bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alternative transporter pathways in patients with untreated early‐stage and late‐stage primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Takeyama Yasuaki , Uehara Yuko , Inomata Shinjiro , Morihara Daisuke , Nishizawa Shinya , Ueda Shu‐ichi , Matsumoto Teruo , Tanaka Takashi , Anan Akira , Nishimura Hirokatsu , Irie Makoto , Iwata Kaoru , Shakado Satoshi , Sohda Tetsuro , Sakisaka Shotaro
Published: February 2009

Background/Aims: The hepatic expression of bile acid transporters is altered in experimental cholestasis and it is unclear whether regulation exists in human cholestatic diseases. We investigated the expression of genes involved in bile acid detoxification, basolateral export and nuclear factor regulation in untreated primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC).

Methods: Liver tissues were obtained from patients with early‐stage and late‐stage PBC. The hepatic expression levels of messenger RNAs were determined by the real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results: The hepatic expression of multidrug‐resistance protein 4 messenger RNA was significantly upregulated in early‐stage and late‐stage PBC patients compared with controls. The hepatic expression of multidrug‐resistance protein 2 and multidrug‐resistance protein 3 messenger RNAs was significantly elevated only in early‐stage PBC patients. The hepatic expression levels of farnesoid X receptor, fetoprotein transcription factor and constitutive androstane receptor mRNAs were correlated with those of multidrug‐resistance protein 2, multidrug‐resistance protein 3 and multidrug‐resistance protein 4 respectively.

Conclusions: The hepatic expression of multidrug‐resistance protein 4 was enhanced in patients with untreated PBC at all stages. However, the hepatic expression of multidrug‐resistance protein 2 and multidrug‐resistance protein 3 was enhanced only in early‐stage patients. The lack of upregulation of these proteins might contribute to the progression of PBC.
Over‐expression of glutamine synthetase in focal nodular hyperplasia: a novel easy diagnostic tool in surgical pathology
Authors: Bioulac‐Sage Paulette , Laumonier Hervé , Rullier Anne , Cubel Gaelle , Laurent Christophe , Zucman‐Rossi Jessica , Balabaud Charles
Published: February 2009

Background and Aims: Glutamine synthetase (GS) is a useful marker in tumour liver pathology, including hepatocellular adenomas and nodules in cirrhosis. We investigated the use of GS as a marker in various clinical situations, in which FNH diagnosis had been firmly established to determine its contribution to diagnosis.

Methods: Seventy‐nine cases of resected FNH, all on normal (or occasionally steatotic) livers, were retrieved from our collection. The control group was composed of hepatocellular adenomas and well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma. The following stains: H&E, Masson's trichrome, Gordon‐Sweet, PAS, perls and immunostains: CK7 and 19, and GS were carried out. FNH was diagnosed based on traditional pathological techniques. In case of uncertainty, particularly with hepatocellular adenoma, additional immunostainings including liver fatty acid‐binding protein, serum amyloid A and β‐catenin were performed.

Results: Glutamine synthetase immunostaining was similar in all FNH cases. Positive GS staining of hepatocytic cytoplasms formed large areas, anastomosed in a ‘map‐like’ pattern, often surrounding hepatic veins, whereas GS was not expressed in hepatocytes close to fibrotic bands containing arteries and ductules. In comparison, hepatocellular adenoma staining was completely different, even in cases of fibrotic bands due to tumour remodelling related to necrosis or haemorrhage. In hepatocellular adenomas or well‐differentiated hepatocellular carcinoma presenting β‐catenin mutation, GS was positive but with a completely different pattern that appeared diffuse and not ‘map‐like’.

Conclusion: Regardless of the FNH size or steatotic content, GS produced a similar and characteristic pattern and consequently represents a good marker for easily identifying resected FNH from other hepatocellular nodules.
Does cirrhosis affect quality of life in hepatitis C virus‐infected patients?
Authors: Hsu Priscilla C. , Krajden Mel , Yoshida Eric M. , Anderson Frank H. , Tomlinson George A. , Krahn Murray D.
Published: February 2009

Background: Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is a major cause of chronic liver disease and is associated with impairments in health‐related quality of life.

Aims: To evaluate quality of life (QOL) in cirrhotic (compensated and decompensated) and non‐cirrhotic patients with chronic HCV infection, using preference‐based (utilities) and non‐preference‐based methods of evaluating QOL.

Methods: In a tertiary care setting, 271 patients completed a self‐administered time trade‐off utility instrument, the Health Utility Index Mark 2 and Mark 3, and the Hepatitis Quality of Life Questionnaire Version 2. Mean QOL scores were compared across HCV disease stages and sociodemographical categories. We examined the association between QOL and disease stage using linear regression adjusting for age, education, marital status, log income and Charlson comorbidity scores. Mean utility scores were compared across disease stages using a propensity score method.

Results: Mean utilities were lower than general population norms (0.81–0.92) and ranged from 0.62 to 0.82 in non‐cirrhotic patients (n=197), 0.56–0.84 in compensated cirrhotic patients (n=17) and 0.55–0.76 for decompensated cirrhotic patients (n=57). No significant association found was between disease stage and utility for current health status. Higher income, fewer comorbidities and living in a married or common‐law relationship were significantly associated with higher utilities and better QOL. No significant difference in utilities was found between disease stages using propensity score matching.

Conclusions: Our study confirms that changes in HCV disease stage explain only small changes in QOL and suggests that factors such as underlying comorbidities, income and marital status have a greater effect on QOL than disease stage.
Adefovir dipivoxil is effective for the treatment of cirrhotic patients with lamivudine failure
Authors: Zoulim Fabien , Parvaz Parviz , Marcellin Patrick , Zarski Jean‐Pierre , Beaugrand Michel , Benhamou Yves , Bailly François , Maynard Marianne , Trepo Christian , Trylesinski Aldo , Monchecourt Françoise ,   the VIRESPA study group
Published: February 2009

Background/Aims:Data on the efficacy of adefovir dipivoxil (ADV) in elderly and cirrhotic patients with lamivudine‐resistant (LAM‐R) chronic hepatitis B are scarce. This retrospective cohort study evaluated the safety and efficacy of ADV in this specific patient population.

Methods:Sixty‐eight cirrhotic LAM‐R patients, of whom 19 (27.9%) were elderly (≥65 years of age) and nine had severe disease (two post‐orthotopic liver transplantation, four pre‐orthotopic liver transplantation and three decompensated), with hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection received ADV. Virological and biochemical responses to the addition of ADV were analysed.

Results:At inclusion, all patients were receiving LAM; ADV was added. 75.4% of patients received a combination of LAM and ADV throughout this study for a median treatment duration of 12.6 months; the remainder received ADV with an overlap with LAM treatment for a median duration of 7.9 months. At the end of follow‐up, 41.2% of patients had undetectable HBV DNA (≤2000 copies/ml) with a median reduction of 3.4 log10 copies/ml. Time to reach undetectable HBV DNA was dependent on baseline alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels and HBeAg status. Normalization of serum ALT levels was observed in 55.2% (32/58) of patients. In patients who were HBeAg positive at baseline, HBeAg loss and seroconversion occurred in 23% (9/39) and 10% (4/39) respectively. No resistance mutations and no significant side effects were observed during the study period.

Conclusion:Adefovir dipivoxil provides effective and safe treatment in cirrhotic and elderly patients who failed LAM therapy.
Duplication of MER115 on chromosome 4 in patients with primary biliary cirrhosis
Authors: Xu Lizhe , Guo Linsheng , Shen Zhiwei , Loss George , Gish Robert , Wasilenko Shawn , Mason Andrew L.
Published: February 2009

Background: Primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) is a complex disease with genetic and environmental influences. The disease is more prevalent in families with PBC and candidate gene case–control studies have linked PBC with DRB1*08 human leucocyte antigen class II alleles.

Aims: The goal of this study was to characterize a MER115 intergenic region on chromosome 4 as a putative genetic variant associated with PBC.

Methods/Results: This region was incidentally identified during investigations to discover candidate microbial agents using representational difference analysis (RDA) with liver samples from patients with PBC and primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC). blast search analysis of all the RDA products from the PBC liver revealed genomic sequences, whereas Escherichia coli, mycoplasma and hepatitis B virus DNA were found in the PSC liver. We identified one of the PBC RDA products as an ancestral repeat, referred to as MER115. Southern blot analysis with the PBC product uncovered a restriction fragment length polymorphism in PBC patients' liver. Southern blot hybridization signal showed increased signal intensity in PBC vs. control patients' DNA (P<0.005) and slot blot hybridization studies confirmed a copy number variation of the MER115 in hepatic DNA of PBC vs. control patients (P=0.02).

Conclusions: Further comparative genetic studies will be required to determine the extent of genomic duplication associated with MER115 and provide data on the possible copy number variants of genes close to this intergenic region in patients with PBC.
Hepatocyte expression of angiotensin II type 1 receptor is downregulated in advanced human liver fibrosis
Authors: Schulte Sigrid , Oidtmann Annika , Kociok Norbert , Demir Münevver , Odenthal Margarete , Drebber Uta , Dienes Hans‐Peter , Nierhoff Dirk , Goeser Tobias , Toex Ulrich , Steffen Hans‐Michael
Published: February 2009

Background: The renin–angiotensin system plays an important role in fibrosis. Angiotensin II regulates key steps in tissue remodelling processes through angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R). In bile duct‐occluded rats, AT1R expression is significantly decreased in advanced liver fibrosis. Therefore, we studied the AT1R expression in human liver tissue during different stages of fibrosis caused by chronic hepatitis C.

Methods: Liver biopsy specimens from 85 patients were analysed. Real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to quantify AT1R mRNA. Immunohistochemical labelling of AT1R and double staining for AT1R, CD31, CD68, CD3 and fibulin‐2 were performed.

Results: AT1R mRNA was significantly reduced in human liver tissue with end‐stage cirrhosis compared with early fibrosis. In liver cirrhosis, immunohistochemistry revealed a decreased expression of AT1R on hepatocytes, together with an increased staining intensity on myofibroblasts, vascular endothelium and bile duct epithelium.

Conclusion: In conclusion, AT1R expression is downregulated in human liver cirrhosis specimens because of the reduced expression levels on hepatocytes. Therefore, antifibrogenic therapy with AT1R blockers may be most promising if initiated during early stages of fibrosis.
Determinants of transhepatic cholesterol flux and their relevance for gallstone formation
Authors: Zanlungo Silvana , Rigotti Attilio
Published: February 2009

Cholesterol available for bile secretion is controlled by a wide variety of proteins that mediate lipoprotein cholesterol uptake and cholesterol transport and metabolism in the liver. From a disease perspective, abnormalities in the transhepatic traffic of cholesterol from plasma into the bile may influence the risk of cholesterol gallstone formation. This review summarizes some recent progress in understanding the hepatic determinants of biliary cholesterol secretion and its potential pathogenic implications in cholesterol gallstone disease. This information together with new discoveries in this field may lead to improved risk evaluation, novel surrogate markers and earlier diagnosis, better preventive approaches and more effective pharmacological therapies for this prevalent human disease.
Identifying Early Numeracy Indicators for Kindergarten and First‐Grade Students
Authors: Lembke Erica , Foegen Anne
Published: February 2009

Recent studies have documented positive effects for early intervention in improving the mathematics performance of low‐achieving children. Consequently, educators need technically sound mathematics screening measures to identify children at risk and then intervene to improve achievement. In this article, we describe preliminary technical adequacy evidence for four early numeracy measures (number identification, quantity discrimination, quantity array, and missing number). We assessed over 300 kindergarten and first‐grade students in two states to evaluate the reliability and criterion validity of the four measures. Fall and spring administrations of the measures for one subgroup provided preliminary evidence of students' growth on the measures over time. The results supported three of the four measures as potential tools for screening in the early grades.
The Effectiveness of a Color‐Coded, Onset‐Rime Decoding Intervention with First‐Grade Students at Serious Risk for Reading Disabilities
Authors: Hines Sara J.
Published: February 2009

This study was an investigation into the effectiveness of a color‐coded, onset‐rime–based decoding intervention with first‐graders at serious risk for reading disabilities using a single‐subject multiple probe design. Students increased their ability to decode instructional words on average 73% over baseline. For novel words from instructed rime patterns, scores increased by an average of 56%. Transfer at the vowel level to uninstructed rime patterns was limited, with scores improving by an average of 29%. Students maintained decoding gains at 1‐week and 1‐month maintenance. While acknowledging the difficulty in predicting reading disabilities based on first‐grade performance, the effectiveness of the early intervention is a promising step in finding an instructional approach that is successful with the most at risk or disabled students who often do not respond to effective remedial programs.
Mannitol facilitates neurotrophic factor up‐regulation and behavioural recovery in neonatal hypoxic‐ischaemic rats with human umbilical cord blood grafts
Authors: Yasuhara T. , Hara K. , Maki M. , Xu L. , Yu G. , Ali M. M. , Masuda T. , Yu S. J. , Bae E. K. , Hayashi T. , Matsukawa N. , Kaneko Y. , Kuzmin‐Nichols N. , Ellovitch S. , Cruz E. L. , Klasko S. K. , Sanberg C. D. , Sanberg P. R. , Borlongan C. V.
Published: February 2009

We recently demonstrated that blood–brain barrier permeabilization using mannitol enhances the therapeutic efficacy of systemically administered human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) by facilitating the entry of neurotrophic factors from the periphery into the adult stroke brain. Here, we examined whether the same blood–brain barrier manipulation approach increases the therapeutic effects of intravenously delivered HUCB in a neonatal hypoxic‐ischaemic (HI) injury model. Seven‐day‐old Sprague–Dawley rats were subjected to unilateral HI injury and then at day 7 after the insult, animals intravenously received vehicle alone, mannitol alone, HUCB cells (15k mononuclear fraction) alone or a combination of mannitol and HUCB cells. Behavioural tests at post‐transplantation days 7 and 14 showed that HI animals that received HUCB cells alone or when combined with mannitol were significantly less impaired in motor asymmetry and motor coordination compared with those that received vehicle alone or mannitol alone. Brain tissues from a separate animal cohort from the four treatment conditions were processed for enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay at day 3 post‐transplantation, and revealed elevated levels of GDNF, NGF and BDNF in those that received HUCB cells alone or when combined with mannitol compared with those that received vehicle or mannitol alone, with the combined HUCB cells and mannitol exhibiting the most robust neurotropic factor up‐regulation. Histological assays revealed only sporadic detection of HUCB cells, suggesting that the trophic factor–mediated mechanism, rather than cell replacement per se, principally contributed to the behavioural improvement. These findings extend the utility of blood–brain barrier permeabilization in facilitating cell therapy for treating neonatal HI injury.
Differential regulation of connective tissue growth factor in renal cells by histone deacetylase inhibitors
Authors: Komorowsky Claudiu , Ocker Matthias , Goppelt‐Struebe Margarete
Published: February 2009

Regulation of the profibrotic and angiogenesis modulating cytokine connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) occurs primarily at the transcriptional level. Therefore, we hypothesized that histone deacetylating enzymes (HDAC), which modulate the accessibility of transcriptionally active promoter regions, might play a role in the regulation of CTGF gene expression. We analyzed microvascular endothelial cells, which showed immunoreactivity for acetylated histone in kidney sections, and compared them with renal tubular epithelial cells. Treatment of cultured endothelial cells with different HDAC inhibitors up‐regulated CTGF mRNA and protein. Pre‐treatment with HDAC inhibitors facilitated induction of CTGF by transforming growth factor–beta (TGF‐β) or lysophosphatidic acid. Transcription factors of the FoxO family were involved in the up‐regulation of CTGF as shown at protein level and by reporter gene analyses. In tubular epithelial cells, up‐regulation of CTGF was only observed when these cells were cultured as subconfluent cells. Dense cells, which are more likely to resemble tubular cells in vivo, showed no up‐regulation upon treatment with HDAC inhibitors and were protected against CTGF induction by TGF‐β. Taken together, our data indicate that the effect of HDAC inhibitors on CTGF expression is largely cell dependent in non‐tumour cells. Different cell type–specific transcription factors seem to determine whether CTGF expression is reduced or increased in cells exposed to HDAC inhibitors.
Immune thrombocytopenic purpura: the treatment paradigm
Authors: Stasi Roberto
Published: February 2009

Immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is a heterogeneous disease with highly variable severity and an unpredictable response to therapy. This heterogeneity presents a range of problems to the clinician when deciding who should receive pharmacological treatment and when such interventions should be initiated. Treatment guidelines are available but, given the current small amount of data from research and randomized, controlled trials, the guidelines are largely based on expert opinion rather than on evidence. At the moment, it is only recommended that those patients with severe bleeding and/or extremely low platelet counts (<10 × 109/L) definitely require treatment. In all other patients the decision to treat must be made based on a careful evaluation of disease severity, patient characteristics, and the possibility of treatment‐related adverse events. This article describes a structured approach to the management of adults with ITP.
Romiplostim: a breakthrough treatment for the management of immune thrombocytopenic purpura
Authors: Newland Adrian
Published: February 2009

Initially, immune (idiopathic) thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) was considered to be a disease of increased platelet destruction. Consequently, treatments for ITP patients were focused on reducing the destruction of platelets. However, recent research on the pathogenesis of ITP points to a role of suboptimal platelet production, and this has led to the development of new treatment options which increase platelet production such as the novel thrombopoiesis‐stimulating agent, romiplostim. In two, multicentre, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded, phase III trials, romiplostim was able to increase and sustain platelet counts in both splenectomized and non‐splenectomized patients. Eighty‐three per cent (69/83) of the romiplostim‐treated patients achieved an overall platelet response compared with 7% (3/42) of patients receiving placebo (P < 0.0001; Cochran–Mantel–Haenszel test controlled for splenectomy and baseline concurrent ITP therapy). Patients from the romiplostim studies, with platelet counts below 50 × 109/L, were able to enter a long‐term, open‐label, extension study. The results of the long‐term study showed that platelet counts above 50 × 109/L were maintained for ≥10, ≥25 and ≥52 consecutive weeks by 78% (102/131), 54% (66/122) and 35% (29/84) of patients, respectively. Romiplostim appears to be generally well tolerated and several patients have now been treated for more than 3 yrs. Most adverse events tend to be mild to moderate in nature. Romiplostim provides a valid treatment option that may bring about a change in the way that patients with ITP are treated in the future. Further studies are now being undertaken in paediatric patients with ITP, patients with myelodysplastic syndrome and patients with chemotherapy‐induced thrombocytopenia.
HUMAN LOWER PREMOLARS: MACRO‐MORPHOLOGIC OBSERVATIONS ON THE ONTOGENESIS OF THE ROOT COMPLEX
Authors: Carlsen Ole
Published: February 2009

Sammenfatning (Danish summary)

I det foreliggende arbejde meddeles en række makroskopiske, morfologiske iagttagelser, som forfatteren har gjort af roddannelsen på humane underkæbepraemolarer.

Materialet bestod af 1712 præparater. Disse tænder var ekstraheret og indsamlet i Danmark. Indsamlingsperioden omfattede årene 1962‐67. For at blive indlemmet, i studiematerialet skulle præparaterne opfylde føgende krav: 1) roddannelsen måtte ikke være afsluttet på ekstraktionstidspunktet, eller 2) såfremt rodkomplekset på et præparat varfærdigdannet, skulle “lukningen” af apex have fundet sted umiddelbart inden ekstraktionen. Rodkomplekset skulle i øvrigt være helt eller meget nær ved “intakt”. Iagttagelserne blev foretaget direkte og meddet blotte øje.

Ved undersøgelse af et ekstraktionsmateriale med henblik på rodontogenesen benytter man sig af, at dynamiske fænomener, der har betydning for roddannelsen, kan afspejle sig i de hårde tandvaev, som rodkomplekset er opbygget af. Disse processer kan derfor studeres indirekte—på grundlag af den “statiske” rodmorfologi. En forudsætning herfor er dog, at materialet udgøres af “unge” tænder, hvis rodkompleks ikke er sekundært forandret.

For at vurdere den makro‐morfologiske variation i de pågældende tandtypers roddannelse blev føgende faktorer registreret:

1. Antallet af separationsstrukturer (rodfurer, interradikulære tunger);

2. Separationsstrukturernes position;

3. Det initiale og det definitive separationstidspunkt;

4. Separationshastigheden;

5. Vakstmønster: kontinuært eller diskontinuært.

En del af de gjorte fund er—for så vidt angår princippet—illustreret i fig. 1–26.
ELEKTROGNATHOGRAPHIE Elektronische dreidimensionale Messung und Registrierung von Kieferbewegungen
Authors: Bewersdorff H.‐J.
Published: February 2009

A threedimensional measuring and recording system for mandibular movements is described, which graphically with time marking records the space‐coordinates of a measuring point, intra‐extraorrally fixed to the mandible.

The apparatus, called “Electrognathograph” (E.G.) uses as electronic measuring devices resolvers, which are mounted on a movable X‐ray support. They are connected to a measuring point at the maxilla and at the mandible by 0,2 mm inoxydable steel wires. By measuring the movements of the maxilla (i.e. the movements of the head) and of the mandible and by continous electrical subtraction of the corresponding values the movements of the head are compensated for.

The measuring results are continously recorded as a diagram, called “Electrognathogram” (E.G.G.), by a Visicorder‐Honeywell. In the E.G.G. the coordinates of the movements can be read off at every moment of the chewing act without any other preparatory work.

By means of a “chewing”‐simulator, continously repeating the same “chewing‐cycle” and of an apparatus, producing accurate, kinetic distances, the E.G. has been tested and calibrated. Errors of the method are discussed and their effect on the results is calculated.

By means of the E.G.G. of a normal patient the shape and the analysis of a chewing‐diagram is discussed.
PULPOTOMY OF PRIMARY MOLAR TEETH USING “TOVERUD'S PASTE”
Authors: Sveen Odd B.
Published: February 2009

391 pulpotomies in primary molar teeth using Toverud's paste are investigated. The study shows based on clinical and radiographic signs, an overall success rate of 61 % using this pulp dressing. The success rate is higher in the maxillary molars (74%). However, more mandibular molars are treated and at a slightly earlier age than maxillary molars. The success rate seems to decrease when the pulp wound is contaminated with saliva. The tooth retention time for the successful treatments varies from 1 year to 8 years with a mean of 2.8 years. For the unsuccessful pulpotomies the tooth retention time varies from 1 week to 4 years with a mean of 1.5 years.

The results obtained using Toverud's paste is compared to the results obtained in other studies using formocresol and calcium hydroxide. The formocresol technique seems to yield a higher degree of success. The studies on the use of calcium hydroxide show variable success rates.

Resume

Pulpaamputasjon i primære molarer med Triny pasta (“Toveruds pasta”) til dekning av såret

Triny pasta, også kalt “Toveruds pasta”, har i 40 år vzrt brukt i de fleste tilfeller som dekmiddel ved vitalamputasjon i primære molarer på Barneavdelingen ved Det odontologiske fakultet i Oslo. Pastaenbestår av Xeroform 1/3, Zinkoksyd 2/3 blandet med en væske av følgende sammensetning: formalin 1,75 g, fenol 1,74 g, glycerin 8,26 g og kreosot 8,20 g. Pastaen lages til like før bruk.

Indikasjon og behandling: Kun svake subjektive symptomer, vitalpulpa, ingen kliniske eller røntgenografiske tegn på affeksjon av rothinne, rot eller ben, lys farve ved blødning. Under lokal anestesi og etter tørrlegging fjernes kronepulpa og ca. I mm av rotpulpa med steril ekskavator og eller sterile bor. Etter vasking av pulpakammer med 3% H2O2 og blødningen er stanset, tørrres og pastaen appliseres forsikti gover sårene og hele den subpulpale bunn dekkes. Over pastaen legges fosfatsement eller zinkoksyd‐ eugenol sement. Hvis forholdeneikke er ideelle, forsegles en tampong fuktet med kamfer‐fenol 1:1, og pastaen appliseres etter 4–7 dager. Røntgenkontroll. Pasienten kontrolleres klinisk og røntgenografisk hvert halvår, hvis mulig, I 4–5 år fremover.

I perioden 1955–1964 foreligger på avdelingen fullstendige journaler over 391 pulpaamputasjoner med ovenfor beskrevne utgangspunkt og kontroll. Behandlingen er karakterisert som vellykket når tannen harvært fri for subjektive og objektive symptomer i minst ett år. Gjennemsnitt observasjons tid er 2,8 år (1–8 år).

Resultat ved klinisk og røntgenografisk bedømmelse: 61% av de 391 tilfeller viste et vellykket resultat. I overkjeven var prosenten 74 mot iunderkjeven 53. 6% av hele materialet viste intern rotresorbsjon, 16% viste interradikulær benresorbsjon og 21% viste periapikal bennedbrytning. Histologiske undersøkelser er ilrke foretat.

Bruken av andre midler som Ca(OH)2 og Formo‐cresol er omtalt. De fleste publikasjoner over bruken av Ca(OH)2 viser spesielt meget høy present av intern rotresorbsjon, og er derfor lite egnet. Bruken av Formo‐cresol synes å gi best resultat.
ELEKTROGNATHOGRAPHIE Elektronische dreidimensionale Messung und Registrierung von Kieferbewegungen Teil 3 Studien über den Einfluss verschiedenartiger Faktoren auf dem Kauverlauf
Authors: Bewersdorff H.‐J.
Published: February 2009

Für die Analyse der nach der Methode des Autors elektronisch gemessenen Kauvorgänge wurde ein Datamaschinenprogramm ausgearbeitet. Jeder Kauzyklus wurde durch eine Anzahl von Variablen beschrieben. Diese beziehen sich sowohl auf die Kieferbewegungen ausserhalb des Artikulationsbereiches als auch auf den Anteil der Kaubahnen in der funktionellen Endphase der Kautätigkeit nahe der Zentralocklusion. Desgleichen wurden verschiedene Zeitabläufe innerhalb eines Zyklus beschrieben.
The alteration of mast cell staining due to various fixatives and demineralizing agents
Authors: EDA SHIGEO , LANGELAND KAARE
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The effect of several fixatives (Carnoy's, cyanuric chloride, and formalin) and of several demineralizing agents (formic acid, nitric acid, and EDTA) on rat mast cells which were then stained with hemalum‐eosin, Giemsa, methylgreen pyronin, toluidine blue, alcian blue, PAS, and acridine orange was studied. Furthermore, ultrastructure of the mast cell was investigated. In the materials which were not exposed to demineralizing agents, mast cells could be equally well demonstrated by all staining methods regardless of fixative, although the PAS reaction was weak. After exposure to demineralizing agents, the best results were obtained with cyanuric chloride fixative and EDTA; the poorest results with formalin fixative and nitric acid; however, even in the latter specimen stained with hemalum‐eosin, mast cells could be recognized. Giemsa stain was well preserved regardless of fixation and demineralization, but mast cell fluorescence was totally destroyed by the acid demineralizing agents. In human material demineralized in EDTA, stained with toluidine blue, authentic mast cells were found in gingiva and periodontal ligament but not in pulp tissue in the same block. This study allowed us to evaluate the presence of mast cells in any material treated according to the methods described. It allowed the conclusion that mast cells very infrequently occur in the pulp tissue, although they are abundant in other oral tissues.
Attempts to predict prognosis of pulpotomy in primary molars Bacteriologic and histologic examination
Authors: MAGNUSSON BENGT
Published: February 2009

Abstract— In connection with therapeutic pulpotomy in primary mandibular molars, samples for bacteriologic examination were taken from the orifice of the distal root canal immediately before application of calcium hydroxide paste. Of samples from 60 teeth examined, half gave growth in broth media. No correlation was found between the results of bacteriologic examinations and the outcome of treatment as judged on histologic grounds. In a further 40 pulpotomized primary mandibular molars the tissue removed from immediately above the orifice of the distal root canal was studied histologically. Of these biopsy specimens from teeth where the pulp had been exposed during excavation of caries, but which had not produced clinical evidence of pulpitis, only 5 appeared free from inflammation. Biopsy specimens from the successfully treated s cases showed very moderate inflammatory changes but no certain correlation between the condition of the extirpated tissue and the result of treatment could be demonstrated. The investigation shows that bacteriologic contamination of the wound surface during operation cannot be the dominant cause of failure. It is instead more likely that the outcome of the pulpotomy depends on the extent to which microorganisms in superficial parts of the pulp have damaged the pulpal tissue in the root canals.
Biobond® for retrograde root filling in apicoectomy
Authors: NORDENRAM ARKE
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Comparative clinical and radiographic studies are presented on the results of apicoectomy alone and combined with retrograde root filling, using Biobond® and guttapercha respectively as filling material. The case series comprised 100 patients. The teeth treated were incisors and canines. The results were assessed from the clinical and radiographic findings at the last follow‐up examination of the patients. The observation time was 24 months. It was found that there were no significant differences between the three groups of cases, satisfactory healing being achieved in 82% of the cases in which apicoectomy was performed alone, in 71% of the cases in which the procedure was combined with retrograde root filling, using guttapercha, and in 81% of the cases in which Biobond was the filling material.
Fractures of the alveolar process of the jaw A clinical and radiographic follow‐up study
Authors: ANDREASEN J. O.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— A study is reported on the prognosis of fractures confined to the alveolar process. The clinical and radiographic findings concern 29 patients with alveolar fractures, involving 71 permanent teeth. The observation period varied from 1 to 12 years (mean 6.5 years). A multivariate analysis was used to study the relationship between postoperative complications, such as pulp necrosis, pulp obliteration, and 18 clinical factors. Pulp necrosis was observed in 75% of the involved teeth and was found to be significantly related to the time interval from injury to permanent fixation. Pulp obliteration was recorded in 15% of the involved teeth and was found to be related to the observation period and time interval from injury to permanent fixation. Loss of marginal supporting bone was registered in 13% and progressive root resorption in 11% of the involved teeth.
Punch‐biopsy of minor salivary glands in the diagnosis of Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: BERTRAM U. , HJØRTING‐HANSEN E.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The aim of the present investigation has been to examine whether the histopathologic changes in the minor salivary glands in patients with Sjögren's syndrome are of the same nature as the changes in the major salivary glands. Punch‐biopsies were taken from the lower labial mucosa in 14 patients; 12 of these had a verified Sjögren's syndrome. In 10 patients changes in accordance with those of a benign lymphoepithelial lesion were present in the minor salivary glands. The technique was found valuable in the diagnosis of general disorders with salivary gland involvement.
Studies of microleakage with restorative materials A new air pressure method
Authors: GRANATH LARS‐ERIC , SVENSSON ALVAR
Published: February 2009

Abstract— A new method and apparatus are described for registering in vitro leakage of dental restorative materials. Methodological studies and studies of the error of the method were carried out. The method is based on the principle that the so‐called space between the mould and the restorative material acts as a choke in a current of air. The air stream passed is an expression of the leakage due to available leakage area. The construction of the apparatus and its functions are illustrated in Figs. 1 to 4. The methodological studies showed that the method is suitable for comparative quantitation of leakage. The average area of leakage cannot be calculated. When leakage is registered, air flows into passages available for such leakage. The investigation of the error of the method showed that its precision is high.
The Cornelia de Lange syndrome Typus degenerativus Amstelodamensis. Histologic studies of the marginal gingiva
Authors: RUSSELL BJØRN G.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The present work consists of a histopathologic investigation of tissue from the marginal gingiva of patients with the Cornelia de Lange syndrome compared with similar tissue from normal patients. Four patients with the Cornelia de Lange syndrome were investigated and it was found that the histopathologic picture may present a possibility for histologic confirmation of the diagnosis of this syndrome. The connective tissue was stained diffusely metachromatically with toluidine blue and alcain blue and it was possible to demonstrate a juxtavascular 10–30 micron broad acellular zone with myxomatous degeneration.
Collagen metabolism of skin and periodontal membrane in the squirrel monkey
Authors: SKOUGAARD M. R. , FRANDSEN A. , BAKER D. G.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Glucocorticoid administration is known to have an inhibitive effect on collagen activity. It can be assumed that this effect also takes place in the periodontal membrane (PDM). The purpose of the present investigation was to investigate whether this reduction in PDM collagen activity is reflected in the autoradiographic grain count score. Ten young adult male squirrel monkeys were injected with 3H‐proline and sacrificed 48 hours after the injection. Five of the animals were injected with Ultracortenol® 72 and 24 hours prior to sacrifice. Grain count analysis was carried out on autoradiographs from sections of premolars, and skin biopsies were analyzed with respect to NaCl soluble 3H‐activity. In the skin the activity found in the soluble fraction was lower in the Ultracortenol‐treated than in the control animals (319 ± 56 cpm/mg compared to 629 ± 70 cpm/mg). Autoradiographic grain counts were carried out over the periodontal membrane, the average number of grains was lower in the Ultracortenol‐injected than in the control animals. This was true for all areas of the periodontal membrane examined. The significance of the autoradiographic grain count score from the PDM following 3H‐proline injection is discussed. It is concluded that this parameter is reasonably, valid for the assessment of the PDM collagen activity.
Morphogenetic and functional characteristics of coronal cementum in bovine molars
Authors: AINAMO JUKKA
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Coronal cementum in bovine teeth has been implied to be homologous with enamel cuticles in man. A radiographic and histologic study of the life cycle of the bovine first permanent molar was undertaken in order to test the validity of this view. Formation of coronal cementum was found to be preceded by a total disintegration of the reduced enamel epithelium and to start in the cuspal area before eruption of the tooth into the oral cavity. Fibrous attachment of the connective tissue to the coronal cementum thus prevented the formation of a deep gingival pocket around the erupting tooth. Shortly after the tooth had reached occlusion, cementum was found to cover the enamel all the way to the apical enamel border. The tooth was thus attached not only by its short root but also by a substantial area of its anatomical crown. With advancing age, occlusal wear and subsequent progressive eruption of the tooth resulted in an apposition of multiple layers of cellular cementum on both the root and cervical enamel surfaces, Neither its morphogenetic characteristics nor its vital function in tooth attachment seemed to indicate that coronal cementum in bovine teeth corresponds to enamel cuticles in man.
Frequency of oro‐antral fistulae after perforation to the maxillary sinus
Authors: VON WOWERN NINA
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The frequency of oro‐antral fistulae after perforations to the maxillary sinus by extraction of teeth or displacement of roots into the maxillary sinus is investigated. The material comprises 116 patients with a sinus perforation during the period 1950 to 1967. No patients had maxillary sinusitis in relation to the extraction. 104 patients (90 %) were followed‐up two months or more after treatment. In nine cases of sinus perforation without root displacement, no treatment was instituted and seven (78 %) formed an oro‐antral fistula. In 82 cases a primary suture over the perforation was used, resulting in an oro‐antral fistula in six (7 %). In the 13 cases of root displacement into the maxillary sinus, the root was removed and there was a primary suture over the perforation; in three cases (23 %) an oro‐antral fistula was formed. Apparently the usual primary treatment does not prevent oro‐antral fistulae, but the frequency will be less. After treatment of displaced roots, the frequency of oro‐antral fistulae is higher than after treatment of simple sinus perforations. Different methods for closure of sinus perforations are discussed.
Root fractures due to corrosion Diagnostic aspects
Authors: RUD JøRGEN , OMNELL KARL‐AKE
Published: February 2009

Abstract— A series of 468 teeth with root fractures, mainly caused by corrosion of root canal pins and/or posts, was evaluated to determine the clinical and radiographic criteria which may be used in diagnosing these fractures. The fractures could be seen directly in a radiograph in only one‐third of the cases. Indirectly, evidence of a fracture could be demonstrated radiographically by the presence of corrosion products from the pin or post or by dissolution of the pin in 71.8 % of the cases. Marginal pocket formation, a widening, or blurring of the periodontal space was observed in 79.8% of the cases. In 53.8 % an apical radiolucency was present, whereas 10 cases (2.7 %) showed no radio‐graphic signs. The findings emphasize the importance of always considering the possibility of a root fracture when dealing with teeth containing pins, posts, and crowns.
Postural activity in subjects with functional disorders of the chewing apparatus
Authors: LOUS I. , SHEIK‐OL‐ESLAM A. , MØLLER E.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— In 39 patients with functional disorders of the temporomandibular joint and the muscles of mastication and in 45 dental students without such disorders, the activity in the temporal and masseter muscles was recorded with the subjects seated upright and the mandible at rest. On the average, the level of postural activity in the patients was significantly stronger than in the control group. The increase was not a general trait including all muscles under study, as its location differed among patients and was limited to single muscles in most cases. In the temporal muscles, increased activity was associated with tenderness by palpation. Strong postural activity in the masseter muscles was associated with pain in the cheek and tenderness of the deep part of the muscle. The individual variation of the electromyographic findings pointed to a differentiated etiology more than to a general increase of activity for emotional reasons.
Postural activity in the muscles of mastication with the subject upright, inclined, and supine
Authors: LUND P. , NISHIYAMA T. , MØLLER E.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— With the mandible at rest, electromyographic recordings were obtained from the anterior temporal, lateral pterygoid, and digastric muscles with the subjects (A) sitting upright with the head unsupported, (B) inclining backwards with the back‐rest at an angle of 45°, and (C) supine. Two minutes after a shift in posture the electrical activity in the anterior temporal muscles was strongest in the upright position, it decreased slightly when the back‐rest was at 45°, and was least in the supine position. The digastric muscles showed a pattern similar to that of the temporal. The activity in the lateral pterygoid muscles was strongest when the subject was inclined backwards at 45°. The influence, therefore, of these muscles on the posterior border position of the mandible varies with posture. In all the muscles studied there was least activity when the subject was in the supine position. This would suggest that the supine position is suitable for recording the most retruded position of the mandible. In the intermediate position the lateral pterygoid muscles appear to counteract retrusion.
Oral tactility during chewing
Authors: OWALL BENGT
Published: February 2009

Abstract— A method for testing oral tactility during chewing is described. Steel balls of a size varying from 0.2 mm to 2.0 mm in diameter, with a difference of 0.1 mm between consecutive sizes, were incorporated in test pieces of a food product, such as peanuts, cheese, and popcorn. The tactility threshold was determined by giving the subject pieces of food containing steel balls of successively increasing diameter. The method was tried on 10 persons with natural teeth and 10 wearers of complete dentures. The results of the test proved reproducible and a highly significant difference in oral tactility was found between the group of persons with natural teeth and the group of denture wearers.
Quantitative determination of albumin, lysozyme, and amylase A Comparison of seven analytical methods
Authors: ARNEBERG PÅL
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The specific extinctions of albumin, lysozyme, and amylase were compared in seven methods for quantitative protein analysis. The results are discussed in relation to protein composition and to the quantitative analysis of salivary protein.
Human salivary alpha‐amylase Purification and amino acid composition
Authors: HENSTEN‐FETTERSEN ARNE , SØNJU TORLEIF , de BEST TONE
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Human salivary alpha‐amylase was purified by ammonium sulfate‐acetone precipitations, and residual impurities removed by adsorption chromatography on hydroxylapatite columns. Subsequent preparative disc electrophoresis indicated that parotid alpha‐amylase from one person was a single moiety, whereas alpha‐amylase from pooled, whole saliva was separated into two components. One of these had the same electrophoretic mobility as the parotid alpha‐amylase. The amino acid compositions of these components were determined and compared with monkey and rabbit parotid alpha‐amylase and with the results of an earlier investigation of human alpha‐amylase from pooled, whole saliva. Significant differences were not observed.
Purification and some properties of dextranase from Penicillium funiculosum
Authors: BAASTAD KIRSTEN LYCHE , RØLLA GUNNAR
Published: February 2009

Abstract— Dextranase was obtained from cultures of Penicillium funiculosum IMI 7915 and purified in a one‐step procedure by the use of iso‐electric focusing for 45 h with a pH gradient from 3–10. The enzyme was concentrated in one narrow peak at PI 4.6 and the yield was 70–90 %. The purified enzyme was homogeneous in disc electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel, pH 9.5, showing one fast‐moving band. pH optimum for activity was 3.5‐5.5. The dextranase was stable over a wide pH‐range at low temperatures. Equilibrium centrifugation indicated a molecular weight of 55,000.

. The amino acid composition showed high amounts of acidic amino acids and traces of aminosugars.
The effectiveness of the Charters‘, scrub and roll methods of toothbrushing by professionals in removing plaque
Authors: FRANDSEN ASGER M. , BARBANO JOSEPH P. , SUOMI JOHN D. , CHANG JACQUELINE J. , BURKE ALLYN D.
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The effectiveness of the Charters, scrub, and roll methods of toothbrushing by professional dental personnel in removing plaque was studied in 60 United States Army recruits. An interaction between method of brushing and brusher was found, indicating that no one method was clearly most effective in removing plaque. One brusher removed significantly more plaque with the Charters method than with the roll method, whereas the other brusher obtained a significantly greater reduction in plaque with the scrub method than with either the Charters or the roll methods.
Influence of topical application of chlorhexidine on chronic gingivitis and gingival wound healing in the dog
Authors: LINDHE J. , HAMP S.‐E. , LÖE H. , SCHIØTT C. RINDOM
Published: February 2009

Abstract— The present study examines the effect of topically applied chlorhexidine gluconate on chronically inflamed gingiva and standardized gingival wounds. Five beagle dogs were fed a soft “gingivitis inducing” diet for a period of 5 months. Subsequently, a 2 % chlorhexidine solution was applied daily for 42 days to the left molars, premolars, and canines of three dogs, the corresponding teeth in the right quadrants serving as controls. The degree of gingivitis, plaque, gingival exudation, and number of crevicular leukocytes were assessed on days 0, 11, 28, 35, and 42. The healing after gingival biopsy was studied in two dogs using the same parameters on days 0, 4, 7, 14, 28, and 42. In one of the dogs chlorhexidine was applied daily to the teeth and gingiva; the other dog had saline treatment. Biopsies for histologic examination were obtained at the beginning and the end of the experiment. From these criteria, it was shown that one daily topical application of 2 % chlorhexidine gluconate to the teeth and gingiva of the dog removes plaque and resolbes a well‐established chronic gingivitis. It is concluded that in the dog it is passible through topical applications of chlorhexidine to establish and maintain a plaque‐ and gingivitis‐free dentition.