bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Deux organistes amis de Rousseau : J.-J. Palais et G. Trouflaut
Authors: Baffert Jean-Marc
Published: June 2016

Jean-Marc Baffert : Two of Rousseau's organist friends : J.-J. Palais and

G. Trouflaut.

This article presents two organists whom Rousseau met at two very different points in his life. Gilbert Trouflaut, who was the organist of Nevers cathedral but above all a lover of botany, only appeared in Rousseau's life when he "herborised" with him after 1769. Rousseau met much earlier, in Savoy, abbé Palais who is mentioned in the Confessions and Rêveries. He was born in the Aosta valley in 1712 and married in Auxerre where he was the organist at the cathedral for several decades. The two were therefore linked to each other and both had specific ties with Rousseau, thus justifying the title of the article.
Correspondance inédite de Jean Potocki sur l'ambassade russe en Chine
Authors: Stroev Alexandre , Triaire Dominique
Published: June 2016

Jean Potockls unpublished correspondence on the Russian mission to China,

presented by Alexandre Stroev and Dominique Triaire.

In 1805, Jean Potocki (1761-1805) took part in the Russian mission to China as leader of the scientific delegation. The mission failed, owing to disagreement on protocol, and did not go further than Ourga in Mongolia, but the scientists carried out active investigations all over Siberia and made varied and interesting discoveries, including that of the famous mammoth. As, on their return, there was no sign of any recompense, Potocki drew up a report addressed to the Minister Rumjancev, and wrote to him several times in December 1807, which resulted in three scientists being granted pensions. A few weeks later Potocki gave up politics. The ten documents published here for the first time were recently discovered in Moscow.
Galiani et l'Angleterre. Sur la genèse des Dialogues sur les blés
Authors: Goggi Gianluigi
Published: June 2016

Gianluigi Goggi : Galiani and England. The Dialogues and their origins.

Two sets of documents throw light on the origins of Galiani' s Dialogues. First, some documents show the work to be a reaction to the situation in Paris in October-November 1768, when free trade in corn and poor harvests led to a dearth of food likely to spark off disturbances or even social unrest. Galiani' s reaction is the same as that of the lieutenant general of police, Sartine. A second set suggests and interpretation of Galiani' s political stance in the light of the historical experience on which they were probably based, namely events in England. English popular protest movements under the slogan "Wilkes and liberty" seemed to prove that fair prices and free trade in corn lead to political democracy, by shifting the balance of property and thus of power towards the freeholder class. The evolution of English society showed that a policy encouraging the free export of corn led to a danger of the entire political system being overthrown.
Mythologie de la vestale
Authors: Delon Michel
Published: June 2016

Michel Delon : The mythology of the vestal.

Roman vestal virgins became, in the 18th Century, the heroines both of the philosophical fight against ecclesiastical celibacy and forced vows, and of the neoclassical struggle against rococo affectedness. They appear in all the literary forms, from the novel (for example that of de Mailly) to the theatre (the tragedy of Dubois-Fontanelle) and from poetry (Le Suire) to the essay (the abbé Nadal) ; they are present in all the arts : painting (Diderot shows interest of this theme in his Salons), sculpture (Houdon, Clodion), music (opera of Jouy and Spontini, and later that of Mercadante). The imagination centred on the condamnation of guilty vestals, who were buried alive. This Antiquity is seen as sadistic and "gothic".
Vico, juge et témoin de la pensée romaine
Authors: Michel Alain
Published: June 2016

Alain Michel : Vico as judge and representative of Roman thought.

For Vico, the Roman tradition was valuable because it gave their rightful place to the fundamental disciplines of law and philology and led in particular to a theory of education or "heroic culture" ; this allowed Vico to engage a dialogue with his own century and to open up future perspectives for philosophy and aesthetics.
Les grands hommes de l'Antiquité et la réflexion sur le génie en Allemagne de 1760 à 1790
Authors: Laudin Gérard
Published: June 2016

Gérard Laudin : The great men of antiquity and reflection on genius in Germany, 1760-90.

In Germany from 1750 to 1790, studies of classical antiquity clung to the traditional model of exemplarity. The great man, who was equated with the genius, was seen by Gatterer (1761) as the guide who contributed to the progress of humanity ; these legislators, generals, scientists were praised as builders, to the detriment of conquerors, seen, on the contrary, as destroyers. The ambivalence of heroic genius, developed in drama in the 1770s, was emphasized in 1788 by Beck, who was more attuned to political mechanisms and abandoned the model of great men ; he demystified radically the great conquerors in favour of the Gracchi, for example, adopting a republican perspective alien to Gatterer, who was very attached to enlightened despotism.
L'inspiration romaine dans Les Chaines de l'esclavage de Marat
Authors: Andrivet Patrick
Published: June 2016

Patrick Andrivet : Roman inspiration in Marat's Chains of Slavery.

Because Marat uses the term "slavery" metaphorically to refer to any type of oppression, but more particularly political oppression (thus aiming at the absolutisms of his own age) his Chains of Slavery deals with ancient Rome in the same terms as Stuart England or contemporary France. It is particularly critical of the republican Senate, oppressor of the plebeians, but is just as harsh towards the latter who often "forge their own chains" which their masters have only to "fasten". Marat does not deal with Rome the conqueror and thus removes both its main characteristic and the prestige which it had been accorded since Antiquity.
Mythologie et art poétique. L'Antiquité dans la théorie de l'architecture régénérée de Ledoux
Authors: Rabreau Daniel
Published: June 2016

Daniel Rabreau : Mythology and poetic art. Antiquity in Ledoux'S regenerated architectural theory.

Ledoux was one of the French architects with the most sites under construction during the reigns of Louis XV and XVI, but his career was broken by the Revolution. In 1804 he published a great illustrated work which was his artistic testament, a theory of architecture and an encyclopœdia of art and history for the use of posterity (general public and students of architecture). He was considered as one of the reformers of the classical architecture of his time, but after more than a century of neglect, 20th-century critics see him as an Utopian visionary anticipating modernist purity (E. Kaufmann). A study of the 1804 text and illustrations devoted to classical poetic art, mythology and Greco-Roman history, show that Ledoux's literary and symbolic objectives were to regenerate the architecture of his time by making it speak like an epic poem or a historical painting. This poetico-historical dimension of classical Antiquity, a sort of Ut architectura poesis, which guides his reform of classical architecture, has never before been brought out.
A la découverte de Lahontan
Authors: Ouellet Real
Published: June 2016

Real Ouellet : Discovering Lahontan.

This article seeks to identify the place of Lahontan in the intellectual currents of the final decades of the Eighteenth Century, and to bring out the originality of his use of both genre and argument. On one hand, Lahontan draws fully on the three streams that flow into travel literature, namely the adventure story, journey inventory accounts and socio-philosophical discourse ; and on the other, his use of irony makes his text ambiguous and infuses a dynamism into it that makes an airtight interpretation impossible.
La fiction selon Mme Riccoboni
Authors: Flaux Mireille
Published: June 2016

Mireille Flaux : Fiction according to Madame Riccoboni.

What did writing fiction mean for Mme Riccoboni ? Several circumstances pushed her to exploit her talent, like the meeting with Marivaux in the Italian Theatre where she acted, or the encouragements of her friends, not to mention the need to earn a living after she left the stage. It was for her a serious occupation, as for her the role of the writer was, without lecturing, to provide a moral teaching by speaking to the heart. In addition, the study of novels reveals traces of the author's sentimental life. Even more, her work became a stage for presenting the condition of women ; this does not mean that she preached, for the aim was to amuse as well as to convince, but the epistolary novel and even more the novel of memoirs are particularly well adapted to revealing the truth about women. The writing reflects her sensitivity and aspirations and the style reveals a pleasure in writing blending with her search for happiness.
Derjavine, poète russe
Authors: Vatcheva Anguélina
Published: June 2016

Anguélina Vatchéva : Derjavine, the Russian poet.

G. R. Derjavine (1743-1816), who played a public role under four sovereigns, was a leading figure in Russian literary life. This article studies mainly his contribution to poetry as the last great representative of classicism, who drew on the inheritance of both Lomonossov and Soumarokov. It emphasizes the originality of his odes, in particular the most famous, Felitza (1763), in which the Russian national tradition is combined with a modern opening onto Western culture. Deijavine is thus seen as a great philosopher poet, half-way between Lomonossov' s lyrical meditation and the generation of 19th century romantics, and particularly famous for his anacreontic poetry. At the end of his life, he played a conciliatory role in the literary quarrel between the Neoclassicists and the Sentimentalists.
Les débuts de l'orientalisme en France et les études arméniennes
Authors: Kevorkian Raymond H.
Published: June 2016

Raymond Kevorkian : Armenian studies and the beginnings of Orientalism in France.

Colbert's intructions to Antoine Galland before his third visit to the East in 1679 — shortly after the authorisation given to Oskan Erewanc'i in 1669 to set up an Armenian-language printing press in Marseilles — initiated a policy of Armenian acquisitions. The study of the Fathers of the Eastern Church became an issue in the theological disputes between Catholics and Protestants, which stimulated study of Armenian liturgical texts and manuscripts. However the collection of Armenian manuscripts at the Royal Library did not develop until abbé Sevin's mission to the East in 1728. Pétis de la Croix, the royal interpreter and professor at the Royal College, translated Armenian documents, and the first school of Armenian specialists in Europe was founded in Venice in 1715. Napo leon's creation of the chair of Armenian at the School of Oriental Languages enabled the inventory of the riches of the Armenian cultural heritage to continue.
L'orientalisme piétiste en Prusse et en Russie
Authors: Duverdier Gérald
Published: June 2016

Gérald Duverdier : Pietist orientalism in Prussia and Russia.

Pietism, a return to the 'rue Christianity' of Lutheranism, naturally turned to the Eastern Churches, which were closer to the primitive Church, in order to restore their old vitality. It wished to work with them to revive the missionary spirit of early Christianity, in order to reconquer Christendom. Although its approaches to the Ethiopian, Malabar and Armenian churches were unsuccessful, they led to the development of study of their holy languages and history. Relations with the Orthodox Chruch were very fruitful : although in the Ottoman Empire they only led to the development of Arabic, Turkish and Persian studies, in Russia, Pietism helped to revive the Church, according to the wishes of Peter the Great, and gave birth to Russian Orientalism at a time when expansion towards the Amor and the Caspian was beginning.
A la recherche de textes indiens
Authors: D'Souza Florence
Published: June 2016

Florence D'Souza : In search of Indian texts.

Serious Orientalist study was only established in the early 18th Century. By 1738 the French Jesuits in India had sent 287 Indian texts to the Royal Library in response to abbé Bignon's appeal for Oriental documents. In the 1750s three travellers (J.-B. Gentil, Anquetil-Duperron and A. de Polier) collected documents and compilations of Indian texts. Foucher d'Obsonville and J. Maissin also deposited documents in the Royal Library. Rival British scholars assembled and translated legal and literary texts for the Asiatic Society of Calcutta, founded in 1784, thus ensuring a solid collection of Indian documents in Britain's major libraries. This politically-motivated British Orientalist research was replaced by colonialist concerns by 1850. The selections made by these early European Orientalists greatly influenced the way India has since been perceived ; for exam¬ ple, the oversimplified bipolarisation of Indian society into Hindus and Muslims, an exaggerated admiration for ancient Indian civilisation, as well as the rigidifica-tion of traditional power structures, can be seen as the result of certain trends in Orientalist discourse.
Jean-Louis Asselin, agent consulaire et collectionneur de manuscrits orientaux
Authors: Burger Pierre-François
Published: June 2016

Pierre-François Burger : Jean-Louis Asselin, a diplomat and collector of Oriental manuscripts.

This article traces the career and activity of Jean-Louis Asselin de Cherville or Chervillé (1772-1822), who was the French diplomatic agent in Cairo and an Orientalist with a strong and unusual personality. He assembled a very important and original collection of Oriental manuscripts which were later acquired by the French National Library.
L'Orient et la numismatique
Authors: de Turckheim-Pey Sylvie
Published: June 2016

Sylvie de Turckheim-Pey : Numismatics and the Orient.

From the very beginning of the 18th Century, interest in the East can be seen in commercial exchanges which were the result of the foreign policy of the main Western rulers. At the same time, the emperors of the Indies, the rulers of Chinese provinces, the governors of Indian Ocean ports and the princes of Eastern Europe were interested in art and the new sciences and thus open to Enlightened ideas. Monetary circulation, the activities of mints and the iconographic sources of numismatics represent important aspects of this interaction between civilisations and often produced both wealth and artistic creations, which also benefited the local populations.
La correspondance de D'Alembert avec Gabriel Cramer
Authors: Pappas John
Published: June 2016

John Pappas : D'Alembert's correspondence with Gabriel Cramer.

The voluminous correspondence of the Swiss mathematician G. Cramer, located in the Bibliothèque publique et universitaire in Geneva, is a rich source of information for the historian of science. The D'Alembert letters are especially interesting because, although there are the expected mathematical discussions, the bulk of the letters deal with literary, cultural and political matters, chiefly becauce Cramer wished such news from Paris. D'Alembert tells him of the latest plays (Voltaire's Sémiramis, Crébillon' s Catilina ), literary productions (L'Esprit des lois, Lettre sur les aveugles — and Diderot's imprisonment at Vincennes), his own publications (Discours préliminaire, Éloge de l'abbé Terr assort, Éléments de musique ) and the controversy between the Encyclopédie and Berthier's Journal de Trévoux. The correspondance ends upon Cramer's death in 1751.
Une lettre du chanoine Bergier (1774)
Authors: Besse Guy
Published: June 2016

Guy Besse : A letter from Canon Bergier to abbé Pralet (1774).

This letter, in the Nantes municipal library, is to a friend from Franche-Comté, abbé Pralet, who was in Madrid, governed by the enlightened Charles

III. While showing Bergier' s attachment to the Bishop of Arras, de Conzie, who was influential at court, it also confirms what his published correspondence already tells us ; the former priest at Flangebouche, the confessor of the first princesses in the realm as well as a philosopher and theologien with comfortable pensions from church and state, nevertheless affirms his independence as a man and a scholar and hopes one day to break the 'chains' keeping him at Versailles. He informs his friend about the imminent re-establishment of the former Parlement and, although refusing to give an opinion as to what is likely to happen, he is nevertheless critical of the probable reticence of the Philosophes, who he thinks will weigh up the risks before reacting.
«Malheur aux faibles !» Condamnations de l'oppression des animaux
Authors: Mannucci Erica J.
Published: June 2016

Erica Mannucci : 'Woe to the weak' ! J. Oswald against the oppression of animals.

John Oswald, a young Scottish republican journalist and former army officer who had become a vegetarian in India, published The Cry of Nature in London in 1791 ; it was the first manifesto against the oppression of animals. Oswald, who was a member of the Parisian Jacobin club and died in the Vendée in 1793 as a French patriot, thought that the revolutionary era would bring justice for animals. He was the first to politicise the problem of anthropocentric cruelty towards animals, which became for him the key to a critical reading of the entire course of Western civilisation. A comparative approach, with a survey of a number of significant philosophical and moral arguments concerning animals by French authors from Meslier to Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, helps to highlight the innovative aspects of Oswald's position within the framework of the development of a new sensibility.
L'Arétin en France
Authors: Fischer Caroline
Published: June 2016

Caroline Fischer : Aretino in France.

During his lifetime, Pietro Aretino (1492-1556) was a celebrity who was received by François I and spoken of as a famous writer by Montaigne. Major figures of 17th-century literature such as Corneille, Gilbert, Molière and La Fontaine drew inspiration from his life and works. In the 18th Century his name was synonymous with erotic and satirical literature. Aretino' s catalogue of positions was legendary, and his life was much better known than his works, which were hardly published after 1660. A that moment, the erotic novel appeared on the French scene with L'École des filles, L'Académie des dames and, shortly after, Vénus dans le cloître (ca 1680). All three novels were clearly influenced by Aretino' s Ragionamenti (dialogues of courtisans) and in turn left their imprint on 18th-century erotic literature. Even when Aretino' s influence was only evident to observant eyes, he was rightfully considered as a pornographer par excellence.
Théâtre et cafés à Paris
Authors: Jubinville Yves
Published: June 2016

Yves Jubinville : Theatres and cafés in Paris.

In the cultural geography of 18th-century Paris, there were two "institutions" which complicated the hitherto untroubled activity of the élites gravitating around the monarchy : the theatre and the café, which increased in number (in particular the cafés) throughout the century. From them rose a sort of murmer, even din, which created a certain disorder in the society of the Old Régime. This study looks above all at the disorder of discourse ; for cafés and theatres were places which encouraged exchanges of all sorts and in particular verbal exchanges. It was here, in the 18th Century, that speech originated, in the form of rumours, secrets, mockery, pamphlets — all forms which defied the dominant rules of discourse. It is easy to understand the threat they posed, echoed in the works by Diderot (Neveu de Rameau) and Voltaire (L'Ecossaise) analysed here. Their "mocking speech" endangered the social consensus and the general norms of legitimacy which framed the struggles between the old (Academies, court society) and new (republic of letters, salons) organisations of cultural power.
Les peintres de l'Académie et leurs familles
Authors: Wine Humphrey
Published: June 2016

Humphrey Wine : Academy painters and their families.

During the course of the 1 8th Century the perception of the painter in France evolved from that of a person who exercised a skill acquired by diligence to that of one inspired by genius. This change was accompanied to a significant degree by a change in the type of person admitted to membership of the French Academy of Painting. Whereas in 1700 over half the painter members of the Academy were the children of painters, sculptors or engravers, the proportion fell to less than a quarter of painters admitted to membership during the period 1780-91. This reduction in the link between family and profession emerges statistically in the early part of the century, but is particularly marked between the years 1740 and 1780.
Rousseau sans peine et en cartes postales
Authors: Starobinski Jean
Published: June 2016

Rousseau without tears and in postcards.

This article denounces the scandalous publication of a book by Jean-Jacques Monney called Jean-Jacques Rousseau. Sa vie, son œuvre racontées en un siècle de cartes postales (Geneva, Slatkine, 1994, new edition 1995). This work, in which a series of postcards is reproduced and commented on, is full of crude errors which deform Rousseau's life and work. It appeared under the more or less official patronage of the Genevan authorities and has been translated into Japanese and Chinese.
De grappe en verre : état des questions
Authors: Bart Jean , Wahl Élisabeth
Published: June 2016

Jean Bart and Elisabeth Wahl : From grape to glass. The present state of studies.

Research on vines and wine has greatly developed in the last decades. Many studies, both individual and collective, particularly in the fields of history and geography, have adopted a long time-scale which can lead from classical antiquity to the phylloxera crisis. The present special issue both complements and extends no. 15, on "Food and Cooking" ; it reflects the present state of research on the subject and, from a resolutely pluridisciplinary point of view, throws light on the changes that came about during the 18th Century, both concerning the reality of viti-and viniculture and the representations and myths about the production, commercialisation and consumption of wine.
La taxe des vins de Metz : un système de paiement qui appauvrit le vigneron
Authors: Barthel Jocelyne
Published: June 2016

Jocelyne Barthel : the "tax" on metz wines, a system of payment which impoverished the wine-growers.

The Moselle Valley wine region, prosperous since Gallo-Roman times, had been in the hands of small traders and artisans since the 17th Century. Domains were small, and although some of the wine-growers were landowners, most were tenants and paid the landowner between a third and half of the crop. As no money came in until after the harvest, the independent growers or tenants borrowed money from their masters or landowners, repaid in wine after the harvest, according to a tariff, often improperly called a "wine tax". The wine-grower provided the creditor with wine up to the sum owed in addition to the part of the crop owed as rent. As the "tax" was always lower than the true price of the wine, he had usually to give up all of his crop without being able to reimburse the loan completely. Year after year the debt increased and the Metz winegrowers became poorer. In addition, this undervalued tariff, often better known than the true price of the wine, devalued it in the eyes of foreigners, who believed that this cheap product was inferior, and thus this ruined the reputation of the region in the 18th Century.
Thomas Jefferson : chef d'État, vigneron, œnophile
Authors: Fink Béatrice
Published: June 2016

Beatrice Fink : Thomas Jefferson : Statesman, winegrower, lover of

wines.

Jefferson is America's first, and arguably greatest, patron of wine and winegrowing. This article, after a brief survey of earlier winegrowing in America, traces the hows, whens and whys of the third American President's involvement in the world of wine, thereby enhancing the "Sage of Monticello" behind the Founding Father. Apart from a love of the land and its cultivation, reinforced by a fascination with the natural sciences, Jefferson's commitment to his vineyards and the universe of wine represents a conflation (which is not without its inconsistencies) of a visionary physiocratic dream energized by patriotic zeal, a pragmatic clinical attitude towards the tangible realities of soil, weather, economics, etc., and the subtle tastes of wine. A three-stage itinerary — initiation, assimilation (comprising the crucial 1784-89 stay in France) and consolidation — is fired throughout by his belief in wine drinking as a means of controlling alcoholism in which wine replaced "ardent spirits". Jefferson's dream was not to materialize during his lifetime, but he himself foresaw a rosier future.
Le discours sur le vin dans la presse régionale et l'identité nationale (1750-1790)
Authors: Merrett Robert James
Published: June 2016

Robert James Merrett : Discussion of wine in regional journalism and national identity (1750-1790).

This article surveys the journalism produced in eleven provincial centres of the wine trade in 18th-century France. By showing what the affiches reveal about this trade, the article considers how this court-controlled and miscellaneous journalism may yield documentary information useful to cultural history. The rhetoric of the regional press is oblique and contradictory, but such faults expose interesting problems in the wine trade, problems that reflect how the history of industry, trade and consumerism enlightens social issues, such as the formation of national identity.
Le service de la boisson à table
Authors: Mabille Gérard
Published: June 2016

Gérard Mabille : Serving wine at table.

The French etiquette for serving food was established and spread during the first half of the 18th Century in a way that parallels the development of the art of gardens. The rules linked to drink are one of the most surprising aspects of French serving etiquette. It had long been established that no drinker should put his glass on the table, and the habit of cooling all drinks and glasses with ice gave rise to a whole range of instruments : ice-buckets or coolers, divided into three groups according to size, some of the most beautiful specimens of which have survived. For those wines which were never served on the table, special buckets called "cuvettes" were used ; to cool several glasses at once, glass racks or crenellated buckets were apparently developed in the Sèvres factory.
Le vin dans La Nouvelle Héloïse. «In vino Veritas»
Authors: Fougère Éric
Published: June 2016

Éric Fougère : In vino Veritas. Wine in J.-J. Rousseau's Nouvelle Héloïse.

Wine plays two main roles in La Nouvelle Héloïse : first, in the narration, it indicates Rousseau's Utopia. Clarens represents a microcosm centred on, amongst other activities, the domestic economy of grape gathering, in which Rousseau's ideal of selected equality is given free rein. Secondly, from a philosophical point of view, the question of wine seems to provide a solution to the problem of the interpretation of nature. As a beneficial drink, wine, if mixed with water, can make one healthy both physically and morally, but as a harmful one, it estranges one from reason, as when Saint-Preux is inebriated. In fact, wine has an ambiguous status. It represents the natural aesthetics and ethics underlying the Discours sur l'origine et fondements de l'inégalité parmi les hommes and the Entretien sur les romans. In a corrupt society, wine, like art and fiction, represents the kind of illusion which can lead to the discovery of a hidden moral truth.
Le vin dans le Théâtre de la Foire
Authors: Aguilâ Solana Irène
Published: June 2016

Irène Aguilâ Solana : Wine in the "théâtre de la foire".

As comic opera is mainly a light-hearted genre, it is not surprising that drinking is very common in this kind of play. Wine is undoubtedly the most popular alcoholic drink amongst the characters of the "Foire" ; beer and spirits follow far behind it. The comic opera emphasizes the positive effects of alcohol consumption, but it also points out its negative consequences, as seen in its criticism of trade and customs. Within the culture of wine encouraged by the "Théâtre de la Foire", other formal aspects are also analysed, such as references to its use, at a real or a metaphorical level, and the frequency of drinking songs to back up the dialogue.
«À la santé... du spectateur !»
Authors: Peyronnet Pierre
Published: June 2016

Pierre Peyronnet : Drinking to the health of the audience.

A study of some seventy-five plays enables us to analyse their use of Dionysos, who inspired the theatre and invented wine, through an examination of mythical references, his influence and his benign power. Although the god does not appear in any works in the grand style, ballet-opera favours depictions of his loves and gives rise to rejoicing, as do feasts in honour of a lord. Depicting the wine harvest itself is an occasion for enjoyment or amorous conquests, as wine frees inhibitions, and its drink predisposes one to universal love. It also enables the plays to represent on stage hard-working landowners, peasants harvesting, and above all often noisy drinkers. Drunkenness is rarely represented, or if it is, it is shown as despicable and enables the authors to moralise. Nevertheless, the French seem to be indulgent, even acquiescent or participants in the venal sins encouraged by Bacchus, the most popular of the gods.
Vin canaille et vin moral sur les scènes privées
Authors: Plagnol Marie-Emmanuelle
Published: June 2016

Marie-Emmanuelle Plagnol-Diéval : Moral and immoral wine in the private theatre.

This article analyses the representation of wine, drinkers and drunkenness in the plays performed in private theatres at the end of the 18th Century (Collé' s and Carmontelle's "théâtre de société", Collé' s "parades" and Berquin's "théâtre d'éducation"). As private theatres were not subject to censorship they could adopt a realistic approach and provide an historical testimony, as can be seen from the scenes of social drinking and the different categories of drinkers depicted. The plays also deal with the symbolic and imaginary aspects of wine, seen as a healthy and fortifying drink, especially when combined with other beverages, such as water or milk. Educational plays, however, criticise drunkenness and the physical and moral disorder it engenders. Typical of the plays in general are drinking songs, references to Anacreon and various comic registers, from farce to the depiction of the character of the drunkard.
La cave des poètes : poétique des vins, imaginaire de l'ivresse
Authors: Seth Catriona
Published: June 2016

Catriona Seth : The poet's wine cellar.

Inspiration, in particular poetic inspiration, is often compared to a state of inebriation. Can we conclude that poets are connoisseurs of fine wines ? This would seem to be the case in 18th-century France, as specific crus are frequently quoted in verse. They provide touches of local colour or are used to evoke the poet's birthplace or some other favourite region, or they are served on memorable occasions and become metaphors for different types of individuals, or even for French wit. This article aims to show that the naming of wines, which replaces generalities and paraphrases, is characteristic of a number of trends in 18th-century French thought as a whole, from the desire, in the wake of the Encyclopédie, to classify all things, to an attempt to draw poetry away from classical periphrases towards a closer contact with reality.
Une lettre inédite de Nicolas-Antoine Boullanger à Joseph-Nicolas Delisle (1753)
Authors: Inguenaud Marie-Thérèse
Published: June 2016

Marie-Thérèse Inguenaud : An unpublished letter from Nicolas-Antoine Boullanger to Joseph-Nicolas Delisle.

In 1752, just as Nicolas-Antoine Boullanger was finishing the engraving of his Nouvelle Mappemonde, for which he lacked documents enabling him to trace the coast of North America, the geographer Philippe Buache published a map, together with an explanatory note by Joseph-Nicolas Delisle, concerning "new discoveries in the North of die South Seas". This joint publication answered the questions which Boullanger, who admitted to only being a makeshift geographer, had been unable to answer. He was brave enough to write to Delisle to ask permission to use his work ; his letter, dated 8th January 1753, is to be found in the library of the Paris Observatoire (shelfmark B1-7).
Le baron de Bilistein, faiseur de projets
Authors: Stroev Alexandre , Mihaila Ileana
Published: June 2016

Alexander Stroev and Ileana Mihaila : Baron Bilistein, a dreamer of projects.

The Lorraine-born economist, Charles-Leopold Andreu de Bilistein (1724-77?), developed in the 1760s a plan for "political navigation", linking the main rivers of Europe by canals, thus providing economic and commercial growth and leading perhaps to political union. As Holland, Lorraine and Prussia refused to put his plans into practice, he went to Russia in 1765 ; he wrote on the organisation of Saint Petersburg, the construction of statues to Peter I and Catherine II, a code of Russian laws, the development of the Southern provinces, etc., but all in vain. He took part in the war against Turkey and in 1771 wrote a memoir proposing to make a single free republic of Moldavia and Wallachia. Although Catherine originally wanted to give them independence, she was obliged to give them back to the Ottomans. In 1775, after the failure of his project for political development, Bilistein presented to Versailles a plan for the economic colonisation of Moldavia and Wallachia. These two memoirs, of which long extracts are given, are the first project for an independent Rumanian state and provide an accurate description of its economy.
Jacques Rochette de la Morlière, escroc et libertin
Authors: Wald-Lasowski Roman
Published: June 2016

Romain Wald-Lasowski : Jacques Rochette de La Morlière, crook and libertine.

Jacques Rochette de La Morlière, who was an indefatigable and clever industrialist, did all he could to establish his reputation as a crook and a libertin and to demonstrate, according to Chevrier (to whom the portrait could equally well apply) in Le Colporteur, that he was "one of those marvellous people who possess the pleasant talent of ruining and dishonouring all women". His fame was established by the publication of Angola in 1746, which was long the favourite novel of the boudoirs, but he was particularly known to his contemporaries as the leader of cabals and the artisan of the success or failure of the plays put on by the Théâtre français and the Comédie italienne. To describe La Morlière is to bring to life the picaresque and emblematic career of one of those numerous 18th-century individuals who were given over to corruption and marginality and the writer who had a talent for finding inspiration for his satires in the margins of the texts he read and parodied.
Générosité et sacrifice dans le mélodrame de Métastase
Authors: Rouvière Olivier
Published: June 2016

Olivier Rouvière : Generosity and sacrifice in Metastasio's melodrama.

From 1724 to 1772, by composing 26 melodramas, Metastasio (Pietro Tra-passi) brought about what has been called the "reform" of the Italian libretto, but is rather its recognition as a literary form and the celebration of its specificity. For Metastasio the melodramma, directly descended from classical tragedy as described by Aristotle, followed the same laws of composition but had its own characteristics, mainly its themes. He attributed a pedagogical value to the melo-dramma and preferred subjects illustrating the theme of generosity, which is conceived of according to a scale of values in which each level represents a particular sacrifice. It represents the renunciation of revenge, heroism, power, life, death, love and finally the self or one's identity. The hero's identity, endangered during the drama, is finally reaffirmed by the gara generosa (generous competition) during which the hero, by accepting the sacrifice of what he holds dearest, reconquers himself ; and the greater the sacrifice, the more decisive the reconquest.
Compléments à l'annotation de l'article «Messie» du Dictionnaire philosophique
Authors: Schwarzbach Bertram Eugene
Published: June 2016

Bertram Eugene Schwarzbach : Additional notes for the article "Messie" in Voltaire's dictionnaire philosophique.

The excellent anotation of the Dictionnaire philosophique article "Messie" in the new edition of Voltaire's Œuvres completes (Oxford, 1995) shows that the astonishing rabbinical erudition in the article comes entirely from a draft dealing with Jewish messianism and other subjects written by Antoine-Noé Polier de Bottens, and it emphasizes the choices made by Voltaire in extracting what he found useful for his polemical purposes. Here we identify the primary rabbinic sources to which Polier referred, in order to show (a) the relative authority these sources had acquired in the development of Jewish doctrines of messianism and (b) the history of their discovery by pioneering Christian Hebraists, and their popularisation by the Huguenot Jacques Basnage and the Benedictine Augustin Calmet, in whose works Polier found them.
Présentation
Authors: Delon Michel
Published: June 2016

Michel Delon : Presentation of the special issue.

A quarter of a century after Dix-huitième Siècle (n° 5) concerning 'Current problems in research', the present dossier reveals a crisis in interdisciplinarity and the absence of any scientific judgement common to different institutions and national cultures. The same divergence is evident between research, publishing, popularisation and media presence. The proliferation of bibliography, the multiplication of Societies and conferences often goes with an absence of criteria and consensus. This issue presents some new research subjects which question the frontiers between disciplines and centuries, examples of methodological and ideological debates around the Enlightenment and some new perspectives opened up by technological developments.
Le corpus érotique : de l'«érudition lascive» à l'histoire des mentalités
Authors: Maenil Jean
Published: June 2016

Jean Mainil : Erotic corpuses : from 'lascivious erudition' to the history of mentalities.

An analysis of the paradoxical status of the erotic corpus, which has often given rise to comments concerning its lack of aesthetic quality and its perverse narrative effects. After considering the reasons why these texts are both difficult and an indispensible witness of their age, the author analyses the development of criticism in the last thirty years. The erotic corpus, at first considered as belonging to 'lascivious erudition', has finallly acquired the status of a crucial witness of the history of ideas and mentalities. But this development presents a certain number of pitfalls, and the article concludes by emphasizing two problems connected to this change in status : the fractioning of the eroticism portrayed, and thus of its testimony, but also the complex and confused nature of the corpus, which maintains an ambiguous relationship with censorship and transgression.
Pour une histoire des Lumières d'un point de vue cosmopolite
Authors: Ricuperati Giuseppe
Published: June 2016

Guiseppe Ricuperati : For a history of the Enlightenment from a cosmopolitan point of view.

This article asks if today it is possible to write a history of the Enlightenment from a cosmopolitan point of view, i.e. one which not only abandons ideas of domination (with the French, German or English Enlightenment as the centre and the others as the periphery), but also refuses the arrogance of the present, the modern idea of the Enlightenment. Instead we could look at the movement of different cultures and how they used the Enlightenment to build their own complex identity. The different is thus no longer between centre and periphery but between old nations and those which experienced the 18th Century while building a new national identity. The question is further complicated when one considers those countries which have experienced dictatorships, of the right and the left, if it is true that the very category of the Enlightenment was reinvented in opposition to European fascism, as it was an essential part of the culture of those in exile.
L'interdisciplinarité à l'épreuve des almanachs de la fin du siècle
Authors: Gaspard Claire
Published: June 2016

Claire Gaspard : Interdisciplinary and late 18th-century almanachs.

Almanachs have become, thanks to the studies of R. Mandrou and G. Bol-lème, an object of both description and analysis. They are many-facetted, interdisciplinary objects (see for example Thiebaut's Almanack du peuple, Nancy, 1794). At the end of the century, they helped to popularise the Enlightenment and there were attempts to modernize them. The attempted reform of the revolutionary calendar reveals the complexity of the issues. F. Maiello's Histoire du calendrier emphasises its growing rationalisation, but the debates around the revolutionary reform all concerned the perception and communication of time. Concentrating on the writing of time, the present article applies to almanachs Paul Ricoeur's different analyses in Temps et Récit : the epistemological, the narratological and the poetical. His reflection opens a new field of interdisciplinary study, showing that almanachs can be of interest in historiography, literary theory, anthropology, and can encourage new methodological reflection.
La voix des masques. Réflexions sur la constitution du genre de l'autobiographie
Authors: Lahouati Gérard
Published: June 2016

Gérard Lahouati : The voice of masks. Reflections on the beginnings of autobiography.

In order to understand the questions facing the reader of autobiographies in the 18th Century, this article studies the appearance of the genre and the debates occasioned by this redefinition of a literary field. We adopt several approaches, at the crossroads of literary theory, history and psychoanalysis, and ask how far the development of studies on autobiography in the 18th Century is the result of a transformation of the conception of literature. This leads to the question of the relationship between 'reality3 and fiction, of enunciation, the status of the first-person narrator, of writing about temporality and memory. We also reflect on the ways of reading first-person works. The analysis links the appearance of new forms of individual consciousness in the 18th Century to references to experience and to strategies for revealing one's intimity.
L'humanisme et les Lumières
Authors: Pujol Stéphane
Published: June 2016

Stéphane Pujol : Humanism and the Enlightenment.

Today we see a crisis in traditional humanism, which also leads to questioning of the Enlightenment and has appeared violently at least twice this century. Contemporary anti-humanism uses the awareness of cultural differences for a ferocious criticism of philosophical universalism. Differences resulting from geography or history are said to preclude a universally valid content to the word human'. This ideological debate, despite an apparent historical consensus concerning the idea of a universal human being divested of ethnic, confessional or social roots, was already present in the 18th-century Philosophes. The opposition between the particular and the universal, the absolute and the relative, is in fact at the basis of Enlightened thought and it can be seen in the great authors in a fertile tension which needs to be analysed.
La Bibliographie des Écrivains Français et le chantier «Dix-Huitième Siècle»
Authors: Rufi Enrico
Published: June 2016

Enrico Rufi : The 'Bibliography of French Writers'.

At a time when we are trying to analyse the present state of 18th-century studies, it is reassuring to see that those who study Mme de Genlis, Baculard d'Arnaud, Louis-Sébastien Mercier, Volney or Prévost now have at their disposal a new tool. In the next few months, this will be extended to authors such as Fréron, Mme d'Epinay, Parny, Bertin, Léonard, Sieyès, Saint-Just, Robespierre, and in a few years time to the rest of the Enlightenment authors. This is the 18th-century part of the Bibliography of French Writers, which is actively contributing, thanks to the encouragement of Michel Delon, to the realisation of an ambitious bibliographical project launched in 1995 by Claudio Galdersi and Enrico Rufi for the publisher Memini.
Correspondance de Mme Geoffrin et de Wenzel Anton Kaunitz
Authors: Lenderova Milena
Published: June 2016

Madame Geoffrin : Letters to V. A. Kaunitz (1767-1772). Presented by

Milena Lenderova.

In the Kaunitz family Archives in the Moravian Regional Archives in Brno there is part of the correspondence between Venceslas Anton Kaunitz and Marie-Thérèse Geoffrin, whose salon was beginning its period of glory when Kaunitz was the Austrian ambassador in France (1751-3). Among her guests were important political figures such as Stanislav-Augustus Poniatowsky, the future king of Poland. Mme Geoffrin visited Warsaw in 1766 at Poniatowsky's invitation, travelling there and back through Germany and Austria and stopping at Vienna, where she was Kaunitz' s guest. On both visits she was received by Maria Theresa. The letters exchanged by Mme Geoffrin and Kaunitz (1767-1772) show the similarity of intellectual and cultural activities in Vienna and Paris and the closeness of European élites ; in both cities we find the same salons, entertainments and interest in the arts.
Le testament de Grimm
Authors: Karp Sergueï
Published: June 2016

Grimm's will. Presented by Sergei Karp.

An unpublished file in the archives of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Paris (Political correspondence, Ducal Saxony, vol. 1) provides new information concerning diplomatic representations in favour of the heirs of Frédéric Melchior Grimm in 1817, as well as the authentic text of this last will.
Discours parlementaire et culture politique. Le parlement de Navarre
Authors: Bidouze Frédéric
Published: June 2016

Frédéric Bidouze : Parliamentary speech and political culture. The

parliament of Navarre.

Like all the kingdom's sovereign courts, Navarre's took part in the vast protest movement against the monarchy's administrative and financial reforms. Their remonstrances are an essential source for understanding the political discourse addressed to the king, beyond particular financial questions. The historiography of the last 30 years has seen here the signs of prerevolutionary language unleashing a process of transferring sovereignty from the king to the nation. Due to its strong particularism and the historical conditions of its dual nature (French and Navarrais), the Navarre Parliament rarely adopted the philosophical and ideological tradition of most of the parliaments. Thus a study of the semantic and linguistic fields of its remonstrances illustrates the peculiar nature of a provincial enlightened culture which did not educate its subjects in prerevolutionary ideas.
«Que M. Palissot apprenne l'allemand ! » Diffusion et traduction des lettres allemandes dans la Bibliothèque des sciences et des beaux-arts
Authors: Béghin Marc
Published: June 2016

Marc Béghin : "Mr Palissot should learn German !" The diffusion and

translation of german literature in the bibliothèque des sciences et des beaux-arts.

This article surveys the diffusion, and in particular the translation of German literature in the Bibliothèque des sciences et des beaux-arts (1754-1778), the organ of Protestant refugees at the Hague. In addition to practical reflections (re-evaluation of the status of translation, advice to translators to have the author check their work, etc.), we find elements of a theory, mainly in a review of the third volume of d' Alembert's Mélanges de littérature, d'histoire et de philosophie. The debate concentrates on the dual requirement of faithfulness and elegance. The journal is imprisoned in a metaphorical approach, which renders it incoherent, and it often appears surprisingly ambivalent, thus revealing the theory's uncertain status. A comparison of this theory with the journal's own practice shows a growing modern awareness that the conflict between the spirit and the letter cannot be exactly seen as a dilemma or an alternative.