bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The cover letter as a genre of speech in teaching Polish as a foreign language
Authors: Dunin-Dudkowska Anna
Published: December 2019

Genres are products of cultures, reflecting the needs and practices of communities that have created them. Teaching the Polish language to foreigners, we should make them familiar with numerous Polish genres of speech, recommended in programmes of teaching Polish as a foreign language. The cover letter is a relatively new genre in the Polish continuum of speech, adopted from the Anglo-Saxon culture after the transition in 1989. It is a complex genre, deriving from others, such as the official letter, application, advertisement letter, and CV. The article presents a description of the genre, according to the genre pattern by Maria Wojtak, including four aspects: structural, pragmatic, ontological and linguistic. The dynamics of the genre resulted in the creation of a canon model, alternative variants and adaptive variants of this type of letter. The definition of the cover letter in terms of genre studies states that it is a short text (maximum one page) with a strictly defined structure, aiming at making the recipient (potential employer) hire the sender, it shows the sphere of life related to the world of labour and education, and is usually expressed in a schematic and clichéd manner (usage patterns are often copies of normative patterns). Foreigners should learn all four aspects of description of this genre of speech for effective communication in the environment of the Polish language and culture.
Specification of selected honorifics in relation to the general Polish standard in the written Polish as a heritage language in Ukraine (using the material of the Polish-language Gazeta Polska Bukowiny periodical)
Authors: Krawczuk Ałła
Published: December 2019

In this article, the author analyses honorifics in relation to the codified general Polish norm in terms of the modes of addressing people, congratulating and well-wishing, as well as the use of the words “pan/pani” (sir/ma’am) in front of anthroponyms in non-addressable structures of information texts, on the basis of the texts of the Gazeta Polska Bukowiny periodical which represent the written version of Polish as a heritage language in Ukraine. The author reveals the reasons for the persistence of those forms among the small linguistic community: instances of interference from East Slavic languages; influence of the general Polish usage; the traditions of specific structures in those areas; as well as a series of extra-linguistic factors, e.g. the intention to express respect towards a recipient, warming relations with them, the efficiency of linguistic expressions, and, finally, the acceptability of specific etiquette units within a community.
Frazy przyimkowe i ich opis leksykograficzny w słownikach niemieckich i niemiecko-polskich – spojrzenie glottodydaktyczne
Authors: Burkhardt Hanna , Jurasz Alina
Published: December 2019

Przedmiotem analizy są temporalne frazy przyimkowe, tj. typowe, najczęściej binarne połączenia wyrazowe o statusie kolokacji, składające się z przyimka i rzeczownika, np. auf Dauer, auf die Dauer, bei längerer Dauer. Ustalona łączliwość tych połączeń kolokacyjnych, uwarunkowanych gramatycznie i funkcjonalnie, stanowi w procesie dydaktycznym dla nienatywnych użytkowników języka niemieckiego jeden z największych problemów językowych. W referacie przedstawione zostaną wyniki analiz zarówno słowników ogólnych i dwujęzycznych w odniesieniu do wybranych syntagm przyimkowych, jak i autentycznych tekstów w Narodowym Korpusie Języka Czeskiego oraz wyniki ankiety. Ponadto przedstawiony zostanie wzorcowy artykuł słownikowy dla fraz przyimkowych w powstającym niemiecko-polskim słowniku kolokacji oraz omówiony problem ekwiwalencji analizowanych fraz.
"Somos Racistas?" Enfrentando o racismo institucional no Ministério Público de São Paulo
Authors: Nudel Radomysler Clio
Published: December 2019

O objetivo deste trabalho foi refletir sobre o papel das instituições do sistema de justiça no enfrentamento ao racismo. Foi realizada uma etnografia do Grupo de Trabalho da Igualdade Racial Professor Joel Rufino dos Santos do Ministério Público de São Paulo, grupo criado especificamente para tratar do assunto no âmbito do MP-SP, entre setembro de 2014 e março de 2016.

O GT-Igualdade Racial priorizou capacitar seus integrantes para identificar a reprodução do racismo no funcionamento cotidiano da própria instituição. O Grupo também buscou sensibilizar seus participantes a perceberem seu papel individual na manutenção do racismo.

Além de estratégias de capacitação, a partir dessa pesquisa foi possível elencar importantes medidas de combate ao racismo nas instituições do sistema de justiça: a implementação de cotas raciais; a coleta, a análise e divulgação de dados sobre casos relacionados à população negra; e o estabelecimento de diretrizes institucionais e órgãos especializados no tema.

Este trabalho também identificou inúmeras dificuldades enfrentadas pelo Grupo, como a grande rejeição dos promotores e procuradores às cotas raciais, a estrutura institucional hierárquica, a ausência de canais de diálogo com movimentos sociais, a excessiva valorização da independência funcional, e as contradições decorrentes do desenho institucional do MP, com atribuições ao mesmo tempo de acusação penal e promoção de direitos.

Apesar dos avanços conseguidos pela atuação do GT-IR, ainda resta um longo caminho a ser percorrido para combater as diversas manifestações do racismo dentro do sistema de justiça.
Violência de gênero e a autonomia reprodutiva da mulher na CF/1988: o caso da esterilização judicial compulsória de Janaína sob a análise do discurso crítico
Authors: Fróes Couto Pablo Florentino
Published: December 2019

O presente artigo, recorte de dissertação de mestrado, apresenta um estudo de caso. Trata-se de uma mulher extremamente pobre que, mesmo contra sua vontade, acabou sendo submetida à esterilização a pedido do Ministério Público e determinada por órgão judiciário de primeira instância. Diante disso, a presente pesquisa empírica do direito buscou realizar uma análise discursiva crítica, cujo intento foi dar nitidez ao que estava implícito nos gêneros textuais jurídicos. Com efeito, por meio do estudo dos discursos presentes nas peças processuais, revelou-se quais valores que articularam a prática social na situação em apreço. Dessa maneira, o trabalho analisou o modo como o patriarcado usou o Direito para se praticar a esterilização eugênica. A referida prática em questão acabou causando graves prejuízos aos direitos da vítima. O dano mais notável foi em face de sua autonomia corporal, ou seja, o direito de decidir sobre o próprio corpo, bem como se desconsiderou de maneira nítida a cidadã Janaína enquanto sujeita de direitos, o que feriu frontalmente a dignidade da pessoa humana, princípio de maior estatura da Constituição de 1988. Considerando que a esterilização sem consentimento de pessoas do sexo feminino não é um fenômeno isolado, os movimentos das mulheres juntamente com o despertar da consciência realizada pela ciência crítica entram como meios idôneos para as futuras mudanças sociais.
Teoria dos Sistemas, regulação e direito ambiental: Entrevista com Bettina Lange
Authors: Empí­ricos em Direito Revista de Estudos
Published: December 2019

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Kehida-Fövenyes 8–9. századi népességének történeti embertani vizsgálata
Authors: KISS Krisztián , SZENICZEY Tamás , MARCSIK Antónia , SZVÁK Enikő , KARLINGER Kinga , MÉSZÁROS KIS Zsuzsanna , SZABÓ Lénárd , SKLÁNITZ Antal , BUCZKÓ Krisztina , SZŐKE Béla Miklós , HAJDU Tamás
Published: December 2019

In our work, 167 individuals from the Late Avar Period cemetery of Kehida-Fövenyes (8–9th century) were analysed. Altogether 65 children, 36 males and 50 females were examined, however in the case of 16 adults the sex determination was not possible. The newborn age group (0–1 year) is underrepresented in the cemetery. A biological imbalance can be observed between the ratio of males and females. According to the demographic data and pathological changes related to lifestyle and haematological aetiology, sex difference can be seen in the case of adult individuals. Females possessed a higher value of probability of death in almost every age group, and they also were more often affected by haematological disorders than males. The aforementioned phenomena can be related to the fact that women had to deal with physiological and pathophysiological stress originated from pregnancy and menstruation. During the taxonomical analysis, no individuals with clear Mongolid ancestry were identified. However, many skulls determined as Europid ancestry possesses Mongolid traits. The population is mostly characterized by dolichokran skull as Cromagnoid-A and Mediterranean were the most common types. Based on craniometric measurements it was possible to compare the population of Kehida-Fövenyes to other communities from this region what can shed a light of their biological relations. According to the biodistance calculations, males and females might share a different origin, since females showed a closer relation to the Early Avar Period population of the region. While males were rather connected to the Late Avar Period population of present-day Somogy county. During paleopathological investigations, a possible case of leprosy was identified based on the morphological alterations. In more cases paleoradiological investigations were also performed to provide a more reliable diagnosis.
Jalan Berliku Pemberantasan Korupsi
Authors: Rozuli Ahmad Imron , Habbodin Muhtar
Published: December 2019

Artikel ini mencoba menguraikan kembali betapa sulitnya pemberantasan korupsi dilakukan di Indonesia. Meskipun pemberantasan korupsi sudah lama disuarakan oleh berbagai pihak, namun kenyataannya terus berlangsung. Kerjasama antara PKK, Mahkamah Agung dan Kepolisian, serta didukung oleh pemerintahan belum mampu mengurangi perilaku korupsi. Sekalipun demikian, pemerintah dan KPK terus melakukan pembenahan dan langkah-langkah taktis-strategis dalam kerangka pemberantasan korupsi. Semangat dan komitmen politik dalam pemberatasan korupsi terus diupayakan KPK untuk menciptakan pemerintahan tanpa korupsi.
Potret Buram Politik Islam Indonesia
Authors: Zaki M.
Published: December 2019

Agama dan politik memiliki relasi yang sangatlah unik, dan menarik. Keduanya kadang bermula dari perseteruan dan bertepi dengan kemesraan. Artikel ini membahas tentang potret politik Islam di Indonesia. Temuan artikel menunjukkan bahwa Indonesia hanyalah sekelumit contoh faktaneka hostoris betapa agama t elah melakukan fungsi kritisnya sebagai medium kritik sosial sebuah masyarakat sekaligus sarana perubahan politik sebuah tatanan kekuasaan. Bukan hanya agama, politik juga sering melawan, mengintimidasi, dan menghancurkan agama. Diskriminasi ulama dan pemuka agama yang ghalib terjadi akhir-akhir ini di setiap jengkal tanah dalam buaian ibu pertiwi adalah faktaneka historis yang tak terbantahkan. Dengan kata lain, hubungan sekaligus nasib agama dan politik akan ditentukan oleh otoritas mana yang paling kuat dan dominan dari keduanya serta bagaimana karakter para elit politik dan elit agama yang kebetulan berkuasa. Jika politik menjadi ‚superordinat?, maka agama akan berpotensi menjadi ‚subordinat?. Begitu pula sebaliknya.
Pendidikan Pemilih dan Penguatan Demokrasi
Authors: Rozuli Ahmad Imron , Haboddin Muhtar
Published: December 2019

Tulisan ini berusaha menelaah tautan antara pendidik pemilih dengan politik kewarganegaran di satu sisi, sementara di sisi yang lain mengaitkan pendidikan pemilih dengan penguatan demokrasi. Cara pandang ini sangat berbedah dengan kajian pendidikan pemilih, yang menempatkan pemilu sebagai fokus sentralnya. Bagi penulis, pendidikan pemilih perlu diperluas maknanya dengan mengaitkan politik kewarganegaraan dan demokrasi. Pendidikan pemilih berkontribusi menciptakan warganegara yang cerdas, kritis, dan rasional dalam menggunakan hak politiknya. Pada saat yang sama, mandiri dan bebas dalam menyuarakan tuntutan, keinginan, dan kepentingan politiknya. Lebih jauh lagi, hasil dari pendidikan pemilih memungkinkan warganegara melakukan kontrol terhadap kinerja pemerintahan dalam menjalankan tugas dan fungsinya. Dengan kata lain, pendidikan pemilih akan menambah kapasitas warganegara bila berhadapan dengan pemerintahan.
POLITIK DIGITAL DI ERA REVOLUSI INDUSTRI 4.0 “MARKETING & KOMUNIKASI POLITIK”
Authors: Wahyudi Very
Published: December 2019

Keterbukaan media sosial memberikan peluang yang sangat besar bagi semua orang untuk mengakses informasi, terlebih di era revolusi industri 4.0 telah merambat ke media internet yang menyediakan semua akses informasi. Dengan pendekatan literatur tulisan ini membahas mengenai politik digital di era revolusi industri 4.0 “marketing & komunikasi politik”. Dimana penggunaan media sosial bukan lagi dimanfaatkan untuk kegiatan marketing barang dan jasa namun sudah mulai digunakan sebagai alat politik oleh paratai politik dan kandidat yang diusung partai politik. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa berpolitik melalui media sosial mulai menjadi wadah bagi para politisi untuk melakukan marketing politik, komunikasi politik dengan masyarakat pemilih. Oleh karena itu dengan keterbukaan informasi dan akses melalui media haruslah dapat dimanfaatkan dengan baik oleh partai politik dan politisi untuk memberikan informasi mengenai visi, misi dan program kerja bahkan prestasi-prestasi yang pernah dilakukan sehingga masyarakat pemilih dapat menentukan pilihan sesuai dengan harapannya.
Peranan Politik Hukum Investasi Dalam Pembangunan Ekonomi Indonesia
Authors: Sirait Aladin
Published: December 2019

Sudah merupakan kodratnya bahwa manusia tidak bisa hidup sendiri,harus hidup bersama dalam hal suatu masyarakat yang terorganisir untuk mencapai tujuan bersama. Agar tujuan tersebut tercapai sebagaimana mestinya, dan dalam usaha tidak selalu benetur kepentingan, maka diperlukan suatu Hukum yang dijadikan sebagai alat untuk mengatur segala aktifitas manusia baik yang bergerak maupun tidak bergerak dalam masyarakat, begitu dunia investasi Indonesia sangat maju tetapi masih kendala dalam aturan sehingga tidak mempunyai efek dalam pembangunan ekonomi bangsa indonesia, kita bisa lihat banyak investor yang berinvestasi di indonesia tetapi banyak kendala yang dihadapi hal ini dikarenakan aturan dalam mengatur tentang pentingnya investasi untuk memajukan perekonomi bukan hanya di bidang infrastruktur tetapi pembangunan sumber daya ekonomi rakyat indonesia yang benar-benar bisa dinikmati oleh rakyat indonesia. Maka itu Industri hukum harus dijadikan sebagai terbosan dalam hukum investasi untuk pembangunan ekonomi bangsa indonesia sehingga amanah undang-undang dasar 1945 pasal 33 bisa diberuntuhkan untuk kemakmuran rakyat.
Masifikasi Wacana Syariah Sebagai Identitas Ke-Islaman
Authors: Rahim Abdul
Published: December 2019

Tulisan ini mencoba menguraikan wacana syariah yang digaungkan oleh Dewan Syariah Nasional sebagai solusi ideal dalam produk/program yang sesuai dalam hukum Islam, akan tetapi pada praktiknya justru menjadi selubung dominasi yang diterima oleh masyarakat muslim sebagai sesuatu yang taken for granted. Wacana syariah sekedar menjadi identitas atas produk/program yang dilegitimasi oleh pemilik kuasa. Praktik wacana syariah yang menciptakan kapitalisme baru terjadi pada Bank syariah, BPJS syariah, dan Koperasi Syariah. Relasi kuasa dari Dewan Syariah Nasional yang menjejalkan wacana syariah sebagai konsep yang ideal, dibaliknya terdapat kepentingan kapitalis yang berjejaring dengan produk/program Non-syariah (konvensional). Melalui kuasa DSN sebagai pihak yang memiliki pengetahuan, masyarakat muslim sebagai sasaran mulai terhegemoni atas wacana syariah tersebut, sebab kultus kepada DSN yang merepresentasikan pihak intelektual dalam hukum Islam. Sementara praktik konsumtif dalam wacana syariah tersebut terlihat pada konsep wisata syariah, hotel syariah, dan hijab syar'i. Hijab syar'i yang menjadikan produk fashion menjadi booming, semakin mendukung eksistensi kapitalisme dalam memediasi kebutuhan ekspresif perempuan muslim akan identitas kesalihan, kecantikan dan ke-feminim-an. Hijab syar'i yang menjadi andalan kapitalisme dalam produk fashion yang menyasar masyarakat muslim, membentuk konsumerisme yang berlebihan dalam berhias (tabarruj) dari pada kesederhanaan yang diidealkan dalam syariat Islam. Praktik syariah yang ideal dan sesuai dengan hukum Islam dalam hal ekonomi bisa digaungkan kembali melalui maksimalnya tata kelola BaitulMal sebagai wadah akomodatif untuk ZakatMal, Infaq, wakaf dan lainnya. Sehingga syariah bukan lagi sekedar identitas dan praktik industri budaya islami, namun sesuai dengan hukum Islamyang semestinya.
Rasionalitas Partai Politik dalam Penentuan Calon Anggota Legislatif Lombok Tengah Tahun 2019
Authors: Ansori Zakaria , M.Si. Agus
Published: December 2019

Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi rasionalitas pimpinan partai politik dalam penentuan calon anggota DPRD, dengan membandingkan partai politik kovensional dan partai politik Islam.Untuk mendapatkan kedalaman informasi, penelitian mengambil studi kasus pemilihan DPRD Kabupaten Lombok Tengah tahun 2019.Eksplorasi fenomena dilakukan dengan mengunakan rational choce theory dari James S. Coleman (1994) dan teori modalitas dari Pierre Bourdieu (1930-2002). Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah kualitatif deskriptif dengan pendekatan grounded theory. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan rasionalitas pimpinan partai politik dalam penentuan calon legislator pada Pemilu anggota DPRD, yakni biaya politik (political cost), peluang keterpilihan figur (electoral figure), ketersediaan dana (economic capital) calon, basis massa (social capital) calon, dan kuota perempuan sebgai pelaksanaan aturan Pemilu. Rasionaltas parta politik tersebut dipengaruhi oleh sistem Pemilu proporsionalitas terbuka.
Uso do solo no alto curso do rio Lontra, Tocantins
Authors: Tavares Maciel Cynthia Karyne , Leite Olavo da Costa , Colares Daniel Santana , Da Silva Allan Deyvid Pereira , Cachoeira Jader Nunes , Silva Maria de Paula Soares da
Published: December 2019

O monitoramento dos recursos naturais tem sido discutido em projetos de integração e análise de dados de natureza diversa, sendo identificados diferentes usos e ocupações do solo. Neste sentido as técnicas de geoprocessamento têm ganhado destaque como ferramenta de análise do uso e ocupação do solo, potencializando o planejamento das atividades a serem desenvolvidas em bacias hidrográficas, considerando a aptidão dos recursos disponíveis e as adequações por meio de gerenciamento agroambiental. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar as características da rede de drenagem do alto curso do Rio Lontra, município de Araguaína (TO), mostrando os seus diferentes usos e ocupações do solo. Para o desenvolvimento dos mapas, foram utilizadas cartas imagens de satélite Landsat 8, sensor OLI, composição RGB das bandas 764, bem como ferramentas de geoprocessamento, manuseadas em plataformas do SIG e datum SIRGAS2000. Assim, foi constatado que a área de estudo possui uma rede de drenagem característica de cursos perenes, com perfil longitudinal e classificada como de 3ª ordem. Além disso, as APP’s dos corpos hídricos, até 2015, sofreram uma supressão de vegetação 8,7 ha e a atividade de uso do solo mais predominante na área é a silvicultura de eucalipto.
AÇÃO ANTIOXIDANTE DOS ALIMENTOS
Authors: Quinta Barbosa Dafne Nayara , Maganhoto de Sousa Haylla Freiria , Castilho Clemente Rodolfo
Published: December 2019

Nas últimas décadas, com a transição epidemiológica e elevação da renda média da população, novos padrões de consumo e estilo de vida foram adotados. A partir de então, os alimentos passaram a ser vistos, além de seguros e atrativos, importantes na prevenção de doenças crônicas e manutenção do bem-estar físico e mental. Os radicais livres são espécies reativas de oxigênio e/ou nitrogênio que podem desempenhar funções benéficas ou deletérias no organismo. Entende-se, então, a importância do estudo dos alimentos com capacidade de anular os radicais livres e controlar o estresse oxidativo. As moléculas antioxidantes possuem a capacidade de capturar os radicais livres e evitar a propagação dos efeitos deletérios. Assim, uma dieta baseada em consumo variado eregular de alimentos frescos, in natura e com grande presença de frutas e hortaliças mostra-se indispensável no combate e prevenção à diversas doenças, especialmente às doenças crônicas não-transmissíveis.
A dança popular no contexto da educação física: uma prática crítica e emancipatória, nos caminhos do Mestre Griot
Authors: Schildberg Lerrine Marie , Duarte Abdala Rachel
Published: December 2019

A dança é uma das manifestações mais antigas presentes na humanidade; Ressalta-se também sua presença nos documentos que compõem os currículos e respaldam os educadores nos ambientes educacionais, fator determinante para a efetivação deste estudo que teve como lócus de coleta de dados oficinas escolares efetuadas por um Mestre da cultura tradicional  da região do Vale do Paraíba Paulista que desenvolve nas escolas um trabalho educativo pautado na dança popular e nos pressupostos necessários para que essa ação se consolide nos ambientes formais de ensino. Espera-se com o estudo suscitar a reflexão acerca da importância do diálogo entre cultura e educação, sendo a dança um campo polissêmico de conhecimento.
PENGARUH BETON DAUR ULANG DAN BAHAN TAMBAH FLY ASH TERHADAP KUAT TEKAN DAN KUAT LENTUR BETON STRUKTURAL RAMAH LINGKUNGAN
Authors: Ismail Ahmad Ghufron , Mustofa Andhi , Dwicahyani Arum , Ridlo Muhammad Mahfuzh , Sambowo Kusno Adi
Published: December 2019

Berkembangnya pembangunan menyebabkan kebutuhan material konstruksi meningkat. Daur ulang material dapat menjadi salah satu alternatif karena mengurangi pemakaian material alam. Konstruksi dengan agregat daur ulang merupakan konstruksi yang ramah lingkungan. Metode penelitian berupa eksperimen. Agregat daur ulang yang digunakan sebagai subtitusi agregat kasar berupa agregat puing-puing tiang pancang dengan mutu K-350. Persentase pengganti agregat kasar yaitu 25%, 50%, 75% dan 100%. Benda uji kuat tekan adalah silinder beton. Benda uji kuat lentur beton adalah prisma. Kadar fly ash yang digunakan 10%. Penambahan kuat tekan yang optimum terjadi pada kadar limbah tiang pancang 50% dan penambahan optimum kuat lentur pada kadar tiang pancang 75%. Oleh sebab itu, material daur ulang berpotensi sebagai material yang dapat dipergunakan sebagai campuran dalam beton stuktural.

 
Kata kunci: agregat daur ulang, fly ash, kuat tekan, kuat lentur
TINGKAT KEKAKUAN PADA BETON BERTULANG MENGGUNAKAN APLIKASI RESPONSE-2000
Authors: Monika Fanny , Prayuda Hakas , Sarita Al Fajir M
Published: December 2019

The behavior of precast concrete beams can be seen in the magnitude of the value of maximum load, deflection, moment and curvature. To facilitate analyzing these parameters using the Response-2000 software. The software is used to analyze beams with evenly distributed loads. The output of the application is in the form of deflection values, maximum load, and moment of curvature. This research was carried out by varying the dimensions of the beam and the position of the flexural reinforcement with a span length of 10 m. BU3 beam with a height of 1000 mm, width 150 mm, upper wing height 160 mm, lower wing height 150 mm upper wing width 300 mm and lower wing height 450 mm has a deflection of at least -95,248 mm and BU6 beam with a height of 1080 mm, width 152 mm, wing height 100 mm, wing height 130 mm, wingspan 381 mm and wing width 508 mm having a deflection of at most -114,471 mm. BU2 beam with a height1000 mm, width 150 mm, upper wing height 240 mm, wing height 150 mm, wingspan 300 mm and wingspan 450 mm has the smallest maximum load 81,265 kN/m and BU6 beam has maximum load 93,224 kN/m. BU2 beam has the smallest nominal moment of 1821,036 kNm and BU6 beam has the largest nominal moment value of 2093,920 kNm
APLIKASI EVALUASI KERUSAKAN JEMBATAN BETON BERBASIS SISTEM PAKAR DENGAN TEKNOLOGI ANDROID
Authors: Marwoto Sofa
Published: December 2019

Bridges are a part of transportation infrastructure that has a vital role in connecting separated places separated by natural geographical conditions. Periodical evaluation/investigation the existing condition of the bridge is very necessary to be done because the load passing over the bridge today tends to increase due to community activities. Expert system is one of the artificial intelligence technologies that aims to help the user in solving problems that require expert expertise in the field in accordance with the problem at hand. By entering data into the system, the user will get a solution related to the problem at hand. The study discusses the use of Android-based smartphone technology to implement expert systems in applications aimed at evaluating the extent of damage to concrete bridges. This research was conducted by making an expert system model which is implemented into an application using android technology (Android Studio). The resulting Android application is used to capture visual damage data of the concrete bridge. This application offers convenience and flexibility in its application because its mobility.
THE APPLICATION OF SHIFT METHOD USING MOVING LASER ON CANCER CASES IN HEAD AREA USING 3DCRT AND VMAT TECHNOLOGY
Authors: Samsun Samsun , Heru A Nursama , Kurniawan Rudi , Septiti Agnes Dwika
Published: December 2019

The accuracy of patient position is essential to achieve the purpose of radiotherapy. Therefore, before radiotherapy, the isocenter of the patient must be determined to find out the target location. Verification serves to determine the isocenter that shifts from the reference point on the CT simulator. This research was conducted using field observation method, comparing the results of the isocenter after verification with the isocenter on the moving laser. Eight (8) samples from primary data were taken. Shift data was obtained from the average value and standard deviation. The instrument used was a linear accelerator of clinic iX type and On-Board Imager. The results obtained were the average lateral coordinate point of 0.055 cm; at the longitudinal isocenter point of 0.10 cm; and at the vertical isocenter point of 0.053 cm. From this research, it was concluded that the average value o the isocenter shift was less than 0.3 cm. This method can be used because the shift does not exceed the tolerance limit.
Quality Improvement and Patient Safety: How Leadership Can Create a Culture of Safety
Authors: Samora Julie Balch , Shea Kevin G. , Chen Antonia F. , Turner Philip , Frick Steven L.
Published: December 2019

Orthopaedic leaders need to create a shared vision and must establish trust, open lines of communication, and buy-in from all team members in order to establish a culture that is supportive of quality improvement. Leaders should encourage teams to follow evidence-based guidelines, reduce variation, take an active role in supply chain processes, and develop new ideas to improve quality and safety of care. With rapidly changing medical and surgical advancements, orthopaedic leaders must continually adapt in the face of evolving challenges.
Comments: Momentum for a Gas OPEC
Authors: Donnelly John
Published: December 2019

Editor's column

For almost 2 decades, the world’s major gas producers have been trying to form an organization similar to OPEC that would offer stability to gas prices and give producers some control over security of supply and security of demand. With international spot trade of gas increasing and public pressure growing for cleaner fuels, the producers believe the time is finally right to become a major force in global energy markets.

The main obstacle to establishing such an influential producers’ group has been the lack of international spot trade that reflects current supply-demand dynamics. Unlike oil, most gas has been traded through medium- and long-term contracts for pipeline delivery, with the gas price usually linked to the price of oil. Gas producers often felt they were leaving money on the table in these deals, which hampered further gas upstream development. But that is changing with the recent growth of liquefied natural gas (LNG) trade on the spot market and the increase in gas output from North America, the Middle East, and Africa.

While all eyes were on OPEC-plus members and what they would do about oil production in the coming months, the Gas Exporting Countries Forum (GECF) met in late November in Equatorial Guinea. Members include two of the globe’s top gas exporters, Russia and Qatar, along with 10 other members (including Iran, Libya, and Algeria) and seven “observer members” (including Norway, Iraq, Oman, and Angola). Notably absent from the group are two of the largest LNG exporters responsible for the fledgling gas spot market, the US and Australia, but GECF members control 70% of world gas reserves.

One of the group’s worries is that, after years of talk about gas being a solution for cleaner energy, momentum for renewables in the wake of heightened concern over climate change could push gas to the sidelines. The oil and gas industry sees gas not only as a bridge to the future but a mainstay of future energy supply. “This idea of natural gas as a transition fuel to renewables is strange,” Total Chief Executive Patrick Pouyanne said recently at an industry gas conference in Washington. “Natural gas is a solution (to climate change). It’s been scientifically proven.” And Qatar Minister of State for Energy Affairs Saad al-Kaabi told GECF members, “We all have the same objective: to place natural gas at the heart of the energy industry as a fuel of the future, and to affirm our true belief that natural gas is a cornerstone in the energy transition.”

BP CEO Bob Dudley said recently that he was “concerned that gas is being increasing marginalized, even vilified and demonized” by environmental groups. But for the industry to sell gas as a “green” fuel, it will need to overcome two obstacles: methane leaks/emissions and flaring. Three of the world’s largest flaring culprits are associated with the GECF—Russia, Iran, and Iraq—and flaring from the Permian Basin in the US is on the rise. In response to these concerns, Qatar—which has ambitious gas growth goals—is touting its plans to adopt more carbon and sequestration projects.
SPE Technical Directors’ Outlook Tearing Down the Walls Among Disciplines
Authors: Zborowski Matt
Published: December 2019

The positive feelings experienced by those in the upstream oil and gas industry during 2018 faded into a familiar uneasiness in 2019.

Commodity prices declined last year and share prices continued their half-decade-long fall in yet another reminder of the uncertainty that comes with working in the industry. While the previous 2 years were seen as a recovery from a generational oil-price downturn, last year marked a wholesale shift in how operators approach the business. A movement toward financial discipline over growth has impacted work all the way down the supply chain and affected every aspect of the upstream space, particularly in North America.

The goal for the industry is to ensure more stability in the business and operations amid the typical fluctuations in commodity prices. This will come with better efficiencies and lower costs, which will be accelerated by the application of new technologies and work flows. It will also come against the backdrop of a drive toward sustainability, with the industry working to eliminate its environmental impact to ensure its long-term survival.

To meet these challenges in the coming years, it is unanimous among SPE technical directors—each of whom has their own unique perspective forged from decades of work experience in their discipline—that the traditionally fragmented industry must become more integrated and collaborative. A primary solution to breaking down those barriers: the continued evolution and adoption of digital technologies.

Here, the six directors share their outlooks for the next several years for the disciplines they lead: Data Science and Engineering Analytics (formerly Management and Information); Drilling; Completions; Health, Safety, Environment, and Sustainability; Production and Facilities; and Reservoir.
Heavy Oil Innovation Haunted by Low Oil Prices and Bad Memories
Authors: Rassenfoss Stephen
Published: December 2019

Oil production from heavy oil wells in western Canada jumped after One of those wells is owned by Canadian Natural Resources (CNRL), which reported that production rose 50% (SPE  196187). The gains “have proven the economics of continuing the operation of the downhole electric heat and CNRL will be applying to continue the enhanced oil recovery process,” according to a report to the Alberta Energy Regulator.

Still, those heating cables made by Salamander Solutions are a tough sell.

It is up against depressed heavy oil prices, the high cost of electricity in some locations, and long memories of heating cables that failed.

“I talked to an operator who told me the reservoir performance when the heater lasted was great, but he would never do it again,” said John Karanikas, the chief technology officer for Salamander, who said that none of its cables has gone out in a customer’s well.

Older cables required multiple splices to connect 100–200 m sections. If one of those weak points failed, the rest of the line went out like a string of lights after a single bulb fails, said Scott Penny, general manager for Petrospec Engineering, a partner in the business that installs the heating cables.

Salamander’s cables can heat a well more than 7,000 ft long without a splice, Karanikas said. The company is working on planning some complicated installations where a splice is required. The company has put a lot of work into more durable ways of connecting cables, which it has patented.

Heating cable technology was developed by Shell, which needed electric cables capable of heating rock to 650°F—which required an electric cable that could heat to 1200°F. In comparison, heavy oil is easy. It only needs to reach 300°F. (Oil shale is kerogen-rich rock where extreme heat can extract a lot of oil, which is different that oil in shale, which is in ultratight rock that is released using fracturing.)

Shell tested the cables by running them at even higher temperatures, jolting them with extreme power surges, and simulating years of hard use, Karanikas said. The cable passed those tests and worked in the field, but Shell dropped oil shale in favor of more conventional oil and gas options. Salamander was created to market the heating cable technology, with a staff made up of many veterans of the development process.

Tough Customers

Both tests in the recent paper were in older wells in a heavy oil field. The many wells like those, which are still on primary production, could offer a large market for electric heating.

The Salamander heater cable in the CNRL well was installed by Shell, which sold the field to the Canadian company. Shell was looking for a heating alternative to steam that did not require costly casing upgrades to handle steam heat, said Carl Stretch, a Shell engineer who worked on the project.
Technology Focus: EOR Modeling (January 2020)
Authors: Gupta Subodh
Published: December 2019

Technology Focus

The bulk of the literature on enhanced oil recovery (EOR) from the past year has been devoted to an improved understanding of trends started more than a decade ago with physical and numerical modeling. A quick review of the basics will be helpful for putting these developments in perspective. The concept of displacement in an EOR method requires bringing the mobility ratio of displacing fluid to that of displaced oil under unity [Kw µ o / Ko µw less than 1; Ko, Kw being relative permeabilities of displaced oil and displacing fluid (e.g., water), respectively, and µ o, µw being their respective viscosities], and increasing sweep efficiency (Es) of the displacement process. Various established EOR methods try to accomplish this in different ways, depending on the formation and oil types, aiming to keep costs and environmental impact down while obtaining high and quick recovery.

Thus, polymers or foams have been used traditionally to increase viscosity of displacing fluids (µw). To reduce Kw/Ko, surfactant; alkaline; microbes, which create in-situ surfactants; or low-salinity water, which changes wettability to water, were used. Steam or hot water have also been used to reduce both Kw and µo. Miscible gas or solvent displacements were used to attack µo. Quite frequently, a combination of these mechanisms has been applied, alkaline/surfactant/ polymer being a good example. Similarly, to address improvement in sweep, blocking agents such as polymers, microgels, or microbes, or a combination of a couple of these mechanisms, have been applied. While the underlying mechanisms remain the same, major developments in EOR in recent years center on the use of engineered water or nanoparticles to reduce Kw, on the experimental development of chemicals that are less susceptible to high-temperature and high-salinity environments, or on the use of novel computational techniques and machine learning to design and monitor the flood operations better. The literature of the last year is an important reflection of that evolution, as the selected papers reflect.

Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.

SPE 195553 Investigation of Pore-Scale Mechanisms of Microbial Enhanced Oil Recovery Using Microfluidics by Calvin Gaol, Clausthal University of Technology, et al.

SPE 192110 Polymers and Their Limits in Temperature, Salinity, and Hardness: Theory and Practice by Eric Delamaide, IFP Technologies Canada, et al.

SPE 192651 Performance Evaluation and Field Trial of Self-Adaptive Microgel Flooding Technology by Zhe Sun, China National Offshore Oil Corporation, et al.
A Continuous and Predictive Viscosity Model Coupled to a Microemulsion Equation of State
Authors: Khodaparast Pooya , Johns Russell T.
Published: December 2019

Surfactant floods can attain high oil recovery if optimal conditions with ultralow interfacial tensions (IFT) are achieved in the reservoir. A recently developed equation-of-state (EoS) phase-behavior net-average-curvature (NAC) model based on the hydrophilic-lipophilic difference (HLD-NAC) has been shown to fit and predict phase-behavior data continuously throughout the Winsor I, II, III, and IV regions. The state-of-the-art for viscosity estimation, however, uses empirical nonpredictive based on of fits to salinity scans, even though other parameters change, such as the phase number and compositions. In this paper, we develop the first-of-its-kind microemulsion viscosity model that gives continuous viscosity estimates in composition space. This model is coupled to our existing HLD-NAC phase-behavior EoS.

The results show that experimentally measured viscosities in all Winsor regions (two- and three-phase) are a function of phase composition, temperature, pressure, salinity, and the equivalent alkane carbon number (EACN). More specifically, microemulsion viscosities associated with the three-phase invariant point have an M shape as formulation variables change, such as from a salinity scan. The location and magnitude of viscosity peaks in the M are predicted from two percolation thresholds after tuning to viscosity data. These percolation thresholds as well as other model parameters change linearly with EACN and brine salinity. We also show that the minimum viscosity in the M shape correlates linearly with EACN or the viscosity ratio. Other key parameters in the model are also shown to linearly correlate with the EACN and brine salinity. On the basis of these correlations, two- and three-phase microemulsion viscosities are determined in five-component space (surfactant, two brine components, and two oil components) independent of flash calculations. Phase compositions from the EoS flash calculations are entered into the viscosity model. Fits to experimental data are excellent, as well as viscosity predictions for salinity scans not used in the fitting process.
Assessing the training needs of medical students in patient information gathering; a qualitative study
Authors: Gilligan Conor , Brubacher Sonja , Powell Martine
Published: December 2019

Background Effective communication is at the heart of good medical practice but rates of error, patient complaints, and poor clinician job satisfaction are suggestive of room for improvement in this component of medical practice and education. Methods We conducted semi-structured interviews with experienced clinicians (n = 19) and medical students (n = 20) to explore their experiences associated with teaching and learning clinical communication skills and identify targets for improvements to addressing these skills in medical curricula. Results Interviews were thematically analysed and four key themes emerged; the importance of experience, the value of role-models, the structure of a consultation, and confidence. Conclusions The findings reinforce the need for improvement in teaching and learning communication skills in medicine, with particular opportunity to target approaches to teaching foundational skills which can establish a strong grounding before moving into more complex situations, thus preparing students for the flexibility required in medical interviewing. A second area of opportunity and need is in the engagement and training of clinicians as mentors and teachers, with the findings from both groups indicating that preparation for teaching and feedback is lacking. Medical programs can improve their teaching of communication skills and could learn from other fields s to identify applicable innovative approaches.
Factors associated with malnutrition in children <5 years in western Kenya: A hospital-based unmatched case control study
Authors: Gudu Edwin , Obonyo Mark , Omballa Victor , Oyugi Elvis , Kiilu Cecilia , Githuku Jane , Gura Zeinab , Ransom James Anthony
Published: December 2019

Background Globally, under-nutrition accounts for >3 million deaths annually among children <5 years, with Kenya having ~35,000 deaths. We sought to identify factors associated with malnutrition in children aged <5 years in Western Kenya. Methods We conducted a hospital-based unmatched case-control study carried out between December 2016 and March 2017. Cases were defined as children aged 6-59 months with either z-score for weight-for-height, ≤-2SD or ≥+2SD; weight-for-age, ≤-2SD or ≥+2SD; or height-for-age of ≤-2SD. Controls were children aged 6-59 months with age-appropriate anthropometric measurements. Cases were consecutively recruited while systematic random sampling was used to select three controls. Unconditional logistic regression using backward elimination was used to identify independent associative factors using Epi-Info. Results A total 94 cases and 281 controls were recruited. Of the cases, 86% (81/94) were under-nourished. Mother not having attended ante-natal clinic (OR=7.9; 95% CI: 1.5-41.2), deworming (OR=0.8; 95% CI: 0.4-1.2) and pre-lacteal feeding (OR=1.8; 95% CI: 1.1-3.0) were associated with under-nutrition. Delayed developmental milestones (AOR=13.9; 95% CI: 2.8-68.6); low birth weight (AOR=3.3; 95% CI: 1.4-7.6) and paternal lack of formal education (AOR=4.9; 95% CI: 1.3-18.9) were independently associated with under-nutrition. Urban residence (OR=5.4; 95% CI: 0.5-68.8) and male gender (OR=2.7; 95% CI: 0.7-11.8) were associated with over-nutrition with age <12 months (AOR=6.8; 95% CI: 1.6-29.7) and family income >5,000 Kenya shillings (AOR=4.6; 95% CI: 1.2-17.8) being independently associated. Conclusion Proper pre-natal care, child feeding practices and deworming programs should be enhanced to reduce pediatric malnutrition.
The Median Effective Dose (ED50) of cis-Atracurium for Laryngeal Mask Airway Insertion during General Anaesthesia for Patients Undergoing Urinary Surgery
Authors: Wang Xiaohua , Huang Ke , Yan Hao , Lan Fei , Yao Dongxu , Li Yanhong , Xue Jixiu , Wang Tianlong
Published: December 2019

Background
In clinical practice, the laryngeal mask airway is an easy-to-use supraglottic airway device. However, the cis- atracurium dosage for laryngeal mask insertion is not standardised. We aimed to determine the optimal dose of cis- atracurium using a sequential method for successful laryngeal mask insertion.
Method s :
The cohort study protocol is registered at clinicaltrial.gov (NCT-03668262). Twenty-three patients undergoing elective urinary surgery were sequentially administered doses (μg· kg -1 ) of cis- atracurium as follows: 150, 100, 70, 50, 30, and 20. The main outcome was the response to laryngeal mask airway insertion: ≥16 points and <16 points indicated “satisfactory” and “unsatisfactory” responses, respectively. The median effective dose was estimated using the mean of the seven crossovers from “satisfactory” and “unsatisfactory” responses. The primary outcome was to determine the median effective dose (ED50) of cis- atracurium for laryngeal mask airway insertion.
Result s :
The median effective dose of cis- atracurium was 26.5 μg·kg -1 (95% CI 23.6-29.8) using the sequential method. The heart rate was decreased in the 50μg·kg -1 group compared to the 30μg·kg -1 group at timepoints T7, T8, and T10 ( P = 0.0482, P = 0.0460, and P = 0.0236, respectively), but no difference with 20 μg·kg -1 group. The systolic blood pressure was decreased in the 50 μg·kg -1 group compared to the 20 μg·kg -1 group at timepoints T2, T3, T4 ( P = 0.0159, P = 0.0233, and P = 0.0428, respectively). The train-of-four value was significantly lower in the 50 μg·kg -1 group than in the 30 μg·kg -1 group at timepoint T3( P = 0.0326).
Conclusion s :
The ED50 of cis- atracurium was 26.5 μg·kg -1 for laryngeal mask airway insertion.
Nitric oxide is involved in the brassinolide-induced adventitious root development in cucumber
Authors: Yutong Li , Wu Yue , Liao Weibiao , Hu Linli , Dawuda Mohammed Mujitaba , Jin Xin , Tang Zhongqi , Yang Jianjun , Yu Jihua
Published: December 2019

Background: Brassinolide (BR), as a new type of plant hormones, is involved in the processes of plant growth and stress response. Previous studies have reported the roles of BR in regulating plant developmental processes and also response tolerance to abiotic stresses in plants. The main purpose of our study was to explore whether nitric oxide (NO) plays a role in the process of BR-induced adventitious root formation in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.).
Results: Exogenous application of 1 μM BR significantly promoted adventitious rooting, while high concentrations of BR (2-8 μM) effectively inhibited adventitious rooting. NO donor (S-nitroso-N-acerylpenicillamine, SNAP) promoted the occurrence of adventitious roots. Simultaneously, BR and SNAP applied together significantly promoted adventitious rooting and the combined effect was superior to the application of BR or SNAP alone. Moreover, NO scavenger (c-PTIO) and inhibitors (L-NAME and Tungstate) inhibited the positive effects of BR on adventitious rooting. BR at 1 μM also increased endogenous NO content, NO synthase (NOS-like) and Nitrate reductase (NR) activities, while BRz (a specific BR biosynthesis inhibitor) decreased these effects. In addition, the relative expression level of NR was up-regulated by BR and SNAP, whereas BRz down-regulated it. The application of NO inhibitor (Tungstate) in BR also inhibited the up-regulation of NR.
Conclusion: BR promoted the formation of adventitious roots by inducing the production of endogenous NO in cucumber.
The nurse anesthetist perioperative dialog
Authors: Abelsson Anna , Nygårdh Annette
Published: December 2019

The authors have withdrawn this preprint from Research Square