bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AI as a Statistical Verifier for NP Problems: Introducing the NP_p Complexity Class
Authors: Ulitszky Netanel
Published: February 2025

The distinction between P and NP remains a fundamental open question in computational complexity. We introduce NP_p, a complexity class where problems can be verified by a polynomial-time probabilistic verifier with correctness probability at least p. Unlike NP, which assumes deterministic verification, NP_p extends verification into the probabilistic domain while remaining a subset of NP unless p = 1. We prove that NP_p is strictly larger than RP and BPP, and that as p approaches 1, NP_p collapses to NP. Building on this, we explore the implications of AI-driven verifiers, arguing that a Universal Artificial Learner (UAL) capable of refining its verification process into a deterministic polynomial-time solver would imply NP = P. This paper provides a theoretical foundation for AI-based verification and its impact on complexity theory, suggesting that sufficiently advanced AI systems could redefine computational verification.
Similarity is Associated With Where Repeated Events Fall on the Semantic-Episodic Continuum
Authors: Bontkes Oliver , Palombo Daniela , Rubínová Eva
Published: February 2025

Memories of repeated events are one form of memory thought to be intermediate on a proposed semantic-episodic continuum. However, it is not yet understood where repeated event memories fall on this continuum, and which factors may be associated with greater (or lesser) reliance on episodic and semantic memory during recall. We investigated similarity amongst instances of repeated events as one factor which may be associated with where repeated events fall on the semantic-episodic continuum. In two preregistered studies we asked participants to recall three repeated event memories from their own lives (N1 = 97 participants, 291 memories; N2 = 419 participants, 1257 memories) and report on the similarity amongst instances as well as the degree to which they relied on semantic memory, a single episode, and a mix of episodes in their recall of each event. In line with our predictions, similarity was positively correlated with reliance on semantic memory in both studies. In Study 2, similarity was negatively correlated with reliance on a single episode. We also conducted exploratory latent profile analyses using our three memory reliance variables, revealing three types of repeated event memories. In both studies, similarity of place and emotional arousal were each associated with different memory profiles. Our findings highlight similarity as a factor associated with diversity amongst repeated event memories, which has key theoretical implications and practical significance in legal and clinical contexts.
Laypeople Have Difficulty Processing Efficiency When Assessing Environmental Policies
Authors: Marie Antoine , Trad Hugo , Strickland Brent
Published: February 2025

When evaluating policies, what should mostly matter is how successful public policies are at satisfying citizens' policy preferences (e.g., reducing carbon emissions), relative to the policies’ cost. Yet, across 6 studies (N = 2759), we found that participants’ judgments tended to be quite insensitive to policy efficiency. French citizens regarded an environmental policy driven by an altruistic intention that turned out to be inefficient as being more commendable than a policy motivated by selfishness that dramatically reduced carbon emissions (Experiments 1a-d, N = 854). Similarly, an altruistic but low efficiency policy was supported more than a selfish but high efficiency policy (Experiment 2, N = 1105). Independent manipulation of intent and efficiency (Experiment 2) suggested that assessments of policies are characterized by low sensitivity to large differences in efficiency expressed numerically, and relatively high sensitivity to actors’ intentions. The more citizens were morally committed to tackle a policy issue (e.g., reducing emissions), the more they voiced support for any policy decision addressing the issue, regardless of its efficiency (Experiment 2). Encouragingly, Experiment 3 (N = 800) found that introducing subtle qualitative appraisals of an environmental policy’s impact and financial cost can nudge participants towards greater attention to its efficiency. Overall, our paper highlights the importance of using contextual and qualitative (vs. numeric) appraisals of environmental policies in political communication to make citizens more focused on their efficiency.
NIGERIAN CENTRE FOR DISEASE CONTROL (NCDC) AND THE REGULATIONS OF WORLD HEALTH ORGANIZATION (WHO) PROTOCOL: A COMPARATIVE CRITIQUE
Authors: Nwokike Chidi Emmanuel
Published: February 2025

Coronaviruses are a large group of viruses that affect both humans and animals, causingrespiratory problems in humans and gastrointestinal problems in animals. This study is aimedat accessing the COVID-19 protocols set out by the World Health Organization and theircompliance in Nigeria and the role played by the Nigeria Centre for Disease Control incontaining the spread of the deadly virus. A thematic method was adopted to identify themajor COVID-19 safety protocols and their compliance in Nigeria. The researchers, however,found out that: academic activities in both public and private schools are still on indefinitesuspension, which is one major step in containing the virus, while businessmen and womendefied safety measures in their environment; Even after more than four months of raisingawareness by the NCDC, the Ministry of Health, and other stakeholders, some people inNigeria continue to doubt the existence of coronavirus. The health system before the outbreakof COVID-19 was in bad shape, worse still, in a comatose state. Inadequate supplies oftesting kits and personal protective equipment, as well as the concentration of testing centersin cities or regions, have hampered testing capacity. Politicians and their supporters were stillorganizing party gatherings, meetings, and attending social events in stark disobedience tosafety guidelines. Based on the above, the researchers recommended that schools begradually reopened in phases to enable final or exiting students in primary, secondary, andtertiary institutions to write their terminal examinations. There is a need to further sensitizethe people at the grassroots through the use of local or traditional leaders and institutions. Thegovernment should strive to lead from all angles, including the installation of basic healthfacilities in hospitals and the provision of drugs. The Nigerian government should alsocollaborate with both national and international organizations to ensure an adequate andconsistent supply of testing kits. People should not be fooled by politicians who break WHOrules when they set up slaughterhouses, meat markets, and other places where people buyfood.
Parts-Whole Relationships Predict Externalizing Problems under a Holistic Perspective
Authors: Liu Weijun
Published: February 2025

Most multivariable predictive models adopt a reductionist perspective, emphasizing theisolated or combined effects of psychological variables on externalizing problems whileoverlooking the holistic and interconnected nature of the human psyche. In this paper, wereview multivariable predictive models in mainstream Western psychology literature thatadopt a reductionist approach. These predictive models include a promotive model and twoprotective models, both of which consider risk and positive factors, as well as the multipleregression model, which accounts for multiple risk factors. Based on this review, we discussthese models’ core principles and, adopting a holistic perspective, propose a new index—referred to as the parts-whole relationship that integrates multiple risk and/or positive factors. This index offers four distinct linear and nonlinear models for predicting externalizingproblems: a linear model of risk-promotive balance, corresponding to the promotive model;two nonlinear models of risk-protective balance, corresponding to the two protective models;and a same-factor cumulation model, corresponding to the multiple regression model. Thesefour models provide a highly efficient and cost-effective framework for social organizationsand promote the diversification of psychological methodologies. The practical value andtheoretical significance of potential intervention strategies based on different predictivemodels were discussed.
Kernels of Selfhood: GPT-4o shows humanlike patterns of cognitive consistency moderated by free choice
Authors: Lehr Steven A. , Saichandran Ketan Suhaas , Harmon-Jones Eddie , Vitali Nykko , Banaji Mahzarin R.
Published: February 2025

Large Language Models (LLMs) show emergent patterns that mimic human cognition. We explore whether they also mirror other, less deliberative human psychological processes. Drawing upon classical theories of cognitive consistency, two preregistered studies tested whether GPT-4o changed its attitudes toward Vladimir Putin in the direction of a positive or negative essay it wrote about the Russian leader. Indeed, GPT displayed patterns of attitude change mimicking cognitive consistency effects in humans. Even more remarkably, the degree of change increased sharply when the LLM was offered an illusion of choice about which essay (positive or negative) to write. This result suggests that GPT-4o manifests a functional analog of humanlike selfhood, although how faithfully the chatbot’s behavior reflects the mechanisms of human attitude change remains to be understood.
Food Security and Agrotourism: Design and Construction of Elevated Pathways to Facilitate Urban Agriculture in Wetland Areas
Authors: Mañego Angelo , Punla Francis , Capili Jean Carla , Benedicto Kazeline , Fajardo Mark Kristofer , Alcaraz Robert Aljon
Published: February 2025

Food insecurity presents a critical global challenge, with developing countries disproportionately affected by its impacts. From 2020 to 2022, the Philippines reported the highest number of individuals experiencing moderate or severe food insecurity in Southeast Asia. Rapid urbanization exacerbates this problem by significantly increasing food demand in urban areas, particularly densely populated regions. As a highly urbanized locality, Malabon faces heightened risks due to its rising population and limited agricultural resources. This study addresses urban food insecurity by exploring the potential of Urban Agriculture, explicitly focusing on implementing the Baira Farming System in the wetlands of Dampalit, Malabon. Using a qualitative approach, the research involves interviewing stakeholders from the City Land Use, Planning Office, and the Local Government Unit to gather critical insights on land use policies and local socio-economic needs. Researchers perform a comprehensive review of relevant literature and conduct on-site observations to evaluate the feasibility of Urban Agriculture in urban wetland settings. By analyzing the correlation between data gathered and the unique environmental and social conditions of Dampalit, the study highlights the potential of Urban Agriculture to foster sustainable and resilient food systems in urbanized areas. This research underscores the significance of introducing accessible and adaptable agricultural practices to urban communities with limited traditional farming options. By integrating Urban Agriculture concepts, this approach addresses both food insecurity and sustainability challenges. The findings contribute valuable insights to the discourse on innovative agricultural practices, emphasizing the transformative role of sustainable solutions in mitigating food insecurity in rapidly urbanizing regions.
Where are my data? The AFFORD workflow to create your own data index with Git, R and Quarto
Authors: González Gorka Fraga , Garassino Francesco , Wiel Hester vd , Kuo Willy , de Zélicourt Diane de Julien , Kurtcuoglu Vartan , Furrer Eva , Held Leonhard
Published: February 2025

For many researchers it may not be affordable to produce data that is Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable (FAIR). We propose a workflow to create a data index that will help data stewards and researchers curating the necessary metadata and documentation to facilitate finding and sharing their research data; making them effectively FAIRer. The AFFORD workflow utilizes generalist open-source tools broadly used for scientific research. It is intended to be maintainable by data stewards or researchers with an interest in data management, without creating new dependencies or requiring advanced programmingskills. For this, we provide a demo website and a skeleton repository with the necessary materials ready for reuse. Our goal isto help researchers produce FAIRer data and, as a bonus, to help them adopt a set of tools that are important for scientificreproducibility in general.
Low-Cost, Open-Source Colorimetric Platform for Point-of-Care (POC) anti-Human Papillomavirus Type 16 (HPV16) Antibody Detection
Authors: Eger Joshua , Kaushik Akshansh , Patel Tej , Anderson Karen S. , Blain Christen Jennifer
Published: February 2025

Human papillomavirus (HPV) is a leading cause of anogenital and head and neck cancers. HPV type 16 (HPV16) is a significant high-risk strain due to its strong association with these malignancies. The burden of HPV-related cancers is particularly severe in low and middle-income countries (LMICs), where access to diagnostic tools is limited. This work introduces a low-cost, point-of-care (POC) colorimetric platform for detection of antibodies against HPV16. The lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) developed uses immobilized HPV16 CE2 and E7 proteins for antibody capture and colloidal gold-conjugated secondary for colorimetric labeling. Quantitative readout is achieved via an imaging device that incorporates open-source electronics and 3D-printed components. Analytical sensitivity experiments determined a limit of detection (LOD) at 46 ng/mL. Clinical evaluation of plasma samples (n = 20) from head and neck cancer patients (n = 15) and healthy individuals (n = 5) yielded 94.7% sensitivity, 90.5% specificity, and 92.5% overall accuracy. This study identified a moderate-to-high prevalence of anti-HPV16 antibodies in head and neck cancer patients, with 66.7% testing positive. These results suggest that our platform is a viable tool for detection of anti-HPV16 antibodies, particularly in resource-limited settings where cost-effectiveness and accessibility are crucial.
Leveraging Context for Perceptual Prediction using Word Embeddings
Authors: Carter Georgia , Keller Frank , Hoffman Paul
Published: February 2025

Word embeddings derived from large language corpora have been successfully used in cognitive science and artificial intelligence to represent linguistic meaning. However, there is continued debate as to how well they encode useful information about the perceptual qualities of concepts. This debate is critical to identifying the scope of embodiment in human semantics. If perceptual object properties can be inferred from word embeddings derived from language alone, this suggests that language provides a useful adjunct to direct perceptual experience for acquiring this kind of conceptual knowledge. Previous research has shown mixed performance when embeddings are used to predict perceptual qualities. Here, we tested if we could improve performance by leveraging the ability of Transformer-based language models to represent word meaning in context. To this end, we conducted two experiments. Our first experiment investigated noun representations. We generated decontextualised (‘charcoal’) and contextualised (‘the brightness of charcoal’) Word2Vec and BERT embeddings for a large set of concepts and compared their ability to predict human ratings of the concepts’ brightness. We repeated this procedure to also probe for the shape of those concepts. In general, we found very good prediction performance for shape, and more modest performance for brightness. The addition of context did not improve perceptual prediction performance. In Experiment 2, we investigated representations of adjective-noun pairs. Perceptual prediction performance was generally found to be good, with the non-additive nature of adjective brightness reflected in the word embeddings. We also found that the addition of context had a limited impact on how well perceptual features could be predicted. We frame these results against current work on the interpretability of language models and debates surrounding embodiment in human conceptual processing.
An examination of how reward associations facilitate and impair Stroop performance
Authors: Pitchford Brent , Arnell Karen M.
Published: February 2025

Rewarded stimuli are prioritized by the attentional system. Behavioral performance is improved when the task-relevant dimension is tied to a potential reward but is impaired when the irrelevant dimension is reward related. Within the rewarded Stroop task, the facilitation (reward responsiveness) and impairment (modulation of interference of reward association; MIRA) from reward-associated stimuli are thought to be due to different cognitive processes. In four experiments, we explored whether reward responsiveness and MIRA were influenced by reward magnitude and persisted following reward discontinuation. We manipulated how informed participants were of the stimulus-reward contingency based on whether they received stimulus-reward color instructions and whether or not the stimulus-reward contingency was certain (i.e., one color was always tied to one reward outcome). Results suggest that greater reward magnitude increased reward responsiveness, especially when participants were informed about the stimulus-reward contingency. However, greater impairment (MIRA) by a large versus small reward related color word was only observed when participants had little knowledge of the reward contingency (i.e., no instructions and a more uncertain mapping of stimuli to rewards) or during the extinction phase when reward associated colors were less relevant. These findings highlight the distinction between reward responsiveness to maximize gains and the unintentional prioritization of related but irrelevant information and suggest that reward associations that elicit greater reward responsiveness do not necessarily lead to greater impairment of conflict processing.
Computer Use Predicts Changes in Self-Rated Cheerfulness for Older Adults
Authors: Tu Yufang
Published: February 2025

Cheerfulness and positive affect play a critical role in decreasing mortality risks and enhancing well-being and longevity. However, limited research has examined longitudinal relationships between digital technology ownership/adoption (e.g., cell phones and computers) and changes in cheerfulness of older adults (Bixter, Blocker, Rogers, 2018; Seifert, Hofer, & Rössel, 2018). The current study investigated whether cell phone and computer ownership/adoption are related to improved cheerfulness among older people over an 11-year period. Data from the National Health and Aging Trends Study (NHATS) was used. NHATS interviewed participants aged 65 and over since 2011 and annually thereafter. Data from 11 waves were used in this current study, and the sample size was 17355 participants at baseline. Self-rated cheerfulness (on a 5-point scale) was the outcome variable. Longitudinal multilevel modeling examined the following variables as time-invariant predictors: cell phone ownership/adoption (dichotomous yes/no), and computer ownership/adoption (dichotomous yes/no to having a desktop or laptop with Internet access). Covariates were age group, sex, years of education, and self-rated health. Interactions between time and cell phone ownership, and time and computer ownership, were also examined. While cell phone ownership at baseline significantly predicted cheerfulness (p=0.06), it did not significantly interact with time, so it did not predict changes in cheerfulness. However, computer ownership did significantly interact with time to predict increases in cheerfulness (estimate=0.006, p=0.028). This study indicated that potential technology ownership and/or adoption of older adults could predict pleasurable emotions (i.e., cheerfulness) in later life, above and beyond demographic and health factors. We consider the potential to incorporate computer adoption in efforts to promote healthy aging. Future research could examine the potential contributing factors of computer ownership and/or adoption (e.g., online connections to others and the world, enjoyment, convenience in information retrieving sense of safety or security,) and its roles in generating cheerful emotions among older adults.
SacLab: An eye-tracking analysis toolbox to increase usability of eye-tracking systems in clinical and research applications
Authors: Langmead Joshua , Perrykkad Kelsey , Forbes Elana , Unruh Kathryn , Mosconi Matthew , Wybrow Michael , Maron Dalia , Fleming Bryce , Kerestes Rebecca , Bellgrove Mark , Johnson Beth P
Published: February 2025

A short period of eye-tracking can produce large amounts of data, making analysis challenging, particularly for clinical applications. Automated methods for extracting basic oculomotor features of saccades, fixation, or blinking are available. For more in-depth oculomotor analysis, manual cleaning and processing is often required. This is time-consuming and variable across individuals and over time, which limits scalability and clinical utility, even if identified oculomotor markers have high potential clinical significance. Automation provides an opportunity to reduce manual labour and improve replicability and precision through algorithmic approaches. Here we outline the design and validation of our SacLab Toolbox for processing data from well-established oculomotor paradigms commonly used in clinical research such as prosaccade, antisaccade, and smooth pursuit tasks. For prosaccade and antisaccade tasks, results showed good agreement between algorithmic and manual cleaning regarding which trials were to be included (86% for prosaccade and 91% for antisaccade with F1-scores of 0.89 and 0.79, respectively). The toolbox was also tested on data for both tasks from an independent laboratory with a different manual cleaning protocol, and the level of agreement remained high (87% for prosaccade and 93% for antisaccade with F1-scores of 0.93 and 0.94, respectively). The extent of concordance for the metrics extracted in both methods is discussed. The predominant reason for discrepancy between the manual process and our toolbox related to human error in the manual process. Overall, the results provide support for the benefits of this toolbox for these eye-tracking tasks in clinical and research applications.
Cloze Test Performance and Cognitive Abilities: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis
Authors: Busse Friederike , Watrin Luc , Schroeders Ulrich , Wilhelm Oliver
Published: February 2025

Cloze tests have a long history and have been used to measure various abilities, including intelligence, reading comprehension, and language proficiency. To locate cloze tests within a nomological network of cognitive abilities, we conducted a multi-level random effects meta-analysis covering 110 years of research. Studies were eligible if they provided a measure of association between a cognitive fill-in-the-gap test and any cognitive ability test. We synthesized manifest correlations from 89 studies (N = 37,912, k = 634) and found an average correlation of r = .54 (95% CI [.49, .59], k = 485) with crystallized intelligence, r = .48 (95% CI [.42, .54], k = 69) with fluid intelligence and r =.61 (95% CI [.46, .77], k = 32) with general intelligence. While today's application of the typical cloze is to measure reading comprehension, our results revealed a similarly strong association with a broad range of crystallized abilities. None of the key moderators we investigated—text base, administration mode, deletion pattern, and response type—showed a significant effect. Sensitivity analyses supported the robustness of our findings. We conclude by revisiting the origin of the cloze test and highlighting the need for systematic studies on how different cloze test designs affect construct validity. Whereas the meta-analytic database predominantly originates from language research, where cloze tests are entrenched as markers of language proficiency, we propose reframing cloze tests as a versatile intelligence test format—just like multiple-choice tests constitute a testing method—that can be tailored to assess various specific cognitive abilities.
To Differentiate Artificial Intelligence from Organic Intelligence – A New Model for Semantics and Semiotics
Authors: Panarello Christian
Published: February 2025

Artificial Intelligence's distinction against Human Intelligence has been predicated on an inability to be creative or even that an inability for consciousness strips them of a more active reasoning; in which humanity retains a productive hegemony over their creations. Instead, Artificial Intelligence is explicitly limited by the semiotic necessity of constituent directives. This article is an introductory work on the topic of “intra-subjectivity” – as proposed further in this text, human, true originality is limited. In doing so, reasoning is introduced to discuss propositional “knowledge bases” and to call the validity of such articles as Kant’s Categories into question.
Personality, Political Party Identification, and Partisan News Consumption: A Replication and Extension in the Context of the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Neal Jennifer Watling , Dunnum Zoe
Published: February 2025

In previous research, individuals high in openness were more likely to use liberal news regardless of their political party identification. Using 786 representative Michigan adults from the 2020 State of the State Survey, this pre-registered study aimed to conceptually replicate this finding focusing on COVID-19 related news use. Additionally, this study examined the role conscientiousness plays in liberal and conservative COVID-19 related news use. We found no significant association between openness and liberal COVID-19 related news use; however, openness did predict less conservative COVID-19 related news use. After controlling for political party identification and ideology, conscientiousness did not significantly predict liberal or conservative COVID-19 related news use.
Age and Body Mass Index are associated with Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex Activation in Response to Unhealthy Food Cues
Authors: van Meer Floor , van der Laan Laura Nynke , Eiben Gabriele , Lissner Lauren , Wolters Maike , Rach Stefan , Herrmann Manfred , Erhard Peter , Molnar Denes , Orsi Gergely , Adan Roger , Smeets Paul A.M.
Published: February 2025

Unhealthy food cues are omnipresent and promote overconsumption. Although childhood obesity rates are increasing, there is no strict regulation of the marketing of unhealthy foods towards children. This is problematic since the human brain, especially areas important for cognitive control, continues to develop into the 30s. It is not known in how far the brain response to unhealthy food cues varies with body mass index (BMI) and age. To investigate this, 168 children (10-17 y) and 182 adults (30-67 y) from the European IDEFICS cohort were scanned with fMRI while viewing pictures of healthy and unhealthy foods. Children exhibited lower activation in the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC) compared to adults when exposed to unhealthy food cues. Across all age groups, individuals with higher BMI demonstrated reduced activation in the middle cingulum in response to unhealthy food stimuli. Lastly, the relation between BMI and brain activation in response to unhealthy compared with healthy food stimuli varied with development: in children, higher BMI was correlated with decreased activation in right anterior insula and right dlPFC, whereas no such relationship was observed in adults. These findings suggest that children with higher BMI may be particularly vulnerable to unhealthy food cues. In this light, the lack of regulation regarding unhealthy food marketing targeted at is children concerning, especially considering the global increase in obesity rates.
Perceived Vibrato and the Singing Power Ratio Explain Overall Evaluations in Opera Singing
Authors: Kondo Haruka , Kondoh Sotaro , Fujii Shinya
Published: February 2025

In opera singing competitions, judges use an overall score to evaluate the singers’ voices and determine their rankings. This score not only guides the singers’ technique and expressiveness, but also serves as a crucial indicator that can significantly influence their careers. However, the specific elements captured by this overall score remain unclear. To address this gap, the present study analyzed opera singing recordings to identify factors that explain the overall score. Ten trained female Japanese singers performed “Caro mio ben” under standardized recording conditions. Four experts evaluated the recorded performances by assigning an overall score of 100 points and rating six vocal attributes: vibrato, resonance, timbre, diction, intonation, and expressiveness. The recordings were then analyzed to calculate the acoustic features, including the singing power ratio (SPR), harmonic-to-noise ratio, and sound pressure level. We developed two linear mixed models: the first regressed the overall score on the subjective vocal attributes, whereas the second predicted the overall score from the acoustic features. Evaluator identity was included as a random effect in both models. The results showed that vibrato was a significant predictor of the overall score in the first model. In the second model, only SPR emerged as a significant predictor. These findings suggest that vibrato, which reflects emotional expressiveness and vocal control, and SPR, which indicates the relative power in the high-frequency band (2–4 kHz) and signifies a voice clearer than the accompaniment, are key factors in explaining the overall score in opera singing.
Oblique warping: A general distortion of spatial perception
Authors: Yousif Sami Ryan , McDougle Samuel D
Published: February 2025

There are many putatively distinct phenomena related to perception in the oblique regions of space. For instance, the classic oblique effect describes a deficit in visual acuity for oriented lines in the obliques, and classic “prototype effects” reflect a bias to misplace objects towards the oblique regions of space. Yet these effects are explained in very different terms: The oblique effect itself is often understood as arising from orientation-selective neurons, whereas prototype effects are described as arising from categorical biases. Here, we explore the possibility that these effects (and others) may stem from a single underlying spatial distortion. We show that there is a general distortion of (angular) space in the oblique regions that influences not only orientation judgments, but also location, extent, and size. We argue that these findings reflect oblique warping, a general distortion of spatial representations in the oblique regions which may be the root cause of many oblique effects.
Causation, Meaning, and Communication
Authors: Gerstenberg Tobias , Beller Ari
Published: February 2025

The words we use to describe what happened shape what comes to a listener's mind. How do speakers choose what causal expressions to use? How does that choice impact what listeners imagine? In this paper, we develop a computational model of how people use the causal expressions "caused", "enabled", "affected", and "made no difference". The model first builds a causal representation of what happened. By running counterfactual simulations, the model computes several causal aspects that capture the different ways in which a candidate cause made a difference to the outcome. Logical combinations of these aspects define a semantics for the causal expressions. The model then uses pragmatic inference to decide what word to use in context. We test our model in a series of experiments and compare it to prior psychological accounts. In a set of psycholinguistic studies, we verify the model's semantics and pragmatics. We show that the causal expressions exist on a hierarchy of specificity, and that participants draw informative pragmatic inferences in line with this scale. In the next two studies, we demonstrate that our model quantitatively fits participant behavior in a speaker task and a listener task involving dynamic physical scenarios. We compare our model to two lesioned alternatives, one which removes pragmatic inference, and another which removes semantics and pragmatics. Our full model better accounts for participants' behavior than both alternatives. Taken together, these results suggest a new way forward for modeling the relationship between language and thought in the study of causality.
Between carrying out an order and designing a model of society. Role and social position of “technology masters”
Authors: Joxe Ludovic
Published: February 2025

This article, in the form of a short essay, aims to discuss the evolution over the centuries of the role and social position of those mastering the technologies of their time. We suggest that the industrial revolution, the rationalization of technical and managerial processes, then the rise of IT, the ascent of cryptocurrencies and finally the emergence of the neo-liberal state have lifted a fringe of these individuals to the top of the social hierarchy. Among the “technology masters”, we distinguish three families: those who remain at the service of the State and the established order, those who have exploited, consciously or not, of the withdrawal of the neoliberal State to offer services and innovations formerly assumed by the public sector, and finally those who have consciously taken advantage of this same withdrawal and the recognition they enjoy in society to propose other models (free software, open source, cryptoanarchism, technical alternatives, etc.).
A Solution to the Easy and Hard Problems of Consciousness: Passive Information and Intermediate Conscious Matter
Authors: Panarello Christian
Published: February 2025

This article considers an edition of the study of the mind that follows a perceived unity among already apparent and developed theories while incurring no contradictions. The formation of consciousness describes a universal basis (otherwise not introduced by any other theory) for consciousness in the passive information (intermediate “conscious material”) that is the non-phenomenal realization of one's singularities and the prior entailment towards the related phenomenal consciousness. The idea of the passive information is to construct Consciousness on the idea of intermediate conscious material that can hence be used to construct Consciousness on a base of transformative non-conscious material: a mechanism; this idea is reliant on introduced theories in the text. Note that it disparages the information-based positions of IIT and GWT on account of their arbitrary and otherwise inexplicable positions.
ANÁLISIS DEL ESTILO DE VIDA Y ESTADO GENERAL DE SALUD DE ESTUDIANTES UNIVERSITARIOS
Authors: León-Govea Paulina , Uribe-Alvarado Isaac , Argüello-Gutiérrez Catalina
Published: February 2025

Introducción: El estilo de vida hace referencia a las actitudes, hábitos, estilos de afrontamiento, sexualidad, relaciones sociales y familiares, entre otros aspectos de la vida moderna, los cuales influyen directamente en el estado de salud, el cual se precisa como aquella condición de salud en un momento específico, considerando indicadores medibles. En las últimas décadas, ha aumentado el riesgo de factores adversos en la población universitaria, convirtiéndolos en un grupo vulnerable. Objetivo: Establecer la correlación entre el estilo de vida y percepción del estado de salud de un grupo de estudiantes en la Universidad de Colima en el semestre agosto 2023- enero 2024 para determinar en qué medida el estilo de vida se explica por la percepción del estado de salud. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo correlacional y predictivo, utilizando un cuestionario en línea. Se aplicó la prueba auto administrada sobre estilos de vida FANTASTICO versión adaptada y validada para población mexicana con un Alpha de Cronbach de 0,77 y se empleó la Encuesta General de Salud SF-12 versión corta de la Encuesta general de salud SF-36 de McHorney. Resultados: La regresión lineal indicó que tanto en hombres como mujeres el estilo de vida puede ser explicado por la percepción del estado de salud, se muestra diferencia significativa por carrera, además se reportan diferencias entre mujeres y hombres con respecto a las pruebas de correlación. Conclusiones: En línea con otros estudios, se observa que en la población universitaria el estilo de vida se explica por la percepción del estado de salud, siendo el sexo la variable más determinante.
ANÁLISIS DE ERRORES DE PRESCRIPCIÓN EN RECETAS ESPECIALES DISPENSADAS EN SALA DE OPERACIONES EN UN HOSPITAL DE LIMA
Authors: Quintana Magda , Peralta Ricardo , Izaguirre Manuel
Published: February 2025

Introducción: Los errores de medicación, especialmente de prescripción, representan riesgos significativos para la salud y costos adicionales. Este estudio en el Hospital “San Bartolomé” busca identificar y prevenir dichos errores para mejorar la seguridad del paciente. Objetivo: Identificar los errores de prescripción en recetas especiales dispensadas en sala de operaciones del Hospital Nacional Docente Madre Niño “San Bartolomé” durante el primer trimestre de 2023. Métodos: Estudio cuantitativo, no experimental y prospectivo, cuya muestra incluyó 251 recetas especiales dispensadas en sala de operaciones del Hospital, seleccionadas aleatoriamente, se utilizó una ficha de recolección de datos validada por tres expertos para analizar la existencia y tipo de errores. Los datos se presentaron en tablas mediante el uso del programa Microsoft Excel 2019. Resultados: El 93% de recetas cumplieron con las buenas prácticas de prescripción, mientras que el 7% presentaron errores de prescripción, los errores más comunes fueron en otros datos 41%, que incluyen errores en fecha, en legibilidad y área de atención, seguido por errores en datos del medicamento 35%, los errores en datos del paciente 12% y errores en datos del prescriptor 12% los cuales fueron menos frecuentes. Conclusiones: Se identificó la presencia de errores de prescripción en las recetas especiales dispensadas en sala de operaciones durante el primer trimestre de 2023. Estos errores pueden ocasionar consecuencias desde leves a graves en la salud de los pacientes, tener implicancias económicas y regulatorias, por lo tanto, es indispensable implementar intervenciones intrahospitalarias y multidisciplinarias para prevenir futuros errores y garantizar una atención de calidad.
EL DUELO PERINATAL. UN ESTUDIO FENOMENOLOGICO SOBRE LA PERCEPCION Y EL SIGNIFICADO DESDE LA PERSPECTIVA DE LOS PADRES
Authors: Benavides Borja María Teresa , Guerra Carmen Amarilis
Published: February 2025

Introducción: El duelo perinatal vivenciado por los padres, es un proceso que muchas veces se minimiza e invisibiliza. La pérdida de un hijo (a) conlleva al desarrollo de duelo, en este caso denominado duelo desautorizado o invisibilizado, porque no está legitimado o aceptado por los profesionales de salud, sus familias o la sociedad. Usualmente los padres viven una adaptación psicológica y emocional durante la muerte y duelo perinatal. Objetivo: Construir una aproximación teórica reflexiva sobre la percepción y el significado del Duelo Perinatal desde la perspectiva de los padres. Métodos: Estudio cualitativo, bajo un enfoque fenomenológico hermenéutico, utilizando el método de Spiegelberg. Los informantes clave fueron cinco padres que están transitando un duelo perinatal, en una institución de Salud Pública al sur de la ciudad de Quito, Ecuador. La entrevista a profundidad fue la técnica de recolección de datos. Resultados: Los padres experimentan una sensación de irrealidad con un dolor intenso, con sentimientos de frustración, tristeza, impotencia, desarrollan estrés emocional que tiene consecuencias en su relación de pareja, rol familiar y sus vínculos sociales más cercanos. Conclusiones: Se evidenció los sentimientos que los padres experimentan por la muerte de su hijo y como transitan en el proceso de duelo, comprendiendo su comportamiento y necesidad de una contención emocional tanto familiar como de los profesionales de la salud. Además, se logró entender que existe una falta de acompañamiento por parte de los profesionales de la salud por desconocimiento en estrategias de afrontamiento y ocultamiento de sentimientos en el acompañamiento familiar.
FACTORES RELACIONADOS CON LA FALTA DE ADHERENCIA AL USO DE MÉTODOS ANTICONCEPTIVOS HORMONALES EN MUJERES EN EDAD REPRODUCTIVA
Authors: Gutiérrez Hidalgo Juan Pablo , González Jiménez María Guadalupe , Idrovo Vallejo Mariela Alexandra
Published: February 2025

Introducción: La adherencia terapéutica es el grado donde la conducta de un paciente sigue las instrucciones médicas en relación con la toma de medicación. La discontinuidad del tratamiento de los anticonceptivos hormonales repercute en la efectividad, dando lugar a embarazos no deseados. Objetivo: Analizar la evidencia científica publicada sobre factores relacionados con la falta de adherencia al uso de métodos anticonceptivos hormonales en mujeres en edad reproductiva. Métodos: Investigación guiada por las directrices del Manual del Instituto Joanna Briggs (JBI), conforme a la guía PRISMA -ScR para revisiones de alcance, con búsqueda en algunas bases de datos como PubMed, Scopus, LILACS, SciELO y Google Académico. La selección de la evidencia fue individualizada, realizada por dos revisores utilizando el software RAYYAN, con cegamiento activado, con análisis de estudios con diseños metodológicos cuantitativos y cualitativos. No hubo restricción en cuanto a idioma o fecha de publicación, las variables analizadas fueron: empleo de anticonceptivos hormonales en mujeres en edad reproductiva y factores asociados a la falta de adherencia, se incluyeron para la revisión un total de 15 estudios. Resultados: Se estableció que la falta de adherencia está asociada a factores inherentes al paciente (edad, grado de instrucción, olvidos, recursos económicos, creencias), a la terapia (efectos secundarios) y a la relación personal de salud– sistema sanitario (asesoría). Conclusiones: Estos factores deben ser abordados desde políticas públicas de salud para garantizar una adecuada adherencia y el uso seguro de la anticoncepción hormonal.
PREVALENCIA Y FACTORES DE RIESGO DE LA HIPERTENSIÓN ARTERIAL EN POBLACIÓN ADOLESCENTE Y ADULTA
Authors: Criollo Espinoza Milena Lizbeth , Rojas Morocho Carlos Andres , Luna Torres Betty María
Published: February 2025

Introducción: La hipertensión arterial (HTA) se caracteriza por la elevación persistente de la presión arterial que afecta a la población general a nivel mundial y que ha llamado la atención como cada día afecta más a la población joven, de allí su importancia a nivel de salud pública. Esta se encuentra influenciada por factores modificables y no modificables, con alto riesgo de desarrollar complicaciones cardiovasculares. Objetivo: Identificar la evidencia científica relacionada con la prevalencia y factores de riesgo de la HTA en población adolescente y adulta. Métodos: Se elaboró un protocolo en función de los marcos metodológicos establecidos y se ejecutó una búsqueda en bases de datos como Pubmed, Scopus, Lilacs y otros recursos como Scielo utilizando términos de búsqueda (MeSH, DeCS) y operadores booleanos “AND” y “OR”, además, se realizaron búsquedas secundarias para ubicar literatura gris en Google académico. Resultados: Se identificaron 2770 estudios, seleccionado 24 por cumplir los criterios de elegibilidad. Así mismo, se evidenció una prevalencia creciente de HTA, con mayor frecuencia en Nigeria con 40%, en el sexo masculino, en los grupos de edades de 40 a 60 y de 15 a 19 años; siendo los factores no modificables (edad y sexo) y los modificables (sobrepeso u obesidad) relacionados a este problema de acuerdo con las diferentes investigaciones. Conclusiones: Se revela elevada prevalencia de HTA a nivel global, por género y edad.  La edad avanzada, sexo masculino, antecedentes familiares, sobrepeso u obesidad, consumo elevado de tabaco, consumo elevado de alcohol, diabetes mellitus y la ingesta elevada de sal fueron los factores de riesgo identificados en ambas poblaciones.
FACTORES DE RIESGO ASOCIADOS A LA DESNUTRICIÓN EN NIÑOS MENORES DE 5 AÑOS
Authors: Kukush Faicán Mariela Estefanía , Carchipulla Jiménez Kristy Kenny , González Saraguro Silvana de los Ángeles
Published: February 2025

Introducción: La desnutrición es una problemática de salud que afecta fundamentalmente al bienestar de la niñez; en la región Latinoamericana, existe una gran repercusión de la enfermedad en la población menor a 5 años. Objetivo: Analizar en base a la evidencia científica, los factores de riesgo asociados a la desnutrición en niños menores de 5 años. Métodos: El marco metodológico fue guiado por las directrices del Instituto Joanna Briggs y adaptado al PRISMA ScR; la búsqueda de información se realizó en las bases de datos: Pubmed, Scopus y LILACS, en el repositorio: SciELO y en google académico; la selección de la evidencia se realizó mediante el uso del software Rayyan; la información extraída fue analizada usando un enfoque cuantitativo y cualitativo básico. Resultados: Se identificaron 807 estudios, de los cuales 29 se incluyeron en esta revisión; la mayoría de ellos datan de los años 2005, 2012 y 2020, el principal país de origen fue Brasil (34,48%), el 89,66% pertenece a artículos originales, la principal fuente de evidencia fue Scopus (79%) y mayormente pertenecían a estudios transversales (52%). Conclusiones: Los hallazgos más relevantes referente a los factores de riesgo asociados a la desnutrición infantil fueron: el bajo nivel socioeconómico, progenitora con una edad menor a 20 años, madre autoidentificada como indígena, bajo nivel de educación materna, tener hogares con mayor número de hijos por madre, tener un esquema de vacunación incompleto y antecedentes de enfermedad, duración de la lactancia materna, género masculino, bajo peso al nacer y vivir en zonas rurales.