bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Histological evaluation of the nodules resected in the treatment of pulmonary metastatic disease
Authors: Johnson Houston , Fantone Joseph , Flye M. Wayne
Published: February 2007

During an 18 month period, 41 patients who had previously had a primary tumor removed, underwent 60 operations for resection of newly detected radiographic pulmonary nodules. Primary tumors included 16 osteogenic sarcomas, 9 malignant melanomas, 12 soft tissue sarcomas, 1 Ewing's sarcoma, 2 adenocarcinomas of the rectum, and 1 testicular teratocarcinoma. One hundred and eight‐one pulmonary specimens were submitted for pathologic examination and 149 discrete nodules were found in these specimens by the pathologist (83%). Metastases represented 76–100% of nodules removed in 68% of the operations, 51–75% of nodules in 12%, 26–50% of nodules in 14%, and less than 25% of nodules in 6% of the cases. Metastatic disease was found in 90% of cases where nodules were greater than or equal to 0.5 cm in diameter, while metastases were found in only 33% of cases where the largest nodules removed were less than 0.5 cm. In only two cases did the histology of the pulmonary metastases differ from that of the primary tumor. We conclude that although benign lesions cannot be distinguished from metastases except by resection, nodules less than 0.5 cm in diameter probably should be observed for a further increase in size prior to operation.
Relative accuracy of diagnostic method in bronchogenic carcinoma
Authors: Vyas J. J. , Desai P. B. , Rao Nagaraj D.
Published: February 2007

The definitive diagnosis confirming lung cancer by microscopic examination is indicated before the therapy whenever possible and particularly prior to undertaking thoracotomy in situations when tissue diagnosis is not achieved. In such situations the thoracotomy becomes diagnostic with the therapeutic procedure. In clinically suspected cancer of the lung, histological confirmation is usually available at times, and cytology confirmation must suffice. At Tata Memorial Hospital for cancer and allied diseases in Bombay, India, we analyzed retrospectively 298 cases, which were submitted for different diagnostic procedures in suspected lung cancer. The yield of positive tissue diagnosis of malignancy obtained by each method is described and discussed. We observed that transthoracic needle biopsy gives significant information on inflammatory diseases of the lung. The sputum examination makes the simplest revelation of malignant cells, to an extent of 53% at our institution for three successive samples.
Venous thrombosis and carcinoma of the lung: Case report and literature review
Authors: Jose Baby , Mendoza Enrique F. , Tobin Daniel A. , Chu Ann M. , Scott Ralph M. , Bland Kirby I.
Published: February 2007

A case report of recurrent, migratory thrombophlebitis associated with lung cancer is presented. A detailed review of the pathophysiology of recurrent thrombophlebitis with lung cancer is done. The clinical implications and the need for an aggressive search for a primary lung tumor in patients presenting with this complication are stressed.
Primary carcinoma of the liver: Clinical course and therapeutic results
Authors: Appelqvist Pertti
Published: February 2007

A Finnish series of 53 patients with primary carcinoma of the liver has been examined with a view to establishing the clinical course, the therapeutic results, and the factors which might influence the prognosis. Four tumors were resected, with one 6‐year survival. All patients with no effective treatment were dead within 1 year from diagnosis. Thirty‐seven non‐resected patients with primary liver carcinoma were treated with chemotherapy and/or hepatic irradiation with mean survival time of 9.1 months after diagnosis. The best palliation in these patients was achieved by the combination treatment of chemotherapy and hepatic irradiation; the mean survival time was 13.8 months and, considering only the responders, 18.3 months. The laparotomy finding of 46 cases revealed that 67% of patients were without extrahepatic metastases of primary liver carcinoma at the time of diagnosis. At autopsy that figure was 44%.

These data demonstrate that primary liver carcinoma is surprisingly often localized in the liver, but yet survival in these patients seems to be only occasionally favorably influenced by recent therapies, except hepatic resection, which remains the treatment of choice when feasible. Perhaps for primary carcinoma of the liver, the combination treatment of chemotherapy and hepatic irradiation gives better palliation than either one of these therapies alone.
The Incidence of Carcinoma of the Gastric Remnant
Authors: Welvaart K. , Warnsinck H. M.
Published: February 2007

Carcinoma of the gastric remnant (stump carcinoma) is defined as cancer that has developed in the remnant of the stomach when primary resection was carried out at least 5 years earlier and for benign disease. Little is known about the incidence of the disease. In several publications adequate calculation is missing and unfortunately in well‐designed investigations considerable numbers of patients who are to be followed from the day of the resection until many years later are missing. Thus calculations are based on a group of selected patients. We succeeded in analyzing 97% of our patients in a period for over 26 years. Stump cancer occurred in 1.9%. In our opinion stump cancer is not an independent disease, but similar to cancer of the stomach. It seems that resection provides a decrease of the chance that eventually gastric cancer may arise.
Testicular relapse in acute childhood leukemia
Authors: Forrest John B. , Sabio Hernan , Howards Stuart S.
Published: February 2007

The successful induction and maintenance of hematologic remission in childhood acute leukemia has led to the recognition of extramedullary leukemia as a major clinical problem [1–6]. The central nervous system is the most common site of extramedullary relapse [1,7–12], A more recently recognized form of extramedullary relapse is the testis [13–22]. This paper will review a series of patients with childhood acute leukemia who suffered testicular relapse. Modes of therapy for testicular relapse and research conducted into the etiology of testicular relapse will be discussed.
Comparison of cytosol estrogen receptor status in ovarian carcinoma using different radiolabeled ligands and methods
Authors: Lele S. B. , Piver M. S. , Barlow J. J. , Chatterjee S. , Schneider S. , Ip M.
Published: February 2007

It is not uncommon to find more than one class of steroid hormone receptors present in a given tissue specimen. In this study we compared methods with different ligands and incubation conditions. Samples were also assayed using the dextran‐coated charcoal as well as sucrose gradient. The purpose of this paper is to show the need for a standardization of technique if we are to draw meaningful conclusions from the values obtained by different workers. Whereas normal ovaries and benign ovarian lesions lacked estrogen receptors, the presence of estrogen receptor was confirmed in malignant ovarian lesions.
Sweat gland carcinoma with hypercalcemia
Authors: Smith Noel L. , Madariaga Juan , Lane Bernard , Khan S. Ali , Lanter Bernard
Published: February 2007

A case is presented in which a large recurrent malignant tumor of the thigh of probable sweat gland origin is associated with hypercalcemia. The tumor invaded the periosteum of the pubis. Hypercalcemia subsided following hemipelvectomy and the patient has remained asymptomatic since 1977.
Oral administration of BCG as a local immunotherapy of gastrointestinal cancer
Authors: Eriguchi Masazumi , Fujii Genshichiro
Published: February 2007

Antitumor effect of oral bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) administration was investigated by both animal experimentation and clinical trials. In animal experiments, orally administered BCG inhibited metastasis of syngeneic tumor from the initial site in caecum to mesenteric lymph nodes. Measurement of chemiluminescent intensity of adherent cells obtained from mesenteric lymph nodes of treated hosts revealed elevated activities of these cells. In the clinical trials it was found that marked histiocytosis occurred in mesenteric lymph nodes of stomach and colorectal cancer patients treated by the oral BCG. The 2‐year survival rate of treated patients with stage IV stomach cancer (44.4%) was significantly higher than that of the untreated patients (6.3%). The results of the present study indicate that the oral BCG administration would be an effective local adjuvant therapy following radical surgery to treat patients with gastrointestinal cancer.
Technique for placement of a totally implantable venous access device
Authors: Kondi Edward S. , Pietrafitta Joseph J. , Barriola Jon A.
Published: February 2007

A totally implantable venous access system is described which greatly improved the ability to gain long‐term venous access in selected patients. The external jugular approach has been demonstrated to be a safe and simple technique. The only major problem associated with the implantable venous access system was the development of one‐way catheter occlusions [1]. A number of methods for restoring catheter patency have been advocated [2–4]. The use of streptokinase appears to be the most reliable and was found effective in this study. Importantly, however, catheter sepsis has been virtually eliminated with this totally implantable system.
Combinations of arabinosyl cytosine and 6‐thioguanine for treatment of adults with acute leukemia
Authors: Bodey Gerald P. , Freireich Emil J. , McCredie Kenneth B. , Rodriguez Victorio , Burgess M. Andrew , Frei Emil
Published: February 2007

The combination of arabinosyl cytosine and 6‐thioguanine has been effective for the treatment of acute leukemia. Three schedules of this combination were studied to determine which was most effective, especially in patients who had prior exposure to either or both of these drugs. Sequential and simultaneous 5‐day courses of the combination were ineffective. A regimen consisting of a 5‐day course of arabinosyl cytosine followed by a 5‐day course of 6‐thioguanine and another 5‐day course of arabinosyl cytosine produced responses in 36% of 25 patients. Seven of the nine patients who responded were refractory to prior therapy with arabinosyl cytosine and 5 were refractory to prior therapy with 6‐mercaptopurine. However, the median duration of response was only six weeks. Four patients developed central nervous system complications and three of these patients died while in complete remission. Major toxicity from all three regimens was myelosuppression. This regimen was about as effective as most other regimens used as secondary therapy in patients with acute myelogenous leukemia, but its toxicity was too great for routine usage.
Evaluation of cell‐mediated reactivity and serum blocking factors in melanoma patients on chemotherapy
Authors: Cummings F. J. , Heppner Gloria H. , Calabresi Paul , Byrne Michael , Stolbach Leo
Published: February 2007

Sequential assays for cell‐mediated reactivity (CMR) and serum blocking factor (SBF) were performed in a group of 12 melanoma patients who were treated with one or both of the clinically available imidazole carboxamide derivatives, DTIC* and TIC† Mustard, in order to consider the effects of treatment and changing patterns of disease on the results of in vitro tests in individual patients. Microcytotoxicity assays and the dilute agar colony inhibition test were employed. Of the 12 patients, 8 had no change in CMR and 5 had no change in SBF. Three patients demonstrated a fall in both CMR and SBF to nondetectable levels, and 3 additional patients showed a fall in SBF only. From these results, we conclude that there is no significant.
The effect of short‐term cyclophosphamide on estrogen therapy in metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Kennedy B. J. , Kiang David T.
Published: February 2007

Stimulation of tumor growth and induced hypercalcemia both may occur during the initiation of estrogen therapy in breast cancer. This study was conducted to determine whether cyclophosphamide (CTX) as an adjuvant to estrogen therapy might (1) prevent induced hypercalcemia or (2) achieve a higher tumoricidal effect during the phase of tumor stimulation.

Fifty postmenopausal women with inoperable or recurrent disseminated breast carcinoma were divided into two random groups. Results could be evaluated in 44 patients; 21 received diethylstilbestrol (DES), and 23 received DES plus a 4‐week course of cyclophosphamide (DES + CTX). The response rate was 5/21 (24%) in the DES group and 8/23 (35%) in the DES + CTX group (p > 0.05). The median duration of response for both groups was 9 months. The survival rate at 24 months was 52% in the DES group and 25% in the DES + CTX group (p = 0.05). Induced hypercalcemia occurred in 3 patients treated with DES + CTX.

Short‐term cyclophosphamide adjuvant to estrogen therapy did not prevent induced hypercalcemia nor prolong the duration of response or survival.
Hypocalcemia complicating acute leukemia
Authors: Alberts David S. , Serpick Arthur A. , Thompson W. Leigh
Published: February 2007

Eighteen of 54 adults with acute leukemia developed severe hypocalcemia during a 20 month period. Hypocalcemia (mean lowest serum calcium 6.3 mg/100 ml with a range of 4.1 to 7.0 mg/100 ml) lasted 2‐29 days and was symptomatic in all but one patient. Six patients were hypocalcemic at the time of death, 5 died within 1 week of hypocalcemia, and 2 had antibiotic‐induced respiratory arrest. All patients had severe infections; 17 of 18 were with gram‐negative organisms. No patient had severe azotemia, diarrhea, alkalosis, or hypoalbuminemia. Hypophosphatemia was seen in 14 patients, suggesting no hypoparathyroidism. The serum calcium of patients with acute leukemia should be measured frequently, especially when they have infection. Hypocalcemia is a sign of poor prognosis and should signal the need for careful observation of ventilation, caution in the use of aminoglycoside antibiotics, and vigorous attempts at calcium administration.
The use of oral BCG in the treatment of metastatic malignant melanoma
Authors: Pritchard Kathleen I. , Cowan Donald H. , Baker Michael A. , Osoba David , Phillips Robert A. , Clark David A.
Published: February 2007

This study assesses the effects of oral BCG, as a single agent, on tumor progression and on cell‐mediated immune function in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma. Thirty patients were studied including 22 with measurable metastatic lesions and 8 with no detectable disease, following treatment of metastases by surgery, radiotherapy, or 5‐(3, 3‐dimethyl‐1‐triazeno)‐imidazole‐4‐carboxamide (DTIC DIC). Oral BCG was given in doses of 120–240 mg, 1–3 times per week for periods ranging from 9 to 80 weeks and to total doses of from 1.2 to 20.1 gm. Patients were assessed by direct measurements of tumor mass, PPD skin tests, and in vitro blastogenic responses to PPD and PHA. Of the 22 patients with measureable disease, 19 showed tumor progression and none showed regression of any lesion. Of the 8 without apparent disease, 5 remained stable and 3 had tumor recurrence. Of the total group of 30 patients, 8 showed some increased sensitivity to skin testing with PPD. Of 19 tested, 3 showed an increased PPD response in vitro, while 3 showed a decreased response. Six of 20 tested showed an increased PHA response in vitro. Oral BCG alone was not effective as an antitumor agent in patients with metastatic malignant melanoma.
Clinical studies of β‐thioguanine deoxyriboside alone and in combination with arabinosyl cytosine
Authors: Bodey Gerald P. , McCredie Kenneth B. , Whitecar John P. , Freireich Emil J.
Published: February 2007

β‐thioguanine deoxyriboside (βTGdR) is a purine nucleoside derivative which was studied alone or in combination with arabinosyl cytosine (Ara‐C) in patients with solid tumors and acute leukemia. No significant responses were observed in 22 patients with solid tumors. The response rate with βTGdR alone in acute leukemia was 26% and in combination with Ara‐C was 24%. Responses were generally of short duration. Toxicity included myelosuppression, nausea, stomatitis, hyperpigmentation, photosensitivity, and liver function abnormalities.
Acute leukemia in burkitt lymphoma
Authors: Heideman Richard L. , Falletta John M. , Steuber C. Philip , Starling Kenneth A. , Rosenberg Harvey S. , Fernbach Donald J.
Published: February 2007

Burkitt lymphoma uncommonly presents as acute leukemia. We describe the clinical course and findings of a 14‐year‐old female with Burkitt lymphoma who presented with acute leukemia, splenomegaly and an abdominal mass. She responded initially to prednisone alone and later achieved full remission with combination chemotherapy. Established morphologic criteria and clinical course were consistent with the diagnosis of Burkitt lymphoma (1), although B‐cell determinants were not present on her tumor cells.
Immunocompetence and prognosis in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: Combination of two different maintenance therapies
Authors: Garay Guy E. , Pavlovsky Santiago , Sasiain María Del Carmen , Pizzolato Marco A. , Binsztein Norma , Eppinger‐Helft Mariana
Published: February 2007

Intensive chemotherapy in patients with leukemia produces immunosuppression. The level of immunocompetence correlates with prognosis. The immunological function of 29 children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in complete remission and on 2 different maintenance therapies was evaluated and compared with 16 normal children (Group A). Sixteen children (Group B) with ALL received 6 mercaptopurine (6MP) daily and methotrexate (MTX) twice a week, and 13 children (Group C) received 6MP and MTX weekly for maintenance.

There was depression of both cellular immunity, measured by the number of T cells and skin tests, and humoral immunity, measured by number of B cells, primary antibody production to typhoid vaccine, and levels of immunoglobulins. However, continuous maintenance therapy (Group B) produced significantly more severe immunosuppression of cellular immunity than the intermittent therapy (Group C). Humoral immunity was equally depressed in both groups of leukemia patients, but was less altered than cellular immunity. Concomitantly, patients with intermittent maintenance chemotherapy had less hematologic depression, fewer episodes of infection, and fewer died in complete remission.

Patients of both groups with higher levels of immunocompetence had better prognosis with longer duration of complete remission than patients with severe immunosuppression. Out of 6 patients with “favorable immunocompetence” only 1 relapsed at 7 months and the other 5 remain in complete remission from 8 to 31 months. Among 23 leukemic patients with “unfavorable immunocompetence,” 15 relapsed and 8 remain in complete remission from 9 to 26 months.
Cancer markers in patients receiving chemotherapy for colorectal cancer: A preliminary report
Authors: Bullen B. R. , Cooper E. H. , Turner R. , Neville A. M. , Giles G. R. , Hall R.
Published: February 2007

The combination of CEA, hepatic function marker enzymes, and four acute phase reactant proteins (haptoglobin, α1 antitrypsin, α1 acid glycoprotein, and prealbumin) has been used to monitor patients with colorectal cancer receiving chemotherapy.

In 18 patients with advanced lesions who survived at least 3 months treatment the markers predicted progression in 92% of 25 incidents of progression; the mean lead time was 2.8 months. A rising CEA was only present in 28%, but in these patients it gave a mean lead time of 4 months. In the group of 14 patients with minimal residual disease progression to clinically detectable disease has occurred in 9 of them. In these cases the markers predicted progression with a mean lead time of 6 months; in a further six patients the markers have indicated progression, but as yet their disease is not detectable, the mean lead time being at least 8.6 months. CEA and the liver enzyme markers are the most sensitive indicators of progression of the minimal residual disease group.
Lymphocyte function related to survival curves in patients with metastatic melanoma treated by chemoimmunotherapy
Authors: Thatcher N. , Palmer M. K. , Swindell R. , Crowther D.
Published: February 2007

Thirty‐eight patients with metastatic melanoma were evaluated immunologically prior to chemoimmunotherapy. The assays used included recall antigen skin hypersensitivity; lymphocyte count; nonspecific T, non‐T, and K cell lymphocytotoxicity; and T and B cell rosette enumeration.

Survival curves were computed for each of four ranges of values of a given immunologic test. The higher ranges of positive skin tests, lymphocyte count, cytotoxicity, and T and B subpopulation numbers were consistently associated with the longer survivals. The differences reached statistical significance for non‐T cell cytotoxicity and B and T cell peripheral blood counts.

Pretreatment immune reactivity, particularly that involving non‐T cell function, appears related to length of survival.
Fluorometric determinations of the relative immunoglobulin content of plasma cells of patients with monoclonal gammopathy
Authors: Kühner Ulrich , Barandun Silvio , Morell Andreas , Riesen Walter , Skvaril Frantisek , Wagner Hans P.
Published: February 2007

The relative cytoplasmic immunoglobulin content of fixed plasma cells taken from the bone marrow of five patients with myeloma and five patients with benign monoclonal gammopathy was determined with a microscope fluoro‐meter. In eight of the ten plasma cell populations studied, the distribution of the fluorescence intensities was close to normal. In three of these eight populations a significant difference in the variances of the heavy and light chain fluorescence intensities was found. Variances of heavy and light chain fluorescence intensities were smaller in patients with an immunoglobulin A‐type gammopathy than in those with an immunoglobulin G‐type gammopathy. No difference was found if normalized relative frequency distribution patterns of heavy or light chain fluorescence intensities of patients with myeloma were compared with those of patients with benign monoclonal gammopathies.
A kinetically designed chemotherapeutic regimen for advanced refractory lymphoma patients
Authors: Rossof Arthur H. , Kerr Robert O. , Braine Hayden G. , Coltman Charles A.
Published: February 2007

Three patients with Hodgkin disease, eight with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, and one with chronic lymphocytic leukemia refractory to conventional combination chemotherapy were treated for remission induction with a new kinetically designed four‐drug combination consisting of bleomycin, vincristine, adriamycin, and prednisone and given the acronym “BOAP.” Eight patients had prior radiotherapy, including two who had total nodal irradiation. Eight patients (all three with Hodgkin disease and five of eight with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma) achieved complete remission (73% of the lymphoma patients). An additional two patients with non‐Hodgkin lymphoma sustained partial remissions, for an overall response rate of 91%.

Toxicity caused the interruption of therapy in three patients and an additional patient might have sustained a drug‐related death. This study compares favorably with other studies investigating primary or secondary combination chemotherapy of advanced lymphomas.
Prevention of brain extension in small‐cell carcinoma of the bronchus
Authors: Williams Christopher J.
Published: February 2007

In small‐cell carcinoma of the bronchus, extension to the brain is common. The role of prophylactic whole‐brain irradiation and combination chemotherapy using CCNU in the prevention of brain extension is examined in the light of recent studies.
Central nervous system tumors of childhood treated with CCNU, vincristine, and radiation
Authors: Ward H. W. C.
Published: February 2007

CCNU was used in the treatment of 18 patients with childhood tumors of the CNS. Severe bone‐marrow toxicity was noted. The initial dose was 130 mg/m2 given every 6 weeks, but it was often necessary to reduce the dose and prolong the interval between doses. The toxicity appeared to be much the same whether previous radiotherapy had been given to the whole CNS or to the brain only.

In assessable patients with pure medulloblastoma, three out of three showed marked responses to CCNU. In those with a mixture of medulloblastoma and other tumor components, two out of two showed responses to CCNU. In children with astrocytomata of various types, only two out of six showed responses to CCNU, and in these the degree of response was slight. The results suggest that CCNU is a useful treatment for medulloblastoma but its value in the treatment of childhood astrocytoma is uncertain. In 6 patients who received both radiotherapy and CCNU, the contribution of the CCNU was not assessable.
Normal urinary excretion of catecholamine catabolites in children with retinoblastoma
Authors: Orlowski James P. , Levin Howard S. , Price Ronald L. , Dyment Paul G.
Published: February 2007

Urinary catecholamine catabolites, homovanillic acid, vanillylmandelic acid, total metanephrines, and total catecholamines were assayed in 12 patients with newly diagnosed retinoblastoma prior to surgery and treatment. These values were within normal limits for the ages of all 12 patients, including one with metastases to brain, liver, lymph nodes, and bone marrow. The predictive value and efficiency of these tests in the diagnosis of retinoblastoma are insufficient to warrant their continued use on a routine basis.
Plasmacytomas and mesothelioma
Authors: Perry Michael C. , Solinger Alan , Farhangi Mehdi , Luger Alan
Published: February 2007

A patient is reported who developed five plasmacytomas over a four‐year period and developed a pleural mesothelioma 12 years later. The relationship of these two entities is discussed and the question of a common environmental carcinogen is raised.
Prolonged survival in chronic lymphocytic leukemia: A case report
Authors: Reynolds Colonel Ralph D. , Horne Major McDonald K. , Greenberg Bernard R. , Mackenzie Malcolm R. , Binder Henry J. , Chang R. Shihman , Lawrence John H.
Published: February 2007

A patient with long‐standing chronic lymphocytic leukemia with both humoral and cellular immunodeficiency had lymph node receptor evidence of a B lymphocyte disorder. He was also found to secrete the Epstein–Barr virus and, late in his illness, developed a markedly positive antinuclear antibody. Interrelationship of these findings may be important in the ultimate determination of the etiology and functional mechanisms in lymphocyte malignancies.
Childhood multifocal osteosarcoma—diagnosis by 99m technetium bone scan: A case report
Authors: Mahoney Donald H. , Shepherd Dell A. , DePuey E. Gordon , Fernbach Donald J.
Published: February 2007

A 14‐year‐old boy with osteosarcoma presented with evidence of a solitary bone lesion by clinical and radiographic examination. A preoperative 99mtechnetium bone scan revealed multiple skeletal osteoblastic abnormalities and upon biopsy of one of these lesions, the diagnosis of multifocal osteosarcoma was established. This unusual case dramatically illustrates the value of 99mtechnetium bone scan in preoperative staging of patients with osteosarcoma.
Idiotype in myeloma terminating in erythroleukemia
Authors: Barcos Maurice , Kim Seung , Seon Ben K. , Nussbaum Annie , Gailani Salman , Henderson Edward S.
Published: February 2007

A patient with multiple myeloma, IgGK type, developed erythroleukemia with cytogenetic abnormalities three years after diagnosis. The latter disease progressed terminally to acute granulocytic leukemia. Anti‐idiotype antibody reagents were prepared by injecting rabbits with the purified monoclonal IgGK obtained from the patient's serum and subsequent absorption of the antisera with normal IgG coupled to Sepharose 4B. These reagents reacted specifically with autologous myeloma cells but failed to react with all tested allogeneic cells: these included myeloma cells, reactive lymphocytes and plasma cells, and established lymphoid cell lines. Common idiotypic determinants were found in lymphoid and plasmacytic cells of the patient's marrow, spleen, lymph node, and gastrointestinal tract at autopsy that were not present in the leukemic population. The findings indicate that myeloma and granulocytic leukemia cells have separate clonal origins.
Bone marrow chromosomes in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: A long‐term study
Authors: Secker‐Walker Lorna M. , Swansbury G. J. , Lawler Sylvia D. , Hardisty R. M.
Published: February 2007

The bone marrow chromosomes of 25 children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) were examined at diagnosis before treatment, during remission, and in 12 cases, also during relapse. Follow‐up was for at least six years. At diagnosis, 17 patients had a major population of chromosomally abnormal cells and of these 11 had identifiable clones. The commonest abnormality was hyperdiploidy. Eight patients had predominantly normal cells, but four of these had a minor abnormal clone. In remission, some samples were completely normal but, when pooled, remission samples had a minor population of chromosomally aberrant cells which were rarely clonal. The incidence of structural abnormalities was the same in patients who ultimately relapsed and those who remained in first remission at the end of the study, but the presence of hyperdiploid cells and/or clones in remission was more frequently associated with subsequent relapse. Relapse patterns were of two kinds: in three patients there was a return of the chromosomal abnormalities seen at diagnosis; in six others, chromosomal features in relapse were distinct from those at diagnosis. It is suggested that relapse associated with distinct chromosomal features may represent malignant transformation of a previously unaffected cell line. While chromosomal abnormalities seen prior to treatment can be related to the leukaemic event alone, abnormalities seen in remission and in relapse may result partly from drug and X‐ray treatment. The relative importance of treatment and other factors to chromosomal change in ALL is discussed.
Leiomyosarcoma of the stomach: Results of surgery and chemotherapy in an eleven‐year‐old girl with liver metastases
Authors: Johnson Helen , Hutter John J. , Paplanus Samuel H.
Published: February 2007

This report describes an 11‐7/12‐year‐old girl with leiomyosarcoma of the stomach metastatic to liver who was treated with surgical resection and combination chemotherapy, which included adriamycin. She remains well 52 months after diagnosis and 27 months after cessation of chemotherapy. The favorable course of this patient suggests that aggressive adjuvant chemotherapy should be considered for patients with leiomyosarcoma who have poor prognostic features.
Osteosarcoma and acute myeloblastic leukemia after therapy for childhood Hodgkin disease ‐ A case report
Authors: Chan Ka Wah , Miller Denis R. , Tan Charlotte T. C.
Published: February 2007

A child diagnosed with Stage IVB Hodgkin disease at nine and one‐half years of age subsequently developed osteosarcoma and acute myelogenous leukemia ten years after her initial diagnosis. She received multiple courses of radiotherapy and several single chemotherapeutic agents for her Hodgkin disease. Therapy‐induced multiple malignancies and intrinsic predisposition to carcinogenesis in this case is discussed.
Are growth rates of tumors of any clinical importance?
Authors: Mühe E. , Gall F. P. , Angermann B.
Published: February 2007

The tumor doubling times were determined in 142 rounded pulmonary lesions of 78 patients (13 bronchial carcinomas, 7 benign pulmonary tumors, and 122 pulmonary metastases). They varied between +12 and +8863 days of tumor growth and of ‐1810 days of decrease in tumor mass. Forty‐four percent of all pulmonary metastases doubled their volume within 60 to 250 days. The growth rates during the period of observation varied greatly in several pulmonary metastases of the same patient, even for the same solitary circular lung focus of the same person. There is no relationship between tumor doubling time and histological type of the tumor, nor between the interval between operative removal of the primary tumor and the occurrence of pulmonary metastases. In patients between the ages of 10 and 30 years only rapidly growing pulmonary metastases with a tumor doubling time of less than 60 days could be found; even though there is no proved relationship between growth rate and age. The tumor doubling time gives no useful information on the nature of a circular lung focus, and there are no clinical consequences for diagnosis.
Long‐term survivors of acute lymphoblastic leukemia — risk of relapse after cessation of therapy
Authors: Ravindranath Yaddanapudi , Soorya Dushyant T. , Schultz Gary E. , Lusher Jeanne M.
Published: February 2007

The results of cessation of therapy (COT) in 64 long‐term survivors (disease‐free survival of five years or more) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) were analyzed to determine the incidence of relapse off therapy. Thirty‐seven of the patients had intermittent central nervous system (CNS) prophylaxis. Total follow‐up from diagnosis varied from 5.75 to 27.75 years. The median time off therapy was three years (range, 8 months to 26 years). Eighty‐six percent (55/64) of the patients continue in their initial remission. Eight patients had relapse, and one patient had a morphologically different leukemia at recurrence. All the relapses occurred between five to eight years from diagnosis and the cumulative rate of relapse for this period was 0.14. There was no significant difference in the rate of relapse for those receiving CNS prophylaxis (0.08) versus those not receiving CNS prophylaxis (0.19). The difference in the relapse rates for boys (0.24) versus girls (0.04) was statistically significant (P=0.04). Isolated testicular relapse (ITR) was not seen in any of the 34 boys.

The present study confirms the earlier observations by others that relapse is uncommon in ALL patients remaining in remission longer than seven to eight years. ALL patients treated with intermittent CNS prophylaxis administered throughout the period of maintenance chemotherapy appear to be at no greater risk for relapse off therapy than those treated with high‐dose initial cranial irradiation and intrathecal methotrexate. The longer duration of therapy and the use of a repetitive reinduction regimen for maintainance seem to be associated with a decreased risk of ITR after discontinuation of therapy for boys and men. There appears to be a small but definite risk of “second” leukemia in the long‐term survivors of leukemia.
Hodgkin disease following acute lymphocytic leukemia in a patient from a cancer‐prone family: A case report
Authors: Horbar Jeffrey D. , Dickerman Joseph D. , Allen Elizabeth F. , Albertini Richard J.
Published: February 2007

A person with acute lymphocytic leukemia who developed Hodgkin disease is described. His family had an excessive number of members with cancer. This paper describes various laboratory investigations, which were done in an attempt to elucidate certain host factors that might have been responsible for the increased incidence of cancer in this family.
Low‐ and high‐risk non‐T non‐B and T‐cell acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL) in childhood: Different duration of remission and survival
Authors: Imbach P. , Baumgartner C. , Berchtold W. , Gautier E. , Gugler E. , Hirt A. , Morell A. , Tönz O. , Wyss M. , Zurbrügg R. , Wagner H. P.
Published: February 2007

In a prospective, nonrandomized trial clinical (initial WBC and chest film) and immunological (surface immunoglobulin and rosetting with pretreated sheep red blood cells) criteria were used to stratify 69 children with previously untreated acute lymphoid leukemia (ALL). Forty of 61 evaluable patients had low‐risk ALL (initial WBC ≤ 20,000/mm3, no mediastinal mass) and were treated less intensively. Twenty‐one of 61 patients had high‐risk ALL (initial WBC > 20,000/mm3 and/or mediastinal mass) and were treated more intensively. Of the high‐risk patients 15 had non‐T non‐B and 6 T ALL. Sixty of 61 patients went into complete remission. After a median observation period of 27 months, 32 of 40 low‐risk, 7 of 14 high‐risk non‐T non‐B, and none of 6 high‐risk T ALL patients were in continuous first remission. Thrity‐six of 40 low‐risk, 9 of 15 high‐risk non‐T non‐B, and none of 6 T ALL patients were alive. Despite more intensive treatment, the duration of remission and the survival were significantly shorter in the high‐risk than in the low‐risk patients. Among the high‐risk ALL, non‐T non‐B ALL did better than T ALL.
Fulminant lung metastases from cancer of the breast
Authors: Nixon Daniel W. , Shlaer Stephen M.
Published: February 2007

Fulminant, rapidly fatal pulmonary metastatic disease occurred in two breast cancer patients. The radiologic appearance in both suggested infection. Immunosuppresion may have contributed to this overwhelming illness. Attempts to obtain a tissue diagnosis are warranted in cancer patients if acute pulmonary infiltrates do not respond to appropriate antibiotics.
Nucleoside phosphorylase activity in normal and leukemic cells
Authors: Ben‐Bassat Isaac , Brok‐Simoni Frida , Holtzman Fanny , Ramot Bracha
Published: February 2007

Nucleoside phosphorylase (NP) activity was assayed in normal peripheral blood lymphocytes, mature and immature thymocytes fractionated by peanut agglutinability, CLL lymphocytes, and ALL lymphoblasts to determine applicability as an enzymatic cell marker. Circulating lymphocytes had the highest activity, immature thymocytes the lowest, and mature thymocytes were intermediate in NP level. This suggests an increase in NP activity with T‐cell maturation. CLL lymphocytes showed very low activity, confirming previous reports. However, the NP activity of the lymphoblasts of 40 patients with B, T, and non‐B, non‐T ALL was similar to that of normal peripheral blood lymphocytes and could not be used to discriminate between these subgroups of ALL.
Relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia after elective cessation of initial treatment: Failure of subsequent treatment with cyclophosphamide, cytosine arabinoside, vincristine and prednisone (COAP)
Authors: Sallan Stephen E. , Hitchcock‐Bryan Suzanne
Published: February 2007

Although the majority of children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) can electively stop treatment after 21/2–5 years of continuous disease‐free remission, 20–25% of those patients relapse after discontinuation of therapy. We treated 15 patients whose disease recurred after stopping treatment. Fourteen of them attained complete remission, but the median duration of disease‐free survival was only 11 months. In this population, the site of initial relapse, bone marrow or testicle, did not influence subsequent outcome. Patients who relapsed within six months of stopping initial therapy had shorter second remissions than those who relapsed after six months.

We conclude that the combination chemotherapy utilized in this study was inadequte for the control of relapsed ALL. Future programs will have to use different drug combinations or bone marrow transplantation.
Low‐dose adriamycin remission maintenance for advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A southwest oncology group study
Authors: Hvizdala Eva , Komp Diane , Ragab Abdel , Crist William , Chu Jen‐Yih
Published: February 2007

A low‐dose maintenance schedule of adriamycin was evaluated in children with advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Thirty‐six evaluable patients who achieved two or more remissions were given adriamycin, 10 mg/m2/week, as a single maintenance agent. The median duration of second remission was 17 weeks, but only 5 weeks for third and fourth remission. Although the therapy was not found effective in more advanced disease, the median duration of second remission approached that obtained from various multi‐agent treatment schedules. We conclude that the therapeutic efficacy of this treatment schedule makes it appealing for incorporation into multi‐drug combination regimens.
Unusual cause of increased intracranial pressure from metastatic germ cell cancer
Authors: Scalzo Anthony J. , Comis Robert L , Ginsberg Sandra J. , Tinsley Roger
Published: February 2007

Metastatic lesions within the brain parenchyma are usually responsible for the development of increased intracranial pressure in patients with metastatic cancer. The lesions can usually be easily documented by computerized axial tomography (CT) of the head. Other causes must be sought in patients with metastatic cancer who present with signs of increased intracranial pressure and whose CT scan of the head fails to reveal any parenchymal lesions. Cranial metastases obstructing venous outflow from the brain may present in this manner.
Vindesine: A phase II study in childhood malignancies‐A report for cancer and leukemia group B
Authors: Ettinger Lawrence J. , Brecher Martin , Coleman Morton , Smithson W. Anthony , Patterson Richard , Russell E. Clifton , Necheles Thomas , Jones Barbara , Ohnuma Takao
Published: February 2007

Vindesine, a semisynthetic derivative of vinblastine sulfate, was tested for anti‐tumor activity and clinical toxicity in 36 children. The drug was administered to the initial 13 patients entered into the study a 2 mg/m2/day for five days by IV bolus. Because of severe neurotoxicity and life‐threatening gastrointestinal toxicity, the regimen in 23 patients was modified to 4 mg/m2 IV infusion over four hours, weekly. This latter regimen was well tolerated, with acceptable gastrointestinal, hematological, and neurotoxicity. One child with acute lymphocytic leukemia resistant to vincristine had a transient Ml remission bone marrow. Improvement or stable disease was noted in one patient each with Ewing's sarcoma, neuroblastoma, and Hodgkin's disease.
Meningeal carcinomatosis in small cell carcinoma of the lung
Authors: Oster Martin W. , Fetell Michael
Published: February 2007

Small cell carcinoma of the lung is extremely sensitive to chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We describe the case of a patient who had a complete response to such treatment but relapsed with meningeal carcinomatosis. We propose that prophylactic therapy to the spinal cord as well as the brain should be considered in the treatment of patients with small cell carcinoma of the lung.
Hodgkin's disease and non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma in children and young adults: A clinicopathologic study of 127 cases
Authors: Padmalatha Chandrashekar , Ganick Dorothy J. , Hafez Gholam‐Reza , Gilbert Enid F.
Published: February 2007

One hundred twenty‐seven cases of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and Hodgkin's disease in children and young adults at the University of Wisconsin Hospital between 1969 and 1980 have been reviewed. Nodular sclerosing was the most frequent histologic type in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Malignant lymphoblastic lymphoma (MLLB) was the most common type of non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma. The relationship of the histological pattern to age and sex as well as clinical behavior and survival are discussed.
Content bias in the neoplastic‐related items of the national board of medical examiners part II examination
Authors: Ruckdeschel John C. , Lea James W. , Brown Sam , Horton John
Published: February 2007

The Education Evaluation Committee of the American Association for Cancer Education (AACE) attempted to employ the neoplastic‐related items from the National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) Part II examination in a study correlating program characteristics at various medical schools with performance on the neoplastic‐related items. All questions on the September, 1977 and April, 1978 NBME Part II examinations were reviewed by board certified medical oncologists who found an approximate 20% discordance between the AACE and NBME classifications. Content analysis of the neoplastic‐related items disclosed a preponderance of questions related to gynecologic cancer with few questions concerning the major solid tumors: lung, breast and colorectal cancer. In addition, virtually no questions related to the psychologic impact of cancer or to the therapy of cancer were asked. We conclude that the use of item by item performance scores from the neoplastic‐related items is inadequate for program analysis due to disagreements over what constitutes such an item and to content bias in the agreed upon items. We propose a coding system that may allow the results from current NBME examinations to be used in program evaluation.
An unusual manifestation of cryptococcal infection in a chronic lymphedematous arm
Authors: Lee Wyman Y. , Corder Michael P. , Platz Charles E.
Published: February 2007

This case represents a long‐term survival of Hodgkin disease treated by radiation and chemotherapy but complicated by a chronic massive lymphedematous arm and an unusual localized cryptococcosis on the affected arm and a coincidental malignant melanoma. It emphasizes, therefore, the occurrence of localized cryptococcosis in an immuno‐suppressed patient and the need for early pathological diagnosis of such a group of patients.
Primary cultures of human prostatic epithelial cells from transurethral resection specimens
Authors: Clarke S. M. , Merchant D. J.
Published: February 2007

The objective of this work was to design a simple and reproducible method of culturing human prostatic epithelial cells from attainable tissue. This type of system is essential for in vitro studies of prostatic cancer and benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The most readily available source of prostatic tissue is the transurethral prostatic resection (TURP). This tissue can be obtained at surgery and processed immediately in the laboratory using standard cell culture techniques. By detailed sectioning and careful histologic examination of the tissue which represented the mirror image of each explant that was cultured, we found that tissue containing viable glandular structure yielded epithelial outgrowths. Pieces of tissue that did not yield epithelial outgrowth were composed only of fibromuscular stroma or contained acini which were damaged (usually cauterized). We concluded that this type of system can be used routinely to study prostatic disease on an individual basis.
Interference with in vivo growth and metastasis of prostate adenocarcinoma (PA‐III) by ICRF‐159
Authors: Pollard Morris , Burleson Gary R. , Luckert Phyllis H.
Published: February 2007

Rat prostate adenocarcinoma III (PA III) cells metastasize spontaneously from extravascular implant sites through ipsilateral lymphatic channels to the lungs in which they develop as distinct expanding foci of tumors.

ICRF‐159 (30 + 60 mg/kg body weight) was administered to rats with PA‐III cells at daily intervals from day 0 to 2 weeks (5 days/week). When the rats were examined after 35 and 40 days, the drug treatment caused a significant suppression of the primary tumor and of metastatic dissemination. When the treatment schedule with ICRF‐159 was delayed to day 18 in rats with metastasizing PA III cells, the progress of metastasis was thereafter interrupted or retarded significantly.

Rats with PA II cells which metastasize in fulminant pattern through lymphatic and blood channels to multiple target organs were administered ICRF‐159 (60 mg/kg body weight) from day 0 for over 2 weeks. They died with disseminated tumors within days after cessation of treatments.