bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Western Spruce Budworm Control with Three Dosages of Orthene, 1976
Authors: Markin George P.
Published: March 2022

Orthene 75S (acephate) was applied at the rates of 1 lb a.i./gal/acre, 1/2 lb a.i./gal/acre, and 1/4 lb. a.i./gal/acre against 4th and 5th instar larvae of the western spruce budworm in the Targhee National Forest, Idaho, Jul 7 to 11′76. Orthene was mixed in water with no adjuvent except a dye for marking. Application was by a Hiller SL4 helicopter using Beecomist nozzles, flying at 45 mph, 50 ft above tree tops. Spray plots were about 100 acres in size and at 6500 to 7100 ft elevation. Three plots were treated at each dosage rate, with 3 additional plots left untreated as checks. Populations, expressed as larvae/100 buds, were determined 24 hr before spray and at 3 intervals afterward from 24 sample trees in each plot. Orthene is now being considered for operational use against the western spruce budworm at the rate of 1 lb a.i./acre. The results suggest that the population reductions achieved by the 1 lb/acre and 1/2 lb/acre rate did not differ significantly. Therefore, a dosage rate as low as 1/2 lb/acre may be almost as effective as 1 lb.
Nantucket Pine Tip Moth Control By Soil Treatment and Trunk Implantation; 1976
Authors: Brown Leland R. , Eads Clark O.
Published: March 2022

In La Mesa, California, a randomized block experiment was laid out in a city park having 21 heavily infested pines averaging 18 in trunk circumference 18 in above ground and in otherwise good cultural condition. Irrigation was by automatic sprinklers and the soil type was Redding urban land complex (1 ft layer of fines over hard pan of gravelly loam and clay). Untreated check and treatments consisted of single tree plots replicated 3 times. A sample from each tree consisted of counting — beginning at the top — 100 growing tips from each of 2 sides of the tree, as to uninjured, heavily injured (“H”), or lightly injured (“L”). A lightly injured tip had a single larva, usually dead, with 5 or 6 dead, brown needles showing, whereas a heavily injured tip usually had more larvae (to 30) and many more dead needles. The numbers of injured tips were converted to percentages and subjected to analysis of variance. Treatments were applied Mar 23'76 and counts made 7 months later on Oct 26'76. For trunk implants a 1/2 in hole 1 3/8 in deep was made with an electric drill per each 4 in of trunk circumference 18 in above ground. Each plastic capsule Medicap® was hammered into its hole until the flared, outer end was ca. 1/8 in inside the outer bark. For other trunk implants a hypodermic syringe measured 1 ml of Cygon 2.67EC or 1 ml of Orthene solution made of 114 gm Orthene 75S dissolved in 1 pt water containing 1 ml of buffer; each such hole was stoppered with a no. 2 cork. A 2 in diameter power soil auger drilled 8 equidistant holes 6 in deep ca. half way between the trunk and drip line; the Furadan 10G weighed for the tree was prorated among the 8 holes. A 16 in swath lawn spreader was so adjusted that at least 2 turns around the tree inside the drip line were necessary to deliver the Furadan 10G weighed for the tree.
Scotch Pine, Control of A Pine Needle Scale, Kirtland, Ohio, 1976
Authors: Nielsen D. G. , Balderston C. P.
Published: March 2022

An abandoned Christmas tree plantation containing 9m Scotch pine heavily infested with C. heterophyllae was selected for insecticide evaluation. Each treatment was applied to runoff (ca. 2 gal finished spray/tree) to I tree using a Myers Baronet wheelbarrow hydraulic sprayer July 23 when ambient temperature was ca. 25° C. Most scales were in the settled first nymph stage at this time. Pole pruners were used to collect foliage samples from each of 4 sites on each sprayed tree Jul 29 and Aug 12. Samples were transported from the field to the laboratory in plastic bags held in an ice chest. Treatment effectiveness was determined by examining infested foliage with the aid of a binocular scope for the presence of living and dead scales. The first 100 new scales observed were included in the counts.
Scots Pine,

S

.

PINETI

CONTROL, WASHINGTON, 1976
Authors: Barstow D. A.
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied May 14 to heavily infested 5 ft tall trees located in PuyalTup, Washington. Each treatment consisted of four single-tree replications selected at random. There were two granular and three spray treatments. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a hand pumped compressed air sprayer, granular applications were lightly raked i n . Effectiveness of the test materials was evaluated on May 20 and June 1. A simple, arbitrary rating system was used where 0 = no aphids present, 1 = only a few aphids seen, and 2 = many aphids seen.
Mealybug Control on Yews, 1976
Authors: Schuder Donald L.
Published: March 2022

A chemical control experiment was set up on an extensive planting of Taxuswardii at the Pi Kappa Phi fraternity adjacent to the Purdue University campus. At the time of application the adults were beginning to move from overwintering twigs out onto the new growth. The experiment was replicated three times. The sprays were applied with a B&G stainless steel sprayer operating at 30 p.s.i . The systemic dimethoate was applied as a granule into a ring cultivated around the dripline of the shrubs and watered into the soil and then the soil replaced. Six in twig samples were taken, placed in paper sacks and returned to the laboratory for counting under a binocular microscope. Samples were taken at the time of treatment, two, seven, fourteen, twenty-one, thirty and sixty days post-treatment. Only the latter two counts were statistically significant.
Bluegrass Seed Fields,

CHIONODES

PSILOPTERA

AND

PROTAGROTIS

OBSCURA

CONTROL, 1976
Authors: Oetting Ronald
Published: March 2022

The test area was a 4 year old nonirrigated adelphi bluegrass field with Green Bluff silt loam soil near Spokane, Washington. Four replications were applied on l/100th acre treatment areas in randomized blocks. Application was made with a hand sprayer at 25 psi and 50 gal/acre for sprays and a cyclone type hand spreader for granules. Insects were sampled by removing 6 soil cores, 4 in . diam. and depth from a 5 sq ft central representative area within each treatment for both pre-and posttreatment sampling. Insecticides were applied on Apr 9'76. Seed yield was taken by harvesting mature panicles within a 26 in . swath the length of each treatment area on Jul 13'76.
Bluegrass Seed Fields, Cutworm Control, 1976
Authors: Oetting Ronald , Thorne John
Published: March 2022

The test area was an irrigated Kentucky Bluegrass seed field with Garrison gravely loam soil near Post Falls, Indiana. Two plots were established in the portion of the field showing greatest cutworm damage. In area A 6 replications and in area B 4 replications were established in randomized blocks. The treatment areas were 300 sq ft and application was made with a hand sprayer at 25 psi and 50 gal/acre for sprays and a cyclone type hand spreader for granules. Insecticides were applied on Apr 8'76. Insects were sampled by removing two 1 1/2 sq ft pieces of sod (1 1/2 in deep) in each treatment with a sod cutter for both pre- and post treatment sampling. Seed yields were taken by harvesting mature panicles within a 26 in swath the length of each treatment area on Jul 17'76. Following post harvest burning of residue, fertilization, and irrigation, plot regrowth was observed Nov 7'76. The amount of regrowth was rated on a scale of 0 to 9, with 0 = no stand and 9 = very good stand.
German Cockroach Control, 1976
Authors: Karner Miles , Price Richard G. , Bogel David
Published: March 2022

The objective of this laboratory test was to evaluate two chemicals using a modified B & G Sprayer, Model 104-5, mounted on a motorized track powered by a zero max 0-400 electric motor. A Spraying Systems Multi-Teejet fan nozzle 800067 was attached to a nozzle stand and was transported by the motorized track. The nozzle (6” above the surface being treated) delivered 5.5 oz of finished spray per minute at 20 psi and an application speed of 2.5 ft per second. This was approximately 20 mg/sq ft of active ingredient for the formulations. Plywood panels 4” × 6” x 3/4” were sprayed on both sides using the motorized spray unit. After spraying, the treated panels were allowed to dry for 24 hours, then placed in individual battery jars 6” × 8” at intervals of 1, 7, 14, and 21 days after treatment. Ten adult German cockroaches from a normal laboratory strain were placed in each jar at the specified time following treatment. A vaseline and mineral oil solution was spread along the edge of the jars to prevent the cockroaches from escaping. Cockroach mortality was recorded after a 24 hour period. Each treatment was replicated 4 times.
Red Imported Fire Ant Control with Conventional Insecticides, 1975, 1976
Authors: Hillmann R. C.
Published: March 2022

Tests were conducted in Brunswick, Columbus, Craven, and Onslow counties, North Carolina. Insecticides were applied in April, May, June, Sept, and Oct'75 and May, June, and Sept' 76 to fire ant mounds utilizing a randomized block design. In preliminary studies, individual mounds and a surrounding 6 ft radius from the mound center (ca 100 ft2) were spot treated with a WP or EC formulation following label instructions and using 1-3 gal of the diluted formulation. In later experiments, only a 2 ft radius (ca 12.5 ft2) was treated and all pesticides were applied in I gal of water/mound with no control reduction. Dusts and granules were applied topically and then similarly watered in. Fumigants were injected to tfie mound center as deeply as the injector could be pushed easily. In early studies, Wasp-Freeze , packaged in 14-oz pressurized cans, was applied to the mound surface. Later it was injected centrally through 1/8 in OD plastic tubing, facilitating deeper penetration of the mound. Before treatments were applied, mound activity was evaluated, and plots were accurately mapped, including location of inactive mounds. Mound activity was evaluated 1, 2, and 4 weeks after treatment by removing a small mound portion with a hand trowel. In 1976, broadcast applications of diazinon and Dursban , two promising chemicals in the 1975 spot treatment evaluations, were applied uniformly to 10-mound plots. Dursban EC and diazinon granules were watered in with 100 gal/A at 40 psi. Diazinon EC was similarly applied, however it was watered in at a rate of 1,000 gal/A following label instructions.
Ulv Aerial Applications of Naled For Control of A Complex of Livestock Insects on Platte River Pastures in Nebraska, 1975-76
Authors: Campbell J. B.
Published: March 2022

Aerial applications of naled at various ULV rates were made over tree and shrub lined banks of the Platte River. Both times of season and volume of material applied were altered in an effort to obtain the most benefit in terms of application after most of the tabanids and mosquitoes had emerged and the best rate of application on river bank vegetation. Flights were made at temperatures above 80°F and when wind velocity was>10 MPH and at a 40 ft altitude. Insect counts were made with the use of bionculars and were made on one side of an animal only. Species identification was determined by net sweeping tame animals. Aedesvexans comprised 99% of the daytime mosquito population and the tabanid Tabanuslineola population was comprised of 91%, Chyrsopsdiscolis 5% and T.atratus 4%.
Sheep Ked Control with Pour-On Insecticides, 1976
Authors: Lloyd John E. , Pfadt Robert E. , Olson Eric J.
Published: March 2022

Three pouron insecticides were applied to 6 farm flocks of sheep for sheep ked control. Each flock was treated once between June 9 and June 24, after all ewes had been shorn. Each animal in the flock was weighed prior to treatment. Sheep ked population densities were determined in the treated and 1 untreated flocks by making whole body counts of adult keds on 5 lambs and 5 ewes immediately preceding and 6 wk following treatment.
Apple, Mite Suppression, 1976
Authors: Jackson J. O. , Kova C. F.
Published: March 2022

During the seasonal cover spray program at the U. W. Horticulture orchard, Arlington, Wl, dilute sprays were applied to apple trees in plots of 10 trees each. Sprays were delivered at 200 psi from a 100 gal Bean sprayer using a no. 2 gunjet (2 gpm). Insecticides were applied at petal fall (June 4) and covers (June 10, 26; July 13, 24; August 11, 24). Sumithion was omitted in the third cover (July 13). At North Leeds, Wl, acaricide treatments were applied to Red Delicious trees in single tree plots mid-July and early August. Dilute spray was delivered to trees at 150 psi (2 gpm) by hand gun until run off using a 15 gal Bean sprayer.
Apple, Leafroller Control, 1976
Authors: Thomas John H.
Published: March 2022

Insecticide treatments applied as full-season dilute sprays in a block of 12 year-old trees (MM 106) were evaluated for leafroller control and monitored for any change in mite populations. Single-tree plots were replicated using 2 Staymans, 1 Winesap, and 1 York. Trees were sprayed to runoff using a Bean high pressure sprayer (35 gal/min pump) operating at 540 psi on the following dates: 18 June (all plots); 30 June (plots 1-11); 2 July (plots 12-14); 20 July (all plots); 10 Aug (all plots); 31 Aug (all plots except Shell SD 43775). Cover sprays (rate/100 gal/acre) for ail trees included: 25 Mar, Dikar 6.0 lb + Systox 10.0 oz (both sides); 1 Apr, Dikar 6.0 lb (both sides); 16, 21 Apr, Dikar 6.0 lb (one side); 29 Apr, Guthion 1.5 lb + Systox 10.0 oz + Dikar 6.0 lb (one side); 6 May, Guthion 1.5 lb + Systox 10.0 oz + Dikar 6.0 lb (both sides); 18, 26 May, Guthion 1.5 lb + Dikar 6.0 lb (one side); 1, 10 June, Guthion 1.5 lb + Phosphamidon 6.0 oz + Dikar 6.0 lb (one side); 2 July, Polyrom 6.0 lb (one side); 26 July, Phaltan 5.0 lb (both sides); 11 Aug, Captan 5.0 + Karathane 1.0 lb (both sides). Mean temperatures were average for June (72.9°F) and below average for May (62.3°F), July (74.3°F), Aug (71.7°F), and Sep (66.8°F). Rainfall in inches was below normal in May (3.6) and above normal for June (6.8), July (5.2), Aug (5.4), and Sep (3.9). Mite counts were made by examining 80 leaves (20 leaves/tree) on 13 July and 13 Aug. Leafroll counts were made by examining each tree for 15 minutes on 19-20 Aug. Each treatment was evaluated by examining 200 apples (50 per tree) on 22, 25 Oct.
Apple, Leafroller Control Using Thuricide Hpc, 1976
Authors: Thomas John H.
Published: March 2022

Treatments to control leafrollers, using Thuricide HPC, were applied on 2 and 16 July with a Hardie 525 airblast sprayer to 5 Rome tree* (12 year-old, MM 106) and each group was replicated twice. The amount of -pray mixture per acre was varied but the rates of the materials remained the same (Thuricide HPC 3.0 qt (12 BIU) per acre; Fundal SP 3.0 oz per acre; Guthion 50W 1.5 lb per acre). Cover sprays (rate/100 gal/acre) for all trees included: Dikar 6.0 lb, 1, 16, 21 April (one side); Guthion 1.5 lb + Dikar 6.0 lb + Systox 10.0 oz 29 April, 6 May (both sides); Guthion 1.5 lb + Dikar 6.0 lb, 18, 16 May (both sides); Guthion 1.5 lb + Phosphamidon 6.0 oz + Dikar 6.0 lb, 1, 10 June (one side); Guthion 1.5 lb + Dikar 6.0 lb, 21 June (both sides); Polyram 6.0 lb, 2 July (one side); Phaltan 5.0 lb, 26 July (both sides); Guthion 1.5 lb, 4 August (both sides); Captan 5.0 lb + Karathane 1.0 lb, 11 August (both sides). Mean temperatures were average for June (72.9°F) and below average for May (62.3°F), July (74.3°F), August (71.7°F), and Sep (66.8°F). Rainfall in inches was below normal in May (3.6) and above normal for June (6.8), July (5.2), Aug (5.4), and Sep (3.9). Leafroll counts were mode by examining each tree for 15 minutes on 27 and 30 Aug. Harvest appraisal dates were 18-21 Oct. Each treatment was evaluated by examining 500 apples (50 per tree).
Control of Grape Berry Moth in Pennsylvania, 1976
Authors: Jubb, Gerald L.
Published: March 2022

Nine insecticides were evaluated for control of grape berry moth in 1976 on grapes near North East, PA. Plots consisted of 6 vines in a row replicated 3 times in a randomized block design. Guard plants of 3 vines within rows and one row between treated rows isolated the plots. Sprays were applied using an Ortho Spray-Ette Queen Size garden sprayer. This was operated off a high pressure hose on a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off, resulting in 200 gallons of solution being applied per acre. In sampling, 50 clusters were selected at random per plot, half from each side of the row. The number of injured clusters was recorded. Percentages of injured clusters were transformed to X + 0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan's modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test. Three fungicide applications (June, July, and August) were applied to all experimental areas: Folpet 50WP 2 lb ai/acre.
Leafhopper Control on Grapes in Pennsylvania, 1976
Authors: Jubb Gerald L.
Published: March 2022

Four insecticides were evaluated for control of a leafhopper in 1976 on grapes near North East, PA. Plots consisted of 6 vines in a row replicated 3 times in a randomized block design with 3 replications. Guard plants of 3 vines within rows and one row between treated rows isolated the plots. Sprays were applied using an Ortho Spray-Ette Queen Size garden sprayer. This was operated off a high pressure hose on a Myers 61256ET2 hydraulic sprayer. Operating pressure was 100 psi. Sprays were applied to run-off, resulting in 200 gallons of solution being applied per acre. Spray application date was July 2. In sampling, 25 leafhopper damaged leaves were examined at random per plot. Counts were made of nymphs and adults. Average numbers of leafhoppers per 10 leaves were transformed toVx + 0.5 and treated by analysis of variance and Duncan's modified (Bayesian) least significant difference test. Two fungicide applications (July 13 and August 16) were applied to the entire experimental area: Folpet 50WP 2 lb ai per acre.
Gas Propelled Aerosols and Micronized Dusts Against Caribbean Fruit Flies in Simulated Aircraft Tests 1971 - 1973
Authors: Windeguth, D. L. Von , Burditt A. K. , Steiner L. F.
Published: March 2022

In 1971, 1972, and 1973 aircraft disinsection tests were made against the Caribbean fruit fly Anastrepha suspensa (Loew) in Miami, FL. This screening program was made to select promising insecticides for use on international aircraft flights to control the spread of fruit flies into or out of the United States. In 1971 and 1972 free flying insects were used (ca. 800 insects released/test). In 1973 flies were encaged in openended, screened pint ice cream cartons (4 cages with ca. 200 flies/cage). The 4 cages were attached to walls at various locations within test space. Semi trailers of 2000 to 2500 ft"* capacities were used to simulate aircraft volumes in 1971-72; in 1973, tests were done in empty rooms in an abandoned military barrack building. Test insects were laboratory reared, 1 to 2 week-old fruit flies. Insecticides were formulated as aerosols or dusts. Aerosols were applied from conventional aerosol spray cans; dusts were "shot" from a cartridge by a CO2 or compressed air charge. Insects were removed from the treated area at 30 minutes after insecticide release (10 minutes in the closed test space plus 20 minutes with 1 door opened for ventilation of treated space). Knock Down (KD) was recorded at 30 minutes and fly mortality at 24 hours posttreatment. In residue tests, the flies were exposed to the toxicant for a period of 1 hr, five hours after toxicant application. Knock down at 0.5 hr and 24 hr post exposure mortalities were determined. All tests were performed at temperatures between 20 and 30°C. Average daily temperature was 25°C.
Citrus, Control of Large D. Abbreviatus Larvae, Apopka, Fl, 1975
Authors: Collins H. W.
Published: March 2022

Thirteen compounds were screened for efficacy in the control of late instar larvae of D. abbreviatus (L.). Three laboratory-reared larvae were introduced into 6" plastic pots containing a soil mixture of 1:1 peat-sand and an established citrus seedling (Citrus sp.), which served as a host plant in each pot. Fiberglass mesh was used to cover the lower half of each pot to prevent escape. Treatments were applied by submerging each container to cover the top of the container by ca 3 cm. Each container remained in the dip for at least 10 minutes or until percolation ceased. Those containers not receiving a chemical treatment (controls) were dipped in tap water to simulate the dipping procedure. The larvae were recovered after 14 days by removing the soil and all live larvae were placed back on laboratory diet.
Insect Control in Sweet Peppers, Delaware, 1976
Authors: Burbutis Paul P.
Published: March 2022

Plants were set out on May 24 in Staytonville (Sussex Co.) DE. Treatments were replicated 3 times in 3-row, 40 ft long plots in a randomized complete block design. Sprays were applied with a 2-gal., CO2 sprayer at 26 psi pressure in 1 gal water (= 38 gal water/acre). Granular materials were applied by hand with a small shaker placing the granules in a furrow ca. 2 inches deep and 5 inches from the plant. Ripe (= red) pepper fruit was sampled for "worm" infestations on August 25, September 13 and 23 from the middle rows of the plots. Green peach aphid populations were recorded weekly from leaves sampled at random from the middle rows of each plot.
Colorado Potato Beetle Control with Systemic Insecticides Applied To The Soil, 1976
Authors: Hofmaster R. N.
Published: March 2022

'Pungo' Irish potatoes were planted, 10 inch spacing in 3 ft rows, on March 4, 1976. Treatment plots were replicated 3 times and arranged in a randomized block design. Each plot consisted of three 30 ft long rows with 2 untreated rows adjacent to each treatment plot. Various methods of treatment were employed and are designated as follows: Furrow - All treatments except UC 21865 75WP applied with a Gandy 901-2 Granular Applicator directly in the furrow in contact with the seed-pieces, UC 21865 75WP applied in 100 gallons of water/acre to seed-pieces in opened furrow by means of a D. B. Smith 5 gallon knapsack sprayer; Band - Granulars dropped directly in fertilizer band 4-5 inches each side of row with Gandy 901-2 Applicator; 12 inch band - Granulars distributed in 12 inch band over row with Gandy, rototilled and then planted; Folioge - UC 21865 foliage sprays applied with a D. B. Smith 5 gallon knapsack, hand-operated compressed air sprayer at the rate of 100 gallons/acre (40 psi) using a D. B. Smith #E-147 adjustable cone nozzle. Treatments were made April 27, May 20, 27, June 7, 14 and 23, 1976. In evaluating the various treatments the number of potato hills with severe early feeding injury, direct counts of the number of potato beetle larvae/10 hills and late season foliage injury ratings were all utilized. The several categories for tfie foliage injury ratings are as follows: 1) Only occasional chewing, necessary to look very close to see evidences of feeding damage; 2) Visible signs of chewing but less than 10% of the leaves severely damaged; 3) Severe feeding on 25% of leaves; 4) Severe feeding on 50% of foliage; 5) Practically 100% of foliage severely injured, plants nearly defoliated; and Def - Plants completely defoliated. Yields were taken July 7.
Control of Colorado Potato Beetle and European Corn Borer on Irish Potato, 1976
Authors: Kouskolekas Costas A.
Published: March 2022

Seed pieces were planted on March 2. Prior to planting, the field was treated with Mocap at 6 lb ai/acre. During early growth, the plants were sprayed with the fungicide Difolatan 4F (using 1.5 quarts/acre) on May 3, 10, and 17. A randomized complete block design, with 4 reps per treatment, was used. Plot size was 1/200 acres (3 44-inch rows, each 20 ft long) with the plots separated by 5 ft alleys. Experimental sprays were applied using hand sprayers delivering 50 gal/acre. Treatments were made on May 20 and 27, June 4 and 10. Final observations were made on June 17. Potatoes were harvested on June 23 and yield data were taken from the middle rows. Midway through the test period, most Colorado potato beetle larvae went into pupation; as a result, some of the early differences among treatments disappeared. Infestations were not uniform throughout the field. Two replications remained practically uninfested by the European corn borer.
MYZUS PERSICAE

CONTROL, 1976
Authors: Waddill Van
Published: March 2022

Seed pieces were planted 4 inches apart in marl soil on Nov 18, 1975. The plots were single rows, 15 ft long, planted on 3 ft centers. Treatments were replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied by hand Feb 10 with a CO2 charged 2½ gal sprayer with a single nozzle. Counts were made 1 and 6 days post-application by randomly selecting 10 bottom leaves per plot and counting the number of live apterous aphids. Means were separated with Duncan's multiple range test.
Wireworm Control on Sweet Potatoes, 1971
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A.
Published: March 2022

Shell DD at 10 gallons per acre was applied in row for nematodes on May 10, 1971. Sweet potatoes 'Jewel' were planted on June 1 near Bentonville, NC. Preplant treatments were applied on May 26. Foliar treatments were applied on June 7, 21, and 28. The lay-by treatment was applied on July 16 when roots were enlarging. Nonreplicated plots consisted of 5 rows 450 ft long (1/7 acre). Soil was classified as a Norfolk sandy loam with adequate soil moisture. Granular insecticides were applied broadcast preplant and over the row with a hand-cranked cyclone seeder. Foliar sprays were applied with a compressed hand sprayer at the rate of 20 gallons per acre at 40 psi. Wireworm damage was evaluated by scoring 100 roots selected at random from center rows on October 29. Damage classes were: 0 = no damage; 1 = up to 5 holes; 2 = 6 to 10 holes; and 3 = 1 1 or more holes/sweet potato. When this damage was averaged, a “damage index” was obtained. “Percent damage control” was arrived at by the following formula: for treated sweet potatoes let A = the damage index and B = the % treated sweet potatoes damaged; for untreated (check) sweet potatoes let X = the damage index and Y = the % sweet potatoes damaged; then 100 - (AB/XY × 100) = percent damage control, a factor which reflects the effectiveness of the insecticide by comparing wireworm damage to potatoes from treated plots with potatoes from untreated plots.
Wireworm Control on Sweet Potatoes, 1975
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A.
Published: March 2022

Telone at 15 gal per acre was applied broadcast for nematodes two weeks prior to planting. Sweet potatoes 'Georgia Red' were planted on June 3, 1975. Preplant treatments were applied just prior to planting. Foliar treatments were applied at lay by on July 29, 1975, when roots were enlarging. Plots consisted of single 50 ft rows with four replications in randomized complete blocks. Soil was classified as Norfolk Sandy Loam with adequate soil moisture. Granular insecticides were applied in a 2 ft band with a hand shaker jar. Liquid insecticides were applied with a watering can at 1 gal water per 50 ft row. Potatoes were harvested on October 9. Wireworm damage was evaluated by scoring 25 roots selected at random from each row in each replicate. Damage classes were: 0 = no damage; 1 = up to 5 holes; 2 = 6 to 10 holes; 3 = 11 or more holes/sweet potato. When this damage was averaged, a “damage index” was obtained. “Percent damage control” was arrived at by the following formula: for treated sweet potatoes let A = the damage index and B = the % sweet potatoes damaged; for untreated (check) sweet potatoes let X = the damage index and Y = the % sweet potatoes damaged; then 100 - (AB/XY × 100) = percent damage control, a factor which reflects the effectiveness of the insecticide by comparing wireworm damage to potatoes from treated plots with potatoes from untreated plots.
Alfalfa Weevil Larval Control, Missouri, 1976
Authors: Huggans J. L.
Published: March 2022

The test area is part of a 10 acre 2 year old stand of WL-307 alfalfa. The field was treated for weed control in December, 1975 with 1 lb a.i. Simazine/A (Princep 80W, Ciba Geigy). Sprays of the compounds under test were applied to 20 × 50 ft plots in a randomized complete block design with untreated checks in 4 replications. Finished spray treatments at the rate of 20 gallons per acre were applied May 10 at 40 psi pressure with an IH cub tractor rigged with a 20 ft spray boom and a power take-off powered roller pump. Eleven FS-6 nozzles with 50 mesh filter screens were spaced equidistance along the boom. Evaluation samples were taken May 18-19, 25-26, and June 1-2. Sampling for efficacy against weevil larvae was by plucking 25 individual stems of alfalfa from each plot per date and extracting me living larvae by heating in “Berlese” funnels. Materials recommended for weevil control by the university were included in the test as standards. They were Imidan 70WP at 1.0 lb and Furadan 4F at .25 and .50 lb ai/acre. The numbers of living larvae recovered by stem pluck sampling at 8, 15 and 22 days post treatment are given in Table 1. Forty percent pupation of remaining larvae had occurred by the 15 day sampling and 60% by the 22 day observation.
Alfalfa Weevil Control in Illinois, 1976
Authors: Wedberg John L. , Rankin Elmer E.
Published: March 2022

Three insecticides were evaluated for alfalfa weevil control in Menard County, Illinois during 1976. Plots were 20 × 40 ft and replicated 3 times in a randomized complete block design. Insecticides were applied April 22 with a “back-pack” CO2 pressurized sprayer. This system delivered 29 gal/acre at 40 psi.
Wireworm Control on Corn, 1976
Authors: Reed H. E. , Chambers A. Y. , Lentz G. L. , Arnold Fred J. , Keaster Armon J.
Published: March 2022

Experimental plantings were made in a 4 acre plot near Vichy, Missouri and a 6 acre plot near Clinton, Missouri. The soil at both locations was clay loam. Larval baits a consisting of a 1:1 mixture of corn and wheat seed placed 6” deep prior to planting at the Vichy location averaged 12.2 ± 8.0 larvae/bait during mid-April and early May and ca 89,211 wireworms/ acre as estimated by core samples. The average at Clinton was 7.93 ± 4.89/bait and 98,641 wireworms/acre estimated by core samples. All treatments were applied at time of planting. The 7” band and in-furrow treatments were made with a V-belt seeder mounted on a 2-row John Deere planter. Pre-weighed insecticide granules were placed uniformly along the V-belt seeder and directed through banders on tubes to obtain respective placement. Broadcast treatments were uniformly distributed by hand using glass containers with perforated lids and incorporated with a garden tiller. The plots consisted of 2 rows 35 feet in length and replicated four times according to a randomized complete block design. The Vichy test was planted May 5 and the Clinton test was planted on May 9. Performances of the compounds was measured by counting the number of live and dying and/or dead plants. The Vichy test was evaluated on June 10 and the Clinton test on June 8.
Suppression of Corn Rootworm Larvae in Illinois, 1976
Authors: Sechriest Ralph E. , Johnson Charlotte , Foster Rick
Published: March 2022

Rootworm infestations were generally higher than usual during the 1976 season and good comparisons can be seen in the 7 experimental locations from northwest to east central Illinois. Nine different products were compared by application rate or method and formulation. The insecticides were banded at planting time in a 7 in band, placed directly in the furrow at planting, or applied post-emergence (basal) the first week of June and lightly incorporated. The rows were planted on 36 in centers using a randomized block with 3 replicates. Each plot was 100 ft long. Three test locations had a history of Thimet, one a history of Furadan, and 3 a history of no insecticide use. The treatments were evaluated by root damage ratings on the 1-6 Iowa system and percent plants per 100 lodged more than 30°.
Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Control By Experimental Insecticides in Ohio, 1976
Authors: Szatmari-Goodman Gary , Treece Robert E.
Published: March 2022

Field corn, variety Pioneer 3773, was planted at New Pittsburg (Wayne County), Ohio on April 30'76. Four experimental and 2 recommended soil insecticides were applied in the furrow or in a 7-inch band in front of the presswheel at time of planting. Randomized split plots, with placement (band or furrow) assigned to the whole plots and insecticide to the split plots, or randomized complete blocks with four replicates were used. Plots were 2 rows wide (38 in spacing), 40 ft long, with two border rows between replicates that were contiguous and 25 ft alleyways between replicates that were not. Because of variation in larval density, the number of rows in a replication was less than twenty. Application was made with electric Gandy insecticide boxes mounted over each planter presswheel at a constant 3 mph tractor ground speed. Soil type was silt loam. Rainfall for May was 1/2 normal with June normal and July slightly below normal. Soil temperature (4 in depth) at planting was ca 11°C. Larval damage was assessed on August 3rd, by digging and washing 24 root systems from each treatment (6 roots/plot × 4 reps) and evaluating each root system on the standard 1-6 rating scale where 1= little or no damage and 6 = three or more nodes of roots destroyed.
Evaluation Of Insecticides To Control

HELIOTHIS

SPP. ON COTTON IN MISSISSIPPI, 1976
Authors: Pieters Edward P. , Boyette John D.
Published: March 2022

Stoneville 213 cotton variety was planted on May 24'75 at the North Farm of the Mississippi Agricultural and Forestry Experiment Station. Eight-row plots, 75 ft long were arranged in a randomized complete block design replicated 4 times. Insecticides were applied to the center 4 rows of each plot at the rate of 3.8 gallons per acre, 4 mph, 40 psi, 3 nozzles per row. Applications for Heliothis spp. control were made 8 times between the dates of August 7 and September 13. Azinphosmemyl at 0.25 lb a.i./acre was applied 6 times during the study to control boll weevils. Plots were examined weekly for Heliothis spp. damaged squares by examining 100 squares per plot. After squaring ceased, 25 bolls per plot were examined for Heliothis spp. damage. Yields were estimated by counting the total number of open bolls on 6.5 linear ft of row at two locations within each plot.
Chemical Control of Southern Corn Rootworm on Peanuts, Emporia, Virginia, 1976
Authors: Smith John C.
Published: March 2022

Peanuts, 'VA 61R', planted May 21'76 received granular insecticide and foliar spray applications on August 4. A second test with delayed timing received both types of applications on August 18. All plots received an in-furrow application of Disyston 15G at 1.0 lb a.i./acre for tobacco thrips control. Plots were 4 rows (36-in spacing) by 20 ft length with 5 ft alleys between 4 replications in randomized blocks. Soil was a Norfolk loamy fine sand with a pH of 6.2. Granular insecticides were applied as 14-in bands with pre-calibrated, tractor-mounted EzeeFlow granular applicators driven by an electric motor. Sprays were applied as 18-inch bands over the foliage with a CO2 pressure-regulated knapsack sprayer, calibrated to deliver 30 gal/acre with 3 nozzles/row at 75 psi. Plots of the first application date test received a shallow cultivation after the granular application to achieve soil incorporation. No cultivation was accomplished after the second (August 18) application date, due to excess vine growth and advanced fruiting (pegging). Insect damage evaluations were made September 20 to 24, 1976 by hand-digging 4 randomly selected plants from the 2 center rows of each plot. Mature and immature peanuts were pulled from the composite sample, washed and evaluated for rootworm injury. Pods were separated into categories of mature and immature as an aid in evaluating residual efficacy of the chemicals.
Irish Potato, Potato Insect Control, Pasquotank County, 1979
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Thompson Michael L.
Published: March 2022

'Superior' Irish potatoes were planted on Mar 27, near Elizabeth City, NC. Single-row plots 25-ft long were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block design with 5-ft alleys between replications. Granular treatments were applied by hand-held shaker jars and incorporated just before planting. Foliar applications were applied at the rate equivalent to 100 gallons of water per acre using a 2.5-gallon CO2 pressurized hand sprayer operated at 40 psi and equipped with a hollow cone nozzle. Colorado potato beetle egg masses were placed in plots on Apr 25. Pretreatment larave counts were made on 2 plants/plot on May 2 followed by a foliar spray application. Posttreatment counts were made on May 9 followed by a foliar spray application. Another foliar spray application was made on May 24. Stand counts and number of plants in fested with European corn borer were made on May 30. European corn borer entry points were noted on Jun 4 . Yield data was obtained on Jun 20.
Sweet Potato, Soil Insect Control, Jeff Davis Co., 1978
Authors: Chalfant Richard B. , Stacey Leon
Published: March 2022

A Mocap lOG-treated (8 lb ai/acre) field was made into flat beds then divided into plots 2-rows (6 ft) wide and 50-ft long, replicated 4 times in RCB. Insecticidal granules were broadcast over the beds by hand using a perforated can, and raised beds were formed with a ripper bedder thus incorporating the granules. Sweet potato vine cuttings were then transplanted one day later on Jul 12. Some plots also received granules broadcast by hand over the vines at root swelling on Aug 22. Plots were harvested on Nov 1 and 25 randomly selected roots per plot were examined for insect damage.
Insect Control on Sweet Potatoes, Wilson County, 1979
Authors: Sorensen Kenneth A. , Thompson Michael L.
Published: March 2022

'Jewel' sweet potatoes were transplanted on Jun 6, near Wilson, NC. Plots consisted of 4 rows ranging from 500 ft to 1600 ft in length for a total of 1.75 acres/treatment. Plots were arranged in a randomized complete block design and replicated 3 times. Granular treatments were applied pretransplant over the row by means of a Herd broadcaster on Jun 7. Liquid treatments were applied at the same time with a Johnson sprayer operated at 35 psi delivering 50 gal/acre. All treatments were incorporated by the planter. Potatoes were harvested on Sep 27. Insect damage was evaluated by scoring 50 roots selected at random from the first 300 ft of the middle rows of each plot. Damage classes were: wireworm and grub - 0 = no damage, 1 = 1-5 holes, 2 = 6-10 holes, 3 = 11 or more holes; flea beetle - 0 = no damage, 1 = less than 1 inch of tunnels, 2 = 1 inch - 3 inch of tunnels, 3 = more than 3 inch of tunnels. The total number of roots in each damage class/plot was then multiplied by a damage factor.
Tomato Fruitworm Control, 1979
Authors: Anderson T. E. , Kennedy G. G.
Published: March 2022

Plots were direct seeded on Jun 1 at the North Carolina State University Central Crops Research Station, Clayton, NC. Plots consisted of a single row of tomatoes 20-ft long and 3.5 ft wide, separated within rows by 10—Ft of bare ground and between rows by one unplanted row. Overhead irrigation was supplied as needed. Treatments were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete block experimental design. Foliar sprays were applied using a tractor mounted, high pressure sprayer equipped with 3 hollow cone nozzles/row and delivering 60 gal/acre at 150 psi. Treatments were begun when ca 50% of the plants had set fruit. Applications were made weekly from Jul 26 to Aug 30. Sixty randomly selected ripe fruit/plot were harvested on Aug 31, one day after the last treatment, and 60 more/plot were harvested on Sep 6. All were examined for injury by H. zea.
Vegetable Leafminer Control on Tomato With Soil-Applied Insecticides, 1979
Authors: Dougherty David E. , Schuster David J.
Published: March 2022

Plants of 'Walter' tomato were set in the field Mar 2 in a completely randomized design with four plots/treatment. Plots contained 10 plants spaced at 18-inch intervals on raised sand beds separated by 6 ft . Prior to installing black polyethylene plastic mulch, beds were fertilized with 500 lb/A of 5-20-8 broadcast prior to bedding and with 1000 lb/A of 18-0-25 in 2 bands on the shoulders of the finished bed. Water was provided by seep irrigation from lateral ditches. As the plants were set, 4 oz of 20-20-20 soluble fertilizer (7.5 lb/100 gal) was applied to each plant. Standak and Orthene 75S were mixed in the 20-20-20 fertilizer solution, Thimet 15G was sprinkled in the fertilizer bands on the bed, and the Orthene 5% bait was added in the plant row. On Mar 5, three days following the planting of the original transplants, over one-third of the original plants were reset. Again 4 oz of fertilizer solution, amended with insecticide where appropriate, was applied to each plant. Maintenance sprays of Dipel 0.5 lb/A and Manzate 200 1.5 lb/A were applied as needed. Leafminer populations were sampled by counting the number of total, active and dead mines on the terminal 3 leaflets (trifoliate) on the fourth leaf from the newest expanding leaf of each plant on March 20, 30, and April 6. The Dunnett d' (P = 0.05) statistic was used for comparing treatment means with the control (fertilizer alone).
Greenhouse Whitefly Control on Tomato, 1978
Authors: Neal John W. , Drake Gale E.
Published: March 2022

Thirty tomato plants 7 to 9 weeks old were placed in an isolated greenhouse containing tomato plants heavily infested with whiteflies. Twenty-four hours later the plants were moved to another isolated greenhouse free of plants and pests and any adult whiteflies on the test plants were killed with a thorough treatment of Cyanogas that evening. Thirteen days later whitefly crawlers were observed as anticipated. Therefore, on day 14, 24 of the test plants were divided into 6 groups of 4 each for treatment (prepared in water and applied to runoff with a Hudson Climax sprayer). The other 6 plants were treated with water from a Hudson sprayer with no history of chemical use. On day 7 and 8 post-treatment, 6 leaf discs 2.45 cm2 were removed from areas on each plant determined to contain high numbers of whitefly nymphs. Each disc was observed for the number of live and dead nymphs with a stereo-microscope. Data were analyzed by the f-test to determine significance, and means were separated by DMRT.
Insect Control on Tomato, 1979
Authors: Schuster David J. , Dougherty David E.
Published: March 2022

'Walter' transplants were set Mar 30, 18-in. apart on 3 ft wide by 6-in. high beds of Immokalee Fine Sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots consisted of 10 plants and were replicated 4 times in a randomized complete blocks design. Treatments were applied Apr 26, May 3, 10, 17, and 24, with a Solo motorized mist blower which was operated at 1300-1400 RPM (20-25 mph wind) and delivered 120 GPA. On May 9 and 30, the number of larvae of the tomato pinworm (TPW) and leafmines of the vegetable leafminer (VLM) were counted on the terminal 3 leaflets (trifoliate) of the fourth fully expanded leaf from the top of each plant/plot. The number of undamaged fruit and those damaged by larvae of the TPW, the cabbage looper (CL) and granulate cutworm (GCW) were counted in a single harvest on May 30. After harvesting, five plants were cut and shaken and the number of dislodged larvae of the CL and GCW were counted.
Alfalfa Weevil Control, 1977
Authors: Harold Arnett W.
Published: March 2022

This test was conducted at the Main Station Field Laboratory at Reno on a 5 year old stand of alfalfa. Treatments were applied when nearing full bud stage with 20-30% showing tip damage. Plots were 25 × 50 ft and arranged in a randomized complete block design with 3 replicates. Precounts and treatments were made on Jun 3'77. Precounts averaged 32 larvae/sweep. Sprays were applied with a CO2 activated pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 22.5 gpa at 32 psi. Post treatment counts were taken on Jun 6, 10, 17 and 20 and were based on 10 (180 degree) sweeps of a standard net from each rep.
Stubble Spray Treatment for Adult Alfalfa Weevil Control in Alfalfa, 1979
Authors: Hellman John L. , Curtis William , Venables Lee , Chaudhari Narendra
Published: March 2022

The test site was located near Beltsville, Prince George's County, Maryland. First cutting of alfalfa had been removed 7-8 days prior to treatment. At time of treatment on May 21 damage to the regrowth was severe. Adult pre-counts averaged 11 per sq ft. For treatment evaluations, four random sq ft samples were taken with a D-Vac from each plot and the number weevils recorded for each sample. Treatment plots 20 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Sprays were applied with a “Back-pack#x201D; CO2 pressured sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 40 psi. Post treatment counts were made May 24.
Apple, Prebloom Mite Treatments, 1979
Authors: Hill Clarence H. , Cobb Leonard J .
Published: March 2022

Treatments were applied to mature York apple trees using a Bean 35-gal/min hydraulic sprayer operating at 540 psi to single-tree plots replicated 5 times in a randomized complete block design. The trees were sprayed to run-off. Sampling was done by collecting 20 leaves/replicate at random around the perimeter of the trees within arm's reach from the ground. The samples were brushed with a modified Henderson- McBurnie type machine. The mites were trapped on a revolving glass plate in a thin layer of dilute polyvinyl alcohol (Emcol 5100). Sections of the plates were counted; from this the total number of mites in each sample was calculated. All treatments were compatible with horticultural practices and no phytotoxicity was observed. Additional spray materials used include Difolatan in the dormant spray. Thy late in the pink, captan and Thylate during bloom, captan andSevin (for thinning) at first cover. Later sprays included Phosphamidon, parafhion, Guthion and captan.
Armyworm Control in Barley, 1979
Authors: Hellman John L. , Curtis William , Venables Lee , Burdett Laura , Chaudhari Narendra
Published: March 2022

The test site was located in Queen Anne's County, Maryland. Barley at time of treatment May 28 was near maturity. Larvae were in 3rd and 4th instars and precounts May 25 averaged 11 larvae/6 ft of row. Treatment plots 15 × 20 ft were arranged in a randomized complete block design with 4 replicates. Sprays were applied with a “back-pack” hand held CO2 pressure sprayer calibrated to deliver 10 gpa at 40 psi. Toxaphene is the most widely used material for armyworm control and is the standard in this test. Post treatment counts were taken May 28. Two random 3 ft of row counts were made between the 2 middle barley rows in each plot and the number of larvae recorded. At the time of treatment, the economic threshold of 2/ft of row were exceeded in all plots.
Field Corn, Northern Corn Rootworm Larval Control, 1979
Authors: Hower Arthur A.
Published: March 2022

The test field had been in continuous no-till corn for 4 years. Corn was planted no-till in 30 inch, 3 row plots, 95 ft long with 4 replications in a randomized block design. Thirty-five insecticide-rate combinations were compared. The treatments were evaluated by root damage ratings based on the Iowa 1-6 system and on yield. Stand establishment was also observed. Only 3 materials had a stand density of less than 104 per 100 row ft. All treatments except Furadan 4F at 0.25 and 0.5 lb and Furadan 10G at 0.25 lb significantly reduced rootworm danage in comparison with the untreated check. The Furadan 4F and FMC 35001 4E formulations did not perform comparable to these same chemicals formulated for granular treatment. The more than average precipitation during the summer season may have accounted for this reduction in efficacy.