bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voltage clamp fluorometry analysis of the P2×7 receptor suggests a limited conformational interplay between extracellular ATP binding and the intracellular ballast domain
Authors: Durner Anna , Durner Ellis , Nicke Annette
Published: September 2022

The large intracellular C-terminus of the pro-inflammatory P2×7 ion channel receptor (P2×7R) is associated with diverse P2×7R-specific functions. Cryo-EM structures of the closed and ATP-bound open full-length P2×7R recently identified a membrane-associated anchoring domain, an open-state stabilizing “cap” domain, and a globular “ballast domain” containing GTP/GDP and dinuclear Zn2+-binding sites with unknown functions. To investigate protein dynamics during channel activation, we improved incorporation of the environment-sensitive fluorescent unnatural amino acid L-3-(6-acetylnaphthalen-2-ylamino)-2-aminopropanoic acid (ANAP) into Xenopus laevis oocyte-expressed P2×7Rs and performed voltage clamp fluorometry (VCF). While we confirmed predicted conformational changes within the extracellular and the transmembrane domains, only three out of 41 mutants containing ANAP in the C-terminal domain resulted in ATP-induced fluorescence changes. We conclude that the ballast domain functions rather independently from the extracellular ATP binding domain and might require activation by additional ligands and/or protein interactions. Novel tools to study these are presented.
PEZO-1 and TRP-4 mechanosensors are involved in mating behavior inCaenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Brugman Katherine I. , Susoy Vladislav , Whittaker Allyson J. , Palma Wilber , Nava Stephanie , Samuel Aravinthan D.T. , Sternberg Paul W.
Published: September 2022

Male mating inCaenorhabditis elegansis a complex behavior with a strong mechanosensory component.C. eleganshas several characterized mechanotransducer proteins, but few have been shown to contribute to mating. Here, we investigated the roles of PEZO-1, a piezo channel, and TRP-4, a mechanotransducing TRPN channel, in male mating behavior. We show thatpezo-1is expressed in several male-specific neurons with known roles in mating. We show that, among other neurons,trp-4is expressed in the PCA sensory neuron, which monitors relative sliding between the male and the hermaphrodite and inhibits neurons involved in vulva detection. Mutations in both genes compromise many steps of mating, including initial response to the hermaphrodite, scanning, turning, and vulva detection. We performed pan-neuronal imaging during mating between freely-moving mutant males and hermaphrodites. Bothpezo-1andtrp-4mutants showed spurious activation of the sensory neurons involved in vulva detection. Intrp-4mutants, this spurious activation might be caused by PCA failure to inhibit vulva-detecting neurons during scanning. Indeed, we show that without functional TRP-4, PCA fails to detect the relative sliding between the male and hermaphrodite. Cell-specific TRP-4 expression restores PCA’s mechanosensory function. Our results demonstrate new roles for both PEZO-1 and TRP-4 mechanotransducers inC. elegansmating behavior.
Laboratory rearing alters activity and sleep patterns in the olive fruit fly
Authors: Terzidou Anastasia M. , Koveos Dimitrios S. , Papadopoulos Nikos T. , Carey James R. , Kouloussis Nikos A.
Published: September 2022

Olive fruit flies,Bactrocera oleae(Diptera: Tephritidae) that are laboratory reared in artificial diet are essential for the genetic control techniques for this pest. However, the colony’s laboratory adaptation can affect their quality. We used the Locomotor Activity Monitor (LAM25, Trikinetics, MA, USA) to track the activity and sleep patterns of adult olive fruit flies reared as immatures in olives (F2-F3 generation) and in artificial diet (>300 generations). Counts of beam breaks caused by the adult fly activity were used as an estimation of its locomotor activity levels during the light and dark period. A longer than five minutes period of adults’ inactivity during the dark period was considered as one sleep episode. Activity levels and sleep parameters were found to be dependent on sex, mating status and rearing history. In virgin flies reared in olives, males were more active than females and increased their locomotor activity towards the end of the light period. Mating decreased the locomotor activity levels of males, but not of females olive-reared flies. Laboratory flies reared in artificial diet had lower locomotor activity levels during the light period and more sleep episodes of shorter duration compared to flies reared in olives. We describe the diurnal locomotor activity patterns ofB. oleaeadults reared in olive fruits and in artificial diet. We discuss how locomotor activity and sleep pattern differences may affect the laboratory flies’ ability to compete with wild males in the field.
Combined Gas Chromatography and Single Sensillum Recording for Mosquitoes
Authors: Ignell Rickard , Ghaninia Majid , Hill Sharon Rose
Published: September 2022

Combined gas chromatography and single sensillum recording (GC-SSR) joins together the established volatile compound separation and relative quantification techniques of GC with the ability to functionally screen olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) for volatile selectivity and sensitivity using SSR. With minimal equipment modification, including a splitter and a heated transfer line, half of the effluent from the gas chromatograph column is directed to the flame ionization detector and half to the mosquito antennae. This GC-SSR combination provides a bioassay capable of determining the salient natural ligands for individual OSNs and of providing accurate and comparable dose–response curves irrespective of differences in the volatility of the compounds.
Research on the impact of emergencies on the poultry market integration in China
Authors: Liu Tingting , Tang Shufen
Published: September 2022

Purpose

Improving the agricultural products market integration is conducive to developing provincial comparative advantage, optimization of agricultural and industrial organization and enhanced competitiveness. The relationship between the emergencies and the agricultural products market integration in the production and consumption provinces is of great significance for stabilizing market prices and improving the efficiency of agricultural resource allocation.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors reviewed the literature on the market integration of agricultural products. Then, they adopted a two-way fixed effect model to investigate the impact of emergencies on the poultry market integration in the production and consumption provinces in China.

Findings

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) caused abnormal fluctuations in the poultry market price and decreased the poultry market integration. The negative impact of HPAI on poultry market integration was strengthened in the main production provinces and weakened in the main consumption provinces.

Originality/value

This is the first study that applies empirical analysis to identify the emergencies’ impact on the poultry market integration considering production and consumption characteristics. The results indicate that the impact of avian influenza is more serious in production provinces than in consumption provinces. Due to the heterogeneity of production and consumption provinces, the government implements precise compensation policies to resume production quickly after the disaster. It can be conductive to market integration and promote the development of agricultural products market.
Multidisciplinary optimization of electromagnetic linear actuators for direct-drive systems with a combination of static and dynamic performance
Authors: Chi Xuwen , Tan Cao , Li Bo , Lu Jiayu , Gu Chaofan , Fu Changzhong
Published: September 2022

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to solve the common problems that traditional optimization methods cannot fully improve the performance of electromagnetic linear actuators (EMLAs).

Design/methodology/approach

In this paper, a multidisciplinary optimization (MDO) method based on the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm-II (NSGA-II) algorithm was proposed. An electromagnetic-mechanical coupled actuator analysis model of EMLAs was established, and the coupling relationship between static/dynamic performance of the actuator was analyzed. Suitable optimization variables were designed based on fuzzy grayscale theory to address the incompleteness of the actuator data and the uncertainty of the coupling relationship. A multiobjective genetic algorithm was used to obtain the optimal solution set of Pareto with the maximum electromagnetic force, electromagnetic force fluctuation rate, time constant and efficiency as the optimization objectives, the final optimization results were then obtained through a multicriteria decision-making method.

Findings

The experimental results show that the maximum electromagnetic force, electromagnetic force fluctuation rate, time constants and efficiency are improved by 18.1%, 38.5%, 8.5% and 12%, respectively. Compared with single-discipline optimization, the effectiveness of the multidiscipline optimization method was verified.

Originality/value

This paper proposes a MDO method for EMLAs that takes into account static/dynamic performance, the proposed method is also applicable to the design and analysis of various electromagnetic actuators.
Aging all over the place: a multidisciplinary framework that considers place and life trajectories of older adults within their communities
Authors: Levasseur Melanie , Naud Daniel , Presse Nancy , Delli-Colli Nathalie , Boissy Patrick , Cossette Benoît , Couturier Yves , Cadieux Genesse Julien
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This conceptual paper aims to describe aging all over the place (AAOP), a federative framework for action, research and policy that considers older adults’ diverse experiences of place and life trajectories, along with person-centered care.

Design/methodology/approach

The framework was developed through group discussions, followed by an appraisal of aging models and validation during workshops with experts, including older adults.

Findings

Every residential setting and location where older adults go should be considered a “place,” flexible and adaptable enough so that agingin placebecomes agingall over the place. Health-care professionals, policymakers and researchers are encouraged to collaborate around four axes: biopsychosocial health and empowerment; welcoming, caring, mobilized and supportive community; spatiotemporal life and care trajectories; and out-of-home care and services. When consulted, a Seniors Committee showed appreciation for flexible person-centered care, recognition of life transitions and care trajectories and meaningfulness of the name.

Social implications

Population aging and the pandemic call for intersectoral actions and for stakeholders beyond health care to act as community leaders. AAOP provides opportunities to connect environmental determinants of health and person-centered care.

Originality/value

Building on the introduction of an ecological experience of aging, AAOP broadens the concept of care as well as the political and research agenda by greater integration of community and clinical actions. AAOP also endeavors to avoid patronizing older adults and to engage society in strengthening circles of benevolence surrounding older adults, regardless of their residential setting. AAOP’s applicability is evidenced by existing projects that share its approach.
Sport for confidence: a collaborative programme of physical activity, sport and exercise for people with Young Onset Dementia
Authors: Tilki Mary , Curran Charlotte , Burton Liz , Barrett Lyndsey
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This paper aims to showcase an innovative programme of physical activity and sport to enhance the health and well-being of people with Young Onset Dementia (YOD). It is hoped that this will inspire similar collaborations between day and activity centres and exercise/sports facilities.

Design/methodology/approach

A case study of a collaborative programme between Peaceful Place, a day service for people with YOD and Sport for Confidence in Essex. It draws upon the observations and reflective accounts of those implementing the programme.

Findings

People with YOD chose and engaged in a range of physical activities and sports, resulting in increased fitness, flexibility and mobility. There were improvements in memory, cognition for some and reductions in anxiety and depression for most. The main benefits were fun, enjoyment, confidence, a sense of achievement, self-esteem, improved social interaction and wider relationships. Participants were also motivated to take more exercise, get outdoors and try new challenges and experiences.

Practical implications

Given the predicted rise in people with YOD, this paper offers insight into ways of supporting them to be active physically and socially, thus, improving health, well-being and quality of life.

Originality/value

This paper is the account of professionals deeply involved in all stages of negotiating, consulting, developing, overcoming challenges and implementing the programme.
Brexit and Strand Three of the 1998 Agreement: The Three Faces of East‐West
Authors: Whitten Lisa Claire
Published: September 2022

Under Strand Three of the 1998 Belfast ‘Good Friday’ Agreement, institutions were set up to promote the ‘harmonious and mutually beneficial development’ of the ‘totality of relationships’ between the peoples and governments of Ireland and the UK, including its devolved administrations and Crown Dependencies. According to the text of the 1998 Agreement this ‘east‐west’ dimension was to have two elements with corresponding institutions: an intergovernmental one reflected in the British‐Irish Intergovernmental Conference (BIIC) and an interjurisdictional one reflected in the British‐Irish Council (BIC). These Strand Three institutions were designed to provide fora for, respectively, intergovernmental cooperation on ‘non‐devolved Northern Ireland matters’ in the case of the BIIC and information exchange and cooperation ‘on matters of mutual interest within the competence of the relevant Administrations’ in the case of the BIC.

Nowhere in the 1998 Agreement text is the concept of ‘east‐west’ used to refer to relations between Northern Ireland and Great Britain. Yet, in the wake of Brexit, and in the midst of controversy over the implications of the Protocol on Ireland / Northern Ireland, relations between Great Britain and Northern Ireland (GB–NI) have been newly framed as ‘east‐west’. The creation of this new discursive face of ‘east‐west’ relations marks an important, but little discussed, impact of Brexit on the political and constitutional landscape of the UK and Ireland. Against this backdrop, this article considers the impacts of Brexit, and the Protocol, on three faces of ‘east‐west’ relations—the BIIC, the BIC and, newly, GB–NI—and discusses their implications for the future of Strand 3 institutions and the ‘totality of relationships’ they represent.
A joint likelihood estimator of relatedness and allele frequencies from a small sample of individuals
Authors: Wang Jinliang
Published: September 2022

As a key parameter in population genetics, relatedness has found wide applications in molecular ecology, evolutionary biology, conservation, forensics and in studies of human inheritable diseases. It is defined as the probability that two individuals share an allele due to recent common ancestry. Many estimators have been developed to estimate relatedness from genotype data. However, they are invariably biased when a sample is small or contains a high proportion of close relatives, because allele frequencies required for inferring relatedness are poorly estimated in both cases under the impracticable and yet indispensable assumption of a large sample of unrelated genotypes.

In this study, I develop a likelihood method to estimate relatedness and allele frequencies jointly from a sample of multilocus genotypes. I propose an expectation maximization (EM) algorithm to update allele frequencies and the nine condensed identical by descent (IBD) coefficients () of each pair of sampled individuals iteratively till convergence. Relatedness between and inbreeding coefficients of individuals is then calculated from the estimated nine IBD coefficients. The EM algorithm is also implemented in the reduced non‐inbreeding model () to estimate three condensed IBD coefficients () and relatedness.

Using simulated and empirical data, I show that the new method is much less biased and more accurate than previous methods, providing almost unbiased relatedness and inbreeding estimates, when the sampled individuals are few or/and contain many close relatives. The EM algorithm for the likelihood estimator is fast enough to handle a sample with thousands of individuals and millions of markers, thanks to the parallelization using openMP and MPI. The method is implemented in a software package, EMIBD9, that runs on all major computer platforms.

This study shows allele frequencies and relatedness, although highly correlated and difficult to disentangle from each other when the only information available is a sample of multilocus genotypes, can be estimated jointly from genotype data of diallelic and multiallelic markers in a likelihood framework. The new method and software are especially useful for analysing small samples (such as ancient samples from museums, or samples from endangered species) and samples with a strong genetic structure.
Investigating the role of hand perspective in learning from procedural animations
Authors: Koning Bjorn B. de , Mok Katrina , Marcus Nadine , Ayres Paul
Published: September 2022

Background

Research indicates that animations presenting procedural instructions lead to better learning if the animation displays the procedural task from a first‐person perspective (over‐the‐shoulder) compared to a third‐person perspective (face‐to‐face).

Aims

This study extends view‐perspective research by investigating whether the observation of human hands completing manipulative tasks in an animation are necessary or not.

Sample

Sixty university students participated in the study.

Method

Participants studied two knot‐tying animations from a first‐person perspective showing hands, or a third‐person perspective showing hands, or a first‐person perspective without showing hands.

Results

Results showed that studying first‐person perspective animations resulted in higher performance on a knot‐tying task and recognition task (but not transfer task) than studying the third‐person perspective animations. The strongest effects were gained from the first‐person perspective animations showing hands, although comparable learning outcomes were often found with the no‐hands perspective animations. In addition, spatial ability was found to influence knot‐tying and recognition performance, while gender minimally interacted with performance in the different viewing perspective conditions.

Conclusions

Hand‐manipulative task are learned most optimally from animations when presented from a first‐person perspective, while it is not necessary to show the hands.
Alvocidib inhibits IRF4 expression via super‐enhancer suppression and adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma cell growth
Authors: Sakamoto Hikaru , Ando Koji , Imaizumi Yoshitaka , Mishima Hiroyuki , Kinoshita Akira , Kobayashi Yuji , Kitanosono Hideaki , Kato Takeharu , Sawayama Yasushi , Sato Shinya , Hata Tomoko , Nakashima Masahiro , Yoshiura Koh‐Ichiro , Miyazaki Yasushi
Published: September 2022

Adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATL) is an intractable hematological malignancy with extremely poor prognosis. Recent studies have revealed that super‐enhancers (SE) play important roles in controlling tumor‐specific gene expression and are potential therapeutic targets for neoplastic diseases including ATL. Cyclin‐dependent protein kinase (CDK) 9 is a component of a complex comprising transcription factors (TFs) that bind the SE region. Alvocidib is a CDK9 inhibitor that exerts antitumor activity by inhibiting RNA polymerase (Pol) II phosphorylation and suppressing SE‐mediated, tumor‐specific gene expression. The present study demonstrated that alvocidib inhibited the proliferation of ATL cell lines and tumor cells from patients with ATL. RNA sequencing (RNA‐Seq) and chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP‐Seq) disclosed that SE regulated IRF4 in the ATL cell lines. Previous studies showed that IRF4 suppression inhibited ATL cell proliferation. Hence, IRF4 is a putative alvocidib target in ATL therapy. The present study revealed that SE‐mediated IRF4 downregulation is a possible mechanism by which alvocidib inhibits ATL proliferation. Alvocidib also suppressed ATL in a mouse xenograft model. Hence, the present work demonstrated that alvocidib has therapeutic efficacy against ATL and partially elucidated its mode of action. It also showed that alvocidib is promising for the clinical treatment of ATL and perhaps other malignancies and neoplasms as well.
Cancerous pH‐responsive polycarboxybetaine‐coated lipid nanoparticle for smart delivery of siRNA against subcutaneous tumor model in mice
Authors: Sung Yi‐Jung , Guo Haochen , Ghasemizadeh Aria , Shen Xin , Chintrakulchai Wanphiwat , Kobayashi Motoaki , Toyoda Masahiro , Ogi Koichi , Michinishi Junya , Ohtake Tomoyuki , Matsui Makoto , Honda Yuto , Nomoto Takahiro , Takemoto Hiroyasu , Miura Yutaka , Nishiyama Nobuhiro
Published: September 2022

Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) have been commonly used as a vehicle for nucleic acids, such as small interfering RNA (siRNA); the surface modification of LNPs is one of the determinants of their delivery efficiency especially in systemic administration. However, the applications of siRNA‐encapsulated LNPs are limited due to a lack effective systems to deliver to solid tumors. Here, we report a smart surface modification using a charge‐switchable ethylenediamine‐based polycarboxybetaine for enhancing tumor accumulation via interaction with anionic tumorous tissue constituents due to selective switching to cationic charge in response to cancerous acidic pH. Our polycarboxybetaine‐modified LNP could enhance cellular uptake in cancerous pH, resulting in facilitated endosomal escape and gene knockdown efficiency. After systemic administration, the polycarboxybetaine‐modified LNP accomplished high tumor accumulation in SKOV3‐luc and CT 26 subcutaneous tumor models. The siPLK‐1‐encapsulated LNP thereby accomplished significant tumor growth inhibition. This study demonstrates a promising potential of the pH‐responsive polycarboxybetaine as a material for modifying the surface of LNPs for efficient nucleic acid delivery.
Multimodal striatal neuromarkers in distinguishing parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy from idiopathic Parkinson's disease
Authors: Pang Huize , Yu Ziyang , Yu Hongmei , Chang Miao , Cao Jibin , Li Yingmei , Guo Miaoran , Liu Yu , Cao Kaiqiang , Fan Guoguang
Published: September 2022

Aims

To develop an automatic method of classification for parkinsonian variant of multiple system atrophy (MSA‐P) and Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) in early to moderately advanced stages based on multimodal striatal alterations and identify the striatal neuromarkers for distinction.

Methods

77 IPD and 75 MSA‐P patients underwent 3.0 T multimodal MRI comprising susceptibility‐weighted imaging, resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging, T1‐weighted imaging, and diffusion tensor imaging. Iron‐radiomic features, volumes, functional and diffusion scalars of bilateral 10 striatal subregions were calculated and provided to the support vector machine for classification

Results

A combination of iron‐radiomic features, function, diffusion, and volumetric measures optimally distinguished IPD and MSA‐P in the testing dataset (accuracy 0.911 and area under the receiver operating characteristic curves [AUC] 0.927). The diagnostic performance further improved when incorporating clinical variables into the multimodal model (accuracy 0.934 and AUC 0.953). The most crucial factor for classification was the functional activity of the left dorsolateral putamen.

Conclusion

The machine learning algorithm applied to multimodal striatal dysfunction depicted dorsal striatum and supervening prefrontal lobe and cerebellar dysfunction through the frontostriatal and cerebello‐striatal connections and facilitated accurate classification between IPD and MSA‐P. The dorsolateral putamen was the most valuable neuromarker for the classification.
Prognosis of hospital‐acquired pneumonia/ventilator‐associated pneumonia with Stenotrophomonas maltophilia versus Klebsiella pneumoniae in intensive care unit: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Chen Shuping , Zou Dongdong
Published: September 2022

Introduction

We collected data on ventilator‐associated pneumonia (VAP) and hospital‐acquired pneumonia (HAP) induced by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia (SM) and Klebsiella pneumoniae (KP) and compared differences between two bacteria in mortality, duration of ventilator use, length of hospital stay, and risk factors for infection.

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate the prognosis and to find risk factors of SM‐HAP/VAP versus KP‐HAP/VAP in the intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods

This retrospective cohort study included patients admitted to the ICU between June 2019 and June 2021 and diagnosed with SM‐HAP/VAP or KP‐HAP/VAP. The primary outcome was 28‐day mortality.

Results

Ninety‐two HAP/VAP patients (48 with SM‐HAP/VAP and 44 with KP‐HAP/VAP) were included. The 28‐day mortality was 16.7% (8/48 patients) in SM‐HAP/VAP and 15.9% (7/44 patients) in KP‐HAP/VAP (P = 0.922). After adjustment for potential confounders, the hazard ratios for 28‐day mortality in SM‐HAP/VAP were 1.3 (95% CI:0.5–3.7), 1.0 (95% CI:0.4–3.0), 1.4 (95% CI:0.5–4.0), and 1.1 (95% CI:0.4–3.4), respectively.

Conclusion

SM‐HAP/VAP and KP‐HAP/VAP patients in ICU might have a similar prognosis in mortality, the total duration of the artificial airway and ventilator use, the total length of ICU stay, and hospital stay. The risk factors of SM‐HAP/VAP versus KP‐HAP/VAP might be the artificial airway, ventilator use, gastric tube placement, acid suppressant and antibiotics (especially carbapenem).
Advancing translational science education
Authors: Faupel‐Badger Jessica M. , Vogel Amanda L. , Austin Christopher P. , Rutter Joni L.
Published: September 2022

In this communication, the authors offer considerations for how the scientific community can capitalize on decades of translational science advances and experiential knowledge to develop new education opportunities for a diverse and highly skilled translational science workforce. Continued advancement of the field of translational science will require new education approaches that distill key concepts in translational science from past and ongoing research initiatives and teach this foundational knowledge to current and future translational scientists. These key concepts include generalizable scientific and operational principles to guide translational science, as well as evidence‐informed practices. Inspired by this approach, the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS) has developed an initial set of guiding principles for translational science generated via case studies of multiple highly successful translational science initiatives, and is now teaching them via new education activities that aim to reach a broad scientific audience interested in translational science. Our goal with this review is to prompt continued conversation with the translational science community regarding capitalizing on our collective translational science knowledge to advance core content for translational science education and disseminating this content to a broad range of scientific audiences.
People engaged in opioid agonist treatment as a counterpublic during the COVID‐19 pandemic in Australia: A qualitative study
Authors: Conway Anna , Treloar Carla , Crawford Sione , Grebely Jason , Marshall Alison D.
Published: September 2022

Introduction

People receiving opioid agonist treatment (OAT) are at higher risk of comorbidities, poverty and discrimination, which Big Events like the COVID‐19 pandemic may exacerbate. The behaviours of people receiving OAT do not always align with normative behaviours as conceived by ruling institutions and laws, and so the group becomes a counterpublic, not imagined in mainstream public discourse. The aim of this study was to understand how people receiving OAT, as a counterpublic, implemented practises of care to mitigate negative health outcomes during COVID‐19.

Methods

Participants were recruited via eight peer‐led organisations across Australia. In‐depth, semi‐structured interviews were completed between August and December 2020 with 40 people receiving OAT. The analysis centres practises of care, allowing interactions that influence the health of participants, to be understood in their unique contexts.

Results

Aspects of the COVID‐19 state response were designed for an idealised public, demonstrated by the increased policing that accompanied enforcement of restrictions which was detrimental to the wellbeing of people receiving OAT. Counterpublic health strategies employed by people receiving OAT were disrupted, but participants were often able to adapt to the changing context.

Discussion and Conclusion

This study elucidates how practises of care among people receiving OAT are enacted and disrupted during a Big Event, with implications beyond the COVID‐19 pandemic for future Big Events. The study findings evidence the need for policies that mitigate the impact of Big Events such as supporting re‐groupment within the counterpublic, legitimising counterpublic health strategies and stopping the criminalisation of people who use drugs.
Opportunities for learning and social interaction in infant sitting: Effects of sitting support, sitting skill, and gross motor delay
Authors: Kretch Kari S. , Marcinowski Emily C. , Hsu Lin‐Ya , Koziol Natalie A. , Harbourne Regina T. , Lobo Michele A. , Dusing Stacey C.
Published: September 2022

The development of independent sitting changes everyday opportunities for learning and has cascading effects on cognitive and language development. Prior to independent sitting, infants experience the sitting position with physical support from caregivers. Why does supported sitting not provide the same input for learning that is experienced in independent sitting? This question is especially relevant for infants with gross motor delay, who require support in sitting for many months after typically developing infants sit independently. We observed infants with typical development (n = 34, ages 4–7 months) and infants with gross motor delay (n = 128, ages 7–16 months) in early stages of sitting development, and their caregivers, in a dyadic play observation. We predicted that infants who required caregiver support for sitting would spend more time facing away from the caregiver and less time contacting objects than infants who could sit independently. We also predicted that caregivers of supported sitters would spend less time contacting objects because their hands would be full supporting their infants. Our first two hypotheses were confirmed; however, caregivers spent surprisingly little time using both hands to provide support, and caregivers of supported sitters spent more time contacting objects than caregivers of independent sitters. Similar patterns were seen in the group of typically developing infants and the infants with motor delay. Our findings suggest that independent sitting and supported sitting provide qualitatively distinct experiences with different implications for social interaction and learning opportunities.

Highlights

During seated free play, supported sitters spent more time facing away from their caregivers and less time handling objects than independent sitters.

Caregivers who spent more time supporting infants with both hands spent less time handling objects; however, caregivers mostly supported infants with one or no hands.

A continuous measure of sitting skill did not uniquely contribute to these behaviors beyond the effect of binary sitting support (supported vs. independent sitter).

The pattern of results was similar for typically developing infants and infants with gross motor delay, despite differences in age.
Inequity on suburban campuses: University students disadvantaged in self‐improvement travel
Authors: Sun Bindong , Guo Rui , Yin Chun
Published: September 2022

Many new university campuses have been built in suburban areas where transit and service facilities are negligible. However, few studies explore the educational and transportation equity issues related to campus location. Based on a 2017 survey comprising 1673 students on 37 campuses in Shanghai, this study applied multilevel models to examine the association between the built environment around campuses and university students' travel behaviors. In particular, we focused on the travel that students undertake for self‐improvement activities (e.g., internships and education‐related activities) because this type of travel plays an important role in improving students' abilities and promoting their career development. We found that students on suburban campuses, which are characterized by being farther away from the city center, being single land use, and having fewer transit services, engage in fewer and longer trips to self‐improvement destinations. However, students studying on urban campuses, which are characterized by mixed land use and greater accessibility to the city center and subway service, engage in more frequent and shorter trips to self‐improvement destinations. Therefore, students on suburban campuses are at a disadvantage regarding educational opportunities and access to transportation to engage in self‐improvement activities off campus.
Infodemiology for oral health and disease: A scoping review
Authors: Gupta Radhika , Mohanty Vikrant , Balappanavar Aswini Y. , Chahar Puneet , Rijhwani Kavita , Bhatia Sonal
Published: September 2022

Introduction

Increasing affordability, accessibility and penetration of internet services worldwide, have substantially changed the ways of gathering health‐related information. This has led to the origin of concept infodemiology that allows the information to be collected and analysed in near real time. Globally, oral diseases affect nearly 3.5 billion people; thus, volume and profile of oral health searches would help in understanding specific community dental needs and formulation of pertinent oral health strategies.

Aim

To review the published literature on infodemiological aspects of oral health and disease.

Methodology

This scoping review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA‐ScR guidelines. Electronic search engines (Google Scholar) and databases (PubMed, Web of science, Scopus) were searched from 2002 onwards.

Results

Thirty‐eight articles were included in this review. The infodemiological studies for oral health and disease were mainly used in two domains. Out of 38 articles, 24 accessed the quality of available online information and 15 studied online oral health‐related information seeking behaviour.

Conclusion

The most commonly searched oral diseases were toothache, oral cancer, dental caries, periodontal disease, oral maxillofacial surgical procedures and paediatric oral diseases. Most of the studies belonged to developed countries and Google was the most researched search engine.
Patient‐centred care, diabetes self‐management and glycaemic control among Omani patients with type‐2 diabetes
Authors: Al Mahrouqi Abdullah Salim , Mallinson R. Kevin , Oh Kyeung Mi , Weinstein Ali A.
Published: September 2022

Aim

This study examined the relationships between patient‐centred care, diabetes self‐management and selected health outcomes for Omani patients with type‐2 diabetes.

Methods

Cross‐sectional surveys were administered for 237 patients with type‐2 diabetes. Hierarchical regression analyses examined the relationships between the selected study variables.

Results

The sample was middle‐aged (M = 48, SD = 11.0 years) with nearly a decade (M = 9.68, SD = 6.11) since being diagnosed with type‐2 diabetes, with higher than ideal glycaemic control measures (M = 8.8%, SD = 2.4%). In bivariate analyses, patient‐centred care was positively associated with diabetes self‐management but not with glycaemic control or quality of life. However, after controlling demographic and clinical characteristics, patient‐centred care was positively associated with both physical and mental aspects of health‐related quality of life. In the final regression model, controlling for demographic and clinical characteristics and patient‐centred care, diabetes self‐management significantly predicted both glycaemic control and both physical and mental aspects of health‐related quality of life.

Conclusions

The findings support that providing individualized care may contribute to the self‐management of chronic conditions. For achieving optimal outcomes, it may be necessary for providers to effectively assess patients' unique challenges and motivations. Increasing diabetes self‐management may improve quality of life and reduce diabetes complications.
Stigma evaluation for diabetes and other chronic non‐communicable disease patients: Development, validation and clinical use of stigma scale – The Kanden Institute Stigma Scale
Authors: Tanaka Nagaaki , Hamamoto Yoshiyuki , Kurotobi Yuri , Yamazaki Yuji , Nakatani Susumu , Matsubara Miho , Haraguchi Takuya , Yamaguchi Yuko , Izumi Kiyohiro , Fujita Yuki , Kuwata Hitoshi , Hyo Takanori , Yanase Masaki , Matsuda Masahiro , Negoro Shinji , Higashiyama Hiroko , Yamada Yuichiro , Kurose Takeshi , Seino Yutaka
Published: September 2022

Aims/Introduction

The aim of this study was to develop a scale to evaluate disease stigma in patients with lifestyle‐related chronic non‐communicable diseases (LCNCDs), which we named the Kanden Institute Stigma Scale (KISS), and to consider its possible clinical application for patients with diabetes.

Materials and methods

An initial 90 questions were drafted and categorized into six subscales according to the manifestations of stigma. The final version of the KISS was developed as a 24‐item questionnaire comprising four items for each subscale.

Results

A total of 539 outpatients including 452 patients with diabetes and 87 patients without diabetes were recruited. Construct validity was confirmed by assessing the correlation with previously established measures. Confirmatory factor analysis showed the KISS to have good model fitness (adjusted goodness‐of‐fit index = 0.856). Test–retest reproducibility analysis showed that the intraclass coefficient of the first and a second KISS was 0.843 (P < 0.001), indicating excellent reproducibility. The KISS showed higher scores for patients with diabetes than for patients without diabetes (12.23 ± 0.49 vs 5.76 ± 0.73, P < 0.05). The KISS score was significantly higher in type 1 and type 2 diabetes patients taking insulin therapy than in type 2 diabetes patients not taking insulin (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The KISS is a validated and reliable questionnaire for assessment of stigma among patients with diabetes as well as other lifestyle‐related chronic non‐communicable diseases, and might contribute to identifying and rectifying diabetes stigma, as well promoting awareness among health care professionals of this very consequential health problem.
Role of social aggregation in the fitness cost of pyrethroid‐resistant German cockroaches
Authors: Chong Hooi‐Kuan , Peng Ming‐Hsiao , Liu Kuan‐Ling , Singham G. Veera , Neoh Kok‐Boon
Published: September 2022

Living in aggregations likely gives fitness benefits to resistant German cockroaches. We first investigated the trade‐offs in life‐history traits between six field pyrethroid‐resistant German cockroach strains and a laboratory susceptible strain (SUS‐1). Second, each strain was placed in groups of 2, 10, 20, 30 and 40 individuals with an equal sex ratio in each group to investigate the effect of social aggregation on fitness and overall population parameters. All resistant strains exhibited reduced nymphal survival (50%–83%) and a prolonged development period in both male (49–63 days) and female (47–62 days) nymphs when compared to SUS‐1 individuals (nymphal development period: 39 ± 2 days for male and 40 ± 3 days for female). Such fitness costs were minimized when the resistant cockroaches were in aggregations. Specifically, male (54 ± 3 days) and female nymphal development periods (52 ± 3 days) of German cockroach significantly decreased to 44 ± 1 days in the largest group. The nymphal survival was substantially enhanced (more than 80% survival) in German cockroaches with elevated cytochrome P450 monooxygenases, or both cytochrome P450 monooxygenases and esterases activities in the largest group. The effect of pyrethroid resistance on the life‐history traits of adult German cockroaches was limited; only adult male longevity was significantly prolonged. Group living did not significantly extend adult longevity and increase the number of offspring per ootheca. Contrary to expectations, the number of nymphs produced by a female and the oothecal hatchability were inversely proportional to the number of individuals in aggregations. Moreover, a lower proportion of viable oothecae were produced in German cockroaches when living in aggregations. Because of low fecundity, population parameters of German cockroaches living in aggregations (net reproductive rate and intrinsic rate of increase) were significantly lower than the parameters of those living in pairs.
Thermal pulse induced by emplacement of Ramba leucogranites in southern Tibet
Authors: Chu Xu , Akça Ozan , Gaidies Fred , Gennaro Ivano , Ji Weiqiang
Published: September 2022

The thermal histories of Himalayan leucogranites provide critical information for unravelling the post‐collisional geodynamics of the Himalayas. The Ramba Dome is located at the intersection of the Tethyan Himalayan leucogranite belt with the Yadong–Gulu Rift and hosts several generations of granitic intrusions. Of these intrusions, the 8‐Ma two‐mica granites and garnet leucogranite dykes are the youngest of Himalayan leucogranites. In this study, we focus on the carbonaceous staurolite schist located ~1.3 km from the intrusion to constrain the thermal history of the aureole that marked the cessation of leucogranite magmatism. The schist contains euhedral garnet and staurolite porphyroblasts in a foliated matrix of muscovite + biotite + chlorite + plagioclase + quartz + graphite. The staurolite shows minor compositional variations from the inclusion‐free core to the inclusion‐rich rim. By contrast, the garnet features a distinctive bell‐shaped Mn profile and increasing Mg# from the garnet core to rims. In a graphite‐bearing equilibrium phase diagram for a modified bulk composition with garnet cores removed, the garnet rim composition suggests a peak temperature of ~550°C, consistent with an independent thermometer based on the Raman spectra of carbonaceous materials (RSCM; 548 ± 9°C). The P–T condition lies within the narrow low‐variance field bracketed by the staurolite‐in and chlorite‐out boundaries, indicating minimal overstepping of staurolite nucleation and growth. On the other hand, the garnet core composition indicates 520°C at 2.5 kbar, about 40°C higher than the predicted garnet‐in boundary (~480°C). This apparent temperature overstep corresponds to a small chemical affinity (<5 kJ/mol 12 O) for garnet nucleation, comparable to previous estimates. The sharp boundaries of the high‐Ca sector zoning in the core indicate limited diffusion modification (~1.5 Ma if at the peak temperature). The short thermal pulse involves advective heat transfer by leucogranite emplacement, followed by rapid cooling toward the end of Himalayan magmatism and rapid exhumation likely facilitated by the Yadong–Gulu Rift.
Dose assessment of melatonin in sepsis (DAMSEL2) study: Pharmacokinetics of two doses of oral melatonin in patients with sepsis
Authors: Galley Helen F. , Allen Lee , Colin Pieter J. , Galt Sally P. , Webster Nigel R.
Published: September 2022

Sepsis is defined as a dysregulated host response to infection, and high‐dose melatonin has been proposed as a treatment due to its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties. However, there are no data describing the pharmacokinetics of high‐dose oral melatonin in critically ill patients. We undertook an open‐label trial to determine the tolerance of melatonin administration in these patients and pharmacokinetic analysis, to inform a planned randomised controlled trial. Two cohorts of critically ill patients with sepsis due to community‐acquired pneumonia received either 20 or 50 mg oral melatonin liquid as a single dose. Blood samples and clinical measures were analysed over the next 24 h. Melatonin was well tolerated and there were no adverse events. Pharmacokinetic modelling showed that a semiphysiological model, which incorporates saturable first‐pass hepatic extraction, was a good fit for our data. Maximum levels of melatonin were extremely high in patients receiving the 50 mg dose and levels of the major metabolite were much lower than expected and not different from those seen after 20 mg, suggesting saturation at the higher dose. We conclude that 20 mg seems a suitable dose of liquid melatonin in patients with sepsis.
Figurativeness Matters in the Second Language Processing of Collocations: Evidence From a Self‐Paced Reading Experiment
Authors: Shi Jinfang , Peng Gang , Li Dechao
Published: September 2022

This study reports on a self‐paced reading experiment exploring whether the figurativeness of collocations affects L2 processing of collocations. The participants were 40 English native speakers and 44 Chinese‐speaking English foreign language learners (including doctoral, postgraduate, and undergraduate students). To ensure that the effect emerged from the figurativeness of collocations rather than other item‐related confounds, this study added a literal–literal comparison (e.g., choose a career vs. choose a house) as a control to the experimental figurative–literal comparison (e.g., build a career vs. build a house). Results showed that L2 speakers processed figurative collocations more slowly than literal collocation controls but native speakers did not. Importantly, this processing cost for figurative collocations in L2 speakers varied by L2 proficiency but not phrase familiarity. We discuss the results in terms of the dual‐route model of formulaic and novel language processing and also incorporate them into the literal salience model of bilingual figurative processing.
Individual North Atlantic right whales identified from space
Authors: Hodul Matus , Knudby Anders , McKenna Brigid , James Amy , Mayo Charles , Brown Moira , Durette‐Morin Delphine , Bird Stephen
Published: September 2022

The population of the critically endangered North Atlantic right whale, Eubalaena glacialis, numbers approximately 336 individuals, and continues to decline. Current development and implementation of protection measures and monitoring of right whale presence relies on visual surveys from vessel and aerial platforms, and passive acoustic monitoring, which contribute to location data. Here we demonstrate that satellite imagery can be used to detect and confirm the North Atlantic right whales at a species level using newly available imaging methods, providing another tool to inform conservation efforts. Using optical satellite imagery with 15 cm resolution, 25 right whales were observed in Cape Cod Bay on April 24, 2021. Species confirmation was possible due to clearly visible callosity patterns indicative of their species within this range. Although the variations in callosity patterns commonly used to identify individuals were too small to be resolved at this image resolution, one whale with large distinctive markings visible on his body was identified at an individual level from satellite imagery alone. Although visual and acoustic survey methods can be combined for monitoring this species in critical habitats, satellite‐based monitoring can be especially helpful to understand whale presence outside the areas monitored with existing visual and acoustic detection methods.