bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Identification of FOXP1 and SNX2 as novel ABL1 fusion partners in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
Authors: Ernst Thomas , Score Joannah , Deininger Michael , Hidalgo‐Curtis Claire , Lackie Peter , Ershler William B. , Goldman John M. , Cross Nicholas C.P. , Grand FrancisH.
Published: February 2011

We have identified two novel ABL1 fusion genes in two patients with B‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) associated with a t(3;9)(p12;q34) and a t(5;9)(q23;q34), respectively. Molecular analysis revealed a FOXP1‐ABL1 fusion for the t(3;9) and a SNX2‐ABL1 fusion for the t(5;9). The fusions were confirmed by specific amplification of the genomic breakpoints using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. The identification of ALL with rare ABL1 fusion partners is important because the leukaemia may respond to tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the same way as ALL patients with a classical BCR‐ABL1 fusion gene.
TUMOUR NECROSIS FACTOR MICROSATELLITE ALLELES IN AN ITALIAN POPULATION
Authors: Ciusani E. , Salmaggi A. , Pociot F. , Nespolo A. , Sandberg‐Wollheim M.
Published: February 2011

A non‐radioactive technique for the typing of tumour necrosis factor (TNF) microsatellite alleles has been applied in the study of an Italian population. The frequency of the TNFa10 allele was markedly increased compared with other European populations.
Effect of plant extracts on lipid oxidation during frozen storage of minced fish muscle
Authors: Özalp Özen Berna , Eren Mine , Pala Aslıhan , Özmen İlknur , Soyer Ayla
Published: February 2011

The aim of the study is to determine the effect of pomegranate seed extract (PSE) and grape seed extract (GSE) addition to chub mackerel minced muscle on lipid oxidation during frozen storage. Each extract was added to minced fish muscle at 2% concentration and then stored at −18 °C for 3 months. The effect of plant dietary fibres to control lipid oxidation was compared with untreated samples (control). Formation of lipid hydroperoxides and thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) was significantly inhibited by PSE and GSE addition when compared with control. Both extracts significantly retarded lipid oxidation according to the results of TBARS. A significant reduction of L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness) values was detected during frozen storage. GSE added samples had the highest redness and the lowest lightness and yellowness. However, samples with PSE showed the lowest redness and highest yellowness and h° (hue angle) values. The results from this study suggest GSE is a very effective inhibitor of primary and secondary oxidation products in minced fish muscle and have a potential as a natural antioxidant to control lipid oxidation during frozen storage of fatty fish.
Engineering a future for amphibians under climate change
Authors: Shoo Luke P. , Olson Deanna H. , McMenamin Sarah K. , Murray Kris A. , Van Sluys Monique , Donnelly Maureen A. , Stratford Danial , Terhivuo Juhani , Merino‐Viteri Andres , Herbert Sarah M. , Bishop Phillip J. , Corn Paul Stephen , Dovey Liz , Griffiths Richard A. , Lowe Katrin , Mahony Michael , McCallum Hamish , Shuker Jonathan D. , Simpkins Clay , Skerratt Lee F. , Williams Stephen E. , Hero Jean‐Marc
Published: February 2011

1. Altered global climates in the 21st century pose serious threats for biological systems and practical actions are needed to mount a response for species at risk.

2. We identify management actions from across the world and from diverse disciplines that are applicable to minimizing loss of amphibian biodiversity under climate change. Actions were grouped under three thematic areas of intervention: (i) installation of microclimate and microhabitat refuges; (ii) enhancement and restoration of breeding sites; and (iii) manipulation of hydroperiod or water levels at breeding sites.

3. Synthesis and applications. There are currently few meaningful management actions that will tangibly impact the pervasive threat of climate change on amphibians. A host of potentially useful but poorly tested actions could be incorporated into local or regional management plans, programmes and activities for amphibians. Examples include: installation of irrigation sprayers to manipulate water potentials at breeding sites; retention or supplementation of natural and artificial shelters (e.g. logs, cover boards) to reduce desiccation and thermal stress; manipulation of canopy cover over ponds to reduce water temperature; and, creation of hydrologoically diverse wetland habitats capable of supporting larval development under variable rainfall regimes. We encourage researchers and managers to design, test and scale up new initiatives to respond to this emerging crisis.
Sensitization profiles to purified plant food allergens among pediatric patients with allergy to banana
Authors: Palacin Arantxa , Quirce Santiago , Sanchez‐Monge Rosa , Bobolea Irina , Diaz‐Perales Araceli , Martin‐Muñoz Flora , Pascual Cristina , Salcedo Gabriel
Published: February 2011

To cite this article: Palacin A, Quirce S, Sanchez‐Monge R, Bobolea I, Diaz‐Perales A, Martin‐Muñoz F, Pascual C, Salcedo G. Sensitization profiles to purified plant food allergens among pediatric patients with allergy to banana. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2011; 22: 186–195.

Banana fruit allergy is well known, but neither immunoglobulin E recognition patterns to purified plant food allergens nor true prevalences of putative banana allergens have been established. This study aimed to characterize β‐1,3‐glucanase and thaumatin‐like protein (TLP) as banana allergens, testing them, together with other plant food allergens, in 51 children with allergic reactions after banana ingestion and both positive specific IgE and skin prick test (SPT) to banana. Banana β‐1,3‐glucanase and TLP were isolated and characterized. Both banana allergens, together with kiwifruit TLP Act d 2, avocado class I chitinase Pers a 1, palm pollen profilin Pho d 2 and peach fruit lipid transfer protein (LTP) Pru p 3, were tested by in vitro and in vivo assays. Banana β‐1,3‐glucanase (Mus a 5) was glycosylated, whereas banana TLP (Mus a 4) was not, in contrast with its homologous kiwi allergen Act d 2. Specific IgE to both banana allergens, as well as to peach Pru p 3, was found in over 70% of sera from banana‐allergic children, and Mus a 4 and Pru p 3 provoked positive SPT responses in 6 of the 12 tested patients, whereas Mus a 5 in only one of them. Both peptidic epitopes and cross‐reactive carbohydrate determinants were involved in the IgE‐binding to Mus a 5, whereas cross‐reactivity between Mus a 4 and Act d 2 was only based on common IgE protein epitopes. Profilin Pho d 2 elicited a relevant proportion of positive responses on in vitro (41%) and in vivo (58%) tests. Therefore, Mus a 4 and LTP behave as major banana allergens in the study population, and profilin seems to be also a relevant allergen. Mus a 5 is an equivocal allergenic protein, showing high IgE‐binding to its attached complex glycan, and low in vivo potency.
Prehospital care, importance of early intervention on outcome
Authors: Regel Gerd , Stalp M. , Lehmann U. , Seekamp A.
Published: February 2011

The improvement of rescue systems and on‐scene therapy has lead to a significant reduction of early posttraumatic death. It was the goal of this study to critically analyse the value of prehospital care in respect to early but also to delayed complications (single=SOF or multiple organ failure= MOF) In a retrospective analysis 1223 polytraumatized patients treated during 1984 and 1994, with an injury severity of more than 20 points according to the Injury Severity Score =ISS, on‐scene therapy (“field stabilization”) was evaluated. We could show that a sufficient preclinical airway management has major influence on late prognosis (MOF). We therefore definitely recommend early intubation at the scene in these patients. The intravenous access at the emergency place is always necessary independant whether the patient is in hemorrhagic shock or not. Loss of time can increase shock mechanisms making intravenous access even more difficult. If there is already a peripheral vasoconstriction and the localisation of an peripheral vein renders more difficult, one possibility is a venae sectio to get safe access. Concerning the amount of preclinical infusion controverse opinions exist. Our evaluation could not give an satisfactory statement because of a differing high incidence of mass bleeding in the groups with low (<1000 ml) and high (>2000ml) preclinical infusion.

The improvement of rescue systems and on‐scene therapy has lead to a significant reduction of early posttraumatic death. Especially in those injuries, that are directly associated with the development of early death, i.e. intracranial bleeding, massive hemorrhage from thoracic and intraabdominal lesions these regimens on scene improved survival significantly (Fig 1) (Trunkey 1983). Nevertheless it is still discussed whether a longer rescue time is then justified to intensify on scene therapy

Recent publications demonstrate for instance that infusion therapy beginning on scene is not always necessary and sometimes especially in severe hemorrhagic shock can even aggrevate bleeding (Bickell 1989, Bickell 1991, Bickell 1993, Crawford 1991, Gross 1988, Stern 1993).

On the other hand the value of on scene intubation and ventilation and chest tubing in these patients is critically discussed (Mattox 1989). Most of these studies however have their origin in the USA and are related exclusively to penetrating trauma (knife and gunshot wounds), which is completely different from underlying pathomechanisms (pure hemorrhagic shock). Only one reports of the same experience with blunt trauma (Barone 1986). Thus for severe blunt trauma the question is still open: “field stabilization” or “load and go” (Krausz 1992). A decision that always has to be related to the definite rescue time (Smith 1985).

It was the goal of this study to critically analyse the value of prehospital care in respect to early but also to delayed complications (single=SOF or multiple organ failure= MOF)
Cytopathic hypoxia in sepsis
Authors: Fink Mitchell
Published: February 2011

Diminished availability of oxygen at the cellular level might account for organ dysfunction in sepsis. Although the classical forms of tissue hypoxia due to hypoxemia, anemia, or inadequate perfusion all might be important under some conditions, it seems increasingly likely that a fourth mechanism, namely cytopathic hypoxia, might play a role as well. The term cytopathic hypoxia is used to denote diminished production of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) despite normal (or even supranormal) PO2 values in the vicinity of mitochondria within cells. At least in theory, cytopathic hypoxia could be a consequence of several different (but mutually compatible) pathogenic mechanisms, including diminished delivery of a key substrate (e.g., pyruvate) into the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle, inhibition of key mitochondrial enzymes involved in either the TCA cycle or the electron transport chain, activation of the enzyme, poly‐(ADP)‐ribosylpolymerase (PARP), or collapse of the protonic gradient across the inner mitochondrial membrane leading to uncoupling of oxidation (of NADH and FADH) from phosphorylation of ADP to form ATP. Tantalizing, but limited, data support the view that cytopathic hypoxia occurs in both animals and patients with sepsis or endotoxemia.
Transgenic analysis of central nervous system development and regeneration
Authors: Lendahl Urban
Published: February 2011

The transgenic technique allows specific genetic alterations to be made in all cells of an animal and this has greatly improved our understanding of how the embryonic and adult central nervous system (CNS) develop. The CNS originates from the neuroectoderm in the neural plate on the dorsal side of the embryo and after closure of the neural tube the cells of the neuroepithelium, i.e. the CNS stem cells, transiently proliferate to generate neurons and glial cells. Here we review our attempts to gain insights into the control of CNS development.

We have identified a gene, nestin, which is predominantly expressed in embryonic and adult CNS stem cells. In addition to its normal expression in the CNS stem cells, nestin is reexpressed in CNS tumors and in the adult spinal cord and brain after CNS injury. By using the lacZ reporter gene assay in transgenic mice, we have identified regulatory regions (enhancer) in the nestin gene required for expression in embryonic CNS stem cells and in the adult spinal cord after injury.

In a second project, we have cloned and characterized the Notch gene family (the Notch 1, 2 and 3 genes) in mouse and man. These genes encode transmembrane receptors, which appear to be key regulatory molecules for proliferation and differentaition both in the developing CNS and in other tissues. Expression of an activated form of the Notch 3 receptor from the nestin promoter in transgenic mice leads to a lethal, exencephaly‐like phenotype in the embryo, probably as a result of excess proliferation of the CNS stem cells. The recent finding that the Notch 3 gene is the genetic cause for familial stroke is discussed in the context of current models for Notch function.
Adenosine for pain control
Authors: Sollevi Alf
Published: February 2011

The antinociceptive actions of adenosine and adenosine analogs in animal models has been known for more than 10 years. The recent development with regard to the pain modulatory effects of adenosine, primarily in clinical studies, has generated a renewed interest in this principle for pain control. This review summarizes the current knowledge in adenosine mediated pain modulation in acute and chronic conditions, with focus on studies in man.

The endogenous compound adenosine has various modulatory effects in the peripheral and central nervous system, mediated through specific cell‐surface associated receptors. The current view is that adenosine receptors of the A1‐subtype are associated with a modulatory effect on pain transmission at spinal cord level. Animal studies have repeatedly demonstrated adenosine‐ and adenosine analog mediated inhibitory influences on presumed nociceptive reflex responses (1, 2). These examinations in rodents have tested acute pain models involving tactile, pressure and heat stimulations. More recently, animal lesion models presumably reflecting chronic pain, has shown that adenosine analogs can suppress nociceptive behaviour both by systemic and intrathecal (i.t.) administration (3,4). Consequently, there is substantial evidence that adenosine can modulate nociceptive input. Further, it has been proposed that endogenous adenosine formation is involved in physiological pain control at the spinal cord level and that its release is involved in the action of opioid antinociception (1).

Clinical studies have revealed that adenosine administration by bolus injection or by infusion at doses above 70 μg × kg−1 × min−1 is associated with pain symptoms from different parts of the body. This algogenic effect of higher doses of adenosine is probably related to sensitization/activation of peripheral nociceptive afferents (5).
Impacts of the Triple Global Crisis on Growth and Poverty: The Case of Yemen
Authors: Breisinger Clemens , Diao Xinshen , Collion Marie‐Helen , Rondot Pierre
Published: February 2011

Yemen is an oil‐exporting and food‐importing country with the highest levels of poverty in the Middle East and North Africa. The impacts of the triple crisis are likely to further complicate pre‐existing conditions of conflict, oil depletion and governance failure. Using a dynamic CGE model, this article finds that oil‐driven growth in 2008 dominated the negative growth impacts of the food crisis, but that growth was not pro‐poor. The financial crisis of 2009 slowed growth sharply and raised the poverty rate to 42.8%, up from 34.8% in 2005/6. Poverty continues to be higher in rural areas, where almost half the population live in poverty.
Grants to Needy Countries? A Study of Aid Composition between 1975 and 2005
Authors: Johansson Pernilla
Published: February 2011

This article discusses whether the poorest and most indebted countries receive aid in the form of grants rather than loans, by studying bilateral aid flows to low‐ and middle‐income countries between 1975 and 2005. The empirical analysis finds no evidence that more indebted countries receive a higher grant component, but it does show that poorer countries receive a significantly higher grant component, although the size of the effect is quite limited.
Ireland’s IBC/05 Administrative Scheme for Immigrant Residency, the Separation of Families and the Creation of a Transnational Familial Imaginary
Authors: Coakley Liam , Healy Claire
Published: February 2011

This paper reports on the experiences of one particular group of immigrants to Ireland ‐‐ the parents of Irish citizen children, whose residency is dependent on an ongoing, renewable form of residential status called IBC/05. This residency status was instituted in response to the constitutional changes that arose in the aftermath of Ireland’s 2004 citizenship referendum.

While this status category is valued in the short‐term, we contend that immigrants whose residence in Ireland is dependent on this status are effectively living in‐between their countries of origin and Ireland as a result of legislative specificities that separate their families and create an air of uncertainty about the continuance of the status category in the longer term.

Immigrants with IBC/05 status operate across a number of transnational familial fields. Transnational economic fields are reinforced by immigrants’ need to finance the lives of family members still resident in their country of origin but a range of hybridised personal and familial identity spaces are created outside this economic pattern and the experience of life in Ireland is anchored in the imaginaries that spring from such transnationalised experiences. Importantly, however, we find that this transnationalism is not operationalised “from below” in this instance but “from above” by the Irish state through the emphasis it places on this form of long‐term temporary residency.
Overview of clinical experience with methylprednisolone aceponate
Authors: Marks R.
Published: February 2011

Methylprednisolone aceponate is a new potent topical corticosteroid. Chemically it is a corticoid diester that rapidly penetrates the skin. It is rapidly metabolised and then conjugated so that although potent, it does not appear to cause serious local or systemic side effects. Clinical trials indicate that once daily applications are sufficient to control most eczematous disorders and that it is suitable and effective in atopic dermatitis.
Long‐term treatment with 6α‐methylprednisolone aceponate
Authors: Haneke Eckart
Published: February 2011

Aim 6α‐Methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) is a new steroid double ester for topical use, the potent action and lack of untoward side‐effects of which became evident in two different studies.

Background Recent studies have proved the concept that MPA is both potent and extremely well tolerated when used for a relatively short time.

Methods Two multicentre studies on patients with steroid responsive dermatoses using either MPA fatty ointment (n = 66) or MPA in a vehicle individually adapted to the patients' skin condition (n = 256) were conducted over a maximum of 4 and 6 months, respectively. Plasma Cortisol levels were determined in study I (n = 45) to reveal potential systemic effects.

Results Complete healing and marked improvement were achieved in 86 % of 322 patients. There were no systemic side effects and no significant alteration in plasma Cortisol levels during and after treatment. Minor temporary local side effects were observed in 7%.

Conclusion MPA (Advantan) is a potent antiinflammatory topical steroid virtually devoid of systemic adverse effects and with a low incidence of local side‐effects.
Clinical comparison of methylprednisolone aceponate and prednicarbate in chronic eczema
Authors: Albrecht G.
Published: February 2011

Methylprednisolone aceponate (MPA) is a new topical corticosteroid developed specifically for the treatment of eczematous disorders. A multicentre, controlled, randomized open trial to assess the efficacy and tolerability of a once daily application of MPA in comparison to a twice‐daily application of Prednicarbate (PC) was conducted in 566 patients suffering from allergic contact eczema (51.2%), toxic degenerative eczema (46.8%) as well as a combination of allergic contact eczema and toxic degenerative eczema (1,9%). Both treatment groups were approximately the same size, 280 patients being treated with MPA, 286 with PC.

Treatment was carried out for a maximum of 28 days. The median duration of treatment was 22 days with MPA and 21 days with PC. Clinical efficacy was not different between MPA ointment (0.1%) used once daily with 45.5% complete healing and 39.8% marked improvement as compared to PC ointment (0.25%) used twice daily with 48.3% complete healing and 40.2% marked improvement. Both treatments were well tolerated. 4.6% of the patients reported adverse events on MPA‐treatment and 3.8% on PC‐treatment. No serious events were experienced. From this study it can be concluded that in various eczematous disorders efficacy and tolerability of MPA ointment used once daily are essentially the same as for PC ointment used twice daily.
Present status of eczema and its treatment
Authors: Fritsch Peter O. , Schuler Gerold
Published: February 2011

An overview of the salient developments in definition, classification, etiology and pathogenesis, and treatment of the eczemas in recent years is given. On the basis of the pathogenesis of allergic contact eczema and atopic dermatitis, possible future therapeutic approaches are discussed. The indispensability of the use of topical corticosteroids in eczema treatment at the present time, and the demand for preparations with high potency and absent or low systemic and local side effects is stressed.
The Birth, Death, and Resurrection of the Provincial Dilemma
Authors: Griffin Patrick
Published: February 2011

This essay explores the utility of the ‘provincial dilemma’ for organizing Atlantic history. It does so by examining a 1954 article on the subject by Bernard Bailyn and John Clive. Colonists in America and the Caribbean, Protestant settlers in Ireland, and lowlanders in Scotland struggled with amphibious status. Their desire to be accepted as equals by metropolitans and, at the same time, carve out a niche as members of distinctive societies animated the 18th‐century Atlantic. But we still have to integrate new actors into this story. This essay, then, charts the possibilities and limits not only of the provincial approach but also of Atlantic history.
Men, Women and an Integrated History of the Russian Revolutionary Movement
Authors: Turton Katy
Published: February 2011

Since its emergence as a discipline in the 1960s, women’s history has had a profound effect on the study of the past. Scholarship on women’s experiences of and contributions to the Russian revolutionary movement has increased exponentially since the publication of a number of biographies of Aleksandra Kollontai in the 1970s and 1980s and a comprehensive picture has emerged of women’s involvement in all the major revolutionary parties, as leading figures as well as rank and file activists. Despite this wealth of historical discovery, remarkably little has found its way into so‐called ‘general’ histories of the revolution. An integrated history, which is the ultimate aim of women’s history, has yet to be produced for the Russian revolutionary movement, even though recent prosopographical studies of revolutionary women have made clear the numerous ways in which men and women cooperated and interacted on a daily basis in the underground. This article explores the nature of and reasons for this failure, makes a case for why incorporating women’s experiences into the grand narrative of the Russian revolution is important and discusses how this might be achieved.
Thomism and Atheism
Authors: Schall James V.
Published: February 2011

Atheism, the thesis that God does not exist and Thomism, the thesis that there are “proofs” for the existence of God based on experience and reason can be juxtaposed to each other as two extremes. On the other hand, the very statement of each implies the need to consider the other, so that the atheist and the Thomist both claim to belong to rational discourse, however much they differ in conclusions. The scriptural tradition has consistently found the one who says there is “no God” to be “foolish,” that is, someone with more than just an intellectual error.
Capitalism and Catholicity: Ecclesiological Reflections on Alain Badiou's Pauline Universalism
Authors: Hiebert Kyle Gingerich
Published: February 2011

Emancipating Saint Paul from both his imagined “spiritual” prison and interpretations that cast him as Nietzsche's venomous priest, Alain Badiou reads Paul as providing the resources necessary for standing in the face of the endless flows of global capital that characterize the geopolitical landscape at “the end of history.” Read against the background of the apparent triumph of political and economic liberalism I will argue that the most compelling aspect of Badiou's reading is that he finds in Paul a universalism that resists the rampant automatisms of capitalism. Moreover, I will be primarily interested in the extent to which Badiou's reading of Paul radically calls into question the conclusions not only of those self-proclaimed prophets of the ethics of alterity but also of those theologians that are finally unable to give up the desire to control outcomes and master contingency. In this way I will argue that, despite his proclamation of Christianity as a fable, Badiou can be helpfully read as a profound theological resource that points toward the shape of a radical ecclesiology that refuses to be defined on the artificial terrain of modernity and struggles instead in all its fragility to remain faithful to the resurrection.
Eroticism and Pain in Mechthild of Magdeburg's The Flowing Light
Authors: McGowin Emily Hunter
Published: February 2011

This article presents an introduction to the rhetoric of eroticism and pain in the theology of medieval mystic, Mechthild of Magdeburg (c. 1208-c. 1282/94), author of The Flowing Light of the Godhead. A survey of select texts from TFL is presented, with a focused analysis of Book IV, Chapter 12, where pain is cast in the role of a courtly intermediary between Christ and the soul. It is argued that a deeper consideration of this chapter provides significant insight into Mechthild's overall conception of pain in relation to the divine. Moreover, she writes with a coherent mystical theology of pain situated firmly within the Christian liturgy and narrative tradition.
The Galatian Test: Is Islam an Abrahamic Religion?
Authors: Knowles Michael
Published: February 2011

While Judaism, Christianity and Islam are now commonly classed together as ‘Abrahamic religions’ it seems clear from what Paul the Apostle writes that, from the Christian point of view, Islam should not be regarded as ‘Abrahamic’
The Digital Temple: A Preview of Features, Current and Potential
Authors: Whalen Robert
Published: February 2011

The Digital Temple is an electronic scholarly edition of George Herbert’s English verse. When complete, it will include diplomatic and modern‐spelling transcriptions linked to corresponding digital images of three essential artifacts: Williams Manuscript Jones B62, Bodleian Manuscript Tanner 307, and a copy of The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations (first edition, 1633). The transcriptions are accompanied by critical annotations and glosses, and all materials – transcriptions, images, and apparatus – are presented through a customized user interface. The transcription files are marked up according to the Text Encoding Initiative P5 standard, a robust encoding protocol rendering the texts susceptible to an array of display and data search‐and‐retrieval operations. This essay briefly introduces the resource, its principal features and potential, and discusses some of the technical underpinnings that make it a potentially powerful research tool.
Disability Studies and the British Long Eighteenth Century
Authors: Gabbard Dwight Christopher
Published: February 2011

Disability studies approaches the British eighteenth century as a period in transition, with the conception of disability as spiritual sign of wonder or warning giving way to an understanding of it as pathology and abnormality. Period‐appropriate terms for disability are ‘deformity,’‘defect,’ and ‘monster,’ which were used for exotic bodily configurations and gender and racial differences: women and non‐Europeans were perceived as defective. John Milton, Alexander Pope, Samuel Johnson, Elizabeth Inchbald, and William Hay have generated interest on account of their disabilities, while Aphra Behn, Eliza Haywood, Mary Wortley Montagu, Sarah Scott, Sarah Fielding, Henry Fielding, John Cleland, Francis Burney, and William Godwin have received attention for disability thematics. Topics of concern include disability and old age, physiognomy in characterization, joke book humor and sensibility, ugliness as aesthetic category, defect in tropes of national identity, deafness and sign language, intellectual disability and Lockean epistemology, the exotic deformed, disfigurement from smallpox as well as political rhetoric associated with the disease, and femininity as monstrosity.
Sirt1 and mir‐9 expression is regulated during glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in pancreatic β‐islets
Authors: Ramachandran Deepti , Roy Upasana , Garg Swati , Ghosh Sanchari , Pathak Sulabha , Kolthur‐Seetharam Ullas
Published: February 2011

MicroRNA mir‐9 is speculated to be involved in insulin secretion because of its ability to regulate exocytosis. Sirt1 is an NAD‐dependent protein deacetylase and a critical factor in the modulation of cellular responses to altered metabolic flux. It has also been shown recently to control insulin secretion from pancreatic β‐islets. However, little is known about the regulation of Sirt1 and mir‐9 levels in pancreatic β‐cells, particularly during glucose‐dependent insulin secretion. In this article, we report that mir‐9 and Sirt1 protein levels are actively regulated in vivo in β‐islets during glucose‐dependent insulin secretion. Our data also demonstrates that mir‐9 targets and regulates Sirt1 expression in insulin‐secreting cells. This targeting is relevant in pancreatic β‐islets, where we show a reduction in Sirt1 protein levels when mir‐9 expression is high during glucose‐dependent insulin secretion. This functional interplay between insulin secretion, mir‐9 and Sirt1 expression could be relevant in diabetes. It also highlights the crosstalk between an NAD‐dependent protein deacetylase and microRNA in pancreatic β‐cells.
Imprints of the anisotropic inflation on the cosmic microwave background
Authors: Watanabe Masa-aki , Kanno Sugumi , Soda Jiro
Published: February 2011

We study the imprints of the anisotropic inflation on the CMB temperature fluctuations and polarizations. The statistical anisotropy stems not only from the direction dependence of curvature and tensor perturbations, but also from the cross-correlation between curvature and tensor perturbations, and the linear polarization of tensor perturbations. We show that off-diagonal TB and EB spectra as well as on- and off-diagonal TT, EE, BB and TE spectra are induced from the anisotropic inflation. We emphasize that the off-diagonal spectra induced by the cross-correlation could be a characteristic signature of the anisotropic inflation.
Reconciling the Krogh and Ussing interpretations of epithelial chloride transport – presenting a novel hypothesis for the physiological significance of the passive cellular chloride uptake
Authors: Larsen Erik Hviid
Published: February 2011

In 1937, August Krogh discovered a powerful active Cl− uptake mechanism in frog skin. After WWII, Hans Ussing continued the studies on the isolated skin and discovered the passive nature of the chloride uptake. The review concludes that the two modes of transport are associated with a minority cell type denoted as the γ‐type mitochondria‐rich (MR) cell, which is highly specialized for epithelial Cl− uptake whether the frog is in the pond of low [NaCl] or the skin is isolated and studied by Ussing chamber technique. One type of apical Cl− channels of the γ‐MR cell is activated by binding of Cl− to an external binding site and by membrane depolarization. This results in a tight coupling of the uptake of Na+ by principal cells and Cl− by MR cells. Another type of Cl− channels (probably CFTR) is involved in isotonic fluid uptake. It is suggested that the Cl− channels serve passive uptake of Cl− from the thin epidermal film of fluid produced by mucosal glands. The hypothesis is evaluated by discussing the turnover of water and ions of the epidermal surface fluid under terrestrial conditions. The apical Cl− channels close when the electrodiffusion force is outwardly directed as it is when the animal is in the pond. With the passive fluxes eliminated, the Cl− flux is governed by active transport and evidence is discussed that this is brought about by an exchange of cellular HCO3− with Cl− of the outside bath driven by an apical H+ V‐ATPase.
World Christian Historiography, Theological ‘Enthusiasms’, and the Writing of R. E. Frykenberg’s Christianity in India
Authors: Young Richard Fox
Published: February 2011

Since the nineteenth century, India’s Christian history has been the subject of several ambitious master narratives, with coverage from deep antiquity into each author’s respective ‘present’. The most recent attempt, published in 2008 by Oxford University Press, is Christianity in India, by historian R. E. Frykenberg. Against all naysayers, Frykenberg puts forward a case that Christianity is Indian and must be studied as an Indian religion. Like his predecessors, Frykenberg identifies himself as a Christian, affirms that Christianity is good for India, and invokes concepts and language of a distinctively theological kind, sometimes enthusiastically. As a work that brings theology into conversation with historiography, Christianity in India has already been characterized as a work of sectarian scholarship. Disagreeing, I tease out several of the thornier issues. One is the way that Frykenberg conceptualizes ‘indigenous’ as opposed to ‘exogenous’ agency. Despite influence on him from theologically grounded historiographies popularized by the newish field of World Christianity, Frykenberg’s findings are unimpeachably empirical. Another is the way that ‘primal’ religions are conceptualized; in the book, these loom large, as whole tribal (adivasi) populations in India’s Northeast Highlands have become Christian. Here, too, Frykenberg draws inspiration from World Christianity and its leading theorists Lamin Sanneh and Andrew Walls, whose claims about a special ‘affinity’ between primal religions and Christianity have been criticized as ‘crypto‐theology’. Thanks to Frykenberg, a constructive debate might ensue, were the issues properly recognized. These I attempt to clarify.
Visual Attention and Structural Choice in Sentence Production Across Languages
Authors: Myachykov Andriy , Thompson Dominic , Scheepers Christoph , Garrod Simon
Published: February 2011

To represent the complexity of a visually perceived event, viewers need to attend selectively to different aspects of the event and its associated entities. Spoken descriptions of such complex events must encode the corresponding perceptual properties. This review discusses how the speaker’s attentional focus on one of the referents in a given event influences the structural choice in languages with different degrees of word order flexibility. First, we will discuss whether English speakers prefer to map visually salient referents onto a prominent grammatical role (e.g., Subject) or to a prominent linear position in the sentence (e.g., the sentential starting point). Comparison of this evidence with research in free word‐order languages (Russian and Finnish) suggests the existence of a mapping mechanism wherein perceptual salience predominantly affects grammatical‐role assignment and, to a lesser extent, assignment of linear positions.
New Media, Web 2.0 and Surveillance
Authors: Fuchs Christian
Published: February 2011

This article outlines some basic foundations and academic controversies about Web 2.0 surveillance. Contemporary web platforms, such as Google or Facebook store, process, analyse, and sell large amounts of personal data and user behaviour data. This phenomenon makes studying Internet surveillance and web 2.0 surveillance important. Surveillance can either be defined in a neutral or a negative way. Depending on which surveillance concept one chooses, Internet/web 2.0 surveillance will be defined in different ways. Web 2.0 surveillance studies are in an early stage of development. The debate thus far suggests that one might distinguish between a cultural studies approach and a critical political economy approach in studying web 2.0 surveillance. Web 2.0 surveillance is a form of surveillance that exerts power and domination by making use specific qualities of the contemporary Internet, such as user‐generated content and permanent dynamic communication flows. It can be characterized as a system of panoptic sorting, mass self‐surveillance and personal mass dataveillance. Facebook is a prototypical example of web 2.0 surveillance that serves economic ends. The problems of Facebook surveillance in particular and web 2.0 surveillance in general include: the complexity of the terms of use and privacy policies, digital inequality, lack of democracy, the commercialization of the Internet, the advancement of market concentration, the attempted manipulation of needs, limitation of the freedom to choose, unpaid value creation of users and intransparency.
Automated alternation flicker for the detection of optic disc haemorrhages
Authors: Syed Zeba A. , Radcliffe Nathan M. , De Moraes Carlos Gustavo , Smith Scott D. , Liebmann Jeffrey M. , Ritch Robert
Published: February 2011

Purpose:  Optic disc haemorrhages are associated with active glaucomatous neurodegeneration and ongoing visual field loss. We sought to determine whether automated alternation flicker enhances the detection of disc haemorrhages in serial images from patients with glaucoma when compared to side‐by‐side photographic evaluation and single‐image display.

Methods:  Serial sets of optic nerve photographs of 394 eyes from 234 patients followed for glaucoma at the authors’ institutions were included in this study. Eyes with disc haemorrhages were graded for difficulty level and randomized along with nondisc haemorrhage control images into one of three presentation groups (automated alternation flicker, side‐by‐side or single image). Seven graders viewed all images and assessed for the presence or absence of disc haemorrhages.

Results:  The sensitivity of automated alternation flicker for disc haemorrhage detection (0.878) was higher than side‐by‐side (0.705; p = 0.002) and single photographs (0.757; p = 0.01). There was no specificity difference between pairs of presentation groups (all p ≥ 0.7).

Conclusion:  Automated alternation flicker was a more sensitive method for disc haemorrhage detection than the current clinical standards and may have an important role in the management of glaucoma.
Petrocodon multiflorus sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae) from Guangxi, China
Authors: Jiang Yun‐Sheng , Zhang Ying , Wang Yue , Wen Fang
Published: February 2011

Petrocodon multiflorus F. Wen & Y. S. Jiang sp. nov. (Gesneriaceae) is described and illustrated. It is most similar to P. dealbatus Hance, but can be distinguished by its leaf lamina texture, shape of leaf margins, and by the number of cymes borne by an individual plant and the number of flowers in each cyme. A key to the species of Petrocodon is provided.
Stable unstable reliability theory
Authors: Thomas Hoben , Lohaus Arnold , Domsch Holger
Published: February 2011

Classical reliability theory assumes that individuals have identical true scores on both testing occasions, a condition described as stable. If some individuals’ true scores are different on different testing occasions, described as unstable, the estimated reliability can be misleading. A model called stable unstable reliability theory (SURT) frames stability or instability as an empirically testable question. SURT assumes a mixed population of stable and unstable individuals in unknown proportions, with wi the probability that individual i is stable. wi becomes i’s test score weight which is used to form a weighted correlation coefficient rw which is reliability under SURT. If all wi= 1 then rw is the classical reliability coefficient; thus classical theory is a special case of SURT. Typically rw is larger than the conventional reliability r, and confidence intervals on true scores are typically shorter than conventional intervals. rw is computed with routines in a publicly available R package.
Control of Redundant Mechanical Systems Under Equality and Inequality Constraints on Both Input and Constraint Forces
Authors: Aghili Farhad
Published: February 2011

The equality and inequality constraints on constraint force and/or the actuator force/torque arise in several robotic applications, for which different controllers have been specifically developed. This paper presents a unified approach to control a rather general class of robotic systems with closed loops under a set of linear equality and inequality constraints using the notion of projection operator. The controller does not require the kinematic constraints to be independent, i.e., systems with time-varying topology can be dealt with, while demanding minimum-norm actuation force or torque in the case that the system becomes redundant. The orthogonal decomposition of the control input force yields the null-space component and its orthogonal complement. The null-space component is obtained using the projected inverse dynamics control law, while the orthogonal complement component is found through solving a quadratic programming problem, in which the equality and inequality constraints are derived to be equivalent to the originally specified ones. Finally, a case study is presented to demonstrate how the control technique can be applied to multi-arms manipulation of an object.
Graph-Based Modeling of Nonhomogeneous One-Dimensional Multibody Systems With Arbitrary Topology
Authors: Tonetti Stefania , Masarati Pierangelo
Published: February 2011

This paper presents a method to study multibody system dynamics based on graph theory. The transfer function between any pair of bodies of nonhomogeneous multibody systems with arbitrary topology can be computed without any matrix inversion. The analysis is limited to one-dimensional topologies for clarity, although it can be extended to systems with higher dimensions. Examples illustrate its application to topologies of increasing complexity.
Second Law Analysis for Free Convection in Non-Newtonian Fluids Over a Horizontal Plate Embedded in a Porous Medium: Prescribed Surface Temperature
Authors: Khan W. A. , Gorla Rama Subba Reddy
Published: February 2011

Second law characteristics of heat transfer and fluid flow due to free convection of non-Newtonian fluids over a horizontal plate with prescribed surface temperature in a porous medium are analyzed. Velocity and temperature fields are obtained numerically using an implicit finite difference method under the similarity assumption and these results are used to compute the entropy generation rate Ns, irreversibility ratio Φ, and the Bejan number Be for both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. The effects of viscous frictional parameter G, Rayleigh number Ra, temperature variation λ, axial distance (x) on the dimensionless entropy generation rate Ns, and the Bejan number Be are investigated for Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids and presented graphically.
Discussion: “A Novel Explicit Equation for Friction Factor in Smooth and Rough Pipes” (Avci, A., and Karagoz, I., 2009, ASME J. Fluids Eng., 131, p. 061203)
Authors: Ballesteros-Tajadura Rafael , González José
Published: February 2011

This paper shows a comparison of the most classic and historical formulations to obtain the friction factor for cylindrical pipes with novel approaches. Although there has been some evolution of the expressions, basically, the ideas and results remain very close to the historical formulations.
Evaluation of Compact and Effective Air-Cooled Carbon Foam Heat Sink
Authors: Wu W. , Du J. H. , Lin Y. R. , Chow L. C. , Bostanci H. , Saarloos B. A. , Rini D. P.
Published: February 2011

This study investigates a V-shaped corrugated carbon foam heat sink for thermal management of electronics with forced air convection. Experiments were conducted to determine the heat sink performance in terms of heat transfer coefficient and pressure drop. The test section, with overall dimensions of 51 mm L×51 mm W×19 mm H, enabled up to 166 W of heat dissipation, and 3280 W/m2 K and 2210 W/m2 K heat transfer coefficients, based on log mean and air inlet temperatures, respectively, at 7.8 m/s air flow speed, and 1320 Pa pressure loss. Compared to a solid carbon foam, the V-shaped corrugated structure enhances the heat transfer, and at the same time reduces the flow resistance. Physical mechanisms underlying the observed phenomena are briefly explained. With benefits that potentially can reduce overall weight, volume, and cost of the air-cooled electronics, the present V-shaped corrugated carbon foam emerges as an alternative heat sink.
Embedded ErAs nanorods on GaAs (n11) substrates by molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Buehl Trevor E. , Palmstrøm Christopher J. , Gossard Arthur C.
Published: February 2011

This article investigates the codeposited growth of ErAs and GaAs at concentrations of 6% and 10% of Er on (111)A, (211)A, (311)A, and (511)A GaAs. On (111)A, (211)A, and (311)A GaAs, ErAs nanorods were observed. Those observed on the (111)A GaAs surface were found to align themselves normal to the substrate, along the [111] direction, whereas those on the (211)A and (311)A GaAs substrates were found to align along the [211] direction, as was previously observed on (411)A GaAs. All observed nanorods had a diameter of approximately 2 nm and a period of 5–6 nm. Codeposited growth on (511)A GaAs produced ErAs nanoparticles that were elliptical in shape and aligned along the (311) planes with their major axis pointing along the [311] direction. Growth of these nanorods and nanoparticles most likely occurs by a surface phase-separation mechanism.