bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Integrated Model of Executive Functioning is Helpful for Understanding ADHD and Associated Disorders
Authors: Crippa Alessandro , Marzocchi Gian Marco , Piroddi Chiara , Besana Dante , Giribone Simona , Vio Claudio , Maschietto Dino , Fornaro Emiddio , Repossi Silvana , Sora Maria Laura
Published: July 2014

Objective: The aim of this study is to test the discriminative capacity of executive function (EF) tasks to better define the cognitive functioning of children with ADHD and comorbidities. Method: One hundred four children were presented with a battery of new EF tasks and a rating scale filled out by parents. Results: Preliminary analysis of the neuropsychological tasks revealed the presence of five factors: Speed of Processing, Inhibition, Planning, Execution, and Retrospective Memory. All children with ADHD were impaired in Execution (a measure describing the capacity to achieve a goal). ADHD-only children were specifically impaired in Planning, while ADHD + reading disorder (RD) children were impaired in Speed of Processing and Retrospective Memory. Children with ADHD + oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) did not show impairment in any other EF domains. The five EF processes correlated with the EF Questionnaire. Conclusion: The present study describes different cognitive profiles in children with ADHD with or without comorbid disorders using neuropsychological EF measures.
Sleep Problems and Daily Functioning in Children With ADHD: An Investigation of the Role of Impairment, ADHD Presentations, and Psychiatric Comorbidity
Authors: Virring Anne , Lambek Rikke , Jennum Poul Jørgen , Møller Lene Ruge , Thomsen Per Hove
Published: July 2014

Objective: Little systematic information is available regarding how sleep problems influence daytime functioning in children with ADHD, as the role of ADHD presentations and comorbidity is unclear. Method: In total, 397 children were assessed with the Children’s Sleep Habits Questionnaire, the Weiss Functional Impairment Rating Scale, and the ADHD Rating Scale. Results: We found a moderate, positive correlation between sleep problems and impaired functioning in both children with ADHD and in typically developed children. ADHD presentations did not differ significantly with respect to sleep problem profile, but having a comorbid internalizing or autistic disorder lead to higher sleep problem score. Conclusion: Sleep problems and impaired daily functioning were more common in children with ADHD, but the overall association between sleep problems and impaired daily functioning was similar in clinical and nonclinical children. Internalizing or autistic comorbid disorders added significantly to the sleep problems.
Self- and Parent-Rated Quality of Life of a Treatment Naïve Sample of Children With ADHD: The Impact of Age, Gender, Type of ADHD, and Comorbid Psychiatric Conditions According to Both a Categorical and a Dimensional Approach
Authors: Dallos Gyöngyvér , Miklósi Mónika , Keresztény Ágnes , Velő Szabina , Szentiványi Dóra , Gádoros Júlia , Balázs Judit
Published: July 2014

Objective: Our aim was to evaluate the Quality of Life (QoL) of treatment naïve children with ADHD. Method: Data from 178 parent–child dyads were analyzed using multiple regression to assess the relationships between QoL, and characteristics of ADHD and comorbid psychopathology. Results: Lower self-reported QoL was associated with female gender, higher age, more symptoms of anxiety and trauma-related disorders in dimensional approach, and with the comorbid diagnoses of trauma-related disorders and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD)/conduct disorder (CD) in categorical approach. Lower parent-reported QoL was related to older age and increasing number of symptoms of mood and anxiety disorders on one hand, and any diagnosis of mood and anxiety disorders and ODD/CD on the other. Conclusion: Our results draw the attention to the importance of taking into account age, gender, and both self- and parent reports when measuring QoL of children with ADHD and both dimensional and categorical approaches should be used.
Clinical and haematological responses of feline blood donors anaesthetised with a tiletamine and zolazepam combination
Authors: Spada Eva , Proverbio Daniela , Bagnagatti De Giorgi Giada , Perego Roberta , Valena Emanuela , Della Pepa Alessandra , Baggiani Luciana
Published: July 2014

This prospective study investigated the effect on clinical and haematological variables of the anaesthetic combination of tiletamine and zolazepam in feline blood donors. Blood (10 ml/kg bodyweight to a maximum volume of 60 ml) was collected from the jugular vein of 31 owned healthy cats anaesthetised with 2.5 mg/kg of tiletamine and 2.5 mg/kg of zolazepam intramuscularly. Rectal temperature (RT), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP), heart rate (HR) and complete blood count (including red blood cells [RBC], haemoglobin [HB], haematocrit [HT], platelet [PLT] count, white blood cells [WBC], lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes and basophils) were evaluated pre- and postdonation. RT decreased significantly ( P <0.01) after blood donation (mean change in RT −0.7°C). Significant increases in SAP ( P = 0.03), MAP ( P <0.01) and DAP ( P <0.01) occurred after blood donation (mean increase 13 mmHg, 12 mmHg and 11 mmHg, respectively). Although RBC, HT, HB, WBC, PLT, neutrophil and monocyte counts decreased, and HR, and lymphocyte, eosinophil and basophil counts increased after blood donation this change was not statistically significant. Mean time from pre- to postdonation evaluation was 39 ± 11 mins (range 24–76 mins). None of the cats had evidence of pallor or collapse after recovery from anaesthesia. The collection of blood at 10 ml/kg bodyweight to a maximum volume of 60 ml in healthy cats using a low dose tiletamine and zolazepam anaesthetic appears to be well tolerated by feline blood donors.
Developing wisdom in a business school? Critical reflections on pedagogical practice
Authors: Statler Matt
Published: July 2014

This essay considers the question of whether, and if so, how wisdom may be developed in a business school. It begins with a critical exegesis of a passage from the recent Carnegie report Rethinking Undergraduate Business Education: Liberal Learning for the Profession, unpacking the term ‘practical reasoning,’ situating it within a broader set of philosophical and organizational considerations, and framing it in terms of John Dewey’s conceptualization of wisdom as a habit. An exemplary case drawn from the author’s experience illustrates the challenges associated with the development of wisdom in an undergraduate program at a large business school in the United States. The essay concludes by gesturing toward as possible avenues for future research and pedagogical experimentation.
Prediction of the thermal comfort indices using improved support vector machine classifiers and nonlinear kernel functions
Authors: Megri Ahmed Cherif , El Naqa Issam
Published: July 2014

A new prediction method for thermal comfort indices is introduced. This method of prediction titled ‘support vector machine (SVM)’ uses learning as a process to emulate human intelligence. In this paper, more adequate nonlinear kernels have been used and the SVM has been improved to predict the thermal comfort indices accurately. In this study, we focus mainly on supervised learning machine where an instructor provides the output samples during the learning phase. Different sets of representative experimental factors, such as air temperature, mean radiant temperature, relative humidity, air velocity, metabolism and clothing value that affect a person’s thermal balance were used for training the SVM machine. The results show the best correlation between SVM predicted values with a polynomial kernel of the second order and those obtained from conventional thermal comfort, such as the Fanger model and the ‘2-Node’ model.
Manipulation with atomic force microscopy: DNA and yeast micro/nanoparticles in biological environments
Authors: Korayem MH , Taheri M , Korayem AH
Published: July 2014

Although significant attempts have been made to automate the manipulation of biological cells with atomic force microscopy, these efforts have faced many limitations and restrictions. Researchers have recently tried to measure the interacting forces in order to improve the reliability of manipulation operations with atomic force microscopy. By manipulation of micro/nanoparticles of different materials and shapes, as the target particles, in different biological environments, the interacting forces existing between these micro/nanoparticles and the biological environment will be different from those in the air medium. Therefore, in this paper, first, a general overview and simulation of the important forces acting in the biological environment was presented, and forces such as the adhesion force, hydration force and the electrostatic double-layer force were modeled and simulated in different environments (e.g. water, alcohol and blood plasma). After different biological environments (in comparison with the air medium) were explored and modeled, the manipulation operations with atomic force microscopy were simulated for different micro/nanoparticles such as gold, DNA and yeast by considering the forces existing in various biological environments. The results of manipulation in this paper indicate that in the air and liquid environments, the biological particles (DNA and yeast) will start to move after a longer time and by a higher magnitude force relative to the gold particles. This outcome is predictable, given the properties and stickiness of the biological particles. Also by comparing the obtained results, it is found that the critical force and critical time of manipulation with atomic force microscopy for gold nanoparticles slightly increase in water relative to air, which can be due to the properties of water and the existing forces in water that resist against the movement of nanoparticles. Finally, the obtained results were compared with the available empirical results. It can be seen that the obtained simulation values have a good correlation with the empirical results. The closeness of these two values confirms the validity of the performed simulation.
Care homes and the Mental Capacity Act 2005: Changes in understanding and practice over time
Authors: Manthorpe Jill , Samsi Kritika
Published: July 2014

The Mental Capacity Act 2005 provides the legal framework in England and Wales for the making of decisions in respect of people who have never had or have lost decision-making capacity. As part of a 5-year research program investigating the implementation and adoption of the Mental Capacity Act in dementia practice, we interviewed staff working in different care homes at two time points (32 staff at Time 1 in 2008 and 27 staff at Time 2 in 2012) in South East England. At baseline Time 1, daily practice seemed to resonate with Mental Capacity Act principles of respecting decisions and trying to act in a person’s best interests. This paper reports Time 2 findings. We found that few care home staff interviewed specifically reported finding the Mental Capacity Act helpful in crystallizing the legal basis of their work. Most continued to offer illustrations of day-to-day practice in which they paid attention to individual choices, took account of the wishes of residents’ families, and tried to act in residents’ best interests but referred major decisions to their seniors. This study highlights the potential of referring to specific day-to-day practice in care homes when offering training or scrutinizing practice in dementia care more generally so that the work is set in its legal as well as moral framework. Care home staff in this study reported that advanced planning and pre-specifying preferences were more common among new care home residents, especially those with dementia, indicating that greater understanding of these is required by staff.
“As planning is everything, it is good for something!” A Coasian economic taxonomy of modes of planning
Authors: Lai Lawrence WC
Published: July 2014

Against two extreme forms of thinking, which have influenced planning theory, this article argues, in the context of a looming amount of literature generated in a movement for private planning, that the distinction between private planning and public planning is a valid one, but one in need of tweaking. However, the plan–market dichotomy (i.e. the assumption that state and private planning is mutually exclusive) is fallacious. Informed by the neo-institutional economic assumption of rational decisions and the stance of contractual solutions, it rides on the surge in private planning by proposing a taxonomy of planning that combines two modes of planning with two types of planning agent and discusses their possible interrelationships using some neo-institutional economic reasoning informed by the ideas of Coase. Some pedagogical and theoretical implications are also discussed.
Popularism and Punishment or Rights and Rehabilitation? Electoral Discourse and Structural Policy Narratives on Youth Justice: Westminster Elections, 1964−2010
Authors: Chaney Paul
Published: July 2014

This study explores the formative origins of youth justice policy and the discursive process of mandate-seeking in party manifestos in Westminster elections. Analysis of issue salience and policy framing reveals: party politicization, a significant increase in issue salience from the 1990s onwards, and a shifting structural policy narrative with inherent contestation and contradictions. The past decade has seen some attempts to revisit pre-1970s welfarist approaches following an extended emphasis on criminalization, incarceration and punishment. This discursive shift has presaged an impressive reduction in levels of incarceration and numbers sentenced, yet international and historical comparative data suggest party programmes need to place continuing emphasis on diversion if full compatibility with the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child is to be secured.
Forming and Developing Your Professional Identity
Authors: Goltz Heather Honoré , Smith Matthew Lee
Published: July 2014

Health education and promotion specialists and professional organizations have worked hard to successfully establish and maintain the status of health education/promotion (HE/P) as a unique and essential profession and to solidify practitioners’ sense of professional identity. A professional identity is critical to a person’s sense of self: It is about connecting with roles, responsibilities, values, and ethical standards unique to a specific profession. Professional identity is a complex issue in the HE/P profession; the distinction between personal and professional identities has been debated repeatedly over the years (e.g., should HE/P professionals be role models for clients?). The purpose of this Tool is to explain the concept of professional identity; provide new, emerging, and experienced HE/P with a greater understanding of what it means to have a professional identity; present processes and benchmarks of professional identity development; and offer specific tips and strategies for developing and enhancing an HE/P professional identity.
Defining the Sensor Society
Authors: Andrejevic Mark , Burdon Mark
Published: July 2014

The proliferation of embedded and distributed sensors marks the increasing passive-ication of interactivity. Devices such as smart phones, cameras, drones, and a growing array of environmental sensors (both fixed and mobile) and interactive online platforms have come to permeate daily life in technologically equipped societies. Consequently, we are witnessing a shift from targeted, purposeful, and discrete forms of information collection to always-on, ubiquitous, opportunistic ever-expanding forms of data capture. The increased use of sensors marks important changes to our understandings of surveillance, information processing, and privacy. In this article, we explore the transformations associated with the emerging sensing environment. The notion of a sensor society provides a conceptual basis for understanding the characteristics of emerging forms of monitoring and control.
A Match Made in Heaven?! Sport, Television, and New Media in the Beginning of the Third Millennia
Authors: Galily Yair , Tamir Ilan
Published: July 2014

Over the last five decades, the symbiotic relationship between sport and the media in general, and television in particular, has been described as a “match made in heaven.” This essay is a conceptual introduction to the special issue in Television & New Media on sport, television, and new media at the beginning of the third millennia.
The Decline of Nationalism among Football Fans
Authors: Tamir Ilan
Published: July 2014

Throughout the history of the nation-state, political leaders have used sport as a means of promoting individual and national agendas. Over the last few years, their hold over sport appears to have weakened. In an era of commercialization, individualism, and globalization, many sport fans have access to matches from all over the world at all hours of the day. This commentary argues that while the broadcasting of international football tournaments remains highly profitable for national television networks, their close relationship with national political agendas will continue to weaken.
Military Resisters, War Resistance, and the Ethics of Exposure and Disclosure
Authors: Weedon Gavin
Published: July 2014

Traitorous cowards or courageous heroes? Military resisters elicit fervent responses not simply because they polarize perspectives on war, nation, and citizenship, but because they encounter and embody a moral quandary which marks all conflict: The fear of harming another when one’s own life, and sense of self, is endangered. With recourse to Judith Butler’s meditations on the precarity of life and the finitude of liberal humanist ontologies, this article contemplates the ethical imperative of eschewing both the valorization and demonization of individual resisters who found perpetrating war too much to bear. My focus lies in 21st-century U.S. military resisters who journey to Canada in search of refuge, residency, and “peace of mind.” While their experiences are imbued with ethical promise for amplifying oppositional political perspectives on war, this promise is inhibited by the legal and political apparatuses in which they are constituted, through which they are individuated, and to which they remain bound.
Multicenter, Phase III Trial Comparing Selenium Supplementation With Observation in Gynecologic Radiation Oncology
Authors: Muecke Ralph , Micke Oliver , Schomburg Lutz , Glatzel Michael , Reichl Berthold , Kisters Klaus , Schaefer Ulrich , Huebner Jutta , Eich Hans T. , Fakhrian K. , Adamietz Irenaeus A. , Buentzel Jens ,   on Behalf of the German Working Group Trace Elements and Electrolytes in Oncology—AKTE
Published: July 2014

Purpose. In 2010, we reported that selenium (Se) supplementation during radiation therapy (RT) is effective for increasing blood Se levels in Se-deficient cervical and uterine cancer patients, and reduced the number of episodes and severity of RT-induced diarrhea. In the current study, we examine whether of Se supplementation during adjuvant RT affects long-term survival of these patients. Patients and Methods. Former patients were identified and questioned with respect to their health and well-being. Results. A total of 81 patients were randomized in the initial supplementation study, 39 of whom received Se (selenium group, SeG) and 42 of whom served as controls (control group, CG). When former patients were reidentified after a median follow-up of 70 months (range = 0-136), the actuarial 10-year disease-free survival rate in the SeG was 80.1% compared to 83.2% in the CG ( P = .65), and the actuarial 10-year overall survival rate of patients in the SeG was 55.3% compared to 42.7% in the CG ( P = .09). Conclusions. Our extended follow-up analysis demonstrates that Se supplementation had no influence on the effectiveness of the anticancer irradiation therapy and did not negatively affect patients’ long-term survival. In view of its positive effects on RT-induced diarrhea, we consider Se supplementation to be a meaningful and beneficial adjuvant treatment in Se-deficient cervical and uterine cancer patients while undergoing pelvic radiation therapy.
Upper Limb Robot-Assisted Therapy in Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Gilliaux Maxime , Renders Anne , Dispa Delphine , Holvoet Dominique , Sapin Julien , Dehez Bruno , Detrembleur Christine , Lejeune Thierry M. , Stoquart Gaëtan
Published: July 2014

Background. Several pilot studies have evoked interest in robot-assisted therapy (RAT) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). Objective. To assess the effectiveness of RAT in children with CP through a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Patients and Methods. Sixteen children with CP were randomized into 2 groups. Eight children performed 5 conventional therapy sessions per week over 8 weeks (control group). Eight children completed 3 conventional therapy sessions and 2 robot-assisted sessions per week over 8 weeks (robotic group). For both groups, each therapy session lasted 45 minutes. Throughout each RAT session, the patient attempted to reach several targets consecutively with the REAPlan. The REAPlan is a distal effector robot that allows for displacements of the upper limb in the horizontal plane. A blinded assessment was performed before and after the intervention with respect to the International Classification of Functioning framework: body structure and function (upper limb kinematics, Box and Block test, Quality of Upper Extremity Skills Test, strength, and spasticity), activities (Abilhand-Kids, Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory), and participation (Life Habits). Results. During each RAT session, patients performed 744 movements on average with the REAPlan. Among the variables assessed, the smoothness of movement ( P < .01) and manual dexterity assessed by the Box and Block test ( P = .04) improved significantly more in the robotic group than in the control group. Conclusions. This single-blind randomized controlled trial provides the first evidence that RAT is effective in children with CP. Future studies should investigate the long-term effects of this therapy.
Using Pedometers for Measuring and Increasing Physical Activity in Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lubans David R. , Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Miller Andrew , Scott Joseph J. , Thompson Debbe , Tudor-Locke Catrine
Published: July 2014

The science and practice of step counting in children (typically aged 6-11 years) and adolescents (typically aged 12-19 years) has evolved rapidly over a relatively brief period with the commercial availability of research-grade pedometers and accelerometers. Recent reviews have summarized considerations for assessing physical activity using pedometers in young people (both children and adolescents), but 3 areas have received little attention: pedometer monitoring protocols, minimal (as opposed to optimal) step counts necessary for maintaining basal levels of health, and appropriate pedometer-based interventions for young people. Therefore, the objective of this review was to evaluate the current evidence and identify future research directions in these areas. The challenges of objective monitoring of physical activity in children and adolescents reinforce the importance of using protocols that minimize participant burden and the potential for tampering/reactivity. Evidence for a sedentary lifestyle cut point is limited; researchers are therefore encouraged to investigate several cut points (ie, <5000, <6000, <7000 steps/d) in children and adolescents to identify the health consequences of very low levels of ambulatory activity. Personalized messages may be necessary for health behavior change in pedometer-based interventions, but there is a need for more high-quality studies to develop the existing evidence base.
Mindfulness Meditation to Promote Wellness and Manage Chronic Disease
Authors: Victorson David , Kentor Mitchell , Maletich Carly , Lawton Rachel C. , Kaufman Vered Hankin , Borrero Maria , Languido Lauren , Lewett Katherine , Pancoe Hannah , Berkowitz Carla
Published: July 2014

Lifestyle medicine is a patient-engaged field that has grown in tandem with our increasing knowledge of the importance of lifestyle factors and modifiable health behaviors for disease prevention, health promotion, and the management of chronic illness. Stress is at the epicenter of many negative behaviors that contribute to unhealthy lives, such as smoking, overeating, and unhealthy diets, and lack of activity. Mindfulness meditation is a stress reduction practice that teaches awareness, appreciation, and nonjudgmental acceptance of one’s present experience, thereby short-circuiting reactive, automatic stress reactions. Our systematic review and meta-analysis focuses on the application of randomized controlled mindfulness intervention studies across a broad range of populations and conditions that are relevant to lifestyle medicine. In addition to organizing and highlighting mindfulness research studies that are relevant to the field of lifestyle medicine, we also empirically examine the impact of study design issues (eg, use of different controls, intervention length and duration, sample size, primary outcomes) on the magnitude of effect of mindfulness interventions in lifestyle medicine. Overall, this systematic review and meta-analysis found partial evidence for mindfulness-based interventions to provide short-term benefits across a wide range of lifestyle medicine–relevant populations and study outcomes, particularly focusing on the areas of diet and weight management and symptom burden. Numerous outcome measures were used; however, the most common were the Perceived Stress Scale and the State Trait Anxiety Inventory. This analysis also provides evidence for mindfulness-based interventions that have fewer than 20 individuals per group, as well as partial support for interventions that are less than the standard 8 weeks in duration.
Exercise Capacity and Aging
Authors: Akerman Jason P. , Heckman George A. , McKelvie Robert S.
Published: July 2014

A growing body of literature suggests that regular exercise among older individuals regardless of the degree of frailty, with or without underlying chronic disease, may attenuate the consequences of age-related changes on exercise capacity. The purpose of this article is to review the effects of age-related changes on exercise capacity and the benefits of prescribing exercise to older persons.
Complete endovascular debranching of the aortic arch: A report of two cases
Authors: Anderson Joseph , Nykamp Madeline , Remund Tyler , Kelly Patrick
Published: July 2014

Patients suffering from aortic arch aneurysms continue to encounter few treatment options. Because of co-morbidities, most are deemed to not be open surgical candidates. The two cases presented here demonstrate a novel endovascular approach in the care of an arch aneurysm complicated by dissection. Even though final graft configurations differed slightly between the two cases, all three great vessels were successfully de-branched through the combination of standard endovascular aneurysm repair techniques and modifications to off-the-shelf devices. Aortic flow was compartmentalized in the ascending aorta at or near the level of the sinotubular junction. This was done with a physician-assembled endografts. One of these lumens was dedicated to the descending aorta, while the other was further divided into three channels used to stent the great vessels. Completion angiography demonstrated patency in the arch, great vessels, and descending aorta. No endoleaks have been reported. Although data is limited, this approach appears promising.
School principals in Southern Thailand
Authors: Brooks Melanie C
Published: July 2014

This article reports findings from a case study of school principals in Southern Thailand who work in areas targeted by Muslim separatist groups. Data were gathered and analyzed using a conceptual framework that conceived of trust as five interrelated constructs: benevolence, honesty, openness, reliability, and competence. This study builds on prior trust research by examining trust in a specific non-Western cultural context that is moderated by two cultural phenomena: violence and ethno-religious difference. This study is a unique contribution to both the broader research on trust and to our understanding of how leadership is enacted in different cultural contexts. More narrowly, this study also helps us understand the way school leaders in southernmost Thailand build and sustain trust with community leaders. Findings suggested that school principals experienced each of these forms of trust, yet each individual principal interpreted them in a unique manner. In addition, in regards to principal work, fear and problems with communication were found to hinder leadership efforts.
Late and very late drug-eluting stent thrombosis in the immediate postoperative period after antiplatelet withdrawal: a retrospective study
Authors: Omar Hesham R. , Sprenker Collin , Karlnoski Rachel , Camporesi Enrico M. , Mangar Devanand
Published: July 2014

Background:

Late (31–360 days after deployment) and very late (>360 days after deployment) stent thrombosis is a feared complication after drug-eluting stent (DES) deployment. The American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines recommend dual antiplatelet therapy for 12 months due to the lack of protection beyond this period in randomized trials. The perioperative period is a unique state of generalized hypercoagulability which can predispose people to DES thrombosis when combined with the rebound hypercoagulable effect of antiplatelet withdrawal.

Methods:

A retrospective chart review was performed to detect incidences of late and very late postoperative DES thrombosis after elective noncardiac surgery. Only definite and probable cases of stent thrombosis were included. All cases were analyzed for patient demographics, comorbidities, type of surgery, intervention history, preoperative antiplatelets management, postoperative course and outcome.

Results:

A total of six patients with prior DES deployment (10–42 months earlier, average 30 months) developed DES thrombosis (five very late and one late) in the immediate postoperative period. All patients had stable coronary artery disease and were cleared for surgery (intermediate cardiac risk surgery) by their cardiologist. In all patients, antiplatelets were discontinued 4–7 days (average 5.6 days) prior to surgery to minimize operative bleeding. Five of six patients developed ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Half of the patients had simultaneous two-vessel DES thrombosis and two cases had single vessel thrombosis. Three patients developed ventricular fibrillation and cardiac arrest. One-third of the patients died during the index hospitalization. Coronary thrombectomy and angioplasty was successful in the remaining four cases. The incidence of postoperative late and very late DES thrombosis among all patients undergoing noncardiac surgery who were older than 40 years was 0.006%.

Conclusion:

Caution should be exercised when attempting to withdraw antiplatelets preoperatively in patients with DES even when the recommended 12-month period of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) has elapsed. The significant morbidity and mortality of this complication warrants further research to study the ideal perioperative management of antiplatelets in patients with prior DES deployment over 1 year who are still receiving DAPT.
Transitional Care Strategies From Hospital to Home
Authors: Rennke Stephanie , Ranji Sumant R.
Published: July 2014

Hospitals are challenged with reevaluating their hospital’s transitional care practices, to reduce 30-day readmission rates, prevent adverse events, and ensure a safe transition of patients from hospital to home. Despite the increasing attention to transitional care, there are few published studies that have shown significant reductions in readmission rates, particularly for patients with stroke and other neurologic diagnoses. Successful hospital-initiated transitional care programs include a “bridging” strategy with both predischarge and postdischarge interventions and dedicated transitions provider involved at multiple points in time. Although multicomponent strategies including patient engagement, use of a dedicated transition provider, and facilitation of communication with outpatient providers require time and resources, there is evidence that neurohospitalists can implement a transitional care program with the aim of improving patient safety across the continuum of care.
Bacterial Brain Abscess
Authors: Patel Kevin , Clifford David B.
Published: July 2014

Significant advances in the diagnosis and management of bacterial brain abscess over the past several decades have improved the expected outcome of a disease once regarded as invariably fatal. Despite this, intraparenchymal abscess continues to present a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Brain abscess may result from traumatic brain injury, prior neurosurgical procedure, contiguous spread from a local source, or hematogenous spread of a systemic infection. In a significant proportion of cases, an etiology cannot be identified. Clinical presentation is highly variable and routine laboratory testing lacks sensitivity. As such, a high degree of clinical suspicion is necessary for prompt diagnosis and intervention. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging offer a timely and sensitive method of assessing for abscess. Appearance of abscess on routine imaging lacks specificity and will not spare biopsy in cases where the clinical context does not unequivocally indicate infectious etiology. Current work with advanced imaging modalities may yield more accurate methods of differentiation of mass lesions in the brain. Management of abscess demands a multimodal approach. Surgical intervention and medical therapy are necessary in most cases. Prognosis of brain abscess has improved significantly in the recent decades although close follow-up is required, given the potential for long-term sequelae and a risk of recurrence.
Emerging and Reemerging Neurologic Infections
Authors: Chow Felicia C. , Glaser Carol A.
Published: July 2014

The list of emerging and reemerging pathogens that cause neurologic disease is expanding. Various factors, including population growth and a rise in international travel, have contributed to the spread of pathogens to previously nonendemic regions. Recent advances in diagnostic methods have led to the identification of novel pathogens responsible for infections of the central nervous system. Furthermore, new issues have arisen surrounding established infections, particularly in an increasingly immunocompromised population due to advances in the treatment of rheumatologic disease and in transplant medicine.
Love You? Hate You? Maybe It’s Both
Authors: Zayas Vivian , Shoda Yuichi
Published: July 2014

Psychoanalytic theory, clinical practice, and intuition all suggest that human beings can be profoundly ambivalent about significant others. However, experimental psychology has commonly assessed automatic evaluations as either positive or negative, but not both simultaneously. Experiment 1 showed that activating the mental representation of a significant other facilitated the processing of both positive and negative information ( bivalent-priming). In contrast, replicating past work, activating the mental representation of an object facilitated classification of only valence-congruent targets and inhibited classification of valence-incongruent targets ( univalent-priming). Experiment 2 demonstrated that these results were not attributable to alternative accounts, such as arousal. The results support the long-held proposition that significant others automatically facilitate coactivation of positive and negative and that commonly used relative (good vs. bad) measures of automatic evaluation may not capture this affective complexity.
Punishing the Perpetrator Decreases Compensation for Victims
Authors: Adams Gabrielle S. , Mullen Elizabeth
Published: July 2014

Why do victims sometimes not receive the help they need? One reason may be that people believe punishing perpetrators restores justice, which makes them less willing to help victims if the perpetrator has been punished. Participants who were first asked how much to punish a perpetrator subsequently recommended less compensation for the victim relative to participants who were asked about compensation first. In contrast, participants punished perpetrators to the same degree regardless of whether they were first asked about compensation (Study 1). These effects also held when a third party administered the initial response (Studies 2 and 3). Punishment increased people’s belief that justice had been restored, which decreased their desires for victim compensation (Study 3). Thus, the extent to which individuals are concerned about victims is influenced by whether they first consider perpetrator punishment.
Sensitivity to Changing Contingencies Predicts Social Success
Authors: Ronay Richard , von Hippel William
Published: July 2014

To adapt one’s behavior to suit changing social contingencies, it is necessary to be skillful at detecting such changing contingencies in the first place. As a consequence, the ability to detect changing contingencies (reversal learning) should predict social competence across both competitive and cooperative social settings. Consistent with this possibility, Study 1 revealed that better reversal learning predicted more effective conflict management and partner happiness within romantic relationships. Studies 2a and 2b found that better reversal learning predicted less satisfied negotiation partners, an effect mediated by the positive relationship between reversal-learning performance and value gained from the negotiation. In Study 3, better reversal learning predicted greater partner cooperation and more favorable outcomes in a multi-round prisoners’ dilemma game. These results suggest that the capacity to detect changing contingencies, and thereby modify one’s behavior in response to a socially dynamic world, facilitates interpersonal competence across a variety of social domains.
Promotion- and Prevention-Focused Networking and Its Consequences for Entrepreneurial Success
Authors: Pollack Jeffrey M. , Forster William R. , Johnson Paul D. , Coy Anthony , Molden Daniel C.
Published: July 2014

Building and using social networks is an important factor in individuals’ personal as well as professional success. In the present work, we examine how individuals’ regulatory focus relates to their networking behavior. Findings from a sample of 300 entrepreneurs across 25 networking groups showed that a general focus on motivations for growth and advancement ( promotion) predicted an increase in out-degree centrality (i.e., how much weekly, business-related contact entrepreneurs had with members in their own networking group), whereas a general focus on motivations for safety and security ( prevention) predicted a decrease in out-degree centrality. Moreover, greater out-degree centrality further predicted an increase in the revenue entrepreneurs generated from members in their networking group. These findings demonstrate how individual differences affect personal motivations for how entrepreneurs’ develop and use their business networks and highlight the importance of motivations for growth and security in relationship formation and maintenance more generally.
A qualitative study of the attitudes of patients in an early intervention service towards antipsychotic long-acting injections
Authors: Das Amlan K. , Malik Abid , Haddad Peter M.
Published: July 2014

Objectives:

The objective of this study was to investigate attitudinal themes to antipsychotic long-acting injections (LAIs) in patients in an early intervention team (EIT).

Methods:

Interviews were carried out with outpatients purposively sampled from an EIT to represent patients currently prescribed antipsychotic LAIs, oral antipsychotics and those not prescribed antipsychotic medication. Interviews were conducted and analysed according to grounded theory. Recruitment stopped when saturation of themes was reached.

Results:

Interviews from 11 patients were analysed (median age 24 years). Attitudes to LAIs were condensed into three key categories: therapeutic alliance and the psychiatrists’ recommendation of antipsychotic medication; patients’ knowledge and beliefs about LAIs; and patients’ views regarding the appropriateness of LAIs. Participants valued their psychiatrist’s recommendation as to the most appropriate antipsychotic. Attitudes to LAIs varied but were most positive among those currently receiving a LAI. Among those not prescribed LAIs, some were open to considering a LAI if their clinician recommended it but others were opposed to such treatment and preferred tables. There was a lack of awareness of LAIs as a treatment option among those not prescribed a LAI. Delay in being offered a LAI was reported in the group currently prescribed a LAI. Several participants associated oral antipsychotics, LAIs and mental illness with stigma. Some not prescribed a LAI had misperceptions about the nature of this treatment. Participants regarded the advantages of LAIs as convenience and avoiding forgetting to take tablets, while disadvantages included injection pain, fear of needles and coercion.

Conclusion:

Lack of knowledge, misperceptions and stigma related to LAIs and other treatment options should be addressed by providing patients with accurate information. This will facilitate patients being involved in choices about treatment, and should they decide to accept medication, which drug and formulation is most appropriate for their needs. Clinicians should avoid making assumptions about patients’ attitudes to LAIs; attitudes vary but some early intervention patients not prescribed LAIs are open to considering this treatment. Antipsychotic prescribing should result from a shared decision-making process in which clinicians and patients openly discuss the pros and cons of different formulations and drugs. The themes identified in this qualitative study require further exploration using quantitative methodology.
Liposomes as vaccine delivery systems: a review of the recent advances
Authors: Schwendener Reto A.
Published: July 2014

Liposomes and liposome-derived nanovesicles such as archaeosomes and virosomes have become important carrier systems in vaccine development and the interest for liposome-based vaccines has markedly increased. A key advantage of liposomes, archaeosomes and virosomes in general, and liposome-based vaccine delivery systems in particular, is their versatility and plasticity. Liposome composition and preparation can be chosen to achieve desired features such as selection of lipid, charge, size, size distribution, entrapment and location of antigens or adjuvants. Depending on the chemical properties, water-soluble antigens (proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, haptens) are entrapped within the aqueous inner space of liposomes, whereas lipophilic compounds (lipopeptides, antigens, adjuvants, linker molecules) are intercalated into the lipid bilayer and antigens or adjuvants can be attached to the liposome surface either by adsorption or stable chemical linking. Coformulations containing different types of antigens or adjuvants can be combined with the parameters mentioned to tailor liposomal vaccines for individual applications. Special emphasis is given in this review to cationic adjuvant liposome vaccine formulations. Examples of vaccines made with CAF01, an adjuvant composed of the synthetic immune-stimulating mycobacterial cordfactor glycolipid trehalose dibehenate as immunomodulator and the cationic membrane forming molecule dimethyl dioctadecylammonium are presented. Other vaccines such as cationic liposome–DNA complexes (CLDCs) and other adjuvants like muramyl dipeptide, monophosphoryl lipid A and listeriolysin O are mentioned as well. The field of liposomes and liposome-based vaccines is vast. Therefore, this review concentrates on recent and relevant studies emphasizing current reports dealing with the most studied antigens and adjuvants, and pertinent examples of vaccines. Studies on liposome-based veterinary vaccines and experimental therapeutic cancer vaccines are also summarized.
Should a 31/62-day target be applicable to urinary stone patients with indwelling stents?
Authors: Smith T , Gruber M , Simoes A , Krishnan R , Shrotri N
Published: July 2014

Objective:

Patients with urinary stone disease languish on waiting lists. They are often young and suffer morbidity and unemployment. Stone disease leads to sepsis, loss of renal units and even death. We aimed to assess the readmission rates and associated morbidity for patients with ureteric stents in situ secondary to stone disease.

Patients and methods:

Over 12 months 692 patients totalling 1114 admissions were admitted to our unit with a coded diagnosis of renal colic. Of the 692 individuals, 378 first presented as an emergency. The rest had elective first admissions.

Results:

Of the 378 emergency presentations, 78 were admitted between two and eight times. The total number of admissions for this group of 78 patients was 248. The average time interval was calculated from first emergency presentation to date of first elective treatment (52.3 days (range 2–281)) and from date of first emergency presentation to date of last treatment (63.6 days (range 2–281)). A total of 401 working days were lost.

Conclusion:

The management of patients with urinary stone disease needs serious reconsideration. We propose that patients with indwelling stents have a 31/62-day target similar to cancer patients due to the increased morbidity associated with loss of working days and the increased cost of readmissions to an overburdened health service.
Where Have All the (White and Hispanic) Inmates Gone? Comparing the Racial Composition of Private and Public Adult Correctional Facilities
Authors: Burkhardt Brett C.
Published: July 2014

A great deal of research has documented racial disparities in imprisonment rates in the United States, but little work has been done to understand the process by which inmates are assigned to individual correctional facilities. This article extends research on racial disparities in imprisonment rates to consider racial disparities in inmate populations across prisons. Specifically, it examines the racial pattern of inmate placement in privately operated and publicly operated correctional facilities. Analysis of American adult correctional facilities reveals that, in 2005, White inmates were significantly underrepresented (and Hispanic inmates overrepresented) in private correctional facilities relative to public ones. Results from multilevel models show that being privately operated (as opposed to publicly operated) decreased the White share of a facility’s population by more than eight percentage points and increased the Hispanic share of a facility’s population by nearly two percentage points, net of facility- and state-level controls. These findings raise legal questions about equal protection of inmates and economic questions about the reliance of private correctional firms on Hispanic inmates.