bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of afforestation with Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica plantations combined with enclosure management on soil microbial community
Authors: Deng Jiaojiao , Zhou Yongbin , Zhu Wenxu , Yin You
Published: March 2020

Grazing and litter removal can alter understory structure and composition after afforestation, posing a serious threat to sustainable forest development. Enclosure is considered to be an effective measure to restore degraded forest restoration. However, little is known about the dynamics of soil nutrients and microbial communities during the forest restoration process. In the present study, the effects of Arachis hypogaea (AH), Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica (PSM) and Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica with enclosure (PSME) on soil chemical properties and soil microbial communities were studied in Zhanggutai, Liaoning Province, China. The results showed that PSME could remarkably contribute to improve soil total C, total N and total P compared to PSM and AH. Additionally, PSM could clearly increase the soil bacterial community diversity and fungal Chao1 index and ACE index. Additionally, PSME could further increase soil Chao1 index and ACE index of soil bacteria. Soil total C, total N and available N were the main factors related to soil microbial diversity. Actinobacteria and Ascomycota were the predominant bacterial and fungal phyla, respectively. Specifically, PSME could increase the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Gemmatimonadetes, Ascomycota and Mortierellomycota and decreased the relative abundances of Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and Basidiomycota than PSM. PSM and PSME could clearly change soil microbial communities compared with AH and PSME could remarkably shift soil fungal communities than PSM. What’s more, the soil microbial community structure were affected by multiple edaphic chemical parameters. It can be seen that afforestation combined with enclosed management potentially regulate microbial properties through shifting the soil properties. This study can provide new ideas for further understanding the impact of enclosure on PSM and provide theoretical support for the management of PSM.
В.К.Рентген - гений простоты и точности эксперимента, "Природа"
Authors: Щербаков Р.Н.
Published: March 2020

Вильгельм Конрад Рентген (1845-1923) - выдающийся немецкий физик, внесший вклад в электродинамику и оптику. Главным его научным открытием стало обнаружение в 1895 г. Х-лучей, вошедших в историю науки и общества под названием «рентгеновские лучи». Это открытие было отмечено в 1901 г. первой в мире Нобелевской премией по физике.
АТОМНАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИКА ДЛЯ ПРЕОДОЛЕНИЯ КЛИМАТИЧЕСКИХ ОГРАНИЧЕНИИ ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: КОСАРИКОВ А.Н. , ДАВЫДОВА Н.Г.
Published: March 2020

Купирование роста эмиссии парниковых газов в период интенсивного увеличения энергопотребления перед переходом к постиндустриальному энергетическому насыщению достигается расширением сектора атомной энергетики до 40-45% в мировом энергобалансе. Представлен сравнительный анализ состояния и перспектив безэмиссионных источников энергии, дана оценка объёма инвестиций, необходимых для реализации ориентированной на обеспечение климатической стабильности реструктуризации глобального баланса энергопотребления
КАК ЭТО БЫЛО, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Козлов М.Н.
Published: March 2020

Как складывались и трансформировались понятия и термины нашей специальности Как создавались и менялись технологии водоочистки, какие личности и процессы повлияли на развитие московской технологической школы в XX и XXI веке Какие учёные, научные тенденции и организационные мероприятия повлияли на её становление Поиски ответов на эти вопросы - предмет настоящей статьи.
О КОСМИЧЕСКОЙ РЕНТЕ И ТОРФОРАЗРАБОТКАХ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: РАЗОВСКИЙ Ю.В.
Published: March 2020

В статье анализируются направления развития теории ренты, природной ренты, минерально-сырьевой ренты и арктического капитала. Приводится критический анализ консервативного теоретического подхода изучения рентных отношений, основанного только на положениях классиков политической экономии, но не учитывающий современных реалий эволюции природы, развития общества, науки и техники. Анализируются причины отсутствия новизны в ряде обзоров литературы по проблеме ренты. Рассматриваются новации теории природной и горной ренты. На основе современного научного мировоззрения приводится классификация ренты по критерию источника её формирования (капитализации), закон природной ренты, методология её оценки как сверхприбыли. Показана связь ренты и капитала на основе их классификации по единому признаку. Обоснован аналитический подход при прогнозировании развития рентных отношений в космосе, Арктике, в недрах на сверхглубоких горизонтах Земной коры и других частях ноосферы.
ЦИфРОВИЗАДИЯ В КОММУНИКАЦИОННОЙ ИНДУСТРИИ: ИЛЛЮЗИИ И ТРЕНДЫ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: ГОЛОВА А.Г.
Published: March 2020

Представлен обзор основных цифровых технологий, которые позволяют оптимизировать рекламные процессы как на уровне сбора и анализа информации, так и при создании медиатекста и его распространении. Благодаря новым цифровым технологиям создаются конвергентные продукты, в центре которых находится индивидуальный профиль потребителя, при этом часто именно реклама становится финансовым ресурсом для разработки самих нововведений - об этом рассказывает автор.
ИНФОРМАЦИОННЫЕ МЕХАНИЗМЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ ПРИРОДООХРАННОЙ ДЕЯТЕЛЬНОСТИ, "Энергия: экономика, техника, экология"
Authors: Гухман Г.А.
Published: March 2020

Начало см.: Глобальные экологические проблемы и роль России в их решении // Энергия: экономика, техника, экология. 2018. № 1-12; 2019. № 1-5
Application of Survival Analysis of TB Patients Using Parametric Model: A Case Study of General Hospital Bayara
Authors: Daniel Samson , Lasisi K. E. , Banister Jerry
Published: March 2020

Aim: We evaluate the performance of parametric models, mixture of generalized gamma frailty model with Gompertz distribution and compare it with Cox proportional hazard model that is commonly used in the analysis of TB patients and also by [1].

Place and the Duration of the Study: The study was carried out in Bauchi State, Nigeria from January, 2017 to January, 2020.

Methodology: In this study secondary data was used and gotten from the patients’ treatment card and TB registers from January 2015 to December 2017. The covariates used were, drug, age, marital status, smoking habit, educational level, weight, category, and risk factor. We used AIC and BIC selection tool to select the model with the lowest value and then compare it with Cox hazard model. Data analysis was done in Stata version 14.

Results: The result of the analysis shows that mixture of frailty model with Gompertz baseline distribution has the lowest AIC and BIC value when compared to Cox Proportional model therefore shows a better goodness of fit for our dataset.

Conclusion: We therefore conclude that mixture of frailty model with Gompertz baseline distribution model can serve as an alternative to Cox Proportional Model.
Predictors of the Occurrence of Tuberculosis in HIV-infected Adults during the First Six Months of Antiretroviral Therapy in Kisangani, DR Congo
Authors: Bumba Dieudonné Lobela , Issa Issa Yakusu , Musakayi Daniel Kazadi , Loku Floribert Olinda , Bassandja Jacques Ossinga , Lupaka Dieu-Merci Mbumba , Paulin Mbo Mukonkole Jean , Camille-Rémy Atoba Bokele , Tshilumba Charles Kayembe
Published: March 2020

Objective: To determine the predictive factors for the occurrence of tuberculosis (TB) in adults infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during the first 6 months of antiretroviral therapy (ART) in Kisangani.

Methods: A case-control study was carried out during the period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018. Clinical data were collected retrospectively from patients receiving antiretroviral therapy in the city of Kisangani. Of a total of 1,161 HIV-infected patients included in this study, 58 of them developed TB. The diagnosis of tuberculosis was made on the presence of Acid-Alcohol-Resistant Bacile (BAAR) on at least one biological sample or on the basis of a bundle of clinical and paraclinical arguments. This test is done during the first six months of initiating anti retroviral therapy (ART). Predictive factors for the onset of TB in these patients on antiretroviral therapy were identified using logistic regression analysis.

Results: After multivariate analysis, the independent factors associated with the onset of TB were: being married (OR = 4.456; 95% CI: 1.061-18.713), residence in the town of Tshopo (OR = 7.04; 95% CI: 1.168-42.47) as well as stages 3 and 4 of AIDS disease (OR = 29 95% CI: 4.563-184.872 and OR = 50.8 95% CI: 3.971-680.995).

Conclusion: The results found by this study highlight the need for active TB testing in HIV-infected individuals. Particular emphasis should be placed on the category of patients on antiretroviral therapy who have one of the independent factors for the onset of TB.
Soil Organic Carbon Stock as Affected by Different Tillage Practices under Rice-Mustard Cropping System
Authors: Parit Rajat Kumar , Mahanta K. , Bharteey P. K. , Khanikar H. , Maurya P. K.
Published: March 2020

Management of soil organic matter (SOM) in arable lands has become increasingly important in many areas of the world to combat land degradation, increase food security, reduce carbon emissions and/or mitigate climate change. Soil carbon cycling and composition are essential components of comprehensive agricultural and ecological impacts and forecasting. Soil Organic Matter (SOM) plays keys to developing drought-resistant soils (i.e., water conservation, evaporation and erosion control and soil water infiltration ease) and ensuring sustainable food production. This study was conducted during 2018 (March) after harvesting of mustard at Instructional-cum-Research Farm, Assam Agricultural University, Jorhat-13, to determine the temporal effect of different tillage practices on soil carbon stock in Rice (Oryza sativa)-Mustard (Brassica juncea)-Sesbania (Sesbania rostrata) cropping system under conservation agriculture system. The soil was acidic (pH- 5.4), sandy loam in texture with CEC-6.28 cmol(p+)/100 g, organic carbon-0.92%, available  N-260 kg ha-1, available P-19 kg ha-1, available K-86 kg ha-1. Tillage practices can potentially affect soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation in agricultural soils. SOC stocks of the 0-15 cm, 15-30 cm and 30-45 cm soil layers for each treatment were calculated by multiplying bulk density (g/cc), organic carbon (%) and depth of the soil (cm). Significantly lower bulk density was observed in CT and the control over the MT. While soil organic carbon was recorded significantly higher in MT over the CT and the control. The SOC stocks in MT were also higher than those under CT and Control (P < 0.05). The order of SOC stocks in the 0-45 cm soil layer was MT >CT.
Perineal Rectosigmoidectomy Revisited
Authors: Taggarshe Deepa , Attuwaybi Bashir O.
Published: March 2020

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the long-term results of perineal rectosigmoidectomy.

Background

Multiple surgical options are available for rectal prolapse perineal rectosigmoidectomy (Altemeier procedure) is the procedure of choice in elderly patients and those with multiple comorbidities.

Methods

Retrospective review was performed of all patients undergoing perineal rectosigmoidectomy from 1998 to 2008.

Results

Of 128 patients, 125 (98%) were women; with mean age 74 years. Mean operating time was 76 minutes. Hemostasis was achieved using ultrasonic scalpel or clamp and tie technique in equal numbers. Ultrasonic scalpel use resulted in shorter operative times (57.9 versus 94.7 minutes, respectively, P < 0.0001,) and estimated blood loss (18.8 versus 73 mL, respectively, P < 0.0001) compared to clamp-tie technique. Recurrence was seen in 23 (18%) patients. Recurrence was more after a handsewn anastomosis compared to a stapled anastomosis. Complications occurred in 3 patients (2%: 1 experienced major bleeding, 1 experienced perineal abscess, and 1 experienced postoperative ileus).

Conclusions

Perineal rectosigmoidectomy is associated with low morbidity and mortality. In addition, the minimal discomfort to patient, short length of stay and improvement in quality of life makes this a suitable operation for the elderly.
Successful Management of Advanced Gastric Cancer With Bulky Lymph Node Metastases and Tumor Thrombus in the Portal Vein System: A Case Report
Authors: Yamagata Yukinori , Saito Kazuyuki , Hirano Kosuke , Yoshioka Ryuji , Okuyama Takashi , Takeshita Emiko , Fujii Akiko , Ban Shinichi , Tagaya Nobumi , Sameshima Shinichi , Noie Tamaki , Yamaguchi Takehiko , Oya Masatoshi
Published: March 2020

Background:

Gastric cancer cases with tumor thrombus in the portal vein system (PVTT) are rare, frequently develop liver metastasis, and have a very poor prognosis.

Case presentation:

A 65-year-old man presented to a physician with a complaint of upper abdominal pain persisting for 2 months. Esophagogastroduodenoscopy revealed a Borrmann type 2 tumor, and he was referred to our hospital. Computed tomography (CT) showed wall thickening of the stomach, bulky swelling of lymph nodes in the lesser curvature and along the pancreas body, and tumor thrombus in the splenic to the portal vein. CT showed no liver or lung metastases, ascites, or peritoneal nodules. Staging laparoscopy revealed P0CY0. We planned to administer neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC), consisting of 2 courses of TS-1 and cisplatin combined chemotherapy. However, the second course of the chemotherapy was canceled on day 8 because of influenza. CT after chemotherapy showed no remarkable change, but we decided to undertake the planned operation. Total gastrectomy and pancreaticosplenectomy, along with lymphadenectomy, thrombectomy, and cholecystectomy, was performed. The patient was discharged on postoperative day 12 without complications. Histopathologic examination showed a well to moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma with 45 lymph node metastases. The specimen of the tumor thrombus also showed a moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma. Because he did not want additional chemotherapy, we selected follow-up observation. The patient has remained disease-free for 60 months after the operation.

Conclusion:

We described a patient with advanced gastric cancer with PVTT, who could undergo R0 resection with a good clinical course.
Prediction of Pancreatic Fistula After Distal Pancreatectomy: Is It Necessary to Place Prophylactic Drain?
Authors: Suzumura Kazuhiro , Iida Kenjiro , Iwama Hideaki , Kawabata Yusuke
Published: March 2020

Background

The aim of this study was to determine the predictive factors for pancreatic fistula (PF) after distal pancreatectomy (DP) among preoperative and intraoperative parameters, and to clarify the patients who did not require drain placement.

Methods

Between July 2009 and April 2017, a total of 102 consecutive patients underwent DP at Hyogo College of Medicine. Preoperative and intraoperative data were collected, and the predictors of PF after DP were identified. PF was identified in 35 patients (34%). In the multivariate analysis, 3 factors [body mass index (BMI) ≥22.4, contiguous organ resection, and pancreatic thickness ≥11 mm] were found to be independent predictors of PF (odds ratio, 5.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.9–17; P = 0.002 odds ratio, 6.7; 95% confidence interval, 1.6–28; P = 0.009; odds ratio, 11.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.7–36; P < 0.001, respectively).

Results

A scoring scale for the prediction of PF was developed. BMI ≥22.4 (score: 1), contiguous organ resection (score: 1), and pancreatic thickness ≥11 mm (score: 2) were included in the scoring scale. Patients with a score of 0 never developed PF, whereas PF occurred in all patients with a score of 4.

Conclusions

BMI ≥22.4, contiguous organ resection, and pancreatic thickness ≥11 mm were predictive factors for PF after DP. No patients with BMI <22.4, no contiguous organ resection, and a pancreatic thickness of <11 mm developed PF after DP, indicating that such patients may not require drain placement.
Social exclusion lowers working memory capacity in gay‐men but not in heterosexual‐men
Authors: Paolini Daniele , Giacomantonio Mauro , van Beest Ilja , Baiocco Roberto , Salvati Marco
Published: March 2020

Because sexual orientation is a crucial factor in social discrimination, this study assessed how the working memory capacity of gay‐men and heterosexual‐men is affected by a social exclusion event (N = 88). To manipulate the experience of social exclusion participants were included or excluded from a game of Cyberball. To assess working memory capacity, participants had to recall a series of letters while performing math problems in an automated version of the operation span task. The results of this small study, showed the sexual orientation of participants interacted with variations in belonging such that being ostracized (but not being included) lowered the working memory capacity of gay‐men relative to heterosexual‐men. Implications for research on belonging, social exclusion, and stereotype threat are discussed.
Bifunctional Phosphonium Salt‐catalyzed Enantioselective [4+2] Annulation of Isoindigos with Allenes: Access to Complex Heterocycles with Centerpiece of 4H‐Pyrans
Authors: Du Juan , Wu Jia‐Hong , Zhu Lixiang , Ren Xiaoyu , Jiang Chunhui , Wang Tianli
Published: March 2020

Structurally fused heterocycles encompassing 4H‐pyran centerpiece are prevalent scaffolds with promising biological activities, but have daunting synthetic challenges. Herein, we presented a regio‐ and stereoselective [4+2] annulation of isoindigo derivatives with allenes by bifunctional phosphonium catalysis. This protocol provides a complementary way for accessing complex heterocyclic compounds.

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DABCO‐promoted Diaryl Thioether Formation by Metal‐catalyzed Coupling of Sodium Sulfinates and Aryl Iodides
Authors: Liu Yanpeng , Lam Long Yin , Ye Jiqing , Blanchard Nicolas , Ma Cong
Published: March 2020

A scalable catalytic synthesis method using commodity chemicals for constructing diaryl thioethers directly from sodium arylsulfinates and iodoarenes is reported in this study. In the presence of CuO or other copper salts such as Cu(OAc)2 as well as palladium catalysts, DABCO demonstrated to be essential to promote this transformation. Various iodoarenes and aryl sulfinates were examined and demonstrated the viability of this method. The mechanistic study showed that radical reactions occurred, while DABCO N‐oxide radical can be observed by mass spectrometry. A plausible catalytic mechanism involving DABCO is also discussed, suggesting synergistic reduction of sulfinate by Cu(II) and DABCO is the key step of this coupling reaction.

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Patterns of cadmium uptake and accumulation by exclusion and inclusion soybean cultivars
Authors: Jiao Xiurong , Pan Hui , Zhu Guanglong , Shang Jiali , Ji Zhongya , Ahmad Irshad , Zhou Guisheng , Morrison Malcolm J.
Published: March 2020

In the areas where the soils are polluted by cadmium (Cd), farmers cannot afford to use their lands for remediation due to high demand for soybean (Glycine max L.) production. In order to provide information for safe soybean production and achieve the phytoremediation using the root at the meantime, four soybean cultivars (mentioned as Cd excluder and Cd includer) differing in seed Cd accumulation were grown in a mixed growing media treated with different Cd concentrations (0 and 0.35  mg kg−1) in a growth cabinet. The biomass and Cd concentration in roots, stems, leaves, pods, and seeds were measured at the beginning of seed development (R5) and maturity (R8) stages; accumulation coefficient and translocation coefficient of Cd in different organs were calculated. Cadmium concentration in seeds was positively correlated with the Cd concentration in stem, leaf, and pod. Cadmium concentration in the roots of the Cd excluder was significantly higher than that in the Cd includer at the R5 and R8 stages; however, the Cd concentration in the seeds of the Cd includer was higher than that in the Cd excluder. Compared with the Cd excluder, more Cd was transported from the root to the aboveground organs of Cd includer. This suggests that Cd excluder with high cadmium accumulation in the root and low accumulation in the seed could provide a possible way to develop Cd‐safe cultivars with high phytoremediation capacity when grown on Cd‐polluted lands.
Diffusion‐weighted imaging‐documented bilateral small embolic stroke involving multiple vascular territories may indicate occult cancer: A retrospective case series and a brief review of the literature
Authors: Chi Xiaosa , Zhao Renliang , Pei Haitao , Xing Ang , Hu Song , Chen Jingjiao , Mao Yongjun , Zheng Xueping
Published: March 2020

Diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) MRI is very sensitive for detecting small embolic brain infarctions. Stroke as the first manifestation of cancer is extremely rare. We performed a retrospective study to identify the clinical and DWI features of patients with acute ischemic stroke as the first manifestation of occult cancer. A total of five patients in our hospital from January 2017 to May 2019 were analyzed. We also reviewed the literature and seven case series (16 patients) were included. Most of these patients were aged in their sixties and lung cancer was the most common type of occult cancer. Patients showed various presentations of ischemic stroke. All of the patients showed small multiple lesions on DWI that involved mostly the anterior or both anterior and posterior territories. The lesions were mostly in both the supratentorium and infratentorium, with the mechanisms of embolic and watershed infarcts. These features were useful for identifying the causes of embolic stroke. Therefore, patients with small bilateral embolic stroke, especially those involved in multiple vascular territories, should be examined for concealed malignancy.
Advanced laparoscopic HPB surgery: Experience in Seoul National University Bundang Hospital
Authors: Kovid Nepal , Han Ho‐Seong , Yoon Yoo‐Seok , Cho Jai Young
Published: March 2020

The worldwide trend in surgery has moved from open surgery to minimally invasive surgery. Likewise, the application of minimally invasive surgery in the hepato‐pancreato‐biliary (HBP) field is also rapidly expanding. The field of HBP surgery can be divided into liver, pancreas and biliary fields. Minimally invasive liver surgery is recently developed. However, laparoscopic liver resection in difficult areas is challenging. However, with the accumulation of experiences, laparoscopic liver resection for difficult areas is performed more than before. With more propagation, more and more liver resection will be performed by laparoscopic approach. In minimally surgery for the pancreas, distal pancreatectomy has become a well‐recommended procedure in benign and borderline malignancy. There have been several systemic reviews that show advantages of laparoscopic distal pancreatectomy. The reports on laparoscopic pancreaticoduodenectomy (PD) are slowly increasing in spite of technical difficulty, with several systemic reviews showing advantages of the procedure. However, more PD will be performed as robotic‐assisted procedures in the future. The laparoscopic surgery for biliary tract malignancy is still in early stages. The laparoscopic surgery for gallbladder cancer has been contraindicated, although there have been encouraging reports from expert centers. The laparoscopic surgery for Klatskin tumor is still an experimental procedure. Robotic‐assisted procedures for the surgery of cholangiocarcinoma will be the future. Robotic‐assisted surgery for the HBP field is still not well‐developed. However, with the necessity of more precise manipulation like intracorporeal suturing, robotic‐assisted surgery will be used more often in the field of HBP surgery.
Predicting Recovery and Outcome after Pediatric Stroke: Results from the International Pediatric Stroke Study
Authors: Felling Ryan J. , Rafay Mubeen F. , Bernard Timothy J. , Carpenter Jessica L. , Dlamini Nomazulu , Hassanein Sahar M. A. , Jordan Lori C. , Noetzel Michael J. , Rivkin Michael J. , Shapiro Kevin A. , Slim Mahmoud , deVeber Gabrielle ,   the International Pediatric Stroke Study Group
Published: March 2020

Objective

To characterize predictors of recovery and outcome following pediatric arterial ischemic stroke, hypothesizing that age influences recovery after stroke.

Methods

We studied children enrolled in the International Pediatric Stroke Study between January 1, 2003 and July 31, 2014 with 2‐year follow‐up after arterial ischemic stroke. Outcomes were defined at discharge by clinician grading and at 2 years by the Pediatric Stroke Outcome Measure. Demographic, clinical, and radiologic outcome predictors were examined. We defined changes in outcome from discharge to 2 years as recovery (improved outcome), emerging deficit (worse outcome), or no change.

Results

Our population consisted of 587 patients, including 174 with neonatal stroke and 413 with childhood stroke, with recurrent stroke in 8.2% of childhood patients. Moderate to severe neurological impairment was present in 9.4% of neonates versus 48.8% of children at discharge compared to 8.0% versus 24.7% after 2 years. Predictors of poor outcome included age between 28 days and 1 year (compared to neonates, odds ratio [OR] = 3.58, p < 0.05), underlying chronic disorder (OR = 2.23, p < 0.05), and involvement of both small and large vascular territories (OR = 2.84, p < 0.05). Recovery patterns differed, with emerging deficits more common in children <1 year of age (p < 0.05).

Interpretation

Outcomes after pediatric stroke are generally favorable, but moderate to severe neurological impairments are still common. Age between 28 days and 1 year appears to be a particularly vulnerable period. Understanding the timing and predictors of recovery will allow us to better counsel families and target therapies to improve outcomes after pediatric stroke. ANN NEUROL 2020;87:840–852
Selbstorganisierte künstliche Ionenkanäle für die natürliche Selektion von Funktionen
Authors: Zheng Shao‐Ping , Huang Li‐Bo , Sun Zhanhu , Barboiu Mihail
Published: March 2020

Aufgrund ihrer wichtigen physiologischen Funktionen, insbesondere als selektive Relais für die Translokation physiologisch relevanter Spezies durch Zellmembranen, spielen natürliche Ionenkanäle eine wichtige Rolle in lebenden Organismen. In den letzten Jahrzehnten hat sich das Gebiet der selbstorganisierten Ionenkanäle kontinuierlich weiterentwickelt. Für die Synthese unimolekularer Kanäle oder nichtkovalent selbstorganisierter Kanäle, die zum Nachahmen natürlicher Ionenkanalproteine ausgelegt sind und für die vielfältige, sich ineinander umwandelnde oder adaptive Kanalleitungszustände beobachtet werden können, wurden konvergente mehrdimensionale Selbstorganisationsstrategien verwendet. In diesem Aufsatz geben wir eine Übersicht über die Entwicklung verschiedener selbstorganisierter künstlicher Kanäle, insbesondere ihren Aufbau, das Selbstorganisationsverhalten, die Transportaktivität in Lipiddoppelschichtmembranen, Transportmechanismen, und stellen Vergleiche mit natürlichen Ionenkanälen an. Wir diskutieren die Anwendungen künstlicher Ionenkanäle sowie mögliche Probleme, die das Gebiet erwarten, und zukünftige Entwicklungen.
Adaptive Chemoenzymatic Microreactors Composed of Inorganic Nanoparticles and Bioinspired Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
Authors: Capasso Palmiero Umberto , Küffner Andreas M. , Krumeich Frank , Faltova Lenka , Arosio Paolo
Published: March 2020

The assembly of protein and inorganic nanoparticles represents an attractive approach to generate composite materials with multiple functions. Herein, we functionalize inorganic nanoparticles with intrinsically disordered protein domains associated with the formation of membraneless compartments in cells. These protein sequences, defined as low complexity domains (LCDs), encode intermolecular interactions that drive highly controlled, dynamic self‐assembly in response to environmental changes. We show that the properties of the LCDs can be transferred to inorganic nanoparticles, inducing controlled phase separation that is dynamic and responsive to ionic strength and pH. Specifically, we hybridize magnetic nanoparticles with multi‐domain proteins consisting of LCD domains and a globular enzyme, generating dynamic protein‐composite compartments that locally confine hybrid chemoenzymatic reactions and respond to external magnetic fields and changes in solution conditions.
High‐Pressure Synthesis of Metal–Inorganic Frameworks Hf4N20⋅N2, WN8⋅N2, and Os5N28⋅3 N2 with Polymeric Nitrogen Linkers
Authors: Bykov Maxim , Chariton Stella , Bykova Elena , Khandarkhaeva Saiana , Fedotenko Timofey , Ponomareva Alena V. , Tidholm Johan , Tasnádi Ferenc , Abrikosov Igor A. , Sedmak Pavel , Prakapenka Vitali , Hanfland Michael , Liermann Hanns‐Peter , Mahmood Mohammad , Goncharov Alexander F. , Dubrovinskaia Natalia , Dubrovinsky Leonid
Published: March 2020

Polynitrides are intrinsically thermodynamically unstable at ambient conditions and require peculiar synthetic approaches. Now, a one‐step synthesis of metal–inorganic frameworks Hf4N20⋅N2, WN8⋅N2, and Os5N28⋅3 N2 via direct reactions between elements in a diamond anvil cell at pressures exceeding 100 GPa is reported. The porous frameworks (Hf4N20, WN8, and Os5N28) are built from transition‐metal atoms linked either by polymeric polydiazenediyl (polyacetylene‐like) nitrogen chains or through dinitrogen units. Triply bound dinitrogen molecules occupy channels of these frameworks. Owing to conjugated polydiazenediyl chains, these compounds exhibit metallic properties. The high‐pressure reaction between Hf and N2 also leads to a non‐centrosymmetric polynitride Hf2N11 that features double‐helix catena‐poly[tetraz‐1‐ene‐1,4‐diyl] nitrogen chains [−N−N−N=N−]∞.
Chiral Carbon Dots Mimicking Topoisomerase I To Mediate the Topological Rearrangement of Supercoiled DNA Enantioselectively
Authors: Li Feng , Li Shuai , Guo Xiaocui , Dong Yuhang , Yao Chi , Liu Yangping , Song Yuguang , Tan Xiaoli , Gao Lizeng , Yang Dayong
Published: March 2020

Nanomaterials with enzyme‐mimetic activities are possible alternatives to natural enzymes. Mimicking enzymatic enantioselectivity remains a great challenge. Herein, we report that cysteine‐derived chiral carbon dots (CDs) can mimic topoisomerase I to mediate topological rearrangement of supercoiled DNA enantioselectively. d‐CDs can more effectively catalyze the topological transition of plasmid DNA from supercoiled to nicked open‐circular configuration than l‐CDs. Experiments suggest the underlying mechanism: d‐CDs intercalatively bind with DNA double helix more strongly than l‐CDs; the intercalative CDs can catalyze the production of hydroxyl radicals to cleave phosphate backbone in one strand of the double helix, leading to topological rearrangement of supercoiled DNA. Molecular dynamics (MD) simulation show that the stronger affinity for hydrogen‐bond formation and hydrophobic interaction between d‐cysteine and DNA than that of l‐cysteine is the origin of enantioselectivity.
Study on self‐healing behavior of the layer‐by‐layer assembled polyethylenimine/poly(acrylic acid) film
Authors: Chen Hongxu , Cheng Fengmei , Chen Chao , Li Haidong
Published: March 2020

Many studies have demonstrated that intrinsic self‐healing polyelectrolyte coatings can be fabricated by exponentially growing Layer‐by‐Layer (LbL) assembled polyelectrolyte multilayers. However, due to the lack of controlled self‐healing evaluation methods, the researches on self‐healing properties have remained at some simple qualitative characterization. In our study, a self‐healing branched polyethylenimine (bPEI)/poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) films is successfully prepared by LbL and a new systematical self‐healing evaluation method is developed. The cuts with controllable depth, width, and period can be easily fabricated on bPEI/PAA films through the colloidal lithography and photolithography. Colloidal lithography, as a facile, low‐cost, and versatile unconventional technique, can realize precise and repetitive fabrication of cuts at the same sample and in the same area, which will be beneficial to the systematic study and evaluate self‐healing behavior. The self‐healing behaviors on the different cuts are observed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). The SEM results reveal that bPEI/PAA film could realize damage/healing process for multiple times at the same sample and in the same area. In addition, the self‐healing abilities of the LbL films are related to the damage number, depth, and width of cuts. With the increase of damage number, depth, and width of cuts, the loss of polyelectrolyte was also increased, which lead to the flow of remaining polyelectrolytes were not enough to heal the cuts. This work provides a new route to systematically characterize the self‐healing ability of bPEI/PAA films as well as other polyelectrolyte films.
Introducing four different branch structures in PET by reactive processing––A rheological investigation
Authors: Arayesh Hossein , Golshan Ebrahimi Nadereh , Khaledi Behnam , Khabazian Esfahani Masood
Published: March 2020

Chain extension/branching by reactive processing is a well‐known method to enhance the rheological properties of polymers. In this study, pyromellitic dianhydride, poly(glycolic acid), triglycidyl isocyanurate, and bisphenol A diglycidyl ether were used as chain extender/branching agents to produce branched Polyethylene terephthalate (PETs) with four different molecular structures. According to the linear rheological characterizations, the storage modulus and complex viscosity of modified PET samples enhanced significantly after branching. The shear viscosities of modified PET show a pronounced shear‐thinning behavior and a remarkable increase at low frequencies, which can be an indication of the existence of long‐chain branches (LCBs) in the molecular structure of polymer and broadening the molecular weight distribution. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis were used to investigate the effect of branching agents on the chemical structure and thermal properties of PET, respectively. DSC results show that higher amounts of LCBs lead to lower melting and crystallization temperatures.
Recreational scuba diving in a groundwater ecosystem: Disturbance mechanisms, ecological impacts and stakeholder perceptions
Authors: Þorbjörnsson Jóhann Garðar , Ólafsdóttir Jónína Herdís , Kristjánsson Bjarni Kristófer , Chambers Catherine , Burns Georgette Leah
Published: March 2020

Ecological damage by scuba divers has been extensively studied in marine ecosystems, particularly coral reefs, whereas the impacts on freshwater environments such as groundwater springs is unknown. In the Silfra groundwater fissure in Iceland, a vast increase in diver entries has occurred during the last decade, prompting concerns over potential ecosystem impacts and visitor carrying capacity.

Here, a mixed‐method approach was used to assess the impacts of scuba diving in Silfra. (a) Divers were recorded under water to observe the mechanisms of diver‐related disturbances, (b) benthic material was collected along transects in Silfra and the undisturbed fissure Flosagjá to compare biofilm biomass and zoobenthic communities between and within fissures, and (c) the perceptions and experiences of stakeholders surrounding the dive tourism in Silfra were explored.

Underwater observations showed that 91.4% of the divers caused at least a single disturbance, resulting in biofilm detachments and/or sediment stirring. Diver fins caused the most frequent disturbances, predominantly through fin‐generated currents but also by directly contacting the substrate. Benthic biofilm biomass was lower in Silfra than Flosagjá and exhibited a negative correlation with dive‐use. Some disturbance‐tolerant zoobenthic groups exhibited moderate to strong correlations with dive‐use.

All stakeholders had negative perceptions towards increasing diver entries, but although entry limitation could improve tourism quality, disturbance might only minimally be reduced as springs like Silfra may be particularly sensitive.

Springs are characteristically stable and uniform environments that can be vulnerable to disturbance. Their use for scuba diving should be carefully managed through a holistic approach and an active collaboration between all stakeholders.
Aphid transmission of nanoviruses
Authors: Gaafar Yahya Z. A. , Ziebell Heiko
Published: March 2020

The genus Nanovirus consists of plant viruses that predominantly infect legumes leading to devastating crop losses. Nanoviruses are transmitted by various aphid species. The transmission occurs in a circulative nonpropagative manner. It was long suspected that a virus‐encoded helper factor would be needed for successful transmission by aphids. Recently, a helper factor was identified as the nanovirus‐encoded nuclear shuttle protein (NSP). The mode of action of NSP is currently unknown in contrast to helper factors from other plant viruses that, for example, facilitate binding of virus particles to receptors within the aphids' stylets. In this review, we are summarizing the current knowledge about nanovirus–aphid vector interactions.
Tuning the Interlayer Spacings in Dry Graphene Oxide Membranes via Ions
Authors: Liang Shanshan , Mu Liuhua , Chen Liang , Jiang Jie , Yang Yizhou , Fang Haiping
Published: March 2020

We show the experimental achievement of dry GO membranes with interlayer spacings in the range from 7.09 Å to 8.72 Å, tuned and fixed by salts. We found that the interlayer spacings were dominated by the anions or the groups with negative charges in between the GO membranes. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the highly efficient tuning of the interlayer spacing in dry GO membranes is due to ion‐π interactions on the graphene sheets, together with the steric effects of anions in between the GO sheets. The findings are helpful for extending their potential applications including chemical sensors, nanomaterial devices preparation, chemical catalysis and synthesis, and gas separation.
A Six‐Minute Measure of Vocalizations in Toddlers with Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Tenenbaum Elena J. , Carpenter Kimberly L.H. , Sabatos‐DeVito Maura , Hashemi Jordan , Vermeer Saritha , Sapiro Guillermo , Dawson Geraldine
Published: March 2020

To improve early identification of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), we need objective, reliable, and accessible measures. To that end, a previous study demonstrated that a tablet‐based application (app) that assessed several autism risk behaviors distinguished between toddlers with ASD and non‐ASD toddlers. Using vocal data collected during this study, we investigated whether vocalizations uttered during administration of this app can distinguish among toddlers aged 16–31 months with typical development (TD), language or developmental delay (DLD), and ASD. Participant's visual and vocal responses were recorded using the camera and microphone in a tablet while toddlers watched movies designed to elicit behaviors associated with risk for ASD. Vocalizations were then coded offline. Results showed that (a) children with ASD and DLD were less likely to produce words during app administration than TD participants; (b) the ratio of syllabic vocalizations to all vocalizations was higher among TD than ASD or DLD participants; and (c) the rates of nonsyllabic vocalizations were higher in the ASD group than in either the TD or DLD groups. Those producing more nonsyllabic vocalizations were 24 times more likely to be diagnosed with ASD. These results lend support to previous findings that early vocalizations might be useful in identifying risk for ASD in toddlers and demonstrate the feasibility of using a scalable tablet‐based app for assessing vocalizations in the context of a routine pediatric visit.

Lay Summary

Although parents often report symptoms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) in infancy, we are not yet reliably diagnosing ASD until much later in development. A previous study tested a tablet‐based application (app) that recorded behaviors we know are associated with ASD to help identify children at risk for the disorder. Here we measured how children vocalize while they watched the movies presented on the tablet. Children with ASD were less likely to produce words, less likely to produce speechlike sounds, and more likely to produce atypical sounds while watching these movies. These measures, combined with other behaviors measured by the app, might help identify which children should be evaluated for ASD. Autism Res 2020, 13: 1373–1382. © 2020 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical characteristics and neonatal outcomes of liveborn newborns with hydrops fetalis treated in a tertiary level neonatal intensive care unit
Authors: Emiroğlu Nuriye , Yılmaz Fatma Hilal , Keçeci Ramazan , Yücel Mehmet , Gültekin Nazlı Dilay , Altunhan Hüseyin
Published: March 2020

Background

This study was performed for examining the neonatal results and aetiological factors of neonates with hydrops fetalis (HF) and determining the factors affecting mortality.

Methods

The medical records of liveborn neonates with HF who were admitted to a tertiary Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) in Konya, Turkey, between 2013 and 2019 were reviewed retrospectively. The demographic data, prenatal intervention, clinical findings, and results of the patients were recorded.

Results

A total of 32.6% of the 46 liveborn HF infants had immune HF (IHF), while 67.4% had nonimmune HF (NIHF); there was prenatal diagnoses in 39 (84.7%) cases. Cordocentesis and blood transfusion (n = 14; 30.4%) were the prenatal diagnosis and treatment interventions with the highest rate. A total of 16 patients (34.7%) received in utero interventional treatment. It was determined that the mean gestational age was not associated with mortality; moreover, birthweight (BW), Apgar score and the need for mechanical ventilation affected mortality.

Conclusion

The prognosis changes according to different etiologies of HF. However, despite the developments in neonatal care, mortality is still high in HF infants.
Open risk assessment
Authors: Garrett Brandon L. , Stevenson Megan
Published: March 2020

As criminal justice actors increasingly seek to rely on more evidence‐informed practices, including risk assessment instruments, they often lack adequate information about the evidence that informed the development of the practice or the tool. Open science practices, including making scientific research and data accessible and public, have not typically been followed in the development of tools designed for law enforcement, judges, probation, and others. This is in contrast to other government agencies, which often open their processes to public notice and comment. Lack of transparency has become pressing in the area of risk assessment, as entire judicial systems have adopted some type of risk assessment scheme. While the types of information used in a risk tool may be made public, often the underlying methods, validation data, and studies are not – nor are the assumptions behind how a level of risk gets categorized as “high” or “low.” We discuss why those concerns are relevant and important to the new risk assessment tool now being used in federal prisons, as part of the First Step Act. We conclude that a number of key assumptions and policy choices made in the design of that tool are not verifiable or are inadequately supported, including the choice of risk thresholds and the validation data itself. Unfortunately, as a result, the federal risk assessment effort has not been the hoped‐for model for open risk assessment.
TIGIT enhances CD4+ regulatory T‐cell response and mediates immune suppression in a murine ovarian cancer model
Authors: Chen Fengzhen , Xu Yanying , Chen Yulong , Shan Shu
Published: March 2020

Ovarian cancer (OC) is the fifth‐leading cause of cancer‐related death in women with a pathogenesis involving activation of regulatory T cells (Tregs). The T‐cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain (TIGIT) is a well‐known immune checkpoint molecule that inhibits T‐cell responses. However, the role of TIGIT in OC is not comprehensively understood. In this study, we revealed crucial functions of TIGIT in the development and progression of OC. ID8 cells were used to establish a murine OC model. TIGIT expression was increased in immune cells of OC mice, particularly in CD4+ Tregs. Anti‐TIGIT monoclonal antibodies (mAb) were used to block the function of TIGIT in OC mice, and we found that the anti‐TIGIT treatment reduced the proportion of CD4+ Tregs, but did not affect CD4+ and CD8+ T cells or natural killer cells. Splenic CD4+ Tregs from OC mice were isolated after the anti‐TIGIT treatment, and their functioning was examined. Inhibition of TIGIT lowered the degree of immunosuppression induced by CD4+ Tregs. A survival curve suggested that anti‐TIGIT treatment can improve the survival rate of OC in mice. We conclude that TIGIT enhanced CD4+ Tregs response and mediated immunosuppression in the OC model. Our data suggest that inhibition of TIGIT is a potential therapeutic target in OC patients.
Alternatives to custodial remand for women in the criminal justice system: A multi‐sector approach
Authors: Forrester Andrew , Hopkin Gareth , Bryant Linda , Slade Karen , Samele Chiara
Published: March 2020

Throughout the world, women involved in criminal justice systems often present with substantial needs and vulnerabilities. Diverting vulnerable people away from prison is government policy in England and Wales, but full psychiatric and social assessments are expensive and hard to access. A screening and quick response initiative ‐ alternatives to custodial remand for women (ACRW) ‐ was implemented across three areas of London (West, South and East) to supplement existing court liaison and diversion services, to assess the feasibility of a supplementary custodial remand service as part of a women's specialist service pathway in the criminal justice system in England. Three mental health trusts and two voluntary sector providers offered this service enhancement – a screening and service link provision in three London boroughs between 2012 and 2014. We conducted a service evaluation using routinely collected service use record data. The service made 809 contacts, of whom 104 had contact on multiple occasions. Many were identified as at risk of self‐harm (46%) or had histories of hospital admission for mental disorder (36%), but few were referred either to the liaison and diversion service or specialist mental health services. The largest group of referrals was to women's community services outside the health service (e.g. counselling, domestic violence or sexual abuse services). 180 women had dependent children and 22 were pregnant, increasing the urgency to find non‐custodial alternatives. As well as confirming high levels of need amongst women entering the criminal justice system, this evaluation confirms the feasibility of working across sectors in this field, providing an extra layer of service that can complement existing liaison and diversion service provision. The service was responsive and most women using it were kept out of custody. Research is now required to understand the appropriateness of the referrals, the extent to which women follow them through and the impact on their mental health and desistance from offending.