bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Listening and watching: Do camera traps or acoustic sensors more efficiently detect wild chimpanzees in an open habitat?
Authors: Crunchant Anne‐Sophie , Borchers David , Kühl Hjalmar , Piel Alex
Published: January 2020

With one million animal species at risk of extinction, there is an urgent need to regularly monitor threatened species. However, in practice this is challenging, especially with wide‐ranging, elusive and cryptic species or those that occur at low density.

Here we compare two non‐invasive methods, passive acoustic monitoring (n = 12) and camera trapping (n = 53), to detect chimpanzees Pan troglodytes in a savanna‐woodland mosaic habitat at the Issa Valley, Tanzania. With occupancy modelling we evaluate the efficacy of each method, using the estimated number of sampling days needed to establish chimpanzee absence with 95% probability, as our measure of efficacy.

Passive acoustic monitoring was more efficient than camera trapping in detecting wild chimpanzees. Detectability varied over seasons, likely due to social and ecological factors that influence party size and vocalization rate. The acoustic method can infer chimpanzee absence with less than 10 days of recordings in the field during the late dry season, the period of highest detectability, which was five times faster than the visual method.

Synthesis and applications. Despite some technical limitations, we demonstrate that passive acoustic monitoring is a powerful tool for species monitoring. Its applicability in evaluating presence/absence, especially but not exclusively for loud call species, such as cetaceans, elephants, gibbons or chimpanzees provides a more efficient way of monitoring populations and inform conservation plans to mediate species‐loss.
A systematic review and Bayesian meta‐analysis of interventions which target or assess co‐use of tobacco and cannabis in single‐ or multi‐substance interventions
Authors: Walsh Hannah , McNeill Ann , Purssell Edward , Duaso Maria
Published: January 2020

Background and aims

Tobacco and cannabis are commonly co‐used, and evidence for the influence of co‐use on quit outcomes for either substance is mixed. We sought to determine the efficacy of tobacco and/or cannabis use interventions delivered to co‐users on cannabis and tobacco use outcomes.

Method

Systematic review with meta‐analysis and narrative review, using five databases and author requests for co‐use data. Controlled and uncontrolled intervention studies focusing on treatment of tobacco and/or cannabis use assessing use of both pre‐ and post‐intervention were included. Prevention interventions were excluded. Bayesian meta‐analysis was used across four outcome measures: risk ratio for tobacco and cannabis cessation post‐intervention separately; standardized mean change for tobacco and cannabis reduction post‐intervention separately. Narrative reporting of the same outcome measures in non‐randomized clinical trials (non‐RCTs) and quality assessment of all included studies were conducted.

Results

Twenty studies (12 RCTs and eight uncontrolled) were included. Bayesian meta‐analysis with informative priors based on existing data of 11 RCTs (six single‐substance, five multi‐substance interventions) delivered to co‐users (n = up to 1117) showed weak evidence for an effect on cannabis cessation [risk ratio (RR) = 1.48, credibility interval (CrI) = 0.92, 2.49, eight studies] and no clear effect on tobacco cessation (RR = 1.10, CrI = 0.68, 1.87, nine studies). Subgroup analysis suggested that multi‐substance interventions might be more effective than cannabis‐targeted interventions on cannabis cessation (RR = 2.19, CrI = 1.10, 4.36 versus RR = 1.39, CrI = 0.75, 2.74). A significant intervention effect was observed on cannabis reduction (ES = 0.25, CrI = 0.03, 0.45, nine studies) but not on tobacco reduction (ES = 0.16, CrI = −0.14, 0.45, nine studies). Quality of evidence was moderate, although measurement of co‐use and cannabis use requires standardization. Uncontrolled studies targeting both cannabis and tobacco use indicated feasibility and acceptability.

Conclusions

Single and multi‐substance interventions addressing tobacco and/or cannabis have not shown a clear effect on either tobacco or cannabis cessation and reduction among co‐users. However, dual substance interventions targeting tobacco and cannabis appear feasible.
The association between legalization of cannabis use and traffic deaths in Uruguay
Authors: Nazif‐Munoz Jose Ignacio , Oulhote Youssef , Ouimet Marie Claude
Published: January 2020

Background and aims

While cannabis use has been found to impair motor vehicle driving, the association between cannabis legalization and motor vehicle fatalities is unclear. In Uruguay in December 2013, cannabis for recreational purposes was legalized. This study assessed the association between implementation of this law and changes in traffic fatality rates.

Design

Interrupted time–series analysis of traffic fatality rates of light motor vehicle drivers and motorcyclists in urban and rural settings. Changes are reported as step and trend effects against modeled trends in the absence of legalization.

Setting

Uruguay, Montevideo and four rural provinces (Colonia, Florida, Río Negro and San José) from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2017.

Cases and measurement

Weekly traffic fatalities of light motor vehicle drivers and motorcyclists per type of vehicle. Data were gathered from the National Road Safety Agency of Uruguay and the Ministry of Transport and Public Works, respectively.

Results

Cannabis legalization was associated with a 52.4% immediate increase [95% confidence interval (CI) = 11.6, 93.3, P = 0.012] in the light motor vehicle driver's fatality rate. However, no significant change in the motorcyclists’ fatality rate was observed. In Montevideo the legislation was associated with an absolute increase in its light motor vehicle driver's fatality rate by 0.06 (95% CI = 0.01, 0.11, P = 0.025), but no significant associations were observed in rural settings.

Conclusions

In Uruguay, the 2013 legislation legalizing recreational cannabis consumption may have been associated with an increase in fatal motor vehicle crashes, particularly in light motor‐vehicle drivers and urban settings.
The effect of wine glass size on volume of wine sold: a mega‐analysis of studies in bars and restaurants
Authors: Pilling Mark , Clarke Natasha , Pechey Rachel , Hollands Gareth J. , Marteau Theresa M.
Published: January 2020

Aim

To estimate the effects of wine glass size on volume of wine sold in bars and restaurants.

Design

A mega‐analysis combining raw (as opposed to aggregate‐level) data from eight studies conducted in five establishments. A multiple treatment reversal design was used for each data set, with wine glass size changed fortnightly while serving sizes were unaffected, in studies lasting between 14 and 26 weeks.

Setting and participants

Five bars and restaurants in England participated in studies between 2015 and 2018, using wine glasses of five sizes: 250, 300, 370, 450 and 510 ml, with the largest size only used in bars.

Measurements

Daily volume of wine sold by the glass, bottle or carafe for non‐sparkling wine were recorded at bars (594 days) and restaurants (427 days), averaging 4 months per study.

Findings

Mega‐analysis combining data from bars did not find a significant effect of glass size on volume of wine sold compared with 300‐ml glasses: the volume of wine sold using 370‐ml glasses was 0.5% lower [95% confidence interval (CI) = –8.1% to 6.1%], using 450‐ml glasses was 1.0% higher (95% CI = –9.1 to 12.2) and using 510‐ml glasses was 0.4% lower (95% CI = –9.4 to 9.4). For restaurants, compared with 300‐ml glasses, the volume of wine sold using 250‐ml glasses did not show a significant difference: 9.6% lower (95% CI = –19.0 to 0.7). Using 370‐ml glasses the volume of wine sold was 7.3% higher (95% CI = 1.5% to 13.5%); no significant effect was found using 450‐ml glasses: 0.9% higher (95% CI = –5.5 to 7.7).

Conclusions

The volume of wine sold in restaurants in England may be greater when 370‐ml glasses are used compared with 300‐ml wine glasses, but may not be in bars. This might be related to restaurants compared with bars selling more wine in bottles and carafes, which require free‐pouring.
The pseudoallergen receptor MRGPRX2 on peripheral blood basophils and eosinophils: Expression and function
Authors: Wedi Bettina , Gehring Manuela , Kapp Alexander
Published: January 2020

Background

Mas‐related G protein‐coupled receptor X2 (MRGPRX2) is regarded as a mast cell‐specific receptor mediating non–IgE‐dependent activation. We aimed to investigate whether human basophils and eosinophils express functional MRGPRX2.

Methods

Flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, immunofluorescence, Western blot, and RT‐PCR were performed in highly purified peripheral blood basophils and eosinophils of atopic and nonatopic donors. To assess functional activity, fluorescent avidin‐based degranulation assay, calcium mobilization, cytokine production in supernatants, assessment of viability/apoptosis, and tricolor granulocyte activation test were used.

Results

MRGPRX2 was significantly expressed by basophils and eosinophils but not neutrophils. Functional capacity was shown by anti‐MRGPRX2 mAb‐induced calcium influx and concentration‐dependent induction of degranulation. Sequential stimulation in the calcium mobilization assay gave no evidence for desensitization or receptor internalization. Anti‐MRGPRX2 mAb significantly promoted survival. Inhibition of apoptosis could be due to released IL‐3, IL‐5, and GM‐CSF found in supernatants. Short‐term incubation with IL‐3 dose‐dependently upregulated MRGPRX2 expression in both, stimulation for 24 hours with anti‐IgE, C5a, fMLP, and IL‐3 in basophils and by IL‐3, IL‐5, and IL‐33 in eosinophils. Among known mast cell MRGPRX2 agonists ciprofloxacin but not PMX‐53 was functional on basophils and eosinophils. In basophils of allergic subjects, tricolor granulocyte activation test using grass pollen demonstrated MRGPRX2 upregulation associated with degranulation and CD63 expression.

Conclusion

Unraveling the regulation and signaling mechanisms of MRGPRX2 on basophils and eosinophils might enable the development of new therapeutic strategies to prevent or inhibit allergic and nonallergic hypersensitivity. Moreover, addressing MRGPRX2 might have potential for diagnostic purposes in (drug) hypersensitivity.
Retinal haemangioblastomas in von Hippel–Lindau germline mutation carriers: progression, complications and treatment outcome
Authors: Hajjaj Anass , van Overdam Koen A. , Oldenburg Rogier A. , Koopmans Anna E. , van den Ouweland Ans M. W. , de Klein Annelies , Kiliç Emine
Published: January 2020

Purpose

Evaluation of phenotype and treatment outcome of retinal haemangioblastomas (RH) in von Hippel–Lindau (VHL) disease and correlation of these features with the genotype of VHL germline mutation carriers.

Methods

Retrospective analysis of a longitudinal cohort of 21 VHL germline mutation carriers and RH. Clinical and genetic data were obtained to analyse the correlation of genotype with phenotype and treatment outcomes.

Results

All patients were categorized in two genotypic categories: missense mutations (MM) and truncating mutations (TM). Mean follow‐up duration was 16.3 years and did not differ significantly between mutation groups (p = 0.383). Missense mutations (MM) carriers (n = 6) developed more progression‐related complications compared to TM carriers (n = 15) (p = 0.046). Vitreoretinal surgery was more often applied in MM carriers (p = 0.036). Moderate (visual acuity (VA)20/80 to 20/200) to severe (VA < 20/200) visual impairment was observed in 53.3% of the eyes of MM carriers and 28.1% of the eyes of TM carriers at last recorded visit.

Conclusion

Missense mutations in VHL patients seem to have a higher prevalence of progression‐related complications. Missense mutations (MM) carriers required therefore more often vitreoretinal surgical treatment with a worse treatment outcome. Genetic analysis may play a role in determining a pro‐active treatment strategy and prognosis for RH.
Doubly robust tests of exposure effects under high‐dimensional confounding
Authors: Dukes Oliver , Avagyan Vahe , Vansteelandt Stijn
Published: January 2020

After variable selection, standard inferential procedures for regression parameters may not be uniformly valid; there is no finite‐sample size at which a standard test is guaranteed to approximately attain its nominal size. This problem is exacerbated in high‐dimensional settings, where variable selection becomes unavoidable. This has prompted a flurry of activity in developing uniformly valid hypothesis tests for a low‐dimensional regression parameter (eg, the causal effect of an exposure A on an outcome Y) in high‐dimensional models. So far there has been limited focus on model misspecification, although this is inevitable in high‐dimensional settings. We propose tests of the null that are uniformly valid under sparsity conditions weaker than those typically invoked in the literature, assuming working models for the exposure and outcome are both correctly specified. When one of the models is misspecified, by amending the procedure for estimating the nuisance parameters, our tests continue to be valid; hence, they are doubly robust. Our proposals are straightforward to implement using existing software for penalized maximum likelihood estimation and do not require sample splitting. We illustrate them in simulations and an analysis of data obtained from the Ghent University intensive care unit.
Maternal and system characteristics, oxytocin administration practices, and cesarean birth rate
Authors: Maeder Angela B. , Park Chang G. , Vonderheid Susan C. , Bell Aleeca F. , Carter C. Sue , McFarlin Barbara L.
Published: January 2020

Background

The cesarean birth rate in the United States is 32%, and there is discussion about the cause of high surgical birth rates. Our purpose was to determine whether mode of birth is influenced by maternal, nurse, and system factors.

Methods

Secondary analysis of a data set of 163 women having postdates labor induction with oxytocin. Kaplan‐Meier survival curves were calculated to compare the time for patients to reach an infusion rate of 6 mU/min, consistent with endogenous oxytocin levels in active labor. We used the log‐rank test to evaluate survival curve differences. Multiple logistic regression and Cox proportional hazards models were conducted and included covariates that had statistically significant bivariate relationships with the time variable, or were clinically meaningful.

Results

The mean time to reach 6 mU/min was longer for women who birthed by cesarean (172.5 minutes) than for women who had vaginal birth (125.0 minutes, P = .024). The mean time to reach 6 mU/min was also longer for women admitted on night shift (147.0 minutes) than day shift (110.2 minutes, P = .018). No maternal characteristics were significantly related to the time to reach a rate of 6 mU/min.

Conclusions

Even during the initial hours of labor induction, it is important that the oxytocin infusion is titrated appropriately to aid women in achieving timely vaginal birth. Intrapartum nurses should receive education about the pharmacokinetics of intravenous oxytocin to understand proper administration of this high‐alert medication.
Phacoemulsification vs phacoemulsification with micro‐bypass stent implantation in primary angle closure and primary angle closure glaucoma: A randomized single‐masked clinical study
Authors: Chen David Z. , Sng Chelvin C. A. , Sangtam Tiakumzuk , Thomas Anoop , Shen Liang , Huang Philemon K. , Cheng Jason
Published: January 2020

Importance

Primary angle closure glaucoma (PACG) is a major cause of irreversible visual impairment in Asia, but there is no published data on the effect of iStent on these patients.

Background

To compare the efficacy and safety of combined phacoemulsification and iStent implantation with standard phacoemulsification in an Asian population.

Design

A prospective, single‐masked, randomized study in a public tertiary eye clinic.

Participants

Patients with concomitant visually significant cataracts and primary angle closure (PAC) or PACG.

Methods

Patients were randomized and underwent either phacoemulsification alone (phaco) or with concurrent iStent injection (phaco‐iStent). Demographic and clinical data were collected.

Main Outcome Measures

Complete and qualified success rates at 12 months were compared between both treatment arms.

Results

Thirty‐two patients were recruited between September 2015 and February 2016. All patients completed 12 months of follow‐up. There was no statistically significant difference in preoperative IOP (phaco, 17.5 ± 3.1 mmHg; phaco‐iStent, 18.6 ± 4.7 mmHg, P = .65) and 12‐months postoperative IOP (phaco, 15.0 ± 2.5 mmHg; phaco‐iStent, 14.7 ± 3.1 mmHg, P = .86) between both groups. Complete success rates were 43.8% (95% CI, 19.8‐65.6) for the Phaco group and 87.5% (95% CI, 58.6‐96.7) for the Phaco‐iStent group (P = .01). Thinner preoperative optical coherence tomography (retinal nerve fibre layer) thickness (hazard ratio [HR] = 7.34 [95% CI, 1.53‐35.30]) and phacoemulsification alone (HR = 0.93 [95% CI, 0.87‐0.02]) were independent factors associated with failure to achieve complete success.

Conclusions and Relevance

Combined phacoemulsification with iStent implantation is associated with a higher likelihood of complete success compared with phacoemulsification alone in eyes with primary angle closure disease at 12 months postoperatively. Further studies are required to establish the longer term efficacy of iStent implantation and to identify other predictors for surgical success.
Changes of radiopacity around implants of different lengths: Five‐year follow‐up data of a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Sluka Benjamin , Naenni Nadja , Jung Ronald E. , Attin Thomas , Schmidlin Patrick R. , Sahrmann Philipp
Published: January 2020

Objective

To follow‐up the radiographic changes in peri‐implant bone of short (6 mm, test group) and long (10 mm, control group) single‐unit implants five years after loading.

Materials and methods

Forty‐three implants of the test and 44 implants of the control group could be reassessed from 96 originally included implants. Standardized areas of interest (AOI) were defined in the peri‐implant bone at pre‐defined locations at mid‐length on both sides of the implants, and at the apex. An arbitrary mean grey scale value (GSV) was calculated for the AOI after brightness calibration of the radiographs. Changes for GSV were calculated and tested for possible inter‐ and intra‐group differences using the Mann–Whitney and Wilcoxon tests.

Results

The calculated intra‐group differences between baseline and 5 years in the test group accounted for 2.4 ± 19.6 (i.e. slight brightening) and −6.2 ± 20.2 for the control group (i.e. slight shading), which resulted in a statistically significant difference in GSV change (p < .05). Crown‐to‐implant ratio was the only parameter showing an effect on GSV change (p = .001).

Conclusions

Assessing conventional radiographs, longer implants showed a slightly stronger change of radiopacity of the peri‐implant bone (slight loss of density) than short ones (slightly enhanced density) after five years of loading.
Implant Disease Risk Assessment IDRA–a tool for preventing peri‐implant disease
Authors: Heitz‐Mayfield Lisa J. A. , Heitz Fritz , Lang Niklaus P.
Published: January 2020

Objective

This treatment concept paper introduces a risk assessment tool, the Implant Disease Risk Assessment, (IDRA) which estimates the risk for a patient to develop peri‐implantitis.

Materials and methods

The functional risk assessment diagram was constructed incorporating eight parameters, each with documented evidence for an association with peri‐implantitis.

Results

The eight vectors of the diagram include (1) assessment of a history of periodontitis (2) percentage of sites with bleeding on probing (BOP) (3) number of teeth/implants with probing depths (PD) ≥5 mm (4) the ratio of periodontal bone loss (evaluated from a radiograph) divided by the patient's age (5) periodontitis susceptibility as described by the staging and grading categories from the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri‐implant Diseases (Journal of Periodontology, 89 Suppl 1, S159‐S172, 2018) (6) the frequency/compliance with supportive periodontal therapy (7) the distance in mm from the restorative margin of the implant‐supported prosthesis to the marginal bone crest and (8) prosthesis‐related factors including cleanability and fit of the implant‐supported prosthesis.

Conclusion

The combination of these factors in a risk assessment tool, IDRA, may be useful in identifying individuals at risk for development of peri‐implantitis.
Excisional haemorrhoidectomy: is it safe in patients with an ileal pouch–anal anastomosis?
Authors: Lightner A. L. , Kearney D. , Giugliano D. , Hull T. , Holubar S. , Shawki S. , Steele S. R.
Published: January 2020

Aim

Excisional haemorrhoidectomy in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC), especially those undergoing an ileal pouch–anal anastomosis (IPAA), remains controversial. The aim of our study was to determine the safety of excisional haemorrhoidectomy in UC patients with and without an IPAA.

Method

A retrospective review of all adult UC patients undergoing excisional haemorrhoidectomy between 1 January 1995 and 1 January 2019 at a tertiary inflammatory bowel disease referral centre was performed. Data collected included patient demographics, clinical characteristics of UC, prior surgical intervention for UC (colectomy, IPAA) and complications after haemorrhoidectomy.

Results

Forty‐one adult patients [50% male; median age 52 (range 25–79) years] with UC underwent excisional haemorrhoidectomy between 1 January 1995 and 1 January 2019. The majority (n = 23) had not previously undergone surgery for UC. However, eight had already undergone construction of an IPAA at the time of haemorrhoidectomy, seven had IPAA at the time of haemorrhoidectomy and three had an IPAA constructed subsequent to haemorrhoidectomy. Two (4.9%) patients need to go back to theatre for postoperative bleeding. There were no further 30‐day complications or long‐term nonhealing of the surgical site. There were no pouch complications in those who had haemorrhoidectomy at the time of IPAA construction or in the presence of an IPAA.

Conclusion

Our data suggest that excisional haemorrhoidectomy may be performed safely in carefully selected UC patients with symptomatic haemorrhoids with or without IPAA and even at the time of IPAA construction.
NONRESIDENT POSTSECONDARY ENROLLMENT GROWTH AND THE OUTCOMES OF IN‐STATE STUDENTS
Authors: Li Diyi , Qian Cheng , Koedel Cory
Published: January 2020

We study the effects of exposure to nonresident students on the outcomes of undergraduate in‐state students during a period of high nonresident enrollment growth at the University of Missouri‐Columbia. Our models leverage within‐major, cross‐time variation in nonresident exposure for identification. We find no evidence that increased exposure to domestic nonresidents affects in‐state student outcomes and our null results are precisely estimated. We find evidence of modest negative impacts on in‐state students when their exposure to foreign students increases using our preferred specification. However, the identifying variation in exposure to foreign students in our data is limited and this result is not robust in all of our models. (JEL I23, I28, R23)
Gold, farms, and forests: Enforcement and alternative livelihoods are unlikely to disincentivize informal gold mining
Authors: Prescott Graham W. , Maung Aye Chan , Aung Zinmar , Carrasco L. Roman , De Alban Jose Don T. , Diment Alex N. , Ko Aye Ko , Rao Madhu , Schmidt‐Vogt Dietrich , Soe Yi Monn , Webb Edward L.
Published: January 2020

Informal gold mining (IGM) is a major driver of deforestation and source of global mercury emissions. Policy makers may seek to control the spread of IGM by enforcing rules and/or providing alternative livelihoods. We investigated the dynamics and drivers of IGM in northern Myanmar to shed light on the conditions needed for alternative livelihood and enforcement interventions to succeed. We surveyed 226 respondents who practiced mining and/or farming. We found that mining and agriculture provided complementary livelihoods for many respondents as they met different livelihood needs, and that many of the miners were economic migrants. Livelihood‐based interventions based on agriculture/plantations—as currently planned by the regional government—are thus unlikely to provide true substitutes. The willingness of migrant miners to move under different economic circumstances suggests that livelihood‐based interventions are unlikely to scale well—mining may simply be displaced to other regions, or new migrants might replace old migrants. We estimated that current enforcement efforts were insufficient and that a much higher level of enforcement—either constant presence of enforcement officials at each informal mining site, or confiscating equipment every month—would be required to make informal mining unprofitable. Enforcement effectiveness was further undermined by corruption in the guise of informal payments to local authorities. Our study is the first to estimate costs that enforcement imposes and the level of enforcement required to deter informal gold mining, and adds to the growing body of evidence that enforcement and alternative livelihood approaches alone are unlikely to deter informal gold mining.
Open Data Revolution in Clinical Research: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Shahin Mohamed H. , Bhattacharya Sanchita , Silva Diego , Kim Sarah , Burton Jackson , Podichetty Jagdeep , Romero Klaus , Conrado Daniela J.
Published: January 2020

Efforts for sharing individual clinical data are gaining momentum due to a heightened recognition that integrated data sets can catalyze biomedical discoveries and drug development. Among the benefits are the fact that data sharing can help generate and investigate new research hypothesis beyond those explored in the original study. Despite several accomplishments establishing public systems and guidance for data sharing in clinical trials, this practice is not the norm. Among the reasons are ethical challenges, such as privacy of individuals, data ownership, and control. This paper creates awareness of the potential benefits and challenges of sharing individual clinical data, how to overcome these challenges, and how as a clinical pharmacology community we can shape future directions in this field.
Rates of Thy 1‐non‐diagnostic thyroid fine needle aspiration using the UK Royal College of Pathologists Thy Terminology. A systematic review of the literature comparing patients who undergo rapid on‐site evaluation and those who do not
Authors: Poller David N. , Doyle Victoria , Trimboli Pierpaolo , Bongiovanni Massimo
Published: January 2020

Introduction

The UK Royal College of Pathologists (RCPath) Thy terminology is an internationally recognised system for reporting thyroid fine needle aspiration. The terminology has been used throughout the UK and Ireland, in some parts of Italy and Switzerland, and elsewhere in the world. There is no systematic review of the literature specifically addressing the use of the non‐diagnostic for cytological diagnosis‐Thy1/Thy 1c category in the UK RCPath terminology.

Methods

A comprehensive literature search of online databases was conducted in October 2019 specifically examining overall reported rates of Thy1 and Thy1c in aspirates classified according to the UK Thy terminology.

Results

Twenty‐five articles were identified showing a Thy1 rate of 13.4% (2540/18 920). The studies were then stratified according to whether or not the patients underwent rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE): 6.0% (353/5841; range 3.0%‐10.9%) of ROSE aspirates were Thy1 whereas 18.5% (2072/11 204; range 7.9%‐43.3%) of non‐ROSE patients were Thy1; (P < .05). Three studies from 2016 reported Thy1c rates of 5.4%, 6.5% and 10.6%, respectively, implying Thy1 rates excluding Thy1c aspirates of 20.9%, 8.7% and 12.7%, respectively.

Conclusion

This systematic review of the literature shows relatively high rates of aspirates non‐diagnostic for cytological diagnosis‐Thy1 in the peer‐reviewed published literature using the UK terminology. Utilisation of ROSE appears to produce lower rates of Thy1 aspirates and ROSE should be considered if rates of non‐diagnostic for cytological diagnosis‐Thy1/Thy 1c are high.
Early and late C‐peptide responses during oral glucose tolerance testing are oppositely predictive of type 1 diabetes in autoantibody‐positive individuals
Authors: Ismail Heba M. , Becker Dorothy J. , Libman Ingrid , Herold Kevan C. , Redondo Maria J. , Atkinson Mark A. , Cleves Mario A. , Palmer Jerry , Sosenko Jay ,   Diabetes Prevention Trial‐Type 1 (DPT‐1) Study Group
Published: January 2020

We examined whether the timing of the C‐peptide response during an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in relatives of patients with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is predictive of disease onset. We examined baseline 2‐h OGTTs from 670 relatives participating in the Diabetes Prevention Trial‐Type 1 (age: 13.8 ± 9.6 years; body mass index z‐score: 0.3 ± 1.1; 56% male) using univariate regression models. T1D risk increased with lower early C‐peptide responses (30–0 min) (χ2 = 28.8, P < 0.001), and higher late C‐peptide responses (120–60 min) (χ2 = 23.3, P < 0.001). When both responses were included in a proportional hazards model, they remained independently and oppositely associated with T1D, with a stronger overall association for the combined model than either response alone (χ2 = 41.1; P < 0.001). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, the combined early and late C‐peptide response was more accurately predictive of T1D than area under the curve C‐peptide (P = 0.005). Our findings demonstrate that lower early and higher late C‐peptide responses serve as indicators of increased T1D risk.
A novel in vivo assessment of fluid dynamics on aortic valve leaflet using epi‐aortic echocardiogram
Authors: Hayashi Hideyuki , Akiyama Koichi , Itatani Keiichi , DeRoo Scott , Sanchez Joseph , Ferrari Giovanni , Colombo Paolo C. , Takeda Koji , Wu Isaac Y. , Kainuma Atsushi , Takayama Hiroo
Published: January 2020

Background

Mechanical stress caused by blood flow, such as wall shear stress (WSS) and its related parameters, is key moderator of endothelial degeneration. However, an in vivo method to measure WSS on heart valves has not been developed.

Methods

We developed a novel approach, based on vector flow mapping using intraoperative epi‐aortic echocardiogram, to measure WSS and oscillatory shear index (OSI) on the aortic valve. We prospectively enrolled 15 patients with normal valves, who underwent coronary artery bypass graft.

Results

Systolic WSS on the ventricularis (2.40 ± 0.44 Pa [1.45‐3.00 Pa]) was higher than systolic WSS on the fibrosa (0.33 ± 0.08 Pa [0.14‐0.47 Pa], P < .001) and diastolic WSS on the ventricularis (0.18 ± 0.07 Pa [0.04‐0.28 Pa], P < .001). Oscillatory shear index on the fibrosa was higher than on the ventricularis (0.29 ± 0.04 [0.24‐0.36] vs 0.05 ± 0.03 [0.01‐0.12], P < .001). A pilot study involving two patients with severe aortic regurgitation showed significantly different values in fluid dynamics.

Conclusion

Vector flow mapping method using intraoperative epi‐aortic echocardiogram is an effective way of measuring WSS and OSI on normal aortic leaflet in vivo, allowing for better understanding of the pathophysiology of aortic valve diseases.
Providencia rettgeri as the causal agent of the brown slime flux of Populus tomentosa
Authors: Zhou Jianghong , Xia Fei , Che Shaochen , Wang Jianhong , Zhang Guofeng
Published: January 2020

Brown slime flux seeps slowly out of wounds and flows down the bark of roadside Populus tomentosa in Beijing, China. Two bacterial isolates, SL2‐2 and SL3‐3, obtained from the brown slime flux were identified as Providencia rettgeri based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing. After inoculation into the bark of roadside P. tomentosa with sterile deionized water as a control, both SL2‐2 and SL3‐3 triggered the seepage of brown slime flux from the wounds; no slime flux arose from the control. In conclusion, P. rettgeri was the pathogenic bacterium causing brown slime flux on P. tomentosa probably by inhibiting wound healing. To our knowledge, this is the first report of P. rettgeri as a pathogen of plants.
PARP1 V762A polymorphism affects the prognosis of myelodysplastic syndromes
Authors: Gotoh Nanami , Minato Yusuke , Saitoh Takayuki , Takahashi Noriyuki , Kasamatsu Tetsuhiro , Souma Kana , Oda Tsukasa , Hoshino Takumi , Sakura Toru , Ishizaki Takuma , Shimizu Hiroaki , Takizawa Makiko , Yokohama Akihiko , Tsukamoto Norifumi , Handa Hiroshi , Murakami Hirokazu
Published: January 2020

Objective

Myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), caused by various genetic mutations in hematopoietic stem cells, are associated with highly variable outcomes. Poly (ADP‐ribose) polymerase‐1 (PARP1) plays an important role in DNA damage repair and contributes to the progression of several types of cancer. Here, we investigated the impact of PARP1 V762A polymorphism on the susceptibility to and prognosis of MDS.

Methods

Samples collected from 105 MDS patients and 202 race‐matched healthy controls were subjected to polymerase chain reaction‐restriction fragment length polymorphism for genotyping.

Results

The allele and genotype frequencies of PARP1 V762A did not differ between MDS patients and the control group. However, MDS patients with the PARP1 V762A non‐AA genotype, which is associated with high gene activity, had shorter overall survival rates (P = .01) than those with the AA genotype. Multivariate analysis of overall survival also revealed PARP1 V762A non‐AA genotype as a poor prognostic factor (P = .02). When patients were analyzed according to treatment history, the PARP1 V762A non‐AA genotype was only associated with poor survival in patients who had received treatment (P = .02).

Conclusion

PARP1 V762A polymorphism may be an independent prognostic factor for MDS, and a predictive biomarker for MDS treatment.
Intra‐epidermal nerve endings progress within keratinocyte cytoplasmic tunnels in normal human skin
Authors: Talagas Matthieu , Lebonvallet Nicolas , Leschiera Raphael , Elies Philippe , Marcorelles Pascale , Misery Laurent
Published: January 2020

Intra‐epidermal nerve endings, responsible for cutaneous perception of temperature, pain and itch, are conventionally described as passing freely between keratinocytes, from the basal to the granular layers of the epidermis. However, the recent discovery of keratinocyte contribution to cutaneous nociception implies that their anatomical relationships are much more intimate than what has been described so far. By studying human skin biopsies in confocal laser scanning microscopy, we show that intra‐epidermal nerve endings are not only closely apposed to keratinocytes, but can also be enwrapped by keratinocyte cytoplasms over their entire circumference and thus progress within keratinocyte tunnels. As keratinocytes must activate intra‐epidermal nerve endings to transduce nociceptive information, these findings may help understanding the interactions between the keratinocytes and nervous system. The discovery of these nerve portions progressing in keratinocyte tunnels is a strong argument to consider that contacts between epidermal keratinocytes and intra‐epidermal nerve endings are not incidental and argue for the existence of specific and rapid paracrine communication from keratinocytes to sensory neurons.
Lower‐than‐expected CH4 emissions from rice paddies with rising CO2 concentrations
Authors: Qian Haoyu , Huang Shan , Chen Jin , Wang Ling , Hungate Bruce A. , van Kessel Chris , Zhang Jun , Deng Aixing , Jiang Yu , van Groenigen Kees Jan , Zhang Weijian
Published: January 2020

Elevated atmospheric CO2 (eCO2) generally increases carbon input in rice paddy soils and stimulates the growth of methane‐producing microorganisms. Therefore, eCO2 is widely expected to increase methane (CH4) emissions from rice agriculture, a major source of anthropogenic CH4. Agricultural practices strongly affect CH4 emissions from rice paddies as well, but whether these practices modulate effects of eCO2 is unclear. Here we show, by combining a series of experiments and meta‐analyses, that whereas eCO2 strongly increased CH4 emissions from paddies without straw incorporation, it tended to reduce CH4 emissions from paddy soils with straw incorporation. Our experiments also identified the microbial processes underlying these results: eCO2 increased methane‐consuming microorganisms more strongly in soils with straw incorporation than in soils without straw, with the opposite pattern for methane‐producing microorganisms. Accounting for the interaction between CO2 and straw management, we estimate that eCO2 increases global CH4 emissions from rice paddies by 3.7%, an order of magnitude lower than previous estimates. Our results suggest that the effect of eCO2 on CH4 emissions from rice paddies is smaller than previously thought and underline the need for judicious agricultural management to curb future CH4 emissions.
Why do several small patches hold more species than few large patches?
Authors: Fahrig Lenore
Published: January 2020

Background

The principle that a single large habitat patch should hold more species than several small patches totalling the same area (SL > SS) is used by conservation agencies to favour protection of large, contiguous areas. Previous reviews of empirical studies have found the opposite, SS > SL, creating the single large or several small (SLOSS) debate.

Aims

Review the empirical and theoretical SLOSS literature; identify potential mechanisms underlying the SS > SL pattern; evaluate these where possible.

Location

Global.

Time period

1976–2018.

Major taxa

Plants, invertebrates, vertebrates.

Methods

Literature review.

Results

Like previous reviews, I found that SS > SL dominates empirical findings. This pattern remained, although it was somewhat weakened, in studies where sampling intensity was proportional to patch size. I found six classes of theory, and conducted five preliminary evaluations of theory. None of the predictions was supported. The SS > SL pattern held for specialist species groups, suggesting it does not result from incursion by generalists into small patches. I found no evidence for the prediction that the reverse pattern (SL > SS) becomes more common over time since patch creation, through gradual species losses from SS. I found no difference between results for natural and anthropogenic patches. There was also no evidence for predictions that SL > SS is more common when the matrix is more hostile, or for stable than ephemeral patches.

Main conclusions

Most empirical comparisons find SS > SL. While there are several potential causes, more empirical work is needed to identify those at play. Meanwhile, conservation practitioners should understand that there is no ecological evidence supporting a general principle to preserve large, contiguous habitat areas rather than multiple small areas of the same total size.
Direct Trace Element Determination in Oil and Gas Produced Waters with Inductively Coupled Plasma‐Optical Emission Spectrometry: Advantages of High‐Salinity Tolerance
Authors: Jubb Aaron M. , Engle Mark A. , Chenault Jessica M. , Blondes Madalyn S. , Danforth Cloelle G. , Doolan Colin , Gallegos Tanya J. , Mueller Dan , Shelton Jenna L.
Published: January 2020

Waters co‐produced during petroleum extraction are the largest waste streams from oil and gas development. Reuse or disposal of these waters is difficult due to their high salinities and the sheer volumes generated. Produced waters (PWs) may also contain valuable mineral commodities. While an understanding of produced water trace element composition is required for evaluating the associated resource and waste potential of these materials, measuring trace elements in brines is challenging due to the dilution requirements of typical methods. Alternatively, inductively coupled plasma‐optical emission spectrometry (ICP‐OES) has shown promise as being capable of direct measurements of trace elements within PWs with minimal dilution. Here, we evaluate direct ICP‐OES trace element quantification in PWs for seventeen trace elements (As, Al, Ba, Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Hg, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, U, V and Zn) within fifteen PWs from five U.S. continuous reservoirs. The total analytical uncertainties associated with the trace element levels determined using ICP‐OES were estimated to be better than ± 30% (2s) except for Rb, which could not be determined due to ionisation interferences. The ICP‐OES results are compared with trace element levels determined using inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry from the same samples. Our results demonstrate the potential for direct analysis of high‐salinity waters using ICP‐OES with minimal dilution and provide trace element concentrations in waters from several important U.S. petroleum‐generating reservoirs where available data are sparse.
Menstrual and obstetrical bleeding in women with inherited platelet receptor defects—A systematic review
Authors: Punt Marieke C. , Schuitema Pauline C. E. , Bloemenkamp Kitty W. M. , Kremer Hovinga Idske C. L. , van Galen Karin P. M.
Published: January 2020

Introduction

Women with inherited platelet receptor defects (IPRD) may have an increased risk of heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB) and postpartum haemorrhage (PPH).

Aim

To present a systematic overview of the literature on the prevalence and management of menstrual and obstetrical bleeding in women with IPRD.

Methods

Electronic databases were searched for original patient data on the prevalence and management of HMB and PPH in women with known IPRD or who were being investigated for IPRD.

Results

Sixty‐nine papers (61 case reports/series and 8 cohort studies) were included. Overall, studies were rated as ‘poor quality’. The included cohort studies reported HMB in 25% (13/52) of women with Bernard‐Soulier syndrome and in 22.1% (34/154) of women with Glanzmann thrombasthenia. In total, 164 deliveries in women with IPRD were described. Excessive bleeding occurred in 16.9% (11/65) of deliveries described in the largest cohort. PPH occurred in 63.2% (55/87) of deliveries described in case reports/series. PPH occurred in 73.7% (14/19) of deliveries that were not covered by prophylaxis compared with 54.2% (32/59) of deliveries that were (OR = 2.36, 95% CI 0.75‐7.40). Neonatal bleeding complications were reported in 10.0% (8/80) of deliveries. In all (6/6) deliveries with neonatal bleeding complications wherein the presence of alloantibodies was investigated, either antiplatelet or anti‐HLA antibodies were detected.

Discussion/Conclusion

Menstrual and particularly obstetrical bleeding problems frequently occur in women with IPRD, based on small case reports and series of poor quality. International collaboration, preferably on prospective studies, is needed to improve clinical management of women‐specific bleeding in IPRD.
Fast food intake and excess weight gain over a 1‐year period among preschool‐age children
Authors: Emond Jennifer A. , Longacre Meghan R. , Titus Linda J. , Hendricks Kristy , Drake Keith M. , Carroll Jennifer E. , Cleveland Lauren P. , Dalton Madeline A.
Published: January 2020

Background

Fast food is cross‐sectionally associated with having overweight and obesity in young children.

Objectives

To examine whether fast food intake independently contributes to the development of overweight and obesity among preschool‐age children.

Methods

Prospective cohort of 3‐ to 5‐year‐old children (n = 541) followed for 1 year. Children's height and weight were objectively measured at baseline and study end. Parents reported their child's fast food intake frequency in the past week from 11 chain fast food restaurants in six online follow‐up surveys, completed approximately 8 weeks apart. Poisson regression with robust standard errors modelled the risk of a child increasing in weight status (ie, transitioning from a having a healthy weight to having overweight or from having overweight to having obesity) over the study period in relation to their average weekly fast food intake, adjusted for sociodemographics, child obesogenic behaviours, and parent weight status.

Results

At baseline, 18.1% of children had overweight and 9.8% had obesity; 8.1% of children transitioned to a greater weight status over the 1‐year period. Mean fast food intake frequency among consumers was 2.1 (SD: 1.4) times per week. The risk of increasing in weight status increased linearly with each additional time fast food was consumed in an average week over the study year (RR: 1.38; 95% CI, 1.13‐1.67; P < .01).

Conclusions

Greater fast food intake over 1 year was associated with increasing weight status during that time in this preschool‐age cohort.
A life where concealment and exposure coexist—The antiretroviral therapy adherence of people living with HIV infection: A phenomenological study
Authors: Lee Sun‐A , Kim Eun Y. , Chang Sung O.
Published: January 2020

Aim

The aim of this study is to identify the nature and structure of the real world experiences of people living with HIV infection and adhering to antiretroviral therapy (ART). Design: Giorgi's phenomenological method was applied.

Methods

Data collection was conducted from 1 November 2016–1 September 2017. A total of six participants participated in the study. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research (COREQ) was used to report this study.

Results

The findings show that the structure of the experience of people living with HIV and adhering to ART is composed of six essential common constituents: (a) ART adherence has become a prerequisite for a normal life; (b) Endless adjustments responding to a sensitive body; (c) Dosing Time becomes the framework of the day; (d) Dosing time needing to coincide with the availability of confidential dosing space; (e) Classification of Relationships—those who know of my taking antiretroviral drugs and those who do not; and (f) Recognition of the multiple relationships affecting ART.

Conclusion

Adhering to ART is experienced by people infected with HIV not only as a process they want to hide, but also a critical lifeline that stabilizes their lives. That is, their day‐to‐day living is split into a double life reflecting their coexisting need for concealment and exposure.

Impact

Although much existing literature focuses on the adherence to medication, this study reveals the meaning of ART in the context of viewing the patient as an independent subject. Contrary with what people living with HIV want, they are at risk of external exposure during the process of treatment. This study highlights the need for nurses to communicate with patients about the strategies they need to meet the challenges they face.
An integrative model of self‐determination and related contextual variables in adolescents with and without disabilities
Authors: Mumbardó‐Adam Cristina , Guàrdia‐Olmos Joan , Giné Giné Climent
Published: January 2020

Self‐determination, as a person dispositional characteristic, is indeed influenced by situational characteristics that shape actions across contexts. Research has also reported differences in self‐determination as a function of personal factors, but there is a need to integrate this knowledge in a general model aiming to analyse the impact of contextual variables in adolescents with and without disabilities. An integrative model of self‐determination and related contextual factors was tested through a structural equation modelling approach. Participants were adolescents that reported their perceptions on self‐determination dimensions and opportunities. Results indicated that educational and family contexts impacted self‐determination and provided further understanding on self‐determination dimensions’ entity and function. Relevant implications for self‐determination measure, comprehension and promotion derived from this study are discussed.