bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology
Authors: Pope Kenneth S.
Published: February 2013

This chapter examines how ethical issues are approached differently by two prominent psychological associations, how they are encountered by psychologists, the formal complaints they give rise to, and how they can be approached systematically to avoid missteps. Included are basic assumptions about ethics; the unique approaches to developing a ethics code taken by the American Psychological Association (APA) and the Canadian Psychological Association (CPA), and what each of these two codes provides; empirical data about what ethical problems psychologists encounter and what formal complaints they face; four major sets of ethical issues that are particularly complex and challenging (confidentiality, informed consent, competence, and boundaries); an area of major controversy (clinical psychology and national security); steps in ethical decision-making; and four possible lines of future research.
Shifting Paradigms in Clinical Psychology: How Innovative Technologies Are Shaping Treatment Delivery
Authors: Dimeff Linda A. , Paves Andrew P. , Skutch Julie M. , Woodcock Eric A.
Published: February 2013

The accelerated expanse, affordability, and advances in technology, along with the ubiquitous Web, will continue to radically transform how we prevent and treat behavioral problems and reduce human suffering. These technologies have the potential to break down barriers and close the gap between empirically supported treatments (ESTs) and those who need them. This chapter attempts to capture the current use of technology to strengthen and disseminate ESTs. We focus on those areas that have or are expected to have the greatest reach and impact in the years to come. Web- or computer-based technology, virtual reality, mobile technology, and social networking will all be highlighted. We present innovative ideas, the evidence base for existing applications (when available), and future directions. The omnipresence of technology in our daily lives perfectly positions it to be a powerful agent of change in the science and practice of clinical psychology.
Interventions in Forensic Settings: Juveniles in Residential Placement, Defendants in Drug Courts or Mental Health Courts, and Defendants in Forensic Hospitals as Incompetent to Stand Trial
Authors: Heilbrun Kirk , Goldstein Naomi , DeMatteo David , Hart Allison , Romaine Christina Riggs , Shah Sanjay
Published: February 2013

Interventions for criminal justice–involved populations have been an increasing focus of theoretical and research attention, and have also been recognized as among the “next frontier” of priorities for the forensic mental health professions. In this chapter, we present a description of three different kinds of interventions with criminal justice populations. These interventions—for adjudicated delinquents, defendants diverted into specialized courts, and defendants hospitalized as incompetent to stand trial—represent a range of population ages, traditional versus relatively new modalities, and stages of the juvenile/criminal justice systems. Perhaps surprisingly, the more established of these interventions (juvenile placement and forensic hospitalization) have relatively less empirical data regarding their effectiveness than

do the newer drug and mental health court modalities. In this chapter, we summarize the evidence that does exist, describe existing and recommended practices where indicated (unfortunately, often without the assistance of effectiveness data), and draw conclusions regarding our future research needs in light of this discussion.
Clinical Neuropsychology
Authors: McCaffrey Robert J. , Lynch Julie K. , James Westervelt Holly
Published: February 2013

The origins of clinical neuropsychology were founded in the diagnostic methods for identifying cerebral damage and, although this remains an important focus of the field, clinical neuropsychology is also focused upon understanding the functional consequences of neuropsychological dysfunction and on methods of treating or managing neuropsychological dysfunction. Neuropsychological research has also expanded beyond neurology to psychology, where delineating the neuropsychological correlates of psychological disorder has been of particular interest. Following a brief history of neuropsychology, this chapter discusses neuropsychiatric symptoms associated with neurological damage or disease. The discussion will then turn its focus to psychological disorders, with a review of the neuropsychological deficiencies that have been associated with various Axis I and Axis II disorders. The objective of this chapter is to provide information of potential utility to the psychotherapist or psychologist in understanding the neuropsychological underpinnings of psychological disorders, as well as the psychological and behavioral consequences of neurological conditions.
Psychological Interventions in Health-care Settings
Authors: Emery Charles F. , Anderson Derek R. , Andersen Barbara L.
Published: February 2013

Beginning in the 1980s, clinical psychologists have made significant contributions to the development, testing, and dissemination of psychological interventions for individuals undergoing stressful medical treatments or coping with chronic illness. This has been important, as there are elevated rates of mood and anxiety disorders among medical patients. Addressing the needs of patients with coronary heart disease (CHD), cancer, and cardio-pulmonary disease (COPD) is discussed. As is the case generally, cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), tailored to the specific medical illness/treatment circumstances of patients, plays a central role. More broadly, psychologists have been influential in contributing empirically based strategies to improve the health of all Americans. Effective behavior change methods for smoking cessation, dietary change, and increasing physical activity and improving fitness reduce morbidity and mortality and, of course, are key to reducing health-care costs. Thus, we urge psychological assessment and intervention as one element of standard, comprehensive, health care.
Introduction
Authors: Beauchamp Tom L.
Published: February 2013

This article introduces issues on animal psychology, the moral status of animals, the nature and significance of species, and a number of practical problems about the utilization of animals. This book encompasses a diverse set of philosophical interests and it explores an array of concerns about animal products, farm animals, hunting, circuses, zoos, the entertainment industry, safety-testing on animals, the status and moral significance of species, environmental ethics, the nature and significance of the minds of animals, and so on. It also investigates what the future may be expected to bring in the way of new scientific developments and new moral problems. The book draws on one or more of the following seven areas: the history of philosophy, the philosophy of mind, the philosophy of biology, the philosophy of cognitive science, the philosophy of language, ethical theory, and practical ethics.
Animal Pain and Welfare
Authors: Akhtar Sahar
Published: February 2013

This article probes the widely held view in philosophy and the biological sciences that the amount and ways in which a nonhuman animal can experience pain, by comparison to the human animal, is limited to the feeling of physical pain. The justification for this view is often said to be that animals are less cognitively sophisticated than humans because they lack awareness of self and a sense of the past and the future. This view suggests that pain for animals is not as bad as pain is for us. The discussion presents a notably different approach to the understanding of animal pain. It uses welfare analysis and decision-making frameworks to argue that pain may be worse for animals than the comparable amount of pain is for humans.
Genetically Modified Animals
Authors: Savulescu Julian
Published: February 2013

This article considers the extraordinary ways in which it is now possible to alter animals and to create new life forms by transgenesis and by the creation of hybrids and chimeras. Transgenic animals are created by transferring genes from one species to another. Hybrids are created by mixing the sperm of one species with the ovum of another. Chimeras are created by mixing cells from the embryo of one animal with those of a different species. In each case, one source of an animal so engineered could be a human being. The discussion uses the term “genetically modified animals” (GMAs), to refer to these transgenic animals, hybrids, and chimeras. It questions the adequacy of the ethics we currently have in place to exert proper control over and evaluate the creation of GMAs.
The Moral Relevance of the Distinction Between Domesticated and Wild Animals
Authors: Palmer Clare
Published: February 2013

This article considers whether a morally relevant distinction can be drawn between wild and domesticated animals. The term “wildness” can be used in several different ways, only one of which (constitutive wildness, meaning an animal that has not been domesticated by being bred in particular ways) is generally paired and contrasted with “domesticated.” Domesticated animals are normally deliberately bred and confined. One of the article's arguments concerns human initiatives that establish relations with animals and thereby change what is owed to these animals. The main relations of interest in ethics are the vulnerability and dependence in animals that are created when humans establish certain relations with them on farms, in zoos, in laboratories, and the like. Domestication is a pervasive way in which humans make animals vulnerable, and thereby duties of animal care and protection arise in a persistent way.
The Moral Significance of Animal Pain and Animal Death
Authors: Harman Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

This article addresses the question: “What follows from the claim that we have a certain kind of strong reason against animal cruelty?” It deals with the ethics of killing animals. It finds the following common assumption highly puzzling and problematic: despite our obligations not to commit animal cruelty, there is no comparably strong reason against painlessly killing animals in the prime of life. It argues that anyone who accepts this view is committed to the moral position that either we have no reasons against such killings or we have only weak reasons.
The Ethics of Confining Animals
Authors: DeGrazia David
Published: February 2013

This article examines basic interests that animals have in liberty—the absence of external constraints on movement. It takes liberty to be a benefit for sentient animals that permits them to pursue what they want and need. Obviously farms, zoos, pets in homes, animals for sale in stores, circuses, and laboratories all involve forms of confinement that restrict liberty. The discussion aims to know the conditions, if there are any, under which such liberty-limitation is morally justified. It first lays out the harms caused by confinement. It then examines and evaluates five possible standards for the justification of confinement: a basic-needs requirement; a comparable-life requirement; a no-unnecessary-harm standard; a worthwhile-life criterion; and an appeal to respect.
Fertility Control: Eugenics, Neo-Malthusianism, and Feminism
Authors: Klausen Susanne , Bashford Alison
Published: February 2013

This article analyzes the preoccupation of eugenics with fertility control—a broad term denoting all methods by which humans seek to induce, prevent, or terminate pregnancy. It also discusses the role of eugenicists in establishing birth control clinics, and to advocate for more controversial technologies of reproductive control such as sterilization and sometimes abortion. It also shows the link between feminist, eugenic, and neo-Malthusian discourses. It begins with the classic definition of eugenics and then indicates that contraceptive information would be offered to married women who are too young, ill, or weak for pregnancy, or who experienced pregnancy too frequently. This article also provides an understanding of the role played by feminism in the social acceptance of technologies of reproductive control. It concludes that eugenic feminists often connected by neo-Malthusian ideas have played a leading role in developing new reproductive technologies.
Eugenics and the State: Policy-Making in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Mottier Véronique
Published: February 2013

This article proposes to shift the focus from eugenic science to its translation into concrete policy practices, adopting a comparative perspective. It draws on examples of eugenic policy-making in the United States, the United Kingdom, Switzerland, Sweden, and Germany to explore the relation between eugenic science and the state, examining the impact of different state formations on cross-national variations in the political trajectories of eugenics. Eugenic movements were thus able to exert important influence on these states' policy-making apparatuses. This article also discusses the affect of specific institutional design on the ways in which eugenic policies are implemented. It also deals with political spectrum of eugenics and tends to amalgamate eugenics with conservative and extreme right-wing political ideologies.
Internationalism, Cosmopolitanism, and Eugenics
Authors: Bashford Alison
Published: February 2013

The strong connection between eugenics and nationalism is now a clear interpretive strand in the historiography. This article discusses various studies of eugenics and emphasizes the international dimension. The long-standing historiographical interest in this aspect of eugenics stems partly from the availability of the proceedings of early international conferences. It also deals with the most ambitious consideration of eugenics and internationalism that involves consideration of apparently universal principles of evolution and inheritance for humanity as a whole. It also presents a close consideration of the role of eugenics in regulating and monitoring international human movement. Finally, it concludes that eugenics is fundamentally about the devastating implications of a science of human differentiation and needs to be understood through the modern history of universalism, internationalism, and cosmopolitanism.
Eugenics and genocide
Authors: Moses A. Dirk , Stone Dan
Published: February 2013

This article examines the historical relationship between biopolitics, eugenics, racial hygiene, and genocide globally in this period. It describes that as the historiography of eugenics has broadened out from its Anglo-American core to an international and transnational perspective, so the focus of genocide studies has shifted from the Holocaust as the paradigmatic case to other, often extra-European, genocides. Furthermore, this article examines various policy modalities developed to solve the “problem” of minority and “useless” populations. It shows that mixed-race children pose particular challenges to eugenicists in thrall to ideals of cultural homogeneity, in which case eliminationist policies of assimilation, absorption, or sterilization might be pursued. It suggests that these policies could escalate in a genocidal direction.
South Africa: Paradoxes in the Place of Race
Authors: Dubow Saul
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the proposition that eugenics and related scientific ideas play a major role in validating the systems of apartheid and its predecessor. It elaborates a comprehensive scheme of racial segregation as a national program in the first decades of the twentieth century and calibrates the distinctions between different races and ethnic groups thoroughly assimilated in the habits of mind and the social behavior of South Africans. This article gives an account of changes in the patterns of racial awareness and discrimination: for example, the shift from social hierarchies based on status, to those founded on race typology in the course of the nineteenth century. It presents the association of sequences of population movements with underlying racial competence. It further discusses the recent tendency to see eugenics as a trans-national phenomenon which fits well with reevaluations of the spread of scientific knowledge that eschew mechanistic models of the transmission of ideas from core to periphery.
Eugenics in Japan: Sanguinous Repair
Authors: Robertson Jennifer
Published: February 2013

The article aims to discuss the relationships between eugenics, nationalism, and colonialism in Japan, and to highlight the ways in which eugenics was popularized and incorporated into everyday practices and official policies at home and in the colonies. It deals with eugenics-related activities in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and addresses some of their postwar guises. It discusses some of these guises as posthuman eugenics, or the biotechnological enhancement of human life and reproduction. It concludes with the argument that Japan was only one of many nation-states to employ eugenics as social policy nearly a century ago, but it may be one of the first to implement posthuman eugenics to address looming demographic concerns.
Eugenics and the Jews
Authors: Falk Raphael
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the role that eugenics plays in Jewish life, especially in shaping how Jews confronted the world, and engages Jewish and non-Jewish researchers alike. It discusses the socioeconomic conditions in which Jews lived as it had specific eugenic consequences. It also describes the breeding problems that occupy an important role in Jewish life. The rationale of eugenics in Jewish life depends on the extent to which social, political, religious, or cultural distinctiveness is considered to reflect biological racial factors. This article further draws comparison between old and new eugenics and states that new eugenics depends on screening healthy carriers, prenatal diagnosis, and selective determination of affected fetuses. It ends with the discussion of the importance of Jewish tradition in the continuation of Jewish culture and mentions that reproduction and eugenics has played a significant role in core Jewish practices and debates.
Eating and Weight Concerns in Eating Disorders
Authors: Field Alison E. , Kitos Nicole
Published: February 2013

Weight and shape concerns are one of the hallmark symptoms of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa, but the development of these concerns, their stability over time, and the mechanisms by which they promote the development of body image dissatisfaction and eating disorders remains unclear. Sociocultural, familial, and psychological factors are believed to be related to the development of weight and shape concerns and dissatisfaction, which in turn are thought to promote disordered eating behaviors, such as purging. In this chapter we discuss many of the risk factors for developing weight and shape concerns, as well as their consequences.
Cultural Influences on Body Image and the Eating Disorders
Authors: Levine Michael P. , Smolak Linda
Published: February 2013

Data from different cultures and American ethnic groups help to effectively address eating problems and disorders in these groups and to elucidate sociocultural etiological factors. Research indicates that (1) eating disorders exist internationally and in all American ethnic groups; (2) indicators of disordered eating and eating disorders are similar across cultures and ethnic groups, though there are important differences; (3) among American ethnic groups, there are some etiological similarities; (4) cultural transitions (e.g., Westernization, modernization, transnational mass media) appear to increase risk of the spectrum of disordered eating; and (5), acculturation, discrimination, and racial/ethnic teasing may also be risk factors. Research concerning the etiology, course, prevention, and treatment of disordered eating in different cultural groups is urgently needed.
Prevention: Current Status and Underlying Theory
Authors: Sinton Meghan M. , Taylor C. Barr
Published: February 2013

Eating disorders (EDs) are important and common problems among adolescents and young women, and preventing them would be an important public health achievement. Fortunately, several recent studies, informed by cross-sectional, longitudinal, and clinical risk factor research, have evidenced a significant decrease in ED risk factors, with two programs also achieving a significant reduction in ED onset within at-risk females. The present chapter reviews and evaluates the state of ED prevention research, highlighting current theoretical approaches and effective programs, emphasizing emerging empirical support for cognitive dissonance, Internet, school-based, and combined ED and obesity prevention programs. Conclusions about how to enhance recent progress in the field of EDs are provided.
Family Therapy
Authors: Le Grange Daniel , Hoste Renee Rienecke
Published: February 2013

Family therapy is increasingly recommended as the treatment of choice for eating disorders (EDs) among adolescents. The shift from blaming parents for causing an ED to seeing them as a necessary part of the recovery process was set in motion by Salvador Minuchin and colleagues and has been reinforced and expanded upon by researchers at the Maudsley Hospital in London and in the United States. Data supporting the efficacy of family-based treatment for adolescent anorexia nervosa (AN) continues to accumulate, while family-based approaches are beginning to be tested in the treatment of adolescents with bulimia nervosa (BN). Further research is needed to replicate the findings of existing studies and to further clarify the utility of parental involvement in the treatment of older adolescents and young adults with AN and BN.
Self-Help and Stepped Care in Eating Disorders
Authors: Musiat Peter , Schmidt Ulrike
Published: February 2013

This chapter reviews the utility of self-help interventions in the treatment of eating disorders. It describes the origins, rationale, and theoretical considerations for the development and use of self-help interventions. Different forms of self-help and modes of delivery are described. The existing research evidence on self-help in eating disorders (EDs) is detailed, including an overview of what is known about predictors and moderators of outcome. The chapter also considers clinical and practical factors in the use of such interventions. Finally, the limitations in our knowledge of self-help in EDs are discussed as well as implications for future research.
Urban Planning and Regulation: The Challenge of The Market
Authors: Dierwechter Yonn , Thornley Andy
Published: February 2013

This article examines the role of urban planning and regulation in addressing the challenge of the market. It argues that the shifts in state–market relations are important for understanding urban-planning discourses, which too often are isolated from larger questions of political ideology, global economic conditions, and geographical variations in national culture. The article also suggests that intellectual debates about the proper role of public planning in regulating private market activities are best understood in historical and geographical contexts rather than as abstract philosophical statements conducted outside the crisis-induced pressures of time and place.
Varieties of Planning Experience: Toward a Globalized Planning Culture?
Authors: Friedmann John
Published: February 2013

This article compares the urban-planning experiences of Yaroslavl, Russia; and Rotterdam, the Netherlands. It describes their planning cultures, discusses the lessons that can be learned from their experiences, and explains the concept of planning culture and the importance of studying planning cultures. The article evaluates whether globalization can lead to converge of planning cultures and discusses some issues in the methodology for the study of planning cultures.
From Good Intentions to A Critical Pragmatism
Authors: Forester John
Published: February 2013

This article analyzes whether urban planners should serve as handmaidens to enable old boys' deal making or act as facilitative leaders to stage power-sensitive, results-oriented public deliberations. It explores how urban planning can communicatively empower or disempower stakeholders, include or exclude issues, recognize or dismiss values and interests, and craft public-serving outcomes or squander public opportunities. The article describes an urban-transportation planning case and considers planning in smaller communities.
Codes and Standards
Authors: Ben-Joseph Eran
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on the codes, rules, and standards in urban planning. It explains that codes and standards determine the minimum requirements in which the physical environment must be built and perform, as well as the legal and moral instruments through which professionals can guarantee the good of the public. The article also describes how concerns over environmental conditions, depleting resources, and uncontrolled growth have prompted various organizations and government agencies to take a fresh look at their current models of operation. It mentions the Institute of Transportation Engineers' (ITE) re-examination of its street standards and the American Planning Association's (APA) publication of a model regulatory book for smart growth.
Evolving Perspectives on the Arts, Place, and Development
Authors: Currid-Halkett Elizabeth
Published: February 2013

This article discusses the evolving role of art and culture in urban planning and economic development. It explains that the cultural industries attract skilled labor, generate tourist dollars, and produce jobs and revenue in their own right. The article argues that while the use of unconventional modes and institutions in the industrial activities of the arts hinder research, they also enable us to apply innovative techniques and theories from other disciplines in our efforts to study art and culture.
Plan Assessment: Making and Using Plans Well
Authors: Hopkins Lewis D.
Published: February 2013

This article focuses on making, assessing, and using urban design plans. It describes a framework used for assessing plans, and identifies questions for which evidence and arguments provide useful guidance on how to make and use plans well. The article explains that planning processes affect plans in their content and likelihood of implementation, and that performance research designs can generate useful results about situations in which plans work. It also stresses the need to determine how plans can add value in the face of nonhierarchical institutional systems and uncertainty.
Introduction: The Oxford Handbook of Ancient Anatolia
Authors: McMahon Gregory , Steadman Sharon
Published: February 2013

This introductory article presents an overview of the current book. The early years of the twenty-first century mark roughly a century of serious scholarly study of ancient Anatolia, and this book represents a synthesis of current understanding at the end of this century of scholarship. It documents close to ten millennia of human occupation in Anatolia, from the earliest Neolithic to the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BCE. The book is also defined geographically, rather than by a culture, ethnic group, language, or polity. A brief description of its five parts is presented.
Eastern Anatolia in the Early Bronze Age
Authors: Marro Catherine
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the Early Bronze Age of eastern Anatolia. During the period that for most scholars is recognized as the Early Bronze Age (ca. 3100–2100 BCE), eastern Anatolia was occupied by an intriguing cultural complex related to the Kura–Araxes culture, as it has been described by Kuftin after his excavations in Transcaucasia. This complex has alternatively been called “Karaz,” “Red Black Burnished,” or “Early Transcaucasian,” depending on the viewpoint adopted by successive scholars. Of all the labels used for describing the Early Bronze Age faciès of eastern Anatolia, the term Early Transcaucasian Culture seems to be the most appropriate, as it implies an organic relationship between East Anatolian cultural assemblages and Transcaucasia. Indeed, even if this issue is still a matter of debate, today most of the evidence points to a Transcaucasian origin for the east Anatolian Early Bronze Age.
The Kārum Period on the Plateau
Authors: Michel Cécile
Published: February 2013

This article presents data on the kārum period of Anatolia. During the first centuries of the second millennium BCE, Assyrian merchants originating from Assur, on the Upper Tigris, organized large-scale commercial exchanges with central Anatolia. They settled in several localities, called kārums. This Akkadian word, which usually designates the quay or port in Mesopotamian cities, refers in Anatolia to the Assyrian merchant district and its administrative building. Thus, the kārum period—which comprises the Old Assyrian period—covers the time during which the Assyrians traded in Anatolia, from the middle of the twentieth to the end of the eighteenth century BCE; it corresponds, more or less, to the Middle Bronze Age. In Anatolia, this period is characterized by an important phase of urbanization, with a flourishing material culture mixing native and foreign styles.
The Greeks in Western Anatolia
Authors: Greaves Alan M.
Published: February 2013

This article explores the complex archaeological and historical evidence describing the intersection between Greeks and Anatolians in the western and central reaches of the peninsula. It begins with an overview of the geographical context within which these Greek settlements existed and a discussion of the region's chronology. There follows a brief examination of the key sites of Old Smyrna, Phokaia, Miletos, and Knidos. Finally, three key themes in the archaeology of this region are examined: the mythical and archaeological evidence for the coming of the Greeks to Anatolia, the nature of the relationship between Greeks and non-Greeks in the region, and the local identities of the settlements here.
Monuments and Memory: Architecture and Visual Culture in Ancient Anatolian History
Authors: Harmanşah Ömür
Published: February 2013

This article on long-term cultural landscapes of Anatolia focuses on various episodes of fragmentation and connectivity with adjacent regions, through the study of monumental architecture and visual/material culture from prehistory to the end of the Achaemenid period. It attempts to trace a line of thought around monumentality and social memory, in order to see our paradigms from Anatolian history in a critical long-term perspective. The article argues that architecture and monuments are the most visible and powerful remnants of past civilizations, especially through funerary monuments, and that Anatolia, with its vast array of monuments from multitudinous peoples leaving their mark over centuries, provides a unique opportunity to study, and marvel at, the “landscape of the dead.”
Eastern Thrace: the Contact Zone Between Anatolia and the Balkans
Authors: Özdoğan Mehmet
Published: February 2013

This article presents a conspectus on the prehistory of northwestern Turkey, mainly focusing on the role played by eastern Thrace at the intersection of Anatolia, the Aegean, and the Balkans. It considers the question of whether Thrace was a bridge or a barrier between the east and the west, while acknowledging that there are substantial lacunae in our knowledge on every issue noted herein. Accordingly, what is reported here should not be considered conclusive, but as more of a general overview. There are major problems in assessing the evidence from northwestern Turkey and the region known as eastern Thrace, first because it constitutes the buffer zone between distinct cultural entities: Anatolia, the Aegean, Balkan, and Pontic regions. Moreover, it acts as the narrow bottleneck to any sort of supraregional interaction, inevitably merging distinct cultures.
The Hittite Empire from Textual Evidence
Authors: den Hout Theo van
Published: February 2013

The Hittite written legacy is unique in the ancient Near East in that it allows us to sketch the development of a major power over the course of its almost 500 years of history from a state of basic illiteracy through incipient literacy to a booming administrative apparatus which has earned it the reputation of a true bureaucracy. It was a state with two scripts: the cuneiform used for its inner administrative workings in the widest sense of the word, with the Hittite language as its official medium, and the Anatolian hieroglyphs for the state's face to the outside. This article presents a review of the Hittite texts, describing the contradictory information that is sometimes provided by multiple texts on the same subjects. It also draws out the nuanced understanding that scholars may gain regarding, for instance, royal intentions and goals, the pomp and circumstance of ritual, or the intricacy of ancient law through their close readings of the some 30,000 extant Hittite texts.
Ilipinar: A Neolithic Settlement in the Eastern Marmara Region
Authors: Roodenberg Jacob
Published: February 2013

This article discusses findings from excavations at Ilıpınar, whose environment was advantageous for an economy based on crop cultivation and stock breeding. Founded at the start of the sixth millennium BCE as a settlement with a handful of houses centered around a spring, it gradually expanded into a village covering one hectare until it was deserted 500 years later. Afterward the mound was used as a burial ground in the second quarter of the fourth millennium BCE (Late Chalcolithic), the second quarter of the third millennium BCE (Early Bronze Age), and in the sixth–seventh centuries CE (Early Byzantine). Moreover there were traces of ephemeral habitation during these intervals. The total occupation deposit measured more than seven meters, the total surface nearly three hectares.
OCD and Spectrum Conditions in Older Adults
Authors: Carmin Cheryl N. , Calamari John E. , Ownby Raymond L.
Published: February 2013

Despite its chronic and unremitting nature and impact on quality of life, unlike other of the anxiety disorders, surprisingly little attention has been paid to the epidemiology, descriptive psychopathology, and treatment of OCD and related spectrum conditions in late life. ERP remains the mainstay of evidence-based psychological treatment, as is the use of SRIs for pharmacological management. The need to evaluate older adults and design treatment interventions, taking individual medical and cognitive limitations into account, is discussed. Recent statistical modeling approaches using older adult samples suggest that addressing the role of beliefs about intrusive thoughts, cognitive decline, and aging in general may be important additions to a cognitive approach to OCD treatment that is unique to older adults.
Social Interactions within Cities: Neighborhood Environments and Peer Relationships
Authors: Ross Stephen L.
Published: February 2013

This article begins by discussing the various empirical strategies that have been used to identify a causal relationship between peers, neighborhoods, or social contacts and an individual's behaviors or outcomes. It reveals neighborhood effects on individual outcomes, and describes the empirical literature on neighborhood effects starting with the literature on the impact of racial segregation on African Americans, followed by considerations of the effect of neighborhoods on labor market outcomes, and finally the effects on families and children. Furthermore, it deals with the literature on peer effects, focusing primarily on education, including evidence on mechanisms and the role of friendship networks, but also considers other settings, especially the workplace. It emphasizes the quantitative studies of neighborhood and peer effects. Finally, it examines the implications for planning.
Does Working Together Prevent Crime? Social Capital, Neighborhoods, and Crime
Authors: Choi Hyunsun , Sloane David
Published: February 2013

This article addresses the theoretical background and controversies of social capital in relationship to urban crime. It posits that social capital is a key asset to improving crime prevention. When people and organizations are densely related, it creates high levels of bonding and bridging social capital. In terms of crime, social capital builds the trust necessary to sustain a healthy community. However, evidence suggests that in some cases social capital may enhance crime by creating unity among street youth gangs and other parochial groups in a community. In the context of the nature and economics of urban crime, this article mainly addresses urban planning and development approaches and remedies. As more is learnt about the concept, and about the mechanisms that provide the protection, planners will be able to develop targeted interventions to support the growth and maintenance of social capital, improving community social structures and community safety.
Homelessness in the United States
Authors: O'Flaherty Brendan
Published: February 2013

Homelessness has become more common in developed countries, especially the United States. This article reviews definitions of homelessness, the temporal dimensions of how people experience homelessness, the determinants of the volume of homelessness, the characteristics of homeless people, and the policies and interventions that have been successful in reducing homelessness. It discusses two popular views of what homelessness is like and what should be done about it. One view emphasizes that the elimination of personal problems that afflict many homeless people can reduce homelessness. The other view emphasizes that homelessness can be ended by placing everyone who becomes homeless in his or her own apartment (housing first policy). However, understanding and alleviating homelessness requires a more sophisticated view of the interaction among personal problems, market conditions, and incentives. The vast middle ground between policies requires programs that make difficult trade-offs, and good data would be helpful for making these trade-offs.
Spatial Assimilation and Its Discontents: The Changing Geography of Immigrant Integration in Metropolitan America
Authors: Pastor Manuel
Published: February 2013

Immigration represents a choice of individuals and families, often under structural constraints and pressures, to move from one society to another in search of a better life. The changing geographic arrangements create new theoretical and policy-related challenges for scholars of immigration as well as urban planners. This article begins with a brief review of the literature on traditional economic and spatial assimilation, as well as the challenges posed to that model by new patterns of immigration. It then explores some basic patterns in “new immigrant gateways,” pointing out different patterns by gateway type in terms of suburbanization and spatial isolation. Furthermore, the article turns to Los Angeles, considering some different patterns that have emerged in this metropolis and arguing that the trends there may foreshadow things to come. Finally, it deals with implications for theory and practice at the intersection of economics and urban planning.
The Economics of Zoning
Authors: McDonald John F. , McMillen Daniel P.
Published: February 2013

The zoning movement in the United States began in the early twentieth century. Zoning is a form of regulation of the use of land that typically is an ordinance adopted by a municipal government. The zoning ordinance includes text and a zoning map that specifies the allowable uses of all parcels of land in the municipality. As such zoning is a topic that falls within the field of the economics of regulation. This article examines some aspects of the economics of zoning. It explores the nature of those regulations, examining who benefits from the regulations, and upon whom costs are imposed. It also discusses the effects of regulation on the allocation of resources. All these discussions and revelations are based upon relevant economic theory and empirical research. Most economists agree that there is a need for policies that mitigate negative external effects in urban areas, but they question whether zoning in its current versions is on balance good social and economic policy, the answer to which is not clear.
Infill Development: Perspectives and Evidence from Economics and Planning
Authors: McConnell Virginia , Wiley Keith
Published: February 2013

This article examines the arguments from the economics and planning literature about both the advantages of infill development and the barriers to it. It begins with reviewing the arguments from the economics, policy, and planning literatures on the possible benefits of infill development, the range of policies to promote infill that have been passed or proposed, and the reasons there may be opposition to infill. It then examines ways to measure infill development. It describes characteristics of infill and reveals issues that influence the extent and trends in the density of infill development. Because of immense opposition to infill development based on its potential costs to local residents, the article explores the literature on the effect of urban projects, including infill, on local property values. Finally, it draws out implications for policy and suggests directions for future research on infill.
The Roles of Tax Incentives and Other Business Incentives in Local Economic Development
Authors: Bartik Timothy , Eberts Randall
Published: February 2013

This article clarifies the key issues and findings relevant to public policy toward promoting local economic development through tax incentives and other business incentives. It defines incentives as public policies that, in addition to being aimed at affecting business decisions, are more or less customized to individual businesses and more or less discretionary. It reveals how tax incentives vary with incentive design. This includes financing, business target, the timing of assistance, hiring practices, and the accountability of businesses. It addresses the question of how such business incentives should be regulated and designed by different levels of government in order to maximize social benefits and, in particular, in order to increase efficiently per capita earnings. Finally, it explores the implications for federal, state, and local policy toward business incentives.
Framing Urban Systems and Planning Concerns as a Multilevel Problem: A Review of the Integrated Urban System Models with an Emphasis on Their Hierarchical Structures
Authors: Kim Jae Hong , Hewings Geoffrey J. D.
Published: February 2013

Metropolitan economies have been pounded by enormous structural changes in the last three decades. This structural change has manifested itself in a different spatial organization of production within metropolitan areas. This article examines how such complex interactions are described in the integrated planning support models to simulate regional as well as subregional growth dynamics. It focuses on the way in which vertical integration is handled. It begins with a review of the integrated framework. The review suggests that strict top-down integration is a dominant approach, although there are various strategies to model the overall dynamics of the macroeconomic changes and the evolution of spatial structure, respectively. Finally, it introduces some alternative ways of modeling vertical integration that try to overcome the critical limitations of the strict, top-down approach and to go beyond the earlier characterization of a top-down/bottom-up dichotomy.
Addressing Local Fiscal Disparities
Authors: Gordon Tracy M.
Published: February 2013

The United States is considered a highly decentralized country. More recently, American federalism has been in a state of flux. At the same time, decentralization has been on the rise internationally. Taken together, experiences in the United States and internationally point to some inherent tensions in federalism. This article argues that such concerns have prevented the adoption of an enduring state fiscal equalization program in the United States. Nevertheless, recent federal stimulus legislation may point to some ways forward. The article reviews the theory of fiscal federalism and its implications for intergovernmental grant programs. It also examines the evolution of intergovernmental transfers in the U.S. federalist system. Following this, the article evaluates design issues for any state fiscal equalization program. Finally, it suggests that there may be a role for ensuring states and localities against financial disaster and suggests future directions.
Urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and China: Policy and Reality
Authors: Ding Chengri , Zhao Xingshuo
Published: February 2013

This article examines urbanization in Japan, South Korea, and mainland China (China), which share similar features of urbanization. It describes urbanization and urban growth, examines urbanization patterns, and looks at the extent to which are they linked to economic growth during rapid urbanization periods. Japan and South Korea experienced rapid urbanization in the second half of the twentieth century while China is currently in the era of rapid urbanization. Following this, the article presents policy and planning efforts in managing urbanization and urban growth, looking into the kinds of policy instruments introduced to manage urbanization at national and local levels. Finally, it deals with the assessment of these policy and planning efforts to appraise their effectiveness and draw out lessons learnt from them.
Predictors of Violent Young Offenders
Authors: Farrington David P.
Published: February 2013

The most basic definition of violence is behavior that is intended to cause, and that actually does cause, physical or psychological injury. This article reviews what is known about childhood predictors of youthful violent offending. It focuses on knowledge gained in studies of individual offenders. It begins by reviewing the development of violent offending, including prevalence at different ages, continuity, and specialization or versatility in offending. Following this, the article reviews knowledge about major individual, family, and socioeconomic risk factors. It also investigates how accurately violent offenders can be predicted in childhood. It focuses on knowledge gained in major prospective longitudinal studies of offending, discussing risk and protective factors. These results are likely to be useful in developing risk assessment instruments. Finally, the article discusses the major policy implications and calls for early prevention instead of later treatment in the juvenile and criminal justice system.
Understanding Desistance from Juvenile Offending
Authors: Laub John H. , Boonstoppel Sarah L.
Published: February 2013

This article reviews the current state of knowledge and perspectives on desistance from juvenile offending. It begins by locating juvenile delinquency and desistance within the context of adolescent development and then describes the conceptual and methodological challenges of studying desistance from juvenile offending. There is a small but growing body of research focusing on desistance during adolescence. The review of literature reflects that rather than pathological or abnormal behavior, delinquency is a normative aspect of adolescent development. Finally, the article highlights some of the gaps in both theory and research on desistance during adolescence, and offers suggestions for how juvenile justice policy might benefit from desistance research. What is required is to think of ways to restructure people's response to juvenile delinquency, especially by the formal system of justice, in order to allow for the possibility of desistance from crime and other behavioral change to take effect.