bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Direct Comparisons of the Fatigue Behavior of Bulk-Metallic Glasses and Crystalline Alloys
Authors: Wang G.Y. , Liaw Peter K. , Yoshihiko Yokoyama , Peker A. , Freels M. , Fielden D.E. , Inoue A.
Published: March 2009

Recent research works on bulk-metallic glasses (BMGs) have opened a window to create a new
generation of structural materials for applications. Although the mechanical behavior of BMGs is
being studied widely, the fatigue characteristics are poorly understood. The uniaxial tension-tension
high-cycle fatigue (HCF) studies were performed on zirconium (Zr)-based bulk-metallic glasses
(BMGs): Zr50Cu40Al10, Zr50Cu30Al10Ni10, Zr50Cu37Al10Pd3, and Zr41.2Cu12.5Ni10Ti13.8Be22.5, in
atomic percent. The HCF experiments were conducted using an electrohydraulic machine at a
frequency of 10 Hz with a R ratio of 0.1, where R = σmin./σmax., where σmin. and σmax. are the applied
minimum and maximum stresses, respectively. The fatigue-endurance limit of Zr50Cu37Al10Pd3 was
significantly greater than those of Zr50Cu40Al10, Zr50Cu30Al10Ni10, and Zr41.2Ti13.8Cu12.5Ni10Be22.5. In
order to compare the fatigue property with the crystalline alloys, the same HCF experiments were
also performed on Ti-6-4, drill tool steel, and Al 7075. The fatigue lifetime of Zr-based BMGs is
generally comparable to those of Ti-6-4 and drill-tool-steel crystalline alloys and is greater than that
of Al 7075 alloy. The fracture morphology of BMGs indicates that fatigue-crack-propagation
region included the distinct rough striations and the fine striations. The possible mechanism for the
striation formation was proposed.
On the Cyclic Stability and Fatigue Performance of Ultrafine-Grained Interstitial-Free Steel under Mean Stress
Authors: Niendorf Thomas , Maier Hans J. , Canadinc Demircan , Karaman Ibrahim
Published: March 2009

This paper reports on the fatigue performance of an ultrafine-grained (UFG) interstitialfree (IF) steel deformed at various mean stress levels. The UFG microstructure was achieved using equal channel angular extrusion processing at room temperature (RT) and along an “efficient” route, giving way to the formation of high angle grain boundaries (HAGBs) with a high volume fraction. The current study not only confirms the previous finding that a high volume fraction of HAGBs promotes cyclic stability, but also inquires into the role of mean stress level on the cyclic stability. It is shown that the UFG IF steel exhibits a stable cyclic deformation response in the lowcycle fatigue regime within the medium applied mean stress range of -75 to 75 MPa. The corresponding fatigue lives can still be predicted with the Smith-Watson-Topper approach within this range. Furthermore, the present study demonstrates that the evolution of mean strains with cyclic deformation can be linked to the evolution of mean stresses in strain-controlled loading.
Internal Fatigue Failure Mechanism of High Strength Steels in Gigacycle Regime
Authors: Shiozawa Kazuaki , Lu Lian Tao
Published: March 2009

Gigacycle fatigue behavior in high-strength steels tested under rotary bending fatigue
was summarized in this paper. Characteristic of the very high cycle fatigue is to be caused the
transition of fracture mode from surface-induced fracture to subsurface inclusion-induced one. In
the vicinity of an inclusion at the origin of internal crack, granular-bright-facet (GBF) area was
formed during extremely long fatigue cycles. It was pointed out that the formation of GBF area was
an important factor for the control of the internal fatigue fracture in gigacycle regime. The GBF
area revealed a very rough granular morphology compared with the area outside the GBF inside the
fish-eye zone, and was related to the carbide distribution in the microstructure of the matrix. From
the detailed observation of fracture surface and computer simulation by FRASTA method, the GBF
area formation mechanism in a gigacycle fatigue regime was proposed as the ‘dispersive
decohesion of spherical carbide model’.
Fluorine Doped Tin Oxide Coatings - Over 50 Years and Going Strong
Authors: Gerhardinger Peter , Strickler David
Published: March 2009

Thin film coatings of fluorine doped tin oxide on glass were first produced in the 1940’s
as part of the World War II effort. Generically known as TCO (Transparent Conductive Oxide)
Coatings, the primary use was for antifogging coatings for aircraft transparencies using an electrical
current to heat the glass assembly. Nearly 60 years later, these coatings are still used in cockpit
glazings. Although the first generation coatings were applied using spray pyrolysis on heated glass
panes, by 1990 these coatings were being applied directly on the float glass ribbon during the
primary glass manufacturing operation, using Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Vapor Deposition
(APCVD). As part of a color suppressed multi-layer structure, these coatings met the aesthetic
and performance criteria for architectural low E glazings, and spawned new applications in
electrochromic devices, heated freezer doors, radiant glass heaters, EMI/RFI Shielding, and the
largest growing segment in glass – thin film photovoltaic panels.
In this paper we discuss the characteristics of the on-line production, the performance
characteristics of the coatings, the end use requirements, and the massive infrastructure in place
worldwide to support the volume requirements. We compare the properties of SnO2:F to other
emerging TCO materials such as zinc oxide.
Development and Commercialization of Vapor Grown Carbon Nanofibers: A Review
Authors: Nadarajah Arunan , Lawrence Joseph G. , Hughes Thomas W.
Published: March 2009

The lack of a low cost, high volume method to produce carbon nanotubes has greatly limited
their commercialization. Carbon nanofibers have a similar structure and properties as nanotubes
and are a commercially viable alternative to them. In recent years many of the difficulties of
commercial nanofiber production have been overcome through innovations in their manufacturing
process. It is now possible to produce carbon nanofibers of different grades, such as thinner and
thicker walled ones, and low heat treated and high heat treated ones. Most significantly,
commercial quantities can now be produced of carbon nanofibers that have been surface
functionalized with carboxylic acid groups, making them suitable for further functionalization and
new classes of applications, such as biomedical sensors and drug delivery.
Despite their cost advantages and availability more widespread use of carbon nanofibers has
been hampered by uncertainties in their molecular structure and a lack of physical property
measurements. However, recent theoretical and experimental studies have addressed these
deficiencies showing that these fibers have a cone-helix structure under the usual manufacturing
conditions. Additionally, small amounts of a segmented carbon nanotube structure, commonly
called a bamboo structure, are also present. When the conical nanofibers were heat treated they
were found to transform to a stacked cone structure. Advances in surface functionalization have
allowed a variety of groups to be incorporated on them, significantly enhancing their properties and
potential applications. Finally, the recent development of a new method to measure the elastic
properties and morphology of single nanofibers has clearly demonstrated the high strength of these
fibers. These nanofibers now represent a well understood and well characterized graphitic carbon
nanomaterial that can be manufactured at low cost in large quantities, and have the potential to
bring widespread use of nanotechnology to a variety of fields.
Mathematics and Innovation in Engineering
Authors: Beretta Elena , Gandolfi Alberto , Sastri C.C.A.
Published: March 2009

We present some examples of mathematical discoveries whose original import was mainly theoretical but which later ended up triggering extraordinary ad- vances in engineering, sometimes all the way down to technological realizations and market products. The examples we cite include Markov chains and Markov random fields, spin glasses, large deviations and the inverse conductivity problem, and their effects in various areas such as communication and imaging technologies.
Wind Energy Electrical Power Generation Industry Life Cycle - Impact of Modern Materials Systems on Economic Viability
Authors: Dismukes John P. , Miller Lawrence K. , Solocha Andrew , Bers John A.
Published: March 2009

This study addresses past, current and future development of the wind electrical power
industry, that began prior to 1890 in Cleveland, Ohio and Askov, Denmark. Overcoming
technological, business, societal and political hurdles required approximately 120 years of
exploration to establish wind electricity generation as a radical innovation entering the acceleration
stage of the industrial technology life cycle. Materials and integrated materials systems featuring
mechanical, structural, fluid dynamic, electrical, electronic, and telecommunications functionality
developed and introduced over that period have contributed uniquely to current commercial
viability of wind turbine electrical power generation. Further growth and maturation is expected to
continue to ≈ 2100, corresponding to a life cycle of ≅ 210 years. This finding has profound
implications for radical innovation theory and practice, since historical analysis attributes a 50-60
year life cycle for 5 industrial revolutions, and emerging theory anticipates acceleration of radical
innovation, as discussed in companion papers in this conference.
Rapid growth in installed capacity of large scale wind turbines (>1MW) now positions wind
electrical power generation in the Acceleration Stage, characterized by market competition between
dominant wind turbine designs and societal acceptance by wind energy communities of practice in
Europe, North America and Asia. Technical cost model based learning curve projections of Cost of
Electricity (COE) suggest that by 2020 COE from wind will be competitive, without tax incentives,
with electricity from conventional fossil and nuclear fuel sources. Capture by wind energy of up to
20% of the world electricity market appears likely by the end of the 21st Century.
Disruptive Inventions in Electroceramics
Authors: Subbarao E.C.
Published: March 2009

Disruptive inventions in electroceramics arose out of need for greatly improved properties or short-supply of existing materials, or, more importantly, serenpedity. In the case of ceramic capacitors, the key property of the material, dielectric constant, jumped from less than 10 (mica) to 100 (titania) to over 1000 (barium titanate ceramics) to over 10,000 (relaxor ferroelectrics) to over 100,000 (multilayer ceramics). The challenge for miniaturization demanded by integrated circuits was thus met. An excellent insulator such as barium titanate was converted into a good conductor by doping but the unexpected discovery was the abrupt increase in electrical resistivity over a million fold at the Curie temperature, opening new vistas of applications. The disruptive invention of superconductivity in oxide ceramics, that too at easily accessible, above liquid nitrogen, temperatures created unprecedented scientific efforts. The discovery of piezoelectric properties in lead zirconate titanate ceramics totally transformed the entire field of transducers, sensors and actuators. Mixing a piezoelectric ceramic powder and a polymer into a composite with controlled connectivity in 0, 1, 2 or 3 directions led to an unbelievable range of piezoelectric and electrostrictive properties and applications. Ceramics, noted for their opacity, have become endowed with superior electro-optic properties by magical alchemy.
Transparent Thin Film Transistors Based on InZnO for Flexible Electronics
Authors: Pearton Stephen J. , Lim Wan Tae , Wang Yu Lin , Shoo K. , Norton D.P. , Lee Je Won , Ren F. , Zavada John M.
Published: March 2009

There is strong interest in new forms of transparent, flexible or wearable electronics
using non-Si materials deposited at low temperature on cheap substrates. While Si-based thin film
transistors (TFTs) are widely used in displays, there are some drawbacks such as light sensitivity
and light degradation and low field effect mobility (<1 cm2/Vs). For example, virtually all liquid
crystal displays (LCDs) use TFTs imbedded in the panel itself. One of the promising alternatives to
use of Si TFTs involves amorphous or nanocrystalline n-type oxide semiconductors. For example,
there have been promising results with zinc oxide, indium gallium oxide and zinc tin oxide
channels. In this paper, recent progress in these new materials for TFTs is reviewed. It is expected
that GaInZnO transistor arrays will be used for driving laminar electroluminescent, organic lightemitting
diode (OLED) and LCD displays. These transistors may potentially operate at up to an
order of magnitude faster than Si FTFs.
Online Measurement of Micro-Aspheric Surface Profile with Compensation of Scanning Error
Authors: Arai Yoshikazu , Shibuya Atsushi , Yoshikawa Y. , Gao Wei
Published: March 2009

A novel scanning probe measurement system has been developed to achieve precise profile
measurements of micro-aspheric surfaces. The system consists of a scanning stage (a spindle and a
linear slide) and a sensor unit. The sensor unit consists of a ring artifact, two capacitance sensors and
a contact-mode displacement sensor. The two capacitance sensors scan the surface of the ring artifact
to measure and compensate the error motions of the scanning stage while the contact-mode
displacement sensor scans the surface of a micro-aspheric. In this paper, a new contact-mode
displacement sensor that has a small contact force of less than 2.3 mN and a stable output has been
developed. After investigating the fundamental performance of the contact-mode displacement
sensor, the sensor has been applied to the micro-aspheric surface profile measurement system. The
effectiveness of the measurement system has been verified by the measurement results.
Measurement Method for Micro-Cavity Based on Improved MAP Algorithm
Authors: Cui Ji Wen , Tan Jiu Bin , Shi Q.
Published: March 2009

In order to improve the measurement precision, an improved MAP algorithm is proposed to increase the edge aiming precision in this paper. The algorithm breaks the limitation of degenerated model, takes two actual factors into account, one is the distortion caused by motion, which solved by Huber-Markov random filed in the improved MAP algorithm, and the other is curvature of field, which solved by Delaunay triangle method. The algorithm can restore the high-frequency information of image, keep the edge character of image, and increase the aiming precision of the edge during the measurement. The experiments show that the uncertainty of location for the image captured in the measurement can be improved three folds, and the repeatability uncertain is less then 0.8µm when the diameter of φ0.2mm hole is measured using the proposed MAP algorithm and length-measuring interferometer together.
A Study of the Surface Profile Measurement Using a Reference Error Free Interferometer
Authors: Okuyama Eiki , Yamasuge Tomoaki
Published: March 2009

In this article, a new interferometer which accuracy does not depend on the accuracy of
the reference is proposed. This interferometer calculates the surface profile of the measured mirror
surface using two steps. At the first step, the interferometer obtains the data concerning the
reference and a polarized beam splitter (PBS). The interferometer works as a Mach-Zehnder
interferometer. At the second step, since the polarized beam splitter is rotated 90 degree, the
measured mirror is lightened by a laser beam. In this step, the interferometer obtains the data
concerning the reference, the PBS and the measured mirror. Therefore, the difference between these
two results corresponds to the surface profile of the measured mirror and it does not include the data
of the reference and the PBS. The principle and the experimental results were described.
Analyzing the Grating Profile Parameters Based on Scanning-Electron Microscope Images
Authors: Li Y. , Zeng Li Jiang
Published: March 2009

Measuring grating profiles is very helpful for the analysis of specifications of gratings
and improvement of grating fabrication techniques. We analyzed grating grooves by digitizing the
scanning-electron microscope (SEM) images. Some kinds of filter and arithmetic were developed to
extract the contour line of grating profile. In order to analyze the diffraction efficiency affected by
the shape of grating profile, the calculated diffraction efficiency based on the SEM image and
measured diffraction efficiency based on experiment was compared and analyzed.
Photogrammetric Measurement of Deformation of Large Deployable Mesh Microwave Antenna
Authors: Dong Ming Li , Deng Wen Yi , Sun Y.N. , Wang Y.Q.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents a method to measure the deformation of large deployable mesh
microwave antenna by using the photogrammetric technology. Because the mesh reflector surface is
controlled by 79 nodes, measuring 3D coordinates of these nodes accurately is the key to test the
deformation of antenna. The technique of camera calibration, the matching method of the image
points, and the solution of measuring 3D points are introduced in this paper. The experimental data is
also provided. This paper proposes a method to calculate the spatial coordinates of microwave
antenna nodes by using the bundle adjustment with distance constraints. This method is capable of
correcting the influences of the lens distortion and improving system measurement accuracy. In
reference to the fact that the surface of this antenna is controlled by 79 nodes, and the design
parameter of these nodes is already known, a method based on digital surface model constrain is used
to solve the image points matching problem. This method efficiently simplifies the computation
procedure and shortens the measurement time.
Freeform Surface Measurement from a Single Encoded Image Captured by a Camera with Varying Parameters
Authors: Lu Rong Sheng , Liu Z.J. , Dang X.M. , Hu P.H.
Published: March 2009

In this paper, we present a method of measuring a freeform surface profile from a single
image taken by a vision system consisting of a digital camera and a pattern projector. The
measurement can be implemented without calibrating the camera’s parameters, provided that the
intrinsic and extrinsic parameters of the projector are known. The method enables the camera to
have much more adaptability for measuring a stationary or moving object with complex shape of
surface.
Predictive Measurement Method for Time Grating Displacement Sensor
Authors: Liu Xiao Kang , Fei Ye Tai , Peng D. , Wang X.
Published: March 2009

Time grating displacement sensor is briefly introduced for measuring space with time. The measured values of time grating will not update during the measuring period. To use the sensor as position feedback component for CNC rotary table positioning servo control, this paper firstly introduces prediction conception to measurement field, and predictive measurement method is firstly proposed. Predicted values are derived form past measured values and the prediction error is corrected in real time using the new measured values. The positioning accuracy of the CNC rotary table is improved greatly. Experiment results conform the validity of the proposed method.
Increasing the Metrological Reliability of Sensors. New Problems and Ways of Solution
Authors: Sapozhnikova Ksenia , Taymanov Roald E.
Published: March 2009

Modern knowledge-intensive branches of industry require industrial intelligent sensors
with enhanced metrological reliability. Such sensors are expected to provide many years of operation
without maintenance. The specific scientific problems that emerge while developing such sensors are
considered. These problems include: experimental evaluation of quality of sensor design and
technology; development of on-line strategies for metrological self-checks of sensors as well as of
methods to provide self-correction and fault-tolerance. Possible ways of solution of these problems
are outlined.
Study on Oil and Gas Pipeline Leakage Real-Time Inspection System Based on Distributed Optical Fiber
Authors: Zhou Y. , Jin Shi Jiu , Feng H. , Zeng Z.M. , Qu Z.G.
Published: March 2009

A new distributed optical fiber pipeline leakage detection technology based on
Mach-Zehnder optical fiber interferometer theory is put forward. When using this technology, an
optical fiber cable is laid along the pipeline. Noise from leaking point on the pipeline can be acquired
by the optical fiber vibration sensor which was composed of three single mode optical fibers, thus,
leakage occurred on the pipeline can be detected in real time. The detection principle and system
construction are explained and in-site testing data is analyzed. With principle analysis and
experimental results, it is demonstrated that the detection system’s measuring sensitivity and location
accuracy for detecting leakage are high when adopting this technology.
Advanced Analog-to-Digital Conversion Using Voltage-to-Frequency Converters for Remote Sensors
Authors: Yurish Sergey Y.
Published: March 2009

This paper presents an advanced analog-to-digital conversion technique based on a voltage-to-frequency-to-digital conversion that is suitable for remote sensors, telemetry applications and multichannel data acquisition systems. A voltage-to-frequency conversion part can be based, for example, on high performance, charge-balance voltage-to-frequency converter (VFC), where monostable is replaced by a bistable, driven by an external clock, or other existing high performance VFCs. The frequency-to-digital converter “bottleneck” problem in such promised ADC scheme was solved due to proposed advanced method of the dependent count for frequency-to-digital conversion. This ADC technique lets receive many advantages such as high accuracy, relatively low power consumption, low cost solution, wide dynamic range, great stability and faster conversion time in comparison with existing VFC-based techniques. The conversion rate (6.25 µs to 6.25 ms) in such ADC scheme is programmable, non-redundant, shorter than for pulse counting technique and comparable with successive-approximation and Σ- ADC.
Experiments to Detect Damage Progression in Axially Compressed CFRP Panels under Cyclic Loading
Authors: Degenhardt Richard , Wilckens Dirk , Klein Hermann , Kling Alexander , Rohwer Klaus , Hillger Wolfgang , Goetting Hans Christian , Gleiter Andreas
Published: March 2009

The aircraft industry strives for significantly reduced development and operating costs.
Reduction of structural weight at safe design is one possibility to reach this objective which is
aimed by the running EU project COCOMAT. The main objective of COCOMAT is a future design
scenario for composite curved stiffened panels which are understood as parts of real aircraft
structures. This design scenario exploits considerable reserve carrying capacities in fibre composite
fuselage structures by accurate simulation of collapse. The project results will comprise an
experimental data base, improved slow and fast computational tools as well as design guidelines. A
reliable simulation of the collapse load requires also taking degradation into account. For the
validation of the tools a sound database of experiments are needed which give information about the
progress of damage during the loading process. This paper focuses on experimental results of four
nominally identical CFRP panels tested within the COCOMAT project at the buckling test facility
of the Institute of Composite Structures and Adaptive Systems (DLR). In a first step, three of the
four panels were loaded several thousand times. Each time the panel was loaded beyond global
buckling and was unloaded to zero. Finally, all panels were tested until collapse. During the tests,
advanced measurement systems such as High-Speed-ARAMIS, thermography and Lamb-waves
were applied. The test results given in this paper may be used as benchmarks.
Effects of Rim and Web Thickness on Gear Tooth Root, Rim and Web Stresses
Authors: Marunić Gordana
Published: March 2009

The paper presents a study on the tooth root, rim and web stresses of thin-rimmed spur
gear structure with symmetrical web, based upon 3D FEM calculations. In order to identify some
gear design directions, the effects of rim and web thickness on gear stress behaviour are
investigated, and maximum stresses resulting from actual rim and web contribution are compared.
Experimental Study on Seismic Damage Model of the SRHSHPC Composite Frame Columns
Authors: Zheng Shan Suo , Zhang Liang , Li Lei , Wang Bin , Xie Ming
Published: March 2009

Based on experimental investigation under low cyclic reversed loading, the seismic
behaviors and seismic damage model for steel reinforced high strength and high performance
concrete (SRHSHPC) composite frame columns are studied. Several existing seismic damage models
are firstly presented and their characteristics are comparatively analyzed. From the test results of low
cyclic reversed loading, the variation history of cumulative dissipated hysteretic energy of the
SRHSHPC composite frame columns under different loading cycle levels is figured out, and the
influence of axial compression ratio, shear span ratio, stirrup ratio and concrete strength on the
cumulative dissipated hysteretic energy is also discussed. The damage index of the SRHSHPC
composite frame columns is compared according to the existing seismic damage models, and the
seismic damage model adapted for the SRHSHPC composite frame columns is established.
According to the variation history of the damage index under different loading cycle levels, the rule of
damage development for the SRHSHPC composite frame columns is proposed. The influence of axial
compression ratio, shear span ratio, stirrup ratio and concrete strength on the damage development is
also discussed. The results indicate that the seismic behaviors of the SRHSHPC composite frame
column are outstanding, and the seismic damage model could give a quantitative description for
damaging process of the samples, which is reference for establishing more rational damage criteria for
the SRHSHPC earthquake-resistant composite structure.
Fatigue Strength of Maraging Steel at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Iwamoto T. , Kawagoishi Norio , Yan Nu , Kondo Eiji , Morino Kazuhiro
Published: March 2009

Rotating bending fatigue tests were carried out to investigate the effects of
temperature on the fatigue strength and the fracture mechanism of an 18 % Ni maraging
steel at room and elevated temperatures of 473K and 673K. Fatigue strength was higher
at elevated temperatures than at room temperature, though static strength was decreased
by softening at elevated temperature. There was no effect of temperature on crack
morphology and fracture mechanism. On the other hand, during fatigue process at
elevated temperature, the specimen was age-hardened and the specimen surface was
oxide. That is, the increase in fatigue strength at elevated temperature was mainly
caused by the increase in hardness due to age-hardening and suppression of a crack
initiation due to surface oxidation.
Fatigue-Cumulative Damage Model of RC Crane Girders Strengthened with FRP Strips
Authors: Zheng Shan Suo , Wang Bin , Li Lei , Zhang Liang , Hou Pi Ji
Published: March 2009

The cumulative damage of the reinforced concrete (RC) crane girders occurred by
overload, fatigue and other reasons in service may deteriorate the safety of RC crane girders seriously,
so it is necessary to analyze the damage mechanism and rationally reinforce them in good time. In this
paper, RC crane girder strengthened with CFRP strips is taken as a target, and the mechanical
performance degradation under fatigue load is studied. According to the basic theory of continuum
damage mechanics, a damage variable is defined by flexural rigidity, and fatigue- cumulative damage
model, which describes the process of damage and fracture, is established. The variation law of
cumulative damage of RC crane girders strengthened with FRP strips under crane load is discussed,
and the failure patterns such as concrete cracking, debonding between CFRP strips and concrete, yield
of steel bars etc., are studied. The criterion which can be used to estimate the cumulative damage
degree of strengthened RC crane girders is proposed. Finally, the evolution of the fatigue damage in
the RC crane girders strengthened with CFRP strips is numerically simulated, and the results show
that the proposed model can correctly describe the damage and failure process of strengthened RC
crane girders. The research will provide a reference for the damage analysis and reinforcement of RC
crane girders strengthened with CFRP strips.
FEM Analysis for Sealing Performance of Hydraulic Pressure Brake Hose Caulking Portion
Authors: Kawahara Hirofumi , Yoshimura Shinpei , Noda Naoaki
Published: March 2009

Usually, development of automobile brake hose and power steering hose has been realized
through evaluating several actual prototype hoses experimentally. Recently, high durability and high
development effect for brake hose has been required because periodic exchange for the brake hose
has not been requested any more. In this study, therefore, stress analysis by FEM is performed to the
crimped portion of hydraulic pressure brake hose in order to promote the development of the
automobile hoses more efficiently. It is found that large normal stresses σr in the radial direction
appear at the crimped portion between the nipple and inner rubber. The results suggest that several
grooves on the nipple surface may be useful because they cause large σr, which may improve the
sealing performance. The effect of permanent deformation of the rubber on the sealing performance
is discussed by assuming initial deformation of the rubber at the crimped portion.
A Study of the Dynamic Plane Strain Fracture Toughness of Concrete by SHPB
Authors: Qu Jia , Zou Guang Ping
Published: March 2009

Concrete is a type of engineering composites which is widely used in military and civil
structures. The static performance of concrete can not be used to estimate the variation of concrete under
high strain rates under dynamic loads. By introducing the three point bending test under static and
dynamic loads, the plane strain fracture toughness KIC and KId were measured. Using the application of
experimental-numerical method a three-dimensional model has been established by FEM software
Ansys/LS-DYNA, to carryout transient analysis, and the response curves of stress intensity factor-time
through the opening displacement of fracture. Thus, with obtaining the cracking time by the method of
strain-gauge, the dynamic plane strain fracture toughness KId can be determined. By comparing KIc and
KId we could conclude the result which meant concrete was more liable to crack under dynamic load.
The Mesoscopic Investigation on Moduli Prediction in Visco-Elastic Particle Reinforced Composites
Authors: Ding Xue Zhong , Tang Li Qiang
Published: March 2009

The visco-elastic mechanism of particles reinforced composites has been investigated
through revised Eshelby equivalent inclusion theory. A visco-elastic model is applied. Furthermore,
by introducing Heaviside step function and Laplace transform, the creep constitutional equation
related to strain rate effect is achieved. Finally, by equivalent inclusion theory, introducing secant
modulus, the material moduli with time and volume fraction concerning Glass/ED6 particles
reinforced materials have been given. The results show that the visco-elastic property of composite
material is mainly determined by the visco-elastic behavior of the matrix, which meet experiment
results well. It can be concluded from the results that there exits close relationship between the
inclusion shape, volume fraction and loading path.
Test Analysis for RC Beams Strengthened with Externally Bonded Prestressed CFRP Laminates
Authors: Cui Shi Qi , Wang Jin Shan , Pei Zhao Zhen , Liu Zhi
Published: March 2009

Reinforced concrete beams strengthened with externally bonded CFRP sheet and
prestressed CFRP are analyzed in this paper. Crack developments and displacements with curvatures
for different beams are analyzed. Test results show that prestressed CFRP are able to control the
development of macro cracks in concrete and prestressed CFRP is an effective method to improve the
toughness of concrete, reduce strengthening cost and meanwhile enhance bearing capacity of
concrete beams.
A Study of Residual Stresses in Al/SiCp Linear Friction Weldment by Energy-Dispersive Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Jun Tea Sung , Rotundo Fabio , Ceschini Lorella , Korsunsky Alexander M.
Published: March 2009

Linear friction welding (LFW) is a solid state joining process for bonding of two flatedged,
complex geometry components through relative reciprocating motion under axial
(compressive) forces. Although the proof of principle has been obtained some time ago, recently a
number of studies have been published aimed at optimising the joining operations to obtain best
joint strength and reduced distortion and residual stress. The present paper is devoted to the study of
linear friction welds between components made from aluminium alloy 2124 matrix composite
(AMC) reinforced with 25vol% particulate silicon carbide (SiCp). Neutron diffraction was used to
measure interplanar lattice spacings in the matrix and reinforcement, and to deduce residual elastic
strains and stresses as a function of distance from the bond line. Significant asymmetry is observed
in the residual stress distribution within the two components being joined, that may be associated
with the difference in the microstructure and texture.
Stress Fields near Mode II Interface Crack Tip of Two Dissimilar Orthotropic Composite Materials
Authors: Zhang Shao Qin , Yao He Sheng , Li Jun Lin
Published: March 2009

Orthotropic bi-materials interfacial crack was studied, by constructing new stress function and using composite complex function method of material fracture. When secular equations’ discriminant 1 0 < and 2 0 < , the theoretical solutions of stress fields without oscillation singularity and displacement fields without embedding of upper and lower sides are derived.
An Experimental Study on the Fatigue of Structural Steels with Various Welding Details
Authors: Goo Byeong Choon
Published: March 2009

A structural steel should satisfy various properties under varied conditions. Fatigue strength is one of them. When structural steels are used in the form of welded joints, fatigue strength is one of the key characteristics that should be considered. In this study, comprehensive fatigue tests of a structural steel with yielding strength of about 350 MPa and tensile strength of about 520 MPa were carried out. First, a lot of specimens: parent material plates, butt welded specimens with reinforcement removed, as-welded plates, plates with weld toe ground, load-carrying cruciform, non load-carrying cruciform, plates with transverse fillet welded rib, etc were prepared and tested. S-N curves for the above specimens were compared and analyzed. Secondly, some life-size rectangular beams were fabricated by welding and tested. It is found that annealing is detrimental to fatigue strength rather than beneficial. The experimental data and results may be used usefully by engineers.
Cement Loop Damage Mechanism in the Process of Repairing Casing
Authors: Tang Li Qiang , Sun Shu Zhang , Wu Cong Cong , Yu Xue Mei
Published: March 2009

Based on the theories of fracture mechanics and composite materials mechanics, fibrous
composite model that interacted on stratum, cement loop and casing was firstly established.
Boundary conditions that the repaired force acted in fibrous composite model were also given. The
influences of interface damage evolution and fracture process of fiber and matrix on the cement
loop mechanical properties were studied as well. Meanwhile the distributions of stress and
displacement fields were obtained. Finally, the debonded length and variation of the optimum
repaired force were also determined, which can restrict the cement damage length to the lowest
scale. The results given here can provide a reliable design references for improving the technology
of repairing casing damage well.
An Integrated Approach to Durability Design of Steel Structures Against Atmospheric Corrosion
Authors: Cascini Lucrezia , Landolfo Raffaele , Portioli F.
Published: March 2009

To develop a durability design procedure based on lifetime safety factor method, different dose-response functions based on both ISO standards and the literature are presented for the prediction of the thickness loss due to atmospheric corrosion in metal structures. Finally, serviceability and ultimate limit states are defined for the durability design against corrosion.
Impact Properties of Sn-0.75Cu Lead-Free Solder Ball Joint
Authors: Shohji Ikuo , Osawa Tsutomu , Okashita Takeshi , Watanabe Hirohiko
Published: March 2009

Impact properties of a solder ball joint with a Sn-0.75mass%Cu lead-free solder were investigated under aging conditions at 393 K. Moreover, obtained impact properties were compared with those of the joints with Sn-3.5mass%Ag and Sn-3.5mass%Ag-0.5mass%Cu solders. Ball impact force of a Sn-0.75Cu joint was stable at 4.5~5 N, which is similar to that of a Sn-3.5Ag-0.5Cu joint without aging, upon aging at 393 K for 1000 h. In the Sn-0.75Cu joint without aging, main fracture mode was complex fracture of the solder and an intermetallic compound (IMC) formed in a joint interface. Main fracture mode changed from the complex mode to solder fracture upon aging, and thus the impact toughness improved.
The Effect of Volume Fraction of Steel Fiber on the Tensile Softening Behavior in Ultra High Performance Concrete
Authors: Kang Su Tae , Park Jung Jun , Kim Sung Wook , Hong Kee Nam
Published: March 2009

This paper estimated the influence of volume of steel fiber on the tensile softening behavior in Ultra High Performance Concrete. Tensile softening curves were obtained from Three-Point Bending Test(TPBT) with notched beam. Inverse analysis method by Uchida et al. was introduced to obtain the tensile softening behaviors from the results of TPBT. We could find out that the increase of volume fraction of steel fiber makes the tensile strength higher but all of the curves converged on an asymptote with crack width. We proposed the equation of softening curve expressed by combination of plastic area and exponential descending area considering the volume fraction of steel fiber and ω0, which is corresponding to the maximum crack width of plastic area. We also carried out the crack propagation analysis using finite element method with smeared crack model and confirmed that the proposed equation had a good agreement with the experimental results.
An Iterative Algorithm of Hypersingular Integral Equations for Crack Problems
Authors: Oda Kazuhiro , Noda Naoaki
Published: March 2009

Crack problems are reducible to singular integral equations with strongly singular kernels
by means of the body force method. In the ordinary method, the integral equations are reduced to a
system of linear algebraic equations. In this paper, an iterative method for the numerical solution of
the hypersingular integral equations of the body force method is proposed. This method is based on
the Gauss- Chebyshev numerical integration rule and is very simple to program. The solution is
achieved without solving the system of linear algebraic equations. The proposed method is applied
to some plane elasticity crack problems and is seen to give convergent results.
Delamination of Laminates Governed by Free Edge Interlaminar Stresses Using Interface Element
Authors: Hosseini-Toudeshky Hossein , Jalalvand Meisam , Mohammadi Bijan
Published: March 2009

In this paper, interface element with de-cohesive constitutive law is used to predict the
delamination progress of laminates in which delamination is the prominent failure mode. For this
purpose, a finite element program is developed to perform nonlinear damage analysis. The analyses
are carried out based on the interlaminar constitutive law of elastic-plastic-damage proposed before
in the literature. Delamination initiation and propagation of several laminates with dominant
interlaminar shear stresses at free edges are investigated to find the failure load. It is shown that the
difference between the predicted failure loads using the present study and the experimental results
are 3.1% to 19.4% for various laminates.
Research on the Metal Forming Process of the Muffler Tube Using Finite Element Method
Authors: Han Kyu Taek , Jin Yi Jiong
Published: March 2009

A muffler is an important part used to reduce noise and to purify exhaust gas in cars and heavy equipments. Recently there has been a growing interest in the designing and manufacturing the muffler tube due to the strict environmental regulations. The technique of perforating on the muffler tube has been largely affected by the shear clearance. And considering the concentration of the force around the punch edge, it is essential to reduced it through the punch radius. In this research, finite element analysis has been carried out to predict optimal forming conditions of the muffler tube using DEFORMTM-3D. In analysis, using one-fourth component of the punch and die, metal forming process is simulated and Cockcroft-Latham ductile fracture theory is used. According to the simulation results, when the shear clearance is 0.04mm, the punch radius is 0.05mm and the value of plate holder force is 250KN, the relation of load-stroke for punch is optimized. Also the burr is minimized and optimal shear section is obtained. The simulation results are reflected to the forming process design for the muffler tube.
Crack Width of SRC Members Based on Fracture Mechanics
Authors: Wang Bin , Zheng Shan Suo , Wu Min Zhe , Li Lei , Zeng Lei
Published: March 2009

Steel reinforced concrete (SRC) structure is a kind of building structure with excellent
mechanical performance, but the theory of crack width is not very clear. In recent years, the fracture
energy is more and more applied to research concrete materials, which has opened up a new field for
concrete materials modeling. In this paper, crack width model for SRC structure based on fracture
energy concept is put forward. A uniaxial tension model is employed in the analysis for
simplification. On the ground of the stress equilibrium as well as the relation among relative slip, steel
strain and concrete strain, the basic equations are derived. By introducing the interfacial nonlinear
bond stress versus slip constitutive relation between embedded steel and concrete, the analytical
solution for distribution of slip along the interface is obtained. And based on this result, the influence
of the interfacial bond-slip on tension stiffening of the steel is considered. The displacements of steel
and concrete at the crack face under different load levels are computed and analyzed respectively.
Finally according to the principle of work and power as well as the fracture energy concept of plain
concrete, expression for fracture energy of SRC structures is obtained, and the relation of crack width
and concrete fracture energy is established. The comparison shows that the fracture energy based on
the model agrees with the test results well.
Preparation of TiO2 Thin Films by Electrophoresis Deposition Method in Highly Dispersed Colloidal Solution
Authors: Yamamoto Kunio , Watanabe Masahiko , Yoshikado Shinzo
Published: March 2009

The purpose of this study is to prepare high-quality TiO2 thin films suitable for dye-sensitized solar
cells using electrophoresis method. A high-quality TiO2 thin film without crack could be deposited
using highly dispersed colloidal solution of TiO2 fine particles. Highly dispersed colloidal solution
was prepared using mechanical milling (MM). The two electrodes of electrophoresis were set parallel
to liquid level. Optimum preparing condition to disperse TiO2 fine particles using MM could
be found. Under this condition, homogeneous TiO2 thin film was deposited on ITO glass. The
open-electromotive force and short-circuit current of dye-sensitized solar cell showed excellent reproducibility.
Adsorption Property of Dye Molecule over Semi-Crystalline Mesoporous Titania Films
Authors: Meng Xiang Ju , Kimura Tatsuo , Ohji Tatsuki , Kato Kazumi
Published: March 2009

Semi-crystalline mesoporous titania films were prepared by the reactions of titanium isopropoxide
(TTIP) in acidic aqueous solutions containing EO106PO70EO106 triblock copolymer (F127) and
1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPBz). Adsorption experiments of dye molecules over the mesoporous
films calcined at different temperatures and prepared with different TTIP/F127 molar ratios showed
that adsorption property of the dye molecules would be related to the crystallinity of the frameworks
and the macroporosity at the surfaces.
Analysis of Nonlinear Dielectric Characteristics of (Ba, Sr)TiO3 Thin Films and their Frequency Conversion Application
Authors: Nishida Takashi , Nozaka Takashi , Tsuchikawa Takuya , Echizen Masahiro , Takeda Hiroaki , Uchiyama Kiyoshi , Shiosaki Tadashi
Published: March 2009

(Ba,Sr)TiO3 (BST) thin films have been investigated because of significant interest in device applications of their nonlinear dielectric properties such as in frequency tunable devices. We have investigated frequency conversion devices using BST films as new nonlinear devices, such as frequency mixers and multipliers. In this paper, we report the evaluation of nonlinear properties of various capacitors, and the experimental equation of the properties and the equivalent circuit model for frequency converters were established. A frequency multiplier using the BST film capacitor was fabricated, and obvious third harmonic signals could be observed. A conversion efficiency of -20 dB was obtained with a low input power of 0.25 W. Analysis of the converter with an equivalent circuit was also carried out, and the calculated output voltage agreed well with the measured result. The model is expected to be used for the analysis and improvement of conversion devices.
Molecular Dynamics Study of Oxygen Vacancy Diffusion in BaTiO3 Doped with Rare Earth Ions
Authors: Oyama Takashi , Wada Nobuyuki , Sakabe Yukio
Published: March 2009

Atomistic mechanisms that restrain diffusion of oxygen vacancies in BaTiO3 doped with rare earth
ions as donors were analyzed using molecular dynamics simulation. It was confirmed that formation
of cation vacancies and reduction of lattice volume are sources of resistance for the diffusion. The
cation vacancies trap the oxygen vacancies at the nearby O2- sites by an attractive force associated
with Coulombic interaction. In contrast, the rare earth ions repel the oxygen vacancies, which
migrate via O2- sites, and accelerate the diffusion. This is one of the factors that determine the
restraint behavior of the diffusion, which depends on the type of rare earth ion in BaTiO3-based
materials.
Synthesis of Well-Aligned ZnO Nanowhisker Films Using Aqueous Solution for Use in Dye-Sensitized Sensor
Authors: Hu Xiu Lan , Masuda Yoshitake , Ohji Tatsuki , Kato Kazumi
Published: March 2009

Highly conductive and well-aligned ZnO nanowhisker films which can be used to optoelectronic devices have been fabricated on conductive F-doped SnO2 coated glass substrates using aqueous solutions with the addition of polyethylenimine at a lower temperature. ZnO nanowhiskers with well crystalline and hexagonal morphology were grown with high orientation along the c-axis. The electrical properties were investigated by a low intensity red laser irradiation (6 mW), after DNA molecules labeled with dye molecules were absorbed on the nanowhiskers. Enhanced photocurrent was detected.