bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Paleomagnetic and micromagnetic measurements of Middle Devonian pillow lavas from Germany
Authors: de Boer Rosa , van der Boon Annique , Königshof Peter , de Groot Lennart
Published: February 2023

Paleomagnetic data from the Middle Devonian are typically difficult to interpret. Directions and paleointensities often do not fit with dipolar field behavior or expected paleogeography. The reason why the geomagnetic field cannot be reconstructed with traditional methods has been topic of debate, but no consensus has been reached. We would like to understand what happened to the geomagnetic field during the Middle Devonian and why the configuration of the field was potentially unusual.We aim to expand the existing paleomagnetic record for the Middle Devonian by sampling a site in Braunfels, Germany. This site consists of relatively unaltered pillow lavas. Petrographic and rockmagnetic analyses indicate the presence of magnetite and minor maghemite in the samples. We obtained paleomagnetic directions using alternating field (AF) and thermal demagnetization experiments. The directions are scattered and do not cluster around paleomagnetic directions that are expected for Germany in the Devonian.Paleointensity data were acquired using the ZIIZP-Thellier method, resulting in a field intensity of approximately 6 µT, which equals a VADM of 8-15 ZAm2. The latter is in line with very low field intensities generally reported for the Devonian.Various mechanisms have been suggested to explain the typically scattered and ambiguous Devonian paleomagnetic data, such as significant overprinting, tectonic rotations and a non-dipolar field configuration. Our results confirm an extremely weak magnetic field, but this alone does not explain the scattered directions. To exclude the possibility that the scattered directions are related to (partial) overprinting we use Quantum Diamond Microscope imaging to assess the magnetizations of individual magnetic grains instead of the bulk magnetic signal of the sample. With this method, a distinction can be made between e.g., different generations of magnetizations, revealing information on the Middle Devonian geomagnetic field that was previously inaccessible by considering the magnetic moments of bulk samples alone.
How are Singapore and the rest of Southeast Asia affected by tsunami from the Manila Trench?
Authors: Tan Elaine , Li Linlin , Qiu Qiang , Chua Constance Ting , Watanabe Masashi , Switzer Adam
Published: February 2023

The 2004 Indian Ocean, 2010 Chile and 2011 Tohoku-Oki tsunami events have demonstrated the destructiveness of tsunami to both near and far-field communities. Globally, many coastal cities have started to place more emphasis on preparing for these rare but potentially catastrophic events by developing probabilistic tsunami hazard assessments (PTHAs). Previous work in the region has identified the Manila Trench to be a potential tsunami source within the South China Sea. Here we model the wave propagations from heterogeneous fault slips, for magnitudes ranging from 7.4 to 8.4, along the southern segment of the Manila Trench, and develop hazard curves for 52 sites in equatorial Southeast Asia. Our results show that the hazard, based on wave heights and arrival times, is variable on both the regional and local scales. Amongst the Southeast Asian countries studied, the Philippines and Vietnam are identified to be most at risk, with high mean peak nearshore amplitudes and short wave travel times. The least impacted countries include Singapore, western Malaysia, Indonesia (excluding the Natuna Islands), Thailand and Cambodia. Although the hazard for Singapore appears to be low, tides and wave run-up are not accounted for in this regional study. To address this we re-model the worst-case scenario adjusting for the highest astronomical tides and bottom friction. Our preliminary results show that Singapore can experience maximum wave heights up to 0.15 m. The relatively low wave heights yield low maximum inundation distances and suggest that the tsunamigenic hazard in Singapore is low. Hazard from tsunami currents, however, remains undetermined at this stage.
Theoretical analysis of the productivity of seismic events
Authors: Varini Elisa , Molchan George , Peresan Antonella
Published: February 2023

We investigate earthquake clustering, a prominent feature of seismic catalogs, in terms of distribution of the number of triggered events as described by a branching process (Kagan and Knopoff, Phys. Earth Planet. Inter., 1976; Saichev et al., Pure Appl. Geophys., 2005, and references therein). According to recent literature (e.g. Shebalin et al., Geophys. J. Int., 2020, and references therein), the productivity of a magnitude m event is defined as the number of triggered events of magnitude above m-Δ, where Δ is a positive default value. For a magnitude m event, we distinguish between the number of its direct descendants and the total number of its descendants, denoted respectively by the random variables v and V, both depending on Δ. Empirical analysis often testifies in favor of the identity of the type of distribution of both quantities (v and V) associated with the main event, and hypothetically is exponential. The testing or substantiation of this hypothesis is important for modeling seismicity and presents a serious challenge for seismic statistics.
In the standard Epidemic Type Aftershock Sequence – ETAS – model (Ogata, Ann. Inst. Stat. Math., 1998), the distribution of v is Poissonian. Therefore we consider the general ETAS model adapted to any distribution of v and prove that the branching structure of the model excludes the possibility of having a common distribution type (for example, Poisson or exponential) for both v and V at once  (Molchan et al., Geophys. J. Int., 2022). The second theoretical result relates to the behaviour of the tails of the productivity distribution. We show that there is a fundamental difference in tail behavior of the V-distributions for general-type clusters and for clusters with a dominant initial magnitude:  the tail is heavy in the former case and light in the latter. The real data display similar behavior. Theoretical conclusions are also illustrated through the analysis of a synthetic earthquake catalog.
Uncertainty Estimation for SMAP Level-1 Brightness Temperature Assimilation at Different Timescales
Authors: Gruber Alexander , Reichle Rolf
Published: February 2023

In this study, we assimilate Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) mission brightness temperature (Tb) observations into NASA's Catchment Land Surface Model using an Ensemble Kalman filter to update surface and root-zone soil moisture simulations. Different time series components of the Tb observations are assimilated including anomalies, inter-annual variations, and high-frequency variations. To optimize the weights that the data assimilation (DA) puts on the observations, the ratio between the uncertainties of modeled and observed Tb is approximated using modeled and observed soil moisture uncertainties estimated using triple collocation analysis. Results are compared to a benchmark experiment that mimics the operational SMAP Level-4 algorithm, which assimilates Tb observations using a spatially-constant 4 Kelvin (K) observation uncertainty. All DA experiments exhibit notable skill improvements in most regions. Improvements are greatest for the inter-annual variations in the simulations of both surface and root-zone soil moisture (mean improvements in terms of Pearson correlation (-) are 0.08 and 0.06, respectively). Anomaly simulations improve similarly (0.07), and improvements in the high-frequency variations are only observed for surface soil moisture simulations (0.06). Strikingly, however, no notable difference in skill—neither improvement nor deterioration—is observed between the experiments that use optimized observation uncertainty parameters and the 4 K benchmark experiment. We show, analytically, that this may be explained by the presence of large observation operator errors, which have the potential to render post-update uncertainty insensitive to inaccuracies in the Kalman gain. 
Investigating the Atlantic-Indian summer monsoon multidecadal teleconnections in the PMIP3/CMIP5 Last Millennium simulations
Authors: Dutta Arijeet , Sivankutty Rahul , Joseph Mani Neena
Published: February 2023

Understanding the natural variability of Indian summer monsoon (ISM) is a crucial aspect relevant for decadal climate predictions and climate change studies. The multidecadal variability of ISM is known to have a close association with the Atlantic multidecadal oscillations (AMO). Several teleconnection pathways have been suggested to explain the co-variability of the AMO and ISM in multidecadal timescales. One hypothesis is that the AMO modulates the interannual North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) mode and there by influences the monsoon via Eurasian temperature modulations. Direct atmospheric teleconnection, across Eurasia, through upper-level circulation anomalies has also been attributed to the observed AMO-ISM relationship. Another possibility is the AMO modulating the monsoon via the Pacific pathway through the atmospheric bridge mechanism and associated modulations of the Hadley-Walker circulations. The Last millennium (LM) (851-1848) climate simulations part of the PMIP3/CMIP5 gives an opportunity to better understand the fidelity of climate models in capturing the AMO-ISM teleconnection mechanisms. In this study we explore how well the proposed mechanisms are represented in eight global climate models (GCM) LM simulations. Such a study, assessing the validity of different AMO-monsoon teleconnection mechanisms in different model climates provides crucial information about how reliable the respective GCMs may be in making decadal climate predictions.
U-DATinos: An automated IoT device for monitoring water quality in lakes and rivers
Authors: Tziortzioti Chrysanthi , Verras Panagiotis , Mavrommati Irene
Published: February 2023

The aquatic environment plays an extremely important role in the existence of life on Earth. However, aquatic ecosystems are directly at risk from increasing pollution, climate change and biodiversity loss, which makes it more than necessary to keep them constantly and thoroughly monitored. Until recently, water quality monitoring was carried out by periodic sampling when weather or other conditions permitted. In recent decades, the need for continuing and uninterrupted measurements has become imperative due to population growth, urbanization and modernization of infrastructure that create problems of wastewater discharge and surface water pollution in particular.The U-DATinos team of the 2nd Exemplary Junior High School of Athens (U comes from the word Ubiquitous, DAT from the word Data and the name of the team U-DATinos refers to the Greek word ΥΔΑΤΙΝΟΣ - AQUATIC), assumed the design and the operation of an automated device based on the Internet of Things (IoT) technology to monitor the water quality in a river or a lake. The project aimed to motivate and engage students to seek and acquire knowledge and to develop skills and practices through design challenge and problem-solving techniques.The development by students of an automated system that monitors water physico–chemical parameters is feasible with equipment that is easy to use and has a relatively low cost. For this purpose, the Arduino digital platform was chosen, to which a number of sensors was connected: temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, TDS and electrical conductivity. A GSM/GPRS/GPS shield was used to connect the device with the network and the ThingSpeak platform was selected to collect, store, analyze and display the live data stream (https://github.com/tziortzioti/waterQualitySensing). The water quality monitor station in its final form, was placed in a watertight box, and powered by a power bank for better portability.Α number of educational STEM activities has been designed in which students gain knowledge and understanding of the basic physical and chemical water parameters in aquatic ecosystems; and develop the ability to correlate, interpret and evaluate changes in these parameters. Through these activities, students cultivate knowledge and skills in mathematics (systems of equations, data logging, graphs, statistical analysis), physical science (correlation of physico-chemical parameters, measurements and errors estimation, electrical circuits), engineering (design of measurement devices, sensors calibration, use of equipment) and technology (digital platform programming).
Household adaptation to climate change in the coastal Mekong Delta province: the case of Tra Vinh province  
Authors: Do Ly Hoai Tan
Published: February 2023

Climate change adaptation is regarded as one of the most important strategies for mitigating negative impacts by reducing vulnerability and increasing community resilience to climate change. Tra Vinh is a Vietnamese province in the coastal area of the Mekong Delta region that is heavily affected by climate change as it often faces extreme events such as floods and storms. The research presents an assessment of adaptation capacity for climate change at the household level in Hiep Thanh commune, Duyen Hai district, Tra Vinh province based on index measurement to suggest solutions and adaptation strategies in the future.

Based on the survey of 101 households in Hiep Thanh commune, Duyen Hai district, Tra Vinh province, the following conclusions can be drawn:

First, 66% and 99% of the families who answered the survey have little or no awareness about climate change and adaptation measures for climate change, respectively. Although 82.9% of respondents were aware of the changing weather conditions and were informed by the media, the vast majority of individuals in this area are still unfamiliar with the notion of climate change. However, the rate of never having heard of climate change has significantly decreased with higher education, from 56.1% of the primary school group or below to 11.8% of the university and college group or higher. Correspondingly, the number of people who have heard about and are concerned about climate change has increased rapidly, from 22.3% in the first group to 58.8% in the last group.

Second, they actively seek climate change information through television (60%) and local radio broadcasts (22.4%), with the most common topics being loss of productivity (45%), job loss and disruption (33%), crop failure (21%), and home damage (17%). While this demonstrates that the media has a significant role in increasing people's comprehension and awareness of climate change, this also means that the role of the locality and the community is still relatively weak. Interestingly, when extreme weather has occurred or is expected to occur, 33.3% of respondents favor direct notification (word of mouth) as the most efficient means of rapidly disseminating information in the community.

Third, despite the critical significance of housing conditions in enhancing the adaptation of households to harsh weather, the majority of survey respondents (46.5%) lived in temporary housing. Moreover, the majority of households appear to accept the effects of the natural disaster and simply wait for them to pass (65.1%). But a good number of households (22.8%) that have been through extreme weather events in the past are well aware of the need to take preventive measures, such as preparing tools or equipment, to protect themselves against extreme weather conditions.

 
Testing the relative importance of the various environmental triggers of spring leaf-out
Authors: Zohner Constantin
Published: February 2023

The timing of spring leaf-out in temperate and boreal trees greatly affects ecosystem functioning and global biogeochemical cycles. Yet, spring phenological responses to climate change remain uncertain due to the complex, interacting effects of environmental triggers. While spring temperature, winter chilling and day length have traditionally been accepted as the main drivers of spring phenology, recent research suggests that additional factors, such as solar radiation and air humidity in spring and leaf-out timing and temperatures in the preceding year, play an important role, too, further complicating predictions of spring phenology. Here, I test for the relative importance of each driver using ground-sourced and satellite-derived phenology observations from the Northern Hemisphere. The results show that, consistent with the ongoing advances in spring leaf-out, spring temperature remains the dominant driver of spring phenology across the vast majority of temperate and boreal forests. By contrast, winter temperatures played only a minor role, suggesting that, despite generally warmer winters, trees’ chilling requirements are mostly met. After controlling for spring climate and temporal autocorrelation in the data, spring phenology and climate of the preceding year did not affect leaf-out timing, contradicting recent observational studies. Overall, the strong and consistent effect of spring temperature predicts that the arrival of spring will continue to advance in the future, with multiple cascading effects on species interactions, forest productivity and other ecosystem functions.
Can hydraulic measures of river conditions improve our ability to predict ecological responses to changing flows? Flow velocity and spawning of an iconic native Australian fish
Authors: Guo Danlu , Webb J. Angus , Koster Wayne , Arrowsmith Christine , Vietz Geoff
Published: February 2023

Ecological responses are key indicators of river water quality. Ecological responses to changing riverine flows are often evaluated by describing the relationship between river discharge and response. However, aquatic organisms experience the hydraulics (i.e. velocity, shear stress, depth) of a river, not its discharge. Hydraulic characterizations of riverine habitats may improve our ability to predict ecological responses. We used two-dimensional hydraulic models to translate river discharge into reach-averaged velocity. Combining these flow data with water temperature and 8 years of field observations of fish spawning, we developed a Bayesian hierarchical model to predict the spawning of golden perch (Macquaria ambigua) in the lower Goulburn River, south-east Australia. The model suggested that probability of spawning was positively related to both discharge and reach-averaged velocity. The model also identified the critical water temperature above which both discharge and velocity start to affect spawning. Antecedent flows prior to spawning had a weak positive effect on spawning.  Against expectations, there was little difference in predictive uncertainty for the effect of flows when reach-averaged velocity was used as the main predictor rather than discharge. The lower Goulburn River has a relatively simple channel and so discharge and velocity are monotonically related over most flows. We expect that in a more geomorphically complex environment, improvement in predictive ability would be substantial. This research only explores one example of a hydraulic parameter being used as a predictor of ecological response; many others are possible. The extra effort and expense involved in hydraulic characterization of river flows (e.g., velocity) is only justified if our understanding of flow-ecology relationships is substantially improved. Further research to understand which environmental responses might be best understood through different hydraulic parameters, and how to better characterize hydraulic characteristics relevant to riverine biota, would help inform decisions regarding investment in hydraulic models. 
Assessing the uncertainty of ambient-seismic-source-distribution estimation with matched field processing and full waveform inversion
Authors: Mikesell T. Dylan , Xu Zongbo
Published: February 2023

Ambient seismic sources (e.g. ocean waves) generate ambient seismic waves, and thus in turn, one can use these waves to infer the source distribution and study the source properties. Many studies focus on the source distribution estimation result, but few discuss the uncertainty of the estimation result, even though the uncertainty is significant and should be taken into account in the interpretation. We propose to compute the uncertainty of the estimated source distribution using singular value decomposition. We focus on two commonly used estimation methods: matched field processing and full waveform inversion. We demonstrate the uncertainty of the two methods by assessing the associated point spread functions. We determine that the full-waveform inversion method possesses higher resolution than matched field processing given enough independent data.
Fault Transportation and Hydrocarbon Accumulation in Offshore Indus Basin
Authors: Jianming Gong , Jing Liao , Baohua Lei , Jie Liang , Jianwen Chen , Sen Li
Published: February 2023

According to the geotectonic analysis and seismic data interpretation, the Offshore Indus Basin is the extension of the Lower Indus Basin in the sea area, with a double-layer structure of "lower fault and upper depression" similar to that of the Lower Indus Basin in the land area. That is, the Mesozoic is a fault basin and the Cenozoic is a depression basin. On the 2D seismic profile, the Mesozoic strata are characterized by many faults, large fault throw, steep dip angle and the development of transport system. There is a great difference between the shallow water area of the northern continental shelf and the deep water area of the southern part of the Cenozoic strata. In the northern part, there are more gravity slumping faults, larger fault throw, and more developed transport systems, while in the southern part, there are fewer faults, smaller fault throw, and less developed transport systems. By comparing and analyzing the small normal faults in the passive continental margin basin of Guyana, South America, and their reservoir forming models, it can be inferred that there may be many "invisible" normal faults with small fault throw, large density and steep dip angle developed in the Cenozoic slope break area of the offshore Indus Basin. In addition, in the strike slip area of Murray Ridge in the west of the basin, the Mesozoic and Cenozoic fault transport systems are developed. The results of sea land correlation and offshore drilling core analysis show that there may be three sets of widely distributed source rocks in the Offshore Indus Basin, which are Cretaceous, Paleo-Eocene and Lower Miocene mudstones. According to comprehensive analysis, the formation of oil and gas reservoirs in the Offshore Indus Basin is mainly controlled by Mesozoic large fault transportation, Mesozoic-Cenozoic fault relay transportation, Cenozoic collapse fault transportation and "hidden" fault transportation. The types of oil and gas pools may mainly include Mesozoic "self generated and self stored" or "side generated and side stored", Cenozoic "lower generated and upper stored" in the north and east of the basin, and "lower generated and upper stored" and "self generated and self stored" in the west of the basin.
Predominant orbital forcing on Asian hydroclimate linked with deep-sea records during the Miocene Climate Optimum
Authors: cao Yuge
Published: February 2023

The Miocene Climatic Optimum (MCO) is an intriguing period of global climate history. Spanning from approximately 17 to 14 Ma, the MCO saw increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses and a rise in global temperature of 6 to 7 degrees Celsius. The MCO disrupted the long-term cooling trend of the Cenozoic and is often invoked as a potential analogue for understanding contemporary global climate change. It is not well understood, however, if and how the dynamics that drove the MCO (e.g., orbital pacing) may have conditioned regional-scale climate phenomena, particularly those associated with the interior of continents. Here we establish detailed, orbital-scale, terrestrial environmental responses to the MCO using magneto-cyclostratigraphic chronology. We identify six drought events in the Asian interior that are associated with prominent δ13C positive excursions, δ18O cooling Mi-events, global SST and sea-level fluctuations, as well as with the 405-kyr eccentricity band. We also document antiphase variability of precipitation across the monsoon-westerly influenced boundary. We contend that a predominant long eccentricity signal was of overriding significance as an orbital factor in regulating the rhythm of climatic change during the MCO.
Seismic stratigraphy of Plio-Quaternary deposits and evolutionary model in the Ulleung Basin, East Sea
Authors: Yoo Dong-Geun , Kim Kyoung-Jin , Yoo Nyeon-Keon , Yi Bo-Yeon , Cho Min-Hee , Choi Yon-Soo
Published: February 2023

Plio-Quaternary deposits of the Ulleung Basin, East Sea consist of nine seismic units (Unit 1 to Unit 9) based on seismic stratigraphy analysis using multi-channel seismic reflection data. According to chronostratigraphy, the geological ages of the Plio-Quaternary deposits are assigned as follows: Unit 1 (Pliocene) and Units 2 to 9 (Quaternary). Unit 1 is the thickest and composed of debris-flow deposits throughout the basin. Whereas, Units 2 to 9 are dominated by gradual changes from the debris-flow deposits to hemipelagic sediments basinward. Detailed analysis of dimensional characteristics of the debris-flow deposits, including mean thickness and run-out distance from the shelf-edge, divides the nine seismic units into four groups. Group 1 (Unit 1) is characterized by predominance of the debris-flow deposits which suggest that margin-wide slope failures were actively generated due to regional uplift along the southwestern shelf of the basin during the Pliocene. Group 2 to Group 4 (Units 2 to 9) is characterized by rapid retreat of the debris-flow deposits landward caused by decrease in tectonic movement during the Quaternary. At this time, the sedimentation was mainly controlled by sea-level fluctuations. The debris-flow deposits were stacked due to slope instability and gas hydrate dissolution during sea level lowering period, whereas the hemipelagic sediments were deposited under the stable slope environment during sea level rising period.Keywords: seismic stratigraphy, debris-flow deposit, sea level fluctuations, tectonic movement, Ulleung Basin
Explosive increase in convective Extreme El Niño events in the CO2 removal scenario
Authors: Pathirana Gayan , Oh Ji-Hoon , Cai Wenju , An Soon-Il , Min Seung-Ki , Jo Seo-Young , Shin Jongsoo , Kug Jong-Seong
Published: February 2023

Convective extreme El Niño (CEE) events, characterized by strong convective events in the eastern Pacific, are known to have a direct link to anomalous climate conditions worldwide, and it has been reported that CEE will occur more frequently under greenhouse warming. Here, using a set of CO2 ramp-up and –down ensemble experiments, we show that frequency and maximum intensity of CEE events increase further in the ramp-down period from the ramp-up period. Such changes in CEE are associated with the southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone and intensified nonlinear rainfall response to SST change in the ramp-down period. The increasing frequency of CEE has substantial impacts on regional abnormal events and contributed considerably to regional mean climate changes to the CO2 forcings.
Design of Weather Emergency Information Delivery System to Disaster Prevention-Related Organizations
Authors: Lee Byungyun , Jung Woo-Sug
Published: February 2023

In Korea, disaster broadcasting online system and disaster information delivery platform provide disaster information broadcasting and text messages as well as various multimedia services to inform the public. However, it is not possible for Disaster Prevention-Related Organizations and accurately acquire disaster situation information in real time and provide information for preemptive response.Therefore, in order to quickly deliver weather emergency information to the Disaster Prevention-Related Organizations like fire fighter, we analyse necessary meteorological information for fire fighting and transfer the customized contents that can effectively respond to disaster situations are developed. We propose a system architecture to deliver meteorological information to the person in charge. 
Modelling oxygen-limited and self-sustained smoldering propagation of underground coal fires driven by thermal buoyancy
Authors: Song Zeyang
Published: February 2023

Modelling oxygen-limited and self-sustained smoldering propagation is of significance for prevention of underground coal fire hazards. However, coupling oxidative reaction and oxygen transport in multi-scale porous media has been still a challenging issue and the conventional models have been questioned by inadequacy of TG-scale kinetic parameters applied to bed-scale propagation. In this work, an analytic expression of oxidative reaction rates limited by oxygen transport was derived from the conservation equations of oxygen species transport in gas and solid. Along with the Darcy air flow driven by thermal buoyancy, the oxygen-limited and self-sustained smoldering propagation of underground coal fires was modeled in this work. The model was compared with laboratory experiments and the conventional model. Results show that the proposed model well predicts the oxygen-limited and self-sustained smoldering propagations of underground bituminous and anthracite coal fires. The predictability of the proposed model is better than the conventional model in spite of great effort to modify kinetic parameters best fitting with experimental data. It is validated that the proposed model addresses the two puzzled issues in the conventional model with respect to buoyancy-driven, oxygen-limited, and self-sustained smoldering propagation of underground coal fires. This work may help to develop green countermeasures to mitigate underground coal smoldering fires.
Estimating installed cooling capacities on city scale
Authors: Barth Florian , Schüppler Simon , Menberg Kathrin , Blum Philipp
Published: February 2023

Heating and cooling of buildings is one of the largest final energy uses and largest sources of greenhouse gas emissions. To reduce the impact of heating and cooling on our climate, more efficient strategies are needed. Coupling and centralizing the production of heat and cold in combination with underground seasonal thermal storage (UTES) can significantly reduce CO2 emissions and costs. To plan and implement such strategies for heating and cooling, information on sources and sinks of heat and cold is essential for local authorities. However, spatial information on the cooling sector is rare and difficult to obtain. Often, the theoretical cooling demand of specific buildings and building types is modeled, but not met by air-conditioning equipment in reality. On the other hand, large-scale cooling demand models, which focus on entire countries, may use data from different countries as proxy or are not applicable below kilometer-scale.In this study, we present a method to identify air-conditioning equipment on the rooftops of buildings and quantify their cooling capacity. Thus, air-cooled and hybrid evaporative condensers, cooling towers and packaged rooftop units are detected on aerial images. Using manufacturer data, regression analyses are created to estimate the cooling capacity based on the size of the units and the number of condenser fans. The unit locations and all required parameters are obtained by convolutional neural network-based pixel classification models, which are easily executable within a geographical information system (GIS) framework. The approach is successfully evaluated by testing the capability of the detection models and comparing our estimated cooling capacities to the actual installed cooling capacities of air-conditioners for different locations. The detection performance strongly depends on the resolution of the used aerial images. At a resolution of 8 cm/pixel, the model detects 93% of the units and the pixel classification overestimates the relevant parameters for the regression by 0.7%. Using the regression analyses, the overall capacity in the evaluated areas is overestimated by 7-21%. To demonstrate the capability of our approach, we map the cooling capacity of air-conditioners in parts of Manhattan. In the Manhattan financial district alone, a cooling capacity of over 2 GW is estimated, which is equivalent to 1.3% of the summer peak load demand of the energy grid of the entire state of New York.The presented approach is a fast and easy to conduct method that requires little input data. It can detect individual air conditioners over large areas. The obtained information can support the creation of cooling cadastres and can serve as supplement or validation for other cooling demand models, such as building stock models, or example to include additional building types, such as industrial buildings.
Total stratospheric bromine inferred from balloon-borne solar occultation bromine oxide (BrO) measurements using the new TotalBrO instrument
Authors: Voss Karolin , Holzbeck Philip , Kleinschek Ralph , Höpfner Michael , Wetzel Gerald , Sinnhuber Björn-Martin , Pfeilsticker Klaus , Butz André
Published: February 2023

Halogenated organic and inorganic compounds, in particular those containing chlorine, bromine and iodine are known to contribute to the global ozone depletion as well as directly and indirectly to climate forcing. As a result of the Montreal Protocol (1987), the chlorine and bromine loadings of the stratosphere are closely monitored, while the role of iodinated compounds to the stratospheric ozone photochemistry is still uncertain.To address the questions concerning bromine and iodine compounds, a compact solar occultation instrument (TotalBrO) has been specifically designed to measure BrO, IO (iodine oxide) and other UV/Vis absorbing gases by means of Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy (DOAS) from aboard a stratospheric balloon. The instrument (power consumption < 100 W) comprises of an active camera-based solar tracker (LxWxH ~ 0.40 m x 0.40 m x 0.50 m, weight ~ 12 kg) and a spectrometer unit (LxWxH ~ 0.45 m x 0.40 m x 0.40 m, weight ~ 25 kg). The spectrometer unit houses two grating spectrometers which operate in vacuum and under temperature stabilization by an ice-water bath.We discuss the performance of the TotalBrO instrument during the first two deployments on stratospheric balloons launched from Kiruna in August, 2021 and from Timmins in August, 2022 within the HEMERA program. Once the balloon gondola was azimuthally stabilized the solar tracker was able to follow the sun with a 1σ precision lower than 0.02° up to solar zenith angles (SZAs) of 95°. The spectral retrieval (of 46 spectra acquired at SZA between 84° and 90°) allowed us to infer the BrO mixing ratio above 32 km altitude. The total bromine in the middle stratosphere is inferred by accounting for the BrO/Bry partitioning derived from a photochemical model.
Cenozoic history of North Atlantic surface motions: Implications for asthenosphere flow processes
Authors: Wang Zhirui Ray , Iaffaldano Giampiero , Hopper John
Published: February 2023

Mantle convection is a fundamental process that shapes Earth’s surface, as it provides driving and resisting forces for horizontal motions of tectonic plates, as well as for inducing non-isostatic vertical motion --- commonly termed “dynamic topography”. Growing geologic constraints of past plate motion variations and dynamic topography have led to better understanding of the history of mantle flow induced surface expression. Ultimately, the existence of a thin, mechanically weak asthenosphere allows geodynamicists to link such observables to mantle flow properties in the context of Couette/Poiseuille flow. Here we utilize publicly available geological and geophysical data sets to study Cenozoic plate kinematic changes and the spatial-temporal evolution of dynamic topography in the North Atlantic region. We employ quantitative, analytical Couette/Poiseuille flow models to link the inferred surface motion history to asthenosphere flow properties underneath. Our efforts aim at disentangling the role of asthenospheric channelized flow in influencing the Cenozoic surface expression of North Atlantic region.
Impact of water quality drivers and lake eutrophication on greenhouse gas emission rate: A critical analysis
Authors: Kumar Amit
Published: February 2023

In recent decades, anthropogenic disturbance and rising climate change exposed global lakes, in particular shallow lakes,  to an increased risk of eutrophication. Thus received global attention due to their high greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions contributing to global warming. The role of the lake trophic state index (TSI) and water quality parameters such as chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), pH, total organic carbon (TOC), and total phosphorus (TP) on GHG emissions are still poorly estimated and a hot topic of global discussion to understand the key sources and drivers of GHG emissions. In this study, GHG and lake eutrophication datasets of 146 lakes in China have been collected from the scientific literature and analyzed statistically to determine the influence of lake eutrophication on GHG emissions. The statistical analysis reveals that Chl-a (R2 > 0.90) and TOC (R2 > 0.65) are the key factors of eutrophication and dominate carbon intensity dynamics in the Chinese lakes. Our finding further suggests that CH4 contributes largely to regional carbon budgets compared to CO2 and N2O. Proactive management of lake catchment not only reduces the potential GHG emissions but also helps in lake restorations.
A critical review of solute mixing and transport approaches in karstic groundwater modelling and key challenges
Authors: Özdemir Çallı Kübra , Çallı Süleyman Selim , Bittner Daniel , Chiogna Gabriel , Hartmann Andreas
Published: February 2023

Modelling solute mixing and transport processes is one of the key steps to effectively managing karstic groundwater resources, particularly under the threat of climate change and risk of contamination. For that reason, a considerable body of literature has been devoted to understanding and describing solute mixing and transport processes in karst aquifers. However, due to the strong multiscale heterogeneity (from microscale to aquifer scale), modelling solute mixing and transport processes in karst aquifers remains a challenging task. This presentation critically reviews the current state of knowledge and fundamental challenges in the modelling of solute mixing and transport processes in karst aquifers, thereby collocating and synthesizing the existing body of knowledge in the literature. To provide a holistic and objective picture of the state-of-the-art of the solute mixing and transport modelling, we performed a bibliometric analysis on the relevant literature for karst groundwater studies (over 2800 scientific papers). Further, with a meta-analysis of scientific papers focusing on the quantitative tracer tests, we evaluated the field-based transport parameters that are typically served for the solute mixing and transport models.The review unveils the fundamental modelling hinges underlying a successful modelling practice for the solute mixing and transport processes in karst, thereby discussing to what extent and in what ways we are dealing with these challenges. The major modelling challenges are defined as follows: (i) Model conceptualization based on data collection and system understanding (e.g., How well is the problem of interest defined? To what extent is the domain of interest described?), ii) Model selection considering the choice of a dominant physicochemical process (e.g., How well is the process of interest represented by a set of governing equations over the problem domain?), iii) Time-variability of solute mixing and transport processes (e.g., To what extent do the parameters represent the process of interest under the different time-scales?), iv) Model parametrization considering the parameter non-uniqueness and transferability (e.g., How realistic are the model parameters? To which extent are they transferable over the same aquifer?), v) Uncertainty quantification in model results (e.g., How robust are the model results? How much are we (un)certain about our model?). Finally, we address potential research directions and knowledge gaps by encouraging the community for building a protocol for solute transport modelling in karst aquifers, as well as providing more transparent and reproducible results.
Assessing temporal trends of soil erosion in the Pearl River Basin using the RUSLE model
Authors: Mu Xiaolin , Qiu Junliang , Cao Bowen , Cai Shirong , Niu Kunlong , Yang Xiankun
Published: February 2023

Healthy soil is the key foundation of the world’s agriculture and an essential resource to ensure the world’s food security. Soil erosion is one of the important forms of soil degradation and a major threat to sustainable terrestrial ecosystem, leading to a series of inevitable consequences such as reduced soil productivity, deteriorated water quality, low food yield, lost reservoir capacity, and even flood hazards. Therefore, controlling soil erosion has been one of the most important tasks of ecosystem management. In our study, we utilized a continuous Landsat satellite image dataset to map soil erosion dynamics (1990-2020) based on RUSLE model across the Pearl River Basin. Based on the results, We also analyzed the spatiotemporal dynamics in soil erosion in the Pearl River Basin from 1990 to 2020, and derived the causes of the changes, to provide a reliable result for soil erosion management and water and soil conservation in the Pearl River Basin. The study results indicated that: (1) The multi-year area-specific soil erosion average in the Pearl River Basin is approximately 538.95 t/(km2·a) with an annual soil loss of approximately 353 million tons; (2) The overall soil erosion displayed a decreasing trend over the  past 30 years with an annual decreasing rate of -13.44(±1.53) t/(km2·a). (3) soil erosion, dominated by low- and moderate-level erosion, primarily happened in the tributary basin of Xijiang River, especially in the areas with slopes > 15°, low vegetation coverage, or poorly managed forests; (4) NDVI and land cover were the dominant factors regulating soil erosion dynamics, versus the insignificant role of precipitation played in the erosion procedure. The study results are valuable for soil erosion management and water conservation in the Pearl River Basin.
More Complex is Not Necessarily Better in Large-Scale Hydrological Modeling
Authors: Merz Ralf , Miniussi Arianna , Basso Stefano , Tarasova Larisa
Published: February 2023

Conceptual hydrological models are irreplaceable tools for large-scale (i.e., from regional to global) hydrological predictions. Large-scale modeling studies typically strive to employ one single model structure regardless of the diversity of catchments under study. However, little is known on the optimal model complexity for large-scale applications. In a modeling experiment across 700 catchments in the contiguous United States, we analyze the performance of a conceptual (bucket style) distributed hydrological model with varying complexity (5 model versions with 11–45 parameters) but with exactly the same inputs and spatial and temporal resolution and implementing the same regional parameterization approach. The performance of all model versions compares well with those of contemporary large-scale models tested in the United States, suggesting that the applied model structures reasonably account for the dominant hydrological processes. Remarkably, our results favor a simpler model structure where the main hydrological processes of runoff generation and routing through soil, groundwater, and the river network are conceptualized in distinct but parsimonious ways. As long as only observed runoff is used for model validation, including additional soil layers in the model structure to better represent vertical soil heterogeneity seems not to improve model performance. More complex models tend to have lower model performance and may result in rather large uncertainties in simulating states and fluxes (soil moisture and groundwater recharge) in model ensemble applications. Overall, our results indicate that simpler model structures tend to be a more reliable choice, given the limited validation data available at large scale.
Response of Freezing/Thawing Indexes to the Wetting Trend under Warming Climate Conditions over the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau during 1961-2010: A Numerical Simulation
Authors: Fang Xuewei
Published: February 2023

Since the 1990s, the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau (QTP) has experienced a strikingly warming and wetter climate that alters the thermal and hydrological properties of frozen ground. A positive correlation between the warming and thermal degradation in permafrost or seasonally frozen ground (SFG) has long been recognized. Still, a predictive relationship between historical wetting under warming climate conditions and frozen ground has not yet been well demonstrated, despite the expectation that it will become even more important because precipitation over the QTP has been projected to increase continuously in the near future. This study investigates the response of the thermal regime to historical wetting in both permafrost and SFG areas and examines their relationships separately using the Community Land Surface Model version 4.5. Results show that wetting before the 1990s across the QTP mainly cooled the permafrost body in the arid and semiarid zones, with significant correlation coefficients of 0.60 and 0.48, respectively. Precipitation increased continually at the rate of 6.16 mm per decade in the arid zone after the 1990s, but had a contrasting warming effect on permafrost through a significant shortening of the thawing duration within the active layer. However, diminished rainfall in the humid zone after the 1990s also significantly extended the thawing duration of SFG. The relationship between the ground thawing index and precipitation was significantly negatively correlated (-0.75). The dual effects of wetting on the thermal dynamics of the QTP are becoming critical because of the projected increases in future precipitation.
Astronerds saving the world
Authors: Fratti Panagiota Alexandra
Published: February 2023

This poster is an educator’s perspective on nine-year-old students' participation in the environmental project “Climate Detectives”, an initiative that engages students with space science and space engineering themes, including curricular and extra-curricular activities.Climate Detectives is an ESA school project for students between 8 and 15 years old. Students are challenged to ‘make a difference’ in understanding and protecting Earth’s climate by identifying a climate problem by observing their local environment and be tasked to investigate it. The project aims at developing and reinforcing the students’ STEM skills and at stimulating their creativity, critical thinking and initiative to improve their understanding of climate issues and positively changing behaviors that can have an influence on such issues.In our school’s participation, we focused on the satellites that the European Space Agency (ESA) is using in order to monitor water pollution. We investigated how this technology was used during the horrific environmental disaster that occurred back in 2017 next to our island, Salamina, when an oil spill was formed after an accident.During the first phase of our project, we investigated what satellites are and why they are the necessary for Earth sciences. We built our own satellites, using LEGO We Do 2.0 and we wrote code in order to program them to move around our inflated Earth. We also found data (pictures from the Copernicus / Sentinel satellites) in order to investigate how large was the oil split was and which parts of our island and other areas of Attica were affected.During the second phase of our project we read interviews of people in our island on how they felt about the oil spill and how it affected their lives and we wrote a letter to our island’s mayor to express our thoughts.Furthermore, we contacted the environmental organization of Salamina (PERIVOS) in order to give us a talk about the environmental impact of the oil spill. Finally, we presented our research to other students of our school.