bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Angiotensin II Receptor Type 1 Gene Expression in Human Glomerulonephritis and Diabetes Mellitus
Authors: WAGNER JÜRGEN , GEHLEN FRANK , CIECHANOWICZ ANDRZEJ , RITZ EBERHARD
Published: April 2021

The renin-angiotensin system plays an important role in the progression of chronic renal disease. Although the expression of renin and angiotensin-converting enzyme in experimental and human renal disease has been well characterized, no information is available regarding human angiotensin type 1 (AT1) receptor expression. The net effect of renin depends on AT1 receptor expression, among other factors. Receptor expression was determined in renal biopsy samples (including all tissue components) and isolated glomeruli from patients with glomerulonephritis (GN) or diabetic nephropathy (non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus). Biopsy samples and isolated glomeruli from tumor-free tissue from tumor nephrectomies served as controls. Human AT1 receptor gene expression was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR, using an AT1 receptor deletion mutant as the internal standard. In whole biopsy samples from 37 patients with various types of GN, AT1 receptor mRNA levels were lower, compared with nine control biopsy samples (P < 0.001). AT1 receptor mRNA levels were also significantly lower (P < 0.001) in eight samples from patients with diabetic nephropathy. In microdissected glomeruli, AT1 receptor gene expression was significantly lower in samples from patients (n = 22) with various types of GN, compared with 12 microdissected tumor nephrectomy control samples (P < 0.0023). It is concluded that AT1 receptor mRNA expression is low in glomeruli of patients with chronic renal disease. This may reflect a regulatory response to (inappropriately) high intrarenal angiotensin II concentrations.
Immunohistochemical Evidence for an Increased Oxidative Stress and Carbonyl Modification of Proteins in Diabetic Glomerular Lesions
Authors: SUZUKI DAISUKE , MIYATA TOSHIO , SAOTOME NOBORU , HORIE KATSUNORI , INAGI REIKO , YASUDA YOSHINARI , UCHIDA KOJI , IZUHARA YUKO , YAGAME MITSUNORI , SAKAI HIDETO , KUROKAWA KIYOSHI
Published: April 2021

Advanced glycation end products (AGE) include a variety of protein adducts whose accumulation has been implicated in tissue damage associated with diabetic nephropathy (DN). It was recently demonstrated that among AGE, glycoxidation products, whose formation is closely linked to oxidation, such as carboxymethyllysine (CML) and pentosidine, accumulate in expanded mesangial matrix and nodular lesions in DN, in colocalization with malondialdehyde-lysine (MDA-lysine), a lipoxidation product, whereas pyrraline, another AGE structure whose deposition is rather independent from oxidative stress, was not found within diabetic glomeruli. Because CML, pentosidine, and MDA-lysine are all formed under oxidative stress by carbonyl amine chemistry between protein amino group and carbonyl compounds, their colocalization suggests a local oxidative stress and increased protein carbonyl modification in diabetic glomerular lesions. To address this hypothesis, human renal tissues from patients with DN or IgA nephropathy were examined with specific antibodies to characterize most, if not all, carbonyl modifications of proteins by autoxidation products of carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids: CML (derived from carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acid), pentosidine (derived from carbohydrates), MDA-lysine (derived from lipids), 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adduct (derived from lipids), and acrolein-protein adduct (derived from lipids and amino acid). All of the protein adducts were identified in expanded mesangial matrix and nodular lesions in DN. In IgA nephropathy, another primary glomerular disease leading to end-stage renal failure, despite positive staining for MDA-lysine and 4-hydroxynonenal-protein adduct in the expanded mesangial area, CML, pentosidine, and acrolein-protein adduct immunoreactivities were only faint in glomeruli. These data suggest a broad derangement in nonenzymatic biochemistry in diabetic glomerular lesions, and implicate an increased local oxidative stress and carbonyl modification of proteins in diabetic glomerular tissue damage (“carbonyl stress”).
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibition and AT1 Receptor Blockade Modify the Pressure-Natriuresis Relationship by Additive Mechanisms in Rats with Human Renin and Angiotensinogen Genes
Authors: MERVAALA EERO , DEHMEL BASTIAN , GROSS VOLKMAR , LIPPOLDT ANDREA , BOHLENDER JÜRGEN , MILIA ANNA FRANCA , GANTEN DETLEV , LUFT FRIEDRICH C.
Published: April 2021

The intrarenal factors responsible for hypertension in double-transgenic rats (dTGR) harboring human renin and human angiotensinogen genes are unclear. The pressure-natriuresis and -diuresis relationships in response to chronic angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and AT1 receptor blockade were evaluated. Renal renin-angiotensin and nitric oxide (NO) system gene expression was also investigated. Six-week-old dTGR were treated for 3 wk with submaximal doses of cilazapril (10 mg/kg, orally) or losartan (10 mg/kg, orally) or with the drug combination. In untreated dTGR, pressure-natriuresis relationships were maximally shifted rightward by approximately 70 to 80 mmHg, and both renal blood flow (RBF) and GFR were markedly decreased. Submaximal cilazapril and losartan dosages both decreased systolic BP by 30 mmHg and shifted the pressure-natriuresis curves leftward by 25 to 30 mmHg. Cilazapril increased RBF and GFR to values observed in normotensive control animals but did not significantly affect fractional sodium excretion (FENa) or fractional water excretion (FEH2O) curves. In contrast, losartan had no significant effect on RBF or GFR but shifted the FENa and FEH2O curves leftward. The cilazapril and losartan combination completely normalized BP and shifted the pressure-natriuresis curves leftward more than did either drug alone. When cilazapril and losartan were administered at higher doses (30 mg/kg, orally), the two drugs equally shifted the pressure-natriuresis curves leftward, by 50 mmHg. Both drugs increased RBF and GFR; however, only losartan shifted FENa and FEH2O curves leftward. Human and rat renin and angiotensinogen genes were downregulated in dTGR and were increased by losartan and cilazapril treatments, whereas no changes in the expression of rat ACE and AT1A receptor genes were observed. Endothelial NO synthase expression was increased by cilazapril but not by losartan. Neither inducible NO synthase nor neural NO synthase gene expression was affected by drug treatments. Therefore, submaximal ACE inhibition enhanced sodium excretion mainly by increasing RBF and GFR, whereas submaximal AT1 receptor blockade decreased tubular sodium and water reabsorption. The combination of the two drugs produced an additive effect. The ACE inhibitor effects may involve increased endothelial NO synthase expression, perhaps related to the inhibition of bradykinin degradation.
Peritoneal Transport Properties and Dialysis Dose Affect Growth and Nutritional Status in Children on Chronic Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: SCHAEFER FRANZ , KLAUS GÜNTER , MEHLS OTTO
Published: April 2021

To evaluate a possible effect of peritoneal transport properties and dialysis dose on the physical development of children on chronic peritoneal dialysis, a cohort of 51 children was prospectively followed for 18 mo. Peritoneal transport characteristics were assessed by serial peritoneal equilibration tests (PET), dialysis efficacy by dialysate and residual renal clearance measurements, and growth and nutritional status by the longitudinal changes (Δ) of height SD score (SDS), body mass index (BMI) SDS, and serum albumin. Δ height SDS was negatively correlated with the creatinine equilibration rate observed in the initial PET (r = -0.31, P < 0.05). Multiple regression analysis confirmed the negative effect of the high transporter state (partial r
2 = 0.07), and disclosed an additional positive effect of dialytic CCr (partial r
2 = 0.11) and a weak negative effect of daily dialysate volume (partial r
2 = 0.04) on Δ height SDS. Δ BMI SDS was strongly age-dependent (r = -0.48, P < 0.001); while relative body mass gradually increased below 4 yr of age, it remained stable in older children. Positive changes in BMI SDS were associated with rapid PET creatinine equilibration rates (univariate r = 0.35, P < 0.05) and/or large dialysate volumes (multivariate partial r
2 = 0.11), suggesting a role of dialytic glucose uptake in the development of obesity. The change in serum albumin concentrations was positively correlated with dialysate volume (partial r
2 = 0.14), and negatively affected by dialytic protein losses (partial r
2 = 0.06). In conclusion, the peritoneal transporter state is a weak but significant determinant of growth and body mass gain in children on chronic peritoneal dialysis. Rapid small solute equilibration contributes to impaired growth but enhanced acquisition of body mass. Dialytic small solute clearance has a weak positive effect on statural growth independent of the transporter state, but does not affect body mass gain.
The Relationship of Untreated Borderline Infiltrates by the Banff Criteria to Acute Rejection in Renal Allograft Biopsies
Authors: MEEHAN SHANE M. , SIEGEL CHRISTOPHER T. , ARONSON ANDREW J. , BARTOSH SHARON M. , THISTLETHWAITE J. RICHARD , WOODLE E. STEVE , HAAS MARK
Published: April 2021

The relationship of borderline infiltrates to acute rejection by Banff criteria in renal allografts of patients receiving only maintenance immunosuppression is not clear. Renal allograft biopsies with borderline lesions that were not treated with additional anti-rejection therapy were retrospectively studied. Sixty-five such biopsies were identified from 50 patients, and their outcome was determined by serum creatinine and/or histologic findings in subsequent biopsies, up to 40 d after the initial biopsy. In addition to the borderline infiltrates, there was evidence of acute cyclosporine or tacrolimus toxicity (58%), acute tubular necrosis (12%), and urinary obstruction (12%). Forty-day follow-up after 30 (46%) biopsies revealed serum creatinine <110% of baseline, and repeat biopsies were not indicated. In 17 (26%), the serum creatinine initially decreased, then increased, and follow-up biopsies showed acute rejection in nine. In 18 (28%), the creatinine remained elevated and follow-up biopsies revealed acute rejection in nine. The untreated borderline infiltrates were thus nonprogressive after 47 biopsies (72%) and progressed to histologic acute rejection after 18 (28%). When there was increasing or persistently elevated creatinine after the initial biopsy, 51% of cases (18 of 35) progressed to acute rejection. Infiltrates that progressed to rejection had more frequent glomerulitis (7 of 18 versus 3 of 47, P = 0.003) and Banff acute score indices (i+t+v+g) >2 (16 of 18 versus 29 of 47, P = 0.03). A majority (72%) of borderline infiltrates not given additional anti-rejection therapy did not progress to acute rejection over 40 d of follow-up, suggesting that conservative management of these lesions, at least in the short term, may be more appropriate than routine treatment as acute rejection.
Effect of Luminal Atrial Natriuretic Peptide on Chloride Reabsorption in Mouse Cortical Thick Ascending Limb
Authors: BAILLY CLAIRE
Published: April 2021

Insofar as neutral endopeptidase inhibition has afforded evidence for a tubular luminal action of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), the present study was undertaken to investigate a possible effect of the peptide on chloride reabsorption (JCl) in thick ascending limb (TAL). Luminal addition of ANP to in vitro microperfused cortical TAL (CTAL) significantly decreased JCl with a threshold and a maximum concentration of 10-12 M and 10-9 M, respectively. A similar effect of 10-9 M ANP was observed in medullary TAL (MTAL). The effect of luminal ANP was significantly reduced by HS-142-1, a specific inhibitor of guanylyl cyclase receptor, and by H-8, a protein kinase G inhibitor, but was not affected by the protein kinase C inhibitor bisindolylmaleimide I. Unexpectedly, the effect of ANP was not additive with that of endothelin (ET), a peptide that was previously shown to decrease JCl in TAL through a calcium-independent, protein kinase C—mediated pathway. Indeed, ET-1 (10-8 M in the lumen) significantly decreased JCl and prevented a further effect of ANP on the same tubule. Similarly, the decrease of JCl induced by simultaneous addition of ET and ANP was not higher than that obtained with each agent alone. Conversely, the inhibitory effect of ANP was enhanced in the presence of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP; 10-6 M in the lumen). ET-1 significantly attenuated the ANP-stimulated generation of cGMP in microdissected CTAL and failed to prevent a further decrease of JCl promoted by a permeant cGMP analogue. It is concluded that luminal ANP decreased Cl reabsorption in mouse CTAL and MTAL. This effect was abrogated by ET-1 as a result of the inhibition of ANP-stimulated cGMP generation.
Expression of LOX-1, an Oxidized Low-Density Lipoprotein Receptor, in Experimental Hypertensive Glomerulosclerosis
Authors: NAGASE MIKI , KANAME SHINYA , NAGASE TAKASHI , WANG GANG , ANDO KATSUYUKI , SAWAMURA TATSUYA , FUJITA TOSHIRO
Published: April 2021

Oxidized low-density lipoprotein (OxLDL) has been implicated in atherosclerosis and glomerulosclerosis. LOX-1 is a recently identified OxLDL receptor that is abundantly expressed in vascular endothelial cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate LOX-1 expression in the kidneys of hypertensive rats. Dahl salt-sensitive (DS) and salt-resistant (DR) rats were fed a 0.3% or 8% NaCl diet. Some DS 8% rats were treated with manidipine or hydralazine. LOX-1 gene expression was markedly elevated in the kidneys and glomeruli of hypertensive DS 8% rats compared with those of normotensive DR and DS 0.3% rats. Prolonged salt loading further increased the renal LOX-1 expression in DS rats. The LOX-1 upregulation in DS 8% rats was accompanied by renal overexpression of transforming growth factor-β1 and type I collagen, impaired renal function, and histologic glomerulosclerotic changes, all of which were ameliorated by antihypertensive treatment. LOX-1 was indeed expressed in the glomeruli in vivo and in cultured glomerular cells in vitro. However, LOX-1 expression was elevated in the aorta but not the kidneys of spontaneously hypertensive rats, which exhibited hypertension but minor glomerulosclerotic changes. In conclusion, the LOX-1 upregulation in the kidney of DS 8% rats was parallel to glomerulosclerotic changes and renal dysfunction, suggesting a possible pathogenetic role for renal LOX-1 in the progression to hypertensive glomerulosclerosis.
Differential Expression of Individual UT-A Urea Transporter Isoforms in Rat Kidney
Authors: BAGNASCO SERENA M. , PENG TAO , NAKAYAMA YUSHI , SANDS JEFF M.
Published: April 2021

The rat renal urea transporter UT-A includes four mRNA isoforms: UT-A1, UT-A2, UT-A3, and UT-A4. This study detected by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE), primer extension, and ribonuclease protection assay (RPA) a single transcription start site for UT-A1, UT-A3, and UT-A4, distinct from the one for UT-A2 and identified by 3′-RACE new transcripts of UT-A1, UT-A2, and UT-A3, characterized by alternative 3′ untranslated sequences (UTR). Expression of an alternative 3′UTR resulted in UT-A1 and UT-A2 transcripts that are approximately 400 bp shorter than the original cDNA. These mRNA isoforms (UT-A1b and UT-A2b) were present in low abundance in the inner medulla. Expression of an alternative 3′UTR for UT-A3 resulted in a 3.5 kb transcript (UT-A3b), which is 1.5 kb longer than the original UT-A3 cDNA. UT-A3b mRNA was easily detected by Northern hybridization in the inner medulla. This study examined whether different states of hydration induce homogeneous changes in mRNA expression of individual UT-A isoforms in the kidney. Analysis of UT-A1, UT-A1b, UT-A2, UT-A2b, UT-A3, and UT-A3b mRNA expression in rat kidney revealed that water deprivation markedly increases the relative abundance of UT-A2, UT-A2b, UT-A3, and UT-A3b mRNA in renal inner medulla, whereas UT-A1 and UT-A1b remain almost unchanged. The conclusion is that differential expression of individual UT-A mRNA isoforms occurs in the kidney and probably involves multiple regulatory mechanisms.
Polymorphism of Angiotensin Converting Enzyme, Angiotensinogen, and Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Genes and End-Stage Renal Failure in IgA Nephropathy
Authors: FRIMAT LUC , PHILIPPE CHRISTOPHE , MAGHAKIAN MARIE-NOE[Combining Diaeresis]LLE , JONVEAUX PHILIPPE , DE LIGNY BRUNO HURAULT , GUILLEMIN FRANCIS , KESSLER MICHE[Combining Grave Accent]LE
Published: April 2021

The impact of renin-angiotensin system (RAS) gene polymorphism on the prognosis of IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is still debated. A longitudinal study of renal prognosis in patients with IgAN was conducted to search retrospectively for a genotype-phenotype association between RAS polymorphisms and end-stage renal failure (ESRF). A classification based on serum creatinine (Scr) and 24-h proteinuria (24-P) measured at the time of renal biopsy was used to estimate the risk of ESRF in IgAN: stage 1 (Scr ≤ 150 μmol/L and 24-P < 1 g), stage 2 (Scr > 150 μmol/L and 24-P < 1 g or Scr ≤ 150 μmol/L and 24-P ≥ 1 g), stage 3 (Scr > 150 μmol/L and 24-P ≥ 1 g). Deletion/insertion polymorphism (D/I) of the angiotensin I converting enzyme gene, M235T polymorphism (T/M) of the angiotensinogen gene and A1166C polymorphism (C/A) of the angiotensin II type 1 receptor gene were determined in 274 Caucasian men with biopsy-proven IgAN (n = 86, 112, and 76 in stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively). Mean global follow-up was 6 ± 5 yr after renal biopsy. For stages 1, 2, and 3, ESRF developed in 7 (8.1%), 39 (34.8%), and 49 (64.4%) cases (P < 0.0001), 11.7 ± 4, 5.4 ± 4, and 2 ± 2 yr, respectively, after renal biopsy (P < 0.001). The distributions of the three genotypes into the three stages were similar. Different distributions were observed when patients were grouped by stage and genotype: ID+DD: 72% in stage 1 versus 84.6% in stages 2 + 3 (P = 0.02; κ = 0.14); MT+TT: 66.2% in stages 1 + 2 versus 78.9% in stage 3 (P = 0.04; κ = 0.09); and AA+AC: 89.9% in stages 1 + 2 versus 97.4% in stage 3 (P = 0.04; κ = -0.1). However, with the use of the Cox proportional hazard model, none of the three genotypes was found to have predictive value for renal survival. Compared with Scr and 24-P, genotypes DD, TT, and AA are unlikely to serve as clinically useful predictors of ESRF in IgAN.
Desensitization of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase in Renal Cortex during Endotoxemia in Mice
Authors: KNOTEK MLADEN , ESSON MATTHEW , GENGARO PATRICIA , EDELSTEIN CHARLES L. , SCHRIER ROBERT W.
Published: April 2021

Acute endotoxemic renal failure involves renal vasoconstriction, which presumably occurs despite increased nitric oxide (NO) generation by inducible NO synthase in the kidney. The present study examined the hypothesis that the renal vasoconstriction during endotoxemia occurs in part because of desensitization of soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC). Endotoxic shock was induced in male B6/129F2/J mice by an intraperitoneal injection of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide. The endotoxemia resulted in shock and renal failure as evidenced by a decrease in mean arterial pressure and an increase in serum creatinine and urea nitrogen. Serum NO increased in a time-dependent manner, reaching the highest levels at 24 h, in parallel with induction of inducible NO synthase protein in the renal cortex. In renal cortical slices obtained from endotoxemic mice, cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) increased significantly at 6 h and 15 h as compared with control but normalized at 24 h after injection of lipopolysaccharide. Incubation of renal cortical slices in the presence of a phosphodiesterase inhibitor isobutylmethylxantine did not alter the pattern of changes in cGMP. Incubation of renal cortical slices with 2 mM sodium nitroprusside resulted in a similar accumulation of cGMP in slices taken from control and endotoxemic mice at 6 h and 15 h. However, in slices from 24-h endotoxemic mice, accumulation of cGMP in response to sodium nitroprusside was significantly lower. This lower stimulability of sGC was not paralleled by a decrease in its abundance in renal cortex on immunoblot. Taken together, these results demonstrate a desensitization of sGC in renal cortex during endotoxemia, which may contribute to the associated renal vasoconstriction.
Vitamin E Attenuates Oxidative Stress Induced by Intravenous Iron in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: ROOB JOHANNES M. , KHOSCHSORUR GHOLAMALI , TIRAN ANDREAS , HORINA JÖRG H. , HOLZER HERWIG , WINKLHOFER-ROOB BRIGITTE M.
Published: April 2021

Intravenous iron application to anemic patients on hemodialysis leads to an “oversaturation” of transferrin. As a result, non-transferrin-bound, redox-active iron might induce lipid peroxidation. To test the hypothesis that vitamin E attenuates lipid peroxidation in patients receiving 100 mg of iron(II) hydroxide sucrose complex intravenously during a hemodialysis session, 22 patients were investigated in a randomized cross-over design, either with or without a single oral dose of 1200 IU of all-rac-α-tocopheryl acetate taken 6 h before the hemodialysis session. Blood was drawn before and 30, 60, 90, 135, and 180 min after the start of the iron infusion, and areas under the curve (AUC0-180 min) of ratios of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA) to cholesterol and plasma total peroxides to cholesterol (two markers of lipid peroxidation) were determined as the outcome variables. At baseline of the session without vitamin E supplementation, plasma α-tocopherol concentrations (27.6 ± 1.8 μmol/L) and ratios of α-tocopherol to cholesterol (5.88 ± 1.09 mmol/mol) were normal, plasma MDA concentrations were above normal (1.20 ± 0.28 μmol/L), and bleomycin-detectable iron (BDI), indicating the presence of redox-active iron, was not detectable. Upon iron infusion, BDI and MDA concentrations increased significantly (P < 0.001). BDI concentrations explained the increase over baseline in MDA concentrations (MDA = 1.29 + 0.075 × BDI). Vitamin E supplementation, leading to a 68% increase in plasma α-tocopherol concentrations, significantly reduced the AUC0-180 min of MDA to cholesterol (P = 0.004) and peroxides to cholesterol (P = 0.002). These data demonstrate that a single oral dose of vitamin E attenuates lipid peroxidation in patients on hemodialysis receiving intravenous iron. Given that intravenous iron is applied repeatedly to patients on hemodialysis, this therapeutic approach may protect against oxidative stress-related degenerative disease in the long term.
A Theoretical Model of How Digital Platforms for Public Consultation Can Leverage Deliberation to Boost Democratic Legitimacy
Authors: Gastil John
Published: April 2021

The declining legitimacy of public institutions imperils modern democratic systems, yet deliberative remedies to this problem have not undergone systematic testing. The emergence of robust civic tech provides an opportunity to trace deliberation’s effects on legitimacy. Online civic platforms connecting large publics with democratic governments enable researchers to test the strength of each link that leads from public engagement to institutional legitimacy by way of deliberation. I present such a theoretical model of these linkages and specify sets of working hypotheses regarding public participation, deliberative quality, decision quality, government responsiveness, institutional legitimacy, and opportunities for empowered public engagement.
Aprendizaje e innovación en las organizaciones de la sociedad civil y en la universidad asociadas en programas de extension universitaria
Authors: Fassio Adriana Norma , Rutty María Gabriela , Maroscia Carla
Published: April 2021

Se exponen los resultados de la investigación realizada en la Facultad de Ciencias Económicas de la Universidad Nacional de La Plata (FCE UNLP) de- nominada “Aprendizaje organizacional en organizaciones de la sociedad civil de la ciudad de La Plata y zona de influencia que llevan adelante programas vinculados a la innovación social responsable”. Se presentan los aprendizajes organizacionales reconocidos por las organizaciones de la sociedad civil (OSC) de la ciudad de La Plata y por las cátedras de la Facultad que brindaron asistencia técnica en esta instancia asociativa.
Desarrollo, populismo y neoliberalismo. Pensar Latinoamérica
Authors: Böcker Zavaro Rafael
Published: April 2021

Este artículo parte del concepto de populismo en cuanto categoría vinculada a estrategias ideológicas y modelos de desarrollo en América Latina. Luego se ofrece un análisis sintético sobre la orientación político-ideológica de la agenda de los gobiernos latinoamericanos durante las últimas décadas: se intentará comprobar su vinculación con las políticas expansivas y desarrollistas, o bien con aquellas políticas de ajuste de tipo neoliberal. Se parte de la premisa de que el modelo de desarrollo planteado está conectado a una decisión política determinada en función de diferentes perspectivas ideológicas. Finalmente, se mencionan algunos ejemplos de países sudamericanos, en particular el de Argentina durante las presidencias de Néstor y Cristina Kirchner.
Evaluation of phytochemical constituents and hepatoprotective effects of Physcia grisea in albino rats
Authors:   Department of Veterinary Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Nigeria, Nsukka, Onu Martina Chinagorom , Eze Emmanuel Ikechukwu
Published: April 2021

Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical constituents and hepatoprotective effects of Physcia grisea in albino rats. Methods/statisticalanalysis:The analysis of phytochemical constituents of P. grisea was carried out to determine the level of tannins, phenols, terpenes, flavonoids and alkaloids present in the sample. The blood samples from four groups (A, B, C, and D) of albino rats with each group containing four per group were analyzed for Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and bilirubin secretions which are two early indicators of liver injury. The analysis was carried out in two phases; phase 1 and phase 2. In phase I, which was regarded as the base line analysis, the weights of the animals were taken and the blood samples were collected following ocular puncture. In the second phase of the analysis, the group A, B and C were administered 500 mg/kg, 250 mg/kg and 125 mg/kg concentrations of P. grisea respectively while the control group was administered only tragecant solution through the oral route. After 3 weeks of the administration, their blood samples were collected for another analysis using the same method of blood collection. The data obtained were analyzed using GenStat Release 10.3DE (2011) statistical software. Findings: The results showed varying levels of phytochemicals in P. grisea, alkaloids (36.6%), flavonoids (3.6 %), saponins (2.7 %), total phenols (25.15 %), tannins (0.029 %) and terpenes (2.0 %). The results of the in-vivo studies showed that P. grisea had no significant effect on the AST and bilirubin secretions at 125mg/kg after 3 weeks of the administration. This was an indication that there was no liver injury at this dose within the period of administration. Application/improvements: If properly harnessed, P. grisea extract could provide a novel and cheap source of medicine for treatment of liver diseases resulting from AST and bilirubin secretions. Keywords: Phytochemical; Physea grisea; Aspertate Aminotransferase; Bilirubin
ECG Garment test: Protocol-1 v1
Authors: Chakraborty Soma
Published: April 2021

This protocol is meant to test KYMIRA's in development ECG garments for their data quality under different activity levels of the user and for the recorded data to be subsequently used for development and/or improvement of the analysis modules.
Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH - RNAscope) in mouse brain sections v2
Authors: Lin Tan Yu , Pavon Arocas Oriol , Duquenoy Lucille , Branco Tiago
Published: April 2021

Here we describe a protocol to perform multiplex fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) in thin sections from frozen murine brain tissue. The protocol can be divided in several days or can be completed in two successive days: one day for extracting and slicing the brain and a second one for the FISH.
Crisis Capitalism and Climate Finance: The Framing, Monetizing, and Orchestration of Resilience-Amidst-Crisis
Authors: Long Joshua
Published: April 2021

Throughout the development sector there has been a pronounced call for new funding mechanisms to address the climate crisis, and much of this is focused on attracting private sources of capital to fund ‘bankable’ projects in climate-vulnerable cities throughout the world. Enacted amidst a 21st century landscape of interlocking financial, epidemiological, and ecological crises, this call features an urgent narrative of ‘resilience-amidst-crisis’ that promotes large-scale, profitable investments as a form of green growth through debt-financing. The political orchestration and administration of new funding mechanisms (particularly green bonds and sustainable bonds) requires a new form of climate governance focused on the channeling of enormous sums of private capital through an assemblage of intermediaries toward profitable climate projects. This article interrogates this trend in climate finance, revealing that the framing, monetization, and orchestration of climate projects is dependent on a narrative of crisis capitalism deeply rooted in a colonial mindset of exploitation and profit. A key aim of this article is to deconstruct the contemporary dominance of crisis-oriented development and suggest the goal of decolonizing and democratizing the climate finance system.
PERSPECTIVAS DA NOTIFICAÇÃO OBRIGATÓRIA DE DOENÇAS AO SERVIÇO VETERINÁRIO OFICIAL
Authors: Correia do Monte Ana Caroline Barros
Published: April 2021

Aproximadamente de 75% das doenças infecciosas que afetam os humanos são de origem zoonótica. A saúde e a segurança das gerações animal e humana dependem, em parte, da nossa capacidade contínua de detectar, monitorar e controlar doenças e zoonoses emergentes ou reemergentes. O objetivo nesta revisão foi sintetizar as perspectivas da notificação obrigatória de doenças ao Serviço Veterinário Oficial (SVO), incluindo os instrumentos juridicamente vinculativos, a evolução e o status atual da notificação de doenças animais ao nível nacional, os benefícios e mecanismos da notificação oportuna e os fundamentos para medidas de segurança e controle de doenças. A Instrução Normativa nº 50, de 24 de setembro de 2013, dispõe sobre uma lista de doenças de notificação obrigatória (DNO) no Brasil. A lista contempla, atualmente, um total de 141 doenças, incluindo as DNO para a World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE). Das doenças da lista da OIE no Brasil, 43 estão presentes ou com infecção limitada a uma, ou mais zonas. Na base de dados zoossanitários do Brasil, apenas 13 doenças tiveram casos notificados nos últimos 3 anos disponíveis (2017, 2018 e 2019). Pesquisas indicam elevado índice de subnotificação e falta de conhecimento sobre o processo de notificação. Instruções para notificação foram aqui apresentadas. A conexão entre a saúde humana, animal e ambiental, e a necessidade de estudar as doenças em seu contexto biológico, ecológico, médico e econômico, são apontados como mecanismo para prevenção e controle de doenças, de forma a promover e garantir a saúde nacional e globalmente.
Obtaining peptides from aquatic organisms of the Antarctic region
Authors: Raksha N. , Maievsla T. , Savchuk O.
Published: April 2021

The rapid growth in demand for peptide drugs is actualizing the search for new natural and economically viable sources of raw materials. The
wide variety of biologically active compounds, including peptide nature, inherent in marine aquatic organisms allows us to consider their promising raw material resource. However, the use of marine objects as a source for the production of target molecules requires some optimization of existing methodological approaches to their isolation and ensure the appropriate degree of purification. The problem of optimization of the method of obtaining peptides from hydrobionts of the Antarctic region on the example of the hydrobiont Nacellaconcinna is solved in the work. The proposed three-step approach allows to isolate fractions of peptides of different molecular weight. The first step involved the precipitation of high molecular weight protein material first with perchloric acid and then with 80% ethyl alcohol. The result was a fraction of peptide molecules with a molecular weight of up to 6.5 kDa, which contained a small amount of high molecular weight protein impurities. Further purification of the obtained fraction was performed by ultrafiltration using membranes with a pore size of 10 kDa. Control of the protein-peptide composition of the sample at all stages of production was performed by disk electrophoresis under denaturing conditions in plates of 18% polyacrylamide gel. Analysis using 2D electrophoresis found that the isoelectric points of most peptides are in the pH range from 8.0 to 10.0. Only a small proportion of the peptides had isoelectric points at 4.0 and 5.0 pH. The final step of obtaining the peptide fraction involved fractionation of the sample by gel chromatography. As a result of chromatographic separation, four peaks were obtained, corresponding to the fractions with peptides, the molecular weight of which is about 2.3 kDa (1 peak), 1.9 kDa (2 peak), 1.4 kDa (3 peak) and 0.7 kDa (4 peak).
Lightning Deaths: A Retrospective Study Of Ten Years’ Period (2007-2017)
Authors: Ketenci Hüseyin Çetin , Altınok Mehmet , Çakır Emel , Aydoğdu Halil ilhan , Beyhun Nazım Ercüment
Published: April 2021

Introduction: Lightning is a major reason of weather-related deaths and injuries. The risk of being struck by lightning is higher in those who work outdoors.
Methods: A retrospective study of 19 lightning-related deaths that obtained from the archives of ... were evaluated between 2007-2017. Information on demographics, circumstances, presence of the other injured or dead creatures at the scene, witness statements, information sent by judicial authorities about place of the event, external examination of autopsy, presence of visceral organ damage, and histopathological - toxicological findings were collected and analyzed.
Results: The age range of the cases was between 8-75 years and 15 of them are males. 9 of the cases were shepherd. The number of the cases peaks in June with 9 cases. 17 of the decedents were found in outdoor spaces. On the external examinations of 8 cases (42%) had Lichtenberg figure. The electrical entrance regions were head and neck in 10 cases (53%). Bleeding, contusions and lacerations, especially in the lungs and brain, were considered to be due to the blast effect of the lightning. Subepidermal blistering, elongation of the epidermis and dermis cell, intraepidermal vesicles and collagen denaturation were found during histopathological examinations.
Conclusions: Lightning is an airborne event that can cause death in outdoor environments. Lichtenberg figure, macroscopic bleeding in the lungs and brain, and subepidermal blisters in histopathology may be found during forensic examinations. Awareness trainings should be provided for the risks of lightning strikes in the society.
Medico-Legal Conclusions Caused by Misevaluation of the Schmorl’s Node, which is Rarely Seen in Children (Case Report)
Authors: Aşırdizer Mahmut
Published: April 2021

Schmorl’s node is disruption of the cartilaginous endplate and herniation of the nucleus pulposus into the vertebral body in the period after losing of nuclear material through the cartilage plate.
This article is about a 12-year-old boy, who was injured in a traffic accident, traumatic vertebral compression fracture was defined and was established a causality between this lesion and the traffic accident. As a result of consultation with neurosurgery and pediatric radiology, it was concluded that this lesion was SN and was not associated with the traffic accident.
Because of the case presented in this article, the literature was reviewed, the concept and procedure of causality in forensic medicine applications was discussed and the importance of multidisciplinary approach was emphasized in such cases.
KÜRESEL GÜÇ OLMA HEDEFİ BAĞLAMINDA RUSYA'NIN DOĞU AKDENİZ POLİTİKASI
Authors: Üren Mustafa
Published: April 2021

Jeopolitik teorilerin odak noktasında yer alan Akdeniz, tarihsel süreçte küresel rekabetin kesintisiz devam ettiği bölgelerin başında yer almaktadır. I. Petro’dan beri kendisini büyük güç adayı olarak gören Rusya, sıcak deniz olarak kabul ettiği Doğu Akdeniz’e ulaşmayı ve buradaki rekabete dahil olmayı istemesine rağmen Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nu yenerek İstanbul’u işgal etme ve bu sayede Doğu Akdeniz’e ulaşma hedefine ulaşamamıştır. Çarlık rejimini yıkarak iş başına gelen Sovyet Yönetimi, bu hedeflerinden vazgeçmemiş, ancak Türk Boğazlarını elde etmenin mümkün olmadığını görerek, bölgede kalıcı askeri üs elde etme stratejisini devreye sokmuştur. Bu kapsamda Suriye’de bir askeri üs elde edilmiş, fakat Soğuk Savaş’ın kaybedilmesinin ardından bölgeden geri çekilmek zorunda kalmıştır. Geri çekilme sonrasında ülke içi ve yakın çevresinde gücünü pekiştiren Rusya, büyük güç olduğu iddiasıyla 2000’li yılların ortalarından itibaren Orta Doğu bölgesine olduğu gibi Doğu Akdeniz bölgesine de geri dönmüştür. “Bu süreçte iki kez başarılı olamayan Rusya bu sefer başarılı olabilecek midir?” sorusunun cevabının aranacağı bu çalışmada, doğru bir sonuca ulaşabilmek için başta Rusya olmak üzere tüm tarafların görüşlerinin yansıtılmasına önem verilmiştir. Yapılan analiz neticesinde, bölgede Rusya’nın kalıcı olmasını engelleyebilecek bir faktörün olmadığı, ancak mevcut gücüyle büyük güçten beklenebilecek işlevleri yerine getirme yeterliliğine de sahip olmadığı sonucuna varılmıştır.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF A MICRO HEAT EXCHANGER IN ELECTRONIC COOLING APPLICATIONS
Authors: MOKRANE Mahdi
Published: April 2021

To operate under normal conditions and depending on the technology used, the electronic components must be at a temperature below 80 to 85°C. Several cooling systems were investigated with the aim of improving the heat transfer process in this kind of applications. Single-phase liquid cooling systems, which mainly consist of a hot water-cooled micro-heat exchanger, provide an efficient approach to dissipate heat flows. In the present study, numerical and experimental investigations were carried out to study the characteristics of laminar flow and forced convective heat transfer in micro-channels. The inlet temperature of cooling water ranged from 25 to 65°C, the Reynolds number of water flow varied from 250 to 2000, and the electronic power supply component was set at 50, 80 and 120 W. The results showed that the micro heat exchanger was able to dissipate around 70 to 78% of the heat released by the electronic component. As regards the numerical results, it was observed that the inlet water temperature of 55ºC kept a heat source up to 80 W for a temperature source below the critical value of 80ºC.
Pengambilan Keputusan Investasi Rasional: Suatu Tinjauan dari Dampak Perilaku Representativeness Bias dan Hearding Effect
Authors: Vitmiasih Vitmiasih , Maharani Satia Nur , Narullia Dwi
Published: April 2021

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of representation bias and herding behavior towards rational investment decision making, which was detected using the Heuristic Theory perspective on the Investor Saham Pemula (ISP) community in East Java. This research uses a mixed-method by using a sequential explanatory strategy. This study uses primary data obtained by distributing online questionnaires in 10 cities in East Java and interviews with expert practitioners. The sample of this research is 111 active investors who trade independently. In relation, the data analysis was through multiple linear regression. This research succeeded in proving that representative bias behavior has a negative influence on decision-making on rational investment. On the other hand, no evidence showed the effect of herding behavior influencing investment decision making. The phenomenon indicates that investors rely more on information obtained through the results of their own reason rather than following the decisions of other investors.Keywords: Representativeness Bias, Herding-Effect Behavior, Heuristic Theory AbstrakPenelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh representativeness bias dan herding behavior terhadap pengambilan keputusan investasi yang rasional yang dideteksi dengan menggunakan perspektif Teori Heuristik pada komunitas Investor Saham Pemula (ISP) di Jawa Timur. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode campuran dilengkapi dengan strategi penjelas berurutan. Studi penelitian ini menggunakan data primer yang diperoleh dengan menyebarkan kuesioner online di 10 kota di Jawa Timur dan wawancara dengan praktisi ahli. Sampel penelitian ini adalah 111 investor aktif yang berdagang secara mandiri. Dalam kaitannya, analisis data dilakukan melalui regresi linier ganda. Penelitian ini berhasil membuktikan bahwa perilaku representativeness bias berpengaruh negatif terhadap pengambilan keputusan atas investasi rasional. Di sisi lain, tidak ada bukti yang menunjukkan pengaruh herding behavior mempengaruhi pengambilan keputusan investasi. Fenomena tersebut mengindikasikan bahwa investor lebih mengandalkan informasi yang diperoleh melalui hasil nalar pribadi dibandingkan mengikuti keputusan investor lain.Kata Kunci: Representativeness Bias, Perilaku Herding-Effect, Teori Heuristic
Achieving Sustainable Tourism through Payment for Ecosystem Service (PES) Program: Case Study of Marine Tourism in Gili Matra Indonesia
Authors: Diswandi Diswandi , Fadliyanti Luluk , Afifi Mansur , Hailuddin Hailuddin
Published: April 2021

Harmonization of tourism and conservation activities can be used to achieve sustainable tourism. Regarding this matter, the Payment for Ecosystem Services (PES) program could be a promising solution to be implemented. By considering marine tourism in Gili Matra, Lombok, this study applied quantitative research method to analyzed the possibility of sustainable tourism development through the PES scheme for harmonizing marine tourism and preserve coral reefs. Data was collected thorugh survey to 100 international tourists that were selected randomly. Using the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), this study found that international tourists were willing to pay an average of USD 21.46 per visit to contribute to the PES program to sustain the existence of coral reefs and other marine biotas as ecosystem services provided by Gili Matra. The tourists’ educational and income levels influenced their willingness to pay.
Analisis Sistem Kelistrikan Body pada Sepeda Motor Suzuki Nex-FI
Authors: Anggoro Sotya , Nurisna Zuhri , Safitri Meilia , Pratama Andhika Wira
Published: April 2021

A motorcycle has an electrical system that functions to make the vehicle operate and provide comfort and safety while driving. Generally, the electrical system on a motorcycle can be divided into three parts: the filling system, the lighting system, and the ignition system. In this study, an analysis was carried out on the body's electrical system, which has more functions in the lighting system. Examining the body's electrical system is carried out by checking the voltage, resistance, and current flowing in each electrical component. The results of these measurements are adjusted to the standard component specifications in the manual. Based on the results of the component inspection, it can be concluded that the inspection of the body's electrical system includes headlights, city lights, rear lights, turn signals, and horns on Nex-FI motorbikes after 5 years of operation in normal conditions according to standards and functions according to their respective roles.
A histopathological evaluation of gall bladder cancer with special reference to HER2/neu and E-cadherin in Southern part of Assam
Authors: Choudhury Madhusmita , Choudhury Gargi Roy , Deka Monoj K. , Sheikh Shah A.
Published: April 2021

Background/Objective: Gall bladder carcinoma (GBC) is an aggressive malignancy with high mortality and aggressive course, with palliation as the only available option. The signs and symptoms of gall bladder arcinoma are not specific and often present late. Diagnosis is, therefore, often made at advanced stage with poorer outcomes. Identifying biomarkers and cancer specific cellular targets, that will pave the way for novel therapeutic approaches and early diagnosis for gall bladder carcinoma, is urgently needed. Proto-oncogenes (HER-2) and E-Cadherin are commonly deregulated in gallbladder cancer (GBC). This study evaluates the prognostic significance of HER-2 and E-Cadherin in GBC patients in Silchar Medical College.Our main objective was to evaluate frequency of HER-2/neu overexpression in GBC and to seek its correlation, if any with conventional clinicopathological parameters and survival.Methods: A total of 168 cases were received and evaluated for Gall Bladder cancer and control specimens were prospectively collected from 2018-2020. Immunohistochemical staining was done using monoclonal antibodies to semiquantitatively evaluate HER-2 and E-Cadherin protein expression. The criterion for HER-2 and E-Cadherin positivity was set at 10% and >5% tumor cells showing complete, membranous staining. Clinicopathological correlations were drawn with major clinical outcomes. Results: It was observed that out of 168 cases the male to female ratio is 1:5 with highest number of cases in the age group of 50-59 , i.e., 70 cases with 41.7%. The most common location in this study was fundus with 69% of cases (116 out 0f 168), most commonly presented as biliary colic with 56 number of cases. Grading was also done in 168 cases where most number of cases were moderately differentiated with 86 number of cases with a percentage of 51%. Expression of Her2Neu and E-Cadherin was evaluated where highest number of cases were seen with 1+ score  in the IHC expressions of both the markers with 81 and 61 number of cases respectively. Conclusion: The increasing global incidence, late presentation leading to poor prognosis and lack of effective therapy make the management of gall bladderv carcinoma really challenging. Our study shows the abnormal expression of HER-2 and E-Cadherin expression in gall bladder carcinoma patients in Southern Assam and suggests that  these two markers can be used for potential tool for early detection of gall bladder carcinoma and also can be used for targeted therapy in gall bladder carcinoma.
Sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation of spleen: an uncommon benign lesion of spleen
Authors: Sekaran Anuradha , Reddy Niharika , Shetty Mahesh , Reddy Duvvur Nageshwar
Published: April 2021

SANT (sclerosing angiomatoid nodular transformation) is a rare benign vascular tumour of spleen. SANT can mimic benign and malignant conditions of spleen. There are no definite radiological features. It has characteristic histopathology and immunohistochemistry findings which help us to differentiate it from other angiomatoid and tumor-like lesions. Splenectomy is the treatment of choice as it is diagnostic and therapeutic at the same time. We present a case of 22 years female with left upper quadrant pain since, 2 months. Magnetic Resonance Imaging revealed well-defined hypodense mass measuring 6.3×6.1×5.8cm in the spleen, with provisional diagnosis of hemangioma. Laproscopic splenectomy was done and a diagnosis of SANT was made on histology and immunohistochemistry. This case shows us that SANT should be considered in the differential diagnosis of splenic solid lesions.