bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Multi‐factorial drivers of ammonia oxidizer communities: evidence from a national soil survey
Authors: Yao Huaiying , Campbell Colin D. , Chapman Stephen J. , Freitag Thomas E. , Nicol Graeme W. , Singh Brajesh K.
Published: April 2013

The factors driving the abundance and community composition of soil microbial communities provide fundamental knowledge on the maintenance of biodiversity and the ecosystem services they underpin. Several studies have suggested that microbial communities are spatially organized, including functional groups and much of the observed variation is explained by geographical location or soil pH. Soil ammonia‐oxidizing archaea (AOA) and bacteria (AOB) are excellent models for such study due to their functional, agronomic and environmental importance and their relative ease of characterization. To identify the dominant drivers of different ammonia oxidizers, we used samples (n = 713) from the National Soil Inventory of Scotland (NSIS). Our results indicate that 40–45% of the variance in community compositions can be explained by 71 environmental variables. Soil pH and substrate, which have been regarded as the two main drivers, only explained 13–16% of the total variance. We provide strong evidence of multi‐factorial drivers (land use, soil type, climate and N deposition) of ammonia‐oxidizing communities, all of which play a significant role in the creation of specific niches that are occupied by unique phylotypes. For example, one AOA phylotype was strongly linked to woodland/semi‐natural grassland, rainfall and N deposition. Some soil typologies, namely regosols, have a novel AOA community composition indicating typology as one of the factors which defines this ecological niche. AOA abundance was high and strongly linked the rate of potential nitrification in the highly acidic soils supporting the argument that AOA are main ammonia oxidizers in acidic soils. However, for AOB, soil pH and substrate (ammonia) were the main drivers for abundance and community composition. These results highlight the importance of multiple drivers of microbial niche formation and their impact on microbial biogeography that have significant consequences for ecosystem functioning.
The lowering of external pH in confined environments by thermo‐acidophilic algae (class: Cyanidiophyceae)
Authors: Lowell Christina , Castenholz Richard W.
Published: April 2013

The unicellular, asexual thermo‐acidophilic algae of the class Cyanidiophyceae, order Cyanidiales (the ‘cyanidia’) include only three genera, walled Cyanidium and Galdieria, and ‘naked’ Cyanidioschyzon, names based on morphological and cytological characters. Most species and strains of this class live in acid hot springs or acid soils or steam vents associated with these springs at pH 0.5 to ∼ 4.0 at temperatures of ∼ 38–56°C. No other phototrophs live in this combination of factors in these habitats, except for a small overlap with other acidophilic algae at the highest pH and the lowest temperature. The optimum pH for growth of the ‘cyanidia’ in this study was ∼ 2.3. Galdieria‐like walled cells of Cyanidioschyzon and naked Cyanidioschyzon cells were exposed in culture to higher pH conditions of 6.0, 5.5 and 5.0 in confined, illuminated environments (cotton plugged flasks). The subsequent acidification of the medium towards or to 2.3 occurred as growth and biomass increased. There was a direct correlation with final biomass (Chl a) and lower pH. All eight strains isolated from Yellowstone acidic conditions were able to lower the supra‐optimal pH of their medium, while only two from other continents and none of the three from Japan were competent. It is probable that the ability to lower pH to an optimal level has survival value in some niches in natural habitats.
Growth of Japanese breastfed infants compared to national references and World Health Organization growth standards
Authors: Tanaka H , Ishii H , Yamada T , Akazawa K , Nagata S , Yamashiro Y
Published: April 2013

Aim

The aim of this study was to compare the growth of Japanese infants that were exclusively breastfed to those of national references and World Health Organization (WHO) standards.

Methods

Mothers, who delivered a normal term baby and had been exclusively breastfeeding for at least 4 months, were enrolled. The lengths, body weights and head circumferences of 647 children, aged 0–24 months, were obtained and compared to national references and WHO standards.

Results

Comparisons of the national references for both length and body weight indicated that breastfed infants were significantly shorter and lighter almost throughout the first 24 months. Conversely, head circumferences of breastfed infants were significantly larger at 1 and 6 months of age in boys and 6 months in girls. Compared to WHO standards, similar trends to the comparisons with national references were found.

Conclusion

There were significant differences identified between the growth of breastfed infants and existing national references and WHO standards.
Identification of a lung adenocarcinoma cell line with CCDC6‐RET fusion gene and the effect of RET inhibitors in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Suzuki Makito , Makinoshima Hideki , Matsumoto Shingo , Suzuki Ayako , Mimaki Sachiyo , Matsushima Koutatsu , Yoh Kiyotaka , Goto Koichi , Suzuki Yutaka , Ishii Genichiro , Ochiai Atsushi , Tsuta Koji , Shibata Tatsuhiro , Kohno Takashi , Esumi Hiroyasu , Tsuchihara Katsuya
Published: April 2013

Rearrangements of the proto‐oncogene RET are newly identified potential driver mutations in lung adenocarcinoma (LAD). However, the absence of cell lines harboring RET fusion genes has hampered the investigation of the biological relevance of RET and the development of RET‐targeted therapy. Thus, we aimed to identify a RET fusion positive LAD cell line. Eleven LAD cell lines were screened for RET fusion transcripts by reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction. The biological relevance of the CCDC6‐RET gene products was assessed by cell growth, survival and phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and AKT with or without the suppression of RET expression using RNA interference. The efficacy of RET inhibitors was evaluated in vitro using a culture system and in an in vivo xenograft model. Expression of the CCDC6‐RET fusion gene in LC‐2/ad cells was demonstrated by the mRNA and protein levels, and the genomic break‐point was confirmed by genomic DNA sequencing. Mutations in KRAS and EGFR were not observed in the LC‐2/ad cells. CCDC6‐RET was constitutively active, and the introduction of a siRNA targeting the RET 3' region decreased cell proliferation by downregulating RET and ERK1/2 phosphorylation. Moreover, treatment with RET‐inhibitors, including vandetanib, reduced cell viability, which was accompanied by the downregulation of the AKT and ERK1/2 signaling pathways. Vandetanib exhibited anti‐tumor effects in the xenograft model. Endogenously expressing CCDC6‐RET contributed to cell growth. The inhibition of kinase activity could be an effective treatment strategy for LAD. LC‐2/ad is a useful model for developing fusion RET‐targeted therapy.
Synthesis, Antidepressant Evaluation and Docking Studies of Long‐Chain Alkylnitroquipazines as Serotonin Transporter Inhibitors
Authors: Gabrielsen Mari , Wołosewicz Karol , Zawadzka Anna , Kossakowski Jerzy , Nowak Gabriel , Wolak Małgorzata , Stachowicz Katarzyna , Siwek Agata , Ravna Aina W. , Kufareva Irina , Kozerski Lech , Bednarek Elżbieta , Sitkowski Jerzy , Bocian Wojciech , Abagyan Ruben , Bojarski Andrzej J. , Sylte Ingebrigt , Chilmonczyk Zdzisław
Published: April 2013

Twelve alkyl analogues (1–12) of the high‐affinity serotonin transporter (SERT) inhibitor 6‐nitroquipazine (6‐NQ) were synthesized and studied using in vitro radioligand competition binding assays to determine their binding affinity (Ki). The putative antidepressant activity of five of the binders with the highest SERT binding affinities was studied by the forced swim and locomotor activity mouse tests. The three‐dimensional (3D) structures of 8 and 9 were determined using NOE NMR technique. Flexible docking of the compounds was undertaken to illustrate the binding of the compounds in the SERT model. Our results showed that several of the 6‐NQ analogues are high‐affinity SERT inhibitors and indicated that the octyl (8), decyl (10) and dodecyl (12) 6‐NQ analogues exhibit moderate antidepressant activity.
‘A Hidden Group of Children’: Support in Schools for Children who Experience Parental Imprisonment
Authors: Morgan Julia , Leeson Caroline , Dillon Rebecca Carter , Wirgman Anne Louise , Needham Mary
Published: April 2013

Schools have been identified as playing a key role in supporting the children of prisoners. This paper reports on a study, which explored the support provision offered in schools to children who experience parental imprisonment. By interviewing school representatives, stakeholders, parents and children, we illustrate the support available in schools, the issues that arise and ways in which support provision can be strengthened. Our findings indicate that children of prisoners often constitute a ‘forgotten’ group in schools, and we suggest that an awareness of these children and the challenges they face needs to be raised amongst education practitioners and policy‐makers.
Impact of Obesity in Children with Narcolepsy
Authors: Inocente Clara Odilia , Lavault Sophie , Lecendreux Michel , Dauvilliers Yves , Reimao Rubens , Gustin Marie‐Paule , Castets Sarah , Spiegel Karine , Lin Jian‐Sheng , Arnulf Isabelle , Franco Patricia
Published: April 2013

Aims

To evaluate the impact of obesity on clinical and sleep characteristics in a population of narcoleptic children.

Methods

Data from the children diagnosed with idiopathic narcolepsy in the National Reference Centers for Narcolepsy were collected between 2008 and 2011. Clinical and electrophysiological characteristics were compared between obese (body mass index [BMI] greater than P97) and nonobese children.

Results

The 117 children (65 boys, 59 de novo patients) had a mean age of 11.6 ± 3.1 years on diagnosis. Cataplexy was present in 81%, DQB1*0602 in 91%. Mean BMI was 23.2 ± 5.2 kg/m2 and BMI z‐score was 2.9 ± 2.6. Obesity was found in 60% with a similar prevalence in treated versus de novo patients and in patients with and without cataplexy. Sleepiness and cataplexy started earlier in obese children. Obese narcoleptic children had lower sleep efficiency, higher apnea hypopnea index and respiratory arousals index (RAI) than nonobese children. BMI z‐score was positively correlated with RAI. Obese children were more tired and missed more often school than nonobese children.

Conclusion

Obesity affects more than 50% of narcoleptic children, mostly younger at disease onset, and has a deleterious impact on sleep quality as well as on school attendance.
Review of quantitative structure‐activity/property relationship studies of dyes: recent advances and perspectives
Authors: Luan Feng , Xu Xuan , Liu Huitao , Cordeiro Maria Natália Dias Soeiro
Published: April 2013

Dyes have been applied and are playing an increasingly important role in many industries, including the textile, printing, medical and energy industries. Their wide applications imply that specific dyes possessing given properties need to be effectively designed. The present review aims to survey information related to activity/property research of dyes that has been published in the past two decades. Emphasis is laid particularly on studies based on quantitative structure–activity/property relationships that have contributed to the theoretical design and application of dyes. Finally, the perspectives of quantitative structure‐activity/property relationship studies are set out in order to show how this method may be used to design new dyes and to evaluate their different properties. The challenges facing these studies are also outlined.
Verruciform xanthoma of the upper‐extremity in the absence of chronic skin disease or syndrome: a case report and review of the literature
Authors: Blankenship D. Winslow , Zech Loren , Mirzabeigi Marjan , Venna Suraj
Published: April 2013

Verruciform xanthoma is a rare, benign lesion classically presenting on the oral mucosa or genital area. The etiology is not yet completely understood; however, verruciform xanthoma is often associated with (a) conditions of chronic inflammation or trauma, such as lichen sclerosis, recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa, and pemphigus vulgaris, as well as in a setting of (b) chronic lymphedema, (c) chronic graft versus host disease, or (d) congenital epidermal nevi, such as those associated with the Congenital Hemidysplasia with Ichthyosiform nevus and Limb Defects (CHILD) syndrome. We report a case of a solitary verruciform xanthoma on the forearm of an 82‐year‐old man without history of chronic dystrophic skin disease or syndrome. In addition, a thorough literature review of extra‐oral and extra‐genital verruciform xanthomas is presented. On the basis of this review, we believe this case is an extremely rare presentation of a solitary verruciform xanthoma on the upper‐extremity of an otherwise healthy individual.
Papular mycosis fungoides: report of two patients, literature review, and conceptual re‐appraisal
Authors: Noe Megan H. , Drake Ashley , Link Brian K. , Liu Vincent
Published: April 2013

Recent reports of 10 patients have proposed a papular variant of mycosis fungoides (MF), characterized by the appearance of papules in the absence of patches and the presence of histopathologic features of classic patch/plaque stage MF. Given the overlapping clinical and pathologic features between this proposed entity and lymphomatoid papulosis (LyP)‐type B, however, the optimal classification for such cases remains somewhat unclear. Herein, two patients are described who presented to the dermatology clinic with persistent erythematous papular eruptions on the trunk, upper and lower extremities and histopathology compatible with MF. Of note, these patients represent the oldest reported cases of papular MF, and one patient had documented peripheral blood involvement by atypical CD4+ cells. The clinicopathologic characteristics of this purported entity suggest that it may occupy the intersection between MF and CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders. These two cases expand the clinicopathologic spectrum of papular MF to include older individuals, and further emphasize the importance of recognition of this morphology as a possible MF manifestation. Furthermore, consideration of our cases in conjunction with the previously documented 10 other patients in the literature, offers potential insight into the relationship between MF and CD30+ lymphoproliferative disorders.
Incentivizing behaviour change to improve diabetes care
Authors: Petry N. M. , Cengiz E. , Wagner J. A. , Hood K. K. , Carria L. , Tamborlane W. V.
Published: April 2013

Behavioural economics refers to the study of psychological and cognitive factors that relate to decision‐making processes. This field is being applied increasingly to health care settings, in which patients receive tangible reinforcers or incentives for meeting objective behavioural criteria consistent with healthy lifestyles. This article reviews the background and efficacy of reinforcement interventions in general, and then as applied to behaviours related to diabetes prevention and management. Specifically, reinforcement interventions have been applied with some notable success towards promoting greater attendance at medical appointments, enhancing weight loss efforts, augmenting exercising regimes, improving medication adherence and increasing blood glucose monitoring. Suggestions for promising areas of future research are provided, keeping in mind the controversial nature of these interventions.
Flexibly timed once‐daily dosing with degludec: a new ultra‐long‐acting basal insulin
Authors: Josse R. G. , Woo V.
Published: April 2013

Insulin treatment in type 1 and type 2 diabetes (T1D and T2D) is highly efficacious, but in practice, non‐adherence and ineffective dose titration limit its effectiveness. Barriers to more effective insulin treatment are numerous, including hypoglycaemia, fear of hypoglycaemia and concern about weight gain. The regular treatment timing needed with conventional basal insulins [neutral protamine Hagedorn (NPH) insulin and the first‐generation analogues glargine and detemir] may also make adherence to these treatments problematic for many patients. Indeed, surveys indicate that the rigidity of this schedule induces some patients with T1D and T2D to omit insulin doses. Degludec is a novel, ultra‐long‐acting basal insulin analogue that is as effective as insulin glargine, but significantly reduces patients' risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Because of its peakless, extended and highly predictable glucose‐lowering effect, once‐daily dosing on a flexible schedule may be feasible with degludec. Studies testing this possibility suggest that degludec tolerates day‐to‐day variation in dose timing while maintaining full efficacy and low risk of nocturnal hypoglycaemia. Degludec would appear to be an appropriate choice for patients being considered for a basal analogue, and it may be particularly well suited to patients with unpredictable social or work schedules, those who travel frequently and those who find rigid scheduling of their insulin injections a burden or barrier to regular treatment.
Involvement of the insular cortex in the consolidation and expression of contextual fear conditioning
Authors: Alves Fernando H. F. , Gomes Felipe V. , Reis Daniel G. , Crestani Carlos C. , Corrêa Fernando M. A. , Guimarães Francisco S. , Resstel Leonardo B. M.
Published: April 2013

The insular cortex (IC) has been reported to be involved in the modulation of memory and autonomic and defensive responses. However, there is conflicting evidence about the role of the IC in fear conditioning. To explore the IC involvement in both behavioral and autonomic responses induced by contextual fear conditioning, we evaluated the effects of the reversible inhibition of the IC neurotransmission through bilateral microinjections of the non‐selective synapse blocker CoCl2 (1 mm) 10 min before or immediately after the conditioning session or 10 min before re‐exposure to the aversive context. In the conditioning session, rats were exposed to a footshock chamber (context) and footshocks were used as the unconditioned stimulus. Forty‐eight hours later, the animals were re‐exposed to the aversive context for 10 min, but no shock was given. Behavioral (freezing) as well as cardiovascular (arterial pressure and heart rate increases) responses induced by re‐exposure to the aversive context were analysed. It was observed that the local IC neurotransmission inhibition attenuated freezing and the mean arterial pressure and heart rate increase of the groups that received the CoCl2 either immediately after conditioning or 10 min before re‐exposure to the aversive context, but not when the CoCl2 was injected before the conditioning session. These findings suggest the involvement of the IC in the consolidation and expression of contextual aversive memory. However, the IC does not seem to be essential for the acquisition of memory associated with aversive context.
Emulsified isoflurane protects rat heart in situ after regional ischemia and reperfusion
Authors: Hu Zhao‐Yang , Peng Xia‐Ying , Liu Fei , Liu Jin
Published: April 2013

Volatile anesthetic postconditioning reduces myocardial infarct size against ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We tested the hypothesis that emulsified isoflurane (EIso) administrated after ischemia exerts cardioprotection in a rat model of myocardial I/R. Male SD rats underwent 30‐min coronary occlusion followed by 3‐h reperfusion except for sham rats. All vehicles were administrated intravenously at reperfusion onset for 30 min. In the first study, 56 rats were given saline (CON), 30% intralipid (IL) and 1, 2, 4, 8 or 16 mL/kg EIso for infarct size measurement. In a second study, 32 rats were randomized to four groups and administrated saline in sham (sham) and control (CON) groups, 30% intralipid in IL group and 2 mL/kg emulsified isoflurane in EIso group. Cardiomyocytic enzyme activity was determined. Myocardial mitochondria and cytosol were isolated to determine mitochondrial energy metabolism, cytochrome c release, mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm) and opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Morphologic changes in mitochondria were observed by transmission electron microscopy. Compared with CON and IL, 2, 4 and 8 mL/kg EIso limited infarct size (P < 0.01). Serum levels of cardiac enzyme leakage were reduced in EIso‐treated hearts compared with CON (P < 0.01 or P < 0.05). EIso preserved the ultrastructure of mitochondria, protected against mPTP opening, decreased cytochrome c release and preserved ATP production and ΔΨm. In conclusion, EIso is effective in reducing infarct size and in preserving mitochondrial function after ischemia and reperfusion injury.
AT1 blockade abolishes left ventricular hypertrophy in heterozygous cMyBP‐C null mice: role of FHL1
Authors: Vignier Nicolas , Le Corvoisier Philippe , Blard Charlotte , Sambin Lucien , Azibani Feriel , Schlossarek Saskia , Delcayre Claude , Carrier Lucie , Hittinger Luc , Su Jin Bo
Published: April 2013

This research investigated the impact of angiotensin AT1 receptor (Agtr1) blockade on left ventricular (LV) hypertrophy in a mouse model of human hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM), which carries one functional allele of Mybpc3 gene coding cardiac myosin‐binding protein C (cMyBP‐C). Five‐month‐old heterozygous cMyBP‐C knockout (Het‐KO) and wild‐type mice were treated with irbesartan (50 mg/kg/day) or vehicle for 8 weeks. Arterial blood pressure was measured by tail cuff plethysmography. LV dimension and function were accessed by echocardiography. Myocardial gene expression was evaluated using RT‐qPCR. Compared with wild‐type littermates, Het‐KO mice had greater LV/body weight ratio (4.0 ± 0.1 vs. 3.3 ± 0.1 mg/g, P < 0.001), thicker interventricular septal wall (0.70 ± 0.02 vs. 0.65 ± 0.01 mm, P < 0.02), lower Mybpc3 mRNA level (−43%, P < 0.02), higher four‐and‐a‐half LIM domains 1 (Fhl1, +110%, P < 0.01), and angiotensin‐converting enzyme 1 (Ace1, +67%, P < 0.05), but unchanged Agtr1 mRNA levels in the septum. Treatment with irbesartan had no effect in wild‐type mice but abolished septum‐predominant LV hypertrophy and Fhl1 upregulation without changes in Ace1 but with an increased Agtr1 (+42%) in Het‐KO mice. Thus, septum‐predominant LV hypertrophy in Het‐KO mice is combined with higher Fhl1 expression, which can be abolished by AT1 receptor blockade, indicating a role of the renin‐angiotensin system and Fhl1 in cMyBP‐C‐related HCM.
The substrate oxidation mechanism of pyranose 2‐oxidase and other related enzymes in the glucose–methanol–choline superfamily
Authors: Wongnate Thanyaporn , Chaiyen Pimchai
Published: April 2013

Enzymes in the glucose–methanol–choline (GMC) oxidoreductase superfamily catalyze the oxidation of an alcohol moiety to the corresponding aldehyde. In this review, the current understanding of the sugar oxidation mechanism in the reaction of pyranose 2‐oxidase (P2O) is highlighted and compared with that of other enzymes in the GMC family for which structural and mechanistic information is available, including glucose oxidase, choline oxidase, cholesterol oxidase, cellobiose dehydrogenase, aryl‐alcohol oxidase, and pyridoxine 4‐oxidase. Other enzymes in the family that have been newly discovered or for which less information is available are also discussed. A large primary kinetic isotope effect was observed for the flavin reduction when 2‐d‐d‐glucose was used as a substrate, but no solvent kinetic isotope effect was detected for the flavin reduction step. The reaction of P2O is consistent with a hydride transfer mechanism in which there is stepwise formation of d‐glucose alkoxide prior to the hydride transfer. Site‐directed mutagenesis of P2O and pH‐dependence studies indicated that His548 is a catalytic base that facilitates the deprotonation of C2–OH in d‐glucose. This finding agrees with the current mechanistic model for aryl‐alcohol oxidase, glucose oxidase, cellobiose dehydrogenase, methanol oxidase, and pyridoxine 4‐oxidase, but is different from that of cholesterol oxidase and choline oxidase. Although all of the GMC enzymes share similar structural folding and use the hydride transfer mechanism for flavin reduction, they appear to have subtle differences in the fine‐tuned details of how they catalyze substrate oxidation.
Computing theJacobian inGaussian Spatial Autoregressive Models: An Illustrated Comparison of Available Methods
Authors: Bivand Roger , Hauke Jan , Kossowski Tomasz
Published: April 2013

When estimating spatial regression models by maximum likelihood using spatial weights matrices to represent spatial processes, computing theJacobian, ln(|I− λW|), remains a central problem. In principle, and for smaller data sets, the use of the eigenvalues of the spatial weights matrix provides a very rapid resolution. Analytical eigenvalues are available for large regular grids. For larger problems not on regular grids, including those induced in spatial panel and dyadic (network) problems, solving the eigenproblem may not be feasible, and a number of alternatives have been proposed. This article surveys selected alternatives, and comments on their relative usefulness, covering sparseCholesky and sparseLUfactorizations, and approximations such asMonteCarlo,Chebyshev, and using lower‐order moments with interpolation. The results are presented in terms of component‐wise differences between sets ofJacobians for selected data sets. In conclusion, recommendations are made for a number of analytical settings.

Al estimar modelos de regresión espacial con el método del máxima verosimilitud(máximum likelihood)y usando matrices de pesos espaciales para representar procesos espaciales, cálculo del término jacobiano (jabobian)—ln(|I−λW|)‐ sigue siendo un problema central. En principio, y para bases de datos más pequeñas, el uso de los valores propios (eigenvalues)de la matriz de pesos espaciales proporciona una solución muy rápida. Loseigenvaluesanalíticos para retículas o grillas grandes y regulares son ya conocidos. Para problemas más grandes, que no se presentan en mallas regulares ‐incluyendo aquellos que se inducen en problemas de paneles espaciales y en problemas de (redes) diádicas‐, es posible que resolver eleigenproblemno sea posible. Este artículo estudia una selección de alternativas y comenta acerca de su relativa utilidad. Se cubren las facorizaciones de tipo Cholesky disperso (sparse Cholesky) y de tipo LU dispersas (sparse LU), las aproximaciones Monte Carlo, y Chebyshev, así mismo se utiliza momentos de bajo‐orden (lower‐order) con interpolación. Los resultados se presentan en términos de diferencias de componentes entre sets de términos jacobianos para bases de datos seleccionadas. En conclusión, se hacen recomendaciones para una serie de contextos analíticos.

当采用表征空间过程的空间权重矩阵对空间回归模型进行最大似然估计时，雅可比矩阵ln(|I−λW|)的计算仍是核心问题。对于小数据集，原则上可利用空间权重矩阵的特征值提供一种快速的解决方案，对于大型规则格网数据特征值分析同样有效。但对于不规则格网大型问题，包括从空间面板和二元（网络）问题中引伸的问题，利用特征值的解决方案可能不适用，对此学术界提出了多种可选替代方案。本文选取已有的几种替代方案并评论各自的相对有效性，其中包括稀疏Cholesky分解和稀疏LU分解法，Monte Carlo和 Chebyshev近似模拟法以及低阶矩插值法。结果以所选数据集雅可比矩阵间特定组份的差异方式显示。最后，推荐了一些分析设定。
Deformation bands and their impact on fluid flow in sandstone reservoirs: the role of natural thickness variations
Authors: Rotevatn A. , Sandve T. H. , Keilegavlen E. , Kolyukhin D. , Fossen H.
Published: April 2013

Cataclastic deformation bands, which are common in sandstone reservoirs and which may negatively affect fluid flow, are generally associated with notable thickness variations. It has been suggested previously that such thickness variations represent an important control on how deformation bands affect fluid flow. The effects of such thickness variations are tested in this study though statistical analysis and fluid flow simulation of an array of cataclastic deformation bands in Cretaceous sandstones in in the Bassin de Sud‐Est in Provence, France. Spatial outcrop data are statistically analyzed for incorporation in flow simulation models, and numerical simulations are used to investigate the effects of notable thickness variations on how the deformation bands influence effective permeability and flow dynamics. A suite of simulations is performed using a combination of fine‐scale and coarse‐scale grids, revealing that the effective permeability of the simulated reservoir is reduced by a factor of 15–25. More interestingly, the simulations further demonstrated that, as compared to the overall effect of the deformation band array on fluid flow, thickness variations along the bands proved to have negligible effects only. Thus, our simulations indicate that the configuration and connectivity of the deformation bands, together with the permeability contrast between the bands and the host rock and the mean band thickness, are the most important controls on the effective permeability. Our findings represent new insight into the influence of deformation bands on fluid flow in subsurface aquifers and reservoirs, indicating that thickness variations of individual deformation bands are of less significance than previously thought.
Effect of abstinence from alcohol on survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Xie Yan‐Di , Feng Bo , Gao Yan , Wei Lai
Published: April 2013

Aim

To address the questions of whether abstinence improves survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis (AC) and how long it takes for the effect to be significant.

Methods

A systematic review and a meta‐analysis are performed to assess the effect of abstinence on the survival of patients with AC.

Results

Seven cohort studies involving 1235 patients with AC were included. No differences were found in 0.5‐year survival (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.48, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.23–1.03, P = 0.06) and 1‐year survival (HR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.32–1.03, P = 0.06) between the abstinent and continue drinking groups. However, differences were found in 1.5‐year survival (HR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.33–0.81, P = 0.004), 2‐year survival (HR = 0.55, 95% CI = 0.38–0.78, P = 0.0008), 2.5‐year survival (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.38–0.77, P = 0.0005), 3‐year survival (HR = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.40–0.74, P = 0.0001), 3.5‐year survival (HR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.44–0.73, P < 0.00001), 4‐year survival (HR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.48–0.73, P < 0.00001), 4.5‐year survival (HR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.49–0.76, P < 0.0001) and 5‐year survival (HR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.52–0.76, P < 0.00001) between the two groups.

Conclusion

Alcohol abstinence does improve the survival of patients with AC, and it takes at least 1.5 years of alcohol abstinence before a statistically significant difference in survival can be observed between the abstinent and the continue drinking groups.
AdJusting Jonah
Authors: Havea Jione
Published: April 2013

In this article, I engage the theme for the WCC Busan assembly – “God of Life, Lead Us to Justice and Peace” – through a reading of the story of Jonah that listens for the currents and vibes in and from Oceania. I circle around the story of Jonah with a double‐edging (AdJusting) reading: first, listening for justice (Justing) in the story of Jonah and second, shifting (Adjusting) the way we hear (read, view) Jonah. I hear Jonah's Wrath as a call for justice, with calm and respect of someone who is angry but at peace. Jonah did not agree with G*d from the start, seeing that Nineveh was not as wicked as G*d claimed, and at the end of the story Jonah is silent because he did not want Nineveh's countless cattle (like pigs in my culture) to be destroyed.
God of Life, Lead Us to Justice and Peace: Reflection from an Asian and Korean Church Perspective
Authors: Hong In Sik
Published: April 2013

The 10th Assembly of the World Council of Churches (WCC) will be held in Busan, Republic of Korea, from 30 October to 8 November 2013, on the theme “God of Life, Lead Us to Justice and Peace.” Having recognized the importance and urgency of the WCC theme, I would like to reflect on, and review it especially from the perspective of the Asian and Korean church. I suggest that we rethink the questions of:1. Hunger, Poverty, and Illness: Justice and Shalom. There is an urgent need for an ecumenical programme in Asia, and it ought to be focused on justice and shalom. 2. Cultures and Religions: The challenge for Asian Christianity is to find an authentic Asian identity for the sake of the gospel. 3. Ecological Destruction.

What do we expect from the 10th WCC Assembly? (1) A deepening of the topic justice: Discussing life and peace through the lens of justice; (2) A deepening of the economic‐political perspective: Critical analysis of the neo‐liberal economic system through theology and Christian faith in order to warn of it's the satanic character; (3) Recognition of the new Pentecostal and charismatic force in Christianity: Deepening its study and reflecting on potential theological reductionism; (4) Discussion of an inclusive rather than exclusive ecumenical mission: From monologue to dialogue.

We continue our call, our action, and our reflection in order to participate in God's mission that people may have justice, life, and peace. This is God's shalom, so that we can fully enjoy the feast of the church worldwide, celebrating the 10th meeting of the WCC in the Korean city of Busan. As the church in Korea and Asia, we hope that the festival will be an opportunity to reaffirm that another world is possible.
Responses of antioxidant enzymes to cold and high light are not correlated to freezing tolerance in natural accessions of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Distelbarth H. , Nägele T. , Heyer A. G.
Published: April 2013

Low temperatures and high light cause imbalances in primary and secondary reactions of photosynthesis, and thus can result in oxidative stress. Plants employ a range of low‐molecular weight antioxidants and antioxidant enzymes to prevent oxidative damage, and antioxidant defence is considered an important component of stress tolerance. To figure out whether oxidative stress and antioxidant defence are key factors defining the different cold acclimation capacities of natural accessions of the model plant Arabidopsis thaliana, we investigated hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) production, antioxidant enzyme activity and lipid peroxidation during a time course of cold treatment and exposure to high light in four differentially cold‐tolerant natural accessions of Arabidopsis (C24, Nd, Rsch, Te) that span the European distribution range of the species. All accessions except Rsch (from Russia) had elevated H2O2 in the cold, indicating that production of reactive oxygen species is part of the cold response in Arabidopsis. Glutathione reductase activity increased in all but Rsch, while ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were unchanged and catalase decreased in all but Rsch. Under high light, the Scandinavian accession Te had elevated levels of H2O2. Te appeared most sensitive to oxidative stress, having higher malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in the cold and under high light, while only high light caused elevated MDA in the other accessions. Although the most freezing‐tolerant, Te had the highest sensitivity to oxidative stress. No correlation was found between freezing tolerance and activity of antioxidant enzymes in the four accessions investigated, arguing against a key role for antioxidant defence in the differential cold acclimation capacities of Arabidopsis accessions.
Is there a vertical component to saccade targeting in Chinese reading?
Authors: Zang Chuanli , Meng Hongxia , Liang Feifei , Bai Xuejun , Yan Guoli
Published: April 2013

In this study, we examined whether Chinese character structure influenced readers' saccadic targeting in Chinese reading. Readers' eye movements were recorded when they read single sentences containing one‐character or two‐character target words. Both the one‐character words and the two constituent characters of two‐character words either had a symmetrical left–right structure or a symmetrical top–bottom structure. Landing positions were very similar when readers initially fixated the target words with left–right and top–bottom structures. They targeted their initial saccades to the word centre in single fixation cases and to the word beginning in multiple fixation cases. Furthermore, there was a highly reliable effect that readers were more likely to target the lower half of a character than the upper half of the character regardless of its structure. The results suggest some vertical differentiation in initial saccadic targeting in Chinese reading, but that character structure does not modulate such targeting.
Clinician beliefs and attitudes about buprenorphine/naloxone diversion
Authors: Schuman‐Olivier Zev , Connery Hilary , Griffin Margaret L. , Wyatt Steve A. , Wartenberg Alan A. , Borodovsky Jacob , Renner John A. , Weiss Roger D.
Published: April 2013

Background and Objectives

Concern about diversion of buprenorphine/naloxone (B/N) in the United States may affect prescribing patterns and policy decisions. This study examines addiction treatment clinician beliefs and attitudes regarding B/N diversion.

Methods

Participants (n = 369) completed a 34‐item survey in 2010 during two national symposia on opioid dependence. We conducted multivariable regression, examining the relationship of perceived danger from B/N diversion with clinician characteristics and their beliefs about B/N treatment and diversion. We compared causal beliefs about diversion among clinicians with and without B/N treatment experience.

Results

Forty percent of clinicians believed that B/N diversion is a dangerous problem. The belief that B/N diversion increases accidental overdoses in the community was strongly associated with perceived danger from B/N diversion.

Conclusions and Scientific Significance

Attitudes and beliefs, not education level, were associated with clinician's perceived danger from B/N diversion. Clinicians with greater B/N patient experience were more likely to believe treatment access barriers are the major cause of B/N diversion. (Am J Addict 2013;22:574–580)
Acute effects of heroin on emotions in heroin‐dependent patients
Authors: Blum Julia , Gerber Hana , Gerhard Urs , Schmid Otto , Petitjean Sylvie , Riecher‐Rössler Anita , Wiesbeck Gerhard A. , Borgwardt Stefan J. , Walter Marc
Published: April 2013

Background

Euphoria has been described in heroin‐dependent individuals after heroin administration. However, affective disturbances and disorders are common in heroin dependence. The present study examined the acute effects of heroin on emotions in heroin‐dependent patients.

Methods

This randomized controlled crossover trial included 28 heroin‐dependent patients (67.9% male, n = 19) in stable heroin‐assisted treatment and 20 healthy controls. The patients were administered heroin or saline (placebo), the controls were administered saline. Data measuring mood, affects and heroin craving (BDI, AMRS, STAI, STAXI, and HCQ) were assessed before and 60 minutes after substance injection.

Results

Before substance injection, heroin‐dependent patients showed significantly higher levels of anxiety and depression than healthy controls (p < .0001). Heroin administration—but not placebo administration—was associated with a significant decrease in all negative emotions, including craving, and a significant increase in emotional well‐being (p < .0001), irrespective of perceived intoxication and sedation. After the experiment, the patients did not differ from healthy controls in their emotions, once they had received heroin.

Conclusions

Heroin dampens craving, negative emotions, and increases positive emotions. These findings indicate that heroin regulates emotions and underscore the clinical benefit of opioid substitution treatment for heroin‐dependent patients. (Am J Addict 2013;22:598–604)
Corporate Governance and Risk Taking: Evidence From the U.K. and German Insurance Markets
Authors: Eling Martin , Marek Sebastian D.
Published: April 2013

We analyze the impact of factors related to corporate governance (i.e., compensation, monitoring, and ownership structure) on risk taking in the insurance industry. We measure asset, product, and financial risk in insurance companies and employ a structural equation model in which corporate governance is modeled as a latent factor. Based on this model, we present empirical evidence on the link between corporate governance and risk taking, considering insurers from two large European insurance markets. Higher levels of compensation, increased monitoring (more independent boards with more meetings), and more blockholders are associated with lower risk taking. Our empirical results provide justification for including factors related to corporate governance in insurance regulation.
Long‐term therapy for chronic hepatitis B: Hepatitis B virus DNA suppression leading to cirrhosis reversal
Authors: Marcellin Patrick , Asselah Tarik
Published: April 2013

Since the licensing of the first treatment for chronic hepatitis B in the nucleoside/tide analog class almost 15 years ago, considerable progress has been made in improving drug efficacy and safety with highly potent nucleoside/tide analogs exhibiting a high barrier to resistance. Physicians are now able to treat patients safely for many years and to be able to see convincing improvements in histology, including regression of fibrosis and even reversal of cirrhosis. The robust data that have been generated help us build confidence that we can now offer patients with chronic hepatitis B long‐term, disease‐modifying therapy that can alter the natural course of disease and help prevent the morbidity and mortality associated with it.
Coinfection with hepatitis B and D: Epidemiology, prevalence and disease in patients in Northern California
Authors: Gish Robert G , Yi Debbie Hana , Kane Steve , Clark Margaret , Mangahas Michael , Baqai Sumbella , Winters Mark A , Proudfoot James , Glenn Jeffrey S
Published: April 2013

Background and Aims

With no report on the overall prevalence and ramifications of hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) infection in the United States for more than two decades, the characteristics of chronic hepatitis B virus (CHB) patients coinfected with HDV, including clinical presentation, rate of hepatitis C virus tri‐infection, and HDV viral load, were assessed.

Methods

At California Pacific Medical Center, a retrospective chart review was conducted on all CHB patients.

Results

Of 1191 CHB patients, 499 had been tested for HDV, with 42 (8%) determined to be coinfected; half of these were also hepatitis C virus‐infected. Cirrhosis was present in 73% of the coinfected, 80% of the tri‐infected, but only 22% of the monoinfected. Twenty‐nine patients (69%) were Caucasian non‐Hispanic; 10 (24%) were Asians and Pacific Islanders. Of 39 patients for whom HBV‐DNA quantification at time of HDV presentation was available, 22 (56%) had undetectable levels; four (10%) had levels > 100 000 IU/mL.

Conclusions

HDV affects individuals of all ages and various ethnic groups. Although HBV viral loads are lower, rates of cirrhosis are higher in coinfected patients and higher still in the tri‐infected. Our data support revising screening guidelines to advocate for all patients with HBV to be screened for HDV in order to both give the individual patient important information related to the possible need for treatment and to support the public health goal of reducing transmission by educating HDV‐negative patients about the need for protection against superinfection and HDV‐infected patients about the need to protect against transmission to others.
Dietary adequacy and alcohol consumption of Inuvialuit women of child‐bearing age in the Northwest Territories, Canada
Authors: Kolahdooz F. , Spearing K. , Corriveau A. , Sharma S.
Published: April 2013

Background

Previous studies highlight a possible association between alcohol‐drinking patterns and dietary inadequacies, which may have negative implications, particularly for women of child‐bearing age. The present study aimed to compare dietary adequacy among alcohol drinkers versus nondrinkers in Inuvialuit women of child‐bearing age.

Methods

A cross‐sectional survey of 92 randomly selected women of childbearing age (19–44 years) was conducted in three communities in the Northwest Territories of Arctic Canada, using a validated quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Data were analysed to compare mean daily energy and nutrient intakes, dietary adequacy and nutrient densities (per 4184 kJ) between alcohol drinkers and nondrinkers, as well as heavy drinkers and nonheavy drinkers, using the nonparametric Wilcoxen rank sum test.

Results

The response rate was between 65% and 85% depending on the community sampled. Of the study participants, 54% (n = 49) were drinkers and 46% (n = 42) were nondrinkers. Of the drinkers, 45% (n = 22) were heavy drinkers. Mean energy intakes were high among all women, although they were significantly higher among drinkers [17 179 kJ (4106 kcal)] compared to nondrinkers [13 317 kJ (3183 kcal)]. There were no significant differences in nutrient intake between the two groups; however, drinkers had a lower nutrient density for most nutrients. Heavy drinkers had a significantly lower nutrient density for all nutrients, except protein, iron, and vitamins B6, C and D, compared to nonheavy drinkers.

Conclusions

The findings of the present study provide evidence of inadequate dietary intake among Inuvialuit of child‐bearing age, regardless of alcohol‐drinking behaviour.
Oxydative phosphorylation in sciatic nerve myelin and its impairment in a model of dysmyelinating peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Ravera Silvia , Nobbio Lucilla , Visigalli Davide , Bartolucci Martina , Calzia Daniela , Fiorese Fulvia , Mancardi Gianluigi , Schenone Angelo , Morelli Alessandro , Panfoli Isabella
Published: April 2013

Myelin sheath is the proteolipid membrane wrapping the axons of CNS and PNS. We have shown data suggesting that CNS myelin conducts oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), challenging its role in limiting the axonal energy expenditure. Here, we focused on PNS myelin. Samples were: (i) isolated myelin vesicles (IMV) from sciatic nerves, (ii) mitochondria from primary Schwann cell cultures, and (iii) sciatic nerve sections, from wild type or Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth type 1A (CMT1A) rats. The latter used as a model of dys‐demyelination. O2 consumption and activity of OXPHOS proteins from wild type (Wt) or CMT1A sciatic nerves showed some differences. In particular, O2 consumption by IMV from Wt and CMT1A 1‐month‐old rats was comparable, while it was severely impaired in IMV from adult affected animals. Mitochondria extracted from CMT1A Schwann cell did not show any dysfunction. Transmission electron microscopy studies demonstrated an increased mitochondrial density in dys‐demyelinated axons, as to compensate for the loss of respiration by myelin. Confocal immunohistochemistry showed the expression of OXPHOS proteins in the myelin sheath, both in Wt and dys‐demyelinated nerves. These revealed an abnormal morphology. Taken together these results support the idea that also PNS myelin conducts OXPHOS to sustain axonal function.
Plasma Oxytocin and Vasopressin do not Predict Neuropeptide Concentrations in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid
Authors: Kagerbauer S. M. , Martin J. , Schuster T. , Blobner M. , Kochs E. F. , Landgraf R.
Published: April 2013

The involvement of the neuropeptides oxytocin (OXT) and vasopressin (AVP) in human socio‐emotional behaviours is attracting increasing attention. There is ample evidence for elevated plasma levels upon a wide variety of social and emotional stimuli and scenarios, ranging from romantic love via marital distress up to psychopathology, with cause versus consequence being largely unclear. The present study examined whether plasma levels of both OXT and AVP are reflective of central neuropeptide levels, as assumed to impact upon socio‐emotional behaviours. Concomitant plasma and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) samples were taken from 41 non‐neurological and nonpsychiatric patients under basal conditions. Although OXT and AVP levels in the CSF exceeded those in plasma, there was no correlation between both compartments, clearly suggesting that plasma OXT and AVP do not predict central neuropeptide concentrations. Thus, the validity of plasma OXT and AVP as potential biomarkers of human behaviour needs further clarification.