bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pencapaian Awal Matematik Kanak-kanak mengikut Tempoh Berada di Prasekolah dan Jantina
Authors: Ompok Connie Cassy
Published: October 2021

Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengenal pasti tahap pencapaian awal Matematik kanak-kanak, mengenal pasti kesan tempoh di prasekolah dan jantina terhadap pencapaian awal Matematik dalam kalangan kanak-kanak prasekolah. Instrumen kajian ini merupakan Pencapaian Awal Matematik (Ginsburg & Baroody, 2003) berdasarkan Kurikulum Standard Prasekolah Kebangsaan. Seramai 1108 orang kanak-kanak prasekolah yang berumur 4+ dan 5+ terlibat dalam kajian ini. Statistik deskriptif, ujian-t bebas dan ujian Ancova menggunakan SPSS versi-21 dengan markah ujian pra sebagai kovariat digunakan. Dapatan kajian menunjukkan pencapaian awal Matematik kanak-kanak berada pada tahap purata dan tidak terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan dalam pencapaian awal Matematik kanak-kanak mengikut jantina. Terdapat perbezaan yang signifikan dalam pencapaian awal Matematik kanak-kanak mengikut tempoh di prasekolah. Kajian lanjutan tentang tempoh berada di prasekolah terhadap pencapaian awal Matematik diperlukan untuk menjelaskan dapatan ini.
Contratos administrativos e políticas públicas: a era do Estado contratualizado
Authors: Valle Vivian Cristina Lima López , Rodelli Luiz Felipe de Lima
Published: October 2021

O estudo analisa o novo ambiente de contratação adotado pelo Estado moderno, pelo qual a busca do melhor interesse público legitima que políticas públicas assistenciais à população sejam delegadas a particulares para a execução mais aperfeiçoada do serviço público, inaugurando um novo paradigma na atividade administrativa da contemporaneidade, visando o incremento qualitativo e quantitativo de demandas públicas. Assim, a atividade contratual do Estado não pode mais ser compreendida, exclusivamente, como mero instrumento para atendimento de necessidades administrativas ou tão somente como meio para a delegação do exercício de atividades públicas para os particulares. É preciso considerá-la, também, como forma de satisfação de direitos e liberdades constitucionais. A peculiaridade aqui se faz na utilização de contratos administrativos duradouros, nomeadamente as concessões e permissões, cuja delegação comporta a transferência da execução de serviços, utilidades, tal como infraestrutura pública. Convém, portanto, cotejar a harmonia entre a segurança jurídica e a mutabilidade contratual, inerente à gestão na prestação de serviços públicos e disponibilização de infraestrutura por meio de relações duradouras. Isso porque, quanto maior a autonomia na implementação de metodologias, maior será a capacidade de adaptação do contratado.
An In Vitro Study: Antioxidant, Phytochemical Analysis and Antimicrobial Activities of Achranthes aspera
Authors: Patel Dipeshkumar , Shaikh Falaknaaz
Published: October 2021

Medicaments, plants and plant-based are the basis of many of the modern pharmaceuticals we use today for our various purposes. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant, phytochemical and antibacterial and antifungal activities of the Achyranthes aspera plant extract in different organic solvents. The radical scavenging activity of the different extracts of root, stem, leaf, and seed were evaluated by DPPH assay and the antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and antifungal activity against Fusarium sp. and Aspergillus nigerwas studied by Agar well cut diffusion method. All of the extracts exhibited different antioxidant and antibacterial activities and the activities varied from solvent to solvent, and the activities are concentrated. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activities were compared with the positive control Ascorbic acid and Cefuroxime. A qualitative phytochemical analysis was carried out and found to possess bioactive compounds like alkaloids, glycosides, terpenoids, steroids, flavonoids, tannins.
Saturated fatty acid-induced cardiomyopathy with diastolic dysfunction can be ameliorated by changing the quality of fatty acids to monounsaturated fatty acid
Authors: Yamamoto Tsunehisa , Endo Jin , Kataoka Masaharu , Katsumata Yoshinori , Shirakawa Kohsuke , Isobe Sarasa , Moriyama Hidenori , Goto Shinichi , Shimanaka Yuta , Kono Nozomu , Shinmura Ken , Arai Hiroyuki , Fukuda Keiichi , Sano Motoaki
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Lipotoxicity due to obesity is known to lead to cardiac dysfunction. In an earlier study, we found that an increase in the ratio of saturated fatty acids (SFA) to monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in the membrane of cardiomyocytes causes endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Such stress is hypothesized to be involved in development of SFA-related cardiomyopathy. Another factor affecting the membrane SFA/MUFA ratio is suppression by SFA of SIRT1-mediated stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1), which is involved in converting SFA to MUFA. Therefore, we evaluated whether increasing dietary intake of MUFA can improve the membrane SFA/MUFA ratio.

Material and methods

Wild-type mice (n = 30) and cardiomyocyte-specific SIRT1 knockout mice (n = 30) were randomly divided into 3 groups and assigned to 16 weeks of a standard mouse diet, 16 weeks of an SFA-rich high-lard diet (HLD), or 8 weeks of a HLD followed by 8 weeks of a MUFA-rich high olive oil diet (HOD switch).

Results

Compared with the control group, the wild-type mice on the HOD diet showed normalized SIRT1-mediated SCD1 signaling, increased membrane SFA/MUFA ratio, decreased ER stress, and improved cardiomyopathy variables. The HLD-fed SIRT1 knockout mice showed greater changes in the SFA/MUFA ratio, ER stress, and cardiomyopathy variables than the wild-type mice. Switching from HLD to HOD ameliorated these phenotypes, although it did not restore the reduced expression of SCD1.

Conclusions

The MUFA-rich diet was found to have a therapeutic effect on SFA-induced cardiomyopathy with diastolic dysfunction by directly rebalancing membrane fatty acid oversaturation and indirectly through the de-inhibition of SIRT1/SCD1 signaling.
Pengaruh Model Pembelajaran Learning By Doing Terhadap Kemampuan Penalaran Siswa Di SMKS-PP Putra Jaya Jabal Rahmah Stabat
Authors: Ispandi Manurung Khairunnisa, Isnaida,
Published: October 2021

This study aims to determine the effect of the Learning By Doing model on the reasoning abilities of students in class X SMKS-PP Putra Jaya Jabal Rahmah Stabat, Langkat Regency. This research is a type of quasi-experimental research (quasi-experimental) with a nonequivalent control group design. The population in this study were all students of class X SMKS-PP Putra Jaya Jabal Rahmah with the determination of the sample through random sampling technique (random sampling). Based on this technique, obtained class X Livestock B as the experimental class and class X Plantation B as the control class. Each class consists of 34 and 35 students. Data collection techniques using test techniques, namely pretest and posttest. The validation used is Pearson correlation which shows the instrument is valid. Reliability test using Alpha Crobanch which shows a reliability index of 0.665 for the pretest instrument and 0.66 for the posttest instrument, which means both are reliable. Before analyzing the data, the normality test and homogeneity test were conducted which showed that the pretest and posttest scores were normally distributed and homogeneous. The data analysis technique used is linear regression test (F test) by comparing the Fcount value of 24.47 and F table of 7.56, then the Fcount> Ftable value is 24.47> 7.56. Thus, the results of the study indicate that there is a significant influence from the application of the learning by doing learning model on the reasoning abilities of Class X students of SMKS-PP Putra Jaya Jabal Rahmah in the subjects of Islamic religious education and character
The use of Artificial Intelligence in Human Resources Development
Authors: Wong Yew Kee
Published: October 2021

Artificial intelligence has been an eye-popping word that is impacting every industry in the world. With the rise of such advanced technology, there will be always a question regarding its impact on our social life, environment and economy thus impacting all efforts exerted towards continuous development. From the definition, the welfare of human beings is the core of continuous development. Continuous development is useful only when ordinary people’s lives are improved whether in health, education, employment, environment, equality or justice. Securing decent jobs is a key enabler to promote the components of continuous development, economic growth, social welfare and environmental sustainability. The human resources are the precious resource for all nations. The high unemployment and underemployment rates especially in youth is a great threat affecting the continuous economic development of many countries and is influenced by investment in education, and quality of living.
Finding Facial Expression Patterns on Videos based on Smile and Eyes-Open Confidence Values
Authors: Hadi Setiawan , K Supriatna Asep , Wahiduddin Faishal , Srisayekti Wilis , Djunaidi Achmad , Fitriana Efi , Abdullah Aceng , Ekawati Dian
Published: October 2021

Facial expression recognition is one of the types of non-verbal communication that is not only commons for human but also plays an essential role in everyday lives. The development of science and technology allows the machine to automatically detect human facial expressions based on images and videos. Numerous facial expression detection methods have been proposed in the literature. This paper presents a method to find three basic facial expressions (neutral, happy, and angry) from two parameter values: smile and eyes-open. The analysis involves a preprocessing step using a combination of pre-designed proprietary algorithm and Luxand library. Firstly, the parameters were mapped into two-dimensional space and then grouped into three clusters using K-means, a popular heuristic clustering method. Secondly, more than 50,000 frames for each video were experimented using the proprietary research data. The result shows that the proposed method successfully performed a simple video analysis of facial expressions.
From Personal Experiences of Transformative Learning on Educational Challenges and Reforms in Secondary School in China
Authors: Zhang Wei , Koshmanova Tetyana
Published: October 2021

Educational policy generating 21st-century skills is accelerating, but Chinese education still employs traditional teaching such as memorizing and test-based instructional practices. The pencil and paper tests, no matter how sophisticated, are hard-pressed to measure interpersonal, intrapersonal skills, and the penetration of educational core values into secondary schools internationally, which is weak. This article aims to navigate the secondary school challenges and proposed reforms through analyzing the over 20 years of the author's experience. Findings show that high stakes cause teachers, school principals, parents, and students to disincentivize deeper learning. The exam-oriented teaching and learning approach causes students who might obtain a high score but lower functional performance. Parents' high hopes cause educational inequality and restrict students to develop their skills. Worse, the school principal utilized the power and authority in leading school development and evaluated teachers' performance based on students' test scores that force teachers to demand students to complete the mock practices and test. Because of test-based accountability, the study suggested that secondary school in China necessitates to abolish the "Gaokao" system instead of using a whole-personal assessment. The school leadership needs to shift from bureaucratic management to transformational, Junzi, and adaptive leadership. School principals advocate parents' commitment and deliver a quality of education to secondary school students. Therefore, future research explores how the "Gaokao" system causes inequality and impacts 21st-century skills for secondary school students' academic, emotional, and behavioral development through a comparative mixed research design.
Image is Indeed Everything: An Analysis of How Americans View Leading Companies Today on the Seven Dimensions of Corporate Reputation
Authors: C. Wyld David
Published: October 2021

In today’s economy, a substantial part of the value of a consumer-facing company is tied-up in the value of its corporate image and its brand. As such, major companies today have both a great opportunity and a significant challenge at hand in managing their corporate reputations. In recent years, we have seen numerous instances of how the public perception of companies - and their brands - can be either positively or negatively impacted almost overnight by a wide range of events, social media, and more. As such, “reputational risk” is - and will continue to be - a significant managerial concern. In this study, we explore recent survey data on how the American public regards leading companies today in regard to their reputations. Using data from a major national consumer survey, we examine the seven dimensions of corporate reputation and assess how the public views the “best” and “worst” companies today on each reputational aspect. The article concludes with a look at the managerial implications of the present research and a look ahead to how further research could both deepen our understanding of consumer perceptions of corporate reputation and connect the reputation construct to actual corporate performance.
The Agonies of Covid 19 on Vegetable Farmers Along the White Volta River Basin in the Upper East Region of Ghana
Authors: Bilalam Jabik Benjamin
Published: October 2021

The emergence of COVID 19 coupled with the enforcement of its safety protocols, coincided with the peak of harvesting and saleof perishable vegetables in the 2020 dry season farming period in the Upper East Region of Ghana.Using a qualitative approach, this study investigates the effects of the pandemic on vegetable farmers along the White Volta River Basin in the Region. The findings are that there weredisrupted supply and demand in the production-consumption chain resulting in low sales; a shortage of hired labor; and high stigmatization. Farmers had few alternatives other than to leave their food stuff to rot on the farm, use the produce to feed livestock, or smuggleof the produce across borders. The implications are that the COVID 19 pandemic compounded the susceptibility of small-scale vegetable farmers in the region. Their resilience and household income levels are adversely affected.
Secure Blockchain Decentralized Voting for Verified Users
Authors: Pospiech Piotr , Marianski Aleksander , Kedziora Michal
Published: October 2021

The paper focuses onintroducing a decentralized e-voting scheme that uses blockchain to achieve security and anonymity. A blockchain network based on Ethereum was applied, to provide a decentralized and distributed database based on the Peer-to-Peer architecture. During the implementation, smart contractswere used. Thanks to this, it is possible to code the terms of the contract required to perform the transaction. The proof-of-conceptimplementation uses the blind signature protocol and encryption with the RSA algorithm. Presented in this paper scheme for blockchain decentralized voting is fully implemented and potential issues are analyzed and discussed.
An Enhancement for the Consistent Depth Estimation of Monocular Videos using Lightweight Network
Authors: N. Sweilam Mohamed , Tolstokulakov Nikolay
Published: October 2021

Depth estimation has made great progress in the last few years due to its applications in robotics science and computer vision. Various methods have been implemented and enhanced to estimate the depth without flickers and missing holes. Despite this progress, it is still one of the main challenges for researchers, especially for the video applications which have more complexity of the neural network which af ects the run time. Moreover to use such input like monocular video for depth estimation is considered an attractive idea, particularly for hand-held devices such as mobile phones, they are very popular for capturing pictures and videos, in addition to having a limited amount of RAM. Here in this work, we focus on enhancing the existing consistent depth estimation for monocular videos approach to be with less usage of RAM and with using less number of parameters without having a significant reduction in the quality of the depth estimation.
Green biofuel production via cracking process of waste cooking oil using spent fluid catalytic cracking (SFCC) catalyst
Authors: Tran Huu Thinh  , Le Phuc Nguyen  , Nguyen Nhat Huy  , Tran Van Tri  , Phan Thanh Thien  , Ngo Thuy Phuong  , Ha Luu Manh Quan  , Luong Ngoc Thuy  , Phan Trung Tuan
Published: October 2021

Waste Cooking Oil (WCO) can be a alternative for petroleum-based fuel. In this work, green biofuel was produced via cracking process of high acid value (AV) waste cooking oils (WCOs) over spent fluid catalytic cracking (SFCC) catalyst collected from Binh Son Refireny. The influences of temperature (450 – 520°C), catalyst-to-WCO ratio (1.5 – 3.5), and acid value (6 - 22 mgKOH/g) have been examined. At 520°C, WCOs can be converted to liquid fuels with the near zero AV (AV < 0.5 mgKOH/g) which is independent of AV of WCOs. In all cases, the total yield of profitable products, gasoline-diesel-LPG, reaches 85 wt%, with only 5 - 7 wt% of coke yield. This study demonstrated the simultaneous utilization of multiple hazardous substances, SFCC catalyst and WCOs, as low-cost raw materials for biofuel production.
Measurement report: Introduction to the HyICE-2018 campaign for measurements of ice nucleating particles in the Hyytiälä boreal forest
Authors: Brasseur Zoé , Castarède Dimitri , Thomson Erik S. , Adams Michael P. , Drossaart van Dusseldorp Saskia , Heikkilä Paavo , Korhonen Kimmo , Lampilahti Janne , Paramonov Mikhail , Schneider Julia , Vogel Franziska , Wu Yusheng , Abbat Jonathan P. D. , Atanasova Nina S. , Bamford Dennis H. , Bertozzi Barbara , Boyer Matthew , Brus David , Daily Martin I. , Fösig Romy , Gute Ellen , Harrison Alexander D. , Hietala Paula , Höhler Kristina , Kanji Zamin A. , Keskinen Jorma , Lacher Larissa , Lampimäki Markus , Levula Janne , Manninen Antti , Nadolny Jens , Peltola Maija , Porter Grace C. E. , Poutanen Pyry , Proske Ulrike , Schorr Tobias , Silas Umo Nsikanabasi , Stenszky János , Virtanen Annele , Moisseev Dmitri , Kulmala Markku , Murray Benjamin J. , Petäjä Tuukka , Möhler Ottmar , Duplissy Jonathan
Published: October 2021

Abstract. The formation of ice particles in Earth’s atmosphere strongly influences the dynamics and optical properties of clouds and their impacts on the climate system. Ice formation in clouds is often triggered heterogeneously by ice nucleating particles (INPs) that represent a very low number of particles in the atmosphere. To date, many sources of INPs, such as mineral and soil dust, have been investigated and identified in the lower latitudes. Although less is known about the sources of ice nucleation at higher latitudes, efforts have been made to identify the sources of INPs in the Arctic and boreal environments. In this study, we investigate the INP emission potential from high latitude boreal forests. We introduce the HyICE-2018 measurement campaign conducted in the boreal forest of Hyytiälä, Finland between February and June 2018. The campaign utilized the infrastructure of the SMEAR II research station with additional instrumentation for measuring INPs to quantify the concentrations and sources of INPs in the boreal environment. In this contribution, we describe the measurement infrastructure and operating procedures during HyICE-2018 and we report results from specific time periods where INP instruments were run in parallel for inter-comparison purposes. Our results show that the suite of instruments deployed during HyICE-2018 reports consistent results and therefore lays the foundation for forthcoming results to be considered holistically. In addition, we compare the INP concentration we measured to INP parameterizations, and we show a very good agreement with the Tobo et al. (2013) parameterization developed from measurements conducted in a ponderosa pine forest ecosystem in Colorado, USA.
The chemical composition of two kinds of grape juice with medicinal plant addition
Authors: Mankovecký Jakub , Galovičová Lucia , Kačániová Miroslava
Published: October 2021

The safety of plant-based food with an herbal origin is a priority for producers and final consumers these days. The interest in the high biological value of the final food products enriched with herbal ingredients is rising. We focused on the study of physico-chemical composition and antioxidant activity of two kinds of grape juice with medicinal plant addition in our study. We used 2 varieties of grapes - Welschriesling and Cabernet Sauvignon, six species of medicinal plants - Calendula officinalis L., Ginkgo biloba, Thymus serpyllum, Matricaria recutita, Salvia officinalis L., and Mentha aquatica var. citrata in our experiment. There were14 samples prepared, two of them were control samples and 12 samples were treated with medicinal plants. We tested each of the selected parameters triplicate with an interval of one week. We evaluated the results statistically in 4 levels of significance p <0,01, p <0,001, p <0,0001 and p <0,00001. The content of fructose, glucose, dry matter, density, malic acid, pH, potential alcohol, total acids, and total sugars in the treated samples was significantly lower compared to the control sample, which was probably due to the degree of dilution of grape juice with extracts gained from medicinal plants. The antioxidant effect was demonstrably higher in the samples enriched with medicinal plants than in the control samples. The highest antioxidant effect was measured in the second test in the samples with the addition of Thymus serpyllum (80.93 % - white grape must, 82.33 % - blue grape must), Calendula officinalis L. (79.29 % - white grape must, 80.49 % - blue grape must) and Ginkgo biloba (79.10 % - white grape must, 83.3 % - blue grape must). Generally, we found out that the selected medicinal plants increase the biological quality of grape juice.
THE IMPACT OF EXCHANGE RATE, FISCAL DEFICIT AND TERMS OF TRADE ON EXTERNAL DEBT OF PAKISTAN: A Cointegration and Causality Analysis
Authors: Awan Asma , Asghar Nabeela , Rehman Hafeez ur
Published: October 2021

The massive debt burden of Pakistan calls for a detailed analysis of trends in the foreign debt levels, its causative factors and implications for economic growth. The present study is an attempt to analyze the relationship between external debt and exchange rate, fiscal deficit and deterioration of terms of trade for the period 1974-2008. Using Johansen approach, the study found significant long-run relationship between external debt and exchange rate and deterioration of terms of trade. The results of the study revealed that fiscal deficit had no significant impact on external debt. In the short-run all the variables failed to establish relationship with external debt. However, the existence of long-run causality was observed and three channels of uni-directional causalities were found actively running from (i) fiscal deficit to external debt, (ii) terms of trade to exchange rate, and (iii) fiscal deficit to terms of trade. Diagnostic test confirmed the validity of the model and CUSUM and CUSUMSQ test revealed the stability of the model.
What Determines the Tenure of Cabinet Members? A Comparative Study of Korea and the United States, 1948-2013*
Authors: Sung Sea Young
Published: October 2021

This article analyzes the determinants of the tenure of cabinet members in Korea and the United States from 1948 to 2013. It concentrates on three sets of factors that can affect the tenure of cabinet members: the personal characteristics of the cabinet member, his or her political characteristics, and the characteristics of the president under whom the cabinet member serves. This article finds that some of the personal and political characteristics of the cabinet member affect the length of a minister’s tenure in Korea. However, these same characteristics do not affect the length of tenure of cabinet members in the United States, although the characteristics of the president do have an impact on the tenure length of cabinet members in both Korea and the United States. The mix of a presidential system with a parliamentary system in Korea perhaps accounts for difference between the two countries. Therefore, this article raises the possibility that the theories and practices of public administration and political science in the United States may not be applicable in Korea.
Transformation of Countervailing Power in Collaborative Governance: A Case Study of the Shi-Hwa Sustainable Development Committee
Authors: Kim Dong-Young
Published: October 2021

The existence of adversarial countervailing power has been considered a necessary condition to making collaborative governance fair and effective. However, adversarial countervailing power cannot be easily transformed into a collaborative one that is more appropriate for collaborative governance. This article explores a mechanism of power transformation by bridging the theory of trust building and the theory of power in collaborative governance. This article posits that when there is distrust among parties, comprehensive, up-front prenegotiation on the structure of collaboration may set the stage for a small-wins approach to trust building by managing power imbalances. Power transformation may follow this trust-building cycle accordingly. The framework of power transformation is tested with the case of the Shi-Hwa Sustainable Development Committee, a successful experiment of collaborative governance in balancing development and environment in Korea in which adversarial countervailing power was transformed into a collaborative one. The results of this article imply that a key factor in successful collaborative governance is power management.
Are Distributional Impacts of Political Regime Shifts on Personal Income Taxation Significant in Korea?
Authors: Sung Myung Jae
Published: October 2021

This paper evaluates the distributional impacts of political regime shifts on personal income tax (PIT) between the radical and the conservative parties over the last two decades in Korea; most Korean people believe that tax policies have alternated between equity (i.e., redistribution) and efficiency (i.e., growth) depending significantly on the political stance of administrative government, even though their subjective belief has never been rigorously verified. The analysis includes estimation of changes in effective PIT burden and its redistributive effects between administrations. The changes in PIT burden were decomposed by factor to consistently compare the real effects of political regime shifts by eliminating the noise caused by other factors. The radical administrations were likely to fortify the redistributive effects of the PIT, while the conservative administrations were likely to enhance efficiency at the expense of equity. The conservative administrations were likely to decrease effective PIT burden to a certain extent. The radical administrations were likely to lower marginal PIT rates to cope with inflation, but this strategy did not fully offset the inflationary effects of nominal income growth; as a result, effective PIT rates increased a little, unlike during the conservative administrations. However, contrary to the subjective belief of Korean people, the changes in redistributive effects of the PIT were not obvious or clearly distinctive between administrations.
U.S. State Minimum Wage Policies and Employment Performance Improvement
Authors: Kim Dae Hyun
Published: October 2021

Federal, state and local departments of labor are managing the minimum wage levels. U.S. state minimum wage increases are positively associated with GRDP growth rates and education expenditure rates. Minimum wage increases are positively associated with economic capacities and human capital improvements. And U.S. state minimum wage increases are negatively associated with state citizen ideology scores. Thus, relatively conservative citizens are supporting the minimum wage increase and U.S. state governments/governors are reflecting these conservative citizen ideologies regardless of state governments’ and state governors’ ideologies. These are the strong evidences of state policy congruence in case of minimum wage policy. And politicians and public administrators should respect the evidence-based policy approaches. Specialist opinions, evaluation reports and experiences are excellent sources of evidence-based policy. Public policy decisions should be based on these evidence-based policy approaches. Especially, politicians and public administrators should manage the relationships between minimum wage policy and employment performances cautiously by using public performance measures and statistical research methods. And minimum wage policy should be harmonized with labor productivity improvement.
Job Satisfaction as a Determinant of Effective Performance on Academic Staff in Selected Public and Private Universities in Mongolia
Authors: Bayasgalan Tsogtsuren
Published: October 2021

The aim of this study is to analyze the requirements for effective performance of employees in higher educational institutions of Mongolia. This paper proposed the use of organizational OCTAPACE /Openness, Confrontation, Trust, Authenticity, Pro-active, Autonomy, Collaboration; Experimentation/ culture and workplace structure models evaluate job satisfaction and commitment of academic staff. An organizational OCTAPACE culture model is a fairly new concept and experience in Mongolia. This model has been studied and is wellknown in India, Malaysia and western countries. In Mongolia the subject of study has been developed at a low level. This study proposed that an employee’ job satisfaction and commitment influence the effective performance of the overall educational institution. Data analysis results indicated that OCTAPACE culture influences job satisfaction and commitment, workplace structure (support, supervisor support) as well as significantly influencing on the job satisfaction and commitment. Based on the collected data, job satisfaction and organizational commitment significantly influence job performance. Mongolia has 17 public and 94 private universities (Mongolian ministry of education, culture and science website). In terms of participants in this study, a theoretical and empirical survey conducted in 160 Mongolian public and in 143 private universities including university professors. Data was estimated by SPSS 21 and Smart PLS 2.0 statistic programs.
Does Aid Improve Governance in Developing Countries? Different Effects by Multi-Dimensional Governance*
Authors: Yoon Ji Woong , Kim Eunju
Published: October 2021

This paper examines whether aid to developing countries has achieved the policy goals of international development, which have tended to place considerable emphasis on the improvement of governance in developing countries. Previous studies have explored this issue by conceptualizing governance in terms of one aspect or by conducting micro-level case studies. In contrast, in this paper we try to analyze the effect of aid on governance by suggesting a new conceptual framework that defines governance as made up of three parts— political, administrative, and judicial sectors. Then we analyze the effects of aid on these three sectors at macro level using a panel analysis of 90 developing countries over the 10-year period from 2002 to 2011. We found that aid helped improve political and administrative governance but not judicial governance. Based on our results, we suggest that strategies for governance improvement need to focus on public administration, since this appears to be the sector that is most amenable to reform. In addition, considering that judicial reform requires a long-term outlook to accumulate social trust, we need to put more effort into genuinely understanding the context of developing countries and into promoting reform based on their unique historical and cultural backgrounds as well as their political and socioeconomic circumstances.
A Study of Performance Information Use and Credibility in Performance Management Systems: Focusing on the Self-Evaluation System*
Authors: Lee Kwang-Hee , Lee Seog-Min
Published: October 2021

This study aims to identify types of information use in South Korea’s performance management system and the level of credibility accorded to these types of information use, along with the factors that affect them. The results show that use of performance measures is passive rather than instrumental and conceptual, while credibility accorded the system is low, and that the main factors that influence the system’s use and credibility are leadership commitment and usefulness of information. These findings suggest that the current performance management system in Korea is not being well used and that a change is in order. In particular, external factors, such as reform of the U.S. system, might act as key drivers for change in the near future.
Regulation Growth and Bureaucratic Politics in the United States
Authors: Lee Jongkon
Published: October 2021

Diverse public administration and governance studies have argued that leviathan governments are no longer capable of efficient administration and that new governing structures should be substituted for traditional government regulations. Nevertheless, a large regulatory structure remains intact in the United States. This paper explores why traditional government regulation has persisted even in the era of new governance. Several regression tests indicate that bureaucratic attempts to secure the survival of agencies rather than administrative effectiveness determine the extent of regulation.
Organizational Capacity, Community Asset Mobilization, and Performance of Korean Social Enterprises*
Authors: Han Sang-Il , Choi Moo-Hyun , Chung Soyoon
Published: October 2021

This paper develops an integrative analysis framework for assessing the performance of social enterprises in Korea in the context of combined organizational and environmental factors that provide positive feedback. We surveyed 120 social enterprises in Korea and analyzed the relationships between organizational capacity, community asset mobilization, and performance of those social enterprises. The analysis showed that organizational capacity and community asset mobilization influenced performance in different ways. In addition, management capacity emerged as the most important mediating variable of the organizational capacities, and the mobilization of the community assets of social enterprises contributed to improving their social performance. Finally, strategic leadership contributed to mobilizing the community assets of social enterprises. However, community asset mobilization had negative effects on economic performance. Important lessons for policy makers and future research directions are drawn from these results.
The Issue-Attention Cycle and Public Policy in the United States
Authors: Park Kimuck , Jennings Edward T.
Published: October 2021

Four decades ago, Anthony Downs offered a compelling picture of the public policy issue-attention cycle. This paper offers a systematic test of how well 50 social issues in the United States fit the model over an extended period of time. A total of 29 issues that fit Downs’s model are analyzed in order to test Downs’s theory that an increase in public interest in an issue increases the government’s efforts to address the issue. The results were quite mixed. For 11 issues, there was a positive relationship between the level of media attention and the number of bills passed. This provides partial support for Downs’s theory. Downs postulated that state intervention occurs when there is a high level of public concern. On the other hand, the results also reveal that a large number of policies were implemented when the level of media attention was not at its peak, resulting in either no relationship between attention and legislation or a negative relationship.
A Policy Change Effected through a Change in the Meaning of Target Populations: A Case Study of South Korea’s Limited Internet User Self-Identification Policy*
Authors: Cho Sungeun , Ahn Sang-hoon
Published: October 2021

This study examines the process of policy change, drawing on the theory of the social construction of target populations to explore South Korea’s limited Internet user self-identification policy. In the early 2000s, the government directly imposed on netizens and service providers by establishing regulations that resulted in netizens being categorized as deviants. Then, as personal data spillage became a problem and the market environment changed, netizens and Internet service providers were transformed into the advantaged group needing protection. Consequently, the government relaxed its regulations and allowed Internet users to self-regulate instead. This study verifies that the process of change in the way target populations are viewed is caused by an interaction between a structure and its actors. Furthermore, positive political and economic events and social movements can rapidly transform actors, Internet users and service providers in this case, into an advantaged group.
Strategic Innovation, Knowledge Sharing and Policy Innovation Factors In E-Government in Developing Countries: The Case of Tanzania
Authors: Lupilya Emmanuel Constantine , Hun Park J.
Published: October 2021

The existing gap from strategic innovation in e-government knowledge creation has affected the effort to timely develop e-government policy in Tanzania. This paper is an attempt to describe multiple innovations outside the Tanzania that involve developing country collaboration, institutional innovation and resources and their linkages to national e-government-think tank. The central argument of this paper is to find factors for enhancing the development of national e-government policy innovation outside Tanzania. We developed national e-government policy framework to orchestrate local innovation and forge ahead of the e-government policy innovation. To do so, we developed and administered a set of the questionnaire from government and private institutions, entrepreneurship and social network group. Data collections were conducted from July 15 to September 20, 2015. The exploratory factor analysis using SPSS version 22 was employed to analyze data for strategic innovation, knowledge sharing, and e-government policy innovation. Four critical factors were identified as the key driver to the success of national e-government policy innovation: Coordinate knowledge sharing on e-government policies in the nation and international institutions; empower and coordinate e-government-think tank forum locally and nationally; create a technoculture society at local and national level; and Support e-government research alliance & engagement respectively. In additional, three developing countries were used as a reference model to support these findings. Our conclusion shows how national e-government-think tank and research alliance can become a strategic innovation in e-government towards coordinating knowledge sharing within private and government institutions. This can represent as “valuable and intellectual assets” for government institutions’ stability and change towards national e-government policy innovation process.
Evaluating Performance-Based Contracting in Welfare-to-Work Programs: Selection and Earnings Gain Effects in Wisconsin Works*
Authors: Choi Youseok
Published: October 2021

The Wisconsin Works (W-2) program, the TANF program in Wisconsin, has introduced performance contracting to align W-2 service providers’ objectives with the state’s goals by establishing financial and administrative incentives. Using individual-level administrative datasets from 1998 to 2005, this study examines whether the introduction and revision of the earnings gain rate standard improved the economic performance of W-2 participants. Results reveal that under exacerbating economic conditions and weakening financial incentives, the adoption of the earnings gain standard had a positive effect on maintaining the earing gain of W-2 participants. However, W-2 agencies responded to the changes in the earnings gain rate standard by controlling the movement of W-2 participants in and out of the program and selecting those who were more likely to be employed. This study discusses a better contract design to improve the effectiveness of the welfare service provision.
Dissimilar Public Management Paradigms, Similar Adoption: Finding an Approach Contingent on Policy Goals
Authors: Kim Yoonho
Published: October 2021

Several management paradigms—traditional public administration, new public administration, new public management (NPM), and networked governance—have been leaders in practice and in the academic world of public administration at different time periods. However all these management paradigms have a negative aspect in common—a “one-size-fits-all” approach to government reforms. This study tries to overcome this approach, utilizing a contingent method. Each of the four paradigms has been suggested for adoption in one or two areas of different policy types based on a two-by-two table with the dimensions of high and low with respect to market mechanisms and high and low on the explicitness of the politics-administration dichotomy. The study proposes that traditional public administration would be the appropriate choice in the areas of redistributive and constituent policy. New public administration would work well for regulatory policy, whereas networked governance and NPM (customeroriented practices) would be the right choice in the arena of distributive policy.
Effects of Media Use Behavior on the Channel Bundle Preferences
Authors: Kim JooHyeon , Park Sangin
Published: October 2021

This paper analyzes the factors that influence what kinds of preferences consumers display with respect to channel bundles provided by multichannel services (cable TV, DBS and IPTV) in Korea, focusing on consumers’ media use behaviors as key determinants. For the analysis, we use the mixed logit model and estimate the coefficients of interaction terms between household attributes and characteristics of the channel bundles offered by multichannel services. We find that households that prefer channel bundles composed of higher viewer-rating programs have a tendency to spend more time watching terrestrial broadcaster’s programs than other TV programs and allocate more time for surfing the internet; that households that prefer channel bundles featuring various genres are likely to spend more time surfing the internet and watching VOD via TV or other digital devices; and that single dwellers or married couples without children have preferences for channel bundles composed of more watched channels, while upper-income households are less sensitive to price.
Does Governance Affect Organizational Performance? Governance Structure and Hospital Performance in Tennessee
Authors: Roh Chul-Young , Moon M. Jae
Published: October 2021

It is critical for a hospital to perform efficiently, to provide quality health care, and to maintain a high reputation in the community that the hospital serves. Since hospital governing boards are charged with ensuring superior performance on the part of the hospital, it is important to understand the features of governing boards that contribute positively to hospital performance. This study investigates the relationship between hospital governance and hospital performance in Tennessee. It measures the performance of 125 community hospitals from 2008 to 2012 using data envelopment analysis (DEA). This study finds that hospitals that adopt a corporate governance model perform better than hospitals that embrace a philanthropic one.
Local Discretion and Environmental Policy Making in South Korea: Three Models and a Test
Authors: Tao Jill L.
Published: October 2021

In South Korea, policy tools and priorities are set at the national level and are controlled through both budget allocations and audits conducted on an annual basis. I look at the degree to which local officials adapt their budget allocations to address local rather than national concerns in securing better air quality, using three different theoretical models: principal-agent, representative bureaucracy, and democratic responsiveness. I raise questions about the degree of control a unitary state can exercise over local problems and how this is reflected in local policy choices, especially in areas where the national government’s zone of indifference is large, such as environmental policy. Panel data across 5 years (2007 to 2012) and from 9 geographically and socioeconomically diverse areas within South Korea indicates that local officials respond to local environmental conditions by allocating more resources when needed. I discuss the implications for autonomy in a local policy space.
The Conceptualization of the Performance Elements of Media Organizations and the Factors that Influence their Performance
Authors: Woo Jisuk , Shin Hyunki , Choi Jeong Min
Published: October 2021

This study aims to examine the concept of media organizations’ performance and the factors that influence their level of performance. Media organizations are often private profit-seeking enterprises but at the same time also have a public side that realizes freedom of speech, which is a core value of democracy. Therefore, a theory of media organizations’ organizational performance needs to reflect this duality. We divide media organizations’ organizational performance into two categories: economic-industrial and sociocultural. Economic-industrial performance can be defined as how media organizations perform in the market. A typical indicator is how much sales revenue they bring in. In addition, because their revenue heavily depends on advertisements, newspaper subscriptions or television viewer ratings, which are directly connected to advertisement revenue, can be used as performance indicators.
Sociocultural performance refers to how media organizations perform with respect to their content. A media organization’s sociocultural performance primarily depends on whether it has accomplished the goals indicated by relevant laws. In addition, sociocultural performance depends on how the contents of a media organization are received by its readers or viewers, which can be identified by media credibility measures that are conducted by many organizations. Factors that influence media organization’s performance include independence, diversity and openness. The present study is a preliminary attempt to provide a conceptual analysis as groundwork for empirical research. We hope this preliminary examination builds a foundation for comparative studies of diverse public organizations such as public hospitals, universities, and public enterprises and can contribute to further theoretical and conceptual discussions about organizational performance.
What Should We Do for E-government in Nepal and How? An AHP Approach
Authors: Basyal Devid Kumar , Seo Jin-Wan
Published: October 2021

As E-government has been referred to as the use of ICTs to transform government by making it more accessible, effective and accountable, the Nepal government has taken some positive initiatives for its development. However, according to the UN evaluation, the current E-government level in Nepal is still very poor. This paper raised two research questions: what the major problems of E-government implementation in Nepal are and which problem(s) should be solved first. For this purpose, the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) method was used to rank the problems in hierarchical order. This study finds that among the various problems of E-government implementation in Nepal, a lack of strong leadership and government will, political-administrative instability, and resistance to change within organizations were again highlighted as the most severe ones by experts.