bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Robert William Bilger 1935–2015
Authors: Tanner Roger I. , Masri Assaad R.
Published: November 2016

Robert William Bilger was born in Rustenburg, in the North-west Province of South Africa on 22 April 1935 and died in Sydney, New South Wales, on 2 October 2015. He had a distinguished academic career at the University of Sydney. His most important contribution to combustion research was the pioneering of conditional moment closure methods as a reliable predictive tool for turbulent reacting flows. He also made significant contributions to environmental flows and combustion chemistry.
Obesity management in Australian primary care: where has the general practitioner gone?
Authors: Sturgiss Elizabeth Ann , van Weel Chris , Ball Lauren , Jansen Sarah , Douglas Kirsty
Published: November 2016

Obesity is a chronic condition with significant health and economic consequences that requires more effective management in Australia. General practitioners (GPs) currently act as care co-ordinators in line with national guidelines for overweight and obesity. Australian patients indicate that they would appreciate more involvement from their GP in the management of obesity, and this is in line with international findings. Not all patients have access to specialist obesity services or affordable allied health care because of location, cost and time, particularly in rural and remote areas where there is a greater prevalence of obesity. Empowering GPs to use their skills as expert generalists to manage obesity is an option that should be explored to improve access for all individuals. GPs will require evidence-based tools to assist them in structuring obesity management within their own general practice environment.
Invocation or apostrophe?
Authors: FitzGerald William , Oakley Todd
Published: November 2016

We investigate how idioms of prayer operate along a complex set of rhetorical dimensions, all of which take the conversation frame as a starting point. We present results of a search of idioms from the UCLA NewsScape archive. After distinguishing invocationary acts of the divine from the more “fossilized” apostrophic (i.e. fictive) reference to the divine, we propose a four-dimensional model of prayer. Each dimension is an axis bounded by two poles: factive/
fictive, pathos, ethos, and attitude. Instances of prayer often manifest alignments and misalignments along one or more of these axes.
The use of interactive structures as communicative strategy in Dutch and Portuguese aphasic speakers
Authors: Versluis Christine , Kleppa Lou-Ann
Published: November 2016

This is a comparative study involving conversational data from Brazilian Portuguese and Netherlands Dutch speakers with agrammatic aphasia, a linguistic impairment after acquired brain damage. These speakers typically communicate through reduced syntactic structures. We found the four participants in our study to creatively manipulate their elliptical repertoire to exploit shared interactive knowledge. They used non-quotative direct speech for expressing mental and emotional states and states of affairs, as well as narrative events and grammatical concepts. Both the Dutch and Brazilian participants typically combined fictive direct speech with the topic-comment structure, sometimes expressed as a fictive question-answer pair. We argue that this particular use of elliptical repertoire represents a communicative strategy to manage interactive requirements when facing linguistic limitations.
Response of Imperiled Okaloosa Darters to Stream Restoration
Authors: Reeves David B. , Tate William B. , Jelks Howard L. , Jordan Frank
Published: November 2016

The Okaloosa Darter Etheostoma okaloosae is a small percid endemic to six stream drainages in northwestern Florida. The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service listed Okaloosa Darters as endangered in 1973 and downlisted them to threatened in 2011 because of habitat improvements and increasing abundance across much of their geographic range. Delisting is possible if remaining recovery criteria are met, including restoration of degraded stream reaches. Impounded reaches of Anderson Branch, Mill Creek, and Toms Creek were restored by removing impediments to water flow, draining impoundments, and reconstructing stream reaches. Restorations of Anderson Branch and Mill Creek were designed to rehabilitate populations of Okaloosa Darters without significantly affecting popular recreational activities at these locations. Restorations were evaluated from 2007 to 2013 by comparing counts of Okaloosa Darters and the composition of microhabitats in restored and nearby undisturbed reference sites. Okaloosa Darters were absent from degraded stream reaches at the beginning of the study, but they rapidly colonized once restorations were completed. Counts of Okaloosa Darters in reference and restoration sites in Anderson Branch were similar by the end of the study, whereas counts in restoration sites were significantly lower than nearby reference sites in Mill and Toms creeks. Restoration sites tended to have lower coverage of sand and root and higher coverage of macrophytes. As riparian vegetation surrounding restoration sites matures to a closed canopy that reduces excessive growth of macrophytes, stream microhabitats and numbers of darters will probably become similar to reference sites. Restoration of degraded stream sites increased abundance and distribution of Okaloosa Darters and reconnected formerly isolated upstream and downstream populations. These projects demonstrated that restoration is a useful conservation tool for imperiled fishes such as Okaloosa Darters and can be undertaken without interfering with popular recreational activities.

Received March 9, 2016; accepted August 15, 2016 Published online November 7, 2016
Survival of and Tag Retention in Southern Redbelly Dace Injected with Two Sizes of PIT Tags
Authors: Pennock Casey A. , Frenette Bryan D. , Waters Micah J. , Gido Keith B.
Published: November 2016

Passive integrated transponder tags are a common method used in fish ecology research, and their feasibility for use has been well studied in salmonids. Several studies suggest that effects of PIT tagging may be species dependent and these effects should be addressed prior to conducting large-scale tagging studies. In a series of laboratory experiments, we tested factors influencing survival and tag retention in Southern Redbelly Dace Chrosomus erythrogaster. In the first experiment, we tested the effects of tagger and fish length on survival and retention over 30 d for dace tagged with 9-mm PIT tags. Survival was high (84%) while retention of tags was low (30%). We detected no significant effect of tagger experience on survival or tag retention. Logistic regression determined that tag retention increased with fish length. A second experiment showed similar trends for survival (80%) and retention of 9-mm tags (25%) as observed in experiment 1, but retention (86%) was significantly higher for dace tagged with 8-mm tags over the same period. All dace in our sham-injection treatment (needle puncture of the peritoneal cavity) survived, eliminating needle puncture as a source of mortality. Our study, combined with a literature review of PIT-tagging studies, suggests that dace and other cyprinids greater than 60 mm can be tagged reliably with 9-mm tags and individuals greater than 50 mm can be tagged with 8-mm tags.

Received March 16, 2016; accepted August 15, 2016Published online November 8, 2016
A basic guide to stem cell differentiation
Authors: Short Ben
Published: November 2016

Increasing intracellular pH promotes the differentiation of adult and embryonic stem cells.
Senp1 drives hypoxia-induced polycythemia via GATA1 and Bcl-xL in subjects with Monge’s disease
Authors: Azad Priti , Zhao Huiwen W. , Cabrales Pedro J. , Ronen Roy , Zhou Dan , Poulsen Orit , Appenzeller Otto , Hsiao Yu Hsin , Bafna Vineet , Haddad Gabriel G.
Published: November 2016

In this study, because excessive polycythemia is a predominant trait in some high-altitude dwellers (chronic mountain sickness [CMS] or Monge’s disease) but not others living at the same altitude in the Andes, we took advantage of this human experiment of nature and used a combination of induced pluripotent stem cell technology, genomics, and molecular biology in this unique population to understand the molecular basis for hypoxia-induced excessive polycythemia. As compared with sea-level controls and non-CMS subjects who responded to hypoxia by increasing their RBCs modestly or not at all, respectively, CMS cells increased theirs remarkably (up to 60-fold). Although there was a switch from fetal to adult HgbA0 in all populations and a concomitant shift in oxygen binding, we found that CMS cells matured faster and had a higher efficiency and proliferative potential than non-CMS cells. We also established that SENP1 plays a critical role in the differential erythropoietic response of CMS and non-CMS subjects: we can convert the CMS phenotype into that of non-CMS and vice versa by altering SENP1 levels. We also demonstrated that GATA1 is an essential downstream target of SENP1 and that the differential expression and response of GATA1 and Bcl-xL are a key mechanism underlying CMS pathology.
KODAMA: an R package for knowledge discovery and data mining
Authors: Cacciatore Stefano , Tenori Leonardo , Luchinat Claudio , Bennett Phillip R , MacIntyre David A
Published: November 2016

KODAMA, a novel learning algorithm for unsupervised feature extraction, is specifically designed for analysing noisy and high-dimensional datasets. Here we present an R package of the algorithm with additional functions that allow improved interpretation of high-dimensional data. The package requires no additional software and runs on all major platforms.

Availability and Implementation

KODAMA is freely available from the R archive CRAN (http://cran.r-project.org). The software is distributed under the GNU General Public License (version 3 or later).

Supplementary information

Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Synergistic drug combinations from electronic health records and gene expression
Authors: Low Yen S , Daugherty Aaron C , Schroeder Elizabeth A , Chen William , Seto Tina , Weber Susan , Lim Michael , Hastie Trevor , Mathur Maya , Desai Manisha , Farrington Carl , Radin Andrew A , Sirota Marina , Kenkare Pragati , Thompson Caroline A , Yu Peter P , Gomez Scarlett L , Sledge George W , Kurian Allison W , Shah Nigam H
Published: November 2016

Objective: Using electronic health records (EHRs) and biomolecular data, we sought to discover drug pairs with synergistic repurposing potential. EHRs provide real-world treatment and outcome patterns, while complementary biomolecular data, including disease-specific gene expression and drug-protein interactions, provide mechanistic understanding.

Method: We applied Group Lasso INTERaction NETwork (glinternet), an overlap group lasso penalty on a logistic regression model, with pairwise interactions to identify variables and interacting drug pairs associated with reduced 5-year mortality using EHRs of 9945 breast cancer patients. We identified differentially expressed genes from 14 case-control human breast cancer gene expression datasets and integrated them with drug-protein networks. Drugs in the network were scored according to their association with breast cancer individually or in pairs. Lastly, we determined whether synergistic drug pairs found in the EHRs were enriched among synergistic drug pairs from gene-expression data using a method similar to gene set enrichment analysis.

Results: From EHRs, we discovered 3 drug-class pairs associated with lower mortality: anti-inflammatories and hormone antagonists, anti-inflammatories and lipid modifiers, and lipid modifiers and obstructive airway drugs. The first 2 pairs were also enriched among pairs discovered using gene expression data and are supported by molecular interactions in drug-protein networks and preclinical and epidemiologic evidence.

Conclusions: This is a proof-of-concept study demonstrating that a combination of complementary data sources, such as EHRs and gene expression, can corroborate discoveries and provide mechanistic insight into drug synergism for repurposing.
The evolution of asymmetric genitalia in Coleoptera
Authors: Schilthuizen Menno , de Jong Paulien , van Beek Rick , Hoogenboom Tamara , Schlochtern Melanie Meijer zu
Published: November 2016

The evolution of asymmetry in male genitalia is a pervasive and recurrent phenomenon across almost the entire animal kingdom. Although in some taxa the asymmetry may be a response to the evolution of one-sided, male-above copulation from a more ancestral female-above condition, in other taxa, such as Mammalia and Coleoptera, this explanation appears insufficient. We carried out an informal assessment of genital asymmetry across the Coleoptera and found that male genital asymmetry is present in 43% of all beetle families, and at all within-family taxonomic levels. In the most diverse group, Cucujiformia, however, genital asymmetry is comparatively rare. We also reconstructed the phylogeny of the leiodid tribe Cholevini, and mapped aspects of genital asymmetry on the tree, revealing that endophallus sclerites, endophallus, median lobe and parameres are, in a nested fashion, increasingly unlikely to have evolved asymmetry. We interpret these results in the light of cryptic female choice versus sexually antagonistic coevolution and advocate further ways in which the phenomenon may be better understood.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Provocative questions in left–right asymmetry’.
Cilia in vertebrate left–right patterning
Authors: Dasgupta Agnik , Amack Jeffrey D.
Published: November 2016

Understanding how left–right (LR) asymmetry is generated in vertebrate embryos is an important problem in developmental biology. In humans, a failure to align the left and right sides of cardiovascular and/or gastrointestinal systems often results in birth defects. Evidence from patients and animal models has implicated cilia in the process of left–right patterning. Here, we review the proposed functions for cilia in establishing LR asymmetry, which include creating transient leftward fluid flows in an embryonic ‘left–right organizer’. These flows direct asymmetric activation of a conservedNodal(TGFβ) signalling pathway that guides asymmetric morphogenesis of developing organs. We discuss the leading hypotheses for how cilia-generated asymmetric fluid flows are translated into asymmetric molecular signals. We also discuss emerging mechanisms that control the subcellular positioning of cilia and the cellular architecture of the left–right organizer, both of which are critical for effective cilia function during left–right patterning. Finally, using mosaic cell-labelling and time-lapse imaging in the zebrafish embryo, we provide new evidence that precursor cells maintain their relative positions as they give rise to the ciliated left–right organizer. This suggests the possibility that these cells acquire left–right positional information prior to the appearance of cilia.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Provocative questions in left–right asymmetry’.
What determines direction of asymmetry: genes, environment or chance?
Authors: Palmer A. Richard
Published: November 2016

Conspicuous asymmetries seen in many animals and plants offer diverse opportunities to test how the development of a similar morphological feature has evolved in wildly different types of organisms. One key question is: do common rules govern how direction of asymmetry is determined (symmetry is broken) during ontogeny to yield an asymmetrical individual? Examples from numerous organisms illustrate how diverse this process is. These examples also provide some surprising answers to related questions. Is direction of asymmetry in an individual determined by genes, environment or chance? Is direction of asymmetry determined locally (structure by structure) or globally (at the level of the whole body)? Does direction of asymmetry persist when an asymmetrical structure regenerates following autotomy? The answers vary greatly for asymmetries as diverse as gastropod coiling direction, flatfish eye side, crossbill finch bill crossing, asymmetrical claws in shrimp, lobsters and crabs, katydid sound-producing structures, earwig penises and various plant asymmetries. Several examples also reveal how stochastic asymmetry in mollusc and crustacean early cleavage, inDrosophilaoogenesis, and inCaenorhabditis elegansepidermal blast cell movement, is a normal component of deterministic development. Collectively, these examples shed light on the role of genes as leaders or followers in evolution.

This article is part of the themed issue ‘Provocative questions in left–right asymmetry’.
Vacancy pairing and superstructure in the high-pressure silicate K1.5Mg2Si2O7H0.5: a new potential host for potassium in the deep Earth
Authors: Welch M. D. , Bindi L. , Petříček V. , Plášil J.
Published: November 2016

The high-pressure silicate K1.5Mg2Si2O7H0.5, synthesized and characterized by Welchet al.[(2012),Am. Mineral.97, 1849–1857], has been re-examined with the aim of determining the nature of the superstructure noted in their study. The composition corresponds to a 1:1 combination of KMg2Si2O7H and K2Mg2Si2O7end-members, but it is not a solid solution. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction data for one of the original K1.5Mg2Si2O7H0.5crystals synthesized at 16 GPa/1573 K, has been collected using a much longer exposure time in order to improve the intensity statistics of weak superlattice reflections identified by Welchet al.(2012). The superstructure has been determined using a superspace approach as having the superspace groupCmcm(0,β,0)00sandt0= 1/16 with refined parametersa= 8.7623 (10),b= 5.0703 (7),c= 13.2505 (11) Å,V= 588.69 (12) Å3. This structure corresponds to one with the conventional space groupPbnmand unit-cell parametersa= 8.7623 (10),b= 20.281 (3),c= 13.2505 (11) Å,V= 2354.7 (5) Å3and is based upon a super-sheet motif in which ordering involves rows of pairs of vacant interlayer K sites. This is the third topologically distinct structure type for the KMg2Si2O7H−K2Mg2Si2O7join and suggests that there is very limited solid solution, and so it can be expected that each of the three structures (P63cm, P\bar 3 1m andPbnm) has its own stability field, rather than being part of a continuous compositional series based upon a single structure type. As such, K1.5Mg2Si2O7H0.5should be considered as a potentially significant host of K in the Earth's mantle.
Crystal structures of deprotonated nucleobases from an expanded DNA alphabet
Authors: Matsuura Mariko F. , Kim Hyo-Joong , Takahashi Daisuke , Abboud Khalil A. , Benner Steven A.
Published: November 2016

Reported here is the crystal structure of a heterocycle that implements a donor–donor–acceptor hydrogen-bonding pattern, as found in theZcomponent [6-amino-5-nitropyridin-2(1H)-one] of an artificially expanded genetic information system (AEGIS). AEGIS is a new form of DNA from synthetic biology that has six replicable nucleotides, rather than the four found in natural DNA. Remarkably,Zcrystallizes from water as a 1:1 complex of its neutral and deprotonated forms, and forms a `skinny' pyrimidine–pyrimidine pair in this structure. The pair resembles the known intercalated cytosine pair. The formation of the same pair in two different salts, namely poly[[aqua(μ6-2-amino-6-oxo-3-nitro-1,6-dihydropyridin-1-ido)sodium]–6-amino-5-nitropyridin-2(1H)-one–water (1/1/1)], denoted Z-Sod, {[Na(C5H4N3O3)(H2O)]·C5H5N3O3·H2O}n, and ammonium 2-amino-6-oxo-3-nitro-1,6-dihydropyridin-1-ide–6-amino-5-nitropyridin-2(1H)-one–water (1/1/1), denoted Z-Am, NH4+·C5H4N3O3−·C5H5N3O3·H2O, under two different crystallization conditions suggests that the pair is especially stable. Implications of this structure for the use of this heterocycle in artificial DNA are discussed.
Crystal structures of two solvates of (18-crown-6)potassium acetate
Authors: Liebing Phil , Zaeni Ahmad , Olbrich Falk , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: November 2016

The crystal and molecular strutures of two solvated forms of [K(18c6)]OAc (18c6 = 18-crown-6 = 1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane and OAc = acetate) were determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction, namely (acetato-κ2O,O′)(1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane-κ6O)potassium dihydrate, [K(CH3COO)(C12H24O6)]·2H2O (1) and (acetato-κ2O,O′)aqua(1,4,7,10,13,16-hexaoxacyclooctadecane-κ6O)potassium acetic acid monosolvate [K(CH3COO)(C12H24O6)(H2O)]·CH3COOH (2). In both compounds, the acetate anion is bonded to the potassium ion in a chelating fashion and the metal atom is consequently slightly displaced from the O6plane of the crown ether. In the crystals, O—H...O hydrogen bonds lead to a polymeric ladder structure in the dihydrate1, while the acetic acid hydrate2features inversion dimers.
Crystal structure offac-[2-(4-methyl-5-phenylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl-κ2C1,N]bis[2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl-κ2C1,N]iridium(III)
Authors: Lee Chi-Heon , Moon Suk-Hee , Park Ki-Min , Kang Youngjin
Published: November 2016

In the title compound, [Ir(C11H8N)2(C18H14N)], the IrIIIion adopts a distorted octahedral coordination environment defined by threeC,N-chelating ligands, one stemming from a 2-(4-phenyl-5-methylpyridin-2-yl)phenyl ligand and two from 2-(pyridin-2-yl)phenyl ligands, arranged in a facial manner. The IrIIIion lies almost in the equatorial plane [deviation = 0.0069 (15) Å]. In the crystal, intermolecular π–π stacking interactions, as well as intermolecular C—H...π interactions, are present, leading to a three-dimensional network.
Modernizing public services: subtle interplays of politics and management
Authors: Arnaboldi Michela , Lapsley Irvine , Dal Molin Martina
Published: November 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to examine the trajectory of public management reforms in Italy. This experience indicates the complexity of managerialism in countries with a legalistic system and where public administration cultures have been, and continue to be, embedded in politics.

Design/methodology/approach

The analysis of managerial reforms in Italy was carried out with a documentary analysis. In addition to official reports and acts of parliament, the analysis was based on monitoring the government websites and innovative channels (e.g. Facebook) which communicated the progress of the later reforms.

Findings

The paper shows how modernization of public services has been a continuous priority in the agenda of the Italian Government across four phases: an early attempt in the late 1970s; a lively, phase for Italian managerial reforms in the 1990s; a later advocacy in the 2000s of a specific new public management (NPM) element – performance management; an after-crises reform aimed at reducing public expenditure.

Originality/value

The paper takes a historical and long-term perspective to analyse the success and failure of NPM reforms implementation in Italy. Differently from previous studies, this papers analyses NPM reforms in a longitudinal perspective, to show how the legalistic culture of Italy continues to affect the implementation of NPM reforms.
The drivers of a superior’s trust formation in his subordinate
Authors: Nitzl Christian , Hirsch Bernhard
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Because of the importance of accounting information to a manager’s decision-making process, his/her working relationship with his/her supporting management accountant is used as a paradigm of a superior-subordinate working relationship. This paper aims to analyze the drivers of trust in this relationship.

Design/methodology/approach

Based on responses from 446 managers, the authors tested a structural equation model for various trust drivers.

Findings

The authors found that when management accounting generally has a powerful role in a company, it positively affects the manager’s perceptions of his subordinate’s trustworthiness. Although the absolute level of trust remains stable over time, the influences of the bases of the trust change significantly. Over the long run, perceived trustworthiness fully mediates other trust factors, such as the manager’s trust disposition and the organizational setting, which highlights the importance of the individual trust relationship even for strong and functional superior–subordinate relationships.

Research limitations/implications

Consistent with other studies, the results contain the classic limitations of survey studies. This study investigates the drivers of trust and provides insights into the trust relationship between managers and management accountants. Future studies should verify these findings for other important work relationships.

Originality/value

Trust research has typically focused only indirectly on the relevance of the trust that a superior has in his supporting subordinate. The authors show how these trust drivers intertwine and how their influences shift over time.
Risk management–control system interplay: case studies of two banks
Authors: Rad Alexander
Published: November 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to explore the interplay between risk management and control systems in banks, specifically investigating the managerial intentions underlying the design of management control systems.

Design/methodology/approach

This study is based on 31 interviews with personnel of two banks in a European country.

Findings

The main finding is that belief systems drive the interplay between risk management and control systems in the studied banks. In several instances, belief systems and boundary systems were operating complementarily. Cross-case analyses of the two banks demonstrate that risk management (i.e. the Basel II Accord) replaced established operating procedures for loan origination and portfolio monitoring at the first bank, whereas senior managers suppressed Basel II to maintain established loan origination and portfolio monitoring procedures at the second one.

Originality/value

This is one of very few studies investigating the interplay between risk management and control systems in banks.
Petty-bourgeois nationalism – a case study
Authors: Saliya C.A. , Yahanpath Noel
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is, first, to show how certain bank capitalists in an Asian country (AC) make credit decisions and what methods they use to justify their irrational investment decisions, and second, to investigate why they make such unproductive investment decisions.

Design/methodology/approach

The research adopts the case-study methodology, using the theory of petty-bourgeois nationalism as the theoretical framework for data analysis and interpretation.

Findings

The research findings provide evidence to strengthen the theory of petty-bourgeois nationalism. They reveal that bank capitalists in this country do use “nationalism” as a mask to justify their unproductive investment decisions. The data show that such decisions, aimed at import protection, were made to protect their own domains of business by wasting public resources, thus in effect making road-blocks to economic development in AC.

Research limitations/implications

The paper attempts to fill a gap in the literature pertaining to bank lending and its co-integration with a country’s economic development.

Social implications

This study argues that such irrational unproductive investments are made under the guise of nationalism and/or patriotism, motivated by egoistic bank owners to protect their spheres of business.

Originality/value

The research in this paper is original because it is the first critical analysis of a case from an AC on petty-bourgeois nationalism.
Trend of research on sustainable tourism and climate change in 21st century
Authors: Farid Hadi , Hakimian Fatemeh , Nair Vikneswaran , Nair Pradeep Kumar , Ismail Nazari
Published: November 2016

Purpose

Climate change is one of the greatest challenges for policymakers at both the international and national levels in the twenty-first century; there is no exception for the tourism industry, which is one of the most highly climate sensitive sectors. Tourism researchers have continued to explore the relationship between sustainable tourism and climate change to develop a range of effective strategies for policymakers. This paper aims to review published literature in the areas of sustainable tourism and climate change.

Design/methodology/approach

The review maps sustainable tourism and climate change domains between 1996 and 8 January 2016. The review encompasses 95 published documents obtained from the Scopus database on 8 January 2016. The search terms were “Sustainable Tourism” and “Climate Change” combined with Boolean Operator “AND” in the “Article Title, Abstract, Keywords”.

Findings

The outcomes of this study are: Identification of trends in research and the most influential papers on sustainable tourism associated with climate change research; evaluation of the contribution of authors, journals and institutions in this area; and guidance for policymakers to develop policies to mitigate the impact of tourist activities on climate change.

Research limitations/implications

The study provides a basis for communication between academics and practitioners by revealing the research trends in sustainable tourism and climate change and by categorizing the contents of prior studies to provide guidance for future studies.

Originality/value

The originality of this paper is in determining possible research gaps and thereby providing guidance for future study. The study also makes a practical contribution by addressing the topics of interest to policymakers.
Are tourism businesses’ responses to weather variability a suitable precursor to climate change adaptation?
Authors: Becken Susanne , Wilson Jude
Published: November 2016

Purpose

This paper aims to investigate weather sensitivity of tourism businesses in New Zealand to examine whether adaptive responses and “learning” about current weather can help operators to prepare more proactively for future climatic changes.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper draws on data from interviews with 57 tourism operators and stakeholders in three key tourist destinations in New Zealand. Data were content-analysed and coded into weather types, impacts and business responses.

Findings

This research found that tourism stakeholders were well aware of the specific weather conditions that caused business problems, and they had considerable knowledge and experience in responding to conditions effectively, even though the causal chain of weather conditions and direct and indirect tourism impacts was often quite complex. Importantly, operators were found to learn from previous experience and also from other agents at the destination. Thus, the research established that a collective process of “sense making” occurred in relation to managing the weather. A longer term perspective of future, and possibly more dramatic, climatic changes, was not taken however.

Research limitations/implications

This paper is limited to three case study destinations and is also subject to the usual limitations of qualitative research (including interviewee selection and coding). However, the research does indicate a great level of weather literacy which could be extended into adaptive capacity for climate change, if general awareness of climate change adaptation needs could be enhanced among operators.

Originality/value

This paper provides detailed insights into the weather sensitivity of tourism operators and stakeholders, and of their current ability to deal with various conditions and impacts. Their weather “sense” and weather responses provide a solid platform on which more explicit and planned climate change adaptation might be based.
Climate disparity versus risk management: destination demand analysis
Authors: Manhas Parikshat Singh
Published: November 2016

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to study the relationship between tourism and climate change and, hence, to understand the impact of climate change on tourist destinations.

Design/methodology/approach

A conceptual analysis of secondary data was extracted and analyzed. The framework and policy implications for the study were obtained from online secondary data and by interaction with representatives of a state authority.

Findings

The findings from the study show that the impact of climate change on tourism is likely to manifest itself in a number of different ways according to local conditions. Climate and weather are connected with tourism and recreational activities. The paper shows the importance of climate for tourism because climate itself is an attraction. Climate and weather are among the most important attributes to influence tourist decision-making. Changing the climate and weather conditions of any destination may affect the tourists’ comfort and travel decisions, and due to the changing demand pattern and tourist flows, tourism businesses and host communities suffer. Cancellation of any trip due to bad weather causes dissatisfaction and those affected may avoid visiting the destination again. Temperature is also one of the most important climate variables in the analysis of tourism demands as it affects comfort.

Originality/value

This original piece of work suggests that climatic conditions control destination choice and this influences the tourism demands for a given destination.
GENERAL THEORY OF SPATIAL CRIME PATTERNS*
Authors: HIPP JOHN R.
Published: November 2016

I propose a general theory for examining the spatial distribution of crime by specifically addressing and estimating the spatial distribution of the residences of offenders, targets, guardians, and their respective expected movement patterns across space and time. The model combines information on the locations of persons, typical spatial movement patterns, and situational characteristics of locations to create estimates of crime potential at various locations at various points in time and makes four key contributions. First, the equations make the ideas involved in the theory explicit, and they highlight points at which our current state of empirical evidence is lacking. Second, by creating measures of spatial “potentials” of offenders, targets, and guardians, this theory provides a precise grounding for operationalizing spatial effects in studies of place and crime. Third, the equations provide an explicit consideration of offenders and where they might travel and, therefore, incorporates offenders into crime‐and‐place research. Fourth, these equations suggest ways that researchers could use simulations to predict stable patterns, as well as changes, in the levels of crime at both micro and macro scales. Finally, I provide an empirical demonstration of the added explanatory power provided by the theory to a study of place and crime.
Phytochemistry Profile, Nutritional Properties and Pharmacological Activities of Mauritia flexuosa
Authors: Pereira Freire Joilane Alves , Barros Karla Bruna Nogueira Torres , Lima Layana Karine Farias , Martins Julyanna Maciel , Araújo Yan de Carvalho , da Silva Oliveira George Laylson , de Souza Aquino Jailane , Ferreira Paulo Michel Pinheiro
Published: November 2016

Mauritia flexuosa L. (Arecaceae) is a popular Brazilian fruit known as “buriti” and belonging to the category of functional foods. This work reviewed the phytochemistry profile, nutritional and pharmacological activities of M. flexuosa. The main bioactive compounds reported to buriti were carotenoids, tocopherols, ascorbic acid, phenolic compounds, fiber, phytosterols, and mono‐ and poly‐unsaturated fatty acids. These compounds were mainly related to antioxidant, hypolipemiant, photoprotector, antiaggregant, antithrombotic, anti‐inflammatory, hypoglycemiant, antimicrobial, and antitumor activities. Furthermore, some compounds present in buriti fruit and its properties were tested in vitro and in vivo and showed biotechnology applications, especially for extraction of fiber, polysaccharides, pigments, antioxidants, and oil. Howerer, the buriti fruit shows great relevance to the development of new products in food, pharmaceutical and chemical industry, this fruit is still underexploited and it has need to expand its production chain and processing to encourage their consumption and utilization.
Optimised scat collection protocols for dietary DNA metabarcoding in vertebrates
Authors: McInnes Julie C. , Alderman Rachael , Deagle Bruce E. , Lea Mary‐Anne , Raymond Ben , Jarman Simon N.
Published: November 2016

DNA metabarcoding of food in animal scats provides a non‐invasive dietary analysis method for vertebrates. A variety of molecular approaches can be used to recover dietary DNA from scats; however, many of these also recover non‐food DNA. Blocking primers can be used to inhibit amplification of some non‐target DNA, but this may not always be feasible, especially when multiple distinct non‐target groups are present.

We have developed scat collection protocols to optimise the detection of food DNA in vertebrate scat samples. Using shy albatross Thalassarche cauta as a case study, we investigated how DNA amplification success and the proportion of food DNA detected are influenced by both environmental and physiological parameters. We show that both the amount and type of non‐target DNA vary with sample freshness, the collection substrate, fasting period and developmental stage of the consumer.

Fresh scat samples yielded the highest proportion of food sequences. Collecting scats from dirt substrates reduced the proportion of food DNA and increased the proportion of contaminating DNA. Food DNA detection rates changed throughout the albatross breeding season and related to the time since feeding and the developmental stage of the animal. Fasting albatross produced scats dominated by parasite amplicons in universal PCR analysis, with little food DNA recovered. Samples from very young animals also produced reduced food DNA proportions.

Based on our observations, we recommend the following procedures for field scat collections to ensure high‐quality samples for dietary DNA metabarcoding studies. Ideally, (i) collect fresh scats; (ii) from surfaces with minimal contamination (e.g. rock or ice); (iii) collect scats from animals with minimum time since feeding and avoid fasting animals; (iv) avoid young animals that are not feeding directly (e.g. not weaned or fledged) or target larger/older individuals. The optimised field sampling protocols that we describe will improve the quality of dietary data from vertebrates by focusing on samples most likely to contain food DNA. They will also help minimise contamination issues from non‐target DNA and provide standardised field methods in this rapidly expanding area of research.
Speeding up the simulation of population spread models
Authors: Gilbert Mark A. , White Steven M. , Bullock James M. , Gaffney Eamonn A.
Published: November 2016

Simulating spatially explicit population models to predict population spread allows environmental managers to make better‐informed decisions. Accurate simulation requires high spatial resolution, which, using existing techniques, can require prohibitively large amounts of computational resources (RAM, CPU, etc).

We developed and implemented a novel algorithm for the simulation of integro‐difference equations (IDEs) modelling population spread, including stage structure, which uses adaptive mesh refinement.

We measured the accuracy of the adaptive algorithm by comparing the results of simulations using the adaptive and a standard non‐adaptive algorithm. The relative error of the population's spatial extent was low (<0·05) for a range of parameter values. Comparing efficiency, we found that our algorithm used up to 10 times less CPU time and RAM than the non‐adaptive algorithm.

Our approach provides large improvements in efficiency without significant loss of accuracy, so it enables faster simulation of IDEs and simulation at scales and at resolutions that have not been previously feasible. As an example, we simulate the spread of a hypothetical species over the UK at a resolution of 25 m. We provide our implementation of the algorithm as a user‐friendly executable application.
Detecting the influence of environmental covariates on animal movement: a semivariance approach
Authors: Signer Johannes , Ovaskainen Otso
Published: November 2016

Movements of organisms are influenced by environmental variation. For example, the movement rates of animals in unsuitable habitats are often different from movement rates of animals foraging in high‐quality habitats. Different statistical methods to detect such effects exist, but they often rely on complete and regularly sampled data or require the formulation of an explicit movement model.

We propose an extension to a recently introduced semivariance framework to identify the effects of environmental or other kinds of covariates on animal movement. Our extension also applies to sparse and irregularly sampled data, and it does not require the formulation of an explicit movement model.

Within this extension of the semivariance framework, the observed movement rates at different time lags are modelled as a linear regression of the environmental covariates. To account for the inherent autocorrelation in semivariance data, we test for the statistical significance of the influence of covariates using a permutation approach.

Our approach correctly identified covariates that influenced or did not influence movement rates in a simulation study. In a case study based on tracking data of a single female red deer (Cervus elaphus) individual from southern Austria, an application of the method showed that movement rates peaked during periods of intermediate temperature, but they do not co‐vary with altitude and precipitation.
How do text‐messaging smoking cessation interventions confer benefit? A multiple mediation analysis of Text2Quit
Authors: Hoeppner Bettina B. , Hoeppner Susanne S. , Abroms Lorien C.
Published: November 2016

Aims

To determine the degree to which the observed benefit of Text2Quit was accounted for by psychosocial mechanisms derived from its quit smoking messaging versus from the use of extra‐programmatic smoking cessation treatments and services.

Design

Prospective, multiple mediation model of a randomized controlled trial (RCT).

Setting

United States nation‐wide.

Participants

A total of 409 adult daily smokers participated. Participants were, on average, 35 years of age, predominantly female (68%), white (79%), lacked a college degree (70%), had medium nicotine dependence (average Fagerström Nicotine Dependence Score score of 5.2) and more than half (62%) had made a previous quit attempt.

Intervention

Adult daily smokers browsing the web for smoking cessation support (n = 409; recruited 19 May2011–10 July 2012) were randomized to receive smoking cessation support via Text2Quit versus a smoking cessation material.

Measurements

Mediators (i.e. changes in psychosocial constructs of health behavior change, use of extra‐programmatic treatment) were assessed at 1 month using single‐item measures and outcome (i.e. self‐reported 7‐day point prevalence abstinence) at 6‐month follow‐up.

Findings

Mediators accounted for 35% of the effect of Text2Quit on smoking cessation. Only psychosocial mechanisms had complete mediational paths, with increases in self‐efficacy [b = 0.10 (0.06–0.15)], quitting know‐how [b = 0.07 (0.03–0.11)] and the sense that someone cared [b = 0.06 (0.01–0.11)], partially explaining the conferred benefit of Text2Quit. Use of outside resources, including treatments promoted explicitly by Text2Quit, i.e. medication [b = 0.001 (−0.01 to 0.01), quitline [b = −0.002 (−0.01 to 0.04)], treatments and resources not promoted by Text2Quit, i.e. online forums [b = 0.01 (−0.01 to 0.04)] and self‐help materials [b = −0.01 (−0.04 to 0.02)], did not have complete mediational paths. An interaction effect existed for medication use that suggested that for participants not using medication, Text2Quit conferred substantial benefit, but not for participants using medication.

Conclusions

Text‐messaging programs for smoking cessation appear primarily to confer benefit by promoting improvements in the psychosocial processes related to quitting rather than through the use of extra‐programmatic smoking cessation treatments and services.
Heat and smoke pre‐treatment of seeds to improve restoration of an endangered Mediterranean climate vegetation type
Authors: Hall Stuart A. , Newton Rosemary J. , Holmes Patricia M. , Gaertner Mirijam , Esler Karen J.
Published: November 2016

Invasive alien plants impact ecosystems, which often necessitates their removal. Where indigenous species recovery fails following removal alone, an active intervention involving reintroduction of seed of native species may be needed. This study investigated the potential for a combination of the fire cues of smoke and heat as a pre‐treatment of seeds in breaking dormancy and facilitating increased germination. Species were selected to represent different functional types within Cape Flats Sand Fynbos; a fire‐prone, critically endangered vegetation type in South Africa. Seeds were exposed to either a heat pulse (temperatures between 60 and 300°C for durations of between 30 s and 20 min) or dry after‐ripening (1 or 2 months at milder temperatures of 45°C or less). Thereafter, seeds were soaked in smoke solution for 18 h and subsequently placed on agar at 10/20°C for germination. Most species fell into one of two main groups: Seed germination in the first group was greatest following a lower temperature (60°C) heat pulse, an extended period of mild temperature (20/40°C or 45°C) exposure, or no pre‐treatment with heat. Seed germination in the second group was promoted after brief exposure to higher (100°C) temperatures. No germination occurred in any species following heat treatments of 150°C or higher. Species which responded better to higher temperatures were mainly those possessing physical dormancy, but seed morphology did not correlate with germination success. This study showed that heat stimulation of seeds is more widespread in fynbos plant families than previously known and will enable the development of better seed pre‐treatment protocols before large‐scale sowing as an active restoration treatment after alien plant clearing.
Predictors of autopsy following stillbirth in Queensland, Australia: A population‐based study
Authors: Ibiebele Ibinabo , Boyle Frances M. , Horey Dell , Lourie Rohan , Wilson Patricia , Coory Michael , Flenady Vicki
Published: November 2016

Background

Accurate determination of causes of stillbirth is critical to effective prevention. Autopsy remains the gold standard investigation for stillbirth; however, with low autopsy rates many stillbirths are likely to be ‘unexplored’ rather than ‘unexplained’.

Aim

To determine factors associated with autopsy following stillbirth.

Materials and methods

Routinely collected population‐based data on all singleton stillbirths of at least 400 g birthweight or 20 weeks gestation in Queensland between July 2000 and December 2011 were examined. Adjusted odds ratios (aOR, 99% CI) were calculated accounting for sociodemographic, pregnancy and medical factors. Of interest was initially unexplained stillbirth on the death certificate; analysis was stratified by gestational age group (<24, 24–27, 28–36 and ≥37 weeks).

Results

Of 3842 singleton stillbirths included in these analyses, 1356 (35.3%) had an autopsy performed. Initially unexplained stillbirth was associated with decreased odds of autopsy at late gestation (28–36 weeks, aOR 0.63 (99% CI 0.42‐0.93); ≥37 weeks, aOR 0.53 (99% CI 0.35‐0.81)) as was intrapartum stillbirth (<24 weeks, aOR 0.63 (99% CI 0.43‐0.94); 28–36 weeks, aOR 0.37 (99% CI 0.14–0.98)). Congenital abnormality (<24 weeks, ≥37 weeks), small‐for‐gestational age (<24 weeks), and primigravidity (≥37 weeks) were associated with increased odds of autopsy following stillbirth.

Conclusions

Pregnancy factors are associated with stillbirth autopsy. These findings have implications for development of appropriate information for parents and education of clinical staff. Further research is needed into factors influencing autopsy following stillbirth.