bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fatigue Characteristics of Nonferrous Bolts
Authors: Hashimura Shinji , Torii Tetsuya , Miyashita Yukio , Yamanaka Shigeru , Hibi Genki
Published: September 2013

Fatigue characteristics of bolted joint tightened with a steel bolt have been discussed extensively. However the fatigue characteristics of bolted joint tightened with a nonferrous bolt have not been sufficiently discussed. In this study, two types of fatigue tests, axial fatigue tests and transverse fatigue tests, for nonferrous bolts were conducted. The nonferrous bolts used in this study made of AZ31 and AZX912 magnesium alloy and A5056 aluminum alloy. The results of both fatigue tests showed that the fatigue limits of the A5056 bolt were the highest of all. The fatigue limits of two kinds of the magnesium alloy bolts were almost the same in both fatigue tests. However the ration of the axial fatigue limits to the transverse fatigue limits were different according to the bolt materials.
Fracture Mechanics of Fiber-Matrix Interfaces in Composites under Transverse Loading
Authors: Marotzke Christian , Feldmann Titus
Published: September 2013

The Failure of the Interface between Fiber and Matrix under Transverse Loading is the Key Factor Controlling the Failure Process in Composite Materials. the Debonding Process of a Fiber within a Unidirectional Composite is Studied by Finite Element Analyses Using a Representative Volume Element. the Energy Release Rate is Calculated for Different Fiber Volume Fractions. Two Load Cases are Taken into Account, Pure Transverse Tension and Shear Loading.
Thermal Conductivity Design for Locally Orthotropic Materials
Authors: Piat Romana , Sinchuk Yuriy
Published: September 2013

In this paper the development of a computational model for the thermal conductivity design for locally orthotropic materials is presented. The material orientation of a two-dimensional locally orthotropic solid subjected to thermal loads is designed for minimization of the local temperature. Two optimization problems are considered: the minimization of the highest (hot-spot) temperature and the minimization of the temperature according to the weights distribution. For both problems rules for calculation of the optimal material orientation are derived analytically. The analysis is based on the idea of the principal stresses method for optimization of material orientation in linear elasticity problems. The results of the analysis are implemented and the developed computational model is tested on an example of the lamella orientation optimization in a metal-ceramic composite.
Numerical Prediction of Damage Interaction during L-Shaped Laminated Composite Structures Unfolding
Authors: Espinosa Christine , Bodjona Kobyé , Michel Laurent , Lachaud Frédéric
Published: September 2013

The Low through-the-Thickness Strengths of Composites make them Prone to Delamination and Brutal Rupture. for Primary Aircraft Structural Components, it is Necessary to Predict Failure with Adequate Criteria for any Structure of Various Thicknesses and in Zones of Material or Geometric Discontinuities. the Purpose of the Present Work is to Evaluate the Ability of our Continuous Damage Model to Predict at which Interface Delamination will Occur in any Geometrical or Material Configuration. Numerical Predictions of Delamination Onset Computed by our CDM Model Show a Good Agreement with Theoretical Estimations and Experimental Results of an L-Shape Structure Reference Case. Comparisons between 2D and 3D Models Show no Effect of Free Boundaries on Delamination Onset and Growth.
Pressure Pipe Damage: Numerical Estimation of Point Load Effect II
Authors: Majer Zdeněk , Zouhar Michal , Ševčík Martin , Náhlík Luboš , Hutař Pavel
Published: September 2013

It has been shown that the service lifetime of buried pipes can be reduced especially in relation to stress concentration caused by external point loads. If the pipe is loaded locally the stress is concentrated there and a crack can initiate at this position or the existing crack can be affected by corresponding stress redistribution. In the paper, the effect of a hard indenter, material properties, and the hoop stress level on the stress intensity factor of the axial inner crack are evaluated. A simple relation for estimation of the stress intensity factor value without FEM simulations is proposed.
Initiation of Fatigue Cracks in Bolted Joints
Authors: Toribio Jesús , González Beatriz , Matos Juan Carlos
Published: September 2013

In this paper, bolted joints were subjected to fatigue testing under load control with R-ratio equal to zero. Fatigue fracture surfaces show a crescent moon geometry for short cracks turning into quasi-straight fronts for long cracks. Fatigue cracking usually starts on the bolt’s first notch root inside the bolted joint, secondary cracks appearing sometimes with smaller size and a greater angle (in relation to the transversal section) in consecutive inner threads. The starting places, as well as the initial geometry of the cracks, are explained according to the distribution of the equivalent plastic strain in the bolt.
Effects of Loading Rate on Strength and Failure of Coal Rock from Hancheng
Authors: Zhao Bin , Wang Zhi Yin , Cui Yun Long
Published: September 2013

The effects of loading rate on splitting test, uniaxial compression strength, strength parameters in triaixal compression test, and creep failure of Hangcheng coal rock were investigated through indoor mechanical experiments. Experimental results shown that tensile strength, uniaxial strength and Youngs modulus of coal rock increased with the increase of loading rate and the increment is very small. Triaixal compression strength and loading rate has a linear relation. Brittleness was very marked under high loading rate. Ductility of coal rock in the steady creep stage diminished with the increase of loading rate, and failure mode of coal rock had a change from low ductility failure mode to ductile-to-brittle failure mode. The results of experimental researches can be used to determine the bottom hole flowing pressure of coalbed methane well.
Effect of Contact between the Crack Faces on Crack Propagation
Authors: Dhondt Guido
Published: September 2013

In mixed-mode crack propagation the crack faces frequently touch each other. The ensuing friction is expected to decrease the crack propagation speed. This effect is usually not taken into account, however, a realistic prediction of this effect may increase the calculated life and consequently increase the length of the inspection intervals. In this paper, penalty contact conditions are introduced in between the crack faces of the automatically generated mesh in a cyclic crack propagation. Special attention is given to the contact formulation and the area in which contact is defined. It is shown that the resulting crack propagation rate is significantly reduced by the introduction of friction provided that positive Mode-I is not significantly involved.
The Creep and Fracture Behaviour of the Polyethylene PE100
Authors: Skozrit Ivica , Tonković Zdenko , Kodvanj Janos
Published: September 2013

This paper presents an experimental and numerical study on the creep and fracture behaviour of the polyethylene PE100. The experimental procedure includes monotonic tests on the standard tensile specimen as well as creep-fracture tests on the axisymmetrically cracked specimens. Based on the experimental results, a new primary/secondary creep constitutive model is proposed to simulate the nonlinear and time dependent behaviour of considered material. The material parameters are computed from a leastsquare fit to experimental data obtained from tests at 80 °C. Within the framework of numerical investigations an algorithm for the integration of the constitutive law is derived. The derived algorithm in conjunction with the consistent tangent matrix is implemented in the finite element (FE) code ABAQUS by using the user subroutine CREEP. The accuracy of the proposed numerical algorithm is validated by comparing with experimental results.
Parameter Identification of Crack Growth in Helicopter Blade
Authors: Chellil A. , Nour A. , Lecheb S. , Chibani M. , Kebir H.
Published: September 2013

This paper presents a fatigue parameter identification analysis and response of a cracked helicopter blade in the hovering flight condition reinforced by GFRP fiber. The search for increasingly high performances in the field of the helicopters brings to the development of materials having higher rigidities and specific resistances. The use of the composite material offers a good aeroelastic Stability. On the basis of aerodynamic model, the use of the finite element method makes it possible to develop a three dimensional model of the blade and to establish dynamic equations of the movement. Numerical calculations of the model developed, prove that the Eigen frequencies of helicopter blade were decreased after cracking in the critical zone, and this reduce is nonlinear; however the stress increased with crack propagation. Therefore the modal parameter identification is an important factor for the detection of fatigue in aircraft structures.
Evaluation of the Fatigue Limit of Materials in Static Test Using Thermal Analysis: Effect of the Cross-Head Speed
Authors: La Rosa G. , Risitano Antonino
Published: September 2013

The paper presents a study performed on steel specimens under static loading using thermal infrared techniques to determine whether thermal analysis can also provide information on the fatigue behavior. In particular, the traditional static elastic zone was investigated. The results highlight that, even in the macroscopically elastic phase, a variation from the theoretical behavior is also detectable using thermographic techniques. In some previous works the authors demonstrated the possibility to estimate the fatigue limit of the material by mean of static tensile tests. In this paper, the procedure is adopted to analyze the effect of the cross-head speed on the thermoelastic limit, confirming the possibility to define the fatigue limit as the end of the totally linear thermoelastic behavior.
Effect of Carbon Milled Fiber Addition on Interlaminar Fracture Toughness of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Plastics
Authors: Katogi Hideaki , Takemura Kenichi
Published: September 2013

In this study, effect of Carbon Milled Fiber (CMF) addition on interlaminar fracture toughness of carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) was investigated. Plain woven carbon fiber was used as reinforcement. Epoxy resin was used as matrix. The addition amounts of CMF are 0.5wt%, 0.8wt%, 1.0wt% and 1.2wt% for the epoxy resin. Mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness tests were conducted based on JIS K 7086. As a result, mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness increased with an increase of addictive amount of CMF. But excess addition was not effective. Pull out of CMF in matrix was found after mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness tests. The mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness of CMF added CFRP can be improved by fiber bridging of CMF.
Structural Integrity of a Shaft Subjected to Multiaxial Fatigue Loads in Presence of Short Crack
Authors: Fossati M. , Manes Andrea , Ceresoli G. , Dell’Oro M. , Giglio Marco
Published: September 2013

The behavior of short cracks, focusing on the study of small manufacturing flaws in a critical structure working under a high frequency load spectrum, is a complex and very current topic and its investigated in this study. The modeling and predicting of the effect of these flaws is a matter of interest also for industrial manufacturers with regards to the future design of high stressed components. Aeronautical components in general, but particularly helicopter components, are subjected to a high number of fatigue cycles that potentially cause the propagation of very small flaws and thus require careful analysis. The application of multi-axial loading conditions such as axial and torsional load complicate the assessment by provoking a multimode propagation. A high cycle multi-axial fatigue loading condition (torsional and axial) on a tube that is representative of a helicopter main transmission shaft has thus been investigated in this work. The presence of a small flaw has been artificially created on the surface of the tube and the behavior of the defect in terms of the threshold of the propagation of a crack emanating from it under high cycles fatigue due to axial and torsional stresses has been investigated by means of analytical and FE models. Experimental test have also been carried out to validate the results of the simulations.
AN ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL DISPARITIES SITUATION IN THE EAST AZARBAIJAN PROVINCE, IRAN
Authors: Zali Nader , Ahmadi Hassan , Faroughi Seyed Mohammadreza
Published: September 2013

The regional disparity in Iran is now a matter of serious concern. Measuring development has been a matter of debate for nearly half a century. The conventional way of assessing development by social and economic indicators only has been challenged many times during this period. Accelerated urbanization in developing countries and the concentration of activities and population in some regions, have led to regional imbalances. This is one of the important characteristics of the third world countries. This characteristics is affected by pole growth policies that have led to a concentration of facilities in one or more of several regions. In this case, regional planning science offers beneficial patterns to resolve problems. The first step is the identification of socio-economical disparities in these regions. However, this article attempts to survey development disparities in the East Azarbaijan province. In this survey 44 indicators were selected for the comparison of the counties, and the Numeric Taxonomic & Cluster Analysis methods were used to rank the regions. Finally this article presents priority of counties for investment in order to achieve social justice. According to the results of this research the west area of the province is prosperous and east area has a low degree of development.
A Comparative Evaluation of Six Commonly used Types of Die Materials for the Property of Abrasion Resistance, at Two Time Intervals: An in vitro Study
Authors: Wankhade Sattyam V , Sanghavi Kaushal V , Rajguru Vilas , Lokade Jyoti
Published: September 2013

Background and objectives

This in vitro study evaluated and compared the abrasion resistance of types IV and V gypsums, resin-modified type IV and type V gypsums, synthetic gypsum, and epoxy resin die material at two different time intervals spanning a period of 24 hours.

Materials and methods

A total of 10 dies of each die material were fabricated and tested for abrasion resistance at each time interval. An average of five readings was taken for the test, measuring the rate of abrasion of the materials.

Results

All the tested properties of the epoxy resin material were far superior to those of the other materials (being tested). Resin-modified type IV gypsum had significantly better abrasion resistance than its type V counterpart at setting. However, when tested at 24 hours, both materials had comparable resistance to abrasion, which was the highest among the gypsum-based materials.

Interpretation and conclusion

Epoxy die resin had the most superior physical properties of all. A significant decrease in the rate of abrasion (-38 to -83%) was noted, when the gypsumbased products were tested at 24 hours. From the data obtained in this study, it is recommended that when gypsum-based materials are used, to wait at least 24 hours prior to separating casts from impressions (and subsequent laboratory procedures) to avoid damage to the casts and dies.

Abbreviations

RR IV: Resin modified type IV gypsum; RR V: Resin modified type V gypsum; S: Synthetic gypsum; V: Type V gypsum; IV: Type IV gypsum.

How to cite this article

Wankhade SV, Sanghavi KV, Rajguru V, Lokade J. A Comparative Evaluation of Six Commonly used Types of Die Materials for the Property of Abrasion Resistance, at Two Time Intervals: An in vitro Study. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(1):1-6.
Ceramometal Bond Strength Analysis using New and Recast Nonprecious Alloys with Three Different Ceramics
Authors: Gosavi Sulekha , Wadkar Arti , Gosavi Siddharth Y
Published: September 2013

Objectives

This study is undertaken to evaluate the dependence of bond strength of 100% fresh nonprecious alloy and the combination of 50% recast (used) alloy and 50% fresh alloy with three different veneering ceramic material.

Materials and methods

To evaluate the shear bond strength between new and recast alloy nonprecious Ni-Cr alloy (System KN®, Adentatec, Germany) was used with three different commercially available ceramics. A total of 60 samples were prepared and divided in two groups depending on the new or recast alloy. The 30 specimens of new alloy (group A) and 30 specimens of recast alloy (group B) were fabricated. Each group was again divided into three subgroups of 10 specimens for ceramic veneering Vita VMK-95 [V], IPS Classic [I] and Noritake [N] as veneering ceramic materials. Thus, six subgroups were formed as groups AV, AI, AN, BV, BI and BN. Groups AV and BV were veneered with Vita Ceramics, Groups AI and BI were veneered with IPS Classic (Ivoclar) and Groups AN and BN were veneered with Noritake. Then, shear bond strength between new and recast alloy was analyzed for each type of ceramics using MTS machine.

Results

The bond strength between new [group A] and recast alloy [group B] using three different veneering ceramics were evaluated. It was found that the new or the fresh alloy had highest shear bond strength than the recast alloy. Statistically, it was found that there was significant difference in bond strength between the new and recast alloys, when same type of ceramics was compared. When comparing ceramics, the Noritake group had highest bond strength, while other groups, that is, Vita and Ivoclar had comparatively low bond strength.

Conclusion

From this study, conclusion can be drawn that the use of 50% recast alloy shows reduction in bond strength values. Therefore, the use of recast alloy should not exceed more than 50%, as it would compromise the properties of alloy and the efficacy of bond strength between ceramic and alloy.

How to cite this article

Gosavi S, Wadkar A, Gosavi SY. Ceramometal Bond Strength Analysis using New and Recast Nonprecious Alloys with Three Different Ceramics. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(1):14-20.
Prosthodontic Rehabilitation of an Ectodermal Dysplasia Patient with Artificial Saliva Reservoir in Complete Denture
Authors: Ramkumar K , Debnath Nitai , Gupta Renu , Meenakshi A , Devi A Shakthi
Published: September 2013

Ectodermal dysplasia is an inherited disorder accompanied with hypoplasia or dysplasia of the tissues derived from ectodermal origin. Uncommonly, xerostomia can be seen in ectodermal dysplasia. Xerostomia is an unhealthy, uncomfortable, unhygienic condition of the oral cavity, presents with symptoms like soreness, constant burning sensation, halitosis, altered taste, speech and prone for fungal infection. This article presents a case report of an ectodermal dysplasia patient with xerostomia, successfully treated with saliva reservoir denture. Palatal hollow space in upper denture and mandibular hollow denture is used as reservoir space for carboxymethyl cellulose containing artificial saliva, to rehabilitate the complete edentulous mouth with xerostomia.

How to cite this article

Debnath N, Gupta R, Devi AS, Meenakshi A, Ramkumar K. Prosthodontic Rehabilitation of an Ectodermal Dysplasia Patient with Artificial Saliva Reservoir in Complete Denture. Int J Prosthodont Restor Dent 2013;3(1): 37-41.
A case study into the measurement of ship emissions from plume intercepts of the NOAA Ship Miller Freeman
Authors: Cappa C. D. , Williams E. J. , Lack D. A. , Buffaloe G. M. , Coffman D. , Hayden K. L. , Herndon S. C. , Lerner B. M. , Li S-M. , Massoli P. , McLaren R. , Nuaaman I. , Onasch T. B. , Quinn P. K.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Emissions factors (EFs) for gas and sub-micron particle-phase species were measured in intercepted plumes as a function of vessel speed from an underway research vessel, the NOAA Ship Miller Freeman, operating a medium-speed diesel engine on low-sulfur marine gas oil. For many of the particle-phase species, EFs were determined using multiple measurement methodologies, allowing for an assessment of how well EFs from different techniques agree. The total sub-micron PM (PM1) was dominated by particulate black carbon (BC) and particulate organic matter (POM), with an average POM / BC ratio of 1.3. Consideration of the POM / BC ratios observed here with literature studies suggests that laboratory and in-stack measurement methods may over-estimate primary POM EFs relative to those observed in emitted plumes. Comparison of four different methods for black carbon measurement indicates that careful attention must be paid to instrument limitations and biases when assessing EFBC. Particulate sulfate (SO42−) EFs were extremely small and the particles emitted by Miller Freeman were inefficient as cloud condensation nuclei (CCN), even at high super saturations, consistent with the use of very low sulfur fuel and the overall small emitted particle sizes. All measurement methodologies consistently demonstrate that the measured EFs (fuel mass basis) for PM1 mass, BC and POM decreased as the ship slowed. Particle number EFs were approximately constant across the speed change, with a shift towards smaller particles being emitted at slower speeds. Emissions factors for gas-phase CO and formaldehyde (HCHO) both increased as the vessel slowed, while EFs for NOx decreased and SO2 EFs were approximately constant.
Cesium-134 and 137 activities in the central North Pacific Ocean after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident
Authors: Kameník J. , Dulaiova H. , Buesseler K.O. , Pike S. M. , Št'astná K.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Surface seawater 134Cs and 137Cs samples were collected in the central and western North Pacific Ocean during the 2 yr after the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant accident to monitor dispersion patterns of these radioisotopes towards the Hawaiian Islands. In the absence of other recent sources and due to its short half-life, only those parts of the Pacific Ocean would have detectable 134Cs values that were impacted by Fukushima releases. Between March and May 2011, 134Cs was not detected around the Hawaiian Islands and Guam. Here, most 137Cs activities (1.2–1.5 Bq m–3) were in the range of expected preexisting levels. Some samples north of the Hawaiian Islands (1.6–1.8 Bq m–3) were elevated above the 23-month baseline established in surface seawater in Hawaii indicating that those might carry atmospheric fallout. The 23-month time-series analysis of surface seawater from Hawaii did not reveal any seasonal variability or trends, with an average activity of 1.46 ± 0.06 Bq m–3 (Station Aloha, 18 values). In contrast, samples collected between Japan and Hawaii contained 134Cs activities in the range of 1–4 Bq m–3, and 137Cs levels were about 2–3 times above the preexisting activities. We found that the southern boundary of the Kuroshio and Kuroshio extension currents represented a boundary for radiation dispersion with higher activities detected within and north of the major currents. The radiation plume has not been detected over the past 2 yr at the main Hawaiian Islands due to the transport patterns across the Kuroshio and Kuroshio extension currents.
Uptake of phytodetritus by benthic foraminifera under oxygen depletion at the Indian Margin (Arabian Sea)
Authors: Enge A. J. , Witte U. , Kucera M. , Heinz P.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Benthic foraminifera in sediments on the Indian margin of the Arabian Sea where the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) impinges on the continental slope are exposed to particularly severe levels of oxygen depletion. Food supply for the benthic community is high but delivered in distinct pulses during upwelling and water mixing events associated with summer and winter monsoon periods. In order to investigate the response by benthic foraminifera to such pulsed food delivery under oxygen concentrations of less than 0.1 mL L−1 (4.5 μmol L−1), an in situ isotope labeling experiment (13C, 15N) was performed at the western continental slope of India at 540 m water depth (OMZ core region). The assemblage of living foraminifera (>125 μm) in the uppermost centimeter at this depth is characterized by an unexpectedly high population density of 3982 ind. 10 cm−2 and a strong dominance by few calcareous species. For the experiment, we concentrated on the nine most abundant taxa, which constitute 93% of the entire foraminifera population at 0–1 cm sediment depth. Increased concentrations of 13C and 15N in the cytoplasm indicate that all investigated taxa took up the labeled phytodetritus during the 4 day experimental phase. In total, these nine species had assimilated 113.8 mg C m−2 (17.5% of the total added carbon). The uptake of nitrogen by the three most abundant taxa (Bolivina aff. B. dilatata, Cassidulina sp., Bulimina gibba) was 2.7 mg N m−2 (2% of the total added nitrogen) and showed the successful application of 15N as tracer in foraminiferal studies. The short-term response to the offered phytodetritus varied largely among foraminiferal species with Uvigerina schwageri being by far the most important species in short-term processing whereas the most abundant taxa Bolivina aff. B. dilatata and Cassidulina sp. showed comparably low uptake of the offered food. We suggest that the observed species-specific differences are related to individual biomass of species and to specific feeding preferences. The high numbers of living foraminifera and their rapid response to deposited fresh phytodetritus demonstrate the importance of foraminifera in short-term carbon cycling under oxygen-depleted conditions. We propose that foraminifera at the studied site benefit from unique adaptations in their metabolisms to nearly anoxic conditions as well as from the exclusion of macrofauna and the resulting relaxation of competition for food and low predation pressure.
Inferences from CO2 and CH4 concentration profiles at the Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO) on local summer-time ecosystem fluxes
Authors: Winderlich J. , Gerbig C. , Kolle O. , Heimann M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The Siberian region is still sparsely covered by ecosystem observatories, which motivates to exploit existing datasets to gain spatially and temporally better-resolved carbon fluxes. The Zotino Tall Tower Observatory (ZOTTO, 60°48' N, 89°21' E) observations of CO2 and CH4 mole fractions as well as meteorological parameters from six different heights up to 301 m allow for an additional estimate of surface-atmosphere fluxes of CO2 and CH4 for the Middle-Siberian region since 2009. The total carbon flux is calculated from the storage and the turbulent flux component. The gradients between the different tower levels determine the storage flux component, which dominates the local fluxes, especially during night. As a correction term, the turbulent flux component was estimated by the modified Bowen ratio method based on the sensible heat flux measurements at the top of the tower. The gained average night time fluxes (23:00 to 04:00 local time) are 2.7 ± 1.1 μmol (m2 s)−1 for CO2 and 5.6 ± 4.5 nmol (m2 s)−1 for CH4 during the summer months June-September in 2009 and 2011. During day, the method is limited due to numeric instabilities from vanishing vertical gradients; however, the derived CO2 fluxes exhibit reasonable diurnal shape and magnitude compared to the eddy covariance technique, which become available at the site in 2012. Therefore, the tall tower data facilitates the extension of the new eddy covariance flux dataset back in time. The diurnal signal of the CH4 flux is predominantly characterized by a strong morning transition, which is explained by local topographic effects.
A standard test case suite for two-dimensional linear transport on the sphere: results from a collection of state-of-the-art schemes
Authors: Lauritzen P. H. , Ullrich P. A. , Jablonowski C. , Bosler P. A. , Calhoun D. , Conley A. J. , Enomoto T. , Dong L. , Dubey S. , Guba O. , Hansen A. B. , Kaas E. , Kent J. , Lamarque J.-F. , Prather M. J. , Reinert D. , Shashkin V. V. , Skamarock W. C. , Sørensen B. , Taylor M. A. , Tolstykh M. A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Recently, a standard test case suite for 2-D linear transport on the sphere was proposed to assess important aspects of accuracy in geophysical fluid dynamics with a "minimal" set of idealized model configurations/runs/diagnostics. Here we present results from 19 state-of-the-art transport scheme formulations based on finite-difference/finite-volume methods as well as emerging (in the context of atmospheric/oceanographic sciences) Galerkin methods. Discretization grids range from traditional regular latitude-longitude grids to more isotropic domain discretizations such as icosahedral and cubed-sphere tessellations of the sphere. The schemes are evaluated using a wide range of diagnostics in idealized flow environments. Accuracy is assessed in single- and two-tracer configurations using conventional error norms as well as novel diagnostics designed for climate and climate-chemistry applications. In addition, algorithmic considerations that may be important for computational efficiency are reported on. The latter is inevitably computing platform dependent, The ensemble of results from a wide variety of schemes presented here helps shed light on the ability of the test case suite diagnostics and flow settings to discriminate between algorithms and provide insights into accuracy in the context of global atmospheric/ocean modeling. A library of benchmark results is provided to facilitate scheme intercomparison and model development. Simple software and data-sets are made available to facilitate the process of model evaluation and scheme intercomparison.
Spatial and seasonal variations in evapotranspiration over Canada's landmass
Authors: Wang S. , Yang Y. , Luo Y. , Rivera A.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. A 30 yr (1979–2008) dataset of actual evapotranspiration (ET) at 1 km resolution was generated over Canada's landmass by integrating remote sensing land surface data and gridded climate data using the EALCO model run at a 30 min time step. This long-term high-resolution dataset was used to characterize the spatiotemporal variations in ET across Canada. The results show that annual ET varied from 600 mm yr−1 over several regions in the south to less than 100 mm yr−1 in the northern Arctic. Nationally, ET in summer (i.e., June to August) comprised 65% of the annual total amount. ET in the cold season remained mostly below 10 mm month−1 over the country. Negative monthly ET was obtained over the Arctic region in winter, indicating EALCO simulated a larger amount of condensation than ET. Overall, the mean ET over the entire Canadian landmass for the 30 yr was 239 mm yr−1, or 44% of its corresponding precipitation. Comparisons of available ET studies in Canada revealed large uncertainties in ET estimates associated with using different approaches. The scarcity of ET measurements for the diverse ecosystems in Canada remains a significant challenge for reducing the uncertainties; this gap needs to be addressed in future studies to improve capabilities in climate/weather modeling and water resource management.
A spatial bootstrap technique for parameter estimation of rainfall annual maxima distribution
Authors: Uboldi F. , Sulis A. N. , Lussana C. , Cislaghi M. , Russo M.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Estimation of extreme event distributions and depth-duration-frequency (DDF) curves is achieved at any target site by repeated sampling among all available raingauge data in the surrounding area. The estimate is computed over a gridded domain in Northern Italy, using precipitation time series from 1929 to 2011, including data from historical analog stations and from the present-day automatic observational network. The presented local regionalisation naturally overcomes traditional station-point methods, with their demand of long historical series and their sensitivity to very rare events occurring at very few stations, possibly causing unrealistic spatial gradients in DDF relations. At the same time, the presented approach allows for spatial dependence, necessary in a geographical domain such as Lombardy, complex for both its topography and its climatology. The bootstrap technique enables evaluating uncertainty maps for all estimated parameters and for rainfall depths at assigned return periods.
Review Article: Potential geomorphic consequences of a future great (Mw = 8.0+) Alpine Fault earthquake, South Island, New Zealand
Authors: Robinson T. R. , Davies T. R. H.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. The Alpine Fault in New Zealand's South Island has not sustained a large magnitude earthquake since ca. AD 1717. The time since this rupture is close to the average inferred recurrence interval of the fault (~300 yr). The Alpine Fault is therefore expected to generate a large magnitude earthquake in the near future. Previous ruptures of this fault are inferred to have generated Mw = 8.0 or greater earthquakes and to have resulted in, amongst other geomorphic hazards, large-scale landslides and landslide dams throughout the Southern Alps. There is currently 85% probability that the Alpine Fault will cause a Mw = 8.0+ earthquake within the next 100 yr. While the seismic hazard is fairly well understood, that of the consequential geomorphic activity is less well studied, and these consequences are explored herein. They are expected to include landsliding, landslide damming, dam-break flooding, debris flows, river aggradation, liquefaction, and landslide-generated lake/fiord tsunami. Using evidence from previous events within New Zealand as well as analogous international examples, we develop first-order estimates of the likely magnitude and possible locations of the geomorphic effects associated with earthquakes. Landsliding is expected to affect an area > 30 000 km2 and involve > 1billion m3 of material. Some tens of landslide dams are expected to occur in narrow, steep-sided gorges in the affected region. Debris flows will be generated in the first long-duration rainfall after the earthquake and will continue to occur for several years as rainfall (re)mobilises landslide material. In total more than 1000 debris flows are likely to be generated at some time after the earthquake. Aggradation of up to 3 m will cover an area > 125 km2 and is likely to occur on many West Coast alluvial fans and floodplains. The impact of these effects will be felt across the entire South Island and is likely to continue for several decades.
The environmental impact of the Puyehue–Cordon Caulle 2011 volcanic eruption on Buenos Aires
Authors: Raga G. B. , Baumgardner D. , Ulke A. G. , Torres Brizuela M. , Kucienska B.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. On 4 June 2011, the volcanic complex Puyehue–Cordon Caulle located in the Chilean Andes erupted, producing a plume of gases and particles that eventually circled the Southern Hemisphere, disrupting air travel and depositing ash in large quantities. On eight occasions, the plume passed over the city of Buenos Aires, Argentina, leading local authorities to close the two international airports. The eruption occurred during an on-going field campaign when measurements of the properties of atmospheric aerosol particles were being made in Buenos Aires as part of a year-long study of the concentration and optical properties of aerosol at one site in the city. The suite of instruments deployed in Buenos Aires were not tailored to measurements of volcanic ash, but were designed to characterize urban conditions. Nevertheless, these measurements were analysed for periods when vertical profiles of aerosol backscatter, made with a ceilometer, clearly showed the presence of the volcano plume over the research site and resulted in airport closure. Aerosol optical thickness derived from AERONET, MODIS and a ceilometer at our research site, all show enhanced values clearly indicating that the three platforms identified the volcanic plume simultaneously. However, a quantitative comparison of the different estimates proves difficult, suggesting large spatial and temporal variability of the plume. Our results indicate that the number concentration of condensation nuclei (CN), the mass concentration of particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PPAH) and the light absorption coefficient exceeded the average background values by more than one standard deviation during the events of volcanic plume. The anomalous concentrations of CN suggest new particle formation, presumably from the conversion of SO2, while the anomalous concentrations of PPAH may come from the uptake of PAHs on the plume particles or from chemical reactions on the surface of plume particles. The anomalous absorption coefficients indicate that plume particles may contain certain compounds that can absorb radiation at 550 nm. Another possible explanation consistent with the observations is the scavenging of black carbon from urban sources as the plume descends through the boundary layer to the surface. In addition, the volcanic plume influenced the local meteorology resulting in a decrease of the temperature when compared to the average temperature during days with no plume present.
Weak layer fracture: facets and depth hoar
Authors: Reiweger I. , Schweizer J.
Published: September 2013

Abstract. Understanding failure initiation within weak snow layers is essential for modeling and predicting dry-snow slab avalanches. We therefore performed laboratory experiments with snow samples containing a weak layer consisting of either faceted crystals or depth hoar. During these experiments the samples were loaded with different loading rates and at various tilt angles until fracture. The strength of the samples decreased with increasing loading rate and increasing tilt angle. Additionally, we took pictures of the side of four samples with a high-speed video camera and calculated the displacement using a particle image velocimetry (PIV) algorithm. The fracture process within the weak layer could thus be observed in detail. Catastrophic failure started due to a shear fracture just above the interface between the depth hoar layer and the underlying crust.
La reconnaissance de la langue des signes québécoise (LSQ) pour le développement de la littératie et de la participation sociale de la personne sourde au Québec
Authors: Letscher Sylvain , Parent Ghyslain , Deslandes Rollande
Published: September 2013

Le but de cet article est de relever la manière dont, au Québec, les familles, l’école et la communauté facilitent le développement de la participation sociale de personnes sourdes gestuelles ou bilingues au moyen de la littératie. L’étude renvoie au modèle des obstacles et des facilitateurs au développement de la participation sociale de Letscher, Parent et Deslandes (2009). La méthodologie s’appuie sur l’étude de cas qualitative auprès de 22 répondants, dont sept personnes sourdes, leurs mères, pères et enseignants. Les résultats illustrent un contexte d’organisation des services marqué par la difficulté à reconnaître la langue des signes québécoise (LSQ) comme première langue d’apprentissage. Les personnes sourdes présentent un profil de résignation, d’oppression, de résilience ou de libération dans les domaines de l’éducation et du travail, qui prend forme dans le développement de la participation sociale et de la littératie de la personne sourde.
Littératie en santé : conduites et gestion de soins chez les personnes ayant des compétences réduites en littératie
Authors: Moreau André C. , Savriama Stéphane , Major Francine A.
Published: September 2013

Les littératies plurielles interpellent différentscontextes de la vie quotidienne, dont la santé. Leprésent article présente la conception de lalittératie en santé et un des enjeux liés auxpersonnes ayant de faibles compétences en littératie. Lesrecherches internationales sur les compétences enlittératie en santé montrent les liens entre le faibleniveau de compétence en littératie et les impacts sur lasanté de ces groupes dans les populations canadienne etfrançaise. Dans ce contexte, cette recherche vise àcomprendre comment les personnes ayant peu ou pas de compétenceen littératie prennent soin de leur santé malgréles difficultés qu’elles rencontrent. Cette recherche apour cadre une région insulaire de la France où lapopulation a accès à deux systèmes de soins, soitle système occidental avec les modalités de lamédecine allopathique et celui basé sur laphytothérapie. Les résultats montrent que les personnesprennent soin de leur santé malgré leursdifficultés en littératie, ce qui contredit à ceque nous avions anticipé.
Dialogue réflexif sur les études québécoises de la littératie, le regard des New Literacy Studies
Authors: Papen Uta , Collette Karine
Published: September 2013

Le texte présente une entrevue avec Uta Papen, préparée par Karine Collette, dans l’objectif de construire un dialogue réflexif différé entre certains traits ou éléments constitutifs des études québécoises publiées dans ce numéro et une perspective théorique considérée comme dominante dans le champ anglo-saxon des études de littératie : les New Literacy Studies. Nous avons voulu recueillir et présenter le regard que peut poser, sur nos études québécoises, un chercheur anglo-américain influencé par l’anthropologie et l’ethnographie, dans le but de nourrir les échanges et la réflexion. Uta Papen incarne ici le courant anglo-saxon et se prête à la mise en scène d’une « entrevue » qui n’a rien de spontané : les textes commentés ont été préalablement échangés ; les questions ont été formulées et présentées à l’avance ; les « réponses » ont été préparées, relues et au besoin peaufinées. Il en ressort un « dialogue » où un grand nombre de voix (des auteurs et des courants de référence) se croisent, se font écho, se questionnent ou s’opposent sous couvert d’une interaction de surface. Un dialogisme laissant peut-être entrevoir, entre les mots et les lignes, des points convergents, en termes de besoins de description et de reconnaissance des littératies locales, contextuelles et culturelles, besoins de décrire et d’analyser les enjeux des littératies en contact. Car les perspectives socioculturelles et idéologiques de description des littératies sont encore rares au Québec, où les visées pragmatiques des études et des projets de terrain infléchissent les travaux dans une orientation majoritairement fonctionnelle.
La traduction de Walt Whitman par Rosaire Dion-Lévesque : les ambiguïtés d’une appropriation
Authors: Rumeau Delphine
Published: September 2013

La traduction de Whitman par Rosaire Dion-Lévesque, parue à Montréal en 1933, prend sa place dans un dialogue transatlantique avec les traducteurs français. Mais elle s’inscrit surtout dans un moment de l’histoire littéraire et poétique du Québec, plus conscient de sa situation américaine. Elle répond à une aspiration à la modernité et au renouvellement thématique et formel du poème. Pour autant, la traduction et ses paratextes – préface de Louis Dantin, hommage de Dion-Lévesque – témoignent de certaines ambiguïtés. Whitman est ainsi détaché de son ancrage états-unien, et même américain, pour devenir un avatar des mages de l’Orient biblique. C’est que Rosaire Dion-Lévesque se situe sur un terrain résolument moral et religieux, loin des réceptions politiques ou homosexuelles des traducteurs français. L’oeuvre de Whitman a en effet une dimension critique forte dans le Québec très catholique des années 1930. Le poète américain sert de truchement à une refondation religieuse, à une morale qui valorise le corps trop longtemps méprisé par l’âme. Cette traduction marque un tournant dans l’oeuvre poétique de Rosaire Dion-Lévesque : si ses premiers recueils allient une certaine orthodoxie catholique à un ciselage formel parnassien, les suivants se libèrent du carcan de la rime et associent la quête spirituelle à la glorification de la nature et du corps. Mais c’est aussi à un niveau plus collectif qu’elle constitue un pivot, puisque, jugée trop polémique par les éditeurs d’alors, elle sera l’occasion de fonder la première maison d’édition indépendante du clergé, Les Elzévirs, devenue les Éditions du Totem, qui jouera un rôle important dans la critique de la morale canadienne-française et dans l’affirmation de l’américanité du Québec et de sa littérature.
Une entrevue d’Hubert Aquin avec Aldous Huxley : Premier plan, 12 juin 19601
Authors: Gabrielli Nino
Published: September 2013

Cet article présente une entrevue inédite d’Hubert Aquin avec l’écrivain britannique Aldous Huxley, réalisée dans le cadre de l’émission Premier plan du 12 juin 1960 à la télévision de Radio-Canada. L’analyse des contextes de production, de diffusion et de réception de l’entrevue, située dans le corpus des grands entretiens réalisés en 1960 par Hubert Aquin, permet de mieux saisir l’impact de la carrière journalistique sur la formation intellectuelle de l’écrivain, du militant politique et de l’homme des médias. La réémergence du patrimoine médiatique aquinien, grâce à la nouvelle accessibilité de plusieurs dizaines de documents audiovisuels à l’Université de Montréal, est finalement soulignée, laissant entrevoir de nouvelles perspectives d’études de l’oeuvre.
Quel positionnement pour l’entrepreneur du luxe dans une stratégie collective ?
Authors: Leyronas Christophe , Loup Stéphanie
Published: September 2013

Une des alternatives au développement des petites entreprises du luxe passe par la participation à des stratégies collectives. La recherche de singularité inhérente à l’entrepreneur du luxe trouve une traduction par un positionnement particulier au sein de la stratégie collective. Notre travail propose de renouveler l’approche du luxe en proposant une double analyse croisant la problématique des ressources et l’analyse structurale des réseaux. En opposition avec l’idée développée qu’une position centrale est favorable, il apparaît pour l’entrepreneur du luxe, qu’une position favorable en termes de singularité se situe en périphérie.
L’accompagnement entrepreneurial par les Coopératives d’Activité et d’Emploi : des singularités à questionner
Authors: Allard Frédérique , Amans Pascale , Bravo-Bouyssy Ketty , Loup Stéphanie
Published: September 2013

Centrée sur une coopérative d’activité et d’emploi, cette recherche a pour objectif de révéler les singularités du dispositif d’accompagnement entrepreneurial déployé. L’éclairage de l’ingénierie des compétences est mobilisé à cette fin. Après la présentation de ce dispositif, la caractérisation des modalités qu’il combine permet de dévoiler ses deux niveaux de singularisation : le mix de formation-action et d’alternance d’abord, l’effet amplificateur du cadre collectif et coopératif de l’accompagnement ensuite. La discussion qui s’ensuit confirme la fécondité d’un tel dispositif. La conclusion revient sur la valeur exploratoire de ces résultats tout en dégageant les perspectives d’une recherche longitudinale.
L’accompagnement entrepreneurial par et pour les mampreneurs
Authors: Richomme-Huet Katia , d’Andria Aude
Published: September 2013

La recherche s’interroge sur la pertinence d’un accompagnement entrepreneurial différencié pour les mampreneurs. A partir d’une étude de cas approfondie portant sur l’unique association française actuellement en activité, la contribution met en avant la structuration et le fonctionnement de cette association qui rassemble des femmes se revendiquant mères et entrepreneurs. Les résultats montrent qu’un accompagnement entrepreneurial différencié a émergé faute de structures et de réponses adaptées à leur besoins et leurs attentes. Insérées dans leur propre structure, les mampreneurs y trouvent le soutien, la proximité et le professionnalisme en lien avec leurs aspirations entrepreneuriale et familiale.