bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PENGARUH MOTIVASI BELAJAR DAN CARA BELAJAR TERHADAP HASIL BELAJAR DI SMK N 3 YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Suharyadi Suharyadi Suharyadi , Sukoco Sukoco Sukoco
Published: December 2022

SMK N 3 Yogyakarta berada di peringkat 21 dari 51 SMK Negeri di Daerah Istimewa Yogyakarta dan peringkat 7 dari 8 SMK Negeri yang ada di Kota Yogyakarta. Hal ini belum sesuai dengan tujuan yang direncanakan dalam visi sekolah. Terlihat dari nilai Penilaian Akhir Semester Ganjil pada mata pelajaran Pemeliharaan Mesin Kendaraan Ringan hanya 36% ketuntasan peserta didik. Hasil belajar cenderung rendah disebabkan motivasi belajar yang rendah dan cara belajar yang kurang baik. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian ex-post facto menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan subyek penelitian 104 peserta didik kelas XII. Uji coba instrumen dilakukan terhadap peserta didik kelas XI KR 4 dengan uji validitas korelasi Product Moment dan uji reliabilitas Cronbach’s Alpha. Uji prasyarat analisis yang dilakukan adalah uji normalitas, uji linieritas, uji heteroskedastisitas, dan uji multikolinearitas. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukkan: 1) tidak terdapat pengaruh motivasi belajar terhadap hasil belajar peserta didik yang signifikan, karena r2 hanya sebesar 0,8% dengan thitung 0,911; 2) tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan cara belajar terhadap hasil belajar peserta didik, karena r2 hanya sebesar 1,5% dengan thitung 1,237; 3) tidak terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan motivasi belajar dan cara belajar terhadap hasil belajar peserta didik karena R2 hanya sebesar 1,5% dengan Fhitung 0,758 (p0.05).
PENERAPAN PEMBELAJARAN JARAK JAUH MENGGUNAKAN MOODLE DI KOMPETENSI KEAHLIAN TEKNIK KENDARAAN RINGAN OTOMOTIF SMK NEGERI 2 YOGYAKARTA
Authors: Prastowo Fikri , Suyanto Wardan
Published: December 2022

This study aims to describe the implementation of distance learning (PJJ) using Moodle in terms of learning planning, learning process, and learning evaluation in KK TKRO SMK Negeri 2 Yogyakarta. This research is a type of qualitative descriptive research. The research subjects were 12 teachers. Data were collected by interview, observation, and documentation. Data analysis used descriptive analysis through data collection, data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results: (1) Planning of PJJ at KK TKRO SMK N 2 Yogyakarta is KD theory is taught all online with the main media Moodle, KD practice is taught 25% through face-to-face, lesson plans are containing identity, learning objectives, learning steps, and evaluation learning, the teaching materials are in the form of PPT, e-books, and videos; (2) The PJJ process at KK TKRO SMK N 2 Yogyakarta uses the assignment method with Moodle assisted by WhatsApp. The teacher uploads the material in Moodle then the students download and understand the material independently and then do the assignment; (3) Evaluation of PJJ in KK TKRO SMK N 2 Yogyakarta consists of knowledge evaluation using multiple choice tests, follow-up remedial for those who have not passed the KKM, skills evaluation is not carried out, attitude evaluation is carried out using observation techniques, follow-up for those whose attitudes are bad in the form of warnings, summons, or visit to student’s home.
An Analysis of the Note on Languages in Philosophical Courses at the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries
Authors: Symchych Mykola
Published: December 2022

This article examines the note on languages in eleven philosophical courses taught in the Kyiv-Mohyla Academy in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. This small textual fragment, which discusses from which old languages newer languages came, is studied in the context of the Mohylian doctrine of signs, especially the question whether words are “natural” or “conventional” signs. The author provides a classification of the eleven courses under study and examines the textual differences between them.  He also investigates the origin of the note, the ways in which it came to the Mohylians, and, most importantly, how Mohylian philosophical courses influenced each other.  Finally, the author discusses the role of “lingua Ruthenica” and its place in the classification of languages developed by the professors of the Kyiv-Mohyla academy.
Cossacks, Empire, and the Enlightenment: From Orientalization to Republican Reappropriation
Authors: Sklokin Volodymyr
Published: December 2022

This article seeks to explore how Enlightenment narratives and categories framed the perception and image of the Zaporozhian Cossacks both in the imperial center and in the south-western periphery of the Russian Empire in the late eighteenth century. It demonstrates that Catherine II deployed the discourse of civilizational mission to justify the disbandment of the Zaporozhian Cossack Host and the liquidation of the Zaporozhian Sich. The historical works of Voltaire became an important source of inspiration for Catherine's orientalist image of the Ukrainian Cossacks, which gained wide currency in the Russian Empire and was accepted by some representatives of the Ukrainian Cossack elite. On the other hand, the Enlightenment allowed some Ukrainians to challenge imperial hegemony by going beyond traditional estate and regional particularism and by rethinking the Cossack tradition as a democratic republican one and setting it against the supposed despotism of Imperial Russia.
Personal Health Libraries for People Returning From Incarceration: Protocol for a Qualitative Study (Preprint)
Authors: Foumakoye Marisol , Britton Meredith Campbell , Ansari Emile , Saunders Monya , McCall Terika , Wang Emily A , Puglisi Lisa B , Workman T Elizabeth , Zeng-Treitler Qing , Ying Yin , Shavit Shira , Brandt Cynthia A , Wang Karen H
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND

Individuals released from carceral facilities have high rates of hospitalization and death, especially in the weeks immediately after their return to community settings. During this transitional process, individuals leaving incarceration are expected to engage with multiple providers working in separate, complex systems, including health care clinics, social service agencies, community-based organizations, and probation and parole services. This navigation is often complicated by individuals’ physical and mental health, literacy and fluency, and socioeconomic status. Personal health information technology, which can help people access and organize their health information, could improve the transition from carceral systems to the community and mitigate health risks upon release. Yet, personal health information technologies have not been designed to meet the needs and preferences of this population nor tested for acceptability or use.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of our study is to develop a mobile app to create personal health libraries for individuals returning from incarceration to help bridge the transition from carceral settings to community living.

METHODS

Participants were recruited through Transitions Clinic Network clinic encounters and professional networking with justice-involved organizations. We used qualitative research methods to assess the facilitators and barriers to developing and using personal health information technology for individuals returning from incarceration. We conducted individual interviews with people just released from carceral facilities (n=~20) and providers (n=~10) from the local community and carceral facilities involved with the transition for returning community members. We used rigorous rapid qualitative analysis to generate thematic output characterizing the unique circumstances impacting the development and use of personal health information technology for individuals returning from incarceration and to identify content and features for the mobile app based on the preferences and needs of our participants.

RESULTS

As of February 2023, we have completed 27 qualitative interviews with individuals recently released from carceral systems (n=20) and stakeholders (n=7) who support justice-involved individuals from various organizations in the community.

CONCLUSIONS

We anticipate that the study will characterize the experiences of people transitioning from prison and jails to community settings; describe the information, technology resources, and needs upon reentry to the community; and create potential pathways for fostering engagement with personal health information technology.

INTERNATIONAL REGISTERED REPORT

DERR1-10.2196/44748
Making Sense of Theories, Models, and Frameworks in Digital Health Behavior Change Design: Qualitative Descriptive Study (Preprint)
Authors: Voorheis Paula , Bhuiya Aunima R , Kuluski Kerry , Pham Quynh , Petch Jeremy
Published: December 2022

BACKGROUND

Digital health interventions are increasingly being designed to support health behaviors. Although digital health interventions informed by behavioral science theories, models, and frameworks (TMFs) are more likely to be effective than those designed without them, design teams often struggle to use these evidence-informed tools. Until now, little work has been done to clarify the ways in which behavioral science TMFs can add value to digital health design.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to better understand how digital health design leaders select and use TMFs in design practice. The questions that were addressed included how do design leaders perceive the value of TMFs in digital health design, what considerations do design leaders make when selecting and applying TMFs, and what do design leaders think is needed in the future to advance the utility of TMFs in digital health design?

METHODS

This study used a qualitative description design to understand the experiences and perspectives of digital health design leaders. The participants were identified through purposive and snowball sampling. Semistructured interviews were conducted via Zoom software. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed using Otter.ai software. Furthermore, 3 researchers coded a sample of interview transcripts and confirmed the coding strategy. One researcher completed the qualitative analysis using a codebook thematic analysis approach.

RESULTS

Design leaders had mixed opinions on the value of behavioral science TMFs in digital health design. Leaders suggested that TMFs added the most value when viewed as a starting point rather than the final destination for evidence-informed design. Specifically, these tools added value when they acted as a gateway drug to behavioral science, supported health behavior conceptualization, were balanced with expert knowledge and user-centered design principles, were complementary to existing design methods, and supported both individual- and systems-level thinking. Design leaders also felt that there was a considerable nuance in selecting the most value-adding TMFs. Considerations should be made regarding their source, appropriateness, complexity, accessibility, adaptability, evidence base, purpose, influence, audience, fit with team expertise, fit with team culture, and fit with external pressures. Design leaders suggested multiple opportunities to advance the use of TMFs. These included improving TMF reporting, design, and accessibility, as well as improving design teams' capacity to use TMFs appropriately in practice.

CONCLUSIONS

When designing a digital health behavior change intervention, using TMFs can help design teams to systematically integrate behavioral insights. The future of digital health behavior change design demands an easier way for designers to integrate evidence-based TMFs into practice.
Maintenance of Remission and Risk of Relapse in Myeloperoxidase-Positive ANCA-Associated Vasculitis with Kidney Involvement
Authors: Casal Moura Marta , Specks Ulrich , Tehranian Shahrzad , Sethi Sanjeev , Zubidat Dalia , Nardelli Luca , dos Santos Fernanda G. , Sousa Ciria , León-Róman Juan , Bobart Shane A. , Greene Eddie , Zand Ladan , Fervenza Fernando C.
Published: December 2022

Background

The optimal strategy for remission-maintenance therapy in patients with myeloperoxidase-ANCA (MPO-ANCA)–associated vasculitis is not established. Defining parameters to guide maintenance therapy is required.

Methods

This was a retrospective cohort study of all patients with MPO-ANCA–associated vasculitis (microscopic with polyangiitis and granulomatosis with polyangiitis) and GN followed at the Mayo Clinic between 1996 and 2015. Relapse rate, MPO-ANCA status, and remission-maintenance therapies were reviewed. Logistic regression models, Kaplan–Meier method, and Cox proportional hazards regression models were applied.

Results

We analyzed 159 patients with active MPO-ANCA–associated vasculitis with GN. Sixty-six (42%) patients had at least one relapse, and 52 (33%) relapsed before 60 months. Patients with MPO-ANCA who became persistently negative did not relapse (hazard ratio [HR], 0.03; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 0.002 to 0.431; P=0.01). The reappearance of MPO-ANCA was associated with a higher risk of relapse (HR, 1.91; 95% CI, 1.109 to 3.293; P=0.02). Immunosuppression was withdrawn in 80 (50%) patients, and this was less likely in those who received cyclophosphamide for remission induction or in patients with persistently positive MPO-ANCA (odds ratio [OR], 0.44; 95% CI, 0.228 to 0.861; P=0.02 and OR, 0.42; 95% CI, 0.213 to 0.820; P=0.01, respectively). Relapse frequency was not different between patients with persistently positive MPO-ANCA and patients with MPO-ANCA reappearance (44% versus 39%, P=0.49), irrespective of remission-maintenance treatment. Ear, nose, and throat involvement (OR, 6.10; 95% CI, 1.280 to 29.010; P=0.02) and MPO-ANCA reappearance (OR, 9.25; 95% CI, 3.126 to 27.361; P<0.001) were independently associated with relapse after treatment withdrawal.

Conclusions

Patients persistently MPO-ANCA negative are at low risk for relapse even without remission-maintenance therapy. Persistence or subsequent reappearance of MPO-ANCA is associated with a higher risk of relapse.

Podcast

This article contains a podcast at https://dts.podtrac.com/redirect.mp3/www.asn-online.org/media/podcast.aspx?p=CJASN&e=2023_01_10_CJN06460622.mp3
Потери военнослужащих Красной армии, призванных из Калмыцкой АССР, в 1941–1945 гг. (по данным 4-го тома книги «Память. Санл»)
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Vorobyova Valentina N.
Published: December 2022

Introduction. The article provides statistical interpretations of data contained in volume 4 of The Memory. Sanl that publishes an annotated list of ca. 9,500 Red Army soldiers and officers largely conscripted in the Kalmyk ASSR — and subsequently classified as KIAs and MIAs between 1941 and 1945. Goals. The work examines the mentioned edition and attempts a respective database (supplemented with statistical analysis) of Soviet Kalmykia’s natives drafted into the Red Army in 1941–1945. Materials and methods. The paper focuses on the annotated list of casualties among Soviet troops introduced in volume 4 of The Memory. Sanl. The wide range of research methods employed includes both specifically historical and general scientific ones. The need for statistical analysis leads to an active use of the statistical method and that of extrapolation. Results. The analysis reveals an essential number of repetitions (personalities) characterized by mistakes, inaccuracies, and discrepancies. So, the edition mentions both outdated and contemporary geographic names. Despite all this, the compiled and corrected database involves extensive statistical data that may yield an efficient prosopographic analysis of Red Army personnel conscripted in Kalmykia during the Great Patriotic War of 1941–1945.
«Прежде по Вашей милости я жил спокойно. Как быть? Рассудите, Ваше Светлейшество». Начало внутриполитического кризиса в Калмыцком ханстве в 1723 г.
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., Elista 358000, Russian Federation), Tepkeev Vladimir T.
Published: December 2022

Introduction. The article publishes one of the last letters submitted by Khan Ayuka of the Kalmyks to the Russian Emperor Peter the Great. Goals. The work aims at introducing newly discovered correspondence dealing with Russian-Kalmyk relations in the first quarter of the 18th century. Materials. The document analyzed is contained in Collection 119 (‘Kalmyk Affairs’) of Imperial Russia’s Foreign Policy Archive that houses quite a number of written sources in Kalmyk history. The never-published document is the first Kalmyk letter from the mentioned archive to be made available to the public. Results. The paper provides a brief historical review of the events described in Khan Ayuka’s letter. The most precious document sheds light on multiple circumstances to have preceded the outburst of the internal Kalmyk conflict in 1723. Conclusions. The examined 1724 letter is an invaluable source in the history of Kalmyk Khanate that shall essentially add to further understanding of 18th-century Russian-Kalmyk relations. So, the text clarifies Khan Ayuka’s stance on the emerging internal crisis. Having been one of those who wrecked the negotiation process between Chakdorjab’s sons, Ayuka turns to the Russian Emperor for assistance in his letter. The domestic conflict not only significantly weakened his positions as Khan but also resulted in external threats to Kalmyk Khanate at large.
Рукопись И. П. Сойкконена в аспекте изучения зимней повседневности якутов первой трети ХХ в.
Authors:   Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Siberian Branch of the RAS (1, Petrovsky St., 677027 Yakutsk, Russian Federation), Vinokurova Liliia I.
Published: December 2022

The Yakutia Comprehensive Research Expedition of 1925–1930 proved a most essential stage in the intellectual discovery of Russia’s Arctic and North. Even nowadays the insights into climate and natural resources, socioeconomic and demographic analyses, living conditions assessments remain as topical. It is noteworthy that the efforts undertaken were largely humanitarian, thus making the collected data on socioeconomic history and everyday life rich enough. Ivan Soikkonen was heading the Yakut Ethnographic Subgroup in 1926–1927, the latter to have been working in the central part of the Republic. Long-term stationary observations resulted in materials covering ethnic culture of the Yakuts, including detailed descriptions of household life, economic activities, and family relations. Soikkonen’s papers are distinguished by ‘photographic’ reflections of rural Yakutia’s local realities typical for earliest decades of the 20th century. Goals. The article aims to introduce into scientific circulation one manuscript by the Russian ethnographer Ivan P. Soikkonen containing ethnographic materials from late 1920s Central Yakutia. Materials. The manuscript titled ‘Winter Day of the Yakut Woman’ is stored together with other unpublished Yakutia-related materials of Soikkonen at the Archive of the Russian Academy of Sciences (St. Petersburg Branch). Results. The expedition materials are invaluable sources for humanities research. The manuscript examined contains interesting facts that shed light on social relations, standards and qualities inherent to rural life refracted in the mirror of everyday gender. The phenomena dominating throughout the to be presented document is that of natural winter cold which limits, restrains, and regulates activities of a Yakut woman in winter everyday life in earliest decades of the past century. Soikkonen’s notes make it possible to examine aspects of the economic determinism among Yakuts to have arisen from natural and climatic conditions of the region in the period prior to the Soviet modernization in interdisciplinary perspectives. Conclusions. The paper is first to publish the manuscript, only some small fragments have been cited before. The article pioneers the interpretation of Soikkonen’s materials from the standpoint of the anthropology of cold. The author comments and transcribes Yakut terms contained in the manuscript.
Новые данные о стоянке Курпеже-молла в Северном Прикаспии
Authors:   Samara State University of Social Sciences and Education (65/67, M. Gorky St., 443099 Samara, Russian Federation), Vybornov Aleksandr A. , Vasiljeva Irina N. , Doga Natalya S. , Kulkova Marianna A. ,   Herzen University (48/1, Moyka Emb., 191186 St. Petersburg, Russian Federation)
Published: December 2022

Introduction. The article analyzes materials from one reference site of the Caspian culture in the Northern Caspian. Two main achievements of prehistoric society — emergence of metalworking and that of productive economy — are associated with this culture. Goals. The paper aims to identify cultural and chronological complexes inherent to the site of Kurpezhe-Molla. So, the study seeks to characterize stone and ceramic inventories, their cultural attributions, attempts a comparative analysis of pottery production techniques in different cultures, and determines their absolute ages. Materials and methods. The work focuses on materials from Kurpezhe-Molla — a key site of the Caspian culture. The latter was being excavated from 1980 to 1989 to have yielded publications covering the first five years only. This paper is first to publish and consider complexes of all years of research. The employed research methods include the typological, planigraphic, technical/technological, and radiocarbon ones. Results. Typological analysis makes it possible to identify ceramics of the Khvalynsk and later cultural types (in addition to ceramics of the Caspian culture proper). This was confirmed by that the stone artifacts included some typical for the Early Eneolithic. Technical and technological characteristics of the Caspian and Khvalynsk pottery samples prove similar enough but there are some differences. The work estimates an earlier age of the Caspian culture and a later one for that of Khvalynsk. Conclusions. Comprehensive insights into respective materials attest to a complex character of the site of Kurpezhe-Molla. Artifacts of the Caspian culture proper are paralleled by materials of the Khvalynsk type. The radiocarbon dates obtained imply the Caspian materials be referred to an earlier period. The paper traces both similar and distinctive features inherent to typology and manufacturing techniques characteristic of the archaeological cultures examined. This may indicate the Khvalynsk ceramic tradition had evolved from the Caspian one, or serve evidence of their coexistence at a certain stage.
Типология поливной керамики Билярского городища
Authors:   Institute of the Problems of Northern Development, Tyumen Scientific Centre, Siberian Branch of the RAS (86, Malygin St., 625026 Tyumen, Russian Federation), Utiagulova Rimma R.
Published: December 2022

Introduction. The paper discusses glazed pottery of the pre-Mongol era discovered within excavation section 44 of Bilär hillfort between 2015 and 2018. Earliest explorations of the archaeological site date back to the beginning of the 18th century but the first archaeological survey proper — that included a few shovel test pits — was conducted by A. Bashkirov in 1929. However, it was only in 1967 that A. Khalikov as head of the Bilär Archaeological Expedition arranged systematic investigation of the site. Studies of glazed ceramics from the pre-Mongol era became a priority area but its classification was never developed. Goals. So, the work attempts a description and systematization of the unique archaeological materials. Materials and methods. The work analyzes glazed pottery items discovered within excavation section 44 at the site of Bilär. The research methods employed for systematization are as follows: visual/descriptive, statistical, technological ones, those of comparative analysis and analogies. Results. The extensive glazed pottery collection examined attests to Volga Bulgaria had developed widest trade relations in the pre-Mongol period. The key directions included the Near and Middle East, Asia Minor, Rus, Byzantium, and the historical region of Shirvan (group of imports). Conclusions. The article yields a classification of glazed pottery items (both locally produced and imported ones), determines main trade directions and chronological frames for the latter to have arrived in the site. Insights into proportions between groups of imported ceramics and quantitative analysis make it possible to outline three chronological stages that essentially correspond to the heyday, apogee and decline of trade relations.
Коммуникативный аспект местоименной вербализации пространственного дейксиса в татарском и русском языках
Authors:   Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (25, Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation), Urunova Raisa D. , Yagafarova Liliya T. , Ivanova Daria A. , Glushkova Svetlana Yu. , Nigmatullina Alsu M.  ,   University of Management «TISBI» (13, Mushtari St., 420012 Kazan, Russian Federation)
Published: December 2022

Introduction. One of the important problems of contemporary linguistics is the incomplete correspondence between some linguistic categories and actual conditions of language use, which makes it difficult to apply scientific concepts in pragmatic terms. In this regard, some categories of classical linguistics require further clarification in the light of new scientific achievements. Goals. So, the article aims at analyzing deictic microsystems of languages different in origin and grammatical type through synergistic research approaches with due account of achievements of classical linguistics and data on the new communication theory. Materials and methods. The work employs comprehensive methodology: comparison of the Russian and Tatar deictic verbal means is accompanied by cross-situational/component analysis applicable in communication theory. The combination of new and traditional methods makes it possible, firstly, to optimize the traditional time-tested methods of comparing languages of different origins, and, secondly, to correct results of the comparative study in a communicative aspect. The study focuses on materials of the Tatar and Russian languages, since the latter coexist in one region and closely interact via Russian-Tatar bilingualism. Results. The use of comprehensive communicative/linguistic techniques yields a described universal action (deictic) category — implementing spatial coordination of participants and speech objects — for languages of different types. The study identifies spatial communicative indicators common to languages, features of action processes and means of their expression. Particular attention is paid to differences in the implementation of spatial deixis in the languages compared. Conclusions. Grammatically and communicatively, deixis is central to Russian and Tatar pronominal systems. Regular deictic means include key types of pronouns, such as personal, possessive, personal-demonstrative, and demonstrative ones. Functional qualities of all other pronouns and non-pronominal deictics are determined through relations with these central types.
Татарский язык в Татарстане в условиях новых подходов к освоению родного языка
Authors:   Kazan (Volga Region) Federal University (18, Kremlyovskaya St., 420008 Kazan, Russian Federation), Nizamova Liliya R.
Published: December 2022

Introduction. The article evaluates the language situation and its dynamics in Tatarstan and other ethnic republics of the Volga Region in the context of new approaches to learning of languages of Russia’s peoples. In 2017, native languages were classified as a compulsory academic discipline at school, though with a legally stipulated right to choose such native language proper. Goals. The study aims at outlining the actual vectors of language processes and effects of the language policy nationwide through examples of the Tatar language in Tatarstan and languages of the Volga Region at large. Materials and methods. The work analyzes data from two research projects, namely: a mass survey of Tatarstan’s residents numbering 2,000 on their language use practices in public and private discourses conducted in July 2018 (the article focuses on language practices of ethnic Tatars); and a series of semi-formal interviews with representatives of the ethnic intelligentsia, public organizations, and the mass media in Tatarstan and in the five republics of the Volga Region (Bashkortostan, Mari El, Mordovia, Udmurtia, Chuvashia) on topical issues of language development held from June to November 2021 (a total of 48 interviews). Results. The sociological data make it possible to reveal key trends of linguistic development and the ratio of use between state languages (Russian and titular ones) in consumption of mass media and Internet products, in public discourses (office, stores, public institutions) and individual language practices. The data attest to a predominant use of Russian by ethnic Tatars in the context of expanding Russian-Tatar bilingualism, i.e. a steady continuation of the language shift inherited from the late Soviet era. Conclusions. The newly adopted agenda of teaching native languages has resulted in further expanded use of the Russian language, since — regardless of actual ethnic identities — some parents tend to choose Russian as a native language for their children, which leads to reduced numbers of students learning other native languages, a decrease in the demand for textbooks and teachers of the Volga peoples’ languages. This causes anxiety among the national intelligentsia and the public as to the future of linguistic and cultural diversity in Russia.
Чиновный статус русских дипломатов в посольских отношениях Русского государства с кочевниками севера Центральной Азии в XVII в.
Authors:   Novosibirsk State University (1, Pirogov St., 630090 Novosibirsk, Russian Federation), Zuev Andrey S. , Popov Dmitry K.
Published: December 2022

Introduction. The paper provides a first historiographic insight into official ranks and social status of Russian diplomats to have been dispatched on diplomatic missions to leaders of nomadic military/political associations across Northern Central Asia in the 17th century. Goals. The study aims to determine essentials of how the Tsardom of Russia tended to perceive its counterparties’ status through the analysis of official positions and social backgrounds of Russian diplomats. Materials and methods. The article analyzes a wide range of published and unpublished documents, systemizes and generalizes qualitative and quantitative data pertaining to official ranks of Russian diplomats discovered in records management papers, such as Tsar’s ukazes, nakazes and reminder nakazes, as well as those referred to as stateyny spisok (list of officers) and otpiska voevody (governor’s report). Results. The work reveals diplomatic missions to Kirghiz and Teleut lands, Dzungaria and Mongolia were usually headed by offsprings of the nobility (deti boyarskie) and regular servicemen (nachalnye lyudi) — Cossack leaders, atamans, squadron (pyatidesyatnik) and section (desyatnik) commanders. However, it was not that rare when such diplomatic endeavors were entrusted to servicemen of lower ranks and, occasionally, representatives of indigenous (non-Russian) populations. Conclusions. In terms of 16th–17th century Russian ambassadorial semiotics, the choice of diplomats from commoners and those characterized by lower social status was definitely purposeful and aimed at demonstrating that Turkic and Mongolian nomadic rulers were to enjoy fewer honors due to a higher standing of the Russian Tsar. Since the Tsardom of Muscovy was seeking to gain control over the nomadic military/political alliances of Northern Central Asia and bring nomadic elites under ‘the higher hand of the monarch’, the appointments of lower-ranked servicemen as heads of diplomatic missions were to meet the goals (and logic) of Russian expansionist policy. Low ranks of dispatched diplomats indicated not only the Russian Tsar’s political superiority over nomadic rulers but also attested to that Russians already tended to perceive nomads as potential subjects of the Tsar.
Крещение калмыков в Семиречье и его последствия
Authors:   Valikhanov Institute of History and Ethnology (28, Shevchenko St., 050010 Almaty, Republic of Kazakhstan), Muhatova Orazgul H. , Kabuldinov Ziyabek E. , Kurmanalina Nurgul N. , Oshan Zhanymkhan
Published: December 2022

Introduction. In the process of territorial expansion, Imperial Russia was seeking to implement internal policies, including that of Christianization. Christian missionary endeavors across Kazakh steppes were to involve not only Kazakh ethnic groups proper but also other populations to have emigrated from China in the 19th century. Goals. The study aims at exploring problems and consequences of Semirechye Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity after their arrival from China, revealing the role of missionaries in that Christianization campaign, determining key techniques and methods employed by the latter, identifying essentials and crucial events to have proved efficient thereto and based on the destruction of indigenous culture, traditions and lifestyle of ethnic groups who had been forced to stay away from their historical roots. Results. The paper analyzes archival sources to examine the history of how China’s emigrant Kalmyks acquired Russian citizenship and converted to Orthodox Christianity in the 1860s–1870s. In the aftermath of the Dungan Revolt, the refugee Kalmyks settled in Qapal, Sarkand, Koksu, Verny, Turgen and other areas of Semirechye. Fertile land plots were allotted for them to conveniently engage in agriculture, gardening and vegetable farming. Another goal was that they were thus to establish close relations with Russian peasants and learn the latter’s language, culture, and peculiarities of the newly adopted faith. Conclusions. The missionary activities and Kalmyks’ conversion to Orthodox Christianity resulted in acculturation characterized by that the newly baptized would often change their personal and family names and receive Russian Cossack peasant clothes in missionary shelters.
Влияние географических факторов на территориально-организационную структуру и хозяйственную деятельность Прорвинского (Астраханского) исправительно-трудового лагеря (1932–1950)
Authors:   Dosmukhamedov Atyrau University (1, Studenchesky Ave., 060011 Atyrau, Republic of Kazakhstan), Akhmetova Ulzhan T. , Imashev Eduard Zh. , Muktar Abilseiit K. ,   Mahambet Otemiusly West Kazakhstan University (162, Nazarbayev Ave., 090000 Oral, Republic of Kazakhstan),   State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve “Saraishyq” (11, Myrzagali St., 060707 Sarayshyq, Republic of Kazakhstan)
Published: December 2022

Introduction. Since vectors of natural resources, construction and infrastructure development across the vast Soviet territories (including that of the Kazakh SSR) were determined by geographical aspects of correctional labor camps’ territorial organization, it was the geographical factor that proved crucial to the shaping of camps system proper. So, an insight into experiences of the Prorva (Astrakhan) Correctional Labor Camp is of certain interest. Goals. The study aims at assessing impacts of geographical factors on the shaping and functioning of the mentioned labor camp’s territorial organizational structure and economic activity between 1932 and 1950. Materials and methods. The work explores documents housed by the State Archive of the Russian Federation, Archive of Internal Affairs Ministry Department in Astrakhan Oblast, outcomes of history and geography research expeditions to Mangystau and Atyrau Regions of Kazakhstan undertaken in July 2021, geographical maps. The study employs a variety of research methods, such as general scientific (analysis, synthesis, mathematical and descriptive techniques), geographical (analytical tools of cartography, comparative, physical and economic geography, expeditionary, system territorial, and factorial methods) and historical (retrospective, comparative, structural approaches) ones. Results. The paper presents a geographical analysis of six localities, reveals territorial organizational structure of the camp (the latter to have covered northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian coastline), provides an assessment of physical and geographical conditions of the camp’s economic arrangements. The latter had predetermined the availability of rich biological sea resources. However, in general, the physical and geographical components of natural environment were unfavorable (arid climate, infertile soil cover, sparse vegetation) for commercial agricultural production. The study of economic and geographical factors shows different economic potentials across localities of the camp. The economic geographical factors resulted in the shaping and functioning of a territorial organizational structure primarily aimed at efficient industrial fishing practices. Conclusions. The geographical factors proved of utmost importance and served a basis for the development of fisheries in the northern and northeastern parts of the Caspian Sea. In addition, efforts were made to initiate agricultural production and construction activities that still were to play a secondary economic role due to unfavorable conditions.
Деятельность Калмыцкой комсомольской организации накануне депортации и в период восстановления автономии
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Okonov Baatr A.
Published: December 2022

Introduction. In the immediate aftermath of the Nazi defeat in Kalmykia’s territory, local Komsomol members initiated most essential efforts to restore ruined industrial facilities, buildings of public organizations, schools, took active part in agricultural works and war-supporting activities. Nonetheless, on 28 December 1943 the Kalmyk ASSR was abolished, the whole Kalmyk people were wrongly blamed and deported to Siberia. Goals. The article attempts an analytical insight into activities of Kalmykia’s Komsomol organization before the deportation and in the restoration period. Materials and methods. The study focuses on unpublished documents housed at the National Archive of Kalmykia and periodicals of those years. Results and conclusions. The analysis of archival papers shows despite a limited number of members the Komsomol organization did facilitate a successful revival of the Republic in the post-occupation era. However, the tremendous contribution was ignored when it came to repressions against the Kalmyks in December of 1943. On return from Siberia and during the restoration of autonomy in 1957, there was a slight increase in numbers of Komsomol members who showed great enthusiasm to reconstruct the Republic.
Обряд отрезания «черного языка» и буддийский защитный ритуал (противоречия этических оснований)
Authors:   Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University (11, Pushkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Erendzhenova Yulia Yu.
Published: December 2022

Introduction. The article analyzes the Buddhist protective ritual against slander popular among Kalmyk Buddhists in the form of the rite of cutting off the ‘black tongue’. Despite studies prove a direct connection between the rite and pre-Buddhist beliefs, its practice by clerics who actively promote the Buddhist ideas of compassion and non-violence seems extremely controversial. Goals. The study aims to discover ethical foundations of the rite of cutting off the ‘black tongue’ within the system of Buddhist protective rituals and its potential for personal spiritual development. Materials and methods. The work employs a complex methodology that includes anthropological and interdisciplinary approaches, ethical analysis, hermeneutic method. An important addition is the systematic approach of cultural anthropology according to which the theoretical and methodological significance of Buddhist scholars’ developments should be duly recognized. The study focuses on the Oirat text titled ‘Xara kelen’ and its Russian translations, a Tibetan text of The Noble Mahayana Sutra Entitled ‘Pacification of Black Disputes’. Results. The rite of cutting off the ‘black tongue’ serves to protect from existential problems (disease, failures in study and work, problems in personal relationships, loss of property, etc.) verbally provoked by ill-wishers. The paper clarifies that in the system of Buddhist protective rituals, the rite of cutting off the ‘black tongue’ acquires features of a spiritual practice performed to acquire Buddhist wisdom and develop altruistic intention rather than a religious action as such. If a believer does not understand the essence of the rite, he/she resorts to it in order to eliminate real obstacles allegedly provoked by others — and only in this case the practice of this rite acquires visible contradictions with Buddhist ethics. Conclusions. If one adopts the Buddhist approach to semantic interpretations of protective rituals, the consistency of the rite of cutting off the ‘black tongue’ to Buddhist ethics becomes obvious. With such interpretations and a corresponding practical application, the protective rite can serve a path for personal development of believers.
«Холод на службе человека»: модернизация практик использования криогенных ресурсов в экономике и повседневной жизни сельской Якутии в советский период
Authors:   Institute for Humanities Research and Indigenous Studies of the North, Siberian Branch of the RAS (1, Petrovsky St., 677027 Yakutsk, Russian Federation), Suleymanov Alexander A.
Published: December 2022

Goals. The study attempts a historical and anthropological reconstruction of how cryogenic resources — material objects and forces of nature arising from the realm of cold (ambient temperature below 0 degrees Celsius) — were used in economies and everyday life of rural Yakutia’s communities in the 1920s–1980s. Materials and methods. The work analyzes archival materials, scientific literature and author’s field observations made in settlements of Khangalassky, Megino-Kangalassky, Amginsky, Olyokminsky, Srednekolymsky Districts, and the urban locality of Zhatay (Yakutia, Russia) between 2017 and 2022. The most important elements of the methodological toolkit are basic principles of cryosophy implying analyses of phenomena inherent to the ‘cold world’ from perspectives of their resource potentials. Results. The most important outcome of Soviet modernization — along with collectivization and construction of settlements — proved the emergence of a new force in the process of human interaction with a complex of cryogenic factors — state. While before the 1920s rural dwellers were actually left to themselves, the Soviet era witnessed an extensive involvement of the government in the former’s relationship with cold. This resulted in the parallel existence of two oppositely directed trends. On the one hand, a number of once popular cryogenic practices either faded away or experienced a minimized demand. On the other hand, significance of others not only persisted but increased dramatically. Furthermore, some of the latter evolved to better meet actual needs of Yakutia’s rural communities, new techniques were created and developed to gain preferences from natural and geographic properties of the region. Unification and standardization are important characteristics of the then changes too. During that period, economic practices widespread in central regions of the country were actively introduced and, thus, diminished the diversity of ethnic ‘man-cold’ interaction practices. Supply improvement programs for large settlements led to decreased dependence of life sustenance systems on local resources and accordingly increased roles of communication routes, including winter roads and ice crossings. The emergence of large collective farms in Yakutia — as well as their extensive activities — gave rise to accelerated scales of icehouse construction. The extended areas of the former demanded farmland irrigation systems be as broadened, including with th use of cryogenic resources. Conclusions. Despite all the changes experienced by rural life patterns during the Soviet period of Yakutia’s history, cryogenic resources retained their significance both in the regional economy and everyday life.
Мемориализация подвига 110-й Калмыцкой кавалерийской дивизии в боях на Дону в июле 1942 г. в форме конных походов (май, июль 2022 г.)
Authors:   Kalmyk Scientific Center of the RAS (8, Ilishkin St., 358000 Elista, Russian Federation), Ochirov Utash B.
Published: December 2022

Introduction. The article describes two equestrian expeditions undertaken in May and July 2022 to celebrate the 80th anniversary of earliest battles for the Don attended by the 100th Kalmyk Cavalry Division. The expeditions are viewed as commemorative practices to have facilitated further memorialization of the ethnic military unit’s heroic deeds. Materials and methods. The study employs a variety of general scientific and special research techniques, including the genetic method in history, participant observations, and interviews. The work analyzes monographs and articles dealing with the 110th Cavalry Division, interviews with expedition attendees, and published media materials. Results. The paper begins with a historical review of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division and describes the struggle for its historical memory. This is followed by insights into the two equestrian expeditions to have commemorated the 80th anniversary of the unit’s earliest hostilities attended. The first expedition was held on Malye Derbety – Elista route (over 200 km long), lasted for seven days, and was culminated by a ceremonial march along Elista streets on 9 May. This involved a total of approximately thirty individuals, including one young woman and five children, and was largely a preparatory arrangement to identify and settle some potential logistic and technical problems. The second expedition was organized on route Malye Derbety – Razdorskaya (over 500 km long) in July 2022 and lasted for fourteen days. The group included seventeen male individuals dressed in 1942 uniforms of Red Army cavalrymen and equipped with blank WWII firearms. The expedition was to primarily pass through Rostov Oblast and ended in Razdorskaya on 23 July during an interregional Cossack song contest. Horse riders to have attended both the expeditions would participate in public meetings and concerts to narrate about heroic deeds performed by soldiers of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division. So, the early 3rd millennium equestrian tours have proved an ingenious form of patriotic propaganda and shall be long remembered — like the delivered history of the ethnic military unit proper — by participants of corresponding events. Conclusions. The arranged equestrian expeditions have served an efficient tool to memorialize heroic past of the 110th Kalmyk Cavalry Division both across Kalmykia and Rostov Oblast.