bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The life-history of Tubularia indivisa (Hydrozoa: Tubulariidae) with observations on the status of T. ceratogyne
Authors: Hughes R. G.
Published: October 2009

The life-history of hydroids from a mixed population of Tubularia indivisa and ‘T. ceratogyne’, from an intertidal site at Felixstowe, Suffolk, has been studied. Tubularia breed throughout the year, but recruitment is greatest in spring with a smaller peak in late summer. The spring-recruited hydroids are the progeny of T. indivisa, but during the summer they mature as ‘T. ceratogyne’ and breed to produce the T. indivisa that dominate the population in spring. It is concluded, on this evidence, that ‘T. ceratogyne’ is a form of T. indivisa.

In this population T. indivisa suffers from predation by the nudibranch Dendronotus frondosus, and their mortality rate varies from 2% per month in winter to 70% per month in summer. The life-span of T. indivisa is approximately one year, but their mean post-larval life expectancy varies from 30 days (spring recruitment) to 160 days (autumn recruitment). There is no evidence that autotomy of the hydranth is an integral part of the life of T. indivisa.
Response to, and selection between, firm substrata by Mytilus edulis
Authors: Young G. A.
Published: October 2009

Mytilus edulis attached more byssus threads to slate than to glass and more to glass than to p.t.f.e. in a given time period. This coincided with the order of polarity of the surfaces. On p.t.f.e., a non-polar plastic, the animals were most mobile, and were found to move off the surface in 3–5 days. Whilst on the polar surfaces, the animals clumped on glass, and remained relatively immobile on slate.

When a choice of surface for byssal attachment was provided, the largest number of pads was always attached to the more polar surface. The preference was as follows: slate/glass 2·80 : 1·00; slate/ 5·38 : 1·00; glass/wax 5·97 : 1·00. Although the preference for slate and glass over wax was numerically similar, there is a clear preference for slate over glass.
The structure and composition of the teeth and grasping spines of chaetognaths
Authors: Bone Q. , Ryan K. P. , Pulsford A. L.
Published: October 2009

The teeth and grasping spines ofSagittaare similar in structure, both having a central pulp cavity surrounded by two electron-dense chitinous layers. The cells of the pulp cavity contain microtubules arranged along the long axis. The two chitinous tubes are separated by a less-dense zone crossed by coarse fibrils linking the two. The teeth and spines insert into less electron-dense chitin (presumably flexible) and are moved by processes of anchor cells which pass into the basal chitinous zone. The inner region of the anchor cells is apposed to the connective tissue layer on to which the muscles of the teeth and spines insert. At the base of the pulp cavity, i.e. at the secretory zone where the teeth and spines are formed, the cells of the pulp cavity contain electron-dense granules in which zinc is found; zinc is also present in the inner and outer dense chitin layers at high concentration (0·5–1·0% of the dry wt).

Both spines and teeth are tipped with fibrous cones containing silicon. It is suggested that the zinc associated with the chitin serves to toughen the teeth and spines and render them less liable to fracture, and that the silicon in the tips confers hardness to this vulnerable region.
The deep-sea anemonesBathyphellia margaritaceaandDaontesia porcupinasp. nov. with comments on the family Bathyphelliidae
Authors: Riemann-Zürneck Karin
Published: October 2009

The Arctic abyssal anemoneBathyphellia margaritacea, type species of the genus and of the family Bathyphelliidae is redescribed. Acontia in this species are highly variable both in quantity and in cnidome characteristics, implying that this genus is one of the links between acontiate and nonacontiate mesomyarian actiniarians, and has to be considered a ‘late’ mesomyarian according to the scheme proposed by Schmidt (1972b, 1974). By contrast, the new abyssal speciesDaontesia porcupinahas normally developed acontia, a cuticle consisting of multistratified sheets and a more archaic and diverse cnidome, suggesting its systematic allocation within the ‘early’ mesomyarians. The allocation of the genusDaontesiato the family Bathyphelliidae is questionable.
Distribution of two species of lugworm (Arenicola) (Annelida: Polychaeta) in South Wales
Authors: Cadman P.S.
Published: October 2009

This study demonstrates that the two species of lugworm, previously classified as Arenicola marina occupy distinct zones within sandy beaches around South Wales. Arenicola marina (sensu stricto) or blow lug, is found higher up the shore, tending to be concentrated at mid-tide level, whilst A. defodiens Cadman & Nelson-smith, 1993 or black lug is most numerous at or below mean low water of spring tides and, unlike A. marina in this area, also apparently extends subtidally. Arenicola marina is found in estuaries, unlike A. defodiens, and seems to inhabit slightly less exposed beaches. Degree of sorting, mean and median particle size do not appear to be a significant factor in determining lugworm distributions. Some possible explanations for these observed differences, including differences in burrow depth and salinity tolerance, are discussed.
An Antarctic shelf population of the deep-sea, Pacific brachiopod Neorhynchia strebeli
Authors: Barnes David K.A. , Peck Lloyd S.
Published: October 2009

Thirty-five specimens of the articulate brachiopod Neorhynchia strebeli were collected from a site at 814 m in the Weddell Sea. This was only the second species of the order Rhynchonellida to be found in Antarctica. Formerly N. strebeli was known solely from abyssal Pacific Ocean localities. A circumantarctic distribution is suggested in addition to the known deep-sea Pacific range. The specimens of this collection showed considerable commissure variation, suggesting that the previously proposed erection of two subspecies on the basis of this character is erroneous, and emphasises the phenotypic plasticity of some articulate brachiopods. The valve lengths and the number of alpha growth rings in the sample showed a normal distribution and a von Bertalanffy growth function was fitted to the data: Lt = 23 (1-exp[-0·228t]). If the alpha growth rings were of annual periodicity, the ages attained by the Antarctic N. strebeli of 11 y would be substantially lower than those reported for other Weddell Sea brachiopods. The epibiotic communities occurring on the valves of N. strebeli were impoverished, which is characteristic of deep water Antarctic brachiopods. The few specimens collected with their substratum were attached to small pebbles, but the typical attachment substrata may be different.
The effects of burrowing by the amphipodCorophium volutatoron the ecology of intertidal sediments
Authors: Limia Jose , Raffaelli Dave
Published: October 2009

A series of field and laboratory experiments were conducted in order to assess whether the burrow-dwelling amphipodCorophium volutator, is a significant bioturbator of inter-tidal mud and sand flats where it often occurs at densities of tens of thousands per square metre. Comparisons of sediment characteristics, redox potential and meio- and macro-faunal populations in treatments with enhanced, natural and reduced densities ofCorophiumrevealed effects on sediment physico-chemistry and on small meiofaunal-sized species, but these were weak and not always consistent. High densities of adultCorophiumconsistently depressed the abundance of smaller conspecifics although the mechanism of this interaction has not been identified. The results are discussed in the context of the ability ofCorophiumto promote the recovery of organically enriched sediments.
Seasonal, annual and regional variations in ichthyofaunal composition in the inner Severn Estuary and inner Bristol Channel
Authors: Potter I.C. , Claridge P.N. , Hyndes G.A. , Clarke K.R.
Published: October 2009

Monthly samples of fish from the intake screens of power stations at Oldbury and Berkeley in the inner Severn Estuary and Hinkley Point in the inner Bristol Channel, were used to analyse the community structures of the ichthyofauna in these regions. Marine species that use the estuary as a nursery area (marine estuarine-opportunists) were very abundant in the shallow inshore waters at Oldbury. Diadromous species were more abundant in the offshore and deeper waters at Berkeley than at Oldbury. Only one of the two species that complete their life cycles in the estuary was even moderately abundant in the inner estuary and the 15 freshwater species were relatively rare. Bass and particularly the sand goby complex were more numerous in the protected, inshore waters than the more offshore waters of the estuary. With the yellow and silver stages of the European eel, the reverse situation pertained. Seasonal changes in faunal composition were more pronounced in the inshore shallow than in more offshore deeper waters of the estuary. This largely reflected the sequential immigration of large numbers of the juveniles of marine estuarine-opportunist species into the former area for relatively short periods. Although the ichthyofaunal composition in the shallows at Oldbury underwent the same pattern of cyclical variation in each of five consecutive years, the degree of intra-annual variability differed, reflecting interannual differences in the recruitment strengths of the 0+ age classes of the different marine estuarine-opportunists. These cyclical changes were not correlated strongly with either salinity or water temperature. The faunal composition of the protected inshore, more marine waters of the inner Bristol Channel differed from those in both inshore and offshore regions of the inner estuary. The species which typified the fauna of the Channel were bib, poor cod, five-bearded rockling, sole and conger eel. Although the first four of these species were relatively more abundant in these waters than in the estuary, their juveniles often made extensive use of the shallows at Oldbury. This study emphasizes that, for some marine species, the protected inshore, and more marine, waters in the Bristol Channel can act as alternative nursery areas to those provided by the inshore shallows of the Severn Estuary.
Histriobdella homari on nephrops norvegicus from the irish sea and clyde sea area
Authors: Briggs R.P. , Atkinson R.J.A. , McAliskey M. , Rogerson A.
Published: October 2009

Histriobdella homari is a polychaete annelid belonging to the Order Eunicida and Family Histriobdellidae. Histriobdella homari is normally found in the gill chambers or among the eggs of the lobster Homarus vulgaris from the English Channel (Roscoff) and in the southwestern part of the North Sea (George & Hartmann-Schroder, 1985). Two independent sightings of H. homari living on the pleopods of Nephrops norvegicus from the Irish Sea and Clyde Sea area are reported.
Spatial frequency components influence cell activity in the inferotemporal cortex
Authors: BERMUDEZ MARIA A. , VICENTE ANA F. , ROMERO MARIA C. , PEREZ ROGELIO , GONZALEZ FRANCISCO
Published: October 2009

We studied the correlation between the spatial frequency of complex stimuli and neuronal activity in the monkey inferotemporal (IT) cortex while performing a task that required visual recognition. Single-cell activity was recorded from the right IT cortex. The frequency components of the images used as stimuli were analyzed by using a fast Fourier transform, and a modulus was obtained for 40 spatial frequency ranges from 0.3 to 11.1 cycles/deg. We recorded 82 cells showing statistically significant responses (analysis of variance, P < 0.05) to at least one of the images used as a stimulus. Seventy-eight percent of these cells (n = 64) showed significant responses to at least three images, and in two thirds of them (n = 42), we found a statistically significant correlation (P < 0.05) between cell response and the modulus amplitude of at least one frequency range present in the images. Our results suggest that information about spatial frequency of the visual images is present in the IT cortex.
On the Public Discourse of Religion: An Analysis of Christianity in the United Kingdom
Authors: Kettell Steve
Published: October 2009

Debates over the involvement of religion in the public sphere look set to be one of the defining themes of the 21st century. But while religious issues have attracted a large degree of scholarly attention, the public discourse of religion itself, in terms of the effort to assert and legitimize a role for faith in the public realm, has remained notably under-researched. This article marks an initial step to address this deficiency by deconstructing the public discourse of Christianity in the United Kingdom. It argues that, while appealing for representation on the grounds of liberal equality, the overall goal of this discourse is to establish a role for itself as a principal source of moral authority, and to exempt itself from the evidentially-based standards and criteria that govern public life.
Entwicklung einer Skala zur Erfassung psychogenen Harnverhaltens bei Athletinnen und Athleten während der Dopingkontrollen
Authors: Strahler Katharina , Elbe Anne-Marie
Published: October 2009

Zusammenfassung. In diesem Beitrag werden Ergebnisse einer Studie zur Entwicklung eines Fragebogens mit dem Ziel der Erfassung psychogenen Harnverhaltens bei Athletinnen und Athleten während der Dopingkontrollen im Sport berichtet. Hierzu wurde auf Basis von Interviews mit Dopingkontrolleurinnen und -kontrolleuren sowie Athletinnen und Athleten ein Fragebogen entwickelt, welcher Probleme in Dopingkontrollsituationen erfragt. Sowohl der neu entwickelte Fragebogen als auch die Paruresis-Skala ( Hammelstein & Pietrowsky, 2005 ) und das State-Trait-Angstinventar ( Laux, Glanzmann, Schaffner & Spielberger, 1970 ) wurden von 42 männlichen und 41 weiblichen Athleten online ausgefüllt. Nach Reduzierung der Items von 71 auf 47 zeigt eine forcierte exploratorische Faktorenanalyse bei 5 Faktoren eine Gesamtvarianzaufklärung von 59.95 %. Skalenreliabilitäten liegen zwischen α = .94 und α = .62. Weiterhin finden sich signifikant positive Korrelationen zur Paruresis-Skala und zum State-Trait-Angstinventar. Eine Partialkorrelation unter Kontrolle der Paruresis verhindert jedoch eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen psychogenem Harnverhalten bei Dopingkontrollen und Trait-Angst. Gruppenunterschiede zwischen Athletinnen bzw. Athleten mit und ohne Paruresis-Problematik zeigen signifikante Ergebnisse hinsichtlich des Ausmaßes des psychogenen Harnverhaltens während der Dopingkontrollen. Aufgrund der hohen Eigenwertsdifferenz zwischen dem ersten und dem zweiten Faktor ist über eine einfaktorielle Lösung nachzudenken. Jedoch deuten die Ergebnisse insgesamt auf ein vielschichtigeres Konstrukt hin als bislang angenommen.
Giving Contexts Informative Value Makes Information Context-Specific
Authors: León Samuel P. , Abad María J. F. , Rosas Juan M.
Published: October 2009

Contexts are sometimes informative about relationships that occur within them and sometimes not. The goal of this experiment was to determine the effect of that information value on the context-specificity of learning. Participants performed an instrumental task within a computer game in which they defended different Andalucía beaches (contexts) by destroying several attackers (planes or tanks) by clicking on them (responses) with the mouse. A colored sensor (discriminative stimulus) indicated to participants which attacker could be destroyed in a given trial – that is, which of the instrumental responses would be reinforced. Three groups of participants received training on a discrimination between two discriminative stimuli (X and Y) in Context A. The discrimination was reversed in Context B for Group I (informative). Group NI1 received the same X-Y discrimination in Context B. Group NI2 did not receive training with X and Y in Context B. Additionally, participants received training with cue Z in Context A, which consistently signaled the same outcome. A single test trial with Z revealed a lower response rate in Context B than in Context A in Group I, while no differences across contexts were found in Groups NI1 and NI2. Results suggest that when the context is informative about relationships within the experimental setting, even those relationships for which the context is not informative become context-dependent.
Do People’s Motives Influence Their Susceptibility to Imagination Inflation?
Authors: Sharman Stefanie J. , Calacouris Samantha
Published: October 2009

People are motivated to remember past autobiographical experiences related to their current goals; we investigated whether people are also motivated to remember false past experiences related to those goals. In Session 1, we measured subjects’ implicit and explicit achievement and affiliation motives. Subjects then rated their confidence about, and memory for, childhood events containing achievement and affiliation themes. Two weeks later in Session 2, subjects received a “computer-generated profile” based on their Session 1 ratings. This profile suggested that one false achievement event and one false affiliation event had happened in childhood. After imagining and describing the suggested false events, subjects made confidence and memory ratings a second time. For achievement events, subjects’ explicit motives predicted their false beliefs and memories. The results are explained using source monitoring and a motivational model of autobiographical memory.
Anatomy of a seismoelectric conversion: Measurements and conceptual modeling in boreholes penetrating a sandy aquifer
Authors: Dupuis J. C. , Butler K. E. , Kepic A. W. , Harris B. D.
Published: October 2009

Conversions of compressional seismic waves to electric fields have been measured in two boreholes drilled in an unconfined sandy aquifer on the Gnangara Mound near Perth, Australia. The seismoelectric conversions at both field sites occurred in the vicinity of the water table at 13‐m depth and yielded maximum amplitudes of 1 μV/m using a sledgehammer source on surface. Partially cemented layers, inferred from geological and geophysical logs, straddle the water table and may play a role in generating the conversion and influencing its amplitude distribution. The dense vertical sampling used in these borehole experiments reveals spatial and temporal polarity reversals of the interfacial signal which provide new evidence in support of the conceptual model for seismoelectric conversions at interfaces. We demonstrate that the growth rate of the source zone and its maximum vertical extent below the water table are encoded in the polarity of the interfacial signal. These experiments confirm that vertical seismoelectric profiling can be used to gain further insight into seismoelectric conversions and characteristics of interfaces that makes them amenable to detection.
Basaltic accumulation instability and chaotic plate motion in the earliest mantle inferred from numerical experiments
Authors: Fujita Kunihiro , Ogawa Masaki
Published: October 2009

A series of self‐consistent numerical models of mantle convection with magmatism and moving plates are presented to clarify the dynamics of the strongly heated mantle of the earliest Earth. Broad hot accumulations of subducted basaltic crusts develop on the core‐mantle boundary and remain there for geologic time only when the internal heating rate is below a threshold. Above the threshold, the basaltic accumulations become unstable. Instead, the thermal buoyancy induced by the strong internal heating repeatedly causes a massive upwelling, or burst, of hot materials from deep mantle. The mantle burst induces vigorous magmatic activity on the surface. The magmatic activity, in turn, damages the lithosphere and disintegrates it into smaller fragments. In contrast to the well‐ordered plate motion observed below the threshold, the lithospheric fragments chaotically move and new subduction zones sporadically develop. The mantle burst and chaotic motion of lithospheric fragments effectively stir the mantle, and the mantle remains chemically rather homogeneous in spite of the chemical differentiation due to the vigorous magmatism. The Earth's mantle convection has probably changed its regime from one dominated by frequent mantle bursts and chaotic motion of lithospheric fragments to one dominated by stable basaltic accumulations and well‐ordered plate motion, as the internal heat source decays. The suggested regime transition fits in with the Earth's tectonic evolution inferred from geologic observations of the continents of various ages.
On near‐source earthquake triggering
Authors: Parsons Tom , Velasco Aaron A.
Published: October 2009

When one earthquake triggers others nearby, what connects them? Two processes are observed: static stress change from fault offset and dynamic stress changes from passing seismic waves. In the near‐source region (r ≤ 50 km for M ∼ 5 sources) both processes may be operating, and since both mechanisms are expected to raise earthquake rates, it is difficult to isolate them. We thus compare explosions with earthquakes because only earthquakes cause significant static stress changes. We find that large explosions at the Nevada Test Site do not trigger earthquakes at rates comparable to similar magnitude earthquakes. Surface waves are associated with regional and long‐range dynamic triggering, but we note that surface waves with low enough frequency to penetrate to depths where most aftershocks of the 1992 M = 5.7 Little Skull Mountain main shock occurred (∼12 km) would not have developed significant amplitude within a 50‐km radius. We therefore focus on the best candidate phases to cause local dynamic triggering, direct waves that pass through observed near‐source aftershock clusters. We examine these phases, which arrived at the nearest (200–270 km) broadband station before the surface wave train and could thus be isolated for study. Direct comparison of spectral amplitudes of presurface wave arrivals shows that M ∼ 5 explosions and earthquakes deliver the same peak dynamic stresses into the near‐source crust. We conclude that a static stress change model can readily explain observed aftershock patterns, whereas it is difficult to attribute near‐source triggering to a dynamic process because of the dearth of aftershocks near large explosions.
Parameterization of visibility in snow: Application in numerical weather prediction models
Authors: Boudala Faisal S. , Isaac George A.
Published: October 2009

Several parameterizations of extinction coefficient (σ) and visibility (lv) as a function of temperature (T), liquid water equivalent snowfall rate (S), have been developed assuming a gamma size distribution for ice particles and using aircraft data collected in extratropical stratiform clouds. Using surface‐based measurements (SBM) of S, T, relative humidity (RH), cloud ceiling (lce), and σ during the winter months in 2005, 2006, and 2007 at the Centre for Atmospheric Research Experiments site in Ontario, Canada, other parameterizations have been developed and compared with that based on the aircraft data. The analysis of the SBM data indicates that low lv is mainly associated with S. Both aircraft and SBM data indicate that there is a significant dependence of lv on S and a relatively weaker dependence on T. The observed lv is correlated with lce, but the dependence of lv on RH is relatively weak. There is some nonlinear dependence of lv on wind speed. Using SBM, several parameterizations of σ have been developed using a multiple linear regression method by increasing the number of terms starting with S. The addition of T increases the correlation coefficient (CC) r from 0.85 to 0.87. The addition of RH has no significant effect, but the inclusion of lce further improves the CC from 0.87 to 0.9. It was also found that both lv and lce can be described well using the inverse Gaussian probability density function. Model predictions using these parameterizations show that, when the model correctly forecasts the precipitation field, the predicted lv agreed well with observations.
Estimating ocean climatologies for short periods: A simple technique for removing the effect of eddies from temperature and salinity profiles
Authors: Higginson S. , Thompson K. R. , Liu Y.
Published: October 2009

Existing temperature and salinity ocean climatologies are usually mean fields based on observations collected over many decades. Because of low frequency variability of major features such as the Gulf Stream it is often more appropriate to define the mean for shorter periods, but there are subsequently fewer observations and more problems with aliasing of mesoscale variability. We present a method for removing eddy‐related noise from observations using satellite altimeter sea surface height measurements. We demonstrate the technique using Argo observations from the northwest Atlantic and produce mean temperature and salinity fields for an eight year period. The reduction in variance achieved is quantified. Comparison with an existing climatology shows that there is good agreement between the two analyses but that the representation of the Gulf Stream is more realistic in the new climatology.
On the origins of mesospheric gravity waves
Authors: Sato K. , Watanabe S. , Kawatani Y. , Tomikawa Y. , Miyazaki K. , Takahashi M.
Published: October 2009

Using hourly data from a three‐year simulation based on a gravity‐wave resolving general circulation model, we have first inferred a global view of gravity wave sources and propagation affecting significantly the momentum balance in the mesosphere. The meridional cross section of momentum fluxes suggests that there are a few dominant propagation paths originating from the subtropics in summer and the middle to high latitudes in winter. These gravity waves are focused into the mesospheric jets in their respective seasons, acting effectively to decelerate the jets. The difference in the source latitudes likely contributes to the hemispheric asymmetries of the jets. The horizontal distribution of the momentum fluxes indicates that the dominant sources are steep mountains and tropospheric westerly jets in winter and vigorous monsoon convection in summer. The monsoon regions are the most important window to the middle atmosphere in summer because of the easterlies associated with the monsoon circulation.
Retrieving tropospheric delays from GPS networks densified with single frequency receivers
Authors: Deng Z. , Bender M. , Dick G. , Ge M. , Wickert J. , Ramatschi M. , Zou X.
Published: October 2009

In order to improve the spatial resolution of GPS (Global Positioning System) derived zenith total delays (ZTD), existing GPS networks must be considerably densified. Due to economic reasons, this densification is recommended with single frequency receivers. We prove the epoch‐differenced ionospheric delay is sufficient for estimating ZTD from single frequency GPS data. Based on this result, the Satellite‐specific Epoch‐differenced Ionospheric Delay model (SEID) is developed which uses the observations from surrounding dual frequency stations. With the derived ionospheric corrections, single frequency data is converted to dual frequency data which can be processed using any existing GPS processing software package. The approach is validated with regional GPS networks by comparing ZTDs from the converted and the observed dual frequency data. Their differences in RMS is about 3 mm which is negligible compared to the differences among various state‐of‐the‐art software packages. The easy implementation and the accuracy of the new approach may speed up the densification of existing networks with single frequency receivers.
Experimental study of near‐field air entrainment by subsonic volcanic jets
Authors: Solovitz Stephen A. , Mastin Larry G.
Published: October 2009

The flow structure in the developing region of a turbulent jet has been examined using particle image velocimetry methods, considering the flow at steady state conditions. The velocity fields were integrated to determine the ratio of the entrained air speed to the jet speed, which was approximately 0.03 for a range of Mach numbers up to 0.89 and Reynolds numbers up to 217,000. This range of experimental Mach and Reynolds numbers is higher than previously considered for high‐accuracy entrainment measures, particularly in the near‐vent region. The entrainment values are below those commonly used for geophysical analyses of volcanic plumes, suggesting that existing 1‐D models are likely to understate the tendency for column collapse.
Observations of second baroclinic mode internal solitary waves on the continental slope of the northern South China Sea
Authors: Yang Yiing Jang , Fang Ying Chih , Chang Ming‐Huei , Ramp Steven R. , Kao Chih‐Chung , Tang Tswen Yung
Published: October 2009

A temperature and current velocity mooring, located on the upper continental slope of the northern South China Sea, recorded a number of second baroclinic mode (mode 2) internal solitary waves (ISWs). These types of waves are seldom observed in nature. The mode 2 ISWs typically showed upward (downward) displacement of isotherms in the upper (lower) water column and three layers of eastward, westward, and eastward current from the uppermost to bottommost portions of a wave. In summer, westward‐propagating mode 2 ISWs were observed only occasionally. These waves generally appeared after mode 1 ISWs, a feature that may relate to the diurnal tide with a period of approximately 24 hours. The displacement of isotherms induced by mode 2 ISWs was 20 ± 14 m at 75 m and −22 ± 15 m at 240 m, and the characteristic time scale was approximately 8.0 ± 4.3 min. In winter, mode 2 ISWs were more active but mode 1 ISWs were rarely observed. Isotherm displacement by mode 2 ISWs in winter was 30 ± 18 m at 75 m and −26 ± 16 m at 240 m, and the average characteristic time scale was 6.9 ± 4.6 min. The mode 2 ISWs thus had larger amplitudes and smaller time scales in winter than they did in summer. The observed vertical temperature profile also showed notable seasonal change. The thermocline was shallow in summer and deep in winter. In winter, vertical temperature profiles indicated that the main thermocline was located near middepth over the upper continental slope near the 350 m isobath. Mode 1 ISWs were more active in summer than in winter, reflecting the larger Ursell numbers for mode 1 ISWs in summer. Among mode 2 ISWs in summer, 90% appeared after mode 1 ISWs. These results suggest that mode 2 ISWs could be related to mode 1 ISWs. In contrast, mode 2 ISWs were more active in winter than in summer, with larger mode 2 Ursell numbers also found in winter. Among winter mode 2 ISWs, 72% appeared without mode 1 ISWs. Mode 2 ISWs in winter could be related to the main thermocline being located near middepth. These seasonal variations of mode 2 ISWs were correlated with the seasonal change of local stratification. Further study on the different generating mechanisms of mode 2 ISWs in summer and winter is needed.
Nutrients in mode waters of the northeast Atlantic
Authors: Reverdin G. , Lévy M. , Raimbault P. , Lefèvre D.
Published: October 2009

Programme Océan Multidisciplinaire Méso Echelle (POMME) seasonal surveys in the northeast Atlantic (39°N–44.5°N; 16.5°W–20.3°W) in 2001 are used to investigate the subduction of nutrients in the subsurface mode waters. Isopycnal subsurface distributions are used to estimate inorganic nutrients at the time of late winter restratification. These nutrient concentrations were close to winter near‐surface concentrations, indicating a moderate consumption of nitrate (0.2–0.3 μM kg−1) and dissolved inorganic carbon (2–3 μM kg−1) in the surface layer before the effective subduction. Spring survey nutrient concentrations on isopycnal surfaces are lower north of 41.7°N indicating younger waters than further south. The seasonal increase of subsurface nutrients from spring to late summer diminishes from the shallower isopycnals to the deeper ones of the mode waters. It is also larger north of 41.7°N than south of it with values as large as 2 μM kg−1 for nitrate and 10 μM kg−1 for inorganic carbon. This evolution is mostly attributed to remineralization processes, both from falling particles (at least 15%) and from preformed dissolved organic matter (at most 30%). Ratios of nutrient changes to oxygen changes are often larger than Redfield ratios for nitrate (N:apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) at least 1:7) and phosphate (P:AOU at least 1:150) consistent with favored remineralization of P and N over C, both for dissolved and particulate organic pools.
The role of notch signaling in the development of a normal B‐cell repertoire
Authors: Cruickshank Mark N , Ulgiati Daniela
Published: October 2009

The notch signaling pathway is evolutionarily conserved across the animal kingdom and regulates developmental ‘decisions’, such as cell fate commitment, differentiation, proliferation and apoptosis. In the mammalian immune system, notch signaling events have been extensively studied during T lymphopoiesis, and have a role both during early development, as well as differentiation into discreet effector cell compartments. In contrast, the impact of notch signaling in the B‐cell compartment is less obvious. It is clear that notch signaling is crucial to generate the marginal zone B‐cell population located within the spleen; however, the full effects of notch signaling during normal B‐cell development remain unresolved. Nevertheless, there is compelling evidence that notch signaling regulates multiple stages of B‐cell differentiation and in shaping the antibody repertoire; however, the molecular details have not been elucidated. This review explores the relationship between notch signaling and B‐cell development with attention to how these processes contribute to a normal B‐cell repertoire.
Perspectives From the Field of Early Childhood Special Education
Authors: Kaderavek Joan N.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

Positive academic outcomes for young children with special education needs can best be facilitated when a combination of professionals including speech-language pathologists (SLPs), general education teachers, occupational and physical therapists, and early childhood special educators (ECSEs) work together. However, it can be challenging to read across disciplines to maintain expertise within the domain of early childhood education because each profession has specialized intradisciplinary terminology. This clinical forum provides an up-to-date summary of the field of early childhood special education, with articles from experts from related professions describing current issues and trends in the field.

Method

This prologue introduces the concepts of universal design, differentiated instruction, and embedded learning opportunities. The prologue also outlines the roles, responsibilities, and accountability of professionals who work in early childhood special education.

Conclusion

SLPs can work toward strategic alliances with ECSEs when they understand the field from the perspective of related professions in early childhood special education.
Cohesive Adequacy in the Narrative Samples of School-Age Children Who Use African American English
Authors: Horton-Ikard RaMonda
Published: October 2009

Purpose

This study explored the type and adequacy of cohesive devices that are produced by school-age children who use African American English (AAE).

Method

The language samples of 33 African American children, ages 7, 9, and 11 years, were transcribed, analyzed, and coded for AAE use and cohesive adequacy (e.g., personal reference, demonstrative reference, lexical, and conjunctive markers).

Results

There were 2 AAE features that child speakers used for cohesive purposes. Adequacy rates for personal reference cohesive devices were higher than for the other 3 categories. Age was a significant factor in the use and adequacy of cohesive devices.

Conclusion

Typically developing African American children use the same category types of cohesive devices that have been reported for their peers who speak Standard American English. Further examination of cohesive adequacy to identify language impairment in school-age AAE speakers is warranted.
The Utility of School-Age Narrative Microstructure Indices: INMIS and the Proportion of Restricted Utterances
Authors: Hoffman LaVae M.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

This research investigated the applicability of the index of narrative microstructure (INMIS; L. M. Justice et al., 2006) system for narratives that were elicited through a wordless picture book context. In addition, the viability of an alternative, simpler metric was explored.

Method

Narrative transcripts using the
Frog, Where Are You?
(M. Mayer, 1969) wordless picture book with 48 school-age children with and without language impairment were analyzed using the INMIS productivity and complexity indices and a proportion of restricted utterances metric. Roy-Bargmann stepdown
F
calculations, effect sizes, confidence intervals, and positive and negative likelihood ratios were analyzed to examine the statistical and clinical significance of each narrative metric.

Results

The INMIS complexity metric and the proportion of restricted utterances metric yielded statistically significant differences between the two language ability groups and are likely to have good potential as research and clinical tools within the wordless picture book narrative elicitation context. The INMIS productivity metric did not differentiate between the language groups.

Conclusion

The results support the use of the INMIS complexity metric in a wordless picture book elicitation context and introduce an alternative microstructure analysis metric, the proportion of restricted utterances, which uses a logically transparent scale and may meet research and clinical needs without requiring the use of specialized software or complex calculations.
Making Decisions About Service Delivery in Early Childhood Programs
Authors: Case-Smith Jane , Holland Terri
Published: October 2009

Purpose

This article presents a rationale for specialized services personnel to use fluid models of service delivery and explains how specialized services personnel make decisions about the blend of service delivery methods that will best serve a child.

Method

The literature on occupational therapy, physical therapy, and speech-language pathology service delivery in early childhood programs is reviewed, synthesized, and applied to current practice. The literature explains that direct and consultative services provide unique benefits to children and should be flexibly scheduled based on each child’s current priorities. Flexible service delivery models allow therapists to meet the evolving needs of children within dynamic environments.

Conclusion

To establish fluid service delivery models, therapists need to (a) plan collaboratively with teachers so that the model selected meets the teacher’s preferences, (b) design flexible scheduling systems that emphasize inclusive practice, and (c) maintain precise documentation about when and how services are provided.
Accountability for Services for Young Children With Disabilities and the Assessment of Meaningful Outcomes: The Role of the Speech-Language Pathologist
Authors: Hebbeler Kathleen , Rooney Robin
Published: October 2009

Purpose

This article describes the federal accountability requirements related to young children with disabilities and the contribution of the speech-language pathologist (SLP) to provide these data through the use of authentic, functional assessments.

Method

The article summarizes recent state and federal developments related to assessment for accountability and draws on the recommendations of national organizations, including the American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, to underscore the importance of high-quality assessment for guiding practice and for documenting child outcomes for accountability.

Clinical Implications/Conclusion

The widespread use of recommended practices for assessment will provide children, families, and practitioners, including SLPs, with the highest quality assessment information, at the same time providing states and the federal government with much-needed valid data on child outcomes for accountability purposes.
Understanding Curriculum Modifications and Embedded Learning Opportunities in the Context of Supporting All Children’s Success
Authors: Horn Eva , Banerjee Rashida
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The primary purpose of this article is to provide a closer look at the individualization process whereby early childhood professionals ensure that the individualized learning priorities for each child are appropriately addressed.

Method

Early childhood professionals, including speech-language pathologists (SLPs), are working to meet the federal mandate of access to and progress in the general curriculum for children with disabilities. A promising approach to achieving this mandate is a multitiered model of support that has as its foundation a high-quality, universally designed curriculum. Following a brief description of the components of this model, the discussion shifts to a focus on the individualization components. Children’s individualized needs for supports are provided through instructional individualization, including curriculum modifications and embedded learning opportunities.

Implications

Implementation of a multitiered model of support has direct implications for the SLP working in preschool settings. The decision for when and what form the supports should take is determined through assessment and by linking desired child outcomes to curriculum content and the individualized child supports. In order to be an effective team member in this process, the SLP must understand the concepts and specific strategies that form the foundation for each tier.
Response to Intervention: Implications for Early Childhood Professionals
Authors: Jackson Sarah , Pretti-Frontczak Kristie , Harjusola-Webb Sanna , Grisham-Brown Jennifer , Romani Jeanne M.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The purpose of this article is to discuss the importance of building strong early childhood communities of interdisciplinary practice in the application of a comprehensive curriculum framework. A curriculum framework is proposed as a means of applying and extending the principles of response to intervention (RtI) to early childhood education providers working with young children, including speech-language pathologists (SLPs). The article presents information regarding the elements of a curriculum framework and suggestions for practice.

Method

Literature related to RtI was reviewed to identify common principles of practice. The resulting principles were then aligned to early childhood education recommended practices in order to illustrate the overlapping beliefs. Rationale and support for a curriculum framework as an early childhood education RtI model was then gathered to identify appropriate practices for working with young children who are served in a variety of early childhood settings.

Conclusion

SLPs are important members of early educational teams, particularly when applying the principles of RtI using a curriculum framework. SLPs bring the expertise needed to ensure that children achieve critical outcomes. Implementation of the curriculum framework is made possible when everyone involved in supporting young children understands how to apply the elements of a curriculum framework.
Prekindergarten Teachers' Verbal References to Print During Classroom-Based, Large-Group Shared Reading
Authors: Zucker Tricia A. , Justice Laura M. , Piasta Shayne B.
Published: October 2009

Purpose

The frequency with which adults reference print when reading with preschool-age children is associated with growth in children’s print knowledge (e.g., L.M. Justice & H.K. Ezell, 2000, 2002). This study examined whether prekindergarten (pre-K) teachers naturally reference print during classroom shared reading and if verbal print references occur at similar rates across different types of books. The relation between frequency of print referencing and quality of teachers' language instruction was also studied.

Method

Seventeen pre-K teachers were randomly assigned to a regular reading condition as part of a larger study, and 92 videos of their large-group, shared-reading sessions were analyzed for print-referencing utterances and quality of language instruction. Teachers' verbal print references were compared across texts that were purposefully sampled to include different levels of print salience.

Results

Teachers discussed all domains of print studied; however, their rate of print referencing was relatively low. More verbal print references were observed when the teachers read books exhibiting higher amounts of print-salient features. When reading books, there was no apparent relation between teachers' use of print referencing and their quality of language instruction.

Conclusion

It is unclear whether this low rate of explicit, verbal print referencing would impact children’s print knowledge. Nonetheless, print-salient books appear to offer a natural context for discussions about print. Implications for educational practice are considered.
Nonlinearizing linear equations to integrable systems including new hierarchies with nonholonomic deformations
Authors: Kundu Anjan
Published: October 2009

We propose a scheme for nonlinearizing linear equations to generate integrable nonlinear systems of both the Ablowitz–Kaup–Newell–Segur (AKNS) and the Kaup–Newell classes based on the simple idea of dimensional analysis and detecting the building blocks of the Lax pair. Along with the well-known equations, we discover a novel integrable hierarchy of higher order nonholonomic deformations for the AKNS family, e.g., the Korteweg–de Vries (KdV), the modified KdV, the nonlinear Schrödinger, and the sine-Gordon equation, showing thus a twofold universality of the recently found deformation for the KdV equation [A. Karsu et al., J. Math. Phys. 49, 073516 (2008)].
Some traveling wave solutions for the dissipative Zabolotskaya–Khokhlov equation
Authors: Bruzon M. S. , Gandarias M. L. , Torrisi M. , Tracinà R.
Published: October 2009

By using the theory of nonclassical symmetry reductions, some traveling wave solutions of the dissipative Zabolotskaya Khokhlov equation are obtained. In particular, we derive some singular rational traveling wave solutions describing coherent structures traveling with constant velocity.
Darboux theory of integrability for a class of nonautonomous vector fields
Authors: Llibre J. , Pantazi Ch.
Published: October 2009

The goal of this paper is to extend the classical Darboux theory of integrability from autonomous polynomial vector fields to a class of nonautonomous vector fields. We also provide sufficient conditions for applying this theory of integrability and we illustrate this theory in several examples.
Exploration of effective potential landscapes using coarse reverse integration
Authors: Frewen Thomas A. , Hummer Gerhard , Kevrekidis Ioannis G.
Published: October 2009

We describe a reverse integration approach for the exploration of low-dimensional effective potential landscapes. Coarse reverse integration initialized on a ring of coarse states enables efficient navigation on the landscape terrain: Escape from local effective potential wells, detection of saddle points, and identification of significant transition paths between wells. We consider several distinct ring evolution modes: Backward stepping in time, solution arc length, and effective potential. The performance of these approaches is illustrated for a deterministic problem where the energy landscape is known explicitly. Reverse ring integration is then applied to noisy problems where the ring integration routine serves as an outer wrapper around a forward-in-time inner simulator. Two versions of such inner simulators are considered: A Gillespie-type stochastic simulator and a molecular dynamics simulator. In these “equation-free” computational illustrations, estimation techniques are applied to the results of short bursts of inner simulation to obtain the unavailable (in closed-form) quantities (local drift and diffusion coefficient estimates) required for reverse ring integration; this naturally leads to approximations of the effective landscape.