bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Growth of
Myxovirus parainfluenza
Type 3 in Organ Cultures of Guinea Pig Tissue
Authors: Craighead J. E.
Published: January 2020

Craighead
, J. E. (Harvard Medical School, Boston, Mass.). Growth of
Myxovirus parainfluenza
type 3 in organ cultures of guinea pig tissue. J. Bacteriol.
92:
751–761. 1966.—Organ cultures of adult guinea pig nasal mucosa, lung, and pleura were infected with
Myxovirus parainfluenza
type 3. Observations were made on the growth of virus at intervals after inoculation. An inoculum of 10
2.5
tissue culture infectious doses (
tcid
50
) initiated infection in each of the tissues. Cultures of nasal mucosa yielded up to 10
6.0
tcid
50
per 6 hr for periods of as long as 2 weeks. Virus production was not affected by the “immune” status of the animal used as a source of tissue. Introduction of antiserum into the medium appeared to suppress virus release but failed to “cure” the infection. Interferon was not detected in fluids bathing the nasal mucosa. Cultured fragments of lung produced virus for 28 days after inoculation. As much as 10
5.0
tcid
50
per 6 hr was released by the tissue. Pleural mesothelial cells lining the diaphragm yielded up to 10
6.0
tcid
50
per 6 hr over a 14-day period. Histological sections showed that the tissues retained differentiated morphological features during maintenance in vitro. Cytological changes unequivocally associated with infection were not recognized. The techniques described give reproducible, quantitative results. Organ cultures are feasible for the study of virus growth and cytopathology in differentiated tissues.
Hyper-reactivity of Rabbits Sensitized withBartonella bacilliformis
Authors: Mitchell Paul D. , Slack John M.
Published: January 2020

Mitchell, PaulD. (West Virginia University Medical Center, Morgantown),and John M. Slack. Hyper-reactivity of rabbits sensitized withBartonella bacilliformis. J. Bacteriol.92:769–779. 1966.—Sensitization with viable cells ofBartonella bacilliformisincreased the susceptibility of rabbits to the lethality of subsequently administeredBartonellametabolites. In animals sensitized with 3 weekly doses of the organism, this susceptible state of hyper-reactivity was maximal between 4 and 14 days postsensitization (primary hyper-reactive state) and persisted for at least 4 weeks, after which the animals were nonreactive (tolerant state). However, on the 84th day, the susceptible state could once again be demonstrated (secondary hyper-reactive state). Animals sensitized with only 1 or 2 weekly doses of the organism were rendered nearly as susceptible, but the time interval between the primary and secondary states of hyper-reactivity was much shorter, indicating that the hyper-reactive states were dependent upon the degree of sensitization. Symptoms displayed by such animals demonstrated an association with endotoxic shock and an anaphylactic or immediate hypersensitive response, the reaction frequently being severe enough to lead to the death of the animal within 24 hr. The histological findings were those of the generalized Shwartzman phenomenon with indications of shock. Such hyper-reactive animals produced an early-occurring, precipitating antibody specific for the somatic, endotoxic component of various gram-positive microorganisms. Injection of sera from the hyper-reactive animals into normal, nonsensitized animals resulted in a passive, hyper-reactive state in the latter animals. A distinct relationship between the levels of specific antibody and the degree of demonstrable hyper-reactivity was observed. This relationship is discussed relative to the histological findings of the hyper-reactive animals.
Bacterial Nutritional Approach to Mechanisms of Oxygen Toxicity
Authors: Gottlieb Sheldon F.
Published: January 2020

Gottlieb, Sheldon
F. (Union Carbide Corp., Tonawanda, N.Y.). Bacterial nutritional approach to mechanisms of oxygen toxicity. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1021–1027. 1966.—Inhibition by oxygen of growth of the bacterium
Achromobacter
P6 was reversed by amino acid supplements. The reversal of oxygen-induced growth inhibition was not due to the presence of reducing substances in the growth medium. Oxygen primarily exerts a bacteriostatic effect. The oxygen inhibition of growth occurred over a wide
p
H range. Oxygen inhibition of growth was observed when 1-amino-2-propanol, acetate, lactate, citrate, or glucose was used as the sole source of carbon and energy. No inhibition of growth was obtained when succinate, fumarate, malate, or glutamate was used as the source of carbon and energy. Oxygen markedly depressed the respiration of P6 when 1-amino-2-propanol was the substrate. There was no depression of respiration under oxygen with succinate as substrate. P6 grown in the presence of high oxygen tensions had a higher rate of respiration under oxygen than similar air-grown cells. Chloramphenicol did not affect the rate of oxygen consumption or cause a further depression of the respiratory rate in the presence of oxygen. It is suggested that microbes may serve as a model system for studying the cellular and subcellular mechanisms of oxygen toxicity.
Production in FL Cells of Infectious and Potentially Infectious Reovirus
Authors: Spendlove Rex S. , Lennette Edwin H. , Knight Charles O. , Chin Jean N.
Published: January 2020

Spendlove, RexS. (California State Department of Public Health, Berkeley),Edwin H. Lennette, Charles O. Knight, and Jean N. Chin. Production in FL cells of infectious and potentially infectious reovirus. J. Bacteriol.92:1036–1040. 1966.—A comparative study was made of the development in, and release from, FL cells of infectious and potentially infectious (chymotrypsin-activatable) reovirus (Lang strain). The latent period was shorter, the rate of synthesis was more rapid, and the total yield was more than 10-fold greater in potentially infectious virus as compared with infectious virus. Almost all of the potentially infectious virus, but only approximately one-third of the infectious virus, was released from the infected cells.
Programming of Poliovirus Inhibition of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in HeLa Cells
Authors: Ackermann W. W. , Wahl D.
Published: January 2020

Ackermann
, W. W. (The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor),
and D. Wahl
. Programming of poliovirus inhibition of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in HeLa cells. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1051–1054. 1966.—Deletion of arginine from a culture medium reduced the rate of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in uninfected HeLa cells. The normal rate was promptly restored by addition of arginine. Deletion of arginine also prevented poliovirus from inhibiting DNA synthesis in HeLa cells. However, the inhibitory potential of the infection and the capacity of the host cell for stimulation with regard to DNA synthesis were both retained in arginine-depleted cells which were infected. Upon addition of arginine late in the infection, DNA synthesis was first stimulated and then inhibited.
Gene Controlling the Uptake of Shikimic Acid by
Escherichia coli
Authors: Pittard James , Wallace B. J.
Published: January 2020

Pittard, James
(University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia),
and B. J. Wallace
. Gene controlling the uptake of shikimic acid by
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1070–1075. 1966.—Mutants possessing an impaired ability to take up exogenously supplied shikimic acid were isolated. Mutants showing either a complete or partial loss of this activity were found. The mutations have been mapped on the
Escherichia coli
chromosome and occur in a single gene, situated near to the cluster of genes concerned with histidine biosynthesis. The uptake of dehydroshikimic acid was also affected by these mutations, suggesting a common mechanism for the uptake of these two related intermediates of aromatic biosynthesis.
Autoradiographic Study of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Synthesis in L Cells Infected with the Agent of Meningopneumonitis
Authors: Moore Dorothy E. , Moulder James W.
Published: January 2020

Moore, Dorothy
E. (University of Chicago, Chicago, Ill.),
and James W. Moulder
. Autoradiographic study of deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis in L cells infected with the agent of meningopneumonitis. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1128–1132. 1966.—L cells infected with the agent of meningopneumonitis were labeled with H
3
-cytidine at 5-hr intervals after infection, and cell samples were fixed every 5 hr after labeling. These preparations were then digested with ribonuclease, stained by the Feulgen procedure, and examined by autoradiography. Labeled meningopneumonitis inclusions were first seen 15 hr after infection. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was synthesized in both L-cell nuclei and meningopneumonitis agent for as long as 40 hr after infection. Nuclear DNA synthesis was unaffected until 25 hr after infection, at which time synthesis of agent DNA reached its peak. After 25 hr, both meningopneumonitis and L cell DNA synthesis declined.
Persistent Infection of a Rat Kidney Cell Line with Rauscher Murine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Duc-Nguyen Huu , Rosenblum Edith N. , Zeigel Robert F.
Published: January 2020

Duc-Nguyen, Huu
(National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Md.),
Edith N. Rosenblum, and Robert F. Zeigel
. Persistent infection of a rat kidney cell line with Rauscher murine leukemia virus. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1133–1140. 1966.—The propagation of a murine leukemia virus (Rauscher) in a kidney cell line, derived from a rat with lymphoid leukemia, was studied. A complement-fixing (CF) antigen reacting with Rauscher immune sera was detected at various passage levels, which correlated with the visualization by use of electron microscopy of viral buds and viral particles in different stages of maturation in all passages. Five-month-old monolayers continued to shed virus and to yield high CF antigen titers. The cell-free supernatant fluid from cultures of the 14th passage was shown to be infectious for a normal rat kidney cell line, as evidenced by the appearance of the CF antigen in this line. Interferon production was not demonstrated in infected cultures. The overall data indicated that rat kidney cells could be used to propagate Rauscher virus in a carrier state.
Somatic and Flagellar Immunofluorescence of
Salmonella
Authors: Caldwell W. J. , Stulberg C. S. , Peterson W. D.
Published: January 2020

Caldwell
, W. J. (The Child Research Center of Michigan, Detroit, Mich.), C. S.
Stulberg, and W. D. Peterson, Jr
. Somatic and flagellar immunofluorescence of
Salmonella
. J. Bacteriol. 92:1177–1187. 1966.—Labeled globulin fractions of flagellar (H) antisera, prepared against 20 frequently occurring
Salmonella
serotypes belonging to five major somatic (O) groups, were characterized for O and H immunofluorescence and for O and H agglutinin titers against 32 serotypes. The feasibility of immunofluorescent identification of both somatic and flagellar antigens was enhanced by staining formaldehyde-treated organisms in suspension. Relationships between homologous, partial, and unrelated antigen-antibody systems were then analyzed, and a high degree of correlation was shown between the results obtained by the two serological procedures. Flagellar staining was highly specific, and was bright, faint, or inapparent, depending on the relationship between the antigen-antibody systems involved. Somatic staining was also specific, but somewhat more difficult to interpret, because cells in the same preparation might exhibit a mixture of bright, faint, or no fluorescent intensities. Correlation was shown between the percentage of brightly staining cells found in these preparations and the agglutination titers of the comparable antigen-antibody systems. The phenomenon of a “percentage” reaction was unexplained. Absorption studies further confirmed the specificity of reactions. The techniques developed were applied to surveillance of several mouse colonies for the presence of
Salmonella
. Broth cultures of fecal specimens were treated with formaldehyde and stained in suspension with “polyvalent” labeled antibody reagents. Agreement was found in 97.6% of the instances between results obtained by immunofluorescence and cultural methods. In addition, preliminary evidence indicated the feasibility of presumptive serotyping of
Salmonella
isolates by immunofluorescence.
Mycoplasma-Latex Agglutination Reaction
Authors: Morton Harry E.
Published: January 2020

Morton, HarryE. (University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia).Mycoplasma-latex agglutination reaction. J. Bacteriol.92:1196–1205. 1966.—The building up ofMycoplasmacell mass through adsorption to carrier particles as a method for enhancing the agglutination reaction to identifyMycoplasmais described.Mycoplasmacells of human, avian, swine, goat, sewage, and tissue-culture origin were adsorbed to latex particles (0.81 μ) and then were agglutinated by immune sera. The adsorption was demonstrated by electron microscopy. Either the cells or their antibodies, depending on which came into contact with the latex particles first, were adsorbed. The test, completed in less than 2 hr, consisted of serially diluting immune sera with buffered saline, adding the antigen, incubating in a water bath, centrifuging, and reading the reaction under 50 × microscope magnification. The antigen in each reaction tube, representing the growth from about 1.6 ml of culture, was estimated to contain 23 μg of protein (approximately one-tenth the amount ofMycoplasmacells needed for a direct agglutination reaction). In the sera from rabbits undergoing immunization withMycoplasmaantigens, the presence of anti-Mycoplasmaantibodies was detected much sooner in theMycoplasma-latex agglutination reaction test than in the agar-gel diffusion reaction and the growth inhibition tests. Four different lots of latex particles showed excellent uniformity of behavior and stability during storage and testing.
Relation Between Excreted Lipopolysaccharide Complexes and Surface Structures of a Lysine-Limited Culture of
Escherichia coli
Authors: Knox K. W. , Vesk Maret , Work Elizabeth
Published: January 2020

Knox
, K. W. (Twyford Laboratories, London, England),
Maret Vesk, and Elizabeth Work
. Relation between excreted lipopolysaccharide complexes and surface structures of a lysine-limited culture of
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1206–1217. 1966.—The lysine-requiring mutant
Escherichia coli
12408, when grown in 15 liters of defined medium containing a suboptimal amount of lysine, showed a biphasic type of growth. During a long stationary phase of 15 hr, there was a steady accumulation of diaminopimelic acid (DAP) and an antigenic complex of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and lipoprotein; the accumulation continued unchanged until the end of the second growth phase. The rapid rate of DAP excretion suggested that it was the result of a derepressed state of a biosynthetic pathway. LPS excretion was such that the amount in the culture fluid was doubled during a period corresponding to the normal generation time for the organism; this suggested that the LPS-lipoprotein complex was a product of unbalanced growth. Surface defects were suggested by the action of lysozyme, which, in low concentrations (10 μg/ml), lysed the lysine-limited cells even in the absence of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, but had no effect at 10 μg/ml on cells grown with adequate lysine. Electron microscopy of cells excreting the LPS complex showed them to be surrounded by a mass of stacked leaflets and globules, some of which were bounded by triple membranes. Sections showed no lysis but changes in cell surfaces; outer layers of the walls had numerous blebs whose outer membranes were sometimes continuous with the outer triple membrane of the wall. LPS-lipoprotein probably originates from these blebs.
Ultrastructure of Basidiospores and Mycelium ofLenzites saepiaria
Authors: Hyde James M. , Walkinshaw Charles H.
Published: January 2020

Hyde, JamesM. (University of Mississippi Medical School, Jackson),and Charles H. Walkinshaw. Ultrastructure of basidiospores and mycelium ofLenzites saepiaria. J. Bacteriol.92:1218–1227. 1966.—Ungerminated and germinated basidiospores and 2-day-old mycelial cultures ofLenzites saepiariawere similar in their fine structure. Fixation with glutaraldehyde, followed by osmium tetroxide, was far superior to permanganate. Cell organelles were seen in cytoplasm of spores and hyphae, and clamp connections were abundant in hyphal elements. Numerous lomasomes, vesicular bodies, and complex concentric membranes occurred in the cytoplasm and were often associated with the cell membrane or the dolipore membrane (parenthesome) of the septum. Endoplasmic reticulum was not found, but numerous ribosomes were seen; polyribosome groupings were frequently noted. The nucleus was bounded by a double membrane which contained few pores. Germinating spores exhibited one or more large osmiophilic bodies in association with a vacuole and membranous elements. Other than possessing a thin wall, the emerging germ tube was similar in structure to the parent spore.
Measurement of Size Distributions of Bacterial Cells
Authors: Harvey R. J. , Marr Allen G.
Published: January 2020

Harvey
, R. J. (University of California, Davis),
and Allen G. Marr
. Measurement of size distributions of bacterial cells. J. Bacteriol.
92:
805–811. 1966.—Apparatus for the automatic determination of the volume distribution of particles by measurement of the amplitude of pulses generated in a Coulter transducer is described. Distributions of volume estimated by direct measurement of pulse amplitude are distorted by coincidence. Differentiation and integration of the pulses followed by automatic pulse-height analysis permit precise measurement of volume of latex spheres and of bacteria over a range of at least 0.25 to 20 μ
3
. The apparatus is also capable of accurate determination of particle concentration over a wide range. Other advantages are the speed of both measurement and data processing.
Paper Chromatographic System for the Identification of Glycerol in Bacterial Cell Walls
Authors: Ikawa Miyoshi , Morrow James W. , Harney Sheila J.
Published: January 2020

Ikawa, Miyoshi
(University of New Hampshire, Durham),
James W. Morrow, and Sheila J. Harney
. Paper chromatographic system for the identification of glycerol in bacterial cell walls. J. Bacteriol.
92:
812–814. 1966.—The solvent system consisting of isopropanol-5% boric acid (7:1, v/v) separates glycerol from the other carbohydrate constituents which are found in hydrolysates of bacterial cell walls. This system is useful for the identification of glycerol even when anhydroribitol and rhamnose are both present, and has been found to be applicable on cell wall hydrolysates as well as on synthetic mixtures.
Neutralization of Endotoxin Toxicity in Chick Embryos by Antibiotics
Authors: Rifkind David , Palmer John D.
Published: January 2020

Rifkind, David
(University of Colorado Medical Center, Denver), and
John D. Palmer
. Neutralization of endotoxin toxicity in chick embryos by antibiotics. J. Bacteriol.
92:
815–819. 1966.—Three cationic cyclic polypeptide antibiotics, polymyxin B sulfate colistin sulfate, and tyrocidine hydrochloride, were shown to neutralize endotoxin lethality in chick embryos. The neutralizing potency of these antibiotics was approximately equivalent, 0.06 to 0.11 μmole of antibiotic per μg of endotoxin. Methane sulfonation of colistin resulted in a 13-fold decrease in endotoxin-neutralizing potency. Other cationic cyclic polypeptide antibiotics were inactive, as well all other classes of antibiotics tested, including the neutral cyclic polypeptides. Several nonantibiotic polycationic proteins and polymers tested were also inactive. It is suggested that certain cationic cyclic polypeptide antibiotics neutralize by combining directly with the toxic moiety of the endotoxin molecule. Possibly this combination involves the cationic groups of the antibiotics and the polyphosphate groups of the phospholipid component of endotoxin.
Immunological Tolerance to Microbial Antigens II. Suppressed Antibody Plaque Formation toShigellaAntigen by Spleen Cells from Tolerant Mice
Authors: Friedman Herman
Published: January 2020

Friedman, Herman(Albert Einstein Medical Center, Philadelphia, Pa.). Immunological tolerance to microbial antigens. II. Suppressed antibody plaque formation toShigellaantigen by spleen cells from tolerant mice. J. Bacteriol. 92:820–827. 1966.—An indirect, localized, antibody plaque procedure has been used to demonstrate a marked difference in the number of antibody plaques formed with spleen cell suspensions from normal andShigella-tolerant mice. Whereas challenge with solubleShigellaantigen (SSA) into normal mice, ranging in age from 4 to 40 weeks, resulted in a rapid rise in antibody plaque formation toShigella-treated sheep erythrocytes, there was only a slight increase in plaque formation with spleen cell suspensions from similarly challenged mice which had been made tolerant toShigellaantigen during neonatal life. Apparently, the suppression of plaque formation toShigellain tolerant animals was specific, since bothShigella-tolerant and normal mice responded equally well to untreated sheep red blood cells after challenge with sheep erythrocytes only. Spleen cells from nonchallengedShigella-tolerant mice did not form significant numbers of antibody plaques to SSA-treated red blood cells during an observation period of 4 to 30 weeks after neonatal administration of antigen. “Nonspecific” increases in plaque formation to untreated sheep red cells occurred with spleen cell suspensions from both normal and SSA-tolerant mice after challenge injection withShigellaantigen, with or without sheep erythrocytes. Such a response suggested an adjuvant effect for the endotoxin-containingShigellaantigen even in mice tolerant to the agglutinogenic moiety of SSA. The results of these experiments support the view that specific antibody-forming cells are either absent or in low number in lymphoid tissue from mice specifically tolerant toShigellaantigens. It seems unlikely that the low postchallenge agglutinin titers of tolerant mice are due to suppressed antibody formation by normal numbers of individual antibody-producing cells, or due to “masking” of normal antibody production by persisting circulating antigen.
Metabolism of Biotin and Analogues of Biotin by Microorganisms IV. Degradation of Biotin, Oxybiotin, and Desthiobiotin byLactobacillus casei
Authors: Birnbaum Jerome , Lichstein Herman C.
Published: January 2020

Birnbaum, Jerome(University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio),and Herman C. Lichstein. Metabolism of biotin and analogues of biotin by microorganisms. IV. Degradation of biotin, oxybiotin, and desthiobiotin byLactobacillus casei. J. Bacteriol.92:925–930. 1966.—Lactobacillus caseidegrades biotin when it is present in excess to products not utilizable for growth byL. plantarumorSaccharomyces cerevisiae. Degrading activity was initiated in the early stationary phase and was controlled by thepH of the medium. Nonproliferating cells, grown previously in excess biotin for 40 hr, metabolized oxybiotin and desthiobiotin as well as biotin. Cells grown in low biotin, or in excess biotin for 20 hr, did not degrade either analogue. Oxybiotin was 50% as active as biotin for growth, whereas desthiobiotin acted as a competitive inhibitor. Cells grown in excess biotin for 40 hr, but not 20 hr, overcame the inhibitory effect of desthiobiotin, when subcultured to media containing a normally inhibitory concentration of the analogue. Moreover, the level of desthiobiotin dropped rapidly during the first 4 to 6 hr before growth ensued. The data indicate that growth in excess biotin enablesL. caseito degrade desthiobiotin and, thereby, to overcome the inhibitory effect of the analogue.
Synthesis of Virus Deoxyribonucleic Acid During Abortive Infection of Simian Cells by Human Adenoviruses
Authors: Rapp Fred , Feldman Lawrence A. , Mandel Manley
Published: January 2020

Rapp, Fred(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),Lawrence A. Feldman, and Manley Mandel. Synthesis of virus deoxyribonucleic acid during abortive infection of simian cells by human adenoviruses. J. Bacteriol.92:931–936. 1966.—Inoculation of green monkey kidney cells (GMK) with adenovirus types 2 or 12, under conditions where neither infectious virus was synthesized, resulted in an increase in the uptake of H3-thymidine into deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Extraction of the DNA from infected cells, followed by identification by isopycnic analysis in CsCl gradients, revealed the presence of virus DNA. Cells infected with adenovirus type 2 yielded DNA giving bands with peak densities of 1.699 g/ml [GMK DNA with 40 moles% guanine + cytosine (GC)] and 1.714 g/ml (adenovirus type 2 DNA with 55 moles% GC). Cells infected with adenovirus type 12 also yielded the GMK DNA and a band at 1.706 g/ml (adenovirus type 12 DNA with 47 moles% GC). The rate of synthesis of adenovirus type 2 DNA in KB cells (productive cycle) and in GMK cells infected only with adenovirus (nonproductive cycle) or with adenovirus and simian virus 40 (adeno-productive cycle) was not significantly different.
Characteristics of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Auxotrophic Mutant Infectivity
Authors: Lippincott Barbara B. , Lippincott James A.
Published: January 2020

Lippincott, Barbara
B. (Northwestern University, Evanston, Ill.),
and James A. Lippincott
. Characteristics of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
auxotrophic mutant infectivity. J. Bacteriol.
92:
937–945. 166.—Mutants of
Agrobacterium tumefaciens
auxotrophic for adenine, methionine, or asparagine are less infectious than the wild-type strain B6 from which they were derived and show increased infectivity on pinto bean leaves when the specific compounds required for growth of the mutants are added to the infected leaf. Reversion to a prototrophic form of nutrition is accompanied by increased infectivity. Tumors initiated by these auxotrophic mutants are shown to arise only at large wound sites where nutritional conditions may be less restricting. The data indicate that, after inoculation, the bacteria pass through a phase in which host-supplied nutrients are utilized for the production of one or more factors necessary for successful tumor initiation.
Synchronously Dividing Bacterial Cultures I. Synchrony Following Depletion and Resupplementation of a Required Amino Acid in
Escherichia coli
Authors: Matney Thomas S. , Suit Joan C.
Published: January 2020

Matney, Thomas
S. (The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Hospital and Tumor Institute, Houston, Texas),
and Joan C. Suit
. Synchronously dividing bacterial cultures. I. Synchrony following depletion and resupplementation of a required amino acid in
Escherichia coli
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
960–966. 1966.—A procedure was developed for phasing large-volume cultures of
Escherichia coli
K-12 with regard to cell division. The method consists of permitting the bacteria to exhaust a growth-limiting supply of a required amino acid, starving the culture, resupplementing with an excess of the amino acid, and following the ensuing growth by usual counting procedures.
Activity of Mitomycin C, Other Antibiotics, and Serum Against Lysogenic Bacteria
Authors: Muschel Louis H. , Schmoker Karen
Published: January 2020

Muschel, Louis
H. (University of Minnesota, Minneapolis),
and Karen Schmoker
. Activity of mitomycin C, other antibiotics, and serum against lysogenic bacteria. J. Bacteriol.
92:
967–971. 1966.—Lysogenic bacteria were found to be more sensitive to the bactericidal action of mitomycin C or streptonigrin than the corresponding sensitive or indicator strains. This result may be attributed to the induction of phage production in lysogenic cells by these antibiotics. Lysogenic and sensitive bacteria were, however, equally sensitive to chloramphenicol, streptomycin, and polymyxin B. In contrast to their greater sensitivity to certain phage-inducing antibiotics, the lysogenic state resulted in greater resistance to the bactericidal reaction of serum mediated by the complement system. In general, therefore, the lysogenic state may result in either decreased or increased sensitivity to various antimicrobial agents.
Immunofluorescent Antibody Studies of a Murine Leukemia Virus
Authors: Brown Eric R. , Buinauskas Peter , Schwartz Steven O.
Published: January 2020

Brown, Eric
R. (Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Ill.),
Peter Buinauskas, and Steven O. Schwartz
. Immunofluorescent antibody studies of a murine leukemia virus. J. Bacteriol.
92:
978–982. 1966.—Correlation was close between in vitro complement fixation, immunodiffusion, and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis tests with the S-63 and GC murine leukemia viruses and immunofluorescence reactions with these viruses. When fluorescein-isothiocyanate-conjugated convalescent sera obtained from mice initially infected with S-63 leukemia virus were used, the reactive site was within the cytoplasm of the infected cell. By electron microscopic examination, virus particles were demonstrated in the same areas within the cells that exhibited specific fluorescence with the conjugates. Spleen and mesenteric nodes contained the most virus, whereas kidney tissues contained the least amount. Fluorescence was not observed within the nuclei of infected cells.
Effect of Cations on Activation of
Bacillus popilliae
Spores
Authors: Splittstoesser D. F. , Farkas D. F.
Published: January 2020

Splittstoesser
, D. F. (Cornell University, Geneva, N.Y.),
and D. F. Farkas
. Effect of cations on activation of
Bacillus popilliae
spores. J. Bacteriol.
92:
995–1001. 1966.—Cations affected the rate at which dormant
Bacillus popilliae
spores were heat-activated. Maximal rates were achieved in calcium solution at
p
H 7 or in tris(hydroxymethyl)aminomethane buffer at
p
H 9 to 10. A combination of calcium plus an alkaline
p
H, however, retarded activation. The rates also were markedly reduced by potassium and hydrogen ions but were not affected by sodium, cesium, or lithium. Divalent cations may be required for activation since ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid also inhibited, and potassium was shown to be competing with calcium for some active site.
Classification of Enterobacteria Based on Overall Similarity
Authors: Krieg R. E. , Lockhart W. R.
Published: January 2020

Krieg
, R. E. (Iowa State University, Ames),
and W. R. Lockhart
. Classification of enterobacteria based on overall similarity. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1275–1280. 1966.—A numerical study was made of 53 organisms, representing 12 genera of the family
Enterobacteriaceae
and 4 members of the genus
Aeromonas
. A total of 105 features was determined for each culture. Matching coefficients were computed, and the organisms were sorted into phenetic groups by use of the “highest-link” criterion. The genera
Enterobacter
(
Aerobacter
),
Escherichia, Citrobacter, Arizona, Shigella
, and
Salmonella
formed a single, large cluster with little or no evidence of subdivisions into tribes or genera.
Paracolobactrum
and
Klebsiella
were joined to the large group as subclusters. Members of the genera
Erwinia
and
Serratia
formed separate, distinct clusters related to the large group at a lower level of similarity. At a still lower level were appended
Aeromonas, Proteus, Providencia
, and some individual species from other genera. These organisms were no more closely related to one another than to the larger group.
Importance of Carbon Dioxide in the Isolation of Pneumococci
Authors: Austrian Robert , Collins Patricia
Published: January 2020

Austrian, Robert(The University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia),and Patricia Collins. Importance of carbon dioxide in the isolation of pneumococci. J. Bacteriol.92:1281–1284. 1966.—Of the strains of pneumococci isolated from man, 8% manifest a requirement for CO2if detectable growth is to occur on the surface of solid media. The pneumococci most frequently manifesting this requirement are types I, III, XVI, XXVIII, and XXXIII. These strains will grow in the presence or absence of oxygen provided the atmosphere in which they are incubated contains CO2. Review of published data provides no unequivocal evidence for the existence of anaerobic pneumococci.
Bacteriostatic Action of Progesterone on Staphylococci and Other Microorganisms
Authors: Yotis William , Stanke Ronald
Published: January 2020

Yotis, William(Loyola University, Hines, Ill.),and Ronald Stanke. Bacteriostatic action of progesterone on staphylococci and other microorganisms. J. Bacteriol.92:1285–1289. 1966.—Progesterone has been examined in vitro for antibacterial activity against 10 microorganisms. Turbidimetric and manometric techniques were used to assay the antibacterial activity of progesterone. The organisms tested consisted ofStaphylococcus aureus, S. epidermidis, Gaffkya tetragena, Bacillus subtilis, Listeria monocytogenes, Candida albicans, Escherichia coli, Aerobacter aerogenes, Salmonella paratyphi, andProteus vulgaris. Antibacterial action was shown by progesterone only against the gram-positive microorganisms when they were grown in tryptic soy broth containing 10 to 20 μg of progesterone per ml. Pregnenolone, 4-pregnen-20β-ol-3-one, and 5α-pregnane also possessed antistaphylococcal properties, whereas pregnanolone, pregnandione, 11α-hydroxyprogesterone, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone did not. The bacteriostatic action of progesterone on staphylococci was exerted primarily during the first 8 hr of incubation, and it was reduced in the presence of oxygen. In the presence of 20 μg of progesterone per ml, there was significant reduction in the oxidation by resting staphylococcal suspensions or utilization by staphylococci of pyruvate as an energy source during growth.
Isolation and Characterization of Two Antigens ofCorynebacterium hofmannii
Authors: Banach T. M. , Hawirko R. Z.
Published: January 2020

Banach, T. M. (University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada),andR. Z.Hawirko. Isolation and characterization of two antigens ofCorynebacterium hofmannii. J. Bacteriol.92:1304–1310. 1966.—A serologically active substance, extracted from sonically treated cells ofCorynebacterium hofmanniiwith hot HCl, produced two precipitin lines by immunodiffusion tests with a hyperimmune homologous serum. Extracts of other species failed to precipitate with the hofmannii antiserum. The active fraction was eluted from a diethylaminoethyl cellulose column in the third adsorption peak at a linear concentration of 0.5mKCl, and produced two precipitin lines which corresponded in identity to those formed by the acid extract. Separation of the antigens was achieved by rechromatography on a Sephadex G-200 column; the major antigen was designated A; the minor, B. The homogeneity and purity of each antigen was established by immunoelectrophoresis and, in addition, that of antigen A by disc electrophoresis. Biochemical analyses showed that both antigens were composed of a major protein component with polysaccharide and nucleic acid present in an approximate ratio of 17:3:1, respectively. Glutamic acid, aspartic acid, alanine, glycine, valine, and leucine were the main amino acids present. Antigen A contained 17% less protein and 3.5% less carbohydrate than antigen B. The principal sugars of antigen A were identified as arabinose and glucose. The molecular weight, estimated by gradient centrifugation, was 16,500 for antigen A and 21,000 for antigen B.
Drug Resistance of Enteric Bacteria VII. Recombination of R Factors with Tetracycline-sensitive Mutants
Authors: Hashimoto Hajime , Mitsuhashi Susumu
Published: January 2020

Hashimoto, Hajime
(Gunma University, Maebashi, Japan),
and Susumu Mitsuhashi
. Drug resistance of enteric bacteria. VII. Recombination of R factors with tetracycline-sensitive mutants. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1351–1356. 1966.—The transmissible drug-resistance factor R is able to confer resistance to tetracycline (TC), chloramphenicol (CM), streptomycin (SM), and sulfonamide (SA) on a host bacterium when infected by cell-to-cell contact. Tetracycline-sensitive mutants were isolated from either CM- or SM-sensitive mutants of an R factor. Among 30 mutants isolated, 10 were point mutants which could recombine with each other, forming recombinant R factors able to grow on plates containing 50 μg/ml of TC. The recombination frequency of TC-resistant recombinants was 10
−2
to 10
−3
in bacterial cells carrying two types of TC-sensitive R factors by superinfection with both factors. Segregational patterns of the various markers on the R factor, i.e.,
chl, str, sul
, and
m
, the locus determining R mating, and their linkage order, were investigated among TC-resistant recombinants of the R factor. When TC was used as the selective drug, the
tet
locus mapped on the R factor as an end marker. In view of the fact that these results are inconsistent with the linkage order of various markers reported previously, a circular genetic structure for the R factor which includes five
tet-s
and three
chl-s
loci is presented.
Thermally Induced Leakage from
Vibrio marinus
, an Obligately Psychrophilic Marine Bacterium
Authors: Haight Roger D. , Morita Richard Y.
Published: January 2020

Haight, Rodger
D. (Oregon State University, Corvallis),
and Richard Y. Morita
. Thermally induced leakage from
Vibrio marinus
, an obligately psychrophilic bacterium. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1388–1393. 1966.—Leakage of various cellular components into the surrounding menstruum occurred when
Vibrio marinus
was subjected to temperatures above 20 C (organism's maximal growth temperature). These materials, listed in decreasing rates of leakage, were identified as protein, deoxyribonucleic acid, ribonucleic acid, and amino acids. The amount of polar amino acids increased as the time and temperature of heat treatment were increased, whereas the nonpolar amino acids decreased. The ribonucleic acid in the supernatant fluid resulting from heat treatment was both polymeric and nonpolymeric. Leakage of cellular components may be one of the reasons that
V. marinus
MP-1 loses viability when exposed to temperatures above its maximal temperature for growth.
Diaphorases from
Aerobacter aerogenes
Authors: Bernofsky Carl , Mills Russell C.
Published: January 2020

Bernofsky, Carl
(The University of Kansas, Kansas City),
and Russell C. Mills
. Diaphorases from
Aerobacter aerogenes
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1404–1414. 1966.—Five enzymes which catalyze the reduction of 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol by reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH
2
) have been separated from sonic extracts of
Aerobacter aerogenes
B199 by diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cellulose chromatography. Three major chromatographic fractions (enzymes I, II, and III) account for most of the activity in the extract. Of the two minor fractions, one is associated with cytochrome
b
1
. The other is extremely labile, and was not studied further. The chromatographed diaphorases appear to have a specific requirement for flavin mononucleotide. They are also readily inactivated by dilution; however, this can be prevented by a combination of phosphate buffer, bovine serum albumin, and flavin mononucleotide. The different enzymes are clearly distinguishable by their activities with NADH
2
and reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH
2
) in the presence of various electron acceptors (2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol, ferricyanide, menadione, and cytochrome
c
), and by their responses to inhibitors (amobarbital, antimycin A, Atabrine,
p
-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate, dicumarol, and 2,4-dinitrophenol). With 2,6-dichlorophenol-indophenol as acceptor, enzymes I, II, and III have comparable activities with either NADH
2
or NADPH
2
. With menadione and ferricyanide as acceptors, enzymes II and III exhibit very high, NADH
2
-specific activities. When cytochrome
c
is the acceptor, however, enzyme III shows greater activity with NADPH
2
as the electron donor. Ferricyanide is the most active acceptor for the cytochrome
b
1
-containing fraction. Coenzyme Q
6
does not appear to serve as an acceptor. All the diaphorases, with the exception of that in the cytochrome
b
1
-containing fraction, are inhibited by
p
-chloromercuribenzenesulfonate. Amobarbital is relatively ineffective and inhibits only the indophenol reductase activity of enzyme I. The menadione reductase activity of enzymes I, and II, and the diaphorases in the cytochrome
b
1
-containing fraction are strongly inhibited by antimycin A, 2,4-dinitrophenol, dicumarol, and Atabrine. However, the menadione reductase activity of enzyme III is affected only by the last three of these inhibitors. The diaphorases in sonic-treated extracts do not appear to be associated with a particulate fraction.
Virus Replication and High-Titered Interferon Production in Human Leukocyte Cultures Inoculated with Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Wheelock E. Frederick
Published: January 2020

Wheelock, FrederickE. (Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio). Virus replication and high-titered interferon production in human leukocyte cultures inoculated with Newcastle disease virus. J. Bacteriol.92:1415–1421. 1966.—High titers of interferon (20,480 culture-protecting units per ml) are produced in freshly prepared human leukocyte cultures inoculated with a Newcastle disease virus (NDV)-cell multiplicity of 1:1. NDV replicates to low titers in these cultures. Incubation of leukocytes at 37 C for 24 hr prior to inoculation of NDV results in almost complete loss of detectable interferon production, but virus replicates to higher titers than in the freshly prepared cultures. In contrast, no diminution of interferon production in response to phytohemagglutinin (PHA) occurs on 24 hr of incubation of cultures prior to addition of PHA. Experiments with cultures of predominantly pure cell fractions of peripheral blood indicate that the lymphocyte fraction produces interferon in response to either NDV or PHA, and that polymorphonuclear leukocytes produce no interferon in response to these agents. These studies suggest a hitherto unsuspected ability of human lymphocytes to produce high titers of interferon in vivo.
Reaction of Endotoxin and Surfactants I. Physical and Biological Properties of Endotoxin Treated with Sodium Deoxycholate
Authors: Ribi E. , Anacker R. L. , Brown R. , Haskins W. T. , Malmgren B. , Milner K. C. , Rudbach J. A.
Published: January 2020

Ribi, E. (Rocky Mountain Laboratory, Hamilton, Mont.), R. L.Anacker, R. Brown, W. T. Haskins, B. Malmgren, K. C. Milner, and J. A. Rudbach. Reaction of endotoxin and surfactants. I. Physical and biological properties of endotoxin treated with sodium desoxycholate. J. Bacteriol.92:1493–1509. 1966.—Endotoxins from three species of gram-negative bacteria were shown to be dissociated by the bile salt sodium deoxycholate (NaD) into nontoxic subunits with molecular weights of about 20,000. When the bile salt was removed by dialysis, the subunits reaggregated in an orderly manner to form a relatively uniform population of biologically active endotoxin particles with average molecular weights of 500,000 to 1,000,000. If a small amount of human plasma was added to the dissociated endotoxin before removal of the NaD, reassociation apparently did not occur and the preparation remained nonpyrogenic. However, the plasma protein could subsequently be removed from the endotoxin subunits, and reaggregation to the toxic form would then occur. The studies on the physical nature of endotoxin performed with biophysical solution techniques were supplemented and confirmed by direct examination of the endotoxin polymers by electron microscopy. The results of these studies were consonant with the theory that the biologically active endotoxic elements are composed of micellar aggregates of linear lipopolysaccharide subunits.
Bactericidal Action of Nalidixic Acid on
Bacillus subtilis
Authors: Cook Thomas M. , Brown Karen G. , Boyle James V. , Goss William A.
Published: January 2020

Cook, Thomas
M. (Sterling-Winthrop Research Institute, Rensselaer, N.Y.),
Karen G. Brown, James V. Boyle, and William A. Goss
. Bactericidal action of nalidixic acid on
Bacillus subtilis
. J. Bacteriol.
92:
1510–1514. 1966.—Nalidixic acid at moderate concentrations exerts a bactericidal action upon the gram-positive bacterium
Bacillus subtilis
. The synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in
B. subtilis
is selectively inhibited by nalidixic acid at concentrations approximating the minimal growth inhibitory concentration. Higher concentrations (25 μg/ml) result in a 30 to 35% degradation of DNA. After extended exposure to nalidixic acid, protein synthesis is also depressed. Cells of
B. subtilis
treated with nalidixic acid exhibit characteristic morphological abnormalities including cell elongation and development of gram-negative areas. From the results presented, it can be concluded that the mode of action of nalidixic acid upon susceptible bacteria is similar for both gram-positive and gram-negative species.
Fine Structure and Host-Virus Relationship of a Marine Bacterium and Its Bacteriophage
Authors: Valentine Artrice F. , Chapman George B.
Published: January 2020

Valentine, ArtriceF. (Georgetown University, Washington, D.C.),and George B. Chapman. Fine structure and host-virus relationship of a marine bacterium and its bacteriophage. J. Bacteriol.92:1535–1554. 1966.—The fine structure of a gram-negative marine bacterium,Cytophaga marinoflavasp. n., has been revealed by ultrathin sectioning and electron microscopy. Stages in the morphogenesis of the bacterial virus NCMB 385, which has been shown to be highly specific for this organism, were also demonstrated in bacterial cells fixed according to the Kellenberger technique. The bacterium possessed a cell wall, cytoplasmic membrane, and nuclear and cytoplasmic regions typical of bacterial cells. Both the cell wall and the cytoplasmic membrane showed a tripartite structure, i.e., each was composed of two dense layers separated by a low-density zone. Intracytoplasmic membrane systems were also observed, especially in dividing cells and in cells in which new viruses were being formed. As many as 18 hexagonally shaped, empty phage heads (membranes only) were observed in untreated, infected bacterial cells. Phage heads, intermediate in density to empty heads and fully condensed ones, possibly representing stages in the morphological development of the virus, were also seen.
Correlation Between Infectivity and Physical Virus Particles in Human Cytomegalovirus
Authors: Benyesh-Melnick Matilda , Probstmeyer Fern , McCombs Robert , Brunschwig Jean P. , Vonka Vladimir
Published: January 2020

Benyesh-Melnick, Matilda(Baylor University College of Medicine, Houston, Tex.),Fern Probstmeyer, Robert McCombs, Jean P. Brunschwig, and Vladimir Vonka. Correlation between infectivity and physical virus particles in human cyto-megalovirus. J. Bacteriol.92:1555–1561. 1966.—Infectivity titers [measured as plaque-forming units (PFU)] and particle counts by the sedimentation pseudo-replication technique were determined for crude, unpurified, intracellular preparations of two different strains of human cytomegalovirus. Unlike the high particle-infectivity ratio of 106to 108previously reported for these viruses, the number of total particles per PFU ranged from 160 to 490 with strain AD-169 and from 176 to 1,050 for strain C-87. Interpretation of particle-PFU ratios of intracellular cytomegalovirus in terms of particle morphology is not conclusive at this time. The number of enveloped forms found varied between 0 and 34% of the total particles counted. However, the true proportion is probably greater, because envelopes were found to be destroyed by the enzyme treatment used in preparing the specimens for examination in the electron microscope. The number of full particles found ranged between 4 and 31% of the total particles counted. The particle per PFU ratio of extracellular virus was found to be three- to fivefold lower than that of intracellular virus.