bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mining Consortia plan systems tests
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Four international mining consortia are planning systems tests for deepsea mining. The U.S. Commerce Department will monitor these initial manganese nodule gathering operations to measure their environmental impact. While industry has been working to develop deep‐sea mining techniques, scientists from Commerce's Deep Ocean Mining Environmental Study (Domes) have been engaged in base line studies of the state of the waters, life forms, and sea bed prior to mining. These studies have focused on three sites in the central Pacific judged to represent the range of environmental regimes that mining might affect.
Nominees for President‐Elect of AGU: William M. Kaula
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A member since 1954, I have always felt that the American Geophysical Union is the prime agent of communication and interaction in geophysics, as evidenced by about 30 publications in refereed AGU journals and 35 talks at AGU meetings. My principal organizational contributions have been concerning the journals: associate editor of JGR, 1963–1965; editor of RGSP, 1970–1974; and, since 1976, member for journals of the AGU Publications Committee.
President's Page: The future of scientific ocean drilling
Authors: Maxwell A. E.
Published: October 2011

One of the most successful earth science programs—the Joint Oceanographic Institutions for Deep Earth Sampling (JOIDES) Deep‐Sea Drilling Project—is completing nearly a decade of scientific and technological achievements. As this period closes, these accomplishments are being reviewed in order to assess what course any future program of scientific ocean drilling should take. While such an assessment would normally appear to be simple in the light of past performance, it is complicated by the fact that some of the future drilling objectives require even more expensive technology than that already being utilized.
NSF establishes new directorate
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Directorate for Applied Science and Research Applications (ASRA) of the National Science Foundation was recently established to strengthen the links between applied and problem‐oriented research and NSF's basic research activities. The new directorate includes most of the functions of the Research Applications Directorate in keeping with the objectives and organizational structure presented by a science applications task force headed by John Whinnery of the University of California at Berkeley. Jack T. Sanderson, formerly assistant director for Research Applications, will continue as assistant director for ASRA.
SEAN Report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The following geophysical and meteoritic events were reported by the Scientific Event Alert Network (SEAN), Smithsonian Institution, NHB Stop 129, Washington, D.C. 20560.

A major deflation event at Krafla Caldera (Iceland) began January 6.

The next morning, deflation rate increased, and harmonic tremor began. Earthquakes with maximum magnitude of 4.8 migrated to 30 km north of the caldera January 7 and to 10 km farther north by January 9, indicating magma injection into Krafla's northern fissure zone. Deflation and seismicity continued until January 22. Uplift then resumed but has been interrupted several times, coinciding with periods of harmonic tremor. Earthquakes, many with magnitudes greater than 4, were continuing in early February from the fissure zone. Tilt equivalent to about 110 cm of caldera subsidence was recorded during the deflation event, and up to 2 m of rifting may have occurred 25–50 km north of Krafla. However, no marked change in geothermal activity was observed, and no visible eruption occurred.
Vignette: Margaret Kivelson
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Margaret Galland Kivelson is a professor of space physics in residence in the Department of Earth and Space Sciences and a research geophysicist at the Institute of Geophysics and Planetary Physics, University of California, Los Angeles. Upon confirmation, she will be the principal investigator for the magnetometer investigation on the Jupiter Orbiter Probe mission to be launched in 1981. She received an A.B. degree, magna cum laude, in 1950 and an A.M. in 1951 from Radcliffe College and a Ph.D. in 1957 from Harvard University, where her dissertation dealt with quantum electrodynamics.

Her two children were born while she was studying for a Ph.D. Her desire for part‐time employment while her children were young initially limited her options. Since part‐time faculty positions were not available in the Los Angeles area, she accepted a position with the Rand Corporation with flexible hours. For the next 10 years, her research focused on equations of state at high pressure and on theoretical plasma physics.
AGU Subcommittee on women in geophysics: Newsletter 2
Authors: Lincoln J. Virginia
Published: October 2011

An excellent open meeting of the subcommittee with about 30 in attendance (including six men) was held on December 6, 1977, during the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco. Those attending completed a special questionnaire providing the subcommittee with additional information. Please write to AGU headquarters, 1909 K Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20006, Attn.: Susan McAllister, if you would like to receive a blank questionnaire for completion.
CFMs can trace ocean currents
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The trichlorofluoromethanes (CFMs) that have been so much in the news may be very good tracers for oceanic water masses. Gradual accumulations since 1946 have brought the concentration of this gas in the atmosphere to a level of approximately 100 parts per trillion. A small portion of this material dissolves in surface waters, marking them as having been in contact with the atmosphere. Thus old water masses that have long been out of contact with the atmosphere should be free of CFMs.
Natural levels of NOx, and nitric acid comparatively low
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Naturally occurring levels of nitrogen oxides and nitric acid in the atmosphere may not be as high as was previously thought. John Ritter, Donald Stedman, and Thomas Kelly of the University of Michigan reported at a recent American Chemical Society meeting that they had measured the levels of NOx in rural Michigan and on a relatively isolated mountaintop in Colorado using a detector which measures fractions of a part per billion. They found very low levels of NOx, punctuated by high surges from man‐made sources. All of the high concentrations were confined to the layer of air close to the ground and were directly traceable to plumes of man‐made pollution. They concluded that a ‘background level’ of nitrogen oxides (NOx) was virtually meaningless.
Comments on copyright
Authors: Johnson Francis S. , Dessler A. J.
Published: October 2011

In an article on the President's Page of February 1978 EOS (page 67), R. M. Ragan and J. C. Holoviak discuss some of the problems in the field of scientific publishing arising from the new copyright law. However, it seems to me that they fail to identify the principal interests of authors of scientific papers, namely, having their ideas recognized and quoted by others. The suggestion that an author's livelihood is protected by copyright may be appropriate to those who publish books, but it certainly is not appropriate to scientific publication in general. Ragan and Holoviak sense this when they recognize that authors of scientific papers may place their work in the public domain to remove ‘roadblocks to the rapid and widespread transfer of scientific knowledge.’ Actually, it is the publisher, not the author of scientific papers, that needs copyright protection, and Ragan and Holoviak quite appropriately argue that it is in the author's interest to see that scientific publishing remains a viable enterprise.
International Solar Polar Mission scheduled
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The International Solar Polar Mission, which is expected to revolutionize the solar physics field, is scheduled for the mid‐1980s. From this dual spacecraft mission, scientists hope to learn more about changes in solar conditions that cause variations in the earth's climate. The mission will seek new data on many of the solar phenomena that shape and control the space environment of the earth, such as solar wind flow and cosmic rays.

No spacecraft has yet ventured off the ecliptic plane by more than 15° in heliographic latitude. But the Solar Polar Mission, jointly projected by NASA and the European Space Agency (ESA), and also known as the Out‐of‐the‐Ecliptic Mission, will put a pair of unmanned spacecraft both above and below the sun and the ecliptic plane.
Awards presented at the Spring Meeting: Fortieth Presentation: William Bowie Medal to Helmut Erich Landsberg for outstanding contributions to fundamental geophysics and for unselfish cooperation in research
Authors: Landsberg H. E.
Published: October 2011

It is with a great deal of honor and humility that I accepted the opportunity to prepare this citation for Professor Emeritus Helmut E. Landsberg. His career of research and service in the field of science spans nearly a half century and has encompassed many important scientific achievements in the fields of geophysics, seismology, meteorology, climatology, air pollution, biometeorology, medical climatology, and urban meteorology. It occurs to me that surely some of these fields of study exist today largely because of the deep and probing questions which were raised and considered by the remarkable gentleman whom we are honoring at this moment. As a scholar of international renown, Helmut's work has influenced the thinking of scientists, engineers, and environmental planners in many parts of the world. He has had a profound influence on the world of science not only through his scholarly research but also in teaching and educational innovation in several universities of the world, in his long and significant service in science administration, and in his tireless service and leadership in an increasing number of professional societies.
Spring Meeting 1978
Authors: Lewkowicz James
Published: October 2011

I am writing in reference to the recent AGU meeting I attended in Miami.

I am quite upset about people submitting abstracts and not showing up to present the papers. It is particularly irritating that the same people are annually guilty of this offense. I went specifically to hear a talk during the earthquake prediction session 2, and for the second year in a row the same person failed to show up to give his talk. He also failed even to notify the session chairmen that his paper was not going to be given. I don't believe that this is an isolated incident.
Reply to Lister
Authors: Manheim F. T.
Published: October 2011

C. Lister (EOS, 59(2), 66, 1978) has suggested that we solve literature dissemination problems by abstract publication keyed to microfiche documents. This idea sounds logical but rests upon a questionable assumption, namely, that the exclusive or main function of scientific literature is to inform. In fact, D. Price (Ciba Foundation Symposium on Communication in Science: Documentation and Automation, 1966) has suggested that information dissemination makes up only 20% of the function of publication. The other 80% may include services such as justifying the work of individuals and organizations, providing scientific credentials, serving as criteria for pay increases and advancement, boosting egos, and perhaps even fulfilling artistic aspirations (who is fulfilled by microfiche?).
New “Nano Probe” to be available for EM
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new kind of electron microscope system was demonstrated at the 9th International Congress on Electron Microscopy. The new system adds a patented ‘twin lens’ objective and a scanning transmission control unit (STEM) to the Philips EM‐400 electron microscope. This makes imaging at atomic resolution possible with the capability of analyzing materials as tiny as a billionth of a meter with the STEM's ‘Nano Probe,’ which fires a finely focused beam of electrons at the sample.
Heineman Foundation establishes prize for astrophysics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A new prize for astrophysics will be awarded for the first time next year. The prize, endowed by the Heineman Foundation for Research, Educational, Charitable and Scientific Purposes, will be administered by the American Institute of Physics (AIP), and the American Astronomical Society (AAS) will select the recipient. The winner will be picked on an international basis and cited for outstanding achievement in the field of astrophysics.
Magnetic deposit on the Moon
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

At the Fall Meeting, L. L. Hood reported on continuing studies at the University of California at Los Angeles (UCLA) of Apollo 16 subsatellite magnetic field measurements, which have recently indicated that a conspicuous light‐colored deposit superemposed on the western Ocean of Storms may be strongly magnetized. The 30 × 60 km deposit, known as Reiner Gamma, is visible from the earth with a small telescope near full moon and is the first visually prominent lunar feature to be clearly associated with a large magnetic anomaly detected with the UCLA magnetometers on board the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellites.

Like many other magnetic anomalies detected with the Apollo subsatellites, the Reiner Gamma anomaly is observed repeatedly over the same selenographic position on successive orbits, thus identifying itself as of lunar origin. However, its maximum amplitude of 21 gammas (for comparison, the strength of the earth's magnetic field at the equator is about 33,000 gammas) at 20‐km altitude is by far the largest in apparent magnitude (uncorrected for altitude) found in all 2600 orbital traverses of the Apollo 15 and 16 subsatellites. According to astrogeologists of the U.S. Geological Survey, the Reiner Gamma deposit can be no thicker than about 10m because no shadows are cast even under very low angles of the sun's illumination. Using this thickness estimate, the anomaly amplitude, and the subsatellite altitude, a minimum mean magnetization level 500 times greater than that of the most magnetic returned lunar sample and comparable to that of the most magnetic naturally occuring terrestrial rocks has been estimated. A relatively large free iron content (perhaps 5–10% by weight) is thus suggested if Reiner Gamma is indeed the source of the observed anomaly.
Study links solar flares, atmospheric electricity
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Large electrical currents detected over the south pole during a solar flare offer evidence that atmospheric electricity is directly influenced by the sun, according to a National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) scientist. In contrast to the prevailing ‘global circuit theory,’ which describes how electricity flows from the earth to the atmosphere and back again, the recently analyzed south pole measurements indicate that bursts of energetic particles and radiation from solar flares strengthen the ordinarily weak return current. This would make the sun an important partner in regulating electricity in the global atmosphere. Extrapolated further, NOAA researcher William E. Cobb says it is possible that this increased electrical activity may create more lightning strokes in thunderstorms, which in turn could affect their rain‐producing efficiency.
On‐line wind turbine planned for Oahu
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Oahu is slated for the next space age windmill in the Department of Energy's (DOE) continuing demonstration program of alternative energy schemes. ‘Hawaii, whose electricity utility organization is dependent on oil, is expected to be a prime type of future market for wind power,’ said Bennett Miller, DOE's Acting Program Director for Solar, Geothermal, Electric and Storage Systems.

The Hawaiian turbine will be located near Kaena Point on Oahu, where winds average over 27 km/h. It will have a two‐bladed rotor 38 meters in diameter. Similar 200‐kilowatt machines are currently being installed or tested at Clayton, New Mexico, the Island of Culebra, Puerto Rico, and Block Island, Rhode Island.
NOAA to seek closer ties with academic institutions
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

NOAA Administrator Richard A. Frank, in an address before the 59th Annual Meeting of the American Meteorological Society in Reno, Nevada, on January 15, outlined a plan for enhancing NOAA's relations with academic and research institutions. More reliance on the resources available in these institutions will enable NOAA to use its increasingly limited personnel resources more effectively. The elements of the plan as outlined by Frank are as follows:

NOAA will aim to increase substantially its use of academic and research institutions for performing research in support of its mandates. While the basic criteria will still have to be who can perform the research best and who can do so in the most cost‐effective manner and while NOAA must still maintain a high‐quality research nucleus of its own, specific goals will be set for each component to make sure that outside research is substantially increased.
Public service science residencies
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The National Science Foundation, under the auspices of its Office of Science and Society, sponsors a Public Service Sciences Residencies program the objectives of which are: to increase the knowledgeable participation of scientists and citizens in resolving major issues of public policy that involve science and technology; to make scientific and technical assistance available to citizens and their organizations and representatives; and to encourage scientists and engineers to participate in public service activities as an important adjunct or alternative to traditional scientific and academic pursuits.

These residencies are intended to allow working scientists and engineers to undertake up to a year's activity in association with organizations of citizens in need of their expertise. In conjunction with their host organizations, residents must design a specific project or program of activities directed at helping citizens who normally lack access to scientific and technical assistance. Up to 40 Public Service Science Residencies will be awarded in May 1979.
A practical salinity scale
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

At the ninth meeting of the Unesco/ICES/SCOR/IAPSO Joint Panel on Oceanographic Tables and Standards held in Paris, September 11–13, 1978, the ‘Practical Salinity Scale (1978)’ was recommended for adoption by the parent organizations. Details may be found in the Unesco [1978, 1979] reports.

A new salinity scale is needed so that all institutions using conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) instruments will be able to report their observations in a consistent manner. The existing International Tables [Unesco, 1966], giving salinity as a function of conductivity ratio, do not go below 10°C, which makes them unsuited for use in the majority of CTD applications. Salinity calculations have therefore been based on the data of Brown and Allentoft [1966] or a combination of these data with the International Tables. The two data sets are incompatible because they are (1) derived from experiments on seawaters that did and did not vary in ionic content as a function of salinity and (2) based on different ‘definitions’ of salinity. In one case a constant times chlorinity was used: in the other the weight ratio obtained by diluting/evaporating a 35% seawater with distilled water. Then 35% water from any ocean was defined in turn as having a conductivity ratio of unity with standard Copenhagen water. In addition, errors in the data have been detected in the vicinity of 0°C.
Mine roof collapse
Authors: Small Walter M.
Published: October 2011

On the after noon of July 2, 1948, while returning from geological work, I took a short cut along the trail pictured across the upper edge of the view (Illustration of Mine Roof Collapse at the Mammoth Coal Mine North of Sheridan, Wyoming (EOS, 60 (3), p. 28)). I might be mistaken of the exactspot, but the slightly elongated ‘collapse’ in the upper left corner seems to be the place where my Chevrolet car dropped, catching on the front and the rear bumpers. There were no signs of any sort posted and there was only pastured prairie. A high center in the trail had made me drive just off the edge.
Water studies: RFP
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The California Department of Water Resources has prepared two Requests for Proposals (RFP's) to study the ‘Optimization of Water Use and Crop Production’ and the ‘Benefits of Agricultural Water Conservation.’ The Optimization of Water Use and Crop Production project is to focus on the practice of deficit irrigation, which involves subjecting the crop to water stress at noncritical growth stages in order to reduce the cost of water per unit of crop produced. The Benefits of Agricultural Water Conservation project is to focus on the incidental (nonwater) benefits, such as reduction in the cost of energy for pumping and labor, reduction of water pollution, and reduction in disease vectors (mosquitos). These projects are part of the Department's Agricultural Water Conservation Research Program.
Fulbright Awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Among the approximately 500 Fulbright awards available in about 100 countries for 1980–1981, a number have been programed in earth science. Australia, thermoluminescence measurement; France, Ivory Coast (French required), and Norway, applied geophysics in petroleum engineering, ore geology, and paleontology;; Pakistan and USSR, interests at several institutions.

Those desiring a copy of the 1980–1981 announcement of Fulbright award opportunities for university teaching and advanced research abroad should send name, address, highest degree, specialization, and country interest to the Council for International Exchange of Scholars, Department N, 11 Dupont Circle, Washington, D.C. 20036. Applications are due for the American republics, Australia, and New Zealand by June 1, 1979, and for Africa, Asia, and Europe by July 1, 1979.
A cause of pollution
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Many streams in or near urban areas are polluted; some carry significant amounts of pollution when there is no obvious source. Intensified studies of runoff of storm water in urban areas that are n ow under way as part of a joint effort by the U.S. Geological Survey, Department of the Interior, and the Environmental Protection Agency appear to have isolated the origin. There are pilot studies in Philadelphia, Denver, Portland, and the Miami and south Florida area that have produced reliable data for the first time, according to the descriptions given by D.J. Lystrom (hydrologist and coordinator of the USGS programs) at a recent meeting on urban storm water management in Raleigh, North Carolina.

Instead of point sources such as industrial concerns and municipal waste treatment plants, many of which have been cleaned up greatly in the areas studied, less obvious sources such as storm water runoff from streets, parking lots, and agricultural land have been identified. Lystrom said that the study in Portland, for example, showed that storm water runoff may have supplied higher concentrations of ‘settable solids and coliform bacteria’ than the discharge from secondary waste treatment plants. The study in Denver indicated that storm runoff may contribute significant amounts of ammonia nitrogen, total nonfilterable residue, copper, iron, lead, and zinc, and in winter, sodium chloride and steel deicing chemicals to local streams.
Opportunity to observe a large‐scale hole in the ionosphere
Authors: Mendillo Michael , Baumgardner Jeffrey , Klobuchar John A.
Published: October 2011

Since the earliest days of the U.S. Space Program, concerns have been raised regarding the atmospheric perturbations that might be caused by the exhaust products of large rocket engines. In 1964 a comprehensive review of the subject was published by Kellogg [1964] in which the space science community was alerted to the many possible ways that rocket ‘pollutants’ could have environmental impacts. The final impression left by Kellogg's paper was that the terrestrial atmosphere was sufficiently dense to absorb any conceivable shock that an aerospace technology might reasonably be expected to build—even to the point of the giant Saturn V rockets envisioned for the Apollo Program.

In the 15 years that have passed since Kellogg's assessment, very little evidence was found to suggest that rocket effluents were in fact perilous to our environment. A reappraisal of all published accounts of rocket‐induced modifications of the atmosphere since Sputnik 1 (M. Mendillo, unpublished manuscript, 1979) reveals that hardly a dozen accounts exist describing specific aeronomic perturbations associated with the many hundreds of rocket launches that have occurred since 1957. There are good reasons for this: (1) The vast majority of rockets launched in the last 2 decades were relatively small ones, and thus the exhaust emissions amounted to no more than very minor additions of essentially trace species. (2) Of the large rockets (Saturns, Atlas/Centaurs, SL‐4/Soyuz) the overwhelming majority of launches carried payloads into low earth orbit (h < 200 km), where the typical exhaust products (H20, H2, CO2, N2, and O2,) were again relatively inconspicuous additions to ambient conditions. (3) Large‐rocket launches made by U.S. agencies generally occur at the Kennedy Space Flight Center, thereby insuring that rocket ascent trajectories occur over water—conditions hardly conducive to atmospheric monitoring via ground‐based facilities.
Applications of Geodesy to Geodynamics: 6. Knowledge of Gravity Field, Geoid, and Ocean Surface via Space Techniques
Authors: Anderle R. J.
Published: October 2011

In the past 5 years dramatic improvement in the knowledge of the earth's gravity field has been obtained through the use of Geos‐3 satellite altimetry data, which has defined the geoid over most of the ocean areas to about 1‐m accuracy. In addition, increasing amounts of laser data and improvements in computer programs have permitted the solution for 566 terms in the gravity field. This field was used to compute the orbits of the Geos‐3 satellite to an accuracy of 1–2 m in the vertical direction. The combination of satellite tracking data, altimetry data, and gravimetry has yielded 1360 terms in the earth's gravity field. Impressive demonstrations have also been made of the usefulness of satellite to satellite tracking data between high and low satellites for the determination of gravity field. Nevertheless, a number of problems need to be solved in order to provide a gravity field which is sufficiently accurate for the determination and interpretation of oceanographic and geophysical effects and processes. Among these problems are (1) detailed models for effects of atmospheric, solar radiation and earth's albedo on satellite orbits; (2) refinements of effects on station movement, measurement models, and dynamic models owing to crustal motion, polar motion, earth's rotation, solid earth, ocean and atmospheric tides, ionosphere, and troposphere; (3) separation of gravity coefficients where linear combinations of the coefficients are determined by their observed effects on satellite motion; (4) improvements in deterministic and statistical models so that different classes of observational data may be combined without arbitrary weighting of the data; and (5) computational efficiency, since the high cost of the extensive computations often leads to use of inconsistent models for the earth's gravity field for different classes of data. In addition, the usefulness of the altimetry data for gravity field determination is limited by the need to make corrections for topographic effects due to currents, tides, and other oceanographic effects. Surface gravity data are lacking in many areas, and available satellite to satellite tracking data are lacking in both quality and quantity to define medium‐ and short‐wavelength gravity effects to sufficient accuracy.
NEW WRR editor
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The new coeditor for social sciences of Water Resources Research is Jared L. Cohon, an associate professor of geography and environmental engineering at The Johns Hopkins University. Cohon was appointed to a 4‐year term which began July 1,1979; he succeeds outgoing editor, David Major.
NASA program in solar‐terrestrial studies
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As part of a continuing program open to participation by the academic community, NASA has announced new opportunities in the theoretical analysis and modeling of solar‐terrestrial phenomena. The program will be managed by the Solar Terrestrial Division of NASA's Office of Space Science. In fiscal year 1980 (October 1, 1979, to September 30,1980) the Solar Terrestrial Division will administer approximately $2.25 million explicitly designated for this program. One of the fundamental goals of the program is to obtain a theoretical understanding of the basic (predominantly plasma physical) processes that are important to solar physics and to the solar‐terrestrial environment.
Saturn encounter
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Pioneer 11 (or Pioneer Saturn) spacecraft will fly through and by Saturn's famous rings on or about September 1. This will be the climax of a 6‐year trip at an average velocity of 50,000 mph for nearly 109 miles. Pioneer 11 has instruments to measure various quantities similar to those of Voyager during the March and July Jupiter flybys, and thus it will provide an interesting comparison of the properties of the two gaseous planets. Saturn's gravitational, magnetic, and radiation fields will be studied, as will the temperature and composition of its outer atmosphere. The mysterious green, yellow, and orange colors of Saturn's surface and rings may be explained. The particles of the rings and clouds that surround Saturn could be of sufficient size to damage the spacecraft.
Andrija Mohorovic: Seventy years ago an earthquake shook Zagreb: His analysis resulted in a fundamental discovery
Authors: Bonini W. E. , Bonini R. R.
Published: October 2011

On October 8, 1909, at 9 hours 59 minutes Greenwich time, Zagreb was shaken by a strong earthquake which knocked down chimneys but did little other damage.

Thus it was that Andrija Mohorovicic, director of the Zagreb Meteorological Observatory and professor at the university, began his report in 1910. He drew on this earthquake and others to document his findings that there is a seismic velocity increase with depth at approximately 50 km in the earth. He recognized that the P waves occurred in two phases and were followed by S‐waves which apparently followed corresponding travel paths. Later when this was confirmed by others, the boundary between the crustal layer and the mantle below was referred to as the Discontinuity of Mohorovicic. No doubt one reason that today the discontinuity is most frequently known as the Moho, or simply as the M‐discontinuity, is that many find his name difficult to pronounce (try; moe‐hoar‐oh‐VEE‐cheach).
Geochemist's Travel Grant Program
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. National Committee for Geochemistry is seeking funding for its Travel Grant Program to the 26th International Geological Congress (IGC) in Paris, July 7–17, 1980. The Committee seeks to ensure appropriate U.S. participation by providing for approximately 30 travel grants, ranging from approximately $400 to $700, to enable geochemists residing in the United States to attend the IGC and the General Assembly of the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry (IAGC), which is to be held in conjunction with the Congress.

Depending on available funds, travel grants are to be awarded partly on the basis of the Screening Committee's ranking of geochemistry papers submitted for presentation at the 26th IGC. Younger geochemists are encouraged to apply; the Awards Committee plans special consideration for those judged to benefit most by attendance at the IGC and IAGC General Assembly.
New Appalachian geological model
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Based on a new concept of Appalachian geology, the present area for natural gas exploration from Virginia to Alabama in the eastern overthrust belt of the Appalachian Mountains can perhaps be doubled in size. At the recent Eastern Section AAPG meeting, geologist Lenard Harris of the USGS described a new model for the region. ‘In the past,’ Harris said, ‘the Appalachian Mountains have been divided by geologists into two main parallel parts: an eastern part, the Blue Ridge and Piedmont, composed of crystalline rocks (metamorphic and igneous); and a western folded and faulted part, commonly called the Valley and Ridge or the Eastern overthrust belt, composed of sedimentary rocks that today are being actively explored for natural gas. Recent seismic surveys, however, using refined geophysical methods for investigating deep in the earth, have revealed that faulting has in the past moved crystalline rocks of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont westward at least 100 miles (165 kilometers), burying a large section of sedimentary rocks of the Eastern overthrust belt.’
Activities of the U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics
Authors: Engelder Terry
Published: October 2011

The U.S. National Committee for Rock Mechanics has organized a panel to assemble a report for the National Research Council on the Research Requirements for Rock Mechanics. The purpose of this panel is to identify current problems relevant to rock mechanics and to define the research required to solve these problems. The panel will recommend the research to be undertaken, guidelines for how it should be pursued and for determining what organization or organizations are best equipped to conduct it, how much it is expected to cost, and how long it may take.

Seven technical problem areas in rock mechanics have been identified as critical to national needs. Sub‐panels are assembling reports for each of these subjects: (1) research to determine and predict porosity, permeability, and fluid flow in situ; (2) research to develop methods for determining and obtaining shallow and deep in situ stresses; (3) research to improve the ability to map fracture patterns, particularly major fractures and faults at depth; (4) research to improve the understanding of rock fragmentation processes for increasing the effectiveness of drilling and excavation systems; (5) research to increase understanding of the relation of laboratory‐measured quantities to in situ conditions; (6) research to provide the thermophysical and thermomechanical properties of rock, including fractured rock; and (7) to develop numerical modeling applications in rock mechanics.
Nominees for foreign secretary
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The role of the United States in international science is a special one. Not only do we lead in the quality and quantity of scientific research, but we are among those nations most keenly attuned to the principles of the universality of science. In my 8 years of experience as an officer in one of the associations of IUGG, I have seen a definite trend toward politicizing science. The AGU in its international relations has resisted this trend, taking the view that international scientific organizations must be as nonpolitical as possible. The proper role of an international scientific organization is to facilitate communications among scientists, principally by holding good meetings. I wholly support this position.
Pacific island eruptions
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii Island, Hawaii, (19.43°N, 155.29° W). All times are local (GMT — 10 hours). A small, twenty‐four hour eruption, Kilauea's first since September 1977, began at 0805 on 16 November from the upper East Rift Zone. A swarm of earthquakes centered south of Kilauea Caldera and in the upper East Rift Zone started at about 2130 on November 15 and continued through the night. Harmonic tremor in the upper East Rift Zone began at 0630 the next morning, followed at 0805 by the opening of two en echelon fissures in rapid succession, the first east of Pauahi Crater (about 5 km southeast of the caldera rim), the second inside the western pit of Pauahi. Lava fountains from the fissures usually rose only 2‐10 m, but occasionally, they reached a height of about 50 m. Lava from the eastern fissure flowed a short distance downslope, cutting a road; lava from the fissure inside Pauahi Crater was confined as a small lake. Late in the eruption, a third fissure became active west of Pauahi, as the eastern fissure ceased erupting. By 0800 on November 17, the eruption and all accompanying seismicity had stopped.
Desert studies from Earth‐orbiting spacecraft
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The desert regions of the world are little understood. Like the nomadic peoples that have lived there throughout history, the desert itselt shifts and moves in relatively short time periods. Features such as sand dunes, mounds and ripples, and even oases move in a period of years, as the desert and its margins migrate across the land in some areas. The fact that little is known or understood about deserts, their origin, or where they will expand or migrate takes on special importance if it is realized that the desert regions occupy over 25% of the land areas on the earth's surface. In countries with arid climates, the desert may occupy most of the area, compared to that occupied by arable farming acreage. In Egypt, for example, only 4% of the land is being farmed, and this area is bordered by desert with rapidly migrating boundaries.
Deep Ocean Drilling: Where the funding stands on Capitol Hill
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The future of federal funding in the earth and ocean sciences may be entwined in the details of current planning of the ocean deep drilling program for the next decade. Right now, important decisions are being considered by presidential advisor Frank Press that will influence the route by which funding, science, and the search for petroleum along passive continental margins will proceed.

Part of the dangers that lie ahead are that the large costs of a program of this magnitude can easily encroach upon lesser, but important, programs. In jeopardy, for example, is a portion of the NSF (National Science Foundation) budget for research in the earth sciences. Cost overruns, inflation, and other priorities are the risks. The science, too, could be easily compromised if the decisions to be made within the next week or two are not the right ones.
Deep Ocean Drilling Meeting
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Participants in a high‐level policy meeting on the deep ocean drilling proposal held last week in Washington, D.C., reported general accord for proceeding with the Explorer drilling program.

The extent of it, they said, would probably be larger than a program of drilling only on the passive continental margins but smaller than the extensive program called for in the Future of Scientific Ocean Drilling report to the Joint Oceanographic Institutions Deep Earth Sampling executive committee.
The International Workshop on solar wind studies by radioastronomical, ground‐based, and direct methods
Authors: Coles William A. , Feldman W. C.
Published: October 2011

The solar wind has long been studied by a variety of indirect techniques; indeed, it was actually ‘discovered’ by Biermann through analysis of comet tail observations. Of course, direct spacecraft observations are vastly superior when and where they are available, but the methods are complementary. Ground‐based methods are used to extend our information, both to inaccessible regions near the sun and out of the ecliptic and to span a much larger time period. Although interesting and important results are coming from such work, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the use of spacecraft data to ‘calibrate’ the ground‐based data in regions of overlap. This workshop, which was held in Moscow, April 5–10,1979, is a first step in this direction. The meeting was widely attended by Soviet and East European scientists, but participation by North American and West Europeans was weakened by almost simultaneous meetings on related subjects.
Scientists' salaries in 1979
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Scientific Manpower Commission (SMC, 1776 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20036) has released new figures on the salaries paid to scientists in industry and in the academic community. Among the highest starting salaries were those for petroleum engineers, at $21,500. Chemists with the Ph.D. degree had starting salaries as high as $25,800, according to a review of the extensive SMC report by the AAAS (Science, 207,55,1979).

The averages for scientific and engineering salaries in 1979 are more revealing. The highest paid scientists and engineers work for industry and the federal government; the average salaries were almost identical, $29,900 and $29,700. In many instances government salaries were even higher than industry.
Fram 2 in the eastern Arctic Ocean
Authors: Dryer Ira , Baggeroer Arthur
Published: October 2011

In the spring of 1980, the Office of Naval Research will sponsor a multifaceted experiment, Fram 2, emphasizing marine geophysics, long‐range, low‐frequency acoustics, and physical oceanography in the Pole Abyssal Plain of the eastern Arctic Ocean. Personnel from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Lamont‐Doherty Geological Observatory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, University of Washington, Naval Underwater Systems Center, Naval Research Laboratory, Naval Oceanographic Research and Development Agency, and the Polar Research Laboratory will participate in the program.

The experiment will involve three ice camps—a main camp, referred to as Fram 2, and two remote camps. Camp 1 will be located within the Pole Abyssal Plain, 300 km away from Fram 2 camp, and camp 2 will be north of Ellesmere Island, 750 km away from Fram 2.
NSF sponsors Antarctic research camp
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

The remote and geologically complex Northern Victoria Land region of Antarctica (cover) has been chosen for the site of a major research camp to be established during the 1981–1982 Antarctic summer. The program is sponsored by the National Science Foundation.

Researchers from six countries have expressed interest in carrying out projects in geology, geophysics, glaciology, cartography, and biology. Among the suggested projects are a paleomagnetic program for construction of the polar wander path in the Paleozoic; determination of whether Granite Harbor and Admiralty Intrusives are distinct groups; investigation of Cenozoic volcanics, with visits to 50 or 60 scoria cones; airborne geophysics (aeromagnetics) of the region; and fission track geochronology of granitic rocks. The deadline for proposals is June 1, 1980.
Drilling plans
Authors: Hall J. M.
Published: October 2011

The management group of the International Crustal Research Drilling Group (ICRDG) (formally Iceland Research Drilling Project) met on December 7, 1979, at the Royal Society in London. They agreed to undertake two international major crustal drilling investigations during the first half of the decade 1980–1989. Both relate to a major interest of the group in the nature of and physical conditions of formation of oceanic crust. Important specific aspects of both projects are the thermal state of newly formed crust (and thence geothermal energy) and in the conditions of formation of base metal sulfide deposits on the ocean floor.
The map of contemporary vertical crustal movements in Canada
Authors: Vaníček Petr , Nagy Dezsö
Published: October 2011

For years, the IUGG Interunion Commission on Recent Crustal Movements, voicing the wishes of various groups of geoscientists, has been urging its member countries to produce maps of geologically contemporary (i.e., at most, 100 years in the past) vertical movements in regions under their jurisdiction. In Canada, the work on such a map began early in 1977 in the form of a cooperative project between the Earth Physics Branch of the Department of Energy, Mines and Resources and the Department of Surveying Engineering, University of New Brunswick. It had been well known, from previous projects, that data from repeated geodetic levelings in Canada were very sparse, except for those from a few fairly heavily inhabited regions. Thus the main expectation for this project was as complete as possible an inventory of existing releveled segments, tide gage records, and lake level differences.
The Chapman conference on waves and instabilities in space plasma
Authors: Patel V. L. , Coppi B.
Published: October 2011

The AGU Chapman Conference on Waves and Instabilities was held August 7–9, 1979, on the campus of the University of Denver, in Colorado. The conference was cosponsored by the University of Denver and the American Physical Society. The convenors were V. L. Patel, University of Denver, and B. Coppi, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

The conference was planned to review those basic processes in plasma that are relevant to wave generation mechanisms and plasma wave instabilities. The scope of the conference was not limited to a particular region of space. Rather the conference attempted to obtain a unified view of this subfield of research. Consequent to this approach, problems included waves and instabilities that occur in the laboratory, near‐earth plasma (e.g., ionosphere, magnetosphere, and the nearby interplanetary region), Jupiter environment, the sun and interstellar space. The emphasis was on the basic ideas of plasma processes, wherever they may occur, whether natural or manmade. The conference was attended by experimentalists and theorists working on laboratory and space plasma. The attendees included researchers at various levels of research experience, spanning the range from graduate students to senior scientists. The NSF and NASA funds provided opportunity for the students and younger scientists to attend the conference.
Underpressured zone in Galapagos sea floor?
Authors: Greathouse Lee
Published: October 2011

Upon making hydrothermal and hydrological measurements in borehole 504‐B during last September and October's leg 69 trip of the Glomar Challenger, researchers found, to their surprise, that cold water from the ocean bottom was flowing into the hole. The water then entered the basement rock in a zone about 80 m wide, beginning at a point about 365 m below the sea floor and 90 m below the sediment/basement interface.

When another team of experimenters reentered the hole 58 days later, during leg 70, they found water still moving down the upper portion of the hole at a rate estimated to be a few meters per hour.
Water quality research: An overview of areas of concern
Authors: Steele T. D. , Averett R. C. , Das K. C. , Jones B. F. , Stefan H. G. , Ward R. C. , Yu S. L.
Published: October 2011

Several major water quality research areas are currently receiving considerable public and scientific attention. This review assesses present knowledge and understanding of water quality problems and attempts to relate these to research capabilities, needs, and changing priorities. The analysis is admittedly not exhaustive. The selectivity in the topics discussed reflects current relevance and, to some extent, the expertise and interest of those contributing to this treatise.