bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
23Na MRI depicts early changes in ion homeostasis in skeletal muscle tissue of patients with duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Gerhalter Teresa , Gast Lena V. , Marty Benjamin , Martin Jan , Trollmann Regina , Schüssler Stephanie , Roemer Frank , Laun Frederik B. , Uder Michael , Schröder Rolf , Carlier Pierre G. , Nagel Armin M.
Published: February 2019

Background

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is a hereditary neuromuscular disease leading to progressive muscle wasting. Since there is a need for MRI variables that serve as early sensitive indicators of response to treatment, several quantitative MRI methods have been suggested for disease monitoring.

Purpose

To evaluate the potential of sodium (23Na) and proton (1H) MRI methods to assess early pathological changes in skeletal muscle of DMD.

Study Type

Prospective clinical study.

Population

23Na and 1H MRI of the right leg were performed in 13 patients with DMD (age 7.8 ± 2.4) and 14 healthy boys (age 9.5 ± 2.2).

Field Strength/Sequence

3 T including a multiecho‐spin‐echo sequence, diffusion‐weighted sequences, 1H spectroscopy, 3‐pt Dixon, and 23Na ultrashort echo time sequences.

Assessment

We obtained water T2 maps, fat fraction (FF), pH, and diffusion properties of the skeletal muscle tissue. Moreover, total tissue sodium concentration (TSC) was calculated from the 23Na sequence. Intracellular‐weighted 23Na signal (ICwS) was derived from 23Na inversion‐recovery imaging.

Statistical Tests

Results from DMD patients and controls were compared using Wilcoxon rank‐sum tests and repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA). Spearman‐rank correlations and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated to assess the performance of the different MRI methods to distinguish dystrophic from healthy muscle tissue.

Results

FF, water T2, and pH were higher in DMD patients (0.07 ± 0.03, 39.4 ± 0.8 msec, 7.06 ± 0.03, all P < 0.05) than in controls (0.02 ± 0.01, 36.0 ± 0.4 msec, 7.03 ± 0.02). No difference was observed in diffusion properties. TSC (26.0 ± 1.3 mM, P < 0.05) and ICwS (0.69 ± 0.05 a.u., P < 0.05) were elevated in DMD (controls: 16.5 ± 1.3 mM and 0.47 ± 0.04 a.u.). The ICwS was frequently abnormal in DMD even when water T2, FF, and pH were in the normal range. 23Na MRI showed higher AUC values in comparison to the 1H methods.

Data Conclusion

Sodium anomalies were regularly observed in patients with DMD compared with controls, and were present even in absence of fatty degenerative changes and water T2 increases.

Level of Evidence: 1

Technical Efficacy: Stage 2

J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2019;50:1103–1113.
Effects of immobilization angle on tendon healing after achilles rupture in a rat model
Authors: Hillin Cody D. , Fryhofer George W. , Freedman Benjamin R. , Choi Daniel S. , Weiss Stephanie N. , Huegel Julianne , Soslowsky Louis J.
Published: February 2019

Conservative (non‐operative) treatment of Achilles tendon ruptures is a common alternative to operative treatment. Following rupture, ankle immobilization in plantarflexion is thought to aid healing by restoring tendon end‐to‐end apposition. However, early activity may improve limb function, challenging the role of immobilization position on tendon healing, as it may affect loading across the injury site. This study investigated the effects of ankle immobilization angle in a rat model of Achilles tendon rupture. We hypothesized that manipulating the ankle from full plantarflexion into a more dorsiflexed position during the immobilization period would result in superior hindlimb function and tendon properties, but that prolonged casting in dorsiflexion would result in inferior outcomes. After Achilles tendon transection, animals were randomized into eight immobilization groups ranging from full plantarflexion (160°) to mid‐point (90°) to full dorsiflexion (20°), with or without angle manipulation. Tendon properties and ankle function were influenced by ankle immobilization position and time. Tendon lengthening occurred after 1 week at 20° compared to more plantarflexed angles, and was associated with loss of propulsion force. Dorsiflexing the ankle during immobilization from 160° to 90° produced a stiffer, more aligned tendon, but did not lead to functional changes compared to immobilization at 160°. Although more dorsiflexed immobilization can enhance tissue properties and function of healing Achilles tendon following rupture, full dorsiflexion creates significant tendon elongation regardless of application time. This study suggests that the use of moderate plantarflexion and earlier return to activity can provide improved clinical outcomes. © 2019 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res
Predicting peri‐implant disease: Chi‐square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) decision tree analysis of risk indicators
Authors: Atieh Momen A. , Pang Ju Keat , Lian Kylie , Wong Stephanie , Tawse‐Smith Andrew , Ma Sunyoung , Duncan Warwick J.
Published: February 2019

Background

Further validation of the risk indicators / predictors for peri‐implant diseases is required to allow clinicians and patients to make informed decisions and optimize dental implant treatment outcomes. The aim of this study was to build prediction models, using Chi‐square automatic interaction detection (CHAID) analysis, to determine which systemic‐, patient‐, implant‐, site‐, surgical‐ and prostheses‐related risk indicators had more impact on the onset of peri‐implant diseases.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of 200 patients who received implant‐supported prostheses between 1998 and 2011 was conducted to evaluate the prevalences and risk indicators for peri‐implant mucositis and peri‐implantitis. The data were further analyzed using CHAID to produce two predictive models.

Results

The prevalence of peri‐implant mucositis was 20.2% and 10.2% for patients and implants, respectively, while the prevalence of peri‐implantitis was 10.1% at the patient level and 5.4% at the implant level. CHAID decision tree analysis identified three predictors (history of treated periodontitis, absence of regular supportive peri‐implant maintenance, and use of bone graft) for peri‐implant mucositis and three predictors (smoking, absence of regular supportive peri‐implant maintenance, and placement of ≥2 implants) for peri‐implantitis.

Conclusions

Within the limitations of this study, CHAID decision tree analysis identified the most plausible risk indicators and provided two predictive models for use in a particular university setting that would allow early detection and ensure appropriate care and maintenance of patients at high risk of peri‐implant diseases.
A metagenomic analysis of the modulatory effect of Cyclocarya paliurus flavonoids on the intestinal microbiome in a high‐fat diet‐induced obesity mouse model
Authors: Cheng Lu , Chen Yuhui , Zhang Xin , Zheng Xiaojie , Cao Jinxuan , Wu Zufang , Qin Wenyan , Cheng Kejun
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

As a result of a low bioavailability, the majority of Cyclocarya paliurus flavonoids (CPF) remain in the large intestine where they accumulate to exert a modulatory effect on the intestinal micro‐ecology. Therefore, the present study investigated the modulatory effect of CPF on intestinal microbiota.

RESULTS

CPF dramatically ameliorated the obesity‐induced gut dysbiosis. A significant decrease (P < 0.05) was observed in the ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes after CPF treatment for 8 weeks. Moreover, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways of biosynthesis of amino acids, the two‐component system and ATP‐binding cassette transporters enriched the most differentially expressed genes after CPF intervention.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study indicate that CPF might have prebiotic‐like activity and could be used as a functional food component with potential therapeutic utility to prevent obesity‐related metabolic disorders by manipulating the gut flora and affecting certain metabolic pathways, thus contributing to the improvement of human health. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Development of reduced cost diets for the mass rearing of false codling moth (Thaumatotibia leucotreta)
Authors: Woods Michael J , Boersma Nevil , Hoffman Louwrens C , Pieterse Elsje
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Four trials were conducted; the first established optimal cooking time for false codling moth diets using a microwave oven while the other three trials aimed at determining nutrient requirements, testing these, and evaluating alternative cheaper raw materials.

RESULTS

Microwave preparation for 8 min, using a 1000 W microwave oven was found to be the optimal cooking time for all treatment diets at 200 g kg−1 moisture. The minimum specification (MS) diet yielded more larvae per jar (mean ± standard deviation) (759 ± 29) than the control (CON) (652 ± 32) diet and the ideal amino acid profile (IAAP) diet (596 ± 46). The third trial subsequently utilized diets formulated according to the MS diet nutrient specifications but using novel and cheaper raw materials (D1 and D2). Production characteristics of diets D1 and D2 was compared to that of CON. Diets D1 and D2 yielded more larvae per jar (D1 = 911 ± 40; D2 = 830 ± 40) than that of CON (428 ± 40) with the added advantage that the newly formulated diets were cheaper.

CONCLUSION

Reduced cost feeds were formulated, mixed and tested which resulted in substantial saving in the mass rearing of the species for integrated pest management. This method shows potential for diet development of other insect species as well. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Consumer acceptance and sensory drivers of liking for high plant protein snacks
Authors: Saint‐Eve Anne , Granda Pablo , Legay Guillaume , Cuvelier Gérard , Delarue Julien
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

Consumers are being encouraged to increase the proportion of plant protein in their diet to tend to a sustainable food system. Solutions could include developing a food rich in plant protein. However, these new products have an interest only if they are in accordance with expectation and the liking of consumers. In this context, extruded snack balls were developed to explore the sensory drivers of liking and barriers to consumption of formulated products with a high level of plant proteins. Eight different products varying in the type of cereal flour (rice or wheat) and pea flour content (from 60% to 90%) were developed following a factorial design. Eighty omnivore and 72 flexitarian consumers were recruited to evaluate the liking of these products. In addition, their sensory properties were described by a trained panel according to a profile method.

RESULTS

The cereal type had globally more influence on liking than the percentage of pea. However, liking was inversely correlated with pea flour content, regardless of the cereal type. The main drivers of liking are texture criteria (in particular crispy and puffy), whereas flavor perception (pea, green) constitutes a barrier to acceptance. Interestingly, very few differences of liking were observed depending on the diet of consumers even though the attitudes of flexitarian'towards such type of products differed from those of omnivores. We identified three clusters of consumers based on their preferences. Pea flavor acceptance or rejection could explain these clusters. Although most consumers rejected pea flavor, approximately 40% of the participants preferred the products with highest pea content.

CONCLUSION

The results of the present study will help provide guidance for innovative plant food design and formulation. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Improvement of the antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria in combination with berries/fruits and dairy industry by‐products
Authors: Bartkiene Elena , Lele Vita , Sakiene Vytaute , Zavistanaviciute Paulina , Ruzauskas Modestas , Bernatoniene Jurga , Jakstas Valdas , Viskelis Pranas , Zadeike Daiva , Juodeikiene Grazina
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

By‐products from berries/fruits (B/F) and the dairy industry (DI) are an important environmental issue in many countries. In the present study, the concept of an improvement of the antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in combination with B/F (raspberries, blackcurrants, apples, rowanberries) and DI by‐products was analysed. Antimicrobial activities of the B/F by‐products and LAB (13 LAB strains were estimated against 15 pathogenic strains) were evaluated, with whey substrate being used for the selected and the highest antimicrobial activities showing LAB cultivation.

RESULTS

The broadest spectrum of pathogenic bacteria inhibition was shown by lyophilised blackcurrant and apple by‐products, which inhibited 13 and 12 pathogenic strains of the 15 strains analysed, respectively. The strongest inhibition of the tested pathogens were shown by the Lactobacillus uvarum LUHS245 and Lactobacillus casei LUHS210 and, for the abovementioned LAB biomass preparation, whey enriched with 2.5 g 100 g−1 glucose, 2.0 g 100 g−1 yeast extract and 0.5 g 100 g−1 saccharose is a suitable and sustainable substrate. The B/F by‐product's antimicrobial activity can be enhanced in combination with the LUHS245 and LUHS210 strains.

CONCLUSION

LAB, B/F and DI by‐products can be used for preparation of antimicrobial products because the combination of compounds from different origins showed higher antimicrobial properties. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
The Dynamic Relations Among Peritraumatic Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms: An Experience Sampling Study During Wartime
Authors: Gelkopf Marc , Lapid Pickman Liron , Carlson Eve B. , Greene Talya
Published: February 2019

The associations among peritraumatic posttraumatic stress symptoms (P‐PTSS) in the immediate aftermath of trauma exposure, including those in the posttraumatic stress disorder clusters of intrusions, avoidance, negative cognitions and mood (NCM), and arousal, might indicate mechanisms through which enduring PTSD develops. During a period of war, exposed participants (N = 181) were sent twice‐daily questionnaires for 30 days via smartphone. We repeatedly assessed the predictive associations between the P‐PTSS clusters over time. We performed a multilevel pathway analysis built of multiple triple sequence responses (6,221 cases) on each of the four P‐PTSS clusters at a mean time lag of 12 hr (Model A) and 24 hr (Model B) for 181 participants, 85 of whom had been diagnosed with a serious mental illness. Arousal predicted intrusion in Models A and B, bA = 0.08, 95% CI [0.03, 0.12], p < .001 and bB = 0.03, 95% CI [0.00, 0.07], p = .051, respectively; and NCM in Models A and B, bA = 0.09, 95% CI [0.05, 0.12], p < .001 and bB = 0.06, 95% CI [0.03, 0.09], p < .001, respectively. Intrusion predicted arousal in Model B, bB = 0.05, 95% CI [0.01, 0.08], p = .010. NCM predicted arousal, bA = 0.10, 95% CI [0.05, 0.14], p < .001, and avoidance bA = 0.05, 95% CI [0.00, 0.11], p = .052, in Model A. Avoidance did not predict any other cluster. Arousal seemed to be acting as a hub, strengthening feedback loops to and from NCM and intrusion.
Can anatomical assessment of hypopharyngolarynx in awake patients predict obstructive sleep apnea?
Authors: Bolzer Adrien , Toussaint Bruno , Rumeau Cécile , Gallet Patrice , Jankowski Roger , Nguyen Duc Trung
Published: February 2019

Objectives/Hypothesis

To assess the relationships between laryngeal and hypopharyngeal morphology and obstructive sleep apnea‐hypopnea syndrome (OSAHS) in awake patients.

Study Design

Prospective study.

Methods

Awake flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy and sleep studies were performed in 80 patients for snoring or OSAHS suspicion. Endoscopic videos were reviewed by two examiners to assess morphological characteristics of hypopharynx and larynx using a standardized examination of appearance, shape and position of epiglottis, shape of retropharyngeal‐epiglottic aerospace (RPEA), modified Cormack‐Lehane score, and length ratios of the hypopharynx and epiglottis. The multivariate logistic regression model was used to assess independent predictors of moderate/severe OSAHS.

Results

The interrater agreements were moderate for epiglottis appearance (κ = 0.52), epiglottis form (κ = 0.66), and epiglottis position (κ = 0.49), but fair for the shape of RPEA (κ = 0.26) and modified Cormack‐Lehane scoring (κ = 0.38). The presence of a mega‐epiglottis was significantly correlated with the severity of OSAHS (P < .05). By multivariate logistic regression analysis, independent predictors of moderate/severe obstructive sleep apnea were mega‐epiglottis (adjusted odds ratio [aOR]: = 4.78, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.23‐18.56, P = .024), modified Cormack‐Lehane score of 2 (aOR: 15.3, 95% CI: 1.8‐130.3, P = .012), or modified Cormack‐Lehane score of 3 (aOR: 10.03, 95% CI: 1.3‐78.2, P = .03) and aging (aOR = 1.07, 95% CI: 1.01‐1.14, P = .025).

Conclusions

Routine flexible fiberoptic laryngoscopy performed by otorhinolaryngologists in awake patients may help to detect some predictors of OSAHS such as presence of mega‐epiglottis, and modified Cormack‐Lehane score of 2 or more. Investigation of sleep disorders should be proposed in these patients.

Level of Evidence

2 Laryngoscope, 129:2782–2788, 2019
Deciphering the effects of nitrogen, phosphorus, and temperature on cyanobacterial bloom intensification, diversity, and toxicity in western Lake Erie
Authors: Jankowiak Jennifer , Hattenrath‐Lehmann Theresa , Kramer Benjamin J. , Ladds Megan , Gobler Christopher J.
Published: February 2019

Although cyanobacterial harmful algal blooms (CHABs) are promoted by nutrient loading and elevated temperatures, the effects of these processes on bloom diversity are unclear. This study used traditional and next‐generation sequencing approaches to assess shifts in phytoplankton, cyanobacterial (16S rRNA), and microcystin‐producing (mcyE) communities during CHABs in western Lake Erie (Maumee and Sandusky Bays) in response to natural and experimental gradients of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and temperature. CHABs were most intense near the Maumee and Sandusky Rivers and were dominated by Microcystis and Planktothrix, respectively. Sequencing of 16S amplicons revealed cryptic cyanobacterial diversity (47 genera) including high abundances of two distinct clades of Synechococcus in both bays and significant differences in community structure between nutrient‐rich nearshore sites and less eutrophic offshore sites. Sequencing of mcyE genes revealed low taxonomic (n = 3) but high genetic diversity (n = 807), with toxigenic strains of Planktothrix being more abundant than Microcystis and more closely paralleling microcystin concentrations. Cyanobacterial abundance significantly increased in response to elevated N, with the greatest increases in combined high N, P, and temperature treatments that concurrently suppressed green and brown algae. N significantly increased microcystin concentrations and the relative abundance of nondiazotrophic genera such as Planktothrix, while diazotrophic genera such as Dolichospermum and Aphanizomenon were, in some cases, enhanced by high P and temperature. While nutrients and elevated temperatures promote CHABs, differing combinations selectively promote individual cyanobacterial genera and strains, indicating management of both N and P will be required to control all cyanobacteria in Lake Erie, particularly as lake temperatures rise.
Degradation of macroalgal detritus in shallow coastal Antarctic sediments
Authors: Braeckman U. , Pasotti F. , Vázquez S. , Zacher K. , Hoffmann R. , Elvert M. , Marchant H. , Buckner C. , Quartino M. L. , Mác Cormack W. , Soetaert K. , Wenzhöfer F. , Vanreusel A.
Published: February 2019

Glaciers along the western Antarctic Peninsula are retreating at unprecedented rates, opening up sublittoral rocky substrate for colonization by marine organisms such as macroalgae. When macroalgae are physically detached due to storms or erosion, their fragments can accumulate in seabed hollows, where they can be grazed upon by herbivores or be degraded microbially or be sequestered. To understand the fate of the increasing amount of macroalgal detritus in Antarctic shallow subtidal sediments, a mesocosm experiment was conducted to track 13C‐ and 15N‐labeled macroalgal detritus into the benthic bacterial, meiofaunal, and macrofaunal biomass and respiration of sediments from Potter Cove (King George Island). We compared the degradation pathways of two macroalgae species: one considered palatable for herbivores (the red algae Palmaria decipiens) and other considered nonpalatable for herbivores (the brown algae Desmarestia anceps). The carbon from Palmaria was recycled at a higher rate than that of Desmarestia, with herbivores such as amphipods playing a stronger role in the early degradation process of the Palmaria fragments and the microbial community taking over at a later stage. In contrast, Desmarestia was more buried in the subsurface sediments, stimulating subsurface bacterial degradation. Macrofauna probably relied indirectly on Desmarestia carbon, recycled by bacteria and microphytobenthos. The efficient cycling of the nutrients and carbon from the macroalgae supports a positive feedback loop among bacteria, microphytobenthos, and meiofaunal and macrofaunal grazers, resulting in longer term retention of macroalgal nutrients in the sediment, hence creating a food bank for the benthos.
Neuroplastin‐β mediates S100A8/A9‐induced lung cancer disseminative progression
Authors: Sumardika I Wayan , Chen Youyi , Tomonobu Nahoko , Kinoshita Rie , Ruma I Made Winarsa , Sato Hiroki , Kondo Eisaku , Inoue Yusuke , Yamauchi Akira , Murata Hitoshi , Yamamoto Ken‐ichi , Tomida Shuta , Shien Kazuhiko , Yamamoto Hiromasa , Soh Junichi , Futami Junichiro , Putranto Endy Widya , Hibino Toshihiko , Nishibori Masahiro , Toyooka Shinichi , Sakaguchi Masakiyo
Published: February 2019

Compiling evidence indicates an unusual role of extracellular S100A8/A9 in cancer metastasis. S100A8/A9 secreted from either cancer cells or normal cells including epithelial and inflammatory cells stimulates cancer cells through S100A8/A9 sensor receptors in an autocrine or paracrine manner, leading to cancer cell metastatic progression. We previously reported a novel S100A8/A9 receptor, neuroplastin‐β (NPTNβ), which plays a critical role in atopic dermatitis when it is highly activated in keratinocytes by an excess amount of extracellular S100A8/A9 in the inflammatory skin lesion. Interestingly, our expression profiling of NPTNβ showed significantly high expression levels in lung cancer cell lines in a consistent manner. We hence aimed to determine the significance of NPTNβ as an S100A8/A9 receptor in lung cancer. Our results showed that NPTNβ has strong ability to induce cancer‐related cellular events, including anchorage‐independent growth, motility and invasiveness, in lung cancer cells in response to extracellular S100A8/A9, eventually leading to the expression of a cancer disseminative phenotype in lung tissue in vivo. Mechanistic investigation revealed that binding of S100A8/A9 to NPTNβ mediates activation of NFIA and NFIB and following SPDEF transcription factors through orchestrated upstream signals from TRAF2 and RAS, which is linked to anchorage‐independent growth, motility and invasiveness. Overall, our results indicate the importance of the S100A8/A9‐NPTNβ axis in lung cancer disseminative progression and reveal a pivotal role of its newly identified downstream signaling, TRAF2/RAS‐NFIA/NFIB‐SPDEF, in linking to the aggressive development of lung cancers.
AKT‐dependent sugar addiction by benzyl isothiocyanate in breast cancer cells
Authors: Roy Ruchi , Hahm Eun‐Ryeong , White Alexander G. , Anderson Carolyn J. , Singh Shivendra V.
Published: February 2019

The overall promise of breast cancer chemoprevention is exemplified by clinical success of selective estrogen receptor modulators and aromatase inhibitors. Despite clinical efficacy, these interventions have limitations, including rare but serious side effects and lack of activity against estrogen receptor‐negative breast cancers. We have shown previously that dietary administration of benzyl isothiocyanate (BITC), which occurs naturally as a thioglucoside conjugate in edible cruciferous vegetables, inhibits development of estrogen receptor‐negative breast cancer in mouse mammary tumor virus‐neu (MMTV‐neu) transgenic mice. This study demonstrates AKT‐mediated sugar addiction in breast cancer chemoprevention by BITC. BITC‐treated MMTV‐neu mice exhibited increased 2‐deoxy‐2‐(18F)‐fluoro‐D‐glucose (18F‐FDG) uptake in mammary tumors in vivo in comparison with mice fed basal diet. Cellular studies using MDA‐MB‐231 and SUM159 human breast cancer cell lines revealed BITC‐mediated induction and punctate localization of glucose transporter GLUT‐1, which was accompanied by an increase in intracellular pyruvate levels. BITC treatment resulted in increased S473 phosphorylation (activation) of AKT in cells in vitro as well as in mammary tumors of MMTV‐neu mice in vivo. Increased glucose uptake, punctate pattern of GLUT‐1 localization, and intracellular pyruvate levels resulting from BITC exposure were significantly attenuated in the presence of a pharmacological inhibitor of AKT (MK‐2206). Inhibition of AKT augmented BITC‐mediated inhibition of cell migration and colony formation. BITC‐induced apoptotic cell death was also increased by pharmacological inhibition of AKT. These results indicate increased glucose uptake/metabolism by BITC treatment in breast cancer cells suggesting that breast cancer chemoprevention by BITC may be augmented by pharmacological inhibition of AKT.
Sohlh2 inhibits breast cancer cell proliferation by suppressing Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway
Authors: Zhang Xiaoli , Liu Ruihua , Zhao Na , Ji Shufang , Hao Chunyan , Cui Weiwei , Zhang Ruihong , Hao Jing
Published: February 2019

Sohlh2 belongs to the superfamily of basic helix‐loop‐helix (bhlh) transcription factors. Aberrant expression of bhlh transcription factors has been shown to be associated with multiple tumorigenesis. We previously identified that sohlh2 functioned as a tumor suppressor in ovarian cancer. Here, we examined the expression levels of sohlh2 in human breast cancer and its potential role in disease pathogenesis. The results of sohlh2 immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blot analysis demonstrated the decreased sohlh2 expression in breast cancer specimens as compared to adjacent noncancerous tissues. Through in vitro MTT, BrdU, colony formation and cell cycle assays and in vivo tumor xenograft studies, we showed that forced expression of sohlh2 led to a significant reduction in proliferation due to G1 arrest in vitro and tumorigenesis in nude mice. Conversely, silencing of sohlh2 enhanced breast cancer cell proliferation. Furthermore, we confirmed that sohlh2 inhibited breast cancer cell proliferation by suppressing the Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. APC was the direct target of sohlh2, and mediated the inhibitory activities of sohlh2 on Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway. Thus, our data indicate that sohlh2 likely functions as a tumor suppressor in breast cancer that is mediated by repressing Wnt/β‐catenin signaling pathway via upregulation of APC expression.
N-Mixture Modeling of River Herring Egg Abundance and Distribution in the Tributaries of the Hudson River
Authors: Kowalik David M. , Eakin William W.
Published: February 2019

N-mixture models are often employed to estimate latent organismal abundance while concurrently accounting for detection probability. Our study offers a novel means for simultaneously measuring abundance, detection probability, and gear efficiency by focusing on a previously understudied and relatively immobile subject (river herring eggs). Custom-designed egg mats accommodating two individual collecting surfaces were deployed in two tributaries of the Hudson River (Fall Kill and Black Creek, New York) to collect anadromous river herring eggs during the spawn. Mats were orientated approximately parallel to streamflow under a stratified random sampling design. Strata were defined as three equidistant spatial segments measured from a given tributary's confluence with the main stem of the Hudson River to its first impassable barrier to fish migration. In total, 93 sites were surveyed, with the majority of eggs being detected within the upper two-thirds of each respective tributary. Throughout the course of the sampling season, an average of 1,585 eggs per egg mat subsampling event was recovered from the upper two strata of Black Creek, and 2,619 eggs per subsampling event were recovered from the upper two strata of the Fall Kill. In Black Creek, an egg density of 568 eggs per 58.1-cm2 egg mat subsample was observed over an average deployment duration of 3.7 d at a detection rate of 82%. In the Fall Kill, an egg density of 1,222 eggs per 58.1-cm2 subsample was observed over an average deployment duration of 3.9 d at a detection rate of 92%. The N-mixture negative binomial model outperformed Poisson and zero-inflated Poisson N-mixture models in estimating river herring egg abundance using Akaike's information criterion model comparison indices. In terms of iteration processing time, N-mixture modeling using the “unmarked” package in R proved to be more efficient than Bayesian-based hierarchical modeling processed through the “jagsUI” package.
Dealing with inconsistent weather warnings: effects on warning quality and intended actions
Authors: Weyrich Philippe , Scolobig Anna , Patt Anthony
Published: February 2019

In the past four decades, the private weather forecast sector has been developing next to National Meteorological and Hydrological Services, resulting in additional weather providers. This plurality has led to a critical duplication of public weather warnings. For a specific event, different providers disseminate warnings that are more or less severe, or that are visualized differently, leading to inconsistent information that could impact perceived warning quality and response. So far, past research has not studied the influence of inconsistent information from multiple providers. This knowledge gap is addressed here. An inconsistency matrix was developed and employed to categorize the level of inconsistency across multiple warnings. The matrix provides warning pairs inconsistent in visualization, text or both. A survey experiment was conducted in Switzerland (N = 1,335). The results show that half of the people who received warnings from different providers for the same event indicated that these were inconsistent. The evaluation of warning quality and intended actions in a decision scenario characterized by two severe rainfall warnings shows the negative impacts of inconsistency. For example, consistent warnings are least confusing and inconsistent visual and textual warnings are most confusing. However, there are no significant differences in the effects of inconsistent textual information compared to inconsistent visual information on warning quality and intended actions. These findings offer empirical justification to enhance co‐operation between public and private weather providers. To improve warnings, the providers should find an agreement to be consistent either in the text or in the visualization.
Effect of d‐psicose substitution on gelatin based soft candies: A TD‐NMR study
Authors: Pocan Pelin , Ilhan Esmanur , Oztop Mecit Halil
Published: February 2019

Confectionary gels are considered as composite gel systems composed of high amount of sugar and gelling agent such as gelatin or starch. d‐Psicose is classified as a type of rare sugar, which is a C‐3 epimer of fructose and has 70% of the sweetness of sucrose with a caloric value of 0.39 kcal/g. Utilization of d‐psicose in food products is gaining particular interest due to its low caloric value. In this study, gelatin‐based soft candies were formulated, and the effect of d‐psicose substitution was explored on the quality of the products. For characterization of the soft candies, moisture content, water activity, color, hardness, and glass transition temperature of samples were investigated. X‐ray diffraction analysis was also performed to explain the crystallization tendency of jelly candies. Results showed that, the softest sample with the highest moisture content and the smallest crystallization tendency was the sample that included the highest amount of d‐psicose. Time domain (TD) NMR relaxometry experiments were also conducted on gel samples, and three distinct proton populations were observed in the relaxation spectrum for all formulations. Spin–lattice relaxation times obtained through monoexponential fitting (T1) were also obtained to explain some quality parameters.
Evaluation of principal component analysis image denoising on multi‐exponential MRI relaxometry
Authors: Does Mark D. , Olesen Jonas Lynge , Harkins Kevin D. , Serradas‐Duarte Teresa , Gochberg Daniel F. , Jespersen Sune N. , Shemesh Noam
Published: February 2019

Purpose

Multi‐exponential relaxometry is a powerful tool for characterizing tissue, but generally requires high image signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR). This work evaluates the use of principal‐component‐analysis (PCA) denoising to mitigate these SNR demands and improve the precision of relaxometry measures.

Methods

PCA denoising was evaluated using both simulated and experimental MRI data. Bi‐exponential transverse relaxation signals were simulated for a wide range of acquisition and sample parameters, and experimental data were acquired from three excised and fixed mouse brains. In both cases, standard relaxometry analysis was performed on both original and denoised image data, and resulting estimated signal parameters were compared.

Results

Denoising reduced the root‐mean‐square‐error of parameters estimated from multi‐exponential relaxometry by factors of ≈3×, for typical acquisition and sample parameters. Denoised images and subsequent parameter maps showed little or no signs of spatial artifact or loss of resolution.

Conclusion

Experimental studies and simulations demonstrate that PCA denoising of MRI relaxometry data is an effective method of improving parameter precision without sacrificing image resolution. This simple yet important processing step thus paves the way for broader applicability of multi‐exponential MRI relaxometry.
Thermal degradation kinetics of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites prepared by injection molding compounder
Authors: Vimalathithan Paramsamy Kannan , Barile Claudia , Casavola Caterina , Arunachalam Sundaresan , Battisti Markus Gottfried , Friesenbichler Walter , Vijayakumar Chinnaswamy Thangavel
Published: February 2019

Polypropylene/clay nanocomposites with different nanoparticles are prepared using a specially designed polymer nanocomposite injection molding compounder with a hyperbolic nozzle. The thermal degradation kinetics is studied by estimating the kinetic parameter, activation energy through ASTM E1641 procedure and by the procedures suggested by ICTAC. The activation energies of PP/MMT and PP/OMHT are increasing from 121 and 147 kJ/mol K, respectively, while PP/OMMT and PP/MICA are rather on a linear or a slightly decreasing trend from 160 and 165 kJ/mol K, respectively, over the extent of conversion. The similar trend can be observed in pre‐exponential factor between the different nanocomposites. The reaction model curve explains the complexity of the degradation over the extent of conversion for different nanocomposites. The optimum working temperature of the different nanocomposites prepared is estimated from the kinetic parameters obtained. The nanocomposites PP/OMMT and PP/MICA can operate for 20,000 h before losing its efficiency at 211 and 209°C, respectively, whereas, PP/MMT and PP/OMHT can operate at 165 and 198°C, respectively. The influence of the different nanoparticles, their physical and chemical characteristics in the improvement of the thermal stability has been explained. POLYM. COMPOS., 40:3634–3643, 2019. © 2019 Society of Plastics Engineers
ARF5/MONOPTEROS directly regulates miR390 expression in the Arabidopsis thaliana primary root meristem
Authors: Dastidar Mouli Ghosh , Scarpa Andrea , Mägele Ira , Ruiz‐Duarte Paola , von Born Patrick , Bald Lotte , Jouannet Virginie , Maizel Alexis
Published: February 2019

The root meristem is organized around a quiescent center (QC) surrounded by stem cells that generate all cell types of the root. In the transit‐amplifying compartment, progeny of stem cells further divides prior to differentiation. Auxin controls the size of this transit‐amplifying compartment via auxin response factors (ARFs) that interact with auxin response elements (AuxREs) in the promoter of their targets. The microRNA miR390 regulates abundance of ARF2, ARF3, and ARF4 by triggering the production of trans‐acting (ta)‐siRNA from the TAS3 precursor. This miR390/TAS3/ARF regulatory module confers sensitivity and robustness to auxin responses in diverse developmental contexts and organisms. Here, we show that miR390 is expressed in the transit‐amplifying compartment of the root meristem where it modulates response to exogenous auxin. We show that a single AuxRE located in miR390 promoter is necessary for miR390 expression in this compartment and identify that ARF5/MONOPTEROS (MP) binds miR390 promoter via the AuxRE. We show that interfering with ARF5/MP‐dependent auxin signaling attenuates miR390 expression in the transit‐amplifying compartment of the root meristem. Our results show that ARF5/MP regulates directly the expression of miR390 in the root meristem. We propose that ARF5, miR390, and the ta‐siRNAs‐regulated ARFs modulate the response of the transit‐amplifying region of the meristem to exogenous auxin.
A molecular electron density theory study of Diels‐Alder reaction between Danishefsky's diene and (2E)‐3‐phenyl‐2‐(trifluoromethyl) acrylonitrile
Authors: Afshari Tooba , Mohsennia Mohsen
Published: February 2019

The Diels‐Alder reaction between Danishefsky's diene (DD4) and (2E)‐3‐phenyl‐2‐(trifluoromethyl) acrylonitrile (EPTA5) at 393 K in the presence of toluene has been studied using the molecular electron density theory at the M06‐2X/6‐31G(d,p) computational level. The calculated relative Gibbs free energies indicated that the studied reaction takes place in a complete regioselective and stereoselective manner in which the most nucleophilic center of DD4is attacked by the most electrophilic center of EPTA5passing through the stationary point ofTS2n. It was shown that theTS2naffords the corresponding cycloadduct ofCA2nas the unique product in excellent agreement with the experimental outcomes. On the other hand, a great destabilizing steric repulsion between methoxy moiety of DD4and the trifluoromethyl moiety of EPTA5along the exo stereoselective approach is responsible for the predominance of the endo approach over the exo one. The nucleophilic and electrophilic Parr functions at the reactive sites of the DD4and EPTA5have been used to explain the regioselectivity of the Diels‐Alder reaction. According to the electron localization function analysis of the intrinsic reaction coordinate profile of the energetically most preferredTS2n, a nonconcertedtwo‐stage one‐stepmolecular mechanism has been proposed. The mechanism indicated the formation of C1C6 single bond through coupling of C1 to C6 and subsequent C4C5 single bond through coupling of C4 to C5 at cycloadductCA2n.
Can posttraumatic growth after breast cancer promote positive coping?—A cross‐lagged study
Authors: Hamama‐Raz Yaira , Pat‐Horenczyk Ruth , Roziner Ilan , Perry Shlomit , Stemmer Salomon M.
Published: February 2019

Objectives

The diagnosis of breast cancer can be associated with significant emotional distress, yet, over time, cancer survivors also may experience positive psychological changes labeled posttraumatic growth (PTG). Two alternative paths between coping strategies and PTG were tested among breast cancer patients, employing longitudinal design: Would PTG after medical treatment of breast cancer lead to an increase in reporting positive coping strategies; alternatively, would positive coping strategies after medical treatment of breast cancer lead to increased PTG.

Methods

A longitudinal study was conducted among 198 breast cancer patients who completed validated self‐report scales, at five time points: at 3 months after completing active medical treatment (T1); after 6 months (T2); after 1 year (T3); after 2 years (T4); and after 7 years (T5). The current study analyzes three time points: T1, T3, and T5 using structural equation modeling.

Results

Our results support the path that describes the first alternative, that higher report of PTG after medical treatment of breast cancer patients would lead to increased report of positive coping strategies. In addition, positive coping strategies were found to be positively linked to PTG after 6 months, and the link was slightly stronger after 2 years. Nevertheless, 7 years after diagnosis, no association was found between positive coping strategies and PTG measurements.

Conclusions

Finding positive meaning after coping with breast cancer, as reflected in PTG, may be a significant resource in coping with cancer, and it may lead to increase of positive coping strategies.
GaN‐Based Nanorods/Graphene Heterostructures for Optoelectronic Applications
Authors: Sarau George , Heilmann Martin , Latzel Michael , Tessarek Christian , Christiansen Silke
Published: February 2019

The insulating character of sapphire, meltback etching of Si, bulk and surface defects prevented the efficient integration of GaN nanostructures in optoelectronic devices. Here, it is demonstrated that graphene can simultaneously serve as an electrical bottom contact, a chemically inert buffer layer, and a superior lattice and thermal matched growth substrate. Vertically aligned, high crystal quality GaN nanorods (NRs) without bulk defects such as threading dislocations and with only a mild strain at the NRs’ base are grown by metal‐organic vapor‐phase epitaxy on defect‐free graphene using nanometer‐sized AlxGa1−xN nucleation islands. Here no influence of the supporting substrate on the GaN epitaxy is observed. However, at defects in graphene the effects of dangling bonds and the underlying substrate, presumably through nanoholes in graphene, on the properties of GaN NRs are visible. It is also shown that surface defects in InxGa1−xN/GaN NRs from planar films produced by etching of the defective material can be effectively passivated with only 10 nm alumina deposited by atomic layer deposition. This is confirmed by the increase in electroluminescence measured on finished devices with graphene top contact. These results can potentially lead to new material combinations including graphene, GaN, and other relevant semiconductors like Si toward yet unexplored device concepts.
Analysis of Chemical Structure of Reduced Graphite Oxide Synthesized in Different Reduction Atmospheres
Authors: Shen Lu , Li Yong , Zhao Wenjie , Lu Huanming , Miao Lijing , Xie Weiping , Shui Xiaoxue , Wang Kui , Shen Bin
Published: February 2019

In this work, a comparative study of thermally reduced graphite oxide (rGO) materials prepared by thermal exfoliation and reduction of graphite oxide (GO) at the temperature of 300 °C and 600 °C under different atmospheres (air, N2, Ar, vacuum and H2) was investigated through kinds of characterizations. The evaluation of chemical structure and quality of the rGOs by these various atmospheres is of high importance and is attempted side‐by‐side for the first time in this paper. The order of C/O ratio of rGOs obtained at 600 °C is that HH‐rGO>HV‐rGO>HAr‐rGO≈HN‐rGO>HA‐rGO, whereas the effect of atmospheres on the rGOs obtained at 300 °C is not obvious. HH‐rGO possesses better restoration of π‐conjugated structure and the increased average size of sp2 carbon domains compared with other rGOs. rGOs with higher reduction degree result in the aggregation of rGO nanosheets and closer to graphite structure. TGA results proved the order of thermal stability is that HH‐rGO>HV‐rGO>HAr‐rGO≈HN‐rGO>HA‐rGO. Additionally, HH‐rGO could be easily exfoliated to few‐layer nanosheets compared with others according to the AFM measurement. We believe that the findings will deepen our understanding of graphene obtained via thermal exfoliation and reduction method.
Polyoxovanadate‐Based Inorganic‐Organic Derivatives Synthesized by the Activation of NHS Intermediate at Room Temperature
Authors: Xiao Zicheng , Huang Bo , Xu Shuang , Hu Xiaokang , Wu Pingfan
Published: February 2019

Two novel polyoxovanadate‐derived inorganic‐organic hybrids were prepared by step‐by‐step modification via N‐hydroxysuccinimide ester activation of a hexavanadate platform in this communication. Both the intermediate and products were structurally determined by IR, NMR, ESI‐MS and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. This work provides a new vision for the synthesis of polyoxovanadate‐based amino acids.
Effect of Alloyed BiOClxBr1‐x Nanosheets Thickness on the Photocatalytic Performance
Authors: Wu Xiufeng , Li Guangshe , Leng Zhihua , Wang Shuo , Zhang Nannan , Wang Yan , Li Jing , Li Liping
Published: February 2019

Promoting the separation of electrons and holes for photocatalysis is still challenging. In this paper, alloyed BiOClxBr1‐x nanosheets are synthesized to enhance the separation of electrons and holes by means of adjusting the thickness and the exposing specific crystal facet of nanosheet. SEM shows that the average thicknesses of samples are in the range of 34.7 to 47.2 nm. TEM analysis demonstrates that alloyed nanosheets obtained by codeposition method at room temperature have an exposure of (001) facet. Compared with pure BiOCl or BiOBr nanosheets, BiOClxBr1‐x nanosheets exhibit a greatly enhanced photocatalytic activity for degrading RhB. In addition, BiOCl0.5Br0.5 (BC5) sample with nanosheet thickness of 34.7 nm displays the highest photocatalytic activity, which is 17‐time higher than that of pure BiOCl or BiOBr nanosheets. The superior photoactivity of BiOClxBr1‐x nanosheets is attributed to the diverse light absorption, alloyed effect and different diffusion distance along [001] orientation. This study presents a 2D photocatalyst for degrading toxic pollutants to remedy environmental pollution. The revealing about the effect of thickness on photocatalytic properties could provide a new method to study the photoelectric properties related to 2D nanomaterials.
High‐Performance Integrated Enzyme Cascade Bioplatform Based on Protein–BiPt Nanochain@Graphene Oxide Hybrid Guided One‐Pot Self‐Assembly Strategy
Authors: Liu Yan , Zheng Yuanlin , Chen Zhen , Qin Yuling , Guo Rong
Published: February 2019

Nanozymes provide new opportunities for facilitating next generation artificial enzyme cascade platforms. However, the fabrication of high‐performance integrated artificial enzyme cascade (IAEC) bioplatforms based on nanozymes remains a great challenge. A facile and effective self‐assembly strategy for constructing an IAEC system based on an inorganic/protein hybrid nanozyme, β‐casein‐BiPt nanochain@GO (CA‐BiPtNC@GO) nanohybrid with unique physicochemical surface properties and hierarchical structures, is introduced here. Due to the synergetic effect of the protein, GO, and Bi3+, the hybrid acts as highly adaptable building blocks to immobilize natural enzymes directly and noncovalently without the loss of enzyme activity. Simultaneously, the CA‐BiPtNC@GO nanohybrid exhibits outstanding peroxidase‐mimicking activity and works well with natural oxidases, resulting in prominent activity in catalyzing cascade reactions. As a result, the proposed IAEC bioplatform exhibits excellent sensitivity with a wide linear range of 0.5 × 10‐6 to 100 × 10‐6
m and a detection limit of 0.05 × 10‐6
m for glucose. Meticulous design of ingenious hierarchically nanostructured nanozymes with unique physicochemical surface properties can provide a facile and efficient way to immobilize and stabilize nature enzymes using self‐assembly instead of chemical processes, and fill the gap in developing robust nanozyme–triggered IAEC systems with applications in the environment, sensing, and synthetic biology.