bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The need for micro-scale and meso-scale hydrological research in the Himalayan mountains
Authors: Negi G.C.S.
Published: July 2002

Mountains are fragile ecosystems and globally important as water towers of the earth. Sustainable use of mountains depends upon conservation and optimal use of soil and water resources (Ives & Messerli 1989). Despite regional and global efforts to understand the hydrology of the Himalayan region, soil and water conservation (SWC) programmes in this region mainly rely upon engineering measures. For want of cost-effective vegetative (bioengineering) measures (Deoja et al. 1991), and land use and land cover conducive to SWC, the fragile Himalayan watersheds continue to lose soil and water at alarming rates.
The Environmentally Sensitive Area legislation in the United Kingdom and its potential application to the Picos de Europa mountains in north-west Spain
Authors: BUNCE ROBERT G.H. , BELL MALCOLM , FARINO TERESA
Published: July 2002

The Picos de Europa are representative of the diverse cultural landscapes of Spain that are currently threatened by changes in traditional management practices. They contain the first national park to be declared in Europe, and, although this has recently been extended, there is no policy to support the traditional agricultural practices that maintain the landscape. The Environmentally Sensitive Area (ESA) scheme in Britain is described in order to provide an appropriate policy background within which the ecological characteristics of the region could be maintained. The general background to the environment of the region is then described, with its unique interactions amongst limestone rock, climate, species and anthropogenic influences that have produced a complex cultural landscape. A statistical classification of the region was constructed which, in conjunction with a field survey, enabled the ecological resources to be assessed, and also identified the principal threats to the character of the region. It is suggested that ESA-style legislation could provide a valuable policy instrument to encourage maintenance of the cultural landscape and some appropriate prescriptions are proposed for this purpose.
Mechanical systems and assemblies modeling using knowledge-intensive
Petri nets formalisms
Authors: ZHA X.F. , DU H.
Published: July 2002

This paper presents a novel knowledge-based Petri net
approach to mechanical systems and assemblies modeling
within a design with objects environment. A new unified
class of object-oriented knowledge Petri nets, which can
incorporate a knowledge-based system with ordinary Petri
nets, is defined and used for the unified representations
of assembly design and modeling. The object knowledge Petri
nets, as a graphical language and a new knowledge-based
description scheme, can be used to express the qualitative
and quantitative aspects of the assembly design and modeling
process in an interactive and integrated way. The four-level
hierarchy model is proposed and constructed in terms of
function-behaviors, structures, geometries, and features.
The function-behavior-structure description is built on
more abstract concepts so that it can match well top-down
design. The static and dynamic characteristics in the design
of assembly can also be captured. With the help of fuzzy
logic, the incomplete, imprecise knowledge and uncertainty
in the design process can also be dealt with. Therefore,
the hybrid design object model can incorporate product
data model, top-down design process, and assembly process
model using an object-oriented, knowledge-based, feature-based,
parametric, and constraint-based modeling approach, and
can provide a more accurate and more flexible representation.
To verify and demonstrate the effective use of the proposed
hybrid design object model, a prototype system has been
developed. This research provides a knowledge-intensive
framework for intelligent assembly design and modeling.
Learning in design: From characterizing dimensions to working
systems
Authors: REICH YORAM
Published: July 2002

The application of machine learning (ML) to solve
practical problems is complex. Only recently, due to the
increased promise of ML in solving real problems and the
experienced difficulty of their use, has this issue started
to attract attention. This difficulty arises from the complexity
of learning problems and the large variety of available
techniques. In order to understand this complexity and
begin to overcome it, it is important to construct a characterization
of learning situations. Building on previous work that
dealt with the practical use of ML, a set of dimensions
is developed, contrasted with another recent proposal,
and illustrated with a project on the development of a
decision-support system for marine propeller design. The
general research opportunities that emerge from the development
of the dimensions are discussed. Leading toward working
systems, a simple model is presented for setting priorities
in research and in selecting learning tasks within large
projects. Central to the development of the concepts discussed
in this paper is their use in future projects and the recording
of their successes, limitations, and failures.
Genetic relationship of penicillin resistant Streptococcus

pneumoniae serotype 19B strains in Japan
Authors: YOSHIDA R. , HIRAKATA Y. , KAKU M. , TAKEMURA H. , TANAKA H. , TOMONO K. , KOGA H. , KOHNO S. , KAMIHIRA S.
Published: July 2002

Pulsed field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of the genomic DNA of

penicillin resistant serotype

19B Streptococcus pneumoniae was carried out. Thirteen strains
form the

Nagasaki area and 12

strains from other areas in Japan were examined. Twenty-three strains were

resistant to

erythromycin, tetracycline and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole but susceptible
to

chloramphenicol. Eight strains were resistant to ceftriaxone. All strains
were

multiply resistant.

Five strains isolated from Nagasaki were indistinguishable from each other
by

using restriction

enzymes Apa I and Sma I. Two strains isolated from other

areas were indistinguishable from

the above five strains. We could classify 13 Nagasaki strains into 3 groups
and

the total of 25

Japanese strains into 6 groups. These results suggest that the increasing

prevalence of multiply

drug resistant S. pneumoniae serotyped 19B in Japan is not due
to a

single clone, but at least one clone has spread widely in Japan.
Outbreaks of enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection in
American adults: a clinical and epidemiologic profile
Authors: DALTON C. B. , MINTZ E. D. , WELLS J. G. , BOPP C. A. , TAUXE R. V.
Published: July 2002

Because enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli (ETEC) is not identified by routine stool culture
methods, ETEC outbreaks may go unrecognized, and opportunities for treatment and
prevention may be missed. To improve recognition of adult ETEC outbreaks, we compared
them with reported outbreaks of viral gastroenteritis. During 1975–95, we identified 14 ETEC
outbreaks in the United States and 7 on cruise ships, caused by 17 different serotypes and
affecting 5683 persons. Median symptom prevalences were: diarrhoea 99%, abdominal cramps
82%, nausea 49%, fever 22%, vomiting 14%. The median incubation period was 42 h, and
for 8 of 10 outbreaks, the mean or median duration of illness was >72 h (range 24–264). For
17 (81%) ETEC outbreaks, but for only 2 (8%) viral outbreaks, the prevalence of diarrhoea
was [ges ]2·5 times the prevalence of vomiting. ETEC outbreaks may be differentiated from viral
gastroenteritis outbreaks by a diarrhoea-to-vomiting prevalence ratio of [ges ]2·5 and a longer
duration of illness.
Diphtheria is declining but continues to kill many children:
analysis of data from a sentinel centre in Delhi, 1997
Authors: SINGH J. , HARIT A. K. , JAIN D. C. , PANDA R. C. , TEWARI K. N. , BHATIA R. , SOKHEY J.
Published: July 2002

Although diphtheria is declining in Delhi, case fatality rates (CFRs) are rising. In 1997, of 143
clinically suspected cases admitted to the Infectious Diseases Hospital 45 (32%) died. We
examined their records to understand the epidemiology and reasons for high CFRs. About
53% of cases were from Delhi; they were not limited to any particular area. All the deaths
and 92% (131/143) of cases occurred in children below 10 years of age. Only 12% of cases
had received one or more doses of DPT. Muslims contributed significantly more cases than
Hindus. CFRs were significantly higher in young (P=0·03) and unvaccinated (P=0·01)
children and in those who received antitoxin on the third day of illness or later (P=0·03). The
study highlights the importance of improved vaccine coverage and early diagnosis and prompt
administration of antitoxin in reducing CFRs for diphtheria in Delhi.
Salivary antibodies following parenteral immunization of
infants with a meningococcal serogroup A and C conjugated vaccine
Authors: BORROW R. , FOX A. J. , CARTWRIGHT K. , BEGG N. T. , JONES D. M.
Published: July 2002

Bacterial and viral salivary antibody testing is proving sensitive and specific, useful for
epidemiological studies, and is simple and non-invasive. Salivary serogroup C polysaccharide-specific (SC PS-S) IgA and IgG were determined as a proportion of total salivary IgA and IgG
in a group of UK infants who were recipients of a conjugated A/C meningococcal PS vaccine.
Geometric mean concentrations (GMCs) of salivary SC PS-S IgG per mg of total IgG (μg/mg)
were 0·1 pre-vaccination, rising to 8·2 post first, 16·1 post second and 29·3 post third dose of
vaccine. For IgA, the corresponding GMCs in ng/mg were 0·1, 82·8, 69·6 and 91·2. Significant
correlations (P<0·0001) were found between serum Ig and salivary IgG SC PS-S antibody for
pre-vaccine and 1 month post each dose of vaccine suggesting that SC PS-S IgG in saliva was
largely derived from serum. Of the five infants whose sera were analysed for isotype-specific
responses, only traces of IgM and IgA were measurable suggesting that the SC PS-S IgA was
locally produced. These findings suggests that the widespread use of meningococcal conjugate
vaccines is likely to reduce nasopharyngeal carriage and may thereby induce herd immunity in
the vaccinated population.
A waterborne outbreak of small round structured virus,
campylobacter and shigella co-infections in La Neuveville,
Switzerland, 1998
Authors: MAURER A. M. , STÜRCHLER D.
Published: July 2002

An outbreak of gastro-enteritis occurred in La Neuveville, township with 3358 inhabitants. A
retrospective cohort study of 1915 participants showed that 1607 (84%) had been ill.
Campylobacter jejuni was isolated from 28 patient faecal samples, Shigella sonnei from 21
patients and small round structured viruses (SRSV) from 6 patients. More than one pathogen
was identified in eight persons. The epidemic curve was characteristic of a point-source
outbreak. The risk for illness was significantly higher among persons who had drank unboiled
drinking water than among those who had not (1290 [80·3%] of 1607 vs. 86 [27·9%] of 308;
RR = 2·87; 95% CI 2·40–3·45). Risk increased significantly with the quantity of water
consumed (P < 0·00 × 10−6). An SRSV isolate from water and one human faeces had an
identical DNA sequence. The outbreak was due to a pump failure producing a spill of sewage
into the groundwater. We conclude that transmission was waterborne and that measures
including early warning, basic hygiene and sanitation improvements controlled this epidemic.
Vigilance and neighbour distance in foraging flocks of red‐billed choughs, Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax
Authors: Rolando Antonio , Caldoni Riccardo , De Sanctis Augusto , Laiolo Paola
Published: July 2002

Foraging flocks of red‐billed choughs (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax) were studied in the Gran Sasso National Park (Apennines, Central Italy) to assess the relevance of neighbour distance and group size upon vigilance, after controlling for other confounding variables (feeding frequency, air temperature and time of the day). Both partial correlation and multiple regression analyses clearly suggested that neighbour distance was the major determinant of the vigilant behaviour in the red‐billed chough, even though group size would also exert a certain influence. As no significant correlation between the two variables was found, it can be assumed that the relationship between vigilance and neighbour distance is not spurious. Feeding frequencies were not significantly correlated with the other variables, except for temperature, for which a positive correlation was observed. Since the red‐billed chough usually feeds on insects, which become more active and available as temperature increases, we suggest that the feeding frequency of the red‐billed chough mostly depends on food availability. Our results are discussed in the framework of the hypotheses put forward to explain vigilance behaviour. The conclusion is that the ‘individual risk hypothesis’ explains the behaviour of the red‐billed chough better than the ‘many eyes hypothesis’.
Molecular mechanisms of developmental disorders
Authors: BRODSKY MICHAEL , LOMBROSO PAUL J.
Published: July 2002

One of the central tenets of developmental psychopathology is the belief that we can
learn more about normal functioning through the study of psychopathology and arrive at a better
understanding of pathological conditions through investigations of normal behavior. Advances in
knowledge from one area will inform us regarding mechanisms at work in the other. A similar
perspective is the driving force behind recent scientific advances in our understanding of certain
developmental disorders. In this paper, molecular findings for four developmental disorders are
reviewed: Prader–Willi syndrome, fragile X syndrome, Williams syndrome, and
lissencephaly. These disorders were chosen for discussion because putative genes for each of
them have been isolated. The ways in which mutations within these genes disrupt normal
cognitive and behavioral functioning are discussed. Although considerable progress has been
achieved in understanding the genetic mechanisms for these illnesses, much more research is
needed to identify the environmental and genetic factors that interact to contribute to the
expression of the more complex behavioral disorders.
Numerical simulations of sink flow
in the Hele-Shaw cell with small surface tension
Authors: KELLY E. D. , HINCH E. J.
Published: July 2002

The motion of an initially circular drop of
viscous fluid surrounded by inviscid fluid in a
Hele-Shaw cell withdrawn from an eccentric point sink is
considered. Using a numerical algorithm
based on a boundary integral equation, the solution for
small, finite surface tension is observed.
It is found that the zero-surface-tension formation of a cusp
is avoided, and instead a narrow
finger of inviscid fluid forms, which then rapidly
propagates towards the sink. The scaling of
the finger in the sink vicinity is determined.
The Griffith formula and the Rice–Cherepanov
integral for crack problems with unilateral
conditions in nonsmooth domains
Authors: KHLUDNEV A. M. , SOKOLOWSKI J.
Published: July 2002

As a paradigm for non-interpenetrating crack models, the Poisson equation in a nonsmooth
domain in R2 is considered. The geometrical domain has a cut (a crack) of variable length.
At the crack faces, inequality type boundary conditions are prescribed. The behaviour of
the energy functional is analysed with respect to the crack length changes. In particular, the
derivative of the energy functional with respect to the crack length is obtained. The associated
Griffith formula is derived, and properties of the solution are investigated. It is shown that
the Rice–Cherepanov integral defined for the solutions of the unilateral problem defined in
the nonsmooth domain is path-independent. Finally, a non-negative measure characterising
interaction forces between the crack faces is constructed.
Aging and agism in the 21st century
Authors: Tadd Win
Published: July 2002

Editorial

Whilst preparing this editorial, I was struck by the ambivalent attitudes displayed towards older people in Western society. In London, for example, the crowds thronging the Mall and cheering the Queen Mother for reaching her centenary belied the fact that society generally treats its older members with disdain. That is, until they reach 100 years and then everyone wants to know the secret of their success.
TOWARDS AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE PHYLOGENETIC RELATIONSHIPS OF AUSTRALIAN Hydrocotyloideae (Apiaceae)
Authors: HENWOOD M. J. , HART J. M.
Published: July 2002

Australian Apiaceae, dominated by Hydrocotyloideae Link, are characterized by a number of enigmatic genera, the phylogenetic relationships of which are obscure. A cladistic analysis using morphological and anatomical data indicated that Apiaceae are monophyletic and Hydrocotyloideae form a grade between a paraphyletic Araliaceae and a monophyletic Apioideae Drude+Saniculoideae Burnett. Beyond this, there was no support for past suprageneric arrangements within the order. Hydrocotyleae Spreng. and their constituent subtribes were polyphyletic, as were the subtribes of Mulineae DC. The relationships between Australian genera were not well resolved although the analysis did provide a good indication of broad generic affinities.
Response to “A Critique of UNOS Liver Allocation Policy”
by Kenneth Einar Himma (CQ Vol 8, No 3)
Authors: Burdick James
Published: July 2002

The critique of the United Network for Organ Sharing
(UNOS) liver allocation policy by Kenneth Himma has flaws
related to the complexities and evolutionary nature of
the field. Recent improvements in transplantation have
achieved national attention of this sort. There has been
an evolution, unequaled elsewhere in medicine, of a national
data set and national rules. The transplant community might
have been more effective in communicating the details of
this, and the problems associated with organ allocation
policy. The novelty and complexity of the new rules understandably
can produce misleading conclusions.
Ethical Perspectives in Evaluation of Telehealth
Authors: CORNFORD TONY , KLECUN-DABROWSKA ELA
Published: July 2002

As new information and communication technologies
(ICTs) are being applied in healthcare, the most obvious
and seemingly the only questions to ask would be if they
are clinically effective and if they deliver positive outcomes
for patients. In the medical tradition, outcomes are usually
assessed in randomized controlled trials (RCTs) through
clear and well-understood criteria of safety and clinical
effectiveness. These seem to be suitable and fully adequate
for evaluating drugs. (Although, of course, drug prescribing
is more complex and includes, among others, economic considerations.)
But are these criteria useful or sufficient when applied
to the evaluation of ICTs in healthcare? In this paper
we argue that they are not. ICT-related applications are
complex and diverse and require a different and more encompassing
approach to evaluation.
Commentary: Koch on Kevorkian: Who Knows Best?
Authors: Heilig Steve
Published: July 2002

Tom Koch's review of Jack Kevorkian's
“subjects” is a valuable look at this one (in)famous
crusader's practices. The immediate question raised,
and to which Koch provides his own perspectives, is what
practical conclusions might be drawn from the final experiences
and actions of this cohort of suffering individuals. My
briefest and perhaps flippant answer is “few, if
any”—including, unfortunately, those derived
or hinted at by Koch himself.
Approximation and Negotiation: Clinical Pragmatism and Difference
Authors: FINS JOSEPH J.
Published: July 2002

When addressing cultural and religious differences
in the clinical setting we need to be realists. Despite
our public homage to pluralism and good intentions, it
is just not possible to overcome all the differences that
might exist and achieve perfect understanding of others.
Try as we may, we will never be able to see perfectly the
world through another's eyes. Instead of reaching
for such perfection, we should instead reach for an approximation
of shared understanding that will promote discourse and
civility when peoples of different races, genders, cultures,
religions, and sexual preferences interact in the clinic.
Generating Random Regular Graphs Quickly
Authors: STEGER A. , WORMALD N. C.
Published: July 2002

We present a practical algorithm for generating random regular graphs.
For all d growing as a small power of n, the d-regular graphs
on n vertices are generated approximately uniformly at random, in the sense that all
d-regular graphs on n vertices have in the limit
the same probability as n → ∞. The expected runtime for these ds
is [Oscr ](nd2).
Removable Circuits in Binary Matroids
Authors: GODDYN LUIS A. , JACKSON BILL
Published: July 2002

We show that, if M is a connected binary matroid of cogirth
at least five which does not have both an F7-minor and an
F*7-minor, then M has a circuit C
such that M − C is connected and
r(M − C) = r(M).
The Asymptotic Proportion of Subdivisions of a 2 × 2
Table that Result in Simpson's Paradox
Authors: HADJICOSTAS PETROS
Published: July 2002

In [1], recently published in Combinatorics, Probability and
Computing, there was a typographical error. On p. 392, part (5) of Lemma 3.1,
the formula should read as follows:

formula here

References

[1] Hadjicostas, P. (1998) The asymptotic proportion of subdivisions of a
2 × 2 table that result in Simpson's Paradox. Combinatorics, Probability
and Computing7 387–396.
Atrial natriuretic peptide in normal and pre-eclamptic human pregnancy
Authors: Irons DW , Baylis PH , Davison JM
Published: July 2002

Successful human pregnancy is associated with striking physiological changes. Plasma volume increases early in the first trimester, attaining maximal expansion near term, when the increment above non-pregnant values is about 1.5 L (50–60%), and is a contributory factor in maintaining organ perfusion in the presence of arteriolar and venous dilatation. Effective renal plasma flow (ERPF) and glomerular filtration rate (GFR) increase to values 50–70% above non-pregnant levels by term. There are also gestational alterations in osmoregulation as well as in the renal handling of sodium, potassium and glucose, coincident with altered tubular function. Plasma volume expansion is significantly related to fetal growth and pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth retardation and pre-eclampsia are associated with reduced plasma volume and impaired renal function. Elucidation of factors involved in volume homeostasis and renal function in pregnancy is therefore of clinical as well as physiological importance. Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) causes vasodilatation, natriuresis and inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system and is clearly an important factor in volume homeostasis and renal function.
Competition between Barclays Bank (DCO) and the Canadian banks in
the West Indies, 1926–45
Authors: MONTEITH KATHLEEN E. A.
Published: July 2002

Kathleen E. A. Monteith, Competition between Barclays
Bank (DCO) and the Canadian banks in the West Indies, 1926–45

This article examines the extent to which collusion ruled out competition
in banking, and assesses the nature and impact of this competition in order
to ascertain the degree to which Barclays Bank (DCO) faced any significant
challenge to its position within the region. It is shown that the rigidity
which is assumed to be characteristic of collusive agreements was not present,
and that competition existed in the commercial banking market in the West
Indies during this period. It is also shown that non-price competition existed
in many forms, and was capable of leading to a bank's position being usurped
by another.
HISTORIES OF MASS CULTURE: FROM LITERARY TO VISUAL CULTURE
Authors: Cvetkovich Ann
Published: July 2002

VICTORIAN STUDIES has always been, for me, a form of cultural studies. As early as my sophomore year in college, while reading Raymond Williams’s Culture and Society for a modern humanities course, I was fascinated to learn that a case could be made for the nineteenth century as the period during which notions of culture were constructed. Williams’s work was presented without much contextualization and it was only much later that I came to associate it with either British cultural studies or Marxism. My somewhat unconscious interest in forging connections between culture and politics, which I would argue is the founding mission of cultural studies, was matched by another unconscious interest in Victorian studies, and more specifically, studies of the novel, as a field in which to pursue feminism. By the time I reached graduate school in the 1980s, feminism had become a field and a methodology, and within English departments, Victorian studies produced a rich range of scholars, including Elaine Showalter, Ellen Moers, Sandra Gilbert and Susan Gubar, and Nina Auerbach, who dominated the interdisciplinary field of women studies, which, like cultural studies, also sought to explain the relations between culture and politics. Their work on women authors and revising the canon was followed by that of an equally powerful group of feminist Victorianists, including Nancy Armstrong, Mary Poovey, Catherine Gallagher, and Eve Sedgwick, who explored not only how categories of gender and sexuality were integral to nineteenth-century social formations, but how they were invented in the modern period.
An HPSG parser with CFG filtering
Authors: TORISAWA KENTARO , NISHIDA KENJI , MIYAO YUSUKE , TSUJII JUN-ICHI
Published: July 2002

This article presents an HPSG parser using a technique called CFG filtering. The parser predicts
possible parse trees using a CFG generated automatically from a given HPSG-based grammar.
Parsing costs are reduced because unification is applied only to the predicted parse trees.
In other words, parsing is speeded up because the parser avoids unnecessary unification
by eliminating impossible parse trees. We show the method for generating a CFG from an
HPSG-based grammar and outline a parsing scheme using the CFG. The effectiveness of the
parsing scheme is shown through experimental results obtained by using several HPSG-based
grammars, including the LinGO grammar.
NKRL, a knowledge representation tool for encoding the ‘meaning’

of complex narrative texts
Authors: ZARRI GIAN PIERO
Published: July 2002

In this paper, we describe NKRL (Narrative Knowledge Representation
Language), a
language designed for representing, in a standardized way, the semantic
content
(the ‘meaning’) of complex narrative texts. After having
introduced informally the four ‘components’ (specialized sub-languages)

of NKRL, we will describe (some of) the data structures proper to each

of them, trying to show that the NKRL coding retains the main informational
elements of
the original narrative expressions. We will then focus on an important
subset of NKRL, the
so-called AECS sub-language, showing in particular that the operators of
this sub-language
can be used to represent some sorts of ‘plural’ expressions.
A dependency-based method for evaluating broad-coverage parsers
Authors: LIN DEKANG
Published: July 2002

With the emergence of broad-coverage parsers, quantitative evaluation
of parsers becomes
increasingly more important. We propose a dependency-based method for evaluating

broad-coverage parsers that offers more meaningful performance
measures than previous approaches.
We also present a structural pattern-matching mechanism that can be used
to eliminate
inconsequential differences among different parse trees. Previous evaluation
methods have
only evaluated the overall performance of parsers. The dependency-based
method can also
evaluate parsers with respect to different kinds of grammatical relationships
or different types
of lexical categories. An algorithm for transforming constituency trees
into dependency trees
is presented, which makes the evaluation method applicable to both constituency
grammars
and dependency grammars.
COGNITIVE INHIBITION IN OBSESSIVE-COMPULSIVE DISORDER: APPLICATION OF A VALENCE-BASED NEGATIVE PRIMING PARADIGM
Authors: McNally Richard J. , Wilhelm Sabine , Buhlmann Ulrike , Shin Lisa M.
Published: July 2002

We used a negative priming paradigm to test for deficits in cognitive inhibition in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), and to examine whether they exhibit greater inhibitory deficits when lexical targets are
threat-related than when they are neutral. The results indicated that OCD patients, relative to healthy control participants,
exhibited only marginally significant (p < .10) deficits in negative priming at short (100 ms), but not long (500 ms),
stimulus onset asynchronies. There was no evidence that OCD patients exhibited disproportionate difficulty
inhibiting negative words, nor was there any evidence that negative priming deficits differed between OCD checkers
and OCD noncheckers.
Comparison of the serial position effect in very mild Alzheimer's
disease, mild Alzheimer's disease, and amnesia associated
with electroconvulsive therapy
Authors: BAYLEY PETER J. , SALMON DAVID P. , BONDI MARK W. , BUI BARBARA K. , OLICHNEY JOHN , DELIS DEAN C. , THOMAS RONALD G. , THAL LEON J.
Published: July 2002

Individuals given a series of words to memorize
normally show better immediate recall for items from the
beginning and end of the list than for midlist items. This
phenomenon, known as the serial position effect, is thought
to reflect the concurrent contributions of secondary and
primary memory, respectively, to recall performance. The
present study compared the serial position effects produced
on Trial 1 of the California Verbal Learning Test (CVLT)
in mildly demented (N = 25; M MMSE = 20.0)
and very mildly demented (N = 25; M MMSE =
25.5) patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD), and age-
and education-matched normal control (NC) participants
(N = 50). In addition, the serial position effects
of the very mildly demented AD patients were compared to
those of patients with a transient, circumscribed amnesia
arising from a prescribed series of electroconvulsive
therapy (ECT) treatments for the relief of depressive illness
(N = 11). While the NC group exhibited the typical
serial position effect, AD patients recalled significantly
fewer words than NC participants overall, and exhibited
a significantly reduced primacy effect (i.e., recall of
the first 2 list items) with a normal recency effect (i.e.,
recall of the last 2 list items). Patients with circumscribed
amnesia due to ECT were as impaired as the very mildly
demented AD patients on most standard CVLT measures of
learning and memory, but exhibited primacy and recency
effects, which were within normal limits. These results
suggest that a reduction in the primacy effect, but not
the recency effect, is an early and ubiquitous feature
of the memory impairment of AD. It is not, however, a necessary
feature of all causes of memory impairment. (JINS,
2000, 6, 290–298.)
The importance of the time–frequency representation for sound/music analysis–resynthesis
Authors: MASRI PAUL , BATEMAN ANDREW , CANAGARAJAH NISHAN
Published: July 2002

The time–frequency representation (TFR) is the initial stage of
analysis in sound/music analysis–resynthesis (A–R)
systems. Given a time-domain waveform, the TFR makes temporal and spectral
detail available to the remainder of the analysis, so that the component
features may be extracted. The resulting ‘feature set’ must
represent the sound as completely as the original time-domain signal, if the
A–R system is to be capable of effective transformation and good
synthesis sound quality. Therefore the system as a whole is reliant upon
the TFR to make the sound components detectable, separable and
measurable. Yet the standard TFR to-date is the short-time Fourier transform
(STFT), of which the shortcomings, in terms of resolution, are well
recognised. The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the importance of
the TFR to system function and system design. Poor feature extraction is
shown to result from the use of inappropriate TFRs, whose underlying
assumptions and expectations do not match those of the system. Existing
models are used as case studies, with examples of performance for different
sound types. A philosophy for A–R system design that includes TFR
design is presented and a methodology for implementing it is proposed.
HoNOSCA: Is the Enthusiasm Justified?
Authors: Jaffa Tony
Published: July 2002

I have what I consider to be a healthy scepticism regarding
new assessment instruments. Many of these are announced
with great enthusiasm but fairly rapidly disappear or are
used mainly by those who have developed them and by
their associates.

Although the tone of the paper by Gowers et al. (2000)
seems rather strong on enthusiasm and perhaps a little
lacking in its critical view, I do have great respect for
colleagues associated with development of HoNOSCA
and other respected colleagues talk well of it. Clearly, it
deserves careful scrutiny. For me relevant questions
include: ‘Is it easy to use?’, ‘Is it useful in terms of
describing a patient population?’ and ‘Is it useful in
looking at outcome?’
Dyslexia: Approaches to Validation
Authors: Rutter Michael
Published: July 2002

There is much wisdom in these two essays on dyslexia, by
Snowling and by Coltheart and Jackson, as well as a useful
and informative summary of many key research findings.
Given the fact that debates about the diagnosis and
concept of dyslexia have been running for at least the last
40 years (see e.g. Rutter, 1969), and given the immense
amount of high-quality empirical research that has been
conducted (see e.g. Bryant & Bradley, 1985; Goswami,
1994; Rispens, van Yperen, & Yule, in press), it might be
expected that most of the main controversies ought to
have been resolved by now. But they have not, as is
apparent from the contrasting positions adopted in this
forum. It might be hoped that, at least, any well-informed
dispassionate reviewer should be able to arbitrate and so
decide which view is most valid. Unfortunately, even that
is not readily possible. A key problem is that the two
papers seem to be starting from different premises and,
thereby, tackling a somewhat different issue.
Following Up Children Who
Have Been Abused: Ethical
Considerations for Research
Design
Authors: Lynch Margaret A. , Glaser Danya , Prior Vivien , Inwood Vivien
Published: July 2002

Recruiting subjects for follow-up studies in child abuse raises ethical
dilemmas. This paper examines the effects of the ethical stance taken in a
study of a community sample of sexually abused children. The ethical code
adopted required strict confidentiality and active consent to be interviewed
from both child and carer, based on full information about the research
objectives and method. The response rate was very low. A less rigid stance,
which might have resulted in a larger sample, was considered inappropriate.
Nevertheless, the quantitative and qualitative data yielded findings
of interest to practitioners. Suggestions for future research practice are
presented.
AGGREGATE PHILLIPS CURVES ARE NOT ALWAYS
VERTICAL: HETEROGENEITY AND MISMATCH IN
MULTIREGION OR MULTISECTOR ECONOMIES
Authors: Hallett A.J. Hughes
Published: July 2002

The aggregation of sectoral or regional Phillips curves yields an
inflation–unemployment trade-off that is not vertical in the long
run if there are mismatches between supply and demand in the regional
or sectoral labor markets. This remains true even when the
individual Phillips curves are all vertical. This result stems from
variations in the slope of the individual short-run Phillips curves,
rather than from changes to the equilibrium level of unemployment.
It implies a role for the management of the distribution of demand
over different sectors or regions, in order to minimize the natural
rate of unemployment.
NONLINEAR DYNAMICS AND CHAOS PART II: ERGODIC APPROACH
Authors: Medio Alfredo
Published: July 2002

This is the second part of a two-part survey of the modern theory of
nonlinear dynamical systems. We focus on the study of statistical
properties of orbits generated by maps, a field of research known as
ergodic theory. After introducing some basic concepts of measure
theory, we discuss the notions of invariant and ergodic measures and
provide examples of economic applications. The question of
attractiveness and observability, already considered in Part I, is
revisited and the concept of natural, or physical, measure is
explained. This theoretical apparatus then is applied to the question
of predictability of dynamical systems, and the notion of metric
entropy is discussed. Finally, we consider the class of Bernoulli
dynamical systems and discuss the possibility of distinguishing
orbits of deterministic chaotic systems and realizations of
stochastic processes.
Real Propagation of Monetary Shocks:
Dynamic Complementarities and Capital Utilization
Authors: Cook David
Published: July 2002

This paper studies the dynamic propagation of a liquidity shock
through two real propagation channels: dynamic
complementarities and time-varying capital
utilization. The findings for an economy
with intertemporal externalities are: (1) An otherwise transient liquidity
shock will have real effects on output for several years; (2) time-varying
capital utilization strongly augments this propagation; (3) the real
effects of monetary shocks last longer when external productivity
depreciates faster; and (4) nominal prices respond more sluggishly to a
change in the money supply when there is
a strong real propagation channel.
An EST-enriched Comparative Map of Brassica oleracea and Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Lan Tien-Hung , DelMonte Terrye A. , Reischmann Kim P. , Hyman Joel , Kowalski Stanley P. , McFerson Jim , Kresovich Stephen , Paterson Andrew H.
Published: July 2002

A detailed comparative map of Brassica oleracea andArabidopsis thaliana has been established based largely on mapping of Arabidopsis ESTs in two Arabidopsis and four Brassica populations. Based on conservative criteria for inferring synteny, “one to one correspondence” betweenBrassica and Arabidopsis chromosomes accounted for 57% of comparative loci. Based on 186 corresponding loci detected inB. oleracea and A. thaliana, at least 19 chromosome structural rearrangements differentiate B. oleracea andA. thaliana orthologs. Chromosomal duplication in the B. oleracea genome was strongly suggested by parallel arrangements of duplicated loci on different chromosomes, which accounted for 41% of loci mapped in Brassica. Based on 367 loci mapped, at least 22 chromosomal rearrangements differentiate B. oleracea homologs from one another. Triplication of some Brassica chromatin and duplication of some Arabidopsis chromatin were suggested by data that could not be accounted for by the one-to-one and duplication models, respectively. Twenty-seven probes detected three or more loci in Brassica, which represent 25.3% of the 367 loci mapped inBrassica. Thirty-one probes detected two or more loci inArabidopsis, which represent 23.7% of the 262 loci mapped inArabidopsis. Application of an EST-based, cross-species genomic framework to isolation of alleles conferring phenotypes unique to Brassica, as well as the challenges and opportunities in extrapolating genetic information from Arabidopsis toBrassica and to more distantly related crops, are discussed.
Targeted Terminal Deletions as a Tool for Functional Genomics Studies in Plasmodium
Authors: Pace Tomasino , Scotti Raffaella , Janse Chris J. , Waters Andrew P. , Birago Cecilia , Ponzi Marta
Published: July 2002

We describe a transfection system that induces terminal deletions at specific chromosome ends in malaria parasites using a linear construct containing telomeric repeats at one end and plasmodial sequences able to drive homologous recombination at the other. A site-specific deletion was generated at one extremity of chromosome 5 ofPlasmodium berghei, which was stably maintained in the parasite population selected after transfection. The telomeric repeat array introduced with the construct reached the average length observed in natural telomeres of Plasmodium, indicating that in vivo telomere addition occurred at the newly formed extremity. The expression of a mutant dhfr/ts gene conferring pyrimethamine resistance, used as a selectable marker, was not affected by the proximity to the telomeric sequences, either in the presence or absence of drug pressure. In addition, no transcriptional silencing was observed on insertion of the mutant dhfr/ts gene either in subtelomeric or internal positions that are transcriptionally silent in blood-stage parasites. This suggests that the activity of its promoter is not affected by the chromatin organization of the chromosomal context.
Assessing Clusters and Motifs from Gene Expression Data
Authors: Jakt Lars M. , Cao Liang , Cheah Kathryn S.E. , Smith David K.
Published: July 2002

Large-scale gene expression studies and genomic sequencing projects are providing vast amounts of information that can be used to identify or predict cellular regulatory processes. Genes can be clustered on the basis of the similarity of their expression profiles or function and these clusters are likely to contain genes that are regulated by the same transcription factors. Searches for cis-regulatory elements can then be undertaken in the noncoding regions of the clustered genes. However, it is necessary to assess the efficiency of both the gene clustering and the postulated regulatory motifs, as there are many difficulties associated with clustering and determining the functional relevance of matches to sequence motifs. We have developed a method to assess the potential functional significance of clusters and motifs based on the probability of finding a certain number of matches to a motif in all of the gene clusters. To avoid problems with threshold scores for a match, the top matches to a motif are taken in several sample sizes. Genes from a sample are then counted by the cluster in which they appear. The probability of observing these counts by chance is calculated using the hypergeometric distribution. Because of the multiple sample sizes, strong and weak matching motifs can be detected and refined and significant matches to motifs across cluster boundaries are observed as all clusters are considered. By applying this method to many motifs and to a cluster set of yeast genes, we detected a similarity between Swi Five Factor and forkhead proteins and suggest that the currently unidentified Swi Five Factor is one of the yeast forkhead proteins.
A Sequence-Based Integrated Map of Chromosome 22
Authors: Tapper William J. , Morton Newton E. , Dunham Ian , Ke Xiayi , Collins Andrew
Published: July 2002

The near-completion of the sequence for chromosome 22q revolutionizes map integration. We describe a sequence-based integrated map containing 968 loci including 516 known or predicted gene sequences, 317 STSs not included in these sequences, and 135 nonexpressed multinucleotide polymorphisms. The published sequence spans 34.6 Mb, inclusive of gaps estimated to total 1.1 Mb, compared with a top-down estimate of 43 Mb. This discrepancy is discussed, but will not be resolved until more of the genome is analyzed. The radiation hybrid map has 5% error in order and 34% error in location exceeding 1 Mb. The utility of a composite location based on evidence other than sequence is limited to regions not yet sequenced. A genetic map conditional on sequence order was constructed from pairwise lods. Its length of 74.8 cM in males and 80.2 cM in females is slightly less than the previous estimate not constrained by sequence order. Five recombination hot spots are detected, with differences in location between the sexes. Male recombination correlates with repetitive DNA, whereas female recombination does not. It remains to be seen whether this is true for other human chromosomes. An algorithm to improve the fit of cytogenetic bands sequence location reduces the discrepancies in cytogenetic assignment from 61 to 38. This sequence-based integrated map is represented in the genetic location database (LDB2000), which is available at http://cedar.genetics.soton.ac.uk/public_html/LDB2000.html.
Detecting and Analyzing DNA Sequencing Errors: Toward a Higher Quality of the Bacillus subtilis Genome Sequence
Authors: Médigue Claudine , Rose Matthias , Viari Alain , Danchin Antoine
Published: July 2002

During the determination of a DNA sequence, the introduction of artifactual frameshifts and/or in-frame stop codons in putative genes can lead to misprediction of gene products. Detection of such errors with a method based on protein similarity matching is only possible when related sequences are available in databases. Here, we present a method to detect frameshift errors in DNA sequences that is based on the intrinsic properties of the coding sequences. It combines the results of two analyses, the search for translational initiation/termination sites and the prediction of coding regions. This method was used to screen the complete Bacillus subtilisgenome sequence and the regions flanking putative errors were resequenced for verification. This procedure allowed us to correct the sequence and to analyze in detail the nature of the errors. Interestingly, in several cases in-frame termination codons or frameshifts were not sequencing errors but confirmed to be present in the chromosome, indicating that the genes are either nonfunctional (pseudogenes) or subject to regulatory processes such as programmed translational frameshifts. The method can be used for checking the quality of the sequences produced by any prokaryotic genome sequencing project.
Laccase Down-Regulation Causes Alterations in Phenolic Metabolism and Cell Wall Structure in Poplar
Authors: Ranocha Philippe , Chabannes Matthieu , Chamayou Simon , Danoun Saı̈da , Jauneau Alain , Boudet Alain-M. , Goffner Deborah
Published: July 2002

Laccases are encoded by multigene families in plants. Previously, we reported the cloning and characterization of five divergent laccase genes from poplar (Populus trichocarpa) xylem. To investigate the role of individual laccase genes in plant development, and more particularly in lignification, three independent populations of antisense poplar plants, lac3AS, lac90AS, andlac110AS with significantly reduced levels of laccase expression were generated. A repression of laccase gene expression had no effect on overall growth and development. Moreover, neither lignin content nor composition was significantly altered as a result of laccase suppression. However, one of the transgenic populations,lac3AS, exhibited a 2- to 3-fold increase in total soluble phenolic content. As indicated by toluidine blue staining, these phenolics preferentially accumulate in xylem ray parenchyma cells. In addition, light and electron microscopic observations oflac3AS stems indicated that lac3 gene suppression led to a dramatic alteration of xylem fiber cell walls. Individual fiber cells were severely deformed, exhibiting modifications in fluorescence emission at the primary wall/middle lamella region and frequent sites of cell wall detachment. Although a direct correlation between laccase gene expression and lignification could not be assigned, we show that the gene product of lac3 is essential for normal cell wall structure and integrity in xylem fibers.lac3AS plants provide a unique opportunity to explore laccase function in plants.