bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Probability Representation of Quantum Mechanics Where System States Are Identified with Probability Distributions
Authors: Chernega Vladimir , Man'ko Olga , Man'ko Vladimir
Published: January 2020

The probability representation of quantum mechanics where the system states are identified with fair probability distributions is reviewed for systems with continuous variables (the example of the oscillator) and discrete variables (the example of the qubit). The relation for the evolution of the probability distributions which determine quantum states with the Feynman path integral is found. The time-dependent phase of the wave function is related to the time-dependent probability distribution which determines the density matrix. The formal classical-like random variables associated with quantum observables for qubit systems are considered, and the connection of the statistics of the quantum observables with the classical statistics of the random variables is discussed.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Quantum Beam Science in 2019
Authors:   Editorial Office
Published: January 2020

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...]
Characterizing Behavioral Activity Rhythms in Older Adults Using Actigraphy
Authors: Neikrug Ariel B. , Chen Ivy Y. , Palmer Jake R. , McCurry Susan M. , Von Korff Michael , Perlis Michael , Vitiello Michael V.
Published: January 2020

Wrist actigraphy has been used to assess sleep in older adult populations for nearly half a century. Over the years, the continuous raw activity data derived from actigraphy has been used for the characterization of factors beyond sleep/wake such as physical activity patterns and circadian rhythms. Behavioral activity rhythms (BAR) are useful to describe individual daily behavioral patterns beyond sleep and wake, which represent important and meaningful clinical outcomes. This paper reviews common rhythmometric approaches and summarizes the available data from the use of these different approaches in older adult populations. We further consider a new approach developed in our laboratory designed to provide graphical characterization of BAR for the observed behavioral phenomenon of activity patterns across time. We illustrate the application of this new approach using actigraphy data collected from a well-characterized sample of older adults (age 60+) with osteoarthritis (OA) pain and insomnia. Generalized additive models (GAM) were implemented to fit smoothed nonlinear curves to log-transformed aggregated actigraphy-derived activity measurements. This approach demonstrated an overall strong model fit (R2 = 0.82, SD = 0.09) and was able to provide meaningful outcome measures allowing for graphical and parameterized characterization of the observed activity patterns within this sample.
Multibaseline Interferometric Phase Denoising Based on Kurtosis in the NSST Domain
Authors: Liu Yanfang , Li Shiqiang , Zhang Heng
Published: January 2020

Interferometric phase filtering is a crucial step in multibaseline interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR). Current multibaseline interferometric phase filtering methods mostly follow methods of single-baseline InSAR and do not bring its data superiority into full play. The joint filtering of multibaseline InSAR based on statistics is proposed in this paper. We study and analyze the fourth-order statistical quantity of interferometric phase: kurtosis. An empirical assumption that the kurtosis of interferograms with different baselines keeps constant is proposed and is named as the baseline-invariant property of kurtosis in this paper. Some numerical experiments and rational analyses confirm its validity and universality. The noise level estimation of nature images is extended to multibaseline InSAR by dint of the baseline-invariant property of kurtosis. A filtering method based on the non-subsampled shearlet transform (NSST) and Wiener filter with estimated noise variance is proposed then. Firstly, multi-scaled and multi-directional coefficients of interferograms are obtained by NSST. Secondly, the noise variance is represented as the solution of a constrained non-convex optimization problem. A pre-thresholded Wiener filtering with estimated noise variance is employed for shrinking or zeroing NSST coefficients. Finally, the inverse NSST is utilized to obtain the filtered interferograms. Experiments on simulated and real data show that the proposed method has excellent comprehensive performance and is superior to conventional single-baseline filtering methods.
White-Hat Worm to Fight Malware and Its Evaluation by Agent-Oriented Petri Nets
Authors: Yamaguchi Shingo
Published: January 2020

A new kind of malware called Mirai is spreading like wildfire. Mirai is characterized by targeting Internet of Things (IoT) devices. Since IoT devices are increasing explosively, it is not realistic to manage their vulnerability by human-wave tactics. This paper proposes a new approach that uses a white-hat worm to fight malware. The white-hat worm is an extension of an IoT worm called Hajime and introduces lifespan and secondary infectivity (the ability to infect a device infected by Mirai). The proposed white-hat worm was expressed as a formal model with agent-oriented Petri nets called PN 2 . The model enables us to simulate a battle between the white-hat worm and Mirai. The result of the simulation evaluation shows that (i) the lifespan successfully reduces the worm’s remaining if short; (ii) if the worm has low secondary infectivity, its effect depends on the lifespan; and (iii) if the worm has high secondary infectivity, it is effective without depending on the lifespan.
Hand Gesture Recognition Using an IR-UWB Radar with an Inception Module-Based Classifier
Authors: Ahmed Shahzad , Cho Sung Ho
Published: January 2020

The emerging integration of technology in daily lives has increased the need for more convenient methods for human–computer interaction (HCI). Given that the existing HCI approaches exhibit various limitations, hand gesture recognition-based HCI may serve as a more natural mode of man–machine interaction in many situations. Inspired by an inception module-based deep-learning network (GoogLeNet), this paper presents a novel hand gesture recognition technique for impulse-radio ultra-wideband (IR-UWB) radars which demonstrates a higher gesture recognition accuracy. First, methodology to demonstrate radar signals as three-dimensional image patterns is presented and then, the inception module-based variant of GoogLeNet is used to analyze the pattern within the images for the recognition of different hand gestures. The proposed framework is exploited for eight different hand gestures with a promising classification accuracy of 95%. To verify the robustness of the proposed algorithm, multiple human subjects were involved in data acquisition.
A Novel Method for the Dynamic Coefficients Identification of Journal Bearings Using Kalman Filter
Authors: Kang Yang , Shi Zhanqun , Zhang Hao , Zhen Dong , Gu Fengshou
Published: January 2020

The dynamic coefficients identification of journal bearings is essential for instability analysis of rotation machinery. Aiming at the measured displacement of a single location, an improvement method associated with the Kalman filter is proposed to estimate the bearing dynamic coefficients. Firstly, a finite element model of the flexible rotor-bearing system was established and then modified by the modal test. Secondly, the model-based identification procedure was derived, in which the displacements of the shaft at bearings locations were estimated by the Kalman filter algorithm to identify the dynamic coefficients. Finally, considering the effect of the different process noise covariance, the corresponding numerical simulations were carried out to validate the preliminary accuracy. Furthermore, experimental tests were conducted to confirm the practicality, where the real stiffness and damping were comprehensively identified under the different operating conditions. The results show that the proposed method is not only highly accurate, but also stable under different measured locations. Compared with the conventional method, this study presents a more than high practicality approach to identify dynamic coefficients, including under the resonance condition. With high efficiency, it can be extended to predict the dynamic behaviour of rotor-bearing systems.
Experimental Investigation on the Nonlinear Coupled Flutter Motion of a Typical Flat Closed-Box Bridge Deck
Authors: Gao Guangzhong , Zhu Ledong , Wang Feng , Bai Hua , Hao Jianming
Published: January 2020

The nonlinear post-flutter instabilities were experimentally investigated through two-degree-of-freedom sectional model tests on a typical flat closed-box bridge deck (width-to-depth ratio 9.14). Laser displacement sensors and piezoelectric force balances were used in the synchronous measurement of dynamic displacement and aerodynamic force. Beyond linear flutter boundary, the sectional model exhibited heave-torsion coupled limit cycle oscillation (LCOs) with an unrestricted increase of stable amplitudes with reduced velocity. The post-critical LCOs vibrated in a complex mode with amplitude-dependent mode modulus and phase angle. Obvious heaving static deformation was found to be coupled with the large-amplitude post-critical LCOs, for which classical quasi-steady theory was not applicable. The aerodynamic torsional moment and lift during post-critical LCOs were measured through a novel wind-tunnel technique by 4 piezoelectric force balances. The measured force signals were found to contain significantly higher-order components. The energy evolution mechanism during post-critical LCOs was revealed via the hysteresis loops of the measured force signals.
Aging with Autism Departs Greatly from Typical Aging
Authors: Torres Elizabeth B. , Caballero Carla , Mistry Sejal
Published: January 2020

Autism has been largely portrayed as a psychiatric and childhood disorder. However, autism is a lifelong neurological condition that evolves over time through highly heterogeneous trajectories. These trends have not been studied in relation to normative aging trajectories, so we know very little about aging with autism. One aspect that seems to develop differently is the sense of movement, inclusive of sensory kinesthetic-reafference emerging from continuously sensed self-generated motions. These include involuntary micro-motions eluding observation, yet routinely obtainable in fMRI studies to rid images of motor artifacts. Open-access repositories offer thousands of imaging records, covering 5–65 years of age for both neurotypical and autistic individuals to ascertain the trajectories of involuntary motions. Here we introduce new computational techniques that automatically stratify different age groups in autism according to probability distance in different representational spaces. Further, we show that autistic cross-sectional population trajectories in probability space fundamentally differ from those of neurotypical controls and that after 40 years of age, there is an inflection point in autism, signaling a monotonically increasing difference away from age-matched normative involuntary motion signatures. Our work offers new age-appropriate stochastic analyses amenable to redefine basic research and provide dynamic diagnoses as the person’s nervous systems age.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Sensors in 2019
Authors:   Sensors Editorial Office
Published: January 2020

Peer review is an essential part in the publication process, ensuring that Sensors maintains high quality standards for its published papers [...]
Chemical Gas Sensors Studied at SENSOR Lab, Brescia (Italy): From Conventional to Energy-Efficient and Biocompatible Composite Structures
Authors: Galstyan Vardan , Kaur Navpreet , Zappa Dario , Núñez-Carmona Estefanía , Sberveglieri Veronica , Comini Elisabetta
Published: January 2020

In this paper, we present the investigations on metal oxide-based gas sensors considering the works performed at SENSOR lab, University of Brescia (Italy). We reported the developments in synthesis techniques for the preparation of doped and functionalized low-dimensional metal oxide materials. Furthermore, we discussed our achievements in the fabrication of heterostructures with unique functional features. In particular, we focused on the strategies to improve the sensing performance of metal oxides at relatively low operating temperatures. We presented our studies on surface photoactivation of sensing structures considering the application of biocompatible materials in the architecture of the functional devices as well.
A Wide-Range and Calibration-Free Spectrometer Which Combines Wavelength Modulation and Direct Absorption Spectroscopy with Cavity Ringdown Spectroscopy
Authors: Wang Zhen , Du Yanjun , Ding Yanjun , Peng Zhimin
Published: January 2020

A wide-range, calibration-free tunable diode laser spectrometer is established by combining wavelength modulation and direct absorption spectroscopy (WM-DAS) with continuous wave cavity ringdown spectroscopy (CW-CRDS). This spectrometer combines the benefits of absolute concentration measurements, wide range, and high speed, using WM-DAS with enhanced noise reduction in CW-CRDS. The accurate baseline ringdown time, τ0, is calculated by the absorption peak (measured by WM-DAS) and the ringdown time containing gas absorption information (measured by CW-CRDS at the center wavelength of the spectral line). The gas concentration is obtained without measuring τ0 in real time, thus, greatly improving the measuring speed. A WM-DAS/CW-CRDS spectrometer at 1.57 μm for CO detection was assembled for experimental validation of the multiplexing scheme over a concentration ranging from 4 ppm to 1.09% (0.1 MPa, 298 K). The measured concentration of CO at 6374.406 cm−1 shows that the dynamic range of this tunable diode laser absorption spectrometer is extendable up to five orders of magnitude and the corresponding precision is improved. The measurement speed of this spectrometer can extend up to 10 ms, and the detection limit can reach 35 ppb within 25 s.
A Neural Network with Convolutional Module and Residual Structure for Radar Target Recognition Based on High-Resolution Range Profile
Authors: Fu Zhequan , Li Shangsheng , Li Xiangping , Dan Bo , Wang Xukun
Published: January 2020

In the conventional neural network, deep depth is required to achieve high accuracy of recognition. Additionally, the problem of saturation may be caused, wherein the recognition accuracy is down-regulated with the increase in the number of network layers. To tackle the mentioned problem, a neural network model is proposed incorporating a micro convolutional module and residual structure. Such a model exhibits few hyper-parameters, and can extended flexibly. In the meantime, to further enhance the separability of features, a novel loss function is proposed, integrating boundary constraints and center clustering. According to the experimental results with a simulated dataset of HRRP signals obtained from thirteen 3D CAD object models, the presented model is capable of achieving higher recognition accuracy and robustness than other common network structures.
Compressive Sensing Spectroscopy Using a Residual Convolutional Neural Network
Authors: Kim Cheolsun , Park Dongju , Lee Heung-No
Published: January 2020

Compressive sensing (CS) spectroscopy is well known for developing a compact spectrometer which consists of two parts: compressively measuring an input spectrum and recovering the spectrum using reconstruction techniques. Our goal here is to propose a novel residual convolutional neural network (ResCNN) for reconstructing the spectrum from the compressed measurements. The proposed ResCNN comprises learnable layers and a residual connection between the input and the output of these learnable layers. The ResCNN is trained using both synthetic and measured spectral datasets. The results demonstrate that ResCNN shows better spectral recovery performance in terms of average root mean squared errors (RMSEs) and peak signal to noise ratios (PSNRs) than existing approaches such as the sparse recovery methods and the spectral recovery using CNN. Unlike sparse recovery methods, ResCNN does not require a priori knowledge of a sparsifying basis nor prior information on the spectral features of the dataset. Moreover, ResCNN produces stable reconstructions under noisy conditions. Finally, ResCNN is converged faster than CNN.
Experimental Demonstration of Ship Target Detection in GNSS-Based Passive Radar Combining Target Motion Compensation and Track-before-Detect Strategies
Authors: Santi Fabrizio , Pastina Debora , Bucciarelli Marta
Published: January 2020

This work discusses methods and experimental results on passive radar detection of moving ships using navigation satellites as transmitters of opportunity. The reported study highlights as the adoption of proper strategies combining target motion compensation and track-before-detect methods to achieve long time integration can be fruitfully exploited in GNSS-based passive radar for the detection of maritime targets. The proposed detection strategy reduces the sensitivity of long-time integration methods to the adopted motion models and can save the computational complexity, making it appealing for real-time implementations. Experimental results obtained in three different scenarios (port operations, navigation in open area, and river shipping) comprising maritime targets belonging to different classes show as this combined approach can be employed with success in several operative scenarios of practical interest for this technology.
The EU Bioeconomy: Supporting an Employment Shift Downstream in the Wood-Based Value Chains?
Authors: Robert Nicolas , Jonsson Ragnar , Chudy Rafał , Camia Andrea
Published: January 2020

Monitoring employment in the European wood-based bioeconomy requires reliable, consistent, and comparable statistics across subsectors and over time. Statistics concerning employment in wood-based industries—the main component of the forest-based bioeconomy—must be processed carefully to cope with differences in definitions and estimation methods. In addition, specific methods must be applied to estimate wood-based employment in sectors including also non-wood activities. In this study, we first delineate the boundaries of the wood-based bioeconomy, and then create a harmonised time series on employment for the identified sectors. Finally, we estimate the share of wood-based employment along the value chain in all sectors using wood. According to the results, forestry and extended wood-based value chains employed 4.5 million people in the EU-28 in 2018. Employment in wood-based value chains decreased between 2008 and 2013 in the aftermaths of the financial crisis. Continuously decreasing employment—most apparent in the manufacture of solid wood products and pulp and paper—results from increasing productivity and a decreasing demand for graphic paper. Further, most of the wood-based employment in the EU takes place in downstream parts of value chains, although the weight of the primary sector is still high in some Eastern European countries.
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Toxics in 2019
Authors:   Toxics Editorial Office
Published: January 2020

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...]
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of TropicalMed in 2019
Authors:   TropicalMed Editorial Office
Published: January 2020

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...]
Acknowledgement to Reviewers of Universe in 2019
Authors:   Universe Editorial Office
Published: January 2020

The editorial team greatly appreciates the reviewers who have dedicated their considerable time and expertise to the journal’s rigorous editorial process over the past 12 months, regardless of whether the papers are finally published or not [...]
Performance evaluation of Pakistan’s mutual fund industry
Authors: Iraj Ayesha , Ali Syed Mohsin
Published: January 2020

In order to evaluate the performance of mutual fund industry in various financial markets a wide variety of researches have been conducted, which lead to different results. As Pakistani mutual fund industry is much younger as compared to the US and UK fund industries and thus limited work has been done to evaluate Pakistani mutual fund industry. Over the past few years the industry had showed a phenomenal growth and it makes it worthwhile to study the performance of mutual funds. The aim of this research study is to validate the Fama French 3-Factor Model and Carhart 4-Factor Model. Also this research attempts to test that which one of the included model performs better than the other so as to check there preferred suitability in measuring and evaluating the mutual fund performance in Pakistan. The monthly data of 323 open ended mutual funds for the period of 2008 to 2018 is analyzed. The GRS model validation test was applied, the results of the test found that the Carhart 4-Factor Model performed much better than the Fama French 3-Factor Model and from the CAPM as well. This research contributes to the body of knowledge by providing academicians and practitioners more knowledge regarding multifactor asset pricing model so as to make better investment decisions.
Keywords: Mutual funds, performance evaluation, CAPM, Fama-French 3- factor model, Carhart 4-factor model
An investigation of the internal environment and its effect on the sustainability of social enterprises in Pakistan
Authors: Khan Asad Sarfaraz , Baloch Qadar Bakhsh , Shah Syed Naseeb Ullah
Published: January 2020

This study aims to examine how factors related to internal environment (i.e. human resource skills, organizational culture and funding) affect the sustainability of social enterprises in Pakistan. The three internal factors i.e. human resource skills; organizational culture and funding were hypothesized to have a positive impact on the sustainability of social enterprises in Pakistan. The study employed questionnaire survey to collect data from a total of 300 respondents using convenient sampling. The theoretical model proposed in the current study was tested using structural equation modeling. The structural model supports all hypotheses proposed in the current study. Results suggest that human resource skills, organizational culture and funding have significant positive impact on the sustainability of social enterprises in Pakistan. The study also demonstrates implications for researchers and practitioners with avenues for future research.
Keywords: Social enterprises, sustainability, organization culture, funding, human resource skills.
Türkiye’de ilkokulda öğrenim gören Suriyeli öğrencilerin yazma becerisine ilişkin öğretmen görüşleri
Authors: GÜLTUTAN Sümeyye , KAN Mustafa Onur
Published: January 2020

Bu araştırmanın amacı, Türkiye’de ilkokulda öğrenim gören Suriyeli
öğrencilerin yazma becerisine ilişkin öğretmen görüşlerinin belirlenmesidir.
Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu 2018-2019 eğitim-öğretim yılında, Şanlıurfa ili
merkez ilçelerinde Milli Eğitim Bakanlığına bağlı dört devlet ilkokulunda,
sınıfında Suriyeli öğrenci bulunan 30 gönüllü öğretmen oluşturmaktadır.
Suriyeli öğrencilerin yoğun olması bu bölgenin seçilmesinde etkili olmuştur.
Betimsel tarama modelinin kullanıldığı çalışmada araştırmacı tarafından
geliştirilen Türkiye’de İlkokulda Öğrenim Gören Suriyeli Öğrencilerin Yazma
Becerisine İlişkin Öğretmen Görüşleri Yarı Yapılandırılmış Görüşme Formu ve
Kişisel Bilgi Formu ile veriler toplanmıştır. Görüşme formları oluşturulurken
yabancılara Türkçe öğretimi alanında uzman iki öğretim üyesinden görüş
alınmıştır. Elde edilen veriler betimsel analiz tekniği ile çözümlenmiştir.
Araştırma sonucunda Türkiye’de ilkokulda öğrenim gören Suriyeli öğrencilerin
yazma becerisinin genel olarak düşük düzeyde olmasına karşın yazmaya istekli
oldukları, mevcut programın faydalı fakat yetersiz olduğu, yazma sürecinde
birçok sorunla karşılaşıldığı ve en önemli sorunun kelime hazinesi yetersizliği
ve kelimelerin Türkçe karşılıklarını bilmeme gibi söz varlığı problemleri
olduğu, karşılaşılan sorunlara yönelik öğretmenlerin çeşitli yöntem/teknik,
etkinlik/materyal kullandıkları, Suriyeli öğrencilerin yazma becerisini daha
etkili kazandırmaya yönelik okula başlamadan önce öğrencilerin Türkçe eğitimi
alması gerektiği başta olmak üzere öğretmenlerin çeşitli önerilerinin olduğu
belirlenmiştir.
Features of the organization and legislative regulation of education in the Russian Empire in the XIX – early XX century
Authors: Biyushkina Nadegda
Published: January 2020

In the field of view of the author are issues of legal regulation of education in the Russian state in the XIX - early XX century. It is noted that the educational process of the period under review was characterized by both academic and applied nature, as well as a systematic approach and the desire for standardization. The events that took place in the country during the ascension to the throne of Alexander III, in particular, numerous terrorist acts left a certain imprint on the domestic political course conducted in the country, including the legal regulation of educational relations, which remained unchanged until the beginning of the twentieth century.
Detection of legalization of drug proceeds by operational units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia: current state and main problems
Authors: Rodichev Maksim , Semenov Mihail , Shakhmatov Alexander
Published: January 2020

Currently, counteraction to the legalization of drug trafficking is characterized by low efficiency, which necessitates a scientific understanding of the problems of combating this type of crime. On the basis of general scientific research methods, the authors formulated a list of the main problems that arise in the indicated area in the operational units of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. These problems include: the lack of a unified approach to qualifying criminal acts related to the transfer of funds received by drug traffickers; the lack of a well-established practice of recognizing drug money as all funds received in electronic wallets used by criminals to receive payment for drugs; the use of technical means of protecting information and cryptocurrenciesby criminals; lack of methods for detecting legalization of drug trafficking in modern conditions; lack of legal ability to block (freeze) non-cash funds owned by persons with respect to whom there are sufficient grounds to suspect their involvement in activities related to drug trafficking and legalization of drug trafficking; the absence of a statutory presumption of the illegality of the acquisition of property of drug traffickers and their relatives, which significantly complicates the application of the rules on confiscation of criminal proceeds. The article concludes with copyright proposals for solving the problems considered.
Another research into the theoretical legacy of the Russian police scientists has been completed
Authors: Tumanova Anastasiya
Published: January 2020

On October 10, 2019 at the meeting of Council D 203.019.01 on the defense of dissertations for the degree of candidate of sciences, for the degree of doctor of sciences created on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education “V.Ya. Kikot’ Moscow University of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation” S.A. Nikiforova defended the dissertation on the topic: “Statelegal views of E.N. Berendts” (specialty 12.00.01– Theory and History of Law and State; History of Doctrines on Law and State) for the degree of candidate of juridical sciences. The Dissertation Council, chaired by the Deputy Chairman of the Dissertation Council D 203.019.01, Doctor of Law, Professor V.P. Malakhov, unanimously decided that the dissertation of S. A. Nikiforova is a scientific and qualification work, which is essential for the science of theory and the history of law and the state and meets the requirements established by the Regulation on awarding scientific degrees, as well as on awarding S. A. Nikiforova the degree of candidate of juridical sciences on specialty 12.00.01.

The article is the official opponent’s review of the dissertation. The structure and content of the dissertation of N. S. Nikiforova are analyzed.
Trade police of the Russian empire of the XIX century: from the experience of ensuring economic security
Authors: Sobornov Pavel
Published: January 2020

The article considers the experience of the operation of the commercial police of the Russian Empire during the reign of Emperor Nicholas I. On the basis of departmental documents of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Empire of 1840s, the author analyzed the problem of functioning of a special unit of the Russian police in St. Petersburg - the Commercial Police, which has not yet been the subject of independent scientific research. The study of the commercial police, as well as the process of ensuring economic security by this specialized police body, allows to overcome a variety of attempts of tactical criticism of the Nicholas era itself, studied in the domestic historiography tendency through the lensof the idea of the growth of crisis phenomena feudally – erfdom statehood of Russia. As a result of the study of the trade police, the author concluded that among the state reforms of the Nicholas era in Russia, which were assessed negatively, the organization of the Trade Police became a successful reform 1840-s. The Trade Police Organization allowed for the first time to abandon the foundations of the personnel policy, which was of a «pro-noble» character nature and to formulate the idea of an all-based principle of organizing the Russian police, which began to be implemented only in the 1860s and 1870s. Of particular importance in the article is the consideration of the experience of the Trade Police through the development of the pre-reform city and urban economy, which contributed to the formation of the functions of the Trade Police.
Ensuring the subsistence minimum as means of judicial protection of constitutional social rights
Authors: Kolotova Natal'ya
Published: January 2020

Social rights proclaimed by constitutions of many countries, for their effective protection need in formation of special instrumental means of judicial control, by which the court establishes the limits of the competences of the legislator in the field, where a significant margin of appreciation is provided. The concrete obligations of the state and the amount of funding for social provisions of constitutions are defined by current legislation. Requirement to provide minimum standards of human existence, that are ensured, if necessary, through the system of social security, is referred to the constitutional level. Constitutional meaning of this provision is justified by the recognition of the principle of human dignity as an integral part of the entire human rights system. Herein, the constitutional courts considering cases, connected with social rights, carry out an inspection of social legislation on the subject of whether the norms under consideration provide a living wage. Such verification is considered as the criterion of human dignity, equally inherent in all people, and is used as one of the strategies of judicial protection of social rights.
Synthesis and Characterization of Sol-Gel Derived Bivo4 Nanoparticles for Electrochemical Applications
Authors:   Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil (Tamil Nadu), India., Nallamuthu N. , Packiaraj R. ,   Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil (Tamil Nadu), India., Venkatesh K. S. ,   Department of Physics, Syed Ammal Arts and Science College, Ramanathapuram (Tamil Nadu), India., Devendran P. ,   Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil (Tamil Nadu), India., Bahadur S. Asath ,   Department of Physics, Kalasalingam Academy of Research and Education, Krishnankoil (Tamil Nadu), India.
Published: January 2020

BiVO4 nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared sol-gel technique for the potential electrode of supercapacitor applications. The crystal structure, elemental composition, and surface morphology of the synthesized sample were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis (EDS) spectrum, respectively. The diffraction peaks were well indexed with monoclinic structure. The morphology of the synthesized sample exhibited that small flattened rice shaped structure with the average particle size of ~50 nm. The room temperature capacitive behaviour of BiVO4 NPs electrode was recorded by cyclic voltammetry (CV) in 2 M of KOH electrolyte. The enhance specific capacitance (CSP= 139 F g-1) was observed at the scan rate of ~10 mVs-1. The results show that the as synthesized BiVO4 NPs is a potential candidate for electrochemical supercapacitor application.
Bankruptcy of legal entities as a threat to economic security: statistical analysis
Authors: Bogatyrev Andrey , Bubnova Oksana
Published: January 2020

The analysis of statistical data on the number of existing procedures implemented in accordance with the Federal law of October 26, 2002 no. 127-FZ "On insolvency (bankruptcy)". Based on the analysis of

statistical data, the directions of development of models for forecasting the number of bankruptcy cases in the medium term are determined.
Jiaanbieyuan New Courtyard-Garden Housing in Suzhou: Residents’
Experiences of the Redevelopment
Authors: Zhang Donia
Published: January 2020

Cultural vitality as the fourth pillar of sustainable development has
been widely acknowledged, and vernacular architecture as a major part of a
nation’s material culture has entered the cultural sustainability dialogue.
This recognition demands that new housing design and development should
honor a local or regional identity. This in-depth case study assesses the
architectural, environmental, spatial, constructional, social, cultural, and
behavioral aspects of the Jiaanbieyuan (“Excellent Peace Courtyard-Garden
Housing Estate”) built in Suzhou, China, in 1998. The 500-unit Jiaanbieyuan
is located close to two UNESCO World Cultural Heritage sites, the Canglang
(“Surging Waves”) Pavilion and the Master-of-Nets Garden. It has attempted
to recreate Suzhou’s traditional architecture and landscape architecture.
Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through numerous research
methods, including onsite surveys and interviews. The findings show the new
housing forms do not promote social relations as effectively as the
traditional housing of the past. Moreover, the communal Central Garden has
functioned to some extent as a social and cultural activity space. The study
further proposes a new courtyard-garden housing system that facilitates
social interaction and cultural activities.
FACTOR OF AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY PROPERTIES OF SOIL AT GROWING OF ENERGY CULTURES
Authors: Goncharuk Grigory , Bronnikova Lina
Published: January 2020

The article highlights the results of evaluation of the formation of biosecurity quality indicators of bioenergetic crops (Miskanthus, Swiggrass, Energy Willow) by indicators that determine the productivity of raw materials and their suitability for use on biofuel purposes. The modern literature devoted to issues of peculiarities of phytobioenergetics in Ukraine and features of mineral nutrition of crop data is worked out. The hydrothermal conditions of the vegetation period of energy crops during the years of research have been analyzed and a detailed description of the agrochemical properties of the soil in the arable layer for the cultivation of bioenergetic plants and the conditions and methods of conducting the research are given. It has been established that the variation of the studied agrochemical indicators of soils by years is generally insignificant and makes up for the content of humus - 17%, for the content of easily hydrolyzed nitrogen - 32.5%, for the content of mobile phosphorus -12%, for the content of exchangeable potassium - 22 %, and the coefficient of variation of the pH of the soil solution does not exceed 4%, which indicates the relative homogeneity of the soil cover within the studied area.
Conclusions are made regarding the accumulation of a number of chemical substances from the soil in the plant mass of the above cultures and, accordingly, the general conclusion about the demand for energy crops for agrochemical elemental soil provision. The aspects of the influence of agrochemical properties of the soil on the value of bio-raw materials of these cultures in terms of their bioenergetic application, taking into account the life of the plantation, are analyzed. A chemical analysis of the above-ground part of bioenergetic plants was conducted, and it was established that the maximum nitrogen content of 1.0% was obtained in the stems of the switchgear and energy willow in 2017, phosphorus - 0.85% also in the stems, but the plants of the miscanthus and potassium - 3.48 % in the leaves of plants of miskanthus and energy willow in 2017.
In general, based on the evaluation of the chemical composition of high-energy crops, the prospects for using their biomass as a source of bioenergy production. Annotated directions of improvement of the composition of energy biosources at the expense of optimization of agrochemical soil regimes.
FEATURES OF FORMATION OF PRODUCTIVITY OF DIFFERENT VARIETIES OF TOPINAMBUR
Authors: Knyazyuk Oleg , Lipovy Vasyl , Shevchuk Oksana , Hutsol Galina
Published: January 2020

The article presents the results of studies of the characteristics of growth and development, the formation of the productivity of topinambur varieties. The value of the assimilation surface of plants, the productivity of photosynthesis of various genotypes of Jerusalem artichoke was determined.
On one plant of Jerusalem artichoke varieties White yield formed the largest number of leaves - 52.4 pcs., Which is 11.8% more than control. Due to the large size and number of leaves, this variety of Jerusalem artichoke provided the maximum leaf area of a single plant - 114 cm2, as well as the leaf area from the reference areas - 63.5 thousand m-2 / ha.
Indicators of the net productivity of photosynthesis of Jerusalem artichoke varieties were in the range of 8.3-14.2 g/m2 per day. The varieties of this crop, White Kiev and White, are high yields compared with the control, had higher photosynthesis productivity indices by 4.8-8.3%.
The mass of tubers of a single plant of the Jerusalem artichoke varieties was in the range of 304-407 g. It should be noted that White Kiev and White harvest formed large tubers of mass by 8.4-12.7% compared with the control. Research results indicate that, on average, over the years of research (2016-2017), Jerusalem artichoke varieties had a different effect on tuber yield. Thus, the highest yield of tubers (28.5 tones per hectare) was provided by the middle ripening variety White, which is 7.3 tones per hectare more than the early varieties of Vadim (control). In the middle of the day.
EFFECT OF Trichoderma harzianum AND Aneurinobacillus migulanus APPLICATIONS ON AUXIN, GIBBERELLIC ACID AND ABSCISIC ACID CONTENT OF GLADIOLUS CORMS INFECTED WITH Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. Gladioli
Authors: NOSIR WALID
Published: January 2020

Growing gladiolus corms in soil-less culture fertilized by soluble nutrients raised the question of how both Trichoderma harzianum and Aneurinobacillus migulanus enhance plant growth and provide protection against infection by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. Changes in the concentrations of the plant growth regulators (PGRs) gibberellic acid (GA3), indole acetic acid (IAA) and abscisic acid (ABA) were determined in gladiolus corms following treatment with T. harzianum, A. migulanus and F. oxysporum f.sp. gladioli. The presence of these PGRs in corms was confirmed using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and the compounds quantified using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Concentrations of both GA3 and IAA increased linearly in all corms over the 10 days after treatments; lowest concentrations of both PGRs were consistently found in corms inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli. In contrast, highest concentrations of both GA3 and IAA occurred in corms treated with T. harzianum alone. Highest concentrations of ABA, however, were found in corms inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. gladioli, regardless of the presence of T. harzianum or A. migulanus. Treatments with T. harzianum or A. migulanus in the absence of F. oxysporum f.sp. gladioli maintained ABA concentrations at the same levels as control corms. These results indicate that promotion of Gladiolus growth by T. harzianum or A. migulanus may be partly mediated through stimulation of the production of GA3 and IAA in corm tissues. Increases in these PGRs may also be a mediator in the biological control activity shown by T. harzianum or A. migulanus.
Directions of diversification of rural development in the conditions of decentralization
Authors: Khomiuk Nataliia
Published: January 2020

Purpose. The aim of the article is determining the areas of diversification of rural development in decentralization in order to improve the quality of life of rural population and ensure the competitiveness of rural areas and achieve environmental security.

Methodology of research. Common methods of study are applied in economic science in the course of the study, in particular: monographic, system and structural - in determining the directions of diversification of rural development in the conditions of decentralization.

Findings. The following areas of diversification of rural development under decentralization conditions have been identified in order to ensure the social and ecological and economic development of rural territories: diversification of agricultural production; diversification of non-agricultural activities; diversification of funding sources; diversification of forms of ownership and management. It is suggested to diversify the development of rural territories in the field of agricultural production by expanding the range of products, increasing the volume of organic and niche production.

It is determined that the choice of non-agricultural activities for each rural area is different and depends on natural resources and its location. The directions of diversification of non-agricultural activity in rural areas are proposed, such as: industry, rural green tourism, services and folk arts, production of specific regional products, legal entities and individuals, grants. We believe that the diversification of ownership and management in rural areas involves stimulating the development of different forms of ownership, promotion of various forms, creation of cooperatives and clusters.

Originality. The scientific and practical recommendations on the formation of directions of diversification of rural development under decentralization conditions, which are determined depending on the object of diversification (agricultural production, non-agricultural activity, sources of financing, forms of ownership and management), have been improved.

Practical value. The obtained results of the study are the basis for solving practical problems of rural development in the context of decentralization in Ukraine.

Key words: diversification of rural development; agricultural production; non-agricultural activities; sources of financing; ownership and economic management; organic production; cluster.
Formation of accounting and analytical information of the municipal company on accounts receivable and payable in the context of ensuring business communication
Authors: Yakymova Larysa , Karielova Oleksandra
Published: January 2020

Purpose. The aim of this article is to substantiate of methodical approaches to formation of accounting and analytical information concerning accounts receivable and payable in the context of ensuring business communication of the municipal company.

Methodology of research. General scientific and special methods of cognition are used in the research process, in particular: methods of theoretical generalization and comparative analysis – for the analysis of scientific works and practical experience of improvement of communications in accounting; system approach, methods of analysis and synthesis – for substantiation of methodical approaches and suggestions for the formation of accounting and analytical information; methods of econometric modeling – for the construction of a model of net profit of municipal companies.

Findings. The relationship between the problems of accounting for accounts receivable and payable and the principles of business communications are established. Changes in the financial statements of municipal companies, which are consistent with the principles of effective communication and improve the information of internal and external users on accounts receivable and payable and their impact on the financial stability of the company, are proposed.

Originality. Methodical approaches to restructuring of notes to financial statements in terms of accounts receivable and payable are substantiated, which, in contrast to the existing ones, provides improved communication in financial statements of municipal companies.

Practical value. Theoretical and methodical provisions of the research are brought to the level of specific proposals for the formation of accounting and analytical information on accounts receivable and payable of the municipal company.

Key words: financial statements; accounts receivable; accounts payable; communications; municipal company; model.
Efficiency of Different Preparations of Botulinum Toxin Type A, Xeomin and Dysport, in the Management of Spastic Upper Limb After Stroke
Authors: Popescu Marius Nicolae , Petca Razvan Cosmin , Beiu Cristina , Dumitrascu Mihai Cristian , Petca Aida , Mehedintu Claudia , Farcasanu Patricia Delia , Sandru Florica
Published: January 2020

The present study quantifies the effect of the two botulinum toxin type A products, Xeomin and Dysport, with approval from the National Agency for Medicines and Medical Devices of Romania (ANMDMR), for the treatment of the spastic upper limb following a stroke. The results obtained in the present study show a good efficiency of using both products in the spasticity of the upper limb, and a maintenance of the results obtained for both products for a minimum period of 3 months. Also, at higher doses, the results of the study show better improvement of spasticity and upper limb function on the evaluation scales, but the local effect is not maintained for a longer period.
Plasma 11b,17a,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione as Blood Biomarker Assay. A controlled study
Authors: Bechir Edwin Sever , Tuculina Mihaela Jana , Carsote Mara , Dascalu Ionela Teodora , Raescu Mihaela , Nicola Andreea , Cumpata Cristian Niky
Published: January 2020

11b,17a,21-Trihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione or cortisol (C21H30O5) represents the product of adrenal glands and in humans its assessment is a useful tool for evaluation of glucocorticoid axes. Our purpose is to evaluate the profile of morning plasma cortisol/ACTH/ionogram in menopausal women with non-functioning adrenal tumours. A controlled study of 193 menopausal women found that BMI is statistically significant higher versus control in subjects with unilateral, respective bilateral adrenal non-secretor tumours. Baseline C21H30O5 is similar between the groups while ACTH is decreased when compare with control group indicating a potential persistent cortisol tumour-related exposure. Glycated haemoglobin A1c is increased in group with single adrenal mass (versus control) while serum sodium is higher in group with double adrenal masses (versus control).