bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Temporal Trends and Risk Factors for Delayed Hospital Admission in Suspected Stroke Patients
Authors: Kielkopf Moritz , Meinel Thomas , Kaesmacher Johannes , Fischer Urs , Arnold Marcel , Heldner Mirjam , Seiffge David , Mordasini Pasquale , Dobrocky Tomas , Piechowiak Eike , Gralla Jan , Jung Simon
Published: July 2020

(1) Background: The benefit of acute ischemic stroke (AIS) treatment declines with any time delay until treatment. Hence, factors influencing the time from symptom onset to admission (TTA) are of utmost importance. This study aimed to assess temporal trends and risk factors for delays in TTA. (2) Methods: We included 1244 consecutive patients from 2015 to 2018 with suspected stroke presenting within 24 h after symptom onset registered in our prospective, pre-specified hospital database. Temporal trends were assessed by comparing with a cohort of a previous study in 2006. Factors associated with TTA were assessed by univariable and multivariable regression analysis. (3) Results: In 1244 patients (median [IQR] age 73 [60–82] years; 44% women), the median TTA was 96 min (IQR 66–164). The prehospital time delay reduced by 27% in the last 12 years and the rate of patients referred by Emergency medical services (EMS) increased from 17% to 51% and the TTA for admissions by General Practitioner (GP) declined from 244 to 207 min. Factors associated with a delay in TTA were stroke severity (beta−1.9; 95% CI–3.6 to −0.2 min per point NIHSS score), referral by General Practitioner (GP, beta +140 min, 95% CI 100–179), self-admission (+92 min, 95% CI 57–128) as compared to admission by emergency medical services (EMS) and symptom onset during nighttime (+57 min, 95% CI 30–85). Conclusions: Although TTA improved markedly since 2006, our data indicates that continuous efforts are mandatory to raise public awareness on the importance of fast hospital referral in patients with suspected stroke by directly informing EMS, avoiding contact of a GP, and maintaining high effort for fast transportation also in patients with milder symptoms.
Enhance PARPi Application beyond BRCA-Mutant Breast Cancer (BC): Facts Are Facts
Authors: Di Raimo Tania , Angelini Francesco
Published: July 2020

Breast cancer (BC) represents one of the three most common neoplasia and the principal worldwide leading cause of death among women [...]
SMAD4 Overexpression in Patients with Sleep Apnoea May Be Associated with Cardiometabolic Comorbidities
Authors: Díaz-García Elena , Jaureguizar Ana , Casitas Raquel , García-Tovar Sara , Sánchez-Sánchez Begoña , Zamarrón Ester , López-Collazo Eduardo , García-Río Francisco , Cubillos-Zapata Carolina
Published: July 2020

Obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is associated with several diseases related to metabolic and cardiovascular risk. Although the mechanisms involved in the development of these disorders may vary, OSA patients frequently present an increase in transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), the activity of which is higher still in patients with hypertension, diabetes or cardiovascular morbidity. Smad4 is a member of the small mother against decapentaplegic homologue (Smad) family of signal transducers and acts as a central mediator of TGFβ signalling pathways. In this study, we evaluate Smad4 protein and mRNA expression from 52 newly diagnosed OSA patients, with an apnoea–hypopnoea index (AHI) ≥30 and 26 healthy volunteers. These analyses reveal that OSA patients exhibit high levels of SMAD4 which correlates with variation in HIF1α, mTOR and circadian genes. Moreover, we associated high concentrations of Smad4 plasma protein with the presence of diabetes, dyslipidaemia and hypertension in these patients. Results suggest that increased levels of SMAD4, mediated by intermittent hypoxaemia and circadian rhythm deregulation, may be associated with cardiometabolic comorbidities in patients with sleep apnoea.
Retrospective Analysis of the Clinical Outcome in a Matched Case-Control Cohort of Polytrauma Patients Following an Osteosynthetic Flail Chest Stabilization
Authors: Niemann Marcel , Graef Frank , Tsitsilonis Serafeim , Stöckle Ulrich , Märdian Sven
Published: July 2020

Background: In polytrauma (PT) patients, osseous thoracic injuries are commonly observed. One of the most severe injuries is the flail chest where the rib cage is broken in such a way that leads to a partial functional detachment of the thoracic wall. Especially in PT patients, the integrity of the respiratory system and especially, of the respiratory muscles is essential to prevent respiratory failure. Besides conservative treatment options, flail chest injuries may be surgically stabilized. However, this treatment option is rarely carried out and evidence on the outcome of surgically treated flail chest patients is rare. Objective: This study intends to investigate the clinical outcome of PT patients with the diagnosis of a flail chest who received an osteosynthetic stabilization for that compared to the same group of patients without an operative treatment. The between-groups outcome was compared regarding the duration of the total hospital and the intensive care unit (ICU) stay, the total of the invasive ventilation days, the incidence of pneumonia, and the dosage of the pain medication at the hospital discharge. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted including all PT patients who received an osteosynthetic stabilization of a flail chest. Furthermore, another cohort of PT patients and the diagnosis of a flail chest but without operative treatment was determined. Both groups were case-control matched for the Injury Severity Score (ISS) and age. Further statistical analysis was performed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the McNemar’s test. Results: Out of eleven operatively and 59 conservatively treated patients, eleven patients per group were matched. Further analysis revealed no significant differences in the normal ward treatment duration (5.64 ± 6.62 and 6.20 ± 5.85 days), the invasive ventilation duration (was 6.25 ± 7.17 and 7.10 ± 6.14 days), the morphine equivalent dosage of the oral analgesia (61.36 ± 67.23 mg and 39.67 ± 65.65 mg), and the pneumonia incidence (36.4 and 54.5%) when conservatively and operatively treated patients were compared, respectively. However, surgically treated patients had a longer ICU (25.18 ± 14.48 and 15.27 ± 12.10 days, Z = −2.308, p = 0.021) and a longer total hospital treatment duration (30.10 ± 13.01 and 20.91 ± 10.34 days, Z = −2.807, p = 0.005) when compared to conservatively treated patients. Conclusion: In the present study cohort, there was no outcome difference between conservatively and operatively treated patients with the diagnosis of a flail chest regarding the normal ward treatment duration, the invasive ventilation duration, the morphine equivalent dosage of the oral analgesia, and the pneumonia incidence while ICU treatment duration and hospital treatment duration was longer in operatively treated patients.
Relationship between Osteosarcopenia and Frailty in Patients with Chronic Liver Disease
Authors: Saeki Chisato , Kanai Tomoya , Nakano Masanori , Oikawa Tsunekazu , Torisu Yuichi , Abo Masahiro , Saruta Masayuki , Tsubota Akihito
Published: July 2020

Osteosarcopenia and frailty have a negative health impact on an aging society. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the clinical characteristics and relationship of osteosarcopenia and frailty in 291 patients with chronic liver disease (CLD), who comprised 137 males and 154 females, with a median age of 70.0 years. Sarcopenia was diagnosed according to the Japan Society of Hepatology criteria. Bone mineral density was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Frailty was defined by five parameters (exhaustion, slowness, weakness, low physical activity, and weight loss). Among the 291 patients, 49 (16.8%) and 81 (27.8%) had osteosarcopenia and frailty, respectively. Frailty and vertebral fracture were more frequently noted in patients with osteosarcopenia than in those without osteosarcopenia (79.6% vs. 17.4% and 59.2% vs. 20.2%, respectively; p < 0.001 for both). Meanwhile, osteosarcopenia and vertebral fracture were more frequently observed in patients with frailty than in those without frailty (48.1% vs. 4.8% and 49.4% vs. 18.1%, respectively; p < 0.001 for both). On multivariate analysis, frailty was an independent factor associated with osteosarcopenia (odds ratio (OR), 9.837; p < 0.001), and vice versa (OR, 10.069; p < 0.001). Osteosarcopenia and frailty were prevalent, closely interrelated, and increased the risk of vertebral fracture in patients with CLD.
Skin Phototype Could Be a Risk Factor for Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Urbaneja Patricia , Hurtado-Guerrero Isaac , Hernández Miguel Ángel , Oliver-Martos Begoña , Oreja-Guevara Celia , Ortega-Pinazo Jesús , Alonso Ana , Barón-López Francisco J , Leyva Laura , Fernández Óscar , Pinto-Medel María Jesús
Published: July 2020

Environmental and genetic factors are assumed to be necessary for the development of multiple sclerosis (MS), however its interactions are still unclear. For this reason here, we have not only analyzed the impact on increased risk of MS of the best known factors (HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele, sun exposure, vitamin D levels, smoking habit), but we have included another factor (skin phototype) that has not been analyzed in depth until now. This study included 149 MS patients and 147 controls. A multivariate logistic regression (LR) model was carried out to determine the impact of each of the factors on the increased risk of MS. Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed to evaluate predictive value of the models. Our multifactorial LR model of susceptibility showed that females with light brown skin (LBS), smokers and who had HLA-DRB1*15:01 allele had a higher MS risk (LBS: OR = 5.90, IC95% = 2.39–15.45; smoker: OR = 4.52, IC95% = 2.69–7.72; presence of HLA-DRB1*15:01: OR = 2.39, IC95% = 1.30–4.50; female: OR = 1.88, IC95% = 1.08–3.30). This model had an acceptable discriminant value with an Area Under a Curve AUC of 0.76 (0.69–0.82). Our study indicates that MS risk is determined by complex interactions between sex, environmental factors, and genotype where the milieu could provide the enabling proinflammatory environment that drives an autoimmune attack against myelin by self-reactive lymphocytes.
Combined Surgical and Orthodontic Treatments in Children with OSA: A Systematic Review
Authors: Templier Laura , Rossi Cecilia , Miguez Manuel , Pérez Javier De la Cruz , Curto Adrián , Albaladejo Alberto , Vich Manuel Lagravère
Published: July 2020

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a sleeping breathing disorder. In children, adenotonsillar hypertrophy remains the main anatomical risk factor of OSA. The aim of this study was to assess the current scientific data and to systematically summarize the evidence for the efficiency of adenotonsillectomy (AT) and orthodontic treatment (i.e., rapid maxillary expansion (RME) and mandibular advancement (MA)) in the treatment of pediatric OSA. A literature search was conducted in several databases, including PubMed, Embase, Medline, Cochrane and LILACS up to 5th April 2020. The initial search yielded 509 articles, with 10 articles being identified as eligible after screening. AT and orthodontic treatment were more effective together than separately to cure OSA in pediatric patients. There was a greater decrease in apnea hypoapnea index (AHI) and respiratory disturbance index (RDI), and a major increase in the lowest oxygen saturation and the oxygen desaturation index (ODI) after undergoing both treatments. Nevertheless, the reappearance of OSA could occur several years after reporting adequate treatment. In order to avoid recurrence, myofunctional therapy (MT) could be recommended as a follow-up. However, further studies with good clinical evidence are required to confirm this finding.
Spectrally Resolved Fundus Autofluorescence in Healthy Eyes: Repeatability and Topographical Analysis of the Green-Emitting Fluorophores
Authors: Borrelli Enrico , Battista Marco , Zuccaro Biancamaria , Sacconi Riccardo , Brambati Maria , Querques Lea , Prascina Francesco , Sadda SriniVas R. , Bandello Francesco , Querques Giuseppe
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to report normal measurements of green-emitting fluorophores in the macula of healthy young individuals and to assess the repeatability of these quantitative metrics. To do so, healthy young volunteers were imaged twice (7 ± 3 days apart) using a confocal blue-light fundus autofluorescence (FAF) device with a shorter excitation wavelength (peak at 450 nm) and the capability for separately detecting the red and green components of the emission spectrum. The main outcome measure was the percentage of area occupied by green-emitting fluorophores in the macula. In addition, this measure was performed in separate regions providing a topographical assessment in the foveal, parafoveal and perifoveal regions. Furthermore, the level of agreement between repeated measurements was evaluated. Thirty eyes from 30 healthy volunteers were included in this analysis. Mean age was 26.2 ± 2.8 years (median: 25.0 years; range: 23.0–32.0 years). Median (interquartile range—IQR) area occupied by green-emitting fluorophores was 3.6% (1.9–4.7%) in the macular region. In the topographical analysis, this percentage was higher in the foveal area (median = 33.3%, IQR = 21.9–41.2%), as compared with both the parafoveal (median = 5.3%; IQR = 2.4–8.1%; p < 0.0001) and perifoveal (median = 0.5%, IQR = 0.2–0.8%; p < 0.0001) regions. The coefficient of variation (CV; ranging from 1.1% to 1.7% in the analyzed regions) and the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC; ranging from 0.93 to 0.97) indicated high levels of repeatability. In conclusion, the assessment of green-emitting fluorophores is repeatable. The distribution of these fluorophores is highest in the foveal region. Assuming that flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) emits in the green autofluorescence spectrum, this variability could be secondary to an increased quantity of mitochondria in the foveal region.
Screening for Occult Cancer in Patients with Venous Thromboembolism
Authors: D’Astous Julien , Carrier Marc
Published: July 2020

Unprovoked venous thromboembolism (VTE) can be the first sign of an occult cancer. The rate of occult cancer detection within 12 months of a newly diagnosed unprovoked VTE is approximately 5%. Therefore, it is appealing for clinicians to screen patients with unprovoked VTE for occult cancer, as it could potentially decrease cancer-related mortality and morbidity and improve quality of life. However, several randomized controlled trials have failed to report that an extensive occult cancer screening strategy (e.g., computed tomography of the abdomen/pelvis) is improving these patient-important outcomes. Therefore, clinical guidance documents suggest that patients should only undergo a limited screening strategy including a thorough medical history, physical examination, basic laboratory investigations (i.e., complete blood count and liver function tests), chest X-ray, as well as age- and gender-specific cancer screening (breast, cervical, colon and prostate). More intensive occult cancer screening including additional investigations is not routinely recommended. This narrative review will focus on the epidemiology, timing, and evidence regarding occult cancer detection in patients with unprovoked VTE.
Titanium Nickelide in Midface Fractures Treatment
Authors: Shamanaeva Liudmila , Diachkova Ekaterina , Petruk Pavel , Polyakov Kirill , Cherkesov Igor , Ivanov Sergei
Published: July 2020

Background: The question of reconstruction of human tissues and organs with the use of medical materials is still open, because of the accurate requirements for their biological and physical features. The aim of this study was to prove the efficiency of titanium nickelide constructors in treatment of isolated orbital floor fractures or combination with zygomatico-orbital complex fractures. Methods: Patients with a fracture of zygomatico-orbital complex and/or low orbital floor (n = 44) carried out different treatments: in the first group, osteosynthesis and endoprosthesis with titanium nickelide structures; in the second group, titan mini-plates osteosynthesis; in the third group (‘blow-out’), endoprosthesis with a titanium nickelide mesh; and in the fourth group (‘blow-out’), conservative treatment and monitoring (archive data) (p > 0.05). The paraesthesia, diplopia, enophthalmos and exophthalmos degree were measured in points. Results: In one year, the first and second groups had no differences in level of paraesthesia (p > 0.05). The absence of exophthalmos and differences between first and second groups, and between the third and the fourth groups with positive dynamics inside the groups were proved (p < 0.05). In the first and third groups, enophthalmos was absent, and it increased in the second and fourth groups (p < 0.01, p < 0.11). Diplopia in the first and third groups was absent, and it increased in the second and fourth groups (p < 0.05, p < 0.01). Conclusion: The elasticity and biocompatibility of titanium nickelide make the implant insertion and restoration of the lower orbital wall anatomy easier, with good postoperative clinical results.
Seaweed Potential in the Animal Feed: A Review
Authors: Morais Tiago , Inácio Ana , Coutinho Tiago , Ministro Mariana , Cotas João , Pereira Leonel , Bahcevandziev Kiril
Published: July 2020

Seaweed (known as marine algae) has a tradition of being part of the animal feed in the coastal areas, from ancient times. Seaweeds, are mixed with animal feed, because when consumed alone can have negative impact on animals. Thus, seaweeds are very rich in useful metabolites (pigments, carotenoids, phlorotannins, polyunsaturated fatty acids, agar, alginate and carrageenan) and minerals (iodine, zinc, sodium, calcium, manganese, iron, selenium), being considered as a natural source of additives that can substitute the antibiotic usage in various animals. In this review, we describe the nutritional values of seaweeds and the seaweed effects in the seaweed-based animal feed/supplements.
First Comprehensive Quantitative Multi-Parameter Assessment of the Eutrophication Status from Coastal to Marine French Waters in the English Channel, the Celtic Sea, the Bay of Biscay, and the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Lefebvre Alain , Devreker David
Published: July 2020

The first quantitative and comprehensive assessment of the eutrophication status from coastal to offshore French waters was performed within the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD descriptor 5) for the English Channel, the southern bight of the North Sea, the Celtic Seas, the Bay of Biscay and the Western Mediterranean Sea. Based on a combination of different data sources (in situ, satellite, and modeling products), a fully-integrated dataset was generated over the period 2010–2016. Using the best available knowledge on the eutrophication process and definition, the assessment procedure was implemented considering nutrient pressures, and direct and indirect effects of excessive inputs. The different steps of the assessment were: (i) Establishment of assessment levels and thresholds, (ii) development of methodology for aggregation and integration of data, and (iii) qualification of the Environmental Status. We investigated how reliable this assessment procedure was when considering other complementary information. Results highlighted that, despite efforts in recent decades to reduced nutrient inputs, the pressure on coastal marine ecosystems was still high. We discuss options for improving the coherence between MSFD and other similar approaches and associated monitoring programs. This study identifies areas where an increased monitoring effort is needed to improve the assessment and where environmental management actions are of priority.
Aspergillus Is Inhibited by Pseudomonas aeruginosa Volatiles
Authors: Nazik Hasan , Sass Gabriele , Déziel Eric , Stevens David A.
Published: July 2020

Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Pa) and Aspergillus fumigatus (Af) compete with each other for nutrients and survival in natural environments, and have been extensively studied because of their intermicrobial interactions in the human microbiome. These are the principal microbes infecting immunocompromised patients and persons with cystic fibrosis, particularly the airways. These intermicrobial studies have largely been conducted in liquid medium or on agar, and thus focus on soluble or diffusible microbial products. Several key inhibitory molecules were defined in such studies. Methods: in the present report, we examine several methodologies which can be conveniently used to study the interaction of microbial volatiles, including capture methods and kinetics. Results: Pa volatiles inhibit Af, and the inhibitory mechanism appears to be the incorporation of the inhibitory molecules into the substrate nourishing the Af, rather than directly onto Af structures. We define by mass spectroscopy some specific volatile Pa products that can inhibit Af. Some of these molecules are selected for interest by the study of gene deletion mutants, producing a few Pa strains that were impaired in inhibition. We presumed the volatiles of these latter strains could be excluded from the search for inhibitors. Conclusion: the Pa inhibition of Af via a gaseous phase could be critical components in their competition, particularly in airways, where more direct contact may not be extensive.
Molecular Epidemiology of Azole-Resistant Aspergillus fumigatus in Sawmills of Eastern France by Microsatellite Genotyping
Authors: Jeanvoine Audrey , Godeau Chloé , Laboissière Audrey , Reboux Gabriel , Millon Laurence , Rocchi Steffi
Published: July 2020

Background: Wood chipping has been described as a potential hotspot for the selection of azole-resistant Aspergillus fumigatus (ARAf). We previously reported ARAf isolates in sawmills (Eastern France), most of which contained the TR34/L98H mutation. Methods: To study genotypic relatedness, microsatellite genotyping (short tandem repeat for A. fumigatus (STRAf)) was performed on 41 azole-susceptible A. fumigatus (ASAf) and 23 ARAf isolated from 18 sawmills and two clinical A. fumigatus (sensitive and resistant) isolated from a sinus sample of a woodworker. Results: Fifty-four unique multilocus genotypes (MLGs) were described among the 66 isolates: 13/24 ARAf and 41/42 ASAf. Allelic diversity was higher for ASAf than for ARAf. Among the 24 ARAf, five isolates had their own MLGs. Thirteen ARAf (54%) belonged to the same group, composed of four close MLGs, defined using Bruvo’s distance. Thirty-two of the 42 ASAf (76%) had their own MLGs and could not be grouped with the Bruvo’s distance cutoff used (0.2). Conclusion: Thus, at a regional scale and in the particular environment of the wood industry, common but also different distinct genotypes, even in the same sawmill, were identified. This suggests that the hypothesis of ARAf clonal expansion from a common strain is probably insufficient to explain genotype emergence and distribution.
Relationship between Blood and Standard Biochemistry Levels with Periodontitis in Parkinson’s Disease Patients: Data from the NHANES 2011–2012
Authors: Botelho João , Lyra Patrícia , Proença Luís , Godinho Catarina , Mendes José João , Machado Vanessa
Published: July 2020

People with Parkinson’s Disease (PD) are associated with the presence of periodontitis. We aimed to compare blood and standard biochemical surrogates of PD patients diagnosed with periodontitis with PD individuals without periodontitis. This retrospective cohort study used a sample from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2011–2012 that underwent periodontal diagnosis (n = 3669). PD participants were identified through specific PD reported medications. Periodontitis was defined according to the 2012 case definition, using periodontal examination data provided. Then, we compared blood levels and standard chemical laboratory profiles of PD patients according to the presence of periodontitis. Multivariable regression was used to explore this dataset and identify relevant variables towards the presence of periodontitis. According to the medication report, 37 participants were eligible, 29 were secure and 8 were unsecure PD medications regimens. Overall, PD cases with periodontitis presented increased levels of White Blood Cells (WBC) (p = 0.002), Basophils (p = 0.045) and Segmented neutrophils (p = 0.009), and also, lower levels of Total Bilirubin (p = 0.018). In the PD secure medication group, a significant difference was found for WBC (p = 0.002) and Segmented neutrophils (p = 0.002) for the periodontitis group. Further, WBC might be a discriminating factor towards periodontitis in the global sample. In the secure PD medication, we found gender, segmented neutrophils and Vitamin D2 to be potential discriminative variables towards periodontitis. Thus, periodontitis showed association with leukocyte levels alterations in PD patients, and therefore with potential systemic changes and predictive value. Furthermore, Vitamin D2 and gender showed to be associated with periodontitis in with secure medication for PD. Future studies should assess in more detail the potential systemic repercussion of the presence of periodontitis in PD patients.
Markers Useful in Monitoring Radiation-Induced Lung Injury in Lung Cancer Patients: A Review
Authors: Śliwińska-Mossoń Mariola , Wadowska Katarzyna , Trembecki Łukasz , Bil-Lula Iwona
Published: July 2020

In 2018, lung cancer was the most common cancer and the most common cause of cancer death, accounting for a 1.76 million deaths. Radiotherapy (RT) is a widely used and effective non-surgical cancer treatment that induces remission in, and even cures, patients with lung cancer. However, RT faces some restrictions linked to the radioresistance and treatment toxicity, manifesting in radiation-induced lung injury (RILI). About 30–40% of lung cancer patients will develop RILI, which next to the local recurrence and distant metastasis is a substantial challenge to the successful management of lung cancer treatment. These data indicate an urgent need of looking for novel, precise biomarkers of individual response and risk of side effects in the course of RT. The aim of this review was to summarize both preclinical and clinical approaches in RILI monitoring that could be brought into clinical practice. Next to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1) that was reported as one of the most important growth factors expressed in the tissues after ionizing radiation (IR), there is a group of novel, potential biomarkers—microRNAs—that may be used as predictive biomarkers in therapy response and disease prognosis.
The Impact of Home Sharing on Residential Real Estate Markets
Authors: Bao Helen X. H. , Shah Saul
Published: July 2020

This paper explores the effects of home-sharing platforms in general and Airbnb in particular on rental rates at a neighbourhood level. Using consumer-facing Airbnb data from ten neighbourhoods located within large metropolitan areas in the U.S. between 2013–2017, as well as rental data from the American online real estate database company, Zillow, this paper examines the relationship between Airbnb penetration and rental rates. The results indicate that the relationship is not as unanimous as once thought. Viewing the relationship at an aggregate level, an approach used by many researchers in the past, hides the complexities of the underlying effects. Instead, Airbnb’s impact on rental rates depends on a neighbourhood’s individual characteristics. This study also urges policy makers to create tailor-made solutions that help curb the negative impacts associated with the platform whilst still harnessing its economic benefits.
Assessing Ecosystem Services Supplied by Agroecosystems in Mediterranean Europe: A Literature Review
Authors: Balzan Mario V. , Sadula Renata , Scalvenzi Laura
Published: July 2020

Agricultural landscapes in the Mediterranean region may be considered as social-ecological systems that are important for biodiversity conservation whilst contributing to a wide range of ecosystem services. This literature review aims to identify the current state and biases of ecosystem service assessment in agroecosystems within the Mediterranean region, evaluate pressures impacting on agroecosystems and their services, and practices that promote ecosystem service synergies in Mediterranean agroecosystems. A total of 41 papers were selected for analysis from a set of 573 potentially relevant papers. Most of the selected papers focused on supporting, regulating and provisioning services, and mostly assessed ecosystem structure or services in the European Mediterranean context. Literature about benefits and values ascribed to by communities and stakeholders remain limited. Results presented here support the notion of multifunctional Mediterranean agroecosystems and multiple synergies were recorded in this review. Publications dealing with pressures that related to agricultural practices and demographic changes were in the majority and impact on different cropping systems. This review highlights the need to carry out integrated ecosystem service assessments that consider the multiple benefits derived from agroecosystems and which may be used to identify management practices that lead to the improvement of ecosystem services capacities and flows.
CERES Gimbal Performance on Terra
Authors: Butler John C.
Published: July 2020

The Terra satellite has been operating in orbit for 20 years. The Terra satellite is also called the flagship earth-observing satellite. The two Clouds and the Earth’s Radiant Energy System CERES instruments on board continue to function nominally. Their expected mission lifetime was 7 years. Critical to their performance is the longevity of the scanning gimbals. This can be traced to the performance of the fluid-lubricated bearings. Two metrics are used to estimate their lifetime and health. Both lend themselves to readily available data and ease of interpretation. One is predicting the evaporative lubricant loss. This analysis indicates that the lubricant supply is adequate for the continual life of the gimbals. The second is trending the torque with time. Torque precursors are sampled quarterly. These data are converted to torque. Two types of torque behavior were examined. Contrasting torque data have supported the conclusion that the gimbals are operating nominally. This can be partially attributed to the design choices for the bearings and lubricant. The aim of this paper is to quantitatively describe the present health and expected life of the CERES gimbals on the Terra satellite.
A Simple Parallel Solution Method for the Navier–Stokes Cahn–Hilliard Equations
Authors: Adam Nadja , Franke Florian , Aland Sebastian
Published: July 2020

We present a discretization method of the Navier–Stokes Cahn–Hilliard equations which offers an impressing simplicity, making it easy to implement a scalable parallel code from scratch. The method is based on a special pressure projection scheme with incomplete pressure iterations. The resulting scheme admits solution by an explicit Euler method. Hence, all unknowns decouple, which enables a very simple implementation. This goes along with the opportunity of a straightforward parallelization, for example, by few lines of Open Multi-Processing (OpenMP) or Message Passing Interface (MPI) routines. Using a standard benchmark case of a rising bubble, we show that the method provides accurate results and good parallel scalability.
Analysis of Factors Influencing Students’ Access to Mathematics Education in the Form of MOOC
Authors: Gonda Dalibor , Ďuriš Viliam , Pavlovičová Gabriela , Tirpáková Anna
Published: July 2020

Restricting the movement of students because of COVID-19 requires expanding the offer of online education. Online education should reflect the principles of pedagogical constructivism to ensure the development of students’ cognitive and social competencies. The paper describes the preparatory course of mathematics, realized in the form of MOOC. This course was created and implemented based on the principles of pedagogical constructivism. The analysis of the respondents’ approach to MOOC revealed a difference between bachelor and master students in the use of MOOC. Bachelors found a strong correlation between their approach to MOOCs and the way they are educated in secondary schools. The results of the research point to the need of more emphasis should be placed on advancing the learner’s skills in navigating and analysing information. The questionnaire filled in by the participants also monitored the students’ access to learning. The results of the experiment confirmed the connection between the preferred approach to learning and students’ activities within the MOOC.
Characterization of a New Bifunctional and Cold-Adapted Polysaccharide Lyase (PL) Family 7 Alginate Lyase from Flavobacterium sp.
Authors: Zhou Hai-Xiang , Xu Shan-Shan , Yin Xue-Jing , Wang Feng-Long , Li Yang
Published: July 2020

Alginate oligosaccharides produced by enzymatic degradation show versatile physiological functions and biological activities. In this study, a new alginate lyase encoding gene alyS02 from Flavobacterium sp. S02 was recombinantly expressed at a high level in Yarrowia lipolytica, with the highest extracellular activity in the supernatant reaching 36.8 ± 2.1 U/mL. AlyS02 was classified in the polysaccharide lyase (PL) family 7. The optimal reaction temperature and pH of this enzyme were 30 °C and 7.6, respectively, indicating that AlyS02 is a cold-adapted enzyme. Interestingly, AlyS02 contained more than 90% enzyme activity at 25 °C, higher than other cold-adapted enzymes. Moreover, AlyS02 is a bifunctional alginate lyase that degrades both polyG and polyM, producing di- and trisaccharides from alginate. These findings suggest that AlyS02 would be a potent tool for the industrial applications.
Measured and Perceived Body Weight Status of Women in the Peruvian Amazon
Authors: Budge Sophie , Jaworowska Agnieszka
Published: July 2020

Background and objectives: The prevalence of obesity among adults has reached epidemic proportions in Latin America, placing large demands on health care systems. Research suggests cultural differences in body weight perceptions may be a barrier during the implementation of weight-loss strategies. The aim of this study was to examine the prevalence of weight misperception in Peruvian women and evaluate contributing factors. Materials and Methods: A total of 236 women were recruited in San Martín, northern Peru. Participants’ socio-demographic characteristics and attitudes towards their weight and health were collected. Self-perception of weight status was assessed with a 10-point scale and compared with measured body mass index (BMI). Multiple logistic regression analysis was conducted to identify factors associated with underestimation of weight status. Results: A total of 65.2% of women were classified as overweight/obese by BMI, but only 15.2% perceived themselves so. A total of 70.4% of women underestimated their weight status and no incidence of overestimation was reported. Overweight and obese women were more likely to underestimate their weight status than normal weight women (OR (Odds Ratio): 34.24, 95% CI (Confidence Interval): 11.55–101.45; OR: 42.06, 95% CI: 11.17–158.32, respectively). Women who underestimated weight status felt more comfortable with their weight (59.3% vs. 20.6, p < 0.001) and agreed a large stomach is a sign of good health (40.7% vs. 5.9%, p < 0.001) versus those who correctly estimated. Conclusions: Underestimation of weigh status was highly prevalent and associated with unhealthy beliefs. Future public health programs must be culturally sensitive and tailored to specific groups within the population.
Insight into Steam Permeation through Perovskite Membrane via Transient Modeling
Authors: Zhuang Shujuan , Han Ning , Zou Qingchuan , Zhang Shuguang , Song Feng
Published: July 2020

A dynamic model based on BaCe0.9Y0.1O3−δ (BCY10) perovskite membrane for steam permeation process is presented here to essentially investigate the internal mechanism. The transient concentration distribution and flux of the charged species and the electric potential distribution within the membrane on the steam permeation process are analyzed in detail via simulation based on this model. The results indicate that the flux of steam can be improved via elevating operating temperatures, enlarging the difference of the partial steam pressure between two sides of the membrane, increasing the membrane density, and reducing the membrane thickness. Moreover, it was found that the polarization electric potential between both sides of the membrane occurs during the steam permeation process, especially at the steady state of the steam permeation process. The polarization electric potential reaches the maximum value at about 1050 K in this membrane. The evolution of electric potential can explain the influence of the above-mentioned factors on the steam permeation process. This study advances the mechanism of steam permeation through perovskite membrane, which provides a new strategy for the fundamental investigation of related species permeation (oxygen, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, etc.) on inorganic membranes via transient modeling.
Graphene Family Nanomaterial Reinforced Magnesium-Based Matrix Composites for Biomedical Application: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Abazari Somayeh , Shamsipur Ali , Bakhsheshi-Rad Hamid Reza , Ramakrishna Seeram , Berto Filippo
Published: July 2020

Together with the enhancement of the load-bearing implant process for bone substitution and reproduction, an increasing requirement was observed concerning biodegradable magnesium and its alloys with lighter density and outstanding characteristics. Regardless of the current great potential of Mg utilization currently, the broader use of Mg alloys continues to be constrained by several natural causes, such as low resistance of corrosion, inadequate mechanical integrity during the healing process, and poor antibacterial performance. In this perspective, Mg-based composite encapsulated within graphene family nanomaterials (GFNs) such as graphene (Gr), graphene oxide (GO), graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), and reduced graphene oxide (rGO) as reinforcement agents present great antibacterial activity, as well as cellular response and depicted numerous benefits for biomedical use. Magnesium matrix nanocomposites reinforced with GFNs possess enhanced mechanical properties and high corrosion resistance (low concentration graphene). It is worth noting that numerous elements including the production technique of the Mg-based composite containing GFNs and the size, distribution, and amounts of GFNs in the Mg-based matrix have a crucial role in their properties and applications. Then, the antibacterial mechanisms of GFN-based composite are briefly described. Subsequently, the antibacterial and strengthening mechanisms of GFN-embedded Mg-based composites are briefly described. This review article is designed to wrap up and explore the most pertinent research performed in the direction of Mg-based composites encapsulated within GFNs. Feasible upcoming investigation directions in the field of GFN-embedded Mg-based composites are discussed in detail.
Impact of Sex and Age on the Mevalonate Pathway in the Brain: A Focus on Effects Induced by Maternal Exposure to Exogenous Compounds
Authors: Tonini Claudia , Segatto Marco , Pallottini Valentina
Published: July 2020

The mevalonate pathway produces cholesterol and other compounds crucial for numerous cellular processes. It is well known that age and sex modulate this pathway in the liver. Recently, similar effects were also noted in different brain areas, suggesting that alterations of the mevalonate pathway are at the root of marked sex-specific disparities in some neurodevelopmental disorders related to disturbed cholesterol homeostasis. Here, we show how the mevalonate pathway is modulated in a sex-, age- and region-specific manner, and how maternal exposure to exogenous compounds can disturb the regulation of this pathway in the brain, possibly inducing functional alterations.
Investigations on Metabolic Changes in Beagle Dogs Fed Probiotic Queso Blanco Cheese and Identification of Candidate Probiotic Fecal Biomarkers Using Metabolomics Approaches
Authors: Kim Ye Jin , Park Ho-Eun , Lee Wan-Kyu , Ham Jun-Sang , Park Sang Un , Kim Jae Geun , Im Kyung-Hoan , Kim Jae Kwang
Published: July 2020

Intake of probiotic cheese improves the intestinal health of humans and animals. However, metabolic changes in the intestines of dogs in response to the ingestion of probiotic cheese have not been evaluated. Thus, we aimed to determine the metabolic changes in healthy beagle dogs fed queso blanco cheese with added Lactobacillus reuteri KACC 92293 and Bifidobacterium longum KACC 91563 (QCLB) and to identify potential fecal biomarkers to distinguish the metabolic changes based on intake of probiotic cheese through metabolomics approaches. The dogs were randomly divided into three groups and fed a regular diet without any cheese (control), a diet with queso blanco cheese (QC), or one with QCLB for eight weeks. The concentrations of acetic, propionic, and 4-aminobutyric acids were increased in the QCLB group compared to those in the control group. Additionally, higher levels of propionic acid and lower levels of xylose were found in the QCLB group compared to those in the QC group. This is the first report on the identification of metabolic changes in beagle dogs fed queso blanco cheese with added L. reuteri KACC 92293 and B. longum KACC 91563. We also found that metabolomics approaches can be useful for identifying potential fecal markers in dogs fed probiotic cheese.
Comparative Untargeted Metabolomics Analysis of the Psychostimulants 3,4-Methylenedioxy-Methamphetamine (MDMA), Amphetamine, and the Novel Psychoactive Substance Mephedrone after Controlled Drug Administration to Humans
Authors: Steuer Andrea E. , Kaelin Daria , Boxler Martina I. , Eisenbeiss Lisa , Holze Friederike , Vizeli Patrick , Czerwinska Joanna , Dargan Paul I. , Abbate Vincenzo , Liechti Matthias E. , Kraemer Thomas
Published: July 2020

Psychoactive stimulants are a popular drug class which are used recreationally. Over the last decade, large numbers of new psychoactive substances (NPS) have entered the drug market and these pose a worldwide problem to human health. Metabolomics approaches are useful tools for simultaneous detection of endogenous metabolites affected by drug use. They allow identification of pathways or characteristic metabolites, which might support the understanding of pharmacological actions or act as indirect biomarkers of consumption behavior or analytical detectability. Herein, we performed a comparative metabolic profiling of three psychoactive stimulant drugs 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA), amphetamine and the NPS mephedrone by liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS) in order to identify common pathways or compounds. Plasma samples were obtained from controlled administration studies to humans. Various metabolites were identified as increased or decreased based on drug intake, mainly belonging to energy metabolism, steroid biosynthesis and amino acids. Linoleic acid and pregnenolone-sulfate changed similarly in response to intake of all drugs. Overall, mephedrone produced a profile more similar to that of amphetamine than MDMA in terms of affected energy metabolism. These data can provide the basis for further in-depth targeted metabolome studies on pharmacological actions and search for biomarkers of drug use.
Deep Reactive Ion Etching of Z-Cut Alpha Quartz for MEMS Resonant Devices Fabrication
Authors: Li Bo , Li Cun , Zhao Yulong , Han Chao , Zhang Quanwei
Published: July 2020

Quartz is widely used in microelectromechanical systems (MEMS). Especially, MEMS quartz resonators are applied to sensors and serve as sensitive elements. The capability of deep etching is a limitation for the application. Presented in this paper is a deep and high accuracy reactive ion etching method applied to a quartz resonator etching process with a Cr mask. In order to enhance the capability of deep etching and machining accuracy, three kinds of etching gas (C4F8/Ar, SF6/Ar and SF6/C4F8/Ar), bias power, inductively coupled plasma (ICP) power and chamber pressure were studied in an industrial reactive ion etching machine (GDE C200). Results indicated that the SF6/C4F8/Ar chemistry gas is the suitable and optimal choice. Experiment results indicate that Cr (chromium) mask can obtain a higher selectivity than aluminum and titanium mask. A “sandwich” structure composed of Al layer-Cr layer-Al layer-Cr layer was proposed. The Al (aluminum) film can play the role of releasing stress and protecting gold electrodes, which can enhance the thickness of metal mask. An optimized process using SF6/C4F8/Ar plasmas showed the quartz etching rate of 450 nm/min. Meanwhile, a microchannel with a depth of 75.4 µm is fabricated, and a nearly vertical sidewall profile, smooth surface is achieved.
Enterococci, from Harmless Bacteria to a Pathogen
Authors: Ramos Sónia , Silva Vanessa , Dapkevicius Maria , Igrejas Gilberto , Poeta Patrícia
Published: July 2020

Enterococci are gastrointestinal commensals whose hardiness allowed them to colonize very diverse environments, including soils, water, food, and feed. This ability to overcome adverse conditions makes enterococci problematic once they colonize hospital niches. Together with the malleability of their genomes, the capacity to acquire and disseminate determinants of antibiotic resistance has contributed to converting what was once just another opportunistic pathogen into a first-class clinical problem. This review discusses the dimension of the emergence of enterococcal resistance to key antimicrobial agents, the dissemination of this resistance, and its significance in terms of public health, with the aim of raising awareness of the need to devise and implement surveillance programs and more effective antibiotic stewardship.
Prothrombin Time, Activated Partial Thromboplastin Time, and Fibrinogen Reference Intervals for Inbred Strain 13/N Guinea Pigs (Cavia porcellus) and Validation of Low Volume Sample Analysis
Authors: Condrey Jillian A. , Flietstra Timothy , Nestor Kaitlyn M. , Schlosser Elizabeth L. , Coleman-McCray JoAnn D. , Genzer Sarah C. , Welch Stephen R. , Spengler Jessica R.
Published: July 2020

Inbred strain 13/N guinea pigs are used as small animal models for the study of hemorrhagic fever viruses. Coagulation abnormalities, including prolonged clotting times and bleeding, are characteristic of hemorrhagic fever in humans; patients often meet criteria for disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Comprehensively evaluating coagulation function is critical in model development and studies of viral pathogenesis and therapeutic efficacy. Here, using the VetScan VSpro veterinary point-of-care platform, we developed reference intervals in both juvenile and adult strain 13/N guinea pigs for three coagulation parameters: prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT), and fibrinogen. In addition, for situations or species with limited availability of blood for clinical analysis, we investigated the validity of a modified collection approach for low-volume (0.1 mL) blood sample analysis of PT and aPTT.