bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Local Village Workers, Foreign Factories and Village Politics in Coastal China: A Clientelist Approach
Authors: Paik Wooyeal
Published: November 2014

In market reform China, contentious and unfair labour relations between vulnerable migrant workers and exploitative foreign factory owners are one of the most critical issues of the political economy. This article analyses another group of workers – non-migrant local village workers – who protect themselves from foreign employers using two political resources: collective land-use rights and local political organizations, such as village governments, affective networks and physical forces, during their suburban village's industrialization. Based on intensive ethnographic fieldwork in Shandong (Qingdao) and other coastal regions in 2007, 2008 and 2011–2013, this article attempts to answer the questions of how local village workers protect their labour rights without reliable trade unions or rigorous governmental protection. How can villagers protect, if not maximize, their interests in their relations with the foreign factories in their villages? It also contrasts local labour relations in Qingdao with migrant labour relations in other coastal regions.
On Equal Terms: The Equivocal Origins of an Early Mughal Indo-Persian Vocabulary
Authors: HAKALA WALTER N.
Published: November 2014

TheQaṣīdah dar Luġhāt-i Hindī(‘AQaṣīdahon Hindī Terms’), composed in the early sixteenth century, is an unusual example of theniṣābgenre of multilingual vocabularies in verse, providing Persian glosses for various terms drawn from a language the text labelsHindī. The author of the vocabulary, Yūsuf Ḳhurāsānī ‘Yūsufī’, was a physician who followed the first Mughal-Timurid emperor, Bābur, from Afghanistan to India. This paper examines the content and the arrangement of Yūsufī's vocabulary, paying particular attention to the means through which ‘Yūsufī’ was able to assert semantic equivalences between lexical terms and the materials with which they correspond. It concludes by contrasting the Hindi to Persian glossing directionality of this work with the Persian to Hindi directionality prevailing in later examples of theniṣābgenre, arguing that theQaṣīdahreflects a period when practitioners of the Persianateyūnānīsystem of medical knowledge engaged with Indic counterparts in dynamic and especially fruitful ways.
Contribution of folic acid-fortified foods to fertile women’s folate Recommended Nutrient Intake through breakfast simulation models
Authors: Samaniego-Vaesken María de Lourdes , Alonso-Aperte Elena , Varela-Moreiras Gregorio
Published: November 2014

Objective

To assess the potential contribution of foods fortified with folic acid (FA) to target population intakes when included as part of a healthy breakfast.

Design

Breakfast models aligned with the Spanish Dietary Guidelines were studied using the recommended, average and 95th percentile of serving sizes consumed by women of childbearing age. Food composition data were obtained from a database including FA analytical data from sixty-eight products and the Spanish food composition tables. Different scenarios were assessed with the inclusion of one, two or three FA-fortified products and with two different fortification levels: ≤33 µg/serving (L1) and ≥70 µg/serving (L4). FA contents provided by the different models for each scenario were compared with the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for folate and the Upper Level (UL) of intake for FA.

Setting

Madrid Region, Spain.

Subjects

Women aged 16–49 years were considered.

Results

Overall, simulation of ten breakfast models and three scenarios of product inclusion accounted for 20–25 % of total daily energy recommendations for women. Unfortified breakfast models provided on average 4–23 % of the folate RNI. Inclusion of one L4 FA-fortified food contributed 20–60 % of the RNI. Fortified yoghurt and milk had the highest FA contents per serving. Scenarios with two or three fortified products delivered 40–80 % of the RNI. None of the evaluated models exceeded the FA UL.

Conclusions

At existing levels of FA fortification, inclusion of fortified products as part of a regular breakfast meal could positively impact the nutritional quality of women’s diet without involving a risk of excessive FA exposure.
The Genetic Correlation Between Procrastination and Impulsivity
Authors: Loehlin John C. , Martin Nicholas G.
Published: November 2014

The reported genetic correlation of 1.0 between the traits of procrastination and impulsivity (Gustavson, D. E., Miyake, A., Hewitt, J. K., & Friedman, N. P. (2014). Psychological Science), which was held to support an evolutionary origin of the relationship between the two traits, was tested in data from two large samples of twins from Australia. A genetic correlation of 0.299 was obtained. It was concluded that, although the presence of a genetic correlation between the two traits was supported, the modest magnitude of the correlation was such as to be consistent with many possible hypotheses, evolutionary and otherwise, about causal relationships between the traits in question.
Human Genetics Society of Australasia Position Statement: Population-Based Carrier Screening for Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Delatycki Martin B. , Burke Jo , Christie Louise , Collins Felicity , Gabbett Michael , George Peter , Haan Eric , Ioannou Liane , Martin Nicole , McKenzie Fiona , O’Leary Peter , Scoble-Williams Nicole , Turner Gillian , Massie John
Published: November 2014

Since the discovery in 1989 that mutations in cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) underlie cystic fibrosis (CF), the most common life shortening genetic disorder in Caucasians, it has been possible to identify heterozygous mutation carriers at risk of having affected children. The Human Genetics Society of Australasia has produced a position statement with recommendations in relation to population-based screening for CF. These include: (1) that screening should be offered to all relatives of people with or carriers of CF (cascade testing) as well as to all couples planning to have children or who are pregnant; (2) the minimum CFTR mutation panel to be tested consists of 17 mutations which are those mutations that are associated with typical CF and occur with a frequency of 0.1% or higher among individuals diagnosed with CF in Australasia; (3) that genetic counselling is offered to all couples where both members are known to have one or two CFTR mutations and that such couples are given the opportunity to meet with a physician with expertise in the management of CF as well as a family/individual affected by the condition.
Dichorionic Triamniotic Triplet Pregnancy Complicated by Twin Anemia Polycythemia Sequence: The Place of Fetal Therapy
Authors: Griersmith Thérèse H. , Fung Alison M. , Walker Susan P.
Published: November 2014

Monochorionic twins as part of a high order multiple pregnancy can be an unintended consequence of the increasingly common practice of blastocyst transfer for couples requiring in vitro fertilisation (IVF) for infertility. Dichorionic triamniotic (DCTA) triplets is the most common presentation, and these pregnancies are particularly high risk because of the additional risks associated with monochorionicity. Surveillance for twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome, including twin anemia polycythemia sequence, may be more difficult, and any intervention to treat the monochorionic pair needs to balance the proposed benefits against the risks posed to the unaffected singleton. Counseling of families with DCTA triplets is therefore complex. Here, we report a case of DCTA triplets, where the pregnancy was complicated by threatened preterm labour, and twin anemia polycythemia sequence (TAPS) was later diagnosed at 28 weeks. The TAPS was managed with a single intraperitoneal transfusion, enabling safe prolongation of the pregnancy for over 2 weeks until recurrence of TAPS and preterm labour supervened. Postnatal TAPS was confirmed, and all three infants were later discharged home at term corrected age, and were normal at follow-up. This case highlights that in utero therapy has an important role in multiple pregnancies of mixed chorionicity, and can achieve safe prolongation of pregnancy at critical gestations.
Sensitive determination of domoic acid in mussel tissue using dansyl chloride derivatization and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry
Authors: Beach Daniel G. , Liu Hechun , Quilliam Michael A.
Published: November 2014

This paper describes a new method for sensitive determination of domoic acid (DA), the causative toxin of amnesic shellfish poisoning (ASP), in shellfish.
Analysis of ‘legal high’ substances and common adulterants using handheld spectroscopic techniques
Authors: Assi S. , Guirguis A. , Halsey S. , Fergus S. , Stair J. L.
Published: November 2014

Three handheld spectrometers, near-infrared (NIR), Raman and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform-infrared (ATR-FT-IR) spectroscopy, were used for the identification of ‘legal high’ model mixtures and Internet products.
Intramolecular hydroalkoxylation catalyzed inside a self-assembled cavity of an enzyme-like host structure
Authors: Catti L. , Tiefenbacher K.
Published: November 2014

Self-assembled resorcin[4]arene hexamer catalyzes the intramolecular hydroalkoxylation of unsaturated alcohols to the corresponding cyclic ethers under mild conditions.
Single-shot titrations and reaction monitoring by slice-selective NMR spectroscopy
Authors: Niklas T. , Stalke D. , John M.
Published: November 2014

Time into space: the progress of a reaction is mapped onto an instant series of spatially resolved NMR spectra.
A single-nanoparticle NO2 gas sensor constructed using active molecular plasmonics
Authors: Chen Lichan , Wu Bo , Guo Longhua , Tey Ruiwen , Huang Youju , Kim Dong-Hwan
Published: November 2014

A single-nanoparticle plasmonic sensor for the sensitive detection of gas molecules (NO2) has been constructed.
Krebs cycle metabolon formation: metabolite concentration gradient enhanced compartmentation of sequential enzymes
Authors: Wu Fei , Pelster Lindsey N. , Minteer Shelley D.
Published: November 2014

The substrate (l-malate) gradient created in a microfluidic channel induced the directional diffusion of mitochondrial malate dehydrogenase (mMDH) toward a higher concentration region andin situgeneration of an intermediate (OAA) gradient enhanced the co-diffusion of citrate synthase (CS) together with mMDH.
Synthetic fluorescent probes capable of selective recognition of 3′-overhanging nucleotides for siRNA delivery imaging
Authors: Sato Takaya , Sato Yusuke , Iwai Kenta , Kuge Shusuke , Nishizawa Seiichi , Teramae Norio
Published: November 2014

Peptide nucleic acid (PNA)–thiazole orange (TO) conjugates are developed as fluorescent probes capable of selective recognition of 3′-overhanging nucleotides of siRNAs for an accurate analysis of the siRNA delivery process.
An effective route for the synthesis of boron nitride micro-nano structures and the growth mechanism
Authors: Pan An , Chen Yongjun , Li Jianbao
Published: November 2014

Boron nitride (BN) nanosheet-assembled microwires were successfully synthesized on the large scale and with high purity via an efficient method.
Epitaxial growth and its mechanism of GaN films on nitrided LiGaO2(001) substrates by pulsed laser deposition
Authors: Yang Weijia , Wang Wenliang , Liu Zuolian , Lin Yunhao , Zhou Shizhong , Qian Huirong , Li Guoqiang
Published: November 2014

High-quality GaN films have been grown on nitrided LiGaO2 substrates by pulsed laser deposition. The effect of nitridation on the properties of the GaN films and the growth mechanism of GaN films grown on nitrided LiGaO2 substrates by pulsed laser deposition have also been systemically studied.
Nitrogen electrochemically reduced to ammonia with hematite: density-functional insights
Authors: Nguyen Manh-Thuong , Seriani Nicola , Gebauer Ralph
Published: November 2014

Lichtet al.recently proposed a procedure to synthesize NH3from N2and steam electrolysis in molten hydroxide suspensions of nano-Fe2O3.
A class of polysulfide catholytes for lithium–sulfur batteries: energy density, cyclability, and voltage enhancement
Authors: Yu Xingwen , Manthiram Arumugam
Published: November 2014

Polysulfides synthesized in different organic solvents provide enhanced voltage (NMP) and cyclability (TEGDME) to Li–polysulfide batteries.
Rice bran protein hydrolysates prevented interleukin-6- and high glucose-induced insulin resistance in HepG2 cells
Authors: Boonloh Kampeebhorn , Kukongviriyapan Upa , Pannangpetch Patchareewan , Kongyingyoes Bunkerd , Senggunprai Laddawan , Prawan Auemduan , Thawornchinsombut Supawan , Kukongviriyapan Veerapol
Published: November 2014

Rice bran protein hydrolysates prevent insulin resistance in HepG2 cells.
N,N,N-Trimethyl benzyl ammonium bis-(2-ethylhexyl)-phosphonate grafted polymer – a solid supported ionic liquid for the separation of uranium from aqueous processing streams
Authors: Ruhela Ritesh , Iyer Nikhilesh , Yadav Manoj , Singh Ajoy K. , Hubli R. C. , Chakravartty Jayant K.
Published: November 2014

The polymer has shown promise for the separation of uranium from aqueous processing streams. The sorbed complex exhibits bipyramidal geometry centered on uranium atom surrounded by eight oxygen atoms.
Rare-earth recycling using a functionalized ionic liquid for the selective dissolution and revalorization of Y2O3:Eu3+ from lamp phosphor waste
Authors: Dupont David , Binnemans Koen
Published: November 2014

A recycling process for lamp phosphor waste has been developed based on the selective dissolution and revalorization of the valuable red lamp phosphor Y2O3:Eu3+ in the functionalized ionic liquid [Hbet][Tf2N].
Methods for advanced hepatocyte cell culture in microwells utilizing air bubbles
Authors: Goral Vasiliy N. , Au Sam H. , Faris Ronald A. , Yuen Po Ki
Published: November 2014

We present a number of novel and unique methods for advanced cell culture in microwells utilizing air bubbles to provide substantial control over cellular microenvironments and organization in order to achieve specific cell-based applications, and an easy way for high throughput drug screening and cytotoxicity assays.
Boronic acid-modified lipid nanocapsules: a novel platform for the highly efficient inhibition of hepatitis C viral entry
Authors: Khanal Manakamana , Barras Alexandre , Vausselin Thibaut , Fénéant Lucie , Boukherroub Rabah , Siriwardena Aloysius , Dubuisson Jean , Szunerits Sabine
Published: November 2014

Boronic acid-modified lipid nanocapsules are shown to be efficient inhibitors of hepatitis C virus (HCV) entry.
Hierarchical construction of a mechanically stable peptide–graphene oxide hybrid hydrogel for drug delivery and pulsatile triggered release in vivo
Authors: Wu Junhua , Chen Aiping , Qin Meng , Huang Rong , Zhang Guang , Xue Bin , Wei Jiwu , Li Ying , Cao Yi , Wang Wei
Published: November 2014

A peptide–graphene oxide hybrid hydrogel that possesses high stability and drug-sustainability was engineered for on-demand drug control release.
Broadband slow light in one-dimensional logically combined photonic crystals
Authors: Alagappan G. , Png C. E.
Published: November 2014

We demonstrate the large density of slow modes in a logically combined photonic crystal.
Novel peapod-like Ni2P nanoparticles with improved electrochemical properties for hydrogen evolution and lithium storage
Authors: Bai Yuanjuan , Zhang Huijuan , Li Xiao , Liu Li , Xu Haitao , Qiu Huajun , Wang Yu
Published: November 2014

A novel peapod-like Ni2P/C nanocomposite is designed and synthesized using NiNH4PO4H2O nanorod sacrificial templates. The nanocomposite exhibits high activity and stability for the hydrogen evolution reaction and an excellent electrochemical performance for use in lithium ion batteries.
Defective TiO2-supported Cu nanoparticles as efficient and stable electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction in alkaline media
Authors: Liu Ke , Song Yang , Chen Shaowei
Published: November 2014

The ORR activity of copper nanoparticles was enhanced by defective TiO2 that facilitated water adsorption and formation of surface hydroxyl species.
Surface energy of silk fibroin and mechanical properties of silk cocoon composites
Authors: Zhang J. , Du S. , Kafi A. , Fox B. , Li J. L. , Liu X. Y. , Rajkhowa R. , Wang X. G.
Published: November 2014

Both the physical and physiochemical properties of domestic and wild silkworm silk fibroin were studied, including surface energy and surface energy heterogeneity.
Interfacial synthesis of SnSe quantum dots for sensitized solar cells
Authors: Ling Luting , Zhang Qiang , Zhu Lin , Wang Cai-Feng , Chen Su
Published: November 2014

A new interfacial synthesis of colloidal SnSe quantum dots (QDs) was realized from common precursors at a mild condition. SnSe QD-sensitized solar cells were fabricated to show an improved power conversion efficiency with a high fill factor of 0.71.
Nitric oxide release by N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas: a rarely discussed mechanistic path towards their anticancer activity
Authors: Sarkar Amrita , Karmakar Subhendu , Bhattacharyya Sudipta , Purkait Kallol , Mukherjee Arindam
Published: November 2014

Our work shows that NO release is a feasible pathway of action for aromatic and heterocyclic N-(2-chloroethyl)-N-nitrosoureas and faster NO release may not lead to higher cytotoxicity.
Inhibiting the interaction between FeO and Al2O3 during chemical looping production of hydrogen
Authors: Liu Wen , Ismail Mohammad , Dunstan Matthew T. , Hu Wenting , Zhang Zili , Fennell Paul S. , Scott Stuart A. , Dennis J. S.
Published: November 2014

Hydrogen of high purity can be produced by chemical looping using mixed oxides containing Fe, Al, Na and Mg.
Hyperbranched aromatic poly(ether ketone) functionalized with TEMPO as a heterogeneous catalyst for aerobic oxidation of alcohols
Authors: Shi Ying , Nabae Yuta , Hayakawa Teruaki , Kakimoto Masa-aki
Published: November 2014

A hyperbranched aromatic poly(ether ketone) functionalized with 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO/HBPEK) was investigated as a novel heterogeneous catalyst for aerobic oxidation of alcohols.
Triticale crop residue: a cheap material for high performance nanofibrillated cellulose
Authors: Boufi Sami , Gandini Alessandro
Published: November 2014

Nanofibrillated cellulose from triticale straws were produced using high-pressure homogenization and conventional high-speed blender for the disintegration process. The energy demand for the disintegration process was shown to depend on delignification and pretreatment.
Copper immobilized onto a triazole functionalized magnetic nanoparticle: a robust magnetically recoverable catalyst for “click” reactions
Authors: Moghaddam Firouz Matloubi , Ayati Seyed Ebrahim
Published: November 2014

A novel magnetic heterogeneous copper catalyst was synthesized by immobilization of copper ions onto triazole functionalized Fe3O4.
Non-additive simple potentials for pre-programmed self-assembly
Authors: Salgado-Blanco Daniel , Mendoza Carlos I.
Published: November 2014

A non-additive binary mixture of sticky spheres interacting isotropically can self-assemble in a large variety of pre-defined structures by tuning a small number of geometrical and energetic parameters.
Photocatalytic reactivity of {121} and {211} facets of brookite TiO2 crystals
Authors: Zhao Ming , Xu Hua , Chen Hungru , Ouyang Shuxin , Umezawa Naoto , Wang Defa , Ye Jinhua
Published: November 2014

Combining the surface atomic structure and electronic band structure, it is suggested that, for brookite TiO2, the {121} surface is beneficial for photocatalytic oxidation and the {211} surface can facilitate photocatalytic reduction.
Fatty acids and the risk of death during acute myocardial ischaemia
Authors: Oliver Michael F.
Published: November 2014

Plasma free fatty acids (non-esterified fatty acids) increase in the first hour of the onset of acute myocardial ischaemia. This results from catecholamine stimulation of adipose tissue lipolysis. It can lead to a metabolic crisis in the injured myocardium with the development of ventricular arrhythmias and increased early mortality. Preconditioning, β-adrenergic blockade and glucose–insulin–potassium are possible therapeutic approaches, but anti-lipolytic agents, such as some nicotinic acid derivatives, can reduce plasma free fatty acid concentrations within minutes and have untried potential. A clinical trial of their effectiveness is needed from the first moment when a patient with an acute coronary syndrome is seen by paramedics.
Fast and accurate calibration algorithm for laser pointer tracking via structured light illumination
Authors: Liu Kai , Luo Xueling , Wu Wei , Yang Xiaomin , Zheng Xiaojun
Published: November 2014

In projector‐based applications, if the laser spot of a laser pointer can be quickly and accurately tracked, the laser pointer can act as an alternative to a computer mouse, and thus a user can more conveniently interact with the computer from a distance. Presented is an efficient calibration algorithm, which is immune to both the geometry of projection surfaces and the distortion of optical lens, for laser pointer tracking. Experiments verify the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm.
Is inference necessary to pragmatics?
Authors: Mazzarella Diana
Published: November 2014

The assumption that pragmatic processes are inferential is standardly held by Gricean and post-Gricean pragmatic theories. Recently, however, it has been challenged by accessibility-based approaches to pragmatics. Recanati (2002, 2004) proposes that primary pragmatic processes (i.e. processes that contribute to the recovery of the explicit content of the utterance) are underpinned by a simple dynamics of activations-and-associations, with no need for any further (specifically inferential) step or ‘confirmatory stage’ to warrant the selected interpretation. Mazzone (2009, 2011) extends this account to secondary pragmatic processes (i.e. processes of implicature derivation): the recovery of the explicit and implicit content of the utterance is the result of a unified associative comprehension process. This paper argues that, on close analysis, the role played by information about the speaker’s mental states (i.e. her beliefs and intentions) indicates that inference is indispensable in an adequate account of pragmatic processing.
Self-efficacy in translation
Authors: Bolaños-Medina Alicia
Published: November 2014

Self-efficacy is a construct which has been found to influence individuals’ performance and coping abilities, enhancing motivation and facilitating goal-setting, decision-making, academic achievement, and successful persistence in the face of difficulty (Bandura 1995). Although the related notions of self-awareness, self-confidence and self-concept have already been addressed in translatology (Hönig 1995; Kussmaul 1995; Kiraly 1995), no specific research has been conducted on the relationship between self-efficacy and translation. The purpose of this article is to introduce the concept of self-efficacy from a social and cognitive perspective, as well as to explore its possible implications for translatology. An exploratory correlational study, based on self-report measures, was performed using the Spanish version of the General Self-efficacy Scale (GSE) (Baessler and Schwarzer 1996). The results of this preliminary research suggest that self-efficacy is a construct of relevance for translation process-oriented research, related, in particular, to proficient source language reading comprehension, tolerance of ambiguity, and documentation abilities.
The interpreter advantage hypothesis
Authors: García Adolfo M.
Published: November 2014

The ‘interpreter advantage hypothesis’ posits that task-specific cognitive skills developed by professional interpreters (PIs) generalize to more efficient linguistic and executive abilities in non-interpreting tasks. This paper reviews relevant studies in order to establish preliminary data patterns and outline new research questions. Though not entirely consistent, the evidence suggests that interpreting expertise enhances aspects of semantic processing, working memory, and cognitive flexibility. The data also gives rise to new related queries: Are linguistic and executive enhancements in PIs independent of each other? Are all the superior skills of PIs cumulatively enhanced by the double influence of bilingualism and interpreting experience? And how soon after the onset of formal training do these advantages appear? Tentative answers to these questions are also implied in the evidence considered.
Developing psychological skill for the global language industry
Authors: Atkinson David P.
Published: November 2014

This article presents a teaching methodology aimed at helping trainee translators and interpreters to increase theirpsychological skill. Psychological skill is here defined as the effects of self-efficacy, explanatory style, and locus of control, all of which shape their decision-making and courses of action. By increasing their level of psychological skill, I aim to help translators and interpreters better cope with the challenges of an increasingly automated and highly globalized profession.

In particular, this article explores three general approaches for teaching and improving psychological skill, namelytheoretical discussion,modelling, androle play. I will also describe examples for practical activities that might be carried out in translator/interpreter training.

The overall aim of the article is to provide a research-based foundation for teachers and trainers so that they can implement teaching methodologies and strategies to help their translation/interpreting students to graduate with betterpsychological skill. A particular focus will be on psychological challenges arising from the globalized nature of our profession and the changes brought about by technological developments.
Subtitling, video consumption and viewers
Authors: Orrego-Carmona David
Published: November 2014

The emergence of international audiences and the activities of prosumers are modifying international media flows. Consumers have become active mediators in the distribution of audiovisual contents through the Internet, overstepping official distribution channels. As an efficient way to overcome linguistic barriers, non-professional subtitling plays an important role within this framework. In order to analyze how the new environment is altering users’ behavior and attitudes, this article looks at the case of video consumption and non-professional subtitling use in Spain. By drawing on questionnaires, interviews and documentary sources on the Internet, the article aims at providing a general picture of current consumption habits of audiovisual material in a globalized society. It explores users’ engagement with audiovisual content, their attitude towards subtitling and non-professional subtitling, and how they manage their expectations and adapt to the new conditions.
Open, web-based internationalization and localization tools
Authors: Lewis David , Liu Qun , Finn Leroy , Hokamp Chris , Sasaki Felix , Filip David
Published: November 2014

As many software applications have moved from a desktop software deployment model to a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) model so we have seen tool vendors in the language service industry move to a SaaS model, e.g., for web-based Computer Assisted Translation (CAT) tools. However, many of these offerings fail to take full advantage of the Open Web Platform, i.e., the rich set of web browser-based APIs linked to HTML5. We examine the interoperability landscape that developers of web-based translation tools can benefit from, and in particular the potential offered by the open metadata defined in the W3C’s (World Wide Web Consortium) recent Internationalization Tag Set v2.0 Recommendation. We examine how this can be used in conjunction with the XML Localisation Interchange File Format (XLIFF) standardized by OASIS to exchange translation jobs between servers and Javascript-based CAT tools running in the web browser. We also explore how such open metadata can support activities in the multilingual web processing chain before and after translation.
“Feeling” audio description
Authors: Ramos Caro Marina , Rojo Ana
Published: November 2014

There is evidence suggesting that watching movies usually provokes an emotional response in the audience that may differ according to the type of film viewed. For example, Grodal (2009) argues that the type of response provoked by mainstream cinema is different from that elicited by avant-garde films. In visually impaired audiences, the emotional impact of films is inevitably mediated by the Audio Description (AD) provided. In most countries AD norms do not cater for variations between different types of films. There exists, therefore, the possibility that the emotional impact of the film could be affected or altered by the AD. This paper aims to explore possible differences in the response of sighted versus unsighted audiences when watching avant-garde and narrative films. A pilot study is designed to measure the emotional response through self-response questionnaires. Our results indicate that differences between both types of audience are more prominent for avant-garde films.
Infinity and givenness: Kant on the intuitive origin of spatial representation
Authors: Smyth Daniel
Published: November 2014

I advance a novel interpretation of Kant’s argument that our original representation of space must be intuitive, according to which the intuitive status of spatial representation is secured by its infinitary structure. I defend a conception of intuitive representation as what must be given to the mind in order to be thought at all. Discursive representation, as modelled on the specific division of a highest genus into species, cannot account for infinite complexity. Because we represent space as infinitely complex, the spatial manifold cannot be generated discursively and must therefore be given to the mind, i.e. represented in intuition.
Prognostic Significance of Presenting Blood Pressure in Patients With ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction Undergoing Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Park Jin Sup , Cha Kwang Soo , Shin Donghun , Lee Dae Sung , Lee Hye Won , Oh Jun-Hyok , Choi Jung Hyun , Lee Han Cheol , Hong Taek Jong , Lee Sang Hyun , Kim Jeong Su , Park Yong Hyun , Kim June Hong , Chun Kook-Jin , Jeong Myung Ho , Ahn Youngkeun , Chae Shung Chull , Kim Young Jo ,   the Korea Working Group on Myocardial Infarction Investigators
Published: November 2014

BACKGROUND

We evaluated the impact of normal vs. high presenting blood pressure (BP) on clinical outcomes and cardiac function in patients with ST-elevation myocardial infarction (MI).

METHODS

In 11,292 patients, in-hospital mortality and major adverse clinical events (MACE; all-cause death, nonfatal MI, or any revascularization) during follow-up were compared between patients with normal (≥100mm Hg and ≤139mm Hg) and high (≥140mm Hg) systolic BP at presentation.

RESULTS

Compared to patients with high BP, patients with normal BP had significantly higher in-hospital mortality (1.5% vs. 3.7%; P < 0.001), especially in those with prior hypertension, and higher rates of all-cause death (3.3% vs. 5.3%; P < 0.001) and MACE (9.8% vs. 11.8%; P = 0.04) during follow-up (median: 330 days). After multivariate adjustment, normal BP was associated with higher risk of in-hospital mortality (adjusted hazard ratio (HR) = 2.268; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.144–4.498; P = 0.019), but not all-cause death (adjusted HR = 0.956; 95% CI = 0.602–1.517) or MACE (adjusted HR = 0.935; 95% CI = 0.755–1.158). Left ventricular ejection fraction at baseline and follow-up was significantly lower in patients with normal BP (52% vs. 51%; P < 0.001 and 55% vs. 54%; P = 0.018, respectively).

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings indicate that patients with normal presenting BP, especially those with prior hypertension, exhibit higher in-hospital mortality and poorer cardiac function compared to patients with high BP. Although outcomes during follow-up did not differ, cardiac function was persistently poorer in patients who presented with normal BP.
SNiPA: an interactive, genetic variant-centered annotation browser
Authors: Arnold Matthias , Raffler Johannes , Pfeufer Arne , Suhre Karsten , Kastenmüller Gabi
Published: November 2014

Motivation: Linking genes and functional information to genetic variants identified by association studies remains difficult. Resources containing extensive genomic annotations are available but often not fully utilized due to heterogeneous data formats. To enhance their accessibility, we integrated many annotation datasets into a user-friendly webserver.

Availability and implementation:  http://www.snipa.org/

Contact:  g.kastenmueller@helmholtz-muenchen.de

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
MGAS: a powerful tool for multivariate gene-based genome-wide association analysis
Authors: Van der Sluis Sophie , Dolan Conor V. , Li Jiang , Song Youqiang , Sham Pak , Posthuma Danielle , Li Miao-Xin
Published: November 2014

Motivation: Standard genome-wide association studies, testing the association between one phenotype and a large number of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), are limited in two ways: (i) traits are often multivariate, and analysis of composite scores entails loss in statistical power and (ii) gene-based analyses may be preferred, e.g. to decrease the multiple testing problem.

Results: Here we present a new method, multivariate gene-based association test by extended Simes procedure (MGAS), that allows gene-based testing of multivariate phenotypes in unrelated individuals. Through extensive simulation, we show that under most trait-generating genotype–phenotype models MGAS has superior statistical power to detect associated genes compared with gene-based analyses of univariate phenotypic composite scores (i.e. GATES, multiple regression), and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA). Re-analysis of metabolic data revealed 32 False Discovery Rate controlled genome-wide significant genes, and 12 regions harboring multiple genes; of these 44 regions, 30 were not reported in the original analysis.

Conclusion: MGAS allows researchers to conduct their multivariate gene-based analyses efficiently, and without the loss of power that is often associated with an incorrectly specified genotype–phenotype models.

Availability and implementation: MGAS is freely available in KGG v3.0 (http://statgenpro.psychiatry.hku.hk/limx/kgg/download.php). Access to the metabolic dataset can be requested at dbGaP (https://dbgap.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/). The R-simulation code is available from http://ctglab.nl/people/sophie_van_der_sluis.

Contact: mxli@hku.hk

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Tissue-aware data integration approach for the inference of pathway interactions in metazoan organisms
Authors: Park Christopher Y. , Krishnan Arjun , Zhu Qian , Wong Aaron K. , Lee Young-Suk , Troyanskaya Olga G.
Published: November 2014

Motivation: Leveraging the large compendium of genomic data to predict biomedical pathways and specific mechanisms of protein interactions genome-wide in metazoan organisms has been challenging. In contrast to unicellular organisms, biological and technical variation originating from diverse tissues and cell-lineages is often the largest source of variation in metazoan data compendia. Therefore, a new computational strategy accounting for the tissue heterogeneity in the functional genomic data is needed to accurately translate the vast amount of human genomic data into specific interaction-level hypotheses.

Results: We developed an integrated, scalable strategy for inferring multiple human gene interaction types that takes advantage of data from diverse tissue and cell-lineage origins. Our approach specifically predicts both the presence of a functional association and also the most likely interaction type among human genes or its protein products on a whole-genome scale. We demonstrate that directly incorporating tissue contextual information improves the accuracy of our predictions, and further, that such genome-wide results can be used to significantly refine regulatory interactions from primary experimental datasets (e.g. ChIP-Seq, mass spectrometry).

Availability and implementation: An interactive website hosting all of our interaction predictions is publically available at http://pathwaynet.princeton.edu. Software was implemented using the open-source Sleipnir library, which is available for download at https://bitbucket.org/libsleipnir/libsleipnir.bitbucket.org.

Contact:  ogt@cs.princeton.edu

Supplementary information:  Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
A logical model of HIV-1 interactions with the T-cell activation signalling pathway
Authors: Oyeyemi Oyebode J. , Davies Oluwafemi , Robertson David L. , Schwartz Jean-Marc
Published: November 2014

Motivation: Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) hijacks host cellular processes to replicate within its host. Through interactions with host proteins, it perturbs and interrupts signaling pathways that alter key cellular functions. Although networks of viral–host interactions have been relatively well characterized, the dynamics of the perturbation process is poorly understood. Dynamic models of infection have the potential to provide insights into the HIV-1 host interaction.

Results: We employed a logical signal flow network to model the dynamic interactions between HIV-1 proteins and key human signal transduction pathways necessary for activation of CD4+ T lymphocytes. We integrated viral–host interaction and host signal transduction data into a dynamic logical model comprised of 137 nodes (16 HIV-1 and 121 human proteins) and 336 interactions collected from the HIV-1 Human Interaction Database. The model reproduced expected patterns of T-cell activation, co-stimulation and co-inhibition. After simulations, we identified 26 host cell factors, including MAPK1&3, Ikkb-Ikky-Ikka and PKA, which contribute to the net activation or inhibition of viral proteins. Through in silico knockouts, the model identified a further nine host cell factors, including members of the PI3K signalling pathway that are essential to viral replication. Simulation results intersected with the findings of three siRNA gene knockout studies and identified potential drug targets. Our results demonstrate how viral infection causes the cell to lose control of its signalling system. Logical Boolean modelling therefore provides a useful approach for analysing the dynamics of host–viral interactions with potential applications for drug discovery.

Contact:  jean-marc.schwartz@manchester.ac.uk or david.robertson@manchester.ac.uk

Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Assessing the ecological importance of red tree coral thickets in the eastern Gulf of Alaska
Authors: Stone Robert P. , Masuda Michele M. , Karinen John F.
Published: November 2014

Red tree corals (Primnoa pacifica), the largest structure-forming gorgonians in the North Pacific Ocean, form dense thickets in some areas. These thickets are a dominant benthic habitat feature in the Gulf of Alaska (GOA), yet little is known about the ecosystems they support. In 2005, we used a submersible to study the ecology of thickets inside or near five small areas of the eastern GOA later designated in 2006 as habitat areas of particular concern (HAPCs)―areas closed to all bottom contact fishing. We show that red tree corals are keystone species in habitats where they form thickets (mean density 0.52 corals m−2)—the densest and largest thickets documented anywhere. Measured sponge densities (2.51 sponges m−2) were also among the highest documented anywhere. The corals and sponges in the study areas provide essential fish habitat for some fish species, and we show with logistic regression models modified with a scaled binomial variance that bedrock, while important habitat for some fish, is even more important when paired with corals and sponges. Red tree corals were not equally distributed with regard to habitat characteristics, and we show that their presence was correlated with bedrock substrate, moderate to high seabed roughness, and slope >10°. Most corals and sponges are vulnerable to disturbance from longlining, the principal bottom contact fishing in this region, but the larger corals and sponges are the most vulnerable. We observed evidence of infrequent recruitment events and a strong pulse of predation, apparently from fishing gear-induced trauma, that could exacerbate slow recovery of red tree corals from disturbance. Some red tree coral thickets are provided protection within designated HAPCs and some are not. Modifications to longline gear and an expanded network of HAPCs could help preserve these keystone species and the ecosystems they support.
Extreme luminosities in ejecta produced by intermittent outflows around rotating black holes
Authors: van Putten Maurice H. P. M.
Published: November 2014

Extreme sources in the Transient Universe show evidence of relativistic outflows from intermittent inner engines, such as cosmological gamma-ray bursts (GRBs). They probably derive from rotating back holes interacting with surrounding matter. We show that these interactions are enhanced inversely proportional to the duty cycle in advection of magnetic flux, as may apply at high accretion rates. We demonstrate the morphology and ballistic propagation of relativistic ejecta from burst outflows by numerical simulations in relativistic magnetohydrodynamics. Applied to stellar mass black holes in core-collapse of massive stars, it provides a robust explosion mechanism as a function of total energy output. At breakout, these ejecta may produce a low-luminosity GRB. A long GRB may ensue from an additional ultrarelativistic baryon-poor inner jet from a sufficiently long-lived intermittent inner engine. The simulations demonstrate a complex geometry in mergers of successive ejecta, whose mixing and shocks provide a pathway to broad-band high-energy emission from magnetic reconnection and shocks.
Asaṅga
Authors: Lugli Ligeia
Published: November 2014

As with many early South Asian thinkers, little is known about Asaṅga. His importance in the history of Buddhism lies mainly in his role in the systematization of Yogācāra, to which his magnum opus, the Mahāyānasaṃgraha, testifies. Asaṅga was probably born in Puruṣapura (modern Peshawar) in the 4th century ce. Hagiographies narrate that he was the older brother of Vasubandhu, and, like him, he initially belonged to a Śrāvakayāna school. He then converted to the Mahāyāna following an encounter with the bodhisattva Maitreya, who taught him the meaning of emptiness and revealed to him a number of texts, including the monumental Yogācārabhūmi. Much of the scholarship on Asaṅga has focused on this story and its possible historical roots. Three main topics have stirred controversy: Asaṅga’s relation to Maitreya; his initial Śrāvakayāna affiliation; and the authorship of the works traditionally attributed to him, especially Asaṅga’s role in the compilation of the Yogācārabhūmi. In the course of this debate, which spanned several decades, there has been a shift from reliance on traditional accounts and attempts to rationalize their supernatural aspects, to a more cautious approach in evaluating their potential value as historical cues. Now most scholars concur that (1) Maitreya was regarded as the source of doctrinal and compositional inspiration within the Buddhist yogic communities of Northwestern India from which Yogācāra emerged; (2) the data about Asaṅga’s Śrāvakayāna affiliation are insufficient to determine exactly to which school he belonged; and (3) he composed three texts—the Mahāyānasaṃgraha, Abhidharmasamuccaya, and Xianyang shengjiao lun—although he might have also participated in the compilation of the Yogācārabhūmi. Besides helping to define Asaṅga’s corpus, the debate over the authenticity of traditional attributions has also brought about an important reconsideration of the conception of authorship in the sociohistorical context of 4th-century Indic Buddhism. Some scholars in the early 21st century refrain from conceiving of Asaṅga as an individual, historical author and prefer to leave open the possibility that various texts came to be attributed to him, even though he might have only participated in redacting them, or, perhaps, might not even have been personally involved in such editorial processes.
Nobility
Authors: Soen Violet
Published: November 2014

“The” nobility is a slippery fish to catch, especially for the Renaissance and Reformation era, here understood as the two centuries between 1450 and 1650. Historians inevitably face the methodological problem of whether to define “nobility” according to juridical, social or cultural criteria. Over the past decades, they have abandoned a legal and essentialist interpretation in favor of a sociological and anthropological approach. Even if legal, fiscal, and social privileges persisted in “the making of” the nobility during the ancien régime, it is now widely acknowledged that the social composition of the group constantly changed, leading to an immense diversity among its members across Europe and the colonies. Likewise, it is accepted today that both the Renaissance and Reformation profoundly changed the cultural and ideological concept of “nobility” itself. These novel insights replace the older 19th-century paradigm claiming that from the late Middle Ages onward the nobility was in long-lasting crisis, losing its power and status to a rising bourgeoisie. Instead of this linear interpretation, a new consensus emerged around a persistent rise and decline among nobilities (not of the group as such), and their remarkable resilience in the face of state-building, religious change, and economic upheaval between 1450 and 1650.
The solar cycle dependence of the weak internetwork flux
Authors: Lites Bruce W. , Centeno Rebecca , McIntosh Scott W.
Published: November 2014

We examine data from the Hinode Observing Program 79 (the “HOP 79” irradiance program) as observed using the Hinode Solar Optical Telescope Spectro-Polarimeter for systematic changes in the weakest observable magnetic flux during the period 2008–2013. At moderate latitudes we find no evidence for systematic changes as a function of time and solar latitude in either the unsigned line-of-sight flux or in the measures of the transverse flux. However, in the polar regions, changes are apparent in the measure of signed magnetic flux corresponding to reversal of the polarity of the poles, changes that persist even for the weakest observed flux. Also evident in measures of the weakest signed flux are preferences for positive (negative) polarity at mid-north (mid-south) latitudes (20°–60°). Center-limb variations in various measures of the weak flux appear to be independent of the solar cycle. The results are consistent with the operation of a small-scale solar dynamo operating within and just below the solar photosphere, but the measures of the weakest signed flux still contain small signatures of the global solar cycle.