encouraged global attention to desire and responsibility for the environment. This issue puts pressure on companies to carry out their business activities responsibly so that they can report environmental performance well as a form of legitimacy. This research examines company characteristic factors, especially firm profitability, firm size, and firm size, which can influence environmental performance in five Southeast Asian countries: Indonesia, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand, and the Philippines—using unbalanced panel data of 748 companies from 2013 to 2022, from Thomson Reuters. The research results show that the three company characteristics, size, and age, show significant positive results. This means that the bigger or longer the company has been around, the better its environmental performance. Meanwhile, company profitability produces significant negative results. The more companies focused on gaining profits, the lower their environmental performance. When companies focus on increasing their profits, they tend to neglect and avoid environmental performance because of the costs it causes. The research findings are expected to provide input for companies and governments to determine effective policies between business organizations and environmental performance integration within them.
Predicting the spatial distribution of salt-affected soil using Sentinel-2 in coastal area of Demak Regency
Authors: Kricella Pronika , Danoedoro Projo , Budi Wibowo Sandy
Published: January 2025

The distribution of salt-affected soil in Indonesia is difficult to locate because there are no main characteristics such as soil parent material, climate type, and evaporation rate. This study aimed to assess the spatial distribution of salt-affected soil in coastal area of Demak Regency using several salinity indices of Sentinel-2. Salt-affected soil distribution was identified by regressing electrical conductivity of soil samples with normalized difference salinity index (NDSI), normalized difference index (NDI), and salinity index (SI). A total of 30 soil samples taken from the coastal area of Demak Regency was examined for their electrical conductivity values to be used as training samples. The result showed that NDSI was more sensitive in mapping salt-affected soil with coefficient of determination of 0.23, standard error of estimate of 1.47 dS/m, and RMSE of 1.42 dS/m. The salt-affected soil distribution map indicated that electrical conductivity values in coastal area were higher compared to inland area with electrical conductivity ranged from 0 to 7.98 dS/m.
Spectroradiometer data of dominant tree species on the mangrove ecosystem in Central Java, Indonesia
Authors: Segah Hendrik , Wirasatriya Anindya , Lusia Agus Elsa , Hirose Kazuyo , Takeda Tomomi
Published: January 2025

Remote sensing applications in precision identification of agriculture and forest vegetation have been steadily increasing in recent years due to improvements in spatial and spectral resolutions of remotely sensed imagery. This research aims to analyse and identify the dominant species on the mangrove ecosystem in Timbulsloko Village, Central Java Province (Indonesia) and to develop the spectral library of individual tree of mangrove-forest using a ground-based spectroradiometer. The measurements of the reflectance spectra of ground vegetation were performed by an Analytical Spectral Devices (ASD) FieldSpec Pro-FR Spectroradiometer (FieldSpec 3 FR) with a spectral range of 350-2500 nm and a rapid data collection time of 0.1 second per spectrum. The instrument uses three detectors spanning the visible and near infrared (VNIR) and shortwave infrared (SWIR1 and SWIR2). The FieldSpec spectroradiometer is specifically designed for field environment remote sensing to acquire visible near-infrared (VNIR) and short-wave infrared (SWIR) spectra. The results of field measurements have succeeded in collecting more than 1,500 spectral data from the dominant species of the mangrove ecosystem at the research location, namely Avicennia alba, Avicennia marina, Rhizophora mucronata, and the white reference. We found that the significant spectrum information found in hyperspectral remote sensing data will be very useful for plant mapping, monitoring, and categorization. An effective approach for classifying plant species is the automated interpretation of remote sensing data using a spectral library.
Evaluation of slum upgraded housing for low-income community in Kampung Mojo, Surakarta
Authors: Bayu Ardhiawan Andrea , Nurul Handayani Kusumaningdyah , Musyawaroh Musyawaroh
Published: January 2025

Indonesia is experiencing rapid urbanization growth, leading to an increase in slums in the city center. Since 2015, the government has addressed this issue through the KOTAKU program. In Surakarta City, the program encompasses four areas, including eks HP 00001 in Mojo Village, Pasar Kliwon District. Following the implementation of the slum upgrading program, residents began returning to the area in 2022. Over time, modifications to the basic housing infrastructure have been made to enhance the comfort of activities within the homes, a response to adaptation strategies. This study aims to determine the performance of houses within a slum upgrading project after being occupied for two years. The research method used is qualitative rationalistic by taking samples of houses that function with domestic activities and home-based enterprises. The findings reveal physical changes, such as the addition of mezzanine spaces and exterior materials for thermal comfort. These changes are also influenced by the community’s socio-economic and cultural factors, including the incorporation of business spaces. This change presents challenges in accommodating activities within the community. The evaluation can serve as a foundation for formulating policies and recommendations for healthy and comfortable affordable housing units.
Renewable Energy in the Western Balkans and EU Policy: Pathway to Regional Net-Zero
Authors: Rajić Milena , Quaranta Emanuele , Kuriqi Alban , Kasiulis Egidijus
Published: January 2025

The six Western Balkan countries (WB6), which include Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo, Montenegro, North Macedonia, and Serbia, are in a critical phase of their development and face various economic, political and environmental challenges. Political uncertainties, economic imbalances, and institutional weaknesses have hindered their progress in achieving sustainable development goals. Among these challenges, the energy sector stands out as a priority due to its significant impact on economic growth, climate change, and environmental sustainability. The energy landscape in the region is dominated by conventional and non-renewable energy sources, leading to concerns about energy security and environmental degradation. Dependence on fossil fuels exposes these countries to volatile energy prices and increases their contribution to greenhouse gas emissions. There is an urgent need to develop cleaner and sustainable energy sources to promote economic growth while mitigating the harmful effects of climate change. Hydropower capacity in the WB6 countries is estimated to be significant and offers the opportunity to generate clean energy. A comprehensive overview of the hydropower potential in the WB6 countries considers factors such as river systems, water availability, topography, and technical capabilities. The promotion of renewable energy, especially sustainable hydropower, is central to achieving a sustainable future in the WB6 countries. By harnessing their hydropower potential and addressing environmental and social concerns, these countries can boost their economic growth, combat climate change, and improve their energy security for a prosperous and sustainable future.
Effect of nozzle arrangement on heat dissipation performance and mechanical efficiency loss of bionic texture gear
Authors: Zhang Ziqiang , Li Junye , Zou Tiangang , Hou Wei , An Yuanyuan , Liu Jianhe
Published: January 2025

Friction and wear are key issues in gear meshing. Lubrication, therefore, is used to reduce heat. The position and direction of the flow of the lubrication determined by the way the nozzles are injecting the fluid and by the texture on the flanks of the teeth, both have an influence on the heat transfer. Furthermore, the geometric characteristics of the tooth texture influences the friction behaviour directly. This article presents investigations on the impact of the tooth texture on wear. A proposal to prepare the tooth flanks with arc shaped grooves is made presenting the manufacturing process. Different measurements to determine the tooth flank texture and the friction are performed. Measurements showed that the arc groove gear had lower friction coefficients, wear depth, surface roughness Ra, and maximum tooth profile peak height Rq compared to conventional gears. The dynamic process of gear meshing is simulated by FEM analysis to understand the physics of heat flow and friction in detail, which revealed that the arc groove gear had reduced sliding distance, contact pressure, and wear depth, along with a higher convective heat transfer coefficient. Based on the measurement results of orthogonal test, two different nozzle arrangements are predicted: one is linear regression prediction (nozzle arrangement (A), and the other is nonlinear particle swarm optimization neural network prediction (nozzle arrangement (B). By measuring the torque loss value under the two nozzle arrangement conditions, it is found that the nozzle arrangement B is the best arrangement. The specific parameters are: injection distance is 56.0674 mm, injection angle is 8.4527°, nozzle diameter is 3.3955 mm, and pinion speed is 3000 r min−1. Under this condition, the mechanical efficiency loss is reduced by 94.48%.
Demonstration of GaN HEMT with Cu-based Ti/TiN/Cu Ohmic metal and TiN/Cu gate metal: comparison with Au-based device
Authors: Chang Bei Rong , Yang Chih Yi , Dee Chang-Fu , Chang Edward Yi
Published: January 2025

In this study, GaN high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) on silicon substrate was utilized Cu-based metal for the ohmic contacts (Source and Drain terminals) and the Schottky contact (Gate terminal) as part of the metallization process. Furthermore, the same epi-wafer was used in this study to fabricate Au-based HEMTs, which served as control samples. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis comparing Ti/TiN/Cu ohmic contacts of Cu-based HEMT to Control sample. The Au-based Ohmic contact forms rough surfaces, discrete TiN islands, and defects in the AlGaN layer, potentially degrading device reliability. The Cu-based Ohmic contact features a smooth surface, minimal defects in the AlGaN layer, a stable Ti/TiN interface, and effective prevention of Cu diffusion, enhancing device reliability and scalability. The specific contact resistance (ρ
c) of the Cu-based and Au-based ohmic contact metals produced in this study were 6.68 × 10−6 Ω-cm2 (2.04 Ω mm−1) and 9.64 × 10−6 Ω-cm2 (2.06 Ω mm−1), respectively. In addition, compared with the Cu-based and Au-based HEMT components in this study, the Cu-based HEMT, which used TiN/Cu Gate metal, exhibited excellent electrical characteristics (IDS: 1023 mA mm−1, Gm: 570 mS mm−1). Through reliability testing, it was confirmed that the Cu-based Gate metal does not cause Vth shift or affect IDS. The fT and fmax of the Cu-based HEMT were 33.0 GHz and 99.6 GHz, respectively, which were 12.6 GHz (61.8%) and 26.1 GHz (35.5%) higher than the fT and fmax of the control sample (Au-based HEMT). This increase demonstrated that the Cu-based HEMT achieved higher switching speeds, enhancing its suitability for high-frequency applications. The Cu-based HEMT components achieved the same characteristics as Au-based HEMT components under frequency measurements. In future development of low-cost systems, copper-based HEMT components will play an important economic role.
Agencies of transition: why German coal workers are not accepting an energy transition despite social provisions
Authors: Kleinheisterkamp-González Nicole
Published: January 2025

This study explores the complexities of Germany’s energy transition, focusing on coal workers and their unions. Drawing from labor geography, the article examines how workers navigate the challenges of the coal phase-out. Despite strong union representation, co-determination rights, and negotiated economic provisions, coal workers express significant concerns about industry restructuring. These concerns are categorized into two main areas: personal futures and the broader societal impacts of the transition. Workers fear deindustrialization, social decline, and an exacerbation of austerity effects, leading to a prevalent rejection of Germany’s green transition. Additionally, a rightward political shift has been observed, which is linked to fears of social decline. This study highlights the importance of considering these factors in policy discussions, advocating for a just transition that addresses both the immediate material anxieties and the broader societal impacts experienced by workers.
The Global Solutions to a Cartan’s Realization Problem
Authors: Fernandes Rui , Struchiner Ivan
Published: January 2025

We introduce a systematic method to solve a type of Cartan’s realization problem. Our method builds upon a new theory of Lie algebroids and Lie groupoids with structure group and connection. This approach allows to find local as well as complete solutions, their symmetries, and to determine the moduli spaces of local and complete solutions. We illustrate our method with the problem of classification of extremal Kähler metrics on surfaces.
Power: A Foundational Look
Authors: Jacques Keilah A
Published: January 2025

Although power is often conceptualized as the ability to influence, define, and determine; systems of power, as a concept, speaks to the sociopolitical agreements of populations and the interconnected actions of power players. A personal and professional orientation to how power is used, shifts, challenges, and changes requires an explicit connection to the construction of power at the micro-, meso- (mezzo), and macro-levels. It also requires attention to the role power imbalances play in creating inequities across the social determinants of health. This chapter uses a sociocultural perspective to show how power is constructed through ideology, culture, and codes and builds a conceptual framework for seeing, naming, and reimagining orientations to power. In doing so, this chapter challenges instructors, practitioners, and researchers to reflect on how power influences their own pedagogy practices and provides a scaffolding for analyzing the sociopolitical systems and structures that form the context for illness and health.
Examining the Coin of Privilege in Health and Healthcare
Authors: Phenix Angie , Smith Meredith , Beavers Lindsay , Nixon Stephanie
Published: January 2025

In discussions of equity, inclusion, and diversity in healthcare, we often frame the problem to be addressed as marginalized individuals or communities. Furthermore, we typically fail to recognize that the same systems that bring harm to the health of some also actively benefit the health of others. The “coin model of privilege and critical allyship” seeks to address this misunderstanding and offers a basis for a more coherent power analysis by translating core concepts in antioppression that relocate the problems to be addressed as (1) systems of oppression and (2) the complicity of people in positions of unearned advantage in upholding these unjust systems. First, we introduce the coin model as the basis for building a more coherent power analysis. Second, we use ideas in the coin model to illustrate how actions we take in the health sphere can help move us all toward transformation as opposed to reentrenching it.
Privilege and Intersectionality Frameworks in Public Health
Authors: Bauer Greta
Published: January 2025

While health education and research have increasingly included a role for stigma and discrimination in impacting health, two additional theoretical frameworks have the potential to expand our understanding of how social power shapes health. These concepts are social privilege and intersectionality. Privilege is conceptualized as not simply the absence of stigma and discrimination but, rather, as taking seven forms. Intersectionality explains why a position that is generally privileged or marginalized may not, in fact, be so when considered in relation to other social positions in specific social contexts. This chapter provides a set of thinking tools for those in public health research, health promotion, health education, and health systems. These tools can assist us in better incorporating understandings of how systems of social power pattern the public’s health in different ways for those whose lives are lived out at different intersectional social locations.
Orienting Public Health Pedagogy: Using Anti-oppression Tools for Teaching Privilege and Health
Authors: Jacques Keilah , aqil anushka , Lee Krystal , Mooney Graham
Published: January 2025

Public health is at a critical juncture of grappling with systemic oppression and its negative impact on health and well-being; however, public health students are not being systematically taught how to name and dismantle these systems of oppression. Recent studies have identified some of the reasons for this gap in public health curriculum and pedagogy, which include faculty feeling unprepared to hold space for and facilitate conversations on these topics. This chapter defines anti-oppression practices as an organizing method for public health pedagogy. The authors provide guidance on how instructors can wield the tools of anti-oppressive pedagogy. Further, it provides guidance on how to use anti-oppression and design courses that help students understand privilege and health. Recommended pedagogy tools include structural competence, transgressive teaching, competency-based learning, and critical praxis; curriculum tools include critical reflection, experiential learning, and collaborative teaching and learning.
Inclusive Classroom and Evaluation Activities
Authors: Morales Eric César , Dean Lorraine T
Published: January 2025

Examining privilege includes refusing to maintain an academic distance from the subject and engaging in deliberate self-reflection of one’s own positionality. We must commit to walking in that understanding for each stage of health research. This chapter offers practical illustrative exercises that require us to first acknowledge our privileged roles and account for them in the research we do. Exercises include ones that have been previously documented in the literature for public health practitioners and trainees, as well as examples that the book’s coauthors have used in their courses. This chapter also addresses commonly suggested activities that may create unintended harm (e.g., “stepping into the circle”) and offer alternatives that, in turn, seek to build coalitions that dismantle systems of privilege.