bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association of Polymorphisms in Odorant-Binding Protein Genes With Variation in Olfactory Response to Benzaldehyde in Drosophila
Authors: Wang Ping , Lyman Richard F , Shabalina Svetlana A , Mackay Trudy F C , Anholt Robert R H
Published: August 2007

Adaptive evolution of animals depends on behaviors that are essential for their survival and reproduction. The olfactory system of Drosophila melanogaster has emerged as one of the best characterized olfactory systems, which in addition to a family of odorant receptors, contains an approximately equal number of odorant-binding proteins (OBPs), encoded by a multigene family of 51 genes. Despite their abundant expression, little is known about their role in chemosensation, largely due to the lack of available mutations in these genes. We capitalized on naturally occurring mutations (polymorphisms) to gain insights into their functions. We analyzed the sequences of 13 Obp genes in two chromosomal clusters in a population of wild-derived inbred lines, and asked whether polymorphisms in these genes are associated with variation in olfactory responsiveness. Four polymorphisms in 3 Obp genes exceeded the statistical permutation threshold for association with responsiveness to benzaldehyde, suggesting redundancy and/or combinatorial recognition by these OBPs of this odorant. Model predictions of alternative pre-mRNA secondary structures associated with polymorphic sites suggest that alterations in Obp mRNA structure could contribute to phenotypic variation in olfactory behavior.
Significance Thresholds for Quantitative Trait Locus Mapping Under Selective Genotyping
Authors: Manichaikul Ani , Palmer Abraham A , Sen Śaunak , Broman Karl W
Published: August 2007

In the case of selective genotyping, the usual permutation test to establish statistical significance for quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping can give inappropriate significance thresholds, especially when the phenotype distribution is skewed. A stratified permutation test should be used, with phenotypes shuffled separately within the genotyped and ungenotyped individuals.
Immunomodulatory activity of an extract of the novel fungal endophyte Entrophospora infrequens isolated from Nothapodytes foetida (Wight) Sleumer
Authors: Pur S. , Amna T. , Khajuria A. , Gupta A. , Arora Rajesh , Spiteller M. , Qazi G.
Published: August 2007

A novel camptothecin-producing endophytic fungus viz.,
Entrophospora infrequens
was isolated from an important Indian medicinal plant
Nothapodytes foetida
. The present study reports evaluation of bioactivities of two novel extracts viz., chloroform (CEEI) and methanolic (MEEI) extracts of
Entrophospora infrequens
with respect to their immunomodulatory potential
in vitro
and
in vivo
(in Balb/c mice). The endophyte
E. infrequens
was found to synthesize camptothecin, which tested positive in CEEI. The immunomodulatory potential of CEEI and MEEI was compared with standard camptothecin (CPT). Doses of the chloroform extract (CEEI) ranging from 12.5–100 mg/kg body weight, significantly (p<0.05) stimulated the humoral and cell-mediated immune responses in a dose-dependent manner. MEEI on the other hand significantly (p<0.05) stimulated the delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH) reaction (by nearly 80%), plaque forming cell (PFC) assay (33%), phagocytic response (38%) and haemagglutination antibody (HA) titre [IgM by 79.07% and IgG by 62.05%] at a dose of 12.5 mg/kg body weight. The present study is the first report of the immunomodulatory potential of this neoteric camptothecin-producing endophyte from
Nothapodytes foetida
.
Design of a Portable Streamside Rearing Facility for Lake Sturgeon
Authors: Holtgren J Marty , Ogren Stephanie A , Paquet Aaron J , Fajfer Steve
Published: August 2007

A portable streamside rearing facility was designed and used by the Little River Band of Ottawa Indians during efforts to rehabilitate a remnant population of lake sturgeon Acipenser fulvescens in the Big Manistee River, Michigan, beginning in 2004. The streamside rearing facility facilitates rearing of wild-caught lake sturgeon larvae in their natal water. This rearing approach provides a cost-effective technique for small batch rearing, incorporates aspects of genetic conservation, and addresses concerns about imprinting and spawning site fidelity. This rearing method may be an important management tool for restoring remnant lake sturgeon populations. Successful rearing of lake sturgeon during the first 3 years of operation indicates that this portable design may be adapted and modified for other locations and fish species. Other management agencies in the Great Lakes basin are currently using this technology for lake sturgeon rehabilitation because of the demonstrated operational success of this facility.
Assessment of Gaseous CO2 and AQUI-S as Anesthetics when Surgically Implanting Radio Transmitters into Cutthroat Trout
Authors: Sanderson Travis B. , Hubert Wayne A.
Published: August 2007

Tricaine methanesulfonate (MS-222) and CO2 are anesthetics that can be legally used in fisheries work in the United States, but they are limited in their field applications. A mandatory 21-d withdrawal period is required for fish exposed to MS-222. Carbon dioxide is not approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration, but it is a “low regulatory priority drug” that can be used legally for fish anesthesia. However, stressful induction and lengthy recovery times have been associated with CO2. AQUI-S is a clove oil derivative that has the potential to become an approved anesthetic without the limitations of MS-222 or CO2. We compared the efficacy of CO2 with that of AQUI-S when surgically implanting radio transmitters into cutthroat trout Oncorhynchus clarkii. A 20% survival rate was observed when CO2 was used in combination with silk sutures, but a 100% survival rate was observed when CO2 was used in combination with surgical staples to shorten the duration of the surgical procedure. A 100% survival rate was observed when AQUI-S was used in combination with either silk sutures or surgical staples. Carbon dioxide in combination with surgical staples seemed to provide a reasonable option when surgically implanting radio transmitters into cutthroat trout, but AQUI-S may be the preferred anesthesia because high pH and dissolved oxygen levels and low free-CO2 concentrations are maintained during surgical procedures.
Habitat Use, Site Fidelity, and Movement of Adult Striped Bass in a Southern New Jersey Estuary Based on Mobile Acoustic Telemetry
Authors: Ng Clare L. , Able Kenneth W. , Grothues Thomas M.
Published: August 2007

To determine individual patterns of habitat use, site fidelity, and movement, adult striped bass Morone saxatilis (n = 81; mean fork length = 70.8 cm [range, 48.3‐95.3 cm]) were implanted with individually coded acoustic transmitters and tracked with a mobile hydrophone from July 2003 through July 2005 in Mullica River‐Great Bay estuary in southern New Jersey. Striped bass in this small coastal bay‐estuarine system preferred deeper water near shorelines and were found at the same location 56.6% of the time. In fact, the persistence of individual home ranges at the scale of meters was observed within and among years. When fish were moving, their pattern was characterized by sporadic swimming followed by long periods of little movement. Seasonally, movement in the estuary was highest in April, followed by two secondary peaks in October and December. Daily movement was highest around sunset. Mobile telemetry demonstrated important dynamics in habitat use, site fidelity, and estuarine movements that were not detectable by a parallel study using a fixed array of omnidirectional hydrophones. In addition, the high degree of site fidelity across seasons and years implies that habitat management at the appropriate spatial scale can be an important component of fisheries management for this species.
Does Therapeutic Use of Acetaminophen Cause Acute Liver Failure?
Authors: Dart Richard C. , Bailey Elise
Published: August 2007

Study Objective. To compare the reported occurrence of liver failure in subjects in prospective trials with that in patients in retrospective reports after repeated use of therapeutic dosages of acetaminophen.

Design. Systematic review of the medical literature.

Data Source. MEDLINE and EMBASE biomedical and pharmacologic databases.

Subjects. Adults who received repeated dosing of acetaminophen 4 g/day or lower for at least 24 hours.

Measurements and Main Results. Articles written in several languages were abstracted by trained personnel using a structured abstraction form. Data were categorized by methodology (prospective vs retrospective), acetaminophen dosage, and type of liver effect. A total of 791 articles were identified, which included 30,865 subjects in prospective studies and 9337 patients in retrospective reports. The prospective studies reported no cases of fulminant hepatic injury, liver transplantation, or death due to acetaminophen. Of the 30,865 subjects in these studies, 129 (0.4%) were identified who had a serum aminotransferase level that exceeded the upper limit of normal, including 61 subjects in randomized trials in which the proportion of serum aminotransferase level increase was the same as or less than that in the placebo group and 68 subjects in trials without a placebo group. In addition, 4263 (13.8%) received the maximum recommended therapeutic dosage (3.9‐4 g/day). In the retrospective reports, 96 patients (1.0%) had a serum alanine aminotransferase level that exceeded the upper limit of normal, one (0.01%) underwent liver transplantation, and six (0.06%) died. Causality relationship of acetaminophen for each retrospective case was assessed with the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale. The mean ± SD Naranjo score for all 103 retrospective cases was 3.2 ± 1.9, indicating a possible relationship between the increased aminotransferase levels and acetaminophen use. Some retrospective reports contained information suggesting that the patient had ingested an overdose despite a history of therapeutic use.

Conclusion. Prospective studies indicated that repeated use of a true therapeutic acetaminophen dosage may slightly increase the level of serum aminotransferase activity, but hepatic failure or death was not reported. Retrospective reports indicated a higher rate of increased serum aminotransferase levels, and several reported associated liver injury and death. The differing results and presence of evidence indicating inaccurate acetaminophen dosage information in some case reports suggests that these cases may be inadvertent overdoses, rather than true therapeutic dosages.
Comparison of the Dose Response to Levalbuterol with and without Pretreatment with S‐Albuterol After Methacholine‐Induced Bronchoconstriction
Authors: Raissy Hengameh H. , Harkins Michelle , Esparham Anna , Kelly H. William
Published: August 2007

Study Objective. To determine the effect of S‐albuterol on the dose response to levalbuterol in patients with moderate bronchoconstriction induced by a methacholine challenge.

Design. Prospective, randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study.

Setting. University‐affiliated clinical trial center.

Patients. Twenty‐two adults with mild, stable asthma.

Intervention. At the screening visit, patients were switched from their β2‐agonist to ipratropium bromide for use as an as‐needed rescue therapy. At the baseline visit 2–6 days later, the provocative concentration of methacholine to induce a 30% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1 PC30) was determined, followed by a nebulized racemic albuterol dose‐response study with three doses of albuterol, to familiarize patients with the procedures. At visits 2 and 3, patients were randomly assigned to receive nebulized normal saline placebo or S‐albuterol 5 mg before the methacholine challenge and were administered three escalating doses of levalbuterol after the challenge.

Measurements and Main Results. Area under the curve for FEV1 over 40 minutes (AUC0–40) after administration of levalbuterol was the primary outcome, with slope of FEV1 as the secondary outcome. In addition, the fraction of exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was measured before and after the challenges. In the 17 patients who met criteria for completion, no deleterious effect for S‐albuterol was found for FEV1 PC30, AUC0–40 FEV1, or the FEV1 slope0–40. However, S‐albuterol reduced the provocative concentration of methacholine to induce a 20% decrease in FEV1 (PC20 0.52 ± 2.06 vs 0.39 ± 1.58 mg/ml, placebo vs S‐albuterol, p=0.044) but did not affect FeNO.

Conclusion. A single high dose of S‐albuterol did not alter the bronchodilator response to levalbuterol. The effect on bronchial responsiveness requires further study.
Pharmacokinetics of a Guanfacine Extended‐Release Formulation in Children and Adolescents with Attention‐Deficit–Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Boellner Samuel W. , Pennick Michael , Fiske Kimberly , Lyne Andrew , Shojaei Amir
Published: August 2007

Study Objective. To evaluate the single‐ and multiple‐dose pharmacokinetics of an oral extended‐release formulation of guanfacine in children and adolescents with a diagnosis of attention‐deficit–hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Design. Phase I‐II, open‐label, dose‐escalation study.

Setting. Clinical study center.

Patients. Fourteen children (aged 6–12 yrs) and 14 adolescents (aged 13–17 yrs) with ADHD.

Intervention. All patients received guanfacine as a single 2‐mg dose on day 1. They received a daily dose of 2 mg on days 9–15, 3 mg on days 16–22, and 4 mg on days 23–29.

Measurements and Main Results. Blood samples, vital signs, and electrocardiograms (ECGs) were obtained before dosing on day 1 and at intervals over 24 hours, with repeat measurements on days 14 and 28. Guanfacine demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics. Mean plasma concentrations, peak exposure (Cmax), and total or 24‐hour exposure (area under the concentration‐time curve [AUC]0–∞ or AUC0–24, respectively) were as follows in children and adolescents, respectively: after a single 2‐mg dose, AUC0–∞ was 65.2 ± 23.9 ng•hour/ml and 47.3 ± 13.7 ng•hour/ml, and Cmax was 2.55 ± 1.03 ng/ml and 1.69 ± 0.43 ng/ml; after multiple 2‐mg doses, AUC0–24 was 70.0 ± 28.3 ng•hour/ml and 48.2 ± 16.1 ng•hour/ml, and Cmax was 4.39 ± 1.66 ng/ml and 2.86 ± 0.77 ng/ml; and after multiple 4‐mg doses, AUC0–24 was 162 ± 116 ng•hour/ml and 117 ± 28.4 ng•hour/ml, and Cmax was 10.1 ± 7.09 ng/ml and 7.01 ± 1.53 ng/ml. After a single 2‐mg dose, half‐life was 14.4 ± 2.39 hours in children and 17.9 ± 5.77 hours in adolescents. The most frequent treatment‐emergent adverse events were somnolence, insomnia, headache, blurred vision, and altered mood. Most were mild to moderate in severity, with the highest frequency associated with the 4‐mg doses. Blood pressure, pulse, and ECG readings were all within normal limits.

Conclusion. Guanfacine extended‐release formulation demonstrated linear pharmacokinetics. Plasma concentrations and concentration‐related pharmacokinetic parameters were higher in children than in adolescents. These differences are likely due to heavier body weights in adolescents and young male subjects. No serious adverse events were reported.
Lack of an Effect of Oral Iron Administration on Mycophenolic Acid Pharmacokinetics in Stable Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Gelone Daniele K. , Park Jeong M. , Lake Kathleen D.
Published: August 2007

Study Objectives. To determine if coadministration of polysaccharide iron complex and slow‐release ferrous sulfate alter the absorption of mycophenolic acid (MPA), and to examine the potential influence of dosing relative to mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) administration and the effect of immediate‐ versus sustained‐release iron products on the steady‐state pharmacokinetics of MPA.

Design. Prospective, open‐label, three‐phase, crossover, steady‐state pharmacokinetic study.

Setting. National Institutes of Health–sponsored General Clinical Research Center at a university medical center.

Patients. Twelve adult (mean age 50 yrs) renal transplant recipients who were receiving concomitant iron and MMF maintenance therapy.

Intervention. Oral iron therapy was coadministered with MMF on days −6–0, MMF was administered alone on days 1–8 (control phase), then oral iron therapy was administered 2 hours after MMF administration on days 9–16.

Measurements and Main Results. Baseline demographics, concurrent drug regimens, and clinical laboratory values were assessed. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, and 12 hours after MMF administration on days 0, 8, and 16. The MPA levels were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography. We found no significant differences in the dose‐standardized area under the concentration‐time curve from 0–12 hours (AUC0–12) for MPA between the control phase (39.66 ± 8.70 mg•hr/L) and the concomitant ferrous sulfate or dose‐separated ferrous sulfate (37.56 ± 9.95 or 32.84 ± 8.43 mg•hr/L, respectively, p>0.05) phases. Dose‐standardized AUC0–12 values for MPA did not significantly differ after the concomitant administration of polysaccharide iron complex from that of the control phase (48.46 ± 9.68 and 43.80 ± 9.46 mg•hr/L, respectively, p=0.065). However, the AUC0–12 for MPA significantly increased when polysaccharide iron complex was administered 2 hours after MMF (53.41 ± 11.75 mg•hr/L, p=0.012). Maximum concentrations and times to reach maximum concentrations remained consistent across all study phases in each arm of the trial (p>0.05).

Conclusion. Multiple doses of iron therapy—slow‐release ferrous sulfate, or polysaccharide iron complex—did not significantly reduce systemic exposure to MMF, as measured by using AUC0–12 values.
Monotherapy versus Combination Therapy with Class III Antiarrhythmic Agents to Attenuate Transmural Dispersion of Repolarization: A Potential Risk Factor for Torsade de Pointes
Authors: Shah Sachin A. , Kluger Jeffrey , White C. Michael
Published: August 2007

Class III antiarrhythmic agents are used for conversion to and maintenance of sinus rhythm from arrhythmias of atrial or ventricular origin. Monotherapy can be limited by adverse events or recurrent arrhythmias. Sotalol, dofetilide, and ibutilide may induce torsade de pointes in 2–8% of patients, whereas amiodarone induces torsade de pointes in less than 1%. We reviewed the literature regarding the possible combination of class III antiarrhythmics and risk for inducing torsade de pointes. Animal studies using amiodarone plus sotalol or d‐sotalol suggest that these drug combinations prolong the QTc interval but do not induce torsade de pointes. Similar data extracted from human studies of ibutilide in patients also receiving amiodarone or sotalol showed greater efficacy with combination therapy than with monotherapy, without increased torsade de pointes induction. Reduced transmural dispersion of repolarization with amiodarone and sotalol combination therapy may serve as a mechanism for reducing the risk of torsade de pointes compared with sotalol monotherapy.
The Utility of Hospital Antibiograms as Tools for Guiding Empiric Therapy and Tracking Resistance: Insights from the Society of Infectious Diseases Pharmacists
Authors: Pakyz Amy L.
Published: August 2007

Hospital antibiograms are commonly used to help guide empiric antimicrobial treatment and are an important component of detecting and monitoring trends in antimicrobial resistance. To serve these purposes, antibiograms must be constructed using standardized methods that allow inter‐ and intrahospital comparisons. Antibiograms that include surveillance cultures and duplicate bacterial isolates can overestimate rates of resistance. In 2002, the National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards (now known as the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute [CLSI]) published standards for constructing antibiograms. According to national surveys, many of the recommended elements of the CLSI document have not been fully adopted. In lieu of full compliance with CLSI standards, it is necessary that the methods used to construct antibiograms are clearly delineated. Antibiograms have several limitations, such as their inability to track emergence of resistance during therapy. The antibiogram can serve as a valuable tool in guiding antimicrobial therapy, but other patient factors, such as previous infection history and antibiotic use, also need to be considered. Additional data are needed for specialized applications of resistance analyses.
Discordant Effects of β‐Blockade on Central Aortic Systolic and Brachial Systolic Blood Pressure: Considerations Beyond the Cuff
Authors: Epstein Benjamin J. , Anderson Shawn
Published: August 2007

The role of β‐blockers in uncomplicated hypertension has been challenged recently. Compared with other antihypertensives, β‐blockers are less effective for preventing cardiovascular events in patients with uncomplicated hypertension. Moreover, a recent meta‐analysis of placebo‐controlled clinical trials concluded that atenolol is not more efficacious than placebo for preventing cardiovascular events in patients with hypertension. Although these agents lower blood pressure measured conventionally over the brachial artery with a blood pressure cuff, they do not exert a commensurate effect on blood pressure in the central aorta. Central aortic blood pressure and aortic augmentation index are strong predictors of left ventricular hypertrophy, an independent risk factor for cardiovascular events. Emerging data are illuminating the antihypertensive paradox whereby antihypertensive agents may elicit discordant effects on central and peripheral blood pressure and hemodynamics. Vasodilatory antihypertensives, such as renin‐angiotensin‐aldosterone system inhibitors and calcium channel blockers, elicit reductions in central aortic blood pressure equal to or greater than that in the brachial artery. Conversely, β‐blockers lower central aortic blood pressure to a lesser degree even when blood pressure measured by sphygmomanometry is reduced substantially. Given the strong relationship between central aortic blood pressure and target organ damage, the effectiveness of β‐blockers may be overestimated in practice on the basis of conventional blood pressure measurements alone. Differences in central and peripheral blood pressure may account for the lack of cardiovascular protection afforded by β‐blockers in clinical trials and could account for a portion of the apparent “benefit beyond blood pressure” reduction with other classes of antihypertensive agents. Future studies should aim to better clarify the role of central aortic blood pressure in the treatment of hypertension. In the meantime, the effects of antihypertensive drugs on blood pressure “beyond the brachial blood pressure cuff” should be considered when prescribing antihypertensive agents for a patient.
Modernist Ruskin, Victorian Baudelaire: Revisioning Nineteenth-Century Aesthetics
Authors: Teukolsky Rachel
Published: August 2007

John Ruskin'sModern Painters V(1860) and Charles Baudelaire's “The Painter of Modern Life” (1863) are contemporaneous texts that both champion modern painters. Yet the two have rarely been considered together; while Ruskin's work is usually taken to represent a moralistic Victorianism, Baudelaire's essay is a foundational text of aesthetic modernism. This article compares the two texts in order to arrive at a more accurate, descriptive sense of nineteenth-century aesthetics, especially at the mid-century moment when “the modern” emerges as an aesthetic value in both England and France. Ruskin and Baudelaire are shown to propose surprisingly similar aesthetic theories, in part because they negotiate the same traumas of modernity, such as the derailment of religion and the commodification of the material world. Positioned on the ruins of Romanticism, each text intimates an idea of the modern that is not quite modernism but is, in fact, eminently Victorian.
Art, science, and appearance in HDR
Authors: McCann John J.
Published: August 2007

Abstract—High‐dynamic‐range (HDR) image capture and display has become an important engineering topic. The discipline of reproducing scenes with a high range of luminances has a five‐century history that includes painting, photography, electronic imaging, and image processing. HDR images are superior to conventional images. There are two fundamental scientific issues that control HDR image capture and reproduction. The first is the range of information that can be measured using different techniques. The second is the range of image information that can be utilized by humans. Optical veiling glare severely limits the range of luminance that can be captured and seen. It is the improved quantization of digital data and the preservation of the scene's spatial information that causes the improvement in quality in HDR reproductions.
Camera and visual veiling glare in HDR images
Authors: McCann John J. , Rizzi Alessandro
Published: August 2007

Abstract— High‐dynamic‐range (HDR) images are superior to conventional images. The experiments in this paper measure camera and human responses to calibrated HDR test targets. We calibrated a 4.3‐log‐unit test target, with minimal and maximal glare from a changeable surround. Glare is an uncontrolled spread of an image‐dependent fraction of scene luminance in cameras and in the eye. We use this standard test target to measure the range of luminances that can be captured on a camera's image plane. Further, we measure the appearance of these test luminance patches. We discuss why HDR is better than conventional imaging, despite the fact the reproduction of luminance is inaccurate.
3.3: Invited Paper: Twenty Megapixel MEMS‐based Laser Projector
Authors: Bloom David M. , Tanner Allen H.
Published: August 2007

A twenty megapixel projection display system takes advantage of a micro electro‐mechanical systems (MEMS) based grating light modulator (GLM). In a GLM a laser beam is diffracted by an array of thousands of closely spaced parallel ribbons that simultaneously “paint” an entire column of pixels. The grating light modulator contains only a single column of microscopic ribbons because each pixel can be switched in as little as 100 nanoseconds. This leaves more than enough time to scan the column across a wide image. The present system consists of a linear array of 4096 pixels scanned to produce a projected image 4096 by 5120 pixels in size. Red, green, and blue fiber lasers, using nonlinear optical frequency conversion, provide about 10 watts per color enabling full color video projection onto large screens. A number of these systems have been delivered to planetarium and flight simulator customers.
3.4: Invited Paper: Laser TV ‐ Ultra Wide Color Gamut in Conformity with xvYCC
Authors: Sugiura Hiroaki , Kuwata Muneharu , Inoue Yoko , Sasagawa Tomohiro , Nagase Akihiro , Kagawa Shuichi , Watanabe Norihiro , Someya Jun
Published: August 2007

This paper provides some interpretations of the Laser TV which we have successfully developed [1]. The Laser TV is an HDTV that adopts solid state lasers involving three primary colors, red, green and blue for the light source. The adoption of a laser light source helped us realize an HDTV with a dramatically wide color gamut, namely 190% the color gamut of ITU‐R BT.709. In addition, we have also developed an LSI that can deal with the extended color space xvYCC, which is a new international standard, and mounted the LSI in the HDTV. The display of colorful and natural video pictures has been achieved through the effective use of the wide color gamut involved in the laser light source supported by a video signal processing circuit that complies with the xvYCC standard and Natural Color Matrix, a color management technique.
4.5: Multi‐primary LCD for TV Applications
Authors: Roth Shmuel , Weiss Nir , Chorin Moshe Ben , David Ilan Ben , Chen Ching Hung
Published: August 2007

Multi‐primary technology is applied to get wide gamut high efficiency LCD panels, suitable for high quality TV applications. In this paper, we describe four and five primary displays using CCFL backlights, with color gamut between 92% NTSC and 110% NTSC. We will present trade‐off analysis, experimental results and comparison to other gamut enhancement technologies.
6.1: Invited Paper: Recent Progress in Color Flexible Reflective Cholesteric Displays
Authors: Khan Asad , Schneider Tod , Montbach Erica , Davis Donald J. , Miller Nick , Marhefka Duane , Ernst Todd , Doane J. William
Published: August 2007

We report on highly flexible layered full color cholesteric displays built using ultra thin substrates with encapsulation through the phase separation approach. Recent progress of the state of the art of the cholesteric display technology will be presented as well.
6.3: Writable Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display and the Algorithm Used to Detect its Image
Authors: Lee D. W. , Shiu J. W. , Sha Y. A. , Chang Y. P.
Published: August 2007

Writable Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display and the algorithm used to detect its image were developed. We could use any hard tip, ex: the tip of a forefinger, to directly write an image on the surface of Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Display (CHLCD). By measuring the capacitance of one pixel of test cell (12mm × 15mm/ 1×1), F‐state or P‐state could be detected. By measuring the capacitance of one pixel of 4.1″ CHLCD (241um × 241um/ 320×320), F‐state or P‐state could not be detected, due to the effect of parasitic capacitance. Therefore, high frequency measurement and the algorithm were developed to detect the image on CHLCD.
6.4: Single Substrate Coatable Multicolor Cholesteric Liquid Crystal Displays
Authors: Shiyanovskaya Irina , Barua Sankar , Green Seth , Khan Asad , Magyar Greg , Marhefka Duane , Miller Nick , Pishnyak Oleg , Doane J. William
Published: August 2007

This paper describes new ultra‐thin multicolor cholesteric liquid crystal displays with all functional layers coated sequentially on a single flexible substrate. Shared electrode driving is implemented for the first time to drive a passive matrix multicolor emulsion based displays comprising of three stacked layers of cholesteric droplets embedded in a polymer matrix.
8.1: Invited Paper: Advancements and Outlook of High Performance Active‐Matrix OLED Displays
Authors: Tsujimura Takatoshi , Zhu Wei , Mizukoshi Seiichi , Mori Nobuyuki , Miwa Koichi , Ono Shinya , Maekawa Yuichi , Kawabe Kazuyoshi , Kohno Makoto
Published: August 2007

By introducing new terminology, active‐matrix OLED's advanced performance can be well characterized. “Luminous Flux” and Assured Dynamic Range” better represent the viewer's impression than previous terminology such as “front luminance” and/or “viewing angle.” Compensation circuit, low‐stress driving technique, CVD condition, TFT shape, and high‐efficiency OLEDs are the keys to enabling low‐cost a‐Si AMOLED manufacturing in order to compete with other display technologies.
8.3: Total Matrix Addressing (TMA™)
Authors: Smith Euan C.
Published: August 2007

A new Passive Matrix OLED drive technology, Total Matrix Addressing (TMA™), has been developed which substantially extends the application space for passive panels beyond the limited panel size and resolution of existing passive matrix drive schemes. Driving methodology, image processing and performance figures will be presented.
9.1: Intrinsic Polarizers — Ultra Durable Dichroic Polarizers for LCD Projection
Authors: Ralli Philip J. , Gunnarsson Gunnar H. , Nagarkar Pradnya V. , Trapani Giorgio B.
Published: August 2007

High temperature polysilicon (HTPS) projection engines provide a challenging environment for film‐based optical components, especially the absorbing polarizers that are critical for image formation. Intrinsic polarizers do not contain unstable dichromophores and have been shown to be well suited for this application.
11.2: Scanning Backlight for Mobile Displays
Authors: Onac Gabriel‐Eugen , Vogels Ingrid Maria , Bartula Marek , Hoevenaars Albert , Hector Jason , Louwsma Hendrik Klaas
Published: August 2007

The first realization of a scanning backlight for mobile displays is reported. This employs seven individually lit segments to reduce motion blur caused by the sample and hold effect. Optimal driving conditions result in a major improvement of motion portrayal on mobile liquid crystal displays.
11.4: OCB‐LCDs with New Driving Method Having Fast Response of 2.3‐ms MPRT and High Contrast Ratio of 1000:1
Authors: Nakao Kenji , Tanaka Yukio , Takahara Hiroshi , Kawaguchi Seiji , Nishiyama Kazuhiro , Araki Shigesumi , Takimoto Akio
Published: August 2007

We have developed high performance OCB‐III TFT‐LCDs using LED blinking Backlight. The MPRT of 2.3 ms, which is the fastest in the world, and high contrast of 1000:1 are achieved with 12.1 inch SVGA OCB‐III panel. Even at low temperature of −20C. the MPRT of OCB‐III is 13.2 ms which is 1/4 of conventional LCDs. The OCB‐III can be superior to the CRT in quality of motion picture.
12.1: High Birefringence LCs for Color‐Sequential LCDs
Authors: Gauza Sebastian , Zhu Xinyu , Wu Shin Tson , Piecek Wiktor , Dabrowski Roman
Published: August 2007

High birefringence (0.3<Δn <0.4) and relatively low viscosity liquid crystal mixtures containing isothiocyanato tolane and isothiocyanato terphenyl liquid crystals are developed. The response time of 1.52 ms using a 1.6‐μm TN cell is demonstrated.
12.3: LCOS Panel Using Novel Color Sequential Technology
Authors: Fan‐Chiang Kuan‐Hsu , Yen Cheng‐Chi , Wu Cheng‐Hung , Chen Chien‐Jung , Liao Bing‐Jei , Ho Yung‐Yuan , Liu Chung‐Yuan , Chen Yen‐Chen
Published: August 2007

High color gamut, high brightness and high resolution 0.59″ SVGA liquid‐crystal‐on‐Silicon (LCOS) panel is developed using novel color sequential technology. Design of frame‐buffer‐like pixels excludes the period of data addressing in the sub‐frame and relaxes the design rules of the electric circuit and the LCOS panel. In addition, implementation of reset voltage makes the panel to achieve high performance at 360 Hz field rate. The color gamut is larger than 120% NTSC ratio and the reflectance is 70%.
12.4: Distinguished Student Paper: Passive‐Matrix‐Driven Field‐Sequential‐Color LCD
Authors: Li Yuet‐Wing , Tan Li , Yeung Fion Sze‐Yan , Kwok Hoi‐Sing
Published: August 2007

A new fast liquid crystal display mode is demonstrated. This liquid crystal mode is based on a stressed splay twist deformation and can be driven in passive matrix or active matrix manners. This new display mode can be used to achieve full color display effect, in conjunction with a pulsed red‐green‐blue backlight unit.
13.1: Invited Paper: Technological Evolution for Large Screen Size Active Matrix OLED Display
Authors: Urabe Tetsuo , Sasaoka Tatsuya , Tatsuki Koichi , Takaki Jun
Published: August 2007

Vacuum evaporation process with metal mask using LTPS (Low Temperature Poly Silicon TFT) backplane is well established OLED production process. However this technology is not applicable for large sized display like TV. Various technologies to break through this constraint have been proposed so far. In this paper pros and cons of these proposed technologies are discussed and new approach, micro silicon TFT with unique anneal technology and laser transfer OLED process, is presented.
P‐2: The Photosensitive Organic Passivation Thin Film Transistors with High Anti‐Water Absorption Ability
Authors: Pan Hsin‐Hua , Liang Chung‐Yu , Lee Liu‐Chung , Huang Guo‐You , Gan Feng‐Yuan
Published: August 2007

The photosensitive organic passivation for the conventional back channel etched (BCE) thin film transistors (TFTs) has been investigated. Through the organic material, the TFT array fabrication process steps can be reduced and higher aperture ratio can be achieved for higher LCD panel performance. The interface between the organic passivation layer and the back channel of the amorphous active region has been passivated by the plasma treatment and the devices exhibit lower leakage current than the conventional silicon nitride (SiNx) passivation layer of BCE TFTs. The leakage currents between Indium‐tin oxide (ITO) pixels and the TFT devices, as well as the thermal‐humidity reliability tests have also been investigated in this paper.
P‐39: Perceptual Tests of the Temporal Response of a Shuttered LCoS Projector
Authors: Winterbottom Marc D. , Geri George A. , Eidman Craig , Pierce Byron
Published: August 2007

Perceptual motion blur was studied using imagery presented on an LCoS projector equipped with a mechanical shutter to reduce pixel hold‐time. Perceptual measures of image blur were obtained with a simple test stimulus, as well as imagery similar to that used in Air Force flight simulation and training. Measured pixel hold‐time was found to accurately predict perceived blur.
P‐41: 1.6Gbps Low‐Power Receiver for Display Interfaces Using a 3.3V and 0.35μm CMOS Process
Authors: Kim Jin‐Ho , Kwon Oh‐Kyong
Published: August 2007

This paper proposes a low‐power receiver circuit that converts 1.6Gbps low‐voltage differential input signal with less than 100mV swing to CMOS level signal in a 0.35μm CMOS process. The proposed receiver enhances its bandwidth with low power consumption using the negative feedback circuit which is detecting input signal transient. HSPICE simulation results show that the power consumption of the proposed receiver at 1.6Gbps data recovery is less than 4mW, and the maximum jitter for 9‐bit PRBS input pattern is less than 10% of bit‐time. Compared to the previous LVDS receiver circuits, the proposed receiver can save more than 40% of power. In addition to the low‐power consumption, the proposed receiver has rail‐to‐rail input common‐mode voltage range.
P‐193: EMI Reducing Techniques for Low Voltage Differential Signaling by Applying a Vertically Differential Method and Data Arrangement Optimization
Authors: Takagi Ayako , Baba Masahiro , Okumura Haruhiko
Published: August 2007

We developed EMI (Electromagnetic Interference) reducing techniques that utilize a Vertically Differential EMI suppression method (VDE) and data arrangement optimization for Low Voltage Differential Signaling (LVDS) transmission lines. This method utilizes the vertical correlation of two adjacent horizontal lines for image data. It enables data signal frequencies below half of clock signal frequency and makes reverse phase between neighboring differential pair lines. The novel technique reduced EMI by 8 dB for a 20.8‐inch ultra‐high resolution monitor.
P‐52: Wet Corrosion of Sputtered Molybdenum Thin Film on Glass Substrate in Various Acid Solutions
Authors: Seo Jong Hyun , Seo Bo‐Hyun , Lee Sang‐Hyuk , Lee In‐Kyu , Jeon Jae‐Hong , Choe HeeHwan , Lee Kang‐Woong
Published: August 2007

In this work, wet corrosion behavior of RF magnetron sputtered molybdenum thin films was studied using by electrochemical analysis. The effects of deposition parameters such as RF power and argon pressure on corrosion rate are also examined. The corrosion rate strongly depends both on the process parameters and the type of chemical solutions. Mo thin film dissolves fastest in the nitric acid solution among the various solutions. The dissolution rates increased with increasing RF power but decreased with argon pressure. The relationship between deposition parameter and corrosion rate was discussed in terms of thin film microstructure and susceptibility of corrosion.
P‐54: Effect of Residual Stress on Mechanical Properties of PDP Glass Substrate
Authors: Hwang Jonghee , Lim Tae‐Young , Kim Nam‐Sok , Kim Hyungsun
Published: August 2007

We analyze the effects of thermal mismatch caused by the thermal expansion difference between the dielectric layer and the glass substrate on the breakage of PDP panel. The residual stress and the flexural strength of dielectric layer coated glass substrate were measured with the variation of thermal expansion coefficient of dielectric layer by the addition of ceramic filler. The result of strain viewer suggests that the residual strain of glass substrate near the dielectric layer showed the increase of tensile strain and the other side of the glass showed that of compression strain as the thermal expansion coefficient of dielectric layer decreased. The flexural strength of dielectric layer coated a glass substrate was also influenced by the variation of the thermal expansion coefficient of dielectric layer. The result of the analysis has shown that the thermal mismatch caused by the thermal expansion coefficient difference between the dielectric layer and the glass substrate had an effect on the residual stress and strength of glass substrate, although the thickness of dielectric layer was only a few tens of micro‐meter.
P‐58: Laser Speckle of Textured Surfaces: Towards High Performance Anti‐Glare Surfaces
Authors: Cairns Darran R. , Evans Philip
Published: August 2007

Textured surfaces are widely used for anti‐glare and anti‐newton ring layers. Modern high resolution displays are placing higher demands on these layers. We are developing an understanding of the relationships between surface topography and speckle are crucial to enable the design of the next generation of these layers.
P‐74: A Reflection‐Based Printing Dot Pattern for LED Backlights
Authors: Chen Chih‐Kuang , Tsai Shau‐Yu , Lin Richard H. W. , Chi Solomon W. S.
Published: August 2007

The printing dot pattern on diffuser plate is utilized for thin direct LED backlight and large LED pitch. Through the reflection of printing dot pattern, the light energy is redistributed and therefore the vertical and horizontal dark bands between LED arrays can be removed. Thinner LED backlight and larger LED pitch could thus be attained. Without using any external optical lens, this backlight structure does not suffer from extra optical interface loss. Furthermore, the luminance at normal direction of this LED backlight is kept the same as the conventional one.
P‐76: Highly Efficient Backlight Unit with a Polarization‐Separating Anisotropic Layer
Authors: Hwang Seongmo , Kim Yeun‐Tae , Kim Youngchan , Nam Seungho , Lee Sin‐Doo
Published: August 2007

We have developed a highly efficient backlight unit (BLU) with a polarization‐separating anisotropic layer on which asymmetric microstructures were embossed. Our BLU provides the polarized light along the direction normal to the anisotropic layer and has over 30% higher luminance than a BLU adopting a reflective polarizer.
P‐78: A Thermally Adaptive Response Time Compensation System for LCD Panels
Authors: Lee Ki‐Chan , Park Yun‐Jae , Ahn Ik‐Hyun , Moon Seung‐Hwan , Kim Nam‐Deog
Published: August 2007

This paper presents thermally adaptive driving (TAD) technology for response time compensation (RTC) of an LCD with an integrated sensor. The TAD is comprised of analog sensor signal conditioning and a digital feedback algorithm. The integrated thermal sensor provides accurate temperature measurement of the liquid crystal layer. The TAD controller has an 8‐step look‐up‐table (LUT), and compensates response time based on the panel temperature. The TAD system reduces response time by nearly 50% over the temperature range 0 ° −; 60 °C.
P‐83: A Novel Red Phosphor for Solid‐state Lighting Applications
Authors: Kang Seung‐Youl , Lee Dong Joo , Ryu Young Gi , Kang Seong‐Gu
Published: August 2007

We have developed a novel red phosphor based on a layered perovskite structure, Ba(La1−xEux)2Zr3O10. This phosphor showed the red photoluminescence between 580 nm and 630 nm with several excitation bands, which were composed of the charge‐transfer band related with the host matrix (around 290 nm) and the 4f ↔ 4f transitions of Eu3+ ions (between 350 nm and 460 nm). Since this excitation band is very close to the blue (around 465 nm) or near‐UV (around 400 nm) wavelengths of GaN based LED, it is expected to be used as a complementary phosphor in the red region for the white LEDs.
P‐92: Three‐Dimensional Fluid Simulation of an ITO‐less PDP Cell
Authors: Song In Cheol , Choi Won Young , Kim Dong Hyun , Lee Hae June , Lee Ho‐Jun , Park Chung‐Hoo
Published: August 2007

In a plasma display panel (PDP), it is demanded to reduce the manufacturing cost as well as to improve luminous efficacy. Thus, high efficient ITO‐less PDPs are necessary. In this work a three‐dimensional fluid simulation is adopted to analyze the discharge phenomena of various ITO‐less structures in neon‐xenon gas mixture. The density of Xe 3P1 is investigated for the variation of electrode shapes and UV distributions on the phosphor surfaces are calculated for the 147 nm and the 173 nm. In order to investigate time and space resolved discharge physics, four structures of bus electrodes are proposed. The highest luminance efficacy was obtained with Pi structure among the proposed ITO‐less structures.
P‐94: Selective Reset Driving in Plasma Display Panel with a Sustain Gap of 250μm
Authors: Song Tae‐Yong , Kim Ji‐Yong , Sun‐Kim  , Kim Dong‐Hun , Lee Seok‐Hyun , Seo Jeong‐Hyun
Published: August 2007

A selective reset waveform which can improve the dark room contrast ratio in a large sustain gap structure is suggested in this paper. When conventional selective reset discharge is performed, frequent unexpected misfiring happens because of high Vxb and much quantity of negative wall charges formed on Y electrode during final sustain period. The misfiring between sustain electrode and address electrode can be removed by lowering Vxb value and the misfiring between address electrode and scan electrode can be prevented by decreasing negative wall charges which were formed on Y electrode by applying narrow pulse voltage Vey and Vea after the last sustain pulse. When the selective reset waveform has one time reset per 8 subfields, black luminance of 1.55 cd/m2 can be obtained without any misfiring.
P‐204L: Late‐News Poster: Analysis of Statistical Time Lags Based on Wall Charges Prior to Address Discharge Using Vt Close‐Curve Method for Full‐HD AC‐PDP
Authors: Park Hyung Dal , Kim Jae Young , Tae Heung‐Sik
Published: August 2007

The high speed address is an important parameter to lower cost technology for the realization of full HD‐PDP. The wall charge supplied from the reset period is an important factor for affecting the fast and stable discharge characteristics during an address period. It is found that as the voltage level of the negative falling ramp in the reset waveform is lower, the accumulated wall charges during the ramp‐up period are more erased, thus reducing the amounts of wall charges prior to address discharge. The resultant changes in the address discharge characteristics were examined in the 42‐in. ac‐PDP with a high Xe (11 %) content. In particular, the measured Vt close‐curves and corresponding IR emission profiles show that less amounts of wall charges prior to an address discharge induce the decrease in the statistical time lag and total address discharge time lag in address period, thereby resulting in the stable and fast addressing. Therefore, it is advantageous to use the electric field from the applied voltage during an address discharge instead of utilizing the wall charges from the reset period for the stable and fast addressing.
P‐108: Birefringence Dispersion of Polymer Films As Applied to Optical Compensation in LCD
Authors: Greener Jehuda , Rao YuanQiao , Elman James F.
Published: August 2007

Minimizing color shift effects in a liquid crystal display (LCD) requires close attention to the optical dispersion of compensation layers used to increase the contrast ratio and viewing angle of the display. This paper describes our attempt to systematize and characterize the birefringence dispersion of solvent‐cast polymer films and relate it to the “native” out‐of‐plane birefringence (Δnth) of the polymer and its structure. Results for a wide range of polymers show general correlation between the dispersion parameter DPΔn [≡Δn(450)/Δn(590)] and Δnth. for all positively birefringent polymers, DPΔn is always > 1, suggesting “normal” dispersion at any level of Δnth, while for negatively birefringent polymers DPΔn > 1 only when |Δnth| > ∼0.003. Below this critical value, DPΔn < 1, i.e., the polymer is reverse‐dispersive. The results are explained in terms of the Cauchy coefficients for the corresponding polymers, and they suggest that the dispersion of birefringence cannot be controlled independently of the birefringence of the polymer film.