bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CMMU: A Benchmark for Chinese Multi-modal Multi-type Question Understanding and Reasoning
Authors: He Zheqi , Wu Xinya , Zhou Pengfei , Xuan Richeng , Liu Guang , Yang Xi , Zhu Qiannan , Huang Hua
Published: July 2024

Multi-modal large language models(MLLMs) have achieved remarkable progress and demonstrated powerful knowledge comprehension and reasoning abilities. However, the mastery of domain-specific knowledge, which is essential for evaluating the intelligence of MLLMs, continues to be a challenge. Current multi-modal benchmarks for domain-specific knowledge concentrate on multiple-choice questions and are predominantly available in English, which imposes limitations on the comprehensiveness of the evaluation. To this end, we introduce CMMU, a novel benchmark for multi-modal and multi-type question understanding and reasoning in Chinese. CMMU consists of 3,603 questions in 7 subjects, covering knowledge from primary to high school. The questions can be categorized into 3 types: multiple-choice, multiple-response, and fill-in-the-blank, bringing greater challenges to MLLMs. In addition, we propose an evaluation strategy called Positional Error Variance for assessing multiple-choice questions. The strategy aims to perform a quantitative analysis of position bias. We evaluate seven open-source MLLMs along with GPT4-V, Gemini-Pro, and Qwen-VL-Plus. The results demonstrate that CMMU poses a significant challenge to the recent MLLMs. The data and code are available at https://github.com/FlagOpen/CMMU.
Self-Repellent Random Walks on General Graphs - Achieving Minimal Sampling Variance via Nonlinear Markov Chains (Extended Abstract)
Authors: Doshi Vishwaraj , Hu Jie , Eun Do Young
Published: July 2024

We consider random walks on discrete state spaces, such as general undirected graphs, where the random walkers are designed to approximate a target quantity over the network topology via sampling and neighborhood exploration in the form of Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) procedures. Given any Markov chain corresponding to a target probability distribution, we design a self-repellent random walk (SRRW) which is less likely to transition to nodes that were highly visited in the past, and more likely to transition to seldom visited nodes. For a class of SRRWs parameterized by a positive real α, we prove that the empirical distribution of the process converges almost surely to the target (stationary) distribution of the underlying Markov chain kernel. We then provide a central limit theorem and derive the exact form of the arising asymptotic co-variance matrix, which allows us to show that the SRRW with stronger repellence (larger α) always achieves a smaller asymptotic covariance, in the sense of Loewner ordering of co-variance matrices. Especially for SRRW-driven MCMC algorithms, we show that the decrease in the asymptotic sampling variance is of the order O(1/α), eventually going down to zero. After generalizing these results for a class of weighted empirical measures, we use them as a stepping stone to show that a similar performance ordering can also be obtained for distributed stochastic optimization tasks using token algorithms. More explicitly, by replacing a Markovian token by a SRRW version with the same target distribution, we show that the asymptotic co-variance of the optimization iterates decreases at rate O(1/α^2) - the performance benefit of using SRRW thereby amplified in the stochastic optimization context. Empirical results support our theoretical findings.
Bagging is an Optimal PAC Learner (Extended Abstract)
Authors: Green Larsen Kasper
Published: July 2024

Determining the optimal sample complexity of PAC learning in the realizable setting was a central open problem in learning theory for decades. Finally, seminal work by Hanneke gave an algorithm with a provably optimal sample complexity. His algorithm is based on a careful and structured sub-sampling of the training data and then returning a majority vote among hypotheses trained on each of the sub-samples. While being a very exciting theoretical result, it has not had much impact in practice, in part due to inefficiency, since it constructs a polynomial number of sub-samples of the training data, each of linear size.

In this work, we prove the surprising result that the practical and classic heuristic bagging (a.k.a. bootstrap aggregation), due to Breiman, is in fact also an optimal PAC learner. Bagging pre-dates Hanneke's algorithm by twenty years and is taught in most undergraduate machine learning courses. Moreover, we show that it only requires a logarithmic number of sub-samples to reach optimality.
POWL: Partially Ordered Workflow Language (Extended Abstract)
Authors: Kourani Humam , van Zelst Sebastiaan
Published: July 2024

Processes in real-life scenarios tend to inherently establish partial orders over their constituent activities. This makes partially ordered graphs viable for process modeling. While partial orders capture both concurrent and sequential interactions among activities in a compact way, they fall short in modeling choice and cyclic behavior. To address this gap, we introduce the Partially Ordered Workflow Language (POWL), a novel language for process modeling that combines traditional hierarchical modeling languages with partial orders. In a POWL model, sub-models are combined into larger ones either as partial orders or using control-flow operators that enable the representation of choice and loop structures. This integration of hierarchical structure and partial orders not only offers an effective solution for process modeling but also provides quality guarantees that make POWL particularly suitable for the automated discovery of process models.
MPGraf: a Modular and Pre-trained Graphformer for Learning to Rank at Web-scale (Extended Abstract)
Authors: Li Yuchen , Xiong Haoyi , Kong Linghe , Sun Zeyi , Chen Hongyang , Wang Shuaiqiang , Yin Dawei
Published: July 2024

Both Transformer and Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) have been used in learning to rank (LTR), however, they adhere to two distinct yet complementary problem formulations, i.e., ranking score regression based on query-webpage pairs and link prediction within query-webpage bipartite graphs, respectively. Though it is possible to pre-train GNNs or Transformers on source datasets and fine-tune them subject to sparsely annotated LTR datasets separately, the source-target distribution shifts across the pairs and bipartite graphs domains make it extremely difficult to integrate these diverse models into a single LTR framework at a web-scale. We introduce the novel MPGraf model, which utilizes a modular and capsule-based pre-training approach, aiming to incorporate regression capacities from Transformers and link prediction capabilities of GNNs cohesively.

We conduct extensive experiments to evaluate the performance of MPGraf using real-world datasets collected from large-scale search engines. The results show that MPGraf can outperform baseline algorithms on several major metrics. Further, we deploy and evaluate MPGraf atop a large-scale search engine with realistic web traffic via A/B tests, where we can still observe significant improvement. MPGraf performs consistently in both offline and online evaluations.
All in One: Multi-task Prompting for Graph Neural Networks (Extended Abstract)
Authors: Sun Xiangguo , Cheng Hong , Li Jia , Liu Bo , Guan Jihong
Published: July 2024

This paper is an extended abstract of our original work published in KDD23, where we won the best research paper award. The paper introduces a novel approach to bridging the gap between pre-trained graph models and the diverse tasks they’re applied to, inspired by the success of prompt learning in NLP. Recognizing the challenge of aligning pre-trained models with varied graph tasks (node level, edge level, and graph level), which can lead to negative transfer and poor performance, we propose a multi-task prompting method for graphs. This method involves unifying graph and language prompt formats, enabling NLP’s prompting strategies to be adapted for graph tasks. By analyzing the task space of graph applications, we reformulate problems to fit graph-level tasks and apply meta-learning to improve prompt initialization for multiple tasks. Experiments show our method’s effectiveness in enhancing model performance across different graph tasks. Beyond the original work, in this extended abstract, we further discuss the graph prompt from a bigger picture and provide some of the latest work toward this area.
Learning to Resolve Social Dilemmas: A Survey (Abstract Reprint)
Authors: Fatima Shaheen , Jennings Nicholas , Wooldridge Michael
Published: July 2024

Social dilemmasare situations of inter-dependent decision making in which individualrationality can lead to outcomes with poor social qualities. The ubiquity of social dilem-mas in social, biological, and computational systems has generated substantial researchacross these diverse disciplines into the study of mechanisms for avoiding deficient outcomes by promoting and maintaining mutual cooperation. Much of this research is focused on studying how individuals faced with a dilemma can learn to cooperate by adapting their behaviours according to their past experience. In particular, three types of learning approaches have been studied: evolutionary game-theoretic learning, reinforcement learning, and best-response learning. This article is a comprehensive integrated survey of these learning approaches in the context of dilemma games. We formally introduce dilemma games and their inherent challenges. We then outline the three learning approaches and, for eachapproach, provide a survey of the solutions proposed for dilemma resolution. Finally, we provide a comparative summary and discuss directions in which further research is needed.
SensorSCAN: Self-supervised learning and deep clustering for fault diagnosis in chemical processes (Abstract Reprint)
Authors: Golyadkin Maksim , Pozdnyakov Vitaliy , Zhukov Leonid , Makarov Ilya
Published: July 2024

Modern industrial facilities generate large volumes of raw sensor data during the production process. This data is used to monitor and control the processes and can be analyzed to detect and predict process abnormalities. Typically, the data has to be annotated by experts in order to be used in predictive modeling. However, manual annotation of large amounts of data can be difficult in industrial settings.

In this paper, we propose SensorSCAN, a novel method for unsupervised fault detection and diagnosis, designed for industrial chemical process monitoring. We demonstrate our model's performance on two publicly available datasets of the Tennessee Eastman Process with various faults. The results show that our method significantly outperforms existing approaches (+0.2-0.3 TPR for a fixed FPR) and effectively detects most of the process faults without expert annotation. Moreover, we show that the model fine-tuned on a small fraction of labeled data nearly reaches the performance of a SOTA model trained on the full dataset. We also demonstrate that our method is suitable for real-world applications where the number of faults is not known in advance. The code is available at https://github.com/AIRI-Institute/sensorscan
Hierarchical Decompositions and Termination Analysis for Generalized Planning (Abstract Reprint)
Authors: Srivastava Siddharth
Published: July 2024

This paper presents new methods for analyzing and evaluating generalized plans that can solve broad classes of related planning problems. Although synthesis and learning of generalized plans has been a longstanding goal in AI, it remains challenging due to fun- damental gaps in methods for analyzing the scope and utility of a given generalized plan. This paper addresses these gaps by developing a new conceptual framework along with proof techniques and algorithmic processes for assessing termination and goal-reachability related properties of generalized plans. We build upon classic results from graph theory to decompose generalized plans into smaller components that are then used to derive hi- erarchical termination arguments. These methods can be used to determine the utility of a given generalized plan, as well as to guide the synthesis and learning processes for generalized plans. We present theoretical as well as empirical results illustrating the scope of this new approach. Our analysis shows that this approach significantly extends the class of generalized plans that can be assessed automatically, thereby reducing barriers in the synthesis and learning of reliable generalized plans.
Exploiting Cultural Biases via Homoglyphs inText-to-Image Synthesis (Abstract Reprint)
Authors: Struppek Lukas , Hintersdorf Dominik , Friedrich Felix , Brack Manuel , Schramowski Patrick , Kersting Kristian
Published: July 2024

Models for text-to-image synthesis, such as DALL-E 2 and Stable Diffusion, have recently drawn a lot of interest from academia and the general public. These models are capable of producing high-quality images that depict a variety of concepts and styles when conditioned on textual descriptions. However, these models adopt cultural characteristics associated with specific Unicode scripts from their vast amount of training data, which may not be immediately apparent. We show that by simply inserting single non-Latin characters in the textual description, common models reflect cultural biases in their generated images. We analyze this behavior both qualitatively and quantitatively and identify a model’s text encoder as the root cause of the phenomenon. Such behavior can be interpreted as a model feature, offering users a simple way to customize the image generation and reflect their own cultural background. Yet, malicious users or service providers may also try to intentionally bias the image generation. One goal might be to create racist stereotypes by replacing Latin characters with similarly-looking characters from non-Latin scripts, so-called homoglyphs. To mitigate such unnoticed script attacks, we propose a novel homoglyph unlearning method to fine-tune a text encoder, making it robust against homoglyph manipulations.
Enhancing Policy Gradient Algorithms with Search in Imperfect Information Games
Authors: Kubíček Ondřej
Published: July 2024

Sequential decision-making under uncertainty in multi-agent environments is a fundamental problem in artificial intelligence. Games serve as a base model for these problems. Finding optimal plans in games that model real-world scenarios necessitates scalable algorithms. In games with perfect information, algorithms that use a combination of search and deep reinforcement learning can scale to arbitrary-sized games and achieve superhuman performance. In games with imperfect information, the situation is more challenging due to the nature of the search. This work aims to develop algorithms that use search but can scale into larger games than currently possible.
Stakeholder-oriented Decision Support for Auction-based Federated Learning
Authors: Tang Xiaoli
Published: July 2024

Auction-based federated learning (AFL) is an important area of FL incentive mechanism design. It effectively incentivizes high-quality data owners (DOs) to participate in data consumers' (DCs, i.e., servers') FL training tasks. However, AFL is still evolving, with existing methods primarily addressing optimal DC-DO matching or DC selection problems in monopoly markets. To enhance the practicality of AFL, we introduce stakeholder-oriented decision support in AFL. This facilitates optimal and strategic decision-making for all stakeholders, improving the efficiency and sustainability of the AFL ecosystem.
Human-Robot Alignment through Interactivity and Interpretability: Don't Assume a ``Spherical Human''
Authors: Gombolay Matthew
Published: July 2024

Interactive and interpretable robot learning can help to democratize robots, placing the power of assistive robotic systems in the hands of end-users. While machine learning-based approaches to robotics have achieved impressive results, robot learning is still a feat of costly engineering performed in controlled settings and relying upon impractical assumptions about humans. To achieve a vision in which robots can be integrated sustainably into our daily lives for robotic assistance, researchers must take a human-centered approach and develop novel approaches for human-robot alignment of robot values and behaviors. This paper amalgamates recent human factors insights and computational techniques that can support human-robot alignment through interactive and interpretable robot learning and teaming.
Rethinking Correlation Learning via Label Prior for Open Set Domain Adaptation
Authors: Huang Zi-Xian , Ren Chuan-Xian
Published: July 2024

Open Set Domain Adaptation (OSDA) aims to transfer knowledge from a labeled source domain to an unlabeled target domain, where known classes exist across domains while unknown classes are present only in the target domain. Existing methods rely on the clustering structure to identify the unknown classes, which empirically induces a large identification error if the unknown classes are a mixture of multiple components. To break through this barrier, we formulate OSDA from the view of correlation and propose a correlation metric-based framework called Balanced Correlation Learning (BCL). BCL employs Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion (HSIC) to characterize the separation between unknown and known classes, where HSIC is reformulated as the nodes’ relation on graph. By considering the label prior as variable, theoretical results are derived to analytically show a sufficient condition for desired learning direction for OSDA. Methodologically, the class-balanced HSIC is proposed to preserve domain-invariant and class-discriminative features. With the guarantee of correlation learning, the entropy-based principle can effectively identify the unknown classes via uncertainty. Empirically, extensive evaluations are conducted, where BCL achieves significant performance improvements.
Formal Argumentation in Symbolic AI
Authors: Ulbricht Markus
Published: July 2024

In the area of symbolic AI, researchers strive to develop techniques to teach machines (commonsense) reasoning. Human reasoning is often argumentative in its nature, and consequently, computational models of argumentation constitute a vibrant research area in symbolic AI. In this paper I describe my most significant contributions to the field spanning from general non-monotonic logics to formal argumentation.
Computational Argumentation: Reasoning, Dynamics, and Supporting Explainability
Authors: Wallner Johannes P.
Published: July 2024

This overview accompanies the author's Early Career Track presentation. We survey recent research and research agenda of the author, focusing on contributions in the area of computational argumentation. Contributions span from foundations of static and dynamic forms of argumentative reasoning and approaches to support explainability, e.g., analysis of the computational complexity of argumentative reasoning and algorithmic approaches.
E-QGen: Educational Lecture Abstract-based Question Generation System
Authors: Chen Mao-Siang , Yen An-Zi
Published: July 2024

To optimize the preparation process for educators in academic lectures and associated question-and-answer sessions, this paper presents E-QGen, a lecture abstract-based question generation system. Given a lecture abstract, E-QGen generates potential student inquiries. The questions suggested by our system are expected to not only facilitate teachers in preparing answers in advance but also enable them to supply additional resources when necessary.
Educación comunal, experiencias en el desarrollo de un proyecto alternativo de Educación Superior en México
Authors: Mendoza Sánchez Angelica María , Olivera Díaz Raida Soledad , Silva Carmona Liliana
Published: July 2024

El presente artículo organiza la experiencia del hacer de un proyecto alternativo en educacion superior bajo el amparo de dos categorías, a saber, comunidad y comunalidad, en territorio llamado Santa María Colotepec,Oaxaca, Mexico. Se revisan las características de toda comunidad indígena y a su vez, se identifica la particularidad de la comunalidad y su complejidad para instalarla como fundamento y metodología educativa en diversosterritorios. Se exponen las vicisitudes enfrentadas por el colectivo durante el proceso de creacion del proyecto y finalmente, a la luz de estas categorías, se analizan los retos de una educacion comunal para la transformación social.
Migración calificada e integración en las sociedades de destino
Authors: Bermúdez Rico Rosa Emilia
Published: July 2024

El objetivo principal de este es discutir algunos de los rasgos que caracterizan el proceso de integración de los/las migrantes calificados en las sociedades de destino. En particular, interesa examinar condiciones que favorecen u obstaculizan la integración laboral y social de los migrantes calificados/as del flujo sur-norte. Para ello, se presentan elementos teóricos-analíticos del enfoque de la integración de los migrantes y se discute el alcance explicativo para el caso específico de la integración de la migración calificada y se presenta una clasificación en construcción de escenarios de migración calificada en la región.
Configuración social de la Hacienda Coconuco, 1770-1850
Authors: Ahumada Escobar Catalina
Published: July 2024

Este artículo presenta una descripción de los individuos y grupos sociales que hicieron parte de la hacienda Coconuco entre 1770 y 1850, caracterizados de acuerdo a sus funciones y a las formas de relación establecidas con el hacendado, aspectos que dan cuenta de una organización social en un tiempo y espacio determinados. Este estudio se fundamentó en un trabajo de análisis documental, particularmente de la correspondencia familiar de los Arboleda y Mosquera coleccionada en el Fondo Mosquera del Archivo Central del Cauca (ACC).
Analisis Kesesuaian Media NHK Easy News sebagai Fuku Kyouzai dalam Mata Kuliah Dokkai
Authors: Muhammad Marshall Irsyad Bima , Saragih Febi Ariani
Published: July 2024

Bahan ajar diperlukan sebagai penguat materi dalam tujuannya untuk memenuhi kompetensi belajar peserta didik atau mahasiswa. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis kesesuaian Media NHK Easy News dalam aplikasi Todai Easy Japanese sebagai bahan ajar pendamping pada buku Minna no Nihongo II revisi tahun 2005 untuk mahasiswa setara N4. Penelitian ini menggunakan jenis pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode kualitatif deskriptif. Sumber data berupa seluruh kosakata dan tata bahasa pada buku Minna no Nihongo Shokyu II dan teks bacaan berita Media NHK Easy News menggunakan teori dari Arikunto sebagai penentu kesesuaian variabel tersebut. Teknik pengumpulan data yang diterapkan adalah observasi studi dokumentasi dan kuesioner kepada dua dosen dan 67 mahasiswa. Lalu, untuk menganalisis kemungkinan keberhasilan diterima sebagai bahan ajar pendamping, menggunakan teori dari Aisyah dkk. Penelitian analisis ini menunjukkan bahwa media NHK memiliki 85% pada kesesuaian kosakata dan 98% pada kesesuaian tata bahasa. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan media NHK “sangat sesuai” sebagai bahan ajar pendamping. Hal ini diperkuat oleh respon yang diberikan oleh dosen dan mahasiswa yang mayoritas memberikan jawaban dan positif pada masing-masing pernyataan.
Kata kunci: bahan ajar; dokkai; Fuku Kyouzai; Todai Easy Japanese.
Konflik Batin Tokoh Utama pada Miniseri Kamen Rider Snipe: Episode Zero
Authors: Erlangga Rio Arif , Nurita Wayan
Published: July 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk membahas konflik batin yang dialami oleh tokoh Hanaya Taiga pada film Kamen Rider Snipe: Episode Zero. Penelitian ini menggunakan teori konflik dari Kurt Lewin dan juga menggunakan metode kualitatif sebagai metode penelitiannya dengan hasil analisisnya berupa penjelasan kata deskriptif. Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teknik simak dan catat. Hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan terjadinya konflik batin pada tokoh Hanaya Taiga. Hasil dari penelitian ini ditemukan bahwa konflik yang dialami Hanaya Taiga berupa konflik tipe 1, konflik tipe 2, dan juga konflik tipe 3.
Kata kunci: Kamen Rider; konflik batin; miniseri; tokoh utama.
Pituitary lymphoma appearing 9 years after pituitary adenoma resection
Authors: Koga Yuichiro , Akai Takuya , Shiro Taisuke , Kuroda Satoshi
Published: July 2024

Background:

Pituitary lymphomas (PLs) are very rare, accounting for <0.1% of all intracranial tumors. Of which, PL that is associated with PL is even rarer. Here, we describe a case of PL of a 51-year-old woman that appeared 9 years after pituitary adenoma resection.

Case Description:

A 51-year-old woman presented with visual disturbance. She had a history of pituitary adenoma resected through endoscopic trans-sphenoidal surgery (eTSS) 9 years before. Although her previous annual follow-up did not show any signs of recurrence, she noticed visual disturbance. One month later, her visual acuity rapidly worsened with headache and fatigue, being referred to our hospital. On examination, she had bilateral quadrantanopia. Her laboratory data showed slightly increased prolactin levels. Magnetic resonance images showed a mass in the sella with suprasellar extension, so she underwent eTSS. The tumor had a fibrous, hard part and a soft gray part, and it was mostly resected. Visual symptoms improved transiently, but ophthalmoplegia appeared 2 weeks after surgery, indicating intrathecal dissemination. Histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of T-lymphoblastic lymphoma. Positron emission tomography showed tracer accumulation at the pancreas, confirmed as lymphoma through biopsy. However, we could not determine which site of lymphoma was the primary site. She underwent chemotherapy, including cyclophosphamide, vincristine sulfate, doxorubicin hydrochloride, dexamethasone, and methotrexate. The patient died despite several months of treatment.

Conclusion:

Recurrence of pituitary adenoma cannot be carelessly assumed from a pituitary growing mass after pituitary adenoma resection. PLs have poor prognosis due to their aggressive character. Immediate biopsy and confirmation of the diagnosis are necessary for the treatment of pituitary masses with aggressive features.
A rare case of Streptobacillus moniliformis epidural abscess requiring neurosurgical decompression
Authors: Rentia Saba , Kedda Jayanidhi , Harris Peter , Foster Chase Harrison , Rosner Michael
Published: July 2024

Background:

Streptobacillus moniliformis is the primary causative agent of rat bite fever, an infectious disease transmitted through contact with rats through bites, scratches, or exposure to excrement. Before this report, only two instances of spinal epidural abscess (SEA) due to S. moniliformis infection have been documented. We present the case of a 76-year-old male who developed a cervical SEA secondary to S. moniliformis infection, requiring neurosurgical decompression of the spinal cord.

Case Description:

A 76-year-old male presented to the emergency department with bilateral shoulder and back pain, upper extremity weakness, left hip pain, and left thumb pain. He denied any recent exposure to pets or animals, and the initial workup did not yield the source of the infection. Enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of the cervical spine demonstrated C6–7 discitis/osteomyelitis and an associated ventral SEA, as well as discitis/osteomyelitis of the C2 vertebral body and C5–6 endplates. Subsequently, the patient underwent a C3–7 laminectomy and received a 6-week postoperative course of intravenous ceftriaxone, resulting in complete resolution of the abscess. Blood tests revealed the presence of S. moniliformis, which the patient attributed to potential rat exposure at his workplace.

Conclusion:

Identification and diagnosis of S. moniliformis infection requires a high index of suspicion. Neurosurgeons should consider this rare pathogen in the differential diagnosis of SEA to facilitate early detection, diagnosis, and surgical intervention, ultimately improving patient outcomes.
I. I. KABLITZ-YUZOV IN MODERN NATIONAL HISTORIOGRAPHY
Authors: Мокшин Г.Н.
Published: July 2024

Статья посвящена новейшей литературе об одном из видных теоретиков и практиков русского народничества И. И. Каблице-Юзове. Анализируются основные этапы становления и развития современного «каблицеведения», его главные достижения и некоторые спорные вопросы. Иосиф Каблиц прошел сложный путь от юношеского максимализма семидесятников к зрелому прагматизму народников 1880-х гг., отражающий общую тенденцию идейной эволюции народничества в последней трети ХIХ в. Неслучайно интеллектуальная биография Каблица, его книги о расколе, основах русского народничества и проблеме взаимоотношений интеллигенции с народом по-прежнему привлекают внимание исследователей. За тридцать лет в изучении взглядов и деятельности Каблица, в том числе как идеолога правого народничества, был сделан существенный шаг вперед. К главным достижениям новейшей отечественной историографии автор относит, во-первых, появление более подробной политической биографии Каблица, доступной широкому читателю через энциклопедии; во-вторых, более основательное изучение особенностей его народнических взглядов и отстаиваемой им (по сути культурнической) программы общественных преобразований и, наконец, включение «аутсайдера» Каблица в общую типологию русского народничества как представителя его крайне правого фланга, что, по мнению автора, является свидетельством зрелости современного отечественного народниковедения.

This article is devoted to the latest literature on one of the prominent theorists and practitioners of Russian populism I. I. Kablitze-Yuzov. It analyzes the main stages of formation and development of modern “Kablitze-Yuzov”, his main achievements and some controversial issues. Joseph Kablitz has passed a difficult path from the youthful maximalism of the seventies to the mature pragmatism of the populists in the 1880s, which reflects the general trend in the ideological evolution of Narodnikism in the last third of the XIXth century. It is not by chance that the intellectual biography of Kablitz, his books on schism, the basis of Russian populism and the relationship between the intelligentsia and the people still attract the attention of researchers. Over the past 30 years, the study of Kablitz’s views and activities, including as an ideologist of right-wing populism, has made significant progress. The author refers to the main achievements of the modern Russian historiography as: first, the appearance of a more detailed political biography of Kablitz, accessible through encyclopedias to the general reader; second, a more thorough study of the features of his populism and the (essentially cultural) program of social transformation advocated by him; and, finally, the inclusion of “outsider” Kablitz in the general typology of Russian populism, as a representative of its extreme right wing, which, according to the author, is evidence of maturity of modern Russian narodnikovedeniya.
WATCHWORDS FOR PRAETORIANS: O THE QUESTION OF THE RELIABILITY OF HISTORIA AUGUSTA
Authors: Гуськов Е.А.
Published: July 2024

В сборнике биографий римских императоров Historia Augusta (HA), который пользуется сомнительной славой в научной среде, имеется несколько упоминаний о выдаче паролей дежурному преторианскому отряду, охранявшему особу правителя. В общей сложности в составе сборника содержится пять упоминаний о проведении этой процедуры, из которых два относятся к одному эпизоду. Проведенный анализ показал, что, несмотря на ряд сомнительных элементов в описаниях ее в HA, данная информация, скорее всего, является достоверной.

In the collection of biographies of Roman emperors, Historia Augusta, which enjoys a dubious reputation in the scientific community, there are several references to issuing watchwords to the Praetorian Guard on duty, who protected the ruler’s person. In total, the collection contains five mentions of this procedure, of which two relate to one episode. The analysis showed that despite a number of questionable elements in the descriptions of this procedure in HA, this information is most likely reliable.
THE NATIONAL POLICY OF THE STATE AND ITS INFLUENCE ON THE FORMATION OF ETHNIC AND ALL-RUSSIAN CIVIC IDENTITY
Authors: Музафарова Н.И. , Мухтасаров Ф.Ш.
Published: July 2024

В статье рассматриваются теоретические и практические вопросы национальных отношений в системе государства, которые являются определяющим фактором укрепления и дальнейшего развития страны. Уделяется внимание оценке национальных проблем учеными, исследователями, политическими деятелями, выявляются наиболее оригинальные и рациональные концепции, а также попытки реализовать их в интересах разных народов. Акцент делается на политике российского государства, в состав которого входят многочисленные этносы, объединенные на протяжении разных веков добровольно или насильственным методом в единую державу. Большее внимание отводится XX и XXI вв., когда произошли резкие перемены в мировом масштабе, связанные с ростом национально-освободительных движений, периодами двух мировых войн. Национальные проблемы чрезвычайно сложны и оказывают существенное влияние на судьбы государств и мировой цивилизации. От осознанного справедливого решения национальных вопросов зависят судьбы существования человечества на планете. В статье ставится задача рассмотрения реализации национальной политики Российского государства, которая обусловила формирование этнической и общероссийской гражданской идентичности. Показаны практика реализации этнических интересов в системе государственных отношений, предпринимаемые действия по интеграции полиэтнических культур в целях обогащения общероссийской культуры и солидаризации всех граждан страны.

The article discusses the theoretical and practical issues of national relations in the state system, which are the determining factor in the strengthening and further development of the country. Attention is paid to the consideration of national problems by scientists, researchers, politicians, the most original and rational concepts are identified, as well as attempts to implement them in the interests of different peoples. The emphasis is on the policy of the Russian state, which includes numerous ethnic groups, united over the course of different centuries voluntarily or by force into a single state. More attention is paid to the XXth and XXIst centuries, when there have been dramatic changes on a global scale associated with the growth of national liberation movements, the maturing and testing of two world wars. National problems are complex, affecting the fate of states and world civilization. The fate of the existence of mankind on the planet depends on a conscious fair solution of national issues. The article sets the task of considering the implementation of the national policy of the Russian state, which led to the formation of ethnic and all- Russian civic identity. The practice of realizing ethnic interests in the system of state relations, the actions taken to integrate multi-ethnic cultures in order to enrich the all-Russian culture and solidarize all citizens of the country are shown.
TO THE QUESTION OF THE REASONS OF THE FIRST CARLIST WAR (1833–1840)
Authors: Терещук А.А.
Published: July 2024

Вопрос о причинах Первой Карлистской войны в Испании (1833–1840) до сих пор является предметом дискуссий среди специалистов. В настоящей статье анализируются факторы, которые привели к конфликту в Испании. Показывается преемственность между карлизмом и контрреволюционными движениями в Испании в период правления Фердинанда VII. Анализируется династический кризис в Испании после публикации «Прагматической санкции» 1830 г. в контексте противостояния либералов и роялистов. Дается оценка религиозному фактору в конфликте. Приводятся различные гипотезы относительно возможных экономических причин войны. Отвергается представление о том, что карлизм был движением бедняков против богатых или крестьянским восстанием против городского населения. Делается вывод о том, что Первая Карлистская война была результатом сочетания нескольких факторов. Ранний карлизм представлял собой движение зажиточных крестьян, местного дворянства и духовенства, а также части городского населения в районах с мелкой и средней земельной собственностью, переживавших перед войной экономический спад.

The First Carlist War in Spain (1833–1840) started because of the uprising of Don Carlos’s partisans (Carlists) against the government in Madrid. Modern scholars are still discussing the reasons for the conflict. In the article, the factors that motivated the development of the Carlist movement are being analyzed. It is shown that there is a continuity between Carlism and counterrevolutionary movements in Spain during the reign of Ferdinand VII. The paper studies the relevance of the dynastic crisis in Spain after the publication of the Pragmatic Sanction in 1830 in the context of the opposition between Liberals and Royalists. The religious factor of the conflict is analyzed. Different hypotheses concerning possible economic reasons for the war are shown. The notion that Carlism was a movement of the “poor” against the “rich” or a peasants’ uprising against the urban population is rejected. The First Carlist War in Spain was a result of a combination of multiple factors. The regionalist problem was irrelevant for the early Carlism. The dynastic and religious questions were mainly vehicles for propaganda than the real causes of the conflict. The early Carlism was the movement of well-off peasants, local gentry and clergy, and a part of the urban population in the regions with a small and medium land property that suffered economic recession before the war.
ANTHROPOLOGICAL SOURCES USED IN THE STUDY OF THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE MEDIEVAL POPULATION OF ARMENIA (PRE-MESSAGE)
Authors: Худавердян А.Ю.
Published: July 2024

Публикуются предварительные результаты антропологического исследования костных останков, полученных при раскопках средневековых памятников на территории Армении. Исследование осуществлялось путем визуального осмотра скелетов, их измерения, описания. В основу работы положены классические краниометрические, краниоскопические, одонтологические, остеологические и палеопатологические методы исследования. Степень развития мышечного рельефа указывает на значительные физические нагрузки в процессе трудовой деятельности. Наличие затылочных структур связано с подъемом и перемещением тяжелых грузов. Выявлены следы патологических процессов на скелетах, и реконструирована их этиология. В структуре палеопатологического профиля групп преобладают такие стрессовые маркеры, как сribra orbitalia, эмалевая гипоплазия, аномалии и травмы. Прижизненные травмы связаны с конфликтными ситуациями на бытовой почве. В результате проведенной работы удалось установить важные особенности жизнедеятельности групп, определить половозрастные показатели, антропогенетические характеристики и особенности распространения заболеваний.

The article presents preliminary results of an anthropological research of human bone remains, obtained during excavations of medieval monuments on the territory of Armenia. The research methodology involved visual examination of skeletons, measurements, descriptions. The work is based on classical craniometric, cranioscopic, odontological, osteological and paleopathological research methods. The degree of the muscular relief development points to a considerable physical activity as-sociated with labour. The applied methodology revealed traces of pathological processes, whose etiology was further reconstructed. Structural changes appearing in human bones during physical activity people were investigated. The occurrence of superstructures in the occipital bone has been attributed to physical activity and habitual motion such as lifting and transporting heavy. The structure of the paleopathological profile of the groups is dominated by such stress markers as cribra orbitalia, enamel hypoplasia, anomalies, and injuries. Intravital injuries are associated with conflict situations on a domestic basis. As a result of the conducted work it was possible to establish the important features of life-activities of the studied samples, to define sex-age indicators, anthropogenetic characteristics and specificity of spreading of diseases.
THE KURDISH FACTOR IN THE FOREIGN POLICY OF TURKEY (END OF THE XX CENTURY – 2020)
Authors: Рагимова А.Ф.
Published: July 2024

В начале XXI столетия вновь актуальна проблема обострения межнациональных конфликтов в разных точках нашей планеты. Одним из них является турецко-курдское противостояние, которое продолжается уже почти сорок лет. В статье рассматривается влияние курдского фактора на ключевые аспекты внешней политики Турецкой Республики в конце XX – начале XXI в., такие как взаимоотношения с соседними странами, в первую очередь с Ираком и Сирией, а также с европейскими странами и США. Автором дается подробный обзор ключевых событий внешнеполитического курса Турции, связанного с курдским вопросом в 80–90-е гг. XX – начале XXI в., как военного, так и дипломатического характера. В заключении статьи делается вывод, что в настоящее время курдский фактор является одним из основополагающих инструментов внешней политики Турции, используя который она методично добивается поставленных целей.

At the beginning of the XXI century, the problem of aggravation of interethnic conflicts in different parts of our planet is again relevant. One of them is the Turkish- Kurdish confrontation, which has been going on for almost 40 years. This article discusses the influence of the Kurdish factor on key aspects of the foreign policy of the Republic of Turkey in the late XX – early XXI centuries, such as relations with neighboring countries, primarily with Iraq and Syria, as well as with European countries and the United States. The author gives a detailed review of the key events in Turkey’s foreign policy related to the Kurdish issue in the 80–90s XXth century – the beginning of the XXIst century, both military and diplomatic. At the end of the article, it is concluded that at present the Kurdish factor is one of the fundamental instruments of Turkey’s foreign policy, using which it methodically achieves its goals.
THE SOCIETIES FOR THE CARE OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN THE CITIES OF THE YENISEI PROVINCE IN THE LATE XIX – EARLY XX CENTURY (BASED ON THE MATERIALS OF THE REGIONAL PRESS)
Authors: Кискидосова Т.А.
Published: July 2024

Статья посвящена истории создания и деятельности обществ попечения о начальном образовании в городах Енисейской губернии в конце XIX – начале ХХ в. Проблема организации и поддержки этих объединений широко обсуждалась в общественных кругах и на страницах периодической печати. Региональная пресса отразила основные направления деятельности обществ попечения о начальном образовании. Открытие начальных школ и их материальная поддержка были их приоритетными задачами. Местные газеты отразили популярность общественных объединений во всех городах Енисейской губернии в рассматриваемый период. Общества попечения о начальном образовании являлись ярким примером стремления местного населения к развитию просвещения в регионе.

The article is devoted to the history of the creation and activity of primary education care societies in the cities of the Yenisei province in the late XIX – early XX century. The problem of organizing and supporting Societies has been widely discussed in public circles and on the pages of the periodical press. The regional press reflected the main activities of the Primary Education Care Societies. The opening of primary schools and their financial support were the priority tasks of the Societies. Local newspapers reflected the popularity of public associations in all cities of the Yenisei province during the period under review. The primary education care societies were a vivid example of the desire of the local population to develop education in the region.
CRIMES OF MILITIAMEN OF THE WORKERS’ MILITIA OF THE VYBORGSKY DISTRICT AND THE CITY MILITIA OF THE SPASSKY DISTRICT OF PETROGRAD (MARCH – OCTOBER 1917)
Authors: Шведова В.В.
Published: July 2024

В статье рассматриваются преступления и правонарушения в отношении населения г. Петрограда, совершенные милиционерами рабочей милиции Выборгского района и городской милиции Спасского района в марте – октябре 1917 г. Милиция Выборгского района была организована на предприятиях силами рабочих, т. е. в милиции состояли преимущественно рабочие. Милиция Спасского района была укомплектована на основе вольного найма; на службу могли поступить все желающие. В статье предпринимается попытка изучить и сравнить противоправную деятельность милиционеров двух районных отделений с учетом их разного социального состава.

The article deals with crimes and offenses against the population of the city of Petrograd, committed by policemen of the workers’ militia of the Vyborg region and the city police of the Spassky region in March – October 1917. The police of the Spassky district was staffed on the basis of «free employment», in which everyone could sign up. The article attempts to study and compare the illegal activities of policemen from two districts that differ in their social composition.
THOMAS WENTWORTH’S RIVAL: LORD ANTRIM AND HIS PROJECT OF NEW IRISH ARMY
Authors: Петров М.Д.
Published: July 2024

В статье рассматривается проект Новой ирландской армии, предложенный Карлу I графом Антримом. По его замыслу, это войско должно было стать важным инструментом абсолютистской политики английской монархии, ликвидировать угрозу со стороны шотландских ковенантеров, а также реализовать личные амбиции своего создателя. Несмотря на хорошо проработанную теоретическую составляющую проекта, выдержанного в русле второго этапа военной революции, его полноценная реализация так и не была осуществлена. Причиной этого стали как личные конфликты Антрима и губернатора Ирландии Уэнтуорта, так и нерешенные фискальные и финансовые проблемы в королевской казне. Помимо этого, попытка создания армии, состоящей преимущественно из католиков, стало значимым фактором усиления поляризации английского общества накануне событий Английской революции.

The article considers the draft of the New Irish Army proposed to Charles I by Earl Antrim. According to his plan, this army was to become an important instrument of the absolutist policy of the English monarchy, eliminate the threat from the Scottish covenanters, and also realize the personal ambitions of its creator. Despite the well-developed theoretical component of the project, sustained in line with the second stage of the military revolution, its full implementation was never implemented. The reason for this was both the personal conflicts of Antrim and the Governor of Ireland Wentworth, and the unresolved fiscal and financial problems in the royal treasury. In addition, an attempt to create an army consisting mainly of Catholics was a significant factor in increasing the polarization of English society on the eve of the events of the English Revolution.