bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exposure to Traumatic Events and the Behavioral Health of Children Enrolled in an Early Childhood System of Care
Authors: Snyder Frank J. , Roberts Yvonne Humenay , Crusto Cindy A. , Connell Christian M. , Griffin Amy , Finley Meghan K. , Radway Susan , Marshall Tim , Kaufman Joy S.
Published: December 2012

Children may be exposed to numerous types of traumatic events that can negatively affect their development. The scope to which studies have examined an array of events among young children has been limited, thereby restricting our understanding of exposure and its relationship to behavioral functioning. The current cross‐sectional study describes traumatic event exposure in detail and its relationship to behavioral health among an at‐risk sample of young children (N = 184), under 6 years of age, upon enrollment into an early childhood, family‐based, mental health system of care. Caregivers completed home‐based semistructured interviews that covered children's exposure to 24 different types of traumatic events and behavioral and emotional functioning. Findings indicated that nearly 72% of young children experienced 1 or more types of traumatic events. Multiple regression model results showed that exposure was significantly associated with greater behavioral and emotional challenges with children's age, gender, race/ethnicity, household income, and caregiver's education in the model. These findings highlight the prevalence of traumatic exposures among an at‐risk sample of young children in a system of care and suggest that this exposure is associated with behavioral and emotional challenges at a young age.
Is hunting an effective tool to control overabundant deer? A test using an experimental approach
Authors: Simard M. Anouk , Dussault Christian , Huot Jean , Côté Steeve D.
Published: December 2012

Overabundant populations of cervids have induced drastic negative effects on plant communities in several regions worldwide. Antlerless deer harvest by sport hunters has been proposed as a potential solution to overabundance because the philopatric behavior of female deer is expected to limit recolonization of hunted zones. The efficiency of this method, however, has rarely been tested in the wild. Using a large‐scale experimental design, we reduced white‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) density within 5 20‐km2areas on Anticosti Island (Québec, Canada). Our objective was to harvest 50% of antlerless deer in each site during the first year of the study in 2002, and 30% from 2003 to 2006. We monitored deer density, vegetation abundance and growth as well as deer life‐history traits during 6 years in these experimental sites and in 5 control sites where harvest rate was 5–7%. Overall, we achieved 93% of harvest objectives. Contrary to our expectations, however, deer density, vegetation abundance and growth, and deer life‐history traits did not vary differently in experimental and control sites during the study period. They rather varied stochastically but synchronously. We discuss several alternative hypotheses that may explain these results, including 1) compensatory mechanisms, 2) biases in density estimates, 3) limited access to territory for hunters, 4) large target areas for localized management, 5) low hunter density, 6) recolonization by surrounding deer, 7) slow plant response under canopy cover, and 8) bottom‐up mechanisms. Given the large efforts invested in this study, we conclude that the local control of abundant cervid populations through sport hunting may be difficult to achieve in many natural environments. © 2012 The Wildlife Society.
Preparation of Functional Water‐Soluble Low‐Cytotoxic Poly(methacrylate)s With Pendant Cationic L‐Lysines for Efficient Gene Delivery
Authors: Sun Jingjing , Luo Ting , Sheng Ruilong , Li Hui , Chen Shengdian , Hu Fangzhen , Cao Amin
Published: December 2012

In this work, we present the preparation of water‐soluble poly(methacrylate)s with pendant cationic L‐lysines PHMLs(6–30 K). Plasmid DNA binding affinity as well as particle sizes and zeta potentials of the polyplexes were examined for these PHML vectors, and their cytotoxicities were assayed with HeLa cells by CCK‐8 and lactate dehydrogenase kits. Gene transfection efficacy and intracellular uptake of the polyplexes by the PHML vectors were also studied with HeLa cells. As a result, it was revealed that the low cytotoxic PHMLs tended to exhibit gene transfection efficiencies significantly higher than those of the linear structural PLL (15–30 K) control, in particular the molecular weight of a PHML vector remarkably influenced its pDNA binding affinity, transfection efficacy and intracellular uptake of the polyplexes.

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Biocompatible Fibrous Networks of Cellulose Nanofibres and Collagen Crosslinked Using Genipin: Potential as Artificial Ligament/Tendons
Authors: Mathew Aji P. , Oksman Kristiina , Pierron Dorothée , Harmand Marie‐Françoise
Published: December 2012

Bio‐based fibrous nanocomposites of cellulose nanofibres and non‐crosslinked/crosslinked collagen were prepared by in situ pH‐induced fibrillation of collagen phase and sterilized using gamma rays at 25 KGy. Collagen phase is crosslinked using genipin, a bio‐based crosslinker that introduces flexible crosslinks. Microscopy studies of the prepared materials showed nanostructured fibrous collagen and cellulose dispersed in collagen matrix. Mechanical performance of the sterilized nanocomposites was close to that of natural ligament and tendon, in simulated body conditions. Cytocompatibility studies indicated that these nanocomposites allowed human ligament cell and human endothelial cell adhesion, growth, and differentiation; which is eminently favourable to ligament tissue engineering.

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Crystallization of a Polyamide 6/Montmorillonite Nanocomposite at Rapid Cooling
Authors: Mileva Daniela , Monami Andrea , Cavallo Dario , Alfonso Giovanni C. , Portale Giuseppe , Androsch René
Published: December 2012

The crystallization behavior of a polyamide 6/organo‐modified montmorillonite (PA 6/OMMT) nanocomposite has been investigated by scanning chip calorimetry and wide‐angle X‐ray scattering, with emphasis placed on the evaluation of the effect of supercooling/cooling rate on the crystal/mesophase polymorphism of the PA 6 matrix. Presence of OMMT has negligible effect on the kinetics of formation of α‐crystals of PA 6 at low cooling rate while there is observed enhanced nucleation of γ‐mesophase on fast cooling. Furthermore, addition of OMMT leads to a distinct increase of the cooling rate required to completely vitrify the amorphous state. The performed experiments demonstrate that the nucleating effect of OMMT in PA 6/OMMT nanocomposites is of particular importance at cooling conditions relevant in polymer processing.

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Cognitive, Emotional, and Sociocultural Processes in Consumption
Authors: Xie Chunyan , Bagozzi Richard P. , Østli Jens
Published: December 2012

This article examines deliberative, emotional, and sociocultural processes in consumption. The authors draw upon basic processes from two leading theories in social psychology, the theory of planned behavior (TPB) and the model of goal‐directed behavior (MGB), to develop a comprehensive approach to decision making more appropriate for many consumption decisions, and revise the representation and modeling of key variables to better reflect how social psychological processes relate to consumer behavior. A survey was conducted among real adult consumers of bacalhau in Portugal. Because it is most common for women to prepare bacalhau meals in Portugal, 153 female participants were recruited for this survey. The results show that the TPB, and especially the MGB, are found to explain food consumption decisions well but only after the approaches are modified in form and content to accommodate the complex emotional and social aspects of the consumption context. The results also show that the effects of key determinants of desire in the MGB are contingent on the traits of food involvement and cultural orientation (i.e., degree of vertical individualism). The approach taken herein overcomes limitations of existing theories by synthesizing relevant processes across two leading theories and by introducing new variables and processes, thereby showing that the organization of these processes and their contingency on cultural variables regulate consumption.
Aggregation of microglia in 2D with string gradient weighted moving finite elements
Authors: Wacher A. , Kaja S.
Published: December 2012

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a severe neurodegenerative disorder characterised by cognitive impairment and dementia. In the AD‐affected brain, microglia cells are up‐regulated and accumulate at senile plaques, the most prominent pathological feature of AD. In order to further study and predict the movement of activated microglia, we utilised their chemotactic properties. Specifically, we formulated the string gradient weighted moving finite element method for a system of partial differential equations in two dimensions, which includes nonlinear diffusion of a different variable found in chemotaxis models. The method was applied successfully to solve highly nonlinear chemorepulsion–chemorepellent models in two dimensions, and the results were compared with one‐dimensional results found previously in the literature. We conclude that the string gradient weighted moving finite element method is easily applied to chemotaxis models, in particular movement and aggregation of microglia, resulting in the ability to study the models extended in two dimensions efficiently. Our study highlights the feasibility and power of mathematical modelling to advance our understanding of pathophysiological processes in neurodegenerative diseases, including AD. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Efficient linear solvers for incompressible flow simulations using Scott‐Vogelius finite elements
Authors: Cousins Benjamin R. , Borne Sabine Le , Linke Alexander , Rebholz Leo G. , Wang Zhen
Published: December 2012

Recent research has shown that in some practically relevant situations like multiphysics flows (Galvin et al., Comput Methods Appl Mech Eng, to appear) divergence‐free mixed finite elements may have a significantly smaller discretization error than standard nondivergence‐free mixed finite elements. To judge the overall performance of divergence‐free mixed finite elements, we investigate linear solvers for the saddle point linear systems arising in ((Pk)d,P
k‐1disc) Scott‐Vogelius finite element implementations of the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations. We investigate both direct and iterative solver methods. Due to discontinuous pressure elements in the case of Scott‐Vogelius (SV) elements, considerably more solver strategies seem to deliver promising results than in the case of standard mixed finite elements such as Taylor‐Hood elements. For direct methods, we extend recent preliminary work using sparse banded solvers on the penalty method formulation to finer meshes and discuss extensions. For iterative methods, we test augmented Lagrangian and
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‐LU preconditioners with GMRES, on both full and statically condensed systems. Several numerical experiments are provided that show these classes of solvers are well suited for use with SV elements and could deliver an interesting overall performance in several applications.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
Convergence analysis of some high–order time accurate schemes for a finite volume method for second order hyperbolic equations on general nonconforming multidimensional spatial meshes
Authors: Bradji Abdallah
Published: December 2012

The present work is an extension of our previous work (Bradji, Numer Methods Partial Differ Equations, to appear) which dealt with error analysis of a finite volume scheme of a first convergence order (both in time and space) for second‐order hyperbolic equations on general nonconforming multidimensional spatial meshes introduced recently in (Eymard et al. IMAJ Numer Anal 30(2010), 1009–1043). We aim in this article to get some higher‐order time accurate schemes for a finite volume method for second‐order hyperbolic equations using the same class of spatial generic meshes stated above.

We derive a family of finite volume schemes approximating the wave equation, as a model for second‐order hyperbolic equations, in which the discretization in time is performed using a one‐parameter scheme of the Newmark's method. We prove that the error estimate of these finite volume schemes is of order two (or four) in time and it is of optimal order in space.

These error estimates are analyzed in several norms which allow us to derive approximations for the exact solution and its first derivatives whose the convergence order is two (or four) in time and it is optimal in space.

We prove in particular, when the discrete flux is calculated using a stabilized discrete gradient, that the convergence order is
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or
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(resp. k) is the mesh size of the spatial (resp. time) discretization. These estimates are valid under the regularity assumption
\documentclass{article}\usepackage{mathrsfs, amsmath, amssymb}\pagestyle{empty}\begin{document}\begin{align*}u\in C^4(\lbrack 0,T\rbrack;C^2(\overline{\Omega}))\end{align*} \end{document}, when the schemes are second‐order accurate in time, and
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The proof of these error estimates is based essentially on a comparison between the finite volume approximate solution and an auxiliary finite volume approximation. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Numer Methods Partial Differential Eq, 2013
Effect of deposited carbon nanotubes on interlaminar properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites using a developed spraying processing
Authors: Shan F.L. , Gu Y.Z. , Li M. , Liu Y.N. , Zhang Z.G.
Published: December 2012

Carbon fiber‐reinforced epoxy composites, with incorporated carboxylic multiwall carbon nanotubes (CNTs), were prepared using vacuum‐assisted resin infusion (VARI) molding, and the in‐plane and out‐of‐plane properties, including mode‐I (GIc) and mode‐II (GIIc) interlaminar fracture toughness, interlaminar shear strength (ILSS), tensile, and flexural properties were measured. A novel spraying technique, which sprays a kind of epoxy resin E20 with high viscosity after spraying the CNTs, was adopted to deposit the CNTs on the surface of carbon fiber fabric. The E20 was used to anchor CNTs on the fabric surface, avoiding that the deposited CNTs were removed by the infusing resin during VARI process. The spraying processing, including spraying amount and spraying sequence, was optimized based on the distribution of CNTs on the fibers. After that, three composite specimen groups were fabricated using different carbon fiber fabrics, including as‐received, CNT‐deposited with E20, and CNT‐deposited without E20. The effects of CNTs on the processing quality and mechanical properties of carbon fiber‐reinforced polymer composites were studied. The experimental results show that all studied laminates have uniform thickness with designed values and no obvious defects form inside the laminates. Compared with the composite without CNTs, depositing CNTs with E20 increases by 24% in the average propagation GIc, by 11% in the propagation GIIc and by 12% in the ILSS, while it preserves the in‐plane mechanical properties, However, depositing CNTs without E20 reduces interlaminar fracture toughness. These phenomena are attributed to the differences in the distribution of CNTs and the fiber/matrix interfacial bonding for different spraying processing. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Research on starch‐g‐polyvinyl acetate and epoxy resin‐modified corn starch adhesive
Authors: Nie Yanan , Tian Xiaocai , Liu Yanchang , Wu Kai , Wang Jikui
Published: December 2012

A new corn starch adhesive modified by starch‐g‐polyvinyl acetate (starch‐g‐PVAc) and epoxy resin is described in this study. Starch‐g‐PVAc is used as high cohesive energy component to improve the dry shear strength of the starch adhesive. Although the epoxy resin, which can easily crosslink with the oxidized starch, is used as water‐resistant component to improve the wet shear strength. Because there is no chemical reaction happening between polyvinyl acetate and epoxy resin, both the dry shear strength and the wet shear strength of the corn starch adhesive are notably increased. Considering all the related factors, the optimum of the modification is achieved when the dosage of starch‐g‐PVAc and epoxy resin is 70% of the oxidized starch latex with m(Ep): m(starch‐g‐PVAc) = 1:2. That is, the epoxy resin is 23% in mass fraction and starch‐g‐PVAc 47% in mass fraction. The dry shear strength is 4.50 MPa, and the wet shear strength is 2.51 MPa. The modified corn starch has a broad prospect in the application of plywood industry. POLYM. COMPOS., 2013. © 2012 Society of Plastics Engineers
Which is more effective for protein adsorption: surface roughness, surface wettability or swelling? Case study of polyurethane films prepared from castor oil and poly(ethylene glycol)
Authors: Akkas Tugba , Citak Cansu , Sirkecioglu Ahmet , Güner F Seniha
Published: December 2012

In order to investigate the effects of surface roughness, surface wettability and swelling on protein adsorption, polyurethane films were prepared from castor oil (CO) and poly(ethylene glycol)‐3000 (PEG) using one‐shot bulk polymerization. Hexamethylene diisocyanate and 1,4‐butanediol were used as isocyanate and chain extender, respectively. The hydrophilicity of the polyurethane films was adjusted by varying the ratio of CO to PEG. The surface of the polyurethane films was treated using plasma polymerization in the presence of acrylic acid vapour. Therefore, the polyurethane films could be obtained with the same hydrophilicity but with different roughness. The hydrophilicity of untreated and treated polymer films was examined using contact angle measurements. The surface topology of the polymer films was investigated using scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. Adsorption of bovine serum albumin and bovine serum fibrinogen on treated and untreated polymer films was determined and the performance of the films was compared. After evaluation of all results it is found that surface roughness and swelling are as important as hydrophilicity for protein adsorption in the case of CO/PEG‐based polyurethanes. © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Solid phase synthesis of peptide hydroxamic acids on poly(ethylene glycol)‐based support
Authors: Cal Marta , Jaremko Mariusz , Jaremko Łukasz , Stefanowicz Piotr
Published: December 2012

A novel resin designed for solid‐phase synthesis of peptide hydroxamic acids (PHA) combining the trityl linker with poly(ethylene glycol)‐based support, ChemMatrix® type, is described. The synthesis of PHA can be performed according to a standard protocol, providing products in excellent purity and reasonable yields. Copyright © 2012 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectral flow for Aharonov–Bohm rings generated by zero‐mass lines
Authors: Tudorovskiy Timur , Nazaikinskii Vladimir E. , Katsnelson Mikhail I.
Published: December 2012

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We found that the spectrum of the linear dispersion mode localized along the zero‐mass line (ZML) for variable mass Dirac fermions shows the nonzero spectral flow as a function of the external magnetic field B. This happens due to the Aharonov–Bohm effect, leading to the linear dependence of every eigenvalue on B. The nonzero spectral flow allows to use the magnetic field slowly varying in time to control the energy of the linear dispersion mode.

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Illustration of the Aharonov–Bohm ring generated by the ZML. The particle is shown on the mass‐square landscape

(© 2013 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Gaussian quadrature 4D‐Var
Authors: Stappers R. J. J. , Barkmeijer J.
Published: December 2012

A new incremental four‐dimensional variational (4D‐Var) data assimilation algorithm is introduced. The algorithm does not require the computationally expensive integrations with the nonlinear model in the outer loops. Nonlinearity is accounted for by modifying the linearization trajectory of the observation operator based on integrations with the tangent linear (TL) model. This allows us to update the linearization trajectory of the observation operator in the inner loops at negligible computational cost. As a result the distinction between inner and outer loops is no longer necessary.

The key idea on which the proposed 4D‐Var method is based is that by using Gaussian quadrature it is possible to get an exact correspondence between the nonlinear time evolution of perturbations and the time evolution in the TL model. It is shown that J‐point Gaussian quadrature can be used to derive the exact adjoint‐based observation impact equations and furthermore that it is straightforward to account for the effect of multiple outer loops in these equations if the proposed 4D‐Var method is used. The method is illustrated using a three‐level quasi‐geostrophic model and the Lorenz (1996) model.
Understanding the Particokinetics of Engineered Nanomaterials for Safe and Effective Therapeutic Applications
Authors: Zhu Motao , Perrett Sarah , Nie Guangjun
Published: December 2012

Increasing numbers of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are being developed for therapeutic and diagnostic applications. However, the tunable and varied physicochemical properties of ENMs pose a new challenge for understanding their biological behavior, trafficking, and biodistribution. Herein the concept of “particokinetics” is introduced to address the dynamic biological behavior of ENMs at the molecular level (including gravitational sedimentation, dispersion, aggregation, and interaction with biomolecules in suspending media), cellular level (including cellular uptake, transport, biotransformation, and elimination), and whole‐organism level (including absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion in vivo). Several mathematical modeling methods are introduced which guide a quantitative description of their biological behavior at different levels. Examples are also provided to delineate the impact of the physicochemical properties of ENMs on their particokinetics. A comprehensive understanding of the in vivo and in vitro particokinetics of ENMs will facilitate the design of tailor‐made functional ENMs that act as highly effective and controllable drug‐delivery systems with minimal side‐effects.
Comprehensive comparison of FACTS devices for exclusive loadability enhancement
Authors: Sode‐Yome Arthit , Mithulananthan Nadarajah , Lee Kwang Y.
Published: December 2012

A complete comparison of a number of well‐known flexible alternating current transmission system (FACTS) devices for static voltage stability enhancement is presented. Various performance measures including power–voltage (P–V) curves, voltage profiles, and power losses are compared under normal and contingency conditions. The importance of proper modeling of FACTS devices, including the DC side, is emphasized because, at their limits, most of these devices behave like a fixed capacitor or inductor. A simple placement technique of series FACTS devices and unified power flow controller (UPFC) is proposed considering exclusive loading margin enhancement. A new idea of loading margin increase per cost is proposed to find the appropriate FACTS devices for investment. The paper provides a guide for utilities to have an appropriate choice of FACTS device for enhancing static voltage stability and loading margin by comparing technical merits and demerits of each of these devices in terms of system performance. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Signal injection method without torque ripple based on maximum torque control frame
Authors: Ohnuma Takumi , Doki Shinji , Okuma Shigeru
Published: December 2012

This paper presents a new signal injection method without torque ripple for sensorless controls of salient‐pole synchronous motors at low speeds. At low speeds, since the back electromotive force (EMF) including position information decreases, additional signals are injected to estimate position information of saliency. The torque ripple caused by the injections of signal currents can be represented by a cross product of a virtual flux and a differential current vector. An f‐axis of maximum torque control frame is defined to the direction of the virtual flux. Therefore, signal injection without torque ripple is realized by using the f‐axis current.

In this paper, a signal injection method with f‐axis current is proposed, and the effects of the estimation error are discussed to apply the method for position‐sensor‐less controls. The proposed injection method allows us to flexibly design frequencies of the signal current. The validity of the proposed method and applicability to position estimation are confirmed by experimental tests. © 2012 Institute of Electrical Engineers of Japan. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Among‐population variation in resistance traits of a nettle and its relationship with deer habitat use frequency
Authors: Shikata Megumi , Kato Teiko , Shibata Ei'ich , Sato Hiroaki
Published: December 2012

Because leaf hairs serve as resistance against herbivores, among‐population variation in hair production may arise from adaptation to local herbivore communities. It is possible that Japanese nettle (Urtica thunbergiana) shows among‐population variation in stinging hair abundance that is associated with the frequency of habitat use by sika deer (Cervus nippon). We examined 31–32 individuals of each of 19 populations for leaf area, stinging hair number (/leaf) and stinging hair density (per square centimeter) in and away from Nara Park (6.6 km2), where many deer have been protected for 1,200 years. At each site we also measured deer habitat use frequency, light intensity and soil fertility as environmental factors potentially affecting leaf traits. We analyzed our hierarchical data at the levels of individuals and populations using multilevel structural equation modeling. Leaf area had a positive direct effect on stinging hair number at the individual level but no significant effect at the population level. At the population level, deer habitat use frequency had a negative direct effect on leaf area and positive direct effects on stinging hair number and density, generating a negative indirect correlation between leaf area and stinging hair number. Light intensity had a negative direct effect on leaf area, while soil fertility had no significant effect on any trait. These results suggest that the relationships between leaf area and stinging hair number at the two levels do not align. We discussed what processes were involved in the effects of environmental factors on leaf traits.
Arbuscular mycorrhizal potential and mycorrhizal fungi diversity associated with Agave potatorum Zucc. in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Carballar‐Hernández S. , Palma‐Cruz F. J. , Hernández‐Cuevas L. , Robles C.
Published: December 2012

The status of the arbuscular mycorrhizal association in wild Agave potatorum Zucc. was studied at three semiarid sites over a 1‐year period of rhizospheric soil sampling. Root colonization present at all sites and at all times of year, ranged from 20 to 83 %. The extraradical mycelia length was estimated to be from 2.64 to 5.22 m g−1 of dry soil. Spore number ranged from 20 to 192 in 100 g of soil. The number of viable mycorrhizal propagules ranged from 500 to 2,640 in 100 g of soil. Twenty species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) were identified, the family Glomeracea comprising the greatest number of species (45 %). Two other fungi families Acaulosporaceae and Gigasporaceae made up 35 and 15 %, respectively. High alpha diversity and low beta diversity of AMF were found in this study. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species richness in A. potatorum is high and the associated fungi appear to be an important component in semiarid ecosystems in this region of Mexico. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi species with small spores might be better adapted to the local environment.
A Simple Enzymatic Approach for Selective Acetylation of Phosphatidylethanolamine
Authors: Karuna M. S. L. , Vandana V. , Vijaya Lakshmi P. , Prasad R. B. N.
Published: December 2012

Acetylation of lecithin improves the fluid properties, water dispersibility and emulsifying properties of a variety of food formulations. Acetylation of lecithin is usually carried out chemically using acetic anhydride in the presence of tertiary amine. In the present study acetylation of soybean lecithin and egg yolk lecithin was carried out using lipozyme IM 20 having 1,3‐specificity from Mucor miehei and vinyl acetate at 70–75 °C. Vinyl acetate played a dual role as acetylating agent and also as the solvent medium. This method selectively acetylated phosphatidylethanolamine without effecting phosphatidylinositol since the enzyme employed was 1,3‐specific.
Lipase‐Catalyzed Synthesis of Medium‐Long‐Medium Type Structured Lipids Using Tricaprylin and Trilinolenin as Substrate Models
Authors: Bai Shan , Aziz Sarya , Khodadadi Maryam , Bou Mitri Christelle , St‐Louis Richard , Kermasha Selim
Published: December 2012

The synthesis of medium‐long‐medium type structured lipids (SL) by the interesterification of tricaprylin (TC) and trilinolenin (TLN), using selected commercial lipases from Rhizomucor miehei (Lipozyme RM IM) and Candida antarctica (Novozym 435) was investigated. Although the bioconversion yield (BY) for Lipozyme RM IM (24.7 %) was close to that for Novozym 435 (24.0 %), the initial enzyme activity was 6.3 μmol CLnC/g enzyme/min and 1.6 μmol CLnC/g enzyme/min, respectively. Lipozyme RM IM was subsequently selected for further investigation. The structural analyses of SL indicated that the major products were 1,3‐dicapryl‐2‐linolenyl glycerol (CLnC) and 1(3)‐capryl‐2,3(1)‐dilinolenyl glycerol (CLnLn). In order to optimize the BY, selected parameters were investigated. The experimental results showed that using hexane as the reaction medium, at an initial water activity (aw) of 0.06, 10 mg solid enzyme/mL, substrate molar ratio of TC to TLN of 6:1 and a reaction time of 9 h, resulted in the highest BY (73.2 %). Using the optimized conditions, the effects of TLN concentration and other selective parameters, including the denaturation of the enzyme, controlling the aw and the addition of silica gel, on the mass productivity (PM), enzymatic productivity (PE) and volumetric productivity (PV) of the interesterification reaction, were also investigated.
Economic incentives for maritime shipping relating to climate protection
Authors: Nikolakaki Garyfalia
Published: December 2012

This paper aims to analyze the various policy options for addressing greenhouse gas emissions from international maritime shipping, with an emphasis on the use of economic instruments. The economic incentives provided for the industry are categorized and examined with regard to their effectiveness for climate protection purposes. An analysis of the potential use of market-based mechanisms for the shipping sector follows alongside with the review and evaluation of the various proposals for a Maritime Emissions Trading Scheme that are submitted to the Marine Environment Protection Committee of the International Maritime Organization and are currently under consideration. The importance of the adoption of a maritime global cap-and-trade scheme for climate change mitigation is particularly emphasized. Within this context, it is also considered whether the possible introduction of economic incentive measures on a broader (regional or global) level may cause problems of implementation and how these obstacles can be overcome.
The effects of Kiaa0319 knockdown on cortical and subcortical anatomy in male rats
Authors: Szalkowski Caitlin E. , Fiondella Christopher F. , Truong Dongnhu T. , Rosen Glenn D. , LoTurco Joseph J. , Fitch Roslyn H.
Published: December 2012

Developmental dyslexia is a disorder characterized by a specific deficit in reading despite adequate overall intelligence and educational resources. The neurological substrate underlying these significant behavioral impairments is not known. Studies of post mortem brain tissue from male and female dyslexic individuals revealed focal disruptions of neuronal migration concentrated in the left hemisphere, along with aberrant symmetry of the right and left the planum temporale, and changes in cell size distribution within the medial geniculate nucleus of the thalamus (Galaburda et al., 1985; Humphreys et al., 1990). More recent neuroimaging studies have identified several changes in the brains of dyslexic individuals, including regional changes in gray matter, changes in white matter, and changes in patterns of functional activation. In a further effort to elucidate the etiology of dyslexia, epidemiological and genetic studies have identified several candidate dyslexia susceptibility genes. Some recent work has investigated associations between some of these genetic variants and structural changes in the brain. Variants of one candidate dyslexia susceptibility gene, KIAA0319, have been linked to morphological changes in the cerebellum and functional activational changes in the superior temporal sulcus (Jamadar et al., 2011; Pinel et al., 2012). Animal models have been used to create a knockdown of Kiaa0319 (the rodent homolog of the human gene) via in utero RNA interference in order to study the gene's effects on brain development and behavior. Studies using this animal model have demonstrated that knocking down the gene leads to focal disruptions of neuronal migration in the form of ectopias and heterotopias, similar to those observed in the brains of human dyslexics. However, further changes to the structure of the brain have not been studied following this genetic disruption. The current study sought to determine the effects of embryonic Kiaa0319 knockdown on volume of the cortex and hippocampus, as well as midsagittal area of the corpus callosum in male rats. Results demonstrate that Kiaa0319 knockdown did not change the volume of the cortex or hippocampus, but did result in a significant reduction in the midsagittal area of the corpus callosum. Taken in the context of previous reports of behavioral deficits following Kiaa0319 knockdown (Szalkowski et al., 2012), and reports that reductions of corpus callosum size are related to processing deficits in humans (Paul, 2011), these results suggest that Kiaa0319 has a specific involvement in neural systems important for temporal processing.
Auntie Knows Best? Public Broadcasters and Current Affairs Knowledge
Authors: Soroka Stuart , Andrew Blake , Aalberg Toril , Iyengar Shanto , Curran James , Coen Sharon , Hayashi Kaori , Jones Paul , Mazzoleni Gianpetro , Woong Rhee June , Rowe David , Tiffen Rod
Published: December 2012

Public service broadcasters (PSBs) are a central part of national news media landscapes, and are often regarded as specialists in the provision of hard news. But does exposure to public versus commercial news influence citizens’ knowledge of current affairs? This question is investigated in this article using cross-national surveys capturing knowledge of current affairs and media consumption. Propensity score analyses test for effects of PSBs on knowledge, and examine whether PSBs vary in this regard. Results indicate that compared to commercial news, PSBs have a positive influence on knowledge of hard news, though not all PSBs are equally effective in this way. Cross-national differences are related to factors such asde jureindependence, proportion of public financing and audience share.
Christian Society in the Roman Empire
Authors: Rayner A. J.
Published: December 2012

A stone thrown into a still pool radiates ripple upon ripple in an ever widening circle. So the ripples caused by the irruption of Christian society into the early Roman empire radiated an ever widening influence, destined to assist in the overthrow of an old order, and to promote the building of a new order of European society. When the disciples received the command ‘Go ye therefore, and teach all nations, … teaching them to observe all things whatsoever I have commanded you’, they were faced with a tremendous social and political problem. This was, in a word, to create a Christian society, irrespective of race, creed, or colour, within the existing framework of the imperial Roman world.
Deliciae Meae Puellae
Authors: Innes Mary M.
Published: December 2012

Afoolish fondness for domestic pets, and a desire to have some kind of animal to share one's hearth and home, is usually regarded as a characteristically British trait, and it seems at first sight scarcely probable that the ancient Romans would have had any sympathy with such a sentimental weakness. Yet, if we turn to the literature of the notoriously practical Romans, we shall find plenty of evidence that they enjoyed the possession of those engaging companions no less than we do, and that they ranged over a wide field in choosing an object for their affections.

There can be no doubt that birds were first favourites with all classes of Roman society, and the first instance which springs to mind, no doubt, is that of Lesbia's sparrow, immortalized in the verses of Catullus. Two poems were written in its honour, one describing its happy lot as Lesbia's darling and delight, and one, the famous elegy, mourning the untimely death of the little bird, Lugete, o Veneres Cupidinesque. The custom of writing elegies on one's mistress's pets persisted, but with the general increase in wealth and luxury under the Empire, my lady's taste in birds became more sophisticated. The humble sparrow—or was it really a bullfinch?—which cheered Lesbia's heart would have been regarded with disdain by Ovid's Corinna. Her affections were centred on a psittacus, one of those jewel-bright parrots from the East, and especially from India, which are frequently mentioned in Imperial days, forming an elegant addition to the salons of society.
The slaughter of Sahelian wildlife by Arab royalty
Authors: Newby John E.
Published: December 2012

Once the Sahel supported healthy populations of wildlife. Today only remnant populations exist, survivors of the ravages of drought, desertification, excessive hunting and competition for pasture. In the past few years the problems for these animals and for the people trying to conserve them have been exacerbated by a new wave of hunters. Arab princes and their retinues, having exterminated most of the prey species in their native land, are invading the Sahelian countries in search of new hunting grounds. The author, who has worked for 20 years in the Sahel, here describes what is happening in Niger and Mali and urges that steps be taken to stop the slaughter.
THE MORAL GEOGRAPHY OF BRITISH ANTI-SLAVERY RESPONSIBILITIES
Authors: Huzzey Richard
Published: December 2012

By examining British anti-slavery debates across a longue durée – before and after West Indian emancipation – the basis of moral responsibility for political action may be reassessed. Recent interest in humanitarian or transnational compassion may have underappreciated the geographical limitations of the moral responsibility Britons assumed for slavery and the slave trade. The notion of national complicity was crucial in mobilising individual Britons to petition, abstain from slave-grown produce or otherwise pressure parliament. While the peculiar aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars created a British responsibility for other nations’ slave trading, there was little comparable appetite for the internationalising responsibility for the slave-labour origins of traded goods. This meant that transnational obligations to police the slave trade did not translate into concern about the slave production behind overseas trade. By tracing these national debates over time, it is possible to discern the dominant and recessive arguments for how and when moral revulsion should translate into political action by Britons and the British state. This suggests a need to revisit scholarly conclusions about abolitionist campaigning, the basis of moral responsibility for slavery, and the antecedents of modern consumer responsibility.
AFTER 1848: THE EUROPEAN REVOLUTION IN GOVERNMENT
Authors: Clark Christopher
Published: December 2012

This paper revisits the question of the impact of the 1848 revolutions on governance and administration across the European states. Few historians would contend that the immediate post-revolutionary years saw a ‘return’ to pre-1848 conditions, but the transitions of the 1850s are usually presented as episodes within a narrative that is deemed to be specific to the respective nation-state. This paper argues that the 1850s saw a profound transformation in political and administrative practices across the continent, encompassing the emergence of new centrist political coalitions with a distinctively post-revolutionary mode of politics characterised by a technocratic vision of progress, the absorption into government of civil-society-based bodies of expertise, and changes in public information management. In short, it proposes that we need to move beyond the restrictive interpretation implied by the tenacious rubric ‘decade of reaction’ towards recognising that the 1850s were – after the Napoleonic period – the second high-water-mark in nineteenth-century political and administrative innovation across the continent. The paper argues, moreover, that these transitions took place on an authentically European basis and that they only come fully into focus when we survey the spectrum of governmental experiences across the European states. The paper closes with some reflections on the broader implications of this reappraisal for our understanding of European history in the middle and later decades of the nineteenth century.
AIR SAFETY, LANGUAGE ASSESSMENT POLICY, AND POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: THE CASE OF AVIATION ENGLISH
Authors: Alderson J. Charles
Published: December 2012

The language of international aviation communication is English, but numerous aviation incidents and accidents have involved miscommunication between pilots and air traffic controllers, many of whom are not native speakers of the language. In 2004 the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) published a set of Language Proficiency Requirements and a Proficiency Rating Scale, and by 5 March 2008, air traffic controllers and pilots were required by the ICAO to have a certificate attesting to their proficiency in the language used for international aeronautical communication. Although some organizations made efforts to produce tests by the deadline, in the event an implementation period was allowed, with a new deadline of March 2011. This article describes a number of surveys of tests of aviation English, the implementation of the ICAO requirements, and the rating scales. It concludes that many of the assessment procedures appear not to meet international professional standards for language tests, the implementation of the language assessment policy is inadequate, and much more careful and close monitoring is needed of the quality of the tests and assessment procedures required by the policy.
A comparison of clinical outcomes between healthcare-associated infections due to community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureusstrains and healthcare-associated methicillin-resistantS. aureusstrains
Authors: EELLS S. J. , McKINNELL J. A. , WANG A. A. , GREEN N. L. , WHANG D. , O'HARA P. , BROWN M. L. , MILLER L. G.
Published: December 2012

There are limited data examining whether outcomes of methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(MRSA) healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) are worse when caused by community-associated (CA) strains compared to HA strains. We reviewed all patients’ charts at our institution from 1999 to 2009 that had MRSA first isolated only after 72 h of hospitalization (n = 724). Of these, 384 patients had a MRSA-HAI according to CDC criteria. Treatment failure was similar in those infected with a phenotypically CA-MRSA strain compared to a phenotypically HA-MRSA strain (23%vs. 15%,P = 0·10) as was 30-day mortality (16%vs. 19%,P = 0·57). Independent risk factors associated with (P < 0·05) treatment failure were higher Charlson Comorbidity Index, higher APACHE II score, and no anti-MRSA treatment. These factors were also associated with 30-day mortality, as were female gender, older age, MRSA bloodstream infection, MRSA pneumonia, and HIV. Our findings suggest that clinical and host factors, not MRSA strain type, predict treatment failure and death in hospitalized patients with MRSA-HAIs.
Embodiment and the Philosophy of Mind
Authors: Clark Andy
Published: December 2012

Cognitive science is in some sense the science of the mind. But an increasingly influential theme, in recent years, has been the role of the physical body, and of the local environment, in promoting adaptive success. No right-minded cognitive scientist, to be sure, ever claimed that body and world were completely irrelevant to the understanding of mind. But there was, nonetheless, an unmistakeable tendency to marginalize such factors: to dwell on inner complexity whilst simplifying or ignoring the complex inner-outer interplays that characterize the bulk of basic biological problem-solving. This tendency was expressed in, for example, the development of planning algorithms that treated real-world action as merely a way of implementing solutions arrived at by pure cognition (more recent work, by contrast, allows such actions to play important computational and problem-solving roles). It also surfaced in David Marr's depiction of the task of vision as the construction of a detailed threedimensional image of the visual scene. For possession of such a rich inner model effectively allows the system to ‘throw away’ the world and to focus subsequent computational activity on the inner model alone.