bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ergonomic Hand tool Interventions for the Furniture Manufacturing Industry
Authors: Smith Christy A. , Mirka Gary A. , Myers Kelly A.
Published: January 2012

This project focused on the development of ergonomic interventions to reduce the incidence of musculoskeletal problems in the furniture manufacturing industry. The results of an industry-based survey provided a list of the high priority jobs to be addressed with ergonomic interventions. This paper focuses on the development and evaluation of two of these interventions: an upholstery hand tool and an ergonomic interface for a random orbital sander. Laboratory testing was performed to examine the ergonomic issues with use of each intervention. A reduction in risk factors was found with use of the interventions. The upholstery hand tool reduced grip force from 36 to 18 N, improved hand posture by changing from a pinch grip to a power grip, and reduced the repetition rate from 40 to 24 repetitions per minute. EMG analysis of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles showed a reduction in overall muscle activity and a shift from the intrinsic muscles to the extrinsic finger flexor muscles. The ergonomic interface for the random orbital sander was designed to reduce exposure to vibration and eliminate the need for sustained, static grip force. A subjective survey of users revealed both a short and long term improvement in user comfort and fatigue, while a pre-post study design revealed no significant change in grip strength.
Ergonomics and Productivity the Adaptation of a Forklift
Authors: Delaruelle Dirk , De Grande Rit , Servaes Koen
Published: January 2012

A study of the mental and physical workload at the Material Handling (MH) department of the polymer plant of Borealis in Beringen, Belgium, pointed out that reversing a forklift causes neck and back pain. Hence, it was decided to use another type of forklift, to put aside the pallets in the stock yard and to bring back the pallets for loading. Following market research, the management opted for a forklift with raised cabin, which enables the driver to look over the pallet and thus drive forward. In relation to the increasing pressure of work, it was decided to develop a system to manipulate two pallets at the same time. To steer this project Borealis set up a project team, in which workers of the Material Handling department participated actively. An employee from Barlow Handling, a firm that sells, rents and adapts existing Hyster forklifts, also took an active part in the discussions. Finally, an ergonomist and the physician of IDEWE, an external prevention service, added his expertise to the multidisciplinary study group.

Starting from the analysis of an existing situation, the project group formulated ergonomic recommendations, which were integrated in the design conditions together with technical and safety demands. Based on these demands Barlow Handling adapted an existing Hyster forklift.

By actively involving the ergonomist from IDEWE in all phases and the forklift drivers as participants, the project produced a satisfying ergonomic result within the established budget. A forklift was constructed according to ergonomic and production demands.
A Video-Synchronized High-Speed-EMG and Metabolic Data Acquisition System
Authors: Zeng Shengke , Powers John R. , Hsiao Hongwei
Published: January 2012

A video-synchronized electromyography (EMG) and metabolic data acquisition system is being developed to monitor human response to workplace conditions. This high-speed EMG data rate (1000 Samples/second/channel for 16 channels) plus metabolic data acquisition (20 seconds of refresh interval) is suitable for the combination of frequency-domain muscle fatigue and time-domain human stress studies associated with human activities. The system is composed of a video camera/recorder to record human activity images, and a personal computer to simultaneously acquire the EMG and the metabolic data (including oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide generation and heart rate) along with the video time-codes from the video recorder. The computer uses the time-codes recorded both on the video tape and in the data file to synchronize each video frame with the corresponding segment of the physiological data sequence. With the recorded time-codes, the computer is able to search a physiological data segment correspondent to any recorded video frame, and vice versa.
Quantification and Prediction of Male and Female Spine Loading Muscles
Authors: Jorgensen MJ , Marras WS , Granata KP
Published: January 2012

In order to predict muscle forces in EMG-assisted biomechanical models, it is necessary to be able to predict the muscle size and still account for individual differences. Magnetic resonance imaging scans through the vertebral bodies from T8 through S1 were performed on twenty females and ten males. Muscle fiber angle corrected cross-sectional areas were recorded at each level present, with the largest fiber-corrected cross-sectional area for each muscle used to represent the physiological cross-sectional area. Female and male physiological cross-sectional areas were statistically compared, both in magnitude as well as for differences in prediction potential via externally measured anthropometric variables. Results indicated that for each muscle, males demonstrated significantly larger physiological cross-sectional areas than females, with an overall average of 56.1% larger. Anthropometric measures about the xyphoid process were significant predictors of most muscles of interest for females, whereas combinations of height and weight were significant predictors of most muscles of interest for males. Although females exhibit smaller muscles than males, the female erector spinae and internal oblique could not be predicted from the male prediction equations for these muscles, indicating that gender specific prediction equations should be utilized when predicting muscle force producing capability in EMG-assisted biomechanical models.
Assessment of Ergonomic Exposures among Operators of Construction Equipment
Authors: Kittusamy N. Kumar , Buchholz Bryan
Published: January 2012

Although numerous studies have shown an association between operation of heavy construction equipment and symptoms of musculoskeletal disorders, very little research has been performed that objectively characterizes the exposure of operating engineers to ergonomic hazards. The objectives of this study were to evaluate: 1) the vibration at the seat/operator interface (X, Y, and Z axes); 2) the transmissibility of vibration in the Z-axis; 3) the psychophysical ratings of vibration level and vibration discomfort; and 4) the postural requirements of the job. The results of this study indicate that the digging operation had higher levels of total weighted acceleration than high or low idling. The transmissibility data showed that the seat was amplifying vibration particularly in the lower frequencies. The seats in the equipment demonstrated that they may not be sufficient in protecting operators from long-term effects of vibration exposure. There was high positive correlation among the subjective ratings (vibration discomfort and vibration level), but moderate positive correlation between subjective ratings and quantitative vibration levels. The postural evaluations revealed that the operators were required to assume awkward postures of the neck, shoulder, and trunk while performing their jobs.
Representative Video Recordings for Synchronized Collection of Ergonomic and Production Data in an Assembly System
Authors: Kihlberg S , Flyckt K , Franzon H , Mathiassen SE , Medbo P , Winkel J
Published: January 2012

A method has been developed for optimized representative video recordings for synchronized collection of ergonomic and engineering data in assembly systems using the same film. The method is based on random selection of both operators and starting time of the recordings during the day with some boundary conditions: fixed total recording time (30h) and an upper (3h) and lower (1h) recording time per operator. The method was tested at an electronic assembly industry. The study showed that the method has to be further developed. This development would be on basis of statistical models assessing associations between measurement resources, representativeness and precision as functions of working hours, number of work stations, manning and work rotation.
Part I: Participatory Ergonomics Approach to Waste Container Handling Utilizing a Multidisciplinary Team
Authors: Zalk D. M. , Biggs T. W. , Perry C. M. , Tageson R. , Tittiranonda P. , Burastero S. , Barsnick L.
Published: January 2012

This multidisciplinary team approach to waste container handling, developed within the Grassroots Ergonomics process, presents participatory ergonomic interpretations of quantitative and qualitative aspects of this process resulting in a peer developed training. The lower back, shoulders, and wrists were identified as frequently injured areas, so these working postures were a primary focus for the creation of the workers' training. Handling procedures were analyzed by the team to identify common cycles involving one 5 gallon (60 pounds), two 5 gallons (60 and 54 pounds), 30 gallon (216 pounds), and 55 gallon (482 pounds) containers: lowering from pallet, transporting to/from transport vehicles, loading/unloading on transport vehicles, and loading onto pallet. Eleven experienced waste container handlers participated in this field analysis. Ergonomic exposure assessment tools measuring these field activities included posture analysis, posture targeting, Lumbar Motion Monitor™(LMM), and surface electromyography (sEMG) for the erector spinae, infraspinatus, and upper trapezius muscles. Posture analysis indicates that waste container handlers maintained non-neutral lower back postures (flexion, lateral bending, and rotation) for a mean of 51.7% of the time across all activities. The right wrist was in non-neutral postures (radial, ulnar, extension, and flexion) a mean of 30.5% of the time and the left wrist 31.4%. Non-neutral shoulder postures (elevation) were the least common, occurring 17.6% and 14.0% of the time in the right and left shoulders respectively. For training applications, each cycle had its own synchronized posture analysis and posture target diagram. Visual interpretations relating to the peak force modifications of the posture target diagrams proved to be invaluable for the workers' understanding of LMM and sEMG results (refer to Part II). Results were reviewed by the team's field technicians and their interpretations were developed into ergonomic training that address the issues originally raised. This training includes intervention methods, ergonomic tools used, data acquired, and effects of waste container handling techniques on lower back, shoulder, and wrists and methods to help proactively reduce injuries associated with this profession.
Ergonomics for Assembly for Automotive Design Engineers
Authors: Morris Wendy , Wilson John R
Published: January 2012

Since the early 1990s a concept known as Design for Manufacturability (DFM) has developed. In the past much of the ergonomics involvement in DFM has considered the workstations and methods of human assembly operators. The increase in health and safety regulations and the number of employee compensation claims against companies for work related musculoskeletal disorders is providing the impetus for the consideration of Ergonomics for Assembly (EA) by design engineers. This project was undertaken within the context of an automotive manufacturing company. A programme for EA training for product design engineers was developed and a system proposed to support its incorporation in future design work.
Strategy for the Management of the Thermal Working Conditions
Authors: Malchaire J. , Gebhardt H.
Published: January 2012

A strategy in four successive stages is described and justified for the prevention and control of thermal problems in the workplace. This should allow approaching and solving these problems progressively in small as well as large companies by relying successively, when necessary, on the complementary competencies of the workers themselves, their technical assistance, the occupational health specialists and the experts. The criteria to fulfil at each stage are described and discussed. Annex 1 describes the methods to be used at stage “ Observation” by the workers and their assistance, and at stage “ Analysis” with the help of specialists, as well as the requirements at stage “ Expertise”.
Assessment of the Risks of Heat Disorders Encountered during Work in Hot Conditions
Authors: Malchaire J.
Published: January 2012

Eight laboratories participated in a concerted research project on the assessment of hot working conditions. The objectives were to:

Co-ordinate the work of the main European research teams in the field of thermal factors Improve the methods available to assess the risks of heat disorders at the workplace, and in particular the ISO standard 7933. Better define the criteria for the maximum exposure duration, considering interindividual differences in sweating rate, water loss and core temperature increase. Design and validate an assessment strategy for practitioners to determine maximum exposure durations and optimise the working environment.

The revised model, called “Predicted Heat Strain” proved to predict much better than the previous Required Sweat Rate model the maximum allowable exposure duration to avoid dehydration and/or core temperature increase.
Attention Allocation under Thermal Stress
Authors: Chase Bradley , Karwowski Waldemar
Published: January 2012

A visual-visual dual task was designed to test the effect of the thermal environment on dual task performance. The temperatures selected for testing were 77, 86 and 95 °F Wet Bulb Globe Temperature (WBGT). Forty-two volunteers were randomly assigned to one of the three temperature conditions. During the hour session, the emphasis was switched every 12 minutes between the two tasks (i.e., 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, 0/100). POC analysis could then be conducted using data from these 5 emphasis conditions. Individual differences in single task performance were controlled by equating the baselines of single task performance. Once individual differences in single task capacity were controlled, statistically significant differences were demonstrated in terms of functional performance region (FPR) and in divided attention cost.
The State of Scientific Knowledge Regarding Work Related Neck and Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Buckle Peter , Devereux Jason
Published: January 2012

The report has drawn together knowledge from an extensive set of sources. These include the contemporary scientific literature, the views of an international expert scientific panel, current practice, employer and employee representatives and a number of official authorities from member states of the European Union (EU). The need for EU consensus regarding diagnostic criteria is identified. Size of the problem across EU member states has been reported. Understanding of the biological mechanisms of WRULDs varies greatly and it is dependent on the specific disorder. A strong positive relationship between some WRULDs and the performance of work, especially where workers were highly exposed to workplace risk factors is noted. Identifying workers in the extreme exposure categories should become a priority for any preventative strategy. Current scientific knowledge and existing general advice in European health and safety directives, etc., already provide some strategies for preventing WRULDs. Further action is suggested.
Maximum Voluntary Contraction as a Function of Upper Extremity Posture in Females
Authors: Hegmann Kurt T. , Garg Arun
Published: January 2012

Background: Little has been published on the maximum strength of the shoulder girdle as a function of varying postures. Such information may help aid in job design by better assessing the capabilities of workers.

Methods: Female subjects (n=12) were required to hold a weight in place for 4 seconds in one of 6 different functional postures: 0/90 (shoulder flexion angle = 0° and included elbow angle = 90°), 30/90, 60/90, 90/120, 120/150 and 150/180. Postures and weights were chosen at random and measurements were repeated. Final weight adjustments were in increments of 0.1 lb. At least 3 minutes of rest between lifts was provided. Maximum voluntary contractions (MVCs) were required to be reproduced within 2 lbs. Dynamic lifting of the weight and holding in place MVCs (“lift and hold”), as well as only holding the weight in place MVCs (“hold only”) were assessed separately. Maximum voluntary torques were also computed and adjusted for arm weight. Ratings of perceived exertion (Borg CR-10) and pain ratings (0–10 scale) were obtained.

Results: Maximum voluntary contractions varied greatly, with the strongest to weakest measurements approximating 2:1 ratios. For the 90/120 posture, lift and hold MVC was 14.6±3.0 lb. (range 9.5–19.0). The hold only MVC for 90/120 was 18.1±2.9 lb. (range 13.5–25.3). Similar variability occurred in all postures. Adjusted for arm weight, MVC for lift and hold at 90/120 was 18.1±3.3 lb, while hold only was 21.7±3.2 lb. Across all postures, hold only MVCs were greater than lift and hold MVCs by 4.3 lb. (26%). Lift and hold MVC torque at 120/150 was 217.2±39.3 in-lb. (range 157.5–266.8), while hold only was 280.6±38.0 in-lb. Across all postures, hold only maximum voluntary torques were greater than lift and hold torques by 25%. Except for the 0/90 and 150/180 postures, posture had little effect on hold only maximum voluntary torques. Borg CR-10 ratings averaged 6.6 for lift and hold and 6.9 for hold only (p>0.05). Posture had no effect on pain ratings, which averaged 0.8.

Conclusions: Variability in female shoulder girdle lifting strength is substantial. Removing the lifting portion of job tasks likely substantially increases the percentage of workers capable of performing the tasks. Weakest postures are 90/120 and 120/150 and the female lift and hold MVC for those postures is 15 lb. (hold only 19 lb.). 30/90, 60/90 and 150/180 postures are equally strong; MVCs for lift and hold in those postures are 18 lb. (hold only 23 lb.). When overhead work is required, 150/180 posture appears preferable to 90/120 or 120/150. Some screening or selection process may be necessary on some jobs due to the degree of variability in strength.
Quality as Prevention of Musculoskeletal Disorders
Authors: Eklund Jørgen
Published: January 2012

Few studies have researched the potential of different quality strategies to prevent musculoskeletal disorders. The purpose of this paper is to review and discuss opportunities and disadvantages by using quality concepts, especially continuous improvement and standardisation, for prevention of musculoskeletal disorders. The results point to that quality strategies are effective in reducing musculoskeletal risks in some cases. In other situations, the results might be the opposite. Available results point to that well-performed implementations, management support in combination with a participative approach are important preconditions for good results. The studies into continuous improvement generally point to the potential to prevent musculoskeletal disorders given that ergonomics issues are addressed. The view on standardisation is more divided. It is hereby proposed that a developmental view on standardisation offers a good potential in this respect, while a regulatory view does not.
The Use of Biomarkers in Epidemiologic Research on the Association between Exposure to Mechanical Load and Back Disorders
Authors: Kuiper Judith I. , Frings-Dresen Monique H.W. , Verbeek Jos H.A.M.
Published: January 2012

Biomarkers can supplement traditional epidemiologic research on the causes of musculoskeletal disorders. As indicators of changes at tissue or molecular level in the structures in the back, biomarkers can improve the understanding of the intermediate steps between exposure to risk factors and the occurrence of back disorders. By providing exposure information that is specific to the individual, and to target tissues, biomarkers can help to reduce misclassification in exposure measures, and thus enhance our ability to detect dose-response relations. Because of the complex anatomy of the back and the multifactorial etiology of back disorders it is complicated to identify useful biomarkers. Degenerative changes in intervertebral discs are believed to play a crucial role in the relation between exposure to mechanical load and back disorders. Based on the literature various potential biomarkers of degenerative changes in intervertebral discs are selected and four different studies are performed to investigate their feasibility as tools in epidemiologic research.
The Risk of Neck, Shoulder and Upper Limb Musculoskeletal Disorders due to Interactions between Physical and Psychosocial Work Risk Factors
Authors: Devereux J. J. , Buckle P.W.
Published: January 2012

Objectives - To investigate the possible interactions between physical and psychosocial risk factors in the workplace that may be associated with self-reported neck and upper-limb musculoskeletal disorder symptoms. Methods - 891 of 1514 manual handlers, delivery drivers, technicians, customer services computer operators and general office staff reported physical and psychosocial working conditions and neck and upper-limb disorder symptoms using a self-administered questionnaire (59% return rate). Of the 869 valid questionnaire respondents, 564 individual workers were classified in to one of four exposure groups: high physical - high psychosocial, high physical - low psychosocial, low physical - high psychosocial and low physical - low psychosocial. Results - The highest increase in risk was found in the high physical - high psychosocial exposure group for upper limb disorders. In the analyses, a departure from an additive risk model was observed for the upper-limb outcome definitions but not for those of the neck. Conclusions - This study suggests that an interaction effect between physical and psychosocial risk factors in the workplace may exist to increase the risk of self-reported upper-limb disorders.
Calculating a Worker'S Health Risk for Back Disorders due to Vibration
Authors: Village Judy , Lott Murray
Published: January 2012

A detailed work and medical history was used to calculate whole-body vibration exposure and total vibration dose for a worker appealing a back injury claim. Comparison was made with 3 standards: ISO 2631 (versions from 1978 to 1997); European Economic Community Council Directive; and the German Federal Ministry of Labour. The worker's exposure levels exceeded all standards often by two-fold or more. Total vibration dose (9137) exceeds the suggested by a factor of 6.5-fold. It is concluded this worker's 15-year vibration exposure accelerated the onset, if not caused the L4–5 disc protrusion.
Upper Extremity Exposure among Poultry Processing Operators
Authors: Bao Stephen , Silverstein Barbara , Cohen Marty , Beagle Marty , Cotey Mike , Drozdowsky Sharon , Spielholz Peregrin
Published: January 2012

This study quantitatively investigated the physical exposure in the upper extremities of poultry processing operators, by electromyography (EMG) and psychophysical methods. Results showed that all three poultry processing jobs had high loads on the forearm flexor and extensor muscles. Loading on the shoulder region may not be a major concern for many of the operators. However, some individual operators may still be exposed to high shoulder loads possibly due to the mismatch between the workstations and the individual operators.
Ergonomics in Construction: Management and Worker Perceptions
Authors: Smallwood John
Published: January 2012

Construction is by its very nature a physical process. This is further aggravated by its labour intensive nature and the low level of mechanisation.

Construction requires, inter alia, bending and twisting, working in awkward or cramped positions, reaching away from the body and overhead, repetitive movements, handling heavy materials and equipment, use of body force, exposure to vibration and noise, and climbing and descending.

Descriptive research conducted to determine the status quo with respect to occupational health in construction investigated, inter alia, ergonomic related issues. Findings include: musculoskeletal injuries predominate among ergonomic problems, and back ailments was ranked second by managers in terms of perceived incidence of ailments suffered by workers.
Self-Reported Musculoskeletal Symptoms among Mason Tenders and Perceived Job-Related Characteristics
Authors: Goldsheyder David , Schecter-Weiner Shira , Nordin Margareta , Hiebert Rudi
Published: January 2012

A musculoskeletal symptom survey was conducted among mason tenders in New York City. The return rate of the survey was 70.2%. The outcome revealed that 65% of the mason tenders experienced low back pain during the year prior to the survey, 35% of them were absent from work, and 45% visited a physician due to the symptoms. The job-related characteristics perceived by the mason tenders as the most problematic included bending or twisting the back, working in the same position for long periods of time, working overhead or away from the body, and working near or at physical limits. The study results were incorporated in the design and implementation of low back pain prevention program that trained the union trade instructors in ergonomic hazard recognition and problem solving, and targeted the mason tenders.
A Walkthrough Ergonomic Checklist for Evaluating Slip/Fall Potential in Lead Abatement Tasks
Authors: Kincl Laurel , Lu Ming-Lun , Auyang Edward , Bhattacharya Amit , Succop Paul
Published: January 2012

The purpose of this study is to develop a tool to determine the ergonomic risk factors of cumulative trauma disorders (CTDs) and slips/ fall potential associated with the lead abatement and lead risk assessors' tasks. For this purpose, an existing and validated checklist of ergonomic walkthrough surveys developed for carpentry tasks was enhanced with postural instability potential weighting for specific postures common at lead abatement sites and an additional section to obtain information on slip/fall risk factors. This paper discusses the slip/fall risk development for the enhanced checklist. Based on studies with industrial workers, the following risk factors have been rank-ordered according to the increasing risk of postural instability: task type, poor ambient lighting, elevated working surfaces (ladders or scaffolding), inclined working surfaces, and surface condition (slipperiness). Walkthrough surveys were conducted and laboratory data was collected to determine categories and ranking of slip/fall risk factors to be added to the modified ergonomic checklist.
Laboratory Evaluation of Isometric Strength Associated with Typical Scaffold end Frame Disassembly Postures
Authors: Cutlip R. , Hsiao H. , Mayeux B.
Published: January 2012

Overexertion injuries comprise the largest category of nonfatal injuries among construction groups which include scaffold erectors. These injuries typically occur when the biomechanical stresses associated with tasks such as lifting, carrying, pushing, etc. exceed the workers' strength capacity. This study was conducted to estimate the whole body isometric strength capability of construction workers in a typical symmetric lifting posture (baseline) and seven postures associated with scaffold end-frame disassembly. A computer controlled data acquisition system and custom fabricated test fixture complete with Bertec force platforms were used to quantify isometric strength in each of the postures. The whole-body isometric strength values (457 N mean) in the baseline posture for the subjects tested were higher than those of comparable industrial workers found in the literature (323 – 430 N mean). Threeof the scaffold disassembly postures resulted in considerable biomechanical stress to workers. The study group produced sufficient isometric forces in the remaining four postures which would reduce the risk of overexertion injuries due to disassembly of scaffold end-frames.
Postural Stability during Simulated Drywall Lifting and Hanging Tasks
Authors: Pan Christopher S. , Chiou Sharon , Long Daniel , Zwiener Joyce , Skidmore Paige
Published: January 2012

Drywall lifting and hanging tasks require workers to handle heavy and bulky drywall sheets and maintain awkward postures to install materials onto the wall or ceiling. Previous studies indicated that drywall lifting and hanging tasks cause more fall-related injuries than any other tasks. Activities associated with these two tasks often result in muscle fatigue and propensity for loss of balance. The objective of this study is to identify the methods resulting in the least postural instability during drywall lifting or hanging drywall tasks. Sixty construction workers with at least 6 months of drywall-installation experience participated in this study. Each subject performed four lifts of a drywall sheet using one of the four lifting methods. The subject was also asked to perform 4 hanging trials using one of the four hanging methods. This study is a completely randomized repeated design with lifting and hanging methods randomly assigned to each subject. Workers' postural instability was quantified using a piezoelectric-type force platform. Two postural sway variables (sway length and sway area) and three instability indices (IPSB, SAR, WRTI) were used to describe workers' propensity for loss of balance associated with drywall lifting and hanging. Analyses of variance showed that the effects of different lifting and hanging methods were significant on the two postural-sway variables and the three postural instability indices. Results from this study suggest that the horizontal lift of a drywall sheet with both hands positioned on the top of the drywall appeared to cause least postural sway and instability. Furthermore, hanging drywall onto the ceiling horizontally produced less postural sway and instability than vertically.
Decreasing work load among construction workers with the use of four equipment
Authors: Kaukiainen Anneli , Sillanpää Jarmo , Lappalainen Jorma , Viljanen Matti , Nyberg Mika
Published: January 2012

The objective of this study was to determine whether four pieces of equipment for cutting moulding, cutting reinforcement rods, carrying carpet rolls and fitting drain pipes can lighten the work load of construction work. Work methods were: cutting moulding by squatting (old) and standing (new), cutting reinforcement rods in a forward bent posture (old) and standing with straight back (new), the lifting and carrying carpet rolls with bent back and lifting with hands (old) no bent back postures and no lifting with hands (new), fitting drain pipes with bent back (old) and standing straight and lifting with the strap (new). The measurements were: work phase videotaping, OWAS analyses, heart rate monitoring and a questionnaire.

The results indicate that the effect of using the new ergonomically designed equipment proved to be useful. Cutter for reinforcement rods (bent back postures decreased 11%), tool for the carrying of carpet rolls (less loading on the extremities) and the tool in fitting drain pipes (less loading on the lower extremities and in the neck and shoulder region). The conclusion was that work load can be decreased with well-planned equipment, but more attention should be given to personal work methods and habits.
Criteria for the Health Surveillance of Workers Exposed to Repetitive Movements
Authors: Occhipinti E. , Colombini D. , Grieco A.
Published: January 2012

The authors outline a strategy for a health surveillance programme for work-related musculoskeletal disorders of the upper limbs. A screening schedule is presented based on subsequent investigations (first and second level); the authors discuss the principal methods used for processing the results of the health surveillance in collective and individual terms. In general the paper defines the various aims to the health surveillance programme and identifies significant relevant criteria for its implementation.
Methods of Exposure Assessement of Patient Handling Tasks: A New Risk Index (MAPO)
Authors: Menoni O. , Battevi N. , Ricci M.G. , Occhipinti E.
Published: January 2012

The authors describe and propose a model for identifying the main risk factors in this type of occupational exposure: presence of disabled patients, staff engaged on manual handling of patients, working environment, aids for moving patients, training of workers. For each factor a procedure for assessment is proposed that is easily applicable in practice. The authors also propose a formula for the calculation of a exposure index (MAPO Index), which brings together the various factors. From a practical point of view, in the present state of knowledge, it can be stated that for MAPO Index values between 0 and 1.5, risk is deemed negligible, average for values between 1.51 and 5, and high for values exceeding 5.
The Influence of Crt Characteristics on Perception of Character Legibility
Authors: Kim Sangho , Chang Sungho , Lee Wookgee , Shin Kimok , Lee Keunbae
Published: January 2012

The rapid market growth of CRT displays with color and higher resolution has caused a corresponding increased emphasis on improved measurement of their focusing capabilities, since this affect the perceived image qualities reproduced on the CRT displays. In this study, experiments were conducted to collect the data that was used to formulate the relationship between quantitative design parameters in CRT display and the perceived image quality. Human perception of the image quality was evaluated in terms of user feedback scores regarding the character legibility from four highly trained inspectors. Thirteen CRT monitors from five different manufacturers were compared relatively with respect to the norm monitor. The profile of electron beam such as spot size and the shape of distribution made by electron beam, contrast, convergence of RGB beams, and luminance characteristics were measured using a precision measurement system. Linear regression analysis and artificial neural network models were used to formulate the relationship between human perception and the quantitative measurements. The accuracy of the formulated linear regression model (R2 = 0.515) was not satisfactory but the nonlinear neural network model (R2=0.716) was fairly convincing and robust even the utilized data included subjective differences.
Ergonomics in China: Perspectives from the 1998 People to People International Ergonomics Delegation, October 17–31
Authors: Page Ken , Ankrum Denny , Enos Lynda , Fraser Margot , Jamal Shamir , Meier Christine , Noy Ian
Published: January 2012

In October 1998 nine ergonomists from around the world embarked on a two-week tour of the People's Republic of China. This delegation represented only the second formal delegation to visit this vast and largely unknown nation. The group travelled as part of a larger delegation of Citizen Ambassadors with the People to People International organization from the U.S. The Ergonomics delegation saw first hand how ergonomics is being studied and applied in China. Apart from visiting with several universities and government organizations, the group participated in the China Ergonomics Society quadrennial conference and visited several manufacturing factories. Ergonomics is not wide spread in China but the focus appears to be on cognitive ergonomics and primarily looking at mental workload capacity, macroergonomics in the global economy, and Chinese anthropometrics. As China participates more on the global stage the influence of other nations is certainly impacting the direction that ergonomics is taking in China.
Education and Recognition of Ergonomists
Authors: Wilson John R.
Published: January 2012

The International Ergonomics Association (IEA) has produced various documents related to the recognition of ergonomists and the recognition of ergonomics as a discipline and as a profession. All these documents are open to amendment by request from the Federated Societies of the IEA. The IEA documents which will be discussed in this session are: a) core competencies in ergonomics; b) minimum criteria for an ergonomics certification programme; c) IEA procedures for endorsement of a certification process. Other work in progress, on guidelines for the accreditation of educational programmes, may also be discussed in this session. There are a number of other related developments and initiatives taking place around the world, from the well established CREE in Europe and BCPE in North America to those countries just beginning to set certain standards for ergonomics education and practice. The intention of this session will be for a full and frank discussion of the IEA documentation as it stands and also to allow representatives from the different certification and accreditation bodies around the world to exchange views and ideas.
The Experimenter/Participant Relationship: Minimizing Stress in Applied Research Settings
Authors: Aurelio David N.
Published: January 2012

Applied behavioral researchers working in product development strive to develop products that improve human life. Toward that end, researchers frequently conduct product usability tests with test participants. Since a usability test is a test, it is likely that some participants will undergo some level of stress during a usability test. This paper explores the stress that a usability test participant undergoes and suggests methods to find an appropriate level of stress that is both high enough to answer the research question and low enough not to harm the participant intellectually, physically or emotionally.
The Philosophy of Ergonomics. Taking a Qualitative Approach
Authors: Hignett Sue
Published: January 2012

This paper will question the philosophical positions for the professional practice of ergonomics and the academic discipline of ergonomics. A brief overview of qualitative methodology will be given, outlining the epistemological continuum with reference to quantitative methodology. The paper draws on an on-going case study to explore the role of qualitative methodology in ergonomics, citing both literature and interview data.
The Human Being in the Third Millenium: Learning to Experience his Sacred Space
Authors: Coelho Christianne , Coelho Souza Reinisch , Fialho Francisco Antonio Pereira
Published: January 2012

Data from UNO reveal that world population will surpass 10 billion inhabitants by 2010, and 90 % of the population increase will take place in developing countries, euphemism used when referring to poor nations. This growth will take place without changes in harvest of these countries. Nowadays, the 25% of rich countries consume 75% of all energy, 75% of all metals, and 60% of the food produced in the world. If one thinks to extend the wealth to all people another barrier appears. The planet resources are not able to keep even the maintenance of the actual situation. This article discusses indicators used for environment, social, and human health, showing the correlation between them, demonstrating the need to deal globally with them.
Repositioning Ergonomics
Authors: Wilson John R.
Published: January 2012

The most important challenge facing ergonomics is to reposition itself. We must move away from the view that ergonomics is the application of knowledge from others - be they psychologists, physiologists, engineers, sociologists. Ergonomics should be delineated quite clearly as a discipline in its own right, with fundamental and applied branches. This paper takes the interacting and interactive networks of modern life to be the domain of ergonomics, which has moved from studying the interactions between people and between people and artifacts in order to improve equipment, jobs and environments. Now we study interactions to design the interactive complexes themselves.
Management of Occupational Safety and Health in the Civil Construction Industry
Authors: da Cruz Sybele M.S. , do Valle Pereira Vera Lúcia Duarte , do Valle Pereira Hyppolito
Published: January 2012

Our society, in virtue of a new consciousness towards the importance of the global quality concept in its' widest scope, applied to life as a whole, has demanded improvements in the quality of life in the workplace from all organizations. The evolution of new social concepts has become evident. These demands are reflected in the growing requirements from legislation and labor unions. Within the perspective of man's necessities, the quality of life in the workplace has its most basic model in the safety of the workplace.

The Civil Construction Industry when compared with other production sectors can be considered underdeveloped from a technological and management standpoint. In an attempt to modernize, new technologies in the construction environment have replaced many traditional activities. This modernization brings forth many management problems involving the health and safety rules dealing with the modern approach of management. These difficulties arise due to the lack of theoretical support in this area of knowledge as well as the behavior of the workers who hide the risks involved in these new systems.

From this perspective, this study intends to develop a new and improved Occupational Safety and Health vision in the Civil Construction Industry to be used by professionals in the field. In order to reach this goal, a revision of thus published material, as well as national and international legislation has been undertaken in the hope of improving the strategy and applicability of health and safety engineering. With these considerations in mind, improvements in the Management System of Occupational Safety and Health in the Civil Construction Industry have been proposed.
Ergonomical Problems from Project-Related Errors and Carelessness on Sidewalk Construction
Authors: Bessa Olavo Fontes Magalhães , dos Santos Elaine Cristina , Edivania Maria Rocha , de Anamaria Moraes
Published: January 2012

This study was carried out in Aflenas (population: 60.000) in the interior of Brazil. A categorization of the problems was made about the paved floor surface, which caused to users a series of constraints, difficulties and barriers in their movements. A list of some problems identified in the sidewalk was elaborated according to its origins, characteristics and ergonomic aftermath. Finally we proposed an intervention in order to solve those problems.
Measuring and Enhancing Productivity
Authors: Gontijo L.A. , Santana A.M.C.
Published: January 2012

The aim of this article is to discuss the problem of measuring and enhancing productivity. To this end, there will be an introductory discussion of the concept of productivity. Then the method ProMES-Productivity Measurement and Enhancement System will be presented. Some reflections on the relations between productivity and ergonomics are made, along with the need to develop new tools as a support to the method.
Ergonomics: The Contribution of Movement at Work
Authors: Lazaroto Dóris , Pohl Hildegard H. , Toiller Débora A. , Kipper Luciano
Published: January 2012

This work has as central objective to tell the results of actions of laborer gymnastic developed in the Simon Braun company, Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil. Implanted in september/97 and implemented along the last eighteen months, the gymnastics makes part of the project “Ergonomics: a multidisciplinary vision“, that contemplates several actions that seek life quality and health at work. In the implementation, the methodology used, after detailed study about the company and of its culture, consisted of interview, sensitize lectures, questionnaires, lifestyle and systematic observation of work positions. The subjects were all the collaborators of the company above mentioned. After interview with responsible professionals of production area, human resources and administrators of the company, they were lifted up referring data about work process and politics of the company. There were also observed work places, verifying the rhythm of task execution, shifts and workdays. In continuity, sensitize lectures were accomplished with directors, executives, bosses, supervisors and all the collaborators, moment in that they answered questionnaires, objectifying to investigate personal and family aspects, habits and lifestyle, and activities of the daily out of company's atmosphere. The phase of systematic observation, which had as instrument filming the work positions, was followed looking for to investigate movements and postures adopted by the collaborators, as well as, eventual posture alterations. Finished up the diagnosis, broke for sub-project Laborer's Gymnastic implantation, whose practice represented a change in the organizational company and it counted with the commitment of all the hierarchical levels and the multidisciplinary team. The activity of laborer gymnastic consisted of lengthening, flexibility, muscular resistance and balance exercises. Among the results there are the largest integration of the group, larger flexibility and coordination, but the most significant was reduction of work accidents, having been registered a period from april/97 to março/98 with no accident occurrence. We concluded highlighting the importance of exercises programs in re-establishment of individual's self-esteem, as well as of behaviors and healthier habits. We stood out, still, that the work atmosphere is a space privileged for promotion actions and health prevention.

AREA: Participatory ergonomics

TYPE OF TECHNICAL PROPOSALS: case study papers
Evaluation of the Validity of Anthropometric Design Assumptions
Authors: Vasu Madhu , Mital Anil , Pennathur Arunkumar
Published: January 2012

Some designers assume that if an individual's stature is a certain population percentile, his/her other body dimensions will also be the same population percentile. It is also frequently assumed that anthropometric dimensions are normally distributed. This study evaluated the validity of these two assumptions. 140 subjects, 70 male and 70 female, were grouped according to their stature in the 5th, 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, 90th, and 95th percentile categories. Each category had 10 males and 10 females. 14 body dimensions were measured and recorded on each individual. A comparison between sample mean percentiles and corresponding population percentiles reported in the published literature did not validate the assumption that a certain percentile stature person will also have his/her other body dimensions in the same percentile. Tests for normality also indicated that a number of dimensions were non-normal (5 of the 14 dimensions for males, 6 of the 14 for females).
Anthropometry and Man-Machine Compatibility — Where do the Asians Stand?
Authors: Nag P.K. , Nag A.
Published: January 2012

This contribution examines the anthropometric dimensions of Indian population groups in comparison to other Asian, European and American sample groups. The linear dimensions and segmental weight and volume distributions indicate variations, particularly in the relative proportion of the body segments. Since the Asians in general are smaller in size, these differences have obvious implication in human modeling, and reflect in its application in simulation of human actions and biomechanical analysis.