bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: First Synthesis of BU‐4664L.
Authors: Takahashi Yusuke , Hirokawa Takafumi , Watanabe Mai , Fujita Satomi , Ogura Yusuke , Enomoto Masaru , Kuwahara Shigefumi
Published: January 2016

The title compound is synthesized from a known benzoic acid derivative in nine steps with an overall yield of 18%, involving a Buchwald—Hartwig coupling as key step.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Secondary Metabolites from the Fruits of Mangrove Avicennia marina
Authors: Yan Dong‐Mei , Gao Cheng‐Hai , Yi Xiang‐Xi , Xie Wen‐Pei , Xu Ming‐Ben , Huang Ri‐Ming
Published: January 2016

isolation and structure elucidation of maricaffeolylide A (I) and maricyclohexene A (II)
ChemInform Abstract: Proton Uptake in the H+‐SOFC Cathode Material Ba0.5Sr0.5Fe0.8Zn0.2 O3‐δ: Transition from Hydration to Hydrogenation with Increasing Oxygen Partial Pressure
Authors: Poetzsch Daniel , Merkle Rotraut , Maier Joachim
Published: January 2016

Review: 33 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Nonenzymatic Enantioselective Synthesis of All‐Carbon Quaternary Centers Through Desymmetrization
Authors: Petersen Kimberly S.
Published: January 2016

Review: [43 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: In situ Generation and Protonation of the Isocyanide/Acetylene Adduct: A Powerful Catalyst‐Free Strategy for Multicomponent Synthesis of Ketenimines, Aza‐Dienes, and Heterocycles
Authors: Rostamnia Sadegh
Published: January 2016

Review: [102 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methodologies Limiting or Avoiding Contamination by Organotin Residues in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Le Grognec Erwan , Chretien Jean‐Mathieu , Zammattio Francoise , Quintard Jean‐Paul
Published: January 2016

Review: 446 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Bioelectronic Materials and Devices
Authors: Several authors Several authors
Published: January 2016

Review: special issue of the Advanced Materials with 11 articles on organic electronics
Gene expression analysis of biopsy samples reveals critical limitations of transcriptome‐based molecular classifications of hepatocellular carcinoma
Authors: Makowska Zuzanna , Boldanova Tujana , Adametz David , Quagliata Luca , Vogt Julia E. , Dill Michael T. , Matter Mathias S. , Roth Volker , Terracciano Luigi , Heim Markus H.
Published: January 2016

Molecular classification of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) could guide patient stratification for personalized therapies targeting subclass‐specific cancer ‘driver pathways’. Currently, there are several transcriptome‐based molecular classifications of HCC with different subclass numbers, ranging from two to six. They were established using resected tumours that introduce a selection bias towards patients without liver cirrhosis and with early stage HCCs. We generated and analyzed gene expression data from paired HCC and non‐cancerous liver tissue biopsies from 60 patients as well as five normal liver samples. Unbiased consensus clustering of HCC biopsy profiles identified 3 robust classes. Class membership correlated with survival, tumour size and with Edmondson and Barcelona Clinical Liver Cancer (BCLC) stage. When focusing only on the gene expression of the HCC biopsies, we could validate previously reported classifications of HCC based on expression patterns of signature genes. However, the subclass‐specific gene expression patterns were no longer preserved when the fold‐change relative to the normal tissue was used. The majority of genes believed to be subclass‐specific turned out to be cancer‐related genes differentially regulated in all HCC patients, with quantitative rather than qualitative differences between the molecular subclasses. With the exception of a subset of samples with a definitive β‐catenin gene signature, biological pathway analysis could not identify class‐specific pathways reflecting the activation of distinct oncogenic programs. In conclusion, we have found that gene expression profiling of HCC biopsies has limited potential to direct therapies that target specific driver pathways, but can identify subgroups of patients with different prognosis.
A new online tool to detect color misconceptions
Authors: Naranjo Correa Francisco Luis , Martinez Borreguero Guadalupe , Perez Rodriguez Angel Luis , Suero Lopez Maria Isabel , Pardo Fernandez Pedro J.
Published: January 2016

In this work, we present an online test designed to ascertain what type of misconceptions people may have about color perception. It is noteworthy that only 15.7% of the over 20,000 respondents answered correctly, and that the vast majority (78.2%) of incorrect response patterns on our test matched to just four sequences, corresponding with four types of misconceptions. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl 41, 325–329, 2016
An adaptive threshold based hybrid load balancing scheme with sender and receiver initiated approach using random information exchange
Authors: Alam Taj , Raza Zahid
Published: January 2016

The primary objective of load balancing for distributed systems is to minimize the job execution time while maximizing the resource utilization. Load balancing on decentralized systems need effective information exchange policy so that with minimum amount of communication the nodes have up to date information about other nodes in the system. Periodic, event‐based and on‐demand information exchange are some important policies used for the same. All these approaches involve a lot of overhead and even sometime leading toward obsolete data with the nodes if there is a delay in the updation. This work presents an adaptive threshold‐based hybrid load balancing scheme with sender and receiver initiated approach (HLBWSR) using random information exchange (RIE). RIE ensures that the information is exchanged in such a way that each node in the system has up‐to‐date state of the other nodes with much reduced communication overhead. Further, the adaptive threshold ensures that almost an average numbers of jobs are executed by all the nodes in the system. The study of the effect of the use of RIE on sender initiated, receiver initiated and hybrid of sender and receiver initiated load balancing approach establishes the superior performance of HLBWSR among its RIE‐based peers. A comparative analysis of HLBWSR, with periodic information exchange strategy, modified estimated load information scheduling algorithm and load balancing on arrival reveals its effectiveness under various test conditions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Abnormal hippocampal structure and function in clinical anxiety and comorbid depression
Authors: Cha Jiook , Greenberg Tsafrir , Song Inkyung , Blair Simpson Helen , Posner Jonathan , Mujica‐Parodi Lilianne R.
Published: January 2016

Given the high prevalence rates of comorbidity of anxiety and depressive disorders, identifying a common neural pathway to both disorders is important not only for better diagnosis and treatment, but also for a more complete conceptualization of each disease. Hippocampal abnormalities have been implicated in anxiety and depression, separately; however, it remains unknown whether these abnormalities are also implicated in their comorbidity. Here we address this question by testing 32 adults with generalized anxiety disorder (15 GAD only and 17 comorbid MDD) and 25 healthy controls (HC) using multimodal MRI (structure, diffusion and functional) and automated hippocampal segmentation. We demonstrate that (i) abnormal microstructure of the CA1 and CA2‐3 is associated with GAD/MDD comorbidity and (ii) decreased anterior hippocampal reactivity in response to repetition of the threat cue is associated with GAD (with or without MDD comorbidity). In addition, mediation‐structural equation modeling (SEM) reveals that our hippocampal and dimensional symptom data are best explained by a model describing a significant influence of abnormal hippocampal microstructure on both anxiety and depression—mediated through its impact on abnormal hippocampal threat processing. Collectively, our findings show a strong association between changes in hippocampal microstructure and threat processing, which together may present a common neural pathway to comorbidity of anxiety and depression. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tumor homing indocyanine green encapsulated micelles for near infrared and photoacoustic imaging of tumors
Authors: Uthaman Saji , Bom Joon‐suk , Kim Hyeon Sik , John Johnson V. , Bom Hee‐Seung , Kim Seon‐Jong , Min Jung‐Joon , Kim Il , Park In‐Kyu
Published: January 2016

Photoacoustic imaging (PAI) is an emerging analytical modality that is under intense preclinical development for the early diagnosis of various medical conditions, including cancer. However, the lack of specific tumor targeting by various contrast agents used in PAI obstructs its clinical applications. In this study, we developed indocyanine green (ICG)‐encapsulated micelles specific for the CD 44 receptor and used in near infrared and photoacoustic imaging of tumors. ICG was hydrophobically modified prior to loading into hyaluronic acid (HA)‐based micelles utilized for CD 44 based‐targeting. We investigated the physicochemical characteristics of prepared HA only and ICG‐encapsulated HA micelles (HA‐ICG micelles). After intravenous injection of tumor‐bearing mice, the bio‐distribution and in vivo photoacoustic images of ICG‐encapsulated HA micelles accumulating in tumors were also investigated. Our study further encourages the application of this HA‐ICG‐based nano‐platform as a tumor‐specific contrast agent for PAI. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 825–834, 2016.
IDO‐Expressing Fibroblasts Protect Islet Beta Cells From Immunological Attack and Reverse Hyperglycemia in Non‐Obese Diabetic Mice
Authors: Zhang Yun , Jalili Reza B. , Kilani Ruhangiz T. , Elizei Sanam Salimi , Farrokhi Ali , Khosravi‐Maharlooei Mohsen , Warnock Garth L. , Ao Ziliang , Marzban Lucy , Ghahary Aziz
Published: January 2016

Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) induces immunological tolerance in physiological and pathological conditions. Therefore, we used dermal fibroblasts with stable IDO expression as a cell therapy to: (i) Investigate the factors determining the efficacy of this cell therapy for autoimmune diabetes in non‐obese diabetic (NOD) mice; (ii) Scrutinize the potential immunological mechanisms. Newly diabetic NOD mice were randomly injected with either 10 × 106 (10M) or 15 × 106 (15M) IDO‐expressing dermal fibroblasts. Blood glucose levels (BGLs), body weight, plasma kynurenine levels, insulitis severity, islet beta cell function, autoreactive CD8+ T cells, Th17 cells and regulatory T cells (Tregs) were then investigated in these mice. IL‐1β and cleaved caspase‐3 levels were assessed in islets co‐cultured with IDO‐expressing fibroblasts. BGLs in 83% mice treated with 15M IDO‐expressing fibroblasts recovered to normal up to 120 days. However, only 17% mice treated with 10M IDO‐expressing cells were reversed to normoglycemia. A 15M IDO‐expressing fibroblasts significantly reduced infiltrated immune cells in islets and recovered the functionality of remaining islet beta cells in NOD mice. Additionally, they successfully inhibited autoreactive CD8+ T cells and Th17 cells as well as increased Tregs in different organs of NOD mice. Islet beta cells co‐cultured with IDO‐expressing fibroblasts had reduced IL‐1β levels and cell apoptosis. Both cell number and IDO enzymatic activity contributes to the efficiency of IDO cell therapy. Optimized IDO‐expressing fibroblasts successfully reverse the progression of diabetes in NOD mice through induction of Tregs as well as inhibition of beta cell specific autoreactive CD8+ T cells and Th17 cells. J. Cell. Physiol. 231: 1964–1973, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
General scheme to reduce the knee adduction moment by modifying a combination of gait variables
Authors: Favre Julien , Erhart‐Hledik Jennifer C. , Chehab Eric F. , Andriacchi Thomas P.
Published: January 2016

Reducing the knee adduction moment (KAM) is a promising treatment for medial compartment knee osteoarthritis (OA). Although several gait modifications to lower the KAM have been identified, the potential to combine modifications and individual dose‐responses remain unknown. This study hypothesized that: (i) there is a general scheme consisting of modifications in trunk sway, step width, walking speed, and foot progression angle that reduces the KAM; (ii) gait modifications can be combined; and (iii) dose‐responses differ among individuals. Walking trials with simultaneous modifications in step width, walking speed, progression angle, and trunk sway were analyzed for 10 healthy subjects. Wider step width, slower speed, toeing‐in, and increased trunk sway resulted in reduced first KAM peak, whereas wider step width, faster speed, and increased trunk sway reduced the KAM angular impulse. Individual regressions accurately modeled the amplitude of the KAM variables relative to the amplitude of the gait modification variables, while the dose‐responses varied strongly among participants. In conclusion, increasing trunk sway, increasing step width, and toeing‐in are three gait modifications that could be combined to reduce KAM variables related to knee OA. Results also indicated that some gait modifications reducing the KAM induced changes in the knee flexion moment possibly indicative of an increase in knee loading. Taken together with the different dose‐responses among subjects, this study suggested that gait retraining programs should consider this general scheme of modifications with individualization of the modification amplitudes. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:1547–1556, 2016.
Third‐generation autologous chondrocyte implantation versus mosaicplasty for knee cartilage injury: 2‐year randomized trial
Authors: Clavé Arnaud , Potel Jean‐François , Servien Elvire , Neyret Philippe , Dubrana Frédéric , Stindel Eric
Published: January 2016

Numerous surgical techniques have been developed to treat osteochondral defects of the knee. A study reported encouraging outcomes of third‐generation autologous chondrocyte implantation achieved using the solid agarose‐alginate scaffold Cartipatch®. Whether this scaffold is better than conventional techniques remains unclear. This multicenter randomized controlled trial compared 2‐year functional outcomes (IKDC score) after Cartipatch® versus mosaicplasty in patients with isolated symptomatic femoral chondral defects (ICRS III and IV) measuring 2.5–7.5 cm2. In addition, a histological evaluation based on the O'Driscoll score was performed after 2 years. We needed 76 patients to demonstrate an at least 10‐point subjective IKDC score difference with α = 5% and 90% power. During the enrolment period, we were able to include 55 patients, 30 of them were allocated at random to Cartipatch® and 25 to mosaicplasty. After 2 years, eight patients had been lost to follow‐up, six in the Cartipatch® group, and two in the mosaicplasty group. The baseline characteristics of the two groups were not significantly different. The mean IKDC score and score improvement after 2 years were respectively 73.7 ± 20.1 and 31.8 ± 20.8 with Cartipatch® and 81.5 ± 16.4 and 44.4 ± 15.2 with mosaicplasty. The 12.6‐point absolute difference in favor of mosaicplasty is statistically significant. Twelve adverse events were recorded in the Cartipatch® group against six in the mosaicplasty group. After 2 years, functional outcomes were significantly worse after Cartipatch® treatment compared to mosaicplasty for isolated focal osteochondral defects of the femur. © 2016 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 34:658–665, 2016.
Short‐Term Vegetation Recovery after a Grassland Fire in Lithuania: The Effects of Fire Severity, Slope Position and Aspect
Authors: Pereira Paulo , Cerdà Artemi , Lopez Antonio Jordán , Zavala Lorena M. , Mataix‐Solera Jorge , Arcenegui Victoria , Misiune Ieva , Keesstra Saskia , Novara Agata
Published: January 2016

In Lithuania, fire is frequently used by farmers as a tool to remove dry grass, improve soil nutrient status and help soil tilling. However, little is known about the ecological impacts of these fires, including vegetation recovery. The objective of this work is to study the impacts of a spring grassland fire on vegetation recuperation on an east‐facing (A) and a west‐facing slope (B), considering fire severity and slope position, 10, 17, 31 and 46 days after the fire. Because of their effects on fire behaviour, aspect, steepness and heterogeneity of topography favoured higher fire severity on slope B than on slope A. Three different slope positions were identified on slope A – flat top, middle slope and flat bottom – and five on slope B – flat top, middle slope, flat middle slope, slope bottom slope and flat bottom. Fire severity was high in top slope positions. The recovery of vegetation was very fast. By the end of the study, vegetation covered nearly 100% of the study area, although fire severity, aspect and slope characteristics had implications on vegetation recovery. Plant cover recovered quickly on slope A. Ten and 17 days after the fire, plant cover was high in the bottom positions, where fire severity was relatively low. The major vegetation recuperation was observed between 17 and 31 days after the fire, in response to high rainfall. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
DVB‐S2X system performance results for broadcast and unicast broadband networks
Authors: Angelone Martina , Alagha Nader , Arapoglou Pantelis‐Daniel , Ginesi Alberto
Published: January 2016

The need for improving the achievable performance of Digital Video Broadcasting via Satellite Second Generation (DVB‐S2) for different applications has resulted in an extension of the DVB‐S2 standard targeting the main satellite markets, that is, direct‐to‐home, professional links and very small aperture terminal, as well as emerging markets such as mobile services.

In this paper, we present potential system performance improvements that can be achieved by deploying the techniques available from DVB‐S2 Extension in satellite broadcast (direct‐to‐home profile) as well as broadband networks (very small aperture terminal scenario). It is shown that the combination of DVB‐S2 Extension features offer significant advances and opportunities to service providers, particularly in emerging satellite systems such as multi‐beam Ka‐band broadband as well as broadcasting satellite networks. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Screening for trisomies by cell‐free DNA testing of maternal blood: consequences of a failed result
Authors: Revello R. , Sarno L. , Ispas A. , Akolekar R. , Nicolaides K. H.
Published: January 2016

Objectives

First, to report the distribution of the fetal fraction of cell‐free (cf) DNA and the rate of a failed cfDNA test result in trisomies 21, 18 and 13, by comparison with pregnancies unaffected by these trisomies, second, to examine the possible effects of maternal and fetal characteristics on the fetal fraction, and third, to consider the options for further management of pregnancies with a failed result.

Methods

This was a cohort study of 10 698 singleton pregnancies undergoing screening for fetal trisomies 21, 18 and 13 by cfDNA testing at 10–14 weeks' gestation. There were 160 cases of trisomy 21, 50 of trisomy 18, 16 of trisomy 13 and 10 472 were unaffected by these trisomies. Multivariate regression analysis was used to determine significant predictors of fetal fraction and a failed cfDNA test result amongst maternal and fetal characteristics.

Results

Fetal fraction decreased with increasing body mass index and maternal age, was lower in women of South Asian racial origin than in Caucasians and in assisted compared to natural conceptions. It increased with fetal crown–rump length and higher levels of serum pregnancy‐associated plasma protein‐A and free β‐human chorionic gonadotropin. The median fetal fraction was 11.0% (interquartile range (IQR), 8.3–14.4%) in the unaffected group, 10.7% (IQR, 7.8–14.3%) in trisomy 21, 8.6% (IQR, 5.0–10.2%) in trisomy 18 and 7.0% (IQR, 6.0–9.4%) in trisomy 13. There was a failed result from cfDNA testing after first sampling in 2.9% of the unaffected group, 1.9% of trisomy 21, 8.0% of trisomy 18 and 6.3% of trisomy 13. In the cases with a failed result, 7% of women had invasive testing, mainly because of high risk from the combined test and/or presence of sonographic features suggestive of trisomies 18 and 13. All cases of trisomies were detected prenatally.

Conclusions

In cases of a failed cfDNA test, the rate of trisomies 18 and 13, but not trisomy 21, is higher than in those with a successful test. In the management of such cases, the decision in favor of invasive testing should depend on the risk of prior screening and the results of detailed ultrasound examination. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Caught in the act: phenotypic consequences of a recent shift in feeding strategy of the shark barnacle Anelasma squalicola (Lovén, 1844)
Authors: Ommundsen Anders , Noever Christoph , Glenner Henrik
Published: January 2016

Anelasma squalicola is a barnacle found attached to deep-water lantern sharks of the family Etmopteridae and is the only known cirriped on fish hosts. While A. squalicola is equipped with mouth and thoracic appendages (cirri), which are used for suspension feeding in conventional barnacles, its attachment device (peduncle) appears to have evolved into a feeding device, embedded into the tissue of its host. Here we demonstrate, through comparisons of the feeding apparatuses between A. squalicola and conventional suspension-feeding barnacles, that mouthparts and cirri of A. squalicola are highly reduced, and incapable of suspension-feeding activities. We show that in conventional suspension-feeding barnacles strong symmetries exist within these vital trophic structures. In A. squalicola strong asymmetries are widespread, indicating that those structures have been uncoupled from natural selection. The digestive tract is consistently empty, suggesting that feeding via cirri does not occur in A. squalicola. In addition, comparisons of stable isotope ratios (δ13C and δ15N) between A. squalicola, its shark host, and a conventional suspending feeding barnacle indicate that A. squalicola is taking nutrition directly from its host shark and not from the surrounding water. Our results strongly indicate that this barnacle has abandoned suspension feeding and now solely relies on obtaining nutrition from its host by a de novo evolved feeding mechanism.
The Effect of Regional Analgesia on Vascular Tone in Hip Arthroplasty Patients
Authors: Goytizolo Enrique A. , Stundner Ottokar , Rúa Sandra Hurtado , Marcello Dorothy , Buschiazzo Valeria , Vaz Ansara M. , Memtsoudis Stavros G.
Published: January 2016

Background

While it is assumed that neuraxial analgesia and pain management may beneficially influence perioperative hemodynamics, few studies provided data quantifying such effects and none have assessed the potential contribution of the addition of a nerve block.

Questions/Purposes

This clinical trial compared the visual analog scale (VAS) scores and measurement of arterial tone using augmentation index of patients who received combined spinal–epidural (CSE) only to patients who received both CSE and lumbar plexus block.

Methods

After obtaining written consent, 92 patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty were randomized to receive either CSE or CSE with lumbar plexus block (LPB). Perioperative pain and arterial tone were measured using VAS scores and augmentation index (AI) respectively, at baseline and at various times postoperatively.

Results

After the exclusion of 2 patients, 44 patients received CSE alone and 46 patients received CSE and LPB. Patient demographics and perioperative characteristics were similar in both groups. AI continuously decreased after placement of a CSE with or without LBP, beyond full resolution of neuraxial and peripheral blockade. Although the LPB group demonstrated a statistically significant reduction of VAS pain scores in the postanesthesia care unit (PACU; P < 0.05), overall, the addition of a LPB did not significantly reduce the AI when compared to the control group.

Conclusion

The addition of a LPB provided better pain control in the PACU but did not reduce the AI, compared to the control group. We conclude that the addition of a LPB may have limited ability to affect arterial tone in the presence of a continuous infusion of epidural analgesics. In summary, the addition of a LPB in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty is clinically effective and provided better pain control, especially in the immediate postoperative period. The continuous decrease on the AI in both groups beyond the full resolution of the neuroaxial and LPB will require further studies.
Simplex didactics: a non-linear trajectory for research in education
Authors: Srnruo Maurizio
Published: January 2016

The concept of simplexity, as proposed by Alain Berthoz, is based on the assumption that solutions elaborated by living organisms to decipher and face complexity could be applicable to all complex adaptive systems. Within the pedagogical and didactic context the proposai of the French physiologist could provide a scientific research trajectory aiming at solving the tension between theory, praxis, descriptive approaches and practical needs. Thus, simplexity seems to be an operational strategy based on the identification of the principles that rule and guide the didactic action through patterns of adaptation, which allow to decipher complexity in terms of data elaboration and decision making among different opportunities.
Age‐associated events in bovine oocytes and possible countermeasures
Authors: Iwata Hisataka
Published: January 2016

Maternal aging profoundly affects oocyte quality. This has become common knowledge in industrialized countries and extensive studies addressing the causes and possible countermeasures against age‐associated deterioration of oocytes suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction is a causal factor in infertility. However, almost all studies addressing age‐associated events in oocytes have used mice as an animal model, and the reproductive life of mice is very short, making it difficult to study the gradual decline in fertility observed in humans. In the present review, age‐associated changes in the quality and quantity of bovine oocytes and possible countermeasures related to mitochondrial quality control are introduced.
Soviet and Russian anti-(Ukrainian) nationalism and re-Stalinization
Authors: Kuzio Taras
Published: January 2016

The term ‘fascist’ has been misused by both the Soviet totalitarian system and Russian authoritarian nationalist militocracy to such an extent that it is detached from scholarly understanding and openly manipulated for political purposes. In Vladimir Putin’s Russia World the term ‘fascist’ is manipulated even further by political technology and massive state control of television that spews Ukrainophobic and anti-Western xenophobic propaganda. The article investigates a hitherto under-researched field of Tsarist, Soviet and Russian continuity in the denigration of ‘Ukrainian nationalism’ that goes back as far as the early 18th century. The article focuses on the Soviet and post-Soviet eras by showing how the growth of Russian nationalism, ‘conservative values’ and anti(Ukrainian)nationalism has taken place during specific periods that have combined re-Stalinization through the glorification of Joseph Stalin and downplaying and ignoring of his mass crimes against humanity with anti-Western xenophobia. Putin’s re-Stalinization is therefore in line with a tradition that requires domestic and external enemies to sustain the authoritarian nationalist militocracy.
A Synthesis of Peer-Reviewed Literature on Team-Coordinated and Delivered Early Supported Discharge After Stroke
Authors: Meyer Matthew J. , Teasell Robert , Thind Amardeep , Koval John , Speechley Mark
Published: January 2016

This review aimed to summarize data from peer-reviewed studies of team-coordinated and delivered early supported discharge (ESD) for postacute, poststroke rehabilitation. A systematic review was performed in Medline, Embase, and CINAHL for appropriate studies. Information on program details and patient cohorts was synthesized. All programs sought patients with mild-to-moderate functional impairment and minimal cognitive impairment (often based on Barthel Index and Mini-Mental State Examination scores, respectively). All also included at least one subjective admission criterion related to rehabilitation suitability or the suitability of the home environment. Based on the identified studies, ESD programs can assume that 15% of patients screened for ESD will be eligible and care should be provided for 4 to 5 weeks postdischarge. Although the benefits of team-coordinated and delivered ESD poststroke have been well-documented, this review may be helpful for clinicians, administrators, and policy makers looking to establish or refine an ESD program for stroke.
Exact coherent states in channel flow
Authors: Wall D. P. , Nagata M.
Published: January 2016

Three spatially extended travelling wave exact coherent states, together with one spanwise-localised state, are presented for channel flow. Two of the extended flows are derived by homotopy from solutions to the problem of channel flow subject to a spanwise rotation investigated by Wall & Nagata (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 727, 2013, pp. 523–581). Both these flows are asymmetric with respect to the channel centreplane, and feature streaky structures in streamwise velocity flanked by staggered vortical structures. One of these flows features two streak/vortex systems per spanwise wavelength, while the other features one such system. The former substantially reduces the value of the lowest Reynolds number at which channel flow solutions ,other than the basic flow, are known to exist down to 665. The third flow has, in contrast, half-turn rotational symmetry about a streamwise axis through a point on the channel centreplane, and is found to be the flow from which one of the asymmetric flows bifurcates in a symmetry-breaking bifurcation. This flow is found to exist on an isolated bifurcation branch, whose upper and lower branches both lie on the boundary basin separating initial conditions that lead to turbulent events, and those that directly decay back to laminar flow. The structure of this flow, in which the disturbance to the basic flow is concentrated in a core region in a spanwise period, allowed the derivation of a corresponding spanwise-localised flow, which is also discussed.
Resonant fast–slow interactions and breakdown of quasi-geostrophy in rotating shallow water
Authors: Thomas Jim
Published: January 2016

In this paper we investigate the possibility of fast waves affecting the evolution of slow balanced dynamics in the regime $Ro\sim Fr\ll 1$ of a rotating shallow water system, where $Ro$ and $Fr$ are the Rossby and Froude numbers respectively. The problem is set up as an initial value problem with unbalanced initial data. The method of multiple time scale asymptotic analysis is used to derive an evolution equation for the slow dynamics that holds for $t\lesssim 1/(fRo^{2})$, $f$ being the inertial frequency. This slow evolution equation is affected by the fast waves and thus does not form a closed system. Furthermore, it is shown that energy and enstrophy exchange can take place between the slow and fast dynamics. As a consequence, the quasi-geostrophic ideology of describing the slow dynamics of the balanced flow without any information on the fast modes breaks down. Further analysis is carried out in a doubly periodic domain for a few geostrophic and wave modes. A simple set of slowly evolving amplitude equations is then derived using resonant wave interaction theory to demonstrate that significant wave-balanced flow interactions can take place in the long-time limit. In this reduced system consisting of two geostrophic modes and two wave modes, the presence of waves considerably affects the interactions between the geostrophic modes, the waves acting as a catalyst in promoting energetic interactions among geostrophic modes.
Wall friction and velocity measurements in a double-frequency pulsating turbulent flow
Authors: Sundstrom L. R. Joel , Mulu Berhanu G. , Cervantes Michel J.
Published: January 2016

Wall shear stress measurements employing a hot-film sensor along with laser Doppler velocimetry measurements of the axial and tangential velocity and turbulence profiles in a pulsating turbulent pipe flow are presented. Time-mean and phase-averaged results are derived from measurements performed at pulsation frequencies ${\it\omega}^{+}={\it\omega}{\it\nu}/\bar{u}_{{\it\tau}}^{2}$ over the range of 0.003–0.03, covering the low-frequency, intermediate and quasi-laminar regimes. In addition to the base case of a single pulsation imposed on the mean flow, the study also investigates the flow response when two pulsations are superimposed simultaneously. The measurements from the base case show that, when the pulsation belongs to the quasi-laminar regime, the oscillating flow tends towards a laminar state in which the velocity approaches the purely viscous Stokes solution with a low level of turbulence. For ${\it\omega}^{+}<0.006$, the oscillating flow is turbulent and exhibits a region with a logarithmic velocity distribution and a collapse of the turbulence intensities, similar to the time-averaged counterparts. In the low-frequency regime, the oscillating wall shear stress is shown to be directly proportional to the Stokes length normalized in wall units $l_{s}^{+}~(=\sqrt{2/{\it\omega}^{+}})$, as predicted by quasi-steady theory. The base case measurements are used as a reference when evaluating the data from the double-frequency case and the oscillating quantities are shown to be close to superpositions from the base case. The previously established view that the time-averaged quantities are unaffected by the imposition of small-amplitude pulsed unsteadiness is shown to hold also when two pulsations are superposed on the mean flow.
Local stability analysis and eigenvalue sensitivity of reacting bluff-body wakes
Authors: Emerson Benjamin , Lieuwen Tim , Juniper Matthew P.
Published: January 2016

This paper presents an experimental and theoretical investigation of high-Reynolds-number low-density reacting wakes near a hydrodynamic Hopf bifurcation. This configuration is applicable to the wake flows that are commonly used to stabilize flames in high-velocity flows. First, an experimental study is conducted to measure the limit-cycle oscillation of this reacting bluff-body wake. The experiment is repeated while independently varying the bluff-body lip velocity and the density ratio across the flame. In all cases, the wake exhibits a sinuous oscillation. Linear stability analysis is performed on the measured time-averaged velocity and density fields. In the first stage of this analysis, a local spatiotemporal stability analysis is performed on the measured time-averaged velocity and density fields. The stability analysis results are compared to the experimental measurement and demonstrate that the local stability analysis correctly captures the influence of the lip-velocity and density-ratio parameters on the sinuous mode. In the second stage of the analysis, the linear direct and adjoint global modes are estimated by combining the local results. The sensitivity of the eigenvalue to changes in intrinsic feedback mechanisms is found by combining the direct and adjoint global modes. This is referred to as the eigenvalue sensitivity throughout the paper for reasons of brevity. The predicted global mode frequency is consistently within 10 % of the measured value, and the linear global mode shape closely resembles the measured nonlinear oscillations. The adjoint global mode reveals that the oscillation is strongly sensitive to open-loop forcing in the shear layers. The eigenvalue sensitivity identifies a wavemaker in the recirculation zone of the wake. A parametric study shows that these regions change little when the density ratio and lip velocity change. In the third stage of the analysis, the stability analysis is repeated for the varicose hydrodynamic mode. Although not physically observed in this unforced flow, the varicose mode can lock into longitudinal acoustic waves and cause thermoacoustic oscillations to occur. The paper shows that the local stability analysis successfully predicts the global hydrodynamic stability characteristics of this flow and shows that experimental data can be post-processed with this method in order to identify the wavemaker regions and the regions that are most sensitive to external forcing, for example from acoustic waves.
The role of context in intuitive decision-making
Authors: Elbanna Said , Fadol Yasir
Published: January 2016

Few writers have examined the contextual determinants of intuitive decision-making and none has examined the differential contribution to explaining intuition made by different perspectives on context. This study seeks to supply what is absent by examining the overall impact of combinations of variables representing three different perspectives (decision, environment and firm) on the use of intuition when making strategic decisions. The results indicate that the characteristics specific to the firm and to the environment appear to be more significant to intuition than does the nature of the decision; and that the impact of the contextual variables varies from one dimension to another. The research limitations are discussed and suggestions for future research are also offered.
AN OPEN MAPPING THEOREM
Authors: GABRIYELYAN SAAK S. , MORRIS SIDNEY A.
Published: January 2016

It is proved that any surjective morphism $f:\mathbb{Z}^{{\it\kappa}}\rightarrow K$ onto a locally compact group $K$ is open for every cardinal ${\it\kappa}$. This answers a question posed by Hofmann and the second author.
A UNIQUE REPRESENTATION BI-BASIS FOR THE INTEGERS. II
Authors: TANG MIN
Published: January 2016

For$n\in \mathbb{Z}$and$A\subseteq \mathbb{Z}$, define$r_{A}(n)$and${\it\delta}_{A}(n)$by$r_{A}(n)=\#\{(a_{1},a_{2})\in A^{2}:n=a_{1}+a_{2},a_{1}\leq a_{2}\}$and${\it\delta}_{A}(n)=\#\{(a_{1},a_{2})\in A^{2}:n=a_{1}-a_{2}\}$. We call$A$a unique representation bi-basis if$r_{A}(n)=1$for all$n\in \mathbb{Z}$and${\it\delta}_{A}(n)=1$for all$n\in \mathbb{Z}\setminus \{0\}$. In this paper, we prove that there exists a unique representation bi-basis$A$such that$\limsup _{x\rightarrow \infty }A(-x,x)/\sqrt{x}\geq 1/\sqrt{2}$.
“You're All Doomed!” A Socioeconomic Analysis of Slasher Films
Authors: KVARAN KARA M.
Published: January 2016

This paper posits a socioeconomic explanation for the popularity of the slasher film genre. These films created a unique sub-genre in which teenage protagonists had to contend with unstoppable forces, in the form of manic killers, while every aspect of modernity and the middle-class lifestyle failed them. Cars and telephones die, the suburbs offer no sanctuary, and adults are absent or ineffectual. The slasher genre rose in popularity as the American economy spiraled into recession. By examining the big three franchises of Halloween, Friday the 13th, and A Nightmare on Elm Street this paper analyzes the slasher films of the 1980s and their remakes in the late 2000s. It argues that slasher films symbolized a cathartic release for their mainly adolescent audiences at a time in their lives when impending adulthood and an unfavorable economic climate seemed to conspire against them.
Plasmodium malaria and antimalarial antibodies in the first year of life
Authors: DOBBS KATHERINE R. , DENT ARLENE E.
Published: January 2016

Malaria is one of the most serious infectious diseases with most of the severe disease caused byPlasmodium falciparum(Pf). Naturally acquired immunity develops over time after repeated infections and the development of antimalarial antibodies is thought to play a crucial role. Neonates and young infants are relatively protected from symptomatic malaria through mechanisms that are poorly understood. The prevailing paradigm is that maternal antimalarial antibodies transferred to the fetus in the last trimester of pregnancy protect the infant from early infections. These antimalarial antibodies wane by approximately 6 months of age leaving the infant vulnerable to malaria, however direct evidence supporting this epidemiologically based paradigm is lacking. As infants are the target population for future malaria vaccines, understanding how they begin to develop immunity to malaria and the gaps in their responses is key. This review summarizes the antimalarial antibody responses detected in infants and how they change over time. We focus primarily on Pf antibody responses and will briefly mentionPlasmodium vivaxresponses in infants.
Human parasites in the Roman World: health consequences of conquering an empire
Authors: MITCHELL PIERS D.
Published: January 2016

The archaeological evidence for parasites in the Roman era is presented in order to demonstrate the species present at that time, and highlight the health consequences for people living under Roman rule. Despite their large multi-seat public latrines with washing facilities, sewer systems, sanitation legislation, fountains and piped drinking water from aqueducts, we see the widespread presence of whipworm (Trichuris trichiura), roundworm (Ascaris lumbricoides) andEntamoeba histolyticathat causes dysentery. This would suggest that the public sanitation measures were insufficient to protect the population from parasites spread by fecal contamination. Ectoparasites such as fleas, head lice, body lice, pubic lice and bed bugs were also present, and delousing combs have been found. The evidence fails to demonstrate that the Roman culture of regular bathing in the public baths reduced the prevalence of these parasites. Fish tapeworm was noted to be widely present, and was more common than in Bronze and Iron Age Europe. It is possible that the Roman enthusiasm for fermented, uncooked fish sauce (garum) may have facilitated the spread of this helminth. Roman medical practitioners such as Galen were aware of intestinal worms, explaining their existence and planning treatment using the humoural theory of the period.
Failed cooperative, but not competitive, interaction between large-scale brain networks impairs working memory in schizophrenia
Authors: Pu W. , Luo Q. , Palaniyappan L. , Xue Z. , Yao S. , Feng J. , Liu Z.
Published: January 2016

Background

A large-scale network named the default mode network (DMN) dynamically cooperates and competes with an external attention system (EAS) to facilitate various cognitive functioning that is prominently impaired in schizophrenia. However, it is unclear whether the cognitive deficit in schizophrenia is related to the disrupted competition and/or cooperation between these two networks.

Method

A total of 35 schizophrenia patients and 30 healthy controls were scanned using gradient-echo echo-planar imaging duringn-back working memory (WM) processing. Brain activities of the DMN and EAS were measured using general linear modelling of the functional magnetic resonance imaging data. Dynamic interaction between the DMN and EAS was decomposed into two directions using Granger causality analysis.

Results

We observed a significant failure of DMN suppression in patients with schizophrenia, which was significantly related to WM/attentional deficit. Granger causality modelling showed that in healthy controls, while the EAS inhibitorily influenced the DMN, the DMN exerted an ‘excitatory’ or cooperative influence back on the EAS, especially in those with lower WM accuracy. In schizophrenia, this ‘excitatory’ DMN→EAS influence within the reciprocal EAS–DMN loop was significantly reduced, especially in patients with WM/attentional deficit.

Conclusions

The dynamic interaction between the DMN and EAS is likely to be comprised of both competitive and cooperative influences. In healthy controls, both the ‘inhibitory’ EAS→DMN interaction and ‘excitatory’ DMN→EAS interaction are correlated with WM performance. In schizophrenia, reduced ‘cooperative’ influence from the DMN to dorsal nodes of the EAS occurs in the context of non-suppression of the DMN and may form a possible pathophysiological substrate of WM deficit and attention disorder.
Different neural substrates for executive functions in youths with ADHD: a diffusion spectrum imaging tractography study
Authors: Chiang H.-L. , Chen Y.-J. , Shang C.-Y. , Tseng W.-Y. I. , Gau S. S.-F.
Published: January 2016

Background

The relationship between white-matter tracts and executive functions (EF) in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) has not been well studied and previous studies mainly focused on frontostriatal (FS) tracts. The authors explored the microstructural property of several fibre tracts hypothesized to be involved in EF, to correlate their microstructural property with EF, and to explore whether such associations differ between ADHD and typically developing (TD) youths.

Method

We assessed 45 youths with ADHD and 45 individually matched TD youths with a computerized test battery for multiple dimensions of EF. From magnetic resonance imaging, FS tract, superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF), arcuate fasciculus (AF) and cingulum bundle (CB) were reconstructed by diffusion spectrum imaging tractography. The generalized fractional anisotropy (GFA) values of white-matter tracts were computed to present microstructural property of each tract.

Results

We found lower GFA in the left FS tract, left SLF, left AF and right CB, and poorer performance in set-shifting, sustained attention, cognitive inhibition and visuospatial planning in ADHD than TD. The ADHD and TD groups demonstrated different association patterns between EF and fibre tract microstructural property. Most of the EF were associated with microstructural integrity of the FS tract and CB in TD youths, while with that of the FS tract, SLF and AF in youths with ADHD.

Conclusions

Our findings support that the SLF, AF and CB also involve in a wide range of EF and that the main fibre tracts involved in EF are different in youths with ADHD.
Resonant third harmonic generation in clusters with density ripple: Effect of pulse slippage
Authors: Vij Shivani , Kant Niti , Aggarwal Munish
Published: January 2016

A model is presented for the resonant third harmonic generation of short pulse lasers in cluster plasma in the presence of density ripple. Because of ripple in cluster density and plasma electron density outside the cluster, the phase-matching condition for the third harmonic process is satisfied, leading to resonant enhancement of harmonic generation. We explore the impact of laser intensity, cluster size, and collisional frequency of electrons on the efficiency of third harmonic generation. Moreover, since the group velocity of the third harmonic wave is greater than that of the fundamental wave, it causes the slippage of the generated harmonic pulse out of the fundamental laser pulse and its amplitude increases with time.
VALIDATING GRAMMATICALITY JUDGMENT TESTS
Authors: Vafaee Payman , Suzuki Yuichi , Kachisnke Ilina
Published: January 2016

Several previous factor-analytic studies on the construct validity of grammaticality judgment tests (GJTs) concluded that untimed GJTs measure explicit knowledge (EK) and timed GJTs measure implicit knowledge (IK) (Bowles, 2011; R. Ellis, 2005; R. Ellis & Loewen, 2007). It has also been shown that, irrespective of the time condition chosen, GJTs’ grammatical sentences tap into IK, whereas their ungrammatical ones invoke EK (Gutiérrez, 2013). The current study examined these conclusions by employing two more fine-grained measures of IK: that is, a self-paced reading task and a word-monitoring task. The results of a confirmatory factor analysis revealed that manipulating GJTs’ time conditions and/or the grammaticality of the sentences does not render them distinct measures of EK and IK. The current work shows that GJTs are too coarse to be measures of IK, and that the different types of GJTs measure different levels of EK.