bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Poola intertekstuaalsed meemid COVID pandeemia kohta
Authors:   University of Opole, Poland, Brzozowska Dorota , Chłopicki Władysław ,   Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
Published: April 2021

The aim of the paper is to show the Polish story of the Covid-19 pandemic as seen through a humorous looking glass. Different stages of coronavirus presence in the media and social discourse have been accompanied by the appearance and development of jokes and memes, which illustrate the rapidly changing pandemic situation. The database consists of over three hundred memes, movies, and comments collected between February and May 2020, during the pandemic humour peak, and come mainly from private WhatsApp and Facebook accounts of the researchers. The humorous material is related to introduced restrictions, changing laws, parliamentary elections, news from other affected countries as well as seasons and festive times – especially Easter – occurring in the same period of time. The universal themes present in the humorous material travelling around the world are complemented by the strictly culturally immersed topics, reflecting the specific social and political situation in Poland. The analysis undertaken in the article focuses on various kinds of mechanisms which involve intertextuality (allusions) as well as complexity of references that function as sources of humour, with special attention being paid to cultural references, for example, films, paintings, references to political life, including those of the life under socialism as well as universal themes, such as animal memes.
Ergonomic working posture in simulated dental clinical conditions: effect of magnification on the operator’s experience
Authors: Wajngarten Danielle , Pazos Júlia Margato , Garcia Patricia Petromilli Nordi Sasso
Published: April 2021

Objectives

This study observed the effect of different magnification systems on working posture and neck angulation during cavity preparation procedures according to operator’s experience.

Methods

This was a laboratory study. The response variables were the neck angulation and the working posture adopted during Class I cavity preparations (N = 640) that were performed under four conditions (unaided visualization, simple loupe, Galilean loupe and Keplerian loupe). Working postures were recorded and evaluated by the Compliance Assessment of Dental Ergonomic Posture Requirements (CADEP). The two-factor ANOVA and Games-Howell post-hoc test were performed (α = 0.05).

Results

For all treated teeth it was observed higher posture scores and lowest neck angulations while using the Galilean and Keplerian loupes (p < 0.01). No correlations were found between operator’s experience and working posture (p = 0.71–0.88).

Conclusion

It can be concluded that Galilean and Keplerian loupes helped operators to maintain an ergonomic posture and lower neck angulations for all teeth and the operator’s experience provided better ergonomic posture for the mandibular teeth.
Key wheat GRF genes constraining wheat tillering of mutant dmc
Authors: Zhang Jing , Li Junchang , Ni Yongjing , Jiang Yumei , Jiao Zhixin , Li Huijuan , Wang Ting , Zhang Peipei , Han Mengyao , Li Lei , Liu Hongjie , Li Qiaoyun , Niu Jishan
Published: April 2021

Tillering is a key agronomy trait for wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) production. Previously, we have reported a dwarf-monoculm wheat mutant (dmc) obtained from cultivar Guomai 301 (wild type, WT), and found growth regulating factors (GRFs) playing important roles in regulating wheat tillering. This study is to systematically investigate the roles of all the wheat GRFs (T. aestivum GRFs, TaGRFs) in regulating tillering, and screen out the key regulators. A total of 30 TaGRFs were identified and their physicochemical properties, gene structures, conserved domains, phylogenetic relationships and tissue expression profiles were analyzed. The expression levels of all the TaGRFs were significantly lower in dmc than those in WT at early tillering stage, and the abnormal expressions of TaGRF2-7(A, B, D), TaGRF5-7D, TaGRF10-6(A, B, D) and TaGRF11-2A were major causes constraining the tillering of dmc. The transcriptions of TaGRFs were significantly affected by exogenous indole acetic acid (IAA) and gibberellin acid (GA3) applications, which suggested that TaGRFs as well as IAA, GA signaling were involved in controlling wheat tillering. This study provided valuable clues for functional characterization of GRF genes in wheat.
Gastric Schwannoma: The Masquerader amongst Gastric Mesenchymal Tumours
Authors: Issac Rijo , Masih Dipti , Simon Betty , Samarasam Inian , Pulimood Anna Benjamin
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Gastric Schwannoma (GS) is a rare gastrointestinal mesenchymal tumour and needs to be distinguished from other common mesenchymal tumours like Gastrointestinal Stromal Tumour (GIST). GS is composed of Antoni A areas with peritumoural lymphoid cuff unlike conventional schwannomas. GS are difficult to differentiate from other mesenchymal submucosal tumours like GIST. The histological features and strong positive immunostaining for S100 protein along with CD117 (Cluster of Differentiation) and Discovered on GIST 1 (DOG1) immunonegativity is required to confirm the diagnosis. Aim: To analyse the histopathological, immunohistochemical, radiological characteristics and follow-up data of GS. Materials and Methods: This was a retrospective descriptive study conducted in a tertiary care hospital in Southern India. There was a total of eight cases of GS retrieved from the Pathology archives from January 2010 to December 2019. The clinical information along with radiology reports were retrieved from the electronic database. The retrieved slides were analysedfor clinicopathological features. The descriptive analysis of the data was done, and the results were presented as mean, frequencies, and percentages. Results: All eight cases of GS presented in the fifth to eighth decade of life with a female preponderance (male to female ratio of 1:3). Six out of eight cases were symptomatic (75%). Radiologically, a differential diagnosis of GIST was considered in all 8 cases (100%). Microscopically, all 8 cases (100%) exhibited fascicles of spindle cells with mild nuclear pleomorphism, prominent peritumoural lymphoid cuff, and few secondary changes. S100 immunohistochemistry was done in six cases of GS and all showed diffuse strong positivity. The remaining two cases were positive for SRY-related High Mobility Group (HMG)-box 10 (SOX). Conclusion: Preoperative diagnosis of GS is difficult due to non-specific endoscopic or radiological findings. In gastric submucosal tumours, GS should be considered as one of the differential diagnosis. The histopathological and immunohistochemical features are considered the gold standard to diagnose GS.
Wheat Crop Acreage Estimation Based on Remote Sensing and GIS in Jabalpur (Madhya Pradesh, India)
Authors: Rawat Umakant , Yadav Ankit , Pawar P.S. , Rajput Aniket , Vasht Devendra , Nema S.
Published: April 2021

Mapping and classification crop by using satellite images is a challenging task that can minimize the complexities of field visits. The recently launched Sentinel-2 satellite has thirteen spectral bands, short revisit time and determination at three different resolutions (10 m, 20 m and 60 m), besides that, the free availability of the images makes it a good choice for vegetation mapping. This study aims to classify crop, using single date Sentinel-2 imagery within the Jabalpur, state of Madhya Pradesh, India. The classification was performed by using Unsupervised Classification. In this study, four spectral bands, i.e., Near Infrared, Red, Green, and Blue of Sentinel-2 were stacked for the classification. The results show that the area of wheat crop corresponds to 83.07%; Gram/ Pulses, 14.64%; and other crop, 2.28%. The overall accuracy and overall Kappa Statistics of the classification using Sentinel-2 imagery are 85.71% and 0.819%, respectively. Therefore, this study has found that Sentinel-2 presented great potential in the mapping of the agriculture areas of Jabalpur by remote sensing.
Storage Stability of Probiotic Soy Yoghurts with Enzyme Hydrolyzed African Breadfruit and Rice Additives
Authors: Barber Lucretia I. , Onuegbu Ngozika C. , Osuji Chijioke M. , Ogueke Chika C.
Published: April 2021

Aims: This study investigated the effect of culture type and storage time on pH, titratable acidity (%Lactic acid), viscosity and syneresis, probiotic viability and sensory properties of probiotic soy yoghurts with enzyme hydrolyzed African bread fruit (HABF) and rice syrup.

Methodology: Three sets of Soy-HABF Yoghurt were formulated by supplementing soymilk with 4% HABF and the addition of enzyme hydrolyzed rice syrup. The formulations were inoculated separately with Bifidiobacterium bifidum and Lactobacillus acidophillus as mono- and co-cultures and fermented at 42 °C for 8 h. Using standard methods, the samples were analyzed after fermentation representing day 1 and on the 5th, 10th, 15th and 20th days of storage at 4⁰ C.

Results: Culture type and the storage time had significant (P≤0.05) effect on physicochemical, probiotic count and sensory properties of the probiotic soy-HABF yoghurt. pH decreased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with storage time from 4.36 - 4.06, 4.30 – 3.97 and 4.35 - 4.26 for B, L and BL (B. bifidum, L. acidophilus and the co-culture of B. bifidum, and L. acidophilus fermented samples). L. acidophilus had highest pH decrease. Titratable acidity, viscosity and syneresis index increased significantly (P≤0.05) with increase in storage time. Probiotic counts varied from 7.72-6.54 and 8.56 – 7.70 Log CFU/ml for B. bifidum and L. acidophilus respectively in the mono-culture samples B and L and from 7.66 – 5.65 and 7.90 – 6.57 Log CFU/ml for B.bifidum and L. acidophilus in sample BL. Assessors’ degree of likeness for the aroma, appearance, taste and texture of the probiotic soy-HABF yoghurt varied from neither like nor dislike to moderate likeness. The overall acceptability indicated that the L. acidophilus fermented product (sample L) was more acceptable to the assessors within the first 5 days of storage.

Conclusion: This study have shown that B.bifidum and L.acidophillus retained a viability of > log 6 within 15 days of storage. The physicochemical and sensory characteristics of soy/HABF yoghurt were also at optimum within the first 5 days at 4⁰ C.
COVID-19 Pandemic: A Concise Appraisal of the Current Status
Authors: Richard Otolorin Gbeminiyi , Oluwatobi Akefe Isaac , Tosin Olufemi Olaolu , Obinna Esonu Daniel , Isaac Dunka Hassana , Adanu Adanu Williams , Audu Danjuma Friday , Nok Kia Grace Sabo , Oghenefega Ovwighose Naomi , Paul Mshelbwala Philip
Published: April 2021

Covid-19 is caused by the Betacoronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2) which is an enveloped RNA virus causing diseases in both humans and animals. This research involved a systematic review with the aid of computerised literature search from PubMed, Scopus, Medline, ScienceDirect, Embase and Google Scholar and other recently published editorials. Specific words/phrases used for the search included COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 vaccines development, SARS-CoV-2 and COVAX.The rapid velocity by which the virus spreads, based on its unexpectedly high infectivity, requires urgent action towards both the development of a vaccine and effective viral inhibitors to decrease the virulence or eliminate symptoms. The COVID-19 pandemic has caused marked effect on global health and the economy worldwide being that it is shrouded in numerous uncertainties as scientist worldwide are yet to fully understand the virus. Although significant progress have been recorded by scientists, new information of the virus keeps emerging especially with the emergence of new variants and the capability of the virus to infect a multitude organ types apart from the respiratory tract. Consequently, there is a need for scientists all over the world to be constantly updated with recent information evolving from current research. This review is a concise appraisal of the current status of the COVID-19 pandemic across various regions of the world.
Effects of Vitamin C and Choline Chloride Supplementation on Temperature and Some Haematological Parameters in Trypanosoma congolense Infected Rats
Authors: Ukwueze C. S. , Ememe M. U. , Otumchere K. J.
Published: April 2021

Aims: Effects of Vitamin C and Choline chloride supplementation on temperature and some haematological parameters were investigated in Trypanosoma congolense infected rats.

Methodology: A total of twenty five (25) healthy albino rats weighing between 113.5-154.3 g were used for the study. They were randomly divided into groups (A-E) of five rats per group.  Group A was uninfected untreated which served as the control, group B was infected untreated. Groups C, D and E were infected treated with Choline chloride, Vitamin C and combination of Choline chloride and Vitamin C respectively.

Results: The mean body temperature was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the infected untreated group on days 21 and 28 post infection, when compared to the infected supplemented treated groups. The mean packed cell volume (PCV) decreased significantly (p <0.05) in the infected untreated group on days 21 and 28 post infection, when compared to the other infected treated groups. The mean haemoglobin concentration (HB) decreased significantly (p <0.05) in the infected untreated group on days 7, 21 and 28 post infection, when compared to the other infected and treated groups. The mean red blood cell counts (RBC) decreased significantly (p <0.05) in the infected untreated group on day 28 post infection compared to the other infected and treated groups. The mean total white blood cell counts (TWBC) decreased significantly (p <0.05) in the infected untreated group on days 14 and 21 post infection compared to the infected treated groups. On day 28 post infection TWBC counts in the group treated with combination of vitamin C and Choline chloride increased (p <0.05) when compared with the other treated groups. There was no significant difference (p>0.05) in all the infected treated groups when compared with the control

Conclusion: It was concluded from the study that combined supplementation of Vitamin C and Choline chloride will be more effective in ameliorating the haematological impacts of trypanosomosis.
Optimal Conditions for Expression of Enzymatic Activities in Bacillus Strains Essential for Production of Soumbara, a Functional Fermented Food Involved in Blood Pressure Homeostasis
Authors: Kouakou Yves A. , Ouattara Honoré G. , Karou Germain T.
Published: April 2021

Background: Soumbara is a traditional fermented food involved in the blood pressure homeostasis. The functional properties of this food strongly depend on the fermentative microbiota. In this study, we screened and identified at molecular level, some potential starters strain among the main microbiota associated with soumbara in Cote d’Ivoire, and investigated the conditions for optimal expression of their functional performance.

Methods: We screened and identified by ribosomal gene sequencing, interesting microbial strains and conditions for optimal expression of their functional performance notably proteolytic, lipolytic, pectinolytic, amylolytic and cellulolytic activities was investigated using semi quantitative method.

Results: The isolated microbiota was composed of 90.41 % of Bacillus strains, the rest being yeast and lactic acid bacteria. A total of 4 performant strains, specifically Bacillus subtilis (BS14P), Bacillus subtilis (KS16P), Bacillus velezensis (HS27M) and Bacillus pumilis (PS10P) were extracellular enzymes producing strains with halo diameter ranging between 1.9 and 2.8 cm. These strains grew optimally in the temperature range of 30- 35°C at pH 7-8. The largest enzyme producer Bacillus velezensis strain (HS27M) was remarkably able to grow well at relatively high temperature (40°C) and in a larger pH range (6-9). Proteolysis enzymes were produced optimally at 40-45°C, pH 7 whereas lipolysis occurred maximally at 40°C, pH 7. Likewise maximum pectinolytis, cellulolysis and amylolysis occurred at 45°C, pH range 7-8.

Conclusion: This study suggests Bacillus velezensis HS27M as valuable starter cultures for the production of soumbara with bioactive and organoleptic quality.
PERCEIVED LUXURY VALUE DAN PENGARUHNYA TERHADAP MINAT MENGINAP DI HOTEL BINTANG LIMA
Authors: Hariwijaya Nevia Putri , Hodianto Vincentia Celia , Thio Sienny
Published: April 2021

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa perceived luxury value yang dilihat dari dari nilai utilitarian, hedonis, finansial, relasional dan simbolik dan pengaruhnya terhadap minat menginap di hotel bintang lima. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif kausal dengan pengambilan sampel menggunakan purposive sampling. Kuesioner disebarkan kepada 104 responden yang pernah menginap di hotel bintang lima dalam dua tahun terakhir. Analisa statistik deskriptif dan regresi linier berganda digunakan untuk menganalisa data. Hasil pengolahan data menunjukkan bahwa nilai hedonis merupakan nilai luxury yang dipersepsikan paling tinggi diikuti oleh nilai utilitarian dan nilai finansial.  Perceived luxury values yang dilihat dari nilai hedonis dan finansial mempunyai pengaruh yang positif dan signifikan terhadap minat menginap di hotel bintang lima.
Apolipoprotein M promotes cholesterol uptake and efflux from mouse macrophages
Authors: Yao Shuang , Zheng Fan , Yu Yang , Zhan Yuxia , Xu Ning , Luo Guanghua , Zheng Lu
Published: April 2021

Apolipoprotein M (ApoM) exhibits various anti‐atherosclerotic functions as a component of high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) particles. Scavenger receptor class B type I (SR‐BI) is a classic HDL receptor that mediates selective cholesterol uptake and enhances the efflux of cellular cholesterol to HDL. However, the effect of ApoM on cholesterol transport in macrophages remains unclear. In this study, we identified for the first time that ApoM is expressed in mouse macrophages and is involved in cholesterol uptake, similar to SR‐BI. NBD‐cholesterol uptake and efflux in cells were characterized using fluorescence spectrophotometry. The uptake ratios of cholesterol by macrophages from ApoM−/−SR‐BI−/− mice were significantly lower than those from ApoM+/+SR‐BI−/− and ApoM−/−SR‐BI+/+ mice. Real‐time fluorescence quantitative PCR was used to analyze the expression of cholesterol transport‐related genes involved in cholesterol uptake. ApoM‐enriched HDL (ApoM+HDL) facilitated more cholesterol efflux from murine macrophage Ana‐1 cells than ApoM‐free HDL (ApoM−HDL). However, recombinant human ApoM protein inhibited the ability of ApoM−HDL to induce cholesterol efflux. In conclusion, ApoM promotes cholesterol uptake and efflux in mouse macrophages. A better understanding of ApoM function may lead to the development of novel therapeutic strategies for treating atherosclerotic diseases.
Comparison of SimoaTM and EllaTM to assess serum neurofilament‐light chain in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Gauthier Audrey , Viel Sébastien , Perret Magali , Brocard Guillaume , Casey Romain , Lombard Christine , Laurent‐Chabalier Sabine , Debouverie Marc , Edan Gilles , Vukusic Sandra , Lebrun‐Frénay Christine , De Sèze Jérôme , Laplaud David Axel , Castelnovo Giovanni , Gout Olivier , Ruet Aurélie , Moreau Thibault , Casez Olivier , Clavelou Pierre , Berger Eric , Zephir Hélène , Trouillet‐Assant Sophie , Thouvenot Eric ,   OFSEP Investigators
Published: April 2021

We compared SimoaTM and EllaTM immunoassays to assess serum neurofilament‐light chain levels in 203 multiple sclerosis patients from the OFSEP HD study. There was a strong correlation (ρ = 0.86, p < 0.0001) between both platforms. The EllaTM instrument overestimated values by 17%, but as the data were linear (p = 0.57), it was possible to apply a correction factor to EllaTM results. As for SimoaTM, serum neurofilament‐light chain levels measured by EllaTM were correlated with age and EDSS and were significantly higher in active multiple sclerosis, suggesting that these assays are equivalent and can be used in routine clinical practice.
Mechanisms of the Planar Growth of Lithium Metal Enabled by the 2D Lattice Confinement from a Ti3C2Tx MXene Intermediate Layer
Authors: Yang Di , Zhao Chunyu , Lian Ruqian , Yang Lin , Wang Yizhan , Gao Yu , Xiao Xu , Gogotsi Yury , Wang Xudong , Chen Gang , Wei Yingjin
Published: April 2021

The propensity of Li to form irregular and nonplanar electrodeposits has become a fundamental barrier for fabricating Li metal batteries. Here, a planar, dendrite‐free Li metal growth on 2D Ti3C2Tx MXene is reported. Ab initio calculations suggest that Li forms a hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) layer on the surface of Ti3C2Tx via ionic bonding and the lattice confinement. The ionic bonding weakens gradually after a few monolayers, resulting in a nanometers‐thin transition region of hcp‐Li. Above this transition region, the deposition is dominated by plating of body‐centered cubic (bcc) Li via metallic bonding. Formation of a dense and planar Li metal anode with preferential growth along the (110) facet is explained by the lattice matching between Ti3C2Tx and hcp‐Li and then with bcc‐Li, as well as preferred thermodynamic factors including the large dendrite formation energy and small migration barrier for Li. The prepared Li metal anode shows stable cycling in a wide current density range from 0.5 to 10.0 mA cm–2. The LiFePO4‖Li full cell fabricated with this Li metal anode exhibits only 9.5% capacity fading after 500 charge–discharge cycles at 1 C rate.
Adaptive Ionogel Paint from Room‐Temperature Autonomous Polymerization of α‐Thioctic Acid for Stretchable and Healable Electronics
Authors: Wang Yingjie , Sun Shengtong , Wu Peiyi
Published: April 2021

Development of a universal stretchable ionic conductor coating on insulating substrates, irrespective of surface chemistry and substrate shapes, is of immense interest for compliant and integrative large‐area electronics but has proved to be extremely challenging. Existing methods relying either on the concurrent deposition of polymerizing precursors or on divided formulation and painting processes both suffer from several limitations in terms of adhesion, dehydration, processability, and surface pre‐treatment. Here an ionogel paint that is readily prepared from the concentration‐induced autonomous ring‐opening polymerization of a natural small molecule—α‐thioctic acid (TA) at ambient conditions is reported. The presence of ionic liquid prevents polyTA from further depolymerization via forming COOH···OS hydrogen bonds, resulting in ultra‐stretchable ionogels with widely tunable mechanical and conductive properties, self‐healability, as well as tissue‐like strain adaptability. Moreover, owing to its universal adhesion and adjustable rheology, the ionogel paint can be directly coated on diverse substrates with arbitrary shapes (including porous materials, 3D printed frames, and elastic threads) to render them ionic conductivity. Applications of the ionogel‐coated substrates as skin‐like highly sensitive and durable large‐strain sensors are further demonstrated, suggesting the ionogel paint's great potential in the emerging soft and stretchable electronics.
Templateless, Plating‐Free Fabrication of Flexible Transparent Electrodes with Embedded Silver Mesh by Electric‐Field‐Driven Microscale 3D Printing and Hybrid Hot Embossing
Authors: Zhu Xiaoyang , Liu Mingyang , Qi Ximeng , Li Hongke , Zhang Yuan‐Fang , Li Zhenghao , Peng Zilong , Yang Jianjun , Qian Lei , Xu Quan , Gou Nairui , He Jiankang , Li Dichen , Lan Hongbo
Published: April 2021

Flexible transparent electrodes (FTEs) with an embedded metal mesh are considered a promising alternative to traditional indium tin oxide (ITO) due to their excellent photoelectric performance, surface roughness, and mechanical and environmental stability. However, great challenges remain for achieving simple, cost‐effective, and environmentally friendly manufacturing of high‐performance FTEs with embedded metal mesh. Herein, a maskless, templateless, and plating‐free fabrication technique is proposed for FTEs with embedded silver mesh by combining an electric‐field‐driven (EFD) microscale 3D printing technique and a newly developed hybrid hot‐embossing process. The final fabricated FTE exhibits superior optoelectronic properties with a transmittance of 85.79%, a sheet resistance of 0.75 Ω sq−1, a smooth surface of silver mesh (Ra ≈ 18.8 nm) without any polishing treatment, and remarkable mechanical stability and environmental adaptability with a negligible increase in sheet resistance under diverse cyclic tests and harsh working conditions (1000 bending cycles, 80 adhesion tests, 120 scratch tests, 100 min ultrasonic test, and 72 h chemical attack). The practical viability of this FTE is successfully demonstrated with a flexible transparent heater applied to deicing. The technique proposed offers a promising fabrication strategy with a cost‐effective and environmentally friendly process for high‐performance FTE.
Tunable Sponge‐Like Hierarchically Porous Hydrogels with Simultaneously Enhanced Diffusivity and Mechanical Properties
Authors: Alsaid Yousif , Wu Shuwang , Wu Dong , Du Yingjie , Shi Lingxia , Khodambashi Roozbeh , Rico Rossana , Hua Mutian , Yan Yichen , Zhao Yusen , Aukes Daniel , He Ximin
Published: April 2021

Crosslinked polymers and gels are important in soft robotics, solar vapor generation, energy storage, drug delivery, catalysis, and biosensing. However, their attractive mass transport and volume‐changing abilities are diffusion‐limited, requiring miniaturization to avoid slow response. Typical approaches to improving diffusion in hydrogels sacrifice mechanical properties by increasing porosity or limit the total volumetric flux by directionally confining the pores. Despite tremendous efforts, simultaneous enhancement of diffusion and mechanical properties remains a long‐standing challenge hindering broader practical applications of hydrogels. In this work, cononsolvency photopolymerization is developed as a universal approach to overcome this swelling–mechanical property trade‐off. The as‐synthesized poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) hydrogel, as an exemplary system, presents a unique open porous network with continuous microchannels, leading to record‐high volumetric (de)swelling speeds, almost an order of magnitude higher than reported previously. This swelling enhancement comes with a simultaneous improvement in Young's modulus and toughness over conventional hydrogels fabricated in pure solvents. The resulting fast mass transport enables in‐air operation of the hydrogel via rapid water replenishment and ultrafast actuation. The method is compatible with 3D printing. The generalizability is demonstrated by extending the technique to poly(N‐tertbutylacrylamide‐co‐polyacrylamide) and polyacrylamide hydrogels, non‐temperature‐responsive polymer systems, validating the present hypothesis that cononsolvency is a generic phenomenon driven by competitive adsorption.
Polymorph Engineering for Boosted Volumetric Na‐Ion and Li‐Ion Storage
Authors: Zhang Lu , Wei Zhixuan , Yao Shiyu , Gao Yu , Jin Xu , Chen Gang , Shen Zexiang , Du Fei
Published: April 2021

To meet the ever‐growing demand for advanced rechargeable batteries with light weight and compact size, much effort has been devoted to improving the volumetric capacity of electrodes. Herein, an effective strategy of polymorph engineering is proposed to boost the volumetric capacity of FeSe. Owing to the inherent metallic electronic conductivity of tetragonal‐FeSe, a conductive additive‐free electrode (hereafter denoted as CA‐free) can be assembled with an enhanced sodium storage volumetric capacity of 1011 mAh cm−3, significantly higher than semiconducting hexagonal‐FeSe. Impressively, the CA‐free electrode can achieve an extremely high active material utilization of 96.7 wt% and high initial Coulombic efficiency of 96%, superior to most of the anodes for Na‐ion storage. Moreover, the design methodology is branched out using tetragonal FeSe as the cathode for Li‐ion batteries. The CA‐free tetragonal‐FeSe electrode can achieve a high volumetric energy density of 1373 Wh L−1 and power density of 7200 W L−1, outperforming most metal chalcogenides. Reversible conversion reactions are revealed by in situ XRD for both sodium and lithium systems. The proposed design strategy provides new insight and inspiration to aid in the ongoing quest for better electrode materials.
Laser‐Induced Graphene/MoO2 Core‐Shell Electrodes on Carbon Cloth for Integrated, High‐Voltage, and In‐Planar Microsupercapacitors
Authors: Lin Na , Chen Hanning , Wang Wentao , Lu Longsheng
Published: April 2021

Simple and scalable manufacturing of flexible energy storage units with high electrochemical performance is essential for wearable electronic devices. Herein, a carbon cloth (CC) coated with Mo ion homo‐dispersed hydrogel ink is used as a precursor for laser scribing, during which laser‐induced graphene/MoO2 (LIG/MoO2) is in‐situ synthesized on the substrate. By regulating the surface topography and nanoparticle distribution, the as‐prepared LIG/MoO2‐CC electrode shows a network structure composed of multiple core‐shell fibers. Among them, the carbon‐fiber core phase provides strong mechanical stability, and the in‐situ growth shell of LIG/MoO2 ensures high electrochemical performance. Experimentally, the MSCs assembled by interdigital electrodes can deliver an areal capacitance of 81.8 mF cm−2 and areal energy density of 113.7 μWh cm−2 at a power density of 2.5 mW cm−2, placing them among the best performing LIG‐based MSCs. Through the series‐parallel structure design of electrodes, the output voltage and total capacitance of MSCs can be adjusted according to the demands of actual applications, presenting a huge potential for integration with other wearable electronics.
Light‐Driven Carbon‐Based Soft Materials: Principle, Robotization, and Application
Authors: Yang Yuanyuan , Shen Yajing
Published: April 2021

Recently, the optical field driving mechanism is emerging in the manipulation of small‐scale soft robots due to its remote, wireless, and selective control capabilities. Among the light‐responsive materials, carbon has exhibited great potentials as light‐driven actuators due to its good light absorption ability, thermal conductivity, and mechanical strength. Taking advantage of the carbon materials, various carbon‐based actuators are reported with efficient, fast response, and stable actuating performance. Hence, carbon‐based actuators are widely applied in robotic applications controlled by external light irradiation. This review summarizes the principle actuating mechanism of carbon‐based actuators and focuses on the analysis of the robotization and application mechanisms. The locomotion implemented by the carbon‐based actuators is discussed by analyzing the robot structure designs and light exposing approaches, accompanied with corresponding force analysis. Moreover, various applications of carbon‐based actuators are reviewed with mechanism discussion. Furthermore, the challenges, including the perspectives of the robotization and applications of carbon‐based actuators, are discussed for further development and robotic utilization of carbon‐based materials.
Double Ligands Enabled Ruthenium Catalyzed ortho‐C−H Arylation of Dialkyl Biarylphosphines: Straight and Economic Synthesis of Highly Steric and Electron‐Rich Aryl‐Substituted Buchwald‐Type Phosphines
Authors: Wang Liang‐Neng , Tang Pan‐Ting , Li Ming , Li Jia‐Wei , Liu Yue‐Jin , Zeng Ming‐Hua
Published: April 2021

A double‐ligands enabled ruthenium catalyzed C(sp2)−H arylation of dialkyl phosphines is described, which provides a straight access to aryl‐substituted dialkyl phosphine ligands. The combination of 1,3‐diketone and amino acid ligands is essential for this transformation. An important six‐membered cycloruthenium intermediate was successfully isolated and characterized by X‐ray diffraction. Mechanistic studies showed that the 1,3‐diketone promoted the process of oxidative addition of cycloruthenium intermediate. Some of modified CyJohnPhos ligands exhibited highly catalytic activity in palladium catalyzed C−N bond formation.

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Low Dose Soft X‐Ray Remotely Triggered Lanthanide Nanovaccine for Deep Tissue CO Gas Release and Activation of Systemic Anti‐Tumor Immunoresponse
Authors: Li Youbin , Jiang Mingyang , Deng Zhiming , Zeng Songjun , Hao Jianhua
Published: April 2021

Gas‐based therapy has emerged as a new green therapy strategy for anti‐tumor treatment. However, the therapeutic efficacy is still restricted by the deep tissue controlled release, poor lymphocytic infiltration, and inherent immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment (TME). Herein, a new type of nanovaccine is designed by integrating low dose soft X‐ray‐triggered CO releasing lanthanide scintillator nanoparticles (ScNPs: NaLuF4:Gd,Tb@NaLuF4) with photo‐responsive CO releasing moiety (PhotoCORM) for synergistic CO gas/immuno‐therapy of tumors. The designed nanovaccine presents significantly boosted radioluminescence and enables deep tissue CO generation at unprecedented tissue depths of 5 cm under soft X‐ray irradiation. Intriguingly, CO as a superior immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducer further reverses the deep tissue immunosuppressive TME and concurrently activates adaptive anti‐tumor immunity through efficient reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. More importantly, the designed nanovaccine presents efficient growth inhibition of both local and distant tumors via a soft X‐ray activated systemic anti‐tumor immunoresponse. This work provides a new strategy of designing anti‐tumor nanovaccines for synergistic deep tissue gas‐therapy and remote soft X‐ray photoactivation of the immune response.
Flexible and Transparent Electrodes of Cu2−XSe with Charge Transport via Direct Tunneling Effect
Authors: Silva Silésia F. C. , Zanatta Bruno S. , Rabelo Adriano C. , Bottecchia Otávio L. , Tozoni José R. , Oliveira Jr Osvaldo N. , Marletta Alexandre
Published: April 2021

In this paper, it is demonstrated that copper selenide (Cu2−XSe) films onto polyester sheets may serve as transparent electrodes in inorganic–organic hybrid light emission devices (IOHLED), as possible replacement to indium tin oxide or fluorine‐doped tin oxide. The Cu2−XSe film synthesized via bath chemical deposition is electrically stable with a sheet resistance of 148 Ω sq−1 and optical bandgap of 2.3 eV. IOHLED are made with poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene)‐poly(styrenesulfonate) (PEDOT:PSS) as an organic layer for hole transport and poly[2‐metoxy‐5‐(2‐ethylhexyloxy)‐1,4‐phenylenevinylene] (MEH‐PPV) as electroluminescent semiconductor. The IOHLED emits in the visible range owing to the simultaneous emission from Cu2−XSe and MEH‐PPV layers. The enhanced performance is explained by analyzing the charge transport mechanisms at the inorganic–organic interface, which for Cu2−XSe/PEDOT:PSS changes from Fowler‐Nordheim to direct tunneling regardless of the device temperature (90–370 K). The onset voltage is 75% smaller than in the absence of the PEDOT:PSS layer due to a 27 meV decrease in the potential barrier, and the direct tunneling becomes more relevant to device performance than the sheet resistance of the Cu2−XSe layer. Upon adding transparency, mechanical flexibility, and covering large areas, the ultrathin Cu2−XSe films on polyester substrates permit new designs for electro‐optical devices with inorganic–organic heterojunctions.
Mitigation of Electromigration in Metal Interconnects via Hexagonal Boron Nitride as an Ångström‐Thin Passivation Layer
Authors: Jeong Yunjo , Douglas Ossie , Misra Utkarsh , Tanjil Md Rubayat‐E , Watanabe Kenji , Taniguchi Takashi , Wang Michael Cai
Published: April 2021

Electromigration in metal interconnects remains a significant challenge in the continued scaling of integrated circuits towards ever‐smaller single‐nanometer nodes. Conventional damascene architectures of barrier/liner layers and conducting metal cause inevitable compromises between device performance and feature dimensions. In contrast to contemporary barrier/liner materials (e.g., Co, Ta, and Ru), an ultrathin passivation layer that can effectively mitigate electromigration is needed. At the ultimate atomically‐thin limit, 2D materials are promising candidates given their exceptional mechanical properties and impermeability. Here, a facile and effective approach is presented to mitigating electromigration in copper (Cu) interconnects via passivation with insulating monolayer 2D hexagonal boron nitride (hBN). The hBN‐passivated Cu interconnects, compared to otherwise identical but bare Cu interconnects, exhibit on average a >20% higher breakdown current density and a >2600% longer lifetime (at a high current density of 5.4 × 107 A cm−2). Post‐mortem metrology elucidates uniform conformal contact between the hBN‐passivated Cu interface and common failure features due to electromigration.
Age‐related calcium dysregulation linked with tau pathology and impaired cognition in non‐human primates
Authors: Datta Dibyadeep , Leslie Shannon N. , Wang Min , Morozov Yury M. , Yang Shengtao , Mentone SueAnn , Zeiss Caroline , Duque Alvaro , Rakic Pasko , Horvath Tamas L. , van Dyck Christopher H. , Nairn Angus C. , Arnsten Amy F.T.
Published: April 2021

Introduction

The etiology of sporadic Alzheimer's disease (AD) requires non‐genetically modified animal models.

Methods

The relationship of tau phosphorylation to calcium‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)‐protein kinase A (PKA) dysregulation was analyzed in aging rhesus macaque dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) and rat primary cortical neurons using biochemistry and immuno‐electron microscopy. The influence of calcium leak from ryanodine receptors (RyRs) on neuronal firing and cognitive performance was examined in aged macaques.

Results

Aged monkeys naturally develop hyperphosphorylated tau, including AD biomarkers (AT8 (pS202/pT205) and pT217) and early tau pathology markers (pS214 and pS356) that correlated with evidence of increased calcium leak (pS2808‐RyR2). Calcium also regulated early tau phosphorylation in vitro. Age‐related reductions in the calcium‐binding protein, calbindin, and in phosphodiesterase PDE4D were seen within dlPFC pyramidal cell dendrites. Blocking RyRs with S107 improved neuronal firing and cognitive performance in aged macaques.

Discussion

Dysregulated calcium signaling confers risk for tau pathology and provides a potential therapeutic target.
Synthese substituierter Dihydropyridine durch Dearomatisierung von Pyridinen
Authors: Heusler Arne , Fliege Julian , Wagener Tobias , Glorius Frank
Published: April 2021

Dearomatisierung ist eine effektive Methode, um leicht verfügbare N‐Heterozyklen in teilgesättigte Motive zu überführen. Die Manipulation von Dihydro‐Derivaten birgt großes Potenzial und bietet Zugang zu einer Vielzahl von teilgesättigten N‐heterozyklischen Bausteinen. Die derzeitigen Strategien sind jedoch in ihrem Umfang begrenzt, und der Einsatz empfindlicher Reagenzien schränkt die Anwendbarkeit in Syntheselaboren ein. Wir berichten hier erstmals über die Synthese einer breiten Vielfalt von N‐substituierten 1,4‐ und 1,2‐Dihydropyridinen durch sehr milde und selektive Reduktion mit Aminboran.
Bowl‐Shaped Pentagon‐ and Heptagon‐Embedded Nanographene Containing a Central Pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrrole Core
Authors: Krzeszewski Maciej , Dobrzycki Łukasz , Sobolewski Andrzej L. , Cyrański Michał K. , Gryko Daniel T.
Published: April 2021

A bowl‐shaped nitrogen‐doped nanographene composed of a pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrrole core substituted with six arene rings circularly bonded with one another has been prepared via a concise synthetic strategy encompassing the multicomponent tetraarylpyrrolopyrrole (TAPP) synthesis, the Scholl reaction, and intramolecular direct arylation. This synthesis represents the first case of programmed sequential intramolecular direct arylation reactions utilizing the different reactivity of C–Br and C–Cl bonds. The target compound contains two central pentagons confined between two adjacent heptagons—the inverse Stone–Thrower–Wales topology. The presence of both five‐ and seven‐membered rings in the final structure is responsible for interesting properties such as a perpendicularly aligned dipole moment, absorption and fluorescence in the orange‐red region, weak emission originating from the charge‐transfer character of a low‐energy absorption band, and a high lying HOMO. In the solid state slipped convex‐to‐convex π–π stacking dominates.
Exposure of bisphenol A in breast cancer patients—quantitatively assessed by sensitivity‐enhanced high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with fluorescence detection: A case–control study
Authors: Muthusamy Sivaselvakumar , Palanisamy Susipriya , Ramalingam Sudha
Published: April 2021

A simple, reproducible and sensitive liquid chromatography (HPLC) method has been developed and validated for estimation of bisphenol A (BPA) in human urine. A simple liquid–liquid extraction technique was used in BPA sample preparation. The analyte was chromatographed on a Shimadzu Prominence HPLC system using isocratic mobile phase conditions at a flow rate of 0.500 ml/min and a Hypersil Gold C18 column maintained at 40°C. Quantification was performed on a fluorescence detector set at excitation 275 nm, emission 313 nm and bisphenol B was used as internal standard. The total run time was 8 min. The method was found to have acceptable sensitivity, selectivity, accuracy (98.82–103.64%), precision (1.17–5.36) and stability in the validation experiment carried out as per the USFDA guidelines. The method sensitivity was as low as 0.50 ng/ml. The applicability of the validated analytical method was established in human patient urine samples. The mean human urine BPA concentrations were 1.18 ± 2.11 ng/ml in the control group and 5.76 ± 6.00 ng/ml in the patient group (P < 0.001). Therefore, this method could be considered as an alternative for routine bio‐monitoring of BPA which is less expensive and feasible in resource‐poor settings.
High‐resolution mass spectrometry‐based methodology for the identification of the metabolites of pterostilbene produced by rat, dog and human hepatocytes
Authors: Jiang Lingyan , Yin Renlong , Zheng Qiaofei , He Chunyong , Chang Huichao
Published: April 2021

Pterostilbene, a natural bibenzjyl compound, has been demonstrated to have pleiotropic anticancer effects against a variety of cancer types. The aim of this study was carried out to disclose the metabolic profiles of pterostilbene using rat, dog and human hepatocytes. Metabolites were characterized by ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography/quadrupole Orbitrap mass spectrometry with electrospray ionization interface operating in positive ion mode. The structures of the metabolites were proposed by accurate MS, MS/MS spectra and based on their fragmentation patterns. A total of 12 metabolites, including six new ones, were detected and identified. M10 and M12 were unambiguously identified as pinostilbene and 3′‐hydroxy‐pterostilbene, respectively, by using reference standards. Our results revealed that pterostilbene was metabolized through the following pathways: (a) hydroxylation to form 3′‐hydroxy‐pterostilbene (M12), which further undergoes glucuronidation (M9), demethylation (M7) and GSH conjugation through the ortho‐quinone intermediate; (b) demethylation to produce desmethyl‐pterostilbene (M10), which is further subject to glucuronidation (M4); (c) direct conjugation with glucuronide (M11); and (d) direct sulfation (M8). Among the tested species, no significant species difference was observed. The current study provides valuable information on the metabolism of pterostilbene, which is helpful for us to understand the action of this compound.
Screening of hepatotoxic compounds in Psoralea corylifolia L., a traditional Chinese herbal and dietary supplement, using high‐resolution mass spectrometry and high‐content imaging
Authors: Shi Ge‐zi , Song Di , Li Peng‐yan , Chen Shuai‐shuai , Zhang Le , Li Shan‐Shan , Xiao Xiao‐he , Qin Xu‐hua , Wang Jia‐bo
Published: April 2021

Owing to the complexity of the composition of herbal and dietary supplements, it is a challenging problem to efficiently screen and identify active or toxic compounds. Psoralea corylifolia L. (PCL) was selected as the subbject to establish a methodology for rapid screening and identification of hepatotoxic compounds. High‐content imaging, ultra‐performance liquid chromatography and high‐resolution mass spectrometry were used in this study to detect the hepatotoxicity and identify unknown compounds in PCL samples. Then, putative toxic compounds which are highly related to hepatotoxicity were screened by spectrum–toxicity correlation analysis, and the toxicity intensity verified by high‐content imaging. The maximum nontoxic dose of processed samples with good detoxification effect reduced more than 9 times compared with unprocessed raw medicinal materials. Spectrum–toxicity correlation analysis showed that bavachinin A, bavachin, isobavachalcone and neobavaisoflavone had high correlation with the hepatotoxicity of PCL, and psoralen and isopsoralen had low correlation with hepatotoxicity. This study verified the hepatotoxicity of these six putative compound monomers, proving the results of spectrum–toxicity correlation analysis. Based on the correlation analysis of high‐resolution mass spectrometry of detection compounds and high‐content imaging of hepatocyte toxicity data, the potential toxic compound of herbal and dietary supplement products can be quickly and accurately screened.
Homicide and the Internet
Authors: Recupero Patricia R.
Published: April 2021

The Internet and social media have grown increasingly relevant in homicide cases in recent years. Although several recent studies have analyzed the relationship between homicide and the Internet, there is a dearth of rigorous scientific research on the subject to date. Although a statistically rare event, Internet‐related homicide may be increasing, and forensic mental health professionals may experience growing demand for consultations in cases where the Internet and social media play a salient role. Understanding some of the ways in which homicide perpetrators have used the Internet can help to inform case formulation and threat assessments in these cases. This article reviews several key themes, including the use of the Internet as a source of information in the commission of homicide, its use to target victims, the spread of self‐publishing and multimedia sharing, conflict escalation through social media, and the threat posed by Internet extremist communities. Finally, suggestions are made to help inform future research regarding the relationship between homicide and the Internet.
Interdisciplinary orthodontic‐periodontal treatment of unerupted permanent maxillary incisors following traumatic injury to deciduous teeth. Case report with long‐term follow‐up (11 years)
Authors: Crescini Aldo , Pini Prato Giovan Paolo , Franceschi Debora
Published: April 2021

Orthodontic and periodontal treatment of the permanent maxillary teeth, which were retained due to trauma on the deciduous dentition, showed a perfect alignment of the teeth associated with healthy and stable periodontal tissues during an 11‐year follow‐up.