bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A vulnerabilidade dos cuidadores de idosos com demência: revisão integrativa Vulnerability of caregivers for the elderly with dementia: integrative review
Authors: Leite Bruna Silva , Camacho Alessandra Conceição Leite Funchal , Queiroz Raquel Santos de , Feliciano Gláucio Diré
Published: July 2017

Objetivo: analisar a vulnerabilidade dos cuidadores de idosos com demência. Método: Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa de natureza quanti-qualitativa. O período de coleta de dados ocorreu de 01/09/14 à 30/10/14. Resultados: Do total de artigos analisados 26% apontam intervenções para alívio da sobrecarga; 20% analisam a carga de depressão; 16% dos estudos abordam a sobrecarga do cuidador; 14 % pautaram suas discussões no bem estar físico e espiritual, bem estar psicológico e social e nos prejuízos a qualidade de vida; 12% abordaram o estresse. Conclusão: Pesquisadores de diversos países apontam os impactos do cuidado na vida do cuidador, destacando: a sobrecarga emocional, estresse rotineiro e sintomas depressivos. Entretanto, existem medidas atenuantes, identificadas através das pesquisas, que podem contribuir para alívio do estresse cotidiano, como por exemplo: a prática diária de meditação yoga, a religiosidade, o relacionamento positivo entre a família, o idoso e o cuidador. Descritores: Demência, Cuidadores, Enfermagem familiar.
The stabilizing effect of collision‐induced velocity shear on the ionospheric feedback instability in Earth's magnetosphere
Authors: Sydorenko D. , Rankin R.
Published: July 2017

The feedback instability in the ionospheric Alfvén resonator in Earth's magnetosphere is examined using a two‐dimensional multifluid numerical model of coupled ionosphere and magnetosphere. Two simulation configurations are used to demonstrate that the instability occurs under an assumption that is unrealistic for Earth's ionosphere. In the first configuration, a flat sheet height‐integrated conducting boundary replaces the ionospheric E layer. In the second configuration, plasma dynamics in a simplified E layer is resolved ignoring ion production, loss, and diffusion. For the same parameters (plasma and neutral density profiles and convection electric field), the instability develops only with the flat sheet boundary. When the E layer is resolved, the variation of ion‐neutral collision frequencies with altitude produces vertical shear in the horizontal ion flow velocity. The shear prevents density perturbations from remaining field aligned, causing them to decay rather than grow. It is suggested that the instability cannot occur in Earth's ionosphere because ion‐neutral collision frequencies always have a significant variation with altitude through the E layer.
Three‐dimensional density structure of La Soufrière de Guadeloupe lava dome from simultaneous muon radiographies and gravity data
Authors: Rosas‐Carbajal M. , Jourde Kevin , Marteau Jacques , Deroussi Sébastien , Komorowski Jean‐Christophe , Gibert Dominique
Published: July 2017

Muon imaging has recently emerged as a powerful method to complement standard geophysical tools in the understanding of the Earth's subsurface. Muon measurements yield a “radiography” of the average density along the muon path, allowing to image large volumes of a geological body from a single observation point. Here we jointly invert muon data from three simultaneous telescope acquisitions together with gravity data to estimate the three‐dimensional density structure of the La Soufrière de Guadeloupe lava dome. Our unique data set allows us to achieve an unprecedented spatial resolution with this novel technique. The retrieved density model reveals an extensive, low‐density anomaly where the most active part of the volcanic hydrothermal system is located, supporting previous studies that indicate this region as the most likely to be involved in a partial edifice collapse.
A basis function approach for exploring the seasonal and spatial features of storm surge events
Authors: Wu Wenyan , Westra Seth , Leonard Michael
Published: July 2017

Storm surge is a significant contributor to flooding in coastal and estuarine regions. To represent the statistical characteristics of storm surge over a climatologically diverse region, we propose the use of basis functions that capture the temporal progression of individual storm surge events. This extends statistical analyses of surge from considering only the peak to a more multifaceted approach that also includes decay rate and duration. Our results show that there is seasonal variation in storm surge along the Australian coastline. During the dominant storm surge seasons, the peak and duration of storm surge events tend to increase simultaneously at a number of locations, with implications for flood damage assessments and evacuation planning. By combining the dynamic and statistical features of storm surge, it is possible to better understand the factors that can lead to flood risk along the coastline, including estuarine areas that are also affected by fluvial floods.
Finding multiscale connectivity in our geospace observational system: Network analysis of total electron content
Authors: McGranaghan Ryan M. , Mannucci Anthony J. , Verkhoglyadova Olga , Malik Nishant
Published: July 2017

We present the first complex network theory‐based analysis of high‐latitude total electron content (TEC) data, including dependencies on interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) clock angle and hemisphere. We examine several network measures to quantify the spatiotemporal correlation patterns in the TEC data for winter and summer months in 2016. We find that significant structure exists in the correlation patterns, distinguishing the dayside and nightside ionosphere, and specific features in the high latitudes such as the polar cap and auroral oval, including the cusp and ionospheric foot points of magnetospheric boundary layers. These features vary with the IMF, exhibiting a strong dependence on the north‐south direction and generally larger variations during the winter months in both hemispheres. Our exploratory results suggest that network analysis of TEC data can be used to study characteristic ionospheric spatial scales at high latitudes, thereby extending the utility of these data. We explore mesoscale and large scale (greater than tens of kilometers and greater than hundreds of kilometers, respectively) as a function of winter/summer season, hemisphere, and IMF direction and conclude that the relative importance of different ionospheric scales is not a constant relationship. Together with an identification of important areas of future work, our findings provide a foundation for the application of network analysis techniques to ionospheric TEC. Our results suggest that network analysis can reveal new physical connections in the ionospheric system.
Comparison of the coronal mass ejection shock acceleration of three widespread SEP events during solar cycle 24
Authors: Xie H. , Mäkelä P. , St. Cyr O. C. , Gopalswamy N.
Published: July 2017

We studied three solar energetic particle (SEP) events observed on 14 August 2010, 3 November 2011, and 5 March 2013 by Solar Terrestrial Relations Observatory (STEREO) A, B, and near‐Earth (L1) spacecraft with a longitudinal distribution of particles >90°. Using a forward modeling method combined with extreme ultraviolet and white‐light images, we determined the angular extent of the shock, the time and location (cobpoint) of the shock intersection with the magnetic field line connecting to each spacecraft, and compute the shock speed at the cobpoint of each spacecraft. We then examine whether the observations of SEPs at each spacecraft were accelerated and injected by the spatially extended shocks or whether another mechanism such as cross‐field transport is required for an alternative explanation. Our analyses results indicate that the SEPs observed at the three spacecraft on 3 November, STEREO B (STB) and L1 on 14 August, and the 5 March SEP event at STEREO A (STA) can be explained by the direct shock acceleration. This is consistent with the observed significant anisotropies, short time delays between particle release times and magnetic connection times, and sharp rises in the SEP time profiles. Cross‐field diffusion is the likely cause for the 14 August SEP event observed by STA and the 5 March SEPs observed by STB and L1 spacecraft, as particle observations featured weak electron aniotropies and slow rising intensity profiles. Otherwise, the wide longitudinal spread of these SEP increases would require an existence of a circumsolar shock, which may not be a correct assumption in the corona and heliosphere.
The occurrence and wave properties of EMIC waves observed by the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission
Authors: Wang X. Y. , Huang S. Y. , Allen R. C. , Fu H. S. , Deng X. H. , Zhou M. , Burch J. L. , Torbert R. B.
Published: July 2017

Electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can precipitate the ring current ions and relativistic electrons and heat the cold electrons in the magnetosphere. This requires comprehensive knowledge of the occurrence and wave properties of EMIC waves. In the present study, we used the data from one new mission, the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission launched in March 2015, to investigate the occurrence and wave properties of H+‐band and He+‐band EMIC waves in the magnetosphere. Our statistical results show the following: (1) H+‐band EMIC waves mostly occur in the higher L‐shells (L > 5) while He+‐band EMIC waves are mostly observed in the lower L‐shells (L < 6). (2) The occurrence rate of H+‐band EMIC waves in the dayside is higher than that in the nightside. The highest peak of occurrence rate of H+‐band EMIC waves is in the postnoon sector (5–8 L‐shells), and the secondary peak lies in the small area of the dawn sector. (3) The wave power spectral density peaks in the postnoon and predusk sectors, while the wave normal angles are largest in the dawn sector. (4) Linear and right‐hand polarized H+‐band EMIC waves are mainly in the regions of peak occurrence, while linear polarized waves are seen to also dominate outside of the regions of peak occurrence. The highest occurrence rate of linear polarized He+‐band EMIC waves is observed in the dawn sector. We discussed the results and compared with previous findings.
Near‐Perfect Ultrathin Nanocomposite Absorber with Self‐Formed Topping Plasmonic Nanoparticles
Authors: Lu Jin You , Raza Aikifa , Noorulla Sumaya , Alketbi Afra S. , Fang Nicholas X. , Chen Gang , Zhang TieJun
Published: July 2017

Nanocomposites, consisting of metallic nanoparticles embedding in a dielectric host, can significantly enhance light–matter interactions in solar energy conversion and optical applications. In this contribution, a class of scalable ultrathin nanocomposite films with self‐formed topping plasmonic nanoparticles is proposed. Just by controlling the high‐throughput co‐sputtering process, the nanocomposite absorbers can achieve near 100% light absorption in the wavelength ranges from 300 to 800 nm. Through systematic experiments and numerical studies, three mechanisms for this near‐perfect absorption are further revealed: impedance matching of ultrathin nanocomposite film with tunable filling factor, excitation of localized surface plasmon induced by self‐formed topping nanoparticles, and near‐field coupling between the topping nanoparticles and bottom metallic reflective layer. With these merits, the proposed ultrathin nanocomposite absorbers have demonstrated their outstanding omnidirectional absorptance over the wide solar irradiance spectrum ranging from 250 to 2000 nm.
Site Occupancy and Near‐Infrared Luminescence in Ca3Ga2Ge3O12: Cr3+ Persistent Phosphor
Authors: Lin Huihong , Bai Gongxun , Yu Ting , Tsang Ming‐Kiu , Zhang Qinyuan , Hao Jianhua
Published: July 2017

The near‐infrared (NIR) luminescence properties of Cr3+ activated Ca3Ga2Ge3O12 (CGGG) are studied under ultraviolet and visible light excitation. Three types of Cr3+ centers associated with 4T2–4A2 transition resulting in the emissions located at 650–1100 nm are identified in all Cr3+‐doped samples. Thanks to the occupancy of three nonequivalent sites in CGGG, NIR luminescence is observed peaking at about 749, 803, and 907 nm, respectively. The influence of crystal field on site occupancy is studied, the relation between site occupancy and the NIR luminescence is addressed, and the energy transfer process among Cr3+ sites and the decay behaviors for Cr3+ in different sites are evaluated. It is found that a superior NIR/persistent luminescence comes from the traps that Cr3+ enters the Ga3+ site. The results are of benefit to investigate Cr3+‐activated persistent phosphors.
RuP2‐Based Catalysts with Platinum‐like Activity and Higher Durability for the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction at All pH Values
Authors: Pu Zonghua , Amiinu Ibrahim Saana , Kou Zongkui , Li Wenqiang , Mu Shichun
Published: July 2017

Highly active, stable, and cheap Pt‐free catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) are under increasing demand for future energy conversion systems. However, developing HER electrocatalysts with Pt‐like activity that can function at all pH values still remains as a great challenge. Herein, based on our theoretical predictions, we design and synthesize a novel N,P dual‐doped carbon‐encapsulated ruthenium diphosphide (RuP2@NPC) nanoparticle electrocatalyst for HER. Electrochemical tests reveal that, compared with the Pt/C catalyst, RuP2@NPC not only has Pt‐like HER activity with small overpotentials at 10 mA cm−2 (38 mV in 0.5 m H2SO4, 57 mV in 1.0 m PBS and 52 mV in 1.0 m KOH), but demonstrates superior stability at all pH values, as well as 100 % Faradaic yields. Therefore, this work adds to the growing family of transition‐metal phosphides/heteroatom‐doped carbon heterostructures with advanced performance in HER.
Highly Enantioselective Catalytic Vinylogous Propargylation of Coumarins Yields a Class of Autophagy Inhibitors
Authors: Xu Hao , Laraia Luca , Schneider Laura , Louven Kathrin , Strohmann Carsten , Antonchick Andrey P. , Waldmann Herbert
Published: July 2017

A highly enantioselective copper‐catalyzed vinylogous propargylic substitution has been developed. Aromatic and aliphatic propargylic esters react smoothly with substituted coumarins under mild reaction conditions to give the desired products with excellent yields and enantioselectivities. Subsequent single‐step transformations enable the synthesis of a wide range of multifunctional and diverse compounds, and allow the efficient combination of different natural product fragments. Investigation of the obtained compound collection in cell‐based assays monitoring changes in phenotype led to the discovery of a novel class of autophagy inhibitors.
A Concise Enantioselective Total Synthesis of (−)‐Virosaine A
Authors: Hughes Jonathan M. E. , Gleason James L.
Published: July 2017

The total synthesis of (−)‐virosaine A (1) was achieved in ten steps starting from furan and 2‐bromoacrolein. A one‐pot Diels–Alder cycloaddition/organolithium addition initiated an efficient sequence to access a key oxime/epoxide intermediate. Heating this intermediate in acetic acid resulted in an intramolecular epoxide opening/nitrone [3+2] cycloaddition cascade to construct the caged core of 1 in a single step. Several methods of C−H functionalization were assessed on the cascade product, and ultimately, a directed lithiation/bromination effected selective C14 functionalization, enabling the synthesis of 1.
Hydrolysis of part of cassava starch into nanocrystals leads to increased reinforcement of nanocomposite films
Authors: Costa Élia Karina de Carvalho , de Souza Carolina Oliveira , da Silva Jania Betânia Alves , Druzian Janice Izabel
Published: July 2017

This article reports on using cassava starch nanocrystals (CSN) to strengthen nanocomposite films from the same matrix. CSN were obtained by acid hydrolysis. Nanocomposite (starch:glycerol:CSN/4.0:2.1:1–10 wt %) were processed by casting and the films were characterized. The CSN (30% yield) presented minimally clustered globular forms, 45 to 178 nm in diameter, with a crystalline index of 46%. Water‐vapor transmission rate, tensile strength, and elastic modulus of the films were influenced by the linear effect of CSN concentration (R2 = −0.92, 0.91, 0.99, respectively), while the other parameters resulted in quadratic relations |0.69–0.96|. The film with 10% CSN presented a 43% reduction in water vapor permeability, associated with increases of 200% in traction resistance, and 616% in elasticity modulus, compared with the control. The hydrolysis of part of the cassava starch into nanocrystals resulted in a reduction in permeability and nano reinforcement of the films due to good compatibility and interaction between both, without influencing biodegradability. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45311.
Early postnatal gentamicin and ceftazidime treatment in normal and food restricted neonatal wistar rats: Implications for kidney development
Authors: Bueters Ruud R.G. , Jeronimus‐Klaasen Annelies , Brüggemann Roger J.M. , van den Heuvel Lambertus P. , Schreuder Michiel F.
Published: July 2017

Background

Up to two‐thirds of premature born neonates are treated for infections with aminoglycosides such as gentamicin. Although acute toxicities are well described, there is uncertainty on developmental changes after treatment of premature born neonates. We studied the effect of gentamicin and ceftazidime on kidney development in the rat. Additionally, we evaluated the modulating effect of extrauterine growth restriction.

Methods

On postnatal day (PND) 2, Wistar rats were cross‐fostered into normal sized litters (12 pups) or large litters (20 pups) to create normal food (NF) or food restricted (FR) litters to simulate growth restriction and dosed daily intraperitoneally with placebo, 4 mg/kg of gentamicin or 50 mg/kg ceftazidime until PND 8. Gentamicin pharmacokinetics were studied in a separate group of animals. Kidneys were weighed. Renal expression of 18 developmental genes was evaluated by quantitative PCR on PND 8. On PND 35, glomerular number was assessed by stereology and glomerular generations were counted.

Results

Food restricted litters showed 22% less body weight compared with controls by day 35 (p < 0.001), 1.4‐ to 1.5‐fold down regulation of Renin, Oat1, and Agtr1a (p < 0.05) expression and a 12% reduction in glomerular numbers (mean 30841 vs. 35187, p < 0.001), whereas glomerular generation count was unaffected. Gentamicin pharmacokinetic parameters were found to be in a human clinical range (mean maximum concentration in plasma of 4.88 mg/L and mean area under the plasma‐concentration time curve up to the last measured concentration after 4 hr of 10.71 mg.h/L for sexes combined) and all endpoints were unaffected. Ceftazidime reduced Renin expression by 1.7‐fold (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Our experiments showed that gentamicin at clinical levels did not disturb kidney development, ceftazidime can affect Renin expression, and extrauterine growth restriction impairs kidney development, but did not modulate potential drug toxicity. Birth Defects Research 109:1228–1235, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
To be certain about the uncertainty: Bayesian statistics for13C metabolic flux analysis
Authors: Theorell Axel , Leweke Samuel , Wiechert Wolfgang , Nöh Katharina
Published: July 2017

13C Metabolic Fluxes Analysis (13C MFA) remains to be the most powerful approach to determine intracellular metabolic reaction rates. Decisions on strain engineering and experimentation heavily rely upon the certainty with which these fluxes are estimated. For uncertainty quantification, the vast majority of13C MFA studies relies on confidence intervals from the paradigm of Frequentist statistics. However, it is well known that the confidence intervals for a given experimental outcome are not uniquely defined. As a result, confidence intervals produced by different methods can be different, but nevertheless equally valid. This is of high relevance to13C MFA, since practitioners regularly use three different approximate approaches for calculating confidence intervals. By means of a computational study with a realistic model of the central carbon metabolism ofE. coli, we provide strong evidence that confidence intervals used in the field depend strongly on the technique with which they were calculated and, thus, their use leads to misinterpretation of the flux uncertainty. In order to provide a better alternative to confidence intervals in13C MFA, we demonstrate that credible intervals from the paradigm of Bayesian statistics give more reliable flux uncertainty quantifications which can be readily computed with high accuracy using Markov chain Monte Carlo. In addition, the widely applied chi‐square test, as a means of testing whether the model reproduces the data, is examined closer.
Masquerading bundle branch block obscuring the diagnosis of Brugada syndrome: an electrocardiographic and vectorcardiographic study
Authors: Konopka Isabel V. , Garro Hugo A. , Tepper Rita B. , Pizzarelli Norma , Gonzalez Mario D. , Acunzo Rafael S.
Published: July 2017

Key Clinical Message

We describe the induction of a masquerading bundle branch block in two patients with Brugada syndrome following the administration of Ajmaline. The development of this conduction disturbance prevented the correct electrocardiographic diagnosis. However, the simultaneously obtained vectocardiogram identified both the Brugada pattern and the masquerading bundle branch block.
Particle Kinematics in Spheronization of Pharmaceutical Pellets
Authors: Weis Dominik , Niesing Maria , Thommes Markus , Antonyuk Sergiy
Published: July 2017

Die Herstellung pharmazeutischer Pellets wird häufig in einem kombinierten Extrusions‐ und Sphäronisationsverfahren durchgeführt, wobei die Partikelkinematik die Abrundung im Sphäroniser stark beeinflusst. In dieser Studie wurde die Partikelkinematik der realen pharmazeutischen Pellets analysiert. Dazu wurden Materialparameter wie Stoßzahl und Steifigkeit bei Be‐ und Entlastung durch Druck‐ und Stoßversuche ermittelt. Anhand dieser Parameter wurde ein Kontaktmodell für die Simulation der Partikelbewegung entwickelt. Die Simulationsergebnisse wurden mit experimentellen Untersuchungen validiert.
Empowerment in adolescents and young adults with cancer: Relationship with health‐related quality of life
Authors: Kaal Suzanne E.J. , Husson Olga , van Duivenboden Saskia , Jansen Rosemarie , Manten‐Horst Eveliene , Servaes Petra , Prins Judith B. , van den Berg Sanne W. , van der Graaf Winette T.A.
Published: July 2017

BACKGROUND

The difficulties adolescents and young adults (AYAs) encounter during a cancer experience may result in a reduction in or absence of empowerment. The aims of the current study were to assess levels of empowerment and associated (demographic, clinical, or psychological) factors and examine the association between empowerment and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) among AYA patients with cancer.

METHODS

Patients aged 18 to 35 years at time of cancer diagnosis and who were seen by 1 of the members of the specialized multidisciplinary AYA team of the Radboud University Medical Center were invited to complete questionnaires regarding empowerment; HRQOL; and sociodemographic, clinical, and psychological characteristics (autonomy, coping, unmet social support needs, and psychological distress).

RESULTS

A total of 83 AYA patients completed the questionnaires. The mean age of the participants at the time of diagnosis was 27.5 years. The vast majority had been treated with chemotherapy (86%), had a more advanced stage of disease, and had completed treatment at the time of participation (74%). The mean empowerment level was 154.1 (standard deviation, 17.8) with a range of 114 to 200. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that the autonomy subscales of self‐awareness (β = .35), capacity for managing new situations (β = .19), and social support (β = .35) were found to be positively associated with empowerment. Coping difficulties (β = ‐.19) were found to be negatively associated with empowerment. Empowerment was independently associated with physical (β = .31), psychological (β = .50), social (β = .39), religious (β = .33), and total HRQOL (β = .52; all P<.01).

CONCLUSIONS

Low levels of empowerment were associated with low levels of autonomy and social support, female sex, and coping difficulties among AYA patients with cancer. Recognizing these patients as candidates for empowerment interventions ultimately could help to improve HRQOL in late adolescence and young adulthood. Cancer 2017;123:4039‐47. © 2017 The Authors. Cancer published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of American Cancer Society. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution‐NonCommercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
Fecal Microbial Transplantation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Movement Too Big to Be Ignored
Authors: Laffin M , Madsen KL
Published: July 2017

The development of new therapies for inflammatory bowel disease is plagued by high costs, potential side effects, and variable levels of effectiveness. Fecal microbial transplant in inflammatory bowel diseases can offer an alternative to traditionally developed pharmacologic therapies and has demonstrated the ability to induce disease remission in randomized control trials. However, questions remain about the ultimate role of this therapy in disease management, including long term safety, and the optimal composition of transplanted stool.
Polymorphism of Erbium Oxyfluoride: Selective Synthesis, Crystal Structure, and Phase‐Dependent Upconversion Luminescence
Authors: Wen Ting , Ding Ruixian , Zhou Yannan , Si Yubing , Yang Baocheng , Wang Yonggang
Published: July 2017

Phase‐selective synthesis and structure switching behavior of a functional material are essential to enable comparative studies on the structure–property relationship. Here, we report a controllable fluorination route to phase‐pure erbium oxyfluorides with orthorhombic (O‐ErOF) and rhombohedral (R‐ErOF) structures. This facile method adopts polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) as the fluoridizer, and the phase selectivity can be easily achieved at specific fluorination temperatures. The phase evolution and detailed crystal structures of erbium oxyfluoride were characterized by powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) at various sintering temperatures and Rietveld refinements, respectively. An irreversible phase transition from O‐ErOF to R‐ErOF was observed under heating around 600 °C. The upconversion (UC) luminescence properties of R‐ErOF and O‐ErOF were studied comparatively by means of photoluminescence, P–I, and UC decay curves. Despite their similar components and crystal structure, R‐ErOF exhibits stronger (more than 20 times) red UC emission than O‐ErOF. The anomalous UC behavior of the two polymorphs of ErOF was associated with the energy transfer processes dependent on their crystal structure.
Relationships Between Self‐Reported and Observed Parenting Behaviour, Adolescent Disordered Eating Attitudes and Behaviours, and the 5‐HTTLPR Polymorphism: Data From the Australian Temperament Project
Authors: Rozenblat Vanja , Ryan Joanne , Wertheim Eleanor , King Ross , Olsson Craig A. , Letcher Primrose , Krug Isabel
Published: July 2017

This study examined whether self‐reported and observationally measured parental behaviours were associated with disordered eating, and investigated possible moderation by a serotonin‐transporter polymorphism (5‐HTTLPR). Study 1 included 650 adolescents from the Australian Temperament Project who completed the Eating Disorder Inventory‐2 Drive for Thinness and Bulimia scales at 15/16 years and were genotyped for 5‐HTTLPR. Parents completed an Australian Temperament Project‐devised measure of parental warmth and harsh punishment. Study 2 included a subgroup of 304 participants who also engaged in a video‐recorded family interaction, with observed parental warmth and hostility coded by the Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scale. Greater self‐reported parental warmth was associated with lower bulimia scores. Conversely, observationally measured parental warmth was associated with lower drive for thinness, but not bulimia. Self‐reported parental harsh punishment was associated with bulimia only, with observed parental hostility associated with neither outcome. 5‐HTTLPR genotype did not moderate the relationship between parent behaviours and adolescent disordered eating. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
Feedforward inhibition is randomly wired from individual granule cells onto CA3 pyramidal cells
Authors: Neubrandt Máté , Oláh Viktor János , Brunner János , Szabadics János
Published: July 2017

Feedforward inhibition (FFI) between the dentate gyrus (DG) and CA3 sparsifies and shapes memory‐ and spatial navigation‐related activities. However, our understanding of this prototypical FFI circuit lacks essential details, as the wiring of FFI is not yet mapped between individual DG granule cells (GCs) and CA3 pyramidal cells (PCs). Importantly, theoretically opposite network contributions are possible depending on whether the directly excited PCs are differently inhibited than the non‐excited PCs. Therefore, to better understand FFI wiring schemes, we compared the prevalence of disynaptic inhibitory postsynaptic events (diIPSCs) between pairs of individually recorded GC axons or somas and PCs, some of which were connected by monosynaptic excitation, while others were not. If FFI wiring is specific, diIPSCs are expected only in connected PCs; whereas diIPSCs should not be present in these PCs if FFI is laterally wired from individual GCs. However, we found single GC‐elicited diIPSCs with similar probabilities irrespective of the presence of monosynaptic excitation. This observation suggests that the wiring of FFI between individual GCs and PCs is independent of the direct excitation. Therefore, the randomly distributed FFI contributes to the hippocampal signal sparsification by setting the general excitability of the CA3 depending on the overall activity of GCs.
Internet of Things discovery in interoperable Information Centric and IP networks
Authors: Quevedo José , Ferreira Rui , Guimarães Carlos , Aguiar Rui L. , Corujo Daniel
Published: July 2017

The Internet of Things (IoT) has been enabling the deployment of new scenarios where the physical and digital worlds interact in unprecedented new ways. These interactions have manifested inadequacies of existing infrastructures and protocols, showcasing the need for evolutions, or more disruptive technologies. New architectures, such as Named Data Networking (NDN), offer new ways to interact with content at the networking layer, which have prompted the interest for IoT scenarios, but are not compatible with existing approaches. This letter presents a solution that provides interoperation and enhanced publish‐subscribe content‐centric mechanisms, allowing the NDN and Internet protocol worlds to coexist, in IoT scenarios.
CREPT and p15RS regulate cell proliferation and cycling in chicken DF‐1 cells through the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway
Authors: Jin Kai , Chen Hao , Zuo Qisheng , Huang Chuanli , Zhao Ruifeng , Yu Xinjian , Wang Yinjie , Zhang Yani , Chang Zhijie , Li Bichu
Published: July 2017

The CREPT (cell cycle‐related and expression elevated protein in tumor, also known as RPRD1B) and p15RS (p15INK4b‐related sequence, also known as RPRD1A) have been shown to regulate cell proliferation and alter the cell cycle through Wnt/β‐catenin pathway downstream genes in human. Although several studies have revealed the mechanism by which CREPT and p15RS regulate cell proliferation in human and mammals, it is still unclear how these genes function in poultry. In order to determine the function of CREPT and p15RS in chicken, we examined the expression of CREPT and p15RS in a variety of chicken tissues and DF‐1 cells. Then, we determined the effect of overexpression or depletion of CREPT or p15RS, by transiently transfecting chicken DF‐1 cells with overexpression and short hairpin RNA (shRNA) vectors respectively, on the regulation of cell proliferation. The results showed that CREPT and p15RS had different expression patterns and opposite effects on the cell cycling and proliferation. Knockdown of p15RS expression or overexpression of CREPT facilitated cell proliferation by promoting the cell‐cycle transition from G0/G1 to S‐phase and G2/M, whereas knockdown of CREPT or overexpression of p15RS inhibited cell proliferation. Mechanistically, CREPT and p15RS control DF‐1 cell proliferation by regulating the expression of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway downstream regulatory genes, including β‐catenin, TCF4, and Cyclin D1. In conclusion, CREPT and p15RS regulate cell proliferation and the cell‐cycle transition in chicken DF‐1 cells by regulating the transcription of Wnt/β‐catenin pathway downstream regulatory genes.
Reply to “Molecular mechanics models for the image charge”
Authors: Corni Stefano
Published: July 2017

We have considered the system investigated by Steinmann et al. by means of the image charge model originally proposed in Iori and Corni, J. Comput. Chem. 2008, 29, 1656. Qualitatively correct results are obtained, that compare favorably with the relevant analytical benchmarks. We show that the effect of the asymmetry of the rod model can be controlled, when needed, as originally suggested, that is, by shorter rods. This strategy does not increase neither the complexity of the model nor its computational cost. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanistic investigation inspired “on water” reaction for hydrobromic acid‐catalyzed Friedel–Crafts–type reaction of β‐naphthol and formaldehyde
Authors: Cao Shanshan , Yuan Haiyan , Yang Yang , Wang Mang , Zhang Xiaoying , Zhang Jingping
Published: July 2017

The mechanism of the HBr‐catalyzed Friedel‐Crafts‐type reaction between β‐naphthol and HCHO was investigated by DFT to improve this reaction. The HBr‐H2O co‐catalyzed the preferential pathway undergoes the concerted nucleophilic addition and hydrogen shift, stepwise followed by H2O elimination and the CC bond formation. The origin of the high catalytic activity of HBr is ascribed to CH···Br− and OH···Br− interactions, which suggest that the active species is Br−. Moreover, water molecules efficiently assist in improving the activity of Br−. The computational results show that solvent polarity profoundly affects the activation barriers. To our delight, the activation barrier of the rate‐determining step for the favored pathway in water is comparable (0.6 kcal/mol difference) with that in acetonitrile. The experimental observation further confirmed our results and demonstrated that the title reaction can be successfully achieved “on water.” Therefore, we open a new efficient and green strategy for the synthesis of biphenol derivatives. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Exploring the potential of natural and synthetic neuroprotective steroids against neurodegenerative disorders: A literature review
Authors: Bansal Ranju , Singh Ranjit
Published: July 2017

Neurodegeneration is a complex process, which leads to progressive brain damage due to loss of neurons. Despite exhaustive research, the cause of neuronal loss in various degenerative disorders is not entirely understood. Neuroprotective steroids constitute an important line of attack, which could play a major role against the common mechanisms associated with various neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Natural endogenous steroids induce the neuroprotection by protecting the nerve cells from neuronal injury through multiple mechanisms, therefore the structural modifications of the endogenous steroids could be helpful in the generation of new therapeutically useful neuroprotective agents. The review article will keep the readers apprised of the detailed description of natural as well as synthetic neuroprotective steroids from the medicinal chemistry point of view, which would be helpful in drug discovery efforts aimed toward neurodegenerative diseases.
Modulation of lateral positions of Bragg peaks via magnetic fields inside cancer patients: Toward magnetic field modulated proton therapy
Authors: Shao Wencheng , Tang Xiaobin , Bai Yanling , Geng Changran , Shu Diyun , Gong Chunhui , Chen Da
Published: July 2017

Purpose

This work investigated whether the Bragg peak (BP) positions of proton beams can be modulated to produce uniform doses and cover a tumor under the magnetic fields inside cancer patients, and whether magnetic field modulated proton therapy (MMPT) is effective in vital organ protection.

Methods

The authors initially constructed an ideal water phantom comprising a central tumor surrounded by cuboid organ regions using GEANT4. Second, we designed the proton beams passing through the gap between two adjacent organ regions during beam configuration. Third, we simulated the beam transports under magnetic fields inside the phantom through GEANT4. Then, the beams were discarded, which did not stop in the tumor. Fourth, the authors modulated the intensities of the remaining beams to produce uniform tumor doses. Subsequently, the calculated MMPT doses were compared with those of traditional methods, such as single, opposing, orthogonal, and box fields. Moreover, the authors repeated the above research procedures for abdominal anatomies comprising tumors at the pancreatic tail and liver to evaluate whether MMPT is effective for the human anatomy.

Results

For the water phantom, the vital organ doses were approximately 50%, 30%, 30%, and 15% for the single, opposing, orthogonal, and box fields, respectively. As the vital organ doses decreased, the organ volume receiving proton irradiations for the opposing, orthogonal, and box fields increased by two, two, and four times compared with that for the single field. The vital organ volume receiving proton irradiations were controlled to a fairly low level through MMPT, whereas the BP positions of the proton beams were properly modulated through the magnetic fields inside the phantom. The tumor was sufficiently covered by a 95% dose line, and the maximum tumor doses were smaller than 110%. For the pancreatic tumor case, the proton beams were curved and bypassed the kidney to generate uniform doses inside the tumor through MMPT. In the liver tumor case, the liver volume receiving proton irradiations was reduced by approximately 40% through MMPT compared with traditional methods.

Conclusions

The BP positions can be intentionally modulated to produce uniform tumor doses under the magnetic fields inside cancer patients. In some special cases, the vital organs surrounding the tumor can almost be exempted from proton irradiations without sacrificing tumor dose coverage through MMPT. For the tumors inside parallel organs, the parallel organ volume receiving proton irradiations was largely reduced through MMPT. The results of this study can serve as beneficial implications for future proton therapy studies with reduced vital organ damage and complications.
Responses of chemically active and naturally fractured shale under time‐dependent mechanical loading and ionic solution exposure
Authors: Liu Chao , Hoang Son K. , Abousleiman Younane N.
Published: July 2017

In this paper, the analytical dual‐porosity dual‐permeability poromechanics solution for saturated cylinders is extended to account for electrokinetic effects and material transverse isotropy, which simulate the responses of chemically active naturally fractured shale under time‐dependent mechanical loading and ionic solution exposure. The solution addresses the stresses, fracture pore pressure, matrix pore pressure, fluid fluxes, ion concentration evolution, and displacements due to the applied stress, pore pressure, and solute concentration difference between the sample and the circulation fluid. The presented solution will not only help validate numerical simulations but also assist in calibrating and interpreting laboratory results on dual‐porosity dual‐permeability shale. It is recommended that the analytical solutions of radial and axial displacements be used to match the corresponding laboratory‐recorded data to determine shale dual permeability and chemo‐electrical parameters including membrane coefficient, ions diffusion coefficients, and electro‐osmotic permeability.
A software‐defined networking approach to improve service provision in residential networks
Authors: Flores Moyano Ricardo , Fernández David , Bellido Luis , González Carlos
Published: July 2017

Within the Internet service provider landscape, the residential gateway (RGW) plays a key role in service provision. The RGW should be an enabler for the provision of new and better services for residential users, but it is often instead an obstacle for innovation. This paper discusses how to improve the provision of innovative services and to increase the usability of residential networks by upgrading the residential gateway in alignment with the current paradigms of software‐defined networking (SDN) and network function virtualization. In this approach, SDN contributes by providing a fine‐grained control of the traffic and network function virtualization contributes by outsourcing traditional and specialized network functions running inside the RGW like routing or network address translation to the Internet service provider premises. Based on this approach, a management framework has been designed by considering 2 aspects: the involvement of the residential user in the management tasks through the provision of network management applications and the need to decouple network applications from the underlying SDN controller technology to encourage the development of innovative network applications. In addition, a virtualized management and networking domain has been defined to complement the approach and leverage cloud technologies. The advantages and challenges of this approach are analyzed based on a proof of concept development.
Acoustic shape optimization using cut finite elements
Authors: Bernland Anders , Wadbro Eddie , Berggren Martin
Published: July 2017

Fictitious domain methods are attractive for shape optimization applications, since they do not require deformed or regenerated meshes. A recently developed such method is the CutFEM approach, which allows crisp boundary representations and for which uniformly well‐conditioned system matrices can be guaranteed. Here, we investigate the use of the CutFEM approach for acoustic shape optimization, using as test problem the design of an acoustic horn for favorable impedance‐matching properties. The CutFEM approach is used to solve the Helmholtz equation, and the geometry of the horn is implicitly described by a level‐set function. To promote smooth algorithmic updates of the geometry, we propose to use the nodal values of the Laplacian of the level‐set function as design variables. This strategy also improves the algorithm's convergence rate, counteracts mesh dependence, and, in combination with Tikhonov regularization, controls small details in the optimized designs. An advantage with the proposed method is that the exact derivatives of the discrete objective function can be expressed as boundary integrals, as opposed to when using a traditional method that uses mesh deformations. The resulting horns possess excellent impedance‐matching properties and exhibit surprising subwavelength structures, not previously seen, which are possible to capture due to the fixed mesh approach.
New methods for the synthesis of 4H‐dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole
Authors: Förtsch Sebastian , Vogt Astrid , Bäuerle Peter
Published: July 2017

Various alternative methods for the synthesis of 4H‐dithieno[3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d]pyrrole (DTP) starting from commercially available bromothiophene precursors are presented. Crucial steps involve the Cadogan reaction, Ullmann‐type C─N couplings, or Buchwald‐Hartwig–type aminations to build up the central pyrrole ring of DTP, respectively. The use of ammonia surrogates afforded the fused target heteroacene in overall yields of 33% to 63%, and the corresponding methods are applicable on large scale.
Evaluation of poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) as a dielectric capacitor film for high‐temperature energy storage applications
Authors: Gupta Sahil , Offenbach Ido , Ronzello JoAnne , Cao Yang , Boggs Steven , Weiss Robert A. , Cakmak Mukerrem
Published: July 2017

Poly(4‐methyl‐1‐pentene) (P4MP) was characterized to evaluate its viability as a high‐temperature dielectric film for capacitors. Detailed investigation of thermal, mechanical, rheological, and dielectric properties was carried out to assess its high‐temperature performance and processability. P4MP was melt‐processable below 270 °C without degradation and application temperatures as high as 160–190 °C can be achieved. The dielectric constant and loss of melt‐processed P4MP films was comparable to biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) capacitor films, although the dielectric strength was lower. Enhancements in dielectric strength up to 250–300% were achieved via solution‐processing P4MP films, which could be easily scaled up on a roll‐to‐roll platform to yield isotropic, free‐standing films as thin as 3–5 μm. The influence of crystal structure, crystallinity, and surface morphology of these films on the dielectric properties was examined. The dielectric strength was further increased by 450% through biaxial stretching of solution‐cast films, and a Weibull breakdown field of 514 V/μm was obtained. The dielectric constant was very stable as a function of frequency and temperature and the dielectric loss was restricted to <1–2%. Overall, these results suggest that BOP4MP is a promising candidate to obtain similar energy density as a BOPP capacitor film but at much higher operating temperatures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2017, 55, 1497–1515
Warm season precipitation signal in δ2H values of wood lignin methoxyl groups from high elevation larch trees in Switzerland
Authors: Riechelmann Dana F.C. , Greule Markus , Siegwolf Rolf T.W. , Anhäuser Tobias , Esper Jan , Keppler Frank
Published: July 2017

Rationale

In this study, we tested stable hydrogen isotope ratios of wood lignin methoxyl groups (δ2Hmethoxyl values) as a palaeoclimate proxy in dendrochronology. This is a quite new method in the field of dendrochronology and the sample preparation is much simpler than the methods used before to measure δ2H values from wood.

Methods

We measured δ2Hmethoxyl values in high elevation larch trees (Larix decidua Mill.) from Simplon Valley (southern Switzerland). Thirty‐seven larch trees were sampled and five individuals analysed for their δ2Hmethoxyl values at annual (1971–2009) and pentadal resolution (1746–2009). The δ2Hmethoxyl values were measured as CH3I released upon treatment of the dried wood samples with hydroiodic acid. 10–90 μL from the head‐space were injected into the gas chromatography/high‐temperature conversion/isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC/HTC‐IRMS) system.

Results

Testing the climate response of the δ2Hmethoxyl values, the annually resolved series show a positive correlation of r = 0.60 with June/July precipitation. The pentadally resolved δ2Hmethoxyl series do not show any significant correlation to climate parameters.

Conclusions

Increased precipitation during June and July, which are on average warm and relatively dry months, results in higher δ2H values of the xylem water and, therefore, higher δ2H values in the lignin methoxyl groups. Therefore, we suggest that δ2Hmethoxyl values of high elevation larch trees might serve as a summer precipitation proxy.
The Molecular Structure and Morphology of Insoluble Coke in SAPO‐34 Catalyst
Authors: Luo Mingjian , Wang Dakang , Hu Bing , Fu Yadong , Mao Guoliang , Wang Baohui
Published: July 2017

The insoluble coke in SAPO‐34 catalyst is investigated by mass spectrometry and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Results indicate the insoluble coke in SAPO‐34 catalyst is a reticulate structure composed of carbon‐chain bridged cycloalkanes and aromatics. This reticulate structure located near the surface of SAPO‐34 crystal. It is proposed that the continue alkylation and cyclization of cycloalkanes or aromatics with olefins is the main cause of the coke formation. Moreover, the coke preformed by olefins in downstream catalyst bed reduces the active region for methanol conversion.