bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
To be or not to be: legal and ethical considerations in suicide prevention
Authors: Sarkar Jaydip
Published: July 2013

Making potentially critical clinical decisions in complex cases with the real risk of death by suicide is a most challenging job in psychiatry. Sadly, risk assessment and management of harm to self is a largely ignored area compared with risk of harm to others. The legal and ethical challenges are more nuanced, and contemporary training schemes and textbooks on psychiatry have not always done justice to this area, where front-line clinicians require probably most assistance. This article is an attempt to integrate the seemingly disparate threads from legal, ethical and clinical realms to assist decision-making, and it introduces a set of principles for managing these in clinical practice. It refers in particular to legislation in England and Wales, but the clinical and ethical issues discussed are universal.
Messages from Manchester: pilot randomised controlled trial following self-harm
Authors: Kapur Navneet , Gunnell David , Hawton Keith , Nadeem Sarmad , Khalil Samer , Longson Damien , Jordan Rita , Donaldson Iain , Emsley Richard , Cooper Jayne
Published: July 2013

Studies of therapeutic contact following self-harm have had mixed results. We carried out a pilot randomised controlled trial comparing an intervention (information leaflet listing sources of help, two telephone calls soon after presentation and a series of letters over 12 months) to usual treatment alone in 66 adults presenting with self-harm to two hospitals. We found that our methodology was feasible, recruitment was challenging and repeat self-harm was more common in those who received the intervention (12-month repetition rate 34.4% v. 12.5%).
ICD-11 should not repeat the mistakes made by DSM-5
Authors: Frances Allen J. , Nardo John M.
Published: July 2013

Having two systems of psychiatric diagnosis creates unnecessary confusion therefore it would be desirable to achieve increased consistency between ICD-11 and DSM-5. Unfortunately, however, DSM-5 has included many controversial suggestions that have weak scientific support and insufficient risk–benefit analysis. As a result ICD-11 should learn from the DSM-5 mistakes rather than repeating them.
International Contagion through Leveraged Financial Institutions
Authors: Wincoop Eric van
Published: July 2013

The 2008 –2009 financial crises, while originating in the United States, witnessed a drop in asset prices and output that was at least as large in the rest of the world. We investigate, in the context of a simple two-country model, whether this could have been the result of transmission through leveraged financial institutions. The paper highlights what the various transmission mechanisms associated with balance sheet losses are. For realistic parameters we find that the model cannot account for the global nature of the crisis, both in terms of the size of the impact and the extent of transmission. (JEL E32, E44, F44, G01, G21)
Sharing the Burden: Monetary and Fiscal Responses to a World Liquidity Trap
Authors: Cook David , Devereux Michael B
Published: July 2013

This paper analyzes optimal policy responses to a global liquidity trap. The key feature of this environment is that relative prices respond perversely. A fall in demand in one country causes an appreciation of its terms of trade, exacerbating the initial shock. At the zero bound, this country cannot counter this shock. Then it may be optimal for the partner country to raise interest rates. The partner may set a positive policy interest rate, even though its “natural interest rate” is below zero. An optimal policy response requires a mutual interaction between monetary and fiscal policy. (JEL E12, E32, E44, E52, E62, F44, G01)
Sovereign Defaults: The Price of Haircuts
Authors: Cruces Juan J , Trebesch Christoph
Published: July 2013

A main puzzle in the sovereign debt literature is that defaults have only minor effects on subsequent borrowing costs and access to credit. This paper comes to a different conclusion. We construct the first complete database of investor losses (“haircuts”) in all restructurings with foreign banks and bondholders from 1970 until 2010, covering 180 cases in 68 countries. We then show that restructurings involving higher haircuts are associated with significantly higher subsequent bond yield spreads and longer periods of capital market exclusion. The results cast doubt on the widespread belief that credit markets “forgive and forget.” (JEL E43, F34, G15, H63)
In‑service training w kształceniu tłumaczy
Authors: Kuźnik Anna
Published: July 2013

In‑service Training of Translators. Pilot Project at the University of Wrocław

In the Polish education context, the use of concrete translation assignments in the training of translators is a relatively new practice. The theoretical basis for such a teaching method combine aspects of sociology, didactic approaches originating in social constructivism and organizational procedures characteristic to knowledge transfer projects. The article presents a pilot translation project conducted in the academic year of 2011/2012 by the students of the Postgraduate Translation School at the Institute of Romance Studies (University of Wrocław). The project consisted in the translation of a tourist text from Polish into Spanish. The conclusions drawn from this experiment reflect its complex nature, at the same time providing a departure point for future projects of a similar type.
Tłumaczenie jako świadczenie usług tłumaczeniowych?
Authors: Dybiec‑Gajer Joanna
Published: July 2013

Translation as provision of translation services? At the crossroads between enhancing professional realism and serving the needs of the industry in translator education

The paper seeks to analyze the current discourse in the field of translator training, developing in a triad of academic discussion, impact of translation standards and general educational debate. The discourse is discussed from chosen perspectives: empirical research on market requirements concerning translators (Optimale), the EN 15038:2006 translation standard and the EMT competence model. The paper stresses the importance of professional realism in translator education yet argues with ascribing the “translation service provision” competence a superordinate role. The arguments advocating a broader approach, taking into account transferable skills, are illustrated with results of empirical research on the perception of the EMT competence model and an analysis of recruitment competitions for translators in the EU institutions.
Incremental Prognostic Value of Biomarkers beyond the GRACE (Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events) Score and High-Sensitivity Cardiac Troponin T in Non-ST-Elevation Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Widera Christian , Pencina Michael J , Bobadilla Maria , Reimann Ines , Guba-Quint Anja , Marquardt Ivonne , Bethmann Kerstin , Korf-Klingebiel Mortimer , Kempf Tibor , Lichtinghagen Ralf , Katus Hugo A , Giannitsis Evangelos , Wollert Kai C
Published: July 2013

BACKGROUND

Guidelines recommend the use of validated risk scores and a high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assay for risk assessment in non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS). The incremental prognostic value of biomarkers in this context is unknown.

METHODS

We calculated the Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) score and measured the circulating concentrations of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs-cTnT) and 8 selected cardiac biomarkers on admission in 1146 patients with NSTE-ACS. We used an hs-cTnT threshold at the 99th percentile of a reference population to define increased cardiac marker in the score. The magnitude of the increase in model performance when individual biomarkers were added to GRACE was assessed by the change (Δ) in the area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC), integrated discrimination improvement (IDI), and category-free net reclassification improvement [NRI(>0)].

RESULTS

Seventy-eight patients reached the combined end point of 6-month all-cause mortality or nonfatal myocardial infarction. The GRACE score alone had an AUC of 0.749. All biomarkers were associated with the risk of the combined end point and offered statistically significant improvement in model performance when added to GRACE (likelihood ratio test P ≤ 0.015). Growth differentiation factor 15 [ΔAUC 0.039, IDI 0.049, NRI(>0) 0.554] and N-terminal pro–B-type natriuretic peptide [ΔAUC 0.024, IDI 0.027, NRI(>0) 0.438] emerged as the 2 most promising biomarkers. Improvements in model performance upon addition of a second biomarker were small in magnitude.

CONCLUSIONS

Biomarkers can add prognostic information to the GRACE score even in the current era of high-sensitivity cardiac troponin assays. The incremental information offered by individual biomarkers varies considerably, however.
The influence of Roger Corman in Richard Corben’s The Fall of the House of Usher
Authors: Saez de Adana Francisco
Published: July 2013

This article presents a comparative analysis of the movie (directed by Roger Corman in 1960) and the comic-book version (drawn by Richard Corben in 1989 for Pacific Comics) of Edgar Allan Poe’s The Fall of the House of Usher. Both adaptations can be considered unfaithful to the original tale. However, as M. L. Rosenblat affirms in his book about Poe and Cortazar, the originality of Poe is related to the creation of a new effect. This article studies how this effect is represented visually in Corman’s work and how Corben uses some of the same visual ideas to revive this effect. Corman’s work attempts to identify a relationship between Poe and Freud, affirming that they have the same concept of the unconscious. The difference between the conscious and the unconscious is shown by Corman in the opposition between the narrator of the story and the character of Roderick Usher as the director plays with the concept of on-camera (for the conscious) and off-camera (for the unconscious). The same idea is captured by Corben when he attempts to show this opposition between the two characters, including the physical resemblance of the narrator with Poe himself. This opposition between the conscious and the unconscious plays a crucial role in the way Corman develops the movie’s scenarios (with two levels representing different states of mind) and places the camera. This article shows how Corben includes his own contributions but follows the principles introduced by Corman to create an oppressive atmosphere that reflects the effect created by Poe’s tales. Other aspects examined in this article include the use of colour in both works to represent the melancholy, following the ideas presented by Yves Hersant in his essay about the colours of the melancholy, and the representation of the incestuous relationship between Roderick and Madeleine, which is similar in both works in the understanding of incest as an element of the American Gothic, as defined by Leslie Fiedler. Considering these aspects and following the idea presented by Linda Hutcheon in her book A Theory of Adaptation (2006), it can be affirmed that these adaptations share what can be called, in Benjaminian terms, a common aura.
Of fumetti and graphic novels: Film adaptation as a reflexive act – The Bunker of the Last Gunshots and the Autodafé imprint (France, 1980s)
Authors: Méon Jean-Matthieu
Published: July 2013

The formal analysis of the fumetti adaptation of the short film Le Bunker de la dernière rafale (Caro and Jeunet, 1981) and of its stylistic choices, as well as the examination of its editorial framework, offer a basis for a more general discussion of the emergence of ‘graphic novels’ in 1980s France as a term, as a format and as a specific aesthetics. This raises questions about the storytelling dimension of comics and their symbolic and formal boundaries with other art forms. The Bunker was adapted by its two authors, comic book artist Marc Caro and beginner film director Jean-Pierre Jeunet. They chose to use a rigid layout of two panels a page, quite different from the traditional comics-inspired fumetti, demonstrating their attention to the stylistic implications of the layout. The book came out in 1982 under the short-lived and innovative Autodafé imprint of the French ‘bande dessinée’ publishing house Les Humanoïdes Associés. There, the Bunker was published next to works of comic book authors Will Eisner, Jim Steranko, Serge Clerc, Keiji Nakazawa and Romain Slocombe. This eclectic array of creators and works shared a new format – smaller and longer books in black and white – and explored various forms of combination of text and image. The Bunker adaptation thus took part in an editorial reflexion on the possibility of ambitious comic books – the graphic novel. This new approach to comics was looking towards literature for its legitimatization but was also opened on other artistic fields (cinema, photography). Autodafé appears as a capsule of the questions, the possibilities and the ambiguities the ‘graphic novel’ genre and term entailed when they appeared – and still do. The fumetti adaptation of the Bunker embodies this attempt at a spontaneous combustion of the boundaries of comics that still inform some contemporary endeavours.
‘The Fallow Narratives’ and The Pier: Writing for comics within transmedia storytelling
Authors: Fagence Brian
Published: July 2013

Storytelling across media presents a variety of concerns for the practitioner in terms of production and consumption, for transmedia storytelling expands a story across a variety of media within some consistent storyworld, often to enhance and integrate the experience of the audience/user/player. This expansion does not necessarily adapt the same story to generate interrelated narratives within a cohesive cosmos – narratives may be perceived and engaged with separately, and yet may also advance a larger consistent story. ‘The Fallow Narratives’ is a transmedia storytelling project currently being developed at the University of South Wales to explore narrative and the transformation of story across media, and examine what creative writing, particularly scriptwriting, may reveal of its production related media. The themes of identity, memory and perception are explored within each story across the project, told through: Fallow (animation), The Pier (comic), Desistance (video game), The Deep Machine (songs), Observance (journal), dell’ Arte (mixed media), Stain (music video) and The Quay (novel). The Pier tells the story of a boy, Casper Fallow, who loses his younger brother in a late night fire at a pier where they had gone to imagine and play out a Punch and Judy show. It is the story of his subsequent healing and harmful journeys after he is taken to a sanatorium, his release, and his years as a Punch and Judy puppet maker and storyteller. Through exploring the development of ‘The Fallow Narratives’ this article will discuss the process of writing for comics while considering a transmedia cosmology, and through examining the creation of The Pier what this may reveal of comics as image and language text.
Digital comics – new tools and tropes
Authors: Goodbrey Daniel Merlin
Published: July 2013

The medium of comics is undergoing a transition, as digital display becomes an increasingly popular mode of consumption. Portable display devices such as smart phones and tablet computers have provided a single platform of consumption on which comics, film, animation, games and other interactive visual media are equally at home. As comics gradually leave behind the trappings of print and embrace those of the screen, so too do they invite new crossovers and appropriations of tropes from other screen-based media. This article considers the relationship between space and time in comics and how this relationship has changed during the medium’s transition from print to screen. Using the theories of S. McCloud, T. Groensteen and N. Cohn as its starting point, it examines the passage of time’s representation within the spatially based medium of traditional comics. It then looks at how this representation of time has been distorted by the range of new tropes and devices that comics have appropriated from other screen-based media. Key topics covered in the article include: Replacements for the page turn and their impact on the pacing of comic sequences; The infinite canvas and its implications for panel spacing and layout; Multicursal structures and a reconsideration of comic as temporal map; The impact of animation, both within the panel and in the movement of panels; The limits of animation in comics and the foregrounding of reader control as a key element of the medium.
American Splendor and the universal grotesque
Authors: Dawe Ian
Published: July 2013

Harvey Pekar’s American Splendor is infused with trans-generic texts that evoke the spirit of the Rabelaisian carnival, which foregrounds bodily anxiety and sensory engagement. For example, Pekar relates at length his issues with health, food, sex and other so-called ‘base’ preoccupations. There are repeated scenes of physical bodily anxiety, such as Pekar’s struggle with throat ailments and later a cancer, which he presents in such graphic detail that it can be considered integral to his artistic voice. Through this sharing of a visceral, sensory experience, Pekar creates a deeply affecting work to which audiences can relate on a transcendent physical level. The film adaptation of American Splendor (Berman and Pulcini, 2003), with its multimodal and multi-genre form of storytelling, enhances this aspect of his work, retaining much of the physical discomfort and grotesque tendencies but blending music, stage, drawing and documentary film to truly represent the expansive parameters of the original. Most importantly, the film retains Pekar’s ability, through sensory engagement and the grotesque, to reach an audience at their most basic level. This article discusses how the film adaptation of American Splendor, emphasizing the grotesque physical attributes of its characters as well as a multi-modal form of storytelling, demonstrates Pekar’s ability to create a universally understandable mythic universe within a superficially quite personal and specific narrative structure. This, in part, explains why Pekar’s work continues to have a powerful emotional resonance.
A novel method for the direct determination of heparin concentration during cardiopulmonary bypass surgery
Authors: Haselbach Stephanie , Maurer Jürgen , Vogel Vitali , Harder Sebastian , Weber Christian Friedrich , Baykut Doan , Meininger Dirk , Keller Harald , Moritz Anton , Mäntele Werner
Published: July 2013

Background:Heparin is the standard drug for anticoagulation treatment and is used in many cardiac surgical interventions to prevent blood clotting. The anticoagulation status is controlled by various clotting tests. However, these tests depend on parameters like temperature, hemodilution etc. and are thus not applicable for a direct monitoring of the heparin concentration. The aim of this prospective study was to test a novel light scattering assay (LiSA) for the direct determination of heparin concentration during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) surgery and to compare the heparin concentrations with routinely determined activated clotting time (ACT).

Methods:The patient group consisted of 50 patients undergoing coronary bypass surgery with CPB. The coagulation status was monitored by the measurement of ACT, which was performed approximately every 30 min during surgery. Parallel to each ACT measurement, the heparin concentration was measured by LiSA.

Results:For 70% of the patients, ACT and heparin concentration measured by LiSA correlated reasonably over the entire time course of the intervention. For 30% of the patients, an insufficient correlation or even no correlation at all was observed.

Conclusions:This study showed that LiSA enables the determination of intra-operative heparin levels. The lack of correlation between ACT and heparin concentration in a substantial group of patients shows that monitoring of heparin concentration is important. A more precise blood coagulation management, in particular, a precise administration of heparin and protamine, should be based on a combination of the measurement of heparin concentration and of ACT, but not on ACT alone.
Magnetic nanocatalysts: supported metal nanoparticles for catalytic applications
Authors: Rossi Liane M. , Costa Natália J.S. , Silva Fernanda P. , Gonçalves Renato V.
Published: July 2013

This review is focused on metal nanoparticles (NPs) supported on magnetic responsive solids and their recent applications as magnetically recoverable nanocatalysts. Magnetic separation is a powerful tool for the fast separation of catalysts from reaction medium and an alternative to time-, solvent-, and energy-consuming separation procedures. Metal NPs attached to a magnetic solid can be easily carried and recovered by magnetic separation. Some examples of magnetically recoverable metal NPs used in hydrogenation, oxidation, C-C coupling reactions, photocatalysis, and other organic reactions will be given.
Core Concepts: Intestinal Perfusion in the Perinatal Period
Authors: Chaaban Hala , Malaeb Shadi , Stonestreet Barbara S.
Published: July 2013

The transitional physiology during the perinatal period facilitates adaptation from fetal to neonatal life and allows the gastrointestinal tract to assume essential postnatal functions. Intrinsic hemodynamic control in the developing intestines matures as a function of postnatal age. Immature vascular regulation in the newborn gastrointestinal tract is offset by an enhanced ability to extract oxygen from blood, and to some extent by increases in intestinal perfusion. Vasodilatation in the neonatal intestine is near maximal. Therefore, additional stressors particularly during the postprandial period increase the risk of mismatches in the oxygen supply to demand ratio, potentially predisposing intestinal tissue to hypoxia and ischemic injury.
Demographic consequences of disease in a habitat‐forming seaweed and impacts on interactions between natural enemies
Authors: Campbell Alexandra H. , Vergés Adriana , Steinberg Peter D.
Published: July 2013

Diseases affecting natural ecosystems are increasing in frequency and severity, but unless obviously catastrophic, the consequences of disease outbreaks are often overlooked, relative to other ecological processes (e.g., predation, competition). Disease can have profound effects on individuals and can also strongly influence interactions between infected hosts and their natural enemies. We investigated whether a novel bleaching disease affected the survival or performance of a habitat‐forming red seaweed,Delisea pulchra. In addition, we investigated bidirectional, multipartite interactions between this seaweed host, its pathogens, and consumers. Although we found no negative impacts of disease on survival ofD. pulchra, bleaching had substantial, negative consequences for affected individuals, including a dramatic drop in fecundity and a significant decrease in size. In the first direct demonstration of bacterial disease‐mediated herbivory of seaweeds, herbivores generally preferred to consume bleached tissue in feeding trials, and we also found higher densities of herbivores on bleached than co‐occurring, healthy algae at sites where herbivores were abundant. In a conceptually reciprocal test of the effects of herbivores on infection, we showed that simulated herbivory increased susceptibility to bleaching when algae were also exposed to cultures of a bacterial pathogen. Given the high proportions ofD. pulchraaffected by bleaching during peak periods, the impacts of this disease are likely to have important implications at the population level. This work highlights complex interactions between habitat‐forming organisms and their natural enemies and further emphasizes the need to consider disease in ecological research.
Relative importance of habitat use, range expansion, and speciation in local species diversity of Anolis lizards in Cuba
Authors: Cádiz Antonio , Nagata Nobuaki , Katabuchi Masatoshi , Díaz Luis M. , Echenique-Díaz Lázaro M. , Akashi Hiroshi D. , Makino Takashi , Kawata Masakado
Published: July 2013

Variations in species richness of local assemblages may be explained by local ecological processes or large‐scale evolutionary and biogeographical processes. In Anolis lizards, species with different ecomorphs can coexist by occupying different niches. In addition, several species with the same ecomorph (e.g., trunk‐ground) can coexist, and the number of trunk‐ground anole species varies among local species assemblages. In this study, we assessed the importance of ecological interactions, number of speciation events, and range expansion for local and regional species diversity of these lizards. We examined the species richness and thermal microhabitat partitioning (considered to be a measure of ecological interaction) of 12 trunk‐ground anole species in 11 local assemblages in Cuba. The results indicated that the phylogenetic structure of trunk‐ground anole lizard assemblages was random. However, there was an overdispersion of preferences for thermal microhabitat use, which indicates that differences in microhabitat use are likely to occur within assemblages. We suggest that the number of speciation events within regions and the number of sympatrically coexisting species increases species richness at the local level. Migration appeared to be limited, leading to the range expansion of only three species with different thermal requirements. The thermal niches of species were conserved within Anolis allogus clade, whereas species within the Anolis homolechis and Anolis sagrei clades tended to change their thermal niches. Our results suggest that the species composition and richness in local assemblages could be explained by evolutionary history (the number of speciation events and limits to range expansion) and ecological processes (habitat partitioning). Of the ecological factors, the number of thermal (microhabitat use) and structural niches (e.g., vegetation) could limit the potential number of coexisting species within a local assemblage.
The Influence of Polymer‐Coated Urea and Urea Fertilizer Mixtures on Spring Wheat Protein Concentrations and Economic Returns
Authors: Farmaha Bhupinder Singh , Sims Albert L.
Published: July 2013

The economic benefit of using controlled‐release N fertilizers on hard red spring wheat (HRSW, Triticum aestivum L.) depends on its cost/price ratio, grain yield, and availability of discount and/or premium prices for protein concentration. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of five different proportions (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) of polymer‐coated urea (PCU) in the N fertilizer mixture applied at three different N rates on (i) HRSW grain yield and protein concentration and (ii) whole‐plant dry matter and total N accumulation, and (iii) also to perform an economic analysis. As the proportion of PCU in the fertilizer mixture increased, the grain yield decreased in Environment 1 and remained the same in Environment 2. Cool dry conditions in Environment 1 delayed N release from PCU causing N deficiencies during the critical yield‐development phase and resulting in lower grain yield as the PCU proportion increased. In contrast, this was not the case in Environment 2. As the proportion of PCU in the fertilizer mixture increased, protein concentrations increased in both environments indicating that PCU increases soil‐N availability later in the growing season, regardless of the early season weather conditions. The proportion of PCU in the fertilizer mixture did not affect total N accumulation and post‐harvest soil NO3–N concentrations. The results of this study suggest that adding a portion of PCU in the fertilizer mixture can increase HRSW grain protein concentration and provide economic benefits to producers if discount prices are around $20 per Mg or greater.
Long‐Term Tillage and Crop Sequence Effects on Wheat Grain Yield and Quality
Authors: Amato Gaetano , Ruisi Paolo , Frenda Alfonso S. , Di Miceli Giuseppe , Saia Sergio , Plaia Antonella , Giambalvo Dario
Published: July 2013

Much research around the world has compared the performance of cereals grown under conventional and conservation tillage systems; however, relatively few long‐term experiments have been conducted in Mediterranean areas, and little attention has been given to interactions among tillage techniques and other system components across space and time. In this study, we investigated the effects of the long‐term (18‐yr) use of three tillage techniques (conventional tillage, CT; reduced tillage, RT; and no‐till, NT) on wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) grain yield and quality within three crop sequences: continuous wheat, faba bean (Vicia faba L.)–wheat, and berseem clover (Trifolium alexandrinum L.)–wheat. In addition, we investigated the effects of climatic variability on the treatments and evaluated whether cumulative effects occurred from continuous treatment. On average, NT resulted in a grain yield advantage over CT when water stress was high and, conversely, a disadvantage when water stress was low. The effect of the tillage system on grain yield varied by crop sequence. Grain yield differences between NT and CT when wheat was grown after faba bean or berseem clover were explained primarily by climatic variability without a cumulative effect over time. In contrast, in continuous wheat, NT resulted in a progressive decrease in grain yield compared with CT. On average, wheat grain protein content varied significantly by tillage system (CT > RT > NT). This suggests that fertilizer N requirements increase with NT compared with CT because of changes in N cycling that lead to a reduction in plant‐available soil N.
Using the CSM‐CROPGRO‐Peanut Model to Simulate Late Leaf Spot Effects on Peanut Cultivars of Differing Resistance
Authors: Singh Maninder P. , Erickson John E. , Boote Kenneth J. , Jones James W. , Tillman Barry L. , van Bruggen Ariena H. C.
Published: July 2013

Late leaf spot (LLS) caused by Cercosporidium personatum (Berk. and Curt.) Deighton leads to significant reductions in peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) yield worldwide. This study was conducted to improve the mechanisms and methods by which LLS effects on defoliation and photosynthesis are linked to the CSM‐CROPGRO‐Peanut model for simulating growth and yield reductions in peanut cultivars. Field experiments were conducted in 2008 and 2009 to collect data on the effects of LLS on biomass accumulation and partitioning, leaf necrosis and defoliation, and total canopy photosynthesis (TCP) in peanut cultivars with more (York) and less (Carver) quantitative resistance to LLS. After incorporating LLS damage as defoliation percentage and necrotic area, the model accurately simulated crop growth and development for both cultivars despite different disease dynamics. Simulated TCP and leaf, total crop, and pod yield values were in good agreement with measured data. A modification in the model code to directly reduce leaf photosynthesis and quantum efficiency according to empirical observations resulted in improved simulations of LLS effects on growth and yield. Correlations among measured defoliation and necrotic area with disease ratings indicated that visual disease ratings could be successfully used to estimate necrosis and defoliation for model inputs. Results indicated that the CSM‐CROPGRO‐Peanut model has adequate capability to simulate LLS effects on growth and yield in peanut cultivars with differing levels of resistance to LLS when inputs on canopy necrotic area and defoliation are provided.
Inheritance of Stem Fasciation and Its Effect on Some Agronomic Traits of Cowpea
Authors: Porbeni J. , Fawole I.
Published: July 2013

Cowpea [Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp] is a major source of dietary protein for many people in the tropics. It is affected by pests and diseases throughout its life cycle and during storage, with yield losses up to 100% in Africa. Stem fasciation in this study was genetic in origin and had an important influence on agronomic traits. A fasciated stem mutant was crossed to three normal stem lines. Six generations comprising parents, F1, F2, and BC were produced and planted on the field at the Teaching and Research Farm of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria. Data were collected on phenotypic traits and the following quantitative traits: days to flowering and ripe pod and seed traits. Data on the experiments were analyzed using χ 2, mean, standard error, and correlation analysis. The fasciated stem mutant segregated in the ratio 3normal stem: 1fasciated stem, thus indicating that the traits were controlled by monogenic recessive genes. The gene symbol fas‐2 was assigned to its recessive condition. Number of days to fasciation was negatively correlated with pod length in two crosses (−0.34, −0.23; mean significant at < 0.01 probability level). The fasciated plant in this study displayed delayed maturity, increased plant height, and greatly decreased seed yields.
Diversity and Population Structure of Common Bean from Brazil
Authors: Blair Matthew W. , Brondani Rosana V. P. , Díaz Lucy M. , Del Peloso Maria J.
Published: July 2013

Brazil is arguably the world's largest bean producing country and the crop is an important cultural and nutritional component of food in this part of South America. Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is cultivated in almost all Brazilian states by small and large producers in diverse production systems and holds great economic and social standing. The goal of this study was to evaluate a collection of 362 common bean landraces and cultivars from Brazil to determine the genetic diversity found in different regions of the country. We performed principal component and population structure analyses so as to understand the subgroups and races found in Brazil. The optimum number of subgroups in the Brazilian germplasm was found to be K = 5 and at this level, the Mesoamerican genepool was subdivided into four subgroups, which remained separate from the Andean subgroup (A1). The M2 and M3 subgroups presented high diversity and high levels of allele mixing between genepools. Subgroup and genepool identities were confirmed by morphological traits such as seed size and phaseolin protein types. Allele switching between the genepools was common for growth habits and phaseolin. The association of the subgroups with commercial classes of Brazilian beans (Carioca, Preto, Rosinha, and Roxinho Mesoamerican types or Jalo and Roxo Andean types) is discussed as is the potential for specific subraces among the germplasm in Brazil.
Phenotypic Characterization and Genetic Analysis of Rice with Pubescent Leaves and Glabrous Hulls (PLgh)
Authors: Hu Biaolin , Wan Yong , Li Xia , Zhang Fantao , Yan Wengui , Xie Jiankun
Published: July 2013

Pubescence (hairs or trichomes) of leaves is advantageous against biotic and abiotic stress, and that of hulls is disadvantageous as it interferes with field operations, such as harvesting and processing. Previous phenotypic and genotypic studies on rice (Oryza sativa L.) pubescence used materials that had pubescent or glabrous leaves and hulls. From the National Small Grains Collection (NSGC), two accessions with pubescent leaves and glabrous hulls (PLgh) were identified. These PLgh accessions had more, longer, and softer trichomes on the leaves than traditional pubescent materials. Our objective was to study the inheritance of the PLgh trait. Crosses of PLgh plants with a genotype having glabrous leaves and hulls showed that leaf pubescence in the PLgh material was controlled by a dominant gene because no segregation for glabrous hull in F2 generation occurred. Chi‐square values for 3:1 pubescent leaf and glabrous hull:glabrous leaf and hull F2 ratio were 0.283 (P = 0.626) and 0.919 (P = 0.338) in two PLgh crosses, Wells × IARI 6184B and Wells × Padi Pohon Batu, respectively. However, in crosses of PLgh with three genotypes (You I B, Rondo, and Xieqingzao B) having pubescent leaves and hulls, an F2 ratio of 12:3:1 pubescent leaf and hull:pubescent leaf and glabrous hull:glabrous leaf and hull was found in most cases, suggesting two genes were involved in the inheritance. Use of the PLgh germplasm (pubescent leaves) in rice breeding should be advantageous as a defense mechanism against biotic and abiotic stresses while avoiding the disadvantages of pubescent hulls in transportation and storage.
Genomic, Marker‐Assisted, and Pedigree‐BLUP Selection Methods for β‐Glucan Concentration in Elite Oat
Authors: Asoro Franco G. , Newell Mark A. , Beavis William D. , Scott M. Paul , Tinker Nicholas A. , Jannink Jean‐Luc
Published: July 2013

β‐glucan, a soluble fiber found in oat (Avena sativa L.) grain, is good for human health, and selection for higher levels of this compound is regarded as an important breeding objective. Recent advances in oat DNA markers present an opportunity to investigate new selection methods for polygenic traits such as β‐glucan concentration. Our objectives in this study were to compare genomic, marker‐assisted, and best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP)–based phenotypic selection for short‐term response to selection and ability to maintain genetic variance for β‐glucan concentration. Starting with a collection of 446 elite oat lines from North America, each method was conducted for two cycles. The average β‐glucan concentration increased from 4.57 g/100 g in Cycle 0 to between 6.66 and 6.88 g/100 g over the two cycles. The averages of marker‐based selection methods in Cycle 2 were greater than those of phenotypic selection (P < 0.08). Progenies with the highest β‐glucan came from the marker‐based selection methods. Marker‐assisted selection (MAS) for higher β‐glucan concentration resulted in a later heading date. We also found that marker‐based selection methods maintained greater genetic variance than did BLUP phenotypic selection, potentially enabling greater future selection gains. Overall, the results of these experiments suggest that genomic selection is a superior method for selecting a polygenic complex trait like β‐glucan concentration.
Wheatgrass–Wheat Partial Amphiploids as a Novel Source of Stem Rust and Fusarium Head Blight Resistance
Authors: Turner M. K. , DeHaan L. R. , Jin Y. , Anderson J. A.
Published: July 2013

Perennial wheatgrasses (Thinopyrum spp.) are recognized sources of genetic variation for annual wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) improvement. Amphiploid lines made by crossing Thinopyrum spp. and T. aestivum (common wheat) can increase resilience of wheat to pathogens and abiotic stress. However, lack of pairing between chromosomes of Thinopyrum and Triticum species reduces genome stability, seed set, and perenniality. Fifty‐two wheat–wheatgrass amphiploids from the perennials Thinopyrum intermedium (Host) Barkworth & D. R. Dewey, Thinopyrum ponticum (Podp.) Barkworth & D. R. Dewey, and Thinopyrum junceum (L.) Á. Löve crossed with the annuals T. aestivum, Triticum turgidum L. subsp. carthlicum (Nevski) Á. Löve & D. Löve (syn. Triticum carthlicum Nevski), and Triticum turgidum subsp. durum (Desf.) Husn, were screened for wheat stem rust (caused by Puccinia graminis) and Fusarium head blight (FHB) (caused by Fusarium graminearum) reaction and evaluated for winter hardiness and perenniality. Twenty‐four of 48 amphiploid lines were resistant to all stem rust races screened, including TTKSK (syn. Ug99), TRTTF, and common U.S. races. Of the 30 amphiploid lines point inoculated with F. graminearum, 21 were resistant based on the percentage of infected spikelets and the percent of visually scabby kernels. Three sources each of potentially novel stem rust and uncharacterized FHB resistance were identified and may be useful for wheat improvement. Two lines showed perenniality in Minnesota and may be valuable as cold‐tolerant perennial wheat germplasm. Seven lines representing two families showed potential genetic stability based on chromosome counts and seed production.
Strategies to Control Competition to Strip‐Planted Legume in a Warm‐Season Grass Pasture
Authors: Castillo Miguel S. , Sollenberger Lynn E. , Ferrell Jason A. , Blount Ann R. , Williams Mary J. , Mackowiak Cheryl L.
Published: July 2013

Planting rhizoma peanut (RP) (Arachis glabrata Benth.) in tilled strips in existing bahiagrass (Paspalum notatum Flüggé) pastures may be an option for establishing legume–grass mixtures in the U.S. Gulf Coast, but management during establishment is not well defined. The objectives were to determine the effect of weed control strategies and N fertilizer on RP establishment in the strip. Treatments were the factorial combinations of six weed control strategies—(i) control (no herbicide and no mowing), (ii) mowing (every 28 d to 10‐cm stubble height), or a single application of herbicides (kg a.i. ha−1) (iii) pendimethalin (0.93), (iv) clethodim (0.10), (v) imazapic (0.07), or (vi) imazapic (0.07) plus 2,4‐D amine (0.28)—and two N rates (0 and 50 kg ha−1 yr−1). Cover (approximately 31%) and frequency (approximately 70%) of RP were not different in imazapic and imazapic plus 2,4‐D treatments, but they were greater than in the other treatments (<10 and 25%, respectively). Light reaching the level of RP in the canopy in imazapic and imazapic plus 2,4‐D treatments was ≥96% of incident light until July and was consistently greater than the other treatments. Nitrogen fertilization following herbicide treatment increased RP cover by 10 percentage points for imazapic and imazapic plus 2,4‐D. Results indicate that imazapic or imazapic plus 2,4‐D offer sufficient control of weed competition to improve establishment of strip‐planted RP, and application of 50 kg N ha−1 increases RP establishment if grass and weed competition is controlled.
Planting Date and Delayed Harvest Effects on Soybean Seed Composition
Authors: Jaureguy Luciano M. , Ledesma Rodriguez Fernando , Zhang Lili , Chen Pengyin , Brye Kristofor , Oosterhuis Derrick , Mauromoustakos Andy , Clark John R.
Published: July 2013

Information on crop management practices that may help maximize farm profit is valuable. Because planting date determines the environment to which the crop is exposed during the growing season, it can also have a significant impact on seed composition. In this study, the effects of planting date on seed organic and inorganic composition were investigated using eight specialty soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] breeding lines with modified seed composition (high protein, high oil, high oleic acid, low linolenic acid, low saturated fatty acids, high inorganic phosphorus–low stachyose) grown at two Arkansas locations for 2 yr. The effects of delayed harvest on seed composition were also studied in one of the planting dates. Early planting increased seed protein, oleic acid, and inorganic components and decreased linolenic acid concentrations, whereas late planting increased sucrose but did not affect stachyose concentrations. Production of soybeans with high‐protein, high‐quality oil should be performed in early‐planting production systems, whereas planting high‐sugar, food‐grade cultivars late in the season should fit well in a double‐crop system. Delayed harvest had effects on both organic and inorganic seed components. Seed constituents exhibited lower concentration in soybeans that experienced delayed harvest. These research findings may help enhance recommendations to farmers to adjust planting and harvest practices and consequently meet market requirements for specialty soybeans.
Athletic Field Paint Color Differentially Alters Light Spectral Quality and Bermudagrass Photosynthesis
Authors: Reynolds William Casey , Miller Grady L. , Rufty Thomas W.
Published: July 2013

Painting of athletic fields is widespread throughout the world and can often cause declines in turfgrass health. Visible light and photosynthesis share the same wavelengths (400–700 nm), and it was hypothesized that alterations in visible light to produce specific colors would lead to reductions in photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and total canopy photosynthesis (TCP). Lab experiments using a spectroradiometer and LICOR 1800‐12 integrating sphere examined the impacts of 10 colors of athletic field paint on PAR as well as wavelengths within PAR. These colors were then applied weekly for 5 wk to ‘Tifway’ bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers. × Cynodon transvaalensis Burtt Davy], and TCP was measured using a gas exchange system 24 h after each application. Spectroradiometry analyses revealed the significant effects of paint color (P ≤ 0.001) on reflection, transmission, and absorption of PAR. Lighter colors including white, yellow, orange, and red reflected 47 to 92% of PAR while darker colors including green, black, and dark blue absorbed 87 to 95% of PAR. Accompanying gas exchange measurements revealed that TCP was most negatively correlated with absorption of PAR (r = −0.959, P ≤ 0.001) and that darker colors negatively impact TCP more than lighter colors. The results clearly indicate that damage to turfgrasses with long‐term painting will be difficult to avoid, and this is particularly true with darker colors of paint.
Residual Sward Height Effects on Growth and Nutritive Value of Grazed Temperate Perennial Grasses
Authors: Brink G. E. , Jackson R. D. , Alber N. B.
Published: July 2013

Residual sward height (RSH) has a significant impact on temperate perennial grass growth, but its effect is rarely studied under grazing. We determined RSH effects on forage harvested (FH), seasonal yield distribution, nutritive value, and persistence of meadow fescue {Festuca pratensis Huds. subsp. pratensis [syn. Schedonorus pratensis (Huds.) P. Beauv.]}, orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), quackgrass [Elymus repens (L.) Gould], and reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.). Grasses were rotationally stocked with dairy heifers (Bos taurus) at vegetative stage (32‐cm height) to a 16‐, 8‐, or 2‐cm RSH or at mature stage (48‐cm height) to a 24‐, 12‐, or 4‐cm RSH in each of 2 yr. Grass FH and nutritive value were measured for each grazing event. Annual FH of grasses grazed at vegetative stage to a 2‐ or 8‐cm RSH was greater than that grazed to a 16‐cm RSH when precipitation was limiting, but few differences existed when precipitation was abundant. Annual FH of grasses grazed at mature stage increased as RSH decreased. As RSH increased, the mean grazing interval decreased, which increased the number of seasonal grazing events of vegetative but not of mature‐stage grasses. There was no apparent relationship between forage nutritive value and RSH. The primary risks incurred by grazing vegetative‐stage grasses to a shorter RSH (<8 cm) were reduced persistence in a dry year and delayed date of first grazing event the following spring. Little or no advantage in growth was gained by intentionally leaving a tall RSH when grazing mature‐stage grasses.