bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Herpetofauna de serrapilheira da Reserva Florestal de Morro Grande, Cotia (SP)
Authors: Dixo Marianna , Verdade Vanessa Kruth
Published: December 2006

Apresentamos uma lista comentada de anuros, lagartos e serpentes registrados na Reserva Florestal de Morro Grande, Cotia, São Paulo. Essa lista inclui 27 espécies de anuros, cinco de lagartos e três de serpentes, capturados principalmente em armadilhas de interceptação e queda, mas também em encontros ocasionais no campo. Dezoito espécies de anuros capturadas em armadilhas de interceptação e queda foram utilizadas para a comparação de seis áreas da Reserva, três situadas em áreas de vegetação predominantemente secundária e três em áreas de vegetação predominantemente madura. As análises indicam que existe diferença significativa entre esses ambientes. Nós também comparamos a similaridade entre a anurofauna da Reserva Florestal de Morro Grande à de outras seis localidades do estado de São Paulo. A anurofauna da Reserva é mais similar àquela encontrada em outras localidades do planalto Atlântico, que àquela de localidades da baixada litorânea. O pequeno número de espécies de répteis amostrados não permitiu realizar as mesmas análises feitas para os anuros. A baixa abundância desses animais na floresta tornou a comparação entre áreas problemática. Existe uma evidente falta de informações sobre a biologia, distribuição e conservação da herpetofauna brasileira que poder ser mitigada através de inventários e monitoramento da fauna. O conhecimento da história natural, resultantes desses esforços, podem trazer argumentos sólidos para um planejamento eficiente de medidas conservacionistas.
Comunidade de aranhas orbitelas (Araneae, Arachnida) na região da Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande, Cotia, São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Nogueira André do Amaral , Pinto-da-Rocha Ricardo , Brescovit Antonio D.
Published: December 2006

Foi realizado um levantamento da fauna de aranhas orbitelas da Reserva Florestal do Morro Grande e região (Cotia e Ibiúna-SP). Foram amostradas 16 áreas, oito na reserva e oito em fragmentos florestais. Quatro das áreas da reserva possuíam uma vegetação madura, enquanto as outras apresentavam vegetação secundária, assim como os fragmentos. As amostragens foram realizadas em dezembro de 2002 e março de 2003, e o método empregado foi a coleta manual noturna. Obteve-se um total de 384 amostras, correspondendo a 24 por área. Foram obtidas 12.683 aranhas orbitelas, 3.148 das quais adultas (24,8%) e 9.535 jovens (75,2%). As adultas foram distribuídas em 121 espécies, pertencentes a sete famílias. Trata-se da maior riqueza já observada para a guilda em áreas de Mata Atlântica. Cada período de coleta apresentou 27 espécies exclusivas, e 67 estiveram presentes em ambos. A família mais rica foi Araneidae (76 spp), seguida por Tetragnathidae (26 spp), Theridiosomatidae (nove spp), Uloboridae (seis spp), Anapidae (duas spp), Mysmenidae (uma sp) e Symphytognathidae (uma sp). A distribuição das espécies pelas famílias parece refletir a riqueza desses grupos no Brasil e no mundo, com exceção de Theridiosomatidae, que teve um número de espécies maior do que o esperado. A abundância relativa dessas famílias apresentou padrão semelhante ao da riqueza. A espécie dominante foi Micrathena nigrichelis, com 320 indivíduos, seguida por Micrathena guanabara (306 indivíduos), Mangora sp.2 (258 indivíduos) e Wagneriana janeiro (171 indivíduos). A comunidade apresentou uma baixa dominância (H'=3,11) e alta equitabilidade (E=0,835), estando de acordo com o esperado para ambientes tropicais. Foram empregados sete estimadores de riqueza não paramétricos, e as estimativas variaram entre 130,9 (Bootstrap) e 155,9 (Jackknife 2) espécies. No entanto, apesar do grande esforço amostral (intensidade de coleta de 26:1), nenhum dos estimadores atingiu a asíntota, uma vez que o número de espécies raras (singletons, doubletons, uniques e duplicates) permaneceu estável. A distribuição das espécies entre as oito áreas da Reserva do Morro Grande foi verificada através de uma (DCA), e os resultados mostraram que houve uma separação entre as áreas de vegetação madura e as de vegetação secundária. A análise também apontou espécies associadas a cada um desses ambientes, e os resultados foram comparados aos encontrados em outros inventários. O grande número de espécies e indivíduos de aranhas orbitelas encontrados neste trabalho ressalta a importância das florestas da área de estudo e principalmente da Reserva do Morro Grande como unidade de conservação.
Alimentação de peixes: proposta para análise de itens registrados em conteúdos gástricos
Authors: Bennemann Sirlei Terezinha , Casatti Lilian , Oliveira Deise Cristiane de
Published: December 2006

Este estudo teve o objetivo de testar um protocolo simplificado para análise da alimentação de peixes. Para tal, os itens alimentares encontrados nos conteúdos gástricos de seis espécies de peixes de água doce (Astyanax paranae, Phalloceros caudimaculatus, Loricariichthys platymetopon, Moenkhausia intermedia, Schizodon intermedius e Plagioscion squamosissimus) foram quantificados através do peso (%) e da dominância (%). Utilizando a quantificação de cada item através do peso, foi calculado o IAi (índice alimentar), posteriormente comparado com a dominância (D) através do coeficiente de similaridade de Morisita-Horn. Os itens alimentares com maiores valores de IAi também foram aqueles com os maiores valores de dominância, sendo que em uma análise geral a semelhança entre ambos foi alta, variando de 87% (A. paranae) a 99% (P. caudimaculatus, L. platymetopon, S. intermedius e P. squamosissimus), mostrando que a dominância pode substituir os cálculos de índices compostos. Através da representação gráfica do peso e da dominância em função da freqüência de ocorrência, fica claro que ambos são adequados para identificar os itens alimentares mais importantes e que a dominância pode ser utilizada como alternativa à pesagem das presas, simplificando a etapa de coleta e análise de dados. Assim, se o objetivo do estudo trófico for identificar o item alimentar que se destaca em termos quantitativos ou investigar tendências de especialização/generalização trófica, recomendamos o emprego da dominância em associação com métodos gráficos.
Seasonal abundance and sexual variation in morphometric traits of Oxelytrum discicolle (Brulle, 1840) (Coleoptera: Silphidae) in a Brazilian Atlantic Forest
Authors: Ferreira Paulo Sérgio Fiuza , Pires Evaldo Martins , Guedes Raul Narciso Carvalho , Mendes Márcio , Coelho Lívia Aguiar
Published: December 2006

A total of 293 specimens of Oxelytrum discicolle were sampled weekly over a period of two years using a black light trap. The study took place in an Atlantic Forest reserve located near Viçosa city, Minas Gerais State, Brazil. The period of peak abundance of O. discicolle occurred during the wet season between the months of October and March. Statistical analysis showed that the abundance of individuals was significantly and positively correlated with temperature, but not with rainfall or relative humidity. Of 28 morphological measurements taken on each collected specimen, seven were found to be sexually dimorphic; however, neither morphology nor the degree of sexual dimorphism varied significantly among seasons.
Insetos aquáticos associados a macrófitas da região litoral da represa do Ribeirão das Anhumas (município de Américo Brasiliense, São Paulo, Brasil)
Authors: Peiró Douglas Fernando , Alves Roberto da Gama
Published: December 2006

As pesquisas sobre insetos aquáticos vem sendo muito difundidas nos últimos anos. Entretanto, existem lacunas sobre o conhecimento de suas relações com macrófitas aquáticas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar a composição e estrutura da entomofauna associada a seis gêneros de macrófitas da represa do Ribeirão das Anhumas (Américo Brasiliense/SP), avaliar as categorias funcionais tróficas dos insetos, comparar as similaridades faunísticas entre os períodos de coletas e entre as macrófitas através das analises PSC (similaridade) e ACP (Análise de Componentes Principais), além de estabelecer a relação entre peso úmido/seco das macrófitas e a fauna associada. Identificamos 1173 espécimes pertencentes a 26 famílias distribuídas em sete ordens. As macrófitas sustentam uma comunidade predominantemente representada por insetos coletores (62% da fauna) seguida por predadores (31%). A análise ACP também não indicou que os diferentes períodos de coleta influenciam a estrutura faunística, entretanto esta análise indicou separação espacial entre algumas macrófitas, o que provavelmente relaciona a diversidade da fauna associada com complexidade espacial das macrófitas. A análise da biomassa das plantas refletiu que o peso seco não exerce influência diretamente relacionada à abundância de insetos.
Diversidade e uso de hábitat por anfíbios anuros em duas localidades de Mata Atlântica, no norte do estado da Bahia
Authors: Juncá Flora Acuña
Published: December 2006

A composição e abundância da anurofauna, bem como a distribuição das espécies em locais de reprodução, foram determinados em duas localidades na Mata Atlântica, norte do estado da Bahia. A Serra da Jibóia (SJ) é um maciço montanhoso com altitude máxima de 800 m, localizada em uma área de transição entre Caatinga e Mata Atlântica. A Reserva Sapiranga (RS) é um fragmento de mata a 200 m de altitude e localizado próximo ao litoral. Nas duas localidades, os seguintes hábitats foram amostrados: folhedo/sub-bosque, bromélias terrícolas, poças temporárias, poças permanentes e riachos. Ao longo de 10 meses de 2001, foram realizadas coletas noturnas, totalizando 14 noites de amostragem na Reserva Sapiranga (RS) e 12 na Serra da Jibóia (SJ). Um total 45 espécies foram registradas, sendo que apenas sete foram comuns às duas localidades. Na SJ, mais espécies (n = 14) estiveram associadas ao folhedo/sub-bosque do que aos outros sítios reprodutivos, incluindo Frostius pernambusencis e Eleutherodactylus ramagii, duas das três espécies mais abundantes nessa localidade. Na RS, as poças temporárias foram os hábitats que apresentaram maior número de espécies (n = 18), incluindo também as duas mais abundantes (Leptodactylus natalensis e Scinax sp. grupo ruber) nessa localidade. Estas diferenças podem ser atribuídas as diferenças de altitude, vegetação e condições do folhedo nas duas localidades. Neste estudo foi registrado o aumento na área de distribuição de Leptodactylus mystaceus, Eleutherodactylus bilinetus, E. vinhai, Sphaenorhynchus prasinus e Phyllodytes melanomystax.
A new Tanytarsus species (Insecta, Diptera, Chironomidae) from São Paulo State, Brazil
Authors: Strixino Susana Trivinho , Sonoda Kathia Cristhina
Published: December 2006

Tanytarsus obiriciae, spec. nov., a new Tanytarsini from the Neotropics is described based on male and female adults, larvae and pupae. The larvae were found living associated with aquatic macrophytes in ponds and lakes from the Northern Region of São Paulo State, Brazil. Information on larval abundance dynamics and the adults' emergence periods is presented.
Bats from the Atlantic rainforest of southern Bahia, Brazil
Authors: Faria Deborah , Soares-Santos Binael , Sampaio Erica
Published: December 2006

Data collected during 16 years of bat surveys (1986 to 2002) in southern Bahia, Brazil, is presented here. Bats were surveyed in 14 municipalities, in habitats that included residences, caves, forests and agricultural areas, resulting in a total of 6576 captures of 60 species from the bat families Emballonuridae (5 sp), Noctilionidae (1 sp), Phyllostomidae (46 sp), Thyropteridae (1 sp), Natalidae (1 sp), Molossidae (3 sp) and Vespertilionidae (2 sp). These data include 29 species not previously documented for the state of Bahia. We also report the first record of Vampyrodes caraccioli for this biome, extending its distribution over 3.000 km eastwards. The present data significantly increase the knowledge of the bat fauna of Bahia, providing an updated list of 78 documented species, belonging to 50 different genera and eight families.
Levantamento de Mollusca, Crustacea e Echinodermata associados a Sargassum spp. na Ilha da Queimada Pequena, Estação Ecológica dos Tupiniquins, litoral sul do Estado de São Paulo, Brasil
Authors: Jacobucci Giuliano Buzá , Güth Arthur Ziggiatti , Turra Alexander , Magalhães Cláudia Alves de , Denadai Márcia Regina , Chaves André Murtinho Ribeiro , Souza Estevão Carino Fernandes de
Published: December 2006

Neste trabalho foi realizado o primeiro levantamento da macrofauna de fital da ilha da Queimada Pequena, focalizando o registro das espécies de moluscos, crustáceos e equinodermos associados a Sargassum spp. Para a amostragem da macrofauna associada, foram coletadas aleatoriamente 6 frondes de Sargassum localizadas a 6 m de profundidade, usando-se equipamento de mergulho autônomo. As frondes foram envolvidas em sacos de tecido com malha de 200 mm, mraspadas do substrato, colocadas em recipientes com uma solução de formaldeído 10% e levadas ao laboratório para remoção e identificação da fauna. Quarenta e um táxons foram identificados, havendo dominância de crustáceos peracáridos. Em relação aos Mollusca, a composição específica foi diferente em relação àquela observada na costa norte do estado de São Paulo. Das 16 espécies de moluscos encontradas, apenas os gastrópodes dos gêneros Anachis e Odostomia e os bivalves dos gêneros Musculus e Modiolus são representantes da fauna associada à Sargassum comuns às duas regiões do estado de São Paulo, embora representantes do gênero Fissurela já tenham sido relatados na região de Santos em associação à alga Amphiroa fragilissima. A ocorrência do bivalve exótico Isognomon bicolor também foi confirmada. Os dados obtidos sugerem que a fauna de moluscos pode realmente ser distinta na região norte e sul do estado. No entanto, são necessários estudos mais extensos para confirmar esses resultados e para subsidiar futuras estratégias de manejo dessa unidade de conservação.
Crustáceos decápodos estuarinos de Ilhéus, Bahia, Brasil
Authors: Almeida Alexandre Oliveira de , Coelho Petrônio Alves , Santos José Tiago Almeida dos , Ferraz Neyva Ribeiro
Published: December 2006

A carcinofauna dos ambientes marinhos e costeiros das regiões sudeste e sul da Bahia, Brasil, ainda é pobremente conhecida. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar um inventário da fauna de crustáceos decápodos do município de Ilhéus, localizado no sudeste da Bahia (14º47'55"S, 39º02'01"W). As amostragens foram realizadas de Fevereiro de 2001 a Fevereiro de 2005, nas zonas supra, meso e infralitoral. Os exemplares coletados foram fixados em etanol 70% e depositados na coleção de crustáceos da Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz, Ilhéus (MZUESC). Foi coletado um total de 51 espécies pertencentes a 14 famílias. A família mais representativa em termos de número de espécies foi Ocypodidae, representada nas amostragens por 8 espécies. A distribuição geográfica conhecida para as espécies Alpheus heterochaelis (Caridea: Alpheidae), Merguia rhizophorae (Caridea: Hippolytidae) e Sesarma curacaoense (Brachyura: Sesarmidae) foi estendida. A ocorrência do siri exótico Charybdis hellerii, originário do Indo-Pacífico, foi registrada para o estuário do rio Cachoeira. Estes resultados indicam que os estuários de Ilhéus abrigam elevada riqueza de espécies.
Chave de identificação dos hidróides (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa) epifíticos do Canal de São Sebastião (SE, Brasil)
Authors: Oliveira Otto Müller Patrão de , Marques Antonio Carlos , Migotto Alvaro Esteves
Published: December 2006

O presente estudo tem por objetivo auxiliar pesquisadores pouco familiarizados com a taxonomia e a identificação dos hidrozoários bentônicos, especialmente das espécies que ocorrem sobre substrato vegetal em ambiente marinho, tomando a fauna do Canal de São Sebastião como modelo. Métodos para a fixação dos hidróides e a confecção de lâminas para identificação, além de características que distinguem 36 espécies epifíticas são descritas no texto.
Novos registros de Phylloderma stenops Peters na Mata Atlântica, Brasil (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae)
Authors: Esbérard Carlos E. L. , Faria Deborah
Published: December 2006

É relatada a captura de sete exemplares de Phylloderma stenops Peters, 1865 em três diferentes localidades na Mata Atlântica: Reserva Biológica de Una, Ilhéus (BA), Morro de São João, Casimiro de Abreu (RJ) e na Estação Ecológica Estadual Paraíso, Guapimirim (RJ).
Woody woodpecker enjoys soft drinks: the blond-crested woodpecker seeks nectar and pollinates canopy plants in south-eastern Brazil
Authors: Rocca Márcia A. , Sazima Marlies , Sazima Ivan
Published: December 2006

Insects are the staple diet of woodpeckers, but some species also habitually feed on fruits. A few woodpecker species are recorded as flower visitors for nectar intake. We report here on the blond-crested woodpecker (Celeus flavescens) taking nectar from flowers of two canopy species, Spirotheca passifloroides (Bombacaceae) and Schwartzia brasiliensis (Marcgraviaceae), in the Atlantic forest of south-eastern Brazil. Spirotheca passifloroides blooms for three months in the austral winter, whereas S. brasiliensis blooms for two months in the summer. Flowers of both species produce large amounts of dilute nectar. Celeus flavescens visits several flowers per plant touching the anthers and stigmas with its head and throat, and thus acts as a pollen vector. We suggest that woodpeckers may be more frequent flower visitors than previously thought, and that feeding on ripe fruits may be a simple behavioural step for the origin of nectar feeding by Neotropical woodpeckers.
Novos registros de moscas ectoparasitas (Diptera, Streblidae e Nycteribiidae) de morcegos (Mammalia, Chiroptera) em áreas de transição cerrado-floresta estacional no Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil
Authors: Graciolli Gustavo , Cáceres Nilton Carlos , Bornschein Marcos Ricardo
Published: December 2006

As primeiras informações sobre moscas ectoparasitas de morcegos e seus hospedeiros no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul são apresentadas. Os indivíduos de morcegos e de dípteros ectoparasitos foram coletados em área transicionais de cerrado e floresta estacional semidecídua, e também em uma floresta decídua. Foram encontradas sete espécies de Streblidae e uma de Basilia Miranda-Ribeiro, 1903 (Nycteribiidae). Todos os registros são inéditos para o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul e Basilia bequaerti Guimarães & D´Andretta, 1956 é registrada pela primeira vez no Brasil.
O caramujo exótico invasor na vegetação nativa em Morretes, PR: diagnóstico da população de Achatina fulica Bowdich, 1822 em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Densa aluvial
Authors: Fischer Marta Luciane , Simião Monica , Colley Eduardo , Zenni Rafael Dudeque , Silva Daros Augusto Teodoro da , Latoski Nicole
Published: December 2006

O caramujo gigante africano Achatina fulica é freqüentemente encontrado em ambientes antrópicos em diferentes municípios brasileiros, o que leva a considerar a possibilidade que seu estabelecimento esteja associado a ambientes alterados. Desta forma, objetivou-se diagnosticar o sítio de ocorrência e as características da população do caramujo invasor em um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Densa no município de Morretes, PR. Apesar do fragmento ser constituído por floresta secundária, foram encontradas poucas espécies de vegetação exótica, sendo o mesmo caracterizado por uma grande diversidade florística. Foram coletados 396 animais e registrados grandes espaçamentos entre os indivíduos. Os animais foram encontrados principalmente no solo e ativos no período da manhã, o que evidencia a expansão do horário de forrageamento. Os resultados sugerem que os animais presentes na mata nativa se constituem de uma população recente, resultante principalmente da saturação de áreas antrópicas, indicando a urgência de medidas para diminuição da população desses animais em área urbanas.
Coleta e preservação do líquido pleural e biópsia pleural
Authors: Antonangelo Leila , Capelozzi Vera Luiza
Published: December 2006

As amostras de líquido pleural obtidas por toracocentese para o diagnóstico de transudatos e exsudatos devem obedecer a uma rotina de coleta e preservação para a realização de uma análise laboratorial adequada. Igualmente, fragmentos de biópsia de pleura obtidos para o diagnóstico diferencial dos exsudatos devem ser coletados de forma sistemática com o objetivo de otimizar o diagnóstico e facilitar a instituição da terapêutica adequada.
Tuberculose pleural
Authors: Seiscento Márcia , Conde Marcus Barreto , Dalcolmo Margareth Maria Pretti
Published: December 2006

O derrame pleural tuberculoso pode ser devido a uma manifestação da forma primária da doença ou da reativação de uma infecção latente pelo M. tuberculosis. Os avanços nos métodos laboratoriais contribuíram sobremaneira para um melhor diagnóstico e para a compreensão da fisiopatologia desta doença. No entanto, embora o derrame pleural predominante linfocítico seja indicativo de tuberculose em nosso meio, uma rotina de abordagem diagnóstica deve ser instituída a fim de orientar o tratamento precoce e evitar seqüelas.
Derrame pleural neoplásico
Authors: Teixeira Lisete Ribeiro , Pinto José Antonio de Figueiredo , Marchi Evaldo
Published: December 2006

O derrame pleural neoplásico é uma complicação freqüente nos pacientes portadores de tumores avançados. A presença de células malignas no líquido pleural ou na biópsia da pleura é indicativa de disseminação da doença primária, com conseqüente redução da expectativa de vida. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoce do derrame pleural maligno são fundamentais para promover uma melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes portadores de câncer avançado.
Quilotórax
Authors: Vaz Marcelo Alexandre Costa , Fernandes Paulo Pêgo
Published: December 2006

O quilotórax, normalmente secundário a doenças malignas, trauma, doenças congênitas, infecções e trombose da veia cava superior, é uma causa pouco freqüente de derrame pleural. O diagnóstico e tratamento precoces são importantes no sentido de prevenir a mais temida conseqüência do quilotórax, a má nutrição e conseqüente comprometimento do estado imunológico.
Removal of Organic and Nitrogen and Molecular Weight Distribution of Residual Soluble Organic from Entrapped Mixed Microbial Cells and Activated Sludge Processes
Authors: Song Chenyan , Cho Eulsaeng , Wang Z. , Yang P. Y.
Published: December 2006

The simultaneous removal of organic and nitrogen and molecular weight distribution (MWD) of residual soluble chemical oxygen demand (RSCOD) in final effluent were investigated using entrapped mixed microbial cells (EMMC) and conventional activated sludge processes. Two different types of processes using EMMC carriers demonstrated better organic and nitrogen removal performance because of the high solids retention time (SRT) compared with the activated sludge process. Regarding the RSCOD, the longer SRT process (EMMC) was affected by reducing the hydraulic retention time, resulting in the increase of high‐molecular‐weight materials. On the other hand, reducing the aeration period had significantly affected the MWD in the shorter SRT process (activated sludge), resulting in an increase of low‐molecular‐weight materials.
Interactions Between Chloride and Sulfate or Silica Removals Using an Advanced Lime‐Aluminum Softening Process
Authors: Abdel‐Wahab Ahmed , Batchelor Bill
Published: December 2006

An advanced softening process called the ultra‐high lime with aluminum process (UHLA) was initiated in this research. The UHLA process has the ability to remove sulfate, silica, and chloride from waters such as recycled cooling water and desalination brines. Furthermore, it can remove other scale‐forming materials, such as calcium, magnesium, carbonate, and phosphate. The purpose of this paper is to study the interactions among chloride, sulfate, and silica in the UHLA process. Results of equilibrium experiments indicated that sulfate is preferentially removed over chloride. Final chloride concentration increased with increasing initial sulfate concentration. However, initial chloride concentration was found to have negligible effect on final sulfate concentration. Silica was found to have only a small effect on chloride removal.
Treatment of Urban Runoff at Lake Tahoe: Low‐Intensity Chemical Dosing
Authors: Trejo‐Gaytan Julieta , Bachand Philip , Darby Jeannie
Published: December 2006

A systematic investigation of the effect of coagulant type and dose and temperature, mixing, and water quality on subsequent charge neutralization and removal of phosphorus and fine particles from urban and/or stormwater runoff entering Lake Tahoe (Sierra Nevada mountains, western United States) was conducted. Dosing based on streaming current values resulted in turbidities of less than 10.9 ± 0.35 NTU and filterable and total phosphorus concentrations of less than 9.83 ± 0.54 and 25.6 ± 5.71 μg/L, respectively. Inadequate slow mixing could be partially compensated for by increased settling time; however, such quiescent conditions are difficult to obtain in natural systems. For prehydrolyzed forms of aluminum, high intensity rapid mixing was counterproductive. Several classes of coagulants responded robustly to water quality and temperature changes. However, polyaluminum chlorides modified with silica or sulfate, with low to medium basicity, were consistently the best performers in these tests, in terms of simultaneously removing phosphorus and fine particles under a wide range of operating conditions with low doses.
Long‐Term Comparison of Trace Organics Removal Performances Between Conventional and Membrane Activated Sludge Processes
Authors: Zuehlke S. , Duennbier U. , Lesjean B. , Gnirss R. , Buisson H.
Published: December 2006

The removal of trace organic compounds through membrane bioreactors (MBR) compared with a conventional wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in a long‐term study was investigated. Two MBR pilot plants were operated in parallel to a full‐scale WWTP fed with the same municipal raw wastewater. Polar compounds (phenazone‐type pharmaceuticals, their metabolites, and carbamazepine) and less polar estrogenic steroids (estradiol, estrone, and ethinylestradiol) were quantified.    The removal rate of phenazone, propyphenazone, and formylaminoantipyrine by the conventional WWTP was less than 15%. Significantly higher removal rates (60 to 70%) started to be clearly monitored in the pilot plants after approximately 5 months. Higher removal rates coincided with higher temperatures in the summer.    The conventional WWTP removed, on average, more than 90% of the natural steroids estrone and estradiol and approximately 80% of the synthetic ethinylestradiol. Approximately 99% of estradiol and estrone and approximately 95% of ethinylestradiol was eliminated by the MBR processes.
Fate and Transport of N‐Nitrosamines Under Conditions Simulating Full‐Scale Groundwater Recharge Operations
Authors: Drewes Jörg E. , Hoppe Christiane , Jennings Terry
Published: December 2006

The key objective of this study was to investigate the attenuation mechanisms of seven N‐nitrosamine compounds at environmental concentrations and under conditions relevant to groundwater recharge operations. The study used a combination of controlled laboratory‐scale soil‐column experiments and groundwater monitoring at a full‐scale riverbank filtration facility. Findings of the controlled column experiments suggest that N‐nitrosodimethylamine and six other N‐nitrosamines (N‐nitrosodiethylamine, N‐nitrosomethylethylamine, N‐nitroso‐n‐propylamine, N‐nitrosodi‐n‐butylamine, N‐nitrosopiperidine, and N‐nitrosopyrrolidine) are biodegradable under oxic and anoxic oxidation–reduction conditions. Half lives determined in this study for the targeted compounds varied between 1.3 and 7 days, which will ensure a removal to below detection limits (<2 ng/L) within short travel times in groundwater recharge systems. Findings of this study suggest that complete removal of N‐nitrosamines requires the presence of an adapted biocommunity, which will be established over several weeks to months.
Bioreactor Configurations for Ex‐Situ Treatment of Perchlorate: A Review
Authors: Sutton Paul M.
Published: December 2006

The perchlorate anion has been detected in the drinking water of millions of people living in the United States. At perchlorate levels equal to or greater than 1 mg/L and where the water is not immediately used for household purposes, ex‐situ biotreatment has been widely applied. The principal objective of this paper was to compare the technical and economic advantages and disadvantages of various bioreactor configurations in the treatment of low‐ and medium‐strength perchlorate‐contaminated aqueous streams. The ideal bioreactor configuration for this application should be able to operate efficiently while achieving a long solids retention time, be designed to promote physical–chemical adsorption in addition to biodegradation, and operate under plug‐flow hydraulic conditions. To date, the granular activated carbon (GAC) or sand‐media‐based fluidized bed reactors (FBRs) and GAC, sand‐, or plastic‐media‐based packed bed reactors (PBRs) have been the reactor configurations most widely applied for perchlorate treatment. Only the FBR configuration has been applied commercially. Commercial‐scale cost information presented implies no economic advantage for the PBR relative to the FBR configuration. Full‐scale application information provides evidence that the FBR is a good choice for treating perchlorate‐contaminated aqueous streams.
In Situ Bioremediation of Nitrate and Perchlorate in Vadose Zone Soil for Groundwater Protection Using Gaseous Electron Donor Injection Technology
Authors: Evans Patrick J. , Trute Mary M.
Published: December 2006

When present in the vadose zone, potentially toxic nitrate and perchlorate anions can be persistent sources of groundwater contamination. Gaseous electron donor injection technology (GEDIT), an anaerobic variation of petroleum hydrocarbon bioventing, involves injecting electron donor gases, such as hydrogen or ethyl acetate, into the vadose zone, to stimulate biodegradation of nitrate and perchlorate. Laboratory microcosm studies demonstrated that hydrogen and ethanol promoted nitrate and perchlorate reduction in vadose zone soil and that moisture content was an important factor. Column studies demonstrated that transport of particular electron donors varied significantly; ethyl acetate and butyraldehyde were transported more rapidly than butyl acetate and ethanol. Nitrate removal in the column studies, up to 100%, was best promoted by ethyl acetate. Up to 39% perchlorate removal was achieved with ethanol and was limited by insufficient incubation time. The results demonstrate that GEDIT is a promising remediation technology warranting further validation.
Comparison of Bioaugmentation and Biostimulation for the Enhancement of Dense Nonaqueous Phase Liquid Source Zone Bioremediation
Authors: Da Silva M. L. B. , Daprato R. C. , Gomez D. E. , Hughes J. B. , Ward C. H. , Alvarez P. J. J.
Published: December 2006

Two 11.7‐m 3 experimental controlled release systems (ECRS), packed with sandy model aquifer material and amended with tetrachloroethene (PCE) dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) source zone, were operated in parallel with identical flow regimes and electron donor amendments. Hydrogen Releasing Compound (Regenesis Bioremediation Products, Inc., San Clemente, California), and later dissolved lactate, served as electron donors to promote dechlorination. One ECRS was bioaugmented with an anaerobic dechlorinating consortium directly into the source zone, and the other served as a control (biostimulated only) to determine the benefits of bioaugmentation. The presence of halorespiring bacteria in the aquifer matrix before bioaugmentation, shown by nested polymerase chain reaction with phylogenetic primers, suggests that dechlorinating catabolic potential may be somewhat widespread. Results obtained corroborate that source zone reductive dechlorination of PCE is possible at near field scale and that a system bioaugmented with a competent halorespiring consortium can enhance DNAPL dissolution and dechlorination processes at significantly greater rates than in a system that is biostimulated only.
Copper Chelation in Discharged Groundwater via EDTA Addition: a Real World Application
Authors: Hauri J. F. , Horne A. J.
Published: December 2006

The Water Effects Ratio allows regulators to modify the water quality criteria of metals based on the knowledge that complexing a metal generally reduces its toxicity. Using this logic, the Alameda Corridor Transportation Authority was granted a temporary variance based on bioavailable metal concentration for groundwater discharged into the L.A.‐Long Beach Harbor in California. Chelex‐labile copper, used as a surrogate for bioavailable copper, was measured using Chelex‐100 resin combined with graphite furnace‐atomic absorption spectrophotometry (CRC‐GFAAS). Ethylendiaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was added on‐site to a concentration of 10–60 mg L −1 in order to reduce the bioavailable fraction to non‐detectable levels, however unexpectedly only ∼50% of the available copper was chelated. This partial complexation of the copper was due to high iron concentrations in the industrial mixture of EDTA used for the project, whereas pure EDTA was shown to fully chelate the copper. This technique may hold promise for similar short‐term projects.
Primary Cutaneous Marginal Zone B-Cell Lymphoma of MALT Type in a Child
Authors: Dargent Jean-Louis , Devalck Christine , De Mey Albert , Vandeweyer Eric , Lespagnard Laurence , Heimann Pierre
Published: December 2006

Marginal zone B-cell lymphoma (MZBCL) of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type is a peculiar variant of B-cell neoplasm showing distinct clinical and pathologic features. Its occurrence in children or adolescents is extremely uncommon. We describe the case of an 11-year-old boy who developed such a lymphomatous process involving primarily the skin. The tumor was characterized by a maturing plasma cell population that included immunoblasts, heavy-chain but not light-chain restriction suggestive of monoclonality, and a prevalent, focally granulomatous component of histiocytes. As an additional interesting feature, a trisomy 3 was demonstrated by fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. The clinical, morphological, phenotypic, and genetic characteristics seen in our patient do not differ significantly from those described in primary cutaneous MZBCL occurring in adults.
Ewing Sarcoma Family of Tumors in Unusual Sites: Confirmation by RT-PCR
Authors: Ahmed Atif A. , Nava Victor E. , Pham Thu , Taubenberger Jeffery K. , Lichy Jack H. , Sorbara Lynn , Raffeld Mark , Mackall Crystal L. , Tsokos Maria
Published: December 2006

Ewing sarcoma family tumors originating in the palate or adrenal gland are extremely rare and may cause difficulty in diagnosis. More common tumors primary to these sites need to be excluded before one arrives at the correct diagnosis. We have recently diagnosed 2 such cases. The 1st case was that of a 24-year-old woman who presented with a swelling in the right side of the hard palate. The 2nd case was diagnosed in a 28-year-old woman who presented with a mass in the right adrenal gland. In both cases, the diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors was confirmed by immunohistochemical studies and reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The hard palate case is the 1st and the adrenal gland the 3rd case of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors arising in these sites, in which the diagnosis was confirmed by RT-PCR and/or cytogenetics. Accurate diagnosis of Ewing sarcoma family of tumors is crucial for the management of patients, and when found in such rare locations, diagnosis should be supported by immunohistochemical and/or molecular genetic studies.
Pleuropulmonary Blastoma: Cytogenetic and Spectral Karyotype Analysis
Authors: Taube Janis M. , Griffin Constance A. , Yonescu Raluca , Morsberger Laura , Argani Pedram , Askin Frederic B. , Batista Denise A.S.
Published: December 2006

Pleuropulmonary blastoma (PPB) is a rare neoplasm of the pleuropulmonary mesenchyme. The molecular mechanisms underlying the genesis of this tumor are of particular interest as a large number of affected patients as well as their relatives have concurrent disease including additional dysplasia or neoplasia. To date, detailed karyotypes have been published on a limited number of cases. We report clinical, pathologic, and cytogenetic data in 2 cases of PPB including spectral karyotyping in 1 of them. Additionally, we conducted a review of the literature and compiled 15 published karyotypes of this tumor. Gain of chromosome 8 material was a highly prevalent finding in PPB, most times occurring as trisomy, but tetrasomy of the long arm was also frequent. Other occurring abnormalities, in order of observed frequency, included loss of 17p, loss of chromosome 10 or 10q, rearrangement of 11p, loss of chromosome X or Xp, gain of chromosomes/arms 1q, 2, and 7q, and loss of 6q and 18p. Loss of 10q has not been previously emphasized in PPB. The significance of these chromosome findings is discussed in relation to tumorigenesis.
Glioneuronal Phenotype in a Diencephalic Pilomyxoid Astrocytoma
Authors: de Chadarévian Jean-Pierre , Halligan Gregory E. , Reddy Goutham , Bertrand Louise , Pascasio Judy M. , Faerber Eric N. , Katsetos Christos D.
Published: December 2006

We report the presence of divergent populations of cells in a hypothalamic/chiasmatic pilomyxoid astrocytoma of an 11-month-old male, exhibiting differential immunohistochemical localizations for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and synaptophysin. The tumor cells were negative for Neu-N and neurofilament protein. Ultrastructurally, the tumor comprised 2 cell types, one with features attributable to a neuronal phenotype alongside cells exhibiting an overt astroglial phenotype. This composite organization was confirmed by confocal microscopy, which revealed 2 distinct, albeit tightly interwoven, populations of GFAP and synaptophysin-labeled tumor cells. Our results indicate that a subset of the so-called pilomyxoid astrocytomas of the hypothalamic/chiasmatic region may represent phenotypically mixed glioneuronal neoplasms distinct from the pilocytic astrocytomas.
Intestinal Neuronal Dysplasia Type B: One Giant Ganglion is Not Good Enough
Authors: Meier-Ruge William A. , Bruder Elisabeth
Published: December 2006

In this “Current Practice in Pediatric Pathology” article, 2 experts in the field and an associate editor of Pediatric and Developmental Pathology discuss the definition, diagnosis, clinical significance, and management of intestinal neuronal dysplasia type B. Intestinal neuronal dysplasia type B has constituted a diagnostic challenge ever since its first description more than 30 years ago. Intestinal neuronal dysplasia type B is regarded by many as a subtle malformation of the enteric nervous system that is limited to the submucosal plexus of the colon. The precise etiology remains unknown, and, to date, no specific diagnostic test exists other than morphology. Over time, with increasing experience, obligate pathological features have been adapted and refined, leading to contemporary diagnostic criteria that are enunciated in this review and placed into context with prior published data. Rigorous application of these criteria, under standardized laboratory conditions, is crucial for accurate diagnosis and future advances in this field.
The Congenital Muscular Dystrophies: Recent Advances and Molecular Insights
Authors: Mendell Jerry R. , Boué Daniel R. , Martin Paul T.
Published: December 2006

Over the past decade, molecular understanding of the congenital muscular dystrophies (CMDs) has greatly expanded. The diseases can be classified into 3 major groups based on the affected genes and the location of their expressed protein: abnormalities of extracellular matrix proteins ( LAMA2, COL6A1, COL6A2, COL6A3), abnormalities of membrane receptors for the extracellular matrix (fukutin, POMGnT1, POMT1, POMT2, FKRP, LARGE, and ITGA7), and abnormal endoplasmic reticulum protein (SEPN1). The diseases begin in the perinatal period or shortly thereafter. A specific diagnosis can be challenging because the muscle pathology is usually not distinctive. Immunostaining of muscle using a battery of antibodies can help define a disorder that will need confirmation by gene testing. In muscle diseases with overlapping pathological features, such as CMD, careful attention to the clinical clues (e.g., family history, central nervous system features) can help guide the battery of immunostains necessary to target an unequivocal diagnosis.
Calculation of the fluence of the five layers of the cervix of the rabbit with Taylor approximation
Authors: Bouzid Samia
Published: December 2006

The microtome has allowed us to observe the uterine extra cervix of the rabbit. This latter is covered with a none keratinized stratified malpighian epithelium made up of five layers. The laser-cervix interaction allows us to calculate, by the resolution of the radiative transport equation with Taylor approximation, the fluence rate of each layer. The whole fluence rate is determined by using the optic properties of each layer. These optic properties are obtained by fitting the transmittances measured and calculated by the Monte Carlo method. The obtained results are given below.
Procedure for the computation of hazards from diffusely scattering surfaces under the Z136.1-2000 American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers
Authors: Thomas Robert J. , Rockwell Benjamin A. , Marshall Wesley J. , Aldrich Robert C. , Gorschboth Mary F. , Zimmerman Sheldon A. , Rockwell R. James
Published: December 2006

The current national consensus standard for laser safety in the United States is the American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (ANSI Z136.1). The most recent standard, Z136.1-2000, incorporates a wealth of recent bioeffects data and established a number of new maximum permissible exposure (MPE) limits for laser safety. The standard also includes recent procedures for the computation of MPE values from large or extended diffusely scattering sources, which must be understood by health physicists, laser safety officers, and others in the field of occupational safety. Here we present the fourth in a series of tutorial articles, written to clarify laser safety analysis procedures under this standard, with an emphasis on the MPE computation methods related to extended sources, and the determination of nominal hazard zones.
Three-dimensional numerical approach for geometrical prediction of multilayer laser solid freeform fabrication process
Authors: Alimardani Masoud , Toyserkani Ehsan , Huissoon Jan P.
Published: December 2006

This article presents the development of a three-dimensional numerical method for predicting transient geometrical and thermal characteristics of multilayer laser solid freeform fabrication as a function of process parameters and material properties. In the proposed method, the thermal domain is numerically obtained, assuming the interaction between the laser beam and powder stream is to be decoupled. Once the melt pool boundary is obtained, the physical domain is discretized in a cross-sectional direction. Based on the powder feed rate, elapsed time, and intersection of the melt pool and powder stream area substrate, layers of additive material are then added onto the nonplanar domain. A standard object is fit to each added layer to facilitate the numerical analysis of successive layers. Variations in physical parameters due to formation of nonplanar surfaces are incorporated into the model to increase the accuracy and reliability of the simulated results. The developed model was used to predict the geometrical and thermal properties of a four-layer thin wall of AISI 4340 steel. The results show that the temperature and the thickness of the deposited layers sensibly increase at the end point of layers 2, 3, and 4. Also, the powder catchment efficiency for the first layer is significantly lower than those of successive layers. The experimental results demonstrate the validity of the developed numerical methodology.
Development of a monitoring system for quality prediction in laser marking using fuzzy theory
Authors: Park Young Whan , Kim Taehyung , Rhee Sehun
Published: December 2006

When laser marking on a silicon wafer is performed during chip scale packaging processing, predicting the quality of the marked region may be necessary to increase productivity. Research to estimate marking line geometry after marking has been carried out. The methods to evaluate the line geometry after marking have limited applicability in production. Therefore, in this study, a process monitoring system was applied to laser micromaterial processing and an algorithm for quality estimation was developed using fuzzy theory. The monitoring system consisted of a sensor which measured the plasma light generated during laser marking by means of a coaxial monitoring method. Relationships between marking linewidth and sensor signals as a function of laser power were analyzed. In order to determine marking quality, a fuzzy inference algorithm used estimated marking widths by predicted neural network model and the feature values extracted from sensor signals. A quality monitoring program was developed using the proposed algorithm.
Effect of plasma on ultrashort pulse laser material processing
Authors: Li Chengde , Vatsya S. R. , Nikumb S. K.
Published: December 2006

Machining with high power ultrashort-pulsed lasers is becoming a preferred technique in material processing. However, the laser beam passing through a medium, e.g., air, experiences the self-focusing Kerr effect. High intensities increased further by self-focusing cause optical breakdown of the air, generating plasma. The associated diffusion compensates for the Kerr effect but it also deforms the laser beam. In the present article, properties of the plasma columns so induced by the femtosecond laser pulses are studied, which are similar to the long filaments induced with collimated ultrashort pulses. It is found that the two effects balance each other very closely for the part of the beam. Thus, placing the focal position at an appropriate position results in improved drilling and cutting, i.e., with flat bottom, parallel wall, and less dross. Theoretical calculations of the intensity profile of the optical beam propagating through air are found to be commensurate with the experimental observations.
Laser beam shaping for microstructural control during laser surface melting
Authors: Khare Jai , Kaul Rakesh , Ganesh P. , Kumar Harish , Jagdheesh R. , Nath A. K.
Published: December 2006

Laser surface melting of austenitic stainless steel at high speed carries the risk of centerline solidification cracking due to the formation of tear-drop shaped melt pool. Laser beam shaping can be effectively employed to engineer surface microstructure of laser melted region by controlling the shape of associated melt pool. Results of the present study, involving numerical thermal simulation and experiments, demonstrated that by using a square laser beam, in place of a circular one, the profile of the solidification front associated with the melt pool can be made flatter and more steeply oriented with respect to the direction of laser scanning. Development of this kind of melt pool during laser surface melting results in the growth of smoothly curved columnar grains with a broader region of axial grains at the centerline of the laser surface melted track. Surface microstructure generated by surface melting treatment with a square laser beam should enhance resistance against centerline solidification cracking (over that obtained with a circular laser beam) even at higher processing speed.