bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
STABILITAS FISIK EMULGEL MELOKSIKAM MENGGUNAKAN METODE FREEZE THAW
Authors: FALAHI ASA
Published: February 2022

Emulgel is a semi-solid preparation, in the form of an emulsion where the viscosity is increased by the addition of the gelling agent. Emulgel can be used for formulations of active substances that are difficult to dissolve in water. Meloxicam is a first-line treatment to treat rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis. The aim of the study was determine the stability of the physical properties of emulgel meloxicam with the Freeze thaw test. The research design used was quasi experimental. In this study there were 2 storage temperatures, the freeze temperature of 4-8oC and thaw temperature of 40-48oC. The treatment was carried out in 3 cycles for 6 days. Physical stability test of organoleptic (color, odor, and dosage form) showed no difference during storage. Physical stability test of homogenity also showed no difference during storage. Physical stability of the emulsion type showed that there was no phase separation in the emulsifying gel during storage. Significance of pH is 0,083 (p 0,05), viscosity is 0,083 (p0,05), and spreadabilityis 0,102 (p 0,05) can be interpreted that the physical stability of pH, viscosity and dispersion power has no significant difference. From all research data, it can be seen that the meloxicam emulgel preparation did notchanges in physical stability after passing 3 cycles.
La mescolanza linguistica come forma di comunicazione espressiva: il caso del canto popolare bergamasco.
Authors: Sonzogni Mattia
Published: February 2022

Il canto popolare bergamasco si presenta come un diasistema dove lingua e dialetto si trovano frammisti e impiegati in un unico strumento espressivo. Il presente articolo, partendo da una proposta teorica di Glauco Sanga, descrive la mescolanza linguistica dei testi popolari alla luce di considerazioni non solo linguistiche ma anche stilistiche. L’impiego dei due codici linguistici è infatti regolato da specifiche finalità espressive. Il contributo individua dei registri di mescolanza linguistica lungo la polarità lingua-dialetto, associando la struttura linguistica a quella testuale facendo emergere come l’interazione non sia arbitraria ma si muova perseguendo precise finalità estetiche.

Il canto popolare bergamasco si presenta come un diasistema dove lingua e dialetto si trovano frammisti e impiegati in un unico strumento espressivo. Il presente articolo, partendo da una proposta teorica di Glauco Sanga, descrive la mescolanza linguistica dei testi popolari alla luce di considerazioni non solo linguistiche ma anche stilistiche. L’impiego dei due codici linguistici è infatti regolato da specifiche finalità espressive. Il contributo individua dei registri di mescolanza linguistica lungo la polarità lingua-dialetto, associando la struttura linguistica a quella testuale facendo emergere come l’interazione non sia arbitraria ma si muova perseguendo precise finalità estetiche.
Estrés celular y SARS-CoV-2.
Authors: Delgado Mariangel , Rodríguez Mariajose , Moros Zoila , Aristimuño Olga Carolina , Franco Christopher , Vizzi Esmeralda , Liprandi Ferdinando , Hidalgo Mariana , Garzaro Domingo J , Rangel Héctor R , Loureiro Carmen L , Sulbaran Yoneira , Jaspe Rossana Celeste , Pujol Flor H , Zambrano R José Luis
Published: February 2022

Introducción: El agente etiológico responsable de COVID-19, SARSCoV-2, es un virus ARN perteneciente a la familia Coronaviridae. Durante la replicación, los componentes virales interactúan con la maquinaria celular induciendo alteraciones en la fisiología celular, lo que contribuye a la patogénesis del virus. Método: Revisión bibliográfica en NCBI/Pubmed sobre estrés celular y SARS-CoV-2 Hallazgos de interpretación: Como respuesta a la infección, en la célula hospedadora se activan vías de señalización, cuyo principal objetivo es recuperar la homeostasis y de no lograrlo, inducir a la activación de la muerte celular. Entre las vías de señalización mejor caracterizadas, destacan las rutas de estrés celular como el estrés oxidativo, la UPR (Respuesta a proteínas no plegadas), y la autofagia, las cuales son evolutivamente bien conservadas y además están interconectadas entre sí. Hay fuerte evidencia teórica y experimental de diversas interacciones de algunos componentes de estas rutas con distintas proteínas virales de los coronavirus, y ya se han adelantado algunos estudios con SARS-CoV-2. En esta revisión, resaltamos algunas de las rutas celulares-virus que se han caracterizado hasta el momento.

Reflexiones finales: Aún queda mucho por entender de estas rutas y su relación con las infecciones virales; esto pudiera constituir un importante blanco para la investigación y desarrollo de terapias antivirales.
Factores genéticos del hospedero involucrados en la susceptibilidad y gravedad de la COVID-19.
Authors: Vizzi Esmeralda , Ramírez Viviana , Rosales Rita E. , Zambrano José Luis , Fernández-Mestre Mercedes
Published: February 2022

Introducción: La infección por SARS-CoV-2 determina desde formas asintomáticas hasta manifestaciones muy graves de COVID-19 que pueden comprometer la vida. El impacto de la pandemia por COVID-19 plantea la necesidad de identificar los factores de riesgo que condicionan la variabilidad interindividual en la susceptibilidad a la infección por SARS-CoV-2, la fisiopatología y la progresión de la enfermedad. Varios autores sugieren que el componente genético juega un papel clave en la compleja interacción existente virus-hospedero, donde las diferencias poblacionales dirigen tal heterogeneidad. Métodos: Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de la literatura científica, publicada hasta los momentos, relacionada con los marcadores biológicos que participan en la evolución de la infección por SARS-CoV-2 y los polimorfismos de moléculas potencialmente involucradas en la compleja interacción virus-hospedero. Hallazgos de interpretación: Numerosas evidencias señalan que variantes alélicas de genes que codifican para moléculas que actúan en las etapas tempranas de interacción del virus con la célula o en eventos que determinan la respuesta inmunitaria del hospedero, podrían favorecer la infección por SARS-CoV-2 o la gravedad de la enfermedad. El grupo sanguíneo ABO pareciera jugar un papel en la inmunopatogénesis, mostrando los individuos de grupo O un menor riesgo a infectarse con SARS-CoV-2, aunque otros componentes del hospedero, genéticos, fisiológicos y metabólicos, como la expresión diferencial de receptores tipo toll, antígenos HLA, citocinas proinflamatorias, quimiocinas u otros efectores de la respuesta inmunitaria innata y dquirida, estarían también participando. Reflexiones finales: El éxito y progresión de la infección viral hacia el desarrollo de una manifestación clínica y su gravedad dependen, en gran medida, de la interacción entre factores virales y la respuesta del hospedero, que a su vez está condicionada por factores genéticos, epigenéticos y comorbilidades preexistentes. La contribución del componente genético plantea la potencial aplicación de estrategias preventivas dirigidas, la identificación de blancos terapéuticos y el desarrollo de nuevos fármacos.
Biochemical Variation in Seabuckthorn (Hippophae Rhamnoides L.) growing in Cold Deserts of Leh-Ladakh (Jammu & Kashmir)
Authors: Sankhyan Hari , Sharma Bharti , Bawa Rajan , Rana R.
Published: February 2022

Deserts of cold are related more to the physiographic causes because of their location and are characterized by natural stress conditions. Biochemical variation in Seabuckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoides L.) growing in cold desert of Leh, Ladakh and and Jammu & Kashmir was studied on six forms from three botanical regions considering differently in their soil condition. Plants were selected accordingly to their economically important features : length, width the forms of leaves, fruits and seeds, number of thorns, colour of leaves and fruits, length of stalk and productivity. The study concludes that Seabuckthorn populations growing in the considerably different soil-climatic condition of Leh, Ladakh is characterized by large differences of morphological and biochemical parameters. Common features for these forms are small fruits, high oil and carotenoid contents. Their gene pools should to be used largely for the introduction and selection in order to obtain valuable forms for the plantation in the cold deserts of Jammu & Kashmir and also in Himachal Pradesh.
Performance of Wheat and Paddy Intercropped under Casuarina Equisetifolia based Agri-Silvicultural System on Sodic Wasteland
Authors: Sirohi Chhavi , Rao O.P. , Rana B.S.
Published: February 2022

A field experiment was conducted during rabi and kharif season, 2009-10 at main Experiment Station (Forestry), Kumarganj, Faizabad, U.P. to evaluate the performance of Wheat and Paddy intercropped under Casuarina equisetifolia based Agri-silvicultural System. The system comprises three varieties of wheat (NW-1067, NW-1014, and HD-2643) and three varieties of Paddy (Sarjoo-52, Narendra Usar-2 and Narendra Usar-3). The experiment was laid in a factorial randomized block design with three replications. . Under this study plant height and straw yield were found better for Wheat variety HD-2643 (plant height 96.00 cm and straw yield 2.47 t ha-1) and Paddy variety Narendra Usar -2 (plant height 94.33 cm and straw yield 2.41 t ha-1), when the crop was grown 1 m away from tree base. However, maximum number of per ear/ panicle, test weight (1000-grain weight) and grain yield were recorded in case of Wheat variety NW-1067 (1.26 t ha-1) and Paddy variety Narendra Usar-2 (1.65 t ha-1), when the crop was grown in open area. Amongst different varieties, Wheat variety NW-1067 and Paddy variety Narendra Usar-2 were found better for cultivation under this study.
Physical and mechanical properties of few exotic trees grown in Konkan region of Maharashtra
Authors: Gattoo Aarif , Rane A. , Bhave S. , Gunaga Rajesh , Narkhede S.
Published: February 2022

The Physical and mechanical properties of air-dried wood of three locally important exotic tree species viz. Acacia auriculiformis, Hevea brasiliensis, and Acacia mangium, widely preferred for mass scale plantations in Konkan region of Maharashtra were determined. It was found that the mechanical properties were generally higher for Acacia auriculiformis as compared to other two species in study. In Acacia auriculiformis, attributes such as specific gravity, compressive stress at limit of proportionality perpendicular to grain and end hardness of A. auriculiformis were also greater than the values reported for Teak (Tectona grandis). However, the physical and mechanical properties of Hevea brasiliensis and Acacia mangium were inferior to Teak, except end hardness of Hevea brasiliensis was superior than Teak.
Conditions over the equatorial area during the period of monsoon experiment (Monex) 1973
Authors: DESAI B. N. , RANGACHARI N. , SUBRAMANIAN S. K. , SAMBAMOORTHY T. M.
Published: February 2022

The surface and upper air observations recorded by the two Russian ships, viz., Okean (EREI) and Voekov (UAAX) at different locations over the equator and by the observatories over Kenya during the monsoon experiment 1973, have been examined in detail to get an idea about the conditions over the equator during southwest monsoon. Comparative study of the observations over the equator, at Long. 60° and 50°E and of observations recorded at Garissa and Nairobi during the period 27 May to 4 June and 24 June to 2 July, has been made and presented in this paper. The observations of the ship Okean over the equator on its cruise from about Long 45.0°E to 70.0°E during the period from 16 to 22 June have also been critically examined.

The following salient features are revealed in this study:

            (a) The southerly component in the wind direction and its depth increase as one moves wast         of Long. 60°E southerly jet speed winds even being noticed near 40°E between about 850   and 700mb.

            (b) The high humidities are noticed in the western Indian Ocean west of 50°E upto about 500 mb, indicating considerable transport of moisture across the equator over this area.

            (c) An area of maximum dryness in levels above about 850 mb is noticed near Long. 60°E             compared to other longitudes to the east and west. The difluence at the we3tern end (near     60°E) of the equatorial trough may also, to some extent, be responsible for relatively greater           dryness at that longitude in levels above about.850 mb.

            (d) The inverions or isothermal conditions seen in some of the tephigrams would not          appear to be due to any mass subsidence over the equatorial area, but mainly due to the             presence of district airmasses, as is evident from the variations of specific humidity values         and the lapse rates.

            (e) There would not appear presence of a deep layer of westerlies at all the longitudes over  the equator.

            (f) The upper level easterlies would appear to begin at lower heights over the eastern          regions than over the western regions of the equator, the jet speeds occurring near about 150 mb.

(g) As at result of difference in circulation round 'highs' and 'lows' in the two hemispheres, it is difficult to trace systematic movements of pressure systems over the equator either from east to west or from west to east.

From the present study, it would appear that for a proper understanding of transport of air and moisture across the equator in the western Indian Ocean and the adjoining land areas, it is necessary to have rawin and radiosonde observations at intervals of about 1 degree between Long. 37° and 45°E. Such observations alone will enable us to understand the characteristics of southwest monsoon current over the Arabian Sea and predictions of its activity over the west coast of India in terms of rainfall.
Mean model of western depression
Authors: CHITLANGIA SQN. LDR. P.R.
Published: February 2022

The mean structure of wind, divergence, vorticity and vertical motion at different levels in the various sectors of a western depression over north India during winter season has been studied by pooling together the observations pertaining to six such disturbances in a moving coordinate system. The model thus obtained has been compared to similar model for extra-tropical depressions.
Wet bulb temperature distribution over India
Authors: REDDY S.JEEVANANDA
Published: February 2022

The distributions of wet bulb temperature over India for four representative months and for the year have been studied. A general discussion on human comfort has been made. Effective temperature diagrams drawn at three selected stations have been utilized for the evaluation of inferences.
Area-depth relations for frequency values of rainfall
Authors: TRIPATHI N.
Published: February 2022

Based on rainfall data of 11 dense networks of raingauges, area-depth curves for frequency values of rainfall for Indian regions have been drawn and are presented. These curves are for durations of 1, 3, 6 and 24 hours and for small basins upto 1000 sq. km. An equation giving the area-depth relation for any duration, has also been worked out.
A study to forecast the waves at Digha
Authors: KAVTRAJ S. K. DAS , SARKAR S. K.
Published: February 2022

In this article instrumental record of waves and wind speeds at Digha have been utilised to forecast wave characteristics, namely, the wave period and wave height. The spectrum of waves as devised by Neumann, has been used to establish an empirical relationship between the wind speed and the period of maximum wave height, also this has been used to derive a relationship between the wind speed and the optimum value of wave frequency. Co-cumulative power spectra have been drawn to study the distribution of energy, and the significant range of periods of the sea waves at different wind speeds. From the observed records, values of maximum wave heights at corresponding wind speeds have been determined. An empirical relationship between the maximum wave height in deep sea, and the speed of the generating wind is established. Significant wave heights at corresponding wind speeds were also calculated, and a formula relating significant wave height to the wind speed has been provided.
Planetary motion calculation method
Authors: CITRYNELL HAROLD
Published: February 2022

An accurate method for calculating the unperturbed motion and position of the earth, a planet, or a satellite, moving in an elliptical orbit, as a function of time, is presented. The method is easy to apply and is suitable for use in the modelling of various type of problem in meteorology and geophysics.
Vertical potential gradient profile under point discharge current and wind
Authors: PRASAD M. , VERMA T. S. , VARSHNEYA N. C.
Published: February 2022

An attempt is made to study the influence of winds and point discharge current on vertical electric potential gradient profile in thunderstorms in the atmosphere.  This is further extended to the case of precipitation where falling drops possess charge but do not interact with ions. The profiles under different wind speeds are plotted and compared.
A study of large floods in the Thambraparani river in Tamil Nadu
Authors: RAO VUDDAGIRI SUBBA , RAMASWAMY C.
Published: February 2022

The paper contains analysis of 16 synoptic situations during the period 1891-1960 (70 years) over and near the Gulf of Mannar m which prima facie, there could have been very heavy ram and consequent large floods in the Thambraparani river in the extreme south of the Indian Peninsula. It was however found that there were only 3 situations, in which 24 hours rainfall exceeding 200 millimeters at anyone station in the river catchment was recorded. In all these three cases, there were large floods in that river.

The basic synoptic causes for these 3 occasions of large floods have been investigated in detail. Hydrological data pertaining to these 3 flood-situations were specially obtained from the Government of Tamil Nadu in the proforma prescribed by UNESCO for compiling information about catastrophic floods. Discharge-hydrographs based on the available data were prepared and studied. Isohyetal analyses for a one-day and two-day rainstorm were also carried out. The hydrological characteristics of the floods so far as these could be determined from the available flood-data have been discussed. All the three oases of large floods could be termed as “Flash floods". The factors that led to the very heavy rainfall and flash floods have been discussed from the point of view of issue of heavy rainfall and flood warnings on a quasi-empirical basis.
Estimation of maximum wind speeds in tropical cyclones Occurring in Indian Seas
Authors: MISHRA D.K. , GUPTA G.R.
Published: February 2022

From dynamical considerations, the maximum wind speed in a tropical cyclone depends upon the pressure gradient, the range with respect to the storm centre, and the air density at the spot at which the maximum wind occurs inside the storm. It is nearly impossible to obtain direct measurements of these parameters in the cyclones because of their violent nature. A more practical approach is provided by the relation between the maximum winds and the central pressures in the storms. In the present paper the relationship between maximum wind speed and the minimum sea level pressure in cyclonic storms occurring in the Bay of Bengal and Arabian Sea has been studied with the help of the available observations from ships, recoanaissance aircraft and the coastal stations. On the basis of these data, best fit equation for the maximum wind speeds applicable for the Indian Seas has been expirically derived.
A radar study of the Gopalpur cyclone of 20 to 25 September 1972
Authors: ARUNACHALAM G. , MURALIKRISHNA R.
Published: February 2022

Some characteristic features of the Bay of Bengal cyclone of 20 to 25 September 1972, which crossed coast Just south of Gopalpur In south Orissa on the afternoon of22 September are presented in this paper.
Cumulonimbus tops around Bombay
Authors: MUKHERJEE A. K. , KUMAR S.
Published: February 2022

Cumulonimbus clouds around Bombay observed during 1972-74 with the help of 3 cm BEL radar equipped with RHI, were studied. The study revealed that high Cb tops crossing tropopause generally occur 300 km away north and south of Bombay during pre-mosoon and post-monsoon seasons, Generally the tops did not exceed 12 km in height around 100 km of Bombay. It was also confirmed that the tops crossing tropopause with a fair degree of accuracy can be forecast on the basis of morning ascent using the method suggested by Mukherjee and Choudhury.
On the crustal structure of the eastern Himalayas adjoining Tibetan Plateau and Chinese mountain
Authors: TANDON A.N. , DUBE R.K. , CHATTERJEE S.N.
Published: February 2022

The crustal structure of the eastern Himalayas, adjoining Tibetan Plateau and Chinese mountains has been investigated from body wave data of near earthquakes. A three  layered crustal model consisting of two granitic layers (granite I and II) and one basaltic layer has been interpreted. Wave velocities for Pg1, Pg2, P and Pn phases have been observed to be as 5.65, 6.03, 6.49 and 7.97 km/sec and for Sgl', Sg2' S, tunnel to than Sn phases to be as 3.42, 3.60,3.90 and 4.53 km/sec respectively. It has also been observed that the wave velocity increases with depth in the granite I layer. The average thickness of the crustal layers for granite I are found to be as 22.0 km, for granite II as 12.3 km and for basaltic layer as 16.1 km. The average depth of the, M-discontinuity in the region has been interpreted as 504 km. It has also been observed that the crust-mantle boundary dips at an angle of about 30' from south to north along Long. 103°E. A general thickening of the crust has also been observed in the eastern Himalayas from Kunming towards Lhasa.
Clear air turbulence over south Asia and neighbourhood
Authors: MUKHERJEE A. K. , DANIEL C. E. J. , THIRUVENGADATHAN A. , BALACHANDRAN K.
Published: February 2022

Over 9000 aircraft reports have been studied to estimate the frequency or occurrence or Clear Air Turbulence (CAT) along various routes diverging from Bombay and to assess the usefulness or the Richardson's number (Ri) in the identification or areas favorable for CAT occurrence. It is round that for smaller layers Ri 13 can be a useful indicator or CAT prone areas. It is also observed that among the different air routes emanating from 2 Bombay, the Bombay-Aden and Bombay-Bangkok routes show the highest frequency or CAT occurrence. The stability factor in Ri is of considerable importance at lower latitudes as the variation or potential temperature with height near the normal jet flight levels in this area is small enough to produce Ri less than 1 even with comparatively tern less wind shear. A monogram for easy and quick examination or the 300, 250 and 200 rob levels for prediction of areas susceptible to CAT has been suggested.
Influence of certain factors on rainfall frequency values
Authors: TRIPATHI N.
Published: February 2022

Based on 84-Year data of Calcutta, Delhi, Bombay and Madras, it has been found that to estimate to the maximum one-day point rainfall for long return periods, more reliance is to be placed on stations with the longest records. For error to be within 25 per cent in about 80 per cent of cases, in the estimation of return period values excluded from the series. Criteria to find the outline have been found suggested. Some evidence has been found to show that the return period values of rainfall of a station increase with in air pollution at that station.
A high-resolution electronic rainfall intensity recorder and totaliser
Authors: VENUGOPAL G. , RADHAKRISHNAN V.
Published: February 2022

An electronic distant-reading rainfall intensity recorder capable of measuring minute to minute values of the intensity of rain and recoding them on a strip-chart recorder has been designed and constructed at the Instruments Division of the Meteorological Office, Poona. The system measures the intensity of rainfall by converting rain water into drops of equal size and counts the number of drop by an optical-cum-electronic device. The number of counts during every minute interval that constitutes a measure of the intensity of rainfall are recorded on a conventional strip-chart recorder. To measure the total rainfall during any given interval of time, an additional mark is printed on, the chart for every I mm of rainfall. The system that has a resolution of 1/2 mm of rain/hour has been tested during several spells of rainfall at Poona and found to record quite accurately.
On simulating the varying fraction of the lower part of the adiabatic boundary layer
Authors: Sharan V.Kr.
Published: February 2022

Results of a theoretical study on the feasibility and techniques of simulating the varying fraction of the lower part of the natural boundary layer in a wind tunnel are presented. It is shown that from the mean velocity profile point of view the entire simulated boundary layer may correspond to the lowest fraction of the atmospheric boundary layer desired, within reason. However, the turbulence intensity characteristics may impose certain restriction natural boundary layer, while simulating the lower 30 to 100 m of the atmosphere. Alternatively, while simulating the lower 100 to 300 m of the atmosphere (natural boundary layer thickness 700m) the turbulence intensity characteristics may impose certain limits on the extent of the atmospheric boundary layer, the simulated boundary layer may correspond to. As long as the power spectra in the simulated boundary layer do not show any significant change with height and show good agreement with the von Karman model spectrum, the simulated boundary layer may be taken to correspond to lowest desired fraction of the atmospheric boundary layer within reason but adequate inertial frequency range should be generated in the simulated turbulent boundary layer. The atmospheric boundary layer height of at least two to three times the structure height should be simulated. Further, proper simulation of the turbulence characteristics should be of primary importance and correct simulation of the shear profile should be of secondary importance.
A comparative study of the summer monsoons over Africa and India
Authors: DESAI B.N. , RAO Y.P.
Published: February 2022

A comparative study has been made of the summer monsoons over Africa and India. Important points of similarities and differences between the monsoons over the two regions from the point of their incidence, circulations associated with them and nature of weather have been summarized at the end.
Local influence on the SE trades of the west Indian Ocean
Authors: RAGHAVAN K. , SIKKA D. R.
Published: February 2022

Attempt has been made to explain the local variations of the SE trades in the lower levels during the northern summer at Diego-Suarez in Malagasy, Garissa in Kenya and Socotra in the west Arabian Sea. At Diego-Suarez the trades experience local acceleration which is ascribed to the increased pressure gradient caused by the Malagasy barrier, Kenya is situated east of the African barrier where, to the north of the equator, a. pressure trough and to the south 11 pressure ridge are produced by the barrier, From the ridge to the trough an organised flow of air takes place up to north Somalia, This flow, across the equator over Kenya, can accelerate when the trough ridge system intensifies, In the area of Socotra the thermally controlled pressure gradient is considered mainly responsible fur the increased wind speed. Importance of the African barrier on the Indian monsoon is also discussed.
Summer solar radiation and temperature in relation To monsoon rainfall
Authors: RAMACHANDRA G. , KELKAR R.R.
Published: February 2022

An examination of observational records of global and diffuse solar radiation during summer from 1964 to 1972 at all stations has been made. The results indicate that year-to-year variations of the mean daily radiation received at the surface is small. Further, these variations are not linked to the variations of sub-divisional rainfall during the subsequent monsoon season. Similar results have been obtained from an analysis of sub-divisional mean summer temperatures and monsoon rainfall over the period 1936 to 1965.
Prediction of storm surges on the east coast of India
Authors: GHOSH S.K.
Published: February 2022

Nomograms to estimate peak storm surges generated by tropical cyclones impinging on, the east coast of India are prepared using Jelesnianski's. SPLASH (1972) model. The. pre-computed nomograms accommodate fixed values for pressure drop, radius of maximum wild, vector motion of storms and offshore bathymetry.

Two sets of nomograms are presented -one for the northeast coast of India where the slope of the continental shelf is extremely shallow -the other for the remaining east coast where the slope in general is extremely steep.

A nomogram to correct the magnitude of the peak surge for tidal effects is also prepared for the notheast coast of India where the semidiurnal tide range is large.

A method to estimate total sea level elevation along a coastal stretch by means of nomograms is given for the northeast coast of India.
Wind stress and fluxes of sensible and latent heat over the Arabian Sea during ISMEX-I973
Authors: PANT M. C.
Published: February 2022

During the Indo-Soviet Monsoon Experiment (ISMEX) in the year 1973, four Russian research vessels Vocikov, Okean, Shokaliasky and Priliv remained stationary at locations near 00.1 oN, 49 .6°E; 00 .1 oN. 60.0°E; 10.0°N. 60.0°E and 18 .O°N, 67.0°E respectively from 28 June to 2 July 1973. Hourly surface observations were taken on board the ships during this period. From these observations hourly values of shearing stress of wind at the surface and vertical fluxes of sensible and latent heat at the air-sea interface are computed by using the bulk aerodynamic formulae. A variable drag coefficient with wind speed is used as suggested by Deacon and Webb (1962). Hourly values of the Richardson number (Ri) for the four locations are also computed.

It is found that the surface layers at locations near 00 .1°N, 49.6oE; 10.0°N, 60.0°E and 18.0°N, 67.0°E show near neutral stability conditions. The wind stress values are comparatively smaller at the equatorial locations than those at the northern ones. A marked increase in the wind stress occurs in association with a surge in the monsoon current.

The sensible heat flux shows a well defined diurnal variation which is in close conformity with the diurnal variations of the air sea temperature difference. Maximum positive flux occurs around mid-night or dawn hours and minimum around mid-day or afternoon hours. An 'actual reversal of direction of the sensible heat flux is found to occur at noon hours particularly at the northern locations near 10.0°N, 60 .O°E and 18.0°N. 67.0°E during the period of study. The latent heat flux remains positive at all times of the day and shows a relative decrease or increase with a decreas3 or increase in the wind speed. While the sensible heat flux shows a marked increase during disturbed weather period, the latent heat flux shows a decrease during the same period.
Confidence limits of expected monthly rainfall for some selected stations in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: CRONG HU HING , TICK LIM JOO
Published: February 2022

Monthly total rainfall for 15 stations in Peninsular Malaysia were analysed. The original, rainfall data were normalised by Bartlett s square root transformation. Confidence limits of expected monthly rainfall were calculated from the transformed data and reconverted back to the original units. Possible applications of the confidence limits of expected monthly rainfall to agriculture are briefly discussed.
Simultaneous occurrence of tropical cyclones on either side of the equator in the Indian Ocean area
Authors: MUKRERJEE A. K. , PADMANABHAM K. P.
Published: February 2022

Malurkar (1950) postulated the formation of depressions or cyclones on both Sides of equator within a narrow ( <=40°) longitudinal belt, Pisharoty and Kulkarni (1956) conducted some case studies and Came to the conclusion that they do form as postulated by Malurkar and there is mutual interaction with one another so much so that when one system Intensifies the other weakens, Kuettner (1967) opined that the existence and, alignment of hills in Sumatra are responsible for simultaneous occurrences of storms and depressions on both sides of equator, To verify the above conclusions the present study was undertaken, It covers an  11 year period from 1964 to 1974. During the period as many as 14 storms/depressions formed on both sides of equator. Of course, there were some years when such systems did not develop, They form in transition months with a bias towards the post monsoon season, Kuettner's conclusions are generally supported. Pisharoty and Kulkarni's conclusions could not be supported, by the present study, Malurkar's conclusion that two tropical storms cannot both continue to move westwards and co-exist on either side of the equator when the longitudinal separation is small (<=10°) is also supported.
Baroclinity over India in winter and its relation to western disturbances and jet streams -Part I
Authors: SINGH M. S. , AGNIHOTRI C. L.
Published: February 2022

The existence of baroclimatic zones over India in winter has been investigated with the halp of histograms of temperatures at selected stations. It has been found that there are two baroclinic zones in winter-one roughly along 250 N over western and central India and the other along 33°N over northwest India. Both are comparable in Intensity and weaker than those observed over North .America or Western Pacific. The airmasses responsible for their formation and their relation with the western disturbances have been discussed.
A study of the monsoon depression intensifying into cyclonic storm over land
Authors: MISHRA D. K. , SINGH M. S.
Published: February 2022

The monsoon depression which formed over the head of the Bay of Bengal and neighbourhood on 8 September 1970 and crossed West Bengal coast near Contai on the evening of 9th, showed some unusual features. It progressively intensified into a cyclonic storm over the land although its development was rather slow. Further, it executed a loop around Kanpur. This system caused very heavy rainfall along its track, particularly over the southern parts of Uttar Pradesh. A study of this depression with the help of weather satellite cloud pictures has been presented in this paper.
Unprecedented floods of August 1975 in Orissa
Authors: MASKE S.J. , DAY J.S.
Published: February 2022

Unprecedented floods occurred in the rivers Baitarani and Brahmani in the third week of August 1975. Except river Mahanadi, all major Orissa rivers were in spate due to the passage of two depressions through Orissa in quick succession. The rainfall in the latter case was very much accentuated by the trough and micro low pressure cell associated with the main system.
Particulate pollution in Delhi due to Indraprastha power plant
Authors: PADMANABHAMURTY B. , GUPTA R. N.
Published: February 2022

Particulate deposition in Delhi due to Indraprastha Power Plant within a radius of 15 km from about it are computed employing the long period concentration equation recommended by American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ten years (1966-75) data of wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric pressure, surface temperature recorded at Safdarjung airport are used for plume rise and concentrations computations. An elaborate computer programme is developed to compute stability, wind and temperature at the stack level, and concentrations and depositions at every 1 km upto 15 km due to each stack.. The total contribution due to the power plant is obtained as a cumulative of the individual stacks. The same procedure is extended in all directions. Isolines delineating zones of low and high deposition are drawn on monthly and annual maps.

Zones of high deposition/concentration exceeding U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) secondary standard located at about 1 km from the power plant oscillates between east and southeast in the year except in monsoon months (June to September) when it lay at a distance of 1 km between west and westnorthwest covering areas like Daryaganj, Ferozshaw Kotla, Irwin Hospital. The total deposition in the winter period is high. The total annual deposition over the area of 15 km radius is 69.864 X 1010 micrograms. Considering the years as a whole the area bounded by the EP A threshold value lies in the southeast between 0 .7 arid 1 .7 km.

It is found that in the absence of any background pollution, particulate pollution in the zone under consideration can Le limited to EP A values by increasing the stack levels to 90 metres. With any increase of background pollution the stack height also is to be further raised.
On the dispersion of love waves in a continuously Stratified layered earth
Authors: CHATTERJEE S.N.
Published: February 2022

Love wave dispersion equation in a continuously heterogeneous layered-flat-earth has been stable studied. Different types of plausible variation of Plastic parameters in each of the layers have been considered and the corresponding displacements have been obtained. Thomson Harkell Matrix method has been employed to derive the dispersion equation of SH surface waves in such a layered earth.
Contribution of divergent wind component to the kinetic Energy budget over the Indian summer monsoon region
Authors: SINGH S. S. , MASTER A. H. , KULKARNI A. A.
Published: February 2022

Effect of divergent wind on the kinetic energy budget over the monsoon region, during the period 4-9 July 1973 has been investigated. The contribution of divergent wind to energy budget terms has been presented and discussed separately. The results clearly demonstrate that the neglect of divergent wind may lead to sizeable errors in the evaluation of different budget terms.
On the structure of monsoon low over the Bay of Bengal
Authors: BHATTACHARYA P. K. , CHAKRABORTY RANJIT K. , PAL S. N. , CHANDA B. N.
Published: February 2022

The structure of a monsoon low over the Bay of Bengal during 3-6 July 1979 and cover the land on 9 July 1979 has been investigated in respect of wind, temperature, vertical tilt, relative humidity, relative vorticity and vergence. The structure of the depression of the respective parameters was also analysed when the low concentrated into a depression on 7 and 8 July over the Bay. Certain similarities and dissimilarities between their structures have been noticed and the important features observed during the intensification of the system have been described.
Kinetic energy budget of an Arabian Sea Cyclone in June 1979
Authors: MANDAL G. S. , GUPTA S. C. , SARA S. K.
Published: February 2022

A diagnostic kinetic energy study of a cyclonic storm in the Arabian Sea of the southwest monsoon in June 1979 is presented in this paper. The surface and upper air dropsonde data especially taken during Monsoon Experiment in 1979 (MONEX-79) have been used for the computations. Some of the important results emerged from the study are following :

 

(i) The kinetic energy was maximum between 900 and 700 mb in all the period under study.

(ii) Internal as well us the external energy source was equally responsible for the generation of

kinetic energy of the system,

(iii) The horizontal boundary fluxes of energy is smaller but appreciable in magnitude when compared with the generation of kinetic energy from the potential energy due to cross isobaric flow in the lower level.

(iv) The values of different terms in kinetic energy equation are larger in case of the smaller volume when compared with the values of larger volume.
Surface winds in the cyclone field
Authors: SIVARAMAKRISHNAN T. R. , MUKHERJEE A. K.
Published: February 2022

The surface winds recorded by the ONGC rigs in Arabian Sea during the passage  of the time of a severe cyclonic storm in 1976 have been analysed and composite is prepared. The distribution of both the tangential and radial winds exhibits asymmetry with respect to the centre of the cyclone. Of the different formulae tried for the estimation of maximum wind speed from pressure values, Fletcher's formula is found to give a value close to the recorded maximum wind speed.
Ram resistance of a seasonal snowcover
Authors: UPADHYAY D. S.
Published: February 2022

In this paper modified formula has been derived for working out Ram resistance of snowcover considering coefficient of restitution. It has an operational value in avalanche forecasting.
Studies on droughts of Tamil Nadu with special reference to their spread and severity
Authors: MOHAN H. S. RAM
Published: February 2022

Droughts, generally understood as a period of dryness due to lack of rain is inter preted variously depending on the normal climatic conditions, available water resources, agricultural practices and economic activities of the region. Depending on the purpose of study and basic criteria chosen, all the concepts and definitions regarding droughts may be classified as precipitation droughts, atmospheric droughts, agricultural droughts and hydrologic droughts.

 

Most of the literature on droughts is based on the analysis of precipitation and temperature records -the statistical techniques are quantitative and often lack the physical basis while the non-statistical ones are empirical. On the other hand, Thornthwaite's water budget method is quantitative and based on a sound and rational physical approach. According to this, drought cannot be defined in terms of rainfall deficiency alone, without taking into account the water need of the region and the role of soil moisture.

 

In the present study, droughts during the period 1901-1975 over Tamil Nadu and vicinity have been analysed by the application of the water balance approach. Droughts, however, require extended periods of time to develop as they are usually the culmination of a set of weather sequences. Aridity, anomaly diagrams on a yearly basis have, therefore, been drawn which show annual fluctuation in aridity presumably caused by large-scale changes in general circulation of the atmosphere. With the annual patterns as a basis, drought spread diagrams on a monthly basis have been drawn to identify the 'cove' areas and periods.

 

After identifying the drought spells of various intensities and their spread, the cumulative effect of these water deficiencies in dry spells were assessed by employing the cumulative deviation technique. This method besides giving an objective assessment of drought severity, also indicates the beginning, duration and end of a drought spell- the components of a regular life cycle.
Probability analysis of rainfall and evolving Cropping system for Coimbatore
Authors: KULANDAIVELU R.
Published: February 2022

The daily precipitation data of Coimbatore centre for a period of 70 years were computed for weekly totals by fitting incomplete gamma distribution. model in an IBM computer. The assured weekly rainfall amounts with different probability levels and the probability of receiving a given amount of rainfall were worked out and presented. The data indicate the likely commencement of rains, period of drought, length of growing season and end of growing season. Based on the assured rainfall at 50 percent probability level suitable cropping system was suggested for Coimbatore.
Evaluation of agricultural drought using probability distribution of soil moisture index
Authors: VICTOR U. S. , SASTRY P. S. N.
Published: February 2022

Weekly soil moisture budget was worked out for kharif cropping season July through October for 33 years (1940-1972) for Delhi which has a semi-arid monsoonal climate. For this purpose the step function approach using climatological data suggested by Slatyer (1960) was followed. Soil moisture index (SMI), the ratio of available water to available water 'capacity in the soil root zone is directly related to the ratio of actual and potential evapotranspiration. frequency distribution of weekly SMI values were evaluated and compared with the Beta distribution. Kolmogorov-Smirnov test of goodness of fit indicated the Beta distribution to be a suitable statistical model for approximating the frequency distribut.ion of SMI for the monsoon season.

 

For the threshold values corresponding to agricultural drought as well as potential moisture conditions in the root zone in respect of kharif crops, viz., sorghum, pearlmi1let, corn, paddy and peanut crops grown in the Delhi region, the frequency of occurrence of agricultural drought during the monsoon season in the different phenological stages was determined. These results are discussed with reference to selection of a cropping pattern tailored to rainfall distribution of the region.
Assessment of atmospheric drought during monsoon cropping season
Authors: SASTRY P. S. N. , CHAKRAVARTY N. V. K.
Published: February 2022

During break periods in the southwest monsoon season in the semi-arid environment of India, crops under rainfed as well as irrigated conditions are prone to the effect of "atmospheric drought" as distinguished from 'soil' or "agricultural drought". This situation occurring at different stages of crop growth for a week or two is not reflected in the soil water balance, but is revealed in the crop growth rates and yields.

 

Evidence exists of energy gain through advection by evaporating surfaces of the order of 4 to 5 mm/day resulting in an increase in potential evapotranspiration rates by 2-3 mm/day. This situation can be traced on a macroscale to the westerlies during the 'break periods' and on a local scale to the post monsoon warming of surroundings with a reduces intensity. As yet, apart from the soil budgeting approach with the limitation mentioned above, there appears to be no method by which years with widely varying amounts of total seasonal rainfall but with different distribution patterns in the different growth stages resulting in atmospheric drought could be distinguished from one another or grouped together.

 

This paper while focussing the attention to this aspect illustrates an empirical technique based on sequential dry days for assessment of atmospheric drought.
The drought year of 1979 - A critical appraisal with reference to the semi-arid region of Delhi
Authors: SASTRI C. V. S.
Published: February 2022

The failure of southwest monsoon over the Indian sub-continent during 1979, has once' again resulted in widespread severe drought conditions in most parts of the country. Agricultural production especially, in the dryland tracts has decreased considerably, during the year of worst drought in this decade (1971-80). In the semi-arid region of Delhi, the variations in drought parameters that led to the acute drought situation in this year have been critically examined. During the Kharif and Rabi seasons, the run off water balance components have been studied on a weekly basis with a view to understand the impact both individually and collectively on general crop growth in the region. A comparison of the water balance parameters during 1979, with those of a normal, wettest and driest years in the decade as determined from water budgeting procedure and also from cumulative water deficit diagrams has been presented and discussed.
Wave disturbances over Indian Ocean area during drought and normal summer monsoons
Authors: RAO G. APPA , PISAL V. K.
Published: February 2022

Analysis has been carried out to study the tropospheric wave disturbances over the Indian Ocean area during two contrasting summer monsoon periods. The study reveals two significant waves with periodicity of 2 to 3 and 4 to 6 days in meridional wind component. These waves move westward with a wave length of about 20° and 32° respectively. The wave activity, in general, is stronger during the normal monsoon year than the drought year.