bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multisemantic Level Patch Merger Vision Transformer for Diagnosis of Pneumonia
Authors: Jiang Zheng , Chen Liang
Published: June 2022

The most popular test for pneumonia, a serious health threat to children, is chest X-ray imaging. However, the diagnosis of pneumonia relies on the expertise of experienced radiologists, and the scarcity of medical resources has forced us to conduct research on CAD (computer-aided diagnosis). In this study, we propose MP-ViT, the Multisemantic Level Patch Merger Vision Transformer, to achieve automatic diagnosis of pneumonia in chest X-ray images. We introduce Patch Merger to reduce the computational cost of ViT. Meanwhile, the intermediate results calculated by Patch Merger participate in the final classification in a concise way, so as to make full use of the intermediate information of the high-level semantic space to learn from local to overall and to avoid information loss caused by Patch Merger. We conducted experiments on a dataset with 3,883 chest X-ray images described as pneumonia and 1,349 images labeled as normal, and the results show that even without pretraining ViT on a large dataset, our model can achieve the accuracy of 0.91, the precision of 0.92, the recall of 0.89, and the

F
1

-score of 0.90, which is better than Patch Merger on a small dataset. The model can provide CAD for physicians and improve diagnostic reliability.
Effects of Thermal Barrier Coating Using Various Dosing Levels of Aluminium Oxide Nanoadditive Fuel on Diesel in Compressed Ignition Engine
Authors: Shaisundaram V. S. , Saravanakumar S. , Balambica V. , Sendil Kumar D. , Chandrasekaran M. , Muraliraja R. , Muniappan A. , Asres Yalew
Published: June 2022

Environmental effects of vehicle exhausts from internal combustions engines which accounts for about 90% of vehicles on the roads is posing a major threat to environmental safety, and it only continues to surge at an alarming rate now than ever. With diesel engines being the most cost‐effective prime mover readily available, their contribution to environmental pollution problems is humongous. The harmful contaminants from diesel exhausts are particulate matter (PM) and hydrocarbon and nitrogen oxides (NOx). So, efforts to curb environmental pollution are the need of the hour by making necessary improvements to reduce their local and global environmental impact. In this study, examine the effects of yttria‐ and alumina‐stabilised zirconia coating on the piston head and cylinder lining of a single‐cylinder diesel engine, as well as its performance and emissions. Various dosing amounts of nanoparticles of aluminium oxide were utilised as additives to diesel fuel in this study, on both coated and uncoated internal combustion engines. Many coated engine metrics improved significantly as a result of the research. The brake thermal efficiency has increased by 2.1 percent as compared to a conventional uncoated diesel engine, while brake‐specific consumption has dropped by 3%, resulting in a reduction in dangerous chemicals.
Clinical Efficacy of Tuomin Zhiti Decoction in Allergic Rhinitis
Authors: Zhang Jian-Xin , Wang Wen-Yan
Published: June 2022

Allergic rhinitis (AR) is a noninfectious inflammatory disease seriously affecting the quality of life. This study aimed to assess the efficacy of the Tuomin Zhiti decoction in allergic rhinitis and to provide a reference for clinical treatment. One hundred patients with AR treated in the Department of Otolaryngology of our hospital from January 2019 to December 2020 were recruited and assigned via a random number table method (1 : 1) to receive either oral loratadine and mometasone nasal spray (control group) or the Tuomin Zhiti decoction plus oral loratadine and mometasone nasal spray (study group). The total clinical efficacy was 86% (43/50) in the study group, which was significantly higher than that of 64% (32/50) in the control group. After treatment, the Total Nasal Symptoms Scores (TNSS) and Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life Questionnaire (RQLQ) scores between the two groups were similar, but 12 weeks after treatment, the study group had significantly lower TNSS and RQLQ scores than the control group. After treatment, the study group obtained lower levels of interleukin (IL)-4 and higher levels of interferon-γ (IFN-γ) than the control group. Significantly lower post-treatment peripheral blood eosinophil count (EOS) and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) levels were observed in the study group in contrast to those of the control group. The Tuomin Zhiti decoction for the treatment of AR patients alleviates their clinical symptoms, reduces the inflammatory responses, enhances the immune function of patients by regulating IL-4 and IFN-γ, and lowers the long-term recurrence rate.
The Bridging Effect of Controlled-Release Glial Cell-Derived Neurotrophic Factor Microcapsules within Nerve Conduits on Rat Facial Nerve Regeneration
Authors: Xia Siwen , Zhang Mingxing , Li Meng , Song Xianmin , Chen Donghui , Zhu Minhui , Zheng Hongliang , Chen Shicai
Published: June 2022

Objectives. The study is aimed at exploring the effect of the controlled release of the glial-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) on nerve regeneration. Methods. The PLGA/chitosan composite nerve conduit was used to bridge the dissected trunk of the rat facial nerve. GDNF microcapsules were loaded into the nerve conduit. Nine weeks after surgery, the facial nerve zygomatic and buccal branches were labeled with fluorescent indicators. The incorrectly grown facial neurons were reversed and counted. The facial nerve functional recovery was assessed by measuring the maximum evoked potential. Results. The nerve conduit was filled with different regenerating factors, such as the GDNF, GDNF microcapsules, or saline (control). The number of incorrectly regenerated neurons was lower with the nerve conduits filled with GDNF microcapsules than with those supplied with just the GDNF. However, neither the GDNF nor GDNF microcapsules affected the number of regenerated neurons. The functional recovery of the facial nerve was the best, with the nerve conduit filled with GDNF microcapsules closest to the healthy uncut facial nerve. Conclusion. The stable slow-release GNDF microcapsule inside the biodegradable nerve conduit can reduce the extent of incorrect growth of the facial nerve neuron when bridging the dissected rat facial nerve trunk. The technique has a good effect on functional nerve recovery.
Sufentanil Alleviates Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Injury and Stress Response in Rats through the ERK/GSK-3β Signaling Axis
Authors: Zang Hongcheng , Shao Gang , Lou Ying
Published: June 2022

Objective. To explore the effect and possible mechanism of sufentanil on sepsis-induced myocardial injury and stress response in rats. Methods. The cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) method was utilized to establish the sepsis model of rats to explore the effect of sufentanil pretreatment with different concentrations on myocardial injury and oxidative stress in CLP rats. Echocardiogram was applied for detecting cardiac hemodynamic parameters in rats; hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining as well as TUNEL staining was done for observing pathological changes of myocardial tissue and cardiomyocyte apoptosis in rats, respectively; biochemical testing and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) were done for determining myocardial injury marker level in serum, oxidative stress substances in myocardial tissue, and neuroendocrine hormone level in serum of rats, respectively; finally, Western blot was performed for checking the expression level of ERK/GSK-3β signaling pathway-related proteins in myocardial tissue of rats. Results. A model of rat with sepsis-induced myocardial injury was constructed with the CLP method. Specifically, this rat model was characterized by obvious cardiac function and tissue damage, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and oxidative stress response. Sufentanil pretreatment significantly improved cardiac function injury, alleviated pathological injury and oxidative stress response in myocardial tissue, and inhibited cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Specifically, after sufentanil pretreatment, left ventricular end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) and left ventricular end-systolic dimension (LVESD) were downregulated, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was upregulated; the level of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) of serum, creatine kinase isoenzyme (CK-MB), and troponin (cTnl) decreased; besides, malondialdehyde (MDA) level was declined, while activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were increased. What is more, further mechanism exploration also revealed that sufentanil could reverse the activity of the sepsis-induced ERK/GSK-3β signaling pathway. Conclusion. Sufentanil has an obvious protective effect on myocardial injury and stress response in CLP rats, and this protective effect may be related to the activation of the ERK/GSK-3β signaling pathway.
KDM5A Inhibits Antitumor Immune Responses Through Downregulation of the Antigen-Presentation Pathway in Ovarian Cancer
Authors: Liu Heng , Lin Jianhuang , Zhou Wei , Moses Renyta , Dai Zhongping , Kossenkov Andrew V. , Drapkin Ronny , Bitler Benjamin G. , Karakashev Sergey , Zhang Rugang
Published: June 2022

The extent to which effector CD8+ T cells infiltrate into tumors is one of the major predictors of clinical outcome for patients with epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC). Immune cell infiltration into EOC is a complex process that could be affected by the epigenetic makeup of the tumor. Here, we have demonstrated that a lysine 4 histone H3 (H3K4) demethylase, (lysine-specific demethylase 5A; KDM5A) impairs EOC infiltration by immune cells and inhibits antitumor immune responses. Mechanistically, we found that KDM5A silenced genes involved in the antigen processing and presentation pathway. KDM5A inhibition restored the expression of genes involved in the antigen-presentation pathway in vitro and promoted antitumor immune responses mediated by CD8+ T cells in vivo in a syngeneic EOC mouse model. A negative correlation between expression of KDM5A and genes involved in the antigen processing and presentation pathway such as HLA-A and HLA-B was observed in the majority of cancer types. In summary, our results establish KDM5A as a regulator of CD8+ T-cell infiltration of tumors and demonstrate that KDM5A inhibition may provide a novel therapeutic strategy to boost antitumor immune responses.
The Neuromeric/Prosomeric Model in Teleost Fish Neurobiology
Authors: Wullimann Mario F.
Published: June 2022

The neuromeric/prosomeric model has been rejuvenated by Puelles and Rubenstein [Trends Neurosci. 1993;16(11):472–9]. Here, its application to the (teleostean) fish brain is detailed, beginning with a historical account. The second part addresses three main issues with particular interest for fish neuroanatomy and looks at the impact of the neuromeric model on their understanding. The first one is the occurrence of four early migrating forebrain areas (M1 through M4) in teleosts and their comparative interpretation. The second issue addresses the complex development and neuroanatomy of the teleostean alar and basal hypothalamus. The third topic is the vertebrate dopaminergic system, with the focus on some teleostean peculiarities. Most of the information will be coming from zebrafish studies, although the general ductus is a comparative one. Throughout the manuscript, comparative developmental and organizational aspects of the teleostean amygdala are discussed. One particular focus is cellular migration streams into the medial amygdala.
Estrogen Protects Cardiac Function and Energy Metabolism in Dilated Cardiomyopathy Induced by Loss of Cardiac IRS1 and IRS2
Authors: Yan Hui , Yang Wanbao , Zhou Fenghua , Pan Quan , Allred Kimberly , Allred Clinton , Sun Yuxiang , Threadgill David , Dostal David , Tong Carl , Guo Shaodong
Published: June 2022

Background:

Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a high-risk factor for incident of cardiovascular diseases. Women at young ages show a reduced incidence of both T2D and cardiovascular diseases compared with men, but these disparities disappear in postmenopausal women versus age-matched men. Thus, ovaries and ovarian hormones, such as estrogen, are expected to protect from T2D and cardiovascular diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the role of ovaries and ovarian hormone estrogen in cardiac function and energy metabolism using the cardiac IRS (insulin receptor substrate) 1 and IRS2 double genes knockout mice that mimic cardiac insulin resistance.

Methods:

Control and heart-specific IRS1/2 double genes knockout mice were treated with placebo or 17β-estradiol (E
2
) pellets, respectively, through subcutaneous implantation. Female mice were subjected to a bilateral ovariectomy surgery to remove endogenous E
2
. The cardiac function and energy metabolism were determined using echocardiography and indirect calorimeter, respectively.

Results:

All male heart-specific IRS1/2 double genes knockout mice died of heart failure at 6 to 8 weeks as we previously described (Qi et al), but all female heart-specific IRS1/2 double genes knockout mice survived >1 year. Removal of ovaries in heart-specific IRS1/2 double genes knockout female mice resulted in cardiac dysfunction, and ultimately animal death. However, E
2
supplementation prevented the dilated cardiomyopathy, improved cardiac function and energy metabolism, and enhanced lifespan in both male and ovariectomy female mice deficient for cardiac IRS1 and IRS2 genes, largely owing to the activation of Akt (protein kinase B)-Foxo1 (O1 class of forkhead/winged helix transcription factor) signaling cascades.

Conclusions:

These results show that estrogen protects mice from cardiac insulin resistance-induced diabetic cardiomyopathy. This may provide a fundamental mechanism for the gender difference for the incidence of both T2D and cardiovascular diseases. This study highlights that estrogen signaling could be a potential target for improving cardiac function and energy metabolism in humans with T2D.
Role of Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator in Heart Failure With Contemporary Medical Therapy
Authors: Butler Javed , Talha Khawaja M. , Aktas Mehmet K. , Zareba Wojciech , Goldenberg Ilan
Published: June 2022

Implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy is indicated in a subset of patients with heart failure with reduced ejection as primary prevention for sudden cardiac death. The advent of novel medical therapies including mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists, angiotensin receptor blocker/neprilysin inhibitors, and sodium-glucose transporter 2 inhibitor in the past 2 decades has revolutionized heart failure with reduced ejection management. Current guideline-directed medical therapy has reduced all-cause mortality and sudden cardiac death and confers a considerable improvement in left ventricular ejection fraction over a short period of time. However, there is limited evidence at present to suggest whether implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy continues to have the same benefit in sudden cardiac death prevention at current left ventricular ejection fraction cutoff indications for patients on contemporary guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection. In this review, the authors propose in lieu of current evidence that it is reasonable to reevaluate indications for implantable cardioverter defibrillator therapy in patients on contemporary guideline-directed medical therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection.
Visual Coronary and Aortic Calcium Scoring on Chest Computed Tomography Predict Mortality in Patients With Low-Density Lipoprotein-Cholesterol ≥190 mg/dL
Authors: Castagna Francesco , Miles Jeremy , Arce Javier , Leiderman Ephraim , Neshiwat Patrick , Ippolito Paul , Friedmann Patricia , Schenone Aldo , Zhang Lili , Rodriguez Carlos J. , Blaha Michael J. , Levsky Jeffrey M. , Garcia Mario J , Slipczuk Leandro
Published: June 2022

Background:

Current guidelines recommend coronary artery calcium (CAC) scoring for stratification of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk only in patients with borderline to intermediate risk score by the pooled cohort equation with low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) of 70 to 190 mg/dL. It remains unknown if CAC or thoracic aorta calcification (TAC), detected on routine chest computed tomography, can provide further risk stratification in patients with LDL-C≥190 mg/dL.

Methods:

From a multisite medical center, we retrospectively identified all patients from March 2005 to June 2021 age ≥40 years, without established atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL-C≥190 mg/dL who had non-gated non-contrast chest computed tomography within 3 years of LDL-C measurement. Ordinal CAC and TAC scores were measured by visual inspection. Kaplan-Meier curves and multivariable Cox-regression models were built to ascertain the association of CAC and TAC scores with all-cause mortality.

Results:

We included 811 patients with median age 59 (53–68) years, 262 (32.3%) were male, and LDL-C median level was 203 (194–217) mg/dL. Patients were followed for 6.2 (3.29–9.81) years, and 109 (13.4%) died. Overall, 376 (46.4%) of patients had CAC=0 and 226 (27.9%) had TAC=0. All-cause mortality increased with any CAC and moderate to severe TAC. In a multivariate model, patients with CAC had a significantly higher mortality compared with those without CAC: mild hazard ratio (HR), 1.71 (1.03–2.83), moderate HR, 2.12 (1.14–3.94), and severe HR, 3.49 (1.94–6.27). Patients with moderate TAC (HR, 2.34 [1.19–4.59]) and those with severe TAC (HR, 3.02 [1.36–6.74]) had higher mortality than those without TAC.

Conclusions:

In patients without history of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and LDL-C≥190 mg/dL, the presence and severity of CAC and TAC are independently associated with all-cause mortality.
Differential Impact of Coronary Revascularization on Long-Term Clinical Outcome According to Coronary Flow Characteristics: Analysis of the International ILIAS Registry
Authors: Hamaya Rikuta , van de Hoef Tim P. , Lee Joo Myung , Hoshino Masahiro , Kanaji Yoshihisa , Murai Tadashi , Boerhout Coen K.M. , de Waard Guus A. , Jung Ji-Hyun , Lee Seung Hun , Mejia Renteria Hernan , Echavarria-Pinto Mauro , Meuwissen Martijn , Matsuo Hitoshi , Madera-Cambero Maribel , Eftekhari Ashkan , Effat Mohamed A. , Marques Koen , Doh Joon-Hyung , Christiansen Evald H. , Banerjee Rupak , Nam Chang-Wook , Niccoli Giampaolo , Nakayama Masafumi , Tanaka Nobuhiro , Shin Eun-Seok , Sasano Tetsuo , Chamuleau Steven A.J. , Knaapen Paul , Escaned Javier , Koo Bon Kwon , Piek Jan J. , Kakuta Tsunekazu
Published: June 2022

Background:

Coronary pressure indices such as fractional flow reserve are the standard for guiding elective revascularization. However, considering additional coronary flow parameters could further individualize and optimize the decision on revascularization. We aimed to investigate the potentially differential prognostic associations of elective percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) according to coronary flow properties represented by coronary flow reserve (CFR), coronary flow capacity (CFC), and baseline CFC (bCFC).

Methods:

From the ILIAS Registry (Inclusive Invasive Physiological Assessment in Angina Syndromes) composed of 16 hospitals globally from 7 countries, patients with obstructive coronary artery disease who underwent invasive coronary physiological assessment were included (N=2370 vessels). We assessed effect measure modifications of the association of PCI and 5-year target vessel failure according to CFR, CFC, and bCFC either assessed by Doppler-technique or thermodilution-method.

Results:

The mean age of the population was 63.3 years, and there were 1322 (73.6%) males. Median fractional flow reserve was 0.85, and PCI was performed in 600 (25.3%) vessels. Reduced CFR, CFC, and abnormal bCFC were defined in 988 (41.7%), 542 (22.9%), and 600 (25.3%) vessels, respectively. Significant effect measure modifications were observed by CFC either in odds ratio (
P
=0.0018), additive (
P
=0.029), and hazard ratio scale (
P
=0.0002). The absolute risk of 5-year target-vessel failure was higher if treated by PCI in vessels with normal CFC by 1.8 (−1.7 to 5.3) percent, while that was lower by −5.9 (−12 to −0.1) percent in those with reduced CFC. CFR and bCFC were not significant effect modifiers in any scales. Similar associations were observed in per-patient analyses, whereas the findings were less robust.

Conclusions:

We observed qualitative effect measure modification of PCI and 5-year clinical outcomes according to CFC status in additive scale. CFR and bCFC were not robust effect modifiers. Therefore, CFC could be potentially used to optimize the patient selection for elective PCI treatment combined with fractional flow reserve.
Cardiovascular Magnetic Resonance for Rejection Surveillance After Cardiac Transplantation
Authors: Anthony Chris , Imran Muhammad , Pouliopoulos Jim , Emmanuel Sam , Iliff James , Liu Zhixin , Moffat Kirsten , Ru Qiu Min , McLean Catriona A. , Stehning Christian , Puntmann Valentina , Vassiliou Vass , Ismail Tevfik F. , Gulati Ankur , Prasad Sanjay , Graham Robert M. , McCrohon Jane , Holloway Cameron , Kotlyar Eugene , Muthiah Kavitha , Keogh Anne M. , Hayward Christopher S. , Macdonald Peter S. , Jabbour Andrew
Published: June 2022

Background:

Endomyocardial biopsy (EMB) is the gold standard method for surveillance of acute cardiac allograft rejection (ACAR) despite its invasive nature. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR)–based myocardial tissue characterization allows detection of myocarditis. The feasibility of CMR-based surveillance for ACAR-induced myocarditis in the first year after heart transplantation is currently undescribed.

Methods:

CMR-based multiparametric mapping was initially assessed in a prospective cross-sectional fashion to establish agreement between CMR- and EMB-based ACAR and to determine CMR cutoff values between rejection grades. A prospective randomized noninferiority pilot study was then undertaken in adult orthotopic heart transplant recipients who were randomized at 4 weeks after orthotopic heart transplantation to either CMR- or EMB-based rejection surveillance. Clinical end points were assessed at 52 weeks.

Results:

Four hundred one CMR studies and 354 EMB procedures were performed in 106 participants. Forty heart transplant recipients were randomized. CMR-based multiparametric assessment was highly reproducible and reliable at detecting ACAR (area under the curve, 0.92; sensitivity, 93%; specificity, 92%; negative predictive value, 99%) with greater specificity and negative predictive value than either T1 or T2 parametric CMR mapping alone. High-grade rejection occurred in similar numbers of patients in each randomized group (CMR, n=7; EMB, n=8;
P
=0.74). Despite similarities in immunosuppression requirements, kidney function, and mortality between groups, the rates of hospitalization (9 of 20 [45%] versus 18 of 20 [90%]; odds ratio, 0.091;
P
=0.006) and infection (7 of 20 [35%] versus 14 of 20 [70%]; odds ratio, 0.192;
P
=0,019) were lower in the CMR group. On 15 occasions (6%), patients who were randomized to the CMR arm underwent EMB for clarification or logistic reasons, representing a 94% reduction in the requirement for EMB-based surveillance.

Conclusions:

A noninvasive CMR-based surveillance strategy for ACAR in the first year after orthotopic heart transplantation is feasible compared with EMB-based surveillance.

Registration:

HREC/13/SVH/66 and HREC/17/SVH/80. Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry: ACTRN12618000672257.
Polypill: Benefits Seen for Stroke and Other Outcomes
Authors: Brainin Michael , Teuschl Yvonne , Martins Sheila
Published: June 2022

A polypill-type strategy for primary prevention was first published at the turn of the century and advised that a multi-ingredient pill applied to an adult population would prevent up to 80% of cardiovascular and stroke events. Such a pill should contain small doses of antihypertensives, lipid-lowering drugs, and some nutrients. The startling increase of the global stroke burden has led to a revival of this concept and the propagation of a population-based prevention strategy. Recent cardiovascular fixed-dose combination trials have shown a significant effect in reducing not only blood pressure and cholesterol levels but also in reducing cardiovascular and stroke events. In most of the studies, the study population was for secondary prevention and the total number of strokes was small. Nevertheless, it is now clear that a large proportion of primary prevention must take this path. It is especially promising when combined with community health workers interventions for modifying risk behavior. While a polypill-type approach seems most efficacious in underserved regions of high-income countries as well as in low- and middle-income countries, it seems to have a large overall effect in spite of some problems with nonadherence or potential side effects. It should be available and affordable for large target populations. Larger phase 4 studies are under way.
Long-Term Evolution Experiment with Genetic Programming
Authors: Langdon William B. , Banzhaf Wolfgang
Published: June 2022

We evolve floating point Sextic polynomial populations of genetic programming binary trees for up to a million generations. We observe continued innovation but this is limited by tree depth. We suggest that deep expressions are resilient to learning as they disperse information, impeding evolvability, and the adaptation of highly nested organisms, and we argue instead for open complexity. Programs with more than 2,000,000,000 instructions (depth 20,000) are created by crossover. To support unbounded long-term evolution experiments in genetic programming (GP), we use incremental fitness evaluation and both SIMD parallel AVX 512-bit instructions and 16 threads to yield performance equivalent to 1.1 trillion GP operations per second, 1.1 tera GPops, on an Intel Xeon Gold 6136 CPU 3.00GHz server.
Young Learners’ Perceptions of Learning about Sexual and Gender-Based Harassment: The Struggle for Recognition in School
Authors: Goldschmidt-Gjerløw Beate
Published: June 2022

Based on participatory research with teachers and young learners’, this article explores students’ perceptions of learning about sexual and gender-based harassment in upper secondary school in Norway. Drawing upon theoretical considerations on recognition, intersectionality and legal literacy as educational capital, this article discusses approaches to teaching and learning that could ensure young learners’ rights to active participation and voice, which is an essential element for protection and prevention of harassment. The empirical material indicates that learners would like to learn more about these sensitive issues, although this applies to a greater extent for girls rather than boys. Their wish to learn more about harassment and abuse could be interpreted as a struggle for recognition, motivated by experiences of disrespect. However, defending one’s rights, and having someone defending one’s rights, in school requires both students’ and teachers’ legal literacy, which according to the empirical material is limited.
Innocent and Forgotten: Arresting Mothers and the Consequences for their Children
Authors: ter Vrugt P. J. H. , de Vocht D. L. F.
Published: June 2022

The arrest of a mother may have far reaching consequences for her child(ren). This article discusses the question whether in Dutch criminal proceedings these potential effects are sufficiently taken into account before, during and after the mother’s arrest. In order to answer this question, the potential negative effects the arrest may have on the children involved will be discussed. Next, attention will be paid to the international and European legal frameworks and their relevance for arresting mothers. The right of the child to be informed about the arrest, and European case law concerning the arrest of parents in the presence of their children, will be discussed. Finally, a critical analysis will be given of how the arrest of mothers is dealt with according to Dutch law and practice. Practical experiences will be drawn from fieldwork conducted in two Dutch detention centres.
Nymphanthus calcicola (Phyllanthaceae)—a new species from Southeast Chongqing, China
Authors: YAO GANG , HUANG YA , CHEN HONGYUAN , YI SIRONG
Published: June 2022

Nymphanthus calcicola, a new species from Pengshui county of Chongqing, China, is described. The new species is similar to N. bodinieri (Lévl.) R.W. Bouman in morphology, but differs from the latter by its cylindrical and twisting branchlets, elliptic or lanceolate leaves that are acuminate or acute at apex and broadly cuneate to slightly round at base, inconspicuous midrib of leaf blades adaxially, triangular-subulate stipules, larger flowers (female flowers 6.5–8.0 mm in diameter and male flowers 5.5–6.5 mm in diameter), longer pedicels of male flowers (10–20 mm long), depressed globose ovary, deeply bifid stigmas and obscurely grooved fruits.
Analytical Model of Thermohaline Circulation in Land-Locked Basins: Analyzing the Impact of Friction on Circulation Reversal
Authors: Lazar Martin , Bubalo Maja , Begić Josip
Published: June 2022

The paper investigates switches of circulation orientation in inland basins, either at the surface or near the bottom. The study is based on an analytical 2D model used to simulate thermohaline circulation in lakes and inland seas. The model allows different density profiles varying in both horizontal and vertical directions. By assuming some simplifications (such as steady state, vanishing of an alongshore variability, and flat bottom), we are able to obtain an explicit expression of the circulation in the central transverse section of an elongated basin. Starting from three typical density profiles (bottom dense water, surface light water, and a combination of the two), the model reveals different circulation types (cyclonic and anticyclonic surface circulation, either prevailing along the whole vertical column or accompanied by an opposite circulation in the bottom layer). In addition, we analyze the impact of friction coefficients and basin dimensions on the switch from one circulation type to another. The simplified assumptions turn out not to be limiting, as other studies have shown that they do not change the main flow characteristics. More importantly, the results obtained are in keeping with empirical findings, numerical simulations, and physical experiments studied elsewhere.
Improved Wavelength Calibration by Modeling the Spectrometer
Authors: Liu Dongyue , Hennelly Bryan M.
Published: June 2022

Wavelength calibration is a necessary first step for a range of applications in spectroscopy. The relationship between wavelength and pixel position on the array detector is approximately governed by a low-order polynomial and traditional wavelength calibration involves first-, second-, and third-order polynomial fitting to the pixel positions of spectral lines from a well known reference lamp such as neon. However, these methods lose accuracy for bands outside of the outermost spectral line in the reference spectrum. We propose a fast and robust wavelength calibration routine based on modeling the optical system that is the spectrometer. For spectral bands within the range of spectral lines of the lamp, we report similar accuracy to second- and third-order fitting. For bands that lie outside of the range of spectral lines, we report an accuracy 12–121 times greater than that of third-order fitting and 2.5–6 times more accurate than second-order fitting. The algorithm is developed for both reflection and transmission spectrometers and tested for both cases. Compared with similar algorithms in the literature that use the physical model of the spectrometer, we search over more physical parameters in shorter time, and obtain superior accuracy. A secondary contribution in this paper is the introduction of new evaluation methods for wavelength accuracy that are superior to traditional evaluation.
Policy advice utilization in Belgian ministerial cabinets: the contingent importance of internal and external sources of advice
Authors: Squevin Pierre , Aubin David
Published: June 2022

Ministerial cabinets hold a central place in the Belgian politico-administrative system, carrying out the bulk of policy formulation. However, they do not operate in isolation and rely on other actors of the policy advisory system for information supply and advice. They request, receive and use various advisory inputs. This article investigates how ministerial advisers utilize policy advice when they formulate policies. Based on a unique survey targeting ministerial cabinet members, it shows that policy advice utilization varies according to the source and its location in the policy advisory system. The sample consists of ministerial advisers from 11 ministerial cabinets in the two Belgian federated entities’ governments of Wallonia and the Wallonia-Brussels Federation. Ministerial advisers still predominantly use advice from the civil service, which points to the continued importance of advice provision from internal, in-house sources. However, advice from external actors – such as trade unions, civil society or consulting firms – have been observed to have rather high repercussions on policy formulation activities too. Advisory bodies appear to be very much active in supplying advice, but this same advice does not yield comparatively higher utilization scores.

Points for practitioners

This study focuses on policy advice utilization by members of ministerial cabinets in Belgium, especially when they formulate policies. It shows that internal, in-house sources remain important advice-providers and their advisory inputs still abundantly feed into the policy work carried out at the level of government. However, this article provides evidence that external sources might also supply advice that directly finds its way to decision-makers working in ministerial cabinets and that have considerable repercussions at that level too. This is the case for advice from trade unions, (organized) civil society or consulting firms, among others. Quite importantly for practitioners, our results suggest that ministerial advisers sometimes prefer controlling advisory exchanges and running separate consultations with one stakeholder at a time, instead of having to deal with collective, internal institutions that represent multiple interests, like advisory bodies. We did not observe striking differences in the degree of utilization between solicited and unsolicited advice, which means that for civil servants or stakeholders, sending policy advice previously unrequested by ministerial cabinets is not necessarily a fruitless strategy to follow.
Cetylpyridinium Chloride Mouthwash to Reduce Shedding of Infectious SARS-CoV-2: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Alemany A. , Perez-Zsolt D. , Raïch-Regué D. , Muñoz-Basagoiti J. , Ouchi D. , Laporte-Villar C. , Baro B. , Henríquez N. , Prat N. , Gianinetto M. Ochoa , Gutiérrez M. Viaplana , Sánchez-Paniagua M. Garcia , Henríquez N. Larrosa , Vicente J. Moreno , Ara J. , Rodriguez-Arias M.A. , Puig J. , Blanco I. , Lopez C. Casañ , Hernández Á. , Bordoy A.E. , Redondo C. Esteban , Soler V. González , Giménez M. , Blanc V. , León R. , Gispert J. ,   CPC-COVID GROUP, Clotet B. , Izquierdo-Useros N. , Mitjà O.
Published: June 2022

The airborne transmission of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) via respiratory fluids and droplets suggests that mouthwashes containing substances with virucidal activity can help reduce viral spread. We conducted a multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized trial to assess the virucidal activity of cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwashes. Outpatients who tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection with or without symptoms were randomized to perform washes and gargles for 1 min with 15 mL of either colored distilled water or 0.07% CPC (Vitis CPC Protect) mouthwash. The study outcomes were the SARS-CoV-2 log10 viral RNA load and the nucleocapsid protein levels, both in saliva at 1 and 3 h after the intervention. In total, 118 patients were enrolled and randomized (mean [SD], age 46 [14] y). Thirteen of 118 participants (11%) did not complete follow-up or had insufficient sample volume for testing and were excluded from the analysis. The assessment of the viral load showed no significant differences between groups at any of the investigated points. However, the levels of SARS-CoV-2 nucleocapsid protein of lysed viruses were significantly higher in the CPC group compared with the control group at 1 h (adjusted difference 269.3 pg/mL; 95% confidence interval [CI], 97.1–441.5) and at 3 h postintervention (561.1 pg/mL; 95% CI, 380.0–742.2). In nonhospitalized patients with asymptomatic or mild symptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection, a 0.07% CPC mouthwash, compared to placebo, was associated with a significant increase of nucleocapsid protein levels in saliva, indicating enhanced disruption of viral particles.
You Should Try These Together: Combinatory Recommendations Signal Expertise and Improve Product Attitudes
Authors: D’Angelo Jennifer K. , Valsesia Francesca
Published: June 2022

This work introduces a novel cue that consumption advisers, like stylists and interior designers, can use to signal expertise: combinatory recommendations. In a combinatory recommendation, a person offers an opinion about compatibility among multiple products intended for joint usage. Across nine studies conducted in the lab and field, the authors find that offering a combinatory recommendation signals greater expertise (Study 1a, Study 2a) and, specifically, greater depth of knowledge (Study 1b), compared with other types of recommendations involving the same number of products. This effect does not depend on the helpfulness of the adviser (Study 2b) but is qualified by features of the recommendation itself (Study 3a) as well as the type of combination recommended (Study 3b). Importantly, the authors find this effect to have important downstream consequences, as the increased perceptions of expertise that follow a combinatory recommendation improve consumers’ attitudes both toward products included in the recommendation and toward subsequent recommendations made by the adviser (Study 4, Study 5). The real-world persuasive value of combinatory recommendations is also tested in a field study (Study 6) that explores the effect of combinatory recommendations on click-through rates of Instagram advertisements.
Animal welfare requirements in publishing guidelines
Authors: Novak Amanda L , Shaw Darren J. , Clutton R. Eddie
Published: June 2022

Descriptions of measures taken to optimize animal welfare are often absent from scientific reports of animal experiments. One reason may be that journal guidelines inadequately compel authors to provide such information. In this study, online English language versions of the ‘Guidelines to authors’ (GTAs) from 54 national biomedical journals were examined for neutral (unrelated to welfare) and non-neutral keywords referring to: animal welfare; the ‘3Rs’; the ARRIVE (2010) guidelines, and regulations pertaining to animal experimentation. Journals were selected from nine countries (UK, US, China, Canada, India, Brazil, Germany, Japan and Australia) and seven biomedical specialties (oncology, rheumatology, surgery, pharmacology, medicine, anaesthesia and veterinary medicine). Total GTA word counts varied from 1137 to 31,609. The keyword count identified per category were expressed per myriad (10,000) of total word count. One-way analyses of variance followed by post hoc Tukey pairwise comparisons revealed greater non-neutral per myriad word counts for (a) veterinary GTAs compared with medicine, oncology, rheumatology or surgery; (b) British, compared with Australian, Canadian, German and Japanese GTAs; and (c) no differences between non-neutral categories. The English language versions of GTAs of British and veterinary medical journals contain more words associated with animal welfare, the 3Rs and the ARRIVE guidelines than those from eight other countries and six other medical specialities. The exclusion of ‘national’ language versions from analysis precludes attempts to identify national differences in attitudes to laboratory animal welfare.
The Ethics of Psychology Professors’ Behaviors: Perceptions From Both Sides of the Podium
Authors: Multhaup Kristi S. , Smith Dustin , Hunter Adam , Boyd Maurya M. , Tonidandel Scott
Published: June 2022

Background

Academic role (undergraduates, professors) and institutional context (liberal arts colleges, research universities) may affect how ethical psychology professors’ behaviors seem.

Objective

This study assessed whether academic role and institutional context related to ratings of professorial behaviors’ ethicality.

Method

A national sample ( N = 608) rated 70 professorial behaviors (e.g., unethical in virtually all circumstances to ethical in virtually all circumstances) across four domains: teaching, grading, relationships, and professional procedure.

Results

G-test of independence analyses yielded differences across academic role (student, professor) for 57% of teaching behaviors, 50% of grading behaviors, 63% of relationship behaviors, and 52% of professional procedure behaviors, although the difference was often a matter of degree rather than kind (ethical or unethical). Differences across institution type (liberal arts college, research university) were largest for relationship behaviors (25%) compared with teaching, grading, and policy behaviors (5%, 0%, 4%, respectively).

Conclusion

The data highlight the need for professors’ transparency and reinforce calls for the APA Ethics Code to consider context when defining ethical standards for psychologists’ behaviors.

Teaching Implications

The data set can enhance undergraduate education about the APA Ethics Code and spark discussion about sampling (e.g., limitations of this study are homogenous samples, including high-achieving undergraduates).
Just as Long as It’s Not an Essay: The Unessay as a Tool for Engagement in a Cognitive Psychology Course
Authors: Goodman Sara G
Published: June 2022

Introduction

Cognitive psychology courses are rich in content that can be useful to broad audiences. Much of the foundational research presented in course texts is conducted in highly constrained laboratory settings, making the concepts difficult to apply or use in the real world.

Statement of the Problem

Students in cognitive psychology classes may not readily notice practical applications for the content. Standard assessments (e.g. written research papers) fail to capture the real-world applications of cognitive phenomena.

Literature Review

Using an applied framework can motivate engagement in cognition. The use of an Unessay project in undergraduate cognitive psychology courses requires students to present a key construct in any format except an essay. Unessay projects originated in the humanities, and are an excellent fit for psychology.

Teaching Implications

The Unessay is a useful vehicle for identifying and presenting the application of a cognitive construct in the real world. Students are required to convey that information in a creative, non-essay format. Instructions, a rubric and examples are provided.

Conclusion

The Unessay is a novel approach to a course project in cognitive psychology that can motivate student interest while aligning with several APA outcomes for psychology majors.
Assessment of energy and nutrient intakes among undergraduate students attending a University in the North of England
Authors: Martin Helen R. , Pufal Deborah A. , Stephenson John
Published: June 2022

Background: Unhealthy diets are typical of university students and are often thought to be unrepresentative of the general population. The main aim was to determine the energy and nutrient intakes of a large cohort of undergraduate university students; and to compare to gender-specific dietary reference values (DRVs) and nutrient data from the general population. Methodology: Data was collected from 639 university students aged 18–24 years who completed 4-day diet diaries. The energy and nutrient intake was determined and percentage energy values calculated and compared with dietary reference values (DRVs) and the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (NDNS) and Family Food Statistics. Logistic regression methods were used to identify micronutrients functioning as predictors of exceeding DRVs. Results: Energy intakes were lower than the DRV. The percentage total energy values for protein, fat, saturated fat and carbohydrate exceeded DRVs but the percentage energy from alcohol was below the maximum 5%. The DRVs were met for vitamin C, thiamin, and sodium/salt. Iron and calcium intakes were met in males but not in females. Intakes for fibre and vitamin A were below the DRV. Student data was comparable to the NDNS, with the exception of alcohol, fibre, vitamin A, calcium and sodium/salt, which were all lower than the NDNS. Conclusions: This study contradicts the stereotypical assumption that students are following a high energy, fat, saturated fat, total sugars, salt and alcohol diet compared with the general population.
Impact of Mawhiba’s first award-winning gifted summer program in Saudi Arabia on students’ achievement, skills, and satisfaction
Authors: Muammar Omar M
Published: June 2022

This study assessed the impact of Mawhiba-IAU (an innovative gifted summer program in Saudi Arabia to prepare gifted students to thrive in an innovation-based economy) on students’ achievement, soft skills, and satisfaction. The convenience sample consisted of three datasets of gifted students for the various research questions. A quasi-experimental design with pre- and post-assessments with no control group and a cross-sectional design was used to assess the impact of Mawhiba-IAU on students’ holistic development. Achievement tests, scales, and surveys were used for the assessment. In the series of t-tests, the difference between the pre- and post-assessments showed significant effects on students’ achievement, soft skills development, and satisfaction. Although there were several limitations, including the lack of a control group, the results showed that Mawhiba-IAU was highly effective for students’ holistic development. In 2018, Mawhiba-IAU became the only program to win Mawhiba’s first award.
Environmentalism or Sausages? Politicizing the Environment in the Late Soviet Union
Authors: Arndt Melanie
Published: June 2022

This paper analyzes the politicization of the environment in the late Soviet Union based on a new perception of the interconnection between the human being and the ‘rest’ of nature. On the basis of previously ignored sources, it shows the emerging rise and ultimate decline of human subjectivity as a political force in the Soviet Union, and the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) in particular. Experts, politicians, and the secret service had long understood the need to conserve natural resources and the ecological consequences of relentless industrialization or nature transformation projects, and they had at least partially attempted to counter them. However, the disclosure, in the late 1980s, of the extent and consequences of the Soviet Union's ecological legacies, particularly the Chernobyl disaster, triggered an unprecedented awareness of the vulnerability of the human body and the Soviet state's disregard of the dangers to human health. This new awareness mobilized Soviet citizens, including state functionaries who had previously seemed untouched by ecological issues, to call for a right to life in an unprecedented way. Despite some achievements, such as new protection laws and investments in health care, this ‘ecological revolution’ was short lived. The social and economic difficulties linked to the collapse of the Soviet Union allowed the concern for a healthy, livable environment to fade into the background again in the early 1990s.