bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Advanced glycation end products affect cholesterol homeostasis by impairing ABCA1 expression on macrophages
Authors: Kamtchueng Simo Olivier , Ikhlef Souade , Berrougui Hicham , Khalil Abdelouahed
Published: July 2017

Reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), which is intimately linked to high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), plays a key role in cholesterol homeostasis and the prevention of atherosclerosis. The goal of the present study was to investigate the effect of aging and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) on RCT as well as on other factors that may affect the antiatherogenic property of HDLs. The transfer of macrophage-derived cholesterol to the plasma and liver and then to the feces for elimination was significantly lower in aged mice than in young mice. Chronic injection of d -galactose (D-gal) or AGEs also significantly reduced RCT (65.3% reduction in [3H]cholesterol levels in the plasma of D-gal-treated mice after 48 h compared with control mice, P < 0.01). The injection of both D-gal and aminoguanidine hydrochloride increased [3H]cholesterol levels in the plasma, although the levels were lower than those of control mice. The in vitro incubation of HDLs with dicarbonyl compounds increased the carbonyl and conjugated diene content of HDLs and significantly reduced PON1 paraoxonase activity (87.4% lower than control HDLs, P < 0.0001). Treating J774A.1 macrophages with glycated fetal bovine serum increased carbonyl formation (39.5% increase, P < 0.003) and reduced ABCA1 protein expression and the capacity of macrophages to liberate cholesterol (69.1% decrease, P < 0.0001). Our results showed, for the first time, that RCT is altered with aging and that AGEs contribute significantly to this alteration.
Populating a linked data entity name system
Authors: Kejriwal Mayank
Published: July 2017

Resource Description Framework (RDF) is a graph-based data model used to publish data as a
Web of Linked Data
(Bizer
et al
. 2009). RDF is an emergent foundation for large-scale
data integration
, the problem of providing a unified view over multiple data sources. The structure in RDF data can be conveniently visualized using
directed labeled graphs
, as illustrated in the real-world graph fragments in Figure 1. Nodes in the graph represent entities (e.g. the node with label
dbpedia:Allen_, Paul
represents the entity Paul Allen in the DBpedia knowledge graph) and edges represent either attributes of an entity (e.g. '01/21/1953' is the birthdate of Paul Allen) or relationships between two entities (e.g. Paul Allen is the co-founder of the company entity, Microsoft). Facts in the knowledge base are formally represented as a set of
triples
, with a triple comprising a labeled edge (denoted as a
property
) in the RDF graph along with its incoming and outgoing nodes.
Breaking barriers, building understanding
Authors: Steelman Kelly , Wallace Charles
Published: July 2017

In entering the digital realm, older adults face obstacles beyond the more clearly understood physical and cognitive barriers traditionally associated with accessibility. One of these obstacles, technology related anxiety, is particularly problematic because it discourages exploration and wayfinding, two behaviors critical to the development of digital literacy. As educators at a rural, technologically-focused university, we see opportunities to address this issue and bring isolated older adults into a larger digital community, while simultaneously offering our students with valuable first-hand experience learning about and addressing the challenges faced by capable people struggling with unfamiliar technology. Here, we describe our social-cognitive approach to training digital literacy skills, pairing university student tutors with learners from the local community.
Fabrication of Si3N4-Based Artificial Basilar Membrane with ZnO Nanopillar Using MEMS Process
Authors: Kwak Jun-Hyuk , Jung Youngdo , Song Kyungjun , Hur Shin
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the fabrication of Si3N4-based artificial basilar membrane (ABM) with ZnO nanopillar array. Structure of ABMs is composed of the logarithmically varying membrane fabricated by MEMS process and piezonanopillar array grown on the Si3N4-based membrane by hydrothermal method. We fabricate the bottom substrate containing Si3N4-based membrane for inducing the resonant motions from the sound wave and the top substrates of electrodes for acquiring electric signals. In addition, the bonding process of the top and bottom substrate is performed to build ABM device. Depending on sound wave input of the specific frequency, specific location of the ABM produces a resonant behavior. Then a local deformation of the piezonanopillar array produces an electric signal between top and bottom electrode. As experimental results of the fabricated ABM, the measured resonant frequencies are 2.34 kHz, 3.97 kHz, and 8.80 kHz and the produced electrical voltages on each resonant frequency are 794 nV, 398 nV, and 89 nV. Thus, this fabricated ABM device shows the possibility of being a biomimetic acoustic device.
Brain‐Derived Neurotrophic Factor Attenuates Septic Myocardial Dysfunction via eNOS/NO Pathway in Rats
Authors: Zeng Ni , Xu Junmei , Yao Weifeng , Li Suobei , Ruan Wei , Xiao Feng
Published: July 2017

Sepsis‐induced myocardial dysfunction increases mortality in sepsis, yet the underlying mechanism is unclear. Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been found to enhance cardiomyocyte function, but whether BDNF has a beneficial effect against septic myocardial dysfunction is unknown. Septic shock was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). BDNF was expressed in primary cardiomyocytes, and its expression was significantly reduced after sepsis. In rats with sepsis, a sharp decline in survival was observed after CLP, with significantly reduced cardiac BDNF expression, enhanced myocardial fibrosis, elevated oxidative stress, increased myocardial apoptosis, and decreased endothelial nitric oxide (NO) synthase (eNOS) and NO. Supplementation with recombined BDNF protein (rhBDNF) enhanced myocardial BDNF and increased survival rate with improved cardiac function, reduced oxidative stress, and myocardial apoptosis, which were associated with increased eNOS expression, NO production, and Trk‐B, a BDNF receptor. Pretreatment with NOS inhibitor, N (omega)‐nitro‐L‐arginine methyl ester, abolished the abovementioned BDNF cardioprotective effects without affecting BDNF and Trk‐B. It is concluded that BDNF protects the heart against septic cardiac dysfunction by reducing oxidative stress and apoptosis via Trk‐B, and it does so through activation of eNOS/NO pathway. These findings provide a new treatment strategy for sepsis‐induced myocardial dysfunction.
Improving the Efficiency of Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells by Growing Longer ZnO Nanorods on TiO2 Photoanodes
Authors: Zhai Bao-gai , Yang Long , Huang Yuan Ming
Published: July 2017

By increasing the temperature of hydrothermal reactions from 70 to 100°C, vertically aligned ZnO nanorods were grown on the TiO2 thin film in the photoanode of dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSCs) as the blocking layer to reduce the electron back recombinations at the TiO2/electrolyte interfaces. The length effects of ZnO nanorods on the photovoltaic performances of TiO2 based DSSCs were investigated by means of scanning electron microscope, X-ray diffractometer, photoluminescence spectrophotometer, and the photocurrent-voltage measurement. Under the illumination of 100 mW/cm2, the power conversion efficiency of DSSC with ZnO nanorods decorated TiO2 thin film as its photoanode can be increased nearly fourfold from 0.27% to 1.30% as the length of ZnO nanorods increases from 300 to 1600 nm. The enhanced efficiency of DSSC with ZnO nanorods decorated TiO2 thin film as the photoanode can be attributed to the larger surface area and the lower defect density in longer ZnO nanorods, which are in favor of more dye adsorption and more efficient transport in the photoanode.
Key Factors to Improve the Outcome of Retinal Reattachment Surgery in Proliferative Vitreoretinopathy and Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy
Authors: Deuchler Svenja , Ackermann Hanns , Singh Pankaj , Kohnen Thomas , Wagner Clemens , Koch Frank
Published: July 2017

Introduction. For management of complicated retinal detachments, a pars plana vitrectomy with temporary silicone oil (SO) fill is the method of choice. According to literature, the retinal redetachment rate varies between <10% and >70% with around 36% in our own group (retrospective data analysis,n=119eyes).Methods. The main goal was to reduce the retinal redetachment rate. Standard operating procedures (SOPs) and evaluation protocols (EVALPs) were developed to prospectively analyse risk factors. Lab analysis of SO was performed, and the role of surgical experience was evaluated and investigated with Eyesi®.Results. We achieved a significant reduction of the retinal redetachment rate (to 6.80%,n=101,p=0.002). After surgery with SO injection, neither further membrane peeling (in 16.5%) nor retinal laser coagulation (in 100%) during revision surgery had a significant effect on the reattachment rate (p=0.167,p=0.23), while extensive additional laser coagulation reduced visual acuity (p=0.01). A 3-port approach had to be set up to complete SO removal. A difference in success rate depending on surgical experience was confirmed, and the performance in Eyesi correlated with that in the patients’ eye.Conclusions. A SOP- and EVALP-based management and new strategies to secure the surgical performance seem to be essential for successful surgery.
Evaluation of the Disintegrant Properties of Native Starches of Five New Cassava Varieties in Paracetamol Tablet Formulations
Authors: Adjei Frank Kumah , Osei Yaa Asantewaa , Kuntworbe Noble , Ofori-Kwakye Kwabena
Published: July 2017

The disintegrant potential of native starches of five new cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.) varieties developed by the Crops Research Institute of Ghana (CRIG) was studied in paracetamol tablet formulations. The yield of the starches ranged from 8.0 to 26.7%. The starches were basic (pH: 8.1–9.9), with satisfactory moisture content (≤15%), swelling capacity (≥20%), ash values (<1%), flow properties, and negligible toxic metal ion content, and compatible with the drug. The tensile strength (Ts), crushing strength (Cs), and friability (Ft) of tablets containing 5–10% w/w of the cassava starches were similar (p>0.05) to those containing maize starch BP. The disintegration times of the tablets decreased with increase in concentration of the cassava starches. The tablets passed the disintegration test (DT ≤ 15 min) and exhibited faster disintegration times (p>0.05) than those containing maize starch BP. The disintegration efficiency ratio (DER) and the disintegration parameter DERc of the tablets showed that cassava starches V20, V40, and V50 had better disintegrant activity than maize starch BP. The tablets passed the dissolution test for immediate release tablets (≥70% release in 45 min) with dissolution rates similar to those containing maize starch BP.
The Role of Adjunctive Therapies in Septic Shock by Gram Negative MDR/XDR Infections
Authors: Busani Stefano , Roat Erika , Serafini Giulia , Mantovani Elena , Biagioni Emanuela , Girardis Massimo
Published: July 2017

Patients with septic shock by multidrug resistant microorganisms (MDR) are a specific sepsis population with a high mortality risk. The exposure to an initial inappropriate empiric antibiotic therapy has been considered responsible for the increased mortality, although other factors such as immune-paralysis seem to play a pivotal role. Therefore, beyond conventional early antibiotic therapy and fluid resuscitation, this population may benefit from the use of alternative strategies aimed at supporting the immune system. In this review we present an overview of the relationship between MDR infections and immune response and focus on the rationale and the clinical data available on the possible adjunctive immunotherapies, including blood purification techniques and different pharmacological approaches.
Research on Financing Efficiencies of Strategic Emerging Listed Companies by Six‐Stage DEA Model
Authors: Wang Qiong , Geng Cheng-xuan
Published: July 2017

Accounting for the information of input slack variables, as well as the effects of external environment and stochastic factors, a six‐stage DEA model was proposed based on four‐stage DEA model. It was employed to assess the financing efficiencies of 689 strategic emerging listed companies in 2015. By isolating the environmental and stochastic factors, the final efficiencies can reflect the actual financing level of these companies. The empirical results show that most financing efficiencies are still at a low level relatively. The scales of these strategic emerging companies are the main constraint on their development. And the special technical level also has an impact on these efficiencies. In addition, the efficiency difference among provinces in China gives another support to environmental influence on the strategic emerging industry. Therefore, a strategic emerging company should pay attention to expanding its scale of production and heighten its special technical level and it should improve its financing efficiencies with the help of local government power.
Human Suprapatellar Fat Pad-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Induce Chondrogenesis and Cartilage Repair in a Model of Severe Osteoarthritis
Authors: Muñoz-Criado Ignacio , Meseguer-Ripolles Jose , Mellado-López Maravillas , Alastrue-Agudo Ana , Griffeth Richard J , Forteza-Vila Jerónimo , Cugat Ramón , García Montserrat , Moreno-Manzano Victoria
Published: July 2017

Cartilage degeneration is associated with degenerative bone and joint processes in severe osteoarthritis (OA). Spontaneous cartilage regeneration is extremely limited. Often the treatment consists of a partial or complete joint implant. Adipose-derived stem cell (ASC) transplantation has been shown to restore degenerated cartilage; however, regenerative differences of ASC would depend on the source of adipose tissue. The infra- and suprapatellar fat pads surrounding the knee offer a potential autologous source of ASC for patients after complete joint substitution. When infrapatellar- and suprapatellar-derived stromal vascular fractions (SVF) were compared, a significantly higher CD105 (+) population was found in the suprapatellar fat. In addition, the suprapatellar SVF exhibited increased numbers of colony formation units and a higher population doubling in culture compared to the infrapatellar fraction. Both the suprapatellar- and infrapatellar-derived ASC were differentiated in vitro into mature adipocytes, osteocytes, and chondrocytes. However, the suprapatellar-derived ASC showed higher osteogenic and chondrogenic efficiency. Suprapatellar-derived ASC transplantation in a severe OA mouse model significantly diminished the OA-associated knee inflammation and cartilage degenerative grade, significantly increasing the production of glycosaminoglycan and inducing endogenous chondrogenesis in comparison with the control group. Overall, suprapatellar-derived ASC offer a potential autologous regenerative treatment for patients with multiple degenerative OA.
Effects of Antioxidant Supplements on the Survival and Differentiation of Stem Cells
Authors: Shaban Sara , El-Husseny Mostafa Wanees Ahmed , Abushouk Abdelrahman Ibrahim , Salem Amr Muhammad Abdo , Mamdouh Mediana , Abdel-Daim Mohamed M.
Published: July 2017

Although physiological levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) are required to maintain the self‐renewal capacity of stem cells, elevated ROS levels can induce chromosomal aberrations, mitochondrial DNA damage, and defective stem cell differentiation. Over the past decade, several studies have shown that antioxidants can not only mitigate oxidative stress and improve stem cell survival but also affect the potency and differentiation of these cells. Further beneficial effects of antioxidants include increasing genomic stability, improving the adhesion of stem cells to culture media, and enabling researchers to manipulate stem cell proliferation by using different doses of antioxidants. These findings can have several clinical implications, such as improving neurogenesis in patients with stroke and neurodegenerative diseases, as well as improving the regeneration of infarcted myocardial tissue and the banking of spermatogonial stem cells. This article reviews the cellular and molecular effects of antioxidant supplementation to cultured or transplanted stem cells and draws up recommendations for further research in this area.
Estimates of Uterine Rupture Bad Outcomes Using Propensity Score and Determinants of Uterine Rupture in Mizan-Tepi University Teaching Hospital: Case Control Study
Authors: Dadi Tegene Legese , Yarinbab Teklemariam Ergat
Published: July 2017

Background. Uterine rupture is a tear in the wall of uterus which carries grave risks to the mother as well as her baby. Objectives. To estimate uterine rupture bad outcomes using propensity score and its determinants in Mizan-Tepi University teaching hospital. Methods. A case control study on 363 participants, 121 cases and 242 controls, was conducted. Data was analyzed by STATA 14. Propensity score matching analysis was used to see causes. Level of significance of p value is ≤0.05. Results. Females who reside in rural areas (AOR = 3.996; 95% CI: 2.011, 7.940) are at higher risk of acquiring uterine rupture. Females who had ANC follow-up (AOR = 0.315; 95% CI: 0.164, 0.606) and preterm gestational age (AOR = 0.135; 95% CI: 0.025, 0.725) are at lower risk of developing uterine rupture. Propensity score matching analysis shows that, from 100 participants who had uterine rupture, 88.4 females lost their fetus (β = 0.884; 95% CI: 0.827, 0.942). From 100 females who develop uterine rupture, 9.1 died (β = 0.091; 95% CI: 0.040, 0.142). From 100 females who develop uterine rupture, 97.5 developed additional obstetric complication (β = 0.975; 95% CI: 0.947, 1.000). Conclusion. Residence, ANC follow-up, and gestational age are significant determinants of uterine rupture. Fetal loss, maternal death, and obstetric complications are significant bad outcomes of uterine rupture.
Potential Roles of Exosomal MicroRNAs as Diagnostic Biomarkers and Therapeutic Application in Alzheimer’s Disease
Authors: Chen Jian-jiao , Zhao Bin , Zhao Jie , Li Shao
Published: July 2017

Exosomes are bilipid layer-enclosed vesicles derived from endosomes and are released from neural cells. They contain a diversity of proteins, mRNAs, and microRNAs (miRNAs) that are delivered to neighboring cells and/or are transported to distant sites. miRNAs released from exosomes appear to be associated with multiple neurodegenerative conditions linking to Alzheimer’s disease (AD) which is marked by hyperphosphorylated tau proteins and accumulation of Aβ plaques. Exciting findings reveal that miRNAs released from exosomes modulate the expression and function of amyloid precursor proteins (APP) and tau proteins. These open up the possibility that dysfunctional exosomal miRNAs may influence AD progression. In addition, it has been confirmed that the interaction between miRNAs released by exosomes and Toll-like receptors (TLR) initiates inflammation. In exosome support-deprived neurons, exosomal miRNAs may regulate neuroplasticity to relieve neurological damage. In this review, we summarize the literature on the function of exosomal miRNAs in AD pathology, the potential of these miRNAs as diagnostic biomarkers in AD, and the use of exosomes in the delivery of miRNAs which may lead to major advances in the field of macromolecular drug delivery.
Utilisation of Intermediate Care Units: A Systematic Review
Authors: Plate Joost D. J. , Leenen Luke P. H. , Houwert Marijn , Hietbrink Falco
Published: July 2017

Background.The diversity in formats of Intermediate Care Units (IMCUs) makes it difficult to compare data from different settings. The purpose of this article was to describe and quantify these different formations and utilisation.Methods.We performed a systematic review extracting geographic location, nomenclature used, admitting specialties, open (admitting specialist in charge) or closed (intensivist/generalist in charge) management format, location in hospital, number of beds, nursing workload, medical staff to patient ratios, and modalities—possibilities and limitations—implemented.Results.Nomenclature used was High Dependency Unit (56.8%) or Intermediate Care Unit (24.3%), with the latter one increasingly being used recently. The median number of beds was 6 (IQR 4–10). Location (p<0.001) and admitting specialties (p=0.03) were related to the management format. IMCUs integrated or adjacent to Intensive Care Units were more often capable of using single vasoactive medication (p=0.025). The mean nurse to patient ratio was 1 to 2.5.Conclusions.IMCUs often have a specific task in a hospital, which is reflected in location, format, and utilisation. The management format depends on location and admitting specialist while incorporated supportive treatment modules reflect its function. Common IMCU denominators are continuous monitoring and respiratory support, without mechanical ventilation and multiple vasoactive medications.
Elevation of Platelet and Monocyte Activity Markers of Atherosclerosis in Haemodialysis Patients Compared to Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Stach Ksenija , Karb Susanne , Akin Ibrahim , Borggrefe Martin , Krämer Bernhard , Kälsch Thorsten , Kälsch Anna-Isabelle
Published: July 2017

Purpose. The predominant cause of mortality in dialysis patients are cardiovascular events. Platelet and monocyte activity markers play an important role in cardiovascular mortality and were assessed and related to dialysis quality criteria in haemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients.Methods. For this prospective comparative study, HD patients (n=41) and PD patients (n=10) were included. In whole blood samples, surface expression of CD62P and CD40L on platelets, tissue factor binding on monocytes, and platelet-monocyte aggregates were measured by flow cytometry. Plasma levels of MCP-1, IL-6, TNFα, and soluble CD40L were analysed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay.Results. Haemodialysis patients showed a significantly higher CD62P expression on platelets (p=0.017), significantly higher amount of platelet-monocyte aggregates (p<0.0001), and significantly more tissue factor binding on monocytes (p<0.0001) compared to PD patients. In PD patients, a significant correlation between Kt/V and platelet CD40L expression (r=0.867; 0.001) and between Kt/V and platelet CD62P expression (r=0.686;p=0.028) was observed, while there was no significant correlation between Kt/V and tissue factor binding on monocytes and platelet-monocyte aggregates, respectively.Conclusion. Platelet and monocyte activity markers are higher in HD patients in comparison with those in PD patients, possibly suggesting a higher risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality.
Synthesis of Fluorescent Carbon Dots by Gastrointestinal Fluid Treatment of Mongolia Har Gabur
Authors: Wang Tegexibaiyin , Zhang Wen , Zhang Xiaofeng , Qiqige Xilin , Qimuge Wuhan , Qimuge Aodeng , Wang Hairong , Baila Bulin , Qimuge Alateng , Yuan Ming , Ai Jun
Published: July 2017

Har Gabur is the carbide obtained from pig manure by burning. The fluorescent carbon dots (CDs) of Har Gabur were successfully synthesized through simulating the digestion process of human gastrointestinal tract. Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) analysis showed that the average size of the prepared Har Gabur CDs was 4 nm, with good solubility in water and strong fluorescence under UV irradiation. The X-ray and Raman results showed that the Har Gabur CDs were mainly composed of oxygen “O” and carbon “C” elements, in the forms of “C=O” and “C-O.” The bond energy results showed that the nitrogen “N” atom presented as “C-N” form, which indicated that Har Gabur CDs also contain “N.” In photobleaching assay, Har Gabur CDs showed excellent light stability compared with ordinary organic dye, fluorescein, and Rhodamine B. The fluorescence intensity of Har Gabur CDs was fairly stable within a wide pH range of 3–10. When L-lysine and L-cysteine were applied for the passivation stage, the relative quantum yields were improved by 1.53 and 3.68 times, respectively. Finally, the fluorescence properties of Har Gabur CDs were tested in cells and zebrafish, illustrating that Har Gabur CD has potential in the application of biological labeling and imaging.
Airway Epithelial Repair by a Prebiotic Mannan Derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Michael Christie F. , Waters Christopher M. , LeMessurier Kim S. , Samarasinghe Amali E. , Song Chi Y. , Malik Kafait U. , Lew D. Betty
Published: July 2017

In asthmatic airways, repeated epithelial damage and repair occur. No current therapy directly targets this process. We aimed to determine the effects of mannan derived from S. cerevisiae (SC-MN) on airway epithelial wound repair, in vitro. The presence of functional mannose receptors in bronchial epithelial cells was shown by endocytosis of colloidal gold-Man BSA via clathrin-coated pits in 16HBE cells. In primary normal human bronchial epithelial cells (NHBEC), SC-MN significantly facilitated wound closure. Treatment with SC-MN stimulated cell spreading as indicated by a significant increase in the average lamellipodial width of wound edge 16HBE cells. In addition, NHBEC treated with SC-MN showed increased expression and activation of Krüppel-like factors (KLFs) 4 and 5, transcription factors important in epithelial cell survival and regulation of epithelial-mesenchymal transition. We conclude that SC-MN facilitates wound repair in human bronchial epithelium, involving mannose receptors.
Focal Defects of the Knee Articular Surface: Evidence of a Regenerative Potential Pattern in Osteochondritis Dissecans and Degenerative Lesions
Authors: Gabusi Elena , Manferdini Cristina , Paolella Francesca , Gambari Laura , Kon Elizaveta , Filardo Giuseppe , Mariani Erminia , Lisignoli Gina
Published: July 2017

The surgical treatment of knee articular focal lesions may offer heterogeneous clinical results. Osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) lesions showed to heal better than degenerative lesions (DL) but the underlying biological reasons are unknown. We evaluated the basal histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of these lesions analyzing a series of osteochondral fragments from young patients with similar age but presenting different etiology. Osteochondral tissue samples were stained with Safranin O and graded using a histological score. Markers of mesenchymal progenitor cells (CD146), osteoclasts (tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase, TRAP), and vessels (CD34) were evaluated. Histological score showed a higher degeneration of both cartilage and bone compartments in OCD compared to DL fragments. Only CD146-positive cells were found at the same percentage in cartilage compartment of both DL and OCD patients. By contrast, in the bone compartment a significantly higher percentage of CD146, TRAP, and CD34 markers was found in OCD compared to DL patients. These data showed distinct histological characteristics of osteochondral focal lesions located in the same anatomical region but having a different etiology. The higher percentages of these markers in OCD than in DL, mainly associated with a high bone turnover, could help to explain the higher clinical healing potential of OCD patients.
Multiplex Networks of the Guarantee Market: Evidence from China
Authors: Li Shouwei , Wen Shihang
Published: July 2017

We investigate a multiplex network of the guarantee market with three layers corresponding to different types of guarantee relationships in China. We find that three single-layer networks all have the scale-free property and are of disassortative nature. A single-layer network is not quite representative of another single-layer network. The result of the betweenness centrality shows that central companies in one layer are not necessarily central in another layer. And the eigenvector centrality has the same result of the betweenness centrality except the top central company.
Ultrasound-Guided Subclavian Vein Cannulation in Neonate via Supraclavicular Approach
Authors: Balaban Onur , Aydın Tayfun
Published: July 2017

Central venous cannulation of infants may be challenging. Ultrasonography is recommended and has been found superior to classic landmark technique in pediatric central venous cannulation. The cannulation of the subclavian vein using supraclavicular approach under real-time ultrasound guidance is a novel technique. It may have advantages over ultrasound-guided jugular vein cannulation in specific patients. We report a case of 3200-gram 20-day-old anencephalic neonate who had a diffuse generalized edema. The neonate was cannulated successfully via subclavian vein using supraclavicular approach under ultrasound guidance.
Scabies Associated with Granulomatous Dermatitis
Authors: Harris Jessica , Nathoo Rajiv , Vincek Vladimir
Published: July 2017

Scabies is a relatively common parasitic infection, which has sometimes been associated with the formation of granuloma annulare. We report the case of an 86-year-old female who developed a non-necrotizing granulomatous dermatitis after a scabies infestation. This case highlights the importance of considering scabies in the differential diagnosis when granulomatous dermatitis is noted histologically that cannot be explained by other causes.
Antiplatelet Regimen for Patients With Breakthrough Strokes While on Aspirin
Authors: Lee Meng , Saver Jeffrey L. , Hong Keun-Sik , Rao Neal M. , Wu Yi-Ling , Ovbiagele Bruce
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—

Optimal antiplatelet therapy after an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack while on aspirin is uncertain. We, therefore, conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods—

We searched PubMed (1966 to August 2016) and bibliographies of relevant published original studies to identify randomized trials and cohort studies reporting patients who were on aspirin at the time of an index ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack and reported hazard ratio for major adverse cardiovascular events or recurrent stroke associated with a switch to or addition of another antiplatelet agent versus maintaining aspirin monotherapy. Estimates were combined using a random effects model.

Results—

Five studies with 8723 patients with ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack were identified. Clopidogrel was used in 4 cohorts, and ticagrelor was used in 1 cohort. Pooling results showed that addition of or a switch to another antiplatelet agent, versus aspirin monotherapy, was associated with reduced risks of major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 0.68; 95% confidence interval, 0.54–0.85) and recurrent stroke (hazard ratio, 0.70; 95% confidence interval, 0.54–0.92). Each of the strategies of addition of and switching another antiplatelet agent showed benefit versus continued aspirin monotherapy, and studies with regimen initiation in the first days after index event showed more homogenous evidence of benefit.

Conclusions—

Among patients who experience an ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack while on aspirin monotherapy, the addition of or a switch to another antiplatelet agent, especially in the first days after index event, is associated with fewer future vascular events, including stroke.
Comu arvulu scippatu: A Cycle of Pieces for Solo Violin
Authors: Messina Marcello , Feichas Leonardo Vieira
Published: July 2017

At Balance-Unbalance 2016 in Manizales, the authors presented a cycle of four musical pieces for solo violin, Comu arvulu scippatu. This commentary illustrates the theoretical premises and the technical circumstances of their work, highlighting the noncoercive, horizontal quality of their collaboration and the historico-critical background of the composition.
Beak Disorder: A Sound and Sculpture Installation
Authors: Sharpe Leslie
Published: July 2017

This paper discusses Leslie Sharpe’s sound and sculpture installation project “Beak Disorder,” exhibited at Manizales, Columbia for Balance-Unbalance 2016. The work addresses how anthropogenic climate change may be affecting birds in the Pacific Northwest regions of Canada and the United States. “Beak Disorder” is a project that references an unexplained condition documented in birds in the Northwest of Canada and Alaska called “avian keratin disorder” where the bird’s beak becomes distorted and elongated. The work includes a series of 3D printed distorted beaks as well as a sound piece and web component.
The Live Audio Archive
Authors:   SoundCamp
Published: July 2017

The Live Audio Archive is the shifting pool of real-time audio available online. Each year on International Dawn Chorus Day, SoundCamp draws on these materials for Reveil: a 24-hour broadcast of live sounds of daybreak that loops the earth with the Grey Line of twilight. Reveil brings remote ecological and acoustic projects together in a tour of this emerging field. Technical resources developed for the project are applicable to both ecoacoustics and musical composition. Affordable and simple, they have potential to create an extended and diversified open microphone network as a resource for researchers, artists and activists.
The need for reference specimens in zoological taxonomy and nomenclature
Authors: DUBOIS ALAIN
Published: July 2017

A debate is currently developing among zootaxonomists: its purpose is to clarify whether or not the current Code should be amended in order to make the deposition of at least one nomen-bearer (‘name-bearing type’) in a permanent collection compulsory so as to provide nomenclatural availability to the nomina of new species or subspecies. Recent papers published in Nature and Zootaxa strongly suggest that an overwhelming majority of practicing taxonomists from around the world are in favour of such a change. Arguments for and against it are presented here and the need for this change is supported without restriction. An intermediate solution is however proposed: after a starting date which should be agreed upon and established, a general Rule requiring deposition of at least one specimen should be introduced and approved. However the possibility should also exist to apply for permission to describe new taxa without specimens in exceptional cases, provided relevant data are furnished to justify this request. This decision should not be left to individual zoologists, whether authors, referees or editors, but should be taken by a special international committee of experts dedicated to this task. Another question discussed here concerns the conditions that should be specified by the Code regarding collections where nomen-bearers of the new taxa are deposited, their permanency and accessibility to taxonomists. Precise new formulations are proposed for the Articles of the Code and the entries in its ‘Glossary’ concerned with such changes. Of course, the proposed changes should not be retroactive, so as not to upset the nomenclatural status of nomina established before their starting date.
Assessing biodiversity: a pain in the neck
Authors: LÖBL IVAN
Published: July 2017

Though taxonomic studies provide basic information about the diversity of life, they are often impeded by unfounded beliefs, anthropomorphic feelings, inadequate information of decision holders, and threatened by the activities of some zoologists and conservationists. Two such threats are discussed. One is latent, derived from the provisions of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The second is actual/effective, caused by technocratic restrictions limiting field work. The present trends lack a rational foundation, are counterproductive and risk producing negative impacts on efforts to extend conservation of natural sites.
Photography-based taxonomy is still really inadequate, unnecessary, and potentially harmful for biological sciences. A reply to Thorpe (2017)
Authors: ORRICO VICTOR G.D.
Published: July 2017

A recent defense of the photo-based taxonomy is discussed. The main issue concerns the simplistic definition of “type”. A comparison with other material forms of type preservation highlights weaknesses inherent to the use of photographs as types. Additional arguments from Thorpe’s contribution are also reviewed and disputed.
What lies beneath the controversy as to the necessity of physical types for describing new species?
Authors: RAPOSO MARCOS ANDRÉ , KIRWAN GUY M.
Published: July 2017

We discuss the philosophical tenets underpinning the current debate among taxonomists as to the need for a physical holotype in support of new species, or whether, as some scientists argue, photographs should be considered equally acceptable. At present, the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature does not stipulate that the deposition of a physical specimen is required, but many taxonomists have recently called on the Commissioners of the International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature to modify the text of the Code on these issues in its forthcoming, fifth edition. We discuss considerations that motivate both sides in this argument, all of which pertain to philosophical and historical issues: (1) misconceptions about science; (2) a fear of the loss of control over zoological nomenclature; and (3) the difficulty inherent in making the system developed by Linnaeus for a natural world originally perceived as static, compatible with the constantly shifting one outlined by Darwin and Wallace. In conclusion we argue that the best means to understand the question is rooted in a broader comprehension of the history of taxonomy and the kind of science it represents.
Diagnoses in zoological taxonomy and nomenclature
Authors: DUBOIS ALAIN
Published: July 2017

The use of the term ‘diagnosis’ and of related terms (‘character’, ’description’, ‘definition’, etc.) in the two related fields of taxonomy and nomenclature is quite confusing. The purpose of this work is to propose an unambiguous terminology for these terms, and to discuss the use of diagnoses and related concepts in these two disciplines. In taxonomy, the different kinds of ‘diagnoses’ one uses provide different kinds of information about organisms, their characters and their relationships, and they should be used together rather than be mutually exclusive. In nomenclature, the current Rules of the Code that concern the use of ‘descriptions’ and ‘definitions’ are unclear. Articles 13.1.1 and 75.3.2 are ambiguous, as they allow both a ‘strict’ and a more ‘inclusive’ interpretation. Proposals are offered to improve them.
Solenanthus strictissimus (Boraginaceae)—an overlooked mountain species from Central Asia
Authors: SUTORÝ KAREL
Published: July 2017

The Central Asian mountain species Solenanthus strictissimus has not been distinguished from similar species such as Solenanthus stamineus or less often from Solenanthus kokanicus. Its narrow leaves and particularly the character of its nutlets are sufficient to separate it from the others. To date, its distribution is known to be restricted to two localities in Afghanistan. In this contribution it is extended to the mountains running from West Pakistan and east Tajikistan in the east, through north, east and central Afghanistan into east Iran. A Lectotype was selected among four known syntypes.
Typification of names in Ficus sect. Pharmacosycea (Moraceae)
Authors: PEDERNEIRAS LEANDRO CARDOSO , ROMANIUC NETO SERGIO , MANSANO VIDAL DE FREITAS
Published: July 2017

Ficus subg. Pharmacosycea (Miq.) Miq. sect. Pharmacosycea Griseb. is a Neotropical group containing mainly terrestrial trees, monoecious, having leaves with a pair of glands in the axil of the secondary basal vein, and two stamens. This group was first described by Miquel (1848) and since then about 120 names were published for its subsections, series, species and varieties. According to Pederneiras et al. (2017), the group contains 35 recognized species. The typification of these names is almost complete, and only in some cases it is still necessary to select a type. For the selection of types, protologues have been compared with original material and the most complete and informative specimens, mainly with leaves, syconia, branches, and stipules (DeWolf 1965, Carauta 1989, Ibarra-Manríquez & Wendt 1992, Carvajal & Shabes 2000, Berg 2006) were selected (Art. 9.3 of the ICN, McNeill et al. 2012).
Tradescantia serrana (Commelinaceae), a new species from southern Brazil, and notes on T. schwirkowskiana and T. umbraculifera
Authors: HASSEMER GUSTAVO , FUNEZ LUÍS A. , FERREIRA JOÃO PAULO R.
Published: July 2017

This contribution presents and describes Tradescantia serrana, a new species from the edges of Araucaria forest in the highlands of southern Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil. Illustrations, photographs and a distribution map for the new species are provided. Here, we also typify T. umbraculifera, a species morphologically related to T. serrana, and present evidence against the synonymisation of T. schwirkowskiana with T. crassula proposed by Pellegrini et al. (2017). Furthermore, we extend the distribution of T. schwirkowskiana to Paraná state.
Valve ultrastructure of Nitzschia shanxiensis nom. nov., stat. nov. and N. tabellaria (Bacillariales, Bacillariophyceae), with comments on their systematic position
Authors: LIU QI , WU WEIWEI , WANG JIE , FENG JIA , LV JUNPING , KOCIOLEK JOHN PATRICK , XIE SHULIAN
Published: July 2017

Nitzschia shanxiensis nom. nov., stat. nov., described originally from Hunan Province, China as N. sinuata var. constricta Chen & Zhu, was observed from Shanxi and Guizhou Provinces. The morphology of N. shanxiensis is documented by light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and discussed in detail, including a comparison with the other similar species. Nitzschia shhanxiensis has a constricted middle portion of the valve, fibulae crossing about 1/2 of the valve face, and lacks a central nodule. In addition to the new species, N. tabellaria (Grunow) Grunow in Cleve & Grunow was also identified from the same locality, and its valve morphology is also documented with LM and SEM. We comment on other species of diatoms related to N. shanxiensis and N. tabellaria and their relationship to other related genera, including Grunowia and Denticula.
A new species of Mimosa (Leguminosae) endemic to the Brazilian Cerrado
Authors: JORDÃO LUCAS SÁ BARRETO , MORIM MARLI PIRES , BAUMGRATZ JOSÉ FERNANDO A. , SIMON MARCELO FRAGOMENI
Published: July 2017

Mimosa is a very large genus with more than 540 species, which are distributed mainly in the Neotropics and are especially diverse in the Cerrado, where the genus shows high rates of endemism.         The Serra do Cabral mountain range, which is part of the Espinhaço mountain range, contains representative remnants of the Cerrado and is a very important area for the genus, where at least 20 taxa of Mimosa are reported. Unfortunately, it is a threatened and over-exploited region. Here we describe a new narrow endemic species from the Serra do Cabral, Mimosa osmarii, that shows affinities with M. paucifolia var. scoparia, a sympatric taxon. The conservation status of M. osmarii was assessed as vulnerable.
Elleanthus albiflorus (Orchidaceae) a new, white-flowered species from Peru
Authors: DUDEK MAGDALENA , BARANOW PRZEMYSŁAW , KOLANOWSKA MARTA , RYKACZEWSKI MAX
Published: July 2017

Elleanthus albiflorus (Orchidaceae) is described and illustrated based on Peruvian material. The novelty resembles E. flavescens from which it can be easily distinguished by the white flowers, flabellate lip and presence of lip calli with prominent outgrows. A key for identification of all Peruvian species of Elleanthus with branching stems is provided.
The Supreme Court's Federalism: Fig Leaf for Conservatives
Authors: Schwartz Herman
Published: July 2017

Throughout American history, states' rights have been used as a cover to hide less respectable interests such as race, class, religion, power, and money. Because reforms in racial justice and social equality have come primarily from the federal government as a result of the Civil War and the New Deal, states' rights have usually been used to promote conservative interests. Today's conservative Supreme Court majority, led by Chief Justice William H. Rehnquist, has imposed limitations on federal power to curtail the rights of women, religious groups, the elderly, racial minorities, and other disadvantaged groups. Asserting a wide range of benefits from strong state sovereignty, few of which do in fact exist, the conservatives have shrunk the scope of the commerce clause, developed implied limitations on federal authority, and narrowly construed the Civil War amendments. Yet, despite their federalist rhetoric, the conservative justices have not hesitated to strike down state and local legislation and other action enhancing individual rights—and this notwithstanding their frequent criticism of judicial activism in other areas.
Children's Rights and the Internet
Authors: Hick Steven , Halpin Edward
Published: July 2017

The Internet is having a profound impact on children's rights around the world. Its impact is both negative, such as with the proliferation of child pornography, and positive, in providing child advocates with new tools to promote and protect the rights of children. This article examines how international collaboration and the linking of legal systems are required to combat abuses of children's rights on the Internet. It also explores how children's rights organizations use the Internet to combat abuses of children on the Internet and to provide information on all children's rights issues, respond quickly to the abuse of children's rights, and connect children and youths in different countries to empower them to advocate for their own rights. The Internet is no substitute for strong and vibrant communities and societies, but it does provide a new and effective means for different peoples of the world to connect with one another.
The Sex Trade Industry's Worldwide Exploitation of Children
Authors: Flowers R. Barri
Published: July 2017

The twenty-first century brings with it some of the dark realities of the last century with respect to the commercial sexual exploitation of children. Worldwide, untold numbers of children are being systematically deprived of their human rights, dignity, and childhood through child prostitution, child pornography, and other sexploitation. Many of these children are routinely subjected to rape, beatings, displacement, drug addiction, psychological abuse, and other trauma, including exposure to the AIDS virus and a life with no future. This study examines the current state of international trafficking of children and other child sexual exploitation. Child sex tourism plays a major role in the child sex trade as prostituted youths are routinely lured or abducted into sexual slavery and sex-for-profit. Other prostitution-involved girls and boys are at the whim of pimps, pornographers, and other sexual exploiters. The global exploitation of children continues to plague society, in spite of international efforts to combat the proliferation of the child sex trade industry. Organizations such as ECPAT remain committed to addressing the central issues pertaining to the prostituting and sexual exploitation of children.
The Effects of Hot Spots Policing on Crime
Authors: Braga Anthony A.
Published: July 2017

In recent years, researchers have argued that police actions should be focused on high-risk crime places rather than spread thinly across the urban landscape. This review examines the available evaluation evidence on the effects of concentrating police enforcement efforts on crime hot spots. Five randomized experiments and four nonequivalent control group quasi-experiments were identified. The findings of these evaluations suggest that focused police actions can prevent crime and disorder in crime hot spots. These studies also suggest that focused police actions at specific locations do not necessarily result in crime displacement. Unintended crime prevention benefits were also associated with the hot spots policing programs. Although these evaluations reveal that these programs work in preventing crime, additional research is needed to unravel other important policy-relevant issues such as community reaction to focused police enforcement efforts.