bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Management of lytic bone disease in lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma: A case report and review of the literature
Authors: Baksh Mizba , Jiang Liuyan , Bhatia Unnati , Alegria Victoria , Sher Taimur , Roy Vivek , Chanan‐Khan Asher , Ailawadhi Sikander , Parrondo Ricardo D.
Published: December 2021

Waldenström macroglobulinemia (WM)/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (LPL) is often differentiated from myeloma based on the presence of lytic bone lesions (LBL). However, WM/LPL can present with LBL, and management is poorly understood. We describe a case of an 81‐year‐old woman with LPL who presented with LBL and was successfully treated with chemoimmunotherapy.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral Sulfonylative Coupling from (Hetero)aryl Boronic Acids, Ammonium Salts and Potassium Metabisulfite
Authors: Zhang Yingying , Zhu Haibo , Fan Qiangwen , Yang Liu , Xie Zongbo , Le Zhang‐Gao
Published: December 2021

An efficient cobalt‐catalyzed redox‐neutral sulfonylative coupling to afford (hetero)aryl alkyl sulfones from boronic acids, ammonium salts and potassium metabisulfite has been realized. Commercially available and air‐stable CoCl2, in combination with phenanthroline ligand, is sufficient to achieve rapid and high‐yielding conversion of the reactants into the corresponding sulfones. This practical transformation proceeds smoothly through C−N bond cleavage under redox‐neutral catalytic conditions and shows broad functional‐group tolerance. Other carbon based electrophiles, including diaryliodonium salts, heteroaryl halides, and carbonates were compatible. Further transformation of aryl alkyl sulfones then allows conversion into olefins, alkenyl sulfones and halogenated sulfones, respectively, in a one‐pot process.
Bulk Mn2+ Doped 1D Hybrid Lead Halide Perovskite with Highly Efficient, Tunable and Stable Broadband Light Emissions
Authors: Jing Chang‐Qing , Yin Xu , Xiao Pan‐Chao , Gao Yu‐Jia , Wu Xiao‐Min , Yue Cheng‐Yang , Lei Xiao‐Wu
Published: December 2021

Mn2+ doped colloidal three‐dimensional (3D) lead halide perovskite nanocrystal (PNC) has attracted intensive research attention; however, the low exciton binding energy and fatal optical instability of 3D PNC seriously hinder the optoelectronic application. Therefore, it remains significant to explore new stable host perovskite with strongly bound exciton to realize more desirable luminescent property. In this work, we utilized bulk one‐dimensional (1D) hybrid perovskite of [AEP]PbBr5 ⋅ H2O (AEP=N‐aminoethylpiperazine) as structural platform to rationally optimize the luminescent property by a controllable Mn2+ doping strategy. Significantly, the series of Mn2+‐doped 1D [AEP]PbBr5 ⋅ H2O show enhanced energy transfer efficiency from the strongly bound excitons of host material to 3d electrons of Mn2+ ions, resulting in tunable broadband light emissions from weak yellow to strong red spectral range with highest photoluminescence quantum yield up to 28.41 %. More importantly, these Mn2+‐doped 1D perovskites display ultrahigh structural and optical stabilities in humid atmosphere, water and high temperature exceeding the conventional 3D PNC. Combined highly efficient, tunable and stable broadband light emissions enable Mn2+‐doped 1D perovskite as excellent down‐converting phosphor showcasing the potential application in white light emitting diode. This work not only provides a profound understanding of low‐dimensional perovskites but also opens a new way to rationally design high‐performance broadband light emitting perovskites for solid‐state lighting and displaying devices.
The characteristics of upper airway edema in hereditary and acquired angioedema with C1‐inhibitor deficiency
Authors: Balla Zsuzsanna , Andrási Noémi , Pólai Zsófia , Visy Beáta , Czaller Ibolya , Temesszentandrási György , Csuka Dorottya , Varga Lilian , Farkas Henriette
Published: December 2021

Background

Angioedemas localized in the upper airway are potentially life threatening, and without proper treatment, they may lead to death by suffocation. Upper airway edemas (UAE) in bradykinin‐mediated angioedemas can even be the first symptoms of the disease.

Methods

Our survey was performed with a retrospective long‐term follow‐up method from the medical history of 197 hereditary (C1‐INH‐HAE) and 20 acquired C1‐inhibitor deficiency (C1‐INH‐AAE), 3 factor XII and 3 plasminogen gene mutation (FXII‐HAE, PLG‐HAE) patients treated at our center between 1990 and 2020. The UAE group included edemas localized to the mesopharynx, hypopharynx, and larynx, as narrowing of these anatomical regions can lead to suffocation.

Results

98/197 C1‐INH‐HAE (47 families) and 13/20 C1‐INH‐AAE, 1/3 PLG‐HAE, 1/3 FXII‐HAE patients had experienced UAE at least once according to their medical history. In case of C1‐INH‐HAE patients, in 6/47 families who had undiagnosed ancestors had 13 members who died of suffocation. After the diagnosis, 1‐1 member of two families died of UAE. 44/64 C1‐INH‐HAE patients did not smoke, 20/64 did. The occurrence of UAE was significantly higher in smoker patients. We analyzed 7607 HAE attacks of 56/98 patients. Out of all attacks, the incidence of UAE in the C1‐INH‐HAE group was 4%, and 9.5% in the C1‐INH‐AAE group, respectively.

Conclusion

Early diagnosis is key in bradykinin‐mediated angioedemas cases, since the patient must be provided with adequate treatment; and also it is essential to inform patients about the importance of avoiding the trigger factors and the early symptoms of UAE, as these measures could significantly decrease the incidence of lethal UAEs.
Where it all began
Authors: Khuri Fadlo R.
Published: December 2021

In this powerful piece reproduced from Cancer's archives, Benno Schmidt, Sr, outlines the rationale for the National Cancer Act, which President Nixon signed into law in December 1971. It is a rare article that stands up well under repeated scrutiny, and the progress achieved under the act bears witness to its timeless nature.
The 50 years' war: The history and outcomes of the National Cancer Act of 1971
Authors: Brawley Otis W. , Goldberg Paul
Published: December 2021

The National Cancer Act of 1971 instigated 50 years of momentum that raised the federal investment in cancer research from $500 million in 1972 to $6.5 billion in 2021. This investment has fueled basic, translational, and clinical research that has had a tremendous impact on our understanding of cancer and our ability to prevent, diagnose, and treat it. It has also affected many other diseases.
Influence of Halide Choice on Formation of Low‐Dimensional Perovskite Interlayer in Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Liu Xueping , Webb Thomas , Dai Linjie , Ji Kangyu , Smith Joel A. , Kilbride Rachel C. , Yavari Mozhgan , Bi Jinxin , Ren Aobo , Huang Yuanyuan , Wang Zhuo , Shen Yonglong , Shao Guosheng , Sweeney Stephen J. , Hinder Steven , Li Hui , Lidzey David G. , Stranks Samuel D. , Greenham Neil C. , Silva S. Ravi P. , Zhang Wei
Published: December 2021

Recent advances in heterojunction and interfacial engineering of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have enabled great progress in developing highly efficient and stable devices. Nevertheless, the effect of halide choice on the formation mechanism, crystallography, and photoelectric properties of the low‐dimensional phase still requires further detailed study. In this work, we present key insights into the significance of halide choice when designing passivation strategies comprising large organic spacer salts, clarifying the effect of anions on the formation of quasi‐2D/3D heterojunctions. To demonstrate the importance of halide influences, we employ novel neo‐pentylammonium halide salts with different halide anions (neoPAX, X=I, Br, or Cl). We find that regardless of halide selection, iodide‐based (neoPA)2(FA)(n‐1)PbnI(3n+1) phases are formed above the perovskite substrate, while the added halide anions diffuse and passivate the perovskite bulk. In addition, we also find the halide choice has an influence on the degree of dimensionality (n). Comparing the three halides, we find that chloride‐based salts exhibit superior crystallographic, enhanced carrier transport, and extraction compared to the iodide and bromide analogs. As a result, we report high power conversion efficiency in quasi‐2D/3D PSCs, which are optimal when using chloride salts, reaching up to 23.35%, and improving long‐term stability.
Nanoporous Pt(Au) Alloys for the Enhanced, Non‐enzymatic Detection of Hydrogen Peroxide under Biofouling Conditions
Authors: Khan Rezaul K. , Silva Tiago A. , Fatibello‐Filho Orlando , Collinson Maryanne M. , Farghaly Ahmed A.
Published: December 2021

The non‐enzymatic electrochemical sensing of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is described. This study utilized a 3D bicontinuous nanoporous platinum‐gold alloy‐based sensor (NP−Pt(Au) electrode), which has a morphology that resembles a molecular sieve. SEM and CV were used to evaluate the morphological and electrochemical characteristics of the NP−Pt(Au) electrodes. The cathodic voltammetric response of H2O2 was enhanced at the NP−Pt(Au) as compared to planar Pt electrodes. The nanoporous electrode was able to maintain the H2O2 voltammetric profile even in the presence of the biofouling agent, serum albumin. Its application as a non‐enzymatic sensor for the amperometric measurement of H2O2 was explored.
An insoluble α‐Ketoglutarate salt coated onto an inert high surface area solid support prevents autoxidation of neat citrus oil
Authors: Calandra Michael J. , Wang Ying , Dodson Jeff , Roberto Amador Joao
Published: December 2021

Terpene hydroperoxides (THPs) have been reported to be skin sensitizers, so their elimination from citrus oils is desirable for consumer safety. Previously, we reported that treatment of citrus‐based perfumes with pyruvic acid and α‐ketoglutaric acid (AKG) or their salts was effective at removing existing THPs, measured by peroxide value (POV) titration. AKG salts, if soluble, were effective in neat citrus oil as well, but an insoluble AKG salt was only moderately effective. However, contact with an insoluble salt did prevent further autoxidation of the citrus oil. Herein, we report that coating an inert solid support with an insoluble AKG salt, made from either N‐methyl diethanolamine or 1‐[bis[3‐(dimethylamino)propyl]amino]‐2‐propanol, produced an easily handled device for insertion into a container of citrus oil; the device was highly effective at maintaining a low POV in fresh orange oil for an extended storage period. Such devices offer a promising mode of preventing autoxidation in fresh citrus oil raw materials.
Navigating Challenges for the Electric Control Center of the Future
Authors: Gorbatyuk Vitalina , Anderson Eric , Smith Jeff
Published: December 2021

Electric utilities have been undergoing unprecedented change in the past decade and have responded in part by investing in modernizing the electrical grid. This includes investing in advanced distribution automation and controls, distributed energy resources (DERs), and embracing new operational technologies to derive value from these investments. Utilities are embarking on new technologies and applications, digitizing workflow business assets and processes to support remote office and field work while continuing to provide safe and reliable delivery of power to customers.
Why Utilities Are Crucial to All Smart Cities
Authors: Pennington Nicole
Published: December 2021

The transition from urban centers as we know them today to the city of the future—a “smart” city—is inevitable. We've witnessed such fundamental shifts in all walks of life. Analog phones went digital and became “smart.” Household devices evolved from being push button garage doors, thermostats, and ovens, to sensor‐driven controllable technologies. Today, we are seeing electric water and gas meters, streetlights, waste bins, along with a litany of other municipal equipment becoming “smart” as well.
Mexico's Withdrawal from Gas and Electricity Markets
Authors: Makholm Jeff D.
Published: December 2021

Mexico is experiencing a tumultuous 2021 for its energy infrastructure systems, as President Andrés Manuel López Obrador works to dismantle more than 25 years of reforms to the nation's electricity and natural gas industries. Beginning in 1993 with the creation of the Comisión Reguladora de Energía (CRE), Mexico's independent energy regulator, Mexico has worked to reorganize and modernize the structure and regulation of its natural gas and electricity state‐owned monopolies. Reforms in the 1990s and later aimed to inject efficiency into those state‐owned enterprises. Mexico's goal was to attract investment into the natural gas and electricity sectors to expand energy services to industry and the public without overburdening public budgets. By many measures, and from various perspectives, those reforms were a success, encouraging investment and greater competition in the supply of natural gas and electricity.
Geochronology, petrogenesis, and tectonic significance of the granites in the Chaqiabeishan area of the Quanji Massif, northwestern China
Authors: Ding Qing‐Feng , Pan Tong , Zhou Xuan , Cheng Long , Li Shan‐Ping , Han Jie , Qian Ye , Gao Yang , Shang Ming‐Yu
Published: December 2021

The Chaqiabeishan area of the Quanji Massif in NW China is characterized by extensive Li‐rich pegmatites and granites of various ages. In this study, the major and trace element compositions, U–Pb zircon ages, and zircon Hf isotopic compositions of the granites were investigated, including the Garideng porphyritic monzogranite, the Gongkaxiuma monzogranite, and the Narong granitic porphyry. Precise U–Pb zircon dating revealed that these three granites were emplaced at approximately 468, 444, and 245 Ma, respectively. The geologic and geochemical data indicate that the Garideng porphyritic monzogranite and the Narong granitic porphyry are two I‐type granites, and the Gongkaxiuma monzogranite is an A2‐type granite. Based on the Hf isotopes and geochemical data, the Garideng porphyritic monzogranite and the Narong granitic porphyry were derived from partial melting of the relatively deep and relatively shallow juvenile mantle‐derived mafic lower crust, respectively, while the Gongkaxiuma monzogranite was derived from partial melting of the granulitic metamorphic basement. Moreover, tectonically, the Garideng porphyritic monzogranite represents the northward subduction of the South Qilian oceanic plate from 500 to 440 Ma. The Gongkaxiuma monzogranite represents the closure of the South Qilian Ocean by ~440 Ma, and the Narong granitic porphyry represents the Late Permian to Middle Triassic southward subduction of the Zongwulong oceanic plate under the Quanji Massif.
Performance of three freely available methods for extracting white matter hyperintensities: FreeSurfer, UBO Detector, and BIANCA
Authors: Hotz Isabel , Deschwanden Pascal Frédéric , Liem Franziskus , Mérillat Susan , Malagurski Brigitta , Kollias Spyros , Jäncke Lutz
Published: December 2021

White matter hyperintensities (WMH) of presumed vascular origin are frequently found in MRIs of healthy older adults. WMH are also associated with aging and cognitive decline. Here, we compared and validated three algorithms for WMH extraction: FreeSurfer (T1w), UBO Detector (T1w + FLAIR), and FSL's Brain Intensity AbNormality Classification Algorithm (BIANCA; T1w + FLAIR) using a longitudinal dataset comprising MRI data of cognitively healthy older adults (baseline N = 231, age range 64–87 years). As reference we manually segmented WMH in T1w, three‐dimensional (3D) FLAIR, and two‐dimensional (2D) FLAIR images which were used to assess the segmentation accuracy of the different automated algorithms. Further, we assessed the relationships of WMH volumes provided by the algorithms with Fazekas scores and age. FreeSurfer underestimated the WMH volumes and scored worst in Dice Similarity Coefficient (DSC = 0.434) but its WMH volumes strongly correlated with the Fazekas scores (rs = 0.73). BIANCA accomplished the highest DSC (0.602) in 3D FLAIR images. However, the relations with the Fazekas scores were only moderate, especially in the 2D FLAIR images (rs = 0.41), and many outlier WMH volumes were detected when exploring within‐person trajectories (2D FLAIR: ~30%). UBO Detector performed similarly to BIANCA in DSC with both modalities and reached the best DSC in 2D FLAIR (0.531) without requiring a tailored training dataset. In addition, it achieved very high associations with the Fazekas scores (2D FLAIR: rs = 0.80). In summary, our results emphasize the importance of carefully contemplating the choice of the WMH segmentation algorithm and MR‐modality.
Experimental Evidence on the Formation of Highly Strained 6,7‐Dihydroazeto[2,1‐b]oxazol‐3‐ium Derivatives as Reactive Intermediates
Authors: Xie Wenlai , Sun Simin , Xu Jiaxi
Published: December 2021

The formation of highly strained 6,7‐dihydroazeto[2,1‐b]oxazol‐3‐ium derivatives (4‐oxa‐1‐azabicyclo[3.2.0]hepta‐1(5),2‐dien‐1‐ium) as reactive intermediates was observed through the treatment of N‐2‐aryl‐2‐oxoethylazetidin‐2‐ones with phosphorus oxychloride as a dehydrating agent, affording 2‐vinyloxazoles as major products through elimination and 2‐(2‐chloroethyl)oxazoles as byproducts through nucleophilic substitution with the chloride anion. The current results provide important and useful information on the formation and existence of highly strained 6,7‐dihydroazeto[2,1‐b]oxazol‐3‐ium derivatives, which can be generated in situ and further undergo elimination and nucleophilic displacement immediately due to their high strain. 6,7‐Dihydroazeto[2,1‐b]oxazol‐3‐ium species are unstable and cannot be isolated from the reaction mixtures. They also provide an efficient method for the synthesis of 2‐vinyloxazole derivatives.
Circulating exosomal microRNAs as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in patients with diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma
Authors: Cao Di , Cao Xia , Jiang Yu , Xu Juan , Zheng Yuhuan , Kang Deying , Xu Caigang
Published: December 2021

Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) are potential biomarkers for a variety of tumors, but have not yet been studied in diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma (DLBCL). Here, we investigated the use of exosomal miRNAs in DLBCL diagnosis and prognosis. A total of 256 individuals, including 133 DLBCL patients, 94 healthy controls (HCs), and 29 non‐DLBCL concurrent controls (CCs), were enrolled. Exosomal miRNAs were profiled in the screening stage using microarray analysis, and miRNA candidates were confirmed in training, testing, and external testing stages using qRT‐PCR. Follow‐up information on the DLBCL patients was collected, and miRNAs were used to develop diagnostic and prognostic models for these patients. Five exosomal miRNAs (miR‐379‐5p, miR‐135a‐3p, miR‐4476, miR‐483‐3p, and miR‐451a) were differentially expressed between DLBCL patients and HCs with areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) of 0.86, 0.90, and 0.86 for the training, testing, and external testing stages, respectively. Four exosomal miRNAs (miR‐379‐5p, miR‐135a‐3p, miR‐4476, and miR‐451a) were differentially expressed between patients with DLBCL and CCs, with an AUC of 0.78. One miRNA (miR‐451a) was significantly associated with both progression‐free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of DLBCL patients, R analysis indicated the combination of miR‐451a with international prognostic index was a better predictor of PFS and OS for these patients. Our study suggests that subsets of circulating exosomal miRNAs can be useful noninvasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of DLBCL and that the use of circulating exosomal miRNAs improves the identification of patients with newly diagnosed DLBCL with poor outcomes.
School counseling college‐going culture: Counselors’ influence on students’ college‐going decisions
Authors: Bryan Julia , Kim Jungnam , Liu Chang
Published: December 2021

This study tested the conceptual framework of school counseling college‐going culture (SCCGC) using a national sample of 15,857 high school students from the High School Longitudinal Study 2009. We examined the relationship of SCCGC (i.e., counselor expectations and priorities, student–counselor contact for college–career counseling prior to 12th grade, college and career readiness activities, and constraints) to high school seniors’ college decisions (i.e., student–counselor contact for college admissions counseling in 12th grade, student–counselor contact for financial aid counseling in 12th grade, number of college applications, and enrollment in college). Multinomial and ordinal logistic regression analyses revealed that counselors’ expectations and priorities, student–counselor contact for college–career counseling prior to 12th grade, college application and financial aid help, and college information and Free Application for Federal Student Aid meetings were positively related while caseload was negatively related to students’ college decisions (after controlling for parent involvement, academic performance and aspirations, and student demographics).
Associations of osteoporosis and sarcopenia with frailty and multimorbidity among participants of the Hertfordshire Cohort Study
Authors: Laskou Faidra , Fuggle Nicholas R. , Patel Harnish P. , Jameson Karen , Cooper Cyrus , Dennison Elaine
Published: December 2021

Background

Ageing is commonly associated with sarcopenia (SP) and osteoporosis (OP), both of which are associated with disability, impaired quality of life, and mortality. The aims of this study were to explore the relationships between SP, OP, frailty, and multimorbidity in community‐dwelling older adults participating in the Hertfordshire Cohort Study (HCS) and to determine whether coexistence of OP and SP was associated with a significantly heavier health burden.

Methods

At baseline, 405 participants self‐reported their comorbidities. Cut‐offs for low grip strength and appendicular lean mass index were used according to the EWSGOP2 criteria to define SP. OP was diagnosed when T‐scores of < −2.5 were present at the femoral neck or the participant reported use of the anti‐OP medications including hormone replacement therapy (HRT), raloxifene, or bisphosphonates. Frailty was defined using the standard Fried definition.

Results

One hundred ninety‐nine men and 206 women were included in the study. Baseline median (interquartile range) age of participants was 75.5 (73.4–77.9) years. Twenty‐six (8%) and 66 (21.4%) of the participants had SP and OP, respectively. Eighty‐three (20.5%) reported three or more comorbidities. The prevalence of pre‐frailty and frailty in the study sample was 57.5% and 8.1%, respectively. Having SP only was strongly associated with frailty [odds ratio (OR) 8.28, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27, 54.03; P = 0.027] while the association between having OP alone and frailty was weaker (OR 2.57, 95% CI 0.61, 10.78; P = 0.196). The likelihood of being frail was substantially higher in the presence of coexisting SP and OP (OR 26.15, 95% CI 3.13, 218.76; P = 0.003). SP alone and OP alone were both associated with having three or more comorbidities (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.50, 14.76; P = 0.008 and OR 2.86, 95% CI 1.32, 6.22; P = 0.008, respectively) although the coexistence of SP and OP was not significantly associated with multimorbidity (OR 3.45, 95% CI 0.59, 20.26; P = 0.171).

Conclusions

Individuals living with frailty were often osteosarcopenic. Multimorbidity was common in individuals with either SP or OP. Early identification of SP and OP not only allows implementation of treatment strategies but also presents an opportunity to mitigate frailty risk.
Dental laser training and education in postgraduate periodontics programs in North America
Authors: Hamada Yusuke , Ricker Aly , Chiou Lan‐Lin , Prabhu Srividya , Shin Daniel E. , Blanchard Steven B.
Published: December 2021

Introduction

The application of various lasers to treat periodontal and peri‐implant diseases is gaining momentum. While laser‐related dental research is ongoing, it is important to determine if current periodontal training programs are keeping pace with these new treatment modalities and actively incorporating them into their training.

Materials and methods

An electronic survey was created to evaluate the extent to which lasers are currently being used in North American periodontal programs. A brief explanation of the study and a link to the 15‐question survey was emailed to 61 periodontal program directors requesting participation in the survey. The data regarding the prevalence of laser training in all the programs, which types of laser devices are used, and which surgical procedures are performed were collected and analyzed.

Results

The response rate was 49.1% (n = 30). Among those responding to the survey, 76.7% (n = 23) of these programs reported providing clinical training in lasers, with the diode laser being the most frequently used (65.2%), followed by carbon dioxide (39.1%), neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet (26.1%), and erbium:yttrium aluminum garnet lasers (26.1%). Two major reasons for not utilizing lasers as part of regular patient care were cost and lack of evidence to support laser efficacy. Three out of seven programs that do not currently use lasers plan to provide laser training in the future. Over half (56.7%) of program directors did not think that lasers would become the standard of periodontal/implant care within the next 10 years, while 20% of them believed that they would.

Conclusions

Laser training and education in postgraduate periodontal programs is still limited, and the majority of periodontal residents are not exposed to many types of laser devices.
Thermal degradation study of polymethylmethacrylate with AlI3 nanoadditive
Authors: Bahadur Ali , Iqbal Shahid , Alsaab Hashem O. , Awwad Nasser S. , Ibrahium Hala A.
Published: December 2021

Organic polymers in the process of thermal degradation produce a lot of toxic fragments. In this work, we designed a new method of degradation of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) materials with aluminum triiodide nanoadditives (AlI3 NAs). In the present research work, a thermal degradation study of PMMA blends with AlI3 NAs was carried out by using a specially designed pyrolytic assembly. Different blends of PMMA with AlI3 (P0, P3, P6, P9, P12, and P15) were prepared by changing the concentration of AlI3 NAs from 0% to 15%. FTIR and TGA studies show the stability of polymers with AlI3 NAs. Scanning electron microscopy analysis shows All3 spread uniformly at nanoscale throughout the polymer matrix. Horizontal burning test (HBT) test confirms that polymer burning is retarded with AlI3 NAs.
The role of emotional sensitivity to probability in the decision to choose genetic testing
Authors: Lacey Heather P. , Lacey Steven C. , Forest Caroline , Blasi Dana , Dayal Prerna
Published: December 2021

While the availability of genetic testing is rapidly increasing, many opt out of testing. The decision to test or not is emotionally charged, and both clinical research and theoretical work in psychology show that in emotional decisions, people often struggle to interpret and utilize risk information. Clinical research on genetic testing uptake also shows that feeling overwhelmed by numeric information may be a deterrent to testing. However, recent psychological research indicates that some portion of the population has greater emotional sensitivity to probability, (i.e., the extent to which emotional reactions to risk depend on probabilities) than others. We hypothesize that participants high in emotional sensitivity to probability will be more interested in genetic testing as an opportunity to seek greater precision in risk estimates and that this relationship is moderated by the testing context itself. In an online survey of a nationally representative sample (not recruited as patients), participants were presented with a hypothetical scenario describing a suspected diagnosis with an option for genetic testing. The scenario experimentally varied the pre‐test probability estimate of the diagnosis (low or high) and whether the test results would result in certainty (ruling in or ruling out the diagnosis), or reduced uncertainty (providing a more precise individual risk estimate). Results indicated that emotional sensitivity to probability was a strong predictor of intention to test, particularly when the test allowed participants to rule out a diagnosis, reducing an already low probability to zero. These results highlight the way patients’ individual characteristics interact with the testing context to guide decision‐making and provide important insight into the way patients integrate risk probability information into intensely emotional decisions.
Monitoring Bevacizumab‐Induced Tumor Vascular Normalization by Intravoxel Incoherent Motion Diffusion‐Weighted MRI
Authors: Li Bo , Xu Dan , Zhou Jie , Wang Shou‐Chao , Cai Yu‐Xiang , Li Huan , Xu Hai‐Bo
Published: December 2021

Background

Accurate monitoring of tumor blood vessel normalization progression is beneficial to accurate treatment of patients. At present, there is a lack of safe and noninvasive monitoring methods.

Purpose

To serial monitor the vascular normalization time window of tumor antiangiogenesis treatment through intravoxel incoherent motion diffusion‐weighted imaging (IVIM‐DWI) and histopathological methods.

Study Type

Exploratory animal study.

Population

Sixty rat C6 glioma models were randomly and equally divided into the control groups (N = 30) and bevacizumab treatment groups (N = 30). Twenty‐five for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and five for electron microscope testing in each group.

Field Strength/Sequence

T1‐weighted imaging (T1WI), T2WI with a fast spin echo sequence and IVIM‐DWI with a spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging sequence at 3 T.

Assessment

IVIM‐DWI quantitative parameters (f, D, D*, and fD*) were obtained on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 after bevacizumab treatment. After MRI, the microvessel density (MVD), pericyte coverage, and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α (HIF‐1α) were assessed. Electron microscope observation was performed at each time point.

Statistical Tests

One‐way analysis of variance and Student's t‐tests were used to compare differences within and between groups. Spearman's correlation coefficient (r) assess the correlation between IVIM and pathological parameters. The intragroup correlation coefficient was determined to assess the repeatability of each IVIM parameter.

Results

The IVIM‐DWI perfusion parameters (f and fD*) of the treated group were higher than the control group on days 2 and 4. Compared to the control group, MVD decreased on days 2 and pericyte coverage increased on days 4 in the treatment group. Electron microscopy showed that the tight junctions of the treatment group were prolonged on days 2–4. In the control group, f had the highest correlation with MVD (r = 0.689). In the treated group, f had a good correlation with pericyte coverage (r = 0.557), HIF‐1α had a moderately positive correlation with f (r = 0.480) and fD*(r = 0.447).

Data Conclusion

The vascular normalization time window of bevacizumab treatment of glioma was days 2–4 after antiangiogenesis treatment, which could be monitored noninvasively by IVIM‐DWI.

Evidence Level

2

Technical Efficacy

Stage 3
Volatile composition changes in lemon during fruit maturation by HS‐SPME‐GC‐MS
Authors: Li Chunxiu , Li Xunlan , Liang Guolu , Xiang Suqiong , Han Guohui
Published: December 2021

BACKGROUND

Volatiles are determinants of fruit aroma and flavor characteristics and also provide valuable information for lemon as ingredient for the food and drinks industry. Volatiles in ‘Eureka’ lemon and ‘Xiangshui’ lemon pulps from 130 to 186 days after flowering were enriched by headspace–solid‐phase microextraction (HS‐SPME), and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC‐MS).

RESULTS

Seventy‐seven volatiles of two lemon cultivars at the different ripening stages were identified and divided into six categories. Varieties and ripening stages had significant effects on individual volatiles in each category. The proportion of monoterpenes was found to be higher in ‘Eureka’ lemon, while ‘Xiangshui’ lemon had a higher proportion of sesquiterpenes, aldehydes and alcohols. The proportion of monoterpene fluctuation decreased during fruit ripening, while fluctuation of sesquiterpenes, alcohols, aldehydes and esters increased. Among the hydrocarbons, monoterpenes decreased their relative abundance from 91.67% to 81.04% in ‘Eureka’ lemon, and from 83.01% to 60.04% in ‘Xiangshui’ lemon; conversely, sesquiterpenes increased from 0.73% to 2.89% in ‘Eureka’ lemon, and from 3.21% to 8.48% in ‘Xiangshui’ lemon. Among the oxygenated volatiles, the proportions of alcohols, aldehydes and esters were higher at 186 days after flowering in both two cultivars.

CONCLUSION

The volatile organic compounds during fruit ripening of lemon varieties with different resistance were elucidated. The proportion of oxygenated volatiles increased during fruit ripening, and disease‐resistant varieties had a higher proportion. These results provided important theoretical support for the utilization of lemon fruits and the innovation of disease‐resistant germplasm resources. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Selective magnetic solid‐phase extraction of amide herbicides from fish samples coupled with ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Gao Lei , Qin Dongli , Chen Zhongxiang , Bai Shuyan , Du Ningning , Li Chenhui , Hao Qirui , Wang Peng
Published: December 2021

An efficient magnetic dummy template molecularly imprinted polymer nanocomposite was prepared using multi‐walled carbon nanotubes as a support and metolachlor deschloro as a dummy template. The obtained nanocomposites were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The adsorption performance of the obtained nanocomposites was evaluated through binding experiments, including static adsorption, kinetic adsorption, and selective recognition studies. The obtained nanocomposites were successfully applied as selective sorbents for the magnetic solid‐phase extraction of seven amide herbicides (alachlor, acetochlor, pretilachlor, butachlor, metolachlor, diethatyl ethyl, and dimethachlor) coupled with liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry from fish samples. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection was 0.01–0.1 μg/kg. The obtained recoveries of the amide herbicides from the fish samples were in the range of 88.0 to 102.1% with a relative standard deviation of less than 7.5%. This method, which eliminated the effect of template leakage on qualitative and quantitative analysis was found to be superior to the methods reported in the literature. The results indicated that it could be successfully applied to analyze amide herbicides in fish samples with satisfactory recoveries.
Use of a transnasal flexible laryngoscope tip for laryngeal culturing: A novel in‐office technique
Authors: Michael Alexander , Vesole Adam S. , Diekema Daniel J. , Stegall Helen , Hoffman Henry T.
Published: December 2021

Background

In‐office culture of the larynx using a flexible laryngoscope tip can help identify laryngeal pathogens in cases of laryngitis.

Objective

This retrospective case series aimed to investigate the feasibility of in‐office laryngoscope tip culture to identify laryngeal pathogens and help guide medical treatment.

Methods

This case series consists of 8 patients who underwent 11 in‐office laryngeal cultures using the tip of the flexible laryngoscope. Concurrent nasal cultures were performed on two patients to assess for possible nasal contamination of these laryngoscope tip cultures.

Results

Nine patients underwent laryngeal culture with laryngoscope tip in‐office, with two patients undergoing repeat swabs for a total of eleven swabs. Then, 8 of 11 swabs (73%) grew methicillin‐sensitive Staphylococcus aureus, while 1 of 11 (9.1%) swabs grew methicillin‐resistant S. aureus. Three of eleven swabs (27%) grew Candida species. Concurrent culture was performed of the contralateral nasal cavity in two patients to assess for the possibility of nasal contamination of laryngoscope tip cultures. Concurrent contralateral nasal cultures grew distinct pathogens compared to the laryngeal cultures, suggesting that nasal contamination did not occur.

Conclusion

In‐office laryngoscope tip culture allows safe identification of laryngeal pathogens in an ambulatory setting. In‐office laryngoscope tip culture can help guide medical treatment of laryngeal infections.

Level of Evidence

4
Reproductive Dynamics of Three Important Clupeiform Food Fishes in the Min River Estuary and Its Adjacent Nearshore Waters, China
Authors: Xu Qing , Jiang Yan , Fang Lü-ping , Liu Min , Jiang Xiao-bin
Published: December 2021

Reproductive dynamics of three important clupeiform food fishes (Gray’s Grenadier Anchovy Coilia grayii, Osbeck’s Grenadier Anchovy Coilia mystus, and Chinese Gizzard Shad Clupanodon thrissa) were studied in the largest estuary of Fujian Province, China: the Min River estuary and its adjacent nearshore waters. Samples were collected from May 2017 through July 2020 using trammel nets and trawlers. Females were observed to be significantly larger than males for Gray’s and Osbeck’s grenadier anchovies but not for Chinese Gizzard Shad. The overall sex ratios of all three species showed a significant female bias. Gonad histology was applied to determine spawning season, peak spawning season, and length at 50% maturity for females and males. The spawning season of females lasted from April to September (peak spawning season in April–July) for Gray’s Grenadier Anchovy, from March to September (peak in March–June) for Osbeck’s Grenadier Anchovy, and from April to July (peak in May–July) for Chinese Gizzard Shad. Spawning seasons of males were similar to those of females. The estimated SLs at 50% maturity for females and males, respectively, were 11.3 and 9.4 cm for Gray’s Grenadier Anchovy, 12.7 and 10.4 cm for Osbeck’s Grenadier Anchovy, and 12.7 and 11.6 cm for Chinese Gizzard Shad. The spawning grounds for these species were located for the first time: in the Min River estuary for Gray’s Grenadier Anchovy, mainly in the adjacent nearshore waters and extending to the estuary for Osbeck’s Grenadier Anchovy, and mainly in the lower reaches of the Min River and extending to the estuary for Chinese Gizzard Shad. As important food fishes in the region, stocks of these three species have shown certain degrees of overexploitation; therefore, stock assessments and management plans are necessary to achieve their sustainable fisheries.
Changes in Habitat Conditions, Fish Populations, and the Fishery in Northern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, 1989–2019
Authors: Zorn Troy G. , Kramer Darren R.
Published: December 2021

Aquatic environments and biological communities in nearshore waters of the Laurentian Great Lakes have undergone extensive change in recent decades. The nearshore waters of northern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, have been subject to environmental change but are relatively unstudied, despite hosting important fisheries for Walleye Sander vitreus, Yellow Perch Perca flavescens, Northern Pike Esox lucius, and Smallmouth Bass Micropterus dolomieu. Our objectives were to (1) test for changes in water clarity and fish populations in northern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, during 1989–2019, (2) depict recent spatial patterns in abundance for species of management interest, and (3) test for effects of recent Great Lakes water level changes on Northern Pike recruitment. Fishes were sampled annually in August and September 1989–2019 via trawl and gill-net surveys at index sites. Mean water clarity increased 30% over this period. Aside from Round Goby Neogobius melanostomus, total catch rate of species in trawls decreased by over 90% between the 1990s and 2010s, with significant declines for Yellow Perch and pelagic forage fishes (coincident with dreissenid mussel invasion). Fish species richness in trawl and gill-net surveys and total gill-net catch rates declined significantly over time. Trends in gill-net catch rates of game fishes during 1989–2019 were species-specific, with spatial patterns often related to availability of preferred habitat conditions. Similar fish community changes to those we observed in northern Green Bay, Lake Michigan, have been noted in other Great Lakes, many being associated with invasion of dreissenid mussels and Round Goby. Increased water levels in Lake Michigan during the 2010s had a significant positive effect on Northern Pike recruitment, which highlights the importance of varying water levels, shoreline habitat conditions, and early life processes on population dynamics of fishes reproducing in inshore habitats.
An analysis of privacy policies of publicCOVID‐19 apps: Evidence from India
Authors: De Sourya Joyee , Shukla Rashmi
Published: December 2021

Governments around the world are utilizing their digital ecosystems to respond to the COVID‐19 pandemic. To increase awareness among the beneficiaries about privacy risks, they must proactively publish the data handling practices for their digital initiatives through appropriate privacy policies. This study analyzes the privacy policies of public COVID‐support mobile applications (apps) in the context of India. We found a total of 63 government initiated COVID‐support apps in India out of which 38% were found to have an app‐specific privacy policy. These policies were analyzed further to assess their coverage of key principles, such as “Purpose,” “Data Categories,” and “Data Retention,” derived from legal requirements. We also analyzed the extent of the specificity of policies with a high coverage. In India, only one nation‐wide app stood out to have both considerable coverage of key principles as well as a high level of specificity. Other national/regional apps fail to display the desired levels of coverage and/or specificity. The broader policy recommendations of this study are that the government should better address privacy concerns regarding its existing and future disaster management apps as well as its other digital initiatives by (a) establishing and enforcing a comprehensive legislative framework for data protection and (b) increasing privacy awareness among the beneficiaries.
Preparation of fiber core support UHMWPE/SiO2 composite hollow fiber membrane toward enhancing structure stability and antifouling
Authors: Xu Jianguo , Li Nana , Zhu Yaotian
Published: December 2021

The purpose of this study was to reduce the severe shrinkage of the UHMWPE membrane during low‐concentration molding processing. In this study, using SiO2 inorganic particles as inner reinforced materials and copper fibers as core support bodies significantly improved the structural stability of the membrane. Compared with the UHMWPE membrane, the shrinkage of the length and diameter of the Cu@UHMWPE/SiO2 membranes decreased by 84% and 61%, respectively, and the pure water flux increased by 322%. Copper fiber as a support material reduced the shrinkage of the membrane and improved pore connectivity. The tensile strength of Cu@UHMWPE/SiO2 was 6.8 MPa. Additionally, the Cu@UHMWPE/SiO2 membrane exerted a better antifouling performance. This study provided a new method to improve the structural stability of the UHMWPE membrane.
Cover Image, Volume 78, Issue 1
Authors: Bagheri Zeynab , Talebi Ali Asghar , Asgari Sassan , Mehrabadi Mohammad
Published: December 2021

The cover image is based on the Research Article Wolbachia promotes successful sex with siblings in the parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor by Zeynab Bagheri et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ps.6649.

image
Wide‐Gap Perovskite via Synergetic Surface Passivation and Its Application toward Efficient Stacked Tandem Photovoltaics
Authors: Huang Tianyi , Wang Rui , Nuryyeva Selbi , Tan Shaun , Xue Jingjing , Zhao Yepin , Wu Quantan , Weber Marc H. , Cheng Pei , Meng Dong , Yavuz Ilhan , Houk K. N. , Yang Yang
Published: December 2021

Superior bandgap tunability enables solution‐processed halide perovskite a promising candidate for multi‐junction photovoltaics (PVs). Particularly, optically coupling wide‐gap perovskite by stacking with commercially available PVs such as silicon and CIGS (also known as 4‐terminal tandem) simplifies the technology transfer process, and further advances the commercialization potential of perovskite technology. However, compared with matured PV materials and the phase‐pure FAPbI3, wide‐gap perovskite still suffers from huge voltage deficits. Here, the authors take advantage of the synergetic effect behind a sequential fluoride and organic ammonium salt surface passivation strategy to control non‐radiative energy losses, and obtained a 17.7% efficiency in infrared‐transparent wide‐gap perovskite solar cells (21.1% for opaque device), and achieved efficiencies of over 25% when stacked with commercial Si and CIGS products with original PCEs of 18–20% under a 4‐terminal working condition.
Electric‐Field Assisted Hydrolysis‐Oxidation of MOFs: Hierarchical Ternary (Oxy)hydroxide Micro‐Flowers for Efficient Electrocatalytic Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Li Xia , Hou Mengxia , Qu Xinbo , Zhang Yunqiang , Li Mei
Published: December 2021

Water oxidation is the key process of electrocatalytic water splitting owing to its inherently slow kinetics. The ingenious design of microstructures for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts is an important way to accelerate the kinetics of the water splitting reaction. In this work, a facile electric‐field assisted alkaline hydrolysis‐oxidation strategy is proposed to prepare 3D layered micro‐flowers in situ constructed from ultra‐thin CoNiFe (oxy)hydroxide (CoNiFe‐OH) hexagonal plates by using Co/Ni/Fe metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) as sacrificial templates and metal sources. The growth of the ballflowers can be accurately controlled by matching the hydrolysis rate of MOFs templates and the coprecipitation rate of metal ions. More importantly, continuous oxidation voltage can drive transformation of some hydroxides into oxyhydroxide with abundant oxygen vacancies. Benefiting from the open structure with multiple electroactive sites and optimized chemical composition, the layered CoNiFe‐OH micro‐flowers show appealing OER electrocatalytic performance with a low overpotential of 207 mV@10 mA cm−2 and robust durability over 60 h. This work provides a strategy to prepare non‐noble hierarchical nanostructured electrocatalysts for electrochemical energy conversion.
NiCo Alloy Nanoparticles on a N/C Dual‐Doped Matrix as a Cathode Catalyst for Improved Microbial Fuel Cell Performance
Authors: Huang Shuting , Geng Yanxian , Xia Jie , Chen Dongyun , Lu Jianmei
Published: December 2021

The cathode material properties of the microbial fuel cell (MFC) have a quite important effect on their power generation capacity. Excellent oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance is the key to obtaining the remarkable capability of MFC. In this study, a series of catalysts are successfully prepared by a simple step‐by‐step hydrothermal, in situ growth, solution polymerization, and pyrolysis procedure. Here, the NiCo nanoparticles loading on nitrogen/carbon dual‐doped matrix annealing at 800 °C (NiCo@DNC‐800) under Ar shows good ORR activity with a maximum power density of 2325.60 ± 41.96 mW m−2 in the case of the 2 mg cm−2 minimal catalyst loading, and which is about 2.16 times more than that achieved by 20% Pt/C (1074.21 ± 39.36 mW m−2). The unique N/C duel‐doped matrix provides more graphitic‐N and pyridinic‐N that can reduce the resistance of electron diffusion and transport, together with the synergistic catalysis of NiCo active sites improving the oxygen reduction reaction performance of MFC greatly. In addition, the NiCo@DNC‐800 cathode catalyst demonstrates that composite materials have great application potential in water pollution treatment and new green energy strategies.