bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anymore changes underway from hereon?
Authors: Abbott Gerry
Published: October 2008

Nowadays, especially in American books and periodicals, we see ‘anymore’ almost as often as ‘any more’. GERRY ABBOTT has looked at such new composite forms and speculates about where they might be going.
Verbal Conversion
Authors: Bolton Whitney F
Published: October 2008

WHITNEY F BOLTON considers the extent to which words that are ‘usually’ nouns frequently function as verbs — and sometimes in rather unexpected ways.
Trademarks
Authors: Adams Thomas W
Published: October 2008

Pity the owners of trademarked goods. There is a danger in being too successful. This paradox comes into play when you or I begin to use one of these trademarks to refer to an entire class of products. At this point, the brand name risks becoming generic and the christeners of these products can no longer claim exclusive rights to their names. Competitors are then free to use these names to market similar products.
A northern new zealand newspaper
Authors: Burchfield Robert
Published: October 2008

On a recent visit to his homeland, the author had an opportunity to analyse the style and language of the ‘Northland Age.’
The long-neglected phrasal verb
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

In the description of such usages as argue away, measure up and zonk out, a venerable orphan comes in from the linguistic cold
English through the looking-glass
Authors: Fairman Tony
Published: October 2008

A reply to the replies of the grammarians in April, continuing the debate on description, prescription, and the standard language.
On observing World English
Authors: Urdang Laurence
Published: October 2008

The text of a speech given in April 1989 at the celebration marking the 200th Anniversary of the birth of Noah Webster, at Noah Webster House, Hartford, Connecticut.
Nota Bene
Authors: Bolton Whitney
Published: October 2008

A word-processing package for academic writers
Coming of age: English in Nigeria
Authors: Awonusi Victor O.
Published: October 2008

A report on the past and present of the major variety in West Africa
Is English a Romance language?
Authors: Gachelin Jean-Marc
Published: October 2008

A review of the ties that bind English, Latin and the languages derived from Latin
Walking the editorial tightrope
Authors: Cervi David A. , Wajnryb Ruth
Published: October 2008

The agony and the ecstasy of editing a professional English-language journal.
French and Spanish loan words in Caribbean English
Authors: Allsopp Jeannette
Published: October 2008

A review of some of the multilingual intricacies of West Indian usage
Fowler and fouler?
Authors: Sriraman Thirunarayanan
Published: October 2008

Some reflections on a ‘linguistic moralizer’
Abbreviations and American slang
Authors: González Félix Rodríguez
Published: October 2008

A survey of the acronyms and other types of abbreviation used among students, soldiers, nurses, hobos and others in the USA
Falling standards in Kenya?
Authors: Sure Kembo
Published: October 2008

An account of the state of English in Kenya and local attitudes towards the language
English in South Africa
Authors: Mesthrie Rajend
Published: October 2008

A discussion of the history, status, major features and general properties of English as it is used alongside Afrikaans, Xhosa, Zulu and other southern African languages
The study of English and the defence of Dutch
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: October 2008

The text of a talk given by TOM McARTHUR to a conference of academics, civil servants and politicians in Amsterdam in October 1992, introduced by an account of the circumstances leading to the conference, by Dr CARLOS GUSSENHOVEN of the Catholic University of Nijmegen, and Secretary of the VCML (see below), which organized the conference.
Double standards
Authors: Davidson Keith
Published: October 2008

A discussion of language standards, standard language, and examinations in terms of the National Curriculum for state schools in England and the tensions that have followed in its wake
Royalese: the rise and fall of ‘The Queen's English’
Authors: Wales Katie
Published: October 2008

A report on the distinctive ‘dialect’ of the British Royal family
The Internet and the English language
Authors: Cumming John D.
Published: October 2008

An assessment of how an electronic network that originated in the United States using only American English has become a global resource
Lexicon
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

THOMAS M. PAIKEDAY lists some more new words and meanings that do not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries.
Tracking the homing pidgin: a millennium report
Authors: Todd Loreto
Published: October 2008

A survey of the past, present and future of pidgin and creole Englishes, how they have been studied, and how attitudes towards them have changed
Describing medical eponyms
Authors: Mühlhaus Susanne
Published: October 2008

A rare glimpse into a problem in the world of medical lexicography, focusing on the eponymsdiverticulum of KommerellandGerbode defect
Three chairs for New Zealand English: the EAR/AIR merger
Authors: Holmes Janet
Published: October 2008

Some emerging features of speech that distinguish usage in New Zealand from the rest of the Anglophone world
Naming names
Authors: Urdang Laurence
Published: October 2008

An examination of how places get their names, drawing its examples from the 18th-century voyages of Captain Cook in and around New Zealand
The word on the street
Authors: Rundell Michael
Published: October 2008

New insights on spoken English from the British National Corpus
Writing on the wall for law language
Authors: Cutts Martin
Published: October 2008

A plain-language campaigner takes on the traditional linguistic apparatus of government and legislation in Britain
High-flying acronyms
Authors: Horton Andrew
Published: October 2008

ANDREW HORTON looks at the acronym both in English in general and how it has been used in the air and in space
In search of Australian style
Authors: Peters Pam
Published: October 2008

A description of the nature and work of Style Council, an institution unique to Australia, and a review of usage research currently in progress
The Macquarie Dictionary
Authors: Delbridge Arthur , Yallop Colin
Published: October 2008

A report on the dictionary that carries an Australian passport
Scaring crows in English
Authors: Gachelin Jean-Marc
Published: October 2008

One never quite knows what will catch on with ET readers and what will pass unremarked. Certainly, Louise Sylvester's piece ‘Unusual and dialect terms for scarecrows’ in ET42 (Apr 95) has prompted a remarkable – and painstakingly detailed – response, in the two replies that follow.
New words and senses
Authors: Paikeday Thomas M.
Published: October 2008

THOMAS M. PAIKEDAY lists some more new words and senses that do not yet appear in mainstream dictionaries.
English in Europe: from timid to tyrannical?
Authors: Loonen Pieter
Published: October 2008

How a language once considered base and worthless now seems set to dominate the new Europe
Reithed in gloom
Authors: Crystal David
Published: October 2008

DAVID CRYSTAL comments wryly on some implications of the BBC's annual Reith Lectures, given this year on language and linguistics by Jean Aitchison, the Rupert Murdoch Professor of Language and Communication at the University of Oxford. A less developed version of the article appeared in ‘The Independent on Sunday’ in February 1996
On English in Europe
Authors: Phillipson Robert
Published: October 2008

ROBERT PHILLIPSON comments on recent articles in ET about English in the European Union, and particularly Ross Smith's ‘Single market, single currency, single language’
Eurolatin and English today
Authors: Kirkness Alan
Published: October 2008

An examination of the nature, history and roles of classicisms in English and other European languages
Metropolitan Latin
Authors: Mayer Roland
Published: October 2008

An insight into the ancient Roman origins of Western attitudes about ‘good’ and ‘bad’ usage and ‘standard’, ‘substandard’, and ‘nonstandard’ language
Teaching journalism in a second language
Authors: Lowe Barry
Published: October 2008

JOURNALISM is a craft that uses language as its tools. It involves a close embrace with the linguistic medium of its transactions. Hong Kong students studying journalism in English are doubly disadvantaged by their lack of familiarity with English and by the role of English as a prestige language in a society that mostly speaks another tongue. English is used in a narrow range of contexts in Hong Kong: in elite domains of international business; as the language of colonial government; among the expatriates who play key roles in the political, economic and cultural life of the territory; and in the classroom where hundreds of thousands of primary to tertiary students labour under archaic methods of teaching that emphasise grammatical rules and rote learning of set texts. English is not used in the street, in the media or in the home of the average Hong Konger. It is a foreign language.
How d'you say ‘consume’?
Authors: Rastall Paul
Published: October 2008

PAUL RASTALL looks into the decline of [j] in Received Pronunciation
Forensic linguistics
Authors: Varney Maurice H.
Published: October 2008

A new, varied and very practical application of linguistic science
Usefully reinforcing the central issue
Authors: Taylor David
Published: October 2008

I am grateful to the editor for the chance to respond to Professor Simo Bobda's very interesting article. I do not really disagree with anything he says. Indeed I welcome his valuable contribution to the debate. I would like to see his article as complementing mine, especially where New Englishes are concerned. This is an area which I, perhaps pusillanimously, deliberately chose not to deal with. Nevertheless, I would make one or two comments.
A global distance learning course
Authors: Goodman Sharon
Published: October 2008

SHARON GOODMAN describes the creation of a multimedia university course about English worldwide for students worldwide
Tony Blair and William Hague: Two northerners heading south
Authors: Rosewarne David
Published: October 2008

DAVID ROSEWARNE shows, by offering us both fact and fiction, that Estuary English is making friends in high places
Langscape 5: Surveying contemporary English usage
Authors: Peters Pam
Published: October 2008

LANGSCAPE is a Cambridge University Press project associated with both ‘English Today’ and a new international usage guide for the year 2000 by Pam Peters, author of the ‘Cambridge Australian English Style Guide’ (1995). Like the Australian publication, the international work will be distinctive in its use of empirical evidence from computer corpora as well as data elicited from surveys of users of English round the world. Because English is a world language, any account of usage that is limited to one person's views and resources is inadequate. The first topic and questionnaire (‘The ubiquitous letter e’) appeared in ET53 (Jan 98), the second (‘To capitalize or not to capitalize’) in ET54 (Apr 98), the third (‘Differing on agreement’) in ET55 (Jul 98) and the fourth (‘Permanent loans: plurals for Latin borrowings’) in ET56 (Oct 98). See the accompanying box for further information on the Survey.
Schooled and open Englishes
Authors: Fairman Tony
Published: October 2008

A response to John Honey's article ‘The straw hippopotamus’ (ET55, Jul 98) and his recent book ‘Language is Power’ (1997)
Breaking the spell
Authors: Davidson Keith
Published: October 2008

Notes on regularities in the writing system of ‘the global language’, which both review Diane McGuinness, ‘Why Children Can't Read’ (1998), and comment on Christopher Upward, ‘In defence of spelling reform’ (ET57, Jan 99)
Language BLANK literature: from conjunction to preposition
Authors: Crystal David
Published: October 2008

A consideration of how language and literature run together and can be studied together
Marginalizing grammar
Authors: Buck R. A.
Published: October 2008

An account of how grammar is being marginalized in the American university English curriculum.
North and South: An English linguistic divide?
Authors: Wales Katie
Published: October 2008

In social and linguistic terms, is England one nation or two?
Car Murder Hubby Caged – and other murderous headlines
Authors: Aitchison Jean , Lewis Diana , Naylor Bronwyn
Published: October 2008

A study of how newspapers catch their readers’ eyes
Standard written English
Authors: Gaskell Philip
Published: October 2008

An assertion of the homogeneity of printed English worldwide
People's English
Authors: Ntlhakana Pearl
Published: October 2008

Language policy in South Africa and its impact on English in education
Rethinking ELT
Authors: Modiano Marko
Published: October 2008

A response in detail to comments on the article ‘International English in the global village’ (ET58: Apr 99), further developing the idea of EIL (English as an International Languge) in ET60 (Oct 99)
Indian Pidgin English: myth and reality
Authors: Mehrotra Raja Ram
Published: October 2008

A report on a pilot project recently conducted on a disputed variety of English in India
The Idea of World English
Authors: Bailey Richard W
Published: October 2008

At the end of the 16th century, there was little reason to guess that English would emerge four centuries later as the most widely dispersed language in the world.
The Most Chameleon of Languages
Authors: Maley Alan
Published: October 2008

Non-native users of English now outnumber the home-grown variety. How has this come about and what are its possible consequences? Why are millions of people now learning English as their ‘other tongue’? And what does it mean in the Eighties to be a foreign user of the English language?
Women Among the Words
Authors: McArthur Tom , Kirkpartick Elizabeth , Summers Della
Published: October 2008

The first known woman lexicographer was the Abbess Herrad in the 12th century, while the first in English appears to have been Sam Johnson's friend Mrs Hester Thrale or Piozzi (with her British Synonymy in 1794). There were never many, right into our own century, but nowadays it is no longer unusual to find women in controlling positions in the world of lexicography. Tom McArthur interviews two such women among the words: ELIZABETH KIRKPATRICK, in Edinburgh, Scotland, and DELLA SUMMERS in Harlow, England.
The erosion of English
Authors: Alexander James D.
Published: October 2008

What factors operate over the centuries to rub a language like English down, and what factors serve to counteract such processes?
We gonna rite wot we wanna: the appeal of misspelling
Authors: Chapman Raymond
Published: October 2008

A professor of English reports on what may be a growing challenge to conventional orthography
The New OED and World English
Authors: Weiner Edmund
Published: October 2008

The Oxford English Dictionary, already more than a century in the making, is currently being computerized and up-dated. One of James Murray's successors describes how the conversion to an electronic OED is being done.
Attempts atin vitrofertilization and culture ofin vitromatured oocytes in sei (Balaenoptera borealis) and Bryde's (B. edeni) whales
Authors: Bhuiyan M. M. U. , Suzuki Y. , Watanabe H. , Matsuoka K. , Fujise Y. , Ishikawa H. , Ohsumi S. , Fukui Y.
Published: October 2008

The cumulus–oocyte–complexes (COCs) recovery rates with respect to reproductive status per sei (Balaenoptera borealis) and Bryde's (B. edeni) whales were determined in Experiment 1. The number of COCs recovered ranged from 16.0 to 30.6 and from 6.7 to 26.8 per sei and Bryde's whales, respectively. The effects of COCs grades and protein supplementation in embryo culture medium on development ofin vitrofertilized (IVF) embryos were evaluated in sei and Bryde's whales in Experiment 2. The COCs were classified into either Grade A (COCs with five or more layers of compact cumulus cells) or Grade B (COCs with less than five layers of compact or expanded cumulus cells) before being cultured for IVM. The cleavage (12.0 to 19.5%), 4-cell (8.0 to 12.0%) and 8-cell (4.0 to 8.0%) formation rates in sei whales did not vary significantly between embryos derived from either grade A or B oocytes and between embryos cultured in either fetal whale serum (FWS)- or bovine serum albumin (BSA)-supplemented medium. The cleavage (4.0 to 14.8%), 4-cell (0.0 to 7.5%) and 8-cell (0.0 to 2.6%) formation rates in Bryde's whales did not vary significantly between embryos derived from either grade A or B oocytes and between embryos cultured in either FWS- or BSA-supplemented medium. The grade B oocytes cultured in FWS-supplemented medium developed to morula stage (1.1%) in sei whales. In conclusion, the present study indicates that IVF in sei whales is possible to achieve cleaved embryos developing to morula stage. This is the firstin vitroembryo production attempt in sei and Bryde's whales.
The Therapeutic Relationship in Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
Authors: Leahy Robert L.
Published: October 2008

Cognitive behavioral therapy has often been criticized for ignoring the role of the therapeutic relationship. In this article, I outline several dimensions for case formulation and intervention that suggest that the cognitive-behavioral approach can be a powerful theoretical model for understanding the causes of and the strategies for overcoming impasses in therapy. I review how the clinician and patient can collaborate in understanding the importance of case conceptualization, validation, emotional philosophies, victim resistance, schematic resistance, schematic mismatch, sunk-cost commitment, and self-handicapping. The relevance of these factors for both patient and therapist are discussed. During the last decade there has been increased interest in the nature of the therapeutic relationship in cognitive behavioral therapy (Gilbert, 1992; Safran, 1998; Safran and Muran, 2000; Greenberg, 2002; Leahy, 2001; Gilbert and Irons, 2005; Leahy, 2005; Bennett-Levy and Thwaites, 2007; Gilbert and Leahy, 2007). Cognitive behavioral therapists have proposed that the therapeutic relationship reflects interpersonal schemas, earlier attachment problems, emotional processing, failures in validation and compassion, and a variety of processes underlying non-compliance or resistance. Resolving “ruptures” in the therapeutic relationship provides an often essential opportunity for using the relationship as a means to modify cognitive and emotional problems (Safran, Muran, Samstag and Stevens, 2002; Katzow and Safran 2007). In light of the emphasis on “empirically supported treatments” (such as CBT) there is the risk that the alliance in therapy may be foreshadowed by the techniques and protocols used in CBT, perhaps giving credibility to Mahoney's (1991) earlier claim that therapy can become “technolatry”.
Relationship between ground‐based particle component and column aerosol optical property in dusty days over Beijing
Authors: Cheng Tiantao , Zhang Renjian , Han Zhiwei , Fang Wen
Published: October 2008

The relationship between ground‐based particle chemical component and column aerosol optical property in dusty days over Beijing is analyzed. Typical element contained in particles either of Si, Fe, Ti, K, etc. shows a strong correlation with part column aerosol optical properties such as aerosol optical thickness, radiative forcing, and so on. Based on the fine‐to‐coarse elemental ratio, as well as the individual elemental percentage relative to the sum concentration of main elements, simple linear relationships can be established between the ground particle component and the daily averages of retrieved column aerosol optical factors. This method is available to establish a retrieval algorithm to derive the ground aerosol distribution on a larger scale from the column aerosol optical measurements of satellite.
A coastal current in winter: 2. Wind forcing and cooling of a coastal current east of Cape Cod
Authors: Shcherbina Andrey Y. , Gawarkiewicz Glen G.
Published: October 2008

The combined effect of cooling and wind‐driven buoyancy flux (WDBF) on a buoyant coastal current east of Cape Cod is investigated using observations and process‐oriented numerical modeling. Theoretical considerations show that with the moderately strong surface density gradients observed in the Outer Cape Cod Coastal Current, WDBF can substantially exceed the buoyancy loss due to cooling, especially during intense winter storms. Evidence of deep convection associated with strong negative WDBF during downwelling‐favorable winds is clearly seen in the moored observations. A simplified two‐dimensional numerical model is used to illustrate the evolution of wind‐ and buoyancy‐driven cross‐shelf overturning circulation in response to surface cooling and episodic storm events. The simulation confirms that WDBF plays an important role in driving subduction of cold surface water at the offshore surface outcrop of the coastal current font. The presence of the coastal current is also shown to block onshore Ekman transport. As a result, the downwelling circulation in a cross‐shore plane is predicted to have a complex multicell structure, in which exchange between the inner shelf and midshelf is restricted. The downwelling circulation has a major impact on the cross‐shelf origin of cold, dense shelf waters contributing to intermediate layers of the Wilkinson Basin of the Gulf of Maine.
Janus kinases promote cell-surface expression and provoke autonomous signalling from routing-defective G-CSF receptors
Authors: Meenhuis Annemarie , Irandoust Mahban , Wölfler Albert , Roovers Onno , Valkhof Marijke , Touw Ivo P.
Published: October 2008

CSF3R [G-CSF (granulocyte colony-stimulating factor) receptor] controls survival, proliferation and differentiation of myeloid progenitor cells via activation of multiple JAKs (Janus kinases). In addition to their role in phosphorylation of receptor tyrosine residues and downstream signalling substrates, JAKs have recently been implicated in controlling expression of cytokine receptors, predominantly by masking critical motifs involved in endocytosis and lysosomal targeting. In the present study, we show that increasing the levels of JAK1, JAK2 and TYK2 (tyrosine kinase 2) elevated steady-state CSF3R cell-surface expression and enhanced CSF3R protein stability in haematopoietic cells. This effect was not due to inhibition of endocytotic routing, since JAKs did not functionally interfere with the dileucine-based internalization motif or lysine-mediated lysosomal degradation of CSF3R. Rather, JAKs appeared to act on CSF3R in the biosynthetic pathway at the level of the ER (endoplasmic reticulum). Strikingly, increased JAK levels synergized with internalization- or lysosomal-routing-defective CSF3R mutants to confer growth-factor independent STAT3 (signal transducer and activator of transcription 3) activation and cell survival, providing a model for how increased JAK expression and disturbed intracellular routing of CSF3R synergize in the transformation of haematopoietic cells.
Visfatin/PBEF/Nampt: structure, regulation and potential function of a novel adipokine
Authors: Sommer Grit , Garten Antje , Petzold Stefanie , Beck-Sickinger Annette G. , Blüher Matthias , Stumvoll Michael , Fasshauer Mathias
Published: October 2008

Over the last few years, it has become obvious that obesity and insulin resistance are linked by a variety of proteins secreted by adipocytes. Visfatin/PBEF (pre-B-cell colony-enhancing factor) has recently been identified as a novel adipokine with insulin-mimetic effects. Furthermore, an enzymatic function has been reported that reveals visfatin/PBEF as Nampt (nicotinamide phosphoribosyltransferase; EC 2.4.2.12.). Moreover, reports on the structure and hormonal regulation of visfatin/PBEF/Nampt have given further insights into its potential physiological role. The present review summarizes studies on visfatin/PBEF/Nampt as a novel adipokine.
Unoccupied electronic states in an organic semiconductor probed with x-ray spectroscopy and first-principles calculations
Authors: Molodtsova Olga V. , Knupfer Martin , Maslyuk Volodymyr V. , Vyalikh Denis V. , Zhilin Victor M. , Ossipyan Yurii A. , Bredow Thomas , Mertig Ingrid , Aristov Victor Yu.
Published: October 2008

High-quality films of copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) prepared in situ were used as a model to characterize unoccupied states of organic molecular semiconductors. We demonstrate that a combination of high-resolution near-edge x-ray absorption together with first-principles calculations constitutes a reliable tool for the detection and identification of particular molecular orbitals.
Electronic structures of defects in ZnO: Hybrid density functional studies
Authors: Hu J. , Pan B. C.
Published: October 2008

Theoretical investigation of the defect energy levels in band gap for ZnO is of great importance to understand the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum in experiment. However, the “band-gap” problem in the density functional calculations leads to incorrect evaluation of the defect levels inside the band gap. In this work, we perform hybrid density functional calculation, which can accurately predict the band gap width and the gap states, to study the electronic structures of both native defects and doped impurities of Li, Na, K, and Ag in ZnO. Our results show that both the vacancies and octahedral self-interstitials of O and Zn contribute to the broad green PL spectrum observed in experiments. In addition, the gap states arising from these doped impurities are predicted, where some of the gap states match with the experimental values. Moreover, the characters of these gap states are discussed based on the calculated density of states.
Distribution of point defects in orientation-patterned GaAs crystals: A cathodoluminescence study
Authors: Faye D. , Grisard A. , Lallier E. , Gérard B. , Avella M. , Jimenez J.
Published: October 2008

Toward efficient generation of tunable IR signals by quasi-phase-matched nonlinear optical frequency conversion, orientation-patterned GaAs crystals (OP-GaAs) were grown by hydride vapor phase epitaxy on lithographically prepared templates. The cathodoluminescence technique was used to study these epitaxial thick films, consisting of periodic domains of inverted crystallographic orientation, (001)∕(00−1). The distribution of the main defects incorporated during growth is presented. One demonstrates that point defects, such as VGa complexes, can contribute to the optical losses of thick OP-GaAs crystals.
Ancestral Notch-mediated segmentation revealed in the cockroach
Periplaneta americana
Authors: Pueyo J. I. , Lanfear R. , Couso J. P.
Published: October 2008

Through division into segments, animal bodies can reach higher degrees of complexity and functionality during development and evolution. The segmentation mechanisms of insects and vertebrates have been seen as fundamentally different at the anatomical and molecular levels, and consequently, independently evolved. However, this conclusion was mostly based on observations of derived insects such as
Drosophila
. We have cloned the
Delta
,
Notch
, and
hairy
genes in the cockroach
Periplaneta americana
, a basal insect with short germ-band development, and carried out functional assays of Notch activity during its segmentation. Our results show that, in more basal insects, segmentation involves a similar developmental mechanism to that in vertebrates, including induction of segment formation by cyclic segmental stripes of
hairy
and
Delta
expression. This result indicates that Notch-mediated segmentation is the ancestral segmentation mechanism of insects, and together with previous results in the literature [Stollewerk A, Schoppmeier M, Damen WGM (2003)
Nature
423:863–865], of arthropods as well. The similarity with vertebrate segmentation might suggest that Notch-mediated segmentation is an ancient developmental mechanism inherited from a common ancestor of insects and vertebrates.
Computed tomography findings of human polyomavirus bk (bkv)-associated cystitis in allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Schulze M. , Beck R. , Igney A. , Vogel M. , Maksimovic O. , Claussen C. D. , Faul C. , Horger M.
Published: October 2008

Background: Over 70% of the general population worldwide is positive for antibodies against polyomavirus hominis type 1 (BKV). Polyomavirus can be reactivated in immunocompromised patients and thereby induce urogenital tract infection, including cystitis.

Purpose: To describe the computed tomography (CT) findings of human polyomavirus-induced cystitis in adult patients after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (allogeneic HCT).

Material and Methods: The study population was a retrospective cohort of 11 consecutive adult patients (eight men, three women; age range 22–59 years, mean 42.9 years) who received allogeneic HCT between December 2003 and December 2007 and were tested positive for urinary BKV infection. All CT scans were evaluated with regard to bladder wall thickness, mucosal enhancement, distinct layering of thickened bladder wall, and presence of intravesical clots, perivesical stranding as well as attenuation values of intravesical urine. Clinical data concerning transplant and conditioning regimen variables and laboratory parameters were correlated with degree and extent of imaging findings.

Results: All patients had clinical signs of cystitis with different degrees of thickening of the urinary bladder wall. Well-delineated urinary bladder layers were present in six patients. Thickening of the urinary bladder wall was continuous in nine of 11 patients. Increased attenuation of intravesical urine was found in seven patients with hemorrhagic cystitis. Four patients had intraluminal clots. Perivesical stranding was not a major CT finding, occurring in a mild fashion in three of 11 patients. The clinical classification of hemorrhagic cystitis did not correlate with the analyzed imaging parameters. Patient outcome was not influenced by this infectious complication.

Conclusion: CT findings in patients with polyomavirus BK cystitis consist of different degrees of bladder wall thickening usually with good delineation of all mural layers and increased mucosal enhancement. These findings are not specific for BKV cystitis, but awareness of this differential diagnosis should help in the early diagnosis and correct management of this infectious complication.
Role of Long‐chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the First Year of Life
Authors: Agostoni Carlo
Published: October 2008

The 2 most abundant long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the brain are docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and arachidonic acid (ARA), where they have a functional and structural role in infant development. DHA is concentrated in the prefrontal cortex, which is important for association and short‐term memory, and in some retinal cells. Concentrations of PUFAs in human breast milk are relatively consistent during the first year of life, and studies have shown that breast‐fed infants have a greater mean weight percentage of DHA and a greater proportion of DHA in their red blood cells and brain cortex than formula‐fed infants. Furthermore, cortex DHA in breast‐fed infants increases with age, probably due to the length of feeding. Maternal supplementation with cod liver oil, which is rich in DHA and eicosapentaenoic acid, improved children's intelligence quotient compared with corn‐oil supplementation by 4 years of age. The LCPUFA content of human breast milk is affected by a number of factors, including diet, gestational age, parity, and smoking. Supplementation of formula feed with DHA and ARA results in infant development that is similar to breast‐feeding, and may have benefits on blood pressure in later childhood. The beneficial effects of LCPUFA supplementation on visual acuity continue after weaning irrespective of the type of diet. The long‐term effects and duration of supplementation of breast‐ and formula‐fed infants requires further investigation.
Immunological Basis and Management of Food Allergy
Authors: Herz Udo
Published: October 2008

One of the most common allergies in children involves cow's milk, which contains approximately 20 different proteins that can cause allergic reactions. It is well known that children exhibiting signs of cow's milk allergy early in life often go on to develop allergy‐related respiratory diseases; thus, management of early sensitisations and symptoms of food allergies is crucial to preventing subsequent allergic complications. Constant allergen exposure and other environmental factors determine whether a sensitised individual will become chronically allergic and experience persistent symptoms. Management of food allergies in children focuses on minimising sensitisation and encouraging immune system maturation through the exposure of children to exogenous stimuli known to prime the immune system. Hypoallergenic molecules or allergen avoidance can also be used to induce tolerance in allergy‐prone children. Available evidence suggests that the onset of the sensitisation phase and the degree of inflammation can be modulated by external factors such as nutrition, and guidelines outlining the most effective dietary regimen for the prevention of allergic disease have been published. The underlying mechanisms of tolerance induction and the potential benefits of prophylactic treatment for food allergies remain to be determined.
Hypoallergenicity and Effects on Growth and Tolerance of a New Amino Acid–based Formula with DHA and ARA
Authors: Vanderhoof Jon A
Published: October 2008

Nutramigen AA is an amino acid‐based formula for infants with multiple food protein intolerance or severe cow's milk allergy. Similar growth, tolerance, and safety profiles were found in a study comparing Nutramigen AA with a control formula (Nutramigen LIPIL) in healthy, term, formula‐fed infants in a randomised study. Moreover, no allergic reactions were observed in a double‐blind, placebo‐controlled food challenge in infants or children randomised to receive Nutramigen AA or placebo (Neocate). In conclusion, Nutramigen AA sustains growth and is well tolerated in babies with cow's milk allergy.
Pliocene palaeoceanography of the Arctic Ocean and subarctic seas
Authors: Matthiessen Jens , Knies Jochen , Vogt Christoph , Stein Ruediger
Published: October 2008

The Pliocene is important in the geological evolution of the high northern latitudes. It marks the transition from restricted local- to extensive regional-scale glaciations on the circum-Arctic continents between 3.6 and 2.4 Ma. Since the Arctic Ocean is an almost land-locked basin, tectonic activity and sea-level fluctuations controlled the geometry of ocean gateways and continental drainage systems, and exerted a major influence on the formation of continental ice sheets, the distribution of river run-off, and the circulation and water mass characteristics in the Arctic Ocean. The effect of a water mass exchange restricted to the Bering and Fram Straits on the oceanography is unknown, but modelling experiments suggest that this must have influenced the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation. Cold conditions associated with perennial sea-ice cover might have prevailed in the central Arctic Ocean throughout the Pliocene, whereas colder periods alternated with warmer seasonally ice-free periods in the marginal areas. The most pronounced oceanographic change occurred in the Mid-Pliocene when the circulation through the Bering Strait reversed and low-salinity waters increasingly flowed from the North Pacific into the Arctic Ocean. The excess freshwater supply might have facilitated sea-ice formation and contributed to a decrease in the Atlantic overturning circulation.
Mutagenesis of the murine cytomegalovirus M56 terminase gene
Authors: Wang Jian Ben , McVoy Michael A.
Published: October 2008

The murine cytomegalovirus (MCMV) M56 is one of three proteins that combine to form the MCMV terminase, required for cleavage and packaging of viral DNA into capsids. Deletion of M56 from a bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) clone of the MCMV genome was considered lethal, as the mutant BAC failed to reconstitute infectious virus. Reintroduction of M56 at an ectopic locus complemented the deletion, allowing reconstitution of a virus that replicated with wild-type efficiency. However, neither the reintroduction of M56 sequences encoding an N-terminal epitope fusion nor a mutation targeting a region in M56 implicated as an ATPase active site was capable of restoring virus viability. In contrast, a frame shift mutation in M56a, a putative open reading frame that overlaps M56, had no effect on viral replication. We conclude that M56a is dispensable, whereas M56 residues comprising the proposed ATPase active site are critical for terminase function and viral replication.
Ground‐roll attenuation using a 2D time‐derivative filter
Authors: Melo Paulo E. M. , Porsani Milton J. , Silva Michelângelo G.
Published: October 2008

We present a new filtering method for the attenuation of ground‐roll. The method is based on the application of a bi‐dimensional filter for obtaining the time‐derivative of the seismograms. Before convolving the filter with the input data matrix, the normal moveout correction is applied to the seismograms with the purpose of flattening the reflections. The method can locally attenuate the amplitude of data of low frequency (in the ground‐roll and stretch normal moveout region) and enhance flat events (reflections). The filtered seismograms can reveal horizontal or sub‐horizontal reflections while vertical or sub‐vertical events, associated with ground‐roll, are attenuated. A regular set of samples around each neighbourhood data sample of the seismogram is used to estimate the time‐derivative. A numerical approximation of the derivative is computed by taking the difference between the interpolated values calculated in both the positive and the negative neighbourhood of the desired position. The coefficients of the 2D time‐derivative filter are obtained by taking the difference between two filters that interpolate at positive and negative times. Numerical results that use real seismic data show that the proposed method is effective and can reveal reflections masked by the ground‐roll. Another benefit of the method is that the stretch mute, normally applied after the normal moveout correction, is unnecessary. The new filtering approach provides results of outstanding quality when compared to results obtained from the conventional FK filtering method.
Validation of elastic wave measurements of rock fracture compliance using numerical discrete particle simulations
Authors: Möllhoff M. , Bean C.J.
Published: October 2008

We test various methods of quantifying the compliance of single and multiple rock fractures from synthetic ultrasonic data. The data are generated with a 2D discrete particle scheme which has previously been shown to treat fractures in agreement with linear‐slip theory. Studying single fractures, we find that delays derived from peak amplitudes do not correspond to group delays, as might be expected. This is due to waveform distortion caused by the frequency‐dependent transmission across the fracture. Instead the delays correspond to an expression for phase delays, which we derive from linear‐slip theory. Phase delays are a unique function of compliance, whereas group delays are non‐uniquely related to compliance. We believe that this property of group delays has hindered the wider application of deriving fracture compliances from traveltimes. We further show that transmission coefficients derived from waveform spectra yield more accurate fracture compliances than those obtained from ratios of signal peak amplitudes. We also investigate the compliance of a set of parallel fractures. Fracture compliance can only be determined from transmission coefficients if the fracture spacing is so large that the first arriving pulse is not contaminated by reverberations. In the case of contamination the direct measurement of group or phase delays is not practical. However, we demonstrate that in such cases of strong waveform distortion the coda wave interferometry method is very effective for determining relative fracture compliance. First break delays in the fracture set data are related to those observed in single fracture simulations. This means that fracture set compliance can be estimated from first break data if used together with numerical simulations.
The club‐shaped gland of amphioxus: export of secretion to the pharynx in pre‐metamorphic larvae and apoptosis during metamorphosis
Authors: Holland Nicholas D. , Paris Mathilde , Koop Demian
Published: October 2008

In amphioxus larvae, the club‐shaped gland is a tube connecting the pharyngeal lumen with the external environment. The functions of the gland and its fate during the larva‐to‐juvenile metamorphosis have long been controversial. Here we use a fixative including ruthenium red to preserve extracellular secretions (presumably glycoproteins) in late pre‐metamorphic larvae. This procedure reveals reddish, fibrogranular material in the lumen of the club‐shaped gland and in the pharynx adjacent to the gland's inner opening. This finding strengthens the idea that secretions of the club‐shaped gland are exported to the pharyngeal lumen to help form a mucous trap for capturing food particles entering the mouth. We also use the terminal desoxynucleotidyl transferase‐mediated dUTP nick end labelling (TUNEL) assay to study apoptosis in the tissues of metamorphosing larvae. One of the earliest events of metamorphosis is the massive apoptotic destruction of the club‐shaped gland. Therefore, despite some previous opinions to the contrary, the cells of the gland do not survive to participate in the genesis of the definitive endostyle or any other post‐larval structures.
Neurocognitive development of relational reasoning
Authors: Crone Eveline A. , Wendelken Carter , Van Leijenhorst Linda , Honomichl Ryan D. , Christoff Kalina , Bunge Silvia A.
Published: October 2008

Relational reasoning is an essential component of fluid intelligence, and is known to have a protracted developmental trajectory. To date, little is known about the neural changes that underlie improvements in reasoning ability over development. In this event‐related functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) study, children aged 8–12 and adults aged 18–25 performed a relational reasoning task adapted from Raven's Progressive Matrices. The task included three levels of relational reasoning demands: REL‐0, REL‐1, and REL‐2. Children exhibited disproportionately lower accuracy than adults on trials that required integration of two relations (REL‐2). Like adults, children engaged lateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) and parietal cortex during task performance; however, they exhibited different time courses and activation profiles, providing insight into their approach to the problems. As in prior studies, adults exhibited increased rostrolateral PFC (RLPFC) activation when relational integration was required (REL‐2 > REL‐1, REL‐0). Children also engaged RLPFC most strongly for REL‐2 problems at early stages of processing, but this differential activation relative to REL‐1 trials was not sustained throughout the trial. These results suggest that the children recruited RLPFC while processing relations, but failed to use it to integrate across two relations. Relational integration is critical for solving a variety of problems, and for appreciating analogies; the current findings suggest that developmental improvements in this function rely on changes in the profile of engagement of RLPFC, as well as dorsolateral PFC and parietal cortex.
The Gender of Europe's Commercial Economy, 1200–1700
Authors: Howell Martha
Published: October 2008

This essay proposes that between about 1200 and 1700, commerce was rescued from the margins of the European moral economy with the help of a gender binary that took shape among a rising class of European merchant and artisan families. Among this class, a more rigid sexual division of labour was accompanied by a cultural narrative that credited tradesmen with the ability to serve the social whole and charged their wives and daughters with the task of ridding consumption of the taint of sin. The story of the commercial revolution in Europe was, thus, in part a social, legal and cultural history that redefined male and female for a rising class of people and, in fact, helped define the class itself.
The NOS3 G894T (Glu298Asp) polymorphism is a risk factor for frontotemporal lobar degeneration
Authors: Venturelli E. , Villa C. , Fenoglio C. , Clerici F. , Marcone A. , Ghidoni R. , Cortini F. , Scalabrini D. , Gallone S. , Rainero I. , Mandelli A. , Restelli I. , Binetti G. , Cappa S. , Mariani C. , Giordana M. T. , Bresolin N. , Scarpini E. , Galimberti D.
Published: October 2008

Background and aims:  Neuronal nitric oxide synthase (NOS)1 C276T polymorphism was shown to increase the risk for frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD). In the brain, both NOS1 and NOS3 (endothelial isoform) have been detected. The distribution of NOS3 G894T (Glu298Asp) and T‐786C single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) was analyzed in a population of 222 patients with FTLD compared with 218 age‐matched controls to determine whether they could influence the susceptibility to develop the disease.

Results:  A statistically significant increased frequency of the NOS3 G894T SNP was observed in patients as compared with controls (40.0 vs. 31.4%, P = 0.011, OR: 1.65, CI: 1.13–2.42). Conversely, the distribution of the T‐786C SNP was similar in patients and controls. No differences were observed stratifying according to gender.

Discussion:  The NOS3 G894T polymorphism likely acts as risk factor for sporadic FTLD, but studies in larger populations are needed to confirm these preliminary findings.
Isolated Polyarteritis Nodosa of the Genitourinary Tract Presenting with Severe Erectile Dysfunction: A Case Report with Long-Term Follow-Up
Authors: Giannarini Gianluca , Pomara Giorgio , Moro Umberto , Mogorovich Andrea , Fabris Filippo Menchini , Morelli Girolamo , Scott Cathryn Anne , Selli Cesare
Published: October 2008

Introduction

Polyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a rare necrotizing vasculitis affecting small- and medium-sized arteries of multiple organs. Spreading to the genitourinary tract is very common, with invariable involvement of kidneys or testes, but its impact on erectile function remains undetermined.

Aim

We describe a case of isolated PAN of the genitourinary tract diagnosed in a young man presenting with severe erectile dysfunction (ED), debate the critical issues of the differential diagnosis, and provide the long-term follow-up outcome.

Methods

The case report profiled a 36-year-old man who presented with progressively worsening erectile function and was incidentally found to suffer from genitourinary PAN. Extensive clinical, laboratory, and instrumental investigations, including brachial artery dilation test, suggested an arteriogenic etiology for ED and excluded a systemic involvement by PAN. Management featured use of a long-term, on-demand phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitor regimen for ED, and close surveillance with no immunosuppressive therapy for PAN.

Main Outcome Measures

Clinical history data, brachial artery dilation test, response to PDE5 inhibitor therapy.

Results

After 12 months of PDE5 inhibitor therapy, the patient recovered a normal erectile function, paralleled by restored endothelial function as assessed with brachial artery dilation test. At a 5-year clinical follow-up, he continued to have full erectile ability with only occasional use of PDE5 inhibitor, and no evidence of progressive PAN was documented.

Conclusions

We propose PAN as a novel cause of arteriogenic ED, report the effective therapy with PDE5 inhibitor, and confirm the good long-term prognosis of isolated genitourinary PAN without immunosuppressive treatment.