bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulation and Characterization of Felodipine as an Oral Nanoemulsions
Authors: B. Hamed Sumaya , N. Abd Alhammid Shaimaa
Published: June 2021

Felodipine is a calcium-channel blocker with low aqueous solubility and bioavailability. Lipid dosage forms are attractive delivery systems for such hydrophobic drug molecules. Nanoemulsion (NE) is one of the popular methods that has been used to solve the dispersibility problems of many drugs. Felodipine was formulated as a NE utilizing oleic acid as an oil phase, tween 80 and tween 60 as surfactants and ethanol as a co-surfactant. Eight formulas were prepared, and different tests were performed to ensure the stability of the NEs, such as particle size, polydispersity index, zeta potential, dilution test, drug content, viscosity and in-vitro drug release. Results of characterization showed that felodipine nanoemulsion (F3) with (oleic acid 10%) ,(Smix 60% of tween80 :ethanol in a ratio of 3:1), (DDW 30%) was selected as the best formula, since it has a particle size of (17.01)nm, low PDI (0.392), zeta potential (-22.34mV), good dilution without drug precipitation , higher percent of drug content (99.098%) with  acceptable viscosity , and complete release of the drug after (45 min.) with significantly higher (P<0.05)   dissolution  rate in comparison with the pure drug powder. The selected formula (F3) subjected to further investigations as drug and excipient compatibility study by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) The outcomes of the (FTIR) explain that the distinctive peaks for felodipine were not affected by other components and displayed the same functional group's band with very slight shifting. This indicates that there was no interaction between felodipine and other NE components. Therefore, these excipients were found to be compatible with felodipine. In conclusion, the NE was found to be an efficient method to enhance the dispersibility and permeatioins of drugs that have poor water solubility (lipophilic drugs).
Formulation and Characterization of Isradipine Nanoparticle for Dissolution Enhancement
Authors: Hussien Rawaa M. , M. Ghareeb Mowafaq
Published: June 2021

Isradipine belong to dihydropyridine (DHP) class of calcium channel blockers (CCBs). It is  used in the treatment of hypertension, angina pectoris, in addition to Parkinson disease. It goes under the BCS class II drug (low solubility-high permeability). The drug will experience extensive first-pass metabolism in liver, therefore, oral bio-availability will be approximately15 to 24 %.

 

 The aim of this study was to formulate and optimize a stable  nanoparticles of a highly hydrophobic drug, isradipine by anti-solvent microprecipitation Method to achieve the higher in vitro dissolution rate, so that it will be absorbed by intestinal lymphatic transport in order to avoid hepatic first-pass metabolism  and improve drug bioavailability.

 

Twenty one formulas of Isradipine nanoparticles were prepared by antisolvent precipitation method utilizing one of these polymers (Poloxamer 188, PVP-k30, HPMC E5, PVA, Poloxamer 407, and Soluplus) at different drugs: polymer ratios. The polymer type, the drug to polymer ratio, ultrasonication power and the effect of addition of co-stabilizer on the particle size, and polydispersity index (PDI)  were investigated.

 

Among all the prepared nanoparticles formulas, formula (F9) which contain Soluplus as a stabilizer at polymer: drug ratio of (1:0.75) and solvent: antisolvent ratio of (1:9) was considered as the optimum formula which shows good evaluation parameters in addition to the increment in the solubility to about 10 times than that of the pure drug. The investigations of the drug–excipients compatibility studies by FTIR and DSC, crystalline state by P-XRD, surface morphology by SEM were done. Moreover, the analysis by DSC and SEM of the nanoparticles of the selected formula (F12) indicate a reduction in the crystallinity and amorphization of the drug. It can be concluded that the dissolution rate of Isradipine was significantly increased through particle size reduction to nanosize.
The Pathological Mechanisms of Obesity-Related Glomerulopathy: A review article
Authors: Kasim Ali A. , Ataimish Ahmed H.
Published: June 2021

The rising prevalence of obesity-related glomerulopathy (ORG) occurs in accordance with the rising prevalence of obesity worldwide. Clinically ORG is manifested by slowly progressing microalbuminuria that may develop to clinically evident proteinuria. Pathological characteristics of ORG include glomerular hypertrophy in the presence or absence of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS). ORG can develop into clinically overt chronic renal insufficiency or even end-stage kidney disease. This article reviews the most important mechanisms for the development of ORG; that are abnormal renal hemodynamics, stimulation of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), impairment of insulin sensetivity, ectopic lipid deposition, adipose tissue cytokine disorder and local renal micro-inflammation.
Knowledge and Perception of Iraqi Pharmacists Towards Biosimilar Medicines
Authors: J. Mohammed Ashwaq , Kadhim Dheyaa J.
Published: June 2021

Abstract

Biosimilars are non-innovative copy versions of biologic medicines which are proven to be clinically equivalent to, as effective and as safe as their reference biologics. Biosimilars creates opportunities for cost savings for payers, governments, and patients compared with the reference products. Pharmacist plays an essential role in developing biosimilar medicines from manufacturing to post-marketing pharmacovigilance monitoring. The aim of the current study was to explore  the level of  knowledge, behaviors and practices of  a sample of Iraqi pharmacists towards biosimilar medicines.  The current study was a cross sectional, carried out during May 2020. A total of 264 pharmacists  )143 male, 121 female) were involved in this study.  A web-based self-administered questionnaire was used for data collection . Regarding pharmacists’ knowledge of biosimilar medicines, the results showed that two questions received the highest percentages of adequate answers: biosimilar medicine requires preclinical and clinical studies (58.0%) and biosimilar medicines require more comprehensive data compared to generic drugs (56.1%). In contrast, marketing authorization of biosimilar medicines is granted on the sole investigation of pharmacokinetic bioequivalence received the lowest percentage of adequate answers (21.6%). In addition, the current study showed that more experience years and male gender associated with better knowledge.  With respect to perceptions of pharmacists  about biosimilar medicines, two statements received the highest percentage of pharmacist agreements: biosimilar medicines are tested in terms of efficacy and safety (64.4%) and biosimilar prescription allows for reducing costs (64.4%). At the same time, 40.2% of the participating pharmacists agreed with pharmacist replacing a reference biologic medicines with its biosimilar product. In conclusion, the majority of the surveyed pharmacists had insufficient knowledge towards biosimilar medicines. The study highlighted that Iraqi pharmacists needed more accurate  comprehensive information concerning biosimilar medicines.
Possible Protective Effects of Lutein against Ciprofloxacin Induced Bone Marrow Toxicity in Rats
Authors: Khudhair Alaa R. , Al-Shawi Nada N
Published: June 2021

Ciprofloxacin, which is a second generation of fluoroquinolone and one of the most effective and widely used drugs within fluoroquinolone. Unfamiliar adverse effects of ciprofloxacin such as bone marrow (BM) suppression, thrombocytopenia, anemia, agranulocytosis, renal failure, and others observed. Lutein, is a xanthophyll (an oxygenated carotenoid), was focused by most studies as it has a strong antioxidant activity in vitro; and also, it has been associated with reducing the risk of the age-related disorders. The current study was designed to describe the role of apoptosis through the measurement of Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) marker, as mechanisms of bone marrow toxicity induced by ciprofloxacin and to find whether lutein may have protective effects on ciprofloxacin-induced toxicity in bone marrow of rats. Ciprofloxacin (Group II) caused significant (P<0.05) reduction in total RBCs counts and -WBCs, and significantly elevations (P<0.05) Bcl-2 associated X protein (Bax) in bone marrow (BM) tissues homogenates compared to control (Group I) rats.
Development, Characterization and Pharmacological Investigation of Umbelliferone Conjugates of NSAIDs
Authors: B NIJA , Rasheed Arun , Kottaimuthu A
Published: June 2021

The present investigation developed the ester prodrugs of Non-steroidal anti inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), Mefenamic acid and Flurbiprofen by conjugating with the natural antioxidant, 4-methyl umbelliferone that resulted the formation of Mefenamic acid-umbelliferone ester prodrug and Flurbiprofen-umbelliferone ester prodrug .The principal objective this study is the synthesis of the ester prodrugs of NSAIDs with the enhanced therapeutic activity and minimized side effects. Prodrugs were synthesized by coupling method using N,N’- dicyclohexylcarbodiimide/4-dimethylaminopyrimidine, subjected to  physical, chemical characterization, spectral characterization (IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR and Mass spectra),hydrolysis-kinetic study and pharmacological evaluation such as anti-inflammatory, ulcerogenecity as well as the effect of the NSAIDs in the central nervous system against degenerative mechanisms. The current study revealed that the umbelliferone conjugates of NSAIDs which upon administration would release the parent drug as a result of enzymatic or non-enzymatic hydrolysis in the desired site with enhanced anti inflammatory activity and reduction in the gastro intestinal toxicity. Also the synthesized pordrugs showed enhanced brain targeting efficiency with protective action against the degenerative processes.
Synthesis, Characterization and Antibacterial Evaluation of Some Coumarin Derivatives
Authors: T. Abduljabbar Tariq , K. Hadi Mohammed
Published: June 2021

Coumarin derivatives have shown different biological activities, such as antifungal, antibacterial   antiinflammatory, and antioxidant activities, besides antibiotic resistance modulating effects, and anti-HIV, hepatoprotective, and antitumor effect. So, new coumarin derivatives (hydrazones and an amide) were synthesized through multisteps reactions. All the synthesized target compounds were characterized by FT-IR spectroscopy, 1HNMR analysis. The compounds then evaluated for their anti-bacterial activity by means of well-diffusion method against two gram-positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae) and two gram-negative bacteria  (E.coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa). The highest activity was demonstrate by compound k2 which found to be highly active against pseudomonas aeruginosa.
The Role of Ginkgo biloba Extract as Monotherapy in Improving the Outcomes of Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Comparative Study with Metformin
Authors: Aziz Tavga A.
Published: June 2021

The present study evaluates the effects of Ginkgo biloba extract as monotherapy on the glycemic status, insulin resistance (IR), body mass index (BMI), and visceral adiposity index (VAI), in addition to the inflammatory markers, oxidative status and leptin level in patients with metabolic syndrome in comparison with metformin.

The study is a randomized, double-blind pilot study conducted during the period May to September, 2020. Fifty patients were recruited in the study and they were allocated into two groups (25 per each group): Ginkgo biloba and Metformin groups, they received (120 mg Ginkgo biloba extract/ capsule) and (500 mg Metformin/ capsule) respectively; orally as a single dose for 90 days. Blood samples were taken at zero time and after 90 days and utilized for analysis of blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin and leptin levels, lipid profile, TAOS, hsCRP, TNF
Serum Chitotriosidase level as a Novel Biomarker for Therapeutic Monitoring of Nephropathic Cystinosis among the Iraqi children
Authors: Al-Kinani Zainab A. , H. Ali Shatha
Published: June 2021

Background: Cystinosis is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disease with high morbidity and mortality. It is caused by mutations in the CTNS gene that encodes the cystine transporter, cystinosin, which leads to lysosomal cystine accumulation. It is the major cause of inherited Fanconi syndrome, and should be suspected in young children with failure to thrive and signs of renal proximal tubular damage. The diagnosis can be missed in infants, because not all signs of renal Fanconi syndrome are present during the first months of life. Elevated white blood cell cystine content is the cornerstone of the diagnosis. Since chitotriosidase (CHIT1 or chitinase-1) is mainly produced by activated macrophages both in normal and inflammatory conditions which suggest that cystinosis should be included within the differential diagnosis of disorders associated with increased plasma chitotriosidase activity. This study is aimed to estimate serum chitotriosidase level, as a screening marker and therapeutic monitor for cystinosis disease in Iraqi children with cystinosis.Subjects and Methods: The present study is a case-control study that included samples of 30 children with nephropathic cystinosis, compared to 25 healthy control children from those attending at The Genetic Rare Diseases Center / AL-Emamain AL-Kadhimain Teaching Hospital, Baghdad-Iraq.Results: Our results reported that cystinotic children had a marked elevation of serum chitotriosidase activity, compared to age-matched healthy children, besides a significant associated with leukocyte-cystine content for cystinotic patients.CHT1 as a Novel BiomarkerConclusion: Estimation of serum chitotriosidase activity might aid in monitoring the therapeutic benefits of cysteamine therapy, as well as the prognosis of the disease when WBC cystine assessment is not available.Key Words: Cystinosis, Cysteamine, Chitotriosidase.
Natural Products as A Promising Therapy for SARS COV-2; An Overview
Authors: Jaafar Noor S. , Jaafar Iman S.
Published: June 2021

Recently emerging pandemic SARS CoV-2 conquered our world since December 2019. Continuous efforts have been done to find out effective immunization and precise treatment stetratigies A way from therapeutic options that were tried in SARS CoV-2, an increased attention is directed to predict natural products and mainly phytochemicals as collaborative measures for this crisis. In this review, most of the mentioned compounds specially flavonoids (biacalin, hesperidin, quercetin, luteolin,, and phenolic (resveratrol, curcumin, and theaflavin) exert their effect through interfering with the action of one or more of this proteins (spike protein, papain like protease, 3 chymotrypsin like cysteine protease, and RNA dependent RNA 

polymerase) that are involved in viral life cycle beside the anti-inflammatory effect of these compounds. The triterpenoids (celastrol, escin and glycyrrhizin) and the alkaloids (lycorine and cepharanthine) mediated their effect mainly through anti-inflammatory activity.  Glycyrrhetinic acid (glycyrrhizin metabolite) dawn regulates ACE  2, and reduces protease expression, thus reduce viral entry.  This review may be representing an initial step in long path for designing the successful and effective treatment or vaccine for this pandemic.
A review on Active Constituents and Pharmacological Effects of Eriobotrya Japonica Lindl. (Loquat)
Authors: Ibrahim Ruaa M.
Published: June 2021

Eriobotrya japonica Lindl., named as loquat, is a subtropical fruit tree of the family Rosaceae which is well known medical plant originated in  Japan and China. Loquat portions, like leaves, peels and fruits have been shown to possess various health usefulnesses.  In Chinese classical medicine, it is vastly utilized in many illnesses, like gastroenteric disorders, diabetes mellitus, pulmonary inflammatory diseases and chronic bronchitis. Loquat plant contain many active constituents, such as flavonoids, carotenoids, vitamins, polyphenolic compounds, other that have many biological effects like anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-inflammatory, anti-mutagenic, antioxidant, antiviral, antitussive, hepatoprotective and hypolipidemic activity.
Genetic Structure, Transmission, Clinical Characteristics, Diagnosis, Treatment and Prevention of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): A Review
Authors: Al-Mayyahi Rawaa S. , Al-Tumah Wa'il A. Godaymi
Published: June 2021

The novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused a pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) which represents a global public health crisis. Based on recent published studies, this review discusses current evidence related to the transmission, clinical characteristics, diagnosis, management and prevention of COVID-19. It is hoped that this review article will provide a benefit for the public to well understand and deal with this new virus, and give a reference for future researches.
Microneedle Array Patches: Characterization and in -vitro Evaluation
Authors: Sadeq Zainab A.
Published: June 2021

Patch in transdermal drug delivery(TDDS) used to overcome the hypodermic drawback, but these patch also have absorption limitation for hydrophilic and macromolecule like peptide and DNA. So that micronized projection have the ability for skin penetration developed named as microneedle.  Microneedle drug delivery system is a novel drug delivery to overcome the limitation of TDDS like skin barrier restriction for large molecule. Microneedle patch can penetrate through skin subcutaneous into epidermis, avoiding nerve fiber and blood vessel contact. There are many type of microneedle patch like solid, polymer, hallow, hydrogel forming microneedle and dissolving microneedle with different method of microfabrication
Effects of Exclusive Breast Feeding for First Six Months of life on Children Weight, Height and Head Circumference in Sulaimani City, Kurdistan-Iraq and Compare with Other Types of Feeding
Authors: Weli Sardar M.
Published: June 2021

Breastfeeding (BF) serves as a complete nutritional source for the first six months of infant’s life. Breast milk contains all essential nutrients that necessary for the physiological growth and development of infants. The aim of this study was to compare the physiological growth of infants including weight, height and head circumference who were exclusively breastfed for 6 months and those who were given bottle-fed or mixed fed and to find a percentage of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers who contributed in this study in Sulaimani city. This study was carried out in Sulaimani city/ Kurdistan region of Iraq and the cases were enrolled between the first of October 2018 and first of October 2019. The infants’ weight, height and head circumstances were measured at different age levels (At age two, six, nine and fifteen months). The results of this study found that Among 198 mothers who were contributed in this study; 92 (46.5%) of mothers had EBF while 90 (45.5%) had mixed feeding and only 16 (8%) had exclusive formula feeding (EFF) in the first six months of baby’s life. Infant’s weight at age 2 months were no differences between types of feeding. However, at ages 6 and 9 were significantly high in infants who breastfed compared to formula fed but no differences were found between EBF and mixed feeding. At age 15 months weights of infants were again no differences were found between all types of feeding. For height parameter, infants who exclusively breastfed for six months were significantly higher than those of formula fed at age 2, 6, 9 and 15 months. Regarding head circumferences no significant differences between types of feeding at age 2 months were showed. Nevertheless, at age 6 and 15 months were significantly high in infants who breastfed than formula fed. The present study conclude that infants who breast fed for first six months of life have a higher weight, height and head circumferences than infants who exclusively formula fed. The percentage of EBF among Kurdish mothers were similar with other countries of Iraq but was low compared to the recommended rate of WHO.
Assessment the Genotoxic Potential of Fluoxetine and Amitriptyline at Maximum Therapeutic Doses for Four-Week Treatment in Experimental Male Rats
Authors: Al-Obaidi Imad A. , N. Al-Shawi Nada
Published: June 2021

Abstract

At any moment, the continuous usage of medications can accompanied by DNA damage and the accumulation of such damages can cause serious consequences. Antidepressants are long-term used drugs and the incidence of their genotoxic impacts cannot be excluded. Therefore, this work was designed to investigate the possible genotoxic effects of the commonly used antidepressants (fluoxetine and amitriptyline) in adult male rats.

Detection of DNA damage in individual cells was assessed by comet and micronucleus assays in three different cell populations i.e. liver, testis and bone marrow tissues of 24 swiss albino adult male rats. The animals were randomly allocated into three groups of 8 rats each: Group I - rats orally-administered distilled water via gavage tube for four weeks as a negative control. Group II - rats orally-treated with fluoxetine hydrochloride solution (7.2mg/kg/day) via gavage tube for four weeks. Group III - rats orally-treated with amitriptyline hydrochloride solution (27mg/kg/day) via gavage tube for four weeks.

The results showed that both drugs (Group II and Group III) induced the same extent of DNA damage, as evidenced by a significantly higher DNA fragmentation in liver and testis tissues with increased frequencies of micronuclei formation in bone marrow tissues as compared with the negative control (Group I).

These findings indicates that both Fluoxetine and Amitriptyline have genotoxic potentials and can induce the same extent of cytogenetic damage in rats. Special precautions and medical supervision should be taken in consideration with their uses.
Formulation and Characterization of Self-Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System of Tacrolimus
Authors: Al-Tamimi Duaa J. , Hussien Ahmed A.
Published: June 2021

Abstract

The present investigation aimed to formulate a liquid self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS) of tacrolimus to enhance its oral bioavailability by improving its dispersibility and dissolution rate. Four liquid SMEDDS were prepared using maisine CC as oil phase, labrasol ALF as surfactant and transcutol HP as co-surfactant based on the solubility studies of tacrolimus in these components. The phase behavior of the components and the area of microemulsion were evaluated using pseudoternary phase diagrams. The formulations were also assessed for thermodynamic stability, robustness to dilution, self-emulsification time, drug content, globule size and polydispersity index. The prepared SMEDDS formulations exhibited improved drug release compared to the pure drug powder. From this study, it was concluded that using a composition of 10% maisine CC, 67.5% labrasol ALF and 22.5% transcutol produced a liquid SMEDDS with good thermodynamic stability and enhanced in-vitro drug release profiles compared with pure tacrolimus powder. All which supports the use of self-micro emulsifying drug delivery systems as a promising approach to improve solubility, dissolution and stability of poorly soluble drugs like tacrolimus.
A ‘small homeland’ in the world context. On Vasily Belov’s early stories
Authors: Shaytanov I. O.
Published: June 2021

Vasily Belov (1932–2012), from his early works appreciated as one of the most gifted among the ‘village prose’ writers, expects to be read today in a changing literary and cultural context. In the Soviet period he was officially criticised for his partiality to the ‘small homeland’ presumably opposed by him to historical progress and innovation, and, on the other hand, blamed for conservatism and xenophobia in his perpetual chase for those whom he found guilty for the decline of the harmony in a countryside Russia. The issues Belov would take in his time and context are not forgotten today but in their present-day actuality look even more urgent and dramatic. ‘The country and the city’ — a recurring problem of historical evolution (R. Williams) stands up in its new significance with a view to what is seen now as a global world fraught with either a new threat or a promising perspective to national cultures.
UNDERSTANDING CUSTOMER ACCEPTANCE TO FINANCIAL TECHNOLOGY; STUDY IN INDONESIA
Authors: Deni Wardani  , Nuri Wulandari  , Chico Adhi Baskara
Published: June 2021

In the Era of Digital 4.0, technology is of undeniable importance to any industry, including banking and finance. The disruption of technology and economic crisis has brought us the innovation of financial technology which is now mushrooming throughout the world. Financial Technology is an instrumental tool for financial inclusion thus has a big potential value in countries such as Indonesia. However, the acceptance of this new way of financial alternative still leaves a huge area for investigation. Especially in the acceptance of this technology as an alternative to conventional way of doing financial investment.The article is trying to investigate the acceptance of the financial technology sector to customers and the intention to use it in the future. The research found that the minimal effort and the availability of resources that facilitate contribute greatly to the acceptance of financial technology to the users. Furthermore, the result implies that social factors, hedonic motivation and habits have no significant effect on the intention of adapting this new way of doing financial activities.
JUSTIFICATION OF THE ESSENCE, FUNCTIONS AND PURPOSE OF GRAIN FUTURE EXCHANGE MARKET OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTS
Authors: Hrechaniuk L. M.
Published: June 2021

In the article analyzes the development of the domestic stock market. It is substantiated that crop futures are a derivative financial instrument on the stock exchange, which provides for the obligation of its seller or buyer to periodically transfer sums of money to the opposite party depending on changes in the market price of grain, and (or) the obligation delivery of grain on time. It is determined that only under the conditions of joint efforts on the part of the state, the exchange community, participants of the agrarian market that will allow bringing the exchange commodity market closer to civilized bases.
METHODS FOR ESTIMATING THE SHADOW ECONOMY AND INSTRUMENTS FOR DE-SHADOWING THE FISCAL SECTOR
Authors: Meleshko Oleg , Andrii Kucheriavyi
Published: June 2021

The subject of research is a set of theoretical and methodological provisions and applied aspects of assessing the level of the shadow economy and de-shadowing of this process. The study is based on the definition of existing methods for assessing the level of the shadow economy; clarifying the tools used in the process of assessing the shadow economy, identifying ways to de-shadow the fiscal sector and identifying tasks for the implementation of leveling this process. It is established that there are four most effective methods of estimating the size of the shadow economy: the method of "population expenditure - retail trade"; financial method; monetary method; electric method. The results of the study made it possible to propose tools for de-shadowing the fiscal market, which are to increase the level of financial literacy of the population; formation of electronic databases of violators (subjects of the shadow economy); improving the methodology for assessing the scale of the shadow economy; introduction of a tax on international speculative transactions; reforming the state's anti-corruption policy; ensuring the principle of tax justice (equality) for taxpayers; provide an effective fiscal management of residents who use offshore jurisdictions; raising the level of legal culture of the population; legalization of shadow activity (subject to its legality); improvement of the "ProZorro" system; counteraction to financial crimes, "laundering funds"; introduction of tax amnesty and capital amnesty, etc. The purpose of the article is to substantiate the existing methods of assessing the shadow economy and to develop practical recommendations on ways and tools to de-shadow the fiscal sector. Different methods of estimating the level of the shadow economy are used at the macro- and microeconomic levels. It was found that the assessment of the shadow economy by existing methods in Ukrainian practice is not accurate, as its reliability is influenced by factors: unreliability, concealing or providing false information, the complexity of tracking "traces" of economic crimes, the scale of shadow economic activities and more. Identifying ways and measures to de-shadow the fiscal sector will reduce shadow phenomena in the domestic economy and in the fiscal sector, in particular.
КОНЦЕПТУАЛЬНІ ЗАСАДИ ДЕРЖАВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ФОРМУВАННЯ ТА ЗБЕРЕЖЕННЯ ЕКОЛОГІЧНО БЕЗПЕЧНОГО СЕРЕДОВИЩА В УКРАЇНІ
Authors: Bulba Volodymyr  , Biryukov Vadym
Published: June 2021

Обґрунтовано особливості регулювання формування і збереження екологічно безпечного середовища. Визначено залежність його результативності від інституційного та нормативно-правового забезпечення заходів з підтримки сучасного стану довкілля й збереження природно-ресурсного потенціалу України. З’ясовано сутність Цілей сталого розвитку «Україна-2030», які визначають пріоритети досягнення економічного, соціального та екологічного розвитку країни. Встановлено, що на даному етапі в системі екологічного управління існує невідповідність між новими завданнями та старою структурою, не призначеною для виконання таких завдань. Визначено концептуальні засади регулювання формування та збереження екологічно безпечного середовища як одного з чинників соціальної стабільності та економічного розвитку.
ПРИЛАГАТЕЛЬНОЕ КАК СПОСОБ ДЕПЕРСОНАЛИЗАЦИИ СООБЩЕНИЯ: АКТАНТНО-ПЕРЕМЕННАЯ ФУНКЦИЯ ПАССИВА (КЛАССИЧЕСКИЙ ПОДХОД)
Authors: N. V. Solovey  , S. D. Isaieva
Published: June 2021

Semantic perspective of the sentences with passive predication, expressed by the verb in passive voice or using verbal adjectives with passive meaning is analysed in the article.  Such types of predication are considered as categorial and non-categorial means of Passive Perspective expression respectively (grammatical and non-grammatical). The general characteristics of the sentences presented by the categorial passive or by non-categorial means are: absence of Agence in grammatical subject position, centripetal direction of the process, expressed by the predicate words and affection of grammatical subject. All these testify the identical character of the expressed relations (by them). Perspective (the direction of the action in the sentence) is defined by subject-object and has the identical nature in both variants.
ФОРМУВАННЯ КОМУНІКАТИВНОЇ КУЛЬТУРИ ДИРИГЕНТА ОРКЕСТРОВОГО КОЛЕКТИВУ У ПРОЦЕСІ ТВОРЧОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ
Authors: Pastushok Taras
Published: June 2021

У даній статі аналізується роль комунікативної культури у вихованні творчих взаємин між диригентом і учасниками оркестрового колективу. Окрім цього, було визначено структурні етапи взаємного комунікативного спілкування. У дослідженні зазначено, що спілкування та творча взаємодія між керівником оркестрового колективу та його учасниками відбувається у формі творчого діалогу, оскільки диригент з оркестрантами веде спілкування за допомогою диригентського жесту та міміки. Разом з тим попереднє трактування художнього матеріалу (зауваження, вказівки, прохання, пояснення технічного матеріалу та засобів виразності (динаміка, штрихи, точність виконання ритмічних елементів твору тощо)) відбувається завдяки комунікативній взаємодії мовленнєвого спілкування. Основним засобом комунікації диригента та оркестрантів є творчий процес. У цьому зв’язку на заключному етапі діалогізації диригента та учасників оркестру комунікативні здібності диригента виконують особливу роль для досягнення максимально якісного результату творчої взаємодії та співпраці.
RESEARCH PROBLEMS IN SCIENTIFIC AND PEDAGOGICAL LITERATURE OF EDUCATION IN HEROIC EPOSES
Authors: Kamala Yusifova
Published: June 2021

Outstanding heroic epics created by the Azerbaijani people (Kitabi-Dede Gorgud, Koroglu, Gara Malik, Gachag Nabi, Gachag Kerem, Gara Tanryverdi, Samed bey, Gandal Nagi, etc.), being the totality of education, morality, spirituality, are of particular value. The representations that have been formed over millennia, national-spiritual values with all aspects were reflected in the dastans, making up the main line. The interest shown since the beginning of the nineteenth century led to the analysis of these epics at various levels. The interest of representatives of the Azerbaijani, Turkish, European, Russian intelligentsia in the heroic epics was also caused by the content of the ethnocultural system. Description of colorful elements in episodes, events, motives of dastans, starting with the formation of personality and ending with patriotic education, directly reveals the essence of the existing educational system and requires extensive research. From the point of view of clarifying the historical and cultural current and its functional essence, the rules of society in the field of education, such models created by the European peoples of the majestic epics as "Beowulf", "Saga of Cuchulainn", "Song of Side", "Tristan and Isolde", "The Great Saga", "Little Saga". Azerbaijani heroic dastans were also studied by prominent representatives of the European scientific and cultural environment of the 19th century, such as F. Dietz, T. Nyoldeke, J. Sand, V.V. Bartold, I. Chopin, A. Khodzko, who singled out education, national, spiritual, moral values of the Azerbaijani people.
THE STATE OF FORMATION OF READINESS OF FUTURE MATHEMATICS TEACHERS FOR DIFFERENTIATED LEARNING
Authors: Sinitska N. V.
Published: June 2021

Reforming higher pedagogical education in Ukraine involves finding ways and means of rational combination of theoretical psychological and pedagogical knowledge with the ability to apply them in practice, as well as optimizing forms and methods of teaching, improving curricula, programs and developing innovative pedagogical technologies. Today is marked by the implementation of the program of structural reform of higher education in close cooperation with other educational units, which ensures the preservation of past and national traditions, bringing the higher education system, and pedagogical in particular, in line with world scientific achievements and available budget opportunities. The formation of selected structural components of theoretical and practical readiness of teachers for differentiated learning of students in mathematics should be carried out in all types of educational activities and specially organized extracurricular activities of students to work with students, taking into account didactic and resource opportunities of information educational environment. The main means of forming readiness for differentiated learning in educational and cognitive activities in this area are specially designed tasks for the formation of selected structural components of readiness.
Essential oil profile of six spontaneous hybrids from male sterile Salvia officinalis L.
Authors: Bahadırlı Nadire Pelin
Published: June 2021

Herbal medicines and beverages have started to take an essential place in our daily lives. S. officinalis is one of the most used herbal tea species in the sage family. Secondary metabolites, especially essential oils, plays an important role in its biological properties. S. officinalis essential oil is mostly rich in camphor and thujone, which of these compounds could be toxicological. In the present study, six spontaneous hybrid plants and their parents were analyzed for their essential oil contents. Male sterile S. officinalis were used as maternal plant, S. fruticosa and S. aramiensis were probable paternals where they were cultivated nearby. Grown plants were analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Essential oil compounds were used to identify their relation to each other. The main components of S. officinalis were thujone (40.97%), 1,8-cineole (24.65%) and camphor (19.37%). 1,8-cineole content of hybrid genotypes were varied between 35.13-64.92%. Camphor level of hybrids were varied in lower levels as between 2.92-26.35% while thujone content were very low compared to the maternal S. officinalis as 0.95-6.83%.
Incidence and contamination level of Clostridium perfringens in meat and meat products sold in Sakarya province of Turkey
Authors: Coşansu Serap , Ersöz Şeyma Şeniz
Published: June 2021

Totally 101 meat and meat product samples obtained from local markets and restaurants were analyzed for incidence and contamination level of Clostridium perfringens. The typical colonies grown anaerobically on Tryptose Sulfite Cycloserine Agar supplemented with 4-Methyliumbelliferyl (MUP) were confirmed by biochemical tests. Forty-eight of the samples (47.5%) were contaminated with C. perfringens. The highest incidence of the pathogen was determined in uncooked meatball samples (72.2%) followed by ground beef samples (61.3%). The incidence of C. perfringens in chicken meat, cooked meat döner, cooked chicken döner and emulsified meat product samples were 33.3, 33.3, 28.6 and 16.7%, respectively. Thirteen out of 101 samples (12.9%) yielded typical colonies on TSC-MUP Agar, but could not be confirmed as C. perfringens. Average contamination levels in sample groups ranged from 8.3 to 1.5×102 cfu/g, with the highest ground beef and the lowest chicken meat.
Evaluation of the effect of cooling on the microbiological quality of lamb carcasses
Authors: Yalçın Yasemin , Koçak Kızanlık Pelin , Şahiner Cemil , Göksoy Ergün Ömer
Published: June 2021

This study aimed to determine the effects of cooling on microbiological quality of lamb carcasses. Total Aerobic Bacteria Count (TABC), Enterobactericeae counts and the presence of Salmonella spp. were investigated in accordance with the Turkish Food Codex Regulation on Microbiological Criteria and European Union Commission Regulation 2073/2005. Sampling was carried out on aseptic conditions from the surface of 25 randomly selected lambs brought to slaughterhouse. The results showed that the mean TABC were 2.24±0.087 log cfu/cm2 before cooling and 2.41±0.061 log cfu/cm2 after cooling (P>0.05). The mean Enterobactericeae count was 0.21±0.11 log cfu/cm2 before cooling and 0.69±0.13 log cfu/cm2 after cooling (P<0.01). Furthermore, Salmonella spp. were determined on 3 carcasses before cooling and one another carcass after cooling. The inﬂuence of cooling on categorisation according to the legislations presented that it could potentially improve the numbers of acceptable carcasses for TABC and Salmonella spp. Nevertheless, the results exhibited that the hygiene and cooling stage of the slaughter line must be re-evaluated in terms of HACCP requirements and that corrective measures/actions must be taken.
Determination of some minerals and heavy metal levels in Urfa cheese and cow's milk
Authors: Kılıç Altun Serap , Aydemir Mehmet Emin
Published: June 2021

This research was carried out to determine the levels of some minerals and heavy metals in Urfa cheeses and cow's milk offered for sale in Şanlıurfa. Mineral and heavy metal levels were determined by analysing 18 Urfa cheese and 21 cow milk samples collected from retail outlets with ICP-MS. Mean mineral and heavy metal contents in Urfa cheese samples were; magnesium (Mg) 129.8 ±31.14 mg/kg, calcium (Ca) 2712.66 ±1002.4 mg/kg, potassium (K) 272.06 ±127.21 mg/kg, titanium (Ti) 7.48 ±2.63 mg/kg, zinc (Zn) 40.4 ±16.33 mg/kg, selenium (Se) 10.6 ±3.51 mg/kg. In cow milk samples, average selenium (Se) 0.22 ±0.04 mg/kg, titanium (Ti) 0.07 ±0.009, mg/kg, copper (Cu) 0.0068 ±0.01 mg/kg and chromium (Cr) was detected at the level of 0.019 ±0.001 mg/kg. Arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and thallium (Tl) levels were below the detectable levels in Urfa cheese and cow's milk samples. As a result, it was concluded that the samples do not pose a significant danger to public health in terms of heavy metal pollution and can contribute significantly to nutrition with the mineral substances it contains.
Prediction of growth kinetics of Pseudomonas spp. in meat products under isothermal and non-isothermal storage conditions
Authors: Tarlak Fatih
Published: June 2021

The main objective of the present study was to develop and validate a new alternative modelling method to predict the shelf-life of food products under non-isothermal storage conditions. The bacterial growth data of the Pseudomonas spp. was extracted from published studies conducted for aerobically-stored fish, pork and chicken meat and described with two-step and one-step modelling approaches employing different primary models (the modified Gompertz, logistic, Baranyi and Huang models) under isothermal storage temperatures. Temperature dependent kinetic parameters (maximum specific growth rate ‘µmax’ and lag phase duration ‘λ’) were described as a function of storage temperature via the Ratkowsky model integrated with each primary model. The Huang model based on the one-step modelling approach yielded the best goodness of fit results (RMSE = 0.451 and adjusted-R2 = 0.942) for all food products at isothermal storage conditions, therefore, was also used to check it’s the prediction capability under non-isothermal storage conditions. The differential form of the Huang model provided satisfactorily statistical indexes (1.075 > Bf > 1.014 and 1.080 > Af > 1.047) indicating reliably being able to use to describe the growth behaviour of Pseudomonas spp. in fish, pork and chicken meat subjected to non-isothermal storage conditions.
Food safety knowledge levels of gastronomy/culinary arts students and food workers in Southern Turkey
Authors: Terkuran Mevhibe
Published: June 2021

This research was aimed to analyze the food safety knowledge levels between gastronomy and culinary arts students and food work-ers in the Çukurova Region of Turkey. A total of 155 participants (80 students, 75 food workers) have partici-pated in this cross-sectional study. The overall knowledge scores of food workers and the students were 89.33% and 78.89% respectively, and food workers have more scores in all sections (p<0.001). Hy-giene certification, occupa-tion, and working estab-lishments had a significant association with total food safety scores; however, gender, marital status, age, education level, frequency of hygiene education, work-ing experience, monthly in-come had no significant as-sociation with their scores (p>0.05). A positive correla-tion was found between gender, education status, hygiene certification, and frequency of receiving hy-giene education; but no cor-relation was found between working in any food busi-ness, graduated high schools, and age of the stu-dents (p>0.05). More knowledge gaps of both groups have been found about time-temperature con-trol, holding/storage tem-perature, and cross-contamination. Finally, it is important to measure the reflection of the hygiene training on practices and to make it regular in ensuring food safety.
Turkish food culture and nutrition habits in the development of history
Authors: Göde Gülşen , Kayaardı Sema , Uyarcan Müge , Söbeli Ceyda
Published: June 2021

Since the existence of mankind, nutrition is one of the necessities to maintain their vital activities. Nutritional habit, a physiological movement, has progressed in parallel with the development of living conditions of mankind. This instinctive behaviour has started with gathering in the nature originally. People have found edible foods by distinguishing the harmful plants in the nature. Mankind, who had learned cooking with the invention of fire, has discovered foodstuffs that can be obtained from animals in time. Due to this discovery, they had an opportunity to try different flavours and supply a greater variety of needed macro components of their body such as proteins, vitamins and essential oils etc. This nutrition diversity has brought with the taste phenomenon. The major reasons of consumed food variety are the climate of the region they live in, the condition of nature and the kinds of vegetables, fruits, grains that grow in these regions. Furthermore, it is inevitable that the diversity of animals living in the region causes food diversity. This situation, which is the result of ecological balance, has been one of the main causes of cultural differences between societies over time. The culinary culture has been seperated by geographical regions over time and a sub-culture called "regional dishes" has formed. Until today, mankind have developed new tastes by experimenting with many food preparation and cooking techniques. In this study, the development of Turkish food culture and nutrition habits throughout the history have been reviewed.
Current status of major foodborne and waterborne viral infections and their prevention strategies
Authors: Coşkun Ahmet Gökhan , Demircioğlu Ayşegül , Temelli Seran , Eyigör Ayşegül
Published: June 2021

Advances in diagnostic techniques and their widespread use for infectious agents revealed the considerably high current prevalence of viral agents in foodborne and waterborne diseases. Foodborne and waterborne viruses are indicated to cause not only gastroenteritis and hepatitis but also neurological disorders, respiratory tract diseases, myocarditis, glomerulonephritis and hemorrhagic fever, with a particularly high mortality rate in infants/children and in individuals with immune deficiency. Additionally, due to their resistance to environmental conditions and food processes compared to other microorganisms, elimination of these viruses by heat and high pressure applications, natural antiviral compounds, UV applications and conventional cleaning-disinfection remains difficult even inadequate. In protection from viral infections, vaccine applications together with GMP, GHP and HACCP system approaches in production seem to be the most effective approaches to ensure the minimization of viruses in food environment and in public. In this review article, up-to-date information is presented on the general characteristics and the diseases caused by enterotropic viruses; NoV, AstV, RoV, AdV and hepatotropic viruses; HAV and HEV, with a particularly high worldwide prevalence, as well as their epidemiology, prevention and their control measures.
Uzamış Yas: Ayrılma-Bireyleşme Süreçleri ve Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Temelinde Bir İnceleme
Authors: CESUR SOYSAL Gizem
Published: June 2021

﻿Çalışmanın amacı, erken çocukluk dönemine dayanan ayrılma-bireyleşme süreçlerindeki problemlerin ve duygu düzenleme güçlüklerinin uzamış yas belirtilerini ne ölçüde yordadığının belirlenmesidir. Çalışmanın örneklemi 123 (%58) kadın, 89 (%42) erkek olmak üzere yaş ortalaması 26.26 (S = 7.55) olan 212 kayıp yaşamış katılımcıdan oluşmaktadır. Veri toplama amacıyla, Kişisel Bilgi Formu, Karmaşık Yas Envanteri (KYE), Ayrılma-Bireyleşme Envanteri (ABE) ve Duygu Düzenleme Güçlüğü Ölçeği-Kısa Form (DDGÖ-16) kullanılmıştır. Korelasyon analizi sonucunda uzamış yas belirtilerinin ayrılma bireyleşme envanteri ve duygu düzenleme güçlüğü ölçeği arasında pozitif yönde ilişkiler olduğu görülmüştür. Araştırmanın temel amacı doğrultusunda yürütülen hiyerarşik regresyon analizi sonucuna göre ise uzamış yas belirtilerini ayrılma-bireyleşme farklılaşma ve ilişki problemleri ile duygu düzenleme güçlüğü açıklık alt boyutunun pozitif yönde yordadığı görülmüştür. Son modelde açıklanan toplam varyans %30 olmuştur. Bulgular uzamış yasta ayrılma-bireyleşme ve duygu düzenleme süreçlerinin önemini ortaya koyan ampirik veriler sunmaktadır. Aynı zamanda mevcut çalışma ile M. Mahler’in (1974) ayrılma bireyleşme kuramı ve duygu düzenleme güçlükleri temelinde uzamış yas belirtilerini inceleyerek özgün bulgulara ulaşıldığı düşünülmektedir. Elde edilen sonuçlar uzamış yas belirtilerinde erken dönem yaşantılardan temel alan ayrışma, bireyleşme, ilişki süreçleri, duygu düzenleme süreçlere yapılacak klinik müdahalelerin önemine de işaret etmektedir.