bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neuroenhancement
Authors: Erler Alexandre , Forlini Cynthia
Published: February 2023

Neuroenhancement is generally defined as the improvement of mental capacities.
Such an improvement can be effected via
traditional (e.g. education) or biomedical means. The use of the latter, in particular, is fiercely debated in various contexts. This entry focuses on neuroenhancement by means of biomedical technology, and on its use by competent adults in a non-military context, for non-therapeutic purposes.

There are two main categories of neuroenhancement: cognitive and affective. Cognitive enhancement includes the use of psychoactive drugs like methylphenidate and modafinil to enhance wakefulness and concentration. Other capacities targeted for neuroenhancement include memory and learning, although there is still controversy about the impact of such substances on real-life (e.g. academic) performance. More recent and sophisticated instances of neuroenhancement include interventions such as electrical brain stimulation, and more speculative ones like brain implants. Affective enhancement comprises the modification of personality in socially rewarded ways, the improvement of mood, the removal or blunting of unpleasant memories, the enhancement of motivation, and the modulation of romantic bonds between people.

Prevalence estimates of neuroenhancement are highly variable according to technology, population, and environment, but provide a springboard for thinking about why individuals choose to engage in neuroenhancement. First, there is limited evidence to support safety and efficacy of existing neuroenhancement technologies. Chronic use of psychostimulants, for instance, can present health risks and lead to tolerance. Studies show that even if neuroenhancement technologies were efficacious, there can be limitations to their effects (due for instance to cognitive trade-offs). Second, neuroenhancement raises pressing ethical issues. The issue of fairness looms large in the ethical debate raising the question of what forms of improvement constitute “cheating”, as well as highlighting the need to ensure equitable access to any competitive advantages that neuroenhancement might confer. Several different concerns about neuroenhancement fall under the umbrella of “authenticity”, which pertain to now neuroenhancement affects one’s identity, sense of self, true nature, and sense of achievement. Finally, there is disagreement as to whether the availability of neuroenhancement promotes personal autonomy or contributes to the rise of coercion to enhance.
Subjectivism and Objectivism about moral rightness/wrongness
Authors: Graham Peter
Published: February 2023

There is a debate in normative ethics between Objectivists and Subjectivists about moral rightness/wrongness. Subjectivists maintain that the rightness/wrongness of an action is grounded in the subjective situation of the agent at the time of its performance, where the subjective situation of an agent just is how the world seems from her point of view. Depending on how an agent’s point of view is understood – either in terms of her beliefs about the world or in terms of her evidence about the world – Subjectivists can be grouped into Belief Subjectivists and Evidence Subjectivists. Objectivists maintain that the rightness/wrongness of an action is grounded in the agent’s objective situation, where the objective situation of an agent just is how the world actually is, independent of her beliefs or her evidence about it. There are various arguments for and against each of Objectivism and Subjectivism.
Aesthetics of everyday life
Authors: Saito Yuriko
Published: February 2023

Article Summary

Everyday aesthetics developed as a challenge to art-centred aesthetics that dominated the twentieth century Western discourse. It aims to restore aesthetics to a study of sense and sensibility by following the original Greek term, aisthesis. The arena of aesthetics understood this way includes all sensory modes involved in perception, everything the experiencing agents interact with in their daily life, and the diverse qualities that characterise the nature of the resultant affective experiences.

These expanding reaches of aesthetics raise many issues and challenges. One controversy regards whether people can experience their mundane everyday life understood in its very ordinariness or whether it needs to be transformed into something special. Some emphasise that everyday aesthetics is continuous with art-centric aesthetics while others hold that experiencing the ordinary as ordinary defines everyday aesthetics as a new field of enquiry.

Some criticise everyday aesthetics for what they regard as an overly zealous inclusion of those affective qualities generated in response to popular culture and negative qualities in life and environment. Despite their perceived inability to elevate one’s aesthetic sophistication and refinement, advocates in support of diversifying aesthetic experiences maintain that these qualities’ unavoidable presence in everyone’s lives deserves attention because of their significant impact on the quality of life and society.

Everyday aesthetics is also criticised for deviating from the object-centred aesthetics by including atmosphere, social interactions, and activities experienced from within, thereby jeopardising intersubjectivity. Everyday aesthetics responds by pointing out that actively doing things and sharing those experiences constitute a large part of living, and aesthetic attentiveness is indispensable to the practice of good life.
Coercion
Authors: Kiener Maximilian
Published: February 2023

Coercion is the use of force or threats to control a person’s actions. As such, it is different from persuasion and manipulation, it is allegedly an integral part of the law and the state, and it vitiates consent and exculpates wrongdoing. If someone is coerced into consenting to sex or to a medical procedure, their consent will be invalid (see Consent; Autonomy); and if someone is coerced into damaging another person’s property, they will normally not be blameworthy, or at least less so (see Responsibility; Praise and blame; Crime and punishment).

But coercion raises several difficult questions. (1) What types of coercion are there? (2) Are force and threats the only means of coercion? (3) Does conduct have to be morally illegitimate in order to qualify as coercion? (4) Must the attempt to change a person’s behaviour actually succeed? (5) Is there a single unified concept of coercion across different contexts or are there many irreducibly different concepts?

To a large extent, the philosophical discussion of these questions can be traced back to Robert Nozick’s (see Robert Nozick) 1969 article ‘Coercion’, which has remained the most important modern contribution to the topic. However, the twenty-first-century discussion has also transcended Nozick’s general category of coercion to some extent and started to focus increasingly on more specific ethical and political challenges.
Türkiye'de Romanlar Üzerine Yazılmış Lisansüstü Tezlerin İncelenmesi
Authors: GÖK Betül , DİRİMEŞE Erdem
Published: February 2023

Dezavantajlı gruplardan biri olan Romanlar hakkında bilimsel çalışmalara olan ihtiyaç giderek artmaktadır. Gerek tarihleri ve kültürleri gerekse toplumda yaşadıkları problemler nedeniyle dikkat çeken Romanlar, araştırmalara konu olmaya devam etmektedir. Romanlar hakkında yapılan çalışmaların yetersiz olması, araştırmalarda kaynaklara erişim konusunda problem oluşturmaktadır. Var olan çalışmaların ve kaynakların yetersizliği bu çalışmanın temel problemidir. Araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye’de Romanlar üzerine yazılmış lisansüstü tezleri incelemek, bu alandaki tezleri derlemek ve yapılacak çalışmalarda kaynaklara erişimi kolaylaştırmaktır. Bu amaçla önceden belirlenen anahtar kelimelerle YÖK Ulusal Tez Merkezinde yapılan tarama sonucunda 49 lisansüstü teze ulaşılmıştır. Belirlenen alt amaçlar doğrultusunda ulaşılan tezler, oluşturulan tez inceleme formuna göre gruplandırılarak incelenmiştir. Ulusal Tez Merkezinde Romanlarla ilgili ulaşılan en eski tez 2003 yılına ait olduğundan çalışma, 2003-2022 yılı Ekim ayı aralığı ile sınırlandırılmıştır. Araştırmada nicel araştırma yöntemlerinden doküman analizi tekniği kullanılmış ve verilerin çözümlenmesinde ulaşılan tez sayısı 100’den az olduğu için frekanstan yararlanılmıştır. Yapılan çalışmaların çoğunlukla Roman nüfusunun fazla olduğu illerde yapıldığı ve yazılan tezlerin en fazla sosyoloji, tarih, müzik, İslam bilimleri anabilim dallarında yürütüldüğü sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Open reduction, acetabular and femoral head fixation of Pipkin type IV fracture in an adolescent: A case report
Authors: Bastomi Ismail , Mulyadi Dicky
Published: February 2023

AbstractBACKGROUND Femoral head fracture is extremely rare in adolescent. There are few  studies that focus on cases treated of pipkin type IVCASE SUMMARY A 15-year-old male adolescent suffered a serious traffic accident when he was sitting on the front seat of car. Several hours after accident at the local hospital, he diagnosed as posterior dislocation of the right hip with drop foot , and treat closed reduction immobilisation with skin traction.   After first operation he transferred to another hospital.    Pelvic radiograph  computed tomography revealed a head femoral fracture and large acetabular rim fracture. This was diagnosed as a Pipkin type IV acetabular and femoral head fracture with dislocation. An open reduction Inion Freedom bioscrew fixation of head femur and 4.5 cortical screw fixation of acetabular fracture was performed via a Kocher Langenbeck approach. After 1-year follow-up, the patient could walk without aid and participate in physical activities. The X-ray results showed that the fractures healed well with no evidence of complications.CONCLUSION Open reduction, fixation both acetabular and femoral head is an available therapy to treat Pipkin type IV in adolescent
Modified Direct Anterior Approach for Total Hip Arthroplasty in an Indonesian Population with Primary Standard Instruments of Total Hip Arthroplasty: Our Experiences and Short-term Follow-up
Authors: Septiawan Eko Medio , Laurentia Claudia Bella , Al Mashur Muslich Idris
Published: February 2023

AbstractIntroduction: The direct anterior approach (DAA) for total hip arthroplasty (THA) is a very sophisticated and complicated surgery typically performed using a specialized operating room table and instruments. In our clinic, this procedure was performed with a modified incision to avoid dependence on a special operating room table and we could use ordinary THA instruments. There is an obvious absence of literature regarding this subject.Methods: A total of 31 patients (31 hips) were recruited for primary THAs from January 1, 2020 to December 31, 2021 who underwent THAs using the DAA in the supine position with modified incision. The technical feasibility and early results were evaluated.Results: The orientation of the acetabular component average cup inclination was 41.57o ±6.7o, (23o-57o) and the mean cup anteversion was 17.36o ± 5o, (11o-38o). The incidence of neutral coronal femoral stem alignment were 30 hips (97%), varus was 1 (3%), neutral sagittal alignment were 30 hips (97%), and flexion was 1 (3%). The preoperative Harris Hip Score (HHS) was 57.89 points (range: 17-68 points), whereas the postoperative HHS was 89.97 points (range: 82-100 points). There were no postoperative problems such as proximal femur fracture, hematoma, superficial wound complications, deep vein thrombosis, lateral femoral cutaneous nerve damage, heterotopic ossification, loosening of the acetabular component, loosening of the stem, dislocation, infection, or postoperative periprosthetic fracture.Conclusion: The DAA supine for THA with modified incision may be a valuable alternative in the absence of a special operating room table or special instruments for DAA. This technique also seems to provide satisfactory clinical and radiographic outcomes with acceptable complications in our early follow-up.
Modified Two-Stage Exchange for MRSA Periprosthetic Joint Infection in Total Knee Arthroplasty – Case Report
Authors: RMSN Magetsari , Mulyadi Dicky
Published: February 2023

BackgroundPeriprosthetic joint infection (PJI) of the knee is a catastrophic complication that occurs in 1-2 % of patients after total knee arthroplasty. As the number of primary knee arthroplasty procedures increases, thus will the number of periprosthetic infections continues to be a major challenge with a significant financial burden and physical and psychological morbidity for patients. This report presents a case of MRSA Periprosthetic joint infection in TKA with a two-stage exchange as a treatment.Case reportA 79-year-old woman had a painful, swollen knee with a sinus tract with purulent discharge at her left knee. The KSS Knee Score was 25, and the Function Score was 15. According to the findings, the patient was diagnosed with Periprosthetic Joint Infection by the Modified MSIS criteria and underwent a two-stage revision surgery with rifampicin and ciprofloxacin antibiotic administration.DiscussionPJI is a rare complication, with more than 50% of the cases caused by gram-positive cocci, Staphylococcus coagulase-negative, and Staphylococcus aureus. The treatment of PJI must be tailored according to the patient's clinical characteristics. Prosthesis exchange in one or two stages is the first choice of procedure.ConclusionTwo-stage revision surgery for knee PJI with dual antibiotics of rifampicin and ciprofloxacin is adequate to control infection and reinfection in a one-year follow-up.
Economic Burden of Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Mulyadi Dicky , RMSN Magetsari
Published: February 2023

AbstractTotal knee arthroplasties (TKAs) and total hip arthroplasties (THAs) have been proven to help improving the quality of life of numerous patients and have been regarded as successful standard operations in orthopaedic surgeries. However, there is still a lingering devastating complication in the form of peri-prosthetic joint infection (PJI). This condition can be difficult to diagnose and may present at any time after arthroplasty requiring surgical intervention, often multiple times. Surgical revisions due to infection requires multiple visits and longer length of stay resulting in greater hospital costs. As the number of arthroplasty procedures increases so does the number of PJIs and therefore revisions. In 2010 there were estimated 8 136 PJI cases associated with hips and 17 781 cases associated with the knee and it is projected to grow in 2020 to be 16 584 cases for hip and 48 971 cases for knee. This also translated in the increase of estimated cost from around $785 million in 2010 to $1.62 billion in 2020.
Survey of Innovative Techniques for Speed Measurement of Vehicles
Authors: Bhosale Manoj K. , Patil Shubhangi B.
Published: February 2023

Advanced technology offers various alternatives for the speed measurement of vehicles. However, different technologies often result in different accuracy in the speed measurement of the vehicle. Lack of knowledge of accuracy between different technologies is a common problem for the researcher. This paper discusses the different techniques for speed measurement of vehicle-based on the theoretical study. One of the primary reasons for measuring speed is to enforce traffic speed laws and promote road safety. Speed limits are set to ensure that vehicles are travelling at safe speeds, given the conditions of the road, weather, and traffic. The use of speed measuring devices such as radar guns, laser guns, and speed cameras allows law enforcement agencies to monitor traffic and identify vehicles that are exceeding the speed limit. This information can then be used to issue citations or warnings to drivers, and ultimately to reduce the number of speed-related accidents and improve road safety. Various speed measurement techniques are included such as. RADAR (Radio Detection and Ranging) - this is one of the most common speed measurement techniques and uses radio waves to determine the speed of a vehicle, GPS (Global Positioning System) - GPS uses satellite technology to determine the location and speed of a vehicle. The MIRROR system uses multiple radar units to determine the speed of a vehicle, LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) - this technique gauges a vehicle's speed using lasers. The Speed Detection Camera System (SDCS) measures a vehicle's speed using cameras and image processing methods. On the highway, video streams are employed in image processing techniques to calculate the speed of the car.
HSCT FOR NON-HODKIN LYMPHOMA
Authors: Elias Hallack Neto Abrahão , Castro Renato , Perrini Guiherme , Baldissera Renata
Published: February 2023

Não existe resumo
HSCT FOR MONOCLONAL GAMMOPATHIES: MULTIPLE MYELOMA AND AMYLOIDOSIS
Authors: Maiolino Angelo , Hallack Neto Abrahao Elias , Crusoe Edvan , Magalhães Roberto , Ferreira Marques Nunes Renata , Hungria Vania
Published: February 2023

NÃO POSSUI RESUMO. POR FAVOR ORDENAR OS AUTORES COMO NA ÚLTIMA EDIÇÃO, POIS INFELIZMENTE NÃO ESTOU CONSEGUINDO FAZE-LA
Vendo a China: educação e comercialização informal
Authors: Rondon Rodolfo Polzin
Published: February 2023

O presente trabalho tem início nas escadarias dos shoppings de Ciudad Del Este, cidade paraguaia, elo da América do Sul com a China. Essa cidade integra uma grande rede de circulação de mercadorias globalizadas, vulgo Made in China, das quais trataremos em detalhes nas páginas que seguem. Essas mercadorias circulam por entre o globo e integram culturas geograficamente distantes, compõem paisagens visuais, compõem visualidades. Através das práticas de comercialização, identificamos processos de educação informal, como as próprias mercadorias. É na intersecção desses pontos que pretendemos, minimamente, discutir as práticas populares na comercialização dos produtos Made in China.
PENDAMPINGAN DAN PENGEMBANGAN MEDIA PROMOSI UNTUK PENGELOLA HOMESTAY DI DESA BONGAN, KABUPATEN TABANAN
Authors: Luh Sri Damayanti
Published: February 2023

Desa Wisata Bongan merupakan salah satu desa wisata yang ada di Kabupaten Tabanan. Desa wisata ini memiliki potensi wisata yang beragam, mulai dari potensi alam hingga kekayaan adat dan budayanya. Hal tersebut merupakan daya tarik bagi wisatawan untuk datang berkunjung. Namun, potensi-potensi tersebut belum dikenal luas oleh masyarakat sekitar dan juga wisatawan, baik itu wisatawan domestic maupun mancanegara. Hal tersebut merupakan dampak dari kurangnya promosi yang dilakukan oleh pengelola dan juga masyarakat Desa Wisata Bongan. Berdasarkan hal tersebut, Politeknik Internasional Bali memberikan pendampingan pengembangan media promosi bagi masyarakat dan pengelola desa wisata. Pendampingan ini dilakukan berupa pelatihan membuat deskripsi produk sehingga masyarakat mampu menjabarkan produk dan layanan yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat kepada wisatawan melalui media promosi, baik itu konvensional maupun digital. Kegiatan pelatihan dilakukan selama satu hari yang diikuti oleh pengelola desa wisawata, pemilik homestay, serta masyarakat. Hasil akhir pendampingan berupa pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat dalam mendeksripsikan produk dan layanan yang dimiliki serta papan nama bagi pemilik homestay.
PEMBUATAN MURAL PADA DAYA TARIK WISATA AIR TERJUN GREMBENGAN DESA WISATA BONGAN, TABANAN-BALI
Authors: Ni Ketut Veri Kusumaningrum  , Dinar Sukma Pramesti
Published: February 2023

Wisata Bongan saat ini tengah dikembangkan untuk menjadi salah satu destinasi wisata di Kabupaten Tabanan, Provinsi Bali. Desa wisata ini memiliki beragam potensi wisata, baik itu potensi wisata alam maupun potensi wisata budaya. Saat ini, Desa Wisata Bongan bekerja sama dengan Politeknik Internasional Bali bekerja bersama untuk mengembangkan seluruh potensi wisata yang ada di Desa Wisata Bongan. Kerja sama antara Desa Wisata Bongan dengan Politeknik Internasional Bali dilakukan untuk mengekplorasi seluruh potensi alam maupun budaya yang dimiliki Desa Wisata Bongan. Potensi yang dimiliki kemudian akan dikembangkan dan dikelola dengan baik sehingga dapat dikemas menjadi paket wisata yang dapat menarik minat wisatawan untuk datang berkunjung ke Desa Wisata Bongan. Program pendampingan dari Politeknik Internasional Bali terhadap Desa Wisata Bongan berhasil masuk ke dalam 20 besar perguruan tinggi pendamping desa wisata terbaik se-Indonesia. Tahap selanjutnya adalah visitasi untuk menentukan enam besar perguruan tinggi pendamping desa wisata terbaik se-Indonesia tahun 2020. Mengingat pentingnya acara visitasi program pendampingan desa Wisata ini, maka perlu dilakukan persiapan yang matang. Salah satu hal yang dilakukan adalah pembuatan mural di DTW Air Terjun Gerembengan. Mural merupakan gambar ataupun lukisan yang dibuat diatas media dinding atau media luas lainnya yang permanen. Hal ini merupakan salah satu bentuk dukungan dan kontribusi dalam program pendampingan Desa Wisata Bongan oleh Politeknik Internasional Bali. Untuk pembuatan mural Politeknik Internasional Bali juga bekerja sama Institut Desain & Bisnis Bali serta Dulux Waterpaint. Kegiatan pembuatan mural ini merupakan salah satu wujud pengabdian kepada masyarakat dari Politeknik Internasional Bali kepada masyarakat Desa Wisata Bongan.
A Case of Cystic Schwannoma of the Lesser Sac
Authors: Toh LM , Wong SK
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Benign cystic schwannoma of the lesser sac is an extremely rare condition and only 3 reports were found in our review of the English literature.

Clinical Picture: We describe a 58-year-old man with a large (5.2 x 6.7 x 7.6 cm) epigastric mass with solid and cystic components detected on sonography and computed tomography. Close association with the pancreas, stomach and liver led to a mistaken diagnosis of pancreatic cystadenoma/cystadenocarcinoma.
Treatment and Outcome: The mass was surgically resected and our patient has been well since.
Conclusion: This case draws the reader’s attention to a rare condition that may mimic other sinister lesions, and highlights the pitfalls of diagnosis. Depending on the size and extent of the lesion, imaging may assist in characterisation of a schwannoma of the lesser sac. Surgical resection would still be the end point of management, especially when mass effect causes debilitating symptoms. Surgery is usually associated with good outcome, and tumour recurrence is unusual, provided adequate margins are resected.

Key words: Benign, Epigastric, Neurilemmoma, Retroperitoneum
Postirradiation Sarcoma of the Sphenoid Bone – A Case Report
Authors: Teo Wan-Yee , Tan Henry KK , Goh Boon-Cher , Putti Thomas C
Published: February 2023

Introduction: The development of secondary tumours as a result of radiation therapy is a rare but serious complication.

Clinical Picture: This is a case report of a 45-year-old Chinese male who developed postirradiation sarcoma of the sphenoid bone in less than 5 years after radiation therapy for Stage T3N1M0 nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Discussion: In the literature, the only case of postirradiation osteosarcoma of the sphenoid bone was after radiation therapy for craniopharyngioma. There was no previously reported case of postirradiation sarcoma of the sphenoid bone after radiation therapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma.
Conclusion: This is the first case of postirradiation malignant fibrous histiocytoma of the sphenoid to be reported. Of about 3000 patients treated with radiotherapy for nasopharyngeal carcinoma over a 10-year period in Singapore, only 1 patient developed postirradiation tumour of the sphenoid bone.

Key words: Malignant fibrous histiocytoma, Nasopharyngeal carcinoma, Secondary tumours
A Nationwide Survey on the Knowledge and Attitudes of Malaysian Optometry Students on Patients’ Visual Experiences During Cataract Surgery
Authors: Tan Colin SH , Chen Ai-Hong , Eong Kah-Guan Au
Published: February 2023

Introduction: During cataract surgery under regional (retrobulbar, peribulbar or sub-Tenon’s) or topical anaesthesia, many patients experience a variety of visual sensations in their operated eye intraoperatively. Between 3% and 16.2% of patients are frightened by their intraoperative visual experiences, which may increase the risk of intraoperative complications and affect patients’ satisfaction with the surgery. This study aims to determine optometry students’ beliefs and knowledge of visual sensations experienced by patients during cataract surgery under regional and topical anaesthesia.

Materials and Methods: A nationwide survey of all Malaysian optometry students using a standardised, self-administered questionnaire.
Results: All 129 optometry students participated in the survey, giving a 100% response rate. Overall, 26.4% and 29.5% of the students believed that patients undergoing cataract surgery under regional and topical anaesthesia, respectively, may experience no light perception, while 78.3% and 72.9%, respectively, thought that patients would experience light perception. Many respondents also believed that patients might experience a variety of other visual sensations. Of all respondents, 70.5% and 74.4% of students believed that patients undergoing cataract surgery under regional and topical anaesthesia, respectively, may be frightened by their visual experience and 93.0% and 85.3%, respectively, felt that preoperative counselling might help to alleviate this fear.
Conclusion: Many optometry students are aware that patients might encounter a variety of visual sensations during cataract surgery under local anaesthesia. A high proportion of students believe that patients may experience fear as a result of the intraoperative visual sensations and felt that preoperative counselling would be helpful.
Angiographic Characteristics of Acute Central Serous Chorioretinopathy in an Asian Population
Authors: How Alicia CSW , Koh Adrian HC
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Acute central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) afflicts young middle-aged males in the Western population. We aimed to analyse patient demographics and to determine the angiographic characteristics of acute CSCR in an Asian population.

Materials and Methods: This is a retrospective study of all patients presenting with acute CSCR who had fundal fluorescein angiograms performed within a 4-year period (between 1 January 1998 and 31 December 2001).

Results: The fluorescein angiograms of 128 patients were analysed. The majority were male (109/128) with a male-to-female ratio of 5.7:1. The age range of patients was 26 to 60 years, with a mean age of 41 years. The majority of patients (84%) were aged 30 to 50 years. With regard to racial distribution, 83% were Chinese, 6% were Malays and 11% were Indians or of other races. Unilateral disease was found in 74 patients (58%) and 52 had bilateral disease. The macula was the most common site of fluorescein leakage and was found in 97 patients (76%). Almost half the patients (44%) had more than one site of disease involvement (i.e., multifocal). The inkblot leakage pattern was found in 103 patients (80%).

Conclusions: The patient demographics of acute CSCR in our population were compared to that reported in the West. The gender ratio was similar, with males being afflicted 6 to 10 times more compared to females. There was no racial predilection found for acute CSCR in the local population. We also found a significant proportion of patients with bilateral and multifocal disease compared to the West. The inkblot pattern of leakage was the most common pattern seen on angiography. There were a significant number of cases with bilateral and multifocal involvement, exceeding those reported in non-Asian populations.

Key words: Demography, Fluorescein angiography, Retinal diseases
Bruch’s Membrane Abnormalities in Dome-shaped and Mushroom-shaped Choroidal Melanomas
Authors: Hainsworth Dean P , Sommerville Drew N , Ranson Nicholas T , Todd Kaley C , Gigantelli James W
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Mushroom-shaped choroidal melanoma is known to be associated with breaks in Bruch’s membrane and is more likely to develop when Bruch’s membrane is diseased. The study’s goal is to determine if diseases causing breaks in Bruch’s membrane predispose a choroidal melanoma to develop into a mushroom-shaped melanoma.

Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of cases of choroidal melanoma seen at our institution was carried out to determine if mushroom-shaped melanomas are more common than dome-shaped tumours in patients with macular abnormalities involving a loss of Bruch’s membrane integrity. Forty-nine eyes of 48 patients were included in this retrospective study. A dome-shaped or mushroom-shaped configuration was assigned to each tumour. Macular degeneration, macular drusen, retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) stippling, macular oedema, choroidal neovascularisation (CNV), angioid streaks, disciform scars, lacquer cracks, and myopia greater than -3.00 D, were considered to constitute evidence of potential Bruch’s membrane breaks and were determined in both eyes. A chi-square evaluation was used to compare the proportion of eyes with macular abnormalities in the 2 tumour configuration groups.
Results: The tumour was dome-shaped in 40 eyes (82%) and mushroom-shaped in 9 eyes (18%). Macular abnormalities, indicative of loss of Bruch’s membrane integrity, were seen in 21 (53%) of 40 eyes with dome-shaped melanomas and 5 (56%) of 9 eyes with mushroom-shaped melanomas. The proportion of eyes with macular abnormalities was not statistically different between the dome-shaped and mushroom-shaped tumours, as assessed by chi-square analysis (P = 0.87).
Conclusions: Bruch’s membrane disease does not influence the differentiation of choroidal melanoma into mushroom-shaped or dome-shaped tumour growth patterns.

Key words: Bruch’s membrane, Choroid, Macular degeneration, Melanoma, Retinal pigment epithelium
New Concepts in the Management of Optic Nerve Sheath Meningiomas
Authors: Berman Dalia , Miller Neil R
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Primary optic nerve sheath meningiomas (ONSMs) are the most common primary tumours of the optic nerve sheath. The diagnosis and management of ONSMs have changed dramatically in the last decade. In this review article, we discuss the latest information regarding these issues.

Materials and Methods: References for this manuscript were obtained by searching the database PubMed using the phrase “optic nerve sheath meningioma”. Approximately 150 articles were identified and reviewed. These articles served as reference sources for other articles, books and chapters on the subject. The results were combined with our personal experience, which includes over 100 cases of ONSMs that have been observed or treated with one or more of the modalities described below.
Results: The diagnosis of ONSM can be suspected in most cases from clinical findings and supported by the results of neuroimaging, obviating tissue biopsy in the majority of cases. Management depends on several factors. Observation may be appropriate in patients with mild or no visual deficit or in whom visual loss is not progressing, whereas stereotactic fractionated radiation therapy has been documented to improve or stabilise vision in progressive or advanced cases. Attempts at excision of ONSMs are associated with a high risk of blindness and should be reserved for the rare case of an anteriorly located, primarily exophytic tumour with focal involvement of the dural sheath. Rare patients with acute visual deterioration may benefit from optic nerve sheath fenestration.
Conclusion: The majority of ONSMs can be suspected on clinical grounds and diagnosed with readily available non-invasive neuroimaging. Stereotactic fractionated radiotherapy is currently the treatment of choice for ONSMs that require therapy.

Key words: Meningioma, Optic nerve, Optic nerve sheath, Radiotherapy
Can the Sequential Use of Conventional Silicone Oil and Heavy Oil be a Strategy for the Management of Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy?
Authors: Wong David , Cazabon Sunildath , Ali Haslina , Kumar Indu , Valldeperas Xavier , Groenewald Carl , Pearce Ian
Published: February 2023

Introduction: Densiron is a novel long-term tamponade. Its specific gravity is 1.06 g/mL and as such it is heavier than water and provides support for the inferior retina. As proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) has a propensity for the inferior retina, we used Densiron on a consecutive series of 97 cases with inferior pathology. We hypothesised that the sequential use of conventional and heavy silicone oil is a strategy for the management of PVR.

Materials and Methods: A consecutive interventional case series involving the use of Densiron for PVR cases was studied. Patients were selected if conventional silicone oil and Densiron were used sequentially. Anatomical success was defined as total re-attachment in the absence of any tamponade agent for at least 3 months post oil removal.
Results: Of the 97 patients, 10 patients fulfilled the criteria. Surgery involving Densiron was successful in re-attaching the retina in 7 of 10 cases, with one sequence of alternating light then heavy oil operation, and with one further surgery using silicone oil in the remaining 3 cases. The mean LogMAR preoperative vision was 1.57 and the postoperative vision was 0.82. In 8 of 10 patients, the final vision was 20/200 or better; in 5 of 10 patients, 20/80 or better. The mean follow-up was 19.5 months (range, 9 to 45).
Conclusions: The sequential use of conventional silicone oil and Densiron may be a strategy in reducing the number of re-operations. Our case series shows that despite multiple surgical procedures, favourable visual outcome can be achieved.

Key words: Densiron, Retinal detachment, Retinotomy, Silicone oil, Vitrectomy
Effect of Implementing Evidence-Based Nursing Practices Guidelines Related to Post-Partum Care on Maternity Nurses' Performance
Authors: Oraby Fatma A. , Emam Afaf M. M. , Said Nageya E.
Published: February 2023

Context: Delivering high-quality care that improves patients' health outcomes necessitates using evidence-based nursing practice (EBNP).

Aim: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of implementing evidence-based nursing practice guidelines related to postpartum care on maternity nurses' performance.

Methods: One group (pre/post-test) is studied in a quasi-experimental study. The study was carried out at the postnatal unit of the Obstetrics and Gynecology department of Benha University Hospital. A convenient sample included all maternity nurses working in the previously mentioned setting. Three tools are used for data collection: A self-administered questionnaire includes an assessment of socio-demographic characteristics of the studied maternity nurses, an assessment of maternity nurses' knowledge regarding evidence-based practices about postpartum care, an observational checklist regarding evidence-based nursing practice during the postpartum period, and barriers scale of nurses in implementing evidence-based practices.

Results: The study revealed a mean nurses' age of 33.6±9.867, and 55.4% had baccalaureate degrees in nursing sciences. 60% of them depend on the internet as a source of information. The present study findings a highly statistically significant difference between pre-intervention, immediate post-intervention, and follow-up (p<0.0001) regarding nurses' knowledge and practice concerning postpartum evidence-based nursing practice. The barriers assessment revealed that 84.5% of the nurses agreed they did not have time to read the research.

Conclusion: Maternity nurses' performance in postpartum care significantly improved after implementing evidence-based practice guidelines. The study recommended encouraging continuous educational training programs and workshops for nurses regarding evidence-based nursing in obstetrics and gynecological unit.
Role Strain and Its Influence on Organizational Citizenship Behavior among Faculty Staff
Authors: Saad Nema F. , El sayed Samah Mohamed
Published: February 2023

Context: The quality of university education is highly affected by faculty staff engagement that drives them to go beyond their assigned ‎roles and job description to have Organizational Citizenship Behaviors (OCBs).

Aim: To investigate the influence of role strain on organizational citizenship behaviors (OCBs) among nursing faculty staff.

Methods: This analytic cross-sectional study was carried out at the Faculty of Nursing at Ain Shams University on a convenience sample of 89 faculty members. Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire with OCBs and role strain scales.

Results: Participants' age ranged from 25 and 53 years. 83.1% had high citizenship behaviors, and 68.5% had high role strain. The citizenship behavior and role strain scores were positively and significantly correlated (r=0.253). The multivariate analysis identified role strain score as a positive predictor of OCB score.

Conclusion: The nursing faculty staff in the study setting have high scores in OCBs and fewer scores in role strain. Their role strain positively predicts their OCBs. It is recommended to carry out a similar study with a prospective follow-up design. The roles of leadership style and job satisfaction in the relationship between role strain and OCBs need to be investigated.
Effect of Self-Care Guidelines on Knowledge and Practice of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Ali Rasha A. Z. , Nour Sanaa A. , Abdelaati Inaam H.
Published: February 2023

Context: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a kind of hyperglycemia and one of pregnancy's most common health problems. It affects 1%-28% of pregnancies worldwide, representing approximately 18 million births annually. It is considered a major cause of prenatal morbidity and mortality.

Aim: The present study aims to construct and evaluate the effect of self-care guidelines on the knowledge and practice of pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus.

Methods: Quasi-experimental (one group pre/post-test) design was utilized to achieve the aim of this study. The study subjects consisted of 200 pregnant women recruited from the antenatal clinic. The data collection tools include a structured interviewing questionnaire to assess the pregnant women's characteristics, obstetric history, and women’s knowledge regarding gestational diabetes mellitus. The second tool was women-reported self-care practice checklists of pregnant women with diabetes mellitus (pre/post-self-care guidelines).

Results: A women's mean age of 29.7±5.8 and 1.97±0.91 was the mean gravidity. The majority (96%) of studied women had unsatisfactory knowledge, only 4% of them had satisfactory knowledge about GDM, and 95% of them had unsatisfactory practice about GDM. Only 5% of them had satisfactory practice about GDM before self-care guidelines implementation compared to 90% and 94% satisfactory knowledge and practice, respectively, with a highly statistically significant difference between the two phases (P<0.001).

Conclusion: The study concluded a positive effect of the self-care guidelines in improving women's knowledge and self-care practices regarding GDM. The study recommended regular and continuous health educational programs to enhance women's knowledge and self-care practices regarding GDM with further application of self-care guidelines in different settings.
Missed Nursing Care and its relationship with Nurses’ Perceptions of Professional Practice Environment during Hajj Season
Authors: Alasmari Faisal A. , Ebrahim Ebtisam A. , Alhawasawi Hawazin Y. , Abujaab Hussam Z. , Shahid Mohamed P. , Alduaiji Naif A. , Sheikh Alaa S. , Abo Jaab Mazen Z. , Hawsawei Marwan S. , Fatani Dania A. , Tukruni Amani M.
Published: February 2023

Context: An important factor that significantly affects missed nursing care is the nursing work environment. Additionally, it significantly impacts the recruitment and retention of healthcare professionals and indirectly affects the standard of nursing care.

Aim: To identify nurses' perception of the professional practice environment, identify types and reasons for missed nursing care, and find the relationship between nurses' perceptions of the professional practice environment and missed nursing care during the Hajj season.

Methods: A descriptive correlational design was carried out at seven hospitals in Makkah region. A convenience sample of 463 registered nurse who has at least one year of nursing experience and working in inpatient units was included in this study. Data was collected through an online questionnaire. It included patients' demographic data, the revised professional practice environment scale, and missed nursing care assessment questionnaire.

Results: The result of this study reveal that the mean scores of the professional practice environment and its subscales were 3.56±0.46, indicating a favorable environment. Furthermore, it was found that the overall missed nursing care among the studied nurses was 1.56±0.65, which indicates low missed nursing care. The highest reason for missed nursing care was the inadequate staff (2.85±1.12), supplies/equipment not functioning properly when needed (2.74±1.07), and not being available when needed (2.70±1.10). The professional practice environment statistically significantly negatively correlated with missed nursing care (r=-0.32, p=0.000).

Conclusion: Missed nursing care in hospitals can be reduced by improving the professional practice environment. The study recommends that the hospital and nursing administrators consider keeping good practice environments for nurses to prevent missed care activities and potentially enhance patient outcomes in nursing units.
Awareness and Prevalence of Needle Stick Injury among Nursing Students at King Abdulaziz University
Authors: Almuslami Ohoud K. , Fadul Sarah S. , Munshi Shahad S. , Sangoof Fatmah M. , Mersal Naded A.
Published: February 2023

Context: Nurses and other health care workers, and at the same time nursing students in clinical training, are at high risk for needle stick injury. The main problem is that needle stick injury (NSIs) can lead to an increase in the risk of over 20 types of infection transmission among health care workers (HCWs), and the most dangerous infections are hepatitis C virus (HCV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

Aim: This study aimed to explore awareness and assess the prevalence of needle stick injury among nursing students at King Abdulaziz University, KSA.

Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among a convenience sample of 217 nursing students at king Abdulaziz University. A pretested, structured self‐administered questionnaire was used for data collection.

Results: Most of the students (92.6%) were aware that it is necessary to report the needlestick injury, 90.8% thought that there was a chance of getting an infectious disease from a needle stick, and 47.9% knew that all HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C are of these infections. About one-third of students (32.3%) knew that the most common cause of needle stick injury was recapping the needle. For students' practice, 91.2% and 74.2% wore protective gear while handling sharp instruments and did not recap the needle after use. The mean knowledge and practice scores were 9.43± 2.96 and 1.65± 0.52, respectively. The prevalence of needle stick injuries among nursing students was 14.7%.

Conclusion: The study concludes that a good awareness level of nursing students regarding needle stick injuries. This data emphasizes the importance of increased awareness, training, and education of nursing students for preventing needlestick injuries and reporting the incidence.
A Multi-Sectoral Analysis of Effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigeria’s Output Growth
Authors:   Department of Financial Management Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, Chiwuike Ekechukwu, Finian , Ebiringa Ofoegbulam Thaddeus ,   Department of Financial Management Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria, Gloria Chris-Ejiogu, Uzoamaka ,   Department of Financial Management Technology, Federal University of Technology Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Published: February 2023

This research work examined the Multi-Sectoral Analysis of effects of Foreign Direct Investment on Nigeria’s Output Growth ranging from 1990-2020, covering a period of 30 years. Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is undoubtedly a key source of external capital to many emerging economies. Nigeria is one of the renowned destinations for FDI in Africa. Inflows of FDI in Nigeria are not significant when compared to some other developing countries. This research explores issues pertaining to sectoral allocation of FDI in the major sectors of the Nigerian economy. Technically, it focused on the effect of FDI on Nigeria’s sectoral output growth. Foreign Direct Investment Proxied as FDI is the explanatory variable while Interest Rate proxied as INTR and Exchange Rate as EXR are the control variables while Mining & Quarrying (MQGDP), Manufacturing & Processing (MPGDP), Agricultural Sector (AGGDP), Information & Communication (ICGDP) Output are the dependent variables. The central objective of this research work is to determine the effect of FDI inflows, on Mining & Quarrying (MQGDP), Manufacturing & Processing (MPGDP), Agricultural Sector (AGGDP), Information& Communication (ICGDP) Output and also Interest Rate and Exchange Rate as control Variables. It employed the use of secondary and time series data using statistical tool such as Auto Regressive Distributive Lag (ARDL), Augmented Dickey Fuller unit root to test for the stationarity of the Data, Johanson Co-integration to test for long-run equilibrium relationship that exist among the variables under study. The p.value of FDI on MQGDP, MPGDP, AGGDP, ICGDP are 0.3767, 0.5846, 0.3155, 0.8498and effect of INTR on MQGDP, MPGDP, AGGDP, ICGDP are 0.8015, 0.7097, 0.9200, 0.8426 and effect of EXR on MQGDP, MPGDP, AGGDP, ICGDP are 0.4172, 0.9330, 0.5513, 0.1755 respectively showing that none is significant. The result shows that FDI, INTR &EXR impacted positively on the output growth of MQGDP, AGGDP & ICGDP while, only FDI impacted positively on MPGDP with INTR & EXR exerting negative effect on it. Based on the findings, the study recommends amongst others that government should encourage the inflow of more FDI into the various sectors by creating an enabling environment and formulating strategic socio-economic policies that will enhance the ease of doing business in Nigeria and boost investor’s confidence.