bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF THE SERUM GLUTAMIC PYRUVIC TRANSAMINASE TEST FOR THE EVALUATION OF HEPATIC NECROTROPIC COMPOUNDS IN RATS
Authors: Balazs T. , Airth J. M. , Grice H. C.
Published: October 2017

A positive correlation was established between the extent of liver necrosis, measured planimetrically, and the serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) level in toxic hepatitis. Intoxicated rats treated with necrotropic drugs showed significantly lower SGPT values than the control animals. The measurement of SGPT level in toxic hepatitis in rats is suggested as a method for evaluation of hepatic necrotropic compounds.
TRIGEMINAL PROJECTIONS IN THE RETICULAR FORMATION OF THE PONS IN THE CAT
Authors: Langlois J. M. , Lamarche Guy
Published: October 2017

The projections of the trigeminal nerve in the pontine reticular formation of the cat have been investigated by recording unit activity, after physiological stimulation of the face, in 30 "encéphales isolés" preparations. No somatotopical arrangement was found but a high degree of spatial convergence onto pontine reticular units exists and a certain degree of functional organization was observed.
HEMODYNAMICS DURING THE ACUTE PHASE OF MYOCARDIAL DAMAGE CAUSED BY ISOPROTERENOL
Authors: Beznak Margaret
Published: October 2017

One to three days after two consecutive subcutaneous injections of 40 mg/kg isoproterenol were given to male rats, severe histological changes occurred in the myocardium. Blood pressure, cardiac output, and work of these rats did not differ from normal. During polyvinylpyrrolidone infusion, normal rats raised their cardiac output to about three times the preinfusion value, while only a slight increase took place in the isoproterenol-treated rats. The difference was less marked during pitressin and norepinephrine infusion. It is concluded that during the acute damage of the myocardium by isoproterenol, the functional capacity of the heart is greatly reduced.
EFFECTS OF PHYSICOCHEMICAL AGENTS ON THE ELECTROPHORETIC PROPERTIES OF SERUM PROTEINS IN STARCH GEL MEDIUM
Authors: Richter M. , Gold J. , Rankowicz W. , Rose B.
Published: October 2017

The effects of physical and chemical agents on the electrophoretic properties of the serum proteins have been investigated utilizing both starch gel and paper electrophoresis. It has been found that freezing and thawing do not produce any alterations in the serum proteins whereas heating at either 47 °C or 55 °C causes a certain degree of homogenization of the serum proteins.
THE ACTIVE CENTER OF HUMAN PLASMIN
Authors: Ronwin Edward
Published: October 2017

Studies on the active center of human plasmin indicate that it is functionally identical with those of bovine plasmin and bovine trypsin. Its similarities to and differences from bovine thrombin duplicate those previously demonstrated between the latter and both bovine plasmin and trypsin. The data suggest that the basic structural geometry and group function of an active center capable of catalyzing a successful enzymatic mechanism, in these studies the tryptic function, is maintained for the active centers of different tryptic enzymes both within a species and in evolutionary shifts from species to species.
THE RELATION BETWEEN THE STAINING PROPERTIES OF THE THYROIDAL COLLOID AND ITS IODINE CONTENT
Authors: DesMarais A. , LaHam Q. N.
Published: October 2017

A new staining technique has been developed for the thyroid gland involving the use of two components of the Mallory connective tissue stain, aniline blue and orange G in reversed proportions.Various indices such as incorporation of radioiodine, epithelial cell height, and number of blue and yellow staining follicles and total number of follicles have been used to test the validity of the color reaction in the colloid. The comparison of these diverse indices strongly suggests that the colloid material which stains with aniline blue corresponds to iodinated thyroglobulin, while the yellow staining material appears to be devoid of biologically active iodinated amino acids.
THE SPECIFICITY OF A PROTEASE FROM PENICILLIUM CYANEO-FULVUM
Authors: Martin S. M. , Singh Kartar , Ankel H. , Khan A. H.
Published: October 2017

A purified preparation of the extracellular protease of Penicillium cyaneo-fulvum was homogeneous on electrophoresis and ultracentrifugation. The enzyme was shown to be an endopeptidase of low specificity.
A STUDY OF THE PROLONGED INTAKE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF ETHYLENEDIAMINETETRAACETATE ON THE UTILIZATION OF LOW DIETARY LEVELS OF CALCIUM AND IRON BY THE RAT
Authors: Hawkins W. W. , Leonard Verna G. , Maxwell Joan E. , Rastogi Krishna Sudha
Published: October 2017

Young rats were maintained for 84 days on a diet which supplied to each 0.15 mg of iron and 4.26 mg of calcium per day. The Ca:P ratio of the diet was 1.4. For some of the animals the dihydrate of disodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) was added at a level of 0.01%, which supplied 1 mg per rat per day. The molar ratio of EDTA:Ca:Fe was 1:37.9:1.The EDTA did not affect the growth of the rats. It did not affect the excretion of calcium, or its concentration in blood serum or femur. Since the faecal excretion was not affected, apparently the absorption was not impaired. The growth of the femur was not affected. EDTA was associated with generally higher levels of iron in the serum, but the average difference was not statistically significant. There was no effect upon the liver iron or the haemoglobin level in the blood.Small amounts of EDTA in the diet apparently did not interfere with the utilization of low and probably inadequate dietary levels of calcium and iron.
SURVIVAL AND GROWTH IN ADRENALECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH 21-METHYL-SUBSTITUTED STEROIDS
Authors: Llaurado Josep G. , Fitzgerald Geraldine M.
Published: October 2017

Two new C22 steroids, 21-methyl-9α-fluoroprednisolone and 21-methyl-6α,9α-difluoroprednisolone, and their respective C21 parent compounds are shown to possess life-maintaining activity in adrenalectomized young rats. These C21 steroids promote less growth than the parent compounds, probably because the former do not induce sodium retention. All steroids, in adequate dosage, cause thymus involution and adrenal a trophy, but lack androgenic activity. Attention is drawn to the masking action of certain steroid administering vehicles on survival tests and to the seeming unreliability of the thymus-involution assay for assessing or predicting anti-inflammatory activity of steroids.
LE POIDS DE L'ÉLECTRO-ÉJACULAT CHEZ LE COBAYE SOUMIS À UNE EXPOSITION CHRONIQUE AU FROID
Authors: Dugal L. P. , Dunnigan J.
Published: October 2017

In male guinea pigs, chronic exposure to cold did not produce cryptorchism, contrarily to what was found in the rat. The endocrine function of the testis, as measured indirectly by the electroejaculatory test of Moore and Gallagher, was significantly increased during the whole period (10 months) of exposure to cold. In normal guinea pigs exposed to cold, the spermatogenesis was not impaired. All these results are contrary to the ones obtained in the rat.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF AN UNNATURAL AND ANTITUMOR AMINO ACID: 1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANECARBOXYLIC ACID: I. TOXICITY AND TISSUE DISTRIBUTION
Authors: Berlinguet L. , Bégin Nicole , Babineau L. M. , Martel F. , Vallée Rita , Laferté R. O.
Published: October 2017

The unnatural amino acid 1-aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) is toxic to rats when given at concentrations of above 0.1% in the diet, or in successive 50 mg/kg daily intraperitoneal injections. A single injection of 300 mg/kg did not kill any rats. After injection, the concentration of ACPC in the blood of the animals was constantly low and the urinary excretion was also very slow. Using radioactive ACPC, it was found that the substance was widely distributed in the tissues and while it was never incorporated into the proteins, it was always found in the cellular fluid.
BIOCHEMICAL STUDIES OF AN UNNATURAL AND ANTITUMOR AMINO ACID: 1-AMINOCYCLOPENTANECARBOXYLIC ACID: II. EFFECTS ON CELLULAR RESPIRATION AND AMINO ACID METABOLISM
Authors: Berlinguet L. , Bégin Nicole , Babineau L. M. , Laferté R. O.
Published: October 2017

1-Aminocyclopentanecarboxylic acid (ACPC) was studied for its effect on cellular respiration of rat tissues and for its reactivity towards decarboxylases, transaminases, and amino acid oxidases. In the tissues studied, cellular respiration was normal. The amino acid was not decarboxylated, transaminated, or oxidized. The transamination and oxidation of other amino acids remained normal even in the presence of ACPC.Using the radioactive substance, it was found that the molecule remains intact within the cells since no metabolic products could be detected.
STUDIES OF HYDRANGENOL IN HYDRANGEA MACROPHYLLA SER.: II. BIOSYNTHESIS OF HYDRANGENOL FROM C14-LABELLED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Ibrahim R. K. , Towers G. H. N.
Published: October 2017

Hydrangenol-C14 was isolated from root tissues of Hydrangea macrophylla after the administration of L-phenylalanine-U-C14, -1-C14, and -3-C14, of cinnamic-2-C14, and of acetate-2-C14 and it was degraded by alkaline fusion. The distribution of labelling between two of the degradation products, 2,6-cresotic acid and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, was found to be consistent with the proposed scheme for the biosynthesis of hydrangenol, namely the condensation of an intact phenylpropanoid molecule with three molecules of acetate.
THE OXIDATION OF ESTRONE-16-C14BY PEROXIDASE
Authors: Jellinck P. H. , Irwin Louise
Published: October 2017

Aerobic incubation of estrone-16-C14with peroxidase in the presence of serum albumin and other proteins resulted in the formation of water-soluble, ether-insoluble metabolites in high percentage yields. Similar products were formed when protein was replaced by cysteine or tryptophan but none of the other amino acids tested had any effect. The evidence points to an initial generation of hydrogen peroxide from these nitrogenous compounds by the enzyme acting as an aerobic oxidase, and the subsequent peroxidation of estrone to highly reactive products. These then combine with the protein or amino acid or else undergo alternative reactions. A strong chemical bond is formed with albumin and attempts to release the estrone metabolites from it were unsuccessful. Uterine homogenates from estrogen-treated rats showing high DPNH oxidase activity contained no "peroxidase" as measured by the formation of water-soluble products from estrone in the presence of protein.
LOW-TEMPERATURE ENVIRONMENTAL STRESS AND THE METABOLISM OF VITAMIN A IN THE RAT
Authors: Phillips W. E. J.
Published: October 2017

Carotene and vitamin A metabolism in the rat were studied at two environmental temperatures. The utilization of carotene is greater in animals maintained at a low environmental temperature (2°) than at room temperature (22°). This occurred within a period of 3 days. Both the hepatic storage and the rate of metabolism of orally administered vitamin A were unaffected by environmental temperature. The response of Wistar and Sprague–Dawley strains was similar.
THE HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC ACTIVITY OF VITAMIN A AND RELATED COMPOUNDS AS INFLUENCED BY THEIR CHEMICAL STRUCTURE
Authors: Wood J. D.
Published: October 2017

The hypocholesterolemic properties of vitamin A and related compounds were studied with a view to ascertaining the importance of chemical structure on the activity of the substances. The compounds were incorporated into the diet of cholesterol-fed chicks and their ability to prevent the dietary-induced hypercholesterolemia was determined. The vitamin A type structure appeared to be necessary for activity because compounds chemically related to vitamin A but not having the general structure, such as β-carotene, citral, and phytol, had little or no activity. Variations in groupings and type of bonds within the general structure were less critical with regard to hypocholesterolemic properties. The all-trans, 9-mono-cis, and the 13-mono-cis vitamin A aldehydes possessed the same activity, and vitamin A, free and esterified, and vitamin A aldehyde were all active although the latter compound was considerably more so than the first two mentioned.
PURIFICATION OF CYTOCHROME c USING CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE
Authors: Sutherland I. W.
Published: October 2017

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THE PURIFICATION OF TRYPSINOGEN BY ION-EXCHANGE CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Smillie L. B. , Mabbott G. Y. , Neufeld G. R.
Published: October 2017

The purification of trypsinogen by several methods of ion-exchange chromatography has been investigated. The use of phosphate–urea buffers on Bio-Rex 70 was not a suitable preparative procedure because of considerable inactivation of the zymogen. Chromatography on carboxymethyl cellulose at pH 3.2 produced no significant increase in the potential tryptic activity. In the presence of soybean trypsin inhibitor, trypsinogen was successfully chromatographed on Bio-Rex 70 to yield a product of high potential activity and of low free tryptic and chymotryptic activity. It was essentially free from soybean trypsin inhibitor and possessed the physical parameters previously published for this protein.
HAEMATOLOGIC CHANGES CAUSED BY HYPOTHERMIA IN HAMSTERS AND RATS
Authors: Orme T. , Beaton J. R. , Laufer J.
Published: October 2017

As a consequence of hypothermia (15 °C rectal temperature) in the rat and the hamster, there are increases in red cell fragility and in blood clotting time and a decrease in prothrombin time. In the hypothermic hamster there are significant increases in haemoglobin and erythrocyte count but mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular haemoglobin content, and serum protein levels are not altered. These findings indicate that, unlike the hypothermic rat, the hypothermic hamster has an increased haematocrit as a consequence of increased release or decreased destruction of erythrocytes rather than as a consequence of increased cell size and decreased plasma volume. Hypothermia causes a marked leukopenia in both the hamster and the rat but causes an alteration in the relative numbers of lymphocytes and neutrophiles only in the rat.
AUTOPROTHROMBIN C: A SECOND ENZYME FROM PROTHROMBIN
Authors: Marciniak Ewa , Seegers Walter H.
Published: October 2017

In addition to thrombin, there is another derivative of prothrombin which is an end product of prothrombin activation. It is an accelerator of prothrombin activation, and is called autoprothrombin C. The activity develops from purified bovine prothrombin in 25% sodium citrate solution simultaneously with thrombin. It has been separated from thrombin by chromatography on Amberlite IRC-50 under the conditions previously used for the isolation of thrombin. The fraction which separates from thrombin has esterase activity and very likely this esterase activity is associated with the autoprothrombin C molecule. Since the autoprothrombin C and the thrombin are both derived from prothrombin, at least two enzymes are the end products of prothrombin activation. Autoprothrombin C catalyzed the activation of purified prothrombin in 25% sodium citrate solution, and this function was easily inhibited with p-toluenesulphonyl-L-arginine methyl ester. Autoprothrombin C preparations were mixed with platelets, Ac-globulin, and calcium ions to obtain rapid conversion of purified prothrombin to thrombin. This activation mixture did not generate autoprothrombin C and some unspecified substance most likely needs to be added in order to obtain the autoprothrombin C activity. The activity developed together with thrombin when tissue extracts, Ac-globulin, and calcium ions were used for the activation of prothrombin. Autoprothrombin C is relatively stable over the pH range 5.5 to 8.5. It is stable up to 56 °C for 30 minutes. Plasma contains a substance that inactivates autoprothrombin C.
EFFECTS OF X IRRADIATION ON ENZYME SYNTHESIS DURING LIVER REGENERATION
Authors: Myers D. K.
Published: October 2017

Twenty-four different enzymes or enzyme systems have been assayed in regenerating rat liver from control and irradiated animals at various times after partial hepatectomy. X irradiation, either of the whole liver region or of an exteriorized liver lobule, interfered with the accumulation of only three of these enzymes: deoxycytidylate deaminase, thymidine Phosphorylase, and NAD pyrophosphorylase. Irradiation did not affect the synthesis of related enzymes such as adenosine and guanine deaminases, and inosine and uridine phosphorylases. The effects of irradiation on enzyme synthesis in regenerating liver would appear to be highly selective.
GAS–LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHIC FRACTIONATION OF NATURAL TRIGLYCERIDE MIXTURES BY CARBON NUMBER
Authors: Kuksis A. , McCarthy M. J.
Published: October 2017

Synthetic and naturally occurring triglyceride mixtures have been successfully separated according to their carbon number by gas–liquid chromatography on stainless steel columns (18 in. × 1/8 in. diameter) packed with 60–80 mesh Chromosorb W coated with 2.25% (w/w) SE-30. Complete and apparently quantitative separations of the simple triglycerides from trioctanoin to tristearin were achieved within 40 minutes in the temperature range of 200 to 320 °C. Under the working conditions (temperature programming), the columns had a theoretical plate number of 3500 to 5000 when calculated for tristearin. Although losses of the higher molecular weight triglycerides were occasionally encountered because of incomplete volatilization, there was no evidence of a fragmentation of the triglyceride molecules at the moment of volatilization (325 °C).
CHOLINOLYTICS IN THE TREATMENT OF ANTICHOLINESTERASE POISONING: II. TREATMENT OF SARIN POISONING WITH AN OXIME AND VARIOUS COMBINATIONS OF CHOLINOLYTIC COMPOUNDS
Authors: Coleman I. W. , Little P. E. , Bannard R. A. B.
Published: October 2017

Thirty-four cholinolytic compounds were screened for protective activity in mice and rats exposed to sarin. All compounds were examined at a dosage of 50 μmoles/kg in the presence of 30 mg/kg of N-methylpyridinium-2-aldoxime methanesulphonate (P-2-S). In the first trials, the compounds were administered in combination with 50 μmoles/kg of atropine sulphate. With mice, 17 of the compounds demonstrated protection significantly greater than that afforded by P-2-S and atropine sulphate alone. Best protection was obtained with the addition of 2′-diethylaminoethyl 1-phenylcyclobutanecarboxylate hydrochloride (G-5130), the combined treatment increasing the LD50 of sarin 10-fold. Triflupromazine in combination with atropine sulphate raised the LD50 of sarin 8.5-fold while 4′-N-methylpiperidyl 1-phenylcyclopentanecarboxylate hydrochloride (G-3063) with atropine sulphate increased the LD50 of sarin by a factor of 6.6. When 16 of the combinations most active in the mouse were repeated using rats, highest protection was obtained with the l-isomer of 2′-diethylaminoethyl α-cyclohexane-α-(2″-thienyl)glycolate d-bitartrate (Win 5779-6), which increased the LD50 of sarin 23-fold. Diparcol plus atropine sulphate and Parpanit plus atropine sulphate increased the LD50 of sarin by factors of 19 and 14.7 respectively.In further studies on mice in which combinations of cholinolytic drugs were examined in the absence of atropine sulphate, the most effective combined treatment, which raised the LD50of sarin 24-fold, involved the use of G-3063 with Triflupromazine. G-3063 in combination with atropine methylbromide or Diparcol increased the LD50 of sarin 15- and 14-fold respectively.
FURTHER WORK ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF Cs137 IN PIGS
Authors: McNeill K. G. , Robinson G. A.
Published: October 2017

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LIGNIN ABNORMALITIES OF "RUBBERY APPLE WOOD"
Authors: Sondheimer E. , Simpson W. G.
Published: October 2017

The lignin from healthy and from rubbery wood virus-infected apple trees has been examined. Although the Klason lignin from healthy specimen was found to be similar to that of other hardwood species, the lignin from the diseased samples has a lower methoxyl content and yields less syringaldehyde on nitrobenzene oxidation. More alcohol-soluble material but less Klason lignin was obtained from the diseased samples than from the healthy wood. Since the lignins from the healthy and the diseased samples have a similar oxygen content, it is suggested that methylation of the lignin is interfered with in the infected wood. Evidence for the validity of this theory is discussed. A similarity was noted between the characteristics of rubbery wood virus and those of "juvenile" lignin from other sources.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND DISSOCIATION BEHAVIOR OF α- AND β-LIPOVITELLIN IN ACID SOLVENTS
Authors: Kratohvil J. P. , Martin W. G. , Cook W. H.
Published: October 2017

Solutions of α-lipovitellin in 1 M formic acid and 0.01 M hydrochloric acid had two sedimenting components of ca. 2.0 S and 4.6 S. Initially, acid solutions of β-lipovitellin contained only the 4.6 S component but, after about 4 days, the 2.0 S component was also present. Using freshly prepared solutions the molecular weight (M) of this 4.6 S component of β-lipovitellin was established as 3.9 × 105 by both light scattering and sedimentation and diffusion measurements. This component appears, therefore, to be the associated form of β-lipovitellin of 11 S and M = 4.0 × 105 in neutral solvents. The 2.0 S component must therefore be a dissociated subunit of comparable or smaller size than the subunit of 7 S and M = 2.0 × 105 in alkaline solvents. Evidently both lipovitellins dissociate in acid, as they do in alkaline solvents, but the solubility behavior and irreversible changes that occur in acid precluded a quantitative study.
PREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF POLYSACCHARIDE–LIPID COMPLEXES FROM SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Srivastava H. C. , Breuninger Evelyn , Creech Hugh J. , Adams G. A.
Published: October 2017

Several polysaccharide fractions possessing pronounced antitumor activity were isolated from the polysaccharide–lipid–protein complex elaborated by Serratia marcescens. These fractions were obtained after phenol extraction of the cellular material, by ultracentrifugation and precipitation with ethanol and Cetavlon. They contained glucose, mannose, rhamnose, glucosamine, glucuronic acid, and mannuronic acid in different proportions. Each representative fraction caused regression of well-established solid tumors in mice but the dosage requirements varied considerably. One fraction containing glucose, mannose, and glucosamine, but no uronic acids, and having a high solubility in dilute sodium chloride solution and in aqueous acetone, was an exceptionally potent antitumor agent. Another fraction containing galactose and arabinose in addition to several of the usual components was found to be least active. From this work and that of other investigators, it is apparent that Serratia marcescens produces a spectrum of polysaccharides and lipopolysaccharides, the chemical composition and biological properties of which depend on the strain of organism, the culture conditions, and the methods employed for isolation of the active agents.
MUSCLE PROTEINS OF PACIFIC SALMON (ONCORHYNCHUS): III. THE SEPARATION OF MUSCLE PROTEINS SOLUBLE IN LOW IONIC STRENGTH SALT SOLUTIONS BY STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS
Authors: Tsuyuki H. , Roberts E. , Gadd R. E. A.
Published: October 2017

By the use of starch gel electrophoretic technique the muscle myogens of the five Pacific west coast species of the Oncorhynchus genus, the steelhead trout (representative of the genus Salmo), the lingcod, and Atlantic cod have been separated. The characteristic protein patterns were used to group the members of the Oncorhynchus genus into sockeye, pink, and chum salmon on the one hand and the spring and coho salmon on the other. Correlation of the groupings based upon their protein pattern is discussed in relation to a similar grouping arrived at through behavior studies by other workers. The relationship between column and gel electrophoretic separations has been investigated.
OLIGOSACCHARIDES OF BIRCH SAP
Authors: Haq S. , Adams G. A.
Published: October 2017

Fractionation of concentrated fresh sap from white birch (Betula papyrifera) yielded polysaccharide material (mainly arabinogalactan), oligosaccharides, and D-glucose and D-fructose. Separation of the oligosaccharides by a combination of charcoal column and filter paper chromatography yielded seven sugars (I–VII). These were identified as sucrose (I); 6G-fructosylsucrose [Formula: see text] (II); a F-glucosylsucrose (III); gentiobiose [Formula: see text] (IV); melibiose [Formula: see text] (V); manninotriose [Formula: see text] (VI); and verbascotetraose [Formula: see text] (VII). The small amount of sucrose found in the sap and the absence of raffinose, stachyose, and verbascose indicated that enzymic hydrolysis by a β-fructofuranosidase had occurred in the cells or vessels of the tree. The oligosaccharides are not related in either structure or composition to the polysaccharides present in the sap and wood.
THE INCORPORATION OF p-FLUOROPHENYLALANINE INTO TOBACCO MOSAIC VIRUS
Authors: Townsley P. M.
Published: October 2017

Disks of diseased tobacco leaf tissue were treated with phenylalanine and with the analogue p-fluorophenylalanine. The expressed sap was separated into its components by agar gel zone electrophoresis. p-Fluorophenylalanine was shown to be incorporated into TMV at a reduced rate as compared with the natural amino acid phenylalanine. The analogue inhibited incorporation of phosphorus, a reversal probably due to the increase in phenylalanine observed in the soluble amino-acid-free fraction.
A STUDY OF A WATER-SOLUBLE COMPLEX OF PRODIGIOSIN PRODUCED BY A STRAIN OF SERRATIA MARCESCENS
Authors: Yoshida Seiichi
Published: October 2017

A water-soluble pigment excreted from Serratia marcescens has been purified by precipitation with ammonium sulphate, dialysis, and ultracentrifugation at different pH values. The purified pigment showed a single band in the ultracentrifuge and by electrophoretic analysis at several pH values. An average molecular weight of 5 × 106 was calculated from light-scattering measurements. This pigment is composed of carbohydrate and protein combined with prodigiosin, and several properties of the complex are described.
A PROPOSED MECHANISM FOR THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT DIETARY FATS ON SOME ASPECTS OF CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM
Authors: Wilkens J. A. , Wit H. de , Bronte-Stewart B.
Published: October 2017

To explain the effect of dietary cholesterol and different fats on serum cholesterol concentration a hypothesis is proposed according to which the condition for the absorption of dietary cholesterol is its state of solution in dietary or endogenous fats. Dietary fats, free from cholesterol, exert their effect on serum cholesterol concentration by causing reabsorption of biliary or endogenous cholesterol. To test this hypothesis the solubility of cholesterol in a number of natural and modified triglyceride fats at 37 °C was determined and found to correlate with the effects of these fats on the serum cholesterol concentration of rats and man. Relatively high solubilities were associated with high serum levels and vice versa. Artificial modification of both unsaponifiable matter and fatty acids of triglyceride oils was found to alter the solubility of cholesterol in these oils. The solubility concept is discussed as a possible mechanism underlying the effect of different dietary fats on serum cholesterol concentration and other aspects of cholesterol metabolism such as absorption, excretion, and liver synthesis.
RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN STRUCTURE AND ACTIVITY OF MALEIC HYDRAZIDE ANALOGUES AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: Parups E. V. , Hoffman I. , Morley H. V.
Published: October 2017

The growth inhibiting activities of a number of compounds structurally related to maleic hydrazide have been examined using the technique of bud growth inhibition. The degree of inhibitory activity of maleic hydrazide derivatives depended on the ease with which the plant can split off substituents. Straight-chain compounds which partially resemble maleic hydrazide were not as active as the parent compound and ring closure was necessary for full activity. Residue data for some of the tested compounds showed that activity failure was not due to lack of uptake and translocation. The analytical procedure for maleic hydrazide is shown to be valid for the quantitative determination of N-hydroxymethyl-MH and N-benzoyl-MH.
EFFECTS OF HYPOGLYCIN A ON THE METABOLISM OF GLUCOSE BY ISOLATED TISSUES
Authors: Patrick S. J.
Published: October 2017

Hypoglycin A, an amino acid of novel structure isolated from a tropical fruit, Blighia sapida, is known to cause a profound hypoglycaemia when administered to animals. The in vitro effects of hypoglycin A on the metabolism of glucose C14by normal rat liver slices, rat diaphragm, and rat adipose tissue have been investigated. These experiments have been carried out in the absence and in the presence of insulin. With liver, hypoglycin A decreased the conversion of glucose C14to glycogen and fatty acid but increased the conversion to pyruvate. With diaphragms, hypoglycin A increased conversion of glucose C14to glycogen and carbon dioxide but only in the absence of insulin. No changes in glucose C14metabolism by the epididymal fat pad were demonstrated as a result of the presence of hypoglycin. Theories on the mechanism of action of hypoglycin A are discussed.
LIPID COMPOSITION OF MESOPHILIC AND PSYCHROPHILIC YEASTS (CANDIDA SPECIES) AS INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL TEMPERATURE
Authors: Kates M. , Baxter R. M.
Published: October 2017

The lipids of three psychrophilic yeasts of the genus Candida, grown at 10°, were compared with those of a mesophilic yeast (Candida lipolytica) grown at 25° and at 10°. All the yeasts examined had similar contents of total lipids and of phosphatides, and similar phosphatide and neutral lipid compositions. However, the total fatty acids of the psychrophiles and of the mesophile grown at 10° had much higher proportions of linoleic acid and lower proportions of oleic acid than those of the mesophilic yeast grown at 25°; the psychrophilic yeasts also contained linolenic acid, not detected in the mesophilic yeast. The fatty acid composition of the psychrophilic yeast remained fairly constant during its growth cycle, but that of the mesophilic yeast at 10° showed marked changes in the proportions of oleic and linoleic acids in the early stages of growth; similar changes occurred in the mesophile grown at 25°, but at much faster rates. On the basis of these observations and others it is concluded that in the early stages of growth of the mesophile at 25° and 10°, oleic acid is converted rapidly to linoleic, which is then oxidatively metabolized during the later stages of active growth. The higher proportions of linoleic acid in the mesophile grown at 10° could be accounted for by a slower rate of metabolism of linoleic acid during the later stages of growth at the lower temperature.
LEVELS OF RADIOACTIVITY IN TISSUES AND IN EXPIRED CARBON DIOXIDE AFTER ADMINISTRATION OF 1-C14-LABELLED PALMITIC ACID, 2-C14-LABELLED ERUCIC ACID, OR 2-C14-LABELLED NERVONIC ACID TO RATS
Authors: Carroll K. K.
Published: October 2017

Palmitic acid -1-C14, erucic acid -2-C14, and nervonic acid -2-C14were administered to young adult rats by mouth, and levels of radioactivity in various body tissues and in respiratory CO2were determined. After [Formula: see text] hours about 20% of the label from palmitic acid and erucic acid and 30% from nervonic acid was still in the intestinal tract but after 24 hours less than 5% remained. At [Formula: see text] or 24 hours, tissue lipids of rats given palmitic acid generally contained a higher percentage of radioactivity administered than lipids from corresponding tissues of rats given erucic acid or nervonic acid. Very little radioactivity was found in brain lipids of either adult or 12-day-old rats given the labelled acids. The fatty acids were also given to adult rats by tail-vein injection and highest activities were again observed in tissue lipids of rats given palmitic acid.When given by mouth, palmitic acid contributed more radioactivity to respiratory CO2during the first 6 hours than erucic acid or nervonic acid, and peak activities did not occur until 2 to 3 hours after administration. When given by tail vein, erucic acid and nervonic acid contributed more activity to respiratory CO2than palmitic acid. Highest activities were observed during the first hour but the peak was reached somewhat later in rats given erucic acid or nervonic acid.
THE EFFECT OF HYPOTHALAMIC LESIONS ON GROWTH
Authors: Hinton G. G. , Stevenson J. A. F.
Published: October 2017

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THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF CELL MEMBRANES
Authors: Burgen A. S. V.
Published: October 2017

Permeation through cell membranes may occur through solution in membrane lipid, association with carrier molecules, formation of molecular dimers, passage through organized channels or through membrane translocation. It is probable that the predominant mechanism differs according to the type of cell.
INHIBITION OF CATALASE BY CARBOXYLIC ACIDS RELATED TO DISSOCIATION AND ASSOCIATION OF THE APOPROTEIN
Authors: Itoh Michio , Nakamura Yasuharu , Shibata Kazuo
Published: October 2017

The inhibitory effects of aliphatic and aromatic carboxylic acids (formic, acetic, propionic, butyric, benzoic, and salicylic acids) on catalase at pH 7.0 were studied by measuring the catalatic activity as a function of reagent concentration, and the results were correlated with the data obtained simultaneously by spectroscopic and ultracentrifugal analyses. The inhibition by salicylic and benzoic acids proceeds in two steps. In the first step, the activity drops to a certain level, and the sedimentation peak of the native catalase is unaltered. The second step of inhibition is accompanied by the dissociation of the catalase molecule into subunits, and the absorption spectrum is changed greatly. The inhibition by the aliphatic carboxylic acids except formic acid proceeds also in two steps in which the second step of inhibition is accompanied by the association of the catalase molecules. The inhibition by formic acid obeys the mechanism of the combination between heme and the free acid rather than its anion. These different types of inhibitions at neutral pH are discussed in relation to the data obtained previously at acidic pH's.
A NON-SPECIFIC DEPRESSANT EFFECT ON THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE
Authors: Bruce Robert , Cinader Bernhard , Percy John
Published: October 2017

The antibody response of mice to intraperitoneally injected sheep red cells was found to be markedly depressed by the injection of isogenic mouse red cells (1,2) given 1–3 days before the antigen. If the isogenic cells were administered at the same time or 1 day after the antigen, the antibody response was not affected. Other non-antigenic substances such as a 5% solution of amino acids exercised a similar depressant effect. The depression of the antibody response did not occur when the isogenic red cells were given intraperitoneally and the antigen by another route. When the effect of specific cells or agents on the antibody response is to be examined it is frequently necessary to make two injections. Only one of the two should be made by the intraperitoneal route.
HYPOCHOLESTEROLEMIC AGENTS DERIVED FROM STEROLS OF MARINE ALGAE
Authors: Reiner E. , Topliff J. , Wood J. D.
Published: October 2017

Sterols isolated from two species of marine brown algae, Fucus gardneri and Sargassum muticum, were fed to young Leghorn cockerels. Both sterols caused a significant diminution in plasma cholesterol level.
A TECHNIQUE FOR NEUTRON ACTIVATION OF PHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS ON PAPER CHROMATOGRAMS
Authors: Robinson J. R.
Published: October 2017

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FURTHER STUDIES ON THE ROLE OF THE ADRENAL GLAND IN ADRENAL-REGENERATION HYPERTENSION
Authors: Chappel C. I. , Voith K. , Rona G.
Published: October 2017

The role of the regenerated adrenal gland in adrenal-regeneration hypertension has been explored in a series of experiments in the rat. Sensitization of the animals by unilateral nephrectomy and replacement of the drinking water by 1% saline were instituted at various intervals after unilateral adrenalectomy and contralateral adrenal enucleation. Comparisons were made of blood pressure, heart and kidney weight, and cardiovascular lesion in groups of rats sensitized at 0, [Formula: see text], 5 and [Formula: see text] weeks after adrenal enucleation. The results suggest an inverse relationship between the degree of adrenal regeneration present and the severity of the hypertension which developed following sensitization.
SITES OF VAGAL ACTION IN ADRENALINE-INDUCED CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
Authors: Dresel Peter E.
Published: October 2017

Intact vagus nerves are necessary for consistent induction of ventricular arrhythmia by adrenaline in barbiturate-anesthetized dogs although sinus bradycardia does not necessarily precede ventricular pacemaker activity. We have found that the threshold dose of adrenaline is not affected by maintaining the atrial rate electrically. In driven hearts, arrhythmia is preceded by partial or complete atrioventricular (AV) nodal block. AV nodal block is also observed without emergence of the ventricular pacemaker. AV nodal block during "nodal rhythm" induced by adrenaline in normal hearts has been demonstrated. It is concluded that although ventricular slowing always precedes ventricular arrhythmia in these preparations, the action of the vagi on nodal conduction is sufficient to allow emergence of the ventricular pacemaker both in the presence and the absence of maintained atrial rates.
STUDIES ON CORTICOSTERONE C-20 REDUCTION IN THE MOUSE
Authors: Krehbiel R. E. , Burton A. F. , Darrach Marvin
Published: October 2017

The intravenous injection of corticosterone in the mouse was followed by liver assays for corticosterone and 20α- and 20β-dihydrocorticosterone. The 20α-epimer proved to be the more abundant product. Corticosterone 20α-reductase activity of mouse liver was shown to be associated with the dialyzed soluble fraction of the cell which served as an enzyme preparation for a study of certain properties of corticosterone 20α-reductase and the kinetics of the forward and reverse reactions.
MARINE STEROLS: X. THE STEROL CONTENT OF THE PLANKTON EUPHAUSIA PACIFICA
Authors: Fagerlund U. H. M.
Published: October 2017

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DIRECT VERTICAL STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF COD MUSCLE TISSUE
Authors: Odense Paul H. , Shinners C. W.
Published: October 2017

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STUDIES OF LIGNIN BIOSYNTHESIS USING ISOTOPIC CARBON: XI. REACTIONS RELATING TO LIGNIFICATION IN YOUNG WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: Higuchi Takayoshi , Brown Stewart A.
Published: October 2017

L-Phenylalanine-G-C14, p-hydroxycinnamic acid-2-C14, ferulic acid-2-C14, and sinapic acid-2-C14were administered to wheat plants aged both 30 and 73 days. Radioactive vanilloyl- and syringoyl-methyl ketones were then recovered after ethanolysis of the cell wall residues. When corrected for differences in endogenous lignin, the C14dilution values calculated for the younger plants were generally greater, indicating, as expected, a slower rate of lignification. The difference between the younger and older plants was less for sinapic and ferulic acids than for p-hydroxycinnamic acid or phenylalanine. This suggested that slower lignification in young plants may be due not to relative inactivity of an enzyme system at any one stage of the biosynthetic pathway but to the cumulative effect of slower reactions at several stages. Sinapic acid is converted in the younger plants to lignin yielding vanilloyl-, as well as syringoyl-, methyl ketone, suggesting a demethoxylation. Glucose esters of the radioactive phenolic cinnamic acids corresponding to the labelled compound administered were recovered from the plant extracts. A small percentage of the activity in the cell wall residue was in the form of ferulic acid joined by ester linkages.
STUDIES ON ANTIBODY FORMATION: I. RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUCLEIC ACIDS AND ANTIBODY SYNTHESIS IN THE PRIMARY RESPONSE IN THE RAT
Authors: Juhasz A. , Rose B. , Maude M. B.
Published: October 2017

The nucleic acid and protein contents of the various subcellular fractions of rat spleen homogenates were determined at varying intervals of time following a single intravenous injection of sheep red blood cell membranes. Small differences were recorded in the NA content of the different fractions, as compared with controls. The microsomal fraction was the only one to exhibit significant increases in NA content. The protein content of the various subcellular fractions did not show significant deviations from control values. Antibodies could be eluted from microsomes of spleens of immunized rats by sodium deoxycholate and ribonuclease treatment. A quantitative difference was found in the immune response of the two strains of rats used (R.V.H. and Wistar rats).
BLOOD AMINO ACID STUDIES: IV. SOME FACTORS AFFECTING PLASMA AMINO ACID LEVELS IN HUMAN SUBJECTS
Authors: McLaughlan J. M. , Noel F. J. , Morrison A. B. , Campbell J. A.
Published: October 2017

Free lysine, methionine, threonine, and tryptophan were determined in small samples of blood obtained by finger punch from human subjects. The levels of the four amino acids rose rapidly after the subjects consumed protein as baked halibut; the extent and duration of the increases were roughly proportional to the amount of protein eaten and to the amino acid composition of the protein. The increases of free methionine and threonine in plasma were somewhat less when butter was taken with fish but starch (as potato) or sucrose did not affect the values. Other foods tested at the 19.0-g level of protein included egg, a commercial breakfast cereal, and the same cereal plus milk. In general the increase or decrease of each amino acid tested was related to the amount of that amino acid in the test food. The plasma amino acid (PAA) ratio of Longenecker and Hause was calculated for each food and was useful in evaluating the increase or decrease of each specific amino acid. The present work appears to offer a practical procedure for studying the plasma amino acid response of groups of human subjects to variations in dietary protein.
THE REDUCTION OF CYTOCHROMEcBY HYDROQUINONE
Authors: Williams G. R.
Published: October 2017

The kinetics of reduction of ferricytochrome c by hydroquinone have been studied. The reaction does not conform to a simple second-order rate equation and it is demonstrated that the deviations are brought about by the presence of p-quinone, one of the products of the reaction. The accelerating effect of p-quinone is explained tentatively on the basis of an involvement of the semi-quinone. The effects on the reaction of pH, ionic strength, and temperature are reported and used to suggest features of the reaction mechanism.
EPIDERMAL STEROLS AND TUMOR INITIATION
Authors: Stewart L. C. , McCarter J. A.
Published: October 2017

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IMMUNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF LYMPHOID LEUKEMIA IN THE AKR MOUSE
Authors: Guthrie R. K. , Ingebrigtsen N. A. , Savage N. , Hinkle D. C. , Farris W. J.
Published: October 2017

Experiments are reported showing some slight protective capacity of guinea pig antimouse leukemic tissue serum to protect the AKR mouse against the BW5147 tumor, when the serum is first adsorbed to remove precipitating antibody for the tissue cell antigens. The degree of protection is slight, and all mice eventually died of the tumor development. Results of one injection of tumor tissue – oleic acid emulsion show up to 46% survival of the immunized mice following challenge injections of active tumor preparation. No protection is seen after a similar injection of tumor material which had remained frozen for several months. Repeated injection of frozen tumor tissue produced leukemic tumor development in test mice, indicating that this material retains some activity under these conditions, and that sufficient immunity cannot be produced by these injections to protect against the disease.
A STUDY OF INTERMEDIATE CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM IN RATS EXPOSED TO HIGH OXYGEN PRESSURES
Authors: Gordon Ellen R. , Tinker D. O. , Watson W. J.
Published: October 2017

Exposure of male rats to 100% oxygen at 6 atmospheres for 20 minutes produced an increase in the concentration of fructose-1,6-diphosphate in the liver and muscle, but not in the brain. The activities of aldolase and glyceraldehyde phosphate dehydrogenase were measured in the liver and muscle. The change in the activity of these enzymes indicated that they had not become rate-limiting during exposure. The relation of these data to the Pasteur effect is considered.
EFFECTS OF ACETYLSALICYLATE AND 2,4-DINITROPHENOL ON METABOLISM AND TRANSPORT IN RAT BRAIN CORTEX IN VITRO
Authors: Gonda O. , Quastel J. H.
Published: October 2017

The effects of acetylsalicylate and of 2,4-dinitrophenol on the metabolism and transport processes of rat brain cortex slices incubated at 37° in glucose–Ringer media under various conditions have been investigated. The following processes are suppressed by acetylsalicylate (5 mM) or dinitrophenol (0.05 mM) to a much greater extent in media containing 105 mM KCl or 10 mM NH4Cl (which stimulate brain respiration) than in normal media:(a) respiration;(b) incorporation of phosphate into ATP and ADP;(c) conversion of creatine to phosphocreatine;(d) uptake of glutamate or of creatine from the medium to the tissue.The two drugs increase the leakage of amino acids from rat brain cortex slices into the medium, the effects being greatest in the presence of 105 mM KCl or 5 mM glutamate or in the absence of glucose. They change the yields of labelled amino acids from labelled glucose or labelled glutamate.Labelled glutamate is converted to labelled aspartate, γ-aminobutyrate and glutamine in rat brain cortex slices, the addition of glucose bringing about increased yields of glutamine and γ-aminobutyrate and a decreased yield of aspartate. The formation of labelled glutamine from either labelled glutamate or from labelled glucose is suppressed by acetylsalicylate or dinitrophenol, the effects being greater in the presence of 105 mM KCl or 10 mM NH4Cl.The increased sensitivity of the stimulated tissue metabolism to the drugs, in the presence of high K+, or of NH4+or of glutamate, is probably explained by the fact that there is a fall, under these conditions, in the tissue phosphocreatine level. There is, therefore, less reserve phosphocreatine to maintain the level of ATP when neuronal oxidative phosphorylation is suppressed by the addition of acetylsalicylate or of dinitrophenol.
STATIC VOLUME–PRESSURE RELATIONS IN GUINEA PIG LUNGS AFTER INHALATION OF ALUMINUM OR IRON OXIDE PARTICLES AND BRONCHODILATOR AEROSOLS
Authors: Robillard E. , Alarie Y.
Published: October 2017

Volume–pressure curves obtained from isolated atelectatic guinea pig lungs under normal controlled conditions are compared with those obtained from animals having inhaled fine aluminum or iron oxide particles. After particles inhalation, the inflation curves are deviated to the right, showing a constricting effect. Previous exposure to low concentration of isoproterenol aerosol fails to reverse completely the constricting effect induced by a prior inhalation of aluminum oxide particles although in combination with diphenhydramine or at a higher concentration an antagonistic action appears. Cyproheptadine aerosolation also prevents the constricting effect of inhaled aluminum oxide particles The constricting effect of iron oxide was not prevented by those dilating aerosols at concentrations used.