bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A study of sports‐related mandibular angle fracture: relation to the position of the third molars
Authors: Yamada T. , Sawaki Y. , Tohnai I. , Takeuchi M. , Ueda M.
Published: July 2010

Mandibular angle fractures have been considered attributable to the presence of unerupted third molars. We examined the relationship between the incidence of sports‐related mandibular angle fractures and the presence of a mandibular third molar with emphasis on the position of the third molar. The incidence of angle fracture was significantly higher in the sports‐related injury group than in the group with fracture due to other causes (P<0.05). The incidence of angle fracture in the athletes with higher impaction scores was significantly higher than that in the subjects with higher scores who did not have sports‐related fractures (P<0.05). The percentage of rugby athletes with third molars was significantly higher than that of those without third molars (P<0.001), and a high proportion of young athletes (89.5%) was considered to belong to a potential high‐risk group for angle fractures. Our findings suggest that mandibular angle fractures are influenced by the presence and characteristics of the third molar in sports‐related injuries.
Subtalar instability of the foot: A review and results after surgical treatment
Authors: Karlsson J. , Eriksson B. I. , Renström P.
Published: July 2010

Most subtalar ligamentous injuries occur in combination with ankle ligament injuries, but the exact aetiology and the true incidence remain unknown. The aim of this study was to review the problem, propose a definition and to analyze the results of an anatomic reconstructive surgical technique in the treatment of subtalar instability. Twenty‐two patients suffering from chronic subtalar instability of the foot were operated with anatomical reconstruction. The cervical, the lateral talo‐calcaneal and the calcaneo‐fibular ligaments were imbricated and reinforced with the lateral root of the inferior extensor retinaculum. After a minimum of 2 years follow‐up the functional results were excellent or good in 18 of 22 (82%) patients and fair or poor in 4 of 22 (18%). All of the patients with unsatisfactory results suffered from residual ankle pain, two of whom also had residual instability. No reoperations have been performed. Surgical complications were seen in three patients, all minor nerve injuries of the lateral branch of the superficial peroneal nerve. These complications had no bearing on the functional results, however. This procedure was found to be feasible in patients with chronic subtalar instability.
Bone turnover in amenorrhoeic and eumenorrhoeic women distance runners
Authors: Zanker C. L. , Swaine I. L.
Published: July 2010

Bone remodelling has not been assessed in women distance runners with chronic amenorrhoea. The purpose of this study was to compare indices of bone turnover and energy balance in runners with chronic amenorrhoea, runners with a history of regular menstrual cycles and sedentary controls. Subjects comprised 3 groups of 9 women, matched for age [mean±SEM: 27.2±1.8 yrs] and categorised as amenorrhoeic runners (AmR), eumenorrhoeic runners (EuR) and eumenorrhoeic sedentary controls (SC). Serum concentrations of bone formation markers [osteocalcin (OC), carboxy‐terminal propeptide of type 1 collagen (PlCP), bone alkaline phosphatase (BAP)], E2, total T3 and IGF‐1 were measured from a fasting morning blood sample. Urine levels of bone resorption markers [pyridinoline (Pyr) and deoxypyridinoline (Dpyr)] were measured and corrected for creatinine excretion. Mean daily energy balance (EB) was calculated by subtracting dietary energy intake (EI) from energy expenditure (EE) estimated from reported activity patterns over 7 days. The results showed that all bone turnover markers were lower in AmR than in EuR or SC (P<0.001: OC, BAP and PlCP; P<0.05: Pyr and Dpyr). Furthermore, when z‐scores for each bone marker in runners were calculated against mean values for SC (by subtracting each measure of bone turnover from the mean value for SC and expressing the difference as a fraction of the SD of this mean value), bone resorption appeared to outweigh formation in AmR, but not in EuR. Serum concentrations of E2, T3 and IGF‐1 were also lower in AmR than in EuR or SC (P<0.001: all hormones), as was EB (P<0.001). These findings suggested that in AmR there was some factor which was reducing bone turnover and in particular, bone formation. This factor might have been linked to an energy deficit and the effects of this deficit on body mass, body composition and metabolism.
Active knee joint flexibility and sports activity
Authors: Hahn T. , Foldspang A. , Vestergaard E. , Ingemann‐Hansen T.
Published: July 2010

The aim of the study was to estimate active knee flexion and active knee extension in athletes and to investigate the potential association of each to different types of sports activity. Active knee extension and active knee flexion was measured in 339 athletes. Active knee extension was significantly higher in women than in men and significantly positively associated with weekly hours of swimming and weekly hours of competitive gymnastics. Active knee flexion was significantly positively associated with participation in basketball, and significantly negatively associated with age and weekly hours of soccer. European team handball and swimming. The results point to sport‐specific adaptation of active knee flexion and active knee extension.
Postoperative follow‐up and rehabilitation after meniscus replacement
Authors: Kohn D. , Aagaard H. , Verdonk R. , Dienst M. , Sell R.
Published: July 2010

Even though basic scientific knowledge about the meniscal loading pattern may advocate restrictive rehabilitation after meniscus repair, experience and one controlled study favour accelerated rehabilitation. The current protocols for rehabilitation after meniscal substitution follow personal experience with parameters such as pain, effusion, locking, and gait pattern used as clinical guidance. Controlled clinical studies on rehabilitation should be encouraged. An example of a rehabilitation protocol is given. As meniscus replacement is a new treatment option, it is essential to document details about the graft, the knee status at operation and the surgical procedure. The goal of a postoperative follow‐up is to control quality, to measure patient satisfaction and to show whether meniscus replacement is beneficial in relation to the natural history of meniscectomy cases. There is a need for a standard follow‐up evaluation of patients after meniscus replacement, and the development of a meniscus transplantation score including subjective and objective data is suggested.
Is active participation in specific sport activities linked with back pain?
Authors: Mogensen A. M. , Gausel A. M. , Wedderkopp N. , Kjaer P. , Leboeuf‐Yde C.
Published: July 2010

A cross‐sectional survey of 439 children/adolescents aged 12–13, living in Odense, Denmark, in the year 2001. To investigate (1) if there is any difference in back pain reporting among those practising specific sports as compared with non‐performers and (2) if there is an association between specific kinds of sports and self‐reported back problems. Back pain is a common complaint in young people and physical inactivity is generally thought to contribute to this. However, some specific sport activities may be detrimental or beneficial to the spine. Information was collected through a semi‐structured interview, a physical examination, and a questionnaire. Associations for back pain, low back pain, mid back pain and neck pain in the preceding month were investigated in relation to specific sports. Associations were controlled for body mass index, puberty stage and sex. There was no association between back problems and the practising of sports in general. However, some sports were either positively or negatively associated with back pain. Taking into account the relatively small subgroups and multiple testing, some sports seem to be potentially harmful or beneficial. These sports should be investigated in proper longitudinal study designs, in relation to their effects on back problems in the young.
Specifically designed physical exercise programs improve children's motor abilities
Authors: Chiodera P. , Volta E. , Gobbi G. , Milioli M. A. , Mirandola P. , Bonetti A. , Delsignore R. , Bernasconi S. , Anedda A. , Vitale M.
Published: July 2010

Physical activity in schools is declining in many countries and inactivity in childhood has become a recognized risk factor. Data from a program of professionally guided physical exercise in primary school children were collected before and after the academic year of training. Four thousand five hundred children (6–10 years) were enrolled, and conditional and coordinative motor abilities (speed, trunk flexibility, long jumping, somersault, Harre circuit test) were measured. Anthropometric measurements were focused on body mass index (BMI), weight and height. Females never showed a significant variation of BMI, whereas males in the first and fourth grades showed significant differences. On the contrary, when considering the motor abilities studied, all the comparisons were highly significant. At the end of training, both males and females did better than at the beginning, and males were constantly faster than females. Our data, generated on a large number of children, show that professionally guided programs of physical education in the primary school lead to significant progresses in the development of conditional and coordinative abilities, without altering BMI values, thus not interfering with the balanced progression of body weight and height.
Pharmaceutical treatment of asthma symptoms in elite athletes – doping or therapy?
Authors: Backer V. , Lund T. , Pedersen L.
Published: July 2010

Asthma, exercise‐induced bronchoconstriction, and airway hyper‐responsiveness are often found in elite athletes, perhaps as a consequence of their sport or maybe because asthma is a common disorder in young adults. Inhaled β2‐agonists (IBA) are frequently used in elite athletes, but due to regulations introduced by the International Olympic Committee, the use of anti‐asthmatic therapy might change. Drugs that make ergogenic effect persist are prohibited in all athletes, whether or not they take part in competitions and systemic steroids and β2‐agonists are among such drugs. On the other hand, opinion is more divided about the use of inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) and IBA. In humans, no effect has been found on the oxygen uptake, performance or distance run with therapeutic doses of IBA, either in asthmatics or non‐asthmatics, whereas others report an ergogenic effect and better lung function of high doses of a β2‐agonist in non‐asthmatics. Anti‐asthmatic treatment is necessary for asthmatics, but should not be used by non‐asthmatic elite athletes due to both possible systemic effects and furthermore, side effects of both ICS and IBA.
Chronic fatigue stress leads to up‐regulation of nitric oxide synthase in the rat nucleus accumbens
Authors: Liu H.‐Y. , Jin J. , Tang J.‐S. , Cui J.‐M.
Published: July 2010

In the present study, the effect of chronic fatigue stress on the neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS) in the rat nucleus accumbens (NAc) was assessed in order to explore the neurobiology mechanism of central fatigue stress, especially the role of the NAc in central fatigue. In the experiment, adult male Wistar rats were forced to swim till exhaustion every day for 4 weeks. Immunohistochemistry was used for measurement of the nNOS‐positive neurons associated with the image manipulation. Our results showed that a long‐time exposure to chronic forced swim stress increased the number of nNOS immunoreactive‐positive neurons in the rat NAc (106.7%, P<0.001), distributed area (150.2%, P<0.001) and gray degree value (11.3%, P<0.01). The results indicate that nitric oxide (NO)/nNOS may be involved in the formation of the fatigue stress, and that NO may play a role in the regulation of stress in the NAc. The up‐regulation of NO/nNOS during the exposure to long‐time swim stress is likely to be one of the results of brain damage and psychiatric disorder induced by NO overproduction.
An ecological model of predictors of stages of change for physical activity in Greek older adults
Authors: Thøgersen‐Ntoumani C.
Published: July 2010

This study examined the usefulness of an ecological model in predicting stages of change for physical activity in Greek older adults. Three hundred and eighteen Greek older adults (n=168 males;n=150 females) completed questionnaires measuring a range of personal, psycho‐social and environmental characteristics. The ecological model consisted of personal (gender, age, body mass index and perceived health), psycho‐social (barrier self‐efficacy and number of friends exercising) and environmental (the presence of sidewalks, heavy traffic, hills, unattended dogs and frequently observing others' exercising) predictors. The model explained 51.10% of the variance; more than that explained by any of the individual classes of predictors in isolation. Number of friends exercising was a particularly salient predictor. The findings may enhance understanding of some of the reasons for the high prevalence of pre‐contemplation in this population. The information may have implications for the design of effective exercise interventions.
Chronic exercise reduces platelet activation in hypertension: upregulation of the l‐arginine‐nitric oxide pathway
Authors: De Meirelles L. R. , Mendes‐Ribeiro A. C. , Mendes M. A. P. , Da Silva M. N. S. B. , John Clive Ellory J. C. , Mann G. E. , Brunini T. M. C.
Published: July 2010

Nitric oxide (NO) inhibits platelet function and plays a key role in the regulation of cardiovascular homeostasis. Essential hypertension is characterized by an increased risk of thrombus formation, and by an inhibition of intraplatelet NO bioactivity. We have previously shown that membrane transport of l‐arginine is a rate‐limiting step for platelet‐derived NO synthesis. This study examined the effects of exercise on the platelet l‐arginine–NO pathway and aggregation and systemic inflammation markers in 13 sedentary hypertensive patients subjected to 60 min of training activity (exercise group), predominantly aerobic, three times a week for a period of 12 weeks. Six sedentary hypertensive patients participated in the control group. After 12 weeks, l‐arginine transport was significantly increased and associated with increased platelet NO synthase activity and cGMP levels and reduced platelet aggregation. Moreover, exercise training reduced plasma concentrations of fibrinogen and C‐reactive protein and blood pressure. The control group did not change their previous intraplatelet l‐arginine–NO results and systemic inflammatory markers levels. Thus, exercise training reduces inflammatory responses, restores NO synthesis in platelets and thereby contributes to the beneficial effects of exercise in hypertension. The present study adds exercise as a new tool to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with platelet activation in hypertension.
Struggling with cancer and treatment: young athletes recapture body control and identity through exercise: qualitative findings from a supervised group exercise program in cancer patients of mixed gender undergoing chemotherapy
Authors: Adamsen L. , Andersen C. , Midtgaard J. , Møller T. , Quist M. , Rørth M.
Published: July 2010

Cancer and treatment can negatively affect the body's performance and appearance. Exercise has been tested in a few studies for altered body image among middle‐aged women with breast cancer. The aim of the study was to explore how young pre‐cancer athletes of both genders experience disease‐ and treatment‐related physical fitness and appearance changes while undergoing chemotherapy and participating in a 6‐week group exercise intervention. A prospective, explorative study using semi‐structured interviews was conducted before and at termination of the intervention. The study included 22 cancer patients (median age 28 years). The young athletes experienced a change from a high level of physical activity, body satisfaction and a positive self‐identity to a low level of physical activity, body denial and a negative self‐identity. In the program, the patients experienced increased physical strength and recapture of certain aspects of their former positive body perception. Deterioation of muscle functions caused by chemotherapy was particularly painful to these patients, independent of gender and age. Young physically active patients are heavily dependent on their physical capacity, body satisfaction and self‐identity. This should be taken into account when designing programs to rehabilitate and encourage these patients through the often‐strenuous antineoplastic treatments.
Muscular strength, functional performances and injury risk in professional and junior elite soccer players
Authors: Lehance C. , Binet J. , Bury T. , Croisier J. L.
Published: July 2010

Muscle strength and anaerobic power of the lower extremities are neuromuscular variables that influence performance in many sports activities, including soccer. Despite frequent contradictions in the literature, it may be assumed that muscle strength and balance play a key role in targeted acute muscle injuries. The purpose of the present study was to provide and compare pre‐season muscular strength and power profiles in professional and junior elite soccer players throughout the developmental years of 15–21. One original aspect of our study was that isokinetic data were considered alongside the past history of injury in these players. Fifty‐seven elite and junior elite male soccer players were assigned to three groups: PRO, n=19; U‐21, n=20 and U‐17, n=18. Players benefited from knee flexor and extensor isokinetic testing consisting of concentric and eccentric exercises. A context of lingering muscle disorder was defined using statistically selected cut‐offs. Functional performance was evaluated throughout a squat jump and 10 m sprint. The PRO group ran faster and jumped higher than the U‐17 group (P<0.05). No significant difference in isokinetic muscle strength performance was observed between the three groups when considering normalized body mass parameters. Individual isokinetic profiles enabled the identification of 32/57 (56%) subjects presenting lower limb muscular imbalance. Thirty‐six out of 57 players were identified as having sustained a previous major lower limb injury. Of these 36 players, 23 still showed significant muscular imbalance (64%). New trends in rational training could focus more on the risk of imbalance and implement antagonist strengthening aimed at injury prevention. Such an intervention would benefit not only athletes recovering from injury, but also uninjured players. An interdisciplinary approach involving trainers, a physical coach, and medical staff would be of interest to consider in implementing a prevention programme.
Injury surveillance in male professional football; is medical staff reporting complete and accurate?
Authors: Bjørneboe J. , Flørenes T. W. , Bahr R. , Andersen T. E.
Published: July 2010

Since the 2000 season, an injury surveillance system has been established to monitor injury risk and injury patterns in the Norwegian professional football league. The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of routine injury registration performed by medical staff in professional football. The team medical staff completed injury registration forms on a monthly basis throughout the 2007 season (January–October). Players were interviewed at the end of the season (October/November) about all injuries that occurred from July through September. Thirteen of fourteen teams, 296 of 310 A‐squad players were interviewed. An injury was recorded when a player was unable to take fully part in football training or match the day after injury. A total of 174 injuries were registered, 123 acute injuries and 51 overuse injuries. Of these, 141 were reported by medical staff and 122 by players. Eighty‐nine injuries (51%) were registered using both methods, 52 (30%) by medical staff only and 33 (19%) by player interviews only. Prospective injury surveillance by team medical staff in Norwegian male professional football underestimates the incidence of time‐loss injuries by at least one‐fifth.
MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS TO OPTIMISE ACQUISITION OF RESEARCH FUNDS*
Authors: Cartwright R. W. , Candler W. V.
Published: July 2010

This paper analyses the decision faced by an academic department when it has the opportunity of rejecting or bidding for a new research grant. Research grams commonly provide inputs that complement existing resources, but also incur opportunity costs as established resource services are reallocated.

A case study suggested that the grant acquisition decision process contains a sequence of five major REJECT/ GO ON decision points. Each GO ON decision results in an inflow of more information pertinent to the decision. The paper suggests that scope exists for introducing mathematical decision aids at each decision point. The problem is modelled as the optimisation of a multi‐factor utility function subject to linear constraints and the presence of integer variables. A hypothetical example problem is presented. Difficulties that might be encountered in data acquisition and problem solution are briefly discussed.

Dans ce rapport, on analyse la décision que doit prendre un départemem univer‐sitaire quand il a le choix de refuser ou ďessayer ďobtenir une nouvelle subvention pour des travaux de recherches. Ces subventions fournissent souvenl des fonds qui complètent des ressources déja existantes, mais présenlent également des frais connexes lorsque les services de ressources sont réorganisés.

One étude fondée sur un cas suggère que le processus de décision pour ľobtention ďune subvention comporte une série de cinq étapes principales de décision REFUS/ CONT/NUA TION. Chaque décision de continuation donne lieu àľarrivée ďinfor‐mations additionnelles relatives à la décision. Ce rapport suggère qu'un cas existe pour ľinlroduction ďaides de décision mathématiques à chaque étape de décision. Le modèle du problème se présente sous la forme de I'optimisation ďun choix utile à buts multiples, sujet à des contraintes linéaires et à la présence de variables à nombre entier. On ajoute un problème hypothétique à litre ďexemple. On discute brièvement des difficulies qui pourraient se présenter en ce qui concerne ľacquisition des données et la solution du problème
A PROPOSAL FOR REDUCING NUTRIENT DEFICIENCIES WITH ECONOMICAL DIETS
Authors: Prato Anthony A.
Published: July 2010

Current food assistance programs are not designed to reduce a family's specific nutrient deficiencies. Consequently, the diets of families on food assistance are often no belter than the diets of low‐income families not on food assistance. This paper proposes a method for reducing dietary deficiencies for low‐income families that combines information about nutritious economical diets with food assistance. Under the proposed method a diet or diet supplement is computed for a family by minimizing food expenditure subject to pre‐established dietary constraints. Food assistance is then used to help the family achieve the formulated diet or diet supplement.

Les programmes qui distribuent des produits comestibles aux classes pauvres ne sont pas faites pour diminuer les déficiences nutritives des families. Par consequent, les regimes des families qui regoivent l'aide de ces programmes souvent ne sont pas mieux que les regimes des families qui ne reçoivent pas d'aide. Ce bulletin propose un moyen de diminuer ces déficiences nutritives des classes pauvres eh donnant des renseignements à ce sujet. Un régime complet ou supplémentaire est mis sur pied ou analysé pour ces families. II s'agit de minimiser les depenses alimentaires des regimes. Ces programmes sont utilisées pour aider la famille á completer le regime formule ou le regime supplementaire.

This paper proposes and analyzes a method for reducing nutrient deficiencies in family diets that combines nutritious economical diets and food assistance. A diet choice model is developed to explain how families select the foods in their diet. This model is transformed to a more empirically useful form in which food expenditure is minimized subject to dietary constraints. The reformulated model permits the computation of minimum‐cost diets and minimum‐cost diet supplements. Various types of food assistance can be used with the minimum‐cost diet or diet supplements to help low‐income families achieve a more nutritious and satisfying diet. A food program based on this method is likely to yield higher benefits (in terms of dietary improvements) to participating families but somewhat higher costs. In order to more accurately determine benefits and costs, it is suggested that the program be administered on an experimental basis and the benefits and costs closely monitored.
Income Stabilization For B.C. Hog Producers
Authors: Kennedy George , Palacios Alajandro
Published: July 2010

The objective of this paper is to estimate the costs and effects of federal and provincial government programs designed to stabilize the incomes of B.C. hog producers. Simulation was used to provide these estimates. This involved building a mathematical model of the B.C. hog industry, including important supplyldemand relationships and the operating characteristics of alternative stabilization schemes. Successive runs of the model were made, each assuming operation of a different stabilization scheme. Results are presented for the current Agricultural Stabilization Act and a guaranteed margin approach (federal) and the B.C. Swine Producers' Income Assurance Program (provincial).

L'Objectif de cet article est d'bvaluer les couts et les effets des programmes provinciaw et fkdtraux destints il stabdiser les revenus des producteurs porcins de la Colombie Britanique. Ces evaluations one ttt obtenues par simulation. Ceci a nktssitt la construction d'un modMe mathtmatique du secteur du porc de la Colombie Britanique, comprenant d'une part des relations d'offre/demand et d'autre part les caracttristiques operationnelles des divers plans de stabilisation. En supposant A chaque fois I'application d'une plan difftrent de stabilisation, des simulaitons successives one Ctt entreprises pour I'actuel plan ftdtral de Stabilisation (Agricultural Stabilization Act), le plan fedtral de marge guarantie. et le programme provincial actuellement utilist en Colombie Britanique (B.C. Swine Producers Income Assurance Program).
Energy and Non‐Energy Input Substitution Possibilities and Output Scale Effects in Canadian Agriculture
Authors: Lopez Ramon E. , Tung Fu‐Lai
Published: July 2010

A generalized Leontief cost function was used to investigate energy and non‐energy input substitution possibilities and output scale effects on factor demand in Canadian agriculture. Results suggest that (1) substitution possibilities exist between energy and non‐energy inputs, and energy and energy‐based inputs appear to be complements; (2) labor is the best substitute for energy inputs, followed by land and other intermediate inputs; and (3) the output scale has significant effect in reducing production costs and decreasing the responsiveness of input to price changes. These findings indicate that an effective energy conservation measure would be the encouragement of production practices oriented to use more labor and land intensive techniques rather than using more agricultural chemicals for reducing cultivation practices.

On a utilisé une fonction de coút Léontief généralisée pour examiner d'une part les possibilitiés de substituer entrées énergétiques el non énergétiques et d'autre part les effets d'échelle de sortie sur la demande factorielle dans l'agriculture canadienne. Les résultats suggérent que: (1) il est possible de substituer entrées énergétiques et non énergétiques; les entrées énergétiques et celles basées sur l'énergie semblent complémentaires, (2) la main‐d'oeuvre est le meilleur substitut aux entrées énergétiques; viennent ensuite la terre et autres entrees intermédiares, et (3) l'échelle de sortie joue un rǒle déterminant dans la réduction des coúts de production et dans une sensibilité plus petite des entrées aux changements de prix. Ces découvertes indiquent qu'une mesure efficace pour conserver l'énergie serait, plutǒl que d'utiliser davantage de produits chimiques agricoles, d'encourager les pratiques de production basée sur la main‐d'oeuvre et l'utilisation intensive de la terre.
Agricultural Economists and Long‐Run Challenges Facing Canadian Agriculture
Authors: Brinkman George L.
Published: July 2010

This paper addresses a number of long‐run development issues facing Canadian agriculture and identifies some important roles for agricultural economists in the future. Issues addressed in the area of farm structure and operation include farm entry, financing, quota allocation and transfer, subsidies and taxation, and asset management. Agricultural growth and development issues addressed include forecasting, agricultural secondary effects, multifactor productivity, and measurements of the benefits from agricultural research.

Cette étude aborde un certain nombre de débouchés à long terme se presentant a I'agriculture Canadienne, el idenlifie quelques‐uns des roles importants qu'auront a jouer les economistes en agriculture, dans lefutur.

Ces débouchés, addressés à la zone à structure el opération fermíeres, comprennent la prise de possession d'une ferme, son financement, son quota! d'allocation, sa transmission, les subsides el les impbls, el son act if gestionnaire.

La croissance de I'agriculture el les solutions de développemenl abordees, tiennent compte des prèvisions, des effets secondaires de I'agriculture, de la productivityéà facieurs multiples, el des mesures des bénéfices provenant de la recherche dans le domaine de I'agriculture.
Optimal Economic Rotation for a Mixed Species Even‐Aged Forest
Authors: Nautiyal J.C. , Innes M. R.
Published: July 2010

Most forest crops in real life are mixtures of species and the theory of optimal economic rotations as presented in literature does not quite apply to them. A model for determining the optimal economic rotation of a mixed species even‐aged forest has, therefore, been developed. Data for jack pine and black spruce from an actual forest managed by a forest company have been used to demonstrate the value of the model. It has been concluded that at high discount rates faster growing components of a mixture should be given more importance in deciding the common optimal rotation. At low discount rates the slower growing components need to be emphasized.

La majeure partie de la récolte forestière consiste en réalité en mélanges d'essences et la théorie des rotations économiques optimales ne s'y applique pas tout à fait; Un modèle pour déterminer la rotation économique optimale a done áté developpé. Afin de démontrer la valeur de ce modéle, on s'est servi de données provenant d'une forêt de pin gris et d'épinette noire gárée par une compagnie forestiére. On a con‐clu qu'avec des taux d'intérět éleves, on devrait donner plus d'importance aux constituants dont la croissance est la plus rapide lorsqu'il s'agit de décider la rotation commune optimale. Par contre, avec des taux d'tntérêt bas, on doit faire valoir les constituants à croissance plus lente.
United States and Canadian Rail Freight‐Rate Structures: A Carparative Analysis
Authors: Koo Won W. , Uhw Ihn H.
Published: July 2010

This paper applies rail freight‐rate theory to U.S. and Canadian grain movements for both domestic and export destinations. In this analysis it is established that grain freight rates in the U.S. are largely determined by distance, shipment size, frequency of shipments, intermodal competition, and geographical characteristics of route origins and destinations. Freight rates, therefore, vary depending upon routes. A comparison of U.S. export rates with Canada's statutory rate revealed that the U.S. rate levels, in 1979, were 4.3 and 2.9 times higher for hauling distances of 200 and 1,000 miles respectively in the lowest‐rate route; while it was about 7.8 and 7.5 times higher for the same mileage in the highest‐rate route. The extent to which the U.S. experience is relevant to Western Canada depends largely on the manner in which Canada's statutory rate is revised after the scheduled review in 1985–86.
Expert Systems and Farm Management
Authors: Evans M. , Mondor R. , Flaten D.
Published: July 2010

We have found that expert system technology is suitable to solving problems in farm management, for example, the fertilizer problem, because of several important features. First, the incremental development process is exploratory by nature, and hence it aids in the formalization of ill‐structured and poorly understood problems. Second, explicit representation schemes make it easy to understand and modify knowledge; thus, it is much easier to make changes to a developing system. Third, through the use of extensive domain knowledge, an expert system considers only relevant information and is able to reduce difficult problems down to a manageable size. Finally, the ability of an expert system to provide explanations and justification for its recommendations decreases user scepticism and makes it possible to ensure that a system's results are accurate. The construction of the FSA prototype has demonstrated the feasibility of applying expert system technology and techniques to a single farm management task. It is our estimation that this approach to increasing access to decision support resources in agriculture will continue on as a trend in the future.
Effects of Nutrient Restrictions on Confined Animal Facilities: Insights from a Structural‐Dynamic Model
Authors: Baerenklau Kenneth A. , Nergis Nermin , Schwabe Kurt A.
Published: July 2010

Nutrient emissions from animal feeding operations continue to degrade water and air quality. New regulations will limit the amounts of nutrients that can be locally applied to land. In this paper, a structural‐dynamic model of a livestock‐crop operation is calibrated with data from a representative farm and is used to predict the effects of nitrogen regulations. Policy simulations clarify the importance of dynamic elements and demonstrate three main results: (1) cost estimates for large producers are higher than suggested by previous studies; (2) cross‐media pollution effects are potentially significant; and (3) improved input management appears most promising for reducing both water and air emissions and waste management costs. Implications for policy and future research are discussed.

Les émissions d'éléments nutritifs provenant des exploitations d'élevage continuent de dégrader la qualité de l'eau et de l'air. De nouveaux règlements limiteront les quantités d'éléments nutritifs qui pourront être appliqués localement sur les terres. Dans le présent article, un modèle structurel dynamique d'exploitation mixte (élevage‐culture) a étéétalonné d'après des données tirées d'une exploitation typique et a été utilisé pour prédire les répercussions des règlements sur la gestion de l'azote. Des simulations de politiques clarifient l'importance des éléments dynamiques et démontrent trois résultats principaux: 1. l'évaluation des coûts dans le cas des grosses exploitations est plus élevée que celle déterminée dans des études antérieures; 2. les effets de la pollution touchant plusieurs milieux sont potentiellement importants; 3. une meilleure gestion des intrants semble plus prometteuse pour réduire les émissions dans l'eau et l'air et pour réduire les coûts de gestion des déchets. Nous traitons des implications pour la politique et la recherche future.
Hand‐rearing and breeding the endangered Black stilt Himantopus novoezelandiae: at Twizel
Authors: REED CHRISTINE E. M.
Published: July 2010

A captive population of the endangered New Zealand Black stilt Himantopus novaezelandiae was established in 1979, by hand‐rearing chicks from eggs brought from the wild. One pair successfully bred between 1982 and 1987 and up to four pairs bred each year from 1987 until 1993. Parent birds were allowed to hatch and rear some eggs, others were fostered by stilts in the wild. Parent‐reared juveniles were released into the wild from an aviary at Twizel from 1987 until 1992. Large‐scale hand‐rearing began in 1992 and 35 of these juveniles were released into the wild in September and October 1993. The artificial incubation of eggs and the hand‐rearing, housing, feeding, pairing, breeding and release of captive black stilts is described.
New Interpretations of Early Modern England
Authors: FLETCHER ANTHONY
Published: July 2010

Reformation and Revolution 1558–1660. By Robert Ashton. (The Paladin History of England.) London: Granada. 1984. xx, 503 pp. £18.00.

Authority and Conflict: England 1603–1658. By Derek Hirst. (The New History of England, Volume 4.) London: Edward Arnold. 1986. viii, 390 pp. Hardback £27.50; paperback £9.95.

The Emergence of a Nation State: The Commonwealth of England 1529–1660. By Alan G.R. Smith. (Foundations of Modern Britain.) London: Longman. 1984. xiii, 479 pp. Paperback £8.50.
Late Eighteenth‐Century Irish Politics
Authors: CONNOLLY S. J.
Published: July 2010

Prelude to Union: Anglo‐Irish Politics in the 1780s. By James Kelly. (Studies in Irish History.) Cork: Cork University Press. 1992. xi, 276 pp. ℒ32.00. ISBN 0902561626

The Men of No Property: Irish Radicals and Popular Politics in the Late Eighteenth Century. By Jim Smyth. (Studies in Modern History.) London: Macmillan/Dublin: Gill and Macmillan. 1992. xi, 251 pp. Hardback ℒ40.00; paperback ℒ12.99. ISBN 033354613X.
The Rise and Fall of the Post‐War Settlement
Authors: BOGDANOR VERNON
Published: July 2010

The People's Peace: British History, 1945–1989. By Kenneth O. Morgan.

Power, Competition and the State: Vol. 2, Threats to the Postwar Settlement: Britain, 1961–74. By Keith Middlemas.

Power, Competition and the State: Vol. 3, The End of the Postwar Era. By Keith Middlemas.

Selecting the Party Leader: Britain in Comparative Perspective. By R. M. Punnett.

British Politics Since 1945: The Rise and Fall of Consensus. By David Dutton.

UK Political Parties Since 1945. Edited by Anthony Seldon.

British History, 1945–1987: An Annotated Bibliography. By Peter Catterall.
REVIEWS
Authors: CRIDDLE BYRON
Published: July 2010

Elizabeth's Wars. War, Government and Society in Tudor England

The Rule of Law, 1603‐1660. Crown, Courts and Judges. By James S. Hart Jr. Harlow

The Crisis of 1614 and the Addled Parliament. Literary and Historical Perspectives. Edited by Stephen Clucas and Rosalind Davies (ed.)

Proceedings of the Long Parliament. House of Commons. Volume 4: 19 April– 5June 1641. Edited by Maija Jansson. Rochester

The Cult of King Charles the Martyr. By Andrew Lacey

Puritan Iconoclasm during the English Civil War. By Julie Spraggon

1 John Morrill, ‘William Dowsing and the Administration of Iconoclasm in the Puritan Revolution’, in The Journal of William Dowsing

Public Debt and the Birth of the Democratic State. France and Great Britain, 1688‐1789. By David Stasavage

Palmerston and the Politics of Foreign Policy 1846‐1855. By David Brown

Gladstone. By Michael Partridge

The Letters of Arnold Stephenson Rowntree to Mary Katherine Rowntree, 1910‐1918. Edited by Ian Packer

1 George L. Bernstein, Liberalism and Liberal Politics in Edwardian England.

2 Elfrida Vipont, Arnold Roumtree. A Life (1955).

3 Among the memoirs published by Rowntree's Liberal contemporaries are F. A. Channing, Memories of Midland Politics, 1885‐1910 (1910); G. Leveson‐Gower, Years of Endeavour 1886‐1907 (1942); and R. Winfrey, Great Men and Others I Have Met (Kettering, 1943).

4 Odyssey of an Edwardian Liberal. The Political Diary of Richard Durning Holt, ed. David Dutton

5 Ian Packer, ‘Religion and the New Liberalism: The Rowntree Family, Quakerism, and Social Reform’, Journal of British Studies.

The Scottish Labour Party. History, Institutions and Ideas. Edited by Gerry Hassan

British Elections and Parties Review. Volume 11. Edited by Jonathan Tonge, Lynn Bennie, David Denver and Lisa Harrison

Volume 12. Edited by Lynne Bennie, Colin Railings, Jonathan Tonge and Paul Webb

Volume 13. Edited by Colin Railings, Roger Scully, Jonathan Tonge and Paul Webb
Managers and Agents: Conservative Party Organisation in the 1850s*
Authors: JAGGARD EDWIN
Published: July 2010

During the 1850s in the wake of the calamitous Peelite split, Britain's Conservative Party struggled to rebuild its numbers in the house of commons. The structure of the party's electoral organisation is well known‐parliamentary leaders, election managers such as Sir William Jolliffe and Philip Rose, plus local constituency based agents. Jolliffe's and Rose's 1859 election notebooks help understand this, but they also reveal serious gaps in the Conservatives' information networks. This article delineates the electoral activities of Sir John Yarde Buller (first Baron Churston) and his ally Samuel Triscott, who supplemented the spasmodic flow of information from small boroughs in at least two counties. Mid‐level or second‐tier managers, to whom no attention has previously been given, assisted the Conservatives in their gradual electoral recovery. Their roles also suggest that the party's organization may have been more complex than previously believed.
‘Underhand Dealings with the Papal Authorities’: Disraeli and the Liberal Conspiracy to Disestablish the Irish Church
Authors: KENNEDY PADRAIC C.
Published: July 2010

During the parliamentary election of 1868, Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli sent a ‘gentleman spy’ to Ireland to seek evidence showing that William Gladstone had agreed to disestablish the Church of Ireland in return for the Vatican's promise of Irish catholic votes. Proof of this conspiracy, Disraeli hoped, would prompt an anti‐catholic backlash and tip the election to the Conservatives. Disraeli's spy spent four weeks interviewing various Liberal politicians and Irish catholic prelates and claimed to have discovered not only a secret agreement between Gladstone and the bishops, but also a vast Vatican conspiracy to use Irish nationalist agitation to undermine the English constitution. Unfortunately, he never found written proof of any either scheme. The Liberals won the election by a large margin and soon passed an act disestablishing the Church of Ireland. Although out of office, Disraeli remained in contact with his secret agent, using him for further missions in England and on the continent. Despite its failure, the spy's mission offers fresh insight into Disraeli's character and policies. Disraeli combined opportunistic political scheming with a weakness for conspiracy theories. His agent's mission to Ireland was certainly an intrigue meant to turn the political tables on the Liberals but was based on Disraeli's belief that Rome actually had conspired with Gladstone. Recognition of Disraeli's faith in the existence of papal conspiracies helps to make his public statements about disestablishment more comprehensible and suggests a new explanation for his ongoing inflexibility in regard to Irish grievances and reforms.
The Archbishop of Canterbury, the Episcopal Bench, and the Passage of the 1911 Parliament Act
Authors: BLAKELEY DEREK W.
Published: July 2010

The passage of the 1911 Parliament Bill ended the power of the British house of lords to veto any legislation passed by the house of commons. Henceforth, it could only delay the passage of a measure. The bill was carried by a mere 17 votes and friction between Unionists who took up die‐hard opposition, advised abstention, or actively sought to aid passage was bitter. The role which the archbishop of Canterbury played in canvassing the episcopal bench and helping to ensure final passage of the bill has not attracted much attention. Prior to the debate, the archbishop advised abstention but did not dissuade others from encouraging bishops to support the bill to help ensure passage. Before the vote, therefore, ‘die‐hards’ opposing any concession to the government, ‘hedgers’ advising Unionist abstention in the vote, and ‘rats’, Unionists willing to vote for the bill to ensure passage despite personal reservations, attempted to sound out and pressure the bishops in their direction. At the debate, the archbishop changed his mind and decided he must support the bill in order to avoid a greater crisis, and 12 other bishops joined him in the government lobby, helping to create the final majority of 17 by which the measure passed. Consideration of the role of the bishops adds to the understanding of the mechanics by which the bill passed, amidst considerable intrigue, pressure and acrimony, as well as further illuminating the extent and intensity of the divisions within the Unionist party at this critical moment.
Oxygen Radicals in Focal Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Chan Pak H.
Published: July 2010

Oxygen free radicals have been widely implicated in the pathogenesis of brain injury due to ischemia followed by reperfusion. The success of making transgenic animals overexpressing human CuZn‐super‐oxide dismutase (CuZn‐SOD) in brain cells allows researchers to discern the specific role of superoxide radicals in reperfusion injury after focal ischemia. It has been shown that increased brain levels of CuZn‐SOD in transgenic mice protect neurons from ischemia / reperfusion injury. However, overexpression of CuZn‐SOD does not provide neuronal protection in permanent focal ischemia in mice, when compared with non‐transgenic mouse littermates. It is proposed that molecular genetic approaches of modifying antioxidant levels in the brain offer a unique tool for studying oxidative mechanisms in focal cerebral ischemia.
Improving Morphology‐Based Malignancy Grading Schemes in Astrocytic Tumors by Means of Computer‐Assisted Techniques
Authors: Decaestecker Christine , Camby Isabelle , Nagy Nathalie , Brotchi Jacques , Kiss Robert , Salmon Isabelle
Published: July 2010

We propose an original methodology which improves the accuracy of the prognostic values associated with conventional morphologically‐based classifications in supratentorial astrocytic tumors in the adult. This methodology may well help neuropathologists, who must determine the aggressiveness of astrocytic tumors on the basis of morphological criteria. The proposed methodology comprises two distinct steps, i.e. i) the production of descriptive quantitative variables (related to DNA ploidy level and morphonuclear aspects) by means of computer‐assisted microscopy and ii) data analysis based on an artificial intelligence‐related method, i.e. the decision tree approach. Three prognostic problems were considered on a series of 250 astrocytic tumors including 39 astrocytomas (AST), 47 anaplastic astrocytomas (ANA) and 164 glioblastomas (GBM) identified in accordance with the WHO classification. These three problems concern i) variations in the aggressiveness level of the high‐grade tumors (ANA and GBM), ii) the detection of the aggressive as opposed to the less aggressive low‐grade astrocytomas (AST), and iii) the detection of the aggressive as opposed to the less aggressive anaplastic astrocytomas (ANA). Our results show that the proposed computer‐aided methodology improves conventional prognosis based on conventional morphologically‐based classifications. In particular, this methodology enables some reference points to be established on the biological continuum according to the sequence AST→ANA→GBM.