bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conservation Genomics in the Sagebrush Sea: Population Divergence, Demographic History, and Local Adaptation in Sage-Grouse (Centrocercus spp.)
Authors: Oh Kevin P , Aldridge Cameron L , Forbey Jennifer S , Dadabay Carolyn Y , Oyler-McCance Sara J
Published: May 2019

Sage-grouse are two closely related iconic species of the North American West, with historically broad distributions across sagebrush-steppe habitat. Both species are dietary specialists on sagebrush during winter, with presumed adaptations to tolerate the high concentrations of toxic secondary metabolites that function as plant chemical defenses. Marked range contraction and declining population sizes since European settlement have motivated efforts to identify distinct population genetic variation, particularly that which might be associated with local genetic adaptation and dietary specialization of sage-grouse. We assembled a reference genome and performed whole-genome sequencing across sage-grouse from six populations, encompassing both species and including several populations on the periphery of the species ranges. Population genomic analyses reaffirmed genome-wide differentiation between greater and Gunnison sage-grouse, revealed pronounced intraspecific population structure, and highlighted important differentiation of a small isolated population of greater sage-grouse in the northwest of the range. Patterns of genome-wide differentiation were largely consistent with a hypothesized role of genetic drift due to limited gene flow among populations. Inferred ancient population demography suggested persistent declines in effective population sizes that have likely contributed to differentiation within and among species. Several genomic regions with single-nucleotide polymorphisms exhibiting extreme population differentiation were associated with candidate genes linked to metabolism of xenobiotic compounds. In vitro activity of enzymes isolated from sage-grouse livers supported a role for these genes in detoxification of sagebrush, suggesting that the observed interpopulation variation may underlie important local dietary adaptations, warranting close consideration for conservation strategies that link sage-grouse to the chemistry of local sagebrush.
Fundamental Flaws with the Fundamental Niche
Authors: Angilletta Michael J , Sears Michael W , Levy Ofir , Youngblood Jacob P , VandenBrooks John M
Published: May 2019

For more than 70 years, Hutchinson’s concept of the fundamental niche has guided ecological research. Hutchinson envisioned the niche as a multidimensional hypervolume relating the fitness of an organism to relevant environmental factors. Here, we challenge the utility of the concept to modern ecologists, based on its inability to account for environmental variation and phenotypic plasticity. We have ample evidence that the frequency, duration, and sequence of abiotic stress influence the survivorship and performance of organisms. Recent work shows that organisms also respond to the spatial configuration of abiotic conditions. Spatiotemporal variation of the environment interacts with the genotype to generate a unique phenotype at each life stage. These dynamics cannot be captured adequately by a multidimensional hypervolume. Therefore, we recommend that ecologists abandon the niche as a tool for predicting the persistence of species and embrace mechanistic models of population growth that incorporate spatiotemporal dynamics.
Is Amphistomy an Adaptation to High Light? Optimality Models of Stomatal Traits along Light Gradients
Authors: Muir Christopher D
Published: May 2019

Stomata regulate the supply of CO2 for photosynthesis and the rate of water loss out of the leaf. The presence of stomata on both leaf surfaces, termed amphistomy, increases photosynthetic rate, is common in plants from high light habitats, and rare otherwise. In this study I use optimality models based on leaf energy budget and photosynthetic models to ask why amphistomy is common in high light habitats. I developed an R package leafoptimizer to solve for stomatal traits that optimally balance carbon gain with water loss in a given environment. The model predicts that amphistomy is common in high light because its marginal effect on carbon gain is greater than in the shade, but only if the costs of amphistomy are also lower under high light than in the shade. More generally, covariation between costs and benefits may explain why stomatal and other traits form discrete phenotypic clusters.
Device exchange from HeartMate II to HeartMate 3 left ventricular assist device
Authors: Takeda Koji , Takayama Hiroo , Sanchez Joseph , Cevasco Marisa , Yuzefpolskaya Melana , Colombo Paolo C , Naka Yoshifumi
Published: May 2019

The HeartMate II (HMII) left ventricular assist device can be exchanged to HeartMate 3 (HM3) to reduce the risk of device thrombosis and stroke. However, data of this procedure are still limited. We reviewed early and mid-term outcomes of 9 patients who received a HMII to HM3 exchange at our institution. The median age of the cohort was 58 years [interquartile range (IQR) 53–61], and 7 (78%) patients were men. The median duration of HMII support was 608 days (IQR 493–1116). Indications for device exchange include device thrombosis (n = 8.89%) and driveline injury (n = 1.11%). Procedures were performed through a lateral thoracotomy in all patients. The median cardiopulmonary bypass time was 117 min (IQR 97–133). In-hospital mortality was 0%. One patient required repositioning of the HM3 pump through full sternotomy due to inflow malposition. During 486 days (IQR 235–712) of follow-up, 3 patients (33%) developed late HMII pump pocket infection after discharge. Five patients had a successful heart transplant and 1 patient died due to unknown reason. HMII to HM3 exchange can be performed via lateral thoracotomy. However, there is a risk of inflow malposition and previous pump pocket infection.
Minimal Hypersurfaces with Arbitrarily Large Area
Authors: Chodosh Otis , Mantoulidis Christos
Published: May 2019

For $3\leq n\leq 7$, we prove that a bumpy closed Riemannian $n$-manifold contains a sequence of connected embedded closed minimal surfaces with unbounded area.
Antifungal susceptibility profiles of rare ascomycetous yeasts
Authors: Pérez-Hansen Antonio , Lass-Flörl Cornelia , Lackner Michaela ,   Rare Yeast Study Group, Aigner M , Alastruey-Izquierdo A , Arikan-Akdagli S , Bader O , Becker K , Boekhout T , Buzina W , Cornely O A , Hamal P , Kidd S E , Kurzai O , Lagrou K , Lopes Colombo A , Mares M , Masoud H , Meis J F , Oliveri S , Rodloff A C , Orth-Höller D , Guerrero-Lozano I , Sanguinetti M , Segal E , Taj-Aldeen S J , Tortorano A M , Trovato L , Walther G , Willinger B
Published: May 2019

Objectives

To generate antifungal susceptibility patterns for Trichomonascus ciferrii (Candida ciferrii), Candida inconspicua (Torulopsis inconspicua) and Diutina rugosa species complex (Candida rugosa species complex), and to provide key parameters such as MIC50, MIC90 and tentative epidemiological cut-off values (TECOFFs).

Methods

Our strain set included isolates of clinical origin: C. inconspicua (n = 168), D. rugosa species complex (n = 90) [Candida pararugosa (n = 60), D. rugosa (n = 26) and Candida mesorugosa (n = 4)], Pichia norvegensis (Candida norvegensis) (n = 15) and T. ciferrii (n = 8). Identification was performed by MALDI-TOF MS or internal transcribed spacer sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility patterns were generated for azoles, echinocandins and amphotericin B using commercial Etest and the EUCAST broth microdilution method v7.3.1. Essential agreement (EA) was calculated for Etest and EUCAST.

Results

C. inconspicua, C. pararugosa and P. norvegensis showed elevated azole MICs (MIC50 ≥0.06 mg/L), and D. rugosa and C. pararugosa elevated echinocandin MICs (MIC50 ≥0.06 mg/L). EA between methods was generally low (<90%); EA averaged 77.45%. TECOFFs were suggested for C. inconspicua and D. rugosa species complex.

Conclusions

Rare yeast species tested shared high fluconazole MICs. D. rugosa species complex displayed high echinocandin MICs, while C. inconspicua and P. norvegensis were found to have high azole MICs. Overall, the agreement between EUCAST and Etest was poor and therefore MIC values generated with Etest cannot be directly compared with EUCAST results.
Structural and environmental predictors of presence and abundance of tri-colored bats in Texas culverts
Authors: Meierhofer Melissa B , Leivers Samantha J , Fern Rachel R , Wolf Lilianna K , Young John H , Pierce Brian L , Evans Jonah W , Morrison Michael L
Published: May 2019

The tri-colored bat (Perimyotis subflavus) is being reviewed for listing under the Endangered Species Act by the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. It is also listed as a species of greatest conservation need by the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department due to its susceptibility to white-nose syndrome (WNS) in other states. Several colonies of hibernating tri-colored bats have been documented roosting in culverts. Culverts are widespread in Texas as part of roadway infrastructure; thus, our objective was to understand and quantify which structural and environmental factors best explain culvert use and abundance of hibernating tri-colored bats in Texas. We selected and surveyed 207 culverts for presence of tri-colored bats using the Generalized Random Tessellation Stratified (GRTS) design and opportunistic sampling across 10 of 12 Texas level III ecoregions during the winters of 2016–2017 and 2017–2018. We recorded environmental and structural features of culverts at each site. We used a zero-inflated Poisson regression to identify which culvert features best explained presence and abundance of hibernating tri-colored bats. We found that number of culvert sections predicted presence of tri-colored bats. We also found that abundance of tri-colored bats was influenced by length of culvert, elevation, number of sections, portal height, portal obstruction, aspect, external VPD, external temperature, and NDVI. With the current threats to tri-colored bat populations, there is a need to consider management of culvert roosts. In addition, it is imperative to further investigate the potential susceptibility to WNS of culvert-roosting bats at more southern latitudes for local and regional planning efforts.
The 2019 Taurid resonant swarm: prospects for ground detection of small NEOs
Authors: Clark David L , Wiegert Paul , Brown Peter G
Published: May 2019

In June 2019 the Earth will approach within 5° mean anomaly of the centre of the Taurid resonant swarm, its closest post-perihelion encounter with Earth since 1975. This will be the best viewing geometry to detect and place limits on the number of NEOs proposed to reside at the swarm centre until the early 2030s. We present an analysis of the optimal times and pointing locations to image NEOs associated with the swarm.
Cyclotron emission, absorption, and the two faces of X-ray pulsar A 0535+262
Authors: Tsygankov Sergey S , Doroshenko Victor , Mushtukov Alexander A , Suleimanov Valery F , Lutovinov Alexander A , Poutanen Juri
Published: May 2019

Deep NuSTAR observation of X-ray pulsar A 0535+262, performed at a very low luminosity of ∼7 × 1034 erg s−1, revealed the presence of two spectral components. We argue that the high-energy component is associated with cyclotron emission from recombination of electrons collisionally excited to the upper Landau levels. The cyclotron line energy of Ecyc = 47.7 ± 0.8 keV was measured at the luminosity of almost an order of magnitude lower than what was achieved before. The data firmly exclude a positive correlation of the cyclotron energy with the mass accretion rate in this source.
Defining EGFR amplification status for clinical trial inclusion
Authors: French Pim J , Eoli Marica , Sepulveda Juan Manuel , de Heer Iris , Kros Johan M , Walenkamp Annemiek , Frenel Jean-Sebastien , Franceschi Enrico , Clement Paul M , Weller Michael , Ansell Peter , Looman Jim , Bain Earle , Morfouace Marie , Gorlia Thierry , van den Bent Martin
Published: May 2019

Background

Precision medicine trials targeting the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) in glioblastoma patients require selection for EGFR-amplified tumors. However, there is currently no gold standard in determining the amplification status of EGFR or variant III (EGFRvIII) expression. Here, we aimed to determine which technique and which cutoffs are suitable to determine EGFR amplification status.

Methods

We compared fluorescence in-situ hybridization (FISH) and real-time quantitative (RT-q)PCR data from patients screened for trial inclusion into the Intellance 2 clinical trial, with data from a panel-based next generation sequencing (NGS) platform (both DNA and RNA).

Results

By using data from >1000 samples, we show that at least 50% of EGFR amplified nuclei should be present to define EGFR gene amplification by FISH. Gene amplification (as determined by FISH) correlates with EGFR expression levels (as determined by RT-qPCR) with receiver operating characteristics analysis showing an area under the curve of up to 0.902. EGFR expression as assessed by RT-qPCR therefore may function as a surrogate marker for EGFR amplification. Our NGS data show that EGFR copy numbers can strongly vary between tumors, with levels ranging from 2 to more than 100 copies per cell. Levels exceeding 5 gene copies can be used to define EGFR-amplification by NGS; below this level, FISH detects very few (if any) EGFR amplified nuclei and none of the samples express EGFRvIII.

Conclusion

Our data from central laboratories and diagnostic sequencing facilities, using material from patients eligible for clinical trial inclusion, help define the optimal cutoff for various techniques to determine EGFR amplification for diagnostic purposes.
Seasonal Changes in the Prevalence of Antibiotic-Susceptible Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii Complex Isolates Result in Increased Multidrug Resistance Rates During Winter Months
Authors: Burnham Jason P , Feldman Mario F , Calix Juan J
Published: May 2019

Temporal analysis of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus-baumannii complex isolates in a large, US healthcare system demonstrated decreased occurrence of antibiotic-susceptible isolates between November and May, while resistant isolate occurrence was temporally stable. This resulted in 50%–100% seasonal increases of resistance rates. This work offers insight into the phenomenon of Gram-negative pathogen seasonality.
Microsurgical Resection of Trigeminal Schwannomas: 3-Dimensional Operative Video
Authors: Cândido Duarte N C , Rassi Marcio S , Ceccato Guilherme Henrique Weiler , de Oliveira Jean Gonçalves , Borba Luis A B
Published: May 2019

Trigeminal schwannomas are benign lesions arising from the Schwann cells of the trigeminal nerve. This is an unusual tumor that accounts for less than 0.4% of intracranial pathologies, even though they are the second most frequent schwannoma after the vestibular schwannoma. The tumor spreads along the natural course of the V nerve at its cisternal portion, along the ganglion inside Meckel's cave or through its peripheral division. Even though the tumor can reach great size and become multicompartmental. We present a 51-yr-old woman, with an history of 3 mo of incapacitating facial pain, that was found on examination to be on the territory of the third division of the trigeminal nerve on the right side. The MRI depicted a large homogeneous enhancing lesion at the base of the right middle fossa with extension through the petrous apex to the most superior and medial part of the posterior fossa. The patient was operated by the senior author, through a middle fossa approach, dissecting between the two layers of the middle fossa dura (the apparent inner and the true outer layer of the cavernous sinus), the so called middle fossa “peeling”. We achieved total resection of the tumor, but the patient presented after surgery with facial nerve paresis. This is thought to be related to geniculate ganglion manipulation, as it was unprotect by bone at the middle fossa and the patient maintained lacrimal function (post-geniculate alteration). It resolved completely after 6 mo. The patient consented to publication of her images.
Minimally Invasive, Endoscopic-Assisted Device for Subdural Electrode Implantation in Epilepsy
Authors: Grewal Sanjeet S , Benscoter Mark , Kuehn Stephen , Lundstrom Brian N , Stead Matthew , Worrell Gregory , Van Gompel Jamie J
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

Subdural grids and strip electrodes provide wide coverage of the cerebral cortex, precise delineation of the extent of the seizure onset zone, and improved spatial sampling to perform functional mapping for eloquent cortex.

OBJECTIVE

To describe a novel device that allows for a minimally invasive approach to implantation of subdural grid and strip electrodes.

METHODS

A skull mounted device was created to allow for implantation of subdural electrodes through a keyhole craniotomy with direct visualization using the aid of a flexible neurovideoscope. The initial studies in preparation for grid development performed on cadaveric skulls were analyzed to determine the size of craniotomy required for deployment, maximal distance of strip electrode deployment from center of craniotomy, and visual inspection of the cortex was performed for any underlying damage.

RESULTS

The device allowed for the placement of subdural electrodes through a 40-mm craniotomy. Subdural electrodes were deployed in multiple directions to a distance of a 70-mm radius from the center of the craniotomy. There was no visual damage to the underlying cortex after the procedures were completed.

CONCLUSION

Large craniotomies are typically desired to provide direct visualization of the implantation of subdural electrodes, but can increase the risk of subdural hemorrhages and infections. This study describes a novel minimally invasive endoscopically assisted device for the implantation of subdural strip electrodes under direct visualization. With this device, we are able to limit the size of the craniotomy, avoid incision through the temporalis muscle, and implant subdural electrodes with visualization of the cortex.
Conclusion
Authors: Sergio Gamonal C. , Rosado Marzán César F.
Published: May 2019

This chapter, the book’s conclusion, summarizes the book’s main points and generally describes how the U.S. case illuminates the utility of Latin America and principled labor law for the rest of the world. It argues that, despite globalization, neoliberalism, labor law crises, and whatnot, many countries have deep traditions, legal and otherwise, that support protecting the weak and, as such, the protective principle and its correlative principles, primacy of reality, nonwaiver, and continuity. If the United States, one of the least labor-protective jurisdictions in the developed world, has the potential of having a labor-protective jurisprudence, other countries might do even better than the United States if they ascribe to principled labor law. In fact, the chapter briefly shows how the United Kingdom’s courts acknowledge primacy of reality (fact) and the protective principle in recent cases dealing with “gig” work. The conclusion also acknowledges that the book has been partial to state-enforced labor law, discussing little the importance of freedom of association. However, it asserts that freedom of association remains a necessary aspect for workers’ rights. As such, the book has provided a necessary but still incomplete toolbox for robust labor law. It concludes by underscoring the need for labor-protective jurisprudence in developed and developing countries alike, and the relevance of Latin America for at least part of that task.
Psychoanalysis Discovers Film TheoryAnne Friedberg and Close Up
Authors: Blümlinger Christa
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes the contribution of Anne Friedberg to the rediscovery of the British journal Close Up, one of the first attempts to apply the psychoanalysis of Sigmund Freud to film theory. It explores the relationship of the Pool Group (Kenneth MacPherson, Winifred Bryher, and the poet H.D.), who edited the journal, to Freud’s ideas and to the literary and cinematic modernism of the 1920s, especially the German and Russian silent film traditions. The author presents the contribution of Anne Friedberg in introducing the psychoanalytic theorization of film in Close Up as a precursor to the later work of film scholar Christian Metz.
Windows on a Broken World
Authors: Owens Gwendolyn
Published: May 2019

This chapter treats the famous incident of December 1976 in which artist Gordon Matta-Clark employed a BB gun to shoot out the windows of the Institute for Architecture and Urban Studies in New York City during the Idea as Model exhibition. Although his photographic piece Window Blow Out was to have been on display, the institute removed it after the shooting. The author analyzes the artist’s gesture as a political statement that reflects the complex relationship of Matta-Clark to architecture and urbanism. She suggests that it anticipates the turn in his career toward urban activism that was cut short by his untimely death.
The Family in Crime and Punishment
Authors: Fusso Susanne
Published: May 2019

It is well known that Dostoevsky was in part reacting to Nikolai Chernyshevsky’s theories, in particular his 1863 novel What Is to Be Done?, as he conceived Crime and Punishment. In her book Chernyshevsky and the Age of Realism: A Study in the Semiotics of Behavior (1988), Irina Paperno has shown that Chernyshevsky’s experiments with family structure are rooted in Hegelian theory as mediated by Russian thinkers in the 1840s. I examine Chernyshevsky’s novel as well as writings on the family and gender in Russian journalism of the early 1860s, especially Mikhail Larionovich Mikhailov’s articles and Apollinaria Prokofievna Suslova’s short stories in Dostoevsky’s journals Time and Epoch, to deepen our understanding of the family structures that appear in Crime and Punishment.
Franz Joseph Gall
Authors: Finger Stanley , Eling Paul
Published: May 2019

Franz Joseph Gall (1758–1828) viewed himself as a cutting-edge scientist, whose broad goals were to understand the mind and brain, and to be able to account for both group and individual behavioral traits in humans and animals. Starting in Vienna during the 1790s, he argued for many independent faculties of mind (e.g., music, calculation), ultimately settling on 27, with 8 being unique to humans. At the same time, he became the first person to provide evidence for cortical localization of function, the idea that the cerebral cortex is composed of specialized functional areas or organs, as he preferred to say. But although he utilized many acceptable methods in his multifaceted research program (e.g., dissections, studying people with brain damage, and observing behaviors over a lifetime), his doctrine was highly controversial from the start. For scientists and physicians, this was largely because he made cranioscopy his primary method, believing cranial bumps and depressions faithfully reflect the cortical organs and could be correlated with specific behaviors. In this book, Gall is shown to be a dedicated scientist with brilliant insights: a free-thinking naturalist of the mind and a visionary of the brain, yet a researcher with faults. Despite being frequently portrayed as a charlatan or comical figure, the authors also show how what others called his “phrenology” (a term he abhorred) helped shape the modern neurosciences and other disciplines. Maintaining that Gall’s impact deserves more recognition today, this book provides a fresh look at the man, his objectives, and his revolutionary doctrine.
Formative Years and Childhood Memories
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: May 2019

Franz Joseph Gall, who was born into a large family in the small German town of Tiefenbronn in 1758. Often called Joseph (not Franz) during his formative years, he enjoyed nature, especially watching and catching birds and wild animals, and also collecting specimens. He began his studies in the house of the brother of an uncle, a priest in the nearby town of Weil der Stadt, before moving on to a lyceum in Baden and then on to Bruchsal. Wanting a secular career, he enrolled in the University of Strasbourg in 1777, where he studied anatomy and medicine. He would later reflect that the good memorizers at Strasbourg and of his earlier years had a correlative physical feature: large, bulging eyes. But at the time, he seemed committed to time-honored theories of mind and brain. Completing his medical education in Vienna in 1785, he aspired to become a physician to the wealthy in the city.
An Emerging Theory
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: May 2019

Gall built a successful practice after obtaining his medical degree in 1785. He lived in a fashionable part of Vienna and in 1790 married Katharina Leisler, who he knew from Strasbourg. He published his first book in 1791, a philosophical work on the mind and the art of healing, in which he dispensed with metaphysics and loosely presented some ideas (e.g., innate faculties, individual differences) but not others (e.g., localizing faculties) that he would develop in his later “organology.” Shortly after, he met a young musical prodigy named Bianchi, who was ordinary in other ways. Although this convinced him that music had to be an innate faculty of mind, he did not correlate this trait with a distinctive cranial bump at this time. Nonetheless, her case seemed to have reminded him of the good memorizers of his youth, who had bulging eyes, also leading him to his new theory of mind. By 1796, he was lecturing from his home about many independent faculties of mind, the parts of the brain associated with them, and skull markers as a means to correlate behavioral functions with underlying brain structures. Two years later, he published a letter to Joseph Friedrich Freiherr Retzer, the Viennese censor, laying out his doctrine and methods with humans and animals. In it, he presented himself as a physiognomist.
The Nature of Soul, or Is It Just Nature?
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: May 2019

Gall wanted to develop a science based on what could be observed and felt—one devoid of metaphysics. Unlike Descartes, whose separation of the soul and the physical body was still very influential, especially among the faithful, he felt speculating about the soul was superfluous for understanding the mind and brain. He was a firm believer in the Great Chain of Being, and viewed humans not as having an “immaterial principle,” but instead as having a more highly developed brain than other animals. And rather than debating the unity of the soul or whether it is immortal, he chose to emphasize how specific behaviors could be affected by brain damage, maturation, cerebral atrophy, and the like. Gall’s faculties of mind helped humans and other animals survive and cope with everyday life, and he saw them as far more dependent on nature than on nurture. With this mindset, he felt able to account for both species differences and individual strengths and weaknesses. More than to anyone else, Gall was indebted to Prussian philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder for providing him with this philosophical orientation.
“Cranioscopy” in the British Press
Authors: Finger Stanley
Published: May 2019

What Gall proposed in Vienna, while traveling through various German cities, and after he arrived in France in 1807 was transmitted by word of mouth and by the press to other countries. In particular, his travels and doctrine were covered in British periodicals and books even before Spurzheim went to Britain in 1814. Some of these publications were translations from German and French articles, while others came directly from foreign correspondents. Further, some included commentary, whereas others did not. Those with opinions varied, with some authors coming out for or against the doctrine, while cooler heads called for more evidence and verification before it could be judged. The British press dutifully covered Gall and Spurzheim’s 1808 Mémoire to the Institut de France, and readers across the British Isles were treated to reviews of the first few volumes of their Anatomie et Physiologie du Système Nerveux, which first began to appear in 1810. Although Thomas Brown published a strongly worded attack against Gall, the British seemed to take what they read in stride. No societies were formed, no journals launched, and no leader rose up to champion the new science prior to Spurzheim’s visits.
Vertical interactions
Authors: Salmon Pierre
Published: May 2019

This chapter considers yardstick competition in the context of multilevel governmental systems. Vertical interactions then arising complicate in various ways the working of yardstick competition. The first section is about the effect of these interactions on horizontal yardstick competition that is, on yardstick competition among governments situated at the same tier. Interactions may also take the form of vertical competition among governments situated at different tiers. The second section considers different forms of vertical competition, with a special focus on the form proposed by Albert Breton, based on a particular interpretation of yardstick competition. The second section also includes a discussion of vertical competition in unitary types of intergovernmental relations—when governments at one tier are entitled to change the rules. The third section is about yardstick competition in the European Union setting.
Different Tracks
Authors: Beirens Maarten
Published: May 2019

This chapter examines various ways in which Steve Reich set out to shape overall structure in his first two sample-based compositions, Different Trains (1988) and The Cave (1993). Drawing from Reich’s composition sketches held at the Paul Sacher Stiftung (Steve Reich Collection) as well as from analytical observations, the chapter offers an account of several of the decisions involved in shaping the dramaturgical and harmonic structures of these works. The chapter devotes particular attention to a discussion of harmonic devices Reich uses to articulate structure, navigating between the restrictions imposed by the samples used on the one hand, and the unifying logic of a harmonic framework on the other—on both micro and macro levels.
From World War II to the “War on Terror”
Authors: Casey Celia
Published: May 2019

This chapter investigates aspects of the creative process behind Reich’s “docu-music” work, WTC 9/11 (2010), which constitutes the composer’s response to the terrorist attacks in the United States of America, specifically those in New York City, on September 11, 2001. Sketch materials, including recorded interviews, computer files, and handwritten sketches, belonging to the Steve Reich Collection at the Paul Sacher Stiftung in Basel, Switzerland, reveal how both documentary content and musical design have informed the work. Based on an analysis of these materials, three aspects relating to the creative process of WTC 9/11 are examined: the treatment of speech recordings; the direction of interviews; and structural and referential elements of the work. This chapter not only reveals insights into Reich’s compositional process and techniques but also uncovers other significant factors in the composer’s docu-music approach, such as how autobiographical elements inform his work.
The Evolutionary Studies Program
Authors: Wedberg Nicole , Betancourt Kian , Holler Richard H. , Rolón Vania
Published: May 2019

The Evolutionary Studies (EvoS) Seminar Series at New Paltz is accompanied by an exciting, interdisciplinary class (Evolutionary Studies 301 [Evolutionary Studies Seminar or Evolutionary Studies Capstone]). This class surrounds New Paltz’s award-winning EvoS Seminar Series, which includes speakers from a variety of intellectual backgrounds—all with a focus on the applications of evolutionary principles. In the delivery of the course, graduate student teaching assistants help guide undergraduate students along their intellectual journey. This chapter tells the story of EvoS at New Paltz from the perspective of these evolutionary docents. Recent graduates and teaching assistants provide a unique perspective on the program. The 2016 series is highlighted.
From Physical Culture to the Primal Life
Authors: Stapell Hamilton M.
Published: May 2019

The evolutionary approach to health and disease is typically understood as a recent phenomenon, originating with Boyd Eaton in the 1980s. However, a similar movement swept the United States and Europe more than 100 years ago. Evidence from late 19th- and early 20th-century sources demonstrates the application of Darwinian theory to the health problems of the time. Fearing the deleterious effects of mass urbanization and industrialization, proponents of the physical culture movement offered many familiar “Paleo” recommendations such as the consumption of whole foods, periodic fasting, and drugless medical treatments. Similar to today, these early physical culturalists were often branded as “kooks” by the medical establishment and mainstream society. The central argument of this chapter is that physical culture movement of 100 years ago and the ancestral health movement of today are responses to rapid social, economic, and technological change, namely, to the Industrial Revolution and the Digital Revolution.
From Genetic Evolution to Engineering Optimization
Authors: Khalifa Yaser
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on one of the main members of the evolutionary algorithms class called genetic algorithms (GAs). GAs mimic the process of sexual reproduction and survival of the fittest in nature. The process begins by coding the design parameters into a chromosome-like structure to form an individual member. Next, a prespecified number of individual members are generated with different genetic contents to form a population. For each member of the population, a measure of its fitness or success is calculated. The members “most fit” in the population are then allowed to mate and reproduce, to have children. The children create a new and better generation of population, and the process repeats until an optimum solution or solutions are produced. This chapter illustrates how GAs are used to solve the following two problems: electronic circuit design problem and music composition.
The Statutorification of Common-Law Fields
Authors: White G. Edward
Published: May 2019

This chapter describes the process, over an interval between the years after World War I and the 1960s, in which most of the fields considered “basic” common-law subjects in legal education and the legal profession were dramatically affected by statutory developments that sought to modify common-law rules and doctrines in the fields. By the 1960s the “statutorification” of torts, contracts, commercial law, and criminal law was partially in place, and new rules for federal civil procedure had been promulgated.
The Supreme Court in the Era of Bifurcated Review I
Authors: White G. Edward
Published: May 2019

Volume 2 of this series devoted several chapters to the emergence of what it called “guardian review” on the Supreme Court, a posture in which justices acted as guardians of individual rights against restrictions by the state. This volume contains several chapters exploring the replacement of that posture with “bifurcated review,” featuring a deferential attitude toward some restriction of individual rights and aggressive scrutiny of others. This chapter describes the evolution from guardian to bifurcated review on the Court and matches it to changes in the Court’s internal decision-making protocols from the 1940s through to the 1970s.
Behind the Scenes
Authors: Davis Nancy E.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 traces the Obears’ outbound journey to China on the ship Washington in the fall of 1833. The trade environment, as well as the Chinese restrictions on the presence of Western women in the treaty port of Guangzhou, are examined in light of Augusta Obear’s presence there. With speculation on Afong Moy’s origins, the chapter briefly reviews the lives of lower- and middle-class Chinese women to arrive at an assumption of who Afong Moy might have been and why she might have been allowed to leave China. The chapter concludes with an account of her travel across the oceans with the Obears and her October 1834 arrival in New York City.
Streisand’s Recordings
Authors: Mordden Ethan
Published: May 2019

This chapter focuses on Barbra Streisand’s music recordings, beginning with The Barbra Streisand Album and The Second Barbra Streisand Album, both in 1963, followed by The Third Album a year later. Streisand’s first recital disc showcased her versatility, theatrics, bravado, humor, and unpredictability, which were evident in her renditions of “Cry Me a River,” “My Honey’s Loving Arms,” “I’ll Tell the Man In the Street,” and “A Taste of Honey.” The chapter also offer a commentary on Streisand’s next two albums as well as other recitals such as People (1964), What About Today? (1969), Stoney End (1971), ButterFly (1974), Lazy Afternoon (1975), Classical Barbra (1976), Guilty (1980), The Broadway Album (1985), Higher Ground (1997), A Love Like Ours (1999), Christmas Memories (2001), Partners (2014), and Encore (2016).
Introduction
Authors: McMullen James
Published: May 2019

The introduction describes the supreme position of Murasaki Shikibu’s The Tale of Genji in the Japanese literary and cultural tradition and the general character of the work as the story of Genji, the son of an emperor, and those around him. It addresses the role of philosophy in this extended and episodic narrative, maintaining that it rests on assumptions concerning human experience and its literary representation that can be explored in philosophical terms. It introduces what is known of the author and the creation of her work in the early-eleventh-century Heian period imperial court, together with the intellectual and religious traditions, Confucianism, Buddhism, and Shinto, that informed attitudes to life in the contemporary world.
The Structure of Genji’s Career
Authors: Tyler Royall
Published: May 2019

The hero of The Tale of Genji is famous or infamous above all as a lover and a seductive master of the courtly arts. The political aspects of his career are not as well recognized, perhaps because they are often difficult to distinguish from his love interests. One goal of this essay is to disentangle in Genji’s case political or personal advantage from erotic enterprise. A second goal is to show that Genji’s overt career follows a political (for want of a better word) trajectory that gives his story an underlying form distinct from simple acknowledgment of passing time. The main issues are the imperial succession, acquisition of decisive influence at court, and hierarchically advantageous marriage. Genji’s trajectory follows the rise of a man who comes against the odds to dominate his world, then overreaches himself and loses all that he holds most dear. Having been forced by external circumstance to favor his lackluster first son (Suzaku) publicly, the Kiritsubo Emperor does all he can to favor his brilliant second son (Genji) privately. Feeling cheated of the honor to which his gifts and his father’s favor should have destined him, Genji maneuvers successfully to overcome those who forced him into this position. Out of pride he then takes a gratuitous step that estranges him from his beloved Murasaki and, by the way, crushes his unfortunate brother. When last seen, he is only the shell of a once great man.
Murasaki’s “Mind Ground”
Authors: McCormick Melissa
Published: May 2019

Over the course of its reception history, The Tale of Genji was viewed by many readers and commentators as a Buddhist text relevant to issues of morality and ethics, but also metaphysical questions about the nature of truth, perception of the phenomenal world, and the phenomenal world’s relationship to language. Numerous Genji commentaries promoted the idea that the Tendai Buddhist notion of nonduality formed an underlying structural component of the tale. Writers based this idea on the belief that the Genji’s author, Murasaki Shikibu, had mastered a system of meditation put forth in The Great Calming and Contemplation (Ch. Mohe zhiguan, J. Makashikan) by the sixth-century founder of Tien-t’ai in China, Zhiyi (538–597). This essay examines the commentaries as well as a group of paintings produced alongside them as crucial evidence for the existence of a nascent philosophical theory of the novel. Taking seriously the ideas of historical readers who attempted to understand Genji holistically through the lens of Tendai philosophy may bring us closer to the intellectual foundations of the tale than previously imagined, adding another dimension to our understanding of the relationship between Buddhist philosophy and literature.
Prologue
Authors: Meisner Nadine
Published: May 2019

This chapter serves to set the scene, sketching out cultural Russia at the time of Petipa’s arrival in 1847. It gives a brief history of Russian ballet; it describes the different theatres and the imperial monopoly over them in Moscow and St Petersburg; it provides a glimpse of the process of Westernization and the reliance on foreign talent. Equally, it sets against this the manifestations of national consciousness, particularly during the Napoleonic War; and it covers the uniquely Russian phenomenon of serfdom and serf theatre. Finally, it summarizes the differences between the two capitals and the political and symbolic significance of the Imperial Ballet.
Ballet Wars Real and Imagined
Authors: Meisner Nadine
Published: May 2019

This chapter starts with the arrival of Arthur Saint-Léon as first ballet master and Petipa’s appointment as his deputy. It describes the warring ballet fans, the Petipists and Muravevists, and their respective ballerinas, Maria Petipa and Marfa Muraveva, along with the enduring dichotomy in ballet between technical brilliance and graceful expressiveness. The rivalry between Petipa and Saint-Léon was probably imaginary, but Petipa’s focus on near-exclusive foreign or fantastical subject was not, and was part of the recurring question of Russian versus Western themes in Russian art. The chapter ends with an account of the end of the Petipas’ marriage and a profile of Petipa’s daughter, Marie Petipa, a popular dancer in the Imperial Ballet.
Extended Cognition and Extended Consciousness
Authors: Chalmers David J.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 1 discusses two questions about the extended mind. First, what is the extended mind thesis? Second, can there be extended consciousness, and if not, why not? The chapter answers the first question by arguing that the thesis should be formulated in terms of perception and action: a subject’s cognitive processes and mental states can be partly constituted by entities that are external to the subject, in virtue of the subject’s interacting with these entities via perception and action. The second question is answered by appealing to direct availability for global control as the physical correlate of consciousness: extended processes always involve indirect availability for global control, mediated by perception and action, so there is no extended consciousness.
Supercharged Apes versus Super-Sized Minds
Authors: Barrett Louise
Published: May 2019

Clark’s philosophy brings body, brain, and world together again, offering a new conception of both human and nonhuman cognition. This chapter agrees that the predictive processing framework provides our best bet for a species-neutral cognitive science. However, the use of cognitivist, representational language often seems unnecessary, especially when J. J. Gibson introduced a “resonance” metaphor to replace notions of representation, hypothesis, and inference. This chapter is therefore interested to know why Clark resists embracing Gibson, when this seems one of the best ways to embrace evolutionary continuity. The chapter also raises the apparent tension between the predictive processing position and that of the extended mind: Is the brain the principal seat of information-processing activity? Or is it userless tools all the way down? Finally, the chapter raises the issue of epistemic artefacts, and whether these increase or decrease cognitive load.
The Naval Schools and Peter I’s Grand Regulations, 1710s–1730s
Authors: Fedyukin Igor
Published: May 2019

Among our best sources for understanding Peter I’s own take on development of formal schools in Russia are the grand naval regulations, or reglaments, that he himself drafted and edited. A detailed reconstruction of Peter’s personal contribution to the relevant passages in these documents demonstrates that the tsar focused almost exclusively on practical training of naval officers and on prescribing their modes of service. By contrast, he did not feel a need to comprehensively regulate the operations of schools and their curricula, or to codify and delineate the duties of the teachers and administrators. In the absence of a drive to regulate on the ruler’s part, the rationalization and formalization of schooling was often animated by the pragmatic concerns of individual officials and teachers, such as Leontii Magnitskii, the teacher of mathematics and later the head of the Navigation School. These enterprisers drafted regulations and requested instructions from their superiors insofar as it helped them to define and protect their status or to shield themselves from potential blame.
Introduction
Authors: Kieffer Alexandra
Published: May 2019

A reception history of Debussy’s music in the years after the 1902 premiere of Pelléas et Mélisande reveals the many interconnections between musical culture and early-twentieth-century intellectual culture in Paris, including recent developments in the human sciences, and can reorient the broader narrative of musical culture in this period away from comparisons to Symbolist poetry and Impressionist painting. This reception history likewise invites a reconsideration of musical experience in musicological scholarship and its relationship to hermeneutics, offering an alternative to the tendency in recent accounts of aesthetic experience to reify a problematic dualism between live, ephemeral “presence” and the inert historical artifact.
Laloy
Authors: Kieffer Alexandra
Published: May 2019

Louis Laloy, a close friend of Debussy and, along with Jean Marnold, one of his most prolific defenders in the Parisian press, drew from a wide range of intellectual influences in his writing on Debussy, intertwining his account of Debussy’s innovations with interests in musical archaism and exoticism. Like that of Marnold, Laloy’s writing engaged with recent ideas from the human sciences involving acoustics, sensory physiology, psychology, and affective experience; like Marnold, Laloy continually wrestled with questions of historical and cultural difference in his account of Debussy’s music. However, Laloy approached these questions very differently, shrouding Debussy’s music in a mystical haze that served as a rebuke to reductive scientific theorizing—even as Laloy’s account of Debussy had been uniquely enabled by the scientific discourse that was ostensibly under critique.
Completely Packed In
Authors: Tausig Benjamin
Published: May 2019

This is the first of several interlude chapters that are interspersed throughout the book to give an impression of conditions the author encountered. It contains an extended quotation from a work by Wanich Charungkichanan, and then very briefly describes the condition of being stuck in protest. Although this was a Red Shirt protest, the conditions seemed very similar to normal traffic patterns in the royal city of Bangkok, with thousands of cars, trucks, and buses idling in the heat. The passengers warded off tedium by repeating the mantra òt thon (patience). The chapter describes stuckness as a general condition of constraints.