bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Development of Trunk Transmission Online Integrated Stability Control System (ISC) for New Generation Grid
Authors: YOSHIDA HIROSHI , TACHI RYUJI , TAKAFUJI KOYA , IMAEDA HIRONORI , TAKEISHI MASARU , TAGUCHI HIROYUKI , KUSABA KENICHIRO
Published: January 2018

Generally, if power transmission lines are heavily loaded, the transient stability and frequency stability tend to be worse, and one power system fault may cause wide‐area blackouts. However, restriction of the power flow sacrifices economical operations. To solve this problem, CEPCO (Chubu Electric Power Co., Inc.) has implemented the online stability control system.

Since a current system was constructed more than 20 years ago, the situation of power system has drastically changed such as a large‐scale introduction of distributed energy resource or increase of cross‐regional power interchange. To cope with these changes, we are developing a new stability control system with new control functions. And, the new system integrates current systems which were constructed separately for the purposes. As the result, the number of equipment was dramatically reduced.

This paper describes an outline of developing system and new stability control functions to overcome various situational changes that have happened in CEPCO power grid.
Microtopography of bare peat: a conceptual model and objective classification from high‐resolution topographic survey data
Authors: Smith M.W. , Warburton J.
Published: January 2018

Peatlands globally are at risk of degradation through increased susceptibility to erosion as a result of climate change. Quantification of peat erosion and an understanding of the processes responsible for their degradation is required if eroded peatlands are to be protected and restored. Owing to the unique material properties of peat, fine‐scale microtopographic expressions of surface processes are especially pronounced and present a potentially rich source of geomorphological information, providing valuable insights into the stability and dominant surface process regimes. We present a new process‐form conceptual framework to rigorously describe bare peat microtopography and use Structure‐from‐Motion (SfM) surveys to quantify roughness for different peat surfaces. Through the first geomorphological application of a survey‐grade structured‐light hand‐held 3D imager (HhI), which can represent sub‐millimetre topographic variability in field conditions, we demonstrate that SfM identifies roughness signatures reliably over bare peat plots (<1 m2), although some smoothing is observed. Across 55 plots, the roughness of microtopographic types is quantified using a suite of roughness metrics and an objective classification system derived from decision tree analysis with 98% success. This objective classification requires just five roughness metrics, each of which quantifies a different aspect of the surface morphology. We show that through a combination of roughness metrics, microtopographic types can be identified objectively from high resolution survey data, providing a much‐needed geomorphological process‐perspective to observations of eroded peat volumes and earth surface change. Copyright © 2018 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inference on phenotype‐specific effects of genes using multivariate kernel machine regression
Authors: Maity Arnab , Zhao Jing , Sullivan Patrick F. , Tzeng Jung‐Ying
Published: January 2018

We consider the problem of assessing the joint effect of a set of genetic markers on multiple, possibly correlated phenotypes of interest. We develop a kernel machine based multivariate regression framework, where the joint effect of the marker set on each of the phenotypes is modeled using prespecified kernel functions with unknown variance components. Unlike most existing methods that mainly focus on the global association between the marker set and the phenotype set, we develop estimation and testing procedures to study phenotype‐specific associations. Specifically, we develop an estimation method based on the penalized likelihood approach to estimate phenotype‐specific effects and their corresponding standard errors while accounting for possible correlation among the phenotypes. We develop testing procedures for the association of the marker set with any subset of phenotypes using a score‐based variance components testing method. We assess the performance of our proposed methodology via a simulation study and demonstrate the utility of the proposed method using the Clinical Antipsychotic Trials of Intervention Effectiveness (CATIE) data.
One false move: A singular account of multiple outcomes arising from drink‐driving
Authors: McIver Shane , van den Hoek Daniel
Published: January 2018

Issue addressed

To deconstruct a personal account involving the initial decision making and ultimate consequences of driving under the influence of alcohol to educate drinkers about the realities of short‐ and long‐term impacts associated with drink‐driving.

Methods

This qualitative study uses collaborative methods and draws on an autoethnographic (n = 1) account to identify multiple challenges and outcomes arising from a singular drink‐driving incident.

Results

Findings document how the split‐second decision to drink and drive can give rise to unforeseen, ongoing and complex problems associated with injuries and pain management, the legal system, personal and professional costs, social isolation and shame.

Conclusions

Many believe that driving ability is only affected if an individual is drunk, and that the ramifications of low‐range drinking (blood alcohol concentration greater than 0.05 and less than 0.07) and driving are minimal and avoidable. This personal account emphasises the stark realities associated with such naïve perceptions, particularly among young males, and augments efforts to dissuade drivers from drinking.

So what?

The experiential insights within this narrative account have the potential to help inform peer education programs and contribute to reductions in youth road trauma and associated injuries.
Inhibition of novel GCN5–ATM axis restricts the onset of acquired drug resistance in leukemia
Authors: Salunkhe Sameer , Mishra Saket V. , Nair Jyothi , Ghosh Samadri , Choudhary Neha , Kaur Ekjot , Shah Sanket , Patkar Ketaki , Anand Dev , Khattry Navin , Hasan Syed K. , Dutt Shilpee
Published: January 2018

Leukemia is majorly treated by topoisomerase inhibitors that induce DNA double strand breaks (DSB) resulting in cell death. Consequently, modulation of DSB repair pathway renders leukemic cells resistant to therapy. As we do not fully understand the regulation of DSB repair acquired by resistant cells, targeting these cells has been a challenge. Here we investigated the regulation of DSB repair pathway in early drug resistant population (EDRP) and late drug resistant population (LDRP). We found that doxorubicin induced equal DSBs in parent and EDRP cells; however, cell death is induced only in the parent cells. Further analysis revealed that EDRP cells acquire relaxed chromatin via upregulation of lysine acetyl transferase KAT2A (GCN5). Drug treatment induces GCN5 interaction with ATM facilitating its recruitment to DSB sites. Hyperactivated ATM maximize H2AX, NBS1, BRCA1, Chk2, and Mcl‐1 activation, accelerating DNA repair and survival of EDRP cells. Consequently, inhibition of GCN5 significantly reduces ATM activation and survival of EDRP cells. Contrary to EDRP, doxorubicin failed to induce DSBs in LDRP because of reduced drug uptake and downregulation of TOP2β. Accordingly, ATM inhibition prior to doxorubicin treatment completely eliminated EDRP but not LDRP. Furthermore, baseline AML samples (n = 44) showed significantly higher GCN5 at mRNA and protein levels in MRD positive compared to MRD negative samples. Additionally, meta‐analysis (n = 221) showed high GCN5 expression correlates with poor overall survival. Together, these results provide important insights into the molecular mechanism specific to EDRP and will have implications for the development of novel therapeutics for AML.
The role of signals in two variations of differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate procedures
Authors: Becraft Jessica L. , Borrero John C. , Davis Barbara J. , Mendres‐Smith Amber E. , Castillo Mariana I.
Published: January 2018

Differential‐reinforcement‐of‐low‐rate (DRL) schedules are used to decrease the overall rate of, but not eliminate, a target response. Two variations of DRL, spaced‐responding and full‐session, exist. Preliminary comparative analyses suggest that the two schedules function differently when unsignaled. We compared response rates under these two DRL variations with and without signals. In Experiment 1, five preschool students played a game in which points were earned under DRL schedules. In some sessions, a stimulus signaled when responses would be reinforced (S+) or not reinforced (S‐). In others, only an S‐ was present. Signals (S+/S‐) facilitated and maintained responding in both types of DRL schedules. In Experiment 2, we modified the signals with five different preschoolers. Instead of an S‐ only, we did not present any signals. Elimination and high variability of the target response were observed with the S‐ only and absence of S+/S‐, respectively. Signaled DRL schedules are recommended for application.
Fabrication and characterization of polymer‐ceramic nanocomposites containing drug loaded modified halloysite nanotubes
Authors: Ghaderi‐Ghahfarrokhi Maedeh , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Zargarian Seyed Shahrooz
Published: January 2018

Modified halloysite nanotubes (HNT‐NH2 and HNT‐COOH) were synthesized by a coupling reaction with 3‐aminopropyltriethoxysilane and maleic anhydride from hydroxyl groups of neat halloysite nanotubes (HNTs). Successful attachment of functional groups onto HNTs was evaluated by Fourier transform infrared and thermogravimetric analysis. X ray diffraction was used to study the crystalline structure of scaffolds and the formation of intercalated structure as a result of improved dispersion and decreased agglomeration of modified nanoparticles. Neat HNT, HNT‐NH2, and HNT‐COOH were subsequently introduced into polycaprolactone/Pluronic P123 (PCL/P123) electrospun substrate. Morphology, thermodynamics, mechanics, and biocompatibility of resulted electrospun nanocomposites were evaluated. Nanofibers containing modified HNTs showed excellent mechanical performance and thermal stability in comparison with those containing neat HNTs. homogeneous dispersion of the modified HNTs and strong interfacial adhesion between nanotubes and polymer matrix can be considered for mentioned improvements. Ultraviolet‐visible spectrophotometer was used to study diphenhydramine hydrochloride and diclofenac sodium release from nanocomposites containing drug loaded modified and neat HNTs. Nanocomposites containing drug loaded HNT‐COOH exhibited prolonged release of drug molecules in comparison with that of neat HNTs. MTT assay reveled that PCL/P123/modified HNTs nanocomposites provide a suitable platform for cell growth where PCL/P123/HNT‐NH2 can facilitate cell attachment through electrostatic interactions between negatively charged phospholipids bilayer membrane of cells and positively charged HNT‐NH2 embedded in PCL/P123 substrate. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 1276–1287, 2018.
Increasing mass transfer of volatile organic compounds in air scrubbers: relation between partition coefficient and mass transfer coefficient in a pilot‐scale scrubber
Authors: Bruneel Joren , Walgraeve Christophe , Demeyer Peter , Van Langenhove Herman
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUND

The mass transfer of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from waste gas streams to liquid in scrubbers is determined by the overall volumetric mass transfer coefficient (Kga), which is dependent on the air‐to‐water partition coefficient (KAW, dimensionless). The application of additives in the water phase can alter this KAW to lower values thus increasing the Kga. Previous research provided partitioning data of new scrubber liquids and this study will link the partitioning data with mass transfer characteristics in a pilot‐scale scrubber.

RESULTS

The Kga was experimentally determined using a VOC pulse addition response (PAR) method in a pilot‐scale scrubber with randomised or structured packing (1.6 m height, diameter 0.1 m). VOCs were injected at the inlet of the scrubber. SIFT‐MS was used for the online measurement of the VOC concentration. An advection–absorption model was used to calculate the Kga values for a set of VOCs and different scrubber liquid properties. Scrubber liquids and VOCs were applied to evaluate the Kga values in a KAW range from 2.6 × 10‐3 to 4.0 × 10, a gas velocity between 0.34 and 1.17 m s‐1 and liquid flow of 0.4 m3 h‐1. The obtained Kga ranged from 0 to 2.27 s‐1.

CONCLUSION

A relationship between the Kga, gas velocity and KAW was established. Based on this mathematical model, the economical/technical suitability of applying an additive to the scrubbing liquid of industrial installations can be evaluated. β‐cyclodextrin was applied as additive in the scrubber and Kga values were significantly higher than with pure water. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Two‐step persulfate and Fenton oxidation of naphthenic acids in water
Authors: Xu Xiyan , Pliego Gema , Zazo Juan A , Liu Shuming , Casas Jose A , Rodriguez Juan J
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUD

In the current study, two‐step persulfate and Fenton oxidation has been investigated for the mineralization of naphthenic acids at 80 °C and initial pH ≈ 8. This pH evolves during the persulfate oxidation step towards the optimum for Fenton oxidation (≈ 3). The effects of persulfate and H2O2 doses, iron concentration, duration of the persulfate oxidation step and operating temperature have been assessed.

RESULTS

The combined treatment allowed up to ≈ 80% mineralization of cyclohexanoic acid using fairly low relative amounts of reagents (20 and 30% of the stoichiometric for persulfate and H2O2, respectively). For mineralization of cyclohexanoic acid, 115 and 87 kJ mol‐1 were obtained as representative values of the apparent activation energy for the persulfate and Fenton oxidation steps, respectively. The system was also successfully tested with other naphthenic acids, including cyclohexanebutyric acid, 2‐naphthoic acid and 1,2,3,4‐tetrahydro‐2‐naphthoic acid. Treatment of the naphthenic acids tested by this system gave rise to easily biodegradable effluents consisting mainly of short‐chain organic acids. The biodegradability was confirmed by the BOD5/COD ratio and respirometric tests.

CONCLUSION

The results show the potential application of this approach as a promising cost‐effective solution for the treatment of naphthenic acids‐bearing aqueous wastes. This approach has significant advantage compared with the single thermally‐activated persulfate or Fenton oxidation, since it allows a high mineralization at reduced reagent cost upon replacing part of the persulfate by less expensive H2O2. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Monoclonal Antibodies Directed Against Human la Antigens Detect an Evolutionary Conserved Epitope on Guinea Pig la Antigens With Unique Functional Properties
Authors: Zweig Stephen E , Ferrone Soldano , Shevach Ethan M
Published: January 2018

Three murine monoclonal antihuman la antibodies were found to cross react with guinea pig la antigens. Sequential immunoprecipitation studies demonstrated that these antibodies recognized a subset of guinea pig la antigens. In competition binding studies, the antihuman la antibodies competed with each other, but not with a number of murine monoclonals raised directly to guinea pig la antigens. When the antihuman la monoclonals were tested for their ability to inhibit the proliferative response of primed guinea pig T cells to antigen-pulsed macrophages, they completely inhibited the response of strain 2 T cells to the complex antigen ovalbumin while having no effect on the response to the copolymer L-glutamic acid, L-lysine. In contrast, the monoclonals raised against guinea pig la had much less dramatic effects on the response of uncloned T cells to these antigens. These results suggest that the cross-reactive monoclonals may recognize an evolutionary conserved epitope on la that has a regulatory function in T-cell activation.
Cooperation of IgG Monoclonal Antibodies in Macrophage Antibody-Dependent Cellular Cytotoxicity (ADCC) to Tumor Targets
Authors: Ralph Peter , Nakoinz Ilona
Published: January 2018

Six IgG monoclonal antibodies representing the four murine IgG isotypes were active individually in ADCC to T-lymphoma targets mediated by murine macrophages and human blood K cells. The monoclonals were directed against four antigens (Thy-1.2, H-2k, Ly 2.1, Ly 9.2). None was as effective in ADCC as allo-anti-Thy-1.2 serum or rabbit anti-mouse spleen serum, even at plateau levels of killing. Monoclonals gave the highest levels of ADCC at relatively low amounts of antibody bound to targets; increasing the amount of bound antibody by 10- to 100-fold did not increase murine macrophage-mediated cytotoxicity. In contrast, ADCC using alloantiserum continued to increase over the same range of antibody bound to the tumor targets. The activity of individual monoclonals was not enhanced by the presence of various dilutions of normal mouse or rabbit serum, suggesting that the superiority of the allo- and heteroantisera was due to their content of heterogeneous antibodies. IgG monoclonls of different isotypes and recognizing different antigens gave enhanced ADCC in combination; monoclonals to the same antigen did not. An IgM anti-Thy-1.2 monoclonal was inactive in ADCC and inhibited the activity of IgG monoclonals of the same specificity. These studies show that IgG antibodies of different specificity and class can collaborate in ADCC, and that this cooperative effect is not due simply to increased amounts of antibody bound to the tumor targets.
Decreased Fibronectin Biosynthesis by Human Cord Blood Mononuclear Phagocytes In Vitro
Authors: Gerdes Jeffrey S , Douglas Steven D , Kolski Gerald B , Yoder Mervin C , Polin Richard A
Published: January 2018

Cultured cord blood monocytes synthesize significantly less fibronectin than cultured monocyte-macrophages from adult peripheral blood. Biosynthesis of the second component of complement in vitro is similar for both cell systems. The monocyte-macrophages from neonates and adults have similar functional and morphologic properties in long-term cultures. The decreased monocyte-macrophage biosynthesis of fibronectin observed in vitro may be in part related to the reduced plasma fibronectin concentrations and reticuloendothelial system hypofunction which occur in newborn infants.
Functional Characterization of Lymphokines From the EL-4 T Cell Line That Activate Macrophages for Nonspecific Tumor Cytotoxicity
Authors: Occhionero Massimo , Leonard Edward J , Meltzer Monte S
Published: January 2018

Culture fluids from a phorbol myristate acetate-stimulated EL-4 thymoma cell line were previously found to activate mouse macrophages to become nonspecifically tumoricidal. By gel filtration, 23,000- and 45,000-MW peaks were identified. In this study we compared EL-4 culture fluid activity with that obtained from antigen-stimulated mouse spleen cells. By four criteria, functional activity from the two sources was comparable: 1) Macrophage activation could be separated temporally into two steps, priming and triggering. 2) Macrophages activated by the fluids exhibited peak cytotoxic activity within 5–9 hr; no cytotoxic activity was demonstrable if addition of target cells was delayed 14 hr. 3) Mouse peritoneal exudate macrophages, but not resident macrophages, became cytotoxic after a 5-hr incubation with culture fluids. 4) Macrophages from certain strains of mice were incapable of activation; the same pattern of strain unresponsiveness was observed with both EL-4 and spleen cell culture fluids. Thus, it is likely that the two EL-4 products and the mouse spleen cell lymphokine activate the same cytotoxic mechanism.
Macrophage Activation Measured by Changes in 5′-Nucleotidase and Alkaline Phosphodiesterase I Activities After Infection of Newborn and Juvenile Guinea Pigs With Mycobacterium microti
Authors: Bautista Abraham P , Solomon J Brian
Published: January 2018

Activation of alveolar, peritoneal, liver, and spleen macrophages was measured by decreased 5’-nucleotidase and elevated alkaline phosphodiesterase I activities in newborn and juvenile guinea pigs for up to 48 days after intracardiac or intranasal infection with Mycobacterium microti. Increased AP and reduced 5’-nucleotidase activity in cell lysates of macrophages appeared to be related to the carrier state during infection. Intranasal infection of 8-week-old guinea pigs with M. microti produced decreases of 5’-nucleotidase activity in alveolar macrophages during 1–8 weeks post infection and in macrophages from all four sources from 4–8 weeks.
Serum Lysozyme Increased by Fructose-1, 6-Diphosphate in Men, Rabbits, and Mice
Authors: Tarsi R , Ripa S , Simonetti N , Lazzarino G
Published: January 2018

Fructose-1, 6-diphosphate hydrated sodium salt (FDP), intravenously injected, remarkably stimulates the production of serum lysozyme in man, rabbit, and mouse with a different kinetics in each of them: Man and rabbit show, in the first hour, a concentration peak followed by a slow decrease, whereas in mouse the concentration is less variable with time.
Superoxide Generation by Neonatal and Adult Rabbit Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Sherman Michael P , Lehrer Robert I
Published: January 2018

We compared the abilities of alveolar macrophages (AM) from neonatal and adult rabbits to generate and release superoxide (O2) after exposure to soluble and particulate stimuli. Basal rates of O2 release, 0.1–0.2 nmol/106AM/10 min, were modestly increased by exposing AM to phorbol myristate acetate, (dihy-dro)cytochalasin B, or cytochalasin C. Opsonized zymosan was a more effective stimulus, and maximal rates of O2 release were observed when AM were stimulated by a combination of opsonized zymosan and one of the aforementioned cytochalasins. Cytochalasins D and E were each potent activators of O2″ production by AM in the absence of additional stimuli. Adult AM released 24.8 ± 6.0, 20.4 ±4.4, and 33.5 ± 6.4 nmol O2- /106AM/10 min after stimulation by cytochalasin D, cytochalasin E, and dihydrocytochalasin B plus opsonized zymosan, respectively. Following exposure to the same stimuli, AM from 1, 3- and 7-day-old rabbits released O2″ at rates that ranged from 45 to 75% of corresponding adult values. The discrepancy between O2 production by neonatal and adult AM was accentuated when comparisons were restricted to AM recovered from bacteriologically sterile respiratory tracts. Our data show the O2 generating capacity of neonatal AM to be substantially less than that of the adult AM. Immaturity of this response could predispose neonates to pulmonary infection.
A Human Lymphokine Activates Macrophage C3 Receptors for Phagocytosis: Studies Using Monoclonal Anti-Lymphokine Antibodies
Authors: Griffin Frank M , Luben Richard A , Golde David W
Published: January 2018

We have identified a human T lymphocyte cell line, the Mo line, that constitu-tively elaborates a lymphokine that activates macrophage receptors for the third complement component (C3) for phagocytosis. The molecule is physically, functionally, and immunologically very similar, if not identical, to a previously characterized murine lymphokine. Both molecules were inactivated by the same physical and chemical treatments, activated macrophage C3 receptors for phagocytosis, and freed macrophage C3 receptors to move within the cell's plasma membrane. In addition, both the human and the murine products were recognized by the same monoclonal antibodies. Treatment with monoclonal antibodies abolished both the ability of lympho-kine-containing supernatants to mobilize macrophage C3 receptors and the supernatants' ability to activate C3 receptor-mediated phagocytosis. The dose-response curves for both effects of the antibodies were identical, strongly suggesting that a single molecule was responsible for both effects and that the lymphokine activated macrophage C3 receptors for phagocytosis by freeing the anchored receptors and allowing them to diffuse within the cell's plasma membrane. These findings strengthen the hypothesis that, for a receptor to promote phagocytosis, it must be able to diffuse within the macrophage plasma membrane.
Recruitment of Neutrophils by an Encapsulated Coagulase-Negative Strain of Staphylococcus simulans in the Mammary Gland of the Mouse
Authors: Anderson J C , Craven N
Published: January 2018

The encapsulated coagulase-negative strain of Staphylococcus simulans (strain 76) was inoculated into the mammary glands of lactating mice. In contrast to the coagulase-positive encapsulated Staphylococcus aureus (strain M), which elicited a neutrophil response within 18 hr, strain 76 organisms multiplied in the glands but failed to elicit a neutrophil response for 3 days; they were then eliminated from the gland by 8 days. When strain 76 was inoculated into mice whose offspring had been removed 3 days earlier, a neutrophil response was induced within 18 hr and, although phagocytic ingestion was resisted for at least 42 hr, the organisms were eliminated from most glands within 5 days. Inoculation of a naturally occurring double-stranded RNA (BRL 5907) into the mammary gland induced a macrophage infiltration of the alveolar lumen that was qualitatively similar to 3 days involution. Intramammary inoculation of strain 76 18 hr after BRL 5907 resulted in a neutrophil infiltration within 6 hr. In vitro, strain 76 stimulated the release of chemotactic factors for neutrophils from bovine mammary gland macrophages. The results suggest that the recruitment of neutrophils by strain 76 in the mammary gland of the mouse is mediated by macrophages.
The Intravenous Intralipid Tolerance Test
Authors: Fraser Ian , Pearson Henry , Bowry Veena , Bell P R F
Published: January 2018

The half-life of an intravenously injected bolus of intralipid 20% was measured in normal rats in order to asess its relationship to reticuloendothelial system (RES) activity. Groups of animals were studied following various treatments, and the results compared to measurement of carbon clearance in similar groups. The RES effects of silica and C parvum were confirmed by the carbon clearance test, but no effect was seen on the half-life of intralipid. Intralipid clearance was shortened by fasting and the administration of intravenous heparin, neither of which affected carbon clearance. It is concluded that the intravenous intralipid test has no place in the asessment of RES function.
Workshop on Human Monocyte-Mediated Cytotoxicity Against Tumor Cells Hotel Meridien, Montreal, Canada October 13–14,1984
Authors: Koren Hillel S , Herberman Ronald B
Published: January 2018

The Reticuloendothelial Society and the Biological Response Modifiers Program of the National Cancer Institute have organized and co-sponsored this workshop.
Bovine Alveolar Macrophages: Phenotypic and Functional Properties of Subpopulations Obtained by Percoll Density Gradient Centrifugation
Authors: Ohmann H Bielefeldt , Babiuk L A
Published: January 2018

Bronchoalveolar cells retrieved from conventionally raised, healthy calves were separated into four fractions on a discontinuous Percoll density gradient. The alveolar macrophage (AM) subpopulations and nonseparated AM were assayed for such phenotypic markers as la-antigen, ectoenzymes, and immune receptors, as well as for functional activity in antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) against virus-infected cells, superoxide anion generation, and their influence on lectin-induced lymphocyte proliferation. The low-density fraction was composed of large cells with low la-antigen expression, low ADCC activity, and high ecto-enzyme and C3b-receptor activity. In contrast the high-density fraction contained mainly small, monocytelike cells, with high la expression and low-level expression of most other markers and functions. Two fractions of intermediary density overlapped in most of the characteristics, but could be distinguished on the basis of ADCC activity, interleukin-1 generation, and the level of leucine amino peptidase activity.
Flow Cytometric Characterization of Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Lehnert Bruce E , Valdez Yolanda E , Fillak David A , Steinkamp John A , Stewart Carleton C
Published: January 2018

Phenotypes of lung free cells (FC) harvested from Fischer-344 rats by episodic lavage were characterized by flow cytometry. Parameters evaluated included electronic volume (EV), axial light loss (ALL), 90° light scatter (LS), blue autofluorescence (BA), and green-yellow autofluorescence (G-YA). Three phenotypic populations, FC-A, FC-B, and FC-C were identified by their differing LS characteristics. FC-C represented 90% of the cells and were exclusively alveolar macrophages. Two subpopulations in FC-C, FC-CI and FC-CII, were further distinguished by their unique ALL features. The morphologic appearances of these subpopulations by light microscopy clearly differed in sorted preparations. Based on their patterns of autofluorescence, these FC-CI and FC-CII phenotypes were found to be composed of eight subpopulations. In FC populations harvested during further lavage episodes of the same lungs, the relative contributions of FC-CI to the FC-C subpopulation decreased as FC-CII correspondingly increased. This study demonstrates 1) that subpopulations of lavaged AM can be categorized according to their optical phenotypes by flow cytometry and 2) that the relative frequency of retrieval of some phenotypes depends on how exhaustively the lungs are lavaged. With regard to the latter, bronchoalveolar lavage does not randomly sample the underlying AM population in the alveolar compartment.
Release of a Chemotactic Monokine Upon Treatment With Lymphocyte Supernatants
Authors: Jutila Mark A , McIvor Keith L
Published: January 2018

Macrophages produced and/or released a chemoattractant(s) for neutrophils after having been treated for 2 hr with soluble products from two lymphoma cell lines. Culture supernatants of the EL-4 and Yac-1 cell lines, but not sarcoma I, Bc100, or the macrophagelike cell line P388d1, triggered the release of the chemoattractant. The macrophage-derived chemoattractant (MDC) was detectable within 2 hr following triggering and culture supernatants had maximal activity by 48 hr. The triggering of the macrophages to release the chemoattractant and the activity of the chemoattractant was not dependent upon any component of fetal bovine serum. Activation of complement was also not involved, since activated serum did not competitively inhibit the chemotactic activity of the macrophage-derived chemoattractant. The chemoattractant was macromolecular, stable to heating at 90° for 15 min, sensitive to pronase and chymotrypsin, and was affected by treatment with low pH.
Self-Limitation of the Oxidative Burst of Rat Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Mege Jean Louis , Capo Christian , Benoliel Anne Marie , Bongrand Pierre
Published: January 2018

The oxidative response of rat polymorphonuclear leukocytes stimulated by phorbol myristate acetate and N-formyl-methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine was studied. Ferricytochrome reduction and peroxidase-catalyzed decrease of scopoletin fluorescence were used to monitor O2− and H2O2 release in the extracellular medium. Oxygen consumption was also measured in some experiments. Decrease of chlortetracyclin fluorescence after stimulation of dye-loaded cells was used to study an early step of cell stimulation. Finally, a possible relationship between cell responses and the medium redox potential was explored. Three major conclusions were obtained: 1) Ferricytochrome reduction is dependent on the total cytochrome concentration, and a simple mathematical model allows a tentative estimate of total superoxide anion production by stimulated cells. 2) Increasing cell concentration results in a decrease of individual cell response, and this may be accounted for by a direct inhibition of cell-released hydrogen peroxide on the reactivity of leukocytes. Further, H2O2 may be shown to inhibit an early step of cell response. 3) The solution redox potential does not influence cell reactivity, since it may be dramatically decreased without inhibiting cell response.
Localization of Antibody-Forming Cells in Draining Lymphoid Organs During Long-Term Maintenance of the Antibody Response
Authors: Donaldson Stephen L , Kosco Marie H , Szakal Andras K , Tew John G
Published: January 2018

Previous studies on the “spontaneous antibody response” have included in vitro steps and it is possible that the response is an in vitro artifact. The objective of the present study was to induce a spontaneous antibody response entirely in vivo and determine if the response is localized and if the magnitude of the response is related to the location of persisting antigen. Antigen was injected into the right hind footpads of mice, and lymph nodes on the right side were draining and lymph nodes on the left side were controls. Antibody-forming cells (AFCs) were enumerated in both draining and nondraining nodes 2 weeks, 2 months, and 1 year after secondary immunization. Four days prior to determining AFC number, the mice were severely bled to stimulate AFC production. Thousands of AFCs were found in the draining lymph nodes and the numbers were dramatic in nodes closest to the injection site that retain the most antigen. In contrast, the vast majority of nondraining nodes lacked any AFCs. One year after immunization, the response was almost exclusively in the popliteal node, draining the foot where antigen was administered a year earlier. These results are consistent with previous data on the spontaneous response and support the hypothesis that antigen retained on FDCs is essential in the maintenance of serum antibody levels.
Establishment and Characterization of a Novel Bone-Marrow-Derived Macrophage-Like Accessory Cell Line
Authors: Apte Ron N , Huleihel Mahmoud , Tuvia Yosef , Buchnik Dina , Weinstein Yacob , Segal Shraga
Published: January 2018

An accessory cell line, designated line A, was generated from bone marrow stem cells which differentiated in vitro in response to colony-stimulating factor (CSF) in substratum cultures. The cells were found to constitutively secrete large amounts of CSF, the activity of which was neutralized by anti-CSF-1 antibodies. Cells of line A and its supernatants potentiate the suboptimal response of thymocytes to PHA, manifesting an interleukin-1 (IL-1)-like activity. Culture fluids of this line also reconstitute the response to T cell mitogens of spleen cells depleted of adherent accessory cells. It was also found that cells of line A bear low levels of surface la, and they efficiently present soluble antigen to proliferating memory T cells. Constitutive prostaglandin secretion, which sometimes masks antigen-presenting capacity, was also demonstrated. Cells of line A are poorly phagocytic, do not secrete lysozyme, and lack Fc and complement receptors. However, they manifest strong cytoplasmic nonspecific esterase staining and an ectoenzyme profile resembling that of elicited inflammatory macrophages. In addition, the cell surface antigen Mac-2 was demonstrated, while stainings with anti-Mac-1 and anti-Mac-3 were negative. Thus, line A may represent a unique subpopulation of immunoregulatory accessory cells, the features of which are discussed.
Flow-Cytometric and Ultrastructural Analysis of Alveolar Macrophage Maturation
Authors: Kradin Richard L , McCarthy Karin M , Preffer Frederic I , Schneeberger Eveline E
Published: January 2018

Alveolar macrophages (AM) from adult and newborn rats were studied by flow cytometry and ultrastructural morphometry. We observed that the laser scatter and autofluorescent properties of newborn macrophages were different from those of adult cells. Relative to the adult AM, the forward-angle laser scatter obtained with the newborn AM was reduced; this optical measurement appeared to correlate with the smaller mean size, as determined by ultrastructural and electronic volume measurements. The diminished right-angle laser scatter (90° angle) correlated with the presence of fewer small, irregularly shaped lysosomal structures in the newborn AM, compared with AM from adult animals. AM from 1–2-day-old rats displayed large vacuoles containing multilamellar structures, which proved to be less effective at scattering light. Cells from newborn rats were less autofluorescent, a finding that appeared to correlate best with the numbers of secondary lysosomes. Flow cytometry may be used to discern structural alterations that occur during the maturation of AM. These changes correlate well with quantitative ultrastructural analyses of these cells.
Fc Receptor Function on Sheep Alveolar Macrophages
Authors: Fleit Howard B , Weiss Rachelle A , Chanana Arjun D , Joel Darrel D
Published: January 2018

We have examined the binding to sheep alveolar macrophages (AM) and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) of sheep immunoglobulin G subclasses or rabbit IgG immune complexes formed between rabbit anti-DNP IgG and DNP-bovine serum albumin. Binding studies using 125I-rabbit IgG immune complexes demonstrated 6.6 ± 3.5 × 104 receptors per alveolar macrophage; these receptors bound immune complexes with an average association constant of 3.3 × 107 M−1. Saturation binding was achieved by 90 minutes at 4° with 6 × 10−8 M IgG. Binding of subclasses of sheep IgG was examined by immunofluorescence. Only 10% of alveolar macrophages bound monomeric IgG1 and no binding of sheep IgG2 monomer could be demonstrated. In contrast, most peripheral blood PMN (93.0 ± 9.5%) bound IgG2, but not IgG1. No binding to adult peripheral blood PMN of rabbit IgG immune complexes could be demonstrated. To study further the development of pulmonary host defense, we examined the expression of receptors for IgG immune complexes (Fcγ R) on alveolar macrophages obtained from animals aged 8 through 180 days. At 8 and 21 days of age, the number of FcγR varied considerably (75,000–192,000 sites per cell) and equalled or even exceeded that of adult sheep. FcγR number declined by 42 and 90 days of age, where a nadir was reached (37,000 ± 6,000 and 25,000 ± 6,000 sites, respectively). By 180 days of age, the number of receptors had approached those of normal adult sheep (70,000 ± 20,000 sites per cell). These studies parallel previous observations that revealed age-related differences in the phagocytic capacity of ovine alveolar macrophages.
Pretreatment of Human Lymphocytes With Interferon Enhances the Synthesis of Interferon in Cocultures With Allogeneic Cells
Authors: Weigent Douglas A , Stanton G John
Published: January 2018

Human lymphocytes pretreated with interferon (IFN) alpha, beta, or gamma produced 17 times more IFN alpha (600–10,000 units/ml) than nontreated lymphocytes when cocultivated with allogeneic cells. Significant increases in IFN production (500–3,000 units/ml) were observed when lymphocytes were treated with IFN for just 2 h, and peak levels (10,000 units/ml) were produced after a 4-h treatment. The amount of IFN required to show the maximum priming effect was between 100 and 1,000 units; higher levels of IFN were inhibitory. The levels of IFN increased as the lymphocyte-to-target-cell ratio increased from 2:1 to 10:1 and decreased at higher ratios. The decrease in IFN production at higher ratios of lymphocytes to target cells could not be attributed to the presence of a soluble suppressor substance. The additional IFN found in supernates was attributed to enhanced production of IFN by the same cells, rather than recruitment of more cells to produce IFN. This conclusion is based on the fact that no increase in the number of cells staining positive for IFN production was observed in primed lymphocytes. The increased amount of IFN due to priming enhanced both nonsensitized cytotoxic activity and the transfer of antiviral activity, which could be prevented by antibody to IFN. The data suggest that priming may be an important biological mechanism for obtaining significant levels of IFN more rapidly in the vicinity of transformed cells or virus-infected tissues.
Sensitization of Tumor Target Cells to Cytolysis by Murine Macrophage Cytolytic Factor by Drugs Inhibiting DNA, RNA, and Protein Synthesis
Authors: Souchek J M , Leroux M E , Klostergaard J
Published: January 2018

The mechanism(s) with which tumor target cells actively resist the lethal lesion induced by murine macrophage cytolytic factory (CF) has been probed by drug-induced sensitization of these cells. We have examined whether drug-induced sensitization is attributable to the action of these drugs on cellular DNA, RNA, or protein synthetic rates. The murine mammary adenocarcinoma cell line EMT-6 pretreated with a dose range of actinomycin-D (.03-3.0 μg/ml) for 4 hr was inhibited from 66 to 98% in DNA synthesis rate, from 81 to 93% in RNA synthesis rate, and from 38 to 52% in protein synthesis rate. The maximum sensitization toward lysis by CF was achieved with a drug dose of 1.0 μg/ml. The lack of correlation between the drug-induced effects on sensitization and effects on these metabolic rates was evident from the correlation coefficients for the percentage of maximum sensitization of the target toward CF-induced lysis, and the percent of inhibition of DNA, RNA, and protein synthesis. These were 0.11, -0.11, -0.44, respectively. Similarly, target cells treated with a dose range of cycloheximide (0.3-30 μg/ml) were inhibited from 81 to 95% in DNA synthesis rate, 68 to 81% in RNA synthesis rate, and 82 to 93% in protein synthesis rate. However, at none of the drug levels employed was significant sensitization of the target cell to CF-induced lysis observed. This was reflected in the correlation coefficients of -0.55, -0.28, and -0.34 for DNA, RNA, and protein synthetic rates, respectively. The essential role of cellular microtubule-dependent events early in the lytic mechanism was demonstrated by exposing colchicone-treated targets to CF. While colchicone could markedly inhibit lysis if introduced before CF, this inhibitory effect was not detected if the drug were withheld for 4 hr after CF exposure. The importance of the repair mechanism(s) early in the cellular response to lesion formation
Identification and Purification of the Human Myeloid Differentiation Antigen Recognized by Monoclonal Antibody AHN-7
Authors: Skubitz Keith M , Weisdorf Daniel J , August J Thomas
Published: January 2018

This report describes the characterization and expression of a human myeloid differentiation antigen defined by use of an IgG1 monoclonal antibody (AHN-7). This antibody binds to many granulocytic precursors in normal marrow, to most but not all granulocyte-macrophage progenitors (CFU-GM), and to approximately half of nonlymphoid leukemia specimens. The protein antigens recognized by AHN-7 were purified from 35S-labelled HL-60 cells by antibody affinity column chromatography. The molecule reacting with AHN-7 was markedly heterogeneous, appearing as several forms ranging in pl from 4.5 to 6.4 with apparent molecular weights from 43,000 to 68,000. The molecules were not disutfide-linked. Proteins bearing the antigen were minor components of the plasma membrane. The antigen was expressed by normal human peripheral blood neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils, and weakly on a small percentage of lymphocytes; it was not detected in red blood cells, platelets, or the majority of lymphocytes. The antibody also bound to a variety of human myeloid leukemia cell lines but not to any lymphoid leukemia cell line tested. AHN-7 had no effect on several in vitro neutrophil functions tested.
Surface Charge of Resident, Elicited, and Activated Mouse Peritoneal Macrophages
Authors: Silva Riho Fernando C , Santos Ana B S , de Carvalho Técia M U , de Souza Wanderley
Published: January 2018

The surface charpa of resident, thioglycollate-elicited, and Trypanosoma cruzi-ectivated mouse peritoneal macrophages was analyzed using cell electrophoresis. AN macrophages had a net negative surface charge. Activated macrophages had a lower zeta potential and a higher isoelectrophoretic point than resident and elicited macrophages. The populations of resident, elicited, and activated macrophages were heterogeneous in terms of surface charge. The analysis of the effect of the pH of the solution in which the macrophages were suspended on their cellular electrophoretic mobility (EPM) indicated that their surface contained both positively and negatively charged dissociating groups. The contribution of sialic acid residuos to the surface change was determined by analyzing the effect of neuraminidase treatment on the EPM of the cells. Activated mecrophages possessed more sialic add residuos exposed on their surface, and sensitive to the neuraminidase from Clostridium perfrigens, than resident and elicited macrophages. Treatment of the cells with the neuraminidase from Vibrio cholerae, however, reduced the surface charge of all macrophages in about the same extent. Macrophages had their mean EPM reduced when Incubated in the presence of Ca++, suggesting that some cell surface anionogenic sites have Ca++-binding capacity.
Modulation of the Pattern of Development of Experimental Disseminated Leishmaniasis by Corynebacterium pareum
Authors: Hill Joseph O
Published: January 2018

BALB/c mice are extremely susceptible to Leishmania  major. In this mouse strain, the parasite multiplies progressively and rapidly disseminates to distant visceral and cutaneous sites. The present studies show, however, that if BALB/c mice are infected with the L major as an admixture with formalin-killed corynebacterlum parvum, they rapidly acquire the capacity to restrain the multiplication of the parasite at the site of inoculation, and prevent its dissemination to distant visceral sites. Moreover, admixture-treated mice subsequently develop systemic resistance to reinfection. Although the ability of C parvum to activate nonspecific microbicidal mechanisms of macrophages may be involved, the requirement that the adjuvant be given with the parasite Inoculum Is interpreted to suggest that C parvum facilitates the development of a protective immune response to the parasite.
Ultrastructural Localization of Lysozyme in Human Neutrophils by Immunogold
Authors: Cramer Elisabeth M , Breton-Gorius Janine
Published: January 2018

The subcellular localization of lysozyme (LZ) has been investigated by immunogold electron microscopic cytochemistry in human neutrophils from bone marrow and blood. Intact cells or subcellular granule fractions were fixed in glutaraldehyde and embedded in glycol methacrylate. Thin sections were incubated with monospecific antibodies followed by antiglobulins coupled to colloidal gold. LZ was detected within both elliptical and spherical primary granules in bone marrow neutrophil promyelocytes. In myelocytes and more mature neutrophils immunolabeling for LZ was observed within the primary granules, although fainter than in promyelocytes. However secondary granules from bone marrow and blood neutrophils were not consistently labeled by gold particles. Immunogold staining was then performed on sections of subcellular fractions of secondary granules: immunogold staining of lactoferrin demonstrated 95% of secondary granules in this fraction. Labeling for LZ of this granule fraction was intense, and except that the few primary granules were also labeled, looked similar to that of lactoferrin.

In conclusion, this study is the first to utilize electron microscopic cytochemistry to show that LZ is present in both the primary and secondary granules of blood and bone marrow neutrophils. This technique has the advantage of allowing LZ distribution to be studied within a single organelle and/or in relation to the rest of the cell structure.