bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efficiency of selection of self-fertile sunflower biotypes in production of foundation and breeder seeds
Authors:   V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK), Bochkovoy A.D. , Khatnyansky V.I. ,   V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK), Kamardin V.A. ,   V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK), Nazarov D.A. ,   V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops
Published: June 2021

The researches were conducted on fields of OOO NPO “Triumph”, the Matveevo-Kurgansky district of Rostov region and V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops, Krasnodar in 2017–2020. The purpose of the research was to develop methodology of selection of self-fertile sunflower genotypes in foundation and breeder seed production. Our work resulted in development of improved population Dobrynya plus. Middle self-fertility of this population at self-pollination was 13.7% vs. 5.2% of the initial variety (increased by 2.6 times), a ratio of the most valuable genotypes with amount of fully formed seeds more than 150 seeds per a plant increased from 13.5 to 26.4% (by 1.9 times). At the open flowering and free insect pollination, population Dobrynya plus does not differ by its economically valuable traits from the initial variety. But at the close flowering, without insects pollination, yield of the population Dobrynya plus was 0.93 t per ha vs. 0.52 t per ha of the initial variety (increase by 1.8 times). At selection of elite seeds from sunflower varietal populations for seed growing, the most perspective are the biotypes with high level of self-fertility which traits are held stable in the different environments. Improvement of sunflower variety by 11 self-fertility does not lead to decreasing of its yield qualities by the main economically valuable traits. The obtained experimental data prove a prospectivity of researches directed on improvement of sunflower variety populations by self-fertility at production of foundation and breeder seeds and possibility to reach successful results.
Quality of DNA for PCR extracted from sunflower with different methods
Authors:   V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK), Guchetl S.Z. , Zolotavina M.L. ,   Kuban State University, Grigoryan А.А. ,   Kuban State University, Golovatskaya А.V. ,   V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK)
Published: June 2021

Studying of plants DNA with PCR method plays an important role in the agrarian activity. Preceding stage of DNA studying is its extraction from plant material. We studied quality of DNA extracted by the different methods from seeds, seedlings, and green leaves of sunflower. We used an inbred sunflower line as a research object. For analysis we used embryos, dry and presoaked during 24 h seeds, roots, 7-day seedlings, green leaves. DNA was extracted using five methods: 1 – a standard method of extraction (1% CTAB), 2 – a modified method (2% CTAB), 3–4 – extraction with sets (Diamond DNA Plant Kit D, Russia; Lumiprobe, Germany), 5 – extraction from green leaves (2% CTAB with absorbent carbon). Amplification was conducted in thermocycler S1000тм (BioRad, USA). Spectrophotometery was done at scanning spectrophotometer LEKI SS2110UV (Russia). Analyzing all used methods we concluded they allow extracting of DNA from dry seeds, seedlings and green leaves of sunflower with sufficient reliability and repeatability, it is proved by PCR results. We couldn’t extract DNA from roots and presoaked seeds with the modified method (2% CTAB). The most economically profitable is first method (1% CTAB). Due to the results of spectrophotometery, the highest level of DNA clearance can be reached with method 3 – extraction by a set Diamond DNA Plant Kit D from seedlings and method 5 – extraction by 2% СТАВ with absorbent carbon from green leaves. The method 3 is more preferable by time necessary for DNA extraction.
Effect of macro- and microfertilizers on oil radish seed yield in the forest steppe conditions of the Central Federal district of Russia
Authors:   Lipetsk Research Institute of Rapeseed, Kuzmina E.Y. , Savenkov V.P. ,   Lipetsk Research Institute of Rapeseed
Published: June 2021

We studied effect of macro- and micronutrient fertilizers on oil radish (Raphanus sativus var. oleifera Metzg.) seed yield in fields of the Lipetsk Research Institute of Rapeseed in 2019–2020. The research was conducted in the forest-steppe conditions of the Central Federal district of the Russian Federation. Field experiment variants were as following: control (without fertilizers), (NPK)40, (NPK)80 and N40 in autumn under plowing, (NPK)40 and N40 in spring under before-sowing cultivation, and as a part of the main (NPK)40 application, foliar application with Plantofola (20:20:20), Polydon Amino Start and Polydon Amino Mix. Soil of the experimental field was leached, heavy clay loam chernozem having the distinctive agrochemical characteristics. In general, the weather conditions for the oil radish growing season in 2019 were close to the average long-term norm, and in 2020 the weather conditions were distinguished by a significant lack of precipitation, which affected the formation of oil radish yield. The studies have shown that the effect patterns of the studied macro- and micronutrient fertilizers on oil radish yield in the years of the experiments did not practically differ. On the average in both 2019 and 2020 the yield increase has been noted. The application of nitrogen and complete mineral fertilizers for this crop under plowing in autumn and under before-sowing cultivation in spring significantly increased its yield, which reached the highest values (22.3 quintal per ha) in the experiment with (NPK)80 as the main fertilizer. At the same time, an equivalent oil radish seed yield was formed with less costly agricultural technologies, when with application of (NPK)40, in autumn under plowing foliar application with Plantofola (1.0 l per ha) was conducted in the phases of 5–7 true leaves and budding–beginning of flowering or Polydon Amino Start (1.0 l per ha) was used in the phase of 5–7 true leaves.
Mode of antifungal action of a perspective bacterial strain-producer of microbiopreparations 11-3 Bacillus sp. on a pathogen of fusariose on oil flax Fusarium oxysporum var. orthoceras
Authors:   V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK), Maslienko L.V. , Voronkova A.Kh. ,   V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops (VNIIMK)
Published: June 2021

The search of perspective strains-producers for microbiopreparations creation protecting oil flax of fusariose pathogen have been conducting in the laboratory of Biological methods of the V.S. Pustovoit All-Russian Research Institute of Oil Crops in recent years (2018–2020). These researches contemplate studying of a mode of antagonistic action of the promising strains-producers of microbiopreparations on a disease pathogen. There is presented an interaction between the promising strain-antagonist 11-3 Bacillus sp. selected by a stage screening and the pathogen Fusarium oxysporum var. orthoceras. Modifications of pathogen mycelium were stated at the second day of joint incubation, even before intergrowth with antagonist’s colony. They were as following: formation of spheroplasts (ball-shaped swellings of apical parts of hyphae), their explosion and lining appearance, and compression and discoloration of the separate mycelium plots. After intergrowth of pathogen and antagonist we noted the stronger compression, prolification, thickening and destruction of substrate airy mycelium and chlamidospores of fusariose pathogen. Pathogen’s mycelium at joint cultivation with the bacillary strain-antagonist was totally destructed at the eighth-tenth day.
The effect of COVID-19 on trainee operative experience at a multihospital academic neurosurgical practice: A first look at case numbers
Authors: Khan Asham , Mao Jennifer Z. , Soliman Mohamed A. R. , Rho Kyungduk , Hess Ryan M. , Reynolds Renée M. , Riley Jonathan P. , Mullin Jeffrey P. , Siddiqui Adnan H. , Levy Elad I. , Pollina John
Published: June 2021

Background:

COVID-19 has had a significant impact on the economy, health care, and society as a whole. To prevent the spread of infection, local governments across the United States issued mandatory lockdowns and stay-at-home orders. In the surgical world, elective cases ceased to help “flatten the curve” and prevent the infection from spreading to hospital staff and patients. We explored the effect of the cancellation of these procedures on trainee operative experience at our high-volume, multihospital neurosurgical practice.

Methods:

Our department cancelled all elective cases starting March 16, 2020, and resumed elective surgical and endovascular procedures on May 11, 2020. We retrospectively reviewed case volumes for 54 days prelockdown and 54 days postlockdown to evaluate the extent of the decrease in surgical volume at our institution. Procedure data were collected and then divided into cranial, spine, functional, peripheral nerve, pediatrics, and endovascular categories.

Results:

Mean total cases per day in the prelockdown group were 12.26 ± 7.7, whereas in the postlockdown group, this dropped to 7.78 ± 5.5 (P = 0.01). In the spine category, mean cases per day in the prelockdown group were 3.13 ± 2.63; in the postlockdown group, this dropped to 0.96 ± 1.36 (P < 0.001). In the functional category, mean cases per day in the prelockdown group were 1.31 ± 1.51, whereas in the postlockdown group, this dropped to 0.11 ± 0.42 (P < 0.001). For cranial (P = 0.245), peripheral nerve (P = 0.16), pediatrics (P = 0.34), and endovascular (P = 0.48) cases, the volumes dropped but were not statistically significant decreases.

Conclusion:

The impact of this outbreak on operative training does appear to be significant based solely on statistics. Although the drop in case volumes during this time can be accounted for by the pandemic, it is important to understand that this is a multifactorial effect. Further studies are needed for these results to be generalizable and to fully understand the effect this pandemic has had on trainee operative experience.
Düzenleyici Ekosistem Hizmetlerinden Hava Kalitesinin Efeler -Aydın Örneğinde İncelenmesi
Authors: ERSOY TONYALOĞLU Ebru , KESGİN ATAK Birsen , YİĞİT Muhammet
Published: June 2021

Bu çalışmanın amacı, Aydın ilinin en yoğun yapılaşmanın olduğu Efeler ilçesinde ağaç ve boylu çalıların oluşturduğu bitki taç örtüsünün hava kalitesinin iyileştirilmesi açısından düzenleyici ekosistem hizmetlerine katkısı ve Efeler ilçesindeki bu katkıların ekonomik tahmininin değerlendirilmesidir. Çalışmada bu ölçümler için i-Tree canopy v7.0 uygulaması kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada, Aydın İli Efeler ilçesinin 6 merkez mahallesinde 7 arazi örtüsü tipi ve dağılımları belirlenerek, her bir sınıf için rastgele toplam 6,500 nokta atanmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, çalışma alanın %14.22’sini kaplayan taç örtüsünün havadan toplam 2,851.98 kg kirletici gaz ve partikül uzaklaştırdığı, yıllık olarak taç örtüsü tarafından yakalanan karbon miktarı 101.56 ton, taç örtüsünün depoladığı toplam karbon miktarı ise 2,550.49 ton olarak tahmin edilmiştir. Bitki örtüsü her ne kadar parçalı ve dağınık yapıya sahip olsa da her bir ağacın ve boylu çalının kirletici gazların havadan uzaklaştırılması, havadaki partiküllerin tutulması ve havadan uzaklaştırılmasına büyük katkılar sunmaktır. Bu bağlamda, gelecek yıllarda seçilen bölgede açık-yeşil alan miktarının ve kalitesinin arttırılması, ağaç ve boylu çalıların korunması ve çeşitliliğinin artırılması, bu alanlardan sağlanan ekosistem hizmetlerinin de artacağı ve bu bölgede yaşayan insanların bütçelerinin yanısıra kent ekonomisine de katkı sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.
Measuring national financial development: indexes and methods
Authors: Duong T. Ph.T.
Published: June 2021

Financial development of a country is a broad concept and can be measured in different ways. The article presents the indicators of financial development applicable for the development of the Financial Development Index (FDI) of a particular country. Financial development index could be used to rank and compare the level of financial development among countries or to test the relationship between financial development and economic growth. The paper points out the advantages and limitations of several methods including standardized method, Principle Component Analysis (PCA) method, Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method. The author also suggests to use Data Envelopment Analysis as an updated and advanced method to construct Financial Development Index. It is expected that this method will strengthen the quantitative approach in the research of financial development and economic growth.
AMPA GluA2 subunit competitive inhibitors for PICK1 PDZ domain: Pharmacophore-based virtual screening, molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and ADME studies
Authors: Rathod Shravan B. , Prajapati Pravin B. , Pal Ranjan
Published: June 2021

PICK1 (protein interacting with C kinase-1) plays a key role in the regulation of intracellular trafficking of AMPA GluA2 subunit that is linked with synaptic plasticity. PICK1 is a scaffolding protein and binds numerous proteins through its PDZ domain. Research showed that synaptic plasticity is altered upon disrupting the GluA2-PDZ interactions. Inhibiting PDZ and GluA2 binding lead to beneficial effects in the cure of neurological diseases thus, preventing PDZ-GluA2 binding is thought to novel therapeutic target in such diseases. To target this, generally, peptides were synthesized and tested. Though small organic molecules have been targeted to prevent these interactions, the number of such molecules is inadequate. Thus, in this study, ten molecular libraries containing large numbers of molecules were screened against the PDZ domain using pharmacophore-based virtual screening to find the best hits for the PDZ domain. Molecular docking, molecular dynamic simulation, and ADME analyses revealed that Hit_III (MolPort-005-050-255) shows efficient binding and drug likeness for the PDZ domain. This study suggests that tested hit may have potency against the PDZ domain and can be considered effective to treat neurological disorders.
HMPA-Free Generation of Trialkylsilyl Lithium Reagents and Its Application to Synthesis of Silylboronic Esters
Authors: Kamio Shintaro , Imagawa Taiki , Nakamoto Masaaki , Oestreich Martin , Yoshida Hiroto
Published: June 2021

Trialkylsilyl lithium species have turned out to be facilely generated by treating hexaalkyl disilanes with methyl lithium in the presence of tris(N,N-tetramethylene)phosphoric triamide (TPPA) as an activator, which can be trapped by boron electrophiles to afford silylboronic esters including long-awaited Me3Si–B(pin).
Sob a custódia do tempo : formação de leitores em penitenciárias do Distrito Federal
Authors: Tinoco Robson Coelho , Ribeiro Maria Luzineide P. da Costa
Published: June 2021

Este livro destaca a essencial prática de leitura e o contexto do detento que “lê" o espaço da prisão e suas relações com tal prática, além da estrita questão jurídico-penal do criminoso e crime cometido. Relação com um tempo - a partir do ócio em excesso, ou à disposição em exagero - bem diferente do tempo das pessoas livres - no geral, vivido como “quase ausência”, face às atividades e obrigações diárias. Assim se contextualiza a relação aflitiva tempo e prisão, ao longo desta obra, em tipo de inimigo cruel que deve ser vencido. Como marca dessa relação, a referência temporal da pena se reveste, portanto, de outra pena imposta ao preso, que, para enfrentar esse inimigo, busca engajamento em alguma ocupação que “mate” o tempo que ele tem disponível - em média, nas prisões brasileiras, 85% dos presos ficam somente duas horas fora de cela, passando o restante do dia dentro dela, imerso nela, absorvido por ela. Tal realidade é invencível, mesmo institucionalmente, pois são muito poucas as atividades e projetos educacionais desenvolvidos, em espaços apropriados, com foco na realidade carcerária. Ainda, a carência de tais atividades e projetos, como "ler”, associada a condições superprecárias de encarceramento, compromete um objetivo de cumprir pena no Brasil, que é a ressocialização. Nesse contexto, resta ao preso aguardar seu tempo de pena ociosamente na cela ou no pátio, à mercê, por exemplo, da eficaz ação cooptadora de facções. Enfim, este livro não só propõe que presos "leiam”, como apresenta elementos para uma leitura produtiva e mesmo prazerosa.
Física para Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais
Authors: Castro Leonardo Luiz e , Silva Filho Olavo Leopoldino da
Published: June 2021

O conceito de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais inclui os estudos de vários cursos universitários, como Agronomia, Engenharia Florestal, Engenharia Agrícola e Ciências Ambientais. Os alunos desses cursos estudam Hidráulica, Máquinas Agrícolas, Agroclimatologia e Física dos Solos, entre outras disciplinas que dependem do entendimento de conceitos básicos de diversas áreas da Física. Para evitar que seus alunos tenham que cursar uma longa cadeia de disciplinas de Física pura, vários currículos de cursos de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais condensam conceitos básicos de Física em disciplinas destinadas a apresentar a Física de maneira aplicada aos seus interesses. O problema é que os conceitos de Física úteis a essas ciências costumam estar espalhados em vários livros de Física 1, Física 2, Física 3, etc.; Mecânica, Teoria dos Fluidos, Ele- tromagnetismo, entre outros. Este livro supre essa necessidade ao apresentar conceitos de Física de forma direcionada a cursos de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais. Esta obra é ainda um livro de Física básica, e não um livro de qualquer disciplina específica de Ciências Agrárias e Ambientais. No entanto, os conceitos são exemplificados em problemas típicos dessas ciências, de modo a permitir uma transição mais suave aos estudos das disciplinas mais específicas dessas áreas que fazem uso dos conceitos da Física.
Viver o jornalismo : a entrevista no dia a dia da profissão
Authors: Jorge Thaïs de Mendonça
Published: June 2021

A professora Thaís de Mendonça Jorge comprova ser uma artista. Em Viver o jornalismo: a entrevista no dia a dia da profissão, apresenta a teoria da entrevista como método, instrumento, expertise profissional, classifica seus princípios e explica pedagogicamente como fazê-la. Além disso, oferece um passo a passo, desde o contato com a fonte, a preparação e o comportamento do repórter diante do entrevistado. Como opção sublime, a autora trata a entrevista como arte tornando-se assim seguidora da Escola de Heródoto -. memória e narrativa oral da história. Os 12 textos aqui mostrados, que ela teceu ao longo da carreira como repórter, envolvem personalidades brasileiras do relevo de Drummond. Elis Regina. Ziraldo. Jaguar. Raul Cortez. Tony Ramos. Caetano Veloso, Sônia Braga e Joel Silveira. A autora abre o banquete servindo-nos o que tem de melhor: uma conversa com Darcy Ribeiro. Foi a última entrevista do mais genial intérprete do povo brasileiro. Eis que vos apresento, prezados leitores. Viver o jornalismo: a entrevista no dia a dia da profissão Aprendam e saboreiem.
Navegue por belas paisagens do Cálculo : volume III
Authors: Magalhães Celius A.
Published: June 2021

O livro aborda os conceitos básicos de um primeiro curso de Cálculo em várias variáveis, desde a continuidade e diferenciabilidade, passando pelas integrais múltiplas, até alcançar os teoremas de Green, Gauss e Stokes, que são os principais teoremas do Cálculo Vetorial. A linguagem é coloquial e convida o leitor à reflexão, apoiada por um grande número de figuras distribuídas ao longo do texto. Decididamente é uma introdução ao vasto mundo do Cálculo, em que são evitados os aspectos espinhosos e é dada mais atenção às justificativas do que às provas rigorosas. O foco está em apresentar uma visão integrada dos principais conceitos, enfatizando as idéias fundamentais e procurando destacá-las na variedade de situações apresentadas. A compreesão dessas idéias fundamentais é reforçada com o conjunto de exercícios apresentados que, longe de serem mecânicos, procuram desenvolver a intuição, a capacidade de fazer deduções e inferências e o interesse pela disciplina. É um conteúdo rico, com aplicações na Física, Química, Engenharias, Economia, etc., e inclui exemplos que ilustram essa riqueza. Espera-se que os leitores, alicerçados nesta variedade de exemplos e situações, venham a descobrir o fascínio que o Cálculo tem exercido sobre a comunidade científica ao longo de várias gerações.
Hybrid Trauma Management: Is It the Way We Are Heading?
Authors: Paran Maya , Kessel Boris
Published: June 2021

Background: Hybrid trauma management, namely the combination of open and endovascular techniques and/or the application of endovascular methods in the operating/emergency room, is a quickly growing concept worldwide. However, its implications are not well established. We aimed to review the current data regarding hybrid trauma management in medical literature. Methods: A review of the medical literature published between 2000 and 2020 using PubMed, Cochrane, Embase and Medline databases was performed in search of clinical studies regarding hybrid trauma treatments. Case-reports were excluded from this review. The manuscripts were analyzed regarding the mechanism, location, and type of injury, endovascular and surgical techniques utilized, and the outcome. Results: In total, 14 studies reporting hybrid trauma management in a total of 1,049 patients met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Blunt trauma was the leading trauma mechanism (87.1%) and the most common procedure was transcatheter arterial embolization, performed in 29.7% of patients. The overall mortality was 15.2%. Regarding case-control studies, 85.7% have shown hybrid trauma management to be associated with a shorter time from arrival to intervention, 42.9% reported lower rates of unfavorable outcome, and 28.6% reported reduced requirement for red blood cell transfusion as compared with conventional management. Conclusions: Accumulating data suggests that hybrid management may be associated with a shorter time from arrival to intervention, lower rates of unfavorable outcomes and a reduced requirement for red blood cell transfusion as compared with conventional management of trauma patients.
إشكالية الفساد الحكومي وانعكاساتها على الأمن الاقتصادي
Authors:   Social Sciences College Naif Arab University, Alharthy Sultan , Massad Muhammad 
Published: June 2021

يركز هذا الكتاب على ظاهرة الفساد بشكل عام والفساد الحكومي بشكل خاص من حيث مفهومه وصوره واشكال الفساد والاطر النظرية الاقتصادية والمدارس الفكرية التي تفسره وآثار ذلك على النمو والأمن الاقتصادي. يبلور هذا الكتاب مجموعة من الحلول لمشكلة الفساد الحكومي منها إقرار إصلاحات إدارية للحد من احتكار المؤسسات الحكومية والإدارية العامة في تقديم بعض السلع والخدمات، تبسيط القوانين واللوائح والقواعد المعمول بها في الدولة وتوضيحها بطريقة تحد من سلطة الموظفين التقديرين واضفاء طابع الشفافية عليها، إصلاح نظام الحوافز وزيادة معدلات الأجور لموظفي القطاع الحكومي مع وضع معايير وموضوعية لقياس الأداء وربطه بالإنتاج، وتبني سياسة التدوير الوظيفي كلما أمكن.
السياسة الاجتماعية ومكافحة الجرائم الإلكترونية في المجتمع السعودي
Authors: Alturaif Ghada ,   Social Work College, Norah University, Alrashidi Abdulwanis ,   Social Sciences, College Imam University
Published: June 2021

يركز هذا الكتاب على السياسة الاجتماعية من حيث مفاهيمها وفروعها ويتطرق إلى المعطيات النظرية للسياسة الاجتماعية من حيث نشأتها وتطورها وأهميتها. كما يتطرق الكتاب إلى الجرائم الإلكترونية في المجتمع السعودي من حيث مفهومها وأسبابها والعوامل المؤدية إلى انتشارها بالإضافة إلى معدلات الجرائم الإلكترونية في السعودية. ويدعو هذا الكتاب إلى تفعيل دور منظمات المجتمع المدني في مواجهة ظاهرة الجرائم الإلكترونية، ودعم دور وسائل الإعلام المقروءة والمسموعة والمرئية في تنمية الوعي بمخاطر الجرائم الإلكترونية.
الميول السيكوباثولـوجية لدى المدمن المنتكس.. الجزائر نموذجًا
Authors:   College of Humanities and Social Sciences Hassiba Benbouali University People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, Rahal Samia , Shnawi Rozigah ,   College of Humanities and Social Sciences Hassiba Benbouali University People's Democratic Republic of Algeria
Published: June 2021

ُعد مشكلة إدمان المخدِّرات واحدة من أكثر المشكلات المعقَّدة التي تواجهها المجتمعات في الوقت الحاضر؛ لما تحمله من آثار سلبية في صحة الفرد والأسرة والمجتمع وسلامتهم. اعتمدت الدراسة على المنهج العيادي (الإكلينيكي)، ومثلت عيِّنة الدراسة عشر حالات من المدمنين المنتكسين، تمت الاستعانة باختبار مينيسوتا متعدد الأوجه (MMPI–2) لقياس أبعاد الشخصية. وأشارت النتائج إلى أن للمدمنين المنتكسين ميولًا سيكوباثولوجية قد تدفعهم إلى الانتكاسة بعد فترة التعافي، تختلف هذه الميول في اتجاهها نحو المرض النفسي من مدمنٍ لآخر، وقد تؤدِّي إلى فشل بعض البرامج العلاجية؛ حيث أظهرت نتائج الدراسة أن المدمنين المنتكسين اتجهت ميولهم نحو الشخصية الحساسة البارانويدية، مع الميل إلى المزاج الكئيب؛ بسبب الإحساس بالدونية، والاستثارة، والتفسيرات الخاطئة للمواقف، وتضخيم الأنا، والرجعية في التفكير، والتأمُّل. وتميل جميع الحالات إلى الإحباط، والمزاج الكئيب، وعدم الاستقرار الانفعالي، والإحساس بالدونية. كما أن المدمنين المنتكسين لديهم ميول سيكوباثولوجية نحو اضطراب توهم المرض (Hs) مع التمركز حول الذات، والاهتمام الزائد بالجسم. تُوصي الدراسة بما يلي: القيام بدراسات مقارنة في مجال الميول السيكوباثولوجية بين المدمنين المنتكسين وغير المنتكسين، واستخدام عينات أكبر حجمًا من عينة الدراسة الحالية، تسمح بتعميم النتائج. تطوير أساليب الوقاية من الإدمان في الوسط المدرسي وتطوير ثقافة مدرسية تتناسب مع ما يشهده العالم من تطورات تكنولوجية في مجال الوقاية من الإدمان. تطوير وتنويع البرامج العلاجية، الطبية والنفسية والتأهيلية، بالتعاون مع الدول الأكثر تطورًا؛ بهدف تبادل الخبرات، وبخاصةٍ في المراكز المتخصصة في علاج الإدمان. تشجيع أسلوب جماعات المساعدة الذاتية في الوطن العربي وتدعيمه؛ للتقليل من الانتكاسة، مع إقحام المدمنين المتعافين لتنمية الفعالية الذاتية. •        تطوير برامج الرعاية اللاحقة وتفعيلها لإحداث التكيُّف النفسي والاجتماعي للمتعافين، ودور مؤسسات الدولة في زيادة الدعم المادي والمعنوي، ما يُسهم في تلبية حاجاتهم وحاجات أسرهم.
الجذور النفسية للإرهاب "دراسة تحليلية للمحددات المحركة لسلوك الإرهابي
Authors:   Future Center for Research and Studies United Arab Emirates, Hashem Azza , Hanafy Ahmed ,   College of Business Administration - King Saud University Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
Published: June 2021

تسعى هذه الدراسة إلى تحليل المحددات النفسية المُحَرِّكة لسلوك الفرد الإرهابي (سمات الشخصية، أنماط التفكير، الاضطرابات)، ثم الاعتماد عليها في صياغة تصور مقترح للعوامل النفسية الحاكمة لشخصية الإرهابي من أجل الوصول إلى فهم أمثل للإرهاب، ومن ثَمَّ صياغة توصيات ورؤى للسبل المثلى للتعامل مع الظاهرة التي أصبحت تشكل التحدي الأمني الرئيس الذي تواجهه الدول العربية مؤخرًا. وتأتي أهمية الدراسة من ندرة الدراسات العلمية التي تناولت الجذور النفسية للإرهاب، فعلى الرغم من كثرة الدراسات التي ركزت على مختلف الأبعاد الأخرى في علاقتها بالإرهاب، مثل: الأبعاد الاجتماعية، والسياسية، والاقتصادية، وغيرها، إلا أن البعد النفسي لم يخضع للدراسة الكافية، ومن هنا تحاول الدراسة الراهنة الإسهام في سد الفجوة المعرفية في هذا المجال. وتعتمد الدراسة على المنهج الوصفي، حيث تهتم الدراسة برصد وتحليل الدراسات التي تناولت الجذور النفسية للإرهابي من حيث التكوين وأنماط التفكير والسمات المهيئة له، وذلك في الفترة (1990م -2018م)، حيث سيتم تحليل نتائج الدراسات باستخدام أسلوب "التحليل البعدي" (Meta-Analysis)، في محاولة للوصول إلى صياغة رؤية متكاملة للمحددات النفسية لشخصية الإرهابي، مع إجراء مجموعة من المقابلات المتعمقة In-Depth Interviews مع مجموعة من الخبراء في مجال علم النفس، وتحليل مضمون المقابلات. وقامت هذه الدراسة بإعادة تحليل نتائج أهم الدراسات التي أجريت في هذا المجال، ثم تم الاعتماد على نتائج التحليل البعدي ونتائج تحليل مضمون المقابلات المتعمقة مع الخبراء في صياغة نموذج لبرنامج نفسي وقائي يطبق على المراهقين الذين قد يكونون أكثر تهيؤًا للانجذاب إلى التنظيمات الإرهابية، ويمثل هذا البرنامج واحدًا من التدخلات التي يمكن أن يقوم بها علم النفس في هذا الاتجاه.
التدريب المتخصص في مواجهة الجرائم المستحدثة (جريمة الإرهاب نموذجًا) "دراسة تطبيقية على العاملين بقوات الطوارئ الخاصة بالرياض
Authors:   Naif Arab University for Security Sciences Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Alreshidi Ali
Published: June 2021

تهتم هذه الدراسة بالتدريب المتخصص باعتباره أفضل الحلول لمواجهة السلوك الإجرامي في الجرائم المستحدثة بشكل عام وفي الجرائم الإرهابية بشكل خاص، وذلك من خلال رفع مستوى الكوادر البشرية؛ لكي تتمكَّن من مواجهتها بأساليب احترافية قادرة على التصدي لوسائل الجرائم المستحدثة والتفوق عليها. وسعت هذه الدراسة إلى تحقيق عدة أهداف، من أهمها: -  التعرُّف على الأساليب التدريبية المتخصصة لتنمية قدرات المتدربين من قوات الطوارئ الخاصة بمنطقة الرياض لمواجهة الجرائم المستحدثة، وبخاصةٍ الحدث الإرهابي. -  تفسير الفروق ذات الدلالة الإحصائية في آراء المبحوثين من العاملين بقوات الطوارئ الخاصة بمنطقة الرياض باختلاف متغيِّرات "المستوى التعليمي، والرتبة، وسنوات الخبرة في العمل، والدورات الحاصل عليها في مجال العمل". واستخدمت الدراسة المنهج الوصفي التحليلي الذي يسمحُ باستقصاءِ آراء أفراد مجتمع الدراسة؛ ما يجعل إمكانية تعميم النتائج أكبر من غيره من مناهج البحث العلمي الأخرى، كما استُخدم المنهج المقارن وسيلةً لعرض جميع مفردات التدريب والجريمة، والمستجدات والمستحدثات في الدراسات السابقة في الأنظمة العربية والأجنبية للمقارنة بين أوجه الاتفاق والاختلاف بينها وبين الدراسة الحالية. ومن نتائج الدراسة: - تُسهم الدورات التدريبية التخصصية في رفع قدرات أداء المتدربين لمواجهة الحدث الإرهابي بدرجة عالية جدًّا. - توجد اختلافات دالة إحصائيًّا في استجابات عينة الدراسة نحو الأساليب التدريبية المستخدمة لتنمية المهارات التخصصية للمتدربين لمواجهة الحدث الإرهابي، وفي مدى إسهام الدورات التدريبية التخصصية في رفع قدرات أداء المتدربين لمواجهة الحدث الإرهابي تُعزى إلى الرتبة وعدد سنوات الخبرة. ومن توصيات الدراسة: - التنوُّع في الأساليب التدريبية المتخصصة لتنمية قدرات المتدربين من قوات الطوارئ الخاصة لمواجهة الجرائم المستحدثة. - ضرورة اعتماد البرامج التدريبية المتخصصة للمتدربين على الأساليب العلمية الصحيحة عند تحديد الاحتياجات التدريبية وفقًا لأساليب المواجهة. - العمل على تقييم مخرجات التدريب في مراكز ومعاهد التدريب بعد الوقوف على أساليب تحديدها وتصميمها وتنفيذها؛ للتأكُّد من أن المدخلات والعمليات تخص أهدافها الفعلية.
العلاقة بين السلطات الثلاث في النظام السعودي "دراسة تأصيلية مقارنة
Authors:   Social Sciences College Naif Arab University, Alsubaie Mufleh
Published: June 2021

تناول هذ الكتاب موضوع العلاقة بين السلطات الثلاث في النظام السعودي (التشـريعية والتنفيذية والقضائية) المنصوص عليها في الباب السادس من النظام الأساسـي للحكم، والأسس والمبادئ العامة المنظمة للعلاقة بين سلطات الدولة، متناولاً التعريف بالدستور ونشأته وأنواعه، وتقسـيم سلطات الدولة وصور العلاقة بينها، وملامح الدستور السعودي، وبيَّنَ ماهيّة الدستور، الذي يتضمن عادة القواعد القانونية الموضحة  لأنواع سلطات الدولة وطبيعة العلاقة بينها، ثم تطرق إلى المبدأ الدستوري الأشهر وهو (الفصل بين السلطات)، وأوضح مفهومه وتطبيقاته في الشـريعة الإسلامية والنظام السعودي، مرورًا  بنظرتي التعاون والتوازن بين السلطات، وآليات التأثير التي تملكها كل سلطة أمام السلطات الأخرى، وبيَّن أخيرًا الرقابة على دستورية القوانين وأنواعها، ومدى تأثيرها في طبيعة العلاقة بين السلطات.
رؤية استشرافية للأمن الوطني للمملكة العربية السعودية في ضوء رؤية 2030
Authors:   National Security Center, Alshehri Riyadh
Published: June 2021

تناول هذا الكتاب محورين رئيسين وهما الأمن الوطني السعودي ورؤية المملكة العربية السعودية 2030، وكيف يمكن لرؤية 2030 أن تعزِّز مكانة وقوة الأمن الوطني السعودي، وقد أوضح الكتاب مفهوم الأمن بشكل عام، والنظريات المفسرة للأمن بشكل عام، واستعرض شرحًا لرؤية المملكة 2030 وأهدافها العامة والتفصيلية. بالإضافة إلى استعراض مفهومي الأمن الوطني والأمن القومي وخصائص الأمني الوطني للدول، كما اشتمل على شرح مفصل عن مقومات الأمن الوطني للملكة العربية السعودية وأهم التهديدات الأمنية، وألقى الضوء على الخطة التنموية للملكة 2030، واستعرض بعد التجارب الدولية في تحقيق التنمية. بالإضافة إلى ذلك، تمت مناقشة المقومات الدينية والسياسية والاجتماعية والاقتصادية والأمنية وعلاقتها برؤية 2030، وكذلك التهديدات الداخلية والخارجية للأمن الوطني السعودي.
Vocabulario de la Crónica de San Juan de la Peña. Versión aragonesa, s. XIV
Authors: Nagore Laín Francho
Published: June 2021

La Crónica de San Juan de la Peña, conocida también en la Edad Media como Coronicas de los senyores reyes d’Aragón, fue redactada a instancias de Pedro IV el Ceremonioso en la segunda mitad del siglo xiv. La redacción inicial fue en latín y pos- teriormente se tradujo al catalán y al aragonés. La versión en aragonés parece que estaría ya redactada hacia 1372. Se trata de uno de los textos en aragonés clásico más interesantes que suma a su importancia histórica su interés lingüístico. Francho Nagore Laín publicó en 2003 un amplio estudio de los aspectos lingüísticos de este texto que incluía la grafemática, la fonética, la morfología, la sintaxis y la formación de palabras. Ahora publica en este volumen el vocabulario completo de dicho texto, que consta de 2285 entradas. Cada una de estas incluye, además del lema o encabezamiento, la categoría gramatical, su significado en castellano, ejemplos del texto para cada una de las acepciones, comentarios sobre la etimología, las palabras del mismo origen en otras lenguas románicas y la documentación sobre el registro de las voces tanto en aragonés medieval como moderno. Es, pues, una contribución al conocimiento del léxico del aragonés medieval a partir de una obra emblemática, tanto histórica como lingüísticamente.
App for smartphone for detecting fungus diseases of plant leaves
Authors: Aleynikov A. F. , Toropov V. I.
Published: June 2021

The symptoms and biophysical processes occurring in garden strawberry plants when they are affected by the dominant type of disease (up to 80%) caused by pathogenic fungi have been described. The ineffectiveness of the visual assessment of the degree of damage to strawberry diseases by a conventional 5-point scale or as a percentage of the leaf plate area affected by fungi, with the involvement of qualified specialists, has been shown. To create diagnostic tools that allow early detection of fungal diseases of garden strawberries, one of the methods of computer vision was proposed by counting image pixels in the space of color channels of red, green and blue (R, G, B), which makes it possible to determine the degree of fungal diseases affecting an individual plant leaf. The algorithm includes capturing an image with a digital camera by focusing on a plant leaf placed on a substrate with a uniform background providing a contrasting selection of the object; converting a color image to black and white; dividing the image between areas with necrotic spots and healthy areas of the plant leaf by masking and removing pixels; counting the number of pixels in these two areas and calculating their ratio. Information about a computer software for determining the degree of damage to a strawberry leaf by garden fungal diseases has been given. Java programming language (operating system Android Studio 3.4.1) was used as a language for the development of the logical part of the information system. In order to build a graphical interface, the software facilitating the development and integration of various modules of the LibGDX software project was used. The proposed algorithm is implemented for a personal computer and can be installed on a smartphone in the form of a software application, with the help of which any agricultural producer can carry out early diagnosis of fungal plant diseases.
Fungicidal protectants Delete Pro and Redigo Pro against fungal phytopathogens of soybeans
Authors: Bezmutko S. V. , Cherepanova T. A.
Published: June 2021

The results of research into effectiveness of fungicidal protectants against root rot and leaf-stem diseases of soybeans are presented. The study was carried out in the Primorsky Territory in 2019, 2020 in the conditions of plot experiment. Delete Pro (active agent pyraclostrobin, 200 g/l) was used at a consumption rate of 1.0 l/t, Redigo Pro (active agent prothioconazole, 150 g/l + tebuconazole, 20 g/l) – 0.9 l/t. The preparations were used for seed treatment in a semi-dry way before sowing. It was revealed that Delete Pro and Redigo Pro do not have a negative effect on the crop and have a positive effect on the germination of soybean seeds. A high fungicidal activity of the protectants used in the experiment was noted in relation to root rot affecting the crop. The chemicals helped to reduce the intensity of infections during the flowering phase by 17.0% (Delete Pro) and 24.9% (Redigo Pro). The protective effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with protectants was also revealed in reducing leaf-stem diseases. It was found that the chemicals have high biological effectiveness against septoria (16.7–25.2%), cercosporosis (0–44.6%) and peronosporosis (29.5–87.5%). The use of Delete Pro and Redigo Pro contributed to active growth of plants and an increase in the main productivity indicators: seed weight by 0.1–0.6 g, seed number by 1.4–2.8 pcs from one plant, as well as thousand-seed-weight by 8.5–9.3 g. Significant increase in grain yield of 0.19 t/ha (2019) and 0.20 t/ha (2020) was obtained in the variant with Redigo Pro. The protectants used contributed to the increase in the profitability level by 222 and 564%, respectively.
Indicators of total homeostasis in cows in different periods of lactations
Authors: Dementyeva E. A. , Mager S. N.
Published: June 2021

The immunomorphological parameters of cattle in different periods of lactation were studied. In the first 3 months of lactation, excluding 7 days of the colostrum period, 59.3 units of circulating immune complexes were found in the serum, in the middle of lactation (4–7 months) – 94.2 (p <0.05), at the end (8–10 months) – 94.1 units (p <0.05). The significant difference between the indicator in the first 3 months and in the subsequent periods of lactation is due to the fact that at the beginning of lactation the cows were not yet pregnant. In the colostrum period, a high rate of circulating immune complexes of 116.1 units (p <0.05) was determined as a consequence of a fetal prenatal immune attack on the cow's body, when the system of mononuclear phagocytes had not yet coped with the elimination of neutralization products. During the dry period, the number of circulating immune complexes was 87.6 units (p <0.05). The decrease in the indicator occurred due to an increase in the activity of mononuclear phagocytes and the absence of lactation effect on the body. The content of segmental, functionally mature leukocytes at the beginning of lactation was 39.4%, in the middle of lactation this indicator decreased to 24.8% (p<0.05), at the end it was 26.3% (p<0.05). A significant difference was found in the relative number of segmented neutrophils in the control group and in non-lactating cows in the dry period – 29.9% (p <0.05). During the colostrum period, the level of lymphocytes in the blood of animals was 62.0% (p <0.05) and it significantly differed from the control – 43.6%. In the middle and at the end of lactation, there was also a significant difference between the indicator and the control, up to 58.9–59.4% (p<0.05). A significant difference with the group of down-calving dry cows was established – 53.9% (p <0.05). In the first 1–3 months of lactation, cows are either not yet pregnant, or a close bond (placenta) between the mother and the fetus has not yet been formed, therefore a low activity of specific immunity at this time is caused by the absence of foreign fetal antigens in the blood of cows. The findings suggest that the birth process may be initiated by the immune system.
Effect of microbial preparations Vetom 1 and Vetom 20.76 on growth intensity of geese
Authors: Yakovleva N. S. , Nozdrin G. A. , Stojkowski V. , Yakovleva M. S. , Barsukova E. N. , Novik Ya. V.
Published: June 2021

The results of the study on the effect of new microbial preparations on the dynamics of the absolute weight and average daily gain of geese are presented. In the scientific experiment, probiotics Vetom 20.76 based on the predatory fungus Arthrobotrys oligospora and Vetom 1 on the basis of live spore-forming bacteria of the Bacillus subtilis DSM 32424 strain, which have anthelmintic, antiviral and antifungal effects, were used. One control and four experimental groups of 10 goslings each at the age of 1 month were formed according to the principle of analog pairs. The goslings of the experimental groups received Vetom 20.76 in various dosages: young birds of the 1st experimental group – 0.5 μl/kg of live body weight, the 2nd – 1 μl/kg, the 3rd – 2 μl/kg. Goslings of the 4th experimental group were given Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of live body weight. Both drugs were given in the morning with water, once a day for 30 days. These drugs were not prescribed to geese of the control group. It was established that Preparations Vetom 20.76 in doses of 0.5; 1 and 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight have a growth-stimulating effect when given to goslings for 30 days. The growth rate of the experimental birds depended on the dose of the drugs used. Optimal results were obtained with the use of Vetom 20.76 at a dose of 2 μl/ kg of body weight and Vetom 1 at a dose of 50 mg/kg of body weight once a day for 30 days. The average daily gain in live weight of the experimental geese increased in the 3d and 4th experimental groups by 5.24 and 20.60% in the first 15 days of the experiment and by 24.8 and 44.64% during the aftereffect of the drug.
Параметризация торсионного потенциала в полноатомных моделях молекул углеводородов с упрощенным учетом энергии деформации валентных связей и углов
Authors: Теплухин А.В.
Published: June 2021

Представлена система параметров, необходимых для реализации торсионных потенциалов в полноатомных моделях углеводородов с упрощенным учетом энергии деформации валентных связей и углов. Методом компьютерного моделирования (Монте-Карло) проведено исследование структурных и энергетических характеристик молекул различных углеводородов в газовой и жидкой фазе при атмосферном давлении и комнатной температуре. Данные, полученные с помощью этого подхода, полностью соответствуют результатам экспериментальных измерений или квантово-химических расчетов, выполненных другими авторами.
Synthesis, crystal structures, and urease inhibitory activity of Schiff base copper and nickel complexes
Authors: Wang Yuan
Published: June 2021

Urease inhibitors can inhibit the decomposition rate of urea, and decrease the air pollution caused by ammonia. In this paper, three new copper(II) and nickel(II) complexes [Cu2L2(μ1,1-N3)2] (1), [Cu(HL)2]Br2 (2), and [Ni3L2(DMF)2(μ2—η1:η1-CH3COO)2(μ1,1-N3)2] (3), where L = 5-bromo-2-(((2-isopropylamino)ethyl)imino)methyl)phenolate, HL = 5-bromo-2-(((2-iso­propylammonio)ethyl)imino) methyl)phenolate are synthesized and characterized. The complexes are characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-Vis spectra, molar conductivity, and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The X-ray analysis indicates that Cu atoms in complexes 1 and 2 are in square pyramidal and square planar coordination, respectively. The Ni atoms in complex 3 are in octahedral coordination. The molecules of the complexes are linked through hydrogen bonds and π⋯π interactions. The inhibitory effects of the complexes on jack bean urease are studied, which show that the copper complexes have a strong inhibitory effect on urease.
Синтез и кристаллическая структура N-этил-N-цитизинокарботиоамида
Authors: Турдыбеков К.М. , Нуркенов О.А. , Турдыбеков Д.М. , Сатпаева Ж.Б. , Фазылов С.Д.
Published: June 2021

На основе алкалоида (–)-цитизина и этилизотиоцианата синтезирован N-этил-N-цитизинокарботиоамид, строение которого доказано методами 1Н ЯМР спектроскопии и рентгеноструктурного анализа. Показано, что наблюдается мезомерный эффект в образованной карботиоамидной группе. Установлено, что π-сопряжение между атомами азота и тиокарбонильной группой ослаблено вследствие возникающего стерического напряжения между атомами водорода пиперидинового цикла и тиоамидной группы.
Divân-ı Hikmet’te Geçen Arapça sözcüklerin işletimi
Authors: BARİKAN TOPCİ Çağla
Published: June 2021

Uzun yıllar göçebe bir yaşam süren Türkler, bu yaşamın doğal sonucu olarak hareketli bir toplum kimliği taşımışlardır. Türkçenin Uygurlar döneminden itibaren bu hareketlilikten etkilenerek komşu dillerle etkileşim kurmaya başladığı yazılı ürünlerle takip edilebilmektedir. Türkçenin farklı yaşam ve kültürel ortamla karşılaştığı Uygurlar döneminde başlayan bu etkileşim, XI. yüzyılda İslamiyet’in kabul edilmesi ile birlikte Arapça ve Farsça çizgisinde yoğunlaşmıştır. Dil ilişkileri olarak tanımlanan bu etkileşim, çağdaş dil bilimi çalışmalarının ele aldığı önemli konulardan biridir. Çünkü dil ilişkileri, yalnızca ödünçleme sözcük alışverişinden ibaret olmayan toplumların dile bakış açısının sosyo-kültürel boyutlarını da içine alan disiplinlerarası bir araştırma konusudur. Bu çalışmada Türk edebiyat ve kültür tarihinin en değerli eserlerinden biri olan Divân-ı Hikmet’te söz dizimine girmiş Arapça alıntı sözcükler ele alınacak, çeşitli dil bilgisi kuralları ile Türkçede işletime sokulmuş örnek sözcükler üzerinden bir değerlendirme yapılacaktır. Bu sayede, Divân-ı Hikmet’te yer alan kimi Arapça sözcüklerin Türkçeleşme sürecini nasıl ve hangi dil bilgisi yapıları ile gerçekleştirdiği üzerinde durulacaktır. Türkçenin yabancı dillerle olan etkileşimi üzerine yapılacak olan çalışmalar arttıkça, hangi dil bilgisi özelliklerinin bu etkileşimi teşvik ettiği hangilerinin etkileşime karşı koyduğu gibi soruların cevapları farklı bir bakış açısıyla değerlendirilebilecektir.
Desafíos para las instituciones de educación superior ante las disrupciones de la Cuarta Revolución Industrial (4IR)
Authors: Clavel-Maqueda Mireya , Cornejo-Velazquez Eduardo , Ovando-Chico Maria Catalina
Published: June 2021

La Cuarta Revolución Industrial (4IR) es una transformación en la forma en que los humanos trabajan, socializan y viven. La fuerza de trabajo interactúa con la tecnología inteligente para resolver problemas, mejorar la productividad, cumplir los objetivos y promover la competitividad. 4IR implica desarrollar tanto habilidades disciplinarias como sociales en la gestión de las organizaciones. En este trabajo se describen las aptitudes del personal académico de una universidad pública mexicana en las áreas de comprensión lectora, cálculo numérico y resolución de problemas en entornos ricos en tecnología. Se presenta evidencia estadística sobre la preferencia de los docentes en la formación a distancia y que los docentes con mayor habilitación académica participan menos en actividades formales de capacitación. Otro hallazgo es la necesidad de participar en cursos o clases particulares para temas especializados de formación disciplinar. En relación con los temas que favorecer la adopción de la 4IR, las habilidades de programación y uso de estadística o matemática avanzada no figuran entre las capacidades que utilicen los docentes. Además, se reporta que los docentes no publican frecuentemente sus resultados y experiencias en la literatura científica. El desarrollo de habilidades intelectuales superiores es un área de oportunidad que requiere una estrategia de gestión del entrenamiento y capacitación inteligente y urgente.
Comercio México – Centroamérica. Análisis a partir del índice Grubel y Lloyd
Authors: Gracia Maximiliano
Published: June 2021

Dadas las condiciones actuales del comercio mundial y, en particular la posición negativa del gobierno de los Estados Unidos hacia el libre comercio. Hoy se hace imprescindible para México pensar en otros mercados de exportación para evitar la fuerte dependencia en el comercio con los Estados Unidos. Este trabajo tuvo dos objetivos: primero, generó un diagnóstico del comercio internacional de México con América Central; y segundo, detectó el tipo de comercio existente entre los países de la región de estudio. Para lograrlo se utilizó la metodología Grubel y Lloyd (IGL), lo cual demostró la existencia de comercio intra industrial poco relevante, al obtener un IGL en todos los países de la región menor a 0.22, lo cual significó la existencia de un comercio intra industrial poco relevante de México con todos los países de Centroamérica.