bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INTERACTIONS OF OESTROGENS AND ANDROGENS ON THE MAMMARY GLAND AND GROWTH OF OTHER TISSUES IN HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RATS TREATED WITH INSULIN, CORTISONE AND THYROXINE
Authors: Jacobsohn Dora
Published: December 2008

In a previous study it was found that oestrogens are necessary for androgens to elicit a development of alveolar lobules in the mammary glands of rats. Since androgens and oestrogens exert synergistic as well as antagonistic actions on mammary glands of e. g. rabbits, the significance of oestrogens in the response of the mammary gland to androgens was further investigated in the rat. The experiments were designed according to the same principles as previously, that is, the response of the gland itself to oestrogens was modified. This was achieved by treatment of hypophysectomized rats with a) thyroxine (negligible response) and b) thyroxine, cortisone and insulin (marked response). The effect of endogenous androgens was studied in males injected with PMS with or without oestrogens. Gonadectomized rats were injected with testosterone and oestrogens.

No oestrogens given: The mammary glands of hypophysectomized males injected with PMS showed an abnormal response, irrespective of simultaneous treatment with thyroxine, cortisone and insulin in various combinations. The result confirms previous work with testosterone.

Negligible response of the mammary glands to oestrogens: In hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroxine, oestrogens and PMS or testosterone, the response of the glands was uniform and abnormal. The absence of end buds indicated that the response to oestrogens, if present at all, was suppressed by the androgens.

Marked response of the mammary glands to oestrogens: In hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroxine, cortisone and insulin another response of the glands to androgens and oestrogens was found. Besides abnormal structures, alveolar lobules were present. The changes produced with different doses of testosterone and oestrone indicated a complicated interplay of the two hormones.

Confirming previous observations, records of the length and weight of the body and of the weight of the liver and heart revealed marked growth in the hypophysectomized rats treated with thyroxine, cortisone and insulin.
EXPERIMENTAL STUDIES ON THE EFFECT OF ERGOCORNINE METHANESULPHONATE ON THE LUTEOTROPHIC FUNCTION OF THE RAT PITUITARY GLAND
Authors: Zeilmaker G. H. , Carlsen R. A.
Published: December 2008

The effects of a single administration of 1 mg ergocornine methane-sulphonate to female rats with functional corpora lutea have been studied. It was shown that: 1) Injection of ergocornine into hypophysectomized rats bearing an autotransplanted pituitary brought about morphological changes in the corpora lutea; 2) In intact rats bearing two isologous pituitaries a prolonged period of leucocytic vaginal smear was found following an ergocornine-induced oestrus, indicating that the secretion of luteotrophic hormone was resumed after drug treatment; 3) Administration of ergocornine to lactating rats temporarily inhibited milk production, the effect being prevented by treatment with luteotrophic hormone.

These studies indicate that the effects of ergocornine administration to intact female rats such as failure to develop decidual tissue as a response to uterine traumatization and the interruption of the leucocytic vaginal smear by oestrus, are the result of a temporary inhibition of the secretion of luteotrophic hormone by the pituitary. This brings about irreversible changes in the corpus luteum. The subsequent progesterone deficiency is responsible for the failure of the decidual tissue to develop and for the onset of oestrus three days after the administration of the drug.
TRANSFORMATION OF Δ5-ANDROSTENE-3,17-DIONE TO A Δ5-3α-HYDROXYSTEROID IN MAN
Authors: Fukushima David K. , Williams Kenneth I. H. , Zumoff Barnett , Gallagher T. F.
Published: December 2008

3α-Hydroxy-Δ5-androsten-17-one has been isolated following intramuscular administration of Δ5-androstene-3,17-dione to man. There was very little or no conversion to 3β-hydroxy-Δ5 epimer. Significant amounts of androsterone and aetiocholanolone were obtained.
THE HEXOSAMINE CONTENT OF THE ORBIT IN RELATION TO ANTI-THYROTROPHIN ANTIBODY TITRES IN SERA OF THYROTROPHIN-TREATED RABBITS WITH AND WITHOUT CORTISONE ADMINISTRATION
Authors: Wegelius Otto , Jokinen E. J.
Published: December 2008

In all previous investigations on experimental exophthalmos, heterologous thyrotrophic pituitary extracts have been used. These protein hormones stimulate antihormone formation in the test animals. Cortisone has been reported to effectively block antibody formation. In addition, it has been shown to potentiate TSH-induced exophthalmos in guinea-pigs. With rabbits as test animals, the hexosamine content of the orbital tissues was determined and used as an index of exophthalmos development and at the same time the antibody titres in the sera were followed. TSH injections for six weeks led to a highly significant accumulation of hexosamine in the retrobulbar connective tissue and in the extraocular muscles, i. e. an increase of up to 400% as compared with the control animals. At the same time a significant rise in antihormonal titres was detectable in the sera. Concomitant treatment with cortisone brought about an equal or higher accumulation of hexosamine but significantly lower antibody titres. The known opposite peripheral actions of TSH and cortisone can be reconciled with the synergy in producing experimental exophthalmos by attributing the synergetic action of cortisone to the blocking of antihormone formation. If less antihormones are produced, the effect of TSH is enhanced. Our experiments do not provide direct proof for this hypothesis. High hexosamine values in the orbit and low antihormone titres in the serum are, however, concomitant phenomena.
PRODUCTION RATE OF PROGESTERONE IN HUMAN MIDPREGNANCY
Authors: Ejarque Peter M. , Bengtsson Lars Ph.
Published: December 2008

Progesterone-4-14C was injected i. v. into three women in midpregnancy, and the amount of steroid responsible for dilution was determined by the isotope dilution method from the specific activity of pregnanediol diacetate isolated from urine collected for 24 h.

Progesterone-4-14C was injected i. v. into a woman in midpregnancy one week before and immediately after removal of the placenta (and foetus). The daily amount of steroid responsible for dilution was determined as above on 4 consecutive days before and after removal of the conceptus.

From the data the following could be calculated:

The rate of progesterone production in midpregnancy: 75.5 mg/24 h. About 70% of this is produced by the placenta and about 30% by extraplacental sources.

The amount of steroid stored in tissues and participating in the dilution: 27.4 mg.

The extra-placental production of progesterone decreases after removal of the placenta.
EFFECTS OF IMPLANTATION OF CORTISOL INTO THE BRAIN STEM OR PITUITARY GLAND ON THE ADRENAL RESPONSE TO STRESS IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Smelik Peter G. , Sawyer Charles H.
Published: December 2008

Small amounts of crystalline cortisol were implanted into the brain stem or the pituitary gland of rabbits; subsequently the adrenal response to immobilization stress was measured (as indicated by the rise in plasma corticoids) at weekly intervals for several weeks after implantation. The stress-induced adrenal activation was inhibited by implants into the anterior portion of the median eminence, the post-optic region and, to a lesser extent, the antero-medial part of the hypothalamus, between the supra-optic and paraventricular nuclei and the median eminence. No observable effect was induced by similar implants into the posterior hypothalamus, mesencephalon and adenohypophysis. Little correlation could be noted between inhibition of adrenal function and decline of adrenal weight.
HEXURONIC ACID, HEXOSAMINE, AND RADIOSULPHATE UPTAKE IN OVARIES OF MYXOEDEMATOUS RABBITS
Authors: Thorsøe Hans
Published: December 2008

One month after radical surgical thyroidectomy, 13 out of 28 rabbits had raspberry-like polycystic ovaries.

Thyroidectomy increased the content of water, hexuronic acid, and the in vivo uptake of 35S-labeled sulphate in acid mucopolysaccharides.

There is parallelism between, on the one hand, the ovarian contents of hexosamine and hexuronic acid, and on the other, between the 35S-labeled sulphate uptake in the ovary and the uptake of 35S-labeled sulphate in the fraction of acid mucopolysaccharides.
THE EFFECT OF PREDNISONE ON THE THYROID FUNCTION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE IN VITRO UPTAKE BY ERYTHROCYTES OF L-TRIIODOTHYRONINE LABELED WITH 131I
Authors: Friis Thorkild , Reinicke Vagn
Published: December 2008

In order to study the effect of steroids on the function of the thyroid gland, the uptake by erythrocytes of l-triiodothyronine labeled with 131I was investigated in 29 euthyroid patients treated with prednisone. At the same time the thyroid function was studied by determinations of the serum PBI, the thyroid 131I-uptake and the thyroid hormone secretion rate. In addition some studies of the renal 131I-clearance were performed. Prednisone was found to increase the erythrocyte uptake of the thyroid hormone triiodothyronine in two-thirds of the patients investigated probably as a result of decreased binding capacity of the serum proteins. Simultaneously, the function of the thyroid gland was found to decrease, according to the thyroid 131I-uptake and the thyroid hormone secretion rate.

A slightly increased renal 131I-clearance was found during the steroid treatment. This increase cannot completely explain the decreased thyroid 131I-uptake

The relation between the decreased function of the thyroid gland and the increased uptake of triiodothyronine in erythrocytes during steroid treatment is discussed.
ÜBER DIE ANTAGONISTISCHE WIRKUNG VON TRIJODTHYRONIN UND PROGESTERON AUF DEN PREDNISOLONEFFEKT AM EPIPHYSENKNORPEL (PRÜFUNG DER REISSFESTIGKEIT)
Authors: Ther L. , Schramm H. , Vogel G.
Published: December 2008

Longitudinal tension exerted on a killed rat's femur results always in rupture on the same place viz: the distal epiphyseal line. The power required to produce this effect can be measured with a simple dynamometer. The tensile strength increases with advancing age and during exsiccation (thirst). In untreated rats (weight range 100–120 g) this value amounts to about 1.5–1.8 kg.

Tensile strength of the femoral epiphyseal line may be influenced by hormones. Corticosteroids such as prednisolone acetate and cortisol acetate increase the level of maximal load to more than 2.0 kg. In general the effect of a single injection reaches a climax after 48 hours. Dose-response-curves can be established and relative effectiveness may be gathered therefrom. Deoxycorticosterone acetate likewise increases tensile strength in spite of the fact that contrary to prednisolone exhibiting diuretic action this compound has a water retaining effect.

Triiodothyronine and progesterone when given alone produce a slight decrease in tensile strength. The effect of prednisolone when given simultaneously with one of these two compounds is antagonized: this phenomenon is more pronounced in the case of triiodothyronine.
CHROMATOGRAPHIC SEPARATION OF 17-KETOSTEROIDS OBTAINED FROM SOME 17-HYDROXYCORTICOSTEROIDS BY THE NORYMBERSKI AND THE APPLEBY METHODS
Authors: Pesonen S.
Published: December 2008

14 pure 17-OH-corticoids were treated according to the methods of Norymberski and Appleby. The 17-KS obtained as products of oxidation, or of reduction and oxidation, followed by acid hydrolysis, were fractionated into five fractions by column chromatography. Some of the 17-KS obtained were identified by infrared spectrography.

Both methods gave almost identical products from those steroids from which theoretically 11-deoxy-17-KS should be formed. Of the total amount of 17-KS formed, over 90 per cent consisted of 11-deoxy components as expected, and less than 10 per cent of 11-oxy components.

The results obtained with the steroids which should yield 11-oxy components varied greatly according to the method of treatment. While 70.0 per cent of the components obtained with sodium bismutate treatment were 11-oxy-17-KS, reduction with sodium borohydride and oxidation with sodium bismutate gave only 20.6 per cent of 17-KS of the same group. Reduction and oxidation was also observed elsewhere than in the side chain of the molecule. Over 65 per cent of the 17-KS formed was androstanolone.

The same phenomena were seen in two 11-dehydro compounds. Oxidation with sodium bismutate gave 11-deoxy components to an extent of 97.9 per cent of the total amount of 17-KS, and after reduction and oxidation to an extent of 60.6 per cent.
GONADOTROPHINS OF PITUITARY ORIGIN IN THE URINE OF SHEEP AFTER CASTRATION AND OVARIECTOMY
Authors: Robertson H. A. , MacGillivray A. J. , Hutchinson J. S. M.
Published: December 2008

Gonadotrophic activity has been detected in the urine of castrate male and ovariectomized female sheep. The kaolin-acetone methods of Loraine & Brown (1956) and of Albert et al. (1958) were used for extracting the gonadotrophic activity. The total gonadotrophic activity of the preparations was determined by the mouse uterine weight assay. Although the two extraction methods appeared to be equally efficient, that of Albert et al. was found to produce preparations of higher specific activity and this procedure was adopted for further investigations.

The level of activity in the urine of the ovariectomized ewe and of the castrate ram was found to be considerably lower than that found in the urine of post-menopausal or ovariectomized women.
LINEAR GROWTH, SULPHATION FACTOR ACTIVITY AND CHROMOSOME CONSTITUTION IN 22 SUBJECTS WITH TURNER'S SYNDROME
Authors: Almqvist Sven , Lindsten Jan , Lindvall Nils
Published: December 2008

Linear growth, sulphation factor (SF) activity and chromosome constitution were studied in 22 subjects with Turner's syndrome.

Linear growth rate was retarded, and the final body height decreased. SF activity was decreased in one, normal in nine and increased in 12 patients, and the mean serum SF activity was increased in all age groups studied.

Six different sex chromosome constitutions were observed, three with mosaicism.

No obvious relationships were found in our patients between linear growth rate and SF activity, on the one hand, and chromosome constitution on the other. It is tentatively suggested that the pituitary growth hormone in Turner's syndrome does not stimulate growth in the usual manner.
INFLUENCE OF ADRENAL STEROIDS ON RADIO-CALCIUM METABOLISM IN YOUNG BEAGLE DOGS
Authors: Collins Elliott J. , Carpenter O. S. , Baker V. F.
Published: December 2008

The influence of 9α-fluoro,16α-methylprednisolone, 6α-fluoroprednisolone, and 6α-methylprednisolone on 47Ca utilization was studied in young beagle dogs. The major effect of steroid therapy, with each dog as his own control, is to increase 47Ca eliminated in the faeces and urine.

Based on mean treated/control ratios 9α-fluoro,16α-methylprednisolone causes 2.5 to 10 times more inhibition of utilization of radio-calcium than equivalent doses of 6α-fluoroprednisolone or 6α-methylprednisolone.
TAIL GROWTH IN THE THYROXINE-TREATED HYPOPHYSECTOMIZED RAT AS A SENSITIVE CRITERION FOR GROWTH HORMONE ACTIVITY
Authors: de Groot C. A.
Published: December 2008

Tail measurements were performed on hypophysectomized rats sensitized to growth hormone by simultaneous treatment with thyroxine; three weeks of daily injections suffice to differentiate the standard (continuous) thyroxine growth from the additional growth caused by growth hormone. It was found necessary to select the rats according to tail length.
RENAL FUNCTION FOLLOWING HYPOPHYSECTOMY IN MAN
Authors: Falkheden Thomas
Published: December 2008

Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and renal plasma flow (RPF), as measured by clearances of inulin and para-aminohippuric acid, were studied before and after hypophysectomy in 23 patients (nine cases of metastatic mammary carcinoma, nine cases of diabetes mellitus with retinopathy, and five cases of acromegaly). In 12 of the patients, the maximal rate of tubular excretion of para-aminohippuric acid (TmPAH) was also studied. All subjects developed evidence of depressed adrenocortical function after hypophysectomy and were on replacement therapy with cortisone (17,21-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,11,20-trione) at the time of the postoperative studies. In four cases, postoperative hypothyroidism was not demonstrated.

In all patients, GFR and RPF decreased after hypophysectomy and this reduction was present within four to eight weeks after surgery, when the first postoperative study was usually performed. In additional studies, at different intervals after hypophysectomy there were, on the whole, only minor further changes in GFR and RPF.

Thyroid therapy increased GFR and RPF in the hypophysectomized patients but did not raise the values to the preoperative level.

Following hypophysectomy TmPAH decreased in nine of the 12 patients studied. Thyroid therapy did not regularly increase the Tm values.
MAMMOGENIC EFFECTS OF METHANDROSTENOLONE IN CASTRATED RATS
Authors: Ahrén K. , Arvill A. , Hjalmarson Ä.
Published: December 2008

Methandrostenolone (17β-hydroxy-17α-methyl-androsta-1,4-dien-3-one) was injected in 4 dose-levels (0.05, 0.5, 2.5 and 5.0 mg daily for 28 days) into castrated male rats, and the response of the mammary glands, the seminal vesicles and the levator ani muscle studied. One dose-level (2.5 mg daily for 28 days) was injected into castrated female rats, and the response of the mammary glands, the vagina and the uterus studied. The main results were as follows:

The 0.05 mg dose did not stimulate the seminal vesicles but produced a slight weight increase of the levator ani muscle. The 0.5 mg dose had only a minimal effect on the seminal vesicles but had a much more pronounced effect on the levator ani muscle. The 2 higher doses, however, markedly stimulated both the seminal vesicles and the levator ani muscle.

In the mammary glands methandrostenolone produced not only lobule-alveolar development, as do most other androgens, but in addition induced growth and development of the mammary duct system, as found with oestrogenic compounds.

The lobule-alveolar development, found after treatment with the various dose-levels of methandrostenolone, quantitatively, more closely followed the growth of the levator ani muscle than the development of the seminal vesicles.

In the castrated female rats methandrostenolone stimulated vaginal opening, brought about slight cornification of the vaginal epithelium and caused a marked weight increase of the uterus. These effects cannot be explained solely on the basis of the androgenic activity of this compound, but seem to indicate that methandrostenolone has an oestrogenic activity when injected into castrated rats.
A FERTILE PATIENT WITH KLINEFELTER'S SYNDROME
Authors: Warburg Erik
Published: December 2008

Investigations have shown a marked likelihood that a patient with Klinefelter's syndrome is the father of a son, and it is not unlikely that he is also the father of another, now deceased, son.

Owing to the relatively common finding of positive sex chromatin in male infants and the striking paucity of cases showing Klinefelter's syndrome, the present case is presumably not excessively rare.
SEPARATION AND CHARACTERISATION OF Δ4-3-KETOSTEROIDS OF THE PREGNANE-SERIES BY MEANS OF THIN-LAYER CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Lisboa B. P.
Published: December 2008

A method is described for the separation and characterisation of thirty-two Δ4-3-ketosteroids of the pregnane-series. The method involves thinlayer chromatography on Silica Gel G of the various steroids and of various derivatives thereof, followed by seven in situ colour reactions. Data are presented on the reproducibility of the method.
AUTORADIOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION STUDIES WITH NATURAL OESTROGENS
Authors: Ullberg Sven , Bengtsson Gösta
Published: December 2008

The distribution of labelled oestrogens, 14C-oestrone and 3H-oestradiol, has been investigated autoradiographically in mice.

A selective accumulation has been observed in the adrenal cortex, the granulosa layer of large ovarian follicles and in the endometrium. These sites are believed to be target areas of the oestrogens. The activity in the uterine glands seems to be located mainly in the nuclei.

A fairly high concentration was also found in the central nervous system. The foetuses of pregnant mice showed a higher concentration of radioactive substance than the mother.

The target sites during the whole course showed a slightly higher concentration of activity than most tissues but did not show any appreciable specific retention of the accumulated activity. A gradual increase of activity in liver and intestine probably due to excretion could be observed.
ETUDE BIOCHIMIQUE DE LIQUIDES EXTRAITS DE NODULES THYROIDIENS HYPERFONCTIONNELS
Authors: Etling N. , Vallée G. , Lumbroso P. , Netter A.
Published: December 2008

After the administration of 131I (test or therapeutic doses), some hyperfunctional thyroid nodules were punctured with a needle, and the fluid extracted was studied by radiochromatography and radioelectrophoresis; when there was sufficient radioactivity, a plasma study was performed on the same day.

The main component of the plasma is thyroxine, bound to proteins sometimes and occasionally there is also a small amount of organic iodine firmly bound to proteins.

The fluid constitution is different according to the evolution of the disease. When the functional activity is high, thyroxine is the principal constituent; there are also minute amounts of iodotyrosines bound to the proteins.

When the functional activity is lower, the fluid contains organic iodine compounds the proportion of which, after enzymatic hydrolysis and electrophoretic migration, are similar to those of thyroglobulin.

After the therapeutic action of radioiodine and the disappearance of hyperthyroidism, the iodotyrosines become free in the fluid, with spontaneous hydrolysis.

Thus, the biochemical constitution of the fluid seems to reflect the clinical evolution of the disease.
STUDIES ON THE GROWTH AND HORMONE PRODUCTION OF RAT HYPOPHYSIS IN TISSUE CULTURE
Authors: Kullander Stig
Published: December 2008

The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland of the rat was studied in tissue culture. Oestrone, progesterone and androsterone did not have any effect on the growth.

On the other hand, oestrogen-induced pituitary tumours in tissue culture grew more quickly in medium containing oestrone or androsterone.

The anterior pituitary gland produced prolactin in vitro.
THE PRECISION OF THE OVARIAN ASCORBIC ACID DEPLETION TEST FOR LUTEINIZING HORMONE
Authors: Larsen Jørgen Falck , Hamburger Christian
Published: December 2008

Various modifications of the Parlow test for luteinizing hormone (ovarian ascorbic acid depletion in rats) were tried. Human chorionic gonadotrophin was used instead of hypophyseal luteinizing hormone. The precision of the method was found to be so low, however, that the test could not be used for routine clinical analysis. The low precision found in this and other laboratories is thought to be due to the strains of rats used.
THE SITE OF PRODUCTION OF OESTROGENIC HORMONES IN HUMAN PREGNANCY. II.
Authors: Frandsen V. Aasted , Stakemann Georg
Published: December 2008

Spayed female mice were injected with human foetal adrenal and placental tissue from foetuses delivered by hysterotomy in cases of legal abortions. Vaginal smears were inspected daily for signs of oestrogenic activity.

Oestrous smears were never encountered when either adrenal or placental tissue was injected, but when both tissues were injected together, the mice most often went into oestrus.

From these results it is assumed that the oestrogens of human pregnancy are produced neither by the placenta nor by the foetal adrenal alone, but by a complex procedure involving both tissues. It is thought most likely that the foetal adrenals produce a steroid precursor which is metabolized into oestrogens by the placenta and excreted as such in the urine of the mother. Attempts to identify this precursor have so far failed.
OESTRIOL METABOLISM IN THE HUMAN FOETO-PLACENTAL UNIT
Authors: Mikhail G. , Wiqvist N. , Diczfalusy E.
Published: December 2008

At laparotomy 1 to 2 μc amounts of oestriol-16-14C were injected into the umbilical vein of 3 foetuses and the foeto-placental unit was left in situ with an intact circulation for a few minutes prior to the removal of the products of conception.

More than 90 per cent of the radioactivity present in the various foetal tissues consisted of oestriol-3-sulphate. In addition, a small amount of oestriol-16(17?)-glucosiduronate was identified in extracts of foetal liver. In contrast to the pattern found in foetal tissues, the bulk of radioactivity in the placenta and membranes was present as unconjugated oestriol.

In two cases at laparotomy the placenta was disconnected from the foetus and was perfused in situ with 0.4 μc of oestriol-16-14C-3-sulphate. More than 80 per cent of the radioactivity present in the placenta was identified as unconjugated oestriol.

The results indicate that oestriol-3-sulphate formed by the foetus becomes hydrolyzed to a significant extent by the placenta.
THE PROLACTIN PRODUCTION AND RELEASE OF A PITUITARY GRAFT AND OF THE HYPOPHYSIS IN SITU
Authors: Wolthuis O. L. , de Jongh S. E.
Published: December 2008

In order to compare the prolactin function of a pituitary graft with that of a hypophysis in situ, an attempt was made to make the two groups of experimental animals used comparable with respect to their gonadotrophin and steroid levels. This was done:

by autotransplantation of the ovaries into the spleen or by ovariectomy;

by supplying excess amounts of exogenous gonadotrophins.

It was found that prolactin effects produced by hypophyseal grafts were far greater than those brought about by hypophyses in situ.

If small amounts of oestrogens accidentally escaped from the portal circulation, these effects were enhanced both in the grafted animals and in those with the hypophyses in situ.

Assays of serum and hypophyseal material of ovariectomized and hypophysectomized rats bearing a hypophyseal graft under the kidney capsule showed that the prolactin content of the graft is lower and the prolactin content of the serum higher when compared to material from ovariectomized sham-operated controls.

From these results it is concluded that:

The hypothalamus inhibits the prolactin function of the hypophysis in situ.

Hypothalamic inhibitory mechanisms affect prolactin release more than prolactin production.

Oestrogens enhance prolactin production in the hypophysis, presumably mainly by a direct action on the pituitary gland.
CONJUGATED OESTROGENS. I
Authors: Kushinsky Stanley , Tang Jane (Wu)
Published: December 2008

A convenient and mild procedure is described in this paper whereby free and conjugated oestrogens may be extracted from urine. The extracts containing approximately 90 per cent of the oestrogens are devoid of most of the extraneous material and may be reduced in volume to less than 1/15 of that of the urine. The procedure consists of the following steps: (1) a 10 per cent (v/v) solution of a high molecular weight secondary amine (Amberlite LA-2, Rohm and Haas) in ethyl acetate is washed with formic acid and water, (2) the oestrogens in urine (acidified to pH 2 or 3 with H2SO4) are extracted with the LA-2 solution, (3) the oestrogen fraction is back-extracted from the organic solution with dilute aqueous ammonia.
ANABOLIC, ANDROGENIC AND MYOTROPIC ACTIVITIES OF DERIVATIVES OF 7α-METHYL-19-NORTESTOSTERONE
Authors: Lyster Stanley C. , Duncan Gordon W.
Published: December 2008

Anabolic, myotropic and androgenic properties of a series of 7α=methyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives were compared using quantitative monkey anabolic and rat myotropic/androgenic assays.

7α-Methyl-19-nortestosterone acetate was found to be 6.5 times as potent an androgen as testosterone propionate, and 23 times as potent as a myotropic agent when parenterally administered. The cyclopentylpropionate ester, also more potent than testosterone propionate, possessed depot anabolic and androgenic activity. By oral administration, 7α,17α-dimethyl-19-nortestosterone was 14 times as potent as fluoxymesterone as an anabolic agent in monkeys and possessed a monkey anabolic/rat androgenic ratio of 7 : 1 relative to fluoxymesterone. The free alcohol parent of this series also had high oral activity and possessed a favorable anabolic/androgenic ratio.
VERGLEICHENDE UNTERSUCHUNGEN ZUR BIOGENESE VON STEROIDHORMONEN BEI DURCHSTRÖMUNG ÜBERLEBENDER NEBENNIEREN EINER PATIENTIN MIT CUSHING- UND EINER PATIENTIN MIT CONN-SYNDROM
Authors: Schriefers H. , Bayer J. M. , Pittel M.
Published: December 2008

In vitro perfusion experiments were carried out with adrenal glands surgically removed from a patient with Cushing's syndrome (hyperplasia of the adrenal cortex) and a patient with Conn's syndrome (adrenal cortical adenoma).

From the perfusates the following steroids were extracted, estimated and identified: cortisol, corticosterone, 11β-hydroxyandrostenedione, cortisone and aldosterone.

The secretion capacities of the right Cushing adrenal and of the adrenal gland bearing the adenoma were compared with each other. In both adrenals cortisol was the main secretion product and the secretion rates of aldosterone were lowest and practically equal.

The Cushing adrenal differed from the adrenal gland with the adenoma in its higher secretion rate of all investigated steroids except aldosterone, in its higher cortisol/aldosterone ratio and in its response to the administration of ACTH. To this stimulus the aldosterone production of the Cushing adrenal reacted in the same rate as the cortisol release.

The adrenal gland with the adenoma of the patient with Conn's syndrome had only a relatively higher aldosterone secretion rate in respect to its lower cortisol production (lower cortisol/aldosterone ratio). The total preparation consisting of the adrenal with the adenoma responded neither to ACTH nor to hypertensin. The missing response of the adrenal cortex not including the tumor to ACTH is explained by the structural change in the sense of the so called regressive transformation (small zona fasciculata with relative large zona glomerulosa and reticularis) which was found in our case.

Dehydroepiandrosterone was demonstrable in none of the perfusate extracts even under the condition where the left adrenal of the Cushing patient was perfused with added 17α-hydroxy-pregnenolone.
ACTION DU PROPYL-THIOURACILE DONNÉ À LA RATTE GESTANTE SUR LES PARATHYROÏDES ET SUR LA CALCÉMIE DES FOETUS. REMARQUES SUR LA PHYSIOLOGIE DES PARATHYROÏDES
Authors: Jost A. , Pic P. , Maniey J. , Legrand C.
Published: December 2008

Giving propyl-thiouracil to pregnant rats during the 5 days preceding term (50 mg per day), results in the following effects in the foetuses:

increase of foetal calcaemia without concomitant change in maternal calcaemia;

increase of the »average cellular surface« and of the diameter of the nuclei of the parathyroid cells;

decrease of the growth of the parathyroid glands which results at term in a smaller volume of these glands as compared with control foetuses.

The significance of these changes is discussed. They seem to correspond to an endocrine hyperfunctioning of the foetal parathyroids. Hypercalcaemia was also observed in rat foetuses in which thyroid functioning was depressed by partial decapitation (hypophysectomy).
ZUR FRAGE EINER MASKULINISIERENDEN WIRKUNG VON ALLYLOESTRENOL
Authors: Mey Rudolf
Published: December 2008

Allyloestrenol, an orally efficient gestagen, shows no effect on genital development in female foetuses of rats by intrauterine masculinization test up to doses of 20 mg (5 mg daily for 4 days). Only with increased doses of 40 mg (10 mg daily for 4 days), 60 mg (10 mg for 6 days), and 80 mg (10 mg for 8 days), 9% of the foetuses show persistent Wolffian tubules as manifestation of a slight masculinization. No other signs of masculinization of the genital tract were seen.

The results of animal experiments up to now are critizised: it is demonstrated that by incorrect evaluation of histological slides by some authors allyloestrenol is falsely supposed to have a strong masculinizing effect. The results of human treatment of threatened or habitual abortion correspond with animal experiments: masculinization of new-born following treatment of the mother with allyloestrenol has not yet been observed.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE BINDING OF CORTISOL BY TRANSCORTIN
Authors: De Moor P. , Steeno O. , Deckx R.
Published: December 2008

By means of a gel filtration on Sephadex columns the plasma corticoids can be separated into two fractions: namely a fraction bound to a macromolecular agent and an unbound fraction. When plasma is overloaded with cortisol before gel filtration, the binding capacity of the macromolecular agent can be evaluated. The bound corticoids can be measured quantitatively either fluorimetrically or colorimetrically. The macromolecular binding agent behaves like transcortin in a series of experiments.

Various exogenous and endogenous steroids are known to influence transcortin activity in vivo. Methylestrenolone and lynestrenol administered orally to normal males or to women with various gynaecological conditions did not significantly increase the cortisol binding capacity. Intravenous administration of Metopirone lowered the cortisol binding capacity in normal subjects but not in a patient with hypophysial insufficiency.

Attempts were made to remove steroids from plasma without destroying transcortin, in order to rule out any possible interference with the cortisol binding process by other steroids. Extraction of plasma with organic solvents either at room temperature or at minus 25° C irreversibly destroyed most of the transcortin. Dialysis of plasma against a 1% solution of bovine albumin (40 volumes) for 12 h at 40° C decreased the unconjugated corticoid level by 63%. This procedure did not alter transcortin activity in the plasma of normal adults, in umbilical cord blood, in pregnancy plasma or in the plasma of obese patients with a low cortisol binding capacity. However, the lowering in C.B.C. observed in the plasma of patients treated with Metopirone could be partly abolished by this procedure.

Although the extraction experiments at low temperature suggested the existence of a lipid-link in the cortisol binding system of human plasma, this could not be demonstrated.
HYPOPHYSEAL GONADOTROPHINS FOLLOWING GONADECTOMY IN MALE AND FEMALE ANDROGENIZED RATS
Authors: Johnson Donald C. , Witschi Emil
Published: December 2008

Male and female rats were androgenized by a single injection of testosterone (17β-hydroxy-androst-4-en-3-one) propionate on the 5th postpartum day. At 30 days of age, iittermates were joined in parabiosis and one partner gonadectomized. Gonadotrophin release by the hypophysis of the gonadectomized member was evaluated by effects upon weight and histology of gonads and sex accessories in the intact partner. A total of 80 pairs in 9 combinations were used. Single animals of the same age served as controls.

The results demonstrate that androgenized males have reduced testes and accessory weights at 60 days. However, the treatment does not adversely affect production or release of hypophyseal FSH or LH following castration. In androgenized females, removal of the ovaries results in increased FSH secretion only.
AN EFFECT OF OESTROGEN ON CHONDROITIN SULPHATE OF RAT SKIN CONNECTIVE TISSUE
Authors: Kvarstein Bernt , Nordbö Håkon , Schultz-Haudt Stig D.
Published: December 2008

The effect of oestrogen on polysaccharides of rat skin has been investigated. Skin homogenates were prepared from normal and oestrogen injected male rats. The contents of the homogenates of hexosamines were determined. Furthermore, homogenates were extracted with 0.14 m NaCl in order to obtain polysaccharides. The extracts were applied to paper for electrophoresis either directly, or after digestion with testicular hyaluronidase, in order to isolate and differentiate the various polysaccharides. On the basis of the results obtained, it is suggested that oestrogen has an inhibitory action on the synthesis of chondroitin sulphate Bn of skin connective tissue.
DIE WIRKUNG HOHER OESTROGEN-GABEN AUF DIE AUSSCHEIDUNG VON ALDOSTERON, CORTISOL SOWIE NATRIUM UND KALIUM
Authors: Stark G. , Pfeifer U.
Published: December 2008

Following the administration of large doses of oestrogens for 18 days (2 × 100 mg oestradiol-undecylat, Progynon-Dépot »Schering« in two days) the urinary excretion of aldosterone, cortisol, sodium and potassium was estimated in 15 women.

The excretory values of the hormones and electrolytes did not exceed the normal limit (10 μg aldosterone per day as well as 20 μg cortisol per day) and showed no significant changes as compared with the pre-test period.

It is therefore unlikely that the increased production of oestrogens in pregnancy has an effect upon the excretion of aldosterone, cortisol, sodium and potassium in pregnant women.
EFFECT OF METOPIRONE IN A PATIENT WITH ADRENAL CORTICAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Daniels H. , van Amstel W. J. , Schopman W. , van Dommelen C.
Published: December 2008

The effect of metopirone® (SU-4885)* in a patient with metastatic adrenal cortical carcinoma was studied. The intention was to depress the symptoms of Cushing's syndrome, due to a high glucocorticoid production by the carcinoma.

The excretion of 17-KS, 17-KGS, 11-oxo(y)-17-OHCS and 11-desoxy-17-OHCS was followed for seven weeks.

The steroid excretion was variable. The 11-oxo(y)-17-OHCS showed a significant decrease during treatment with SU-4885 for seven weeks. The ratio 11-oxo(y)-17-OHCS: 11-desoxy-17-OHCS fell from 1.7 to 0.1 during this period.

The excessive glucocorticoid production of the metastatic adrenal carcinoma was suppressed as long as treatment continued.

It was not possible to judge the clinical effect of SU-4885 because of the progressive nature of the disease.
INTRAUTERINE ANTIMASKULINE BEEINFLUSSUNG VON RATTENFETEN DURCH EIN STARK GESTAGEN WIRKSAMES STEROID
Authors: Hamada H. , Neumann F. , Junkmann K.
Published: December 2008

The genitalia of male rat foetuses whose mother animals had been treated from the 16th to the 19th day of pregnancy with 6-chloro-/6-1,2α-methylene-17α-hydroxyprogesterone-acetate, a synthetic steroid with high progestational effect, were underdeveloped. The changes are irreversible.
HAEMODYNAMIC CHANGES AND ADRENAL FUNCTION IN MAN DURING INDUCED HYPOGLYCAEMIA
Authors: Arner B. , Hedner P. , Karlefors T. , Westling H.
Published: December 2008

Observations were made on healthy volunteers during insulin induced hypoglycaemia (10 cases) and infusion of adrenaline (3 cases) or cortisol (1 case). In all cases a rise in the cardiac output was registered during insulin hypoglycaemia. The mean arterial blood pressure was relatively unchanged and the calculated peripheral vascular resistance decreased in all cases. A temporary rise in plasma corticosteroids was observed. After infusion of adrenaline similar circulatory changes were observed but no rise in plasma corticosteroids was found. Infusion of cortisol caused an increased plasma corticosteroid level but no circulatory changes. It is concluded that liberation of catechol amines and increased adrenocortical activity following hypoglycaemia are not necessarily interdependent.
EFFECT OF RESERPINE ON PITUITARY PROLACTIN CONTENT AND ITS HYPOTHALAMIC SITE OF ACTION IN THE RABBIT
Authors: Kanematsu S. , Hilliard J. , Sawyer C. H.
Published: December 2008

A single intravenous dose of reserpine (0.5 mg/kg) lowers the level of pituitary prolactin and induces lactation in ovariectomized, oestrogen-primed rabbits. These effects can also be produced by placing a discrete electrolytic lesion in the basal tuberal hypothalamus, and following such a lesion, reserpine exerts no further effects on pituitary prolactin or mammary gland activation. In contrast, when reserpine is administered to rabbits bearing lesions elsewhere in the hypothalamus, depletion of pituitary prolactin and lactation ensues. These results suggest that reserpine-induced prolactin depletion of the pituitary gland, with subsequent lactation, is mediated by a system within the basal tuberal hypothalamus.
A DIRECT ACTION OF PARATHYROID HORMONE ON DEAD BONE IN VITRO
Authors: Gordan Gilbert S.
Published: December 2008

In the presence of human serum albumin, three preparations of parathyroid hormone release radiocalcium from boiled, dried, 45Ca-labelled adult mouse bones. β- or γ-globulin do not replace whole serum or albumin for this effect.

The action is not abolished by heating serum to 55° C, indicating that calcium release is not the result of activation of phosphatases or other thermolabile substances.

Concentration-action relation is arithmetically linear from 0.07 to 6.7 IU/ml. Under the conditions used, higher concentrations produce no significant further release of radiocalcium.

ACTH, α-MSH, β-MSH, ι-thyroxine and cortisol do not release radiocalcium in this system.

Sera of patients with hyperparathyroidism have osteolytic activity equal to that of 2.9 ± 0.15 IU of parathyroid peptide per ml. Following surgical cure, and during postoperative hypocalcaemia tetany, the value falls to normal, but not below.

Sera of women with disseminated breast cancer have osteolytic activity greater than that of 6.7 IU/ml.

It is suggested that this physicochemical action of parathyroid peptide may explain some of its biologic functions as a result of binding of divalent cations by an albumin-parathyroid peptide complex.
ALDOSTERONE AND CORTICOSTERONE SECRETION RATES IN RATS WITH EXPERIMENTAL RENAL HYPERTENSION
Authors: Singer Bertha , Losito Carine , Salmon Sheila
Published: December 2008

In animals with one renal artery clip hypertension was associated with a highly significant increase in aldosterone but not corticosterone secretion rate. In unilaterally nephrcctomized animals with a clip on the remaining renal artery, hypertension was not associated with a significant change in the secretion rates of aldosterone or corticosterone. Experiments designed to determine whether this difference in the groups was due to the fact that in the first group the 'clipped' kidney was still in the circulation during blood collection while in the second it was not have yielded essentially negative results. It is concluded that the increase in aldosterone secretion in renal hypertension is related to the response of the untouched kidney to the clamping of the renal artery of the other kidney.
IN VIVO STUDIES ON THE DEHYDROGENATION OF 3β-HYDROXY-ANDROST-5-EN-17-ONE-3α-3H IN MAN
Authors: Bradlow H. Leon , Fukushima David K. , Zumoff Barnett , Hellman Leon , Gallagher T. F.
Published: December 2008

Studies have been carried out on the metabolism of 3β-hydroxy-androst-5-en-17-one-3α-3H in two subjects. Rapid oxidation of the 3β-hydroxyl group appears to be the primary reaction occurring after the administration of dehydroepiandrosterone-3H with a substantial portion of the 3H appearing in the body water pool. Reduction to epiandrosterone does not occur to any significant extent before oxidation of the hydroxyl group. A small amount of 3H was found in androsterone and epiandrosterone indicating that some of the liberated 3H may be incorporated during the reduction of the double bond.
INCREASE OF β-GLUCURONIDASE ACTIVITY ON INCUBATION OF NORMAL AND TESTOSTERONE-STIMULATED MICE KIDNEY PREPARATIONS
Authors: Varma T. N. R. , Brodie Harry J. , Kwass George , Hayano Mika , Dorfman Ralph I.
Published: December 2008

Preliminary investigations establishing a standard assay procedure for β-glucuronidase in mice kidneys were carried out. Using this procedure, the effect of incubation of several mice kidney preparations on the enzyme activity was measured. Kidney slices from untreated mice showed an average increase of about 25 % of the enzyme activity during incubations for 4.5 hours (P < 0.0125). Under identical conditions, the kidney slices of testosterone-treated mice increased in activity by about 9 % (P < 0.0125). No increase of activity was observed with kidney half-sections or homogenates, with kidney slices incubated anaerobically and with kidney slices of sesame oil-treated and sham-injected mice. Studies on the rate of increase of activity with time with kidney slices of untreated mice showed an increase of about 7 % in 0.75 hour, 13 % in 1.5 hours, 25% in 4.5 hours and 33 % in 7.5 hours, whereas with testosterone-treated mice kidney slices, the increase was about 8 % in 0.75 hour and 9.5 % in 1.5 hours with a slight decrease up to 7.5 hours.
ALTERATIONS OF THYROXINE-BINDING PROTEIN IN CLINICALLY HYPO- AND HYPERTHYROID PATIENTS WITH NORMAL PBI LEVEL
Authors: Lemarchand-Béraud Th. , Assayah M.-R. , Vannotti A.
Published: December 2008

Six patients, clinically hypothyroid in spite of a normal or elevated protein-bound iodine (PBI) level, and six hyperthyroid patients with a low level of PBI are described. In these patients, a probable modification of the transport of the thyroid hormones is revealed by means of in vitro uptake of T3 by erythrocytes (Hamolsky's test) and by the determination of the binding capacity of the thyroxine-binding protein (TBP or TBG). In the first group, the labelled triiodothyronine uptake by the erythrocytes is low and the TBP-binding capacity is higher than normal. In the second group, the elevated percentage of free hormones and the low TBP-binding capacity may partly explain the hyperthyroidism despite the low PBI level. PBI concentration in the thyrotoxic range with high TBP binding capacity, is also demonstrated in infectious hepatitis. The meaning of these results is discussed.
A FLUORESCENT REACTION FOR MONOAMINES IN THE INSULIN PRODUCING CELLS OF THE GUINEA-PIG
Authors: Falck Bengt , Hellman Bo
Published: December 2008

Certain catecholamines and tryptamines condense in freeze-dried tissues with formaldehyde to form intensely fluorescent products. A distinct fluorescence has recently been demonstrated in the islets of Langerhans from several species with this sensitive and specific technique. The fluorescent reaction of the islets has been studied in more detail in the guineapig. Using a combination of fluorescence microscopy with subsequent silver impregnation and granule staining on the same section it was found that the fluorescent cells were identical with the B cells. The B cells exhibited no, or only weak, fluorescence after administration of reserpine. The colour of the emitted fluorescent light suggests that the B cells contain a tryptamine rather than a catecholamine. Since the fluorescent material was distributed in fine cytoplasmic granules the amine may be associated with the aldehyde-fuchsin positive granules which are regarded as the storage site for insulin or some insulin precursor. No support was found for the previous concept of an adrenergic parenchymatous innervation of the islets of Langerhans.
CORRELATION BETWEEN ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE EFFECT AND THE RENAL EXCRETION OF MAGNESIUM AND CALCIUM IN MAN
Authors: Nielsen Bent
Published: December 2008

The effect of injection of physiological doses of commercial preparations of lysine- or arginine-vasopressin on the renal excretion of magnesium and calcium was studied in 20 hydrated normal subjects.

In the majority of the experiments the injections were followed by a rise in the rate of excretion of magnesium as well as of calcium.

In 3 subjects endogenously induced antidiuresis produced similar effects.

In 1 case no changes were revealed during antidiuresis.

The most probable explanation of these results would seem to be that the antidiuretic hormone exerts an inhibitory effect on the renal tubular reabsorption of magnesium and calcium.
THE MAXIMUM TUBULAR REABSORPTION OF PHOSPHATE IN ACROMEGALY
Authors: Cattaneo C. , Martini P. F. , Modica A.
Published: December 2008

The glomerular filtration rate and the maximum tubular reabsorption of phosphate were determined in 5 patients with acromegaly. In 4 cases these functions were increased proportionally. In the fifth case they were normal.

The findings are discussed in relation to present knowledge of the nephrotropic action of growth hormone.