bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Chemical inactivation of aflatoxins in peanut and cottonseed meals
Authors: Mann G. E. , Codifer L. P. , Gardner H. K. , Koltun S. P. , Dollear F. G.
Published: May 2007

Organic and inorganic reagents have been tested for destruction or inactivation of the aflatoxins present in peanut and cottonseed meals. The treatments were made in a special laboratory‐scale reactor, and were evaluated by determination of the aflatoxins in the products by thin layer chromatography. In some instances, a larger pilot‐plant scale reactor was used. Ammonia, methylamine, sodium hydroxide and formaldehyde reduced aflatoxin levels and appear practical for large scale treatments. Effects of various reaction parameters including time, temperature and moisture content on the efficiency of these reagents are presented.
Studies on the nutritional and physiological effects of thermally oxidized oils
Authors: Johnson O. C. , Perkins E. , Sugal M. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

The present results indicated that the thermal oxidation products from the polyunsaturated fatty acids, primarily linoleic acid, are responsible for much of the loss of nutritional value in thermally oxidized edible oils. Oils which have a high linoleic acid content are more likely to undergo thermal oxidative damage than those with lower linoleic contents. Also the ratio of linoleic acid to total unsaturation has some effect on the nutritive stability of the oil when it has been thermally oxidized. An oil with a high iodine value but with a low linoleic acid value appears to be more stable to thermal oxidation than an oil with an iodine value one half as great but with most of the unsaturation in the oil caused by linoleic acid.

The products formed during thermal oxidation which cause the loss of nutritional value are those which do not form urea‐inclusion compounds. They are probably polymeric in nature, but thermally oxidized oils also contain carboxylic acids and carbonyl groups which might cause some of the nutritional loss observed when thermally oxidized oils are fed.

The rate ofin vitro hydrolysis of the thermally oxidized corn oil by pancreatic lipase, also the rate of absorption from the intestine of the male rats, were found to be decreased. However the percentage of absorption in 24 hrs. was the same with both fresh and thermally oxidized oil.

The liver‐body weight ratio of rats fed a diet containing the thermally oxidized oil were found to be significantly larger than the liver‐body weight ratio in animals fed diets containing fresh oil. However the livers of animals fed the thermally oxidized oil diets did not differ in lipide percentage or total solid content, and histopathological investigations did not show any abnormal conditions.
The pigments of crude cottonseed oils. II. Nitrogen‐containing pigments derived from Gossypol
Authors: Dechary J. M.
Published: May 2007

Dark, crude cottonseed oil has been shown to contain a mixture of ninhydrin‐sensitive substances combined with gossypol. Phenylalanine, aspartic acid, and glycine have been obtained by acid hydrolysis of the addition compound, followed by paper chromatography of the hydrolysate. The presence of other amino acids was indicated, but their identification could not be established with certainty; proline and hydroxyproline were apparently absent.

The possibility that part of the color of dark, crude oils arises from gossypol‐α‐amino acid interaction is discussed.
Storage of cottonseed
Authors: Norris F. A. , Hilfman Lee J. , Land C. E.
Published: May 2007

The moisture content of stored cottonseed depends on the relative humidity of the air which is in contact with it. This is an important consideration in using air to cool seed in storage since the seed may be moistened or dried as a by‐product of the cooling operation. Increasing the moisture tends to increase the FFA and refining loss and thus counteracts the effects of cooling.

Cottonseed can be dried satisfactorily with dry air at ambient temperature or by hot undried air. In either case the economics are not favorable unless a relatively large amount of seed must be dried every season. Equipment and installation costs are relatively high, making carrying charges on the investment of the same magnitude as the probable loss because of deterioration.
X‐ray diffraction and melting‐point studies on some long‐chain sulfur‐containing acids
Authors: Witnauer Lee P. , Lutz David , Koenig N. H. , Swern Daniel
Published: May 2007

X‐ray diffraction powder data and melting points have been determined on three series of crystalline long‐chain sulfur compounds, namely 11‐(n‐alkylsulfonyl)‐undecanoic acids; 11‐(n‐alkylsulfinyl) undecanoic acids; and 11‐(n‐alkylthio) undecanoic acids; where R is a selected alkyl group from methyl through undecyl. In the sulfone series the long spacings increase regularly with the increase in the number of carbon atoms in R. In contrast to unsubstituted longchain fatty acids the odd and even members fall on the same line in the plot of long spacings against carbon atoms in R. As expected, a nonalternation in melting point is observed. In both the sulfoxide and sulfide series two nonparallel straight lines are obtained, one for the even‐membered and one for the odd‐membered compounds, in the plot of long spacings against carbon atoms in R. As expected, the melting points of the sulfoxides and sulfides show an alternation. Polymorphism is more evident and complicates the interpretations most in the sulfide series and least in the sulfone series. all three series of compounds crystallized as tilted dimers.
Reactions of unsaturated fatty alcohols. VI. Guerbet reaction of soybean and linseed alcohols
Authors: Gast L. E. , Bitner E. D. , Cowan J. C. , Teeter H. M.
Published: May 2007

Both soybean and linseed alcohols were heated with potassium hydroxide and boric anhydride at 300°C. for 3 to 4 hrs. Products obtained under these conditions contained no unreacted starting alcohol, and each one appeared to be a mixture of condensed alcohols with average molecular weights of 720–860.

Infrared spectroscopic studies and chemical analyses indicate that little or no ethers, esters, or carbonyl compounds were present in the final product from either alcohol. Such reactions as thermal cross‐linking of the unsaturated side chains probably account for higher molecular weight products than those obtained in the Guerbet reaction of stearyl alcohol.

Condensed alcohols from soybean and linseed alcohol were esterified with acrylic, sorbic, maleic, and soybean fatty acids to yield products with low acid numbers. Preliminary experiments demonstrated that these alcohols and their esters showed promise as materials for protective coatings. Films from these alcohols and esters were cast from toluene containing a cobalt naphthenate drier and were baked at 150°C. for 1 hr. or at 200°C. for 20 min. All of the baked films were hard to moderately hard and showed good resistance to aqueous alkali and organic solvents. In general, films from soybean condensed alcohol and its esters were harder than those from linseed condensed alcohols, but the linseed films were superior in alkali and solvent resistance. A soybean fatty acid ester of soybean condensed alcohol air‐dried to a soft film in 3 days.
Limitations of periodate‐permanganate oxidation in determination of glyceride composition: Nonquantitative oxidation and hydrolysis of azelaoglycerides
Authors: Kaimal T. N. B. , Lakshminarayana Gollamudi
Published: May 2007

Oleic acid, methyl oleate, mono‐ and diunsaturated triglyceride concentrates, triolein,Garcinia indica fat and saffower oil were oxidized with periodate‐permanganate reagent in aqueous 60%tert‐butanol at 80 C (reflux temperature), 65 C and 28 to 30 C under different conditions. Significant proportions of unoxidized and partially oxidized compounds, mainly ketohydroxy compounds, were found in oxidation products. Hydrolysis of azelaoglycerides, particularly triazelain also occurred. The di‐ and trisaturated glyceride contents are therefore likely to be higher than the actual for all fats when determined by Youngs and Subbaram's method and for fats containing high proportions of triunsaturated glycerides by Youngs' method.
The automated determination of alkyl aryl sulfonates in spray‐dried detergents by ultraviolet absorption
Authors: Brandli E. H. , Kelley R. M.
Published: May 2007

An automated procedure has been developed for the determination of alkyl aryl sulfonates in spray‐dried detergents. It is based upon the ultraviolet absorbance of alkyl aryl sulfonates at 224 mμ. A Technicon Solid Preparative Sampler is employed to dissolve the sample, dilute it to a fixed volume and remove and aliquot for analysis. The sample aliquots are continuously fed by a Technicon Proportioning Pump to a flow cell in a recording spectrophotometer. All operations, excluding sample weighing, are automatic and analyses can be carried out continuously at the rate of 10 samples per hour. The method has been found to have a coefficient of variation of 3.5%.
Extraction of lipids from cotronseed tissue: I. Comparison of hexane‐acetone‐water, its nonqueous components and chloroform‐methanol
Authors: Jacks T. J. , Yatsu L. Y. , Hensarling T. P.
Published: May 2007

Flaked cottonseed was extracted with chloroform‐methanol‐water, chloroform‐methanol, hexane‐acetone‐water, hexane‐acetone, hexane and acetone. Amounts of total material in the miscellae were greatest with chloroform‐methanol‐water and decreased to acetone in the order given above. The first three solvents extracted 6% more neutral oil and over 100% more lipophilic phosphorus than the latter three solvents. All solvents showed similar rates of extraction, each removed over 70% of extractables with the first of four passes.
Continuous treatment of refinery waste waters
Authors: Crauer L. S.
Published: May 2007

Removal of BOD, suspended solids and oil from vegetable oil refinery waste waters is best accomplished by isolation and treatment of the most offensive streams. This approach reduces equipment and chemical treatment requirements, recovers by‐products of value and reduces overall costs of waste treatment and operation. A continuous process for clarification of acid water stream from acidulation is given. Typical data on influent and clarified effluent streams from various refinery areas are presented, along with process parameters, chemicals and costs.
Reductive amination of 12‐ketostearic acid
Authors: Freedman Bernard , Fuller Glenn
Published: May 2007

In the preparation of 12‐aminostearic acid by reductive amination of 12‐ketostearic acid, the keto acid is first contacted with ammonia under pressure to produce an intermediate, not isolated, which is then hydrogenated to give the product. Variables such as time and temperature of reaction, hydrogen pressure, and amount and type of catalyst were examined to find optimum conditions for high yield and purity of 12‐amino‐stearic acid. With a hydrogenation pressure of 500 psi and 10% Raney nickel catalyst an essentially quantitative yield of product was obtained having a purity of 94%. With 34% catalyst and 260 psi hydrogen, a 98% yield of 98% pure product was obtained.
Mold induced changes in cacao lipids
Authors: Kavanagh T. E. , Reineccius G. A. , Keeney P. G. , Weissberger W.
Published: May 2007

The free fatty acid content of sound cacao beans of nine geographic orgins varied from 2.7 to 4.8 meq./100 g fat. Fungi grown on cacao beans under humid environmental conditions have remarkable lipolytic activity. Values as high as 200 meq. free acid/100 g fat were obtained for badly deteriorated samples. Titration of the free fatty acids of cacao fat is suggested as a simple control procedure for detecting cocao butter obtained from moldy beans. Percentage composition of the free fatty acid fraction changes as a result of mold growth. Stearic and palmitic acid increased while oleic and linoleic acids decreased. Tracer experiments show no observable conversion of oleic acid to stearic. The changes suggest oxidative reactions to form carbonyl compounds.
First double bond site distributions in 16 vegetable and six animal reserve fats
Authors: Kartha A. R. S. , Selvaraj Y.
Published: May 2007

The dibasic acids corresponding to the first double bond site in 16 vegetable and 6 animal fats were obtained by standardized procedures, fractionated by liquid‐liquid countercurrent extraction and individual fractions analyzed. Results show that the site of the first double bond is not restricted exclusively or even predominantly to any single position but is spread over three or more positions in major proportions. First double bond site distributions show large differences in different biological species, different varieties from the same species and also different specimens from the same variety. Possible migration of double bonds in permanganate oxidation at alkaline pH is discussed.
A standardized procedure for oxidative determination of fully saturated glycerides in natural fats
Authors: Kartha A. R. S.
Published: May 2007

Isolation of fully saturated glycerides from oxidation products of fats with K2CO3 solution is subject to error from hydrolysis of mono‐ and diazelains to di‐ and monoglycerides respectively. Treatment of azelaoglycerides with saturated sodium bicarbonate solution does not produce detectable hydrolysis of mono‐ and diazelains and the bicarbonate insoluble fractions do not contain detectable amounts of diazelains by the sensitive insoluble calcium salt test. Procedures are available for comparison of saturated acid distributions in fully saturated glyceride and monoazelain fractions. On the basis of the above the fully saturated glycerides present in oxidation products from fats can now be accurately estimated.
Biological and medical aspects of fats
Authors: King C. G.
Published: May 2007

A key problem in structural studies of fatty acid glycerides is imposed by the sensitivity of shifts between the beta and alpha positions. The analogous aromatic esters, halides and ring structures tend to be more stable. Hence structures reported before 1923, when systematic studies were developed, were nearly all wrong or uncertain. The second major hurdle was to identify and control the position and configuration of the ethylene groups. Then two great leaps forward developed, in parallel, particularly in biological and medical research, when isotopes and micro chromatography became available. Now it is clear that each fatty acid has significant roles to play in normal biological functions and in relation to major problems in health and agriculture. These relationships are particularly fascinating and significant in relation to linoleic acid and the prostaglandins.
Some physical properties ofSimmondsia oil
Authors: Wisniak Jaime , Liberman Doron
Published: May 2007

Refractive index, density, viscosity, dielectric constant, specific conductivity, and surface tension ofSimmondsia oil have been measured at different temperatures.
Effects of antioxidants on the thermal decomposition of fat peroxidesin Vacuo
Authors: Privett O. S. , Quackenbush F. W.
Published: May 2007

1. The antioxidants, α‐tocopherol, NDGA and hydroquinone, effected a marked acceleration on thein vacuo, thermal decomposition of fat peroxides. Their action, which appeared to be purely catalytic, increased progressively as their concentration was increased.

2. The synergists, citric and ascorbic acids, exerted no influence on the rate of decomposition of the fat peroxides. However these agents suppressed the catalytic effect of the antioxidants to varying degrees. Both citric and ascorbic acids exerted their greatest influence at relatively low levels.

3. The evidence lends support to the concept that the peroxide radical is the point of intervention by the antioxidant in the chain reaction of autoxidation.
Variation in crambe,Crambe abyssinica hochst
Authors: Lessman K. J.
Published: May 2007

One hundred sixty‐two lines were used to detect genotypic diversity for 7 characters inCrambe abyssinica Hochst during 1970 and 1972. Lines used were from 2000 randomly selected out of PI247310 and PI279345, and reselected on the basis of their progeny performance in head row nurseries. The cultivars, ‘Prophet,’ ‘Meyer,’ and ‘Indy,’ were used as checks. Characters studied were seed yield, test wt, plant ht, % oil (measured gravimetrically and by nuclear magnetic resonance), days to bloom, and % glucosinolates. Statistical differences were detected among lines for all characters except % glucosinolates, based on individual year and combined analyses of variance. Broad sense heritability estimates ranged from .22–.88. Gains from selection, as a % of the mean for each character, were estimated at 1.13–14.11. Intercharacter relationships were analyzed by correlation. The ranges in variation for traits are considered limited for good progress from selection within the germplasm represented, but advances can be expected.
The effect of process conditions on positional and geometric isomerization during partial hydrogenation of trilinolein with copper catalyst
Authors: Kirschner E. , Lowrey E. R.
Published: May 2007

The effects of some process conditions on isomer distributions during the partial hydrogenation of trilinolein with a copper type catalyst were studied. Modest effects on diene isomer distributions were noted by changes in temperature. Pressure and catalyst concentration, however, had little or no effect on diene isomer distributions over the range studied. Distribution of monoene isomers appeared to be insensitive to process conditions and extent of the reaction and suggests an equilibrium reaction. Very small amounts of saturates, if any, were formed during the reactions. The data support a conjugation then hydrogenation mechanism for hydrogenation of glyceryl dienoates with copper catalysts.
Design and analysis of sampling plans to estimate aflatoxin concentrations in shelled peanuts
Authors: Whitaker T. B. , Dickens J. W. , Wiser E. H.
Published: May 2007

Methodology for use in the design and evaluation of sampling plans to estimate aflatoxin concentrations in lots of shelled peanuts is presented. Use of the operating characteristic curve for comparing and evaluating processor and consumer risks related to various sampling plans and application of the negative binomial distribution to estimate probabilities associated with sampling lots of shelled peanuts for aflatoxin concentration are discussed. Operating characteristic curves are developed for two different single‐sample plans, an attribute multiple sample plan, and the plan presently used by the peanut industry to estimate aflatoxin concentrations in commercial lots of shelled peanuts. An estimated prior distribution of lots according to aflatoxin concentration is used to predict, among others, such values as the per cent of all lots tested that will be accepted by the sampling plans and the average aflatoxin concentration in the accepted lots. All four of the sampling plans described in the paper are compared on the basis of values such as these. Other factors to be considered in the critical evaluation and selection of sampling plans for estimating aflatoxin concentrations in commercial lots of shelled peanuts are discussed.
Starch‐derived polyelectrolytes as builders in heavy duty detergent formulations
Authors: Wilham C. A. , McGuire T. A. , Mark A. M. , Mehltretter C. L.
Published: May 2007

A study was made of some carboxylated starches as builders in detergent formulations that contained linear alkylbenzene sulfonate. Two types of standard soiled cotton were used with water at 300 ppm hardness. Dicarboxyl starches and carboxymethyl starches having approximately two carboxyl groups per monomer unit were as effective as sodium tripolyphosphate on an equal weight basis in the detergent formulation. In a five‐day biochemical oxygen demand test these products showed low biodegradability.
The question of differences between iodine numbers of coconut oil and of the corresponding soapstock fatty acids
Authors: Zajcew Mykola
Published: May 2007

Experiments have been made on coconut oil from pure endosperm, pure testa, and normal mixtures of the two. These experiments have shown that the spread in iodine value between refined coconut oil and the fatty acids found on the corresponding soapstock are greater than can be accounted for by the proportion of testa oil present in extracted whole crude oils. Furthermore the iodine value of the free fatty acid fraction of pure endosperm oils was found to be higher than that of the combined fatty acids in the same oils by an amount which varied inversely as the degree of hydrolysis which had occurred in the oil. From this it appears that preferential hydrolysis plays an important part in the production of coconut oil soapstock having higher iodine values than those of the corresponding refined oils.

Attention is also called to some European publications which deal with this question and to the possibility that molds may be involved through their ability to decompose short chain acids to ketones.
The chemistry of polymerized oils. VI. The molecular weight distribution of thermally polymerized oils
Authors: Hoeve C. A. J. , Sutton Donald A.
Published: May 2007

Flory’s polymerization theory can be applied to polymerized oils, provided that the different acids are randomly esterified with the alcohol groups of glycerol. This state is attained when the oils are heated at 300°C. for long periods. The calculated amounts of monomeric triglycerides in polymerized linseed oils are compared with experimental results, and calculated and measured weight average molecular weights are also compared.
Observations on the determination of lodine value with pyridine sulfate dibromide
Authors: Lips H. J.
Published: May 2007

Iodine values determined with pyridine sulfate dibromide tended to increase with reaction time and amount of excess reagent. There was some evidence of halogen substitution in polymerized linseed oil and in pure compounds. Mercuric acetate used to catalyze halogen addition in this method also appeared to promote degeneration of the reagent. In the absence of reagent, the catalyst had no dehydrogenating action on oils, but reduced their iodine value, apparently by promoting oxidation, and by reacting at the double bond. Iodine value decreased with reaction time when the catalyst was used in the presence of chloroform, and high and erratic results were obtained in the presence of sulfur. Comparative iodine values with an iodine‐chlorine reagent also tended to increase with prolonged reaction, but were only slightly affected by the presence of sulfur or chloroform.
The isolation and characterication of the polymers formed during the autoxidation of ethyl linoleate
Authors: Chang S. S. , Kummerow F. A.
Published: May 2007

Ethyl linoleate autoxidized at 30°C. for 350 hours was separated into fractions of increasing polarity and molecular weight by extraction with solvent pairs of Skellysolve F and diethyl ether. The analytical results obtained on characterization of the more polar polymer fractions indicated that the oxidative polymers of ethyl linoleate were linked through carbon to oxygen bonds rather than carbon to carbon bonds. This postulation was substantiated by a successful depolymerization of the polymers and the catalytically hydrogenated polymers with hydrochloric, hydrobromic, or hydroiodic acid in aqueous ethyl alcohol. Characterization of the depolymerized product also indicated that the oxidative polymers were joined through carbon to oxygen bonds.
Formation of trans isomers during the hydrogenation of glyceride oils
Authors: Sims Rex J. , Hilfman Lee
Published: May 2007

Conditions which favor the selective hydrogenation of glyceride oils also favor the development of trans isomers. Complete curves are presented showing the formation and disappearance of trans isomers during the hydrogenation of linseed oil, soybean oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, lard, and edible tallow, as determined by the infrared spectrophotometric method. An unusually high percentage of tran linkages develops during the hydrogenation of tallow.
Linoleic acid from safflower oil by liquid‐liquid extraction
Authors: Beal R. E. , Brekke O. L.
Published: May 2007

Tests conducted on a pilot‐plant scale have demonstrated that linoleic acid of about 95% purity may be produced from safflower fatty acids containing about 75% linoleic acid, by a liquid‐liquid extraction process. Furfural was employed as the selective solvent, hexane as a secondary solvent, and the fractionation was made in a Podbielniak “double‐pup” centrifugal extractor. Best results were obtained when the proc
Significant advances in fat and oil chemistry in France during the past fifty years
Authors: Paquot C.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

From this survey of the development of industry and scientific research in the field of fats in France during the last 50 years one can conclude that very significant progress has been achieved. The position of France in this field is certainly one of stature and of honor.
Paper chromatography of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of saturated aliphatic aldehydes
Authors: Bhalerao Vasant R. , Kummerow Fred A.
Published: May 2007

A rapid method of separating the 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazones of C1 to C9 aldehydes by descending chromatographic system has been described. Whatman No. 1 filter paper was impregnated with ethylene glycol‐methanol (1∶4, v/v), and n‐heptane saturated with methanol was used as a developing solvent. Complete separation was achieved in 3 hrs. It has been shown that the method can also be used for the separation of 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazone derivatives of ketones.
Extraction methods for drying oils
Authors: Rex Wingard M.
Published: May 2007

The general trend in the industry is toward solvent‐extraction recovery and to larger plants. Technological change in recent years has been largely in improved equipment and process improvements to decrease operating costs and improve product quality. It is the author's opinion that the trend mentioned above and this type of technological change will continue in at least the near future. It is expected that any radical change in processing will come about only by a radical change in raw material or products desired rather than by the development of really new equipment or process methods. One interesting development in recent years is the increasing relative importance of the residue solids compared to the oil in the case of some of the materials. Plants have been built primarily as a source of protein rather than oil in certain cases. It also accounts for the incidence of some small plants in the raw material “fringe” areas contrary to the general trend.
Some aspects of the fluorescence of drying oils
Authors: Sims R. P. A. , Cooper F. P.
Published: May 2007

The fluorescence of vegetable oils may arise from both the non‐glyceride and the glyceride components of the oil. When linseed and safflower oils are heated, fluorescence decreases at first and then increases as polymerization progresses. The fluorescence of heated vegetable oils is masked by decomposition products and by nitromethane. Relating fluorescence to other characteristics of heated oils shows different functional relations for linseed, safflower, tung, and oiticica oils, and a general similarity of behavior between the two non‐conjugated oils and also between the conjugated oils.
Acetone as a selective solvent for vegetable oils
Authors: Youngs C. G. , Sallans H. R.
Published: May 2007

It has been shown that useful fractionations of soyabean and linseed oils can be made, using a selective solvent consisting of 3 to 7 parts of water per 100 parts acetone. Equilibrium diagrams were determined for soybean oil, using 3.5 and 6 parts water per 100 parts acetone, and for linseed, using 5 parts water per 100 parts acetone. Operation of a packed column, 2‐in. in diameter, 20 ft. high, showed that consistent H.E.T.S. values were obtained, using the above diagrams, and gave an average H.E.T.S. of 3.1 ft. for 1/4‐in. berl saddles and 5.9 ft. for 1/2‐in. raschig rings.

The use of the equilibrium diagrams is illustrated by application to a hypothetical separation.
Interaction of gossypol with the ferrous ion
Authors: Jonassen Hans B. , Demint Robert J.
Published: May 2007

The preparation of a solution of sodium gossypolate in aqueous acetone has been described. Indications of a 1∶1 mole ratio combination of the gossypolate and ferrous ions were established through conductometric and potentiometric studies in the presence of either chloride or perchlorate anion. Application of the method of continuous variations to differences in the absorption spectra of the two species confirmed the 1∶1 mole ratio of ferrous ion to gossypol. This finding is supported by analytical data. Values of pK for the dissociation constant of ferrous gossypolate, calculated from spectrophotometric measurement, averaged 7.3.

Since the peri‐hydroxyls are the most plausible location of the sodium ions in sodium gossypolate, its reaction with ferrous ion results in displacement of the two sodium ions by the ferrous ion.
Alcohols from menhaden oil by sodium reduction
Authors: Pryde Everett H.
Published: May 2007

Menhaden oil, a low cost fatty acid glyceride containing a high percentage of polyunsaturated material, has been reduced by means of sodium with 86–88% yields of alcohols having a correspondingly high degree of unsaturation. It has been shown that about one‐half of the polyolefinic unsaturation isomerized during the sodium reduction to conjugated double bonded structures. The higher unsaturated alcohols were selectively hydrogenated to give a colorless product which was substantially odorless and which had an average of one double bond per molecule.
Surface and interfacial tensions, viscosities, and other physical properties of some n‐aliphatic acids and their methyl and ethyl esters
Authors: Gros Audrey T. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

Determinations of surface tension, interfacial tension against water, viscosity, density, and refractive index were made at 75°C. for the saturated, evennumbered,n‐fatty acids from C2 through C18 and for the corresponding methyl and ethyl esters. The typical effect of temperature on the various physical constants was demonstrated for one of the fatty acids, myristic acid.

Surface tensions of the fatty acids were found to increase from 19.6 dynes/cm. for acetic to 27.7 dynes/cm. for stearic as the length of the carbon chain increased. Surface tensions for the ethyl esters were about 2.5 dynes/cm. lower than those for the corresponding acids, while the surface tensions for the methyl esters were about 2 dynes/cm. lower.

The interfacial tensions of the fatty acids and esters against water increased with increasing length of the fatty acid chain. The interfacial tension values for the acids were lower than those for the corresponding esters. For the longer chain length acids, increase in chain length had very little effect on the interfacial tension.

The viscosities of the fatty acids and esters increased as the number of carbon atoms in the fatty acid chain increased. Because of molecular association the acids were most viscous, and their viscosity increased most rapidly with increasing chain length. Only small and consistent differences were found in the viscosities of corresponding methyl and ethyl esters.

The densities of the fatty acids and esters decreased with increasing chain length, the decrease being most marked for the fatty acids and least marked for the ethyl esters. No decrease in density of the ethyl ester series was detectable beyond the butyrate.

The refractive indices of the fatty acids and esters increased rapidly with increasing chain length. The refractive indices of the acids were greater than those for the corresponding esters, and at the longer chain lengths the refractive indices for corresponding methyl and ethyl esters were almost identical.
Computer monitoring of a mini‐refinery
Authors: Bitner E. D. , Ernst J. O. , Dutton H. J.
Published: May 2007

A laboratory‐scale pilot plant is under construction so that problems involved in computer control of vegetable oil processing can be studied. Unit operations planned for this mini‐refinery are continuous alkali‐refining, bleaching, hydrogenating, and deodorizing. The alkali‐refining step, similar to the Swedish “Zenith” process, is already in operation. Transducers for oil color, sodium content, and free fatty acid concentration have been constructed; both crude and refined oils are being analyzed. Provision has been made to perform the same analyses at later stages of processing on the bleached, hydrogenated, and deodorized oils. Under Phase I of implementing computer control, electronic signals from the analytical transducers are sent to the computer via appropriate interfacing hardware, and results are returned to the operator via Teletype. Phase II will involve monitoring by the computer but with decision making and instructions to an operator, and Phase III will involve “closing the loop,” that is, having the computer directly control the process. Development of transducers, software and hardware such as is described here for the mini‐refinery, should facilitate subsequent implementation of computer control on a plant scale.
Rice bran oil. VIII. Tank settlings from crude rice bran oil as a source of wax
Authors: Cousins Edwin R. , Fore S. P. , Janssen H. J. , Feuge R. O.
Published: May 2007

A typical sample of tank settlings from cruce rice bran oil was processed in various ways to obtain a hard, non‐tacky wax fraction. Two procedures investigated consisted of removal of the oil from the tank settlings by washing with acetone, destruction of the phosphatides through hydrolysis or saponification, and subsequent purification by fractionation from isopropanol solution; another involved hydration of the tank settlings, followed by separation of the aqueous and oil phases, and fractionation of the oil phase from isopropanol solution; and two procedures used simple fractionation of the tank settlings with the aid of solvents.

Yield of the hard wax fractions from the typical sample of tank settlings varied from 8.3 to 13.7%, based on the weight of the original settlings. The iodine value varied from 11.1 to 17.6, the free fatty acid content from 2.1 to 7.3%, the phosphorus content from 0.01 to 0.15%. The lowest melting point observed was 75.3°C. and the highest was 79.9.

The samples of hard wax were almost black in color when in the liquid state and could not be bleached readily with activated clay or carbon. The waxes were bleached readily by hydrogen peroxide and by chromium trioxide in the presence of sulfuric acid solution, or by combinations of these reagents. Practically white waxes could be produced with 0.5 part of 29% hydrogen peroxide and 1 part of chromium trioxide per 1 part of wax.
The glyceride structure of swine depot fat
Authors: Reiser Raymond , Ramakrishna Reddy H. G.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

A male pig was reared for three months on a diet containing about 1% fat and 0.2% dienoic acid. The back fat was fractionated into glyceride types by crystallization methods, and the fatty acid composition of each was determined by the spectrophotometric procedure. The relative amounts of the glyceride types almost perfectly fit the hypothesis that there is an oleic acid in the 1 position of each glyceride molecule, that the residual oleic acids are in the 3 position, that the linoleic acid is in the 2 position of the resultant dioleins, and that the saturated acids complete the structure.

The GS2U and GSU2 fractions were hydrolyzed by pancreatic lipase. The iodine values of the resultant monoglycerides and free fatty acids indicated that the unsaturated acids are predominantly in the 1 and 3 positions and the saturated in the 2 position. From these data and from previous knowledge of the structure of liver lecithin and of the mechanism of lecithin and triglyceride synthesis, which are discussed, it is postulated that the structure of endogenous animal fat is a resultant of the specificity of the acylating enzyme and of the nature and relative proportions of available fatty acids. The possible influence on depot fat structure of exogenous fat, of the dynamic state of the glycerides, and of the homeostatic mechanism are discussed.

Linoleic acid, when fed at a low level, was found to be preferentially deposited and not utilized for energy purposes.
The origin of the marine polyunsaturated fatty acids. Composition of some marine plankton
Authors: Kelly Peter B. , Reiser Raymond , Hood Donald W.
Published: May 2007

Summary and Conclusions

Shrimp, crabs, the marine diatomNitzschia closterium, Platymonas sp., and the fresh water algaChlorella pyrenoidosa were maintained or cultured in the laboratory. The crustacea were fed low‐fat, cottonseed oil, and menhaden oil rations. The fatty acid composition of all groups, as well as that of native phytoplankton and zooplankton catches, were determined as the extinction coeffcients, (E1%1cm.), at wavelengths of maximum absorption.

It was found that both shrimp and crabs lost much of their polyunsaturated acids on the fat‐free diet and regained it again by ingestion, as do fish. The shrimp however appeared to synthesize more highly unsaturated acids from cottonseed oil than did other aquatic animals.

Phytoplankton do produce a high level of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

The importance of the determination of the structure of aquatic plant and animal fatty acids in the problem of the origin of the acids and their mechan ism of synthesis was discussed.
Ricinelaidic acid and methyl ricinelaidate. Their preparation and determination by infrared spectroscopy
Authors: McCutchon Marian A. , O'Connor R. T. , DuPre Elsie F. , Goldblatt L. A. , Bickford W. G.
Published: May 2007

Improved methods for the preparation of ricinelaidic acid and methyl ricinelaidate are described. The methods depend upon the elaidinization of methyl ricinoleate with a relatively small quantity of a nitrite‐nitric acid solution, fractional crystallization of the methyl ricinelaidate, and its subsequent hydrolysis to ricinelaidic acid. The infrared spectra of these two compounds are presented, and bands arising from a deformation of the C−H about thetrans C=C group are discussed. Absorptivity values for this band in chlorform and in carbon disulfide solutions are given as additional criteria of purity of ricinelaidic acid and its methyl ester. The infrared absorption procedure for the quantitative determination of isolatedtrans ethylenic bond was applied to the determination of both ricinelaidic acid and methyl ricinelaidate. Details of specific procedures for the determination of each compound are given with the equations necessary for their calculation. Use of these methods is illustrated with the analysis of elaidinization mixtures. The repeatability and accuracy obtaineble are given. A value is reported for the methyl ricinoleate—methyl ricinelaidate equilibrium and the mechanism of the reaction is discussed briefly.
N‐bromosuccinimide in the conjugation of fatty acids and oils
Authors: Nanavati D. D. , Nath Bhola , Aggarwal J. S.
Published: May 2007

A series of methyl esters of fatty acids were reacted with N‐bromosuccinimide, and the products were dehydrobrominated by heating.

In the reaction of metyyl erucate and methyl oleate with equivalent amounts of N‐bromosuccinimide, bromination occurred in the allylic position farthest from the carboxyl group. Products of dehydrobromination contained 30–40% conjugated dienoic acids.

Use of excess N‐bromosuccinimide led to production of both diene and triene conjugation.

Products from mono‐acetylenic fatty acids had a double bond conjugated to the triple bond initially present.

The product from methyl 9∶12‐linoleate was a complex mixture having diene, triene, and tetraene conjugation.

Mustard seed, peanut, olive, karanja, neem, tobacco seed, and safflower oils were reacted with N‐bromosuccinimide. The bromo derivatives could not be satisfactorily dehydrobrominated by heat alone; heating in pyridine, quinoline, or 2∶4∶6‐collidine was more effective. The products from safflower and tobacco seed oils partially gelled during the process. The films of all the treated oils dried in wrinkled patterns.
The fungicidal activity of the unsaturated fatty acids and quaternary salts prepared from fish oils
Authors: Sokoloff Boris , Toyomizu Masamichi , Trauner Walter , Renninger George
Published: May 2007

Saturated and unsaturated fatty acids and 10 unsaturated fatty acid fractions and ethyl esters of unsaturated fatty acid fractions prepared from fish oils were tested on their inhibitory activity againstCandida albicans.

Oxidation of highly unsaturated fractions from fish oil and ethyl esters of unsaturated fatty acid fractions of menhaden, pilchard, and cod liver oils increases their antifungal activity.

Saturated and unsaturated quaternaries were tested for their antifungal activity.

Hexadecyltriethylammonium bromide and hexadecylpyridinium bromide showed the highest activity againstCandida albicans, Aspergillus niger, andRhyzopus nigricans.

Any lengthening of the carbon chain more than C16 weakened the activity of both saturated triethylammonium bromide and pyridinium bromide. An increase of unsaturation enhanced it.

The antifungal activity of quaternaries prepared from fish oils was about 4,000 times stronger than that of oxidized highly unsaturated fatty acid fractions prepared from fish oils.

The decisive factor in the highly inhibitory activity of quaternaries against fungi might depend on their positively charged portion since the surface of microorganisms is, as a rule, negatively charged.
Reaction of fatty acids with 3,3′‐iminobis‐propylamine to produce soil hydrophobic agents
Authors: Bistline Raymond G. , Linfield Warner M. , Wise William B. , Pfeffer Philip E. , Sonnet Philip E. , Piotrowski Edwin G.
Published: May 2007

The reaction between two moles of fatty acid and one of 3,3′‐iminobis‐propylamine (DPTA) is somewhat analogous to the reaction between fatty acid and diethylenetriamine (DETA) that we had reported previously, but there are significant differences. Conversion to the diamide HN(CH2CH2CH2NHCOR)2 proceeds much more rapidly but less efficiently than does the reaction of fatty acid with DETA. The former diamide is obtained in only about a 70% yield and byproducts are obtained, whereas the reaction with DETA yields the diamide almost quantitatively. Cyclization to the pyrimidine

urn:x-wiley:0003021X:media:aocs0744:equation:aocs0744-math-0001

is extremely slow and incomplete. The analogous cyclization of α,ω‐diamides of DETA produces high yields of imidazolines. The AOCs wet method for amine titration gave erroneous structural information when the test was applied to the diamides of DPTA, as was the case for the DETA‐diamide. The water repellency of soils treated with a homologous series of fatty iminobis‐propylamine (DPTA)‐diamides was studied, and the following observations were made: 1) the fatty DPTA‐diamides were slightly more hydrophobic than the fatty DETA‐diamides, which we ascribe to the additional methylene groups of the former; 2) hydrophobicity intensified with increasing molecular weight of the saturated fatty acids; and 3) unsaturation, as in the oleic derivative, enhanced hydrophilicity.
Determination ofcis unsaturation in oils by near infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Fenton A. J. , Crisler R. O.
Published: May 2007

Conclusion

An analytical method has been developed capable of giving reproducible and accurate determinations of thecis unsaturation present in refined oils, hydrogenated oils, and finished shortenings. Molar absorptivity measurements indicate that similar methods are applicable to the analyses of mixed esters or fatty acids.

The method depends upon the measurement of a band in the near infrared at 2.143 μ that is caused bycis unsaturation. The following pertinent conclusions are drawn from data obtained in this investigation.

The areas under the absorption bands forcis polyenes are integral multiples of the areas under the bands ofcis monoenes.

Thecis content of oils containing less than 10%trans triglycerides can be determined accurately by measuring the area under the absorption band.

Accurate results can be obtained for samples containing quantities oftrans fatty acids in excess of 10% if a point baseline is used and the peak absorbance measured.
Isolation and identification of carbonyl compounds formed by autoxidation of ammonium linoleate
Authors: Badings H. T.
Published: May 2007

The isolation and identification of carbonyl compounds formed by autoxidation of pure ammonium linoleate (0.02 M. in water) has been carried out.

The autoxidation has been performed according to a method described by Tappel (23). A solution of 0.02 M. ammonium linoleate in 0.1 M. phosphate buffer of pH 6.9, containing 10−4 M. CuSO4, was subjected to autoxidation at 37.2°C.

The isolation and identification of the D.N.P.‐ones of the carbonyl compounds have been carried out, using a method of partition and adsorption chromatography published by van Duin (10, 11).

It was demonstrated that the principal compounds formed were n‐hexanal, 2‐octenal, and 2,4‐decadienal.

The formation of these aldehydes is fully in line with the theories of autoxidation of unsaturated fatty acids (1, 3, 13) and of the dismutation of the hydroperoxides formed (2).
Plasticizer properties of methyl vinyl ketone‐methylalpha‐eleostearate adduct and derivatives
Authors: Placek Lida L. , Magne Frank C. , Bickford W. G.
Published: May 2007

The Diels‐Alder adduct of methyl vinyl ketone and methylalpha‐eleostearate was subjected to modification by hydrogenation and epoxidation of its unsaturated centers and by aromatization of its cyclohexene nucleus. These derivatives, as well as the original adduct, were intercompared with DOP as primary plasticizers for vinyl chloride‐vinyl acetate copolymer. All of these materials were found to be highly compatible as primary plasticizers and generally more efficient than DOP. The stocks plasticized with the hydrogenated and epoxidized adducts exhibited very good thermal stability on long exposures to heat. The epoxidized adduct not only imparted excellent heat stability to the plastic but also prevented deterioration on exposure to ultraviolet irradiation.
False Qubits?: Polarization of Light and Josephson Junction
Authors: Alicki Robert
Published: May 2007

We compare two physical systems: polarization degrees of freedom of a macroscopic light beam and the Josephson junction (JJ) in the “charge qubit regime”. The first system obviously cannot carry genuine quantum information and we show that the maximal entanglement which could be encoded into polarization of two light beams scales like 1/(photon number). Two theories of JJ, one leading to the picture of “JJ-qubit” and the other based on the mean-field approach are discussed. The later, which seems to be more appropriate, implies that the JJ system is, essentially, mathematically equivalent to the polarization of a light beam with the number of photons replaced by the number of Cooper pairs. The existing experiments consistent with the “JJ-qubit” picture and the theoretical arguments supporting, on the contrary, the classical model are briefly discussed. The Franck-Hertz-type experiment is suggested as an ultimate test of the JJ nature.