bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Association between cardiac time intervals and incident heart failure after acute coronary syndrome
Authors: Bjerregaard Caroline Løkke , Olsen Flemming Javier , Skaarup Kristoffer Grundtvig , Jørgensen Peter Godsk , Galatius Søren , Pedersen Sune , Iversen Allan , Biering-Sørensen Tor
Published: August 2024

Background

Cardiac time intervals are sensitive markers of myocardial dysfunction that predispose to heart failure (HF). We aimed to investigate the association between cardiac time intervals and HF in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS).

Methods

This study included 386 ACS patients treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Patients underwent an echocardiography examination a median of two days after PCI. Cardiac time intervals including isovolumic relaxation time (IVRT), isovolumic contraction time (IVCT), and systolic ejection time (ET), and myocardial performance index (MPI) were obtained by tissue Doppler echocardiography. The outcome was incident HF.

Results

During follow-up (median 4.3, IQR:1.0-6.7 years), 140 (36%) developed HF. In unadjusted analyses, IVRT was not associated with HF (HR 1.02 (0.95–1.10), p = 0.61, per 10ms increase), and neither was IVCT (HR 0.07 (0.95–1.22), p = 0.26, per 10ms increase). Increasing MPI was associated with a higher risk of HF (HR 1.20 (1.08–1.34), P = 0.001, per 0.1 increase), and so was decreasing ET (HR 1.13 (1.07–1.18), P < 0.001 per 10ms decrease). After multivariable adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors, MPI (HR 1.13 (1.01–1.27), P = 0.034) and ET (HR 1.09 (1.01–1.17), P = 0.025) remained significantly associated with incident HF. LVEF modified the association between ET and HF (p for interaction = 0.002), such that ET was associated with HF in patients with LVEF ≥ 36% (HR = 1.15 (1.06–1.24), P = 0.001, per 10ms decrease).

Conclusion

In patients admitted with ACS, shortened ET and higher MPI were independently associated with an increased risk of incident HF. Additionally, ET was associated with incident HF in patients with LVEF above 36%.

Graphical Abstract
Pt/facet-Engineered Hydroxyapatite Co-Catalyst for Highly Efficient Hydrolysis of Ammonia Borane
Authors: Kamiya Haruto , Kato Kunihiko , Xin Yunzi , Xu Yuping , Shirai Takashi
Published: August 2024

Ammonia borane (AB, NH3BH3) is a promising candidate for a hydrogen-storage material because of its high stability as a solid state at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. This study demonstrated a novel catalyst design for highly efficient hydrolysis of AB by hybridizing Pt catalyst with hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) as an “active support”, possessing Lewis-acidic Ca2+ sites in the a-plane and Lewis-basic PO43- sites in the c-plane. Facet-engineered HAp particles were synthesized via the microwave-assisted hydrothermal reaction using Ca-EDTA chelates. Varying the Ca/P ratio of HAp precursor (from 1.5 to 1.8) affected the particle morphology, exposed facet ratio of {300} to {002}, and the percentage of phosphate anion species (PO43- and HPO42-). The rod-like HAp sole catalysts performed approximately 2-fold higher activity for the hydrolysis of AB, compared with spherical HAp with low crystallinity. Moreover, the Pt/rod-like HAp co-catalyst demonstrated superior catalytic performance with a turnover frequency (TOF) of 623 molH2 molPt-1 min-1 than the Pt/spherical HAp (<232 molH2 molPt-1 min-1). We proposed a possible mechanism of a synergistic effect in the significant enhancement of the hydrogen release rate from AB. Lewis basic PO43- and Lewis acidic Ca2+ sites on HAp would affect preferential adsorption of electron-deficient BH3 and electron-rich NH3 groups in AB, catalyzing cleavage of B-N bonds. Besides, PO43- sites play a critical role in anchoring Pt particles towards electron transfer from Pt to PO43-, resulting in considerable enhancement of catalytic performance in dissociative adsorption of water molecules, which is a rate-determining step in the hydrolysis.

Graphical Abstract
Optical n(p, T90) Measurement Suite 3: Results at $$\lambda = 1542\,\text{nm}$$
Authors: Egan Patrick F. , Yang Yuanchao
Published: August 2024

Single-isotherm n(p, T90) results are reported for the gases Ar, N2, H2O, and D2O at vacuum wavelength $$\lambda = 1542.383(1)$$

λ
=
1542.383
(
1
)

 nm. The argon and nitrogen isotherms were measured near 303 K; the water isotherms were measured near 373 K. Combined with the two previous articles of this series, the present results beget several insights via dispersion analyses. The argon result is highly consistent with static measurement plus ab initio calculation of dispersion polarizability. The nitrogen result is nominally consistent with one recent experiment and the dipole oscillator strength distributions, but the present work offers a refined estimate of the molar refractivity at optical wavelengths. For ordinary and heavy water, the dispersion trend is nominally consistent with existing liquid measurements. However, water’s absorption features in the near-infrared preclude a reliable comparison of the present result with literature.
Vibrating-Wire Viscometry
Authors: Richter Markus , Trusler J. P. Martin
Published: August 2024

The theory and application of the vibrating-wire technique for the measurement of viscosity, as well as both viscosity and density, are reviewed. Theory is presented in the form of practical working equations and well-established limitations on their ranges of validity. The cases of both transient and steady-state excitation of the vibrating wire are considered in detail. For the steady-state mode, we describe a variant of the method in which the density is also measured. Practical details including wire materials, magnet systems and instrumentation are discussed, and several design examples from the literature are reviewed. Relative uncertainties in vibrating-wire viscometry vary from, at best, 0.2 % to about 2 % at 95 % confidence. In an appropriately designed instrument, density can be measured simultaneously with a relative uncertainty of about 0.2 %.
From 20 to 2? Landmark-based geometric morphometrics reveal negligible wing-shape divergence between 20 subspecies of the Apollo butterfly, Parnassius apollo (Lepidoptera, Papilionidae), in the Carpatho-Pannonian region
Authors: Takáts Kornél , Csősz Sándor , Szövényi Gergely , Katona Gergely , Domagała Paweł J. , Herczeg Gábor
Published: August 2024

For effective conservation management of endangered taxa, it is important to define operational units for conservation. In the absence of detailed genetic analyses, morphology-based taxonomy is often used as a surrogate. The Apollo butterfly, Parnassius apollo, is one of the most endangered butterfly species in Europe (considered as a flagship species) with 26 subspecies rank taxa described from the Carpatho-Pannonian region (Central Europe), often based on old, one-by-one descriptions. We applied landmark-based geometric morphometrics on wing shape to determine the number of morphologically distinguishable groups in the region, based on 949 males and 477 females from 20 Carpatho-Pannonian putative subspecies (both extant and potentially extinct). We found a single division between the Eastern Carpathian populations (described as two subspecies: ssp. transsylvanicus and ssp. rosenius) and the rest of the populations (including our outgroup from the Swiss Alps). Since P. apollo was not observed in the Eastern Carpathians in the last two decades, and the currently known extant populations in the Carpatho-Pannonian region are all located in the Northern Carpathians, our results support a single conservation unit in the region. We suggest that (i) extensive monitoring is needed to reveal whether the unique Eastern Carpathian populations have really gone extinct and (ii) more taxonomical/phylogenetic studies on Central European P. apollo are needed for establishing the taxonomy of the species and efficient conservation strategies. We emphasize that modern integrative taxonomy is not only important for clarifying taxonomical issues, but also for providing basis for sound conservation management.
A possible origin of the inverted vertebrate retina revealed by physical modeling
Authors: Oomens Jan M. M.
Published: August 2024

The evolutionary origin of the inverted retina in the vertebrate eye is unknown. This paper explores a hypothetical evolutionary scenario that explains the unique orientation of the photoreceptors in the vertebrate retina. The proposed scenario follows the scientific accepted scenario for eye evolution and gradually builds up towards an eye prototype by considering light direction detection and increase in achievable spatial resolution as the driving forces. It suggests that eye retinas developed along two different morphological processes, an evagination process that results in the inverted retina in vertebrate eyes and an invagination process that results in a verted retina in cephalopod eyes. The development of the inverted vertebrate retina and eye prototype morphology is strongly substantiated by physics of vision. The proposed evolutionary sequence for vertebrate eye development is simple and has the full potential to explain the origin of the inverted retina and leads to an eye prototype enabling visual detection and orientation. It allows the emergence of eye structures like, extraocular muscles, tapetum lucidum, biconvex lens, cornea, and pupil. This study supports the suggestion that a primitive inverted retina in the predecessor of vertebrates is of ectodermal origin and available before neurulation occurred.
Climate change adaptation attributes across scales and inter-institutional networks: insights from national and state level water management institutions in India
Authors: Azhoni Adani , Holman Ian , Jude Simon
Published: August 2024

Effective climate change adaptation requires cohesive inter-institutional networks across different scales, facilitating the sharing of data, information, knowledge, and practices. However, the impact of adaptation attributes across scales is poorly understood due to limited focus on these networks. Based on interviews with 26 institutions operating at the national level (ION) in India and 26 institutions operating within a state (Himachal Pradesh) (IOS), this study analysed adaptation attributes and the inter-institutional networks across the two scales to understand its implications at different scales. IONs have a greater capacity (compared to IOS) to frame guidelines, standards and regulations for practitioners along with better accessibility to resources and information. When coupled with bridging institutions, this can enhance adaptive capacities at other scales. Conversely, learnings from low regret adaptive measures being implemented by IOS are opportunities for informing national policy strategies. While national adaptation strategies and goals can inspire adaptation at lower scales, the currently fragmented inter-institutional network in India reduces the passage and accessibility of data and information, creating a bottleneck for the smooth devolution of adaptation attributes. Recruitment and deployment practices for water officials further entrench silo attitudes, impeding essential data accessibility. Adaptation needs comprehensive networks across vertical, horizontal, and diagonal institutional connections to improve climate risk perception and strategy implementation. Policy measures should consider socio-institutional factors beyond legislative prescriptions.
Efficient removal of Rhodamine-B dye using sulfonated/un-sulfonated three-dimensional mesoporous carbon nitride prepared from KIT-6 template: kinetics, modelling, thermodynamic analysis
Authors: Gokcan Melisa , Koyuncu Dilsad Dolunay Eslek , Okur Mujgan
Published: August 2024

Mesoporous carbon nitride (MCN-K) was prepared using mesoporous KIT-6 material as a template and ethylenediamine and carbon tetrachloride as N and C sources, respectively. The synthesized MCN-K was treated with sulfuric acid under different experimental conditions, thus obtaining sulfonated MCN-KS adsorbents. The effects of initial solution pH, initial dye concentration, adsorbent amount, and temperature on Rhodamine-B (Rh-B) dye removal were investigated. The XRD, FT-IR, and N2 adsorption–desorption analyses confirmed that the mesoporous carbon nitride structure was successfully synthesized. The high nitrogen content (C/N molar ratio: 4.0) of the MCN-K sample was confirmed by (carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and sulfur) CHNS elemental analysis. The XPS analysis was used to characterize the chemical states of the C, N and S atoms in the MCN-K and MCN-KS sorbents. It was found that there was not much difference between the removal percentages (93.13–89.92%) obtained in the pH range (4–12) studied. This result was attributed to the zwitter-ion form of Rh-B. The exothermic nature of the adsorption process of Rh-B on the MCN-K sorbent was determined by adsorption experiments performed at different temperatures. Adsorption capacities obtained from the Langmuir model were 185.2–104.2 mg/g in the studied temperature range. The kinetic behavior of the adsorption process was explained by the pseudo-second-order kinetic model in terms of both correlation coefficients (R2 > 0.91) and qe (35.59–190.26 mg/g) values. When the percentages of dye removal of the un-sulfonated and sulfonated samples were compared, it was found that sulfonation increased the adsorption rate considerably but did not contribute positively to the dye removal percentage.
Diagnostic performances of Claude 3 Opus and Claude 3.5 Sonnet from patient history and key images in Radiology’s “Diagnosis Please” cases
Authors: Kurokawa Ryo , Ohizumi Yuji , Kanzawa Jun , Kurokawa Mariko , Sonoda Yuki , Nakamura Yuta , Kiguchi Takao , Gonoi Wataru , Abe Osamu
Published: August 2024

Purpose

The diagnostic performance of large language artificial intelligence (AI) models when utilizing radiological images has yet to be investigated. We employed Claude 3 Opus (released on March 4, 2024) and Claude 3.5 Sonnet (released on June 21, 2024) to investigate their diagnostic performances in response to the Radiology’s Diagnosis Please quiz questions.

Materials and methods

In this study, the AI models were tasked with listing the primary diagnosis and two differential diagnoses for 322 quiz questions from Radiology’s “Diagnosis Please” cases, which included cases 1 to 322, published from 1998 to 2023. The analyses were performed under the following conditions: (1) Condition 1: submitter-provided clinical history (text) alone. (2) Condition 2: submitter-provided clinical history and imaging findings (text). (3) Condition 3: clinical history (text) and key images (PNG file). We applied McNemar’s test to evaluate differences in the correct response rates for the overall accuracy under Conditions 1, 2, and 3 for each model and between the models.

Results

The correct diagnosis rates were 58/322 (18.0%) and 69/322 (21.4%), 201/322 (62.4%) and 209/322 (64.9%), and 80/322 (24.8%) and 97/322 (30.1%) for Conditions 1, 2, and 3 for Claude 3 Opus and Claude 3.5 Sonnet, respectively. The models provided the correct answer as a differential diagnosis in up to 26/322 (8.1%) for Opus and 23/322 (7.1%) for Sonnet. Statistically significant differences were observed in the correct response rates among all combinations of Conditions 1, 2, and 3 for each model (p < 0.01). Claude 3.5 Sonnet outperformed in all conditions, but a statistically significant difference was observed only in the comparison for Condition 3 (30.1% vs. 24.8%, p = 0.028).

Conclusion

Two AI models demonstrated a significantly improved diagnostic performance when inputting both key images and clinical history. The models’ ability to identify important differential diagnoses under these conditions was also confirmed.
Role of Genetic Testing in Kidney Stone Disease: A Narrative Review
Authors: Geraghty Robert , Lovegrove Catherine , Howles Sarah , Sayer John A.
Published: August 2024

Purpose of Review

Kidney stone disease (KSD) is a common and potentially life-threatening condition, and half of patients experience a repeat kidney stone episode within 5–10 years. Despite the ~50% estimate heritability of KSD, international guidelines have not kept up with the pace of discovery of genetic causes of KSD. The European Association of Urology guidelines lists 7 genetic causes of KSD as ‘high risk’.

Recent Findings

There are currently 46 known monogenic (single gene) causes of kidney stone disease, with evidence of association in a further 23 genes. There is also evidence for polygenic risk of developing KSD. Evidence is lacking for recurrent disease, and only one genome wide association study has investigated this phenomenon, identifying two associated genes (SLC34A1 and TRPV5). However, in the absence of other evidence, patients with genetic predisposition to KSD should be treated as ‘high risk’. Further studies are needed to characterize both monogenic and polygenic associations with recurrent disease, to allow for appropriate risk stratification. Durability of test result must be balanced against cost. This would enable retrospective analysis if no genetic cause was found initially.

We recommend genetic testing using a gene panel for all children, adults < 25 years, and older patients who have factors associated with high risk disease within the context of a wider metabolic evaluation. Those with a genetic predisposition should be managed via a multi-disciplinary team approach including urologists, radiologists, nephrologists, clinical geneticists and chemical pathologists. This will enable appropriate follow-up, counselling and potentially prophylaxis.
Palmatine Ameliorates Motor Deficits and Dopaminergic Neuron Loss by Regulating NLRP3 Inflammasome through Mitophagy in Parkinson's Disease Model Mice
Authors: Zhao Jindong , Wang Ji , Zhao Kunying , Yang Shuda , Dong Junfang , Zhang Yuxiao , Wu Shangpeng , Xiang Lirong , Hu Weiyan
Published: August 2024

NLRP3 inflammasomes-mediated proinflammatory response and mitochondrial dysfunction play a critical role in the etiology and pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Negative regulation of NLRP3 inflammasome activation through mitophagy may be an important strategy to control NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated proinflammatory responses. Palmatine (PAL), an isoquinoline alkaloid found in various of plants, has potent pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidation. However, the specific role of PAL in the pathology of Parkinson's disease remains unclear. In this study, we found that treatment with PAL improved motor deficits and reduced the loss of dopaminergic neurons in MPTP mice. Further results showed that PAL promoted mitophagy and inhibited the proinflammatory response mediated by NLRP3 inflammasomes. In addition, chloroquine (CQ, mitophagy inhibitor) attenuated the ameliorative effects of PAL on the motor deficits and dopaminergic neuron damage, as well as the inhibitory effect of PAL on NLRP3 inflammasome. Collectively, these results provide strong evidence that PAL ameliorates motor deficits and dopaminergic neuron death in Parkinson’s disease, and the mechanism may be related to its inhibition of NLRP3 inflammasome activation via promoting mitophagy.
Performance of Novel GPT-4 in Otolaryngology Knowledge Assessment
Authors: Revercomb Lucy , Patel Aman M. , Fu Daniel , Filimonov Andrey
Published: August 2024

Purpose

GPT-4, recently released by OpenAI, improves upon GPT-3.5 with increased reliability and expanded capabilities, including user-specified, customizable GPT-4 models. This study aims to investigate updates in GPT-4 performance vs. GPT-3.5 on Otolaryngology board-style questions.

Methods

150 Otolaryngology board-style questions were obtained from the BoardVitals question bank. These questions, which were previously assessed with GPT-3.5, were inputted into standard GPT-4 and a custom GPT-4 model designed to specialize in Otolaryngology board-style questions, emphasize precision, and provide evidence-based explanations.

Results

Standard GPT-4 correctly answered 72.0% and custom GPT-4 correctly answered 81.3% of the questions, vs. GPT-3.5 which answered 51.3% of the same questions correctly. On multivariable analysis, custom GPT-4 had higher odds of correctly answering questions than standard GPT-4 (adjusted odds ratio 2.19, P = 0.015). Both GPT-4 and custom GPT-4 demonstrated a decrease in performance between questions rated as easy and hard (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Our study suggests that GPT-4 has higher accuracy than GPT-3.5 in answering Otolaryngology board-style questions. Our custom GPT-4 model demonstrated higher accuracy than standard GPT-4, potentially as a result of its instructions to specialize in Otolaryngology board-style questions, select exactly one answer, and emphasize precision. This demonstrates custom models may further enhance utilization of ChatGPT in medical education.
Different Numbers of Conjunctive Stimuli Induce LTP or LTD in Mouse Cerebellar Purkinje Cell
Authors: Daida Atsuro , Kurotani Tohru , Yamaguchi Kazuhiko , Takahashi Yuji , Ichinohe Noritaka
Published: August 2024

Long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission at parallel fiber (PF)-Purkinje cell (PC) synapses plays an important role in cerebellum-related motor coordination and learning. LTD is induced by the conjunction of PF stimulation and climbing fiber (CF) stimulation or somatic PC depolarization, while long-term potentiation (LTP) is induced by PF stimulation alone. Therefore, it is considered that different types of stimulation induce different types of synaptic plasticity. However, we found that a small number of conjunctive stimulations (PF + somatic depolarization of PC) induced LTP, but did not induce LTD of a small size. This LTP was not associated with changes in paired-pulse ratio, suggesting postsynaptic origin. Additionally this LTP was dependent on nitric oxide. This LTP was also induced by a smaller number of physiological conjunctive PF and CF stimuli. These results suggested that a larger number or longer period of conjunctive stimulation is required to induce LTD by overcoming LTP. Ca2+ transients at the PC dendritic region was measured by calcium imaging during LTD-inducing conjunctive stimulation. Peak amplitude of Ca2+ transients increased gradually during repetitive conjunctive stimulation. Instantaneous peak amplitude was not different between the early phase and late phase, but the average amplitude was larger in the later phase than in the early phase. These results show that LTD overcomes LTP, and increased Ca2+ integration or a number of stimulations is required for LTD induction.
The porcupine Hystrix parvae (Kretzoi, 1951) from the Late Miocene (Turolian, MN11) of Kohfidisch in Austria
Authors: Daxner-Höck Gudrun , Winkler Viola , Kalthoff Daniela C.
Published: August 2024

This paper provides an upgrade of Hystrix parvae, which so far is the smallest and oldest extinct species of Hystrix s. str. The new data derive from the exceptionally rich new fossil collection of the locality Kohfidisch in Austria, that comprises more than 100 fossils. The detailed descriptions are supported by enamel microstructure analysis of incisors, and x-ray microcomputed images (microCT) of the partial skull, upper and lower jaws and teeth. The tooth pattern and sizes show wide ranges, depending on the ontogenetic stage, tooth position and stage of wear. The deciduous D4/d4 and the permanent lower p4-m3 are identified as low crowned or brachydont. The mean hypsodonty index of m1/2 is 69%. The permanent upper P4-M3 are brachydont to mesodont. The mean hypsodonty index of M1/2 is 114%. The karstic cave and fissure system of Kohfidisch provided an ideal nursery environment as evidenced by numerous deciduous teeth in different ontogenetic stages. The age of the fauna is Late Miocene (lower Turolian, MN11), around 8.6 million years.
Satellite and robotic arm combined control for spacecraft close-proximity operations
Authors: Basana Federico , Pavanello Zeno , Branz Francesco , Francesconi Alessandro , Borelli Giacomo , Invernizzi Davide , Massari Mauro , Lovera Marco , Nocerino Alessia , Opromolla Roberto , Huertas Garcia Irene , Simplicio Pedro
Published: August 2024

This work presents the development of the navigation and control subsystems of a guidance, navigation and control (GNC) system for controlling an autonomous satellite, called chaser, equipped with a redundant manipulator. In the study, the capture operations of a target spacecraft and its stabilization are considered. The control function employs a combined control strategy: the chaser satellite actuators and the robotic arm joint motors are degrees of freedom of the same control plant. Robust control methods are used to cope with uncertain, nonlinear dynamics of the chaser and of the complete chaser–target stack after capture. The developed navigation function is based on active or passive electro-optical sensors (i.e., passive cameras and/or LIDARs) for the relative pose determination. A numerical simulator capable of representing the dynamics of the system (chaser, manipulator, target) in orbit is developed in the MATLAB/Simulink environment to validate the developed GNC algorithms. The simulation tool allows to thoroughly assess the GNC system performance, accounting for all the relevant external disturbances and error sources. The simulator interfaces with a synthetic image generator (i.e., PANGU) for relative navigation performance assessment. This paper presents the testing of the GNC system in two relevant In-Orbit Servicing (IOS) scenarios: (1) the servicing of a large GEO platform and (2) the servicing of a small satellite in Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
Deep Free‐Gas Accumulation Beneath the Chatham Rise, New Zealand—An AVO Study
Authors: Macnaughtan Michael T. , Pecher Ingo A. , Strachan Lorna J. , Crutchley Gareth J.
Published: August 2024

Subduction zones serve as carbon recycling centers, where vast amassments of geologic carbon accrete or subduct through thermogenic gas windows over millions of years. We focus on New Zealand's Chatham Rise, a fossilized accretionary wedge remnant of the ∼400 Myr‐active East Gondwanan margin. We undertake an amplitude‐variation‐with‐offset (AVO)‐based seismic analysis of the abiogenic Mesozoic sedimentary sequence (MES) and overlying Sequence Y chalk interval, which span the Chatham Rise's northwestern slope. Two‐term AVO attribute analysis resulted in the interpretation of distinct AVO Class III–IV reflection anomalies, which demarcate the siliciclastic MES from overlying Sequence Y chalks. Unified through their strong negative intercept amplitudes, Class III anomalies increase in absolute amplitude with angle, while Class IV anomalies decrease in absolute amplitude with angle of incidence. Simultaneous AVO inversion of seismic data highlighted the presence of P‐impedance anomalies, which directly underlie the regionally occurring Sequence Y chalk interval. Class III anomalies are modeled and interpreted as the result of a previously undefined coarse‐grained lithofacies, bearing low saturations (2%–10%) of free gas. Co‐occurring ClassIV AVO anomalies are modeled to provide evidence for a fine‐grained upper MES, bearing similarly low saturations of free‐gas in pore space. We speculate on the gas' origin, which could be from the Hikurangi subduction margin, in situ ancient microbial activity, or a new undetermined source related to the ancient East Gondwanan subduction margin and accretionary wedge.
Source Attribution of Health Burdens From Ambient PM2.5, O3, and NO2 Exposure for Assessment of South Korean National Emission Control Scenarios by 2050
Authors: Choi Jinkyul , Henze Daven K. , Nawaz M. Omar , Malley Christopher S.
Published: August 2024

We quantify anthropogenic sources of health burdens associated with ambient air pollution exposure in South Korea and forecast future health burdens using domestic emission control scenarios by 2050 provided by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). Our health burden estimation framework uses GEOS‐Chem simulations, satellite‐derived NO2, and ground‐based observations of PM2.5, O3, and NO2. We estimate 19,000, 3,300, and 8,500 premature deaths owing to long‐term exposure to PM2.5, O3, and NO2, respectively, and 23,000 NO2‐associated childhood asthma incidences in 2016. Next, we calculate anthropogenic emission contributions to these four health burdens from each species and grid cell using adjoint sensitivity analysis. Domestic sources account for 56%, 38%, 87%, and 88% of marginal emission contributions to the PM2.5‐, O3‐, and NO2‐associated premature deaths and the NO2‐associated childhood asthma incidences, respectively. We project health burdens to 2050 using UNEP domestic emission scenarios (Baseline and Mitigation) and population forecasts from Statistics Korea. Because of population aging alone, there are 41,000, 10,000, and 20,000 more premature deaths associated with PM2.5, O3, and NO2 exposure, respectively, and 9,000 fewer childhood asthma incidences associated with NO2. The Mitigation scenario doubles the NO2‐associated health benefits over the Baseline scenario, preventing 24,000 premature deaths and 13,000 childhood asthma incidences by 2050. It also slightly reduces PM2.5‐ and O3‐associated premature deaths by 9.9% and 7.0%, unlike the Baseline scenario where these pollutants increase. Furthermore, we examine foreign emission impacts from nine SSP/RCP‐based scenarios, highlighting the need for international cooperation to reduce PM2.5 and O3 pollution.
Effects of Sea Spray on Extreme Precipitation Forecasting: A Case Study in Beijing of China
Authors: Li Songlin , Zhao Biao , Ma Suhong , Yin Xunqiang , Ji Dong , Qiao Fangli
Published: August 2024

This study investigates the effects of sea spray on extreme precipitation forecast in Beijing of China between 28 July and 2 August 2023 as a case test. In this case, fully coupled model increased upward moisture in the Bohai and Yellow Seas and increased accumulated rainfall by 21% in North China. For the extreme precipitation events with the 5‐day accumulated precipitation exceeding 500 mm, the atmosphere‐only model did not forecast the events; the coupled model without sea spray performed well with the 0.29 threat score (TS) and 88 mm root mean square error (RMSE); in the fully coupled model, the effects of sea spray increased atmospheric instability, which increased the precipitation around Beijing and yielded a more accurate forecast with the 0.37 TS and 65 mm RMSE. This paper suggests a scientific clue to improve numerical simulation for extreme rainfall events, however, more cases are still needed for statistical evaluation.
Submesoscale Eddies Detected by SWOT and Moored Observations in the Northwestern Pacific
Authors: Zhang Zhiwei , Miao Mingfang , Qiu Bo , Tian Jiwei , Jing Zhao , Chen Ge , Chen Zhaohui , Zhao Wei
Published: August 2024

The Surface Water and Ocean Topography (SWOT) mission provides a good opportunity to study fine‐scale processes in the global ocean but whether it can detect balanced submesoscale eddies is uncertain due to the “contamination” by unbalanced inertial gravity waves. Here, based on concurrent observations from SWOT and a mooring array in the northwestern Pacific, we successfully captured two submesoscale cyclonic eddies with negative sea level anomalies (SLAs) in spring 2023. We find that the SLA amplitude and equivalent radius of the first (second) eddy are 2.5 cm and 16.0 km (2.0 cm and 18.8 km), respectively. For both eddies, their vertical scales are around 150 m and their horizontal velocities and Rossby numbers exceed 15.0 cm/s and 0.4, respectively. Further analysis suggests that similar submesoscale eddies can commonly occur in the northwestern Pacific and that SWOT is capable to detect larger submesoscale eddies with scales greater than ∼10 km.
Interdecadal Changes in the Links Between Late‐Winter NAO and North Atlantic Tripole SST and Possible Mechanism
Authors: Song Xiaolei , Yin Zhicong , Wang Huijun
Published: August 2024

The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) and North Atlantic tripole sea surface temperature (SST_tri) are important modes in the atmosphere and ocean over the North Atlantic, respectively. The link between the two is well‐known. However, this link weakened during 1980–2001, which is particularly pronounced in late winter and was not detected in early winter. This phenomenon has not been well revealed. The role of NAO in the above correlation changes was discussed. In late winter, a significant eastward shift (up to 20° longitude) of NAO south center during 1980–2001 was observed in both observation and CMIP6, accompanied by the eastward expansion of NAO north center. Spatial shift of the NAO forced the region of strong air‐sea interactions to shift and resulting in the collapse of NAO‐related SST_tri. These findings deepen our understanding of the NAO on the subseasonal scale.
Predicting Interplanetary Shock Occurrence for Solar Cycle 25: Opportunities and Challenges in Space Weather Research
Authors: Oliveira Denny M. , Allen Robert C. , Alves Livia R. , Blake Séan P. , Carter Brett A. , Chakrabarty Dibyendu , D’Angelo Giulia , Delano Kevin , Echer Ezequiel , Ferradas Cristian P. , Finley Matt G. , Gallardo‐Lacourt Bea , Gershman Dan , Gjerloev Jesper W. , Habarulema John Bosco , Hartinger Michael D. , Hajra Rajkumar , Hayakawa Hisashi , Juusola Liisa , Laundal Karl M. , Leamon Robert J. , Madelaire Michael , Martínez‐Ledesma Miguel , McIntosh Scott M. , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Moldwin Mark B. , Nahayo Emmanuel , Nandy Dibyendu , Nilam Bhosale , Nykyri Katariina , Paterson William R. , Piersanti Mirko , Pietropaolo Ermanno , Rodger Craig J. , Shah Trunali , Smith Andy W. , Srivastava Nandita , Tsurutani Bruce T. , Ram S. Tulasi , Upton Lisa A. , Veenadhari Bhaskara , Vidal‐Luengo Sergio , Viljanen Ari , Vines Sarah K. , Yadav Vipin K. , Yee Jeng‐Hwa , Weygand James W. , Zesta Eftyhia
Published: August 2024

Interplanetary (IP) shocks are perturbations observed in the solar wind. IP shocks correlate well with solar activity, being more numerous during times of high sunspot numbers. Earth‐bound IP shocks cause many space weather effects that are promptly observed in geospace and on the ground. Such effects can pose considerable threats to human assets in space and on the ground, including satellites in the upper atmosphere and power infrastructure. Thus, it is of great interest to the space weather community to (a) keep an accurate catalog of shocks observed near Earth, and (b) be able to forecast shock occurrence as a function of the solar cycle (SC). In this work, we use a supervised machine learning regression model to predict the number of shocks expected in SC25 using three previously published sunspot predictions for the same cycle. We predict shock counts to be around 275 ± 10, which is ∼47% higher than the shock occurrence in SC24 (187 ± 8), but still smaller than the shock occurrence in SC23 (343 ± 12). With the perspective of having more IP shocks on the horizon for SC25, we briefly discuss many opportunities in space weather research for the remainder years of SC25. The next decade or so will bring unprecedented opportunities for research and forecasting effects in the solar wind, magnetosphere, ionosphere, and on the ground. As a result, we predict SC25 will offer excellent opportunities for shock occurrences and data availability for conducting space weather research and forecasting.
Signature of anyonic statistics in the integer quantum Hall regime
Authors: Glidic P. , Petkovic I. , Piquard C. , Aassime A. , Cavanna A. , Jin Y. , Gennser U. , Mora C. , Kovrizhin D. , Anthore A. , Pierre F.
Published: August 2024

Anyons are exotic low-dimensional quasiparticles whose unconventional quantum statistics extend the binary particle division into fermions and bosons. The fractional quantum Hall regime provides a natural host, with the first convincing anyon signatures recently observed through interferometry and cross-correlations of colliding beams. However, the fractional regime is rife with experimental complications, such as an anomalous tunneling density of states, which impede the manipulation of anyons. Here we show experimentally that the canonical integer quantum Hall regime can provide a robust anyon platform. Exploiting the Coulomb interaction between two copropagating quantum Hall channels, an electron injected into one channel splits into two fractional charges behaving as abelian anyons. Their unconventional statistics is revealed by negative cross-correlations between dilute quasiparticle beams. Similarly to fractional quantum Hall observations, we show that the negative signal stems from a time-domain braiding process, here involving the incident fractional quasiparticles and spontaneously generated electron-hole pairs. Beyond the dilute limit, a theoretical understanding is achieved via the edge magnetoplasmon description of interacting integer quantum Hall channels. Our findings establish that, counter-intuitively, the integer quantum Hall regime provides a platform of choice for exploring and manipulating quasiparticles with fractional quantum statistics.
Impact of Bi2O3 on prepared nano (SiO2-Na2O-CaO-B2O3) glass as radiation shielding material
Authors: Doma A. S. , Abbas Mahmoud I. , Kashyout Abd El Hady B. , Mahdy Ebrahim A. , Ghafeir Eman A. , Dib Mirvat Fawzi , Abdellatif Hala , El-Khatib Ahmed M.
Published: August 2024

Melt quenching technique was used to create Bismuth Boro-Silicate nano glasses with compositions of 45SiO2-10CaO- 25Na2O- xBi2O3- (20-x) B2O3 (where x is 0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 mol %). Standard point sources AM-241, Ba-133, Co-60, Cs-137, and Eu-152 were used in the radiation experiment to evaluate the attenuation coefficients spanning the energy range of 59.51 keV to 1048.01 keV. The findings show that adding Bi2O3 in place of B2O3 increases the following: radiation protection efficiency (RPE%), transmission factor (TF%), absorption buildup factor values (ABF), exposure buildup factor values (EBF), mass attenuation coefficients (MACs), linear attenuation coefficients (LACs), and radiation protection efficiency (RPE%). In comparison to lead glass, these findings demonstrate the potential of nano Bismuth Boro-Silicate glass as a radiation shielding material.
The superiority of innovative spiral-interdigital microelectrode pattern in increasing the sensitivity of tracing synchronization via serum starvation in cellular metabolism
Authors: Bourbour Faegheh , Abdolahad Mohammad , Alast Fatemeh Hosseini , Aslan Sefat Sogol
Published: August 2024

In order to investigate the changes in the properties of the cell culture solution in the effect of cell synchronization via cell starvation (for 12, 24, and 36 h), a new spiral-interdigital pattern of microelectrode as a biosensor has been proposed. Then, to test its superiority, the results of this spiral-interdigital pattern with the results of the commercial pattern have been compared. The cells were selected from breast cancer standard lines (MDA-MB-231). Changes in CV peaks of the secretions were recorded by the spiral-interdigital pattern, in which increasing the interactive surface with homogenous electric paths had been considered by simulation before fabrication. The results of the simulation and experimental procedures showed a meaningful correlation. The occurrence of CV oxidative peaks at about 0.1–0.4 V and reductive peaks at approximately 0 V in the spiral-interdigital biosensor in the starved MDA-MB-231 cell line has been observed. The starvation situation resembles one that does not cause meaningful cell apoptosis or necrosis, and this method is only used to make the cells synchronized. Also, no peak is observed in normal cell growth conditions. In addition, by using the commercial design of the electrodes, no peak is observed in any of the conditions of normal and synchronized growth of the cells. Therefore, it seems that the observed peaks are caused by the agents that are secreted in the cell culture solution in a synchronized situation. Moreover, the design of the new spiral-interdigital electrode can significantly increase the sensitivity of the sensor to receive these peaks due to more space and a uniform electric field.
Effects of dietary fish to rapeseed oil ratio on steatosis symptoms in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L) of different sizes
Authors: Siciliani D. , Hubin A. , Ruyter B. , Chikwati E. M. , Thunes V. G. , Valen E. C. , Hansen A. K. G. , Hanssen H. , Kortner T. M. , Krogdahl Å.
Published: August 2024

Choline is recognized as an essential nutrient for Atlantic salmon at all developmental stages. However, its dietary requirement is not well defined. Choline plays a critical role in lipid transport, and the clearest deficiency sign is intestinal steatosis. The present work, aiming to find whether lipid source and fish size may affect steatosis symptoms, was one of a series of studies conducted to identify which production-related conditions may influence choline requirement. Six choline-deficient diets were formulated varying in ratios of rapeseed oil to fish oil and fed to Atlantic salmon of 1.5 and 4.5 kg. After eight weeks, somatic characteristics were observed, and the severity of intestinal steatosis was assessed by histological, biochemical, and molecular analyses. Fatty acid composition in pyloric intestine, mesenteric tissue, and liver samples was also quantified. The increasing rapeseed oil level increased lipid digestibility markedly, enhancing lipid supply to the fish. Moreover, small fish consumed more feed, and consequently had a higher lipid intake. In conclusion, the results showed that choline requirement depends on dietary lipid load, which depends on the fatty acid profile as well as the fish size.
Hydrostatic pressure drives sprouting angiogenesis via adherens junction remodelling and YAP signalling
Authors: Al-Nuaimi Dunja Alexandra , Rütsche Dominic , Abukar Asra , Hiebert Paul , Zanetti Dominik , Cesarovic Nikola , Falk Volkmar , Werner Sabine , Mazza Edoardo , Giampietro Costanza
Published: August 2024

Endothelial cell physiology is governed by its unique microenvironment at the interface between blood and tissue. A major contributor to the endothelial biophysical environment is blood hydrostatic pressure, which in mechanical terms applies isotropic compressive stress on the cells. While other mechanical factors, such as shear stress and circumferential stretch, have been extensively studied, little is known about the role of hydrostatic pressure in the regulation of endothelial cell behavior. Here we show that hydrostatic pressure triggers partial and transient endothelial-to-mesenchymal transition in endothelial monolayers of different vascular beds. Values mimicking microvascular pressure environments promote proliferative and migratory behavior and impair barrier properties that are characteristic of a mesenchymal transition, resulting in increased sprouting angiogenesis in 3D organotypic model systems ex vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, this response is linked to differential cadherin expression at the adherens junctions, and to an increased YAP expression, nuclear localization, and transcriptional activity. Inhibition of YAP transcriptional activity prevents pressure-induced sprouting angiogenesis. Together, this work establishes hydrostatic pressure as a key modulator of endothelial homeostasis and as a crucial component of the endothelial mechanical niche.
Transfer learning relaxation, electronic structure and continuum model for twisted bilayer MoTe2
Authors: Mao Ning , Xu Cheng , Li Jiangxu , Bao Ting , Liu Peitao , Xu Yong , Felser Claudia , Fu Liang , Zhang Yang
Published: August 2024

Large-scale moiré systems are extraordinarily sensitive, with even minute atomic shifts leading to significant changes in electronic structures. Here, we investigate the lattice relaxation effect on moiré band structures in twisted bilayer MoTe2 with two approaches: (a) large-scale plane-wave basis first principle calculation down to 2.88°, (b) transfer learning structure relaxation + local-basis first principles calculation down to 1.1°. We use two types of van der Waals corrections: the D2 method of Grimme and the density-dependent energy correction, and find that the density-dependent energy correction yields a continuous evolution of bandwidth with twist angles. Based on the above results. we develop a complete continuum model with a single set of parameters for a wide range of twist angles, and perform many-body simulations at ν = −1, −2/3, −1/3.
Surface effects on functional amyloid formation
Authors: Dear Alexander J. , Meisl Georg , Taylor Christopher G. , Palmiero Umberto Capasso , Stubbe Susanne Nordby , Liu Qian , Arosio Paolo , Linse Sara , Knowles Tuomas P. J. , Andreasen Maria
Published: August 2024

Fibril nucleation during protein aggregation is a heterogeneous process highly dependent on the surfaces present during the process.
Long-period energy releases during a C2.8 flare
Authors: Li Dong , Li Jianping , Shen Jinhua , Song Qiwu , Ji Haisheng , Ning Zongjun
Published: August 2024

Context. The study of quasi-periodic pulsations (QPPs) is a key diagnostic of intermittent or periodic energy releases during solar flares.

Aims. We investigated the intermittent energy-releasing processes by analyzing the long-period pulsations during a C2.8 flare on 2023 June 3.

Methods. The solar flare was simultaneously observed by the solar X-ray detector on board the Macau Science Satellite-1B, the Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite, the Chinese Hα Solar Explorer, the Expanded Owens Valley Solar Array, the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly, and the Extreme Ultraviolet Variability Experiment for the Solar Dynamics Observatory.

Results. The C2.8 flare shows three successive and repetitive pulsations in soft X-ray (SXR) and high-temperature extreme ultraviolet (EUV) emissions, which may imply three episodes of energy releases during the solar flare. The QPP period is estimated to be as long as ∼7.5 minutes. EUV imaging observations suggest that these three pulsations come from the same flare area dominated by the hot loop system. Conversely, the flare radiation in wavelengths of radio/microwave, low-temperature EUV, ultraviolet (UV), and Hα only reveals the first pulsation, which may be associated with nonthermal electrons accelerated by magnetic reconnection. The other two pulsations in wavelengths of SXR and high-temperature EUV might be caused by the loop-loop interaction.

Conclusions. Our observations indicate that the three episodes of energy releases during the C2.8 flare are triggered by different mechanisms, namely the accelerated electron via magnetic reconnection, and the loop-loop interaction in a complicated magnetic configuration.
Marginalised or missed? The curious case of influential autistic self-advocates in England: introducing the 3i instrument
Authors: Precious Kate
Published: August 2024

This article argues that the social policy influence of marginalised groups is at risk of being underestimated, in the scholarship, policy communities and wider society. It proposes the 3i instrument: a new, triangulated approach to measuring influence with a broader set of indicators than usually attempted. These indicators, which are designed to include influence in its early stages, are explored through a case study of autistic self-advocates in England. Surprisingly, the results show not just that autistic self-advocates but, through them, the wider autistic community, have more policy influence than they or others expect, but that influence is also being missed in its later stages, indicating that researcher bias may also be a complicating factor. While a single case of ‘missed’ influence is not sufficient to generalise to other contexts and groups, this research opens the door to a wider methodological discussion and reflexivity on the part of researchers.