bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A randomized trial study on the effect of amniotic membrane graft on wound healing process after anal fistulotomy
Authors: Leila Ghahramani , Saeideh Pirayeh , Hajar Khazraei , Ali Bagher pour , Vahid Hosseini Seyed , Ali Noorafshan , Reza Safarpour Ali , Laleh Mousavi
Published: May 2017

Objective Human amniotic membrane (HAM) used as a wound coverage for more than a century. The aim of this study is to evaluate the efficacy of amniotic membrane on wound healing and reduce post-operative complication.

Study design Randomized clinical trial study.

Place and duration of study Surgery Department, Shahid Faghihi Hospital, Shiraz, in the period of between Sep. 2014 and Nov. 2015.

Methodology 73 patients with anal fistula were divided into two groups. The patients suffered from simple perianal fistula (low type) without any past medical history. Fistulotomy were performed for all of them and in interventional group HAM were applied as biologic dressing. Their wound healing improvement was evaluated post-operative in two groups.

Results From 73 patients participated in the study, 36 patients were in control group and 37 patients were in intervention group. According to the analysis of images taken from the wound, the rate of wound healing was 67.39% in intervention group and 54.51% in control group (p < 0.001). Discharge, pain, itching and stool incontinency was lower in intervention group. Analysis of pathology samples taken from the wound showed no differences between two groups.

Conclusion HAM application could lead to improvement of wound healing and reduced post-operative complications. In conclusion, HAM may act as a biologic dressing in the patients with anal fistula.
Organic geochemistry of the Lower Cambrian Sinyaya Formation (northern slope of the Aldan anteclise)
Authors: Parfenova T.M. , Korovnikov I.V. , Eder V.G. , Melenevskii V.N.
Published: May 2017

We investigated organic matter (OM) of the Lower Cambrian Sinyaya Formation in the southeast of the Siberian Platform. The studied collection of rocks was divided into groups according to the contents of organic carbon, bitumens, and sulfur and lithologic characteristics. The content and distribution of saturated biomarkers were examined. Lanostanes C30, norlanostanes C29, 28,30-bisnorhopanes, and 2α- and 3β-methylhopanes have been identified in the bitumens. Relationships between the content of organic carbon and the distribution of hopanes, hopane ratios, and 2α-methylhopane index have been established. The conditions of sedimentation, diagenesis, and catagenesis of OM and the generation potential of the rocks have been estimated. It is shown that lanostanes, 28,30-bisnorhopanes, and methylhopanes can be used as biomarkers of the source rocks of the Sinyaya Formation and thus can help to determine the source of bitumens on the northern slope of the Aldan anteclise of the Siberian Platform.
Input of organic matter to the Buor-Khaya Gulf (Laptev Sea)
Authors: Pogodaeva T.V. , Khodzher T.V. , Zhuchenko N.A. , Grigoriev M.N. , Panov V.S. , Maksimov G.T.
Published: May 2017

We present results of study of organic matter in the coastal and bottom sediments of the Laptev Sea (Buor-Khaya Gulf). The study has shown the regularities of organic-matter distribution in the shelf zone adjacent to the glacial coast. The coast composed of a glacial rock complex supplies the largest amount of organic material to the sea as compared with other types of the coast. The average content of organic matter in these strata is ~2–3%. The bottom sediments of the shallow littoral zone are significantly depleted in organic carbon (0.1–0.3%) as a result of their active rewashing and the transition of finely dispersed material (mainly organic one) toward the deep sea zones. The content of organic carbon in the bottom sediments increases to 1–2% as the sea deepens to 7–10 m at 5–12 km from the coast. There are frequent local anomalies of organic-carbon contents (up to 4–5%) in the deltaic zones of the sea. The highest contents of organic carbon (up to 3%) have been found in the recent marine sediments in the central, relatively deep zones of the bays.
A new approach to shallow-depth electromagnetic sounding
Authors: Balkov E.V. , Fadeev D.I. , Karin Yu.G. , Manshtein A.K. , Manshtein Yu.A. , Panin G.L.
Published: May 2017

This paper presents an extensive review of currently available shallow-depth portable geophysical instrumentation for electromagnetic induction sounding and profiling and the main technical characteristics of the devices. A new ground-based multicoil shallow-depth device with a special arrangement of receiver coils is considered. The latter are placed on the line where the vertical component of the magnetic field from the source coil is zero. The spacing between the source and the receivers is used as a sounding parameter, along with a frequency. This increases the efficiency of the study of the upper section and the contrast between the sounding curves, which simplifies their interpretation. In studies of local anomalous objects, the use of the proposed method and instrumentation significantly improves the quality of geophysical data. The increase in sounding efficiency provided by these devices is demonstrated on both synthetic and real field data.
Dimensional analysis of an integrated pump and de-aerator solution in more electric aero engine oil systems
Authors: Steimes J. , Hendrick P.
Published: May 2017

Aero-engine oil systems need to pump and de-aerate air-oil flows. Engine sub-components performing these tasks are undergoing important changes due to the development of more-electric engines. A new integrated pump and separation system that can be electrically entrained was developed and characterised experimentally to reduce footprint on the engine and increase reliability and performance. This prototype combines the pumping, de-aeration and de-oiling function of the scavenge part of oil systems. Previous works have failed to address in-flight performance of the prototype. To address this need, a dimensional analysis of the Pump and Separation System that allows in-flight performance prediction is proposed in this paper. This model is used to assess different prototype sizes and the influence of a more-electric engine. This analysis illustrates that by switching to an electric entrainment, the footprint of the Pump and Separation system on the engine is reduced by 34%, and de-aeration performances are improved by 55% at maximum take-off and 17% in cruise phase. This study opens the way for a more accurate design of the prototypes based on engine requirements.
The Seasonal Variability in Surgical Site Infections and the Association With Warmer Weather: A Population-Based Investigation
Authors: Anthony Chris A. , Peterson Ryan A. , Polgreen Linnea A. , Sewell Daniel K. , Polgreen Philip M.
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVE

To determine whether the seasonality of surgical site infections (SSIs) can be explained by changes in temperature.

DESIGN

Retrospective cohort analysis.

SETTING

The National Inpatient Sample database.

PATIENTS

All hospital discharges with a primary diagnosis of SSI from 1998 to 2011 were considered cases. Discharges with a primary or secondary diagnoses of specific surgeries commonly associated with SSIs from the previous and current month served as our “at risk” cohort.

METHODS

We modeled the national monthly count of SSI cases both nationally and stratified by region, sex, age, and type of institution. We used data from the National Climatic Data Center to estimate the monthly average temperatures for all hospital locations. We modeled the odds of having a primary diagnosis of SSI as a function of demographics, payer, location, patient severity, admission month, year, and the average temperature in the month of admission.

RESULTS

SSI incidence is highly seasonal, with the highest SSI incidence in August and the lowest in January. During the study period, there were 26.5% more cases in August than in January (95% CI, 23.3–29.7). Controlling for demographic and hospital-level characteristics, the odds of a primary SSI admission increased by roughly 2.1% per 2.8°C (5°F) increase in the average monthly temperature. Specifically, the highest temperature group, >32.2°C (>90°F), was associated with an increase in the odds of an SSI admission of 28.9% (95% CI, 20.2–38.3) compared to temperatures <4.4°C (<40°F).

CONCLUSIONS

At population level, SSI risk is highly seasonal and is associated with warmer weather.

Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol2017;38:809–816
Aerodynamics of planar counterflowing jets
Authors: Weiss A. D. , Coenen W. , Sánchez A. L.
Published: May 2017

The planar laminar flow resulting from the impingement of two gaseous jets of different density issuing into an open space from aligned steadily fed slot nozzles of semi-width $H$ separated by a distance $2L$ is investigated by numerical and analytical methods. Specific consideration is given to the high Reynolds and low Mach number conditions typically present in counterflow-flame experiments, for which the flow is nearly inviscid and incompressible. It is shown that introduction of a density-weighted vorticity–streamfunction formulation effectively reduces the problem to one involving two jets of equal density, thereby removing the vortex-sheet character of the interface separating the two jet streams. Besides the geometric parameter $L/H$, the solution depends only on the shape of the velocity profiles in the feed streams and on the jet momentum-flux ratio. While conformal mapping can be used to determine the potential solution corresponding to uniform velocity profiles, numerical integration is required in general to compute rotational flows, including those arising with Poiseuille velocity profiles, with simplified solutions found in the limits $L/H\ll 1$ and $L/H\gg 1$. The results are used to quantify the near-stagnation-point region, of interest in counterflow-flame studies, including the local value of the strain rate as well as the curvature of the separating interface and the variations of the strain rate away from the stagnation point.
Transition and turbulence in horizontal convection: linear stability analysis
Authors: Passaggia Pierre-Yves , Scotti Alberto , White Brian
Published: May 2017

The linear instability mechanisms of horizontal convection in a rectangular cavity forced by a horizontal buoyancy gradient along its surface are investigated using local and global stability analyses for a Prandtl number equal to unity. The results show that the stability of the base flow, a steady circulation characterized by a narrow descending plume and a broad upwelling region, depends on the Rayleigh number, $Ra$. For free-slip boundary conditions at a critical value of $Ra\approx 2\times 10^{7}$, the steady base flow becomes unstable to three-dimensional perturbations, characterized by counter-rotating vortices originating within the plume region. A Wentzel–Kramers–Brillouin (WKB) method applied along closed streamlines demonstrates that this instability is of a Rayleigh–Taylor type and can be used to accurately reconstruct the global instability mode. In the case of no-slip boundary conditions, the base flow also becomes unstable to a self-sustained two-dimensional instability whose critical Rayleigh number is $Ra\approx 1.7\times 10^{8}$. Beyond this critical $Ra$, two-dimensional equilibrium stationary states of the Navier–Stokes equations are computed using the selective frequency damping method. The two-dimensional onset of instability is shown to be characterized by a family of modes also originating within the plume. A local spatio-temporal stability analysis shows that the flow becomes absolutely unstable at the origin of the plume. Taken together, these results illustrate the mechanisms behind the onset of turbulence that has been observed in horizontal convection.
Gravity-driven flow of Herschel–Bulkley fluid in a fracture and in a 2D porous medium
Authors: Di Federico V. , Longo S. , King S. E. , Chiapponi L. , Petrolo D. , Ciriello V.
Published: May 2017

New analytical models are introduced to describe the motion of a Herschel–Bulkley fluid slumping under gravity in a narrow fracture and in a porous medium. A useful self-similar solution can be derived for a fluid injection rate that scales as time $t$; an expansion technique is adopted for a generic injection rate that is power law in time. Experiments in a Hele-Shaw cell and in a narrow channel filled with glass ballotini confirm the theoretical model within the experimental uncertainty.
On the analytical solutions for water waves generated by a prescribed landslide
Authors: Lo Hong-Yueh , Liu Philip L.-F.
Published: May 2017

This paper presents a suite of analytical solutions, for both the free-surface elevation and the flow velocity, for landslide-generated water waves. The one-dimensional (horizontal, 1DH) analytical solutions for water waves generated by a solid landslide moving at a constant speed in constant water depth were obtained for the linear and weakly dispersive wave model as well as the linear and fully dispersive wave model. The area enclosed by the landslide was shown to have stronger lasting effects on the generated water waves than the exact landslide shape. In addition, the resonance solution based on the fully dispersive wave model was examined, and the growth rate was derived. For the 1DH linear shallow water equations (LSWEs) on a constant slope, a closed-form analytical solution, which could serve as a useful benchmark for numerical models, was found for a special landslide forcing function. For the two-dimensional (horizontal, 2DH) LSWEs on a plane beach, we rederived the solutions using the quiescent water initial conditions. The difference between the initial conditions used in the new solutions and those used in previous studies was found to have a permanent effect on the generated waves. We further noted that convergence rate of the 2DH LSWE analytical solutions varies greatly, and advised that case-by-case convergence tests be conducted whenever the modal analytical solutions are numerically evaluated using a finite number of modes.
THE ONTO MAPPING OF SIERPINSKI AND NONMEAGER SETS
Authors: GONZÁLEZ OSVALDO GUZMÁN
Published: May 2017

The principle (*) of Sierpinski is the assertion that there is a family of functions $\left\{ {{\varphi _n}:{\omega _1} \to {\omega _1}|n \in \omega } \right\}$ such that for every $I \in {[{\omega _1}]^{{\omega _1}}}$ there is n ε ω such that ${\varphi _n}[I] = {\omega _1}$. We prove that this principle holds if there is a nonmeager set of size ω1 answering question of Arnold W. Miller. Combining our result with a theorem of Miller it then follows that (*) is equivalent to $non\left( {\cal M} \right) = {\omega _1}$. Miller also proved that the principle of Sierpinki is equivalent to the existence of a weak version of a Luzin set, we will construct a model where all of these sets are meager yet $non\left( {\cal M} \right) = {\omega _1}$.
Métaphysique et éthique de la reproduction
Authors: GAUDEMARD LYNDA
Published: May 2017

Dans cet article, j’examine la thèse classique selon laquelle les désaccords au sujet de l’avortement et de la recherche sur les cellules souches embryonnaires relèvent d’un désaccord plus fondamental relatif à des théories métaphysiques qui fondent ces positions éthiques. Je montrerai que si les positions au sujet du statut moral de l’embryon sont en partie motivées par des conceptions métaphysiques, introduire des arguments métaphysiques dans les débats relatifs à l’éthique de la reproduction ne permet pas de résoudre ce problème.
Striped marlin (Kajikia audax) diet variability off Cabo San Lucas, B.C.S., Mexico during El Niño–La Niña events
Authors: Ortega Garcia Sofía , Arizmendi-Rodríguez Dana I. , Zúñiga-Flores Marcela S.
Published: May 2017

The stomach contents of 1261 striped marlins caught from 2007 to 2010 by the sport-fishing fleet of Cabo San Lucas, Baja California Sur, Mexico, were analysed, taking into account sea surface temperatures estimated using satellite images of the study area and the Oceanic Niño Index (ONI). The analysis allowed the identification of three anomalously cold periods during 2007, 2008 and 2010 and a warm period in 2009. The stomach content results showed 89 different prey items eaten during the study period. Of the specimens captured, 868 (69%) stomachs contained food items. The most important prey items were cephalopods (Dosidicus gigasandArgonautaspp.) and fish (Scomber japonicus,Selar crumenophthalmusandSardinops caeruleus). Despite having a broad trophic spectrum, the striped marlin was classified as a specialist consumer, withBi = 0.03. Based on the diet breadth value and the prey-specific index of relative importance (PSIRI), the jumbo squid,D. gigas, was the main prey species, coinciding with cold periods. On the other hand, the fishesS. caeruleusandS. japonicusshowed the highest PSIRI values during the 2009 warm anomalies. Analysis of similarity showed the formation of four groups in relation to PSIRI values. According to a non-metric multidimensional scaling ordination, these groups were formed with a similarity of 30% and a stress of 0.17. These results demonstrate inter-annual variation in the diet as well as in the availability and abundance of prey items.
Fatty acids and contaminants in edible marine gastropods from Patagonia
Authors: Bigatti G. , Diaz De Vivar M.E. , Cumplido M. , Nieto Vilela R. A. , Avaro M. , Sastre V. , Gil M.
Published: May 2017

Edible marine gastropods are consumed in northern Patagonia without regulations or knowledge of nutritional composition and food quality. We determined total lipids (TL), fatty acid (FA), paralytic shellfish poison (PSP) and metal contamination in six edible marine gastropods:Buccinanops globulosus,B. cochlidium,Trophon geversianus,Odontocymbiola magellanica,Tegula patagonicaandNacella magellanica. TL was lowest in the foot (0.29–0.56%) and maximum in organs (1.43–3.2%), presenting less TL than other edible species around the world. Saturated FA were similar to other consumed marine gastropods worldwide and dominant in all species studied (33.26–48.19%), while monounsaturated FA reached about 30% only in 2 species, but did not exceed 18% in the other species. Polyunsaturated FA reached up to 23.77%, but generally did not exceed 14%. Highly unsaturated FA (AA, EPA and DHA), reached about 27%. The dominant FA was palmitic acid (0.217 to 2.43 µg mg−1).Differences in FA could be related to the different alimentation of the species. Limit of PSP consumption was exceeded in a few months only for two species. Lead was not detectable (<4 µg g−1) while cadmium ranged from 0.07 to 15.32 µg g−1. Our results can be useful to ensure the safety food of these resources, which are being consumed and exported in low quantities in Argentina, but may be commercialized massively in the near future. Monitoring these and other food resources is essential and should be performed in any established fishery of the species reported here to guarantee the safety human consumption.
Distribution and illegal killing of the Endangered Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata on the Potohar Plateau, Pakistan
Authors: Mahmood Tariq , Akrim Faraz , Irshad Nausheen , Hussain Riaz , Fatima Hira , Andleeb Shaista , Aihetasham Ayesha
Published: May 2017

The Endangered Indian pangolin Manis crassicaudata, a burrowing, armoured mammal, plays an important role in the food web by consuming insects and termites. In Pakistan the species’ range includes the 22,000 km2 Potohar Plateau, where it is under pressure from illegal hunting for its scales and requires conservation attention. We used a geographical information system to quantify the range of the Indian pangolin on the Plateau and to compare this with the range estimated in the IUCN Red List assessment of the species. We found that the species occupies c. 89% of the Plateau, in eight of the 10 protected areas, compared with the IUCN estimate of 71%, and we recorded the species at 40 locations on the Plateau outside the range predicted by the IUCN assessment. We collected data on the illegal capture and killing of the species, recording 412 individuals that had been killed at 48 locations between January 2011 and the end of April 2013. The highest number of killings was recorded in Chakwal District (n = 156, at 13 sites) followed by the Attock District (n = 149, at eight sites). Although the Indian pangolin's range on the Potohar Plateau is c. 18% larger than that estimated in the IUCN assessment, the species is under pressure from illegal killing and requires urgent conservation measures to save the small remaining population and avoid the extirpation of this vital insectivorous predator from the area.
Dimensions of environmental risk are unique theoretical constructs
Authors: Barbaro Nicole , Shackelford Todd K.
Published: May 2017

Life history theory serves as the foundation for the CLimate, Aggression, and Self-control in Humans (CLASH) model of aggression. However, this model embodies several misunderstandings of life history constructs and principles. The CLASH model does not recognize that environmental harshness and environmental unpredictability are unique theoretical constructs, rendering predictions and implications from the model suspect.
Does distance from the equator predict self-control? Lessons from the Human Penguin Project
Authors: IJzerman Hans , Čolić Marija V. , Hennecke Marie , Hong Youngki , Hu Chuan-Peng , Joy-Gaba Jennifer , Lazarević Dušanka , Lazarević Ljiljana B. , Parzuchowski Michal , Ratner Kyle G. , Schubert Thomas , Schütz Astrid , Stojilović Darko , Weissgerber Sophia C. , Zickfeld Janis , Lindenberg Siegwart
Published: May 2017

We comment on the proposition “that lower temperatures and especially greater seasonal variation in temperature call for individuals and societies to adopt … a greater degree of self-control” (Van Lange et al., sect. 3, para. 4) for which we cannot find empirical support in a large data set with data-driven analyses. After providing greater nuance in our theoretical review, we suggest that Van Lange et al. revisit their model with an eye toward the social determinants of self-control.
Bullying when it's hot? The CLASH model and climatic influences on bullying
Authors: Volk Anthony A.
Published: May 2017

A novel predictor of bullying may be underlying regional weather conditions (i.e., climate). Bullying data support the CLASH model of aggression by suggesting that climate may moderate the forms and severity of bullying, as well as predict its prevalence across countries. Furthermore, bullying data also suggest that the CLASH model may apply to forms of aggression beyond reactive aggression.
Culture matters for life history trade-offs
Authors: Wiessner Polly
Published: May 2017

Van Lange et al. add important life history perspectives to understanding violence. However, direct links between climate and violence are unlikely because cultural institutions modify human responses. Examples are given from the Bushmen of the Kalahari and Enga of Papua New Guinea. The correlations identified may occur because many countries closer to the equator are caught in the gap between the demise of traditional cultural institutions and the rise of modern forms of governance.
Aggression, predictability of the environment, and self-regulation: Reconciliation with animal research
Authors: Tops Mattie , van der Linden Dimitri
Published: May 2017

Apparently inconsistent with the CLASH model, animal research relates predictable environments to rigid routine behaviors and aggression. However, our work on evolutionary and neural adaptations to (un)predictable environments may be able to reconcile the CLASH model with the animal research, but also suggests complexities beyond the dichotomous approach of CLASH.
The role of climate in human aggression and violence: Towards a broader conception
Authors: van der Linden Sander L.
Published: May 2017

The psychological processes that predict aggressive behaviour are also typically associated with violent self-harm (e.g., poor self-control). Yet, although human violence (towards others) appears to increase with proximity to the equator, suicide rates tend to decrease. In the light of this empirical puzzle, I argue that Van Lange et al.'s CLASH model would benefit from a broader conceptualization of human aggression.
Laser second-harmonic generation from an overdense plasma slab
Authors: Kaur M. , Agarwal P. C. , Kaur S.
Published: May 2017

A s-polarized short-pulse laser impinged obliquely on an overdense plasma slab is shown to produce very significant second harmonic in the direction of specular reflection and transmission. The laser induces a non-linear current on electrons, which is curl free. However, with sharp plasma boundary, it gives rise to electromagnetic radiation at the second harmonic. Our formalism includes multiple reflections of the incident and second-harmonic waves from both the front and rear surfaces. The present work includes finiteness of the slab. The normalized second-harmonic amplitude acquires a sharp peak at some specific angle of incidence for a particular set of parameters dependent on thickness of the slab and plasma density.
Work Dissatisfaction and Sleep Problems among Canadians in the Latter Half of Life
Authors: Brown Kyla , Bierman Alex
Published: May 2017

Cette étude a examiné la relation entre l’insatisfaction au travail et les troubles du sommeil parmi les adultes canadiens dans la seconde moitié de la vie, ainsi que la façon dont le genre et les contacts sociaux modèrent cette relation. Les données proviennent de l’Enquête sociale générale du Canada, cycle 21 (2007), qui a échantillonné les adultes âgés de 45 ans et plus en 2007. Les analyses ont porté sur les personnes dont l’activité principale était l’emploi. Les analyses montrent que l’insatisfaction au travail prédit positivement des troubles du sommeil. Il n’y a pas de différence significative entre les sexes dans cette relation. Le contact social avec les amis amortie cette relation, mais le contact social avec la famille ne le fait pas, et le tamponnement ne varie pas de manière significative entre les hommes et les femmes. Cette recherche contribue à la connaissance des troubles du sommeil en montrant que l’insatisfaction au travail est négativement associée aux troubles du sommeil chez les Canadiens dans la seconde moitié de la vie; cependant, le contact social avec les amis peut s’atténuer cette relation délétère.
Correspondence analysis to evaluate the transmission ofStaphylococcus aureusstrains in two New York State maximum-security prisons
Authors: BEFUS M. , MUKHERJEE D. V. , HERZIG C. T. A. , LOWY F. D. , LARSON E.
Published: May 2017

Prisons/jails are thought to amplify the transmission ofStaphylococcus aureus(SA) particularly methicillin-resistant SA infection and colonisation. Two independently pooled cross-sectional samples of detainees being admitted or discharged from two New York State maximum-security prisons were used to explore this concept. Private interviews of participants were conducted, during which the anterior nares and oropharynx were sampled and assessed for SA colonisation. Log-binomial regression and correspondence analysis (CA) were used to evaluate the prevalence of colonisation at entry as compared with discharge. Approximately 51% of admitted (N= 404) and 41% of discharged (N= 439) female detainees were colonised with SA. Among males, 59% of those admitted (N= 427) and 49% of those discharged (N= 393) were colonised. Females had a statistically significant higher prevalence (1·26:P= 0·003) whereas males showed no significant difference (1·06;P= 0·003) in SA prevalence between entry and discharge. CA demonstrated that some strains, such asspatypes t571 and t002, might have an affinity for certain mucosal sites. Contrary to our hypothesis, the prison setting did not amplify SA transmission, and CA proved to be a useful tool in describing the population structure of strains according to time and/or mucosal site.
Out of harm's way: Secure versus insecure–disorganized attachment predicts less adolescent risk taking related to childhood poverty
Authors: Delker Brianna C. , Bernstein Rosemary E. , Laurent Heidemarie K.
Published: May 2017

Although some risk taking in adolescence is normative, evidence suggests that adolescents raised in conditions of socioeconomic disadvantage are disproportionately burdened with risk taking and its negative consequences. Using longitudinal data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development, we investigated quality of the early caregiving environment as a potential prospective buffer against the long-term association between childhood poverty and adolescent risk taking. Multicategorical moderation model results indicated that if raised in poverty across age 1–54 months (average family income to needs ratio ≤ 1.02), relative to affluence (income to needs ratio ≥ 6.16), adolescents with histories of secure attachment to caregivers exhibited two times the number of risk behaviors at age 15, whereas adolescents with insecure–disorganized histories exhibited nearly five times the number of risk behaviors. Both early family economic hardship and history of insecure–disorganized attachment remained significant predictors of increased adolescent risk taking, alongside the interactive effect. Probing the interaction's region of significance revealed that history of secure (vs. insecure–disorganized) attachment is associated with protective reductions in risk taking below a family income to needs ratio of 2.24, or about 220% poverty level. Findings support a diathesis–stress model in which children with secure attachment histories are less deleteriously impacted by early socioeconomic adversity than their insecure–disorganized peers.
Are Character Traits Dispositions?
Authors: Alvarez Maria
Published: May 2017

The last three decades have seen much important work on powers and dispositions: what they are and how they are related to the phenomena that constitute their manifestation. These debates have tended to focus on ‘paradigmatic’ dispositions, i.e. physical dispositions such as conductivity, elasticity, radioactivity, etc. It is often assumed, implicitly or explicitly, that the conclusions of these debates concerning physical dispositions can be extended to psychological dispositions, such as beliefs, desires or character traits. In this paper I identify some central features of paradigmatic dispositions that concern their manifestation, stimulus conditions, and causal bases. I then focus on a specific kind of psychological disposition, namely character traits, and argue that they are importantly different from paradigmatic dispositions in relation to these features. I conclude that this difference should lead us to re-examine our assumption that character traits are dispositions and, by implication, whether we can generalize conclusions about physical dispositions to psychological dispositions, such as character traits and their manifestations.
Rational Planning Agency
Authors: Bratman Michael E.
Published: May 2017

Our planning agency contributes to our lives in fundamental ways. Prior partial plans settle practical questions about the future. They thereby pose problems of means, filter solutions to those problems, and guide action. This plan-infused background frames our practical thinking in ways that cohere with our resource limits and help organize our lives, both over time and socially. And these forms of practical thinking involve guidance by norms of plan rationality, including norms of plan consistency, means-end coherence, and stability over time.

But why are these norms of rationality? Would these norms be stable under a planning agent's reflection? I try to answer these questions in a way that responds to a skeptical challenge. While I highlight pragmatic reasons for being a planning agent, these need to be supplemented fully to explain the force of these norms in the particular case. I argue that the needed further rationale appeals to the idea that these norms track certain conditions of a planning agent's self-governance, both at a time and over time. With respect to diachronic plan rationality, this approach leads to a modest plan conservatism.
Two Libertarian Theories: or Why Event-causal Libertarians Should Prefer My Daring Libertarian View to Robert Kane's View
Authors: Mele Alfred R.
Published: May 2017

Libertarianism about free will is the conjunction of two theses: the existence of free will is incompatible with the truth of determinism, and at least some human beings sometimes exercise free will (or act freely, for short).1 Some libertarian views feature agent causation, others maintain that free actions are uncaused, and yet others – event-causal libertarian views – reject all views of these two kinds and appeal to indeterministic causation by events and states.2 This article explores the relative merits of two different views of this third kind. One is Robert Kane's prominent view, and the other is the ‘daring libertarian’ view that I floated in Free Will and Luck.3 (I labeled the view ‘daring’ to distinguish it from a more modest libertarian view that I floated a decade earlier.)4 I say ‘floated’ because I am not a libertarian. I do not endorse incompatibilism; instead, I am agnostic about it. But if I were a libertarian, I would embrace my daring libertarian view (or DLV, for short). This article's thesis is that event-causal libertarians should prefer DLV to Kane's ‘dual or multiple efforts’ view.5
Agency and Practical Abilities
Authors: Small Will
Published: May 2017

Though everyday life accords a great deal of significance to practical abilities – such as the ability to walk, to speak French, to play the piano – philosophers of action pay surprisingly little attention to them. By contrast, abilities are discussed in various other philosophical projects. From these discussions, a partial theory of abilities emerges. If the partial theory – which is at best adequate only to a few examples of practical abilities – were correct, then philosophers of action would be right to ignore practical abilities, because they could play no fundamental role in an account of human agency. For the idea that practical abilities do play a fundamental role in human agency to be worth considering, an alternative conception of them is needed. As a first step, I attempt some of the necessary ground-clearing work.
PRICING PERPETUAL TIMER OPTION UNDER THE STOCHASTIC VOLATILITY MODEL OF HULL–WHITE
Authors: ZHANG JICHAO , LU XIAOPING , HAN YUECAI
Published: May 2017

The valuation of perpetual timer options under the Hull–White stochastic volatility model is discussed here. By exploring the connection between the Hull–White model and the Bessel process and using time-change techniques, the triple joint distribution for the instantaneous volatility, the cumulative reciprocal volatility and the cumulative realized variance is obtained. An explicit analytical solution for the price of perpetual timer call options is derived as a Black–Scholes–Merton-type formula.
Sleep problems in breast cancer survivors 1–10 years posttreatment
Authors: Lowery-Allison Amy E. , Passik Steven D. , Cribbet Matthew R. , Reinsel Ruth A. , O'Sullivan Barbara , Norton Larry , Kirsh Kenneth L. , Kavey Neil B.
Published: May 2017

Objective:

Sleep can affect quality of life (QoL) during cancer survivorship, and symptoms related to poor sleep can be exacerbated. We examined the prevalence, severity, and nature of subjective sleep complaints in women surviving stage I–III breast cancer who were 1–10 years posttreatment. We also examined the demographic, medical, physical, and psychosocial correlates of poor sleep in these women in order to identify the subgroups that may be most in need of intervention.

Method:

A total of 200 patients at a comprehensive cancer center who were 1–10 years posttreatment for primary stage I–III breast cancer with no evidence of disease at the time of enrollment completed a battery of questionnaires on demographics, sleep, physical symptoms, mood, cancer-specific fears, and QoL.

Results:

The women had a mean age of 57 years (SD = 10.0), with a mean of 63.3 months (SD = 28.8) of post-cancer treatment. Some 38% of these patients were identified as having poor-quality sleep. Women with poor sleep took longer to fall asleep, had more awakenings, and acquired 2 hours less sleep per night than those with good sleep. They also had a lower QoL, greater severity of pain, more concerns about health and recurrence, and increased vasomotor symptoms (p < 0.05). Daytime sleepiness and depression were found to be not significantly correlated with sleep quality.

Significance of results:

Many breast cancer survivors had severe subjective insomnia, and several breast cancer survivor subgroups were identified as having members who might be most in need of sleep-improvement interventions. Addressing physical symptoms (e.g., vasomotor symptoms and pain) and providing education about the behavioral, social, environmental, and medical factors that affect sleep could result in substantial improvement in the life course of breast cancer survivors.
Evaluation of coloured traps with kairomone attractant for monitoring thrips population dynamics on tomato crop in East Africa
Authors: Muvea Alexander Mutua , Kutima Helen Lydia , Lagat Zipporah Osiemo , Waiganjo Monicah , Subramanian Sevgan
Published: May 2017

Tomato is an important vegetable crop that is cultivated for the domestic market in Kenya and other East African countries. Thrips are one of the key pests hampering the production of tomato, both by direct damage to the crop and as vectors of tospoviruses. Field experiments were carried out over two planting times to evaluate the use of sticky traps for monitoring thrips infesting tomato in East Africa. Blue, yellow, and clear sticky traps with and without a thrips lure (Lurem-TR) were tested. Field observations for thrips catches on the sticky traps were made weekly until crop senescence. Sticky traps were replaced with new ones at each observation time. Additionally, both destructive and non-destructive samplings for thrips were done at each observation.Frankliniella schultzei(Trybom) andCeratothripoides brunneus(Bagnall) were more attracted to blue than yellow traps.Frankliniella occidentalis(Pergande) attraction to blue and yellow traps was not distinctive. The addition of Lurem-TR on traps increased captures ofF. schultzeiandF. occidentalisbut not ofC. brunneus.Blue traps with Lurem-TR captures had the highest correlation with absolute estimate of thrips density on the plants. Rainfall had significant negative correlation with thrips population on the crops. Our results show that blue traps and Lurem-TR have strong potential for improving monitoring and management of thrips on tomato.
Erratum: Divergent functional isoforms drive niche specialisation for nutrient acquisition and use in rumen microbiome
Authors: Rubino Francesco , Carberry Ciara , Waters Sinéad M , Kenny David , McCabe Matthew S , Creevey Christopher J
Published: May 2017

Correction to: The ISME Journal (2017) 11, 932–944; doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.172 Updated online 28 February 2017: This article was originally published under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license, but has now been made available under a CC-BY 4.0 license. The PDF and HTML versions of the paper have been modified accordingly.
Protein-protein interactions and metabolite channelling in the plant tricarboxylic acid cycle
Authors: Zhang Youjun , Beard Katherine F. M. , Swart Corné , Bergmann Susan , Krahnert Ina , Nikoloski Zoran , Graf Alexander , Ratcliffe R. George , Sweetlove Lee J. , Fernie Alisdair R. , Obata Toshihiro
Published: May 2017

Protein complexes of sequential metabolic enzymes, often termed metabolons, may permit direct channelling of metabolites between the enzymes, providing increased control over metabolic pathway fluxes. Experimental evidence supporting their existence in vivo remains fragmentary. In the present study, we test binary interactions of the proteins constituting the plant tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle. We integrate (semi-)quantitative results from affinity purification-mass spectrometry, split-luciferase and yeast-two-hybrid assays to generate a single reliability score for assessing protein–protein interactions. By this approach, we identify 158 interactions including those between catalytic subunits of sequential enzymes and between subunits of enzymes mediating non-adjacent reactions. We reveal channelling of citrate and fumarate in isolated potato mitochondria by isotope dilution experiments. These results provide evidence for a functional TCA cycle metabolon in plants, which we discuss in the context of contemporary understanding of this pathway in other kingdoms.
An evolutionary switch in ND2 enables Src kinase regulation of NMDA receptors
Authors: Scanlon David P. , Bah Alaji , Krzeminski Mickaël , Zhang Wenbo , Leduc-Pessah Heather L. , Dong Yi Na , Forman-Kay Julie D. , Salter Michael W.
Published: May 2017

The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src is a key signalling hub for upregulating the function of N-methyl D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs). Src is anchored within the NMDAR complex via NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 (ND2), a mitochondrially encoded adaptor protein. The interacting regions between Src and ND2 have been broadly identified, but the interaction between ND2 and the NMDAR has remained elusive. Here we generate a homology model of ND2 and dock it onto the NMDAR via the transmembrane domain of GluN1. This interaction is enabled by the evolutionary loss of three helices in bilaterian ND2 proteins compared to their ancestral homologues. We experimentally validate our model and demonstrate that blocking this interaction with an ND2 fragment identified in our experimental studies prevents Src-mediated upregulation of NMDAR currents in neurons. Our findings establish the mode of interaction between an NMDAR accessory protein with one of the core subunits of the receptor.
Post-supereruption recovery at Toba Caldera
Authors: Mucek Adonara E. , Danišík Martin , de Silva Shanaka L. , Schmitt Axel K. , Pratomo Indyo , Coble Matthew A.
Published: May 2017

Large calderas, or supervolcanoes, are sites of the most catastrophic and hazardous events on Earth, yet the temporal details of post-supereruption activity, or resurgence, remain largely unknown, limiting our ability to understand how supervolcanoes work and address their hazards. Toba Caldera, Indonesia, caused the greatest volcanic catastrophe of the last 100 kyr, climactically erupting ∼74 ka. Since the supereruption, Toba has been in a state of resurgence but its magmatic and uplift history has remained unclear. Here we reveal that new 14C, zircon U–Th crystallization and (U–Th)/He ages show resurgence commenced at 69.7±4.5 ka and continued until at least ∼2.7 ka, progressing westward across the caldera, as reflected by post-caldera effusive lava eruptions and uplifted lake sediment. The major stratovolcano north of Toba, Sinabung, shows strong geochemical kinship with Toba, and zircons from recent eruption products suggest Toba’s climactic magma reservoir extends beneath Sinabung and is being tapped during eruptions.
South-American plate advance and forced Andean trench retreat as drivers for transient flat subduction episodes
Authors: Schepers Gerben , van Hinsbergen Douwe J. J. , Spakman Wim , Kosters Martha E. , Boschman Lydian M. , McQuarrie Nadine
Published: May 2017

At two trench segments below the Andes, the Nazca Plate is subducting sub-horizontally over ∼200–300 km, thought to result from a combination of buoyant oceanic-plateau subduction and hydrodynamic mantle-wedge suction. Whether the actual conditions for both processes to work in concert existed is uncertain. Here we infer from a tectonic reconstruction of the Andes constructed in a mantle reference frame that the Nazca slab has retreated at ∼2 cm per year since ∼50 Ma. In the flat slab portions, no rollback has occurred since their formation at ∼12 Ma, generating ‘horse-shoe’ slab geometries. We propose that, in concert with other drivers, an overpressured sub-slab mantle supporting the weight of the slab in an advancing upper plate-motion setting can locally impede rollback and maintain flat slabs until slab tearing releases the overpressure. Tear subduction re-establishes a continuous slab and allows the process to recur, providing a mechanism for the transient character of flat slabs.
Atomically manufactured nickel–silicon quantum dots displaying robust resonant tunneling and negative differential resistance
Authors: Cheng Jian-Yih , Fisher Brandon L. , Guisinger Nathan P. , Lilley Carmen M.
Published: May 2017

Providing a spin-free host material in the development of quantum information technology has made silicon a very interesting and desirable material for qubit design. Much of the work and experimental progress has focused on isolated phosphorous atoms. In this article, we report on the exploration of Ni–Si clusters that are atomically manufactured via self-assembly from the bottom-up and behave as isolated quantum dots. These small quantum dot structures are probed at the atomic-scale with scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy, revealing robust resonance through discrete quantized energy levels within the Ni–Si clusters. The resonance energy is reproducible and the peak spacing of the quantum dot structures increases as the number of atoms in the cluster decrease. Probing these quantum dot structures on degenerately doped silicon results in the observation of negative differential resistance in both I–V and dI/dV spectra. At higher surface coverage of nickel, a well-known √19 surface modification is observed and is essentially a tightly packed array of the clusters. Spatial conductance maps reveal variations in the local density of states that suggest the clusters are influencing the electronic properties of their neighbors. All of these results are extremely encouraging towards the utilization of metal modified silicon surfaces to advance or complement existing quantum information technology.
Understanding liver regeneration to bring new insights to the mechanisms driving cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Guest R. V. , Boulter L. , Dwyer B. J. , Forbes S. J.
Published: May 2017

Cancer frequently arises in epithelial tissues subjected to repeated cycles of injury and repair. Improving our understanding of tissue regeneration is, therefore, likely to reveal novel processes with inherent potential for aberration that can lead to carcinoma. These highly conserved regenerative mechanisms are increasingly understood and in the liver are associated with special characteristics that underlie the organ’s legendary capacity for restoration of size and function following even severe or chronic injury. The nature of the injury can determine the cellular source of epithelial regeneration and the signalling mechanisms brought to play. These observations are shaping how we understand and experimentally investigate primary liver cancer, in particular cholangiocarcinoma; a highly invasive malignancy of the bile ducts, resistant to chemotherapy and whose pathogenesis has hitherto been poorly understood. Interestingly, signals that drive liver development become activated in the formation of cholangiocarcinoma, such as Notch and Wnt and may be potential future therapeutic targets. In this review, we summarise the work which has led to the current understanding of the cellular source of cholangiocarcinoma, how the tumour recruits, sustains and is educated by its supporting stromal environment, and the tumour-derived signals that drive the progression and invasion of the cancer. With few current treatments of any true efficacy, advances that will improve our understanding of the mechanisms driving this aggressive malignancy are welcome and may help drive therapeutic developments.