bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Facile Fabrication of Silicon Nanotube Arrays and Their Application in Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Kim Young‐You , Kim Han‐Jung , Jeong Jun‐Ho , Lee Jihye , Choi Jun‐Hyuk , Jung Joo‐Yun , Lee Jeong‐Hwa , Cheng Horchhong , Lee Ki‐Won , Choi Dae‐Geun
Published: June 2016

In this study, the authors report for the first time a wafer‐scale method for fabricating vertical‐aligned silicon nanotubes (SiNTs) on a silicon substrate using a combination of nanoimprint lithography (NIL) and metal‐assisted chemical etching (MaCE) processes. The structural properties and adhesion strength characteristics of the prepared SiNTs are investigated via field emission scanning electron microscope (FE‐SEM), transmission electron microscope (TEM) analysis, and adhesion test. And, the authors successfully demonstrate the feasibility of using the fabricated SiNTs in a Li‐ion battery (LIB) anode, and their potential to enhance LIB technologies.
Bulk‐Heterojunction Organic Solar Cells: Five Core Technologies for Their Commercialization
Authors: Kang Hongkyu , Kim Geunjin , Kim Junghwan , Kwon Sooncheol , Kim Heejoo , Lee Kwanghee
Published: June 2016

The past two decades of vigorous interdisciplinary approaches has seen tremendous breakthroughs in both scientific and technological developments of bulk‐heterojunction organic solar cells (OSCs) based on nanocomposites of π‐conjugated organic semiconductors. Because of their unique functionalities, the OSC field is expected to enable innovative photovoltaic applications that can be difficult to achieve using traditional inorganic solar cells: OSCs are printable, portable, wearable, disposable, biocompatible, and attachable to curved surfaces. The ultimate objective of this field is to develop cost‐effective, stable, and high‐performance photovoltaic modules fabricated on large‐area flexible plastic substrates via high‐volume/throughput roll‐to‐roll printing processing and thus achieve the practical implementation of OSCs. Recently, intensive research efforts into the development of organic materials, processing techniques, interface engineering, and device architectures have led to a remarkable improvement in power conversion efficiencies, exceeding 11%, which has finally brought OSCs close to commercialization. Current research interests are expanding from academic to industrial viewpoints to improve device stability and compatibility with large‐scale printing processes, which must be addressed to realize viable applications. Here, both academic and industrial issues are reviewed by highlighting historically monumental research results and recent state‐of‐the‐art progress in OSCs. Moreover, perspectives on five core technologies that affect the realization of the practical use of OSCs are presented, including device efficiency, device stability, flexible and transparent electrodes, module designs, and printing techniques.
Nanoscale Chemical and Valence Evolution at the Metal/Oxide Interface: A Case Study of Ti/SrTiO3
Authors: Li Yangyang , Wang Qingxiao , An Ming , Li Kun , Wehbe Nimer , Zhang Qiang , Dong Shuai , Wu Tom
Published: June 2016

Metal/oxide interfaces are ubiquitous in a wide range of applications such as electronics, photovoltaics, memories, catalysis, and sensors. However, there have been few investigations dedicated to the nanoscale structural and chemical characteristics of these buried interfaces. In this work, the metal/oxide interface between Ti and SrTiO3 (STO) is examined as a prototypical system using high‐resolution scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy. An atomic‐thin Ti2O3‐like layer at the Ti/STO interface prepared at room temperature is discovered, and first‐principles calculations predict a metallic band structure of this 2D electron system. As a universal feature of such interfaces prepared at different temperatures, near the interface nanoscale oxygen‐deficient domains and continuous modulation of Ti oxidation states are found. Overall, these results directly reveal complex chemical and valence evolutions at the metal/oxide interfaces, providing microscopic insights on such heterostructures.
Progress in Black Titania: A New Material for Advanced Photocatalysis
Authors: Liu Xiangye , Zhu Guilian , Wang Xin , Yuan Xiaotao , Lin Tianquan , Huang Fuqiang
Published: June 2016

The photocatalytic activity of TiO2 has aroused a broad range of research effort since 1972. Although TiO2 has a very high efficiency in utilizing ultraviolet light, its overall solar activity is very limited due to its wide bandgap (≈3.0−3.2 eV). This is a bottleneck for TiO2 to be applied in the areas ranging from visible‐light photocatalysis and photovoltaics to photo‐electrochemistry and sensors. Recently, the emergence of black TiO2 nanomaterial has triggered world‐wide research interest, because of its substantially enhanced solar absorption and the improved photocatalytic activities. Here, a variety of synthetic strategies of black TiO2 are outlined, and the structural and chemical features, band structures and electronic properties of the black TiO2 nanomaterials are described in details, along with their photocatalytic performances as well as some other new applications.
Visualization and simulation of the transfer process of index‐matched silica microparticle inks for gravure printing
Authors: Boelens Arnout M. P. , de Pablo Juan J. , Lim Sooman , Francis Lorraine , Ahn Bok Y. , Lewis Jennifer A.
Published: June 2016

A combined experimental and computational study of the transfer of transparent index‐matched silica‐particle inks between two flat plates is presented for gravure printing applications. The influence of printing speed and initial ink droplet size on the ability to accurately transfer ink during the printing process is explored systematically. Smooth interface volume of fluid simulations show the same trends as the ink transfer observed in experiments over a wide range of printing speeds and for inks having different silica particle loadings. Our calculations indicate that for ink droplets with characteristic dimensions in the vicinity of 10 μm, which are of particular interest for gravure printing applications, ink transfer improves significantly due to the diminishing effect of gravity, and the increased importance of capillary forces at small length scales. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 1419–1429, 2017
Design of multi‐actor distributed processing systems: A game‐theoretical approach
Authors: Torres Ana I. , Stephanopoulos George
Published: June 2016

The manufacturing of a final product could be the result of a value chain involving several processing plants distributed across several distinct owners; a feature that may prevent the application of classical process design approaches that depend on a centralized treatment of the complete processing network. In this article we propose and develop a game‐theoretical framework and specific methodologies, which allow the optimal design of distributed processing systems, through the decentralized strategies of independent actors. The resulting process design corresponds to a Nash Equilibrium point among the interacting actors. Its optimality and the justification of the independent strategies that led to it, are theoretically based on (and constrained by) the properties of the 2‐level Lagrangian approach. The article also discusses the use of penalty‐term approaches, which can extend the applicability of the proposed framework and design methodologies to problems for which the underlying convexity assumptions of the 2‐level Lagrangian approach may not be possible to ascertain. A series of case studies illustrate the application of the proposed ideas to distributed processing networks of various structures. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 3369–3391, 2016
CFD–DEM simulation of tube erosion in a fluidized bed
Authors: Zhao Yongzhi , Xu Lei , Zheng Jinyang
Published: June 2016

The erosion of the immersed tubes in a bubbling‐fluidized bed is studied numerically using an Eulerian–Lagrangian approach coupling with a particle‐scale erosion model. In this approach, the motion of gas and particles is simulated by the CFD–DEM method, and an erosion model SIEM (shear impact energy model) is proposed to predict the erosion of the tubes. The model is validated by the good agreement of the simulation results and previous experimental data. By analyzing the simulation results, some characteristics of the tube erosion in the fluidized bed are obtained, such as the distribution of the erosion rate around the tube, the variation of the erosion rate with the position of the tube, the effect of the friction coefficient of particles on the erosion, the relationship between the maximum and the average erosion rate, etc. The microscale behavior of particles around the tubes is also revealed and the linear relationship between the erosion and the shear impact energy is confirmed by the simulation results and experiment. The agreement between simulation and experiment proves that the microscale approach proposed in this article has high accuracy for predicting erosion of the tubes in the fluidized bed, and has potential to be applied to modeling the process in other chemical equipment facing solid particle erosion. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 418–437, 2017
Metabolic outcomes of workers according to the International Standard Classification of Occupations in Korea
Authors: Lee Wanhyung , Yeom Hyungseon , Yoon Jin‐Ha , Won Jong‐Uk , Jung Pil Kyun , Lee June‐Hee , Seok Hongdeok , Roh Jaehoon
Published: June 2016

Background

Occupation influences the risk for developing chronic metabolic diseases.

Methods

We compared the prevalence of MetS by International Standard Classification of Occupations using the nationally representative data in Korea (KNHANES). We enrolled 16,763 workers (9,175 males; 7,588 females) who had measurements for the National Cholesterol Education Program criteria III and other variables. OR and 95%CIs for MetS and its components were estimated according to occupation using the multiple logistic regression models.

Results

The occupational groups with the highest age‐standardized prevalence of MetS were lower skilled white‐collar men (31.1 ± 2.4%) and green‐collar women (24.2 ± 2.9%). Compared with the unskilled male blue‐collar group, which had the lowest prevalence of MetS, the OR (95%CIs) of MetS in men were 1.77 (1.45–2.15) in higher skilled white‐collar, 1.82 (1.47–2.26) in lower‐skilled white‐collar, 1.63 (1.32–2.01) in pink‐collar and 1.37 (1.13–1.66) in skilled blue‐collar workers in final logistic regression model.

Conclusions

MetS and its components vary by occupational category and gender in ways that may guide health interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:685–694, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Foremen's intervention to prevent falls and increase safety communication at residential construction sites
Authors: Kaskutas Vicki , Buckner‐Petty Skye , Dale Ann Marie , Gaal John , Evanoff Bradley A.
Published: June 2016

Background

This research aimed to improve residential construction foremen's communication skills and safety behaviors of their crewmembers when working at heights.

Methods

Eighty‐four residential construction foremen participated in the 8‐hr fall prevention and safety communication training. We compared pre‐ and post‐intervention surveys from foremen and their crewmembers to measure the effect of training.

Results

Foremen and crewmembers’ ratings showed improvements in fall prevention knowledge, behaviors, and safety communication and were sustained 6‐months post‐training, with emphasized areas demonstrating larger increases. Ratings were similar between foremen and crewmembers, suggesting that the foremen effectively taught their crew and assigned accurate ratings. Based upon associations between safety behaviors and reported falls observed in prior research, we would expect a 16.6% decrease in the one year cumulative incidence of self‐reported falls post‐intervention.

Conclusions

This intervention improved safety knowledge and behaviors of a large number of workers by training construction foremen in fall prevention and safety communication skills. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:823–831, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Work‐related deaths among youth: Understanding the contribution of US child labor violations
Authors: Rauscher Kimberly J. , Myers Douglas J. , Miller Mary E.
Published: June 2016

Background

Evidence shows that violations of the United States (US) child labor regulations are common. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the magnitude and nature of work‐related deaths among youth involving violations of US child labor regulations.

Methods

We analyzed Census of Fatal Occupational Injury data from 2001 to 2012 using descriptive statistics and Chi‐square tests.

Results

Between 2001 and 2012, 406 workers under age 18 were recorded in the CFOI as having suffered a fatal work‐related injury. Among these cases, 233 were covered by the US child labor regulations. Forty‐three percent of these cases involved at least one violation. The majority of cases that were not covered by the regulations involved decedents working on their family's farms (N = 139).

Conclusions

Violations of federal child labor regulations are a significant contributor to work‐related deaths among youth in the United States. Increased investment in enforcement is needed to prevent further young worker deaths involving child labor violations. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:959–968, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Bone remodeling is reduced in high stress regions of the cercopithecoid mandible
Authors: Lad Susan E. , Daegling David J. , McGraw W. Scott
Published: June 2016

Objectives

Independent lines of evidence suggest that osteonal bone remodeling is a function of both mechanical (i.e., changes in stress) and non‐mechanical (i.e., metabolic needs related to calcium liberation) factors. The degree to which secondary bone reflects mechanical factors, however, is incompletely understood despite the common assumption that the stress environment mediates remodeling activity. Here, we investigate whether there are remodeling differences between regions of primate mandibular bone known to have distinct stress environments.

Methods

Osteon density, osteon fragment density, and relative osteonal area are measured as indicators of remodeling activity from postcanine and symphyseal thin sections of four sympatric monkey species (N = 20 total) from Taï Forest, Côte dʼIvoire:Piliocolobus badius,Colobus polykomos,Cercocebus atys,Cercopithecus diana. Subfamily and regional effects were assessed by two‐way ANOVA.

Results

Symphyseal bone has lower osteonal density, fragment density and relative osteonal area than postcanine bone in all species, indicating relatively low remodeling activity in symphyseal bone, despite the likelihood of relatively high stresses in its lingual cortex. Subfamily differences in postcanine remodeling are significant in that colobines exhibit greater remodeling than cercopithecines.

Discussion

The data suggest that high strains are not requisite for bone remodeling. How the lingual symphysis negotiates a high strain environment without the reparative benefit of remodeling is yet to be elucidated, but the data prompt reevaluation of the relationship of targeted remodeling to stress histories. Differences in osteonal bone density between taxa might reflect feeding or dietary influences on remodeling activity, but sample composition prevents parsing behavioral from other taxon‐specific effects.
Electromagnetic characterization of bianisotropic metasurfaces on refractive substrates: General theoretical framework
Authors: Albooyeh M. , Tretyakov Sergei , Simovski Constantin
Published: June 2016

We present a general methodology for electromagnetic homogenization and characterization of bianisotropic metasurfaces formed by regular or random arrangements of small arbitrary inclusions at interfaces of two different isotropic media. The approach unites and generalizes the earlier theories developed independently by two joint research groups: that of profs. Holloway and Kuester and that of profs. Simovski and Tretyakov. We analyze the features of both formalisms and discuss their peculiarities in several example cases. Our theory can be used in the analysis and synthesis of a wide spectrum of metasurfaces.

image
Metabolic Labeling and Imaging of N‐Linked Glycans in Arabidopsis Thaliana
Authors: Zhu Yuntao , Wu Jie , Chen Xing
Published: June 2016

Molecular imaging of glycans has been actively pursued in animal systems for the past decades. However, visualization of plant glycans remains underdeveloped, despite that glycosylation is essential for the life cycle of plants. Metabolic glycan labeling in Arabidopsis thaliana by using N‐azidoacetylglucosamine (GlcNAz) as the chemical reporter is reported. GlcNAz is metabolized through the salvage pathway of N‐acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) and incorporated into N‐linked glycans, and possibly intracellular O‐GlcNAc. Click‐labeling with fluorescent probes enables visualization of newly synthesized N‐linked glycans. N‐glycosylation in the root tissue was discovered to possess distinct distribution patterns in different developmental zones, suggesting that N‐glycosylation is regulated in a developmental stage‐dependent manner. This work shows the utility of metabolic glycan labeling in elucidating the function of N‐linked glycosylation in plants.
Construction of Chiral Tri‐ and Tetra‐Arylmethanes Bearing Quaternary Carbon Centers: Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Propargylation of Indoles with Propargylic Esters
Authors: Tsuchida Kouhei , Senda Yasushi , Nakajima Kazunari , Nishibayashi Yoshiaki
Published: June 2016

Copper‐catalyzed enantioselective propargylation of indoles with propargylic esters and sequential Huisgen cycloaddition with azides lead to the construction of chiral triarylmethanes, bearing a quaternary carbon center, with high to excellent enantioselectivities. The result described herein can be used in the enantioselective preparation of a tetraarylmethane.
Monomeric Chini‐Type Triplatinum Clusters Featuring Dianionic and Radical‐Anionic π*‐Systems
Authors: Barnett Brandon R. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Figueroa Joshua S.
Published: June 2016

Owing to their unique topologies and abilities to self‐assemble into a variety of extended and aggregated structures, the binary platinum carbonyl clusters [Pt3(CO)6]n2− (“Chini clusters”) continue to draw significant interest. Herein, we report the isolation and structural characterization of the trinuclear electron‐transfer series [Pt3(μ‐CO)3(CNArDipp2)3]n− (n=0, 1, 2), which represents a unique set of monomeric Pt3 clusters supported by π‐acidic ligands. Spectroscopic, computational, and synthetic investigations demonstrate that the highest‐occupied molecular orbitals of the mono‐ and dianionic clusters consist of a combined π*‐framework of the CO and CNArDipp2 ligands, with negligible Pt character. Accordingly, this study provides precedent for an ensemble of carbonyl and isocyanide ligands to function in a redox non‐innocent manner.
Tuning the Reactivity of Ultrathin Oxides: NO Adsorption on Monolayer FeO(111)
Authors: Merte Lindsay R. , Heard Christopher J. , Zhang Feng , Choi Juhee , Shipilin Mikhail , Gustafson Johan , Weaver Jason F. , Grönbeck Henrik , Lundgren Edvin
Published: June 2016

Ultrathin metal oxides exhibit unique chemical properties and show promise for applications in heterogeneous catalysis. Monolayer FeO films supported on metal surfaces show large differences in reactivity depending on the metal substrate, potentially enabling tuning of the catalytic properties of these materials. Nitric oxide (NO) adsorption is facile on silver‐supported FeO, whereas a similar film grown on platinum is inert to NO under similar conditions. Ab initio calculations link this substrate‐dependent behavior to steric hindrance caused by substrate‐induced rumpling of the FeO surface, which is stronger for the platinum‐supported film. Calculations show that the size of the activation barrier to adsorption caused by the rumpling is dictated by the strength of the metal–oxide interaction, offering a straightforward method for tailoring the adsorption properties of ultrathin films.
Phase Transition of a Structure II Cubic Clathrate Hydrate to a Tetragonal Form
Authors: Takeya Satoshi , Fujihisa Hiroshi , Yamawaki Hiroshi , Gotoh Yoshito , Ohmura Ryo , Alavi Saman , Ripmeester John A.
Published: June 2016

The crystal structure and phase transition of cubic structure II (sII) binary clathrate hydrates of methane (CH4) and propanol are reported from powder X‐ray diffraction measurements. The deformation of host water cages at the cubic–tetragonal phase transition of 2‐propanol+CH4 hydrate, but not 1‐propanol+CH4 hydrate, was observed below about 110 K. It is shown that the deformation of the host water cages of 2‐propanol+CH4 hydrate can be explained by the restriction of the motion of 2‐propanol within the 51264 host water cages. This result provides a low‐temperature structure due to a temperature‐induced symmetry‐lowering transition of clathrate hydrate. This is the first example of a cubic structure of the common clathrate hydrate families at a fixed composition.
Kinetics of the Antibody Recognition Site in the Third IgG‐Binding Domain of Protein G
Authors: Pratihar Supriya , Sabo T. Michael , Ban David , Fenwick R. Bryn , Becker Stefan , Salvatella Xavier , Griesinger Christian , Lee Donghan
Published: June 2016

Protein dynamics occurring on a wide range of timescales play a crucial role in governing protein function. Particularly, motions between the globular rotational correlation time (
) and 40 μs (supra‐
window), strongly influence molecular recognition. This supra‐
window was previously hidden, owing to a lack of experimental methods. Recently, we have developed a high‐power relaxation dispersion (RD) experiment for measuring kinetics as fast as 4 μs. For the first time, this method, performed under super‐cooled conditions, enabled us to detect a global motion in the first β‐turn of the third IgG‐binding domain of protein G (GB3), which was extrapolated to 371±115 ns at 310 K. Furthermore, the same residues show the plasticity in the model‐free residual dipolar coupling (RDC) order parameters and in an ensemble encoding the supra‐
dynamics. This β‐turn is involved in antibody binding, exhibiting the potential link of the observed supra‐
motion with molecular recognition.
Spatially Separated Photosystem II and a Silicon Photoelectrochemical Cell for Overall Water Splitting: A Natural–Artificial Photosynthetic Hybrid
Authors: Wang Wangyin , Wang Hong , Zhu Qingjun , Qin Wei , Han Guangye , Shen Jian‐Ren , Zong Xu , Li Can
Published: June 2016

Integrating natural and artificial photosynthetic platforms is an important approach to developing solar‐driven hybrid systems with exceptional function over the individual components. A natural–artificial photosynthetic hybrid platform is formed by wiring photosystem II (PSII) and a platinum‐decorated silicon photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell in a tandem manner based on a photocatalytic‐PEC Z‐scheme design. Although the individual components cannot achieve overall water splitting, the hybrid platform demonstrated the capability of unassisted solar‐driven overall water splitting. Moreover, H2 and O2 evolution can be separated in this system, which is ascribed to the functionality afforded by the unconventional Z‐scheme design. Furthermore, the tandem configuration and the spatial separation between PSII and artificial components provide more opportunities to develop efficient natural–artificial hybrid photosynthesis systems.
Flexible Zirconium Metal‐Organic Frameworks as Bioinspired Switchable Catalysts
Authors: Yuan Shuai , Zou Lanfang , Li Haixia , Chen Ying‐Pin , Qin Junsheng , Zhang Qiang , Lu Weigang , Hall Michael B. , Zhou Hong‐Cai
Published: June 2016

Flexible metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are highly desirable in host–guest chemistry owing to their almost unlimited structural/functional diversities and stimuli‐responsive pore architectures. Herein, we designed a flexible Zr‐MOF system, namely PCN‐700 series, for the realization of switchable catalysis in cycloaddition reactions of CO2 with epoxides. Their breathing behaviors were studied by successive single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analyses. The breathing amplitudes of the PCN‐700 series were modulated through pre‐functionalization of organic linkers and post‐synthetic linker installation. Experiments and molecular simulations confirm that the catalytic activities of the PCN‐700 series can be switched on and off upon reversible structural transformation, which is reminiscent of sophisticated biological systems such as allosteric enzymes.
Temperature dependent dielectric properties of self‐standing and flexible poly(vinylidene fluoride) films infused with Er3+ doped GeO2 and SiO2 nanoparticles
Authors: Kar Epsita , Bose Navonil , Das Sukhen , Mukherjee Nillohit , Mukherjee Sampad
Published: June 2016

The synthesis of Er3+@GeO2 and Er3+@SiO2 nanoparticle impregnated self‐standing poly(vinylidene fluoride) films by a facile solution casting technique has been reported. The prepared films were thoroughly characterized using X‐ray diffraction technique, field emission scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The optical properties were evaluated using UV–Vis spectroscopy. Detailed study on the temperature dependent dielectric properties of the composite films with different Er3+ content were also investigated to establish the electrical properties of the same, which revealed the presence of different relaxation processes, namely,
and ρ. Due to the smaller size, Er3+@SiO2 was found to disperse better in the PVDF matrix than Er3+@GeO2, which resulted in higher dielectric constant of the former at 300 K. At higher temperature (403 K), the behavior was reversed due to the formation of larger sized low mobility complexes. An investigation on ac conductivity proved the conduction mechanism for neat as well as composite PVDF films to follow the Correlated Barrier Hopping model. The loading of Er3+@GeO2 and Er3+@SiO2 nanoparticles in the PVDF matrix significantly enhances the dielectric properties without losing the flexibility of the composite films. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44016.
Protected areas and freshwater provisioning: a global assessment of freshwater provision, threats and management strategies to support human water security
Authors: Harrison Ian J. , Green Pamela A. , Farrell Tracy A. , Juffe‐Bignoli Diego , Sáenz Leonardo , Vörösmarty Charles J.
Published: June 2016

Protected areas, although often terrestrially focused and less frequently designed to protect freshwater resources, can be extremely important for conserving freshwater biodiversity and supporting human water security necessary for people to survive and thrive.

This study measured the quantity of water that is being provided by protected areas to areas downstream, and how threatened protected areas are in terms of their water provision.

Building on a Freshwater Provision Index, the numbers of people who live downstream from these protected areas around the world were then assessed. The same process was applied to areas where there are no protected areas.

Protected areas deliver 20% of the global total of approximately 40 000 km3 year−1 of continental runoff. More than one‐quarter of water provisions supplied by the world's protected areas are exposed to low levels of threat and less than 10% are exposed to high levels of threat; this is compared with higher levels of threat for provisions from non‐protected areas, where nearly one quarter of the provisions are exposed to high threat and only 10% are exposed to low threat.

Nearly two‐thirds of the global population is living downstream of the world's protected areas as potential users of freshwater provisions supplied by these areas. Despite the overall large volume of low‐threat water supplied by protected areas, globally 80% of the downstream human community users receive water from upstream protected areas under high threat, and no continent has less than 59% of its downstream users receiving water from upstream protected areas under high threat.

Globally, increased attention to reduce the threats to fresh water in areas under protection, as well as designation and management of additional areas, are needed to safeguard freshwater flows, and support biodiversity conservation and the provision of freshwater ecosystem services.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Natural solutions for water management of the future: freshwater protected areas at the 6th World Parks Congress
Authors: Dudley Nigel , Harrison Ian J. , Kettunen Marianne , Madgwick Jane , Mauerhofer Volker
Published: June 2016

Freshwater biodiversity continues to decline. Protected areas are recognized as critical tools in its conservation.

Concurrently, despite global efforts to ensure water supplies, billions of people remain without access to pure water. Conversely, flooding kills tens of thousands of people each year.

While designated primarily for nature conservation, protected areas supply a range of other ecosystem services to human society. The natural infrastructure they protect should be seen as a key component of water security and improved conservation of ecosystems, and recognized and invested in as a critical tool for water provision and regulation in the landscape.

At the 2014 World Parks Congress delegates identified actions needed to maximize the potential of protected areas to contribute to water services:

Knowledge and capacity building: strengthening technical expertise and capacity building with respect to the role of protected areas in water security.

Valuation: to drive positive change in protected area management.

Policy frameworks: covering legal, institutional, economic and social factors that produce a good synergy between protected area management and water security.

Pricing policy: integrating all the information from valuation of the role of protected areas in terms of water supply, regulation and quality.

Water security: considering natural infrastructure as a key investment in addressing water related risks and a legitimate component of water security strategies.

Partnerships: strengthening these across sectors with a wider group of stakeholders to promote the conservation and management of freshwater ecosystems in protected areas.

Learning lessons from successful water management: by identifying knowledge requirements for legal, institutional, economic and social factors that synergize protected area management and water security management.

None of these steps is technically impossible. Providing the right mixture of policies, legislation, economic and social approaches remains the main challenge for their achievement.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Analysis of Morphometric Qualities of Bulbus Oculi in Cataract Patients: A Comparative Biometric Study
Authors: Atesoglu Sibel , Senol Deniz , Balsak Selahattin , Alakus Mehmet Fuat , Ozbag Davut , Dag Umut
Published: June 2016

Cataract is considered to be the primary reason for curable blindness that is caused by progressive loss of lens transparency and affects millions of people around the world. This study aims to analyze the changes in morphometric qualities of bulbus oculi (BO) as well as its morphometric measurements such as anterior chamber depth (ACD), lens thickness (LT), vitreous length (VL), axial length (AL), etc. depending on age and gender in cataract patients through comparison with healthy eyes. 200 eyes with cataract were separately analyzed in five different categories of ages for males and females at the ages of 40–89. Biometric measurements of a total of 128 eyes (64 males and 64 females) were used as the control group. The study revealed a strong negative relation between age and ACD and a strong positive relation between age and LT in males and females for healthy eyes and eyes with cataract (P < 0.05). No significant relation was found for VL and AL in either gender (P > 0.05). A significant decrease was observed in ACD with aging while a positive correlation with age was detected in LT. We believe that the data obtained from this study will serve as a guide for BO interventions, diagnose and treatment stages and training of physician assistants. Anat Rec, 299:1308–1312, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Derivatizing Tribenzothiophene‐Fused Hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes with Tunable Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Liu Yi , Marszalek Tomasz , Müllen Klaus , Pisula Wojciech , Feng Xinliang
Published: June 2016

A series of trisbenzothieno[1,2:7,8:13,14]hexa‐peri‐hexabenzocoronenes were synthesized and characterized by a combination of NMR, 2D NMR, MALDI‐TOF MS, UV/Vis absorption spectroscopy, and 2D‐WAXS measurement. By structural modulation like decoration of electro‐donating alkoxyl chain, and conversion from an electron‐rich thiophene ring into an electron‐poor thiophene‐S,S‐dioxide moiety, the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) levels of the hexabenzocoronenes derivatives can be effectively tuned which is further verified by the DFT calculations and cyclic voltammetry.
Sunspot numbers based on historic records in the 1610s: Early telescopic observations by Simon Marius and others
Authors: Neuhäuser R. , Neuhäuser D. L.
Published: June 2016

Hoyt & Schatten (1998) claim that Simon Marius would have observed the sun from 1617 Jun 7 to 1618 Dec 31 (Gregorian calendar) all days, except three short gaps in 1618, but would never have detected a sunspot – based on a quotation from Marius in Wolf (1857), but mis‐interpreted by Hoyt & Schatten. Marius himself specified in early 1619 that for one and a half year... rather few or more often no spots could be detected... which was never observed before (Marius 1619). The generic statement by Marius can be interpreted such that the active day fraction was below 0.5 (but not zero) from fall 1617 to spring 1619 and that it was 1 before fall 1617 (since August 1611). Hoyt & Schatten cite Zinner (1952), who referred to Zinner (1942), where observing dates by Marius since 1611 are given but which were not used by Hoyt & Schatten. We present all relevant texts from Marius where he clearly stated that he observed many spots in different form on and since 1611 Aug 3 (Julian) = Aug 13 (Greg.) (on the first day together with Ahasverus Schmidnerus); 14 spots on 1612 May 30 (Julian) = Jun 9 (Greg.), which is consistent with drawings by Galilei and Jungius for that day, the latter is shown here for the first time; at least one spot on 1611 Oct 3 and/or 11 (Julian), i.e. Oct 13 and/or 21 (Greg.), when he changed his sunspot observing technique; he also mentioned that he has drawn sunspots for 1611 Nov 17 (Julian) = Nov 27 (Greg.); in addition to those clearly datable detections, there is evidence in the texts for regular observations. For all the information that can be compared to other observers, the data from Marius could be confirmed, so that his texts are highly credible. We also correct several shortcomings or apparent errors in the database by Hoyt & Schatten (1998) regarding 1612 (Harriot), 1615 (Saxonius, Tard´e), 1616 (Tard´e), 1617–1619 (Marius, Riccioli/Argoli), and Malapert (for 1618, 1620, and 1621). Furthermore, Schmidnerus, Cysat, David & Johann Fabricius, Tanner, Perovius, Argoli, and Wely are not mentioned as observers for 1611, 1612, 1618, 1620, and 1621 in Hoyt & Schatten. Marius and Schmidnerus are among the earliest datable telescopic sunspot observers (1611 Aug 3, Julian), namely after Harriot, the two Fabricius (father and son), Scheiner, and Cysat. Sunspots records by Malapert from 1618 to 1621 show that the last low‐latitude spot was seen in Dec 1620, while the first high‐latitude spots were noticed in June and Oct 1620, so that the Schwabe cycle turnover (minimum) took place around that time, which is also consistent with the sunspot trend mentioned by Marius and with naked‐eye spots and likely true aurorae. We consider discrepancies in the Hoyt & Schatten (1998) systematics, we compile the active day fractions for the 1610s, and we critically discuss very recent publications on Marius which include the following Maunder Minimum. Our work should be seen as a call to go back to the historical sources. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Chemical spots and oscillatory diffusion modes in magnetic stars
Authors: Urpin V.
Published: June 2016

The stars of the middle main sequence often have spot‐like chemical structures at their surfaces. We consider diffusion caused by electric currents and argue that such current‐driven diffusion can form chemical inhomogeneities in a plasma. The considered mechanism can contribute to a formation of element spots in Hg‐Mn and Ap‐stars. Due to the Hall effect, diffusion in the presence of electric currents can be accompanied by the propagation of a particular type of magnetohydrodynamic modes in which only the impurity number density oscillates. Such modes exist if the magnetic pressure is much greater than the gas pressure and can be the reason for variations of the abundance peculiarities in stars. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Cyclic variations of the period and luminosity of SV Camelopardalis
Authors: Manzoori D.
Published: June 2016

New standardized V ‐band light curves (LCs) for the eclipsing binary SV Cam have been modeled using the PHOEBE program (v. 0.31a). Absolute parameters of the stellar components were then determined, enabling them to be positioned on the mass‐radius diagram. Analysis of eclipse minima timing data (O – C diagrams) indicated two cyclic periods of 48.0 and 23.3 yr. These cyclic variations of the orbital period are interpreted in terms of motion of a third body around the system and magnetic activity cycle modulating the orbital period of SV Cam via the Applegate (1992) mechanism. The use of the Applegate model for SV Cam has been checked by examining the long term brightness variation and calculating some important parameters of this system. The results of these calculations favor the modulation of the orbital period by the Applegate mechanism. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A novel 2q14.1q14.3 deletion involving GLI2 and RNU4ATAC genes associated with partial corpus callosum agenesis and severe intrauterine growth retardation
Authors: Goumy Carole , Gay‐Bellile Mathilde , Salaun Gaelle , Kemeny Stephan , Eymard‐Pierre Eleonore , Biard Marie , Pebrel‐Richard Celine , Vanlieferinghen Philippe , Francannet Christine , Tchirkov Andrei , Laurichesse Helene , Rouzade Charles , Gouas Laetitia , Vago Philippe
Published: June 2016

Background

Microdeletions encompassing chromosome bands 2q14.1q14.3 are rare. To date, eight reports of relatively large deletions of this region (∼20 Mb) but only two small deletions (<6 Mb) have been reported. These deletions can cause a variable phenotype depending on the size and location of the deletion. Cognitive disability, facial dysmorphism, and postnatal growth retardation are the most common phenotypic features.

Case

We report on a novel 5.8 Mb deletion of 2q14.1q14.3 identified by array comparative genomic hybridization in a fetus with severe intrauterine growth retardation and partial agenesis of the corpus callosum. The deletion contained 24 coding genes including STEAP3, GLI2, and RNU4ATAC and was inherited from the mild affected mother. A sibling developmental delay and similar dysmorphic facial features was found to have inherited the same deletion.

Conclusion

This case emphasizes the variable expressivity of the 2q14 microdeletion and reinforces the hypothesis that agenesis of corpus callosum, microcephaly, developmental delay, and distinctive craniofacial features may be part of the phenotypic spectrum characterizing the affected patients. We suggest that GLI2 is a dosage‐sensitive gene that may be responsible for the agenesis of corpus callosum observed in the proband. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:793–797, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prenatal exposure: The effects of prenatal cocaine and methamphetamine exposure on the developing child
Authors: Smith Lynne M. , Santos Lucinda S.
Published: June 2016

Prenatal substance use remains a significant issue in the United States. Initial reports regarding prenatal cocaine and methamphetamine exposure suggested profound adverse effects on child development. However, subsequent prospective, longitudinal investigations have found more subtle effects. What follows is a brief review of the health, growth, behavioral, and intellectual outcomes for children exposed to prenatal cocaine and prenatal methamphetamine. Factors that may mitigate or intensify subtle adverse effects manifested in exposed children will also be discussed. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:142–146, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cocaine‐induced neurodevelopmental deficits and underlying mechanisms
Authors: Martin Melissa M. , Graham Devon L. , McCarthy Deirdre M. , Bhide Pradeep G. , Stanwood Gregg D.
Published: June 2016

Exposure to drugs early in life has complex and long‐lasting implications for brain structure and function. This review summarizes work to date on the immediate and long‐term effects of prenatal exposure to cocaine. In utero cocaine exposure produces disruptions in brain monoamines, particularly dopamine, during sensitive periods of brain development, and leads to permanent changes in specific brain circuits, molecules, and behavior. Here, we integrate clinical studies and significance with mechanistic preclinical studies, to define our current knowledge base and identify gaps for future investigation. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:147–173, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fetal oxidative stress mechanisms of neurodevelopmental deficits and exacerbation by ethanol and methamphetamine
Authors: Wells Peter G. , Bhatia Shama , Drake Danielle M. , Miller‐Pinsler Lutfiya
Published: June 2016

In utero exposure of mouse progeny to alcohol (ethanol, EtOH) and methamphetamine (METH) causes substantial postnatal neurodevelopmental deficits. One emerging pathogenic mechanism underlying these deficits involves fetal brain production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) that alter signal transduction, and/or oxidatively damage cellular macromolecules like lipids, proteins, and DNA, the latter leading to altered gene expression, likely via non‐mutagenic mechanisms. Even physiological levels of fetal ROS production can be pathogenic in biochemically predisposed progeny, and ROS formation can be enhanced by drugs like EtOH and METH, via activation/induction of ROS‐producing NADPH oxidases (NOX), drug bioactivation to free radical intermediates by prostaglandin H synthases (PHS), and other mechanisms. Antioxidative enzymes, like catalase in the fetal brain, while low, provide critical protection. Oxidatively damaged DNA is normally rapidly repaired, and fetal deficiencies in several DNA repair proteins, including oxoguanine glycosylase 1 (OGG1) and breast cancer protein 1 (BRCA1), enhance the risk of drug‐initiated postnatal neurodevelopmental deficits, and in some cases deficits in untreated progeny, the latter of which may be relevant to conditions like autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Risk is further regulated by fetal nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2), a ROS‐sensing protein that upregulates an array of proteins, including antioxidative enzymes and DNA repair proteins. Imbalances between conceptal pathways for ROS formation, versus those for ROS detoxification and DNA repair, are important determinants of risk. Birth Defects Research (Part C) 108:108–130, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Large‐scale expansion of human skin‐derived precursor cells (hSKPs) in stirred suspension bioreactors
Authors: Surrao Denver C. , Boon Kathryn , Borys Breanna , Sinha Sarthak , Kumar Ranjan , Biernaskie Jeff , Kallos Michael S.
Published: June 2016

Human skin‐derived precursor cells (hSKPs) are multipotent adult stem cells found in the dermis of human skin. Incorporation of hSKPs into split‐thickness skin grafts (STSGs), the current gold standard to treat severe burns or tissue resections, has been proposed as a treatment option to enhance skin wound healing and tissue function. For this approach to be clinically viable substantial quantities of hSKPs are required, which is the rate‐limiting step, as only a few thousand hSKPs can be isolated from an autologous skin biopsy without causing donor site morbidity. In order to produce sufficient quantities of clinically viable cells, we have developed a bioprocess capable of expanding hSKPs as aggregates in stirred suspension bioreactors (SSBs). In this study, we found hSKPs from adult donors to expand significantly more (P < 0.05) at 60 rpm in SSBs than in static cultures. Furthermore, the utility of the SSBs, at 60 rpm is demonstrated by serial passaging of hSKPs from a small starting population, which can be isolated from an autologous skin biopsy without causing donor site morbidity. At 60 rpm, aggregates were markedly smaller and did not experience oxygen diffusional limitations, as seen in hSKPs cultured at 40 rpm. While hSKPs also grew at 80 rpm (0.74 Pa) and 100 rpm (1 Pa), they produced smaller aggregates due to high shear stress. The pH of the media in all the SSBs was closer to biological conditions and significantly different (P < 0.05) from static cultures, which recorded acidic pH conditions. The nutrient concentrations of the media in all the SSBs and static cultures did not drop below acceptable limits. Furthermore, there was no significant build‐up of waste products to limit hSKP expansion in the SSBs. In addition, hSKP markers were maintained in the 60 rpm SSB as demonstrated by immunocytochemistry. This method of growing hSKPs in a batch culture at 60 rpm in a SSB represents an important first step in developing an automated bioprocess to produce substantial numbers of clinically viable hSKPs aimed at regenerating the dermis to improve healing of severe skin wounds. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2725–2738. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The anterior versus posterior hippocampal oscillations debate in human spatial navigation: evidence from an electrocorticographic case study
Authors: Duarte Isabel C. , Castelhano João , Sales Francisco , Castelo‐Branco Miguel
Published: June 2016

Introduction

Hippocampal oscillations have been regularly described as playing a dominant role in spatial memory and navigation in rodents. In humans, the relative role of anterior versus posterior rhythms during navigational memory is not established.

Methods

Here, we tested this hypothesis using direct brain ECoG recordings in the anterior and posterior hippocampus of a patient, in a navigational task requiring spatial memory. We assessed multiple oscillatory bands during encoding and retrieval phases.

Results

We found navigation related 1–3.5 Hz activity during retrieval, both in the anterior and posterior hippocampus. Activity between 4 and 8 Hz was identified during both encoding and retrieval, only in the anterior hippocampus.

Conclusions

Our findings are consistent with the view that an anterior/posterior functional gradient is present in the hippocampus, and involves two distinct neuronal networks, supporting either encoding or retrieval processes. Although this is a single case scenario, these findings suggest that neural oscillations during spatial navigation do vary across hippocampal subregions, as a function of encoding versus retrieval processes during the mnemonic process. In this single case study, the results point to the presence of a dual involvement of multiple frequency bands across hippocampal subregions during encoding and retrieval. Although these results need generalization, they provide a new perspective on distinct physiological properties of the anterior and posterior hippocampus in human spatial navigation during encoding and retrieval.