bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Frequency tagging to track the neural processing of contrast in fast, continuous sound sequences
Authors: Nozaradan Sylvie , Mouraux André , Cousineau Marion
Published: April 2017

The human auditory system presents a remarkable ability to detect rapid changes in fast, continuous acoustic sequences, as best illustrated in speech and music. However, the neural processing of rapid auditory contrast remains largely unclear, probably due to the lack of methods to objectively dissociate the response components specifically related to the contrast from the other components in response to the sequence of fast continuous sounds. To overcome this issue, we tested a novel use of the frequency-tagging approach allowing contrast-specific neural responses to be tracked based on their expected frequencies. The EEG was recorded while participants listened to 40-s sequences of sounds presented at 8Hz. A tone or interaural time contrast was embedded every fifth sound (AAAAB), such that a response observed in the EEG at exactly 8 Hz/5 (1.6 Hz) or harmonics should be the signature of contrast processing by neural populations. Contrast-related responses were successfully identified, even in the case of very fine contrasts. Moreover, analysis of the time course of the responses revealed a stable amplitude over repetitions of the AAAAB patterns in the sequence, except for the response to perceptually salient contrasts that showed a buildup and decay across repetitions of the sounds. Overall, this new combination of frequency-tagging with an oddball design provides a valuable complement to the classic, transient, evoked potentials approach, especially in the context of rapid auditory information. Specifically, we provide objective evidence on the neural processing of contrast embedded in fast, continuous sound sequences.

NEW & NOTEWORTHY Recent theories suggest that the basis of neurodevelopmental auditory disorders such as dyslexia might be an impaired processing of fast auditory changes, highlighting how the encoding of rapid acoustic information is critical for auditory communication. Here, we present a novel electrophysiological approach to capture in humans neural markers of contrasts in fast continuous tone sequences. Contrast-specific responses were successfully identified, even for very fine contrasts, providing direct insight on the encoding of rapid auditory information.
Source Term Analysis of the Irradiated Graphite in the Core of HTR-10
Authors: Liu Xuegang , Huang Xin , Xie Feng , Jia Fuming , Feng Xiaogui , Li Hong
Published: April 2017

The high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTGR) has potential utilization due to its featured characteristics such as inherent safety and wide diversity of utilization. One distinct difference between HTGR and traditional pressurized water reactor (PWR) is the large inventory of graphite in the core acting as reflector, moderator, or structure materials. Some radionuclides will be generated in graphite during the period of irradiation, which play significant roles in reactor safety, environmental release, waste disposal, and so forth. Based on the actual operation of the 10 MW pebble bed high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-10) in Tsinghua University, China, an experimental study on source term analysis of the irradiated graphite has been done. An irradiated graphite sphere was randomly collected from the core of HTR-10 as sample in this study. This paper focuses on the analytical procedure and the establishment of the analytical methodology, including the sample collection, graphite sample preparation, and analytical parameters. The results reveal that the Co-60, Cs-137, Eu-152, and Eu-154 are the major γ contributors, while H-3 and C-14 are the dominating β emitting nuclides in postirradiation graphite material of HTR-10. The distribution profiles of the above four nuclides are also presented.
Long-Term Clinical Course of Normal-Tension Glaucoma: 20 Years of Experience
Authors: Jin Sang Wook , Noh Seung Yoon
Published: April 2017

Purpose. The purpose of this study was to investigate the long-term clinical course of NTG patients who initiated intraocular pressure- (IOP-) lowering therapy.Methods. The present study included 72 normal-tension glaucoma (NTG) patients. The mean deviation (MD) was measured with visual fields. Nocturnal hypotension with weighted standard deviation (wSD) was determined by 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. To identify risk factors for NTG progression, linear logistic regression analysis was employed.Results. The mean follow-up period was 21.2 ± 1.1 years. The mean MD progression rate was −0.28 ± 0.24 dB/year. The mean ocular perfusion pressure (OPP) was 52.1 ± 5.9 mmHg. The mean wSD was 14.5 ± 2.2. In the univariate model, disc hemorrhage (RR 7.12;P=0.004), IOP reduction rate (RR 2.12;P=0.045), and OPP (RR 1.94;P=0.027) were associated with glaucomatous visual field progression. However, in the multivariate model, the IOP reduction rate (RR 2.45;P=0.048) and OPP (RR 2.02;P=0.004) were detected to be significant factors associated with progression.Conclusions. The mean rate of visual field progression was −0.28 dB/year in NTG patients treated with medical therapy. The IOP reduction rate and OPP were associated with glaucomatous visual field progression.
Probiotics Reduce Postoperative Infections in Patients Undergoing Colorectal Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Liu Peng Cheng , Yan Yu Ke , Ma Yu Jing , Wang Xiang Wen , Geng Jie , Wang Man Cai , Wei Feng Xian , Zhang Ya Wu , Xu Xiao Dong , Zhang You Cheng
Published: April 2017

Background.We performed this meta-analysis to investigate the efficacy of probiotics on prevention of infection-related complications following colorectal resection.Method.PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Library, and the Web of Science were searched up to January 2016. According to the results, only randomized controlled trials that compared the efficacy of probiotics on patients with colorectal resection were included for meta-analysis.Results.Nine studies including a total of 1146 patients met the criteria (556 received multistrain probiotic bacteria, 590 with non-multistrain probiotic bacteria). The combination of multistrain probiotics was beneficial in the reduction of total infections (OR = 0.30, 95%CI: 0.15–0.61,p=0.0009), including surgical site infections (SSI) (OR = 0.48, 95%CI: 0.25–0.89,p=0.02) and nonsurgical site infections (NSSI) (OR = 0.36, 95%CI: 0.23–0.56,p<0.00001). However, there was no significant reduction in total infections (OR = 0.74, 95%CI: 0.50–1.09,p=0.13) or SSI (OR = 0.77, 95%CI: 0.52–1.12,p=0.17) with the application of non-multistrains of probiotics.Conclusion.Combinations of multistrain probiotic bacteria showed promise in preventing the incidence of infections following colorectal surgery. However, the efficacy of one or two strains of probiotics remains undetermined.
The Effectiveness of Pre- and Postoperative Infliximab in Controlling Behçet’s Disease Posterior Uveitis in Patients Undergoing Vitrectomy: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Khalil Hossam El Din Mohamed , Gendy Heba A. El , Raafat Hala Ahmed , Haroun Hazem Effat , Gheita Tamer Atef , Bakir Hossam Mahmoud
Published: April 2017

Purpose.To evaluate the short-term effectiveness of infliximab in controlling ocular manifestations in Behçet’s Disease (BD) patients candidate for pars plana vitrectomy, if given in a regimen before and after the planned procedure.Patients and Methods.30 eyes of 27 adult male BD patients with a mean age of 35.56 yrs presented with refractory posterior uveitis not responding to immunosuppressive drugs and candidate for vitrectomy were included. Infliximab was given in a dose of 5 mg/kg intravenous infusion once every two weeks for 3 treatment sessions before the intended vitrectomy followed by 3 treatment sessions at two-week intervals, after vitrectomy.Results.Improvement of ocular manifestations was noted in all eyes, with complete resolution in 26 eyes (87%). Visual acuity improved from 0.23 ± 0.11 to 0.38 ± 0.17 (p≤0.2), ESR decreased from 65.92 mm/hr ± 17.32 SD to 24.93 mm/hr ± 5.28 SD at the last treatment cycle (p≤0.1). The mean daily dose of systemic corticosteroids was tapered from 44.54 mg/d ± 2.89 to 8.48 mg/d ± 6.38 (p≤0.2), and no relapses were noted during the follow-up period.Conclusion.Infliximab may be safe and effective in controlling posterior uveitis and inducing remissions if given in a regimen before and after vitrecomy in BD patients.
Successful Long-Term Use of Eltrombopag in a Patient with Refractory Severe Thrombocytopenia Associated with Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia That Allowed Oral Anticoagulant Treatment for Severe Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Luis Miguel Juárez Salcedo , Juan José Gil-Fernández
Published: April 2017

Autoimmune cytopenias (AICs) are frequently associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). The most common of these AICs is autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA); the second most is immune thrombocytopenia (ITP). Here, we report on a patient with CLL-associated ITP, with thrombocytopenia refractory to corticosteroids and intravenous immunoglobulins, in which continuous oral treatment with Eltrombopag allowed initiation and maintenance of an oral anticoagulation treatment with Acenocoumarol that was indicated because of a severe arrhythmogenic cardiomyopathy.
SETD1B Activates iNOS Expression in Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells
Authors: Redd Priscilla S. , Ibrahim Mohammed L. , Klement John D. , Sharman Sarah K. , Paschall Amy V. , Yang Dafeng , Nayak-Kapoor Asha , Liu Kebin
Published: April 2017

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) generates nitric oxide (NO) in myeloid cells that acts as a defense mechanism to suppress invading microorganisms or neoplastic cells. In tumor-bearing mice, elevated iNOS expression is a hallmark of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSC). MDSCs use NO to nitrate both the T-cell receptor and STAT1, thus inhibiting T-cell activation and the antitumor immune response. The molecular mechanisms underlying iNOS expression and regulation in tumor-induced MDSCs are unknown. We report here that deficiency in IRF8 results in diminished iNOS expression in both mature CD11b+Gr1− and immature CD11b+Gr1+ myeloid cells in vivo. Strikingly, although IRF8 was silenced in tumor-induced MDSCs, iNOS expression was significantly elevated in tumor-induced MDSCs, suggesting that the expression of iNOS is regulated by an IRF8-independent mechanism under pathologic conditions. Furthermore, tumor-induced MDSCs exhibited diminished STAT1 and NF-κB Rel protein levels, the essential inducers of iNOS in myeloid cells. Instead, tumor-induced MDSCs showed increased SETD1B expression as compared with their cellular equivalents in tumor-free mice. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that H3K4me3, the target of SETD1B, was enriched at the nos2 promoter in tumor-induced MDSCs, and inhibition or silencing of SETD1B diminished iNOS expression in tumor-induced MDSCs. Our results show how tumor cells use the SETD1B–H3K4me3 epigenetic axis to bypass a normal role for IRF8 expression in activating iNOS expression in MDSCs when they are generated under pathologic conditions. Cancer Res; 77(11); 2834–43. ©2017 AACR.
eIF5A-PEAK1 Signaling Regulates YAP1/TAZ Protein Expression and Pancreatic Cancer Cell Growth
Authors: Strnadel Jan , Choi Sunkyu , Fujimura Ken , Wang Huawei , Zhang Wei , Wyse Meghan , Wright Tracy , Gross Emilie , Peinado Carlos , Park Hyun Woo , Bui Jack , Kelber Jonathan , Bouvet Michael , Guan Kun-Liang , Klemke Richard L.
Published: April 2017

In pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), mutant KRAS stimulates the translation initiation factor eIF5A and upregulates the focal adhesion kinase PEAK1, which transmits integrin and growth factor signals mediated by the tumor microenvironment. Although eIF5A-PEAK1 signaling contributes to multiple aggressive cancer cell phenotypes, the downstream signaling processes that mediate these responses are uncharacterized. Through proteomics and informatic analyses of PEAK1-depleted PDAC cells, we defined protein translation, cytoskeleton organization, and cell-cycle regulatory pathways as major pathways controlled by PEAK1. Biochemical and functional studies revealed that the transcription factors YAP1 and TAZ are key targets of eIF5A-PEAK1 signaling. YAP1/TAZ coimmunoprecipitated with PEAK1. Interfering with eIF5A-PEAK1 signaling in PDAC cells inhibited YAP/TAZ protein expression, decreasing expression of stem cell–associated transcription factors (STF) including Oct4, Nanog, c-Myc, and TEAD, thereby decreasing three-dimensional (3D) tumor sphere growth. Conversely, amplified eIF5A-PEAK1 signaling increased YAP1/TAZ expression, increasing expression of STF and enhancing 3D tumor sphere growth. Informatic interrogation of mRNA sequence databases revealed upregulation of the eIF5A-PEAK1-YAP1-TEAD signaling module in PDAC patients. Taken together, our findings indicate that eIF5A-PEAK1-YAP signaling contributes to PDAC development by regulating an STF program associated with increased tumorigenicity. Cancer Res; 77(8); 1997–2007. ©2017 AACR.
Drug Resistance Mechanisms in Colorectal Cancer Dissected with Cell Type–Specific Dynamic Logic Models
Authors: Eduati Federica , Doldàn-Martelli Victoria , Klinger Bertram , Cokelaer Thomas , Sieber Anja , Kogera Fiona , Dorel Mathurin , Garnett Mathew J. , Blüthgen Nils , Saez-Rodriguez Julio
Published: April 2017

Genomic features are used as biomarkers of sensitivity to kinase inhibitors used widely to treat human cancer, but effective patient stratification based on these principles remains limited in impact. Insofar as kinase inhibitors interfere with signaling dynamics, and, in turn, signaling dynamics affects inhibitor responses, we investigated associations in this study between cell-specific dynamic signaling pathways and drug sensitivity. Specifically, we measured 14 phosphoproteins under 43 different perturbed conditions (combinations of 5 stimuli and 7 inhibitors) in 14 colorectal cancer cell lines, building cell line–specific dynamic logic models of underlying signaling networks. Model parameters representing pathway dynamics were used as features to predict sensitivity to a panel of 27 drugs. Specific parameters of signaling dynamics correlated strongly with drug sensitivity for 14 of the drugs, 9 of which had no genomic biomarker. Following one of these associations, we validated a drug combination predicted to overcome resistance to MEK inhibitors by coblockade of GSK3, which was not found based on associations with genomic data. These results suggest that to better understand the cancer resistance and move toward personalized medicine, it is essential to consider signaling network dynamics that cannot be inferred from static genotypes. Cancer Res; 77(12); 3364–75. ©2017 AACR.
HER2-Overexpressing Breast Cancers Amplify FGFR Signaling upon Acquisition of Resistance to Dual Therapeutic Blockade of HER2
Authors: Hanker Ariella B. , Garrett Joan T. , Estrada Mónica Valeria , Moore Preston D. , Ericsson Paula González , Koch James P. , Langley Emma , Singh Sharat , Kim Phillip S. , Frampton Garrett M. , Sanford Eric , Owens Philip , Becker Jennifer , Groseclose M. Reid , Castellino Stephen , Joensuu Heikki , Huober Jens , Brase Jan C. , Majjaj Samira , Brohée Sylvain , Venet David , Brown David , Baselga José , Piccart Martine , Sotiriou Christos , Arteaga Carlos L.
Published: April 2017

Purpose: Dual blockade of HER2 with trastuzumab and lapatinib or pertuzumab has been shown to be superior to single-agent trastuzumab. However, a significant fraction of HER2-overexpressing (HER2+) breast cancers escape from these drug combinations. In this study, we sought to discover the mechanisms of acquired resistance to the combination of lapatinib + trastuzumab.

Experimental Design: HER2+ BT474 xenografts were treated with lapatinib + trastuzumab long-term until resistance developed. Potential mechanisms of acquired resistance were evaluated in lapatinib + trastuzumab-resistant (LTR) tumors by targeted capture next-generation sequencing. In vitro experiments were performed to corroborate these findings, and a novel drug combination was tested against LTR xenografts. Gene expression and copy-number analyses were performed to corroborate our findings in clinical samples.

Results: LTR tumors exhibited an increase in FGF3/4/19 copy number, together with an increase in FGFR phosphorylation, marked stromal changes in the tumor microenvironment, and reduced tumor uptake of lapatinib. Stimulation of BT474 cells with FGF4 promoted resistance to lapatinib + trastuzumab in vitro. Treatment with FGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors reversed these changes and overcame resistance to lapatinib + trastuzumab. High expression of FGFR1 correlated with a statistically shorter progression-free survival in patients with HER2+ early breast cancer treated with adjuvant trastuzumab. Finally, FGFR1 and/or FGF3 gene amplification correlated with a lower pathologic complete response in patients with HER2+ early breast cancer treated with neoadjuvant anti-HER2 therapy.

Conclusions: Amplification of FGFR signaling promotes resistance to HER2 inhibition, which can be diminished by the combination of HER2 and FGFR inhibitors. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4323–34. ©2017 AACR.
The Microbiome in Visceral Medicine: Inflammatory Bowel Disease, Obesity and Beyond
Authors: Chiriac Mircea T. , Mahapatro Mousumi , Neurath Markus F. , Becker Christoph
Published: April 2017

It has become increasingly evident over the past two decades that the microbiota plays a nurturing role in the development of the immune system. This appears to be important since the amplitude of immune responses has a crucial regulatory function in homeostasis and the prevention of unwanted inflammation. Hence, a malfunctioning gut flora has been shown to play a key role in visceral medicine. Strong evidence demonstrates for example that intestinal inflammation can develop as a result of a dysregulated microbiota, deficient antimicrobial responses, and aberrant bacterial translocation into the bowel wall. In healthy individuals, the bacterial translocation is blocked by a single layer of highly specialized intestinal epithelial cells which forms a strong barrier that lines the gut wall. This structure is responsible for an efficient absorption of nutrients while keeping the luminal flora at bay. In susceptible individuals, for yet incompletely understood reasons, either defective epithelial barrier function or dysregulated microbial composition or microbial pathogens drive intestinal inflammation. Many therapeutic strategies focusing on the modulation of the microbiota have been proposed recently but future research including prospective human studies and gnotobiotic mouse models are still needed to evaluate the contribution and potential therapeutic value of individual bacteria to human health.
Intracellular Angiotensin‐II Interacts With Nuclear Angiotensin Receptors in Cardiac Fibroblasts and Regulates RNA Synthesis, Cell Proliferation, and Collagen Secretion
Authors: Tadevosyan Artavazd , Xiao Jiening , Surinkaew Sirirat , Naud Patrice , Merlen Clémence , Harada Masahide , Qi Xiaoyan , Chatenet David , Fournier Alain , Allen Bruce G. , Nattel Stanley
Published: April 2017

Background

Cardiac fibroblasts play important functional and pathophysiological roles. Intracellular (“intracrine”) angiotensin‐
II
(Ang‐
II
) signaling regulates intercellular communication, excitability, and gene expression in cardiomyocytes; however, the existence and role of intracrine Ang‐
II
signaling in cardiac fibroblasts is unstudied. Here, we evaluated the localization of Ang‐
II
receptors on atrial fibroblast nuclei and associated intracrine effects of potential functional significance.

Methods and Results

Immunoblots of subcellular protein‐fractions from isolated canine atrial fibroblasts indicated the presence of nuclear Ang‐II type 1 receptors (
AT
1Rs) and Ang‐II type 2 receptors (
AT
2Rs). Fluorescein isothiocyanate–Ang‐
II
binding displaceable by
AT
1R‐ and
AT
2R‐blockers was present on isolated fibroblast nuclei. G‐protein subunits, including Gαq/11, Gαi/3, and Gβ, were observed in purified fibroblast nuclear fractions by immunoblotting and intact‐fibroblast nuclei by confocal immunocytofluorescence microscopy. Nuclear
AT
1Rs and
AT
2Rs regulated de novo
RNA
synthesis ([α
32
P]
UTP
incorporation) via
IP
3R‐ and
NO
‐dependent pathways, respectively. In intact cultured fibroblasts, intracellular Ang‐
II
release by photolysis of a membrane‐permeable caged Ang‐
II
analog led to
IP
3R‐dependent nucleoplasmic Ca
2+
‐liberation, with
IP
3R3 being the predominant nuclear isoform. Intracellular Ang‐
II
regulated fibroblast proliferation ([
3
H]thymidine incorporation), collagen‐1A1
mRNA
‐expression, and collagen secretion. Intracellular Ang‐
II
and nuclear
AT
1R protein levels were significantly increased in a heart failure model in which atrial fibrosis underlies atrial fibrillation.

Conclusions

Fibroblast nuclei possess
AT
1R and
AT
2R binding sites that are coupled to intranuclear Ca
2+
‐mobilization and
NO
liberation, respectively. Intracellular Ang‐
II
signaling regulates fibroblast proliferation, collagen gene expression, and collagen secretion. Heart failure upregulates Ang‐
II
intracrine signaling‐components in atrial fibroblasts. These results show for the first time that nuclear angiotensin‐
II
receptor activation and intracrine Ang‐
II
signaling control fibroblast function and may have pathophysiological significance.
Hepatic Ketogenesis Induced by Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion in Mice
Authors: Koch Konrad , Berressem Dirk , Konietzka Jan , Thinnes Anna , Eckert Gunter P. , Klein Jochen
Published: April 2017

Background

Ketone bodies are known to substitute for glucose as brain fuel when glucose availability is low. Ketogenic diets have been described as neuroprotective. Similar data have been reported for triheptanoin, a fatty oil and anaplerotic compound. In this study, we monitored the changes of energy metabolites in liver, blood, and brain after transient brain ischemia to test for ketone body formation induced by experimental stroke.

Methods and Results

Mice were fed a standard carbohydrate‐rich diet or 2 fat‐rich diets, 1 enriched in triheptanoin and 1 in soybean oil. Stroke was induced in mice by middle cerebral artery occlusion for 90 minutes, followed by reperfusion. Mice were sacrificed, and blood plasma and liver and brain homogenates were obtained. In 1 experiment, microdialysis was performed. Metabolites (eg glucose, β‐hydroxybutyrate, citrate, succinate) were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry. After 90 minutes of brain ischemia, β‐hydroxybutyrate levels were dramatically increased in liver, blood, and brain microdialysate and brain homogenate, but only in mice fed fat‐rich diets. Glucose levels were changed in the opposite manner in blood and brain. Reperfusion decreased β‐hydroxybutyrate and increased glucose within 60 minutes. Stroke‐induced ketogenesis was blocked by propranolol, a β‐receptor antagonist. Citrate and succinate were moderately increased by fat‐rich diets and unchanged after stroke.

Conclusions

We conclude that brain ischemia induces the formation of β‐hydroxybutyrate (ketogenesis) in the liver and the consumption of β‐hydroxybutyrate in the brain. This effect seems to be mediated by β‐adrenergic receptors.
Blood Pressure and Arterial Stiffness in Kenyan Adolescents With α
+
Thalassemia
Authors: Etyang Anthony O. , Khayeka‐Wandabwa Christopher , Kapesa Sailoki , Muthumbi Esther , Odipo Emily , Wamukoya Marylene , Ngomi Nicholas , Haregu Tilahun , Kyobutungi Catherine , Tendwa Metrine , Makale Johnstone , Macharia Alex , Cruickshank J. Kennedy , Smeeth Liam , Scott J. Anthony G. , Williams Thomas N.
Published: April 2017

Background

Recent studies have discovered that α‐globin is expressed in blood vessel walls where it plays a role in regulating vascular tone. We tested the hypothesis that blood pressure (BP) might differ between normal individuals and those with α
+
thalassemia, in whom the production of α‐globin is reduced.

Methods and Results

The study was conducted in Nairobi, Kenya, among 938 adolescents aged 11 to 17 years. Twenty‐four‐hour ambulatory BP monitoring and arterial stiffness measurements were performed using an arteriograph device. We genotyped for α
+
thalassemia by polymerase chain reaction. Complete data for analysis were available for 623 subjects; 223 (36%) were heterozygous (−α/αα) and 47 (8%) were homozygous (−α/−α) for α
+
thalassemia whereas the remaining 353 (55%) were normal (αα/αα). Mean 24‐hour systolic
BP
±
SD
was 118±12 mm Hg in αα/αα, 117±11 mm Hg in −α/αα, and 118±11 mm Hg in −α/−α subjects, respectively. Mean 24‐hour diastolic
BP
±
SD
in these groups was 64±8, 63±7, and 65±8 mm Hg, respectively. Mean pulse wave velocity (
PWV
)±
SD
was 7±0.8, 7±0.8, and 7±0.7 ms
−1
, respectively. No differences were observed in
PWV
and any of the 24‐hour
ambulatory BP monitoring‐
derived measures between those with and without α
+
thalassemia.

Conclusions

These data suggest that the presence of α
+
thalassemia does not affect BP and/or arterial stiffness in Kenyan adolescents.
Statewide Transfer Policies and Community College Student Success
Authors: Boatman Angela , Soliz Adela
Published: April 2017

One way administrators and policy makers have responded to the complexity of the community college transfer process has been to create articulation agreements between two-year and four-year colleges in a state or region. Our study examines the effects of one such statewide articulation and transfer policy, the Ohio transfer module (TM). This agreement is intended to allow individuals who successfully complete the TM at one institution to transfer all of these credits to a receiving institution. We find that students who complete the TM are more likely to transfer to a four-year institution and earn associate's degrees than observationally similar peers who did not complete a TM. We also find suggestive evidence that students who complete the TM are able to bring more credits with them when they transfer. However, students who complete the TM also take slightly longer to complete their bachelor's degrees. Thus, although the TM may improve the probability that students will transfer, it may be inefficient for students, leading them to spend more time enrolled in college. Moreover, because only a small number of students complete the TM, this policy may not be far-reaching enough to dramatically improve Ohio's community college transfer rate.
Eusebius of Caesarea’s Un-Platonic Platonic Political Theology
Authors: Lewis V. Bradley
Published: April 2017

Eusebius of Caesarea drew heavily on pagan philosophy in developing the first Christian political theology. His quotations from Plato’s most political work, the Laws, are so extensive that they are treated as a manuscript authority by modern editors. Yet Eusebius’s actual use of the Laws is oddly detached from Plato’s own political intentions in that work, adapting it to a model of philosophical kingship closer to the Republic and applied to the emperor Constantine. For Eusebius the Laws mainly shows the agreement of Christian and pagan morality, while his political theory centers on the establishment and maintenance of a Christian empire under a Christian emperor who is a philosopher-king. His view represents one of the fundamental political options in ancient Christianity, one that influenced later Byzantine political theology, but was largely rejected in the west.
Estimation of Depolarization Ratio Using Weather Radars with Simultaneous Transmission/Reception
Authors: Ryzhkov Alexander , Matrosov Sergey Y. , Melnikov Valery , Zrnic Dusan , Zhang Pengfei , Cao Qing , Knight Michael , Simmer Clemens , Troemel Silke
Published: April 2017

A new methodology for estimating the depolarization ratio (DR) by dual-polarization radars with simultaneous transmission/reception of orthogonally polarized waves together with traditionally measured differential reflectivity ZDR, correlation coefficient ρhυ, and differential phase ΦDP in a single mode of operation is suggested. This depolarization ratio can serve as a proxy for circular depolarization ratio measured by radars with circular polarization. The suggested methodology implies the use of a high-power phase shifter to control the system differential phase on transmission and a special signal processing to eliminate the detrimental impact of differential phase on the estimate of DR. The feasibility of the suggested approach has been demonstrated by retrieving DR from the standard polarimetric variables and the raw in-phase I and quadrature Q components of radar signals and by implementing the scheme on a C-band radar with simultaneous transmission/reception of horizontally and vertically polarized waves. Possible practical implications of using DR include the detection of hail and the determination of its size above the melting layer, the discrimination between various habits of ice aloft, and the possible identification and quantification of riming, which is associated with the presence of supercooled cloud water. Some examples of these applications are presented.
Constraining Ensemble Forecasts of Discrete Convective Initiation with Surface Observations
Authors: Madaus Luke E. , Hakim Gregory J.
Published: April 2017

Predicting when and where individual convective storms will develop remains an elusive challenge. Previous studies have suggested that surface observations can capture convective-scale features relevant to the convective initiation (CI) process, and new surface observing platforms such as crowdsourcing could significantly increase surface observation density in the near future. Here, a series of observing system simulation experiments (OSSEs) are performed to determine the required density of surface observations necessary to constrain storm-scale forecasts of CI. Ensemble simulations of an environment where CI occurs are cycled hourly using the CM1 model while assimilating synthetic surface observations at varying densities. Skillful and reliable storm-scale forecasts of CI are produced when surface observations of at least 4-km—and particularly with 1-km—density are assimilated, but only for forecasts initiated within 1 h of CI. Time scales of forecast improvement in surface variables suggest that hourly cycling is at the upper limit for CI forecast improvement. In addition, the structure of the assimilation increments, ensemble calibration in these experiments, and challenges of convective-scale assimilation are discussed.
The OWLeS IOP2b Lake-Effect Snowstorm: Shoreline Geometry and the Mesoscale Forcing of Precipitation
Authors: Steenburgh W. James , Campbell Leah S.
Published: April 2017

Long-lake-axis-parallel (LLAP) lake-effect precipitation systems that form when the flow is parallel to the long axis of an elongated body of water frequently produce intense, highly localized snowfall. Conceptual models of these LLAP systems typically emphasize the role of thermally forced land breezes from the flanking shorelines, with low-level convergence and ascent centered near the lake axis. In reality, other factors such as shoreline geometry and differential surface roughness can strongly influence LLAP systems. Here a WRF Model simulation is used to examine the mesoscale forcing of lake-effect precipitation over Lake Ontario during IOP2b of the Ontario Winter Lake-effect Systems (OWLeS) field campaign. In the simulation, the large-scale flow, shoreline geometry, and differential surface heating and roughness contribute to the development of three major airmass boundaries. The first is a land-breeze front that forms along a bulge in the south shoreline between St. Catharines, Ontario, Canada, and Thirty Mile Point, New York; extends downstream over eastern Lake Ontario; and plays a primary role in the LLAP system development. The second is a land-breeze front that forms along the southeast shoreline near Oswego, New York; extends downstream and obliquely across the LLAP system near Tug Hill; and influences inland precipitation processes. The third is a convergence zone that extends downstream from the north shoreline near Point Petre, Ontario, Canada; and contributes to the intermittent development of lake-effect precipitation north of the primary LLAP system. These results highlight the multifaceted nature of LLAP system development over Lake Ontario, especially the contributions of shoreline geometry and mesoscale airmass boundaries.
Cognitive behaviour therapy and inflammation: A systematic review of its relationship and the potential implications for the treatment of depression
Authors: Lopresti Adrian L
Published: April 2017

Objective:

There is growing evidence confirming increased inflammation in a subset of adults with depression. The impact of this relationship has mostly been considered in biologically based interventions; however, it also has potential implications for psychological therapies. Cognitive behaviour therapy is the most commonly used psychological intervention for the treatment of depression with theories around its efficacy primarily based on psychological mechanisms. However, cognitive behaviour therapy may have an effect on, and its efficacy influenced by, physiological processes associated with depression. Accordingly, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the relationship between cognitive behaviour therapy and inflammation.

Method:

Studies examining the anti-inflammatory effects of cognitive behaviour therapy in people with depression and other medical conditions (e.g. cancer, diabetes and heart disease) were examined. In addition, the relationship between change in inflammatory markers and change in depressive symptoms following cognitive behaviour therapy, and the influence of pre-treatment inflammation on cognitive behaviour therapy treatment response were reviewed.

Results:

A total of 23 studies investigating the anti-inflammatory effects of cognitive behaviour therapy were identified. In 14 of these studies, at least one reduction in an inflammatory marker was reported, increases were identified in three studies and no change was found in six studies. Three studies examined the relationship between change in inflammation and change in depressive symptoms following cognitive behaviour therapy. In two of these studies, change in depressive symptoms was associated with a change in at least one inflammatory marker. Finally, three studies examined the influence of pre-treatment inflammation on treatment outcome from cognitive behaviour therapy, and all indicated a poorer treatment response in people with higher premorbid inflammation.

Conclusion:

Preliminary evidence suggests inflammation should be considered within the context of cognitive behaviour therapy, although robust studies examining the relationship are sparse, and heterogeneity between studies and populations examined was high. The potential treatment implications of the bi-directional relationship between inflammation and cognitive behaviour therapy are discussed, and recommendations for future research are proposed.
Closing the Excellence Gap: Investigation of an Expanded Talent Search Model for Student Selection Into an Extracurricular STEM Program in Rural Middle Schools
Authors: Assouline Susan G. , Ihrig Lori M. , Mahatmya Duhita
Published: April 2017

High-potential students from underresourced rural schools face barriers that reduce options for academic advancement, which widens the excellence gap between them and their more affluent, but similar ability peers. The goal of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an expanded above-level testing model to identify high-potential rural students for an extracurricular math and science enrichment program. Results from our analyses indicated that a more inclusive talent pool differentiated among high achievers to find greater percentages (13%) of talented students compared with most gifted programs (3% to 5%) or Talent Search programs (5%). Overall, students’ math and science scores were related to a 75% and 50%, respectively, greater odds in being identified for the extracurricular program. Regardless of program participation, all talent pool students increased their math and science achievement; however, there were some significant gender differences.
Blazing New Trails: Strengthening Policy Research in Gifted Education
Authors: Plucker Jonathan A. , Makel Matthew C. , Matthews Michael S. , Peters Scott J. , Rambo-Hernandez Karen E.
Published: April 2017

Policy research in gifted education has occurred at much lower rates than other areas of research within the field, such as identification and talent development. However, without changes and implementation of these policies, systematic change is unlikely to occur. Therefore, the purpose of this article is to argue that policy research should be a top priority. To begin, we define and contrast three terms common in crafting policy—policy, advocacy, and intervention. Next, we provide a context of previous policy research in gifted education. We then detail areas in which policy research is the most critical. Finally, we conclude with action steps to engage more researchers and practitioners in policy development, implementation, and monitoring.
‘A way of seeing and telling’: Resistance through language and form in the work of the Dutch authors Hafid Bouazza and Ramsey Nasr
Authors: Louwerse Henriette
Published: April 2017

This article discusses the debate within the Dutch academy on the differentiation between migration writing and post-colonial writing as an instance of an area of study in search of consensus. It offers a synthetic reading of the writing of two leading Dutch authors, Hafid Bouazza and Ramsey Nasr, based on the contention that both writers, through their widely different aesthetic and political negotiations, shape the discourse on multicultural literature and society in the Netherlands.
Negotiating memories of German colonialism: Reflections on current forms of non-governmental memory politics
Authors: Albrecht Monika
Published: April 2017

On the basis of two case studies – the media controversies over the question of maintaining or abolishing the N-Wort in children’s books and the renaming of a street in Berlin, the Gröbenufer, as May-Ayim-Ufer – this essay sheds light on recent negotiations of colonial memory and various manifestations of memory politics in Germany. It argues that as a result of political and social power struggles, activists of memory politics add to the preservation of the existing inappropriate rankings of horror and competition of victims. Thus, in in the long run, current non-governmental memory-political activities will turn out to be counter-productive, will undermine political goals that are in principle desirable and will prevent the emergence of politically more productive forms of colonial memory.
Sleep and quality of life in children with traumatic brain injury and ADHD
Authors: Ekinci Ozalp , Okuyaz Çetin , Günes Serkan , Ekinci Nuran , Örekeci Gülhan , Teke Halenur , Çobanoğulları Direk Meltem
Published: April 2017

Objective

Attention problems are common in children who sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The differential features of TBI-related Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and primary ADHD are largely unknown. This study aimed to compare sleep problems and quality of life between children with TBI and ADHD and children with primary ADHD.

Methods

Twenty children with TBI (mean age = 12.7 ± 3.1 years) who had clinically significant ADHD symptoms according to the structured diagnostic interview and rating scales and a control group with primary ADHD (n = 20) were included. Parents completed Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ) and Kinder Lebensqualitätsfragebogen: Children’s Quality of Life Questionnaire-revised (KINDL-R). Neurology clinic charts were reviewed for TBI-related variables.

Results

When compared to children with primary ADHD, the Total Score and Sleep Onset Delay, Daytime Sleepiness, Parasomnias, and Sleep Disordered Breathing subscores of CSHQ were found to be higher in children with TBI and ADHD. The Total Score and Emotional Well-Being and Self-Esteem subscores of the KINDL-R were found to be low (poorer) in children with TBI and ADHD. The Total Score and certain subscores of KINDL-R were found to be lower in TBI patients with a CSHQ > 56 (corresponds to significant sleep problems) when compared to those with a CSHQ < 56. CSHQ Total Score was negatively correlated with age.

Conclusion

Children with TBI and ADHD symptoms were found to have a poorer sleep quality and quality of life than children with primary ADHD. ADHD in TBI may be considered as a highly impairing condition which must be early diagnosed and treated.
Effects of the mental health parity and addictions equality act on depression treatment choice in primary care facilities
Authors: Goldberg Daniel M. , Lin Hsien-Chang
Published: April 2017

Objective

The Mental Health Parity and Addictions Equality Act (MHPAEA) of 2010 in the United States sought to expand mental health insurance benefits on par with medical benefits. As primary care facilities are often the first step in identifying mental health concerns, it is essential to examine the association of this policy with primary care physicians’ choice on depression treatment.

Method

A retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2007–2012 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, including a weighted total of 162,699,930 depression patients. Using the Heckman two-step selection procedure, a logistic and a multinomial regression were conducted to examine the association of the MHPAEA with physicians’ two-step process of deciding whether and which type of treatment was prescribed. Sociological factors were controlled.

Results

Treatment was significantly more likely to be provided after the MHPAEA. Psychotherapy was used for treatment for 10.0% of the sample while medication was used for 75.0% of the sample. Patient race/ethnicity, practice setting, physician specialty, and primary source of payment were associated with diverging likelihood of being prescribed depression treatment. Non-Hispanic White patients were more likely to be provided treatment than non-Hispanic Black patients. Patients were less likely to be prescribed only medication than only psychotherapy after the MHPAEA enactment.

Conclusions

The MHPAEA was associated with primary care providers’ decision and choice on depression treatment. Educational and policy interventions aimed at improving physician’s understanding of their own treatment tendencies and decreasing barriers to depression treatment may impact the disparities in underserved, minority, and older populations.
The Association Between Peer and Self-Assessments and Professionalism Lapses Among Medical Students
Authors: Hoffman Leslie A. , Shew Ronald L. , Vu T. Robert , Brokaw James J. , Frankel Richard M.
Published: April 2017

Peer and self-assessments are widely used to assess professionalism during medical school as part of a multisource feedback model. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations between peer and self-assessments and professionalism lapses at a large medical school. A retrospective case–control study design was used to compare peer and self-assessment scores from Years 1 to 3 of medical school for students who had been cited for professionalism lapses during medical school (case group; n = 78) with those of a randomly selected control group ( n = 230). Students in the case group had significantly lower peer assessment scores than students in the control group during all 3 years. Year 3 peer assessment scores showed the greatest difference (cases = 7.81 ± 0.65, controls = 8.22 ± 0.34, p < .01). Students with lower peer assessment scores were also significantly more likely to have been cited for a professionalism lapse (odds ratio = 6.25, 95% CI [3.13, 11.11], p < .01). This study reinforces the value of peer assessments of professionalism, which may be useful to help identify students who may be at risk for professionalism lapses during medical school.
Spatiality as Care: A Heideggerian Perspective on Sociomaterial Practices
Authors: Lamprou Eleni
Published: April 2017

The relationship between technological artefacts and the social settings of their design, production and use has received considerable attention in recent years, particularly through the emergence of the sociomateriality literature. This paper reviews extant conceptualizations and discusses the contribution of a Heideggerian perspective to the study of sociomaterial practices. Drawing on insights from Heidegger’s ‘existential spatiality’, an alternative view of spatiality is presented, namely, spatiality as care rather than physical extendedness. Then, the sensitizing concepts of ‘theoretical significance’ and ‘practical significance’ of technological artefacts are introduced grounded in these insights. Finally, implications of spatiality as care for the emergence and change of sociomaterial practices are discussed.
Managerial Coordination Challenges in the Alignment of Capabilities and New Subsidiary Charters in MNEs
Authors: Friesl Martin , Silberzahn Raphael
Published: April 2017

Subsidiary-level change requires the alignment of subsidiary charters and capabilities. Yet, the mechanisms through which the alignment of charters and capabilities unfolds are not yet well understood. In this paper, we investigate alignment from the perspective of managerial coordination. Drawing on a longitudinal study of a global IT firm, we identify three coordination mechanisms (charter-, experience-, and interaction-based coordination). By tracing the shifts in these coordination mechanisms over time and by specifying the implications of each mechanism for capability level change, we explain how managerial coordination influences alignment via subsidiary level capability change as well as alignment via the potential renegotiation of charters. This also allows us to provide new insights into situations of misalignment by explaining that particular mechanisms of coordination may become a source of decoupling between subsidiary actions and HQ mandates and may also result in capability level inertia. Moreover, while prior research has already acknowledged the role of interaction-based coordination for capability level change we show how and why such a mechanism of coordination emerges.
Corporatisation and the Emergence of (Under-Managered) Managed Organisations: The Case of English Public Hospitals
Authors: Kirkpatrick Ian , Altanlar Ali , Veronesi Gianluca
Published: April 2017

An enduring feature of New Public Management in many countries has been the move to create more autonomous, ‘complete’ organisations such as universities, hospitals and social service agencies. Often referred to as ‘corporatisation’, this process is assumed to be leading to the emergence of new organisational forms with dedicated management functions and a greater focus on strategy. However, these assumptions remain largely untested and rely heavily on ‘technical’ accounts of organisational re-structuring, ignoring the potential influence of institutional pressures and internal political dynamics. In this paper, we address this concern focusing on the case of acute care public hospitals that have undergone corporatisation (to become Foundation Trusts) in the English National Health Service. Using administrative data spanning six years (2007–2012), the analysis shows that corporatisation is having mixed effects. While it is associated with a shift in the focus of managers to strategic concerns, it has not led to an expansion of management functions overall. Both tendencies are found to be mediated by institutional pressures, in the form of media scrutiny, and, indirectly, by the involvement of clinical professions in management. These results advance ongoing debates about the emergence of new organisational forms in the public sector, highlighting the limitations of technical accounts of change and raising the possibility that corporatisation is leading to organisations that are both more managed and under-managered at the same time.