bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Galleries
Authors: Orlin Lena Cowen
Published: November 2023

Privacy was a scarce commodity in Tudor England. First, the built environment was inhospitable. Even the Rebuilt environment of conscious design and high investment made fewer advances than has often been thought. To the contrary, old barriers between the principal family and service workers — represented in tall halls, courtyard lodgings, and occasional stairs— were dissolved in new building. The motives for reinventing housing arrangements may more often have been accumulation and display than withdrawal and solitude. Second, most private homes were centers of production and consumption, harboring populations with diverse and sometimes conflicting needs and objectives. They were explosively uncontainable by the strictures of abstract ideology; in everyday life, political hierarchy was rarely as sustained a concern as was economic purpose. Third, social density was a convention of long standing. The universal practice of shared beds and bedchambers alone created a vast store of shared knowledge, and there was resistance to any impeachment of the traditional circulations of personal information. Fourth, mutual surveillance was a public mandate.
Beginnings
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

New mathematics rarely emerges out of the blue. Mathematicians always work within a framework of existing ideas, their own or other people’s, sometimes worked out a few days or a few years earlier, sometimes inherited from the far distant past. To under stand the development of mathematics at any period of history we need to know what was already alive and stirring in the contemporary mathematical culture, and in European mathematics this becomes particularly important for the crucial time around the later sixteenth and early seventeenth century. From the Renaissance onwards mathematics, like every other aspect of intellectual life in western Europe, had been invigorated by the rediscovery and translation of Greek texts, by ideas stemming from Islamic sources, and by new technical challenges.
Foreshadowings Of Calculus
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

The emergence of the differential and integral calculus in the seventeenth century increased the scope and power of mathematics dramatically. We will be concerned with the calculus in one way or another for much of the rest of this book but first, in this chapter, we examine some of the ideas that lay behind it. As with any major breakthrough, these can be traced back for some time and to a variety of sources. Early hints of later methods are (with the benefit of hindsight) already discernible in the 1620s in the work of de Saint Vincent in the low countries, Fermat in France, and Cavalieri in Italy.
Early Probability
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

Combinatorial problems have appeared for centuries in many different guises: from Indian texts as early as the sixth century bc that posed and answered questions about combinations of tastes, or perfumes, or precious stones, to discussions by medieval Hebrew writers about combinations of letters of the alphabet. Lists of the possible numbers on the faces of two or three dice appeared in medieval European texts, but the first writer known to have offered a systematic calculation of probabilities was Girolamo Cardano. His treatise Liber de ludo aleae (A book on the game of dice) was written around 1526, though it was not published until 1663. By that time, the calculation of odds in gambling was becoming the foundation of the modern theory of probability.
Solving Equations
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

In this Chapter we take up once again the story of solving equations (see 1.4), and follow it through two further centuries, from Cardano in 1545 to Lagrange in 1771. By the early sixteenth century, quadratic equations in a variety of manifestations were well understood. Attempts to find the right recipe for cubic equations, however, met with rather less success. The breakthrough came in northern Italy around 1520 when Scipione Ferreo in Bologna discovered a method for cubic equations without a square term (in modern notation, x  3 + px = q).
Foundations
Authors: Stedall Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

It should give some pause for thought that a Chapter entitled ‘Foundations’ comes so long after a Chapter entitled ‘Beginnings’. The first Chapter of this book and the last, however, are in several ways closely related. Here at the end we will encounter once again the same topics that we met at the start: geometry, arithmetic, and the natural numbers, and again reduced to their most elementary forms. ‘Elementary’ is used here not in its colloquial sense of ‘simple’ or ‘easy’, but in a more literal sense (as in Euclid’s Elements) of basic or fundamental, for in this present Chapter we will see a renewed interest in the building blocks of mathematics: numbers, points, lines, and surfaces.
‘Consilio hominum nostrorum’: A Comparative Study of Royal Responses to Crisis at the University of Paris, 1200–1231
Authors: Young Spencer E
Published: November 2023

The emergence of the University of Paris has attracted considerable scholarly attention and the lineaments of its development are widely known. Not least among the factors that encouraged the expansion of the schools into a studium generale was its benign location. Paris, according to Guillaume le Breton, offered an ‘admirable pleasantness of place, [a] superabundance of all goods, [and] freedom and special rights of defense’. The singular excellence of the Parisian university, especially in arts and theology, also quickly became a symbol for advertising French royal ascendancy – the translatio studii – and became a source of prestige for the entire realm. By the latter half of the thirteenth century, the chronicler Guillaume de Nangis would claim that learning, along with chivalry and faith, constituted one of the three parts of the fleur-de-lis.
The 1970s and Beyond: The Emergence of the ‘New’ Pacific Literatures in English
Authors: Keown Michelle
Published: November 2023

Self-expression is a prerequisite of self-respect.’ So argued Albert Wendt in ‘Towards a New Oceania’ (1976a), one of the first critical analyses of the emerging field of Indigenous Pacific literatures in English. Wendt’s statement encapsulated the counterdiscursive objectives of many ‘first-generation’ Pacific writers of the 1970s, whose work was centrally concerned with developing an Indigenous literary aesthetic and debunking Western ‘myths’ about Pacific peoples. This chapter explores the work of many of these early Pacific writers, but also looks beyond the 1970s in order to investigate the stylistic and conceptual shifts that have taken place in the decades following the polemical ‘first wave’ of Indigenous writing.
Ted Hughes and the classics
Authors: Sagar Keith
Published: November 2023

Ted Hughes had a split psyche. In saying that I am not saying anything startling. Don’t we all (or at least the males among us)? Perhaps the main difference between a major poet and the rest of us is that the poet is fully aware of the split, of its seriousness and consequences, and of the need to try to heal it.
Eliot’s Seneca, Ted Hughes’s Oedipus
Authors: Talbot John
Published: November 2023

Ted Hughes set about translating Oedipus, he claims, by returning ‘to the original Seneca, eking out my Latin with a Victorian crib’, but did he really lay eyes on the Latin?1 He was no Latinist. ‘I had set myself against Latin’, he claimed of his schoolboy self, and had scraped by with just enough Latin to qualify for admission to Cambridge.2 There is no evidence that Seneca’s Latin played a direct role in shaping the English of his translation.
Introduction: Paradox and the Marvellous in Augustan Literature and Culture
Authors: Hardie Philip
Published: November 2023

He surpassed all his predecessors in the frequency, variety, and splendour of his shows ... If anything strange and worth seeing was brought to Rome, it was his habit to make a special exhibition of it, even before the dates for the shows, in some location, for example a rhinoceros in the Saepta, a tiger on the stage, a snake of fifty cubits in front of the Comitium … He reformed and regulated the disorderly and undisciplined fashion of spectating, prompted by the insult to a senator to whom no one had offered a place in a crowded house during some very popular games at Puteoli.
Encountering the Fantastic: Expectations, Forms of Communication, Reactions
Authors: Fucecchi Marco
Published: November 2023

At the beginning of the second book of Apuleius’ The Golden Ass, Lucius recounts his first morning walk through the streets of Hypata: his innate curiosity, fed by stories heard the day before, has sparked off an impatient desire for extraordinary experiences (2.1.1–2 . . . anxius alioquin et nimis cupidus cognoscendi quae rara miraque sunt … suspensus alioquin et uoto simul et studio ‘ with my anxiety and my excessive passion to learn the rare and the marvellous …I was on tenterhooks of desire and impatience alike’).
Ovid, Metamorphoses 1.416–51: noua monstra and the foedera naturae1
Authors: Nelis Damien
Published: November 2023

‘The Metamorphoses has a subject-matter of inherent paradox …’.2 The very idea on which the whole extravagant project is based questions at every turn the dividing line between the possible and the impossible, belief and disbelief. In the final book of the poem, Pythagoras offers a remarkable list of mirabilia, which, whatever the nature of the relationship between his speech and the poem as a whole, suggests the importance of this theme for the rest of the work.
Acknowledgements
Authors: Wright Patrick
Published: November 2023

I would like to thank Peter Daniell, Rowena Lennon and Lindsey Davis (at Oxford University Press) for their continued and highly professional support and assistance in the production of this product. Above all, I thank my wife, Kate, for giving me the utmost encouragement and self-belief without which none of this would ever have happened.
Greek Middlebrow Drama (Something to do with Aphrodite?)
Authors: Griffith Mark
Published: November 2023

As Aristotle remarks early in the Poetics (4, 1449a15), tragedy found ‘its own true nature’ in the plays of Sophocles and Euripides, i.e. in Athens during the mid fifth century bce. He insists too that there has always been a sharp and inescapable distinction between tragedy and comedy, between ‘good, serious, high’ subjects and objects of representation and ‘bad, shameful, low’ ones
Initiation
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

In ‘My First Acquaintance with Poets,’ William Hazlitt wrote of Coleridge and himself in 1798: ‘He had no idea of pictures, of Claude or Raphael, and at this time I had as little as he.’ That was to change for both of them. Hazlitt, after a serious attempt to become a professional artist, became Britain’s foremost art critic instead. Coleridge’s initiation into art took a little longer, but by the time he returned from the Continent in 1806 he felt ready to deliver a series of lectures on ‘the Principles common to the Fine Arts’ at the Royal Institution, and was distressed by the lack of ‘a collection of Prints from the Fresco Works of Raphael,’ which, he declared, ‘I shall want instantly.’ How such a dramatic change came about for Coleridge, and what it entailed, will be our subject in this and the following chapter.
Coleridge On The Fine Arts
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

After having had his interest in the arts awakened by Beaumont and deepened by Allston, Coleridge had confidence in his autonomous judgment when he returned to England in 1806. With one exception his basic views of the fine arts did not change after that point, although his knowledge of them continued to expand. The exception resulted from his introduction to Northern art in the collection of Carl and Eliza Aders, to be discussed later in this chapter. Having established to the best of our knowledge what Coleridge saw, we now go on to discuss his views of art both as a whole and with reference to specific works.
The Principles Common To The Fine Arts
Authors: Paley Morton D
Published: November 2023

‘I no sooner felt,’ Coleridge once wrote, ‘than I sought to understand.’ Coleridge needed to proceed from his responses to and statements about works of art to the general principles that govern, or should govern, them. As we have seen, ‘Principles common to all the Fine Arts,’ was to be the title of his 1807 lectures at the Royal Institution, as stated in Coleridge’s correspondence and as advertised in The Times and elsewhere. In virtually all his important statements about the arts, Coleridge emphasized their unity and declared that they had common principles.
Weeping for Hecuba1
Authors: Harrison Tony
Published: November 2023

Though no doubt the original Athenian audiences wept for Hecuba in the two plays in which she is the principal figure—Hecuba of about 423 bc and The Trojan Women of 415 bc—the first named person we know to have done so was a notoriously cruel tyrant, Alexander of Pherae, in the fourth century bc, and he was ashamed of it. Plutarch tells his story in two versions, and in one it seems that the monster shed tears at a performance of The Trojan Women and in the other at a performance of Hecuba. The tyrant was so moved to pity by the spectacle of the Queen of Troy reduced to slavery—without husband, sons, or city—that he jumped up and ran from the theatre as fast as he could. He said it would be terrible if, when he was killing so many of his own subjects, he should be seen to be shedding tears over the sufferings of Hecuba and Polyxena, the daughter of Hecuba sacrificed after the Trojan War was over to appease the ghost of Achilles. Alexander almost had the actor who played Hecuba severely punished for having softened his heart ‘like iron in the furnace’.
The Browne Family’s Culture of Curiosity
Authors: Nelson Brent
Published: November 2023

Thomas Browne spent almost all of his professional life in Norwich, a major regional centre but far enough from London to prevent his active member- ship in the major learned societies of the time; but his intellectual reach extended well beyond his geographical limits. He corresponded widely with learned men both in England and abroad, contributed to the researches of such early modern luminaries as William Dugdale and John Evelyn, and made contributions of naturalia to the Royal Society’s museum; and as a published author his reputation extended as far as the court of Emperor Leopold I, and into Italy.
‘A Likely Story’: Plato’s Timaeus in the Garden of Cyrus
Authors: Murphy Kathryn
Published: November 2023

Thomas Browne’s The Garden of Cyrus struck its readers as strange from the first. Samuel Hartlib inscrutably remarked to Robert Boyle on 13 May 1658, the month of publication, that the Garden ‘seems to be no ordinary book’.1 Subsequent judgements agree on the Garden’s peculiarity, though varying widely in their attempts to justify it. A consistent response has been negative: critics otherwise sympathetic to Browne have called it ‘a radically bad book’, ‘a tiresome game’, ‘the least important of the works published in Browne’s lifetime’.
The Hieroglyphics of Skin
Authors: Barbour Reid
Published: November 2023

In the medical syllabus which he recommended to Henry Power in 1646, Thomas Browne celebrated the renaissance of anatomy and its direct experience of the inner workings of the body as the ‘foundation’ of all further study. According to Religio Medici, physiology advanced not only medical learning but also divinity, with Galen’s De Usu Partium offering a stronger apology for providence than the metaphysical systems from Aristotle to Sua´rez ( RM 1.14).
Browne, Borges, and Back: Phantasmagories of Imaginative Learning1
Authors: Rosenstein Roy
Published: November 2023

Like many other readers of Sir Thomas Browne, the polymorphic, polymathic, Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges (1899–1986) juxtaposed Browne to his predecessors and contemporaries.2 This essay will propose a different exercise in intertextuality: not in the retrospective sense of Browne’s reading3 but in the prospective sense of his fortunes. Borges himself is the primary exemplar of this forward-facing Brownean movement. From his youth, the Argentine writer was expressly a self-styled, would-be Browne.
Introduction
Authors: Evans T V , Obbink D D
Published: November 2023

Although the Greek and Latin languages have been studied since antiquity, their analysis was for many centuries based on a limited range of linguistic material. Up until the late nineteenth century scholars were dealing essentially with classical literature, as preserved in late antique and medieval manuscripts, and with the formal language found in most kinds of inscriptions. The modern rediscovery of the papyri and related sources is therefore a highly significant development. The new texts have not only supplemented powerfully our knowledge within that relatively narrow range of long-known linguistic types and contexts, but have also greatly expanded upon it. We now have a vast and diverse body of evidence capable of providing fresh insights into the nature of the Greek language in the post-classical period (approximately 300 bc–ad 600) and the Latin of the imperial and late periods (approximately 30 bc–ad 600), as well as a number of other languages in the Mediterranean and related regions, and also into contact between these various languages. The linguistic significance of the papyri was recognized as soon as they became available in large quantities. Pioneers like G. N. Hatzidakis, W. Cro¨nert, K. Dieterich, A. Deissmann, and A. Thumb quickly began to exploit the new material.
Geographical and Historiographical Traditions
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: November 2023

‘Where are you going from here?’ Gilles asked. ‘South, to Sartene and Bonifacio.’ ‘Bonifacio is a very pretty place. You know Homer’s Odyssey? Bonifacio is where the Laestrygonians live.’That was beautiful, that he referred to the distant little port, not for a good restaurant or a luxury hotel or its fortress or a trivial event, but as the place where a group of savage giants had interfered with Ulysses. When it comes to literary allusions you can’t do much better than use the authority of the Odyssey to prove that your home town was once important. In Gibraltar Sir Joshua Hassan had jerked his thumb sideways towards the Rock and said to me ‘That’s one of the Pillars of Hercules’ .
Posidonius: Geography, History, and Stoicism
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: November 2023

Posidonius of Apamea and of Rhodes earns his place in this study on several counts. In his own right, he was one of the most important intellectual figures of the early part of the first century BC. He was the leading Stoic of his day, and an expert in a vast range of fields —mathematics, physics, philosophy, history, and geography. In addition to this, he forms a neat chronological and textual link between Polybius and Strabo. Posidonius, like Strabo, wrote a continuation of Polybius’ History, and he was a major source for Strabo in his Geography . Posidonius held a high political profile in Rhodes, a crucial point in the network of communications across the Mediterranean world. He had held the prytany in Rhodes and was sent on an embassy to Marius (Str. 7. 5. 8; Plut. Mar. 45. 7). Like Polybius, and to a lesser extent, Strabo, he had connections with the highest level of the Roman elite, which gave him a complex viewpoint on the development and consolidation of the Roman world. His travels took him to Spain, Italy, Liguria, and Gaul in the West, to add to his personal experience of the eastern Mediterranean world.
Strabo and Time
Authors: Clarke Katherine
Published: November 2023

As I discussed in chapter I, one of the major distinctions proposed between geography and history lies in their temporal focus. Although the logic behind this does not stand up to scrutiny, the notion still remains strong in our minds and, for once, the problem is not one of anachronism. Strabo himself repeatedly asserted that geography should deal with the present day. However, as I shall argue, the majority of Strabo’s Geography was, in fact, concerned with the past rather than the present. In the last chapter I considered ‘Strabo and space’, his use of different spatial systems, and the placing of himself and his work in a ‘geographical’ tradition which had as its primary concern the description of space and place. I shall now turn to the question of ‘Strabo and time’, which can be justified on several grounds. Firstly, Strabo himself raised problems over the temporal aspect of geography; secondly, space and time together are matrices against which the world is commonly described; thirdly, I wish to show that geography, and particularly Strabo’s Geography, does have a significant timeelement extending beyond the present, thus confounding one traditional view of the distinction between geography and history.
The Athenian Rationale for Torture
Authors: Mirhady David C
Published: November 2023

In many speeches from the Athenian law courts, there is a report that one of the parties to the litigation challenged the other to have a slave tortured over some point in their dispute. As distinct from ‘judicial’ torture, which was carried out by the Athenian polis in order to investigate some matter of public interest, what is primarily at issue here is what Gagarin calls ‘evidentiary’ torture, which was used by parties in a private dispute, by agreement and always on a slave, for the purpose of verifying a statement of one party or the other.
Money And Its Uses In The Ancient Greek World
Authors: Meadows Andrew , Shipton Kirsty
Published: November 2023

The papers collected in this book adopt new approaches to an important area of Greek economic history-the use of coined money-and suggest new lines of enquiry. fl. major purpose of this collection is to make the results of numismatic research more readily accessible to a wider range of students and scholars of ancient history. The book also aims to provide a more wide-ranging account than is cur rently available of the social and economic contexts within which coined money was actually used in the Greek \vorld. The papers explore money and its uses over a wide geographical area of the Greek-speaking world including Asia Minor, Egypt, and Rhodes. At the same time the Chapters cover a broad chronological range from archaic Greece to Roman Egypt.
Money Use Among The Peasantry Of Ptolemaic And Roman Egypt
Authors: Rowlandson Jane
Published: November 2023

Of Roman rule. One consequence of the major administrative reorganization set in train by Augustus and continued by his successors, enhancing the mttropolcis as centres of wealth and I Icllenic culture, volume, since I am no numismatist, nor even strictly an economic historian; moreover, the primary focus of this paper, Roman Egypt, is not normally regarded as part of the Ancient Greek \vorld. But, as a social historian who has become intcrc;,t<..:d in exploring what impact money actually had on the lives of the people J study, I hope to justify the relevance of taking Ptolemaic and Roman Eb’YPt over la longue durfe as a case-study of the gradual penetration of money use into the rural society and culture of the Greek world more gem.Tally. Interaction with indigenous and othn peoples is a consistent backdrop to Greek expansion, in the archaic and classical no ks;, than the Hellenistic periods, while the impact of Rome was again an experience shared by the entire Greek world. Moreover, Hellenistic Eb’)’Pt, as well as being an important part of the Greek cast in its own right, is particularly advantageous as a case-study because of the abundance of papyrological evidence, an advan tage which is significantly increased if the study is prolonged into the even better-documented Roman period. Although in many respects the Roman con quest certainly marked a sharp change from the Hellenistic past (cf. Meadows, Ch. 4 above), it hap pens that in the two main areas of concern here, n1ral society and monetary history, change was relatively slow and progressive rather than an immediate result may indeed have been to mah: the villages actually regress economically as they lost social amenities, including, it seems, banks, the institution most rele vant to the present study.
‘Spoiling the Egyptians’: Roman Law and Christian Exegesis 1n Late Antiquity
Authors: Clark Gillian
Published: November 2023

The case of the unrighteous patriarch troubled the Christian writers of Late Antiquity.1 The problem, briefly stated, was that the leaders appointed by God for Israel were, on the evidence of Scripture, themselves guilty of acts that, by late Roman standards, were illegal or immoral. Moses, the lawgiver of Israel, was a particularly striking example. His laws (though partially superseded by the New Testament) stood comparison with those of Rome; he was presented by Jews and Christians not only as a rival to the wisdom of the Greeks but as its unacknowledged source, superior to Homer and plagiarised by Plato. But ‘Moses committed murder, he despoiled Egypt, he waged wars, he both commanded and carried out many cruelties, he himself was not satisfied with one marriage-partner.’3 That, according to Augustine, was the climax of an argument by Faustus the Manichean denouncing the Old Testament account of the patriarchs.
Rearing
Authors: Rawson Beryl
Published: November 2023

THERE were family situations where the prospect of a new child was not welcome. These would include poverty, other financial considerations, the pregnancy of an unmarried girl, adultery, and a wife’s more general wish to limit her pregnancies (c£ B. Rawson 1986c: 11-12). Contraceptive substances and methods were known. The economy of Cyrene benefited from export of silphium, a plant used widely for its medicinal properties but especially for contraception. Substances were of varying efficacy and availability, and it is probable that educated, well-off women were better able to achieve contraception than were others. As Hopkins (1965) has shown, contraceptives were sometimes confused with abortifacients. Since, however, there were no intrinsic moral or philosophical principles against contraception or abortion or about the sanctity of the embryo, this confusion was of little consequence. Conscious abortion in later stages of pregnancy would have been more dangerous.
Satirizing Rome: Lucian
Authors: Whitmarsh Tim
Published: November 2023

In the last two chapters we have seen how the polarization of ‘Greece’ and ‘Rome’ — as though the two entities were discrete — is fraught with an ironic awareness of the mutual implication of the two. The texts on exile articulate an alienated distancing from Rome into the canonical past of free-speaking Greek autonomy, but in a self-conscious manner that knowingly bespeaks the Romanness of their authors. The tradition of imperial pedagogy is similarly playful: the roles of emperor and adviser are manipulable, even (in the cases of Marcus Aurelius and Apollonius of Tyana) partially reversible. What is demonstrated by these narrative attempts to construct paradigmatic subject-positions for ‘Greece’ (literature, intellect, ‘culture’) and ‘Rome’ (authority, power) is the degree of slippage involved in the construction of identity. The two are defined and constituted by an ongoing process of differentiation from one another through discourse, but this process is subject to ironic play, contestation, and subversion.
The Changing Role of the Komeito in Japanese Politics in the l990s
Authors: Metraux Daniel
Published: November 2023

THE decade of the 1990s has been a period of significant transition in Japanese politics. The stable “1955” system, consisting of continuous majority rule by the conservative

Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) with significant opposition pro vided by the Japan Socialist Party (JSP), ceased functioning in the mid-1990s with the weakening of the LDP and the almost total collapse of the JSP. By late 1999 it became evident that no one political bloc could govern without forming a coalition with one or more other parties.
Organizational Isomorphism in SGI-USA
Authors: Machacek David
Published: November 2023

IN April 1997 Japan’s Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) publicly acknowledged that it had misrepresented the facts of a case in which Soka Gakkai’s former president and current spiritual figurehead, Daisaku Ikeda, was accused of raping a former Soka Gakkai member. Soka Gakkai has existed in some tension with the LDP for many years—a situation that can be understood in relation to a long history of religious exclusivism in Nichiren sects and Soka Gakkai’s own anti-establishment personality.
Socially Inclusive Buddhists in America
Authors: Chappell David W
Published: November 2023

IN the last twenty years Soka Gakkai has become the largest and most racially diverse Buddhist organization in North America. While various studies have focused on its national policies and activities, none has examined the details of how this growth took place in individual regions. To fill in the picture, this chapter reviews the diflerent trajectories taken by Soka Gakkai in three major centers: Los Angeles, where Soka Gakkai first began conducting meetings in English; Chicago, where African Americans first embraced Soka Gakkai in large numbers; and Miami, where Hispanics have recently emerged as a dominant force.
Hecataeus: From Genealogy to Historiography
Authors: Bertelli Lucio
Published: November 2023

THE traditional view of the ‘birth of historiography’ as a stage in the natural evolution of Greek culture from mythos to logos-from the ‘glaubiger Nacherzahler’ to the ‘kritischer Historiker’, as Jacoby put it’-has recently been replaced by a more sophisticated inter pretation that points to the technological revolution represented by the introduction of writing in the eighth century as the unique orthemost important-factor explaining the breakthrough of new forms of critical knowledge in Greece. Besides emphasizing the in fluence of alphabetic writing on the transmission of knowledge, this ‘technological’ explanation also stresses the potential for abstrac tion engendered by this medium-’the critical virtues of writing’, as Detienne calls them-that made possible a different mental atti tude towards (oral) tradition. The latter, once fixed in written texts, became exposed to cross-checking and confutation in all its parts. The most typical products of this script culture should be Ionic historiography and philosophy.
Herodotus’ Egypt and the Foundations of Universal History
Authors: Vannicelli Pietro
Published: November 2023

IN book 2, an extensive excursus dedicated to Egypt and described as exceptional by the author himself (2. 35. r), Herodotus’ effort to declare and define his own method of investigation is particu larly evident: the exposition is marked by a series of methodological statements, more numerous than elsewhere in the Histories, con cerning the origin and characteristics of the sources and evidence considered. At the same time, in the light of the incomparable anti quity, continuity, and authoritativeness of Egyptian historical docu mentation, Herodotus systematically criticizes Greek traditions on the remote past, and includes in his vigorous polemic relevant com ponents of Greek archaic culture (from Homer and Hesiod to the Ionian thinkers), pointing out the indebtedness of the Greeks to the Egyptians, above all in the religious and cultural spheres.
Dionysus and His Wine in Comedy
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

We have seen in Chapters 2 and 3 some aspects of the comic representation of the cult of Dionysus in festivals of Dionysus-the Rural Dionysia and Anthesteria in Acharnians-and the major interest in the gods of the underworld, particularly those fertility gods associated with Demeter and Dionysus, who include Wealth, the Seasons, and the Charites or Graces. These gods linked with the underworld are related to the Mysteries of Dionysus in Frogs. The god plays two major roles in comedy, first as the Dionysus of Chapter 3 who is invoked in some Old Comedies to protect the crops and the people against war, per haps like the god of the ancient cult statue, the xoanon, of figwood or vinewood, who offered protection to the fig and the vine in Sparta and Naxos. In his second role, which I explore in this chapter, the god takes on a different aspect, and shows an interest in the refined life of the polis, the cultivation of the arts, as opposed to the cultivation of plants. In this context Dionysus and other gods drink Menendean and other ‘luxury ‘ imported wines (Hermippus fr. 77), they enjoy the pleasures of conviviality and drinking just as humans do, and Dionysus sets the limits on what is right and wrong in the symposium.
The Comic Cook
Authors: Wilkins John
Published: November 2023

Cooking has been at the heart of this study of food in comedy. I now consider the comic cook himself, the mageiros, who prepared and cooked animals and other foods for the table and wished to tell other characters and the audience what he was doing, often in great detail. There appears to have been a significant transition from Attic Old Comedy, in which the protagonist, if anyone, organizes the cooking, to Middle and New Comedy, in which the cook becomes a stock character. This shift transformed the cook protagonist from one who controlled the discourse and drove off any unwelcome alazones at the sacrifice or feast into an alazon or boaster himself.
Mannerism and Vase-painting
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

The term Mannerism is derived from the Italian word m11,niera. In the sixteenth century, Vasari complained that his contem poraries imitated the maniera di Miclteiangdo. l.1,micra can be roughly translated as style. ‘fhe term denoted artistic ability and Europe, which is abo reflected in literature. Busse regarded Mannerism as an interlude between the Renaissance and Baroque, Antal saw it as a return to the Gothic period, and Curtius, Hoffmann, and Friedlander defined Mannerism as anti-dassidsm.9 Bousquet explained Mannerism as recognition and knowledge of style.
The Later Mannerists
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

Vases attributed to the Nausicaa Painter include column- and beil-kraters, belly- and neck-amphorae, one'amphora of Panathenaic shape, hydriai, pelikai, two oinochoai, and one lekythos. He is the earliest of the Late Mannerists.3 His vases provide a link between the Late and the Earlier Mannerists, in particular with the Agrigento and Oinanthe Painters. Beazley believed, at one point, that the Oinanthe Painter’s vases were early works by the Nausicaa Painter because of the similarity in their style of drawing.
Ornaments
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

The canonical set of ornaments for the column-krater appeared at the end of the sixth century: a pendent lotus-bud chain with intersecting arches on the top of the mouth and on the neck; lyre palmettes on the handle plaques, tongues on the shoulder; ivy or dots on the frame of the panel and the outside of the rim, and rays above the foot. The oldest elements, rays and tongues, adorned the earliest Attic column-kraters. Around 530 BC the frame of the panel and the outside of the rim were decorated with black ivy.2 From about 520 BC painters placed lyre palmettes on the handle plaques. Hanging lotus-bud chains on the top of the mouth and on the neck were probably introduced at the same time.
Iconography
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

Zeus was a son of Rhea and her brother Kronos. Kronos had been told by Uranos and Ge that his own son would overthrow him.
Chronology
Authors: Mannack Thomas
Published: November 2023

Assigning dates to Greek vases depends on their contextual relationship to other works of art.1 Very few vases have been found in contexts which can be connected to precisely dated events recorded by ancient writers. Not one Mannerist vase has been found in a closed, reliably dated deposit.
Connecting the Disconnected: Reading Ovid’s Fasti
Authors: Newlands Carole
Published: November 2023

The Roman calendar, or fasti, was a public document incised in stone. In its appearance as well as in its recording of days important to the Roman people, it helped fashion the nation’s identity. In a manner analogous to the marking-out of land to assert Roman possession, time was marked out on a grid. Month by month the days were set out on separate lines in a regular cycle of eight days running from A to H, the eighth day always being a market day.
Making a Text of the Universe: Perspectives on Discursive Order in the De Rerum Natura of Lucretius
Authors: Kennedy Duncan
Published: November 2023

In the early nineteenth century, as physics was moving towards an apogee of determinism, the Marquis de Laplace conjured up the figure of a demon who, knowing the position and velocity of every mass in the universe, could calculate the universe’s entire history, past and future. Many who have studied the physical world have harboured dreams of such a final theory (or nightmares, as it may be, in which there is no room for free will; Laplace’s figure was a demon).
The Life and Soul of the Party: Plato, Symposium
Authors: Henderson John
Published: November 2023

The Dialogues are read for what Plato writes with Socrates. When the Symposium is read on its own, it is generally being marked out for attention as suitable in(tro)duction to Philosophy: amiable charm; diverting by-play and instant portraiture; gently leavened analytics ... from our world today’s most-read philosopher. At once efficient entree to the heyday of democratic Athens and link to the cultural history of Hellenism, this text takes in theatre (tragic and comic), science (medicine), political history (the Athenian Empire in the throes and aftermath of the Peloponnesian War), together with cameos of pederasty, mythology and myth-making, religion (sacred hymn and mantic mysticism), and of course the institution of the symposium itself-the sympotic culture of Ancient Greece.
The Marketization of Public Services
Authors: Freedland Mark
Published: November 2023

When they were developing the project from which the present volume results, the editors proposed, as one of the starting-points, a framework of analysis which argued for different locations of citizenship as a way of recognizing the separation of market citizenship from state or community citizenship.In this chapter it will be argued that one can go further and identify these not just as different locations but to a certain extent as rival conceptions of citizenship. We can contrast private, economic, individualistic conceptions with public, social, communitarian ones. In political practice, these conceptions place each other under tension; each can operate so as to subvert the other. The marketization of public services has been a very important way of promoting the former conception of citizenship and subverting the latter.
Vagueness and Contradiction
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

Did Buddha become a fat man in one second? Is there a tallest short giraffe? Epistemicists answer 'Yes!' They believe that any predicate that divides things divides them sharply. They solve the ancient sorites paradox by picturing vagueness as a kind of ignorance. The alternative solutions are radical. They either reject classical theorems or inference rules or reject our common sense view of what can exist. Epistemicists spare this central portion of our web of belief by challenging peripheral intuitions about the nature of language. So why is this continuation of the status quo so incredible? Why do epistemicists themselves have trouble believing their theory? In Vagueness and Contradiction Roy Sorensen traces our incredulity to linguistic norms that build upon our psychological tendencies to round off insignificant differences. These simplifying principles lead to massive inconsistency, rather like the rounding off errors of calculators with limited memory. English entitles speakers to believe each 'tolerance conditional' such as those of the form 'If n is small, then n + 1 is small.' The conjunction of these a priori beliefs entails absurd conditionals such as 'If 1 is small, then a billion is small.' Since the negation of this absurdity is an a priori truth, our a priori beliefs about small numbers are jointly inconsistent. One of the tolerance conditionals, at the threshold of smallness, must be an analytic falsehood that we are compelled to regard as a tautology. Since there are infinitely many analytic sorites arguments, Sorensen concludes that we are obliged to believe infinitely many contradictions. These contradictions are not specifically detectable. They are ineliminable, like the heat from a light bulb. Although the light bulb is not designed to produce heat, the heat is inevitably produced as a side-effect of illumination. Vagueness can be avoided by representational systems that make no concession to limits of perception, or memory, or testimony. But quick and rugged representational systems, such as natural languages, will trade 'rationality' for speed and flexibility. Roy Sorensen defends epistemicism in his own distinctive style, inventive and amusing. But he has some serious things to say about language and logic, about the way the world is and about our understanding of it.
Forced Analytical Error
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

Our interlude with Madame Inquisitor took an embarrassing turn. Although we psychologists were just auditing her interrogation, we emerged as co-confessors to the ‘inconsistency’ of an arbitrary failure to believe. For the limits of discrimination affect both Monsieur Suspect and the describers of Monsieur Suspect. But the describers of Monsieur Suspect are in a predicament that removes the scare quotes from ‘inconsistent’. The indiscriminability relation only forced errors of omission–the failure to treat like cases alike. Vagueness forces commissive errors about analytical statements. Consequently, there is a clear sense in which our beliefs are massively contradictory. The contradictions are inescapable because they issue from linguistic competence itself.
Analytic Sorites and the Cheshire Cat
Authors: Sorensen Roy
Published: November 2023

I shall construct a slippery-slope argument that begins with a logical truth and concludes with a logical falsehood. Since logical truths can be deleted from an argument without affecting its validity, this sorites argument has superfluous premises. Indeed, I shall contend that all but one of the links in the chain are dispensable.1&Suppose an instructor in sentence logic asks the class for a sample sentence so that she can display its logical form. Mr Vague volunteers1&Suppose an instructor in sentence logic asks the class for a sample sentence so that she can display its logical form.
Ontologies of Musical Works
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

Some philosophers would not allow the possibility of an ontological analysis of musical works. They think ontology is the study of the most basic material stuff; is confined to subatomic particles and their properties, or perhaps to the set of elements. Other philosophers are more broad-minded. They regard ontology as dealing more widely with natural kinds and thereby as extending beyond the elements to encompass stable compounds. A yet richer ontology will be available if biological species (or other such categories) are included among the natural kinds. None of these accounts covers musical works, however. They are not natural kinds, however broadly that notion is construed.
The Ontology of Musical Works and the Authenticity of their Performances1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

The authentic-performance movement is a phenomenon of the last fifty years. Once one could rarely find a recording of baroque music played on the original instruments and such performances were often lame and faltering because of the players’ unfamiliarity with the instruments and with the appropriate performance practices. Now, it is difficult to find a recording of such music not played in the ‘authentic manner’ and different orchestras vie with each other in the vibrancy of their interpretations.
Authenticity in Musical Performance1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

The adjective ‘authentic’ has a number of meanings that no doubt are related. But I am not here interested in the unity of the concept, nor in the relative primacy of these different meanings. Nor shall I discuss one familiar notion of musical authenticity—that in which a performance is authentic with respect to a style or genre. My limited interest is in the authenticity of musical performances as performances of particular compositions (which are independently identified with event specifications that, in the case of the Western cultural tradition on which I shall concentrate, take the form of musical scores).
So, You Want to Sing with the Beatles? Too Late!1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

I have always wanted to play Brahms’s Violin Concerto with the Vienna Philharmonic. I am thwarted in this ambition by my inability to play the violin. Even if I were competent, though, I might have difficulty arranging a gig with the Vienna Philharmonic. Given my lack of charisma and sex appeal, it is likely they would prefer to employ Vanessa-Mae. But all is not lost. Thanks to the wonders of recording technology, I have the chance to play the soloist’s part in a performance that is accompanied by an orchestra of skilled professionals. I can buy a music-minus-one recording.2 I have already mastered the use of the record player. Once I have acquired the skill to control horsehair, catgut, and wood, seemingly nothing can keep me from the fulfillment of my goal.
The Expression of Emotion in Music1
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I attempt to analyze the expression of emotion in music. The field of interest is restricted in two ways. First, by distinguishing between the expression of emotion in music and the expression of emotion through music. Here I am concerned only with the former; that is, with the emotions that music may be said to express in itself, and not with the emotions that may be given expression through the act of composition, or through the performance of music, or through a dramatic context in which music plays a part. This distinction suggests a second restriction, this time on the type of music to be discussed. If there is a problem in claiming that emotions may be expressed in music, then it is one that will be at its most obvious and acute in ‘pure’ music unencumbered by drama or words that may be expressive in them selves. For this reason opera, ballet, song, music with literary titles such as La Mer, and so on are specifically excluded from the discussion.
Life and Society in the Hittite World
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

In dealing with a wide range of aspects of the life, activities, and customs of the Late Bronze Age Hittite world, this book complements the treatment of Hittite military and political history presented by the author in The Kingdom of the Hittites (OUP, 1998). It aims to convey to the reader a sense of what it was like to live amongst the people of the Hittite world, to participate in their celebrations, to share their crises, to meet them in the streets of the capital or in their homes, to experience the sights, sounds, and smells of a healing ritual, to attend an audience with the Great King, and to follow his progress in festival processions to the holy places of the Hittite land. Through quotations from the original sources and through the word pictures to which these give rise, the book aims at recreating, as far as is possible, the daily lives and experiences of a people who for a time became the supreme political and military power in the ancient Near East.
The Warrior
Authors: Bryce Trevor
Published: November 2023

Someone has recently come up with the estimate that since the beginning of recorded history scarcely more than three hundred years have been free of major wars. To put this another way, if we were to take at random any period of a hundred years in the last five thousand, we could expect ninety-four of them on average to be occupied with large-scale conflicts in one or more parts of the The immediate causes of these conflicts have varied.