bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Community‐based cross‐sectional study: The association of lipids with hepatitis C seropositivity and diabetes mellitus
Authors: Liu Ju‐Ling , Chen Jing‐Yi , Chen Chao‐Tung , Wang Jing‐Houng , Lin Chih‐Yun , Chen Pao‐Fei , Hung Chao‐Hung , Kee Kwong‐Ming , Lee Chuan‐Mo , Tsai Lin‐San , Chen Shu‐Chuan , Lin Sheng‐Che , Lu Sheng‐Nan
Published: June 2012

Background and Aims:  Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is reported to be associated with or to cause type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Our study aimed to elucidate the role of triglyceride (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) levels in the association between anti‐HCV seropositivity and T2DM in an HCV‐endemic area.

Methods:  We analyzed a computerized dataset of 56 338 residents from a community‐based comprehensive screening program in Tainan County in southern Taiwan. Fasting glucose, anti‐HCV status, hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) status, platelet counts, TG levels, CHOL levels, age, gender, and body mass index were included in the analyses. Multivariate logistic analysis was used to identify factors independently associated with T2DM.

Results:  Older age, being overweight, thrombocytopenia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, anti‐HCV seropositivity, and HBsAg seronegativity were common factors independently associated with diabetes. Among all models of multiple logistic regression analysis used for identifying factors independently associated with T2DM, anti‐HCV seropositivity was only identified in the models that included either hypertriglyceridemia or hypercholesterolemia. When subjects were divided into hyperlipidemia (CHOL, > 200 or TG, > 150 mg/dL; n = 33 393) or non‐hyperlipidemia subgroups (CHOL, < 200 and TG, < 150 mg/dL; n = 22 945), anti‐HCV seropositivity was identified as an independent factor only in the non‐hyperlipidemia subgroup. The odds ratio was 1.35, with a 95% confidence interval of 1.17–1.55.

Conclusions:  This study demonstrates that the lipid level is associated with the relationship between T2DM and anti‐HCV seropositivity in non‐hyperlipidemic individuals. However, the relationship between HCV and T2DM did not exist when the lipid level was not included in the analysis.
Functional role of peroxisome‐proliferator‐activated receptor γ in hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Wu Chung‐Wah , Farrell Geoffery C , Yu Jun
Published: June 2012

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the fifth most common cancer worldwide. Major risk factors of HCC include infection with hepatitis B or C viruses, alcohol and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. HCC is difficult to diagnose at early stage, and has a very poor survival rate when diagnosed at a late stage. The majority of HCC‐related deaths result from local invasion (to cause liver failure) or distant metastases. There is an urgent need to identify effective molecular targets for the treatment of the disease. As the target of an established class of therapeutic agent thiazolidinediones (TZDs), peroxisome‐proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARγ) has been widely studied for its role in the development of HCC. A substantial body of evidence based on in vitro and in vivo models indicates that the activation of PPARγ is able to inhibit HCC cell proliferation and tumor growth through inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis via the regulation of a panel of downstream effector molecules. PPARγ activation also induces an inhibitory effect on HCC metastasis. Meanwhile, there is new evidence suggesting that PPARγ inhibition could also be anti‐tumorigenic. In the present review, we summarize the available information on the role of PPARγ in HCC development and spread, and discuss whether PPARγ activation by TZDs could play a role in the treatment of HCC, summarizing both in vitro and in vivo. Considering the available data, PPARγ seems to exert beneficial effects against HCC and may therefore represent as a therapeutic target.
Peginterferon alpha‐2a and ribavirin in patients with hepatitis C virus genotype 1 infection with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase levels
Authors: Calleja José‐Luis , García‐Samaniego Javier , Ruiz‐Antorán Belén , Trapero María , Morillas Rosa , de la Revilla Juan , Erdozaín José Carlos , Espinosa María‐Dolores , Suárez Dolores , Solá Ricard , Romero‐Gómez Manuel , Baños Fernando , Álvarez Marco‐Antonio ,   for the Management of HCV Infection and Normal Transaminases Spanish Study Group
Published: June 2012

Background and Aim:  To evaluate the efficacy and safety of peginterferon α‐2a plus ribavirin at standard doses in patients with hepatitis C virus (HVC) genotype 1 infection with persistently normal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels.

Methods:  Patients aged 18 to 65 years were included in this observational, prospective study if they had evidence of a HCV genotype 1 infection. The serum HCV RNA concentration was determined at baseline and week 12. A qualitative HCV RNA test was performed at baseline and at weeks 48 and 72. Liver function tests were performed at each study visit. The primary efficacy measure was the sustained virological response in the intention‐to‐treat population. Logistic regression analyses were also performed to explore predictors of virological response.

Results:  A sustained virological response was observed in 100 of the 175 patients (57%). An early virological response and end‐of‐treatment response were seen in 159 patients (91%) and 133 patients (76%), respectively. Thirty‐seven of the 122 evaluable patients for this outcome (30%) showed a rapid virological response. A higher viral load was a significant predictor for a lack of rapid virological response and lack of sustained virological response. There were not any unexpected safety or tolerability findings.

Conclusions:  Our study suggests that the efficacy of the combination of peginterferon α‐2a and ribavirin in patients with HCV genotype 1 infection and normal ALT levels is at least similar to that reported in patients with elevated ALT levels.
Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score for the detection of minimal hepatic encephalopathy in Korean patients with liver cirrhosis
Authors: Seo Yeon Seok , Yim Sun Young , Jung Jin Yong , Kim Chang Ha , Kim Jin Dong , Keum Bora , An Hyonggin , Yim Hyung Joon , Lee Hong Sik , Kim Chang Duck , Ryu Ho Sang , Um Soon Ho
Published: June 2012

Background and Aim:  Although the Psychometric Hepatic Encephalopathy Score (PHES) for the diagnosis of minimal hepatic encephalopathy (MHE) has been validated in several countries, further validation is required for its use in different populations. The aims of this study were thus to standardize the PHES in a healthy Korean population and evaluate the prevalence of MHE among Korean patients with liver cirrhosis.

Methods:  Two‐hundred healthy subjects without evidence of liver disease and 160 patients with liver cirrhosis without overt HE were included. Blood sampling for routine laboratory tests and determination of venous ammonia concentration was performed on the day of PHES neuropsychological testing.

Results:  The age and education years of the control group were 41 ± 13 years and 13 ± 3 years, respectively; 100 of the subjects (50.0%) were men. The PHES for the control group was −0.31 ± 2.06 and the normal range was thus set at > −5 points. The age and education years of the liver cirrhosis group were 55 ± 8 and 11 ± 4 years, respectively; 102 of those in this group (63.8%) were men. Of the liver cirrhosis patients, 129 (80.6%), 21 (13.1%), and 10 (6.3%) had Child–Pugh grades A, B, and C, respectively. The PHES of the liver cirrhosis group was −2.94 ± 3.39. MHE was diagnosed in 41 patients (25.6%), of which 26 (20.2%), nine (42.9%), and six (60.0%) had Child–Pugh grades A, B, and C, respectively.

Conclusions:  The PHES was useful for detecting patients with MHE. A significant proportion of Korean patients with liver cirrhosis suffer from MHE.
Factors associated with antipsychotic medication adherence in community‐based patients with schizophrenia in Hong Kong: A cross sectional study
Authors: Bressington Dan , Mui Jolene , Gray Richard
Published: June 2012

The purpose of the present study was to examine the factors affecting adherence to antipsychotic medication in patients with schizophrenia registered with a community psychiatric nursing service in Hong Kong. The study was a cross‐sectional observational survey; symptoms, drug attitudes, insight, side‐effects, and sociodemographic characteristics were measured and explored in terms of their relationship with medication adherence. A total of 584 patients who were visited by community psychiatric nurses (CPN) participated, and 30% of these patients were non‐adherent with their antipsychotic medication. Positive treatment attitudes, awareness of the need for treatment, being prescribed clozapine, receiving state benefits, lower levels of symptoms, and fewer side‐effects were associated with adherence. The findings from this study suggest that the clinical efforts of CPN to improve adherence should aim to help patients amplify the personal relevance of treatment and modify patients' attitudes towards medication.
Abnormal modulation of corticospinal excitability in adults with Asperger’s syndrome
Authors: Oberman Lindsay , Eldaief Mark , Fecteau Shirley , Ifert‐Miller Fritz , Tormos Jose Maria , Pascual‐Leone Alvaro
Published: June 2012

Most candidate genes and genetic abnormalities linked to autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are thought to play a role in developmental and experience‐dependent plasticity. As a possible index of plasticity, we assessed the modulation of motor corticospinal excitability in individuals with Asperger’s syndrome (AS) using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS). We measured the modulatory effects of theta‐burst stimulation (TBS) on motor evoked potentials (MEPs) induced by single‐pulse TMS in individuals with AS as compared with age‐, gender‐ and IQ‐matched neurotypical controls. The effect of TBS lasted significantly longer in the AS group. The duration of the TBS‐induced modulation alone enabled the reliable classification of a second study cohort of subjects as AS or neurotypical. The alteration in the modulation of corticospinal excitability in AS is thought to reflect aberrant mechanisms of plasticity, and might provide a valuable future diagnostic biomarker for the disease and ultimately offer a target for novel therapeutic interventions.
Fighting Corruption without the State: Civil Society Agency and the “Otokoto Saga”
Authors: ODOEMENE AKACHI
Published: June 2012

The violent outburst of Owerri's civil society in September 1996 arguably signaled a new order in the fighting of corruption – through self‐help efforts. This outburst was a demonstration of public discontent over the activities of a few rich citizens in that town who were believed to have been involved in varied corrupt practices in making “fast” wealth. It was also a vociferous indictment on the State and its agents for ineptitude in fighting corruption, and complicity in criminal acts. Drawing from both primary and secondary sources in social research, this study critically examines the chain of events preceding, and the dynamics of the developments surrounding the societal conflicts in Owerri, Nigeria, popularly dubbed “Otokoto Saga.” It analyzes the varied dimensions of the societal conflicts, the authentic roles of civil society agency in a “self‐help strategy” and the responses of the State (and its actors) to the inadvertent eruptions. It further shows how Owerri's civil society agency “forced” the state to take critical steps towards the restoration of sanity in the town. The paper argues that civil society's critical awareness of its own roles in maintaining a corrupt‐free society was instrumental to their violent reactions. It concludes that deep‐seated fear and frustration underlined the reactions of the civil society, while moral panic and outrage triggered such reactions.
“Anarchy all over Baščaršija”: Yugoslavia's new socialist culture and the New Primitives poetics of the local
Authors: Mišina Dalibor
Published: June 2012

The paper analyses Sarajevo's music movement of New Primitives and its “poetics of the local” as a struggle against the cultural hypocrisy of Yugoslavia's “new socialist culture” and its privileging of “external‐cosmopolitan” as apotheosis of cultured refinement and sophistication while denigrating “local‐parochial” as epitome of uncultured primitiveness. I argue that the movement's praxis is best understood as a call to reject externally‐imposed frames of reference as the basis for self‐understanding, and to embrace a socio‐cultural awareness that the only way to be in the world is to be authentically “primitive”– i.e. to exist as a distinct and autochthon socio‐cultural self.
Widening Participation in Higher Education: Analysis Using Linked Administrative Data
Authors: Chowdry Haroon , Crawford Claire , Dearden Lorraine , Goodman Alissa , Vignoles Anna
Published: June 2012

The paper makes use of newly linked administrative education data from England to understand better the determinants of participation in higher education (HE) among individuals from low socio-economic backgrounds. The data are unique in being able to follow the population of two cohorts of pupils in England—those who might have entered HE between 2004–2005 and 2006–2007—from age 11 to age 20 years. The findings suggest that, although large differences in HE participation rates and participation rates at high status universities by socio-economic background remain, these differences are substantially reduced once prior achievement is included. Moreover, these findings hold for both state and private school pupils. This result suggests that poor achievement in secondary schools is more important in explaining lower HE participation rates among pupils from low socio-economic backgrounds than barriers arising at the point of entry to HE. These findings are consistent with the need for earlier policy intervention to raise HE participation rates among pupils from low socio-economic backgrounds.
The Risky Reliance on Small Surrogate End Point Studies When Planning a Large Prevention Trial
Authors: Baker Stuart G. , Kramer Barnett S.
Published: June 2012

The definitive evaluation of treatment to prevent a chronic disease with low incidence in middle age, such as cancer or cardiovascular disease, requires a trial with a large sample size of perhaps 20000 or more. To help to decide whether to implement a large true end point trial, investigators first typically estimate the effect of treatment on a surrogate end point in a trial with a greatly reduced sample size of perhaps 200 subjects. If investigators reject the null hypothesis of no treatment effect in the surrogate end point trial they implicitly assume that they would probably correctly reject the null hypothesis of no treatment effect for the true end point. Surrogate end point trials are generally designed with adequate power to detect an effect of treatment on the surrogate end point. However, we show that a small surrogate end point trial is more likely than a large surrogate end point trial to give a misleading conclusion about the beneficial effect of treatment on the true end point, which can lead to a faulty (and costly) decision about implementing a large true end point prevention trial. If a small surrogate end point trial rejects the null hypothesis of no treatment effect, an intermediate-sized surrogate end point trial could be a useful next step in the decision-making process for launching a large true end point prevention trial.
The gender pay gap in the ICT labour market: comparative experiences from the UK and New Zealand
Authors: Belgorodskiy Alexander , Crump Barbara , Griffiths Marie , Logan Keri , Peter Raja , Richardson Helen
Published: June 2012

This paper addresses the issues surrounding gender pay gaps focusing on the Information Communication Technology (ICT) sector of the labour market. Reporting on research conducted in the UK and New Zealand (NZ) we adopted a mixed method approach using comparable qualitative and quantitative research techniques to investigate pay issues amongst women working in ICT in the UK and NZ. Our findings reveal commonalities of experience and some interesting differences. Unlike with the UK sample, for example, in NZ women working in ICT do not believe that their pay reflects their workload, skills and their position within their own organisation. Our study found that non‐transparent pay and reward systems and salary secrets exacerbate inequality and discrimination in the UK and NZ. The paper concludes by offering some policy directions to encourage a narrowing of the gender pay gap and reflects on the benefits of doing cross‐national research.
An Estimate of the Accuracy of Hedonic Real Estate Valuations Using the Orange County Bankruptcy
Authors: Evans Thomas A.
Published: June 2012

It has become standard practice to estimate the value of amenities, such as environmental cleanliness, local school quality and crime, using hedonic valuations—typically changes in real estate prices. The accuracy of hedonic valuations depends critically on whether real estate prices adjust appropriately, which is difficult to verify. The 1994 Orange County, CA, bankruptcy offers a test of the accuracy of hedonic real estate valuations. Orange County's failed investment strategy resulted in unexpected county losses of $1.7 billion. In response, the aggregate value of Orange County real estate dropped by between $1.65 and $3.70 billion.
Inequality Adjusted Income Growth
Authors: Demuynck Thomas , Van de gaer Dirk
Published: June 2012

We introduce and characterize a new measure of aggregate income growth that allows us to give more weight to individuals with lower individual income growth. Our measure includes several important measures of directional mobility encountered in the literature. The empirical application compares the measure of income growth between the USA and Germany, and finds that giving more weight to individuals with lower income growth reverses the ranking.
Happy Working Mothers? Investigating the Effect of Maternal Employment on Life Satisfaction
Authors: Berger Eva M.
Published: June 2012

This paper analyses the effect of non‐participation and part‐time employment compared to full‐time employment on life satisfaction of mothers in Germany. Using data from the SOEP and applying fixed‐effects panel estimations, the results show that mothers in family‐related non‐participation and mothers employed part‐time are less satisfied than mothers employed full‐time. The direct and the indirect effect—due to foregone household income—each account for about half of the total effect. I attribute the found negative effects on the institutional and social conditions in Germany that prevent many mothers from reconciling (full‐time) employment with motherhood.
Effect of glatiramer acetate on disease reactivation in MS patients discontinuing natalizumab
Authors: Rossi S. , Motta C. , Studer V. , De Chiara V. , Barbieri F. , Monteleone F. , Fornasiero A. , Coarelli G. , Bernardi G. , Cutter G. , Stüve O. , Salvetti M. , Centonze D.
Published: June 2012

Background and purpose

Multiple sclerosis (MS) patients discontinuing natalizumab are at risk of rebound of disease activity.

Methods

In the present multi‐center, open‐label, non‐randomized, prospective, pilot study, we tested whether treatment with glatiramer acetate (GA) is safe and effective after natalizumab in MS patients. The study was performed at academic tertiary medical centers. Forty active relapsing–remitting MS patients who never failed GA therapy and who discontinued natalizumab after 12–18 months of therapy were enrolled. GA was initiated 4 weeks after the last dose of natalizumab.

Results

62.5% of patients were relapse‐free 12 months after GA initiation. Annualized relapse rate and time to relapse were significantly lower than before natalizumab. Notably, the frequency of relapses was significantly lower amongst those patients who had experienced ≤2 relapses the year before initiation of natalizumab therapy, compared with patients who had had three or more relapses. No evidence of rebound was observed in magnetic resonance imaging scans. Furthermore, Expanded Disability Status Scale and Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite were stable in our patients, again suggesting that 12 months of post‐natalizumab–GA therapy is not associated with clinical deterioration.

Conclusions

Following discontinuation of natalizumab, 12 months of therapy with GA is safe and well tolerated in MS patients. GA can reduce the risk of early reactivation/rebound of disease activity in this setting.
Consent and sex in vulnerable adults: a review of case law
Authors: Curtice Martin , Mayo Jonathan , Crocombe Juli
Published: June 2012

Accessible summary

People with learning disabilities may not know about sexual relationships.

People with learning disabilities may need education about sexual relationships.

People with learning disabilities may need education about contraception.

The introduction of the Mental Capacity Act 2005 has brought to the fore issues regarding capacity in various clinical settings. One important area where capacity assessment is often vital is regarding vulnerable people being able to consent to sexual relations. Case law from courts has evolved with regard to this sometimes complex and emotive issue both before and after the implementation of the Mental Capacity Act 2005. This article describes and analyses the evolution of such case law which predominantly involves people with learning disabilities. In doing so, it explains key principles and tests both for consenting to sexual relations and for the use of contraception which can be applied and used in clinical practice. The article also discusses the associated human rights issues for vulnerable adults in trying to balance the right to sexual relations as part of an individual's private life whilst managing potential abuse issues.
Does Infant Cognition Research Undermine Sociological Theory? A Critique of Bergesen's Attack on Durkheim
Authors: BJERRE JØRN
Published: June 2012

This article discusses how the results of infant research challenge the assumptions of the classical sciences of social behaviour. According to A.J. Bergesen, the findings of infant research invalidate Durkheim's theory of mental categories, thus requiring a re‐theorizing of sociology. This article argues that Bergesen's reading of Emile Durkheim is incorrect, and his review of the infant research in fact invalidates his argument. Reviewing the assumptions of sociology in the light of the findings of infant research, it is argued that the real challenge is to formulate a research strategy that combines the findings of the two sciences.
One Man's Authenticity is Another Man's Betrayal: A Reply to Levy
Authors: Erler Alexandre
Published: June 2012

abstract

This article responds to Neil Levy's recent suggestion that: (1) the use of pharmaceutical enhancers can be understood as promoting our authenticity, no matter which of the two main contemporary conceptions of authenticity we adopt; and that (2) we do not need to decide between these two rival models (the ‘self‐discovery’ and the ‘self‐creation’ conception) in order to assess the common worry that enhancements will undermine our authenticity. Levy's core argument is based on a comparison between cases of people with ‘Gender Identity Disorder’ (GID) seeking sex reassignment surgery, and cases of enhancement via pharmaceuticals. While conceding the plausibility of Levy's claim (1), I offer reasons to resist (2), by pointing out structural differences between GID cases and some paradigmatic cases of pharmacological enhancement. I argue that these differences prevent the latter sort of cases from counting as authenticity‐promoting on the self‐discovery view. I conclude that Levy's proposed way of ‘breaking the stalemate’ in this debate is unsuccessful: we cannot avoid settling the dispute between the two models if we are to adequately address the authenticity worry about pharmacological enhancement.
Astrocytic cytoskeletal atrophy in the medial prefrontal cortex of a triple transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Kulijewicz‐Nawrot Magdalena , Verkhratsky Alexei , Chvátal Alexander , Syková Eva , Rodríguez José J.
Published: June 2012

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the loss of cognitive functions, reflecting pathological damage to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) as well as to the hippocampus and the entorhinal cortex. Astrocytes maintain the internal homeostasis of the CNS and are fundamentally involved in neuropathological processes, including AD. Here, we analysed the astrocytic cytoskeletal changes within the mPFC of a triple transgenic mouse model of AD (3 × Tg‐AD) by measuring the surface area and volume of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)‐positive profiles in relation to the build‐up and presence of amyloid‐β (Aβ), and compared the results with those found in non‐transgenic control animals at different ages. 3 × Tg‐AD animals showed clear astroglial cytoskeletal atrophy, which appeared at an early age (3 months; 33% and 47% decrease in GFAP‐positive surface area and volume, respectively) and remained throughout the disease progression at 9, 12 and 18 months old (29% and 36%; 37% and 35%; 43% and 37%, respectively). This atrophy was independent of Aβ accumulation, as only a few GFAP‐positive cells were localized around Aβ aggregates, which suggests no direct relationship with Aβ toxicity. Thus, our results indicate that the progressive reduction in astrocytic branching and domain in the mPFC can account for the integrative dysfunction leading to the cognitive deficits and memory disturbances observed in AD.
The work practices and ergonomic problems experienced by garment workers in Ghana
Authors: Vandyck Efua , Fianu Docea A.G.
Published: June 2012

Although the role of ergonomics in everyday occupations has generated increased attention in the last few years, poor working environments present a serious threat to the livelihood and career of small‐scale garment producers. This paper is one of the first to study dressmakers and tailors and their work environments in Ghana. The apparel industry holds a dominant share (40% out of a total of 24 133 establishments) in the country's manufacturing industry. However, to date, very little consideration has been given to the nature of this working environment. For example: do dressmakers and tailors perform their work under stressful conditions and do they attribute injuries to the tasks they perform in the workplace? Involving a sample of 100 individual garment producers as participants, a semi‐structured interview schedule was used to elicit information on dressmakers' and tailors' knowledge of workplace stressors. Their work environment was observed and assessed for stressors. A physical discomfort survey was employed to identify the injuries they attributed to the performance of tasks in their workplace. Findings revealed that stressors included noise, poor ventilation, unsuitable seat heights, widths and depths, and awkward postures. Encountered discomforts affected the performance of sewing tasks and resulted in occasional and frequent pains in the lower back, neck, upper back and shoulders. These working conditions are detrimental to the development of this sector and the study concludes that there is an important educational role for trade organizations to assist manufacturers to improve working conditions for their workers.
The impact of corporate social responsibility initiatives on consumers' behavioural intentions in the Egyptian market
Authors: Karem Kolkailah Salma , Abou Aish Ehab , El‐Bassiouny Noha
Published: June 2012

The scarcity of research on the public's responses towards corporate social responsibility (CSR) in developing countries has inspired this research. The research is aimed at studying the consumers' awareness of, their attitude and behavioural intentions towards socially responsible companies in the Egyptian market. The relevant CSR literature was recapitulated into a conceptual framework, and an empirical study was conducted through a mixed research design. Exploratory qualitative interviews were conducted with corporate managers of a sample of five companies in the Egyptian market. Then, a descriptive quantitative research was conducted through a survey on a non‐probability sample of consumers. The results revealed that consumers in Egypt are actually aware of the CSR concept and even tend to develop positive attitude towards socially responsible companies. Yet, when it comes to the evaluative purchasing criteria that consumers value the most, economic criteria are apparently still given a priority over the social criteria.
The Role of Adverse Physical Health Events on the Utilization of Mental Health Services
Authors: Yoon Jangho , Bernell Stephanie L.
Published: June 2012

Objective

To test the degree to which adverse physical health events may subsequently increase the utilization of mental health services.

Methods

A quasi‐experimental pretest–posttest design was employed on a nationally representative sample of adults from the Medical Expenditure Panel Surveys for years 2004 and 2005. We constructed a 2‐year balanced‐panel dataset on 6,017 U.S. adults who did not have any adverse physical health events in 2004. We calculated difference‐in‐differences estimators that capture the effect of adverse physical health events on provider visits and prescription drug use for the treatment of mental health conditions.

Principal Findings

Our most rigorous analytic model shows that an adverse physical health event is significantly associated with more than a threefold increase in the likelihood of provider visits and prescribed medication use for the treatment of mental health problems. These increases are mainly through office‐based physician visits for nonsevere mental health conditions. This relationship is greater among those who experience more severe physical health events.

Conclusion

An adverse physical health event substantially increases the utilization of mental health care. Mental health service use increases with the severity of a physical health condition.
Comparison between symptomatic treatment and lomustine supplementation in 71 dogs with intracranial, space‐occupying lesions
Authors: Van Meervenne S. , Verhoeven P. S. , de Vos J. , Gielen I. M. V. L. , Polis I. , Van Ham L. M. L.
Published: June 2012

Brain neoplasia is diagnosed in an increasing number of dogs. Consequently, there is a higher need for an effective treatment. Chemotherapy is considered in cases where surgery or radiation is not optional. The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate the difference in median survival time (MST) of dogs with intracranial masses, treated symptomatically with corticosteroids and anti‐epileptic drugs, compared with the same symptomatic treatment supplemented with lomustine. The records of 71 dogs with intracranial masses were retrospectively evaluated. Fifteen dogs were treated symptomatically with corticosteroids and anti‐epileptics, and 56 dogs received additional therapy with lomustine. There was no statistically significant difference in MST between both groups, being 60 and 93 days, respectively. Age, duration of symptoms, intracranial localization of the mass and intra‐ or extra‐axial localization had no influence on survival time. However, female dogs survived significantly longer than male dogs.
Activation of Equine Platelet‐Rich Plasma: Comparison of Methods and Characterization of Equine Autologous Thrombin
Authors: Textor Jamie A. , Tablin Fern
Published: June 2012

Objective

To investigate and compare clinically relevant Platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) activation methods.

Study Design

Experimental.

Methods

PRP was prepared from 6 equine subjects. Activation of the PRP was performed by 4 methods (autologous thrombin, bovine thrombin, calcium chloride (CaCl2), or freeze‐thaw). The resultant PDGF‐BB (where PDGF is platelet‐derived growth factor) and TGFβ1 (where TGFβ is transforming growth factor beta) levels in PRP releasates were quantified by Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and compared. Growth factor contents were also compared between platelet‐rich clots produced by thrombin or CaCl2. The composition and function of equine autologous thrombin were characterized by Western blot analysis and platelet aggregometry.

Results

CaCl2 (23 mM) activation of PRP yielded significantly greater PDGF release than did any other method. TGFβ release was comparable after PRP activation by CaCl2, bovine thrombin, and freeze thaw. Autologous thrombin was significantly less effective than all other activation methods in eliciting platelet growth factor release and induced significantly less platelet aggregation than bovine thrombin at 5 U/mL. Clots retained substantial concentrations of growth factor, and the amount in the releasate versus the clot differed between activation methods.

Conclusions

PRP activation methods differ in terms of growth factor output as well as logistical considerations. Autologous thrombin is not recommended for PRP activation. CaCl2 (23 mM) is an effective and inexpensive method of PRP activation. The PRP releasate derived from CaCl2 activation contains 80% of the total PDGF content and is easily produced, making it a convenient product for clinical use.
The low‐prevalence Rh antigen STEM (RH49) is encoded by two different RHCE*ce818T alleles that are often in cis to RHD*DOL
Authors: Reid Marion E. , Halter Hipsky Christine , Hue‐Roye Kim , Coghlan Gail , Olsen Coral , Lomas‐Francis Christine
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: STEM (RH49) is a low‐prevalence antigen in the Rh blood group system. A scarcity of anti‐STEM has precluded extensive study of this antigen. We report that two alleles with a RHCE*ce818C>T change encode a partial e, and a hrS−, hrB+, STEM+ phenotype and that both alleles are frequently in cis to RHD*DOL1 or RHD*DOL2.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Blood samples were from donors and patients in our collections. Hemagglutination, DNA, and RNA testing was performed by standard techniques.

RESULTS: Fourteen STEM+ samples were heterozygous RHCE*ce818C/T: six had RHCE*ceBI and eight had a novel allele, RHCE*ceSM. Eleven were heterozygous for RHD*DOL1 or RHD*DOL2. Eleven samples, previously typed STEM−, had RHCE*ce818C/C (consensus nucleotide). RBCs from informative STEM+ samples were e+/− hrS− hrB+. One person who was heterozygous RHCE*ceBI and RHCE*cE had an anti‐e‐like antibody in her plasma, and one person, who was hemizygous for RHD*DOL2, had anti‐D in her plasma.

CONCLUSIONS: We show that two alleles with a RHCE*ce818C>T change (RHCE*ceBI and RHCE*ceSM) encode a hrS− hrB+ STEM+ phenotype. In addition, both alleles are frequently in cis to RHD*DOL1 or RHD*DOL2 and RHCE*ceBI encodes a partial e antigen. In the small cohort of samples tested, RHD*DOL invariably traveled with RHCE*ce818T. Our study also confirmed the presumption that RHD*DOL2, like RHD*DOL1, encodes a partial D antigen and the low‐prevalence antigen DAK.
The αIIb p.Leu841Met (Cab3a+) polymorphism results in a new human platelet alloantigen involved in neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia
Authors: Jallu Vincent , Bertrand Gerald , Bianchi Frederic , Chenet Christophe , Poulain Pierre , Kaplan Cecile
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Fetal‐neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (FNAIT) diagnosis relies on maternofetal incompatibility and alloantibody identification. Genotyping for rare platelet (PLT) polymorphisms allowed the identification of three families with suspected or confirmed maternofetal incompatibility for the αIIb‐c.2614C>A mutation (Halle et al., Transfusion 2008;48:14‐15).

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: A polymerase chain reaction–sequence‐specific primers amplification assay was designed to genotype the αIIb‐c.2614C>A mutation. HEK293 cells expressing αIIb‐Leu841 or αIIb‐Met841 αIIbβ3 forms were used to probe the reactivity of maternal sera from these families and to study the effects of the substitution on αIIbβ3 expression and functions.

RESULTS: Tested by flow cytometry (FCM), one serum sample specifically reacted with αIIb‐Met841 but not with αIIb‐Leu841 αIIbβ3. This specificity revealed the αIIb‐Leu841 polymorphism as a new alloantigen named Cab3a+. Cross‐match testing using FCM also showed the Cab3a+ antigen to be expressed at the PLT surface. As for anti‐human PLT alloantigen (HPA)‐3a (or ‐3b) and anti‐HPA‐9bw, detection of anti‐Cab3a+ alloantibodies appeared difficult and required whole PLT assays when classical monoclonal antibody–specific immobilization of PLT antigen test failed. In our FNAIT set, the immune response to Cab3a+ maternofetal incompatibility could induce severe thrombocytopenias and life‐threatening hemorrhages. The p.Leu841Met substitution has limited effects, if any, on local αIIb structure, preserving both αIIbβ3 expression and functions.

CONCLUSION: The Cab3a+ polymorphism is a new rare alloantigen (allelic frequency <1%) carried by αIIb that might result in severe life‐threatening thrombocytopenias. In Sub‐Saharan African populations, higher Cab3a+ gene frequencies (up to 8.2%; Halle et al., Transfusion 2008;48:14‐15) and homozygous people are observed.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of coagulation factors in cryoprecipitate prepared from fresh‐frozen plasma inactivated with amotosalen and ultraviolet A light
Authors: Cid Joan , Caballo Carolina , Pino Marc , Galan Ana M. , Martínez Nuria , Escolar Ginés , Diaz‐Ricart Maribel
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: There were no previous studies about the quality of cryoprecipitate prepared from fresh‐frozen plasma (FFP) inactivated with amotosalen and ultraviolet A (UVA) light. The aim of this study was to analyze the quantity and quality of coagulation factors in cryoprecipitate prepared from FFP treated with amotosalen and UVA light.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: FFP was obtained from whole blood donations and inactivated with amotosalen and UVA light according to the manufacturer's instructions. Fibrinogen, factor VIII (FVIII), von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF : Ag) and activity (VWF : RCo), the von Willebrand factor cleavage protease activity (ADAMTS‐13), and the multimeric structure of VWF were analyzed.

RESULTS: The content of fibrinogen, FVIII, and ADAMTS‐13 was lower in cryoprecipitates prepared from amotosalen‐treated plasma when compared with cryoprecipitates prepared from nontreated plasma (35, 40, and 18% loss, respectively). The quantity and quality of VWF as well as VWF multimer patterns were not affected by the inactivation method.

CONCLUSION: Cryoprecipitates prepared from amotosalen‐treated FFP contained significantly reduced levels of fibrinogen, FVIII, and ADAMTS‐13. However, the VWF quantity and quality was well preserved.
Autologous stem cell transplant recipients tolerate haploidentical related‐donor natural killer cell–enriched infusions
Authors: Klingemann Hans , Grodman Carrie , Cutler Elliott , Duque Marvin , Kadidlo Diane , Klein Andreas K. , Sprague Kellie A. , Miller Kenneth B. , Comenzo Raymond L. , Kewalramani Tarun , Yu Neng , Van Etten Richard A. , McKenna David H.
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: In the setting of allogeneic stem cell transplantation (SCT), infusing natural killer (NK) cells from a major histocompatibility complex (MHC)‐mismatched donor can mediate an antileukemic effect. The graft‐versus‐tumor effect after autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) may result in less disease relapse.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: We performed a Phase I clinical trial to assess the safety and feasibility of infusing distantly processed donor NK‐enriched mononuclear cell (NK‐MNC) infusions from a MHC haplotype–mismatched (haploidentical) donor to patients who recently underwent ASCT for a hematologic malignancy. On Day 1, peripheral blood MNCs were obtained by steady‐state leukapheresis and sent from Boston to the Production Assistance for Cellular Therapies (PACT) facility at the University of Minnesota, where immunomagnetic depletion of CD3 cells was performed on Day 2. NK‐MNC products were then returned to Boston on Day 2 for infusion on Day 3. Toxicity, cellular product characteristics, and logistic events were monitored.

RESULTS: At a median of 90 days (range, 49‐191 days) after ASCT, 13 patients were treated with escalating doses of NK‐MNCs per kilogram from 105 to 2 × 107. Adverse effects included Grade 2 rigors and muscle aches, but no Grade 3 or 4 events and no graft‐versus‐host disease or marrow suppression. One air courier delay occurred. NK‐MNC products were viable with cytotoxic activity after transport.

CONCLUSION: CD3‐depleted, MHC‐mismatched allogeneic NK‐MNC infusions can be safely and feasibly administered to patients after ASCT after distant processing and transport, justifying further development of this approach.
Donor performance of combat readiness skills of special forces soldiers are maintained immediately after whole blood donation
Authors: Strandenes Geir , Skogrand Håkon , Spinella Philip C. , Hervig Tor , Rein Erling B.
Published: June 2012

BACKGROUND: Bleeding is a major cause of death in combat settings, and combat casualties in shock may benefit from fresh whole blood (FWB) transfusion. “Buddy transfusion” is a well‐known lifesaving intervention, but little is known about donor combat safety aspects immediately after blood donation. The objectives of this study were to explore the effects of donation of 1 unit of blood on physical and combat‐related performance among active duty soldiers. We also investigated the feasibility of a short training program to teach nonmedics buddy transfusion.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Twenty‐five fit male soldiers from a special forces unit were divided into three groups and tested on 1) a Bruce protocol treadmill stress test, push‐ups, and pull‐ups; 2) a 50‐round rapid pistol shooting test; and 3) an uphill hiking exercise carrying a 20‐kg backpack. After baseline testing, the soldiers performed the tests again (2‐6 min) after donating 450 mL of blood. The training program included blood collection and reinfusion procedures and we measured success rate of venipuncture, time for blood collection, and success in placing sternal intraosseous needle and reinfusing 1 unit of autologous blood.

RESULTS: We did not find any significant decrease in performance either in physical or in shooting performance after donating blood. Nonmedic soldiers had a 100% success rate in blood collection and also infusion on fellow soldiers after a short introduction to the procedures.

CONCLUSION: This study supports the fact that buddy transfusion may be feasible for healthy well‐trained soldiers and does not decrease donor combat performance under ideal circumstances.
Should I Stay or Should I Go? The Impact of Natural Disasters and Regulation on U.S. Property Insurers’ Supply Decisions
Authors: Born Patricia H. , Klimaszewski‐Blettner Barbara
Published: June 2012

Abstract

In this article, we identify the main factors that drive insurers’ willingness to offer coverage in catastrophe‐prone property insurance lines. We compare insurers’ supply decisions in personal and commercial lines, with an emphasis on insurers’ responses in the aftermath of natural disasters. Our empirical results suggest important policy implications with regard to improving the availability of insurance against catastrophic threats. Concerning the impact of regulatory constraints, we present empirical evidence that certain regulatory responses may unintentionally impede insurers’ willingness to provide coverage against natural disasters.
Co‐creation in Radical Service Innovation: A Systematic Analysis of Microlevel Processes
Authors: Perks Helen , Gruber Thorsten , Edvardsson Bo
Published: June 2012

This empirical paper presents the results of a detailed case‐study investigation of co‐creation in radical service innovation. The rationale for the paper is that detailed interventions must be tracked to offer a realistic account of how co‐creation occurs. This provides a strong empirical contribution to the emerging body of scholars developing the co‐creation paradigm, predominantly characterized by conceptual advances in service‐dominant logic. Our focus is on radical service innovation, which is disruptive in the sector. The overall aim of the paper is to unravel the nature of microlevel processes of co‐creation in radical service innovation.

The study adopts sequential analysis to examine co‐creation. Patterns of sequences of actions and interactions associated with 40 incremental developments, involving multiple actors, are investigated. These co‐created innovative developments underpin the emergence of a radical telematics‐based motor insurance service. The findings suggest that the co‐creation path is not simple or uni‐faceted, and the paper unravels the nature of complex patterns of activities and interactions, Our in‐depth systematic analysis illuminates a combination approach with two main patterns of sequences: one dominated by ad‐hoc and enduring independent innovation activities by network actors and one dominated by lead‐firm innovation and interaction activity. The findings advance knowledge of the way co‐creation occurs in radical service innovation. The study results suggest that managerial attention be placed to, first, finding ways to induce independent innovative behavior from network partners and, second, to the development of interaction mechanisms to foster sharing and visualization of such innovation advances.
The Effect of Personal and Virtual Word‐of‐Mouth on Technology Acceptance
Authors: Parry Mark E. , Kawakami Tomoko , Kishiya Kazuhiro
Published: June 2012

This paper extends the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) to incorporate the impact of personal and virtual word‐of‐mouth (pWOM and vWOM). The authors hypothesize that both types of word‐of‐mouth will be positively related with consumer perceptions of innovation usefulness and perceived ease of use. In addition, the authors examine two competing hypotheses regarding the relative impact of pWOM and vWOM on perceptions of innovation attributes. One hypothesis argues that potential adopters place more weight on pWOM sources because they perceive relatively more similarity between themselves and pWOM sources. The alternative hypothesis argues that potential adopters place more weight on vWOM sources because those sources (relative to pWOM sources) expose potential adopters to a wider variety of information and a larger number of experts. Finally, the authors argue that symbolic product usage will enhance the relationship between word‐of‐mouth and consumer perceptions of innovation attributes.

These hypotheses are tested using data collected in Japan from over 600 potential adopters of Blu‐ray DVD recorders and smart phones. Findings indicate that, in both product categories, pWOM and vWOM are positively and significantly related with perceived ease of use. Moreover, in both samples pWOM is positively and significantly related with perceived usefulness, while vWOM is significantly related with perceived usefulness only in the smart phone sample. With regard to the relative impact of pWOM and vWOM on perceptions of innovation attributes, results indicate that vWOM has a larger impact on potential adopter perceptions of ease of use. Finally, the estimated model provides support for the hypothesis that symbolic consumption increases the impact of word‐of‐mouth on perceptions of innovation attributes. In particular, findings indicate that the impact of pWOM on perceptions of innovation usefulness is higher among potential adopters of smart phones than among potential adopters of Blu‐ray DVD recorders. Similarly, the impact of vWOM on perceptions of ease of use is higher among potential smart phone adopters than among potential adopters of Blu‐ray DVD recorders.