bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mystic Island
Authors: Bulloch Hannah C. M.
Published: September 2017

Throughout the Philippines, Siquijor is infamous as a realm of sorcery, witchcraft and hyperactive paranormal activity. At the same time, the island is promoted as an unspoiled haven of white beaches and undulating palms. Both caricatures position Siquijor as an isolated place, eluded by progress. Meanwhile, the vast majority of Siquijodnon are Christian—a religion with which official public performances of development are closely aligned in much of the Philippines. The chapter explores the symbolic associations between belief and development, and the ways in which people on Siquijor negotiate social categories of modernization through representations of belief. It is argued that as Siquijodnon attempt to challenge nationally dominant stereotypes of themselves as backward, the often reinforce the very framework that has defined them as backwards.
Moral Development
Authors: Bulloch Hannah C. M.
Published: September 2017

Chapter Seven considers local folk explanations for wealth and poverty, development and underdevelopment, on Siquijor, probing the often tacit socio-economic ideals which underlie them. The chapter is divided into two overlapping sections: explanations for inequalities between people and explanations for (larger scale) inequalities between places. On Siquijor, these are different in important ways. The former incorporate luck, fate and hard work. However, the latter explanations, focusing on cooperation and its locally perceived opposites—“crab mentality,” politicking and corruption. On Siquijor, local discourses of development have it that widespread poverty in the Philippines demonstrates a failing of Filipinos to live up to supposedly universal norms of ethical socio-economic conduct. However, I argue that attention to local norms of moral economy reveal the ambivalence underlying these notions of development, particularly in relation to the roles of individualism and reciprocity in socio-economic organization.
Ritualized Writing
Authors: Lowe Bryan D.
Published: September 2017

Transcribing scripture (sutras) represents one of the most central devotional practices in the Buddhist world. Sutra copying functioned as a form of ritualized writing, a practice strategically set apart from more mundane forms through a set of practices and beliefs. This book highlights sutra transcription throughout Asia, but focuses primarily on seventh- through ninth-century Japan, where the practice is particularly well-documented. It shows how scribes engaged in ritual practices related to purification and how patrons held elaborate dedication ceremonies upon the completion of a project. It traces the social organizations and institutional structures through which sutra copying took place. It highlights the function of the practice in the lives of diverse individuals from scribes to rulers. As a whole, the book offers a radical reassessment of Buddhism in ancient Japan that moves beyond scholarly tendencies to focus on state control and exploitation, and proposes a new way to treat scriptures as ritualized texts that interact dynamically with the individuals and communities who produce them.
Instituting Transcription
Authors: Lowe Bryan D.
Published: September 2017

Chapter four stresses the importance of institutions in enabling the reproduction of large numbers of Buddhist texts. It surveys the types of institutions that existed in ancient Japan and argues for the close connection between bureaucracy and ritual practice. It begins with an overview of the process of sutra copying. It then turns to continental precedent before looking at some of the earliest sutra copying projects in Japan and the institutions that sponsored them. It provides a detailed institutional history of a scriptorium at Tōdaiji closely connected to Queen Consort Kōmyōshi but also uncovers numerous other scriptoria managed by a variety of individuals in the capital and provinces, some of relatively small scale. It also addresses projects known as “private copying” in documents at the Tōdaiji scriptorium to show how individuals could use personal connections to utilize state institutions for their own purposes.
Disciplinary Regimes
Authors: Lowe Bryan D.
Published: September 2017

Chapter five traces the career of Karakuni no Hitonari, who worked in a variety of both scribal and administrative roles at the Office of Sutra Transcription before becoming a monk. Through this insider’s view and using a theoretical model based on disciplinary regimes, the chapter argues the scriptorium offered Hitonari and others chances to cultivate themselves through religious, calligraphic, and literary pursuits. It outlines Hitonari’s career and work responsibilities, translates his poetry, assesses his calligraphy, examines his religious practices. It connects these activities with monastic training and shows how they would have been useful to Hitonari after he became a monk.
Monuments and Metabolism
Authors: McDaniel Justin Thomas
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks closely at the life and work of the famous architect Kenzo Tange, especially his vision and later frustration in designing the memorial park and monument to honor the birthplace of the Buddha in Lumbini, Nepal. This site was designed to be an ecumenical park where Buddhists from all cultures could build a culture of peace and mutual respect. However, it has struggled to attract large crowds of Buddhist pilgrims and many building projects have been abandoned. It has been transformed by local often Muslim and Hindu tourists into a place of leisure. Telling the history of its development will show the importance of understanding Buddhist public and leisure culture, the problems with pan-Buddhist ecumenism, as well as provide a clear example of the local optima that architects, even famous visionary ones, have to settle with in their pursuit of building religious sites. This chapter also looks at comparative examples like the Suối Tiên monument to the Vietnamese people, which is an amusement park, Buddhist temple, zoo, and historical memorial all in one, as well as the Phutthamonthon Park in Thailand.
Buddhist Museums and Curio Cabinets
Authors: McDaniel Justin Thomas
Published: September 2017

This chapter looks at the rise of Buddhist museums in contemporary Asia. Curators at private and sometimes explicitly sectarian Buddhist museums have attempted to appeal to a wider audience and have abandoned particular sect’s rituals, liturgies, symbols, and teachings to promote a new vision of Buddhism without borders. This opening up of their collections, as well as the active acquisition of new material, demonstrates a particular type of Buddhist ecumenism – an ecumenism without an agenda. The multiple affective encounters these museums allow create ecumenical environments allow visitors to leisurely experience Buddhist distraction What follows are stories of curators, architects, and monks who favor display over dogma, curiosity over conversion, spectacle over sermon, and leisure over allegiance. Specially, Shi Fa Zhao’s Temple of the Buddha’s Tooth in Singapore, The Ryukoku University (Jodo Shinshu) Museum in Kyoto, and others are compared to Buddhist galleries at museums in Europe and North America.
Introduction
Authors: Avenell Simon
Published: September 2017

This chapter introduces the central arguments of the book. It discusses how industrial pollution in 1960s Japan produced a powerful environmental injustice paradigm which helped to fuel later transnational activism. The chapter highlights the role of leading activists who served as “rooted cosmopolitans,” connecting struggles separated by national borders. The chapter suggests that Japanese transnational environmental activism is a good example of the ways local experience can engender border-crossing solidarities and struggles.
Transnational Activism, the Local, and Japanese Civil Society
Authors: Avenell Simon
Published: September 2017

This chapter reiterates the central argument that the experience with industrial pollution in 1960s and 1970s Japan nurtured an “environmental injustice paradigm” which, in turn, fueled transnational mobilizations in the coming decades. The chapter highlights the role of rooted cosmopolitans who served as the connective tissue between local movements and struggles abroad. Significantly, the chapter notes that the movements explored throughout the study were part of a broader Japanese grassroots reengagement with Asia from the 1970s onward, involving women’s advocacy groups, movements of minority groups, and nongovernmental organizations working on health and development issues. The chapter suggests that these transnational movements played an important role in introducing new ideas and practices into Japanese civic activism which contributed to the development of civil society. These border-crossing movements have been largely invisible in historiography to date because of a general focus on events unfolding within the nation.
Phra Bang
Authors: Holt John Clifford
Published: September 2017

This chapter provides a discussion about how the power of the Buddha is understood historically and in contemporary times in the little studied country of Laos. The primary focus is on the Phra Bang image, a Buddha image that became the palladium of Lao Buddhist kingship until its disestablishment by the communist Pathet Lao in 1975. This chapter also provides a discussion that demonstrates how the veneration of spirits (phi) has conditioned the manner in which key Buddhist concepts have interpreted by the Lao, especially evident in the New Year’s (pi mai) celebration.
Um falar maranhense: análise da fala de moradores de Viana-MA sob a perspectiva sociointeracionista
Authors: ARAUJO Ana Claudia Menezes , COSTA Catarina De Sena Sirqueira Mendes da
Published: September 2017

Este artigo é recorte de uma pesquisa sociolinguística sobre o falar dos moradores da cidade de Viana, localizada na mesorregião Norte e na microrregião da Baixada Maranhense, Estado do Maranhão. Objetivamos caracterizar o falar da referida comunidade linguística, sob uma abordagem sociointeracionista, destacando as estratégias de comunicação utilizadas por seus falantes durante a interação. E, nessa perspectiva, foram levados em consideração os aspectos sociais, históricos e culturais que contribuem para a formação de suas especificidades. Servimo-nos da abordagem metodológica da Etnografia da comunicação, proposta por Gumperz e Hymes(1972), a partir da aplicação dos procedimentos de observação, gravação, descrição e análise de eventos de fala, inseridos em diferentes situações cotidianas. Para fundamentar a análise dos eventos, adotamos os pressupostos teóricos de Gumperz (2002), Hymes (1972; 1974), Gumperz e Hymes (1972), Bortoni-Ricardo (2014) e Saville-Troike (1982), entre outros. Ao fim deste estudo, concluímos que a fala da comunidade pesquisada é notoriamente determinada/influenciada pela situação social que a envolve, pois é durante a interaçãosocial que se definem a escolha do repertório linguístico, as atitudes linguísticas e os propósitos comunicativos de cada falante e são ativadas as regras sociais e culturais convencionadas por esses indivíduos dentro de sua comunidade linguística.
Léxico toponímico: alguns pontos de intersecções linguístico-culturais na toponímia municipal alagoana
Authors: Melo Pedro Antonio Gomes
Published: September 2017

Os topônimos são unidades lexicais comuns que se atualizam a nomes próprios individuais, ressignificados no ato de batismo de lugar. Nesses casos, há uma situação singular, em virtude de o vocábulo, ao deixar o seu uso pleno na língua, transitando para o uso onomástico-toponímico, reveste-se de caráter denominativo e passa a ser referencializado como locativo. Nessa direção, este artigo objetiva realizar uma descrição linguística sobre as escolhas lexicais decorrentes de taxionomias de natureza física registradas, na sincronia atual, no léxico toponímico municipal alagoano realizadas pelo sujeito-nomeador para nomear municípios. Quanto aos métodos empregados, trata-se de um estudo bibliográfico, em que o inventário toponímico que compõe o corpus desta pesquisa seguiu, fundamentalmente, os princípios teórico-metodológicos da Lexicologia e da Toponímia, em especial o modelo teórico de Dick (1990, 1992) e as contribuições de Isquerdo (1996, 2012). Após as análises, os resultados apontaram que há uma maior influência de condutas motivadoras de natureza física na toponímia municipal. Dentro desse grupo motivacional, as taxes dos hidrotopônimos foram as mais produtivas, com registros de 19 ocorrências, de um total de 55 topônimos, o que demonstra que fatores naturais do habitat interferem na escolha de nomes próprios atribuídos às municipalidades.
Homem de Deus quanto à idade e à raça: um olhar da análise do discurso para um artigo de publicação religiosa
Authors: SILVA SANTOS Juliana , Amaral da Silva Bárbara
Published: September 2017

A religião assumiu e ainda assume diversos posicionamentos quanto ao modo de se comportar das pessoas. Levando isso em consideração, este texto tem como desafio analisar um artigo religioso escrito pelo bispo Edir Macedo intitulado “Homem de Deus quanto à idade e à raça”, publicado na sessão de comportamento do site da Igreja. Nesse sentido, serão exploradas questões colocadas no artigo como sendo o comportamento ideal que um “homem de Deus” deveria adotar no momento da escolha de uma esposa. Para tanto, serão levados em conta as duas categorias elencadas no próprio texto de Macedo: a idade e a raça. Com este trabalho, objetivou-se questionar o papel de uma instituição religiosa frente às diferenças colocadas e historicamente perpetuadas entre homens e mulheres e entre brancos e negros, de forma a verificar como esta desigualdade é mantida e naturalizada pelo discurso. Para a análise, foram levadas em conta, principalmente, as teorias da Análise do Discurso de linha francesa, compreendendo as noções de ideologia e memória discursiva, a partir de Michel Pêcheux (1975), além de contribuições da Sociologia dos Campos a partir dos conceitos de violência simbólica e de habitus, de Pierre Bourdieu (2003). A partir da breve análise realizada, foi possível traçar considerações sobre o papel da Igreja como Aparelho Ideológico do Estado, como postula Louis Althusser (1996).
Bela, recatada e “do lar”: uma análise das relações dialógicas no enunciado da Veja
Authors: Da ROSA Douglas Corrêa , BILHAR Tatiana
Published: September 2017

Compreender as correlações existentes entre a mídia e a sociedade corresponde a discutir as influências que uma tem sobre a outra. O desafio é lançado, sobretudo, àqueles que se dedicam sobre o estudo do fenômeno da interação humana por meio da linguagem. Assim sendo, o escopo deste texto é discutir as relações dialógicas existentes na reportagem publicada na versão online da Revista Veja, em 18 de abril de 2016, intitulada: Marcela Temer: bela, recatada e “do lar”, de autoria da jornalista Juliana Linhares. Para tanto, valemo-nos de conceitos teórico-analíticos mobilizados pelo círculo bakhtiniano, os quais nos deram a base para as reflexões aqui propostas. A metodologia deste estudo é qualitativa, de cunho interpretativista, sendo realizada a partir da análise da reportagem mencionada, associada aos conceitos teóricos elegidos. Dessa forma, pretende-se confirmar que tal texto-enunciado dialoga com outros enunciados pré-estabelecidos, assim como influencia na construção e na manutenção de padrões socialmente estipulados.
Graus de esquematicidade das construções verbo-nominais com o verbo “deixar” no português brasileiro
Authors: De SOUZA Edson Rosa Francisco , PREZOTTO JÚNIOR José Roberto
Published: September 2017

O objetivo do artigo é investigar, com base na abordagem construcional de Traugott e Trousdale (2013) e na abordagem cognitivo-funcional de Bybee (2010), as construções verbo-nominais (VNs) com o verbo “deixar” no Português brasileiro, que resultam da associação de um verbo semanticamente leve com um sintagma nominal. A hipótese defendida aqui é a de que as construções VNs com este verbo exibem diferentes graus de esquematicidade, incluindo construções totalmente esquemáticas (abertas, em que os slots podem ser preenchidos por quaisquer elementos, como em: Vsuporte+SN) até aquelas as construções fechadas (de natureza substantiva, sem possibilidade de slots para preenchimento, como em: Deixar a peteca cair), passando pelas construções semiabertas (de natureza parcialmente esquemática, em que apenas alguns slots podem ser preenchidos lexicalmente, como em: Deixou uma imagem ruim). Essas configurações apontam, segundo Vieira (2014), para a existência de três tipos de construções VNs: (i) não-lexicalizadas; (ii) semilexicalizadas; (iii) lexicalizadas. Em vista do exposto, examinaremos as ocorrências dessas construções coletadas no Corpus do Português (DAVIS; FERREIRA, 2006), considerando a produtividade, em termos de frequência (BYBEE, 2003; 2010), e sua composicionalidade, para que, assim, possamos verificar a hipótese de que essas construções são decorrentes de dois processos distintos de construcionalização: a construcionalização gramatical e a construcionalização lexical.
The role of sensitisation in the success of community-geared language revitalisation programme: an experience from BASAL programme in Cameroon
Authors: Djomeni Gabriel Delmon
Published: September 2017

Este trabalho tem como objetivo demonstrar a importância da sensibilização no sucesso de um programa de revitalização da linguagem baseado em uma abordagem orientada à comunidade. Partindo de algumas experiências com o BASAL (Basic Standardisation of all Unwritten African Languages ou Normatização Básica de todas as Línguas Africanas Não Escritas), o trabalho demonstra que, sem uma campanha estratégica que permita que o pesquisador entre em contato direto com membros e líderes da comunidade, a fim de negociar sua participação, o projeto irá fracassar. Quando um pesquisador, linguista e estrangeiro se estabelece numa comunidade na perspectiva de desenvolver a linguagem dessa comunidade, primeiro ele precisa estabelecer estratégias que o auxiliarão a nutrir um ambiente favorável se ele deseja ser bem sucedido. Esse sucesso exige a sensibilização do povo local. O principal objetivo da sensibilização é capturar a capacidade de resposta dos falantes nativos e convencê-los a contribuir e colaborar através de sua participação efetiva e esforço em conseguir sucesso no desenvolvimento de sua língua.
A produção escrita do professor de língua portuguesa em formação da UFPA Campus Marajó-Breves
Authors: Moraes Dione Márcia Alves , Fairchild Thomas Massao
Published: September 2017

Este texto apresenta um recorte de uma pesquisa que desenvolvemos sobre a escrita de futuros professores e a sua relação com a produção de conhecimento nas universidades. Apresentamos o estudo desenvolvido com discentes da turma de Letras\intervalar (Língua Portuguesa) da disciplina de Estágio III - que foi ministrada na Universidade Federal do Pará (UFPA) campus de Marajó-Breves. Nossa pesquisa procura discutir a produção escrita universitária a partir da perspectiva da análise do discurso e se configura como uma pesquisa ação. Embasamo-nos no princípio do dialogismo de Bakhtin/Volochinov (2010) e nos conceitos de polifonia encontrados em Bakhtin (2015) e Ducrot (1987). Nosso objetivo geral consiste em relacionar a constituição linguística do relatório de estágio, que pode produzir sentidos que tendem a ser polifônicos ou monológicos, e os processos de produção de conhecimento. Analisamos o excerto de um relatório de estágio no qual identificamos um discurso de caráter monológico. A partir daí, concluímos que a constituição linguística interfere na construção de conhecimento na medida em que prejudica a análise do papel do aluno no estágio e sobre o assunto abordado em sala de aula.
Letramento crítico e uso de imagens em aulas de língua inglesa: desconstruindo estereótipos
Authors: Barros Walter Vieira , Costa Marco Antônio Margarido
Published: September 2017

O objetivo deste texto é apresentar os resultados de uma pesquisa que investigou como o uso de imagens em aulas de língua inglesa no ensino médio pode contribuir para a desconstrução de estereótipos e para o desenvolvimento da cidadania participativa. Para isso, fundamentados em uma perspectiva crítica (CERVETTI et al., 2001; MATTOS, 2014), planejamos nossas aulas visando problematizar estereótipos recorrentes no contexto local dos alunos, com base em leituras e discussões de imagens, uma vez que estas incentivam a construção de sentidos (FERRAZ, 2014; MIZAN 2014). Dessa forma, procuramos estimular as diferentes leituras que os alunos faziam de tais textos, bem como questionar o porquê dessas leituras. Essa investigação aconteceu durante o período de regência do estágio supervisionado que ocorreu em uma turma de 1º ano do ensino médio de uma escola pública de Campina Grande – PB, em 2016. Em nossa análise, percebemos que as leituras e discussões das imagens causaram rupturas nas representações cristalizadas que os alunos tinham acerca dos Estados Unidos e do continente Africano, por exemplo, bem como sobre estereótipos presentes nos contextos locais dos alunos, durante a produção de um banner para conscientização da própria comunidade escolar.
Aspectos das condições de trabalho docente nas escolas municipais de Guarulhos
Authors: Penna Marieta Gouvêa de Oliveira
Published: September 2017

Neste artigo analisa-se facetas das condições de trabalho de professores dos anos iniciais da educação básica de Guarulhos, com objetivo de refletir sobre a efetivação da docência. As informações foram extraídas de Banco de Dados construído a partir de respostas a questionário. Compreende-se as condições de trabalho do professor a partir de Oliveira e Assunção (2010). Sobre a docência e sua especificidade política e social, apoia-se em Contreras (2012). Foi possível evidenciar que a maioria dos docentes concluiu a educação básica em escolas públicas ou predominantemente públicas, e o ensino superior em instituições privadas, indicando possível fragilidade na formação. Sobre as condições de trabalho nas escolas, entre as questões que têm interferência negativa no trabalho, se destacaram o número excessivo de alunos por sala e a indisciplina, facetas relacionadas e que trazem consequências para o ensino. A pesquisa aponta para a necessidade da valorização profissional dos professores.
Does Cardiorespiratory Fitness Attenuate the Adverse Effects of Severe/Morbid Obesity on Cardiometabolic Risk and Insulin Resistance in Children? A Pooled Analysis
Authors: Nyström Christine Delisle , Henriksson Pontus , Martínez-Vizcaíno Vicente , Medrano María , Cadenas-Sanchez Cristina , Arias-Palencia Natalia María , Löf Marie , Ruiz Jonatan R. , Labayen Idoia , Sánchez-López Mairena , Ortega Francisco B.
Published: September 2017

OBJECTIVE

To investigate 1) differences in cardiometabolic risk and HOMA of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) across BMI categories (underweight to morbid obesity), 2) whether fit children have lower cardiometabolic risk/HOMA-IR than unfit children in each BMI category, and 3) differences in cardiometabolic risk/HOMA-IR in normal-weight unfit children and obese fit children.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A pooled study including cross-sectional data from three projects (n = 1,247 children aged 8–11 years). Cardiometabolic risk was assessed using the sum of the sex- and age-specific z scores for triglycerides, HDL cholesterol, glucose, and the average of systolic and diastolic blood pressure and HOMA-IR.

RESULTS

A significant linear association was observed between the risk score and BMI categories (P trend ≤0.001), with every incremental rise in BMI category being associated with a 0.5 SD higher risk score (standardized β = 0.474, P < 0.001). A trend was found showing that as BMI categories rose, cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) attenuated the risk score, with the biggest differences observed in the most obese children (−0.8 SD); however, this attenuation was significant only in mild obesity (−0.2 SD, P = 0.048). Normal-weight unfit children had a significantly lower risk score than obese fit children (P < 0.001); however, a significant reduction in the risk score was found in obese fit compared with unfit children (−0.4 SD, P = 0.027). Similar results were obtained for HOMA-IR.

CONCLUSIONS

As BMI categories rose so did cardiometabolic risk and HOMA-IR, which highlights the need for obesity prevention/treatment programs in childhood. Furthermore, CRF may play an important role in lowering the risk of cardiometabolic diseases in obese children.
Literature of the 1900s
Authors: Wild Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This book challenges conventional views of the Edwardian period as either a hangover of Victorianism or a bystander to literary modernism. The text investigates the literary history of the Edwardian decade. This period, long overlooked by critics, is revealed as a vibrant cultural era whose writers were determined to break away from the stifling influence of preceding Victorianism. In the hands of this generation, which included writers such as Arnold Bennett, Joseph Conrad, E. M. Forster, Beatrix Potter, and H. G. Wells, the new century presented a unique opportunity to fashion innovative books for fresh audiences. Wild traces this literary innovation by conceptualising the focal points of his study as branches of one of the new department stores that epitomized Edwardian modernity. These ‘departments’ — war and imperialism, the rise of the lower middle class, children's literature, technology and decadence, and the condition of England — offer both discrete and interconnected ways in which to understand the distinctiveness and importance of the Edwardian literary scene. Overall, this book offers a long-overdue investigation into a decade of literature that provided the cultural foundation for the coming century.
Introduction
Authors: Wild Jonathan
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter stresses the importance of a re-examination of Edwardian literature. It briefly considers what Edwardian literature in its various forms meant to the Edwardians themselves, to try to understand those ‘differences and disagreements’ that made the period's writing so lively and variegated in its contemporary moment. The chapter explores the cultural, political, and technological context against the backdrop of which Edwardian writings had thrived, and draws parallels between many of the authors who had come to exemplify Edwardian writing and Harry Gordon Selfridge, the entrepreneur proprietor of the era's major new London department store. Here, the chapter argues that the ‘great Edwardian literary emporium’ was designed to profoundly transform the existing horizons of those who entered through its doors. In addition, the chapter considers a sampling of critical surveys and monographs on the subject of Edwardian literature.
From Empire to the World
Authors: Guha Malini
Published: September 2017

Drawing upon examples from contemporary British and French cinema, this book explores the sights and sounds of “migrant” London and Paris, providing entirely new ways of visualizing and conceptualizing the cities we think we already know. The study of globalization in cinema assumes many guises, from the exploration of global cinematic cities to the burgeoning “world cinema turn” within film studies, which addresses the global nature of film production, exhibition and distribution. This book draws together these two distinctly different ways of thinking about the cinema, interrogating representations of global London and Paris as migrant cinematic cities, featuring the arrival, settlement and departure of migrant figures from the decline of imperial rule to the global present. The book also considers their world cinema status in light of their reconfiguration of established forms of filmmaking, from modernism to social realism. An illuminating analysis of London and Paris in world cinema from the vantage point of migrant mobilities, the book explores the ramifications of this historical shift towards the global, one that pertains in equal measure to cityscapes, their representation as world cinema texts, and to the rise of world cinema discourse within film studies itself.
Introduction
Authors: Guha Malini
Published: September 2017

This introductory chapter examines a configuration that brings together globalization, urban space and the cinema, taking a series of contemporary films set in London and Paris as primary case studies. What these films have in common are migrant mobilities of various types, ranging from asylum seekers and clandestine migrants, to the first generation of settled migrants as well as economic migrants. The chapter focuses on mobilities that reveal the contradictions of the globalizing process while also contesting a view of city space in these films as non-places. The analysis of these films also exhibits early scholarly trends on the cinematic city and its central preoccupation with European modernity, the city, and the cinema.
The Journey Narrative: Arrivals and Departures
Authors: Guha Malini
Published: September 2017

This chapter offers a wider applicability for the methods of reading for city space by positioning the journey narrative of the cinematic city as integral to the larger story of migrancy and the city. Narratives of migration have always been a feature of cinematic cities, as materialized through the depiction of the journey from the country to the city in films such as Sunrise (1927) or Berlin: Symphony of a City (1927). Since one of the key tropes of migrancy is mobility, narratives of arrivals and departures are just as significant for the purposes of analysis as those set within the space of the city. As such, movement both away and toward urban spaces can be theorized as part of the cinematic story of the migrant in the city.
Bilingualism as Interactional Practices
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: September 2017

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. From being seen as a random phenomenon reflecting the user’s lack of competence, code-switching is currently seen as sign of an advanced level of competence in the languages involved and as serving different interactional functions. However, as a result of its success, the research tradition now faces an entirely new challenge: Where to from here? How can research in code-switching continue to be relevant and interesting now it has largely achieved its original purpose?
This books seeks to answer this programmatic question. The author argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, the notion of bilingualism (multilingualism) itself must be redefined. Bilingualism must be seen as consisting of multiple interactional practices. Accordingly, research in bilingualism and in code-switching in particular must aim to describe each of those practices in its own right. In other word, the aim should be an empirically based understanding of the various interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages. In the book, this new research direction is illustrated by means of three case studies: language choice and speech representation in bilingual interaction, language choice and conversational repair in bilingual interaction and language choice and appositive structures in written texts in Rwanda.
The rehabilitation of code-switching
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: September 2017

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. From being seen as a random phenomenon reflecting the user’s lack of competence, code-switching is currently seen as sign of an advanced level of competence in the languages involved and as serving different interactional functions. This chapter discusses in some detail the research effort which has led to the rehabilitation of code-switching, with a special focus on studies conducted from a socio-functional perspective. Key paradigms in this perspective are covered, including Gumperz’ interactional sociolinguistics model, Myers-Scotton’s markedness (rational choice) model and Auer’s and Gafaranga’s conversation analytic model of code-switching. In turn, this overview of existing research serves as a context for the challenge the study of code-switching is face with, namely that of its continued relevance.
Language choice and speech representation in bilingual interaction
Authors: Gafaranga Joseph
Published: September 2017

Research in code-switching, undertaken against the backdrop of very negative attitudes towards the concurrent use of two or more languages within the same conversation, has traditionally been geared towards rehabilitating this form of language use. Now that code-switching has been rehabilitated, the research tradition faces an entirely new challenge, namely that of its continued relevance. This book argues that, in order to overcome this challenge, research should aim to describe specific interactional practices involving the use of two or more languages and outlines a methodology for doing so. This chapter illustrates this methodology by means of a specific case study. In the chapter, the interaction practice of speech representation in talk in two languages is described. It is shown that, in talk in two languages, language choice in the interactional site of speech representation follows a three-path map: language choice may be an incidental aspect, it may be as a supportive aspect and it may be the depictive element in speech representation.
Introduction
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter defines “the Hobbesian hypothesis” as the claim that the Lockean proviso is fulfilled: everyone benefits from the state and/or the property rights system. The chapter previews the book’s arguments, including these five: 1. Although previously unnamed, this hypothesis has been used in many prominent political theories for at least 350 years. 2. This hypothesis is an empirical claim about all stateless peoples. 3. Despite equivocation, social contract justifications of the state and natural rights justifications of property use this hypothesis as a fundamental premise. 4. Most philosophers who rely on it have asked readers to assume it is true without offering evidence. 5. It is false.
The Hobbesian Hypothesis in Contemporary Political Theory
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter argues that “the Hobbesian hypothesis” (the claim that the Lockean proviso is fulfilled: everyone is better off in a state society with a private property system than they could reasonably expect to be in any society without either of those institutions) plays a large role in contemporary justifications of the state and/or the property rights system. The search turns up few attempts to justify existing states or property rights systems without some version of the hypothesis. Theorists asserting it as an obvious truth in need of little or no supporting evidence include David Gauthier, Jean Hampton, James Buchanan, Gregory S. Kavka, George Klosko, Dudley Knowles, Christopher Heath Wellman, Robert Nozick, Jan Narveson, and many others. Critics include Alan Ryan, Carole Pateman, Charles Mills, Patricia Williams, and others. Yet all this disagreement has produce very little debate or interest in an empirical investigation of the hypothesis.
The Hobbesian Hypothesis in Anthropology
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter explores how Hobbesian ideas affected the development of anthropology and how “the Hobbesian hypotheses” (the claim that everyone is better off in a state society with a private property system than they could reasonably expect to be in any society without either of those institutions) has appeared in the history of anthropological thought and in popular anthropology. Although many of the issues discussed remain the subject of debate in anthropology, to some extent, this discussion reveals how anthropologists overcame Hobbesian influence as they gradually improved their understanding of small-scale societies.
Are You Better Off Now Than You Were 12,000 Years Ago? An Empirical Assessment of the Hobbesian Hypothesis
Authors: Widerquist Karl , McCall Grant S.
Published: September 2017

This chapter empirically investigates “the Hobbesian hypothesis” (the claim that everyone is better off in a state society with a private property system than they could reasonably expect to be in any society without either of those institutions). It does so in two ways: first, it makes ad hoc qualitative comparisons of the lives of disadvantaged people in capitalist state societies with people in observed, small-scale stateless societies in terms of social and cultural satisfaction, material wellbeing, the availability of luxuries, leisure and work effort, basic needs, health and longevity, and freedom. Second, it assesses actions and expressed preferences of people with the opportunity to choose either lifestyle. Although evidence indicates that the average person tends to be better off in most contemporary state societies, the concludes the hypothesis is false. Contemporary states allow so much inequality—with a bottom so low in absolute terms—that significant numbers of their citizens are worse off than people in a small-scale stateless societies.
Derrida and Other Animals
Authors: Still Judith
Published: September 2017

This book analyses Derrida’s investigating, and unpicking, of the assertion of a gulf between man and the animal, and the attribution of qualities (both relatively desirable such as reason, and undesirable such as cruelty) to man alone. The contentious term ‘man’ (which may or may not include women) and ‘animal’ (which belies the heterogeneity of animals) are used to highlight the power play in the texts in question. The major source is Derrida’s late seminars, The Beast and the Sovereign, and especially the tracking of the wolf in this work, but there are a range of other important references across his oeuvre. This defining of man against animal has a critical relationship not only to the killing and mistreatment of animals, but also to the relationship between those considered as truly men and subaltern human beings. Two of the examples analysed are taken from the Enlightenment Americas: savages and slaves. This context is particularly important both for the philosophers and poets Derrida focuses on in the first year of the seminars, and also for Robinson Crusoe, one of his main intertexts in the second year. The third, and essential, supplement to bring to Derrida’s writing on (the) animal(s) is the question of sexual difference and of women writers – including Cixous, an intertext he evokes, and then more unexpectedly: Carter, Darriuessecq, Le Doeuff, Duffy, Haraway, Hearne, Ndiaye, Tsvetaeva, Vivien, and many more. The dialogue with feminism is both implicit and significant, invited by Derrida’s own phrasing.
Introduction
Authors: Still Judith
Published: September 2017

This introduces Derrida’s writings on animals, and sets them in their historical context (after the Holocaust, during the War on Terror and in a time of industrialisation of food production); and their theoretical and literary context from Aristotle to Coetzee, with Bentham, `Heidegger and Agamben key interlocutors. The animal is typically used in philosophical writing as the antithesis of man whatever the criterion used – reason, language, feigning and stupidity (bêtise) being amongst many properties given in various texts (including Descartes, Lacan and Deleuze) by man to himself and denied to the animal. At the same time, animals are used to represent human beings in many texts, including fables or speeches concerning the sovereignty of the state. Derrida is concerned by the relationship between the repetition of the assertion that there is a gulf between men and all other animals (considered as one homogeneous group), and the ethics and politics of the acting out of this animal-human divide both with respect to animals (e.g. the development of domestication) and to human beings who are animalised (e.g. heads of ‘rogue’ states such as ‘the Beast of Baghdad’).
The Slave1
Authors: Still Judith
Published: September 2017

This chapter takes off from Derrida’s examination of the relationship between the sovereign and the people in Early Modern political philosophy, notably Rousseau’s Social Contract and Rousseau’s interlocutors (Plato, Aristotle, Hobbes); and from Derrida’s analysis of servitude or slavery in Robinson Crusoe. It sets this in the context of other Enlightenment writings on slavery and abolition (e.g. returning to the Encyclopédie), and to representations of slavery in the Americas more generally, including the English and French versions of the Letters from an American Farmer by the founding father of American identity, Crèvecoeur. Like the savage, the slave exists on the borderline between what is set up as the human and what is set up as the animal. Supporters of slavery put forward the hypothesis of natural slaves who are (like) animals; abolitionists, including former slaves, focus on the bestialisation of human beings who are forced to be property as domestic animals are. Debates over the precise definition of a slave, and over the distinction between figural and literal slaves, also have a purchase on modern slavery and the difficulty of drafting legislation.
Fashion, Chinoiserie and Modernism
Authors: Cheang Sarah
Published: September 2017

Fashion, chinoiserie and Modernism do not necessarily make easy bedfellows. Fashion’s dynamic of continuous experimentation and renewal can be aligned with Modernism’s agenda of artistic reinvention, self-conscious newness and cultural improvement. Dress and interior design were certainly of interest to Modernist designers, and Chinese culture had a significant influence on British avant-garde literature, theatre and the arts. Yet, fashion’s strong conceptual associations with the feminine, with irrational desire and with Western modernity create a complex picture for expressions of Chineseness, and Chinese design often connoted flights of fancy, locations of private pleasure and an intense nostalgia that is antithetical to the progressive and disruptive anti-traditional stance of interwar Modernism. This chapter examines the impact of fashionable chinoiseries in Britain as a culturally important but as yet under-theorised phenomenon of twentieth-century modernity, an equivalent trend to the negrophilia craze of the 1920s and the Primitivist art movement, a hybrid cosmopolitanism and an imperialist Orientalism. The wearing of Mandarin robes as evening coats, the collecting of jades, the lacquering of dressing tables, and the nurturing of Pekingese lapdogs offer new and stimulating ways to reappraise and shed light on the role of the Orient within British Modernism.
The Oriental and the Music Hall: Sound and Space in Thomas Burke’s Limehouse Chinatown
Authors: Kendall Paul
Published: September 2017

Dr Fu Manchu has proved the most enduring of the chinoiserie associated with Limehouse, however, this chapter concentrates on the representation of the space of Chinatown, rather than the representation of any one individual. It begins with a brief consideration of the Limehouse lair created for Fu Manchu by Sax Rohmer, before focusing attention on the less remembered but once infamous literary chinoiserie of Thomas Burke. In particular, it examines the depiction of sound and music in his early works, and their utilisation in the construction of a Chinatown which was enmeshed within the wider East End, and whose Oriental practices intersected with Victorian music hall. In his combination of ancient Chinese melodies and pre-commercialised music hall, Burke assigned his Chinatown and East End to a previous era, his Limehouse was separated from the rest of London by time, as well as race and class. Although Burke in one sense offers Chinatown as a nostalgic alternative to the encroachment of the modern state and bourgeois culture, he also depicts it as a brutal slum where murder and suicide were commonplace. Burke’s subtly subversive chinoserie oscillates between negative and positive constructions of his synthesis of Victorian working-class and Chinese culture.
Staging China, Excising the Chinese: Lady Precious Stream and the Darker Side of Chinoiserie
Authors: Yeh Diana
Published: September 2017

This chapter examines the production and reception of Lady Precious Stream by Shih-I Hsiung in the context of British sinophilia in the early twentieth century. This at once comprised a fascination with China circulating among modernist intellectuals and artists, including Bloomsbury circles, and the rather more denigrated vogue for mass-marketed Chinese exotica among the wider public. Lady Precious Stream provides an opportunity to explore the interconnections between the two. The production drew on long established traditions of chinoiserie, making much of 'Chinese-esque' costumes, vases, tapestries, fans. The reception of the play was contradictory. Some hailed it as a highbrow masterpiece, for its non-naturalistic conventions and minimal scenery, which, they argued, freed audiences from the realism of English theatre and placed the Chinese theatre ahead of the most advanced producers in the West. Others, however, responded far less favourably, and characterised Lady Precious Stream, in Northrop Frye’s words, as a ‘slickly tailored piece of Chinoiserie’. By considering the contradictory nature of the play’s production and reception, this chapter interrogates the politics of authorship, identity and exclusion in terrains of chinoiserie and Modernism.
The Cukor “Problem”
Authors: Ray Robert B.
Published: September 2017

This chapter attempts to discover Cukor's style despite his frequent avoidances of a blatant directorial presence in his works by comparing his movies with other versions of the same source material. David Copperfield, filmed by him in 1935, has been made into seven films (three of them silent, one animated) and six television series. Cukor's Holiday (1938) followed a 1930 version, which had earned Ann Harding a Best Actress Academy Award nomination. And his The Philadelphia Story (1940), like Holiday based on a Philip Barry play, morphed into the 1956 musical High Society. By choosing matching scenes from these other versions, this chapter shows what Cukor did to warrant his status as a great filmmaker.
George Cukor and the Case of an Actor’s Director: Hepburn and/or Tracy in
Authors: Keil Charlie
Published: September 2017

This chapter studies five films that Cukor made with Katharine Hepburn and / or Spencer Tracy as stars. It aims to give more precise form to his suggestion that a director's role entails understanding what actors can do and facilitating their performances. This examination of the studio director-as-collaborator engages with recent scholarship that has reopened the question of film authorship, moving beyond approaches indebted to either a reconstructed Romanticism or poststructuralism, and tackling directly the thorny issues of intentionality and multiple authorial contributions. At the same time, in its close study of performance this chapter contributes to the growing body of work that explores the manner in which screen acting functions and intersects with those facets of film style that facilitate its operations.