bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Roadmap to Frontier Deepwater Drilling
Authors: Gutierrez Jose A. , Loftis Terry
Published: April 2015

Offshore deepwater drilling is a complex activity requiring the use of a variety of technologies to enable safe and reliable operations. Year after year, the industry has progressively been able to drill deeper; reaching depths in excess of 10,000 feet, using state-of-the art rigs designed to theoretically reach up to 12,000 feet. However reaching even deeper (15,000 feet+) water depths using existing hoisting and subsea equipment architectures and relying technologies is not feasible. For example BOP hydraulic accumulators within a reasonable weight and size are not viable to support emergency functions beyond 12,500 feet using the existing open loop hydraulic architecture. The prevailing 'go bigger to go deeper' bravado conflicts with the physical limitations of today's mechanical systems and supporting structures. Heavier hook-loads drive higher power consumption, larger power plants, higher fuel consumption and storage, larger derrick structures and subsequently, less variable deck-load. Furthermore, conventional drilling riser length, volume and weight increase, thus compounding the hook-load dilemma and the cycle continues. New designs, materials and concepts are required to reach the depths of this new frontier! This paper presents a roadmap for the introduction of a set of technologies and system architecture(s) to address these challenges.
Geophysical Methods for the Mapping of Submarine Massive Sulphide Deposits
Authors: Kowalczyk Peter , Bloomer Stephen , Kowalczyk Matthew
Published: April 2015

In 1977, the first black smoker was discovered on the East Pacific Rise. Since this discovery, many more hydrothermal vent occurrences have been discovered in the deep ocean. These vents are associated with compact high grade copper, gold, and zinc deposits that are being actively explored for by national and private organizations.

Exploration for these deposits usually begins with ship borne sonar mapping and towed water chemistry samplers. From bathymetric maps, potential targets for more detailed mapping with underwater vehicles are defined. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV) and autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) mounted turbidity, pH, and oxidation reduction potential (ORP) sensors, magnetometers, electromagnetic (EM) systems, high-resolution multibeam echosounder (MBES) bathymetry, sidescan sonar and subbottom profiler surveys are used to delineate the extent and nature of the submarine massive sulfide (SMS) deposits.

EM surveying can be used to determine the resistivity of near-surface and subsurface structure. SMS deposits fall into two categories; zinc rich non-conductive and conductive copper-gold deposits. One system is an ROV-mounted EM system that operates near the seafloor (Kowlaczyk, 2008). It comprises a transmitter coil wrapped around the ROV and an electric field sensor mounted close to the ROV. This system has successfully mapped high-conductivity zones corresponding to high grades of copper and gold. This system has detected blind mineralization at a depth of several meters, but does not penetrate beyond five or ten meters into the ocean floor. It does outline the limits of the system accurately, and has been used to direct resource-definition drilling of SMS deposits.

Modelling shows that buried SMS deposits can be mapped using a controlled source electromagnetic (CSEM) system. A CSEM system consists of an electrical transmitter and one or more electric field receivers that are either on the seafloor or towed behind the transmitter. SMS deposits are conductive and will channel electrical current. Since the conductivity of the ocean is constant, electrical fields are a proxy for current density. Modelling shows that SMS targets produce a readily detectable electrical field anomaly. Using 3D inversion of the CSEM electrical field data, subsurface SMS deposits can be mapped.

SMS deposits can also be mapped using seismic methods. The depth of water and the deposit geometry make it difficult to deploy standard systems. A new system using a vertical cable array and a surface source has successfully mapped SMS deposits in 3D.

This paper will review the use of EM and seismic methods successfully used to map SMS deposits.
Ministry in the presence of God (coram Deo) according to Exodus
Authors: Breed Gert
Published: April 2015

This article describes ministry in the presence of God (coram Deo) as revealed in the Book of Exodus. At the outset, the structure of the Book of Exodus is analysed and the relevant results are given. Then a study is made of what it means, according to Exodus, to be in the presence of God. An effort is also made to describe the service of the people of God in light of the study of coram Deo. The results of the investigation are continuously applied to the practical work of the congregation. The article concludes that the ministry can be largely enriched when the congregation are purposefully guided to come together, serve and live consciously in the presence of God.Bediening in die teenwoordigheid van God (coram Deo) volgens Eksodus. Hierdie artikel beskryf die lewe voor die aangesig van God (coram Deo) soos dit in die Eksodusboek geopenbaar is. Aanvanklik word die struktuur van die Eksodusboek ontleed en die tersaaklike resultate weergegee. Daarna word ’n studie gemaak van wat dit volgens Eksodus beteken om voor die aangesig van God te wees. Daar word ook gepoog om die dienswerk van God se volk te beskryf in die lig van die studie oor coram Deo. Die resultate van die ondersoek word deurlopend toegepas op die praktiese dienswerk van die gemeente. Die artikel kom tot die gevolgtrekking dat die bediening grootliks verryk kan word wanneer die gemeente doelbewus begelei en toegerus word om bewustelik voor die aangesig van God saam te kom, te dien en te leef.
Real Hypersurfaces in Complex Two-Plane Grassmannians with GTW Harmonic Curvature
Authors: de Dios Pérez Juan , Jin Suh Young , Woo Changhwa
Published: April 2015

We prove the non-existence of Hopf real hypersurfaces in complex two-plane Grassmannians with harmonic curvature with respect to the generalized Tanaka–Webster connection if they satisfy some further conditions.
A High-Order Central ENO Finite-Volume Scheme for Three-Dimensional Low-Speed Viscous Flows on Unstructured Mesh
Authors: Charest Marc R. J. , Groth Clinton P. T. , Gauthier Pierre Q.
Published: April 2015

High-order discretization techniques offer the potential to significantly reduce the computational costs necessary to obtain accurate predictions when compared to lower-order methods. However, efficient and universally-applicable high-order discretizations remain somewhat illusive, especially for more arbitrary unstructured meshes and for incompressible/low-speed flows. A novel, high-order, central essentially non-oscillatory (CENO), cell-centered, finite-volume scheme is proposed for the solution of the conservation equations of viscous, incompressible flows on three-dimensional unstructured meshes. Similar to finite element methods, coordinate transformations are used to maintain the scheme’s order of accuracy even when dealing with arbitrarily-shaped cells having non-planar faces. The proposed scheme is applied to the pseudo-compressibility formulation of the steady and unsteady Navier-Stokes equations and the resulting discretized equations are solved with a parallel implicit Newton-Krylov algorithm. For unsteady flows, a dual-time stepping approach is adopted and the resulting temporal derivatives are discretized using the family of high-order backward difference formulas (BDF). The proposed finite-volume scheme for fully unstructured mesh is demonstrated to provide both fast and accurate solutions for steady and unsteady viscous flows.
Growth of Secure Messaging Through a Patient Portal as a Form of Outpatient Interaction across Clinical Specialties
Authors: Davis S.E. , Shenson J.A. , Chen Q. , Rosenbloom S.T. , Jackson G.P. , Cronin R.M.
Published: April 2015

Objective: Patient portals are online applications that allow patients to interact with healthcare organizations. Portal adoption is increasing, and secure messaging between patients and health-care providers is an emerging form of outpatient interaction. Research about portals and messaging has focused on medical specialties. We characterized adoption of secure messaging and the contribution of messaging to outpatient interactions across diverse clinical specialties after broad portal deployment.

Methods: This retrospective cohort study at Vanderbilt University Medical Center examined use of patient-initiated secure messages and clinic visits in the three years following full deployment of a patient portal across adult and pediatric specialties. We measured the proportion of outpatient interactions (i.e., messages plus clinic visits) conducted through secure messaging by specialty over time. Generalized estimating equations measured the likelihood of message-based versus clinic outpatient interaction across clinical specialties.

Results: Over the study period, 2,422,114 clinic visits occurred, and 82,159 unique portal users initiated 948,428 messages to 1,924 recipients. Medicine participated in the most message exchanges (742,454 messages; 78.3% of all messages sent), followed by surgery (84,001; 8.9%) and obstetrics/gynecology (53,424; 5.6%). The proportion of outpatient interaction through messaging increased from 12.9% in 2008 to 33.0% in 2009 and 39.8% in 2010 (p<0.001). Medicine had the highest proportion of outpatient interaction conducted through messaging in 2008 (23.3% of out-patient interactions in medicine). By 2010, this proportion was highest for obstetrics/gynecology (83.4%), dermatology (71.6%), and medicine (56.7%). Growth in likelihood of message-based interaction was greater for anesthesiology, dermatology, obstetrics/gynecology, pediatrics, and psychiatry than for medicine (p<0.001).

Conclusions: This study demonstrates rapid adoption of secure messaging across diverse clinical specialties, with messaging interactions exceeding face-to-face clinic visits for some specialties. As patient portal and secure messaging adoption increase beyond medicine and primary care, research is needed to understand the implications for provider workload and patient care.

Citation: Cronin RM, Davis SE, Shenson JA, Chen Q, Rosenbloom ST, Jackson GP. Growth of secure messaging through a patient portal as a form of outpatient interaction across clinical specialties. Appl Clin Inf 2015; 6: 288–304

http://dx.doi.org/10.4338/ACI-2014-12-RA-0117
Networks Sustainable Development in Global Competition
Authors: Corniani Margherita
Published: April 2015

The incoherence of the concept and its theoretical underpinnings have enabled the use of ‘sustainable development’ and ‘sustainability’ to become de rigueur for politicians and business leaders, sustainability is laden with so many definitions that it risks plunging into meaninglessness. The issue is certainly a global one, and only global organizations are able to work on it and can promote it around the world. For these reasons it is interesting to understand in which way the global corporations, typically organized in global networks, are interested in this issue and what role they can play in the direction of sustainable development. The real actual problem of the sustainable development, indeed, lays first of all in the concept of development and then, but just in a second moment, in the one of sustainability. What is development in a global economy where growth is no more the common rule and we hear the concept of de-growth? Some important answers to this question can be found in the actual discussion about the new role of capitalism in the global economy.
The Tempest
Authors: Vaughan Alden T. , Vaughan Virginia Mason
Published: April 2015

The Tempest contains sublime poetry and catchy songs, magic and low comedy, while it tackles important contemporary concerns: education, power politics, the effects of colonization, and technology. In this guide, Alden T. Vaughan and Virginia Mason Vaughan open up new ways into one of Shakespeare’s most popular, malleable and controversial plays.
Quantifying pyroconvective injection heights using observations of fire energy: sensitivity of spaceborne observations of carbon monoxide
Authors: Gonzi S. , Palmer P. I. , Paugam R. , Wooster M. , Deeter M. N.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. We use observations of active fire area and fire radiative power (FRP) from the NASA Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometers (MODIS), together with a parameterized plume rise model, to estimate biomass burning injection heights during 2006. We use these injection heights in the GEOS-Chem (Goddard Earth Observing System Chemistry) atmospheric chemistry transport model to vertically distribute biomass burning emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) and to study the resulting atmospheric distribution. For 2006, we use over half a million FRP and fire area observations as input to the plume rise model. We find that convective heat fluxes and active fire area typically lie in the range of 1–100 kW m−2 and 0.001–100 ha, respectively, although in rare circumstances the convective heat flux can exceed 500 kW m−2. The resulting injection heights have a skewed probability distribution with approximately 80% of the injections remaining within the local boundary layer (BL), with occasional injection height exceeding 8 km. We do not find a strong correlation between the FRP-inferred surface convective heat flux and the resulting injection height, with environmental conditions often acting as a barrier to rapid vertical mixing even where the convective heat flux and active fire area are large. We also do not find a robust relationship between the underlying burnt vegetation type and the injection height. We find that CO columns calculated using the MODIS-inferred injection height (MODIS-INJ) are typically −9 to +6% different to the control calculation in which emissions are emitted into the BL, with differences typically largest over the point of emission. After applying MOPITT (Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere) v5 scene-dependent averaging kernels we find that we are much less sensitive to our choice of injection height profile. The differences between the MOPITT and the model CO columns (max bias ~ 50%), due largely to uncertainties in emission inventories, are much larger than those introduced by the injection heights. We show that including a realistic diurnal variation in FRP (peaking in the afternoon) or accounting for subgrid-scale emission errors does not alter our main conclusions. Finally, we use a Bayesian maximum a posteriori approach constrained by MOPITT CO profiles to estimate the CO emissions but because of the inherent bias between model and MOPITT we find little impact on the resulting emission estimates. Studying the role of pyroconvection in the distribution of gases and particles in the atmosphere using global MOPITT CO observations (or any current spaceborne measurement of the atmosphere) is still associated with large errors, with the exception of a small subset of large fires and favourable environmental conditions, which will consequently lead to a bias in any analysis on a global scale.
Characterization of ambient volatile organic compounds and their sources in Beijing, before, during, and after Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation China 2014
Authors: Li J. , Xie S. D. , Zeng L. M. , Li L. Y. , Li Y. Q. , Wu R. R.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Ambient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured using an online system, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry/flame ionization detector (GC-MS/FID), in Beijing, China, before, during and after Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) China 2014, when stringent air quality control measures were implemented. Positive matrix factorization (PMF) was applied to identify the major VOC contributing sources and their temporal variations. The secondary organic aerosols potential (SOAP) approach was used to estimate variations of precursor source contributions to SOA formation. The average VOC mixing ratios during the three periods were 86.17, 48.28, and 72.97 ppbv, respectively. The mixing ratios of total VOC during the control period were reduced by 44%, and the mixing ratios of acetonitrile, halocarbons, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs), aromatics, acetylene, alkanes, and alkenes decreased by approximately 65, 62, 54, 53, 37, 36, and 23%, respectively. The mixing ratios of all measured VOC species decreased during control, and the most affected species were chlorinated VOCs (chloroethane, 1,1-dichloroethylene, chlorobenzene). PMF analysis indicated eight major sources of ambient VOCs, and emissions from target control sources were clearly reduced during the control period. Contributions of vehicular exhaust were most reduced (19.65 ppbv, the contributions before the control period minus the values after the control period), followed by industrial manufacturing (10.29 ppbv) and solvent utilization (6.20 ppbv). Contributions of evaporated or liquid gasoline and industrial chemical feedstock were slightly reduced, with values of 2.85 and 0.35 ppbv, respectively. Contributions of secondary and long-lived species were relatively stable. Due to central heating, emissions from fuel combustion kept on increasing during the whole campaign; because of weak control of liquid petroleum gas (LPG), the highest emissions of LPG occurred in the control period. Vehicle-related sources were the most important precursor sources likely responsible for the reduction in SOA formation during this campaign.
Ground-based aerosol climatology of China: aerosol optical depths from the China Aerosol Remote Sensing Network (CARSNET) 2002–2013
Authors: Che H. , Zhang X. , Xia X. , Goloub P. , Holben B. , Zhao H. , Wang Y. , Zhang X. , Wang H. , Blarel L. , Damiri B. , Zhang R. , Deng X. , Ma Y. , Wang T. , Geng F. , Qi B. , Zhu J. , Yu J. , Chen Q. , Shi G.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Long-term measurements of aerosol optical depths (AOD) and Angstrom exponents (Alpha) made for CARSNET were compiled into a climatology of aerosol optical properties for China. Quality-assured monthly mean AODs are presented for 50 sites representing remote, rural, and urban areas. AODs were 0.14, 0.34, 0.42, 0.54, and 0.74 at remote stations, rural/desert regions, the Loess Plateau, central and eastern China, and urban sites, respectively, and the corresponding Alpha values were 0.97, 0.55, 0.82, 1.19, and 1.05. AODs increased from north to south, with low values (< 0.20) over the Tibetan Plateau and northwestern China and high AODs (> 0.60) in central and eastern China where industrial emissions and anthropogenic activities were likely sources. AODs were 0.20–0.40 in semi-arid and arid regions and some background areas in north and northeast China. Alphas were > 1.20 over the southern reaches of the Yangtze River and at clean sites in northeastern China. In the northwestern deserts and industrial parts of northeast China, Alphas were lower (< 0.80) compared with central and eastern regions. Dust events in spring, hygroscopic particle growth during summer, and biomass burning contribute the high AODs, especially in northern and eastern China. The AODs show decreasing trends from 2006 to 2009 but increased ~ 0.03 yr−1 from 2009 to 2013.
A quantitative study of magnetospheric magnetic field line deformation by a two-loop substorm current wedge
Authors: Nikolaev A. V. , Sergeev V. A. , Tsyganenko N. A. , Kubyshkina M. V. , Opgenoorth H. , Singer H. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Substorm current wedge (SCW) formation is associated with global magnetic field reconfiguration during substorm expansion. We combine a two-loop model SCW (SCW2L) with a background magnetic field model to investigate distortion of the ionospheric footpoint pattern in response to changes of different SCW2L parameters. The SCW-related plasma sheet footprint shift results in formation of a pattern resembling an auroral bulge, the poleward expansion of which is controlled primarily by the total current in the region 1 sense current loop (I1). The magnitude of the footprint latitudinal shift may reach ∼ 10° corrected geomagnetic latitude (CGLat) during strong substorms (I1= 2 MA). A strong helical magnetic field around the field-aligned current generates a surge-like region with embedded spiral structures, associated with a westward traveling surge (WTS) at the western end of the SCW. The helical field may also contribute to rotation of the ionospheric projection of narrow plasma streams (auroral streamers). Other parameters, including the total current in the second (region 2 sense) loop, were found to be of secondary importance. Analyzing two consecutive dipolarizations on 17 March 2010, we used magnetic variation data obtained from a dense midlatitude ground network and several magnetospheric spacecraft, as well as the adaptive AM03 model, to specify SCW2L parameters, which allowed us to predict the magnitude of poleward auroral expansion. Auroral observations made during the two substorm activations demonstrate that the SCW2L combined with the AM03 model nicely describes the azimuthal progression and the observed magnitude of the auroral expansion. This finding indicates that the SCW-related distortions are responsible for much of the observed global development of bright auroras.
Precipitation climate maps of Belgium
Authors: Journée M. , Delvaux C. , Bertrand C.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Investigations are conducted to best estimate precipitation climate maps over Belgium from daily observations available for the period 1981–2010. Several mapping approaches are compared in a cross-validation exercise. These approaches differ by several aspects and in particular by the order in which the temporal aggregation (i.e. computation of climate mean values from daily data) and spatial interpolation steps are performed, and by the integration of ancillary information in the spatial interpolation method. The selected approach is used to derive a large panel of climate maps. In particular, the main spatio-temporal features of the annual cycle of rainfall in Belgium are extracted by principal component analysis (PCA).
First on-line isotopic characterization of N2O above intensively managed grassland
Authors: Wolf B. , Merbold L. , Decock C. , Tuzson B. , Harris E. , Six J. , Emmenegger L. , Mohn J.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. The analysis of the four main isotopic N2O species (14N14N16O, 14N15N16O, 15N14N16O, 14N14N18O) and especially the intramolecular distribution of 15N ("site preference", SP) has been suggested as a tool to distinguish source processes and to help constrain the global N2O budget. However, current studies suffer from limited spatial and temporal resolution capabilities due to the combination of discrete flask sampling with subsequent laboratory-based mass-spectrometric analysis. Quantum cascade laser absorption spectroscopy (QCLAS) allows the selective high-precision analysis of N2O isotopic species at trace levels and is suitable for in situ measurements. Here, we present results from the first field campaign, conducted on an intensively managed grassland site in central Switzerland. N2O mole fractions and isotopic composition were determined in the atmospheric surface layer (at 2.2 m height) at a high temporal resolution with a modified state-of-the-art laser spectrometer connected to an automated N2O preconcentration unit. The analytical performance was determined from repeated measurements of a compressed air tank and resulted in measurement repeatability of 0.20, 0.12 and 0.11‰ for δ15Nα, δ15Nβ and δ18O, respectively. Simultaneous eddy-covariance N2O flux measurements were used to determine the flux-averaged isotopic signature of soil-emitted N2O. Our measurements indicate that, in general, nitrifier-denitrification and denitrification were the prevalent sources of N2O during the campaign and that variations in isotopic composition were due to alterations in the extent to which N2O was reduced to N2 rather than to other pathways, such as hydroxylamine oxidation. Management and rewetting events were characterized by low values of the intramolecular 15N site preference (SP), δ15Nbulk and δ18O, suggesting that nitrifier-denitrification and incomplete heterotrophic bacterial denitrification responded most strongly to the induced disturbances. The flux-averaged isotopic composition of N2O from intensively managed grassland was 6.9 ± 4.3, −17.4 ± 6.2 and 27.4 ± 3.6‰ for SP, δ15Nbulk and δ18O, respectively. The approach presented here is capable of providing long-term data sets also for other N2O-emitting ecosystems, which can be used to further constrain global N2O inventories.
NEMOTAM: tangent and adjoint models for the ocean modelling platform NEMO
Authors: Vidard A. , Bouttier P.-A. , Vigilant F.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Tangent linear and adjoint models (TAMs) are efficient tools to analyse and to control dynamical systems such as NEMO. They can be involved in a large range of applications such as sensitivity analysis, parameter estimation or the computation of characteristic vectors. A TAM is also required by the 4D-Var algorithm, which is one of the major methods in data assimilation. This paper describes the development and the validation of the tangent linear and adjoint model for the NEMO ocean modelling platform (NEMOTAM). The diagnostic tools that are available alongside NEMOTAM are detailed and discussed, and several applications are also presented.
Fractal Analysis Of Colors And Shapes For Natural And Urbanscapes URBANSCAPES
Authors: Wang J. , Ogawa S.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Fractal analysis has been applied in many fields since it was proposed by Mandelbrot in 1967. Fractal dimension is a basic parameter of fractal analysis. According to the difference of fractal dimensions for images, natural landscapes and urbanscapes could be differentiated, which is of great significance. In this paper, two methods were used for two types of landscape images to discuss the difference between natural landscapes and urbanscapes. Traditionally, a box-counting method was adopted to evaluate the shape of grayscale images. On the other way, for the spatial distributions of RGB values in images, the fractal Brownian motion (fBm) model was employed to calculate the fractal dimensions of colour images for two types of landscape images. From the results, the fractal dimensions of natural landscape images were lower than that of urbanscapes for both grayscale images and colour images with two types of methods. Moreover, the spatial distributions of RGB values in images were clearly related with the fractal dimensions. The results indicated that there was obvious difference (about 0.09) between the fractal dimensions for two kinds of landscapes. It was worthy to mention that when the correlation coefficient is 0 in the semivariogram, the fractal dimension is 2, which means that when the RGB values are completely random for their locations in the colour image, the fractal dimension becomes 3. Two kinds of fractal dimensions could evaluate the shape and the color distributions of landscapes and discriminate the natural landscapes from urbanscapes clearly.
The SF3M approach to 3-D photo-reconstruction for non-expert users: application to a gully network
Authors: Castillo C. , James M. R. , Redel-Macías M. D. , Pérez R. , Gómez J. A.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. 3-D photo-reconstruction (PR) techniques have been successfully used to produce high resolution elevation models for different applications and over different spatial scales. However, innovative approaches are required to overcome some limitations that this technique may present in challenging scenarios. Here, we evaluate SF3M, a new graphical user interface for implementing a complete PR workflow based on freely available software (including external calls to VisualSFM and CloudCompare), in combination with a low-cost survey design for the reconstruction of a several-hundred-meters-long gully network. SF3M provided a semi-automated workflow for 3-D reconstruction requiring ~ 49 h (of which only 17% required operator assistance) for obtaining a final gully network model of > 17 million points over a gully plan area of 4230 m2. We show that a walking itinerary along the gully perimeter using two light-weight automatic cameras (1 s time-lapse mode) and a 6 m-long pole is an efficient method for 3-D monitoring of gullies, at a low cost (about EUR 1000 budget for the field equipment) and time requirements (~ 90 min for image collection). A mean error of 6.9 cm at the ground control points was found, mainly due to model deformations derived from the linear geometry of the gully and residual errors in camera calibration. The straightforward image collection and processing approach can be of great benefit for non-expert users working on gully erosion assessment.
Reducing uncertainties in projections of Antarctic ice mass loss
Authors: Durand G. , Pattyn F.
Published: April 2015

Abstract. Climate model projections are often aggregated into multi-model averages of all models participating in an Intercomparison Project, such as the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP). A first initiative of the ice-sheet modeling community, SeaRISE, to provide multi-model average projections of polar ice sheets' contribution to sea-level rise recently emerged. SeaRISE Antarctic numerical experiments aggregate results from all models willing to participate without any selection of the models regarding the processes implemented in. Here, using the experimental set-up proposed in SeaRISE we confirm that the representation of grounding line dynamics is essential to infer future Antarctic mass change. We further illustrate the significant impact on the ensemble mean and deviation of adding one model with a known biais in its ability of modeling grounding line dynamics. We show that this biased model can hardly be discriminated from the ensemble only based on its estimation of volume change. However, tools are available to test parts of the response of marine ice sheet models to perturbations of climatic and/or oceanic origin (MISMIP, MISMIP3d). Based on recent projections of the Pine Island Glacier mass loss, we further show that excluding ice sheet models that do not pass the MISMIP benchmarks decreases by an order of magnitude the mean contribution and standard deviation of the multi-model ensemble projection for that particular drainage basin.
Political Education--Occupy Wall Street's First Year
Authors: DiSalvo Jackie
Published: April 2015

While Occupy Wall Street (OWS) is easily identified with direct action in the streets, equal recognition should be given to the vast amount of political education that took place. This article will give an overview of that and briefly assess its emphases and absences.
Occupy Education
Authors: Blanchard Dana
Published: April 2015

As I sit at my desk and begin to unpack my materials for the new school year, I come across the poster from the November 2nd General Strike in Oakland. The image is of protesters with signs and flags on top of container trucks silhouetted against the setting sun at the port of Oakland. It is an image that has come to represent the high point of the Occupy struggle in the Bay Area and served as inspiration for what has become possible in the struggle against the 1%.
News for Educational Workers
Authors: Vogt Leonard
Published: April 2015

None
Contributors' Notes
Authors: Editor Managing
Published: April 2015

None
Beautiful Dark Twisted Pedagogy: Kanye West and the Lessons of Participatory Culture
Authors: Garcia Antero
Published: April 2015

This article builds off of the author’s classroom experience as a high school teacher in South Central Los Angeles and looks at how cultural shifts with regards to media consumption and production impact liberatory pedagogical practice. Using media superstar Kanye West as a case study, this article argues that today’s classroom practices must expand in ways that reflect a more participatory culture. In particular, West’s marketing and engagement with his audience during the release of his 2010 album My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy highlight how mainstream media practices offer pathways for renewing critical pedagogy in the 21st century.
"'Jackin’ for Beats'": DJing for Citation Critique
Authors: Craig Todd
Published: April 2015

A challenge in teaching English composition is helping students envision plagiarism as “borrowing” – showing love to author(s) and/or text(s) that further their argument(s), versus “stealing” – biting someone’s style and words. Alastair Pennycook (1996) and Sarah Wakefield (2006) have contributed pieces to the elaborate plagiarism/citation puzzle, while Houston Baker situated the hip-hop DJ in seminal text Black Studies, Rap and the Academy (1993). Merging these moments introduces critical questions: Did Diddy invent “the remix” or become the illest beat-biter ever? How did DJ/Producers Pete Rock and Large Professor pay homage to previous musical genres to further hip-hop remix production without just taking 4-8 bar samples, copying sources and claiming unethical ownership? And how can this discussion provide students a window into citation conversations? This article will remix these “texts” to introduce the idea of DJ Rhetoric to discuss plagiarism. Through the lens of the hip-hop DJ in writing classrooms, one can foster an appreciation of the difference between “love and theft” in student citation. This article will couple examples from hip-hop music/culture while simultaneously remixing interviews from various hip-hop DJ/producers to help answer these difficult questions.
Hip Hop Syllabus: AME/MUS 303 Hip Hop: Art, Culture, and Politics
Authors: Hentges Sarah
Published: April 2015

This syllabus represents a course taught online through the University of Maine at Augusta in the fall of 2011 (and every otheryear thereafter). Critical pedagogy can be a challenge in any classroom, and the challenges in an online classroom are compounded. However, the subject matter and approach of Hip Hop can be a powerful tool in teaching students critical thinking skills as well in laying a foundation for interdisciplinary and intersectional theory; here these elements are represented through curriculum—the themes, texts, contexts,approaches, structure, and assignments.
Contributors' Notes
Authors: Vogt Leonard
Published: April 2015

Notes on contributors to RT 97
“The Site of Memory”: Some Riverine Thoughts from India
Authors: Chandran K. Narayana
Published: April 2015

None
A Hacker in Every History Department: An Intelligent Radical’s Guide to the Digital Humanities
Authors: Potter Claire Bond
Published: April 2015

Rather than making the next generation of history Ph.D.'s redundant or contingent laborers, digital technologies and the Internet have the potential to revive full time teaching. Although Digital Humanities is growing rapidly as a field, few history departments have tapped into the power of its pedagogy to teach critical thinking and research skills. Focused on making, rather than banking, knowledge, DH emphasizes flexibility and originality. Furthermore, by giving historians the technical and design skills to work outside the academy, it not only produces a new source of employment but would force universities to compete for historians just as they do for lawyers, economists and scientists.
Addressing Ageism through Eudora Welty’s “A Worn Path”
Authors: Dilgen Regina
Published: April 2015

None
Teaching the Professions
Authors: Williams Jeffrey J.
Published: April 2015

This essay argues that we should teach the professions. The author discusses in particular teaching the rise of the modern professions in conjunction with the development of the Anglo-American novel through the Victorian, modern, and contemporary periods. He also suggests readings from the history and theory of professions, showing how they build a fuller portrait of both the literature and the theory. Teaching the professions is a useful way to examine class. It also opens a way to look at the precarious condition of the professional managerial class today.
A Personal Reflection on Law Teaching, or How I Became an Establishment Insider on the Outside
Authors: Olivas Michael A.
Published: April 2015

I assume that not all readers are au courant with the so-called crisis in legal education. Therefore, it may be useful to offer a brief description of the current problems of the legal profession and the consequent debate occurring among legal educators, bar officials, judges, and lawyers.
Mobilizing to Re-value and Re-skill Foodservice Labor in U.S. School Lunchrooms: A Pathway to Community-level Food Sovereignty?
Authors: Gaddis Jennifer E.
Published: April 2015

School foodservice is a form of reproductive labor, which is a term meant to encompass various kinds of work—mental, manual, and emotional—aimed at providing the historically and socially, as well as biologically, defined care necessary to maintain existing life and to reproduce the next generation. The increasing reliance on part-time work, convenience foods, and privatization that began in the early 1970s prevents many lunchroom workers’ from performing critical acts of reproductive labor. The unintended consequences of this transformation are now becoming clear in terms of the quality of food served in the nation’s lunchrooms, the nature of school foodservice labor, and the ecological consequences of the industrial food system. For a radical food politics, reversing the devaluing and deskilling of school foodservice provides a tremendous opportunity to engage both workers and students in pursuit of a just and sustainable food system. Much is at stake – over thirty million children participate in the National School Lunch Program each day. Thus the critical question becomes one of how such a radical revaluing and reskilling can be initiated. One possible avenue is through organized labor. In this article, I analyze early efforts to drive such a transformation, drawn from twelve months of participatory research with UNITE HERE! during their “Real Food, Real Jobs” campaigns in three U.S. cities.
Logical Warrants and the NSA
Authors: Burns Patricia
Published: April 2015

None
Radical Teaching and the Food Justice Movement: Introduction
Authors: Annas Pamela , Chinn Sarah , O'Malley Susan
Published: April 2015

Introduction to the Radical Teacher cluster issue, "Radical Politics, Food Politics."
The Year's Work in American Humor Studies, 2013
Authors: Michelson Bruce
Published: April 2015

“The Year's Work in American Humor Studies,” an annual feature of Studies in American Humor since 1999, reviews humor scholarship and related materials published during the specified year from many disciplinary perspectives, including humor theory. The review gives special emphasis to studies of humor in American culture, broadly conceived.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Journal of Chemistry, Vol. 7, No. 1
Authors: John Albert
Published: April 2015

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.   Reviewers for Volume 7, Number 1 Ahmad Galadima Ajeet Kumar Ana Sanches-Silva Aprajita Chauhan Bei Ding Binod P Pandey Diego Alonso Farkhondeh Fathi Greg Peters Hiren Chandrakant Mandalia Huawen Wu Ismail Ab Rahman Juan Giner-Casares Konstantinos Kasiotis Marianna Torok Michael Rajesh Stephen Monira Nessem Michael Prathapan Sreedharan Priya Mohan Rabia Rehman Rajasekhar Reddy Naredla Sayandev Chatterjee Sudheer Chava Vijay Ramalingam Yu Chen Yu Hou Zhixin Tian     Albert John On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Chemistry Canadian Center of Science and Education
Cell wall formation in multinucleate pollen grains of Hordeum vulgare anthers cultured in vitro
Authors: Idzikowska Krystyna , Młodzianowski Fortunat
Published: April 2015

Cell wall formation in several-nucleate pollen grains of Hordeum vulgare anthers cultured in vitro was initiated at the intine. The walls grew centripetally and branched, dividing pollen protoplast into a several-celled embryoid.
Influence of light and mineral nitrogen forms on the activity of some enzymes in Cucumis sativus L. cotyledons
Authors: Kubik-Dobosz G. , Soroka K.
Published: April 2015

It was demonstrated that when nitrogen was deficient in the medium, the activity of glutamine synthetase (GS), glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), alanine aminotransferase (GPT) and aspartate aminotransferase (GOT) in etiolated cucumber cotyledons was higher than in those of seedlings growing under light. When the plants grew on nitrate or ammonium medium, light stimulated GS activity and depressed that of GDH and GOT, without changing the activity of GPT. It was found that the influence of the form of mineral nitrogen on the activity of the studied enzymes was dependent on light. On the basis of the results. obtained, the contribution of the GS glutamate synthase system and GDH to the incorporation of the taken up nitrogen into the amino acids in light and in darkness is discussed.
Variability of enzymatic systems in natural populations of Anthyllis vulneraria s. 1. from three geographic regions of Poland. Part I. Ontogenetic variability of enzymatic systems in three woundwort populations during plant development
Authors: Kalinowski Andrzej , Kaczmarek Zygmunt , Bartkowiak Sławomir
Published: April 2015

Analysis of variation in the four enzymatic systems of three populations of Anthyllis vulneraria was made. Different polymorphism of enzyme .protein® in six terms of plant development was found by isoenzyme electrophoresis on polyacrylamide gel. Each population had a specific isoenzyme pattern and specific variability in the terms.
Variability of enzymatic systems in natural populations of Anthyllis vulneraria s. 1. from three geographic regions of Poland. Part II. Geographic variability of enzymatic systems in six woundwort populations
Authors: Kalinowski Andrzej , Kaczmarek Zygmunt , Bartkowiak Sławomir
Published: April 2015

Differences between populations of Anthyllis vulneraria s.l. from three distinct geographic regions of Poland for four enzyme systems showed different variability and various patterns of isoenzymes. The smallest differences between populations from similar habitats were found for two populations from dune. Data from statistical analysis of enzyme variation in the examined natural populations of Anthyllis vulneraria were correlated with data of statistical analyses of morphological features, features of flowers, and analyses of phenolic compounds.
Studies of the variations of the first Schumann resonance frequency during the solar flare on 7 March 2012
Authors: Zhou Hongjuan , Qiao Xiaolin
Published: April 2015

The ELF measurements at the YS station in China during the X5.4 solar flare on 7 March 2012 are examined. The first modal Schumann resonance (SR) frequencies of the horizontal magnetic field components were found to increase by 0.1–0.2 Hz during the X‐ray burst. During the enhancement of the proton flux, the first modal frequency of the east‐west magnetic field component decreases by approximately 0.6 Hz at most, while the variation in the north‐south magnetic field component is less well defined. The mechanisms of the variations are simulated with a finite difference time domain technique by modeling the perturbed conductivity profile in the day‐night asymmetric Earth‐ionosphere cavity and modeling the global lightning source with the raw flash data measured by satellites. The simulated varying trends of the SR frequencies observed near the ground with the altitudes of the conductivity perturbations are nearly the same as those previously reported and are interpreted by the two characteristic height model first proposed by Greifinger and Greifinger. It is concluded that the SR frequencies increase for enhanced conductivity above the altitude of 60–70 km because of the lowered magnetic height and decrease for enhanced conductivity below this altitude due to the lowered electric height. This finding can explain the opposite behaviors of the SR frequencies during X‐ray bursts and strong solar proton events (SPEs). The simulation model in this work proved to be effective, with the simulated shifts in the values of SR frequencies during X‐ray bursts and SPEs being close to the practical measurements.
The GAW‐PFR aerosol optical depth network: The 2008–2013 time series at Cape Point Station, South Africa
Authors: Nyeki S. , Wehrli C. , Gröbner J. , Kouremeti N. , Wacker S. , Labuschagne C. , Mbatha N. , Brunke E.‐G.
Published: April 2015

A ground‐based aerosol optical depth (AOD) climatology is presented for Cape Point (CPT) station, South Africa, for the 2008–2013 period. CPT is part of the Global Atmosphere Watch–Precision Filter Radiometer network which conducts long‐term AOD measurements at remote background sites. AOD (λ = 500 nm) and Ångström exponent (368 to 862 nm; α368–862) averages for the entire period were 0.059 and 0.68, displaying only a weak seasonality. Based on an established method for air mass classification using the in situ wind direction and 222Rn concentration, the following four air mass types were used to further investigate AOD: background marine, marine, mixed, and continental. AOD was similar for all types, but α368–862 was distinctly lower (0.43) for background marine and higher (1.07) for continental air masses, illustrating the presence of coarse mode and anthropogenic aerosols, respectively. Trajectory cluster analysis of 5 day back trajectories confirmed/augmented this classification. AOD for background marine and marine air mass types were consistent with ship‐based (Maritime Aerosol Network) and island (AErosol RObotic NETwork) measurements, suggesting that CPT is a suitable site to monitor pristine conditions in the South Atlantic and Southern Oceans when 222Rn concentrations are < 100 mBq m−3.
Lagrange‐type modeling of continuous dielectric permittivity variation in double‐higher‐order volume integral equation method
Authors: Chobanyan E. , Ilić M. M. , Notaroš B. M.
Published: April 2015

A novel double‐higher‐order entire‐domain volume integral equation (VIE) technique for efficient analysis of electromagnetic structures with continuously inhomogeneous dielectric materials is presented. The technique takes advantage of large curved hexahedral discretization elements—enabled by double‐higher‐order modeling (higher‐order modeling of both the geometry and the current)—in applications involving highly inhomogeneous dielectric bodies. Lagrange‐type modeling of an arbitrary continuous variation of the equivalent complex permittivity of the dielectric throughout each VIE geometrical element is implemented, in place of piecewise homogeneous approximate models of the inhomogeneous structures. The technique combines the features of the previous double‐higher‐order piecewise homogeneous VIE method and continuously inhomogeneous finite element method (FEM). This appears to be the first implementation and demonstration of a VIE method with double‐higher‐order discretization elements and conformal modeling of inhomogeneous dielectric materials embedded within elements that are also higher (arbitrary) order (with arbitrary material‐representation orders within each curved and large VIE element). The new technique is validated and evaluated by comparisons with a continuously inhomogeneous double‐higher‐order FEM technique, a piecewise homogeneous version of the double‐higher‐order VIE technique, and a commercial piecewise homogeneous FEM code. The examples include two real‐world applications involving continuously inhomogeneous permittivity profiles: scattering from an egg‐shaped melting hailstone and near‐field analysis of a Luneburg lens, illuminated by a corrugated horn antenna. The results show that the new technique is more efficient and ensures considerable reductions in the number of unknowns and computational time when compared to the three alternative approaches.