bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Abnormal Ca2+Dynamics in Transgenic Mice with Neuron-Specific Mitochondrial DNA Defects
Authors: Kubota Mie , Kasahara Takaoki , Nakamura Takeshi , Ishiwata Mizuho , Miyauchi Taeko , Kato Tadafumi
Published: November 2006

Maintenance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depends on nuclear-encoded proteins such as mtDNA polymerase (POLG), whose mutations are involved in the diseases caused by mtDNA defects including mutation and deletion. The defects in mtDNA and in intracellular Ca2+([Ca2+]i) homeostasis have been reported in bipolar disorder (BD). To understand the relevance of the mtDNA defects to BD, we studied transgenic (Tg) mice in which mutant POLG (mutPOLG) was expressed specifically in neurons. mtDNA defects were accumulated in the brains of mutPOLG Tg mice in an age-dependent manner and the mutant mice showed BD-like behavior. However, the molecular and cellular basis for the abnormalities has not been clarified. In this study, we investigated Ca2+regulation by isolated mitochondria and [Ca2+]idynamics in the neurons of mutPOLG Tg mice. Mitochondria from the mutant mice sequestered Ca2+more rapidly, whereas Ca2+retention capacity and membrane potential, a driving force of Ca2+uptake, of mitochondria were unaffected. To elucidate the molecular mechanism of the altered Ca2+uptake, we performed DNA microarray analysis and found that the expression of cyclophilin D (CyP-D), a component of the permeability transition pore, was downregulated in the brains of mutPOLG Tg mice. Cyclosporin A, an inhibitor of CyP-D, mimicked the enhanced Ca2+uptake in mutant mice. Furthermore, G-protein-coupled receptor-mediated [Ca2+]iincrease was attenuated in hippocampal neurons of the mutant mice. These findings suggest that mtDNA defects lead to enhancement of Ca2+uptake rate via CyP-D downregulation and alter [Ca2+]idynamics, which may be involved in the pathogenesis of BD.
Benjamin Franklin and the American Turkey
Authors: riely elizabeth gawthrop
Published: November 2006

Franklin and the turkey, both American icons, are far more complicated than most people realize. The early Spanish explorers took the New World bird to Europe where it quickly spread. By the early 16th century this domesticated bird made its way back again to Virginia and Massachusetts and onto the colonists' tables. As early as 1776 the growth in human population threatened that of wild turkeys. When Franklin was exploring the properties of electricity, he experimented on turkeys and found that electrocution tenderized their flesh. Later, his famous letter to his daughter, expressing his preference for the turkey to be the national bird rather than the eagle, was more polemical than genuine. In the last fifty years, efforts to restore the nearly extinct wild turkey have succeeded. The quality of the turkey on the American Thanksgiving table, over-bred and industrialized, needs to be restored as well.
Unicum: A Drink with a Past
Authors: báánfalvi carolyn
Published: November 2006

Unicum is a national institution in Hungary, and has a long history that in some ways mirrors the history of modern Hungary itself. The story of Unicum is the story of the Zwack family, who has owned the company since the end of the 18th century (except for the 40 year period when it was nationalized by the Communists). Dr. Zwack, a physician for the Imperial Court of the Austro-Hungarian Dual Monarchy, is credited with creating the drink to alleviate the royal family's digestion problems. But it didn't take long for the drink to take hold on the rest of the country. The Zwack family--headed by Peter Zwack--runs the company today--which also produces high-end palinka, wine, and other types of liquor. So, what is Unicum? It's a thick, black, goopy concoction, made from more than 40 herbs and spices. The exact composition is a carefully guarded family secret which was stored in a safe deposit box in New York during the Communist era. Part of the mixture is macerated for thirty days in water, while the other part is distilled. Then, in a process that has remained almost unchanged for more than 200 years, both are blended and aged in oak casks for six months.
Mapping Quantitative Trait Loci Using the Experimental Designs of Recombinant Inbred Populations
Authors: Kao Chen-Hung
Published: November 2006

In the data collection of the QTL experiments using recombinant inbred (RI) populations, when individuals are genotyped for markers in a population, the trait values (phenotypes) can be obtained from the genotyped individuals (from the same population) or from some progeny of the genotyped individuals (from the different populations). Let Fu be the genotyped population and Fv (v ≥ u) be the phenotyped population. The experimental designs that both marker genotypes and phenotypes are recorded on the same populations can be denoted as (Fu/Fv, u = v) designs and that genotypes and phenotypes are obtained from the different populations can be denoted as (Fu/Fv, v > u) designs. Although most of the QTL mapping experiments have been conducted on the backcross and F2(F2/F2) designs, the other (Fu/Fv, v ≥ u) designs are also very popular. The great benefits of using the other (Fu/Fv, v ≥ u) designs in QTL mapping include reducing cost and environmental variance by phenotyping several progeny for the genotyped individuals and taking advantages of the changes in population structures of other RI populations. Current QTL mapping methods including those for the (Fu/Fv, u = v) designs, mostly for the backcross or F2/F2 design, and for the F2/F3 design based on a one-QTL model are inadequate for the investigation of the mapping properties in the (Fu/Fv, u ≤ v) designs, and they can be problematic due to ignoring their differences in population structures. In this article, a statistical method considering the differences in population structures between different RI populations is proposed on the basis of a multiple-QTL model to map for QTL in different (Fu/Fv, v ≥ u) designs. In addition, the QTL mapping properties of the proposed and approximate methods in different designs are discussed. Simulations were performed to evaluate the performance of the proposed and approximate methods. The proposed method is proven to be able to correct the problems of the approximate and current methods for improving the resolution of genetic architecture of quantitative traits and can serve as an effective tool to explore the QTL mapping study in the system of RI populations.
Background and Importance of Troyer Reid Corn
Authors: Troyer A. Forrest , Palmer Lorrene S.
Published: November 2006

Corn (Zea mays L.) history and American westward expansion were intertwined when several hundred newer, better adapted, open‐pollinated corn varieties were developed by human and natural selection. Chester E. Troyer was a pioneer corn breeder who bred ‘Troyer Reid’, an improved ‘Reid Yellow Dent’ variety. We relate how Chester got to the particular Indiana farm whose pervious, river‐bottom soil affected natural selection. Better, deeper rooting probably helped Troyer Reid obtain more nutrients and water. Chester's formative years were spent as a teacher, and his later achievements included being honored four times as Corn King of the World and also as a successful corn breeder of productive corn varieties and proprietary hybrids. He was first to produce and sell hybrid seed corn in Indiana in 1925, received the Purdue University Certificate of Distinction and was a successful seed corn businessman and employer, successful gladiolus (Gladiolus × gandavensis Van Houtte) breeder of award winning varieties, successful banker, and beloved civic philanthropist. Troyer Reid accounts for about 15% of the background of documented U.S. Corn Belt hybrid corn through inbreds developed by Purdue University, Pioneer Hi‐Bred International, University of Minnesota, and Iowa State University corn breeders.
Phosphorus Fractions in Developing Seeds of Four Low Phytate Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) Genotypes
Authors: Bowen David E. , Guttieri Mary J. , Peterson Karen , Peterson Kevin , Raboy Victor , Souza Edward J.
Published: November 2006

Low phytic acid (lpa) crops have reductions in the amount of seed phytic acid (myo‐inositol hexakisphosphate, InsP6) and increases in inorganic phosphorus (Pi) with little change to the amount of total seed P. In this study, four barley lpa genotypes (lpa1–2, lpa2–1, lpa3–1, and M955), backcross wild‐type (wt) sib‐selections, and original parental line ‘Harrington’ were grown in the field over 2 yr. Developing seed was harvested once a week for 3 wk and then again at physiological maturity, and the seeds assayed for levels of total P, Pi, and phytic acid P. Total phosphorus concentration showed no consistent differences between the lpa genotypes and Harrington. Inorganic P declined during development in the wt genotypes; however in lpa genotypes, inorganic P declined during the first few weeks of development, and then increased from 24 d to maturity. Phytic acid concentration increased steadily during development for the wt lines and barley lpa1–1 and lpa2–1, although the increase was much slower in the lpa lines. The lpa3–1 and M955 had very little InsP6 accumulation until later in development, with little to no increase in the amount of phytic acid in mature seed of M955 compared to the developing seeds of lpa3–1. This information is useful in understanding timing of phosphorus accumulation in seeds, as well as the nature of the low phytic acid mutation in seed development.
Dollar Spot and Gray Leaf Spot Severity as Influenced by Irrigation, Chlorothalonil, Paclobutrazol, and a Wetting Agent
Authors: McDonald Steven J. , Dernoeden Peter H. , Bigelow Cale A.
Published: November 2006

Creeping bentgrass [Agrostis stolonifera L. var. palustris (Huds.) Farw.] and perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) are commonly grown fairway grasses that are susceptible to dollar spot (Sclerotinia homoeocarpa F. T. Bennett; DS) and gray leaf spot [Pyricularia grisea (Cooke) Sacc; GLS.] diseases, respectively. This field study assessed the influence of two irrigation regimes (light and frequent nighttime versus deep and infrequent morning irrigation) and six chemical treatments including: chlorothalonil (tetrachloroisophthalonitrile), paclobutrazol [(2RS,3RS)‐1‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐4,4‐dimethyl‐2‐(1H‐1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl)pentan‐3‐ol; PB], wetting agent (polymeric polyoxyalkylene 95% oxoalkonyl hydroxyl polyoxlalkane diyl 5%; WA), chlorothalonil + PB, chlorothalonil + WA and chlorothalonil + PB + WA on DS and GLS severity over a 3‐yr period. Dollar spot was more severe in late summer in creeping bentgrass that received deep and infrequent versus light and frequent irrigation in 2002 and 2004 and disease severity was negatively correlated with volumetric soil moisture (r = −0.77 to −0.96). Soil moisture levels above 0.25 cm3 cm−3 were associated with an improved ability of chlorothalonil, PB, and WA to suppress DS, but they had no effect on GLS. In 2002, GLS rapidly and severely damaged even fungicide‐treated plots, and there was no irrigation effect. In 2004, gray leaf spot was more severe in light and frequent nighttime irrigated blocks versus deep and infrequent morning irrigated blocks. Chlorothalonil (8.0 kg a.i. ha−1) provided effective GLS control when applied on an 8‐d interval in 2004 but only in infrequently irrigated blocks where disease pressure was less.
Characterization of Resistance to Fusarium graminearum in a Recombinant Inbred Line Population of Wheat: Resistance to Fungal Spread, Mycotoxin Accumulation, and Grain Yield Loss, and Trait Relationships
Authors: Jiang Guo‐Liang , Dong Yanhong , Lewis Janet M. , Siler Lee , Ward Richard W.
Published: November 2006

Fusarium head blight (FHB or scab) caused by Fusarium species can lead to tremendous loss of grain yield and quality in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) as well as severe mycotoxin contamination. Characterization of different types of resistance is of great significance for genetics and breeding studies. One hundred fifty‐two F6:7 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) derived from a cross CJ 9306/Veery were assessed in the greenhouse by single‐floret inoculation to analyze three types of FHB resistance, i.e., resistance to fungal spread within spikes, deoxynivalenol (DON) accumulation, and grain yield loss. Each of the investigated resistance types exhibited a large and continuous variation in the RIL population, and thus was inherited quantitatively. Estimates of broad‐sense heritability varied with resistance types, higher and less variable for spread resistance (0.85–0.93), but lower and more variable for resistance to DON accumulation (0.64–0.92) and/or resistance to grain yield loss (0.61–0.83). For spread resistance parameters (the number and percentage of scabby spikelets) and DON content, frequency distributions exhibited a few peaks and/or were skewed toward resistance, suggesting the existence of major resistance genes. Genetic correlation coefficients of spread resistance parameters with DON content and yield loss parameters were 0.85 to 0.92 and 0.78 to 0.94, respectively. The genetic correlations ranged from 0.63 to 0.77 between DON content and yield loss parameters. There were no noticeable genetic associations between FHB resistance and agronomic traits such as plant height, spike length, number of spikelets and grains per spike, grain weight, and heading date.
Zein Transcription and Endoreduplication in Maize Endosperm are Differentially Affected by Heat Stress
Authors: Monjardino Paulo , Smith Alan G. , Jones Robert J.
Published: November 2006

High temperature stress imposed during the cell division stage of maize (Zea mays L.) kernel development adversely affects growth and mature mass. However, the processes affected by heat stress are not known. The goal of this study was to determine the mechanisms by which heat stress affects early zein accumulation in maize kernels. Intact ears of growth chamber–grown plants were subjected to heat stress (continuous 35°C) for 2 or 4 d, starting at 5 d after pollination (DAP). Both the 27 kDa and cluster 1 zeins of subfamily 4 (ZSF4C1) zein mRNA steady‐state levels were significantly delayed by 4 d of heat stress (DHS), but were not affected by 2 DHS. Similarly, transcription rates of both zeins were reduced in the endosperm of kernels exposed to 4 DHS treatment up to 17 DAP. The 2 DHS treatment significantly delayed endosperm endoreduplication, up to 17 DAP, whereas 4 DHS significantly repressed it. The lack of coordinate changes among mRNA steady‐state levels, transcription rates, and endoreduplication during heat stress indicates that the effects of heat stress on zein transcription rates may not be directly related to alterations in endoreduplication. Instead, zein transcription is most likely affected by a delay in endosperm development.
A Method for Analyzing Unreplicated Agricultural Experiments
Authors: Perrett Jamis J. , Higgins James J.
Published: November 2006

Many studies are conducted in which replication of units is prohibitive. Traditional methods of hypothesis testing do not allow for analysis of unreplicated experiments. An abundance of subsampling allows for accurate estimation of within‐treatment variance, but does not constitute experimental error. The intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) is a ratio involving both the within‐treatment variance and the between‐treatment variance. We propose a method for analyzing unreplicated experiments that exploits the relationship among the ICC, within‐treatment variance, and between‐treatment variance by placing a reasonable upper bound on the ICC (from prior research) and using subsampling to carry out classical tests of significance that have conservative levels of significance. The methodology has wide applicability for analyzing unreplicated experiments and may be implemented in SAS (Cary, NC) using the MIXED procedure. As a demonstration of the methodology, the authors used data from an unpublished study in which a researcher tested the effectiveness of four different treatments [(i) control; (ii) sample‐dependent release of the predacious phytoseiid mite (Phytoseiulus persimilis Athias‐Henriot, PP); (iii) scheduled release of PP; (iv) Floramite {2‐(4‐methoxy‐[1,1‐biphenyl]‐3‐yl)‐1‐methylethyl ester; UniRoyal Chemical Company, Inc., Middlesbury, CT} pesticide application] controlling two‐spotted spider mites (hereafter refered to as just mites) in commercial greenhouses. Four greenhouses were used for the study. Within each greenhouse, eight potted ivy geranium [Pelargonium peltatum (L.) L'Hér. ex Ait., ‘Summer‐Rose Red’] plants were inoculated with mites. One of the four treatments was applied in each of the four greenhouses. At the end of 1 wk, the number of mites was counted on each potted plant in each greenhouse. Using the proposed methodology, one‐factor ANOVA was performed with follow‐up tests identifying significant differences among the treatment means.
Population and Environmental Effects on Seed Production, Germination, and Seedling Vigor in Western Wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] A. Löve)
Authors: Waldron Blair L. , Robins Joseph G. , Jensen Kevin B. , Palazzo Antonio J. , Cary Timothy J. , Berdahl John D.
Published: November 2006

Western wheatgrass (Pascopyrum smithii [Rydb.] A. Löve) has low seed production and poor germination and seedling vigor, limiting its use when quick establishment is needed to stabilize degraded rangelands. This study examined differences among germplasm sources and seed production environments on western wheatgrass seed traits. Seed was harvested from 10 western wheatgrass populations grown in three environments. Seed yield, seed weight, seedling germination, and seedling vigor were then determined. Seedling vigor was measured by greenhouse evaluation of seedling emergence percentage and rate from a planting depth of 6.35 cm. There were significant population × environment interactions for seed yield and seed weight. However, high Spearman's rank correlations between environments within each trait (r = 0.64 to 0.85, P = 0.048 to 0.002) suggested that environment had only a moderate effect on ranking of populations. Mean seed yield and 100‐seed weight varied significantly among populations, ranging from 2.6 to 25.4 g plant−1 and 0.43 to 0.54 g, respectively. Seed germination was high, ranging from 78.4 to 94.4%; however, population performance was not consistent across environments. Environment had no effect on seedling emergence rate, whereas emergence among populations ranged from 2.4 to 4.2 seedlings d−1 Germination rate and seed weight were both correlated with seedling emergence rate (r = 0.57, P = 0.001 and r = 0.49, P = 0.01, respectively). These results indicated that seed production environment had little effect on western wheatgrass seed yield or seedling vigor and that it may be possible to breed for improvement in these traits by selecting among and within western wheatgrass populations.
New and Traditional Methods for the Analysis of Unreplicated Experiments
Authors: Payne Roger W.
Published: November 2006

This paper reviews some traditional and more recent methods for analyzing unreplicated experiments. Such experiments have presented a challenge to statisticians throughout their involvement in agricultural research. At Rothamsted this began in 1919, when R.A. Fisher was appointed to analyze the accumulated data from the classical field experiments. Fisher's experiences with the classicals, which had virtually no replication, must have contributed to his inclusion of replication as one of the key features of a well‐designed experiment. Nevertheless, Fisher made good use of Rothamsted's data, for example in his study of the influence of rainfall on yields from the Broadbalk. He also devised the randomization test, which can be used to analyze unreplicated data. More recently, Broadbalk has also been used to study climate change and sustainability. Newer developments have been concerned to find alternatives to use, instead of blocking, to take account of the spatial variation within an experiment. The resulting methods for modeling spatial correlations have allowed experimenters to obtain more precise estimates of treatment effects—or to decrease numbers of replicates—and they can also provide reliable analyses of unreplicated treatments.
Availability and Analysis of Proprietary Dent Corn Inbred Lines with Expired U.S. Plant Variety Protection
Authors: Mikel Mark A.
Published: November 2006

Current U.S. commercial hybrid corn (Zea mays L.) is produced using proprietary inbred corn lines as parents. Most proprietary corn inbred lines have been protected by the U.S. Patent and/or U.S. Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA) since approximately 1980. Currently there are 89 dent inbred corn lines (with more each year) whose intellectual proprietary protection has expired. These inbred lines are now available from the U.S. National Plant Germplasm System with freedom to operate for applications in research, plant breeding, and direct commercial use. This study facilitates an understanding of this germplasm by utilizing detailed pedigree and phenotypic information available from U.S. Patent and PVPA records to enhance their application to research and product development. This germplasm is mostly yellow dent and ranges in maturity from early (1000 heat units to mid‐silk) to full (1708 heat units to mid‐silk) season. These proprietary lines are from diverse backgrounds that include Iowa Stiff Stalk Synthetic, Argentine Maiz Amargo, Oh43, Minnesota 13, Iodent, Lancaster, Oh07Midland, Commercial Hybrid derived, and uncharacterized broad base sources from exotic, synthetic, and open pollinated populations.
Assessment of in situ solvent extraction for remediation of coal tar sites: Column studies
Authors: Roy Sujoy B. , Dzombak David A. , Ali M. Ashraf
Published: November 2006

Part of a study to assess the feasibility of coal tar site remediation by the injection and recovery of water‐miscible, biodegradable solvents is described. The overall objective of the study was to obtain estimates of cleanup times and solvent volumes required for a hypothetical contaminated site. We describe the results of column experiments, performed by passing solvent‐water solutions through glass bead‐packed columns contaminated with coal tar blobs at low volumetric saturation. This experimental design allowed the investigation of dissolution rate limitations at residual saturations similar to those observed in the field, albeit under more homogeneous conditions. The column effluent data were modeled with a modified advection‐dispersion equation that includes a mass‐transfer source term for coal tar dissolution. This source term empirically relates mass transfer to experimental variables such as coal tar saturation and solvent flow velocity using fitting parameters. Values of parameters in the mass‐transfer source term were estimated from experimental data. The modeling approach and the parameter values developed in this study have been used in simulations of the in situ solvent extraction process.
Modeling algal biofilms: Role of carbon, light, cell surface charge, and ionic species
Authors: Flora Joseph R. V. , Suidan Makram T. , Biswas Pratim , Sayles Gregory D.
Published: November 2006

Models of carbon‐limited algal biofilms have shown that the pH can increase significantly within the biofilm, and consequently, although the total inorganic carbon is not entirely depleted within the film, the amount of CO2 available for substrate use is reduced. The presence of a buffer offsets this pH limitation and increases the flux of inorganic carbon into the film. A rigorous model is developed to investigate the role of a phosphate buffer, multiple background ions, and cell surface charge density on the flux of inorganic carbon into algal biofilms. The effects of the presence of a concentration boundary layer (CBL), light limitations, and activity corrections are included in the analysis. Results of the model establish that the phosphate buffer, the presence of a CBL, and light limitations have a significant impact on the predicted flux of inorganic carbon into algal biofilms, whereas the effects of background ions, activity corrections, and algal surface charges can be neglected.
Development of refined clarifier operating diagrams using an updated settling characteristics database
Authors: Daigger Glen T.
Published: November 2006

An analysis of five sludge‐settling characteristics data sets is presented, representing data from 51 separate suspended growth biological wastewater treatment processes and including 214 separate runs and over 1 500 individual data points. The results indicate that the data can be characterized using a single relationship between the initial sludge settling velocity (Vi), the initial sludge concentration (Ci), and the sludge volume index (SVI). The predictive capability of this relationship is independently verified. These results suggest that this single relationship can be used to accurately characterize the settling characteristics of an activated sludge based only on the measured SVI. A comparison of alternate sludge‐settling indexes indicates that the predictive capability of the relationship can be further improved by use of the stirred SVI3.5 analysis rather than the SVI. More data are required to refine relationships developed based on the SSVI3.5 and the diluted SVI. Secondary clarifier‐operating diagrams based on the developed relationships are presented.
Determination of biodegradation kinetics of volatile organic compounds through the use of respirometry
Authors: Naziruddin Mohammad , Grady C. P. Leslie , Tabak Henry H.
Published: November 2006

Electrolytic respirometry was used to determine the biodegradation kinetic parameters of five volatile aromatic organic compounds: benzene, 1,2‐dichlorobenzene, 1,3‐dichlorobenzene, 1,4‐dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,3‐trichlorobenzene. A protocol developed earlier was modified to accommodate the volatile characteristic of the test compounds. Specifically, the model used in data analysis was modified using Henry's law constant to incorporate the effect of partitioning of a volatile substrate between the gas and liquid phases in a batch reactor. Similar kinetic parameters were obtained for benzene and its four chlorinated analogs. Substrate inhibition was observed in the case of 1,3‐ and 1,4‐dichlorobenzene, and intermediate product inhibition was observed in the case of 1,2‐dichlorobenzene. In addition, all chlorinated benzenes exhibited complete inhibition above certain threshold concentrations.
The water quality implications of artificially fertilizing a large desert reservoir for fisheries enhancement
Authors: Vaux Peter D. , Paulson Larry J. , Axler Richard P. , Leavitt Suzanne
Published: November 2006

Multiple use management of aquatic systems frequently involves conflicting demands from the various user groups. A 4‐year program designed to evaluate large‐scale artificial fertilization as a potential management tool for enhancing the forage and game fish populations of Lake Mead, a large Colorado River reservoir, generated considerable attention from both on‐lake and downstream water users. An extensive water‐quality monitoring program, undertaken as part of the fertilization experiment, demonstrated that the nutrient additions did not produce significant negative impacts on Lake Mead water quality from either a public health (that is, drinking water) or environmental perspective. One set of parameters, for example, hypolimnetic oxygen depletion and the relative abundance of blue‐green algae, exhibited no consistent response to the fertilizer. A second group of parameters did respond to fertilizer addition, but changes were both moderate and relatively short‐term. Examples in this group include chlorophyll, threshold odor number, and trihalomethane formation potentials.
Composition and variability of leachate from recent and aged areas within a municipal landfill
Authors: Ragle Nancy , Kissel John , Ongerth Jerry E. , DeWalle Foppe B.
Published: November 2006

A leachate study was conducted at a large, operating, regional municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill near Seattle, Washington, to examine differences in composition and emission rates between old and new areas of the fill. The landfill began operation in 1966, was receiving approximately 2000 tpd of MSW and had 30 × 106 m3 (∼12 × 106 tonnes) waste in place at the time of this study. The two areas studied had average ages of 3.7 and 16 years, and contained 5.7 × 106 and 2.04 × 106 tonnes of MSW, respectively. Variations in flow rate, total dissolved solids (TDS), chemical oxygen demand (COD), total organic carbon (TOC), Fe, and Mn were monitored over a 3‐month period in the winter and spring of 1992. Increases in flow driven by precipitation caused gradually increasing leachate mass emissions from the aged fill. The rate of mass emission increase with increasing flow from the new fill was more than three times higher than that from the old fill. Leachate flow through the old fill appeared more channelized, resulting in diluting effects with increasing percolation. In leachate from the new fill concentrations were essentially independent of flow. Overall, mass emissions per unit waste mass in place decreased with increasing waste age for TDS and Mn, indicating that these components were leachable independent of degradation processes. Mass emissions per unit waste mass in place increased with increasing waste age for COD, TOC, and Fe, which typify components that increase in availability for leaching with increasing age and progressing stage of decomposition.
Subsurface flow wetlands—A performance evaluation
Authors: Reed Sherwood C. , Brown Donald
Published: November 2006

This paper evaluates data collected by the authors as well as other individuals and agencies at operational subsurface flow constructed wetlands. The purpose of the evaluation was to identify the influence of hydraulic loading, organic loading, hydraulic residence time (HRT) on removal performance for biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), total suspended solids (TSS), nitrogen and phosphorus. The results indicate that BOD and TSS removal can be very effective at a relatively short HRT and that BOD removal exhibits a linear relationship with organic loading. Effective nitrogen removal requires a longer HRT and appears to be limited by the low oxygen availability in these systems. Phosphorus removal is also somewhat limited and ranges from 30 to 60 percent. Design models for these parameters are available or under development.
The “American” and the “International” in theAmerican Journal of International Law
Authors: Damrosch Lori Fisler
Published: November 2006

TheAmerican Journal of International Law(AJIL) stands in dialectical tension between itsAmerican and its internationalidentities. At its founding, and in periodic reassessments on the occasion of anniversaries or changes of leadership, its editors in chief have offered their understandings of the place for thisJournalat the intersection of American and international life. One of our predecessors wrote in theJournal’ssixth decade of “a dual function, both that of laying international law material before American readers, and that of placing American viewpoints on international law before the rest of the world.” Poised at the threshold of a new century, we can take this opportunity for reflection in the image of Janus on both our American (internationalist) origins and our increasingly international (yet in some senses still American) future.
The Power of Legitimacy and the Legitimacy of Power: International Law in an Age of Power Disequilibrium
Authors: Franck Thomas M.
Published: November 2006

The American Society of International Law (ASIL), incorporated by Act of Congress in 1950, was founded in 1906 “to promote the establishment and maintenance of international relations on the basis of law and justice.” As we celebrate the centennial of this, the Society’s principal publication, it is appropriate to examine the present and future prospects of this project. Is it still a compelling aspiration in the era of U.S. superpower-dom?

The founding of the Society and initiation of the Journal (AJIL) must be seen in the context of the then-prevalent American commitment to the idea that a world of international law and international tribunals would be a natural, even historically inevitable, extrapolation of a good American idea. Speaking in 1890 to the first Pan-American Conference, President Benjamin Harrison congratulated the delegates on formulating a hemispheric arbitration agreement. “We rejoice,” he said, “that you have found in the organization of our Government something suggestive and worthy of imitation.” At The Hague in 1907, Secretary of State Elihu Root, the founding president of the ASIL, called for the creation of an international court “which would pass upon questions between nations with the same impartial and impersonal judgment that the Supreme Court of the United States gives to questions arising between citizens of the different States.”
Negotiating the UN Declaration on Human Cloning
Authors: Arsanjani Mahnoush H.
Published: November 2006

On March 8, 2005, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted a declaration on human cloning (the Declaration) by a recorded vote of 84 to 34, with 37 abstentions.1 The Declaration culminated an effort that had commenced in 2001 with a proposal by France and Germany for a convention against reproductive cloning of human beings. The three-and-ahalf- year negotiation that followed was intense and emotionally charged with religious and cultural overtones; at times, participants seemed to feel hopelessly mired. The Declaration that was ultimately adopted was often referred to as a “political declaration,” apparently as a way of emphasizing the degree of compromise reflected in the text, and also as away of minimizing its normative value. The negotiation, which had originally been understood as limited to the narrow bioethics issue of prohibiting the making of cloned babies, led to profound discussions on human rights, cultural and religious diversities, and their interaction and priorities in case of conflict. Ultimately, neither the Declaration nor its negotiating history answered these difficult questions. But they provided a glimpse of the difficulties and impasses international lawmaking will confront when negotiations lose a secular tone.
Trace-Element Analysis of Obsidian Sources and Artifacts of Central Chile (Maule River Basin) and Western Argentina (Colorado River)
Authors: Seelenfreund Andrea , Rees Charles , Bird Roger , Bailey Graham , Bárcena Roberto , Durán Victor
Published: November 2006

The present paper describes obsidian sources and compositional analysis performed on obsidian recovered from natural flows in the upper Maule River basin (central Chile). We compare the composition of this obsidian with that of obsidian artifacts recovered from selected archaeological sites both in the middle and lower valley of the Maule River and in the Argentinian provinces of Mendoza and Neuquén. The results indicate that the collected obsidian samples can be separated into six major groups. Most of the obsidian artifacts are assignable to a particular source area, but there still remain some unknown sources. We conclude that the Laguna del Maule source area was exploited from at least 50 A.D. onward and that the material was distributed to sites located more than 200 km from the source.
Uniform stochastic ordering and related inequalities
Authors: Keilson Julian , Sumita Ushio
Published: November 2006

Stochastic order between univariate random variates may be called uniform when such order persists under conditioning to a broad family of intervals. The ordering is local when it holds for any finite interval (a, b), however small. Local order in multivariate settings has been described by Whitt (1980, 1981), by Karlin and Rinott (1980), and by others. The prevalence of uniform and local order in a variety of simple stochastic‐process settings is displayed, and inequalities arising from such orderings developed.
An explicit formula for the risk of James‐Stein estimators
Authors: Egerton M. F. , Laycock P. J.
Published: November 2006

Expressions for the risk of a Stein estimator and its principal derivatives involve a well‐defined. but nonevaluated. expectation term. Stein (1966) has suggested a second‐order approximation. In this paper we present an alternative exact expression.
Shortest confidence and prediction intervals for the log‐normal
Authors: Dahiya Ram C. , Guttman Irwin
Published: November 2006

We provide the shortest prediction interval forX, and the shortest confidence interval for the median ofX, whenXhas the log‐normal distribution for both the case σ2, the variance of logX, known and unknown. Tables are given to assist the practitioner in constructing these intervals. A real‐life example is provided to illustrate the results.
Edmund Burke and the Book Reviews in Dodsley's Annual Register
Authors: Copeland Thomas Wellsted
Published: November 2006

The problem of Burke's anonymous writings in Dodsley's Annual Register has baffled biographers and critics for nearly a century and a half. Since Burke himself never acknowledged any of these writings, and since no conclusive evidence exists to fix their authorship, it is impossible to make use of them with any sense of security. On the other hand, since the Register must contain, even at a low estimate, some thousands of pages of Burke's writing, important both intrinsically and as our principal record of the early development of his mind, we cannot ignore it. Burke's biographers have about evenly divided themselves into those who were willing to take the risk of asserting on their own authority that specific parts of the magazine had been written by Burke, and those who preferred to make no use whatever of the dubious material. Thus Murray boldly assumes that Burke wrote all parts of the magazine from 1758 to 1791, and constantly quotes expressions of opinion in the magazine as Burke's personal expressions. Magnus on the contrary makes no direct use of the Register's contents in his biography. Neither those who have assumed Burke's authorship, nor those who have rejected it, have ever informed the public concerning the grounds of their judgment. But, admitting that certainty is impossible, such evidence as exists to make probable Burke's authorship of parts of the magazine deserves to be carefully weighed and analyzed.
The Sources, Significance, and Date of Franklin's “An Arabian Tale”
Authors: Pitt Arthur Stuart
Published: November 2006

At first glance Franklin's little story, An Arabian Tale, appears to be one of the most insignificant and inconsequential of his writings. Economically composed in fewer than three hundred words, it scarcely covers a page in any printed text. But despite the simplicity and brevity of the tale, and the lack of any literary values of plot, suspense, or climax —it is, indeed, hardly a “tale” at all—it is surprising that the piece has been so consistently neglected, for it is of vital importance to the history of Franklin's thought.
Matthew Arnold and Science
Authors: Dudley Fred A.
Published: November 2006

The central axiom of Mathew Arnold's cultural arithmetic is well known; less familiar is this curiously precise elaboration:

And, as the discipline of conduct is three-fourths of life, for our aesthetic and intellectual disciplines, real as these are, there is but one-fourth of life left; and if we let art and science divide this one-fourth fairly between them, they will have just one-eighth of life each.
Donne's Letters to Severall Persons of Honour
Authors: Bennett R. E.
Published: November 2006

John Donne, Jr., has been said to have “flung” his father's letters “to the world in complete disorder” when he prepared Letters to Severall Persons of Honour: Written by John Donne Sometime Deane of S' Pauls London (1651), and it is true that the letters in this volume are not arranged for biographical purposes. No effort was made to put any of them in chronological order, except that one, the last in the volume, seems to have been selected for its position partly because it was written during Donne's last illness. Most of the letters, moreover, are without dates, and many were deliberately given false addresses. The editor was chiefly concerned about preparing a volume of elegant letters to “severall persons of honour.” Both the adjective and the adjective phrase are significant; for the 1651 volume was not just thrown together. It was arranged so that it would appear to contain letters to a greater variety of people than it did, and to people who were better remembered in 1651. It is the purpose of this article to formulate working hypotheses about the editorial processes which determined the Letters to Severall Persons, first by discovering what the most probable sources of the letters were, and second by examining the motives and methods which governed their arrangement and the headings which were given to them.
Tamburlaine, the “Scourge of God”
Authors: Battenhouse Roy W.
Published: November 2006

The title-page of Marlowe's Tamburlaine (1590) presents “two Tragicall Discourses” concerning a mighty monarch who “(for his tyranny, and terrour in Warre) was rearmed, The Scourge of God.” A dozen times in the play Tamburlaine calls our attention to his title; and the last syllables of his dying breath are devoted to announcing it. “Scourge of God,” however, is no mere phrase that happened to catch the playwright's fancy; it is a definitive concept which signifies a pattern of human behavior and of divine destiny.
George Eliot as Industrial Reformer
Authors: Wright Walter Francis
Published: November 2006

Felix Holt, A Radical is today cursorily
dismissed by students of George Eliot's works as her one unsuccessful
venture in fiction on the position of the laborer in society. Actually,
although the novel is somewhat dull in plot, it was by no means unsuccessful
in its own time, nor was it George Eliot's only novelistic attempt to
discuss industrial issues.
Treatment Algorithms and the Pharmacological Management of Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Chitre Mona M. , Burke Susan
Published: November 2006

Diabetes is a chronic, progressive disease associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Fortunately, several long-term, prospective studies have demonstrated how proper medical management can significantly reduce the risks associated with diabetes. Based on these studies, the American Diabetes Association and American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists set forth standards and guidelines for the medical management of diabetes. The recommendations clearly outline a multifactorial plan for managing diabetes, but they do not provide specific recommendations for selection and titration of pharmacological treatment. Published reports suggest that specialists are adept at using complex drug regimens to reach the goals set forth in the guidelines, but primary care practitioners could benefit from treatment algorithms that guide the management of drug regimens for diabetes. This article briefly reviews the pharmacological management of type 2 diabetes and describes our experience developing a treatment algorithm for use within a managed care plan.
Structure and morphology of polyethylene/polypropylene in‐reactor alloys synthesized by spherical high‐yield Ziegler–Natta catalyst
Authors: Fu Zhisheng , Zhang Yanzhong , Fan Zhiqiang , Xu Junting
Published: November 2006

A series of spherical polyethylene/polypropylene (PE/PP) in‐reactor alloys were synthesized with spherical high‐yield Ziegler–Natta catalyst by sequential multistage polymerization in slurry. The morphology of PE/PP alloy granule was evaluated by optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results show PE/PP in‐reactor alloy with excellent morphology, high porosity, and narrow distribution of the particle size. The PE/PP in‐reactor alloys show excellent mechanical properties with good balance between toughness and rigidity. It was fractionated into five fractions by temperature‐gradient extraction fractionation, and every fractionation was analyzed by FTIR, 13C‐NMR, DSC, and WAXD. The PE/PP in‐reactor alloy was found to contain mainly five portions: PP, PE, segmented copolymer with PP and PE segment of different length, ethylene‐b‐propylene copolymer, and an ethylene–propylene random copolymer. The characteristic chain structure leads to good compatibility between the fractions of the alloy that shows a multiphase structure. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2075–2085, 2007
Numerical simulation of reactive extrusion processes of PA6
Authors: Wu Lili , Jia Yuxi , Sun Sheng , Zhang Guofang , Zhao Guoqun , An Lijia
Published: November 2006

To analyze the complicated relationships among the variables during the reactive extrusion process of polyamide 6 (PA6), and then control the chemical reaction and the material structures, the process of continuous polymerization of caprolactam into PA6 in a closely intermeshing co‐rotating twin screw extruder was simulated by means of the finite volume method, and the influences of three key processing parameters on the reactive extrusion process were discussed. The simulated results of an example were in good agreement with the experimental results. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2331–2336, 2007
Influence of grafted polypropylene on the mechanical properties of mineral‐filled polypropylene composites
Authors: Toro Patricio , Quijada Raúl , Peralta Ronald , Yazdani‐Pedram Mehrdad
Published: November 2006

The purpose of this work was to study how mineral fillers would behave in a polypropylene (PP) matrix when PP modified with maleic anhydride (MA) and/or itaconic acid (IA) was used as a coupling agent in the preparation of mineral‐filled PP composites. The composites were characterized with tensile mechanical measurements and morphological analysis. The optimum amount of the coupling agent to be used to obtain composites with improved mechanical properties was established. The results indicated that these coupling agents enhanced the tensile strength of the composites significantly, and the extent of the coupling effect depended on the nature of the interface that formed. The incorporation of coupling agents enhanced the resistance to deformation of the composite. The behavior of IA‐modified PP as a coupling agent was similar to that of a commercial MA‐modified PP for the filled PP composites. Evidence of improved interfacial bonding was revealed by scanning electron microscopy studies, which examined the surfaces of fractured tensile test specimens; their microstructures confirmed the mechanical results with respect to the observed homogeneous or optimized dispersion of the mineral‐filler phase in these composites. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2343–2350, 2007
Investigation of conductivity characteristics of nitrile butadiene rubber vulcanizates filled with semiconducting carbide ceramic
Authors: Todorova Z. , El‐Tantawy F. , Dishovsky N. , Dimitrov R.
Published: November 2006

SiC‐ and B4C‐filled NBR rubber composites were prepared with various volume fractions of filler by a conventional roll‐mill method. The morphological structures of the NBR–SiC and NBR–B4C composites were analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. The dependence of room‐temperature volume resistivity (ρv) on the concentration of filler in the two systems was studied. In addition, variation in the number of current carriers (n), mobility carriers (μ), dielectric constant (ε), and dielectric loss factor (tan δ) on filler concentration in the two systems were investigated in detail. The applicability of composites as negative temperature coefficient (NTCR) linear thermistors was studied by the dependence of volume resistivity on temperature. The resistivity showed negative temperature dependence and changed linearly with temperature parallel. The conduction mechanism of the conductivity of the two composites was analyzed in terms of the computed activation energy and hopping energy. Change in volume resistivity as a function of frequency for the two systems was also investigated. Finally, the dependence of volume resistivity on applied pressure and possible real applications of these composites as transducers in pressure sensors were also studied. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 103: 2158–2165, 2007