bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
6 Salvation
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter explores criticisms and defences of Gregory's soteriology which are less closely connected with his Christology, but all of which have been matters of some controversy: specifically Gregory's analogy of the fish-hook, the concept of cooperation (sunergia), and his idea of universal salvation (apokatastasis). Discussion of the theme of the fish-hook centres on a soteriological idea presented by Gregory in narrative form in his Catechetical Oration. Having already established that humanity was in the power of devil (or death) owing to the Fall, and that God's justice demanded that God should win humankind back through payment of a ransom (Christ) rather than seizing it back by force, Gregory then explains how the devil was deceived into accepting as a ransom a payment which he could not possibly keep.
11 Creation in the Image of God
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter focuses on Gregory of Nyssa's account of humans' creation and why it attracted the attention of feminists. Gregory of Nyssa claims that human nature as a whole was created in the image of God, but that humans were also created as individuals, male and female, and that this sexual differentiation does not reflect God. This theory has attracted the attention of feminists because its assertion that men and women were created simultaneously appears to be a more egalitarian departure from the early Church norm of emphasizing the sequential and allegedly hierarchical creation account of Adam and Eve in Genesis 2; because it appears to imply that sexual difference is not essential to human identity; and because there is a great deal of uncertainty over whether Gregory means that sexual difference in some way a fall from humanity's original, ideal state. First creation as a purely original state, first creation as an embodied original state, and first creation as eternal human nature is discussed.
12 What is Virginity?
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter shows how different readings of Gregory's On Virginity have been generated by different assumptions about what he means by virginity. Most agree that he is not disgusted by sexual activity in itself, but there is considerable disagreement about what Gregory is rejecting. Topics discussed include virginity defined by the body, virginity defined socially and spiritually, and the virgin body.
19 Reading Gregory of Nyssa on Language, Theology, and the Language of Theology
Authors: Ludlow Morwenna
Published: January 2008

This chapter argues that the bringing together of readings of Gregory by Scot Douglass, John Milbank, and Sarah Coakley raises the question of the influence of modern and postmodern philosophies, for they are clearly influenced by postmodernism in rather different ways. Scot Douglass is particularly interested in the interface between theology, literature, and philosophy, and this can be seen not only in the kind of recent philosophy he engages with, but also in the conclusions he draws from Gregory's theology. John Milbank is reacting against what he sees as various errors of modernity. Sarah Coakley's reading of Gregory bears some similarities to Milbank's in its relatively sympathetic interest in Gregory's Platonism, and her hope that Gregory's theology provides a model for breaking down some of the givens of ‘modernism’.
9 Strong Parties in a Struggling Party System
Authors: Langston Joy
Published: January 2008

Political parties played a crucial role in negotiating Mexico's drawn-out transition and are central actors in the nation's new democracy. Mexico has a stable three-party system and its three major parties win over 90% of the vote in federal elections and 95% of the legislative seats. The parties are well funded, control most candidate nominations, and are largely able to dictate the legislative behaviour of their partisans in congress. The strong three-party system does not produce legislative majorities, making major structural reform more difficult. Mexican voters use partisan cues to make electoral decisions and independent candidates are constitutionally prohibited. Despite these strengths, in public opinion polls Mexican citizens regularly rate parties among the least trusted public institutions.
Analysis and Treatment: Methodological and Epistemological Prolegomena
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines Philodemus' method of analysis and treatment in the ethical treatises. It comments on some general features of Philodemus' empirical approach to ethics, many of which are developed in his work On Signs and are also found in his treatment of various arts and sciences, moral education, and even religion. These features comprise Philodemus' reliance on observation and experience, and his use of methods of reasoning that are focused on experience or directed towards it; the development of the medical analogy in connection with such methods; the kind of definitions intended to describe ethical concepts; and Philodemus' appeal to preconception in order to solve problems in practical ethics. On these counts, Philodemus remains close to the canonical tradition of his school, and expands it in ways appropriate to his own project.
Therapeutic Tactics
Authors: Tsouna Voula
Published: January 2008

The theoretical analysis of vices and emotions has a practical goal: namely, their detection and removal. This chapter offers a rapid survey of Philodemus' methods of treatment and determines the place that they occupy in the therapeutics of the Hellenistic era. There are at least two ways of doing such a survey: vertical and horizontal. A vertical treatment could be a matter of going through the treatises one by one and studying the methods employed in each treatise concerning a single trait or a cluster of related traits. Horizontal approaches are broader and more conceptual. They cut across long time periods, geographical areas, schools, and objects of treatment.
1 The Decline of Christendom
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter begins by discussing some of the main theories advanced by historians and sociologists to explain the religious crisis of the 1960s. It then suggests a historical framework within which the dramatic developments in that decade can be understood. It argues that to understand the unique atmosphere of the 1960s one also has to take account of specific events and movements. In particular, three stand out as being of pivotal significance in the political and religious radicalization and polarization during that decade, namely the US Civil Rights Movement, the Vietnam War, and the Second Vatican Council.
3 The Early 1960s
Authors: McLeod Hugh
Published: January 2008

This chapter examines the trends towards greater moral and religious pluralism; at the undermining of respect and deference, which affected all established institutions, including the churches; at the signs of discontent within the various ideologically-based subcultures which had been a major aspect of life in most west European countries in the first half of the 20th century; at demands for reform in the church and at the radicalization of Christian students; at the changes in the relationship between ‘public’ and ‘private’; and at the still modest decline in church-going that was under way in the United States and also Britain, France, and West Germany. It is shown that the ‘early 1960s’ from about the later 1950s to 1962 or 1963 provided a bridge between the post-war years, with their urgent demands to return to normality and the all-embracing spirit of experiment and iconoclasm in the late 1960s; between the coldest years of the cold war and the utopian hopes of ‘1968’. Major religious changes were already under way: the post-war church-going boom had come to an end; the power and prestige which the churches had often enjoyed in the years after the war and the associated atmosphere of moral conservatism were increasingly resented and were coming under attack. It was also a time when reformers and radicals were making their voices heard again within the churches.
Will the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) persist in the Pacific Northwest?
Authors: Behrens Yamada Sylvia , Gillespie Graham E.
Published: January 2008

Behrens Yamada, S., and Gillespie, G. E. 2008. Will the European green crab (Carcinus maenas) persist in the Pacific Northwest? – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 65: 725–729. A strong cohort of young European green crabs (Carcinus maenas) appeared in North American embayments from Oregon to the west coast of Vancouver Island following the strong El Niño of 1997/1998. Unusually, strong north-moving coastal currents transported crab larvae from established source populations in California to the Pacific Northwest. Since then, both coastal transport and recruitment of young green crabs have been weaker. Although it was predicted that green crabs would become extinct in the Pacific Northwest once the original colonists died of senescence at about age 6, this has not happened. Age-class analysis and the appearance of young crabs evidence the existence of local recruitment in the Pacific Northwest, especially after warm winters. An extensive survey by Fisheries and Oceans Canada found populations of green crabs on the west coast of Vancouver Island, with densities of >2 per trap in some inlets. However, no green crabs were found in the inland sea between Vancouver Island and the mainland. Therefore, outreach efforts should continue to prevent the establishment of this invader in those waters via ballast water or shellfish transport.
Abnormal interhemispheric integration and schizophrenia
Authors: Hunter Mick , Green Paul
Published: January 2008

An investigation of speech comprehension in schizophrenic patients is described. Using the Neale Test of Reading Ability subjects are presented with a comprehension task in which information is presented on tape either to the left ear alone, the right ear alone or both ears together. Subjects are scored for correct responses to questions about the presented texts. Significant differences in measures of ear‐difference and laterality quotient were found between two schizophrenic (acute and chronic) and two control (neurotic and normal) groups and significant differences in binaural quotient measures were found between acute schizophrenics and control groups. The results are interpreted in terms of possible abnormalities of interhemispheric integration in schizophrenia.
Occupational and life stress and the family: conceptual frameworks and research findings
Authors: Burke Ronald J
Published: January 2008

This article has two objectives: (1) to put research on work and family into a context or setting; and (2) to present recent findings from an ongoing research programme we began several years ago into the ways in which work experiences, and more general life experiences, influence individual well‐being and family functioning.
The reliability and validity of Raven's Standard Progressive Matrices for Irish apprentices
Authors: Moran Aidan P
Published: January 2008

The Standard Progressive Matrices (SPM) is a ‘test of a person's capacity at the time of the test to apprehend meaningless figures presented for his observation, see the relations between them, conceive the nature of the figure completing each system of relations presented and, by so doing, develop a systematic method of reasoning’ (Raven et al., 1983, p. 2). It was developed in Britain in the mid‐1930s (see Penrose and Raven, 1936) as a non‐verbal measure of Spearman's ‘g’ factor, eduction of relations among abstract items.
A psychometric profile of British police officers authorized to carry firearms: a pilot study1
Authors: Cooper Cary L , Robertson Ivan T , Sharman Phil
Published: January 2008

In the United Kingdom, police officers do not, as a matter of routine, carry firearms. There are occasions, nevertheless, when armed police are deployed, and for obvious reasons any procedure that might improve the suitability of officers chosen to carry firearms is worth investigating.
The Impact of the American and British Equal Pay Guarantee on Job Evaluation
Authors: Bellace Janice R.
Published: January 2008

Aux USA et en Grande‐Bretagne, la legislation a prevu de garantir aux femmes un salaire egal pour un travail egal. Ceux qui veulent respecter cette garantie sont confrontes a la tache de definir ce que veut dire legalement travail “egal”. Des questions se posent sur la definition officielle du terme “travail egal” ou travail de “valeur egale”. Cet article passe en revue la plupart des cas ou le travail est d'egale valeur, et attire l'attention particulierement sur la methode d'evaluation des taches et la maniere d'etablir des taux de salaires a discuter dans ces cas. L'analyse est realisee pour expliquer la pensee legale, et ne signifie pas que Ton applaudisse ou que Ton critique des methodes particulieres d'evaluation de taches ou d'etablissement de grilles salariales. Le but de cette recherche est de savoir quelles methodes d'evaluation seront trouvees par les lois americaines et anglaises et reconnues comme methodes legalement accep‐tables pour determiner les valeurs.
Job Evaluation and Equal Pay for Work of Equal Value
Authors: Shimmin Sylvia
Published: January 2008

Des sujets hommes et femmes ont examine les descriptions de vingt emplois et ont formule des opinions sur la retribution qui convient a chaque emploi. Ces sujets ont egalement evalue quinze caracteristiques de travail, y compris la nature traditionnellement masculine ou feminine des emplois. Aucune difference n'a été observee entre les reponses des sujets hommes et femmes. La caracterisation des activities professionelles comme masculines ou feminines reflete davantage le sexe de ceux ou celles qui les exercent typiquement que les caracteristiques du travail lui‐meme. Les criteres de jugement du niveau salarial approprie aux emplois etudies refletent les stereotypes des emplois quant au sexe de ceux qui les exercent aussi bien que les caracteristiques du travail lui‐meme. Dans leurs evaluations, les hommes comme les femmes tiennent compte du fait les activites professionnelles sont considerees comme typiquement masculines ou feminines. Les résultats sont relies au developpement des criteres permettant de comparer la valeur relative des activites professionelles et au role de 1'evaluation des caracteristiques de l'emploi dans l'etablissement de ces criteres de comparaison.
Effect of Feedback on Verbal and Non‐verbal Courtesy in a Bank Setting
Authors: Elizur Dov
Published: January 2008

On a essayé, dans le cadre de cette recherche, ďidentifier, de mesurer et de renforcer ľamabilité des employés de banque envers leurs clients. Le comporte‐ment ďaccueil comprend quatre dimensions: les deux premières sont des conduites verbales (formules de salutations et depolitesse) et les deux autres des réponses non verbales (le sourire et le contact visuei, c'est‐à‐dire ľélévation du regard vers ľinterlocuteur). Les observations furent confiées à des enquêteurs se tenant dans la file ďattente aux heures de pointe. Durant la phase de formation, on a montre ľimportance de ľamabilité envers les clients et pratiqué la feedback et les encouragements. ľefficacité de ľintervention a étéévaluée sous plusieurs aspects. La fréquence des réponses a considérablement augmenté après la formation. Les résultats prouvent qu'une réalité abstraite comme ľamabilité envers les clients peut être définie comportementalement, observée directement et statistiquement améliorée.

The present study attempted to identify, measure, and reinforce friendly behaviour by bank personnel toward customers. Four behavioural responses which represent friendly relations to customers were identified. Two are verbal responses, including (1) words of greeting, and (2) words of courtesy. The other two are nonverbal responses, including (1) eye contact (raising one's gaze to look at the person), and (2) smiling. Observations were made during high load hours by observers standing in line among customers. Intervention consisted of explaining the importance of friendly relations with customers, feedback, and praise. A multiple baseline design was applied to assess the effectiveness of the intervention. Response frequency increased considerably following intervention. The results demonstrate that an abstract trait, such as friendly relations with customers, could be behaviourally denned, directly observed, and its frequency increased.
Changing Interests of Women: Myth or Reality?
Authors: Hansen Jo‐Ida C.
Published: January 2008

Depuis quelques 50 ans, les psychologues utilisent le “Strong Vocational Interest Blank” (SVIB) pour mesurer les motivations professionnelles; la longue histoire du SVIB et le récent collationnement d'un grand nombre d‘échantillons de professionnels interrogés avec des versions antérieures du SVIB, ont rendu possible l'analyse des données recueillies sur de longues périodes de temps, déterminant l'impact de l'Histoire sur la société et par voie de conséquence sur les motivations professionnelles. Les résultats de six professions autant féminines que masculines “en général”, furent utilisées pour étudier deux points: le premier, l'identification du changement général des motivations professionnelles dans la société, le second, l'augmentation ou la diminution des différences entre les motivations des femmes et des hommes depuis 50 ans. Les résultats illustrèrent la ténacité et la stabilité des motivations des femmes et des hommes “en général” autant que des individus oceupant des professions particulières, comme ils montrèrent également d'une façon claire l’élasticité des différences sexuelles dans les aptitudes aux changements.

Over 50 years ago, psychologists began using the Strong Vocational Interest Blank (SVIB) to measure occupational interests; the lengthy history of the SVIB and the recent collection of a large number of occupational samples that were represented on earlier versions of the SVIB have made it possible to analyse interest data collected over long time spans to determine the impact of history on society and, consequently, on vocational interests. Data for six occupations, as well as for Women‐ and Men‐in‐General, were used to explore two areas; first, general changes in the occupational interests of society were identified, and second, differences between female and male interests were examined to determine if the differences had increased or decreased over the last 50 years. Results from the data illustrated the tenacious stability of occupational interests for Women‐ and Men‐in‐General as well as for people in specific occupations. Also, the data graphically illustrated the resilience of sex differences in interests to change.
Coping with Inflation
Authors: Furnham Adrian
Published: January 2008

Cette étude a pour but de rechercher la relation entre deux groupes de variables prédictives (démographiques comme le sexe, l'âge, l'éducation et le revenu, et psychosociales comme le conservatisme, la croyance en l'éthique du travail), et les critères de mesure des différentes réactions à l'inflation. 250 sujets britanniques, d'une grande variété socioprofessionnelle, remplirent les questionnaires standardisés. L'âge, le revenu et l'aliénation sont les meilleures variables prédictives du changement complet de style de vie que les sujets attribuent à l'inflation. Les corrélations canoniques montrent aussi que les individus a revenu élevé, et très conservateurs, dépensent plus d'argent pour leur voiture et économisent davantage, mais dépensent moins en loisirs. On peut classer en trois catégories les causes d'inflation avancées par les sujets: le socialisme, les agents extérieurs ou les politiques conservatrices. Sauf le sexe et le vote, toutes les variables sont expliquées par ces trois facteurs. L'ensemble des résultats suggère qu'à la fois facteurs économiqucs et psychologiques dépendent des perceptions, des explications et des réactions des sujets à l'inflation.

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between two sets of predictor variables (demographic such as sex, age, education, and income, and psychographic such as conservatism, belief in the work ethic) and the criterion variables of various reactions to inflation. Over 250 British people from a variety of different backgrounds completed a number of standardised questionnaires. Age, income, and alienation were the best predictors of the subjects' self‐reported overall change in lifestyle as a consequence of inflation. Also canonical correlations showed that higher‐income, more conservative people report spending more money on cars and save more but spend less on entertainment. The subjects' explanations for inflation tended to fall into three categories: blaming socialist institutions, external factors or conservative policies. Apart from sex and vote all the variables loaded on these three factors. Overall the results suggest that both economic and psychological factors are relevant to how people perceive, explain, and react to inflation.
Discourse from Home to School
Authors: Watson Rita , Shapiro Jon
Published: January 2008

Il a étéétabli qu'un style de discours oral est associéà un type de scolarité et à une certaine éducation. Le langage décontextualisé, ou le langage scolaire comme il est quelquefois appelé, a été mis en cause dans l'apprentissage scolaire et dans l'acquisition de la culture. L'étude présentée explore les corrélations entre le discours parents—enfants utilisant de bonne heure un langage décontextualisé (lecture de livres) et la performance s'ensuivant dans un champ d'attitudes pré‐culturelles et des tâches scolaires. Le choix lexical des parents et des enfants dans le discours sur la lecture de livres est liéà la réussite de tâches formelles telles que définir, et aux attitudes précoces de l'enfant vis‐à‐vis de l'imprimé. Il apparait qu'il y a relation entre l'utilisation par les parents et les enfants d'un langage décontextualisé et les possibilités de réussite scolaire des enfants.

It has been argued that a style of oral discourse is associated with formal schooling and the uses of literacy. Decontextualised language, or the language of schooling as it is sometimes called, has been implicated in the child's transition to schooling and acquisition of literacy. A study is presented which explores relations between parent–child discourse in an early decontextualised language context (bookreading) and the child's subsequent performance on a range of pre‐literacy skills and school‐related tasks. Parent's and child's lexical choice in bookreading discourse is found to be related to the child's subsequent performance in formal task contexts such as definition, and also to the child's early concepts about print. It appears that there is a relation between parent‐child use of decontextualised language and the child's subsequent school‐related skills.
Time Perspective and Organisational Involvement
Authors: Darasse Claire
Published: January 2008

Une étude comparative des horizons temporels de deux groupes appariés de militants appartenant à des organisations contrastées sur le plan idéologique (Parti Communiste et Union Féderale des Consommateurs), montre qu'il existe une difference suivant l'appartenance. L'hypothèse étant que le choix par le sujet d'un groupe d'appartenance est fonction de l'articulation entre son horizon temporel et les temporalités sociales véhiculées par le groupe.

This paper analyses the differential time perspectives held by people belonging to organisations with different ideological outlooks (Communist Party members and members of a consumers' union). The two groups are found to differ significantly in their time perspectives. The paper advances the hypothesis that organisational choice is a function of the match between a person's time perspective and the one held by members of the organisation.
Promoting Charitable Behaviour with Compliance Techniques
Authors: Wang Theodore , Brownstein Richard , Katzev Richard
Published: January 2008

Pour comparer l'impact de trois techniques d'acquiescement sur l'incitation au comportement charitable, on a demandéà 409 personnes de verser $2 à l'American Cancer Society. Cette requête fut immédiatement présentée dans trois groupes contrôle et précédée dans neuf groupes expérimentaux d'une demande préliminaire correspondant à une procédure d'acquiescement à requête multiple. On a d'abord demandé aux sujets soumis à la technique “pied dans la porte” de répondre à un questionnaire composé 10, 35 ou 60 items. On sollicitait d'abord $10, 25 ou 50 de la part de ceux confrontés à la situation “porte dans la figure”; et $0,50, 1 ou 1,50 de la part des sujets “ras des pâquerettes”. Les résultats montrent que les méthodes $10 et 25 “porte dans la figure” furent les plus rentables. Les sujets contrôle et “ras des pâquerettes” donnèrent à peu près la même chose et les conditions “pied dans la porte” furent les moins productives. On discute, à partir de ces découvertes, de la valeur pratique et des inconvénients virtuels de l'application des techniques d'acquiescement à requête multiple pour stimuler le comportement charitable.
Acculturation Attitudes in Plural Societies
Authors: Berry J. W. , Kim U. , Power S. , Young M. , Bujaki M.
Published: January 2008

Dans les sociétés culturellement diversifiés, les individus peuvent présenter des attitudes relatives à leurs relations avec les autres et les groupes. Ces attitudes (dites “attitudes d'acculturation”) sont liées à des prises de position sur deux problèmes généraux posés à toute personne en acculturation: la préservation culturelle de son propre groupe et le contact avec les autres groupes. On définit les attitudes d'assimilation, d'intégration, de séparation et de marginalisation, puis on les mesure dans plusieurs groupes en acculturation d'Australie et du Canada (les indigènes, les immigrants et les groupes ethniques implantés). On donne la validité et la fidélité des échelles d'attitude, puis on analyse les relations des échelles entre elles par rapport aux deux problèmes sous‐jacents que sont la préservation et le contact. Enfin, quelques‐unes des applications pratiques des attitudes d'acculturation sont envisagées.
Psychological Studies on Human Responses to Noise in Japan
Authors: Namba Seiichiro
Published: January 2008

On présente les études psychologiques du bruit au Japon. Pour ce qui est des travaux de laboratoire, il y a beaucoup d'études psychophysiques portant sur la relation entre des indices physiques et des réponses subjectives au bruit. Dans de nombreux cas, on démontre l'intérêt des indices basés sur l'énergie. Il est clairement établi par les enquetês psychosociologiques qu'il existe une grande variété de niveaux d'acceptation de sources sonores particuliéres. En outre, la constellation des facteurs culturels et sociaux peut influencer les attitudes face au son de différences maniéres.

Psychological studies of noise in Japan are introduced. For laboratory situations, there are many psychophysical studies concerning the relationship between physical descriptors and subjective responses to noise. In many cases, the advantages of energy‐based descriptors such as LAeq (equivalent continuous A‐weighted sound pressure level in decibels) and LAE (sound exposure level with A‐weighting) are shown. For social surveys, it is fairly clear that there are a variety of degrees of acceptance of particular sound sources. At the same time, the general background of social and cultural factors can influence attitudes to sound in particular ways.
Community Psychology in Japan: A Historical Review
Authors: Ando Nobuo
Published: January 2008

Dans cette rétrospective historique, nous retraçons le développement de la communauté psychologique japonaise des années 1960 aux années 1980 en distinguant trois périodes: la période de démarrage (fin décennie 60), la période allant de la naissance aux premiers balbutiements (décennie 70) et la période du développement et de l'indépendance (décennie 80). De plus, nous précisons le statut actuel de la communauté psychologique japonaise et présentons une brève discussion sur les problémes à règler dans le futur.

In this historical review, we trace the development of Japan's community psychology from the 1960s to the 1980s by dividing it into three periods: the quickening period (late 1960s), a period from birth to toddling age (1970s) and a period of development and independence (1980s). In addition, we outline the present status of Japan's community psychology and present a brief discussion on some problems to be addressed in the future.
Counselling Psychology in Japan
Authors: Fukuhara Machiko
Published: January 2008

Les caractéristiques du conseil psychologique au Japon ont été passées en revue selon les points‐de‐vues suivants: (1) l'histoire du conseil psychologique. (2) le conseil psychologique aujourd'hui, (3) le conseil psychologique comparé au psychologue clinicien. (4) l'avenir du conseil psychologique, et (5) le conseil psychologique appliqué au, conseil d'etudiants. Au Japon, le conseil psychologique est encore jeune, si Ton en juge par sa familiarité chez les professionnels comme chez les non‐professionnels, probablement autant à cause des caractéristiques nationales des japonais que du système scolaire. Il semble important que le conseil psychologique sauvegarde son identitéà I'intérieur des disciplines de la psychologie appliquée et/ou de la psychologie de la santé.

The outlook for counselling psychology in Japan has been reviewed from the following viewpoints: (1) the history of counselling psychology, (2) counselling psychology today, (3) counselling psychology compared with clinical psychology, (4) the future of counselling psychology, and (5) counselling psychology applied to student counselling. It is found that counselling psychology in Japan is still young in terms of its familiarity to both professionals and non‐professionals, probably because of the national characteristics of the Japanese as well as the certification system. It seems to be important for counselling psychology to secure its identity within the discipline of applied psychology and/or health psychology.
Tacit Skills, the Japanese Management Model and New Technology
Authors: Wood Stephen
Published: January 2008

Après brièvement présenter la notion de capacité implicite et le débat qu'elle suscite, l'auteur la replace dans le modèle japonais de management. II remarque que l'un des traits distinctifs de ce modèle est un style particulier de participation, à savoir l'implication explicite des ouvriers dans le processus technique. Néanmoins, la différenciation et la signification précise de cette implication découlent des innovations plus globales dans le management de la production. Ces innovations ont modifié certains traits de la gestion traditionnelle de la production. Les stocks tampons, le contrôle de qualité centralisé et la domination de l'ingénieur ont été remis en cause dans le cadre des concepts japonais. L'auteur tire les conséquences des questions soulevées pour le débat portant sur la technologie et l'organisation du travail, y compris pour l'argument que les nouvelles technologies annoncent la fin du taylorisme et du fordisme.

After briefly introducing the concept of tacit skills and the debate surrounding it, the author relates it to the Japanese management model. He suggests that one of the distinctive features of the Japanese model is a specific type of participation, the explicit involvement of workers in industrial engineering. Nevertheless, the precise meaning and distinctiveness of this worker involvement derives from the wider innovations in production management, such as Kanban and Kaizen, as well as the other aspects of enterprise personnel policies which buttress it. Such innovations have reversed certain features of conventional production management. Buffer stocks, centralised quality control and the sovereignty of the industrial engineer have all been questioned within Japanese concepts. The author draws out the implication of some of the issues raised by this discussion for the debate about technology and work organisation, including the argument that the new technology heralds the end of Fordism and Taylorism.
The Relevance of Meditation to Clinical Practice: An Overview
Authors: Delmonte Michael M.
Published: January 2008

Cet article commence par analyser l'usage de la méditation comme technique thérapeutique dans le cadre des modèles systémiques, phénoménologiques, psychodynamiques et comportementaux. Puis, la méditation est examinée du point de vue de Kelly (1955): les “construits” personnels constituent une méta‐théorie qui est utilisée pour fonder et développer plusieurs des dimensions des modèles mentionnés ci‐dessus. Bien que la méditation ne soit pas en soi une technique de relaxation, une pratique constante peut se révéler physiologiquement relaxante. La méditation présente certains rapports avec l'association libre. Elle peut aussi accroître la suggestibilité hypnotique et la catharsis, atténuer l'anxiété, l'insomnie et la toxicomanie, et développer l'actualisation de soi. De plus, la pratique de la méditation favorise l'acquisition de caparités comme la concentration. Elle peut également se montrer utile pour affiner l'empathie chez les thérapeutes. Ce sont les sujets les moins pathologiques qui bénéficient le plus de cette pratique. La valeur clinique de la méditation est done limitée. Les objectifs à long terme de la méditation ne sont en général pas compatibles avec ceux du courant dominant en psycho‐thérapie qui prétend aller au‐delà des progrès théiapeutiques au sens clinique strict.

This article initially looks at the use of meditation as a therapeutic intervention within the framework of behavioural, psychodynamic, phenomeno‐logical, and systemic models of the meditation experience. Later, meditation is examined from Kelly's (1955) personal construct perspective, which, being a meta‐theory, is used to subsume and elaborate aspects of the models mentioned earlier. Although meditation is not a relaxation technique per se, practice can become physiologically relaxing with increased adeptness. Mindfulness meditation is somewhat akin to free association. Meditation can also enhance hypnotic suggestibility and abreactive catharsis, decrease anxiety, insomnia, and drug usage, and increase self‐actualisation. Furthermore, the practice of meditation is associated with the acquisition of some useful skills such as trained attention. Meditation can also be useful in developing empathy in therapists. Those who appear to benefit most from practice appear to be people who present with milder disorders. Thus the clinical value of meditation appears to be limited. The long‐term objectives of meditation are not in general congruent with those of mainstream psychotherapy as they go beyond therapeutic gain in the strict clinical sense.
The Development of Central Concepts during Professional Education: An Example of a Multivariate Model of the Concept of Architectural Style
Authors: Wilson Margaret A. , Canter David V.
Published: January 2008

A l'examen, le développement des concepts architecturaux pendant l'éiducation professionnelle, en utilisant la Multiple Sorting Procedure. Soixantequinze étudiants dans chacune des cinq années de leur formation à l'architecture furent priés de donner 26 exemples d'architecture contemporaine, choisis selon des concepts personnels. Les types de concepts choisis pour catégoriser les constructions montrent une progression, depuis les concepts concrets, physiques, utilisés par les étudiants des premières années d'école, jusqu'aux concepts plus complexes, abstraits, employés par les étudiants plus expérimentés. L'analyse multidimensionnelle, par scalogramme, des catégorisations pour les groupes de chacune des années, révèle que, tandis que les mêmes quatre styles majeurs sont reprdséntés dans chacun des groupes, le processus de formation architecturale apparaît développer chez les étudiants une complexité croissante du concept de style architectural. Au fur et à mesure que se déroulent les années, plus de catégories sont incluses dans la facette de polarisation, le style architectural, et après la deuxième année, la présence de la facette modulante de typicalité, donne un exemple du radex de style architectural.

The development of architectural concepts during professional education is examined using the Multiple Sorting Procedure. Seventy‐five students in each of five years of their architectural training were asked to sort 26 examples of contemporary architecture according to their own, elicited constructs. The type of constructs used to categorise the buildings shows a progression from concrete, physical concepts used by students in the early years of training to more complex, abstract concepts used by the more experienced students. Multidimensional Scalogram Analysis of each year group's categorisations of the buildings reveals that, although the same four major styles are represented for each year group, the process of architectural education appears to develop in the students an increasingly complex underlying structure to the concept of architectural style. As each consecutive year is sampled, more categories are included in the polarising facet, architectural style, and after the second year the presence of the modulating facet of typicality, provides a clear example of the radex of architectural style.
Measures of Career Development and Career Choice Behaviour
Authors: Seifert Karl H.
Published: January 2008

Dans la première partie de l'article, le statut actuel et les problèmes de mesure du développement professionnel sont passés en revue, en particulier la recherche et la difficulté de construction d'échelles valides, et une réflexion sur la structure dimensionnelle et la nature conceptuelle de la maturité vocationnelle. La seconde partie présente les résultats d'une étude, conduite auprès d'étudiants de high school autrichienne, des grades 11 et 12, dans le but de rechercher les liens entre les indices de maturité vocationnelle et les comportements du choix de la profession. Les résultats montrent que cinq des neuf mesures de maturité vocationnelle corrèlent comme prévu, fortement, avec toutes ou presque les variables‐critères, les meilleures étant le souci concernant le choix de carrière, l'appropriation, auto‐évaluée de la préférence (ou certitude) de réalisation, la dimension de la considération pour la carriere préférée, les aspects de la motivation du choix professionnel et l'esprit de décision concernant une carrière ou son dépassement.

In the first part of this paper, the current status and the problems of career development measurement are reviewed. In particular, the findings and problems of constructing reliable scales and the issues of the dimensional structure and the conceptual nature of career maturity are discussed. The second part presents the results of a study, conducted with Austrian high school students of grade 11 and 12, which was aimed at investigating the relationships of career maturity measures to vocational choice behaviour. The findings show that five out of nine career maturity measures correlate substantially, as expected, with almost all or at least some criterion variables. Career choice concerns, self‐assessed appropriateness of preference/certainty of realisation, length of time considering the preferred career option, aspects of vocational choice motivation, and decidedness for a career or major, all appeared as best predicted criteria.
The Link Between Self‐esteem and Work/Nonwork Perceptions and Attitudes
Authors: Brook Judith A.
Published: January 2008

On a montré que la perception de soi était une variable importante agissant sur les attitudes et le comportement au travail et sur les relations entre les perceptions des vies de travail et hors travail. Dans cette étude, l'estime de soi, composante évaluative de l'image de soi, a été opérationnalisée par la divergence concrète entre le moi et le moi idéal dans une grille de Kelly appréhendant les perceptions de l'emploi rémunéré et d'autres aspects de la vie par 81 salariés. Une série d'activités importantes sélectionnées par le répondant ont été cotées sur due dimensions conceptuelles (“constructs”) bipolaires préalablement extraites (“elicited”). Les résultats ont permis d'explorer les cognitions des sujets sur le travail et le non travail. On a évalué la satisfaction et l'implication dans le travail avec d'autres échelles. L'analyse des données a exploré la structure factorielle des échelles, les relations existant entre l'identité des sujets et la perception qu'ils en ont et enfin les attitudes envers les sphères travail/non travail. Dans cette recherche, l'identité est apparue reliée à l'emploi rémunéré (perçu comme source de défis, varié et permettant d'atteindre des objectifs) et à la satisfaction relative à la vie hors travail, mais ni à la satisfaction vis‐à‐vis du travail, ni avec l'implication professionnelle. L‘àge, le sexe et les différences de métiers n'apportaient rien.

The individual's perception of self has been shown to be an important moderating variable in work attitudes and behaviour and in the relationship between perceptions of work and nonwork. In the present study self‐esteem, the evaluative component of self concept was operationalised as actual self/ideal self discrepancy in a repertory grid approach to measurement of perceptions of paid employment and other aspects of life for 81 employed people. An individually selected set of important life activities were rated on ten previously elicited bipolar constructs and results used to explore subjects' cognitions about work and nonwork. Other scales assessed attitudes of satisfaction and work involvement. Data analysis investigated factorial structure of scales and relationships between self identity with subjects' perceptions of, and attitudes towards, both work and nonwork spheres of life. While self identity was related to paid employment that was perceived as challenging, varied, and goal achieving, and to feelings of satisfaction with the nonwork aspects of life, it was not associated with job satisfaction nor with work involvement, in this study. Age, gender and occupational differences were not significant.
Sex‐role Attitudes, Values and Instrumental‐expressive Traits of Women Trainees in Traditional vs Non‐traditional Programmes
Authors: Chatterjee Jharna , McCarrey Michael
Published: January 2008

Cette étude a porté sur les attitudes liées au sexe, les traits expression‐instrumentalité, les valeurs et l'espoir de pouvoir exprimer ses valeurs à travers les rôles de 1'existence chez 151 étudiantes se préparant à travailler dans des secteurs non traditionnels (moins de 25% de femmes). Le groupe témoin comprenait 135 élèves‐infirmières/aides soignantes et autres de secteurs traditionnels pour les femmes. Les résultats ont fourni une validation empirique importante de l'utilité de constructions hypothétiques telles que les valeurs, l'espoir d'exprimer ses valeurs à travers les rôles de 1'existence, et confirmé la pertinence des attitudes liées au sexe et des traits expression‐instrumentalité pour l'étude des choix professionnels de femmes orientées vers des formations à des métiers traditionnellement féminins ou non. Les conséquences théoriques et sociales de ces découvertes sont discutées à partir de la théorie de 1'image de soi de Super. Les attitudes liées au sexe et les traits expression‐instrumentalité peuvent être pensés comme réfléchissant un mécanisme filtrant l'expression des valeurs, mécanisme qui fait que certaines options sont des solutions plus ou moins appropriées pour donner à l'individu la possibilité de réaliser ses valeurs.

This study focuses on the sex‐role attitudes, instrumental‐expressive traits, values, and value‐attainment expectations through life‐roles, of 151 female trainees in “non‐traditional” occupational areas (less than 25% female workers). The comparison group consisted of 135 female trainees in Nursing/Nursing assistance—“traditional” occupational areas for women. The results provide important empirical validation for the utility of theoretical constructs such as values, and value‐attainment expectations through life‐roles, and supports the significance of sex‐role attitudes and instrumental‐expressive traits in the examination of vocational behaviour of women in non‐traditional as compared to traditional areas of job training. The theoretical and social implications of these findings are discussed in the light of Super's Self‐concept theory and the notion that sex‐role attitudes and instrumental/expressive traits can be thought of as reflecting a value‐expressive filtering mechanism that portrays certain options as appropriate, and others as less appropriate routes leading individuals to the fulfilment of their values.
The Effect of Leadership Match on Subordinate Satisfaction in Mexican Organisations: Some Moderating Influences of Self‐monitoring
Authors: Ayman Roya , Chemers Martin M.
Published: January 2008

Des cadres mexicains ont répondu aux épreuves de leadership de Fiedler & Chemers mesurant le modèle de contingence (l'échelle du collègue le moins apprécié et les échelles de contrôle des situations) et à l'écheile d'autonomie de Snyder (1974). Leurs subordonnés ont été soumis à trois sous‐échelles du Job Description Index de Smith, Kendall, et Hulin (1969): supervision, collegues et travail proprement dit. Les résultats ont fourni des éléments en faveur de la validité des échelles de leadership et confirmé la valeur prédictive du modèle de contingence pour ce qui est de la satisfaction liée aux relations avec les collègues. Mais les conclusions sont moins probantes pour la prédiction par le même modèle de la satisfaction due à la supervision. L'autonomie a atténué les effets du leadership sur la satisfaction au travail. Les scores des leaders qui étaient fortement autonomes ne correspondaient pas aux prédictions du modèle de contingence, ce qui était par contre le cas des leaders peu autonomes. Le rôle de l'autononiie dans la souplesse des leaders est analysé.

Mexican managers responded to Fiedler and Chemers' Leader Match (1984) versions of the contingency model measures (i.e. least preferred co‐worker scale and situational control scales) and to Snyder's (1974) self‐monitoring scale. Their subordinates responded to three subscales of the Job Description Index (Smith, Kendall, & Hulin, 1969): supervision, co‐workers, and the work itself. The results demonstrated support for the validity of the Leader Match scales and for the contingency model's prediction of satisfaction with co‐workers, and marginal support for the contingency model's prediction of satisfaction with supervision. Self‐monitoring moderated the effect of the “match” for work satisfaction. The performance of leaders who were high self‐monitors did not conform to contingency model predictions, whereas the performance of low self‐monitor leaders did. The role of self‐monitoring in creating leader flexibility is discussed.
Testing Schneider's ASA Theory
Authors: Jordan Mary , Herriot Peter , Chalmers Colin
Published: January 2008

Dans une population de 344 cadres de Grande‐Bretagne appartenant à 4 organisations, 5 fonctions et 3 niveaux de direction, il fut découvert que les cadres de diverses organisations diffèrent par la personnalité. Il en est de meme des cadres de différentes fonctions. Il n'y a pas d'effets interactifs avec le niveau. Ces résultats furent saisis pour appuyer certains traits du modèle d'attraction, de sélection et d'attrition de Schneider (1987).

In a sample of 344 UK managers from four organisations, carrying out five functions, and at three levels of management, it was found that managers from different organisations differed in personality. So, too, did managers carrying out different functions. There were no interactive effects with level. These results were taken to support certain features of Schneider's (1987) attraction, selection and attrition model.