bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enhanced phototoxicity of photodynamic treatment by Cx26‐composed GJIC via ROS‐, calcium‐ and lipid peroxide‐mediated pathways
Authors: Wu Deng‐Pan , Lin Tian‐Yu , Bai Li‐Ru , Huang Jin‐Lan , Zhou Yan , Zhou Nan , Zhong Sheng‐Lei , Gao Shan , Yin Xiao‐Xing
Published: April 2017

In spite of the promising initial treatment responses presented by photodynamic therapy (PDT), 5‐year recurrence rates remain high level. Therefore, improvement in the efficacy of PDT is needed. There are reports showing that connexin(Cx) 26‐composed gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC) enhances the intercellular propagation of “death signal”, thereby increasing chemotherapeutic cytotoxicity. However, it is unclear whether Cx26‐formed GJIC has an effect on PDT phototoxicity. The results in the present study showed that Cx26‐composed GJ formation at high density enhances the phototoxicity of Photofrin‐PDT. When the Cx26 is not expressed or Cx26 channels are blocked, the phototoxicity in high‐density cultures substantially reduces, indicating that the enhanced PDT phototoxicity at high density is mediated by Cx26‐composed GJIC. The GJIC‐mediated increase in PDT phototoxicity was associated with ROS, calcium and lipid peroxide‐mediated stress signaling pathways. The work presents the ability of Cx26‐composed GJIC to enhance the sensitivity of malignant cells to PDT, and indicates that maintenance or increase of Cx26‐formed GJIC may be a profitable strategy towards the enhancement of PDT therapeutic efficiency. Picture: The survival response of Photofrin‐PDT in Dox‐treated (Cx26 expressing, GJ‐formed) and Dox‐untreated cells (Cx26 non‐expressing, GJ‐unformed) at high‐cell density condition.
Using Advances From Cognitive Behavioral Models of Anxiety to Guide Treatment for Social Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Narr Rachel K. , Teachman Bethany A.
Published: April 2017

This case features an adult male with moderate social anxiety disorder and mild depressive symptoms who showed an initial positive response to an earlier experience of cognitive behavior therapy, but then relapsed when he started avoiding social situations again because of continuing beliefs that experiencing anxiety was unacceptable. His treatment at our clinic focused on shifting unhelpful thinking about the likelihood and consequences of becoming anxious and reengaging in avoided social situations so he could learn to tolerate negative affect and uncertainty. The treatment approach draws from cognitive behavioral models of social anxiety and highlights advances in clinical science, especially recent work on the causal role of interpretation biases (the tendency to assign negative or threatening meaning to ambiguous situations) in the maintenance and reduction of anxiety.
Medical marijuana: Challenges and risk issues for health care providers
Authors: West John C.
Published: April 2017

Laws on medical marijuana and recreational use of marijuana are sweeping the country and presenting real dilemmas for health care providers and facilities. However, due to disagreements between federal and state law, there are no easy answers. Additionally, the case law and statutory law on these issues is exceedingly sparse. It may take years for all of the issues to be ironed out, but health care facilities will need to act in the meantime on what may be little more than educated guesses. It may not be appropriate to simply prohibit the use of medical marijuana, but accommodating it also has risk. This article will address what is known about the subject and what is not known about the subject. Each provider and health care facility will need to devise their own approach to the subject based on principles that are presently known, while keeping an eye on the health and safety of all involved.
One or two circular shapes? A binary detection for electrical capacitance tomography sensors
Authors: Oussar Yacine , Lucas Jérôme , Holé Stéphane
Published: April 2017

Image reconstruction using engine electrical capacitance tomography sensors rises several drawbacks. Recently, the authors proposed a novel methodology dedicated to a fast detection of the configuration: size and position, of a single circular form using basic algebraic operations. However, this technique is efficient when a single form is present in the sensor cross‐section under interest. The present work proposes 2 different techniques that determine if the sensor cross‐section contains 1 or 2 circular shapes. Both methods are applied to simulated measurements. They operate much differently, and each comes with its own pros and cons. The first method considers that the sensor signal presents an axis of symmetry if a single circular object lies in the sensor. Otherwise, the symmetry is broken. It achieves a recognition rate of 73.9%. In the second method, machine‐learning techniques are used to perform a binary supervised classification. Promising rates of recognition over 99% are obtained. The present study also reveals that a 4‐electrode sensor leads to the best recognition rates with both methods. This result was also established by the authors in a different framework when dealing with physical limitations on spatial resolution in electrical capacitance tomography sensors.
Pressure dependence of peak positions, half widths, and peak intensities of methane Raman bands (ν2, 2ν4, ν1, ν3, and 2ν2)
Authors: Petrov Dmitry V.
Published: April 2017

Results of investigation of changing peak positions, half widths, and peak intensities of Q‐branches of the ν2, 2ν4, ν1, ν3, and 2ν2 methane Raman bands are presented at pressures in the range 1–55 bar and а temperature of 298 K. The peak position of the ν2 band remains practically unchanged, and peak positions of all other bands, by analogy with the ν1 band, are shifted toward lower wavenumbers with pressure increase. It is demonstrated that the peak intensity ratio of any pair of the previously enumerated bands (except the pair of 2ν4 and 2ν2) is sensitive to pressure changes. When pressure increases, the decreased peak intensities of Q‐branches of depolarized ν2 and ν3 bands are caused by broadening of their rotational–vibrational lines, and the increased peak intensities of Q‐branches of the 2ν4 and 2ν2 bands are most likely caused by their increased interaction with the ν1 and ν3 bands. A set of data obtained will be useful for the Raman analysis of natural gas and can also be used for determination of the pressure of methane‐containing media. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New pixel driving circuit using self‐discharging compensation method for high‐resolution OLED micro displays on a silicon backplane
Authors: Kimura Kei , Onoyama Yusuke , Tanaka Taizo , Toyomura Naobumi , Kitagawa Hideyuki
Published: April 2017

A new 4T2C pixel circuit formed on a silicon substrate is proposed to realize a high‐resolution 7.8‐μm pixel pitch AMOLED microdisplay. In order to achieve high luminance uniformity, the pixel circuit compensates its Vth variation of the MOSFET for the driving transistor internally by using self‐discharging method. Also presented are 0.5‐in Quad‐VGA and 1.25‐in wide Quad‐XGA microdisplays with the proposed pixel circuit.
Perspective correct occlusion‐capable augmented reality displays using cloaking optics constraints
Authors: Howlett Isela D. , Smithwick Quinn
Published: April 2017

Perspective‐correct occlusion‐capable augmented reality displays are generalized using an optical cloak constraint for ray transfer analysis or simulations; any ray entering the optical system exits at the height and angle as if it passed through empty space. We analyze several systems with two‐lens, three‐lens, and four‐lens looped groups in inline, folded, and looped configurations. We design and demonstrate a four‐lens folded optical cloak and a three‐lens inverted cloak with an erecting prism.
Lung cancer—A global perspective
Authors: McIntyre Amanda , Ganti Apar Kishor
Published: April 2017

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer deaths worldwide. While tobacco exposure is responsible for the majority of lung cancers, the incidence of lung cancer in never smokers, especially Asian women, is increasing. There is a global variation in lung cancer biology with EGFR mutations being more common in Asian patients, while Kras mutation is more common in Caucasians. This review will focus on the global variations in lung cancer and its treatment.
A new path in defining light parameters for hair growth: Discovery and modulation of photoreceptors in human hair follicle
Authors: Buscone Serena , Mardaryev Andrei N. , Raafs Bianca , Bikker Jan W. , Sticht Carsten , Gretz Norbert , Farjo Nilofer , Uzunbajakava Natallia E. , Botchkareva Natalia V.
Published: April 2017

Background and Objective

Though devices for hair growth based on low levels of light have shown encouraging results, further improvements of their efficacy is impeded by a lack of knowledge on the exact molecular targets that mediate physiological response in skin and hair follicle. The aim of this study was to investigate the expression of selected light‐sensitive receptors in the human hair follicle and to study the impact of UV‐free blue light on hair growth ex vivo.

Material and Methods

The expression of Opsin receptors in human skin and hair follicles has been characterized using RT‐qPCR and immunofluorescence approaches. The functional significance of Opsin 3 was assessed by silencing its expression in the hair follicle cells followed by a transcriptomic profiling. Proprietary LED‐based devices emitting two discrete visible wavelengths were used to access the effects of selected optical parameters on hair growth ex vivo and outer root sheath cells in vitro.

Results

The expression of OPN2 (Rhodopsin) and OPN3 (Panopsin, Encephalopsin) was detected in the distinct compartments of skin and anagen hair follicle. Treatment with 3.2 J/cm2 of blue light with 453 nm central wavelength significantly prolonged anagen phase in hair follicles ex vivo that was correlated with sustained proliferation in the light‐treated samples. In contrast, hair follicle treatment with 3.2 J/cm2 of 689 nm light (red light) did not significantly affect hair growth ex vivo. Silencing of OPN3 in the hair follicle outer root sheath cells resulted in the altered expression of genes involved in the control of proliferation and apoptosis, and abrogated stimulatory effects of blue light (3.2 J/cm2; 453 nm) on proliferation in the outer root sheath cells.

Conclusions

We provide the first evidence that (i) OPN2 and OPN3 are expressed in human hair follicle, and (ii) A 453 nm blue light at low radiant exposure exerts a positive effect on hair growth ex vivo, potentially via interaction with OPN3. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:705–718, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Copy number variation, increased gene expression, and molecular mechanisms of neurofascin in lung cancer
Authors: Samulin Erdem Johanna , Arnoldussen Yke Jildouw , Skaug Vidar , Haugen Aage , Zienolddiny Shanbeh
Published: April 2017

Metastasis and cell adhesion are key aspects of cancer progression. Neurofascin (NFASC) is a member of the immunoglobulin superfamily of adhesion molecules and, while studies on NFASC are inadequate, other members have been indicated pivotal roles in cancer progression and metastasis. This study aimed at increasing the knowledge on the involvement of adhesion molecules in lung cancer progression by studying the regulation and role of NFASC in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Here, copy number variations in the NFASC gene were analyzed in tumor and non‐tumorous lung tissues of 204 NSCLC patients. Frequent gene amplifications (OR = 4.50, 95%CI: 2.27‐8.92, P ≤ 0.001) and increased expression of NFASC (P = 0.034) were identified in tumors of NSCLC patients. Furthermore, molecular mechanisms of NFASC in lung cancer progression were evaluated by investigating the effects of NFASC silencing on cell proliferation, viability, migration, and invasion using siRNA technology in four NSCLC cell lines. Silencing of NFASC did not affect cell proliferation or viability but rather decreased NSCLC cell migration (P ≤ 0.001) and led to morphological changes, rearrangements in the actin cytoskeleton and changes in F‐actin networks in migrating NSCLC cell lines. This study is the first to report frequent copy number gain and increased expression of NFASC in NSCLC. Moreover, these data suggest that NFASC is a novel regulator of NSCLC cell motility and support a role of NFASC in the regulation of NSCLC progression.
Unbiased Weibull capabilities indices using multiple linear regression
Authors: Piña‐Monarrez Manuel R. , Baro‐Tijerina Manuel , Ortiz‐Yañez Jesús F.
Published: April 2017

Although the recently proposed Weibull process capability indices (PCIs) actually measure the times that the standard deviation (σx) is within the tolerance specifications, because they not accurately estimate neither the log‐mean (μx) nor the σx values, then the actual PCIs are biased. This actually because μx and σx are both estimated without considering the effect that the sample size (n) has over their values. Hence, μx is subestimated and σx is overestimated. As a response to this issue, in this paper, μx and σx are estimated in function of n. In particular, the PCIs' efficiency is based on the following facts: (1) the derived n value is unique and it completely determines η, (2) the μx value completely determines the η value, and (3) the σx value completely determines the β value. Thus, now, since μx and σx are in function of n and they completely determine β and η, then the proposed PCIs are unbiased, and they completely represent the analyzed process also. Finally, a step by step numerical application is given.
Assisted reproductive technology in Japan: a summary report of 1992–2014 by the Ethics Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Irahara Minoru , Kuwahara Akira , Iwasa Takeshi , Ishikawa Tomonori , Ishihara Osamu , Kugu Koji , Sawa Rintaro , Banno Kouji , Saito Hidekazu
Published: April 2017

Aim

The Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology implemented a registry report system for the clinical practice of assisted reproductive technology in 1986. The aggregated results from 1992 to 2014 are reported herein.

Methods and Results

The total number of registered treatments was 393 745 cycles, of which 66 550 were pregnancy cycles and 46 008 were cycles with a live birth. Compared to the number of registered treatments in 2008, when the cycle‐based registry was newly introduced, there was a 2.07‐fold increase in the total number of treatments and a 2.25‐fold increase in the number of cycles with a live birth. As the average age of patients who receive assisted reproductive technology has become markedly higher year by year, the most common age of those patients who received assisted reproductive technology in 2014 was 40 years.

Conclusion

The total numbers of both assisted reproductive technology treatments and assisted reproductive technology live births are likely to be higher in the future. In addition, the trend toward aging patients seems to be continuing into the future.
Morphological Effect in Photocatalytic Degradation of Direct Blue over Mesoporous TiO2 catalysts
Authors: Zhang Han , Zhang Hui , Zhu Pengfei , Huang Fei
Published: April 2017

The correlation of photo‐catalyst morphological structure and catalytic performance is one of the biggest challenges in the photo‐catalysis field. This work address a thorough investigation on the relationship between catalyst morphological structure and catalytic performance for the degradation of Direct Blue under ultraviolet light illumination. Four anatase Titanium dioxide catalysts with a slice‐, bipyramids‐, daisy‐, and sphere‐like morphologies were prepared by hydrothermal methods and well characterized by a serial of characterization techniques. By evaluating the photo‐catalytic performance over four kinds of TiO2 with different morphologies, the structure‐performance relationship of degradation of Direct Blue could be well illustrated. The degradation efficiency of TiO2 catalyst did much depend on the structure of catalyst shapes. The daisy‐like TiO2 catalyst exhibited the most excellent catalytic performance for the degradation of DB, which was attributed to the lowest band gap energy evidenced by UV‐vis spectrum.
A Review of Direct Z‐Scheme Photocatalysts
Authors: Low Jingxiang , Jiang Chuanjia , Cheng Bei , Wageh Swelm , Al‐Ghamdi Ahmed A. , Yu Jiaguo
Published: April 2017

Recently, great attention has been paid to fabricating direct Z‐scheme photocatalysts for solar‐energy conversion due to their effectiveness for spatially separating photogenerated electron–hole pairs and optimizing the reduction and oxidation ability of the photocatalytic system. Here, the historical development of the Z‐scheme photocatalytic system is summarized, from its first generation (liquid‐phase Z‐scheme photocatalytic system) to its current third generation (direct Z‐scheme photocatalyst). The advantages of direct Z‐scheme photocatalysts are also discussed against their predecessors, including conventional heterojunction, liquid‐phase Z‐scheme, and all‐solid‐state (ASS) Z‐scheme photocatalytic systems. Furthermore, characterization methods and applications of direct Z‐scheme photocatalysts are also summarized. Finally, conclusions and perspectives on the challenges of this emerging research direction are presented. Insights and up‐to‐date information are provided to give the scientific community the ability to fully explore the potential of direct Z‐scheme photocatalysts in renewable energy production and environmental remediation.
Adaptively tuned particle swarm optimization with application to spatial design
Authors: Simpson Matthew , Wikle Christopher K. , Holan Scott H.
Published: April 2017

Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithms are a class of heuristic optimization algorithms that are attractive for complex optimization problems. We propose using PSO to solve spatial design problems, e.g. choosing new locations to add to an existing monitoring network. Additionally, we introduce two new classes of PSO algorithms that perform well in a wide variety of circumstances, called adaptively tuned PSO and adaptively tuned bare bones PSO. To illustrate these algorithms, we apply them to a common spatial design problem: choosing new locations to add to an existing monitoring network. Specifically, we consider a network in the Houston, TX, area for monitoring ambient ozone levels, which have been linked to out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest rates. Published 2017. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA
Local Governance in Britain
Authors: Leach Robert , Percy-Smith Janie
Published: April 2017

Contemporary local governance in Britain comprises a complex network of organisations working in partnership to formulate policies to address local needs and issues. Within this, local government continues to play an important part in policy and practice and in the structures and processes of local democracy. This book provides a systematic assessment of the key development issues and debates that are shaping local governance now situating these in their historical context.
Phylogenetic Insight into Zika and Emerging Viruses for a Perspective on Potential Hosts
Authors: Weber Diana S. , Alroy Karen A. , Scheiner Samuel M.
Published: April 2017

Global viral diversity is substantial, but viruses that contribute little to the public health burden or to agricultural damage receive minimal attention until a seemingly unimportant virus becomes a threat. The Zika virus (ZIKV) illustrated this, as there was limited information and awareness of the virus when it was identified as a public health emergency in February 2016. Predicting which virus may pose a future threat is difficult. This is in part because significant knowledge gaps in the basic biology and ecology of an emerging virus can impede policy development, delay decision making, and hinder public health action. We suggest using a phylogenetic framework of pathogens and their infected host species for insight into which animals may serve as reservoirs. For example, examining flaviviruses closely related to ZIKV, the phylogenetic framework indicates New World monkeys are the most likely candidates to be potential reservoirs for ZIKV. Secondarily, mammals that are in close proximity to humans should be considered because of the increased opportunity for pathogen exchange. The increase in human-mediated environmental change is accelerating the probability of another previously overlooked virus becoming a significant concern. By investing in basic science research and organizing our knowledge into an evolutionary framework, we will be better prepared to respond to the next emerging infectious disease.
The psychoactive drug 25B-NBOMe recapitulates rhabdomyolysis in zebrafish larvae
Authors: Kawahara Genri , Maeda Hideyuki , Kikura-Hanajiri Ruri , Yoshida Ken-ichi , Hayashi Yukiko K.
Published: April 2017

N-Benzyl-substituted 2C class phenethylamines (NBOMes) are psychoactive designer drugs, with strong hallucinogenic and stimulant effects, even at low doses. The designer drug, 2-(4-bromo-2, 5-dimethoxyphenyl)-N-(2-methoxybenzyl) ethanamine (25B-NBOMe) is considered to be one of the most potent agonists of the serotonin-2A (5-HT2A) receptor. Recently, we reported the first lethal case of 25B-NBOMe intoxication with severe rhabdomyolysis, concluded by clinical, pathological and toxicological analyses. There are currently no good animal models that closely recapitulate serotonin receptor-dependent rhabdomyolysis. In the present study, we created animal models of rhabdomyolysis using zebrafish larvae to study the pathomechanism of rhabdomyolysis, and demonstrated that 25B-NBOMe can simulate lethal rhabdomyolysis in this animal. Treatment of the larvae with 25B-NBOMe decreased their survival rate, locomotion, altered birefringence of the skeletal muscle and immunostainings for dystroglycan (a myoseptal protein) and myosin heavy chain (a myofibril protein), which were consistent with rhabdomyolysis. This 25B-NBOMe-induced rhabdomyolysis was inhibited by the 5-HT2Areceptor antagonists ritanserin and aripirazole, but not by the 5-HT1A + 5-HT1Breceptor antagonist propranolol and the 5-HT3receptor antagonist granisetron, indicating 5-HT2A-dependent rhabdomyolysis. The 25B-NBOMe-treated zebrafish is, therefore, a highly useful model of rhabdomyolysis for studying the pathomechanism of rhabdomyolysis as well as for therapeutic drug screening.
Numerical Analysis of Welding Residual Stress Relaxation in High-Strength Multilayer Weldment Under Fatigue Loads
Authors: Yi Hui-Jun , Lee Yong-Jun
Published: April 2017

The primary purpose of this investigation was to study welding residual stress relaxation by repeated loading. A coupling finite element analysis model for prediction of the welding residual stress and the mechanical stress relaxation after external repeated loads was presented. The accuracy of this model was verified through experiments. Also, it is found that the residual stress of weldment is relaxed by external loads, and the greatest amount of relaxation was obtained by early repeated loads. As the repetition count increased, the amount of relaxation became smaller than the amount of relaxation in the early stage.
Controlling Kentucky Bluegrass with Herbicide and Burning Is Influenced by Invasion Level
Authors: Ereth Corie B. , Hendrickson John R. , Kirby Donald , DeKeyser E. Shawn , Sedivec Kevin K. , West Mark S.
Published: April 2017

Kentucky bluegrass (Poa pratensis L.) invades northern Great Plains rangelands. On the Sheyenne National Grassland in southeastern North Dakota, three research sites, each with a different level of Kentucky bluegrass invasion, were chosen to evaluate effectiveness of burning and burning–herbicide combinations to control Kentucky bluegrass. Initial Kentucky bluegrass invasion levels were 37%, 77%, and 91% for LOW, MODERATE, and HIGH invaded sites, respectively. Within each invaded site, four replicated strips (20 by 60 m) were established, with half of each strip burned in late October 2005 and the other half burned in early May 2006. Herbicide treatments of (1) no herbicide, (2) 2.24 kg ha−1 of glyphosate, and (3) 0.43 kg ha−1 of imazapic were randomly assigned to 10 by 20 m subplots within each burn. Control plots were established at the same time. Relative basal cover of native grass, native forb, and Kentucky bluegrass was estimated annually using 50 10-point frames within each subplot. On the HIGH site in 2006, fall-burned plots with a spring glyphosate application had three times the native grass cover and only one fourth of the Kentucky bluegrass cover compared with controls. Similar results with the same treatment occurred at the MODERATE site. Native grasses became the most abundant plant community on these plots in the MODERATE and HIGH sites within 1 yr. Treatment differences were transitory, and the LOW site differed from the MODERATE and HIGH sites. In 2007, on fall-burned plots with spring glyphosate application, the amount of Kentucky bluegrass was 14% and 30%, and native grass species were 52% and 42% on the MODERATE and HIGH sites, respectively, which was similar to the initial values on the LOW site. These data emphasize the importance of initial invasion level in developing restoration strategies and provide evidence burning and herbicide combinations can be valuable management tools even on heavily invaded grasslands.
Reopening modes of a collapsed elasto-rigid channel
Authors: Ducloué Lucie , Hazel Andrew L. , Thompson Alice B. , Juel Anne
Published: April 2017

Motivated by the reopening mechanics of strongly collapsed airways, we study the steady propagation of an air finger through a collapsed oil-filled channel with a single compliant wall. In a previous study using fully compliant elastic tubes, a ‘pointed’ air finger was found to propagate at high speed and low pressure, which, if clinically accessible, offers the potential for rapid reopening of highly collapsed airways with minimal tissue damage (Heap & Juel Phys. Fluids, vol. 20 (8), 2008, 081702). The mechanism underlying the selection of that pointed finger, however, remained unexplained. In this paper, we identify the required selection mechanism by conducting an experimental study in a simpler geometry: a rigid rectangular Hele-Shaw channel with an elastic top boundary. The constitutive behaviour of this elasto-rigid channel is nonlinear and broadly similar to that of an elastic tube, but unlike the tube, the channel’s cross-section adopts self-similar shapes from the undeformed state to the point of first near wall contact. The ensuing simplification of the vessel geometry enables the systematic investigation of the reopening dynamics in terms of increasing initial collapse. We find that for low levels of initial collapse, a single centred symmetric finger propagates in the channel and its shape is set by the tip curvature. As the level of collapse increases, the channel cross-section develops a central region of near opposite wall contact, and the finger shape evolves smoothly towards a ‘flat-tipped’ finger whose geometry is set by the strong depth gradient near the channel walls. We show that the flat-tipped mode of reopening is analogous to the pointed finger observed in tubes. Its propagation is sustained by the vessel’s extreme cross-sectional profile at high collapse, while vessel compliance is necessary to stabilise it. A simple scaling argument based on the dissipated power reveals that this reopening mode is preferred at higher propagation speeds when it becomes favourable to displace the elastic channel wall rather than the viscous fluid.
Towards a quantitative comparison between global and local stability analysis
Authors: Siconolfi L. , Citro V. , Giannetti F. , Camarri S. , Luchini P.
Published: April 2017

A methodology is proposed here to estimate the stability characteristics of bluff-body wakes using local analysis under the assumption of weakly non-parallel flows. In this connection, a generalisation of the classic spatio-temporal stability analysis for fully three-dimensional flows is first described. Secondly, an additional higher-order correction term with respect to the common saddle-point global frequency estimation is included in the analysis. The proposed method is first validated for the case of the flow past a circular cylinder and then applied to two fully three-dimensional flows: the boundary layer flow over a wall-mounted hemispherical body and the wake flow past a fixed sphere. In all the cases considered, both the estimated unstable eigenvalue and the spatial shape of the associated eigenmode are determined by local stability analysis, and they are compared with the reference counterparts obtained at a definitely higher computational cost by a fully three-dimensional global stability analysis. It is shown that the results of local stability analysis, when the higher-order correction term is included, are in excellent agreement with those obtained by global stability analysis. It is also shown that the retained correction term is of crucial importance in this perspective, leading to a remarkable improvement in accuracy with respect to the classical saddle-point estimation.
Direct particle–fluid simulation of Kolmogorov-length-scale size particles in decaying isotropic turbulence
Authors: Schneiders Lennart , Meinke Matthias , Schröder Wolfgang
Published: April 2017

The modulation of decaying isotropic turbulence by 45 000 spherical particles of Kolmogorov-length-scale size is studied using direct particle–fluid simulations, i.e. the flow field over each particle is fully resolved by direct numerical simulations of the conservation equations. A Cartesian cut-cell method is used by which the exchange of momentum and energy at the fluid–particle interfaces is strictly conserved. It is shown that the particles absorb energy from the large scales of the carrier flow while the small-scale turbulent motion is determined by the inertial particle dynamics. Whereas the viscous dissipation rate of the bulk flow is attenuated, the particles locally increase the level of dissipation due to the intense strain rate generated near the particle surfaces due to the crossing-trajectory effect. Analogously, the rotational motion of the particles decouples from the local fluid vorticity and strain-rate field at increasing particle inertia. The high level of dissipation is partially compensated by the transfer of momentum to the fluid via forces acting at the particle surfaces. The spectral analysis of the kinetic energy budget is supported by the average flow pattern about the particles showing a nearly universal strain-rate distribution. An analytical expression for the instantaneous rate of viscous dissipation induced by each particle is derived and subsequently verified numerically. Using this equation, the local balance of fluid kinetic energy around a particle of arbitrary shape can be precisely determined. It follows that two-way coupled point-particle models implicitly account for the particle-induced dissipation rate via the momentum-coupling terms; however, they disregard the actual length scales of the interaction. Finally, an analysis of the small-scale flow topology shows that the strength of vortex stretching in the bulk flow is mitigated due to the presence of the particles. This effect is associated with the energy conversion at small wavenumbers and the reduced level of dissipation at intermediate wavenumbers. Consequently, it damps the spectral flux of energy to the small scales.
Theoretical model of acoustic scattering from a flat plate with serrations
Authors: Huang Xun
Published: April 2017

A theoretical model is proposed in this work to study the scattering of sound waves from a serrated flat plat in the presence of a uniform flow, which is of both scientific significance and practical importance. The key contribution is the analytic and rigorous description of the scattering from the laterally periodic serrations by incorporating Fourier series expansions and the Wiener–Hopf method, which collectively give a closed-form analytical solution. To validate and demonstrate the model, a couple of test cases with some representative sinusoidal- and sawtooth-shaped serrations are studied by comparing with a commercial finite element solver. The comparisons show quite good agreement for various set-ups. The subsequent parametric studies further demonstrate the efficiency of the model and the effect of the serrations for noise control. Overall, the proposed theoretical model should be able to assist in studies of low-noise aerofoils and the silent flying capabilities of owls.
Portuguese or Portuñol? Language contact in Misiones, Argentina
Authors: Lipski John M.
Published: April 2017

In the extreme northeastern Argentine province of Misiones, vernacular Portuguese is the primary language of many rural communities, in bilingual contact with Spanish. The present study examines data from Misiones Portuguese and Spanish for evidence of morphosyntactic convergence in the absence of formal schooling in either language or sociolinguistic pressures to produce canonical varieties. Data from a corpus of vernacular Misiones Portuguese and the results of a speeded translation task reveal that even in this sociolinguistically permissive environment bilingual speakers maintain distinct morphosyntactic systems for Portuguese and Spanish (exemplified by nominal plural marking and first-person plural verbal inflection). The data also suggest that bilingual contact alone does not yield the degree of convergence required for the hybrid Portuguese-Spanish morphosyntaxis that has been reported, for example, in northern Uruguay.
Regional differences in the perception of a consonant change in progress
Authors: Pinget Anne-France , Kager René , Van de Velde Hans
Published: April 2017

This study aims at testing whether there are regional differences in the perception of the labiodental fricative contrast in Dutch. Previous production studies have shown that the devoicing of initial labiodental fricatives is a change in progress in the Dutch language area. We present the results of a speeded identification task in which fricative stimuli were systematically varied for two phonetic cues, voicing and duration. Listeners (n=100) were regionally stratified, and the regions (k=5) reflect different stages of this sound change in progress. Voicing turned out to be the strongest categorization cue in all regions; duration only played a minor role. Regional differences showed up in the perception of the consonantal contrast that matched regional differences in production reported in previous studies. The addition of random slopes in the mixed model regression showed the importance of within-regional variation.
Thirty-First Annual Meeting of the American Society of International Law Washington, D.C., April 29–May 1, 1937
Authors: Jenks C. W.
Published: April 2017

Presidential address: Elihu Root. JAMES BROWN SCOTT, President of the Society.
International Law as Environment for Municipal Litigation : The Chicago Diversion Cases
Authors: Piper Don C.
Published: April 2017

It has long been recognized by students of international law that international legal rules may be significant issues in litigation before a municipal court. Three types of relationship of international law to municipal litigation may be observed: (1) those cases wherein the rules of international law are not germane; (2) those cases wherein the rules of international law, either conventional or customary, are a specific issue before the court and accordingly become part of the ratio decidendi of the court—the Sabbatino case is an example; and (3) those cases wherein international law rules are not a specific issue before the court but are part of the legal environment of the case. In these cases the court relies upon domestic law in its ratio deciderteli, but its cognizance of, or deference to, international law rules may either support or weaken international law. Although this note examines the third type of cases, the categories are not rigidly exclusive.
Annual Meeting of the Society
Authors: Finch George A.
Published: April 2017

The American Society of International Law met for the 28th successive year in Washington, April 26–28, at The Willard Hotel. The general program of subjects was somewhat different from the programs of the several preceding years.
The Status of the Russian Emigrants in China
Authors: Kotenev Anatol M.
Published: April 2017

Among the nationalities having no diplomatic representation in China, only the Russian emigrants come strictly within the terms of “unrepresented foreigners.” The Russian emigrants, whose legal status has been defined by the League of Nations as citoyen sans patrie, form at present the majority of the foreign population (to be exact—of Western population) not only in the treaty ports open for foreign trade but also in the interior of China. According to a very modest estimate, the number of Russian emigrants in China, not including Manchuria and Chinese Turkestan, amounts to over 100,000. The Russian colony in Shanghai alone counts 20,000, while that of Tientsin is 10,000, both showing a tendency toward a continuous increase owing to the influx from Manchuria, where, since the Japanese occupation, the conditions of life have become extremely hard for the early Russian settlers.
The Act of State Doctrine in the Light of the Sabbatino Case
Authors: Coerper Milo G.
Published: April 2017

The purpose of this note is to consider an appropriate limitation on the use of the “Act of State Doctrine,” particularly in the light of Judge Dimock’s decision in Banco National de Cuba v. Sabbatino, 193 F. Supp. 375 (D.C., S.D.N.Y., 1961).
Parker School Summer Program in Foreign Law
Authors: Reese Willis L. M.
Published: April 2017

The Parker School of Foreign and Comparative Law will hold its sixth Summer Program in Foreign Law on the Columbia University campus during the period from June 4 through June 29, 1962.
Institute of Air and Space Law
Authors: E. H. F.
Published: April 2017

The Institute of Air and Space Law of McGill University has announced that its twelfth session will commence in September, 1962. The length of the course is two years.
Other Legal Aspects of the Berlin Crisis
Authors: Grewe Wilhelm G.
Published: April 2017

In his editorial comment, “Some Legal Aspects of the Berlin Crisis,” Professor Quincy Wright questions the legal soundness of the Western position with respect to the Four-Power status of Berlin.
American Society of International Law Research Fellowships
Authors: E. H. F.
Published: April 2017

The American Society of International Law is offering a small number of research fellowships for (1) studies of the legal aspects of space activities and (2) studies of the international legal problems of federalism.
The Foreign Claims Settlement Commission and the Adjudication of International Claims
Authors: Re Edward D.
Published: April 2017

In the ever expanding panorama of international law, few areas have been more intriguing to the scholar or of greater concern to the international lawyer than the international responsibility of states for injuries to aliens.
Annual Meeting of the Society
Authors: Finch Eleanor H.
Published: April 2017

The American Society of International Law held its 52nd annual meeting at the Statler Hilton Hotel in Washington, D. C., April 24–26, 1958. The meeting was attended by approximately 300 persons. The general theme was “International Law and the Political Process.”
Catalogue of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives, 1920-1945
Authors: E.H.F.
Published: April 2017

The United States Department of State and the Hoover Institution at Stanford University are jointly publishing “A Catalog of Files and Microfilms of the German Foreign Ministry Archives, 1920-1945.”
Legal Advisers and International Organizations (Review Article)
Authors: Fitzmaurice Gerald
Published: April 2017

This work forms a companion volume to Legal Advisers and Foreign Affairs published three years ago in a similar format, under the same editorship and auspices, and reviewed by the present writer in this Journal for January, 1965. Like its predecessor it is the outcome of a symposium sponsored by the American Society of International Law under the Chairmanship of its President, Professor Brunson MacChesney, which took place at Bellagio in August, 1965, the participants being members not of government legal services but of the analogous services of representative international organizations. In sponsoring the Bellagio Conference the Society was following up and extending its exploration of the rôle played by the “service” legal adviser in the international field—a rôle which, as the present reviewer previously had occasion to point out in connection with the functions of legal advisers to governments and government departments, has certainly been neglected and, because neglected, to some extent misunderstood.
The Chinese Institute of International Relations
Authors: Chiu Hungdah
Published: April 2017

The Institute of International Relations is a private research institute organized by scholars in the Republic of China. Its object is to study Chinese Communist affairs and other international problems. The Institute sponsors several seminars a year to discuss various problems of current international affairs. It publishes two monthly periodicals in Chinese: (1) Wen-t’i yü yen-chiù [Problems and Research] ; and (2) Fei-chin yiieh-pao [Chinese Communist Affairs Monthly]. In 1964, it began to publish an English monthly entitled Issues and Studies, which devotes most of its space to the analysis and study of Chinese Communists. The Institute also publishes books on various problems of Chinese Communists.
International Association of Young Lawyers
Authors: Farrell Edward F.
Published: April 2017

The yearly Congress of the International Association of Young Lawyers (A.I.J.A.) was held in London from July 24 to 27, 1967. 150 young lawyers attended from the United States, Argentina, Germany, France, Belgium, Spain, England, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Holland, and Switzerland. The Congress began with a solemn opening ceremony presided over by Attorney General Sir Blwyn Jones. The members of the A.I.J.A. were thereafter received by the Lord Mayor of London at a lunch given by the Corporation of London.
Cumulative Index to the Journal 1941-1960
Authors: E. H. F.
Published: April 2017

The third Cumulative Analytical Index to the American Journal of International Law, Supplements and Proceedings, will be published in March, 1968. It covers the years 1941 to 1960 inclusive. As announced in the Society’s Letter to Members for November-December, 1967, the price of the volume is $10.00 to members and $15.00 to non-members. Orders may be sent to the Society together with checks payable to the Society and marked for the Cumulative Index.
Future Forces and Future Policies
Authors: Garwin Richard L.
Published: April 2017

Pertinent Highlights of the SALT Agreements: The SALT I Agreements signed in Moscow May 26, 1972, were the result of more than three years of negotiation by the Nixon Administration. They provide the basis for a great improvement in national security. The ABM Treaty recognizes the technical reality that neither the Soviet Union nor the United States can defend its population or industry against ballistic missile attack and that it is not simply wasteful but counterproductive to try to do so. The treaty limits each side to a negligible defense at two sites—the national capital and another at least 800 miles away. Furthermore, it limits the number of radar complexes around the national capital to six, at most, and the number of interceptors at each of the two sites to 100, with the clear implication that not only should these defenses against missiles be penetrable but also destroyable by those missiles.
Comments by Victor H. Li
Authors: Li Victor H. , Burgess Jay A.
Published: April 2017

First, we have seen how the socialist countries have operated historically as an economic and political unity. Second, the introduction of the People’s Republic as an active participant in the socialist commonwealth has done much to create change within the alliance. This latter point will be the focus of my remarks since it certainly has important implications for the first point and bears directly on relations in general among the socialist states.
Remarks by Bert Lockwood
Authors: Lockwood Bert , Brickell Beatrice
Published: April 2017

I would like to address myself to international outlaws and what domestic procedures are available to arrest their activities. While at first glance the nexus between domestic justice and international justice may seem tenuous, I wonder: Is it surprising that the same administration that is so insensate over the deprivation of the human rights of blacks in Southern Rhodesia is the same administration that proclaimed early in its tenure that if you have seen one slum you have pretty much seen them all, and hasn’t visited another since? Is it surprising that the same administration that evidences so little concern over the political rights of the majority in Rhodesia is the same administration that “bugs” and sabotages the political process within the United States?
Remarks by Saul H. Mendlovitz
Authors: Mendlovitz Saul H. , Gerson Alan
Published: April 2017

It is a basic premise of my remarks here today that it is necessary to take quite seriously not only the rhetoric but the reality of the term “the global village.” That is to say, it is now clear that 98% of humankind sees the entire world as human society. This phenomenon, it should be underscored, is a psycho-historical first, and has had a drastic impact on the images and the attitudes we have in regard to authority structures within domestic societies, as well as within the international community. One of the implications of saying that there is a “global village” is that sometime within the next two decades many people throughout the globe are likely to begin to discuss quite seriously the governance of that global village in ways perhaps which we previously had eschewed. I should like to address myself initially to that theme and then come back to the role of the United Nations and some specific recommendations.
When is an Omelet? What is an Egg? Some thought on Economic Development and Human Rights in Latin America
Authors: Trubek David M.
Published: April 2017

It has been observed that the international development effort is a form of secular religion. If this is so, we can say that the salvation it aspires to is the realization of human rights. Thus it is no surprise that the doctrine and dogma of development work, appearing in the secular guise of “theory” and “policy,” are intimately concerned with the problem of the relationship between economic development and the ultimate goal of human rights.
The Epoch of Socialism and the Integration of World Capitalism
Authors: Wachtel Howard M.
Published: April 2017

The topic, “Economic Development and Human Rights,” can best be understood in the context of the broad historical forces now gripping the world. On the one hand, we are living in the epoch of socialism which is the great social force propelling social development today. This has been so for the past 55 years, much the same as capitalism once dominated the world in the 18th and 19th centuries. Ordinary people in country after country have risked life and limb in their struggle for a better society under the banner of socialism, led by political movements of national liberation and socialist development. We find few historical examples of people spontaneously organizing themselves in sharp conflict with more powerful opponents whose political program embraces the construction of capitalism. For the most part capitalism must purchase its soldiers in much the same way as it transacts any business on a money market. We find few pieces of prose or political writing in capitalist less developed countries which grip our imagination. Who are the heros of capitalism to compare with people like Ché Guevara, Franz Fanon, Mao Tse-Tung, and Ho Chi Minh? And the list of countries embracing the socialist road to development grows every year, from the first socialist revolution in the Soviet Union to Chile’s efforts at the construction of socialism today.