bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Multilevel Product Model for Simulation-Based Design of Mechanical Systems
Authors: Chang Kuang-Hua , Choi Kyung K. , Wang Jeff , Tsai Chung-Shin , Hardee Edwin
Published: March 2007

This paper presents a multilevel product model that supports Simulation-Based Design (SBD) of mechanical systems, from pre liminary to detailed design stages The pnmary goal of the SBD is to achieve product designs featuring better performance and greater du rability and reliability through computer-based modeling, engineering analysis, and design trade-off. A Computer-Aided Design (CAD) model combined with engineering parameters and mathematical equations that simulate physical behavior of the mechanical system constitute its product model for SBD. For preliminary design, improvement of system performance, including dynamics and human factors, is usually the primary focus A CAD model with reasonably accurate physical parameters, such as mass properties of major components or assemblies, is defined as the base definition of the product model for SBD. A number of simulation models are derived from the base definition to sup port simulation of the mechanical system performance A parametric study can be conducted to search for design alternatives using dimen sion parameters created in the parameterized CAD model. The CAD model and base definition are then refined from the preliminary design stage to support intermediate designs. Intermediate designs will primarily focus on product subsystem performance. A product model is evolved by refining geometric representation of mechanical components in CAD, and expanding product assembly into parts and sub assemblies for further engineering analysis Component designs for performance, such as fatigue, mechanical reliability, and structural per formance, as well as maintainability are the primary focus in the detailed design stage. A detailed product model evolved from that of the previous design is needed In the detailed design stage, a systematic design trade-off method supports design improvement. A High Mobil ity Multi-Purpose Wheeled Vehicle (HMMWV) is employed to illustrate and demonstrate the proposed product model.
State of the Art Literature Survey on Disassembly Planning
Authors: O'Shea B. , Grewal S.S. , Kaebernick H.
Published: March 2007

In this paper, the state of the art of disassembly planning is detailed to the best of the authors knowledge. Covered are issues that have particular relevance to disassembly planning, from product representation, to task analysis, task representation, sequencing, clus tering, life cycle engineering issues, and cost estimation. Materials data requirement issues and some practical applications in disassembly plants are discussed In conclusion, this paper details future research with the aim of developing a robust and effective disassembly plan ning methodology This will be based upon task actuation and the minimisation of components requiring assessment by the plan.
Recruitment of Engaged Couples for Premarital Counseling: An Empirical Examination of the Importance of Program Characteristics and Topics to Potential Participants
Authors: Sullivan Kieran T. , Anderson Carmen
Published: March 2007

The recent emphasis on prevention in helping couples to avoid marital distress may be limited by lack of participation in prevention programs by engaged couples. The purpose of this study is to understand what potential participants perceive are attractive characteristics in premarital prevention approaches. Eighty-six engaged couples completed questionnaires assessing demographics, personality, and the relative importance of premarital program characteristics. The results indicate that leader characteristics, content, and topics such as communication, finances, and problem solving are the most important elements of premarital counseling to couples. Differences based on gender and risk level are reported. Suggestions are made for more effective recruitment of couples for premarital counseling.
The Loss and Recovery of Erotic Intimacy in Primary Relationships: Narrative Therapy and Relationship Enhancement Therapy
Authors: Snyder Maryhelen
Published: March 2007

The erotic and sexual aspects of intimate relationships are embedded in pervasive cultural assumptions. Therapists working with intimate relationships are frequently confronted with issues regarding the loss of erotic intimacy, differences in levels of sexual desire and responsiveness, and the existence of intimate relationships outside the primary one in which erotic intensity is experienced more fully. These issues and others related to erotic intimacy cannot be addressed without having the tools for deconstructing the dominant and pervasive discourses within which these problems exist and are perpetuated. An approach derived from an integration of narrative therapy and relationship enhancement therapy can be helpful to couples in developing a shared understanding of erotic experience that is experientially true for each person. This approach is described in the context of its theoretical rationale, and two case examples are given.
The Invisible Family: Counseling Asian American Substance Abusers and their Families
Authors: Mercado Melissa M.
Published: March 2007

The model minority theory, the underuse of mental health services, and cultural values have influenced the substance abuse field into believing that Asian American families are psychologically healthier and in less need than other ethnic groups. The existing literature on substance abuse within the Asian American population is reviewed in this article. The family systems theory is then described and applied to the Asian American family.
Happiness: Is it Real or Just an Illusion?
Authors: Rotter Joseph C.
Published: March 2007

The counseling profession was founded on the principles of development and prevention. Although our services have expanded and are needed in the broader community, we cannot forsake that which makes us unique. We need to continue to remind ourselves to concentrate on wellness and helping people find meaning and happiness in their lives.
Sexual Hypnotherapy for Couples and Family Counselors
Authors: Araoz Daniel , Burte Jan , Goldin Eugene
Published: March 2007

This article presents the utilization of Ericksonian hypnotic techniques in conjunction with cognitive behavioral techniques collectively labeled the New Hypnosis, as they apply to the treatment of male and female sexual dysfunction within a counseling setting. The basic principles of the New Hypnosis (as they apply to sexual dysfunction) include processing of internal states of perceived realities, in vitro reexperiencing of the sexual problem, inward directedness of the client by the counselor via careful observation and feedback of the client’s/couple’s psychosematics and somatopsychic expressions, and the presence of both members of the couple in the session whenever possible. Subjective biofeedback, activation of personality parts, and mental rehearsal are techniques reviewed as they apply to sexual identity, orientation, preference, role, and functioning. Specific techniques to improve functioning throughout the five stages of sexual response (desire, arousal, foreplay, orgasm, and processing) are presented. The New Hypnosis is an effective means of helping clients develop new insights into their sexual functioning and overcome debilitating or limiting sexual dysfunctions.
The Safety Session: A Prerequisite to Progress in Counseling Families with Physically Aggressive Children and Adolescents
Authors: McAdams Charles R. , Foster Victoria A.
Published: March 2007

Strategies are needed that assist both current practitioners and counselors-in-training in working safely and effectively with potentially aggressive young people and their families. To emphasize with at-risk client families the seriousness of violence, all or part of an initial or early counseling session with an at-risk family should be devoted exclusively to prescribed risk assessment and crisis planning processes. This safety session is intended to reduce the risk of client violence by opening a forthright dialogue regarding the risk of violent behavior, specifying appropriate behavior, and setting limits and consequences for noncompliance. The specific framework for a safety session and a case study illustrating its application are presented.
Introduction
Authors: Walsh William M.
Published: March 2007

What is your reaction to these different philosophies of treatment? The same case conceptualized by two different theories presents some similarities and many differences. Think about it, and let us know your reaction.
The "I Want" Exercise
Authors: Sherman Robert
Published: March 2007

This column provides aforum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques and tactics that you have invented or adapted and find successful in counseling with couples and families. Please submit manuscripts of 4-6 typed, doublespaced pages (in the format of the technique that follows) to Robert Sherman, 154-23A Riverside Drive, Beechhurst, NY 1135 7-1339.
Culturally Competent Family Preservation Services: An Approach for First-Generation Hispanic Families in an International Border Community
Authors: Sandau-Beckler Patricia A. , Salcido Ricardo , Ronnau John
Published: March 2007

Family preservation is a creative family-centered approach to providingfamily services that has emerged from thefields of child welfare and family services. The family preservation approach is intensive and time limited, with clinical as well as concrete services provided in thefamily 's home. This article describes a culturally competent approach to providingfamily preservation services for Hispanicfamilies who are experiencing child neglect and abuse in the international border community of El Paso, Texas. Thefamily preservation approach is briefly described and providing culturally competent services is explored in depth. Cultural competence is defined and demonstrated through a case example involving a first-generation Mexican American family.
Counselor Trainee Early Family Structure and Current Intergenerational Family Relationships: Implications for Training
Authors: Lawson David M. , Gaushell Harper , Karst Ralph W.
Published: March 2007

An investigation of counselor trainees' recollections of early family structure and current intergenerational relationships found that trainees who remained relatively free from "triangling" patterns with parents reported significantly greater spousal intimacy, more individuation from parents, and less triangulation with children and spouses, than did trainees that were consistently "triangled" with parents. Additionally, trainees who reported both a clear and more-or-less equal position of parental authority in their family of origin were able to maintain an intimate yet autonomous relationship with parents and satisfying relationships with their spouses or significant others. Based on these results, implications for counselor training are discussed.
Family Ethics: Admitting Former Clients to Graduate School
Authors: Browning Frank , Martinek Sherry , McGrath Patrick , Palais Judith , Kibler Virginia , Culkin Mary , Kaplan David
Published: March 2007

I am the director of a master's program in marriage and family counseling. An integral part of our admissions process is a personal interview During a recent interview, an applicant revealed that she had been in therapy with one of the faculty a few years ago. While we rejected the candidate for reasons unrelated to her being a former client, we became uncomfortable with the potential for exploitation and harm to the previous therapist-client relationship and decided that any faculty member could veto an applicant to protect previous counseling relationships and confidentiality. However, some faculty members weren't comfortable with this decision, and recently a potential applicant argued that the decision should be made by the candidate. What kind of ethical guidelines can help us deal with applicants who have been former clients of faculty?
The Therapist as Translator: Reconstructing Communication
Authors: Sherman Robert
Published: March 2007

This column Provides aforum within which you, the reader, may share with your colleagues some of the creative techniques that you have successfully developed or adapted in your practice with couples and families. Others may be able to adapt your techniquefor their own use or they may be stimulated by it to invent related techniques. Please submit your manuscripts double spaced to Robert Sherman, Column Editor, 12 Berkshire Drive, Cranbury, NJ 08512-4718, or send to the Editor of this journal indicating that the manuscript is intended for this column.
Marriage and Family Enrichment: A Process Whose Time Has Come (and Gone?)
Authors: Giblin Paul
Published: March 2007

Like the values clarification movement with which it shares many similarities, marriage and family enrichment grew rapidly during the 1970s and early 1980s but has apparently fallen off sharply since then. This article reviews enrichment research of the 1990s including marriage preparation and premarital counseling, specifzc programs, specfic populations, and continuing research needs.
Counseling Blended Families
Authors: Howell Lynn Calhoun , Weers Ritchie , Kleist David M.
Published: March 2007

In U.S. society, the term step, when combined with mother, father, child or family, is often used to indicate abnormal or substandard. By the year 2000, however, stepfamilies (also known as blendedfamilies) will be the norm-more than 50% of U.S. families. This article explores significant unique blended-family qualities identified by recent research and implications for assessment and intervention.
Chaos Theory: Self-Organization and Symbolic Representation in Family Systems
Authors: Butz Michael R. , Carlson J. Matthew , Carlson Jon
Published: March 2007

Nonlinear dynamics, or as thefield is sometimes referred, chaos and complexity, has been an area of study in family therapy since the early 1980s. The way in which these dynamics are applied through symbolically represented experiences in afamily is described. Symbols or metaphors in the process of transformation connote meaning, and amid nonlinear dynamics, they assist therapists to understand thefamily's development. Therefore, an integration is proposed that illustrates these dynamics through a case example weaving together contemporary science and human development in the context offamily therapy.
Promoting Strengths and Celebrating Culture: Working with Hispanic Families
Authors: Rotter Joseph C. , Casado Montserrat
Published: March 2007

This column addresses practical approaches to working with families ofHispanic origin. Emphasizing the rapid growth of this segment of the population, the unique dimensions and therapeutic practices are addressed through sample case studies.
Development and Initial Validation of a Measure of Academic Hardiness
Authors: Benishek Lois A. , Lopez Frederick G.
Published: March 2007

Drawing upon hardiness theory and research on academic motivation we developed and administered a measure of academic hardiness to a large sample of high school students. In line with theory- and research-derived expectations, results of both principal axis factor analyses (PAF) and confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) yielded support for a three-factor model of the construct. Supplemental analyses indicated that, after controlling for general academic self-concept, the challenge subscale of our novel measure differentiated students who pursued more difficult academic coursework and educational plans from those who did not.
Some Experimental Tests of Holland's Congruency Hypotheses: The Reactions of High School Students to Occupational Simulations
Authors: Helms Samuel T.
Published: March 2007

This experiment used a repeated-measures design to test congruency hypotheses about the reaction of high school students to simulated jobs. Students experienced six diverse jobs in random order and gave their reactions to each job by filling out a standard questionnaire. The results strongly support Holland's (1985) formulations of how people react to jobs. The degree of congruency a student experiences in using a standard work simulation usually coincides with the degree of congruency estimated from the hexagonal model. The results are statistically significant and substantial for both girls (n = 92) and boys (n = 127).
Correlations Between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator and Measures of Aptitudes
Authors: Carson Andrew D. , Stalikas Anastassios , Bizot Elizabeth B.
Published: March 2007

This article reports correlations between the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI; Myers & McCaulley, 1985) scales and scales from two aptitude measures: (a) the Differential Aptitude Tests-Adaptive (DAT-A; McBride, 1986; Moe, 1988), using a sample of 122 university and community career assessment clients, and (b) the Ball Aptitude Battery (BAB; Ball Foundation, 1993), using a sample of 99 high school students. The results are similar to those reported by Stricker and Ross (1962). Factors such as sex, age group (adolescent and adult), and the degree to which an aptitude test reflected general cognitive ability appeared to moderate the degree to which the results were in accord with Jungian theory. Implications for career assessment and Jungian personality theory are discussed.
General Versus Specific Predictors of Specialty Choice in Psychology: Holland Codes and Theoretical Orientations
Authors: Zachar Peter , Leong Frederick T. L.
Published: March 2007

A general measure of vocational personality (Holland codes) as presented in the Vocational Preference Inventory (VPI; Holland, 1985) is compared to a more specific measure of preferences (theoretical orientations) with respect to differentiating among specialty areas in psychology—specifically, clinical, counseling, and experimental psychology (Coan, 1979). Counseling and clinical doctoral students differ from experimental doctoral students on both theoretical orientations and vocational personality. The counseling and clinical students do not differ on theoretical orientations, but do differ on vocational personality, with counseling students being more socially oriented than clinical students. These findings are surprising in light of literature that suggests specific preferences should be more predictive of specialty interests. Implications for counseling are suggested, including some cautions about using rational, rather than empirical, measures of Holland three-point codes for psychologists.
Applications of Self-Efficacy Theory to the Career Assessment of Women
Authors: Betz Nancy E. , Hackett Gail
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the applicability of self-efficacy theory to the career assessment of women. The article begins by summarizing Bandura's self-efficacy theory, including its particular relevance to women's career development. Next, the domains of occupational, scientific—technical, and mathematics self-efficacy are reviewed, followed by those represented by Holland's RIASEC model and Rooney and Osipow's (1992; Osipow, Temple, & Rooney, 1993) Task-Specific Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale (TSOSS). The article concludes with a review of work on the relationship of self-efficacy to vocational interests and on counseling implications of self-efficacy theory.
Reassessing the Waste Trade Crisis: What Do We Really Know?
Authors: Montgomery Mark A.
Published: March 2007

Most analyses of the international trade in hazardous waste have begun with the assumption that uncontrolled waste movements have created an environmental crisis of monumental proportions, especially in the world's poorest and weakest countries. This article questions that assumption by taking a close look at the best available data on legal and illegal transfers of waste to developing and middle-income countries. The data reveal little indication of a vast, uncontrolled waste trade from North to South. While further empirical investigations are needed, the incongruity between assumption and fact must be reconciled. This article begins to resolve that inconsistency by offering some explanations for the lack of evidence that developing countries have been unwitting recipients of the toxic detritus of the industrialized world.
Bird Hunting in Krangkeng, West Java: Linking Conservation and Development
Authors: McCarthy John , Noor Yus Rusila
Published: March 2007

In developing countries such as Indonesia, the necessity of integrating conservation and development has become somewhat axiomatic. However, working to integrate these two objectives is very difficult. This article considers the problems facing one attempt to do this: a project on the north coast of West Java. Here, along a stretch of coast 5-10 kilometers wide and 60 kilometers long, villagers catch close to 200,000 migratory and resident waterbirds each year. From a conservation perspective, this hunting is putting an unsustainable pressure on many species. For instance, in 1990 researchers estimated that hunting in this area culled about 20% of the world population of oriental pratincoles (Glarerola maldivarum). However, given the underdeveloped economy of the area, from the perspective of poor villagers bird hunting is the most rational choice. This case shows the conflict between the conservation values most associated with the West and the survival needs of the poor. We may argue over which has greater value, yet conservation work must deal with the underlying socioeconomic problems facing a large number of marginal people in this region.
Clinical Utility of the Impact of Event Scale: Psychometrics in the General Population
Authors: Briere John , Elliott Diana M.
Published: March 2007

The Impact of Event Scale (IES; Horowitz, Wilner, & Alvarez, 1979), Trauma Symptom Inventory (TSI; Briere, 1995), Los Angeles Symptom Checklist (LASC; Foy, Sipprelle, Rueger, & Carroll, 1984), and Traumatic Events Survey (TES; Elliott, 1992) were administered to a sample of 505 participants from the general population. In this application of the IES, participants reported on "an upsetting event," as opposed to a specific stressor. The IES was found to be reliable and to have concurrent validity with respect to the TSI and LASC. IES scores varied as a function of race, but this relationship disappeared once race differences in exposure to potentially traumatic events (PTEs) were taken into account. Although the IES was predictive of PTEs, the traumatic stress scales of the TSI had more predictive and incremental validity than the IES. The current data suggest that an "upsetting event" version of the IES may be useful as a brief screen for nonarousal related posttraumatic stress, but that its potential limitations should be taken into account. Normative data on this version of the IES are presented.
REVIEW ■ : Neurotrophic Factors and the Specification of Neural Function
Authors: Mendell Lorne M.
Published: March 2007

Neurotrophin molecules have been shown to play important roles in the survival of neurons during devel opment. Most early studies concentrated on the initially discovered factor—nerve growth factor. Recent work has demonstrated that nerve growth factor belongs to a family of neurotrophins that include brain-derived neurotrophic factor, neurotrophin-3, and neurotrophin-4/5. These neurotrophins exert their action via high- affinity receptors known as trks ( trkA, trkB, and trkC). A major goal of present research is to identify the neuronal locus of different trks to permit inferences about the specificity of action of the different growth factors. However, recent evidence suggests complex relationships between neurotrophins and trk receptors. These issues are explored in the context of dorsal root ganglion cells and motor neurons. Functional studies of the effects of nerve growth factor on its target cells, the nociceptive afferents, illustrate that this neurotro phin plays a role in development and function, which goes well beyond its classical role in promoting the survival of neurons during the early phases of development. The Neuroscientist 1:26-34, 1995
The Neurobiology of Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
Authors: Stein Dan J.
Published: March 2007

Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) is characterized by recurrent intrusive thoughts and repetitive ritualistic actions. Although symptoms have long been considered symbolic expressions of unconscious issues, recent neuroscientific research has increasingly strengthened a conceptualization of OCD as a neuropsychiatric disorder. Thus, significant advances have been made in understanding both the neurochemical and the neuroanatomical underpinnings of OCD. Ongoing research of particular interest includes investigation of the neuroethology, neuroimmunology, and genetics of OCD. From a clinical perspective, research on OCD has resulted in increased recognition and more effective treatment of the condition, and has shed light on a range of other disorders with overlapping phenomenology. Of even broader interest, the study of OCD allows new insights on general questions in the study of brain-mind interrelationships. NEUROSCIENTIST 2:300-305, 1996
REVIEW ■ : GABAergic Inhibitory Processes and Hippocampal Long-term Potentiation
Authors: Schultz Laura M.
Published: March 2007

Long-term potentiation (LTP) is a widely studied form of activity-dependent synaptic plasticity. Hippocampal LTP evoked in the dentate and CA1 areas requires calcium influx through N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor-channel complexes, a process triggered during high-frequency stimulation by conjunctive presy naptic glutamate release and postsynaptic depolarization. It has been suggested that alterations in GABAergic recurrent and/or feedforward inhibitory synaptic transmission may accompany LTP induction in these hippocampal areas. To this end, possible LTP-related modifications in functional inhibition are ad dressed in the context of both paired-pulse depression and the excitatory postsynaptic potential-spike (E-S) relationship. Consideration is also given as to how GABAergic processes may contribute mechanistically to the induction of NMDA receptor-dependent LTP. It is concluded that although GABAergic disinhibition may contribute to the induction of LTP, it is not yet clear whether or not the induction of LTP has a lasting impact on inhibitory processes. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:226-236, 1997
Neuroanatomical Changes Associated with Unipolar Major Depression
Authors: Sheline Yvette I.
Published: March 2007

There is increasing evidence for structural brain changes associated with unipolar re current major depression. Many depressed patients have comorbid physical illnesses, producing a high rate of subcortical white matter changes and brain damage to key structures involved in the modulation of emotion. This is especially true in the case of late-onset depression, which typically occurs in the setting of age-related illnesses, such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, poststroke syndromes, and myocardial in farction. In addition, there is now evidence for brain changes associated with early-onset major depression. Volume decreases have been reported in the hippocampus, amygdala, caudate, putamen, and frontal cortex. These structures are extensively interconnected and are part of a neuroanatomical circuit that has been termed the limbic-cortical-striatal pallidal-thalamic tract. Possible mechanisms for tissue loss include neuronal loss through exposure to repeated episodes of hypercortisolemia or glial cell loss, resulting in in creased vulnerability to glutamate neurotoxicity. Studies combining the anatomical and morphological information of MRI studies with functional studies have the potential to localize abnormalities in blood flow, metabolism, and neurotransmitter receptors and provide a better integrated model of depression. NEUROSCIENTIST 4:331-334, 1998
Neuromodulatory Basis of Emotion
Authors: Fellous Jean-Marc
Published: March 2007

The neural basis of emotion can be found in both the neural computation and the neuromodulation of the neural substrate that mediates behavior. I review the experimental evidence showing the involvement of the hypothalamus, the amygdala, and the prefrontal cortex in emotion. For each of these structures, I show the important role of various neuromodulatory systems in mediating emotional behavior. Generalizing, I suggest that behavioral complexity is caused partly by the diversity and intensity of neuromodulation and hence depends on emotional contexts. Rooting the emotional state in neuromodulatory phenomena allows for its quantitative and scientific study and possibly its characterization. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:283-294, 1999
Yves Delage: Neuronal Assemblies, Synchronous Oscillations, and Hebbian Learning in 1919
Authors: Herculano-Houzel Suzana
Published: March 2007

Yves Delage (1854-1920) is known mostly as a French zoologist who made key dis coveries on the physiology and embryology of marine animals and who was director of the Roscoff Biological Station. Upon becoming blind in his late 50s, Delage dedicated himself to introspective analysis of consciousness and published shortly before his death a volume in which he espoused his associational theory of dreams, which attacked di rectly Freud's ideas. At the heart of Delage's theory is the hypothesis of "parachroni zation of neuronal vibratory modes." He envisioned each neuron having a characteristic vibratory mode, which can be impinged on neighboring neurons according to the strength of their interaction, causing an ensemble of neurons to vibrate in synchrony. He also envisioned strengthening of interactions among simultaneously active neurons, antici pating Hebb's principle. As a result, the properties represented by the synchronized neu rons coalesce, and are perceived together "as a single idea." Their own engagement in synchronization leaves on the physical connections among them a trace, a "relic," that facilitates their future parachronization. He thus explained perception, association of ideas in trains of thought and in dreams, learning, and memory, decades before the necessary tools became available for neuroscientists to tackle these questions experi mentally. Delage's contribution to neuroscience, through his cunning vision on these issues, anticipated by 70 years the discovery that neuronal synchronous oscillations are associated with perception, dreaming, and memory. NEUROSCIENTIST 5:341-345, 1999
Current Trends and Issues in Family Nursing Research
Authors: Ganong Lawrence H.
Published: March 2007

The purposes of this article are: (a) to examine current trends and issues in family nursing research from the perspective of an intimate outsider to the field, and (b) to offer predictions regarding future trends for family nursing research. The article is divided into three sections. First, the unique dimensions offamilies are identified and the problems these characteristics present to researchers are briefly examined. Second, a brief overview of the topics studied in family nursing research and the methodological issues of that body of literature are presented. Finally, conclusions are drawn and observations are made about the current status of family nursing research, and recommendationsfor thefuture are offered. Among the predictions are an increase in multidisciplinary research teams, greater use of midrange theories, an increase in conceptual and methodological complexity, more study offamily diversity, greater use offeministframeworks, and an increase in the number offamily nursing scholars who have programs of research.
Enhancing Coping Outcomes of Mothers and Young Children Following Marital Separation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Melnyk Bernadette Mazurek , Alpert-Gillis Linda J.
Published: March 2007

The major purpose of this pilot study is to determine the feasibility of implementing a reproducible, preventive intervention program to enhance coping outcomes with mothers and their young children following marital separation. A two-group experiment was used with 21 mothers experiencing recent marital separation and their 3 to 6-year-old children. Experimental group mothers received the Creating Opportunitiesfor Parent Empowerment (COPE) Intervention Program, which consisted of audiotaped information and behavioral activities to enhance parenting effectiveness and coping outcomes in their children. Comparison group mothers received information and activities related to normal growth and development of preschool children. Trends in the data and effect sizes revealed positive short-term outcomes over a 3½-month study period on nearly all measures for mothers and children who received the COPE Intervention Program. Afull-scale study is now being planned to determine both short and long-term effects of the COPE Intervention Program.
Hmong Women: Postpartum Family Support and Life Satisfaction
Authors: Jambunathan Jaya , Stewart Stephanie
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to explore social support and life satisfaction of the Wisconsin Hmong women in the postpartum period. A convenience sample of 52 childbearing Hmong women from northcentral and north-eastern Wisconsin were interviewed using a semistructured interview. Data were analyzed using the sensitization method. The women in this study received supportfrom relatives, many of whom lived in the home with them. Thefathers were the primary source of support, helping with infant care and assisting with child care tasks. A great deal of support in child care was also receivedfrom their mothers, mothers-in-law, and other relatives. Life satisfaction depended on the length of stay in the United States and was generally related to education, employment, independence in self-care, a desirefor a smallerfamily, and the ability to access existing resources for child care.
"Wraparound"—The Wave of the Future: Theoretical and Professional Practice Implications for Children and Families with Complex Needs
Authors: Handron Dorothea S. , Dosser David A. , McCammon Susan L. , Powell John Y.
Published: March 2007

The wraparound process provides a contemporary perspective on providing mental health and related services to children and families with complex needs. Wraparound is a strengths-based, family driven orientation that focuses on the uniqueness of each child and family. In this article, the professional's role in the wraparound process is highlighted. Part 1 offers a historical perspective; political and economic implications atfederal, state, and community levels focusing on wraparound; and summarizes research outcome data associated with its use. Part 2 emphasizes clinical practice implicationsforfamily nurses or service providers in other disciplines who work with these children and families. A case study demonstrates how structural family therapy may be used as a theoretical framework in concert with the wraparound process.
Factors Influencing the Caregiver's Ability to Experience Respite
Authors: Strang Vicki R. , Haughey Margaret
Published: March 2007

For the caregiver, a respite experience is one way to mitigate the negative consequences of caregiving. In this interpretive study, based on narrative inquiry and using grounded theory analytical methods, 10 caregivers described the respite experience as a cognitive process of getting out of the caregiver world and into their own world. In this world, theyfeelfreefrom the responsibilities and the worries of caregiving-the quintessential meaning of respite to these caregivers. Factors influencing the caregivers'abilities to experience this respite include the nature of the pre-illness relationship between the caregivers and their dependentfamily members, role expectations, the attributes of the available respite services, and time. Thesefindings provide a criticalfirst step in understanding why the respite experience may be so difficultfor some caregivers to achieve and their continuing hesitancy to use respite services even when these services are available.
HIV-Infected Women and Motivation to Add Children to Their Families
Authors: Sowell Richard L. , Phillips Kenneth D. , Misener Terry R.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this descriptive study was to identify how susceptible women perceived their babies to be to perinatal transmission of HIV and to examine factors that influence a woman’s motivation to have a baby. The sample consisted of 45 African American women living in South Carolina and Georgia. Data were collected during face-to-face interviews. A researcher-developed scale, Motivation for Childbearing in HIV-Positive Women, provided reliable and valid data on factors that motivated or deterred a woman’s decision to have a baby. This study supported prior findings that HIV status is not the most important influence on a woman’s reproductive decision making. Women identified significant others (husbands and sex partners) and other family members as those most important in making the decision to add a child to their family. The findings of this study underscore the importance of family in childbearing decisions by HIV-positive women.
Civic Scientist/Civic Duty
Authors: GREENWOOD M. R.C. , RIORDAN DONNA GERARDI
Published: March 2007

The term civic scientist has been used within the science community since 1997. The term has come to be interpreted in a variety of ways. This article, which was first prepared for the session “Cultivating the Civic Scientist” at the 2001 annual meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in San Francisco on 16 February 2001, offers one perspective about the meaning of the term. It links the notion of being a civic scientist, as proposed by Neal Lane in 1997, to civic duty, which the authors define as a personal call to public service that is not necessarily linked to one's research career.
Bayesian Statistics and Utilization of Evaluation Research Findings
Authors: Pollard William E.
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this article is to present the basic ideas of Bayesian statistics and consider their relevancefor the topic of utilization ofevaluation research. It is argued that whether utilization is viewed in terms of modifying thinking concerning social programs or in terms of affecting specific decisions, the Bayesian approach, with its requirement of coherence in inference and decision making, can be useful in analyzing data and expressing results, in guiding appropriate utilization, and in conceptualizing aspects of the utilization process.
The Adoption of Academic Women's Studies Programs
Authors: Wood Donna J.
Published: March 2007

Academic women's studies programs, considered as a structural and knowledge-based organizational innovation, provide a case with which to examine regional differences in adoption patterns. Striking differences are observed among regions in the timing, pace and saturation of adoption of this innovation by academic institutions Organizational vanables are not related to these regional diffusion patterns, but a tentative test of a "regional political milieu" hypothesis suggests that system effects - or diffuse, region-specific environmental factors — may be important in the degree to which organizations within a region may be innovative
Solving Problems of Practice in Education
Authors: Boyd Robert D. , Menlo Allen
Published: March 2007

The authors identify and discuss the many complexities involved in the translation of scientific information in the social sciences into forms usable for solving problems of practice in education. As a means of appropriately handling these complexities and the issues that arise, they prescribe a series of stages to be followed from the advent of a practitioner's situational problem to the design of a response to it. They assert that unless the process of translation is conducted with the prescribed level of understanding, appreciation, and rigor, the application of knowledge will be inaccurate.
A Brief Review of Federal Dissemination Activities 1958-1983
Authors: Hutchins C.L.
Published: March 2007

Current federal dissemination efforts in education developed rapidly in the 1960s and 1970s in response to the increasing federal investment in educational research and development. There was no consistency in policy, however, largely as a result of differences in opinion about the proper role of the government in promoting specific changes in schools and the types of support that schools needed to bring about change. A number of different, competing programs were developed that can only loosely be described as a federal system. Interest in dissemination waned during the 1980s as federal support for R&D declined and the arena of change shifted from the development and utilization of knowledge and products to change driven by policies and restructuring of schools.
Social Networks of Science and Patterns of Publication in Leading Sociology Journals, 1960 to 1985
Authors: Willis Cecil L. , McNamee Stephen J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the impact of editor-author networks of institutional ties on publication patterns in three leading sociology journals between 1960 and 1985. The "invisible college," a social network of elite scholars, is discussed as the major contributor to the editor-author connection. Results suggest a pattern of institutional connections between editors and authors over time beyond random chance alone. It appears, however, that fluctuations in academic labor markets have weakened this network, resulting in a reduction in the strength of the institutional connections in journal publication.
A Framework for Redesigning an R&D-Based National Education Dissemination System in the United States
Authors: Klein Susan Shurberg
Published: March 2007

The national education dissemination system in the United States is confusing, fragmented, and ineffective. This article suggests a framework for federal leadership in redesigning this system to enhance the use of educational research and development. The key components of the framework are education resources, dissemination functions, the bureaucratic levels at which dissemination takes place, the content or population focus related to the users' needs, and the par ticipants'roles and skills. Using this framework, the author describes the current dissemination system, possible changes in it to meet new expectations, and potential barriers and enhancers to the redesign.
Much Ado about What?
Authors: Johnson David
Published: March 2007

Dramatic U.S. Congressional hearings on scientific misconduct were covered widely in the press in 1988. In response to actual congressional pressure and perceived public pressure, an elaborate system for controlling misconduct was created by officials of the U.S. Public Health Service (PHS). The system was created without knowledge of the size and causes of the misconduct problem. Now, research on these two fundamental questions together with research on the true dimensions ofpublic opinion with respect to science, scientists, and scientific misconduct is both feasible and advisable. Knowledge gained from such research can aid scientists and policymakers in the design of effective programs to control scientific misconduct.
Grassroots AIDS Knowledge
Authors: Indyk Debbie , Rier David A.
Published: March 2007

Grassroots AIDS groups create, disseminate, and interpret knowledge. Their success in these new roles shows that traditional, top-down dissemination theories are inadequate; the debate over marginal innovation has defined marginality too simplistically; and the scientific journal is not the only source of scientific information. These circumstances—combined with what is known about "boundary work" by mainstream scientists—indicate that, despite problms, AIDS grassroots knowledge production challenges traditional definitions and boundaries of scientific work and offers a gateway to wider democratization of science. Using a resource mobilization approach, the authors assess whether the grassroots' AIDS knowledge production model applies in other public policy issues, such as toxic exposure and women's health resarch .
Browsing
Authors: O'Connor Brian C.
Published: March 2007

Indexing, classification, and other aspects of formal systems for access to documents represent documents and questions in topical terms. The discovery and elaboration of new knowledge generally implies new concepts and new connections, thus scholars cannot generate topical descriptions of their requirements. Several informal activities generally described by the term browsing serve scholars by reforming the representation issues in idiosyncratic and functional terms. A conceptual framework for browsing is constructed on issues of the representation of knowledge states and documents.
Commentary
Authors: CAMPANARIO JUAN MIGUEL
Published: March 2007

This article describes examples of influential and/or highly cited papers that were initially rejected by one or more scientific journals. The work reported in eight of the papers eventually earned Nobel prizes for their authors; six papers later became the most cited of the journals in which they were published. Also described are influential and highly cited scientific books whose authors encountered problems in publishing them. These case studies suggest that, although rejection may subsequently result in an improved manuscript, on other occasions referees may simply have failed to appreciate a paper's importance. Many of these rejected papers also reported unexpected findings or discoveries that challenged conventional models or interpretations.
Believing in Biotech
Authors: MARQUART JOHN , O'KEEFE GARRETT J. , GUNTHER ALBERT C.
Published: March 2007

The bovine growth hormone (BGH) issue offers a good opportunity to study the credibility of information sources promoting a controversial technology to a public user group, in this case, dairy farmers. It also provides a context in a naturalistic conflict situation for examining the expertise and trustworthiness components of credibility, and how those relate to attitude similarity and extremity. The authors investigated farmers' uses of information sources in evaluating BGH, the credibility attached to various sources, and factors affecting that credibility. As hypothesized, the farmers clearly distinguished between the expertise and trustworthiness attached to BGH information sources. They also rated sources that they perceived as having attitudes similar to their own as more trustworthy but not more expert. Farmers with more extreme attitudes toward BGH significantly downgraded the trustworthiness of several institutional sources and the expertise of a broader range of sources, including certain mass media.
Impediments in the Production and Consumption of Science and Technical Communication
Authors: PERLOFF ROBERT
Published: March 2007

Scientific and technical communication to the public suffers not from problems of magnitude but from impediments to its production and consumption, especially inaccuracy, distortion, and deception. The author describes how ambiguity, self-interest, and exaggeration, for example, influence production quality, and how such factors as existing audience bias, lack of trust in scientific evidence, and resistance to change further complicate assimilation of messages about science.
Knowledge Moves to Center Stage
Authors: JOHNSTON RON , BLUMENTRITT ROLF
Published: March 2007

As knowledge becomes a more significant economic and geopolitical force (e.g., through increased trade in knowledge as a commodity), there is need to develop better understanding of the implications of this transformation for science and technology policy studies. What tools will be needed to analyze the role and flows of knowledge? The authors suggest a taxonomy of nine knowledge processes which might be combined with distinctive knowledge levels as a step toward building a theoretical model.