bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Anarchism and Syndicalism, Southern
A
frica
Authors: van der Walt Lucien
Published: September 2017

Anarchism, and particularly its syndicalist variant, played an important role in early labor and socialist politics in Southern Africa. Emerging in South Africa in the 1880s, and in Mozambique in the early twentieth century, it reached its apogee in the 1910s. Movements influenced by syndicalism continued in the 1920s, and spread to Southwest Africa (now Namibia), Northern Rhodesia (Zambia), and Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) by the 1930s. The history of anarchism and syndicalism in Southern Africa, largely confined to a minority of the working class, provides a case of how this internationalist movement developed in the context of British and Portuguese colonialism and a racially divided working class.
Andresote and the Revolt against the Guipuzcaona (1731–1733)
Authors: Azzellini Dario
Published: September 2017

During the era of Spanish colonial slavery, Zambo Andresote was a leader of runaway slaves who staged a three‐year revolt from 1730 to 1733 against Spanish colonial rule and monopoly control over trade in all goods, including humans, by the monarchy in the Yaracuy and Falcón regions of Venezuela. The son of an indigenous mother and African father, Juán Andrés López del Rosario was born into slavery, probably in Valencia, Venezuela and lived on the Portuguese‐owned hacienda of Silva in Yagua.
Anti‐Monarchy Protests, Portugal
Authors: Galván Javier A.
Published: September 2017

Initially struggling to retain its independence in the Iberian Peninsula, Portugal emerged as a global power during the European Age of Discovery. Dynastic difficulties and a faltering system led to the demise of the monarchy. During the 1900s Portugal had three main forces of protest and revolution. First, the general population compelled the king to abdicate in 1910. However, the first attempt to run a republic failed rather quickly, and an authoritarian government took over in 1928. Second, following a long dictatorship of almost fifty years, the Portuguese, led by a worker's movement, toppled fascism with a massive populist revolution. Third, one of the largest sources of economic and political tension for Portugal in the late 1900s was the effectiveness of retaining its overseas colonies in Africa and Asia. The constant revolts in the colonies contributed to the overallcoup d'étatto overthrow the dictatorship in 1974.
Anti‐Nuclear Movement, Japan
Authors: Sugai Masuro
Published: September 2017

Nuclear power is among the most crucial topics concerning Japan's democracy movement. Since the late 1940s, electricity companies have worked closely with the Japanese government in opposing local communities who seek to oppose nuclear power. The electric utility industry is exceptionally strong in Japan. Tokyo Electric Power Company (Tokyo Electric) is the largest private electricity company in the world.
Anti‐Vietnam War movement, United States
Authors: Clapton Rick
Published: September 2017

The first protests in the United States against the Vietnam War were small and little noticed. Yet by the 1970s, opposition to the war divided Americans more deeply than any issue since the country's Civil War (1861–5). Most importantly, Vietnam War protests, in combination with other 1960s movements, destroyed Americans' unquestioning faith in their government.
Anti‐War Movement, France, 20th Century
Authors: Bailey Melanie A.
Published: September 2017

Anti‐war movements in France evolved from the broad internationalist efforts of the first half of the twentieth century to take the form of focused protests against particular kinds of conflicts, such as the “imperialist” war in Indochina or the “dirty” war in Algeria. Although the effect of such activism may be debated, it is clear that their efforts have shaped modern French culture.
Argentina, Grassroots Workers' Movement: Villa Constitución, 1975
Authors: Santella Agustín
Published: September 2017

The military government of Argentina (1966–73) lost support after the popular revolts of Cordobazo and Rosariazo from May to September 1969. Popular sectors increasingly opposed the government's authoritarian political and economic measures that benefited concentrated transnational industrial capital. Since 1969, grassroots union organizations had challenged the inaction of the CGT (Confederación General del Trabajo), rejecting “bureaucratic” unions eager to negotiate with management. Workers' radicalization was nurtured by a new generation of youth who took inspiration from the path of armed struggle of the Cuban, Chinese, and Vietnamese revolutions. The elites allowed Juan Perón, labeled a “populist,” to return to government after 18 years of proscription (1955–73). Nevertheless, not even the democratically elected Peronist administration could stop social mobilization, despite its many attempts to contain it through both reforms and repression. After 1973, Perón's government exercised armed violence against Marxist subversion with the goal of disciplining youth organizations (especially in universities) and workers (in unions). In 1976, a new military dictatorship closed the cycle of social mobilization through the bloodiest repression in Argentine history, with tens of thousands of
desaparecidos
.
Argentina, Indigenous Popular Protests
Authors: Delrio Walter
Published: September 2017

The situation of indigenous peoples in Argentina has been shaped, on the one hand, by a political history of failure to acknowledge their existence and influence in the nation and, on the other, by the continual expropriation of resources by the state. Although from 3 to 5 percent of Argentina's population acknowledge membership in the 27 indigenous groups within the country, Argentinian society identifies itself almost exclusively with European immigrant descendants.
Argentina, Labor Strikes of 1890 and 1902
Authors: Tarcus Horacio
Published: September 2017

The International Workers' Congress held in Paris in June 1889 designated May 1 as the workers' global day of protest to commemorate the martyrs of the Haymarket tragedy in Chicago. At the conference, Argentina was represented by an exiled French citizen, Alejo Peyret, while the Buenos Aires Vorwärts Association, formed by socialist workers exiled from Germany after the implementation of Bismarck's anti‐socialist laws, sent a report and was represented by Wilhelm Liebknecht. The members of the Vorwärts Association in Argentina decided to adopt the program agreed upon in Paris.
Awolowo, Obafemi (1909–1987)
Authors: Akinade Hellen Olubunmi Jaiyeola
Published: September 2017

Jeremiah Obafemi Awolowo was a Nigerian nationalist and Yoruba political leader. Awolowo was an astute nationalist, politician, and reformer who played a frontline role in Nigeria's quest for independence from the colonial masters. His contribution to the political and economic development of the Yoruba of Southwestern Nigeria is held in high regard.
Bangladesh, Struggle for Liberation, 1971
Authors: Mamoon Muntassir , Khan Zarina Rahman
Published: September 2017

The Bangali nationalist movement gathered strength under the leadership of
Bongobondhu
(friend of Bengal, a title conferred on him by popular acclaim) Sheikh Mujibur Rahman, chief of the political party the Awami League. The Awami League had been founded as the Awami Muslim League in 1949, but dropped the word “Muslim” in 1955. In the course of the 1960s it became the leading political party in East Pakistan. In 1970 it won the first election to the National Assembly held on the basis of a universal adult franchise, with an overwhelming majority of seats. But the central rulers of West Pakistan refused to hand over power to the elected Bangali leaders. This resulted in a movement against the Pakistanis. The central government retaliated by declaring war against the East Pakistanis on March 25, 1971, unleashing a massive genocide on the Bangalis, forcing large numbers of them to cross the border and take refuge in India. Soon India got involved in the war. On December 16, 1971 the Pakistani army surrendered to the joint Bangladesh‐India military forces in Dhaka. East Pakistan became the sovereign state of Bangladesh.
Barzani, Mulla Mustafa (1903–1979)
Authors: Ekici Deniz
Published: September 2017

Mulla Mustafa Barzani was a Kurdish leader who became the symbol of the twentieth‐century Kurdish nationalist movement. Barzani inspired a sense of pride not only among Iraqi Kurds but also among the Kurds of Turkey, Iran, Syria, and the Kurds in diaspora, which is how he became a national leader. With his dedication to the Kurdish freedom movement, Barzani led the Kurds in an armed struggle for over five decades against Iraqi and Iranian states. However, because of the feudal structure of Kurdistan, different tribal affiliations, and intertribal rivalries the Barzani‐led Kurdish movement could not develop into a unified national struggle.
Irigaray, Luce (b. 1930)
Authors: Wright Heather Hadar
Published: September 2017

Luce Irigaray is the foremost political theorist of sexual difference, which she identifies as the most basic and universal form of alterity. Irigaray (1994, 2000, 2004) advocates the development of a feminine culture and subjectivity, accompanied by specific political rights based on a positive definition of women as women (not as gender‐neutral citizens), including a right to virginity, freedom from pornography and exploitative advertising, and motherhood. Only a recognition of and respect for difference, the creation of a culture of two subjects, and the resulting “peaceful revolution” will allow us to build a truly democratic global society and to check modern forms of destruction such as the degradation of nature (including our own) and materialism.
New School Occupation and Reoccupations: 2008, 2009, 2011
Authors: Socha Bailey
Published: September 2017

The New School Occupations offer a unique and unparalleled insight into the evolution of the student movement. The New School is a privately funded institution in New York, but its story is uncommon compared to most other private schools. The New School was founded by Columbia University faculty who were disenchanted with a university that advocated American involvement in World War I. The humanities and social science divisions of the New School have since been a bastion for faculty and students looking for an alternative to standard higher education models, leading to a trickling endowment fund. The cost and profit of the institution are largely derived from private investment and student tuition.
Self Build and Change: Kowloon Walled City, Hong Kong
Authors: Lambot Ian
Published: September 2017

Despite its dystopian appearance, the now‐demolished Kowloon Walled City is fondly remembered by some former residents. Over the half century from 1946, it grew without input from architects or planners, from a squatter camp inside an abandoned military fort to the most densely populated place on earth. The 14‐storey amalgam of interlinking buildings housed over 35,000 people, along with factories, shops, schools and all other normal urban provisions. It has much to teach us about bottom‐up, community‐driven development – as former Hong Kong‐based architect Ian Lambot explains.
Designing Landscapes for Change: Albertopolis
Authors: Wilkie Kim
Published: September 2017

London's first cultural quarter – dubbed ‘Albertopolis’ after Prince Albert, who initiated it in 1851 – has proved exceptionally adaptable over time. Home to several world‐famous museums and educational institutions as well as the Royal Albert Hall, its individual buildings and street plan have continuously evolved to cater for increased capacity needs and changing attitudes to public space. Landscape architect Kim Wilkie – who redesigned one of the Victoria and Albert Museum's courtyards and is now collaborating with Niall McLaughlin Architects on the remodelling of the Natural History Museum's grounds – reviews its history to date.
Surface Energy‐Controlled SERS Substrates for Molecular Concentration at Plasmonic Nanogaps
Authors: Park Sung‐Gyu , Mun ChaeWon , Xiao Xiaofei , Braun Avi , Kim Sunho , Giannini Vincenzo , Maier Stefan A. , Kim Dong‐Ho
Published: September 2017

Positioning probe molecules at electromagnetic hot spots with nanometer precision is required to achieve highly sensitive and reproducible surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) analysis. In this article, molecular positioning at plasmonic nanogaps is reported using a high aspect ratio (HAR) plasmonic nanopillar array with a controlled surface energy. A large‐area HAR plasmonic nanopillar array is generated using a nanolithography‐free simple process involving Ar plasma treatment applied to a smooth polymer surface and the subsequent evaporation of metal onto the polymer nanopillars. The surface energy can be precisely controlled through the selective removal of an adsorbed self‐assembled monolayer of low surface‐energy molecules prepared on the plasmonic nanopillars. This process can be used to tune the surface energy and provide a superhydrophobic surface with a water contact angle of 165.8° on the one hand or a hydrophilic surface with a water contact angle of 40.0° on the other. The highly tunable surface wettability is employed to systematically investigate the effects of the surface energy on the capillary‐force‐induced clustering among the HAR plasmonic nanopillars as well as on molecular concentration at the collapsed nanogaps present at the tops of the clustered nanopillars.
Mechanofluorochromism of D–π–A‐Type Difluoroboron β‐Carbonyl Cyclic Ketonate Complexes that Contain a Carbazole Unit
Authors: Zhang Fushuang , Liu Qingwen , Chen Yuannan , Zhai Lu , Liu Mingyang , Sun Jingbo , Mi Wenhua , Sun Meng , Lu Ran
Published: September 2017

Four new D–π–A‐type difluoroboron β‐carbonyl cyclic ketonate complexes that contain carbazole units (TCCH, TCCP, CCH, and CCP) have been synthesized that exhibited reversible mechanofluorochromic (MFC) behaviors. Interestingly, TCCH and TCCP, which contained a tert‐butyl carbazole group, exhibited high‐contrast mechanofluorochromism compared with CCH and CCP, which just contained a carbazole group. For example, shifts of Δδ=49 and 20 nm were detected during the mechanofluorochromism of TCCH and CCH, respectively. We found that tert‐butyl carbazole derivatives existed as isolated molecules in the as‐synthesized crystals, on account of the steric hindrance of the tert‐butyl groups, and that J‐aggregates were formed upon grinding. Transformation between the isolated and aggregated molecules, which was stimulated by mechanical force, led to clear changes in the emission properties. However, J‐aggregates were formed in the as‐synthesized crystals of carbazole derivatives, and grinding only weakened the strength of the π–π interactions, thereby resulting in low‐contrast mechanofluorochromism. Therefore, this approach provides a useful strategy for the design of MFC dyes with high performance.
Thermodynamic Parameters of Single‐ or Multi‐Band Superconductors Derived from Self‐Field Critical Currents
Authors: Talantsev Evgueni , Crump Wayne P. , Tallon Jeffery L.
Published: September 2017

Key questions for any superconductor include: what is its maximum dissipation‐free electrical current (its ‘critical current') and can this be used to extract fundamental thermodynamic parameters? Present models focus on depinning of magnetic vortices and implicate materials engineering to maximise pinning performance. But recently we showed that the self‐field critical current for thin films is a universal property, independent of microstructure, controlled only by the penetration depth. Here, using an extended BCS‐like model, we calculate the penetration depth from the temperature dependence of the superconducting energy gap thus allowing us to fit self‐field critical current data. In this way we extract from the T‐dependent gap a set of key thermodynamic parameters, the ground‐state penetration depth, energy gap and jump in electronic specific heat. Our fits to 79 available data sets, from zinc nanowires to compressed sulphur hydride with critical temperatures of 0.65 to 203 K, respectively, are excellent and the extracted parameters agree well with reported bulk values. Samples include thin films, wires or nanowires of single‐ or multi‐band s‐wave and d‐wave superconductors of either type I or type II. For multiband or multiphase samples we accurately recover individual band contributions and phase fractions.
Peristome‐Mimetic Curved Surface for Spontaneous and Directional Separation of Micro Water‐in‐Oil Drops
Authors: Li Chuxin , Wu Lei , Yu Cunlong , Dong Zhichao , Jiang Lei
Published: September 2017

Separation of micro‐scaled water‐in‐oil droplets is important in environmental protection, bioassays, and saving functional inks. So far, bulk oil–water separation has been achieved by membrane separation and sponge absorption, but micro‐drop separation still remains a challenge. Herein we report that instead of the “plug‐and‐go” separation model, tiny water‐in‐oil droplets can be separated into pure water and oil droplets through “go‐in‐opposite ways” on curved peristome‐mimetic surfaces, in milliseconds, without energy input. More importantly, this overflow controlled method can be applied to handle oil‐in‐oil droplets with surface tension differences as low as 14.7 mN m−1 and viscous liquids with viscosities as high as hundreds centipoises, which markedly increases the range of applicable liquids for micro‐scaled separation. Furthermore, the curved peristome‐mimetic surface guides the separated drops in different directions with high efficiency.
Application of the Fe3O4@1,10‐phenanthroline‐5,6‐diol@Mn nano‐catalyst for the green synthesis of tetrazoles and its biological performance
Authors: Habibi Davood , Heydari Somayyeh , Gil Antonio , Afsharfarnia Mina , Faraji Alireza , Karamian Roya , Asadbegy Mostafa
Published: September 2017

The Fe3O4 magnetic particles were modified with 1,10‐phenanthroline‐5,6‐diol (Phen) and the related Mn complex (Fe3O4@Phen@Mn) synthesized as a heterogeneous catalyst to be used for the one‐pot three‐component synthesis of various tetrazoles. The catalysts were characterized by several methods, such as the elemental analysis, FT‐IR, X‐ray powder diffraction, dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, thermogravimetric‐differential thermal analysis, vibrating sample magnetometer and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In addition, the antioxidant and antibacterial activities of the catalyst and its Phen ligand were in vitro screened with 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl by free radical scavenging methods. Results showed that the synthesized compounds possess strong antioxidant activity (IC50; 0.172  ±  0.005 mg ml−1) as well as a good antibacterial potential in comparison to standards.
A simple, quick and novel protocol for biaryl synthesis using LiCl‐promoted in situ‐generated Pd nanoparticles
Authors: Phukan Parmita , Boruah Preeti Rekha , Gehlot Praveen Singh , Kumar Arvind , Sarma Diganta
Published: September 2017

This paper describes a simple and a very quick protocol for biaryl synthesis using the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction. A quintessential role of salting‐out agent LiCl was observed in the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction that enhanced the reduction rate of Pd (II) to a considerable extent, resulting in the formation of nanosized palladium in a few seconds. The isolated Pd nanoparticles were characterized with X‐ray diffraction, dynamic light scattering, TGA, transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy. The Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction proceeded very well with the in situ‐generated Pd nanocatalysts furnishing the desired biaryl adducts with excellent yields.
Membrane cholesterol effect on the 5‐HT2A receptor: Insights into the lipid‐induced modulation of an antipsychotic drug target
Authors: Ramírez‐Anguita Juan Manuel , Rodríguez‐Espigares Ismael , Guixà‐González Ramon , Bruno Agostino , Torrens‐Fontanals Mariona , Varela‐Rial Alejandro , Selent Jana
Published: September 2017

The serotonin 5‐hydroxytryptamine 2A (5‐HT2A) receptor is a G‐protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) relevant for the treatment of CNS disorders. In this regard, neuronal membrane composition in the brain plays a crucial role in the modulation of the receptor functioning. Since cholesterol is an essential component of neuronal membranes, we have studied its effect on the 5‐HT2A receptor dynamics through all‐atom MD simulations. We find that the presence of cholesterol in the membrane increases receptor conformational variability in most receptor segments. Importantly, detailed structural analysis indicates that conformational variability goes along with the destabilization of hydrogen bonding networks not only within the receptor but also between receptor and lipids. In addition to increased conformational variability, we also find receptor segments with reduced variability. Our analysis suggests that this increased stabilization is the result of stabilizing effects of tightly bound cholesterol molecules to the receptor surface. Our finding contributes to a better understanding of membrane‐induced alterations of receptor dynamics and points to cholesterol‐induced stabilizing and destabilizing effects on the conformational variability of GPCRs.
Nichtrostende Bewehrungsstähle zur Verlängerung der korrosionsfreien Lebensdauer von Stahlbetonbauwerken
Authors: v. Greve‐Dierfeld Stefanie , Bisschop Jan , Schiegg Yves
Published: September 2017

Derzeit wird bei stark chloridbelasteten Bauteilen die Dauerhaftigkeit im Allgemeinen durch dichte Betone, große Überdeckungen, konstruktive Maßnahmen und Beschichtungen sichergestellt. Die Dauerhaftigkeit durch den Einsatz nichtrostender Stähle zu gewährleisten, bleibt zumeist aus ökonomischen Gründen unberücksichtigt. Zukünftig kann der Einsatz niedrig legierter und damit weniger kostenintensiver Stähle eine Option zur Sicherstellung der Dauerhaftigkeit werden.

Der vorliegende Bericht zeigt zum einen Untersuchungsergebnisse zum Korrosionsverhalten nichtrostender Stähle aus experimentellen Untersuchungen. Zum anderen zeigt diese Veröffentlichung in rechnerischen Analysen, welchen Vorteil die Verwendung eines nichtrostenden Stahls auf die korrosionsfreie Lebensdauer bzw. die erforderliche Bewehrungsüberdeckung gegenüber einem normalen Betonstahl bietet.

In den Laboruntersuchungen an Mörtelproben wurde für niedriglegierten nichtrostenden Stahl der Stahlsorte 1.4003 der kritische, korrosionsauslösende Chloridgehalt Ckrit gemessen und mit dem eines üblichen, warmgewalzten Betonstahls B500B verglichen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen eine Erhöhung des kritischen Chloridgehalts Ckrit um den multiplikativen Faktor ca. 2 bis 3 gegenüber einem normalen Betonstahl. In Lösungsversuchen und Auslagerungsversuchen in Beton wurden ergänzend kritische Chloridgehalte an hochlegierten Duplexstählen der Werkstoffnummer 1.4462 bestimmt. Hierbei konnten um den Faktor > 5 erhöhte kritische Chloridgehalte festgestellt werden.

In den rechnerischen Analysen wurde untersucht, welchen Einfluss ein ca. zwei‐ bis fünfmal so hoher kritischer Chloridgehalt auf die Nutzungsdauer und die erforderliche Bewehrungsüberdeckung haben kann. Die Berechnungen wurden deterministisch sowie probabilistisch durchgeführt. Die probabilistischen Berechnungen erfolgen für Zuverlässigkeitsniveaus von β = 0,5 bis 1,5. Die rechnerische Analyse erfolgt auf Basis des fib‐Modells. Der Einfluss wurde für drei bestehende Bauwerke der XD3‐Exposition ermittelt. Dabei führt ein zwei‐ bis fünfmal so hoher kritischer Chloridgehalt, je nach gewähltem Zuverlässigkeitsniveau, zu einer 1,5‐ bis > 13‐mal höheren rechnerischen Lebensdauer.
Aqueous Voltammetry in the Near Absence of Electrolyte
Authors: Li Xiuting , Batchelor‐McAuley Christopher , Laborda Eduardo , Compton Richard G.
Published: September 2017

In order to minimize the incidence of the CO2 hydrolysis and conduct aqueous electrochemistry in the virtual absence of electrolyte, a novel methodology is developed to achieve the near minimum conductivity (≈60 nS cm−1) for an aqueous solution through in situ deionization with ion exchange resin beads. Aqueous electrochemistry studying the oxidations of platinum, ferrocenemethanol, and hydrogen (H2) were conducted in the near complete absence of trace ionic species at a platinum microelectrode (d=10 μm). Both surface and solution phase electrochemical reactions were clearly observed, indicating that under these conditions there is a sufficiently compressed double layer for an interfacial electron transfer to be driven and the iR effects are significantly smaller than theoretically expected.
Postmortem DTI reveals altered hippocampal connectivity in wild sea lions diagnosed with chronic toxicosis from algal exposure
Authors: Cook Peter F. , Berns Gregory S. , Colegrove Kathleen , Johnson Shawn , Gulland Frances
Published: September 2017

Hundreds of wild California sea lions (Zalophus californianus) exposed to the algal neurotoxin domoic acid are treated in veterinary rehabilitation centers each year. Common chronic effects of toxic exposure in these animals are seizures and hippocampal damage, and they have been proposed as a natural animal model for human epilepsy. Humans with medial temporal lobe epilepsy present with white matter pathology in a number of tracts including the fornix and increased structural connectivity between the hippocampus and thalamus. However, there are no prior data on structural connectivity in sea lion brains, with or without neuropathology. In the present study, we used a novel diffusion tensor imaging technique to obtain high resolution (1mm isotropic) white matter maps in brains obtained opportunistically postmortem from wild sea lions with and without chronic clinical signs of toxic exposure to domoic acid. All animals had received a full veterinary workup and diagnosis prior to euthanasia. We measured hippocampal atrophy morphometrically, and all brains were examined histopathologically. In animals diagnosed with chronic domoic acid toxicosis, the fornix showed signs of altered diffusion properties indicative of pathology; these brains also had increased structural connectivity between hippocampus and thalamus in comparison to brains from animals with no neurological signs. These findings establish further parallels between human medial temporal lobe epilepsy and a naturally occurring condition in wild sea lions and simultaneously advance general knowledge of the deleterious effects of an increasingly common natural toxin.
Identification of ω‐ or (ω‐1)‐Hydroxylated Medium‐Chain Acylcarnitines as Novel Urinary Biomarkers for CYP3A Activity
Authors: Kim Bora , Lee Jieon , Shin Kwang‐Hee , Lee SeungHwan , Yu Kyung‐Sang , Jang In‐Jin , Cho Joo‐Youn
Published: September 2017

Quantitative models of endogenous metabolites are useful in predicting CYP3A‐mediated drug–drug interactions. This study aimed to identify novel predictive markers for the magnitude of CYP3A induction and inhibition in male and female subjects using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Here we report five ω‐ or (ω‐1)‐hydroxylated medium‐chain acylcarnitines as novel CYP3A4 markers. As CYP4 catalyzes the ω‐ or (ω‐1)‐hydroxylation of various medium‐chain fatty acids (MCFAs), recombinant enzyme assays were used to determine the ω‐ and (ω‐1)‐hydroxylation activities of CYP3A4, CYP4A11, and CYP4F2. CYP3A4 catalyzed ω‐ and (ω‐1)‐hydroxylated MCFAs with the lowest Km and highest Vmax/Km values. Finally, we derived a model to predict midazolam clearance using these markers and demonstrated that the predictive model including three ω‐ or (ω‐1)‐hydroxylated medium‐chain acylcarnitines, 6β‐OH cortisol, and gender as covariates shows reliable predictability (r2 = 0.894).
Ultrathin Composite Polymeric Membranes for CO2/N2 Separation with Minimum Thickness and High CO2 Permeance
Authors: Benito Javier , Sánchez‐Laínez Javier , Zornoza Beatriz , Martín Santiago , Carta Mariolino , Malpass‐Evans Richard , Téllez Carlos , McKeown Neil B. , Coronas Joaquín , Gascón Ignacio
Published: September 2017

The use of ultrathin films as selective layers in composite membranes offers significant advantages in gas separation for increasing productivity while reducing the membrane size and energy costs. In this contribution, composite membranes have been obtained by the successive deposition of approximately 1 nm thick monolayers of a polymer of intrinsic microporosity (PIM) on top of dense membranes of the ultra‐permeable poly[1‐(trimethylsilyl)‐1‐propyne] (PTMSP). The ultrathin PIM films (30 nm in thickness) demonstrate CO2 permeance up to seven times higher than dense PIM membranes using only 0.04 % of the mass of PIM without a significant decrease in CO2/N2 selectivity.
Diphenyl‐2‐pyridylamine‐Substituted Porphyrins as Hole‐Transporting Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lee Un‐Hak , Azmi Randi , Sinaga Septy , Hwang Sunbin , Eom Seung Hun , Kim Tae‐Wook , Yoon Sung Cheol , Jang Sung‐Yeon , Jung In Hwan
Published: September 2017

The susceptibility of porphyrin derivatives to light‐harvesting and charge‐transport operations have enabled these materials to be employed in solar cell applications. The potential of porphyrin derivatives as hole‐transporting materials (HTMs) for perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has recently been demonstrated, but knowledge of the relationships between the porphyrin structure and device performance remains insufficient. In this work, a series of novel zinc porphyrin (PZn) derivatives has been developed and employed as HTMs for low‐temperature processed PSCs. Key to the design strategy is the incorporation of an electron‐deficient pyridine moiety to down‐shift the HOMO levels of porphyrin HTMs. The porphyrin HTMs incorporating diphenyl‐2‐pyridylamine (DPPA) have HOMO levels that are in good agreement with the perovskite active layers, thus facilitating hole transfers from the perovskite to the HTMs. The DPPA‐containing zinc porphyrin‐based PSCs gave the best performance, with efficiency levels comparable to those of PSCs using spiro‐OMeTAD, a current state‐of‐the‐art HTM. In particular, PZn–DPPA‐based PSCs show superior air stability, in both doped and undoped forms, to spiro‐OMeTAD based devices.
Impact of the RT‐level architecture on the power performance of tunnel transistor circuits
Authors: Avedillo María J. , Núñez Juan
Published: September 2017

Tunnel field‐effect transistors (TFETs) are one of the most attractive steep subthreshold slope devices currently being investigated as a means of overcoming the power density and energy inefficiency limitations of Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (CMOS) technology. In this paper, we analyze the relationship between devices and register transfer–level architecture choices. We claim that architectural issues should be considered when evaluating this type of transistors because of the differences in delay versus supply voltage behavior exhibited by TFET logic gates with respect to CMOS gates. More specifically, the potential of pipelining and parallelism, both of which rely on lowering supply voltage, as power reduction techniques is evaluated and compared for CMOS and TFET technologies. The results obtained show significantly larger savings in power and energy per clock cycle for the TFET designs than for their CMOS counterparts, especially at low voltages. Pipelining and parallelism make it possibly to fully exploit the distinguishing characteristics of TFETs, and their relevance as competitive TFET circuit design solutions should be explored in greater depth.
ATLANTIC BATS: a data set of bat communities from the Atlantic Forests of South America
Authors: Muylaert Renata d. L. , Stevens Richard D. , Esbérard Carlos E. L. , Mello Marco A. R. , Garbino Guilherme S. T. , Varzinczak Luiz H. , Faria Deborah , Weber Marcelo d. M. , Kerches Rogeri Patricia , Regolin André L. , Oliveira Hernani F. M. d. , Costa Luciana d. M. , Barros Marília A. S. , Sabino‐Santos Gilberto , Crepaldi de Morais Mara Ariane , Kavagutti Vinicius S. , Passos Fernando C. , Marjakangas Emma‐Liina , Maia Felipe G. M. , Ribeiro Milton C. , Galetti Mauro
Published: September 2017

Bats are the second most diverse mammal order and they provide vital ecosystem functions (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal, and nutrient flux in caves) and services (e.g., crop pest suppression). Bats are also important vectors of infectious diseases, harboring more than 100 different virus types. In the present study, we compiled information on bat communities from the Atlantic Forests of South America, a species‐rich biome that is highly threatened by habitat loss and fragmentation. The ATLANTIC BATS data set comprises 135 quantitative studies carried out in 205 sites, which cover most vegetation types of the tropical and subtropical Atlantic Forest: dense ombrophilous forest, mixed ombrophilous forest, semideciduous forest, deciduous forest, savanna, steppe, and open ombrophilous forest. The data set includes information on more than 90,000 captures of 98 bat species of eight families. Species richness averaged 12.1 per site, with a median value of 10 species (ranging from 1 to 53 species). Six species occurred in more than 50% of the communities: Artibeus lituratus, Carollia perspicillata, Sturnira lilium, Artibeus fimbriatus, Glossophaga soricina, and Platyrrhinus lineatus. The number of captures divided by sampling effort, a proxy for abundance, varied from 0.000001 to 0.77 individuals·h−1·m−2 (0.04 ± 0.007 individuals·h−1·m−2). Our data set reveals a hyper‐dominance of eight species that together that comprise 80% of all captures: Platyrrhinus lineatus (2.3%), Molossus molossus (2.8%), Artibeus obscurus (3.4%), Artibeus planirostris (5.2%), Artibeus fimbriatus (7%), Sturnira lilium (14.5%), Carollia perspicillata (15.6%), and Artibeus lituratus (29.2%).
Benzodithiophene and Benzotrithiophene as π Cores for Two‐ and Three‐Blade Propeller‐Shaped Ferrocenyl‐Based Conjugated Systems
Authors: Rossi Serena , Bisello Annalisa , Cardena Roberta , Orian Laura , Santi Saverio
Published: September 2017

The syntheses of linear and star‐shaped bis‐ and tris(ferrocenyl) derivatives of benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene and benzo[1,2‐b:3,4‐b′:5,6‐b′′]trithiophene are achieved through one‐pot CuI/TMEDA‐catalyzed (TMEDA = tetramethylethylenediamine) multiple annulations of bromoethynylbenzenes with sodium sulfide. In addition, the preparation of the parent benzotrithiophene in a good yield with a short reaction time is achieved through the threefold annulation of 1,3,5‐trifluoro‐2,4,6‐tris(trimethylsilyl)ethynylbenzene. The computed structural and electronic features of these ferrocenyl derivatives as well as their UV/Vis spectra and electrochemistry are discussed, and the results provide insights into the effect of the presence of three rather than two ferrocenyl units. To the best of our knowledge, 2,5,8‐tris(ferrocenyl)benzo[1,2‐b;3,4‐b′;5,6‐b′′]trithiophene is the first organometallic complex containing benzotrithiophene.
Metal‐Free Synthesis of Etherified 3‐(1H‐1,2,3‐Triazol‐1‐yl)phenyl Iodides through O–H Arylation/C–H Iodination with Diacetoxyiodobenzenes
Authors: Liu Yaowen , Yang Jianhua , Ma Xinyuan , Han Chunmei , Jiang Yubo
Published: September 2017

A concise and efficient method for the synthesis of etherified 3‐(1H‐1,2,3‐triazol‐1‐yl)phenyl iodides from 1,4‐disubstituted 1,2,3‐triazoles under metal‐free conditions has been developed. In the presence of ArI(OAc)2, a range of 1,2,3‐triazole substrates that contain a hydroxy group underwent a direct O–H arylation and C–H iodination to afford functionalized 1,2,3‐triazoles in good to excellent yields.
Stereoselective and Regioselective Pinacol‐Type Rearrangement of a Fused Bicyclic Oxetanol Scaffold
Authors: Melis Nicola , Luridiana Alberto , Guillot Régis , Secci Francesco , Frongia Angelo , Boddaert Thomas , Aitken David J.
Published: September 2017

The Paternò‐Büchi reaction between benzaldehyde and trimethylsilyloxycyclopentene gave access to an unprecedented silyl ether derivative of 6‐oxabicyclo[3.2.0]heptan‐1‐ol. The bicyclic structure underwent selective reductive ring opening and acid‐catalyzed pinacol‐type rearrangement reactions with complete regioselectivity, accompanied by moderate to excellent mechanism‐dependent diastereoselectivity.
Iterative hard thresholding for model selection in genome‐wide association studies
Authors: Keys Kevin L. , Chen Gary K. , Lange Kenneth
Published: September 2017

A genome‐wide association study (GWAS) correlates marker and trait variation in a study sample. Each subject is genotyped at a multitude of SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) spanning the genome. Here, we assume that subjects are randomly collected unrelateds and that trait values are normally distributed or can be transformed to normality. Over the past decade, geneticists have been remarkably successful in applying GWAS analysis to hundreds of traits. The massive amount of data produced in these studies present unique computational challenges. Penalized regression with the ℓ1penalty (LASSO) or minimax concave penalty (MCP) penalties is capable of selecting a handful of associated SNPs from millions of potential SNPs. Unfortunately, model selection can be corrupted by false positives and false negatives, obscuring the genetic underpinning of a trait. Here, we compare LASSO and MCP penalized regression to iterative hard thresholding (IHT). On GWAS regression data, IHT is better at model selection and comparable in speed to both methods of penalized regression. This conclusion holds for both simulated and real GWAS data. IHT fosters parallelization and scales well in problems with large numbers of causal markers. Our parallel implementation of IHT accommodates SNP genotype compression and exploits multiple CPU cores and graphics processing units (GPUs). This allows statistical geneticists to leverage commodity desktop computers in GWAS analysis and to avoid supercomputing.Availability: Source code is freely available athttps://github.com/klkeys/IHT.jl.
On the integrity of functional brain networks in schizophrenia, Parkinson's disease, and advanced age: Evidence from connectivity‐based single‐subject classification
Authors: Pläschke Rachel N. , Cieslik Edna C. , Müller Veronika I. , Hoffstaedter Felix , Plachti Anna , Varikuti Deepthi P. , Goosses Mareike , Latz Anne , Caspers Svenja , Jockwitz Christiane , Moebus Susanne , Gruber Oliver , Eickhoff Claudia R. , Reetz Kathrin , Heller Julia , Südmeyer Martin , Mathys Christian , Caspers Julian , Grefkes Christian , Kalenscher Tobias , Langner Robert , Eickhoff Simon B.
Published: September 2017

Previous whole‐brain functional connectivity studies achieved successful classifications of patients and healthy controls but only offered limited specificity as to affected brain systems. Here, we examined whether the connectivity patterns of functional systems affected in schizophrenia (SCZ), Parkinson's disease (PD), or normal aging equally translate into high classification accuracies for these conditions. We compared classification performance between pre‐defined networks for each group and, for any given network, between groups. Separate support vector machine classifications of 86 SCZ patients, 80 PD patients, and 95 older adults relative to their matched healthy/young controls, respectively, were performed on functional connectivity in 12 task‐based, meta‐analytically defined networks using 25 replications of a nested 10‐fold cross‐validation scheme. Classification performance of the various networks clearly differed between conditions, as those networks that best classified one disease were usually non‐informative for the other. For SCZ, but not PD, emotion‐processing, empathy, and cognitive action control networks distinguished patients most accurately from controls. For PD, but not SCZ, networks subserving autobiographical or semantic memory, motor execution, and theory‐of‐mind cognition yielded the best classifications. In contrast, young–old classification was excellent based on all networks and outperformed both clinical classifications. Our pattern‐classification approach captured associations between clinical and developmental conditions and functional network integrity with a higher level of specificity than did previous whole‐brain analyses. Taken together, our results support resting‐state connectivity as a marker of functional dysregulation in specific networks known to be affected by SCZ and PD, while suggesting that aging affects network integrity in a more global way. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5845–5858, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Decision of surgical approach for advanced gallbladder adenocarcinoma based on a Bayesian network
Authors: Cong Long‐Long , Cai Zhi‐Qiang , Guo Peng , Chen Chen , Liu De‐Chun , Li Wen‐Zhi , Wang Lin , Zhao Yaling , Si Shu‐Bin , Geng Zhi‐Min
Published: September 2017

Background and Objectives

To determine whether radical resection can benefit patients with advanced gallbladder adenocarcinoma using a Bayesian network (BN) with clinical data.

Methods

In total, 362 patients who had undergone surgical treatment of gallbladder adenocarcinoma at a tertiary institute were evaluated to establish two BN models using a tree‐augmented naïve Bayes algorithm. We then chose 250 patients with T3‐4N0‐2M0 stage gallbladder adenocarcinoma to test the posterior probability after the surgical type was taken into account.

Results

In total, 170 patients (≤7 months) and 137 patients (>7 months) were correctly classified in the median survival time model (accuracy, 84.81%), and 204 patients (≤12 months), 15 patients (12‐36 months), 17 patients (36‐60 months), and 34 patients (>60 months) were correctly classified in the 1‐, 3‐, and 5‐year survival model (accuracy, 74.59%), respectively. Every posterior probability in the two models upregulated the ratio of the longer survival time and suggested a better prognosis for gallbladder adenocarcinoma that can be improved by R0 resection.

Conclusions

These BN models indicate that stages T4 and N2 gallbladder adenocarcinoma are not contraindications for surgery and that R0 resection can improve survival in patients with advanced gallbladder adenocarcinoma.
S100A16 is a prognostic marker for colorectal cancer
Authors: Sun Xu , Wang Teng , Zhang Chun , Ning Kuan , Guan Zhang‐Rui , Chen Shu‐Xian , Hong Ting‐Ting , Hua Dong
Published: September 2017

Background

S100 is a superfamily of calcium‐binding proteins that regulate multiple biological processes and are involved in many diseases. S100A16 has recently been identified to be involved in several cancers such as bladder cancer, lung cancer, and oral squamous cell carcinoma. However, the role of S100A16 expression in the colorectal cancer (CRC) has not been investigated.

Methods

S100A16 protein expression was detected by immunohistochemistry in 296 cases of CRC. Kaplan‐Meier survival analysis and Cox regression analysis were performed to evaluate the prognostic significance of S100A16.

Result

The results showed that the overall survival (OS) of patients with low membrane S100A16 expression was significantly shorter than patients with high expression (P < 0.05). Chi‐square analysis showed that S100A16 expression had a positive correlation with tumor grade (P = 0.02). Multivariate analysis identified membrane S100A16 expression as an independent prognostic marker for OS in CRC patients. (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis showed no significant association between cytoplasmic/nuclear S100A16 expression and OS.

Conclusion

Membrane S100A16 is associated with the prognosis of CRC patients, indicating that S100A16 may be a potential prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for CRC.
Recent progress of task‐specific ionic liquids in chiral resolution and extraction of biological samples and metal ions
Authors: Wu Datong , Cai Pengfei , Zhao Xiaoyong , Kong Yong , Pan Yuanjiang
Published: September 2017

Ionic liquids have been functionalized for modern applications. The functional ionic liquids are also called task‐specific ionic liquids. Various task‐specific ionic liquids with certain groups have been constructed and exploited widely in the field of separation. To take advantage of their properties in separation science, task‐specific ionic liquids are generally used in techniques such as liquid–liquid extraction, solid‐phase extraction, gas chromatography, high‐performance liquid chromatography, and capillary electrophoresis. This review mainly covers original research papers published in the last five years, and we will focus on task‐specific ionic liquids as the chiral selectors in chiral resolution and as extractant or sensor for biological samples and metal ion purification.
We've failed: Pirate black open access is trumping green and gold and we must change our approach
Authors: Green Toby
Published: September 2017

Key points

Sci‐Hub has made nearly all articles freely available using a black open access model, leaving green and gold models in its dust.

Why, after 20 years of effort, have green and gold open access not achieved more? Do we need ‘tae think again’?

If human nature is to postpone change for as long as possible, are green and gold open access fundamentally flawed?

Open and closed publishing models depend on bundle pricing paid by one stakeholder, the others getting a free ride. Is unbundling a fairer model?

If publishers changed course and unbundled their product, would this open a legal, fairer route to 100% open access and see off the pirates?
Procyanidin B2 3,3″‐di‐O‐gallate induces oxidative stress‐mediated cell death in prostate cancer cells via inhibiting MAP kinase phosphatase activity and activating ERK1/2 and AMPK
Authors: Kumar Rahul , Deep Gagan , Wempe Michael F. , Surek Joseph , Kumar Amit , Agarwal Rajesh , Agarwal Chapla
Published: September 2017

Neoplastic cells exhibit higher oxidative stress compared to normal cells; however, antioxidants based clinical trials have mostly failed. Another attractive therapeutic approach is to further increase the oxidative stress in cancer cells leading to cell death. Herein, we show that Procyanidin B2 3,3″‐di‐O‐gallate (B2G2), the most active constituent of grape seed extract, treatment causes cell death in human prostate cancer (PCa) cells (LNCaP and 22Rv1) via increasing the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Mechanistically, B2G2 treatment decreased the mitochondrial electron transport chain complex III activity leading to enhanced mitochondrial superoxide generation and decreased ATP production in LNCaP cells. Additional molecular studies revealed that B2G2‐induced cell death was mediated mainly through ROS‐induced sustained activation of ERK1/2, which was due to inhibition of MAP kinase phosphatase (MKP) activity as over‐expression of MKP3 in LNCaP cells conferred significant protection against B2G2‐induced cell death. Along with ERK1/2, AMP‐activated protein kinase α (AMPKα) was also activated by B2G2 treatment, and pre‐treatment with AMPKα inhibitor compound C significantly reversed the cytotoxic effects of B2G2 in LNCaP cells. Furthermore, pre‐treatment of MKP3 over‐expressing LNCaP cells with compound C further reduced the B2G2‐induced cell death, suggesting the involvement of AMPKα along with MKP3 and ERK1/2 in the biological effects of B2G2. Together, these results for the first time identified that oxidative stress and MKP3 inhibition play a critical role in B2G2‐induced cell death in PCa cells through sustained activation of both ERK1/2 and AMPKα. These results offer a unique opportunity to control this deadly malignancy through B2G2 use.