bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The ultrasound neck imaging for tracheostomy study: A study prompting ultrasound screening prior to percutaneous tracheostomy procedures to improve patient outcomes
Authors: Rees James , Haroon Yumna , Hogan Christopher , Saha Shibaji , Derekshani Sharam
Published: November 2017

Introduction

Percutaneous tracheostomy procedures are commonplace in intensive care units worldwide. Haemorrhagic complications, though potentially fatal, are thought to be under-reported. Ultrasonography use has not established itself in these procedures. This study assesses the prevalence and characteristics of pre-tracheal blood vessels, to aid intensivists on potential procedural hazards.

Method

A retrospective, observational study was performed in the UK. Computed tomography angiograms from January 2012 to October 2014 were randomly retrieved and analysed for vessel data.

Results

A total of 343 adult patients were included (mean age: 65 (inter-quartile range 52–79), male: 63%). Forty-one percent of patients demonstrated a vessel overlying percutaneous tracheostomy insertion sites (C6–T1); veins were more common than arteries (69%, p = 0.001). Males were more likely to display veins (78 vs. 53%, p < 0.001).

Discussion

A substantial proportion of patients exhibited pre-tracheal vessels. Front-of-neck ultrasonography has huge potential to identify these. Based on these data, we believe ultrasonography may be an effective screening tool for percutaneous tracheostomy procedures to reduce complications. Further research is required to study outcomes.
Discrepancies in measuring bladder volumes with bedside ultrasound and bladder scanning in the intensive care unit: A pilot study
Authors: Prentice Donna M , Sona Carrie , Wessman Brian T , Ablordeppey Enyo A , Isakow Warren , Arroyo Cassandra , Schallom Marilyn
Published: November 2017

Objective

Intensive care unit patients are at risk for catheter-associated urinary tract infection. Earlier removal of catheters may be possible with accurate measurement of bladder volume. The purpose was to compare measured bladder volumes with bedside ultrasound, bladder scanner, and urine volume.

Design

Prospective correlational descriptive study.

Setting

Surgical/trauma intensive care unit and medical intensive care unit.

Patients

Renal dialysis patients with less than 100 ml of urine in 24 h prior to urinary catheter removal and patients with suspected catheter obstruction.

Measurements and main results

A physician trained in ultrasound and an advanced practice registered nurse trained in bladder scanning measured bladder volume; each blinded to the other’s measurement. Device used first (ultrasound or bladder scanner) alternated daily. The intensive care unit team determined need for intermittent catheterization or treatment for suspected obstruction. Fifty-one measurements from 13 patients were obtained with results reported in milliliters. Ultrasound measurements were a mean volume of 72.1 ± 127 (range: 1.7–666) and the bladder scanner measurements were 117 ± 131 (0–529). On six occasions in five dialysis patients, urine volume measurement was available. The mean difference in ultrasound–urine volume mean difference was 0.5 ± 37.8 (range: −68 to 38.2) and the bladder scanner–urine volume was 132 ± 167 (−72 to 397). Two patients with suspected catheter obstructions had ultrasound, bladder scanner, urine volume measurements, respectively: (1) 539, 51, >300 (began voiding before catheter replaced); (2) 666, 68, 1000 with catheter replacement. Conditions leading to greatest differences were obesity, indwelling catheter and ascites.

Conclusions

These results demonstrate the inaccuracy of the bladder scanner. Ultrasound measurements appear more accurate. To remove urinary catheters in patients with minimal to low urine output, serial ultrasound measurements can be used to monitor bladder volumes and return of renal function.
Using the experience-sampling method to examine the psychological mechanisms by which participatory art improves wellbeing
Authors: Holt Nicola J
Published: November 2017

Aims:

To measure the immediate impact of art-making in everyday life on diverse indices of wellbeing (‘in the moment’ and longer term) in order to improve understanding of the psychological mechanisms by which art may improve mental health.

Methods:

Using the experience-sampling method, 41 artists were prompted (with a ‘beep’ on a handheld computer) at random intervals (10 times a day, for one week) to answer a short questionnaire. The questionnaire tracked art-making and enquired about mood, cognition and state of consciousness. This resulted in 2,495 sampled experiences, with a high response rate in which 89% of questionnaires were completed.

Results:

Multi-level modelling was used to evaluate the impact of art-making on experience, with 2,495 ‘experiences’ (experiential-level) nested within 41 participants (person-level). Recent art-making was significantly associated with experiential shifts: improvement in hedonic tone, vivid internal imagery and the flow state. Furthermore, the frequency of art-making across the week was associated with person-level measures of wellbeing: eudemonic happiness and self-regulation. Cross-level interactions, between experiential and person-level variables, suggested that hedonic tone improved more for those scoring low on eudemonic happiness, and further that, those high in eudemonic happiness were more likely to experience phenomenological features of the flow state and to experience inner dialogue while art-making.

Conclusion:

Art-making has both immediate and long-term associations with wellbeing. At the experiential level, art-making affects multiple dimensions of conscious experience: affective, cognitive and state factors. This suggests that there are multiple routes to wellbeing (improving hedonic tone, making meaning through inner dialogue and experiencing the flow state). Recommendations are made to consider these factors when both developing and evaluating public health interventions that involve participatory art.
Empirical Investigation on Food Inflation and Efficiency Issues in Indian Agri-futures Market
Authors: Singh Narinder Pal , Singh Archana
Published: November 2017

In early 2007, the Government of India (GoI) banned futures trading on some essential agro-commodities such as wheat, rice, and two varieties of lentils due to rising food inflation. However, futures trading in agri-commodities such as chana (chickpea), soy oil, rubber, and potato were temporarily suspended. Professor Abhijit Sen’s committee, constituted to study the relationship between futures trading and agricultural commodities inflation, did not find sufficient evidence of inflationary impact of futures trading in India due to too short period of commodity futures trading. Also, an efficient futures market is required for the producers, traders, and consumers to hedge their price risk. Thus, in this study, we analyze the market efficiency of agricultural futures market and the effect of futures trading on inflation with special reference to chana (chickpea) market in India. This study is for a time frame of 10 years from 2005–2014. The data on closing prices of chana in futures and spot markets and futures trading volume has been collected from National Commodity and Derivatives Exchange, and chana wholesale price index (WPI) monthly data from Office of the Economic Adviser, GoI. The collected data is analyzed for efficiency using Johansen cointegration approach and vector error correction (VEC) restrictions and inflationary effect using Toda Yamamoto (TY) version of Granger causality test. From the results, we find that the spot and futures prices for chana are cointegrated and unbiased, that is, the chana (chickpea) futures market is efficient. But, the futures trading of chana has inflationary impact, that is, futures trading volume of chana affects chana WPI. This research has got direct implications for government and market participants. India is the largest consumer of chana (chickpea)—the third most important pulse crop produced in the world. Thus, the inflationary impact of chana futures trading is a matter of concern for GoI.
Risk of Complications of Vitrectomy for Floaters Based on Attached or Detached Status of Posterior Hyaloid Face
Authors: Rahman Rubina , Gormley Jack , Stephenson John
Published: November 2017

Purpose:

To ascertain whether posterior hyaloid face (PHF) status (attached vs detached) affects the risk of intraoperative retinal breaks and number of operations in patients undergoing vitrectomy for floaters.

Methods:

Consecutive, comparative single-surgeon case series. All patients undergoing vitrectomy for visually disabling floaters between July 2003 and June 2016 were included in this study. Data were collected prospectively into a vitreoretinal database and reviewed retrospectively for the purpose of the study.The following data were collected on each patient: age in years, sex, axial length (mm), presence of myopia, pre- and postoperative visual acuity in logarithm of the minimal angle of resolution. The status of the PHF was ascertained using preoperative clinical and optical coherence tomography assessment that was confirmed intraoperatively. The presence or absence of a retinal break was considered the primary outcome measure. Significant visual loss (reduction in ≥2 log units visual acuity), number of operations, and time from surgery to discharge were considered the secondary outcomes. Sequential multiple logistic and Cox regression analyses were conducted.

Results:

Data were collected from 97 patients (55 males and 42 females). Indications for surgery were Fuchs heterochromic cyclitis (9 patients), asteroid hyalosis (12 patients), and vitreous syneresis (76 patients). Twenty-one patients were pseudophakic on presentation, while 76 underwent combined phacovitrectomy. Vitreous status was significantly associated with retinal breaks ( P = .010). Controlling for other parameters, the odds of a retinal break in patients with PHF attached were about 5.5 times those in patients with PHF detached (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.52 -20.4). Number of operations was also significantly associated with this outcome ( P = .027); the odds of a retinal break increase by 6.28 times (95% CI, 1.23 -32.1). A substantive difference in the proportion of patients with retinal breaks was observed between the 2 groups, with a 50% prevalence rate in the attached group and a 9.1% prevalence rate in the detached group. Vitreous status was not associated with either secondary outcome measures. Number of operations was also significantly associated with time to discharge ( P = .008; hazard ratio, 2.78; 95% CI, 1.30 -5.91) in a multiple Cox model. Hence an increasing number of operations is associated with longer time to discharge.

Conclusion:

The analysis has found evidence to link vitreous status with the primary outcome of the presence of a retinal break. Particular care should be taken in, cases with vitreous attached status, to prevent missed breaks and subsequent rhegmatogenous retinal detachment.
Genotype-Specific Minimal Residual Disease Interpretation Improves Stratification in Pediatric Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: O’Connor David , Enshaei Amir , Bartram Jack , Hancock Jeremy , Harrison Christine J. , Hough Rachael , Samarasinghe Sujith , Schwab Claire , Vora Ajay , Wade Rachel , Moppett John , Moorman Anthony V. , Goulden Nick
Published: November 2017

Purpose

Minimal residual disease (MRD) and genetic abnormalities are important risk factors for outcome in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Current risk algorithms dichotomize MRD data and do not assimilate genetics when assigning MRD risk, which reduces predictive accuracy. The aim of our study was to exploit the full power of MRD by examining it as a continuous variable and to integrate it with genetics.

Patients and Methods

We used a population-based cohort of 3,113 patients who were treated in UKALL2003, with a median follow-up of 7 years. MRD was evaluated by polymerase chain reaction analysis of Ig/TCR gene rearrangements, and patients were assigned to a genetic subtype on the basis of immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and fluorescence in situ hybridization. To examine response kinetics at the end of induction, we log-transformed the absolute MRD value and examined its distribution across subgroups.

Results

MRD was log normally distributed at the end of induction. MRD distributions of patients with distinct genetic subtypes were different ( P < .001). Patients with good-risk cytogenetics demonstrated the fastest disease clearance, whereas patients with high-risk genetics and T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia responded more slowly. The risk of relapse was correlated with MRD kinetics, and each log reduction in disease level reduced the risk by 20% (hazard ratio, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.77 to 0.83; P < .001). Although the risk of relapse was directly proportional to the MRD level within each genetic risk group, absolute relapse rate that was associated with a specific MRD value or category varied significantly by genetic subtype. Integration of genetic subtype–specific MRD values allowed more refined risk group stratification.

Conclusion

A single threshold for assigning patients to an MRD risk group does not reflect the response kinetics of the different genetic subtypes. Future risk algorithms should integrate genetics with MRD to accurately identify patients with the lowest and highest risk of relapse.
Track and Field Throwing Sports: Injuries and Prevention
Authors: Meron Adele , Saint-Phard Deborah
Published: November 2017

Throwing events in track and field are among the oldest sporting events in recorded history and include shot put, discus, hammer, and javelin. All throwing athletes use the kinetic chain to transfer energy from the lower extremities, through the pelvis, trunk, shoulder, arm, wrist, hand, and finally into the implement to generate maximum force. Throughout this sequential activation, mobilization, and stabilization of body segments, there is opportunity for breakdown in the chain, which can lead to injury. This review describes the biomechanics and kinetic chain components of each event and highlights injuries common among all throwers as well as injuries unique to each event. The cornerstone of prevention is practicing and competing with proper technique. It is important to understand the breadth of injuries that can affect these athletes to develop evidence based diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.
The Pediatric Endurance Athlete
Authors: Solomon Mary L. , Briskin Susannah M. , Sabatina Nicole , Steinhoff Jennifer E.
Published: November 2017

Youth sports participation numbers continue to grow in the United States. A shift toward sport specialization has caused an increase in sport training frequency and intensity that places the growing athlete at risk for overtraining, nutritional deficits, and injuries. Individuals who participate in endurance sports are at especially high risk. Youth runners and swimmers are high-risk populations that require special attention to their training schedules, nutritional intake, and injuries. Appropriate scheduling of training, dedicating time to rest, and nutrition education can help prevent problems in the endurance athlete.
Mountain Biking Injuries
Authors: Ansari Majid , Nourian Ruhollah , Khodaee Morteza
Published: November 2017

With the increasing popularity of mountain biking, also known as off-road cycling, and the riders pushing the sport into extremes, there has been a corresponding increase in injury. Almost two thirds of acute injuries involve the upper extremities, and a similar proportion of overuse injuries affect the lower extremities. Mountain biking appears to be a high-risk sport for severe spine injuries. New trends of injury patterns are observed with popularity of mountain bike trail parks and freeride cycling. Using protective gear, improving technical proficiency, and physical fitness may somewhat decrease the risk of injuries. Simple modifications in bicycle-rider interface areas and with the bicycle (bike fit) also may decrease some overuse injuries. Bike fit provides the clinician with postural correction during the sport. In this review, we also discuss the importance of race-day management strategies and monitoring the injury trends.
Scaling-up primary health care-based prevention and management of heavy drinking at the municipal level in middle-income countries in Latin America: Background and protocol for a three-country quasi-experimental study
Authors: Anderson Peter , O'Donnell Amy , Kaner Eileen , Gual Antoni , Schulte Bernd , Pérez Gómez Augusto , de Vries Hein , Natera Rey Guillermina , Rehm Jürgen
Published: November 2017

Background: While primary health care (PHC)-based prevention and management of heavy drinking is clinically effective and cost-effective, it remains poorly implemented in routine practice. Systematic reviews and multi-country studies have demonstrated the ability of training and support programmes to increase PHC-based screening and brief advice activity to reduce heavy drinking. However, gains have been only modest and short term at best. WHO studies have concluded that a more effective uptake could be achieved by embedding PHC activity within broader community and municipal support.

Protocol: A quasi-experimental study will compare PHC-based prevention and management of heavy drinking in three intervention cities from Colombia, Mexico and Peru with three comparator cities from the same countries. In the implementation cities, primary health care units (PHCUs) will receive training embedded within ongoing supportive municipal action over an 18-month implementation period. In the comparator cities, practice as usual will continue at both municipal and PHCU levels. The primary outcome will be the proportion of consulting adult patients intervened with (screened and advice given to screen positives). The study is powered to detect a doubling of the outcome measure from an estimated 2.5/1,000 patients at baseline. Formal evaluation points will be at baseline, mid-point and end-point of the 18-month implementation period. We will present the ratio (plus 95% confidence interval) of the proportion of patients receiving intervention in the implementation cities with the proportions in the comparator cities. Full process evaluation will be undertaken, coupled with an analysis of potential contextual, financial and political-economy influencing factors.

Discussion: This multi-country study will test the extent to which embedding PHC-based prevention and management of alcohol use disorder with supportive municipal action leads to improved scale-up of more patients with heavy drinking receiving appropriate advice and treatment.

Study status: The four-year study will start on 1stDecember 2017.
Die Zukunft des Völkerrechts
Authors: Tomuschat Christian
Published: November 2017

The international legal order today constitutes a truly universal legal system. It has received guiding principles through the United Nations Charter: ever since this ‘Constitution for the world’ began operating, sovereign equality of states, self‑determination of peoples, and human rights have been key components of this architecture, which has reached a state of ‘conceptual unity’ belying the talk of ‘fragmentation’ of international law that so fascinated scholars in their debates only a short while ago. The great peace treaties of 1648, 1815, and 1919, as Euro‑centric instruments influenced by the interests of the dominant powers, could not bring about a peaceful world order. After World War II, it was, in particular, the inclusion of the newly independent states in the legislative processes that has conferred an unchallenged degree of legitimacy on international law. Regrettably, its effectiveness has not kept pace with its normative growth. Some islands of stability can be identified. On the positive side, one can note a growing trend to entrust the settlement of disputes to formal procedures. Yet the integration of human rights in international law – a step of moral advancement that proceeds from the simple recognition that, precisely in the interest of world peace, domains of domestic and international matters cannot be separated one from the other as neatly as postulated by the classic doctrine of international law – has placed enormous obstacles before international law. It must be expected that the demand for more justice on the part of developing nations will subject the international legal order to even greater strain in the near future. Currently, chances are low that the issue of migration from the poorer South to the ‘rich’ North can be resolved.
Legal Methodology in the German Dictatorships
Authors: Schröder Jan
Published: November 2017

The article compares the legal methodologies in the National Socialist State (NS, 1933–1945) and in the German Democratic Republic (GDR, 1949–1990). Their concept of law differed in a significant way from the preceding periods. Law was no longer regarded as the will of the community but as the will of the dictator (the ‘leader’ or the party) and at the same time as the utterance of the official ideology. This antinomy between voluntaristic and ideological principle characterises the legal methodology in both dictatorships. The theories of the sources of law are dominated by the voluntaristic, authoritative element. Therefore, the will of the ‘leader’ or the party, i.e., the statute, is the only real source of law. Customary law is negligible, judge-made law is not approved, a court’s right of inspection doesn’t exist. The ideological principle gains much greater importance in the interpretation of the law. In the NS, the law must be interpreted in accordance with the ‘National Socialist ideology’, in the GDR, which is ‘partially’ socialist, according to the communist ideology. The former voluntaristic ‘subjective-historical’ interpretation is abandoned. Jurisprudence in the NS and GDR also demanded ideological, ‘essential’ concepts, whereas the precedent ‘bourgeois’ theory preferred ‘functional’ concepts according to the specific purpose of a statute. The formation of systems failed in both dictatorships, probably because of the ideological setting.
A Look at the European Court of Human Rights Case Law on Moral Issues and Academic Freedom
Authors: Laffranque Julia
Published: November 2017

Ethics is constantly topical, and times of economic crises, issues of migration and refugees, and threat of terrorism are no exception. In almost all cases brought before it, the European Court of Human Rights in Strasbourg faces morally oriented issues to some extent. The article examines key dimensions of ethics as addressed by it (the common ethical grounds and European values on which the decisions are often based; areas of differences in ethical grounds in cases wherein no European consensus on a given issue seems to exist; and the independence, impartiality, and internal ethics of the Court and its judges), and it discusses some central topics related to moral issues in its case law. The case law addresses matters from serious human‑rights violations to rights of prisoners and refugees, but the article pays particular attention to case law defining human dignity, which is closely connected with ethics. It elaborates on the beginning of life and reproductive rights: cases have dealt with access to lawful abortion, embryo donation and scientific research, home birth, medically assisted procreation, precautionary measures to protect a newborn baby’s health, prenatal medical tests, sterilisation, surrogacy, and an unborn child’s right to life. With regard to the end of life, the Court has found that the right to life could not, without a distortion of language, be interpreted as conferring the diametrically opposite right, a right to die. The article also considers the delicate issue of withdrawal of life-sustaining treatment. Also considered is the case law related to freedom of research and the responsibility of researchers and universities, with focus on the essence of academic freedom and morals, classical and other types of cases in connection with questions related to procedural rights before the Court that involve academic freedom, and the use of research results and academic freedom. The author presents conclusions related to the careful, pragmatic balancing among rights, between European and state level, and of public and private interests. There need not be a ‘European ethics’, but there certainly exist certain common values and understandings.
Court Supervision of the Determination of the Votes at the First General Meeting of Creditors in Estonian Bankruptcy Law
Authors: Schihalejev Mari
Published: November 2017

Estonia’s first Bankruptcy Act was passed in 1992 and has been continuously under amendment. Estonian bankruptcy law has provided three distinct procedures for the determination of votes at the first general meeting of creditors: 1) in 1992–2003, the votes were determined only by the trustee; 2) in 2004–2009, the votes determined by the trustee were approved by the court; and 3) under the current law, the court intervenes only if there is a dispute over the determination of the votes. All the amendments notwithstanding, the process of determining the votes under Estonian bankruptcy law remains problematic. The current procedure for the determination of the votes at the first general meeting of creditors does not protect the rights and interests of the creditors, protect the common interests of the creditors, or follow the principle of procedural economy. The law should provide a term that specifies the time by which court rulings on the determination of the votes should be made. Thereby, important decisions could be adopted at the same general meeting, and bankruptcy proceedings could continue. Furthermore, to ensure that disputes are resolved within reasonable time and that the principles of speed and efficiency are honoured, insolvency courts should be created. There is also the problem of determining which issues belong to the disputes about votes. A creditor assigned votes must file proof of claim, together with documents proving the circumstances, with the trustee in three working days. For protecting the creditors’ interests and ensuring a fair and equitable system, the trustee, in co operation with the court, has the right and obligation to verify and evaluate the documents substantiating the claim, in order to prevent unjustified claims from conferring control over the bankruptcy proceedings.
Internally Displaced Persons and Their Legal Status: The Ukrainian Context
Authors: Basova Iryna
Published: November 2017

The article examines the issues of social protection of internally displaced people as a new subject of social-security law. The legal foundations with regard to these individuals are on their way, under development. Ukraine’s law On the Rights and Freedoms of Internally Displaced People is established as the initial indicator that this subject is becoming recognised as a field of social-security law – specifically, internally displaced people and determining legal regulation. This law presents a definition of ‘internally displaced people’, presents a compilation of their rights and obligations, determines the legal status of such people, provides guarantees of social protection, and addresses related matters. Nonetheless, several issues still require legal regulation. The authors conclude that, for the qualitative improvement of legal regulation of the status of IDPs and their social protection, there must be complex interaction within both legal science and legislative entities and that bodies with special competence in this field must be established to engage in dialogue with civil and international organisations.
A Review of Magda Papede’s Verwertungsgesellschaften im europäischen Kontext – Das Beispiel der baltischen Staaten
Authors: Hoffmann Thomas
Published: November 2017

Magda Papede's work on Baltic collecting societies, recently published by Carl Heymanns Verlag, Karlsruhe, is an exemplary analysis of the genesis, practice, and challenges of the three royalty-collecting societies in Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania – small entities between which there are large differences. The work, titled ‘Verwertungsgesellschaften im europäischen Kontext – Das Beispiel der baltischen Staaten’ (meaning ‘Collecting societies in the European context – the example of the Baltic States’) not only examines the existing legal frameworks for collecting societies in the Baltic States but also sets them in a European and hence comparative context. This renders the work highly instructive for non-Baltic legal scholars and practitioners alike. Its only flaw can be detected in its lack of the courage to outline specific proposals addressing how to deal with the challenges raised in future.
Mitigating Diminishing Returns to R&D: The Role of Information Technology in Innovation
Authors: Ravichandran T. , Han Shu , Mithas Sunil
Published: November 2017

Increasingly, firms across many industries are grappling with the challenge of declining returns to research and development (R&D). In this study, we investigate if and how information technology (IT) can help firms deal with this problem. We theorize that IT systems can help firms to cope with the complexity and inefficiency in managing innovation when R&D investments scale. We explicate the mechanisms through which IT enables firms to cope with the challenges they face when scaling their R&D and we posit that IT will mitigate the diminishing returns to R&D. Using archival data for 161 firms from 1991 to 2003 we find support for our conjecture that IT mitigates the diminishing returns to R&D. The mitigating effect of IT is stronger for firms facing greater complexity in their R&D activities, as measured by inventor intensity and geographical and technological complexity. We interpret and discuss these findings and their practical and theoretical implications.
Risk-Averse Approximate Dynamic Programming with Quantile-Based Risk Measures
Authors: Jiang Daniel R. , Powell Warren B.
Published: November 2017

In this paper, we consider a finite-horizon Markov decision process (MDP) for which the objective at each stage is to minimize a quantile-based risk measure (QBRM) of the sequence of future costs; we call the overall objective a dynamic quantile-based risk measure (DQBRM). In particular, we consider optimizing dynamic risk measures where the one-step risk measures are QBRMs, a class of risk measures that includes the popular value at risk (VaR) and the conditional value at risk (CVaR). Although there is considerable theoretical development of risk-averse MDPs in the literature, the computational challenges have not been explored as thoroughly. We propose data-driven and simulation-based approximate dynamic programming (ADP) algorithms to solve the risk-averse sequential decision problem. We address the issue of inefficient sampling for risk applications in simulated settings and present a procedure, based on importance sampling, to direct samples toward the “risky region” as the ADP algorithm progresses. Finally, we show numerical results of our algorithms in the context of an application involving risk-averse bidding for energy storage.

The online appendix is available at https://doi.org/10.1287/moor.2017.0872 .
Small Animal Review
Authors: Tennant Bryn
Published: November 2017

Introduction: Issues with point-of-care urine bacteriology and sensitivity testing can lead to incorrect organism identification, false negative results, and inappropriate antimicrobial recommendations.
A zero tolerance approach to bullying in the workplace
Authors: Bernstein Adam
Published: November 2017

Workplace bullying and harassment can have far-reaching consequences for the care home, both in terms of lost reputation and potential legal repercussions. In this article, Adam Bernstein discusses how homes can root out bullying before it becomes a problem
Visceral obesity and cardiometabolic risk: features of hormonal and immune regulation
Authors: Kologrivova Irina V. , Vinnitskaya Irina V. , Koshelskaya Olga A. , Suslova Tatiana E.
Published: November 2017

The issue of the prognostic value of obesity in the development of cardiovascular diseases still remains open. Different input of visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue in the formation of cardiometabolic risk is highlighted in many research works. A range of epidemiological studies provides data confirming relation of the visceral adiposity with abnormal metabolic profile and increased cardiovascular risk, while subcutaneous adipose tissue is attributed with relative protective properties. Pathophysiological mechanisms mediating interconnection of visceral adiposity with the development of atherosclerosis remain studied incompletely. It was stated that sex hormones, estrogens and androgens, participate in the redistribution of adipose tissue, sustenance of energy homeostasis, influence on the secretion of adipokines and immune regulation of adipose tissue. Meanwhile cells of immune system, including cells of the adaptive immunity, widely presented in adipose tissue contribute to the development of the local subclinical inflammation and influence on the features of cardiometabolic effects of adipose tissue. The review discusses possible mechanisms, by which abovementioned relationships are executed and cardiovascular risk in obesity is realized.
Expression of microRNA related to bone remodeling regulation in plasma in patients with acromegaly
Authors: Grebennikova Tatiana A. , Belaya Zhanna E. , Nikitin Alexey G. , Brovkina Olga I. , Solodovnikov Alexander G. , Dzeranova Larisa K. , Melnichenko Galina A.
Published: November 2017

Backgraund. MiсroRNA are small regulatory factors that regulate gene expression by post-transcriptional regulation of mRNA, playing an important role in numerous cellular processes including organogenesis, apoptosis, cell proliferation and differentiation. Acromegaly causes bone fragility, but the pathogenetic mechanism is generally unknown.
Aim. To evaluate levels of microRNA related to bone remodeling regulation in plasma samples from patients with acromegaly
Materials and methods. Fasting plasma samples were taken and stored in aliquot at -80C from consecutive subjects with clinically evident and biochemically confirmed active acromegaly and healthy volunteers matched by age, sex and body mass index (BMI). miRNeasy Serum/Plasma Kit, TaqMan Advanced miRNA cDNA Synthesis Kit, TaqMan Advanced miRNA Assays were used to assay plasma miRNA expression. Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) was measured by immunochemiluminescence assay (Liaison).
Results. We enrolled 40 subjects 22 patients suffered from acromegaly and 18 matched healthy controls) matched by sex, age and BMI. The median age of patients with acromegaly was 42 years (Q25;Q75 37;43) with no difference among the groups, p=0.205; BMI 28 (24;32) kg/m2, p=0.253. The median IGF1 in subjects with acromegaly 622 (514;1000) ng/ml was significantly higher as compared to the control group (p0.001). Patients with acromegaly had significantly higher expression of microRNA-100-5р (p=0.051), microRNA-550а-5р (p=0.048), microRNA-7b-5р (p=0.005) and microRNA-96-5р (p=0.042) among 27 bone-specific microRNA tested in plasma
Conclusions. This study reveals that several microRNAs, known to regulate bone remodeling can be detected in plasma samples of patients with acromegaly and may be suggested as biomarkers for skeletal involvement in patients with acromegaly.
The autoimmune IgG4 -associated endocrine pathology
Authors: Yukina Marina Yu. , Troshina Ekaterina A. , Platonova Nadezhda M. , Nuralieva Nurana F.
Published: November 2017

Immunoglobulin G4-associated diseases (IgG4-AD) arethe group of chronic progressive autoimmune fibro-inflammatory pathology of various organs and tissues, characterized by their enlargement and abundant infiltration of immunoglobulin G4-positive plasma cells, as well as an increase in the level of serum immunoglobulin G4 (IgG4).In most patients, the disease is characterized by a mild course.However, there is evidence of a high incidence of malignancies in patients with IgG4-AD.Among endocrine IgG4-associated pathologies, pancreatitis with outcome in diabetes mellitus, hypophysitis and thyroiditis are described.
Laboratory examination usually reveals an increased level of IgG4. However, the concentration of IgG4 could not be used as the only diagnostic criterion.The possibility of plasmablastsdetermining as a marker of the disease is discussed.Among the imaging techniques CT, MRI and 18F-FDG-PET/CT are used.However, the most informative method of diagnosis is biopsy.
Randomized clinical trials to determine clear recommendations for the treatment of IgG4-AD were not conducted.In most cases, glucocorticoids are prescribed, and immunosuppressive therapy is sometimes used.According to the results of recent studies, the genetically engineered drug rituximab is relatively effective in inducing remission of the disease.Given the high recurrence rate and the risk of malignancy, patients with IgG4-AD require careful long-term follow-up.
Thus, the review describes the clinical manifestations of IgG4-AD, examines the possibilities of their diagnosis and presents the existing methods of treatment.However, given the fact that IgG4-AD became a separate group of autoimmune pathology less than 20 years ago, there are insufficient data on these diseases. Researches related to epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and effective treatment of IgG4-AD are actual.
Challenges in differential diagnosis between primary and secondary forms of hyperparathyroidism
Authors: Mokrysheva Natalia G. , Eremkina Anna K. , Mirnaya Svetlana S. , Kovaleva Elena V.
Published: November 2017

Hyperparathyroidism is a disease characterized by excessive secretion of parathyroid hormone (PTH) in the chief cells of parathyroid glands. There are three types of hyperparathyroidism: primary, secondary, and tertiary depending on the cause of this disease. By the secondary hyperparathyroidism calcium-sensing receptors (CaSR) and vitamin D receptors (VDR) lead to disturbance of phosphorus-calcium exchange and to development of a parathyroid glands hyperplasia. Treatment of secondary hyperparathyroidism with vitamin D showed the efficiency not only in normalization of clinical laboratory indicators but also in involution of changes in parathyroid glands. We represent the clinical case of a patient with secondary hyperparathyroidism caused by hypovitaminosis D, parathyroid hyperplasia more than 1 cm. The long-term oral therapy with active vitamin D led to the positive dynamics of PTH levels, as well as complete reduction of parathyroid lesion.
Pathogenic relations between metabolic and gynecologic disorders in acromegaly: a clinical case report
Authors: Lutsenko Alexander S. , Vorotnikova Svetlana Yu. , Stanoevich Irina V. , Zenkova Tatiana S. , Azizyan Vilen N. , Grigoriev Andrey Yu. , Belaya Zhanna E.
Published: November 2017

Acromegaly is a neuroendocrine disorder with multiple comorbidities. In this article, we present a patient with long-term active acromegaly, without clinical remission after repeated neurosurgery and long-term treatment with somatostatin analogue. After the first neurosurgical treatment, cyclic ovarian function improved. Taken together with progressing metabolic disorders, it led to clinical manifestation of adenomyosis, which presented by algomenorrhea, menometrorrhagia and severe anemia. Due to clinical manifestation and extent of the disease, the patient underwent hysterectomy. Histologically we observed adenomyosis II with 2/3 myometrialpenetration. This clinical case highlights the importance of gynecological assessment among patients with acromegaly of late reproductive and premenopausal period.
KEBIJAKAN HUKUM PIDANA DALAM TINDAK PIDANA KORUPSI PENGADAAN BARANG DAN JASA
Authors: Yulianingsih Nisa
Published: November 2017

Penelitian ini mengkaji mengenai kebijakan hukum pidana terutamakebijakan formulasi dalam menentukan arah kebijakan pengaturan tindak pidanakorupsi pengadaan barang dan jasa di Indonesia saat ini dan masa yang akandatang. Kajian didasarkan pada hasil penelitian normatif untuk menemukankaidah-kaidah dan norma-norma hukum dalam merumuskan tindak pidanakorupsi pengadaan barang dan jasa. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwapengaturan tindak pidana korupsi terutama dalam kegiatan barang dan jasapengaturannya kurang efektif karena belum dirumuskan dan diformulasikansecara jelas mengenai sanksi yang dijatuhkan untuk pelaku tindak pidana korupsidalam pengadaan barang dan jasa. Oleh karena itu, perlu adanya reformulasimengenai pengaturan tindak pidana korupsi pengadaan barang dan jasa agar dapatmengakomodir pengaturan sanksi yang lebih tegas (pidana) atas pelanggaranproses pengadaan barang dan jasa.Kata Kunci : Kebijakan Hukum Pidana, Tindak Pidana Korupsi, PengadaanBarang dan Jasa
PIDANA PENJARA TERBATAS : SEBUAH GAGASAN DAN REORIENTASI TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN FORMULASI JENIS SANKSI HUKUM PIDANA DI INDONESIA
Authors: Kholiq Abdul , Arief Barda Nawawi , Soponyono Eko
Published: November 2017

Penggunaan jenis sanksi pidana perampasan kemerdekaan (pidana penjara) selama ini mendapatkan kritik-kritik terutama dikaitkan dengan dampak negatif dari jenis pidana tersebut. Adanya dampak negatif yang melekat dalam penjatuhan pidana penjara bagi pelaku kejahatan dapat berupa stigmatisasi dan prisonisasi. Berbagai upaya pembaharuan jenis pidana telah dilakukan seperti mencari alternatif pidana perampasan tersebut yang berupa pidana penjara terbatas. Metode penelitian yang digunakan dalam penelitian tesis ini ialah jenis penelitian normatif (doctrinal), yaitu melakukan penelitian dalam teori-teori atau doktrin hukum. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam undang-undang yang berlaku, selanjutnya melakukan komparasi dengan ketentuan yang berlaku di beberapa negara asing. Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah deskriptif dan analitis. Tujuan penelitian ini untuk mengetahui/menganalisis kebijakan formulasi pidana penjara terbatas dalam hukum positif di Indonesia dan negara lain; dan untuk mengetahui/menganalisis kebijakan formulasi pidana penjara terbatas dalam pembaharuan hukum pidana Indonesia di masa yang akan datang. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian tesis ini ditemukan bahwa kebijakan formulasi pidana penjara terbatas dalam hukum positif di Indonesia tidak merumuskan secara limitatif, akan tetapi dalam upaya memberikan alternatif dari pidana penjara telah dirumuskan pidana bersyarat atau pidana percobaan yang di atur dalam Pasal 14a-14f KUHP (WvS), selain itu jenis pidana pengawasan juga dirumuskan di luar KUHP. Kebijakan formulasi pidana penjara terbatas di masa yang akan datang, pada dasarnya jenis pidana penjara terbatas merupakan sanksi alternatif dari perampasan kemerdekaan yang dalam pelaksanaannya pelaku hanya menjalani sebagian pidana di dalam lembaga dan sisanya dijalani di luar lembaga dengan tetap adanya pengawasan terhadap terpidana.
PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM BAGI PELAKU USAHA JASA PENGIRIMAN PAKET BARANG DOMESTIK ATAS TINDAKAN KONSUMEN YANG BERITIKAD TIDAK BAIK (STUDI PADA PT. POS INDONESIA (PERSERO) YOGYAKARTA)
Authors: Yudikindra Widyananda , Badriyah Siti Malikhatun
Published: November 2017

Sengketa dengan konsumen dalam penyelenggaraan jasa pengiriman paket barang domestik justru diciderai sendiri oleh konsumen, yakni dengan melakukan kekhilafan atau kekeliruan, paksaan, dan penipuan. Sementara pembelaan PT. Pos Indonesia dengan membuktikan letak kesalahan pada konsumen membawa konsekuensi perjanjian menjadi tidak sah sesuai Pasal 1321 KUH Perdata dan dapat dibatalkan. Selain itu PT. Pos Indonesia (Persero) juga tidak dapat dituntut dari segala kerugian yang diderita konsumen. Sementara secara yuridis, adanya ketentuan UU No.8 Tahun 1999, UU No. 38 Tahun 2009 maupun Keputusan Direksi PT. Pos Indonesia (Persero) Nomor: KD.65/DIRUT/0812 hanya menunjukan perlindungan hukum secara represif untuk menyelesaikan sengketa. Oleh karena itu masih diperlukan penataan kembali upaya perlindungan hukum dengan merujuk asas-asas hukum yang diatur UU No. 8 Tahun 1999 sehingga diharapkan lebih terwujud upaya perlindungan hukum secara preventif yang efektif untuk mewujudkan keadilan serta kepastian hukum bagi pelaku usaha maupun konsumen.
PERLINDUNGAN HAK ANAK KORBAN PHEDOFILIA DALAM SISTEM PERADILAN PIDANA ANAK (STUDI TENTANG PENANGANAN KASUS KEJAHATAN SEKSUAL TERHADAP ANAK DI POLRESTABES SEMARANG
Authors: Manihuruk Tri Novita Sari , Rochaeti Nur
Published: November 2017

Phedofilia merupakan bentuk tindak pelanggaran terhadap hak anak yang tergolong keji dan jahat. Anak sebagai korban Phedofilia sangat dirugikan, sebab hak-hak korban kurang mendapatkan perhatian. Oleh sebab itu korban membutuhkan perhatian dan perlindungan hukum secara maksimal. Untuk mewujudkan perlindungan hak anak sebagai korban Phedofilia diperlukan suatu upaya yang rasional, yaitu dengan kebijakan perlindungan hukum khususnya di Polrestabes semarang. Perlindungan terhadap hak-hak anak diatur dalam beberapa peraturan perundang-undangan khususnya Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2012 Tentang Sistem Peradilan Pidana Anak. Bentuk-bentuk perlindungan terhadap anak korban yaitu mendapatkan rehabilitasi medis, Psikososial, restitusi, konseling dan segala bentuk perlindungan dan pendampingan pada setiap tingkat pemeriksaan mulai dari penyidikan, penuntutan sampai dengan pemeriksaan di sidang pengadilan. Pelaksanaan Pemenuhan Hak-Hak Anak Sebagai Korban Phedofilia dalam Tahap Penyidikan Pada Unit PPA (Pelayanan Perempuan dan Anak) Polrestabes Semarang dilaksanakan berdasarkan SOP dan Undang-Undang, yaitu berupa: sharing, orangtua korban didampingi dalam pembuatan laporan, korban didampingi oleh orangtua ketika melakukan pemeriksaan, mendapatkan bantuan pelayanan medis, mendapatkan bantuan konseling dan psikiater, korban dijauhkan dari tersangka, identitas korban dirahasiakan/ tidak dipublikasikan. Perlindungan hak anak korban Phedofilia pada masa yang akan datang dikaji dari studi komparasi negara Malaysia dan Singapura serta studi Pembaharuan KUHP 2015 dan Undang-Undang (Rancangan Undang-Undang Penghapusan Kekerasan Seksual Tahun 2016).