bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A novel injection technique: using a field-based quantum cascade laser for the analysis of gas samples derived from static chambers
Authors: Wecking Anne R. , Cave Vanessa M. , Liáng Lìyĭn L. , Wall Aaron M. , Luo Jiafa , Campbell David I. , Schipper Louis A.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The development of fast-response analysers for the
measurement of nitrous oxide (N2O) has resulted in exciting
opportunities for new experimental techniques beyond commonly used static
chambers and gas chromatography (GC) analysis. For example, quantum cascade
laser (QCL) absorption spectrometers are now being used with eddy covariance
(EC) or automated chambers. However, using a field-based QCL EC system to
also quantify N2O concentrations in gas samples taken from static
chambers has not yet been explored. Gas samples from static chambers are
often analysed by GC, a method that requires labour and time-consuming
procedures off-site. Here, we developed a novel field-based injection
technique that allowed the use of a single QCL for (1) micrometeorological
EC and (2) immediate manual injection of headspace samples taken from static
chambers. To test this approach across a range of low to high N2O
concentrations and fluxes, we applied ammonium nitrate (AN) at 0, 300, 600
and 900 kg N ha−1 (AN0, AN300, AN600, AN900) to
plots on a pasture soil. After analysis, calculated N2O fluxes from QCL
(FN2O_QCL) were compared with fluxes determined by a
standard method, i.e. laboratory-based GC (FN2O_GC). Subsequently, the comparability of QCL and GC data was tested using
orthogonal regression, Bland–Altman and bioequivalence statistics. For AN-treated plots, mean cumulative N2O emissions across the 7 d
campaign were 0.97 (AN300), 1.26 (AN600) and 2.00 kg N2O-N ha−1 (AN900) for FN2O_QCL and 0.99
(AN300), 1.31 (AN600) and 2.03 kg N2O-N ha−1 (AN900) for FN2O_GC. These FN2O_QCL and FN2O_GC were highly correlated (r=0.996, n=81) based on orthogonal regression, in agreement following the Bland–Altman approach (i.e. within ±1.96 standard deviation of the mean
difference) and shown to be for all intents and purposes the same (i.e.
equivalent). The FN2O_QCL and FN2O_GC derived under near-zero flux conditions (AN0) were weakly
correlated (r=0.306, n=27) and not found to agree or to be
equivalent. This was likely caused by the calculation of small, but apparent
positive and negative, FN2O when in fact the actual flux was below the
detection limit of static chambers. Our study demonstrated (1) that the
capability of using one QCL to measure N2O at different scales,
including manual injections, offers great potential to advance field
measurements of N2O (and other greenhouse gases) in the future and (2) that suitable statistics have to be adopted when formally assessing the
agreement and difference (not only the correlation) between two methods of
measurement.
Reviews and syntheses: The mechanisms underlying carbon storage in soil
Authors: Basile-Doelsch Isabelle , Balesdent Jérôme , Pellerin Sylvain
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Soil organic matter (OM) represents a key C pool for
climate regulation but also an essential component for soil functions and
services. Scientific research in the 21st century has considerably improved
our knowledge of soil organic matter and its dynamics, particularly under
the pressure of the global disruption of the carbon cycle. This paper
reviews the processes that control C dynamics in soil, the representation of
these processes over time, and their dependence on variations in major
biotic and abiotic factors. The most recent advanced knowledge gained on
soil organic matter includes the following. (1) Most organic matter is composed of small
molecules, derived from living organisms, without transformation via
additional abiotic organic polymerization; (2) microbial compounds are
predominant in the long term; (3) primary belowground production contributes
more to organic matter than aboveground inputs; (4) the contribution of less
biodegradable compounds to soil organic matter is low in the long term; (5) two major factors determine the soil organic carbon production “yield” from
the initial substrates: the yield of carbon used by microorganisms and the
association with minerals, particularly poorly crystalline minerals, which
stabilize microbial compounds; (6) interactions between plants and
microorganisms also regulate the carbon turnover time and therefore carbon
stocks; (7) among abiotic and biotic factors that regulate the carbon
turnover time, only a few are considered in current modeling approaches
(i.e., temperature, soil water content, pH, particle size, and sometimes C and N
interactions); and (8) although most models of soil C dynamics assume that the
processes involved are linear, there are now many indications of nonlinear
soil C dynamics processes linked to soil OM dynamics (e.g., priming). Farming
practices, therefore, affect soil C stocks not only through carbon inputs but
also via their effect on microbial and organomineral interactions, yet it
has still not been possible to properly identify the main mechanisms
involved in C loss (or gain). Greater insight into these mechanisms and their
interdependencies, hierarchy and sensitivity to agricultural practices could
provide future levers of action for C sequestration in soil.
Wet–dry status change in global closed basins between the mid-Holocene and the Last Glacial Maximum and its implication for future projection
Authors: Zhang Xinzhong , Li Yu , Ye Wangting , Peng Simin , Zhang Yuxin , Liu Hebin , Li Yichan , Han Qin , Xu Lingmei
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Closed basins, mainly located in subtropical and temperate
drylands, have experienced alarming declines in water storage in recent
years. An assessment of long-term hydroclimate change in those regions
remains unquantified at a global scale as of yet. By integrating lake records,
PMIP3–CMIP5 simulations and modern observations, we assess the wet–dry
status of global closed basins during the Last Glacial Maximum,
mid-Holocene, pre-industrial, and 20th and 21st century periods. Results show
comparable patterns of general wetter climate during the mid-Holocene and
near-future warm period, mainly attributed to the boreal summer and winter
precipitation increasing, respectively. The long-term pattern of moisture
change is highly related to the high-latitude ice sheets and low-latitude
solar radiation, which leads to the poleward moving of westerlies and
strengthening of monsoons during the interglacial period. However, modern
moisture changes show correlations with El Niño–Southern Oscillation in
most closed basins, such as the opposite significant correlations between
North America and southern Africa and between central Eurasia and Australia,
indicating strong connection with ocean oscillation. The strategy for
combating future climate change should be more resilient to diversified
hydroclimate responses in different closed basins.
Glacial history of Inglefield Land, north Greenland from combined in situ 10Be and 14C exposure dating
Authors: Søndergaard Anne Sofie , Larsen Nicolaj Krog , Steinemann Olivia , Olsen Jesper , Funder Svend , Egholm David Lundbek , Kjær Kurt Henrik
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Determining the sensitivity of the Greenland Ice Sheet
(GrIS) to Holocene climate changes is a key prerequisite for understanding
the future response of the ice sheet to global warming. In this study, we
present new information on the Holocene glacial history of the GrIS in
Inglefield Land, north Greenland. We use 10Be and in situ 14C
exposure dating to constrain the timing of deglaciation in the area and
radiocarbon dating of reworked molluscs and wood fragments to constrain when
the ice sheet retreated behind its present-day extent. The 10Be ages
are scattered ranging from ca. 92.7 to 6.8 ka, whereas the in situ 14C
ages range from ca. 14.2 to 6.7 ka. Almost half of the apparent 10Be
ages predate the Last Glacial Maximum and up to 89 % are to some degree
affected by nuclide inheritance. Based on the few reliable 10Be ages,
the in situ 14C ages and existing radiocarbon ages from Inglefield
Land, we find that the deglaciation along the coast commenced at ca.
8.6–8.3 ka cal BP in the western part and ca. 7.9 ka in the central part, following
the opening of Nares Strait and arrival of warm waters. The ice margin
reached its present-day position at ca. 8.2 ka at the Humboldt Glacier and ca.
6.7 ka in the central part of Inglefield Land. Radiocarbon ages of reworked
molluscs and wood fragments show that the ice margin was behind its
present-day extent from ca. 5.8 to 0.5 ka cal BP. After 0.5 ka cal BP, the
ice advanced towards its Little Ice Age position. Our results emphasize that
the slowly eroding and possibly cold-based ice in north Greenland makes it
difficult to constrain the deglaciation history based on 10Be ages
alone unless they are paired with in situ 14C ages. Further, combining
our findings with those of recently published studies reveals distinct
differences between deglaciation patterns of northwest and north Greenland.
Deglaciation of the land areas in northwest Greenland occurred earlier than
in north Greenland, and periods of restricted ice extent were longer,
spanning the Middle and Late Holocene. Overall, this highlights past ice sheet
sensitivity to Holocene climate changes in an area where little information
was available just a few years ago.
How large does a large ensemble need to be?
Authors: Milinski Sebastian , Maher Nicola , Olonscheck Dirk
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Initial-condition large ensembles with ensemble sizes ranging from 30 to 100 members have become a commonly used tool for quantifying the forced response and internal variability in various components of the climate system. However, there is no consensus on the ideal or even sufficient ensemble size for a large ensemble. Here, we introduce an objective method to estimate the required ensemble size that can be applied to any given application and demonstrate its use on the examples of global mean near-surface air temperature, local temperature and precipitation, and variability in the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) region and central United States for the Max Planck Institute Grand Ensemble (MPI-GE). Estimating the required ensemble size is relevant not only for designing or choosing a large ensemble but also for designing targeted sensitivity experiments with a model. Where possible, we base our estimate of the required ensemble size on the pre-industrial control simulation, which is available for every model. We show that more ensemble members are needed to quantify variability than the forced response, with the largest ensemble sizes needed to detect changes in internal variability itself. Finally, we highlight that the required ensemble size depends on both the acceptable error to the user and the studied quantity.
STEREO-PHOTOGRAMMETRIC MEASUREMENT OF SPATIO-TEMPORAL VELOCITY FIELDS AT LANGE GLACIER, KING GEORGE ISLAND
Authors: Schwalbe E. , Koschitzki R. , Johnson E. , Mojica Moncada D. F. , Schröter B. , Cardenas C. , Casassa G. , Maas H.-G.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. A network consisting of six cameras was set up on both sides of Lange Glacier on King George Island, Antarctica, for a period of two years to monitor changes in the glacier’s motion behaviour. The cameras were observing spatio-temporal glacier surface velocity vector fields as well as the position of the glacier front. Velocity field information was obtained from image sequences by applying subpixel accuracy photogrammetric image sequence analysis techniques. Georeferencing in a superordinate coordinate system was performed via integrated photogrammetric-geodetic network adjustment. As a result, velocity fields were determined with maximum glacier surface velocities in the order of 1.5 meter per day. The results of terrestrial camera image sequence processing can be used as validation and calibration reference for satellite image based glacier velocity dynamics calculations. Moreover, the very high temporal resolution of the image sequences taken at 20 minute time intervals can also be used to analyse highly dynamic processes.
POTENTIALITIES OF SENTINEL-1 FOR MAPPING AND MONITORING GEOLOGICAL AND CRYOSPHERIC PROCESSES IN THE PATAGONIA REGION (CHILE)
Authors: Monserrat O. , Cardenas C. , Olea P. , Krishnakumar V. , Crippa B.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This work shows two examples on the use of Sentinel-1 data for monitoring different natural processes, like active geohazards or glacier dynamics in the Patagonia region. Sentinel-1 is a two-satellite constellation, launched by the European Space Agency (ESA), that provides SAR imagery with interferometric capabilities. It is in operation since 2014 and has supposed a significant improvement in the exploitation of these type of data for applications like natural hazards mapping and monitoring. The acquisition policy, that guarantees an acquisition each few days (12 days in Patagonia region) for both ascending and descending trajectories, and the data distribution policy, that allows free access to the images without legal constrains, are the main reasons for this improvement. These two aspects allowed not only to assure the data in the past but also to perform monitoring plans at medium-long term. In this work we show the potentialities of the use of these data in the Patagonia region through the application of two different techniques in two different application test sites: urban areas and glaciers.
EVALUATION OF THE SOIL MOISTURE AGRICULTURAL DROUGHT INDEX (SMADI) AND PRECIPITATION-BASED DROUGHT INDICES IN ARGENTINA
Authors: Salvia M. M. , Sánchez N. , Piles M. , Gonzalez-Zamora A. , Martínez-Fernández J.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Agricultural drought is one of the most critical hazards with regard to intensity, severity, frequency, spatial extension and impact on livelihoods. This is especially true for Argentina, where agricultural exports can represent up to 10% of gross domestic product (GDP), and where drought events for 2018 led to a decrease of nearly 0.5% of GDP. In this work, we investigate the applicability of the Soil Moisture Agricultural Drought Index (SMADI) for detection of droughts in Argentina, and compare its performance with the use of two well-known precipitation-based indices: the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) and the Standardized Precipitation- Evaporation Index (SPEI). SMADI includes satellite-based information of soil moisture, surface temperature and vegetation greenness, and was designed to capture the hydric stress on the soil-vegetation ensemble. Results indicate that SMADI has greater capabilities for agricultural drought detection than SPI and SPEI: it was able to recognize more than 83% of the registered emergencies, correctly classifying 75% of them as extreme droughts, and outperforming SPI and SPEI in all the analyzed metrics.
SUBSIDENCE IN MACEIO, BRAZIL, CHARACTERIZED BY DINSAR AND INVERSE MODELING
Authors: Euillades P. A. , Euillades L. E. , Rosell P. , Roa Y.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. The city of Maceió has been historically affected by cracks and sink events in buildings and city infrastructure. Availability of a consistent Sentinel 1 Mission dataset between 2014 and 2019 allows characterizing the undergoing crustal deformation process that provokes such effects. We processed a dataset of 81 SAR scenes using the DInSAR-SBAS time-series technique, which allowed us to obtain mean velocity of deformation and deformation time series. Detected displacement patterns show subsidence concentrated in the Mundaú lagoon coast in front of Mutange, Pinheiro and Levada neighbourhoods. Inversion of the results, using analytical models, locates a sill-like source at ∼400 m depth and with a radius of ∼0.8 km. Its depth would be compatible with re-activation of the Mutange fault system, possibly related to salt mining operations in the area. Further investigation is needed to better constrain the deformation source and to identify if the observed process was active before the analysed time span.
FIRST SURFACE SOIL DRYING VALIDATION IN A PRODUCTIVE AREA IN CENTRAL ARGENTINA
Authors: Cappelletti L. , Ruscica R. , Salvia M. M. , Sörensson A. , Jobbágy E. , Gattinoni N. , Spennemann P. , Fernandez-Long M.
Published: October 2020

Abstract. Surface soil moisture (SSM) dry-downs have been employed to compare independent data sources on the dynamics of water in soils, including such remote sensing, land surface models and in-situ measurements, which are often difficult to contrast with standard methodologies. The soil drying approach summarizes the soil response to climate as well as surface conditions during a dry period. In this work it is estimated as the SSM e-folding decay, named as dry-down time scale. This is the first assessment over eastern Cordoba, Argentina, a region with a very high cultivated land fraction that was subject of important agricultural changes in the last decades. SMOS SSM product (derived from microwave measurements at L band) is validated with in-situ SSM measurements provided by the National Commission for Space Activities during 2012–2018. Both products agree in showing that the austral spring season has the largest number of dry-down events for the whole period. The dry-down time scale sensitivity to the chosen detection method as well as the data sampling frequency is larger in summer than in spring. A faster soil drying in SMOS than in In-situ SSM is found, likely as a consequence of the shallower sensing depth of the first. This dependency seems to be more important than the temporal sampling frequency in the SSM data.
Beaching patterns of plastic debris along the Indian Ocean rim
Authors: van der Mheen Mirjam , van Sebille Erik , Pattiaratchi Charitha
Published: October 2020

Abstract. A large percentage of global ocean plastic waste enters the Northern Hemisphere Indian Ocean (NIO). Despite this, it is unclear what happens to buoyant plastics in the NIO. Because the subtropics in the NIO are blocked by landmass, there is no subtropical gyre and no associated subtropical garbage patch in this region. We therefore hypothesize that plastics “beach” and end up on coastlines along the Indian Ocean rim. In this paper, we determine the influence of beaching plastics by applying different beaching conditions to Lagrangian particle-tracking simulation results. Our results show that a large amount of plastic likely ends up on coastlines in the NIO, while some crosses the Equator into the Southern Hemisphere Indian Ocean (SIO). In the NIO, the transport of plastics is dominated by seasonally reversing monsoonal currents, which transport plastics back and forth between the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal. All buoyant plastic material in this region beaches within a few years in our simulations. Countries bordering the Bay of Bengal are particularly heavily affected by plastics beaching on coastlines. This is a result of both the large sources of plastic waste in the region and the ocean dynamics that concentrate plastics in the Bay of Bengal. During the intermonsoon period following the southwest monsoon season (September, October, November), plastics can cross the Equator on the eastern side of the NIO basin into the SIO. Plastics that escape from the NIO into the SIO beach on eastern African coastlines and islands in the SIO or enter the subtropical SIO garbage patch.
Moho topography beneath the Eastern European Alps by global
phase seismic interferometry
Authors: Bianchi Irene , Ruigrok Elmer , Obermann Anne , Kissling Edi
Published: October 2020

Abstract. In this work we present the application of the Global-Phase Seismic Interferometry (GloPSI) technique to a data-set recorded across the Eastern Alps with the EASI temporary seismic network (Eastern Alpine Seismic Investigation). GloPSI aims at rendering an image of the lithosphere from the waves that travel across the core before reaching the seismic stations (i.e. PKP, PKiKP, PKIKP). The technique is based on the principle that a stack of autocorrelations of transmission responses mimics the reflection response of a medium, and is used here to retrieve information about the crust-mantle boundary, such as its depth and topography. We produce images of the upper lithosphere using 64 teleseismic events. We notice that with GloPSI, we can well image the topography of the Moho in regions, where it shows a nearly planar behaviour (i.e. in the northern part of the profile, from the Bohemian massif to beneath the Northern Calcareous Alps). Below the higher crests of the Alpine chain, and the Tauern Window in particular, we cannot find evidence for a typical boundary between crust and mantle. The GloPSI results indicate the absence of an Adriatic crust made of laterally continuous layers smoothly descending southwards. On the contrary, our results confirm the observations of previous studies suggesting a structurally complex Moho topography and faulted internal Alpine crustal structure.
Estimating instantaneous sea-ice dynamics from space using the
bi-static radar measurements of Earth Explorer 10 candidate
Harmony
Authors: Kleinherenbrink Marcel , Korosov Anton , Newman Thomas , Theodosiou Andreas , Li Yuanhao , Mulder Gert , Rampal Pierre , Stroeve Julienne , Lopez-Dekker Paco
Published: October 2020

Abstract. This article describes the observation techniques and processing methods to estimate dynamical sea-ice parameters from data of the Earth Explorer 10 candidate Harmony. The two Harmony satellites will fly in a reconfigurable formation with Sentinel-1D. Both will be equipped with a multi-angle thermal infra-red sensor and a passive radar receiver, which receive the reflected Sentinel-1D signals using two antennas. During the lifetime of the mission, two different formations will be flown. In the stereo formation, the Harmony satellites will fly approximately 300 km in front and behind Sentinel-1, which allows the estimation of instantaneous sea-ice drift vectors. We demonstrate that the addition of instantaneous sea-ice drift estimates on top of the daily integrated values from speckle tracking have benefits in terms of interpretation, sampling and resolution. Additionally, it allows for the extraction of deformation parameters, such as shear and divergence. As a result, Harmony's data will help improve sea-ice statistics and parametrizations to constrain sea-ice models. In the cross-track interferometry (XTI) mode, Harmony's satellites will fly in close formation with an XTI baseline to be able to estimate surface elevations. This will allow for improved estimates of sea-ice volume, and also enable for the first time to retrieve full two-dimensional swell-wave spectra in sea-ice covered regions without any gap. In stereo formation, the line-of-sight diversity allows to get swell in both directions using traditional velocity bunching approaches. In XTI mode, Harmony's phase differences are only sensitive to the ground-range direction swell. To fully recover two-dimensional swell-wave spectra, a synergy between XTI height spectra and intensity spectra is required. If selected, the Harmony mission will be launched in 2028.
Transgender Representation
Authors: Hubert Kalin
Published: October 2020

With the increased publication of books featuring LGBTQ2S+ characters and issues, there is an opportunity for the reader to acquire a greater understanding of various LGBTQ2S+ experiences. This article focuses on ten books for children ages eight to twelve that include transgender characters. The books are as follows: Lily and Dunkin; The Boy in the Dress; Sapphire the Great and the Meaning of Life; George; Gracefully Grayson; Zenobia July; A Boy Named Queen; The Pants Project; The Other Boy; and My Life as a Diamond. This article offers a brief synopsis of the ten selected books and a discussion of how each book fits into transgender literature as a whole. A thematic analysis revealed six themes that occur in nearly all of the books studied: gender transition, the nuclear family, adult antagonists, bullies, resolutions, and racial diversity. This study will be useful to librarians and teachers wishing to increase their knowledge and awareness of LGBTQ2S+ literature and add to their LGBTQ2S+ collection.
Direct method for solution variational problems by using Hermite polynomials
Authors: Yari Ayatollah , Mirnia Mirkamal
Published: October 2020

‎In this approach‎, ‎one‎ computational method is presented for numerical approximation of variational problems‎. ‎This method with variable ‎coeffici‎ents is based on Hermite polynomials‎. ‎The properties of Hermite polynomials with the operational matrices of derivative and integration are used to reduce optimal control problems to the solution of linear algebraic equations‎. ‎Illustrative examples are included to demonstrate the validity and applicability of the technique‎.
Existence and decay of solution to coupled system of viscoelastic wave equations with strong damping in Rn
Authors: Bouhali Keltoum , Ellaggoune Fateh
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we establish a general decay rate properties of solutions for a coupled system of viscoelastic wave equations in IRn under some assumptions on g1; g2 and linear forcing terms. We exploit a density function to introduce weighted spaces for solutions and using an appropriate perturbed energy method. The questions of global existence in the nonlinear cases is also proved in Sobolev spaces using the well known Galerkin method.
Chaotic optimization algorithm based on the modified probability density function of Lozi map
Authors: Bououden Rabah , Abdelouahab Mohamed Salah
Published: October 2020

Chaos optimization algorithms (COAs) usually utilize different chaotic maps(logistic, tent, Hénon, Lozi,...) to generate the pseudo-random numbers mapped as the design variables for global optimization. In this paper we are going to propose new technique to improve the chaotic optimization algorithm by using some transformations to modify the density of the map instead of changing it.
A new class of fredholm integral equations of the second kind with non symmetric kernel: solving by wavelets method
Authors: Mennouni Abdelaziz , Ramdani Nedjem Eddine , Zennir Khaled
Published: October 2020

In this paper, we present an ecient modication of the wavelets method to solve a new class of Fredholm integral equations of the second kind with non symmetric kernel. This -analytical method based on orthonormal wavelet basis, as a consequence three systems are obtained, a Toeplitz system and two systems with condition number close to 1. Since the preconditioned conjugate gradient normal equation residual (CGNR) and preconditioned conjugate gradient normal equation error (CGNE) methods are applicable, we can solve the systems in O(2n log(n)) operations, by using the fast wavelet transform and the fast Fourier transform.
Ethnic Music and Identity: Surveying Polka DJs and IJs
Authors: Jackson David J. , Liggett Lori
Published: October 2020

This article explores how radio disc jockeys (DJs) and internet disc jockeys (IJs) who play polka music derived from Central and Eastern European music traditions are involved in the process of promoting and preserving ethnic identity in the United States.1 We surveyed DJs and IJs and found that they believe they are keeping an important tradition alive, promoting their ethnic culture, and sometimes teaching their audiences about the Polish, Czech, Slovenian, and German languages. These cultural gatekeepers believe the future of polka music is very challenging, in that there are diminishing numbers of people attending polka events in many of the regions where polka used to be popular. There is also a decline in the number of polka bands, and some DJs and IJs perceive a decline in the quality of both musicianship and singing in the European languages. There are, however, cultural conditions that make it possible for polka music to have an evolving and relevant future.
Project Thinking as the Basis of Design Creativity: Content and Features of Its Development among Bachelor-Designers
Authors: Kadyjrova Lyajsan Habibulhakovna , Shamsutdinov Rustem Nailevich , Kadyirov Timur Rashitovich , Akhmetshina Elmira Gabdulovna
Published: October 2020

In current conditions, without the ability to think outside the box, without the formed artistic-design competency that identifies the ability to create a design idea based on conceptual and creative approaches to solve the design problem, a specialist cannot be in demand, competitive in the professional field. The content of education in the field of professional training of designers should provide graduates with opportunities for freely promotion along with various professional ways (Koveshnikova & Koveshnikova, 2012). The urgent task of the modern professional training of designers in higher education has been and remains the development of creative project thinking of future specialists. It can be developed in various ways, one of which is the use in the training of bachelors-designers, the integration of photographics and academic disciplines, the aim of which is to teach students the basics of graphic design. The article reveals the essence of project thinking and the role of Photographics in developing project thinking among designers in the process of their art-project activities. Particular attention is focused on the specifics of project thinking as a priority during the training process in the field of design. Photographics is interpreted in this study as a modern form of visual art, capable of developing components of project thinking in integration with graphic design.
Developing Collaborative Academic Writing Skills in English in Call Classroom
Authors: Shayakhmetova Leysan , Mukharlyamova Liliya , Zhussupova Roza , Beisembayeva Zhanargul
Published: October 2020

The modern system of foreign language teaching impacts a qualitative change in the new methodological approaches with using innovative technologies in the educational process. Spencer Kagan created Cooperative learning structures that make collaborative learning easy to use. It provides students with valuable and ample opportunities to combine language resources and collaboratively build knowledge and writing through interaction. Cooperative learning methods do not require a detailed study of plans, educational materials, and special training. Hence the article depicts University students' implementation of collaborative academic writing skills in a Computer-assisted Language Learning environment. Collaborative writing is interpreted as an action in which students communicate, consult, and make collective decisions during the writing process through computer and create a unique text with shared accountability and co-ownership. In this paper, the crucial types of academic writings are highlighted, and experimental teaching results have proved Kagan's collaborative model as a useful technique for improving students' academic writing skills.
Didactic Bases of Turkic Language Teaching Method as a Foreign Language
Authors: Shakirova Gulnara Rasikhovna , Kharisov Firaz Fakhrazovich , Kusainov Askarbek Kabykenovish
Published: October 2020

The article is devoted to disclosing the didactic foundations of Turkic language teaching methodology as non-native languages by the example of one of the developed languages - the Tatar language, which, according to UNESCO, is one of the easily acquired languages of the world. The new generation of federal state educational standards sets new requirements for the educational community, namely, implementing a system-activity approach during the educational process organization in public education organizations, which provides for the development of universal educational actions for students. It was established that the proposed didactic principles would contribute to the solution of these problems. During the study, we have proved the effectiveness of their use in conjunction with innovative technologies and teaching aids. However, the final result of the work of a teacher and a student will always depend on the skillful organization of the educational process, on the choice of effective teaching methods and techniques, i.e., the way teachers and students interact, directing their actions to particular problem solution (especially at primary school). At the same time, they concluded that students' communicative abilities would be much higher if teachers take our recommendations into service.
EVALUATION OF TiN COATING PROPERTIES DEPOSITED
ON HS6-5-2C STEEL
Authors: Kowalczyk Joanna
Published: October 2020

The article presents selected properties of TiN coating on HS6-5-2C steel by Physical Vapour Deposition
(PVD). The coating thickness was measured with a Calotest, and its hardness was measured with a
nanohardness tester. Tribological parameters were determined, namely, the coefficient of friction and linear
wear on the TRB3 tester operating in a ball-on-disk sliding friction pair. The disc was made of HS6-5-2C steel
with a TiN coating and the ball of 100Cr6 steel without coating and with a-C:H coating, with Al2O3. The tests
were performed under technically dry friction conditions. The coating structure observations were made using
a scanning microscope, and the analysis of the geometric structure of samples, before and after tribological
tests, were performed with an optical profile measurement gauge. The test results showed that the lowest
linear wear was obtained for friction pairs with an Al2O3 ball and a steel ball with a-C:H coating applied.
A NEW CONTRIBUTION IN STOCHASTIC HYDRODYNAMIC
LUBRICATION FOR ARBITRARY BIO-SURFACES
Authors: Wierzcholski Krzysztof , Maciołek Ryszard
Published: October 2020

This paper shows a recent progress described in curvilinear, orthogonal coordinates of the method of
estimation of stochastic bio-hydrodynamic lubrication parameters. Here are discussed real arbitrary movable,
non-rotational living biological surfaces coated with phospholipid bi-layers and lubricated with biological
liquids. Non-rotational, curvilinear cooperating biological surfaces take the place in various biological nods
for example in sacra bone, femoral bone, knee cap, calf bone and hip joint, elbow joint, knee joint, jump joint.
Moreover are assumed biological non-rotational friction nods between human skin and tightly sport dress
lubricated with the sweat. The main focus of the paper was to demonstrate the influence of expected values
variations and standard deviation of the human joint gap height on the hydrodynamic lubrication parameters
occurring during the friction process. It is very important to notice that the random gap height variations
imply on the apparent dynamic viscosity of biological fluid or synovial fluid.
PERFIL NUTRICIONAL DOS PACIENTES COLOSTOMIZADOS DE UM HOSPITAL PÚBLICO DO INTERIOR PAULISTA
Authors: Lima Luis  Henrique  Alves  de , Pain Sílvia  Coutinho , Serrano Francielle  Ferreira , Raimundo Monique  de  Caldas , Genaro Sandra Cristina , Lenquiste Sabrina Alves , Ribeiro Gabrielle Gomes dos Santos , Mello Fabíola de Azevedo , Fagiani Marcela de Andrade Bernal
Published: October 2020

Colostomy, is a surgical procedure, which may become necessary,because of some factors, such as colorectal cancer, inflammatory bowel diseases and trauma.Requires special care, regarding the nutritional status, bowel habit, stool consistency, orifice monitoring and hygiene, in order to prevent complications. The aim of study, was evaluate the nutritional profile of individuals using the colostomy bag. Were interviewed twenty individuals from a stomatherapy ambulatory, in a public hospital in the interior of São Paulo. This study has a descriptive and exploratory charater, with a quantitative approach, through the application of a questionnaire and the accomplishment of the nutritional evaluation. The largest part of the population, presented eutrophydue to body mass indexclassification, and depletion through the results of the adequacy of arm circumference and arm muscle area. The main cause for the use of the colostomy bag, was colorrectal cancer.
Stammzellen in Forschung und Therapie
Authors: Gassner Ulrich M. , Spranger Tade M.
Published: October 2020

Das Buch basiert auf zwei Rechtsgutachten, die 2019 für das Stammzellnetzwerk.NRW e.V. erstattet wurden. Ihr Ausgangspunkt ist die Analyse des rechtlichen Rahmens für Stammzellen in Forschung und Therapie. Hierauf basierend werden Regelungsdefizite identifiziert und Reformoptionen entwickelt. Ein Schwerpunkt bildet hierbei die Untersuchung der Stammzellregulierung in Deutschland. Der insofern bestehende verfassungs- und stammzellrechtliche Handlungsbedarf wird ermittelt. Ein weiterer Schwerpunkt liegt auf der Analyse der Rechtslage bei der Translation von Ergebnissen der Stammzellforschung in medizinische Anwendungen. Hierbei wird auch die Regulierung somatischer Zelltherapeutika näher beleuchtet.
Gustav Radbruch, Hans Kelsen und der Nationalsozialismus
Authors: Aydin Taner
Published: October 2020

Taner Aydin untersucht die Rechtsphilosophien der zwei bedeutendsten und wirkmächtigsten deutschsprachigen Rechtsdenker des 20. Jahrhunderts, Gustav Radbruch und Hans Kelsen, in Bezug auf ein zentrales lebensgeschichtliches Ereignis, das auch ihre Rechtsphilosophien auf die Probe zu stellen geeignet ist: die Erfahrung des Nationalsozialismus.

Der Autor bringt dabei die Prämissen der jeweiligen Rechtsphilosophie mit den Äußerungen zum NS-Recht in Bezug. Bei Radbruch zeigt sich unter anderem, dass die Erfahrung des Nationalsozialismus zu einer Korrektur eines systemfremden Elementes seiner Rechtsphilosophie geführt hat. In Bezug auf Kelsen arbeitet der Autor heraus, dass dieser allzu leichtfertig allem NS-Recht umfassende Rechtsqualität zugesprochen hat.
Die rechtliche Zulässigkeit von Compliance-Amnestieprogrammen
Authors: Graf Tobias
Published: October 2020

Amnestieprogrammen einer AG sind die Aufklärung und Nichtsanktionierung von Compliance-Verstößen immanent. Damit ist die Legalitätskontrollpflicht betroffen, die vom Vorstand die Sanktionierung von Fehlverhalten fordert. Der Autor setzt sich bei der Auflösung des hieraus erwachsenden Spannungsverhältnisses mit der Reichweite der Legalitätspflicht auseinander und wendet die Business Judgement Rule analog auf unsichere Rechtslagen an, so dass dem Vorstand sowohl ein Auswahl- als auch ein Entschließungsermessen bei der Sanktionierung zukommt. Bei pflichtgemäßer Ermessensausübung im Unternehmensinteresse und nach verpflichtender Einholung von Rechtsrat kann sich der Vorstand im Innenverhältnis bereits auf Ebene der Pflichtverletzung entlasten.
Europäisches Energierecht
Authors: Winkler Daniela , Baumgart Max , Ackermann Thomas
Published: October 2020

Das Studienbuch ist das erste Lehrbuch zum gesamten europäischen Energierecht. Um das Energierecht in seiner Breite zu erfassen, ist es unabdingbar, die europäischen und internationalen Rahmenbedingungen zu kennen. Diese Kenntnis ist Voraussetzung für eine erfolgreiche Tätigkeit in Energiewirtschaft, Politik, Verwaltung und Verbänden. Nicht zuletzt ist sie auch Basis für ein Verständnis der Energiewende in Deutschland und Europa. Das Studienbuch erläutert privat- und öffentlich-rechtliche Aspekte des Energierechts, Energiewirtschafts- und Energieumweltrechts. Ausgehend vom Energiebinnenmarkt werden aktuelle energierechtliche und regulatorische Fragen von der Energieunion bis zur Globalisierung des Energiehandels behandelt. Zahlreiche Beispiele und Wiederholungsfragen erleichtern das Verständnis.
Global Governance und Menschenrechte
Authors: Mende Janne
Published: October 2020

Globalisation and global governance mean that private actors are involved in public regulation and decision-making processes. Companies in particular are experiencing an increase in power that goes far beyond mere economic indicators; that is, they are also gaining political and normative power. This book examines the opportunities and challenges that result from this, which are particularly evident in the field of international human rights. Public human rights are being challenged by the political and normative power of private actors. This does not only change human rights and global governance actors, but also requires a new perspective on both the private and public spheres. This book therefore develops a perspective on the hybrid, societal roles of companies, which form a third domain situated between and simultaneously beyond the public and private spheres.
Young, Gilbert, and Social Groups
Authors: Kuchem Matthew D. ,   Department of Philosophy, Florida State University
Published: October 2020

In this paper I critique the concept of social groups deployed by Iris Marion Young in her well-known theory of the five faces of oppression. I contend that Young’s approach to conceptualizing social groups creates arbitrary and inconsistent categories, essentializes certain groups, and fails to take seriously the complexity of pluralism. I propose that Margaret Gilbert’s work in social metaphysics provides a more philosophically robust account of social groups that serves as a helpful corrective to Young’s approach. Gilbert’s account of “we”-ness, as well as her theory of the nature of individuals and collectivities, provides a helpful vantage point for critiquing Young’s project and its emphasis on the social process of differentiation in the formation of social groups.
Invisible participants in a visual ecology: Visual space as a resource for organising video-mediated interpreting in hospital encounters
Authors: Hansen Jessica Pedersen Belisle
Published: October 2020

This paper explores multilingual hospital encounters in which medical professionals and patients do not speak the same language, and where interpreting is facilitated through the use of video technology. The participants use video technology to create an interactional space for interpreting. While video technology affords the participants visual access to each other, and the participants may use embodied actions in interaction, participants in interaction do not necessarily organise their interactional space in ways that secure congruent views of each other. While the participants’ incongruent views of each other may cause problems in the organisation of interaction, the participants rarely discuss the visual setting. This article explores how the participants orient to the visual materiality of the setting and how they use the visual ecology they create, in and through the interaction, in order to achieve the multilingual activity of interpreting in hospital encounters.
Protection of genomic research data as the objects of intellectual property
Authors: Belaia Olesia Valer'evna
Published: October 2020

The object of this research is the determination of legal nature of genomic research data and their role among the objects of civil law. The subject of this research is the data of preclinical and clinical studies of pharmaceutical products, mostly those that contain biomaterial and biomedical cell products. The author underlines the problem of the absence of due legal regulation of genomic research data as the objects of law within Russian legislation, as well as protection of their rightsholders from anticompetitive use. The author reveals the possibility of recognizing genomic research data as the results of intellectual activity that are subject to legal protection as objects of intellectual property, as well as the need to enshrine them in the provisions of the Part 4 of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation. The main conclusion consists in the substantiation of the need for protection of genomic research data as the objects of civil law. Arguments are adduced on the potential reference of genomic research as the results of intellectual activity to the objects of intellectual property. The list of data that may comprise trade secret is subjected to critical analysis. The author proposes the original classification of the results of intellectual activity as the objects of intellectual property from the perspective of the presence of creative beginning as directly invented by human, and indirectly reflecting the result of human activity. The conclusion is formulated on the independent nature of the results of genomic research as the objects of intellectual property in the form of the results of intellectual activity. The author underlines the need for protecting genomic research data as a variety of results of such tests as the know-how, as well as corresponding revision of legal definition of trade secret captured in civil legislation.
Some remarks on assigning weights to experts in multi-attribute group decision making using intuitionistic fuzzy sets
Authors:   Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences, Szmidt Eulalia ,   Warsaw School of Information Technology, Kacprzyk Janusz ,   Systems Research Institute, Polish Academy of Sciences,   Warsaw School of Information Technology
Published: October 2020

We discuss how to assign weights to the experts participating in group decision making in intuitionistic fuzzy environment which means that the options are expressed via intuitionistic fuzzy sets (IFSs, for short). We use the three term representation of the IFSs. A question arises if by making use of the expert’s opinions concerning a problem considered is it possible to assess the experts. The typical approaches from literature are recalled and discussed. Next, we propose two novel methods of assigning weights to experts. However, the methods are not ideal as starting from expert’s opinions concerning the options considered. Alas, while not knowing a real solution of a problem the experts try to solve, it is difficult to tell who is right and who is wrong whereas we do not have additional knowledge about the experts. The advantage of the method proposed is that we avoid assumptions about a real optimal solution which is not known. Instead, we pay attention if an expert is able to tell in a convincing way which option is good and which one is bad by pointing out pros and cons of an option in a definite way.
A sulfur-aromatic gate latch is essential for opening of the Orai1 channel pore
Authors: Yeung Priscilla S-W , Ing Christopher E , Yamashita Megumi , Pomès Régis , Prakriya Murali
Published: October 2020

Sulfur-aromatic interactions occur in the majority of protein structures, yet little is known about their functional roles in ion channels. Here, we describe a novel molecular motif, the M101 gate latch, which is essential for gating of human Orai1 channels via its sulfur-aromatic interactions with the F99 hydrophobic gate. Molecular dynamics simulations of different Orai variants reveal that the gate latch is mostly engaged in open but not closed channels. In experimental studies, we use metal-ion bridges to show that promoting an M101-F99 bond directly activates Orai1, whereas disrupting this interaction triggers channel closure. Mutational analysis demonstrates that the methionine residue at this position has a unique combination of length, flexibility, and chemistry to act as an effective latch for the phenylalanine gate. Because sulfur-aromatic interactions provide additional stabilization compared to purely hydrophobic interactions, we infer that the six M101-F99 pairs in the hexameric channel provide a substantial energetic contribution to Orai1 activation.