bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Applying Bio Fertilizers and Salicylic Acid Application on NPK in Soil and Fruits of Eggplant solanaum melongena. Under Protected Conditions
Authors: Al-Rishawi Nora Hamed Obaid , Noni Ghanem Bahloul , Hadi Baqer Jallab
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season 2022-2021 in greenhouses in the second agricultural research station of the College of Agriculture - University of Al-Muthanna in the Al-Bandar region, southwest of Al-Muthanna Governorate to study the effect of applying the bio-inoculum to Azospirillum and Mycorrhiza and spraying with different levels of salicylic acid. The study of a field experiment designed by randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications and two factors, where the first factor, the A.lipoferum bacteria and Mycorrhiza and the second factor represents spraying with salicylic acid at three levels. The bio fertilizer of A.lipoferum and Mycorrhiza B3 treatment achieved a significant increase in the concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium in the soil and plants. The treatment of salicylic acid gave a significant superiority, as the S2 treatment recorded a superiority in the ‘concentration of nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium ready in the soil.
Response of Date Palm Cv. Khastawi to Foliar Spray with Micro-Elements, Gibberellic Acid and Salicylic Acid
Authors: Jubair Nafea A. , Al-Dulaimy Ahmed F. Z.
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted in one of the private palm orchards in the district of Hit - Euphrates district during the 2021-2022 growing season on date palm trees (Cv. Khastawi), aged 30 years, to find out the response of the date palm cultivar Khastawi to spraying with micro-elements at concentrations (0, 1 g L-1) and symbolized by (M0 and M1), and spraying with gibberellic acid at concentrations (0, 100, 200 mg L-1) and symbolized by (G0, G1, and G2) respectively, and spraying with salicylic acid in concentrations (0, 100, 200 mg L-1) and symbols symbolized by (S0, S1, S2) respectively. All service operations of the orchard were carried out in the same way as adding animal manure, pruning, pollination, watering, pest control and other service operations in a similar manner for all experimental units. The results showed that spraying with microelements at concentration (M1) showed a significant effect on all studied traits except for the non-reducing sugars content of the fruits and it amounted to (11.00 g, 15.42 kg cluster-1, 121.73 kg palm-1, 69.41%, 44.47%, 59.12%) this is for the traits (fruit weight, cluster weight, yield, total soluble solids, reducing sugars, total sugars), respectively. Also, spraying with gibberellin showed a significant effect on the traits (fruit weight, yield, total soluble solids), and the treatment (G2) gave the highest values for the trait (fruit weight). On the other hand, salicylic spraying have a significant effect on the studied traits (fruit weight, cluster weight, total soluble solids, reducing sugars and total sugars). The concentration (S2) showed the best values for the two traits with (11.31 g, 15.52 kg cluster-1, 69.50%, 43.84% and 59.37%), respectively. The two-way interactions between the study factors showed a significant effect that varied according to the type of trait and the interaction factors. Whereas for the three-way interaction between the study factors reached the level of significance in all the studied traits.
Effect of Tipping and Foliar Application of Proline and Botminn Plus on Yield and Quality of Grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cv. Khoshnaw
Authors: Mustafa Shayan Akram , Al-Atrushy Shawkat Mustafa
Published: April 2023

This study was carried out on 20 years old grapevine (Vitis viniferaL.) cv. Khoshnaw, which was growing in Chwarta town northeastern Sulaymaniyah, Kurdistan Region/Iraq, during the growing season 2021, to investigate the effect of tipping, foliar application of proline (0, 100, and 200 mg.L-1), botminn plus (0, 3 and 6 ml.L-1) and their interaction on yield and chemical characteristics of the grape. The vineyard was rain-fed cultivation and its elevation is 974 m above sea level. The results showed that tipping, foliar application of proline especially at 200 mg.L-1, and botminn plus especially at 6 ml.L-1gave the highest cluster weight, the number of clusters.vine-1, total yield, TSS, total sugar, vitamin C, and Anthocyanin, While both of them did not significantly affect the percentage of phenols. The triple interaction between tipping, proline, and botminn plus significantly enhanced all detected traits since tipped vine + 200 mg.L-1proline + 6 ml.L-1botminn plus significantly outshine in yield and chemical characteristics of grape except total sugar and phenols compared to the untreated trees (control).
Effect of Foliar Applications of Amino Acids, Benzyl Adenine and Nano-Fertilizers on Yield Quantity and Quality of Grapevine cv. ‘Thompson Seedless’
Authors: Rashid Derin Ali , Al-Atrushy Shawkat Mustafa
Published: April 2023

This study was carried out on a private vineyard, located in Sulaymaniyah governorate, Kurdistan Region-Iraq, during the growing season (2021) to investigate the effect of foliar applications of amino acids (Tecamin Max) (AA) at (0, 5, 10 mL/L), benzyl adenine (BA) at (0, 100, 200 mg/L), Nano-NPK fertilizer at (0, 2, 4 g/L) and their interactions on the productivity, physical and chemical fruit characteristics of grape cv. ‘Thompson Seedless’. The results confirmed that the highest concentrations of all applicants; AA, BA and Nano-NPK either solely or as a triple combination, recorded the higher values of the number of clusters per vine, cluster weight, total yield per vine, total sugars%, total soluble solids%, vitamin C, total carotene and total phenol contents in the berries. Triple interaction effects of AA + BA + Nano-NPK also resulted in many significant differences, in which 10 mL/L AA + 200 mg/L BA + 4 g/L Nano-NPK obtained the superior significant values of the number of clusters per vine (61.33), cluster weight (1.25 kg), total yield per vine (77.73 kg), total sugars (29.18%), and total soluble solids (29.9%). However, the highest mean value of vitamin C (3.63 mg/g f.w.) resulted from foliar application of 5 mL/L AA, both control and 100 mg/L BA and 2 g/L Nano-NPK, whereas the triple interactions of 10 mL/L AA+ 100 mg/L BA + 4 g/L Nano-NPK, and 5 mL/L AA + 0 mg/L BA + 4 g/L Nano-NPK gave the significant superior values of total carotene (3.01 mg/kg) and total phenol (1.46%) contents, respectively.
The Use of Magnetic Technology to Grow the Duckweed Lemna sp. Plant and Invest its Live Mass in Feeding Fish
Authors: Al-Taee Nidhal Tahseen Taha , Mahmood Bakar Seddiq
Published: April 2023

Magnetization enhances the energy of cells through its high ability to permeate materials to them. The vital processes in a living cell are directly proportional to the magnetic field. Magnetization affects various vital processes in the transfer of ions through the cell membrane. The study was conducted in the fish laboratory of the Department of Animal Production at the College of Agriculture and Forestry / the University of Mosul for a period of eight days. The duckweed plant (Lemnasp) was cultured with a weight of 5 + 1.25 g / liter in plastic tubs containing 25 liters of water in fish farming ponds by three treatments for the purpose of measuring the effect of the productivity of duckweed plant growth, and the percentage of nutrients in it when using magnetization 1500 gas with air pumping by means of an air pump. The results of the statistical analysis showed that there were significant differences (P≤ 0.05) for the experimental treatments, as the pH increased in treatment 4 and decreased in treatment 3 during the days of the experiment, and it was noted that the dissolved oxygen increased in treatment 1 and decreased in treatment 2 during the days of the experiment. The results showed that the temperature increased in treatment 3 and decreased in treatment 4 during period 2, and the electrical conductivity increased in treatment 4 and decreased during treatment 1 during periods 4, 6, and 8. The results indicated an increase in the total hardness values in treatments 2 and 3 during the trial days, and the calcium hardness values in treatments 4 and 5 also increased during periods 2 and 4. The results of the analysis showed an increase in calcium concentration in treatments 4 and 5 during periods 2 and 4 as well as treatments 2 and 5 in periods 6 and 8, and a decrease in treatments 2 and 3 during the experimental days for the concentration of chlorides. Through the results of the study, it was observed that the concentration of nitrates increased in treatment 3 during periods 2 and 4, and a decrease in sulfate concentration was observed in treatment 5 and 3 during periods 6 and 8. It was found that the concentration of phosphate treatment 2 increased during periods 2 and 4, the concentration of solids decreased during treatment 3 during the days of the experiment, and the percentage of fat, carbohydrates, and ash increased in treatment 1. While the percentage of protein in the treatment components 3 and 4 of the nutrients contained in the duckweed plant increased.
Morphological and Molecular Identification of Fungi Associated with Zuri Fish(Pilchard sp.) in Karbala / Iraq
Authors: Al-Hakeem Asmaa Mansour , Al-Tememe Zeinab A. M. , Alssirag Manal Abd
Published: April 2023

This study aims to identify the fungi that can accompany the Zuri fish (sp. Pilchard) from freshwater fish in Karbala / Iraq. Isolation from all parts of the body of Zuri showed two types of fungi: Rhizopus stolonifer with a frequency of 40% and 20% to the fungus Aspergillus niger. The phenotypically isolated fungi were diagnosed using approved taxonomic keys, and the diagnosis was confirmed by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique.
Productive and Physiological Performance of Laying Hens Under Different Levels of Okra Powder
Authors: Saleh Zahraa M. , Taha Ahmed T. , Allaw Ahmed A.
Published: April 2023

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of adding okra powder, C and E vitamins to diets on the productivity, physiological, and some antioxidants indicators of laying hens. A total 300 laying hens used in this experimental distributed into five treatments, three replicate each (n=15 hens each replicate) and reared under conventional conditions. T1: control (commercially based laying hens diet); T2: (Control+250 mgVit. C/kg feed); T3 (control diet+200 mg Vite. E/kg feed); T4: (control+2 g Okra/kg feed); and T5: (control+4 g Okra/kg). The result show : There were significant differences in laying performance (HD%) in T2 compared to the other treatments in the period (38-41). Egg weight and egg mass were affected by feeding of okra powder, vitamin C and E compared to the control treatment. Serum triglycerides concentration was significantly lower in T4 compared to the other treatments. On the other hand, the MDA concentration significantly decreased and increased GSH concentration in T2, T3 and T4 compared to the T1 and T5. Estrogen hormone concentration was significantly higher in T3, T4, and T5 compared to the other treatments
Effect of Broiler Diet Colour on Production Characteristics and Economic Parameters
Authors: Al-Hiyali Loay Abdul Hafidh , Altamee Nawaf Gazi Abuud
Published: April 2023

The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of broiler diet colour on production performance and economic parameters. 360 unsexed one-day-old broiler chicks (ROSS-308) were used, with an average starting weight of 41.8 g. They were randomly distributed over four transactions since the first day of incubation, as follows: T1 = control diet treatment (no addition), T2 = blue diet treatment, T3 = green diet treatment and T4 = red diet treatment, with six replicates per treatment. Each repeater contains 15 birds. The results of the statistical analysis showed a significant superiority (P≤0.05) of the green diet treatment compared to control and blue diet treatments in final body weight, total weight gain, total feed consumption, average carcass weight, herd homogeneity ratio and European productivity efficiency factor. There was a significant decrease in the relative weight of the fabricia gland and abdominal fat in favor of the green diet treatment differences, and there were no significant differences in the total conversion factor and mortality rate and an increase in the value of the net revenue and the percentage of the net revenue for the total breeding period (35) days in the treatments of colour additions to the feed compared to the control treatment.. Adding colors to the ration improved most of the productive traits, carcass traits and economic criteria.
The Effect of using Nano-Selenium and Vitamin D3 on some Blood Parameters in Male Awassi Lambs
Authors: Al-Janabi Abdul Khaliq Ahmed Farhan , Salah Sataa Mohammed , Wail Maysaloon
Published: April 2023

The research was carried out in the Animal Production Department of the College of Agriculture at Tikrit University in Iraq. The goal of this study was to examine the impact of administering nano-selenium and vitamin D3 to Awassi sheep on a variety of biochemical parameters of blood. Sixteen Awassi lambs were employed in the study; their ages ranged from (4-5) months, and their average weight was (19.56 0.17 kg). These lambs were randomly split into four groups (4 animals per group), and the investigation spanned two time periods (45 and 90 days). The first group (control) received 10 ml of distilled water (per animal), while the second group (treatment) was dosed with 0.5 mg of selenium nanoparticles/kg of feed and the third group (treatment) was dosed with 5.5 international units of vitamin D3/kg of body weight. Fourth, the results of this investigation showed that the levels of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low lipoproteins all decreased significantly (P≤0.05) after a combination dose of the nano-element selenium and vitamin D3 (0.5 mg/kg feed + 5.5 international units/kg body weight). High-density lipoproteins were significantly increased (P≤0.05) in the second treatment compared to the control treatment, but low-density and very low-density lipoproteins were decreased. Serum creatinine levels were found to be significantly lower after the second and fourth treatments compared to the first (control) and third treatments (P≤0.05), whereas blood urea levels and AST and ALT enzyme levels were not statistically different between the treatments.
Effect of Using Different Levels of Crude Protein and Adding some Amino Acids to the Diet on some Blood Biochemical, Histological and Nitrogen Excretion Characteristics of Laying Hens Lohmann Brown
Authors: Ezzat Esraa Natiq , Albaddy Maad A.K. , Ahmed Ahmed Khalid , Isam Omer
Published: April 2023

This experiment was conducted at the poultry house of the Department of Animal Production - College of Agriculture - Tikrit University for the period between 13/2/2021 and 8/5/2021 and aimed to use different levels of crude protein and add some amino acids to the diet of laying hens of Lohmann Brown breed The experiment included 240 chickens at the age of (34) weeks and continued for three production periods, each 28 days long. The treatments were fed as follows: T1: the base diet without any addition (control treatment according to the breeding guide). the other five treatments T2, T3, T4, T5 and T6, the base diet reduced the level of crude protein by 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 2.5, respectively, and supported it with amino acids (lysine, methionine, threonine) to be equal to what it is in the control diet. The results were a significant superiority of the control treatment compared to all treatments of the experiment except for the sixth treatment in total protein in the blood serum, as well as the control treatment was significantly superior to all other treatments of the experiment in the concentration of uric acid in the blood serum. The other experiment treatments, and there was no significant difference between the treatments in the depth of the crypts. As for the ratio between the depth of the crypts and the height of the villus, the fourth and fifth treatments increased significantly compared to the control treatment, and there was no significant difference between them and the rest of the experiment treatments, as well as a significant increase in nitrogen proposed for the sixth treatment. Compared with other experimental parameters.
Growth Rate of Broiler Production Affected by Xylo-Oligosaccharides and Chitosan
Authors: Ibrahim Youssef Badr , Abdulwahid Ammar Salah
Published: April 2023

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of Chitosan and Xylo-oligosaccharides on broiler performance. A total of one hundred and sixty-five old-day birds were used in this study. The birds were randomly assigned into four treatments (13 chick/replicate). The control (T1) received a basal diet, T2 received (1 g/kg basal diet) Chitosan, T3 (1 g/kg basal diet) Xylo-oligosaccharides, and T4 mixed (0.5+0.5 g/kg chitosan and Xylo-oligosaccharides). The results showed that the supplementation of diets with chitosan, Xylo-oligosaccharides or mixed significantly increased body weight (g), body weight gain (g). On the other hand, birds treated with Chitosan and Xylo-oligosaccharides showed a significant difference in feed intake and FCR compared to the control treatment. We concluded that dietary supplementation of Chitosan and Xylo-oligosaccharides can improve broiler performance.
Role of Xylo-Oligosaccharides and Chitosan Effects on Biochemistry Parameters and Antioxidant Activity in Broilers
Authors: Ibrahim Youssef Badr , Abdulwahid Ammar Salah
Published: April 2023

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of xylo-oligosaccharides and chitosan on lipid profile and antioxidant capacity in broilers. A total of 165 old chickens were randomly divided into four groups and fed a basal diet supplemented with 1 g/kg chitosan, 1 g/kg xylo-oligosaccharides and mixed (0.5 + 0.5 g/kg chitosan and xylo-oligosaccharides), The study lasted 42 days with two phases. The results showed that dietary supplementation with chitosan, xylo-oligosaccharides or mixed had no significant effect on glucose, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein. Adding Xylo-oligosaccharides and Chitosan to the diet reduces the cholesterol levels compared to the other groups. Compared to the control group, there was a non-significant difference between the xylo-oligosaccharides and the chitosan group. In summary, xylo-oligosaccharides and chitosan added to or mixed with the diet can reduce cholesterol and antioxidant capacity improve the broiler.
Cluster Analysis for Flax Genotypes by Using Three Concentrations of NPK Nano Fertilizer
Authors: Jabbar Luma Jaleel , Mohammed Mohammed Ibrahim
Published: April 2023

A factorial experiment was conducted in the winter season 2021-2022 to know the effect of levels of NPK Nano fertilization (0, 2.5, and 5) in the main plots and the response of (10) genotypes of flax to some growth traits, yield and its components and in the second plots. In the experiment applied by randomized complete blocks design, the result shows the concentration of NPK-Nano Fertilizer (5) superior to all studied traits, Giza 10 genotype superior in yield. Most of its compound was lest Euclidean distance between Poland and Sakha6 genotype is 5.877. The high Euclidean distance between Giza10 and Linata was 68.618 at a concentration (0) g L-1, lest Euclidean distance between Poland and Sokha6 is 8.836, and the high Euclidean distance between Sharda and Sokha1 with a distance of 52.200 at the concentration (2.5) g L-1, lest Euclidean distance between Poland and Sakha4 genotype is 6.580, and high Euclidean distance between Giza10 and Sakha5 with a distance of 51,281 at the concentration (5) g L-1.
Phytochemical Study of Volatile Oils for the Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha spicata By Gas Chromatography Technique
Authors: Al-Ibrahemi Nibras , Al-Yasssiry Ayat Shanshol , Al-Laith Zainab Naser , Al-Musawi Balqees Hadi
Published: April 2023

This study emphasized on the identification and detection the secondary metabolism compounds different of volatile oils by Gas Chromatography Technique of Ocimum basilicum L. and Mentha spicata L plant from Labiate (Lamiaceae) family cultivated in Iraq by suxhlet apparatus. the medicinal importment acquired this study and to know the active compound in the volatile oil was identified in plant extract of aerial parts by Gas Chromatography Mass, The result showed that of (80g) of O.basilicum and M. spicata has produced volatile oil ( 2.5% and 3. 75%) respectively, The study has shown that essential oil of O.basilicum 25 compounds and had the highest compound concentration Estragole reaching it is percentage (23.46%) followed Cyclohexanol,5-methyl-2-(1methyl ethyl) (14.19%), Then Tetrapentaconate, 1,54-dibromo compound concentration (8.99%). concentration the M. spicata, the study showed that it contain 25 compound and that the compound Isopropyl linoleate has the highest compound concentration of (21.83%) followed by the Cyclohexanol,5-methyl-2-(1-methyl ethyl) 13.38%, then Octadecenoic acid (E) with concentration of ( 7.75%). The aim of this study compare the phytochemical of different volatile oil extract of O. basilicum L. and M. spicata L.
The Role of Bio-Fertilizer EM1 in the Evolution in Addition to the Production of the Wheat Bora Cultivar
Authors: Yasir Al-Saidan Khudhair Joudah
Published: April 2023

A field experience was conducted in Al-Jarallah region, 11 km south of Governorate center through the winter agricultural time 2021-2022, to know the role of bio-fertilizer EM1 in the growth and production of the Italian Bora cultivar. The experience was carried out according to a split-plot design and using the RCBD design with three replication. The first agent referred to the levels of mineral fertilizer (M) for N, P (0 (M1), 50% (M2), 100% (M3) of the metal fertilizer refreence for N, P) (in main plots). Second factor included the levels of bio-fertilizer EM1 (B) (1 ml\L (B1), 2 ml/L (B2), 3 ml/L (B3)) (in sub plots). The results were that referred the level of mineral fertilization (M3) is superior by showing a high mean in the whole of the thoughtful characteristic. (plant height 93.67 cm, area of flag leaf 59.96 cm2, number of tillers 484.67 tiller.m2, spike length 22.33 cm, number of grains per spike 66.67 grains. spike, weight of 1000 grains 44.099 g, total grain yield 1.7657 t.h-1). The standard of bio-fertilizer (B3) is also superior by showing the highest averages in all the studied characteristics (plant height 88.89 cm, flag leaf area 54.78 cm2, number of tillers 425.56 tiller.m2, spike length 19.67 cm, number of grains per spike 64.67 grains. spike, weight of 1000 grains 42,583 g, the total grain yield is 1.5304 t.h-1). The study showed the superiority of the (M3B3) Interaction treatment in the values of all the studied traits than the values of the study factors individually, especially the total grain yield, which amounted to 1.8540 t.h-1.
Molecular Assessment of Some Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) Genotypes Revealed by SCoT Markers
Authors: Al-Ghufaili Melath K. , Al-Musawi Balqees H. , Al-Tamimi Attyaf J. , Hassan Shurooq F.
Published: April 2023

The SCoT marker was able to shed light on the origin-specific genetic link between the genotypes under study, providing breeders with a valuable resource. Some Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) genotypes were analyzed for their genetic diversity, genetic connection, and DNA fingerprint using ten molecular markers of the SCoT (Start Codon Targeted) type. Different SCoT primer combinations generated distinctive DNA fingerprints. The results demonstrate that polymorphism is most prevalent when using the primer SCoT30 (100 percent) and least prevalent when using the primer SCoT54 (50 percent) (33.3). This study found that the genetic distance between Bushra and Warda was the lowest (0.1111) and the genetic distance between Fouton and the Special Pack was the highest (0.55583), but that the distance between the two was the smallest (0.1111). (Special pack and Cherry tomato). Through the use of cluster analysis (a phylogenetic tree), the examined genotypes were divided into two distinct groups. The goals of this research were to use SCoT to catalog the variety of tomato genotypes and to discover the connections between the various molecular fingerprinting-based clustering methods.
Effect of Planting Dates on Grain Yield and Qualitative Characteristics of Different Genotypes of Coarse Wheat, Triticum durum Desf L.
Authors: Al-Ziyadi Hanan Dakhel , Al-Taher Faisal Mihbes
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was carried out at the Warka extension farm affiliated to the Agricultural Extension Department in the Ministry of Agriculture (north of Muthanna) during the winter season 2022-2021 (15 km from the center) in order to know the effect of different planting dates on the qualitative characteristics and grain yield of several combinations of coarse wheat. The experiment was applied using the Split Plot Design method and using the complete sectors design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications. The four sowing dates (1/11, 10/11, 20/11 and 30/11) occupied the main plates, while the genotypes (G1133, G65 and G1105 and G1229 and the approved variety for comparison. bohoth-7) Secondary panels. Split Plots. The results showed that the first date D1 (1/11) outperformed the grain protein, specific weight and dry gluten, which averaged 14.100%, 79.83 kg/ha and 9.55%, respectively. While the second date D2 (10/11) outperformed the grain yield 4.54 tons/ha. In succession and the fourth date, D4 (30/11) was superior in wet gluten content, which amounted to 28.59%, while the local cultivar Buhouth-7 was superior in grain protein with an average of 13.633%, while the genotype G1229 was superior in specific weight and content of wet gluten and dry gluten, which averaged 80.83 kg/hectoliter, 28.80% and 9.600%.
Effect of Planting Dates on Yield Components and Qualitative Characteristics of Several Genotypes of Barley Hordeum vulgare L.
Authors: Al-Muhja Zahraa Ahmed , Al-Refai Shaimaa Ibraheem
Published: April 2023

The experiment was carried out in one of the farms affiliated to the Department of Agricultural Extension / Ministry of Agriculture, in Muthanna Governorate / Warka District (25 km away from the governorate center), during the season (2021-2022) in order to study the effect of four planting dates (1, 10, 20, 30\November) on yield components and qualitative traits of a number of genotypes (G1, G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G7, G8, G9) and Aba265 (G10) of barley crop. The experiment was applied using the design of completely randomized sectors according to split method With three replications, as the dates filled the main panels and the structures in the secondary panels, the results of the experiment showed: Most of the genotypes outperformed in both yield components and qualitative traits, as genotype G7 outperformed in the trait of number of spikes with an average of (610.3) spike m-2, and genotype G9 outperformed in the number of grains per spike with an average of (43.92) grains of spike m-1, Aba265 (G10) was superior in the trait of weight of one thousand grains with an average of (47.06) g, and for the character of the protein content in the grains, the genotypes G6, G1, G8, and G10 excelled without a significant difference between them with averages of (13.342, 13.225, 13.037 and 12.950)% Sequentially, the G1 genotype was superior to the specific weight and without a significant difference from the genotypes G2, G8, G6 and G3, where their averages reached (63.52, 63.47, 62.82, 62.58 and 62.40) kg hectoliter-1 respectively. The dates (30,20,1/November) were superior in the number of spikes, which were not significantly different from each other, with averages of (509.1, 506.2 and 496.3) spikes m-2, respectively, while the dates (20/11, 10/11 and 1 /11) In the trait of the number of grains in the spike and without a significant difference between them, with averages of (41.91, 41.90 and 40.40) grains of a spike-1 sequentially. The specific weight exceeded the date (1/11) with an average of (62.68) kg hectoliter-1.
Effect of Planting Date and Spraying with the Physiological Stimulant (Appetizer) on the Growth and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum.L)
Authors: Al-Ubori Rafid , Al-Lami Ohood Ahmed Jasim
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2022-2021 in the field experiments field of the College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University in the south of Babylon province, located at latitude 32.40 north and longitude 44.39 east. In order to study the effect of planting date and stages of spraying with the physiological stimulant Appetizer on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivumL.)), the experiment was conducted by arranging the split plots according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The planting dates included the main plot T1, a suitable first date on 15/11 and T2 a second late date on 15/12, while the subplot included spraying with the physiological stimulant (Appetizer) according to the stages of wheat growth within the Zadoks classification, which was given the symbols (A0 without spraying and A1 stage, The results showed that the date of 11/15 was significantly excelled in the studied traits for plant height 83.24 cm, spike length of 11.82 cm, area of flag leaf 38.09 cm 2, chlorophyll content of 71.98, and number of grains in spike 43.6. grain. Spike-1The number of spikes is 364. Spikes. m-2The grain yield is 3.84 tons. ha-1and the harvest index is 34.14%, As for the phases of spraying with the physiological stimulant Appetizer, they significantly excelled at the elongation and booting growth stage in the studied traits, including plant height 81.70 cm, spike length 11.80 cm, chlorophyll content 74.65, number of grains 48.9 grains, spike 1- and grain yield 4.17 tons. ha-1and a harvest index of 37.75%. As for the area of the flag leaf and the number of spikes, they significantly excelled at the stage of tillering and elongation, as their mean values reached 40.08 cm2and 368 spikes.m2respectively. As for the interaction between the planting dates and the phases of spraying with the physiological stimulant (Appetizer), it was significant in all the studied traits. The interaction between the date of 15/11 and the phases of spraying with the physiological stimulant at the elongation and booting stage gave the highest average plant height of 84.14 cm and spike length of 12.57 cm. the content of chlorophyll and the number of grains in the spike is 52.7 grains. spike-1and the grain yield is 4.66 tons. ha-1and the harvest index is 40.64%. As for the area of the flag leaf and the number of spikes, the interaction was significant between the date of 11/15 and the spraying phase when treated at tillering and elongation averaged 45.29 cm2and 381 spikes.m2sequentially.
Impact of Planting Date and Physiological Activator (Appetizer) Application on Quality and Quantity of Wheat Grains (Triticum aestivum.L)
Authors: Al-Lami Ohood Ahmed Jasim , Al-Ubori Rafid
Published: April 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season 2022-2021 in the field experiments field of the College of Agriculture - Al-Qasim Green University in the south of Babylon province, located at latitude 32.40 north and longitude 44.39 east. In order to study the effect of planting date and stages of spraying with the physiological stimulant Appetizer on the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)), the experiment was conducted by arranging the split plots according to the Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replicates. The planting dates included the main plot T1, a suitable first date on 15/11 and T2 a second late date on 15/12, while the subplot included spraying with the physiological stimulant (Appetizer) according to the stages of wheat growth within the Zadoks classification, which was given the symbols (A0 without spraying and A1 stage, The results showed that the date of 11/15 was significantly superior to the studied traits, where the number of spikelets in spike was 20.1 spikelets. spike -1 The number of grains in the spike is 43.6 grain. spike -1 The number of spikes is 364. The weight of 1000 grains is 36.26 g, and the grain yield is 3.84 tons. ha1-. The biological yield is 11.25 tons. ha-1 and the carbohydrate content is 73.29%, while the date of 15/12 is significantly excelled on trait of the protein content, as the average was 9.43% As for the phases of spraying with the physiological activator (Appetizer), they were significantly excelled at the elongation and booting stage in the studied traits, including the number of spikes of 20.6 spikes. Plant-1 The number of grains is 48.9 grains. spikes -1 and the weight of 1000 grains is 40.7 g. The grain yield is 4.17 tons. hectare 1- and a biological yield of 11.01 tons. ha -1 The protein content is 9.56% and the carbohydrate content is 77.03%. As for the number of spikes, the number of spikes was significantly excelled at the tillering stage g and elongation, where their average values reached 368 spikes.m2. As for the interaction between planting dates and the phases of spraying with the physiological activator (Appetizer) it was significant in all the studied traits, the interaction between the date of 15/11 and the stages of spraying with the physiological activator at the elongation and end stage gave the highest average number of spikelets in the spike of 20.8 spikelets. spike -1 The number of grains in the spike is 52.7 grains. spike 1- and the weight of 1000 grains is 42.42 g. The grain yield is 4.66 tons. ha-1 has a biological yield of 11.46 tons. ha-1 and the carbohydrate content is 77.76%. As for the number of spikes, the interaction was significant between the date of 15/11 and the spraying phase when treating the tillering and elongation, as the average was 381 spikes. It reached 9.65%.
Threshold and Degree Days for the Development of the Parlatoria blanchardi (Torgioni-tozzetti) (Hemiptera: Diaspididae)
Authors: Al-Jbouri Mustafa A. , Hermize Feryal B.
Published: April 2023

One economically significant insect on date palm plants is the Parlatoria blanchardi (Torgioni-tozzetti) (Hemiptera:Diaspididae). The developmental threshold (T0) for the embryonic development was calculated and was 12.04, according to the results of the threshold and Degree Days for the Development of the different stages in laboratory study. This is because the four detected values for egg rate of development at temperatures ranging from 20 to 35°C are a remarkable good fit to the measured temperature - velocity line, with the formula: y = 1.4158x - 17.052. Degree-days (DDs) were reported as the average thermal units required for the final stage of egg development. The data showed that the thermal units in degree-days were 63.68 at 20°C, 77.76 at 25°C, 71.84 at 30°C, and 68.88 at 35°C, with an average of 70.54. The results showed that the growth rate of Parlatoria blanchardi was decreased at 20°C compared to 25°C, 30°C, and 35°C, therefore a constant temperature between 30°C and 35°C is the effective temperature zone of optimal growth. The calculated developmental threshold (T0) for the 1st instar nymph of P. blanchardi was determined, where its value reached 10. °C. In the formula (y = 1.0386x - 10.389), we can see how the growth rate of P. blanchardi changes as a function of temperature. Using these temperatures as a starting point, the average DDs required for larval development were 130, 75, 100, and 100 at 20, 25, 30, and 35 degrees Celsius, respectively. When applying the thermal summation equation (K = y), the average thermal units were 101.25 DDs (T – 10.0). According to the measured temperature-velocity line, formula, y = 1.4902x - 23.678, the estimated developmental threshold (T0) for P. blanchardi second instar nymph was found to be 15.89°C. Regarding a nymph in its second instar, the thermal units are 45.21 at 20 degrees Celsius, 72.88 at 25 degrees Celsius, 98.77 at 30 degrees Celsius, and 57.33 at 35 degrees Celsius. According to the thermal summation equation K = y, the average number of thermal units was 68.55 DDs (T – 15.89).
The Effect of Formone Traps and Their Integration with Chemical and Biopesticides in the Fight Against the Humera Bug Batrachedra Amydraula Meyrick on Date Palms
Authors: El-Falahy Mohamed Hamid Abd , Mansour Mohamed Shaker
Published: April 2023

The study was conducted during the 2021 season at the Fallujah palm plant to evaluate the effectiveness of some biopesticides Uphold Sc360, Benzostar %5 wDG (Emamectin benzoate) and Bio-T(Bacillus thurengiensis var. Kurestaki) and complement them with formone traps on the minor date moth Batrachedra amydraula and their effect on productive properties (taste weight/kg). The integration transaction between chemical and biopesticides and formone fisheries outperformed other transactions and recorded the highest homicide rate of, %84.626 while the other transactions varied with the homicide rate, 16,725 73,361, 64,441% and % 37.79 for trap transactions and integration with the pesticide Uphold and complete with the pesticide Benzostar respectively. The results showed that there are differences in the moral percentage of death resulting from the duration of exposure to the pesticide, where the killing rate after the duration of exposure of 14 days was the highest and amounted to, %7.457 while the moral percentage of homicide for the duration of exposure to the pesticide after 3 days was the lowest and recorded. %35.808. The pesticides used also clearly affected the productive characteristics of the palm with an moral taste weight (10.42 9.25, 9.92, 10.92, kg compared to the control treatment of 7.25 kg and the weight of the total yield of the transactions 99.75, 91.875, 102.375, 99.75, 105, 98.99, 105, 92.5, 5 92.625 and 109.25 kg compared to the control treatment which amounted to 79.75 kg.
Toxicity of some Biocides in the Tomato leaf Miner Tuta Absoluta Meyrick (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae) in Laboratory
Authors: Ali Salah Nuri , Muhammad Jumaa Taha
Published: April 2023

The experiment was conducted in the Entomology Laboratory/Plant Protection Department/College of Agriculture and Forestry/Mosul University/Iraq in the year 2021, to evaluated the toxicity of biocides,Beauveria bassiana(Bals.) Vuill, (conc. 1, 3, 5 g/L)Bacillus thuringiensisvar.kurstaki(conc. 1, 3, 5 g/L), Spinosad (conc. 0.15, 0.30, 0.60 ml/L) and Neem plant extract(Azadirachta indica)(conc. 0.25, 0.50, 1.00 ml/L) on the third larval instar and pupal stage of tomato leafminer (TLM) under laboratory conditions, 25 - 27 °C, and the average relative humidity was 60 - 65%. The results of the study showed that the treatment with Spinosad at a concentration of 0.60 mm/L was significantly superior compared to the rest of the biocides, with an average mortality of 86.67% and 90.67% for larvae and pupae, respectively. All biocides differed significantly compared to the control, which amounted to 0.00%, and the highest mean of larval mortality was 71.67% for the reading after ten days of treatment, which differed significantly compared to the reading after one and three days of treatment, which amounted to 23.89 and 50.56%, respectively. While the reading after nine days of treatment outperformed significantly, and recorded the highest average of pupal mortality, which amounted to 68.00%, compared to the lowest average reading after seven days of treatment, which amounted to 44.00%. The treatment with the biocides B.thuringensisat a concentration of 1, 3 and 5 g/L was superior, with the lowest average percentage of transformation of larva to pupal stage reaching 15.56, 2.22 and 0.00%, respectively, compared to the rest of the concentrations of other biocides and the control, which was 73.33%. The biocidesB.thuringensiswas significantly superior to the rest of the biocides, and the lowest average percentage of emergence was recorded, as it reached 6.67% in the third concentration 5 g/L, which did not differ significantly compared to the third concentration of the rest of the biocides, however, it differed significantly compared to the rest of the concentrations of other biocides, and the control, as the highest mean of the percentage of emergence rate was 76.67%. It is noted from the study that all biocides had a significant effect on their toxicity to TLM compared to the control, and that the toxicity of biocides for the third larval instar and pupa of TLM increased with increasing concentration and number of days after treatment, and led to a decrease in the average percentage of adult emergence with an increase in concentration used compared to the control. From the results of this study, it is possible to introduce these pesticides in the integrated pest management programs for TLM in open fields and protected cultivation.
Phytochemical and Anti-Oxidant Investigation of Alexandrian senna L. Leaves Cultivated in Iraq
Authors: Al-Naqqash Zahraa A.E , Tawfeeq Tahany Amir , Eldalawy Rasha
Published: April 2023

Cassia acutifolia, which is commonly known as Alexandrian senna is a medicinal herb belong to family of Leguminosae, The famous use of this herbal shrub is as a laxative act by stimulation intestinal muscles to contract cause the rapid removal of waste matter. Several phytoconstituents present in Senna leaves mostly contain dianthrone glycosides one of anthraquinone derivates. Two crystalline anthraquinone glucosides sennoside A & B have been reported rich in the leaves and pods, in addition to many flavonoids and terpens. this study was designed to investigate the phytochemical component and antioxidant activity of Alexandrian senna L. leaves cultivated in Iraq. this is done by extraction of plant leaves after drying using hexane then ethanol through soxhlet extractor and determine the active ingredient in the leaves extracts using standards chemical test then the antioxindant activity has been evaluated using DPPH scavenging method. The results indicate the presence of important active ingredient such as flavonoids, saponin, carbohydrate, tannin, terpenoid and alkaloids and the leaves extract show a significant anti-oxidant activity at low level with IC50 26.7 as compared with their standard ascorbic acid.
The Synergistic Effect of Surfactants and Plant Oils on the Effectiveness of Levo to Control the Fourth Phase Larvae of the Great Wax Moth Galleria Mellonella L. (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae)
Authors: Al-Baldawi Mofeed Moneim Ahmed , Baker Safaa Zakaria
Published: April 2023

The laboratory study aimed to know effect three surfactants (Inex-A, Stickon, Wetfix) and plant oils Includes Bitter apple oil Citrullus colocynthis, and Rosemary oil Rosmarinus officinalis on effectiveness five concentrations ppm ((30,40,50,60,70) for commercial pesticide plant origin Levo2.4SL (Oxymatrine) on fourth phase larvae to Great Wax Moth G.mellonella. The results showed that were significant differences in mortality percentage to fourth phase larvae of Great Wax Moth worm by the effects Levo pesticide on larvae, as (Levo + rosemary oil) treatment excelled in achieving highest larval mortality percentage 84%, followed by (Levo + bitter apple oil) treatment, with an average mortality percentage was 72%. while mortality percentage in (Steckon + Levo) and (wetfix + Levo) treatments was 70, 67.33, respectively. Levo pesticide efficacy decreased in (Inex + Levo) treatment to 38% compared with mortality percentage in before addition treatment to Levo pesticide, which amounted to 63.33%.
The Use of Bio-Manufactured Nano-Zinc from Bacillus cereus in the Control of Dreshslera oryzae Fungus
Authors: Mahmoud Ruaa Kamel
Published: April 2023

This research set out to create biosynthetic nano zinc ZnO-NPs by employing Bacillus cereus, characterize said nano zinc, and then test said nano zinc’s ability to thwart the spread of Dreshslera oryzae, the fungus responsible for rice’s brown spot disease. Bacillus cereus was used in a biological process to produce nano-sized zinc oxide, and this nano-sized zinc was then analyzed using a number of different methods. The ZnO-NPs generated from B. cereus had a nano zinc size of 22.48 nm, and their UV-Spectrophotometer examination indicated a significant absorption peak at 390 nm. Furthermore, the X-ray diffraction (XRD) results demonstrated that the particles are crystalline in nature. The Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis confirmed that the ZnO-NP produced by the B. cereus bacteria are well coordinated, mostly spherical, and somewhat homogenous in size (ranging from 37 nm). Taking a three-dimensional image with the atomic force microscopes also confirmed the surface form of the bacterial bio-zinc oxide nanoparticles (AFM). It was also determined that a concentration of 20 g/ml of nano zinc is optimal for preventing the growth of the fungus D. oryzae, which is responsible for the brown spot disease on rice. ZnO-NPs derived from B. cereus completely inhibited the growth of all of the tested fungal isolates, while the control treatment had no effect.
Effect of Growth Regulators and Melatonin on Growth and Production Active Substances of Mentha piperita L. in-Vitro
Authors: Fiasal Alhan Hamid , Al-Rekaby Layth Sareea
Published: April 2023

Due to the importance of medicinal plants and their role in the treatment of a wide range of diseases, this experiment aims to study the effect of growth regulators and the hormone melatonin on the mint plant and the extent of improving its production and quality to obtain the best quantities of active substances from the growing mint plant in vitro using the explant (developing apexes and nodes). The plant parts were planted after cutting them to a size of 1 cm and it was sterilized with ethyl alcohol at a concentration of 70% by spraying for one minute and sodium hypochlorite solution at a concentration of 10% for 20 minutes in agriculture tubes containing MS medium for tissue culture, various concentrations of growth regulators and melatonin are added, then incubated in a growth room at a temp. of 20-25 and brightness of about 1000 lux for 16 hr. of light and 8 hr. darkness. The results and data were recorded after 45 days, where the treatment NAA(1.0mg/l) BA(0.5mg/l) without melatonin gave the highest percentage of the active compounds(Cineole and β linens). While the treatment NAA(2.0mg/l) BA(1.0mg/l)and melatonin(5mg/l) gave the highest percentage of the active compounds (D-Limonene and α pinene).
The Effect of Sorghum Bicolor Extracts and Lower Rate of Trifluralin Herbicide on Weeds in Vigna Sinensis L.
Authors: Sarbout Ali Kareem , Sharhan Majid Hanoon , Abbood Suhair Saheb
Published: April 2023

Allelopathic influence of Sorghum bicolor cultivar (Cv Enqatht) on the growth and development of a few weeds test (Beta vulgaris L., Chenopodium album L., Amaranthus retroflexus L., and Malva rotundifoloia L.) and weeds company with Vigna Sinensis L. crop were investigated. All treatments significantly (0.05) reduced total weed density by (32.4) and total dry biomes by 57.1)n gm above control at a rate of 4 gm kg-1 soil results pots experiment. However, when the 8gm.kg-1 of soil was put to pots altered with Sorghum bicolor residual residue, the decrease was much greater. The second experiment was done using a R.C.B.D design to investigate the effects of Sorghum bicolor decarase (rate 800 g. meter-2) on the development of Vigna Sinensis L. crop and companion weeds, compared to a control treatment and a full rate of Trifluraln herbicide (50 percent) (2.4 L.h-1). The field experiment result showed a trend of Sorghum bicolor residue at 800 gm/kgm effect on number of company weed of Vigna Sinensis L., crops by (38, 4.7, 24, 10.67, 38.7) and biomass (68, 63.7, 61.7, 22.33, 27.3) gm compared to control treatment, however, this reduction was further increased when the 50 percent full rate of herbicide was applied to plots amended with Sorghum bicolor residues. In comparison to the control treatment, the application of Sorghum bicolor residues in conjunction with a 50 percent rate of trifluralin boosted biological yield and harvest index of Vigna Sinensis L. crops. Conclusion: Sorghum bicolor residue might be employed as a realistic and ecologically sound weed management and soil enhancement strategy for Vigna Sinensis growing crops.