bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Geographically Weighted Extreme Learning Machine: A Method for Space–Time Prediction
Authors: Deng Min , Yang Wentao , Liu Qiliang
Published: April 2017

Spatial heterogeneity has been regarded as an important issue in space–time prediction. Although some statistical methods of space–time predictions have been proposed to address spatial heterogeneity, the linear assumption makes it difficult for these methods to predict geographical processes accurately because geographical processes always involve complicated nonlinear characteristics. An extreme learning machine (ELM) has the advantage of approximating nonlinear relationships with a rapid learning speed and excellent generalization performance. However, determining how to incorporate spatial heterogeneity into an ELM to predict space–time data is an urgent problem. For this purpose, a new method called geographically weighted ELM (GWELM) is proposed to address spatial heterogeneity based on an ELM in this article. GWELM is essentially a locally varying ELM in which the parameters are regarded as functions of spatial locations, and geographically weighted least squares is applied to estimate the parameters in a local model. The proposed method is used to analyze two groups of different data sets, and the results demonstrate that the GWELM method is superior to the comparative method, which is also developed to address spatial heterogeneity.
Counterclockwise or clockwise reciprocating motion for oval root canal preparation: a micro‐CT analysis
Authors: Espir C. G. , Nascimento‐Mendes C. A. , Guerreiro‐Tanomaru J. M. , Freire L. G. , Gavini G. , Tanomaru‐Filho M.
Published: April 2017

Aim

To evaluate oval root canal preparation using one or two instruments in counterclockwise or clockwise reciprocating motion.

Methodology

The radiographic diameter of mandibular human incisors was evaluated, and oval canals were selected (2 ≤ Diameter Ratio ≤ 4). Fifty‐seven teeth were assigned to root canal preparation (n = 19): Reciproc 40 (R40) in a counterclockwise reciprocating motion; Mtwo size 40, .06 taper (M 40.06) in a clockwise reciprocating motion or Mtwo size 20, .06 taper and size 40, .06 taper (M 20/40.06) in a clockwise reciprocating motion. Mtwo instruments were coupled to an ENDO DUAL motor, turning 150° clockwise and 30° counterclockwise. Scanning was performed before and after root canal preparation using a SkyScan 1176 micro‐computed tomography. Volume, percentage of debris and percentage of uninstrumented surface were analysed in the entire root canal and in each third of the canal. Data were compared using anova and Tukey's tests or Kruskal–Wallis and Dunn tests.

Results

The Reciproc and Mtwo systems using different kinematics were associated with a similar increase in root canal volume. Additionally, both system had similar percentage of uninstrumented surface (P > 0.05). Mtwo size 20, .06 taper and size 40, .06 taper was associated with significantly lower debris (P < 0.05) in the middle third (0.56%) when compared to R40 (1.31%) and M size 40, .06 taper (1.54%).

Conclusions

The conventional reciprocation motion for R40 and the clockwise reciprocation motion for Mtwo resulted in similar root canal preparations. Less remaining debris was present in the middle third when two instruments with different diameters were used.
Relationship between students' opinions, background factors and learning outcomes: Finnish 9th graders learning English
Authors: Härmälä Marita , Leontjev Dmitri , Kangasvieri Teija
Published: April 2017

The aim of this article is to explore the relationship between opinions, background factors, and learning outcomes of Finnish 9th graders learning English. Two sets of data were analysed: (a) the students' (n = 1,219) proficiency obtained from the English tests of national evaluation of learning outcomes and (b) the students' answers to the background questionnaire exploring their opinions about learning English. The data were analysed statistically using structural equation modelling. Two factors were formed: an opinions factor built from the questionnaire items, and a proficiency factor built from the measures of four language subskills. The results revealed that the students' opinions of English predicted their proficiency, which was also predicted by the students' mother tongues (L1s) and future study plans. It also appeared that the opinions of English were more positive for those students who planned to continue in general upper secondary school, which, in turn, resulted in that the opinions in this group predicted their proficiency especially strongly.
New genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis identified by gene expression profiling
Authors: Wang H. , Guo J. , Jiang J. , Wu W. , Chang X. , Zhou H. , Li Z. , Zhao J.
Published: April 2017

In this study, we aimed to find new genes associated with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) so that more comprehensive genes would be used for monitoring and/or diagnosing patients. Illumina digital gene expression profiling was applied in two sample types – peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and synovial cells to compare the gene expression pattern between 17 patients with RA and three control groups (six osteoarthritis patients, three ankylosing spondylitis patients and 17 healthy controls). Bioinformatics was performed on pathway analysis and protein–protein interaction networks. Four novel genes from PBMCs – DHRS3, TTC38, SAP30BP and LPIN2 – were found to be associated with RA and further confirmed through quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. Five new differentially expressed genes (EPYC, LIFR, GLDN, TADA3 and ZNRF3) found in synovial cells were not confirmed. Pathway analyses revealed 10 significantly enriched pathways, and a protein–protein interaction network analysis showed that four novel PBMC‐derived genes were connected to previously reported genes by four intermediate genes. Therefore, we proposed that four newly identified PBMC‐derived genes could be integrated with previously reported RA‐associated genes to monitor and/or diagnose RA.
Immunogenetic profiling of 23 SNPs of cytokine and chemokine receptor genes through a minisequencing technique: Design, development and validation
Authors: Valverde‐Villegas J. M. , de Medeiros R. M. , Almeida S. E. M. , Chies J. A. B.
Published: April 2017

The minisequencing technique offers accuracy and robustness to genotyping of polymorphic DNA variants, being an excellent option for the identification and analyses of prognostic/susceptibility markers in human diseases. Two multiplex minisequencing assays were designed and standardized to screen 23 candidate SNPs in cytokine, chemokine receptor and ligand genes previously associated with susceptibility to cancer and autoimmune disorders as well as to infectious diseases outcome. The SNPs were displayed in two separate panels (panel 1—IL2 rs2069762, TNFα rs1800629, rs361525; IL4 rs2243250; IL6 rs1800795; IL10 rs1800896, rs1800872; IL17A rs8193036, rs2275913 and panel 2—CCR3 rs309125, CCR4 rs6770096, rs2228428; CCR6 rs968334; CCR8 rs2853699; CXCR3 rs34334103, rs2280964;CXCR6 rs223435, rs2234358; CCL20 rs13034664, rs6749704; CCL22 rs4359426; CXCL10/IP‐10 rs3921, rs56061981). A total of 305 DNA samples from healthy individuals were genotyped by minisequencing. To validate the minisequencing technique and to encompass the majority of the potential genotypes for all 23 SNPs, 20 of these samples were genotyped by Sanger sequencing. The results of both techniques were 100% in agreement. The technique of minisequencing showed high accuracy and robustness, avoiding the need for high quantities of DNA template samples. It was easily to be conducted in bulk samples derived from a highly admixed human population, being therefore an excellent option for immunogenetic studies.
Infectious complications in indigenous renal transplant recipients in Western Australia
Authors: Boan Peter , Swaminathan Ramyasuda , Irish Ashley
Published: April 2017

Background

Infectious complications remain a significant risk following renal transplantation.

Aim

To examine the burden and pattern of infection following renal transplantation in Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander (ATSI) compared to non‐ATSI.

Methods

A retrospective cohort study of 141 consecutive adult renal transplant recipients in Western Australia between 2005 and 2011 was conducted. We determined baseline serological status for relevant organisms, the number of patients with specific infections, infectious admission in the first year post‐transplantation and the rate of infectious death during follow up.

Results

There were 57 ATSI and 84 non‐ATSI renal transplant recipients. ATSI compared to non‐ATSI had a high rate of cytomegalovirus (CMV) seropositivity (98.2% vs 73.2%, P < 0.001), HBcAb positivity (100% vs 13.3%, P < 0.001) and strongyloides seropositivity (ATSI 3/12 tested). In the first year post‐transplant, ATSI compared to non‐ASTI had a higher rate of pneumonia (17.9% vs 3.6% of patients, P = 0.006), and non‐significant trend to higher rates of gastrointestinal parasitic infection (7.0% vs 1.2% of patients, P = 0.158), invasive fungal infection (10.5% vs 4.8% of patients, P = 0.316), and hospitalisation because of infection (10.0 vs 5.5 days, P = 0.071). Overall 5‐year cumulative survival was lower for ATSI versus non‐ATSI (0.64 vs 0.86, P = 0.022) with two‐thirds of ATSI deaths attributed to infection.

Conclusions

ATSI are at high risk of infectious complications after renal transplantation associated with a burden of hospitalisation and death. Augmented screening and prophylaxis for infectious diseases should be considered. Further study needs to identify contributing environmental and immunity factors.
Ficolin‐A/2, acting as a new regulator of macrophage polarization, mediates the inflammatory response in experimental mouse colitis
Authors: Yang Yi‐Fei , Zhou Yi‐Dan , Hu Jia‐Chen , Luo Feng‐Ling , Xie Yan , Shen Yan‐Ying , Bian Wen‐Xiu , Yin Zhi‐Nan , Li Hong‐Liang , Zhang Xiao‐Lian
Published: April 2017

Human ficolin‐2 (FCN‐2) and mouse ficolin‐A (FCN‐A, a ficolin‐2‐like molecule in mouse) are activators of the lectin complement pathway, present in normal plasma and usually associated with infectious diseases, but little is known about the role of FCN‐A/2 in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). In our present study, we found that patients with IBD exhibited much higher serum FCN‐2 levels than healthy controls. In the dextran sulphate sodium‐induced acute colitis mouse model, FCN‐A knockout mice showed much milder disease symptoms with less histological damage, lower expression levels of pro‐inflammatory cytokines [interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐1β and tumour necrosis factor‐α (TNF‐α)], chemokines (CXCL1/2/10 and CCL4) and higher levels of the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10 compared with wild‐type mice. We demonstrated that FCN‐A/2 exacerbated the inflammatory pathogenesis of IBD by stimulating M1 polarization through the TLR4/MyD88/MAPK/NF‐κB signalling pathway in macrophages. Hence, our data suggest that FCN‐A/2 may be used as a novel therapeutic target for IBD.
Fairness and Transparency in the Age of the Algorithm
Authors: Olhede Sofia , Rodrigues Russell
Published: April 2017

Sofia Olhede and Russell Rodrigues discuss recent efforts to ensure greater scrutiny of machine-generated decisions
Was Trump's Speech Presidential?
Authors: Kashlak Adam B.
Published: April 2017

The pundits thought it was, but what do the data tell us? Adam B. Kashlak updates his analysis on the frequency of “America” in presidential addresses
How many US Doctorates go to Non-US Citizens?
Authors: Golbeck Amanda L.
Published: April 2017

As the Trump administration gets tough on immigration, Amanda L. Golbeck explores data on citizenship in the US mathematical sciences
Geopolymer reinforced with E‐glass leno weaves
Authors: Sankar Kaushik , Kriven Waltraud M.
Published: April 2017

This study explores the viability of fiberglass‐geopolymer composites as an intermediate temperature structural ceramic composite. E‐glass fibers are cheap, readily available, resistant to heat, electricity and chemical attack. Geopolymers are refractory and can be processed at room temperature. However, pure geopolymers have low tensile strength and fracture toughness, as is typical of ceramics. In this work, tensile and flexure properties of metakaolin‐based sodium and potassium geopolymers reinforced with E‐glass leno weaves were measured and the data was analyzed by Weibull statistics. The average tensile and flexural strengths for sodium geopolymer reinforced with E‐glass leno weaves were 39.3 ± 7.2 MPa and 25.6 ± 4.8 MPa, respectively. For potassium geopolymer reinforced with E‐glass leno weaves, the average tensile and flexural strengths were 40.7 ± 9.9 MPa and 15.9 ± 4.0 MPa, respectively. The composites were heat treated for one hour at two temperatures, 300°C and 550°C and their flexure properties were studied at room temperatures. The average flexural strengths for sodium geopolymer reinforced with E‐glass leno weaves were reduced to 6.6 ± 1.0 MPa after heat treatment at 300°C, and 1.2 ± 0.3 MPa after heat treatment at 550°C, respectively. For potassium geopolymer reinforced with E‐glass leno weaves, the average flexural strengths were 6.1 ± 1.5 MPa and 1.3 ± 0.3 MPa after heat treatment at 300°C and 550°C, respectively.SEMandEDSwere performed to observe the fiber‐matrix interface.XRDwas done to check if the geopolymer was amorphous as expected.
Preparation and properties of pure crystalline perovskite CeFeO3 thin films with vanadium doping
Authors: Lin Nanxi , Huo Lina , Liu Haipeng , Fang Xiao , Wu Shuting , Chen Xin , Hu Xiaolin , Zhuang Naifeng
Published: April 2017

Cerium ferrite (CeFeO3) thin films doped with vanadium (V:CeFeO3) were grown on SiO2 quartz glass and <100>‐oriented SrTiO3 (STO) crystal substrates by the radio‐frequency magnetron sputtering method in this study. The effects of crystallization, substrate, and V‐doping on the quality, the magnetic property and the magneto‐optical property of as‐prepared films are investigated. V:CeFeO3 film grown on STO substrate has better crystallinity and has better lattice integrity due to the higher lattice matching between substrate and film. The magnetic hysteresis loop and the magnetic circular dichroism spectra show that the magnetization strength and the magneto‐optical properties of V:CeFeO3 films have the significant anisotropy. Moreover, V‐doping and the stress lead to the change in easy magnetization direction of film. It shows that the perovskite B‐site doping with transition‐metal ion has significant influence on the magnetic and the magneto‐optical properties of CeFeO3 thin films.
Ultrathin N‐doped carbon‐coated TiO2 coaxial nanofibers as anodes for lithium ion batteries
Authors: Xu Bingqing , Luo Yidong , Liu Ting , Zhang Qinghua , Lin Yuan‐Hua , Nan Ce‐Wen , Shen Yang , Chen Rujun , Xu Hong , Li Jingwei
Published: April 2017

The structural optimization of TiO2 materials has a significance for improving the electrochemical performance since TiO2 suffers from poor electronic conductivity. For this purpose, ultrathin N‐doped carbon‐coated TiO2 coaxial nanofibers have been designed and synthesized by a facile electrospinning approach. Microstructure analysis indicates that the TiO2 nanofibers can be coated by the ultrathin carbon layers. Electrochemical tests reveal that the rate performance and cycling ability of TiO2@C nanofibers have been enhanced obviously. The TiO2@C6 nanofibers carbonized at 600°C exhibit superior features with a specific discharge capacity of 284 mAh g−1 at a current density of 100 mA g−1 after 100 cycles. Besides improved rate performance of 117 mAh g−1 at a high current density of 2000 mA g−1 and excellent cycling stability with only about 0.008% capacity loss per cycle were also obtained in the sample TiO2@C6 after 500 cycles at the current density of 1000 mA g−1. Such remarkable performance may be ascribed to the unique one‐dimensional nanofibers as flexible carbon matrix.
Crystalline phase and electrical properties of lead‐free piezoelectric KNN‐based films with different orientations
Authors: Chen Wen , Wang Lingyan , Ren Wei , Niu Gang , Zhao Jinyan , Zhang Nan , Liu Ming , Tian Ye , Dong Ming
Published: April 2017

Lead‐free piezoelectric 0.915K0.5Na0.5NbO3‐0.075BaZrO3‐0.01Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3 (KNN‐BZ‐BNT) films were grown on Nb‐doped SrTiO3 substrates with different orientations. The thin films show highly preferential orientations in accordance with the orientations of single crystalline substrates. The films all exhibit a weak contrast and remarkable homogeneity in the local static out‐of‐plane piezoresponse phase images, suggesting a strong self‐polarization. Combining with the analysis of XRD‐RSM, TEM and PFM, the crystalline phase of our samples was determined to be rhombohedral, which has the spontaneous polarization along [111] direction. Thus, the (100)‐oriented film demonstrates the most superior piezoelectric properties. Our detailed studies on structural and electrical properties of KNN‐BZ‐BNT films further clarify the structure‐property relationship and make a step closer to use this lead‐free material for many piezoelectric applications.
Processes and kinetics of mass gain in archeological brick following drying and reheating
Authors: Barrett Gerard Thomas
Published: April 2017

The mass gain behavior of archeological bricks was examined following drying (130°C)/reheating (500°C) and aging at a range of temperatures (25°C, 35°C, 45°C). For drying or reheating, samples exhibit a two‐stage mass gain behavior, the second stage, Stage 2, continuing indefinitely and better described by a t1/n model (1/n=1/6‐1/2); a correlation between the 1/n value and the specific surface area/pore volume demonstrates diffusion mechanisms with some pore geometry/morphology dependence. Stage 2 is shown to have an Arrhenius temperature dependence with activation energies of similar orders of magnitude following both drying and reheating. Supported by thermogravimetric‐mass spectrometry (TG‐MS), Stage 2 is demonstrated as likely due to the recombination of chemisorbed water, previously removed, whereas following reheating due to two components, a chemisorbed component associated with drying and a component associated with rehydroxyls removed at higher temperatures during reheating. Differences between activation energies of chemisorption and rehydroxylation components support this. Evidence for a fundamental compositional relationship between these processes is presented by a strong linear relationship between the drying and reheating mass gain rates. Stage 1, following drying or reheating, is shown to be likely associated with physisorption processes alone.
Electron beam‐induced dynamic evolution of vortex domains and domain walls in single crystalline YMnO3
Authors: Deng Shiqing , Cheng Shaobo , Zhang Yang , Tan Guotai , Zhu Jing
Published: April 2017

The ability to reversibly switch ferroelectric polarization directions with small driving force is of interest both for fundamental researches and for novel applications. Here, the dynamic evolution of vortex domains in hexagonal ferroelectric YMnO3 is systematically demonstrated. Driven by propagations of charged domain walls (CDWs), vortex domains can be reversibly switched by merely utilizing electron beam irradiation. Dislocations pining at domain walls impede their motions, contributing to the irreversible evolution. Moreover, none of six ferroelectric domains in a vortex can vanish during such evolution due to the topological protection. Our results suggest that even with small external stimuli, CDWs in improper ferroelectrics can be considerably active and altered, providing a perspective on potential applications in ferroelectric storage.
Dielectric properties and vacancy‐like defects in plasma‐sprayed barium titanate
Authors: Ctibor Pavel , Čížek Jakub , Sedláček Josef , Lukáč František
Published: April 2017

Positron annihilation spectroscopy was employed for investigation of vacancy‐like defects in plasma‐sprayed barium titanate. Defect studies were combined with measurement of dielectric properties of barium titanate coatings. Samples prepared by gas‐stabilized plasma spray (GSP) torch and by plasma torch with the hybrid water‐argon stabilization (WSP‐H) were studied. Processing parameters were selected so that GSP coatings were sprayed in reductive conditions, whereas WSP‐H coatings were prepared in oxidizing environment. As‐sprayed GSP coating is dark, whereas WSP‐H one is light. The dielectric properties of WSP‐H coating are superior to those for GSP one. Defect studies revealed that both GSP and WSP‐H coatings contain titanium vacancies. However, GSP coating contains in addition a considerable concentration of oxygen vacancies. Some fraction of oxygen vacancies in GSP coating is coupled with titanium vacancies forming partial Schottky defect. The structure of WSP‐H coating is less disordered and contains only a low concentration of oxygen vacancies. This is consistent with reductive and oxidizing conditions in GSP and WSP‐H spraying, respectively. Annealing at elevated temperatures in air leads to removal of oxygen vacancies which are filled by oxygen diffusing into the samples.
Long‐term oxidation and electrical behavior of Nb‐doped Ti3SiC2 as solid oxide fuel cell interconnects
Authors: Zheng Li‐Li , Li Xi‐Chao , Hua Qing‐Song , Dai Zuo‐Qiang , Zhang Tie‐Zhu , Qian Yu‐Hai , Xu Jing‐Jun , Li Mei‐Shuan
Published: April 2017

Nb‐doped Ti3SiC2 compounds ((Ti1‐xNbx)3SiC2, x=0%, 2%, 5%, 7%, and 10%) as novel interconnect materials of intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cell (IT‐SOFC) were studied in the simulated cathode atmosphere. The long‐term oxidation behaviors and area‐specific resistance (ASR) of these compounds have been investigated at 800°C up to 700 hours. Among these compounds, (Ti0.95Nb0.05)3SiC2 shows the best oxidation resistance and lowest postoxidation ASR (5.6 mΩ·cm2 after exposure at 800°C in air for 700 hours), endowing it a great promising material in the application as interconnect of IT‐SOFC. After oxidation, Nb is mainly doped uniformly into the lattice of rutile‐TiO2 (r‐TiO2) grains formed on the tested compounds. Nb doping could decrease the concentrations of both oxygen vacancies and titanium interstitials in r‐TiO2. As a result, the oxidation rate of (Ti,Nb)3SiC2 decreases remarkably, the structure of the oxide scale changes from a duplex layer of TiO2 outer layer and TiO2+SiO2 mixture inner layer to a single mixture layer. Nb doping also increases the amount of semifree electrons, causing the significant reduce of the postoxidation ASR of (Ti,Nb)3SiC2.
Influence of preheating of fly ash precursors to produce geopolymers
Authors: Ranjbar Navid , Kuenzel Carsten
Published: April 2017

This study has been focused on the effect of pretreatment of FA and POFA after geopolymerization on the mechanical properties. The aim of this work was to simplify the pretreatment that it can easily industrial be applied, using existing technology. Previous work has shown that a reduction in particle size increases the mechanical properties. However, this method involves a milling process which is not applicable for a wide industrial application. Hence, FA and POFA particles have been heated to 300°C, 500°C, and 800°C but applying different pretreatments: (i) predried at 110°C (reference sample); (ii) as received; (iii) prewetted; (iv) prewetted and later quenched in cold water. It was found that during the treatment the particle size increased due to thermal stress cracking. During fast heating, trapped pore water cannot be removed as fast as it evaporates and hence the particles crack. This increase in particle size caused an increase in compressive strength. In addition, heating to 300°C and 500°C caused a dehydroxylation of FA and POFA. This dehydroxylation resulted in a higher initial reactivity, reducing the setting time and improved mechanical strength.
Enhanced high‐temperature thermoelectric performance of CdO ceramics with randomly distributed micropores
Authors: Liu Ran , Gao Linjie , Li Longjiang , Zha Xinyu , Wang Jianglong , Fu Guangsheng , Wang Shufang
Published: April 2017

CdO ceramics with randomly distributed micropores were synthesized by the conventional solid‐state reaction method via adding polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) as the void forming agent. The introduction of microsized pores can significantly affect both electrical and thermal transport properties of the CdO matrix, and possible underlying mechanisms are discussed. Due to the dramatically reduced thermal conductivity, a highest ZT value of ~0.51 has been achieved in the porous CdO at about 1000 K, increased by about 52% as compared to that of the dense sample without PMMA addition. This work demonstrates that introducing microsized pores is a very simple, low‐cost, and efficient strategy to improve the high‐temperature thermoelectric performance of CdO ceramics.
Microstructure and electric properties of (Na0.85K0.15)0.5Bi0.5TiO3 composited films with alternative TiO2 layers
Authors: Wu Yunyi , Wang Xiaohui , Zhong Caifu , Li Longtu
Published: April 2017

In this work, in order to investigate the effect of TiO2 layer on the microstructure and piezoelectric properties of (Na0.85K0.15)0.5Bi0.5TiO3 (NKBT) thin films, TiO2 layer was inserted at the interface between the NKBT thin film and substrate and on both sides of the NKBT, i.e., at the interface and on the top of the NKBT thin film. NKBT composited films with alternative TiO2 layer were deposited on Pt/Ti/SiO2/Si substrate by aqueous sol‐gel method. X‐ray diffraction observation found that the degree of (100) preferred orientation strengthened with TiO2 layers added, especially on both sides of NKBT thin film. The TiO2/NKBT/TiO2 composited film with both TiO2 layer of 40 nm thickness exhibited a remnant polarization value Pr of 22.6 μc/cm3 and effective piezoelectric coefficient of approximate 77 pm/V, which are much larger than that of the single‐layered NKBT thin film with Pr value of 13.7 μc/cm3 and of 56 pm/V, respectively. According to the investigation of the temperature‐dependent ferroelectric property, it was found that the Pr gradually increased, and in the meantime the coercive voltage gradually moved to higher voltage with testing temperature varied from 20 to −150°C. Besides, applied voltage dependence of leakage current density measurement indicated that the TiO2 layer would effectively lower the leakage current of the films, and the TiO2/NKBT/TiO2 composited film both TiO2 layer of 40 nm exhibited the lowest leakage current.
Signals of selection in conditionally expressed genes in the diversification of three horned beetle species
Authors: Pespeni M. H. , Ladner J. T. , Moczek A. P.
Published: April 2017

Species radiations may be facilitated by phenotypic differences already present within populations, such as those arising through sex‐specific development or developmental processes biased towards particular reproductive or trophic morphs. We sought to test this hypothesis by utilizing a comparative transcriptomic approach to contrast among‐ and within‐species differentiation using three horned beetle species in the genusOnthophagus. These three species exhibit differences along three phenotypic axes reflective of much of the interspecific diversity present within the genus: horn location, polarity of sexual dimorphism and degree of nutritional sensitivity. Our approach combinedde novotranscript assembly, assessment of amino acid substitutions (dN/dS) across orthologous gene pairs and integration of gene function and conditional gene expression data. We identified 17 genes across the three species pairs related to axis patterning, development and metabolism withdN/dS > 1 and detected elevateddN/dSin genes related to metabolism and biosynthesis in the most closely related species pair, which is characterized by a loss of nutritional polyphenism and a reversal of sexual dimorphism. Further, we found that genes that are conditionally expressed (i.e. as a function of sex, nutrition or body region) within one of our focal species also showed significantly stronger signals of positive or relaxed purifying selection between species divergent along the same morphological axis (i.e. polarity of sexual dimorphism, degree of nutritional sensitivity or location of horns). Our findings thus reveal a positive relationship between intraspecific differentiation due to condition‐specific development and genetic divergences among species.
The angular position of a refuge affects escape responses in staghorn sculpin Leptocottus armatus
Authors: Shi X. , Møller J. S. , Højgaard J. , Johansen J. L. , Steffensen J. F. , Liu D. , Domenici P.
Published: April 2017

The effect of the presence and angular position of a refuge on the direction and kinematics of mechanically‐induced escape responses was observed in staghorn sculpins Leptocottus armatus using high–speed video. The results showed that the angular position of the refuge did not affect locomotor performance (speed and acceleration), although it did affect the escape trajectories. Therefore, the angular position of a refuge can modulate the direction taken by the L. armatus during the early stages of their escape response and this response can be affected by both repulsive (i.e. threats) and attractive (i.e. refuges) points of reference.
A protocol for registration and correction of multicolour STED superresolution images
Authors: HEBISCH E. , WAGNER E. , WESTPHAL V. , SIEBER J.J. , LEHNART S.E.
Published: April 2017

Multicolour fluorescence imaging by STimulated Emission Depletion (STED) superresolution microscopy with doughnut‐shaped STED laser beams based on different wavelengths for each colour channel requires precise image registration. This is especially important when STED imaging is used for co‐localisation studies of two or more native proteins in biological specimens to analyse nanometric subcellular spatial arrangements. We developed a robust postprocessing image registration protocol, with the aim to verify and ultimately optimise multicolour STED image quality. Importantly, this protocol will support any subsequent quantitative localisation analysis at nanometric scales. Henceforth, using an approach that registers each colour channel present during STED imaging individually, this protocol reliably corrects for optical aberrations and inadvertent sample drift. To achieve the latter goal, the protocol combines the experimental sample information, from corresponding STED and confocal images using the same optical beam path and setup, with that of an independent calibration sample. As a result, image registration is based on a strategy that maximises the cross‐correlation between sequentially acquired images of the experimental sample, which are strategically combined by the protocol. We demonstrate the general applicability of the image registration protocol by co‐staining of the ryanodine receptor calcium release channel in primary mouse cardiomyocytes. To validate this new approach, we identify user‐friendly criteria, which – if fulfilled – support optimal image registration. In summary, we introduce a new method for image registration and rationally based postprocessing steps through a highly standardised protocol for multicolour STED imaging, which directly supports the reproducibility of protein co‐localisation analyses. Although the reference protocol is discussed exemplarily for two‐colour STED imaging, it can be readily expanded to three or more colours and STED channels.
SelfMED: Self‐Administration of Medication in Hospital: A Prevalence Study in Flanders, Belgium
Authors: Vanwesemael Toke , Van Rompaey Bart , Petrovic Mirko , Boussery Koen , Dilles Tinne
Published: April 2017

Background

Self‐management is a key element in regaining and maintaining health. However, during hospitalization it becomes less obvious. Patient self‐administration of medication during hospitalization is suggested to be beneficial to patient satisfaction, adherence to pharmacotherapy, and self‐care competence.

Objectives

This study aimed to examine the prevalence of self‐administration of medication during hospitalization, and possible contributing factors.

Design and Setting

A cross‐sectional observational study was conducted in 12 Belgian hospitals from February 2015 until June 2015.

Participants

Data were collected on all hospitalized patients at 57 wards, based in 12 hospitals.

Data Collection

A structured questionnaire at ward level and patient level on medication management, self‐administration of medication, and rationale for prohibiting or allowing patients to self‐administer their medication was conducted in consultation with the head nurse.

Results

Of the 1,269 patients participating in this study, 22% self‐administered at least one medicine during hospitalization and 13.8% self‐administered at least 50% of their total amount of medication. In the opinion of the head nurse, 40.9% of the hospitalized patients would have been able to self‐administer their medication during hospitalization. Only a few wards had an available procedure and screening tool to assess the competence of the patients to self‐administer their medication. This did not affect the prevalence of self‐administration. Self‐administration occurred significantly more at surgical short‐stay wards, compared to other wards. The self‐administering patients were on average younger and female and had a lower number of different medications per day before and during hospitalization. These patients had a good health status and were independent to mildly dependent on nurses on the ward. Related factors were used to provide a multivariate logistic regression model.

Conclusions

Sometimes self‐administration of medication was allowed. According to the surveyed nurses, however, more patients would be able to self‐administer their medication during hospitalization. There seems to be a lack of procedures and screening tools to assess the competence or appropriateness of patients to self‐administer their medication.

Clinical Relevance

This study provides new knowledge about the prevalence of self‐administration of medication, contributing factors, the types of self‐administered medications, and the organization of self‐administration of medication on different wards.
FACTOR MODELS AND TIME‐VARYING PARAMETER FRAMEWORK FOR FORECASTING EXCHANGE RATES AND INFLATION: A SURVEY
Authors: Kavtaradze Lasha , Mokhtari Manouchehr
Published: April 2017

A survey of models used for forecasting exchange rates and inflation reveals that the factor‐based and time‐varying parameter or state space models generate superior forecasts relative to all other models. This survey also finds that models based on Taylor rule and portfolio balance theory have moderate predictive power for forecasting exchange rates. The evidence on the use of Bayesian Model Averaging approach in forecasting exchange rates reveals limited predictive power, but strong support for forecasting inflation. Overall, the evidence overwhelmingly points to the context of the forecasts, relevance of the historical data, data transformation, choice of the benchmark, selected time horizons, sample period and forecast evaluation methods as the crucial elements in selecting forecasting models for exchange rate and inflation.
Social Comparison in Coping With Occupational Uncertainty: Self‐Improvement, Self‐Enhancement, and the Regional Context
Authors: Pavlova Maria K. , Lechner Clemens M. , Silbereisen Rainer K.
Published: April 2017

Objective

Taking into account the regional context, we investigated whether social comparison in coping with occupational uncertainty served self‐improvement (i.e., adaptive coping) or self‐enhancement (i.e., subjective well‐being).

Method

Respondents were 620 German adults aged 16 to 43, 59% female, who participated in three yearly follow‐ups of a larger survey. The number of observations was 1,309 for contemporaneous and 1,079 for longitudinal analyses. Participants reported on perceived occupational uncertainty (e.g., risk of losing a job and difficulties with career planning), strategies for coping with it, and whether, and in which direction, they made social comparisons in coping with occupational uncertainty.

Results

Making social comparisons (vs. not) was associated with higher goal engagement and lower goal disengagement. Upward (as opposed to downward) comparison prospectively predicted higher goal engagement. Under high regional unemployment, upward comparison prospectively predicted lower goal disengagement, whereas making social comparisons was contemporaneously associated with higher subjective well‐being. Higher regional unemployment rates predicted more frequent comparison, whereas comparison direction was predicted only by situational variables, especially personal control over the outcomes.

Conclusions

When operationalized as a conscious mental action and put in the context of coping with occupational uncertainty, social comparison serves primarily self‐improvement.
Light influences cytokinin biosynthesis and sensing in Nostoc (cyanobacteria)
Authors: Frébortová Jitka , Plíhal Ondřej , Florová Vendula , Kokáš Filip , Kubiasová Karolina , Greplová Marta , Šimura Jan , Novák Ondřej , Frébort Ivo
Published: April 2017

Cytokinins are an important group of plant hormones that are also found in other organisms, including cyanobacteria. While various aspects of cytokinin function and metabolism are well understood in plants, the information is limited for cyanobacteria. In this study, we first experimentally confirmed a prenylation of tRNA by recombinant isopentenyl transferase NoIPT2 from Nostoc sp. PCC 7120, whose encoding gene we previously identified in Nostoc genome along with the gene for adenylate isopentenyl transferase NoIPT1. In contrast to NoIPT2, the transcription of NoIPT1 was strongly activated during the dark period and was followed by an increase in the cytokinin content several hours later in the light period. Dominant cytokinin metabolites detected at all time points were free bases and monophosphates of isopentenyladenine and cis‐zeatin, while N‐glucosides were not detected at all. Whole transcriptome differential expression analysis of cultures of the above Nostoc strain treated by cytokinin compared to untreated controls indicated that cytokinin together with light trigger expression of several genes related to signal transduction, including two‐component sensor histidine kinases and two‐component hybrid sensors and regulators. One of the affected histidine kinases with a cyclase/histidine kinase‐associated sensory extracellular domain similar to the cytokinin‐binding domain in plant cytokinin receptors was able to modestly bind isopentenyladenine. The data show that the genetic disposition allows Nostoc not only to produce free cytokinins and prenylate tRNA but also modulate the cytokinin biosynthesis in response to light, triggering complex changes in sensing and regulation.
Use of a novel extracapsular bone anchor system for stabilisation of cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency
Authors: Muro N. M. , Lanz O. I.
Published: April 2017

Objectives

To evaluate early clinical experiences using the novel extracapsular bone anchor Ruby system for stabilisation of the cranial cruciate ligament deficient stifle in the dog and report short‐term outcome and complications for 17 clinical cases.

Materials and Methods

Seventeen dogs with cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency were treated using the Ruby system. Dogs were eligible if diagnosed via orthopaedic examination with unilateral or bilateral cranial cruciate ligament instability without any comorbidities. Subjective lameness assessments on a 0 to 4 scale were made pre‐operatively and at six to eight weeks post‐operatively; complications were also recorded. Lameness was also assessed on a visual analogue scale at six to eight months post‐operatively.

Results

All cases had substantial improvement in lameness following surgery. Mean post‐operative lameness grade was 1·18 (±0·53) out of 4, compared to a grade of 3·06 (±0·9) before surgery, and owner assessment at six to eight months after surgery was also positive. There were major complications that required surgical intervention in one dog.

Clinical Significance

The Ruby system is a feasible method of extracapsular stabilisation with comparable outcomes and complication rates to previously reported methods of addressing cranial cruciate ligament insufficiency. Further work is required to acquire more data on objective outcome measurement and mechanisms of failure.
Congenital duodenocolic fistula in a dog
Authors: Lecoindre A. , Saade D. , Barthez P. , Cadoré J. L. , Lecoindre P.
Published: April 2017

A one‐year‐old female cocker spaniel presented with a 6‐month history of persistent diarrhoea. Abdominal ultrasonographic examination revealed mild diffuse thickening of the intestinal wall coupled with mesenteric lymphadenopathy. A connection between the duodenum and the colon was observed during an endoscopic procedure and confirmed by computed tomography. Surgical resection of the communication allowed remission of the diarrhoea. Histology showed a normal duodenal epithelium and muscular layer. A duodenocolic fistula is an abnormal connection within the digestive tract, which in humans is usually considered a complication of a local pathological condition. Due to the absence of a predisposing cause and, in view of the dog's age and histological results, a congenital origin was suspected.
Grass flowers: An untapped resource for floral evo‐devo
Authors: Schrager‐Lavelle Amanda , Klein Harry , Fisher Amanda , Bartlett Madelaine
Published: April 2017

The abrupt origin and rapid diversification of the flowering plants presents what Darwin called “an abominable mystery”. Floral diversification was a key factor in the rise of the flowering plants, but the molecular underpinnings of floral diversity remain mysterious. To understand the molecular biology underlying floral morphological evolution, genetic model systems are essential for rigorously testing gene function and gene interactions. Most model plants are eudicots, while in the monocots genetic models are almost entirely restricted to the grass family. Likely because grass flowers are diminutive and specialized for wind pollination, grasses have not been a major focus in floral evo‐devo research. However, while grass flowers do not exhibit any of the raucous morphological diversification characteristic of the orchids, there is abundant floral variation in the family. Here, we discuss grass flower diversity, and review what is known about the developmental genetics of this diversity. In particular, we focus on three aspects of grass flower evolution: (1) the evolution of a novel organ identity—the lodicule; (2) lemma awns and their diversity; and (3) the convergent evolution of sexual differentiation. The combination of morphological diversity in the grass family at large and genetic models spread across the family provides a powerful framework for attaining deep understanding of the molecular genetics of floral evolution.
Comparative Assessment of the Accuracy of Cytological and Histologic Biopsies in the Diagnosis of Canine Bone Lesions
Authors: Sabattini S. , Renzi A. , Buracco P. , Defourny S. , Garnier‐Moiroux M. , Capitani O. , Bettini G.
Published: April 2017

Background

Osteosarcoma (OSA) should be differentiated from other less frequent primary bone neoplasms, metastatic disease, and tumor‐like lesions, as treatment and prognosis can vary accordingly. Hence, a preoperative histologic diagnosis is generally preferred. This requires collection of multiple biopsies under general anesthesia, with possible complications, including pathological fractures. Fine‐needle aspiration cytology would allow an earlier diagnosis with a significant reduction of discomfort and morbidity.

Hypothesis/Objectives

The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of cytological and histologic biopsies in the diagnosis of canine osteodestructive lesions.

Animals

Sixty‐eight dogs with bone lesions.

Methods

Retrospective study. Accuracy was assessed by comparing the former diagnosis with the final histologic diagnosis on surgical or post‐mortem samples or, in the case of non‐neoplastic lesions, with follow‐up information.

Results

The study included 50 primary malignant bone tumors (40 OSAs, 5 chondrosarcomas, 2 fibrosarcomas, and 3 poorly differentiated sarcomas), 6 carcinoma metastases, and 12 non‐neoplastic lesions. Accuracy was 83% for cytology (sensitivity, 83.3%; specificity, 80%) and 82.1% for histology (sensitivity, 72.2%; specificity, 100%). Tumor type was correctly identified cytologically and histologically in 50 and 55.5% of cases, respectively.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

The accuracy of cytology was similar to histology, even in the determination of tumor type. In no case was a benign lesion diagnosed as malignant on cytology. This is the most important error to prevent, as treatment for malignant bone tumors includes aggressive surgery. Being a reliable diagnostic method, cytology should be further considered to aid decisions in the preoperative setting of canine bone lesions.
Alternating Rabacfosadine/Doxorubicin: Efficacy and Tolerability in Naïve Canine Multicentric Lymphoma
Authors: Thamm D.H. , Vail D.M. , Post G.S. , Fan T.M. , Phillips B.S. , Axiak‐Bechtel S. , Elmslie R.S. , Klein M.K. , Ruslander D.A.
Published: April 2017

Background

Standard of care treatment for multicentric lymphoma in dogs remains doxorubicin (DOX)‐based combination chemotherapy, but owners may hesitate to commit the time and financial resources to complete such a protocol, typically requiring 12–16 visits. Rabacfosadine (RAB), a double prodrug of the nucleotide analog 9‐(2‐phosphonylmethoxyethyl) guanine, has substantial single‐agent activity in dogs with lymphoma, and a different mechanism of action than DOX.

Hypothesis/Objectives

Our objective was to evaluate the efficacy and adverse effect (AE) profile of alternating doses of RAB and DOX in dogs with naïve multicentric lymphoma.

Animals

Fifty‐four dogs with previously untreated lymphoma.

Methods

Open‐label, multicenter prospective clinical trial. Dogs received alternating RAB (1.0 mg/kg IV weeks 0, 6, 12) and DOX (30 mg/m2IV weeks 3, 9, 15). Dogs that achieved complete response (CR) were followed by monthly evaluations. Complete clinicopathological evaluation and assessment of remission and AEs were performed every 21 days.

Results

The overall response rate was 84% (68%; CR; 16%; partial response [PR)]. The overall median progression‐free interval (PFI) was 194 days (216 for CR and 63 for PR). Most AEs were mild and self‐limiting: gastrointestinal and hematologic AEs were most common. Thirteen dogs experienced dermatologic AEs, and 2 dogs developed grade 5 pulmonary fibrosis.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

Alternating RAB/DOX generally was well tolerated and resulted in PFIs comparable to standard DOX‐based multi‐agent protocols, with fewer treatment visits. Most adverse events were mild or moderate and self‐limiting. Further studies are warranted to explore long‐term outcome and other RAB chemotherapy combinations.