bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Leader and Subordinate Characteristics in the Development of Leader–Member Exchange Quality1
Authors: Murphy Susan E. , Ensher Ellen A.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the contribution of both subordinate and leader characteristics in the development of leader‐member exchange (LMX) quality. Data from 56 subordinate‐superior dyads working at a large West‐coast media company revealed that subordinates high in work self‐efficacy were liked more by their supervisors, perceived to be more similar to their supervisors, experienced more positive LMX quality, and were rated as better performers than subordinates low in self‐efficacy. Previous job experience, was related only to one outcome; supervisor's liking of the subordinate. Subordinates initially low in self‐efficacy benefited from high LMX, as evidenced by increased end‐of‐program self‐efficacy. Perceptions of similarity between supervisor and subordinate were found to be more important to LMX quality than actual demographic similarity. Leader self‐efficacy and optimism predicted subordinates' ratings of LMX quality only for female supervisors. Unexpectedly, leader self‐efficacy and optimism were related to the leaders' own ratings of LMX and subordinate performance.
Situational and Individual Influences on Judgments of Hostile Environment Sexual Harassment1
Authors: Hurt Jennifer L. , Maver Jillian A. , Hofmann David
Published: August 2006

The current research examines the judgment processes of third‐party evaluators of sexual harassment situations. Four situational variables were hypothesized to influence ratings of situation appropriateness and judgments of sexual harassment. The evaluator's gender and personality also were hypothesized to influence both ratings. Participants were 73 male and 51 female undergraduate students. Results indicated that behavior severity and victim response significantly influenced ratings. The frequency of the behavior influenced appropriateness ratings, but interacted with behavior severity for harassment judgments. The effects of the gender of the evaluator were mediated by the evaluator's level of tolerance for harassment. The effects of the power relationship and rater personality were not significant.
Income Source and Race Effects on New‐Neighbor Evaluations1
Authors: Kirby Brenda J.
Published: August 2006

Two studies investigated the effect of income source and race on ratings of and objections to potential neighbors. Equivalent amounts of income from different sources included work only, work and public assistance, or work and a small inheritance. The race variable included African American, European American, or Hispanic. Subjects for Study 1 were undergraduate psychology students. Subjects for Study 2 were homeowners. Class bias was not a symbolic way to express race bias. There was a clear distinction between class bias and race bias in expression and function. Results indicate that class bias was used when subjects gave ratings of new neighbors. These biased ratings do not correlate with measures of racism. Furthermore, results indicate that objections to the new neighbors were more frequent for those gaining income from sources other than work. The findings indicate that class prejudice based on income source is primary and openly expressed, whereas racial prejudice does not appear as an important contributing factor in this context.
Cognitive and Attitudinal Factors in the Analysis of Alternatives to Binge Drinking1
Authors: Turrisi Rob
Published: August 2006

The present study examined cognitive and attitudinal factors relevant to binge‐drinking tendencies in a college sample. Results indicate that positive expectations about binge‐drinking activities were related to binge‐drinking tendencies. Binge‐drinking tendencies were also negatively related to expectations regarding nonbinge‐drinking alternatives. General attitudes toward drinking and normative influences were found to have complex influences on binge‐drinking tendencies involving indirect, direct, and moderated effects. The findings are discussed with respect to developing prevention programs.
Signing an Organ Donation Letter: The Prediction of Behavior From Behavioral Intentions1
Authors: Radecki Carmen M. , Jaccard James
Published: August 2006

The signing of an organ donation letter was examined among 149 unmarried university students. The letter was developed for the purpose of conveying one's wishes regarding posthumous donation to one's next of kin. Predictors of letter signing were examined that explain hypothesized inconsistencies between the behavioral intention to sign and actual letter‐signing behavior. Respondents were offered the opportunity to sign and send the donation letter to their parents. As predicted, reported willingness to sign the letter was only moderately related to actual behavior. Decision confidence, organ donation knowledge, and perceived decision importance positively influenced signing, independent of willingness. Unfavorability toward defending one's donation decision to one's parents inhibited signing, even among those expressing a high initial willingness to sign.
Are the Tabloids Always Wrong or Is That Just What We Think? Need for Cognition and Perceptions of Articles in Print Media
Authors: Kaufman Douglas Q. , Stasson Mark F. , Hart Jason W.
Published: August 2006

This study examines how need for cognition, source credibility, and communication strength influence perceptions of a print‐media communication. Participants read a strong or weak communication about an evolutionary theory, presented as an article from the Washington Post (high credibility) or the National Enquirer (low credibility). Results revealed a significant Need for Cognition × Source × Communication Strength interaction. Low‐need‐for‐cognition participants who read the weak communication rated the article more positively when it was attributed to the high‐credibility source than to the low‐credibility source. Source credibility did not affect impressions of the article and theory among participants high in need for cognition or reading the strong communication. However, articles from the Washington Post were rated as more believable, factual, accurate, and true than those from the National Enquirer.
A Lay Perspective on the Accuracy of Eyewitness Testimony1
Authors: Shaw John S. , Garcia Lisette A. , McClure Kimberley A.
Published: August 2006

To understand more about what laypeople think they “know” about eyewitness testimony, 276 jury‐eligible university students were asked to indicate what factors they believe affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. In contrast to the large proportion of eyewitness‐memory research that concerns system variables, the lay respondents overwhelmingly generated factors related to estimator variables, while system‐variable factors such as police questioning and identification procedures were rarely mentioned. Respondents also reported that their own common sense and everyday life experiences were their most important sources of information about the accuracy of eyewitness testimony. Not only do these results clarify the need for further research on the lay perspective of eyewitness testimony, but they also provide some insight into the way in which many jurors might approach cases involving eyewitness evidence.
Distinguishing Perceptions of Control From Self‐Efficacy: Predicting Consumption of a Low‐Fat Diet Using the Theory of Planned Behavior1
Authors: Armitage Christopher J. , Conner Mark
Published: August 2006

The aims of the present study are fourfold: to apply the theory of planned behavior (TPB) to eating a low‐fat diet; to consider differences between self‐efficacy and perceived control over behavior (PCB); to examine self‐identity as a potential addition to the model; and to identify beliefs which may provide useful targets for interventions. Findings support the efficacy of the TPB as a predictor of low‐fat diet. Evidence for the distinction between self‐efficacy and PCB was provided by principal components analysis, patterns in prediction of intention, and the control beliefs associated with the two constructs. Self‐identity was found to independently predict intention and may prove a useful addition to the TPB. Finally, specific beliefs distinguished intenders from nonintenders, providing potential targets for health interventions. The findings are discussed in the context of previous TPB research and the need for multimethod assessments of behavior.
Antisocial Behavior and the Continuing “Tragedy of the Commons”
Authors: Harvey Michael G. , Miceli Nick
Published: August 2006

The influence of individuals' antisocial tendencies and risk perceptions on a simulated managerial decision are examined in the study. Subjects accepting and rejecting a hypothetical scenario were found to be significantly different in terms of aggression, lack of empathy, and degree of individualism. Situational influences were not significantly related to subjects' decision. Limitations and future research are discussed.
Effect on Restaurant Tipping of a Helpful Message Written on the Back of Customers' Checks
Authors: Rind Bruce , Strohmetz David
Published: August 2006

Research has shown that servers can increase their tip percentages by writing “Thank you” or by drawing a happy face on the backs of customers' checks. In the current study, a third approach of this type was tested. An experiment was conducted in which a female server either did or did not write a helpful message about an upcoming dinner special on the backs of checks before delivering them to customers. It was predicted that adding the helpful message would increase tip percentages because of reciprocity, in which customers would tend to respond to the server's “tip” with an increased tip of their own. Results were consistent with this prediction: Mean tip percentages increased from about 17% to 20%.
Creating Suspects in Police Interviews1
Authors: Akehurst Lucy , Vrij Aldert
Published: August 2006

In 3 studies, the idea was tested that an increase in a police officer's movements in an interview will lead to an increase in movements made by the suspect. This increase in movements may then be interpreted by the police officer as suspicious behavior. In Study 1, interviewees were interviewed by 1 male police officer who either made some movements or no movements at all. The movements made by the suspects were investigated. In Studies 2 and 3, police officers were asked to judge the credibility of interviewees who were interviewed by a lively or a nonlively interviewer. The results supported the process described.
Ambivalence Over Emotional Expression and Psychological Weil‐Being Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients and Their Spouses1
Authors: Tucker Joan S. , Winkelman Darlene K. , Katz Jeffrey N. , Bermas Bonnie L.
Published: August 2006

Associations between ambivalence over emotional expression and psychological well‐being among rheumatoid arthritis patients and their spouses were investigated. Sixty‐nine couples completed questionnaires assessing ambivalence over emotional expression, emotional expressiveness, psychological well‐being, and strategies used in coping with arthritis. Associations between the patient's ambivalence and psychological well‐being were stronger for those married to a highly ambivalent spouse, although this pattern of results was not found for spouses. Lower psychological well‐being among more ambivalent spouses, and to a lesser extent patients, could be partially explained by their greater use of passive and distancing coping strategies. Results emphasize the importance of taking a dyadic approach to the study of psychological functioning among chronically ill patients and their spouses.
An Investigation of the Discourses Children Draw on Their Constructions of Gender
Authors: Francis Becky
Published: August 2006

The mechanisms behind children's constructions of gender are examined in an attempt to identify the various narratives that children draw on. The ways in which these narratives are used in children's talk about gender are analyzed in order to provide a greater understanding of discursive resources available to children. The different types of discourse evident in children's discussion of gender are listed. The discursive contradictions in children's speech and discursive resistance to the construction of gender dichotomy are examined. It is concluded that the children in the sample drew on a wide variety of gender discourses, suggesting that they have a more developed understanding of gender issues than has been recognized previously. Finally, the paper considers the possible methods for deconstruction of dominant gender discourses.
Increasing the Salience of Risky Sexual Behavior: Promoting Interest in HIV‐Antibody Testing Among Heterosexually Active Young Adults1
Authors: Rothman Alexander J. , Kelly Kristina M. , Weinstein Neil D. , O'Leary Ann
Published: August 2006

The present study examines whether making the risk associated with unsafe sexual behavior more salient would increase interest in HIV testing. The HIV‐related beliefs and behaviors reported by a sample of college students were assessed both before and after they had viewed a vulnerability‐oriented film about HIV/AIDS. Viewing the film heightened sexually active participants' belief that they might currently be HIV seropositive. Among participants who were currently sexually active, heightened perceptions of risk and concern about sexual behavior predicted intentions to utilize HIV testing services (controlling for initial risk perceptions and behavior). Those who engaged in behaviors related to HIV testing during the 4‐week period after the film had expressed stronger HIV intentions and more pronounced feelings of anxiety and concern about prior sexual behavior. These results suggest that risk‐enhancing interventions can stimulate interest in HIV testing.
Trait Influences on Stress Appraisal and Coping: An Evaluation of Alternative Frameworks
Authors: Shewchuk Richard M. , Elliott Timothy R. , MacNair‐Semands Rebecca R. , Harkins Stephen
Published: August 2006

According to contemporary trait models, personality variables influence the relation of certain social‐cognitive processes to coping and adjustment. Specifically, neuroticism may effect a greater perception of threat in a given stressor and thus effect a greater propensity for emotion‐focused coping efforts. Similarly, higher levels of conscientiousness may be related to a greater use of problem‐focused coping. We tested these presumed effects of personality traits on the association between stress appraisals and coping among 141 undergraduates. Resulting models indicated that certain personality characteristics are related to appraisal and coping activities, but these relations do not fully explain the association between stress appraisal and coping.
Preferences for Spousal Support Among Individuals With Cancer1
Authors: Manne Sharon , Alfieri Tom , Taylor Kathryn , Dougherty James
Published: August 2006

Although it is known that individuals have preferences for different forms or amounts of social support from others when dealing with life events, such preferences have not been subject to extensive empirical examination. We examined preferences for spousal emotional and instrumental support, as well as preferences for spousal control‐encouraging responses, among 151 individuals with cancer. Dispositional and situation‐specific factors were placed into a hypothetical model predicting support preferences. Results confirmed predictions: Preferences for emotional and instrumental aspects of support were related to dispositional (affiliative need), person (gender), and contextual (disease impairment) variables. As predicted, higher affiliative need predicted higher preference for emotional support. However, functional impairment did not predict preferences for more instrumental support, and this variable only predicted preferences for more emotional support among female patients. Individuals’ preferences for control encouragement from their spouses were associated with attributions of personal responsibility for solving general life problems and indirectly associated with internal locus of control. These results provide an initial conceptual model for understanding cancer patients’ preferences for support.
Intentions to Select a Given Level of Care When Confronted With an Ethical Issue: The Impact of a Living Will
Authors: Lavoie Mireille , Blondeau Danielle , Godin Gaston
Published: August 2006

The aim of this study is to evaluate the level of care nurses intended to select in a potential situation of overly aggressive therapy, whether the patient had or did not have a living will. MANOVA revealed that the presence of a living will had a significant impact on nurses’ decision making when selecting a level of care (p < .0001); this impact was noted for each construct in the theoretical framework (p < .005). Multiple regression analysis indicated the 86% of the variance in nurses’ intention was determined by the cognitive component of their attitude and perceived professional norm (p < .0001). In summary, most of the nurses intended to respect the wishes expressed by the patient in a living will.
“Why My Child?”: Parental Attributions for Children's Special Needs1
Authors: Mickelson Kristin D. , Wroble Minhnoi , Helgeson Vicki S.
Published: August 2006

Although research exists on how attributions for traumatic life events are related to adjustment, little has focused on parents’ attributions for their children's special needs. Parents were interviewed twice over 1 year about their attributions for their children's special needs. We used parents’ open‐ended responses during the initial interview to construct a ratings survey for the second interview. Parents of children with Down's syndrome made attributions to genetic fluke, age, and fate/God's will; parents of autistic children made attributions to heredity and environment; parents of developmentally delayed children made attributions to medical problems and stress during pregnancy. Self‐blame attributions and attributions to the environment were related to worse adjustment, whereas attributions to fate/God's will were related to better adjustment. Implications for family interventions and physicians are discussed.
Predicting Intentions to Use Condoms: A Meta‐Analysis and Comparison of the Theories of Reasoned Action and Planned Behavior1
Authors: Sheeran Paschal , Taylor Steven
Published: August 2006

A meta‐analysis was conducted on 23 psychosocial predictors of intentions to use condoms. Data from 67 independent samples were included in the review. Findings demonstrated that demographic, sexual experience, and personality variables had small average correlations with intentions. Knowledge about HIV/AIDS and perceptions of the threat of disease were also weakly related to decisions about using condoms. Attitudes and subjective norms from the theory of reasoned action, on the other hand, demonstrated medium to strong effect sizes. Two components of social influence not specified by the theory of reasoned action also received support. Evidence suggested that perceived behavioral control from the theory of planned behavior was a reliable predictor of behavioral intentions and explained variance over and above the effects of attitudes and subjective norms.
Fear or Moral Indignation? Predicting Attitudes Toward Parolees1
Authors: Demski Robert M. , McGlynn Richard P.
Published: August 2006

Instrumental beliefs, value‐expressive beliefs, and attitudes related to parolees were investigated in 2 contexts. In Study I, students (N= 180) responded to value‐expressive measures in a mass survey and then, a month later, read 2 scenarios and completed measures of instrumental beliefs, attitudes, and intentions. Instrumental beliefs were better predictors of behavioral attitudes than were value‐expressive beliefs. In Study 2, the format of the measures was altered and all measures were administered concurrently. As in Study I, results showed that instrumental beliefs were consistent and strong predictors of attitudes toward parolees. Attitudes related to parolees appear to be based more on practical concerns (instrumental beliefs) than on moral or symbolic issues (value‐expressive beliefs).
Predictors of Male and Female Servers' Average Tip Earnings1
Authors: LYNN MICHAEL , SIMONS TONY
Published: August 2006

Tips represent a substantial portion of restaurant waiters' and waitresses' incomes. We report a study that examines several potential predictors of the differences in servers' average tip earnings. Our results indicate that servers earn larger average sales‐adjusted tips if they are attractive females, better service providers, and high self‐monitors. However, these effects hold up only for evening tips. None of the variables in this study predicted servers' average lunch tips. The methodological, theoretical, and managerial implications of these findings are discussed.
Perceptions of Women Condom Proposers Among Chinese Americans, Japanese Americans, and European Americans1
Authors: CONLEY TERRI D. , COLLINS BARRY E. , GARCIA DAVID
Published: August 2006

This study was a comparison of the judgments made about a sexually active female condom proposer by men and women of 3 ethnic groups: Chinese Americans, European Americans, and Japanese Americans. Results indicate that Chinese Americans reacted more negatively to the female condom proposer than did European Americans. Japanese Americans could not be distinguished between either of the groups on most measures. However, Japanese Americans did perceive the female condom proposer to be less sexually attractive than did the other 2 groups. These findings underscore the importance of distinguishing among subgroups of Asian Americans, especially when considering issues related to gender and sexuality.
Exposure to Major Stressors May Reduce Dysfunctional Cognition About Them1
Authors: Lakey Brian , McLeister Anan Ruth , Sirl Kimberly , Drew Jana Brittain , Butler Chris
Published: August 2006

Exposure to a given stressor may enhance future resistance to that specific event as well as to stressful events more generally. One mechanism may be that prior exposure decreases dysfunctional beliefs about the specific event or to events in general (i. e., general dysfunctional attitudes). The research described here examined whether exposure to divorce was related to fewer divorce‐specific and general dysfunctional attitudes. Divorced participants reported fewer divorce‐specific dysfunctional attitudes than did happily married participants or married participants considering divorce. Similarly, adult children of divorced parents had fewer divorce‐specific dysfunctional attitudes than did adult children of happily married parents. A different pattern was observed for general dysfunctional attitudes.
City Behavior and Precautionary Measures
Authors: DEVLIN ANN SLOAN
Published: August 2006

In a between‐subjects design, a Precautionary Measures Scale was developed to assess the extent to which 121 participants would endorse 19 precautionary behaviors if visiting a small town, a small city, or a metropolis. Results indicated high internal consistency for the scale, and a significant main effect for location. The effect for gender approached significance. Participants in the metropolis condition had significantly higher scores than did those in the small‐town condition, and women tended to have significantly higher precautionary scale scores than did men. Further, participants classified as feminine on the Bem (1981) Sex‐Role Inventory tended to have significantly higher scores across locations that did those classified as masculine.
The Theory of Planned Behavior: Some Measurement Issues Concerning Belief‐Based Variables
Authors: Gagné Camille , Godin Gaston
Published: August 2006

The theory of planned behavior presents clear operational definitions of attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control, and each of their corresponding belief‐based measures. Theoretically, the direct and indirect measures of a given construct must be closely correlated. Empirical results, however, indicate that this is not always the case. In the present study, 2 of the factors that could be responsible for this situation‐namely, the scaling of the variables defining each belief‐based construct and the adequacy of using an expectancy‐value model within the belief‐based measures‐were verified among a data set of 16 studies concerned with the application of the theory of planned behavior to the field of health. The results indicate that the scaling method used affected the correlation coefficients between indirect and direct measures. However, the face validity of these scaling methods must be demonstrated. The results also support the idea that, in most cases, using the expectancy‐value model is no better than using only one arm of the belief‐based measure.
The Moderating Effects of Cognitive Appraisal Processes on Self‐Attribution of Responsibility
Authors: Lalwani Neal , DUVAL T. SHELLEY
Published: August 2006

Research indicates that self‐attribution of responsibility for various types of problems is affected by a number of variables, including number of bystanders, persuasive communications, and focus of attention. The present study was designed to test the hypothesis that attributions of responsibility are also influenced by cognitive appraisal of sufficiency of resources relative to the magnitude of the problem in question. When circumstances indicate that self is the most plausible locus of responsibility, attribution to self will occur only if the person also assesses his or her resources as being sufficient to fulfill the obligations implied upon locating responsibility for problem solution in self. The converse is also held to be true. Results confirmed this hypothesis. Implications of this theoretical approach for various theories that include attribution of responsibility to self as a critical factor are discussed.
Source Characteristics in Denying Rumors of Organizational Closure: Honesty Is the Best Policy
Authors: Bordia Prashant , Difonzo Nicholas , Schulz Cassandra A.
Published: August 2006

Effect of source honesty and appropriateness on effectiveness of rumor denial was tested. When the source was perceived as high on honesty, the denial was more successful in reducing belief and anxiety associated with the rumor. Source appropriateness (operationalized as a combination of source knowledgeability and status) did not have a main effect on belief or anxiety reduction. Honesty and appropriateness had an additive effect, such that the denial was most successful in reducing belief when the source was perceived as high on both honesty and appropriateness.
An Asian Perspective on the Portrayal of Men and Women in Television Advertisements: Studies From Hong Kong and Indonesian Television
Authors: Furnham Adrian , Mak Twiggy , Tanidjojo Liza
Published: August 2006

This paper reports on 2 studies with almost identical methodologies. Both were content analysis studies of the way that men and women are portrayed on television (TV) in South East Asia. One study was conducted in Hong Kong, where 175 TV advertisements were content analyzed. The other was conducted in Indonesia, where 119 TV advertisements were content analyzed. In Hong Kong, 9 of the 10 content categories yielded a significant gender‐role effect, particularly mode of presentation, credibility, and role. In Indonesia, 9 of the 11 gender‐role effects were significant, particularly reward type and product type. The fact that Asian TV commercials seem to have greater gender‐role stereotypes than do Western commercials is discussed. Difficulties associated with cross‐cultural comparisons of this type of data are discussed.
Blurring Emotional Safety With Physical Safety in AIDS and STD Risk Estimations: The Casual/Regular Partner Distinction1
Authors: Comer Lisa K. , Nemeroff Carol J.
Published: August 2006

Research on the sexual behavior of young adults has documented a casual/regular partner distinction in terms of condom use and perceived risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). How this population distinguishes between the 2 partner types has not been known, making it impossible to assess the rationality of this strategy. In the present study, college students' conceptions of casual vs. regular partners were explored and used to create 3 sexual partner scenarios: casual, regular with insufficient risk information (regular emotionally safe), and regular with sufficient risk information (regular objectively safe). Participants rated the target partner in terms of emotional safety, AIDS/STD risk, and likelihood of condom use. Results showed participants to be blurring emotional with physical safety; i. e., employing an emotionally based strategy in rating perceived risk.
Evidence for the Common Law as a Hypothesis‐Generating Tool for Conflict Resolution: What Is Fair?
Authors: Shotland R. Lance , Hyers Lauri
Published: August 2006

Commentators have suggested that the conflict‐resolution literature has progressed slowly. Another paradigm that may be used to generate experimentally testable hypotheses comes from the common law. Four scenario‐based experiments are reported that were used to test hypotheses from a common law called adverse possession. One of three disputes involving a lost child, an automobile, and a patent were described in scenarios that subjects read and then rated using identical scales across scenarios. The scales measured the degree of ownership, neglect of the original owner, investment of the adverse possessor, and welfare of the disputed object. Whether the seizure of the disputed object was open and notorious and was continuous were statistically significant, while the results of the amount of time the possession was held by the adverse possessor was not. The common law has been shaped by judicial decisions that mirror social evolution and may reflect variables that people and nations can use to resolve conflicts.
Outcome Severity and Judgments of “Responsibility”: A Meta‐Analytic Review1
Authors: Robbennolt Jennifer K.
Published: August 2006

Research has provided mixed support for the hypothesis that when an incident results in a more severe outcome, more responsibility will be attributed to a potentially responsible actor. This paper uses the techniques of meta‐analysis to examine this literature. The results support the contention that people attribute greater responsibility for the outcome of a negative incident when that outcome is more severe than when the outcome is minor. The direction of this relationship is consistent across methodologies. However, the strength of the correlation varies depending on which type of judgment participants are asked to make. Because many of these variables are tied to legal concepts, the results are discussed in the context of the expectations of the legal system regarding the impact of outcome severity on each variable.
The Impact of Anonymity on Responses to Sensitive Questions1
Authors: Ong Anthony D. , Weiss David J.
Published: August 2006

To estimate frequencies of behaviors not carried out in public view, researchers generally must rely on self‐report data. We explored 2 factors expected to influence the decision to reveal: (a) privacy (anonymity vs. confidentiality) and (b) normalization (providing information so that a behavior is reputedly commonplace or rare). We administered a questionnaire to I55 undergraduates. For 79 respondents, we had corroborative information regarding a negative behavior: cheating. The privacy variable had an enormous impact; of those who had cheated, 25% acknowledged having done so under confidentiality, but 74% admitted the behavior under anonymity. Normalization had no effect. There were also dramatic differences between anonymity and confidentiality on some of our other questions, for which we did not have validation.
Extrinsic Life Goals and Health‐Risk Behaviors in Adolescents1
Authors: Williams Geoffrey C. , Hedberg Viking A. , Cox Elizabeth M. , Deci Edward L.
Published: August 2006

Guided by self‐determination theory (Deci & Ryan, 1985), two studies examined adolescents' risk behaviors as a function of their extrinsic aspirations for wealth, fame, and image relative to their intrinsic aspirations for growth, relationships, and community; and as a function of their perceptions of their parents' autonomy support. In the first study, adolescents who reported using cigarettes had significantly stronger relative extrinsic aspirations than did adolescents who reported not smoking. In the second study, a composite risk behavior index for adolescents' use of tobacco, alcohol, and marijuana, and their having had sexual intercourse was significantly predicted by their relative extrinsic life goals, and both students' health‐compromising behaviors and their relative extrinsic goals were significantly negatively predicted by their perceptions of their parents' autonomy support.
Collective Guilt and Shame as Motivation for White Support of Black Programs1
Authors: Harvey Richard D. , Oswald Debra L.
Published: August 2006

Two studies examined whether exposing Whites to collective guilt‐ and shame‐inducing stimuli would lead to heightened support for Black programs. White participants watched either a civil‐rights videotape or one of two control videos and then completed either a self‐affirmation task or a filler task. Support for Black programs was measured in a bogus second study. Those who watched the civil‐rights video and completed the filler task suppressed their support for Black programs, whereas those who watched the civil‐rights video and then self‐affirmed displayed the highest levels of Black program support. Findings suggest that Whites might react antisocially to guilt‐ and shame‐inducing situations, and react prosocially only after reaffirming their personal integrity.
Work Alienation as an Individual‐Difference Construct for Predicting Workplace Adjustment: A Test in Two Samples1
Authors: Hirschfeld Robert R. , Feild Hubert S. , Bedeian Arthur G.
Published: August 2006

This study represents the first attempt to examine the validity of work alienation as a general attitude toward the work domain. As hypothesized, hierarchical regression analyses of data from 2 employee samples (n= 99 andn= 250) indicated that work alienation explained incremental variance in selected workplace adjustment variables (i. e., job involvement, affective organizational commitment, affective occupational commitment, overall job satisfaction, and volitional absence) beyond the variance accounted for by work conscientiousness (i. e., dependability and achievement orientation) and by variables used to control for sources of self‐report variance (i. e., self‐deception and negative affectivity). These results support the legitimacy of work alienation as an individual‐difference construct associated with work‐related adjustment.
Intentions to Use the Female Condom Among African American Adults1
Authors: Bogart Laura M. , Cecil Heather , Pinkerton Steven D.
Published: August 2006

The present study tested whether the theory of reasoned action (TRA) and self‐efficacy for female condom use predicted intentions to use the female condom among African American adults. Participants were 137 men and women, 18 to 35 years of age, who were recruited from a community‐based organization. Results indicate that: (a) the TRA model has predictive utility for women's but not for men's intentions to use the female condom with both main and casual sex partners, and (b) the TRA model was a better predictor of intentions to use the female condom with main than with casual partners. Implications for female condom‐use promotion are discussed.
Negative Stereotyping of Obesity in Children: The Role of Controllability Beliefs
Authors: Tiggemann Marika , Anesbury Tracy
Published: August 2006

This study investigated the extent of negative stereotyping of obesity (compared to negative stereotyping of height) in children and its relationship with the perception of obesity as controllable. Questionnaires measuring negative stereotyping and controllability beliefs about weight (and height) were completed by 96 children from Grades 4 to 6. Consistent negative stereotyping of obesity was found for both child and adult targets, regardless of the child's own gender, age, or weight, Likewise, children uniformly believed obesity to be largely under volitional control. The degree of controllability assigned to obesity was positively correlated with the extent of negative stereotyping. It was concluded that control beliefs may provide a vehicle for changing the strong negative attitudes displayed toward fat people.
Social Comparisons Among Women With Breast Cancer: A Longitudinal Investigation1
Authors: Bogart Laura M. , Helgeson Vicki S.
Published: August 2006

We examined social comparisons made by women with breast cancer who participated in peer‐support interventions. This setting. in which participants were exposed to similar others, allowed for a longitudinal investigation of the frequency, antecedents. and consequences of social comparison. Consistent with the literature, the majority of comparisons were made to worse‐off others (downward), and the majority of comparisons were associated with positive affect (positive comparisons). Low self‐esteem. low internal locus of control, and high illness uncertainty were associated with making more negative comparisons. In addition, negative comparisons were associated with a decrease in perceived control and an increase in uncertainty over time. whereas positive doanbard comparisons were associated with an increase in self‐esteem. Implications for support groups are discussed.
The Credibility of Newspapers and Fear of Crime
Authors: Koomen Willem , Visser Maaike , Stapel Diederik A.
Published: August 2006

It was hypothesized that the effect of a fear‐arousing newspaper article about crime on fear of crime and concern about crime as a societal problem is dependent on source (newspaper) credibility. In an experimental study, participants were presented with an article on street robberies, ostensibly published in a more credible newspaper or in a less credible newspaper, whereas a control group did not read any article. As predicted, it was found that the article's effect on fear of robbery, fear of crime in general, and concern about robbery as a societal problem was fully dependent on source credibility. Further, women reported more fear of robbery and fear of crime in general than did men.
Assessing People's General Ecological Behavior: A Cross‐Cultural Measure1
Authors: Kaiser Florian G. , Wilson Mark
Published: August 2006

The present study aims to further develop the General Ecological Behavior (GEB) scale in order to apply it cross‐culturally. The scale is proposed to be relatively open, neither bound to a particular set of ecological behaviors nor to a particular questionnaire response format. Questionnaire data from 686 California students were compared with the original Swiss calibration data. Reliability, internal consistency, and discriminant validity revcal that the GEB could be applied to the California students as well as to the Swiss sample, which consisted of older adults. Because the GEB measure makes use of behavior difficulties–caused by situational influences‐the proposed approach also guides the search for political actions that could promote changes in more ecologically behaving societies.
The Impact of Explanations and Demographic Group Membership: Reactions to Diversity Initiatives
Authors: Richard Orlando C. , Fubara Edward I. , Castillo Melissa N.
Published: August 2006

In a laboratory experiment, we investigated the impact of procedural explanations and demographic group membership on dependent measures of diversity program support. Our analysis took one important perspective: the examination of work‐force‐diversity programs from the perspective of multiple beneficiary (i. e., targeted) demographic groups. The experiment's design used 99 student volunteers in a 3 × 3 (Explanation × Demographic Group) factorial design. Our findings reveal that both adequate explanation and demographic group membership have a significant impact on how potential work‐forcediversity program beneficiaries expect their coworkers to perceive them. In addition, group membership was a significant predictor of potential beneficiaries' attitudes toward the diversity program and their self‐perceptions of competence. Finally, we discuss implications for future research and diversity practice.
Attitudes Toward Affirmative Action: Correlations With Demographic Variables and With Beliefs About Targets, Actions, and Economic Effects1
Authors: Kravitz David A. , Klineberg Stephen L. , Avery Derek R. , Nguyen Ann Kim , Lund Christopher , Fu Emery J.
Published: August 2006

Two studies assessed beliefs and attitudes toward affirmative action in the workplace. Opposition to affirmative action was most strongly associated with respondent race (White) and political conservatism, the belief that it involves strong actions (preferential hiring and setting aside jobs), and the expectation that it will hurt company performance. Attitudes were also positively associated with perceived frequency of employment discrimination experienced by the target group and negatively associated with their resulting employment opportunities. Regression results revealed that economic consequences for the company overwhelmed beliefs about target group employment opportunities in predicting affirmative action attitudes. Respondents associated aftirmative action most strongly with Black and Hispanic targets, and White respondents whose affirmative action schemas featured these 2 targets had the most negative attitudes.
Crowding, Performance, and Affect: A Field Experiment Investigating Mediational Processes1
Authors: Bruins Jan , Barber Andrew
Published: August 2006

Several mediating variables have been suggested for the effects of crowding on mental task performance. Among these are behavioral constraints imposed by crowds, mental overload, and loss of control. The present field experiment investigated the influence of crowding and providing information about the physiological effects of crowding on task performance and on affect, and the extent to which each of these effects is mediated by the 3 potential mediators. The results indicate that the effects of crowding on physical task performance were mediated by mental overload, and the effects on mental task performance and affect were mediated mainly by behavioral constraints. Directions for future research are suggested.
Determinants of Perceived Pay Inequities: The Effects of Comparison Other Characteristics and Pay‐System Communication1
Authors: Werner Steve , Ones Deniz S.
Published: August 2006

Using an equity theory framework, we hypothesized that performance, seniority, and gender differences in comparison others lead to perceived pay inequities, but that this relationship is moderated by an explanation of the pay system. A policy‐capturing methodology was used. We found that performance and seniority differences are related to perceived pay inequities, but these perceived inequities were less pronounced when the pay system was explained to employees. Interestingly, we did not find any evidence of gender effects in perceived pay inequities. These results are discussed in terms of new developments in integrating procedural‐justice and distributive‐justice domains.
Extrarelationship Involvement Among Heterosexual Males: An Explanation Based on the Theory of Planned Behavior, Relationship Quality, and Past Behavior
Authors: Drake Christopher R. , Mcabe Marita P.
Published: August 2006

The present study investigated the reasons why males in relationships engage in extrarelationship involvements (ERls). The theory of planned behavior was used as the basis for a decision‐making model for ERI. The contribution of relationship factors and past behavior to explain ERI was also investigated. A division of perceived behavioral control into individual components of self‐efficacy, control, and planning was also tested. Different sets of factors were associated with intention and behavior. ERI intentions were predicted by attitudes toward ERI, planning, game‐playing love, and positive experience of past ERI. Present ERI behavior was predicted by ERI behavior in the past 6 months. Results generally supported the theory of planned behavior, especially for the prediction of intention.
The Relation of Cognitive Ability and Personality Traits to Assessment Center Performance
Authors: Spector Paul E. , Schneider Jeffrey R. , Vance Carol A. , Hezlett Sarah A.
Published: August 2006

The aim of the current study was to examine cognitive ability and personality correlates of assessment center exercise ratings. The sample included 429 individuals who participated in a 2‐day management development assessment center during a 5‐year period. The assessment center yielded scores on 8 exercises. Assessees also completed a measure of cognitive ability (Watson‐Glaser Critical Thinking Appraisal) and the California Psychological Inventory (CPI). The CPI scales were incorporated into 4 of the Big Five personality factors for easier interpretation. Our hypotheses were partially supported since ratings of exercises that were largely interpersonal in nature tended to correlate with interpersonal personality constructs (emotional stability, extraversion, and openness to experience), and ratings of cognitive problem‐solving exercises correlated with cognitive ability and conscientiousness.
Latino College Student Adjustment: Does an Increased Presence Offset Minority‐Status and Acculturative Stresses?1
Authors: Rodriguez Norma , Myers Hector F. , Morris Julie K. , Cardoza Desdemona
Published: August 2006

This study examined whether minority‐status stresses and acculturative stresses increase the risk of psychological maladjustment of Latino students at a university where Latinos constitute the largest ethnic group. Participants were 338 Latino (228 Mexican American, 110 Central American) college students who responded to a mailed survey. The results of 2 separate hierarchical regression analyses of psychological distress and well‐being, controlling for demographic (gender, socioeconomic status, and ethnicity). sociocultural (level of acculturation), college role (generic college stresses), and personal (academic self‐confidence) influences provided partial support for our hypothesis and demonstrated the incremental predictive validity of acculturative stresses, but not of minority‐status stresses. Results are discussed in terms of the variety of stresses that Latino college students are likely to experience.
The Racial Digital Divide: Motivational, Affective, and Cognitive Correlates of Internet Use1
Authors: Jackson Linda A. , Ervin Kelly S. , Gardner Philip D. , Schmitt Neal
Published: August 2006

The indisputable existence of a racial digital divide calls into question the democratizing potential of the Internet. Beyond issues of access to the technology are psychological factors that may influence Internet use. A survey of 787 college undergraduates—630 European Americans and 157 African Americans—who have similar access to the Internet was used to examine motivational, affective, and cognitive factors that may influence Internet use and contribute to the racial digital divide. Racial differences in Internet use were obtained, but were limited to e‐mail use. A model of Internet use is offered that considers motivational, affective, and cognitive antecedents and consequences of use.