bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Establishing Public Confidence in the Electoral Process
Authors: Heard Alexander
Published: March 2007

Americans have many reasons for fundamental confidence in their electoral processes, including the steady spread of suffrage, improvements in the administration of voter registration and of elections, and the responsiveness of elected officials to constituent interests. Yet the sources, uses, and regulation of money in nomination and election processes have often proved corrupt. They have fallen short of the high standards used in judging them and led to cynicism and contempt. Attempts at reform have been ob structed by many barriers during the last century, but the 1970s see basic changes in the context in which campaign reg ulation is undertaken, signaling hope ahead. During the past five years 44 states, and the federal government on two occasions, have enacted major legislative changes. Diffi culties and unmet ideals abound, but the nation has entered a new era of effort and promise.
The Shaping of Public Policy
Authors: Gilbert Charles E.
Published: March 2007

"The Shaping of Public Policy" might be con strued as the public shaping of policy—reflecting concern about the republican or democratic or popular aspects of constitutional government in the U.S. One must ask what tendencies may shape fundamentally the shaping of policy in the nation's third century. Ten such tendencies are: environmental constraint, the modem mixed economy, the changing international order, postindustrial society, changing political values and ideologies, modern mass communica tions, urban society, the growing density and changing balance of federalism, the modern administrative state, and the changing character of public policy. Popular soverneignty, the people's ability to control government, is a useful rubric under which to consider democratic conditions for shaping public policy. The party system is critical in effectuating popular sovereignty. Other concerns are the role of interest groups, political and civic participation, and elections. Re quirements of popular sovereignty culminate constitutionally in policy shaping by responsible officials: Congress and the president. Our ways of shaping policy are as subject to constructive change through public understanding as through legislative actions or constitutional amendments.
Report on Committee IV
Authors: Leech Noyes
Published: March 2007

Professor Oliver observed that the current ex pression of Congress' will to participate in foreign policy and the unrelieved separation of powers impose serious impedi ments on the ability of the Executive branch to enter into reliable, immediate foreign commitments. The committee appeared to recognize that the crisis in the exercise of our foreign relations power existed and was in some measure created by congressional will to participate and complicated by our separation of powers; but it did not agree that the U.S. was unduly hampered in its power to carry on foreign relations effectively. The committee dealt with the relation ship between the Executive and Congress as one of con tinuing political balance that could be accommodated within our present Constitution. It considered how certain problems of congressional-Executive branch organization related to international agreements might be approached. In looking to the future, the committee projected that the U.S. would want to join international organizations of an increasingly sophisticated type. The view was expressed that constitutional problems arising from joining such organiza tions, if the matter were approached without amendments, could be quite complex.
"Massification" and Democratization of the Leisure Class
Authors: Robinson John P.
Published: March 2007

The enriched data on culture and leisure presented in chapter 10 of Social Indicators, 1976 support both the hypotheses of massification of leisure (through increasing availability of free time and through greater use of this time for the mass culture of television) and of democratization of leisure (through increasing attendance at sports events and performing arts and through increasing dissemination of knowledge and books on the arts). Many problems with available indicators of leisure participation and spectatorship are identified from the perspective of time diaries of how Americans spend the full 24 hours of their day. The lack of trend data on the arts to parallel those presented in chapter 10 on the humanities and sciences is noted, along with the need to present social indicator data in some form of input-output context. Possible candidates for future leisure and culture indicators include: monetary expenditures for leisure goods and services, available data on television viewing habits and program content, the satisfactions and pressures associated with time uses, accessibility of leisure facilities, conversational content and personal contemplation about leisure, and an inventory of "experiences" to which individuals have been exposed.
Black Cities/White Suburbs: Domestic Colonialism As an Interpretive Idea
Authors: Savitch H.V.
Published: March 2007

This essay analyzes race relations in America from the perspective of changing demographic trends between cities and suburbs. Essentially, it treats cities and suburbs as territorially distinct units through which social processes between racial or ethnic groups are carried out. Central cities are fast becoming reservations for the poor and unwanted; suburbs are increasingly exclusive and enjoy a privileged status for those who can afford to reside in them. Using data on racial/ethnic concentration, welfare and unemployment, this essay applies the analogue of colonies and colonializing societies to examine the dynamics between black central cities and white suburbs. A final section of the essay discusses the political and legal mechanisms which work to make "domestic colonialism" possible.
Housing Discrimination: Policy Research, Methods and Results
Authors: Saltman Juliet
Published: March 2007

Ten years ago, competent scholars thought it was impossible to measure racial discrimination directly. In 1977, HUD spent $1 million to measure the nature and extent of racial discrimination in housing. This nationwide Audit was the culmination of seven years of prior auditing conducted by local volunteer community organizations across the country. The Audit is a quasi-experimental field survey, which is used not only as a baseline for measuring changes in the extent and nature of housing discrimintion, but also as a means of implementing social change on local and national levels. Four action approaches have used Audit findings to expand equal housing opportunities for blacks: Legislation, Negotiation, Remuneration, and Litigation. These are illustrated in six local case studies. The nationwide Audit differed from prior community Audits in five ways, indicating rigorous controls and standardization. Results of the HUD Audit, though incomplete, reveal persistent massive racial discrimination in housing, with some geographical variations. Policy changes are sought to strengthen enforcement of federal fair housing laws on national and local levels.
Emotional Aspects of Heart Disease: A Personal Narrative
Authors: Abram Harry S.
Published: March 2007

It is not particularly profound to note that one's choice of a professional career is related to unconscious motivational forces, and that a desire to become a physician may stem from a wish to conquer one's own illness and the inevitability of death. Once one becomes a physician his personal experience with illness may, but not by means necessarily, place him in the position of being empathetic with the sick patient. My purpose in this particular narrative is to review my experience with a life-long illness and to relate it to my longstanding psychiatric interest and work with patients with chronic disease. I trust the confessional quality will be instructive and not taken as maudlin or pseudo-Proustian.
Academic Tenure: Its Recipients and Its Effects
Authors: Lewis Lionel S.
Published: March 2007

A great deal has been written about the pros and cons of academic tenure but little systematic research has been done on the subject. Through an examination of the dossiers— vitae, letters of recommendation, and written assessments—of 115 individuals awarded tenure in 1967 and 1968, this paper attempts to shed some light on the characteristics of those awarded tenure and on its effects. There are large gaps in what writers know about candidates. Still, candidates are portrayed in the most favorable light. Because hard and fast criteria are not applied, the process for awarding tenure seems to be less stringent than evaluation for promotion to Full Professor. It would appear that since tenure does not primarily work either to reduce the intellectual activity of faculty or to protect the idiosyncratic or dissenting scholar, its central function is to insure minimal performance standards and compatibility.
In The Land of the Blind: American International Studies in the 1930s
Authors: Mccaughey Robert A.
Published: March 2007

Prior to World War II, American interest in international studies existed primarily outside the university. Missionaries and their redomesticated offspring, foreign cor respondents, members of the Foreign Service, and free-lance writers figured far more prominently in the American in ternational studies community than did academics who recognized the need to maintain close ties with non-academic audiences. These ties became unraveled after World War II when academic international studies experienced tremendous growth, but they must be reknit if international studies is to remain a vital intellectual enterprise in the era of the post expansionary university.
New Trends in European Urbanization
Authors: Hall Peter
Published: March 2007

The study discussed in this article specifically set out to ask whether recent American urban trends—de— concentration, growth of nonmetropolitan areas, stagnation or decline of larger urban areas, and regional shifts from frostbelt to sunbelt—had any parallels in Europe. The conclusion is that, overall, Europe does not offer many parallels except for an increasing tendency to core-ring decentralization. There is no movement to nonmetropolitan areas, except in France during the early 1970s, and indeed until that time some countries still tended to centralize their urban populations. The industrial heartland has continued to grow, and while the European sunbelt has also grown rapidly, the causes are different from those operating in the United States. Finally, in much of Europe—although not in Great Britain, the country where the trends are most like the American ones—larger urban areas have tended to show vigorous growth.
State Programs for Screening Handgun Buyers
Authors: Cook Philip J. , Blose James
Published: March 2007

Three to five million handguns change hands each year. Almost half the states—including 64 percent of the population—require that buyers be screened by the police, with the objective of preventing certain groups of po tentially dangerous people—felons, fugitives, ex-mental pa tients, drug addicts, and so forth—from obtaining handguns. These state systems operate within the federal framework created by the Gun Control Act of 1968, which requires that most all interstate transactions in firearms be handled by federally licensed dealers or manufacturers. The states' main problems are (1) weak federal regulation of licensees, (2) incomplete state criminal history files, and (3) the difficulty of regulating hand-to-hand transactions in used handguns. States that wish to increase the effectiveness of their screen ing systems will probably have to assume responsibility for regulating retail dealers and will have to institute civil liability for dealers and individual gun owners, together with a more comprehensive registration system, to make the screening system more difficult to circumvent.
Inflation and the Elderly: A Housing Perspective
Authors: Leeds Morton
Published: March 2007

Inflation causes special problems for the elderly, a group with special characteristics that make it more difficult for them to cope: they have a less flexible mind set; different expenditure patterns; their income drops by half upon retirement; and the period of retirement is lengthening very significantly and rapidly. As a result, a real possibility of intergenerational conflict is being created. Inflation is especially damaging for those on fixed incomes; at current rates of inflation, erosion of pensions compels the doubling of income in a decade just to keep even; future prospects work against any improvement and toward a steady decline in effective elderly income for the rest of the century. Some solutions suggested include later retirement, unified portable indexed pension plans, reverse annuity mortgages, better use of the housing stock, revision of the tax code to slow down condominium conversions, and finally, behavioral changes to cope with energy and other higher cost demands.
Creation of Technology within Latin America
Authors: Teitel Simón
Published: March 2007

The literature on technology transfer has traditionally assumed that the creation of new technical knowledge was restricted to the industrially advanced countries. Recent evidence seems to point in another direction since semiindustrialized countries are beginning to create new technologies, and even to sell technical knowledge, not only to other developing countries but also to industrialized countries. The available evidence based on enterprise and industry studies in Latin America indicates the existence of a fair amount of technological creativity, first in the form of adaptation of imported technologies to local conditions, followed by technological developments leading in a number of cases to the creation of new products and processes. Technological creativity arises in both competitive and noncompetitive industries, in large and small, public and private enterprises. While the existence of specific engineering and technical skills and of technically motivated entrepreneurs seems to have been crucial to the success of the technical changes taking place in Latin America, explanations of the factors accounting for these types of technological developments are not yet very robust, and a greater number of detailed case studies is required in order to acquire a fuller comprehension of the processes of technology transfer, adaptation, and creation in semiindustrialized countries.
The Automobile Industry
Authors: FIELEKE NORMAN S.
Published: March 2007

The growing internationalization of the automobile industry is symbolized by the advent of the “world car,” a car designed for consumers across the world and typically assembled from parts produced in diverse locations. Insofar as the associated dispersion of parts production reflects efficient specialization, it is just one more illustration—albeit a very dramatic one—of the gainful division of labor across national boundaries that is permitted by international trade. The intensity of worldwide competition in the automobile industry may well produce a “shakeout” of the less profitable firms. In an attempt to meet their foreign competition, U.S. automakers plan massive investments to modernize their facilities. By 1985, they expect to spend $70 billion, the largest privately funded investment program on record. One important reason for the recent decline in U.S. auto production was the abrupt rise in the price of gasoline, which shifted purchases away from large U.S. cars toward small cars offering higher mileage per gallon. Since foreign producers were already making such cars for their own markets, they were able to expand their exports to the U.S. market quickly. Thus the recent gains of foreign auto producers in the U.S. market resulted primarily from sharp gasoline price increases rather than from sudden, ingenious innovations.
Issues in U.S. Economic Relations with Western Europe
Authors: ARNDT SVEN W.
Published: March 2007

This article examines U.S.-European relations in matters of trade and finance. It finds substantial accomplishments in the postwar record, but warns that structural changes and policy errors are impairing the competitiveness of the advanced economies of the West and therewith threatening a new protectionism. The same forces are also eroding the effectiveness and are serving to complicate the coordination of macroeconomic stabilization policies.
The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries Members and U.S. Policies
Authors: ERB RICHARD D.
Published: March 2007

Time and events since 1974 have provided perspective on the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) revolution. The oil price shock of 1973-74 was the outcome of a confluence of economic, security, and political trends that had been evolving during the previous two decades. Although many had predicted the collapse of the OPEC cartel and of the price of oil following 1974, the oil price increases were sustained primarily by the price and production decisions of two dominant producers: Kuwait and Saudi Arabia. The OPEC “cartel” did not collapse because OPEC was not a cartel. A revolution in one major oil-producing nation and a war between two oil-producing states during the period from late 1978 to early 1980 triggered the second oil price shock of the last decade. Thus the world learned the hard way that it is as necessary to pay attention to the potential impact of political and military events on world oil markets as it is to focus on energy consumption and production trends. Regarding U.S. policies, further reductions in U.S. oil imports would encourage oil producers to be more cautions when setting their price and production policies. At the same time, the United States should also work to reduce the risk of oil supply disruptions—in particular in the Persian Gulf region.
The Palestine Question: Dealing with a Long-Term Refugee Situation
Authors: FORSYTHE DAVID P.
Published: March 2007

The core of the post-1947 Palestine question has been transformed over time from a refugee question to one of self-determination. The process has been characterized by three stages: (1) a period in which Arab parties successfully resisted Israeli, Western, and U.N. efforts at Arab refugee resettlement; (2) a period in which violence by relatively independent Palestinian groups brought Palestinian claims of self-determination to the center of world diplomacy; and (3) a period lasting to the present in which Egypt, Israel, and the United States tried to resolve the Palestine question through the Camp David formula of Palestinian autonomy. The right of Palestinian self-determination has been recognized so widely and for so long that it is unlikely that peace in the Middle East can be obtained without the right's implementation in some meaningful form. Nevertheless Israel is justified in being skeptical about statements and claims by elements of the Palestine Liberation Organization regarding their satisfaction with a Palestinian state in the West Bank and Gaza areas. It is difficult to see, however, how the Israeli policy of settling the West Bank with Zionist zealots can contribute to a peaceful resolution of this vexing problem. Even though Palestinians have had success in transforming the international community's view of their situation, their ultimate success in implementing the recognized right to self-determination remains unclear.
Indochinese Refugees: The Law and Politics of First Asylum
Authors: SUHRKE ASTRI
Published: March 2007

By early 1981, almost six years after the communist victories in Indochina, the flow of Indochinese refugees seemed to have become self-perpetuating. The recipient states consequently started to take measures to reduce the flow. While the methods employed have been criticized, the result seems to have been a downward trend in new arrivals. There was also progress with respect to the Orderly Departure Program (ODP) from Vietnam in early 1982. This factor and simultaneous changes in U.S. resettlement processing from first-asylum areas helped to modify what previously had been a tragic anomaly in the refugee program: the mode of departure, rather than reasons for departure, had become a principal criterion for bestowing refugee status, thus turning the process into a human obstacle course where those willing to risk the perilous flight to first-asylum areas were rewarded with refugee status. The new momentum in the ODP and signs of a diminishing flow were certainly welcomed in the first-asylum countries—mainly the ASEAN members of Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, Indonesia, and the Philippines. However, fears of being left with a residual refugee population still remain and may encourage the ASEAN countries to limit first asylum further and to explore alternative strategies of response.
West German Perspectives on Nuclear Armament and Arms Control
Authors: MATTOX GALE A.
Published: March 2007

The NATO decision of 1979 to modernize its nuclear arsenal has prompted an intense and divisive political debate over security policy in the Federal Republic of Germany. The divergence of public opinion reflects uncertainty over the U.S. commitment to European security; uneasiness over the possibility of limited war in Europe and the continuing Soviet deployment of the SS-20; and dissatisfaction with the progress of arms control. These concerns have heightened public attention to all aspects of NATO doctrine, conventional strategy, and arms control. However, despite a shift by the Social Democratic Party in the 1983 electoral campaign on the question of intermediate-range nuclear force modernization and some success by the Green candidates on an antinuclear platform, the prospects for reforging the consensus are encouraging. Chancellor Kohl recognizes the need to reestablish broader public support and will attempt to avoid further deterioration of the consensus, even if U.S.-German relations suffer in the short term. The discussion will probably increase support for a NATO strategy that is less dependent on the nuclear threat but does not forfeit the U.S. nuclear guarantee.
Technology for the Factory of the Future
Authors: LAWSON JAMES , REIDY JOHN , RENNER G. FREDERICK , ROSEN KAREN , SMOLAK LISE
Published: March 2007

It is becoming increasingly apparent that major investments in technology will be required in the near term if industrial firms are to maintain their competitive edge in the marketplace. This development will be both driven and limited by the state of the art of technologies associated with the evolving factory of the future. An examination of technological developments and emerging applications provides a better understanding of the factory of the future and its implications for the existing social and economic order.
Computer Aided Design and Computer Aided Manufacturing: The Wisconsin Experience
Authors: BOLLINGER JOHN G.
Published: March 2007

Computing has become an integral part of an engineering education. From the moment a student arrives on the University of Wisconsin—Madison campus, until graduation with advanced degrees, the educational program provides convenient access to appropriate computing facilities to enhance a student's experience and expand learning opportunities. If engineering education is to contribute to future industrial growth and economic recovery, graduates must be well grounded in the principles and techniques of computer aided engineering in research, design, and manufacturing.
Polling the Attentive Public
Authors: ADLER KENNETH P.
Published: March 2007

Public opinion as reported by polls can be misleading when it concerns issues about which the general public knows or cares little. On such issues the views of those most interested or involved deserve special attention. Survey data show that those who follow the news about a particular issue or issue area very closely—the “attentive public”—differ in personal characteristics and often in their opinions from both the general public and from the best-educated. Further, opinions of the attentive public are often better informed and more predictive of policy trends than are the views of the general public. By reporting attentive public opinion separately, pollsters can encourage policy makers to pay greater attention to it.
An Overview of Chinese Law and Legal Education
Authors: EDWARDS R. RANDLE
Published: March 2007

This article surveys the remarkable transformation of law and legal education in China in the past few years. Not long after the Gang of Four was toppled in 1976, a long-term legal development plan was adopted. Its steady implementation has led to widespread codification, an extension of courts, a restoration and expansion of the legal profession, an ambitious and popular legal education program, and substantial growth in formal legal education. Previously an authoritarian political tradition and a preference for mediation over litigation had retarded the development of a formal and autonomous legal system in China. Today, however, the popular demand for stability and justice, the need for legal rules and procedures to improve economic efficiency, and the desire to attract foreign technology and investment serve as powerful motivations for strengthening the legal system. The resulting need for more legal specialists has spawned more than 30 new law schools, along with a growing program of legal education exchange with the United States and other countries.
Soviet Involvement in Southern Africa
Authors: NOLUTSHUNGU SAM C.
Published: March 2007

This article explores Soviet foreign policy toward southern Africa. Moscow's approach to the region has been mainly one of restraint, and it has avoided additional economic and military burdens since the collapse of the Portuguese Empire. The region does not hold great strategic or economic significance for the Soviet Union, and Moscow is not willing to incur high risks. The author concludes that the changing pattern of Soviet influence in Africa is mainly a function of changes within African states. The deepening crisis in South Africa may point to the need for revolutionary solutions, but these would occur without Western aid and with minimal Soviet assistance.
Patterns of Soviet Policy toward the Middle East
Authors: FREEDMAN ROBERT O.
Published: March 2007

Soviet policy toward the Middle East since the 1973 Arab-Israeli war has been essentially reactive in nature, as Moscow has reacted to events in the region that it neither caused nor had much ability to control. Moscow has benefited from some events, such as the fall of the shah, the formation of an Arab anti-Camp David alignment, and U.S. policy errors in Lebanon. Just as frequently, however, Moscow's position in the Middle East has suffered from regional events, such as the movement of Egypt into the American camp, the outbreak and continuation of the Iran-Iraq war, and the numerous internecine splits in the Arab world. The arms that Moscow has poured into the Middle East have not given Moscow much influence in the region. Thus Moscow could not prevent Egypt's exit from the Soviet camp, the signing of the Camp David agreements, or the reestablishment of relations between Egypt and Jordan. Despite continued efforts, the USSR has been unable to bring about an end to the Iran-Iraq war or the rift between Assad and Arafat, nor has it gained solid support for the various versions of its Arab-Israeli peace plan.
Civil Commitment of the Mentally Ill: An Overview
Authors: MILLS MARK J.
Published: March 2007

This article discusses historical themes that led to the civil commitment reforms of the sixties and seventies. The changes in the substantive criteria for commitment are analyzed and critiqued. The author believes that the present criteria tend to focus so specifically on various external indicia of mental illness that they render commitment difficult for many seriously ill patients. An alternative commitment scheme is discussed.
Transnational Migration and the Modern Democratic State: Familiar Problems in New Form or a New Problem?
Authors: HEISLER BARBARA SCHMITTER , HEISLER MARTIN O.
Published: March 2007

Migration to Western Europe in the past 20 to 25 years differs substantially in form and consequences from earlier large-scale population movements across national boundaries. The importation of temporary foreign workers on a modest scale—to meet labor shortages in arduous, low-status occupations—rapidly yielded massive political, economic, cultural, and international problems for the countries of in-migration. The temporary sojourn of mostly single males hired for specific jobs has been transmuted into the semi-settled presence of more than 15 million persons, most of whom are culturally very distinct from the host populations and are now dependents of the original migrants. Their protracted presence is explained in part by the economic and political attractiveness of the liberal welfare states, in part by the more limited opportunities in the countries of origin, and in part by the latter countries' policies. The host societies are strained by the new and substantial imported cultural diversity and the emergence of a socioeconomic and political underclass. The political ethos of the host countries and formal agreements with the sending countries preclude involuntary repatriation, and the myth of return associated with the semi-settled condition of the migrants militates against their assimilation. No ready solutions are apparent.
Anglophonic Variants: Kenya versus Tanzania
Authors: GORDON DAVID F.
Published: March 2007

The East African countries of Kenya and Tanzania provide an interesting comparative context for examining the evolution of African foreign relations. In the past decade both countries have significantly broadened the range of issues on their foreign policy agendas in response to changes in both regional and international environments. Tanzania has shifted its trade and aid relations away from the European powers and has become heavily involved in the diplomacy surrounding southern African conflicts. Kenya has become a significant exporter of goods to other Third World countries. Relations between the two countries deteriorated sharply in the latter 1970s, but, since 1983, have entered a new period of cooperation. Tanzania has maintained a policy of strict nonalignment, while Kenya has developed close strategic ties to the United States. International financial institutions, especially the International Monetary Fund (IMF), have been increasingly involved in both countries. IMF relations with Tanzania have been highly conflictual; Kenyan-IMF relations, while cordial, have also had their problems. In sum, both countries have been relatively successful in utilizing foreign relations to promote national goals.
Fulbright Internationalism
Authors: WOODS RANDALL BENNETT
Published: March 2007

In 1946 Senator J. William Fulbright introduced and guided through Congress legislation establishing an international exchange program in education. The Fulbright program, which has produced the largest migration of students and scholars in modern history, was the result first of the senator's personal experience. His goal was to make available to thousands the enlightening experience of foreign study and travel he had enjoyed as a Rhodes scholar. The exchange legislation was also an integral part of the internationalist movement that swept American in the mid-1940s. Finally, Fulbright's brainchild was a result of his disillusionment with America's diplomatic leadership and his determination to raise up an educated, sophisticated elite capable of guiding the nation and the world.
International Employment Competition
Authors: PFALLER ALFRED
Published: March 2007

As countries assume more and more the character of regions within one integrated world economy, the conditions and the level of employment in the individual nation-state become increasingly dependent on the country's competitiveness. The wealth of nations becomes a matter of securing for the country—and the population that is confined to the national territory—a favorable position in a worldwide spatial hierarchy of market chances. Therefore the industrialized countries today face a double challenge. The industrialization of formerly backward, labor-abundant regions in the South threatens to displace high-wage Northern labor. This threat can perhaps be kept in check for the time being through an increasing destandardization of industrial production, which, in turn, gives rise to increasing intra-North competition. In this context, which in itself means more displacement and less job security, national employment goals are largely sacrificed to the priority goal of international competitiveness. National employment becomes the hostage of the country's success in the struggle for high-technology market shares.
American Music's Place at Home and in the World
Authors: LIPMAN SAMUEL
Published: March 2007

Despite major nineteenth-century achievement in the other arts, American musical life, for decades dependent on Europe, lagged behind. Matters improved from the 1920s on, as major native composers achieved recognition. Our musical independence was helped by World War II and the arrival of European refugees to live and work here. But by the early 1950s, control of American musical life moved back to Europe, and with it went much of our self-confidence. Today, as for many years past, American musical life—especially on the level of our top orchestras—is determined by European artistic personalities and by commercial decisions taken abroad. Our problem is not to reject foreign figures when they are beneficial and willing to work here on a permanent basis, but to create an American classical music, in the tradition of great Western classical music, that we can call our own.
The Cost of Racial and Class Exclusion in the Inner City
Authors: WACQUANT LOÏC J. D. , WILSON WILLIAM JULIUS
Published: March 2007

Discussions of inner-city social dislocations are often severed from the struggles and structural changes in the larger society, economy, and polity that in fact determine them, resulting in undue emphasis on the individual attributes of ghetto residents and on the alleged grip of the so-called culture of poverty. This article provides a different perspective by drawing attention to the specific features of the proximate social structure in which ghetto residents evolve and try to survive. This is done by contrasting the class composition, welfare trajectories, economic and financial assets, and social capital of blacks who live in Chicago's ghetto neighborhoods with those who reside in this city's low-poverty areas. Our central argument is that the interrelated set of phenomena captured by the term “underclass” is primarily social-structural and that the inner city is experiencing a crisis because the dramatic growth in joblessness and economic exclusion associated with the ongoing spatial and industrial restructuring of American capitalism has triggered a process of hyperghettoization.
A Property-Rights Analysis of the Yugoslav Miracle
Authors: PEJOVICH SVETOZAR
Published: March 2007

The Yugoslav experiment with labor participation in the management of business firms captured worldwide attention. The critics of capitalism seemed confident that the labor-managed economy would provide a long-sought alternative to the accomplishments of capitalism. Instead, the labor-managed economy has produced a crisis of enormous proportion in Yugoslavia. The article argues that the economic crisis in Yugoslavia is a predictable consequence of the system of labor participation in the management of business firms. It demonstrates that inherent in the structure of property rights of the labor-managed economy are some positive transaction costs and negative incentives that are specific to its institutional structure. Those transaction costs and disincentives are responsible for inflation, unemployment, declining income, and other economic problems in Yugoslavia. The conclusion is that the labor-managed economy is not a viable institutional arrangement.
California Proposition 63: Language Attitudes Reflected in the Public Debate
Authors: MacKAYE SUSANNAH D.A.
Published: March 2007

In the November 1988 elections, three states—Colorado, Arizona, and Florida—passed measures making English the official language of those states. These victories were foreshadowed by the passage, in 1986, of Position 63 in California. Proposition 63 amended the state constitution to declare English the official language of California and charged the legislature and state officials with the preservation and enhancement of English as the common language of the state. The appearance of Proposition 63 on the political horizon brought language into public parlance, allowing us the opportunity to explore American language ideology. Preelection editorials and letters to the editor in California newspapers speculating on the need for and effects of Proposition 63 reveal the language attitudes of the writers. Certain themes that regularly appeared on both sides of the issue may be taken as elements of current American ideology.
Family Planning Programs in the Third World
Authors: FREEDMAN RONALD
Published: March 2007

Most of the population of less developed countries (LDCs) now lives in countries with national family planning programs to reduce fertility and improve family welfare. Such programs are a new phenomenon. In some LDCs increasing birth-control practice and fertility declines occurred along with considerable social and economic development, but even there rapid changes among the disadvantaged masses are generally associated with strong family planning programs. Fertility has also fallen in some countries with only some development but with vigorous family planning programs. China, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, and Thailand are such cases. In such places as sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, fertility generally remains quite high, apparently because of little development and traditional familial institutions. Even in these situations, however, there are examples of significant fertility declines, in some cases nationally and in other cases in intensive, high-quality pilot projects that have established the latent demand for family planning.
Japan: Model Society of the Future?
Authors: SUMIYA MIKIO
Published: March 2007

Japan's economic development has attracted the attention of the world. Can Japan be the economic model for the world of the twenty-first century? While maintaining its traditional value system, Japan accepted Western culture and technology successfully, overcoming gaps and tensions. Social and economic tensions have not been as serious as in other advanced and developing countries, and one of the important explanations lies in Japan's type of industrial relations. In analyzing Japanese industrial relations, however, we find that the so-called features special to Japan do not qualify Japan as a distinct model. The family principle of enterprise, which is the basis of Japanese economic energy, also cannot be considered a model. Regrettably, one cannot say that Japan is a model society for the future.
Higher-Education Partnerships in Engineering and Science
Authors: BALDWIN LIONEL V.
Published: March 2007

Widely shared concerns in the U.S. engineering profession have fostered the evolution of technologies and organizations that today are centered in the National Technological University (NTU). Most engineering graduates enter the work force with a baccalaureate degree today, as they did in 1900, despite the enormous complexity of modern technology. Furthermore, accelerating technological change makes career-long learning a necessity. NTU is a cooperative effort by 35 major engineering colleges to provide for the graduate and continuing education needs of today's busy, mobile engineer, technical professional, and manager. These campuses are linked by satellite telecommunication to more than 325 locations nationwide. By means of instructional television, engineers at their job sites can literally tune in to courses offered by top teachers and experts. This article discusses not only the networking technologies but also, and perhaps more important, the unique partnership driven by visionary leaders from the corporate sector, leading engineering schools, and the federal government.
Regional Conflict and Regional Solutions: Lebanon
Authors: JANE DEEB MARY , DEEB MARIUS K.
Published: March 2007

The Lebanese conflict has gone through a number of phases, each with its own rationale, incorporating different issues and at times different players. Throughout there were attempts on both the domestic and the external level to find a solution to what was plaguing the country and eroding its political and social institutions. This article examines three major attempts at resolving the Lebanese conflict when the representatives of the domestic factions sat together and came up with formulae that appeared to address everyone's concerns. The process of multilateral negotiations, the asymmetrical structures of those negotiations, the ripe moment for negotiating, the role of external mediators, and the whole issue of the valid spokesman are analyzed within a theoretical framework based on I. William Zartman's model of government-insurgency negotiations.
China's American Dilemma
Authors: HARDING HARRY
Published: March 2007

The Tiananmen crisis of 1989 stimulated the most intense debate over Chinese policy toward the United States since the rapprochement between the two countries in the early 1970s. One issue confronting Chinese leaders has been to weigh the benefits of close economic and cultural ties with America against the disruptive ideas and values that accompany them. A second issue has been to determine China's response to the improvement of the U.S. strategic position caused by the collapse of communism in Eastern Europe, the moderation of Soviet foreign policy, and the American victory in the Persian Gulf. In the future, Beijing may also have to decide how to deal with growing American sympathy for the Nationalist Chinese government in Taipei or increased pressure for Taiwanese independence. The evolution of Chinese policy toward the United States since the Tiananmen crisis suggests that Chinese leaders still prefer a stable and beneficial relationship with America but are trying to find ways to maximize their diplomatic leverage over Washington.
China's Relations with Hong Kong and Taiwan
Authors: CHANG PARRIS H.
Published: March 2007

National reunification is one of the Beijing leadership's topmost priorities, and the People's Republic of China (PRC) will take over control of Hong Kong in 1997. In recent years, the PRC has blocked Hong Kong's democratic reform and increasingly meddled in local Hong Kong affairs to strengthen Chinese control. These actions have exacerbated Hong Kong's crisis of confidence, causing a severe brain drain and flight of capital from the colony. In Taiwan, the accession to office in 1988 by President Lee Teng-hui, a native Taiwanese, and the growing democratization of Taiwan's politics and power structure, with calls for Taiwanese independence, are worrisome to Beijing. Hence the PRC authorities are pulling out all stops, including a low-keyed threat of force, to forestall separatism and press the government in Taipei to come to the negotiation table. Years before Hong Kong's reversion to China in 1997, Beijing seems likely to intensify the reunification campaign toward Taiwan. Should the PRC use coercion against Taipei, Beijing and Washington would be on a collision course, because the United States has a strong interest in Taiwan's stability, security, and continuous prosperity.
Functional Literacy, Health, and Quality of Life
Authors: HAMMAD A. EL BINDARI , MULHOLLAND C.
Published: March 2007

Many policymakers and development planners now realize that people are fundamental to all development processes and that investment in human development provides the highest rate of economic return. This return is enormously increased when one is dealing with an educated population. The human development approach brings together the production and distribution of material resources as well as the expansion and use of human resources through focusing on increasing people's self-reliance and choice. In this approach, functional literacy has a major role to play. This article addresses two aspects of functional literacy: first, the role of education as an essential factor in preparing people to lead healthy, socially rewarding, and economically productive lives; and, second, the relevance of functional literacy to the improvement of health status, especially that of women. An interlinking approach to improving health status and quality of life through interventions that combine functional literacy, local health services, and viable economic activities is presented. This approach can be incorporated into development planning and processes so that improvement in health status and quality of life is attained along with economic objectives.
The Golden Age: The Political Concepts of Islam
Authors: LAPIDUS IRA M.
Published: March 2007

The present role of Islam in Middle Eastern politics is not a continuation but a reconstruction of the historical paradigms. In the premodern era, there were two Islamic paradigms. One was of an integral state and society unified under the political and moral leadership of a charismatic religious teacher; the other, of a society divided between state and religious institutions and differentiated political and religious elites, the latter being the custodians of the true Islam. The second tradition made room for purely secular monarchical concepts and a secular political culture. In the modern era, the historical Islamic paradigms have little influence on state formation. Even the avowedly Islamic states do not really hark back to the past but represent, for the most part, contemporary national states appealing to a new concept of national-state Islam.
Popular Islam
Authors: GAFFNEY PATRICK D.
Published: March 2007

The current wave of religiously motivated protest movements throughout the Islamic world has frequently been associated with popular Islam. This concept of a popular, as opposed to an official, practice has deep roots, however, extending back to the formative period of the Muslim tradition. Classically, the emergence of a clerical elite defined in terms of their functions in the fields of law, education, and administration as well as religion coincided with the rise of a parallel folk piety inspired by Sufism which adapted Islam to local circumstances. The sweeping changes of the last two centuries have undermined many of the old religious institutions belonging to both these spheres. But the overall structures of social relations have largely remained within the context of the nationstate. With few and short-lived exceptions, rural peasants and urban masses who continue to regard Islam as the primary basis for their identity have not responded positively to the summons of the current revival. On the other hand, Islamicists, despite divisions among themselves, have established their importance. Popular Islam persists therefore as a vital concept pointing in two directions.
Criminal Enforcement of Environmental Law
Authors: DiMENTO JOSEPH F.
Published: March 2007

In recent years, policymakers in the United States and worldwide have paid great attention to the criminal sanction as a tool for reaching environmental objectives. This article offers several arguments for the application of this penalty to behaviors that degrade the natural environment. Some are based on its deterrent capacity; some are less practical, focusing on a moral imperative to punish those who threaten human health or destroy natural resources. But arguments against criminalizing environmental law are also numerous. They emphasize its high costs, procedural complexity, and potential overkill effects. Decisions about the appropriate applicability of criminal sanctions need to be based on an evaluation of their actual legal and organizational advantages and disadvantages and a knowledge of other promising ideas to foster compliance. Such ideas range from subsidizing the polluter to publicizing his or her good or ill deeds.