bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tooth‐root form and function in platyrrhine seed‐eaters
Authors: Spencer M.A.
Published: November 2003

Research into the functional and adaptive basis of tooth crown form has provided a useful framework for the inference of diet in extinct primates. However, our understanding of variation in tooth‐root form is limited. Studies within the clinical literature emphasize the influence of tooth‐root surface area on stress resistance, but it is not known if root form has diversified during primate evolution in relation to dietary specialization. This hypothesis was tested by quantifying maxillary canine and postcanine tooth‐root surface areas in four platyrrhine species that differ in the material properties of their diet: Cebus apella, Cebus albifrons, Chiropotes satanas, and Pithecia pithecia. Pairwise comparisons between closely related taxa support predictions based on dietary differences. Taxa that regularly consume resistant seeds (Cebus apella and Chiropotes satanas) exhibit significantly larger relative surface area values for those teeth used in seed processing than closely related taxa that consume resistant foods less often (Cebus albifrons and Pithecia pithecia). Additionally, relative molar‐root surface area appears to be greater in Pithecia than in Chiropotes, as predicted from the more folivorous diet of Pithecia. Tooth‐root surface area was also found to vary along the tooth row and should therefore have a significant influence on antero‐posterior bite‐force gradients. The results of this study suggest a close relationship between tooth‐root form and patterns of occlusal loading. Further elucidation of this relationship could improve our inferences of diet in extinct taxa, and augment research into the mechanics and evolution of feeding. Am J Phys Anthropol, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Reawakening Malthus: Empirical support for the Smail scenario
Authors: McKee Jeffrey K.
Published: November 2003

Editor's Note:

In the November issue of the Journal, Kenneth Smail presented the third and final part of his series on Malthus and human population growth. Here, Jeffrey McKee offers additional thoughts on population and its impact on biodiversity and extinction history. Am J Phys Anthropol 122: 371–374, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Multiphase Equilibria in Ternary Fluid Mixtures under Elevated Pressure
Authors: Beier A. , Stephan K. , Hasse H.
Published: November 2003

Mixtures consisting of carbon dioxide + water + polar organic liquid play an important role in high‐pressure processes, like in supercritical fluid extraction. Mixtures of this type exhibit multiphase equilibria under elevated pressures. However, the effects of these phenomena on separation processes have hardly been investigated yet. This article reports on systematic studies of the phase behavior of the class of mixtures consisting of carbon dioxide, water and aliphatic alcohols (C1–C8). Furthermore, experiments with a high‐pressure extraction column are presented that show effects of a multiphase split on the extraction process.
Measurement of Residence Time Distribution in Hot Compressed Water – First Results Obtained in a Helical Tube
Authors: Kruse A. , Lietz C.
Published: November 2003

Over the past years, superheated, close‐to‐critical and supercritical water (hot compressed water) have met with an increasing interest as reaction medium. In this work, a method for determining the residence time distribution of reactors with hot compressed water has been developed. In experiments performed in a testing plant residence time distribution was measured directly downstream of the reactor at high pressure and high temperature and by using a view cell together with an UV‐active tracer substance.
Microbial Textile Finishing with Anaerobic Mixed Cultures: Integration of Wastewater Purification and Production Process
Authors: Feitkenhauer H.
Published: November 2003

Advanced anaerobic wastewater treatment units are so far very rarely used in the textile industry. The usual practice, the discharge of large, diluted wastewater quantities to municipal treatment plants, is often expensive and inefficient. One solution to this problem is the utilization of microbial‐biotechnological processes described and evaluated in this paper. The anaerobic degradability of a selected model sizing agent and a model impurity from the untreated fiber is investigated. The suggested procedure is an example of a new combination of production process and wastewater purification in one integrated process.
Palynological evidence for late Holocene environmental change on the Gimhae fluvial plain, Southern Korean peninsula: Reconstructing the rise and fall of Golden Crown Gaya State
Authors: Yi Sangheon , Saito Yoshiki
Published: November 2003

This paper presents the results of detailed studies of palynomorphs recovered from two cores collected near the Yeanri burial mound on the Gimhae fluvial plain. Two local pollen zones were recognized on the basis of variations in the palynofloral assemblage: a lower Pollen Zone I, dominated by a Pinus‐Quercus assemblage, and an upper Pollen Zone II, dominated by a Pinus‐Quercus‐Gramineae assemblage. The palynological and molluscan analyses indicate that the depositional environments changed from a lower intertidal flat of a shallow bay environment to an upper intertidal flat in a shallow bay (before 1280 ± 110 14C yr B.P.), and finally to a fluvial plain similar to that of today. This environmental change may have resulted from uplift along the Yangsan Fault. Afterward, the exposed area was modified by human activities, as indicated by a sudden increase in grassland herbaceous pollen grains. The loss of this bay likely had a dramatic effect on the Golden Crown Gaya State (3rd–7th centuries A.D.), which used it as a major port for regional trade, and may explain why it eventually merged with the Shilla State. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
“The probable industrial origin of archaeological daub at an Iron Age site in northeast Thailand” (Parr and Boyd, 2002): A comment on the inappropriate application of geophysical and geochemical techniques to an archaeological question
Authors: Cotter Maria , Cotter Stephen
Published: November 2003

Parr and Boyd (2002) used colorimetric analysis in combination with geophysical and geochemical techniques to estimate firing temperatures for archaeological daub from an Iron Age site in Thailand. They suggest that the daub was fired at high temperatures and, therefore, is indicative of kiln utilization and increased industrialization during that period in Thailand. They argue that the adoption of a multimethod analytical approach in which the combination of data derived from ICP‐MS, X‐ray diffraction, and magnetic susceptibility analyses of daub samples, coupled with microscopic and macroscopic examination of samples, enhances the accuracy of their interpretations. While they should be commended for attempting to substantiate their claims using many geophysical and geochemical techniques, their arguments are flawed by the misapplication of the techniques described and/or over‐interpretation of the data generated by such techniques. Therefore, Parr and Boyd's (2002:285) point about methodology (“that the combined interpretation of independent measures provides a better estimate of the original firing temperatures of the archaeological material than has hitherto been possible”) is made redundant by the lack of scientific rigor applied to the independent measures used for this study. © 2003 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Changes in the fluvial system of the Kondoa Irangi Hills, central Tanzania, since 1960
Authors: Eriksson Mats , Reuterswärd Karin , Christiansson Carl
Published: November 2003

Using evidence from aerial photographs, supported by field checks, changes in the fluvial systems of three catchments in the Kondoa Irangi Hills, Kondoa District, central Tanzania were mapped. This area is known for its severely eroded landscape and, today, also for the drastic measures introduced to deal with the soil erosion problem. In the early stages these included mechanical construction of contour bunds, but later emphasis was placed on tree planting and planting of elephant grass on sand fans and dry, sandy riverbeds. Restrictions were introduced on clearing land for cultivation and on felling of trees for construction material and fuel wood. The most dramatic conservation measure was the eviction, in 1979, of all livestock from 19 villages to halt the severe overgrazing.

Since the different conservation measures have now been in effect for more than 20 years, their impact can be assessed. The sand rivers, conspicuous features of the study area, have in many places decreased in width. Their total surface area in the three catchments decreased by about two‐thirds between 1960 and 1987. Previously unvegetated sand fans have been converted to crop production. Natural vegetation is now establishing itself on formerly barren areas. However, the badlands, which cover some 25% of the study area and which take a very long time to recover, still seem to be relatively unaffected by the conservation efforts, although they decreased in extent by about 10% between 1960 and 1987. In the present report, the biophysical landscape changes and their implications for the drainage system in parts of the Kondoa Irangi Hills are discussed. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Erosion and sedimentation on the Russian Plain, II: the history of erosion and sedimentation during the period of intensive agriculture
Authors: Sidorchuk A. Yu. , Golosov V. N.
Published: November 2003

The processes of sheet, rill and gully erosion on the slopes of the Russian Plain are controlled by the same factors as elsewhere: cover, erodibility, erosivity and landform. The combination of land‐use history and variations in these bio‐physical factors produced a history of erosion that is unique to this area. The most eroded soils occur in the Non‐Black Earth area, especially where there are soddy‐podzolic soils. Over the entire Russian Plain, 99 × 109 m3 of soil have been lost from the slopes since AD 1696. On the arable land, a layer <10 cm thick has been lost from 82% of the area, a layer 10–20 cm thick has been removed from 11% of the area, and on about 1% of the area >40 cm has been eroded. About 2 × 106 gullies more than 300 m in length have formed during the last 300 years, mobilizing about 4 × 109 m3 of sediment. About 97% of this vast amount of soil has been redeposited on the plain rather than transported to the oceans. The effect of the sediment on stream channels has been greatest in the headwaters, where large numbers of low‐order channels have been completely infilled. Up to 5·6 m of sediment has accumulated in some of these small valleys. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The relationship of mother–child interaction and the child's development of symbolic play
Authors: Noll Lisa M. , Harding Carol Gibb
Published: November 2003

The extent to which the mother–child interactive relationship either promotes or limits a child's ability to see options or choices in the environment was investigated. It was predicted that this quality of interaction provided primarily by the mother would relate to the child's cognitive development as reflected in his or her level of symbolic play. The level and frequency of symbolic and nonsymbolic play in 30 children, ages 12 to 47 months, were coded and mothers' options‐promoting and options‐limiting behaviors were identified. Children, across this range of ages, whose mothers created an options‐promoting social context were observed engaging in more symbolic play. Nonsymbolic play, however, was not found to be significantly influenced by the mother's interactive style. A child's symbolic play marks a dynamic developmental achievement for the child, and appears to be related to the social context created by the mother's interactive style. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Predicting adult responses to infant distress: Adult characteristics associated with perceptions, emotional reactions, and timing of intervention
Authors: Zeifman Debra M.
Published: November 2003

This study examined adult characteristics associated with different responses to infant distress. One hundred eighty‐eight parents viewed four 20‐second segments of videotape in which a 4‐week‐old infant was either (a) fussing mildly, (b) fussing vigorously, (c) crying, or (d) crying vigorously. Participants rated their emotional reactions and perception of cry characteristics following each segment. Participants then viewed a 4‐minute videotape depicting the same infant progressing from calm to vigorous crying, and indicated when they would intervene to pick up the infant. Relatively high levels of empathy and extraversion and low levels of conscientiousness were associated with more sensitive responses to infant distress. Infant‐rearing attitudes had a strong impact on response patterns as well, suggesting that education may be an effective means of increasing parental sensitivity. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Imbalances in the knowledge about infancy: The divide between rich and poor countries
Authors: Tomlinson Mark , Swartz Leslie
Published: November 2003

Over 90% of the world's infants are born in low‐income or “developing” countries, and these countries bear a disproportionate burden in terms of health and social problems. In this article we compare the contributions of richer and poorer countries to knowledge about infancy. We surveyed articles on infancy from 12 international journals dealing with psychological aspects of childhood and infancy and found that 94% of articles surveyed were written from Europe or North America. We suggest that the imbalance in knowledge about infancy is serious and that efforts must be made to increase collaborative research between poor and rich countries. ©2003 Michigan Association for Infant Mental Health.
Prevalence of antiphospholipid and antiplatelet antibodies in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected Chilean patients
Authors: Palomo Iván , Alarcón Marcelo , Sepulveda Cecilia , Pereira Jaime , Espinola Ricardo , Pierangeli Silvia
Published: November 2003

Antiphospholipid (aPL) and antiplatelet (aPlt) antibodies, found in patients with autoimmune diseases, are also detected in infectious diseases. The purpose of this study was to examine the prevalence of these antibodies in HIV patients and to evaluate an association of these antibodies with thrombocytopenia and/or thrombosis. Sixty‐three HIV‐seropositive patients and 52 normal controls were studied. Anti‐cardiolipin (aCL), anti‐β2 glycoprotein I (anti‐β2GPI), and antiprothrombin (aPT) antibodies were determined and the lupus anticoagulant (LA) test was performed. Antiplatelet antibodies (aPlt) were also determined. Seven out of 63 (12.7%) HIV patients were positive for aCL, four of 63 (6.3%) for anti‐β2GPI, and five of 63 (7.9%) for aPT. No patients studied were LA positive. Six out of 63 (9.5%) patients were positive for aPlt. One of them showed weak reactivity for GPIb‐IX. The platelet count of patients (202±63×103 platelets/μL) was significantly lower than in the controls (343±6×103 platelets/μL) (P<0.001). There was no correlation between the presence of aPL and/or aPlt and thrombocytopenia. Of the HIV‐infected patients, 22.2% presented aPL and 9.4% aPlt antibodies. In this study, the presence of aPL and aPlt antibodies was not associated with the development of thrombosis and/or thrombocytopenia. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:209–215, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Latex agglutination test for ferritin measurement
Authors: Kotajima Nobuo , Ishizaka Miki , Oshitani Setsuko , Fukumura Yukihito , Ushijima Yoshio , Murakami Masami
Published: November 2003

Ferritin is an indispensable parameter in the diagnosis of latent iron deficiency anemia or siderosis. In this study, we evaluated the utility of a reagent for ferritin measurement in a latex agglutination (LA) test, using general chemistry analyzers. The intraassay coefficient of variation (CV) was 0.8–3.4% and the interassay CV was 0.0–0.7%. Linearity was observed up to 1,100 ng/mL. The effective sensitivity value was 4.0 ng/mL. In addition, good results were obtained with the prozone test, the effects of interferences, correlation with the enzyme immunoassay (EIA) method, and functional assay sensitivity. A significant positive correlation with C‐reactive protein (r=0.586, P<0.001) was found. When compared with liver‐related biochemical parameters (asparate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) in patients with impaired liver function, ferritin varied in parallel with the liver‐related parameters. This assay system was able to measure ferritin accurately over a wide range, and thus could be used to diagnose cancer, siderosis, and iron deficiency anemia. The LA assay system can be employed for measurement with general chemistry analyzers, with rapid and convenient execution. In addition, the LA test allows the simultaneous measurement of other markers of iron deficiency anemia, so clinicians can rapidly obtain examination results. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:223–228, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Semen analysis in laboratory practice: An overview of routine tests
Authors: Andrade‐Rocha Fernando Tadeu
Published: November 2003

Semen analysis is a basic step in the investigation of several disturbances affecting the male genital tract. Analysis of seminal parameters provides important clinical information on the spermatogenesis and functional competence of spermatozoa, as well as on the secretory pattern of the accessory genital glands. Semen analysis is particularly useful in the evaluation of couples requiring fertility investigation (to detect genital infections and pathologies) and in verifying the influence of environmental factors, drugs, lifestyle, chemical products, and professional activities on several diseases affecting male reproductive health. Measure of semen quality is of substantial interest for diagnoses in clinical urology, andrology, and gynecology. Currently, basic requirements for semen analysis are standardized by World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines that describe several procedures for an objective evaluation of the semen quality with diagnostic purposes. These guidelines include: parameters for the physical and biochemical evaluation of semen; parameters for the analysis of sperm characteristics; and other seminal parameters that can be easily adopted in any laboratory. This report summarizes current concepts on semen analysis and the significance of the seminal parameters for reaching a diagnosis based on the procedures recommended by WHO guidelines. J. Clin. Lab. Anal. 17:247–258, 2003. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Stellenwert der ACE‐Hemmer in der kardiovaskulären Prävention: Neue Perspektiven bei atherosklerotischen Risikopatienten
Authors: Landgraf Wolfgang , Klein Hermann H.
Published: November 2003

In der HOPE‐Studie konnte erstmals gezeigt werden, dass der ACE‐Hemmer Ramipril schwere ischämische Ereignisse bei Patienten ohne linksventrikuläre Dysfunktion, Herzinsuffizienz oder Hypertonie verhindert und zu einer deutlichen Prognoseverbesserung führt. Viele Befunde sprechen dafür, dass durch ACE‐Hemmung eine vasoprotektive Wirkung erzielt wird, die unabhängig von blutdrucksenkenden Effekten eintritt. Ein wichtiger Angriffspunkt liegt dabei vermutlich in der lokalen ACE‐Hemmung des vaskulären RAS. Insbesondere das in atherosklerotischen Plaques aktivierte ACE der Schaumzellen kannt vermutlich durch höhere ACE‐Hemmerdosen blockiert werden, wodurch wichtige, durch Angiotensin‐II‐vermittelte atherogene und proinflammatorische Prozesse, die letztlich zu Plaque‐Ruptur und Thrombosebildung führen, unterdrückt werden. Auch der gleichzeitig verminderte Abbau des gefäßprotektiven Bradykinins dürfte eine wichtige antiatherogene Wirkkomponente darstellen. Es erscheint daher plausibel, dass Ramipril bzw. ACE‐Hemmer durch Hemmung dieser atherogenen Prozesse im atherosklerotischen Plaque zur Stabilisierung und Wachstumshemmung von Plaques wie auch zu einer verminderten Thromboseneigung beitragen und damit das Risiko für vaskuläre bzw. ischämische Ereignisse reduzieren.

Ramipril stellt den ersten Vertreter der ACE‐Hemmer dar, der weltweit für die kardiovaskuläre Präventionstherapie bei atherosklerotischen Risikopatienten mit koronarer Herzerkrankung, Diabetes mellitus, pAVK oder Schlaganfall in der Anamnese zugelassen ist. Nach Abschluss der derzeit noch laufenden Studien PEACE, EUROPA und IMAGINE wird sich zeigen, ob der mit Ramipril erreichbare therapeutische Nutzen bei Patienten mit hohem Risiko für atherothrombotische kardiovaskuläre Ereignisse auch mit anderen ACE‐Hemmer erzielt werden kann.
Mitarbeiter- und Kundenzufriedenheit in öffentlichen Organisationen
Authors: Korunka Christian , Scharitzer Dieter , Sonnek Angelika
Published: November 2003

Zusammenfassung. Es werden die Beziehungen zwischen Mitarbeiter- und Kundenzufriedenheit in öffentlichen Organisationen, die in einem Einführungsprozess von New Public Management (NPM) stehen, untersucht. Dazu wird ein Arbeitsmodell entwickelt, in dem angenommen wird, dass sich der Institutionalisierungsgrad von NPM positiv auf die Mitarbeiterzufriedenheit und die Servicefähigkeit der Mitarbeiter auswirkt. Die drei Dimensionen der Servicefähigkeit (perzipierte Struktur-, Prozess- und Ergebnisqualität) sollten mit drei analogen Dimensionen der Kundenzufriedenheit in einer positiven Beziehung stehen. Die Einführung von NPM wurde in drei öffentlichen Organisationen in einem Trend- bzw. Längsschnittdesign begleitet. Die Stichprobe besteht aus 1073 Mitarbeitern und 2631 Kunden. Für die Auswertungen wurde ein aggregierter Datensatz (n = 52 Mitarbeiter-/Kundenschnittstellen) gebildet. Das Arbeitsmodell konnte bestätigt werden. Durch die Einführung von NPM kommt es zu einer Zunahme der postulierten Beziehungen zwischen Servicefähigkeit und Kundenzufriedenheit. Ein hohes Ausmaß an NPM-Institutionalisierung, Mitarbeiterzufriedenheit und wahrgenommener Servicefähigkeit sind erforderlich für hohe Kundenzufriedenheit.
Biomass burning emission inventory with daily resolution: Application to aircraft observations of Asian outflow
Authors: Heald Colette L. , Jacob Daniel J. , Palmer Paul I. , Evans Mathew J. , Sachse Glen W. , Singh Hanwant B. , Blake Donald R.
Published: November 2003

We develop a daily‐resolved global emission inventory for biomass burning using AVHRR satellite observations of fire activity corrected for data gaps and scan angle biases. We implemented this inventory in a global three‐dimensional model (GEOS‐CHEM) to simulate aircraft CO observations during the TRACE‐P mission over the NW Pacific in February–April 2001. Seasonal biomass burning in SE Asia was a major contributor to the outflow of Asian pollution observed in TRACE‐P and shows large day‐to‐day fluctuations that vary depending on location. Three simulations were conducted with the same 3‐month total (February–April) emissions but different temporal distributions: 2001 daily resolved, 2001 monthly resolved, and climatological monthly resolved. The effect of daily resolved versus monthly resolved 2001 emissions in the simulation of CO is less than 8 ppbv in Asian outflow over the NW Pacific but can exceed 100 ppbv over source regions. The relatively small effect in Asian outflow reflects spatial and temporal averaging of emissions during ageing in the continental boundary layer. Significant improvement in the simulation of TRACE‐P observations (as diagnosed by the resolved variance) is found when using 2001 monthly versus climatological monthly emissions, but using 2001 daily emissions does not offer further improvement.
An inventory of gaseous and primary aerosol emissions in Asia in the year 2000
Authors: Streets D. G. , Bond T. C. , Carmichael G. R. , Fernandes S. D. , Fu Q. , He D. , Klimont Z. , Nelson S. M. , Tsai N. Y. , Wang M. Q. , Woo J.‐H. , Yarber K. F.
Published: November 2003

An inventory of air pollutant emissions in Asia in the year 2000 is developed to support atmospheric modeling and analysis of observations taken during the TRACE‐P experiment funded by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) and the ACE‐Asia experiment funded by the National Science Foundation (NSF) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Emissions are estimated for all major anthropogenic sources, including biomass burning, in 64 regions of Asia. We estimate total Asian emissions as follows: 34.3 Tg SO2, 26.8 Tg NOx, 9870 Tg CO2, 279 Tg CO, 107 Tg CH4, 52.2 Tg NMVOC, 2.54 Tg black carbon (BC), 10.4 Tg organic carbon (OC), and 27.5 Tg NH3. In addition, NMVOC are speciated into 19 subcategories according to functional groups and reactivity. Thus we are able to identify the major source regions and types for many of the significant gaseous and particle emissions that influence pollutant concentrations in the vicinity of the TRACE‐P and ACE‐Asia field measurements. Emissions in China dominate the signature of pollutant concentrations in this region, so special emphasis has been placed on the development of emission estimates for China. China's emissions are determined to be as follows: 20.4 Tg SO2, 11.4 Tg NOx, 3820 Tg CO2, 116 Tg CO, 38.4 Tg CH4, 17.4 Tg NMVOC, 1.05 Tg BC, 3.4 Tg OC, and 13.6 Tg NH3. Emissions are gridded at a variety of spatial resolutions from 1° × 1° to 30 s × 30 s, using the exact locations of large point sources and surrogate GIS distributions of urban and rural population, road networks, landcover, ship lanes, etc. The gridded emission estimates have been used as inputs to atmospheric simulation models and have proven to be generally robust in comparison with field observations, though there is reason to think that emissions of CO and possibly BC may be underestimated. Monthly emission estimates for China are developed for each species to aid TRACE‐P and ACE‐Asia data interpretation. During the observation period of March/April, emissions are roughly at their average values (one twelfth of annual). Uncertainties in the emission estimates, measured as 95% confidence intervals, range from a low of ±16% for SO2 to a high of ±450% for OC.
Impacts of aerosols and clouds on photolysis frequencies and photochemistry during TRACE‐P: 2. Three‐dimensional study using a regional chemical transport model
Authors: Tang Youhua , Carmichael Gregory R. , Uno Itsushi , Woo Jung‐Hun , Kurata Gakuji , Lefer Barry , Shetter Richard E. , Huang Hao , Anderson Bruce E. , Avery Melody A. , Clarke Antony D. , Blake Donald R.
Published: November 2003

A three‐dimensional regional chemical transport model, STEM 2K1, coupled with a detailed radiation model is used to study the influences of aerosols and clouds on photolysis rates and photochemical processes over East Asia‐Western Pacific during the TRACE‐P period. Measured J‐values are compared with those calculated using three‐dimensional modeled fields of clouds and aerosols. The model is shown to accurately represent observed J‐values over a broad range of conditions. Model studies with and without aerosols and clouds are performed and compared with clear‐sky conditions to isolate the various influences. Clouds are shown to have a large impact on photolysis rates during the observation periods of TRACE‐P, with J[NO2] decreased by 20% below clouds and enhanced by ∼30% from 1 km to 8 km. Clouds also exert a dominant influence on short‐lived radicals, like OH and HO2. For March, clouds reduce OH by 23% at altitudes below 1 km and increase OH by ∼25% above 1 km. Asian aerosols contain large amounts of carbonaceous material, inorganic components such as sulfates, and mineral oxides. These aerosols significantly influence J‐values and photochemical processes. When averaged over all TRACE‐P DC‐8 and P‐3 flights, the aerosol influence via affecting J‐values reduces OH by ∼40% below 1 km, and by ∼24% above 1 km. Aerosols have a stronger impact on longer‐lived chemical species than clouds do because aerosols tend to be coemitted with precursors and have a longer contact time with the polluted air masses. The accumulated aerosol impact generally is to reduce O3 concentrations by about 6 ppbv in the biomass burning plumes emitted from Southeast Asia. In megacity plumes, aerosols can increase NOx concentration by 40% via reducing its photolytic loss and reduce NOz concentration by a similar amount. A detailed case study of the DC‐8 and P‐3 flights on 27 March is used to make comparisons for cloud and aerosol influences. During these flights, the cloud impact on J‐values is stronger than the aerosol impact, but aerosols are shown to exert a much stronger accumulated influence on O3 production.
First observation of 2S1 and study of the splitting of the football mode 0S2 after the June 2001 Peru earthquake of magnitude 8.4
Authors: Rosat Severine , Hinderer Jacques , Rivera Luis
Published: November 2003

The recent Peru earthquake with a moment magnitude Mw = 8.4 on June 23, 2001 presents a good opportunity for the observation of the seismic gravest normal modes. For the longest periods, below 1 mHz Superconducting Gravimeters (SGs) have been shown to be less noisy than long‐period seismometers. A stack based on the spatial and temporal properties of the modes of degree one in a spherical harmonic development applied to 164 h of common records at the Cantley, Canberra, Strasbourg, Sutherland and Vienna SG stations has led to the first clear observation of the 2S1 long‐period seismic modes with a central frequency close to 0.4 mHz. Moreover the spectrum of the SG record at the Strasbourg station confirms the benefit SGs can provide to normal mode seismology with the clear observation of the splitting of the fundamental mode 0S2 into 5 fairly well resolved singlets with only one record.
Athena Microscopic Imager investigation
Authors: Herkenhoff K. E. , Squyres S. W. , Bell J. F. , Maki J. N. , Arneson H. M. , Bertelsen P. , Brown D. I. , Collins S. A. , Dingizian A. , Elliott S. T. , Goetz W. , Hagerott E. C. , Hayes A. G. , Johnson M. J. , Kirk R. L. , McLennan S. , Morris R. V. , Scherr L. M. , Schwochert M. A. , Shiraishi L. R. , Smith G. H. , Soderblom L. A. , Sohl‐Dickstein J. N. , Wadsworth M. V.
Published: November 2003

The Athena science payload on the Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) includes the Microscopic Imager (MI). The MI is a fixed‐focus camera mounted on the end of an extendable instrument arm, the Instrument Deployment Device (IDD). The MI was designed to acquire images at a spatial resolution of 30 microns/pixel over a broad spectral range (400–700 nm). The MI uses the same electronics design as the other MER cameras but has optics that yield a field of view of 31 × 31 mm across a 1024 × 1024 pixel CCD image. The MI acquires images using only solar or skylight illumination of the target surface. A contact sensor is used to place the MI slightly closer to the target surface than its best focus distance (about 66 mm), allowing concave surfaces to be imaged in good focus. Coarse focusing (∼2 mm precision) is achieved by moving the IDD away from a rock target after the contact sensor has been activated. The MI optics are protected from the Martian environment by a retractable dust cover. The dust cover includes a Kapton window that is tinted orange to restrict the spectral bandpass to 500–700 nm, allowing color information to be obtained by taking images with the dust cover open and closed. MI data will be used to place other MER instrument data in context and to aid in petrologic and geologic interpretations of rocks and soils on Mars.
In situ measurement of dust devil dynamics: Toward a strategy for Mars
Authors: Tratt David M. , Hecht Michael H. , Catling David C. , Samulon Eric C. , Smith Peter H.
Published: November 2003

An intensive 3‐day dust devil investigation was conducted near Eloy, Arizona, during June of 2001. The goal was to evaluate strategies for observing dust devils on Mars by studying the physics of terrestrial dust devils. As part of this campaign, an instrumented vehicle outfitted with wind, temperature, and pressure sensors was used to intercept and penetrate numerous dust devils. Defined analysis of meteorological fields was only possible with knowledge of the whole body motion of a dust devil. One such data set analyzed revealed a dust devil structure characterized by a tangential wind proportional to radius, r, inside the warm, low‐pressure core of a dust devil, and proportional to r−1/2 outside the core. We discuss the implications for optimum measurement strategies.
Predicting thermal displacements in modular tool systems
Authors: Wessel Niels , Konvicka Jan , Weidermann Frank , Nestmann Steffen , Neugebauer Raimund , Schwarz Udo , Wessel Anita , Kurths Jürgen
Published: November 2003

In the last decade, there has been an increasing interest in compensating thermally induced errors to improve the manufacturing accuracy of modular tool systems. These modular tool systems are interfaces between spindle and workpiece and consist of several complicatedly formed parts. Their thermal behavior is dominated by nonlinearities, delay and hysteresis effects even in tools with simpler geometry and it is difficult to describe it theoretically. Due to the dominant nonlinear nature of this behavior the so far used linear regression between the temperatures and the displacements is insufficient. Therefore, in this study we test the hypothesis whether we can reliably predict such thermal displacements via nonlinear temperature-displacement regression functions. These functions are estimated first from learning measurements using the alternating conditional expectation (ACE) algorithm and then tested on independent data sets. First, we analyze data that were generated by a finite element spindle model. We find that our approach is a powerful tool to describe the relation between temperatures and displacements for simulated data. Next, we analyze the temperature-displacement relationship in a silent real experimental setup, where the tool system is thermally forced. Again, the ACE algorithm is powerful to estimate the deformation with high precision. The corresponding errors obtained by using the nonlinear regression approach are 10-fold lower in comparison to multiple linear regression analysis. Finally, we investigate the thermal behavior of a modular tool system in a working milling machine and again get promising results. The thermally induced errors can be estimated with 1–2 μm accuracy using this nonlinear regression analysis. Therefore, this approach seems to be very useful for the development of new modular tool systems.
The systematic position of Pulchrinodus inflatus (Pterobryaceae, Bryopsida) based on molecular data. Studies in austral temperate rainforest bryophytes 21
Authors: Stech M. , Quandt D. , Lindlar A. , Frahm J.-P.
Published: November 2003

The systematic position of the rare moss Pulchrinodus inflatus (Hook. f. & Wils.) Allen, which is only known in sterile condition, has so far been dubious. The species has been transferred between very distant families of the Bryopsida, such as the haplolepideous Dicnemonaceae (Dicranales) or the diplolepideous Pterobryaceae (Leucodontales). To clarify the systematic relationships of Pulchrinodus at the molecular level, three DNA regions, the cpDNA trnL–F and psbT–H regions and the nrDNA ITS2, were sequenced. The psbT–H region is employed for the first time in the Bryopsida. In maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood trees, Pulchrinodus is clearly separated from the genera Dicnemon, Eucamptodon and Mesotus of Dicnemonaceae. Furthermore, a close relationship to genera of the Pterobryaceae (Hildebrandtiella, Pterobryon) is also not indicated. The molecular data, therefore, contradict a position of Pulchrinodus either in the haplolepideous mosses or in the Hypnales (today including the Leucodontales). Instead, the placement of Pulchrinodus in the molecular trees, near to species of the Rhizogoniaceae and Orthotrichaceae, together with its unique combination of gametophytic characters, indicates that Pulchrinodus occupies an isolated position in a grade diverging early within the diplolepideous mosses.
Development of the hypanthium and androecium in Acmena smithii and Syzygium australe (Acmena alliance, Myrtaceae)
Authors: Belsham Stephen R. , Orlovich David A.
Published: November 2003

Floral organogeny and development are described for two species of the Acmena alliance: Acmena smithii and Syzygium australe. The Acmena alliance is now regarded as distinct from the fleshy-fruited Myrtoideae s.s. A. smithii develops an hypanthium that resembles that seen in some dry-fruited Myrtaceae but stamen initiation resembles that seen in the fleshy-fruited Luma apiculata. By contrast S. australe has hypanthial development similar to the New Zealand fleshy-fruited Myrtaceae but stamen development resembles that of many dry-fruited Myrtaceae. Both species, therefore, show homoplasy of floral characters with both fleshy and dry-fruited Myrtaceae.
Territory fidelity, reproductive success and prey choice in the brown falcon, Falco berigora: a flexible bet-hedger?
Authors: McDonald Paul G. , Olsen Penny D. , Baker-Gabb D. J.
Published: November 2003

The brown falcon, Falco berigora, is one of Australia's most common and widespread raptors, inhabiting a broad array of habitats and most climatic zones across Australia. We monitored a large, marked population (44–49 pairs) over three annual breeding seasons in southern Victoria. Reproductive parameters such as clutch size and the duration of parental care were constant across years. However, there were marked differences in brood size and the proportion of pairs breeding. Both sexes of falcons were found to have high territory and mate fidelity, with only 10% of members of each sex changing territories during the study. Falcons were flexible in their choice of nest sites, using a variety of tree species and even isolated nest trees. Nest sites and territories were regularly distributed throughout the study area, with the density of the population the highest on record for this species. The diet of the population as a whole was very broad, but each pair predominantly specialised on either lagomorphs, small ground prey, small birds, large birds or reptiles. Individuals that changed territory within the study area also switched their diet according to the predominant land-use within the new territory and thus prey availability. We argue that, at the population level, broad dietary breadth, flexibility in choice of nest site, and a conservative, static breeding strategy allows the species to persist in a broad range of environments, possibly through 'bet-hedging'. At the individual level, changeable dietary specialisation, high territory fidelity, strong year-round territorial defence, confining breeding to years when individual conditions were favourable and adjusting brood sizes when required appear to be the main strategies enabling brown falcons to thrive under a variety of conditions.
Extensive evaluation of faecal preservation and DNA extraction methods in Australian native and introduced species
Authors: Piggott Maxine P. , Taylor Andrea C.
Published: November 2003

We evaluated and compared sixteen combinations of commonly used storage and extraction methods for faecal DNA from two Australian marsupial herbivores, two marsupial carnivores and an introduced carnivorous mammal. For all species the highest amplification and lowest genotyping error rates were achieved using dried faeces extracted via a surface wash followed by spin column purification. The highest error rates were seen in the two Dasyurus spp. and the lowest in Vulpes vulpes. The rates observed for each species were incorporated into computer simulations to identify the number of PCR replicates required to achieve accurate genotyping of DNA isolated via the optimised protocol. Three replicates per sample were sufficient for V. vulpes, Thylogale billardierii and Petrogale penicillata. However, further replicates may be required for marsupial carnivores, as their faeces yielded DNA that amplified substantially less often and less reliably, for all preservation and extraction methods tested, than did the other species. Although pilot studies remain vital for evaluating the feasibility of non-invasive sampling prior to undertaking any in-depth study the availability of a thoroughly tested storage and DNA extraction combination protocol known to be optimal for five different species should make that process much simpler.
Age stereotypes and self-views in later life: Evaluating rival assumptions
Authors: Rothermund Klaus , Brandtstädter Jochen
Published: November 2003

Concerning the relation between age stereotypes and self-views in older people, three general assumptions can be distinguished: (1) age stereotypes contaminate the self-views of older people (“contamination hypothesis”), (2) age stereotypes serve as a reference standard for self-enhancing comparisons (“comparison hypothesis”), (3) individually held age stereotypes are a projection of elderly persons’ self-views (“externalisation hypothesis”). These hypotheses were evaluated in a cross-sequential study assessing self-ratings and ratings of the “typical old person” over a longitudinal interval of 8 years in a sample of 690 participants (initial age range 54–77 years). Conforming to the contamination hypothesis (but contrary to the comparison hypothesis), stereotyped expectations about elderly people predicted later self-appraisals. Conforming with the externalisation hypothesis, self-views had an influence on individually held age stereotypes. Findings also highlight the importance of differential factors: A disposition to flexibly disengage from blocked goals shields self-views from self-deprecating influences of negative age stereotypes in old age.
The Time Course of Negative Repetition Effects in Post-cue Naming
Authors: Mayall Kate , Humphreys Glyn W.
Published: November 2003

It has previously been shown that when picture pairs are repeated across blocks in a post-cue naming task, former distractors are named faster than former targets: the “negative repetition effect” (Mayall, Humphreys, & Kotsanis, 2002). In the present study the time course of this effect was examined. Experiment 1 demonstrated that the effect became apparent after a lag of only two intervening trials, with former targets being named faster than former distractors after a lag of zero trials. Experiment 2 used a new baseline condition with repeated picture pairs for which no response was required on the first presentation. Comparisons with this baseline indicated that the negative repetition effect is the result of suppression of former targets as opposed to facilitation of former distractors. The results support the proposal of Mayall et al. that the negative repetition effect reflects a form of speech monitoring that is applied when there is competition in the process of mapping from semantics to name representations.
Distinct Mechanisms Account for the Linear non–Separability and Conjunction Effects in Visual Shape Encoding
Authors: Saumier Daniel , Arguin Martin
Published: November 2003

In a series of visual search experiments involving simple 2D shapes, Arguin and Saumier (2000) showed that targets that were made of conjunctions of distractor features or that were a linear combination of distractor features were searched at significantly slower rates than single-feature linearly separable targets. The present study assessed whether these conjunction and linear nonseparability effects can be attributed to distinct mechanisms. Specifically, we studied the impact of target–distractor similarity on the search rates for single-feature, conjunction, and linearly nonseparable targets. The results replicate the conjunction and linear nonseparability effects obtained by Arguin and Saumier. They also show that the conjunction and linear separability effects are differently modulated by variations in target–distractor similarity. This dissociation demonstrates that both effects are based on distinct mechanisms. The possible nature of these mechanisms is discussed.
The Disruption of STM: A Response to Our Commentators
Authors: Baddeley Alan , Larsen Janet D.
Published: November 2003

We welcome the discussion prompted by our data (Larsen & Baddeley, this issue 2003). In the case of Macken and Jones (this issue 2003), we note that much of it concerns inconsistency between their findings and those of ourselves and/or others, emphasizing the need for further replication. We welcome the emphasis that Neath, Farley, and Surprenant (this issue 2003) place on the importance of strategy. This is likely to be an issue of increasing importance in the field, although we have doubts about the correlational approach adopted by Neath et al. Finally, we welcome the demonstration by Page and Norris (this issue 2003) that their primacy model is able to give a computationally explicit account of the irrelevant speech effect within a broad phonological loop framework.
Patterns and correlates of substance use amongst juvenile detainees in New South Wales 1989–99
Authors: COPELAND JAN , HOWARD JOHN , KEOGH TIM , SEIDLER KATIE
Published: November 2003

In the decade 1989–99 there have been significant changes in the patterns of substance use in the Australian community. Juvenile offenders have been a sentinel population of these emerging trends. The social and personal costs associated with adolescent substance use, especially where it leads to increased criminal offending requires urgent attention. This study was a replication of the 1989 and 1994 surveys of young people in detention in New South Wales, Australia. The 300 voluntary participants from nine detention centres had a similar demographic profile to participants of the previous surveys. They were predominantly male (90%) with a mean age of 16.5 years and an over‐representation of Aboriginal and Torres Straits Islander peoples. The patterns of lifetime alcohol and tobacco use were stable over the decade, with particular increases in amphetamine, opioid and cocaine use since 1994. The more concerning pattern of at least weekly substance use revealed significant increases in cannabis, opioid and cocaine use since 1994, but a significant decrease in the frequent use of alcohol. This study also reports on high levels of negative health and psychosocial consequences of substance use, including overdose, among this group. High levels of self‐reported depression and suicidal behaviours, family and gender issues are also discussed. Encouragingly, there was a relatively high level of self‐recognized treatment need for substance use and mental health problems among the sample. This highlights further the growing need for the development and dissemination of novel interventions that harness this willingness and actively engage, motivate and maintain these young people in accessible, appropriate and effective interventions.
Harm reduction and alternative development in the Golden Triangle
Authors: LYTTLETON CHRIS , COHEN PAUL T.
Published: November 2003

The authors of this Digest are anthropologists from Macquarie University, Sydney Australia. At the invitation of the German aid agency GTZ, they have been monitoring opium use and the impact of drug rehabilitation in Muang Sing Laos over the past 3 years. Their role is to provide analyses of how development projects alter the social make‐up of their target communities and contribute to ways in which substance use/abuse is understood, practiced and controlled or reconfigured. In their consideration of development projects they take the perspective that harm reduction can and should include pre‐emptive concern with factors that promote damaging drug use in the first place and furthermore, that these factors are at times the products of the distinct drug reduction strategies themselves.