bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical aspects of customer due diligence and related anti-money laundering measures in South Africa
Authors: Chitimira Howard , Munedzi Sharon
Published: April 2023

Purpose

This paper explores the historical aspects of customer due diligence and related anti-money laundering measures in South Africa. Customer due diligence measures are usually employed to ensure that financial institutions know their customers well by assessing them against the possible risks they might pose such as fraud, money laundering, Ponzi schemes and terrorist financing. Accordingly, customer due diligence measures enable banks and other financial institutions to assess their customers before they conclude any transactions with them. Customer due diligence measures that are utilised in South Africa include identification and verification of customer identity, keeping records of transactions concluded between customers and financial institutions, ongoing monitoring of customer account activities, reporting unusual and suspicious transactions and risk assessment programmes. The Financial Intelligence Centre Act 38 of 2001 (FICA) as amended by the Financial Intelligence Centre Amendment Act 1 of 2017 (Amendment Act) is the primary statute that provides for the adoption and use of customer due diligence measures to detect and combat money laundering in South Africa. Prior to the enactment of the FICA, several other statutes were enacted in a bid to prohibit money laundering in South Africa. Against this background, the article provides a historical overview analysis of these statutes to, inter alia, explore their adequacy and examine whether they consistently complied with the Financial Action Task Force Recommendations on the regulation of money laundering.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides an overview analysis of the historical aspects of the regulation and use of customer due diligence to combat money laundering in South Africa. In this regard, a qualitative research method as well as the doctrinal research method are used.

Findings

It is hoped that policymakers and other relevant persons will adopt the recommendations provided in the paper to enhance the curbing of money laundering in South Africa.

Research limitations/implications

The paper does not provide empirical research.

Practical implications

The paper is useful to all policymakers, lawyers, law students and regulatory bodies, especially, in South Africa.

Social implications

The paper advocates for the use of customer due diligence measures to curb money laundering in the South African financial markets and financial institutions.

Originality/value

The paper is original research on the South African anti-money laundering regime and the use of customer due diligence measures to curb money laundering in South Africa.
Horizontal network collaboration by entrepreneurial ventures: a supply chain finance perspective
Authors: Cozzolino Alessandra , Calabrese Mario , Bosco Gerardo , Signori Paola , Massaroni Enrico
Published: April 2023

Purpose

The present paper aims at understanding how horizontal network collaborations between small and medium enterprises (SMEs) can be designed and implemented to take advantage of a supply chain finance (SCF) perspective.

Design/methodology/approach

This study presents an SCF literature background identifying four literature gaps, and in response to them it adopts an action research approach. The empirical analysis is developed on a network-case study: a horizontal collaboration project between small businesses of the Italian wine industry and their supply chains.

Findings

SMEs can play an active role in developing – in terms of design and implementation – their collaborative networks by taking advantage of an SCF perspective for themselves, and their customers, based on the reorganization of relationships interface processes. Taking this perspective can be a concrete and crucial way to sustain the development of SMEs and their supply chains in an actual competitive context.

Research limitations/implications

The paper identifies the theoretical gaps in the literature, suggests new research areas that deserve to be more deeply investigated and connects case-related results to the key concepts. The empirical part presents a real case application that proposes a complete roadmap for managers and practitioners who wish to experience similar projects.

Practical implications

This network-case study storyline, presenting an overview of ten years of meetings, with related purposes, is suggesting a roadmap for design and implementation of horizontal network as managerial implications. These kinds of active research projects, with a collaborative mixed team of academics and practitioners, and involving a multilayer group of participants, are positive examples for closing the bridge between companies and academia, which enhance this network of small businesses active in trying to improve their competitiveness working together.

Originality/value

The value of the paper is to embrace a supply chain-oriented perspective for an SME, independent of the financial system and based on inventory flow management. Very little literature focuses on inventory-based research within the SCF framework, designed for real implementation in horizontal network collaboration by entrepreneurial ventures.
Magnetic alignment technology for wafer bonding
Authors: Ye Lezhi , Song Xuanjie , Yue Chang
Published: April 2023

Purpose

Wafer bonding is a key process for 3 D advanced packaging of integrated circuits. It requires very high accuracy for the wafer alignment. To solve the problems of large movement stroke, position calibration error and low production efficiency in optical alignment, this paper aims to propose a new wafer magnetic alignment technology (MAT) which is based on tunnel magneto resistance effect. MAT can realize micro distance alignment and reduces the design and manufacturing difficulty of wafer bonding equipment.

Design/methodology/approach

The current methods and existing problems of wafer optical alignment are introduced, and the mechanism and realization process of wafer magnetic alignment are proposed. Micro magnetic column (MMC) marks are designed on the wafer by the semiconductor manufacturing process. The mathematical model of the space magnetic field of the MMC is established, and the magnetic field distribution of the MMC alignment is numerically simulated and visualized. The relationship between the alignment accuracy and the MMC diameter, MMC remanence, MMC thickness and sensor measurement height was studied.

Findings

The simulation analysis shows that the overlapping double MMCs can align the wafer with accuracy within 1 µm and can control the bonding distance within the micrometer range to improve the alignment efficiency.

Originality/value

Magnetic alignment technology provides a new idea for wafer bonding alignment, which is expected to improve the accuracy and efficiency of wafer bonding.
Yachting tourism's contribution to the Caribbean's social economy and environmental stewardship
Authors: Walker Therez B. , Rolle Sophia , McLeod Michelle
Published: April 2023

Purpose

This viewpoint article aims to explore yachting tourism in the Caribbean to understand its contribution to the economic and social well-being of stakeholders. In terms of the overall marine tourism offering, several Caribbean countries have designated a yachting tourism industry as being part and parcel of tourism development, while other countries have focused on cruise tourism. This viewpoint article argues for supporting the development of the yachting tourism industry in small islands since yachting tourism has a potentially positive impact on the tourism industry overall.

Design/methodology/approach

Descriptive case studies were conducted in Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas and the British Virgin Islands (BVI) to compare the contributions of the yachting tourism industry. Secondary data sources were utilized to derive the information by analyzing relevant newspaper articles, tourism statistics, books and journal articles.

Findings

The Caribbean continues to benefit from a yachting tourism industry with prominent yachting destinations in the Northern Caribbean of the archipelago of islands. The yachting tourism industry has proven to be resilient, and yachting visitors may also integrate within local communities and support several economic activities.

Practical implications

One potential practical implication is the adoption of policies that support the growth of the yachting tourism industry. Another practical implication is overcoming the challenges of the yachting tourism industry by adopting certain management solutions.

Originality/value

The value of the viewpoint article is to derive a greater contribution from marine tourism activities in the Caribbean. Tourism policies and plans should consider the growth of the yachting industry as an integral part of tourism development and somewhat shift focus from the dominant cruise tourism sector.
Dim light pollution prevents diapause induction in urban and rural moths
Authors: Merckx Thomas , Nielsen Matthew E. , Kankaanpää Tuomas , Kadlec Tomáš , Yazdanian Mahtab , Kivelä Sami M.
Published: April 2023

Light pollution is increasingly affecting biodiversity and may also disrupt seasonal adaptations. Even dim artificial light, such as skyglow—which can spread far beyond urban areas—can interfere with using photoperiod as a seasonal cue.

Here, we test how light pollution impacts diapause induction and whether urban evolution counteracts it, by using common‐garden experiments with a common, widespread geometrid moth (Chiasmia clathrata). We raised offspring from urban and rural populations from North‐ and Mid‐European countries in treatments with and without dim light at night.

The dim light treatment strongly increased direct development overall—with no evidence for urban adaptation to it—but distinctly more so in Mid‐ than in North‐European populations.

Because diapause induction is critical for surviving winter, these results indicate that dim but widespread light pollution may have detrimental effects on insect populations, especially so at mid‐latitudes, and may hence explain part of the ongoing, large‐scale insect declines globally.

Synthesis and applications. Latitudinal variation in sensitivity to light pollution means that its contribution to insect declines—and its conservation importance—should likewise vary among regions. In mid‐latitude regions, where populations seem more sensitive to light pollution, mitigating light pollution should be a high priority for insect conservation. Reducing skyglow from cities should benefit both urban populations—which were just as susceptible as rural populations in our study—and rural populations—because skyglow extends far beyond the geographic boundaries of cities.
Fiat v Commission: A Misconception at the Heart of the Tax Ruling Cases
Authors: Daly Stephen
Published: April 2023

In October 2015, a ripple was sent through the tax world when the European Commission found that Luxembourg and the Netherlands had provided unlawful State aid to Fiat and Starbucks. At the core of the Commission's decisions was the assertion that the Member States had misapplied the ‘arm's length principle’ ‐ a principle which broadly seeks to ensure that transactions between associated enterprises are priced as if carried out by independent parties Both were appealed. The first decisions of the General Court were handed down in October 2019 and were a mixed bag for the Commission – a win in the Fiat decision, but not Starbucks. The judgment in the subsequent Fiat appeal was handed down in November 2022. This was the first opportunity the Court of Justice had to consider the Commission's central argument that Member States were bound to apply a general ‘arm's length principle’. This case note analyses the judgment and considers its ramifications for other Member States, for multinationals, and for the capacity of EU law to tackle harmful tax competition.
Evaluating the impact of radiofrequency spectroscopy on reducing reoperations after breast conserving surgery: A meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Jingzhen , Zhang Lixia , Pan Zezheng
Published: April 2023

Background

The benefits of breast conserving surgery for breast cancer patients are well established. To achieve adequate margins of excision, intraoperative management of breast margins is a critical factor through reducing reoperation for inadequate positive margin excision and associated morbidity and cost. Radiofrequency spectroscopy is a technology that could significantly reduce positive margins when used intraoperatively as an adjunct to other margin management methods.

Methods

A meta‐analysis was completed with 10 publications comparing use of radiofrequency spectroscopy technology (MarginProbe) with standard margin assessment procedures. Three randomized controlled studies and seven retrospective studies comparing MarginProbe to historical controls were included. The primary endpoint was reduction of re‐excision rates. Statistical significance level was set at the two‐sided 5% level corresponding to two‐sided 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the pooled relative risk estimates.

Results

A total of 2335 patients from 10 publications were included in this meta‐analysis. The overall relative reduction in re‐excision rate was 0.49 (95% CI: 0.38–0.64, p < 0.001). Statistical methods were used to examine publication bias.

Conclusion

Despite the limited randomized controlled trials available comparing radiofrequency spectroscopy to standard operation procedures, the data from the 10 studies demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in re‐excision rate of 49% for MarginProbe usage, currently the only technology indicated for intraoperative identification of breast cancer tissue at the lumpectomy specimen margin.
Default risk and earnings expectations: The role of contract maturity in the credit default swap market
Authors: Hill Mary S. , Taylor Gary K.
Published: April 2023

Agency conflicts increase with contract maturity. As contract maturity increases, managers, acting on behalf of shareholders, have more opportunities to use their discretion in ways that adversely affect future payoffs. Agency theory suggests that when contract maturity increases, creditors place less weight on a firm's growth opportunities in assessing default risk. We present a counter‐argument: because the timing of future payoffs is uncertain, longer‐duration debt provides creditors with a longer horizon over which payoffs are earned. Using credit default swap (CDS) spreads, we demonstrate that the relevance of future earnings expectations increases with CDS maturity. Our results suggest that contract maturity is not a reliable proxy for agency costs when evaluating the credit market relevance of financial information.
Institutional and individual investors' short‐term reactions to the COVID‐19 crisis in China
Authors: Liu Siyi , Liu Xin , Zhang Chuancai , Zhang Lingli
Published: April 2023

This study examines how the severity of the local COVID‐19 crisis affected the investment divergence between institutional and individual investors in China. The COVID‐19 crisis significantly increased both environmental uncertainty and fear sentiment. We predict that individual investors, who are at an information disadvantage and rely more on heuristics, are more likely than institutional investors to decrease their investments in stocks of firms headquartered in provinces with more severe COVID‐19 crisis. We find that the number of newly confirmed local COVID‐19 cases is positively associated with the investment divergence between institutional and individual investors. Further analysis shows that the investment divergence is much lower for firms that have higher information disclosure quality, are followed by more analysts and engage Big 4 auditors. We also find that subsequent price reversals are faster for stocks with higher net investments by institutional investors and slower for stocks with higher net investments by individual investors. Lastly, we find that institutional investors increase their investments in undervalued stocks of firms located in provinces with more severe COVID‐19 crisis and firms less affected by the pandemic, whereas individual investors decrease such investments. The results suggest that institutional investors are more sophisticated in identifying undervalued stocks and analysing the impact of the information about the pandemic prevention policies on firms' operations. Our main results hold after a battery of robustness tests.
“You have harmed us”: Stories of violence, narratives of hope among the Port Gamble S'Klallam
Authors: Montgomery Lindsay M.
Published: April 2023

In 2015, the Canadian Truth and Reconciliation Commission (TRC) released a formal report containing hundreds of testimonies documenting the physical, psychological, and epistemological violence inflicted on Indigenous youth in federally funded and church‐run residential schools. The TRC is part of a growing body of academic and publicly oriented scholarship that takes a documentary approach to reckoning with historical trauma in North America. By focusing on harm and loss, this sort of damage‐centered research unintentionally reinforces unidimensional narratives of Indigenous history and personhood. As Eve Tuck (2009) argues, a desire‐based approach grounded in notions of complex personhood offers an alternative framework for grappling with the legacy of settler‐colonial violence. In this article, I draw on Tuck's approach to interpret a body of object‐based interviews with Port Gamble S'Klallam community members. During these interviews, objects and historic photographs shared with community members elicited stories of interpersonal and structural violence around their experiences with education. Importantly, these materials also evoked stories of refusal, cultural resiliency, and hope. In revealing the complexity of Indigenous experiences with Western‐style education, object‐based interviews present archaeologists with a holistic method for documenting Indigenous histories in ways that challenge damage‐based narratives.
Epidemiological and clinical features, therapeutic strategies and outcomes in patients with hyperhaemolysis: A systematic review
Authors: Jacobs Jeremy W. , Stephens Laura D. , Allen Elizabeth S. , Binns Thomas C. , Booth Garrett S. , Hendrickson Jeanne E. , Karafin Matthew S. , Tormey Christopher A. , Woo Jennifer S. , Adkins Brian D.
Published: April 2023

Hyperhaemolysis syndrome (HHS), a severe form of delayed haemolytic transfusion reaction most commonly described in patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), involves destruction of both donor and recipient red blood cells (RBCs). As the epidemiology and underlying pathophysiology have yet to be definitively elucidated, recognition can be challenging. We systematically reviewed PubMed and EMBASE to identify all cases of post‐transfusion hyperhaemolysis and characterized the epidemiological, clinical and immunohaematological characteristics and treatments of HHS. We identified 51 patients (33 females and 18 males), including 31 patients with SCD (HbSS, HbSC and HbS/β‐thalassaemia). The median haemoglobin nadir (3.9 g/dL) occurred a median of 10 days post‐transfusion. 32.6% and 45.7% of patients had a negative indirect anti‐globulin test and a negative direct anti‐globulin test, respectively. The most common therapies included corticosteroids and intravenous immune globulin. 66.0% of patients received ≥1 supportive transfusion, which was associated with a longer median hospital stay/time to recovery (23 days vs. 15 days; p = 0.015) compared to no supportive transfusion. These findings illustrate that HHS that often results in marked anaemia 10 days post‐transfusion is not restricted to patients with haemoglobinopathies, and additional transfused RBCs may be associated with a longer time‐to‐recovery.
“Leaving Home Ain't Easy:” The timing and pathways of young immigrants’ home‐leaving transitions
Authors: Haan Michael , Cheng Wanyun , Yu Zhou
Published: April 2023

Leaving the parental home to live independently has long been a marker of one's transition to adulthood and a sign of immigrant adaptation to the host country. The timing and pathways of home‐leaving are important for both the housing trajectories of young adults and the overall housing demand of immigrant receiving areas. However, young adults—immigrants or not— have increasingly been delaying this transition, opting instead to stay in the parental home for an extended period of time. In this paper, we conceptualize home‐leaving as a decision made over time—influenced by individual, family, and contextual factors—and use panel data collected in the 2011 and 2017 Canadian General Social Survey (GSS). Through both a Cox proportional hazard model and a competing risk model, we examine the timing of exit from the parental home, the determinants of this exit, and the variable rates of independent household formation across immigrant, non‐visible, and visible minority groups. We find, although the relationship is not always linear, generational status, as well as race and ethnicity, play an important role in not only the timing, but also the destination of home leaving, while age at arrival is particularly salient for racialized immigrant groups. Young immigrants of visible minority background are generally less likely to leave their parental home, even though immigrants to Canada are selected for their ability to succeed in Canada.
Sleep waves in a large‐scale corticothalamic model constrained by activities intrinsic to neocortical networks and single thalamic neurons
Authors: Dervinis Martynas , Crunelli Vincenzo
Published: April 2023

Aim

Many biophysical and non‐biophysical models have been able to reproduce the corticothalamic activities underlying different EEG sleep rhythms but none of them included the known ability of neocortical networks and single thalamic neurons to generate some of these waves intrinsically.

Methods

We built a large‐scale corticothalamic model with a high fidelity in anatomical connectivity consisting of a single cortical column and first‐ and higher‐order thalamic nuclei. The model is constrained by different neocortical excitatory and inhibitory neuronal populations eliciting slow (<1 Hz) oscillations and by thalamic neurons generating sleep waves when isolated from the neocortex.

Results

Our model faithfully reproduces all EEG sleep waves and the transition from a desynchronized EEG to spindles, slow (<1 Hz) oscillations, and delta waves by progressively increasing neuronal membrane hyperpolarization as it occurs in the intact brain. Moreover, our model shows that slow (<1 Hz) waves most often start in a small assembly of thalamocortical neurons though they can also originate in cortical layer 5. Moreover, the input of thalamocortical neurons increases the frequency of EEG slow (<1 Hz) waves compared to those generated by isolated cortical networks.

Conclusion

Our simulations challenge current mechanistic understanding of the temporal dynamics of sleep wave generation and suggest testable predictions.
Degradation of NLRP3 by p62‐dependent‐autophagy improves cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease by maintaining the phagocytic function of microglia
Authors: Zhang Dongyuan , Zhang Yu , Pan Jirong , Cao Jingjing , Sun Xiuping , Li Xianglei , Zhang Ling , Qin Chuan
Published: April 2023

Background

Activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome promotes microglia to secrete inflammatory cytokines and induce pyroptosis, leading to impaired phagocytic and clearance functions of microglia in Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study found that the autophagy‐associated protein p62 interacts with NLRP3, which is the rate‐limiting protein of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Thus, we aimed to prove that the degradation of NLRP3 occurs through the autophagy‐lysosome pathway (ALP) and also demonstrate its effects on the function of microglia and pathological changes in AD.

Methods

The 5XFAD/NLRP3‐KO mouse model was established to study the effect of NLRP3 reduction on AD. Behavioral experiments were conducted to assess the cognitive function of the mice. In addition, immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the deposition of Aβ plaques and morphological changes in microglia. BV2 cells treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) followed by Aβ1‐42 oligomers were used as in vitro AD inflammation models and transfected with lentivirus to regulate the expression of the target protein. The pro‐inflammatory status and function of BV2 cells were detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence (IF). Co‐immunoprecipitation, mass spectrometry, IF, Western blot (WB), quantitative real‐time PCR, and RNA‐seq analysis were used to elucidate the mechanisms of molecular regulation.

Results

Cognitive function was improved in the 5XFAD/NLRP3‐KO mouse model by reducing the pro‐inflammatory response of microglia and maintaining the phagocytic and clearance function of microglia to the deposited Aβ plaque. The pro‐inflammatory function and pyroptosis of microglia were regulated by NLRP3 expression. Ubiquitinated NLRP3 can be recognized by p62 and degraded by ALP, slowing down the proinflammatory function and pyroptosis of microglia. The expression of autophagy pathway‐related proteins such as LC3B/A, p62 was increased in the AD model in vitro.

Conclusions

P62 recognizes and binds to ubiquitin‐modified NLRP3. It plays a vital role in regulating the inflammatory response by participating in ALP‐associated NLRP3 protein degradation, which improves cognitive function in AD by reducing the pro‐inflammatory status and pyroptosis of microglia, thus maintaining its phagocytic function.
Preferential pruning of inhibitory synapses by microglia contributes to alteration of the balance between excitatory and inhibitory synapses in the hippocampus in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Fan Jianchen , Dong Xinyan , Tang Yejiao , Wang Xuehui , Lin Donghui , Gong Lifen , Chen Chen , Jiang Jie , Shen Weida , Xu Anyu , Zhang Xiangnan , Xie Yicheng , Huang Xin , Zeng Linghui
Published: April 2023

Background

A consensus has formed that neural circuits in the brain underlie the pathogenesis of temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). In particular, the synaptic excitation/inhibition balance (E/I balance) has been implicated in shifting towards elevated excitation during the development of TLE.

Methods

Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were intraperitoneally subjected to kainic acid (KA) to generate a model of TLE. Next, electroencephalography (EEG) recording was applied to verify the stability and detectability of spontaneous recurrent seizures (SRS) in rats. Moreover, hippocampal slices from rats and patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (mTLE) were assessed using immunofluorescence to determine the alterations of excitatory and inhibitory synapses and microglial phagocytosis.

Results

We found that KA induced stable SRSs 14 days after status epilepticus (SE) onset. Furthermore, we discovered a continuous increase in excitatory synapses during epileptogenesis, where the total area of vesicular glutamate transporter 1 (vGluT1) rose considerably in the stratum radiatum (SR) of cornu ammonis 1 (CA1), the stratum lucidum (SL) of CA3, and the polymorphic layer (PML) of the dentate gyrus (DG). In contrast, inhibitory synapses decreased significantly, with the total area of glutamate decarboxylase 65 (GAD65) in the SL and PML diminishing enormously. Moreover, microglia conducted active synaptic phagocytosis after the formation of SRSs, especially in the SL and PML. Finally, microglia preferentially pruned inhibitory synapses during recurrent seizures in both rat and human hippocampal slices, which contributed to the synaptic alteration in hippocampal subregions.

Conclusions

Our findings elaborately characterize the alteration of neural circuits and demonstrate the selectivity of synaptic phagocytosis mediated by microglia in TLE, which could strengthen the comprehension of the pathogenesis of TLE and inspire potential therapeutic targets for epilepsy treatment.
Pigmented intraepithelial Merkel cell carcinoma mimicking melanoma in situ
Authors: Holliday Dean , McConnell Charity F. , Prieto‐Granada Carlos N.
Published: April 2023

Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC) is a rare neoplasm that arises in the skin of elderly patients on sun‐exposed areas such as the head, neck, and extremities. Involvement of the epidermis by tumor cells is a relatively uncommon phenomenon. However, a few cases have been reported of Merkel cell carcinoma in situ (MCCIS) in which tumor cells are confined exclusively to the epidermis without dermal involvement. Herein, we present a peculiar MCCIS lesion in a 66‐year‐old man composed of tumor cells in a nested and lentiginous growth pattern, exhibiting variable quantities of intracytoplasmic dusty brown pigment consistent with melanin, thus closely mimicking melanoma in situ. In addition, the lesion was associated with invasive squamous cell carcinoma, which has not been previously reported in the literature. An extensive search of the PubMed‐indexed, English‐language literature yielded only 17 case reports of MCCIS without documented invasion in which clinical data were available. Out of the cases with available clinical information, individuals with strict MCCIS (n = 13) showed no evidence of recurrence or metastases. The median follow‐up time in the cases with available data (n = 9) was 12 months (mean 12.8 months, range 6–21). Thus, MCCIS without invasion may have a favorable clinical course in contrast to invasive MCC tumors.
Efficacy of PuraStat hemostatic gel for pulsating arterial bleeding during colorectal endoscopic submucosal dissection
Authors: Okumura Taishi , Imai Kenichiro , Hotta Kinichi
Published: April 2023

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Being nice by choice: The effect of counterfactual reasoning on children's social evaluations
Authors: Wong Alyson , Cordes Sara , Harris Paul L. , Chernyak Nadia
Published: April 2023

The ability to engage in counterfactual thinking (reason about what else could have happened) is critical to learning, agency, and social evaluation. However, not much is known about how individual differences in counterfactual reasoning may play a role in children's social evaluations. In the current study, we investigate how prompting children to engage in counterfactual thinking about positive moral actions impacts children's social evaluations. Eighty‐seven 4‐8‐year‐olds were introduced to a character who engaged in a positive moral action (shared a sticker with a friend) and asked about what else the character could have done with the sticker (counterfactual simulation). Children were asked to generate either a high number of counterfactuals (five alternative actions) or a low number of counterfactuals (one alternative action). Children were then asked a series of social evaluation questions contrasting that character with one who did not have a choice and had no alternatives (was told to give away the sticker to his friend). Results show that children who generated selfish counterfactuals were more likely to positively evaluate the character with choice than children who did not generate selfish counterfactuals, suggesting that generating counterfactuals most distant from the chosen action (prosociality) leads children to view prosocial actions more positively. We also found age‐related changes: as children got older, regardless of the type of counterfactuals generated, they were more likely to evaluate the character with choice more positively. These results highlight the importance of counterfactual reasoning in the development of moral evaluations.

Research Highlights

Older children were more likely to endorse agents who choose to share over those who do not have a choice.

Children who were prompted to generate more counterfactuals were more likely to allocate resources to characters with choice.

Children who generated selfish counterfactuals more positively evaluated agents with choice.

Comparable to theories suggesting children punish willful transgressors more than accidental transgressors, we propose children also consider free will when making positive moral evaluations.
Meaningful outcomes for children and their caregivers attending a paediatric brain centre
Authors: Heydenrijk‐Kikkert Myrna A. , Schmidt Ann Katrin K. , Pangalila Robert , De Wit Marie‐Claire Y. , van Haren Neeltje E. M. , Van Veelen Marie‐Lise C. , Roebroeck Marij E.
Published: April 2023

Aim

To identify meaningful outcomes of children and their caregivers attending a paediatric brain centre.

Method

We compiled a long list of outcomes of health and functioning of children with brain‐related disorders such as cerebral palsy, spina bifida, (genetic) neurodevelopmental disorders, and acquired brain injury. We incorporated three perspectives: patients, health care professionals, and published outcome sets. An aggregated list was categorized using the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health: Children and Youth version in a patient validation survey for children and parent‐caregivers to prioritize outcomes. Outcomes were considered meaningful when ranked ‘very important’ by 70% or more of the participants.

Results

We identified 104 outcomes from the three perspectives. After categorizing, 59 outcomes were included in the survey. Thirty‐three surveys were completed by children (n = 4), caregivers (n = 24), and parent‐caregivers together with their child (n = 5). Respondents prioritized 27 meaningful outcomes covering various aspects of health and functioning: emotional well‐being, quality of life, mental and sensory functions, pain, physical health, and activities (communication, mobility, self‐care, interpersonal relationships). Parent‐caregiver concerns and environmental factors were newly identified outcomes.

Interpretation

Children and parent‐caregivers identified meaningful outcomes covering various aspects of health and functioning, including caregiver concerns and environmental factors. We propose including those in future outcome sets for children with neurodisability.

What this paper adds

Outcomes that children with brain‐related disorders and their parent‐caregivers consider to be the most meaningful cover a wide range of aspects of functioning.

Involving these children and their parent‐caregivers resulted in the identification of important outcomes that were not covered by professionals and the literature.

Parent‐caregiver‐related factors (coping, burden of care) and environmental factors (support, attitudes, and [health care] services) were identified as meaningful.
Potential distribution of Melanagromyza sojae in South America and current situation in Argentina
Authors: Fadda L. A. , Murúa M. G. , Casmuz A. S. , Vera M. A. , Lira‐Noriega A.
Published: April 2023

The Asian soybean stem borer Melanagromyza sojae (Zehntner) (Diptera: Agromyzidae) represents a threat to soybean and chickpea crops in South America. It is known that in the region its population has increased, in part, due to the difficulty in its agronomic management. This is due to the lack of knowledge regarding its biology and the environments that are favorable for its establishment. In this study, we provide a comprehensive database of records of M. sojae, as well as an updated list of its host plants from field surveys, bibliographic review, and online databases. We estimated the suitability and potential distribution of the pest considering environmental information from remote sensors and bioclimatic variables and contrasted these against land‐use cover across South America. In Argentina, M. sojae was found developing on Tithonia tubaeformis (Jacq.) Cass. (Asteraceae), surviving in chickpeas and volunteer soybeans that were affected by winter frost. The most informative models and highest suitability were predicted from vegetation indices and bioclimatic variables, and coincided with sites having a high proportion of arable land. Regarding climate, the greatest suitability occurred in eastern South America, including the southern states of Brazil and Paraguay, where the final models recovered the current known distribution of the species on the continent. However, its extension may be even greater than predicted, due to the wide distribution range of its hosts. This characterization of suitability for M. sojae could be a useful resource to anticipate the regions that are most favorable for its presence and supports the need to consider the distribution of crops and host plants that could act as natural reservoirs to identify sites and streamline efforts to reduce the incidence of the pest.
An interpretable diagnostic approach for lung cancer: Combining maximal clique and improved BERT
Authors: Chen Zi‐yu , Xiao Fei , Wang Xiao‐kang , Hou Wen‐hui , Huang Rui‐lu , Wang Jian‐qiang
Published: April 2023

The lung cancer incidence and mortality in China have always been high. Moreover, due to the limited level of professional technology, misdiagnosis and missed diagnosis of lung cancer often occur. To improve the accuracy of diagnosis, this paper proposes an interpretable diagnostic method for lung cancer based on Chinese electronic medical records (EMRs). First, to overcome the difficulty in word segmentation of clinical texts in Chinese EMRs, a dictionary construction method is proposed based on the idea of maximal clique, and 730 medical professional terms related to lung diseases are identified. Then, the ProbSparse self‐attention mechanism and self‐attention distilling operation in Informer are used to improve the Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformer (BERT) to realize the representation of long clinical texts with lower time complexity and memory consumption. Finally, the convolutional neural network with an attention mechanism is employed to process the representation results to realize the interpretable prediction of lung cancer. This method is applied to the lung cancer diagnosis of inpatients in a tertiary hospital in Hunan Province, obtaining excellent results of about 0.9 for area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) and area under the precision‐recall curve (AUPRC). In addition, the results of the comparative analysis with existing dictionaries, word embedding methods and diagnostic methods further confirm the superiority of the proposed method. Specifically, the proposed method improves the precision by at least 6%, the recall by at least 2.6%, the F1 score by at least 5.2%, AUROC by at least 7.3% and AUPRC by at least 7.7% compared with all these state‐of‐the‐art methods.
We get by with family: Maternal partnership transitions and extended kin coresidence
Authors: Williams Heidi M.
Published: April 2023

Objective

This study examines the extent to which mothers coreside with extended kin during partnership transitions.

Background

Parental relationship changes are increasingly common, especially among unmarried parents. Although research shows that families often coreside out of economic necessity, extended kin coresidence as a function of maternal relationship changes has not been explored. Using life course theory, this study examines where and with whom mothers and their children live during partnership transitions.

Method

Data are from 2,886 mothers who participated in the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study. Bivariate and multinomial logistic regression, random effects, and fixed effects models were estimated to determine if mothers' coresidential relationships with extended kin were formed by changes in mothers' coresidential romantic partnership statuses.

Results

Mothers' partnership changes were associated with extended kin coresidence, especially among unmarried mothers. By Year 9, mothers were more likely to live “elsewhere.” Mothers' parity and multipartnered fertility decreased their chances of living with extended kin.

Conclusion

This study indicates that maternal relationship changes provoke family instability and reliance on extended kin. Mothers' transitions contribute to “network fatigue” and homelessness.

Implications

Housing support for mothers may mitigate instability associated with maternal relationship transitions and protect extended kin against transitions.
True insights or ticking boxes? Rapid assessment of rights‐based management in artisanal fisheries
Authors: Cisneros‐Montemayor Andrés M. , Aceves‐Bueno Eréndira , Amezcua‐Castro Sergio , Apolinar‐Romo Alejandra , Cisneros‐Soberanis Frida , Cuevas‐Gómez Gabriela A. , Cruz‐León Ingrid C. , De La Cruz‐González Javier , Espinoza‐Tenorio Alejandro , García‐Lozano Alejandro , González‐Espinosa Pedro C. , Cisneros‐Mata Miguel A.
Published: April 2023

Rights‐based fisheries management (RBFM) seeks to create market incentives to reduce competition, avoid overexploitation, and increase economic efficiency. Particularly for artisanal fisheries, however, assumptions of RBFM may not be met and its use needs to be carefully considered. This study applies an existing tool (SEASALT) to evaluate the strength of RBFM based on attributes of security, exclusivity, fish mortality, scale, responsibility, limitations, and transferability. Results for 17 fisheries in Mexico show a positive (nonsignificant) relationship between the strength of RBFM and stock status, and no effect on prices or landed value. Real‐world fisheries governance systems are much more complex than the simple linkages between attributes implied in SEASALT, but results highlight pre‐existing monitoring and enforcement capacity as essential for successful RBFM. Transitions to RBFM may strengthen this capacity, but likely cannot create it where it does not already exist. Based on our findings, RBFM strategies may benefit from group quotas with limited transferability to avoid negative social outcomes from consolidation or rent capture by intermediaries; this could potentially build on the latent capacity of traditional community associations common in many artisanal fisheries.
Charter school proliferation and school district fiscal stress, a chicken‐egg problem
Authors: Feng Bo
Published: April 2023

Charter schools have become one of the most popular school choice programs in recent years. While being accused of endangering the fiscal health of local school districts, charter school proliferation could also be the result of fiscal stress of local school districts. However, this reverse causation has not been fully studied in the literature. Using data of local school districts in Ohio from 2011 to 2019, I adopt an Instrumental Variable approach to investigate the possible scenario that the rapid growth in charter school enrollment could be caused by fiscal stress of school districts. The results suggest that the inadequate funding from state and local sources had led to a significant increase in charter school enrollment for urban districts, although the charter demand is inelastic to public funding changes. Students could be left with no better options but to choose charter schools over failing traditional public schools.
A qualitative study exploring the benefits of involving young people in mental health research
Authors: Watson Rebecca , Burgess Lowrie , Sellars Elise , Crooks Jodie , McGowan Rose , Diffey James , Naughton Georgia , Carrington Rebekah , Lovelock Cassie , Temple Rachel , Creswell Cathy , McMellon Christina
Published: April 2023

Introduction

It is increasingly accepted that young people need to be centrally involved in research on issues that affect them. The aim of this study was to explore young people's perceptions of the benefits for them of being involved in mental health research and the processes that enabled these benefits.

Methods

Qualitative interviews were conducted by co‐researchers (young people with lived experience and/or interest in mental health) with 13 young people (aged 13–24 years) who had experience of being involved in mental health research when they were between 11 and 16 years of age. Reflective thematic analysis was used to identify important aspects of young people's experiences.

Results

Four main themes were identified: (1) opportunity to have a meaningful impact, (2) opportunity to be part of a supportive community, (3) opportunity to learn and grow and (4) increasing opportunities for young people.

Conclusion

This study highlights young people's experiences of being involved in mental health research and identifies ways in which researchers can ensure that involvement opportunities bring benefits to both the young people and the research.

Patient or Public Contribution

This research was a response to issues raised by young people involved in research. The project was supported by co‐researchers throughout, including design, data collection, analysis and write‐up.
Sex difference in natal dispersal distances of Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos in Scotland
Authors: Whitfield D. Philip , Fielding Alan H. , Anderson David , Benn Stuart , Reid Robin , Tingay Ruth , Weston Ewan
Published: April 2023

Natal dispersal distance (NDD) is critical in understanding and defining populations and their conservation. It is defined as the linear distance between the natal location and first reproductive (‘effective NDD’) or potential reproductive (‘gross NDD’) location. It is a measure of gene flow and the functional connectivity across generations between individuals breeding in the same or different geographies. NDD is difficult to record in large raptors. GPS‐satellite telemetry has facilitated its recording. Previous Scottish studies showed that gross and effective NDD were apparently equivalent, and an algorithm based on telemetric data could identify the territory settlement timing and location of birds originally tagged as nestlings. We analysed natal dispersal data from 39 Golden Eagles GPS‐tagged in Scotland to estimate NDD. Raw median estimates were 29.8 km for males (n = 22) and 58.6 km for females (n = 17), 38.1 km averaged across sexes. Males had significantly shorter NDD, as theoretically predicted. Our NDD estimates were shorter but not grossly dissimilar to those from the USA, where sex differences in NDD had not been confirmed. Respective sample sizes may underly the latter contrast in confirmation. We also showed that in the absence of data from sexed birds, NDD estimates can be different. Natal dispersal duration was not related to NDD, suggesting that time to prospect a territory opportunity was not associated with the selected territory's distance from the natal site. The previous status of the subsequent settled territory (occupied or vacant) was also not related to NDD. We conclude that sex differences in NDD are important in application to population demography and conservation. Although we found no support for two other potential drivers of NDD (natal dispersal duration and previous territory status), identifying additional influences on NDD is in its infancy in large raptors and deserves more study.