bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pastoral Influence in the English Drama
Authors: Smith Homer
Published: November 2006

At first thought the word “pastoral” scarcely seems to require definition, yet, as a matter of fact, the word has been used in several different senses. Usually it has been employed to designate a distinct species of literature, but the more careful critics refer to it as a mode of literary expression. The latter view is undoubtedly more accurate, for the pastoral treatment may be applied to almost any form of literature,—lyric, drama or romance. Still it is convenient to speak of the pastoral as a species of literature, and this use of the term is not misleading if we understand it to refer to the literature which is written in the pastoral mode, and which is altogether free from, or only slightly affected by, other influences. The real difficulty is to state definitely the essential nature of the pastoral, its characteristics, and the motives which prompted men to produce it. Here again the critics disagree. Some seem to regard pastoral literature as a sincere expression of man's delight in rural simplicity and content; others as an artificial and insincere portrayal of imaginary rural life. Perhaps it is impossible to arrive at a satisfactory definition of the pastoral; certainly a narrow view of the subject based on modern prejudice is utterly inadequate.
Shakespeare's Part in the “Taming of the Shrew”
Authors: Tolman Albert H.
Published: November 2006

Some of the plays published in the Shakespeare Folio of 1623 show in their different parts very great inequalities in style and in dramatic effectiveness. In some places these differences become so marked that the question is forced upon the attentive reader,—Can this play be wholly the work of Shakespeare ?
A Bibliography of Danish and Swedish Dictionaries, together with a Brief Account of Danish Lexicography
Authors: Dodge Daniel Kilham
Published: November 2006

As a science develops, the necessity for some methodical record of its literature becomes more and more felt. The annual book-lists published by scientific journals and societies as well as the more extensive bibliographies in all departments of learning, give ample proof of this fact. In the Scandinavian group of languages, Theodore Möbius has performed an admirable task in cataloguing the works relating to the Icelandic language and literature, while Chr. Bruun, the Librarian of the Royal Library, at Copenhagen, is at present engaged on a far more extensive treatment of the Danish side. The latter work, however, by reason of its very completeness, including as it will the whole range of Danish investigation, will not supply exactly the need met by Möbius’ less pretentious but more accessible list. The subjects of the language and literature, too, have not yet been reached and several years will elapse before the completion of the book. The object of the present paper is to give such information respecting the development and the present state of Danish lexicography as may be of practical use, especially to the foreign student of the Danish language. Keeping the practical always in view, I shall give only a very slight description of the earlier dictionaries, confining myself chiefly to such works as are of general use. Before beginning the account, a few words of explanation respecting the bibliographical lists may not be considered inappropriate. In the classification I have striven after consistency, but in some few cases this was found to be impossible, as with the first class of Danish dictionaries, to which Wandal's ‘Catalogus’ does not properly belong. Technical dictionaries, of which there are comparatively few in either Danish or Swedish, are, for sake of convenience, classified with the Fremmedordböger (Dictionaries of foreign words.) This classification is the more defensible in that the same work occasionally combines the characteristics of both. Of international dictionaries I have given only those in the principal languages, French, German and English, and the two former have been grouped together. In every doubtful case the preference has been given to Danish, so that Danish-Swedish and Swedish-Danish dictionaries will be found in the Danish list, as also Danish-Swedish-German, etc
VII.—Notes on Macbeth
Authors: Tolman Albert H.
Published: November 2006

Strangely enough the word “weird “has come into modern English entirely from its use in Macbeth. The word occurs six times in this play as usually printed: five times in the expression “weird sisters” (I, III, 32, and V, 8; II, I, 20; III, IV, 133; IV, I, 136), and once in the phrase “the weird women “(III, I, 2). Stranger still, “weird “does not appear at all in the only authoritative text of the tragedy, that of the first folio. In that edition the word is “weyward” in the first three passages in the play, and “weyard” in the last three. It was Theobald, the “dearest foe” of Pope, who saw that Shakespeare must have written “weird,” and that this rare word had been changed because of “the ignorance of the copyists.” Modern editors accept the suggestion of Theobald; but I believe that the full force of the word “weird “is often unapprehended. even by special students of the play.
VIII.—The Nibelungenlied and Sage in Modern Poetry
Authors: Gruener Gustav
Published: November 2006

In an article, entitled Nibelungensage und Nibelungendichtungen, which appeared in the Preussische Jahrbücher a little over a year ago (October, 1894), Dr. A. Schmidt, after a summary of the entire Nibelungensage and a comparison of this Sage with the form it assumes in the Nibelungenlied, makes the following statement: “Though it would be madness after Homer to reconstruct anew the Iliad and Odyssey in poetic form, after the mediaeval author it is really a religious duty of German poets who have the interests of their nation at heart to recast into higher forms the imperfectly coined Nibelungen treasure.” In these words the essayist expresses not merely a personal opinion, but echoes the sentiments of many other German critics, and above all of over forty authors who, with over fifty different productions in drama and epic poetry, have tried to recast into ‘higher forms’ the Nibelungensage as a whole or in part. This large number of attempts includes three or four dramatic sketches, but does not include the ‘lower forms’ of lyric and ballad poetry, or of prose narrative. After the clear and thorough discussion of Nibelungen dramas by Professor Carl Weitbrecht, it might seem unnecessary to discuss this part of the general subject any further, but there are certain aspects of this question which he has not touched upon which it is the purpose of this paper to consider; and, while there is complete agreement with the views advanced by Prof. Weitbrecht, yet the attempt will be made to show that his conclusions do not warrant the same approval.
An Italian Metrical Version of the Knight of the Swan
Authors: Krüger A. G.
Published: November 2006

‘La Naissance du Chevalier au Cygne,’ published by Henry Alfred Todd in vol. iv, Nos. 3 and 4 of the Publications of The Modern Language Association of America, a publication deservedly valued and supplemented as to the introduction, with many important additions by Gaston Paris in the Romania, vol. xix, pp. 314-335, is the earliest version of the legend of the “Children changed into Swans,” contained in the French Cycle of the Crusade. It is not without any interest that the three French versions of this legend have been published in an inverse order of their origin. The younger version, published by Reiffenberg, was followed by Hippeau's publication of the middle version, both connected with the other branches of the Cycle of the Crusade. That now the earliest French version has been published, is of great importance to the scientific understanding of this interesting legend.
The Gerund in Nineteenth-Century English
Authors: Armstrong J. L.
Published: November 2006

The name ‘Gerund’ was borrowed from Latin grammar, and has for a long time been in use in English, though with varying application according as it covers more or less ground. It is found in grammars of the last century and of this, where it is often confused with the ‘verbal noun.’ This name is employed here because it is the most convenient that has been suggested; ‘infinitive in ing,' used by Whitney and others, while suggestive of its relationship and real function, is too unwieldly for practical grammar. A far more objectionable name, because the objection is based upon a radical difference in functions, is ‘participle,’ which is given to the verb-adjective also, thereby causing confusion. Etymologically, ‘gerund’ is just as misleading as the majority of its fellows. Participles, for instance, would by this test include infinitives, for infinitives partake of two natures; and infinitives would include participles, which are just as unlimited as infinitives. The origin of words, however, does not confine their use with unyielding bonds, and their use defines them.
Ignored Resources of French Liturature
Authors: Both-Hendriksen Louise
Published: November 2006

It is with much hesitation that I venture to speak to you on a subject which many of you understand better than I do; the only excuse I offer is, the profound regret with which I notice the indifference concerning French literature.
Influence of the Weakness of Accent-stress on Phonetic Change in French
Authors: Marcou Philippe B.
Published: November 2006

The science of phonetics is still so new that it may seem premature to suggest the possibility of a partially deductive method of exposition, but if it is to be used in teaching beginners in a language how to pronounce, how much easier the task would be if we could begin by stating certain general characteristics which color the whole phonetic field of that language so that the peculiarities of every sound in it, and the rules of phonetic change might be largely explained by and remembered through them. That this will some day be done, I firmly believe, and I wish here to suggest how one such characteristic of French may be used in this way.
Dialektische Eigenthündichkeiten in der Entwickelung des mouillierten l im Altfranzösischen
Authors: Matzke John E.
Published: November 2006

Das mouillierte l ist wohl oft in Einleitungen zu altfranzosischen Texten besprochen worden, ist aber nie zum Gegenstand einer Einzeluntersuchung gemacht worden. Als leitendes Princip bei der Untersuchung dienten mir die zwei von W. Förster, Ausg. von ‘Cliges,’ p. lxix, gegebenen Regeln. 1. “Die Schicksale des l können je nach der Natur des vorausgehenden Vokals in ihrer Entwickelung überhaupt verschieden sein, und obendrein brauchen sie zeitlich nicht zusammenzufallen; 2. a priori ist anzunehmen, dass die, einzelnen franzosischen Dialekte dieselbe Lautgruppe verschieden behandelt haben.”
IV.—How to Use Modern Languages as a Means of Mental Discipline
Authors: Babbitt E. H.
Published: November 2006

I come before you this morning to represent the unornamental, prosaic side of our work—the under-current, so to speak. Pedagogical papers have been read and discussed before this Association till it would seem that little could be left to say in this department; yet I feel encouraged to present another, for the very reason that the discussion of these papers has been more active and universal than that of any other class of papers whatever. And I regard this as a most wholesome sign of our professional spirit. For no teacher ought ever to forget, however attractive he finds the search for the principle of the Germanic accentuation, or the meaning of the second part of ‘Faust,’ that he is not by profession in the first place a philologist or a man of letters, but a teacher, whose first duty is toward his pupils, and whose work is to apply whatever he can find in philology or literature to the task of supplying, to the best of his power, these bright young minds which come to him for instruction, with that which will most help them to fill their future place in the world. And so I ask you to listen to another chapter of prose, in confidence that, however much we may be interested,—as I am sure we all are,—in the “Stressed Vowels in Beowulf,” or the “Spanish Pastoral Romances,” every one who is worthy to be a member of this Association is eager for any new idea which will help him to do this important work in a better manner; and if I can present any such ideas, or start a discussion which shall bring them, I shall feel that the under-current has not come to the surface in vain.
Vowel Measurements
Authors: Grandgent Charles H.
Published: November 2006

In an paper addressed to linguists and phoneticians it were superfluous to dwell upon the importance of phonetics. All scholars interested in philological research or in modern language instruction must be aware that the teaching of living tongues is greatly improved by a knowledge of phonetics, and that without this science the satisfactory pursuit of comparative philology is impossible. Whatever be the system we adopt in the French and German courses of our colleges and schools, we must admit that pronunciation is an essential element; and the intelligent teaching of pronunciation demands an acquaintance with the physical action by which the sounds of human speech are created and modified. The American teacher, if he have exceptional advantages and an unusually delicate ear, may perhaps be able by mere imitation to acquire a correct foreign accent himself, but neither he nor the foreigner can ever, without a knowledge of phonetics, tell his pupils how to reproduce it. As for the science which we commonly call philology, it consists mainly of the study of sound changes; and the only solid foundation for such study is, obviously, a thorough mastery of the principles of sound-production.
The Province of English Philology
Authors: Cook Albert S.
Published: November 2006

Perhaps no reproach is oftener addressed to those who call themselves philologists than that they are unconcerned with that beauty which has furnished a distinctive epithet for the word ‘literature’ in the phrase belles lettres, that they lack imagination and insight, and that they are quite unfitted to impart to others a sense of the spiritual values which inhere in the productions that form the subject-matter of their studies. An eloquent writer, who is himself a capable investigator, has recently presented this view in an essay which deserves the attention of every teacher of literature, and especially of every teacher of English literature.
On Translating Anglo-Saxon Poetry
Authors: Fulton Edward
Published: November 2006

What verse to use in translating Anglo-Saxon poetry is a question, which, ever since Anglo-Saxon poetry has been thought worth translating, has been discussed over and over again, but unfortunately with as yet no final conclusion. The tendency, however, both among those who have written upon the subject and those who have tried their hand at translating, is decidedly in favor of a more or less close imitation of the original metre. Professor F. B. Gummere, in an article on “The Translation of Beowulf and the Relations of Ancient and Modern English Verse,” published in the American Journal of Philology, Vol. vii (1886), strongly advocates imitating the A.-S. metre. Professor J. M. Garnett, in a paper read before this Association in 1890, sides with him, recanting a previously held belief in the superiority of blank verse. Of the various translations which imitate the A.-S. metre, the most successful, undoubtedly, is the Beowulf of Dr. John Leslie Hall, which appeared in 1892. Stopford Brooke, in his History of Early English Literature, also declares his belief in imitations of the original metre, though in his translations he does not always carry out his beliefs. He lays down the rule—and a very good rule it is—that translations of poetry “should always endeavour to have the musical movement of poetry, and to obey the laws of the verse they translate.” For translating A.-S. poetry, blank verse, he thinks, is out of the question; “ it fails in the elasticity which a translation of Anglo-Saxon poetry requires, and in itself is too stately, even in its feminine dramatic forms, to represent the cantering movement of Old English verse. Moreover, it is weighted with the sound of Shakspere, Milton, or Tennyson, and this association takes the reader away from the atmosphere of Early English poetry.”
Phonetics
Authors: Bell Alexander Melville
Published: November 2006

I congratulate the Modern Language Association on the establishment of a section which is as indispensable to language as the character of the Prince of Denmark is to the play of Hamlet. Language lives in sound; and the study of modern languages is the study of the spoken tongues.
The Old English Version of the Gospel of Nicodemus
Authors: Hulme Wm. H.
Published: November 2006

The story of the Passion, Resurrection, and Descent of Christ is treated at length in one of the most interesting of the apocryphal gospels. While it is based upon the narrative as given in the canonical books of the New Testament, many additions have been made of a purely fictitious character,—especially that of Christ's descent into Hell and his releasing the souls of the patriarchs and saints who had for centuries been in bondage to Satan. The real origin of this legendary story, which was one of the most productive literary sources in the Middle Ages, is clouded in obscurity. When or how it came into existence has never been definitely determined. In the prologue to both the Greek and the Latin versions of the story we are informed that the Emperor Theodosius found the book among the public records in the Hall of Pilate in Jerusalem (a. d. 380): “In nomine sanctae trinitatis incipiunt gesta salvatoris domini nostri Iesu Christi, inventa Theodosio Magno imperatore in Ierusalem in praetorio Pontii Pilati in codicibus publicis ” (Tischendorf, p. 312). Moreover, we are told at the conclusion of Cap. xxvii that Pilate himself wrote all the transactions from the relation of Nicodemus and Joseph: “Haec audiens Pilatus tulit exempla dicti Leucii et Carini a Nicodemo et Iosepe tradita et posuit ea in publicis codicibus praetorii sui ” (Tischendorf, p. 388). We are further informed by Epiphanius, bishop of Constantia in Cyprus, who flourished at the close of the fourth century, that the Quartodecimans, a sect which originated near the close of the third century, appealed to this story to confirm their opinions as to the proper time of keeping Easter. At this time and throughout the early centuries of the Christian era the story was known by the title, The Acts of Pilate (Acta Pilati). These Acts of Pilate appear in fact to have been known much earlier than the fourth century. The ancient Christian apologists, Justin Martyr and Tertullian, both appeal to the Acts of Pilate in confirmation of the miracles and crucifixion of Christ (cf. J. Martyr, Apol., pp. 76, 84; Tertullius, Apol., c. 21). Epiphanius (Opera, pp. 259-275) also gives a version of the story which “ agrees in many points with” the Acts of Pilate (cf. Kirkland, p. 17). The cause of Christ's Descent is there stated (p. 268) to be, “ut educat eos qui a saeculo vincti sunt.”
IV.—Anglo-Saxon Dæg-Mæl
Authors: Tuppee Frederick
Published: November 2006

I began my work upon this subject with a study of the Anglo-Saxon year; but this, I was soon convinced, meant nothing less than a study of medieval astronomical science, and required far more leisure and aptitude than I possessed. I have, therefore, chosen to limit myself to particular portions of this broad subject.
VI—Elizabethan Translations from the Italian: The Titles of Such Works now First Collected and Arranged, with Annotations
Authors: Scott Mary Augusta
Published: November 2006

All readers of the Elizabethan drama must have noticed the profound influence of the Italian literature of the Renaissance upon the poets of that time. Some of the playwrights, like Greene and Munday, were men of travel, “Italianated” Englishmen, who returned home with their heads full of the ideas and culture of the South. Ford and Marston do not hesitate to introduce Italian dialogue into their plays, for many of the dramatists were University men, and the Italian language was studied at Oxford and Cambridge along with Latin and Greek. The scholarly Ascham, inveighing against the Italian leanings of his countrymen, in The Schoolmaster, yet confesses,—” not because I do contemne either the knowledge of strange and diverse tonges, and namelie the Italian tonge, which nexte the Greeke and Latin tonge I like and love above all others.”
The Argument of the Vision of Piers Plowman
Authors: Hanscom Elizabeth Deering
Published: November 2006

The fourteenth century was for England a period of storm and stress. The Saxon genius does not achieve its conqueste lightly; it does not march to victory with furled flags or muffled drums; it is profoundly conscious of its own effort and the object to be realized. True, it often attains more than it hopes or even knows; but it attains the larger result through the accomplishment of the immediate purpose. The internai struggles are those that cost, with nations as with men; and it is no small part of the greatness of England that she has been able to see and strong to resist those dangers whieh, rising from within, have threatened to overthrow that stability which outward foes have in vain assailed. In that century which marked the close of the middle ages and the beginning of the modem era, England was busy taking cities and ruling her own spirit, and only the wise knew which was the better.
Effect of Isolation Techniques on Viability of Bovine Blood Neutrophils
Authors: Sláma P. , Sládek Z. , Ryšánek D.
Published: November 2006

The effect of selected isolation methods on the viability of neutrophil granulocytes (neutrophils) from the blood of healthy Holstein x Bohemian Red Pied crossbred heifers was evaluated. Two methods of neutrophil isolation were used: a) neutrophil isolation on the basis of hypotonic erythrocyte lysis (in two variants: after the erythrocyte lysis proper, the cells were centrifuged at either 200 g or 1000 g), and b) neutrophil isolation with FACS Lysing Solution as the lysing agent. The viability of the isolated neutrophils was evaluated on the basis of apoptosis and necrosis. The results obtained with flow cytometry (FCM) suggest that, from the isolation techniques used, the method based on FACS Lysing Solution impaired the neutrophil viability least. After the application of this method, 5.36 ± 2.15% of neutrophils were apoptotic and 0.51 ± 0.12% were necrotic. In contrast, when the hypotonic erythrocyte lysis was used, the proportion of apoptotic neutrophils amounted to 42.14 ± 7.12% and 49.00 ± 14.70%, respectively, and 41.12 ± 5.55% and 36.91 ± 24.38% respectively of necrotic neutrophils (P < 0.01). This was also confirmed by the light microscopy. After the isolation with FASC Lysing Solution, 1.92 ± 1.74% of neutrophils were apoptotic and 1.05 ± 0.76% were necrotic, as distinct from after the hypotonic erythrocyte lysis where 9.43 ± 3.69% of neutrophils were apoptotic and 12.67 ± 4.74% of necrotic after centrifugation at 200 g, while 12.60 ± 4.35 were apoptotic and 14.96 ± 12.64% were necrotic after centrifugation at 1000 g. It follows from the above-mentioned data that hypotonic lysis is not a suitable method for the isolation of neutrophils, as the method itself markedly affects cell viability.
Effect of Lupine and Amaranth on Growth Efficiency, Health, and Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Market Pigs
Authors: Zralý Z. , Písaříková B. , Trčková M. , Herzig I. , Jůzl M. , Simeonovová J.
Published: November 2006

The purpose of the present study was to ascertain whether it is possible to substitute animal protein in a pig diet with lupine of Sonet cultivar or amaranth grain or dried surface biomass of amaranth when one type feed ration is used during the entire period of fattening, and to investigate its impact on growth efficiency and health of pigs. Its role in feed conversion, carcass characteristics, meat quality and sensory parameters was analyzed. Four groups of pigs (n = 10, 5 males and 5 females) with the body weight of 24 kg were fed semi-ad libitum for 90 days the following diets: control group (C) - diet containing 3% of fish meal, experimental group (1) - diet containing 5% of non-heat-treated amaranth grain and 5% of dried surface biomass of amaranth, experimental group (2) - diet containing 5% of popped (heattreated) amaranth grain and 5% of dried surface amaranth biomass, experimental group (3) - diet containing 10% of lupine seed meal. Animal protein substitution in diets with amaranth (group 1, 2) or lupine (3) did not result in significant differences (p > 0.05) in average daily body weight gain in comparison with the control group (C - 0.83 and 0.82, 0.80 and 0.79 kg in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively). The differences in feed conversion were non-significant (2.69 to 2.79 kg/kg of body weight gain). The tested diets did not adversely affect animal metabolism, and significantly lower concentrations (p < 0.05, p < 0.01) of total protein, glucose and triacylglycerol in animals of group C ranged within physiological limits. No significant differences between control and experimental animals were found in carcass characteristics, meat and sensory qualities. Lupine supplementation of the diet positively affected the tenderness and taste of meat.
Morphological Image of Fresh and Cryopreserved Dog Semen Evaluated by the Strict Analysis of Sperm Morphology Method, Using Sperm Quality Analyzer (SQA IIc) Evaluation
Authors: Přinosilová P. , Vinkler A. , Věžník V.
Published: November 2006

Thirty fresh ejaculates from 15 dogs were cryopreserved in Tris-fructose-citric acid-egg-yolk extender with a glycerol content of 6%. Semen samples were examined by the methods of routine sperm analysis and by the SQA IIc device. The routine semen examination focused on the evaluation of parameters determining the quality of sperm membranes. The significance of monitoring semen quality in the course of the short-term survival test for predicting dog semen quality after thawing was assessed. Relevance of the assessment of sperm morphology, and above all the percentage of sperm with membrane changes in the acrosomal region was documented. The fact that the SQA device analyses semen quality by evaluating the mass of moving cells was confirmed. The results provided by the SQA IIc device appear insufficient for the needs of deeper dog semen analysis, especially morphology assessment.
Stress Response to Long Distance Transportation of Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio L.)
Authors: Dobšíková R. , Svobodová Z. , Blahová J. , Modrá H. , Velíšek J.
Published: November 2006

The stress responses and changes in biochemical and haematological indices were investigated in three-year-old common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) during a long-distance transportation in special truck tanks. Twelve-hour transportation caused a significant increase in ammonia (p < 0.01), mean corpuscular volume MCV (p < 0.01), metamyelocytes ( p < 0.05) and band neutrophils (p < 0.01), and a significant decrease in Cl- (p < 0.05), lactate (p < 0.05), ALT (p < 0.05) and ALP (p < 0.01) levels. The values of LDH (p < 0.01), AST (p < 0.05), CK (p < 0.01) and haematocrit PCV (p < 0.05) were also significantly influenced by the transportation, but no time-dependent relation was found. On the contrary, the levels of cortisol, glucose and total protein in the biochemical profile, and the values of erythrocyte count (RBC), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC), leukocyte counts (WBC) and leukogram (except for metamyelocytes and band neutrophils) in the haematological profile were not significantly influenced by the transportation. Results showed that pre-transport fish manipulation (hauling, netting, handling, loading) was found to be an important stressor for fish. Long-distance transportation itself was relatively considerate for the common carp tested.
Bioindicators of Plant and Animal Origin in an Ecosystem Evaluation
Authors: Žák J.
Published: November 2006

The study had a threefold scientific objective: to perform a botanical survey of the area under study, to identify all plant species grazed by the European hare (Lepus europaeus) and to determine polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) presence in hares using the screening test. The study area is characterized by intensive agricultural operations around the town of Senice in the Olomouc region. During the botanical survey in the agrocoenosis in 2001 and 2002, the author identified 62 species of herbs and grasses and 8 woody species. Of that total, 19 herbal and grass species and 6 woody species were suitable for consumption by the European hare. To determine the PCB concentrations, samples of plants, and the liver and muscle tissue from the front and hind extremities of the European hare were collected. PCB concentrations ranged from 0.0004 to 0.0007 mg in plants and 0.0001 to 0.0005 mg in the liver and musculature of hares.
High Molar Extinction Coefficient Ion‐Coordinating Ruthenium Sensitizer for Efficient and Stable Mesoscopic Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells
Authors: Kuang D. , Klein C. , Ito S. , Moser J.‐E. , Humphry‐Baker R. , Zakeeruddin S. M. , Grätzel M.
Published: November 2006

Ru(4,4‐dicarboxylic acid‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (4,4′‐bis(2‐(4‐(1,4,7,10‐tetraoxyundecyl)phenyl)ethenyl)‐2,2′‐bipyridine) (NCS)2, a new high molar extinction coefficient ion‐coordinating ruthenium sensitizer was synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR, Fourier transform IR (FTIR), and UV/vis spectroscopies and cyclic voltammetry. Using this sensitizer in combination with a nonvolatile organic‐solvent‐based electrolyte, we obtain a photovoltaic efficiency of 8.4 % under standard global AM 1.5 sunlight. These devices exhibit excellent stability when subjected to continuous thermal stress at 80 °C or light soaking at 60 °C for 1000 h. An electrochemical impedance spectroscopy study revealed that device stability is maintained by stabilizing the TiO2/dye/electrolyte and Pt/electrolyte interface during the aging process. The influence of Li+ present in the electrolyte on the device photovoltaic parameters was studied, and the FTIR spectral and photovoltage transient study showed that Li+ coordinates to the triethyleneoxide methylether side chains on the K60 sensitizer molecules.
Study of Martensitic Phase Transformation in a NiTiCu Thin‐Film Shape‐Memory Alloy Using Photoelectron Emission Microscopy
Authors: Cai M. , Langford S. C. , Wu M. , Huang W. , Xiong G. , Droubay T. C. , Joly A. G. , Beck K. M. , Hess W. P. , Dickinson J. T.
Published: November 2006

Thermally induced martensitic phase transformation in a polycrystalline NiTiCu thin‐film shape‐memory alloy is probed using photoelectron emission microscopy (PEEM). In situ PEEM images reveal distinct changes in microstructure and photoemission intensity at the phase‐transition temperatures. In particular, images of the low‐temperature, martensite phase are brighter than that of the high‐temperature, austenite phase, because of the lower work function of the martensite. UV photoelectron spectroscopy shows that the effective work‐function changes by about 0.16 eV during thermal cycling. In situ PEEM images also show that the network of trenches observed on the room‐temperature film disappears suddenly during heating and reappears suddenly during subsequent cooling. These trenches are also characterized using atomic force microscopy at selected temperatures. The implications of these observations with respect to the spatial distribution of phases during thermal cycling in this thin‐film shape‐memory alloy are discussed.
Role of Nanoscale Strain Inhomogeneity on the Light Emission from InGaN Epilayers
Authors: de Sousa Pereira S. M. , O'Donnell K. P. , da Costa Alves E. J.
Published: November 2006

InGaN is the basis of a new generation of light‐emitting devices, with enormous technological potential; it is currently one of the most intensively studied semiconductor materials. It is generally accepted that compositional fluctuations resulting from phase segregation are the origin of the high luminescence efficiency of InGaN. Evidence to show that nanoscale strain inhomogeneity plays a fundamental role in determining the spectral properties of InGaN–GaN heterostructures is reported. For layers above a certain critical thickness, a strong spatially varying strain profile accompanies a nonplanar surface morphology, which is associated with a transition from a planar 2D to a Stranski–Krastanow‐like 2D–3D growth mode; the strong dependence of the critical thickness on the local InN content of the growing films drives a non‐linear growth instability. Within this framework, apparently disparate experimental observations regarding structural and optical properties, previously reported for InGaN layers, are reconciled by a simple phenomenological description.
In defense of clinical judgment … and mechanical prediction
Authors: Dana Jason , Thomas Rick
Published: November 2006

Despite over 50 years of one‐sided research favoring formal prediction rules over human judgment, the “clinical‐statistical controversy,” as it has come to be known, remains something of a hot‐button issue. Surveying the objections to the formal approach, it seems the strongest point of disagreement is that clinical expertise can be replaced by statistics. We review and expand upon an unfortunately obscured part of Meehl's book to try to reconcile the issue. Building on Meehl, we argue that the clinician provides information that cannot be captured in, or outperformed by, mere frequency tables. However, that information is still best harnessed by a mechanical prediction rule that makes the ultimate decision. Two original studies support our arguments. The first study shows that multivariate prediction models using no data other than clinical speculations can perform well against statistical regression models. Study 2, however, showed that holistic predictions were less accurate than predictions made by mechanically combining smaller judgments without input from the judge at the combination stage. While we agree that clinical expertise cannot be replaced or neglected, we see no ethical reason to resist using explicit, mechanical rules for socially important decisions. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Do patients trust computers?
Authors: Promberger Marianne , Baron Jonathan
Published: November 2006

In two studies, we inquired whether patients accept medical recommendations that come from a computer program rather than from a physician. In study 1, we found that subjects, when deciding whether to have an operation or not in different medical scenarios, were more likely to follow a recommendation that came from a physician than one that came from a computer program. Subjects stated that they would feel less responsible when following a recommendation than when deciding against it. Following a physician's recommendation reduced the feeling of responsibility more than following that of a computer program. The difference in feeling of responsibility when following versus when not following a recommendation partly mediated subjects' inclination to follow the physician more. In our second study, we found that subjects were more decision seeking when they received a recommendation or decision from a computer program, and they were more decision seeking when they had to accept a decision than when they received a recommendation. Subjects also trusted the physician more than the computer program to make a good recommendation or decision. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Real time PCR profiling of 330 human micro‐RNAs
Authors: Lao Kaiqin , Xu Nan Lan , Sun Yongming Andrew , Livak Kenneth J. , Straus Neil A.
Published: November 2006

The small size of miRNAs makes profiling of all the 462 known human miRNAs difficult using single cell samples. Recently, we showed that judicious sequence partitioning between RT primers and second strand synthesis primers permitted multiplexed RT‐PCR amplification of miRNA in very small samples to allow individual real time PCR quantification. Here, we show that zip coding the primers and TaqMan® probes with sequences specific to each miRNA greatly improves reaction specificity, which permits the profiling of all miRNAs in a single multiplexed RT‐PCR reaction.
Preservation of plant genetic resources in the biotechnology era
Authors: Börner Andreas
Published: November 2006

Thousands of years ago humans began domesticating crops as a food source. Among the wild germplasm available, they selected those that were best adapted for cultivation and utilization. Although wild ancestors have continued to persist in regions where domestication took place, there is a permanent risk of loss of the genetic variability of cultivated plants and their wild relatives in response to changing environmental conditions and cultural practices. Recognizing this danger, plant ex situ genebank collections were created since the beginning of the last century. World‐wide, more than 6 million accessions have been accumulated including the German ex situ genebank in Gatersleben, one of the four largest global collections, housing 150 000 accessions belonging to 890 genera and 3032 species. This review summarizes the ex situ plant genetic resources conservation behavior with a special emphasis on German activities. Strategies for maintenance and management of germplasm collections are reviewed, considering modern biotechnologies (in vitro and cryo preservation). General aspects on genetic diversity and integrity are discussed.
Consumer acceptance of ingenic foods
Authors: Lusk Jayson L. , Rozan Anne
Published: November 2006

Recent advances in plant molecular biology offer a means of reaping the benefits of biotechnology, while potentially assuaging consumer concerns by re‐inserting native DNA back into plants. Results are presented from nationwide surveys in the U.S. and France, indicating that more consumers would accept ingenic plants than transgenic plants, with twice as many U.S. than French consumers considering food produced through biotechnology eatable.
Activation of the Disulfide Bond and Chalcogen–Chalcogen Interactions: An Experimental (FTICR) and Computational Study
Authors: Esseffar M'Hamed , Herrero Rebeca , Quintanilla Esther , Dávalos Juan Z. , Jiménez Pilar , Abboud José‐Luis M. , Yáñez Manuel , Mó Otilia
Published: November 2006

Dimethyldisulfide (I) is the simplest model of the biologically relevant family of disubstituted disulfides. The experimental study of its gas‐phase protonation has provided, we believe for the first time, a precise value of its gas‐phase basicity. This value agrees within 1 kJ mol−1with the results of G3 calculations. Also obtained for the first time was the reaction rate constant for the bimolecular reaction betweenIand its protonated form,IH+, to yield methanethiol and a dimethyldithiosulfonium ion. This constant is of the order of magnitude of the collision limit. A computational mechanistic study based on the energetic profile of the reaction, completed with Fukui's and Bader's treatments of the reactants and transition states fully rationalizes the regioselectivity of the reaction as well as the existence of a shallow, flat Gibbs energy surface for the reaction. The mechanistic relevance of the chalcogen–chalcogen interaction and the CH⋅⋅⋅S bonds has been demonstrated.
Study of Selective Layer for HCN Sensing
Authors: Sasaki Isao , Josowicz Mira , Janata Jiří
Published: November 2006

Characterization and performance of electrochemically treated cast PANI‐HgCl2 films for detection of HCN in the range 1–20 ppm were studied. The HCN detection comprises analytical signals that are generated from the work function change and the resistance change of the sensing layer. The sensing platform accommodates an array of transducers that can be used as chemically sensitive field effect transistors (CHEMFET) or as chemiresistors. The logarithmic dependence of the sensor response to changes in HCN concentration of both transducers suggests that the bulk of the layer is involved in generating the analytical signal.
Determination of Nitric Oxide by Quenching Electro‐Chemiluminescence of Tris(2,2′‐Bipyridyl)ruthenium in Flow Injection Analysis
Authors: Chen Jingyuan , Miyake Masaki , Chi Yuwu , Nishiumi Toyohiko , Aoki Koichi
Published: November 2006

Quenching of the electro‐chemiluminescence of the ruthenium complex was applied for detection of NO at the flow injection apparatus equipped with a homemade gas pressure pump with low noise and a flow‐through electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) cell. NO quenched the ECL emission of Ru(bpy)32+ at the potential of the oxidation of Ru(bpy)32+ efficiently to set the detection limit of NO at 0.1% of concentration of Ru(bpy)32+. The decrease in ECL intensity is linearly dependent on the logarithmic concentration of NO in the range of 5.7×10−7 M to 1.8×10−5 M. Voltammetric and spectrometric analysis showed that NO was not coordinated to Ru(bpy)32+/3+, but catalyzed the quenching reaction.
HPLC Determination of Naphthalene Amino Derivatives Using Electrochemical Detection at Carbon Paste Electrodes
Authors: Zima Jiri , Dejmkova Hana , Barek Jiri
Published: November 2006

HPLC with electrochemical detection using a carbon paste electrode based on glassy carbon spherical microparticles with an organic pasting liquid has been used for the determination of trace amounts of carcinogenic 1‐naphthylamine, 2‐naphthylamine, 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene and 1,8‐diaminonaphthalene. The lowest limit of detection found was 5.4×10−9 mol L−1 for 1,5‐diaminonaphthalene. The limits of detection for the above analytes using the electrochemical detection with a carbon paste electrode were in all cases lower than the corresponding limits of detection for the spectrophotometric detection. The newly developed method of determination was verified on model samples of drinking and river water.
Electrokinetic transport of charged solutes in micro‐ and nanochannels: The influence of transverse electromigration
Authors: Xuan Xiangchun , Li Dongqing
Published: November 2006

The accurate prediction of electrokinetic migration velocity and dispersion is crucial to separating electrophoretically charged solutes in micro‐ or nanochannels. In this paper, we investigate numerically the influence of transverse electromigration (TEM) on the solute electrokinetic transport in a series of micro‐ and nanochannels. The TEM, often ignored in previous studies, is demonstrated to significantly affect the solute migration velocity in nanochannels and the electrokinetic dispersion in microchannels. This is because the TEM can force either positively charged solutes into or negatively charged solutes out of the electrical double layer that forms adjacent to the negatively charged channel wall and contains the velocity gradients. Analytical solutions are also derived for characterizing the electrokinetic transport of charged solutes in nanochannels, which has been validated to be in good agreement with the numerical simulation. Moreover, we demonstrate that the proposed analytical formula for the solute migration velocity actually applies to channels of any size.
Viability study of HL60 cells in contact with commonly used microchip materials
Authors: Wolbers Floor , ter Braak Paul , Le Gac Severine , Luttge Regina , Andersson Helene , Vermes Istvan , van den Berg Albert
Published: November 2006

This paper presents a study in which different commonly used microchip materials (silicon oxide, borosilicate glass, and PDMS) were analyzed for their effect on human promyelocytic leukemic (HL60) cells. Copper‐coated silicon was analyzed for its toxicity and therefore served as a positive control. With quantitative PCR, the expression of the proliferation marker Cyclin D1 and the apoptosis marker tissue transglutaminase were measured. Flow cytometry was used to analyze the distribution through the different phases of the cell cycle (propidium iodide, PI) and the apoptotic cascade (Annexin V in combination with PI). All microchip materials, with the exception of Cu, appeared to be suitable for HL60 cells, showing a ratio apoptosis/proliferation (Rap) comparable to materials used in conventional cell culture (polystyrene). These results were confirmed with cell cycle analysis and apoptosis studies. Precoating the microchip material surfaces with serum favor the proliferation, as demonstrated by a lower Rap as compared to uncoated surfaces. The Cu‐coated surface appeared to be toxic for HL60 cells, showing over 90% decreased viability within 24 h. From these results, it can be concluded that the chosen protocol is suitable for selection of the cell culture material, and that the most commonly used microchip materials are compatible with HL60 culturing.
Decolorizing textile dye wastewater by anoxic/aerobic treatment
Authors: Smith Brent , O'Neal Gilbert , Boyter Henry , Pisczek Jamie
Published: November 2006

A method of biologically decolorizing wastewater from fiber reactive dyeing of cotton by sequential anoxic/aerobic treatment steps using a single biomass has been developed and evaluated for chemical oxygen demand and color removal. A viable biomass that effectively removes both color and chemical oxygen demand in a sequential anoxic/aerobic treatment process has been developed. This method may be retrofitted to existing aerobic wastewater treatment systems that are typically used to treat dyeing wastewater. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Waste spider crab shell and derived chitin as low‐cost materials for cadmium and lead removal
Authors: Barriada Jose L , Herrero Roberto , Prada‐Rodríguez Darío , de Vicente Manuel E Sastre
Published: November 2006

Crab shell and inexpensive chitin obtained from it have been studied to determine their capability to remove cadmium and lead from aqueous solutions. Factors affecting the process such as pH, metal concentration, time and temperature have been critically analysed. Results show that only cadmium uptake on crab shell is strongly influenced by the pH of the solution. The crab shell was also found to be more efficient. Equilibrium data analysis using the Langmuir isotherm indicates that crab shell can remove at least 1.4 mmol of metal per gram of sorbent at optimum pH. Temperature studies for metal sorption on chitin showed that the effect of temperature is very small for both the kinetic constant of the sorption process and for maximum uptake. Copyright © 2006 Society of Chemical Industry
Biodegradation kinetics of benzene, methyl tert‐butyl ether, and toluene as a substrate under various substrate concentrations
Authors: Lin Chi‐Wen , Cheng Ya‐Wen
Published: November 2006

Owing to the complexity of conventional methods and shortcomings in determining kinetic parameters, a convenient approach using the nonlinear regression analysis of Monod or Haldane type nonlinear equations is presented. This method has been proven to provide accurate estimates of kinetic parameters. The major work in this study consisted of the testing of aromatic compound‐degrading cultures in batch experiments for the biodegradation of benzene, methyl tert‐butyl ether (MTBE), and toluene. Additionally, batch growth data of three pure cultures (i.e., Pseudomonas aeruginosa YAMT421, Ralstonia sp. YABE411 and Pseudomonas sp. YATO411) isolated from an industrial petrochemical wastewater treatment plant under aerobic conditions were assessed with the nonlinear regression technique and with a trial‐and‐error procedure to determine the kinetic parameters. The growth rates of MTBE‐, benzene‐, and toluene‐degrading cultures on MTBE, benzene, and toluene were significant. Monod's model was a good fit for MTBE, benzene and toluene at low substrate concentrations. In contrast, Haldane's equation fitted well in substrate inhibition concentration. Monod and Haldane's expressions were found to describe the results of these experiments well, with fitting values higher than 98%. The kinetic parameters, including a maximum specific growth rate (µm), a half‐saturation constant (Ks), and an inhibition constant (Ki), were given. Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry