bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
South Asian Ethnicity, Socioeconomic Status, and Psychological Mediators of Faecal Occult Blood Colorectal Screening Participation: A Prospective Test of a Process Model
Authors: Orbell Sheina , Szczepura Ala , Weller David , Gumber Anil , Hagger Martin S
Published: July 2018

Objective: Although ethnicity and socio-economic status (SES) correlate with health inequality, efforts to explain variance in health behavior attributable to these factors are limited by difficulties in population sampling. We used ethnicity identification software to test effects of psychological beliefs about screening as mediators of ethnicity and SES on faecal occult blood colorectal screening behavior in a no-cost health care context. Method: N=1678 adults aged 50-67 years of whom 28 % were from minority South Asian religio-linguistic ethnic groups (Hindu-Gujarati/Hindi, Muslim-Urdu and Sikh-Punjabi) participated in a prospective survey study. Subsequent screening participation was determined from medical records. Results: Screening non-participation in the most deprived SES quintile was 1.6 times that of the least deprived quintile. Non-participation was 1.6 times higher in South Asians compared to non-Asians. A process model in which psychological variables mediated effects of ethnicity and SES on uptake was tested using structural equation modeling. Self-efficacy and perceived psychological costs of screening were, respectively, positive and negative direct predictors of uptake. Paths from Hindu, Muslim and Sikh ethnicity, and SES on uptake were fully mediated by lower self-efficacy and higher perceived psychological costs. Paths from South Asian ethnicity to participation via self-efficacy and psychological costs were direct, and indirect via SES. Conclusion: SES is implicated, but does not fully account for low colorectal screening uptake among South Asians. Targeting increased self-efficacy and reduced perceived psychological costs may minimize health inequality effects. Future research should test independent effects of SES and ethnicity on lower self-efficacy and higher psychological costs.
Making Robot's Attitudes Predictable: A Stereotype Content Model for Human-Robot Interaction in Groups
Authors: Oliveira Raquel Alves , Arriaga Patricia , Correia Filipa , Paiva Ana
Published: July 2018

This project aims to investigate how stable content dimensions of stereotypes can affect Human-Robot interaction in groups. More specifically, we focus on perceived warmth and competence as dimensions of stereotypes around which the individual organizes their perception about the other. We aim to explore how the aforementioned dimensions play a role in the individual's behavioral and emotional response to the robotic agent, as well as the effect it has on his/hers future intention to work with it. Moreover, we will explore these issues in the context of small mixed group interactions, involving more than one human and more than one robot, interacting over a card game entertaining scenario.
Estimating semantic networks of groups and individuals from fluency data
Authors: Zemla Jeffrey C , Austerweil Joseph L.
Published: July 2018

One popular and classic theory of how the mind encodes knowledge is an as- sociative semantic network, where concepts and associations between concepts correspond to nodes and edges, respectively. A major issue in semantic network research is that there is no consensus among researchers as to the best method for estimating the network of an individual or group. We propose a novel method (dubbed U-INVITE) for estimating semantic networks from semantic fluency data (listing items from a category) based on a censored random walk model of mem- ory retrieval. We compare this method to several other methods in the literature for estimating networks from semantic fluency data. In simulations, we find that U- INVITE can recover semantic networks with low error rates given only a moderate amount of data. U-INVITE is the only known method derived from a psychologi- cally plausible process model of memory retrieval and one of two known methods that are consistent estimators of this process: if semantic memory retrieval is con- sistent with this process, the procedure will eventually estimate the true network (given enough data). We conduct the first exploration of different methods for esti- mating psychologically-valid semantic networks by comparing people’s similarity judgments of edges estimated by each network estimation method. We conclude with a discussion of best practices for estimating networks from fluency data.
Bayesian Hierarchical Modeling of the Temporal Dynamics of Subjective Well-Being: A 10 Year Longitudinal Analysis
Authors: Anglim Jeromy , Weinberg Melissa K. , Cummins Robert A.
Published: July 2018

This study demonstrates, for the first time, how Bayesian hierarchical modeling can be applied to yield novel insights into the long-term temporal dynamics of subjective well-being (SWB). Several models were proposed and examined using Bayesian methods. The models were assessed using a sample of Australian adults (n = 1081) who provided annual SWB scores on between 5 and 10 occasions. The best fitting models involved a probit transformation, allowed error variance to vary across participants, and did not include a lag parameter. Including a random linear and quadratic effect resulted in only a small improvement over the intercept only model. Examination of individual-level fits suggested that most participants were stable with a small subset exhibiting patterns of systematic change.
Reinforcement of a reinforcing behaviour: Effect of sucrose concentration on wheel-running rate
Authors: Belke Terry , Pierce W. David , Fisher Alexandra C. , LeCocq Mandy R.
Published: July 2018

Wheel running, unlike typical operant behavior, generates its own automatic reinforcement that alters the control exerted by extrinsic reinforcement on wheel running. The current study investigated the implications of the automatic reinforcement of wheel running by arranging different sucrose concentrations as extrinsic reinforcement for operant wheel running in ad-lib fed and food-deprived rats. Eleven female Long Evans rats ran on fixed revolution 30 schedules that delivered a drop of sucrose solution as reinforcement. Sucrose concentration varied across values of 0%, 2.5%, 5%, 10%, and 15% sucrose (w/v). Results showed that under ad-lib feeding, only the highest concentrations increased operant wheel-running rate. By contrast, under deprivation, all concentrations of sucrose increased the rate of wheel running. Despite the differences in sucrose-reinforced operant wheel-running rates by deprivation level (ad lib vs. deprived), wheel-running rates did not differ at the highest concentrations. Prior research on operant lever pressing, a response generating low (or no) automatic reinforcement, has shown considerably higher lever-pressing rates as a function of increasing amounts of sucrose reinforcement when rats are food deprived. Together, these previous observations and the current study suggest that automatic reinforcement generated by an operant decreases the control exerted by extrinsic reinforcement. Additionally, the regulation by extrinsic reinforcement on automatically reinforcing behavior depends on the organism’s motivation or deprivation level (ad lib vs. deprived).
Masalah Transportasi Kota dan Pendekatan Psikologi Sosial
Authors: Abraham Juneman
Published: July 2018

The writer of this article tried to clear up urban transport problems using social psychology approach. The first major problem is about traffic jam, which is analyzed by the concept of Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin, 1968). The second major difficulty is the traffic accidents which are analyzed by the risk theories of Wilde (1982, 1998), Summala (1974, 1997), and Fuller (2000). The writer also delivers the influence of illusion of control, optimism bias, and locus of control on risk taking decision. Moreover, the writer offers three solutions for each of the problems and the solutions are intended for individual level, cultural level and structural level. It is expected that this writing will give a theoretical contributions in the subject of transportation psychology in Indonesia. Transportation psychology is a relatively new field of applied psychology in Indonesia, and there is not much yet attention and development given to this particular subject. It is also expected that this writing gives ideas for transportation policies made by the governmental officers, especially in Indonesia's big cities.
Interpersonal Effects of Parents and Adolescents on Each Other’s Health Behaviours: A Dyadic Extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour
Authors: Joyal-Desmarais Keven , Lenne Richie L , Panos Mary Elizabeth , Huelsnitz Chloe O. , Jones Rachael E. , Auster-Gussman Lisa , Johnson William F. , Simpson Jeffry , Rothman Alexander
Published: July 2018

Objective: Interpersonal relationships are important predictors of health outcomes, and interpersonal influences on behaviours may be key mechanisms underlying such effects. Most health behaviour theories focus on intrapersonal factors and may not adequately account for interpersonal influences. We evaluate a dyadic extension of the Theory of Planned Behaviour by examining whether parent and adolescent characteristics (attitudes, subjective norms, perceived behavioural control, intentions) are associated with not only their own, but also each other’s intentions/behaviours. Design: Using the Actor-Partner Interdependence Model, we analyse responses from 1,717 parent-adolescent dyads from the Family Life, Activity, Sun, Health, and Eating study. Main Outcome Measures: Adolescents/parents completed self-reports of their fruit and vegetable consumption, junk food and sugary drinks consumption, engagement in physical activity, and engagement in screen time sedentary behaviours. Results: Parent/adolescent characteristics are associated with each other’s health-relevant intentions/behaviours above the effects of individuals’ own characteristics on their own behaviours. Parent/adolescent characteristics covary with each other’s outcomes with similar strength, but parent characteristics more strongly relate to adolescent intentions, whereas adolescent characteristics more strongly relate to parent behaviours. Conclusions: Parents and adolescents may bidirectionally influence each other’s health intentions/behaviours. This highlights the importance of dyadic models of health behaviour and suggests intervention targets.
3-4-year-old children rapidly adapt their predictions and use them to learn novel word meanings
Authors: Havron Naomi , de Carvalho Alex , Fievet Anne-Caroline , CHRISTOPHE Anne
Published: July 2018

Adults create and update predictions about what speakers will say next. The current study asks whether prediction can drive language acquisition, by testing whether 3-4-year-old children (n=45) adapt to recent information when learning novel words. The study used a syntactic context which can precede both nouns and verbs to manipulate children’s predictions about what syntactic category will follow. Children for whom the syntactic context predicted verbs were more likely to infer that a novel word appearing in this context referred to an action, than children for whom it predicted nouns. This suggests that children make rapid changes to their predictions, and use this information to learn novel information, supporting the role of prediction in language acquisition.
Single-session and training effects of focused-attention meditation on neurophysiological and behavioural correlates of cognitive control during motor sequence learning
Authors: Chan Russell Weili , Alday Phillip M. , Zou-Williams Lena , Lushington Kurt , Schlesewsky Matthias , Bornkessel-Schlesewsky Ina , Immink Maarten Alberto
Published: July 2018

Recent theoretical models outline that motor sequence learning involves cognitive control processes that affects stimulus- or plan-based control, although clear contributions from the have not been delineated. Previously, we found that single-session focused attention meditation (FAM) enhanced stimulus-based control through increased top-down activation. In the present experiment, we aimed to understand if single-session FAM effects could be enhanced with short-term FAM training in behavioural reaction time, and neurophysiological indices in the form event-related potentials (ERP). We investigated the N200 component that is closely related to top-down activation, and the error-related negatively (ERN) component that is closely related to error processing for plan development. 29 participants were randomised to one of three conditions reflecting the level of FAM experienced prior to a serial reaction time task (SRTT): 21 sessions of FAM (FAM21, N= 12), a single FAM session (FAM1, N= 9) or no preceding FAM control (Control, N= 8). Continuous 64-channel EEG were recorded during SRTT whereby N200 amplitudes for correct trials, and ERN using mean difference in amplitudes for correct and error trials, were extracted. Component amplitudes, topography and behavioural outcomes were compared using linear mixed effects regression models between groups. Firstly, FAM21 exhibited faster reaction time performances in majority of the learning blocks compared to FAM1 and Control. FAM21 also demonstrated a significantly more pronounced N200 component over all anterior and the central regions during SRTT compared to FAM1 and Control. When N200 amplitudes were modelled against general learning performance, FAM21 also showed the greatest rate of decline over all anterior and the central regions during SRTT compared to FAM1 and Control. No robust differences in the ERN component were found that supported our predictions. The N200 is associated with top-down cognitive control processes, and hence may index stimulus-based learning effects; whilst the ERN is associated with error and updating of an internalised plan that may index plan-based learning effects. Firstly, our results show that after FAM training, top-down activation is increased for better block-on-block RT performances compared to the other groups. More importantly, FAM training facilitates more efficient and dynamic modulation of top-down activation such that at high levels of general learning performance, less top-down control is needed to maintain the performance.
Development of an occupational challenge assessment tool using Bayesian structural equation modeling
Authors: Morohoshi Narumi , Kyougoku Makoto , Sano Nobuyuki
Published: July 2018

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to develop an assessment tool specifically for evaluating occupational challenge, and to test its validity and reliability.Methods. Our prototype Occupational Challenge Assessment (OCA) was developed from the relevant literature with inputs from an expert panel and was generated by assessing content and face validity. This was tested by recruiting 103 hospitalized patients with physical dysfunction. The final version of the OCA was developed by assessing item validity, item response, construct validity, structural validity, hypothesis testing (convergent and discriminant validity), concurrent validity, internal consistency reliability, and test–retest validity using Bayesian structural equation modeling for categorical data.Results. The final version of the OCA included 13 items and addressed both personal challenge and environmental challenge. It had satisfactory validity and reliability.Discussion. The OCA can be used to assess the state of occupational challenge for clients with physical dysfunction. Furthermore, it may be able to properly quantify the occupational challenge. Use of the OCA may assist occupational therapists with supporting the transition of clients from hospitalization to community living.
Identifying core deficits in a dimensional model of Borderline Personality Disorder features: A network analysis
Authors: Southward Matthew W. , Cheavens Jennifer S.
Published: July 2018

Researchers have proposed three core deficits of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD): emotion dysregulation, interpersonal problems, and self-identity disturbance. Previous methods for testing these deficits rest on problematic assumptions (e.g., the assumption that observable/measured features of BPD, such as chaotic relationships and affective intensity, occur independently). A network model of psychopathology assumes that observable features of disorders directly interact, and network analytic methods quantify how central each feature is. We conducted a network analysis of core deficits of BPD features using a large (n = 4386) sample of participants with a range of BPD features. The most central features of participants in the High BPD group were loneliness, recklessness/impulsivity, and intense moods, supporting models of emotion dysregulation and interpersonal problems. The networks of BPD features did not differ between men and women. We provide directions for future research to enhance our understanding of how networks of BPD features change over time.
Computational Reproducibility via Containers in Social Psychology
Authors: Clyburne-Sherin April , Fei Xu , Green Seth Ariel
Published: July 2018

NOTE: Accepted in principle at Meta-Psychology, submission number MP2018.892, link: https://osf.io/ps5ru/. Anyone can participate in peer review by sending the editor an email, or through discussion on social media. The preferred way of open commenting, however, is to use the hypothes.is integration at PsyArXiv and directly comment on this preprint. Editor: Rickard Carlsson, rickard.carlsson@lnu.seWebsite: https://open.lnu.se/index.php/metapsychology ABSTRACT: Scientific progress relies on the replication and reuse of research. However, despite an emerging culture of sharing code and data in psychology, the research practices needed to achieve computational reproducibility -- the quality of a research project entailing the provision of sufficient code, data and documentation to allow an independent researcher to re-obtain the project's results -- are not widely adopted. Historically, the ability to share and reuse computationally reproducible research was technically challenging and time-consuming. One welcome development on this front is the advent of containers, a technology intended to facilitate code sharing for software development. Containers, however, remain technically demanding and imperfectly suited for research applications. This editorial argues that the use of containers adapted for research can help foster a culture of reproducibiliy in psychology research. We will illustrate this by introducing Code Ocean, an online computational reproducibility platform. (Disclaimer: the authors work for Code Ocean.)
Are Gamers Sad and Isolated? A database about the Anxiety, Life Satisfaction and Social Phobia of over 13000 participants
Authors: Sauter Marian , Draschkow Dejan
Published: July 2018

Playing online video games has become widely prevalent over the last decade (e.g. Mentzoni et al., 2011; Rehbein et al., 2010; Wang et al., 2014). Consequently, concerns have been voiced in regard to addictive online gaming behavior (Mentzoni et al., 2011). At present, research in this area relies on relatively small sample sizes from 174 (Lo et al, 2005) participants to 3405 participants (Wenzel et al, 2009) and are mostly focused on narrow cultural backgrounds or only young adults. The present data is the largest openly available dataset comprising of over 13000 participants from all over the world.
Simple dissociations for a higher-powered neuropsychology
Authors: McIntosh Robert D
Published: July 2018

Neuropsychological dissociations are often investigated at the level of the single-case, and formal criteria exist for the detection of dissociations, and their sub-classification into ‘classical’ and ‘strong’ types. These criteria require a patient to show a frank deficit on one task (for a classical dissociation) or both tasks (for a strong dissociation), and a significantly extreme difference between tasks. I propose that only the significant between-task difference is logically necessary, and that if this simple criterion is met, the patient should be said to show a dissociation. Using Monte Carlo simulations, I demonstrate that this simplification increases the power to detect dissociations across a range of practically-relevant conditions, whilst retaining excellent control over Type I error. Additional testing for frank deficits on the individual tasks provides further qualifying information, but using these outcomes to sub-classify dissociations as classical or strong may be too uncertain to guide theoretical inferences. I suggest that we should instead characterise the strength of the dissociation using a more continuous index, such as the effect size of the simple between-task difference.
Commentary: Frontoparietal structural connectivity in childhood predicts development of functional connectivity and reasoning ability: a large-scale longitudinal investigation.
Authors: He Wei , Seymour Robert A.
Published: July 2018

This commentary calls attention to a recently published paper in the Journal of Neuroscience, which for the first time examined the causal relationships between functional and structural connectivity within the fronto-parietal network and reasoning ability in a large longitudinal sample. The commentary discussed the significance of this study and also highlights limitations and future directions for subsequent neuroimaging research into the arch of brain and cognitive development. The original article of the Commentary:Wendelken, C., Ferrer, E., Ghetti, S., Bailey, S. K., Cutting, L., & Bunge, S. A. (2017). Frontoparietal Structural Connectivity in Childhood Predicts Development of Functional Connectivity and Reasoning Ability: A Large-Scale Longitudinal Investigation. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(35), 8549-8558.
Estimating the Reliability of Emotion Measures over Very Short Intervals: The Utility of Within- Session Retest Correlations
Authors: Lowman Graham H. , Wood Dustin
Published: July 2018

Short measures are commonly used when conducting research involving emotions. However,obtaining appropriate estimates of reliability for short measures is traditionally problematic andis a reoccurring concern in emotion research. To address this issue, we compare the withinsessiontest-retest and factor analysis methods for estimating the reliability of items in thePANAS-X. Results indicate that within-session test-retest (𝑟𝑋(𝑑)) estimates outperform the factoranalysis method by demonstrating stronger relationships with item properties relevant toreliability and validity-related criteria. In addition, 𝑟𝑋(𝑑) estimates appropriately generalizeacross samples with various instruction stems and prevent corrections for attenuation greater than1.00. Therefore, we encourage researchers to use the corresponding average item-level 𝑟𝑋(𝑑)estimates reported here to correct for attenuation when examining single-items from the PANASXif a test-retest design is not feasible.
Cloudy with a chance of feelings: Affective forecasting as a resource for situation selection across the lifespan
Authors: Floerke Victoria A. , Sands Molly , Isaacowitz Derek , Thomas Ayanna K , Urry Heather L.
Published: July 2018

Despite the importance of emotion regulation (ER) to physical and psychological health, little is known about the resources that contribute to ER success. In two studies, we tested the hypothesis that affective forecasting, or the ability to predict how situations will make one feel, would be associated with situation selection, an ER strategy in which one chooses situations based on their emotional potential. In Study 1, 53 younger adults completed behavioral assessments of both affective forecasting and situation selection. Contrary to our predictions, there was no robust support for the hypothesis. However, a number of design limitations may have obscured the hypothesized association. Thus, we conducted a second study to retest the hypothesis after instituting several improvements in measurement and timing. In addition, we sought to test a new hypothesis that the association between affective forecasting and situation selection would vary by age. In Study 2, 54 younger and 50 older adults completed behavioral assessments of affective forecasting and situation selection. Analyses indicated that making fewer forecasting errors was associated with selecting fewer emotional relative to neutral situations. No robust age differences were found. This pattern suggests that affective forecasting may be a resource for situation selection across the lifespan.
On the role of eye contact in gaze cueing
Authors: Kompatsiari Kyveli , Ciardo Francesca , Tikhanoff Vadim , Metta Giorgio , Wykowska Agnieszka
Published: July 2018

Most experimental protocols examining joint attention with the gaze cueing paradigm are “observational” and “offline”, thereby not involving social interaction. We examined whether within a naturalistic online interaction, real-time eye contact influences the gaze cueing effect (GCE). We embedded gaze cueing in an interactive protocol with the iCub humanoid robot. This has the advantage of ecological validity combined with excellent experimental control. Critically, before averting the gaze, iCub either established eye contact or not, a manipulation enabled by an algorithm detecting position of the human eyes. For non-predictive gaze cueing procedure (Experiment 1), only the eye contact condition elicited GCE, while for counter-predictive procedure (Experiment 2), only the condition with no eye contact induced GCE. These results reveal an interactive effect of strategic (gaze validity) and social (eye contact) top-down components on the reflexive orienting of attention induced by gaze cues. More generally, we propose that naturalistic protocols with an embodied presence of an agent can cast a new light on mechanisms of social cognition.
Living near the edge: How extreme outcomes and their neighbours drive risky choice
Authors: Ludvig Elliot Andrew , Madan Christopher R , McMillan Neil , Xu Yaqian , Spetch Marcia L
Published: July 2018

Extreme stimuli are often more salient in perception and memory than moderate stimuli. In risky choice, when people learn the odds and outcomes from experience, the extreme outcomes (best and worst) also stand out. This additional salience leads to more risk-seeking for relative gains than for relative losses—the opposite of what people do when queried in terms of explicit probabilities. Previous research has suggested that this pattern arises because the most extreme experienced outcomes are more prominent in memory. An important open question, however, is what makes these extreme outcomes more prominent? Here we assess whether extreme outcomes stand out because they fall at the edges of the experienced outcome distributions or because they are distinct from other outcomes. Across four experiments, proximity to the edge determined what was treated as extreme: Outcomes at or near the edge of the outcome distribution were both better remembered and more heavily weighted in choice. This prominence did not depend on two metrics of distinctiveness: lower frequency or distance from other outcomes. This finding adds to evidence from other domains that the values at the edges of a distribution have a special role.
Your Visual System Provides all the Information You Need to make Moral Judgments about Generic Visual Events
Authors: De Freitas Julian
Published: July 2018

To what extent are people's moral judgments susceptible to subtle factors of which they are unaware? Here we show that we can change people’s moral judgments outside of their awareness by subtly biasing perceived causality. Specifically, we used subtle visual manipulations to create visual illusions of causality in morally relevant scenarios, and this systematically changed people’s moral judgments. After demonstrating the basic effect using simple displays involving an ambiguous car collision that ends up injuring a person (E1), we show that the effect is sensitive on the millisecond timescale to manipulations of task-irrelevant factors that are known to affect perceived causality, including the duration (E2a) and asynchrony (E2b) of specific task-irrelevant contextual factors in the display. We then conceptually replicate the effect using a different paradigm (E3a), and also show that we can eliminate the effect by interfering with motion processing (E3b). Finally, we show that the effect generalizes across different kinds of moral judgments (E3c). Combined, these studies show that obligatory, abstract inferences made by the visual system directly influence moral judgments.
Influence of Personality Characteristics on Ethnic Morality
Authors: Adewumi Bukunmi O , Solomon Ifeoluwa
Published: July 2018

This study aimed at investigating the influence of personality characteristics on ethic morality. Evidently, two hundred research participants were included for this study from among the Ekiti State University Undergraduate Students. Two research instruments that were used in the course of this study include; Big five personality trait questionnaire developed by John (1991) a measure personality and Ethic Moral Self-Inventory developed by Olukoya (1998). Four hypotheses were tested, Regression, Analysis of Variance and Independent t-test statistical test were used to analyze the hypotheses respectively. Result revealed that there was a significant influence of personality characteristics on ethic morality (F(5,192) = 8.18 P<.05). It was also revealed from the study that age significantly influenced ethic morality (F(3,194) = 9.592 P <.05). Result also revealed that, marital status influenced ethic morality (t (189) = 3.027 P<.05). Finally, family structure has a significant influence on ethic morality. (t(189) = -2.60 P<.05). Findings are discussed according to the literatures and it was recommended that parent and guardians should develop a policy in enacting and promoting moral teachings among their children. Further studies are recommended on this topic.
The influence of first name valence on the likelihood of receiving help: A field experiment
Authors: Busching Robert , Lutz Johannes
Published: July 2018

A field experiment was conducted to test whether the likelihood of receiving help is affected by the valence of the person in need’s first name. It was expected that people bearing devalued names would receive less help compared to individuals with liked first names. It was further tested if the proposed effect was driven by a general devaluation of stigmatized names or the application of name-associated stereotypes.Participants (N = 631) received e-mails containing an ostensibly missent reply to another person’s job application. The applicant’s first name was either positive or negative and the job offered was either a low-status or a high-status position. Participants could help the alleged applicant by informing the sender that the e-mail was sent to the wrong address.For low-status job applicants, name valence had no effect on participants’ helping behavior. By contrast, for high status positions, applicants with negative names received less help compared to participants with a positive name.
People as Means to Multiple Goals: Implications for Interpersonal Relationships
Authors: Orehek Edward , Forest Amanda Lynn , Wingrove Sara
Published: July 2018

The present research examines the implications of having relationship partners who serve as means to multiple goals. Specifically, we test the hypotheses that (1) partners who serve more goals will be evaluated as more interpersonally close, supportive, and responsive than those who serve fewer goals, and (2) partners who serve more goals will be less common in social networks than those who serve fewer goals. Three studies (N = 1064) found consistent support for these hypotheses while examining relationships with all members of participants’ active social network and their full range of goal pursuits. In addition, we found that the association between number of goals a partner serves and relationship evaluation is stronger for people who perceived their social networks as less (vs more) instrumental on average, and among people who perceived their relationships as less close, less supportive and less responsive, on average. Implications for close relationships are discussed.
A demonstration of a multi-method variable selection approach for treatment selection: Recommending cognitive-behavioral versus psychodynamic therapy for mild to moderate adult depression
Authors: Cohen Zachary Daniel , Kim Thomas , Van Henricus , Dekker Jack , Driessen Ellen
Published: July 2018

Objective: We use a new variable selection procedure for treatment selection which generates treatment recommendations based on pre-treatment characteristics for adults with mild-to-moderate depression deciding between cognitive behavioral (CBT) versus psychodynamic therapy (PDT).Method: Data are drawn from a randomized comparison of CBT versus PDT for depression (N=167, 71%-female, mean-age=39.6). The approach combines four different statistical techniques to identify patient characteristics associated consistently with differential treatment response. Variables are combined to generate predictions indicating each individual’s optimal-treatment. The average outcomes for patients who received their indicated treatment versus those who did not were compared retrospectively to estimate model utility.Results: Of 49 predictors examined, depression severity, anxiety sensitivity, extraversion, and psychological treatment-needs were included in the final model. The average post-treatment Hamilton-Depression-Rating-Scale score was 1.6 points lower (95%CI=[0.5:2.8]; d=0.21) for those who received their indicated-treatment compared to non-indicated. Among the 60% of patients with the strongest treatment recommendations, that advantage grew to 2.6 (95%CI=[1.4:3.7]; d=0.37). Conclusions: Variable selection procedures differ in their characterization of the importance of predictive variables. Attending to consistently-indicated predictors may be sensible when constructing treatment selection models. The small-N and lack of separate validation sample indicate a need for prospective tests before this model is used.
The limits of visual working memory in children: exploring prioritization and recency effects with sequential presentation
Authors: Berry Ed David John , Waterman Amanda , Baddeley Alan D. , Hitch Graham J , Allen Richard John
Published: July 2018

Recent research has demonstrated that, when instructed to prioritize a serial position in visual working memory, adults are able to boost performance for this selected item, at a cost to non-prioritized items (e.g. Hu et al., 2014). While executive control appears to play an important role in this ability, the increased likelihood of recalling the most recently presented item (i.e. the recency effect) is relatively automatic, possibly driven by perceptual mechanisms. In three experiments 7 to 10-year-old’s ability to prioritize items in working memory was investigated using a sequential visual task (total N = 208). The relationship between individual differences in working memory and performance on the experimental task was also explored. Participants were unable to prioritize the first (Experiments 1 & 2) or final (Experiment 3) item in a 3-item sequence, while large recency effects for the final item were consistently observed across all experiments. The absence of a priority boost across three experiments indicates that children may not have the necessary executive resources to prioritize an item within a visual sequence, when directed to do so. In contrast, the consistent recency boosts for the final item indicate that children show automatic memory benefits for the most recently encountered stimulus. Finally, for the baseline condition in which children were instructed to remember all three items equally, additional working memory measures predicted performance at the first and second but not the third serial position, further supporting the proposed automaticity of the recency effect in visual working memory.
Bayesian data analysis for newcomers
Authors: Kruschke John K. , Liddell Torrin
Published: July 2018

This article explains the foundational concepts of Bayesian data analysis using virtually no mathematical notation. Bayesian ideas already match your intuitions from everyday reasoning and from traditional data analysis. Simple examples of Bayesian data analysis are presented, that illustrate how the information delivered by a Bayesian analysis can be directly interpreted.Bayesian approaches to null-value assessment are discussed. The article clarifies misconceptions about Bayesian methods that newcomers might have acquired elsewhere. We discuss prior distributions and explain how they are not a liability but an important asset. We discussthe relation of Bayesian data analysis to Bayesian models of mind, and we briefly discuss what methodological problems Bayesian data analysis is not meant to solve. After you have read this article, you should have a clear sense of how Bayesian data analysis works and the sort of information it delivers, and why that information is so intuitive and useful for drawing conclusions from data.
A good practice guide for translating and adapting hearing-related questionnaires for use in different languages and cultures: Preferred reporting items with explanations and examples
Authors: Hall Deborah , Domingo Silvia Zaragoza , Hamdache Leila Z , Manchaiah Vinaya , Thammaiah Spoorthi , Evans Chris , Wong Lena
Published: July 2018

Objective To raise awareness and propose a good practice guide for translating and adapting any questionnaire to be used for comparisons across populations divided by language or culture.Design Relevant methodological literature across ENT/Audiology and other healthcare fields was reviewed. The collective experience from the authors, members of the International Collegium of Rehabilitative Audiology and TINNET were also incorporated in this recommendation.Results Criteria for selecting an appropriate questionnaire were considered, followed by a set of guidelines for cross-cultural adaptation. Six steps promote a good-quality translation that is functionally equivalent to the original questionnaire and account for any cultural differences: 1) Preparation for translating a questionnaire, 2) The translation process – forward translation, 3) The translation process – back translation, 4) Committee review, 5) Field testing, and 6) Review and finalisation of the translation. Published examples illustrate how these steps have been implemented and reported. Conclusions Following this step-by-step guide can improve functional equivalence with the target-language version and promote quality assurance in multinational trials and outcome evaluations. A checklist of the preferred reporting items is included to help investigators make informed choices about conducting or omitting any items. We recommend using the checklist to document these decisions in any resulting publication.
Political differences in free will belief are driven by differences in moralization
Authors: Everett Jim Albert Charlton , Clark Cory J , Meindl Peter , Luguri Jamie B , Earp Brian D. , Ditto Peter , Graham Jesse , Shariff Azim
Published: July 2018

In fourteen studies, we tested whether political conservatives’ stronger free will beliefs aredriven by stronger and broader tendencies to moralize, and thus a greater motivation to assign responsibility. In Study 1 (meta-analysis of five studies, n = 308,499) we show that conservatives have stronger tendencies to moralize than liberals, even for moralization measures containing zero political content (e.g., moral badness ratings of faces and personality traits). In Study 2, show that conservatives report higher free will belief, and this is mediated by the belief that people should be held morally responsible for their bad behaviour (n = 14,707). In Study 3, we show that political conservatism is associated with higher attributions of free will for specific events. Turning to experimental manipulations of our hypothesis, we show that when conservatives and liberals see an action as equally wrong there is no difference in free will attributions (Study 4); that when conservatives see an action as less wrong than liberals, they attribute less free will (Study 5); and that specific perceptions of wrongness mediate the relationship between political ideology and free will attributions (Study 6a and 6b). Finally, we show that political conservatives and liberals even differentially attribute free will for the same action depending on who performed it (Studies 7a-d). Together, our results suggest political differences in free will are largely explicable through motivated reasoning and differing desires to blame, rather than reflecting some genuine disagreement about the metaphysical nature of human freedom. Higher free will beliefs among conservatives may be explained by conservatives’ tendency to moralize, which strengthens motivation to justify blame with stronger belief in free will and personal accountability.
Beyond Associations: Sensitivity to structure in pre-schoolers' linguistic predictions
Authors: Gambi Chiara
Published: July 2018

One influential view of language acquisition is that children masterstructural generalizations by making and learning from structure-informedpredictions. Previous work has shown that from 3 years of age children canuse semantic associations to generate predictions. However, it is unknownwhether they can generate predictions by combining these associations withknowledge of linguistic structure. We recorded the eye movements ofpre-schoolers while they listened to sentences such as *Pingu will ride thehorse*. Upon hearing *ride*, children predictively looked at a horse (astrongly associated and plausible patient of *ride*), and mostly ignored acowboy (equally strongly associated, but an implausible patient). In aseparate experiment, children did not rapidly look at the horse when theyheard *You can show Pingu … “riding”*, showing that they do not quicklyactivate strongly associated patients when there are no structuralconstraints. Our findings demonstrate that young children’s predictions aresensitive to structure, providing support for predictive-learning models oflanguage acquisition.The University of Edinburgh is a charitable body, registered inScotland, with registration number SC005336.
Using meta-analysis for evidence synthesis: The case of incomplete neutralization in German
Authors: Nicenboim Bruno , Roettger Timo Benjamin , Vasishth Shravan
Published: July 2018

It is common practice in statistical analyses of phonetic data to draw conclusions based on statistical significance alone. Using incomplete neutralization of final devoicing in German as a case study, we illustrate the problems with this approach. If researchers find a significant acoustic difference between voiceless and devoiced obstruents, they conclude that neutralization is incomplete; and if they find no significant difference, they conclude that neutralization is complete. However, such strong claims regarding the existence or absence of an effect based on significant results alone can be misleading. Instead, the totality of evidence should be brought to bear on the question. Towards this end, we synthesize the evidence from 14 studies on incomplete neutralization in German using a Bayesian random-effects meta-analysis. Our meta-analysis provides evidence in favor of incomplete neutralization. We conclude with some suggestions for improving the quality of future research on phonetic phenomena: ensure that sample sizes allow for high-precision estimates of the effect; avoid the temptation to deploy researcher degrees of freedom when analyzing data; focus on estimates of the parameter of interest and the uncertainty about that parameter; attempt to replicate effects found; and seek to make both the data and analysis available publicly.
A Network Analysis of DSM-5 posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and correlates in U.S. military veterans
Authors: Fried Eiko I
Published: July 2018

Object: Recent developments in psychometrics enable the application ofnetwork models to analyze psychological disorders, such as PTSD. Instead ofunderstanding symptoms as indicators of an underlying common cause, thisapproach suggests symptoms co-occur in syndromes due to causalinteractions. The current study has two goals: (1) examine the networkstructure among the 20 DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, and (2) incorporate clinicallyrelevant variables to the network to investigate whether PTSD symptomsexhibit differential relationships with suicidal ideation, depression,anxiety, physical quality of life (QoL), mental QoL, age, and sex. Method:We utilized a nationally representative U.S. military veteran’s sample; andanalyzed the data from a subsample of 221 veterans who reported clinicallysignificant DSM-5 PTSD symptoms. Networks were estimated using Gaussiangraphical models and the lasso regularization. Results: The 20-item DSM-5PTSD network revealed that symptoms were positively connected within thenetwork. The most central symptoms were negative trauma-related emotions,flashbacks, detachment, and physiological cue reactivity. Especially strongconnections emerged between nightmares and flashbacks; blame of self orothers and negative trauma-related emotions, detachment and restrictedaffect; and hypervigilance and exaggerated startle response. Incorporationof clinically relevant covariates into the network revealed paths betweenself-destructive behavior and suicidal ideation; concentration difficultiesand anxiety, depression, and mental QoL; and depression and restrictedaffect. Conclusion: These results demonstrate the utility of a networkapproach in modeling the structure of DSM-5 PTSD symptoms, and suggestdifferential associations between specific DSM-5 PTSD symptoms and clinicaloutcomes in trauma survivors. Implications of these results for informingthe assessment and treatment of this disorder, are discussed.
The emergence of systematic argument distinctions in artificial sign languages
Authors: Motamedi Yasamin , Smith Kenny , Schouwstra Marieke , Culbertson Jennifer , Kirby Simon
Published: July 2018

Word order is a key property by which languages indicate the relationship between a predicate and its arguments. However, sign languages use a number of other modality-specific tools in addition to word order such as spatial agreement, which has been likened to verbal agreement in spoken languages, and role shift, where the signer takes on characteristics of propositional agents. In particular, data from emerging sign languages suggest that, though some use of a conventional word order can appear within a few generations, systematic spatial modulation as a grammatical feature takes time to develop. We experimentally examine the emergence of systematic argument marking beyond word order, investigating how artificial gestural systems evolve over generations of participants in the lab. We find that participants converge on different strategies to disambiguate clause arguments, which become more consistent through the use and transmission of gestures; in some cases this leads to conventionalised iconic spatial contrasts, comparable to those found in natural sign languages. We discuss how our results connect with theoretical issues surrounding the analysis of spatial agreement and role shift in established and newly emerging sign languages, and the possible mechanisms behind its evolution.
Improving the Replicability of Psychological Science Through Pedagogy
Authors: Frank Michael C.
Published: July 2018

Replications are important to science, but who will do them? One proposal is that students can conduct replications as part of their training. As a proof-of-concept for this idea, here we report a series of 11 pre-registered replications of findings from the 2015 volume of Psychological Science, all conducted as part of a graduate-level course. Congruent with previous studies, replications typically yielded smaller effects than originals: The modal outcome was partial support for the original claim. This work documents the challenges facing motivated students in reproducing previously published results on a first attempt. We describe the workflow and pedagogical methods that were used in the class and discuss implications both for the adoption of this pedagogical model and for replication research more broadly.