bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimativa da idade de segregação do lenho juvenil e adulto por meio de parâmetros anatômicos para madeira de Luehea divaricata Mart.
Authors: Gatto Darci Alberto , Haselein Clovis Roberto , Buligon Ediane Andréia , Calegari Leandro , Stangerlin Diego Martins , Oliveira Leonardo da Silva , Santini Elio José
Published: June 2016

Este estudo teve como objetivo delimitar a idade de maturação do lenho usando-se de características anatômicas da madeira de Luehea divaricata Mart. (açoita-cavalo), por meio da segregação dos lenhos juvenil e adulto. Para tanto, foram eleitas três árvores adultas, de fuste reto e cilíndrico, com diâmetro superior a 30 cm, a 1,30 m de altura (DAP), coletadas na Encosta Superior do Nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. De cada árvore, a 0,10 m de altura da base do tronco, foi extraído um disco com aproximadamente 2 cm de espessura. Com auxílio de uma serra de fita, retirou-se de cada disco uma bagueta central, de 2 cm de largura, bem orientada no sentido radial, incluindo a medula no centro desta, dividindo-se a medula em duas amostras. Dentre as amostras sorteou-se uma e separou-se apenas o lenho inicial de cada anel de crescimento para a maceração (método de Jeffrey). Com auxílio de um microscópio esteroscópio equipado com régua micrométrica mediram-se primeiramente as dimensões individuais relativas ao comprimento, diâmetro e diâmetro do lume de cem fibras no anel de crescimento próximo à casca, e posteriormente, definiram-se trinta fibras, selecionadas ao acaso por anel de crescimento, como estatisticamente suficiente. A espessura da parede celular das fibras foi obtida pela metade da diferença entre os diâmetros da fibra e do lume. A segregação dos dois tipos de lenho foi avaliada com base na variação radial das características anatômicas (comprimento, diâmetro, diâmetro do lume e espessura da parede das fibras), por meio de regressão linear simples. Os resultados indicaram que, dentre as características estudadas, o comprimento de fibra foi a que melhor definiu o ano de segregação dos lenhos juvenil-adulto, estimado em 21 anos, aproximadamente. Por sua vez, os parâmetros anatômicos diâmetro das fibras, diâmetro do lume e espessura da parede das fibras mostraram-se inadequados para a estimativa da idade de segregação, devido aos baixos coeficientes de determinação dos modelos estatísticos testados.
Comunidade de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares em solo cultivado com eucalipto, pinus e campo nativo em solo arenoso, São Francisco de Assis, RS.
Authors: Silva Rodrigo Ferreira da , Antoniolli Zaida Inês , Andreazza Robson , Kaminski João
Published: June 2016

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar a comunidade de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares (FMAs) em cinco áreas sujeitas ao processo de arenização com cultivo de eucalipto (Eucalyptus grandis W. Hill ex Maiden), pinus (Pinus elliottii Engelm. var. elliottii) e campo nativo, localizada no município de São Francisco de Assis, RS. A análise da comunidade de esporos de fungos micorrízicos arbusculares foi mediante a identificação direta, indireta e da determinação do índice de diversidade. As áreas analisadas foram de campo nativo, bosque de eucalipto de 2 e 6 anos e de bosque de pínus de 2 e 12 anos de idade.  Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os gêneros mais encontrados foram Acaulospora, Scutellospora e Glomus. A maior diversidade de espécies foi encontrada na área de campo nativo, seguido pela área de eucalipto com 2 anos de idade. A análise de agrupamento mostrou uma semelhança de, no mínimo, 70% para as espécies de FMAs identificados via esporos e 50% para as área estudadas.
Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn.: enraizamento, anatomia e análises bioquímicas nas quatro estações do ano.
Authors: Bortolini Michele Fernanda , Zuffellato-Ribas Katia Christina , Koehler Henrique Soares , Carpanezzi Antonio Aparecido , Deschamps Cícero , Oliveira Marisa De Cacia , Bona Cleusa , Mayer Juliana Lischka Sampaio
Published: June 2016

O presente trabalho buscou verificar os efeitos da aplicação de diferentes concentrações do ácido indolbutírico (AIB), em talco e em solução, no enraizamento de estacas caulinares de Tibouchina sellowiana (Cham.) Cogn. coletadas nas quatro estações do ano, bem como suas variações anatômicas e bioquímicas. Estacas semilenhosas foram tratadas com 0, 1500 e 3000 mg L-1 de ácido indolbutírico (AIB), em talco e solução 50% alcoólica. Após 65 dias em casa-de-vegetação, foram avaliados a porcentagem de estacas enraizadas, o número e o comprimento das raízes, a porcentagem de estacas com calos e a sobrevivência. O uso do AIB mostrou-se eficiente na indução radicial, sendo indiferente a forma em que foi aplicado. As estações mais promissoras foram a primavera (78,75%) com 3.000 mg L-1 ou mg kg-1 de AIB e o verão (63,12%) com 1.500 mg L-1 ou mg kg-1 de AIB. Das secções feitas na base das estacas, no momento da estaquia, não foi detectada nenhuma possível barreira anatômica ou diferença estrutural que promovesse variações no enraizamento. Análises bioquímicas feitas das estacas revelaram que as maiores concentrações de açúcares totais foram obtidas no inverno (83,21 mg g-1 de tecido) e no outono (72,79 mg g-1), as estações que também apresentaram as maiores concentrações de proteínas (4,69 e 3,95 mg g-1 respectivamente).
Estrutura fitossociológica do componente arbóreo de um fragmento de Floresta Ombrófila Densa na mata sul de Pernambuco, nordeste do Brasil.
Authors: Junior Roberto Felix Costa , Ferreira Rinaldo Luiz Caraciolo , Rodal Maria Jesus Nogueira , Feliciano Ana Lícia Patriota , Marangon Luiz Carlos , Silva Wegliane Campelo da
Published: June 2016

A Tabebuia aurea (craibeira) é uma espécie arbórea nativa que pode ser utilizada na recomposição de áreas degradadas, como planta ornamental e fornecedora de madeira de boa qualidade. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar o efeito de diferentes temperaturas e substratos sobre a germinação das sementes e o crescimento inicial de plântulas de Tabebuia aurea. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 5 x 5 (cinco substratos: papel toalha, areia, vermiculita, pó de coco e Tropstrato®; cinco temperaturas: 25, 30, 35, 20-30 e 20-35ºC), com quatro repetições de 25 sementes cada. Foram avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: germinação, primeira contagem da germinação, índice de velocidade de germinação, tempo médio de germinação, comprimento e massa seca da parte aérea e do sistema radicial. As temperaturas e substratos influenciaram as características avaliadas, exceto a avaliação final da germinação, a qual variou entre 84 e 94%. As temperaturas ótimas de germinação foram 30 e 35ºC. Os substratos papel toalha e entre areia foram mais adequados para avaliação segura da qualidade fisiológica de sementes de Tabebuia aurea.
Eucalyptus sp. seedling response to potassium fertilization and soil water.
Authors: Teixeira Paulo César , Gonçalves José Leonardo Moraes , Arthur Junior José Carlos , Dezordi Cleci
Published: June 2016

A considerable portion of Brazil‘s commercial eucalypt plantations is located in areas subjected to periods of water deficit and grown in soils with low natural fertility, particularly poor in potassium. Potassium is influential in controlling water relations of plants. The objective of this study was to verify the influence of potassium fertilization and soil water potential (Ψw) on the dry matter production and on water relations of eucalypt seedlings grown under greenhouse conditions. The experimental units were arranged in 4x4x2 randomized blocks factorial design, as follow: four species of Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus grandis, Eucalyptus urophylla, Eucalyptus camaldulensis and hybrid Eucalyptus grandis x Eucalyptus urophylla), four dosages of K (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg dm-3) and two soil water potentials (-0.01MPa and -0.1 MPa). Plastic containers with 15 cm diameter and 18 cm height, with Styrofoam base, containing 3.0 dm3 of soil and two plants per container were used. Soil water potential was kept at -0.01MPa for 40 days after seeding. Afterward, the experimental units were divided into two groups: in one group the potential was kept at -0.01MPa, and in the other one, at -0.10 MPa. Soil water potential was controlled gravimetrically twice a day with water replacement until the desired potential was reestablished. A week before harvesting, the leaf water potential (Ψ), the photosynthetic rate (A), the stomatal conductance (gs) and the transpiration rate were evaluated. The last week before harvesting, the mass of the containers was recorded daily before watering to determine the consumption of water by the plants. After harvesting, total dry matter and leaf area were evaluated. The data were submitted to analysis of variance, to Tukey's tests and regression analyses. The application of K influenced A, gs and the transpiration rate. Plants deficient in K showed lower A and higher gs and transpiration rates. There were no statistical differences in A, gs and transpiration rates in plants with and without water deficit. The addition of K reduced the consumption of water per unit of leaf area and, in general, plants submitted to water deficit presented a lower consumption of water.
Avaliação da qualidade de sementes e mudas de cedro.
Authors: Cherobini Edicléia Aparecida Iensen , Muniz Marlove Fátima Brião , Blume Elena
Published: June 2016

Pertencente à família Meliaceae, o cedro (Cedrela fissilis Vell) apresenta grande importância econômica e ecológica. A madeira é leve e fácil de trabalhar, sendo recomendada para a fabricação de móveis em geral e também é utilizada em paisagismo de parques e recomposição de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a qualidade de sementes de cedro coletadas nos estados do Rio Grande do Sul, Santa Catarina e Paraná por meio da realização de diversos testes de vigor, teste de sanidade e avaliar a qualidade das mudas produzidas partindo dessas sementes mediante testes em viveiro. O presente estudo mostrou que a presença de fungos, como Aspergillus spp. e Penicillium spp., pode causar perdas na germinação em conseqüência do apodrecimento de sementes. Pelos testes realizados com as sementes coletadas nos diferentes estados foi possível verificar que existem diferenças dos níveis de vigor entre as procedências. Os patógenos encontrados podem causar prejuízos á produção de mudas por causa do apodrecimento de sementes.
Miniestaquia em sistema de hidroponia e em tubetes de corticeira-do-mato.
Authors: Cunha Ana Catarina M. Carvalho Mori da , Wendling Ivar , Souza Júnior Levi
Published: June 2016

Este trabalho objetivou avaliar a técnica de miniestaquia como método de propagação vegetativa de corticeira-do-mato (Erythrina falcata Benth.) quanto à produção e sobrevivência das minicepas nas sucessivas coletas, quanto ao percentual de enraizamento e do crescimento em altura e ainda o diâmetro do coleto das mudas originadas, comparando dois sistemas de manejo na formação do minijardim clonal (sistema hidropônico e em tubetes). As minicepas foram obtidas partindo de mudas produzidas via sementes de corticeira-do-mato, das quais se promoveram podas e coletas sucessivas de miniestacas. Os resultados demonstraram a eficiência da técnica para a propagação vegetativa dessa espécie, atingindo média geral de 85,5% de enraizamento. Em termos gerais, a miniestaquia de corticeira-do-mato, partindo de material de origem seminal, é uma popção para produção de mudas dessa espécie, nas condições em que a semente é um insumo limitante ou com problemas de germinação. Nas condições em que foram conduzidos os estudos podem ser obtidas mudas aptas para o plantio definitivo entre quatro a cinco meses de idade.
Dinâmica de raízes de espécies arbóreas: visão da literatura.
Authors: Freitas Teresa Aparecida Soares de , Barroso Deborah Guerra , Carneiro José Geraldo de Araújo
Published: June 2016

A dinâmica do sistema radicular de uma planta é de extrema importância para definições de técnicas de manejo nas áreas agrícola e florestal. A raiz, além de ter a função básica de sustentar a planta, é o meio de esta absorver água e nutrientes. Observando a importância do sistema radicular de uma planta e a escassez de estudos sobre o assunto, esta revisão tem como objetivo levantar os pontos abordados por pesquisadores da área florestal, com relação aos fatores ambientais que influenciam a produção de raízes finas, aos recursos disponíveis no solo, às variações na longevidade das raízes e nos processos de senescência e substituição das raízes finas. A dinâmica observada na rizosfera é sensível às variações edafoclimáticas, sendo que esse comportamento varia ainda em função das espécies, idade do povoamento, competição entre indivíduos, recursos disponíveis, manejo, profundidade de avaliação, competição entre espécies, entre outros.
Biomassa e nutrientes em um povoamento de Hovenia dulcis Thunb., plantado na Fepagro florestas, Santa Maria, RS.
Authors: Schumacher Mauro Valdir , Brun Eleandro José , Illana Vinícius Borges , Dissiuta Stéfano Ilha , Agne Tiago Leal
Published: June 2016

O presente estudo objetivou estimar a produção da biomassa acima do solo, a distribuição percentual de seus componentes e a quantidade de nutrientes em um povoamento de Hovenia dulcis Thumb. aos 18 anos de idade, plantado em área da Fundação Estadual de Pesquisa Agropecuária (FEPAGRO Florestas), Santa Maria, RS, visando a fornecer indicações de manejo da floresta, com base em critério de exportação mínima de nutrientes. Partindo de uma amostragem baseada em quatro parcelas aleatoriamente distribuídas, distribuiu-se as árvores em quatro classes de diâmetro, com intervalo de 5,75 cm, de forma a abranger a amplitude dos dados levantados. Nessas classes, foram abatidas a árvore do limite inferior, superior e a árvore média da classe, para o povoamento. Pelo modelo lny = b0+b1.ln DAP+b2.ln h, utilizando-se as 12 árvores abatidas, estimou-se a biomassa dos diferentes componentes das árvores. A biomassa estimada alcançou 181,6 Mg ha-1, estando distribuída na seguinte ordem: madeira 68,6%, galhos (vivos e mortos) 15,5%, cascas 11,2% e folhas 4,7%. Essa última fração apresentou os maiores teores de N, Ca e Mg (23,0; 29,7 e 5,4 g kg-1 respectivamente), e a madeira os menores (2,0; 1,3 e 0,6 g kg-1 respectivamente). A casca (0,5 e 3,6 g kg-1) atingiu os maiores teores de P e K e as folhas (0,18 e 0,70 g kg-1 respectivamente) os menores. As quantidades de N, P, K e Mg foram maiores na madeira, em função da grande biomassa dessa fração. A casca apresentou a maior quantidade de Ca, 500,8 kg ha-1. Em função disso, a extração somente da madeira deve ser priorizada, com as demais frações ficando no sistema e ciclando seus nutrientes para as rotações posteriores.
Política agrícola y competitividad. Efectos de sistemas alternativos de ayudas
Authors: Atance Muñiz Ignacio , Bardají Azcárate Isabel , Tió Saralegui Carlos
Published: June 2016

The Agenda 2000 reform of the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) justifies public intervention in agriculture in the basis of two main objectives: increasing the competitiveness of European agriculture and its multifunctional role. This paper attends to assess the ability of the reform to address this first objective. Competitiveness is considered both as the capacity to adopt new technologies and to restructure land holdings towards those more efficient. Mathematical programming models simulating the adoption of new technologies by selected representative farms have been constructed for two Spanish agricultural areas – Tierra de Campos of Valladolid and Campiña Baja of Córdoba. The simulation has included not only Agenda 2000 and the previous intervention system, but also three alternative policy scenarios. Relative results between scenarios allow to evaluate the size of the incentive introduce by each intervention system to adopt new technologies or promote structural reforms.
La externalización del trabajo agrario y las empresas de servicios a la agricultura
Authors: Langreo Navarro Alicia
Published: June 2016

This article analyses the outsourcing process of agrarian labours, which is leading to a tertiarised agriculture. The fragmented economic and occupational dimension of farms explains this outsourcing process as it makes almost impossible to incorporate the innovations and human capital that are needed by the food system own development. This demand has propitiated the existence of a network of service companies that enables the innovation introduction into the agriculture sector and the improvement of technical and professional qualifications, giving way to the possibility of increasing employment in the rural world. Outsourcing of agrarian labours began with mechanisation, but it widened and now affects to all kind of jobs. The process is deepening and it reaches even to the outsourcing of management, changing the identity of the agrarian businessman and giving cause for a very important structural change that one must take into account in the elaboration of the Agricultural Policy.
La gestión de las aguas subterráneas en el acuífero Mancha Occidental
Authors: Iglesias Martínez Eva
Published: June 2016

This research focuses on the particular problem that emerges in overexploited aquifers when environmental externalities are present. This is the case of Mancha Occidental where environmental externalities derive from the interrelation of groundwater reserves and the preservation of Tablas de Daimiel wetlands. Several mathematical programming models are developed to evaluate alternative groundwater management policies aimed to assure the preservation of the wetlands. The results permit to argue that the Gisser-Sánchez rule, which states that gains derived from optimal management in groundwater are not significant, may be questionable. Moreover, the results show that differences in groundwater management policies are strongly determinant. In the first place, it has to be emphasized that a fix quota system could result in significant inefficiencies, both from the agricultural sector perspective and from the environmental perspective. Secondly, a payment system implemented to compensate the application of water quotas might cause undesired long term effects, as its relative compensation value will diminish as the aquifer’s recovery level increases. Finally, the results show that a water banking system may contribute to reconcile farmers´ interest and the preservation of the wetlands.
Influencia de políticas ambientales en la captura de carbono por parte de las masas forestales
Authors: Díaz Balteiro Luis
Published: June 2016

Since recently forest ecosystems has been included as possible sinks of the atmospheric CO2, the establishment of new forest plantations is mentioned as a measure to mitigate the concentrations of this gas. This capacity would take to assess environmental objectives into afforestations programs. Under the optics of a private landowner or a possible investor in this kind of assets, these circumstances turn decision-making process into a joint production case, different to the traditional management of these forestations. On the other hand, from a social point of view the capture of carbon would be at his maximum. Two possible cases of afforestations have been discussed, and the results show that the current system of European grants cannot constitute an optimal solution, since to add new grants to those existent it won't cause bigger carbon storage, but only an increase in the landowners’ revenues.
Extensión multi-índice del método beta en valoración agraria
Authors: García Pérez José , Cruz Rambaud Salvador
Published: June 2016

The aim of this paper is the study and generalization of the method of the two distribution functions, used in the theory of valuation and, more concretely, in the agrarian valuations. The basic foundation of this method, proposed by Ballestero (1973), is the use of a representative index of the asset that we try to value and in the acceptance of a series of hypotheses on the distribution of the variable index and of the variable value of the asset. Until this moment and in all the works published on this method, the limitation of using a single index (although this is a synthesis of several to which it tries to represent) has remained. In this work it is presented a method that generalizes the previous one and that allows us to work with more than an index, so that it is possible not only to determine the value of an asset with reference to an index but to several ones. The method allows to work with different distribution functions of those used to treat the risk and it presents a test of acceptance of the functions used to model the indexes. Finally, a practical case is developed.
Scale, productivity growth and risk response under uncertainty
Authors: Hranaiova Jana , Stefanou Spiro E.
Published: June 2016

This study focuses on the analysis of the production behavior and risk preferences in the presence of output price uncertainty. Following a theoretical model based on the assumption of maximization of expected utility of profits, the approach used in this study infers information about risk preferences from the production characteristics of the farm. In addition, the nonparametric method of estimating elasticity of scale and technical change eliminates the need to impose a uniform production or cost functions on individual producers. The approach is applied to a panel of dairy farms, which are evaluated for their elasticity of scale and the total productivity growth components of their operations. Estimates of farmers' risk attitudes represented by individual marginal risk premiums are also related to socio-economic attributes of farmers. Overall, farm size plays an important role in explaining productivity and scale differences and has the most significant negative effect on marginal risk aversion. The magnitude of the impact of additions to the farm's dairy herd increases with scale of operations.
La certificación como estrategia para la recuperación de la confianza del consumidor en la adquisición de la carne de ternera
Authors: Barrena Ramona , Sánchez Mercedes , Gil José M. , Gracia Azucena , Rivera Luis M.
Published: June 2016

The objective of the paper is to analyse the effect of the label product presence in the reduction of the health hazard perceived or in the uncertainty associated to a product. The market selected like an example was the fresh beef, because in Europe, in general, and in Spain in particular, has been serious problems related with the food safety. These problems had influenced in the lost confidence of the consumers with important consequences in the supply. We propose a consumer decision model with two steps: 1) to consume more or no, 2) if the consumer decided to increase the consume analyse the factors which affect the quantity to increment; these decisions are considered simultaneous. The results obtained in the three Spanish regions (Comunidad de Aragón, Comunidad Foral de Navarra and Comunidad Valenciana) showed the suitability of the utilisation of the labels in the product to reduce or mitigate the demand effects of these supply complications, specially in the market which major food safety problems.
СТАТИСТИЧКO ИСТРАЖИВАЊЕ РАЗЛИКА У СТРУКТУРИ И ОСТВАРЕНИМ РЕЗУЛТАТИМА СТУДЕНАТА НА ЕКОНОМСКОМ ФАКУЛТЕТУ БРЧКО
Authors: Мирковић Василијана , Стевић Стеван
Published: June 2016

Статистичко истраживање спроведено у раду има за циљ да утврди да ли на Економском факултету Брчко постојеразлике у структури и успјеху појединих категорија студената. Тачније, врши се поређење студената који сузавршили средњу економску школу и остале школе (гимназију, техничку, пољопривредну и друге), те студенатамушког и женског пола. При томе, посматра се структура и успјех студената у цјелини, по појединим уписнимгодинама, те према старом и болоњском програму, а узимају се у обзир њихове просјечне оцјене на цјелокупномстудију. До сада на Факултету нису вршена слична истраживања, тако да се не могу формулисати прецизнепретпоставке о наведеним разликама. Такође су могућа даља поређења студената према мјесту гдје је средњашкола завршена, по смјеровима и сл., али ове процјене ће се оставити за нека будућа истраживања. Студентскаслужба Факултета евидентира бројне податке о студентима електронски од 1997. године, па су у анализуукључена 3.282 студента уписана закључно са школском 2014/2015. годином и 1.084 дипломирана студента (929по старом програму и 155 по новом – болоњском програму) који су дипломирали закључно са септембром 2015.године. Истраживање је показало да су по наведеним обиљежјима разлике присутне и у структури уписаних и уструктури и успјеху дипломираних студената.
ЕКСТРАФИСКАЛНИ ЦИЉЕВИ И УНУТРАШЊА МИГРАЦИЈА СТАНОВНИШТВА
Authors: Стојановић Александар
Published: June 2016

У раду се жели приказати стање у вези са социјално-политичким циљевима фискалне политике (скуп бројнихциљева социјалне и политичке конотације), и препорукама у настојањима државе да смањи разлике уматеријалном и социјалном положају пореских обвезника у појединим регијама, посебно прекоредистрибутивних функција јавних финансија. Ова социјално-политичка димензија манифестује се у чињеницида се мијењају апсолутни и релативни износи (величине) економске снаге која је представљала основицу заопорезивање. У оквиру социјално-политичких циљева фискалне политике укључиване су и одговарајућедимензије демографских, односно популационих циљева и задатака.
UTICAJ EKONOMSKE KRIZE NA MALO PREDUZETNIŠTVO
Authors: Ćosić Idriz , Ćosić Irmela
Published: June 2016

Obzirom da se prilikom pokretanja vlastitog biznisa, većina preduzetnika u ranoj fazi preduzetničke aktivnosti oslanja navlastite vještine i sposobnosti, uticaj krize na rast očekivanja neće biti od velikog značaja. Određene aspiracije„nastajućih“ preduzetnika će se promijeniti obzirom da vrlo često, novi preduzetnici precijene očekivani rast svogpreduzetničkog poduhvata. Međutim, dokazano je da oni koji očekuju visok rast, nakon nekoliko godina, ostvare većuekspanziju nego preduzetnici sa skromnim očekivanjima rasta. Ekonomska kriza, u određenoj mjeri može stimulisatiinovativno preduzetništvo. Prilikom privrednog uspona, mnogo novca se troši na istraživanje i razvoj, ali očekivaneinvesticije se u velikom broju slučajeva još uvijek nisu implementirale zbog toga što „stari“ proizvodi i procesi još uvijekostvaruju dobre povrate.
TRŽIŠTE KARTIČNIH PROIZVODA U BOSNI I HERCEGOVINI
Authors: Čačković Emina
Published: June 2016

Posljednjih godina, u uslovima globalizacije bankarski sektor prolazi kroz brojne promjene koje su posljedica dijelompolitičkih, tehnoloških, ekonomskih i demografskih promjena, a dijelom su rezultat promjena finansijskog sektora.Globalizacija je stvorila jedno veliko bankarsko tržište na kojem mogu opstati samo najspremniji. Moderne banke zarazliku od tradicionalnih, karakteriše orjentacija prema klijentu. Banke sve brže reaguju na tržišne izazove. Imperativsvakog, pa i bankarskog poslovanja današnjice, je kako stići što prije do kupaca. U ovom radu opisano je stanje itendencije na tržištu kartičnih proizvoda u Bosni i Hercegovini.
Å gå med i pasienten si livsverd. Tankar omkring ei sjukepleieforteljing
Authors: Lid Else Marie , Kvigne Kari , Roghell Per Kristian
Published: June 2016

Based on a nursing experience from a Norwegian local hospital, we reflect on the personal narrative in the story presented as well as on essential caring near the end of life. Important questions are: What will the challenging tasks be in nursing following a patient´s life world? How does such a practice and way of being in the world affect the relationship between nurse and patient? The focus of discussion is how a nurse possibly can be open, receiving and personal connected, and through such a practice be able to support patients to live their lives in spite of life threatening illness.The authors emphasize the existential dimensions of the relationship between a nurse and a patient. The nurse can support her patients to express themselves in many different ways, in her communication. For this to happen depends on the nurse´s ability to be open and personally present in her meeting with the patient.
Teater som danning i helseprofesjonene
Authors: Sæther Wigdis , Sørbø Jan , Gjengedal Eva , Lykkeslet Else
Published: June 2016

Theater as `bildung` in the health professionsHealthcare workers who watch a theatre play about dementia, gain experiential knowledge about living with dementia. In this essay we discuss the nature of this knowledge in light of the concept of bildung. This discussion hinges on the Gadamers explication of the close ties between understanding (verstehen) and bildung. Theatre as an art form can yield insights into narratives of otherness and may trigger reflection of one’s own experiences and thus, provide opportunities for bildung.
Fine structures of organic photovoltaic thin films probed by frequency-shift electrostatic force microscopy
Authors: Araki Kento , Ie Yutaka , Aso Yoshio , Matsumoto Takuya
Published: June 2016

The localized charge and electrostatic properties of organic photovoltaic thin films are predominating factors for controlling energy conversion efficiency. The surface potential and electrostatic structures of organic photovoltaic thin films were investigated by frequency shift mode Kelvin force microscopy (KFM) and electrostatic force microscopy (EFM). The KFM images of a poly[2-methoxy-5-(3′,7′-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylene vinylene]/phenyl-C61-butyric-acid-methyl ester (PCBM) blend thin film reveals that the PCBM domains precipitate as the topmost layer on the thin films. We find fine structures that were not observed in the topography and KFM images. The bias dependence of the EFM images suggests that the EFM contrast reflects the field-induced polarization, indicating the presence of charge trapping sites.
Robust contrast source inversion method with automatic choice rule of regularization parameters for ultrasound waveform tomography
Authors: Lin Hongxiang , Azuma Takashi , Qu Xiaolei , Takagi Shu
Published: June 2016

We consider ultrasound waveform tomography using an ultrasound prototype equipped with the ring-array transducers. For this purpose, we use robust contrast source inversion (robust CSI), viz extended contrast source inversion, to reconstruct the sound-speed image from the wave-field data. The robust CSI method is implemented by the alternating minimization method. An automatic choice rule is employed into the alternating minimization method in order to heuristically determine a suitable regularization parameter while iterating. We prove the convergence of this algorithm. The numerical examples show that the robust CSI method with the automatic choice rule improves the spatial resolution of medical images and enhances the robustness, even when the wave-field data of a wavelength of 6.16 mm contaminated by 5% noise are used. The numerical results also show that the images reconstructed by the proposed method yield a spatial resolution of approximately half the wavelength that may be adequate for imaging a breast tumor at Stage I.
Effects of molecular size and chemical factor on plasma gene transfection
Authors: Ikeda Yoshihisa , Motomura Hideki , Kido Yugo , Satoh Susumu , Jinno Masafumi
Published: June 2016

In order to clarify the mechanism of plasma gene transfection, the relationship between transfection efficiency and transferred molecular size was investigated. Molecules with low molecular mass (less than 50 kDa; dye or dye-labeled oligonucleotide) and high molecular mass (more than 1 MDa; plasmid DNA or fragment of plasmid DNA) were transferred to L-929 cells. It was found that the transfection efficiency decreases with increasing in transferred molecular size and also depends on the tertiary structure of transferred molecules. Moreover, it was suggested the transfection mechanism is different between the molecules with low (less than 50 kDa) and high molecular mass (higher than 1 MDa). For the amount of gene transfection after plasma irradiation, which is comparable to that during plasma irradiation, it is shown that H2O2 molecules are the main contributor. The transfection efficiency decreased to 0.40 ± 0.22 upon scavenging the H2O2 generated by plasma irradiation using the catalase. On the other hand, when the H2O2 solution is dropped into the cell suspension without plasma irradiation, the transfection efficiency is almost 0%. In these results, it is also suggested that there is a synergetic effect of H2O2 with electrical factors or other reactive species generated by plasma irradiation.
Multimorbilidad: bases conceptuales, modelos epidemiológicos y retos de su medición
Authors: Fernández-Niño Julián Alfredo , Bustos-Vázquez Eduardo
Published: June 2016

El incremento continuo de pacientes con perfiles clínicos complejos debidos a enfermedades crónicas ha favorecido el uso cada vez más extendido del término multimorbilidad. Es indispensable disponer de una medición apropiada de esta condición, dado que representa un reto para el manejo clínico de los pacientes, los sistemas de salud y la investigación epidemiológica.
En este ensayo se revisan las propuestas conceptuales subyacentes a la medición de la multimorbilidad y se discuten los retos metodológicos involucrados, tomando como referencia las definiciones clásicas de comorbilidad, sus diferencias con el concepto de multimorbilidad y su papel en los estudios epidemiológicos, así como los distintos modelos conceptuales de los que se derivan las definiciones operativas y las estrategias de medición de dicha variable.
Se pudo determinar que hay una brecha importante entre el desarrollo del concepto de multimorbilidad y las definiciones operativas, a pesar del significativo avance teórico que ha permitido trascender la concepción clásica de comorbilidad para llegar al concepto actual de multimorbilidad. Sin embargo, las estrategias de medición no se han desarrollado al mismo ritmo del concepto, por lo que se requieren nuevas propuestas metodológicas que permitan obtener información sobre su verdadero impacto en la salud de las personas y sus implicaciones para la salud pública.
Genetic markers of inflammation may not contribute to metabolic traits in Mexican children
Authors: Vashi Neeti , Stryjecki Carolina , Peralta-Romero Jesus , Suarez Fernando , Gomez-Zamudio Jaime , Burguete-Garcia Ana I. , Cruz Miguel , Meyre David
Published: June 2016

Background:Low-grade chronic inflammation is a common feature of obesity and its cardio-metabolic complications. However, little is known about a possible causal role of inflammation in metabolic disorders. Mexico is among the countries with the highest obesity rates in the world and the admixed Mexican population is a relevant sample due to high levels of genetic diversity.

Methods:Here, we studied 1,462 Mexican children recruited from Mexico City. Six genetic variants in five inflammation-related genes were genotyped: rs1137101 (leptin receptor (LEPR)), rs7305618 (hepatocyte nuclear factor 1 alpha (HNF1A)), rs1800629 (tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFA)), rs1800896, rs1800871 (interleukin-10 (IL-10)), rs1862513 (resistin (RETN)). Ten continuous and eight binary traits were assessed. Linear and logistic regression models were used adjusting for age, sex, and recruitment centre.

Results:We found that one SNP displayed a nominal evidence of association with a continuous trait: rs1800871 (IL-10) with LDL (beta = −0.068 ± 1.006, P = 0.01). Subsequently, we found one nominal association with a binary trait: rs7305618 (HNF1A) with family history of hypertension (odds-ratio = 1.389 [1.054–1.829], P = 0.02). However, no P-value passed the Bonferroni correction for multiple testing.

Discussion:Our data in a Mexican children population are consistent with previous reports in European adults in failing to demonstrate an association between inflammation-associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) and metabolic traits.
Determinants of acute mortality ofHippodamia convergens(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) to ultra-low volume permethrin used for mosquito management
Authors: Peterson Robert K.D. , Preftakes Collin J. , Bodin Jennifer L. , Brown Christopher R. , Piccolomini Alyssa M. , Schleier Jerome J.
Published: June 2016

There are relatively few experimental studies and risk assessments of the effects on non-target insects from ultra-low volume (ULV) insecticides used for management of adult mosquitoes. Therefore, we evaluated factors that may influence the ability of an insect to intercept the insecticide at the time of application by usingHippodamia convergens(Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in field bioassay experiments in 2011 and 2015. Treatment factors included different distances, two cage heights (ground-level and 1.5 m above ground) to the point of the application, and covered vs. uncovered cage faces (2015 only). Insecticides used included a water-based formulation (Aqua-Reslin®) and an oil-based formulation (Permanone® 30-30) of permethrin. Cage height was highly significant both years, with much less acute (i.e., short-term exposure) mortality at ground-level compared with 1.5 m. In 2011, acute mortality was less at ground-level (mean = 3.2%, median = 0%) compared to 1.5 m (mean = 85.2%, median = 100%). Cage type also was highly significant, with less mortality in covered cages compared to uncovered cages. Mortality by cage height and cage type was as follows: ground level, covered cage (mean = 2.8%, median = 0.1%); ground level, uncovered cage (mean = 41.9%, median = 9.6%); 1.5 m, covered cage (mean = 6.8%, median = 0%); 1.5 m, uncovered cage (mean = 83.7%, median = 100%). Results suggest that acute mortality to non-target insects may vary considerably based on their height and their ability to directly intercept the insecticide as the aerosol passes through the area being sprayed.
Monitoring coastal pollution associated with the largest oil refinery complex of Venezuela
Authors: Croquer Aldo , Bone David , Bastidas Carolina , Ramos Ruth , García Elia
Published: June 2016

This study evaluated pollution levels in water and sediments of Península de Paraguaná and related these levels with benthic macrofauna along a coastal area where the largest Venezuelan oil refineries have operated over the past 60 years. For this, the concentration of heavy metals, of hydrocarbon compounds and the community structure of the macrobenthos were examined at 20 sites distributed along 40 km of coastline for six consecutive years, which included windy and calm seasons. The spatial variability of organic and inorganic compounds showed considerably high coastal pollution along the study area, across both years and seasons. The southern sites, closest to the refineries, had consistently higher concentrations of heavy metals and organic compounds in water and sediments when compared to those in the north. The benthic community was dominated by polychaetes at all sites, seasons and years, and their abundance and distribution were significantly correlated with physical and chemical characteristics of the sediments. Sites close to the oil refineries were consistently dominated by families known to tolerate xenobiotics, such as Capitellidae and Spionidae. The results from this study highlight the importance of continuing long-term environmental monitoring programs to assess the impact of effluent discharge and spill events from the oil refineries that operate in the western coast of Paraguaná, Venezuela.
Unique yeast histone sequences influence octamer and nucleosome stability
Authors: Leung Andrew , Cheema Manjinder , González‐Romero Rodrigo , Eirin‐Lopez Jose M. , Ausió Juan , Nelson Christopher J.
Published: June 2016

Yeast nucleosomes are known to be intrinsically less stable than those from higher eukaryotes. This difference presents significant challenges for the production of yeast nucleosome core particles (NCPs) and chromatin for in vitro analyses. Using recombinant yeast, human, and chimeric histone proteins, we demonstrate that three divergent amino acids in histone H3 (Q120K121K125) are responsible for the poor reconstitution of yeast histones into octamers. This QKK motif is only found in Fungi, and is located at the nucleosome dyad axis. Yeast‐to‐human changes at these positions render yeast histones amenable to well‐established octamer reconstitution and salt dialysis methods for generating nucleosomal and longer chromatin templates. By contrast, the most divergent yeast core histones, H2A and H2B, affect the biophysical properties of NCP but not their stability. An evolutionary analysis of H3 sequences shows that a gradual divergence in H3 sequences occurred in Fungi to yield QKK in budding yeast. This likely facilitates the highly euchromatic nature of yeast genomes. Our results provide an explanation for the long recognized difference in yeast nucleosome stability and they offer a simple method to generate yeast chromatin templates for in vitro studies.
Competitive inhibition of TRPV1–calmodulin interaction by vanilloids
Authors: Hetényi Anasztázia , Németh Lukács , Wéber Edit , Szakonyi Gerda , Winter Zoltán , Jósvay Katalin , Bartus Éva , Oláh Zoltán , Martinek Tamás A.
Published: June 2016

There is enormous interest toward vanilloid agonists of the pain receptor TRPV1 in analgesic therapy, but the mechanisms of their sensory neuron‐blocking effects at high or repeated doses are still a matter of debate. Our results have demonstrated that capsaicin and resiniferatoxin form nanomolar complexes with calmodulin, and competitively inhibit TRPV1–calmodulin interaction. These interactions involve the protein recognition interface of calmodulin, which is responsible for all of the cell‐regulatory calmodulin–protein interactions. These results draw attention to a previously unknown vanilloid target, which may contribute to the explanation of the paradoxical pain‐modulating behavior of these important pharmacons.
Revisiting geomagnetic activity at auroral latitudes: No need for regular quiet curve removal for geomagnetic activity indices based on hourly data
Authors: Martini Daniel , Argese Chiara , Di Loreto Massimo , Mursula Kalevi
Published: June 2016

The main objective of our study is to determine if the regular quiet daily curve (QDC) subtraction is a necessary procedure in quantifying the irregular geomagnetic variations at auroral latitudes. We define the hourly ΔH index, the absolute hour‐to‐hour deviation in nanotesla of the hourly geomagnetic horizontal component, which assigns each sample to sample deviation as geomagnetic activity without separating the “regular” and “irregular” parts of the daily magnetic field evolution. We demonstrate that the hourly gradient of the regular Sq variation is very small with respect to the irregular part, and a bulk of the nominal daily variation is actually part of the variation driven by solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field and traditionally classified as irregular. Therefore, attempts to subtract QDC can lead to a larger error, often caused by residual deviations between the used different mathematical and methodological tools and corresponding presumptions themselves. We show that ΔH provides the best and most consistent results at most timescales with the highest effective resolution among the studied indices. We also demonstrate that the ΔH index may equally be useful as a quick‐look near‐real‐time index of space weather and as a long‐term index derived from hourly magnetometer data for space climate studies.
Impact of increasing inflow of warm Atlantic water on the sea‐air exchange of carbon dioxide and methane in the Laptev Sea
Authors: Wåhlström Iréne , Dieterich Christian , Pemberton Per , Meier H. E. Markus
Published: June 2016

The Laptev Sea is generally a sink for atmospheric carbon dioxide and a source of methane to the atmosphere. We investigate how sensitive the net sea‐air exchange of carbon dioxide and methane in the Laptev Sea are to observed changes in the inflow of Atlantic water into the Arctic Ocean and in atmospheric conditions occurring after 1990. Using a time‐dependent coupled physical‐biogeochemical column model, both the physical and biogeochemical effects are investigated in a series of sensitivity experiments. The forcing functions are kept constant at 40 year climatological values except successively selected drivers that vary in time. Their effects are examined by comparing two periods, 1971–1989 and 1991–2009. We find that the flux of carbon dioxide is more sensitive to the increased Atlantic water inflow than the methane exchange. The increased volume transport of water in the Atlantic layer increases the ocean net uptake of carbon dioxide more than the warming of the incoming bottom water as the vertical advection is enhanced in the first case. The methane cycling is mainly affected by the increase in temperature, irrespective of whether the warming originates from the atmosphere or the incoming bottom water, causing increased outgassing to the atmosphere. In summary, our results suggest that the observed changes in the atmosphere and ocean potentially had a substantial impact on carbon dioxide uptake on the Siberian Shelf. However, the results suggest that the impact on the outgassing of methane might have been relatively modest compared to the interannual variability of sea‐air fluxes of methane.
Characterization of the impact of GLONASS observables on receiver bias estimation for ionospheric studies
Authors: Vergados Panagiotis , Komjathy Attila , Runge Thomas F. , Butala Mark D. , Mannucci Anthony J.
Published: June 2016

This study investigates the impact of including the Russian Globalnaya Navigazionnaya Sputnikovaya Sistema (GLONASS) and Global Positioning System (GPS) observables in the estimation of the GPS satellite and receiver interfrequency delay biases. Efforts to advance the total electron content accuracy are directly linked to improving the satellite and receiver bias estimation. This analysis is a preliminary assessment of the impact of including GLONASS observables in the bias estimation process. We analyze bias series from 84 globally distributed stations between 17 February 2015 and 31 March 2015. We find that inclusion of GLONASS observables in the biases retrieval algorithm systematically reduces receiver biases at 88% of the stations than when only GPS observables are used. The difference is <1.0 total electron content unit (TECU; 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2), which falls within the bias retrieval uncertainty. However, due to its systematic behavior it must be characterized and documented. We also compare the bias series between two centers, the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and the Center for Orbit Determination in Europe. Our analysis shows that the mean difference between the two centers varies from station to station, with a value <1.0 TECU for 57% of the stations, suggesting an excellent intercenter agreement. For the other stations, the differences can reach up to 5.0 TECU. Finally, the stability of the bias retrievals over time is latitudinally dependent. Low‐latitude and middle‐latitude stations exhibit systematically the largest and smallest scatter, respectively, whereas stations at high latitudes obtain intermediate values.