bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Highway Approaches of the New Champlain Bridge Corridor
Authors: Demirdjian Sevak , Najjar Nicolas , Cloutier Jocelyn
Published: February 2021

The New Champlain Bridge project corridor extends over a length of approximately 8.5 km.

The highway approaches of the bridge corridor include the reconstruction of two major interchanges in Montreal and the widening and reconstructing of both Highways 15 and 10 over 4.5-kilometers in highly urbanized neighbourhoods within Montreal and its suburbs. Highways are equipped with aesthetically pleasing retaining walls, EPS walls as well as noise barriers to satisfy the needs of the community. Furthermore, the construction of a new 470-metre bridge connecting Montreal Island to Ile des Sœurs (Nuns’ Island) represents one of the highlights of the highway approach corridor structures.

Both cyclists and pedestrians will be able to safely travel over the project corridor on a multiple- use path and stop at one of the many belvederes to gain an exceptional view of the city.

Durability is also a key design consideration, with a 125-year design life set as design criteria.
Calgary Airport Trail Tunnel Temperature Monitoring
Authors: Murdoch Nathan , Azarnejad Azita , Sharma Ved , Kroman Jadwiga
Published: February 2021

The Calgary Airport Trail Tunnel (CATT) is a 620-m-long roadway tunnel constructed under the Calgary International Airport’s (YYC’s) new parallel runway and three associated taxiways owned by The City of Calgary (The City) on land leased from YYC. The CATT was designed according to the Canadian Highway Bridge Design Code (CHBDC). The question arose during the design stage if the tunnel, which is a buried structure, would be subjected to the same temperature effects (range and gradient) given in CHBDC for bridges. To investigate this question for future designs, a system of wireless sensors was installed in the CATT to monitor temperatures with data being collected remotely. The paper includes an overall explanation of the CATT’s design, temperature monitoring instrumentation, and initial findings, including comparisons with temperatures recorded outside the tunnel, and the temperature range and differential provided by the CHBDC.
Structural Widening of 2-Span Continuous Prestressed Concrete Bridge: Structural and Seismic Implications
Authors: Philp John
Published: February 2021

Widening of existing bridge structures to accommodate a capacity upgrade on roads each side are becoming more frequent for bridges that are still relatively young. Such widening must consider the interaction of new and existing structures during and after construction and the overall seismic performance and associated issues when an updated seismic code has to be applied. Here, the widening of the existing 208 Street Overpass across Highway #1 in Langley, British Columbia is presented explaining the evaluation and assessment techniques used to determine the constraints, design risks, seismic performance and the subsequent development of novel structural systems, innovative construction methods and advances in seismic design to complete the new structural design and seismic retrofit of the existing bridge.
Former Dominion Archives Building Seismic Upgrade Case Study
Authors: Koop Julien , Jabbour Samer , Carson Daniel
Published: February 2021

The former Dominion Archives building at 330 Sussex Drive in Ottawa, Canada is a three-storey historic stone masonry building that was built in two stages between 1904 and 1924. The perimeter masonry walls form the lateral load resisting system of the building; however, the walls of the 1904 section were in poor condition with soft and deteriorated mortar, the terra-cotta flat arch floors of the 1904 section did not form a proper diaphragm system, and the floor diaphragms were not adequately anchored to the perimeter walls. This case study will present the seismic upgrade and retrofit work that was undertaken to extend the life of the building, including an innovative solution to restore the structural integrity of deteriorated stone masonry walls, providing new lightweight reinforced concrete topping floor diaphragms in the 1904 section and connecting the concrete floor diaphragms to the historic masonry walls with stainless steel grouted anchors.
Test and Simulation of Pedestrian-induced Vibrations in a Double-arch Footbridge with Curved Girder
Authors: Yang Zheng , Jia Buyu , Yu Xiaolin , Yan Quansheng
Published: February 2021

This article carries out the dynamic tests and analyses based on a special-shaped footbridge of Guangzhou Science City. The experiment of pedestrians crossing the footbridge contains these cases: a pedestrian crossing the footbridge at different speeds, several pedestrians in line crossing the footbridge at a specific speed. After comparison, the FEA calculate results are quite close to the measured responses of the footbridge. It shows that the response of the footbridge is increased by the foot frequency. It also finds that, when the foot frequency is higher than 3Hz, the vertical vibration of left span and right span goes opposite phase. The lateral vibration of left span and right span affect each other a lot. The higher foot frequency is, the more obvious it becomes. The forced vibration frequency of the footbridge is closed to the exciting frequency while the resonance doesn’t occur.
Low Level Road Bridges: A Sustainable Project
Authors: Wee Frances , Kishimoto Yuki , Arellano Eduardo , Dunford Eric , Skabar Kip
Published: February 2021

The Low Level Road (LLR) Project is a $101.6 Million strategic transportation infrastructure improvement in North Vancouver, BC that has been recognized for multiple engineering design and sustainability awards to date. This paper is a case study that discusses the innovative design features, sustainability attributes, and construction challenges encountered for each of the three main bridges involved with the LLR project, which have become landmarks in the surrounding community. The three bridges discussed in the paper include the 78m long Neptune/Cargill Overpass, 42m long Spirit Trail Overpass at East 3rd Street, and 58m long Spirit Trail Woodland (Moodyville) Suspension Bridge. In each case a unique sustainable structure solution was developed, which required engineering innovation to meet the project goals.
Adding Value through Innovation in Structural Design:
Authors: Leach Jon
Published: February 2021

This paper is part of a series on the subject of adding value through innovation in structural design – the theme of an open forum discussion seminar organised at the conference by the Institution of Structural Engineers.

Digital workflows and computational design are revolutionising the way we design, build, operate and experience structures and the built environment. Interoperability and changes in how we use software are key to the successful implementation of these workflows, and this is explored further in this paper through two case studies.
Condition Assessment and Renewal Options Analysis for the Queensborough Bridge
Authors: Leggett Casey , Martin Tony , Friesen Kevin
Published: February 2021

The 41 span, 920m long Queensborough Bridge, constructed in 1960, provides a strategic daily link for 90,000 vehicles over the north arm of the Fraser River connecting New Westminster, BC. The Owner, the BC Ministry of Transportation (Ministry), initiated an in-depth scoping study to assess its current condition, as well as identify and analyze renewal treatment options to enable them to make informed decisions on managing the asset. The importance of limiting user delays was essential when evaluating potential treatment options. Multiple options for rehabilitation of the concrete deck as well as encapsulation and recoating scenarios for the steel girder coating was investigated. Life cycle cost analysis and conceptual traffic staging strategies were prepared. A qualitative assessment matrix, accounting for economics, traffic disruption and risk, was an effective tool in understanding, evaluating, and conveying recommendations.
Simulating ductile crack growth in carbon steel using an extended finite element method (XFEM)
Authors: Hassan Muhammad Shariq , Salawdeh Suhaib , Goggins Jamie
Published: February 2021

A novel methodology for simulation of crack growth in a 3D steel model is presented. This methodology is vital for the safe and full design of steel elements under harsh environment. The methodology, which is based on the extended finite element method (XFEM), neither requires the updating mesh over the course of the analysis, nor the priori definition of a crack length. Many other methods require the definition of crack and/or location of the crack to predict fracture. The methodology was validated against measurements from conventional static tests. The tests were carried out on the coupons of structural hollow tubes that are fabricated of 40x40x2.5SHS, 50x25x2.5RHS, 20x20x2.0SHS (mm) sections. Predictions of crack growth are used to study the behaviour of axially loaded steel to fracture. A major benefit is that the proposed method can be advanced for modelling fracture/fatigue of moderate to large structures to earthquakes.
Upgrading the Yellowhead Highway in Jasper National Park
Authors: Woolford David , Gagnon Darrel
Published: February 2021

The Yellowhead Highway (Highway 16) is a major east-west highway connection in Western Canada. A 77 km segment of the highway is located in Jasper National Park, including nine bridges, falls under the jurisdiction of Parks Canada. These bridges were built in the 1960s using two general forms, precast prestressed I-girders and precast prestressed inverted u-shaped girders (also known as FC girders). Following the identification of ongoing deterioration, a multi-year program was developed to upgrade the corridor for CL-800 loading. Two bridges were identified for strengthening and general rehabilitation, six bridges for partial (superstructure) replacement and the final bridge for full replacement. Designs were intended to enhance the expected service life of the structures, utilizing as much of the original structures as possible. Diligent planning was required to minimize the overall project environmental impact.
Shrinkage and Creep of Mega Concrete Filled Steel Tubular Column in Super Tall Steel Building
Authors: Fang Baoyi , Zhao Xin , Yuan Juyun
Published: February 2021

Concrete filled steel tubular column (CFT) is popular in super tall building, since it has many advantages compared with ordinary steel or reinforced concrete system. CFT column is a combination of two traditional structural forms: steel tube and concrete filled in the hollow steel tube. It takes many researchers on the load carrying capacity of this composite member. However, not much has been done in relation to their time-dependent behavior especially for mega concrete filled steel tubular column employed in super tall steel buildings. In order to estimate the effects of shrinkage and creep of CFT column during the construction period, B3 model was applied to revealing the time-dependent behavior. The calculation results are compared with experiments. Then a real super tall steel building was employed to illustrate the shrinkage and creep of mega CFT column. The results show that the creep takes a significant effect on the column shortening during the construction. The value of shrinkage deformation is actually small and can be negligible in design.
Punching resistance of flat slabs strengthened with an added layer of UHPFRC
Authors: Bastien-Masse Maléna , Einpaul Jürgen
Published: February 2021

Existing Reinforced Concrete (RC) slabs often show insufficient punching shear resistance when verified for updated loads. A simple and fast method to strengthen these slabs is casting a layer of Ultra-High Performance Fiber Reinforced cement-based Composite (UHPFRC), with or without reinforcing bars, on its top surface. This method has been shown to be very efficient, as the layer of UHPFRC does not only increase the flexural resistance of the slab but it also carries part of the shear.

This paper presents a recently developed model to predict the punching shear resistance of composite slabs strengthened with an added layer of UHPFRC. In this model, the contribution of the RC section is estimated with a new punching resistance model based on plasticity and fracture mechanics. A method is proposed to calculate the contribution of the UHPFRC layer to the punching resistance.
Self-anchored Suspension Bridge Model Updating with Artificial Neural Network and Modified Particle Swarm Optimization
Authors: Xia Zhiyuan , Li Aiqun , Li Jianhui , Duan Maojun
Published: February 2021

To yield an adequate FE model, a hybrid model updating method is proposed by using ANN, modified PSO and LHS. In this paper, firstly, the theories of ANN, modified PSO and LHS method are described; Secondly, the procedures of the proposed method is presented; Finally, the application to the model updating of a self-anchored suspension bridge with extra-width is conducted with two objective functions, Method A considers dynamic response and Method B considers both dynamic and static responses. The results show that frequency differences between test and modified model were narrowed compared to results between test and initial model after model updating using both methods as all the values are below 9% which are 25%- 40% initially. The MACs increase a little illustrating that more agreeable mode shapes are obtained as all of the MACs are over 0.85. This indicates that a relatively more adequate FE model can be yielded with high efficiency without losing accuracy by the method. Through the comparison between two objective functions, it can be concluded that model updating of real structure should take both static and dynamic response into consideration as results of Method B is more reasonable that the static displacement is closer to the experimental value and the dynamic characteristic is within the acceptable limitation of engineering.
Development of post-installed mass damper for automated warehouse
Authors: Yasukawa Machiko , Takaki Masayoshi , Kitamura Haruyuki , Matsuda Yoriyuki , Sato Daiki
Published: February 2021

A vibration control system for an automated warehouse was developed that can be applied to existing warehouses as well as newly built ones. The device used for this system is the “post- installed mass damper” that can be post installed on the cargo storage space in an automated warehouse. This damper has a large mass that causes a sustainable effect of reducing the response across a wide range of natural frequencies of an automated warehouse, which vary depending on the number of stacked cargoes and their weight. The results of the shaking table test demonstrated that the fall of cargoes by the earthquake ground motion could be prevented by using this damper because the accelerations of the rack were reduced to 50%-70%. Moreover, this effect was confirmed by the analysis conducted with the proposed model. The acceleration of the rack top was reduced to 80% and the maximum slip displacement of the cargoes was reduced to 25%.
Optimizing Nonlinear Damper Performance for Multi-Mode Cable Vibration Control based on Forced Vibration Responses
Authors: Sun Limin , Chen Lin
Published: February 2021

Nonlinear damper is promising to provide higher energy dissipation when attached to a stay cable at a near-anchorage position, compared to linear damper. This is because the nonlinear control force can induce significant participation of higher cable modes in vibration responses by which the vibrating energy is dissipated more quickly. However, the control performance of a nonlinear damper for a cable depends on both the vibration mode and amplitude, and there exists no explicit formula to predict the damping performance for such a nonlinear system. Numerical analysis is required, rendering the damper performance optimization for multi-mode vibration control difficult. This study proposes to optimize the nonlinear damper performance for multi- mode cable vibration control based on forced vibration responses of the system, in particular the system responses under harmonic excitations. This approach facilitates the optimization owing to the fact that the periodic responses of the nonlinear system can be efficiently solved using harmonic balance method; furthermore, a numerical continuation method is used for obtaining the frequency response functions over the concerned frequency range. Moreover, the nonlinear system partial differential equation is expressed in a dimensionless form and hence the numerically obtained frequency response function represents a subset of the dynamics of the general system. Consequently, the optimization of the nonlinear damper performance can be realized by minimizing the peaks of the system frequency response functions corresponding to varied modes and excitation amplitudes of practical significance, with respect to the damper parameters. A nonlinear viscous damper is chosen for illustrating the optimization procedure for multi-mode vibrations of the cable, demonstrating the effectiveness of this method.
Hydrodynamic analysis of the submerged floating tunnels under irregular waves
Authors: Kim Seungjun , Won Deokhee
Published: February 2021

Many concepts of the submerged floating tunnels, which consists of floating tunnel segments and mooring systems, have been continuously suggested for the new-type transportation system. Although the SFTs show structural effectiveness and economic efficiency compared to the conventional oversea transportation structures such as oversea bridges and underwater tunnels, there is still no real construction example due to lack of sufficient researches about hydrodynamic behavioural characteristics with rational global performance analysis methodologies. For designing the main structural members such as floating tunnel segments, mooring lines, and anchor systems, the engineer should apparently know the behavioural characteristics of the SFT under the design environmental loading conditions first. Because the SFT moored at the pre-defined underwater location with specific draft is affected by waves and currents, the submerged floating structure shows significant dynamic responses continuously. Therefore, rational hydrodynamic analysis should be conducted in order to evaluate the global performance of the SFT and calculate the structural responses such as motion, internal forces, and stresses under the governing design loads. In this paper, the methodology of rational global performance analysis is suggested based on time domain hydrodynamic analysis. Using the method, significant dynamic characteristics of the submerged structures under the irregular waves are studied.
Geometric effects on Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Method for Structural Assessment – Experimental Study on Mortar Specimens
Authors: Wiciak Piotr , Cascante Giovanni , Polak Maria Aanna
Published: February 2021

Non-destructive ultrasonic evaluation (NDE) is commonly used for assessment of civil infrastructures and characterization of construction materials. Among the acoustic methods impact echo, ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV), and surface waves analysis can be distinguished. The UPV method, as it is an ASTM standard test method for concrete specimens, is investigated in the article. The standard specifies the applications of UPV as: assessment of relative quality of concrete, presence of imperfections (i.e. voids, cracks, and the effectiveness of its repairs). UPV can be also applied to monitoring changes in the condition of a specimen. In spite of an easiness of the method the obtained results highly depend on the transducers used, the coupling quality, and the specimen dimensions. In this article the authors focus on the sensor and the dimensions effects. The results for UPV tests on 5 mortar specimens of different heights and diameters are presented. The specimens are tested with 54 kHz and 850 kHz resonant frequency (fc) transducers and the state-of- the-art laser vibrometer (response measurements).
An experimental study of crack development in flexural reinforced concrete members
Authors: Rasmussen Annette Beedholm , Sørensen Bjarke Würtz , Skov Mikkel , Rasmussen Peter Kolt , Hagsten Lars Germa
Published: February 2021

This paper presents the results of an experimental program of eight reinforced concrete beams carried out in order to investigate the development of cracks related to flexure. To be able to investigate possible size effects with respect to cracking, beams of two different depths were tested. The crack development was continuously measured based on digital image correlation. From observation of the tests, two crack systems was identified; the primary flexural cracks and local secondary cracks. The development of these two crack systems with respect to increasing load, within the service load range, was analyzed and illustrated. The analysis showed different characteristics for the two crack types depending on the depth of the members. The measured average crack spacings and crack widths of the the primary flexural cracks showed a linear proportionality to the member depth. The measured crack spacings, for both crack systems, were compared to existing tests as well as selected models estimating flexural cracking.
Structural Behaviour of UHPC with Micro-Reinforcement
Authors: Prager Melanie , Schnellenbach-Held Martina
Published: February 2021

With intent to provide a ductile failure and to use Ultra High Performance Concrete (UHPC) to full capacity usually steel fibres are added during the mixing process. The impaired workability as well as random orientation and spreading of the fibres, the increased environmental pollution and the cost factor are beside the spots of corrosion resulting from near-surface fibres the main disadvantages in the use of micro steel fibres. Earlier studies primarily dealt with the replacement of the fibers concerning ductility, load bearing behaviour and durability by the application of a micro-reinforcement. Within this paper the development of a design concept for micro-reinforced UHPC is presented. Based on experimental investigations, main findings are transformed into analytical expressions, idealized and afterwards implemented into a design concept.
Transformational Leadership and Digital Skills in Higher Education Institutes: During the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Antonopoulou Hera , Halkiopoulos Constantinos , Barlou Olympia , Beligiannis Grigorios N.
Published: February 2021

Objectives: Recently, due to special conditions that the global community is experiencing (Covid-19), there is growing interest in research in educational leadership, especially in higher education, which will create an environment embedded in a collaborative culture, open to improvements, testing, and often unexpected challenges. Among the different forms of educational leadership, transformational leadership is recognized as the most appropriate for application in higher education, as it focuses on the division of leadership among academics with different skills in order to manage in a collective way the range of leadership duties required in different contexts. Methods/Analysis: This view is also reflected in this research paper, which focused on the degree of three specific forms of leadership (transformational leadership, transactional leadership, and leadership to be avoided) by members of the Senate of the University of Peloponnese. Descriptive and inductive methods of statistical analyses were applied for the interpretation of results. Findings: Notably, the findings indicate that leadership outcome has a strong positive correlation with transformational leadership and negative correlation with passive-to avoid leadership, confirming that higher transformational leadership implies greater efficiency and satisfaction for employees. Novelty/Improvement:A high degree of passive leadership coexists with the corresponding negative degree of implementation of digital leadership. Doi: 10.28991/esj-2021-01252 Full Text: PDF
A Colegiada de Nossa Senhora da Conceição de Angra A sua atividade musical e localização na paisagem sonora da cidade no final do século XVIII
Authors: Henriques Luís
Published: February 2021

A igreja colegiada de Nossa Senhora da Conceição, localizada no centro histórico da cidade de Angra, foi uma importante instituição litúrgico-musical no final do século XVIII sendo dissolvida pelo decreto da reforma eclesiástica de 17 de maio de 1832. O presente estudo examina a atividade musical desta instituição e o seu impacto enquanto centro importante na paisagem sonora de Angra. As referências da própria igreja e outras instituições, como as fontes do arquivo musical da Catedral e a atividade de outras igrejas colegiadas, foram transpostas para o contexto de Angra como forma de reconstruir a atividade da colegiada da Conceição.
Editorial
Authors: Lousada Isabel
Published: February 2021

Editorial
CLIMATE CHANGE: CAUSES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Authors: Laddha Abha
Published: February 2021

Global climatic changes because of human activities have become a major threat to life on Earth. Changing climatic conditions are the result of man-made activities and are continuously leading to a serious deterioration in the earth’s atmosphere. Basically it is leading to erratic climate and weather extremes, altered ecosystems and habitats and risks to human health and society. This problem can be solved only if some judicious steps are taken, including improvements to energy efficiency and vehicle fuel economy, increases in wind and solar power, hydrogen produced from renewable sources, biofuels (produced from crops), natural gas, and nuclear power.
ENVIRONMENT ISSUES AND CAUSES
Authors: Shrivastava Arti
Published: February 2021

Environmental destruction is one of the greatest threats that are being looked at in the current day. The United Nations Globally Strategy for Disaster Reduce characterizes environmental destruction as the reducing of the limit of globe world to meet social and environmental locations, and needs. At the part when atmosphere are damaged or common sources are exhausted, the surroundings is considered to be damaged and injured. There are a number of different methods that are being used to prevent this, such as environmental source security and general security projects.
GREEN LIBRARIES IN ACADEMIC INSTITUIONS: NEED OF THE HOUR
Authors: Shah Leena , Kumar Sudhir , Kumar Shah Mukesh
Published: February 2021

Explains term “Green” and special challenges met by libraries to be Green. Points out steps involved such as site selection, water and energy conservation, building material and indoor air quality. Briefly narrates few green libraries initiatives such as Fayetteville Public Library, Minneapolis (2004), Seattle Central Library (2004), National Library, Singapore (2005), Minneapolis Public Library (2006), and University of California (2005). Also discusses steps taken by TERI in developing GRIHA. Suggests for proper planning of buildings with solar energy system and roof water harvesting, etc.
POLLUTION AND HUMAN HEALTH
Authors: Nargesh P.S.
Published: February 2021

There are Literally Thousands of sources of these gases. Scientific evidence indicates that ground level – ozone not only affects people with impaired respiratory systems, but healty adults and children as well. Nature and sources of the pollutant effects on human health and the environment. Increased combustion of fossil fuels in the last century is responsible for the progressive change in the atmospheric composition. Air pollutants, such as carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitrogen oxides (NOx), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), ozone (O3), heavy metals, and respirable particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), differ in their chemical composition, reaction properties, emission, time of disintegration and ability to diffuse in long or short distances. Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health, affecting a number of different systems and organs. It ranges from minor upper respiratory irritation to chronic respiratory and heart disease, lung cancer, acute respiratory infections in children and chronic bronchitis in adults, aggravating pre-existing heart and lung disease, or asthmatic attacks. These effects of air pollutants on human health and their mechanism of action are briefly discussed.
ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE AND ENFORCEMENT
Authors: Bhargava Rashmi
Published: February 2021

Each country faces a unique set of challenges and capacities to implement its environmental laws. However, there are fundamental elements in all countries that form the basis of effective environmental compliance and enforcement programs and of legal systems. These common principles, based on the collective knowledge and experience of the International Network for Environmental Compliance and Enforcement (INECE) and reflective of international good practice, may be used to improve national environmental compliance and enforcement programs.

These principles are divided into five sections: (1) environmental results and shared responsibility, (2) goals and strategies, (3) good governance, rule of law and compliance, (4) structure and resources, and (5) continuous evaluation and improvement.
TRADITIONAL WORSHIPPING AND CONSERVATION OF PLANTS
Authors: Iyengar S. , Sapru Tripta , Gupta A.
Published: February 2021

The incredibility of India resides in its oneness inspite of diversity in culture, religion. Ethnic groups, castes, languages etc.; 31 states 1618 languages. 6400 castes, 6 ethic groups 29 major festivals and one country. Isliyemeradeshmahanhai. The diversity in culture and religion is reflected in diverse traditions faiths and beliefs. These faiths and beliefs in context with human relationship with supreme power has led to the protection and conservation of numerous plants thereby helping in maintenance of biodiversity.

In Hindu families after a child is born ‘JanamPatrika’ is prepared depending on date time and place of birth to know his/her future. It is believed that rashi, nakshatra and positions of the navgraha at the time of birth has a great bearing on the nature and the events happening in the life of the child. There are twelve Janam (birth) rashis and twenty two nakshatras and nine navgahas (planets). Each of these is associated with a specific plant. It is believed that worshipping, Plantation and protection of plants associated with one’s birth rashi, nakshatra keeps at bay some of the adversities in life and also gives solutions to their problems. It would be interesting to study why when and how a particular species has come to be associated with above birth signs.
ROLE OF SOCIETY IN CONVERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Authors: Singh Sandhya
Published: February 2021

Everyone has the right to live in this world and also every individual has responsibility to use natural resources judiciously. This will give equal opportunity to all to use the resources for the benefit of whole mankind. All living creatures belong to mother earth and they all have their shine of resources available. All these resources like land, energy, mineral, food, water, forest etc. have to be distributed in an equitable way for sustainable lifestyles of all creatures. Conservation of natural resources is now usually embraced in the broader conception of conserving the earth itself by protecting its capacity for self-renewal.        

Finally, the aim of this paper is to highlight the importance of the role of society members in the conservation of our natural or environmental resources.
DETERMINATION OF WATER QUALITY INDEX RIVER BHAGIRATHI IN UTTARKASHI, UTTARAKHAND, INDIA
Authors: Pathak S.K. , Prasad Shambhu , Pathak Tanmay
Published: February 2021

The present paper was intended to calculate water quality index (WQI) of river Bhagirathi. It is one of the tributary of holy river Ganga of India. In order to determine the quality of its water for public use, recreation and other purposes , the eleven parameters like pH, electric conductivity, Total dissolve solids, Total suspended solids, Dissolve oxygen , Biological oxygen demand, Total alkalinity, Total hardness, Chloride, Nitrate and Sulphate were determine. The water quality index calculated from the observed parameters indicate the river Bhagirathi at  Uttarakhand during winter was under good water quality condition, while at summer and rainy season of showed poor water quality index. In terms of index number ,offers a useful representation of overall quality of water for public or for any intended use as well as in the pollution mitigate plan and in water quality management.
EFFICACY OF PHRAGMITE KARKA PLANT IN CONSTRUCTED WETLAND SYSTEM
Authors: Saxena Shalini
Published: February 2021

Wetlands, either constructed or natural, offer a cheaper and low-cost alternative technology for wastewater treatment. A constructed wetland system that is specifically engineered for water quality improvement as a primary purpose is termed as a ‘Constructed Wetland Treatment System’ (CWTS). In the past, many such systems were constructed to treat low volumes of wastewater loaded with easily degradable organic matter for isolated populations in urban areas. However, widespread demand for improved receiving water quality, and water reclamation and reuse, is currently the driving force for the implementation of CWTS all over the world. Recent concerns over wetland losses have generated a need for the creation of wetlands, which are intended to emulate the functions and values of natural wetlands that have been destroyed. Natural characteristics are applied to CWTS with emergent macrophyte stands that duplicate the physical, chemical and biological processes of natural wetland systems. The number of CWTS in use has very much increased in the past few years. The use of constructed wetlands is gaining rapid interest. Most of these systems cater for tertiary treatment from towns and cities. They are larger in size, usually using surface-flow system to remove low concentration of nutrient (N and P) and suspended solids. However, in some countries, these constructed wetland treatment systems are usually used to provide secondary treatment of domestic sewage for village populations. These constructed wetland systems have been seen as an economically attractive, energy-efficient way of providing high standards of wastewater treatment by the help of Phragmite karka plant.

Typically, wetlands are constructed for one or more of four primary purposes: creation of habitat to compensate for natural wetlands converted for agriculture and urban development, water quality improvement, flood control, and production of food and fiber.
BLACK TEA INFUSION AMELIORATES ENZYMATIC CHANGES INDUCED BY SUBCUTANEOUS EXPOSURE OF GASOLINE AND GM-10 IN MICE
Authors: Dave Manjeet , Verma Ramtej Jayram
Published: February 2021

The present study was carried out to examine the ameliorative effect of black tea infusion on gasoline and GM-10 induced enzymatic changes in kidney of mice. Eighty healthy adult Swiss strain male albino mice weighing 32-35 gm were divided into eight groups including untreated control and various treated groups. Treated groups were subcutaneously administered with gasoline (412 mg/kg/day) and GM-10 low dose (206 mg/kg/day) and high dose (412 mg/kg/day) for 30 days. Black tea infusion (2%) was orally administered alone and along with gasoline and GM-10 through drinking water. All experimental animals were sacrificed on 31st day by cervical dislocation; kidney were isolated and used. Activities of succinic dehydrogenase, adenosine triphosphatase, acid phosphatase and alkaline phosphatase were assayed in kidney.The results revealed that subcutaneous administration of gasoline and GM-10 caused dose-dependent, significant enzymatic alterations in kidney of mice. Oral administration of black tea infusion along with subcutaneous treatment with gasoline and GM-10 significantly ameliorates all enzymatic changes induced by gasoline and GM-10 in kidney of mice.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)-DECISION MAKING TOOL FORPROJECT APPROVAL IN INDIA
Authors: Pratibha Akhand , Sonal Navlkha , Archna Akhand
Published: February 2021

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) can broadly be defined as a study of the effects of a proposed project, plan or program on the environment. A Strength, Weakness and Opportunity analysis taken up in this article has suggested that there are several issues that need to be readdressed. The opportunities are realized as increasing public awareness, initiatives of environmental groups and forward thinking to environmental plans and policies. Poor governance, rapid economic reforms and favors to small - scale units are threats the system. This paper concludes with EIA procedure in India.
CHANGING ENVIRONMENT AND HUMAN BEHAVIOR
Authors: Mehra Archana
Published: February 2021

There is a close relationship between human and environment. Often we blame a person for some bad act, but the truth is that the environment is equally guilty in it, so today human existence is in danger due to damage to the environment. Now awakening of environmental consciousness has become very essential because the environment surrounds human society, not just in physical form but also in social form. By observing a person's behavior, his environment can be easily estimated. In this landscape, forest groves, river, mountain, fauna as well as climate and population all play an important role. Whenever there is an imbalance in them, human behavior also starts to become imbalanced. It has been proved scientifically. Therefore, there is a great need for ecological co-ordination in both environment and humans. This cannot be ignored at all.

मानव और पर्यावरण के बीच घनिष्ठ सम्बन्ध है। प्रायः हम किसी बुरे कार्य के लिए व्यक्ति को दोष देते है किन्तु सच्चाई यह है कि उसमें पर्यावरण भी उतना ही दोषी होता है, अतः पर्यावरण की क्षति के कारण आज मानव का अस्तित्व संकट में पड़ गया है। अब पर्यावरण चेतना को जगाना अतिआवष्यक हो गया है क्योंकि पर्यावरण भौतिक रूप में नहीं सामाजिक रूप मंे भी मानव समाज को घेरे हुए है। किसी व्यक्ति के व्यवहार को देखकर उसके पर्यावरण का सहज अनुमान लगाया जा सकता है। इसमें प्राकृतिक दृष्य, वन उपवन, नदी, पर्वत, जीव जन्तु के साथ-साथ जलवायु और जनसंख्या इन सबकी महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका होती है। इनमें जब भी असंतुलन होता है, मानव व्यवहार भी असंतुलित होने लगता है। यह वैज्ञानिक सिद्ध कर चुके है। अतः पर्यावरण और मनुष्य दोनों में पारिस्थितिक समन्वय की अत्यधिक आवष्यकता है। इसे बिल्कुल नज़रअंदाज नहीं किया जा सकता है।
SOCIAL PROBLEMS AND ENVIRONMENT
Authors: Jadhav B.S.
Published: February 2021

From time immemorial modern man has set many measures of progress and progress. Man has progressed along with the development of intelligence. Human has developed his own nature by exploiting nature's qualities, but in this dark sense of development, human nature has contributed to the environment, to give up nature, to damage its environment. In which natural disorganization is associated with this disease. This imbalance has caused serious problems to human beings.

आदिमकाल से लेकरवर्तमानआधुनिक युगतकमनुष्य ने उन्नति व प्रगतिव के अनेकसोपान तय किए है।मनुष्य ने बुद्धि के विकास के साथ-साथप्रगति की है।मानव ने प्रकृतिप्रदत्तसाधनोंकादोहनकरअपनाविकासकियाहै, किन्तुविकास की इसअन्धीदौड़ मेंमनुष्य ने प्रकृतिप्रदत्तसंसाधनोंकाअविवेकपुर्णदोहन ने प्रकृति व पर्यावरणकोअत्यंत क्षतिपहुचाॅईहै।मनुष्य की निरन्तर बढ़तीआवश्यकताओं ने पर्यावरणको क्षतिपहुचाईहै, जिसमेेंप्राकृतिकअसुतंलनकोजन्मदिया।इसअसंतुलन ने मानव के समक्ष गंभीरसंकटउत्पन्नकरदिए है
THE STUDY OF THE KNOWLEDGE AND BEHAVIOR OF MODERN KITCHENS IN MODERN FAMILIE
Authors: Kaur Charanjeet
Published: February 2021

Environmental pollution is currently a serious problem in the country of India. In whose improvement the home garden may have contributed significantly. The homestead also has a global role in dense goods and industrial areas. If trees are planted in front of the house, then there is no dust inside the house and there is movement of clean air. In this, waste materials released from the kitchen of the house can be used as manure. It can also occur as a small production unit. Keeping these elements in mind, the home garden appears to be a laboratory, where a person can play an important role in national development and environmental improvement despite being a gardener.

भारत देश में वर्तमान में पर्यावरण प्रदूषण एक विकट समस्या हैं। जिसके सुधार में गृह वाटिका का महत्वपूर्ण योगदान हो सकता हैं। घनी वस्तियों तथा औद्योगिक क्षेत्रों में भी गृहवाटिका की विश्ेाष भूमिका हैं। यदि घर के सामने पेड पौधे लगे हों तो घर के अंदर धूलमिट्टी नहीं आती तथा स्वच्छ हवा का आवागमन बना रहता है। इसमें घर की रसोई से निकलने वाले व्यर्थ पदार्थो का उपयोग खाद के रूप में किया जा सकता है। यह एक छोटी उत्पादन इकाई के रूप में भी हो सकती है। इन्ही तत्थ्यों को ध्यान में रखकर गृहवाटिका एक प्रयोगशाला प्रतीत होती हैै, जहां व्यक्ति उद्यानषास्त्री न होते हुए भी राष्टृ्र््रीय विकास एवं पर्यावरण सुधार में महत्वपूर्ण भूमिका निभा सकता है।
CARBON TRADING AND CARBON CREDITS HELP IN CLIMATE CHANGE PROBLEM SOLVING
Authors: Singh Tomar Diwakar
Published: February 2021

Climate change remains the most burning environmental problem at the present time. Green houses are the most responsible for climate change. Green house gases include gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, ozone. Carbon dioxide is the most dangerous in this. The more developed the country, the greater its participation in carbon emissions.According to a report by the World Resource Institute, India, despite being the fourth largest carbon emitting nation in the world, is far behind the top three carbon emission nations in per capita carbon emissions.Top 05 nations producing greenhouse gas emissions

वर्तमान समय में जलवायु परिवर्तन सबसे ज्वलंत पर्यावरणीय समस्या बनी हुई है। जलवायु परिवर्तन के लिए सबसे अधिक जिम्मेदार ग्रीन हाऊस गैसें है। ग्रीन हाऊस गैसों के अन्तर्गत कार्बनडाई आक्साइड, मिथेन, नाइट्रस आक्साइड, ओजोन जैसी गैसें आती हैं। इसमें कार्बनडाईआक्साइड सबसे खतरनाक है। जो देष जितना ज्यादा विकसित है कार्बन उत्सर्जन में उसकी भागीदारी उतनी ही ज्यादा है।वल्र्ड रिसोर्सेृज इंस्टीट्यूट की एक रिपोर्ट के अनुसार भारत विष्व में चैथा सबसे बड़ा कार्बन उत्सर्जक राष्ट्र होने के बाबजूद प्रतिव्यक्ति कार्बन उत्सर्जन में भारत ष्षीर्ष तीन कार्बन उत्सर्जन राष्ट्रों से काफी पीछे है।ग्रीन हाऊस गैस उत्सर्जन करने वाली शीर्ष 05 राष्ट्र
INCREASING SIDE EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ON HUMAN HEALTH: A STUDY
Authors: Atre Veena
Published: February 2021

There is a very close relationship between environment and human health. Today, in the era of industrialization, the environment is contaminated, so how can we imagine clean food, water and air? As a result, many diseases are born in humans. The main elements of environment are land, water, air, flora and fauna.Water and Health: Tomorrow, the contaminated water of factories mixes in the river drains and pollutes excessive water. Drinking polluted water gives rise to diseases like dermatitis, polio, jaundice, typhoid, fever, dysentery, diarrhea, worm leptosporis, conjunctiva, dentistry, fluorosis, miscarriage, slow growth. Consumption of excessive amount of chloride in drinking water causes black spots in the teeth of the person. Bathing in polluted water in India is increasing the number of skin patients.Air pollution: Air pollution is caused by the presence of unwanted gases in the air. Yesterday there is difficulty in breathing due to the smoke emanating from factories and motor vehicles. If the amount of hydrocarbons in the air increases then the decrease in vision power, the amount of sulfuride oxide increases, then diseases like asthma, central nervous system are affected due to lack of oxygen in the blood from carbonamonoxide pollutants. Thus air pollution gives rise to incurable diseases. Cough, dermatitis, genital mutations, gene changes, genetic risks have increased.

पर्यावरण और मानव स्वास्थ्य का अत्यंत घनिष्ठ सम्बन्ध है। आज औद्योगीकरण के दौर में पर्यावरण ही दूषित है तो स्वच्छ भोजन पानी एवं वायु की कल्पना कैसे ही जा सकती है। इसके फलस्वरूप मनुष्य में अनेक रोगों का जन्म होता है। पर्यावरण के मुख्य तत्व भूमि, जल,वायु, वनस्पति एवं प्राणी समूह है।जल एवं स्वास्थ्य: कल कारखानों का दूषित जल नदी नालों में मिलकर अत्यधिक जल प्रदूषित करता है। प्रदूषित जल पीने से त्वचा रोग, पोलियो, पीलिया, टाईफाईड, बुखार, पेचिस, अतिसार, कृमि लेप्टोस्पाईस, कंेसर, दंतक्षय, फ्लूओरोसिस, गर्भपात, मंद विकास जैसी बीमारियों को जन्म देते हैं। पेयजल में क्लोराइड की अधिक मात्रा के सेवन से व्यक्ति के दाँतों में काले धब्बे पड़ जाते है’ रीढ़ की हड्डी तथा जोड़ों की हड्डी जकड़ जाती है। भारत में प्रदूषित जल में स्नान करने से त्वचा रोगियों की संख्या बढ़ रही है।वायु प्रदूषण:हवा में अवांछित गैसों की उपस्थिति से वायु प्रदूषण होता है। कल कारखानों और मोटर वाहनों से निकलने वाले धुएँ के कारण साँस लेने में कठिनाई होती है। वायु में यदि हाइड्रोकार्बन की मात्रा बढ़ती है तो दृष्ट शक्ति में कमी, सल्फरडाई आक्साइड की मात्रा बढ़ती है तो दमा जैसे रोग, कार्बनमोनो आक्साइड प्रदूषक से रक्त में आॅक्सीजन की कमी के कारण केन्द्रीय स्नायुतंत्र प्रभावित होता है। इस प्रकार वायु प्रदूषण असाध्य रोगों को जन्म देते है। खाँसी, त्वचारोग, जननिक विकृति का उत्पन्न होना जीन परिवर्तन, आनुवांषिकीय खतरे बढ़े है।
CONSERVATION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Authors: Verma Pragati
Published: February 2021

The survival and progress of human life depends on developmental resources. Since ancient times human beings get various types of things from nature and fulfill their needs. In fact, resources are those which are useful to human beings, human beings are a part of the environment just like other organisms but a variation which is easily reflected. That is, human beings have sufficient ability to affect the environment around them and control them in some sense as compared to other organisms. That is why human relations with environment are given so much importance.In modern life, there is nothing more curious than the problem of human and environmental relations. The pace of this awareness has been slow in the developing countries and its solution has just started to be fully realized.The global dimension of environmental awareness is beginning to appear in some decades. It has been felt that the unpredictable loss of land, air, water etc. is being done by the nature system of the earth, the future survival of the organisms on earth is starting to be threatened, now there is a need to think holistically. It is known that the object of the world is in our hands.Man has also had to bear the consequences of contempt for nature. Due to all this, a strong need is being felt today that how the above balance of nature can be regained, now we have to use our technical skills in ways to reclaim our lost environment.

मानव जीवन का अस्तित्व, प्रगति विकास संसाधनों पर निभ्रर करता है । आदिकाल से मनुष्य प्रकृति से विभिन्न प्रकार की वस्तुएँ प्राप्त कर अपनी आवष्यकताओं को पूरा करता है वास्तव में संसाधन वे है जिनकी उपयोगिता मानव के लिए हो, अन्य जीवों के समान ही मानव भी पर्यावरण का ही एक अंग है परन्तु एक विभिन्नता जो सहज ही परिलक्षित होती है वह यह है कि अन्य जीवों की तुलना में मानव अपने चारों ओर के पर्यावरण को प्रभावित तथा कुछ अर्थो में उसे नियंत्रित कर पाने की पर्याप्त क्षमता है यही कारण है कि मानव का पर्यावरण के साथ संबंधों को इतना महत्व दिया जाता है ।आधुनिक जीवन में मानव तथा पर्यावरण के संबंधों की समस्या से अधिक उत्सुकता का अन्य कोई विषय नहीं है । इस जागरूकता की गति विकासषील देषों में मंद रही है तथा इसका समाधान संपूर्णता से अभी-अभी ही अनुभव किया जाने लगा है । विगत् कुछ दषकों में पर्यावरणीय सजगता का वैष्विक आयाम प्रकट होने लगा है । यह महसूस किया गया है कि पृथ्वी की प्रकृति व्यवस्था से भूमि, वायु, जल आदि का अप्रत्याषित नुकसान किया जा रहा है पृथ्वी पर जीवों की भावी उत्तरजीविता को खतरा उत्पन्न होने लगा है अब समग्र रूप से सोचने की आवष्यकता पड़ रही है अब यह महसूस किया जाने लगा है कि विष्व का शग्य हमारे हाथो में है ।मनुष्य को प्रकृति के प्रति तिरस्कार का परिणाम भी सहना पड़ा है । इस सबके कारण ही आज इस बात की प्रबल आवष्यकता अनुभव की जाने लगी है कि किस प्रकार प्रकृति का उपर्युक्त संतुलन पुनः प्राप्त किया जा सकता है अब हमें अपने तकनीकी कौषल का उपयोग अपने खोये हुए पर्यावरण को पुनः प्राप्त करने के तरीकों में करना होगा ।