bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Novel Technique for Choroidal Fluid Drainage in Uveal Effusion Syndrome
Authors: Matlach Juliane , Nowak Johannes , Göbel Winfried
Published: May 2013

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE:

Uveal effusion syndrome (UES) is a rare disorder associated with thickening of the choroid and secondary retinal detachment as a possible serious complication. UES occurs in hypermetropic or nanophthalmic eyes or can be idiopathic and is a diagnosis of exclusion. Vortex vein decompression, sclerectomy or sclerotomy, and drainage of choroidal fluid are surgical treatment options.

PATIENTS AND METHODS:

The authors describe a novel surgical technique for drainage of serous choroidal detachment using a penetrating diathermy probe in two patients with UES. The procedure involves drainage of choroidal fluid by using a penetrating diathermy probe (2 mm tip length) after placing a 20-gauge infusion line in the anterior chamber.

RESULTS:

Choroidal fluid drainage was successful in both patients, with satisfactory outcome on follow-up.

CONCLUSION:

The proposed simple and feasible surgical drainage technique may improve the management of patients with UES.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2013;44:274–277.]
Paraneoplastic Vitelliform Retinopathy Following Ciliochoroidal Melanoma
Authors: Kiratli Hayyam , Kadayifçilar Sibel , Tarlan Berçin
Published: May 2013

A case of a paraneoplastic vitelliform retinopathy is described in the fellow eye of a 40-year-old woman 4 years after enucleation of her left eye for a ciliochoroidal melanoma. There were multiple yellow subretinal vitelliform-like lesions at the posterior pole, which were hyperautofluorescent and hypofluorescent on fluorescein and indocyanine green angiographies. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography showed hyperreflective material between the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor layer. Paraneoplastic vitelliform retinopathy may appear concomitantly with the development of distant metastases years after treatment of a ciliochoroidal melanoma and may present with symptoms resembling melanoma-associated retinopathy and electroretinogram findings. However, unlike with melanoma-associated retinopathy, the retinal lesions are located between the retinal pigment epithelium and the photoreceptor layer.

[
Ophthalmic Surg Lasers Imaging Retina.
2013;44:290–292.]
Las temáticas y preocupaciones de las investigadoras élite en Ciencias Sociales de las universidades catalanas
Authors: Tomàs Folch Marina , Mentado Labao Trinidad
Published: May 2013

Las Ciencias Sociales son áreas del conocimiento en las cuales inciden de forma muy importante las circunstancias que rodean al personal investigador. Los enfoques que se adoptan ante el tópico a investigar, las metodologías o maneras de estudiarlo, son especialmente claves en estas áreas. Entre estas circunstancias se encuentra el género de la investigadora principal.

La metodología elegida para abordar este estudio ha sido cualitativa. En concreto, las entrevistas focalizadas a nivel individual y el análisis del discurso en la producción científica son las técnicas utilizadas.

De los resultados obtenidos podemos anunciar tendencias más que conclusiones. Sólo una cuarta parte de los grupos son liderados por mujeres y éstas parece que tienen unas condiciones especiales y que están ahí porque siguen las pautas investigadoras al uso. Parece observarse como rasgo diferenciador del género femenino una mayor preocupación por la formación del equipo de investigadores y por el clima del grupo.
El acceso de la mujer a la “alta cultura” en la europa del renacimiento
Authors: García Pérez Noelia
Published: May 2013

Este artículo analiza cómo en un contexto que no favorecía el acceso femenino a los círculos intelectuales, el patronazgo artístico permitió a las mujeres introducirse en la Alta Cultura del Renacimiento, promoviendo una perspectiva femenina que reflejara su historia, su estatus y sus propios intereses.
Lingüística computacional y esteganografía lingüística. Distribuyendo información oculta con recursos mínimos
Authors: Muñoz Muñoz Alfonso , Argüelles Álvarez Irina
Published: May 2013

La lingüística computacional puede ser aprovechada junto a la ciencia de la esteganografía lingüística para diseñar sistemas útiles en la protección/privacidad de las comunicaciones digitales y en el marcado digital de textos. No obstante, para poder llevar a cabo tal tarea se requiere de una serie de condiciones que no siempre se dan. En este artículo se investiga si es posible diseñar procedimientos que permitan ocultar información en lenguaje natural utilizando la mínima cantidad de recursos tanto lingüísticos como computacionales. Se propone un algoritmo y se implementa, razonando posteriormente a favor de la utilidad y la seguridad de propuestas de este tipo.
Guía de selección de ERP en las pequeñas y medianas empresas mexicanas
Authors: Rivera Igor , Pérez Salazar María Rosario
Published: May 2013

Los Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) son Sistemas de Información caracterizados por tener una base de datos común para todos los departamentos de la empresa y son utilizados por las organizaciones para administrar sus datos con el fin de tomar mejores decisiones. Sin embargo, estudios recientes demuestran que el 92% de los proyectos ERP no terminan con éxito (De Pablos Heredero y De Pablos Heredero, 2009). El objetivo de este artículo es diseñar una guía de selección de ERP en las Pymes mexicanas. En primera instancia se realizó un examen de la literatura científica, el cual se dividió en: propuestas metodológicas, casos de estudio, estudios microsociológicos y factores críticos de éxito para proyectos ERP. Para complementar nuestro estudio teórico se entrevistaron consultores, utilizadores y expertos en proyectos ERP, los cuales apoyaron nuestra concepción de esta problemática en el ámbito local. Finalmente se diseñó la guía de selección de ERP.
Disseminated Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus in an Immunocompetent 8-Year Old Boy
Authors: Oladokun Regina Eziuka , Olomukoro Chikodili N , Owa Adewale B.
Published: May 2013

Varicella results from a primary infection with the varicella virus while herpes zoster is caused by a reactivation of a latent infection. Dissemination of herpes zoster is uncommon in immunocompetent individuals. Reports of disseminated herpes zoster in children are even less common than in adults. An unusual case of disseminated herpes zoster ophthalmicus in an 8-year old immunocompetent black boy is presented. He had a previous primary Varicella zoster virus infection at three years of age. In the current report, he presented during an on-going chicken pox outbreak and survived with no significant complications. A breakthrough varicella virus re-infection or a reactivation is possible, both of which could present as zoster. This case emphasizes the need for prevention of varicella virus infection through universal childhood immunization and effective infection control strategies in health care settings.
Initial Electrical Stimulation Frequency and Cramp Threshold Frequency and Force
Authors: Miller Kevin C. , Knight Kenneth L.
Published: May 2013

Context

In the electrically induced cramp model, the tibial nerve is stimulated at an initial frequency of 4 Hz with increases in 2-Hz increments until the flexor hallucis brevis cramps. The frequency at which cramping occurs (ie, threshold frequency [TF]) can vary considerably. A potential limitation is that multiple subthreshold stimulations before TF might induce fatigue, which is operationally defined as a decrease in maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) force, thereby biasing TF.

Objective

To determine if TF is similar when initially stimulated at 4 Hz or 14 Hz and if MVIC force is different among stimulation frequencies or over time (precramp, 1 minute postcramp, and 5 minutes postcramp).

Design

Crossover study.

Setting

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Twenty participants (13 males: age = 20.6 ± 2.9 years, height = 184.4 ± 5.7 cm, mass = 76.3 ± 7.1 kg; 7 females: age = 20.4 ± 3.5 years, height = 166.6 ± 6.0 cm, mass = 62.4 ± 10.0 kg) who were prone to cramps.

Intervention(s)

Participants performed 20 practice MVICs. After a 5-minute rest, three 2-second MVICs were recorded and averaged for the precramp measurement. Participants were stimulated at either 4 Hz or 14 Hz, and the frequency was increased in 2-Hz increments from each initial frequency until cramp. The MVIC force was reevaluated at 1 minute and 5 minutes postcramp.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

The TF and MVIC force.

Results

Initial stimulation frequency did not affect TF (4 Hz = 16.2 ± 3.8 Hz, 14 Hz = 17.1 ± 5.0 Hz; t19=1.2, P = .24). Two participants had inaccurate TFs when initially stimulated at 14 Hz; they cramped at 10 and 12 Hz in the 4-Hz condition. The MVIC force did not differ between initial frequencies (F1,19 = 0.9, P = .36) but did differ over time (F2,38 = 5.1, P = .01). Force was lower at 1 minute postcramp (25.1 ± 10.1 N) than at precramp (28.7 ± 7.8 N; P < .05) but returned to baseline at 5 minutes postcramp (26.7 ± 8.9 N; P > .05).

Conclusions

The preferred initial stimulation frequency might be 4 Hz because it did not alter or overestimate TF. The MVIC force was lower at 1 minute postcramp, suggesting the induced cramp rather than the varying electrical frequencies affected force. A 1- to 5-minute rest should be provided postcramp induction if multiple cramps are induced.
Undergraduate Athletic Training Students' Influences on Career Decisions After Graduation
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Gavin Kerri E. , Pitney William A. , Casa Douglas J. , Burton Laura
Published: May 2013

Context

Career opportunities for athletic training students (ATSs) have increased substantially over the past few years. However, ATSs commonly appear to be opting for a more diversified professional experience after graduation. With the diversity in available options, an understanding of career decision is imperative.

Objective

To use the theoretical framework of socialization to investigate the influential factors behind the postgraduation decisions of senior ATSs.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

Web-based management system and telephone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants

Twenty-two ATSs (16 females, 6 males; age = 22 ± 2 years) who graduated in May 2010 from 13 different programs accredited by the Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education.

Data Collection and Analysis

All interviews were transcribed verbatim, and the data were analyzed inductively. Data analysis required independent coding by 2 athletic trainers for specific themes. Credibility of the results was confirmed via peer review, methodologic triangulation, and multiple analyst triangulation.

Results

Two higher-order themes emerged from the data analysis: persistence in athletic training (AT) and decision to leave AT. Faculty and clinical instructor support, marketability, and professional growth were supporting themes describing persistence in AT. Shift of interest away from AT, lack of respect for the AT profession, compensation, time commitment, and AT as a stepping stone were themes sustaining the reasons that ATSs leave AT. The aforementioned reasons to leave often were discussed collectively, generating a collective undesirable outlook on the AT profession.

Conclusions

Our results highlight the importance of faculty support, professional growth, and early socialization into AT. Socialization of pre–AT students could alter retention rates by providing in-depth information about the profession before students commit in their undergraduate education and by helping reduce attrition before entrance into the workforce.
The Professional Socialization of Collegiate Female Athletic Trainers: Navigating Experiences of Gender Bias
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Borland John F. , Burton Laura J
Published: May 2013

Context

Female athletic trainers (ATs) experience gender discrimination in the workplace due to stereotypical gender roles, but limited information is available regarding the topic.

Objective

To understand the challenges and obstacles faced by young female ATs working in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I athletics.

Design

Exploratory study using semistructured interviews.

Setting

Division I clinical setting.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 14 female ATs were included in the study, using both criterion and snowball- sampling techniques. Their mean age was 27 ± 2 years, with 5 ± 2 years of overall clinical experience. Criteria included employment at the Division I clinical setting, being a full-time assistant AT, and at least 3 years of working experience but no more than 9 years to avoid role continuance.

Data Collection and Analysis

Analysis of the interview data followed inductive procedures as outlined by a grounded theory approach. Credibility was established by member checks, multiple-analyst triangulation, and peer review.

Results

Clear communication with both coaches and players about expectations and philosophies regarding medical care, a supportive head AT in terms of clinical competence, and having and serving as a role model were cited as critical tools to alleviate gender bias in the workplace.

Conclusions

The female ATs in this study stressed the importance of being assertive with coaches early in the season with regard to the AT's role on the team. They reasoned that these actions brought forth a greater perception of congruity between their roles as ATs and their gender and age. We suggest that female athletic training students seek mentors in their field while they complete their coursework and practicums. The ATs in the current study indicated that a mentor, regardless of sex, helped them feel empowered to navigate the male-centric terrain of athletic departments by encouraging them to be assertive and not second-guess their decisions.
Plasma Potassium Concentration and Content Changes After Banana Ingestion in Exercised Men
Authors: Miller Kevin C.
Published: May 2013

Context

Individuals prone to exercise-associated muscle cramps (EAMCs) are instructed to eat bananas because of their high potassium (K+) concentration and carbohydrate content and the perception that K+ imbalances and fatigue contribute to the genesis of EAMCs. No data exist about the effect of bananas on plasma K+ concentration ([K+]p) or plasma glucose concentration ([glucose]p) after exercise in the heat.

Objective

To determine whether ingesting 0, 1, or 2 servings of bananas after 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous exercise in the heat alters [K+]p or [glucose]p and whether changes in [K+]p result from hypotonic fluid effluxes or K+ ion changes.

Design

Crossover study.

Setting

Laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Nine euhydrated men (age = 27 ± 4 years, height = 180.3 ± 8.4 cm, mass = 84.9 ± 26.1 kg, urine specific gravity ≤ 1.006) without EAMCs volunteered.

Intervention(s)

On 3 separate days, participants completed 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous cycling (temperature = 36.4°C ± 1.1°C, relative humidity = 19.4% ± 2.5%) and then ate 0 g (0 servings), 150 g (1 serving), or 300 g (2 servings) of bananas. Blood samples were collected at −3, 5, 15, 30, and 60 minutes postingestion.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

The [K+]p, changes in plasma K+ content, plasma volume changes, and [glucose]p.

Results

The [K+]p differed between conditions at 60 minutes; 2 servings (4.6 ± 0.3 mmol/L [conventional unit = 4.6 ± 0.3 mEq/L]) was greater than 1 serving (4.5 ± 0.2 mmol/L [conventional unit = 4.5 ± 0.2 mEq/L]) and 0 servings (4.4 ± 0.3 mmol/L [conventional unit = 4.4 ± 0.3 mEq/L]) (P < .05). The [K+]p was greater at 60 minutes than at −3 and 5 minutes in the 1-serving condition and was greater at 30 and 60 minutes than at −3 and 5 minutes in the 2-servings condition (P < .05). Percentage change in K+ content was greater only at 30 and 60 minutes postingestion than at baseline in the 2-servings condition (4.4% ± 3.7% and 5.8% ± 2.3% increase, respectively) (P < .05). The plasma volume changes among conditions were unremarkable. The [glucose]p was greater in the 2-servings condition than in all other conditions at 15, 30, and 60 minutes (P < .05).

Conclusions

The effect of banana ingestion on EAMCs is unknown; however, these data suggested bananas are unlikely to relieve EAMCs by increasing extracellular [K+] or [glucose]p. The increases in [K+]p were marginal and within normal clinical values. The changes in [K+]p, plasma K+ content, and [glucose]p do not occur quickly enough to treat acute EAMCs, especially if they develop near the end of competition.
Professional Baseball Athletic Trainers' Perceptions of Preparation for Job-Specific Duties
Authors: Gardiner-Shires Alison , Marley Scott C. , Barnes John C. , Shires Mark E.
Published: May 2013

Context

The extent to which individuals are prepared completely for work in a particular athletic training setting (eg, professional sports, college, high school) is unknown. This issue is critical today, and findings in this area have implications for athletic training education policy and employers.

Objective

To determine the perceptions of preparation for work-specific tasks by professional baseball athletic trainers (PBATs). We also wanted to determine whether various preparation experiences interact with perceived skills.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Online survey administered via SurveyMonkey.

Patients or Other Participants

Two hundred seventy-five PBATs.

Intervention(s)

The PBATs reported their levels of preparation before employment in their positions and their current skills in each of the 8 work task domains: evaluation of elbow injuries; evaluation of shoulder injuries; evaluation of general injuries; acute care; injury prevention; treatment, rehabilitation, and reconditioning; organization and administration; and non–athletic-training tasks.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Nine repeated-measures analyses of covariance were performed with each perception of preparation (retrospective, current) as a within-subject factor. Preparation experiences were included as between-subjects factors, and number of years working in baseball was the covariate.

Results

Subscale reliabilities were calculated and found to be between 0.79 and 0.97. A total of 180 PBATs (65%) completed the survey. The backgrounds and routes by which PBATs gained employment in the professional baseball setting varied. Individuals who completed professional baseball internships, had previous work experience, and immediately entered the professional baseball setting after graduation had noted differences in their perceptions of preparation for work tasks. The PBATs indicated they were substantially underprepared for tasks in the organization and administration and non–athletic-training task domains.

Conclusions

The organizational socialization process is complex, and no 1 experience appears to completely prepare an individual for work in the professional baseball setting.
Ankle Instability Effects on Joint Position Sense When Stepping Across the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus
Authors: Witchalls Jeremy , Waddington Gordon , Blanch Peter , Adams Roger
Published: May 2013

Context

Individuals with and without functional ankle instability have been tested for deficits in lower limb proprioception with varied results.

Objective

To determine whether a new protocol for testing participants' joint position sense during stepping is reliable and can detect differences between participants with unstable and stable ankles.

Design

Descriptive laboratory study.

Setting

University clinical laboratory.

Patients or Other Participants

Sample of convenience involving 21 young adult university students and staff. Ankle stability was categorized by score on the Cumberland Ankle Instability Tool; 13 had functional ankle instability, 8 had healthy ankles.

Intervention(s)

Test-retest of ankle joint position sense when stepping onto and across the Active Movement Extent Discrimination Apparatus twice, separated by an interim test, standing still on the apparatus and moving only 1 ankle into inversion.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Difference in scores between groups with stable and unstable ankles and between test repeats.

Results

Participants with unstable ankles were worse at differentiating between inversion angles underfoot in both testing protocols. On repeated testing with the stepping protocol, performance of the group with unstable ankles was improved (Cohen d = 1.06, P = .006), whereas scores in the stable ankle group did not change in the second test (Cohen d = 0.04, P = .899). Despite this improvement, the unstable group remained worse at differentiating inversion angles on the stepping retest (Cohen d = 0.99, P = .020).

Conclusions

The deficits on proprioceptive tests shown by individuals with functional ankle instability improved with repeated exposure to the test situation. The learning effect may be the result of systematic exposure to ankle-angle variation that led to movement-specific learning or increased confidence when stepping across the apparatus.
Die klank van aanbidding
Authors: Wepener Cas
Published: May 2013

How to cite this book review: Wepener, C., 2013, �Die klank van aanbidding�, Verbum et Ecclesia 34(1), Art. #850, 1 page. http://dx.doi. org/10.4102/ve.v34i1.850
Metastatic colorectal adenocarcinoma in cervicovaginal cytology specimens confirmed by immunocytochemical stains on liquid base specimens: Two study cases with review of the literature
Authors: Zulfiqar Muhammad , Liu Susan , Shi Dongping , Madan Shashi , Jacques Suzanne , King Laquita , Shidham Vinod , Giorgadze Tamar
Published: May 2013

Only a few cases of adenocarcinoma (ACA) metastatic to the female lower genital tract diagnosed on cervicovaginal Pap smear have been reported during the past several decades. Both conventional and liquid based cytology (LBC) have limited sensitivity and specificity in diagnosing metastatic disease and immunocytochemical (ICC) staining may be needed for confirming the diagnosis. We present two cases of metastatic colorectal ACA diagnosed on cervicovaginal ThinPrep (TP) Pap smears, with one confirmed by ICC staining method. Recognition of extra-uterine malignancy in the cervicovaginal cytology specimen is critical for the disease diagnosis, prognosis, and the treatment. ICC staining performed on the residual LBC specimen is an important methodology to confirm the diagnosis.
Visualization in endodontics
Authors: Bahcall James K.
Published: May 2013

The field of endodontics has witnessed significant technological advances over the past decade. One area of advancement has been the evolution of endodontic visualization. As we begin to view conventional and surgical endodontic treatments as microsurgical procedures, we encounter the same demands for critical visualization as do areas within the field of medicine that perform microsurgery. This article will discuss the use of loupes, microscopes, endodscopes and orascopes in endodontic treatment.
Nanodentistry: New buzz in dentistry
Authors: Mikkilineni Madhurima , Rao Anitha S. , Tummala Muralidhar , Elkanti Soujanya
Published: May 2013

There is an unavoidable development in the progress of science; nanotechnology has been part of the mainstream scientific theory with potential medical and dental applications since the early 1990s. Dentistry is undergoing another change with the help of nanotechnology combined with nanomaterials, biotechnology and ultimately dental nanorobotics. Nanodentistry will make possible maintenance of comprehensive oral health by employing nano tissue devices which will allow precise controlled oral analgesia, dentine replacement therapy, permanent hypersensitivity cure and complete orthodontic realignment etc., all in a single office visit, covalently bonded diamondized enamel and continuous oral health maintenance through the use of mechanical dentifrobots. There is an increase in optimism that nanotechnology applied to dentistry will bring significant advances in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disease. This article enlightens about potential applications of nanotechnology in dentistry and to illustrate their potentially far reaching impact on clinical dental practice.
Correlation of body mass index with eruption time of permanent first molars and incisors and caries occurrence: A cross-sectional study in school children in Uttar Pardesh, India
Authors: Sabharwal Robin , Sengupta Shamindra , Sharma Bhudev , Singh Sanjeet , Rastogi Varun
Published: May 2013

Aims and Objectives: To determine the mean eruption time of permanent first molars and incisors; to compare this with Body Mass Index (BMI); to correlate the caries frequency with BMI. Materials and Methods: 100 school children of ′just erupted′ teeth of age 5-10 years were obtained from 10 different schools of Modinagar city, Uttar Pradesh. Weight and height of these individuals were measured and the clinical examination of the oral cavity was done to assess the caries frequency and the eruption status of permanent teeth. Pearson correlation coefficient was utilized to find the correlation between BMI, eruption time and caries frequency. Results: BMI and eruption time were found to be negatively associated. A strong positive and significant correlation was observed between BMI and (dft + DFT) score for overweight females, while no significant difference was observed in case of males. Conclusion: Eruption time of permanent first molars and incisors increases with decrease in BMI values, while caries frequency increases with increase in BMI values.
In vitro antimicrobial efficiency of different root canal sealers against Enterecoccus faecalis
Authors: Ustun Yakup , Sagsen Burak , Durmaz Suleyman , Percin Duygu
Published: May 2013

Objective: The antibacterial effectiveness of four different sealers AH Plus, EndoRez, mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) Fillapex, iRoot SP against Enterococcus faecalis was evaluated by time kill assay method in vitro. Materials and Methods: Four sealers are used in this study: An epoxy resin-based sealer, AH Plus (Dentsply, Maillefer, Switzerland), a polymethacrylate resin-based sealer, EndoRez (Ultradent, South Jordan, UT) and two calcium silicate-based sealers, MTA Fillapex (Angelus Solucxoes Odontologicas, Londrina, Brazil), iRoot SP (Innovative BioCreamix Inc., Vancouver, Canada). Each sealer was mixed according to manufacturer′s instructions. Five mg of each sealer was added to sterile tubes separately and evaluated at 20 min, 24 h, 7 days, and 30 days. Two tubes were used as positive and negative. Results: At the 20th min AH Plus and iRoot SP were bactericidal, MTA Fillapex, and EndoRez were ineffective at the 20th min. At the 1st day MTA Fillapex was ineffective and rest of the sealers was bacteriostatic. At the 7th day, only MTA Fillapex showed bactericidal effect, AH Plus, iRoot SP and EndoRez were bacteriostatic. At the 30th day, MTA Fillapex was still bactericidal, AH Plus, iRoot SP, and EndoRez were still bacteriostatic. Conclusion: All root canal sealers tested were effective against E. faecalis. Fresh iRoot SP and fresh AH Plus had bactericidal action against E. faecalis. EndoRez has bacteriostatic behavior against E. faecalis. MTA Fillapex was the only sealer that could be bacteriocidal at 7th and 30th day.
Barriers to the utilization of dental services in Shimla, India
Authors: Fotedar Shailee , Sharma K. R. , Bhardwaj Vinay , Sogi G. M.
Published: May 2013

Objective: The objective of this study was to determine the barriers to regular dental attendance for check- up in a rural population in Shimla Himachal Pradesh. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was conducted among 319 adults in the area of Thari Panchayat, Shogi, Shimla. The data was analyzed by SPSS version 13. Statistical tests used were chi square and multiple-variate analysis. Results: The response rate of the study was 96.8%. 46 (15.1%) visited a dentist within the previous one year. The most common reasons for the last dental visit were pain or a dental emergency (208, 68.5%). The most commonly reported reason for not seeking dental care was “no need to visit a dentist unless there is pain” by 190 (62.5%) in bivariate analysis as well as in multiple logistic regression analysis (Odds ratio: 1.95; CI: 1.71-2.22). Conclusion: Our findings suggest that only a small portion of population visited dentist in previous one year. They believe that visiting a dentist is necessary only for pain relief. Thus it is important to give them awareness programmes about the good oral health and motivating them to use the services available.
Evaluation of root canal smear layer removal by two types of lasers: A scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Reza Birang , Mohsen Hasheminia Seyed , Elham Fakhari , Mina Nasouri , Sara Nasouri , Ehsan Birang
Published: May 2013

Objective: This study was to compare the effects of Erbium: Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet (Er: YAG), and Neodimium: Yttrium-Aluminium-Garnet (Nd: YAG) lasers on removing the smear layer using scanning electron microscopy. Background: Removing Smear layer and exposure of dentinal tubules facilitate a tight-fitting root canal filling, which is necessary for a successful endodontic treatment and one of the proposed methods for removing the smear layer is the use of lasers. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 55 human single-rooted teeth were examined. Instrumentation was done using the step-back technique with hand files up to file #40 at the apical area and file #80 at the coronal area. The samples were divided into three groups: Samples irradiated by the Er: YAG laser (1 W, 10 Hz, 130.7 J/cm2 ) in Group 1 (n=25), the Nd: YAG laser (2 W, 15 Hz, 188.25 J/cm2 ) in Group 2 (n=25) and samples irrigated by 5.25% NaOCl as the control in Group 3 (n=5). Next, roots were bisected longitudinally and prepared for scanning electron microscopy. Data were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis, Mann-Whitney, Friedman and Wilcoxon tests (P<0.05). Results: The Er: YAG laser can remove more of the smear layer from the root canal wall than the Nd: YAG laser (P=0.000). Comparisons between three regions showed that both of the lasers proved less efficient in apical parts of the root canal. Conclusion: Based on the findings of the present study, irradiation by the Er: YAG laser was more effective in smear layer removal than the Nd: YAG laser.
Mesiodens used for allotransplantation
Authors: Pai Suryakanth M. , Patil Piyusha S. , Poornima P. , Subbareddy V. V.
Published: May 2013

This is a case report of an 11-year-old male patient in whom a mesiodens from a donor was used as an allotransplant to replace his missing central incisor. The treatment results over 1 year showed successful periodontal healing and functioning of the allotransplanted tooth. The aim of this paper is to report a procedure, allotransplantation of tooth, which is followed from ages but less preferred and documented and is surrounded by variable prognosis and also highlight the use of a mesiodens, which in any case has to be extracted and usually of no other use.
Role of volumetric three-dimensional computed tomography in guiding the treatment of a dentigerous cyst associated with a mesiodens, approaching the nasal cavity
Authors: Arora Chetna , Bahri Rohit , Kapoor Varun , Paul Samrity
Published: May 2013

This is a case report highlighting the role of volumetric three-dimensional computed tomography (3D-CT) in the treatment of a dentigerous cyst (DC) associated with a mesiodens approaching the nasal cavity. The incidence and histopathogenesis of DC associated with mesiodens have been discussed. The advantages of volumetric multi-slice light speed 3D-CT imaging over alternative CT imaging techniques have also been discussed.
Oilseed rape as feedstock for biodiesel production in relation to the environment and human health
Authors: Angelovič Michal , Tkač Zdenko , Angelovič Marek
Published: May 2013

Oilseed rape is one of the most important crops in cultivation process. A current developmental trend in non-food rapeseed production on agricultural land shows that this new course is irreversible and is a great opportunity for agriculture. Non-food rapeseed production is focused on the production of biodiesel. Biodiesel has good environmental properties. Lower emissions are produced by the combustion of biodiesel than for diesel. In content of exhaust gas is observed a significant decrease of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, particulate matter and etc. The analysis of the literary knowledge on impacts of biodiesel on exhaust emissions, on regulated emissions, shows a reduction of 10.1% for particulate matter, of 21.1% for hydrocarbons, and 11.0% for carbon monoxide with the use of B20. Nitrogen oxides (NOx) increased by 2.0%. Biodiesel was introduced into the European market in the 1988s as B100. The use of blends with content up to 5% biodiesel has no significant impact on the emissions and their toxicity. An increased mutagenicity was observed with blends containing 20%. Nevertheless, increased mutagenic effects were observed under specific conditions. Accordingly, the problem concerning blends of diesel fuel with biodiesel (B20) should be investigated with high priority. No comprehensive risk assessment for diesel engine emissions from biodiesel and its blends is possible In regard to a comprehensive hazard characterization it is urged to develop a panel of standardized and internationally accepted protocols which allow a reliable assessment of possible health hazards which may arise from the combustion of new fuels compared to conventional diesel fuel. These methods should be robust and should reflect the various health hazards associated with diesel engine emissions to supplement data on regulated emissions. Methods for the generation of the exhaust and sample preparation should be harmonized. There is sufficient evidence supporting a causal relationship between diesel engine emissions and acute health effects, as are childhood asthma, non-asthma respiratory symptoms, impaired lung function, total and cardiovascular mortality, and cardiovascular morbidity. Although, diesel engine emissions exposures in developed countries changed strongly during recent years, reliable animal experiments or epidemiological studies concerning the use of new fuels and technologies are almost lacking.
Prevalence and Management of Anemia in Hemodialysis Patients in a Brazilian Population of Predominantly African Descent
Authors: Matos Cácia Mendes , Silva Luciana Ferreira , Melo Nelson Almeida D'Ávila , Kuwano André Yoichi , Kuwano Andreia Nunes , Azul Paula Serra , Barros Luisa Leite , Pisoni Ronald L. , Lopes Antonio Alberto
Published: May 2013

Background/Objective

Findings from the international DOPPS indicated a rise in hemoglobin levels for patients on maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) for more than 180 days across many countries with more than 60% with hemoglobin ≥11 g/dl. However, the situation of anemia control for a large contingent of the hemodialysis population remains unknown. Studies in the United States indicate that hemoglobin level is lower for African Americans on MHD, but studies in other populations of African descent are lacking. We investigated the prevalence of, and associated factors for, hemoglobin ≤11 g/dl in MHD patients from the Brazilian city with the largest proportion of African descendants outside Africa.

Methods

Cross-sectional study of 1,263 MHD patients enrolled in the Prospective Study of the Prognosis of Chronic Hemodialysis Patients (PROHEMO) in Salvador, Brazil 2005-2009.

Results

88.0% black or mixed race; age 49.0 ∓ 14.7 years; 96.6% receiving erythropoietin, median = 6,000 units/week. In patients on MHD for more than 180 days, 67.4% had hemoglobin ≤11 g/dl. Factors associated with hemoglobin≤11 g/dl were MHD by catheter (odds ratio (OR) = 3.03, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.43-6.42), hospitalization in prior 3 months (OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.20-3.83), transferrin saturation ≤20% (OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.05-2.12) and higher malnutrition-inflammation score (OR = 1.58 per each log-transformed unit, 95% CI = 1.14-2.19).

Conclusions

The results suggest that iron deficiency, insufficient erythropoietin dose, catheter use, malnutrition-inflammation, and problems associated with hospitalization are explanations for the high prevalence of hemoglobin below the guideline target in MHD patients from a large African descent Brazilian population. These results have implications for understanding the lower hemoglobin concentration in MHD populations of African descent.
Increased Incidence of Angiodysplasia of the Gastrointestinal Tract and Bleeding in Patients with Continuous Flow Left Ventricular Assist Devices (LVADs)
Authors: Muthiah Kavitha , Robson Desiree , Macdonald Peter S. , Keogh Anne M. , Kotlyar Eugene , Granger Emily , Dhital Kumud , Spratt Phillip , Jansz Paul , Hayward Christopher S.
Published: May 2013

Background

Continuous flow left ventricular assist devices (cfLVADs) are used in clinical practice for the management of end-stage heart failure. Axial flow cfLVADS have been associated with increased rates of adverse gastrointestinal events such as bleeding angiodysplasia. The purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of bleeding gastrointestinal tract angiodysplasia and the profile of patients supported with the centrifugal cfLVAD, referred for endoscopy.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 66 patients implanted with Ventrassist (n = 33) and Heartware (n = 33) centrifugal continuous flow LVADs was performed. All patients were on warfarin, aspirin and/or clopidogrel. Endoscopy was performed in all patients with either active gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 6) or anemia with positive fecal occult blood (n = 6).

Results

Bleeding gastrointestinal angiodysplasia was demonstrated in 5 out of the 12 (41.6%) patients who underwent endoscopy from the cohort of 66 cfLVAD supported patients (7.6%). The incidence of bleeding angiodysplasia was higher than the age-standardized rate of andiodysplasia from literature (0.8%). Active gastrointestinal bleeding in one other patient was due to diverticulosis. The five patients with bleeding angiodysplasia tended to be older than the remaining 61 patients (58.8 ± 10.3 vs 49.6 ± 15.7 years, p = 0.2).

Conclusions

We found excess bleeding angiodysplasia in patients on centrifugal cfLVAD support. It may be appropriate to screen for angiodysplasia particularly in older patients prior to support by centrifugal cf LVADs. Reasons for the higher rate of bleeding angiodysplasia in cfLVAD patients warrant further study.
Orofacial Clefts: A Worldwide Review of the Problem
Authors: Agbenorku P.
Published: May 2013

Orofacial cleft is one of the commonest congenital abnormalities which impacts negatively on the life of the individual and to a large extent affects the family. Caused by the interaction of environmental and genetic factors, this abnormality brings about decreased quality of life. Management of this abnormality entails a team involving a cleft surgeon, speech therapist, dentist, orthodontists, and so forth. This study involves the review of the various literatures on orofacial clefts, discussing the problems on the genetic basis, associated syndromes, and their management. Counseling of prospective mothers should be promoted to ensure that the abnormality is prevented at the early stages. Education on orofacial clefts should be promoted to create awareness on its preventive measures. Much attention must be geared towards cleft genetics studies to identify potential risk factors which might be predisposing individuals to the anomaly.
U.S. Ethanol Policy: Time to Reconsider?
Authors: Griffin James M.
Published: May 2013

This paper examines both the intended and unintended consequences of current U.S. ethanol policy. Originally, the 2007 legislation was intended to benefit consumers with lower gasoline prices, to reduce carbon emissions, and to promote oil security by displacing imported oil with domestically produced ethanol. While well-intentioned, the realized benefits have been minimal to consumers, the environment, and oil security. Alternatively, the unintended consequences on corn and other food commodity prices are having severe repercussions particularly in developing countries where consumers have more limited substitution possibilities. The extreme drought of 2012 illustrated the folly of mandating fixed quantities of ethanol use in gasoline, while allowing the residual to be left for food uses. It is time to reconsider and rescind the ethanol mandates.
Investments in Imperfect Power Markets under Carbon Pricing: A Case Study Based Analysis
Authors: Pahle Michael , Lessmann Kai , Edenhofer Ottmar , Bauer Nico
Published: May 2013

This article addresses the question of how investments in imperfectly competitive electricity markets interact with a price on carbon. The analysis is based on a dynamic numerical Cournot model calibrated to the German market and focuses on (a) the level of investments and technology choice and (b) welfare impacts under optimal carbon pricing. As a special feature, we also restrict access to one technology (coal) to strategic players (“technological market power”). The main results are: (a) In the long-run prices reach competitive levels due to entry by the competitive fringe. If technological market power prevails, this can only be accomplished through high carbon prices. (b) Investment levels and technology choice show different patterns under market power and perfect competition. (c) Apart from driving investments, carbon pricing also renders old carbon-intensive capacities unprofitable and thus induces more extensive fleet turnover. (d) Welfare almost always increases as a result of carbon pricing.
Re-Identifying the Rebound: What About Asymmetry?
Authors: Frondel Manuel , Vance Colin
Published: May 2013

Rebound effects measure the behaviorally induced offset in the reduction of energy consumption following efficiency improvements. Using panel estimation methods and household travel diary data collected in Germany between 1997 and 2009, this study identifies the rebound effect in private transport by allowing for the possibility that fuel price elasticities—from which rebound effects can be derived—are asymmetric. This approach rests on empirical evidence suggesting that the response in individual travel demand to price increases is stronger than to decreases. We argue that such an asymmetric response would require referencing price elasticities derived from price decreases in order to identify the rebound effect, as it represents the response to a decrease in unit cost for car travel due to improved fuel efficiency. Failing to reject the null hypothesis of a symmetric price response, we alternatively estimate a reversible specification and obtain a rebound estimate for single-vehicle households being in the range of 46 to 70%, which is in line with an earlier German study by Frondel, Peters, and Vance (2008).
OPEC “Fair Price” Pronouncements and the Market Price of Crude Oil
Authors: Brunetti Celso , Buyukgahin Bahattin , Robe Michel A. , Soneson Kirsten R.
Published: May 2013

OPEC producers, individually or collectively, often make statements regarding the “fair price” of crude oil. In some cases, the officials commenting are merely affirming the market price prevailing at the time. In many cases, however, we document that they explicitly disagree with contemporaneous oil futures prices. A natural question is whether these “fair price” pronouncements contain information not already reflected in the market price of crude oil. To find the answer, we collect “fair price” statements made from 2000 through 2010 by officials from OPEC or OPEC member countries. Visually, the “fairprice” series looks like a sampling discretely drawn (with a lag) from the daily futures market price series. Formally, we use two primary methodologies to establish that “fair price” pronouncements have little influence on the market price of crude oil and provide little or no new news to oil futures market participants.
Necessity or Luxury Good? Household Energy Spending and Income in Britain 1991-2007
Authors: Meier Helena , Jamasb Tooraj , Orea Luis
Published: May 2013

In recent years, many households around the world have experienced reductions in real incomes and higher energy prices, both of which have important demand and welfare implications. A better understanding of the socio-economic determinants of household energy demand and spending is therefore important from a welfare perspective. This is particularly useful in the case of liberalised energy markets where there is a need to devise new and innovative energy policies for the residential sector. This paper explores British household spending on energy in total and on electricity and gas separately. As the relative importance of essential or luxury services of energy varies with income, we focus our analysis on this driver of energy spending and estimate Engel spending curves using static and dynamic models for a panel dataset comprising over 77,000 observations for the 1991-2007 period. The lack of household level price data is common in liberalized retail energy markets. This issue is addressed by a new modeling approach based on within and between differences in regional energy prices. We find that the Engel spending curves are S-shaped. Income elasticities for energy spending are, however, U-shaped and smaller than unity, suggesting that energy services are a necessity for households.
Capital-Energy Relationships: An Analysis when Disaggregating by Industry and Different Types of Capital
Authors: Tovar Miguel A. , Iglesias Emma M.
Published: May 2013

In this paper we analyze the relationship between capital and energy through cross price elasticities. First, we extend Thomsen’s (2000) methodology in order to link the short and long run in a panel data setting, by including an equation for the motion of capital. Then, by using an expansive industry-level data set and two functional forms, we show clear evidence of long run complementarity in all the analyzed industries, and with respect to the different types of capital that we consider (buildings and machinery). We identify the industries with the greatest degree of dependence between energy and capital. These are therefore, the industries in which a policy of increasing energy prices via taxes to reduce energy consumption may have a serious effect, reducing their investment levels. Hence we recommend that a better governmental policy would be to encourage technological diffusion.
Measuring Productivity Gains from Deregulation of the Japanese Urban Gas Industry
Authors: Tanaka Kenta , Managi Shunsuke
Published: May 2013

The Japanese government initiated a series of regulatory reforms in the mid-1990s. The Japanese urban gas industry consists of various sized private and non-private firms. Numerous previous studies find that deregulation leads to productivity improvements. We extend the literature by analyzing deregulation, privatization, and other aspects of a regulated industry using unique firm level data. This study measures productivity to evaluate the effect of the deregulation reform. Using data from 205 firms from 1993 to 2004, we find that the deregulation effect differs depending on firm size. Competitive pressure contributes to advanced productivity. The deregulation of gas sales to commercial customers is the most important factor for advancing productivity.