bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Indonesian Species of Rennellia Korth. (Rubiaceae)
Authors: SURATMAN SURATMAN
Published: July 2014

The objective of the research was to investigate the Indonesian species of Rennellia Korth. based on their morphological characters. The investigation on morphological characters was based on herbarium specimens at the Herbarium Bogoriense and Herbarium Andalas University. Additional specimens also were collected during the course of the field work. There are four species recognized, i.e., Rennellia elliptica Korth., Rennellia elongata (King & Gamble) Ridl., Rennellia morindiformis (Korth.) Ridl. and Rennellia speciosa (Wall. ex Kurz) Hook.f. An identification key to the species was produced and detailed description of the taxa was also provided. The natural history data including habitat, distribution, uses and vernacular names were also presented.Key words: Rennellia Korth., Indonesia, morphological characters
Physiological characters of kimpul (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott) in various of light intensity (shading) and water availability
Authors: ANGGARWULAN ENDANG , SOLICHATUN SOLICHATUN , MUDYANTINI WIDYA
Published: July 2014

The aim of this research was to study the physiological characters of kimpul [Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott] in various light intensity (shading) and water availability. The physiological characters are growth, photosynthetic apparatus, tissue nitrogen and polyphenol content. Information about physiological character of tannia is important in order to their cropping development. The research done in randomizecomplete block design with 2 factors and 3 replicates. The first factor was light intensity (shading) in 3 levels (0%, 55%, and 75%). The second factor was water availability in 4 different fields capacities (40%, 60%, 80% and 100%). The treatments were be done in 6 weeks. There were 8 parameters measured (plant height, dry plant weight, total chlorophyll content, stomata index, nitrogen and polyphenol content. The data were analyzed by analysis of varians, followed by DMRT in 5% confident level. The result showed that the plant height significantly affected by the combinations of treatment (shading and water availability). The treatment also influenced the total chlorophyll content and leaf nitrogen content. The treatment didnâ€™t give significantly effect on stomata index, and pholyphenol content.Key words: Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott, light intensity, water availability, growth, nitrogen content, polyphenol.
Growth, cellulose, and lignin content of ramie (Boehmeria nivea L. Gaudich) with treatment of Gibberelic Acid (GA3)
Authors: MUDYANTINI WIDYA
Published: July 2014

The aims of this research were to: (i) study the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) to the growth of Boehmeria nivea L. Gaudich, and (ii) study the effects of gibberellic acid (GA3) to the cellulose and lignin content of B. nivea. GA3 could delivered starch hydrolysis that could support Î±-amylase formation that would increase glucose. Increasing glucose concentration caused the rising of osmotic pressure inside the cell so that the cells expand. The initial synthetic path of cellulose was glucose, as well as lignin. If GA3 could increased the glucose amount inplant, then the cellulose and lignin amount also increased. This experiment use Completely Random Design with one factor, they are concentration gibberellic acid that consist of 6 treatment concentration are GA3 0 ppm, GA3 50 ppm, GA3 100 ppm, GA3 150 ppm, GA3 200 ppm, and GA3 250 ppm. The treatment to the rhizome had been done before it was planted. Some parameters like growth and anatomy parameter are measured. The results showed that treatment GA3 affect to the improvement of bud stem diameter, length of bud stem, thewet weight, dry weight, length of phloem bundle, phloem number, and lignin content but they does not affect to the change of bud number, leaf number, and cellulose content. The treatment of GA3 on GA3 200 ppm show the maximum result to the improvement of bud stem diameter, length of bud stem, the wet weight, dry weight, length of phloem bundle, phloem number, and cellulose content The treatment of GA3 on GA3 250 ppm show maximum result to the improvement of bud number, leaf number, and lignin content.Key words: gibberellic acid, Boehmeria nivea L. Gaudich, growth, cellulose content, lignin content.
Mean annual increment of Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm. in â€œEka Karyaâ€ Botanical Garden, Bali
Authors: UNDAHARTA NI KADEK EROSI , NUGROHO BRAMANTYO TRI ADI , SIREGAR MUSTAID
Published: July 2014

Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm. including into the tribe of Meliace. The society in Bali calls this plant with majegau. It gives a special characteristic for Balinese and has advantages in their religion. In Bali, it is more known as divine tree (kayu dewa), which able to be used for purified building. The objective of this research was to measure the mean annual increment of height, diameter and volume of D. parasiticum. Recognizing the characteristic of this plant is an important step to get information about the growth of majegau. Estimation of age harvest and also the conservation effort as one of effort to take care of its continuity. The results showed that highest heightincrement in XIVA garden bed, and the highest diameter increment in XVIIIA garden bed. The height increment is more optimal in the area with high light intensity (XIV A bed garden) and the diameter increment is more optimal in low light intensity area (XVIIIA bed garden). The increment of height is more influentially to create volume increment. The model showed that height and volume increment have higher R2adjusted value than diameter and volume (0.645 and 0.132, respectively).Key words: Dysoxylum parasiticum (Osbeck) Kosterm., mean annual increment, â€œEka Karyaâ€- Bali Botanical Garden.
Litterfall production of mangrove forest in the beach waters of Sepi Bay, West Lombok
Authors: ZAMRONI YULIADI , ROHYANI IMMY SUCI
Published: July 2014

Litterfall production of mangrove forest study was carried out in the beach water of Sepi Bay, West Lombok, from July to October 2007. The collection of litter was done every 10 days, and then the litter was dried at 75oC to constant weight and separated into leaves, reproduction organs, and wood part components. The total mangrove litter fall average was 2.71 g/m2/day or 9.9 ton/ha/year, with the leaf, reproduction organs, and branch components being 87.56%, 11.33% and 1.54%. Contribution of Rhizophora mucronata litter fall was 1.48 g/m2/day, R. apiculata 0.49 g/m2/day, Sonneratia alba 0.48 g/m2/day, R. stylosa 0.25 g/m2/day, and Aegiceras corniculatum 0.01 g/m2/day.Key words: mangrove, litterfall, Sepi Bay.
Exploration and Inventory of Araceae Genera in Silui Mountain and Uluisimbone Forest, Kolaka Regency, South-East Sulawesi
Authors: NUGROHO BRAMANTYO TRI ADI , SANTIKA YESSI
Published: July 2014

The island of Sulawesi has been highlighted as a globally important conservation area, across a range of evaluation criteria. Collection rates on the Sulawesi Island are the lowest among in Indonesia area. Taxonomic study also has been limited, with most experts reporting large numbers of undescribed species. The research of Araceae diversity in Sulawesi is subject which in general has not been studiedcritically. The main purpose of this research is concerned to inventory the diversity of Araceae genera. The exploration was conducted in each location used exploring method. The Araceae genera in Silui Mountain and Uluisimbone forest consist of 30 numbers, 24 species and 14 genera, including into 3 sub families (Aroideae, Monsteroideae and Pothoideae). Mostly Araceae were found at humid location, the river flows. Schismatoglottis calyptrata Zoll. & Mor. and Aglaonema simplex Bl. are dominant species for terrestrial Araceae, where asScindapsus spp. and Pothoidium spp. are dominant species for climbing Araceae.Key words: Araceae, Silui, Uluisimbone, Sulawesi.
Composition and abundance model of phytoplankton in water of Ciliwung River, Jakarta
Authors: FACHRUL MELATI FERIANITA , EDIYONO SETIJATI HARTINAH , WULANDARI MONIKA
Published: July 2014

The research was conducted in Ciliwung River, from Bogor until Jakarta. The aims of this research were to (i) identify the species of phytoplankton were occupied in the Ciliwung River and (ii) determine the river ecosytem condition using ecological modeling by composition and distribution of abundance model. This research was conducted in two period sampling which on July 2005 (1st period) and August 2005 (2nd period). The river ecosystem was devided into three segments, which covered 10 stations, namely: Cisarua, Gadog, Kedung Halang (Segment I), Kelapa Dua, Kalibata, Kampung Melayu, Guntur (Segment II), Pejompongan, K.H. Mas Mansyur, and Teluk Gong (Segment III). The result on the first period obtained 4 divisions that consist of 41 species, such as 12 species from Cyanophyta, 25species from Chlorophyta, 4 species from Chrysophyta and 1 species from Euglenophyta. Thus, from the second period, obtained 4 divisions that consist of 45 species, such as 8 species from Cyanophyta, 28 species from Chlorophyta, 5 species from Chrysophyta and 4 species from Euglenophyta. The result of analysis on phytoplankton abundance distribution showed that, both on first and second periodsan appropriate model is Motomura Model.Key words: composition, abundance model, phytoplankton, Ciliwung River.
Stomata Diversification and Phylogenenetic Analysis of 13 Species of Family Euphorbiaceae sensu lato
Authors: HIDAYAT TOPIK , KUSDIANTI KUSDIANTI
Published: July 2014

Investigation on diversity of stomata from 13 species of family Euphorbiaceae has been carried out. Characters like type of stomata, position of stomata, presence/absence of ledge, and density both abaxial and adaxial leaf surface were examined.Stomata characters in the family were found quite diverse in this study. Monophyletic nature of Euphorbiaceae has been proved in this study on the basis of phylogenetic analysis using parsimoni method. Our data further suggested that the family can be classified into two major groups. However, surprisingly, genus Phyllanthus is non-monophyletic.Key words: diversity, Euphorbiaceae, phylogenetic analysis, stomata.
A Comparison on Biodiversity between Private Conservation and Wildlife Reserve Forests in Riau by using Macro-moths as an Indicator
Authors: SUTRISNO HARI
Published: July 2014

A study on biodiversity of the two forest management types, private conservation forest PT. A and wildlife reserve forest of Suaka Margasatwa Giam Siak Kecil, Riau by using a rapid assessment approach with macro-moths as an indicator wasconducted from 23 October to 6 November 2007. Four sample sites were established in Giam Siak Kecil Wildlife Reserve,whereas three sample sites were performed in private conservation forest PT. A. The results show that the diversity indexes based on Fisherâ€™s Î± of the private forest PT. A was higher than those of wildlife reserve forest Giam Siak Kecil, they were 67.98 and 47.86, respectively. The species composition of the two forests is different, pyralid moths dominate at Giam Siak Kecil. On the contrary, Geometrid moths dominate at private conservation forest PT. A. The results indicated that diversity index and species composition in Giam Siak Kecil is influenced by habitat changes and decrease on floral diversity due to illegal logging. Moreover, a low faunal similarity which is indicated by Jaccardâ€™s index that is only 0.218 showed that thesamples represent significant different communities.Key words: biodiversity, conservation, macro-moths, Fisherâ€™s Î± index
The Effect of Crude Extract of Pandanus conoideus Lamb. var. Yellow Fruit on Apoptotic Expression of the Breast Cancer Cell Line (T47D)
Authors: ASTIRIN OKID PARAMA , HARINI MARTI , HANDAJANI NOOR SOESANTI
Published: July 2014

A mechanism controlling a growing cancer cells is by a programmed cell death (apoptosis). The wildtype-p53 enable to stop cleaves that follow DNA repair or cell death (apoptosis). The mutation of wt-p53 caused loosing its ability to inhibit cancer cells proliferation. Healing methods like surgery, radiation, immunotherapy and chemotherapy still have some weaknesses, and clinical medicine to cancer is also still has any dissatisfactory. Much of chemotherapy was not given optimal result yet, because no specific action to cancer cells only, but also to the normal cells. These problems encourage important effort to find specific and sensitive anticancer. Empirical evidence indicates that the crude extract of Pandanus conoideus Lamb var. yellow fruit has potential effect as an anticancer. Method of Freshney was used in growing T47D cell line, counting cells was done by direct counting, and apoptotic evaluation was done by TUNEL enzymatic labeling assay. The results of theresearch demonstrated that the LC50 of yellow fruit extract are 0.25 Î¼L/mL. The percentage of apoptotic of 0.125 Î¼L/mL,0.0625 Î¼L/mL, and 0.03125 Î¼L/mL are 34.38Â±2.26, 30.03Â±3.87 and 21.07Â±1.14 respectively.Key words: T47D, Apoptotic, p53, Pandanus conoideus Lamb. var. yellow fruit.
Genetic Transformation of Transcription Factor (35S-oshox4) Gene into Rice Genome and Transformant Analysis of hpt Gene by PCR and Hygromycin Resistance Test
Authors: MULYANINGSIH ENUNG SRI , HERMAWAN REGY , LOEDIN INEZ HORTENZE SLAMET
Published: July 2014

Global warming, climate change and crop extensification in marginal dryland areas are related to long dry season and waterdeficit. The water availability is an important factor in improving plant production. Application of drought tolerant rice cultivars is one of several options that might be used. Genetic engineering at the level of transcription factors is particularly promising strategy to develop drought tolerant rice varieties. Transcription factors regulate a wide range of target genes in which of them contribute to stress tolerance. HD Zip genes are transcription factor that potential in the adaptation of plants to some environment stresses including water deficit. HD-ZIP oshox4 (oryza sativa homeobox) gene controlled by 35S promotor is inserted into pCAMBIA 1300 vector with hpt (hygromycin) gene as a selectable marker. The aim of this research is to obtain transgenic rice plant from transformation with 35S-oshox4 plasmid, segregation analysis of marker gene (hpt) by PCR method at T0 and T1 generation, and hygromycin resistance analysis of seeds. Recombinant plasmid was transformed into rice genome of IRAT 112 and rojolele cultivars using Agrobacterium tumefaciens. The results showed thattransformation efficiency of IRAT 112 was 5.7-13.6% and 26-66,7% for rojolele. While regeneration efficiency for IRAT 112 is 4.7-43.7% and 23-44.1% for rojolele. The result of hygromycin resistance test at T1 seeds were obtained 14 lines cv. rojolele segregation Mendelian for hpt gene. The PCR analysis using specific primers for hpt gene at the parent (T0) from 14 lines showed that 7 lines contain the gene. At the second generation (T1), PCR analysis using hpt primers showed that 3 from 4 lines were followed Mendelian segregation pattern by the presence of specific band.Key words: HD-Zip oshox (oryza sativa homeobox), 35S-oshox4, hpt, Agrobacterium tumefaciens, PCR.
Partial Characterization of a Novel Reovirus Isolated from a Hypovirulent Strain (9B21) of Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr
Authors: SUPYANI SUPYANI
Published: July 2014

A filamentous fungus Cryphonectria parasitica (Murrill) Barr. is the causal agent of the chestnut blight disease. This fungus has some hypovirulent strains. These strains are known to be infected by viruses. To date, many species of viruses havebeen found to be associated with C. parasitica strains. The number genome segments, their relative size, titer and sequence homology as well as the effects on host fungal virulence and morphology were varied among the C. parasiticaassociating viruses. Cryphonectria parasitica mycoreovirus-1 (CpMYRV1) is a newly characterized reovirus isolated from C.parasitica. The viral genome consists of 11 segments of dsRNA termed S1 to S11. The aims of this research were to determine the complete sequences of the three shortest segments (S9-S11) of CpMYRV1, and to analyze the relationship of the dsRNA segments to the segments within the reoviruses genome. Sequence analyses showed that segments S9, S10, and S11 are 1072 bp, 975 bp, and 732 bp in size with single ORFs coding for 297, 247, and 101 amino acids respectively. Genome segments S9 to S11 have common terminal sequences, 5â€™GAUCA--- GCAGUCA3â€™. The deduced amino acid sequence coded by segment 9 showed a similarity to P11 of evolutionarily related Rosellinia anti-rot virus (Reoviridae), while S10 or S11 exhibited they were no significant sequence similarities to the known sequences published.Key words: Cryphonectria parasitica, CpMYRV1, molecular characterization.
Abundance and Diversity of Mould Inhabiting Muara Layang Estuary Sediment, Bangka Belitung Islands
Authors: LARASHATI SEKAR , ILYAS MUHAMMAD
Published: July 2014

Estuary basin is a fertile area which has important role for sustaining many organisms from estuary and sea. Mould andother saprobic microorganisms have important role to decomposing organic material in estuary water. A study on diversity and abundance of mould inhabiting Muara Layang estuary sediment, Bangka Belitung Islands has not been conducted before. The objective of this study is to investigate the abundance and diversity of mould inhabiting Muara Layang estuary sediment, Bangka Belitung Islands. The mould isolation was based on sample dilution method with Rose BengalChloramphenicol Agar mould isolation media. The abundance of mould was counted by measuring the average Colony Forming Unit (CFU)/ml of all mould colonies which grown on isolation media by Total Plate Count (TPC) method. The diversity of isolated mould was identified based on phenotypic characters by observing both of macroscopic and microscopic mould morphology. The result showed that the growth average of mould colonies is about (5-27.5) x102 CFU/mL. The result of mould identification showed that eight mould genera, Aspergillus (6 species), Chaetomium, Eupenicillium (3 species), Gliocladium, Paecilomyces, Penicillium (3 species), Scopulariopsis, Trichoderma (3 species), one group identified in class level (Coelomycetes), and three groups of unidentified sterile mould isolates were isolated.Key words: estuary, mould, sediment, abundance, diversity.
Reef Fish Status in Northern Acehnese Reef Based on Management Type
Authors: RUDI EDI , ELRAHIMI SAYYID AFDHAL , KARTAWIJAYA TASRIF , HERDIANA YUDI , SETIAWAN FAKHRIZAL , PARDEDE SHINTA T. , CAMPBELL STUART J. , TAMELANDER JERKER
Published: July 2014

The objectives of this study were to provide reliable data and information on reef fish in the northern Aceh region of Wehand Aceh islands based on management types. This research use underwater visual census techniques at 29 sites aroundWeh Island and Aceh Islands. Reef fish abundance in area that were protected under the management of Panglima Laot ofSabang Weh Island (32505 no.ha-1) and biomass (748 kg.ha-1) were also significantly higher than in Aceh Islands which is open access areas (abundance=9539 no.ha-1; biomass=396 kg.ha-1). Fish species from the family Pomacentridae (damsel fish) were highest in abundance and biomass at northern Acehnese reef. Population of carnivorous fish such as parrotfish (Family Scaridae) was low in all study sites which indicated that northern Acehnese reef is lack of reef resilience both in managed and open access area. Higher numbers and abundance of reef fish in marine managed areas, such as Panglima Laot in Sabang, could be considered for further conservation purpose of marine resources.Key words: Coral reef, reef fish, management type, northern Acehnese reef
Characterizing Social Interactions and Grouping Patterns of Sumatran Orangutans (Pongo abelii) in the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra
Authors: SUGARDJITO JITO
Published: July 2014

The character of social interactions and grouping patterns of Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii) have been studied in Ketambe research station of the Gunung Leuser National Park, Sumatra. A total number of 141 groupings and 47 incidences of interactive behavior were observed during the course of study. The character of groups (feeding group or travel-band) and the type of food trees (fig tree or fruit tree) appear to influence the interactive behavior of individual orangutans. Intolerance behavior has been characterized by feeding group in large fig trees, whereas tolerance and sexual behavior were shown mostly in travel-band.Key words: feeding group, travel-band, social interaction, Sumatran orangutan, Pongo abelii.
Isolation and Cloning of cDNA of Gene Encoding for Metallothionein Type 2 from Soybean [Glycine max (L.) (Merrill)] cv. Slamet
Authors: SUHARSONO SUHARSONO , ANWAR YASSIER , WIDYASTUTI UTUT
Published: July 2014

Metallothionein has an important role in the detoxification of metal ions. It has a low molecular weight and contains cysteine-rich residue. The objective of this research is to isolate and clone the cDNA of gene encoding for metallothionein from soybean [Glycine max (L.) (Merrill)] cv Slamet (GmMt2). We had successfully isolated total RNA by reverse transcription and synthesized total cDNA from total RNA as template. cDNA of GmMt2 had been isolated from total cDNA by PCR. It was successfully inserted into pGEM-T Easy plasmid, and the recombinant plasmids were introduced into Escherichia coli strain DH5Î±. Sequence analysis by using T7 and SP6 primers showed that the length of PCR-isolated fragment was 257 bp containing 246 bp completed sequence of Mt2 cDNA encoding for 81 amino acids. Enzyme restriction analysis showed that GmMt2 did not contain any restriction sites found in the multi cloning sites of pGEM-T easy. Nucleotide and amino acid alignment analysis using BLAST program showed that GmMt2 was similar with completed cDNA of AtMt2A from Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh. Amino acid sequence analysis showed that the motifs of Cys sequence of GmMT2 are Cys-Cys, Cys-X-Cys, and Cys-X-X-Cys.Key words: soybean, metallothionein, cDNA, isolation, cloning, cysteine.
Characterization and Purification a Specific Xylanase Showing Arabinofuranosidase Activity from Streptomyces spp. 234P-16
Authors: MERYANDINI ANJA , HENDARWIN TRIO , FAHRRUROZI FAHRRUROZI , AKHDIYA ALINA , SAPRUDIN DEDEN , LESTARI YULIN
Published: July 2014

Streptomyces spp 234P-16 producing xylanase was isolated from soil sample from Padang, West Sumatra, Indonesia. Crude enzyme (produced by centrifuging the culture at 14000 rpm for about 5 minutes) and purified xylanase have an optimum condition at pH 5 and 90oC. Crude xylanase have half life time of 4 hours, whereas purified xylanase have half life time of 2.5 hours at 90oC. The molecular mass of purified xylanase was determined to be 42.4 kDa. The Arabinofuranosidase have a Km and Vmax value of 1.98 mg/mL and 523 Î¼mol/minute/mg, respectivelyKey words: xylanase, xylooligosaccharide, arabinofuranosidase, Streptomyces.
Correlations between Degree of Petal Fusion, Leaf Size and Fruit Size: A Case in Syzygium (Myrtaceae)
Authors: WIDODO PUDJI , HARTANA ALEX , CHIKMAWATI TATIK
Published: July 2014

Syzygium is one of large genera of the flowering plants. In order to simplify the identification, a classification is required, e.g. based on degree of petal fusion, leaf size and fruit size. Due to variations of vegetative and generative characters, a correlation analysis was carried out. The aim of this research is to know the correlation between degree of petal fusion, leaf length and fruit diameter. The result of this research showed that there is positive correlation between those three variables. The increase of leaf size will increase fruit size and petal lobe depth.Key words: Syzygium, petal fusion, free, intermediate, fused petal, leaf, fruit size.
Some Notes on Biological Aspects of Captive Javan Warty Pig (Sus verrucosus)
Authors: SEMIADI GONO , NUGRAHA RADEN TAUFIQ PURNA
Published: July 2014

The Javan warty pig (Sus verrucosus) is an endemic pig to Java and Bawean Islands, while population on Madura Island is thought to be extinct. The problem in establishing ex-situ captive breeding is the lack of information on biology or physiology. A study on these aspects was conducted in 16 Javan warty pigs and 2 cadavers in Surabaya Zoo, Surabaya. Birth profile was evaluated and blood collections were conducted, as well as analysis on spermatozoa morphology. Data showed that blood parameters were not different among the age groups (juvenile and adult) or sex and within the range of Sus scrofa. Extreme values were only obtained from the palette with the female reaching 14.5 x 103/mm3, while adult male and juvenile pigs were 58-75 x 103/mm3. Diameter of both testicles with skin intake was 56.42 mm, with the length of left testicle being 83.29 mm and right testicle 78.88 mm. Javan warty pig spermatozoa had longer size for the head and tail lengths compared to average pigs sperms. Litter size was between two to four, with the average of 2.75 litters (SD 0.98). Low litter size in this species is something that has to be concerned from the conservation point of view, therefore a captive breeding population program needs to be considered.Key words: Javan warty pig, Sus verrucosus, blood parameters, sperm
Population Dynamics of Banteng, Buffalo and Deer in Bekol Savannah, Baluran National Park
Authors: SUHADI SUHADI
Published: July 2014

Baluran National Park give contribution at regional development to draw tourist and fascination provided is savannah in area. Savannah circumstance, forest, landscape, climate, vegetation and wild animal is represent experienced attraction. Research method use population dynamics perception of banteng, buffalo and deer in savannah of Bekol year 2004 and year 2005 as primary data, while secondary data year population dynamics 2003, 2004, and year 2005 outside savannah of Bekol, year population dynamics 2003 in savannah of Bekol. Secondary data obtained from daily report of Controller ecosystem Forest Worker animal discovery Baluran National Park from Section Bekol. Research location of outside savannah Bekol were Balanan, Perengan, Bitakol, Karangtekok, Pandean, Pondok jaran, Bama, Curah uling, Gunung Montor, Lempuyang, Bilik, Batangan, Labuhan Merak, Kramat, Semiang, Sirokoh, Lemah bang, Gunung Krasak, and Glengseran. The populations of banteng and buffalo in the savannah were unstable compared to the populations of them outside Bekol savannah. The populations of banteng and buffalo in Bekol savannah decreased, whereas the populations of them outside the Bekol savannah increased. The population of deer in Bekol savannah in 2004 was better than population of 2003, 2005, and 2006, whereas the population of deer outside Bekol savannah in 2006 increase significantly. The populations of banteng, buffalo, and deer decreased from year to year, in which the reductions of banteng and buffalo populations were obviously significant.Key words: banteng, buffalo, deer, Bekol savannah, Baluran National Park.
The Escherichia coli Growth Inhibition Activity of Some Fermented Medicinal Plant Leaf Extract from the Karo Highland, North Sumatra
Authors: TRIANA EVI , NURHIDAYAT NOVIK
Published: July 2014

A lot of traditional medicinal plant has antibacterial activities. Most of these plants are freshly chewed or grounded and useddirectly to treat infectious bacterial diseases. However, some practices employ a traditionally spontaneous fermentation onboiled extracted leaf, root or other parts of the plant. This work reports a laboratory stimulated spontaneous fermentation of leaf extracts from selected medicinal plants collected from the Karo Higland. The spontaneous fermentation was stimulated to be carried out by the Acetobacter xylinum and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The anti-infectious agent activity was assayed on the Escherichia coli growth inhibition. A complementary non fermented leaf extract was also made and assayed as a comparative measure. Indeed, the fermented leaf extract of bitter bush (Eupatorium pallescens), cacao (Theobroma cacao),avocado (Persea gratissima), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis), cassava (Cassava utilissima), diamond flower (Hedyotis corymbosa), periwinkle (Catharanthus roseus), and gandarussa (Justicia gendarussa) have relatively higher anti-E. coli activity than those of non fermented ones. However, there were no anti-E. coli activity was detected in both fermented and non fermented leaf extract of the guava (Psidium guajava) and common betel (Piper nigrum).
Review: Current Advances in Gloriosa superba L.
Authors: ADE RAVINDRA , RAI MAHENDRA K.
Published: July 2014

Gloriosa superba L. is an important medicinal plant of Asia and Africa. It is used in diseases, like cancer, gout, scrofula and act as antipyretic, antihelmintic, purgative and antiabortive. It is a source of colchicines and colchicocides, which are very costly, being highly demanded by pharma industries. Due to excessive use of the plant for diverse medicinal purposes the species is on the verge of extinction and included in Red Data Book. The strenuous efforts of botanists, biotechnologists, policy makers and conservationists are required. It is a matter of great concern to conserve this plant otherwise we will be loosing it by 2020.The present review is focused on current status of the genus, source of alkaloids, poisonous nature, the strategies for its conservation and future perspectives of G. superba.
Systematic studies of Australian stipoid grasses (Austrostipa) based on micro-morphological and molecular characteristics
Authors: BUSTAM BETTY MAULIYA
Published: July 2014

Bustam BM (2010) Systematic studies of Australian stipoid grasses (Austrostipa) based on micro morphological and molecular characteristics. Biodiversitas 11: 9-14. This research is one of many studies on stipoid grasses organized by the International Stipeae Working Group (ISWG). This research tested the subgeneric classification of Austrostipa proposed by Jacobs and Everett (1996) and tested how informative the micro morphological characters used. Data were collected from herbarium specimens of 36 species (33 species of Austrostipa, two species of Hesperostipa and one species of Anemanthele) at Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney. Twenty eight micro morphological characters were used. The data were collected from both adaxial and abaxial surfaces of leaves, and from the lemma epidermis using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). ISWG provided the molecular data. Parsimony analysis and a distance method (Unweighteic Pair Group with Arithmatic Mean: UPGMA) were used to analyze micro-morphological and molecular data separately. Only UPGMA analysis was used to analyze the combined data. The results support the monophyly of Austrostipa. However, there is a little support for the subgeneric classification of Austrostipa proposed by Jacobs and Everett (1996), other than for the consistent recognition of Falcatae. The characters for comparisons between genera are too homoplasious at this level and do not contain enough information for analyses at subgeneric level, a problem apparently shared with the DNA sequences.Key words: Austrostipa, stipoid grasses, micro morphological, molecular
Diversity and community structure of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across a habitat disturbance gradient in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi
Authors: SHAHABUDDIN SHAHABUDDIN
Published: July 2014

Shahabuddin (2010) Diversity and community structure of dung beetles (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) across habitat disturbance gradient in Lore Lindu National Park, Central Sulawesi. Biodiversitas 11: 29-33. Dung beetles are important component of most terrestrial ecosystems and used to assess the effects of habitat disturbance and deforestation. This study aimed at comparing dung beetle assemblages among several habitat types ranging from natural tropical forest and agroforestry systems to open cultivated areas at the margin of Lore Lindu National Park (LLNP), Central Sulawesi (one of Indonesiaâ€™s biodiversity hotspots). Therefore, 10 pitfall traps baited with cattle dung were exposed at each habitat type (n = 4 replicate sites per habitat type) to collect the dung beetles. The resultsshowed that species richness of dung beetles declined significantly from natural forest to open area. However cacao agroforestry systems seemed to be capable of maintaining a high portion of dung beetle species inhabiting at forest sites. The closer relationship between dung beetle assemblages recorded at forest and agroforestry sites reflects the high similarity of some measured habitat parameters (e.g. vegetation structure and microclimate) between both habitat types, while species assemblages at open areas differedsignificantly from both other habitat groups. These results indicated that habitat type has importance effect on determining the species richness and community structure of dung beetles at the margin of LLNP.Key words: forest conversion, diversity, habitat selection, dung beetles marker.
Fuel characteristics and trace gases produced through biomass burning
Authors: SAHARJO BAMBANG HERO , SUDO SHIGETO , YONEMURA SEIICHIRO , TSURUTA HARUO
Published: July 2014

Saharjo BH, Sudo S, Yonemura S, Tsuruta H (2010) Fuel characteristics and trace gases produced through biomass burning. Biodiversitas 11: 40-45. Indonesian 1997/1998 forest fires resulted in forest destruction totally 10 million ha with cost damaged about US$ 10 billion, where more than 1 Gt CO2 has been released during the fire episode and elevating Indonesia to one of the largest polluters of carbon in the world where 22% of worldâ€™s carbon dioxide produced. It has been found that 80-90% of the fire comes from estate crops and industrial forest plantation area belongs to the companies which using fire illegally for the land preparation. Because using fire is cheap, easy and quick and also support the companies purpose in achieving yearly planted area target. Forest managementand land use practices in Sumatra and Kalimantan have evolved very rapidly over the past three decades. Poor logging practices resulted in large amounts of waste will left in the forest, greatly elevating fire hazard. Failure by the government and concessionaires to protect logged forests and close old logging roads led to and invasion of the forest by agricultural settlers whose land clearances practices increased the risk of fire. Several field experiments had been done in order to know the quality and the quantity of trace produced during biomass burning in peat grass, peat soil and alang-alang grassland located in South Sumatra, Indonesia. Result of research show that different characteristics of fuel burned will have the different level also in trace gasses produced. Peat grass with higher fuel load burned produce more trace gasses compared to alang-alang grassland and peat soil.Key words: peat soil, peat grass, alang-alang, biomass burning, trace gas.
Examination of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains conferring large plasmids
Authors: SUHARTONO SUHARTONO
Published: July 2014

Suhartono (2010) Examination of uropathogenic Escherichia coli strains conferring large plasmids. Biodiversitas 11: 59-64. Of major uropathogens, Escherichia coli has been widely known as a main pathogen of UTIs globally and has considerable medical and financial consequences. A strain of UPEC, namely E. coli ST131, confers a large plasmid encoding cephalosporinases (class C Î²-lactamase) or AmpC that may be disseminated through horizontal transfer among bacterial populations. Therefore, it is worth examining such large plasmids by isolating, purifying, and digesting the plasmid with restriction enzymes. The examination of the large plasmids was conducted by isolating plasmid DNA visualized by agarose gel electrophoresis as well as by PFGE. The relationship of plasmids among isolates was carried out by HpaI restriction enzyme digestion. Of 36 isolates of E. coli ST 131, eight isolates possessed large plasmids, namely isolates 3, 9, 10, 12, 17, 18, 26 and 30 with the largest molecular size confirmed by agarose gel electrophoresis and PFGE was ~42kb and ~118kb respectively. Restriction enzyme analysis revealed that isolates 9, 10, 12, 17 and 18 have the common restrictionpatterns and those isolates might be closely related.Key words: large plasmids, uropathogenic E. coli, electrophoresis, RE, PFGE
Diversity of tree communities in Mount Patuha region, West Java
Authors: JUNAEDI DECKY INDRAWAN , MUTAQIEN ZAENAL
Published: July 2014

Junaedi DI, Mutaqien Z (2010) Diversity of tree communities in Mount Patuha region, West Java. Biodiversitas 11: 75-81. Treevegetation analysis was conducted in three locations of Mount Patuha region, i.e. Cimanggu Recreational Park, Mount Masigit Protected Forest, and Patengan Natural Reserve. Similarity of tree communities in those three areas was analyzed. Quadrant method was used to collect vegetation data. Morisita Similarity index was applied to measure the similarity of tree communities within three areas. The three areas were dominated by Castanopsis javanica A. DC., Lithocarpus pallidus (Blume) Rehder and Schima wallichii Choisy. The similarity tree communities were concluded from relatively high value of Similarity Index between three areas. Cimanggu RP, Mount Masigit and Patengan NR had high diversity of tree species. The existence of the forest in those three areas was needed to be sustained. The tree communities data was useful for further considerations of conservation area management around Mount Patuha.Key words: Mount Patuha, tree communities, plant ecology, remnant forest
Diversity of parasitoid Lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae in West Sumatra
Authors: NELLY NOVRI , RUSLI RUSDI , YAHERWANDI YAHERWANDI , YUSMARIKA FENI
Published: July 2014

Nelly N, Rusli R, Yaherwandi, Yusmarika F (2010) Diversity of parasitoid Lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae. Biodiversitas 11: 93-96. Diversity of parasitoid lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae was conducted in several Brassicaceae areas in West Sumatra. The objective of the research was to study the diversity of parasitoid lepidopterans larvae on Brassicaceae. Sampling was conducted on Brassicaceae plants: cabbage, cauliflower, petsai and sawi. It was taken five samples in every plot, by using W method. Collection technique was done by direct collecting larvae, by using yellow trap and insect net. Adult of parasitoids was identified until family. The result of the research indicated that there was the diversity of parasitoid lepidopterans, the highest diversity was found on sawi. Thenumber of parasitoid Lepidopterans larvae found was 566, 83 species, 9 families. The degree of parasitation on the three plants was low.Key words: Brassicaceae, diversity of parasitoid, Lepidoptera.
Tapping into the edible fungi biodiversity of Central India
Authors: KARWA ALKA , RAI MAHENDRA K.
Published: July 2014

Karwa A, Rai MK (2010) Tapping into the edible fungi biodiversity of Central India. Biodiversitas 11: 97-101. Melghat forest in Central India was surveyed for occurrence of wild edible fungi and their prevalent favorable ecological factors. Studies were carried out for three consequent years in the months of June to February (2006-2008). A total of 153 species of mushrooms were recorded, collected, photographed and preserved. The enormous biomass in the forest favors variety of edible and medicinal mushrooms. Dominating species belong to genera Agaricus, Pleurotus, Termitomyces, Cantharellus, Ganoderma, Auricularia, Schizophyllum, Morchella, etc. The biotechnological potential of these important mushrooms is needed to be exploited. These studies will open new avenues in improvement of breeding programs of commercially cultivated mushroom species.Key words: biodiversity, mushrooms, Agaricus, Pleurotus, Ganoderma, medicinal
Structural development and bioactive content of red bulb plant (Eleutherine americana); a traditional medicines for local Kalimantan people
Authors: KUNTORINI EVI MINTOWATI , NUGROHO LAURENTIUS HARTANTO
Published: July 2014

Kuntorini EM, Nugroho LH (2010) Structural development and bioactive content of red bulb plant (Eleutherine americana); atraditional medicines for local Kalimantan people. Biodiversitas 11 (2): 102-106. Red bulb plant or â€œbawang dayakâ€ (Eleutherine americana Merr.) is commonly used as a traditional medicine especially for anti breast cancer of Kalimantan people, because it contains bioactive naphtoquinone-derivatives. Naphtoquinones is usually used as antimicrobial, antifungal, antiviral and antiparasitic agents. This study was aimed to complete the investigation of Red bulb plant as a traditional medicine from anatomical and phytochemical point of view, especially the anatomical structure of bulb and leaf of red bulb plants during their development and their naphtoquinone derivative contents. The anatomical structures of bulb and leaf were analyzed by paraffin embedding method and naphtoquinone derivative contents were analyzed using HPLC. During plant development, the diameter and the length of bulbs as well as the thickness of mesophyll and epidermis layers of the leaves increased significantly. The size of vascular bundles increased and so did phloem and xylem components. The content of bioactive compounds in bulbs increased significantly as the size of parenchymal cells increased. There was no significant difference in the content of bioactive compounds of leaves during development, despite the rise in the thicknessof mesophyll and the constituting cells as the location of synthesis.Key words: development, bulb, leaf, Eleutherine americana, naphtoquinone
Genetic variability among 18 cultivars of cooking bananas and plantains by RAPD and ISSR markers
Authors: POERBA YUYU SURYASARI , AHMAD FAJARUDIN
Published: July 2014

Poerba YS, Ahmad F (2010) Genetic variability among 18 cultivars of cooking bananas and plantains by RAPD and ISSR markers. Biodiversitas 11: 118-123. This study was done to assess the molecular diversity of 36 accessions (18 cultivars) of the plantain and cooking bananas (Musa acuminata x M. balbisiana, AAB, ABB subgroups) based on Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and and Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers and to determine genetic relationships in the bananas. RAPD and ISSR fingerprinting of these banana varieties was carried out by five primers of RAPDs and two primers of ISSRs. RAPD primers produced 63 amplified fragments varying from 250 to 2500 bp in size. 96.82% of the amplification bands were polymorphic. ISSR primers produced 26 amplified fragments varying from 350 bp to 2000 bp in size. The results showed that 92.86% of the amplification bandswere polymorphic. The range of genetic distance of 18 cultivars was from 0.06-0.67.Key words: RAPD analysis, Musa acuminata, Musa balbisiana, plantain, cooking bananas.
Flower and fruit development of Syzygium pycnanthum Merr. & L.M. Perry
Authors: MUDIANA DEDEN , ARIYANTI ESTI ENDAH
Published: July 2014

Mudiana D, Ariyanti EE (2010) Flower and fruit development of Syzygium pycnanthum Merr. & L.M. Perry. Biodiversitas 12: 124-128. Flower formation is a process of flowering plant in order to produce the next generation. Flower plays a major role in pollination and fertilization as early stage of fruit and seed formation. Syzygium pycnanthum is a member of family Myrtaceae or known as â€˜Jambujambuanâ€™ family. The research aim was to observe the development process of flowering and fruiting phase of S. pycnanthum at Purwodadi Botanical Garden. It has been noted that this species has ten (10) stages of flowering and fruit development, namely flower bud initiation, flower bud fully emerge, unfolding calyx, visible corolla, bud starts blooming, early blooming, perfectly blooming, perianths and anthers fall, early fruit structure and ripe fruit. All these stages require 80-89 days.Key words: Syzygium pycnanthum, flower and fruit development.
Screening of antimicrobial producing strains isolated from the soil of grassland rhizosphere in Pocut Meurah Intan Forest Park, Seulawah, Aceh Besar
Authors: FITRI LENNI , BUSTAM BETTY MAULIYA
Published: July 2014

Fitri L, Bustam BM (2010) Screening of antimicrobial producing strains isolated from the soil of grassland rhizosphere in PocutMeurah Intan Forest Park, Seulawah, Aceh Besar. Biodiversitas 11: 129-132. This research was a part of some works that wasconducted to find antibiotics from soil microbes. The aim of this research was to screen isolates of antibiotics-producing microbes. Soil samples were collected from grassland rhizosphere in Pocut Meurah Intan Natural Reserved Forest Seulawah, Aceh Besar. This research was conducted at the microbiology laboratory Department of Biology , Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Syiah Kuala University. This research covers six steps i.e. collecting soil samples, isolation of microbes, making colony library, purifying colony library, antagonism test and disk method test. Eleven isolates of microbes were selected, and purified for colony, library. However, only six isolates were assumed to have an ability to produce antibiotics, as confirmed by antagonism test. Those isolates have greater ability to inhibit the growth of Staphylococcus aureus than that of Escherichia coli. 13.25 mm was The average of clear zones formed for Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were 13.25 and 11.33 mm, respectively.Key words: grassland rhizosphere, antibiotic, microbes.
Floristic composition at biodiversity protection area in Lubuk Kakap, District of Ketapang, West Kalimantan
Authors: BUDIHARTA SUGENG
Published: July 2014

Budiharta S (2010) Floristic composition at biodiversity protection area in Lubuk Kakap, District of Ketapang, West Kalimantan. Biodiversitas 11: 151-156. A study on floristic composition has been conducted at biodiversity protection area (Kawasan Perlindungan Plasma Nutfah, KPPN) of PT. Suka Jaya Makmur in Lubuk Kakap, District of Ketapang, West Kalimantan. Two sampling methods were used: Point-Quarter sampling (Quadrant method) of 50 m was applied to class of tree, and 2x2 m2 plot sampling to class of sapling. Of 20 sampling units, 48 species of tree (belong to 27 genera and 13 families) and 94 species of sapling (belong to 54 genera and 28 families) were recorded. Shannon-Wiener diversity index (Hâ€™) were 3.54 and 3.49 for tree and sapling respectively, while Pielou evenness index (Jâ€™) were 0.91 and 0.77 for tree and sapling respectively. Forest ecosystem in this area can be classified as lowland ever wet tropical rain forest which dominated by dipterocarps species. Species of sapling with the highest importance value index were Shorea laevis, Hopea dryobalanoides and Shorea sandakanensis, while that of tree included Dipterocarpus caudiferus, Shorea laevis and Dryobalanops sp. The floristic composition at family level showed comparatively similar pattern with that at other sites inKalimantan although composition at species level was different.Key words: biodiversity protection area, dipterocarpaceae, floristic composition, High Conservation Value Forest (HCVF), production landscape