bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Optimization of Bioscorodite Crystallization for Treatment of As(III)-Bearing Wastewaters
Authors: Tanaka Masahito , Hirajima Tsuyoshi , Sasaki Keiko , Okibe Naoko
Published: August 2017

Arsenic (As) is a major impurity contaminated in metal refinery wastewaters. To immobilize As ions, we have previously reported microbial scorodite (FeAsO4·2H2O) crystallization using the thermo-acidophilic iron-oxidizing archaeon, Acidianus brierleyi. In order to extend the applicable range of As (III)-bearing metal refinery wastewaters (especially for dilute As (III) concentrations of 250–1500 ppm), this study investigated the effect of several factors possibly affecting the bioscorodite crystallization efficiency; (i) [Fe (II)]ini/[As (III)]ini molar ratio at different target As (III) concentrations, (ii) initial pH, and (iii) seed scorodite with different morphologies. The [Fe (II)]ini/[As (III)]ini molar ratio strongly affected the bioscorodite crystallization efficiency at each target As (III) concentration. Whilst the [Fe (II)]ini/[As (III)]ini molar ratio of 1.4 was most effective at 500–1500 ppm As (III), the optimal molar ratios for treating more dilute concentrations (< 500 ppm) were shown to be relatively higher. However, further increasing the [Fe (II)]ini/[As (III)]ini molar ratio resulted in formation of unwanted potassium jarosite (KFe3(OH)6(SO4)2) together with scorodite. Lowering the initial pH from 1.5 to 1.2 resulted in earlier scorodite nucleation, but lesser overall As immobilization. Feeding chemical-and bio-scorodite seed crystals differently affected the reaction speed and the stability of newly-precipitated bioscorodite. The TCLP test indicated that scorodite formed on bioscorodite seeds is more stable than that formed on chemically-synthesized scorodite seeds.
Microbial Recycling of Precious and Rare Metals Sourced from Post-Consumer Products
Authors: Saitoh Norizoh , Nomura Toshiyuki , Konishi Yasuhiro
Published: August 2017

We have focused on the metal-reducing bacterium, Shewanella algae that are able to reduce and deposit platinum group metals (Pt (IV), Pd (II) and Rh (III)) and gold (Au (III)) in neutral solutions at room temperature under anaerobic conditions. When processing the aqua regia solution of spent automotive catalysts, the solution pH was adjusted to the optimal range for S. algae activity between pH 4 and 7. After this pH adjustment, the S. algae cells were able to rapidly and selectively reduce and accumulate the platinum group metal ions from the leaching solution into the bacterial cells as metallic nanoparticles. The biotechnological procedure also has the potential to allow the recovery of Au (III) ions from the leaching solution of electronic waste. We also found that the S. algae cells were also applicable to the adsorption of rare metal ions from acidic solutions. We achieved selective adsorption of indium (In (III)) ions on the bacterial cells from the leaching solution of waste liquid crystal displays by adjusting its pH, because the pH range necessary for S. algae to act as an effective adsorbent differs for different metal ions. Our proposed microbial methods enable the rapid and highly efficient recovery of precious and rare metals sourced from post-consumer products.
The Use of Algal Biomass to Sustain Sulfidogenic Bioreactors for Remediating Acidic Metal-Rich Waste Waters
Authors: Santos Ana Laura , Johnson D. Barrie
Published: August 2017

Two different species of acidophilic micro-algae were grown in axenic culture, biomass harvested and injected into a low pH sulfate-reducing bioreactor, to act as a substrate for biosulfidogenesis. The hydrogen sulfide generated was used to precipitate copper in an off-line vessel, and the bioreactor pH was maintained by automated addition of a pH 2.5 feed liquor, to compensate for protons consumed by biosulfidogenesis. Results demonstrated the potential for using algal biomass for this purpose, precipitating about 1.5 mg Cu2+ L-1h-1, though rates of sulfidogenesis were considerably slower that when glycerol and yeast extract were used as organic feed-stocks.
Integrated Sulfate Reduction and Biosorption Process for the Treatment of Mine Drainages
Authors: Cotoras Davor , Hurtado Cristian , Viedma Pabla
Published: August 2017

Sulfate is a pollutant present in the mining waste water and acid mine drainage. High levels of sulfate can generate important environmental problems. One of the alternatives proposed for the treatment of water with high levels of sulfate is the use of sulfate-reducing microorganisms. This work describes the synergistic combination of a treatment system for the removal of metals by biosorption with the strain Bacillus sp. NRRL-B-30881 to reduce the inhibiting concentration of metals in waters, followed by a new process of sulfate removal that uses a halotolerant sulfate-reducing microbial consortium. The results show that the sulfate reducing consortium can be cultured and is able to reduce the sulfate concentration using cheaper complex organic substrates like spirulina, cellulose and industrial starch. The sulfate reducing consortium was cultured on a bioreactor with Celite R-635, as support material. Using this bioreactor it was possible to reduce the sulfate concentration in the culture medium in batch or semi-continuous operation. An acid mine drainage was pretreated by lime and treated by biosortion in order to increase the pH and reduce the heavy metals concentration. Subsequently the remaining sulfate was removed by the developed process. This integrated biological process represents a more economical alternative for the removal of metal by biosortion and the removal of sulfate using a sulfate reducing consortium.
Utilization of Fe-Oxide Composites for as Removal from Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Bekényiová Alexandra , Danková Zuzana , Štyriaková Iveta , Štyriaková Darina
Published: August 2017

This work was done to assess the arsenate (AsV ) removal from the model solution by sorbents based on Fe-oxide. Two samples were compared in sorption properties, synthetically prepared Fe-oxide and bentonite/iron oxide (ratio 2:1). The effect of pH and initial metal ion concentration was investigated. The optimum pH for arsenic adsorption by both samples was found to be about 3.0. The adsorption increased very significantly with decreasing pH for both samples. The Fe-oxide sample achieved the maximum adsorption capacity 24,1 mg.g-1 AsV at pH 3, composite sample 14,1 mg.g -1 AsV at pH 3. The adsorption of AsV on Fe-oxide sample increased with the increasing initial metal ion concentration up to 40 mg/l and then equilibrium was established, by contrast of bentonite/Fe-oxide sample shown no significant change at this concentration range.
Intensification of Arsenic and Zinc Mobilization by Combination of Bio-Chemical Leaching with EDTA in the Soil and Sediment Bioremediation
Authors: Štyriaková Iveta , Štyriaková Darina , Bekényiová Alexandra , Šuba Jaroslav
Published: August 2017

The use of chemical pretreatment with 10mM EDTA to enhance the arsenic microbial mobilization was evaluated in this study. The bioleaching involved the use of the indigenous sedimentary and soil heterotrophic microorganisms, whose leaching media contained 2mM EDTA. The main objectives of using the chemical pretreatment was the removal of metal surface coatings from the iron minerals, such as Cu and Zn, which inhibited the iron microbial dissolution in the soil and sediment environment and thus increasing the mobilization of the retained As. To examine the effect of the chemical pretreatment and the biological leaching on the mobilization of Cu, Zn, and As, batch and column tests were conducted within the laboratory experiments. The removal of As and Zn from the soil and sediment was greatly enhanced by the co-treatment in the batch solution conditions than in the column percolate conditions and had negative effect only for Cu. In the batch tests, the heterotrophic bioleaching of the soil and sediment was found to have a pronounced positive effect on the extraction of As and Zn.
In Situ Bioremediation of Tailings by Sulfate Reducing Bacteria and Iron Reducing Bacteria: Lab- and Field-Scale Remediation of Sulfidic Mine Tailings
Authors: Liu Xing Yu , Zhang Ming Jiang , Li Yi Bin , Wang Zi Ning , Wen Jian Kang
Published: August 2017

To research the remediation efficiency of sulfate reducing bacteria and iron reducing bacteria on heavy metals, the remediation experiments of laboratory-scale and field-scale were conducted respectively with chalcopyrite tailings and 3 hectares lead-zinc sulfides mine tailings. The ion concentration of exudate was determined using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy, and key bacterial strains were investigated by real-time PCR. The laboratory-scale experiment of chalcopyrite tailings indicated pH of exudate rose to neutral, penetration time of exudate significantly increased, redox potential and dissolved iron notably decreased, and black metal sulfides were formed during remediation by sulfate reducing bacteria and iron reducing bacteria. The field-scale lead-zinc sulfides mine tailings remediation results indicated that the concentration of dissolved heavy metals in exudate decreased, and the growth of both moss and plants were promoted.
Investigating the Bioleaching of an Arsenic Mine Tailing Using a Mixed Mesophilic Culture
Authors: Ngoma Emmanuel , Shaik Kathija , Borja Danilo , Smart Mariette , Park Jay Hyun , Kim Hyun Jung , Petersen Jochen , Harrison Susan T.L.
Published: August 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the microbial colonization and arsenic leaching kinetics of South Korean mine tailings containing arsenopyrite at fixed temperatures (20°C, 30°C and 45°C) and at ramped up temperatures (25 to 45°C, with a 2°C daily increase). The experiments were conducted in a packed bed of inert granite pebbles coated with the tailings material and leached with a mesophilic culture dominated by Acidithiobacillus caldus (56%), a lesser percentage of Leptospirillum ferriphilum (29%) and Archaea (15%), using 1 g/L ferrous-enriched 0K medium. The ramped-up temperature experiment was conducted in triplicate and columns were sacrificed after different leach periods to study the evolution of microbial species dominating the colonization. The leaching performance was evaluated using the arsenic released into solution, the iron oxidation rates, the pH and the redox potential. The microbial speciation of the culture attached to the solids during the leach experiment was determined upon completion of each experiment. A steady arsenic solubilisation of between 94 and 97% was observed among the various column experiment after 88 days post inoculation. Microbial speciation performed following the leaching of the mineral indicated a shift of microbial communities in the columns when compared to the initial inoculum.
Theologia and the Ideologica of Language: The calling of a theology and religion faculty in a time of populism
Authors: Meylahn Johann-Albrecht
Published: August 2017

This article represents a response to Andries van Aarde’s view on a ‘gateway to the future from a deconstructed past’, a paper presented as part of a conference, ‘Gateway to the Future from a Deconstructed Past’, commemorating the centennial anniversary of the Faculty of Theology at the University of Pretoria, 05–06 April 2017. The article argues that texts, and theology faculties as texts, are just as any structure or construction haunted by their sacred secret. Haunted by the ghosts in the texts from the past to be inspired for the calling of a theology and religion faculty in a time of populism and the ‘renaissance of (neo)nationalism’, according to Van Aarde. In being given the responsibility not only of responding to his contribution but also co-sharing the responsibility of the history of the faculty, the author says that he has a choice: he could respond to the letter of the text or I could be spooked by the ghosts of these texts, the haunting of the sacred secret, calling through Professor Van Aarde’s deconstruction of these texts. The author decides to seek to allow the ghosts of his text to call him. A call, as most calls, to which one can only respond: Here I am! Here I am in this moment (here) of history at this particular Faculty of Theology and Religion. This is a call to share the responsibility, the responsibility of being here and the responsibility of the being of a theology and religion faculty in a time of populism and (neo)nationalism, both globally and locally.
Biography of Professor Sarel Jacobus van der Merwe
Authors: Knoetze Johannes J. , Brunsdon Alfred
Published: August 2017

No abstract available.
Growth Rates of 3-dimensional Hyperbolic Coxeter Groups are Perron Numbers
Authors: Yukita Tomoshige
Published: August 2017

In this paper we consider the growth rates of 3-dimensional hyperbolic Coxeter polyhedra with at least one dihedral angle of the formfor an integer k ≥ 7. Combining a classical result by Parry with a previous result of ours, we prove that the growth rates of 3-dimensional hyperbolic Coxeter groups are Perron numbers.
Assessment of nocturnal aerosol optical depth from lunar photometry at the Izaña high mountain observatory
Authors: Barreto África , Román Roberto , Cuevas Emilio , Berjón Alberto J. , Almansa A. Fernando , Toledano Carlos , González Ramiro , Hernández Yballa , Blarel Luc , Goloub Philippe , Guirado Carmen , Yela Margarita
Published: August 2017

Abstract. This work is a first approach to correct the systematic errors observed in the aerosol optical depth (AOD) retrieved at nighttime using lunar photometry and calibration techniques dependent on the lunar irradiance model. To this end, nocturnal AOD measurements were performed in 2014 using the CE318-T master Sun–sky–lunar photometer (lunar Langley calibrated) at the Izaña high mountain observatory. This information has been restricted to 59 nights characterized as clean and stable according to lidar vertical profiles. A phase angle dependence as well as an asymmetry within the Moon's cycle of the Robotic Lunar Observatory (ROLO) model could be deduced from the comparison in this 59-night period of the CE318-T calibration performed by means of the lunar Langley calibration and the calibration performed every single night by means of the common Langley technique. Nocturnal AOD has also been compared in the same period with a reference AOD based on daylight AOD extracted from the AErosol RObotic NETwork (AERONET) at the same station. Considering stable conditions, the difference ΔAODfit, between AOD from lunar observations and the linearly interpolated AOD (the reference) from daylight data, has been calculated. The results show that ΔAODfit values are strongly affected by the Moon phase and zenith angles. This dependency has been parameterized using an empirical model with two independent variables (Moon phase and zenith angles) in order to correct the AOD for these residual dependencies. The correction of this parameterized dependency has been checked at four stations with quite different environmental conditions (Izaña, Lille, Carpentras and Dakar) showing a significant reduction of the AOD dependence on phase and zenith angles and an improved agreement with daylight reference data. After the correction, absolute AOD differences for day–night–day clean and stable transitions remain below 0.01 for all wavelengths.
Impacts of the seasonal distribution of rainfall on vegetation productivity across the Sahel
Authors: Zhang Wenmin , Brandt Martin , Tong Xiaoye , Tian Qingjiu , Fensholt Rasmus
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Climate change in drylands has caused alterations in the seasonal distribution of rainfall including increased heavy rainfall events, longer dry spells, and a shifted timing of the wet season. Yet, the aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) in drylands is usually explained by annual rainfall sums, disregarding the influence of the seasonal distribution of rainfall. This study tests the importance of seasonal rainfall metrics (onset and cessation of the wet season, number of rainy days, rainfall intensity, number of consecutive dry days and heavy rainfall events) on growing season ANPP. We focus on the Sahel and north-Sudanian region (100–800 mm year−1) and apply daily satellite based rainfall estimates (RFE-2.0) and growing season integrated NDVI (MODIS) as a proxy for ANNP over the study period 2001–2015. Growing season ANPP in the arid zone (100–300 mm year−1) was found to be rather insensitive to variations in the seasonal rainfall metrics, whereas vegetation in the semi-arid zone (300–700 mm year−1) was significantly impacted by most metrics, especially by the number of rainy days and timing (start and cessation) of the wet season. We analyzed critical breakpoints for all metrics, showing that growing season ANPP is particularly negatively impacted after > 10 consecutive dry days and that a rainfall intensity of 7 mm day−1 is detected for optimum growing season ANPP. We conclude that number of rainy days and the timing of the wet season are seasonal rainfall metrics being decisive for favorable vegetation growth in semi-arid Sahel which needs to be considered when modelling primary productivity from rainfall in the dryland's of Sahel and elsewhere.
Application of an ice sheet model to evaluate PMIP3 LGM
climatologies over the North American ice sheets
Authors: Alder Jay R. , Hostetler Steve W.
Published: August 2017

Abstract. We apply the Community Ice Sheet Model (CISM2) to the Palaeoclimate Modelling Intercomparison 3 (PMIP3) Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) simulations to determine if the general circulation models (GCMs) simulated surface temperature and precipitation climatologies would support the large North American ice sheets. We force CISM2 with eight PMIP3 GCMs, and an additional model, GENMOM. The ice sheet simulations indicate seven GCMs produce LGM temperature and precipitation climatologies that support positive mass balances of the Laurentide and Cordilleran ice sheets (LIS, CIS) in areas corresponding to those prescribed in the GCMs, and two GCMs simulate July temperatures that are too warm to support the ice sheets. Four of the nine GCMs support the development of ice sheets in Beringia in the CISM2, in conflict with the driving GCM and reconstructions that indicate the area was ice-free. We test the sensitivity of our results over a range of snow and ice positive degree-day factors, and we evaluate the role of albedo, and shortwave and longwave radiation in the simulations. Areas with perineal snow in the GCM simulations are found to correspond well to the CISM2 simulation of ice presence.
Chemical Vapor Deposition of Nickel Ferrite Using Ni C5H5 2 and Fe
C5H4C4H9 C5H5
Authors: Walker Rachel , Singh M. , Yang Y. , Takoudis C.G.
Published: August 2017

Chemical vapor deposition was used to deposit thin films of nickel oxide
(NiO) and iron oxide (Fe2O3) on silicon substrates. Precursors chosen for
this process were nickelocene,Ni(C5H5)2 and n-butylferrocene,
Fe(C5H4C4H9)(C5H5), which were oxidized with oxygen gas in a low-pressure
chemical vapor deposition system. Following the deposition of the individual
metal oxides, the two precursors were used together with the goal of
depositing a thin film of nickel ferrite (NiFe2O4). Both co-deposition and
cyclic deposition were carried out, and the resulting thin films were
analyzed using x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. This study found that the
resulting thin films did not contain NiFe2O4, but were composed of NiO and
Fe2O3 in a different ratio. It is suggested that changing various parameters
in this experiment can be used to vary this ratio.
Localized and Automated Chemical and Oxygen Delivery System for
Microfluidic Brain Slice Devices
Authors: Yu G. , Blake A.J. , Eddington D.T.
Published: August 2017

To better study in vitro models of the brain, a localized delivery
system is necessary due to the region specific functionality of the brain.
The proposed system allows drugs and oxygen of controllable concentrations
to be delivered. The delivery system is integrated into a
polydimethylsiloxane microfluidic brain slice device and uses valves
controlled by the LabVIEW programming language. Delivery is controlled by
adjusting the opening/closing frequencies of the valves. Fluorescein
isothiocyanate, a fluorescent dye, was used to characterize the delivery
with and without brain tissue (~300 μm). A linear relationship was found
correlating the valve frequencies and the intensity showing how easily
controlled concentrations can be delivered. A delivery system to
automatically mix and deliver oxygen concentrations between 0% and 21% was
developed. Accurate and precise outputs were obtained. Combined, these two
delivery systems will allow controllable drug and oxygen concentrations to
be tested at defined regions of the brain.
Microfluidic Bandage for Localized Oxygen-Enhanced Wound Healing
Authors: Merchant Z.H. , Lo J.F. , Eddington D.T.
Published: August 2017

An oxygen-enhanced, microfluidic bandage was fabricated out of
polydimethlysiloxane (PDMS) and contains a 100 μm thick gas-permeable
membrane that allows rapid diffusion of oxygen directly to the wound bed.
The microfluidic bandage was characterized by measuring the effect of
modulating oxygen concentrations, calculating the degree of localization in
oxygen delivery when subjected to a non-planar platform, and determining the
extent of oxygen penetration below the tissue surface. The concentration of
the diffused oxygen (0.02 ± 0.73 to 99.2 ± 4.46%) was shown to rapidly
equilibrate (~30 seconds) to the modulating input oxygen concentration (0 to
100%). The device also maintained localized oxygen delivery to a specified
area when a non-planar irregularity was introduced. Finally, the extent of
oxygen penetration was found to decrease as the thickness of tissue
increased (>7% at 0.8 mm thick). These experiments demonstrate that this
microfluidic bandage can be a viable tool for oxygen-enhanced wound
healing.
Hydrodynamics of Drop Impact and Spray Cooling through Nanofiber
Mats
Authors: Chan Y. , Charbel F. , Ray S.S. , Yarin A.L.
Published: August 2017

Spray cooling is one of the effective technologies has been promised for
the thermal management of microelectronic systems and server rooms. The
focus of this research is to increase the heat flux rate from a hot surface
by applying a metal-coated electrospun polymer nanofiber mat. Samples were
prepared from copper plate substrate coated with electrospun polymer
nanofiber mat and electroplated with one of three different metals: nickel,
copper and silver. Experiments were performed in which samples were
subjected to impacting water droplets from a height of 17.95cm at various
temperatures. The behaviors of droplet impact and subsequent evaporation
were observed in order to evaluate and compare heat transfer characteristics
of the different sample types. Silver-plated samples were found to provide
the highest heat flux rate, followed by copper and then nickel. However,
silver was not usable at higher temperatures due to its tendency to oxidize
and degrade easily.
Motivational Strategies: The Perceptions of EFL Teachers and Students in the Saudi Higher Education Context
Authors: Alshehri Eman , Etherington Siân
Published: August 2017

Motivation plays a significant role in the L2 learning process, leading many researchers to investigate strategies which can generate and maintain students' motivation in English as a foreign language (EFL) classrooms. However, little research has investigated the perceptions of both EFL teachers and students in the same context. This paper reports an investigation of EFL teacher and student perceptions of motivational strategies in the Saudi Arabian EFL context, aiming to explore potential mismatches. A mixed methods approach was used to collect quantitative and qualitative data in the context of three women's universities. Results indicate the teachers' role in motivating students in EFL classrooms is appreciated by both teachers and students. However, there is a discrepancy in their beliefs about how students should be motivated. Teachers believe strongly that students are mainly motivated by strategies which help achieve academic outcomes. Students, in contrast, appear more motivated by strategies; which relate to actual learning process and promote social aspects of learning, such as participation and interaction. A key implication is that teachers within this context should be encouraged to develop a more balanced view about L2 motivation and motivational strategies, focussing on both academic and social outcomes along with actual learning process.
Establishment of Reading Like Behavior of Elementary Students By Using Sustained Silent Reading Approach
Authors: Purwati Titik , Ahmad Harun , Sudana Dino
Published: August 2017

The purpose of this research was to analyze the establishment of reading like behavior of Elementary School student in Malang City by using SSR approach. The research used survey and experimental methods which were applied to the third grade students in 5 Pubic Elementary Schools in Malang City. The samples were taken randomly. The data resources are from students, teachers, principals, and library staffs. The data were collected through observation, interviews, questionnaires, pre-and post-tests, and book read record. The data analyses used were descriptive analysis and T test. The research result was the application of the SSR approach has improved significantly to the reading like behavior of the students of Public Elementary Schools in Malang City. This result showed the SSR approach is suitable to be applied for the establishment of reading like behavior of Elementary School students.
Do Physical Properties Affect Enactment Effect? The Regulatory Function of Item Familiarity
Authors: Yu Zhanyu , Wang Lijuan
Published: August 2017

Our aim was to examine the regulatory function that item familiarity has for the impact of physical properties on the enactment effect. We also evaluated the relation between motor and imagery encoding. In 2 experiments controlling for the familiarity of nouns in action phrases, free recall data showed that the presence of physical properties improved memory performance under verbal task-encoding conditions, regardless of item familiarity. In the subject-performed task-encoding condition, physical properties played a positive role in memorizing familiar items but not in unfamiliar items. These findings revealed the correlation between motor encoding and imagery encoding. The regulatory function of item familiarity was demonstrated, because the presence of physical properties had no impact on the enactment effect of familiar items but determined whether the enactment effect of unfamiliar items was significant. These findings provide empirical support for both the multimodal theory and the motor encoding theory of subject-performed tasks. We summarized the “item character view” to analyze the divergent conclusions about the enactment effect from the perspective of research methods and to promote the standardized development of action memory.
Vietnamese Commercial Banks in Global Integration Context: Opportunities, Challenges and Recommendations
Authors: Thuy Van Ha Thi , Ha Dam Bich , Viet Ha Hoang Thi
Published: August 2017

In the context of integration, Vietnam has held increasing attraction for investors in many fields including that of providing financial services from Vietnamese commercial banks. Therefore, the commercial banking system needs to be prepared for competition as the number of foreign banks investing in Vietnam is on the rise. In particular, with the implementation of the international commitments in the financial sector, the commercial banking system in Vietnam will have a lot of opportunities as well as challenges. The purpose of this study is to propose opportunities, challenges and some recommendations for sustainable development of the commercial banking system in Vietnam.
The Use of Moist Potential Vorticity Vector as Diagnostic Variable of Rainfall Events in Tanzania
Authors: Luhunga Philbert Modest , Kijazi Agnes , Chang a Ladislaus , Sangalugembe Chuki A , Anande Doreen Mwara , Ng ong olo Hashim , Mtongori Habiba
Published: August 2017

The work of this paper is a first step of the new paradigm, to use the Moist Potential Vorticity Vector (MPVV) as a diagnostic variable of rainfall events in Tanzania. The paper aims at computing and assessing the usefulness of MPVV in the diagnosis of rainfall events that occurred on 08th and 09th May 2017 over different regions in Tanzania. The relative contributions of horizontal, vertical components and the magnitude of MPVV on diagnosis of rainfall events are assessed. Hourly dynamic and thermodynamic variables of wind speed, temperature, atmospheric pressure and relative humidity from the numerical output generated by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model, running at Tanzania Meteorological Agency (TMA) are used in computation of MPVV. The computed MPVV is then compared with WRF model forecasts and observed rainfall. It is found that in most parts of the country, particularly over coastal areas and North-Eastern Highlands, MPVV exhibited positive values in the lower troposphere (925hPa) and (850hPa) indicating local instability possibly associated with topographic effects, and continent/ocean contrast. MPVV is mostly positive with slightly negative values indicating instabilities (due to possible convective instability). Moreover, MPVV provides remarkably accurate tracking of the locations received rainfall, suggesting its potential use as a dynamic diagnostic variable of rainfall events in Tanzania.
New Model for Solving Mixed Integral Equation of the First Kind with Generalized Potential Kernel
Authors: Eisa Ali Alhazmi Shareefa
Published: August 2017

New technique model is used to solve the mixed integral equation (\textbf{MIE}) of the first kind, with a position kernel contains a generalized potential function multiplying by a continuous function and continuous kernel in time, in the space $L_{2} (\Omega )\times C[0,T],\, 0\leq T<1$, $\Omega$ is the domain of integration and $T$ is the time. The integral equation arises in the treatment of various semi-symmetric contact problems, in one, two, and  three dimensions, with mixed boundary conditions in the mechanics of continuous media. The solution of the \textbf{MIE }when the kernel of position takes the potential function form, elliptic function form, Carleman function and logarithmic kernel are discussed and obtain in  this work. Moreover, many special cases are derived.
Evaluate the Barriers to Attract Sponsors in the Sport: Industry of Khorasan Razavi
Authors: Gharaei Fatemeh , Pour Mehdi Taleb , Azimzadeh Seyed Morteza
Published: August 2017

Purpose: Evaluate the barriers to attract financial supporters in the sport industry of Khorasan Razavi has been done.Methodology:The method of this research is applied and descriptive-comparative type. The statistical population of this research includes all managers of factories and private companies, managers of sport clubs and sport authorities of Khorasan Razavi province which among these the 100 CEOs of factories, 114 club managers and sport chairmanparty have been chosen randomly in Mashhad, Sabzevar, Taybad and Kashmar. Questionnaires of sport financial supporters of Ameri and et al (2009) had been the tools under usedwhich the Cronbach's alpha has been obtained as 0.711 in this study. SPSS19 software has been used in order to evaluate data analysis. Research hypotheses has been evaluated by using independent t-test.Findings: findings showed that the both first and forth hypotheses were confirmed among 4 hypotheses that were tested means that, there is a difference between perspective of managers of private companies and sports managers in relation with barriers of financial supporters and problems related to teams. Conclusion: Obtained results have been explained and compared based on findings of pervious researches. In fact most managers of companies compared with club managers the lack of sponsor from the sports industry have mentioned as a most important factor and problems related to teams including unpopularity of teams and Lack of using players and famous coaches is important factor for lack of attracting financial supporter in Mashhad from perspective of both groups.
The Assessment of Change in Social Interaction through Observation
Authors: Cadenas-Borges María , Borges-Del-Rosal África
Published: August 2017

The study of social interaction within the classroom is an important task because of the the influence that early social relationships have in the social and personal development of a person. In this paper we present a study where a specific intervention is implemented to improve the social interaction of one participant in an outside school enrichment program. A single-case design AB is used with this propose. The measurement of the changes is done through observation, using the Observational Protocol for Social Interaction within the Classroom (OPINTEC, v. 4). Three sessions are observed during the program in order to analyze the individual progress of the participant during the intervention. Lag Sequential Analysis with the program SDIS-GSEQ (Bakeman & Quera, 1996) is used for the assessment of the behavioral patterns. Results indicate an improvement in the relations between the participant and his peers in those interactions related with academic topics.
A educação prisional no Mercosul
Authors: Novo Benigno Núñez
Published: August 2017

A educação deve ser vista como um direito, não para a reintegração. Claro que isso é muito importante, mas se a reintegração for impossível, a educação continua a ser um direito. Não devemos instrumentalizar a educação unicamente para um papel social ou do tipo político-social. A educação pode ser uma solução se for uma educação ao longo da vida, não apenas do tipo profissional ou a reeducação. É para muitos presos a primeira oportunidade de compreender sua história e de tratar de desenvolver seu próprio projeto de vida. A noção de educação prisional como direito está no auge das discussões em todo o mundo. Em novembro de 2006, por exemplo, o Brasil acolheu, em Belo Horizonte, as discussões do Fórum Educacional do Mercosul, que tinha como um dos núcleos de debates o Seminário de Educação Prisional, que recebeu autoridades neste assunto de toda a América Latina e Europa e de entidades ligadas à educação e direitos humanos. O objetivo era criar uma rede latino-americana de discussões, que colocasse na pauta dos governos de cada país a educação prisional como direito inalienável de todos e as possíveis soluções para tornar essa educação mais proveitosa.
Test of the 'glymphatic' hypothesis demonstrates diffusive and aquaporin-4-independent solute transport in rodent brain parenchyma
Authors: Smith Alex J , Yao Xiaoming , Dix James A , Jin Byung-Ju , Verkman Alan S
Published: August 2017

Transport of solutes through brain involves diffusion and convection. The importance of convective flow in the subarachnoid and paravascular spaces has long been recognized; a recently proposed ‘glymphatic’ clearance mechanism additionally suggests that aquaporin-4 (AQP4) water channels facilitate convective transport through brain parenchyma. Here, the major experimental underpinnings of the glymphatic mechanism were re-examined by measurements of solute movement in mouse brain following intracisternal or intraparenchymal solute injection. We found that: (i) transport of fluorescent dextrans in brain parenchyma depended on dextran size in a manner consistent with diffusive rather than convective transport; (ii) transport of dextrans in the parenchymal extracellular space, measured by 2-photon fluorescence recovery after photobleaching, was not affected just after cardiorespiratory arrest; and (iii) Aqp4 gene deletion did not impair transport of fluorescent solutes from sub-arachnoid space to brain in mice or rats. Our results do not support the proposed glymphatic mechanism of convective solute transport in brain parenchyma.
Expression differences inAphidius ervi(Hymenoptera: Braconidae) females reared on different aphid host species
Authors: Ballesteros Gabriel I. , Gadau Jürgen , Legeai Fabrice , Gonzalez-Gonzalez Angelica , Lavandero Blas , Simon Jean-Christophe , Figueroa Christian C.
Published: August 2017

The molecular mechanisms that allow generalist parasitoids to exploit many, often very distinct hosts are practically unknown. The waspAphidius ervi,a generalist koinobiont parasitoid of aphids, was introduced from Europe into Chile in the late 1970s to control agriculturally important aphid species. A recent study showed significant differences in host preference and host acceptance (infectivity) depending on the hostA. erviwere reared on. In contrast, no genetic differentiation betweenA. ervipopulations parasitizing different aphid species and aphids of the same species reared on different host plants was found in Chile. Additionally, the same study did not find any fitness effects inA. erviif offspring were reared on a different host as their mothers. Here, we determined the effect of aphid host species (Sitobion avenaeversusAcyrthosiphon pisumreared on two different host plants alfalfa and pea) on the transcriptome of adultA. ervifemales. We found a large number of differentially expressed genes (between host species: head: 2,765; body: 1,216; within the same aphid host species reared on different host plants: alfalfa versus pea: head 593; body 222). As expected, the transcriptomes from parasitoids reared on the same host species (pea aphid) but originating from different host plants (pea versus alfalfa) were more similar to each other than the transcriptomes of parasitoids reared on a different aphid host and host plant (head: 648 and 1,524 transcripts; body: 566 and 428 transcripts). We found several differentially expressed odorant binding proteins and olfactory receptor proteins in particular, when we compared parasitoids from different host species. Additionally, we found differentially expressed genes involved in neuronal growth and development as well as signaling pathways. These results point towards a significant rewiring of the transcriptome ofA. ervidepending on aphid-plant complex where parasitoids develop, even if different biotypes of a certain aphid host species (A. pisum) are reared on the same host plant. This difference seems to persist even after the different wasp populations were reared on the same aphid host in the laboratory for more than 50 generations. This indicates that either the imprinting process is very persistent or there is enough genetic/allelic variation betweenA. ervipopulations. The role of distinct molecular mechanisms is discussed in terms of the formation of host fidelity.
Using direct and coda wave envelopes to resolve the scattering and intrinsic attenuation structure of Southern California
Authors: Wang W. , Shearer P. M.
Published: August 2017

Characterizing scattering and absorbing properties and the power spectrum of crustal heterogeneity is a fundamental problem for informing strong ground motion estimates at high frequencies, where scattering and attenuation effects are critical. We perform a comprehensive study of local earthquake coda waves in Southern California to constrain scattering and intrinsic attenuation structure. We analyze data from 1195 spatially distributed earthquakes from 1981 to 2013 at source depths of 10 to 15 km and epicentral distances from 0 to 250 km with magnitudes larger than 1.8. We stack envelope functions from 28,127 vertical component and 27,521 transverse component seismograms, filtered from 2 to 4 Hz. We model these observations using a particle‐based Monte Carlo algorithm that includes intrinsic attenuation as well as both P and S wave scattering and both single and multiple scattering events. We find that spatially averaged coda wave behavior for Southern California can be explained only with models containing an increase in scattering strength and intrinsic attenuation within the uppermost crust, i.e., they are poorly fit with half‐space models of constant scattering strength. A reasonable fit to our data is obtained with a two‐layer model, composed of a shallow crustal layer with strong wide‐angle scattering and high P and S intrinsic attenuation and a deeper layer with weaker scattering and lower intrinsic attenuation (top 5.5 km: αQI=250, βQI=125, heterogeneity correlation length a = 50 m, fractional velocity heterogeneity ε = 0.4; lower crust: αQI=900, βQI=400, a = 2 km, ε = 0.05).
Bathymetric control of warm ocean water access along the East Antarctic Margin
Authors: Nitsche F. O. , Porter D. , Williams G. , Cougnon E. A. , Fraser A. D. , Correia R. , Guerrero R.
Published: August 2017

Observed thinning of the Totten Glacier in East Antarctica has cast doubt upon the stability of the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. Recent oceanographic observations at the front of the Totten Ice Shelf have confirmed the presence of modified Circumpolar Deep Water (mCDW), which likely promotes enhanced melting. Details of how this water accesses the shelf remain uncertain. Here we present new bathymetry and autumnal oceanographic data from the outer continental shelf, north of the Totten Glacier, that show up to 0.7°C mCDW in a >100 km wide and >500 m deep depression within the shelf break. In other parts of East Antarctica, a shelf break bathymetry shallower than 400 m prevents these warmer waters from entering the shelf environment. Our observations demonstrate that detailed knowledge of the bathymetry is critical to correctly model the across‐shelf exchange of warm water to the various glaciers/ice shelves of Antarctica for future sea level prediction.
A single ice approach using varying ice particle properties in global climate model microphysics
Authors: Zhao Xi , Lin Yanluan , Peng Yiran , Wang Bin , Morrison Hugh , Gettelman Andrew
Published: August 2017

Ice and mixed‐phase cloud representation and simulation in global climate models are challenging with large uncertainties and biases. Sharing similar growth paths, no distinct separation exists in nature between cloud ice and snow. Different from conventional microphysics schemes separating cloud ice from snow, a single prognostic category is used to represent the whole spectrum of solid hydrometeors. Instead of using fixed physical properties for separate ice classes, e.g., the mass, area, and fall velocity, we consider the particle shape and riming impacts on ice properties. This approach simplifies several ice‐related microphysical processes and eliminates the ambiguity and uncertainty associated with parameterizing cloud ice to snow conversion. The modifications were implemented in the Morrison‐Gettelman (MG08) scheme and tested in Community Atmosphere Model. Evaluation using single column simulations indicated that the new approach increased the ice water content (IWC) in high clouds during dry period, which is improved compared to available retrievals. Global atmospheric simulations using the new approach give an overall comparable mean climate with notable improvement in terms of clouds and their radiative forcing. Both longwave and shortwave cloud forcing are closer to observations due to more realistic IWC, liquid water content, and cloud top height. Furthermore, the new approach yields slightly better representation of mixed‐phase clouds when a smaller capacitance for nonspherical particles is used in the ice depositional growth parameterization. Overall, the physically based single‐ice approach is a promising direction for future GCM microphysics development given its simplified representation of microphysical processes and flexible description of ice particle properties.
Prediction and uncertainty analysis of a parsimonious floodplain surface water‐groundwater interaction model
Authors: Maier Nadine , Breuer Lutz , Kraft Philipp
Published: August 2017

Floodplains provide a variety of hydrological and ecological functions and are therefore of great importance. The flooding frequency, as well as the height and duration of inundations are particularly relevant for ecosystem states and are dependent on the exchange between surface water and groundwater. In this study, we developed a fully distributed model approach to simulate distributed groundwater levels in a floodplain in Hesse, Germany (14.8 km2). To overcome the problem of large computation times, we simplified the surface water equation. Thus, the water surface of flooding is at the same level everywhere and the dynamic effect of the flooding is ignored. In this way, it was possible to run the model 5000 times and investigate its parameter uncertainty using Latin hypercube sampling. Behavioral model runs were selected based on a threshold criterion of a mean root‐mean‐square error that was smaller than 0.26 m. All the simulated groundwater wells show an individual RMSE between 0.17 and 0.41 m for the calibration period. Regarding the parameterization, the model shows rather large variance in parameters that are capable of generating good simulations: a range of saturated conductivity of 2793 m/d, porosity of 0.4 m3/m3, residual wetness of soil of 0.2 m3/m3/soil and range of soil thickness of 2.9 m.
A thermal gradient modulates the oxidative metabolism and growth of human keratinocytes
Authors: Viano Marta , Alotto Daniela , Aillon Alessia , Castagnoli Carlotta , Silvagno Francesca
Published: August 2017

During their spatial and differentiative progression, keratinocytes face a thermal gradient, from 37 °C in the proliferating basal layer to 32 °C found in skin surface. In our study, we hypothesized that this difference in temperature must be balanced by increasing the heat produced during respiratory activity. We demonstrated that at 33 °C human primary keratinocytes and HaCaT cells raised mitochondrial energy metabolism, but not glycolytic activity. At 33 °C, the increased mitochondrial ATP synthesis was associated with a strong induction of the modulator of the respiratory chain estrogen receptor β, whereas uncoupling protein 1 expression was not changed. The enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism was accompanied by a remarkable reduction in proliferation. These results suggest that environmental temperature can modulate the energy metabolism and proliferation of human keratinocytes.
Ethical violations and discriminatory behavior in the MedPhys Match
Authors: Hendrickson Kristi R. G. , Juang Titania , Rodrigues Anna , Burmeister Jay W.
Published: August 2017

Purpose

The purpose of this survey study is to investigate behaviors in conflict with the ethical standards of the Medical Physics Residency (MedPhys) Match (MPM) process as stated in the MPM rules (a) and with the nondiscrimination regulations of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) (b), in addition to other behaviors that may in other ways erode the fairness of the system.

Methods

A survey was sent to all applicants and program directors registered for the 2015 and 2016 MPM. Survey questions asked about application, interview, and postinterview experiences, match results, and overall satisfaction with the process.

Results

Thirteen percent of 2015 respondents and 20% of 2016 respondents were asked by at least one program how highly they planned to rank them or which program they would rank first. Thirty‐seven percent of 2015 and 40% of 2016 program directors indicated that candidates communicated to the program their rank intent, with 22.0% in 2015 and 12.5% in 2016 being told that their program would be ranked first. Twenty‐three percent of 2015 respondents indicated being asked by at least one program during the interview about children or plans to have children; including 19% of males and 33% of females. In 2016, these values were 28% overall, 22% male, and 36% female. Fifty‐seven percent of 2015 respondents who were asked this question indicated being uncomfortable or very uncomfortable answering, including 27.3% of males and 88.9% of females. In 2016, 42.9% of all respondents indicated being uncomfortable or very uncomfortable answering, including 10.0% of males and 80.0% of females.

Conclusions

In the first two years of the MPM, there were widespread instances of ethical violations and discriminatory questioning during the interview process. Educating both interviewers and candidates on the MPM rules and general EEOC guidelines should decrease these instances and increase the fairness of the residency selection process.