bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Who Enters Politics and Why?
Authors: Weinberg James
Published: January 2022

This book explores unique survey and interview data on the personality characteristics of British politicians, specifically the Basic Human Values of Members of Parliament (MPs). In doing so, it offers original insights into three compelling questions: Who enters politics and how are they different to the general public? Do politicians’ personality characteristics matter for their behaviour once they are elected to parliament? Do voters really get the ‘wrong’ politicians? Data collected from MPs are evaluated alongside comparable surveys and experiments conducted with over 400 elected councillors, over 500 unsuccessful candidates, and thousands of UK citizens. Synthesising the conceptual and empirical wisdom of political science and psychology, Weinberg uses these data and the governing questions above as a springboard from which to take an innovative and analytical dive into related areas of academic research and public interest. These include, for example, the role of basic values vis-à-vis candidate emergence and political ambition, parliamentary representation and legislative behaviour, and public voting habits. Through careful empirical analysis and theoretical dissection, this book shows that (a) politics is a profession few 'ordinary' people care to enter, (b) politicians’ basic values impact a range of actual legislative behaviours, and (c) voters have clear psychological preferences when it comes to choosing their representatives. Readers will find this book to be distinctive in its approach to familiar issues predominant in academic, popular and journalistic press. The substantive findings presented in this book do, therefore, tell a human story that has appeal beyond the ivory towers of academia.
Psychological Scrutiny: Who Enters Politics and Why?
Authors: Weinberg James
Published: January 2022

Chapter 2 uses data on the basic values of elected MPs, local councillors, unsuccessful parliamentary candidates and the public to interrogate 'who' occupies elected office in the palace of Westminster and 'why' they choose to do it. Theoretical arguments are matched by quantitative and qualitative analyses that reveal, for example, a significant difference between the personality characteristics of the governors and the governed. In particular, these results indicate that elected representatives are more motivated by equality, social justice and caring for others (Self-Transcendence values). However, the results also indicate that MPs are more motivated than the public to control resources and be in charge of others (Power values), and that these differences are exaggerated among those MPs with frontbench experience.
Basic Values and Partisanship
Authors: Weinberg James
Published: January 2022

Chapter 4 focuses on the interaction between partisanship and basic values in British politics. Survey data are used here to develop a compelling narrative of ‘psychological sorting’ in Parliament along partisan lines that has implications for why and how partisans (otherwise competitors for votes and promotions) cooperate to achieve common goals. In particular, Labour and Conservative Party MPs demonstrate clear differences in their basic values, but the picture is far more nuanced when comparing MPs in each party to their voters. Analyses reported in this chapter show (a) partisanship and basic values share a strong relationship at all levels, (b) differences in basic values between partisan elites are greater than those between partisans in the public, and (c) psychological congruence between leaders and followers occurs to a much greater extent on the Right of British politics than the Left.
Parliamentary Behaviour: Personal Choices, Political Results
Authors: Weinberg James
Published: January 2022

This chapter synthesises the conceptual wisdom and empirical findings of existing research into the UK Parliament with the theoretical foundations of psychological studies to offer an integrated model for parliamentary political behaviour (IMPPB). The IMPPB unites research on ideology, party socialisation and institutional choice to offer a new blueprint for analysing politicians’ parliamentary behaviours. Data on MPs' basic values are then coupled with Hansard records to assess to extent of MPs’ political agency in a range of contexts of varying institutional constraint. The results show, in particular, that (a) elected representatives make important decisions based upon their own personality characteristics and that (b) this effect operates in flux with informal pressures exerted by external role alters and internal party structures. Preliminary analyses are used to set a new agenda for studies of parliamentary behaviour.
Getting Real: The Way the World Works?
Authors: Beeson Mark
Published: January 2022

This chapter considers the impact of ‘realist’ international relations theories and their influence on the security policies of the great powers in particular. Also considered are broadly Marxist approaches, which continue to have important things to say about the impact of an inherently expansionary capitalist system within finite planetary boundaries.
Hope Springs? Peace, Progress and Pluralism
Authors: Beeson Mark
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at the influence of liberal and constructivist international theories. Despite liberalism’s normative appeal and the pacifying affect of economic interdependence, it looks increasingly unsustainable. Likewise, while constructivists usefully highlight the possible importance of ideas, it is not clear that ‘good’ ideas about environmental security will necessarily prevail.
The Third Sector and Social Value
Authors: Morphet Janice
Published: January 2022

This chapter mentions the election of the Coalition government in 2010, which brought contradicting ideologies of the role of the state and the way that it should be operating in relation to competition and outsourcing. It discusses how the Labour government fulfilled the commitments made through World Trade Organisation agreements to liberalise the public sector. It also elaborates the continued use of the private finance initiative in the provision of public sector facilities and their management through projects. The chapter examines the reduction of the compulsory components of some aspects of competition for public services in local government while extending competition to all local authority services through best value. It refers to the introduction of the revised EU policy to support the third sector and the role of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) into the competition framework through the creation of the Office of the Third Sector.
Taking Back Service Delivery
Authors: Morphet Janice
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses the emergence of a mixed economy in the local government after 40 years of liberalisation of the public sector in the UK. It explores the philosophical and ethical argument about the nature of public service, why it differs from a commercial service and how the public sector has reacted in crises and the last resort. The chapter reviews the political public policy narrative of outsourcing that aims to improve efficiency and effectiveness, which has not yet been demonstrated. It explains that the achievement of lower prices has been based on removing working safeguards for employees and pushing back the costs for those on zero-hours contracts to the state. The chapter refers to outsourced services that have been unable to maintain their contract delivery over longer periods of time, such as rail franchises, hospital private finance initiatives, and probation service.
Identity in the Shadow of a Giant: How the Rise of China Is Changing Taiwan
Authors: Gartner Scott Sigmund , Huang Chin-Hao , Li Yitan , James Patrick
Published: January 2022

This chapter centers on Taiwanese identity and cross-Strait relations at a time when the ascent of China has proven to be the greatest sustained story of international relations in the new millennium. It pays attention to the developments prior to the flight of the Kuomintang, the losing side in the Chinese Civil War, to the island of Formosa in 1949. The chapter also highlights events since that time and especially in recent years, which have witnessed dramatic changes in the capabilities of the People's Republic of China. It considers especially the pull between ideological and self-interested motivating factors on shaping identity. The chapter explicates the recent developments in cross-Strait relations and explores the rise of China in connection with evolving identity for Taiwan and the role of the United States.
Elite Reflections
Authors: Gartner Scott Sigmund , Huang Chin-Hao , Li Yitan , James Patrick
Published: January 2022

This chapter carries out and reviews elite interviews conducted in Taipei during the fall of 2015 and the summer of 2016. It notes that these meetings are introduced in summary form with regard to time, place and representativeness. With the material from those dialogues, the chapter facilitates the reassessment of the conventional wisdom identified in the preceding chapter and reflects support for the construction of the diagrammatic approach. The content of the interviews is assembled inductively under a set of themes — the 1992 Consensus, Sunflower Movement and other headings. By presenting the analysis and synthesis of the interview content, the chapter follows and points towards an intricate set of connections for Taiwanese identity and a range of other variables.
A New Vision of Taiwanese Identity, the Rise of China, Cross-Strait Relations and the United States in Northeast Asia
Authors: Gartner Scott Sigmund , Huang Chin-Hao , Li Yitan , James Patrick
Published: January 2022

This chapter turns to explicate, in light of material from the interviews and surveys, the systemist-generated figure that provided a point of culmination for theorizing. It aims to understand the knowledge gained from the range of multiple data and methods and inputs together. Given the content of the interviews and surveys, the chapter examines how should the causal story from the initial graphic representation be elaborated. The chapter also addresses both policy implications and the influence of United States versus China great power competition. Drawing on the results of the multimethod empirical research, the chapter assesses this elaborated vision of Taiwanese identity, cross-Strait relations, the rise of China and US involvement in Northeast Asia. It concludes with ideas regarding further research and a few final thoughts about the study as a whole.
What Participatory Democrats Expect
Authors: Ryan Matt
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses what constitutes success in participatory budgeting and introduces and defines the main object of explanation in the book – citizen control of collective decisions in PB. It then explain four important conditions seen to influence that outcome – participatory leadership, bureaucratic support, civil society demands, and financial freedoms. The chapter discusses calibration of fuzzy sets to represent these conditions and introduces a dataset for researching PB worldwide.
Anticipating Public Approval in the Binding of Immigrant Integration Problems and Solutions
Authors: Van Breugel Ilona
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at targeting as an essential and insightful step in the policy solution formulation process. By studying how people are classified and categorised as target groups in Dutch immigrant integration policies this chapter illustrates how the formulation of policy solutions is constrained by the taboos on the political and public agenda. By avoiding group-based policies for immigrants and applying indirect or generic policies instead policy makers anticipate the public and political approval in the pre-decision stage of policy solution definition. The analysis of targeting as part of the policy solution process contributes to this book’s aim of a constructivist understanding of the policy formulation stage. In support of the editors’ claim that, like the policy stage of problem definition, the construction of policy solutions too, is marked by conflict, critique and opposition, this chapter illustrates how policy makers cope with the ‘conflictual nature’ of solution definition through different discursive strategies and taboos for targeting.
Policing, Communities, and the “Legitimacy Crisis”: Context and Empirical Approaches
Authors: Deuchar Ross , Crichlow Vaughn J. , Fallik Seth W.
Published: January 2022

In this opening chapter, we set the scene for the book by referencing the contextual backdrop of increased accountability and change in American policing, the challenges around police-community relations, and the political and public concern about gang-related criminality as a related symptom of these issues across the United States (US). We introduce the research methods underpinning the empirical work and conclude by providing an overview of each of the subsequent chapters.
Future Perspectives on Police–Community Relations
Authors: Deuchar Ross , Crichlow Vaughn J. , Fallik Seth W.
Published: January 2022

In this concluding chapter, we summarize findings based on ethnographic research in a Southern American State and address the implications of navigating a post-Ferguson era largely characterized by divisiveness and acrimony. We note emerging issues regarding the policing of racial and ethnic minorities and suggest approaches to foster more procedurally just practices and improve police legitimacy perceptions. In addition, we reflect on lessons learned from previous police reform efforts and provide recommendations for police-community reforms in troubled times.
The Uniqueness of Labour
Authors: Moses Jonathon W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that it is a mistake to employ mainstream economic models when deciding how to integrate national labour markets, as the nature of labour is radically different from other goods and services for sale on the market. Labour markets do not function as other markets, because communities (justly) recognize the need to protect labour from exploitation. It is for this reason that labour markets are the most protected markets in the modern economy. Hence, competition plays but a small role in determining wages—political power is much more important. More to the point, workers face a significant ‘cost of distance’, which handicaps labour (relative to capital) when markets are extended to cover greater territory.
The Demise of Member State Policy Autonomy
Authors: Moses Jonathon W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter describes how Europe’s approach to market integration has undermined the very tools that local labour markets need for stabilization. By creating a common currency area, and by liberalizing its trade and capital markets, the EU has limited the scope for local policy autonomy and placed a series of onerous constraints on member states’ sovereign powers. These constraints limit what national policymakers can do to stabilize their local labour markets. This chapter describes the slow erosion of local economic policy autonomy in EU member states. As a result, workers are more exposed to regional fluctuations (read unemployment) in their local markets for labour.
Reducing Workaway
Authors: Moses Jonathon W.
Published: January 2022

This chapter proposes two paths forward for reducing workaway and building a more just market in Europe. It does so by employing the theory of Optimum Labour Areas, as introduced in Chapter 3. First, Europe could create an Optimum Labour Area (OLA) that limits market integration to those areas that are least threatening to member state policy autonomy. An OLA provides local elected officials with the tools they need to stabilize local economies, such that workers are not forced to migrate in search of better employment opportunities. The second path recognizes that Europe will remain a sup-optimum labour area but gives the European Union greater power and resources to help local labour markets stabilize.
Taiwan’s Parliamentary Diplomacy
Authors: Šabič Zlatko , Huang David W. F.
Published: January 2022

This chapter first looks at parliamentarians and parliamentary institutions as actors (agents). It then analyses the participation of Taiwanese parliamentarians in international relations and their contribution to the development of Taiwan's parliamentary diplomacy, individually or as members of their parliament, the Legislative Yuan (LY). Since international parliamentary relations have become increasingly complex with various parliamentary institutions participating, particular attention is paid to the participation of Taiwanese parliamentarians with and within those institutions: national parliaments, international parliamentary associations, parliamentary organs of international governmental organizations, and party alliances. From the perspective of international relations, the chapter studies how these institutions respond to the initiatives and/or preferences of Taiwanese parliamentarians whose mission is to promote inter-parliamentary cooperation and advocate Taiwan's foreign policy interests. In this regard, two inter-connected questions are discussed.
Terroir in a Glass: The Rise of Southern Winemaking
Authors: Byrd Kaitland M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the rebirth of the wine industry in Virginia and North Carolina, which are the states with the largest wine industry in the South. Through this exploration of the re-emerging wine industry of the region, this chapter shows how wine makers are tapping into increasing demands for local and regional products while exploring the demanding economic and working conditions required to run a successful winery. Yet, almost all of these wineries rely on tourism and the local community and exist in opposition to the industrially produced wines found for sale at most stores. These wineries also serve as a gathering space for their patrons to develop a sense of community while also consuming the product.
Water and Waves: The Rebirth of Coastal Fishing Communities
Authors: Byrd Kaitland M.
Published: January 2022

From Hurricanes to oil spills the coastal South copes with the difficulties of depending on the sea for one’s livelihood. Yet, within these communities scattered across the bayous and barrier islands, are engrained food traditions and knowledge emphasizing the importance of the sea and its provision for families and Southern foodways. Yet these communities existence is tenuous due to past tragedies that continue to impact the life of the fishermen and restaurant owners long after the devastation has faded from national headlines. The success of these communities is often dependent on chefs and consumers in major urban areas demanding local or regional products, instead of the cheaper industrial produced alternatives.
Borrowed Social Performance: Labour and Community Organizations in Los Angeles and Long Beach, California
Authors: Hytrek Gary
Published: January 2022

The concept of borrowed size is typically applied to analyzing economic performance. This chapter explores the potential social performance benefits of such proximity and networks. Applying this analysis to Long Beach and Los Angeles, this chapter argues that in secondary cities lacking organizational infrastructures to sustain social movements, proximity to larger movement-rich cities can foster cross-city relationship building critical to success.  As recently as 2007, business interests in Long Beach successfully blocked labour-driven policy challenges; yet by 2014, a series of equity-based polices had been enacted.  Underlying this transformation was the ability of labour and community groups to forge regional relationships and share resources critical to building and sustaining a counter-movement. Understanding how activists borrowed from and articulated with outside forces from Los Angeles in a way that was authentic, built local power, and scaled up provides lessons for other secondary cities lacking a history of progressive politics and confronting similar issues
Class Struggle from Above
Authors: Whiteside Heather , McBride Stephen , Evans Bryan M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines labour market flexibility and restructuring through three sections. First, it looks at class struggle from above, as indicated in the ‘best practices’ that aim to cut labour costs (insinuation). Next, the chapter provides national snapshots of labour market dynamics just as the 2008 crisis was about to hit (institutionalization). Third, it details the actions and themes that make up the post-2010 austerity response: creating insecurity; attacking labour and collective bargaining; imposing outcomes on bargaining; bypassing (or effectively abolishing) social dialogue; and controlling unit labour costs in the name of competitiveness (insulation and exposure, institutionalization). The chapter concludes by once more summarizing how this relates to the varieties of austerity framework.
Insecurity and Poverty
Authors: Whiteside Heather , McBride Stephen , Evans Bryan M.
Published: January 2022

This chapter notes the disconnect between the treatment of those responsible for the 2008 crisis who were largely insulated from its effects, and those who were the victims of it and whose degree of already meagre insulation from market turbulence was much reduced. This is evidenced through changes in household poverty and insecurity (personal debt), labour market precarity (workers' rights, youth), housing insecurity, food insecurity, and diminished voice (advocacy). Furthermore, vulnerable populations and communities were to be much more affected by the COVID-19 pandemic than other groups. The chapter surveys the situation as it affects young people, women and migrants, and outlines how poverty manifests in housing and food insecurity. In many countries, commodification, individualization, and privatization were intensified over the crisis period in the name of reducing the budget deficit. For significant sectors of the population, this has engendered various forms of often overlapping and mutually reinforcing poverty.
How to Prioritize White-Collar Crime Research in the European Union in Relation to Internal and External Security
Authors: Roksandić Sunčana
Published: January 2022

This essay deals with questions about which areas could be considered as the key priority areas of European white-collar and corporate crimes scholarship when taking into consideration the EU Agenda on Security, especially if the EU maintains its role as one of the global leaders. In prioritizing white-collar crime research in relation to EU Internal and External Security, violations of human security, as security threats, should be foregrounding. Notwithstanding the enormous amount of opportunities for white-collar crimes scholars for testing know theories and typologies, a clear emphasis on understanding the root causes of conflicts or threats in the EU Security Agenda could be one of the ways to prioritise white-collar crime research in the EU in conjunction with the EU Internal and External Security. The other way to prioritise research could be by identifying the greatest harm and economic violence caused that are greatly violating human dignity and universally recognised human rights.
Identifying ‘Europeanness’ in European White-Collar Crime: The Case Study of Criminal Responses to ‘Market Abuse’
Authors: Wilson Sarah
Published: January 2022

This essay explores the value of identifying Europeaness in understandings of white-collar crime through reference to key European policy relating to unlawful behaviours which are termed ‘market abuse’. Most proximately ‘market abuse’ is a term of European capital markets law, but the behaviours underpinning it – insider dealing and market manipulation- are commonly to be found identified with the terminology of ‘financial crime’ and ‘white collar crime’; and across key discourses in academic scholarship, practitioner interest, and policymaking. The analysis considers how such ideas of substantive activity and rhetoric can be joined in different ways, and directed towards evaluating the feasibility of identifying Europeaness in conceptualisations of white-collar crime, and the benefits which might accrue from this. In doing so, utmost significance is attached to how behaviours termed ‘market abuse’ by European discourse demonstrate European commitment to the use of criminal responses for behaviour which is considered unacceptable. In focusing this on the policy of EU institutions, particular attention is paid to European Commission reflections on new market abuse legislation proposed in 2011.
Anti-Money Laundering and the Legal Profession in Europe: Between Global and Local
Authors: Benson Katie
Published: January 2022

This essay considers the ‘European-ness’ of the anti-money laundering framework for legal professionals working within countries of the European Union, asking if there is a particularly European nature to this framework (i.e. in comparison with the rest of the world) and whether it is experienced as such by those working in individual nation states. It argues that how anti-money laundering policies and processes are actually experienced by individual legal professionals is shaped by an interaction between global, regional, national and local factors. The ‘glocality’ of this experience creates both universal and particular characteristics through processes of adoption and adaptation. While there is value in considering the ‘European-ness’ of anti-money laundering frameworks, the importance of the national context in shaping experience at the local level must also be taken into account.
Struggles in Cooperation: Public–Private Relations in the Investigation of Internal Financial Crime in the Netherlands
Authors: Meerts Clarissa
Published: January 2022

Despite the recent focus on white-collar crime by European governments, the efforts of the criminal justice system are dwarfed by private efforts regarding internal financial crime. Reports to the authorities, made by corporate investigators and their clients, are thus an important source of information for the criminal justice system. In this context, public-private relations are key. Although both public and private actors put much emphasis on cooperation, it seems to be difficult to put this into practice, leading to a situation of separation instead. This paper combines insights derived from data gathered in the context of multiple qualitative research projects, to shed light on public-private relationships with respect to Dutch internal financial, white-collar crime. These insights are then viewed in light of dominant, Anglo-American concepts about public-private relations that place much emphasis on how these actors are used by a (small and receding) state. The argument is made that these provide an uneasy fit with the reality of corporate investigations in the Netherlands. European corporate criminologists should therefore develop an alternative conceptual framework, focusing more on the European situation.
Settling with Corporations in Europe: A Sign of Legal Convergence?
Authors: Campbell Liz
Published: January 2022

Numerous states now permit deferred prosecution agreements (DPAs) and other non-trial resolutions to be negotiated with corporations, entailing suspension or avoidance of criminal prosecution as long as the entity meets certain conditions. This essay analyses how DPAs have been defined, developed, and deployed in different European jurisdictions, in an effort to identify the extent to which this is shaped by the dominant model of criminal procedure in a given country. It asks to what extent the models of criminal procedure shed light on the form that DPAs take, and whether their growing adoption is indication of an organic convergence or transnationalisation in the response to white-collar and corporate crime.
Marxian Perspectives on Monopolies
Authors: Bilić Paško , Prug Toni , Žitko Mislav
Published: January 2022

In Chapter 3 the authors critically discuss how monopoly is conceptualised as aberration from perfect competition in mainstream economics, or as a stage in the development of capitalism that leads to the dominance of the giant trans-national corporation from some Marxian perspectives. Monopoly is already present at the start of the capitalist process as monopoly over the means of production. Furthermore, there is an inherent tendency toward monopoly coming out of the core of competitive mechanism. Thus, competition and monopoly do not serve as exclusive points or stages, but as processes within a continuum of accumulation and expansion of capital. The limits and boundaries that shape competition, monopoly and accumulation are framed by technological, institutional, and political factors. Legal form and legal practices have the capacity to constitute abstract produced objects as commodities, which in specific conditions enter the circuit of capital and augment capital accumulation. That is, in fact, generalized across different historical varieties of capitalism and it is essential for the accumulation based on intangible assets.
Religion and Same-Sex Marriage
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

For a legal status which has existed for less than twenty years, the law concerning same sex partnerships and religion has had a turbulent and somewhat confusing history. This chapter examines the story so far. The first part examines how the Civil Partnership Act 2004 originally ignored religion, copying the template of civil marriage. It will then chart how this approach fell apart with the introduction of religious civil partnerships. The second part looks at the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 that was enacted by building upon the existing structure for opposite sex marriage rather than using the opportunity to craft a modernised, rationalised and codified law on marriage. This has led to an increasingly complex legal framework as shown by the ‘quadruple lock’ that permits but does not oblige religious groups to conduct same sex marriages.
Non-Religious Marriages
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores the other main concern that has arisen in recent years: the exclusion of non-religious marriages under the Marriage Act 1949. This chapter will fall into three sections. The first will introduce the issue while the second will examine how this issue has arisen in the public debate, exploring the campaign of Humanists UK during the Parliamentary passage of the Marriage (Same Sex Couples) Act 2013 and subsequent legal and political developments. The final section will then discuss the High Court challenge of the current law in R (On Application of Harrison) v Secretary of State for Justice that concluded that the law interfered with the applicant’s human rights but that this was justified by the fact that the law was currently under review by the Law Commission.
The Law Commission’s Proposals
Authors: Sandberg Russell
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores Law Commission’s consultation paper, published in September 2020, which proposed a transformation the law on how people get married. The chapter falls into three parts. The first part introduces the Law Commission’s approach, it looks at what was excluded from its terms of reference and the main changes to how people get married that are proposed. The second part then discusses the most radical change proposed by the Law Commission: the move from the Marriage Act 1949’s focus on registering buildings towards what the Law Commission has styled an officiant system and how this would accommodate non-religious marriages. The final part looks at how the scoping paper discussed the issue of unregistered religious marriages and the extent to which the reforms suggested would help to mitigate that issue, including an examination of what the Law Commission suggests in terms of the law on validity and on criminal offences concerning the solemnisation of marriage. Taken together, the proposals do not provide a magic bullet solution but they do provide important steps forward. There are points of contention but overall the proposals if enacted would provide a great deal of improvement.
Thinking with Imposters: The Imposter as Analytic
Authors: Vogel Else , Moats David , Woolgar Steve , Helgesson Claes-Fredrik
Published: January 2022

What insights can the figure of the imposter provide into the social relations and cultural forms in the settings in which they emerge? How might ‘thinking with imposters’ be an important tool of analysis in the social sciences and humanities? This editorial essay sets the stage for working with these questions. It argues that the imposter is a figure that provides an important opportunity for thinking differently in social theory, much in the same way as other key conceptual figures like the parasite have done previously. Imposters tend to have been used in social theory primarily as a form of deviance which reveals an underlying order. The essay argues that thinking with imposters encourages us instead to emphasise uncertainty and to deepen our understanding of the dynamic relations in which appearance/reality puzzles are played out between imposters and their audiences.
A Menagerie of Imposters and Truth-Tellers: Diederik Stapel and the Crisis in Psychology
Authors: Derksen Maarten
Published: January 2022

The large-scale fraud of social psychologist Diederik Stapel has fuelled debates about the state of the discipline and the need for reform. Stapel became a tool to think with in the crisis in psychology. In the process a collection of imposters and truth-tellers were constructed and performed, each representing a different relation to the truth. Whereas Stapel was denounced as a cynical con man by his colleagues, he himself performed the role of a tragic imposter, and while many social psychologists presented themselves as the unwitting victims of Stapel, critics saw the affair as evidence that psychology is a wannabe science in need of fundamental reform. The various imposters and truth-tellers that made their appearance imply different ways of drawing distinctions between honesty and deception, appearance and reality, truth and story telling, frankness and civility.
Conjuring Imposters: The Extraordinary Illusions of Mundanity
Authors: Rappert Brian
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines how entertainment magic and the notion of impostering can inform each other.  It does so through considering how assessments of skill and perception are constituted in interactions between performers and audiences.  A main plank of the argument derives from a self-study of the acquisition of skill.
The Guerrilla’s ID Card: Flatland against Fatland in Colombia
Authors: Forero Olga Restrepo , Ashmore Malcolm
Published: January 2022

There is a citizen, Jorge Enrique Briceño Suárez; and there is a guerrilla, ‘Jorge Enrique Briceño Suárez’. In Colombian ‘Flatland’ (the world of state and bureaucracy, of documentary realities) both are imposters: the citizen, because his name(s) match(es), ‘criminally’, (one of) the guerrilla’s; who is, for the agents of Flatland, a “terrorist”, and most importantly “the alias Mono Jojoy” – a name that must be false, and who therefore must have a real one, plus a biography, a history, and a genuine cédula (ID card) that, as for all Colombian adults, must be trusted to guarantee an individual unique identity. We trace the search for the guerrilla’s truth along with the story of the citizen’s travails in which he is serially and terminally ‘(mis)taken’ for the guerrilla. But this ‘mistake’ is one that can only happen by denying any authority to evidence from ‘Fatland’ (the world of face-to-face life): the citizen looks, acts, and lives, nothing at all like the guerrilla.
Sharing, Selling, Striving: The Gendered Labour of Female Social Entrepreneurship in South Korea
Authors: Jang Kyooeun
Published: January 2022

This chapter looks at how South Korean young women were encouraged to become financially independent by being online entrepreneurs. It was shown that these young women very often explain their business success with their passion, their failure with their lack of grit. It is argued that instead of being free and independent, online entrepreneurs have to sell affective labour as well as commercial goods online. Young women also sexualise themselves regardless of the commercial goods that they sell; often they would wear bathing suits to sell unrelated product. Lastly, online businesses are seen as a way for mothers to rejoin the workforce while being dutiful mothers and housewives. A number of mother entrepreneurs frequently show pictures of them working while taking care of young children on social media sites.
How do Materiality and Corporeality Inform the Intellectual Property Debate? A Case Study of Pirated Media in North Korea
Authors: Lee Micky , Zhang Weiqi
Published: January 2022

The case of North Koreans watching illegally distributed South Korean media and Hollywood films shows that the discussion of intellectual property violation does not take into account the local context in which these goods are distributed and consumed. This chapter uses the concepts materiality and corporeality to show that material properties and the bodies matter in the smuggling of media goods across the border because the majority of North Koreans do not have Internet connection and the government deems possessing foreign media a crime. The chapter however cautions that Western news reports about the everyday life in North Korea are motivated to differentiate the East from the West. In these reports, North Koreans are deemed to be animal-like, and foreign media can lift them up to become enlightened beings. The dichotomy between the East and West, between North Koreans and Western beings is problematic because news discourse sees capitalism as a superior system, thus attributing negative qualities to non-capitalist systems.
The Work of Care in the Age of Feeling Machines
Authors: Bender Shawn
Published: January 2022

This chapter examined how the ageing population in Japan prompted robot manufacturers to consider producing robots for domestic uses, in particular the care for the elderly. Drawing from ethnographical fieldwork, the author of this chapter found robotic engineers changed their understanding of robots in human-machine interaction. Initially robots are in animal form, allowing patients to regain dignity by teasing them. Later, the robots acted like a digital social platform that help forge social ties among the patients. This chapter concluded that robots do not substitute humans but facilitate human interactions through the material body of robots. As such, the robots are not designed for work, but for play; they help the elderly who have forgotten to play to connect with other humans.
Introduction: Strategic Challenges and Escalating Power Rivalry in the South China Sea
Authors: Romaniuk Scott N. , Hong Nong
Published: January 2022

This chapter notes that the South China Sea (SCS) disputes are multidimensional and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) is selectively involved in some aspects of these dimensions. The chapter addresses the major pillars of conflict and geostrategic interest in the SCS, beginning with territorial sovereignty disputes among claimant parties over various land features in the South China Sea. It also covers maritime area claims and maritime rights claims by the disputant parties. The chapter reviews statements by ASEAN that suggest that it attempts to uphold certain principles on how a claimant should legally and legitimately claim maritime zones and rights, although ASEAN has made it clear that it does not want to be an arbiter for maritime boundary demarcations. It talks about the maintenance of peace and security in the SCS, such as the proposal for rules and norms to regulate various parties' policies.
Between Competition and War: Complex Security Overlay and the South China Sea
Authors: Hastey Joshua , Romaniuk Scott N.
Published: January 2022

This chapter explores various security structures of the South China Sea (SCS) in the context for ongoing competition between Washington, DC and Beijing. It describes the security structures of the SCS as a complex system of states whose interests shape and constrain the behaviour of both major powers that vie for regional primacy. It also analyses the multiple security structures that exist as part of regions within a larger region and locates the sources of both diplomatic impasse between the major actors in the SCS region, including the sources of potential military conflict. The chapter identifies the key stressors to regional security from a systemic perspective. It unpacks the central components of the conflict in the SCS that has been steadily intensifying since states began staking claims over islands and zones within the SCS in the 1970s.
The South China Sea as an Echo Chamber of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy
Authors: Romaniuk Scott N. , Burgers Tobias
Published: January 2022

This chapter argues that the recent development in the South China Sea (SCS) increased the political tensions in the region and made it a test case for how the rest of East Asia will respond to the rise of China. It points out that the SCS region serves as an “echo chamber” of China's aggressive and expansionistic policy elsewhere on its periphery. It also features China's salami-slicing tactics and strategy that produced a miasma of heightened military tension and anxiety. The chapter examines China's evolving military policies and creeping assertiveness, which explain that the arising conflict still appears to be politically controllable due to means by which SCS states have sought to either expand or protect their claims. It articulates that China's behaviour in the SCS could serve as a possible blueprint for how its current leadership would likely conduct itself in other regional conflicts.
Taiwan’s South China Sea Policy under the Tsai Administration
Authors: Song Yann-huei
Published: January 2022

This chapter assesses the development and content of Taiwan's South China Sea (SCS) policy under the Tsai administration since May 2016, when Tsai Ing-wen was inaugurated as the 14th Republic of China (ROC) president. It emphasizes how the policy decision-making process and the implementation of Taiwan's SCS policy have been influenced by the US government's concerns and interests. It mentions Taiwan's support for the US-led Indo-Pacific strategic alliances and partnerships and Washington's efforts to develop a multilateral joint patrolling force in the SCS. The chapter details how the Tsai administration avoids mentioning the “U-shaped line” and historic right claims in the SCS as a partial recognition of the ruling made by the Arbitral Tribunal in the arbitration case. It covers cross-Strait dialogue on the SCS issue, which has become much more difficult, if not completely suspended.
The Philippines and the South China Sea Dispute: Duterte’s Hedging Approach with China and the United States
Authors: Banlaoi Rommel C.
Published: January 2022

This chapter evaluates the Philippines' foreign and security policy towards the South China Sea (SCS) using the neorealist concept of security dilemma and the strategy of hedging. It argues that President Rodrigo Duterte is not changing the Philippines' long-standing policy towards China and the SCS dispute. It also stresses how Duterte has changed the Philippine government's present attitude towards China and Manila's current approach in dealing with territorial conflicts in the SCS. The chapter discusses international relations that offer some explanations to Duterte's kind of foreign policy attitude. It provides a more nuanced analysis of Duterte's actions in the SCS, which reveals his apparent pragmatism in dealing with China and the US.
Competition, Contention, and Cooperation in the South China Sea: The Malaysian Perspective
Authors: Permal Sumathy
Published: January 2022

This chapter scrutinizes Malaysia's approach and policies in the South China Sea (SCS), as well as how they are evolving. It examines the rules-based framework and the conduct of parties in promoting maritime cooperation in the SCS. It also highlights how the SCS debate presents a formidable mix of seemingly intractable issues, multi-nation manoeuvrings, and exceptional possibilities. The chapter refers to geo-strategic interests, military expansion, major-power relations, overlapping claims, and rules-based legal orders that dominate maritime matters in the SCS. It discusses multiple interests and multifaceted claims that are further complicated by major external powers seeking to entrench their interests in this vital waterway.
A Wary Warrior: Indonesia’s “Soft-Assertiveness” in the South China Sea
Authors: Febrica Senia , Romaniuk Scott N.
Published: January 2022

This chapter analyses Indonesia's strategic interests and policies in the South China Sea (SCS), focusing on the country's unique involvement in the dispute as a non-claimant state. It elaborates how the previous administration under Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Indonesia's current one under President Joko Widodo have maintained a delicate balance with respect to territorial waters and rights in the region, despite Indonesia's official status as a non-claimant. It also describes Indonesia's security posture in its immediate waters that is predicated on several principal concerns, such as Indonesia's ongoing war on foreign fishers and pirates. The chapter details Indonesia's response to the policies of other countries while maintaining a firm but moderating role through “soft-assertiveness.” It reviews Indonesia's policy in the SCS, which carries its own unique characteristics and can be understood through the state's geographical and strategic position, population, resources, and economy.
The South China Sea Dispute: Regional Integration, Status Ad Quem, and Singapore’s Position
Authors: Tseng Hui-Yi Katherine
Published: January 2022

This chapter addresses Singapore's South China Sea (SCS) portfolio by mainly addressing development-oriented issues. It talks about how Singapore has re-postulated the SCS issue in the broader context of great-power wrestling and regional terrorist attack, while preferring to maintain flexibility as much as possible in handling it. It also notes that the overriding national interests would post daunting challenges to future Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) integration. The chapter views the SCS issue as an integral part of the reconfiguration of a transnational order in Southeast Asia, noting that its discussions can only be comprehensive when various aspects are factored into the deliberation. It argues that the transnational order is mainly economic-oriented, while regionalization has been a major push force.
Cambodia’s South China Sea Policy: From ASEAN Aligned to Echoing Chinese Clientism
Authors: Var Veasna
Published: January 2022

This chapter contributes to the ongoing debates regarding Cambodia's position on the South China Sea (SCS) dispute between China and Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) claimant states, particularly the Philippines and Vietnam. It talks about how Cambodia balances between ASEAN, the West, and China on the contentious issue of the SCS. It also mentions how China's growing assertiveness in the South China Sea has put ASEAN states, other actors, and Cambodia in a challenging strategic situation. The chapter points out how the SCS is not of direct concern to Cambodia as it is a non-claimant state, but it still holds great relevance to the country as a member of ASEAN and as a nation that is a significant beneficiary of Chinese aid and investment. It assesses the foreign policy approach that Cambodia has pursued to align with China on the issue of the South China Sea, which presents both opportunities and challenges.