bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Physico-chemical Parameters of Koshi River at Kushaha Area of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve
Authors: Thapa Chhetry D. , Pal J.
Published: January 2012

The Koshi river is the major tributaries of the Ganges which originates from the snowy peaks of Tibetan plateau in the central Himalayas. Its total catchment area is 60,400 km2, of which 28,140 km2 lies in Nepal, while the remainder is situated in Tibet. It passes from Nepal to India via the Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve area of Nepal. It destroys large area through floods, especially in India. This paper deals with the air temperature and phyco-chemical parameters like temperature, transparency, pH, oxygen, carbondioxide, alkalinity, hardness, chloride and biological oxygen demand of water of Koshi river at Kushaha area of Koshi Tappu Wildlife Reserve. The water temperature was recorded maximum in summer season but the transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity and total hardness were recorded maximum in winter season. Similarly, free carbondioxide was maximum in rainy season and chloride and biological oxygen demand were recorded maximum in summer season. The air temperature and water temperature had positive and significant correlation with free carbondioxide and biological oxygen demand. Dissolved oxygen had positive and significant correlation with pH, total alkalinity and total hardness. Similarly, total alkalinity had positive and significant correlation with transparency, total hardness, chloride etc.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/on.v9i1.5746
Democracy, Community, and Modernity: Lessons from Jeremias Gotthelf's Die Käserei in der Vehfreude
Authors: Meilaender Peter C.
Published: January 2012

Among the challenges of today's globalizing world is the disruption that local communities experience, in developed and developing countries alike, in the face of economic and political modernization. Yet, such problems are not unprecedented. To the contrary, communities across nineteenth-century Europe faced similar difficulties as a result of the Industrial Revolution and political upheaval. For insights into such challenges, I turn to a perhaps unlikely resource for coming to grips with globalization: Jeremias Gotthelf, whose novel Die Käserei in der Vehfreude has been described by Hanns Peter Holl as an “examination of European developments of the 1840s.“ Through his portrayal of a Swiss village's attempt to form a cheese-making cooperative and sell its wares, with all the difficulties it encounters in the process, Gotthelf reveals himself as an important political thinker, whose treatment of democracy, community, and modernity remains relevant for us today.
Why Do German and U.S. Reactions to the Financial Crisis Differ?
Authors: Silvia Stephen J.
Published: January 2012

Among the many striking developments that arose out of the 2008-2009

financial crisis and the subsequent EURO crisis has been the policy divergence

between the United States and Germany. Typically, the two countries

have broadly similar preferences regarding economic policy. To be

sure, this is not the first time that Germany and the U.S. have failed to see

eye to eye on economic matters,1 but the recent gap in perception and

policy does warrant attention because it has been unusually large. Unlike

the famous quarrels between Jimmy Carter and Helmut Schmidt in the

1970s,2 personality does not seem to play a role in this case. What then

does explain the gulf?
Response to Stefan Immerfall
Authors: Hatlapa Ruth , Markovits Andrei S.
Published: January 2012

We very much appreciate Stefan Immerfall’s insightful criticism of our

recent contribution to German Politics and Society. Needless to say, we beg

to differ with his views and strongly disagree with his assessment of our

work. For brevity’s sake we will only engage a few points.
De la gestión local a la gobernanza global: actores e interacciones multiniveles en la gestión del agua en la ciudad de México
Authors: Valdovinos Joyce
Published: January 2012

The provision of water services has traditionally been considered a responsibility of the state. During the late 1980s, the private sector emerged as a key actor in the provision of public services. Mexico City was no exception to this trend and public authorities awarded service contracts to four private consortia in 1993. Through consideration of this case study, two main questions arise: First, why do public authorities establish partnerships with the private sector? Second, what are the implications of these partnerships for water governance? This article focuses, on the one hand, on the conceptual debate of water as a public and/or private good, while identifying new trends and strategies carried out by private operators. On the other hand, it analyzes the role of the state and its relationships with other actors through a governance model characterized by partnerships and multilevel networks.

Spanish
La provisión del servicio del agua ha sido tradicionalmente considerada como una responsabilidad del Estado. A finales de la década de 1980, el sector privado emerge como un actor clave en el suministro de servicios públicos. La ciudad de México no escapa a esta tendencia y en 1993 las autoridades públicas firman contratos de servicios con cuatro consorcios privados. A través de este estudio de caso, dos preguntas son planteadas: ¿Por qué las autoridades públicas establecen partenariados con el sector privado? ¿Cuáles son las implicaciones de dichos partenariados en la gobernanza del agua? Este artículo aborda por una parte, el debate conceptual del agua como bien público y/o privado, identificando nuevas tendencias y estrategias de los operadores privados. Por otra parte, se analizan el rol y las relaciones del Estado con otros actores a través de un modelo de gobernanza, definido en términos de partenariados y redes multi-niveles.

French
Les services de l'eau ont été traditionnellement considérés comme une responsabilité de l'État. À la fin des années 1980, le secteur privé est apparu comme un acteur clé dans la fourniture de certains services publics. La ville de Mexico n'a pas échappé à cette tendance et en 1993, les autorités publiques ont signé des contrats de services avec quatre consortiums privés. À travers cette étude de cas, nous nous interrogerons sur deux aspects : pourquoi les autorités publiques établissentelles des partenariats avec le secteur privé ? Quelles sont les implications de ces partenariats sur la gouvernance de l'eau ? Cet article s'intéresse, d'une part, au débat conceptuel sur l'eau en tant que bien public et/ou privé, en identifiant les tendances nouvelles et les stratégies menées par les opérateurs privés. D'autre part y sont analysés le rôle de l'État et ses relations avec d'autres acteurs à travers un modèle de gouvernance, défini en termes de partenariats, et des réseaux multi-niveaux.
Book Reviews
Authors: Moody Paul , Macías Zapata Gabriel Aarón
Published: January 2012

T. Winther. (2008). The impact of electricity: Development, desires and dilemmas. New York: Berghahn Books
Review by Paul Moody

E. Velásquez, E. Léonard, O. Hoff mann, & M.F. Prêvot-Schapira (Coords.). (2009). El istmo mexicano: una región inasequible. Estado, poderes locales y dinámicas espaciales (siglos XVI-XIX). México: Publicaciones de la Casa Chata-CIESAS - IRD.
Reseña por Gabriel Aarón Macías Zapata
Correlation of the Growth Rate of the Hydrate Layer at a Guest/Liquid-Water Interface to Mass Transfer Resistance
Authors: Kishimoto Masatoshi , Ohmura Ryo
Published: January 2012

Growth rate of a hydrate layer at the guest/liquid-water interface is analyzed considering the conjugate process of the mass-transfer and hydrate crystal growth. Hydrate-layer growth rate data in the literature are often compiled according to the system subcooling (∆T ≡ Teq − Tex, where Teq is the equilibrium dissociation temperature of the hydrate and Tex is the system temperature), suggesting predominant heat transfer limitations. In this paper, we investigate how the existing data on hydrate-layer growth is better correlated to mass transfer of the guest species in liquid water in three-phase equilibrium with bulk guest fluid and hydrate. We have analyzed the conjugate processes of mass-transfer/hydrate-layer-growth following our previous study on the hydrate crystal growth into liquid water saturated with a guest substance. A dimensionless parameter representing the hydrate-layer growth rate is derived from the analysis. This analysis is based on the idea that the growth rate is controlled by the mass transfer of the hydrate-guest substance, dissolved in the bulk of liquid water, to the front of the growing hydrate-layer along the guest/water interface. The variations in the hydrate-layer growth rate observed in the previous studies are related to the dimensionless parameter.
Cost-Effective Filter Materials Coated with Silver Nanoparticles for the Removal of Pathogenic Bacteria in Groundwater
Authors: Mpenyana-Monyatsi Lizzy , Mthombeni Nomcebo H. , Onyango Maurice S. , Momba Maggy N. B.
Published: January 2012

The contamination of groundwater sources by pathogenic bacteria poses a public health concern to communities who depend totally on this water supply. In the present study, potentially low-cost filter materials coated with silver nanoparticles were developed for the disinfection of groundwater. Silver nanoparticles were deposited on zeolite, sand, fibreglass, anion and cation resin substrates in various concentrations (0.01 mM, 0.03 mM, 0.05 mM and 0.1 mM) of AgNO3. These substrates were characterised by SEM, EDS, TEM, particle size distribution and XRD analyses. In the first phase, the five substrates coated with various concentrations of AgNO3 were tested against E. coli spiked in synthetic water to determine the best loading concentration that could remove pathogenic bacteria completely from test water. The results revealed that all filters were able to decrease the concentration of E. coli from synthetic water, with a higher removal efficiency achieved at 0.1 mM (21–100%) and a lower efficiency at 0.01 mM (7–50%) concentrations. The cation resin-silver nanoparticle filter was found to remove this pathogenic bacterium at the highest rate, namely 100%. In the second phase, only the best performing concentration of 0.1 mM was considered and tested against presumptive E. coli, S. typhimurium, S. dysenteriae and V. cholerae from groundwater. The results revealed the highest bacteria removal efficiency by the Ag/cation resin filter with complete (100%) removal of all targeted bacteria and the lowest by the Ag/zeolite filter with an 8% to 67% removal rate. This study therefore suggests that the filter system with Ag/cation resin substrate can be used as a potential alternative cost-effective filter for the disinfection of groundwater and production of safe drinking water.
Temporal Variation in Air Pollution Concentrations and Preterm Birth—A Population Based Epidemiological Study
Authors: Olsson David , Ekström Magnus , Forsberg Bertil
Published: January 2012

There is growing evidence of adverse birth outcomes due to exposure to air pollution during gestation. However, recent negative studies are also reported. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of ozone and vehicle exhaust exposure (NO2) on the length of the gestational period and risk of preterm delivery. We used data from the Swedish Medical Birth Registry on all vaginally delivered singleton births in the Greater Stockholm area who were conceived during 1987–1995 (n = 115,588). Daily average levels of NO2 (from three measuring stations) and ozone (two stations) were used to estimate trimester and last week of gestation average exposures. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between the two air pollutants and three exposure windows, while logistic regression models were used when analyzing associations with preterm delivery ( < 37 weeks gestation). Five percent were born preterm. The median gestational period was 40 weeks. Higher levels of ozone during the first trimester were associated with shorter gestation as well as with an elevated risk of preterm delivery, the odds ratio from the most complex model was 1.06 (95% CI: 1.00–1.13) per 10 μg/m3 increase in the mean daily 8-h maximum concentration. Higher levels of ozone during the second trimester were associated with shorter gestation but the elevated risk of preterm delivery was not statistically significant. Higher levels of ozone and NO2 during the last week of gestation were associated with a shorter duration of gestation and NO2 also with preterm delivery. There were no significant associations between first and second trimester NO2 exposure estimates and studied outcomes. The effect of first trimester ozone exposure, known to cause oxidative stress, was smallest among women who conceived during autumn when vitamin D status, important for fetal health, in Scandinavian women is the highest.
Bioactive Hydroperoxyl Cembranoids from the Red Sea Soft Coral Sarcophyton glaucum
Authors: Hegazy Mohamed-Elamir F. , Eldeen Amira M. Gamal , Shahat Abdelaaty A. , Abdel-Latif Fathy F. , Mohamed Tarik A. , Whittlesey Bruce R. , Paré Paul W.
Published: January 2012

A chemical investigation of an ethyl acetate extract of the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucum has led to the isolation of two peroxide diterpenes, 11(S) hydroperoxylsarcoph-12(20)-ene (1), and 12(S)-hydroperoxylsarcoph-10-ene (2), as well as 8-epi-sarcophinone (3). In addition to these three new compounds, two known structures were identified including: ent-sarcophine (4) and sarcophine (5). Structures were elucidated by spectroscopic analysis, with the relative configuration of 1 and 2 confirmed by X-ray diffraction. Isolated compounds were found to be inhibitors of cytochrome P450 1A activity as well as inducers of glutathione S-transferases (GST), quinone reductase (QR), and epoxide hydrolase (mEH) establishing chemo-preventive and tumor anti-initiating activity for these characterized metabolites.
Synthesis, Structure and Antifungal Activity of New 3-[(5-Aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methyl]benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-ones
Authors: Weng Jian-Quan , Liu Xing-Hai , Huang Hua , Tan Cheng-Xia , Chen Jie
Published: January 2012

A series of new 3-[(5-aryl-1,3,4-oxadiazol-2-yl)methy])benzo[d]thiazol-2(3H)-ones were synthesized by reaction of (5-substituted-2-oxobenzothiazolin-3-yl)-acetohydrazide with various aromatic acids in POCl3 under reflux conditions. The structures of the title compounds were confirmed by 1H-NMR, 13C-NMR, IR, MS and elemental analysis. Furthermore, the structure of compound 4i was determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. The preliminary bioassy results indicated that some of them showed moderate inhibition activity against Colletotrichum orbiculare, Botrytis cinerea and Rhizoctonia solani.
Post-Synapse Model Cell for Synaptic Glutamate Receptor (GluR)-Based Biosensing: Strategy and Engineering to Maximize Ligand-Gated Ion-Flux Achieving High Signal-to-Noise Ratio
Authors: Tateishi Akito , Coleman Sarah K. , Migita Satoshi , Keinänen Kari , Haruyama Tetsuya
Published: January 2012

Cell-based biosensing is a “smart” way to obtain efficacy-information on the effect of applied chemical on cellular biological cascade. We have proposed an engineered post-synapse model cell-based biosensors to investigate the effects of chemicals on ionotropic glutamate receptor (GluR), which is a focus of attention as a molecular target for clinical neural drug discovery. The engineered model cell has several advantages over native cells, including improved ease of handling and better reproducibility in the application of cell-based biosensors. However, in general, cell-based biosensors often have low signal-to-noise (S/N) ratios due to the low level of cellular responses. In order to obtain a higher S/N ratio in model cells, we have attempted to design a tactic model cell with elevated cellular response. We have revealed that the increase GluR expression level is not directly connected to the amplification of cellular responses because the saturation of surface expression of GluR, leading to a limit on the total ion influx. Furthermore, coexpression of GluR with a voltage-gated potassium channel increased Ca2+ ion influx beyond levels obtained with saturating amounts of GluR alone. The construction of model cells based on strategy of amplifying ion flux per individual receptors can be used to perform smart cell-based biosensing with an improved S/N ratio.
Molecular and Cellular Aspects of Rhabdovirus Entry
Authors: Albertini Aurélie A. V. , Baquero Eduard , Ferlin Anna , Gaudin Yves
Published: January 2012

Rhabdoviruses enter the cell via the endocytic pathway and subsequently fuse with a cellular membrane within the acidic environment of the endosome. Both receptor recognition and membrane fusion are mediated by a single transmembrane viral glycoprotein (G). Fusion is triggered via a low-pH induced structural rearrangement. G is an atypical fusion protein as there is a pH-dependent equilibrium between its pre- and post-fusion conformations. The elucidation of the atomic structures of these two conformations for the vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) G has revealed that it is different from the previously characterized class I and class II fusion proteins. In this review, the pre- and post-fusion VSV G structures are presented in detail demonstrating that G combines the features of the class I and class II fusion proteins. In addition to these similarities, these G structures also reveal some particularities that expand our understanding of the working of fusion machineries. Combined with data from recent studies that revealed the cellular aspects of the initial stages of rhabdovirus infection, all these data give an integrated view of the entry pathway of rhabdoviruses into their host cell.
Home Stay: A Rural Tourism Entrepreneurship Business
Authors: Zamani-Farahani Hamira
Published: January 2012

This article addresses the concept and characteristics of home stay programs as a new rural tourism product. Home stay is a combination of rural tourism, agro-farm tourism, cultural tourism, and recreation activity operated under minimal funding by small entrepreneurs from villages,
by assistance of the government in Malaysia. This study presents an overview on the development, procedures, operation, evaluation, and limitations of the home stay program as a rural tourism entrepreneurship business. Implications of the results of this study and suggestions are also discussed.
The Relationships of Social Capital to Downtown and Retailer Performance: Do Tourist Towns Differ from Nontourist Towns?
Authors: Droge Cornelia , Huddleston Patricia , Runyan Rodney C.
Published: January 2012

“A hundred friends are worth more than a hundred rubles” (Russian proverb). This research focuses on small retail businesses in nonurban, downtown areas of tourist destinations. These retailers, as well as the downtown in which they are located, have access to two intangible resources: local (social) capital between retailers and consumers and social network ties among retailers. Social capital and social network theory provide a theoretical foundation. The research first assesses the direct effects of these two independent constructs on downtown versus small retailer performance. Second, the authors argue that downtown performance impacts small retailer performance, making downtown performance a partial mediator. The impact of local capital and social ties on small retailer performance is thus hypothesized to be both direct and indirect, through downtown performance; this enables effects decomposition. Third, the authors explore whether the hypothesized relationships hold equally in tourist versus nontourist towns: are the strengths of the betas (i.e., the slopes) the same, given that tourist towns are more likely to be marketed? the results show that social ties impact downtown performance, which in turn impacts firm performance, but the strengths of paths are not the same across tourist versus nontourist towns. Implications for tourism professionals are offered.
Examining the Role of Entrepreneurial Experience and Entrepreneurial Self-Efficacy on SMTE Performance
Authors: Hallak Rob , Lindsay Noel J. , Brown Graham
Published: January 2012

This research examines how entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) of tourism entrepreneurs affect the performance of small and medium tourism enterprises (SMTEs). The conceptual structural model reflecting these interrelationships is examined in terms of
data collected from 298 SMTE entrepreneurs in regional South Australia. Contrary to the findings of studies conducted in nontourism contexts, entrepreneurial experience was not related to ESE nor to enterprise performance. How long one has been in a tourism enterprise or how many enterprises
an individual has owned is not a good predictor of whether that entrepreneur will be able to develop a high performing SMTE that contributes toward economic wealth and job creation in the community. Entrepreneurial self-efficacy, rather than entrepreneurial experience, is a significant predictor
of enterprise performance among SMTEs. This raises a number of questions. If experience gained through operating an SMTE does not contribute toward entrepreneurial confidence or entrepreneurial performance, what does? Are tourism entrepreneurs so different from entrepreneurs found in other
industries that theories require modification when applied in tourism? The findings suggest that destination managers and policy makers need to understand the importance of entrepreneurial self-efficacy if they wish to enhance performance within the industry.
Community-Based Tourism Planning: An Application of the APPA Approach to Ansted, West Virginia
Authors: Deng Jinyang , Arbogast Douglas , Selin Steve
Published: January 2012

Rural communities throughout the world have been struggling with developing effective ways to improve their quality of life while without losing their rural atmosphere. Community-based tourism planning has been regarded as an effective means of achieving this dual goal. This article
applied the Appreciative Participatory Planning and Action (APPA) approach to a rural community town of Ansted in West Virginia, USA, whereas the tourism assets, tourism development priorities and challenges, and tourism products/markets were identified for the town. In addition, residents'
attitudes toward tourism development in the town were also examined. The results indicate that local residents' attitudes were highly positive and homogeneous. The majority did not believe that issues from increased tourism would be a problem for the community. Rather, they were more disposed
toward tourism development for local economic development and benefits. The article concludes that tourism planning for the town cannot be conducted and implemented independent of regional planning and development that involve other factors or economic activities such as coal mining in this
study. In addition, community-based tourism planning cannot be separated from community planning as a whole and should be integrated into other aspects of community development programs.
La perception de la RSE par les clients : quels enjeux pour la « stakeholder marketing theory »?
Authors: Binninger Anne-Sophie , Robert Isabelle
Published: January 2012

Résumé Alors que les pratiques managériales de la responsabilité sociale des entreprises (RSE) s’institutionnalisent et se généralisent, le consommateur est aujourd’hui la cible de nombreuses actions RSE. L’objet de notre article est de mieux appréhender la perception de la RSE par les consommateurs dans une perspective globale et un contexte de crise. Les résultats de cette étude conduisent à proposer des pistes de réflexion sur les nouveaux enjeux qui s’offrent à la fonction marketing, nous inscrivant dans le courant de la « stakeholder marketing theory ».
Changement et institutionnalisation des systèmes de contrôle de gestion : proposition d'un cadre d'analyse institutionnel enrichi
Authors: Boitier Marie , Rivière Anne
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article élabore un cadre d’analyse des systèmes de contrôle de gestion (SCG), fondé sur une théorie néo-institutionnelle (TNI) enrichie par un rapprochement avec des théories complémentaires. Ce cadre permet de mettre en évidence la manière dont les SCG constituent à la fois des vecteurs et des objets d’institutionnalisation, inscrits dans des processus dynamiques de structuration récursifs multi-niveaux. Il nuance également le déterminisme institutionnel en soulignant la capacité de « l’acteur désencastré » à jouer sur la diversité des formes de rationalités, à se positionner par rapport aux discours structurant les SCG et à tirer parti de son pouvoir au sein d’un champ institutionnel.
Quelle structure pour optimiser les relations universités – entreprises ?
Authors: Côme Thierry
Published: January 2012

Résumé L’insertion professionnelle est une nouvelle mission des universités. La maîtrise des compétences est un facteur clef de succès. Réussir ces objectifs implique des relations suivies, ce qui débouche sur la mise en place de nombreuses formes institutionnelles, d’origine et de fonctionnement variés. En comprendre la structuration permet de mieux en apprécier l’efficacité.
L'enseignement supérieur et la recherche dans la problématique du développement du Togo : une orientation vers la gestion entrepreneuriale
Authors: Chitou Ibrahim
Published: January 2012

Résumé Sous les effets conjugués de la pression démographique, des insuffisances en infrastructures pédagogiques et en ressources, l’Université togolaise subit une nette dégradation depuis 1998. La tendancielle défaillance de l’Etat, met en évidence les limites du modèle économique de l’enseignement supérieur de masse. Sa reconfiguration s’impose et s’inscrit dans une vision renouvelée du développement, portée par la culture de gestion entrepreneuriale.
Le rôle des commerciaux dans le développement de la performance organisationnelle : le cas des CFC dans les établissements d'enseignement public
Authors: Estellat Nathalie , Leroux Erick
Published: January 2012

Résumé Les CFC ou les conseillers en formation continue exercent au sein de leur académie et plus précisément au sein de leur GRETA, diverses missions dont la commercialisation de formations. Jusqu’à présent ce rôle de commercial ne semble pas réellement pris en compte alors que le succès de leur vente de formations impacte sur la performance commerciale de leur établissement d’enseignement, et que celui-ci associé à d’autres missions de gestion qu’on lui assigne, influe également sur la performance organisationnelle.
Capital social et usage des technologies de l'information et de la communication (TIC) : une analyse par les réseaux sociaux
Authors: Cucchi Alain , Fuhrer Chantal
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article traite des liens entre le capital social dans le réseau de travail et l’usage des TIC. Il s’agit d’une recherche qui a pour objectif d’apporter des éléments de réponse sur les différents contextes d’usage des principaux médias de communication actuels et de montrer dans quelle mesure ils sont conditionnés par le capital social d’un individu dans un réseau de travail. Nous faisons l’hypothèse que les usages des différents outils de communication sont conditionnés par le capital social des individus. Pour traiter cette problématique, des données provenant de l’analyse des réseaux sociaux sont utilisées. Une étude exploratoire sur un groupe de 199 étudiants est menée. Les médias étudiés sont la messagerie, le téléphone, Skype et Facebook. Les résultats en cours sont présentés et analysés, avant de conclure sur des perspectives de recherches futures.
Les mutations du métier de pharmacien titulaire : le cas d'officines de centre commercial
Authors: Reyes Grégory
Published: January 2012

Résumé L’officine française est en plein bouleversement. Le secteur d’activité subit d’importantes mutations avec des conséquences négatives sur la rentabilité des officines. Dans un tel contexte certaines officines réagissent en tentant d’optimiser leur organisation et en développant des techniques de management officinal. Cela se traduit par des évolutions notables du métier de pharmacien titulaire d’officine. Ce travail propose une analyse sur ce métier en mobilisant les trois sens du concept : le métier individuel, le métier entreprise et le métier sectoriel. L’étude porte plus particulièrement sur les officines de centres commerciaux très sensibles aux évolutions actuelles du secteur. Les résultats mettent en lumière de nouvelles compétences sur lesquelles le pharmacien semble s’appuyer pour faire face aux évolutions du secteur.
Les écosystèmes d'affaires : une nouvelle forme d'organisation en réseau ?
Authors: Daidj Nabyla
Published: January 2012

Résumé L’objectif de cet article est de clarifier théoriquement le concept d’écosystème d’affaires. Il est fondé sur une réflexion sur les formes d’organisation en réseau localisées et plus généralement sur les réseaux inter-organisationnels. Nous analyserons l’évolution de ces différentes formes jusqu’à l’émergence des écosystèmes d’affaires dans les années 2000. Plusieurs modèles (district, cluster, réseau de valeur et écosystème d’affaire) sont présentés et comparés. Existe-t-il une convergence (ou des analogies) entre ces systèmes d’organisation ? Peut-on considérer l’écosystème d’affaires comme un réseau « original » avec des caractéristiques spécifiques ? Est-il réellement une « nouvelle » forme d’organisation ?
Impact de la politique d'octroi de crédits sur les comportements des emprunteurs : étude du cas de l'intermédiation microfinancière en Haïti
Authors: Paul Bénédique , Garrabé Michel , Daméus Alix
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cet article contribue aux débats actuels sur l’analyse de l’impact de la microfinance en mobilisant l’approche capital institutionnel pour expliquer les comportements socioéconomiques induits par les organisations de microfinance. Les résultats de l’étude empirique montrent que les OMF haïtiennes influencent les comportements de consommation, d’épargne et donc de remboursement des bénéficiaires.
Microcrédit et lutte contre la pauvreté en milieu rural malgache : une analyse par les capabilités
Authors: Randriamanampisoa Holimalala
Published: January 2012

Résumé Cette contribution examine le lien entre le microcrédit et la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. Nous modélisons cette relation à partir de l’approche des capabilités de Sen. A partir des données de l’étude d’impact Cecam à Madagascar, la régression économétrique analyse le lien entre le microcrédit et la pauvreté multidimensionnelle. Ainsi, la principale variable d’intérêt montant du microcrédit indique une réduction de la probabilité d’être pauvre. Certaines variables de contrôle telles que le nombre d’année d’adhésion, le genre du chef de ménage et les chocs de production améliorent les capabilités des ménages tandis que d’autres variables de contrôle telles que le niveau d’instruction du chef de ménage et les dépenses liées aux chocs de la vie familiale affaiblissent les capabilités des ménages ruraux dans les hautes terres malgaches.
Victor Segalen et les explorateurs du Tibet : le « pays au-delà » et la crise du paysage
Authors: Thévoz Samuel
Published: January 2012

Quoiqu’il en ait longé la frontière par deux fois à l’occasion de ses voyages en Chine et ait caressé le projet d’une exploration, Victor Segalen n’a jamais pénétré au Tibet. Toutefois, dans Équipée et Thibet , le paysage tibétain, à une période où voyage et paysage ne vont plus de soi, devient une figure obsédante de son œuvre et s’intègre dans son « esthétique du Divers ». Quel est, dès lors, ce paradoxal « Pays Autre à connaître » qu’il donne à lire ? Le présent article propose d’éclairer cette question en montrant comment les récits des explorateurs au Tibet non seulement innervent son œuvre « tibétaine », mais encore nourrissent son regard critique sur le voyage et sa réflexion philosophique sur le paysage. Tirant parti de cette enquête intertextuelle où est portée au jour la réappropriation de représentations et de savoirs inédits, l’article interroge plus largement l’originalité et la valeur interculturelles du Tibet de Segalen et son inscription dans l’espace littéraire francophone.
Vocación y andanzas caribeñas de Antonio López de Santa Anna
Authors: Flores Hernández Benjamín , González Esparza Mauricio
Published: January 2012

El presente texto analiza la figura del célebre militar y hombre público mexicano Antonio López de Santa Anna en su faceta caribeña, teniendo como guía los periodos en los que el caudillo mantuvo un contacto directo con la región: desde su nacimiento, a través de sus andanzas militares y de sus diversos intentos por incidir en la política de la zona, y hasta sus emblemáticos exilios. Con esta perspectiva se aportan datos para una más cabal interpretación del significado del personaje, al relacionarlo con la historia de la zona.
Buenos Aires en tiempos de Revolución. Centralización y confederación americana
Authors: Herrero Fabián
Published: January 2012

El federalismo es un componente esencial en la política de Buenos Aires después de 1820. Sin embargo, en la primera década domina la política centralista. Este trabajo estudia el concepto de confederación americana y matiza la idea histórica que habla del dominio exclusivo de los políticos centralistas. La hipótesis es que existen importantes grupos federales desde 1810 que cuestionan su poder.
Introducción a la artillería de torsión
Authors: Iriarte Kortazar Aitor
Published: January 2012

La artillería de torsión grecorromana es un campo tan apasionante como poco estudiado en la bibliografía española. Del siglo IV a.C. al VI d.C., la evolución de este tipo de armamento —diseñado para lanzar dardos o piedras— está jalonada de hallazgos técnicos que la sitúan en la vanguardia de la ingeniería Clásica. Este artículo no pretende más que ayudar a quienes están interesados en el tema a familiarizarse con las nociones más básicas y suministrar, a quienes quieran profundizar más en él, la bibliografía más completa que me ha sido posible reunir.
Uso del arco en las cohortes pretorianas
Authors: Ceñal Martínez Héctor
Published: January 2012

A lo largo de este artículo hemos realizado una aproximación al uso de un arma que normalmente no se asocia con los soldados de la guardia pretoriana, mostrando así cómo los nuevos tiempos obligaron a estos soldados a adaptarse. Para ello hemos recurrido tanto a las fuentes clásicas como a la epigrafía. Así podemos aseverar sin duda el empleo de esta arma en el pretorio durante el siglo III d. C., como consecuencia de los nuevos modos de combate ante enemigos nuevos y viejos.
Szczerbiec (la espada mellada) – la espada de coronación de los reyes de Polonia
Authors: Biborski Marcin , Stępiński Janusz , Żabiński Grzegorz
Published: January 2012

Este trabajo presenta los últimos resultados de la investigación sobre la Szczerbiec – la espada de coronación polaca. El examen tecnológico revela que la espada se fabricó a partir de hierro forjado acerado con un contenido de carbono del 0.3-0.6%. La espada recibió tratamiento térmico (templado y revenido) en la hoja por debajo del puño. El examen radiográfico no revela pattern welding o una estructura compuesta. Todo ello demuestra la autenticidad de la espada como una genuina arma medieval y no como una réplica del s. XIX (según se ha propuesto en ocasiones). El pomo y la guarda son de plata cubierta con placas de oro nielado.
La combinación de análisis tipológico, estilístico y epigráfico sugiere una fecha de c. 1250 d.C. para la espada. La rica decoración y las inscripciones del puño metálico, así como las inscripciones, sugieren que la espada puede haber sido influida por armas de la esfera cultural mediterránea, y especialmente de la Península Ibérica. Las espadas de Sancho IV de Castilla y León, de Santa Casilda, de Federico II Hohenstaufen, de los Condes de Dreux, y una espada del MAN de Madrid parecen paralelos especialmente relevantes. Es significativa la inscripción Hebrea-Latina en la guarda, que entronca con una tradición de voces magicae de origen hebreo. El primer dueño de la espada fue probablemente Bolesław Pobożny (el Piadoso), Duque de Polonia (fallecido en 1279). Fue para él su hacia el 1293) por el Duque Vladislao Łokietek, futuro rey de Polonia. Fue probablemente el Duque Vladislao quien por primera vez empleó la espada como insignia en la coronación.
Estudios sobre espadas de época vikinga: metalografías y arqueología
Authors: Elisabeth Astrup Eva , Martens Irmelin
Published: January 2012

Este trabajo es un comentario sobre la investigación de Alan Williams ‘A Metallurgical Study of some Viking Swords` publicado en Gladius XXIX. El artículo de Williams incluye un estudio arqueometalúrgico de 44 espadas de época vikinga, todas ellas con la inscripción ULFBERHT. Estas investigaciones, realizadas por un arqueometalúrgico altamente cualificado, son esenciales en arqueología. Sin embargo, esta en concreto presenta algunas serias limitaciones. Para poder proporcionar una buena descripción de la calidad de la hoja de una espada, son necesarias muestras de al menos la sección desde el filo y hasta la parte central de la hoja. Este no es el caso de la mayoría de las muestras de Williams, quien proporciona insuficiente información sobre su toma de muestras. Otros puntos débiles son su clasificación en grupos y su interpretación del área de producción para las hojas que contienen un acero con elevado contenido de carbono.
La gestión del utillaje de piedra tallada en el Paleolítico Medio de Galicia. El nivel 3 de Cova Eirós (Triacastela, Lugo)
Authors: Lazuén Talía , Fábregas Ramón , Lombera Arturo , Rodríguez Xose Pedro
Published: January 2012

El nivel 3 de Cova Eirós constituye, por el momento, el único depósito del Paleolítico Medio en estratigrafía de Galicia. Cuenta con una datación absoluta que lo sitúa en la segunda mitad del Estadio Isotópico 5.
El conjunto lítico del yacimiento ha sido estudiado desde una perspectiva que combina el análisis de la producción, la gestión y el uso del utillaje. La producción se aborda básicamente a partir de lecturas tecnológicas y el uso se deduce de observaciones microscópicas, ambas basadas en referenciales experimentales.
Los análisis realizados revelan un sistema complejo de gestión de las materias primas (cuarzo y cuarcita), la coexistencia de sistemas de talla variados y el desarrollo de procesos de trabajo sobre madera y piel. Se documenta también el uso de elementos de proyectil fabricados sobre puntas Levallois. La asociación de este conjunto de tareas sugiere que el yacimiento conoce asentamientos con cierto grado de estabilidad residencial.
El conjunto de comportamientos técnicos reconocidos, algunos de ellos realmente complejos, y la fuerte estructuración espacial en la gestión de los recursos suponen una prueba palpable de las capacidades organizativas y cognitivas de estas poblaciones neandertales.
Convenciones gráficas en el arte parietal del Paleolítico cantábrico: la perspectiva de las figuras zoomorfas
Authors: Ruiz Redondo Aitor
Published: January 2012

La cuestión de la perspectiva mostrada por las representaciones animales paleolíticas ha interesado a los investigadores desde principios del siglo XX. Tradicionalmente ha servido para argumentar un fenómeno de evolución lineal hacia la consecución de la maestría en la representación gráfica. En las últimas décadas, este modelo evolucionista ha entrado en crisis, poniendo en duda lo anteriormente conocido en materia de perspectiva. Para afrontar esta cuestión, hemos analizado de forma cuantitativa, positiva e individualizada algunas características de las figuras zoomorfas de 11 conjuntos gráficos parietales. Los resultados obtenidos abogan por la existencia de distintos grupos de conjuntos rupestres paleolíticos en el ámbito cantábrico. Además, proponemos que las diferencias entre los comportamientos gráficos de estos grupos están directamente relacionados con la existencia de un marco cronológico distinto para cada uno de ellos.
La noción de aprendizaje en el arte mobiliar del Magdaleniense Medio cántabro-pirenaico: la contribución del análisis microscópico
Authors: Rivero Vilá Olivia
Published: January 2012

[es] El presente trabajo sintetiza los resultados obtenidos del análisis microscópico de 108 piezas grabadas procedentes de los niveles fechados en el Magdaleniense Medio de los yacimientos de Las Caldas (Asturias, España), La Garma Galería Inferior (Cantabria, España) e Isturitz (Pirineos Atlánticos, Francia). El análisis efectuado, mediante lupa binocular y Microscopio Electrónico de Barrido, ha estado destinado a la reconstrucción de los procesos técnicos de ejecución de los motivos y nos ha permitido constatar una cierta uniformidad en las cadenas gestuales de realización de las figuras en los sitios estudiados, así como diversos grados de experiencia en los autores de las representaciones artísticas. Ambas constataciones nos permiten profundizar en la cuestión del aprendizaje y la transmisión del conocimiento en el seno de las sociedades magdalenienses.

[fr] La notion de l’apprentissage dans l’art mobilier du Magdalénien moyen cantabropyrénéen: la contribution des analyses microscopiques.

Ce travail présente une synthèse des données obtenus de l’analyse microscopique d’un ensemble de 108 pièces gravées provenant des niveaux datés au Magdalénien Moyen des gisements de Las Caldas (Asturies, Espagne), La Garma Galerie Inférieure (Cantabres, Espagne) et Isturitz (Pyrénées-Atlantiques, France). L’analyse réalisée, développée dans le but de reconstruire les processus techniques de réalisation des motifs gravés, nous a permis de mettre en évidence l’existence d’une certaine uniformité dans les chaînes gestuelles de réalisation des figures dans les différents gisements étudiés, ainsi qu’une diversité dans le degré d’expérience des auteurs des oeuvres artistiques. Ces constatations nous permettent de réfléchir sur la question de l’apprentissage et de la transmission du savoir au sein des sociétés magdaléniennes.
Addressing and Leading Change
Authors: Farmer Lesley
Published: January 2012

Change occurs at several levels within any system: the individual, a group, and the system as a whole. At each level, internal or external factors can drive change (although internal factors are usually responses to outside factors). Change can be viewed in terms of the changer and the entity being changed. The theories of change can be approached in several ways: change theory (defining change), change in terms of the process itself (what occurs), levels of change (noting group dynamics), and change agency (catalyst for change). Technology adds another dimension to the change process since it explicitly entails technical skill and the affective domain.
Leadership in Higher Education in Adopting a Telecommuting Program
Authors: Snodgrass P. J. , Brewer Ernest W.
Published: January 2012

This chapter explored the perceived motivators and constraints that influence adoption of a telecommuting program at higher education institutions. Participants were 102 members of the College and University Professional Association for Human Resources (CUPA-HR) from 11 southern states. Sixty-four participants completed a 4-part survey via the World Wide Web; 38 participants completed the survey by mail. Both adopters and non-adopters of telecommuting programs identified that the primary motivator for adopting a telecommuting program was improvement of overall benefits to employees. Whereas adopters reported that cost of implementation was the primary constraint to adopting a telecommuting program, non-adopters reported a variety of other factors as the primary constraint. Results of this study have implications for implementation of and research on telecommuting programs in higher education.
Assessing Market Compliance of IT Security Solutions
Authors: Roßnagel Heiko , Zibuschka Jan
Published: January 2012

In this chapter, the authors discuss the diffusion of IT security solutions. The authors base their research on Roger’s diffusion of innovations theory, and derive a model for holistic ex-ante analysis of the market potential of such systems based on generic factors influencing the diffusion of security solutions. After giving an overview of the relevant aspects of diffusion of innovations theory, and presenting the approach to use it as a structuring tool in ex-ante analysis, the authors present case study analyses for three IT security solutions, demonstrating the applicability of the method, and the alignment of results produced by the method with actual market results.
Identity Assurance in Open Networks
Authors: Thomas Ivonne , Meinel Christoph
Published: January 2012

Identity assurance is the degree of confidence another party, such as a service provider, can have in the belief that identity in the digital world actually matches with “real-life” identity. In open networks, establishing this confidence is not an easy task as participants are often located in different trust domains. Moreover, with the spread of open identity management systems, identity information is often held by designated identity provisioning services, so called identity providers. If another party shall be enabled to rely on received information, it ought to know how much confidence it can put into the assertions of the sender. In the intent to create a global standard, governments, commercial organizations, and academia alike have published common guidelines for identity assurance as part of so-called identity assurance frameworks. This chapter provides a state-of-the-art overview of identity assurance frameworks and describes them along important trust factors of identity providers. Furthermore, limitations of identity assurance frameworks are identified and highlighted as potential fields for further research. As an outlook to future developments, a small case study is presented that introduces trust levels for attributes in order to enable a service provider to distinguish between different qualities of trust, thus providing more flexibility in the way identity assurance is achieved in open networks.
Safeguarding Australia from Cyber-Terrorism
Authors: Beggs Christopher , Warren Matthew
Published: January 2012

Terrorist groups are currently using information and communication technologies (ICTs) to orchestrate their conventional attacks. More recently, terrorists have been developing a new form of capability within the cyber-arena to coordinate cyber-based attacks. This chapter identifies that cyber-terrorism capabilities are an integral, imperative, yet under-researched component in establishing, and enhancing cyber-terrorism risk assessment models for SCADA systems. This chapter examines a cyber-terrorism SCADA risk framework that has been adopted and validated by SCADA industry practitioners. The chapter proposes a high level managerial framework, which is designed to measure and protect SCADA systems from the threat of cyber-terrorism within Australia. The findings and results of an industry focus group are presented in support of the developed framework for SCADA industry acceptance.
Slow Computing
Authors: Knight Terry
Published: January 2012

This chapter describes the teaching of shape grammars within an architectural design program. Developed over thirty years ago, shape grammars remain today a distinctive computational paradigm – a slow paradigm – for generative design. Shape grammars are visual and perceptual and, at root, non-digital. They are expressive and interpretive, as well as creative and generative. They foster unhurried, reflective design computing. To promote these unique computational features, shape grammars are taught using a manual approach in a collaborative, learning-by-making environment. An overview of the teaching of shape grammars at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology is given here. The potentials and challenges for slow computing versus fast computing by machine, in teaching and in design practice, are considered.