bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predestined Grace
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: May 2008

The pastoral problems of predestination arise because Augustine uses the concept of divine election to answer the question: why are some saved rather than others? For Protestants, this becomes a question about why some are converted rather than others, but as his treatment of the conversion of Paul shows, Augustine does not conceive of conversion as a once‐in‐a‐lifetime event. Nor does he think it assures us of eternal salvation, for we do not know in advance whether we will also receive the gift of perseverance in faith. The anxieties evoked by predestination stem ultimately from supercessionism, the doctrine that Christians replace the Jews as God's chosen people, which assumes, contrary to the biblical concept of election (as Karl Barth shows), that God's choices are bad news for those not chosen.
Introduction
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: May 2008

In expressionist semiotics outward signs signify inner things, but never adequately. For in its original form expressionist semiotics was an outgrowth of Augustine's Platonism, in which inner things of the soul are ontologically higher than bodily things and causal power always flows downward in a three‐tiered ontological hierarchy, from God to souls and then to bodies, which means bodies cannot change souls and nothing changes God. This ontological hierarchy and the Platonist axiom of downward causality are illustrated by characteristic passages from Augustine's writings, including the vision at Ostia and his famous account of how children learn words, as well as a less famous passage about why lectures are boring.
From Scepticism to Platonism
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: May 2008

A philosophical concept of signs first turns up in Augustine's early writings as part of a Hellenistic epistemological debate reported by Cicero, an advocate of the scepticism of the Academics. The Academics argue that no sensible appearance can serve as a sure criterion of truth because it may always have the same kind of ambiguity as a “common sign.” Augustine thinks that behind this scepticism hides Platonism, which undermines any claims to knowledge based on the senses. Whereas the “horizontal” similarity of sensible things to one another undermines all claims to empirical knowledge, Platonism recognizes a “vertical” similarity, the resemblance of sensible, “truthlike” things to intelligible truth found in a higher, unchanging realm where certainty is possible. Augustine later invents a new Platonist semiotics, in which sensible things may not only resemble but also signify intelligible things.
Conclusion
Authors: Cary Phillip
Published: May 2008

One can reject Augustine's inward turn without rejecting classical theism. The crucial alternative is to find the eternal being of God in external things, as in the Orthodox reverence for icons, the Catholic piety of the sacraments, the Protestant faith in the word of God, and, behind them all, the church's devotion to Christ's life‐giving flesh. This outward turn means finding God as another person, which is to say, someone outside us. It also means, contrary to liberal theology and the modern turn to experience, that Christian experience is not the source of Christian faith but is derived from external things in which we believe—external things that form our hearts by giving form to our life in community.
The Procession with the Trident (Triśūljātrā)
Authors: Michaels Axel
Published: May 2008

The Procession with the Trident (Triśūljātrā) is centre‐stage of this chapter that describes and analyzes this event during which children are symbolically impaled on a trident and transported upon processional litters to the limits of the city of Deopatan from where the participants in the procession shout words of abuse at the inhabitants of Kathmandu.
3 juana canabal antokoletz Trauma, Gender, and the Unfolding of the Unconscious
Authors: Antokoletz Elliott
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores personal and social factors in the development of trauma, the importance of mutual recognition and gender, and the relation to language and meaning. In Debussyés opera, it discusses language, developmental-social malattunement and trauma, fate and trauma, and an understanding of Mélisande based on a study of gender, trauma, and her social environment. Different perspectives are addressed in the pursuit of understanding Bartókés Bluebeard Opera, including the Bluebeard Ballad, its history, and cultural context. The relation of the librettist, Béla Balázs, to Bluebeard and Trauma is also scrutinized. The study of Bartok's opera is also based on historical and biographical notes. Consideration of a feminist view from a castle that is not, a re-evaluation of the Duke Bluebeard story within an autobiographical perspective, and a view from a door that was not, contributes to our reflections on modernity.
The Rude, the Vulgar, and the Polite
Authors: van der Merwe Peter
Published: May 2008

This chapter introduces the main concern of the book: the interaction of ‘rude’ (‘folk’), ‘vulgar’ (‘popular’), and ‘polite’ (‘art’) music, from about 1760 on. It deals, first, with the differentiation of these categories at this period, then with the neoclassical ethos and its ideal of the simple, natural, and (as we should now say) ‘accessible’, all of which entailed a new attitude to popular music. Whatever its ideals, in practice neoclassicism was highly eclectic. Its music made constant use of the popular, habitually setting it off against the learned.
The Nineteenth‐Century Vernacular
Authors: van der Merwe Peter
Published: May 2008

Nineteenth-century music spoke essentially the same language, regardless of national differences or height of brow. Its most fundamental feature was the increasing independence of melody, which made possible a ‘tonal counterpoint’ between melody and harmony, in which the melodic key was at odds with the harmonic one. Other common features were key mixture, progressive (harmonic) tonality (i.e., starting and ending in the different keys), and harmonic progressions dropping from fifth to fifth, often through a series of dominant chords. The subdominant chord became more important, sometimes taking over the functions of the dominant. Both melody and harmony became increasingly pentatonic, though sometimes in chromatic disguise. As the main structural procedure, antithesis tended to be replaced by climax, in the original sense of a series of statements of increasing emphasis. Especially important was the ‘cadential climax’ or graded cadences.
The Evolution of Resource Property Rights
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: May 2008

This book reacts to an economic literature which relies on theory to explain property rights. To correct this truistic approach the book traces the actual evolution by examining when, where, and how particular rights have acquired one or more of six characteristics. Coverage begins, for most resources, with rights acquired in the Norman Conquest, and examines their evolution in England and the US, as well as Canada and Australia. It is emphasized that it was the accumulation of these characteristics that made property rights more ‘complete’. The book is divided into four main parts. Each part surveys the history of individual rights held by owners and users of one of four natural resources: flowing water, fisheries, minerals, and timber. Coal and petroleum rights get their own chapter. Ocean fisheries' rights are an example. For centuries fishing had been ‘common property’. Government reinforced a public right of fishing with such enactments as Magna Carta. Nevertheless, since the nineteenth century most fishermen's rights have obtained some of the exclusivity characteristic. The book identifies episodes featuring a ‘demand’ for increases in a right's characteristics or/and a increase in ‘supply’ by courts, government, and custom. Half the resource chapters are devoted to rights to use public (Crown) lands; half are devoted to private rights on private lands.
3 Rights over Flowing Water
Authors: Scott Anthony , Coustalin Georgina
Published: May 2008

This chapter follows the evolution of rights to use or enjoy streams and lakes. It distinguishes legally ‘land-based’ systems from those that are ‘use-based’. Tracing the alternation or cycling of these two systems in four countries, and beginning with a brief survey of Roman water law it shows that that medieval English law regarded rights over fresh water as a continuation of rights over the adjoining land. A change to use-based rights began when mill-owners ‘demanded’ that their water rights be interpreted by the courts to protect private title to a flow; this was accomplished in the Industrial Revolution by recognizing priority in use. This prior-use concept was found inadequate and in the next phase the English courts swung back to a land-based right, adopting ‘natural’-flow and ‘reasonable’-use criteria to decide which cities and factories should have rights. The chapter follows these phases abroad. It describes the western-lands invention of the appropriative-rights doctrine in the US, and its adaptation elsewhere. Throughout, the chapter also refers to changes in ‘prescriptive rights’ to water, distinguishing them from those in the prior-use and prior-appropriation phases.
5 Mineral Disposal and Mining Rights to 1850
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: May 2008

This chapter begins by describing medieval mineral right regimes. The miner gained a lease-type tenure. That the tenure's characteristics changed and this is best explained by the landlords' changing demands. In much of continental Europe owners resisted the ‘Roman’ system, a doctrine that for a thousand years supported the monarch's assertion of title to all mines. In France Turgot, then Napoleon, weakened this doctrine. England ignored the Roman precedent, until in 1568 the Case of Mines gave the Crown rights over precious metals. Both doctrines were carried to leasing and concessions in the American colonies. Gold rushes in Brazil and in Siberia confirmed state jurisdictions. Before 1850 in the US on western federal public lands minerals were disposed of less as a source of state revenue than as part of economic development. With the Industrial Revolution mines were being opened everywhere, some leased on private land, some sold from Crown public lands. The two types of landlords offered rights with different bundles of characteristics.
9 Rights over Coal, Oil and Gas
Authors: Scott Anthony
Published: May 2008

After briefly surveying changing coal-mining law, this chapter concentrates on the evolution of petroleum rights. On American public lands rights first came under the placer Mining Law. This was unsuitable for a fluid resource and, urged on by Conservationists Roosevelt reserved most public-land petroleum. In 1920 new licensing legislation distinguished between areas containing known geological structures (KGS) and wildcat areas (UGS). On KGS, leases were to be apportioned by competitive bidding. On UGS the applicant got an exploration permit, then with discovery success a production lease and/or a patent. In the 1930s the US abandoned two-stage procedures but other countries retained them. New fields were subjected to government controls of well spacing and pro-rationing, unless they were unitized. The chapter then surveys the evolution of oil rights on private land — usually royalty-paying drilling leasing. In disputes between farmer and driller the courts sometimes discerned ‘implied’ covenants forcing the tenant to drill more or pump more.
5 Conclusion
Authors: Osiander Andreas
Published: May 2008

The final chapter provides a general overview, in light of the findings of this study, of the manifestations and causes of systemic structural change in the history of western civilization. It argues that since the structural evolution of the western political system at large has consistently shown a path-dependent succession of unrepeatable stages, rather than variations on the underlying theme of the ‘state’, there can be no ‘grand theory’ of international relations or political systems in general: the search for nomothetic political theory, for timeless patterns in the historical record, is doomed to failure. Whatever their worth, present-day theory, such as Realism in International Relations, cannot validly invoke history as corroboration, nor offer predictions about the future.
Partisan Strife, 1583–1588: Holland and its Critics
Authors: Tracy James D.
Published: May 2008

Ardent Calvinists and refugees from the south blamed Holland for the loss of Flanders and Brabant; did not Holland's merchants batten on trade with the foe? Leicester thus found support for a more centralized government, but only briefly, for he lost credit by slighting local privileges. When he called on true patriots to rise up against Holland's urban oligarchies, there were only minor plots here and there; the more dangerous legacy of Leicester's brief tenure was a rash of garrison mutinies, but even this was manageable for a wealthy province. Meanwhile, Leicester's partisans promoted the novel doctrine of popular sovereignty. In response, Gouda's town attorney asserted that the urban oligarchies had ruled, through the states, since time out of mind. This was not a theoretically interesting answer, but it satisfied the needs of a nascent republic.
SYNCHROTRON X-RAY ABSORPTION TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Haibel Astrid
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the principles of synchrotron X-ray tomography. The technique exploits the different linear attenuation coefficients of the chemical elements present in a sample or, alternatively, the density differences for a given element. Thus, the image-forming signal is absorption contrast.
1 Joseph Priestley, Minister and Teacher
Authors: Wykes David L.
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the changes in Priestley's religious opinions against the background of his life, his work as a minister and teacher, and the impact of his theological and other ideas upon the development of modern Unitarianism. Topics discussed include Priestley's early life and education, his admission into the Daventry Academy; his early ministries: Needham Market and Nantwich; his invitation to become a tutor at Warrington Academy; his ministry at Mill Hill, Leeds; and his adoption of Unitarian opinions. It is argued that Priestley's most lasting contribution was his role in Unitarianism replacing Arianism as the main form of anti-Trinitarian speculation in Britain.
5 Joseph Priestley and the Complexities of Latitudinarianism in the 1770s
Authors: Ditchfield G. M.
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines one of the most significant ways in which, through his published work and unpublished correspondence, Priestley had constructed for himself a reputation as a forceful and at times acerbic author. Its chosen method of so doing involves a particular illumination of one of the best known religious and political phenomena of the 18th century: the affinity between Anglican latitudinarianism and Protestant dissent, an affinity developed in response to the perception of a common threat from high churchmen of the generation of Francis Atterbury (1663–1732) and Henry Sacheverell (1674?-1724). Even with the mid-century decline of party strife at the national level, many local constituency conflicts were still fuelled by a clash of interests between those of a high church persuasion, and an alliance of low churchmen and dissenters. It is argued that during the 1770s that alliance was placed under considerable pressure, and that the complexities which it involved can be illustrated by focusing on the controversy between Priestley and Benjamin Dawson (1729–1814), at that time the rector of Burgh in Suffolk.
Covalent Bonding in Molecules
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung
Published: May 2008

This chapter covers covalent bonding in small molecules, starting from hydrogen molecule ions and hydrogen molecules, and then proceeding to homonuclear and heteronuclear diatomic molecules, and linear triatomics. Using the hydrogen molecule as the prototype, the bonding of this molecule is treated by the molecular orbital and valence bond theories. The difference between these two models is discussed in detail. In addition, since both methods are approximate, refinement of the approximation will lead to identical results. The hybridization theory is also discussed, and several systems that may be effectively dealt with by this theory are provided. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the Hückel molecular orbital treatment of conjugated polyenes. The wavefunctions of the polyenes are used to predict the products of the cyclization reactions of the polyenes.
Structural Chemistry of Group 14 Elements
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the basic organic crystal structures, starting with the allotropes of carbon. It then covers the (aliphatic, aromatic, and fullerenic) compounds of carbon and the bonding in these compounds. The abnormal carbon-carbon single bonds, complexes containing a naked carbon atom, and complexes containing naked dicarbon ligands are discussed. The subsequent sections are on the chemistry of silicon (including silicates, silicide, etc.), halides, oxides, polyatomic anions, and organometallic compounds of the heavier members of Group 14 (germanium, tin, and lead).
Structural Chemistry of Group 16 Elements
Authors: Li Wai-Kee , Zhou Gong-Du , Wai Mak Thomas Chung
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on the first two elements of the group: oxygen and sulfur. There is a section each on dioxygen and ozone, oxygen and dioxygen coordination compounds, and structure of water and ices (including protonated water species). For sulfur, coverage includes its allotropes and polyatomic sulfur species, metal complexes with sulfide anions as ligands, and oxides and oxoacids of sulfur. Finally, there is a section on the allotropes and stereochemistry of selenium and tellurium, as well as the polyatomic anions and cations of these elements.
Apuleius in the High Middle Ages
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores Apuleian influence in the Middle Ages. The importance of Monte Cassino in preserving (and providing early responses to) Apuleius' works is discussed. Evidence is presented that the most educated minds of the period could (re-)create Apuleian effects through their imitation of narrative and descriptive sources (such as the De nuptiis), which were themselves suffused with Apuleian themes and diction.
The Golden Asse of William Adlington (1566)
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on William Adlington's translation of The Golden Ass. It argues that Adlington gave English readers a reasonably complete, adequately accurate, and eminently readable Ass, unburdened by the weight of Beroaldo's commentary or the exegetical yoke of Fulgentius, Boccaccio, and Michel, but spared the emasculating knife wielded by Boiardo, Firenzuola, and la Bouthière.
Shakespeare's Bottom and Apuleius' Ass
Authors: Carver Robert H. F.
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses Apuleian influences in Shakespeare's works. It argues that although it may appear that Shakespeare's natural genius made him a particularly acute reader of The Golden Ass, the accumulated evidence of Apuleian presence in the Shakespearian corpus suggests that The Golden Ass exerted a profound influence, providing a rich resource of interactive elements which contributed to the proteanism of his own dramatic art.
5 Political Satisfaction
Authors: Van Praag Bernard
Published: May 2008

This chapter applies the three-layer model of job satisfaction discussed in Chapter 4 to political satisfactions. A survey of political satisfaction in the Netherlands is studied, wherein an individual's satisfaction with government policy is considered analogous to life as a whole, and satisfaction with policies on health, employment, migration, income, etc., is analogous to the breakdown with respect to life domains. It is shown that political satisfaction may be broken down into a number of satisfactions with political aspects, i.e., political sub-domains. Political satisfaction is a significant component of general satisfaction with life as a whole.
1 Samuel Francis Wood: A London Tractarian
Authors: Pereiro James
Published: May 2008

This chapter contains a brief biographical study of Samuel Francis Wood, the author of the two appendices included at the end of the book. Wood's life and personality offer revealing insights into the character of the Oxford Movement. He had absorbed its ideals in all the freshness of the pre-Tractarian spring; they became second nature to him, shaped his intellectual and moral outlook, and were to inspire and steer his life after he left Oxford. Indeed it may be affirmed without exaggeration that in Wood may be found the ethos of the Oxford Movement embodied in a person.
Kripke's Theory of Truth (Strong Kleene Version)
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter is an exposition of the strong Kleene version of Kripke's fixed point semantics, and the theories of truth that can be obtained from it. Emphasis is put on the distinction between ‘external’ and ‘internal’ theories of the fixed points: the external theories keep classical logic, posit truth value gaps, and deny the existence of truth value gluts; whereas the internal theories are non-classical and neither assert nor deny the existence of gaps or of gluts. In fact, ‘gap’ and ‘glut’ are equivalent within these theories. The advantages of the internal theories over the external are stressed: primarily, internal theories make True(p) intersubstitutable with p, whereas external theories don't. At the same time, the internal Kripke theories are seriously lacking in expressive power.
Truth‐Value Gaps in Classical Theories
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter deals with classical theories that postulate truth value gaps, especially theories that accept the left-to-right half of the Tarski biconditionals. The theories divide into two types: Kleene-style gap theories and supervaluation-style gap theories (though the latter includes revision-theoretic gap theories as well); these are all ‘external theories’ of the corresponding model-theoretic constructions. Focus is put on the fact that all such theories declare themselves untrue. It is argued that saying that the problematic sentences ‘don't express propositions’ is unhelpful.
Truth‐Value Gluts in Classical Theories
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter deals with classical theories that postulate truth value gluts, especially theories that accept the right-to-left half of the Tarski biconditionals. The duality with gap theories is explored, and with it the question of whether the theories are notational variants. It is shown that these theories take modus ponens not to be truth-preserving. Reasons are given why this is not as debilitating as declaring one's axioms untrue. Still, glut theories like gap theories preclude truth from having its usual role in expressing agreement and disagreement.
A Second Interlude on Vagueness
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses the attempt to make sense of the notion of a question having no determinate answer within a classical-logic framework. It focuses in part on supervaluationism, especially the version that does not identify truth with super-truth but instead takes super-truth to define a notion of determinate truth. The chapter is sceptical of the philosophical payoff of supervaluationism and other classical-logic approaches to indeterminacy.
A Survey of Supervaluational and Revision‐Rule Theories
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter begins by mentioning some weaknesses in the supervaluationist theory of the previous chapter, especially regarding compositional principles. Some of the weaknesses can be improved upon by complications in the theory, and there are some choices of detail to be made. A classification is made between weak, medium, dual-medium, and strong supervaluation theories. Revision-rule theories are discussed and given an analogous classification.
Fixed Points and Revision Rules for Conditionals
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter looks at two ways of meeting the goal of naïvety. Yablo's is technically simpler, but involves extreme failures of intersubstitutivity of logical truths within conditionals. The alternative involves a revision-theoretic ideas, but applied to the conditional instead of the truth predicate, in combination with an iterated Kripke fixed point construction. A general non-triviality theorem is proved, and examples are given, especially to a ‘transfinite Liar hierarchy’.
More on Revision‐Theoretic Conditionals
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the ‘revisionist’ theory of the previous chapter more closely. It shows how to fit it into the semantic framework of Chapter 15, and gives an alternative modal semantics as well. It examines the laws and the non-laws of the conditional. It also explores some variations, including one that incorporates some of the ideas of the Yablo semantics but without the problems about intersubstitutivity.
Do Paracomplete Solutions Depend on Expressive Limitations?
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: May 2008

The chapter considers various versions of the charge that paradox has been avoided only by limiting the expressive power of the language. The charge that the language has no ‘exclusion negation’ but only ‘choice negation’ is rejected as incorrect. It is true that the language contains no negation or conditional that obeys all the classical or intuitionist laws, but it is argued that no language can coherently contain such operators. Two ingenious arguments by Wright and Restall, according to which we ought to be able to define intuitionist operators from fairly uncontroversial resources, are considered at length and rejected. In the case of the Restall argument, this involves some considerations about how to understand infinite conjunctions and disjunctions.
William Thomson: An Introductory Biography
Authors: McCartney Mark
Published: May 2008

This chapter presents a biography of William Thomson. Topics covered include his early years in Glasgow College, his experiences at Cambridge University, his election as the Chair of Natural Philosophy at Glasgow, creation of the Physical and Chemical Laboratories of University College North Wales, and his scientific achievements.
William Thomson's Determinations of the Age of the Earth
Authors: Wyse Jackson Patrick N.
Published: May 2008

This chapter focuses on William Thomson's involvement in debates concerning the age of the Earth in the 19th century. Thomson applied himself to determining the age of the Earth in three ways: the first was in relation to the Sun, and he attempted to estimate how long it had been shining and used this as a corollary for the age of the Earth. Secondly, Thomson investigated the effect that friction caused by tides might have had on the shape of the Earth. The third method took the secular cooling rate of the Earth, and it is for this work that Thomson is chiefly remembered in the geochronological field.
Against Disjunctivism
Authors: Lowe E. J.
Published: May 2008

This chapter formulates and argues for a version of the causal theory of perception that is incompatible with disjunctivism, and defends it against criticisms typically levelled at such a theory by disjunctivists, such as that it promotes scepticism and that it is unfaithful to the phenomenology of perception. It argues that far from disjunctivism being ontologically less extravagant than that causal theory of perception, the reverse is true, so that all things considered, the causal theory of perception is the superior theory and disjunctivism in the philosophy of perception should be rejected.
The Epistemic Conception of Hallucination
Authors: Siegel Susanna
Published: May 2008

Since disjunctivists when talking about perception deny that hallucinations and veridical perceptions have a common fundamental nature, they need some other way to account for the fact that these kinds of experiences can ‘seem the same’ from the inside. A natural response is to give a purely epistemic account of hallucination, according to which there is nothing more to hallucinations than their indiscriminability from veridical perceptions. This chapter argues that the epistemic conception of hallucination falters in its treatment of cognitively unsophisticated creatures, and that it cannot respect all the facts about what we can know on the basis of introspection.
On How to Act—Disjunctively
Authors: Dancy Jonathan
Published: May 2008

This chapter reconsiders Dancy's (2000) rejection of a disjunctive account of acting for a reason. It starts with a brief account of the marks of disjunctivism in general, to be used as a template, with special attention to issues raised in Dancy (1995) where it was suggested that the second disjunct of perceptual disjunctivism might be expressed substantially rather than merely as a state indistinguishable from the first disjunct. The chapter then considers the motivations behind a disjunctive account of acting for a reason, and also various other ways in which such accounts might be phrased, before concluding that none of them is successful. They are all either empirically false or philosophically challengeable. The suggestions made by Hornsby in her paper for the conference in Glasgow — of which this volume is in part a record — which amount to a disjunctive conception of ‘A φ-ed because she believed that p’, are then considered and it is argued that this account cannot be sustained. In a final section, Martin's reasons for insisting that the second disjunct in disjunctive accounts of experience must be conceived as whatever is indistinguishable from a perception, and not in more substantial terms, is considered one more time, and rejected.
In Defence of Disjunctivism
Authors: Neta Ram
Published: May 2008

McDowell has offered a particular epistemological argument in favour of one version of disjunctivism about perception. This argument has been prominently criticized by Crispin Wright, and the conclusion of the argument has been prominently criticized by Mark Johnston. This chapter rebuts both of those criticisms.
God and Mystery in Words
Authors: Brown David
Published: May 2008

This book uses the way in which poetry and drama have in the past opened people to the possibility of religious experience as a launching pad for advocating less wooden approaches to Christian worship today. So far from encouraging imagination and exploration, hymns and sermons now more commonly merely consolidate belief. Again, contemporary liturgy in both its music and its ceremonial fails to take seriously either current dramatic theory or the sociology of ritual. Yet this was not always so. Poetry and drama, the book suggests, grew out of religion, and therefore, the book proposes, creative potential needs to be rediscovered by religion.
1 Logos and Mystery
Authors: Brown David
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the competing pressures both within the history of Christianity and outside of it to move in two quite different directions: towards definition and containment in words on the one hand, and on the other towards mystery and what might almost be described as inexhaustibility. It begins by examining the creative possibilities inherent in both Logos and Kabbalah. It then discusses the sacraments.
4 Verbal and Visual Images
Authors: Brown David
Published: May 2008

This chapter suggests that the preacher's words have the capacity to act just as sacramentally as any image: to draw the listener into an experience of the God who is always present and ready to address us, whenever opportunity presents itself. It examines the positive sacramental side of preaching, then offers a comparison with the earlier, largely but by no means exclusively monastic tradition of illuminated books. Finally, it provides some assessment of the relative likelihood of either verbal or visual degenerating into idolatry.
5 Drama and Religion
Authors: Brown David
Published: May 2008

This chapter explores the history of the theatre and drama and its varying relationships with religious belief. It begins in the ancient world where the term ‘liturgy’ had its origins and where one such liturgical act was the staging of drama. It traces the revival of religious drama after its initial suppression by Christianity, not only in medieval mystery plays but also in now largely forgotten Reformation and Counter-Reformation drama. It then turns to baroque poetry and explores how disputes about ritual often reflected wider cultural change that is indebted to notions of theatre. Finally, it draws attention to the ways in which a relationship with religion continues, especially in the various theories that have been proposed about the value and purpose of drama.
7 Performance, Costume, Staging
Authors: Brown David
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the Church's liturgy. The analysis proceeds in four stages. First, the relevance of the ritual of bodily actions to performance of the liturgy is examined, then liturgical clothing as one small example of the complexity of the issues involved. The next section focuses on architecture and the relevance of such staging. The final section discusses liturgical change and the preservation of mystery.
From Asculum to Actium
Authors: Bispham Edward
Published: May 2008

Rome's once independent Italian allies became communities of a new Roman territorial state after the Social War of 91-87 bc. This book examines how the transition from independence to subordination was managed, and how — between the opposing tensions of local particularism, competing traditions, and identities, aspirations for integration, cultural change, and indifference from Roman central authorities — something new and dynamic appeared in the jaded world of the late Republic. The book charts the successes and failures of the attempts to make a new political community (Roman Italy), and new Roman citizens scattered across the peninsula — a dramatic and important story in that, while Italy was being built, Rome was falling apart; and while the Roman Republic fell, the Italian municipal system endured, and made possible the government, and even the survival, of the Roman empire in the West.
10Tota Italia: Remaking Italy?
Authors: Bispham Edward
Published: May 2008

Following the unification of Italy in the 19th century, Massimo d'Azeglio memorably articulated for the first session of parliament of the Kingdom of Italy the hardest task facing the new nation-builders: ‘We have made Italy: now we must make Italians’. Much the same problem confronted the Roman governing class in the decades following the Social War, although in this case there was no strong desire to create a new unified political entity embracing Italy, and no template other than the slow and piecemeal approach of municipal evolution between the 4th and 3rd centuries. This chapter draws together the threads of the preceding arguments, examining how far municipalization spread after the Social War, how it manifested itself over time, and how, if at all, a new Italy and new Italians were made.
Placing Modern Greece
Authors: Guthenke Constanze
Published: May 2008

This book offers a fresh look at one of the most tenacious features of Romantic Hellenism: its fascination with modern Greece as material and ideal alike. It suggests that literary representations of modern Greece, by both foreign and Greek writers, run on notions of a significant landscape. Landscape, as a critical term, is itself the product of the period when Greece assumed increasing importance as a territorial, political and modern entity. The implied authority of nature, in turn, follows its own dynamic and highly ambivalent logic of representation. Greece operated as a material symbol, one that shared the brittle structure of the Romantic image. To explicate this enabling structure this study draws on the critical writings of Herder, Schiller and the early Romantics, while grounding mainly German philhellenic writing in its cultural and political context. Main authors discussed are Friedrich Hölderlin and Wilhelm Müller, but also the first generation of Greek writers in the new nation state after 1821: Alexandros Rizos Rangavis, Panagiotis Soutsos, Andreas Kalvos and Dionysios Solomos. To enlist authors challenged to write from within the place of Greece allows not only a new take on the problematic imagery of Greece, but also gives a new dimension to the study of Hellenism as a trans-national movement.
Nature in Arms: German Philhellenism, its Literature, and the Greek War of Independence
Authors: Güthenke Constanze
Published: May 2008

One of the guiding questions of this study is whether a change took place in the representation of the Greek land with the emergence of the Greek nation state. This chapter looks at the strategies that politicize Greek nature and make it relevant to a German context after the outbreak of the Greek War of Independence in 1821. Greece was declared different from other national movements, and, according to the Romantic correspondence with nature, it was not the Greeks but Greek nature that liberated itself, enhancing its special position. The same imagery allowed for reflection on the German poetic voice and its standpoint in a politically conservative climate. One of the most prominent textual strategies is the use and notion of folk song. The main textual body is the popular poetry of Wilhelm Müller, supplemented with material from political pamphlets and geographical accounts.
Introduction
Authors: Russell Gillian
Published: May 2008

This chapter introduces and motivates study of the analytic/synthetic distinction, and provides a brief history of that distinction. It also contains some preliminaries which will be of use in the rest of the book.
Beyond Modality
Authors: Russell Gillian
Published: May 2008

A final problem left over from the previous chapter is that of substantive necessity. How are we to distinguish substantively necessary sentences from analytic ones? This problem arises because we have attempted to characterise analyticity in modal terms. This chapter proposes a more fine-grained ‘metaphysical picture’ of analyticity to underlie the rougher modal approximation developed in Chapter 2.
Institutionalization of different governmental patterns: separation and fusion of powers in America and Europe
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio
Published: May 2008

This chapter analyzes the institutionalization of different governmental patterns in America and the European nation-states, the former based on separation, the latter on the fusion of powers (institutional order). Topics discussed include the logic of separation and fusion of governmental powers, the institutionalization of the American separated system, and the institutionalization of the European fusion of power systems.
Compound democracy in America and Europe: comparing the USA and the EU
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio
Published: May 2008

This chapter compares the institutional structures and political processes of America and the EU. It is argued that the institutional structures and the political processes of the EU are quite different from those of its member-states, they are not so different from the institutional structures and political processes of America. Both the EU and America have institutional and functional properties proper to polities which need to take decisions but nevertheless lack a centralized decision-making process. This absence affects their foreign policy-making process, which is a crucial policy area in polities as large and powerful as America and the EU. Both have a pluralistic decision making structure which inevitably generates incongruent and contradictory outcomes.
9 The constitutionalization of the US and the EU compound democracies
Authors: Fabbrini Sergio
Published: May 2008

This chapter addresses the question of the constitutionalization of the EU. It shows that similarities and dissimilarities between the constitutionalism of the EU and that of America, along three levels of analysis. It discusses in detail the features of the CT signed in Rome in October 2004, stressing its coherence with the compound nature of the EU. Finally, the chapter deals with the contested process of its ratification.
13 Does the WTO Agreement on Agriculture Endanger Food Security in Sub‐Saharan Africa?
Authors: Gayi Samuel K.
Published: May 2008

This chapter examines the state of food security in Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), based on analysis of a selection of indicators of food security and nutritional well-being during the period 1990-2002 within the context of the WTO Agreement on Agriculture. It argues that it may be advisable for those SSA countries with both static and dynamic comparative advantage in agriculture to pursue policies towards ‘food self-sufficiency’ as a means to attain food security, considering their large rural farming population, at least until such time that international trade in agriculture is fully integrated into the WTO disciplines. This is particularly relevant in view of the fact that high agricultural protectionism in the north currently distorts price signals and thus the opportunity costs of allocating factors of production in these economies. The SSA countries that lack comparative advantage in agriculture may want to aim for a ‘food self-reliance’ strategy to attain food security.
Chronicle of Failures Foretold: Britain and Bulgar–Yugoslav Relations, 1939–1943
Authors: Livanios Dimitris
Published: May 2008

This chapter discusses two ‘failures’ of British foreign policy: the first concerns British attempts to construct a ‘neutral bloc’ in the Balkans, and bring about a rapprochement between Bulgaria and Yugoslavia. These efforts failed for many reasons, including Bulgarian irredentism, the mutual distrust between Sofia and Belgrade, and the role of Turkey. The British insistence on not offering Macedonia to the Bulgarians played little role in this, as King Boris thought that only Russia and Germany would seal the fate of his country. The second British failure was their grandiose wartime plans about the future of Bulgaria and Yugoslavia, which centred around the construction of a Balkan federation with the two countries (and Macedonia) as federal units. These plans reflected British wishful thinking rather than Balkan realities, and were abandoned after Russian opposition.
Introduction
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: May 2008

This introduction begins with a discussion of the principal claim of the book, which is that reference and truth have an explanatory role to play in the nature of understanding and concept-possession, an explanatory role that is deeper and more extensive than is commonly envisaged — either by opponents of truth-conditional theories, or even by some of their supporters. Part I of the book attempts to extract a general model of understanding from examples and defend it by its explanatory powers. Part II applies the general model outlined in Part I to various mental concepts. These include the concept of a subject of conscious states, and the concepts of perception and action, both bodily and mental. An overview of the succeeding chapters is presented.
Conceiving of Conscious States
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: May 2008

For a wide range of concepts, a thinker's understanding of what it is for a thing to fall under the concept plausibly involves knowledge of an identity. It involves knowledge that the thing has to have the same property as is exemplified in instantiation of the concept in some distinguished, basic instance. This chapter addresses the question: can we apply this general model of the role of identity in understanding to the case of subjective, conscious states? In particular, can we explain our understanding of what it is for someone else to be in a particular conscious state in terms of our knowledge of the relation of identity which that state bears to some of our own states?
Coptic Christology in Practice
Authors: Davis Stephen J.
Published: May 2008

This book is a study of ancient and medieval Christology. Employing a range of interdisciplinary methods derived from the fields of social history, discourse theory, ritual studies, and the visual arts, the book demonstrates how Christian identity in Egypt was shaped by a set of replicable ‘christological practices’. It traces the fascinating lines of the Coptic church's theological and cultural transition from late antiquity to Dar al-Islam. The book includes translations of Coptic and Arabic texts which allow non-specialists access to these important documents for the first time.
1 Incarnation and Ritual Practice in the Fifth‐Century Writings of Shenoute of Atripe
Authors: Davis Stephen J.
Published: May 2008

The mid-5th-century writings of the Upper Egyptian monk, Shenoute of Atripe (c.347–465 ce), provide a unique glimpse into the early reception of Alexandrian Greek Christology in a Coptic monastic setting. Shenoute spent a long period of his life as a monk, and over eighty years as the spiritual father of a federation of three monasteries in Upper Egypt, near the modern town of Sohag. This chapter analyzes Shenoute's doctrine of the Incarnation in its controversial, interpretative, and ritual-liturgical contexts.
Dumb Beasts and Dead Philosophers
Authors: Osborne Catherine
Published: May 2008

The book is about three things. First, how Ancient thinkers perceived humans as like or unlike other animals; second about the justification for taking a humane attitude towards natural things; and third about how moral claims count as true, and how they can be discovered or acquired. Was Aristotle was right to see continuity in the psychological functions of animal and human souls? The question cannot be settled without taking a moral stance. As we can either focus on continuity or on discontinuities, how should natural science draw the boundaries? Moral agents act and react in a world that they see under a certain description, and there is no value free science that can settle what is the correct description. This book asks us to think about where moral justification could come from, and suggests that the supposed ‘moral status’ of the object cannot provide the answer. For the moral status of the object is a product of our own imagination, and once we see that, we also see that there remains the question where we ought to have the will to see it. Furthermore, since the perception of moral truth involves the development of imagination and will, the means to attain it will be better served by engagement with poetry and literature than with enquiries that seek to exclude the engagement of the imagination, or any appeal to the beauty of nature or the love of one's fellow creatures.
Introduction: On William Blake, Nature, and Mortality
Authors: Osborne Catherine
Published: May 2008

This introductory chapter presents a discussion of Blake's ‘Auguries of Innocence’ and ‘The Fly’, and of an extract from Shakespeare's Henry IV Part One. It illustrates the claim that not all philosophical persuasion takes the form of academic argument; that literature can be more effective in this role; that moral understanding involves having one's sensibilities aligned with genuine value, so as to be able to see it right; and that science cannot tell us what to value, or how to construct a moral taxonomy. The chapter compares the appreciation of value in nature with the appreciation of value in art, and questions the idea that human life is of supreme value, just in virtue of being human.