bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Les représentations sociales des participants autochtones en matière d’intervention psychosociale
Authors: Carufel Karine , Thomas Daniel
Published: October 2015

Les savoirs que développent les participants autochtones qui reçoivent des services psychosociaux sont très peu étudiés. À partir de la théorie du noyau central des représentations sociales, nous avons dégagé les savoirs de sens commun de dix participants autochtones en matière d’intervention psychosociale, ciblé leurs priorités et analysé les liens entre, d’une part, leurs caractéristiques et leurs expériences et, d’autre part, les savoirs qu’ils développent. Ces résultats permettent d’envisager des améliorations aux interventions qui leur sont destinées.
Explorer l’identité professionnelle chez les travailleurs sociaux en devenir
Authors: Pullen Sansfaçon Annie , Marchand Isabelle , Crête Josianne
Published: October 2015

Les rapides changements structurels dans l’organisation des services complexifient le développement d’une identité professionnelle (IP) forte chez les travailleurs sociaux, pourtant essentielle à une pratique éthique. L’objectif de cette étude qualitative est d’explorer l’IP d’étudiants finissant au baccalauréat en travail social. Les résultats montrent comment l’IP est définie par les participants, ainsi que les quatre lieux qui contribuent spécifiquement à son développement. Discutant cette conceptualisation, des pistes de réflexion favorisant le développement d’une IP plus forte chez les étudiants en travail social sont identifiées.
« Vers la réussite »
Authors: Vandette Marie-Pier , Gosselin Julie , Valiquette-Tessier Sophie-Claire
Published: October 2015

La présente étude vise à témoigner de l’expérience de mères monoparentales québécoises vivant dans un contexte défavorisé en employant la méthode participative Photovoice. Six mères monoparentales ont participé à ce projet de recherche. L’approche phénoménologique sert de cadre théorique et oriente l’analyse des données, effectuée à l’aide de NVivo10. Les résultats permettent d’identifier trois thèmes principaux reflétant le vécu des participantes. Les résultats de cette étude formeront la base d’un outil de psychoéducation et de sensibilisation centré sur les enjeux des foyers monoparentaux matricentriques et destiné aux jeunes et leurs familles.
L’écosystémie sous l’angle des discours
Authors: Boulanger Dany
Published: October 2015

Nous situant au coeur du débat sur le statut de l’écosystémie dans les métiers relationnels, nous présentons ce construit sous l’angle des discours. Nous nous attardons aux discours des auteurs eux-mêmes comme mode d’approche d’un tel construit. Plus spécifiquement, nous procédons à une analyse critique du discours véhiculé par Bronfenbrenner autour de l’approche écosystémique qu’il a élaborée progressivement entre les années 1950 et 1980. Nous appuyant sur Gergen et Gergen (1986) ainsi que sur Törrönen (2000, 2001a, 2001b), nous en ciblons quatre caractéristiques dans une perspective diachronique : les buts, la classification, la narrativité et le positionnement des acteurs.
Safety and Tolerability of Delayed-Release Dimethyl Fumarate Administered with Interferon Beta or Glatiramer Acetate in Relapsing-Remitting Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Calkwood Jonathan , Vollmer Timothy , Fox Robert J. , Zhang Ray , Novas Mark , Sheikh Sarah I. , Viglietta Vissia
Published: October 2015

Background: Delayed-release dimethyl fumarate (DMF; also known as gastroresistant DMF) is indicated for relapsing multiple sclerosis (MS). The objective of this study was to explore the safety and tolerability of DMF when administered with interferon beta (IFNβ) or glatiramer acetate (GA).

Methods: Patients with relapsing-remitting MS receiving established therapy with the same dose of IFNβ or GA for at least 12 months continued their prescribed therapy for 2 months (monotherapy period) and then received DMF 240 mg three times daily in addition to their prescribed MS therapy for 6 months (add-on therapy period). Safety and magnetic resonance imaging outcomes were monitored monthly.

Results: During the add-on therapy period, in the DMF+IFNβ (n = 57) and DMF+GA (n = 47) groups, the overall incidence of adverse events was 95% and 100%, respectively; the most common adverse events were flushing, diarrhea, and abdominal pain. In both groups, mean lymphocyte counts decreased but remained within normal limits, and hepatic transaminase levels increased transiently; no case met Hy's law criteria. There was no overall increased risk of infection. In both groups, gadolinium-enhancing lesion activity and new/enlarging T2 lesions decreased compared with the monotherapy period (exploratory endpoints).

Conclusions: The safety profile of DMF taken with IFNβ or GA was acceptable and consistent with the known safety profile of DMF monotherapy.
Investigation of crystallinity and planar defects in the Si nanowires grown by vapor–liquid–solid mode using indium catalyst for solar cell applications
Authors: Khan Muhammad Ajmal , Ishikawa Yasuaki , Kita Ippei , Tani Ayumi , Yano Hiroshi , Fuyuki Takashi , Konagai Makoto
Published: October 2015

Stacking-fault-free and planar defect (twinning plane)-free In-catalyzed Si nanowires (NWs) are essential for carrier transport and nanoscale device applications. In this article, In-catalyzed, vertically aligned, and cone-shaped Si NWs on Si(111) were grown successfully, in the vapor–liquid–solid (VLS) mode. In particular, the influences of substrate temperature (T
S) and cooling rate (ΔT
S/Δt) on the formation of planar defects, twinning planes along the [112] direction, and stacking faults in Si NWs were investigated. When T
S was decreased from 600 °C to room temperature at a rate of 100 °C/240 s after Si NW growth, twinning plane defects perpendicular to the substrate and along different segments of (111)-oriented Si NWs were observed. Finally, one simple model was proposed to explain the stacking fault formation as well as Si NW length limitation due to the In-nanoparticle (In-NP) migration, and root causes of the twinning plane defects in the Si-NWs.
The Gas Transfer through Polar Sea ice experiment: Insights into the rates and pathways that determine geochemical fluxes
Authors: Lovely A. , Loose B. , Schlosser P. , McGillis W. , Zappa C. , Perovich D. , Brown S. , Morell T. , Hsueh D. , Friedrich R.
Published: October 2015

Sea ice is a defining feature of the polar marine environment. It is a critical domain for marine biota and it regulates ocean‐atmosphere exchange, including the exchange of greenhouse gases such as CO2 and CH4. In this study, we determined the rates and pathways that govern gas transport through a mixed sea ice cover. N2O, SF6, 3He, 4He, and Ne were used as gas tracers of the exchange processes that take place at the ice‐water and air‐water interfaces in a laboratory sea ice experiment. Observation of the changes in gas concentrations during freezing revealed that He is indeed more soluble in ice than in water; Ne is less soluble in ice, and the larger gases (N2O and SF6) are mostly excluded during the freezing process. Model estimates of gas diffusion through ice were calibrated using measurements of bulk gas content in ice cores, yielding gas transfer velocity through ice (kice) of ∼5 × 10−4 m d−1. In comparison, the effective air‐sea gas transfer velocities (keff) ranged up to 0.33 m d−1 providing further evidence that very little mixed‐layer ventilation takes place via gas diffusion through columnar sea ice. However, this ventilation is distinct from air‐ice gas fluxes driven by sea ice biogeochemistry. The magnitude of keff showed a clear increasing trend with wind speed and current velocity beneath the ice, as well as the combination of the two. This result indicates that gas transfer cannot be uniquely predicted by wind speed alone in the presence of sea ice.
Frictional properties of gabbro at conditions corresponding to slow slip events in subduction zones
Authors: Mitchell E. K. , Fialko Y. , Brown K. M.
Published: October 2015

We conducted a series of experiments to explore the rate and state frictional properties of gabbro at conditions thought to be representative of slow slip events (SSEs) in subduction zones. The experiments were conducted using a heated direct shear apparatus. We tested both solid and simulated gouge samples at low effective normal stress (5–30 MPa) over a broad range of temperatures (20–600°C) under dry and hydrated conditions. In tests performed on dry solid samples, we observed stable sliding at low temperatures (20–150°C), stick slip at high temperatures (350–600°C), and a transitional “episodic slow slip” behavior at intermediate temperatures (200–300°C). In tests performed on dry gouge samples, we observed stable sliding at all temperatures. Under hydrated conditions, the gouge samples exhibited episodic slow slip and stick‐slip behavior at temperatures between 300 and 500°C. Our results show a decrease in the rate parameter (a − b) with temperature for both solid and gouge samples; friction transitions from velocity strengthening to velocity weakening at temperature of about 150°C for both solid and gouge samples. We do not observe transition to velocity‐strengthening friction at the high end of the tested temperature range. Our results suggest that the occurrence of slow slip events and the downdip limit of the seismogenic zone on subduction megathrusts cannot be solely explained by the temperature dependence of frictional properties of gabbro. Further experimental studies are needed to evaluate the effects of water fugacity and compositional heterogeneity (e.g., the presence of phyllosilicates) on frictional stability of subduction megathrusts.
Glacial Atlantic overturning increased by wind stress in climate models
Authors: Muglia Juan , Schmittner Andreas
Published: October 2015

Previous Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP) simulations of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) showed dissimilar results on transports and structure. Here we analyze the most recent PMIP3 models, which show a consistent increase (on average by 41 ± 26%) and deepening (663 ± 550 m) of the AMOC with respect to preindustrial simulations, in contrast to some reconstructions from proxy data. Simulations run with the University of Victoria (UVic) ocean circulation model suggest that this is caused by changes in the Northern Hemisphere wind stress, brought about by the presence of ice sheets over North America in the LGM. When forced with LGM wind stress anomalies from PMIP3 models, the UVic model responds with an increase of the northward salt transport in the North Atlantic, which strengthens North Atlantic Deep Water formation and the AMOC. These results improve our understanding of the LGM AMOC's driving forces and suggest that some ocean mechanisms may not be correctly represented in PMIP3 models or some proxy data may need reinterpretation.
Field evidence of beach profile evolution toward equilibrium
Authors: Ludka B. C. , Guza R. T. , O'Reilly W. C. , Yates M. L.
Published: October 2015

An equilibrium framework is used to describe the evolution of the cross‐shore profile of five beaches (medium grain size sand) in southern California. Elevations were observed quarterly on cross‐shore transects extending from the back beach to 8 m depth, for 3–10 years. Transects spaced 100 m in the alongshore direction are alongshore averaged into nineteen 700–900 m long sections. Consistent with previous observations, changes about the time average profile in many sections are captured by the first mode empirical orthogonal function (EOF). The first EOF poorly describes sections with hard substrate (less than roughly 80% sandy bottom) and also fails near the head of a submarine canyon and adjacent to an inlet. At the 12 well‐described sections, the time‐varying amplitude of the first EOF, the beach state A, describes the well‐known seasonal sand exchange between the shoreline and offshore (roughly between 4 and 7 m depth). We show that the beach state change rate dA/dt depends on the disequilibrium between the present state A and wave conditions, consistent with the equilibrium concepts of Wright and Short (1984) and Wright et al. (1985). Empirically determined, optimal model coefficients using the framework of Yates et al. (2009a, 2011) vary between sections, but a single set of globally optimized values performs almost as well. The model implements equilibrium concepts using ad hoc assumptions and empirical parameter values. The similarity with observed profile change at five southern California beaches supports the underlying model equilibrium hypotheses, but for unknown reasons the model fails at Duck, NC.
Factors governing the deep ventilation of the Red Sea
Authors: Papadopoulos Vassilis P. , Zhan Peng , Sofianos Sarantis S. , Raitsos Dionysios E. , Qurban Mohammed , Abualnaja Yasser , Bower Amy , Kontoyiannis Harilaos , Pavlidou Alexandra , Asharaf T. T. Mohamed , Zarokanellos Nikolaos , Hoteit Ibrahim
Published: October 2015

A variety of data based on hydrographic measurements, satellite observations, reanalysis databases, and meteorological observations are used to explore the interannual variability and factors governing the deep water formation in the northern Red Sea. Historical and recent hydrographic data consistently indicate that the ventilation of the near‐bottom layer in the Red Sea is a robust feature of the thermohaline circulation. Dense water capable to reach the bottom layers of the Red Sea can be regularly produced mostly inside the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez. Occasionally, during colder than usual winters, deep water formation may also take place over coastal areas in the northernmost end of the open Red Sea just outside the Gulfs of Aqaba and Suez. However, the origin as well as the amount of deep waters exhibit considerable interannual variability depending not only on atmospheric forcing but also on the water circulation over the northern Red Sea. Analysis of several recent winters shows that the strength of the cyclonic gyre prevailing in the northernmost part of the basin can effectively influence the sea surface temperature (SST) and intensify or moderate the winter surface cooling. Upwelling associated with periods of persistent gyre circulation lowers the SST over the northernmost part of the Red Sea and can produce colder than normal winter SST even without extreme heat loss by the sea surface. In addition, the occasional persistence of the cyclonic gyre feeds the surface layers of the northern Red Sea with nutrients, considerably increasing the phytoplankton biomass.
Evidence of upwelling events at the northern Patagonian shelf break
Authors: Valla Daniel , Piola Alberto R.
Published: October 2015

The Patagonian shelf break marks a transition between relative warm‐fresh shelf waters and relative cold‐salty Subantarctic Water advected northward by the Malvinas Current. From early spring to late autumn, the outer shelf region is characterized by a band of high chlorophyll concentration that sustains higher trophic levels, including significant fisheries. We analyze time series of current and water mass property observations collected at two moorings deployed at the shelf edge at 41°S and 43.8°S to investigate what mechanisms lead to temperature variability at the shelf break, and their role on the nutrient supply to the upper layer. The in situ data are combined with satellite‐derived observations of sea surface temperature and chlorophyll a to analyze a sharp cooling event at the outer shelf that lasted 10 days and extended ∼500 km along the outer shelf. The event is consistent with upwelling of cold waters through the base of the mixed layer. The vertical velocity required to explain the observed cooling is 13–29 m d−1. Satellite‐derived sea surface temperature reveals additional cooling events of similar characteristics. Seventy‐five percent of these events are concurrent with surface chlorophyll increase over a 5 day period suggesting that cooling events observed at the shelf break are associated with nutrient fluxes that promote the growth of phytoplankton.
Intraseasonal variability of upwelling in the equatorial Eastern Indian Ocean
Authors: Chen Gengxin , Han Weiqing , Li Yuanlong , Wang Dongxiao , Shinoda Toshiaki
Published: October 2015

By analyzing satellite observations and conducting a series of ocean general circulation model experiments, this study examines the physical processes that determine intraseasonal variability (ISV) of the equatorial eastern Indian Ocean (EIO) upwelling for the 2001–2011 period. The ISV of EIO upwelling—as indicated by sea level, thermocline depth, and sea surface temperature (SST)—is predominantly forced by atmospheric intraseasonal oscillations (ISOs), and shows larger amplitudes during winter‐spring season (November–April) when atmospheric ISOs are stronger than summer‐fall (May–October). The chlorophyll (Chl‐a) concentration, another indicator of upwelling, however reveals its largest intraseasonal variability during May–October, when the mean thermocline is shallow and seasonal upwelling occurs. For both winter‐spring and summer‐fall seasons, the ISV of EIO sea level and thermocline depth is dominated by remote forcing from the equatorial Indian Ocean wind stress, which drives Kelvin waves that propagate along the equator and subsequently along the Sumatra‐Java coasts. Local wind forcing within the EIO plays a secondary role. The ISV of SST, however, is dominated by upwelling induced by remote equatorial wind only during summer‐fall, with less contribution from surface heat fluxes for this season. During winter‐spring, the ISV of SST results primarily from shortwave radiation and turbulent heat flux induced by wind speed associated with the ISOs, and local forcing dominates the SST variability. In this season, the mean thermocline is deep in the warm pool and thus thermocline variability decouples from the ISV of SST. Only in summer‐fall when the mean thermocline is shallow, upwelling has important impact on SST.
An evaluation of CMAQ NO2 using observed chemistry‐meteorology correlations
Authors: Harkey Monica , Holloway Tracey , Oberman Jacob , Scotty Erica
Published: October 2015

We evaluate nitrogen dioxide (NO2) simulations from a widely used air quality model, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ) model, using ground‐ and satellite‐based observations. In addition to direct comparison of modeled and measured variables, we compare the response of NO2 to meteorological conditions and the ability of the model to capture these sensitivities over the continental U.S. during winter and summer periods of 2007. This is the first study to evaluate relationships between NO2 and meteorological variables using satellite data, the first to apply these relationships for model validation, and the first to characterize variability in sensitivities over a wide geographic and temporal scope. We find boundary layer height, wind speed, temperature, and relative humidity to be the most important variables in determining near‐surface NO2 variability. Consistent with earlier studies on NO2‐meteorology relationships, we find that, in general, NO2 responds negatively to planetary boundary height, negatively to wind speed, and negatively to insolation. Unlike previous studies, we find a slight positive association between precipitation and NO2, and we find a consistently positive average association between temperature and NO2. CMAQ agreed with relationships observed in ground‐based data from the EPA Air Quality System and the Ozone Monitoring Instrument over most regions. However, we find that the southwest U.S. is a problem area for CMAQ, where modeled NO2 responses to insolation, boundary layer height, and other variables are at odds with the observations.
Limits on the brittle strength of planetary lithospheres undergoing global contraction
Authors: Klimczak Christian
Published: October 2015

The degree and depth of fracturing of the lithospheres of Mars, Mercury, and the Moon remain poorly known. It is these two properties, however, that govern the mechanical behavior of a planetary lithosphere. Considering the lithosphere as a cohesive rock mass that consists of small and large blocky, interlocked rock fragments, as opposed to an intact body or a body entirely lacking cohesion, provides insight into the effect of lithospheric fracturing on tectonic processes on these bodies. Characterization of the near‐surface lithospheric brittle strength that incorporates the degree of fracturing is necessary for a realistic assessment of the lithospheric response to global contraction resulting from interior secular cooling. Such an assessment shows that all of these bodies could have accommodated substantial amounts of global contraction prior to the formation of thrust fault‐related landforms. In fact, their lithospheres were sufficiently strong so as to experience changes in radius of as much as 2.2 ± 0.4 km (Mars), 2.1 ± 0.4 km (Mercury), and 1.4 ± 0.3 km (the Moon) prior to the onset of widespread thrust faulting. These values imply that the process of global contraction begins before any evidence of it is established in the geologic record, requiring an earlier onset, and for Mars and Mercury a faster initial strain rate, of global contraction than previously thought. Such results add a heretofore unrecognized component of planetary radial decrease with implications for timing and strain rate to studies of global contraction on Mars, Mercury, and the Moon, in particular, and to planetary bodies, in general.
Uniformly rotating global radiative‐convective equilibrium in the Community Atmosphere Model, version 5
Authors: Reed Kevin A. , Chavas Daniel R.
Published: October 2015

A standard atmospheric general circulation model is run in a uniformly rotating global radiative‐convective equilibrium configuration to explore the equilibrium state, including the statistics of its constituent tropical cyclones, and its sensitivity to horizontal resolution. The Community Atmosphere Model 5 (CAM5) is run at the conventional resolution of approximately 100 km grid spacing and a high resolution of 25 km grid spacing globally. The setup uses an aqua‐planet configuration with spatially uniform, diurnally varying insolation, uniform fixed sea surface temperatures, and a uniform rotation rate equal to that at 10°N. The resulting state is one in which tropical cyclones fill the global domain, such that storm count and outer storm size covary strongly. At higher resolution, the storm inner core is more intense and compact but the size of the outer circulation decreases only marginally, and storm count increases in a manner consistent with this decrease in size. Furthermore, the size of the wind field and precipitation fields are highly correlated. A simple analytical model is found to robustly reproduce the radial structure of the broad outer storm circulation. Finally, the minimum central pressure is demonstrated to be an exclusive function of peak azimuthal‐mean wind speed and outer storm size. Despite significant changes in the statistics of storm count, intensity, and structure, the mean environment, including the potential intensity, is nearly identical for both simulations. Results are compared with the nonrotating case from a prior study, and a generalized conceptual framework for the interpretation of aggregation with or without rotation is proposed.
Channel characterization in high‐speed railway station environments at 1.89 GHz
Authors: Zhou Tao , Tao Cheng , Salous Sana , Liu Liu , Tan Zhenhui
Published: October 2015

Channel characterization is the prerequisite condition for the research and development of the next‐generation high‐speed railway (HSR) communication system. Train station is one of typical HSR scenarios, where channel characteristics have not yet been investigated sufficiently. In this paper, wideband multiantenna channel measurements are performed at 1.89 GHz in an open‐type train station environment based on long‐term evolution networks along Beijing to Tianjin HSR in China. Large‐scale characteristics of the HSR station channel, focusing on path loss, shadow fading (SF), and the autocorrelation property of SF, are studied. Moreover, small‐scale characteristics, such as Ricean K‐factor, delay spread, and spatial correlation, are analyzed and modeled. In addition, the stationary region is characterized using the RUN test method. The obtained results provide useful information for deployment and assessment of the future HSR communication system in the HSR station scenario.
The effect of saturation path on three‐phase relative permeability
Authors: Kianinejad Amir , Chen Xiongyu , DiCarlo David A.
Published: October 2015

Simulation and fluid flow prediction of many petroleum‐enhanced oil recovery methods as well as environmental processes such as carbon dioxide (CO2) geological storage or underground water resources remediation requires accurate modeling and determination of relative permeability under different saturation histories. Based on this critical need, several three‐phase relative permeability models were developed to predict relative permeability; however, for practical purposes most of them require a variety of parameters introducing undesired complexity to the models. In this work, we attempt to find out if there is a simpler way to express this functionality. To do so, we experimentally measure three‐phase, water/oil/gas, relative permeability in a 1 m long water‐wet sand pack, under several saturation flow paths to cover the entire three‐phase saturation space. We obtain the in situ saturations along the sand pack using a CT scanner and then determine the relative permeabilities of liquid phases directly from the measured in situ saturations using an unsteady state method. The measured data show that at a specific saturation, the oil relative permeability varies significantly (up to two orders of magnitude), depending on the path through saturation space. The three‐phase relative permeability data are modeled using standard relative permeability models, Corey‐type, and Saturation Weighted Interpolation (SWI). Our measured data suggest that three‐phase oil relative permeability in water‐wet media is only a function of its own saturation if the residual oil saturation is treated as a function of two saturations. We determine that residual saturation is the key parameter in modeling three‐phase relative permeability (effect of saturation history).
Combinatorial Investigation and Modelling of MoO3 Hole‐Selective Contact in TiO2|Co3O4|MoO3 All‐Oxide Solar Cells
Authors: Majhi Koushik , Bertoluzzi Luca , Rietwyk Kevin James , Ginsburg Adam , Keller David A. , Lopez‐Varo Pilar , Anderson Assaf Y. , Bisquert Juan , Zaban Arie
Published: October 2015

A TiO2|Co3O4|MoO3 all‐oxide solar cell produced by spray pyrolysis and pulsed laser deposition (PLD) onto a fluorine‐doped tin‐oxide (FTO) glass substrate with gold (Au) back contacts is demonstrated for the first time. A combinatorial approach is implemented to study the effect of molybdenum oxide (MoO3) as a recombination contact and the influence of the cobalt oxide (Co3O4) light‐absorber thickness on the performance of the solar cells. An increase of more than 200 mV in the open circuit voltage (Voc) is observed with a concurrent enhancement in terms of short‐circuit current (Jsc) and maximum power in comparison with TiO2|Co3O4 devices without the MoO3 layer. To understand the mechanism, full drift diffusion simulations are performed. The higher performance is attributed to elimination of a recombination process at the absorber/metal back‐contact interface and surface passivation by the MoO3 layer.
Performance Enhancement of Polymer‐Free Carbon Nanotube Solar Cells via Transfer Matrix Modeling
Authors: Pfohl Moritz , Glaser Konstantin , Ludwig Jens , Tune Daniel D. , Dehm Simone , Kayser Christian , Colsmann Alexander , Krupke Ralph , Flavel Benjamin S.
Published: October 2015

Polymer‐free (6,5) single‐walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) prepared using the gel permeation approach are integrated into SWCNT:C60 solar cells. Evaporation‐driven self‐assembly is used to form large‐area SWCNT thin films from the surfactant‐stabilized aqueous suspensions. The thicknesses of various layers within the solar cell are optimized by theoretical modeling using transfer matrix calculations, where the distribution of the electric field within the stack is matched to light absorption by the SWCNTs through either their primary (S11) or secondary (S22) absorption peaks, or a combination thereof. The validity of the model is verified experimentally through a detailed parameter study and then used to develop SWCNT:C60 solar cells with high open‐circuit voltage (0.44 V) as well as a cutting‐edge internal quantum efficiency of up to 86% through the nanotube S11 transition, over an active area of 0.105 cm2.
Biosocial correlates and spatial distribution of consanguinity in South America
Authors: Bronberg Ruben , Gili Juan , Gimenez Lucas , Dipierri Jose , Lopez Camelo Jorge
Published: October 2015

Objective

To analyze potential biosocial factors in consanguineous unions according to the level of consanguinity and its spatial distribution in South America.

Methods

The data used came from the Latin American Collaborative Study of Congenital Malformations. Information on 126,213 nonmalformed newborns out of 6,014,749 births was used. This information was collected between 1967 and 2011 at 204 hospitals in 116 cities in 10 South American countries. The spatial scan statistic was performed under a model of nonhierarchical k‐means segmentation, based on statistically significant clusters, areas with levels of high, medium, and low consanguinity were determined.

Results

Consanguinity in South America is heterogeneously distributed, with two groups of high consanguinity, in northwestern Venezuela and southeast of Brazil, and two clusters of low consanguinity located in the south of the continent, mainly Argentina. The socio‐demographic factors associated with consanguinity influence the population structure in areas of high consanguinity.

Conclusions

This study demonstrates that consanguinity in the South American continent is strongly associated with a greater magnitude of poverty in the area of high consanguinity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:405–411, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Extending the Family of V4+S=${{ 1/2 }}$ Kagome Antiferromagnets
Authors: Clark Lucy , Aidoudi Farida H. , Black Cameron , Arachchige Kasun S. A. , Slawin Alexandra M. Z. , Morris Russell E. , Lightfoot Philip
Published: October 2015

The ionothermal synthesis, structure, and magnetic susceptibility of a novel inorganic–organic hybrid material, imidazolium vanadium(III,IV) oxyfluoride [C3H5N2][V9O6F24(H2O)2] (ImVOF) are presented. The structure consists of inorganic vanadium oxyfluoride slabs with kagome layers of V4+ S=${{ 1/2 }}$ ions separated by a mixed valence layer. These inorganic slabs are intercalated with imidazolium cations. Quinuclidinium (Q) and pyrazinium (Pyz) cations can also be incorporated into the hybrid structure type to give QVOF and PyzVOF analogues, respectively. The highly frustrated topology of the inorganic slabs, along with the quantum nature of the magnetism associated with V4+, means that these materials are excellent candidates to host exotic magnetic ground states, such as the highly sought quantum spin liquid. Magnetic susceptibility measurements of all samples suggest an absence of conventional long‐range magnetic order down to 2 K despite considerable antiferromagnetic exchange.
Divergent CH Insertion–Cyclization Cascades of N‐Allyl Ynamides
Authors: Adcock Holly V. , Chatzopoulou Elli , Davies Paul W.
Published: October 2015

Gold carbene reactivity patterns were accessed by ynamide insertion into a C(sp3)H bond. A substantial increase in molecular complexity occurred through the cascade polycyclization of N‐allyl ynamides to form fused nitrogen‐heterocycle scaffolds. Exquisite selectivity was observed despite several competing pathways in an efficient gold‐catalyzed synthesis of densely functionalized C(sp3)‐rich polycycles and a copper‐catalyzed synthesis of fused pyridine derivatives. The respective gold–keteniminium and ketenimine activation pathways have been explored through a structure–reactivity study, and isotopic labeling identified turnover‐limiting CH bond‐cleavage in both processes.
Synthesis of a Neutral Mixed‐Valence Diferrocenyl Carborane for Molecular Quantum‐Dot Cellular Automata Applications
Authors: Christie John A. , Forrest Ryan P. , Corcelli Steven A. , Wasio Natalie A. , Quardokus Rebecca C. , Brown Ryan , Kandel S. Alex , Lu Yuhui , Lent Craig S. , Henderson Kenneth W.
Published: October 2015

The preparation of 7‐Fc+‐8‐Fc‐7,8‐nido‐[C2B9H10]− (Fc+FcC2B9−) demonstrates the successful incorporation of a carborane cage as an internal counteranion bridging between ferrocene and ferrocenium units. This neutral mixed‐valence FeII/FeIII complex overcomes the proximal electronic bias imposed by external counterions, a practical limitation in the use of molecular switches. A combination of UV/Vis‐NIR spectroscopic and TD‐DFT computational studies indicate that electron transfer within Fc+FcC2B9− is achieved through a bridge‐mediated mechanism. This electronic framework therefore provides the possibility of an all‐neutral null state, a key requirement for the implementation of quantum‐dot cellular automata (QCA) molecular computing. The adhesion, ordering, and characterization of Fc+FcC2B9− on Au(111) has been observed by scanning tunneling microscopy.
Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed Quinoline Alkynylation
Authors: Pappoppula Mukesh , Cardoso Flavio S. P. , Garrett B. Owen , Aponick Aaron
Published: October 2015

A highly enantioselective copper‐catalyzed alkynylation of quinolinium salts is reported. The reaction employs StackPhos, a newly developed imidazole‐based chiral biaryl P,N ligand, and copper bromide to effect a three‐component reaction between a quinoline, a terminal alkyne, and ethyl chloroformate. Under the reaction conditions, the desired products are delivered in high yields with ee values of up to 98 %. The transformation tolerates a wide range of functional groups with respect to both the alkyne and the quinoline starting materials and the products are easily transformed into useful synthons. Efficient, enantioselective syntheses of the tetrahydroquinoline alkaloids (+)‐galipinine, (+)‐angustureine, and (−)‐cuspareine are reported.
Produktion mariner Naturstoffe aus der Klasse der Bengamide in Myxobakterien: Biosynthese und Struktur‐Aktivitäts‐Beziehungen
Authors: Wenzel Silke C. , Hoffmann Holger , Zhang Jidong , Debussche Laurent , Haag‐Richter Sabine , Kurz Michael , Nardi Frederico , Lukat Peer , Kochems Irene , Tietgen Heiko , Schummer Dietmar , Nicolas Jean‐Paul , Calvet Loreley , Czepczor Valerie , Vrignaud Patricia , Mühlenweg Agnes , Pelzer Stefan , Müller Rolf , Brönstrup Mark
Published: October 2015

Bengamide, aus marinen Schwämmen stammende und als Inhibitoren der Methionin‐Aminopeptidase (MetAP) charakterisierte Naturstoffe, wurden intensiv als Wirkstoffe gegen Krebs erforscht. In einem multidisziplinären Forschungsprojekt haben wir die Bereitstellung von Bengamiden über Fermentation des terrestrischen Myxobakteriums M. virescens, die Aufklärung ihrer Biosynthese und die Optimierung ihrer Eigenschaften als Arzneistoff‐Leitstrukturen untersucht. Die Charakterisierung des Biosyntheseweges zeigte auf, dass bakterielle Resistenz gegenüber Bengamiden durch Leu154 des myxobakteriellen MetAP‐Proteins vermittelt wird, und ermöglichte den Transfer des gesamten Biosynthesegenclusters in den geeigneteren Produktionsstamm M. xanthus DK1622. Eine Kombination aus Semisynthese mikrobiell gewonnener Bengamide und Totalsynthese führte zum optimierten Derivat 8 a. Die nanomolare zelluläre Wirksamkeit und die hohe metabolische Stabilität waren mit einer verbesserten Halbwertszeit in Mäusen sowie mit Antitumor‐Effizienz in einem Melanom‐Mausmodell verbunden.
Investigating alternative routes for semi‐aromatic polyamide salt preparation: The case of tetramethylenediammonium terephthalate (4T salt)
Authors: Porfyris Athanasios , Vouyiouka Stamatina , Papaspyrides Constantine , Rulkens Ruud , Grolman Eric , Vanden Poel Geert
Published: October 2015

In the current article, the effect of different techniques was investigated on the preparation of tetramethylenediammonium terephthalate (4T salt), which consists of an industrially important precursor of high‐performance polyamides. In particular, 4T salt was synthesized through solution, slurry, and solvent‐free techniques. In each case the salt was isolated as a solid, correlating for the first time the salt preparation/isolation method with attained properties and morphology. This correlation led to a generalized comparison between all synthesized 4T salt grades, aiming at understanding the preparation mechanism of 4T salt. Accordingly, highly pure 4T salt, free of any unreacted diacid traces, can be only obtained from a clear salt solution either by cooling or by nonsolvent addition. Furthermore, by altering the crystallization conditions of the salt, thermal and morphological properties can be significantly affected, which further result in a qualitative correlation with the rate of subsequent direct solid‐state polymerization (DSSP). The DSSP reactions were carried out in the microscale of a thermogravimetric chamber, where the different 4T salt grades were heated isothermally until full conversion. Polyamide grades of different thermal and analytical properties were received, underlining that the quality of the salt is a corner stone for subsequent DSSP. These findings can be further exploited also to the DSSP of other semi‐aromatic polyamides. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2016,133, 42987.
Blast furnace slags as functional fillers on rheological, thermal, and mechanical behavior of thermoplastics
Authors: Mostafa Abdelhamid , Laske Stephan , Pacher Gernot , Holzer Clemens , Flachberger Helmut , Krischey Elke , Fritz Bertram
Published: October 2015

Blast furnace slags (BFS) is a secondary byproduct of iron industry, which has a combination of acidic and basic oxides and show a complex, multiphase structure. If appropriately tailored, BFS could be an effective functional filler, improving the property profile of thermoplastics such as polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS). As a raw material, the proposed filler may introduce both economic and ecological advantages, as it is considered an inexpensive secondary product rather than a natural resource. The current study aims at investigating the effect of incorporating BFS as a micro‐sized filler on the rheological, thermal, and mechanical behavior of PP and PS. BFS types in this study are air‐cooled, crystalline, and amorphous, grounded types. Both types are ground into 71, 40, and 20 μm batches and introduced in 10, 20, and 30 weight fractions via melt kneading. Mixtures are then formed into 4‐mm and 2‐mm thick plates via compression molding. Slight increase in rheological factors is observed with increasing filler loading. BFS hinders the crystallization of PP, resulting in slight increase of crystallization temperatures (Tc) and lowering of crystallization enthalpy (ΔHc). No significant effect of filler on transition temperatures (Tg) is reported. Mechanically, BFS increases the tensile modulus of PP, but decreases its strength. For PS formulations, a modest toughening effect is observed by slag filler. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43021.
Fabrication of PCL/β‐TCP scaffolds by 3D mini‐screw extrusion printing
Authors: Dávila J. L. , Freitas M. S. , Inforçatti Neto P. , Silveira Z. C. , Silva J. V. L. , d’Ávila M. A.
Published: October 2015

Scaffolds of polycaprolactone (PCL) and PCL composites reinforced with β‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) were manufactured aiming potential tissue engineering applications. They were fabricated using a three‐dimensional (3D) mini‐screw extrusion printing, a novel additive manufacturing process, which consists in an extrusion head coupled to a 3D printer based on the Fab@Home equipment. Thermal properties were obtained by differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analyses. Scaffolds morphology were observed using scanning electron microscopy and computed microtomography; also, reinforcement presence was observed by X‐ray diffraction and the polymer chemical structure by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Mechanical properties under compression were obtained by using a universal testing machine and hydrophilic properties were studied by measuring the contact angle of water drops. Finally, scaffolds with 55% of porosity and a pore size of 450 μm have shown promising mechanical properties; the β‐TCP reinforcement improved mechanical and hydrophilic behavior in comparison with PCL scaffolds. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43031.
Development of antifungal films based on low‐density polyethylene and thyme oil for avocado packaging
Authors: Pillai Sreejarani Kesavan , Maubane Lesego , Sinha Ray Suprakas , Khumalo Vincent , Bill Malick , Sivakumar Dharini
Published: October 2015

Trilayer low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) films were prepared by incorporating varying concentrations of thyme oil, as the antifungal active additive for avocado packaging. A comprehensive thermal, structural, mechanical, and functional characterization of the prepared films was carried out. Thermal stability of the film reduced with the addition of thyme oil in higher concentration, whereas the degree of crystallinity increased upto 2.5 wt % thyme oil loading. The elastic modulus and elongation at break of the films decreased in presence of thyme oil. However, the incorporation of thyme oil did not change the water vapor transmission characteristics of the original film. The antifungal activity of the films was tested against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides causal organism of “anthracnose” postharvest disease in avocados. The results indicated that the films have great potential as antifungal packaging materials for avocado fruits. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43045.
Polyvinyl chloride film local isometric heat treatment for hidden 3D printing on polymer packaging
Authors: Kondratov Alexander P. , Volinsky Alex A. , Zhang Yi , Nikulchev Evgeny V.
Published: October 2015

A method of 3D embossed printing is proposed where both point and line images can be printed on rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC) shrink films without any consumables, such as paints, primers, dampening solutions, or washes. Embossed lettering and symbols on packaging are intended for people with poor vision, but capable of tactile marking recognition and reading Braille. This 3D printing is based on reversible deformation and stress relaxation in anisotropic glassy polymers by local isometric heat treatment of thermoplastic films under pressure. Films can be protected from counterfeiting by hidden markings due to time separation of information recording onto the film and displaying this information for visual or tactile reading. The results quantify the rate of internal stress relaxation in PVC shrink films at various stages of 3D printing, including tactile sign formation conditions. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43046.
Eye Movements in Strategic Choice
Authors: Stewart Neil , Gächter Simon , Noguchi Takao , Mullett Timothy L.
Published: October 2015

In risky and other multiattribute choices, the process of choosing is well described by random walk or drift diffusion models in which evidence is accumulated over time to threshold. In strategic choices, level‐k and cognitive hierarchy models have been offered as accounts of the choice process, in which people simulate the choice processes of their opponents or partners. We recorded the eye movements in 2 × 2 symmetric games including dominance‐solvable games like prisoner's dilemma and asymmetric coordination games like stag hunt and hawk–dove. The evidence was most consistent with the accumulation of payoff differences over time: we found longer duration choices with more fixations when payoffs differences were more finely balanced, an emerging bias to gaze more at the payoffs for the action ultimately chosen, and that a simple count of transitions between payoffs—whether or not the comparison is strategically informative—was strongly associated with the final choice. The accumulator models do account for these strategic choice process measures, but the level‐k and cognitive hierarchy models do not. © 2015 The Authors. Journal of Behavioral Decision Making published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
An off‐the‐shelf, authentic, and versatile undergraduate molecular biology practical course
Authors: Whitworth David E.
Published: October 2015

We provide a prepackaged molecular biology course, which has a broad context and is scalable to large numbers of students. It is provided complete with technical setup guidance, a reliable assessment regime, and can be readily implemented without any development necessary. Framed as a forensic examination of blue/white cloning plasmids, the course is a versatile workbench, adaptable to different degree subjects, and can be easily modified to undertake novel research as part of its teaching activities. Course activities include DNA extraction, RFLP, PCR, DNA sequencing, gel electrophoresis, and transformation, alongside a range of basic microbiology techniques. Students particularly appreciated the relevance of the practical to professional practice and the authenticity of the experimental work. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 43:434–440, 2015.
Internalization and Accumulation in Dendritic Cells of a Small pH‐Activatable Glycomimetic Fluorescent Probe as Revealed by Spectral Detection
Authors: Arsov Zoran , Švajger Urban , Mravljak Janez , Pajk Stane , Kotar Anita , Urbančič Iztok , Štrancar Janez , Anderluh Marko
Published: October 2015

DC‐SIGN, an antigen‐uptake receptor in dendritic cells (DCs), has a clear role in the immune response but, conversely, can also facilitate infection by providing entry of pathogens into DCs. The key action in both processes is internalization into acidic endosomes and lysosomes. Molecular probes that bind to DC‐SIGN could thus provide a useful tool to study internalization and constitute potential antagonists against pathogens. So far, only large molecules have been used to directly observe DC‐SIGN‐mediated internalization into DCs by fluorescence visualization. We designed and synthesized an appropriate small glycomimetic probe. Two particular properties of the probe were exploited: activation in a low‐pH environment and an aggregation‐induced spectral shift. Our results indicate that small glycomimetic molecules could compete with antigen/pathogen for binding not only outside but also inside the DC, thus preventing the harmful action of pathogens that are able to intrude into DCs, for example, HIV‐1.