bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Antibiotics and Gelling Agents in Transformation of Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) cv. Manjarigota
Authors: Prakash D P , Deepali B S , Asokan R , Ramachandra Y L , Anand Lalitha , Hanur Vageeshbabu S
Published: August 2023

A study was conducted to find out the effect of antibiotics and gelling agents on Agrobacterium-mediated transformation using hypocotyl explants of brinjal cv. Manjarigota. Hypocotyl explants of brinjal were found to be sensitive even to the lowest level of kanamycin (25 mg/l) tested. Explants that showed increased callus initiation and regeneration response upon cocultivation with Agrobacterium and on kanamycin at 100 mg/l were selected as this indicated a highly effective selection pressure. Cefotaxime did not affect regeneration response and at 500 mg/l, it effectively inhibited Agrobacterium overgrowth completely on Agrobacterium cocultivated hypocotyl explants. There were marked differences in regeneration response in hypocotyl explants cultured on medium solidified with various gelling agents indicating the influence of gelling agent on the activity of kanamycin in culture medium, which indirectly affects selection and recovery of transformants. Antibiotics and gelling agents could therefore affect, directly or indirectly, transformation of brinjal cv. Manjarigota.
Effects of Clay Mineral Application on Soil Moisture Status, Physiological Traits and Yield of Rainfed Tomato under Semi-Arid Alfisols
Authors: Rao V S , Sankar G R Maruthi
Published: August 2023

The effects of application of farm yard manure (FYM) and clay mineral (CM) on soil and plant characteristics like soil moisture at field capacity, permanent wilting point, leaf area, leaf nitrogen, relative water content, yield of tomato were examined based on field experiments conducted in a semi-arid alfisol at Hyderabad during 1998 -99 and 1999-2000. Two levels of FYM and three levels of CM (fullers earth) were applied in the filed. The Analysis of Variance indicated that application of 16 t/ha of CM together with 10 t/ha of FYM retained a significantly higher soil moisture as measured by pressure outflow and gravimetric methods. The per cent survival, leaf area and relative water content was also significantly higher. On the other hand, application of 8 t/ha of CM together with 10 t/ha of FYM helped to achieve maximum leaf N, higher marketable yield, fruit firmness, total soluble solids, total soluble solids-acidity ratio in tomato under semi-arid alfisols.
Studies on Parental Synchronization in Flowering for Hybrid Seed Production in Onion (Allium cepa L.)
Authors: Padmini K , Gowda R Veere , Naik L B
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted at the Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bangalore, in Rabi season during 2001-2002 and 2002-2003 to study the flowering of Cytoplasmic Male Sterile Lines CMS (A) and pollinator lines (C) of onion cv. Arka Lalima for working out effective synchrony in hybrid seed production. Results indicated that days to 100% flowering and days to complete flowering in a plant varied significantly in the parental lines and C line was found to be earlier than A line by 12 days and 25 days, respectively. The duration of flowering in a plant was also less in C line (23 days) than in A line (29 days). Due to lack of floral synchrony between parental lines, pollen availability becomes a limiting factor in hybrid seed production in cv. Arka Lalima. Delay in planting of C lines by a week after planting A lines resulted in synchronised flowering of parental lines at peak flowering stage. This also resulted in higher fruit set (80%) and hybrid seed yield (15g/plant) as against planting of A and C lines simultaneously (29.54% and 0.38g, respectively).
Pilot Scale Processing of Red Flesh Guava RTS Beverage
Authors: Bhuvaneswari S , Tiwari R B
Published: August 2023

Pilot scale studies on production of ready-to-serve (RTS) beverage from red flesh guava were done using 100 kg of the fruit. Pulp yield was more (73.68 %) in lye peeling than in hand peeling (58.68 %). RTS beverage was prepared by mixing fruit pulp with syrup to an optimum level of acidity and sugar, as standardized on a laboratory scale. Blending RTS beverage by using colloidal mill improved the colour, consistency and overall quality. From 100 kg of red flesh guava, 247 litres of RTS beverage could be obtained. The cost:benefit ratio and value addition from this process were worked out at 1.79 and Rs. 5.45/kg of fruit, respectively.
Molecular Characterization of Phytophthora nicotianae Associated with Diseases of Horticultural Crops by RFLP of PCR Internal Transcribed Spacer Region of Ribosomal DNA and AFLP Fingerprints
Authors: Chowdappa P
Published: August 2023

Molecular characterization of Phytophthora isolates from tobacco, tomato, carnation, gerbera, crossandra and periwinkle was carried out using internal transcribed spacer(ITS) regions of rDNA gene repeat and amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP). All the isolates of Phytophthora were identical in morphology and ITSRFLP patterns, indicating P. nicotianae and P. parasitica are synonymous. However, based on AFLP, four sub groups were evident within population of P. nicotianae (P. parasitica): Group I, includes isolates from tomato, tobacco and periwinkle. Isolates from carnation represents Group II. Isolates from gerbera falls under group III. The crossandra isolates formed a Group IV. Thus, present study showed the existence of four molecular sub groups within population of P. nicotianae (P. parasitica) in India.
Studies on Combining Ability in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
Authors: Sundharaiya K , Venkatesan K
Published: August 2023

Combining ability study in eight bitter gourd lines, to identify suitable parents and crosses for further exploitation, indicated that the lines MC 13 (L1) and Panruti Local (L2) were good general combiners for yield per vine. The lines Ayakudi Local (L3) and Mithipagal (L5) recorded negative general combining ability and lower per se for days to first female flowering and days to fruit maturity. This can be utilized in breeding programme to develop earliness in bitter gourd. The hybrids MC 13 x Arka Harit (L1 x T3), Panruti Local x VK 1 Priya (L2 x T2) and MC 13 x Co 1 (L1 x T1) registered higher per se and specific combining ability for fruit length, individual fruit weight and yield per vine. The study revealed that additive x additive and additive x dominance type of interactions played a major role for days to first female flowering, days to fruit maturity, number of fruits per vine, fruit length, fruit size index, cavity size index, single fruit weight and yield per vine. The lines L1, L2, L3 and L5 expressed higher per se and general combining ability for most of the characters can successfully be utilized for developing superior hybrids in bitter gourd hybridization programmes.
Effects of Growth Regulators and Explant-Type on Agrobacterium-Mediated Transformation in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) cv. Manjarigota
Authors: Prakash D P , Deepali B S , Asokan R , Ramachandra Y L , Anand Lalitha , Hanur Vageeshbabu S
Published: August 2023

Effects of growth regulators and type of explants on transformation and in vitro morphogenetic responses of brinjal cv. Manjarigota were studied. Both hypocotyl and cotyledonary explants showed marked influence on in vitro morphogenetic responses after Agrobacterium co-cultivation. Hypocotyl explants showed callus initiation and regeneration responses earlier than cotyledonary leaves. Hypocotyl explants were found to be better than cotyledonary leaf explants in regenerating shoots after Agrobacterium co-cultivation. There was delay and reduction in both callus and regeneration responses in Agrobacterium co-cultivated explants. Hypocotyl explants showed the highest regeneration response on MS medium containing 2 μM BAP and 0.05 μM NAA while cotyledonary leaves did not show regeneration response after Agrobacterium co-cultivation. However, they showed green buds on MS medium containing 10 μM BAP and 1 μM NAA, which could not differentiate into shoots. Overall, hypocotyl explants were found better in regenerating shoots after Agrobacterium co-cultivation.
Radiosensitivity of Amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) Varieties Treated with Gamma Rays
Authors: Selvi B Senthamizh , Ponnuswami V , Kumar N
Published: August 2023

Investigations were carried out at the Horticultural College and Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, during 2003-2005 to work out radiosensitivity of five varieties of amla (Emblica officinalis Gaertn.) exposed to different doses of gamma rays. Scions of five amla varieties, viz., BSR-1, Kanchan, Krishna, NA-7 and Chakaiya, were irradiated with different doses (1.0 to 5.0 kR) and these were grafted on to rootstocks. Based on the sensitivity study, LD50 for 100% survival ranged from 1.0 to 2.0 kR for all the five varieties. All the amla varieties could survive upto 10-20% at lower doses (upto 2.5 kR).
Effect of Shade and Integrated Nutrient Management on Biochemical Constituents of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.)
Authors: Padmapriya S , Chezhiyan N , Sathiyamurthy V A
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was conducted to study the effect of partial shade, inorganic, organic and biofertilizers on biochemical constituents and quality of turmeric. The study was laid out in split plot design, consisting of two main plots viz., open and shade. The sub-plot treatments consisted of different doses of inorganic fertilizers, organic manures, biofertilizers and growth stimulants constituting of 40 different treatment combinations. The treatment combinations, viz., shade with application of 100 % recommended dose of NPK + 50 % FYM (15 t ha-1) + coir compost (10 t ha-1) + Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) + 3 % panchagavya showed increased total chlorophyll content, total phenol content and registered the highest yield per plot. On the contrary, provision of shade decreased the curing percentage as compared to open condition. Among the quality characters, the highest curcumin (5.57 %) and essential oil (5.68 %) content were registered in the treatment, shade with application of 50 % FYM + coir compost + Azospirillum (10 kg ha-1) + phosphobacteria (10 kg ha-1) + 3 % panchagavya.
Response of Garlic to Organic and Inorganic Fertilizers
Authors: Patil M B , Shitole D S , Shinde S B , Purandare N D
Published: August 2023

An experiment was carried out to study the response of organic and inorganic fertilizers on growth, yield and quality of garlic (Allium sativum L.) cv. Yamuna Safed-3. The results revealed that the combined application of 25% RDF with 75% N through FYM @ 20 t/ha gave higher marketable bulb yield of 19.34t/ha as compared to other treatments which were statistically on par with 100% RDF (18.53 t/ha ) and 50% RDF + 50% N supplied as FYM (18.94 t/ha). It is suggested that for better biometric observations, bulb characters and marketable bulb yield in garlic, combined use of inorganic and organic source of nutrient supply is preferable.
Studies on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Pomegranate Cultivars in Kashmir Valley
Authors: Mir M M , Jhon A Q , Khan F U , . Nelofar
Published: August 2023

Ten pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) cultivars, namely, Kabuli Kandhari, Chawla, Ganesh, Mridula, Jyoti, G-137, Dholka, Bedana, Kandhari and Local Check were evaluated for different physical and chemical characteristics of fruit at the Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, during 2004. Fruit weight, diameter and volume was significantly higher in cv. Bedana compared to the rest of the cultivars. Cultivar Kandhari recorded significantly less rind thickness when compared to other cultivars. Cultivar Chawla exhibited less cracking per cent followed by Kandhari. Total soluble solids and total sugars were highest in cv. Kandhari whereas less acidity was recorded in cvs. Ganesh and G-137% acidity was lowest in cv. G-137 (0.41) and highest in cv. Bedana (0.81). Highest ascorbic acid content was found in cv. Kabuli Kandhari. The highest anthocyanin content was observed in cv. Ganesh and lowest in cv. Chawla. Juice content was found to be maximum in Bedana. The lowest anar butterfly attack was observed in cv. Bedana. The data revealed overall superior performance of cv. Bedana and Kandhari with regard to physical and chemical characteristics and these can be recommended for commercial cultivation in the Karewa belt of Kashmir valley.
Performance of Mosambi Sweet Orange on Different Rootstocks Grown in Laterite Soil in West Bengal
Authors: Ghosh S N , Tarai Ranjan K
Published: August 2023

A rootstock trial was laid out on sweet orange cultivar 'Mosambi' budded on five rootstocks viz., Jambhiri, Karna Khatta, Kichili, Rangpur lime and Sour orange. Tree growth was maximum on Jambhiri and minimum on Rangpur lime. Fruit yield (both in number and weight) was highest on Karna Khatta, rootstock followed by Rangpur lime while, fruit size and juice content were maximum on Rangpur lime. Total soluble solids and ascorbic acid content were highest in Karna Khatta, while T.S.S. to acid ratio was maximum in Rangpur lime. Foliar nitrogen content was highest in Karna Khatta followed by Rangpur lime. On the basis of four seasons data in respect of yield and fruit quality, Karna Khatta and Rangpur lime were the observed as suitable rootstocks for 'Mosambi' sweet orange grown on laterite soil of West Bengal.
Effect of Pre-Harvest Application of GA3 and PP333 as Bulb Dip and Foliar Spray on Quality and Vase Life of Cut Tulip cv. Cassini
Authors: Khan F U , Malik F A , Khan F A , . Nelofar
Published: August 2023

An experiment on effect of pre-harvest application of GA3 and PP333 as bulb dip and foliar spray on quality and vase life of cut tulip cv. Cassini was carried out. Healthy scapes of uniform size were cut in a slanting manner at bud colour break stage and placed in conical flasks containing distilled water for vase life studies. Bulb dip in GA3 (100 ppm) followed by foliar spray of GA3 (100 ppm) significantly improved overall water uptake, prevented water loss and resulted in maximum water balance. The treatment also exhibited the maximum flower diameter (7.40 cm), scape length (16.26 cm) and vase life (9.33 days). However, the lowest water loss to water uptake ratio was recorded with bulb dip plus foliar spray with 200 ppm GA3. Data indicated that GA3 (100 ppm) as bulb dip plus foliar spray proved instrumental in maintaining the quality and vase life of cut tulip as compared to other treatments.
Effect of Bunch-Trimming on Yield and Quality in Banana
Authors: Hasan M A , Chowdhury R Ray , Sarkar S , Mathew S
Published: August 2023

The experiment consisted of different intensities of hand removal viz. 1,2 and 3 hands (H1, H2 and H3 respectively) and time of hand removal i.e., immediately after opening of last hand (T1), one week after opening of last hand (T2), and two weeks after opening of last hand (T3). Results were statistically analysed using augmented 2 factor factorial CRD. The time of hand removal did not show any significant difference on yield while hand weight, finger weight, finger length, finger diameter and volume of finger increased with the increase in number of hands removed. It is suggested that removal of three hands between one and two weeks after opening of last hand is beneficial for improving yield and finger quality of banana cv. Martaman (Musa AAB).
Chromosome Studies and Karyotype Analysis of some Triploid Banana (Musa Species) Cultivars of AAA Genomic Group
Authors: Rekha A , Hiremath S C
Published: August 2023

Bananas are the highly evolved, oldest fruits known to mankind. The Cavendish group cultivars are popular commercial varieties. AAA genomic group cultivars are said to have evolved from the wild AA Musa acuminata species by natural hybridization and polyploidization and these vigorous triploids were selected by man for cultivation. Basic cytological studies on banana are comparatively few due to the plant's complex nature. In this report, karyo-morphological studies on five AAA Cavendish group cultivars i.e. Robusta, Dwarf Cavendish, Grand Naine, Gros Michel and Red banana are reported. All the five cultivars had similar karyotype, except cv. Robusta. Total chromosome length was highest in Red banana and lowest in cv. Gros Michel.
Genetic Variability in Bitter Gourd (Momordica charantia L.)
Authors: Yadav Murlee , Singh D B , Chaudhary Rashmi , Singh Devi
Published: August 2023

The variance analysis for 17 plant characters showed significant differences. Maximum vine length was recorded in IC-85635A. Significantly higher number of primary branches per vine and internodal length were observed in IC-85639. Maximum number of nodes was observed in JMC-4. Significantly minimum number of days for first appearance of male flower and maximum fruit length, fruit width, yield per vine, yield per plot, yield/ha were recorded in MC-84. Highest number of fruits per vine was recorded in GY-I and minimum powdery mildew infestation was observed in JMC-22.
Diagnostic Soil Nutrient Standards and Identification of Yield Limiting Nutrients in Onion (Allium cepa) Using DRIS
Authors: Anjaneyulu K
Published: August 2023

Soil samples collected from a survey of fifty onion growing fields in Karnataka were analyzed for various macro and micronutrients for establishing a data bank to develop soil nutrient norms. By using Diagnosis and Recommendation Integrated System (DRIS), the whole population was divided into two sub-groups namely, low and high yielding and selected nutrient expressions that have shown higher variance and lower coefficient of variation as diagnostic norms, viz K/N (1.229), S/N (0.238), Ca/N (20.62), P/Zn (37.41), Mg/K (0.6.859), Fe/Mg (0.004), Fe/Zn (5.736) etc. In addition, five nutrient ranges have been derived using mean and standard deviation as low, deficient, optimum, high and excess for each nutrient to serve as a guide for diagnostic purpose. The optimum organic carbon ranged from 7.1 to 11.0 g kg-1, N from 115 to 178 mg kg-1, P from 26 to 38 mg kg-1 , K from 163 to 217 mg kg-1, Ca from 2199 to 3398 mg kg-1 , Mg from 802 to 1167 mg kg-1 and S from 34 to 43 mg kg-1. Among DTPA extractable micronutrients, the optimum iron ranged from 3.40 to 4.34 mg kg-1, manganese from 5.84 to 6.66 mg kg-1, zinc from 0.67 to 1.01 mg kg-1 and copper from 1.70 to 2.11 mg kg-1 for onion. The diagnosis of nutrient imbalance identified through DRIS indices indicated that organic carbon, phosphorus and zinc were the most common yield limiting nutrients in onion.
Effect of Post-Harvest Treatment on Storage Quality in 'Umran' Ber Fruit
Authors: Jawandha S K , Randhawa J S , Gill P P S , Singh Jagjit
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted to study the effect of post-harvest sprays of CaCl2 (@ 0.5%, 1.0%&2.0%), Ca(NO3)2 (@ 0.5%, 1.0%&2.0%), GA3 (@ 20, 40 and 60 ppm) and Bavistin (0.1%) on storage quality of 'Umran' ber'. Fruits of uniform size were harvested at physiological maturity and treated with various chemicals. Treated fruits were placed in CFB boxes and placed in cold storage (3-5 °C and 85-95% RH). Stored fruits were evaluated at 10, 20 and 30 days from storage for palatability rating, TSS, acidity, Vitamin C and total sugars. After 30 days from storage, the highest palatability rating was recorded in GA3 (60 ppm) treated fruits, followed by CaCl2 (2.0%). Both TSS and Total sugars showed a similar trend of increase upto 20 days from storage, followed by a decrease. However, acidity and Vitamin C content of fruits decreased continuously with advancement of storage period. At the end of storage, maximum TSS, total acidity Vitamin C and total sugars were observed in GA3 (60 ppm) treated fruits, followed by CaCl2 (2.0%). Studies revealed that GA3 (60 ppm) treated ber fruits maintained very good quality at 20 days of cold storage.
Estimation of Anti-hepatic Viral Compounds in Phyllanthus amarus in vitro Cultures
Authors: Chitra R , Vadivel E , Rajamani K
Published: August 2023

Phyllanthus amarus Schum. and Thonn (Euphorbiaceae) is recognized commonly as 'Bhumyamlaki' in the Indian system of medicine and has been traditionally used for treating a variety of ailments, including hepatic disorders. Anti-hepatic viral compounds such as phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin were evaluated in different types of in vitro cultures of Phyllanthus amarus by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC). Among the cultures, in vitro plantlets regenerating from the nodal segment recorded higher amounts of phyllanthin and hypophyllanthin.
Development of Novel Character in Okra [Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench]
Authors: Pitchaimuthu M , Dutta O P , Prasad V S R K Krishna , Swamy K R M
Published: August 2023

Transgressive segregation in the population of IIHR-31-1-2 x Arka Anamika BC3 F1-F6 generations led to the development of, various novel characters such as, ridgeless fruits (round fruit) and enhanced nodal productivity bearing short internodal length in okra selection-1, which was found to be promising for cultivation with high yield and good fruit quality. It can be grown both during Kharif and summer seasons. Okra selection-1 was also found to exhibit smooth fruits, high yield potential with sturdy plant habit and field tolerance to fusarium wilt and YVMV. Due to rapid rate of increase of processing in okra by freezing and canning, Okra selection I may be an ideal fruit type for freezing because of its short, smooth, dark green and round or multifaceted fruits with low mucilage content.
Effect of Organic Manures and Inorganic Fertilizers on Fruit Yield of Tomato
Authors: Narayan S , Ahmed N , Narayan R , Mufti Shahnaz , Bhat Rakshanda
Published: August 2023

Treatments with organic manure, inorganic fertilizers and their combinations showed significant differences for fruit yield and yield attributing traits. Among the treatments, application of 20 t FYM/ha along with full dose of recommended NPK i.e. 150:60:60 kg NPK / ha recorded the highest fruit yield of 428.32 and 530.55 q/ha during the year 2002 and 2003, respectively with grand mean fruit yield of 479.43 q/ha. This treatment was on par with 40 tonnes FYM + 1/2 dose of recommended NPK during 2002 and 2003, which recorded mean fruit yield of 456.17 q/ ha. Both these treatments were significantly superior to recommended inorganic NPK fertilizer treatment (435.57 q/ha) as well as to application of different doses of organic manure alone such as FYM and green manure, indicating that integration of both organic manures and inorganic fertilizers are important for obtaining higher fruit yield in tomato. Addition of organic manure besides having favourable effect on crop yield was also found to be better in maintaining soil health and growth of succeeding crop.
A Market Survey of Vegetables in Bangalore for Heavy Metal Contamination in Relation to Human Health
Authors: Varalakshmi L R , Ganeshamurthy A N
Published: August 2023

Vegetable samples from one of the main whole sale markets of Bangalore city were collected over two years and analysed for heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cr and Ni. Heavy metal content of vegetables ranged from 0.24 to 2.54 mg Cd kg-1, 2.16 to 10.40 mg Pb kg-1, 3.08 to 16.2 mg Cr kg-1 and 1.66 to 11.52 mg Ni kg-1. Leafy vegetables accumulated higher concentration of heavy metals followed by root vegetables. Fruit vegetables accumulated the lowest content of heavy metals. But the heavy metal content of all the vegetables crossed the safe limits permitted for human consumption to a far greater extent except that Cd content of root and fruit vegetables were within the safe levels. Among leafy vegetables, amaranthus and palak accumulated the highest content of all the four heavy metals studied.
Resistance to Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) and Tea Mosquito Bug, Helopeltis antonii (Sign.) in Certain Wild Psidium Species
Authors: Reddy P Venkata Rami , Vasugi C
Published: August 2023

Five wild species of Psidium viz., Psidium cattleianum lucidum, P. chinensis, P. friedrichsthalianum, P. molle and P. quadrangularis were evaluated for resistance to fruit fly [Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel)] and tea mosquito bug (TMB) [Helopeltis antonii (Sign.)], during 2002-04. Significant variations were recorded among species in their reaction to pests. Two species viz., P. chinensis and P. quadrangularis were resistant to fruit fly (<10% fruit damage) while P. quadrangularis was immune. Psidium. molle and P. cattleianum were resistant to tea mosquito bug. Pest incidence was correlated with fruit biochemical components viz., total soluble solids (TSS), total sugars, vitamin C and acidity. The TSS and total sugars were positively correlated with fruit fly infestation while acidity was negatively correlated. The TMB incidence did not exhibit significant correlation with any of these parameters.
Persistence and Dissipation of Triazophos in Bitter Gourd
Authors: Banerji R , Sahoo S K , Jha S , Banerjee H
Published: August 2023

Triazophos (Trazan 40 EC) @ 0.06% a.i. (1.5 ml/lt. of water) and 0.12% a.i. (3 ml/lt. of water) were sprayed on bitter gourd at fruiting stage during kharif, 2003. First spray was done at 45 days after sowing and next at 15 days after first spraying. Fruit samples for residue estimation were collected after second application of pesticide. The maximum initial residue of 0.31 and 0.79 ppm were recorded after 2 h of second spray. No residue could be detected after 7 days following application at 0.06% a.i./ha and after 15 days of spraying following spray at double the recommended dose. Half-life values of Triazophos used @ 0.06% and 0.12% a.i. were found to be 0.75 and 1.55 days, respectively.
Augmented BIB Design-An Alternative Statistical Design in Germplasm Evaluation Trials
Authors: Venugopalan R , Swamy K R M , Chandraprakash M K
Published: August 2023

Randomized Block Design (RBD) is commonly employed to evaluate a set of germplasm accessions (test treatments) along with local checks. In such a trial, if the test treatments under evaluation are more in number and the availability of the seeds is limited, then an alternate experimental design has to be employed. As a remedy, Balanced Incomplete Block Design (BIBD), which estimates treatments contrasts with more precision and the treatments are not repeated in all the blocks, unlike RBD, may be used. Such a constructed layout, not only saves the precious seed material of the test treatments, but also directly reduces the cost of all the related inputs such as labour, water, fertilizers, pesticides etc. Foregoing thoughts were elucidated in the evaluation of 100 accessions of okra along with four check varieties (Arka Anamika, Arka Abhay, Parbhani Kranti and PB-7) evaluated using Augmented BIB Design with six blocks in the Division of Vegetable crops at I.I.H.R., Bangalore during Kharif 2005. Results showed that by adopting BIB experimental design, instead of regular complete block design 60.2% of the land area required for conducting germplasm evaluation in Okra had been reduced.
Effect of Planting Density on Growth Parameters and Fruit Yield in Guava (Psidium guajava L.) cv. Allahabad Safeda Cultivated under Mild Humid Conditions of Coorg
Authors: Ravishankar H , Shivananda T N , Purohit A G
Published: August 2023

A study was carried out in 'Allahabad Safeda' guava (Psidium guajava L.) to standardize the effect of planting densities on growth parameters viz., scion girth, plant height, and spread (East - West and North - South), canopy area, canopy volume and fruit yield over a ten years period. The trial was laid out with five planting densities viz., 6x3, 6x4, 6x6, 8x4, 8x3m accommodating 555, 416, 277, 312 and 416 plants/ha respectively with four replications having sixteen plants per treatment in a randomized block design during 1988-89 season. The grafted plants on seedling rootstock were planted and the yield data were recorded from 1992 to 1997. The results indicated that the scion girth was significantly higher in 8x3 or 8x4m configurations. There were no significant differences among treatments for plant height. The plant spread across East-West direction was however significant in 8x3m. The fruit yield in Mrig bahar was significantly higher as compared to that of Hasth bahar in terms of fruit number and weight. Land Use Index (LUI) values exceeding 50% had bearing on the productivity of different configurations. The productivity was nearly double in 6x3m where, the planting density was twice as much in recommended spacing (6x6m) by sixth year of planting after which, yield levels declined. Thus, it was concluded that a spacing of 6x3m having 555 plants/ha, gives the highest productivity in 'Allahabad Safeda' guava by sixth year of planting under North Coorg conditions.
Compositional Nutrient Diagnosis Norms (CND) for Guava (Psidium guajava L.)
Authors: Anjaneyulu K , Raghupathi H B , Chandraprakash M K
Published: August 2023

Multivariate nutrient diagnostic norms were developed for guava using compositional nutrient diagnosis (CND) through leaf nutrient concentration vs. yield data bank. CND norms for N (VN), P (VP) and K (VK) were 2.48, 0.23 and 2.13, respectively. Norms for N and K were much higher compared to P, indicating higher requirement of these two nutrients. CND norms are multivariate norms that consider all elements, including unmeasured factors and, therefore, has higher diagnostic sensitivity. Among micronutrients, Fe requirement was much higher than all other nutrients. Interaction among different nutrients was explained by principal component analysis conducted on log-transformed data which produced four significant PCs, explaining about 73.66% of the variance. The four Eigen values added up to 8.1 denoting the four significant PCs. The first PC was positively correlated with P, Zn and R (residue, which is a reflection of dry matter accumulation in the plant) and negatively correlated with Ca, Mg, S and Fe, indicating that P and Zn behaved in one direction and the other elements in opposite direction. In the second PC, antagonistic effect of N, Fe with P and Cu was evident. In PC3, P and Mg were negatively correlated with Mn and Cu. In PC4, N and S showed their behaviour in the same direction. Diagnostic norms developed were used for identification of yield-limiting nutrients in low-yielding orchards. Thus, diagnostic norms and nutrient interactions help evolve nutrient management strategies for guava to realize higher yields and better quality.
Weed Management Studies in Cassava (Manihot esculenta L.) Intercropping Systems under Irrigated Conditions
Authors: Padmapriya S , Balasubramanian R , Sathiyamurthy V A
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2003-04 and 2004-05 to asses the production potential of intercropping of cassava (Manihot esculenta L.) with groundnut (Arachis hypogea), vegetable cowpea (Vigna sinensis) and black gram (Vigna mungo) in relation to various weed control practices. Intercropping influenced the population of grasses, sedges, BLW and total dry matter production of weeds. Weed management caused significant improvement in growth, yield and economic returns of cassava system. Best results were achieved with intercropping of vegetable cowpea with pre-emergence application of fluchloralin 0.75 kg/ha + one hand weeding 4 weeks after planting followed by application of alachlor @ 1.5 kg/ha + one hand weeding 4 weeks after planting.
Influence of Storage Containers and Seed Pelleting on Seed Quality in Brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) during Storage
Authors: Kumar Satish , Gowda Basave , Shekhar S Patil
Published: August 2023

The experiment was conducted using brinjal hybrid seeds cv. Arka Navneet. Seeds were pelleted with Bavistin, ZnSO4, MnSO4, DAP and Arappu leaf powder and stored in paper and polyethylene bags under ambient conditions for 12 months. Among the seed pelleting treatments, seeds pelleted with Bavistin (0.1%) followed by Albezia amara leaf powder (250 g/kg) resulted in minimum quantitative losses with better seed quality parameters. The seeds stored in polyethylene (700 gauges) bags maintained better seed quality parameters with less quantitative losses in comparison with seeds stored in paper bags throughout the storage period. In the interaction, effect of seeds pelleted with Bavistin and stored in polyethylene bag followed by Albezia amara leaf powder and stored in polyethylene bag revealed higher values for all the positive quality parameters when compared to other interaction effects throughout the storage period.
Evaluation of Unique Mango Accessions for whole-Fruit Pickle
Authors: Vasugi C , Sekar K , Dinesh M R , Suresh E R
Published: August 2023

Studies conducted to evaluate the suitability of nineteen unique mango accessions for preparation of tender whole mango pickles revealed that these varieties were characterized by their acidic taste and rich raw mango flavour, which are most prefered for pickle production. The physical and quality parameters viz. fruit shape, weight, raw mango flavour, firmness, titrable acidity, latex flow, pH, dry matter and vitamin C which are important in pickle quality, showed wide variations among different varieties. Based on the sensory evaluation of whole immature green mango pickle prepared by standard fermentation and curing method, the accessions viz., Kashimidi, Isagoor Appe, Malange, Appemidi, Dantimamidi and Jeerige were considered to be most suitable for preparation of tender mango pickles.
Effect of Season on Success of Air Layering in Water Apple in Red Laterite Zone of West Bengal
Authors: Ghosh S N
Published: August 2023

An experiment was conducted during 2004-05 on farmers' field at Jhargram to work out optimum time for air layering in water apple. Results revealed that air layering performed during June and July resulted in highest rooting success (100%) with maximum field establishment (100%). Considering overall performance, the months of June and July can be recommended for air layering in water apple in red laterite zone of West Bengal.
Performance of Banana Cultivars in Gujarat
Authors: Delvadia D V , Ahlawat T R , Chovatia R S , Barad A V
Published: August 2023

Field experiments were conducted for three years to assess the performance and select the cultivar ideally suited to Saurashtra region in Gujarat. The cultivars evaluated were Basrai, Harichal, Robusta, Gros Michel, Gandevi Selection and Lacatan. Of these, Gandevi Selection proved superior, with regard to growth parameters, yield characters and its attributes. It also yielded the highest benefit cost ratio.
Evaluation of Australian Ladybird Beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant against Green Shield Scale Chloropulvinaria psidii (Maskell) on some Medicinal Plants
Authors: Mani M , Krishnamoorthy A
Published: August 2023

Severe infestation of green shield scale Chloropulvinaria psidii (Green) was observed during 2003-04 on the medicinal plants namely Withania somnifera, Madhuca longifolia, Mimusops elengi and Wrightia tinctoria. The Australian ladybird beetle Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant was released @ 20 larvae/plant. Following the release of C. montrouzieri , the scale population declined from 173.48 to 4.35/plant on W. somnifera, 30.49 to 1.20/plant on M. longifolia, 90.20 to 3.57/plant on M. elengi and 240.86 to 4.92/plant on W. tinctoria. There was 89.13 to 97.96% reduction in scale population 45-75 days after release of C. montrouzieri on the above medicinal plants. No other natural enemy, except C. montrouzieri, was recorded on C. psidii. There was no correlation between temperature, relative humidity or rainfall and scale population. Hence, the reduction in population of green shield scale was attributed mainly to the action of C. montrouzieri.
Acclimatization and Field Evaluation of Micropropagated Plants of Chrysanthemum Cv.'Arka Swarna'
Authors: Panicker Bindu , Thomas Pious , Janakiram T
Published: August 2023

Chrysanthemum cv.'Arka Swarna' was micropropagated using shoot-tip and nodal microcuttings on MS medium containing 3% sucrose and 0.25% Phytagel® in the absence of externally supplied plant growth regulators, yielding 90-100% rooted plantlets, or in medium containing 1 μM benzyladenine or kinetin yielding 20-32% plantlets within 2-4 weeks of subculture. The stocks were acclimatized employing sachet technique wherein the rooted plantlets (2.5-4 cm) were planted in polythene bags of 5"×9" filled to one-third height with planting mixture. The closed bags with 1-5 plants were incubated under conditions similar to the in vitro stocks. The plantlets recorded 90-100% establishment within 4 weeks. The ex vitro established plants were evaluated in the field a month later by direct planting , or after one month in a field nursery-bed, along with conventional suckers. While field establishment (80-95%) was not significantly influenced by the treatments, micropropagated plants put through the nursery appeared to be the best among the three treatments in vegetative growth, floral characteristics and flower yield, demonstrating advantage of micropropagation over conventional propagation for shy-suckering chrysanthemums.
Effect of Gamma Irradiation on African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda
Authors: Singh Viveka Nand , Banerji B K , Dwivedi A K , Verma A K
Published: August 2023

Seeds of African marigold cv. 'Pusa Narangi Gainda' were irradiated with 0, 100, 200, 300 and 400 Grays of gamma rays to induce mutation. Seeds were sown just after irradiation and 30-day old seedlings were transplanted into beds. Reduction in survival percentage, plant height, number of branches, leaf number, leaf size, plant-spread, stem diameter, increased foliage and floral abnormalities were observed upon irradiation and with increase in dose of gamma rays. LD50 was determined on survival basis. Leaf abnormality manifested itself as leathery texture of leaf, enhanced and irregular leaf thickness, asymmetric development of pinnate leaflets, reduction in pinnae number, chlorophyll variegation, pale and deep green leaves, narrow leaves and small leaves. Percentage of abnormal leaves and plants increased with increase in dose of gamma rays. Fasciation of stem was a common abnormality observed in all the treatments. Days to bud initiation, earliness in colour-appearance and days to full bloom were all significantly delayed upon exposure to gamma rays. Flower-head size, height and weight were highest at the lowest dose. Number of ray florets and size (length and width) decreased with increasing radiation dose. Floral abnormalities and % of plants with abnormal flower-heads increased with increasing dose of gamma irradiation. Floral abnormality included fasciation of flower-head and asymmetric development of ray florets. Stimulating effect of gamma irradiation was observed at 100 Grays where almost all the characters studied showed positive correlation, including growth and yield attributes. It is concluded that exposure to 100 Grays of gamma rays in African marigold cv. Pusa Narangi Gainda results in higher yield and marketable bloom.
Induction of Mutation in Rough Lemon (Citrus jambhiri Lush.) Using Gamma Rays
Authors: Saini H K , Gill M I S
Published: August 2023

The present investigation was carried out to study variability induced by gamma rays with respect to vegetative characters and LD50 dose in Rough lemon. Rough lemon seeds were gamma irradiated at doses of 0, 4, 6 and 8 kr along with control. Seed germination decreased with increasing dose of gamma radiation. Seedling height and leaf size also decreased with increasing dose of gamma radiation, whereas, apical branching, number of branches/seedling, number of variegated / albino seedlings and number of leaves increased with increasing dose of gamma radiation. Maximum variability for seedling height, number of leaves, leaf size, colour, internode length, and per cent apical branching was observed at two months from sowing in seeds treated with 8 kr dose of gamma radiation. Variability for all characters was, however, found to be minimum in the control.
Performance of Tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.) Cultivars in Goa
Authors: Ramachandrudu K , Thangam M
Published: August 2023

Tuberose is one of the popular cut flowers in Goa and holds great potential for cultivation in the state. The experiment laid out in randomized block design (RBD) with four replications was conducted at ICAR Research Complex, Ela, Old Goa, during 2003-04 to evaluate the performance of five tuberose cultivars under local agroclimatic conditions. Results were significant among cultivars for all characters except bulb production/plant. Maximum plant height was observed in 'Prajwal' whereas, the minimum was observed in 'Shringar'. Among the cultivars, 'Mexican Single' was found to be early, while, 'Suvasini' and 'Prajwal' were late in flowering. Highest number of florets/spike was recorded in 'Suvasini', closely followed by 'Vaibhav'. The best performance for spike length, number of spikes/plant, number of bulbs/plant, bulb weight and bulb diameter was observed in Mexican Single.
Effect of Different GA3 Concentration and Frequency on Growth, Flowering and Yield in Gaillardia (Gaillardia pulchella Foug.) Cv. Lorenziana
Authors: Delvadia D V , Ahlawat T R , Meena B J
Published: August 2023

The present experiment was conducted at the Horticultural Instructional Farm, Department of Horticulture, J.A.U., Junagadh during the winter 2004-05. The experiment comprised of ten treatments, viz., three concentrations of GA3 (50, 150, 250 ppm) at three frequencies (single, double and triple spray at 30, 45 and 60 days from transplanting) and control. Each treatment was replicated thrice in randomized block design. Of the different treatments, GA3 250 ppm single spray recorded maximum plant height and plant spread. Number of branches per plant was highest under double spray of GA3 at 50 ppm. Longest flowering duration, maximum flower diameter and maximum shelf-life were observed with single spray of 250 ppm GA3. It also registered maximum number and weight of flowers per plant besides highest flower yield.
Incidence of Post-Harvest Fungal Pathogens in Guava and Banana in Allahabad
Authors: Srivastava Renu , Lal Abhilasha A
Published: August 2023

A survey was conducted to study incidence of pathogens associated with post-harvest losses in fruits in produce from fruit markets of Allahabad. Rhizopus stolonifer (20.76%) was a major post-harvest pathogen isolated from the samples, followed by Pestalotia psidii (18.46%), Alternaria sp. (17.69%), Penicillium expansum (11.53%), Colletotrichum gloesporioides (10.76%), Aspergillus niger (9.23%), Tricothecium sp (8.46%), and Cladosporium sp. (4%) in Guava, and, Fusarium sp. (28.3%) Curvularia (23.39%), Colletotrichum musae (16.6%), Trichothecium sp (11.6), Penicillium (10.8%), Alternaria (5%) and Rhizopus (4%) in banana fruit samples.
Effect of paclobutrazol and benzyl adenine on oriental lily hybrids
Authors: Sharma Puja , Sharma Y D , Gupta Y C
Published: August 2023

Studies on the effect of growth regulators viz., Paclobutrazol and Benzyl Adenine (PBZ and BA, respectively) on Oriental Lily Hybrids, 'Star Gazer Pink' and 'Star Gazer White' in the second year were carried out at Department of Floriculture and Landscaping, Dr. Y.S. Parmar University of Horticulture and Forestry, Nauni, Solan (H.P). The effect of growth regulators applied in the first year, was studied on growth and flowering of Oriental lily hybrids in the second year. Plant height and number of leaves plant-1 were recorded maximum when PBZ 25 ppm was applied in the first year. Maximum plant height and number of leaves plant-1 were found in 'Star Gazer White' (84.46 cm; 35.04 cm). Bulbs of 'Star Gazer White' when dipped in PBZ 25 ppm for 12 h in the first year resulted in maximum plant height (102.50 cm) in the second year. Leaf area in the second year was recorded maximum in 'Star Gazer White' (34.40 cm2) when PBZ 50 ppm was applied as bulb dip in the first year. Flower buds were initiated earlier in 'Star Gazer White' (84.48 days) as compared to 'Star Gazer Pink' (85.90 days). Days to bud initiation were also recorded minimum (75.81 days) when PBZ 25 ppm was applied as pre-plant bulb dip. More number of flowers plant-1 was recorded in 'Star Gazer White' (5.42) which lasted longer on stems (16.77 days). Bulbs dipped in growth regulators in the first season produced maximum number of flowers plant-1 (5.72) and duration of flowering was also maximum (18.28 days).
Effect of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth, Flowering Behaviour and Yield of African Marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) Cv. African Giant Double Orange
Authors: Kumar Dhiraj , Singh B P , Singh Viveka Nand
Published: August 2023

A field experiment was carried out to study the effect of integrated nutrient management on growth, flowering behaviour and yield of marigold (Tagetes erecta L.) at the main experiment station, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj), Faizabad, during 2004 and 2005 in Randomized Block Design. There were thirteen treatments involving two biofertilizers, viz., Azotobacter and phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and two levels of nitrogen and phosphorus, viz., (50% and 100%), farm yard manure (FYM) and control (recommended dose of NPK., i.e., 200:100:100 kg/ha). One month old seedlings were transplanted at a spacing of 40 x 30 cm. Results revealed that combined application of Azotobacter and PSB with FYM and 50% recommended dose of nitrogen and phosphorus significantly improved growth, flowering behavior and yield during both years (2004 and 2005). Application of Azotobacter + PSB + FYM @ 30 ha-1 + nitrogen @ 100 ha-1 and phosphorus @ 50 kg/ha was found to be best for growth, flowering behaviour and yield of cv. African Giant Double Orange.
Effect of Pulsing Treatments for Enhancing Shelf-Life of Cut Asiatic Lilium cv. Elite
Authors: Wani S A , Siddique M A A , Khan F U , Qadri Z A , Khan F A , Dar Q A H , Ali S
Published: August 2023

Studies were conducted on cut Asiatic Lilium cv. Elite to assess the effectiveness of various floral preservatives as pulsing treatments for delaying senescence and prolonging vase life. Uniform spikes of lilium at bud colour break stage were brought to the laboratory in the morning and placed in 8 different pulsing solutions consisting of sucrose (Suc) 5%, aluminium sulphate (AS) 400 ppm, silver thio-sulphate (STS) 2.0 mM and citric acid (CA) 1000 ppm alone and in combination with sucrose. Distilled water without any chemical served as the control. Among individual treatments, STS 2.0 mM maintained better water relations and flower quality compared to others. STS also showed superiority over other treatments when combined with Suc 5% by providing largest flower size (16.74 cm) with maximum vase life (17.29 days) owing to most-favourable water relations parameters.
Effect of Growth Regulator and Nutrients Spray on Control of Fruit Drop, Fruit Size and Quality of Ber under Sub-Montane Zone of Punjab
Authors: Gill P P S , Bal J S
Published: August 2023

The effect of foliar spray of plant growth regulators and nutrients on fruit drop, fruit size and quality was studied in ber cv Sanuar-2 at Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Hoshiarpur, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, during 2005-2006. Plants were sprayed with NAA (20, 30 or 40 ppm), KNO3 (0.5, 1.0 or 1.5%) and ZnSO43333</sub (1.5%).
Effect of Nutrients and Plant Growth Regulators on Fruit Retention, Yield and Physico-Chemical Characteristics in Aonla Cv. NA-10
Authors: Ghosh S N , Bera B , Roy S , Kundu A , Roy S K Dutta
Published: August 2023

To check pre-mature fruit drop in aonla cv. NA-10, an investigation was undertaken during 2007 and 2008 in a Seven year old private orchard at Jhargram, Paschim Midnapore, West Bengal, where the soil is red laterite and pH ranges between 4.5 and 5.5. Treatments included foliar spray of urea (0.2%) + DAP (0.2%), ZnSO4 (0.5%), Borax (0.4%), NAA (10 and 20 ppm), Vermiwash (3 ml/l), Humaur (2 ml/l) and water spray (control). Results of two years of investigation revealed that spray of NAA at 10 ppm was the best to increase fruit retention, followed by NAA 20 ppm, Vermiwash and Borax, which consequently resulted in the highest fruit yield of 54.9, 52.0, 46.8 and 36.2 kg/plant, respectively, against 13.8 kg in the control. Fruit weight was maximum with 0.5% ZnSO4 spray, followed by NAA 10 ppm. Fruit quality with regard to TSS, total sugar and ascorbic acid content was better in all the treated fruits compared to control.