bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6‐Amino‐6‐deoxy‐5,6‐di‐N‐(N′‐octyliminomethylidene)nojirimycin: Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Crystal Structure in Complex with Acid β‐Glucosidase
Authors: Brumshtein Boris , Aguilar‐Moncayo Matilde , García‐Moreno M. Isabel , Ortiz Mellet Carmen , García Fernández José M. , Silman Israel , Shaaltiel Yoseph , Aviezer David , Sussman Joel L. , Futerman Anthony H.
Published: May 2009

6‐Amino‐6‐deoxy‐5,6‐di‐N‐(N′‐octyliminomethylidene)nojirimycin, a reducing analogue of N‐nonyl‐1‐deoxynojirimycin, proved to be a potent and very selective inhibitor of β‐glucosidases, including human acid β‐glucosidase. Structural studies of the enzyme–inhibitor complex showed a binding mode in which the anomeric hydroxy group is accommodated in the “wrong” α configuration.

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Multiple Evidence for Gold(I)⋅⋅⋅Silver(I) Interactions in Solution
Authors: Fernández Eduardo J. , Hardacre Christopher , Laguna Antonio , Lagunas M. Cristina , López‐de‐Luzuriaga José M. , Monge Miguel , Montiel Manuel , Olmos M. Elena , Puelles Raquel C. , Sánchez‐Forcada Eva
Published: May 2009

Metallophilic Au⋅⋅⋅Ag interactions exist in concentrated solutions as well as in the 2D polymeric solid‐state structure of [AuAg3(C6F5)(CF3CO2)3(CH2PPh3)]n (see picture for the asymmetric unit) according to EXAFS and pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo NMR spectroscopy measurements. Calculations support both the emission assignments and the existence of the metallophilic interactions in solution.

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[AuAg3(C6F5)(CF3CO2)3(CH2PPh3)]n (2) was prepared by reaction of [Au(C6F5)(CH2PPh3)] (1) and [Ag(CF3CO2)] (1:3). The crystal structures of complexes 1 and 2 were determined by X‐ray diffraction, and the latter shows a polymeric 2D arrangement built by Au⋅⋅⋅Ag, Ag⋅⋅⋅Ag, and Ag⋅⋅⋅O contacts. The metallophilic interactions observed in 2 in the solid state seem to be preserved in concentrated THF solutions, as suggested by EXAFS, pulsed‐gradient spin‐echo NMR, and photophysical studies, which showed that the structural motif [AuAg3(C6F5)(CF3CO2)3(CH2PPh3)] is maintained under such conditions. Time‐dependent DFT calculations agree with the experimental photophysical energies and suggest a metal‐to‐ligand charge‐transfer phosphorescence process. Ab initio calculations give an estimated interaction energy of around 60 kJ mol−1 for each Au⋅⋅⋅Ag interaction.
Cs8−xSi46: A Type‐I Clathrate with Expanded Silicon Framework
Authors: Wosylus Aron , Veremchuk Igor , Schnelle Walter , Baitinger Michael , Schwarz Ulrich , Grin Yuri
Published: May 2009

The synthesis of the new binary Cs8−xSi46 (shown here) completes the series of binary alkali metal silicides with a clathrate‐I structure M8−xSi46 (M=Na, K, Rb, Cs). In contrast with the lighter homologues, Cs8−xSi46 can be prepared only at elevated pressures. The compound was obtained at 1200 °C between 2–10 GPa and the Cs content rises with applied pressure.

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Directly Relating Gas‐Phase Cluster Measurements to Solution‐Phase Hydrolysis, the Absolute Standard Hydrogen Electrode Potential, and the Absolute Proton Solvation Energy
Authors: Donald William A. , Leib Ryan D. , O'Brien Jeremy T. , Williams Evan R.
Published: May 2009

Hydrated ion nanocalorimetry is used to measure reduction energies and H atom affinities of gaseous hydrated ions by determining the energy deposited into these nanodrops from the number of water molecules lost upon reduction by thermally generated electrons (see figure).

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Solution‐phase, half‐cell potentials are measured relative to other half‐cell potentials, resulting in a thermochemical ladder that is anchored to the standard hydrogen electrode (SHE), which is assigned an arbitrary value of 0 V. A new method for measuring the absolute SHE potential is demonstrated in which gaseous nanodrops containing divalent alkaline‐earth or transition‐metal ions are reduced by thermally generated electrons. Energies for the reactions 1) M(H2O)242+(g)+e−(g)→M(H2O)24+(g) and 2) M(H2O)242+(g)+e−(g)→MOH(H2O)23+(g)+H(g) and the hydrogen atom affinities of MOH(H2O)23+(g) are obtained from the number of water molecules lost through each pathway. From these measurements on clusters containing nine different metal ions and known thermochemical values that include solution hydrolysis energies, an average absolute SHE potential of +4.29 V vs. e−(g) (standard deviation of 0.02 V) and a real proton solvation free energy of −265 kcal mol−1 are obtained. With this method, the absolute SHE potential can be obtained from a one‐electron reduction of nanodrops containing divalent ions that are not observed to undergo one‐electron reduction in aqueous solution.
Tunable Gel Formation by Both Sonication and Thermal Processing in a Cholesterol‐Based Self‐Assembly System
Authors: Wu Junchen , Yi Tao , Xia Qian , Zou Ying , Liu Feng , Dong Jie , Shu Tianmin , Li Fuyou , Huang Chunhui
Published: May 2009

Sonication‐induced gelation: Adaptive gels that are responsive to ultrasound were prepared and characterized. The self‐assembly of the gelators can be controlled by ultrasound (S‐gel) stimuli and renewed by a thermodynamic process (T‐gel, see images).

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A family of asymmetric cholesterol‐based fluorescent organogelators containing naphthalimide, connected by two acylamines and different alkyl‐chain spacers, have been designed and prepared. These compounds can gelate a variety of organic solvents with both ultrasound stimuli and general sol–gel processes. The self‐assembly and gelling properties of the compounds depend on the length of the alkyl chains and can be controlled by ultrasound stimuli and renewed by a thermodynamic process. The morphologies and surface wetabilities of the xerogels prepared from these gelators are strongly affected by environmental stimuli. The mechanism of the process was investigated by confocal laser scanning microscopy, transmission or scanning electron microscopy, wide‐angle X‐ray scattering analysis, and rheological experiments. The studies reveal that the cooperation and relative competition of multiple intermolecular interactions, influenced by the sonication or thermal stimulus, are the main contributors for the aggregation or nucleation processes; this results in the macrodifferences in morphology and surface properties. These results provide a deeper understanding of the intermediate transition state of the gel during use of an ultrasound stimulus.
A Near‐Infrared Fluorescence‐Based Optical Thermosensor
Authors: Lee Seung‐Young , Lee Seulki , Youn In‐Chan , Yi Dong Kee , Lim Yong Taik , Chung Bong Hyun , Leary James F. , Kwon Ick Chan , Kim Kwangmeyung , Choi Kuiwon
Published: May 2009

A polymeric thermosensor composed of the thermo‐responsive block copolymer Pluronic F127 (PF127) and the near‐infrared (NIR) dye Cy5.5 can simply monitor, image, and analyze temperature changes. The thermoprobe exhibited linear NIR fluorescent emission changes (see figure) over a broad temperature range (0–80 °C).

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Number of metastatic sites is a strong predictor of survival in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer with or without brain metastases
Authors: Oh Yun , Taylor Sarah , Bekele Benjamin Nebiyou , Debnam J. Matthew , Allen Pamela K. , Suki Dima , Sawaya Raymond , Komaki Ritsuko , Stewart David J. , Karp Daniel D.
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND:

The staging system for non–small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) does not consider tumor burden or number of metastatic sites, although oligometastases are more favorable.

METHODS:

Using log‐rank testing, the authors analyzed overall survival (OS) in 1284 patients newly presenting with metastatic NSCLC by number of metastatic organ sites and the presence of brain metastases.

RESULTS:

OS for patients without brain metastases was found to be correlated with the number of metastatic sites (P= .0009). Brain metastases conferred an inferior OS (median of 7 months vs 9 months; 95% confidence interval, 7‐8 months vs 8‐10 months [P= .00,002]). To evaluate the influence of tumor burden on OS, the authors considered subsets of patients in whom the brain (n = 135) or lung (n = 137) was the solitary metastatic organ site. In patients with brain metastases, OS was found to be correlated inversely with the volume of all metastases or the largest lesion (hazards ratio, 1.04 or 1.03, respectively;P= .01). For patients with lung metastases, OS was better for those with a maximum tumor size below the median of 40 mm (P= .0004).

CONCLUSIONS:

Staging of NSCLC and clinical trial patient stratification should include quantitation of tumor burden. The prognostic impact of brain metastases is small and partly dependent on tumor volume, which indicates the need for aggressive therapy for patients with NSCLC brain metastasis and their inclusion in clinical trials. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Survival is poorer in patients with secondary core‐binding factor acute myelogenous leukemia compared with de novo core‐binding factor leukemia
Authors: Borthakur Gautam , Lin E , Jain Nitin , Estey Elihu E. , Cortes Jorge E. , O'Brien Susan , Faderl Stefan , Ravandi Farhad , Pierce Sherry , Kantarjian Hagop
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND:

Therapy related secondary acute myelogenous leukemia (AML) was commonly associated with prior exposure to alkylating agents or topoisomerase inhibitor. The long‐term outcome of such patients with secondary AML was found to be worse than that of patients with de novo AML. Earlier reports suggested similar outcomes for patients with de novo and secondary AML associated with core‐binding factor (CBF) abnormalities.

METHODS:

A total of 188 patients with CBF AML were analyzed. The frequency of secondary CBF AML was 9%.

RESULTS:

Patients with secondary CBF AML were found to have significantly worse overall (OS) and event‐free survival (EFS) compared with patients with de novo CBF AML. Secondary CBF AML status appeared to have only marginal significance in multivariate analysis.

CONCLUSIONS:

Matched analysis (by age, Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status, and additional cytogenetic abnormality) indicated worse OS and EFS in patients with secondary CBF AML. Cancer 2009. © 2009 American Cancer Society.
Rapid gynogenetic mapping ofXenopus tropicalismutations to chromosomes
Authors: Khokha Mustafa K. , Krylov Vladimir , Reilly Michael J. , Gall Joseph G. , Bhattacharya Dipankan , Cheung Chung Yan J. , Kaufman Sarah , Lam Dang Khoa , Macha Jaroslav , Ngo Catherine , Prakash Neha , Schmidt Philip , Tlapakova Tereza , Trivedi Toral , Tumova Lucie , Abu‐Daya Anita , Geach Timothy , Vendrell Elisenda , Ironfield Holly , Sinzelle Ludivine , Sater Amy K. , Wells Dan E. , Harland Richard M. , Zimmerman Lyle B.
Published: May 2009

Pilot forward genetic screens inXenopus tropicalishave isolated over 60 recessive mutations. Here we present a simple method for mapping mutations to chromosomes using gynogenesis and centromeric markers. When coupled with available genomic resources, gross mapping facilitates evaluation of candidate genes as well as higher resolution linkage studies. Using gynogenesis, we have mapped the genetic locations of the 10X. tropicaliscentromeres, and performed fluorescence in situ hybridization to validate these locations cytologically. We demonstrate the use of this very small set of centromeric markers to map mutations efficiently to specific chromosomes. Developmental Dynamics 238:1398–1406, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Dynamic expression of neurogenic markers in the developing chick olfactory epithelium
Authors: Maier Esther , Gunhaga Lena
Published: May 2009

Neurogenesis in the olfactory epithelium begins in early embryos and proceeds throughout life. A comparison of neurogenic marker expression at different developmental stages and at different axes of the olfactory epithelium has not been reported in a coordinated way. In this study, we have in detail compared the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the precursor markers Hes5, Cash1, Ngn1, and the neuronal markers Gap43, HuC/D, Lhx2 in the developing olfactory placode and epithelium in chick embryos from HH10 to HH34. We show that Hes5 starts to be expressed in cells of the prospective olfactory placode at HH10, earlier then previously reported. During olfactory pit stages, the expression of Hes5, Cash1, Ngn1, Gap43, HuC/D, and Lhx2 varies throughout the anterior‐posterior and superior‐inferior axis of the olfactory epithelium. By HH34, expression of the precursor and neuronal markers show the first signs of apical‐basal stratification of the epithelium. Developmental Dynamics 238:1617–1625, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Use of adenovirus for ectopic gene expression in Xenopus
Authors: Dutton James R. , Daughters Randy S. , Chen Ying , O'Neil Kathy E. , Slack J.M.W.
Published: May 2009

COVER PHOTOGRAPH: Xenopus tadpole expressing GFP from separate injections of adenoviral vector encoding GFP into the limb and into the tail musculature. Photographed by Dr Ying Chen. See Dutton et al., Developmental Dynamics 238:1412–421. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
A Chiral Metal–Organic Framework Based on Heptanuclear Zinc Cores
Authors: Liu Hai‐Yang , Zhao Bin , Shi Wei , Zhang Zhen‐Jie , Cheng Peng , Liao Dai‐Zheng , Yan Shi‐Ping
Published: May 2009

Two zinc(II) complexes, [Zn9(L1)6(H2O)2]·13.5H2O (1) and [Zn9(L2)6(H2O)3]·C2H5OH·8.5H2O (2), were synthesized. Both 1 and 2 are constructed from molecular building units (MBUs) that contain heptanuclear zinc clusters as cores. By introducing an additional chiral site into the original ligand, we achieved the transformation of the MOF from a nonchiral to a chiral structure, which provides a new strategy for designing chiral compounds. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
N,O‐Chelates of Group 4 Metals: Contrasting the Use of Amidates and Ureates in the Synthesis of Metal Dichlorides
Authors: Leitch David C. , Beard J. David , Thomson Robert K. , Wright Vincent A. , Patrick Brian O. , Schafer Laurel L.
Published: May 2009

A series of dichloride complexes of titanium and zirconium with amidate and ureate ancillary ligands have been prepared. Three examples of bis(amidate)dichlorotitanium and zirconium complexes were effectively synthesized through salt metathesis with metal tetrachloride as starting materials. Optimum results were achieved using sodium amidate salts formed from sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide and neutral amide proligands, while other methods were ineffective. Use of electron‐donating ureate ligands in lieu of amidates enables preparation through alternate routes. Protonolysis of Ti(NMe2)2Cl2 and Zr(NMe2)2Cl2(dme) with urea proligands leads to dichlorobis(ureate) complexes in good yield. Using a tethered bis(ureate) ligand eliminates the fluxional behaviour and coordination isomerism observed for both bis(amidate) and bis(ureate) zirconium complexes.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Two New Fusidilactones from the Fungal Endophyte Fusidium sp.
Authors: Qin Song , Krohn Karsten , Flörke Ulrich , Schulz Barbara , Draeger Siegfried , Pescitelli Gennaro , Salvadori Piero , Antus Sándor , Kurtán Tibor
Published: May 2009

The new bicyclic fusidilactones D (1) and E (2), along with the known and related fusidilactone B (3), have been isolated from the fungal endophyte Fusidium sp. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated by detailed spectroscopic analysis and the relative configurations were confirmed by an X‐ray diffraction study of a single crystal of 3. The absolute configurations were determined by TDDFT calculations of CD spectra using the solid‐state CD/TDDFT approach. The metabolites exhibited moderate antifungal, antibacterial, and antialgal activities. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Stille Cross‐Coupling Reactions with Tin Reagents Supported on Ionic Liquids
Authors: Dien Pham Phuoc , Vitz Jürgen , Chamignon Cécile , Martel Arnaud , Legoupy Stéphanie
Published: May 2009

New ionic‐liquid‐supported tin reagents were synthesized and used in Stille cross‐coupling reactions. High yields of biaryls were obtained under low‐temperature, solvent‐free, ligand‐free conditions, with simple purification techniques. Moreover, the tin compound could be recycled up to five times without significant loss of reactivity. An expanded catalytic cycle for the Stille cross coupling reaction is proposed in order to explain side products that were formed under certain reaction conditions.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Solid‐State Optical Properties of a Chiral Supramolecular Organic Fluorophore Consisting of Fluorescent 1‐Pyrenesulfonic Acid and Amine Molecules
Authors: Imai Yoshitane , Murata Katuzo , Nakano Yoko , Harada Takunori , Sato Tomohiro , Tajima Nobuo , Fujiki Michiya , Kuroda Reiko , Matsubara Yoshio
Published: May 2009

By using (R)‐1‐phenylethylamine as a chiral molecule and 1‐pyrenesulfonic acid as a fluorescent molecule, a chiral supramolecular organic fluorophore composed of a 2D layered structure was successfully developed. This chiral supramolecular fluorophore possesses circularly polarized luminescence (CPL) properties in the solid state. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
Anodic Oxidation: An Attractive Alternative to CAN‐Mediated Cleavage of para‐Methoxyphenyl Ethers
Authors: Vaxelaire Carine , Souquet Florence , Lannou Marie‐Isabelle , Ardisson Janick , Royer Jacques
Published: May 2009

para‐Methoxyphenyl (PMP) ether is a very convenient protecting group for the alcohol function; however, its cleavage requires strong oxidative conditions. In this field, the use of powerful ceric ammonium nitrate has been widely described, despite the fact that its strong nature results in the formation of degradation products in acid‐ or oxidation‐sensitive substrates. In this paper, a new anodic oxidation method for the cleavage of para‐methoxyphenyl ethers in weakly basic medium is reported. This process is an attractive alternative to circumvent the use of ceric ammonium nitrate. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2009)
CE‐TOF/MS: Fundamental concepts, instrumental considerations and applications
Authors: Staub Aline , Schappler Julie , Rudaz Serge , Veuthey Jean‐Luc
Published: May 2009

This review discusses the fundamental principles of TOF analyzers and covers the great progress that has been made in this area in recent years (i.e. orthogonal acceleration, reflectron). This paper also gives an overview of applications performed by CE coupled to TOF/MS detection. The main domains of interest include the analysis of biomolecules and natural compounds.
Quantification and excretion kinetics of a magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent by capillary electrophoresis‐mass spectrometry
Authors: Künnemeyer Jens , Terborg Lydia , Nowak Sascha , Brauckmann Christine , Telgmann Lena , Albert Anastasia , Tokmak Faruk , Krämer Bernhard K. , Günsel Andreas , Wiesmüller Gerhard A. , Karst Uwe
Published: May 2009

A novel method for the analysis of Gadolinium‐based contrast agents in complex clinical matrices is presented. Three commonly applied ionic contrast agents for magnetic resonance imaging were separated by CE and detected by ESI‐MS. Blank urine samples were spiked with Dotarem® (Gd‐DOTA, Gadolinium‐1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclododecane‐1,4,7,10‐tetraacetic acid), Magnevist® (Gd‐DTPA, Gadolinium‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) and Multihance® (Gd‐BOPTA, Gadolinium‐benzyloxymethyl‐diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid) to determine the recovery rates. The figures of merit were determined with LODs as low as 2.0×10−7 mol/L for Gd‐DOTA, 5.0×10−7 mol/L for Gd‐DTPA and 1.0×10−6 mol/L for Gd‐BOPTA. The respective LOQs were 6.6×10−7 mol/L for Gd‐DOTA, 1.5×10−6 mol/L for Gd‐DTPA and 3.3×10−6 mol/L for Gd‐BOPTA. The linear working range comprised two orders of magnitude starting at the LOQ, with regression coefficients of R≥0.999 for all investigated analytes. Using this CE‐MS method, Gd‐DOTA was quantified in seven urine samples obtained at different times after delivery from a volunteer magnetic resonance imaging patient who was treated with Dotarem®. Additionally, total Gd concentrations were determined by means of ICP‐optical emission spectroscopy to validate the CE‐MS data. To compensate for dietary dilution effects of the urine samples, creatinine was determined by HPLC with UV/Vis absorption detection. Gd‐DOTA concentrations were normalized to urinary creatinine, illustrating the fast excretion kinetics of Gd‐DOTA.
Capillary electrophoresis of small ions using complex formation and indirect detection
Authors: Foret Frantisek
Published: May 2009

The journal Electrophoresis was launched in about the same time as modern CE. Today, Electrophoresis is one of the leading journals in the field of analytical separations. With over 23% of all papers on CE published in the past 5 years Electrophoresis is also the number one journal covering CE applications. During the past three decades CE has matured into one of the key separation techniques for the analysis of a large variety of ions. Analysis of small organic and inorganic ions used to be a high flyer during the development of CE, often under the name capillary ion analysis. In this mode it was mostly applied for analysis of inorganic ions in waters and/or determination of food ingredients and additives. Complex forming equilibria were commonly used for optimization of the separation and indirect UV absorbance detection was often the only choice for the detection of non‐absorbing ions. This short critical overview reflects some of the aspects of CE based on indirect UV absorbance detection and complex forming equilibria related to our work on the topic published in Electrophoresis almost 20 years ago.
LSAMP, a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene in human osteosarcomas, identified by array comparative genomic hybridization
Authors: Kresse Stine H. , Ohnstad Hege O. , Paulsen Erik B. , Bjerkehagen Bodil , Szuhai Karoly , Serra Massimo , Schaefer Karl‐Ludwig , Myklebost Ola , Meza‐Zepeda Leonardo A.
Published: May 2009

Osteosarcomas are the most common primary malignant tumor of bone, and almost all conventional osteosarcomas are high‐grade tumors with complex karyotypes. We have examined DNA copy number changes in 36 osteosarcoma tumors and 20 cell lines using microarray‐based comparative genomic hybridization. The most frequent minimal recurrent regions of gain identified in the tumor samples were in 1q21.2‐q21.3 (78% of the samples), 1q21.3‐q22 (78%), and 8q22.1 (72%). Minimal recurrent regions in 10q22.1‐q22.2 (81%), 6q16.1 (67%), 13q14.2 (67%), and 13q21.1 (67%) were most frequently lost. A small region in 3q13.31 (2.1 Mb) containing the gene limbic system‐associated membrane protein (LSAMP) was frequently deleted (56%). LSAMP has previously been reported to be a candidate tumor suppressor gene in other cancer types. The deletion was validated using fluorescence in situ hybridization, and the expression level and promoter methylation status of LSAMP were investigated using quantitative real‐time reverse transcription PCR and methylation‐specific PCR, respectively. LSAMP showed low expression compared to two normal bone samples in 6/15 tumors and 5/9 cell lines with deletion of 3q13.31, and also in 5/14 tumors and 3/11 cell lines with normal copy number or gain. Partial or full methylation of the investigated CpG island was identified in 3/30 tumors and 7/20 cell lines. Statistical analyses revealed that loss of 11p15.4‐p15.3 and low expression of LSAMP (both P = 0.011) were significantly associated with poor survival. Our results show that LSAMP is a novel candidate tumor suppressor gene in osteosarcomas. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas) glaciers and climate in Wales
Authors: Hughes Philip D.
Published: May 2009

Former cirque glaciers in the Aran and Berwyn mountains, North Wales, indicate a cold and wet climate during the Loch Lomond Stadial (Younger Dryas), with values of annual accumulation close to modern values of precipitation. Climate at the equilibrium line altitude (ELA) of these glaciers was reconstructed using a simple degree–day melt model and a regression relationship between summer precipitation + winter balance. These different approaches utilized published palaeoecological proxy data to isolate summer temperature and annual temperature range, in order to reconstruct values of annual accumulation and summer precipitation + winter balance. The degree–day model predicts that annual accumulation of 1920–2586 mm water equivalent (w.e.) would have been required to offset ablation, whilst the regression approach predicts a value of 2428–2985 mm w.e. for summer precipitation + winter balance. The degree of divergence between values of annual accumulation and summer precipitation + winter balance calculated by the two approaches depends on summer temperatures and also annual temperature range, which effectively determine the proportion of precipitation that falls as rain or snow. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nodal ratio as an independent predictor of survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity
Authors: Shrime Mark G. , Bachar Gideon , Lea Jane , Volling Cheryl , Ma Clement , Gullane Patrick J. , Gilbert Ralph W. , Irish Jonathan C. , Brown Dale H. , Goldstein David P.
Published: May 2009

Background

The association between nodal ratio and survival in oral cavity carcinomas has recently been proposed, but no prospective evaluations exist.

Methods

We sought to determine, using an institutional database, whether nodal ratio impacts survival in node‐positive oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma.

Results

Between 1994 and 2004, 143 new diagnoses of N1‐2 squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity were identified. The mean number of nodes identified was 41.6, and the mean nodal ratio was 9%. Nodal ratio was strongly statistically associated with overall and disease‐specific survival in both univariate and multivariate analyses. No other prognostic indicator maintained that degree of statistical significance. Patients could be stratified into low (0% to 6%), moderate (6% to 13%), and high‐risk (>13%) groups based on nodal ratio.

Conclusions

In squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity, an increased nodal ratio is a strong predictor of decreased survival. Risk of death can be stratified by nodal ratio. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Inhibition of cell proliferation and glucose uptake in human laryngeal carcinoma cells by antisense oligonucleotides against glucose transporter‐1
Authors: Zhou Shui‐Hong , Fan Jun , Chen Xiao‐Ming , Cheng Ke‐Jia , Wang Shen‐Qing
Published: May 2009

Background.

Malignant cells show increased glucose uptake in vitro and in vivo, which is thought to be mediated by glucose transporters. In this study, we investigated the effect of plasmid‐derived antisense RNA against the Glut‐l gene on proliferation and glucose uptake in laryngeal carcinoma Hep‐2 cells.

Methods.

The expression plasmids pcDNA3.1(+)‐Glut‐1 and pcDNA3.1(+)‐anti Glut‐1 were constructed. The MTT method was used to assess cell growth inhibition. The expression of Glut‐1 mRNA and protein was detected by reverse transcriptase‐polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively.

Results.

After transfection, Glut‐1 AS clearly inhibited glucose uptake and cell growth in Hep‐2 cells, and we observed a decrease in the expression of Glut‐1 mRNA and protein in Hep‐2 cells.

Conclusions.

Glut‐1 AS decreases glucose uptake and inhibits the proliferation of Hep‐2 cells. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck, 2009
Spatio‐temporal patterns of nutrient concentrations and export in a north‐eastern European lowland catchment
Authors: Mourad D. S. J. , van der Perk M.
Published: May 2009

In 2002–2004 we undertook six sampling campaigns during representative hydrological stages in a 901 km2 Estonian lowland catchment to quantify the spatial and seasonal variability of in‐stream dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) concentrations and to identify the influence of land cover and landscape structure. Using a synoptic approach we mapped concentrations in all stream orders. Using linear regression, the relations between the share of agricultural land and log‐transformed in‐stream concentrations were explored. Both the share of agricultural land in the entire ‘area of influence’ upstream from a sampling location, as well as the share in a 150‐m buffer around the stream were used as linear regression input variables. Log‐transformed DIN and DRP concentration variability was highest for lower order streams, while it averaged out in higher order streams during all seasons. Between‐season variation in export can mainly be attributed to discharge variation. In extremely dry periods, there are no significant relations between land cover/structure and in‐stream ln(DIN) concentrations and only weak relations for ln(DRP) concentrations. In other seasons, the share of agricultural land in the upstream area can explain concentrations in higher order streams better than in lower order streams. The prediction of ln(DIN) concentrations in lower order streams can be improved by using the share of agricultural land in a 150‐m buffer as an input variable. This indicates that hydrological connectivity must be taken into account for lower order streams, while land cover shares are enough to explain concentrations for higher order streams. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crytic period analysis model of hydrological process and its application
Authors: Wang Hongrui , Lin Xin , Qian Longxia
Published: May 2009

It is difficult to analyse the crytic period of the hydrological process, because hydrological time series is probably characterized by heteroscedasticity. To find out the crytic period, a model is constructed as follows: (1) after using zero‐mean transformation for the data, to do Augmented Dickey–Fuller stationary test for the sequence, to build the corresponding AR(p) model and then to do ARCH effects test and white noise test for residual series; (2) for those time series that cannot pass through ARCH test, using logarithm transformation to reduce the heteroscedasticity, and then to redo step (1) until they pass through ARCH test and stationary test; (3) using periodogram analysis to determine all the possible the prime periods and further to put forward three kinds of tests to determine significance level of those prime periods. As examples, the hydrological processes of streamflow from 1784 to 1997 for the gauging stations of Alaer and Xinquman along Tarim River are analysed. After reducing their heteroscedasticity, AR(4) and AR(2) models are developed, respectively. Our results show that the streamflows from the two gauging stations have the same cryptic period of 42·7 years. Furthermore, the reliability for the crytic period model is testified by variance analysis, which shows that the crytic period model is useful and reliable. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Languages for constrained binary segmentation based on maximum a posteriori probability labeling
Authors: Čech Jan , Šára Radim
Published: May 2009

We use a MRF with asymmetric pairwise compatibility constraints between direct pixel neighbors to solve a constrained binary image segmentation task. The model is constraining shape and alignment of individual contiguous binary segments by introducing auxiliary labels and their pairwise interactions. Such representation is not necessarily unique. We study several ad‐hoc labeling models for binary images consisting of nonoverlapping rectangular contiguous regions. Nesting and equivalence of these models are studied. We observed a noticeable increase in performance even in cases when the differences between the models were seemingly insignificant. We use the proposed models for segmentation of windowpanes and windows in orthographically rectified façade images. Segmented window patches are always axis‐parallel nonoverlapping rectangles which must also be aligned in our strongest model. We show experimentally that even very weak data model in the MAP formulation of the optimal segmentation problem gives very good segmentation results. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 69–79, 2009.
Neighborhood sequences in the diamond grid: Algorithms with two and three neighbors
Authors: Nagy Benedek , Strand Robin
Published: May 2009

In the digital image processing, digital distances are useful; distances based on neighborhood sequences are widely used. In this article, the diamond grid is considered, that is, the three‐dimensional grid of carbon atoms in the diamond crystal. An algorithm to compute a shortest path defined by a neighborhood sequence between any two points in the diamond grid is presented. A formula to compute the distance based on neighborhood sequences with two neighborhood relations is given. The metric and nonmetric properties of some distances based on neighborhood sequences are also discussed. Finally, the constrained distance transformation is shown. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 146–157, 2009.
Recognizability of iso‐picture languages by Wang systems
Authors: Kalyani T. , Dare V. R. , Thomas D. G.
Published: May 2009

In the context of a syntactic approach to pattern recognition, there have been several studies in the last few decades ontheoretical models for generating or recognizing two‐dimensional objects, pictures, and picture languages. Motivated by these studies, we have introduced a new notion of recognizability for a class of picture languages called iso‐picture languages through iso‐triangular tiling systems (ITS) and studied the properties of these languages [Kalyani et al.,2004]. In [Kalyani et al.,2005], we introduced iso‐triangular domino systems (IDS) to recognize iso‐picture languages, and proved the equivalence of ITS and IDS. In [Kalyani et al.,2006], we have constructed a two‐dimensional online tessellation automaton (IPOTA) to recognize an iso‐picture language and presented an algorithm to learn recognizable iso‐picture languages from positive data and restricted subset queries. In this article, we introduce iso‐triangular Wang systems (IWS) to recognize iso‐picture languages. We prove that the family of iso‐picture languages recognized by iso‐triangular Wang systems ℒ(IWS) coincides with the family of iso‐picture languages recognized by iso‐triangular tiling sytems ℒ(ITS). We show that ℒ(ITS) = ℒ(IDS) as a corollary and obtain that the families of iso‐picture languages ℒ(ITS), ℒ(IDS), ℒ(IWS), and ℒ(IPOTA) all coincide. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 140–145, 2009.
Supervised pattern classification based on optimum‐path forest
Authors: Papa J. P. , Falcão A. X. , Suzuki C. T. N.
Published: May 2009

We present a supervised classification method which represents each class by one or more optimum‐path trees rooted at some key samples, called prototypes. The training samples are nodes of a complete graph, whose arcs are weighted by the distances between the feature vectors of their nodes. Prototypes are identified in all classes and the minimization of a connectivity function by dynamic programming assigns to each training sample a minimum‐cost path from its most strongly connected prototype. This competition among prototypes partitions the graph into an optimum‐path forest rooted at them. The class of the samples in an optimum‐path tree is assumed to be the same of its root. A test sample is classified similarly, by identifying which tree would contain it, if the sample were part of the training set. By choice of the graph model and connectivity function, one can devise other optimum‐path forest classifiers. We present one of them, which is fast, simple, multiclass, parameter independent, does not make any assumption about the shapes of the classes, and can handle some degree of overlapping between classes. We also propose a general algorithm to learn from errors on an evaluation set without increasing the training set, and show the advantages of our method with respect to SVM, ANN‐MLP, and k‐NN classifiers in several experiments with datasets of various types. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 120–131, 2009.
Combining ubiquitous direction‐sensitive digitizing with a multimedia electronic dictionary for enhanced understanding
Authors: Barneva Reneta P. , Brimkov Valentin E. , Kanev Kamen D.
Published: May 2009

We propose and discuss a novel method for enhancing books and other printed materials with layers of digital data blended with their page content. In document digitizing a patented Cluster Pattern Interface (CLUSPI®) is used for providing orientation and position feedback that establishes connections with an electronic multimedia dictionary employing pictures, multilingual word explanations, and pronunciation samples. The work is mainly oriented to young children and aims to enhance their reading comprehension and to develop their language learning skills. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Imaging Syst Technol, 19, 39–49, 2009.
Metal ion‐mediated nitric oxide generation from polyurethanes via covalently linked copper(II)‐cyclen moieties
Authors: Puiu Simona C. , Zhou Zhengrong , White Cortney C. , Neubauer Laura J. , Zhang Zhenfang , Lange Laura E. , Mansfield Joel A. , Meyerhoff Mark E. , Reynolds Melissa M.
Published: May 2009

Polyurethanes are widely used in the manufacturing of biomedical catheters and other blood‐contacting devices; however, thrombus formation still occurs, which renders these catheters ineffective unless systemic anticlotting agents are used. Nitric oxide (NO) is a well‐known inhibitor of platelet activity. In the current study, two commercially available medical polyurethanes (Pellethane™ and Tecophilic®) were derivatized to possess NO‐generating Cu(II)‐cyclen moieties pendant to the polymer backbone. A new three‐step synthetic approach is used, that is simpler than a recently reported method to prepare Cu(II)‐cyclen‐polyurethane materials. Both derivatized polyurethanes were found to produce NO at levels at or above those of endothelial cells. A comparison between the modified commercial polyurethanes (hydrophobic vs. hydrophilic) is presented, including the synthetic scheme, extensive characterization, and coating application. These derivatized polymers may serve as useful coatings to prevent clotting on the surface of catheters and other blood‐contacting biomedical devices. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Improvement of hydrogelation abilities and handling of photocurable gelatin‐based crosslinking materials
Authors: Fukaya Chie , Nakayama Yasuhide , Murayama Yoshinobu , Omata Sadao , Ishikawa Ayaka , Hosaka Yasuo , Nakagawa Taneaki
Published: May 2009

Three types of eosin‐derivatized gelatins (eosin‐gelatins) with different molecular weights (Mw) of ca. 15 kDa (low‐molecular‐weight eosin‐gelatin, LEG), ca. 30 kDa (medium‐molecular‐weight eosin‐gelatin, MEG), and ca. 95 kDa (high‐molecular‐weight eosin‐gelatin, HEG) were prepared. All the eosin‐gelatins except for HEG dissolved completely in water at 37°C within several hours even at high concentrations of 35 or 40 wt % along with polyamine (poly(N,N‐dimethylaminopropylacrylamide)) to produce photo‐crosslinkable materials. The materials had appropriate viscosity for in situ molding at 37°C and could be handled as a liquid at low temperatures of up to 25°C. Upon photoirradiation for several tens of seconds, the materials were converted almost completely to hydrogels in the desired form with a microporous network structure by the radical coupling reaction. The mechanical strength of the produced hydrogels could be controlled by selecting a particular molecular weight or concentration of eosin‐gelatins. The hydrogels obtained from LEG (40 wt %) or MEG (35 wt %) had elasticity similar to that of goat periodontal tissue. The handling of the photo‐crosslinkable materials at room temperature and their photogelation ability were drastically improved by reducing the Mw of eosin‐gelatin. The potential usefulness of the photo‐crosslinkable materials to periodontal regeneration has been discussed. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 2009
Genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity in cancer: A genome‐centric perspective
Authors: Heng Henry H.Q. , Bremer Steven W. , Stevens Joshua B. , Ye Karen J. , Liu Guo , Ye Christine J.
Published: May 2009

Genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity (the main form of non‐genetic heterogeneity) are key elements in cancer progression and drug resistance, as they provide needed population diversity, complexity, and robustness. Despite drastically increased evidence of multiple levels of heterogeneity in cancer, the general approach has been to eliminate the “noise” of heterogeneity to establish genetic and epigenetic patterns. In particular, the appreciation of new types of epigenetic regulation like non‐coding RNA, have led to the hope of solving the mystery of cancer that the current genetic theories seem to be unable to achieve. In this mini‐review, we have briefly analyzed a number of mis‐conceptions regarding cancer heterogeneity, followed by the re‐evaluation of cancer heterogeneity within a framework of the genome‐centric concept of evolution. The analysis of the relationship between gene, epigenetic and genome level heterogeneity, and the challenges of measuring heterogeneity among multiple levels have been discussed. Further, we propose that measuring genome level heterogeneity represents an effective strategy in the study of cancer and other types of complex diseases, as emphasis on the pattern of system evolution rather than specific pathways provides a global and synthetic approach. Compared to the degree of heterogeneity, individual molecular pathways will have limited predictability during stochastic cancer evolution where genome dynamics (reflected by karyotypic heterogeneity) will dominate. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 538–547, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The role of oxygen in regulating neural stem cells in development and disease
Authors: Panchision David M.
Published: May 2009

Oxygen (O2) is a substrate for energy production in the cell and is a rapid regulator of cellular metabolism. Recent studies have also implicated O2 and its signal transduction pathways in controlling cell proliferation, fate, and morphogenesis during the development of many tissues, including the nervous system. O2 tensions in the intact brain are much lower than in room air, and there is evidence that dynamic control of O2 availability may be a component of the in vivo neural stem cell (NSC) niche. At lower O2 tensions, hypoxia‐inducible factor 1α (HIF1α) facilitates signal transduction pathways that promote self‐renewal (e.g., Notch) and inhibits pathways that promote NSC differentiation or apoptosis (e.g., bone morphogenetic proteins). Increasing O2 tension degrades HIF1α, thus promoting differentiation or apoptosis of NSCs and progenitors. These dynamic changes in O2 tension can be mimicked to optimize ex vivo production methods for cell replacement therapies. Conversely, disrupted O2 availability may play a critical role in disease states such as stroke or brain tumor progression. Hypoxia during stroke activates precursor proliferation in vivo, while glioblastoma stem cells proliferate maximally in a more hypoxic environment than normal stem cells, which may make them resistant to certain anti‐neoplastic therapies. These findings suggest that O2 response is central to the normal architecture and dynamics of NSC regulation and in the etiology and treatment of brain diseases. J. Cell. Physiol. 220: 562–568, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Enantioselective esterification of ibuprofen with ethanol as reactant and solvent catalyzed by immobilized lipase: experimental and molecular modeling aspects
Authors: Foresti María L. , Galle Marianela , Ferreira María L. , Briand Laura E.
Published: May 2009

BACKGROUND: In recent years enantioselective esterification of racemic ibuprofen performed in organic co‐solvent media such as isooctane and cyclohexane and catalyzed by lipases, has been proposed as an effective way to increase the concentration of S‐ibuprofen in the racemic mixture. In this contribution, the enantioselective enzymatic esterification of (R,S)‐ibuprofen with ethanol catalyzed by commercial Novozym 435 without the addition of a co‐solvent is thoroughly investigated. Experimental data are further analyzed considering the results of extensive molecular modeling calculations.

RESULTS: The conversion of ibuprofen towards the ethyl esters and the enantiomeric excess towards S‐ibuprofen are greatly affected by the ethanol and water contents of the reaction media. The optimum conditions for the esterification of racemic ibuprofen in a batch‐type reactor were as follows: molar ratio of ethanol to ibuprofen = 7, 4.8% v/v of water, 160 mg of Novozym 435, 45 °C and 200 rpm. Under these conditions an enantiomeric excess of 54% and 63% of ibuprofen conversion were reached.

CONCLUSIONS: Results showed that the reaction in excess of the esterifying alcohol in a system free of additional organic solvents is possible if the proper conditions are set. Molecular modeling calculations demonstrated that the formation of dead‐end compounds between the enzyme and ethanol/water may account for lipase inhibition at high concentrations of those compounds. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry
Dynamics of the septum primum in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction
Authors: Zielinsky Paulo , Beltrame Paulo Afonso , Manica João Luiz , Piccoli Antonio L. , da Costa Márcia Abdalla Teixeira , Motta Lucília , Castagna Rômulo , Nicoloso Luiz Henrique
Published: May 2009

Purpose.

To test the hypothesis that the linear displacement of the septum primum (SP) is lower in fetuses with intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) than in fetuses with appropriate growth for gestational age (AGA).

Methods.

In a cross‐sectional study, the ratio between the SP displacement and left atrial diameter (excursion index [EI]) was compared in 27 fetuses with IUGR (group 1), 24 fetuses with AGA of hypertensive mothers (group 2), and 35 controls (group 3). Flow through the atrioventricular (AV) valves and the umbilical artery resistance index (RI) were also compared.

Results.

Irrespective of gestational age, mean EI in group 1 (0.41 ± 0.07) was significantly lower than in group 2 (0.48 ± 0.07; p < 0.001) and than in group 3 (0.50 ± 0.06; p < 0.001), with no significant differences between groups 2 and 3. In fetuses over 30 weeks of gestation of group 1, EI was lower (0.38 ± 0.05) than in group 2 (0.49 ± 0.07) and group 3 (0.51 ± 0.06; p < 0.001). There was significant inverse correlation between EI and RI (r = 0.46; p < 0.01) and no correlation between EI and AV flow velocities.

Conclusions.

SP mobility is reduced in fetuses over 30 weeks with IUGR compared with AGA fetuses. These findings may depend on alterations of left ventricular diastolic function and are correlated to the degree of placental insufficiency. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Ultrasound 2009
Surface exposure dating of Late Pleistocene glaciations at the Dedegöl Mountains (Lake Beyşehir, SW Turkey)
Authors: Zahno Conradin , Akçar Naki , Yavuz Vural , Kubik Peter W. , Schlüchter Christian
Published: May 2009

Situated on the interior side of the western central Taurus Mountains of SW Anatolia, the Muslu Valley in the Dedegöl Mountains (Mt Dipoyraz: 37° 37′ 07″ N, 31° 19′ 42″ E, 2992 m above sea level (a.s.l.)) represents the lower part of a formerly glaciated valley system of ∼7.5 km in length. Surface exposure ages with cosmogenic 10Be and 26Al date a glacier expansion out of the Muslu Valley 24.3 ± 1.8 ka ago (1σ confidence interval) and give evidence for pronounced glacier advances prior to the global Last Glacial Maximum (LGM; 21 ± 2 ka). Deglaciation commenced no later than 17.7 ± 1.4 ka ago. Superimposed climatic oscillations are indicated by glacier fluctuations dated around 19.8 ± 1.6 ka and again 13.9 ± 2.3 ka prior to the first major amelioration of climate. The Late Pleistocene glacier chronology from the western central Taurus Mountains, published lake level fluctuation data of palaeolake Konya and Lake Beyşehir, and nearby pollen data on the central Anatolian plateau reveal a conspicuous time correlation of palaeoenvironmental change. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.