bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Meaning and semantic composition
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the theory of the relation between syntax and meaning, examining how the meaning of an utterance is determined on the basis of its syntactic structure. The existence of a separate level of semantic structure or s-structure, related to the f-structure by a correspondence function is assumed. Some previous LFG approaches to semantics and the syntax-semantics interface are briefly reviewed before an introduction to the glue approach to semantic composition (Section 8.5). This approach, which is adopted in the rest of the book, provides a firm theoretical foundation for the discussions and analyses that are presented. The properties of thefragment of linear logic that are used in this book are introduced in Section 8.7. A detailed account of the semantics of quantification within the glue approach is provided in Section 8.8. The representation of semantic features is discussed in Section 8.9, and how to represent tense and aspect inSection 8.10.
Functional and anaphoric control
Authors: Dalrymple Mary , Lowe John J. , Mycock Louise
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the syntax and semantics of functional and anaphoric control, constructions in which either syntactic or lexical constraints require coreference between an argument of the matrix clause (the controller) and an argument of a subordinate or modifying adjunct clause (the controllee). Such cases include the classes of “raising” verbs (Section 15.2) and “equi” verbs (Section 15.4). Crosslinguistically, descriptions of such constructions involve reference to functional syntactic relations such as subject and object; therefore, the syntactic discussion in this chapter is primarily centered around the f-structures of functional and anaphoric control constructions. A detailed semantic analyses of functional and anaphoric control constructions is also presented, considering arbitrary, obligatory, and quasi-obligatory (partial) control relations, and a discussion of the syntax and semantics of control in adjuncts (Section 15.8).
Phonological Templates in Development
Authors: Vihman Marilyn May
Published: December 2019

Based on cross-linguistic data from several children each learning one of eight languages and grounded in the theoretical frameworks of usage-based phonology, exemplar theory, and Dynamic Systems Theory, this book explores the patterns or phonological templates children develop once they are producing 20–50 words or more. The children are found to begin with ‘selected’ words, which match some of the vocal forms they have practised in babbling; this is followed by the production of more challenging adult word forms, adapted—differently by different children and with some shaping by the particular adult language—to fit that child’s existing word forms. Early accuracy is replaced by later recourse to an ‘inner model’ of what a word can sound like; this is a template, or fixed output pattern to which a high proportion of the children’s forms adhere for a short time, before being replaced by ‘ordinary’ (more adult-like) forms with regular substitutions and omissions. The idea of templates developed in adult theorizing about phonology and morphology; in adult language it is most productive in colloquial forms and pet names or hypocoristics, found in informal settings or ‘language at play’. These are illustrated in some detail for over 200 English rhyming compounds, 100 Estonian and 500 French short forms. The issues of emergent systematicity, the roles of articulatory and memory challenges for children, and the similarities and differences in the function of templates for adults as compared with children are central concerns.
Whole-word phonology
Authors: Vihman Marilyn May
Published: December 2019

This chapter provides a historical overview of the ideas underlying ‘whole-word phonology’, from the 1970s to the present. The importance of a prosodic (syntagmatic) analysis is grounded in the ideas of Firth, as adapted to early child language (Waterson, 1971). Other studies have proposed ways in which ideas based on analyses of early child data, such as lexical primacy (Ferguson & Farwell, 1975) or Radical Templatic Phonology (Vihman & Croft, 2007), are relevant for adult as well as child language. Key ideas included in the overview are developmental reorganization (Macken, 1979), template matching and the two-stage model (Menn, 1983), and exemplar theory and usage-based models (Menn et al., 2013). The principles of Dynamic Systems Theory (Thelen & Smith, 1994) are related to early phonological and lexical development.
Relation of child to adult templates, I
Authors: Vihman Marilyn May
Published: December 2019

This chapter reviews uses of the concept of templates in the literature on core grammar, beginning with the classic studies of Arabic plural formation in Prosodic Morphology, framed in terms of the ‘authentic units of prosody’. The author provides Good’s (2016) broad definition of templates within his typological approach, with an extended example from Tiene, and additional illustrations from Inkelas’ (2014) account of templates at the interface of phonology and morphology, including the inflectional but somewhat unpredictable patterning of the comparative/superlative morphemes in English. The chapter then provides an account of prosodic constraints and morphological alternation in Estonian, which are templatic in spirit if not in specific detail. Further examples derive from uses of reduplication in core grammar; an account of Czech morphology evokes variable shape templates. Finally, the author reports an experiment with English speakers showing an effect of output templates in innovative word formation.
The Wooster Group’s To You, The Birdie!
Authors: Cole Emma
Published: December 2019

New York-based theatre company The Wooster Group have a long history of using canonical texts as springboards for devised productions. Their 2002 To You, The Birdie! ostensibly used Racine’s neoclassical Phèdre as a source text; however, the artists also engaged with Euripides’ Hippolytus and included numerous elements from the Greek tragedy and its reception history in their production. Chapter 4 analyses To You, The Birdie! and reveals that within its highly ambiguous, disorienting performance aesthetic lay a complex engagement with the political. It argues that the production was infused with explicit political dimensions surrounding the company’s identity, the form of the production, and the socio-political context in which it was first read, alongside implicit political elements relating to the play’s exploration of gender, class, and its emphasis on the incomplete nature of the classics. Through comparative reference to Sarah Kane’s Phaedra’s Love, the chapter demonstrates how different reinventions of the same myth can substantiate alternate national traditions and, through their similarities and differences, shed further light on the role of tragedy in the modern world.
Du Bartas' Legacy in England and Scotland
Authors: Auger Peter
Published: December 2019

Guillaume de Saluste Du Bartas (1544–90) is an essential figure for understanding the diversity and strength of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century English poetry. His works were read, translated, and imitated more widely than any other non-biblical literary work in early modern England and Scotland, leading Scottish and French literary culture to shape the development of English epic poetry and inspire new kinds of popular devotional verse. Thanks to James VI and I’s support, Du Bartas’ scriptural poems became emblems of international Protestantism that were cherished even more highly in England and Scotland than on the continent. His creative vision helped inexperienced devotional writers to find a voice as well as providing a model that Protestant poets (like Philip Sidney, Edmund Spenser, Anne Bradstreet, John Milton, and Lucy Hutchinson) would resist, transform, and, ultimately, reject. This long-needed book examines Du Bartas’ legacy in England and Scotland, sensitive to the different cultural situations in which his works were read, discussed, and creatively imitated. The first part shows how James VI of Scotland played a decisive role in the Huguenot poet’s reception history, culminating in Josuah Sylvester’s translation Devine Weekes and Workes (1605). The second examines seventeenth-century divine epic, religious narrative, and popular devotional verse forms that reworked Du Bartas’ poetic structures to introduce meditative and figurative components that provided new possibilities for imaginative expression.
What are surfactants?
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

Surface active agents (surfactants) are molecules or ions with a dual nature. One or more moieties in a surfactant are ‘water-hating’ (hydrophobic) ‘tail’ groups and one or more are ‘water-liking’ (hydrophilic) ‘head’ groups. Surfactants adsorb from aqueous (or other) solution to various interfaces and in sufficiently concentrated solutions simultaneously aggregate into micelles or other structures. The tail(s) are frequently hydrocarbon or fluorocarbon groups and the head(s) can be polar or ionic. Adsorption and aggregation are often driven by removal of tails from water to an air/water or nonpolar oil/water interface, or to the interior of surfactant aggregates. The ability to adsorb and to aggregate in solution makes surfactants invaluable in industry, in nature, and in the home. Here a brief description is given of the classes of surfactant most commonly encountered, and their usefulness is mentioned. Forward reference is made to appropriate chapters where material is covered in more detail.
Oil and water do not mix—hydrophobic hydration
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

Many surfactants contain hydrocarbon moieties that are removed from their aqueous environment (‘dehydrated’) in, for example, adsorption and micelle formation. Hydrophobic hydration relates to the interactions between individual nonpolar solute molecules and water, and can be probed using thermodynamic quantities for the dissolution of dilute hydrocarbon vapours to form dilute aqueous solutions. Contrary to the simple expectation that the entropy of hydration of a nonpolar moiety should be positive (due to disruption of water structure), it is large and negative, giving a large positive contribution to the free energy of hydration. The hydration of nonpolar molecules in water leads to an attraction between the molecules in close proximity, which is termed hydrophobic bonding. Although the free energy of hydration of nonpolar groups in bulk aqueous solution is positive, the interaction free energy of nonpolar molecules/groups with interfacial water at an air/water interface is negative.
Direct characterization of adsorbed surfactant layers
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

Some widely used techniques for the direct physical investigation of the structure of adsorbed surfactant films are introduced. Neutron reflection has yielded very detailed information about adsorbed surfactant films, although it is not readily accessible to many researchers. There are however commercial instruments available for a number of other techniques which are to be found in numerous laboratories. Scanning probe microscopies (STM and AFM) are capable of producing quite remarkable images of surfactant layers on solids and clearly show how surfactants form aggregates at surfaces. Ellipsometry is capable of yielding adsorbed layer thickness and refractive index from which composition with respect to solvent and surfactant can be deduced. The quartz crystal microbalance (QCM) and its variant, QCM-D, can give adsorbed amounts (including hydration in aqueous systems). Brewster angle microscopy (BAM) is a useful tool for the visualization of phase behaviour in surfactant films.
Surface forces and colloidal behaviour
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

The landmark DLVO theory of colloid stability sought to explain the stability of lyophobic colloids in terms of the interplay between attractive dispersion forces, and repulsive electrical (Coulombic) forces between particle surfaces. The net interaction energy between two particles (resulting from these so-called surface forces) as a function of surface separation can exhibit a maximum, a deep (primary) minimum and/or a shallow (secondary) minimum, giving stable, unstable or weakly flocculated dispersions. Other surface forces include steric forces arising from grafted or adsorbed polymer chains on the surfaces. Unadsorbed polymer can result in attractive depletion forces between particles, and polymer molecules that bridge particles can cause flocculation. Other forces mentioned are oscillatory structural forces, attractive hydrophobic forces and repulsive hydration forces between surfaces in water. Direct measurement of surface forces between both solid/liquid interfaces and between liquid/liquid interfaces is discussed at the end of the chapter.
Wetting
Authors: Aveyard Bob
Published: December 2019

Wetting of one liquid by another can be understood in terms of the spreading coefficient; the relevance of surface forces to wetting is also explained. If a small liquid drop does not spread, it forms a lens whose shape is determined by the various interfacial tensions. The wetting of solids is characterized by the contact angle θ‎ of the liquid with the solid surface; θ‎ usually depends on how a configuration is reached and advancing and receding contact angles are defined. It is often useful notionally to split solid/liquid tensions into polar and nonpolar contributions in the treatment of wetting. Effects of surfactant on the wetting of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic solids by water are explored. Surface topology can greatly influence wettability, and superhydrophobic solid surfaces exist widely in nature. Finally some dynamic aspects of wetting of solid surfaces by surfactant solutions are described briefly.
Human Capital and Urbanization in the People’s Republic of China
Authors: Xing Chunbing
Published: December 2019

This chapter explores the relationship between human capital development and urbanization in the People’s Republic of China, highlighting the Hukou system and decentralized fiscal system. Educated workers disproportionately reside in urban areas and in large cities, and the returns to education are higher in urban areas relative to those in rural areas, and in large, educated cities relative to small, less educated cities. In addition, the external returns to education in urban areas are at least comparable to the magnitude of private returns. Rural areas are the major reservoir for urban population growth, and the more educated have a higher chance of moving to cities and obtaining urban Hukou. As for health, rural–urban migration is selective in that healthy rural residents choose to migrate. However, occupational choices and living conditions are detrimental to migrants’ health. While migration has a positive effect on migrant children, its effect on ‘left-behind’ children is unclear.
Capacities
Authors: O'Callaghan Casey
Published: December 2019

This chapter argues that typical human subjects possess distinctive multisensory perceptual capacities. Empirical evidence and theoretical considerations support the claim that perceivers are differentially sensitive to novel intermodal features, such as identity, simultaneity, motion, causality, and flavor, that could not be perceived using one sense at a time nor using several senses working merely in parallel. In light of their role in grounding cognition and guiding action, such capacities belong to perception, rather than extraperceptual cognition, for the purposes of empirical and rational psychological explanation. Therefore, multisensory perceptual capacities can serve in psychological explanations that deal with subjects and their capacities, in contrast with just subpersonal processes and mechanisms. Multisensory perception targets new features in the world. The joint use of multiple senses thus extends human perceptual capacities.
Working Girls
Authors: Tilburg Patricia
Published: December 2019

This book takes the mythos of the Parisian midinette as its primary field of investigation, analyzing the plethora of fanciful commentary about female garment workers in the capital during the belle époque, but demonstrating that this whimsical Parisian imaginary was a fantasy with political intention. This narrative of Parisian working-class femininity defined significant aspects of French popular culture, philanthropy, and labor reform from the fin de siècle through World War I, and became an essential means of representing and coping with the early twentieth-century encounter between labor and modern capitalism. From the 1880s through the Great War, nostalgia about a certain kind of France was written onto the bodies of these women across French popular culture. The attractive, single young garment worker with a ready smile and inimitable Parisian taste was featured in countless novels, films, songs, social commentary, and even reform campaigns from the era as an inescapable urban type. She stood in for, at once, the superiority of French taste and craft, and the political and sexual subordination of French women and labor. The midinette was written onto the geography of Paris, by way of festivals, monuments, historic preservation, and guide books. She was also the public face of tens of thousands of real workingwomen whose demands for better labor conditions were modulated, distorted, and, in some cases, amplified by this ubiquitous Romantic type. This book reveals the way that the figure of the midinette inflected labor policy, reform efforts, and the daily lives of Paris’s workingwomen.
“Without Rival”
Authors: Tilburg Patricia
Published: December 2019

During the belle époque, a vision of Parisian garment workers as guardians of a French cultural monopoly on luxury taste was deployed by trade industrialists, labor inspectors, philanthropists, and government officials assessing the state of the garment industry. In examining exhibition reports, ministerial inquiries, and labor reform commissions, it becomes evident that assertions of French fashion genius were threaded throughout debates about industrial trade and regulation for audiences both abroad and at home. This reveals a peculiarly French investment in fashion and tastefulness. Furthermore, national taste supremacy combined with fears about the vulnerability of the couture industry to stymie attempts at regulating workplace and environmental hazards in this period. This chapter begins by exploring rhetoric about the Parisian garment worker around the Franco-British Exhibition of 1908, when French and British commentators alike praised French luxury garment products, and evoked Paris as the site of garment trade art and Parisian workingwomen as the preternaturally tasteful if antediluvian instruments of that art. It then interrogates how such encomia to garment worker taste and vulnerability operated in two debates about workplace reform during the belle époque: efforts to eliminate night garment work and those to regulate toxic substances in artificial flowermaking.
“An Appetite to Be Pretty”
Authors: Tilburg Patricia
Published: December 2019

This chapter considers a defining moment of the working Parisienne’s day to which early twentieth-century French observers returned again and again: midi. The noon lunch break afforded Parisian artists, writers, and tourists alike a daily glimpse of the “fairies” of the city’s luxury garment workshops as they took to the boulevards and parks for an hour in the sun—an hour imagined to consist of flirtation, window-shopping, laughter, and, I will establish, conspicuous under-eating. Indeed, crucial to the picturesque allure of the lunchtime seductions that filled popular midinette literature was the notion of the female garment worker as a frivolous under-eater cheerfully forfeiting food for fashion and pleasure. No longer the tragically starving workingwoman of nineteenth-century fiction and art, nor her virtuous, anorectic middle-class sister, whose physical wasting increased their moral fortitude, the under-eating midinette of the early twentieth century was envisioned doing so as a means of engaging more fully in the capitalist marketplace, making her body a more appealing advertisement for and object of urban consumption. This cultural fantasy of the midinette’s lunch hour, which fetishized the supposed moral precariousness of her lifestyle as well as the sparseness of her diet, was echoed by social reformers, who, in this same period, sought to carve out spaces for workingwomen’s lunches that kept them from the cafés and parks where they were believed to flirt much and eat little.
Kantian Subjects
Authors: Ameriks Karl
Published: December 2019

The first half of this book concerns issues directly related to a few key Kant texts and recent discussions of them. The Critical philosophy’s conception of subjectivity is the main focus, with special attention given to the features of freedom, autonomy, law, necessity, final ends, an overall human vocation, intentionality, and idealism. The second half contains essays on post-Kantian figures, with an emphasis on Hegel, Schelling, and Hölderlin and their role in introducing a fruitful ‘historical turn’ in philosophical methodology as well as a new conception of being a subject understanding itself as living a period of ‘late modernity.’ This period is still devoted to enlightenment ideals while recognizing limitations in the eighteenth century scientific and political developments that preoccupied Kant. Two major strands of post-Kantian philosophy along this line are distinguished: the more systematic approach of the classical works of German Idealism, and the mixed methodology of the Early Romantics, who also composed their main works in the context of Jena and the highly popular interpretation of Kant that was offered there by Reinhold. Highlights of the first part of the book include new close readings of Kant’s Groundwork and its relation to later thinkers such as Sartre, Murdoch, O’Neill, Prauss, and Brandom. The second part develops a post-Kantian philosophy of history, as outlined by Novalis and Schlegel, and connects this with a close reading of a number of texts by Hölderlin, who is argued to be the most Kantian and philosophically the most satisfying of the post-Kantians.
Open Innovation Results
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: December 2019

Open Innovation Results challenges conventional thinking about exponential technologies, and probes the deeper factors necessary to obtain economic and social value from technology. It shows that generating technology alone is insufficient: the technology must also be broadly disseminated, and then absorbed and put to work before its full value is realized. The same is true with Open Innovation. It is not enough to do pilots or proofs-of-concept in your innovation unit. Your innovation results must be broadly shared throughout the organization, across the siloes, and the businesses themselves must invest in time, money, and people to absorb the new innovation and take it to market. Open Innovation Results also provides the latest research and practices involving open innovation, discussing both the achievements and failures of putting open innovation to work. The book looks at innovation practices (Lean Startup, incubators, accelerators) in a variety of industries (consumer products, IT, telephony, pharmaceuticals), and in a variety of countries (US, EU, China) around the world.
Theological Ethics through a Multispecies Lens
Authors: Deane-Drummond Celia E.
Published: December 2019

There are two driving questions informing this book. The first is where does our moral life come from? The presupposition is that considering morality broadly is inadequate. Instead, different aspects need to be teased apart. It is not sufficient to assume that different virtues are bolted onto a vicious animality, red in tooth and claw. Nature and culture have interlaced histories. By weaving in evolutionary theories and debates on the evolution of compassion, justice, and wisdom, the book shows a richer account of who we are as moral agents. The second driving question concerns our relationships with animals. There is dissatisfaction with animal rights frameworks and an argument instead for a more complex community-based multispecies approach. Hence, rather than extending rights, a more radical approach is a holistic multispecies framework for moral action. This need not weaken individual responsibility. The intention is not to develop a manual of practice, but rather to build towards an alternative philosophically informed approach to theological ethics, including animal ethics. The theological thread weaving through this account is wisdom. Wisdom has many different levels, and in the broadest sense is connected with the flow of life understood in its interconnectedness and sociality. It is profoundly theological and practical. In naming the project the evolution of wisdom a statement is being made about where wisdom may have come from and its future orientation. But justice, compassion, and conscience are not far behind, especially in so far as they are relevant to both individual decision-making and institutions.
Change and Rigidity in Youth Employment Patterns in Malawi
Authors: Benson Todd , Erman Alvina , Baulch Bob
Published: December 2019

This chapter seeks to determine whether the youth of Malawi are central to any changes occurring in employment patterns in the country, possibly drawing upon their increased levels of training, benefitting from higher agricultural production levels overall linked to the Farm Input Subsidy Program, and responding to increased pressures to obtain a livelihood elsewhere than on increasingly small agriculture landholdings. Little evidence can be found of any significant processes of transformation in the structure of Malawi’s economy or of youth being in the vanguard of any changes in cross-sectoral patterns of employment. The small growth in service sector employment is being driven by the activities of older youth and non-youth, while younger youth instead extend the length of their schooling. Multivariate regression analysis reveals nonfarm employment and educational attainment are strongly associated. The main limitations to youth employment are the few high-quality jobs in Malawi in which well-trained individuals can use their skills productively.
The Battle Continues
Authors: Sornarajah Muthucumaraswamy
Published: December 2019

In the years following decolonization the divisions between the United States and Latin America became universalized when the newly independent states of Africa and Asia espoused the Calvo Doctrine and the European states, seeking to retain control over their former colonies, adopted the externalization of the foreign investment process. In foreign investment protection decolonization did not destroy the hegemonic structures of imperial international law; the same objectives were achieved more indirectly. International law remains the purveyor of poverty and the instrument of small interest groups in alliance with the elite of the developing world. After decolonization these same objectives continued via more sophisticated structures constructed with rules that overtly seemed justifiable, but covertly ensured an exploitative system. This chapter explores the period between 1955–1975 in which the struggle was between the insulation and externalization of the process and when its subjection to host state sovereignty became clearly entrenched.
(De)colonizing Human Rights
Authors: Hoffmann Florian , Assy Bethania
Published: December 2019

The human rights story during the decolonization era covers a range of (critical) legal perspectives. This chapter examines the role the incipient discourse and (international) institutional framework of human rights supposedly played in decolonization. It begins with the acceptance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the still-colonized militants of decolonization and their use of (human) rights language to articulate core demands of self-government, self-determination, and (racial) equality. In particular, it examines the UN, where colonizing powers faced adverse international public opinion and led, first, to their withdrawal, followed by the gradual identity formation of the third world. It discusses the Bandung and Teheran conferences, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Pan-African Movement, and the right to non-discrimination and the right to development. It aims to show the positive impact human rights have had on the decolonization process, decolonization, and the international human rights system.
Determining New Selves
Authors: Özsu Umut
Published: December 2019

As one of the most significant international lawyers to emerge from the third world, Mohammed Bedjaoui is a towering figure—prolific as a scholar, active as a diplomat, and influential as a judge. Yet his intellectual and professional trajectory—and the way in which this trajectory tracked the history of post-1945 decolonization—has not been subject to sustained examination. Thus, this chapter traces Bedjaoui’s shift from an advocate of Algerian independence to a champion of self-determination in other states and territories. It examines Bedjaoui’s 1961 monograph Law and the Algerian Revolution, and then analyses the various arguments that he advanced in 1975 as a representative of Algeria in advisory proceedings relating to the international legal status of Western Sahara. It suggests that Bedjaoui’s personal development reflected a series of broader developments in regard to the commitment to political and economic self-determination that underwrote the push for decolonization.
Mind and Society
Authors: Uberoi J.P.S.
Published: December 2019

Seamless in approach and rigour of method and seated very much in the post-modern present, this book spans a wide spectrum of historical periods, cultures, religions, regions and politics. This is a reflection of the author’s search for a theory of vernacular pluralism suitable for Indian society and modernity. The book has three sections. The first engages with the question of swaraj or independent nationalism versus internationalism in the context of knowledge, programmes of research and the university as a social institution. The essays are written to represent the author’s viewpoint on the political conflict between imperialism and nationalism as it relates to the academic pursuit of knowledge in the university and the profession. The second group of essays comprises selected critical reflections on aspects of the modern Western world, academic, theoretical and practical, all here considered as inherently social, but remaining unexamined in our everyday life and practice. They begin with questions of social science and philosophy and conclude with a discussion on the working lives of the industrial worker (West) and the ecological household farmer (East). The third group of essays explores the original project of a vernacular Indian modernity in relation to the Hindu and Muslim cultures of medieval India and in the context of Sikhism as an example of Indian modernity. The thrust of this final section is to establish the ground for a concept of society in the vernacular usage, labour and language, rather than in the concept of ‘tradition’ as general social science and the Orientalist classicists have hitherto done.
India in International Climate Negotiations
Authors: Raghunandan D.
Published: December 2019

A popular view of India’s role in climate negotiations is that it has successfully protected its interests in avoiding emissions control obligations while representing the positons of developing countries. A more critical appraisal shows that Indian creativity in shaping the agenda in pre-Kyoto years was replaced by foreign policy objectives, particularly its aim of advancing a strategic alliance with the United States (US). A negotiating position driven by a scientific understanding of its domestic vulnerabilities would have reinforced Indian support to the positions of developing countries, and might have yielded a different outcome in Paris. The architecture, as it stands, is a low-ambition emissions control regime that favours developed countries by diminishing notions of historic responsibility and equity.
A call for a streamlined ethics review process for multijurisdictional, child health research studies
Authors: Lemyre Brigitte , Bodani Jaya P , Doucette Stefani , Dunn Michael S , Louis Deepak , Monterrosa Luis , Mukerji Amit , Schmölzer Georg M , Shah Prakeshkumar , Singh Balpreet , Wong Jonathan , Lacaze-Masmonteil Thierry , Offringa Martin
Published: December 2019

To be time and resource efficient in neonatal research and to answer clinically relevant questions with validity and generalizability, large numbers of infants from multiple hospitals need to be included. Multijurisdictional research in Canada is currently fraught with research ethics review process hurdles that lead to delays, administrative costs, and possibly termination of projects. We describe our experience applying for ethics review to 13 sites in 7 provinces for a project comparing two standard of care therapies for preterm born infants with respiratory distress syndrome. We welcome the current opportunity created by the Institute of Human Development Child and Youth Health and the Institute for Genetics, to collaboratively identify practical solutions that would benefit Canadian researchers, Research Ethics Boards, and children and families.
Ethylene Response Factors MbERF4 and MbERF72 Suppress Iron Uptake in Woody Apple Plants by Modulating Rhizosphere pH
Authors: Zhang Guifen , Liu Wei , Feng Yi , Li Duyue , Li Keting , Sun Qiran , Zhai Longmei , Wu Ting , Zhang Xinzhong , Xu Xuefeng , Wang Yi , Han Zhenhai
Published: December 2019

Iron (Fe) deficiency limits the yield of fruit trees. When subjected to Fe deficiency, H+ secretion increases in the rhizosphere of dicotyledonous plants and pH decreases. This leads to the acidification of the soil and promotes Fe3+ to Fe2+ conversion, which plants can better uptake. This study investigated the relationship between two inhibitory transcription factors (ethylene response factors MbERF4 and MbERF72) and the H+-ATPase gene MbHA2. Two species of apple woody plants were studied: the Fe-inefficient Malus baccata and the Fe-efficient Malus xiaojinensis. Yeast one-hybrid and electrophoretic mobility shift assays showed that both MbERF4 and MbERF72 bind to the GCC cassette (AGCCGCC) of the MbHA2 promoter. Moreover, yeast two-hybrid and bimolecular fluorescence complementation assays showed that MbERF4 interacts with MbERF72. Furthermore, β-glucuronidase and luciferase reporter assays showed that the MbERF4- and MbERF72-induced repression of MbHA2 expression is synergistic. Virus-induced gene silencing of MbERF4 or MbERF72 increased MbHA2 expression, and thus lowered the rhizosphere pH in M. baccata. Consequently, the high expressions of MbERF4 and MbERF72 induced by Fe deficiency contributed to the Fe sensitivity of M. baccata. Moreover, the low expressions of MxERF4 and MxERF72 contributed to the Fe-deficiency tolerance of M. xiaojinensis via different binding conditions to the HA2 promoter. In summary, this study identified the relationship of two inhibitory transcription factors with the H+-ATPase gene and proposed a model in which ERF4 and ERF72 affect the rhizosphere pH in response to Fe deficiency.
Effect of Senior Dance (DanSE) on Fall Risk Factors in Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Franco Marcia R , Sherrington Catherine , Tiedemann Anne , Pereira Leani S , Perracini Monica R , Faria Claudia S G , Negrão-Filho Ruben F , Pinto Rafael Z , Pastre Carlos M
Published: December 2019

Background

Older people’s participation in structured exercise programs to improve balance and mobility is low. Senior Dance is an alternative option, as it may provide a safe and fun way of targeting balance.

Objective

The aim was to investigate the effect of Senior Dance on balance, mobility, and cognitive function compared with a control intervention.

Design

The study was a randomized controlled trial.

Setting/Patients

Eighty-two community-dwelling older people aged 60 years or over and cognitively intact were recruited in Brazil.

Intervention

Participants were randomly allocated to 2 groups: Dance plus education (intervention group) and education alone (control group). The Senior Dance program consisted of 12 weeks of twice-weekly group-based dance classes. Participants in both groups attended a single 1-hour educational session on prevention of falls.

Measurements

The primary outcome was single-leg stance with eyes closed. Secondary outcomes were timed sit-to-stand test, standing balance test, timed 4-m walk, and cognitive function tests, for example, Trail Making Test and Montreal Cognitive Assessment.

Results

Of the 82 participants randomized, 71 (87%) completed the 12-week follow-up. Single-leg stance with eyes closed (primary outcome) improved in the Senior Dance group (mean difference [MD] = 2.3 seconds, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.1 to 3.6) compared with the control group at follow-up. Senior Dance group performed better in the standing balance tests (MD = 3.7 seconds, 95% CI = 0.6 to 6.8) and were faster in the sit-to-stand test (MD = − 3.1 seconds, 95% CI = −4.8 to −1.4) and 4-m walk test (MD = −0.6 seconds, 95% CI = −1.0 to −0.1). There were no significant between-group differences for cognitive function tests.

Limitations

Participants and therapists were not blinded.

Conclusion

Senior Dance was effective in improving balance and mobility but not cognitive function in community-dwelling older people.
The effects of the LIPEX finishing diet regimen on pork quality, fatty acid profile, palatability, and color stability12
Authors: Gonzalez John M , Houser Terry A , O’Quinn Travis G , Nuttelman Dennis E , Odgaard Richard L , Coulter John M , Faltys Gary , Stelzleni Alexander M , Azain Michael J
Published: December 2019

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of the LIPEX finishing diet regimen on pork chop n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content and fresh meat quality. Twenty-eight finishing pigs (PIC 359 × F1 Hermitage/NGT; initial BW 81.5 ± 2.55 kg) were subjected to a 49-d feeding trial. Treatments consisted of a 2 × 2 factorial design with Sex (n = 14 barrows and gilts each) and Diet as main effects. Dietary treatments consisted of a 2-phase standard finishing diet regimen or a 2-phase LIPEX finishing diet regimen (EXL Milling, Lloydminster, SK, Canada). The LIPEX diet regimen added the EXL LIPEX.FA369 additive during phase 1 and the EXL LIPEX.FA369 and XFE Omega-3 Finishing Touch during phase 2. Five-days postmortem, whole boneless pork loins were transported to the Kansas State University Meats Laboratory, aged 14 d, and halved immediately behind the spinalis dorsi. After blooming for 30 min, chops were evaluated for Japanese color score and National Pork Producers Council (NPPC) color and marbling scores. A 2.54-cm chop was taken immediately anterior to the loin cut and was used for fatty acid and proximate composition analyses. Four 2.54-cm chops were cut from the posterior portion of the loin and were utilized for a 7-d simulated retail display analyses, Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBSF), and trained sensory panel. There were no Sex × Diet interactions for all variables measured in the study (P > 0.10). The LIPEX finishing regimen increased chop C18:3n-3, C20:5, and C22:5, which decreased the n-6:n-3 ratio (P < 0.01). There were no Diet effects on pH, Japanese and NPPC color and marbling scores, and proximate composition (P > 0.23). Diet did not affect cook loss, WBSF, and trained sensory panel scores (P > 0.012). There were no 2- or 3-way interactions between Diet, Sex, and Day, or Diet and Sex main effects for L*a* values, surface oxy- and metmyoglobin percentages, or visual panel chop redness and surface discoloration scores (P > 0.14). Feeding the LIPEX finishing diet regimen increased chop n-3 PUFA content without negatively impacting fresh chop palatability or color stability.
Scaling of petiole anatomies, mechanics and vasculatures with leaf size in the widespread Neotropical pioneer tree species Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae)
Authors: Levionnois Sébastien , Coste Sabrina , Nicolini Eric , Stahl Clément , Morel Hélène , Heuret Patrick
Published: December 2019

Although the leaf economic spectrum has deepened our understanding of leaf trait variability, little is known about how leaf traits scale with leaf area. This uncertainty has resulted in the assumption that leaf traits should vary by keeping the same pace of variation with increases in leaf area across the leaf size range. We evaluated the scaling of morphological, tissue-surface and vascular traits with overall leaf area, and the functional significance of such scaling. We examined 1,271 leaves for morphological traits, and 124 leaves for anatomical and hydraulic traits, from 38 trees of Cecropia obtusa Trécul (Urticaceae) in French Guiana. Cecropia is a Neotropical genus of pioneer trees that can exhibit large laminas (0.4 m2 for C. obtusa), with leaf size ranging by two orders of magnitude. We measured (i) tissue fractions within petioles and their second moment of area, (ii) theoretical xylem hydraulic efficiency of petioles and (iii) the extent of leaf vessel widening within the hydraulic path. We found that different scaling of morphological trait variability allows for optimisation of lamina display among larger leaves, especially the positive allometric relationship between lamina area and petiole cross-sectional area. Increasing the fraction of pith is a key factor that increases the geometrical effect of supportive tissues on mechanical rigidity and thereby increases carbon-use efficiency. We found that increasing xylem hydraulic efficiency with vessel size results in lower leaf lamina area: xylem ratios, which also results in potential carbon savings for large leaves. We found that the vessel widening is consistent with hydraulic optimisation models. Leaf size variability modifies scaling of leaf traits in this large-leaved species.
Towards total protection from impact: a viability study using EPE foam to protect falling eggs
Authors: Liu Gui-Rong , Chen Guang , Duan Shu-Yong
Published: December 2019

Total protection of fragile goods and equipment during transport has become critically important as fast delivery systems are growing rapidly due to the rise of mass online commerce worldwide. This paper therefore studies the protection of falling eggs —one of the most fragile goods—through packaging. Intensive experiments are first conducted to obtain the critical stress at which the eggshell is damaged by falling impact. Tests are first conducted of unpackaged eggs dropping onto a granite platform from various heights. Finite element method (FEM) models of unpackaged eggs are then built to simulate the behaviour of eggs and compute their stress levels. The experimental data is compared with the results of FEM simulations to determine the critical stress at which the eggshell is damaged. A series of tests and numerical simulations are then carried out for eggs wrapped in expanded polyethylene (EPE) foam. The stress distribution of both a single egg and multiple eggs in packaging are studied. An empirical formula between the drop speed (or height) and the bottom thickness of the EPE foam packaging is obtained, which can be useful in the design of packaging for the total protection of eggs that may fall during usual transport and delivery operations. The experimental and numerical results from this study show that it is viable to protect fragile goods, as long as the EPE form packaging has sufficient thickness. The proposed study and design procedure are helpful for the selection of key parameters of foam packaging to protect fragile industry products from impact.
Current Wound Care Education in Entry-Level Doctor of Physical Therapy Curricula
Authors: Moore Kelly D. , Hardin Autumn , VanHoose Lisa , Huang Han-Hung
Published: December 2019

OBJECTIVE

To investigate how wound care instruction is currently delivered within entry-level doctor of physical therapy (DPT) educational curricula.

METHODS

An electronic survey was distributed to 226 DPT programs in the US. The questionnaire contained 27 questions about the characteristics of the wound care instruction as well as the credentials, clinical experience, and teaching experience of the instructors. Descriptive statistics were analyzed for each questionnaire item response.

MAIN RESULTS

The response rate was 22.1% (n = 50). The majority of respondents reported 10 to 29 contact hours of wound care instruction throughout the curriculum. More than half of the programs reported that their students completed a wound care observation in clinical settings. Forty-four percent of programs stated that their students had the opportunity to participate in a clinical rotation focused solely on wound care. All respondents reported that their wound care instructors were physical therapists. Of those instructors, most were seasoned clinicians, and 46% held a wound care-related certification.

CONCLUSIONS

Current entry-level DPT curricula provide physical therapy students with adequate contact hours in wound care and the opportunity for clinical experiences. The instructors are seasoned physical therapists, and nearly half of them hold advanced certification in the content area. Further studies are warranted to investigate how physical therapists practice in wound management in various clinical settings.
Nicotine toxicity
Authors: Quail M. Thomas
Published: December 2019

Compared with children exposed to traditional cigarettes, those exposed to nicotine in e-cigarettes are 5.2 times more likely to be admitted to a healthcare facility and have 2.6 times the risk of a severe outcome. This article discusses nicotine toxicity in children accidentally exposed to e-cigarettes containing nicotine and reviews appropriate nursing interventions.
Prioritizing Needs and Outcomes for Adolescent Substance Use Treatment Planning: An Online Modified-Delphi Process
Authors: Grant Sean , Pedersen Eric R. , Hunter Sarah B. , Khodyakov Dmitry , Griffin Beth Ann
Published: December 2019

Objectives:

Key stakeholders can have differing views about which information is essential to inform placement decisions for all patients. This study examined consensus across stakeholder groups on the most important individual needs and treatment outcomes for informing decisions specifically about the level of care for an adolescent in substance use treatment.

Methods:

We conducted an online modified-Delphi process with treatment providers, policymakers, researchers, and parents of adolescents who have received substance use treatment. Participants rated 48 individual needs from the Global Appraisal of Individual Needs–Initial that were mapped onto the 6 dimensions of the American Society of Addiction Medicine Criteria. In addition, participants rated 10 treatment outcomes from the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration's National Outcome Measures. We assessed consensus within stakeholder groups using the RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method. We considered the items reaching consensus with the highest ratings across stakeholder groups as the most important individual needs and treatment outcomes.

Results:

We recruited 194 participants (81 providers, 54 policymakers, 32 researchers, 27 parents). Participants identified suicidality and severity of substance use disorder symptoms as the most important individual needs, and reduction in substance use as the most important treatment outcome.

Conclusions:

Standardized procedures for matching adolescents to levels of care for substance use treatment should at a minimum be based on assessments of suicidality and severity of substance use disorder symptoms, and consider reduction in substance use as a primary treatment outcome. These findings can progress the development of “level-of-care” decision rules specifically for adolescents.