bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new direction or more of the same?
Authors: Isherwood Tom
Published: September 2024

In November 2007, two Egyptian police officers were sentenced to three years in prison for torturing a minibus driver. What makes this case exceptional is not the fact that police were held accountable for their actions, though that is indeed rare in Egypt. Rather, this case is exceptional because bloggers were largely responsible for bringing it to the public’s attention and for providing much of the evidence used to obtain the conviction. The original incident for which the two police officers were ultimately convicted occurred in January 2006 when 21-year-old ‘Imad al-Kabir, a Cairo minibus driver, intervened in a fight between his cousin and two plainclothes police officers. ‘Imad was taken back to the police station where he was beaten and sodomized with a stick. The whole ordeal was recorded on one of the officers’ cell phones in order to send the clip to local minibus drivers to further humiliate ‘Imad. The video did not circulate widely until November 2006 when it was sent to the blogger with the penname Demagh MAK. He posted it on his Arabic-language blog and soon it was picked up by other bloggers, including perhaps Egypt’s most influential political blogger, Wael Abbas, who writes a blog entitled al-Wa‘i al-Masri (Egyptian Awareness). It was then picked up by the newspapers al-Fagr and al-Masry al-Youm, after which ‘Imad was identified and persuaded to name his tormentors and pursue the case. This was not all without cost to ‘Imad, who was sentenced to three months in prison for “resisting authorities” in connection with the same incident. During the trial of the police officers, the cell phone video spread by bloggers was a critical piece of evidence and, to the surprise of many observers, the trial found the two police officers guilty.
CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE IN THE SUBJECT GROUP BETWEEN LECTURERS AND ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT STUDENTS BATCH 2020 AT MUSAMUS UNIVERSITY
Authors: Tuwar Aldianus , Yuwana Rawuh Yuda
Published: September 2024

An idea or attitude that is conveyed through verbal or non-verbal forms, is not necessarily an attitude, and the intention can be appropriate but can be different or even the opposite of what is stated. The process of conveying meaning indirectly is known as conversational implicature. Therefore, this study aims to describe the form/function of conversational implicatures and the meaning in utterances. The method used is the see method. The results obtained related to the form/function of the implicature are the use of representative (assertive), directive (implosives), expressive, commissive, and declarative utterances. Furthermore, the violation of the principle of cooperation and all its maxims further accentuates clashes and games (joking).
Todo junto
Authors: Buffa Belén del Rosario , Frías Agustina María Luz , Pagella Francisco D. , Rosa-Serb Ayelén , Magurno Mauricio G.
Published: September 2024

Hipema es el término utilizado para describir un signo que corresponde a la observación de sangre en la cámara anterior, alteración que puede ocurrir por diferentes causas, tanto sean traumáticas como inflamatorias1. El hipopión es otro signo que se observa por su presentación en cámara anterior como una sustancia de coloración blanquecina que podrá ser infecciosa o no infecciosa2. En la foto de este caso llama la atención la combinación de ambos signos de manera concurrente en una importante reacción de la cámara anterior donde aparecen asociados a un absceso de córnea, por lo que su origen podría estar potencialmente asociado a un proceso infeccioso.
Si bien en ocasiones esta alteración mixta de la cámara anterior se podrá resolver con el control del proceso infeccioso y la mejoría de la inflamación secundaria, a veces puede ser necesario realizar el lavado de la cámara anterior1 y de esta forma disminuir la posibilidad de que se origine un glaucoma secundario.
Review on Recent Progress in Wastewater Treatments via Using Alginate-Based Gels as Adsorbent Materials
Authors: Uysal Emircan , Uysal Emre Can , Dursun Halide Nur , Gürmen Sebahattin
Published: September 2024

Wastewater constitutes a significant threat to human and environmental well-being owing to its high concentration of toxic compounds. The existence of heavy metal ions and organic pollutants in wastewater to an acceptable standard level is crucial. Adsorption, an economical, easily implementable, and eco-friendly method, is widely employed to eliminate targeted contaminants from wastewater. A wide array of adsorbent materials has been utilized throughout history, and novel functional materials continue to be developed. Biopolymers, characterized by their chemical structure, cost-effectiveness, environmental compatibility, biocompatibility, and biodegradability, have found applications in adsorption studies. Among these, alginate stands out due to its ability to form gels in the presence of divalent cations, facilitating the entrapment and removal of contaminants. Alginate, a biocompatible and biodegradable polysaccharide, is particularly utilized in adsorption processes due to its chemical properties. Alginate-based materials can form hydrogels, which provide a large surface area for adsorption and enhance the removal efficiency of heavy metals and organic pollutants. In addition to these advantages, alginate hydrogels may have low mechanical strength and, in some cases, may show undesirable dissolution tendencies. A variety of methodologies can be employed to eliminate weaknesses. This review delves into the use of alginate matrix gels for the removal of pollutants in wastewater, featuring an array of relevant studies. Moreover, a concise overview of the adsorption process, kinetics, and isotherms is provided.
Effect of Calcination Temperature on Crystalline phase and Grain size of
ZnO Particles
Authors: Shahsavar Göçmen Mahla , Uğurgel Gabriel , Gül Yiğit , Bilge Enes Barış , Uslu Ömer Faruk , Gürkan Umut Doğan , Kaya Gökçe Çiçek , Şahbazoğlu Mithat Emre , Yıldız Batuhan , Unan Gurur , Terzioğlu Kris , Dulda Ayşe
Published: September 2024

In today's technology, ZnO as a semiconductor, has emerged as a leading
candidate in green environmental management systems, owing to its strong
oxidation ability, good photocatalytic properties, and large free-exciton
binding energy. ZnO is a costeffective, stable, and high photocatalytic
material with good electrical properties and light transmittance, making it
useful for various applications such as solar cells, photocatalysts, and
electrical equipment. ZnO, being a photocatalyst, can be used for
environmental clean-up efforts such as air purification, water purification,
and deodorization. In this study, the zinc oxide (ZnO) was synthesised with
a forced hydrolysis method and characterised by different characterization
techniques. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to investigate the change in
phase and crystal structure of ZnO particles at different calcination
temperatures. Moreover, the average crystallite size of the particles was
calculated at various calcination temperatures, using Scherrer equation.
Also Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) used to image the surface morphology
and size of the particles and it is found that the calcination temperature
had a significant effect on the morphology of the particles. Additionally,
differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA)
were used to observe the material transitions and changes in mass as the
temperature increased.
Investigation of production conditions of interstitial-free steels in
electric arc furnace
Authors: Taşdemir Ali Cem , Yücel Onuralp
Published: September 2024

The iron and steel industry has had a strategic importance throughout
history. In recent years, with the development of technology and sectoral
competition, new investments have been investigated. One of them is
Interstitial-Free (IF) steels. Interstitial-Free Steel, containing very
small amounts of carbon and nitrogen, is used in the production of
automotive interior and exterior panels. IF steel structures have high
formability. This feature has been obtained by removing interstitial atoms
such as C and N in vacuum degassing method. In addition, remaining of these
elements can be stabilized in steel by adding Ti and/or Nb. After the steel
production process is completed, the slab is heated to a certain temperature
in the heating furnace. The finishing and coiling temperatures are also
important factors in determining the deep-drawing capability. These
parameters help in obtaining the coarse TiC and NbC precipitates and the
high r value, which is an important indicator of fine-grained structure,
high ductility and formability. In this study, the effect of process
parameters on IF steels in electric arc furnace steel production, secondary
metallurgy processes and hot rolling are explained. Also, the effect of
microstructures of steel samples with different chemical compositions and
thicknesses on mechanical properties was investigated. In addition, the
samples taken from the hot rolled coil were examined under scanning electron
microscope (SEM), and texture analysis was performed with electron
backscatter diffraction (EBSD) technique. Particularly, the microstructure
investigations have shown that Ti and/or Nb is the critical element in terms
of ensuring the formability, so interstitial atoms are not formed
A study of the effect of volume fraction of Alumina Oxide on the thermal conductivity values of polyester resin particulate composites
Authors: M. Alburki Salem , Maree Ahmed A , Ewetil Soad S
Published: September 2024

This study aims to calculate the thermal conductivity of unsaturated polyester resin when adding aluminum oxide Al2O3 as a filler in different quantities of 10%, 20%, and 30% to the resin and to study the effect of these additives on the thermal conductivity (K) of this resin material. The behavior was changed based on Fourier's thermal conductivity law when calculating the resin's K value before and after adding aluminum oxide. The results showed an increase in thermal insulation with an increase in the percentage of aluminum oxide in the resin with a decrease in the thermal conductivity value. The lowest value obtained was 0.23 W/m.c when the percentage of alumina oxide was 30% at the highest applied temperature of 50 °C. This was illustrated through the graphs that summarize the relationship between thermal conductivity and temperature based on different percentages of aluminum oxide.
Evolution of computed tomography techniques
Authors: Mohsen Mohamed , Manisi Yousif , Bouzreda H. A. M , Youniss Fatma
Published: September 2024

Recently, computed tomography (CT) scanners, which combine X-rays and computers, have been developed and adopted globally as diagnostic tools. We found it necessary to chronicle the development of CT technology and identify the factors of their widespread application and the sequence of introduction and adoption of installed optical equipment, including the events that caused the advancement of these technologies and their impact on medical services. The twentieth century was full of scientific events and a wealth of information available to scientists and innovators worldwide, challenging the restrictions imposed on the space for technology transfer and the sharing of science and information that may limit coverage. Developments in emerging inventions and innovations. Through this paper, we review the main CT techniques developed. This work focuses on hardware and systematic evolution following the timeline associated with innovations that have contributed to image reconstruction technology.
Clinical Profile of COVID-19 Patients in Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital
Authors: Hadi Saifullah , Del Del Aqa , Shirzay Aimal
Published: September 2024

Background: The coronavirus COVID-19, causing severe acute respiratory syndrome and patients’ mortality in considerable proportion, has affected 220 countries. There was no description of the clinical profiles such as demography (sex, age), and co-morbidities of COVID-19 patients in Eastern Region of Afghanistan, comprising Nangarhar, Nuristan, Kunar, and Laghman provinces. A vast majority of patients from these areas refer to Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital for health issues. Therefore, the researchers compiled a descriptive profile of the patients from this particular area. Materials and Methods: It was a descriptive record based study of Medical Ward, Nangarhar University Teaching Hospital. The number of profiled patients was 50, with age over 18 years old. The patient's samples were sent to Nangarhar Public Health Hospital for confirmation in Real-Time Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction Assay for SARS-CoV-2 examination. Findings: Out of 50 COVID-19 affected patients, 68% were females and 32% were males. The mean age was (53±17). According to the clinical profiles, 8% had no symptoms and most common ones were fever (80%), cough (60%) and dyspnea (10%). The major comorbidities were respiratory disease (56%), hypertension (38%), Diabetes Mellitus (16%), Heart Failure (12%), obesity (10%) and chronic kidney disease (4%). Conclusion: The study concluded that the event was more common in females and aged persons than males and young patients. Fever was obviously common among all the identified patients. COVID-19 was severe in patients with respiratory diseases and hypertension.
Comparison of Simple Ligation versus stump Invagination in open Appendectomy
Authors: Sherzad Farhad , Zafarzai Imran , Saeed Samiullah , Sadat Gul Aqa
Published: September 2024

Background: Acute appendicitis (AA) is one of the most prevalent abdominal crises and faced by the surgeon in practice. The best treatment for the appendicular stump during open appendectomy is unknown. This is a randomized controlled trial comparing simple ligation with appendicular stump invagination. Materials and Methods: The MASS (Modified Alvarado Score System) test was used to confirm the diagnosis of acute appendicitis. When necessary, an ECG & a chest X-ray were taken. All of the patients were put under spinal anesthesia for the procedure. Findings: The appendicular stump of 305 patients were treated with simple ligation (161 patients) in group I, and ligation and invagination (144 patients) in group II. “Pyrexia, vomiting, serous discharge, wound infection, peritonitis, residual abscess, and post-operative pain in the right iliac fossa are all comparable after surgery. Paralytic ileus occurred in 2 (1.24%) of patients in groups I and 7(4, 36%) patients in group II, respectively, and was statistically significant. Conclusion: Easy ligation of the appendicular stump after open appendectomy is advised since it is safe, simple, and takes less time.
Genetic Variations of Two Elite Tomato Varieties Yield and its Parameters in Nangarhar, Afghanistan
Authors: Yousafzai Waliullah
Published: September 2024

Background: Tomato is considered as one of the most import crop in food industry due to its great health benefits in all over the world; especially in Afghanistan as it has been significant rule on boosting of balance of trade. This Study indicated the field experiment was conducted to evaluate the potential productivity of two elite tomato varieties, CXD_222 and Roma_VF, in Nangarhar, Afghanistan. Materials and Methods: The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with four replications in 2018 and 2019. Yield and yield parameters were measured at the red-ripe maturity stage. Findings: The results revealed that CXD_222 produced significantly higher yield than Roma VF. Branch number were not significantly different; however, CXD_222 had significantly higher number of fruits per plants than Roma_VF. CXD_222 produced 3.72 and 3.88 kg tomato in 2018 and 2019, respectively whereas the yield was 2.5 and 2.63 kg in Roma_VF for the respective years. There was a strong correlation between fruit number per plant and fruit yield in both varieties which suggests that higher productivity in CXD_222 is solely due its capacity of producing higher number of fruits. Conclusion: This study indicates that CXD_222 is a viable alternative to the long-used Roma_VF tomato variety.
Chemistry Related to Biology and Medicine
Authors: Ulfat Wali Imam , Yousafzai Mati Ur Rehman , Dadman Mohammad Agha , Azizi Ziaulhaq , Kochia Khudaidad
Published: September 2024

Reviewing several facets of Fenton Chemistry's involvement in biology and medicine. There is growing indication that a number of Fenton and Fenton-like reactions can result in the formation of both the OH radical and ferryl . There are a few examples of hydroxyl radical generation that is unrelated to metals. The wood-decaying fungus that causes white rot and brown rot serve as examples of extracellular Fenton reactions. Numerous studies have been published in this area ever since Fenton chemistry and biomedicine were initially linked. Understanding and advancing this topic would be aided by a thorough exposition of the principles of Fenton chemistry and a synopsis of its representative applications in cancer therapy. The current state of Fenton chemistry is then examined, and a few pertinent illustrative instances are provided. Additionally, the current methods for further improving the efficacy of chemotherapy dynamic therapy under the direction of Fenton chemistry are highlighted. The combination of biomedicine and Fenton chemistry or a larger range of catalytic chemistry techniques is given with future possibilities being especially significant. Recently developed reactive oxygen species (ROS) engineered nano catalytic medicines in cancer therapy based on the Fenton reaction, defined as chemical dynamic therapy (CDT), have been extensively studied and made rapid progress. However, the complexity and heterogeneity of tumors reduce the Fenton reaction's ability to oxidize molecules effectively. To increase the effectiveness of CDT and conventional therapeutic approaches, numerous modified tactics, including the Fenton-like reaction and other reactions, are being investigated. This study highlights current developments in the development and use of Fenton nanocatalysts that use the Fenton or modified Fenton reaction for CDT. Also highlighted is the catechol-driven Fenton reaction's natural and useful use.
Comparison between NodeMCU ESP8266 and Uno R3 for Software Development using Ubidots
Authors: Jaafar Hidayani , Aminuddin Nurul Syazlin
Published: September 2024

The Internet of Things (IoT) refers to devices with the capability to collect, analyze, and communicate sensed data to users. This technology streamlines user observation and control of water quality, aiming to enhance measurement precision and overall water conditions through the integration of Ubidots. The motivation behind this project is to monitor water quality, comparing the effectiveness of the NodeMCU ESP8266 and Uno R3 systems. This project was into hardware and software development. In the hardware development, first part the sensor such as Total Dissolved Oxygen (TDS) value attached with Uno R3 and second part TDS sensor attached with NodeMCU ESP8266 was integrated. For software development, Arduino IDE programming is used to program the operation of water quality monitoring system. Furthermore, Ubidots software to ensure the real-time update of data collection from water quality monitoring system (WQMS). Finally, the recorded data will be uploaded simultaneously to be an analyzed and compared on the IoT platform. The result shows that the WQMS can fully function in different conditions of water and software development using Ubidots.
Reflection Method in Shaping Student Character on Islamic Education: Ibn Thufail's Perspective
Authors: Muna Shela Khotijatul , Suhaili Suhaiella , Gumilang Randi Muhammad
Published: September 2024

Facts about the character of students who are not good are still found; however, solutions to these problems must continue to be done as a process of educating students on an ongoing basis. Such is the case with this study, Qualitatively descriptive, which aims to describe the implementation of the reflection method in Islamic Religious Education subjects in helping student character at Hidayatul Mustafidin High School, Kudus, Indonesia, from the perspective of Ibn Thufail's thought. In-depth interviews involve extracting data, observing, taking documentation, and validating it with triangulation. The data were analyzed through data reduction, presentation and verification/conclusion stages. Applying Ibn Thufail's perspective reflection method in PAI subjects in shaping student character at Hidayatul Mustafidin High School is carried out in several ways, including holding regular reflection sessions, and PAI teachers provide direction and motivation to students. In the discussion groups in the classroom, students are given one theme and then asked to discuss and write a report on the results of the discussion. Furthermore, they are holding field trips in the form of nature tadabbur activities. These activities certainly provide benefits to students, especially in shaping character. Students become aware of what has been done, how to improve poor attitudes, understand each other's characters, and increase gratitude and an embedded attitude of responsibility for what has been done.
Characteristics of Moderate Da'wah in The View of Abdul Mun'im
Authors: Edlyn M. Keanu Zimran , Apriliani Yola , Fuada Nadiya , Bono Shafa Ajeng Prameswari , Sari Hilda Rara
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this study is to identify the characteristics of moderate Islamic da'wah in the view of H. Abdul Mun'im. This qualitative study uses an analytical-narrative approach. The values of wasathiyah Islamic teachings become the theory of analysis of the subject matter of the study. Research data were obtained through observation techniques on Youtbue content about Ustadz H. Abdul Mun'im's da'wah entitled "Dakwah Wasathiyah" on the Tawaf TV Channel. Meanwhile, data analysis goes through the stages of data reduction, presentation, and verification. This study concludes that there are dimensions of wasathiyah Islamic values in the perspective of H. Abdul Mun'im in describing moderate Islamic preaching, including the value of tasamuth in preaching that respects differences in dialogue between religions and mass organizations. Then, the value of tawazun in da'wah that prohibits issues of extremism and gender discrimination. Furthermore, the value of tawasuth in da'wah that prohibits conflicts between mazhab differences and terrorism. The findings of this study confirm that the mainstreaming of moderate Islamic da'wah in Indonesia can be internalised through digital da'wah activities. The limitations of this study have not identified the concrete form of H Abdul Mun'im's moderate Islamic da'wah in the community.
The Endangerment of Small, Indigenous Languages: Lessons from Malaysia
Authors: Akter Zahid
Published: September 2024

In this article, I take the case of Malaysia's indigenous language endangerment into consideration. Because of Malaysia's geopolitical similarities to that of Bangladesh, I believe the study will have significant ramifications for our indigenous languages. In undertaking the study of Malaysia's indigenous languages, I take into account the state of Remun, a relatively small language spoken in the Malaysian state of Sarawak. I begin my study by measuring the level of Remun's endangerment after which I analyze the underlying socio-political factors that in many cases pervade Bangladesh's situations. In methodology, I use both qualitative and quantitative data. I conclude my study by suggesting some measures that may prove to be effective in protecting the indigenous languages across the world in general and in Bangladesh in particular.
Residual Cultural Imperialism in Primary Textbooks in Bangladesh: A Critique of the English for Today Textbooks
Authors: Jahan Ms. Akhter
Published: September 2024

It has been assumed that with the rising importance of English as a global language (Crystal, 1997) that 'the centre' (native English speaking countries) produced ELT materials have become tools, using which linguistic as well as cultural imperialism may take place in 'the periphery' (non-native English speaking countries) contexts marginalizing local needs and cultures (Phillipson 1992; Pennycook, 1994; Kumaravadivelu, 2003, 2006). Therefore, the authorial ownership of materials can be given to local experts who know about the culture, needs and realities of local communities (Kumaravadivelu, 2006). Taking these issues into account, this paper aims to examine how far the locally produced textbooks, English for Today (Class 1-5), have been able to resist cultural imperialism at the primary level in Bangladesh. The analysis of the cultural contents of these textbooks reveals that though these locally produced materials have been able to resist cultural imperialism to some extent, they still have some limitations regarding the way exposure has been provided to the local as well as the target cultures.
Wykorzystanie instytucji kurateli dla osoby niepełnosprawnej dla realizowania czynności właściwych pełnomocnictwu zdrowotnemu
Authors: Rożdżeński Wojciech
Published: September 2024

Background
Current Polish law provides a possibility for a custodian to be appointed for a disabled person if they need assistance in their day-to-day matters. However, courts tend to enable them to consent to medical treatment, contrary to medical regulations, according to which only the patient, their legal representative or the court may consent to treatment. A custodian of a disabled person is not considered to be their legal representative, as the patients in cases allowing for such a custodian to be appointed possess full legal capacity, but are merely physically unable to carry out their activities. The matter is particularly important in intensive care units or situations in which the patient is unconscious, as they often require a wide range of treatments to be performed, to which the court should individually agree.
Conclusions
Current judicial and medical practice shows that the institution of a custodian of a disabled person is used contrary to current regulation, however, it seems to be a response to the needs of medical practitioners and patients. Present laws would allow the custodian to be endowed with a lasting power of attorney, which is currently unregulated in Poland – but to achieve that, the current judicial practice should be adjusted. The custodian could act as a carrier of the patient’s wishes, especially regarding ordinary treatment. That would allow physicians to receive consent to necessary actions, without the court’s engagement.
Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 13 kwietnia 2023 r. (II CSKP 8/23)
Authors: Ochociński Michał
Published: September 2024

The Mental Health Protection Act allows, in strictly defined cases, for the admission of a patient to a psychiatric hospital without their consent. A crucial aspect of applying these regulations is their very narrow interpretation. It is important to remember that this action deeply interferes with the constitutional rights to freedom and bodily inviolability. A court decision permitting involuntary hospitalization must be based on exhaustive and thorough expert opinions, demonstrating the fulfillment of all required conditions, and primarily guided by the well-being of the patient rather than external parties.
Zdolność patentowa protez bionicznych, wykorzystujących interfejs mózg-komputer
Authors: Krzyżewska Barbara
Published: September 2024

The aim of this paper is an analysis of bionic brain-computer interface prosthesis and the negative condition of patentability – methods for treating the human by surgery.
Przymusowa hospitalizacja psychiatryczna na podstawie orzeczenia sądu. Glosa do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z 11 lipca 2023 r., sygn. akt II CSKP 206/23
Authors: Kropiwnicki Michał
Published: September 2024

The Supreme Court’s July 11, 2023 decision concerns the forced placement of a patient in a psychiatric hospital by petition (Article 29 of the Mental Health Act). The Supreme Court disagreed with the decisions of the Białystok Circuit and District Courts, which ordered hospitalisation. In the cassation proceedings, the first and second instances’ evidence proceedings were proved to be incomplete. The opinion of a psychiatric expert proved inconsistent with the rest of the evidence. Despite this, the patient’s requests for an opinion from another expert were denied. In its decision, the Supreme Court noted procedural shortcomings that prevented proper verification of the patient’s fulfilment of the statutory prerequisites for forced hospitalisation. The reasoning of the decision also draws attention to the constitutional and international standard of protection of personal freedom. The commentary outlines the facts, the legal framework and the reasons for the decision, as well as its assessment.
Glosa do uchwały SN (7) z 22.7.2020 r., III CZP 31/19 Objęcie pojęciem kosztów z art. 444 § 1 zd 1 KC opieki sprawowanej nieodpłatnie nad poszkodowanym
Authors: Kaliński Maciej
Published: September 2024

The gloss analyzes the arguments of the Supreme Court regarding the claim for reimbursement under Art. 444 § 1 sentence 1 of the Civil Code "costs" of care provided free of charge by a relative. The author argues with the position of the Supreme Court and opposes this form of objectification. It adopts the effective concept of harm, according to which it is not the infringement itself that is harm, but only its effects on the victim's property. He also believes that in the case of unpaid care, there is no harm to be remedied, either on the side of the directly injured person or on the side of the guardian. The future nature of the disability pension due to increased needs, due under Art. 444 § 2 of the Civil Code, allows it to cover only the forecasted detriment. This is not the case for a claim for reimbursement that is only related to the past. If the claim for reimbursement under Art. 444 § 1 sentence 1 of the Civil Code covered future damages, then the second sentence in this provision would be superfluous. As an alternative to the criticized position of the Supreme Court, the author proposes a claim for unjust enrichment, which, however, serves the caregiver and not the direct victim.
Wyrok Sądu Najwyższego z 27 czerwca 2017 r., II CSK 69/17
Authors: Nesterowicz Mirosław
Published: September 2024

The error in therapy on the part of the doctor and midwives consisting in an unjustified choice of a means of accelerating childbirth without any medical indications and an incorrect way of its further conduct, in particular the failure to continuously monitor the cardiotocography, combined with the registration of the KTG record, is the fault of the medical personnel, which leads to the hospital's liability for damage caused to the unborn child (Article 430 in connection with Article 415 of the Civil Code).
The lack of medical records cannot be interpreted in favor of the doctor (hospital); he is obliged to prove that the medical activities were correct, in accordance with the latest knowledge and medical art and were performed using  all available medical equipment.
Prawna charakterystyka zawodowej tajemnicy aptekarskiej
Authors: Sporczyk-Popielarczyk Anna
Published: September 2024

Legal characteristics of professional pharmaceutical confidentiality
            Summary
            The legal regulation of pharmaceutical confidentiality was inspired by the treatment of medical confidentiality. De lege lata, the legal basis for the obligation to maintain this type of discretion is the provision of Art. 21 point 2 of the Act of 19 April 1991 on pharmaceutical chambers, however, in all matters not regulated in that legal act, the provisions of the Act of 6 November  2008 on Patient Rights and the Patient Rights Ombudsman apply. At the same time, due to the fragmented statutory regulation, nonlegal regulators, including the rules of deontological nature expressed in the Code of Ethics for Pharmacists may also have practical significance.
            Maintaining pharmaceutical discretion is an important element of pharmacy activities. It should be assumed that this kind of privacy is universal, as it concerns every sphere of pharmacy's activity.
            The obligation of confidentiality with regard to the personal and medical data of patients is a fundamental duty not only of the entrepreneur running the pharmacy and people acting on the premises of an enterprise (pharmacists, pharmaceutical technicians, people practicing in the pharmacy), but also of all person who, in connection with the performance of activities at the pharmacy, has access to information related to the patient. The scope of confidential information should be understood broadly. It includes all the basic data about the patient, his health condition, used medicinal products, and the so-called occasional information obtained in the course of providing pharmaceutical services. From a temporal point of view, the obligation of maintaining The obligation of discretion should be considered as unlimited in time. The catalog of cases when “the obliged entities” should disclose the confidential information is also interesting. In this respect, due to the lack of detailed legal regulations regarding pharmaceutical confidentiality, it is necessary to refer to the regulations concerning medical confidentiality.
Glosa krytyczna do postanowienia Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 26 maja 2021 r., sygn. akt: I KK 23/21
Authors: Stępień Jakub
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this article is to criticize the view expressed by the Supreme Court in the judgment of May 26, 2021, I KK 23/21, in which the Supreme Court classified breast augmentation surgery as a medical service, while assessing whether it is appropriate to hold the doctor disciplinary liable for providing medical services beyond the scope of their qualifications. In the author's opinion, such reasoning is unacceptable when adjudicating on disciplinary liability, because the reasoning of the courts deciding this case and the Supreme Court is per analogiam reasoning, which results in an unfavorable interpretation for the accused, which is unacceptable in the light of the principle of nullum crimen sine lege certa. The author argues with the Supreme Court's position and approving views, while suggesting an alternative way of resolving the case, consistent with the constitutional standards of criminal justice.
Postępowanie przed wojewódzkimi komisjami do spraw orzekania o zdarzeniach medycznych – wybrane problemy
Authors: Sadowska Justyna
Published: September 2024

This article presents selected problems that arise in proceedings before the Committee for Adjudication of Medical Events. First of all author elaborate issues which are connected with executive titles arising in this proceeding. Further consideration concern to accelerate and simplify redress in  this proceeding. Comments in this respect have been made in reference to the information of the Supreme Audit Office on the results of the audit of the Committee for Adjudication of Medical Events. The conclusions provide a concise assessment of the functioning of extrajudicial civil proceedings in the Polish legal system, which are conducted before this commissions.
Aktualność unijnego systemu ochrony danych osobowych w świetle przetwarzania neurodanych
Authors: Słocka Laura
Published: September 2024

The aim of this article is to examine the currency of the personal data protection system in the light of the threats created by neurotechnology by analysing the nature of personal data obtained from decoded brain activity or structure. The so-called neurodata presently are identified as a “special categories of personal data”, but unfortunately most neurodata are classified as “personal data”, that makes it impossible to apply a higher level of protection in each case of processing neurodata. The second part of the article presents possible solutions to this problem. First of all, an evolutionary interpretation of the GDPR should be adopted, and then, based on the experience of Chile and Spain, that are pioneers in the field of neurolaw, a new legislation should be initiated at the national level. The most controversial solutions are presenting new fundamental human rights (neurorights) and considering neurodata as more “sensitive” than specific category of personal data.
Terapia daremna - problemy definicyjne
Authors: Alichniewicz Anna
Published: September 2024

In my article, I discuss the definitional challenges concerning the concept of futile therapy and review and evaluate the strategies and definitional proposals that have appeared in the literature. Difficulties in adequately defining the concept of futile therapy are typical of the definitional problems encountered in defining medical notions, especially in relation to end-of-life procedures, where we are faced with a field of inadequately defined concepts with overlapping meanings and scopes. In addition to futile therapy, this conceptual field consists of ‘ordinary’ (proportionate) and ‘extraordinary’ (disproportionate) means, as well as the concept of the patient's best interests. In the Polish medical literature, this picture is further complicated by the use of the term ‘overzealous therapy’.
Reakcja ustawodawcy na pojawienie się wirusa SARS-CoV-2 – analiza ustawy z dnia 2 marca 2020 r.
Authors: Kaczan Damian
Published: September 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic is one of the major problems facing the majority of Western societies in the first half of 2020. The essence of the threat to public health does not differ from those associated with the spread of other infectious diseases. National responses to the increase in SARS-COV-2 infection were various. In the case of the Republic of Poland, the legislator reacted, despite the fact that provisions for counteracting epidemics were already in force. The assessment of the advisability of adopting new normative solutions in the context of this circumstance is one of the aims of this study. The second aim is the analysis of selected provisions intended to counteract the COVID-19 epidemic from the point of view of the principles of correct legislation as a key criterion for the effectiveness of changing the legal status. The third aim is to assess the regulations introduced into the Polish normative order in March 2020 in the context of constitutional values. It should be remembered that extraordinary events often evoke strong emotions. Fear of a sudden and not yet fully understood threat induces society to accept far-reaching restrictions of human and civil rights and freedoms. That is why it is particularly important to carry out the objective verification of constitutionality of the provisions of a legal act issued in such conditions.
Glosa do wyroku Sądu Najwyższego z dnia 9 lipca 2015 r., sygn. I CSK 524/14
Authors: Ciechorski Jan
Published: September 2024

Gloss to the judgment of the Supreme Court of 9 July 2015, file ref. I CSK 524/14
Dzieci też mają prawo do umierania w spokoju i godności. O krzywdzącym podtrzymywaniu życia dzieci urodzonych z wadami letalnymi
Authors: Boratyńska Maria
Published: September 2024

The article addresses the issue of health decisions for the youngest children with fatal congenital malformations whose treatment has no chances of success. It reviews Polish cases against the background of documented cases from the British and American area, generally of well-founded court decisions. According to author, the universally applied criterion of the child's welfare should be understood as the best interests of the child, understood as a balance of benefits, enjoyment of life, burdens, discomforts and suffering. On the basis of foreign judgments and with reference to current medical knowledge the author has formulated criteria according to which, in the opinion of the author's opinion, the cessation of treatment should be decided upon, including certain palliative measures: surgical corrections of palliative care: surgical revisions, artificial ventilation and nutrition and hydration. Even feeding may under certain circumstances may prove unhelpful or even harmful. The right to die in peace and dignity should be respected in this way, among others among other things, to spare unnecessary suffering, even when this tantamount to shortening an already ending life.
Terapia eksperymentalna w świetle regulacji krajowych i unijnych- uwagi na tle praktyki francuskiej
Authors: Bar Aleksandra
Published: September 2024

Poland is currently one of the few European Union Member States failing to address the question of legal permissibility of experimental treatment. The paper examines whether terminally ill patients enjoy right to request experimental treatment under Polish legal framework by seeking an answer to the question: should the legal notion of therapeutic experiment be broadly interpreted as covering experimental therapy? Furthermore, the aim of this paper is to find whether EU provisions on compassionate use alone suffice for providing patients with access to experimental treatments. French legal provisions on autorisation temporaire d'utilisation (ATU), considered a model regulation, shall serve as a background for the analysis.
Ochrona prawnokarna przewidziana dla osób wchodzących w skład zespołu ratownictwa medycznego jak dla funkcjonariusza publicznego
Authors: Wiliński Krzysztof , Szatkowska Aleksandra
Published: September 2024

Emergency medical teams were created in order to save the life and health of citizens. Members of the emergency medical team (a physician, a paramedic, a nurse) provide health care services in the out-of-hospital settings. However, while performing their duties, they are exposed to attacks, aggression and even physical violence of the patients or their relatives. Although they are not public officials within the meaning of the provisions of criminal law, the legislator has granted them the protection that public officials are entitled to (the Act of 8 September 2006 on the State Emergency Medical Services, art. 5 paragraph 1). This article discusses the actions of emergency medical team members protected by law. Subsequently, the paper analyses the applicable laws concerning the offences most frequently committed on emergency medical team members and the relevant case law in force. The final part of the paper includes a summary of previous considerations and conclusions drawn from the applicable legal status.
Ochrona danych genetycznych – od koncepcji indywidualnej do grupowej
Authors: Olejniczak Kacper
Published: September 2024

The article presents a gradual shift from the individual concept of data protection to the application of the group concept in the case of genetic data, which by its nature applies to more than one person. The application of the group concept is based on the norms of EU law, the case law of the European Court of Human Rights, the Court of Justice of the European Union, the Supreme Court of Iceland, as well as soft law documents. The jurisprudence presented in the paper argues that genetic information is relevant both to the donor of genetic material and to his relatives. Thus, the genetic data of person A created from a biological sample taken from him, may also constitute the genetic data of person B. Thus, the status of the data subject established under EU law should be extended to a larger number of persons than suggested by EU data protection legislation. The argumentation presented confirms the formation of indicating the group nature of genetic data. The continuous increase in the amount of genetic information in social and economic circulation will only reinforce this trend, which is aimed at the full realization of the right to personal data protection.
„Środek spożywczy” czy „produkt leczniczy”? Wybrane problemy na styku dwóch reżimów prawnych
Authors: Łata Monika
Published: September 2024

The purpose of this consideration is to try to answer the question of whether the presentation of a food, citing its medicinal properties, is and should be the basis for the "qualification" of a foodstuff as a medicinal product, the consequence of which will be a change in the appropriate legal regime for such a product, or whether such an approach is in fact not justified - ergo the definition of a medicinal product needs to be modified.
Odpowiedzialność cywilna za szkody wyrządzone w związku z zastosowaniem sztucznej inteligencji w medycynie
Authors: Bączyk-Rozwadowska Kinga
Published: September 2024

Artificial intelligence (AI) has recently become an integral part of a health care system. AI algorithms improve the work of doctors by shortening the time of diagnosis and treatment, solving difficult therapeutic problems, performing surgeries. The patients benefit from modern AI technologies as well – they do not wait long for a proper diagnosis, they’re treated quicklier and as result – may recover easier and come back to work. However, using the AI devices is risky since the bodily injuries may occur. It is so because artificial intelligence systems are complicated, autonomous and unpredictable to quite a high degree. Therefore, it is necessary for the doctrine and – in the long run – for the legislator as well to determine the rules of liability and the persons obliged to indemnify the injured. The idea is that the current provisions on tort liability may be applied per analogiam, in particular the strict product liability regulations. The provisions of Article 4491 and the following of the Civil Code may de lege lata constitute an optimal and adequate regime of redressing the damage caused to patients. Notwithstanding there is no need to recognize artificial intelligence as a legal entity (robot personhood) and to burden it with the obligation to pay damages.
Knowledge, attitudes and practices related to tooth morphology among dental students and dental technician students
Authors: Deste Gökay Gonca , Oyar Perihan
Published: September 2024

Objectives: Students are introduced to the morphological features of primary and permanent human dentition in a dental anatomy course, which is a part of the basic core sciences program in the Department of Dentistry and Dental Prosthesis Technology. The purpose of this study was to compare dental students' (DSs’) and dental technician students' (DTSs’) knowledge, attitudes, and practices related to dental morphology.
Materials and Methods: Using a 26-item self-administered questionnaire, the DSs and DTSs participated in a descriptive cross-sectional study. Three components made up the questionnaire: four items for demographic profile, ten items for dental morphology knowledge level, seven items for attitude toward tooth morphology, and five items for practice in tooth morphology. There were 274 student answers in all. The data were analyzed using an independent t test and one-way ANOVA. A p value of less than 0.05 was considered to indicate statistical significance for each test.
Results: Between DSs and DTSs, there was a statistically significant difference in their knowledge and practices of tooth morphology (p< .001). However, DTSs knowledge of dental morphology was significantly greater, and DSs practice scores were significantly greater. There was no significant difference in the attitude of tooth morphology between the two groups (p=0.379). Both groups had low levels of dental morphology knowledge, with an average of 3.86 correct answers for DTSs and an average of 3.16 correct answers for DSs. In the DSs group, first-year students had a greater knowledge level (4.22±1.63 correct answers) than did the other students.
Conclusions: Knowing the variations in dental morphology knowledge, attitudes, and practices between a dentist and dental technician may help us take preventative measures. While preclinical dentistry students and dental technician students had different levels of expertise, both groups were less knowledgeable about tooth morphology. Both groups had similarly high attitudes toward tooth morphology.