bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of meat demand: A case study in the University of Ibadan for beef enterprise
Authors: Babayemi O. J. , Ajayi M. O. , Akinsola S. O.
Published: February 2021

Poor adherence to food safety and wholesome practices in meat processing and handling is a common phenomenon in some public abattoirs in Nigeria. The quality of beef consumed by the University community is an issue of concern. Information on the extent of beef patronage has not been documented. Thus, beef demand at the University of Ibadan abattoir was assessed. Ante-mortem and post-mortem inspections by the University Veterinarian were performed on slaughter days from January 2013 to April 2015. The data collected were customer: day of purchase, Department/Unit, sex and rank. The quantity demanded and the parts requested were also noted. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The results showed that a total of 22,884 contacts were recorded. An increase in patronage from 42.24% in 2013 to 57.76% in 2014 was evident. Women (53.60%) requested for meat than male counterpart. The requests for 1-2kg, 2-4kg and above 4kg at a time were 58.9%, 19.1% and 10.0% respectively. For the day of purchase, the patronage was higher on Fridays (59.20%) as compared to Wednesdays. The last week of the month attracted higher demand (36.20%) than weeks 1 (21.0%), 2 (22.3%) and 3 (20.5%). A noticeable increase in demand was during festive periods. A high percentage occurred in the number of customers that specified the actual parts (63.5%) of the meat requested and those that did not while females specified more (57.82%) than males. Highest preference for special parts was observed among the Professors (45%). More patronage was observed for people at closer Departments/Unit to the abattoir. It may be concluded that day of slaughter, proximity to slaughter house, sex, status and special occasions are vital factors that affect beef demand enterprise in the University of Ibadan.
Rumen characteristics and blood parameters of West African dwarf goats fed vetiver grass (Chrysopogon zizanoides. L. Roberty) ensiled with cassava peels at different ratio
Authors: Falola O. O. , Olufayo O. O.
Published: February 2021

Vetiver is a perennial grass of tropical origin, commonly used as edge row plants for the control of erosion. Being leafy and with a high tillering ability, it has not been properly integrated as forage for ruminants. Thus, an experiment was carried out to determine the effect of ensiling a four week re-growth of vetiver grass with cassava peels on rumen and blood metabolites of West African dwarf goats. Sixteen goats were used for the study. A completely randomized design was used with four animals per treatment. Vetiver grass was ensiled with cassava peels at ratio (A) 80:20, (B) 70:30, (C) 60:40 and (D) 50:50 were provided ad-libtum at 5% body weight. Rumen and blood samples were collected at the end of the experiment which lasted for 90 days. Results of the study showed rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) concentration of 7.25-7.93mg/100mL, and pH of 6.75-6.81. Variations among the treatments were within the acceptable range for rumen microbial activity. There was a uniformly low plasma urea (4.36-5.16mm/l). Glucose (85.36-89.04g/dL), total protein (6.42- 7.50g/dL), cholesterol (60.95-66.19g/dL), haemoglobin (10.9-12.7g/100ml), packed cell volume (30.0-31.0%) and white blood cell (10.25-10.67×103/ul) were within the range reported for healthy goats. Ensiled vetiver grass with cassava peels had no detrimental effects on the rumen and blood parameters of the experimental animals.
Evaluation of graded levels of raw and cooked turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) on performance of starter broiler chicks
Authors: Obionwu D. C. , Esonu B. O. , Etuk E. B. , Adebanjo A. S. , Eze B. O.
Published: February 2021

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of different levels of raw and cooked turmeric rhizome (Curcuma longa) on the performance of starter broiler chicks in a complete randomised design. Turmeric rhizome was washed with water and divided into two batches of 20kg each. The first batch was crushed, then sundried for 3 days. The second batch was cooked for an hour, crushed with a roller and sundried for 3 days. Both the raw and cooked sundried turmeric rhizomes were then ground using a hammer mill to produce raw and cooked turmeric rhizome meal and were bagged respectively. Seven (7) broiler starter diets were formulated to contain raw or cooked turmeric rhizome meal at 0% (control diet), 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% levels, respectively. The diets were offered ad libitum to 189 Cobb broilers which were randomly divided into 7 dietary treatment groups, each containing 3 replicates of 9 birds per replicate. The experiment lasted for 21days. All the routine management practices were duly observed. Daily weight gain, daily feed intake, mortality and feed conversion ratio were used as criteria of response. The results indicated that addition of turmeric rhizome meal had no significant (p>0.05) effect on daily weight gain, daily feed intake, mortality and feed conversion ratio as compared with the control. It was evident that the different processing methods and the dietary levels used had no effect on broiler performance based on the results obtained in this study and within the circumstances of the experiments. It can be concluded that sun-dried raw and cooked turmeric rhizome meal at the dietary levels used did not significantly affect broiler starter performance.
Prevalence of suspected peste des petits ruminants infection and complicating bacteria in goats in Abeokuta, Ogun State, Nigeria
Authors: Okwelum O. O. , Adewumi O. O. , Akinduti P. A. , Mshelbwala F. M.
Published: February 2021

Peste des Petits Ruminants (PPR) is endemic in Nigeria and causes major economic losses due to the high rates of mortality and morbidity in infected domestic sheep and goats. The outbreak of PPR in some goat herds was observed in the Abeokuta area of Ogun State, Nigeria, between January and August, 2014. Amongst the herds affected were those of the research animal in the Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta. The goat herds were located in the Directorate of the University Farms (DUFARMS), the University environments and Apakila. The goats were intensively managed on concentrates and Panicum maximiun grass. The morbidity rates were 80-100 per cent in all the herds while mortality rates varied from 10% to 70%. Disease diagnosis was based on history, clinical signs and Post-mortem lesions. Complicating secondary bacteria were isolated from nasal and ocular discharges, which isolated, identified and sensitivity results obtained from laboratory tests. Treatments were carried out with sensitive antibiotics, analgesics and fluid therapy in a symptomatic approach. We conclude that PPR is endemic in this area of study and is responsible for a great loss in goat production and poverty of the rural goat farmers. We recommend that vaccination against PPR in this study area be instituted to avert the deleterious effects of the disease.
Activities of aqueous extracts of soursop (Annona muricata) leaves on immune response, haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens
Authors: Oluwayinka E. B. , Okunuga F. S. , Oni O. O. , Olukunle J. O. , Akinkuotu O. A. , Oluwayinka O. G.
Published: February 2021

Poultry production worldwide is still challenged by diseases and researchers are continually searching for different means of combating the causative agents. Annona muricata's antiherpes and anticancer activities may be helpful in tackling Mareks disease of poultry birds. This study was carried out to investigate the effects of aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaves on the haematology, some liver enzymes, body weight gain and immune response to Newcastle disease vaccination in broilers at dosages of 50mg/kg, 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg. Twenty (20) Marshall Broilers which were 35days old at the start of the experiment were used; the chicks were divided into 4 groups. The aqueous extract of Annona muricata leaves was administered orally for 14days; Blood and serum samples were collected at the beginning and end of experiment. Haematology, some liver enzymes test and haemagglutinition inhibition (HI) test against Newcastle disease vaccination was carried out. A significant (p<0.05) decreased in antibody titre against Newcastle disease vaccine was observed in only the group of birds fed with 200mg/kg of the extract. Birds fed with 200mg/kg of the extract had the highest values of packed cell volume (PCV), haemoglobin (Hb), red blood cell (RBC) and white blood cell (WBC) count but there was no significant difference (p<0.05) in these values in comparison to the control group. There was no significant difference (p<0.05) in the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) between treated and control groups. Therefore, aqueous extract of Annona muricata reduces immune response to Newcastle disease vaccine at 200mg/kg dosage but does not have any deleterious effect against the haematology and liver functions of birds fed with doses as high as 200mg/kg.
Assessment of Newcastle disease vaccines from different veterinary outlets in Abeokuta
Authors: Oni O. O. , Bello K. O. , Soyinka O. F.
Published: February 2021

Newcastle disease (ND) remains one of the major diseases ravaging the poultry industry in Nigeria. Vaccination of birds is carried out to protect birds against the disease. Despite vaccination against ND, birds still come down with the disease. This study was conducted to determine the potency of ND vaccines sold at different veterinary outlets in Abeokuta. Newcastle disease vaccines were purchased from three veterinary outlets (I, II and III) in Abeokuta over a period of 3 weeks and the haemagglutination (HA) titre determined. A total of 50 broiler chicks were also purchased and divided into 4 groups A-D. Groups A-C had 12 birds each and vaccinated against ND while Group D (Control) had 14 birds and were not vaccinated against ND. Groups A-C were vaccinated with ND vaccines with different HA titre and the antibody response determined using haemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay. Varying haemagglutination titre was recorded for all the vaccines purchased from the three outlets. The first batch of vaccines had haemagglutination titre of 0log2, 6log2 and 0log2 for outlets A, B and C respectively. The second batch had 6log2, 7log2 and 5log2 while the third batch had 4log2, 3log2 and 3log2 for outlets A, B and C respectively. Antibody titre stimulated in vaccinated birds by the second batch of vaccines for groups A, B and C birds were 1536log2, 1792log2 and 768log2 respectively, while the control birds had HI titre of 5log2. It is recommended that veterinary outlets improve the storage of vaccines, vaccine potency test be carried out on vaccines regularly and seromonitoring for humoral immune response in vaccinated chicken flocks be carried out for successful control of Newcastle disease.
Quality characteristics of beef sausage containing varying levels of ginger (Zingiber officinale) powder
Authors: Sanwo K. A. , Olowolafe O. A. , Iposu S. O. , Oso A. O. , Sobayo R. A. , Ekunseitan D. A. , Adeyemi O. A. , Adegoke A.V. , Adegbite J. A. , Abiola S. S.
Published: February 2021

Quality of beef sausage with varying levels of ginger powder as seasoning was investigated. Batch 1 was the Control (0% Ginger powder), Batch 2 had 25% of the seasoning as Ginger powder , Batch 3 had 50% of the seasoning as Ginger powder of total seasoning), Batch 4 had 75% of the seasoning as Ginger powder and Batch 5 had 100% of the seasoning as Ginger. Parameters measured were all subjected to one-way analysis of variance. Results obtained were significantly (P<0.05) different. For cooking and refrigeration weight losses, batch 1 (0% ginger powder)) had the lowest percentage cooking weight loss of 9.01% while batch 2 (25% ginger powder) had the lowest percentage refrigeration weight loss of 0.73%. Sensory evaluation showed that meaty flavour in batch 1 was highest (6.50) compared to other batches. Crude protein was highest in batch 5 (100% Ginger powder) with a value of 26.66% and lowest for batch 1 (0% Ginger powder) with 18.40%. Up to 100% ginger inclusion improved refrigeration stability and protein content of fresh beef sausages.
Length-weight relationship and condition factor of Clariid fish species in Kano Rivers, Kano State, Nigeria
Authors: Suleiman I. O. , Akpa G.N. , Bolorunduro P. I.
Published: February 2021

Fish found in natural tropical and sub-tropical water system experience frequent growth fluctuations. The study was conducted to determine the length-weight relationship and condition factor of Clariid species (Clarias gariepinus, Heterobranchus longifilis and Synodontis clarias) in Kano state of Nigeria. About 177 fish samples were collected from six rivers (Thomas, Ghari, Tiga, Duddurun-Gaya, Karaye and Bagwai) across the length and breadth of Kano state. Body weight (BW=248.48g), total length (TL=32.74cm) and standard length (SL=26.16cm) were determined. The length-weight relationship and condition factors were also determined. The condition factors showed varying degree of well-being of fish sampled from their habitat, and ranged from K = 0.37 to 0.89. The equation for the lengthweight relationship for the three strains is: C. gariepinus = -329.86+17.56TL, H. longifilis = -241.49+14.28TL and C. clarias = -428.51+22.72TL. Body weight and length had positive and significant relationship (r = 0.73 TL; r = 0.75 SL).
Serum biochemistry and oxidative stress indicators in West African dwarf goats under semi intensive management system
Authors: Ihejirika U. G. D. , Adenekan O. O. , Jimoh O. A. , Jack A. A. , Uwaeziozi U. C.
Published: February 2021

This study aims to evaluate variations in serum biochemistry and oxidative status between male and female WestAfrican dwarfgoats under semi intensive management system. Twenty, each of bucks and does (12 months old) were randomly selected from a herd purchased from Oyo livestock market, in Oyo State. The average body weights of the goats were12.08 ± 3.26 and 12.15 ± 1.51kg does and bucks, respectively. Blood samples were collected from fastened goats and assayed for serum biochemicals, lipid peroxidation,  total antioxidant activity, catalase and superoxide dismutase using standard procedures. Data obtained were subjected to T-test. The result showed serum glucose, albumin,  cholesterol, total protein, globulin, triglyceride, creatinine, alanine amino transferase(ALT),aspartate amino transferase(AST) and urea were not significantly (P>0.05) different among the sexes. Serum high density lipoprotein was significantly (P<0.05) higher in does (13.96 mmol/l) than in bucks (5.91mmol/l) and alkaline phosphatase was significantly (P<0.05) higher in bucks (2580.55 IU/L) than in does (1594.58 IU/L). Serum lipid peroxidation, total antioxidant activity and superoxide dismutase were statistically similar (P>0.05) in both sexes. Serum catalase was significantly (P<0.05) higher in bucks than in does. From this study, it can be deduced that serum biochemical indices in does and bucks are similar except for alkaline phosphatase and high density lipoprotein. Bucks recorded higher catalase than does.It could be concluded that during physiological and environmental stress conditions, antioxidant supplementation should be adopted to boost the antioxidant capacity of the does.
Rumen Impaction: Retrospective study on the prevalence, clinical findings, gross pathology and causes in sheep and goat reared in the tropical rain forest of Nigeria
Authors: Mshelbwala F. M. , Adebiyi A. A. , Ajayi O. L. , Olaniyi M. O . , Oloye A. A. , Adebayo O. O. , Sanni I. O. , Kadiri A. K. F. , Abakpa S. A. V.
Published: February 2021

In the present study, the prevalence, clinical manifestation, pathology and causes of rumen impaction in sheep and goats were determined from 6 years postmortem records, of the Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, for proper management of the condition. The prevalence was calculated as percentage of occurrence of rumen impaction among cases presented for postmortem examination; as overall, annual, age and sex-specific. The overall prevalence was 16.05%; and was higher in sheep (23.53%) than in goats (10.64%). Annual prevalence varied from 7.14 in 2014 to 25.00% in 2017. Higher prevalence was recorded in adult (23.81%) and female (21.43%) than in young (7.69%) and male (10.26%) animals. Clinical findings included distended abdomen, dullness, anorexia, fever; difficulty in breathing, recumbency and anaemia. Grossly the abdomens were distended; there were severe frothy exudates in the trachea and air ways. The visceral organs were severely congested. The rumens were markedly distended with foreign materials; as well as feed materials in some cases, thereby confusing the condition with pregnancy. The causes of rumen impaction include foreign materials such as nylon (40.00%), twines and ropes (25.00%), plastics and rubbers (10.00%), wire (2.00%) stones and sands (2.00%), bones and unidentified objects (1.00%).While impaction due to green and dry feeds constitute(15.00%) and cassava peels in 5% of the cases. When clinical sign of distended abdomen is observed in female small ruminants, proper examination should be carried out, bearing in mind the possibility of rumen impaction rather than considering only pregnancy. The high prevalence of rumen impaction recorded in this study call for proper environmental sanitation and proper management of small ruminants in the study area.
Variation pattern in production traits of broiler strains reared in a humid tropical environment
Authors: Obike O. M. , Obi O. C. , Aso R. N. , Onunkwo D. N.
Published: February 2021

The study evaluated the effect of strain on productive traits of three broiler chickens. A total of 144 broilers, 48 each of Hubbard, Marshall and Ross were used for the experiment which lasted 8 weeks. The birds were reared in separate deep litter pens with each strain replicated into 4 having 12 birds per replicate. Data were generated on body weight and linear body parameters (body length–BL, kneel length–KL, shank length–SL, wing length–WL,breast width–BSW, thigh length TL and drum stick length DL) at 2weeks interval from the 2week, growth performance, carcass and economics of production indices. Data were analyzed using the general linear model procedure of SPSS package. Results obtained showed significant (p<0.05) differences among the strains for the various parameters studied.The Marshall strain was significantly (p<0.05) superior in final body weight(1861.14g) followed by Ross (1714.44 g) while the least in body size was Hubbard (1432.45 g). Daily weight gain (g/bird/day) and FCR were significantly (p<0.05) better in Marshall and Ross compared to Hubbard. Marshall and Ross strain had significantly(p<0.05) heavier body weights and longer bodies in week 28; longer keels(week 6 and 8), thighs(week 2 and 6) and drumsticks (weeks 2, 6 and 8). Hubbard and Marshall showed statistically (p<0.05) higher mean values for BSW than Ross in weeks 2 and 4. For the carcass traits, Marshall broiler also showed superiority (p<0.05) over Ross and Hubbard in live weight 1818.75 vs 1653.13, 1500.00 g), defeathered weight (1643.75 vs 1487.50, 1375.00g), dressed weight (1359.39 vs 1280.00,1062.50g) and percent breast 18.44 vs 16.95,13.95). However, Rossand Hubbard had higher (p<0.05) means for shank proportion than for Marshall. Results of the cost-benefit indices revealed that the Marshall strain significantly (p<0.05) generated more revenue (₦1460.91/bird) and gross profit (₦666.52/bird) compared to its counter part strains. Marshall could therefore be recommended to farmers in our study area as a choice strain with faster growth and superior carcass yield for maximum economic return.
Blood protein polymorphism and differentiation of selected indigenous cattle breeds in Nigeria
Authors: Oladepo A. D. , Salako A. E.
Published: February 2021

Genetic variation is the basis of effective improvement in farm animals. Population differentiation is used for objective choice of parental genotypes that constitutes new hybrids in crossbreeding. In Nigeria, population characteristics of selected indigenous cattle breeds have not been fully documented. Therefore, blood protein electrophoretic patterns of selected indigenous cattle breeds in Nigeria were assessed. Blood samples (5mL) were taken underneath the tail by venipuncture from 40 cattle randomly selected from each of the five breeds. The samples were subjected to cellulose acetate electrophoresis to determine the genetic variants of haemoglobin (Hb), carbonic anhydrase (CA) and transferrin (Tf) following standard procedure. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, cluster analysis and Euclidean genetic distance. Allele frequencies ranged between 0.10 (Hb ) and 0.90 (Hb ), 0.11 (CA ) and 0.89 (CA ) and 0.02 (Tf ) and 0.49 (Tf ) across the breed.Two main clusters from the dendrogram were observed for each of Hb, CA and Tf. Euclidean genetic distance at the blood protein polymorphism level between WF and SG, WF and RB, WF and BK, WF and Muturu were 29, 30, 80 and 93, respectively. Genetic variants of transferring were largest within breed which indicated potential for selection
Proximate composition of pre and post rigor broiler chicken
Authors: Oyinlola O. O. , Oyadeyi O. S. , Okunlola O. O. , Abiola S. S. , Oshinbanjo O. D. , Akinyode T. , Olorunjuwon T. O.
Published: February 2021

This study examined the proximate composition of pre and post rigor poultry meat. A total of sixty (60) four weeks old broiler birds were randomly allotted into 2 treatments, 3 replicates pertreatment and 10birdsperreplicate.The proximate composition ofthe meat samples was determined. Data obtained were subjected to T-test. There were no significant differences (P>0.05) in the crude protein content of the meat samples, although, female pre rigor meat had the highest value at 23.99%. The ether extract values of the female pre (4.80) and post rigor (4.90) meat were significantly different (P<0.05) from male pre (4.27) and post rigor (4.46) meat samples. The ash content of male and female for both pre and post rigor were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Pre rigor poultry chicken meat proved to be the best for consumption, with this outcome from our research, household and fast food restaurants producing sausages are encouraged to use pre rigor broiler chicken meat as formulation ingredient.
A case report of dystocia treated by caesarean section in a primer West African dwarf doe
Authors: Ukwueze C. O. , Ukaha R. O. , Babalola S. A. , Raheem K. A.
Published: February 2021

This is a report of dystocia in a West African dwarf primer doe presented to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike and was successfully treated by caesarean section. Digital palpation ofthe foetus through the birth can all showed a viable foetus and a very small pelvis inadequate to allow passage of foetus. The animal was prepared surgical and caesarean section was performed following a standard technique. A left flank incision was made and a viable female kid weighing 1.25 kg was successfully delivered. In conclusion, the success of the surgery accompanied with good prognosis as was observed with delivery of a viable foetus and dam once again emphasis the need for a quick veterinary attention to a case of dystocia in animal species. Future fertility of the doe was not implied to be impaired
Observations on some morphometric parameters and body weight of Fulani ecotype chicken sampled in Niger State, Nigeria
Authors: Yusuf S. , Ayoola A. M. , Falowo O. A. , Egena S. S. A. , Adama T. Z. , Banjo A. A.
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted to evaluate morphometric traits (body length, body girth, wing length, Shank length, thigh length) and their association with body weight in Fulani Ecotype Chicken (FEC). Seventy-eight Fulani ecotype chickens were used for the  experiment.They were fed compounded diet of 24% CP and 3213kcal/kg of metabolize energy for the first eight weeks, and 20% CP and 2948 kcal/kg from 9-12 weeks. The birds were kept on deep litter throughout the experiment. Feed and water were offered ad libitum.Measurements were taken on body weight and five morphometric parameters at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of the experiment for analysis. The results showed that body weight had the highest coefficient of variation (34.90%) at the end of the 4 week, thigh length at the end of the 8 week (5.08%), and body girth at the end of the 12 week (33.00%). Correlation between body weight and the morphometric parameters evaluated were observed to be positive and significant (p<0.05) except for correlation between body weight and thigh length at 4 week. The direct effects of the parameters measured at 4, 8 and 12 weeks were all significant (p<0.05) except for thigh length at week 4. Conclusively, the study revealed the existence of a positive relationship between the measured morphometric traits and body weight of Fulani ecotype chicken at 4, 8 and 12 weeks of the experiment and that shank length could be used to predict body weight at 4,8 and 12 weeks based on the high coefficient of determination(R ). Observations on some morphometric parameters and body weight of Fulani ecotype chicken sampled in Niger State, Nigeria
Performance and physiological response of heat stressed growing pullets fed diets supplemented with ascorbic acid
Authors: Adedeji B. S. , Ogunwole O. A.
Published: February 2021

Effects of dietary supplementation of Ascorbic Acid (AA) on performance and physiological response of growing pullets were investigated in a 7-week trial. In a completely randomized design, Bovan Brown pullets (n=96) aged 12 weeks weighing 0.81±0.04 kg were randomly allotted to three treatments of four replicate and each replicate comprised eight birds. The pullets were initially fed basal diet for three weeks followed by dietary supplementation with AA at 0 (T1), 300 (T2) and 600 mg/kg (T3). Feed and water were provided to the pullets ad libitum. Performance and physiological parametersweremonitored.Data were subjected to ANOVA and polynomial regression and means separated at α0.05. Ambient temperature, relative humidity and temperature humidity index were 29.0±1.5 °C, 71.9±0.3 % and 26.9±1.3, respectively. Feed intake (kg) (0.89, 0.87, 0.88) and livability (93.8, 96.9, 96.9%) of pullets on T1, T2 and T3, respectively were not significantly affected (P>0.05) by supplemental AA. Weight gain (kg) of pullets on T1 (0.36) and T3 (0.42) were similar (P>0.05) but were significantly lower (P<0.05) than T2 (0.47). Feed conversion ratio of pullets on T2 (1.89) and T3 (2.09) were significantly lower (P<0.05) than T1 (2.48). Panting rate (Breath/min) of pullets on T1 (231.8) and T2 (225.0) were similar (P>0.05) but significantly higher (P<0.05) than in T3 (207.8). Rectal temperature of pullets on T3 (41.9) was lower than T1 (41.5). In conclusion, dietary supplementation of AA improved performance and physiological response of growing pullets in this study.
Preliminary study on effect of access to pasture of finished broilers on their abdominal fat and carcass contents Key
Authors: Adefioye R. A. , Sonaiya, E. B.
Published: February 2021

Access to pasture improves poultry welfare, as it provides fresh grass, insects and worms which lead to enhanced product quality. The increased locomotor activity in the pasture system can improve leg health and lower the proportion of body fat. The objective of this study therefore,was to determine the effect of access to pasture on abdominal fat content and carcass characteristics of finished broilers. Eighteen (18) mature Hubbard-classic broilers at eight (8) weeks of age were used for the study. The birds were separated into two treatments with nine birds per treatment. Treatment 1 was the birds placed on pasture, while treatment 2 was the birds kept indoors on deep litter. Data from both treatments were analyzed as from a completely randomized design and compared using t-test. The result shows that there was no significant difference (t ) between the two treatments in all the parameters considered.Hence, itwas concluded that pasture access for finished broilers has no effect on abdominal fat content and carcass traits comparedwith finished broilers on deep litter.
Effect of diets containing raw and processed pigeon pea seed meal on external and internal egg quality characteristics of laying quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica ) Ke
Authors: Akintunde A. R. , Omage J.  J. , Bawa G. S. , Oguntoye M. O. , Atanda A. O.
Published: February 2021

Three hundred and sixty, sixweek old Japanese quail hens (Coturnix coturnix japonica)were used to evaluate the effect of processed pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan) seed meal (PPSM) on egg quality characteristics of laying birds. The processingmethodswere soaking (24, 48 and 72 hours), fermentation (72 hours), boiling (60minutes) and roasting (30minutes). The birds were divided into eight groups of 45 per treatment each replicated three times with 15 birds per replicate in a completely randomized design. The birds were raised in cages measuring 75cm × 75cm × 60cm. Eight experimental diets were formulated containing processed PPSM at 30 % of diet representing T1 (control), T2 (raw PPSM), T3 (soaked PPSM for 24 hours), T4 (soaked PPSMfor 48 hours), T5 (soaked PPSMfor 72 hours), T6 (soaked PPSM for 24 hours and fermented for 72 hours), T7 (boiling for 60minutes) and T8 (roasted PPSM for 30 minutes) respectively. The experiment lasted for 20 weeks. Feed and water were provided ad libitum. The results showed that processed PPSM had no significant (P>0.05) effect on eggweight, egg height, egg diameter, egg shape index, egg shell thickness aswell as albumen height, albumen diameter, albumen weight, yolk diameter, yolk weight, yolk index and haugh unit across the dietary treatments. It is concluded that raw and processed PPSM had no significant (P>0.05) effect on the egg quality characteristics of laying quails. In addition, inclusion of raw PPSM in quail diets posed no threat to the health status of the birds.
Probiotic supplemented diets improved the performance of broiler chickens during wet season
Authors: Buba W. , Ugboga J. O. , Yunusa A. , Shehu B. M.
Published: February 2021

Probiotics, a live microbial feed supplement affects the host animal by improving its intestinal microbial balance. Thus, this study was conducted to determine the effect of probiotic (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) supplemented diets on the performance of broilers chickens during the wet season. Two hundred and fifty five broilers chickens were randomly allotted to five treatments in a complete randomize design (CRD) with three replicate per treatment, each replicate having 17 birds. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was included at 0%, 0.25%, 0.5%, 0.75% and 1% respectively. Feed intake was measured weekly and the birds were weighed once weekly to determine the weight improvement. Data obtained from the study were subjected to analysis of variance. All parameters (final body weight, body weight gain, average daily gain, total feed intake, average feed intake and feed conversion ratio) measured showed significance (P<0.05) differencewhen compared with the birds on control diets. In conclusion, inclusion of baker's yeast in broiler diet improved growth performance of the chickens.
Antitrypanosoma effect of methanol fruit pod extract of Acacia nilotica (Linn) in acute Trypanosoma brucei infection in wistar rats
Authors: Jatau I. D. , Tsok-Nwok V. V.
Published: February 2021

Chemotherapy of trypanosomosis has been adversely affected by widespread drug resistance and toxicity. Attention has now been shifted towards the search for ethnobothanical means of controlling the disease. The aimof this study was to determine the effect of methanol extract of the fruit pod of Acacia nilotica on experimental Trypanosoma brucei infection inWistar rats. TwentyWistar rats were randomly alloted into four groups of 5 rats each. Rats in groups I to III were experimentally infected with an isolate of T. brucei while group V served as uninfected control. At day 2 post infection (PI), rats in groups I were orally treated with extract of fruit pod of A nilotica at a dose of 500 mg/kg for 5 days while rats in group II were treated with diminazene aceturate at 3.5mg/kg subcutaneously once. Rats in group III served as infected untreated control. Parasitaemia, PCV and survival rates were monitored during the course of the study. Parasitaemia begins 3 days PI and progressively increased in groups I and III but was not observed in group II. There was decrease in PCV of rats in groups I and III compared to that of groups II and IV. The differences observed in parasitaemia and PCV between the groups compared were not statistically significant (P>0.05).Mortalitywas observed in group I from day 8PIwith 2 rats (40%) surviving up to day 10 PI. All rats in group III died within 7 days post infection while mortalities were not recorded in groups II and IV. It was concluded that the methanol extract of the fruit pod of A. nilotica had no In vivo trypanocidal effect at the dose of 500mg/kg, but demonstrated some ameliorative effect on the severity of the infection in Wistar rats.
Naked-neck and frizzled feather fowls are high performance laying local chicken in Nigeria
Authors: Nosike R. J. , Ezike J. C. , Odukwe C. N. , Nwakpu O. F. , Okocha C. N. , Onunkwo D. N.
Published: February 2021

The study was conducted to investigate the effect of genotype on the laying performance of Nigerian local chicken. The experiment was carried out using 99 local chicken of the three genotypes, comprising of 90 hens and 9 cocks (33 frizzle feather, 33 naked-neck feather and 33 normal feathered). Eggs were collected from the different genotypes for 8 weeks. The laying performance traits were egg number, hen-housed (%) and hen-day (%) egg production. Data collected were subjected to ANOVA in a completely randomised design. The hen-day egg production showed significant differences (P<0.05) in all the weeks. Naked-neck genotype performed better in terms of hen-day egg production than the other two genotypes and had highest values in week 1 (27.14±0.01), week 5 (27.60±0.09), week 7 (34.53±1.13) andweek 8 (16.30±0.03). Therewere significant differences (P<0.05) in all the weeks for hen-housed egg production and naked-neck also performed better than the frizzled and normal feather apart from week 2, 3 and 6. The naked-neck genotype had highest mean values in week 1, 4, 5, 7 and 8 with 27.18±0.06, 25.70±0.02, 19.33±0.67, 24.08±0.22 and 11.39±0.03 respectively for hen-housed egg production. The naked-neck had significantly (P<0.05) higher values for egg number when compared with frizzle and normal feathered genotypes. The values ranged between 5.67±0.67 to 2.00±0.10 (naked-neck), 6.33±0.33 to 2.67±0.67 (frizzle) and 3.33±0.33 to 1.33±0.33 (normal). It is therefore, reasonable to incorporate the naked-neck and frizzled feather genotypes of local chicken in producing locally-adapted commercial eggs
Growth performance ofWest African Dwarf goats fed boiled dried Gmelina arborea and sun dried Moringa oleifera leaves
Authors: Okpara O. , Akporhuarho P. O.
Published: February 2021

Sixteen West African dwarf (WAD) goats weighing 5.5kg to 10.7kg were used to determine the growth performance ofWADgoats fed boiled driedGmelina arborea leaves and sundried Moringa oleifera leaves. The goats were allotted randomly into four treatments groups of four animals each having two replicates each in a completely randomized design. Goats in T1 were fed concentrate and Panicum maximum (control diet), in T2 were fed concentrate and boiled dried Gmelina arborea leaves, goats in T3 were fed concentrate and sundried  moringa oleifera leaveswhile goats in T4were fed concentrate andmixture of freshGmelina arborea and freshMoringa oleifera leaves. The experiment lasted for 10 weeks. The animals were weighed on weekly basis throughout the 56 days (8 weeks) of the experiment. Feed intake and weight changes were monitored. Data collected were analyzed using the one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) while the mean were separated using the Duncan multiple range test. The result from this study shows that animals in T4 fed concentratewithmixture of fresh Gmelina arborea leaves and freshMoringa oleifera leaves performed better in respect to feed intake having a record of 2.88 0.008 followed by T1 2.86 0.012 while experimental animals in T2 and T3 had the lowest value 2.69 0.011 and 2.60 0.008 respectively, animals in T4 gained weight while those in T1, T2 and T3 lost weight. The study suggest the use of fresh Gmelina arborea leaves and fresh Moringa oleifera leaves in feeding goats due to the fact that they are efficiently utilized by the animals and their availability even at the peak of dry season.
Processing methods of malted sorghum sprout impacts on the nutritive values
Authors: Saka A. A. , Sowande O. S. , Adekunjo R. K. , Salako R. A. , Lawrence- Azua O. O. , Ogunsakin A. O. , Eniola O. A. , Shitan B. O.
Published: February 2021

The separated roots and shoots left after malt extraction from the young sorghum seedlings are collectively called Sorghum sprout and being regarded a waste. The study was designed to investigate the effect of different processing methods on the nutritive value of malted sorghum sprout (MSP). TheMSP was divided into three parts: raw (RMSP), alkaline (wood ash) treated (AMSP) and fermented (FMSP). The proximate composition, fibre fraction and the mineral contents were determined and all data obtained were subjected to one way analysis of variance. Results revealed that the proximate and fibre fraction values of MSP were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by the processing methods. The highest dry matter (82.34%), ether extract (1.76%), ash (15.52%), neutral detergent fibre (63.00%) and hemicellulose (39.00%) values were recorded in FMSP. Fermentation and alkaline treatments reduced the crude protein while it increased the ether extract and nitrogen free extract of theMSP.Ash had the highest percentage value in fermentedmalted sorghum sprout (FMSP) and the lowest in raw malted sorghum sprout (RMSP). The concentration (g/kg) of calcium (14.45), phosphorus (67.92) and potassium (6.59) were significantly (p<0.05) highest in FMSP. The concentration (mg/kg) of iron (947.50) and copper (21.50) observed in AMSP were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the values obtained in FMSP followed by RMSP. It was observed that fermentation and alkaline treatment employed reduced zinc concentration values of the MSP. It can be concluded that fermentation processing method used in this study presented the best results in terms of the chemical andmineral composition values.
Different processing additives is efficacious on microbial loads and antibiotics sensitivity pattern of giant African land snail (Archachatina marginata)
Authors: Adewole A. M. , Olajubu F. A. , Nathaniel O. G.
Published: February 2021

Snails are harvested for food in many parts of the world but are susceptible to environmental contaminations and pollutants due to the continuous ingesting of bacteria from the soil and the environment which they are found. Thus, the study has been designed to investigate the distribution and prevalence of micro-organisms in snails in humid tropics of Nigeria. Fifteen samples of Archachatina marginata were collected from Melege village, Ose local government area, Ondo State, Nigeria. The foot and head were analyzed microbiologically for bacterial loads before and after processing with five cleansing reagents: lime, alum, vinegar, salt and ash. Lime proved most effective reagent for decontaminating snail meats as it had the highest reduction of microbial load after processing (57.1%), followed by salt (44%) and the least was alum (20%). The mean microbial load on the head ranged between 9-22cfu/cm2 before and 4-12cfu/cm2 after processing, while foot ranged between 13-19cfu/cm2 before and 8-14cfu/cm2 after processing. Eight isolates belonging to nine genera including Micrococcus luteus [10(21.31%)] most predominant, followed by Escherichia coli [8(13.11%)], Proteus vulgaris [8(13.11%)], Klebsiella spp [6(16.39%)], Bacillus spp [6(9.84%)], Aeromonas spp [5(11.48%)], Streptococcus pyogenes [6(8.2%)], and least was Enterobacter spp [4(6.56%)] respectively. Results showed different pathogenic bacteria in snails. The presence of higher number of pathogenic Klebsiella spp and Escherichia coli among others, encountered in Archachatina marginata is an indication of public health hazard and also a warning signal for possible occurrence of food borne. The result showed lime as the most effective reagent in processing snail meat. The antibiotic susceptibility patterns of the bacterial isolates showed that all the bacteria isolated were susceptible to Gentamicin (GEN), only Proteus vulgaris and Bacillus spp were susceptible to Ceftazidime (CAZ) and Cloxacillin (CXC) respectively and all the were resistant to Ampicillin (AMP). The presence of these microorganisms showed that snail's samples harbor some potential pathogenic bacteria of medical importance and washing with some cleansing additives, especially lime is recommended for proper decontamination. The resistance of the organisms to some of the drugs portrayed the global increased concern over the continuous use of antibiotics in human and veterinary medicine and the resultant effects.
Performance and haematological parameters of Kano brown bucks fed diet containing graded levels of cottonseed cake
Authors: Finangwai H. I. , Orisakwe C. J. , Joshua P. , Udoh E. D. , Dafur B. S.
Published: February 2021

A 60 day study was carried out to determine the effect of protein supplement in Kano brown bucks. Twenty four bucks with initial weight of 10.25-12.33 kg were grouped into three of eight bucks each and were randomly assigned to the three treatment diets in a completely randomized design. Prior to this, concentrate diets were formulated to contain 15%, 30% and 45% cottonseed cake (CSC) as the protein supplement in the dietary treatments. Crop residues formed the basal diet and were fed ad libitum. Alongside, fresh clean water was provided to goats ad libitum. Parameters determined during the experiment were feed intake, daily weight changes, Feed cost and and haematological parameters. Result showed that protein, EE, lysine, methionine and fibre contents increased with increasing levels of CSC in diet, whereas ME in kcal/kg reduced as CSC in diet increased. Feed intake significantly (P<0.05) decreased with increasing levels of CSC in diet across treatment. Final weight gain, average daily live weight and feed to gain ratio significantly (P<0.05) increased when CSC in diet increased from 15% to 45%. Feed cost (N/kg) increased with increased in CSC. However, cost of concentrate intake and feed cost/gain were better for animal fed 45%. Although, varying levels of CSC in diet significantly (P<0.05) influenced the haematological values of WBC, PVC and were within acceptable regions. The distribution of neutrophils, lymptrocytes, monocytes, basophils and eosinophils reduced with increasing levels of CSC in diet, though were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by variation of levels of CSC in diets. It is concluded that including protein supplement such as cottonseed cake in buck diets at 45% can be beneficial to Kano brown bucks.
Effect of feeding concentrate diets containing graded levels of groundnut haulms on nutrient composition of diets and performance of Friesian x Bunaji heifers
Authors: Finangwai H. I. , Ehoche O. W. , Jokthan G. E. , Barje P. P.
Published: February 2021

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of feeding concentrate diets containing varying levels of groundnut haulms (GH) on intake and growth performance of Friesian x Bunaji cattle. Four concentrate mixed diets formulated to contain on average 14.45- 14.65% crude protein. Groundnut haulms in the concentrate diets were on nitrogen basis at 0, 25, 50 and 75% levels with control diet having 0% inclusion of GH. Twenty Friesian x Bunaji prepubertal heifers aged 14-16 months and weighing 160-180kg were randomly divided into four groups of five animals each and were allotted to the four experimental diets in a completely randomized design. Data were collected in order to determined Dry matter intake (DMI), Average daily intake (ADI), Average Daily Gain (ADG) Feed to gain ratio (FCE) and cost benefit analysis. Result showed that varying the levels of GH in concentrate diet significantly (P<0.05) increased DMI at 25%; this value was similar (P>0.005) to those at 0 and 50%. At 75% DMI of concentrate significantly declined. The ADG of heifers fed concentrate mixture containing 0% GH were significantly (P< 0.05) higher; although, there was no significant (P>0.05) difference between those fed 0 and 25%. Increasing GH level in concentrate diet to 75% depressed gain and ADG of heifers. Heifers fed 0 and 25% GH levels had similar feed to gain ratio but were significantly (P<0.05) lower than those fed 50 and 75% levels. Net benefit declined across treatments with increased levels of GH in concentrate diet up to 50%, although they remained positive indicating it was beneficial replacing concentrate diet with GH. The net benefit of feeding GH at 0% GH (control) over 25% is ﬁ 37384.9; 0% over 50% is ﬁ 91084 and over 75% is ﬁ 83246.60. It is concluded that GH supplementation on Gamba hay appears to improve the feed intake, growth and efficiency of concentrate utilization by heifers at 25% level and cost of concentrates in heifers generally.
Effect of addition of multi-enzyme and varying levels of toasted African yam bean seed meal on carcass characteristics and internal organs of broiler starter
Authors: Raji M. O. , Oladapo O. S. , Oloko A. B. , Akinosun A. A
Published: February 2021

African yam bean seed is one of the underutilized legumes and a prospective feed ingredient in poultry diet. This study was carried out to examine carcass characteristics and internal organs of broiler starter fed partial replacement of toasted African yam bean seed meal supplemented with multi-enzyme (TAYBSM+E). There were five treatments: treatment one (T1) served as control without TAYBSM+E while T2, T3, T4 and T5 contained 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% TAYBSM+E, respectively and supplied experimental broiler birds for four weeks. Each treatment was randomly assigned to one of the five experimental diets in a completely randomized designed. Two hundred birds were allotted to five treatments replicated four times with 10 birds per replicate. At four weeks of age, experimental birds were starved for 12 hours; one bird was sacrificed per replicate (four per treatments), defeathered and cut into different parts. Carcass cuts and vital organs were carefully collected and weighed with sensitive scale. All parameters in the carcass cuts and internal organs weight examined were not statistically (P>0.05) influenced except intestine, lungs and thigh that significantly (P<0.05) different. It is concluded that toasted African yam bean seed meal supplemented with multi-enzyme is a good source of protein that can be used in broiler feeds safely up to 80% inclusion level to give satisfactory results.