bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of organic–inorganic hybrid beads from sepiolite and cellulose for effective adsorption of malachite green
Authors: Jiang Xin , Wang Sidun , Ge Lan , Lin Fengcai , Lu Qilin , Wang Ting , Huang Biao , Lu Beili
Published: August 2017

A facile approach has been developed to fabricate well defined organic–inorganic hybrid beads from widely available bamboo pulp and sepiolite, in expectation of an alternative green adsorbent for the removal of organic dyes.
Environmentally friendly nitrogen-doped carbon quantum dots for next generation solar cells
Authors: Carolan Darragh , Rocks Conor , Padmanaban Dilli Babu , Maguire Paul , Svrcek Vladimir , Mariotti Davide
Published: August 2017

N-CQDs are synthesized using a green, environmentally friendly microplasma and employed in solar cells, achieving a VOC of 1.8 V.
Stable and metallic two-dimensional TaC2as an anode material for lithium-ion battery
Authors: Yu Tong , Zhang Shoutao , Li Fei , Zhao Ziyuan , Liu Lulu , Xu Haiyang , Yang Guochun
Published: August 2017

Two dimensional TaC2is a promising anode material from the standpoint of a high specific capacity, fast Li diffusion rate, low operating voltage, and good electronic conductivity.
Fabrication of 3D hierarchical CoSnO3@CoO pine needle-like array photoelectrode for enhanced photoelectrochemical properties
Authors: Zhang Lei , Hu Yandong , Zheng Jianhua
Published: August 2017

3D hierarchical CoSnO3@CoO pine needle-like array photoelectrode for enhanced photoelectrochemical properties.
Interfacial engineering of hybridized solar cells for simultaneously harvesting solar and rain energies
Authors: Wang Yingli , Duan Jialong , Duan Yanyan , Zhao Yuanyuan , Pang Zhibin , He Benlin , Tang Qunwei
Published: August 2017

A new hybridized solar cell is made to harvest energy in sunny, rainy and dark conditions.
Silicate-based bioceramics regulating osteoblast differentiation through a BMP2 signalling pathway
Authors: Zhai Dong , Xu Mengchi , Liu Liqi , Chang Jiang , Wu Chengtie
Published: August 2017

Si-containing bioactive ionic products released from silicate-based bioceramics activate Smad1/5-mediated BMP2 signaling pathways.
Determination of Schottky barrier height and enhanced photoelectron generation in novel plasmonic immobilized multisegmented (Au/TiO2) nanorod arrays (NRAs) suitable for solar energy conversion applications
Authors: Arshad Muhammad Shahid , Trafela Špela , Rožman Kristina Žužek , Kovač Janez , Djinović Petar , Pintar Albin
Published: August 2017

We have determined the Schottky barrier height (0.23 eV) and efficient photoelectron generation in novel multisegmented Au/TiO2 nanorod arrays.
In situ reversible tuning of photoluminescence of an epitaxial thin film via piezoelectric strain induced by a Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–PbTiO3 single crystal
Authors: Wang Feifei , Liu Dan , Chen Zibin , Duan Zhihua , Zhang Yi , Sun Dazhi , Zhao Xiangyong , Shi Wangzhou , Zheng Renkui , Luo Haosu
Published: August 2017

An in situ dynamic routine is developed to tune the PL peak intensity through piezoelectric strain.
Autologous Ear Reconstruction
Authors: Olshinka Asaf , Louis Matthew , Truong Tuan
Published: August 2017

Since the pioneering use of autologous rib cartilage for the reconstruction of microtia, there have been significant advances in surgical technique that have helped to ameliorate the psychological burden of microtia. To date, the use of rib cartilage for auricular reconstruction is one of the most enduring and ubiquitous techniques for microtia reconstruction as it provides excellent aesthetic results with lasting durability. In this review, the authors outline the most common methods of microtia reconstruction with a comparison of each technique and illustrative case examples.
Heart Failure and Total Hip Arthroplasty: What Are the Perioperative Outcomes and Complications?
Authors: Curtis Gannon , George Jaiben , Newman Jared , Barsoum Wael , Higuera Carlos , Klika Alison
Published: August 2017

Heart failure (HF) has been reported to cause morbidity and mortality after surgery. As the prevalence of HF and hip osteoarthritis increase, physicians are likely to observe a rise in the number of HF patients requiring total hip arthroplasty (THA). We asked (1) what perioperative outcomes can be expected for patients with HF after THA, and (2) does HF contribute to an increased risk of short-term complications after THA? The National Surgical Quality Improvement Program database was accessed to find patients with osteoarthritis who underwent THA from 2008 to 2014. The HF cohort included 177 patients, while the control group consisted of 64,619 patients. Demographics, comorbidities, outcomes, and complications were collected. Multivariate regression analysis was performed. HF patients were found to have longer hospital stays (β = 0.87; p = 0.004) and were less likely to be discharged home (OR = 1.77, p = 0.001) following THA. It also increased the risk for any complication (OR = 1.54, p = 0.011), mortality (OR = 3.67, p = 0.042), readmission (OR = 1.68, p = 0.041), cardiac arrest (OR = 8.44, p = 0.006), myocardial infarction (OR = 3.75, p = 0.014), and deep surgical site infection (OR = 3.62, p = 0.035). HF patients had longer hospital stays and were discharged to a facility after THA. Overall, they had an increased risk of any complication, readmission, cardiac arrest, myocardial infarction, and deep surgical site infection. Moreover, the mortality risk after THA was significantly high. Cardiac optimization could play a key role in the prevention of these adverse outcomes. Patients should be counseled prior to surgery.
Demenz und Ethik – Personen mit Demenz im Akutkrankenhaus
Authors: Heil Joachim
Published: August 2017

Der Mensch mit Demenz bleibt Person Soll der Umgang mit Menschen mit Demenz menschenwürdig sein, müssen wir diese als Personen
wahrnehmen und dürfen sie nicht aus dem „Club der Personen“ ausschließen. Wir müssen uns über unsere eigenen Ängste und Formen der Abwehr
hinausbewegen.
Controlling Grafting from Aryldiazonium Salts: A Review of Methods for the Preparation of Monolayers
Authors: Breton Tony , Downard Alison J.
Published: August 2017

Surface modification by grafting from aryldiazonium salts has been widely studied and applied to many substrates as a simple and versatile method for preparing strongly adherent organic coatings. Unless special precautions or conditions are used, the usual film structure is a loosely packed disordered multilayer; however, over the past decade, attention has been paid to establishing strategies for grafting just a monolayer of modifiers to the surface. To date, four general approaches to monolayer preparation have emerged: use of aryldiazonium ions with cleavable protection groups; use of aryldiazonium ions with steric constraints; grafting in the presence of a radical scavenger; and grafting from ionic liquids. This review describes these approaches, illustrates some of their applications, and highlights the advantages and disadvantages of each.
Noradrenergic activation of the basolateral amygdala maintains hippocampus-dependent accuracy of remote memory
Authors: Atucha Erika , Vukojevic Vanja , Fornari Raquel V. , Ronzoni Giacomo , Demougin Philippe , Peter Fabian , Atsak Piray , Coolen Marcel W. , Papassotiropoulos Andreas , McGaugh James L. , de Quervain Dominique J.-F. , Roozendaal Benno
Published: August 2017

Significance

Emotional arousal creates lasting and vivid memories. According to the systems consolidation theory, the hippocampus has a time-limited role in memory, and retrieval of remote memories mainly relies on neocortical networks. Here we show that this systems consolidation and associated change in memory specificity constitute a dynamically regulated process that can be modified by emotional arousal status. Norepinephrine administration into the basolateral amygdala after an episodic-like training experience maintained accuracy and hippocampus dependency of remote memory. This altered systems consolidation was paralleled by time-regulated epigenetically driven transcriptional changes of memory-related genes in the hippocampus and neocortex.
Religious lexis and political ideology in English Civil War newsbooks
Authors: Cecconi Elisabetta
Published: August 2017

In this article I provide a corpus-assisted discourse analysis of two influential English Civil War newsbooks which dominated the arena of seventeenth-century adversarial journalism: the royalist Mercurius Aulicus and the parliamentarian Mercurius Britanicus. Given the major role played by religion in the outbreak of the Civil War, my paper focuses on religious words and examines their collocational behavior in concordances and larger stretches of discourse. The analysis highlights the discourse strategies adopted by the two editors in order to frame, confirm and legitimate opposite versions of the news events and construe ideological consensus in their readership. In a period of intense experimentation in news rhetoric and political propaganda, this corpus-based investigation documents the development of a strongly factious news style for a growing, politically biased readership.
Contemporary observations on the attention value and selling power of English print advertisements (1700–1760)
Authors: Brownlees Nicholas
Published: August 2017

One of the most distinctive features of the early eighteenth-century English press was the substantial increase in advertisements. This increase in advertising did not go unnoticed by the leading writers of the day. Addison, Steele, Fielding and Johnson all comment on advertising discourse and its typographical presentation. This contribution analyses these contemporaries’ views within a theoretical framework that Leech (1966) and Gotti (2005) propose in relation to the communicative features and language of advertising discourse. Two of these characteristics are Attention Value and Selling Power. The analysis of eighteenth-century advertising is supported by reference to contemporary advertisements in the Newcastle Courant.
A modest proposal in The Gentleman’s Magazine
Authors: Sklar Howard , Taavitsainen Irma
Published: August 2017

The Gentleman’s Magazine (GM, 1732–1922) was the first periodical magazine targeted at an educated lay readership from polite society. Medical items and related issues were a regular feature, e.g. suicide was a recurring topic in its early years. One example of this was a 1755 mock advertisement advocating a discreet “remedy against life” suitable to “any nobleman, gentleman, or other man of wit, humour, and pleasure”. We approach our task from the point of view of historical pragmatics paying attention to the sociocultural context, and providing a rhetorical analysis to make sense of this peculiar advertisement. The ad seems to build on the dark side of a recently-deceased (1751), notorious Tory politician, who had been a central figure of polite society for decades, but the actual target of the satire must have been something else. We argue that the sociohistorical context with its shared knowledge, as well as the rhetorical structure and stylistic content of the ad itself, provide keys for making sense of the text.
Diffusing political knowledge in illustrated magazines
Authors: Sousa Jorge Pedro , Freitas Elsa Simões Lucas , Tuna Sandra Gonçalves
Published: August 2017

It is our purpose to compare two illustrated periodicals (a Portuguese and a British one) during the 1837–1844 period as to the way political issues are addressed and conveyed, as well as to ascertain the underlying cultural and social reasons in the two countries that can explain the approximations and divergences detected. The Portuguese O Panorama (1837–1868) diffused cultural matters in general. It was created by the Sociedade Propagadora dos Conhecimentos Úteis under the patronage of Alexandre Herculano, a famous man of letters, journalist and writer. The first three series of O Panorama are a direct imitation of the British The Penny Magazine (1832–1845), created by Charles Knight, under the auspices of the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge.
Narrative vs. “objective” style
Authors: Stenvall Maija
Published: August 2017

The paper examines stylistic changes in newspaper articles on violence between 1859 and 1910. I have looked both at news narratives, and at signs of the new, “objective” writing style. Whenever possible, I have chosen stories attributed to AP (the Associated Press) and Reuters news agencies, since as global distributors of news, they have had an influential role in creating and reinforcing conventions of news writing. The paper clearly demonstrates the difference between the ghastly, chronological murder stories of the late nineteenth century and the “modern” style adopted in the AP Siedlce narrative in 1906. The first evidence of the intentionally “objective” writing style I found in Reuters telegrams on the Siedlce pogrom in 1906.
Resting MAPK expression in chronically trained endurance runners
Authors: Nicoll Justin X. , Fry Andrew C. , Galpin Andrew J. , Thomason Donald B. , Moore Christopher A.
Published: August 2017

Purpose: There is a paucity of research investigating the expression of mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPK) in chronically trained (CT) athletes. Thus, it is unclear how MAPK may contribute to performance and muscle adaptation in CT subjects. The purpose of this study was to determine MAPK total protein, and phosphorylated expression of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1 and 2 (ERK1/2), c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK), and p38‐MAPK (p38) between untrained, and chronically trained runners. Methods: Tissue samples were analysed from sedentary (SED; n = 5) controls and chronically trained runners (CT; n = 5). Resting muscle biopsy samples were analysed for total‐MAPK – and ratio of phosphorylated/total (p‐MAPK) – ERK1/2, JNK, and p38‐MAPK via western blotting. Mann–Whitney U tests and effect sizes were utilized to determine differences in total MAPK protein content and phosphorylation status between SED and CT subjects. Results: There was no difference in total‐MAPK expression between SED and CT (p > .05). p‐p38‐MAPK tended to be greater for CT compared to SED (p = .07). There were moderate effect sizes of decreased pERK/total‐ERK (d = −0.69) and increased pJNK/total‐JNK (d = 0.54) in CT compared to SED. There was a positive correlation between p‐p38‐MAPK/total‐MAPK and the percentage of type I fibres (r = 0.73, p = .016). Conclusion: Contrary to previous studies, chronic endurance training does not greatly influence total MAPK protein expression in chronically trained runners. However, resting phosphorylation of p38‐MAPK may contribute to enhanced oxidative metabolism at chronically trained levels. These alterations are likely involved in the different physiological adaptations that occur following long‐term training or at highly competitive levels.
A comprehensive method for identification of suitable reference genes in extracellular vesicles
Authors: Gouin Kenneth , Peck Kiel , Antes Travis , Johnson Jennifer Leigh , Li Chang , Vaturi Sharon Denise , Middleton Ryan , de Couto Geoff , Walravens Ann‐Sophie , Rodriguez‐Borlado Luis , Smith Rachel Ruckdeschel , Marbán Linda , Marbán Eduardo , Ibrahim Ahmed Gamal‐Eldin
Published: August 2017

Reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) is one of the most sensitive, economical and widely used methods for evaluating gene expression. However, the utility of this method continues to be undermined by a number of challenges including normalization using appropriate reference genes. The need to develop tailored and effective strategies is further underscored by the burgeoning field of extracellular vesicle (EV) biology. EVs contain unique signatures of small RNAs including microRNAs (miRs). In this study we develop and validate a comprehensive strategy for identifying highly stable reference genes in a therapeutically relevant cell type, cardiosphere‐derived cells. Data were analysed using the four major approaches for reference gene evaluation: NormFinder, GeNorm, BestKeeper and the Delta Ct method. The weighted geometric mean of all of these methods was obtained for the final ranking. Analysis of RNA sequencing identified miR‐101‐3p, miR‐23a‐3p and a previously identified EV reference gene, miR‐26a‐5p. Analysis of a chip‐based method (NanoString) identified miR‐23a, miR‐217 and miR‐379 as stable candidates. RT‐qPCR validation revealed that the mean of miR‐23a‐3p, miR‐101‐3p and miR‐26a‐5p was the most stable normalization strategy. Here, we demonstrate that a comprehensive approach of a diverse data set of conditions using multiple algorithms reliably identifies stable reference genes which will increase the utility of gene expression evaluation of therapeutically relevant EVs.
A weighted maximal inequality for differentially subordinate martingales
Authors: Bañuelos Rodrigo , Osękowski Adam
Published: August 2017

The paper contains the proof of a weighted Fefferman-Stein inequality in a probabilistic setting. Suppose that

f
=
(

f
n

)

n
≥
0

f=(f_n)_{n\geq 0}

,

g
=
(

g
n

)

n
≥
0

g=(g_n)_{n\geq 0}

are martingales such that

g
g

is differentially subordinate to

f
f

, and let

w
=
(

w
n

)

n
≥
0

w=(w_n)_{n\geq 0}

be a weight, i.e., a nonnegative, uniformly integrable martingale. Denoting by

M
f
=

sup

n
≥
0

|

f
n

|

Mf=\sup _{n\geq 0}|f_n|

,

M
w
=

sup

n
≥
0

w
n

Mw=\sup _{n\geq 0}w_n

the maximal functions of

f
f

and

w
w

, we prove the weighted inequality
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue g StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue Subscript upper L Sub Superscript 1 Subscript left-parenthesis w right-parenthesis Baseline less-than-or-equal-to upper C StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue upper M f StartAbsoluteValue EndAbsoluteValue Subscript upper L Sub Superscript 1 Subscript left-parenthesis upper M w right-parenthesis Baseline comma">

|

|

g

|

|

L
1

(
w
)

≤
C

|

|

M
f

|

|

L
1

(
M
w
)

,

\begin{equation*} ||g||_{L^1(w)}\leq C||Mf||_{L^1(Mw)}, \end{equation*}

where

C
=
3
+

2

+
4
ln
⁡
2
=
7.186802
…

C=3+\sqrt {2}+4\ln 2=7.186802\ldots

 . The proof rests on the existence of a special function enjoying appropriate majorization and concavity.
Positive definite functions on the unit sphere and integrals of Jacobi polynomials
Authors: Xu Yuan
Published: August 2017

For

α
,
β
∈

N

0

\alpha , \beta \in \mathbb {N}_0

and

max
{
α
,
β
}
>
0

\max \{\alpha ,\beta \} >0

, it is shown that the integrals of the Jacobi polynomials
<mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="integral Subscript 0 Superscript t Baseline left-parenthesis t minus theta right-parenthesis Superscript delta Baseline upper P Subscript n Superscript left-parenthesis alpha minus one half comma beta minus one half right-parenthesis Baseline left-parenthesis cosine theta right-parenthesis left-parenthesis sine StartFraction theta Over 2 EndFraction right-parenthesis Superscript 2 alpha Baseline left-parenthesis cosine StartFraction theta Over 2 EndFraction right-parenthesis Superscript 2 beta Baseline d theta greater-than 0">

∫
0
t

(
t
−
θ

)
δ

P
n

(
α
−

1
2

,
β
−

1
2

)

(
cos
⁡
θ
)

(
sin
⁡

θ
2

)

2
α

(
cos
⁡

θ
2

)

2
β

d
θ
>
0

\begin{equation*}\int _0^t (t-\theta )^\delta P_n^{(\alpha -\frac 12,\beta -\frac 12)}(\cos \theta ) \left (\sin \tfrac {\theta }2\right )^{2 \alpha } \left (\cos \tfrac {\theta }2\right )^{2 \beta } d\theta > 0 \end{equation*}

for all

t
∈
(
0
,
π
]

t \in (0,\pi ]

and

n
∈

N

n \in \mathbb {N}

if

δ
≥
α
+
1

\delta \ge \alpha + 1

for

α
,
β
∈

N

0

\alpha ,\beta \in \mathbb {N}_0

and

max
{
α
,
β
}
>
0

\max \{\alpha ,\beta \} > 0

. This proves a conjecture on the integral of the Gegenbauer polynomials in a work of Beatson (2014) that implies the strictly positive definiteness of the function

θ
↦
(
t
−
θ

)
+
δ

\theta \mapsto (t - \theta )_+^\delta

on the unit sphere

S

d
−
1

\mathbb {S}^{d-1}

for

δ
≥
⌈

d
2

⌉

\delta \ge \lceil \frac {d}{2}\rceil

and the Pólya criterion for positive definite functions on the sphere

S

d
−
1

\mathbb {S}^{d-1}

for

d
≥
3

d \ge 3

. Moreover, the positive definiteness of the function

θ
↦
(
t
−
θ

)
+
δ

\theta \mapsto (t - \theta )_+^\delta

is also established on the compact two-point homogeneous spaces.
On a Neumann-type series for modified Bessel functions of the first kind
Authors: Deleaval L. , Demni N.
Published: August 2017

In this paper, we are interested in a Neumann-type series for modified Bessel functions of the first kind which arises in the study of Dunkl operators associated with dihedral groups and as an instance of the Laguerre semigroup constructed by Ben Said-Kobayashi-Orsted. We first revisit the particular case corresponding to the group of square-preserving symmetries for which we give two new and different proofs other than the existing ones. The first proof uses the expansion of powers in a Neumann series of Bessel functions, while the second one is based on a quadratic transformation for the Gauss hypergeometric function and opens the way to derive further expressions when the orders of the underlying dihedral groups are powers of two. More generally, we give another proof of De Bie et al.’s formula expressing this series as aΦ2\Phi _2-Horn confluent hypergeometric function. In the course of the proof, we shed light on the occurrence of multiple angles in their formula through elementary symmetric functions and get a new representation of Gegenbauer polynomials.
On embeddings of finite subsets of ℓ_{𝑝}
Authors: Kilbane James
Published: August 2017

We study finite subsets of

ℓ
p

\ell _p

and show that, up to a nowhere dense and Haar null complement, all of them embed isometrically into any Banach space that uniformly contains

ℓ
p
n

\ell _p^n

.
Evaluating the Policy Proposals of the Food Movement
Authors: Lusk Jayson L.
Published: August 2017

The shift in the population from majority food‐producer to majority food‐consumer has played a role in public calls to reform federal policy to focus more on the consumer implications of the food supply chain. This article critically evaluates the food and farm policy proposals recently offered by prominent members of the so‐called food movement. I demonstrate that the authors offer no consistent, underlying philosophical basis for when the federal government should (and should not) intervene and offer no framework for making tradeoffs when proposed “guarantees” come into conflict. Moreover, the authors misjudge the trajectory and impacts of changes in food and agriculture and thus overstate the urgency and scope for intervention. The authors’ numerous specific policy proposals tend to represent a hodge‐podge of ideas that have already been tried, are already being undertaken by the USDA, or fail to hold up under close scrutiny, although there is some common ground on a few proposals.
Thermal generation of the magnetic field in the surface layers of massive stars
Authors: Urpin V.
Published: August 2017

A new magnetic field-generation mechanism based on the Nernst effect is considered in hot massive stars. This mechanism can operate in the upper atmospheres of O and B stars where departures from the LTE form a region with the inverse temperature gradient.
Treatment of Dissecting Distal Vertebral Artery (V4) Aneurysms With Flow Diverters
Authors: Corley Jacquelyn A , Zomorodi Ali , Gonzalez L Fernando
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND

Dissecting aneurysms of the intracranial vertebral arteries are rare; however, treatment of these presents multiple challenges, including high risk of rebleeding, development of thromboembolic strokes, and progressive partial thrombosis. Flow diverters, such as Pipeline Endovascular Devices (PEDs; Covidien, Medtronic Inc, Dublin, Ireland), have emerged as a potential treatment option.

OBJECTIVE

To present our experience with patients treated at our institution with PEDs for dissecting distal vertebral artery (V4 segment) aneurysms.

METHODS

A retrospective search of our prospectively maintained database was performed between January 2014 and December 2016. We queried our database for all patients treated with PED for dissecting aneurysms of the V4 segment. Information was gathered including demographics, the location and morphology of the aneurysm, the clinical presentation, specific form of treatment, complications, antiplatelet medication regimen, and follow-up time.

RESULTS

There were a total of 9 patients with dissecting V4 aneurysms treated with PED during the study period. All were treated initially with an average of 1.2 PEDs. All patients were followed with at least one repeat diagnostic angiogram and there was no residual aneurysm seen in 8 of 9 cases. In those that presented with neurological deficits, there was an average improvement in modified Rankin Scale of 2.85 points.

CONCLUSION

PED is a safe and effective tool that can be used to treat ruptured dissecting aneurysms of this specific segment of the posterior circulation, but it does require close management of antiplatelet therapy in the setting of subarachnoid hemorrhage and close angiographic follow-up.
Magnetic Flux Avalanches in Superconducting Films with Mesoscopic Artificial Patterns
Authors: Motta M. , Silhanek A.V. , Ortiz W.A.
Published: August 2017

This article examines the practical problem of thermally driven high-speed flux avalanches occurring in superconducting thin films with mesoscopic artificial patterns. The thin films are synthesized with artificial pins in the form of sub-micrometric antidots (ADs). The article first provides an overview of magnetic flux avalanches in superconductors, with particular emphasis on thermally driven avalanches, before discussing the occurrence and morphology of flux avalanches in superconducting thin films comprised of AD arrays. It analyses the influence of lattice symmetry and different AD geometries on the guidance and consequently the branching of flux avalanches. It also explores how artificial pinning centers inserted in superconducting films affect vortex dynamics.
Superconducting Quantum Bits of Information—Coherence and Design Improvements
Authors: Bylander J.
Published: August 2017

This article reviews recent progress in superconducting quantum bits, including major improvements in design and coherence times. It first provides an overview of the basics of modern superconducting qubit devices and their architectures before turning to single-qubit Hamiltonians and reference frames. It then examines how decoherence originates with noise and shows how to characterize and mitigate this noise using magnetic-resonance-type pulse sequences. It also describes the first-generation superconducting qubits and the now-dominant circuit-quantum electrodynamics architecture in which qubits are coupled to microwave resonators. Finally, it considers several improved designs of superconducting qubits in which coherence times have been significantly improved by minimizing the sensitivity to fluctuating impurities and the coupling to external modes.
Algebraic generality versus arithmetic generality in the 1874 controversy between C. Jordan and L. Kronecker
Authors: Brechenmacher Frédéric
Published: August 2017

This article revisits the 1874 controversy between Camille Jordan and Leopold Kronecker over two theorems, namely Jordan’s canonical forms and Karl Weierstrass’s elementary divisors theorem. In particular, it compares the perspectives of Jordan and Kronecker on generality and how their debate turned into an opposition over the algebraic or arithmetic nature of the ‘theory of forms’. It also examines the ways in which the various actors used the the categories of algebraic generality and arithmetic generality. After providing a background on the Jordan-Kronecker controversy, the article explains Jordan’s canonical reduction and Kronecker’s invariant computations in greater detail. It argues that Jordan and Kronecker aimed to ground the ‘theory of forms’ on new forms of generality, but could not agree on the types of generality and on the treatments of the general they were advocating.
Practices of generalization in mathematical physics, in biology, and in evolutionary strategies
Authors: Keller Evelyn Fox
Published: August 2017

This article examines the different meanings as well as values associated with the mathematical and the biological sciences in relation to the kinds of generality favored by the practitioners of biological evolution. It first considers the joke of the ‘spherical cow’ told by physicists about experimental biologists, which reflects the difference in epistemological cultures that, in turn, reflects (at least in part) differences between the two fields. It then explores what these differences can tell us about practices of generalization in mathematical physics, in biology, and even in strategies of biological evolution. It also discusses generality in the physical sciences and in the life sciences, focusing on Nicolas Rashevsky’s dispute with the cell biologists that arose at the 1934 meeting of the Cold Spring Harbor Symposia on Quantitative Biology. Finally, it looks at biologists’ lack of interest in universality and universal laws.
How general are genera? The genus in systematic zoology
Authors: Cambefort Yves
Published: August 2017

This article examines how the genus category was perceived and conceived in zoology (with occasional references to botany), in reference to species on the one hand and to higher categories on the other hand. In systematic zoology and botany, animals and plants are classified and named according to their species, genera, and higher categories (family, order, etc.). Linguistic relationships between the words ‘genus’ and ‘general, generality’ might have played a role in some intuitive meaning of the genus. This article traces the evolution of the concept of genus as used in systematic zoology from antiquity to the present time, focusing on the contributions of Plato, Aristotle, Carl Linnaeus, Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon, Jean-Baptiste Lamarck, Georges Cuvier, and Charles Darwin. It also considers the introduction of a new, rank-free system called the PhyloCode to replace Linnaean ranking—and especially the genus level.
Theory, experiment and applications of tubular image states
Authors: Segal D. , Kral P. , Shapiro M.
Published: August 2017

This article presents a detailed theoretical description of tubular image states (TIS) around different tube geometries, along with their applications. It begins with a discussion of the theoretical background for the existence of TIS in conjunction with infinitely long homogeneous carbon nanotubes, finite and inhomogeneous nanotubes, and nanotubes arrays. It then considers the lifetimes and stability of TIS, along with the states’ tunability by external fields and the onset of chaos in TIS. In particular, it examines how TIS can be manipulated by means of electric and magnetic fields. It also describes nano-Paul traps of single electrons based on TIS and concludes with an assessment of recent experiments on TIS.
Spin currents in semiconductor nanostructures: A non-equilibrium Green-function approach
Authors: Nikolic Branislav K. , Zarbo Liviu P. , Souma Satofumi
Published: August 2017

This article examines spin currents and spin densities in realistic open semiconductor nanostructures using different tools of quantum-transport theory based on the non-equilibrium Green function (NEGF) approach. It begins with an introduction to the essential theoretical formalism and practical computational techniques before explaining what pure spin current is and how pure spin currents can be generated and detected. It then considers the spin-Hall effect (SHE), and especially the mesoscopic SHE, along with spin-orbit couplings in low-dimensional semiconductors. It also describes spin-current operator, spindensity, and spin accumulation in the presence of intrinsic spin-orbit couplings, as well as the NEGF approach to spin transport in multiterminal spin-orbit-coupled nanostructures. The article concludes by reviewing formal developments with examples drawn from the field of the mesoscopic SHE in low-dimensional spin-orbit-coupled semiconductor nanostructures.
Scanning SQUID microscope study of vortex states and phases in superconducting mesoscopic dots, antidots, and other structures
Authors: Nishio T. , Hata Y. , Okayasu S. , Suzuki J. , Nakayama S. , Nagata A. , Odawara A. , Chinone K. , Kadowaki K.
Published: August 2017

This article investigates vortex states and phases in superconducting mesoscopic dots, antidots, and other structures using a scanning superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID) microscope. It begins with an introduction to the phenomenology of superconductivity and the fundamentals of vortex confinement in mesoscopic superconductors. It then provides a background on the SQUID microscope, followed by a discussion of how a high-resolution scanning SQUID microscope was developed. It also describes what the scanning SQUID microscopy revealed about quantized flux in superconducting rings, as well as vortex confinement in microscopic superconducting disks, triangles, and squares. Finally, it presents the results of direct observation of an extended penetration depth in thin films and vortex states in high-temperature superconductors.
Structural, electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of carbon-fullerene-based polymers
Authors: Andriotis A.N. , Sheetz R.M. , Richter E. , Menon M.
Published: August 2017

This article discusses the structural, electronic, magnetic, and transport properties of carbon-fullerene-based polymers. In particular, it examines the defect-induced ferromagnetism of the C60-based polymers and its analog in the case of non-traditional inorganic materials. It first reviews the computational methods currently used in the literature, highlighting the pros and cons of each one of them. It then considers the defects associated with the ferromagnetism of the C60-based polymers, namely carbon vacancies, the 2 + 2 cycloaddition bonds and impurity atoms, and their effect on the electronic structure. It also evaluates the effect of codoping and goes on to describe the electronic, magnetic and transport properties of the rhombohedral C60-polymer. Finally, it looks at the origin of magnetic coupling among the magnetic moments in the rhombohedral C60-polymer and provides further evidence for the analogy between the magnetism of the rhombohedral C60-polymer and zinc oxide.
Magnetic nanowires: Fabrication and characterization
Authors: Pirota Kleber Roberto , Knobel Angela , Hernandez-Velez Manuel , Nielsch Kornelius , Vázquez Manuel
Published: August 2017

This article describes the fabrication and characterization of magnetic nanowires, focusing on the magnetic properties of patterned arrays of metallic magnetic nanowires electrodeposited into the pores of anodized-alumina membranes. It also discusses the complex magnetization processes, both in isolated nanowires and in collectively patterned arrays. After providing an overview of the state-of-the-art on fabrication techniques of nanowires, the article considers the microstructure of magnetic nanowires and the magnetic properties of single nanowires. It then examines the collective behavior of arrays where the interactions among the magnetic entities play an important role, along with the transport properties of magnetic nanowires, the temperature-dependent effects (such as magnetoelastic-induced anisotropy), and the dynamic properties of magnetization such as ferromagnetic resonance characteristics and spin-wave excitations in ferromagnetic nanowires. Finally, it presents an overview of future research directions.
Microspectroscopy as a tool to discriminate nanomolecular cellular alterations in biomedical research
Authors: Martin Francis L. , Pollock Hubert M.
Published: August 2017

This article considers the use of microspectroscopy for discriminating nanomolecular cellular alterations in biomedical research. It begins with an overview of some existing mid-infrared microspectroscopy techniques, including FTIR microspectroscopy and Raman microspectroscopy. It then discusses near-field techniques such as scanning near-field optical microscopy, near-field Raman microscopy, and photothermal microspectroscopy (PTMS). It also examines promising alternative sources of IR light, possible advantages of using normal atomic force microscopy probes, experimental procedures for PTMS, and prospects for high spatial resolution in near-field FTIR spectroscopy. Finally, it describes the spectroscopic detection of small particles, along with the use of the analysis paradigm to discriminate nanomolecular cellular alterations in biomedical research.
Bifunctional nanomaterials for the imaging and treatment of cancer
Authors: Burke A. , Carroll D. , Torti Frank , Torti S.V.
Published: August 2017

This article examines the potential of bifunctional nanomaterials for the imaging and treatment of cancer. Several nanomaterials possess properties desirable for a cancer therapy and have been the subject of research as anticancer agents. Those that have received the most attention include encapsulated iron oxides, single- and multiwalled carbon nanotubes, gold nanorods and gold nanoshells. This article first considers thermal ablative therapy incancer, focusing on the mechanisms of thermotoxicity and thermoresistance before discussing a number of nanomaterials with applications for cancer treatment. In particular, it evaluates the use of nanomaterials in thermal therapy. It also looks at gold nanoshells and nanorods, taking into account their physical properties, and concludes with an assessment of iron-oxide nanoparticles and future directions for nanomaterials as multifunctional agents for cancer therapy.
Free-standing grid-like nanostructures assembled into 3D open architectures for photovoltaic devices
Authors: Kong X.Y. , Wang Y.C. , Fan X.F. , Guo G.F. , Tong L.M.
Published: August 2017

This article describes three-dimensional open architectures with free-standing grid-like nanostructure arrays as photocatalytic electrodes for a new type of dye-sensitized solar cell. It introduces a novel technique for fabricating a series of semiconducting oxides with grid-like nanostructures replicated from the biotemplates. These semiconducting oxides, including n-type titanium dioxide or p-type nickel oxide nanogrids, were sensitized with the dye molecules, then assembled into 3D stacked-grid arrays on a flexible substrate by means of the Langmuir–Blodgett method or the ink-jet printing technique for the photocatalytic electrodes. The article first considers the fabrication of photoelectrodes with 2D grid-like nanostructures by means of the biotemplating approach before discussing the assembly and photophysicsof grid-like nanostructures into 3D open architectures for the photocatalytic electrodes.
Quantum dots: Self-organized and self-limiting assembly
Authors: Vvedensky Dimitri D.
Published: August 2017

This article describes the self-organized and self-limiting assembly of quantum dots, with particular emphasis on III–V semiconductor quantum dots. It begins with a background on the second industrial revolution, highlighted by advances in information technology and which paved the way for the era of ‘quantum nanostructures’. It then considers the science and technology of quantum dots, followed by a discussion on methods of epitaxial growth and fabrication methodologies of semiconductor quantum dots and other supported nanostructures, including molecular beam epitaxy and metalorganic vapor-phase epitaxy. It also examines self-organization in Stranski–Krastanov systems, site control of quantum dots on patterned substrates, nanophotonics with quantum dots, and arrays of quantum dots.
Age of enlightenment: long-term effects of outdoor aesthetic lights on bats in churches
Authors: Rydell Jens , Eklöf Johan , Sánchez-Navarro Sonia
Published: August 2017

We surveyed 110 country churches in south-western Sweden for presence of brown long-eared batsPlecotus auritusin summer 2016 by visual inspection and/or evening emergence counts. Each church was also classified according to the presence and amount of aesthetic directional lights (flood-lights) aimed on its walls and tower from the outside. Sixty-one of the churches had previously been surveyed by one of us (J.R.) between 1980 and 1990, before lights were installed on Swedish churches, using the same methods. Churches with bat colonies had decreased significantly in frequency from 61% in 1980s to 38% by 2016. All abandoned churches had been fitted with flood-lights in the period between the two surveys. The loss of bat colonies from lit churches was highly significant and most obvious when lights were applied from all directions, leaving no dark corridor for the bats to leave and return to the roost. In contrast, in churches that were not lit, all of 13 bat colonies remained after 25+ years between the surveys. Lighting of churches and other historical buildings is a serious threat to the long-term survival and reproduction of light-averse bats such asPlecotusspp. and other slow-flying species. Bat roosts are strictly protected according to the EU Habitats Directive and the EUROBATS agreement. Lighting of buildings for aesthetic purposes is becoming a serious environmental issue, because important bat roosts are destroyed in large numbers, and the problem should be handled accordingly. As a start, installation of flood-lights on historical buildings should at least require an environmental impact assessment (EIA).
Multilevel and quasi-Monte Carlo methods for uncertainty quantification in particle travel times through random heterogeneous porous media
Authors: Crevillén-García D. , Power H.
Published: August 2017

In this study, we apply four Monte Carlo simulation methods, namely, Monte Carlo, quasi-Monte Carlo, multilevel Monte Carlo and multilevel quasi-Monte Carlo to the problem of uncertainty quantification in the estimation of the average travel time during the transport of particles through random heterogeneous porous media. We apply the four methodologies to a model problem where the only input parameter, the hydraulic conductivity, is modelled as a log-Gaussian random field by using direct Karhunen–Loéve decompositions. The random terms in such expansions represent the coefficients in the equations. Numerical calculations demonstrating the effectiveness of each of the methods are presented. A comparison of the computational cost incurred by each of the methods for three different tolerances is provided. The accuracy of the approaches is quantified via the mean square error.
Energetics and Conformational Pathways of Functional Rotation in the Multidrug Transporter AcrB
Authors: Matsunaga Yasuhiro , Yamane Tsutomu , Terada Tohru , Moritsugu Kei , Fujisaki Hiroshi , Murakami Satoshi , Ikeguchi Mitsunori , Kidera Akinori
Published: August 2017

The multidrug transporter AcrB transports a broad range of drugs out of the cell by means of the proton-motive force. The asymmetric crystal structure of trimeric AcrB suggests a functionally rotating mechanism for drug transport. Despite various supportive evidences from biochemical and simulation studies for this mechanism, the link between the functional rotation and proton translocation across the membrane remains elusive. Here, calculating the minimum free energy pathway of the functional rotation for the complete AcrB trimer, we describe the structural and energetic basis behind the coupling between the functional rotation and the proton translocation at atomic-level. Free energy calculations show that protonation of Asp408 in the transmembrane portion of the drug-bound protomer drives the functional rotation. The conformational pathway identifies vertical shear motions among several transmembrane helices, which regulates alternate access of water in the transmembrane as well as peristaltic motions pumping drugs in the periplasm.
Focusing megaproject strategies on sustainable best value of stakeholders
Authors: Kumaraswamy Mohan , Wong Kelwin Kar Wai , Chung Jacky
Published: August 2017

Purpose

Most megaprojects focus on overcoming current infrastructure capacity problems or opening up new business opportunities, while a few may be inspired by iconic-symbolic or socio-political drivers. Also, many megaprojects may be seen to focus on benefitting proximate stakeholders in the short-medium term. A case is made here, for aligning the immediate expectations from a megaproject with a parallel focus on the best overall value for all, including long-term stakeholders, thereby also targeting more meaningful and sustainable contributions to the built environment. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws together and synergises relevant findings from two completed PhD projects and another research project in Hong Kong. Additionally, a focused literature survey and a case study, also contribute to the development of the proposed concepts and strategies. This is therefore a hybrid between a “review” paper and a “conceptual” paper where a suite of significant improvements to current practice are conceptualised and proposed, based on logical integration of relevant findings from the above three research projects, literature review and case study.

Findings

Inadequate stakeholder engagement has led to many process disruptions and adverse outcomes in recent megaprojects. A structured approach focusing throughout on common overall value from the outset is proposed to achieve better and more sustainable megaproject outcomes. Specific recommendations include: aligning megaproject stakeholder objectives with regional or even national needs and targeting co-creation of common value through early stakeholder involvement in planning and design of built infrastructure megaprojects.

Originality/value

The increasing number, scale and complexity of megaprojects has amplified their impact on the built environment and its sustainability, hence the imperative to incorporate sustainability considerations, so as to formulate and manage megaprojects better. The proposed approaches in this paper can help revamp megaproject strategies towards such sustainable outcomes.
Co-productive interrelations between business model and zero carbon building
Authors: Zhao Xiaojing , Pan Wei
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The zero carbon building (ZCB) approach has gained momentum in improving energy performance and reducing carbon emissions. Despite policy promotion for achieving zero carbon, innovative business models (BMs) are needed to overcome the challenges and accelerate the ZCB uptake. However, little research has examined ZCB and BM in tandem, and business strategies for ZCB delivery. The purpose of this paper is to explore the theoretical relations between BM and ZCB.

Design/methodology/approach

Drawing on a critical review of the definitions, components, and theoretical bases of BM and ZCB, this paper develops a conceptual model that maps out the multifaceted interrelations between ZCB and BM at both project and organisational levels.

Findings

The results discover co-productive interrelations between BM and ZCB in four aspects, namely, value offering, project delivery process, stakeholder network, and revenue generation logic. Innovative BMs address the socio-technical challenges to delivering ZCBs through innovating BM components, while ZCB provides a new paradigm of organisational-level systems to BM innovations as a source of corporate competitiveness.

Practical implications

The findings will be of immense benefit to the decision makers of construction organisations in enhancing their business strategies for successful ZCB deliveries, and help to de-risk business innovations and ZCB take-up for their maximised synergies.

Originality/value

The findings contribute a novel approach to disentangling the complex co-productive interrelations between BM and ZCB. This review calls for a step change in future research into the two important areas, BM and ZCB, in an interrelated manner.