bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular Dynamics Simulation Research on Fe Atom Precipitation Behaviour of Cu-Fe Alloys during the Rapid Solidification Processes
Authors: Wang Xufeng , Gao Xufeng , Jin Yaxuan , Zhang Zhenhao , Lai Zhibo , Zhang Hanyu , Li Yungang
Published: February 2024

To explore the crystalline arrangement of the alloy and the processes involving iron (Fe) precipitation, we employed molecular dynamics simulation with a cooling rate of 2 × 1010 for Cu100-XFeX (where X represents 1%, 3%, 5%, and 10%) alloy. The results reveal that when the Fe content was 1%, Fe atoms consistently remained uniformly distributed as the temperature of the alloy decreased. Further, there was no Fe atom aggregation phenomenon. The crystal structure was identified as an FCC-based Cu crystal, and Fe atoms existed in the matrix in solid solution form. When the Fe content was 3%, Fe atoms tended to aggregate with the decreasing temperature of the alloy. Moreover, the proportion of BCC crystal structure exhibited no obvious changes, and the crystal structure remained FCC-based Cu crystal. When the Fe content was between 5% and 10%, the Fe atoms exhibited obvious aggregation with the decreasing temperature of the alloy. At the same time, the aggregation phenomenon was found to be more significant with a higher Fe content. Fe atom precipitation behaviour can be delineated into three distinct stages. The initial stage involves the gradual accumulation of Fe clusters, characterised by a progressively stable cluster size. This phenomenon arises due to the interplay between atomic attraction and the thermal motion of Fe-Fe atoms. In the second stage, small Fe clusters undergo amalgamation and growth. This growth is facilitated by non-diffusive local structural rearrangements of atoms within the alloy. The third and final stage represents a phase of equilibrium where both the size and quantity of Fe clusters remain essentially constant following the crystallisation of the alloy.
Randomized Block Kaczmarz Methods for Inner Inverses of a Matrix
Authors: Xing Lili , Bao Wendi , Lv Ying , Guo Zhiwei , Li Weiguo
Published: February 2024

In this paper, two randomized block Kaczmarz methods to compute inner inverses of any rectangular matrix A are presented. These are iterative methods without matrix multiplications and their convergence is proved. The numerical results show that the proposed methods are more efficient than iterative methods involving matrix multiplications for the high-dimensional matrix.
Analysis of a Predictive Mathematical Model of Weather Changes Based on Neural Networks
Authors: Malozyomov Boris V. , Martyushev Nikita V. , Sorokova Svetlana N. , Efremenkov Egor A. , Valuev Denis V. , Qi Mengxu
Published: February 2024

In this paper, we investigate mathematical models of meteorological forecasting based on the work of neural networks, which allow us to calculate presumptive meteorological parameters of the desired location on the basis of previous meteorological data. A new method of grouping neural networks to obtain a more accurate output result is proposed. An algorithm is presented, based on which the most accurate meteorological forecast was obtained based on the results of the study. This algorithm can be used in a wide range of situations, such as obtaining data for the operation of equipment in a given location and studying meteorological parameters of the location. To build this model, we used data obtained from personal weather stations of the Weather Underground company and the US National Digital Forecast Database (NDFD). Also, a Google remote learning machine was used to compare the results with existing products on the market. The algorithm for building the forecast model covered several locations across the US in order to compare its performance in different weather zones. Different methods of training the machine to produce the most effective weather forecast result were also considered.
Feasibility of Six Metaheuristic Solutions for Estimating Induction Motor Reactance
Authors: Gör Halil
Published: February 2024

Industry is the primary application for induction machines. As such, it is essential to calculate the induction devices’ electrical properties accurately. With DC testing, no-load rotor tests, and locked rotor tests, one may empirically evaluate the electrical variables of induction motors. These tests are expensive and difficult to conduct, however. The information supplied by machine makers can also be used to accurately approximate the equivalent variables of the circuits in induction machines. This article has successfully predicted motor reactance (Xm) for both double- and single-cage models using artificial neural networks (ANN). Although ANNs have been investigated in the literature, the ANN structures were trained to use unmemorized training. Besides ANN, six other approaches have been suggested to address this issue: heap-based optimization (HBO), leagues championship algorithm (LCA), multi-verse optimization (MVO), osprey optimization algorithm (OOA), cuckoo optimization algorithm (COA), and sooty tern optimization algorithm (STOA). The efficaciousness of the suggested approaches was compared with each another. Regarding the obtained outcomes, the suggested MVO- multi-layer perceptron (MLP) technique performed better than the other five methods regarding reactance prediction, with R2 of 0.99598 and 0.9962, and RMSE of 20.31492 and 20.80626 in the testing and training phases, respectively. For the projected model, the suggested ANNs have produced great results. The novelty lies in the mentioned methods’ ability to tackle the complexities and challenges associated with induction motor reactance optimization, providing innovative approaches to finding optimal or near-optimal solutions. As researchers continue to explore and refine these techniques, their impact on motor design and efficiency will likely grow, driving advancements in electrical engineering.
Effects of Severe Plastic Deformation and Subsequent Annealing on Microstructures of a Ni50.6Ti49.4 Shape Memory Alloy
Authors: Zhang Jintao , Wang Shibo , Hu Peng , Zhang Yu , Ding Hua , Huang Yi
Published: February 2024

High-pressure torsion (HPT) was applied to the Ni50.6Ti49.4 (at. %) alloy ingot up to 1/4, 2, 16, 32 and 48 turns under a pressure of 6.0 GPa. The samples were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (TEM) and microhardness measurement. The results indicate that martensitic transformation and formation of amorphous phase occurred during the HPT process. As the HPT turns increased, more amorphous phase formed. The fraction of amorphization was analyzed based on the X-ray results. The microhardness increased with the HPT turns, which may be related to strain-induced martensite transformation, formation of the amorphous phase, increased dislocation densities and grain refinement. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) test revealed that shape memory alloys can be produced by HPT and post-HPT annealing from a NiTi ingot.
The Role of Microstructural Length Scale in Hydrogen Generation Features of an Al-Sn-Fe Alloy
Authors: Barros Andre , Konno Camila , de Paula Andrei , Silva Cassio , Garcia Amauri , Cheung Noé
Published: February 2024

The reaction of water with Al-based alloys presents a promising alternative for on-board hydrogen production. This method, free from carbon emissions, has the advantage of addressing issues related to hydrogen storage and logistics. Al-Sn-Fe alloys are potential candidates for this application. However, the current literature lacks an in-depth understanding of the role of microstructural evolution in the hydrogen generation performance of these alloys. The present work investigates the influence of the microstructural length scale on the hydrogen production behavior of an Al-9Sn-1Fe (wt.) alloy. Directionally solidified samples with different microstructural length scales were subjected to hydrogen evolution tests in a 1 M NaOH solution. The results revealed that the microstructure of the studied alloy comprised α-Al-phase dendrites with a plate-like morphology along with the presence of Sn-rich particles and Al13Fe4 intermetallic compounds (IMCs) in the interdendritic areas. In addition, the microstructural refinement induced a 56.25% rise in hydrogen production rate, increasing from 0.16 to 0.25 mL g–1 s–1, without affecting the hydrogen yield, which stayed around 88%. The corrosion process was observed to be stimulated by Sn-rich particles and Al13Fe4 IMCs at their interfaces with the α-Al phase, positively impacting the hydrogen production rate. An experimental equation based on the Hall–Petch relationship and multiple linear regression (MLR) is proposed to associate the hydrogen production rate with dendritic arm spacings.
Failure Characterization of Al-Zn-Mg Alloy and Its Weld Using Integrated Acoustic Emission and Digital Image Techniques
Authors: Zhu Ronghua , Chi Dazhao
Published: February 2024

The three-point bending damage process of an A7N01 aluminum alloy body material and weld seam in an electric multiple unit train was monitored using acoustic emission (AE) and digital image technology. The AE signal characteristics of static load damage to the aluminum alloy and weld seam were studied using the AE signal parameter and time–frequency analysis. Based on the observation of the microstructure and fracture morphology, the source mechanism of AE signals was analyzed. The experimental results indicate that AE energy, centroid frequency, and peak frequency are effective indices for predicting the initiation of cracks in A7N01 aluminum alloy and weld seams. The digital image monitoring results of the notch tip damage evolution of aluminum alloy samples confirmed the predictions based on AE energy, centroid frequency, and peak frequency for crack initiation. The AE signal source mechanism revealed that the differences in AE characteristics between the base material and weld seam can be attributed to microstructure variations and fracture modes. In summary, the AE technique is more sensitive to changes in the fracture mode and can be utilized to monitor the damage evolution of welded structures.
Numerical Analysis of Molten Pool Dynamic Behaviors during High-Speed Oscillation Laser Welding with Aluminum Alloy
Authors: Ai Yuewei , Yan Yachao , Han Shibo
Published: February 2024

Increased welding speeds are often used to achieve high welding efficiency. However, welding defects, including pores and humps, can easily be formed under high-speed welding conditions. Therefore, a numerical calculation method is proposed to analyze the molten pool dynamic behaviors during high-speed oscillation laser welding with the aluminum alloy. The experiments on high-speed oscillation laser welding are conducted to confirm the simulated results, and both are found to be in good agreement. The distribution characteristics of the temperature field under the condition of a high welding speed are discussed. With the influence of the stirring process from the oscillation laser beam, the temperature gradient is reduced and fluid flow velocity is decreased. The fluid flow in non-oscillation laser welding is more intense than that in oscillation laser welding. It is found that the proposed method can be used to guide the selection of the optimal process parameters for improving welding efficiency and quality in the practical welding process.
Metabolic Responses of Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells to Survive under Stressful Conditions Associated with Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Carlos-Reyes Angeles , Romero-Garcia Susana , Prado-Garcia Heriberto
Published: February 2024

Solid tumors frequently present a heterogeneous tumor microenvironment. Because tumors have the potential to proliferate quickly, the consequence is a reduction in the nutrients, a reduction in the pH (<6.8), and a hypoxic environment. Although it is often assumed that tumor clones show a similar growth rate with little variations in nutrient consumption, the present study shows how growth-specific rate (µ), the specific rates of glucose, lactate, and glutamine consumption (qS), and the specific rates of lactate and glutamate production (qP) of 2D-cultured lung tumor cells are affected by changes in their environment. We determined in lung tumor cells (A427, A549, Calu-1, and SKMES-1) the above mentioned kinetic parameters during the exponential phase under different culture conditions, varying the predominant carbon source, pH, and oxygen tension. MCF-7 cells, a breast tumor cell line that can consume lactate, and non-transformed fibroblast cells (MRC-5) were included as controls. We also analyzed how cell-cycle progression and the amino acid transporter CD98 expression were affected. Our results show that: (1) In glucose presence, μ increased, but qS Glucose and qP Lactate decreased when tumor cells were cultured under acidosis as opposed to neutral conditions; (2) most lung cancer cell lines consumed lactate under normoxia or hypoxia; (3) although qS Glutamine diminished under hypoxia or acidosis, it slightly increased in lactate presence, a finding that was associated with CD98 upregulation; and (4) under acidosis, G0/G1 arrest was induced in A427 cancer cells, although this phenomenon was significantly increased when glucose was changed by lactate as the predominant carbon-source. Hence, our results provide an understanding of metabolic responses that tumor cells develop to survive under stressful conditions, providing clues for developing promising opportunities to improve traditional cancer therapies.
Water-Immersible MEMS Mirror with a Large Optical Aperture
Authors: Yang Yi , Liu Yichen , Su Yongquan , Wang Yang , Zhang Yonggui , Chen Hao , Wang Lihao , Wu Zhenyu
Published: February 2024

This paper presents a two-axis AlScN-based water-immersible MEMS mirror fabricated in an 8-inch MEMS process. Compared with other studies, this device has a larger optical aperture 10 mm in diameter. The resonant frequencies of the device are 1011 Hz in air and 342 Hz in water. The scanning angle reaches ±5° and ±2° at resonant frequencies in air and water, respectively. The cavitation phenomenon is observed when the device is operating in water, which leads the device to electrical failure. To address this issue, a device with reduced resonant frequencies—246 Hz and 152 Hz in air and water—is characterized, through which the bubbles can be effectively prohibited. This MEMS mirror could potentially be used in ultrasound and photoacoustic microscopy applications.
Intestinal Effects of Filtered Alkalinized Water in Lean and Obese Zucker Rats
Authors: Doblado Laura , Díaz Ligia Esperanza , Nova Esther , Marcos Ascensión , Monsalve María
Published: February 2024

This study evaluated the intestinal effects of alkalinized filtered water in lean and obese adult Zucker rats. For 3 months, 12-week-old rats consumed either tap water or filtered alkalinized tap water from Madrid city. Weight gain was monitored, changes in metabolism were evaluated by indirect calorimetry, and total antioxidant capacity and levels of inflammatory mediators were measured in plasma. Feces were collected, their microbial composition was analyzed and histological analysis of the small and large intestine was performed, assessing the general state of the mucosa (MUC2), the inflammatory state (F4/80) and the presence of oxidative modifications in protein 4-Hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) by immunofluorescence (IF) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). The results obtained showed that the consumption of alkalinized filtered water improved the composition of the intestinal microbiome and the state of the intestinal mucosa, reducing both local and systemic inflammation and the level of oxidative stress. These changes were accompanied by a better maintenance of the oxidative status in rats. No differences were observed in antioxidant capacity nor in weight gain. The incorporation of probiotics in the diet had a significant impact on the microbiome. These effects were indicative of an improvement in general metabolic, oxidative and inflammatory status.
Chalcopyrite Leaching in Ferric Sulphate: The Effect of Fe3O4-CuFeS2 Galvanic Couple on the Cu Dissolution
Authors: Nyembwe Kolela J. , Fosso-Kankeu Elvis , Waanders Frans , Mamba Bhekie B. , Mkandawire Martin
Published: February 2024

Galvanic interactions present alternative strategies to achieve a more efficient Cu dissolution from CuFeS2. The present work studied the interaction between chalcopyrite–magnetite (CuFeS2-Fe3O4) in acidified ferric sulphate Fe2(SO4)3-H2SO4 at a solution pH of 1.8 and a temperature of 25 or 50 °C. The addition of Fe3O4 to CuFeS2 forms a galvanic couple, which positively impacts the dissolution of Cu. The results showed that the presence of Fe3O4 led to high and fast Cu dissolution rates and decreased significantly the activation energy, from 83 to 57 kJ/mol. In addition to that, the solid residues revealed that CuFeS2 dissolution produced intermediate Cu-S-rich phases: CuS, Cu2S and Cu5FeS4, which appeared to envelop CuFeS2, had no observable intermediate phase while in the presence of Fe3O4. The results showed that 94% of Cu could be recovered after 5 h of leaching at 50 °C at a Fe3O4/CuFeS2 ratio of 4:1 and a 460 mV Ag/AgCl solution potential. The findings of this study present an option for efficient Cu dissolution from CuFeS2 in ferric sulphate at atmospheric pressure.
Thermal Maturity Constraint Effect and Development Model of Shale Pore Structure: A Case Study of Longmaxi Formation Shale in Southern Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Shi Xuewen , Wu Wei , Xu Liang , Yin Yingzi , Yang Yuran , Liu Jia , Yang Xue , Li Yanyou , Wu Qiuzi , Zhong Kesu , Wu Yonghui
Published: February 2024

When the thermal maturity of the Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin is too high, the pore structure of shale becomes poor. Therefore, to investigate the effect of organic matter thermal maturity on shale pore structure, a study was conducted. Using the Longmaxi Formation shale in the southern Sichuan Basin as an example, the intrinsic relationship between shale porosity, pore structure parameters, organic matter laser Raman maturity, and organic matter graphitization degree was examined using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, particle helium porosity measurement, organic matter micro-laser Raman spectroscopy, and gas adsorption experiments. The results indicate that thermal maturity is the macroscopic manifestation of the graphitization degree of organic matter, and the correlation coefficient between the two is 0.85. A thermal maturity of 3.5% (with a corresponding organic matter graphitization degree of 17%) aligns with the highest values of shale porosity, pore volume, and pore-specific surface area across all pore size conditions. The evolution model of shale pore structure can be divided into two stages. The first stage is characterized by a thermal maturity between 2.0% and 3.5% (with a corresponding degree of graphitization of organic matter between 0% and 17%). During this stage, the number and connectivity of micro-macropores increase with increasing thermal maturity. The second stage is marked by a thermal maturity between 3.5% and 4.3% (with a corresponding degree of graphitization of organic matter between 17% and 47.32%). Basement faults are present, leading to abnormally high thermal maturity, poor preservation conditions, continuous generation of micropores, better connectivity, and a reduced number of pores. Medium macropores with good connectivity suffer from gas loss in the fracture network, leading to the collapse and disappearance of pores. The results mentioned in the statement have an important guiding role in the efficient exploration of shale gas in the Longmaxi Formation in the southern Sichuan Basin.
The Replacement of Celestine (SrSO4) by Strontianite (SrCO3) in Aqueous Solution Studied In Situ and in Real Time Using Fluid-Cell Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Sulzbach Michael , Geisler Thorsten
Published: February 2024

The replacement of celestine (SrSO4) by strontianite (SrCO3) has extensively been studied over the past few decades. It also represents an ideal reaction to in situ study the kinetic and fundamental mechanistic details of mineral replacement reactions in aqueous solutions via fluid-cell Raman spectroscopy. This technique allows us to study the reaction process in real time by continuously analysing the solution or by imaging the solid–liquid interface where the reaction takes place and while the replacement process is ongoing. Two sets of experiments were conducted, the first of which was carried out with celestine powder and an equimolar Na2CO3 solution in a heated fluid cell between 30 and 60 °C. The progress of the reaction was followed by Raman spectroscopic in situ measurements of the solution. Another experiment was performed with a polished cuboid cut from a single celestine crystal and a 1 M Na2CO3 solution in a fluid cell at room temperature (21 °C). In this experiment, the reaction was studied in situ, spatially resolved, and in real time. The results of both types of experiments revealed that the replacement occurs via a coupled dissolution–precipitation mechanism and that the evolution of the solution composition cannot fully be explained by a single rate law derived from a shrinking core model. By applying the model-independent time-to-a-given-fraction method, three kinetic regimes could be identified and the associated activation energies quantified.
Hypoglycemic Effects and Quality Marker Screening of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. at Different Growth Years
Authors: Luo Yi , Yang Da , Xu Yanzhe , Wu Di , Tan Daopeng , Qin Lin , Wu Xingdong , Lu Yanliu , He Yuqi
Published: February 2024

(1) Background: The effect of Dendrobium nobile Lindl. (D. nobile) on hyperglycemic syndrome has only been recently known for several years. Materials of D. nobile were always collected from the plants cultivated in various growth ages. However, regarding the efficacy of D. nobile on hyperglycemic syndrome, it was still unknown as to which cultivation age would be selected. On the other hand, with the lack of quality markers, it is difficult to control the quality of D. nobile to treat hyperglycemic syndrome. (2) Methods: The effects of D. nobile cultivated at year 1 and year 3 were checked on alloxan-induced diabetic mice while their body weight, diet, water intake, and urinary output were monitored. Moreover, levels of glycosylated serum protein and insulin were measured using Elisa kits. The constituents of D. nobile were identified and analyzed by using UPLC-Q/trap. Quality markers were screened out by integrating the data from UPLC-Q/trap into a network pharmacology model. (3) Results: The D. nobile cultivated at both year 1 and year 3 showed a significant effect on hyperglycemic syndrome at the high dosage level; however, regarding the significant level, D. nobile from year 1 showed the better effect. In D. nobile, most of the metabolites were identified as alkaloids and sesquiterpene glycosides. Alkaloids, represented by dendrobine, were enriched in D. nobile from year 1, while sesquiterpene glycosides were enriched in D. nobile from year 3. Twenty one metabolites were differentially expressed between D. nobile from year 1 and year 3. The aforementioned 21 metabolites were enriched to 34 therapeutic targets directly related to diabetes. (4) Conclusions: Regarding the therapy for hyperglycemic syndrome, D. nobile cultivated at year 1 was more recommended than that at year 3. Alkaloids were recommended to be used as markers to control the quality of D. nobile for hyperglycemic syndrome treatment.
Development of a Two-Dimensional Liquid Chromatographic Method for Analysis of Urea Cycle Amino Acids
Authors: Sumida Yuko , Tsunoda Makoto
Published: February 2024

The urea cycle has been found to be closely associated with certain types of cancers and other diseases such as cardiovascular disease and chronic kidney disease. An analytical method for the precise quantification of urea cycle amino acids (arginine, ornithine, citrulline, and argininosuccinate) by off-line two-dimensional liquid chromatography (2D-LC) combined with fluorescence-based detection was developed. Before analysis, the amino acids were derivatised with 4-fluoro-7-nitro-2,1,3-benzoxadiazole (NBD-F) to obtain NBD-amino acids. The first dimension involved the reversed-phase separation, in which NBD derivatives of urea cycle amino acids were completely separated from each other and mostly separated from the 18 NBD-proteinogenic amino acids. The samples were eluted with stepwise gradient using 0.02% trifluoroacetic acid in water–acetonitrile as the mobile phase. In the second dimension, an amino column was used for the separation of NBD-ornithine, -citrulline, and -argininosuccinate, while a sulfonic acid column was used to separate NBD-arginine. The developed 2D-LC system was used to analyse human plasma samples. The fractions of NBD-urea cycle amino acids obtained in the first dimension were collected manually and introduced into the second dimension. By choosing appropriate mobile phases for the second dimension, each NBD-urea cycle amino acid eluted in the first dimension was well separated from the other proteinogenic amino acids and interference from endogenous substance. This could not be achieved in the first dimension. The urea cycle amino acids in human plasma sample were quantified, and the method was well validated. The calibration curves for each NBD-urea cycle amino acid showed good linearity from 3 (ASA) or 15 (Orn, Cit, and Arg) to 600 nM, with correlation coefficients higher than 0.9969. The intraday and interday precisions were less than 7.9% and 15%, respectively. The 2D-LC system is expected to be useful for understanding the involvement of the urea cycle in disease progression.
Hierarchical Nanoheterostructure of HFIP-Grafted α-Fe2O3@Multiwall Carbon Nanotubes as High-Performance Chemiresistive Sensors for Nerve Agents
Authors: Wang Xuechun , Liu Jingyuan , Li Rumin , Yu Jing , Liu Qi , Zhu Jiahui , Liu Peili
Published: February 2024

New and efficient sensors of nerve agents are urgently demanded to prevent them from causing mass casualties in war or terrorist attacks. So, in this work, a novel hierarchical nanoheterostructure was synthesized via the direct growth of α-Fe2O3 nanorods onto multiwall carbon nanotube (MWCNT) backbones. Then, the composites were functionalized with hexafluoroisopropanol (HFIP) and successfully applied to detect dimethyl methylphosphonate (DMMP)-sarin simulant gas. The observations show that the HFIP-α-Fe2O3@MWCNT hybrids exhibit outstanding DMMP-sensing performance, including low operating temperature (220 °C), high response (6.0 to 0.1 ppm DMMP), short response/recovery time (8.7 s/11.9 s), as well as low detection limit (63.92 ppb). The analysis of the sensing mechanism demonstrates that the perfect sensing performance is mainly due to the synergistic effect of the chemical interaction of DMMP with the heterostructure and the physical adsorption of DMMP by hydrogen bonds with HFIP that are grafted on the α-Fe2O3@MWCNTs composite. The huge specific surface area of HFIP-α-Fe2O3@MWCNTs composite is also one of the reasons for this enhanced performance. This work not only offers a promising and effective method for synthesizing sensitive materials for high-performance gas sensors but also provides insight into the sensing mechanism of DMMP.
Comparative Assessment of In Vitro Xanthine Oxidase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Activities of Cultured Cambial Meristematic Cells, Adventitious Roots, and Field-Cultivated Ginseng
Authors: Zhang Tianhe , Liu Lijun , Chen Qiqi , Wang Yifei , Gao Xiujun , Ma Xingyi , Yan Peisheng
Published: February 2024

Panax ginseng, a traditional Chinese medicine with a history spanning thousands of years, faces overexploitation and challenges related to extended growth periods. Tissue-cultured adventitious roots and stem cells are alternatives to wild and field-cultivated ginseng. In this study, we assessed the in vitro xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities of saponin extracts among cultured cambial meristematic cells (CMC), adventitious ginseng roots (AGR), and field-cultivated ginseng roots (CGR). The xanthine oxidase (XO) and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities were determined by uric acid estimation and the p-NPG method, respectively. Spectrophotometry and the Folin–Ciocalteu, aluminum nitrate, and Bradford methods were employed to ascertain the total saponins and phenolic, flavonoid, and protein contents. The calculated IC50 values for total saponin extracts against XO and α-glucosidase were 0.665, 0.844, and >1.6 mg/mL and 0.332, 0.745, and 0.042 mg/mL for AGR, CMC, CGR, respectively. Comparing the total saponin, crude protein, and total phenolic contents revealed that AGR > CMC > CGR. To the best of our knowledge, this study presents the first report on the in vitro comparison of xanthine oxidase and α-glucosidase inhibitory activities among AGR, CMC, and CGR. The findings offer valuable insights into the development of hypoglycemic and antihyperuricemic medicinal, nutraceutical, and functional products utilizing AGR and CMC.
The Impact of Red Yeast Rice Extract Use on the Occurrence of Muscle Symptoms and Liver Dysfunction: An Update from the Adverse Event Reporting Systems and Available Meta-Analyses
Authors: Norata Giuseppe Danilo , Banach Maciej
Published: February 2024

Red yeast rice (RYR) has a cholesterol-lowering effect due to the presence of bioactive components (monacolins, mainly monacolin K) that act by inhibiting the activity of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase. The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) assessed the use of RYR and, while pointing out several uncertainties regarding the available data, raised a warning related to the safety of RYR when used as a food supplement at a dose of monacolin as low as 3 mg/day. In their decision in June 2023, EFSA approved the use of monacolins from RYR at doses less than 3 mg/day. We therefore decided to interrogate the different adverse event reporting systems (FAERS and CAERS) and analyse the characteristics of the cases reported to be associated with RYR supplements, and we reviewed the most recent meta-analyses with a focus on the occurrence of muscle symptoms and liver dysfunction. In terms of all musculoskeletal disorders from September 2013 (when the first case related to RYR consumption was recorded) to 30 September 2023, 363,879 cases were reported in the FAERS, with the number of cases related to RYR consumption being very small and accounting for 0.008% of cases. In the same time frame, 27,032 cases of hepatobiliary disorders were reported, and the cases attributable to RYR ingestion accounted for 0.01% of all cases. A low rate of muscle symptoms and liver dysfunction attributed to RYR ingestion was also observed in the CAERS database, where only 34 cases of adverse muscle events and 10 cases of adverse liver events reported RYR as the suspect product, while 19 cases of both muscle events and 10 cases of adverse liver events reported it as a concomitant product. This profile mirrors that of meta-analyses of randomised clinical trials of RYR, in which RYR use was not associated with either liver dysfunction or muscular adverse symptoms.
Chronic Wasting Disease: State of the Science
Authors: Bartz Jason C. , Benavente Rebeca , Caughey Byron , Christensen Sonja , Herbst Allen , Hoover Edward A. , Mathiason Candace K. , McKenzie Debbie , Morales Rodrigo , Schwabenlander Marc D. , Walsh Daniel P. ,   the NC1209: North American Interdisciplinary Chronic Wasting Disease Research Consortium Members
Published: February 2024

Chronic wasting disease (CWD) is a prion disease affecting cervid species, both free-ranging and captive populations. As the geographic range continues to expand and disease prevalence continues to increase, CWD will have an impact on cervid populations, local economies, and ecosystem health. Mitigation of this “wicked” disease will require input from many different stakeholders including hunters, landowners, research biologists, wildlife managers, and others, working together. The NC1209 (North American interdisciplinary chronic wasting disease research consortium) is composed of scientists from different disciplines involved with investigating and managing CWD. Leveraging this broad breadth of expertise, the Consortium has created a state-of-the-science review of five key aspects of CWD, including current diagnostic capabilities for detecting prions, requirements for validating these diagnostics, the role of environmental transmission in CWD dynamics, and potential zoonotic risks associated with CWD. The goal of this review is to increase stakeholders’, managers’, and decision-makers’ understanding of this disease informed by current scientific knowledge.
Discovery of Pyrano[2,3-c]pyrazole Derivatives as Novel Potential Human Coronavirus Inhibitors: Design, Synthesis, In Silico, In Vitro, and ADME Studies
Authors: Allayeh Abdou K. , El-boghdady Aliaa H. , Said Mohamed A. , Saleh Mahmoud G. A. , Abdel-Aal Mohammed T. , Abouelenein Mohamed G.
Published: February 2024

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic at the end of 2019 had major worldwide health and economic consequences. Until effective vaccination approaches were created, the healthcare sectors endured a shortage of operative treatments that might prevent the infection’s spread. As a result, academia and the pharmaceutical industry prioritized the development of SARS-CoV2 antiviral medication. Pyranopyrazoles have been shown to play a prominent function in pharmaceutical chemistry and drug sighting because of their significant bioactive properties. We provide herein a novel sequence of pyranopyrazoles and their annulated systems whose antiviral efficacy and cytotoxicity were explored versus human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) Vero-E6 cell lines as a model for the Coronaviridae family. Fifteen synthetic congeners pointed out miscellaneous antiviral efficacies against HCoV-229E with variable inhibition degrees. Compound 18 showed a high selectivity index (SI = 12.6) that established spectacular inhibitory capacity against human coronavirus 229E. Compounds 6, 7, and 14 exposed moderate efficacies. Compounds 6, 7, 14, and 18 exhibited substantial antiviral action through the replication phase with reduction percentages extending from 53.6%, 60.7%, and 55% to 82.2%, correspondingly. Likewise, when assessed to the positive control tipranavir (88.6%), the inhibitory efficiency of compounds 6, 7, 14, and 18 versus the SARS-CoV2 Mpro provided high percentages of 80.4%, 73.1%, 81.4% and up to 84.5%, respectively. In silico studies were performed to investigate further the biological activity and the target compounds’ physical and chemical features, including molecular dynamic (MD) simulations, protein–ligand docking, ADME studies, and density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These inquiries demonstrated that this series of metabolically stable pyranopyrazoles and their annulated systems are effective human coronavirus inhibitors that inhibit the viral Mpro protein and may have emerged as a novel COVID-19 curative option.
Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonists Associated Gastrointestinal Adverse Events: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of the National Institutes of Health All of Us Cohort
Authors: Aldhaleei Wafa Ali , Abegaz Tadesse M. , Bhagavathula Akshaya Srikanth
Published: February 2024

Background: Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) are commonly used diabetes and obesity medications but have been associated with gastrointestinal (GI) adverse events. However, real-world evidence on comparative GI adverse reaction profiles is limited. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate GI adverse events among GLP-1 RA users and compare semaglutide, dulaglutide, liraglutide, and exenatide safety regarding the GI adverse reaction profile. Methods: This retrospective cross-sectional analysis utilized real-world data on 10,328 adults with diabetes/obesity in the National Institutes of Health All of Us cohort. New GLP-1 RA users were identified, and GI adverse events were examined. Logistic regression determined factors associated with GI adverse events. Results: The mean age of the study population was 61.4 ± 12.6 years, 65.7% were female, 51.3% were White, and they had a high comorbidity burden. Abdominal pain (57.6%) was the most common GI adverse event, followed by constipation (30.4%), diarrhea (32.7%), nausea and vomiting (23.4%), GI bleeding (15.9%), gastroparesis (5.1%), and pancreatitis (3.4%). Dulaglutide and liraglutide had higher rates of abdominal pain, constipation, diarrhea, and nausea and vomiting than semaglutide and exenatide. Liraglutide and exenatide had the highest pancreatitis (4.0% and 3.8%, respectively). Compared to semaglutide, dulaglutide and liraglutide had higher odds of abdominal pain, and nausea and vomiting. They also had higher odds of gastroparesis than semaglutide. No significant differences existed in GI bleeding or pancreatitis risks between the GLP-1 RAs. Conclusions: In this real-world cohort, GI adverse events were common with GLP-1 RAs. Differences in GI safety profiles existed between agents, with exenatide appearing safer than other GLP-1 RAs, except for gastroparesis. These findings can inform GLP-1 RA selection considering GI risk factors. Further studies are needed to evaluate the causal relationship and GLP-1 RA safety with concomitant medication use.
Genome-Wide Identification of MYC Transcription Factors and Their Potential Functions in the Growth and Development Regulation of Tree Peony (Paeonia suffruticosa)
Authors: Wang Qianqian , Li Bole , Qiu Zefeng , Lu Zeyun , Hang Ziying , Wu Fan , Chen Xia , Zhu Xiangtao
Published: February 2024

Tree peony (Paeonia suffruticosa Andr.) is a traditional Chinese flower with significant ornamental and medicinal value. Its growth and development process is regulated by some internal and external factors, and the related regulatory mechanism is largely unknown. Myelocytomatosis transcription factors (MYCs) play significant roles in various processes such as plant growth and development, the phytohormone response, and the stress response. As the identification and understanding of the MYC family in tree peony remains limited, this study aimed to address this gap by identifying a total of 15 PsMYCs in tree peony and categorizing them into six subgroups based on bioinformatics methods. Furthermore, the gene structure, conservative domains, cis-elements, and expression patterns of the PsMYCs were thoroughly analyzed to provide a comprehensive overview of their characteristics. An analysis in terms of gene structure and conserved motif composition suggested that each subtribe had similarities in function. An analysis of the promoter sequence revealed the presence of numerous cis-elements associated with plant growth and development, the hormone response, and the stress response. qRT-PCR results and the protein interaction network further demonstrated the potential functions of PsMYCs in the growth and development process. While in comparison to the control, only PsMYC2 exhibited a statistically significant variation in expression levels in response to exogenous hormone treatments and abiotic stress. A promoter activity analysis of PsMYC2 revealed its sensitivity to Flu and high temperatures, but exhibited no discernible difference under exogenous GA treatment. These findings help establish a basis for comprehending the molecular mechanism by which PsMYCs regulate the growth and development of tree peony.
Determination of Medicago orbicularis Antioxidant, Antihemolytic, and Anti-Cancerous Activities and Its Augmentation of Cisplatin-Induced Cytotoxicity in A549 Lung Cancer Cells
Authors: Shaito Abdullah A. , Omairi Islam , Al-Thani Najlaa , Seglab Fatiha , Ad-Darwish Esraa , Kobeissy Firas , Nasreddine Salam
Published: February 2024

The anti-lung cancer properties of the plant Medicago orbicularis have not been explored yet. Therefore, we identified its phytochemical composition and investigated the antioxidant, anti-hemolytic, and anti-cancerous properties of extracts of this plant in A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells. The results show that all parts of M. orbicularis (stems, leaves, and fruits) exhibit remarkable hemolytic activities and modest antioxidant capacity. In addition, all extracts showed a dose-dependent anti-cancerous cytotoxic activity against A549 cells, with fruit extracts being the most potent. This cytotoxic effect could be related, at least partly, to the induction of apoptosis, where M. orbicularis fruit extracts reduced the ratio of anti-apoptotic BCL-2/pro-apoptotic BAX, thereby promoting cellular death. Furthermore, the use of M. orbicularis, in combination with a conventional chemotherapeutic agent, cisplatin, was assessed. Indeed, the combination of cisplatin and M. orbicularis fruit extracts was more cytotoxic and induced more aggregation of A549 cells than either treatment alone. GC-MS analysis and total polyphenol and flavonoid content determination indicated that M. orbicularis is rich in compounds that have anti-cancerous effects. We propose M. orbicularis as a potential source of anti-cancerous agents to manage the progression of lung cancer and its resistance to therapy.
Investigation of Hybrid Electrodes of Polyaniline and Reduced Graphene Oxide with Bio-Waste-Derived Activated Carbon for Supercapacitor Applications
Authors: Benchikh Imen , Ezzat Abdelrahman Osama , Sabantina Lilia , Benmimoun Youcef , Benyoucef Abdelghani
Published: February 2024

Graphene-based materials have been widely studied in the field of supercapacitors. However, their electrochemical properties and applications are still restricted by the susceptibility of graphene-based materials to curling and agglomeration during production. This study introduces a facile method for synthesizing reduced graphene oxide (rGO) nanosheets and activated carbon based on olive stones (OS) with polyaniline (PAni) surface decoration for the development of supercapacitors. Several advanced techniques were used to examine the structural properties of the samples. The obtained PAni@OS−rGO (1:1) electrode exhibits a high electrochemical capacity of 582.6 F·g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A·g−1, and an energy density of 26.82 Wh·kg−1; thus, it demonstrates potential for efficacious energy storage. In addition, this electrode material exhibits remarkable cycling stability, retaining over 90.07% capacitance loss after 3000 cycles, indicating a promising long cycle life. Overall, this research highlights the potential of biomass-derived OS in the presence of PAni and rGO to advance the development of high-performance supercapacitors.
Nanocomposites Based on Thermoplastic Acrylic Resin with the Addition of Chemically Modified Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Demski Szymon , Brząkalski Dariusz , Gubernat Maciej , Dydek Kamil , Czaja Paweł , Żochowski Konrad , Kozera Paulina , Krawczyk Zuzanna , Sztorch Bogna , Przekop Robert Edward , Marczak Michał , Ehrlich Hermann , Boczkowska Anna
Published: February 2024

The main goal of this work was an improvement in the mechanical and electrical properties of acrylic resin-based nanocomposites filled with chemically modified carbon nanotubes. For this purpose, the surface functionalization of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was carried out by means of aryl groups grafting via the diazotization reaction with selected aniline derivatives, and then nanocomposites based on ELIUM® resin were fabricated. FT-IR analysis confirmed the effectiveness of the carried-out chemical surface modification of MWCNTs as new bands on FT-IR spectra appeared in the measurements. TEM observations showed that carbon nanotube fragmentation did not occur during the modifications. According to the results from Raman spectroscopy, the least defective carbon nanotube structure was obtained for aniline modification. Transmission light microscopy analysis showed that the neat MWCNTs agglomerate strongly, while the proposed modifications improved their dispersion significantly. Viscosity tests confirmed, that as the nanofiller concentration increases, the viscosity of the mixture increases. The mixture with the highest dispersion of nanoparticles exhibited the most viscous behaviour. Finally, an enhancement in impact resistance and electrical conductivity was obtained for nanocomposites containing modified MWCNTs.
Analysis of Rock Burst Mechanism in Extra-Thick Coal Seam Controlled by Thrust Fault under Mining Disturbance
Authors: Yang Suihan , Wei Xiangzhi , Chen Linlin , Wang Zhiliu , Wang Wen
Published: February 2024

A fault is a common geological structure encountered in underground coal mining. Interactions between the discontinuous structure of a fault and mining activities are the key factors in controlling the rock bursts induced by the fault. It is of great importance to study the rock burst mechanism of an extra-thick coal seam under the combined influence of reverse faults and coal mining for the prediction and prevention of rock burst. In this study, we establish a sliding dynamics model of rock mass in a fault zone and analyze the mechanical distribution of fault-induced rock bursts under the combined action of mining disturbances. Additionally, we utilize theoretical calculation and a 3D numerical simulation method to clarify the rockburst mechanism in an extra-thick coal seam controlled by a thrust fault under mining disturbance and a fault. The results showed that the distribution range of the shear stress increment in the fault footwall was larger than that in the hanging wall, revealing a skewed distribution. The fault dip angle and mining thickness exhibit significant influence on the structure around the fault. With increases in the dip angle of the fault and mining thickness, the maximum vertical stress and peak stress first increase and then decrease. A position 80 m away from the fault is the dividing line between the fault-non-affected area and the fault-affected area. The 13,200 working face of the Gengcun coal mine is used as a case study to study the influence of mining disturbances on microseismic events. The results of this study are in good agreement with the theoretical calculations and numerical simulation results.
The Spirituality of Deconstruction in United States Theological Schools
Authors: Manglos-Weber Nicolette , Alvarez Hurtado Claudia , Wang David C.
Published: February 2024

Building on a movement within the sociology of religion to better situate studies of spirituality in relation to contexts, practices, and power relations, the current study examines shifts in spiritual practice associated with “deconstruction” among graduate students within theological education. We rely on new interview data with a cohort of 30 students at time 1 (2020) and follow-ups with 22 of those students at time 2 (2022), comparing students at four different types of schools (Mainline Protestant, Evangelical Protestant, Catholic, and Black Protestant), and oversampling for students of historically minoritized identities. After identifying patterns in the spirituality of deconstruction, including trends toward embodiment, attunement to the natural world, social activism, and syncretism, we examine how these students perceive the responses of their theological schools to students’ deconstructing spirituality. We especially note a pattern of ambivalence, where certain aspects of the institution (especially some individual faculty and administrators, and student affinity groups) support and model deconstruction for their students. We argue that the spirituality of deconstruction may, therefore, function to both challenge and regenerate institutionalized contexts of religion in an overall setting of institutional decline.