bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heme Oxygenase 1 (HO-1) as an Inhibitor of Trafficking of Normal and Malignant Hematopoietic Stem Cells – Clinical and Translational Implications
Authors: Ratajczak Mariusz Z. , Adamiak Mateusz , Ratajczak Janina , Kucia Magda
Published: November 2020

Evidence indicates that bone marrow (BM)-residing hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells (HSPCs) are released into peripheral blood (PB) after administration of pro-mobilizing drugs, which induce a state of sterile inflammation in the BM microenvironment. In the reverse process, as seen after hematopoietic transplantation, intravenously injected HSPCs home and engraft into BM niches. Here again, conditioning for transplantation by myeloablative chemo- or radiotherapy induces a state of sterile inflammation that promotes HSPC seeding to BM stem cell niches. Therefore, the trafficking of HSPCs and their progeny, including granulocytes and monocytes/macrophages, is regulated by a response to pro-inflammatory stimuli. This responsiveness to inflammatory cues is also preserved after malignant transformation of hematopoietic cells. Results from our laboratory indicate that the responsiveness of hematopoietic cells to pro-inflammatory stimuli is orchestrated by Nlrp3 inflammasome. As reported, HO-1 effectively attenuates intracellular activation of Nlrp3 inflammasome as well as the pro-inflammatory effects of several humoral mediators, including complement cascade (ComC) cleavage fragments that promote migration of hematopoietic cells. Based on this finding, inhibition of HO-1 activity may become a practical strategy to enhance the mobilization and homing of normal HSPCs, and, alternatively, its activation may prevent unwanted spread and in vivo expansion of leukemic cells.
Clinical and Kinematic Features of Valproate-Induced Tremor and Differences with Essential Tremor
Authors: Paparella Giulia , Angelini Luca , De Biase Alessandro , Cannavacciuolo Antonio , Colella Donato , Di Bonaventura Carlo , Giallonardo Anna Teresa , Berardelli Alfredo , Bologna Matteo
Published: November 2020

Tremor is a common movement disorder that can be induced by medications, including valproate, which is used for the treatment of epilepsy. However, the clinical and neurophysiological features of valproate-induced tremor are still under-investigated. We performed a clinical and kinematic assessment of valproate-induced tremor by considering tremor body distribution and activation conditions. We investigated possible correlations between demographic and clinical data and kinematic features. Valproate-induced tremor results were also compared with those collected in a large sample of patients with essential tremor. Sixteen valproate-induced tremor patients and 93 essential tremor patients were enrolled. All participants underwent a standardised neurological examination and video recording. Patients also underwent an objective assessment of postural, kinetic and rest tremor of the upper limbs and head tremor through kinematic analysis. Nonparametric tests were used for statistical comparisons between the two groups. Clinical evaluation showed a higher occurrence of rest tremor as well as head or voice, and lower limb involvement in patients with valproate-induced tremor. Kinematic analysis showed a substantial variability in the tremor features of patients with valproate-induced tremor. Compared to essential tremor, we found a higher occurrence of rest tremor of the upper limbs and the involvement of more body segments in valproate-induced tremor patients. Valproate-induced tremor has distinctive clinical and kinematic features, which may suggest that valproate interferes with the cerebellar functions.
Guest or pest? Spatio-temporal occurrence and effects on soil and vegetation of the wild boar on Elba island
Authors: Greco Ilaria , Fedele Ettore , Salvatori Marco , Giampaoli Rustichelli Margherita , Mercuri Flavia , Santini Giacomo , Rovero Francesco , Lazzaro Lorenzo , Foggi Bruno , Massolo Alessandro , De Pietro Francesco , Zaccaroni Marco
Published: November 2020

Where allochthonous large mammals, such as the wild boars, occur in high density, human-wildlife conflicts may arise. Thus, assessing their spatio-temporal patterns is paramount to their management. We studied the wild boars on Elba island, Italy, where they have been introduced and are perceived as pests to address their occurrence and impact of foraging on natural habitat. We surveyed the western island with three camera trapping surveys within one year. We found that the species' estimated occupancy probability was higher in summer-autumn (0.75 ± 0.14) and winter-early spring (0.70 ± 0.10) than in spring–summer (0.53 ± 0.15), whereas detection probability did not vary. Occupancy was significantly associated with lower elevation and woodland cover. Lower site use of wild boars during spring–summer might reflect lower food availability in this season and/or boars’ movements towards landfarms outside the sampled area. Detectability increased with proximity to roads during spring–summer and decreased with humans’ relative abundance in other periods. Boars were mainly nocturnal, with decreasing overlap with human activity when human presence was higher in the park. Soil degradation caused by wild boars was higher in pine plantations, which is the cover with a lower conservation interest. The spatio-temporal activity of wild boars on the island appears driven by seasonal preferences for food-rich cover and avoidance of human disturbance. The lowered site use in months with lower resources could partially reflect increased proximity to settled and farmed areas, which may trigger crop-raiding and the negative perception by residents.
Management perspective of ethics in artificial intelligence
Authors: Baker-Brunnbauer Josef
Published: November 2020

This research addressed the management awareness about the ethical and moral aspects of artificial intelligence (AI). It is a general trend to speak about AI, and many start-ups and established companies are communicating about the development and implementation of AI solutions. Therefore, it is important to consider different perspectives besides the technology and data as the key elements for AI systems. The way in which societies are interacting and organising themselves will change. Such transformations require diverse perspectives from the society and particularly from AI system developers for shaping the humanity of the future. This research aimed to overcome this barrier with the answers for the question: What kind of awareness does the management of AI companies have about the social impact of its AI product or service? The central research question was divided into five sub-questions that were answered by a fundamental literature review and an empirical research study. This covered the management understanding of the terms moral, ethics, and artificial intelligence; the internal company prioritization of moral and ethics; and the involved stakeholders in the AI product or service development. It analysed the known and used ethical AI guidelines and principles. In the end, the social responsibility of the management regarding AI systems was analysed and compared.
Digital Innovations in European Archaeology
Authors: Garstki Kevin
Published: November 2020

European archaeologists in the last two decades have worked to integrate a wide range of emerging digital tools to enhance the recording, analysis, and dissemination of archaeological data. These techniques have expanded and altered the data collected by archaeologists as well as their interpretations. At the same time archaeologists have expanded the capabilities of using these data on a large scale, across platforms, regions, and time periods, utilising new and existing digital research infrastructures to enhance the scale of data used for archaeological interpretations. This Element discusses some of the most recent, innovative uses of these techniques in European archaeology at different stages of archaeological work. In addition to providing an overview of some of these techniques, it critically assesses these approaches and outlines the recent challenges to the discipline posed by self-reflexive use of these tools and advocacy for their open use in cultural heritage preservation and public engagement.
Perceived professional competence of clinical research coordinators
Authors: Rojewski Jay W. , Choi Ikseon , Hill Janette R. , Kwon Se Jung , Choi Jasmine , Kim Eunice , McCauley Linda
Published: November 2020

Introduction:

This study examined the perceived competence of Clinical Research Coordinators (CRCs) using several conceptual frameworks. Accurate self-assessment of one’s professional competence is a critical component in the career navigation process and contributes to (a) identifying and securing professional development (training), (b) leveraging professional strengths, and (c) integrating self-knowledge into a comprehensive career plan.

Method:

A survey design gathered responses from a sample of 119 CRCs in a southeastern region of the USA Two conceptual frameworks were used to represent aspects of CRC professional competence: the eight Joint Task Force (JTF) competence domains, and perceptions of strengths and training needs from a list of 12 task categories.

Results:

The JTF domain with the lowest competence level was Development and Regulations, while the highest was Communication. Perceived competence increased incrementally with years of experience. Top strengths involved direct patient interaction and data management. Tasks in need of training included project management and reporting issues. Variations in responses were based on years of experience as a CRC.

Conclusion:

Our results demonstrate an association between the self-reported strengths and training needs of CRCs and experience. This information can contribute to the self-directed career navigation of CRCs.
Developments in Maritime Delimitation Law over the Last Decade: Emerging Principles in Modern Case Law
Authors: ACIKGONUL YUNUS EMRE , LUCAS EDWARD R.
Published: November 2020

The delimitation of maritime boundaries is a complex and multifaceted process with legal and technical aspects. The process involves the determination of a maritime boundary in a situation where two or more states are confronted with overlapping titles. In the absence of any precise rules in treaty law and established customary rules based on state practice, it has been left to the jurisprudence of international courts and tribunals to develop the applicable law of maritime boundary delimitation. This article provides a detailed examination of the complex and multifaceted processes involved in maritime delimitation law. In doing so, it highlights recent developments in the field, with an emphasis on the emerging principles of “non-cut-off” and “non-distortion.” The article also analyzes the crystalizing rules on delimitation beyond 200 nautical miles and questions the applicability of these rules to the ongoing maritime boundary dispute between Canada and the United States in the Beaufort Sea.
Teaching Disaster Medicine With a Novel Game-Based Computer Application: A Case Study at Sichuan University
Authors: Hu Hai , Liu Zihan , Li Hao
Published: November 2020

Objective:

This study evaluates the effectiveness of our game-based pedagogical technique by comparing the learning, enjoyment, interest, and motivation of medical students who learned about best practices for patient surge in a natural disaster with a novel game-based computer application, with those of medical students who learned about it with a traditional lecture.

Methods:

We conducted our study by modifying an existing optional course in disaster medicine that we taught at Sichuan University. More specifically, in 2017, while our application was still in development, we taught this course by lecture. In this iteration, 63 third-grade medical students voluntarily joined our course as our ‘lecture group.’ Once our application was complete in 2018, 68 third-grade medical students voluntarily joined this course as the ‘game group.’ We examined the different effects of these learning methods on student achievement using pre -, post -, and final tests.

Results:

Both teaching methods significantly increased short-term knowledge and there was no statistical difference between the 2 methods (p > 0.05). However, the game group demonstrated significantly higher knowledge retention than the traditional lecture group (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:

Our game-based computer application proved to be an effective tool for teaching medical students best practices for caring for patient surge in a natural disaster.
New Directions in Latino/a/x Histories of Education: Comparative Studies in Race, Language, Law, and Higher Education
Authors: Lozano Rosina
Published: November 2020

The twenty-first century has seen a surge in scholarship on Latino educational history and a new nonbinary umbrella term,Latinx, that a younger generation prefers. Many of historian Victoria-María MacDonald's astute observations in 2001 presaged the growth of the field. Focus has increased on Spanish-surnamed teachers and discussions have grown about the Latino experience in higher education, especially around student activism on campus. Great strides are being made in studying the history of Spanish-speaking regions with long ties to the United States, either as colonies or as sites of large-scale immigration, including Puerto Rico, Cuba, and the Philippines. Historical inquiry into the place of Latinos in the US educational system has also developed in ways that MacDonald did not anticipate. The growth of the comparative race and ethnicity field in and of itself has encouraged cross-ethnic and cross-racial studies, which often also tie together larger themes of colonialism, language instruction, legal cases, and civil rights or activism.
‘Help to win the war’ or ‘Ireland above all’?: Remobilisation, politics, and elite boys’ education in Ireland, 1917–18
Authors: Bennett Charlotte
Published: November 2020

While scholars have rightly recognised that the First World War transformed twentieth-century Ireland, this article queries assumptions regarding the scope and scale of public support for hostilities during 1917 and 1918. Eleven elite boys’ schools are used as case studies to assess civilian reactions to the ongoing war effort, food shortages, and the 1918 conscription crisis within specific institutional communities, illuminating the importance of socio-religious affiliations and political aspirations in determining late-war behaviour. Drawing on school magazines and newspaper coverage of college events, it is argued that alternative visions of statehood underpinned divergent reactions to the conflict; Protestant schools clung to fundraising and militaristic activities seen to support continued union with Britain but Catholic establishments rejected such endeavours in the wake of increased separatist sentiment. This research also casts new light on the interplay between conflict, educational socialisation and politicisation in revolutionary Ireland. Constitutional nationalist reputation aside, wartime mobilisation in elite Catholic schools proved extremely lacklustre, while the unionist expectations their Protestant counterparts had for the post-war world ultimately went unfulfilled. Prestigious colleges across the denominational spectrum demonstrably navigated late-war pressures on their own terms, shaping Ireland's political landscape both throughout and beyond the conflict's most contentious years.
Achieving Statistical Significance with Control Variables and Without Transparency
Authors: Lenz Gabriel S. , Sahn Alexander
Published: November 2020

How often do articles depend on suppression effects for their findings? How often do they disclose this fact? By suppression effects, we mean control-variable-induced increases in estimated effect sizes. Researchers generally scrutinize suppression effects as they want reassurance that authors have a strong explanation for them, especially when the statistical significance of the key finding depends on them. In a reanalysis of observational studies from a leading journal, we find that over 30% of articles depend on suppression effects for statistical significance. Although increases in key effect estimates from including control variables are of course potentially justifiable, none of the articles justify or disclose them. These findings may point to a hole in the review process: journals are accepting articles that depend on suppression effects without readers, reviewers, or editors being made aware.
Publication Biases in Replication Studies
Authors: Berinsky Adam J. , Druckman James N. , Yamamoto Teppei
Published: November 2020

One of the strongest findings across the sciences is that publication bias occurs. Of particular note is a “file drawer bias” where statistically significant results are privileged over nonsignificant results. Recognition of this bias, along with increased calls for “open science,” has led to an emphasis on replication studies. Yet, few have explored publication bias and its consequences in replication studies. We offer a model of the publication process involving an initial study and a replication. We use the model to describe three types of publication biases: (1) file drawer bias, (2) a “repeat study” bias against the publication of replication studies, and (3) a “gotcha bias” where replication results that run contrary to a prior study are more likely to be published. We estimate the model’s parameters with a vignette experiment conducted with political science professors teaching at Ph.D. granting institutions in the United States. We find evidence of all three types of bias, although those explicitly involving replication studies are notably smaller. This bodes well for the replication movement. That said, the aggregation of all of the biases increases the number of false positives in a literature. We conclude by discussing a path for future work on publication biases.
The Fourier extension operator of distributions in Sobolev spaces of the sphere and the Helmholtz equation
Authors: Barceló J. A. , Folch-Gabayet M. , Luque T. , Pérez-Esteva S. , Vilela M. C.
Published: November 2020

The purpose of this paper is to characterize the entire solutions of the homogeneous Helmholtz equation (solutions in ℝd) arising from the Fourier extension operator of distributions in Sobolev spaces of the sphere $H^\alpha (\mathbb {S}^{d-1}),$ with α ∈ ℝ. We present two characterizations. The first one is written in terms of certain L2-weighted norms involving real powers of the spherical Laplacian. The second one is in the spirit of the classical description of the Herglotz wave functions given by P. Hartman and C. Wilcox. For α > 0 this characterization involves a multivariable square function evaluated in a vector of entire solutions of the Helmholtz equation, while for α < 0 it is written in terms of an spherical integral operator acting as a fractional integration operator. Finally, we also characterize all the solutions that are the Fourier extension operator of distributions in the sphere.
Child marriage, climate vulnerability and natural disasters in coastal Bangladesh
Authors: Asadullah M. Niaz , Islam Kazi Md Mukitul , Wahhaj Zaki
Published: November 2020

This study examined the nature and correlates of child marriage in eight villages in climate-affected coastal Bangladesh using a mixed-methods approach: focus group discussions and in-depth qualitative interviews of female victims of child marriage as well as quantitative data collected using structured interviews of households. More than two-thirds of the qualitative survey respondents had encountered at least one event of natural disaster before marriage. Quantitative data confirmed significantly higher exposure to flood and river erosion among the coastal population. The quantitative data also suggested a positive association between shocks related to climate events and the incidence of child marriage, while the qualitative data indicated multiple themes related to the causes of child marriage, such as economic vulnerability, coping with risk and patriarchal norms. Yet the qualitative study respondents did not directly refer to natural disasters and climate changes when narrating their marital histories. The qualitative and quantitative evidence does not suggest that dowry-related factors are leading to early marriage. Rather, child marriage appears to be a coping strategy adopted by households in response to their increased vulnerability to natural disasters.
Olfactory epithelium histopathological findings in long-term coronavirus disease 2019 related anosmia
Authors: Vaira L A , Hopkins C , Sandison A , Manca A , Machouchas N , Turilli D , Lechien J R , Barillari M R , Salzano G , Cossu A , Saussez S , De Riu G
Published: November 2020

Background

Olfactory dysfunction represents one of the most frequent symptoms of coronavirus disease 2019, affecting about 70 per cent of patients. However, the pathogenesis of the olfactory dysfunction in coronavirus disease 2019 has not yet been elucidated.

Case report

This report presents the radiological and histopathological findings of a patient who presented with anosmia persisting for more than three months after infection with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2.

Conclusion

The biopsy demonstrated significant disruption of the olfactory epithelium. This shifts the focus away from invasion of the olfactory bulb and encourages further studies of treatments targeted at the surface epithelium.
Intestinal gluconeogenesis and protein diet: future directions
Authors: Gautier-Stein Amandine , Rajas Fabienne , Mithieux Gilles
Published: November 2020

High-protein meals and foods are promoted for their beneficial effects on satiety, weight loss and glucose homeostasis. However, the mechanisms involved and the long-term benefits of such diets are still debated. We here review how the characterisation of intestinal gluconeogenesis (IGN) sheds new light on the mechanisms by which protein diets exert their beneficial effects on health. The small intestine is the third organ (in addition to the liver and kidney) contributing to endogenous glucose production via gluconeogenesis. The particularity of glucose produced by the intestine is that it is detected in the portal vein and initiates a nervous signal to the hypothalamic nuclei regulating energy homeostasis. In this context, we demonstrated that protein diets initiate their satiety effects indirectly via IGN and portal glucose sensing. This induction results in the activation of brain areas involved in the regulation of food intake. The μ-opioid-antagonistic properties of protein digests, exerted in the portal vein, are a key link between IGN induction and protein-enriched diet in the control of satiety. From our results, IGN can be proposed as a mandatory link between nutrient sensing and the regulation of whole-body homeostasis. The use of specific mouse models targeting IGN should allow us to identify several metabolic functions that could be controlled by protein diets. This will lead to the characterisation of the mechanisms by which protein diets improve whole-body homeostasis. These data could be the basis of novel nutritional strategies targeting the serious metabolic consequences of both obesity and diabetes.
Effectiveness of doxycycline for the treatment of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasisin vivo
Authors: Akulinina Iuliia K. , Berechikidze Iza A. , Larina Svetlana N. , Sakharova Tatyana V. , Degtyarevskaya Tatyana Yu. , Romanelli Marco
Published: November 2020

There are available data onin vivostudies of monotherapy of zoonotic cutaneous leishmaniasis with some antibacterial drugs (doxycycline) and their comparison with meglumine antimoniate (glucantime). We used golden Syrian hamsters as a laboratory model. Experimental groups were formed, each of which was treated with one of the tested drugs. Infection of animals was carried out withLeishmania majorpromastigotes. We selected highly virulent strains ofL. majorculture isolated from human ulcers or rodents. Meglumine antimoniate monotherapy and doxycycline monotherapy are quite effective and do not differ by the 30th day of their use in such indicators as the average degree of local damage and the average number ofLeishmaniain the lesions. The main differences were recorded in terms of average body weight gain and average clinical recovery in favour of doxycycline.Leishmaniain the lesion on the 60th day were completely absent in treatment with doxycycline. The experiment proved the effectiveness of doxycycline monotherapy:Leishmaniain the lesions were absolutely absent by the end of the treatment.
Decreased cortical gyrification in patients with bipolar disorder
Authors: Choi Kwan Woo , Han Kyu-Man , Kim Aram , Kang Wooyoung , Kang Youbin , Tae Woo-Suk , Ham Byung-Joo
Published: November 2020

Background

An aberrant neural connectivity has been known to be associated with bipolar disorder (BD). Local gyrification may reflect the early neural development of cortical connectivity and has been studied as a possible endophenotype of psychiatric disorders. This study aimed to investigate differences in the local gyrification index (LGI) in each cortical region between patients with BD and healthy controls (HCs).

Methods

LGI values, as measured using FreeSurfer software, were compared between 61 patients with BD and 183 HCs. The values were also compared between patients with BD type I and type II as a sub-group analysis. Furthermore, we evaluated whether there was a correlation between LGI values and illness duration or depressive symptom severity in patients with BD.

Results

Patients with BD showed significant hypogyria in various cortical regions, including the left inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis), precentral gyrus, postcentral gyrus, superior temporal cortex, insula, right entorhinal cortex, and both transverse temporal cortices, compared to HCs after the Bonferroni correction (p < 0.05/66, 0.000758). LGI was not associated with clinical factors such as illness duration, depressive symptom severity, and lithium treatment. No significant differences in cortical gyrification according to the BD subtype were found.

Conclusions

BD appears to be characterized by a significant regionally localized hypogyria, in various cortical areas. This abnormality may be a structural and developmental endophenotype marking the risk for BD, and it might help to clarify the etiology of BD.
Determining the importance and feasibility of various aspects of healthy ageing among older adults using concept mapping
Authors: Howell Britteny M. , Seater Mariah , Davis Kathryn , McLinden Daniel
Published: November 2020

Research shows that healthy ageing is defined differently by older adults and researchers, who may put more or less weight on the physiological, psychological, societal and personal aspects of ageing. Although there is growing interest in the research literature on lay models of healthy ageing in socio-cultural context, little work has been done to determine how important or feasible the various components of healthy ageing are viewed to be by older adults. This study asked a convenience sample of 54 older adults in the circumpolar North to rate the importance and feasibility of 36 previously identified components of healthy ageing in their community. Results indicate that seniors in the sample place the most importance on aspects of the social and physical environment, while least important concepts included psychological and individual behaviours. However, most feasible aspects were individual behaviours and least feasible were aspects of the social and physical environment. Although older adults are able to construct a model of what healthy ageing should look like in their community, they do not always view the most important aspects of healthy ageing to be the most feasible to achieve, providing ample opportunity for public and social policy change.
The Brandt Line after forty years: The more North–South relations change, the more they stay the same?
Authors: Lees Nicholas
Published: November 2020

The Brandt Line is a way of visualising the world that highlights the disparities and inequalities between the wealthy North and the poorer Global South. Forty years after its popularisation as part of a call for global reform, is the Brandt Line now a misleading way of representing world politics? This article assesses whether the Global South has lost its distinctiveness and coherence relative to the North since 1980. Existing assessments of global inequality do not settle the question of whether the North–South divide remains relevant for international relations because they overlook the most politically significant measures of inequality. Drawing on power transition theory, this article provides a systematic assessment of the North–South divide in terms of levels of economic development, relative inequality, economic power, and political satisfaction. The evidence suggests that the Brandt Line is largely intact. Although the economic diversity of the South has increased and its collective economic power has risen, relative income rankings remain unaltered and the states of the Global South are as dissatisfied as they were four decades ago. Differential growth rates are reshaping world politics without eroding the North–South divide traced by the Brandt Line.
Seroprevalence of pertussis in Madagascar and implications for vaccination
Authors: Razafimahatratra Solohery L. , Wesolowski Amy , Rafetrarivony Lala , Heraud Jean-Michel , Jones Forrest K. , Cauchemez Simon , Razafindratsimandresy Richter , Raharinantoanina Sandratana J. , Harimanana Aina , Collard Jean Marc , Metcalf C. J. E.
Published: November 2020

Pertussis is a highly contagious infectious disease and remains an important cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Over the last decade, vaccination has greatly reduced the burden of pertussis. Yet, uncertainty in individual vaccination coverage and ineffective case surveillance systems make it difficult to estimate burden and the related quantity of population-level susceptibility, which determines population risk. These issues are more pronounced in low-income settings where coverage is often overestimated, and case numbers are under-reported. Serological data provide a direct characterisation of the landscape of susceptibility to infection; and can be combined with vaccination coverage and basic theory to estimate rates of exposure to natural infection. Here, we analysed cross-sectional data on seropositivity against pertussis to identify spatial and age patterns of susceptibility in children in Madagascar. A large proportion of individuals surveyed were seronegative; however, there were patterns suggestive of natural infection in all the regions analysed. Improvements in vaccination coverage are needed to help prevent additional burden of pertussis in the country.
The Irrationality of Adaptive Preferences: A Psychological and Semantic Account
Authors: Eftekhari Seena
Published: November 2020

There is little agreement among moral and political philosophers when it comes to determining what it is that makes adaptive preferences problematic. The large number of competing explanations offered by philosophers illustrates the absence of any consensus. The most prominent versions of these explanations have recently come under attack by Dale Dorsey, who argues that adaptive preferences are a red herring: the problematic nature of adaptive preferences is not explained by the fact of adaptation but by an appeal to some other normative consideration. In this article I offer an account of adaptive preferences that both accommodates the thought that only some of our adaptive preferences are problematic and responds to the skeptical challenge pressed by Dorsey. I argue that some adaptive preferences are prima facie irrational as they exhibit a peculiar error in reasoning where individuals change the semantic content of the reasons underpinning the new preference.
Lipschitz bijections between boolean functions
Authors: Johnston Tom , Scott Alex
Published: November 2020

We answer four questions from a recent paper of Rao and Shinkar [17] on Lipschitz bijections between functions from {0, 1}n to {0, 1}. (1) We show that there is no O(1)-bi-Lipschitz bijection from Dictator to XOR such that each output bit depends on O(1) input bits. (2) We give a construction for a mapping from XOR to Majority which has average stretch
$O(\sqrt{n})$
, matching a previously known lower bound. (3) We give a 3-Lipschitz embedding
$\phi \colon \{0,1\}^n \to \{0,1\}^{2n+1}$
such that
$${\rm{XOR }}(x) = {\rm{ Majority }}(\phi (x))$$
for all
$x \in \{0,1\}^n$
. (4) We show that with high probability there is an O(1)-bi-Lipschitz mapping from Dictator to a uniformly random balanced function.
Transcarotid balloon aortic valvuloplasty for critical aortic stenosis in an infant weighing 890 g
Authors: Nakagawa Naomi , Kamada Masahiro , Moritoh Yuji
Published: November 2020

We report the smallest case of the balloon aortic valvuloplasty via a carotid artery. A baby boy weighing 890 g suffered from a severe aortic stenosis. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty using a TMP-Ped 4-mm balloon catheter succeeded in resolving severe aortic stenosis without any complications. Balloon aortic valvuloplasty via a carotid artery can be a first-line treatment even for extremely-low-birth-weight infants.
Outcomes of adults with congenital heart disease that experience acute kidney injury in the intensive care unit
Authors: Fuhrman Dana Y. , Nguyen Lan , Joyce Emily L. , Priyanka Priyanka , Kellum John A.
Published: November 2020

Background:

Young adults with congenital heart disease (CHD) are increasing in number with an increased risk for acute kidney injury. Little is known concerning the impact of non-recovery of kidney function for these patients. Therefore, we sought to explore the rates of acute kidney disease, persistent renal dysfunction, and their associations with adverse outcomes in young adults with CHD.

Methods:

This is a single-centre retrospective study including all patients at the ages of 18–40 with CHD who were admitted to an intensive care unit between 2010 and 2014. Patients with a creatinine ≥ 1.5 times the baseline at the time of hospital discharge were deemed to have persistent renal dysfunction, while acute kidney disease was defined as a creatinine ≥ 1.5 times the baseline 7–28 days after a diagnosis of acute kidney injury. Outcomes of death at 5 years and length of hospital stay were examined using multivariable logistic regression and negative binomial regression, respectively.

Results:

Of the (89/195) 45.6% of patients with acute kidney injury, 33.7% had persistent renal dysfunction and 23.6% met the criteria for acute kidney disease. Persistent renal dysfunction [odds ratio (OR), 3.27; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.15–9.29] and acute kidney disease (OR: 11.79; 95% CI: 3.75–39.09) were independently associated with mortality at 5 years. Persistent renal dysfunction was associated with a longer duration of hospital stay (Incidence Rate Ratio: 1.96; 95% CI: 1.53–2.51).

Conclusions:

In young adults with CHD, acute kidney injury was common and persistent renal dysfunction, as well as acute kidney disease, were associated with increased mortality and length of hospitalisation.
Food insecurity and depression among low-income adults in the USA: does diet diversity play a role? Findings from the 2013–2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
Authors: Narcisse Marie-Rachelle , Felix Holly C , Long Christopher R , English Emily S , Bailey Mary M , McElfish Pearl A
Published: November 2020

Objective:

Food insecurity is associated with a greater risk of depression among low-income adults in the USA. Members of food-insecure households have lower diet diversity than their food-secure counterparts. This study examined whether diet diversity moderates the association between food insecurity and depression.

Design:

Multiple logistic regression was conducted to examine independent associations between food insecurity and depression, between diet diversity and depression, and the moderating effect of diet diversity in the food insecurity–depression link.

Setting:

Cross-sectional data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2013–2014).

Participants:

2636 low-income adults aged 18 years and older.

Results:

There was a positive association between food insecurity and depression among low-income adults. Diet diversity was not associated with depression. Diet diversity had a moderating effect on the association between food insecurity and depression among low-income adults.

Conclusions:

Food insecurity is independently associated with depression among low-income adults in the USA. However, this association differs across levels of diet diversity. Longitudinal studies are needed to confirm the role diet diversity may play in the pathway between food insecurity and depression.
The Paradox of Chinese Investments in Sri Lanka: Between Investment Treaty Protection and Commercial Diplomacy
Authors: PATHIRANA Dilini
Published: November 2020

The politically sensitive nature of Chinese investments in Sri Lanka has made investment protection by the China-Sri Lanka BIT highly relevant. However, the treaty has a pro-state orientation, with limited protection for investors. This gives rise to a modern paradox in which China has become the top investor in Sri Lanka, despite the absence of an international protective framework for their activities. Chinese investors are apparently managing this paradox mainly through commercial diplomacy. As an alternative to a rights-based approach, this may signal a return to a power-based approach to settling investment disputes, with the Chinese government a leading actor therein. This will be particularly prominent in the context of the Belt and Road Initiative. While win-win co-operation is a stated principle of Chinese investment policy, whether mutually beneficial outcomes can be sustained with the asymmetrical power dynamics between China and BRI states remains to be seen.
Do initially non-dehydrated patients with acute ischemic stroke need fluid supplement?
Authors: Lin Leng Chieh , Tsai Yen Yun , Yang Jen Tsung , Chen Yi Chuan , Wu Yi Fang , Huang Yen Chu , Tsai Yuan Hsiung , Hsiao Kuang Yu , Seak Chen-June
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Background: We previously found that dehydration is an independent predictor of early deterioration after acute ischemic stroke and rehydration helps to improve outcomes. There is limited evidence of how to treat patients who are initially non-dehydrated. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that rehydration therapy, based on the daily urine specific gravity, will improve the outcome of ischemic stroke patients who are initially non-dehydrated. Methods: We conducted a single-arm prospective study of patients with acute ischemic stroke with historical controls. For the first 5 days of study group, a daily urine specific gravity of > 1.020 g/ml was taken as indication for rehydration and patients were advised to drink water via oral or tubal feeding with a dose of 5 ml/kg body weight right away and after dinner. Control group patients were rehydrated without reference to urine specific gravity. An increase in National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of ≥ 4 within three days was defined as having stroke-in-evolution. Scores of ≤ 1 on the modified Rankin scale at 3 months were considered to indicate a favorable outcome. Results: A total of 125 patients were analyzed, 46 in the study group and 79 in the control group. The groups did not significantly differ in the stroke-in-evolution rate (4.3% vs. 8.2%, P = 0.474). The rate of favorable outcome at 3 months was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (56.5% vs. 27.8%, P = 0.001). Conclusions: Urine specific gravity-based hydration might be a useful method to improve functional outcomes of patients with acute ischemic stroke who were non-dehydrated at admission.
Feel Thine Own Self – Mood Congruency Evaluation of Emotional State Adjectives
Authors: Grzybowski Szczepan J. , Wyczesany Miroslaw , Kaiser Jan
Published: November 2020

Abstract. The goal of the study was to explore event-related potential (ERP) differences during the processing of emotional adjectives that were evaluated as congruent or incongruent with the current mood. We hypothesized that the first effects of congruence evaluation would be evidenced during the earliest stages of semantic analysis. Sixty mood adjectives were presented separately for 1,000 ms each during two sessions of mood induction. After each presentation, participants evaluated to what extent the word described their mood. The results pointed to incongruence marking of adjective’s meaning with current mood during early attention orientation and semantic access stages (the P150 component time window). This was followed by enhanced processing of congruent words at later stages. As a secondary goal the study also explored word valence effects and their relation to congruence evaluation. In this regard, no significant effects were observed on the ERPs; however, a negativity bias (enhanced responses to negative adjectives) was noted on the behavioral data (RTs), which could correspond to the small differences traced on the late positive potential.
Revealing the Intensity of Turbulent Energy Transfer in Planetary Atmospheres
Authors: Cabanes Simon , Espa Stefania , Galperin Boris , Young Roland M. B. , Read Peter L.
Published: November 2020

Images of the giant planets Jupiter and Saturn show highly turbulent storms and swirling clouds that reflect the intensity of turbulence in their atmospheres. Quantifying planetary turbulence is inaccessible to conventional tools, however, since they require large quantities of spatially and temporally resolved data. Here we show, using experiments, observations, and simulations, that potential vorticity (PV) is a straightforward and universal diagnostic that can be used to estimate turbulent energy transfer in a stably stratified atmosphere. We use the conservation of PV to define a length scale, LM, representing a typical distance over which PV is mixed by planetary turbulence. LM increases as the turbulent intensity increases and can be estimated from any latitudinal PV profile. Using this principle, we estimate LM within Jupiter's and Saturn's tropospheres, showing for the first time that turbulent energy transfer in Saturn's atmosphere is four times less intense than Jupiter's.
Out of the Ice Age: Megatides of the Arctic Ocean and the Bølling‐Ållerød, Younger Dryas Transition
Authors: Velay-Vitow Jesse , Richard Peltier W.
Published: November 2020

The most recent deglaciation of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets began slowly subsequent to the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) but was soon thereafter marked by a series of extremely rapid climate events, namely, Heinrich Event 1 (H1), the Bølling‐Ållerød (B‐A), and the Younger Dryas (YD). We show that a tidally forced marine ice stream instability mechanism, recently implicated as responsible for H1, may also have created the conditions required for the occurrence of the YD. Strong buoyancy forcing acting at the point of entry of the Amundsen Gulf Ice Stream (AGIS) into the Arctic Ocean would have destabilized the ice stream leading to its elimination. This buoyancy forcing was initially provided by the intense polar warming associated with the B‐A acting in conjunction with the moderately high‐amplitude tides that had existed since LGM. This initial destabilization led to a highly significant amplification of the tidal egime and thus AGIS destruction.
Alpha Transmitter Signal Reflection and Triggered Emissions
Authors: Gu Wenyao , Chen Lunjin , Xia Zhiyang , An Xin , Horne Richard B.
Published: November 2020

Russian Alpha radio navigation system (RSDN‐20) emits F1 = 11.9 kHz signals into the magnetosphere which propagate as whistler mode waves. Observed by waveform continuous burst mode from Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science (EMFISIS) on Van Allen Probes, a case is presented and featured with ducted propagation, multiple reflections, and triggered emissions. Both risers and fallers appear in the triggered emissions. We use a ray tracing method to demonstrate ducted propagation, which has a similar wave normal angle near 150° as the observation. The arrival time of reflected signals is estimated using propagation analysis and compared with the observed signal arrival time. To test the nonlinear cyclotron resonance theory, the interaction region scale and the order of chirping rate in triggered emission are estimated. The estimated interaction region scale of MLAT = −3° is smaller than the observed MLAT = −6°. The discrepancy may be caused by the parallel propagation assumption and background field model.
Transformation of Generation Processes From Small Runoff Events to Large Floods
Authors: Tarasova L. , Basso S. , Merz R.
Published: November 2020

Mixture of runoff generation processes poses a challenge for predicting upper flood quantiles. We examined transformations of generation processes from all identifiable runoff events to frequent and upper tail floods for a large set of mesoscale catchments and observed a substantial change of the dominant processes. Two trajectories of transformation were detected. In regions where floods occur almost exclusively in winter the dominance of processes related to snowmelt consistently increases from small events to frequent and upper tail floods. In catchments characterized by frequent winter‐spring floods and occasional summer‐autumn flood events triggered by rare meteorological phenomena (e.g., Vb cyclones), processes that dominate upper tails are not adequately represented in the sample of frequent floods. Predictions of extremes and projections of flood changes might remain highly uncertain in the latter cases.
Variability of the Solar Wind Flow Asymmetry in the Martian Magnetosheath Observed by MAVEN
Authors: Romanelli N. , DiBraccio G. , Halekas J. , Dubinin E. , Gruesbeck J. , Espley J. , Poh G. , Ma Y. , Luhmann J. G.
Published: November 2020

We perform the first statistical analysis of effects that different external conditions have on a solar wind (SW) flow asymmetry observed in the Martian magnetosheath due to mass loading, making use of ∼5 years of Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) observations. We find that the difference between the mean magnetosheath SW velocity component along the SW convective electric field direction in regions in the positive and negative hemispheres displays a strong linear correlation with the ratio between the upstream Interplanetary Magnetic Field (IMF) cross‐flow component (By) and the SW proton density (nsw). The asymmetry is maximized (∼25–35 km s−1) for low nsw (∼1 cm−3) and large IMF By (∼2 nT). These results suggest that the SW flow asymmetry variability is due to a force arising from the differential streaming between SW protons and oxygen ions, with boundary conditions partly defined by the pristine SW properties.
Measuring Theoretical and Actual Observation Influence in the Met Office UKV: Application to Doppler Radial Winds
Authors: Fowler A. M. , Simonin D. , Waller J. A.
Published: November 2020

In numerical weather prediction it is important to objectively measure the value of the observations assimilated. However, methods such as the forecast sensitivity to observation impact and observing system experiments are difficult to apply to convective scale data assimilation (DA) systems such as the Met Office's UK Variable‐resolution model (UKV). We develop a new method to estimate the influence of the observations on the analysis, acknowledging that the influence depends not only on the uncertainty in the observations and prior, but how well these are prescribed in the assimilation. Monitoring both the actual and theoretical observation influence can flag observations that are being assimilated incorrectly and quantify the harm caused to the analysis. By applying these new estimates of the observation influence to the assimilation of Doppler Radial Winds in the UKV system, we demonstrate their ability, along with expert knowledge, to inform the optimization of both the observation network and DA system.