bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Le Commerce de l'Algérie de 1924 à 1938 : interprétation des termes de l'échange
Authors: Marseille Jacques
Published: December 2013

The crisis touched trade between France and Algeria only relatively lightly. The amount of trade did not decrease except in 1934 and 1935. In fixed francs, the word slowing-down is more appropriate than that of despression. As for the ternis of trade, these remained favourable to Algeria, for every kind of exporter (settlers, mining companies, natives). Two basic elements account for this paradox. First and foremost, Algeria was an integral part of the French market (flag-carrier monopoly, common customs tariff). The value of its exports was hence less vulnerable to the violent fluctuation in world market prices. Furthermore, the goods sold by the mother-country came mostly from pre-monopolistic industrial groups, still subject to the hasards of free trade. The sales of these products did not abate while their prices fell by more than 50 %. Everything happened as if the colonial form of imperialism was contributing to the dégradation of France's overall terms of trade.
Crise commerciale et crise du colonial en Afrique noire
Authors: d'Almeida-Topor Hélène
Published: December 2013

La crise commerciale qui toucha l'Afrique noire en 1929-1930 révéla la fragilité du système économique colonial. La baisse des cours mondiaux des matières premières toucha profondément les populations qui trouvaient dans l'exportations de quelques produits les ressources nécessaires au paiement de l'impôt et à l'achat d'objets de consommations. La diminution des revenus fut d'autant plus durement ressentie par les producteurs que les gouvernements coloniaux augmentèrent le poids de la fiscalité directe pour pallier le déficit des recettes douanières. Ainsi, les difficultés économiques des problèmes humains et contribuèrent au processus de désagrégation des sociétés rurales.
L'Administration coloniale et le profit commercial en Côte d'Ivoire pendant la crise de 1930
Authors: Braibant Patrick
Published: December 2013

En Côte d'Ivoire, comme partout ailleurs en Afrique « française », l'effrondrement des cours rendit particulièrement âpre le partage de la valeur des produits tropicaux entre compagnies de traite et producteurs africains. Les entreprises commerciales entendaient à, tout prix sauvegarder la rentabilité de leur activité et obtenir à cet effet une aide de l'administration coloniale. Or celle-ci poursuivait des objectifs n'allant pas directement dans le sens des intérêts immédiats du commerce. Elle mettait en place les premiers éléments d'une politique d'équipement mobilisant les ressources budgétaires de l'A.O.F., puissamment aidées par un emprunt d'État, dans l'espoir de transformer à terme les colonies en territoires aux activités spécialisées et rentables pour la métropole. C'est pourquoi les demandes d'assistance (visant à la réduction de diverses taxes intérieures grevant la des produits d'exportation) formulées par les milieux d'affaires se heurtèrent à la résistance d'une partie de l'administration de l'A.O.F., attachée au maintien des ressources nécessaires à la réalisation des projets d'investissement public. Par contre, d'autres secteurs de cette même administration prêtèrent une oreille beaucoup plus bienveillante aux revendications du commerce et réussirent, au moins en partie, à imposer leur point de vue. C'est ainsi qu'en Côte d'Ivoire, durant les trois premières années de la crise, de nombreux dégrèvements fiscaux permirent aux compagnies de limiter leurs pertes, parfois de maintenir leurs bénéfices et même dans quelques cas de les accroître. Dans le même temps, les producteurs africains supportèrent l'essentiel de l'effondrement des cours et l'exécution des travaux d'équipement se trouva considérablement freinée par l'accroissement des difficultés financières de la fédération.
Le Togo et la crise : contrastes régionaux et dépendance accrue
Authors: Batsch Christophe
Published: December 2013

To demonstrate the specific effects of the 1929 depression as seen in Togolese economy and society, the paper underlines two case studies. On the one hand, the ruination of food crop growers in the South by the rise in customs duties and the fall in the market-price of tropical produce. Until then the responsibility of Togolese traders, food crop production and exportation passed into the hands of European firms. On the other hand, the construction of a railway line and the transfer of the Kabre towards the lands thus opened to trading economy. At the moment when fiscal pressures on the Togolese were heavier than ever, this public investment, most profitable to private firms, considerably worsened the debts of the country. The crisis is therefore the time to witness the accentuation of dependence in several fields.
L'Impact social de la crise en milieu rural : le cas de Sri Lanka (Ceylan)
Authors: Meyer Éric
Published: December 2013

Le cas de Sri Lanka présente pour l'étude de la dépression des années 1930 dans les économies coloniales un intérêt comparatif et méthodologique certain. L'économie insulaire, marquée depuis un siècle par l'essor des plantations est très vulnérable. Précoce (1926), la chute des prix révèle par ses effets l'intégration de l'économie rurale, qui tient à la place des petites exploitations (hévéas et cocotiers), au déclin de l'agriculture vivrière, et surtout aux liens créés par le système de crédit indigène contrôlé par les banquiers Chettiar, et au rôle de l'État colonial comme employeur. Le concept de dualisme à la mode dans les années 1930 ne s'applique pas à ce cas. La dépression se traduit par une émigration massive des travailleurs indiens, une ample dépossession des petits planteurs endettés, et une dégradation du niveau de vie qui, combinée à de mauvaises conditions climatiques, explique la gravité de l'épidémie de malaria de 1934-35 (plus de 100.000 victimes). Face à l'épreuve, les solidarités traditionnelles ne suffisent plus, ce qu'atteste la recrudescence de la criminalité rurale. Parmi les leçons de méthode à tirer de cette étude on peut indiquer l'importance d'une appréhension de l'impact social au niveau monographique, par la pratique des archives locales, et l'intérêt de certaines séries statistiques souvent négligées pour l'histoire sociale.
Rapports coloniaux, rapports sociaux et impérialisme
Authors: Gallissot René
Published: December 2013

In its metropolitan centre, the crisis corresponds to the " imperial " French period ; the French Empire offers both a solution to the world crisis and the means of transition from national capitalism to an imperialistic inter-dependence.

In Africa, the seriousness of the crisis lies in a three-fold interference : the critical commercial situation which reveals the fragility of export-oriented economies ; the actual colonial crisis which lies in the contradiction between the " archaic " forms of exploitation (plantation and trading economy) and the quest for utmost profitability on the part of the larger firms, and for complementing metropolitan production ; the structural crisis which is created by growing poverty and unemployment, which makes itself felt in social changes, and paves the way for a political émergence. The crisis lays bare the fact that capitalistic dependence is crucial in the social sphere.
The Concept of l'homme sauvage and early French colonialism in the Americas
Authors: Dickason Olive Patricia
Published: December 2013

On attribue généralement en Europe l'origine du concept de « l'homme sauvage » à la découverte du Nouveau Monde et à celle des Amérindiens. L'étude de ce concept révèle toutefois que ses débuts sont à la fois plus complexes et beaucoup plus anciens que cet aperçu ne l'indique d'abord. Ainsi, les Scythes étaient considérés comme « sauvages » par l'Antiquité, et c'est en suivant cette tradition que les écrivains de la Renaissance ont comparé les Amérindiens avec les « Scythiens ». Il semble caractéristique de toute civilisation d'avoir classé les étrangers comme barbares. En Europe, la personnification des forces anti-sociales comme « homme sauvage » (wood- house ou wodewose en Angleterre, wildeman dans les régions allemandes et flamandes), se sont propagées au XIIIe siècle. Ce personnage se reconnaît facilement : barbu, couvert de poil, portant une massue ou un arbre déraciné pour indiquer la force brute, errant en solitaire au sein des forêts. Incapable de gouverner ses passions, quasi cannibale et dépourvu de toute raison, cette manifestation mythologique paraît être le produit d'une convergence des divinités sylvaines de l'Antiquité avec les premiers primates qui aient été aperçus en Afrique et en Orient. « L'homme sauvage », est devenu un personnage populaire des carnavals et des spectacles, participant même aux tournois ; il a pris sa retraite comme support héraldique, situation où on le trouve encore aujourd'hui. Plus tard, on l'a identifié avec les Amérindiens en dépit des efforts des administrateurs coloniaux et des missionnaires pour combattre cette idée. Quoiqu'ils réfutassent la notion selon laquelle les Amérindiens fussent poilus, ces administrateurs ont accepté qu'ils fussent des « sauvages ». Si cette considération fut vite reconnue fausse par certains intellectuels, comme Montaigne — et il ne fut nullement le premier — elle n'était pas reconnue pour autant dans le domaine politique. Cette attitude a profondément influencé les rapports de l'Europe avec le Nouveau Monde et, ce faisant, a frayé la voie au grand mouvement colonisateur qui fit suite à sa découverte. L'ironie fut que les Amérindiens, comme les Européens, ont aussi personnifié les forces anti-sociales par un « sauvage poilu », dont un exemple bien connu fut le Sasquatch de la côte du Nord-Ouest.
Gorée au XVIIIe siècle du sol
Authors: Knight-Baylac Marie-Hélène
Published: December 2013

L'île de Gorée, dont les Français s'étaient emparés en 1677, a accueilli au cours du XVIIIe siècle une population indigène de plus en plus nombreuse. Au temps des compagnies de commerce, l'installation de celle-ci s'est faite sans procédure juridique systématique. Au contraire après 1763, l'administration royale a manifesté le souci de sanctionner la propriété du sol par des actes légaux. Un très important mouvement d'homologation des terrains concédés eut ainsi lieu en 1776, exemple de ces relations de type déjà colonial qui existaient entre Français et Africains dans l'île à cette époque. Son étude nous permet de mieux connaître cette société goréenne dans laquelle les « signares » jouaient un rôle de premier plan par leur richesse et leur influence et contribuaient sans doute à l'implantation de l'autorité française à Gorée.
The Settlement of the Mpongwe clans in the Gabon estuary : an historical synthesis
Authors: Bucher Henry H. Jr.
Published: December 2013

Pendant la période qui va de 1740 à 1810, des clans mpongwé rivaux se faisaient face de part et d'autre de l'estuaire du Gabon (embouchure du Como et du Remboué). Des clans secondaires étaient groupés autour des Agulamba de la rive gauche et des Agekaza de la rive droite, les deux clans dominants. Vers 1810, et peut-être avant, les Agekaza acquirent la suprématie sur la rive droite en amont d'Owendo, tandis que les Asiga éclipsaient les Agulamba sur la rive gauche en se rapprochant de la bouche de l'estuaire, aspirés par le tourbillon du commerce occidental. A l'aide des traditions orales et des archives missionnaires et administratives principalement, on peut identifier et localiser environ 25 clans mpongwé, à telle ou telle époque ; mais on n'en peut suivre pendant un certain temps que 9 sur la rive gauche et 5 sur la rive droite. Les débuts des missions protestantes (américaines) et de la mission catholique (française) ainsi que la construction du Fort d'Aumale (tous ces évènements se placent entre juin 1842 et septembre 1844) ne firent qu'accélérer la décadence des clans situés les plus loin de la source du commerce à longue distance. A partir de 1845, la plupart des clans se groupèrent autour des Agekaza de Glass et de Quaben, où les missions, le fort et la plupart des maisons de commerce étaient installés. Après 1842, on passe d'une histoire clanique à une histoire interclanique, assaisonnée d'une certaine mesure d'assimilation à la présence occidentale qui se fait de plus en plus sensible. Au milieu du siècle la société mpongwé représente un élément de cohésion dans la vie sociale et politique de l'estuaire, sous l'hégémonie des Agekaza de Glass.
Les Pôles commerciaux du lac Kivu à la fin du XIXe siècle
Authors: Lugan Bernard
Published: December 2013

Les relations commerciales entre le Rwanda et l'extérieur étaient, à la fin de la période pré-coloniale, dépendantes de deux circuits, l'un orienté vers le Nord et l'autre vers l'Ouest. Sur l'axe septentrional, les échanges portaient sur le sel de Katwe régulièrement troqué pour le bétail originaire du Rwanda. Vers l'Ouest, les transactions, favorisées par la complémentarité économique des deux rives du lac Kivu, portaient tant sur les vivres que sur les productions artisanales. La circulation des biens était organisée à partir de pôles commerciaux périphériques qui permettaient une vie de relation entre des ensembles aussi distincts les uns des autres que l'étaient les régions bordières du lac Tanganyika celles du Kivu ou encore les hautes terres du Rwanda et du Burundi. Animé par des professionnels ou des semi-professionels, ce commerce sur l'idée de profit.
Aux origines de l'évangélisation de Madagascar : les débuts de l'apostolat de Jones (1818-1819)
Authors: Valette Jean
Published: December 2013

Le premier séjour du Rév. David Jones à Tamatave, en 1818-1819, marque les débuts de l'action à Madagascar de la London Missionary Society et de l'évangélisation de la Grande île. Ce séjour, jusqu'ici mal connu, est étudié d'après la correspondance même de Jones, ce qui permet d'en préciser la chronologie et les grands faits saillants : premières implantations en pays betsimisaraka, décès des compagnons de Jones (dont Bevan), relations avec les Malgaches et les traitants, premiers travaux sur la langue.
Le Commerce zanzibarite dans l'Afrique des Grands Lacs au XIXe siècle
Authors: Marissal Jacques
Published: December 2013

In the second quarter of the 19th century, Zanzibari traders, of Arab or Swahili stock, made their way into inner East Africa, in search of ivory and slaves, to be found in great supply in the Lakes Kingdoms of Buganda, Bunyoro and Bujiji. Relying on a line of trading posts along the trails leading from the Swahili coast to Tabora and further to lakes Tanganyika and Victoria, the Zanzibari traders in Buganda, Bunyoro and Ujiji, made great profits without major trouble till the late eighties. The coming of European missionaries to Buganda and to the North of Lake Tanganyika together with the partition of East Africa into British and German sphères put an end to the slave and, later, ivory trade. However such a long period of daily contacts between muslims and the inhabitants of the Kingdoms where they had settled had important results from the economie, cultural, religious and political point of view, as well as in everyday life. New crops were started new ways of dressing taken up. Kiswahili became a true lingua franca. Buganda was about to become an islamic state, headed by a muslim kabaka when European soldiers put a stop to this great political and religious stir in the interlacustrine districts.
Un Tournant de l'histoire de la : Maurice Leenhardt, 1878-1954
Authors: Leenhardt Raymond H.
Published: December 2013

At the beginning of this century, after 50 years of colonization, the native population of New-Caledonia seemed to be dying out. However, having fallen to 27 000, it began to increase again after 1918. The Kanakas have now taken their place in the modem life of their country. As the first protestant missionary in this island from 1902 to 1925, Maurice Leenhardt lived such a crucial period. The circumstances and the methods which enabled him to help to this recovery, is the subject of this paper. Maurice Leenhardt made his choice of trusting the natives, of standing behind them in their fight against injustice rather than protecting them, of giving most care to the training of the pastors to become men of character and initiative. " the conscience of their people ".
L'Amérique et les Américains dans l'Histoire des deux Indes de l'abbé Raynal
Authors: Mercier Roger
Published: December 2013

On laisse ici de côté le double problème de l'unité de rédaction et de l'unité de pensée dans l'Histoire des deux Indes, pour une analyse situant l'œuvre dans l'histoire des idées. La question anthropologique — origine du peuplement de l'Amérique, état de civilisation — montre Raynal hésitant entre le mythe du bon sauvage et celui du progrès. Si les déclamations de Diderot et de Rousseau contre la corruption sociale trouvent un écho, Raynal est davantage séduit par l'image prométhéenne de l'homme créateur, il voit dans l'activité industrieuse la marque essentielle qui distingue l'homme de l'animal, et il exprime sa foi dans l'avenir de l'homme. La description des colonies européennes en Amérique l'amène à envisager le problème de la colonisation de divers points de vue. Sur le plan économique, il souhaite, comme les physiocrates, la liberté du commerce, qui sera finalement profitable même aux nations métropolitaines. Sur le plan juridique, il dépasse l'horreur devant les cruautés pour contester le fondement même de la colonisation. Cependant la révolte des colonies anglaises lui parait moins l'affirmation d'une conscience nationale que la rébellion d'un peuple libre contre la tyrannie de ses maîtres.
Guadeloupe, savagery and émancipation : British comment of 1794-1796
Authors: Jenkins H. J. K.
Published: December 2013

This article deals with British reaction to the first years of Victor Hugues' regime on Guadeloupe during the Revolutionary Wars, as expressed in official correspondence and certain influential publications of those times. The article points out how Hugues' implementation of the abolition of slavery on Guadeloupe — and his use of slave rebellion as a major weapon elsewhere — caused consternation in British circles, by occasioning fears that the whole colonial structure of the West Indies would be undermined. Within such a context, Hugues' regime became something «savage» and «diabolical» in British eyes. Moreover, consideration is given to the immédiate economic threat posed by Hugues' governorship. In that regard, it is pointed out that Hugues' extraordinary commerce raiding campaign of 1796-98 (vide : H.J.K. Jenkins, «The Heyday of French Privateering from Guadeloupe, 1796-98», The Mariner's Mirror, 64, 1978, p. 245-250) came as something of a relief to the British, in that it marked a return to a more familiar (though still very damaging) style of warfare.
Espoirs et déboires de l'immigration européenne à Madagascar sous Gallieni : de colonisation militaire
Authors: Paillard Yvan-Georges , Boutonne Jean
Published: December 2013

What place was Madagascar to take from 1896 onwards in the French colonial empire, once pacified by General Gallieni ? The answer was left to Gallieni himself. Considering the country to be rather thinly populated, several schemes were thought out, including the settlement of small farmers in the milder Highlands. From 1898 onwards, as an experiment, Gallieni endeavoured to settle newly discharged soldiers, to become farmers and graziers there, with some subsidies. Among the soldiers who volunteered, 76 only were selected up to 1905 : the colonial budget could afford no more. No one succeeded brilliantly, several managed to keep body and soul together, quite a few naturalized. Now, from 1902 on, Gallieni gave up the idea of a European settlement in the Highlands : their rather poor soil was to be left to the native Betsileo and Merina. Besides, the soldier farmers could not grow or raise other products than the Malagasy, with whom it became more and more difficult to compete. Inspector general Picquié's on the spot mission (end of 1902-beginning of 1903) foretold the failure of the scheme : so the Colonial Office themselves would hear no more of it.
La Déportation et la Nouvelle-Calédonie
Authors: Brou Bernard
Published: December 2013

The author shows the particular aspects of the Deportation as seen from New Caledonia : first the surroundings as the 4 253 convicted revolutionaries arrived in New Caledonia after 1872. Then the conditions of their internment on the Isle of Pines where they were under « ordinary deportation rules », the conditions prevailing on Ducos Peninsula called « déportation in a fortified enclosure » (which was merely fictitious), and finally the life in the hard labour center of Isle Nou, where 323 men of the « Commune de Paris » were kept in confinement among 4 000 convicts. These men had one obsession : Paris ; being deported to this remote island, they suffered their fate in despair. However, after they were pardoned in 1879- 80, some became important people, a few of them authors.
Les Députés coloniaux et l'adoption du par la France en 1892
Authors: Hongla Hamos
Published: December 2013

In 1892, the debate on the protectionist law (Méline's Act) brought about a split between the Deputies for the French colonies. There was neither enthusiasm nor true adherence among those who voted in favour of the law, for the sake of realism in politics, as the attitude of Le Myre de Vilers (the Deputy for Cochinchina), one of the most important supporters of the colonial interest, was later to prove. On the other hand, those who took stand against the law made it a matter of principle, knowing as they did that their position was indefensible, the Chamber of Deputies wholly supporting the protectionist law. Half of the colonial Representatives (4 votes against 4) reluctantly bowed to the will of the Chamber : they knew what little weight colonial matters had on general French policy.
Le Phénomène bantou et les savants
Authors: Vansina Jan
Published: December 2013

Many scholars of different subjects have studied and are still carrying on research on the question of Bantu expansion. The historiography of this question is a good example of the problems that are raised by interdisciplinary research. The inquiries in linguistics and in archaeology have brought out the essential elements, but the results were compared without much questioning whether the comparison was relevant or not, for specialists of one discipline are often ill informed about the results and the practice of others, the basic data are not yet equally available, though in itself the interdisciplinary synthesis hides that gap. The fundamental questions deriving from the link of these various research fields have not been deeply studied. The study of modem periods, which could benefit from the contributions of other subjects besides linguistics and archaeology, has up to now been neglected.
L'Africain de l'Est d'après Burton
Authors: Marissal Jacques
Published: December 2013

Avec Speke, Burton a été le premier explorateur européen de l'Afrique de l'Est. En 1858 ils découvrent ensemble le lac Tanganyika dont ils explorent la partie nord. Il était intéressant de connaître ce que pensait Burton de l'Africain de l'Est. Il est décevant. Burton, en homme de son époque, n'éprouve qu'incompréhension et mépris pour la plus grande partie des peuples noirs avec qui il a été en contact. En revanche il exalte l'hospitalité, l'urbanité, la connaissance de l'Afrique de l'Est et de ses habitants chez les Zanzibarites, Arabes ou Swahili. Burton n'a pas discuté les renseignements que lui ont donnés ses amis arabes. Ces derniers prêchaient d'ailleurs un converti. En face des Africains qu'il a rencontrés, Burton s'est contenté de classer des espèces : races, tribus... D'autre part il n'a pas vu les horreurs de la traite zanzibarite et les méfaits de l'esclavage et il ne s'est pas intéressé aux malheurs de l'homme noir.
Une Ancienne technique agricole soudanaise ?
Authors: Daveau Suzanne
Published: December 2013

Un passage de la première Décade de l'Asie de Joao de Barros (1552) suggère l'emploi généralisé, à cette époque, dans les vallées du Sénégal et de la Gambie, d'une technique agricole qui rappelle celle de Venarenado, aujourd'hui largement utilisée aux Canaries. Lors des semailles, la terre argileuse, restée humide après le retrait de l'inondation, était recouverte d'une mince couche de sable. Le passage ayant été situé dans son contexte littéraire, la signification géographique et l'efficacité de la technique sont discutées, puis une comparaison est ébauchée avec certains procédés actuels, pour poser enfin le problème des contacts, transmissions et conditions socio-économiques qui peuvent l'expliquer.
Georges Goyau, historien des missions
Authors: Gadille Jacques
Published: December 2013

Entre les deux guerres, Georges Goyau entreprit de combler une lacune de l'historiographie française, en posant les fondements d'une histoire scientifique des missions catholiques. Il entendit la replacer dans le cadre de l'histoire générale, comme un instrument des progrès du droit des gens dans les relations comme une expression des énergies nationales, mais sagement tempérées par les exigences supra-temporelles de la politique romaine. Ainsi se définit une histoire essentiellement religieuse de la mission, assez réservée à l'égard des aspects politiques, coloniaux, voire mercantiles et, tout au contraire, orientée vers les motivations spirituelles de ses artisans, laïques et ecclésiastiques, religieux et surtout religieuses : depuis le XVIIe siècle, les missions ont été, à ses yeux, le théâtre privilégié où se sont épanouis les talents et les vertus de la femme chrétienne et française. Affectionnant le genre biographique, soucieux du récit concret et de l'anecdote significative, Goyau s'attache aussi, en historien, à dégager les antécédents les plus lointains de la pratique missionnaire, y compris sous l'Ancien Régime, à pénétrer le climat spirituel des époques qui ont été à la genèse des grands flux missionnaires catholiques. Il lance même l'idée d'une étude de ces élans dans leurs racines régionales, tandis qu'à l'autre bout, il n'ignore pas le vaste problème de la confrontation des cultures. Au-delà des préoccupations de son temps, Goyau a donc réussi dans son dessein de poser les vraies bases d'une méthodologie d'histoire missionnaire.
Targeted Cell Reprogramming Produces Analgesic Chromaffin-Like Cells from Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Qu T. , Shi G. , Ma K. , Yang H. N. , Duan W. M. , Pappas G. D.
Published: December 2013

Transplantation of allogeneic adrenal chromaffin cells demonstrated the promise of favorable outcomes for pain relief in patients. However, there is a very limited availability of suitable human adrenal gland tissues, genetically well-matched donors in particular, to serve as grafts. Xenogeneic materials, such as porcine and bovine adrenal chromaffin cells, present problems; for instance, immune rejection and possible pathogenic contamination are potential issues. To overcome these challenges, we have tested the novel approach of cell reprogramming to reprogram human bone marrow (BM)-derived mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) using cellular extracts of porcine chromaffin cells. We produced a new type of cell, chromaffin-like cells, generated from the reprogrammed hMSCs, which displayed a significant increase in expression of human preproenkephalin (hPPE), a precursor for enkephalin opioid peptides, compared to the inherent expression of hPPE in naive hMSCs. The resultant chromaffin-like cells not only expressed the key molecular markers of adrenal chromaffin cells, such as tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and methionine enkephalin (Met-enkephalin), but also secreted opioid peptide Met-enkephalin in culture. In addition, intrathecal injection of chromaffin-like cells in rats produced significant analgesic effects without using immunosuppressants. These results suggest that analgesic chromaffin-like cells can be produced from an individual's own tissue-derived stem cells by targeted cell reprogramming and also that these chromaffin-like cells may serve as potential autografts for chronic pain management.
Automated Peritoneal Dialysis Prescriptions for Enhancing Sodium and Fluid Removal: A Predictive Analysis of Optimized, Patient-Specific Dwell Times for the Day Period
Authors: Akonur Alp , Guest Steven , Sloand James A. , Leypoldt John K.
Published: December 2013

Background

Remaining edema-free is a challenge for many automated peritoneal dialysis (APD) patients, especially those with fast (“high”) transport characteristics. Although increased use of peritoneal dialysis (PD) solutions with high glucose concentrations may improve volume control, frequent use of such solutions is undesirable.

Methods

We used the 3-pore kinetic model to evaluate 4 alternative therapy prescriptions for the APD day exchange in anuric patients with high, high-average, and low-average transport characteristics. Four prescriptions were modeled: Therapy 1: Optimal, individualized dwell times with a dry period Therapy 2: Use of a midday exchange Therapy 3: Use of an icodextrin-containing dialysate during a 14-hour dwell Therapy 4: Use of optimal, individualized dwell times, followed by an icodextrin dwell to complete the daytime period The alternative therapies were compared with a reference standard therapy using glucose solution during a 14-hour dwell. The nighttime prescription was identical in all cases (10 L over 10 hours), and all glucose solutions contained 2.27% glucose. Net ultrafiltration (UF), sodium removal (NaR), total carbohydrate (CHO) absorption, and weekly urea Kt/V for a 24-hour period were computed and compared.

Results

The UF and NaR were substantially higher with therapy 1 than with standard therapy (1034 mL vs 621 mL and 96 mmol vs 51 mmol respectively), without significant changes in CHO absorption or urea Kt/V. However, therapy 1 resulted in reduced β2-microglobulin clearance (0.74 mL/min vs 0.89 mL/min with standard therapy). Compared with therapy 1, therapy 2 improved UF and NaR (1062 mL vs 1034 mL and 99 mmol vs 96 mmol); however, that improvement is likely not clinically significant. Therapy 2 also resulted in a higher Kt/V (2.07 vs 1.72), but at the expense of higher glucose absorption (difference: 42 g). The UF and NaR were highest with a long icodextrin-containing daytime dwell either preceded by a short optimized dwell (1426 mL and 155 mmol) or without such a dwell (1327 mL and 148 mmol).

Conclusions

The 3-pore model predictions revealed that patient-specific optimal dwell times and regimens with a longer day dwell might provide improved UF and NaR options in APD patients with a variety of peritoneal membrane transport characteristics. In patients without access to icodextrin, therapy 1 might enhance UF and NaR and provide a short-term option to increase fluid removal. Although that approach may offer clinicians a therapeutic option for the overhydrated patient who requires increased UF in the short term, APD prescriptions including icodextrin provide a means to augment sodium and fluid removal. Data from clinical trials are needed to confirm the predictions from this study.
De la tarte aux pommes de Mamie aux carambars : quand nostalgique ne rime pas nécessairement avec authentique
Authors: Ferrandi Jean-Marc
Published: December 2013

Les recherches en comportement du consommateur relatives à la nostalgie et à l’authenticité sont relativement récentes. Elles ont peu porté sur les liens entre l’alimentation et ces deux concepts. L’objet de cet article est d’apporter une contribution dans ce domaine en appréhendant le degré d’authenticité perçue (origine, nature, identité, singularité) du produit alimentaire dont les consommateurs sont nostalgiques. Ce degré est fonction du mode de fabrication (fait maison, artisanal ou industriel) et du contexte de consommation (moment, personnes) du produit. Ce produit alimentaire peut être pour le consommateur un moyen de créer une forme de continuité sociale et identitaire et ainsi d’asseoir l’authenticité de son concept de soi.
Improving Experiential Learning with Haptic Experimentation
Authors: Vaz de Carvalho Carlos
Published: December 2013

Experiential learning reflects the idea of knowledge construction as a behavior change resulting from the interaction between the user and the environment leading to experiences, feelings and sensations. The use of virtual simulators in education is a path to foster experiential learning because they provide interactive environments that students can explore and observe. The use of haptic devices with these simulators adds a new dimension, touch, increasing their immersive capacity and the studentsâ?? attraction and interest. Physics is an area particularly well-suited for the application of haptic simulators. The study of forces, for instance, is an area normally taught in a very abstract and theoretical way and students have extreme difficulty in relating those concepts with their practical application. The â??Forces of Physicsâ? haptic simulator described in this article allows experimenting various forces of physics such as the friction force, the aerodynamic force and the gravitational force.
An Educational Platform in Structural Mechanics
Authors: Silva Tiago A. N. , Loja Maria A. R.
Published: December 2013

Thermal residual stresses often arise due to a manufacturing process, involving localised thermal induction, or to the existence of structural components with different thermal expansion coefficients. The existence of thermal residual stresses within a structural member is usually undesired, as it decreases the mechanical resistance of structures. Hence, it is desirable to obtain both a minimum level of residual stresses and smoother stresses transitions in the materials interfaces. Regarding the mitigation of thermal residual stress concentration, the use of materials which properties can vary along the component directions has great interest. This work addresses the use of dual-phase functionally graded materials, which microstructure varies gradually from a material to another according to a given gradation function. On the order hand, it is also addressed the use of a population based optimization algorithm in order to attain the referred minimum stress level. Summarizing, the current work presents an educational platform directed to structural mechanics students, which aims to give the tools to understand both the influence of design parameters in the thermal residual stress level and distribution along the material and the advantages of using a structural optimization technique in order to minimize the drawback thermal residual stresses effects.
Didactic Press for Remote Experimentation Applied in Spring to Study Hooke's Law
Authors: Michels Lucas Boeira , Gruber Vilson , Schaeffer Lirio , Marcelino Roderval , Casagrande Luan Carlos , Guerra Sarah De Rezende
Published: December 2013

This paper describes o development an remote experiment which used an didactic press to study of Hooke's Law in way theoretical-practical. The tests demonstrated that the laboratory has the potential educational, returned as a list of values consistent with Hooke's Law. 40 tests were performed to validate the experiment
Online Systems for Training the Evaluation of Deviations of Geometrical Characteristics
Authors: Restivo Maria Teresa , Rodrigues José , Chouzal Maria Fátima , Menezes Paulo , Almacinha José
Published: December 2013

In mechanical design, product manufacturing and product maintenance, geometrical characteristics such as straightness, flatness, roundness and cylindricity are very important, first in detail design with the specification of their tolerances in order to translate functional requirements into geometrical requirements and later, in the verification of the manufactured workpieces (measurement procedure) for compliance with the design objective. Coordinate Measuring Machines are very expensive equipment widely used to perform automated measurement, to inspect and to analyse engineering components in order to check their conformity with the specifications. This work presents augmented reality systems for conveying these concepts and to provide an introduction to the straightness and flatness evaluations. These systems intend to enable the users to explore the related concepts for training or educational purposes in a more immersive way.
Labicom.net â?? Putting Online LabVIEW Based Remote Laboratory in Less than Four Minutes with WebPager Tool
Authors: Titov Igor , Titov Evgeny
Published: December 2013

Most of currently existing laboratory servers of remote labs were built fully or partially with LabVIEW programming language from National Instruments. While proving to be the best tool for fast development of excellent SCADA and data acquisition applications, it appeared to be inadequate when it comes to deploying an application to the web. This paper will analyze the tools that can be used for accomplishing this task in the remote laboratories. Various National Instruments and third parties technologies will be compared. It will be shown that LabVIEW application serving as laboratory server can easily be deployed on the standard pluginless web-page without any modifications in LabVIEW code with WebPager.
A Virtual Reality System for Training Operators
Authors: Patrão Bruno , Menezes Paulo
Published: December 2013

This paper presents an immersive system for virtual reality-based training of operators. Recent studies show that virtual reality simulations may be helpful in different fields, namely, industry and education. In this particular case we present a simulator for the training of tower cranes operators reducing their costs and risks. This immersive system integrates real-time 3D computer graphics with other modalities, such as, user pose tracking, stereoscopic head-mounted display, pendant remote controller, physics behaviour, and spatial sound, in order to create a more realistic and immersive experience to the user. The results demonstrate two different simulator setups, one fixed and one portable, where the fixed offer a larger traceable area and the portable can be moved wherever is needed. The simulator is robust, reliable and provides an experience very similar to reality. Furthermore, it is possible to extend the simulation to other types of cranes and different types of scenarios.
Recovery and Refinement of Business Process Models for Web Applications
Authors: Marchetto Alessandro , Di Francescomarino Chiara
Published: December 2013

Web Applications (WAs) have been often used to expose business processes to the users. WA modernization and evolution are complex and time-consuming activities that can be supported by software documentation (e.g., process models). When, as often happens, documentation is missing or is incomplete, documentation recovery and mining represent an important opportunity for reconstructing or completing it. Existing process-mining approaches, however, tend to recover models that are quite complex, rich, and intricate, thus difficult to understand and use for analysts and developers. Model refinement approaches have been presented in the literature to reduce the model complexity and intricateness while preserving the capability of representing the relevant information. In this chapter, the authors summarize approaches to mine first and refine later business process models from existing WAs. In particular, they present two process model refinement approaches: (1) re-modularization and (2) reduction. The authors introduce the techniques and show how to apply them to WAs.
Business Process Modeling with Services
Authors: Baghdadi Youcef , Kraiem Naoufel
Published: December 2013

Reverse engineering techniques have become very important within the maintenance process providing several benefits. They retrieve abstract representations that not only facilitate the comprehension of legacy systems but also refactor these representations. Business process archaeology has emerged as a set of techniques and tools to recover business processes from source code and to preserve the existing business functions and rules buried in legacy source code. This chapter presents a reverse engineering process and a tool to retrieve services from running databases. These services are further reused in composing business processes with respect to Service-Oriented Architecture, a new architectural style that promotes agility.
Transformation Mechanisms in the Business Model/Business Process Interface
Authors: Weiblen Tobias , Schief Markus , Bonakdar Amir
Published: December 2013

Many scholars view the emerging business model concept as the missing link between a company’s strategy and its operational implementation into business processes. They remain vague, however, in answering the question as to how strategy-induced changes to the business model can be transformed into business process adjustments. The other way round—a feedback mechanism that triggers business model adjustments in case of issues at the business process level—is not conceptualized either. The study hence is twofold. The authors explore both the top-down (business model to business process) and the bottom-up (business process to business model) perspective of this interface. The top-down part considers business model changes, such as induced by adopting a Software-as-a-Service strategy, which require an effective implementation in a firm’s organization. The explorative findings cover a detailed description of the transformation framework as well as an exemplary expert survey that can serve as a reference for software firm decision makers. The bottom-up part clarifies the influence of business processes on the business model based on a literature review, expert interviews, and inductive reasoning. The authors derive a classification framework that provides new insights into the maturity of current KPI-systems and their strategic importance with regards to business model changes.
Total-System Innovation Management
Authors: Yu Oliver
Published: December 2013

Innovation has been the driving force of economic growth and social progress. Today, innovation is viewed more than ever as one of the most important ways to resolve economic and social difficulties and sustain global development. Nevertheless, there is no widely adopted definition and unified framework for the innovation process and its management. This chapter develops a simple yet universal definition of innovation and uses a total-system approach to identify and examine the common key elements of many different types of innovation and to establish from which a unified framework for the development and management of an innovation process. This total-system approach is further applied to a particular key element, creative idea generation, to develop a number of practical techniques for its implementation.
Knowledge and Quality Innovation in the Health Sector
Authors: Torres-Vargas Arturo , Jasso-Villazul Javier
Published: December 2013

In the pursuit of innovation and quality, firms interact with other organizations, such as firms, universities, research centres, and governmental institutions, to exchange, gain, and develop various kinds of knowledge and other resources. This chapter explores the role of Public Research Organizations (PRO)1 in the innovation process of the health sector in Mexico. Patient indicators are used in order to give account of the role of PRO in that process. Some patterns are identified regarding PROs’ main research and inventive activities and the type of collaboration they have had with other agents. Findings substantiate that collaboration between PRO and other actors are too weak. However, they have built capabilities orientated to the development of artefacts (new or improved products), methods (for diagnosis, clinical testing, and attack of particular diseases) and vaccines-substances (for tackling existing or new diseases).
Motives for International Inter-Firm Cooperation on R&D and Innovation
Authors: Edwards-Schachter Mónica , Castro-Martínez Elena , Fernández-De-Lucio Ignacio
Published: December 2013

International inter-firm cooperation for technological purposes increased substantially in the last four decades with the emergence of patterns of globalization of R&D and innovation. Motives and firms’ decision-making process to cooperate internationally are considered crucial aspects for successful inter-firm technological collaboration. This chapter reviews and summarizes the principal theoretical perspectives and trends on this issue from 1980 to 2012. Rather than focusing only on the motives of two-firm partnerships, there is a shift in literature in the last decade towards the analysis of how embedded firms are in social networks and divergence of motives related to the influence of multiple stakeholders. Furthermore, research attention paid to motives for technological cooperation is decreasing due, in part, to the decline experimented in manufacturing and R&D areas over the 1990s, the rapid increase in cross-border strategic alliances in business services, and complexities associated with the emergence of mixed modes of innovation.
The Role of Knowledge Sharing on Organisational Innovation
Authors: Kasemsap Kijpokin
Published: December 2013

This chapter introduces the framework and causal model of organisational learning, knowledge management, knowledge-sharing behaviour, and organisational innovation. It argues that dimensions of organisational learning, knowledge management, and knowledge-sharing behaviour have mediated positive effect on organisational innovation. Knowledge-sharing behaviour positively mediates the relationships between organisational learning and organisational innovation and between knowledge management and organisational innovation. Organisational learning is positively related to knowledge management. Understanding the theoretical learning is positively beneficial for organisations aiming to increase organisational innovation and achieve business goals.
The Innovation Infrastructure of Kazakhstan
Authors: Smirnova Yelena V.
Published: December 2013

Innovation infrastructure is one of the key elements of a national innovation system, but the very creation of the innovation infrastructure does not guarantee a “boom” in innovations. Although the innovation infrastructure has been legislatively and physically shaped in Kazakhstan, most recent figures show that the innovation performance in the economy falls short of the expectations. Based on a legislative framework, this chapter introduces the concept of innovation infrastructure in Kazakhstan and elaborates on its elements and the way they interact with each other. In addition, supported by the previous studies, it attempts to measure the effectiveness of existing innovation infrastructure. The results of the study reveal that the innovation infrastructure of Kazakhstan is not effective. The ineffectiveness is primarily caused by an inadequate innovation policy which results in scanty linkages between the elements of infrastructure, in particular, between education institutions and industry. Kazakhstan’s experience might prove useful to other countries which are in the process of building innovation infrastructures.
Global Trends on Clean Technologies and New Challenges to the Brazilian Sugarcane System of Innovation
Authors: Bastos Valéria Delgado , Maia Guilherme Baptista da Silva , De Conti Bruno Martarello
Published: December 2013

Over the last 40 years, Brazil has developed a strong ethanol fuel industry. Brazilian ethanol industry has pioneered clean technologies and has currently the most economical technology. The country’s ethanol competitive advantages accrue from natural advantages, as well as technological advances resulting from a Sectoral Innovation System (SIS). However, the country’s leadership in sugarcane ethanol comprises a roughly mature technology, which has been seriously threatened by huge global investments in next generation technologies. These emerging global trends have imposed unprecedented challenges to the Brazilian ethanol industry and have attracted to the country many foreign companies from a wide range of sectors. These trends and changes have been shaping a new SIS and represent challenges and threats to the Brazilian technological leadership. The main purpose of this chapter is to analyze these recent trends on ethanol industry and innovation and to highlight their possible effects on Brazilian sugarcane ethanol innovation system.