bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thomas–Wigner rotation and Thomas precession: actualized approach
Authors: Kholmetskii Alexander L. , Yarman Tolga
Published: February 2014

We show that the explanation of Thomas–Wigner rotation and Thomas precession (TP) in the framework of special theory of relativity (STR) contains a number of points of inconsistency, in particular, with respect to physical interpretation of the Einstein velocity composition law in successive space–time transformations. In addition, we show that the common interpretation of TP falls into conflict with the causality principle. To eliminate such a conflict, we suggest considering the velocity parameter, entering into the expression for the frequency of TP, as being always related to a rotation-free Lorentz transformation. Such an assumption (which actually resolves any causal paradoxes with respect to TP), comes however to be in contradiction with the spirit of STR. The results obtained are discussed.
The Faroe–Shetland Basin: a regional perspective from the Paleocene to the present day and its relationship to the opening of the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Ellis David , Stoker Martyn S.
Published: February 2014

The Faroe–Shetland Basin is located offshore NW Scotland on the SE margin of the Atlantic Ocean and comprises numerous sub-basins and intra-basin highs that are host to a number of significant hydrocarbon discoveries. The principal hydrocarbon discoveries are in Paleocene–Eocene strata, although earlier strata are known, and their existence is therefore intimately linked to the opening and evolution of the North Atlantic from 54 Ma. The final rifting and separation of Greenland from Eurasia is commonly attributed to the arrival of a mantle plume which impacted beneath Greenland during early Tertiary time. Moreover, the ensuing plate separation is commonly described in terms of instantaneous unzipping of the North Atlantic, whereas in reality proto-plate boundaries were more diffuse during their inception and the linked rift system which we see today, including connections with the Arctic, was not established until Late Palaeogene–Early Neogene time. From a regional analysis of ocean basin development, including the stratigraphic record on the adjacent continental margins, the significance of the Greenland–Iceland–Faroe Ridge and the age and role of Iceland, we propose a dual rift model whereby North Atlantic break-up was only partial until the Oligo-Miocene, with true final break-up only being achieved when the Reykjanes and Kolbeinsey ridges became linked. As final break-up coincides with the appearance of Iceland, this model negates the need for a plume to develop the North Atlantic with rifting reliant on purely plate tectonic mechanisms, lithospheric thinning and variable decompressive upper mantle melt along the rifts.
Laggan-Tormore: reservoir to sales production forecasting and optimization using an integrated modelling approach
Authors: Jones K. , Mackinnon D. , De Senneville A. , Watt K.
Published: February 2014

Laggan and Tormore are gas-condensate fields in the West of Shetland region of the UK, to be developed as a 143 km subsea tie-back (twin 18″ flowlines) to a new onshore gas plant (Shetland Gas Plant, SGP). Condensate will be sent to the neighbouring Sullom Voe Terminal for stabilization and a new 30″ gas export pipeline will provide a route from the SGP to Total's St Fergus terminal on the UK mainland. The development is planned as a hub to enable future development of similar reservoirs in the region.

Production forecasting and field management are complex due to the evolving nature of the reservoir compositions over time, the back-pressure and flow assurance impacts of the long flowlines and final sales products being delivered at two remote terminals. This will be further complicated with the introduction of any additional fields, requiring an accurate understanding of field interactions, pipeline ullage, plateau extension and management of production allocation. To address these issues, Total E&P UK (TEPUK) have developed an integrated asset model (IAM) using state-of-the-art techniques to model the system from reservoir to final product sales. The IAM will be used to communicate a common geosciences and development understanding for forecasting and future development studies.
Improved signal processing for sub-basalt imaging
Authors: Woodburn N. , Hardwick A. , Masoomzadeh H. , Travis T.
Published: February 2014

Sub-basalt imaging continues to provide a challenge within the West of Shetland region. Successful imaging is being achieved through the reprocessing of 2D reflection seismic data. These were acquired with conventional source array and streamer parameters and include key signal processing techniques. The first technique involves spectral processing to boost low-frequency signals at the early stages of processing. The second technique involves attenuating coherent and incoherent noise in all of the available ‘time-offset’ domains. Examples of the data after application of these techniques are presented and clear improvements over the original processing are demonstrated. As work on these reprocessing methods has progressed, the benefits of moving to a true broadband processing solution have become clear.
Ethanol disrupts intestinal epithelial tight junction integrity through intracellular calcium-mediated Rho/ROCK activation
Authors: Elamin Elhaseen , Masclee Ad , Dekker Jan , Jonkers Daisy
Published: February 2014

Evidence indicates that ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction and subsequent endotoxemia plays a key role in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver disease. Recently, it has been demonstrated that ethanol induces RhoA kinase activation in intestinal epithelium, thereby disrupting barrier integrity. In this study, the role of a rise in intracellular calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) in ethanol-induced Rho-associated coiled coil-forming kinase (Rho/ROCK) activation and barrier disruption was investigated in Caco-2 cell monolayers. Treatment of Caco-2 monolayers with 40 mmol/l ethanol induced [Ca2+]i release as indicated by increased relative fluorescent units of Fluo-3 from 0.06 ± 0.02 to 2.27 ± 1.96 ( P < 0.0001). Pretreatment with 1,2-bis(2-aminophenoxy) ethane- N,N,N′,N′-tetraacetic acid (BAPTA-AM) completely inhibited the release, whereas the inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate receptor (IP3R)-antagonist, Xestospongin C, partially inhibited the ethanol-induced [Ca2+]i release (from 2.27 ± 1.96 to 0.03 ± 0.01; P < 0.0001 and from 2.27 ± 1.96 to 1.19 ± 1.80; P < 0.001, respectively). The rise in [Ca2+]i was paralleled with increased intestinal permeability, which could be attenuated by either BAPTA-AM or Xestospongin C. Furthermore, ethanol induced Rho/ROCK activation, as indicated by increased phosphorylation of myosin-binding subunit, which could be prevented either by BAPTA, Xestospongin C, or the specific Rho/ROCK inhibitor Y27632. Finally, inhibition of Rho/ROCK kinase by Y27632 ameliorated the ethanol-induced redistribution of zonula occluden-1, adherens junction proteins including E-cadherin and β-catenin, and also disorganization of F-actin. These findings suggest that ethanol-induced [Ca2+]i release, mediated by stimulating IP3R-gated Ca2+ channel, activates Rho/ROCK in Caco-2 cells, thereby contributing to ethanol-induced intestinal barrier dysfunction.
Coronary Plaque Structural Stress Is Associated With Plaque Composition and Subtype and Higher in Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Teng Zhongzhao , Brown Adam J. , Calvert Patrick A. , Parker Richard A. , Obaid Daniel R. , Huang Yuan , Hoole Stephen P. , West Nick E.J. , Gillard Jonathan H. , Bennett Martin R.
Published: February 2014

Background—

Atherosclerotic plaques underlying most myocardial infarctions have thin fibrous caps and large necrotic cores; however, these features alone do not reliably identify plaques that rupture. Rupture occurs when plaque structural stress (PSS) exceeds mechanical strength. We examined whether PSS could be calculated in vivo based on virtual histology (VH) intravascular ultrasound and whether PSS varied according to plaque composition, subtype, or clinical presentation.

Methods and Results—

A total of 4429 VH intravascular ultrasound frames from 53 patients were analyzed, identifying 99 584 individual plaque components. PSS was calculated by finite element analysis in whole vessels, in individual plaques, and in higher-risk regions (plaque burden ≥70%, mean luminal area ≤4 mm
2
, noncalcified VH-defined thin-cap fibroatheroma). Plaque components including total area/arc of calcification (
R
2
=0.33;
P
<0.001 and
R
2
=0.28;
P
<0.001) and necrotic core (
R
2
=0.18;
P
<0.001 and
R
2
=0.15;
P
<0.001) showed complex, nonlinear relationships with PSS. PSS was higher in noncalcified VH-defined thin-cap fibroatheroma compared with thick-cap fibroatheromas (median [Q1–Q3], 8.44 [6.97–10.64] versus 7.63 [6.37–9.68];
P
=0.002). PSS was also higher in patients with an acute coronary syndrome, where mean luminal area ≤4 mm
2
(8.24 [7.06–9.93] versus 7.72 [6.33–9.34];
P
=0.03), plaque burden ≥70% (9.18 [7.44–10.88] versus 7.93 [6.16–9.46];
P
=0.02), and in noncalcified VH-defined thin-cap fibroatheroma (9.23 [7.33–11.44] versus 7.65 [6.45–8.62];
P
=0.02). Finally, PSS increased the positive predictive value for VH intravascular ultrasound to identify clinical presentation.

Conclusions—

Finite element analysis modeling demonstrates that structural stress is highly variable within plaques, with increased PSS associated with plaque composition, subtype, and higher-risk regions in patients with acute coronary syndrome. PSS may represent a novel tool to analyze the dynamic behavior of coronary plaques with the potential to improve prediction of plaque rupture.
Visual and Region of Interest–Based Inter-Rater Agreement in the Assessment of the Diffusion-Weighted Imaging– Fluid-Attenuated Inversion Recovery Mismatch
Authors: Galinovic Ivana , Puig Josep , Neeb Lars , Guibernau Jorge , Kemmling Andre , Siemonsen Susanne , Pedraza Salvador , Cheng Bastian , Thomalla Götz , Fiehler Jens , Fiebach Jochen B.
Published: February 2014

Background and Purpose—

WAKE-UP is a randomized, placebo-controlled MRI-based trial of thrombolysis in wake-up stroke using the mismatch between a lesion’s visibility in diffusion-weighted imaging and fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) sequences as its main imaging inclusion criterion. Visual judgment of lesion conspicuity on FLAIR is however methodically limited by moderate inter-rater agreement. We therefore sought to improve rating homogeneity by incorporating quantitative signal intensity measurements.

Methods—

One hundred forty-three data sets of patients with acute ischemic stroke were visually rated by 8 raters with respect to WAKE-UP study inclusion and exclusion criteria, and inter-rater agreement was calculated. A subanalysis was performed on 45 cases to determine a threshold value of relative signal intensity (rSI) between the ischemic lesion and contralateral healthy tissue which best corresponded to a visually established verdict of FLAIR positivity. The usefulness of this threshold in improving inter-rater agreement was evaluated in an additional sample of 50 patients.

Results—

Inter-rater agreement for inclusion into the WAKE-UP trial was 73% with a free-marginal κ of 0.46. A threshold of rSI which best correlated with the visual rating of lesions as FLAIR positive was 1.20. The addition of rSI measurements to visual evaluation did not change the inter-rater agreement.

Conclusions—

Introducing a semiquantitative measure for FLAIR rSI did not improve the agreement between individual raters. However, enhancing visual assessment with rSI measurements can provide reassurance to local investigators in cases of uncertainty.
China's Experimental Mainstream: The Badass Theatre of Meng Jinghui
Authors: Conceison Claire
Published: February 2014

Meng Jinghui has been the most important experimental theatre director in the People's Republic of China for the past two decades, with an increasingly global presence. The success and popularity of his productions challenge conventional notions of the avantgarde and persistent dichotomies of official vs. unofficial networks and discourses. His cool “badass” persona and aesthetic have become recognizable trademarks of his work, which includes adaptations of Western classics, collaborations with Chinese playwrights, and collective creations.
Assessing the potential use of strategies independent from the architectural design to achieve efficient ventilation: A Spanish case study
Authors: Porras-Amores César , Viñas-Arrebola Carmen , Rodríguez-Sánchez Antonio , Villoria-Sáez Paola
Published: February 2014

Increasing building tightness is one of the measures taken by the construction industry to reduce energy losses, but leading to unhealthy environments. Efficient ventilation strategies with low energy consumption are necessary in order to design and improve the existing forced ventilation systems. This paper assesses the potential use of different strategies, independently from the architectural design, to achieve efficient ventilation. To this end, the airflow pattern and the age of air have been assessed in an en suite bedroom within a Spanish house with the use of computational fluid dynamics predictions. The computational fluid dynamics model predictions were validated by the comparison against experimental measurements, with good agreement. An alternative ventilation strategy is proposed, not affecting the architectural design of the room. Statistical analysis is used to assess and compare the results obtained for the different cases simulated. Results show that although the room has a forced ventilation system, air stagnates and ventilation are not homogeneous. Statistical analysis shows that this strategy produces a significant impact on indoor air quality, particularly in bedroom areas where air tends to stagnate.

Practical application: The Spanish Building Code provides a minimum level of air quality within the buildings although it does not ensure an efficient design of the ventilation system, being necessary the use of guidelines or other recommendations to advise the designers in order to achieve efficient ventilation designs. Implementation of strategies independent from the architectural design, as studied in this work, can improve the indoor air quality and therefore reduce the global building energy consumption. In addition, these solutions are recommended for construction works requiring quick-easy implementation without disturbing the inhabitants of a house and allowing the normal use of the building during the refurbishment works.
“The truth must dazzle gradually”
Authors: Ellingson Laura L.
Published: February 2014

Crystallization is a framework for conducting qualitative and multimethod research that offers significant potential for enriching relationship research. Complementing rigorous social science research with (integrated or separate) artistic representations of data enables researchers to render complex, nuanced accounts that serve multiple stakeholder audiences.
Physical feasibility of robot base inertial parameter identification: A linear matrix inequality approach
Authors: Sousa Cristóvão D. , Cortesão Rui
Published: February 2014

Identification of robot dynamics is a key issue in boosting the performance of model-based control techniques, having also a key role in realistic simulation. Robot dynamic parameters have physical meaning, hence parameter estimations must correspond to physically feasible values. Since it is only possible to identify linear combinations of parameters (the base parameters) the physical feasibility of such combinations cannot be directly asserted. In this paper we show that feasibility conditions define a convex set and can be written as a linear matrix inequality (LMI), suitable for semidefinite programming (SDP) techniques. We propose three methods based on LMI–SDP to deal with the feasibility of base parameters. The first method checks if a given base parameter estimation has physical meaning. The second method corrects infeasible estimations, finding the closest feasible base parameters. These two methods can be applied to existing regression techniques. The third method performs parameter identification through ordinary least squares regression constrained to the feasible space, guaranteeing the optimal solution. Experiments with a seven-link robot manipulator are provided, and efficiency and scalability are discussed.
Design and testing of a selectively compliant underactuated hand
Authors: Aukes Daniel M. , Heyneman Barrett , Ulmen John , Stuart Hannah , Cutkosky Mark R. , Kim Susan , Garcia Pablo , Edsinger Aaron
Published: February 2014

Motivated by the requirements of mobile manipulation, a compliant underactuated hand, capable of locking individual joints, has been developed. Locking is accomplished with electrostatic brakes in the joints and significantly increases the maximum pullout forces for power grasps. In addition, by locking and unlocking joints, the hand can adopt configurations and grasp sequences that would otherwise require a fully actuated solution. Other features of the hand include an integrated sensing suite that uses a common transduction technology on flexible printed circuits for tactile and proprioceptive sensing. The hand is analyzed using a three-dimensional rigid body analysis package with efficient simulation of compliant mechanisms and contacts with friction. This package allows one to evaluate design tradeoffs among link lengths, required tendon tensions, spring stiffnesses and braking requirements to grasp and hold a wide range of objects. Results of grasping and pullout tests confirm the utility of the simulations.
Quantitative MRI morphology of invasive breast cancer: correlation with immunohistochemical biomarkers and subtypes
Authors: Bae Min Sun , Seo Mirinae , Kim Kwang Gi , Park In-Ae , Moon Woo Kyung
Published: February 2014

Background

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease with intrinsic molecular subtypes. The different biology and histology of breast cancer exhibit different tumor morphology at breast magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, few studies have examined the quantitative relationship between the MRI morphological and immunohistochemical features in breast cancer.

Purpose

To investigate the correlations between tumor roundness, as quantitatively assessed with MRI and biomarkers or subtypes of breast cancer.

Material and Methods

A total of 280 women (mean age, 51 years; range, 28–79 years) with 282 invasive breast cancers (<5 cm) were included. The associations between the tumor roundness (1–100%), as measured using MRI software, and immunohistochemical (e.g. estrogen receptor [ER], progesterone receptor [PR], human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 [HER2], and Ki67) features were evaluated using Pearson’s or Spearman’s rank correlation coefficients and multiple linear regression analysis.

Results

An inverse correlation was observed between the ER (r = –0.408, P < 0.001) or PR (r = –0.248, P < 0.001) scores and tumor roundness, whereas a positive correlation was observed between the Ki67 index and tumor roundness (r = 0.354, P < 0.001). In multiple linear regression, the ER score ( P < 0.001) and Ki67 index ( P = 0.003) were independent factors determining tumor roundness. Triple-negative tumors (ER, PR, and HER2 negative) showed the highest mean roundness scores compared with the other subtypes (e.g. 67.3% for triple-negative, relative to 55.9% for HER2-enriched, 53.8% for luminal B, and 51.7% for luminal A, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our results suggest that breast tumors with lower ER expression and higher cellular proliferation or biologically aggressive triple-negative tumors are likely to manifest with relatively benign morphologic features.
High incidence of asymptomatic cerebral microbleeds in patients with hemorrhagic onset-type moyamoya disease: a phase-sensitive MRI study and meta-analysis
Authors: Qin Ying , Ogawa Toshihide , Fujii Shinya , Shinohara Yuki , Kitao Shin-ichiro , Miyoshi Fuminori , Takasugi Marie , Watanabe Takashi , Kaminou Toshio
Published: February 2014

Background

Moyamoya disease is a relatively rare cerebrovascular occlusive disorder. Several studies have reported cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) in moyamoya disease patients using T2*-weighted imaging (T2*WI) and/or susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI).

Purpose

To investigate the incidence, distribution patterns, and influencing factors of asymptomatic CMBs in patients with moyamoya disease.

Material and Methods

Phase-sensitive imaging (PSI) was used to investigate 27 consecutive moyamoya disease patients with a 3-T magnetic resonance imaging system, then a meta-analysis of 245 patients (asymptomatic moyamoya disease, n = 23; ischemic moyamoya disease, n = 161; hemorrhagic moyamoya disease, n = 61) from four previous individual studies and our PSI study was performed. The meta-analysis was performed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Based on the clinical and radiological data, we divided the studies into different model groups to calculate the incidence of CMBs and discuss the distribution patterns of CMBs.

Results

Thirty-five asymptomatic CMBs were demonstrated in 14 moyamoya disease patients (51.9%) in our PSI study. Of these, 45.7% were located in the periventricular white matter. In the meta-analysis, the pooled incidence of asymptomatic CMBs in moyamoya disease was 46% (95% confidence interval [CI], 28.2–63.8%) on SWI or PSI and 29.6% (95% CI, 17.4–41.7%) on T2*WI. Statistical analysis showed that PSI or SWI offered better detection of CMBs in moyamoya disease than T2*WI, and 3-T T2*WI offered better detection than 1.5-T T2*WI. Furthermore, hemorrhagic onset-type moyamoya disease correlated with a high incidence of asymptomatic CMBs.

Conclusion

PSI or SWI can detect CMBs better than T2*WI, and 3-T T2*WI. Hemorrhagic onset-type moyamoya disease seems to correlate with a high incidence of asymptomatic CMBs. The meta-analysis indicates that asymptomatic CMBs may be an important factor for hemorrhagic stroke risk. Long-term evaluation of CMBs using PSI or SWI may contribute to the management of moyamoya disease.
A consensus protocol for the management of medication-overuse headache: Evaluation in a multicentric, multinational study
Authors: Tassorelli C , Jensen R , Allena M , De Icco R , Sances G , Katsarava Z , Lainez M , Leston JA , Fadic R , Spadafora S , Pagani M , Nappi G ,   the COMOESTAS Consortium
Published: February 2014

Introduction

The management of medication-overuse headache (MOH) is often difficult and no specific guidelines are available as regards the most practical and effective approaches. In this study we defined and tested a consensus protocol for the management of MOH on a large population of patients distributed in different countries.

Subjects and methods

The protocol was based on evidence from the literature and on consolidated expertise of the members of the consensus group. The study was conducted according to a multicentric interventional design with the enrolment of 376 MOH subjects in four centres from Europe and two centres in Latin America. The majority of patients were treated according to an outpatient detoxification programme. The post-detoxification follow-up lasted six months.

Results

At the final evaluation, two-thirds of the subjects were no longer overusers and in 46.5% of subjects headache had reverted back to an episodic pattern of headache. When comparing the subjects who underwent out-patient detoxification vs those treated with in-patient detoxification, both regimens proved effective, although the drop-out rate was higher in the out-patient approach.

Conclusions

The present findings support the effectiveness and usability of the proposed consensus protocol in different countries with different health care modalities.
The Acetabular Labrum Regulates Fluid Circulation of the Hip Joint During Functional Activities
Authors: Dwyer Maureen K. , Jones Hugh L. , Hogan Michael G. , Field Richard E. , McCarthy Joseph C. , Noble Philip C.
Published: February 2014

Background:

An assessment of the effect of surgical repair or reconstruction on the function of the hip labrum is critical to the advancement of hip preservation surgery; however, validated models of the hip that allow the quantification of labral function in functional joint positions have yet to be developed.

Purpose:

To evaluate (1) whether intra-articular pressures within the hip are regulated by fluid transport between the labrum and femoral head and (2) whether the sealing capacity of the labrum varies with joint posture.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

The sealing ability of the hip labrum was measured during fluid infusion into the central compartments of 8 cadaveric specimens. Additionally, the pathway of fluid transfer from the central to the peripheral compartment was assessed via direct visualization in 3 specimens. The effect of joint posture on the sealing capacity of the labrum was determined by placing all 8 specimens in 10 functional postures. The relationship between pressure resistance and 3-dimensional motion of the femoral head within the acetabulum was quantified using motion analysis and computer modeling.

Results:

Resistance to fluid transport from the central compartment of the hip was directly controlled by the labrum during loading. Maximum pressure resistance was affected by joint posture ( P = .001). Specifically, positions that increased external rotation of the joint (pivoting) provided an improved seal, while positions that increased flexion combined with internal rotation (stooping) augmented the ease of fluid transport from the central to the peripheral compartment. Maximum pressure resistance was associated with the distance between the labrum and femoral head during pivoting.

Conclusion:

This study demonstrated that the transfer of fluid from the central compartment of the hip occurs at the junction of the labrum and femoral head. Joint position was shown to strongly affect the sealing function of the labrum and was attributable to the distance between the labrum and femoral head in certain positions.

Clinical Relevance:

Altering the relationship between the labrum and femoral head may disrupt the sealing ability of the labrum, potentially leaving the joint at risk for pathological changes with time.
Transversality, Harmony, and Humanity between Heaven and Earth
Authors: Jung Hwa Yol
Published: February 2014

This paper presents the concept of transversality as a possible key notion to explain the cultural and social phenomena that are peculiar to postmodernity.
Finite element analysis of functionally hybridized carbon/glass composite shafts
Authors: Sevkat Ercan
Published: February 2014

External torque on circular composite shafts produces linearly decreasing shear stresses along radial direction. The inner layers never stressed as much as outmost layer. Accommodating fiber stiffness of each layer based on these linearly decreasing stresses may be advantageous. To reduce the cost of carbon fiber-reinforced composite drive shaft, inner layers of shaft can be reinforced by hybrid fiber systems with less stiffness. To achieve that, while the top layer is still reinforced with carbon fiber, inner layers can be reinforced with the mixture of glass and carbon fiber. Without changing the fiber volume fractions, replacement of some carbon fiber with glass fiber will reduce the overall stiffness of fiber system. Mixture ratio or hybrid ratio can be calculated using linearly decreasing stress levels and the rule of mixture. These hybrid composite shafts can be manufactured by filament winding technique. During filament winding, composite shafts are wound layer by layer and filament type can be changed between the layers. The proper mixing ratio can be achieved by arranging the fiber count in each filament bundle. The relation between geometrical parameters and hybrid fiber volume fractions of composite shaft was derived. Finite element analysis on carbon fiber and functionally hybridized glass/carbon fiber shafts with same geometry was conducted. Stress, strain, and moment behavior of both shafts were compared. The possible advantages and disadvantages of hybridization were discussed.
Graphene and modified graphene-based polymer nanocomposites – A review
Authors: Saravanan N , Rajasekar R , Mahalakshmi S , Sathishkumar TP , Sasikumar KSK , Sahoo S
Published: February 2014

Graphene has drawn a great attention in the recent research innovations mainly due to its structural geometry, which is composed of one-atom thick planar sheet of hexagonally arrayed sp2 carbon atoms. Development of nanocomposites utilising graphene as the nanofiller offer desired properties to the added polymer matrix. Furthermore, incorporation of functional groups such as hydroxyl, epoxy, carboxyl, etc. on the basal plane of graphene enhances the interaction with the polymer matrices. Better interaction between the nanofiller and the polymer leads to exfoliation of the nanofiller in the matrices, which indeed significantly improves the physical, mechanical, thermal, electrical, electronic properties, etc., of the polymer. The review article explores the recent research findings on the development of polymeric nanocomposites utilising pure and functionalised graphene. The article focuses on the method of synthesis of graphene and functionalised graphene, followed by their characterisation methods and inferences. It also summarises the routes for the preparation of graphene and modified graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. The work highlights the enhancement of properties observed due to the addition of graphene and modified graphene to the polymer matrices. Several surface modifications done on GNS in order to achieve better dispersion of the same in the polymer matrix has been discussed. The review article portrays the recent research reports on graphene and modified graphene-based polymer nanocomposites. Techniques such as cryomilling, latex technology and lyophilisation as applied to polymer nanocomposites have been reviewed. Also, each of the literatures has been reviewed under the synthesis of filler and the preparation of the polymer nanocomposite separately which would serve as a guidance for future research. Literatures in which different carbon nanofillers have been compared to find the optimum filler has also been discussed.
A case of sustained virologic response of HCV with telaprevir-based therapy in a patient with HIV and end stage kidney disease
Authors: Slim J , Scangarello N , Samaha P , Dazley J
Published: February 2014

Sustained virologic response rates for hepatitis C virus are difficult to achieve in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus, especially if they have other poor predictors of response. Rates of sustained virologic response for hepatitis C virus genotype 1 in patients with end stage kidney disease are lower than patients with normal renal function. We present the first case report of a co-infected African American man with end stage kidney disease, who was haemodialysis dependant, and an interferon non-responder with advanced liver fibrosis, who achieved sustained virologic response on a telaprevir-based regimen.
Ibn al-Quff (1233–1286 AD), a medieval Arab surgeon and physician
Authors: Dalfardi Behnam , Yarmohammadi Hassan
Published: February 2014

Abū'l-Faraj ibn Ya’qūb ibn Isḥāq Ibn al-Quff al-Karakī (1233–1286 AD), best known as Ibn al-Quff in the West, was a 13th century Arab physician-surgeon. During his lifetime, Ibn al-Quff made some important contributions to the art of healing. He authored several books and commentaries in the field of medicine, in particular surgery. This paper aims to review Ibn al-Quff’s life, career, and contributions to medical science.
Carnivalesque culture and alcohol promotion and consumption at an annual international sports event in New Zealand
Authors: Gee Sarah , Jackson Steven J , Sam Mike
Published: February 2014

This study investigated the promotion and consumption of alcohol at the 2012 New Zealand Rugby Sevens Tournament. The paper uses a quantitative survey to gain insight into how attendees experienced the event in relation to alcohol promotions and alcohol consumption. One hundred and six participants completed the survey, the results of which highlight respondents’ opinions of: (a) the appearance and role of alcohol promotions at the event; (b) the link between event atmosphere and alcohol consumption; and, (c) messages about moderating alcohol consumption during the event. The discussion draws attention to how live spectators of one particular alcohol-sponsored sports event perceived the role of alcohol as part of the entertainment package and the atmosphere of the event.
Music lessons and academic self-concept in 12- to 14-year-old children
Authors: Degé Franziska , Wehrum Sina , Stark Rudolf , Schwarzer Gudrun
Published: February 2014

Music lessons increase children’s performance on cognitive ability tests and promote academic achievement. The association between academic achievement and music lessons remains reliable even when IQ is held constant, which indicates that the association is more than a cognitive transfer effect. The question therefore arises of whether music lessons are associated with other variables that are related to academic achievement. The present study investigated whether the number of music lessons was associated with a child’s academic self-concept, which is related to academic achievement. The sample comprised 92 12- to 14-year-old children (45 girls) who varied in their musical background. Academic self-concept and IQ were measured. Parents also provided detailed demographic background information (including information concerning music education). A hierarchical multiple regression was used in which socioeconomic status (i.e., parents’ education), gender, nonmusical out-of-school activities, grade, and IQ were entered on the first step, and months of music lessons were added on the second step. This multiple regression analysis revealed that music lessons contributed significantly to the prediction of academic self-concept scores and significantly improved the fit of the model. Our data indicated a significant positive association between music lessons and academic self-concept, even when we controlled for confounding variables. These results support the idea that music lessons are associated with a personality variable (academic self-concept) that is related to academic achievement. However, the direction of causation still needs to be investigated because the present study is only correlational.
Francisella tularensis infection without lesions in gray tree squirrels (Sciurus griseus): a diagnostic challenge
Authors: Nelson Danielle D. , Haldorson Gary J. , Stanton James B. , Noh Susan M. , Bradway Daniel S. , Mansfield Kristin G. , Baszler Timothy V.
Published: February 2014

Fifteen cases of Francisella tularensis infection (tularemia) were identified in western gray ( Sciurus griseus) and eastern gray ( Sciurus carolinensis) squirrels submitted to the Washington Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory between 2008 and 2011. All of the squirrels originated in Washington State, a geographical area with endemic tularemia in wildlife. Nine of the 15 squirrels with F. tularensis infection had gross (2/15) or microscopic (9/15) multifocal necrotizing lesions in the spleen, liver, or lymph nodes, typical of tularemia. Special stains did not reliably identify intralesional bacteria microscopically. Six of the 15 squirrels infected with F. tularensis lacked gross and microscopic lesions typical of tularemia. All 15 squirrels with F. tularensis infection were identified by polymerase chain reaction tests on the spleen, liver, or lymph node (including all 6 squirrels without typical tularemia lesions); 8 out of 9 squirrels were positive by direct fluorescent antibody test of tissues, and 5 out of 15 squirrels were positive by culture of tissues. The findings underscore the importance of considering tularemia as a possible cause of death when no lesions of tularemia can be identified at necropsy. Furthermore, the findings suggest the possibility of subclinical infections in gray squirrels, and the importance of molecular diagnostics for definitive diagnosis of F. tularensis infection in wild squirrels.
Identification of Mycoplasma suis antigens and development of a multiplex microbead immunoassay
Authors: Guimaraes Ana M. S. , Santos Andrea P. , Timenetsky Jorge , Bower Leslie P. , Strait Erin , Messick Joanne B.
Published: February 2014

The aims of the current study were to identify Mycoplasma suis antigens and develop a multiplex microbead immunoassay (MIA). A M. suis–expression library was screened for immunogens using sera from infected pigs. Based on bioinformatics, putative antigens were identified within positive inserts; gene fragments were expressed and purified as polyhistidine fusion proteins, and immunoreactivity was confirmed by Western blot. Selected antigens were used to develop a MIA. Sera from noninfected and infected pigs were used to set the median fluorescent intensity (MFI) cutoffs and as positive controls, respectively. Assay specificity was tested using sera from pigs seropositive for other pathogens (2 different pigs seropositive for each pathogen). Samples from 51 field pigs and 2 pigs during the course of acute (pig 1) and chronic (pig 2) infections were tested using MIA, indirect hemagglutination assay (IHA), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Sixteen reactive plaques (52 genes) were detected. A heat-shock protein (GrpE), a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide–dependent glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPN), and 4 proteins from paralogous gene families (PGFs) were identified as antigens by Western blot. While GrpE, GAPN, and 1 PGF protein were strong antigens, the others were not suitable as MIA targets. A MIA using GrpE, GAPN, and the strongly reactive PGF protein was developed. Cross-reactivity with sera from pigs infected with Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, Porcine circovirus-2, Porcine parvovirus, Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, and Porcine respiratory coronavirus with this MIA was not observed. Pig 2 was consistently positive by MIA and qPCR, whereas pig 1, initially negative, seroconverted before becoming qPCR positive. Only 2 samples (from pig 1) were IHA positive. Five (9.8%) field samples were qPCR positive and 40 (78.43%) were positive for all 3 MIA antigens; however, all were IHA negative. In summary, the MIA is specific and more sensitive than qPCR and IHA, providing simultaneous evaluation of antibody response to M. suis antigens.
Does Challenge by Choice Increase Participation?
Authors: Chase Daniel L.
Published: February 2014

Challenge by choice (CBC) has been regarded as a foundational principle for challenge ropes course programs. Although CBC is widely accepted as the primary mechanism for facilitating intended ropes course outcomes, especially a participant’s involvement, until recently it had remained an untested assumption. This study explored the role of CBC as it pertains to participants’ involvement in adventure activities. Using a general inductive data analysis approach, three themes emerged: instruction, atmosphere, and challenge. Whereas instruction positively influenced involvement, atmosphere and challenge had both positive and negative influences. Findings suggest that CBC might be necessary but not sufficient in explaining students’ involvement in adventure activities.
Five-Factor Model and Difficulties in Career Decision Making
Authors: Martincin Kelly M. , Stead Graham B.
Published: February 2014

Meta-analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between personality constructs of the five-factor model (FFM) and difficulties in career decision making (DCDM). Twenty studies with one to five quantitative FFM constructs were selected for review. The present study found evidence that the traits of the FFM of personality can predict DCDM. There was a statistically significant positive relationship between Neuroticism and DCDM, and statistically significant negative relationships between Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, and Openness. Mean effect sizes were small (<.30) with Neuroticism being the highest, closely followed by Conscientiousness, and with Agreeableness being the lowest. Both age and nationality of sample were found to be significant moderators of FFM constructs and DCDM. The discussion includes implications for research and practice.
A microscopically motivated constitutive model for shape memory alloys: Formulation, analysis and computations
Authors: Frost Miroslav , Benešová Barbora , Sedlák Petr
Published: February 2014

We present a three-dimensional constitutive model for NiTi polycrystalline shape memory alloys exhibiting transformations between three solid phases (austenite, R-phase, martensite). The ‘full modelling sequence’ comprised of formulation of modelling assumptions, construction of the model, mathematical analysis and numerical implementation and validation is presented. Namely, by formulating micromechanics-inspired modelling assumptions we concentrate on describing the dissipation mechanism: a refined form of this description makes our model especially useful for complex loading paths. We then embed the model into the so-called energetic framework (extended to our case) while taking advantage of describing the dissipation mechanism through the so-called dissipation distance. We prove the existence of energetic solutions to our model by a backward Euler scheme. This is then implemented into finite element software, and numerical simulations compared with experiments are also presented.
Primary hypodipsia in a cat with severe hypernatremia
Authors: Bach Jonathan , Claus Kimberly
Published: February 2014

Clinical summary:

A 4.5-year-old male castrated domestic shorthair cat presented with a 2-month history of muscle tremors progressing to weakness, pelvic limb ataxia, mild facial twitching, poor appetite and polyuria. Primary hypodipsia and resultant hypernatremia was diagnosed. Intensive fluid therapy and monitoring were initially required for stabilization, and the cat’s condition was successfully managed long-term using canned food supplemented with additional water.

Practical relevance:

Primary hypodipsia is rare in clinical practice, but experience with this case suggests that associated hypernatremia can be successfully managed using a water-enriched diet to provide maintenance hydration.
Hypervitaminosis A-induced hepatic fibrosis in a cat
Authors: Guerra Juliana M , Daniel Alexandre G T , Aloia Thiago P A , de Siqueira Adriana , Fukushima André R , Simões Denise M N , Reche-Júior Archivaldo , Cogliati Bruno
Published: February 2014

Rationale:

The excessive intake of vitamin A in the form of vitamin concentrate, supplement or vitamin-rich liver can result in hypervitaminosis A in man and animals. Although osteopathologies resulting from chronic vitamin A intoxication in cats are well characterized, no information is available concerning feline hypervitaminosis A-induced liver disease.

Clinical summary:

We report the first case of hepatic stellate cell lipidosis and hepatic fibrosis in a domestic cat that had been fed a diet based on raw beef liver. Radiographic examination revealed exostoses and ankylosis between vertebrae C1 and T7, compatible with deforming cervical spondylosis. Necropsy showed a slightly enlarged and light yellow to bronze liver. Microscopic and ultrastructural analyses of liver tissues revealed diffuse and severe liver fibrosis associated with hepatic stellate cell hyperplasia and hypertrophy. These cells showed immunopositive staining for α-smooth muscle actin and desmin markers. The necropsy findings of chronic liver disease coupled with osteopathology supported the diagnosis of hypervitaminosis A.

Practical relevance:

As in human hepatology, if there is dietary evidence to support increased intake of vitamin A, then hypervitaminosis A should be considered in the differential diagnosis of chronic liver disease in cats.
Investigation on the long-duration tribological performance of bilayered diamond/diamond-like carbon films
Authors: Shen Bin , Chen Sulin , Sun Fanghong
Published: February 2014

The long-duration tribological performance of two bilayered diamond/diamond-like carbon films, namely microcrystalline diamond/diamond-like carbon and nanocrystalline diamond/diamond-like carbon films, is evaluated in 24-h dry sliding against the silicon nitride counterpart ball, in terms of the stable coefficient of friction, the sliding stability, and the specific wear rate of both the film and counterpart surface. Moreover, their sliding behaviors are illustrated from the aspect of sliding interface evolution. Characterization results indicate that the top-layered diamond-like carbon films significantly reduce the surface roughness of single-layered diamond film and determine the surface property of composite film. For the tribological performance, the top-layered diamond-like carbon coating significantly reduces the stable friction coefficient of the microcrystalline diamond film by 10–34%, but does not exhibit a similar effect on the nanocrystalline diamond film due to the severe delamination of diamond-like carbon coating. Either, the top-layered diamond-like carbon film does not show noticeable benefit on enhancing the sliding stability or wear resistance of single-layered diamond coating. The delamination of top-layered diamond-like carbon coating is supposed to play a critical role on such phenomenon. Furthermore, an enhanced tribomap is developed that is capable of providing a visualized and highly customized evaluation on tribological performance of sliding contacts according to the specific requirements a variety of applications. According to this tribomap, nanocrystalline diamond film always shows the superior performance to others.
Pharmacist influence on prescribing in peripheral arterial disease (PIPER)
Authors: Brook-Barclay Laura , Delaney Christopher L , Scicchitano Madeleine , Quinn Stephen , Spark James I
Published: February 2014

The objective of this study was to determine the association between a specialist clinical pharmacist working in collaboration with medical staff and prescribing in peripheral arterial disease (PAD). A retrospective cohort study was conducted comparing the influence of a dedicated clinical pharmacist on two samples of patients admitted to a single vascular surgery unit in either 2007 (control group) prior to implementation of a comprehensive clinical pharmacy service or 2009 (comparison group) post implementation. Data were obtained via review of medical records and electronic reports. A total of 685 patients were identified, resulting in 964 admissions. The patient to pharmacist ratio decreased from 62 to 33 patients per day in 2009. More patients were initiated on an antiplatelet (OR 4.6, 95% CI 2.26 to 9.53, p<0.001) and statin (OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.97 to 6, p<0.001) in 2009 compared to 2007. Risk factor modification increased in 2009, resulting in action being taken more often for HbA1c>7% (OR 3.45, 95% CI 1.64 to 7.27, p=0.001), total cholesterol >4 mmol/L in females (OR 14.5, 95% CI 2.67 to 78.6, p=0.002) and blood pressure above target (OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.01 to 3.73, p=0.05) when a comprehensive clinical pharmacist service was available. There was a non-significant reduction in mortality (18.7% (65) to 14.2% (46), p=0.13) and cardiovascular outcomes (5.5% (19) to 4.3% (14), p=0.44) within 12 months of discharge. In conclusion, prescribing of evidence-based medication for PAD and risk factor modification increased with a comprehensive clinical pharmacist service. This study provides important insight into optimising treatment in this patient group and how a pharmacist can be a helpful addition to the multidisciplinary team.