bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GROWTH RESPONSE AND MUSCLE LIPID QUALITY OF INDIAN WHITE SHRIMP FED DIFFERENT OILS AT TWO DIETARY LIPID LEVELS
Authors: OURAJI H. , ABEDIAN KENARI A.M. , SHABANPOUR B. , SHABANI A. , NEZAMI S.A. , SODAGAR M. , JANI KHALILI K. , FAGHANI S.
Published: August 2010

A feeding trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of partial fish oil replacement with vegetable oils at two levels of dietary lipid on growth performance and muscle lipid quality of Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus. Final weight of shrimp fed control diet (100% fish oil) was higher than that of shrimp fed the other diets. Partial replacement of fish oil with vegetable oils resulted in reduced levels of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid in shrimp muscle tissue. Increasing the dietary lipid level had an effect on lipid content of shrimp, by increasing lipid deposition in muscle tissue, but without a significant effect on growth. Concentrations of cholesterol in shrimp muscle were not significantly affected by dietary lipid source and level (P > 0.05). Shrimp fed diets with 14% lipid had significantly higher concentration of malonaldehyde (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances) in muscle tissue than shrimp fed diets with 9.5% lipid. Vitamin E concentration in muscle of shrimp fed 100% fish oil was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by dietary lipid level.

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

The high market value of and great demand for penaeid shrimp in the world market provide a strong stimulus for its intensive culture. The Indian white shrimp Fenneropenaeus indicus (Milen Edwards) was the most important shrimp species cultivated in Iran (due to market demand, high market value and local shrimp). It is a species with relatively slow growth potential compared to Penaeus monodon and its production is relatively low in intensive farms. It is mainly reared with commercial feed. Fish oil is an important ingredient used in commercial marine fish and shrimp feeds. The demand for fish oils in the aquafeed industry has increased steadily despite the static global production levels and may not be able to cater to the demand in the near future. Therefore, finding alternative to fish oils is one of the critical research areas in marine fish and shrimp nutrition.
DESCRIPTION AND QUALITY EVALUATION OF SWEET CHERRIES CULTURED IN SPAIN
Authors: PÉREZ‐SÁNCHEZ RODRIGO , GÓMEZ‐SÁNCHEZ MARÍA ÁNGELES , MORALES‐CORTS MARÍA REMEDIOS
Published: August 2010

Several physical, chemical and color characteristics of 20 sweet cherry cultivars cultured in Spain were investigated during a 3‐year (2004–06) period. A total of 26 descriptors, mainly defined by the International Plant Genetic Resources Institute and the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants were used to describe and compare the fruit quality of the main Spanish sweet cherry cultivars for fresh consumption and for industrial use. Some of the studied cultivars showed distinctive and interesting agronomical characters from a commercial point of view such as low susceptibility to fruit cracking and high soluble solids and total polyphenols levels. This was the case with the late cultivar widely distributed through the Jerte river valley called “Pico Negro.” Its fruits were quite sweet (20.28°Brix), resistant to cracking (9.44%) and rich in polyphenols (1.60 g of gallic acid per 100 g dry weight). “Burlat” and “4–70” were the improved cultivars that recorded the highest levels for weight of 100 fruits parameter (828.61 and 825.22 g, respectively) and the local cultivar “Corazón Serrano” showed the largest fruits (8.56 cm
3
).

PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS

There have been no previous detailed studies describing and comparing the fruit quality characteristics of a wide number of sweet cherry cultivars. Studies including physical and chemical properties of sweet cherry fruits are very important for the engineers in the designing of equipment for harvesting and post‐harvest technology. This research shows the description and evaluation of the fruits of 20 sweet cherry cultivars in terms of physical, chemical and color properties.
A Perplexing Upper Molar
Authors: Clarkson Roger
Published: August 2010

A case of a maxillary sinus muccocoele is presented. Except for pulp vitality, the associated tooth showed all the clinical signs of an acute alveolar abscess.
Conservative Endodontic Treatment Of A Large Periapical Lesion
Authors: Maiolo Katina
Published: August 2010

A 60‐year‐old female presented with a large periapical radiolucency associated with a previously root filled 1.3 and suspected involvement of the 1.2. Endodontic treatment of 1.2 had been commenced by the referring dentist. Following a differential diagnosis, conservative endodontic treatment was instituted. A post was removed from 1.3 and long term calcium hydroxide intracanal dressings placed in both teeth. The lesion showed good repair over a period of 12 months.

This case report supports the view that the treatment of choice for periapical lesions associated with failed conventional endodontic treatment is orthograde re‐treatment with regular follow‐up to confirm bony healing.
From Pathogenesis To Prognosis: The Microbiology Of Endodontic Infection
Authors: Figdor David
Published: August 2010

Bacteria are crucial for the development of apical periodontitis. The microorganisms within the root canal are predominantly composed of slow‐growing anaerobes. Clinical signs and symptoms of infection such as pain, swelling or exudation are caused by specific bacteria that are capable of interfering with the host defense. A primary goal of endodontic treatment is the elimination of infection from the root canal system. Predictable management depends on an aseptic technique, biomechanical cleaning with antimicrobial irrigants such as sodium hypochlorite solution in conjunction with EDTA solution and antibacterial dressing with calcium hydroxide. The prognosis of treatment depends on many factors including the preoperative status of the periapical tissues, the level of the root filling in relation to the apex and, importantly, the presence of infection at the time of root filling. Failures are usually associated with errors in clinical technique. However, even when treatment is performed to a high standard, failures may occur due to intraradicular or extraradicular infection, cysts or a foreign body reaction.
A TOTAL HEALTH APPROACH TO SMOKING CESSATION
Authors: Heath E. A. , Radford A. J. , Harris U.J.
Published: August 2010

Cessation rates of over 83 per cent in females and over 58 per cent in males were achieved when 374 motivated adults were assessed twelve months after participating in an antismoking education programme. This consisted of a total health and lifestyle modification approach in a mutually supportive environment. Group and counselling techniques were used with training in social, communication and problem‐solving skills related to factors identified as barriers to cessation. The level of success is attributed to the comprehensive approach, the tailoring of the programme to meet individual needs, appropriate leadership, the use of modern educational technology in behaviour modification and the facilitation of group and individual support mechanisms through reinforcement.
COMMUNITY SURVEY OF MEDICINES STORED IN THE HOME
Authors: Straton Judith A.Y. , Rimmer Mara H. , Cheng Wendy S.C. , Armstrong Bruce K.
Published: August 2010

A survey of the medicines stored in 102 randomly selected households revealed a total of 1,181 medicines, with a range of 0–67 medicines per household. The number of medicines per household was positively correlated with household size, and households with children tended to have more medicines than childless households. The most commonly occurring medicines were skin preparations and analgesics. The median storage time was 3–6 months, and only 40 percent of the medicines were said to be in current use. Twenty‐seven percent of the medicines found were available on prescription only, and these medicines had been stored for less time and were more likely to be in current use than other medicines. The kitchen was the most popular place for storage of medicines (42 percent) followed by the bathroom (36 percent); only 5 percent of all medicines were kept in a locked cupboard. Issues raised by these findings include the need for safe storage and safe disposal of medicines, the question of adherence to prescription instructions, and the appropriateness of the use of both prescribed and non‐prescribed medicines.
SUBJECTIVE GOOD HEALTH AND BIOLOGICAL IMPAIRMENTS IN FEMALE SUBJECTS
Authors: Webster Ian W.
Published: August 2010

Impairments of function may be caused by ageing or pathological processes and in some individuals there may be a discrepancy between chronological and biological age. In screened female subjects, health status was defined by number of characteristics: absence of self‐reported medical illnesses, nonsmoking, normal chest radiography, electrocardiography and urine tests, plus subjective perception of good health. These indicators of health status were compared with differences in age‐dependent biological variables. An assessment was also made of the effect that a person's age or subjective health status had on the variance of these variables.

Subjective good health was shown to be associated with less age‐dependent biological change. Additionally, plasma triglyceride concentration was found to be more indicative of people's perception of their own health than the other variables. Such observations have relevance to the yield of abnormal results from health screening programs, and suggest that subjects for screening could be selected by their reported health experience and well‐being.
RESEARCH AND TEACHING IN THE SOCIOLOGY OF HEALTH AND ILLNESS IN AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Willis Evan
Published: August 2010

The bulk of work in medical sociology … has focused a microscope onto the trivia of medical life and has tried to convince itself that what it finds there is something important. But such work has made little attempt to relate its findings to the rest of the sociological enterprise. In a word it has been medicocentric gaining its philosophies and values and sometimes even its method from the system it purports to studv.
THE AGENT ORANGE CONTROVERSY IN AUSTRALIA: A CONTRIBUTION TO THE DEBATE*
Authors: Hall Wayne , MacPhee Donald
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the claims made by the Vietnam Veterans' Association of Australia that the health of Vietnam veterans has been adversely affected by exposure to the herbicide Agent Orange and other pesticides while serving in Vietnam. Three claims are dealt with in detail: those concerning the effects of exposure to pesticides on the rates of birth defects among the children of Vietnam veterans and of psychiatric disorders and premature death among themselves. Epidemiological evidence on the rate at which these adverse outcomes occur among Vietnam veterans is reviewed, as is evidence on the effects of occupational pesticide exposure on reproductive outcomes, mental health and premature death. The review indicates that there is little evidence to sustain any of the claims and much evidence against them. An analysis of the reasons for the persistence of the controversy in the face of negative evidence suggests that there has been an unfortunate confusion of two questions: are Vietnam veterans owed justice for the injustices they have suffered in the past? is their present suffering a consequence of their chemical exposure in Vietnam? The community owes it to Vietnam veterans and their families to distinguish the two questions to ensure that an affirmative answer to the first question does not depend upon an affirmative answer to the second.
BEHAVIOURALLY‐BASED PRINCIPLES AS GUIDELINES FOR HEALTH PROMOTION
Authors: Lee Christina , Owen Neville
Published: August 2010

Programmes to promote health, which appear with increasing frequency, should be based on sound principles. This paper deals with an approach to health promotion based on behavioural theories to explain the change and maintenance of habitual patterns of activity. It derives from work to determine programme guidelines and policy recommendations in the promotion of exercising, and is presented so as to have more general application to health‐related behaviours. It describes some relevant theoretical approaches to behaviour change and maintenance, and outlines a set of principles which may be used as guidelines. This involves an account of stages of behaviour change, operant conditioning and associative learning theories, cognitive‐behavioural and self‐management theories, and social learning theory, and suggests judicious integration of these theories and the use of attitudinal theories. Eleven principles derived from these theories and from research on health behaviour change are described. These perspectives may be useful in work to influence the health‐related behaviours of individuals, and as suggestions for the modification of some environmental and social factors which constrain individuals' capacities to choose health promoting actions.
SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES: A PILOT EDUCATION PROGRAMME IN QUEENSLAND
Authors: Cronan Alan W.
Published: August 2010

This paper examines a three month education programme on sexually transmitted diseases (STD); it was the first programme related to sexual matters officially used in Queensland State high schools. Funded by the State Health Department (Division of Health Promotion), the programme involved both salaried medical officers and private practitioners and reached over 3,500 students. Objectives were to increase the awareness levels of STD, to encourage early medical intervention and to establish a STD telephone enquiry service. Prior to the programme, knowledge of STD was very low, with 86.5 per cent of respondents unable to answer a total of 15 simple questions correctly. This improved after the sessions when 39.6 per cent of students failed to answer the same 15 questions correctly. During the programme, a total of 117 people sought medical intervention and 699 telephone enquiries were registered.
WHAT PATIENTS KNOW ABOUT THEIR ASTHMA
Authors: Dunt David R. , Rubinfeld Abe R. , Feren Phillip , McClure Bruce G.
Published: August 2010

Knowledge about asthma and its management was assessed by questionnaire in adult outpatients of a teaching hospital and in attenders of a community asthma information program. The hospital outpatients were older, less well educated and suffered more severe, chronic asthma than the program attenders. Nevertheless the groups did not substantially differ in their knowledge about asthma. The subgroup of hospital outpatients with prior exposure to asthma educational material and with multiple past hospital admissions had significantly higher overall asthma knowledge scores.

Both groups had poor knowledge about the treatment of asthma emergencies. Other gaps in knowledge related to asthma triggers (particularly aspirin and food additives), the utility of allergy tests and swimming and room vaporisers in the control of asthma.

The identification of both gaps in asthma knowledge and of the subgroups of patients with poor overall knowledge is important if patient education by clinicians or health educators is to be successful. Gaps in knowledge of crisis management common to both groups studied are particularly disturbing given that asthma is a common disease with significant preventable mortality and morbidity.
PSYCHOLOGICAL STRESS AS A PUBLIC HEALTH PROBLEM: HOW MUCH DO WE KNOW?
Authors: Graham Neil M. H.
Published: August 2010

There is growing evidence that social and environmental stressors increase susceptibility to a range of diseases, including common causes of both morbidity and mortality. Nevertheless, stress is only rarely seriously considered to be a significant risk factor for disease in the public health arena. As a result, attempts at developing rational community‐based strategies and policies to deal with stress have been isolated or uncoordinated. There appears to be a number of reasons for this situation. Firstly, the strength, validity and reliability of the data relating stress to many disease outcomes has been highly variable. This has mainly been due to a number of methodological difficulties inherent in this type of research. Secondly, stress management programs often focus on altering the individual response to stress, rather than focusing on changing the social environment to either reduce stressor load or improve the range of coping resources available in the community. Thus, this type of activity is often seen as falling within the realm of ‘curative’ primary health care rather than as a matter for public health policy. Thirdly, since stress is often considered to be synonymous with ‘major life events’ the view is often held that because these events are largely unpreventable very little can be done at a public health level. This paper considers these issues and reviews the current definitions of stress, theories of disease causation, major methodological issues in research, evidence relating stress to a range of disease outcomes and the scope for intervention at a community rather than an individual level.
THE INCIDENCE OF HYSTERECTOMY AND ITS EFFECT ON THE PROBABILITY OF DEVELOPING UTERINE CANCERS
Authors: Dickinson J. A. , Hill A. M.
Published: August 2010

Published hysterectomy rates from several Australian States range between 376 and 489 per 105 women — values that lie between the lower European rates and the higher North American rates. We used a life‐table method to calculate that for a woman aged 65 years exposed lifelong to current rates in New South Wales, the probability of having had a hysterectomy would be 25 per cent, and for an 85 year old, 29 per cent. One consequence of this finding is that the rates of acquiring cervical and uterine cancer are not reflected accurately in disease incidence rates based on all women as the denominator: our calculations show that the actual rates applying to a woman with her uterus in‐situ could be much higher in older age groups than apparent from crude rates. This is important to understand trends in female genital cancer, and to ensure appropriate screening and prevention strategies are developed.
REGULATING THE CONSTRUCTION OF HOSPITALS OR VICE VERSA: THE COURTS AND PRIVATE HOSPITAL PLANNING IN VICTORIA
Authors: Duckett Stephen. J.
Published: August 2010

This paper examines the legal framework for regulating the development of new private hospitals in Victoria. It first reviews the genesis of the statutory power for private hospital regulation and outlines the two court cases which clarified the interpretation of the statute.

The legislation and its interpretation by the courts emphasise a particular approach to private hospital planning which does not necessarily address the problems faced by consumers of hospital services in Victoria. It is argued that the law has constructed a particular framework for private hospital regulation which does not address the critical problems facing the hospital system in the 1990s. The legal framework for regulation is based on property rights rather than the needs of hospital users, despite the language used in the legislation.
SCREENING ALCOHOL & DRUG USE IN A GENERAL PRACTICE UNIT: COMPARISON OF COMPUTERISED AND TRADITIONAL METHODS
Authors: Bungey Jillian B. , Pols Rene G. , Mortimer Karl P. , Frank Oliver R. , Skinner Harvey A.
Published: August 2010

Systematic screening of patients for areas of health risk in their lifestyle has much potential for primary health care clinicians as a cost‐effective and time saving means to identify ‘at risk’ individuals. In the area of alcohol and drug problems, such early identification increases the likelihood of successful intervention. The present study, conducted at a general practice unit, compared the use of a computer to screen for alcohol and drug use with the two more traditional assessment methods of face‐to‐face interview and paper and pencil questionnaire. It was found that levels of reported consumption were similar across assessment methods. Although the interview method was strongly preferred overall, patients' preference for the computer increased significantly after use. The computer was also found to be more acceptable to patients reporting non‐medical drug use, a potentially threatening and sensitive issue. There was a low refusal rate and most patients were willing to allow their doctor to see the assessment results. This indicates that screening for alcohol and drug use is acceptable to general practice patients, and that the computer can play a useful role as a prevention aid.
FACTORS ENHANCING AND INHIBITING THE DEVELOPMENT OF PRIMARY MEDICAL CARE IN COMMUITY HEALTH CENTRES
Authors: Lennie I.G. , Copeman R.C. , Sangster A.
Published: August 2010

This study examined factors inhibiting and enhancing the development of primary medical care within community health centres. Nine centres with medical services, representing a range of financial administrative arrangements and a spread of locations, were selected for investigation. A modified version of the Community Health Accreditation and Standards Project (CHASP) review process was developed to look at areas of health service functioning. Effective internal management and a shared ethos were the strongest predictors of favourable outcomes overall. Salaried, as opposed to fee‐for‐service, financial arrangements led to better outcomes in most function areas, although salaried arrangements in themselves were not sufficient to produce good outcomes. All centres that performed well had community management structures, but the presence of such structures did not always guarantee good outcomes. The educational background and experience of the doctors had no effect. The study confirmed that primary medical care within community health centres represents a viable, alternative model of general practice in Australia and identified some factors that could strengthen it further.
PURPOSELY SELF‐INFLICTED INJURY RESULTING IN DEATH AND HOSPITALISATION IN NEW ZEALAND
Authors: Langley John D. , Johnston Sharyn E.
Published: August 2010

Purposely self‐inflicted injury is the second most common cause of injury death in New Zealand and is also a major cause of hospitalisation. Despite the significance of the problem there has been relatively little research undertaken in New Zealand. Injury mortality and morbidity data files for 1984 were examined and upgraded to provide as comprehensive an overview of this injury problem as the data would permit. The results show that the fatality rate was highest amongst the elderly, and males had higher death rates than females for all ages. In contrast to this, hospitalisation rates peaked among the 15–20 year olds and females had higher rates than males for all ages. Whereas Maori had a significantly lower fatality rate than non‐Maori the converse was the case for hospitalisation. A more consistent effect occurred for marital status, the married group had significantly lower fatality and hospitalisation rates than the non‐married group. The major occupational group “production, transport and labourers” had the highest mortality rate, whereas service workers, in particular house staff, had the highest rate of morbidity. Whereas hanging was the most common method (33%) used in fatal injury events, poisoning was the most common method (91%) used for those events which resulted in hospitalisation. In the latter case, psychotropic agents, in particular tranquillisers, accounted for 50 per cent of all poisoning. These data show that mortality experience is not a reliable guide to injury morbidity experience. Prevention is discussed in the context of limiting the availability and lethality of agents.
METHODOLOGY USED TO MONITOR AND EVALUATE IN VITRO FERTILIZATION AND RELATED PROCEDURES IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA, 1983–1987
Authors: Webb S.M. , Holman C.D.J.
Published: August 2010

A methodology was developed to support a comprehensive health services research project undertaken to monitor and evaluate the practice of in vitro fertilization (IVF) and related procedures, such as GIFT, in Western Australia (WA) from 1983 to 1987. The project included demographic, clinical and economic assessments of the new technology. The study subjects were the 1,240 couples who began IVF treatment between January 1, 1983 and December 30, 1986. Information was collected on all 2,982 treatment cycles commenced by June 30, 1987, and on the 273 births that resulted from these treatment cycles. Where relevant, comparisons were based on information obtained from the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) census, the WA Midwives' Notification System and the WA Hospital Morbidity Data System. The need for long‐term follow‐up studies of children and participants is identified, as is the need for randomized clinical trials to evaluate more fully the success of the procedures where bilateral tubal blockage is not the indication for the treatment.
SERIOUS OCCUPATIONAL INJURIES IN AUSTRALIA: SOME DEFICIENCIES OF THE EXISTING DATA COLLECTIONS
Authors: Wigglesworth Eric C.
Published: August 2010

This study examines the incidence in Australia of “serious” occupational injuries, arbitrarily defined as those which resulted in absence from work for six months or more. The raw data were contained in computer print‐outs specially prepared by the State offices of the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) and the study includes analyses by age, sex, occupation and industry of the injured person. The unexpectedly large total of 14,281 high‐severity injuries cannot be supported with confidence since the principal finding was the large and consistent variation in injury rates between the States. For males, the overall injury rates (per 10,000 persons) for Victoria, South Australia and Tasmania were in the range 11 to 16: those for Queensland and Western Australia were in the high 30s; whilst that for New South Wales exceeded 50. A similar ranking of injury rates prevailed in almost every subset. The highest rates arose in New South Wales, Queensland and Western Australia in six of the seven occupation groups, in nine of the ten industry groups and in all eleven age groups. It is difficult to find any scientific explanation for these variations in terms of levels or extent of exposure to risk. In the opinion of this author, these variations should be attributed to differences in the institutional arrangements for the coverage, collection and/or compilation of compensation data. There is a clear need for a comprehensive and compatible Australia‐wide collection, and the continuing lack of such a collection is deemed a matter for regret.
PARENTAL HELP‐SEEKING FOR BEHAVIOURAL AND EMOTIONAL PROBLEMS IN CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE
Authors: Feehan Michael , Stanton Warren , McGee Rob , Silva Phil A.
Published: August 2010

Previous publications from the Dunedin Multidisciplinary Health and Development Research Unit have reported the prevalence of DSM‐III disorders through its longitudinal examination of a New Zealand birth cohort. The present study describes the help‐seeking practices of each sample member's parents for their child's behavioural or emotional problems exhibited in childhood (ages 5–11) or adolescence (ages 12–15). Increased help‐seeking for boys was evident in childhood. However, this sex difference was not present at adolescence. There was a decline in the frequency with which medically oriented agencies were contacted between childhood and adolescence, and teachers were found to be the most frequently used source of assistance in adolescence. Although there was a strong association between help‐seeking and mental health disorder, approximately half of those with disorder had parents who had not sought help for their child's problems. In addition, family characteristics of low SES, low family social support and poorer maternal mental health predicted help‐seeking. The results are discussed in terms of service provision for these age groups, within the present restructuring of the public health system in New Zealand.
NOTE PRELIMINAIRE SUR LA GEOLOGIE DU WOUTAICHAN (CHANHSI)*
Authors: Yang‐Kieh
Published: August 2010

Résumé et Conclusion

La Géologie de la chaîne du Woutai comprend deux grands groupes de terrains : Paléozoïque et Précambrien qui se divise à son tour en Algon‐kien et Archéen. Je pense que la disposition stratigraphique de ces terrains antépaléozoïque est très difficile à identifier. Quoi qu'il en soit, les propriétés lithologiques de ces différentes couches nous aident à résoudre l'énigme de l'histoire de la terre. Par exemple, dans la région étudiée, les gneiss migmatitiques de Foupinhsien et de Yenmenkusn, et les gneiss oeillés de Lontchuainkuan et de Okéoutchen forment un groupe représentant problématiquement l'Archéen ; les zones de Schitsui et de Taihuai d'une part de Nantai et de Paitouan d'autre part constituent des séries indépendantes, dont la partie supérieure, séries de Nantai et de Paitouan correspondrait au Sinien du professeur Grabau, et la partie inférieure, séries de Taihuai et de Schitsui, au systéme du Woutai, sens striet Plusieurs granites successifs sont nécessaires pour expliquer le métamorphisme.
President's Message
Authors: Criswell Walter Scott
Published: August 2010

How the Foundation, the Judges Institute and the Masons plan to fend for the wayward and neglected children of America.
A PERSPECTIVE
Authors: WALLACE PHYLLIS
Published: August 2010

This is an excerpt from a paper presented at the Institute on Non Narcotic Drug Abusc, May 15–19, 1967 under the auspices of the Center For Study of Crime, Delinquency and Correction at Southern Illinois University.
JUVENILE COURTS AND DUE PROCESS OF LAW
Authors: DOUGLAS WILLIAM O.
Published: August 2010

The following remarks were delivered at the Northwest Regional Conference of the Child Welfare League of America on April 28, 1968 at Portland, Oregon.
PARENTAL RESPONSIBILITY LAWS REVIEWED
Authors: SPECK NANCY L.
Published: August 2010

Imposing legal responsibility on parents for the antisocial behavior of their children has long been tempting to legislators. The serious problems inherent in such laws are presented in the following appraisal, excerpted with permission from the Pittsburgh Law Review, Volume 30 No. 3.
THE FUTURE OF THE JUVENILE COURT: Implications for Correctional Manpower and Training
Authors: RUBIN TED , SMITH JACK F.
Published: August 2010

The following is an excerpt from a paper prepared for the Joint Commission on Correctional Manpower and Training. This consultants' paper dealing with the area of the Juvenile Court is the first of its type to be published by the Commission. Chapter VI has to do with “DISPOSITIONAL ALTERNATIVES”.
Juvenile Justice Advocacy: Practice in a Unique Court
Authors: Besharov Douglas J. , Gothard Sol
Published: August 2010

The defense attorney must remember that the Juvenile Court is a court and not a social agency. But the fact that it is a court should not obscure the fact that it is a court with social objectives and social techniques. Thus, he must have the knowledge and ability to suggest alternative treatments to court adjudication.
New Light on China's Political Economy
Authors: Gittings John
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Most Western writing on Chinese economic development since 1949 has, until recently, treated it in isolation from the broader goal of building and consolidating a socialist society. In fact the Chinese choice of strategies and priorities can only be understood within this context. New material from China, including some previously unpublished writings on political economy by Mao Tse‐tung, show more clearly how the Chinese see the path of their transition to socialism and the problems arising along the way. This has been the central issue of Chinese political life since the mid‐1950s and it has been strongly influenced by the mainly negative lessons of the Soviet (and especially Stalinist) experience. A bibliography gives details of the new Chinese material, and of recent Western work which opens up fresh perspectives.

RESUME Nouvel eclairage sur la politique économique de la Chine

La plupart des écrits concernant le développement économique de la Chine depuis 1949 en ont jusqu'à ces derniers temps traité en marge de I'objectif plus large qui consiste à construire et consolider une sociéte socialiste. En fait le choix qu'ont fait les Chinois des stratégies et des prioritiés ne peut être compris que dans ce contexte. De nouvelles publications en provenance de Chine, compris quelques écrits inédits de Mao Tse'Toung sur la politique économique, montrent plus clairement comment les Chinois envisagent la voiequi doit les mener vers le socialisme et les problèmes qui en émergeront chemin faisant. C'est la principale question portant sur la vie politique chinoise depuis le milieu des années 50; elle a été fortement influencée par les principales leçons négatives de I'expérience sovietique (et spécialement de I'êpoque Stalinienne). Une bibliographie donne des détails sur les nouveaux documents chinois ainsi que des nouvelles oeuvres occidentales ouvrant des perspectives intéressantes.

RESUMEN Nueva Luz sobre la Economía Política de China

La mayor parte de lo que se ha escrito en Occidente sobre eí desarrollo económico chino desde 1949, trata el tema aisláindolo de la meta más amplia de construir consolidar una sociedad socialista. En realidad, la elección china de estrategias prioridades sólo puede ser entendida dentro de este contexto. El nuevo material sobre China, incluyendo algunos escritos no publicados anteriormente de Mao Tse‐tung sobre economía política, muestra más claramente cómo ven los chinos el camino para su transición al socialismo los problemas que surgen en su transcurso. Este ha sido el tópico central de la vida política china desde mediados de la década del 50, influído fuertemente por las lecciones principalmente negatives de la experiencia soviética (y especialmente Stalinista). Una bibliografía entrega detalles del nuevo material chino de recientes trabajos de Occidente que abren nuevas perspectives.
Statistics on the Multinational Corporations as a Means to Exercise Sovereignty
Authors: Green Reginald Herbold
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Statistics of MNC transactions within a peripheral economy and across its frontiers are a critical tool for building up the capacity to exercise national sovereignty and implement national political economic strategies and policies. Conventional international trade statistics are not adequate for this purpose, nor are global, academically respectable models of collection and presentation likely to be fully applicable or suitable. Price monitoring is a central area for improved data collection, and analysis is needed of all MNC transaction prices impinging on a peripheral economy, not simply 'transfer pricing' narrowly defined. A variety of procedures and techniques can be developed and instances of their practical implementation suggest that they can have significant value to their users. National—rathet than international organization—initiatives are urgent, although complementary action by the latter could also be valuable.

RESUME Les statistiques sur les corporations multinationales, vues dans le contexte de la souveraineté

Les statistiques relatives aux négociations des corporations multinationales jouent un rôle critique dans le développement de la capacité d'effectuer la prise en charge de souveraineté nationale et la mise en oeuvre, à l'échelle politique nationale, de stratégies et politiques économiques. Les statistiques traditionnellement utilisées ne suffisent pas à ce but ; il en est de même des modèles mondiaux de collecte et de présentation bien qu'ils soient généralement admissibles dans le monde académique. Le contrôle des prix représente un foyer central susceptible d'assurer le perfectionnement du système de collecte de renseignements. Le choix de processus et de techniques dont on pourrait se servir est assez divers, tandis que les expériences pratiques relatives à leur application permettent de croire que tout utilisateur en jouira d'un profit considérable.

RESUMEN Las estadísticas sobre las corporaciones multinacionales como medio de ejercer la soberanía

Las estadísticas sobre transacciones de las corporaciones multi‐nacionales que operan en una economía periférica son una herramienta decisiva para construir la capacidad de ejercer la soberanía político‐económica. Las estadísticas convencionales de comercio internacional no son adecuadas para este propósito, y es probable que los modelos globales, académicamente respetables, de recolección y presentación tampoco sean totalmente aplicables. La supervigilancia de precios es un área crucial para mejorar la recolección de datos; el análisis que se necesita as amplio y no debe restringirse a los 'precios de transferencia'. Es posible desarrollar una variedad de procedimientos y técnicas, y algunos ejemplos de aplicación práctica indican que ellos pueden ser de mucho valor. Es urgente que haya iniciativas nacionales en esta materia, más que iniciativas de organizaciones internacionales, aunque acciones complementarias de estas últimas pueden ser valiosas.
The Preconditions for Producer Power: the OPEC Example
Authors: Maull Hanns
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY OPEC's success in raising oil prices has very special ingredients—the high degree of producer dependence, the high cost of stock piling and limited possibilities of substitution or re‐cycling, the producers' control over cheaply exploitable reserves, their substantial foreign exchange balances and low dependence on import. Producer cartels for other commodities are unlikely to enjoy such advantages and would require a greater willingness to subordinate immediate interest for long‐term gain. The basic power imbalance between the developed and developing countries probably makes commodity agreements more hopeful than producer cartels.

RESUMEN Los Prerrequisitos del Poder Productor

El éxito de la OPEP en subir los precios del petróleo tiene ingredientes muy especiales : la alta dependencia respecto de los productores, el alto costo de almacenamiento y las reducidas posibilidades de substitución y re‐uso, el control de los productores sobre reservas de explotación barata, sus grandes reservas en moneda dura y su poca dependencia en materia de importaciones. Los carteles de productores en otros productos primarios dificilmente van a gozar de esas ventajas y requieren una mayor voluntad de subordinar los intereses inmediatos a las ganancias de largo plazo. El desequilibrio de poder básico entre los países desarrollados y en desarrollo hace que los convenios sobre productos primarios sean probablemente más promisorios que los carteles de productores.

RESUME Conditions préalables à l'emprise des producteurs

Le succès dont jouit l'OPEP en raison de la majoration des prix pétroliers repose sur la situation très subordonnée des producteurs; le prix élevé de stockage, lié à l'insuffisance de substituts ou possibilités de recyclage; le contrôle qu'exercent les producteurs sur les exploitations à ressources peu coûteuses, leurs importantes recettes en devises étrangères, et le degré insignifiant dont ils dépendent des importations. D'autres cartels, ayant trait à d'autres produits de base, ne seraient guère aussi favorisés et seraient plutôt disposés à renoncer aux intérêts immédiats en faveur de bénéfices à long terme. Les inégalités, sur le plan du pouvoir, des pays industrialisés et en développement font paraître plus souhaitables les accords sur les produits de base que les cartels de producteurs.
Planning and Implementation: Towards an ‘Open’ Approach
Authors: Barnett A. S.
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY ‘As if’ planning an ‘as is’ world is rejected, and a semantic rather than an experimental approach suggested towards an ‘open’ concept.

RESUME Planification et Exécution: vers une Approche ‘Ouverte’

On rejeté ici la notion de planification ‘comme si’ dans un monde ‘tel quel’, et on suggère une approche plutôt sémantique qu'expérimentale en direction d'un concept ‘ouvert’.

RESUMEN Planificación y Ejecución : Hacia un Enfoque ‘Abierto’

Se rechaza la planificación ‘como si’ de un mundo ‘como es’, y se sugiere un enfoque semántico más que experimental hacia un concepto ‘abierto’.
Culture of Poverty Revisited
Authors: Wade Robert
Published: August 2010

SUMMARY Most commentators on urban poverty reject the idea that the culture of poor people has anything to do with their poverty. By stressing material and physical factors only, they support the dominant approach in social science, which gives culture little role in social causation. But to pay attention to perceptions and values is not inconsistent with attention to the distribution of resources and power; and is important if questions about people's response to changes in the environment—government programmes, radical political movements—are to be given satisfactory answers.

RESUME La Culture et la Pauvreté—Reconsidération

La plupart des commentateurs de la pauvreté urbaine rejettent l'idée selon laquelle la culture des gens pauvres soit liée à leur pauvreté. Ils appuient l'approche dominante en science sociale, qui n'accorde à la culture qu'un rôle mineur dans la causalité sociale et ce, en mettant uniquement l'accent sur les facteurs matériels et physiques. Il n'est cependant pas sans fondement de se pencher sur les perceptions et les valeurs en même temps que sur la distribution des ressources et du pouvoir; cet aspect est important, si l'on veut régler d'une manière satisfaisante les questions relatives aux réactions des populations face aux changements de l'environnement (programmes gouvernementaux, mouvements politiques radicaux).

RESUMEN Reconsideracion de la Cultura de la Pobreza

La mayoría de los estudiosos de la pobreza urbana rechazan la idea de que la cultura de la gente pobre tenga algo que ver con su pobreza. Al poner énfasis en los factores físicos y materiales solamente, apoyan la línea dominante en la ciencia social de que la cultura no juega un papel importante en la causalidad social. Pero el prestar atención a las percepciones y valores no es inconsistente con prestar atención a la distribución de los recursos y el poder; y es importante si queremos dar respuestas satisfactorias a preguntas sobre la reacción de las gentes a los cambios contextuales: programas del gobierno, movimientos políticos radicales, por ejemplo.
Lonrho Revisited: Witch‐hunt, Crusade, Quest for El Dorado, Road to Darien?
Authors: Green Reginald Herbold
Published: August 2010

Summary Documents now emerging oh the Lonrho controversy shed little light on the economic impact of the company on its host countries. The British government's official investigation reveals the unsatisfactory state of company law but fails to give a real picture of Lonrho either as a transnational corporation or as the “unacceptable face of capitalism”. Lonrho is secretive, financially successful, eager to work with any political power group willing to provide opportunities for profits. What it does is less clear. Timely acquisition of companies rather than production, marketing technology, or management and financial expertise, seems to be its strong point, suggesting that it may be a singularly unsuitable guest for a developing country to host, even when foreign investment is welcome.

Resume Lonrho revisité

Les documents publiés aujourd'hui sur l'affaire Lonrho n'apportent que peu d'éclaircissements sur l'influence de ia société sur ses pays hôtes. Les investigations officielles du gouvernement britannique révèlent que la loi sur les sociétés n'est pas satisfaisante, mais ne parviennent pas à donner une image réelle de Lonrho, soit en tant que société transnationale, soit en tant que “visage inacceptable du capitalisme”. Lonrho est une société très fermée, prospère, prête à travailler avec n'importe quel groupe de puissance politique capable d'offrir des possibilités de bénéfices. Ce que fait cette société est moins claire. Plutôt que la production, la commercialisation, la technologie ou encore les connaissances de la gestion et des problèmes financiers, le rachat de sociétés au moment opportun semble être son point fort, ce qui suggère qu'elle serait un invité particulièrement peu souhaitable pour un pays en voie de développement, même lorsque les investissements étrangers seraient les bienvenus.

Resumen Nueva visita a Lonrho

Los documentos que actualmente surgen sobre la controversia Lonrho apenas arrojan luz alguna sobre las repercusiones económicas de la compañía en los países donde reside. La investigación oficial del gobierno británico revela el estado nada satisfactorio de la legislación sobre compañías, pero deja de dar una imagen auténtica de Lonrho, bien sea como corporación transnacional o como “el rostro inaceptable del capitalismo”. Lonrho mantiene secretas sus operaciones, pero tiene indudable éxito financiero, así como interés en trabajar con cualquier grupo de poder político que quiera proporcionar oportunidades para hacer beneficios. Lo que en realidad hace está menos claro. La adquisición oportuna de compañías, más que la producción, la comercialización, la tecnología o la pericia administrativa y financiera, parecen ser su punto fuerte, lo cual sugiere que puede tratarse de un huésped extraordinariamente inapropiado para recibirlo un país en vías de desarrollo, aun cuando las inversiones extranjeras sean bienvenidas.
The Meaning of Collaborative Research
Authors: Livingstone A. S.
Published: August 2010

Summary This article examines the prospects for inter‐country collaborative research between academic institutions of greatly varying experience and resources, and notes the case for unilateral action by research institutes in poor countries which have suffered the domination of rich and powerful foreign research interests. Some criteria are suggested for assessing the readiness of research institutions in any part of the world to cooperate effectively. The question is left open as to whether we possess or are likely to acquire the capacity to collaborate successfully across barriers of history and contemporary events.

Resume Signification de la recherche en collaboration

Cet article examine les perspectives relatives à la recherche inter‐pays impliquant la collaboration d'institutions académiques ayant une expérience et des ressources extrémement variées, et il cite l'argument en faveur de l'action unilatérale par des instituts de recherche dans les pays pauvres qui ont subi la domination d'intérêts de recherche étrangers riches et puissants. Plusieurs critères sont suggérés pour déterminer si les institutions de recherche en n'importe quel coin du monde sont prêtes à collaborer efficacement. Il n'est pas donné de réponse à la question de savoir si nous avons ou sommes susceptibles d'acquérir l'aptitude à collaborer efficacement malgré les barrières de l'histoire et des événements contemporaines.

Resumen El significado de la investigación colaborativa

En el artículo se examinan las perspectivas para la investigación colaborativa entre países, a través de las instituciones académicas de experiencia y recursos muy variables, y pone de relieve la oportunidad de adoptar una acción unilateral por parte de institutos de investigación en países pobres que han sufrido el dominio de intereses de investigación extranjera potentes y ricos. Se sugieren ciertos criterios para evaluar la preparación de las instituciones de investigación en cualquier parte del mundo con objeto de cooperar de manera eficaz. Queda por saber si poseemos o es probable que consigamos adquirir la capacidad de colaborar con éxito a través de barreras históricas y acontecimientos contemporáneos.