bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Perception of PrEP‐related stigma in PrEP users: Results from the ANRS‐PREVENIR cohort
Authors: Protiere C. , Sagaon‐Teyssier L. , Donadille C. , Sow A. , Gaubert G. , Girard G. , Mora M. , Assoumou L. , Beniguel L. , Michels D. , Ghosn J. , Costagliola D. , Rojas Castro D. , Molina J.‐M. , Spire B. ,   ANRS PREVENIR Study‐Group
Published: April 2023

Introduction

Since the advent of HIV pre‐exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), stigma has been shown to be a major barrier to its uptake and adherence. It is therefore essential to define the proportion of users who consider that PrEP can negatively impact their image and the factors associated with this perception.

Method

We performed a multivariable logistic regression on data from the 2567 participants in the ANRS‐PREVENIR study who answered the outcome question.

Results

Almost one‐third of the sample (comprising mostly cisgender men who have sex with men [94.3%]) considered that taking PrEP could give others a negative image of them. Younger participants (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.98; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–0.99) and more psychologically vulnerable participants (i.e., lower self‐esteem score [aOR 0.98; 95% CI 0.96–0.99] and higher depression score [aOR 1.02; 95% CI 1.00–1.03]) were also more likely to have this perception. In contrast, participants encouraged to take PrEP by their main partner (aOR 0.67; 95% CI 0.51–0.88) and friends (aOR 0.79; 95% CI 0.66–0.95), and those who protected themselves more because they had knowledge of their most recent sexual partner's HIV status (aOR 0.83; 95% CI 0.69–0.99) and systematic use of PrEP and/or condoms during intercourse in the previous 3 months (aOR 0.80; 95% CI 0.67–0.96) were less likely to have this perception.

Discussion

Given the strong interrelation between stigmatization (real or perceived), risky behaviours and adherence, our results emphasize the need for HIV prevention campaigns to promote a positive image of PrEP users. They also show that stigmatization and its effects need to be fully considered to improve HIV prevention offers to current and potential PrEP users who are most likely to be psychologically vulnerable.
Systematic revision of the ‘diminutive’ Kentish Plover (Charadriidae: Charadrius) with the resurrection of Charadrius seebohmi based on phenotypic and genetic analyses
Authors: Niroshan Jude Janitha , Liu Yang , Martinez Jonathan , Que Pinjia , Wei Chentao , Weerakkody Sanjaya , Panagoda Gayomini , Weerasena Jagathpriya , Amarasinghe Thasun A. A. , Székely Tamás , Bond Alexander L. , Seneviratne Sampath S.
Published: April 2023

The Kentish Plover Charadrius alexandrinus Linnaeus 1758 is a common shorebird in Eurasia and North Africa that breeds in a variety of habitats, exhibits different extents of migratory behaviour and is an emerging model species of breeding system evolution. Here we focus on the resident population found across the southern tip of India and Sri Lanka, and re‐evaluate its systematic status based on phenotypic and genetic distinctiveness from a sympatric migrant, Charadrius alexandrinus sensu stricto, and the recently elevated closely related Charadrius dealbatus in East Asia. We show that the Sri Lankan and South Indian (South Asian) population differs in body size, moulting pattern and plumage coloration from C. alexandrinus and C. dealbatus. Furthermore, based on two mitochondrial, two sex‐linked and 11 autosomal microsatellite markers from 378 individuals, we show that these three taxa have moderate genetic differentiation (Fst 0.078–0.096). The South Asian taxon is sister to the clade of C. alexandrinus sensu stricto and C. dealbatus with an estimated divergence time of 1.19 million years ago. We also examined ornithological records of major museum collections in Asia, Europe and North America for the south Asian taxon to evaluate its biogeographical and taxonomic status. Based on differences in genotype, phenotype, allochronic migratory pattern and breeding range, we resurrect the most suitable synonym, Charadrius alexandrinus seebohmi Hartert and Jackson, 1915, and elevate the nomen to the species level with the proposed English name ‘Hanuman Plover’.
High damage tolerant Al2O3 composite ceramics constructed with short Al2O3 fibers
Authors: Lv Huanxiang , Zhou Qi , Su Yunfeng , Chen Shuna , Fan Hengzhong , Song Junjie , Zhang Yongsheng , Hu Litian
Published: April 2023

The catastrophic fracture characteristics of ceramic materials have become one of the most serious factors limiting their application in critical areas, as a result, it is urgent to overcome the brittleness and improve the damage tolerance of ceramic materials. Herein, a series of Al2O3 composite ceramics developed with short Al2O3 fibers and a compound interface phase composed of Al2O3 and h‐BN powders, followed by investigating their fracture behaviors and damage tolerance. Results show that these composites present progressive fracture manners with the rising resistance curve (R‐curve) behaviors, and the maximum crack growth toughness of the sample with 15% compound interface phase reaches above 10 MPa·m1/2 (135% increase with respect to the reference alumina). Meanwhile, the composite ceramic exhibits an excellent ability to resist catastrophic failure with a large critical crack size (105.47 ± 19.11 μm) and high damage tolerance parameter (0.71 ± 0.06 m1/2), which are close to 14.57 times and 5.92 times higher than those of the reference alumina. The superior performances are mainly attributed to the precise combination of compound interface phase for inducing crack and interlocking Al2O3 fibers for load capacity.
Physicochemical and microstructural properties of edible film simulating the cell wall of wheat aleurone and its regulation of post‐harvest apricot moisture
Authors: Ge Minghui , Ying Ruifeng , Huang Meigui
Published: April 2023

Post‐harvest apricot fruits are susceptible to moisture loss and disease leading to quality deterioration. Herein, we identified that the cell wall of the wheat grain regulated the hydration properties of grains. Arabinoxylan/β‐glucan/ferulic acid/cellulose (ABF‐C) composite films simulating the cell wall of the wheat aleurone layer were prepared and showed excellent thermodynamic properties and hydration properties. Meanwhile, the decay percentage, weight loss percentage and respiration intensity of apricot fruits at 35 days of storage were greatly decreased by 23.5%, 23.93% and 39.95%, respectively, and the shelf life of apricot fruits was extended by 7 days after the coating ABF‐8%C composite film treatment. The ABF‐C composite films effectively prevented the dissipation of moisture of high mobility in apricot fruits during storage. We provide new insight into moisture regulation mechanism of edible films simulating cell wall structure on post‐harvest fruits.
An assessment of the current epidemiological and laboratory capacities for influenza‐like illnesses and severe acute respiratory infection surveillance, Yemen 2022
Authors: Al‐Waleedi Ali A. , Thabet Ahmed A. , bin Azoon Nasreen , Dandarwe Adham , Al‐Amoudi Abed Salem , Al‐Gailani Amar , Atef Bakil
Published: April 2023

Background and Objectives

We aim to re‐activate influenza sentinel surveillance system in Yemen after disruption related to repurposing for COVID‐19 pandemic. WHO Country Office (CO) in collaboration with Yemen's Ministry of Public Health and Population (MOPH&P) jointly conducted an assessment mission to assess the current situation of the influenza sentinel surveillance system and assess its capacity to detect influenza epidemics and monitor trends in circulating influenza and other respiratory viruses of epidemic and pandemic potential. This study presents the results of the assessment for three sentinel sites located in Aden, Taiz, and Hadramout/Mukalla.

Methodology

A mixed methods approach was used to guide the assessment process and to help achieve the objectives. Data were collected as follows: desk review of the sentinel sites records and data; interviews with stakeholders, including key informants and partners; and direct observation through field visits to the sentinel sites, MOPH&P and the Central Public Health Laboratory (CPHL). Two assessment checklists were used: assessment of sentinel sites for SARI surveillance, and checklist for assessment of availability of SARI sentinel surveillance.

Results and Conclusion

COVID‐19 has affected health systems and services, and this was demonstrated in this assessment. The influenza sentinel surveillance system in Yemen is not effectively functional; however, there is plenty of room for improvement if investment in the system's restructuring, training, building technical and laboratory capacities, and conducting continuous and regular supervision visits.
Liquidity creation channel of monetary policy transmission in India: Do bank characteristics matter?1
Authors: Ansari Md Gyasuddin , Sensarma Rudra
Published: April 2023

In this paper, we examine the effect of monetary policy on liquidity creation (LC) by banks in India. We also study the role of bank characteristics in the transmission of monetary policy to LC. We apply static and dynamic panel regressions to bank‐level data from India, spanning the period 1999–2020. We find a negative impact of monetary policy tightening on total as well as on‐balance sheet LC. We also find that the capital, size and profit of banks support the monetary policy transmission to LC. Finally, the LC channel seems to operate for both public sector and private sector banks. Our findings suggest that the monetary policy authority must closely monitor bank‐level characteristics to improve the efficacy of the LC channel of monetary policy.
THE COST‐EFFECTIVENESS OF THROMBOLYTIC THERAPY FOLLOWING ACUTE MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
Authors: Fenn P , Gray A M , Mcguire A
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY The increasing use of thrombolytic therapy following acute myocardial infarction has given rise to value for money questions. This study examines the cost‐effectiveness of the thrombolytic agent anistreplase (Eminase). Using clinical trial data on the efficacy of anistreplase compared to placebo, and retrospectively obtained cost data from the National Health Service, the study estimates the cost per life‐year saved of using this therapeutic agent. The results suggest that the cost‐effectiveness of thrombolytic therapy compares favourably with that of other forms of coronary disease treatment. The study concludes that comparisons of the relative cost‐effectiveness of different thrombolytic agents are an obvious next step, once full results from recent clinical trials are available.
THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF PATIENTS WITH HIV INFECTION AND AIDS
Authors: Barton S E
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY The clinician is faced with a number of problems when treating patients infected with the human immunodeficiency (HIV) virus. Firstly, there is a lack of accurate data on the numbers of people infected by the HIV virus and uncertainty as to the natural history of the infection. This limits the ability to plan health care strategies for the future. Secondly, it is difficult to encompass detailed knowledge of the variety of illnesses which occur in patients with HIV infection and AIDS and the even broader range of therapies and outcomes reported in the literature. Thirdly, the clinician has to keep pace with the rapidly changing nature of the models for HIV pathogenesis and possible therapeutic interventions.

However, despite these gaping holes in our knowledge, the main message of this clinical review is that a general awareness of the wide spectrum of conditions associated with HIV infection, coupled with a well organised, multidisciplinary and pragmatic approach, will provide the patients with the best chance of being correctly diagnosed and treated. Furthermore, it must be remembered that, while seeking scientific knowledge and experimenting for a cure, AIDS remains a universally fatal condition. It is essential that palliative care is available alongside and within facilities which are providing potentially curative clinical drug trials. It is equally vital that the patients be given autonomy in deciding which of these aspects of care they choose at any time. Such an approach, and the experience of caring for patients with HIV infection who pass from apparent health to fatal disease, will continue to test the skills and reserves of physicians well into the next century.
CLINICAL APPLICATIONS OF POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Maisey M , Jeffery P
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY Positron emission tomography (PET) has been used extensively as a research tool in the investigation of human physiology and pathology for over a decade. By labelling suitable compounds (for example, glucose, amino acids, ammonia, DOPAor drugs) with positron emitting isotopes which are then administered in tracer amounts, the blood flow, metabolism and even the cell receptor or neurotransmitter distributions may be assessed in vivo. Advances in PET technology and experience now make PET a powerful clinical diagnostic tool, enabling investigation of disease at a molecular level, even in the absence of anatomical abnormalities apparent on computerised tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Clinical PET is already utilised in the management of patients with epilepsy, cerebrovascular and cardiovascular disease, dementia and a wide variety of oncological applications. PET will become more widely available shortly in the UK, with the opening of centres such as the Guy's and St Thomas's Clinical PET Centre in 1992. It will therefore become increasingly important that clinicians are aware of those specific areas in which PET may be the investigation of choice to optimise patient diagnosis, treatment and/or follow‐up.

This review will endeavour to explain briefly the principles of the PET technique, and then outline those areas where PET has already had an impact on patient management in comparison with the more widely available diagnostic tests, finally outlining promising areas where PET may become more clinically useful in the future.
CAPLAN'S SYNDROME
Authors: Williams W Jones
Published: April 2023

INTRODUCTION Anthony Caplan was born in London in 1907 and qualified in Medicine at St Bartholomew's Hospital in 1930. After obtaining his MD and MRCP (London) in 1935, he spent ten years as Chief Medical Officer to the Kalar Gold Fields Hospital in India, where he produced a number of research papers which are still quoted. He was involved in both clinical and pathology practice there. He was a member of the Cardiff Pneumoconiosis Medical Panel from 1949 to 1963 and then worked on the London panel until his death in November 1976.
BILATERAL RECTUS SHEATH HAEMATOMA COMPLICATING ALCOHOLIC LIVER DISEASE
Authors: Docherty J G , Herrick A L
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY Rectus sheath haematoma has been well documented with over 500 cases reported. The main interest is in their ability to mimic severe intra‐abdominal pathology with a resultant low rate of pre‐operative diagnosis. We report a case of a bilateral rectus sheath haematoma complicating severe alcoholic liver disease and review the modes of diagnosis and management.
RENAL ANGIOMYOLIPOMA: DIAGNOSIS AND MANAGEMENT
Authors: Parry G W , McWilliam J , Ragoonan C , Harvey J S
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY Non‐traumatic retroperitoneal haemorrhage is uncommon, and the diagnosis is often difficult. However, such bleeding is frequently renal in origin, and most commonly arises from renal neoplasia, benign or malignant.

We present two cases of bleeding renal angiomyolipomata, review the literature on the subject and consider options for diagnosis and treatment.
BLOOD PRESSURE CONTROL AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK IN PATIENTS OF INDO‐ASIAN AND AFRICAN‐CARIBBEAN DESCENT
Authors: Burden AC
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY Hypertension is a major risk factor for premature death. Large outcome studies have demonstrated reduced morbidity and mortality associated with antihypertensive therapy in mixed patient populations, but data on morbidity and mortality in defined ethnic groups are lacking. Management of cardiovascular risk factors, which frequently coexist with hypertension, presents a logical management strategy in these patients. Indo‐Asian patients are particularly prone to insulin resistance and non‐insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM), which are associated in turn with potentially atherogenic lipid profiles and poor cardiovascular outcomes. Diuretics and β‐adrenoceptor blockers exert theoretically adverse effects on lipid profiles and should be used with caution in Indo‐Asian patients at risk of developing NIDDM. Hypertensive African‐Caribbean patients are at increased risk of stroke and tend to suffer greater target organ damage, including renal dysfunction and cardiac hypertrophy. Hypertension in African‐Caribbean patients is less sensitive to β‐adrenoceptor blockade or ACE inhibition than in white patients. Selective α1‐adrenoceptor antagonists and calcium channel blockers are equally effective antihypertensive agents in all races. While calcium channel blockers are metabolically neutral, α1‐adrenoceptor blockers promote a potentially less atherogenic lipid profile. Further study of the effects of antihypertensive treatment on morbidity and mortality in ethnic groups is required, particularly in Indo‐Asian patients.
EXPANDING ROLE OF ALPHA ADRENOCEPTOR BLOCKADE IN THE TREATMENT OF BENIGN PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA
Authors: Kirby RS
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY This review analyses the expanding role of alpha adrenoceptor blockers in the treatment of BPH and examines the rationale for their use. The safety and efficacy of currently available alpha adrenoceptor blockers is reviewed, with emphasis on the most extensively studied agent, doxazosin. Like other alpha adrenoceptor blockers, doxazosin improves both symptoms of BPH and urinary flow rates by a statistically significant effect compared with placebo. Doxazosin also significantly reduces blood pressure in the 30% of BPH sufferers who also have hypertension; furthermore, there is a beneficial effect on lipid metabolism, which may translate into a reduced risk of coronary heart disease. It is concluded that existing alpha adrenoceptor blockers constitute a valuable adjunct to other BPH therapies, and further refinement of alpha adrenoceptor selectivity based on the alpha‐1A subtype in the near future promises even better targeted alpha blockade.
IMPLANTABLE DEFIBRILLATORS AND/OR AMIODARONE: ALTERNATIVES OR COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES
Authors: Dorian P , Newman D , Greene M
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY Many patients with an implanted cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) also receive antiarrhythmic drug therapy. Although an expanding number of patients are receiving ICD therapy, many will not have received previous antiarrhythmic treatment. For patients with an ICD, infrequent arrhythmias and a low probability of inappropriate device discharges, no antiarrhythmic therapy is required. However, for those patients who require an antiarrhythmic drug, amiodarone is a reasonable first choice because of safety in patients with poor LV function. It may be particularly useful for patients with high density ventricular arrhythmias. However, the interactions between ICDs and antiarrhythmic therapy requires close monitoring in order that patient benefit can be optimised, and this review focuses on those interactions.
WHY DO OUTPATIENTS FAIL TO KEEP THEIR CLINIC APPOINTMENTS? RESULTS FROM A SURVEY AND RECOMMENDED REMEDIAL ACTIONS
Authors: Pal B , Taberner DA , Readman LP , Jones P
Published: April 2023

SUMMARY We undertook a survey of 2555 outpatients (both new and review) to look at the reasons for high non‐attendance (DNA) rates. Completed questionnaires (n=983, 38.5% response) indicated the main reasons: forgetting or not receiving the appointment because of illness, and less often because of feeling better; transport problems; and short notice. Our remedial actions included improving the clerical system, announcing DNA rates on a regular basis in GP surgeries and in the outpatient department, introducing a tear‐off slip with the appointment letter for patients to return, installing a free answerphone, active GP/consultant involvement in DNA‐related problems and local publicity campaigns. A new scheme in our trust – outpatient telephone follow‐up – may also help in reducing DNA rates.
Saline stress affects the growth of Saccharum complex genotypes
Authors: Simões Welson Lima , de Oliveira Anderson Ramos , Tardin Flávio Dessaune , de Oliveira Cíntia Patrícia Martins , de Morais Lizz Kezzy , Teodoro Larissa Pereira Ribeiro , Teodoro Paulo Eduardo
Published: April 2023

Soil salinity affects plant growth, compromising sugarcane cultivation in regions with great production potential. Saccharum complex genotypes that respond positively to growth under saline environment can be used in the diversification of sugarcane cultivars to obtain greater economic returns. The objective of this study was to evaluate growth‐related traits of Saccharum genotypes grown under the presence and absence of salinity. The experiment was carried out in a 32 × 2 factorial scheme in a randomized block design with three replicates. The first factor consisted of 32 genotypes of the Saccharum complex and the second factor consisted of the presence and absence of salinity. The salinity provided higher mean values than the environment without salinity for plant height in the genotypes G9, G11, G13, G22 and G28, leaf number for G9 and G24, leaf area index for G9 and stem diameter for G1, G11 and G24. Among the genotypes tested, G1, G9, G11, G13, G22, G24 and G28 were the most promising genotypes and could be used for breeding new sugarcane cultivars of enhanced salinity tolerance.
Current services and outcomes of formerly institutionalised and never‐institutionalised US adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A propensity score matching analysis
Authors: Stancliffe Roger J. , Tichá Renáta , Pettingell Sandra L. , Houseworth James , Bershadsky Julie
Published: April 2023

Background

Deinstitutionalization research shows better services and outcomes relative to institutional life but has not compared formerly institutionalised and never‐institutionalised service users.

Methods

We used propensity score matching (PSM) to match formerly institutionalised and never‐institutionalised participants on six personal characteristics. Data came from the 2018 to 2019 National Core Indicators In‐Person Survey. We excluded current institution residents, and states with 25% + of missing data on former institutionalisation.

Results

Overall, 15.5% of participants in the 29‐state full sample had lived in an institution for 1 year or more. Findings from the PSM sample showed that former‐institution residents were more likely to use congregate living arrangements and less likely to live with family. They experienced more loneliness, less support‐related choice, and had a consistent pattern of disability service‐focused social connections.

Conclusions

Many former institution residents remain disadvantaged relative to matched peers. There is a need to identify factors to enhance services and outcomes following deinstitutionalization.
Long‐term stability of infrabony defects treated with enamel matrix derivative alone: A retrospective two‐centre cohort study
Authors: Koronna Ilona , Schacher Beate , Dahmer Iulia , Nickles Katrin , Sonnenschein Sarah K. , Kim Ti‐Sun , Eickholz Peter , Petsos Hari
Published: April 2023

Aim

To assess the long‐term stability of attachment gain in infrabony defects (IBDs) 10 years after regenerative treatment with an enamel matrix derivative (EMD) alone.

Materials and Methods

Two centres (Frankfurt [F] and Heidelberg [HD]) invited patients for re‐examination 120 ± 12 months after regenerative therapy. Re‐examination included clinical examination (periodontal probing depths (PPD), vertical clinical attachment level (CAL), plaque index (PlI), gingival index (GI), plaque control record, gingival bleeding index and periodontal risk assessment) and review of patient charts (number of supportive periodontal care [SPC] visits).

Results

Both centres included 52 patients (29 female; median baseline age: 52.0 years; lower/upper quartile: 45.0/58.8 years; eight smokers), each contributing one IBD. Nine teeth were lost. For the remaining 43 teeth, regenerative therapy showed significant CAL gain after 1 year (3.0; 2.0/4.4 mm; p < .001) and 10 years (3.0; 1.5/4.1 mm; p < .001) during which CAL remained stable (−0.5; −1.0/1.0 mm; p = 1.000) after an average SPC of 9 years. Mixed‐model regression analyses revealed a positive association of CAL gain from 1 to 10 years with CAL 12 months post operation (logistic: p = .01) as well as a higher probability for CAL loss with an increasing vertical extent of a three‐walled defect component (linear: p = .008). Cox proportional hazard analysis showed a positive association between PlI after 12 months and tooth loss (p = .046).

Conclusion

Regenerative therapy of IBDs showed stable results over 9 years. CAL gain is associated with CAL after 12 months and decreasing initial defect depth in a three‐walled defect morphology. Tooth loss is associated with PlI 12 months post operation.

Clinical trial number: DRKS00021148 (URL: https://drks.de).
Newly discovered knowledge pertaining to glucagon and its clinical applications
Authors: Kawamori Dan , Sasaki Shugo
Published: April 2023

Glucagon has been defined as an ‘insulin counteracting hormone’, which raises blood glucose levels. Recent progress in basic research has shown that glucagon is closely involved in glucose and amino acid metabolism. Additionally, its secretion is intricately, but precisely, regulated by various mechanisms involving molecules in addition to glucose, thus showing its critical role in systemic nutrient metabolism. An innovative dual‐antibody‐linked immunosorbent assay for glucagon that improves measurement accuracy has been developed, and substantial clinical findings have been obtained using this new system. This discovery expanded the pathophysiological significance of glucagon and accelerated the development of its clinical applications in diabetes.
Factors influencing the downstream passage of European silver eels (Anguilla anguilla) through a tidal sluice
Authors: Huisman Jeroen B.J. , Höhne Leander , Hanel Reinhold , Kuipers Henry , Schollema Peter Paul , Nagelkerke Leopold
Published: April 2023

Tidal sluices are a frequent element in the tidal regions of Europe's rivers and may hinder downstream migrating European eels Anguilla anguilla. Sea level rise will reduce the possibility for tidal sluices to freely discharge water, further compressing windows of opportunity for the passage of eels. Understanding how eels utilize the discharge events of tidal sluices and which conditions facilitate successful passage is pivotal for the design of effective fish migration measures. To investigate eel migration at a tidal sluice, acoustic receivers were placed at the tidal sluice Nieuwe Statenzijl and in its tributary of the Westerwoldse Aa, the Netherlands. Of the 30 tagged eels, 26 eels reached the tidal sluice and passage success was 100%. The mean migration speed of eels in the unobstructed part of the tributary was slow (0.14 m s−1). The eels were delayed in their migration by the sluice and delay was right‐skewed distributed with most eels showing moderate delays (<2 days), while about 10% of the tagged individuals experienced extensive delays of more than 3 weeks. The number of missed sluicing events prior to successful passage was influenced by biological characteristics such as migration speed in the tributary, weight and condition. In addition, sluicing events with rapidly increasing and high maximum discharge levels increased the success rate of an individual eel to pass the sluice. Compromising sluicing duration in favour of higher and faster increasing discharge could facilitate eel migration at tidal barriers and contribute to the recovery of this endangered species.
Longitudinal associations of parental psychological control and friend support with autonomy during early adolescence
Authors: Wang Jingyun , Kaufman Tessa , Branje Susan
Published: April 2023

Although theories suggest transactional associations between adolescents' autonomy and relationships with parents and friends, few studies have examined these within‐person effects. This longitudinal study examined the within‐person co‐development of adolescents' autonomy and relationships with parents and friends. Adolescents (N = 244 Mage = 11.54, SD = 0.43 at T1; 50% boys) participated in a four‐wave study across 2 years in the Netherlands. In random‐intercept cross‐lagged panel models, within‐person results showed that higher levels of autonomy predicted less parental psychological control but not vice versa. However, no lagged‐effects between friend support and autonomy were found. This study suggests that adolescents' autonomy steers changes in parental psychological control.
Re‐Imagining Reproduction: Citation and Chosen Kin
Authors: Mkhwanazi Nolwazi
Published: April 2023

Reproduction is political. Citation is political. In this essay, I link the anthropological concept of reproduction (biological and social), which is closely tied to kin‐making, to citation. I suggest that citation can be viewed as “academic” reproduction and kin‐making. To make this argument, I describe my professional and intellectual journey as a Black woman anthropologist based in the global South. I show how the amalgamation of the various contexts in which I was immersed brought up questions of race, nationality, colonialism, profession, and gender and influenced the direction my research took, as well as my scholarly position and engagement. In the article, I lay bare the academic stakes of the path that I have chosen. [citation, reproduction, scholarship, politics, anthropology]
When I say … burnout
Authors: Khan R. , Hodges B. D. , Martimianakis M. A.
Published: April 2023

In the world of wellness, 'burnout' might as well be a God term. But what do we really mean when we say, "I'm burned out." And is this one little word enough?
Thermal preference of adult mosquitoes (Culicidae) and biting midges (Ceratopogonidae) at different altitudes in Switzerland
Authors: Hug David O. H. , Stegmayer Raffael I. , Blanckenhorn Wolf U. , Verhulst Niels O.
Published: April 2023

Mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) and biting midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) are among the most important vectors of human and veterinary pathogens. For modelling the distribution of these pathogens, entomological aspects are essential, which in turn are highly dependent on environmental factors, such as temperature. In this study, mosquitoes and biting midges were sampled in multiple microclimates at two low (360, 480 meters above sea level, m.a.s.l.) and two high (1250, 1530 m.a.s.l.) altitude locations in Switzerland. Sets of various traps (CO2‐baited CDC, LED‐UV, resting boxes, oviposition cups) equipped with dataloggers were placed in transects at five sites with similar vegetation at each location. Only the CDC and the LED‐UV traps collected enough insects for analyses. Taxonomic diversity was greater for mosquitoes but lower for biting midges at lower altitudes. Both mosquitoes and biting midges had a thermal preference. Culicoides preferred the traps with warmer microclimate, especially at lower altitudes, whereas mosquito preferences depended on the species, but not on altitude. Relative humidity had a significant positive impact on catches of biting midges but not mosquitoes. To obtain better data on thermal preferences of resting and ovipositing vectors in addition to host seeking individuals, new and improved collecting methods are needed.
A contemporary investigation of burden and natural history of aspergillosis in people living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Truda Vanessa Souza Santos , Falci Diego Rodrigues , Porfírio Fátima Maria Venancio , de Santos Daniel Wagner de Castro Lima , Junior Francisco Ivanildo Oliveira , Pasqualotto Alessandro Comaru , Puga Fernanda Guioti , Bollela Valdes Roberto , Junior João Nobrega Almeida , Ferreira Paulo Roberto Abrão , Colombo Arnaldo Lopes
Published: April 2023

Background

Untreated HIV infection can lead to profound immunosuppression and increase susceptibility of people living with HIV/AIDS (PLHA) to aspergillosis.

Objectives

Reporting the burden and natural history of aspergillosis documented in PLHA admitted in five medical centres in Brazil.

Patients and Methods

Clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data were collected in all sequential cases of proven or probable aspergillosis documented in PLHA hospitalised in five medical centres between 2012 and 2020.

Results

We enrolled 25 patients ageing between 23 and 58 years (mean = 39) including 11 patients with invasive aspergillosis (IA) and 14 with chronic pulmonary aspergillosis (CPA). The prevalence rate of aspergillosis was 0.1% of 19.616 PLHA. Overall, 72.7% of patients with IA exhibited CD4 < 100 cells/mL and 42.8% of patients with CPA exhibited CD4 count >200 cells/mL. Most patients had a history of tuberculosis, especially those with CPA (85.7%). IA was documented after a mean of 16.5 days of hospitalisation, mainly in critically ill patients exposed to corticosteroids and broad‐spectrum antibiotics. In the CPA group, a positive culture (71.4%) and radiological alterations were the most frequent findings supporting their diagnosis. Episodes of IA were mostly documented by tissue biopsies. Crude mortality rates were 72.7% and 42.8% in patients with IA and CPA, respectively.

Conclusions

Despite being considered an unusual complication in PLHA (0.1%), IA should be considered in patients with profound immunosuppression and pneumonia refractory to conventional therapy. CPA should be investigated in PLHA with chronic deterioration of pulmonary function and previous diagnosis of tuberculosis.
Online pain management programs for chronic, widespread musculoskeletal conditions: A systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Chew Min Tze , Chan Cliffton , Kobayashi Sarah , Cheng Hoi Yan , Wong Tsz Ming , Nicholson Leslie L.
Published: April 2023

Face‐to‐face pain management programs demonstrate positive clinical outcomes in the chronic pain population by improving pain intensity and attitudes, depression, and functional disability scores. The effects of this modality carried out online is less known, particularly in subgroups of chronic pain. This systematic review assessed the effects of online pain management programs in chronic, widespread musculoskeletal conditions on pain measurements (intensity, interference, coping, and catastrophizing), health‐related quality of life, depression, and anxiety scores immediately post‐intervention. Five electronic databases (Embase, Medline, CINAHL, Scopus, and PEDro) were searched with 3546 studies identified. Eighteen randomized controlled trials fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Included studies had moderate methodological quality (using the Effective Public Health Practice Project (EPHPP) quality assessment tool) but high risk of bias (using the revised Cochrane risk‐of‐bias tool for randomized trials (RoB 2)). There were significant improvements in pain intensity (11 studies, 1397 participants, SMD −0.30, 95% CI −0.50 to −0.10, p = 0.004), health‐related quality of life (eight studies, 1054 participants, SMD 0.41, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.75, p = 0.02), and depression (nine studies, 1283 participants, SMD −0.32, 95% CI −0.55 to −0.08, p = 0.008). However, effect sizes were small and did not meet their respective measure's minimal clinically important change score. Guided interventions (regular interaction with an instructor) appeared to be superior to self‐completed interventions. Future research should standardize outcome measures for assessing pain, use active control groups, and analyze other outcome measures such as cost and long‐term effects. This study was registered with Prospero on August 15, 2021 (CRD42021267565).
Azelaic and hexanoic acids‐inducing resistance in soybean against Phakopsora pachyrhizi infection
Authors: Rodrigues Flávia Caroline Torres , Silveira Patricia Ricardino , Cacique Isaias Severino , Oliveira Lillian Matias , Rodrigues Fabrício A.
Published: April 2023

Rust in soybean, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi, has been controlled using different fungicide molecules. This study pinpoints the use of inducers of resistance as a promising alternative by investigating the hypothesis that reduction in rust symptoms on soybean sprayed with azelaic acid (AzA) and hexanoic acid (HxA) is linked to a fungistatic effect against urediniospore germination of P. pachyrhizi and/or through the potentiation of host defence reactions. A 4 × 2 factorial experiment was designed consisting of plants sprayed with water (control), acibenzolar‐S‐methyl (ASM), AzA or HxA and either non‐inoculated or inoculated with P. pachyrhizi. Both AzA and HxA significantly inhibited urediniospore germination in vitro. The area under disease progress curve significantly decreased for ASM, HxA (5 and 20 mM) and AzA (0.1 and 1 mM), and fewer hyphae of P. pachyrhizi colonized tissues of plants sprayed with ASM, HxA (20 mM) and AzA (1 mM), compared to control. Host defence genes were strongly up‐regulated for infected plants sprayed with AzA, ASM and HxA compared to water. Most of these genes were expressed earlier for infected and HxA‐sprayed plants than for infected and AzA‐sprayed plants and at greater expression levels than infected and ASM‐sprayed plants. The physiological, biochemical and molecular responses obtained with AzA‐ and HxA‐sprayed plants were comparable to ASM, a well‐known inducer of resistance. This study highlights the potential of using AzA and HxA for rust management considering their fungistatic effect against urediniospores and the capacity to provide soybean plants with a more efficient defence against P. pachyrhizi infection.
The interplay between the contextual conditions and the advancement of the technological maturity in inter‐organisational collaborative R&D projects: a qualitative study
Authors: Klessova Svetlana , Engell Sebastian , Thomas Catherine
Published: April 2023

This paper analyses the evolution of the contextual conditions during the advancement of the degree of technological maturity of innovative technical solutions and their interplay with the R&D processes in the setting of collaborative inter‐organisational publicly‐funded R&D projects. Extant literature investigated the role of contextual conditions for the development process of technologies across different settings, but the evolution of their role has not yet been analysed in detail during the same development process over different levels of maturity. It has also not been investigated how the inter‐organisational collaboration is affected by this interplay. To address this gap, we put in place exploratory qualitative research in the empirical setting of collaborative inter‐organisational R&D projects that were funded by the EU's Research and Innovation Framework Programmes. Such projects often advance the maturity of several new technical solutions in different constellations of partners within the same project and therefore provide rich data for our analysis. The research design is a comparative multiple case study. We studied 5 projects that developed 49 innovative technical solutions, adopting a grounded theory approach, through the analysis of the project documentation and semi‐structured interviews. The evolution of the non‐technical contextual conditions and their interplay with the R&D processes and the inter‐organisational collaboration were found to be similar across different technologies, but their role was significantly different at different stages of the advancement of maturity. Medium TRLs constituted a watershed for inter‐organisational cooperation, whereas when going to higher TRLs, the role of the intra‐organisational context became dominant. As a consequence, the changes of the contextual conditions should be anticipated by project planners and project managers to avoid that the R&D processes get stuck at medium technology readiness levels. We also discuss the implications for policy interventions when reaching higher TRLs is intended.
Mitigating buffelgrass invasion through simulated targeted grazing: understanding restoration potential in a variable precipitation regime
Authors: Rhodes Aaron C. , Plowes Robert M. , Gilbert Lawrence E.
Published: April 2023

The potential for targeted grazing for restoration through the removal of invasive species represents an effective tool for practitioners. This study examines the impact of targeted grazing across highly variable precipitation on buffelgrass, a widely introduced African grass that often escapes cultivation. We simulated targeted grazing, overgrazing, and no grazing by clipping at two intensities and not clipping in a third treatment. We did this in plots with buffelgrass invasion and documented buffelgrass size and reproduction, as well as native plant community diversity. Additionally, as a further proxy for grazing, we tracked root allocation by buffelgrass in mowed and unmowed plots for 25 months while documenting large variability in precipitation. We found that targeted grazing reduced the negative impact of buffelgrass on the native community; on the other hand, overgrazing reduced the native community diversity. Precipitation interacted with simulated grazing such that buffelgrass subjected to grazing was less tolerant to drought and future simulated herbivory after rains returned. Long‐term targeted grazing may lead to reductions in buffelgrass that allow the restoration of the native plant community, which benefits the biodiversity of flora and fauna, and supports multiple uses of rangelands.
Parents' experiences of their child's participation in divorce groups in Norway: A phenomenological study
Authors: Ulvøy Dagny‐Elise , Åvik Persson Helene , Kristensson Hallström Inger , Sollesnes Ragnhild
Published: April 2023

Background

Children and youth who experience divorce are found to have increased risk of emotional and behavioural adjustment problems. Different prevention programmes have been developed to help and support children. Previous studies have focused on the child or the group leader's experience with divorce groups, but studies describing parent's experience are missing. The aim of this study was to explore parents' experiences of their child's participation in divorce groups.

Methods

An inductive, qualitative and descriptive design was applied with philosophical orientation in naturalistic inquiry based on the outlines of a phenomenological perspective. Two fathers and three mothers from two different counties in Norway participated whereof four of them were interviewed twice. Systematic text condensation was used for the analysis.

Results

Three themes emerged from the analysis: encouraging the child, missing communication and challenging situations. Parents described how they encouraged the child to attend divorce groups and hoped they would gain a deeper understanding of their parents' divorce and their own feelings. Missing communication relates to lack of information about the groups from the school, the group leader and from the child. Missing information was found to be a challenge for the parents and made them think that the divorce group was beneficial for the child but maybe not always for the family. Parents described challenging situations due to the divorce, and they struggled to understand their child and their own behaviour.

Conclusions

The opportunity for the child to talk to other children in the same situation in divorce groups was positive for the parents. To be beneficial for both children and their parents, structured information and cooperation among the school, the child and both parents are important. The knowledge from this study can support the development and use of intervention programmes in the future.
THE OBTAINING OF THE RECOMBINANT CAMEL CHYMOSIN BY SUBMERGE FERMENTATION IN THE PILOT BIOREACTOR
Authors: Akishev Zh. , Abdullayeva A. , Mussakhmetov A. , Bekbayeva A. , Tursunbekova A. , Kalemshariv B. , Tultabayeva T. , Khassenov B.
Published: April 2023

In the cheese making industry, chymosin is used as a milk-clotting enzyme. With its high specific activity against κ-casein, chymosin better than other proteolytic enzymes. Bactrian camel chymosin has a milk-clotting activity higher than calf chymosin. A scheme for obtaining a milk-clotting preparation based on recombinant camel chymosin is proposed. Submerge fermentation of recombinant yeast Pichia pastoris was carried out in a 50-liter bioreactor and recombinant camel chymosin was obtained. The activity of chymosin in the yeast culture was 174.5 U/mL. Chymosin was concentrated 5.6-fold by cross-flow ultrafiltration with 10 kDa cut-off membrane, and chymosin was purified by ion exchange chromatography. The activity of purified chymosin was 4700 U/mL. By sublimation drying with casein peptone, the powder chymosin was obtained with an activity of 36,000 U/g. The proposed scheme for obtaining a milk-clotting drug based on recombinant camel chymosin using submerge fermentation of recombinant yeast has the prospect of being used at biotechnological enterprises.
The Relative Contributions of Center Demographic, Director, Parental, Social, Environmental, and Policy Factors to Changes in Outdoor Play in Childcare Centers During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Hwang Yeongho , Boyd Madison , Davenport Cody , Carson Valerie
Published: April 2023

Background: The primary objective of this study was to investigate the relative contributions of factors from multiple social-ecological levels in explaining outdoor play changes in childcare centers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: In Alberta, Canada, licensed childcare center directors (n = 160) completed an online questionnaire. For outcomes, changes in the frequency and duration of outdoor play in childcare centers during COVID-19 compared to before COVID-19 were measured. For exposures, center demographic, director, parental, social, environmental, and policy-level factors were measured. Hierarchical regression analyses were conducted separately for winter (December–March) and nonwinter months (April–November). Results: In most instances, factors at each social-ecological level explained a statistically significant amount of unique variance in changes in outdoor play in childcare centers during COVID-19. Full models accounted for more than 26% of the variance in the outcomes. Changes in parental interest in outdoor play was the most consistent correlate of changes in the frequency and duration of outdoor play in both winter and nonwinter months during COVID-19. In terms of changes in the duration of outdoor play, social support from the provincial government, health authority, and licensing, and changes in the number of play areas in licensed outdoor play spaces were also consistent correlates in both winter and nonwinter months during COVID-19. Conclusions: Factors from multiple social-ecological levels uniquely contributed to changes in outdoor play in childcare centers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Findings can help inform interventions and public health initiatives related to outdoor play in childcare centers during and after the ongoing pandemic.
Engineered skin bacteria induce antitumor T cell responses against melanoma
Authors: Chen Y. Erin , Bousbaine Djenet , Veinbachs Alessandra , Atabakhsh Katayoon , Dimas Alex , Yu Victor K. , Zhao Aishan , Enright Nora J. , Nagashima Kazuki , Belkaid Yasmine , Fischbach Michael A.
Published: April 2023

Certain bacterial colonists induce a highly specific T cell response. A hallmark of this encounter is that adaptive immunity develops preemptively, in the absence of an infection. However, the functional properties of colonist-induced T cells are not well defined, limiting our ability to understand anticommensal immunity and harness it therapeutically. We addressed both challenges by engineering the skin bacterium
Staphylococcus epidermidis
to express tumor antigens anchored to secreted or cell-surface proteins. Upon colonization, engineered
S. epidermidis
elicits tumor-specific T cells that circulate, infiltrate local and metastatic lesions, and exert cytotoxic activity. Thus, the immune response to a skin colonist can promote cellular immunity at a distal site and can be redirected against a target of therapeutic interest by expressing a target-derived antigen in a commensal.