bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Impacts of black stain root disease in recently formed mortality centers in the piñon-juniper woodlands of southwestern Colorado
Authors: Kearns H SJ , Jacobi W R
Published: March 2005

Thirty discrete black stain root disease (BSRD) mortality centers, caused by Leptographium wageneri (Kendr.) Wingf. var. wageneri, were examined in 1999 to determine the effects of BSRD on the composition and structure of piñonjuniper woodlands at the tree, shrub, and herbaceous plant levels and on tree-seedling regeneration. In these recently formed mortality centers, the majority (68%) of all piñon (Pinus edulis Engelm.) was dead, 76% of piñon were affected by BSRD, and 70% had evidence of piñon ips bark beetle (Ips confusus Leconte) attack. BSRD mortality centers had a mean area of 0.28 ha (range 0.07 to 0.63 ha). There were no statistically significant (p > 0.05) differences in shrub composition, cover, or diversity between mortality centers and the unaffected surrounding woodlands. Herbaceous plant cover was significantly greater (p < 0.001) within mortality centers and frequency responses were species specific. There were no significant (p = 0.629) differences in the density of piñon regeneration inside mortality centers compared with outside mortality centers. The pathogen was regularly isolated from piñon roots dead for 58 years and once from a root dead for 16 years. The rate of radial expansion of mortality centers averaged 1.1 m/year (0.07 SE). The rate of mortality center expansion was not significantly (p > 0.05) related to available water-holding capacity, percent organic matter, pH of soils, piñon density, or any other site data recorded.
Cultural and PCR-based identification of the two most common fungi from cankers on container-grown Norway spruce seedlings
Authors: Lilja A , Poteri M , Vuorinen M , Kurkela T , Hantula J
Published: March 2005

Assays were made to identify the most common fungi in cankers occurring on container seedlings of Norway spruce. The fungi isolated from cankers were first separated into morphological groups based on colony color, growth rate, and pattern on malt extract agar. Profiling of 18S rDNA indicated that several operational taxonomic units (OTUs) inhabited the cankers, some (OTU1 and OTU2) of which could be linked to mycelial cultures also isolated from the cankers. In addition, OTU1 could be linked to isolates originating from damped-off seedlings. Although the cultures linked to OTU1 differed morphologically from each other, the random amplified microsatellite analysis showed that they were genetically highly similar and represented a single species. Later, when these cultures were kept in natural sunlight, they all produced conidia morphologically similar to Sirococcus conigenus. Also, their partial 18S rDNA sequence was identical to that of S. conigenus in GenBank. The other common fungus (OTU2) was not possible to identify to species level, but based on comparisons with sequences in GenBank, it was closely related to Phoma herbarum. In preliminary tests, both S. conigenus (OTU1) and P. herbarum related fungus (OTU2) were pathogenic to Norway spruce seedlings.
EXISTENCE AND BIFURCATION OF PERIODIC SOLUTIONS OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL DELAY DIFFERENTIAL EQUATIONS
Authors: BI PING , HAN MAOAN
Published: March 2005

In this paper, we develop Kaplan–Yorke's method and consider the existence of 2r/(2k+1)-periodic solutions for certain three-dimensional delay differential systems. We also study Hopf bifurcations of this kind of periodic solutions for the system with a parameter and present some application examples of our main results.
A novel method to isolate and map endothelial membrane proteins from pulmonary vasculature
Authors: Zhou Ying-Jiang , Wang Shi-Quan , Zhang Jing , Zhang Wei , Bi Feng , Guo Zhi-Gang , Ding Bi-Sen , Kumar Pat , Liu Jian-Ning , Tan Xiang-Yang
Published: March 2005

Vascular endothelium has attracted extensive attention due to its important role in many physiological and pathological processes. Many methods have been developed to study the components and their functions in vascular endothelium. Here we report a novel approach to investigate vascular endothelium using normal rat lungs as the model. We perfused lung vascular beds with sulfosuccinimidyl-6-(biotinamido) hexanoate, a biotin analog, to label endothelial membrane proteins. The biotinylated proteins were isolated from lung homogenate with immobilized monomeric avidin and confirmed to be highly pure endothelial membrane proteins with little contamination of intracellular proteins. These biotinylated proteins were used as immunogens for development of monoclonal antibodies. Indeed, newly generated monoclonal antibodies have revealed different expression patterns of proteins across tissues. Some proteins were found highly specifically expressed to capillary vessels of pulmonary vasculature. This method has also been proven useful for investigating vasculature of other organs, as this study explored.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia, tracheal occlusion, thyroid transcription factor-1, and fetal pulmonary epithelial maturation
Authors: Chapin Cheryl J. , Ertsey Robert , Yoshizawa Jyoji , Hara Akihiko , Sbragia Lourenco , Greer John J. , Kitterman Joseph A.
Published: March 2005

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) occurs in ∼1:2,500 human births and has high morbidity and mortality rates, primarily due to pulmonary hypoplasia and pulmonary hypertension. Tracheal occlusion (TO), in experimental animals, distends lungs and increases lung growth and alveolar type I cell maturation but decreases surfactant components and reduces alveolar type II cell density. We examined effects of CDH and CDH+TO on lung growth and maturation in fetal rats. To induce CDH, we administered nitrofen (100 mg) to dams at 9.5 days of gestation. We compared lungs from fetuses with CDH, CDH+TO, and those exposed to nitrofen without CDH. CDH decreased lung wet weight bilaterally ( P < 0.0001) and DNA content in lung ipsilateral to CDH ( P < 0.05). CDH+TO significantly increased lung wet weights bilaterally; DNA content was intermediate between CDH and NC. To evaluate effects on the distal pulmonary epithelium, we examined surfactant mRNA and protein levels, type I and II cell-specific markers (RTI40 and RTII70, respectively), and transcriptional regulator thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). Decreased lung distension (due to CDH) increased SP-C mRNA and TTF-1 protein expression and reduced RTI40 ( P < 0.05 for all). Increased lung distension (due to CDH+TO) reduced expression of SP mRNAs and pro-SP-C and TTF-1 proteins and enhanced expression of RTI40 (mRNA and protein; P < 0.05 for all). We conclude that CDH+TO partially reverses effects of CDH; it corrects the pulmonary hypoplasia and restores type I cell differentiation but adversely affects SP expression in type II cells. These effects may be mediated through changes in TTF-1 expression.
Hypocapnia reduces the T wave of the electrocardiogram in normal human subjects
Authors: Rutherford J. J. , Clutton-Brock T. H. , Parkes M. J.
Published: March 2005

During voluntary hyperventilation in unanesthetized humans, hypocapnia causes coronary vasoconstriction and decreased oxygen (O2) supply and availability to the heart. This can induce local epicardial coronary artery spasm in susceptible patients. Its diagnostic potential for detection of early heart disease is unclear. This is because such hypocapnia produces an inconsistent and irreproducible effect on electrocardiogram (ECG) in healthy subjects. To resolve this inconsistency, we have applied two new experimental techniques in normal, healthy subjects to measure the effects of hypocapnia on their ECG: mechanical hyperventilation and averaging of multiple ECG cycles. In 15 normal subjects, we show that hypocapnia (20 ± 1 mmHg) significantly reduced mean T wave amplitude by 0.1 ± 0.0 mV. Hypocapnia also increased mean heart rate by 4 beats/min without significantly altering blood pressure, ionized calcium or potassium levels, or the R wave or other features of the ECG. We therefore provide the first unequivocal demonstration that hypocapnia does consistently reduce T wave amplitude in normal, healthy subjects.
Heat treatment reduces oxidative stress and protects muscle mass during immobilization
Authors: Selsby Joshua T. , Dodd Stephen L.
Published: March 2005

This study examined the role of heating on oxidative stress and muscle mass in immobilized limbs. Rats were divided into three groups ( n = 9/group): a control group (Con), an immobilized group (Im), and an immobilized and heated group (ImH). Rats were immobilized in the plantarflexed position for 8 days. The core temperature of the ImH group was elevated to 41–41.5°C on alternating days and maintained for 30 min before cooling. On day 8, both heat shock protein 25 (HSP25) and HSP72 were markedly elevated in the ImH compared with the Im group, whereas results in the Im group were not different from Con. Most notably, the ImH group had significantly larger solei compared with the Im group, which were less than those shown in the Con group. Furthermore, immobilization alone caused a significant increase in oxidative damage, and the addition of heating to immobilization significantly reduced oxidative damage. In an effort to further identify the cause of this protective effect, antioxidant enzyme activities were assessed. CuZnSOD was sharply elevated in Im compared ( P < 0.025) with that in the Con and reduced in the ImH group compared with that in the Im group ( P < 0.025). Catalase was elevated 8% ( P < 0.025) in the Im group compared with the Con group and was similar to the ImH group. Glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and MnSOD did not differ between groups. These data indicate that heating provides protection against oxidative stress and preserves muscle mass during disuse atrophy. These data also suggest that antioxidant protection is not conferred via antioxidant enzymes, and HSPs may play an important role.
The Challenges of Reliance on Insulin-Like Growth Factor I in Monitoring Disease Activity in Patients with Acromegaly
Authors: Paisley Angela N. , Trainer Peter J.
Published: March 2005

Serum insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is an important marker of disease activity in patients with acromegaly, and epidemiological data indicate control of circulating IGF-I in patients with acromegaly restores life expectancy to normal. Improvements in the quality of, and access to, IGF-I assays has encouraged monitoring of acromegaly with IGF-I, although circulating growth hormone (GH) and IGF-I values provide different information, so ideally both should be monitored. However, the introduction of the GH receptor antagonist pegvisomant poses new challenges. Pegvisomant binds with high affinity to GH receptors, thereby blocking the action of GH at the tissue level and rendering the hormone biologically inactive. This leaves IGF-I as the principal marker of disease activity. It is conceptually possible to induce a state of functional GH deficiency (GHD) with pegvisomant with IGF-I values within the normal range. With the goal of minimizing the risk of over-treatment and GHD, we have provided preliminary guidance on the target range for IGF-I in patients receiving pegvisomant based on the gender- and decade-based percentile ranges for IGF-I of adult patients with untreated GHD enrolled in the Pfizer International Metabolic Database (KIMS).
Recombinant Human Insulin-Like Growth Factor I (IGF-I): Risks and Benefits of Normalizing Blood IGF-I Concentrations
Authors: Clark Ross G.
Published: March 2005

Recombinant human (rh) insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) is being developed as a therapy for short stature caused by IGF deficiency (IGFD) and also for diabetes mellitus. To complement the human efficacy and safety data, a large amount of information is available regarding the pharmacology and toxicology of rhIGF-I in animals. This review summarizes the risks and benefits of normalizing blood IGF-I concentrations in IGFD, especially with regard to carcinogenicity, and compares and contrasts safety data for rhIGF-I, recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH), and insulin. A major difference between rhIGF-I and rhGH is that rhIGF-I (like insulin) has hypoglycaemic activity, whereas rhGH opposes insulin action and is diabetogenic. In most of their actions, GH and IGF-I are similar. IGF-I mediates most of the actions of GH, so the safety of rhGH and that of rhIGF-I also share many common features. In animals, the transgenic expression of hGH has been shown to act directly, by activating the prolactin receptor, to increase the incidence of mammary and prostate tumours. In comparison, the over-expression of IGF-I in animals or the administration of rhIGF-I does not have a carcinogenic effect. In formal toxicology and carcinogenicity studies, rhIGF-I has similar effects to insulin in that it can increase food intake, body size, and the growth rate of existing tumours. In animals and humans, IGFD has many long-term detrimental effects besides short stature: it increases the risk of diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and low bone mineral density. Therefore, a case can be made for replacement therapy with rhIGF-I to normalize blood IGF-I levels and reverse the detrimental effects of IGFD.
Dopamine Exerts No Acute Effects on Kv1.3 in Activated Encephalitogenic T Cells
Authors: Strauss Ulf , Herbrik Martin , Mix Eilhard , Bajorat Rika , Jung Stefan , Gimsa Ulrike , Rolfs Arndt
Published: March 2005

Apart from a central function in the extrapyramidal motor system, dopamine has been suggested to play a role in neuroimmune interactions. Particularly in diseases of the central nervous system, such as multiple sclerosis, alterations in dopamine homeostasis might have immunological consequences. We investigated potential effects of dopamine stabilized by ascorbic acid on specifically activated encephalitogenic T cells at the peak of activation. Those cells exhibited an upregulation of voltage-sensitive K+ channels which play a role in many neurotransmitter responses of lymphocytes and fulfilled a prerequisite to respond to dopamine, i.e. stable expression of mRNA for dopamine receptors DRD1, DRD2 and DRD3. However, whole-cell and perforated whole-cell recordings revealed no change in voltage-sensitive K+ currents. Moreover, T cell proliferation was not changed in the presence of dopamine. Previously reported dopamine effects on T cells may be explained by a comparatively lower activation of the cells under investigation, suggesting an activation dependence of dopamine effects that may not be mediated by K+ channels. Alternatively, the occurrence of dopamine degradation products under unprotected conditions may account for the changes reported. Nevertheless, care should be taken when using the dopamine-protecting anti-oxidant ascorbic acid, since we found that it markedly inhibited both K+ currents and lymphocyte proliferation at higher concentrations.
Recent development of image analysis methods in plant chromosome research
Authors: Fukui K.
Published: March 2005

Image analysis methods have provided effective tools in chromosome research along with the development both in computer software and hardware. A chromosome image analyzing system, CHIAS, for plant chromosomes was developed in 1985 and was subsequently revised so that with CHIAS3 one can take advantage of Internet use for downloading the program. In this review, the recent developments of imaging methods in plant chromosome research for automating chromosome identification, constructing a map of a pachytene chromosome, and patterning of interphase nuclei are described.
Trigonoplasty to Treat Secondary Vesicoureteral Reflux in Neurogenic Bladders
Authors: Zhao Jimao , Zhang Yuhai , Lu Wencheng
Published: March 2005

Objectives: The effectiveness of Gil-Vernet’s trigonoplasty, with technical modifications, was studied in treating vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) in neurogenic bladders. Methods: Modified Gil-Vernet’s trigonoplasty, making the transmural ureters advance over the midline and cross each other in the trigone, was applied in patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction and VUR, diagnosed by voiding cystourethrogram. Most of the patients were sufficiently followed up by cystourethrogram. Results: 26 patients with neurogenic bladder dysfunction were diagnosed as having 43 refluxing units and underwent modified Gil-Vernet’s trigonoplasty. Reflux was grade I in 5 units, grade II in 7, grade III in 5, grade IV in 18, and grade V in 8, with unilateral reflux in 9 patients and bilateral reflux in 17. Surgery was successful in 95.3% of 43 refluxing units. 22 patients were followed 3–6 months after the operation, and the cure rate was 90.9% (no reflux under voiding cystourethrogram). 18 patients were followed up for more than 2 years without recurrence of VUR. Conclusions: Modified Gil-Vernet’s trigonoplasty might be a useful technique in the management of patients with VUR secondary to neurogenic bladder dysfunction.
Endoscopic Treatment of Ureteric Strictures: Acucise, Cold-Knife Endoureterotomy and Wall Stents as a Salvage Approach
Authors: Erdogru Tibet , Kutlu Omer , Koksal Turker , Danisman Ahmet , Usta Mustafa F. , Kukul Erdal , Baykara Mehmet
Published: March 2005

Objective: To evaluate the factors influencing the results of endoureterotomy using cold-knife and cutting balloon dilatation, and permanent ureteral wall stents in patients with benign ureteral strictures after different operations affecting the ureter. Materials and Methods: Over a 4-year period, in 18 patients, endoscopic cold-knife and Acucise endoureterotomies were performed in 13 and 7 renal units, respectively. Eight Memoterm permanent ureteral wall stents were inserted into 7 patients when endoureterotomy failed. Successful outcome was defined by the absence of re-stricture assessed both clinically and radiologically. Results: The strictures were secondary to ureterolithotomy in 6, ureteroscopy in 3, gynecological procedures in 4, abdominal surgeries in 2, transplantation in 2 and continent urinary diversion in 1. The right and left ureters were unilaterally affected in 5 and 11 patients, respectively (5 of them had a solitary kidney), while the remaining 2 patients had bilateral ureteral strictures. We achieved total ureteral patency of 3 (43%) and 7 (54%) renal units with Acucise and cold-knife incision, respectively. Obstructive uropathy was resolved in 6 renal units (75%) of 8 using ureteral wall stents. Conclusion: Endoureterotomy with cold-knife or Acucise cutting balloon dilatation is effective in the treatment of iatrogenic ureteral strictures, but only in a selected group. Based on our results, the favorable prognostic criteria for endoureterotomy are the length (≤1.5 cm), the nonischemic nature of the stricture and adequate renal function. As a salvage approach, permanent self-expanding ureteral wall stents with a 75% success rate may provide a satisfactory outcome for decompression of an obstructed system.
Long-Term Surgical Results of Pubovaginal Sling Procedure Using Polypropylene Mesh in the Treatment of Stress Urinary Incontinence
Authors: Kuo Hann-Chorng
Published: March 2005

Introduction: Surgery for stress urinary incontinence (SUI) in women might cure incontinence symptom butdevelop new problems. This study assessed the long-term outcome of pubovaginal sling procedure using polypropylene mesh in patients with SUI. Materials and Methods: A total of 108 patients with various types of SUI received pubovaginal sling procedure using polypropylene mesh. A surgical technique that did not create bladder outlet obstruction after operation was used in all the patients. Video urodynamic study was performed at baseline, 2 weeks and 3 months after operation. The long-term surgical results and patients’ satisfaction were assessed. Results: The age of patients ranged from 33 to 94 years (mean 62.6 ± 12.0 years). The follow-up period ranged from 24 to 72 months (median 46 months). Among the 108 patients, a successful result was noted in 92 (85.2%), including a continence rate of 65.7% and mild SUI in 19.4% of patients. Treatment failure was noted in 16 patients (14.8%), including 13 (12%) with urge incontinence and 3 (2.8%) with severe SUI that was cured by a second sling. There were 104 patients (96.3%) who could void volitionally with little residual urine, whereas 4 (3.7%) needed transvaginal urethrolysis. Urodynamic study revealed no significant changes in the mean values of parameters at 3 months after operation. However, 22 (20%) patients had an increase in voiding pressure by 50% at 3 months postoperatively. The reported satisfactory rate was 89.8%. Conclusions: Pubovaginal sling procedure using polypropylene mesh had a high success rate in all types of SUI. The continence rate was suboptimal, indicating that the absence of bladder outlet obstruction might result in inadequate urethral compression after pubovaginal sling procedure.
Urethral Advancement Procedure for Reconstruction after Excision of Male Parameatal Melanoma in situ
Authors: Kato Haruaki , Hayashi Koichi , Saida Toshiaki , Kontani Kazuhiko , Nishizawa Osamu
Published: March 2005

We successfully reconstructed the glans penis and external meatus by means of the urethral mobilization and advancement technique for an adult patient with a parameatal lesion of melanoma in situ.
Sphingosine-1-Phosphate Prevents Tumor Necrosis Factor-α–Mediated Monocyte Adhesion to Aortic Endothelium in Mice
Authors: Bolick David T. , Srinivasan Suseela , Kim Kyu W. , Hatley Melissa E. , Clemens Jeremy J. , Whetzel Angela , Ferger Nicole , Macdonald Timothy L. , Davis Michael D. , Tsao Philip S. , Lynch Kevin R. , Hedrick Catherine C.
Published: March 2005

Objective—

Endothelial activation and monocyte adhesion to endothelium are key events in inflammation. Sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) is a sphingolipid that binds to G protein-coupled receptors on endothelial cells (ECs). We examined the role of S1P in modulating endothelial activation and monocyte–EC interactions in vivo.

Methods and Results—

We injected C57BL/6J mice intravenously with tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in the presence and absence of the S1P1 receptor agonist SEW2871 and examined monocyte adhesion. Aortas from TNF-α–injected mice had a 4-fold increase in the number of monocytes bound, whereas aortas from TNF-α plus SEW2871-treated mice had few monocytes bound (
P
<0.0001). Using siRNA, we found that inhibiting the S1P1 receptor in vascular ECs blocked the ability of S1P to prevent monocyte–EC interactions in response to TNF-α. We examined signaling pathways downstream of S1P1 and found that 100 nM S1P increased phosphorylation of Akt and decreased activation of c-jun.

Conclusions—

Thus, we provide the first evidence that S1P signaling through the endothelial S1P1 receptor protects the vasculature against TNF-α–mediated monocyte–EC interactions in vivo.
Postacute C-Reactive Protein Levels Are Elevated in Cervical Artery Dissection
Authors: Genius Just , Dong-Si Tuan , Grau Armin P. , Lichy Christoph
Published: March 2005

Background and Purpose—

C-reactive protein (CRP) is associated with atherogenesis and stroke in mostly elderly subjects. We tested whether elevated CRP may also be linked to spontaneous cervical artery dissection (CAD) and cryptogenic stroke.

Methods—

We investigated high-sensitivity CRP levels in 62 patients <60 years of age experiencing cerebral ischemia resulting from large artery atherosclerosis (LAA; n=21), CAD (n=21), or cryptogenic etiology (n=20) >9 months ago, and in 54 sex- and age-matched population controls. Receiver operating characteristic curve was used to identify the best CRP cutoff level for dichotomization.

Results—

CRP was elevated above control levels (0.54 [0.33 to 0.84] median, interquartile range mg/L) in patients with LAA (2.59 [0.56 to 3.99] mg/L;
P
<0.001) and with CAD (2.37 [0.57 to 4.78] mg/L;
P
=0.0013) but not in patients with cryptogenic etiology (0.74 [0.14 to 7.86] mg/L). CRP levels above the cutoff level of 0.71 mg/L were independently associated with former CAD (
P
=0.005) but not with former LAA after adjustment for age, gender, and conventional risk factors.

Conclusion—

Our results strongly suggest that CRP is associated with CAD, independent from conventional risk factors, and that inflammatory mechanisms may play a role in its pathogenesis. This finding should be confirmed by larger studies.
Determinants of Quality of Life in Stroke Survivors and Their Informal Caregivers
Authors: Jönsson Ann-Cathrin , Lindgren Ingrid , Hallström Björn , Norrving Bo , Lindgren Arne
Published: March 2005

Background and Purpose—

We examined longitudinal changes of quality of life (QOL) covering physical and mental factors in an unselected group of stroke patients and their informal caregivers. Our hypothesis was that informal caregivers would have better QOL than patients at both follow-ups, and that changes, if any, would be related to the patients’ status.

Methods—

QOL of 304 consecutive stroke patients and their 234 informal caregivers from the population-based Lund Stroke Register was assessed 4 months after stroke onset with the Short Form 36 (SF-36) questionnaire. SF-36 was repeated for both groups after 16 months together with Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS-20) for patients.

Results—

The patients’ mean QOL scores improved between 4 and 16 months after stroke in the socio-emotional and mental SF-36 domains and decreased in the domain physical function. Multivariate analyses showed that the patients’ most important determinants of QOL after 16 months were GDS-20 score, functional status, age, and gender. Informal caregivers had better QOL than patients except for the domain role emotional and the mental component summary. The caregivers’ most important determinants of QOL were their own age and the patients’ functional status.

Conclusions—

Our study highlights depressive symptoms in determining QOL of stroke patients. Despite self-perceived deterioration in physical function over time, several other components of QOL improved, suggesting internal adaptation to changes in their life situations. Informal caregivers of stroke patients may be under considerable strain as suggested by their lower emotional–mental scores.
Effect Sizes and their Intervals: The Two-Level Repeated Measures Case
Authors: Algina James , Keselman H. J. , Penfield Randall D.
Published: March 2005

Probability coverage for eight different confidence intervals (CIs) of measures of effect size (ES) in a two-level repeated measures design was investigated. The CIs and measures of ES differed with regard to whether they used least squares or robust estimates of central tendency and variability, whether the end critical points of the interval were obtained using a theoretical or an empirical sampling distribution, and whether the ESs used a pooled or nonpooled estimate of error variability. These intervals were compared when data were obtained from both normal and nonnormal distributions and when the population magnitude of effect, size of sample, and variance heterogeneity were varied. Itwas found that the ESs and intervals that used robust estimators and critical values were obtained through a bootstrap method better at controlling the probability coverage (i.e., within [.925, .975]).
Reliability Generalization of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale
Authors: Ryngala Donna J. , Shields Alan L. , Caruso John C.
Published: March 2005

Areliability generalization of the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale (RCMAS) was conducted using the normative sample. The RCMAS consists of a Total Anxiety scale as well as four subscales. Results suggest that the Total Anxiety scores are typically reliable (median • across 48 samples = .81). Subscale scores were less reliable: The median • coefficients were .61 for the Physiological subscale, .63 for the Concentration subscale, .77 for theWorry& Oversensitivity subscale, and .72 for the Lie subscale. Hierarchical regression analyses demonstrated that score variability, age, race, and mean score were statistically significant predictors of reliability across scales although effects were variable and often, but not always, small. The predictive power of score variability is consistent with psychometric theory, but focused psychometric analyses are needed to isolate the unique and interactive impact of age, race, and mean score on RCMAS scale score reliability estimates, especially the Lie subscale.
The Politics of Legitimation and the Revival of Popular Religion in Shaanbei, North-Central China
Authors: Chau Adam Yuet
Published: March 2005

From the early 1980s onward, popular religion has enjoyed a momentous revival in Shaanbei (northern Shaanxi province), as in many other parts of rural China. But despite its immense popularity, popular religion still carries with it an aura of illegality and illegitimacy. Not properly Daoism or Buddhism, which are among the officially recognized religions, popular religion in theory constitutes illegal, superstitious activities. This article addresses questions of the legality and legitimacy of popular religion by analyzing the case of the Black Dragon King Temple in Shaanbei and its temple boss. It examines how not just popular religiosity but the actions of local elites and local state agents have enabled the revival of popular religious activities, focusing particularly on the legitimation politics engaged in by temples and their leaders.
Implications for Quality of Life Research in Latino Populations
Authors: Tann Sheila S.
Published: March 2005

Assessing cross-cultural equivalence in quality of life (QOL) measures is important with Latino populations. It can be argued that Latino culture influences responses on QOL instruments that may be insensitive to detecting cultural differences. Although qualitative methods are predominately used in exploring cultural phenomena, structural equation modeling (SEM) is suggested as a method for assessing cultural invariance. This method provides confidence that response differences are based on actual differences rather than on interpretations of QOL instruments. SEM may reveal other, more nebulous characteristics of Latino culture that influence the conceptualization of QOL and responses on measures aimed at quantifying it.
The cancer-testis antigens CT7 (MAGE-C1) and MAGE-A3/6 are commonly expressed in multiple myeloma and correlate with plasma-cell proliferation
Authors: Jungbluth Achim A. , Ely Scott , DiLiberto Maurizio , Niesvizky Ruben , Williamson Barbara , Frosina Denise , Chen Yao-Tseng , Bhardwaj Nina , Chen-Kiang Selina , Old Lloyd J. , Cho Hearn Jay
Published: March 2005

Multiple myeloma is a malignancy of plasma cells. Vaccine immunotherapy is among the novel therapeutic strategies under investigation for this disease. To identify myeloma-associated antigens as potential targets for vaccine immunotherapy, we surveyed a comprehensive panel of bone marrow specimens from patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS) and multiple myeloma for expression of cancer-testis (CT) antigens. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) demonstrated that 82% of stage-III myeloma specimens expressed the CT antigen CT7 (also known as melanoma antigen C1 [MAGE-C1]) and 70% expressed MAGE-A3/6. Messenger RNA for CT7 and MAGE-A family members was detected in 87% and 100% of stage-III samples, respectively. CT7 protein expression increased with advanced stage of disease. Higher levels of CT7 and MAGE-A3/6 proteins also correlated with elevated plasma-cell proliferation. These results show that CT7 and MAGE-A3/6 are promising myeloma-associated antigens for application in vaccine immunotherapy. Furthermore, the common expression and correlation with proliferation suggest a possible pathogenic role for these proteins in myeloma.
The Classics of Immunology
Authors: Smith Kendall A
Published: March 2005

Medical Immunology will be publishing invited Reviews and Commentaries from investigators who are at the forefront of their fields, to up-date our readers as to the current state of their art. These Reviews and Commentaries will be accompanied by Editorials that place the current work into the perspective of the first contribution in an area, which resulted in a "Classic" paper. Where possible, links will be provided to the original publication, so that the modern student of immunology can read the original and draw their own conclusions as to the value of the "Classic" contribution, and its relationship to our contemporary views as to how the immune system functions. To begin this process at the very dawn of immunology, we highlight Sir Edward Jenner's first descriptions of the use of cowpox to immunize individuals against the dread disease smallpox.
Human Thyrotropin (TSH) Variants Designed by Site-Directed Mutagenesis Block TSH Activity in Vitro and in Vivo
Authors: Azzam Naiel , Bar-Shalom Rinat , Kraiem Zaki , Fares Fuad
Published: March 2005

TSH is a heterodimeric glycoprotein hormone synthesized in the pituitary and composed of a specific β-subunit and a common α-subunit shared with FSH, LH, and human chorionic gonadotropin. The heterodimer was previously converted into a biologically active single chain protein by genetic fusion of the genes coding to both subunits in the presence of the carboxy-terminal sequence of human (h) chorionic gonadotropin-β subunit as a linker [hTSHβ-carboxyl-terminal peptide (CTP)-α]. N-linked carbohydrate-free single-chain TSH variants were constructed by site-directed mutagenesis and overlapping PCR: one devoid of both N-linked oligosaccharide chains on the α-subunit (hTSHβ-CTP-αdeg) and the other lacking also the oligosaccharides on the β-subunit (hTSHβdeg-CTP-αdeg). These variants were expressed in Chinese hamster ovary cells and secreted into the culture media. We have previously reported that the variants block the activities of hTSH and thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulins in cultured human thyroid follicles. In the present study, binding affinity of hTSH variants to hTSH receptor and the localization of the antagonistic effect were examined. Moreover, the effect of these variants on TSH activity was tested in vivo. The results of the present study indicate that the hTSH variants bind to the hTSH receptor with high affinity. Experiments using forskolin also indicated that the N-linked carbohydrate-free TSH single-chain variants inhibit TSH activity at the receptor-binding site and not at a postreceptor level. Moreover, the variants significantly inhibited (about 50%) TSH activity with respect to thyroid hormone secretion in vivo in mice. These variants may offer a novel therapeutic strategy in treating hyperthyroidism.
The Orphan Nuclear Receptor Rev-erbα Recruits the N-CoR/Histone Deacetylase 3 Corepressor to Regulate the Circadian Bmal1 Gene
Authors: Yin Lei , Lazar Mitchell A.
Published: March 2005

Transcriptional regulation plays a fundamental role in controlling circadian oscillation of clock gene expression. The orphan nuclear receptor Rev-erbα has recently been implicated as a major regulator of the circadian clock. Expression of Bmal1, the master regulator of circadian rhythm in mammals, is negatively correlated with Rev-erbα mRNA level, but the molecular mechanism underlying this regulation is largely unknown. Here we show that Rev-erbα dramatically represses the basal activity of the mouse Bmal1 gene promoter via two monomeric binding sites, both of which are required for repression and are conserved between mouse and human. Rev-erbα directly binds to the mouse Bmal1 promoter and recruits the endogenous nuclear receptor corepressor (N-CoR)/histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3) complex, in association with a decrease in histone acetylation. The endogenous N-CoR/HDAC3 complex is also associated with the endogenous Bmal1 promoter in human HepG2 liver cells, where a reduction in cellular HDAC3 level markedly increases the expression of Bmal1 mRNA. These data demonstrate a new function for the N-CoR/HDAC3 complex in regulating the expression of genes involved in circadian rhythm by functioning as corepressor for Rev-erbα.
Coexistence in a two-type continuum growth model
Authors: Deijfen Maria , Häggström Olle
Published: March 2005

We consider a stochastic model describing the growth of two competing infections on ℝd. The growth takes place by way of spherical outbursts in the infected region, an outburst in the type-1 or -2 infected region causing all previously uninfected points within a stochastic distance from the outburst location to become type-1 or -2 infected, respectively. The main result is that, if the infection types have the same intensity, then there is a strictly positive probability that both infection types grow unboundedly.
The stationary tail asymptotics in the GI/G/1-type queue with countably many background states
Authors: Miyazawa Masakiyo , Zhao Yiqiang Q.
Published: March 2005

We consider the asymptotic behaviour of the stationary tail probabilities in the discrete-time GI/G/1-type queue with countable background state space. These probabilities are presented in matrix form with respect to the background state space, and shown to be the solution of a Markov renewal equation. Using this fact, we consider their decay rates. Applying the Markov renewal theorem, it is shown that certain reasonable conditions lead to the geometric decay of the tail probabilities as the level goes to infinity. We exemplify this result using a discrete-time priority queue with a single server and two types of customer.
Electronic Foreign-Exchange Markets and Passage Events of Independent Subordinators
Authors: Winkel Matthias
Published: March 2005

We set up a model for electronic foreign-exchange markets, suggesting subordinators to represent sellers' and buyers' offers. Its analysis naturally leads to the study of level passage events. The classical level passage event concerns the joint law of the time, height, and jump size observed when a real-valued stochastic process first exceeds a given level h. We provide an up-to-date treatment in the case when this process is a subordinator, and extend these results to a multivariate setting.
On Ultimate Ruin in a Delayed-Claims Risk Model
Authors: Yuen Kam C. , Guo Junyi , Ng Kai W.
Published: March 2005

In this paper, we consider a risk model in which each main claim induces a delayed claim called a by-claim. The time of delay for the occurrence of a by-claim is assumed to be exponentially distributed. From martingale theory, an expression for the ultimate ruin probability can be derived using the Lundberg exponent of the associated nondelayed risk model. It can be shown that the Lundberg exponent of the proposed risk model is the same as that of the nondelayed one. Brownian motion approximations for ruin probabilities are also discussed.
Preparation and Characterization of a Microfabricated Oxide-on-Oxide Catalyst of α-Sb2O4/VSbO4
Authors: Ohminami Yusuke , Suzuki Shushi , Matsudaira Nobuaki , Nomura Tomoko , Chun Wang-Jae , Ijima Kaoru , Nakamura Motonori , Mukasa Koichi , Nagase Masao , Asakura Kiyotaka
Published: March 2005

We have prepared microfabricated α-Sb2O4 thin films on VSbO4 by electron lithography. The VSbO4 thin films were prepared on a Si substrate by a sol–gel method combined with a spin coating. The size, separation and arrangement of the α-Sb2O4 overlayer were controlled by electron-beam lithography. We could successfully draw 0.5 μm wide lines with a separation of 2 μm. A preliminary study on the catalysis showed an enhancement of the selectivity in a propene conversion reaction to acrolein on a microfabricated α-Sb2O4/VSbO4.
Structures and Magnetic Properties of First-Row Transition Metal Complexes with Bridging Ligands, Squarate or Pyrazine
Authors: Jimbo-Kobayashi Akiko , Kobayashi Akiko , Tamura Itaru , Kawada Nao , Miyamoto Takeshi
Published: March 2005

For the purpose of construction of the hydrogen-bonded and coordination-bonded supramolecular network, MnII complex bridged by squarate molecules was synthesized, and their structural and magnetic properties were studied. X-ray structure determination revealed that MnII complex, [MnII4(C4O4)4(C4H4N2)(H2O)8], had a three-dimensional network structure bridged by squarates with cavities which trap pyrazine molecules. Pyrazine molecules have an orientational disorder even at 10 K in the cavities. They are stabilized by weak hydrogen bonds with a network formed by squarates. A weak antiferromagnetic exchange interaction is observed between magnetic moments on Mn2+ ions through squarate. In the case of one-dimensional polymer chain complexes, MII(C4O4)(C4H4N2)(H2O)4 (where MII = FeII, NiII, CuII), which are bridged by pyrazine molecules, the temperature dependence of magnetic susceptibility follows Bonner–Fischer’s one dimensional chain model. The antiferromagnetic exchange parameter for CuII complex is slightly larger than those for FeII and NiII complexes. This difference is considered to be caused by the difference of the metal to metal distances. In the case of [CoII(C4O4)(C4H4N2)(H2O)4], clear anisotropy of the magnetic properties was observed, which was caused by large zero-field splitting.
Liquid Crystallinity of 2-Fluorenyl 4-Alkylbenzoates
Authors: Yamamoto Jun , Kimura Takao , Takabayashi Yutaka , Oba Toru , Karikomi Michinori , Minabe Masahiro
Published: March 2005

The liquid crystallinity values of 2-fluorenyl 4-alkyl (pentadecyl, n-, or s-butyl)-benzoates were compared with those of biphenyl homologues. Cyano group or hydrogen was used as the end group at the 7-position of 2-fluorenol moiety. Methoxy and hydroxy groups in addition to hydrogen were examined as a lateral substituent at the 2-position of 4-alkylbenzoic acid unit. 7-Cyano-2-fluorenyl 2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzoate shows very similar properties to those of 4′-cyanobiphenyl-4-yl 2-hydroxy-4-pentadecylbenzoate.
Three‐Dimensional Internal Order in Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes Grown by Chemical Vapor Deposition (Adv. Mater. 6/2005)
Authors: Koziol K. , Shaffer M. , Windle A.
Published: March 2005

Unprecedented levels of internal order are obtained in multiwalled carbon nanotubes grown by chemical vapor deposition with a nitrogen‐doping level of 3% in work reported by Windle and co‐workers on p. 760. Not only is each of the tubular layers of the same orientation (chirality), but they also appear to be in three‐dimensional crystallographic register with one another as shown by the hkl reflections on the cover. The tubes are also straighter and thicker than pure carbon equivalents. The layers are either pure zigzag or pure armchair with spacings close to that of graphite.
The Influence of Differences Between Microchannels on Micro Reactor Performance
Authors: Delsman E. R. , de Croon M. H. J. M. , Elzinga G. D. , Cobden P. D. , Kramer G. J. , Schouten J. C.
Published: March 2005

Microstructured reactors most often contain a large number of micrometer‐sized, parallel channels, instead of a large undivided reaction volume. Individual microchannels behave as plug‐flow reactors without significant axial dispersion and with excellent heat and mass transfer properties. However, since the reaction takes place in a large number of parallel channels, it is important that all channels provide equal residence time and amount of catalyst volume. These issues depend not only on the flow distributor design, but also, for example, on the manufacturing tolerances. Correlations are derived to express the conversion of a multichannel microreactor explicitly as a function of the variance of a number of reactor parameters, viz. the channel flow rate, the channel diameter, the amount of catalyst in a channel, and the channel temperature. It is shown that the influence of flow maldistribution on the overall reactor conversion is relatively small, while the influences of variations in the channel diameter and the amount of catalyst coating are more pronounced. The model outcomes are also compared to experimental results of two microreactors with different catalyst distributions, which show that the presented method is able to provide a quick, though rough estimation of the influence of differences between channels on microreactor performance.
Improving delivery of antineoplastic agents with anti‐vascular endothelial growth factor therapy
Authors: Yang Anthony D. , Bauer Todd W. , Camp E. Ramsay , Somcio Ray , Liu Wenbiao , Fan Fan , Ellis Lee M.
Published: March 2005

It is believed that impairments in delivery of antineoplastic agents to solid tumors result from abnormalities of the tumor microenvironment. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), the prototypical angiogenic molecule, is one of the main factors responsible for the development and maintenance of the aberrant tumor vascular network, which is characterized by chaotic, leaky blood vessels with high interstitial fluid pressure and inefficient blood flow. The authors proposed that anti‐VEGF therapy would reduce the elevated interstitial fluid pressure in tumors, thereby improving blood flow and potentially improving delivery of cytotoxic agents to tumor cells. For the current report, the authors reviewed characteristics of the abnormal tumor vasculature created under the influence of VEGF, the resulting tumor microenvironment, how the tumor microenvironment may impede delivery of antineoplastic agents, and how the combination of anti‐VEGF and cytotoxic therapy may maximize the efficacy of antineoplastic treatment regimens. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Bile acids induce MUC2 overexpression in human colon carcinoma cells
Authors: Song Shumei , Byrd James C. , Koo Ja Seok , Bresalier Robert S.
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND

Mucin alterations are a common feature of colonic neoplasia, and alterations in MUC2 mucin have been associated with tumor progression in the colon. Bile acids have been linked to colorectal carcinogenesis and mucin secretion, but their effects on mucin gene expression in human colon carcinoma cells is unknown

METHODS

Human colon carcinoma cells were treated ≤ 6 hours with 10–200 μM deoxycholate, chenodeoxycholate, or ursodeoxycholate. MUC2 protein was assayed by Western blot analysis and MUC2 transcription was assayed using a MUC2 promoter reporter luciferase construct. Transcription activator protein 1 (AP‐1) activity was measured using an AP‐1 reporter construct and confirmed by Western blot analysis for c‐Jun/AP‐1.

RESULTS

MUC2 transcription and MUC2 protein expression were increased three to fourfold by bile acids in a time and dose‐dependent manner with no effect on cell viability. AP‐1 activity was also increased (deoxycholate > chenodeoxycholate > ursodeoxycholate). Treatment with the putative chemopreventive agent curcumin, which decreased AP‐1 activity, also decreased MUC2 transcription. Cotransfection with a dominant negative AP‐1 vector decreased MUC2 transcription, confirming the significance of AP‐1 in MUC2 induction by deoxycholate. Calphostin C, a specific inhibitor of protein kinase C (PKC), greatly decreased bile acid‐induced MUC2 transcription and AP‐1 activity, whereas inhibitors of MAP kinase had no effect.

CONCLUSIONS

Bile acids induced mucin expression in human colon carcinoma cells by increasing MUC2 transcription through a process involving MAP kinase‐independent, PKC‐dependent activation of AP‐1. Cancer 2005. © 2005 American Cancer Society.
Single Carbon Nanotube Optical Spectroscopy
Authors: Hartschuh Achim , Pedrosa Hermenegildo N. , Peterson Jeffrey , Huang Libai , Anger Pascal , Qian Huihong , Meixner Alfred J. , Steiner Mathias , Novotny Lukas , Krauss Todd D.
Published: March 2005

This Minireview discusses novel insights into the electronic structure of carbon nanotubes obtained using single‐molecule fluorescence spectroscopy. Fluorescence spectra from single nanotubes are well described by a single, Lorentzian lineshape. Nanotubes with identical structures fluoresce with different energies due to local electronic perturbations. Carbon nanotube fluorescence unexpectedly does not show any intensity or spectral fluctuations at 300 K. The lack of intensity blinking or bleaching demonstrates that carbon nanotubes have the potential to provide a stable, single‐molecule infrared photon source, allowing for the exciting possibility of applications in quantum optics and biophotonics.