bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
15-Lipoxygenase metabolites contribute to age-related reduction in acetylcholine-induced hypotension in rabbits
Authors: Aggarwal Nitin T. , Gauthier Kathryn M. , Campbell William B.
Published: May 2008

Arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites from the 15-lipoxygenase-1 (15-LO-1) pathway, trihydroxyeicosatrienoic acids (THETAs) and hydroxy-epoxyeicosatrienoic acids (HEETAs), are endothelium-derived hyperpolarizing factors (EDHFs) and relax rabbit arteries. Rabbit vascular 15-LO-1 expression, THETA and HEETA synthesis, and nitric oxide and prostaglandin-independent relaxations to acetylcholine (ACh) and AA decreased with age (neonates to 16-wk-old). We characterized age-dependent ACh-hypotensive responses in vivo in 1-, 4-, 8-, and 16-wk-old rabbits and the contribution of THETAs and HEETAs to these responses. In anesthetized rabbits, blood pressure responses to ACh (4–4,000 ng/kg) were determined in the presence of vehicle or various inhibitors. ACh responses decreased with age ( P > 0.001). In the absence or presence of Nω-nitro-l-arginine methyl ester (l-NAME) and indomethacin (Indo), maximum responses in 1 (−54.7 ± 7.4 and −37.9 ± 3.9%)- and 4 (−48.8 ± 2.4 and −35.5 ± 7.8%)-wk-old rabbits were higher than 8 (−30.0 ± 2.8 and −26.6 ± 4.4%)- and 16 (−36.7 ± 3.5 and −27.3 ± 10%)-wk-old rabbits. A lipoxygenase inhibitor, BW755C, reduced THETA and HEETA synthesis in mesenteric arteries. In the presence of Indo and Nω-nitro-l-arginine, ACh relaxations were reduced by BW755C to a greater extent in the mesenteric arteries from the younger rabbits. In 4-wk-old rabbits treated with l-NAME and Indo, the maximum ACh hypotension was reduced by the potassium channel inhibitors apamin and charybdotoxin to −6.9 ± 0.9%, by apamin alone to −19.5 ± 1.4%, and by BW755C to −18.8 ± 3.5%. The present study indicates that the age-related decrease in ACh-induced hypotension is mediated by the decreased synthesis of the 15-LO-1 metabolites THETAs and HEETAs.
Effect of prior chronic contractile activity on mitochondrial function and apoptotic protein expression in denervated muscle
Authors: O'Leary Michael F. N. , Hood David A.
Published: May 2008

Skeletal muscle is highly adaptable in response to increases and decreases in contractile activity. The purpose of this study was to determine whether the preconditioning of skeletal muscle has a protective effect against subsequent denervation-induced apoptotic protein expression. To investigate this, we chronically stimulated the tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles for 7 days (10 Hz, 3 h/day) before 7 days of denervation. Denervation reduced total cytochrome- c oxidase activity by 39%, which was likely a consequence of a decrease in subsarcolemmal (SS) mitochondria. This decrease in the SS subfraction was prevented by prior chronic stimulation and, as a result, maintained total mitochondrial content at control levels. The expression of Bax was elevated 2.2-fold by denervation, and prior chronic stimulation did not attenuate this increase. This produced a increase in the Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio, indicating greater muscle apoptotic susceptibility. Denervation also decreased state 3 respiration in SS and intermyofibrillar mitochondria and elevated state 4 reactive oxygen species production within both mitochondrial subfractions. These changes were not prevented by prior chronic stimulation. Furthermore, the antioxidant protein MnSOD was also reduced by denervation, whereas Beclin-1 was markedly elevated. This suggests that autophagic cell death could also play a significant part in denervation-induced muscle atrophy. Thus, despite prior chronic stimulation, denervation increases the apoptotic susceptibility of skeletal muscle by altering the Bax-to-Bcl-2 ratio, by increasing reactive oxygen species production, and by reducing the expression of MnSOD. Whether a more extensive stimulation paradigm would be more effective in attenuating apoptosis before muscle disuse remains to be determined.
High sensitivity of the sheep pulmonary vein antrum to acetylcholine stimulation
Authors: Liang Lei , Pan Qin , Liu Yi , Chen Huaizhi , Li Jun , Brugada Ramon , Brugada Pedro , Hong Kui , Perez Guillermo J. , Zhao Cuimei , Qi Jie , Zhang Yangyang , Peng Luying , Li Li , Chen Yi-Han
Published: May 2008

Isolation of the pulmonary vein antrum can terminate atrial fibrillation, but the rationale has not been elucidated. In the present study, we show that sheep atrial effective refractory period (ERP) was heterogeneously shortened by acetylcholine administration. After perfusion with 15 μM acetylcholine, the shortest ERP occurred in the pulmonary vein antrum, which was recorded with the standard intracellular microelectrode technique (the ERP results in the pulmonary vein antrum, left atrial posterior wall, roof, free wall and appendage, and right atrial free wall were 52.0 ± 1.6, 75.1 ± 2.0, 77.2 ± 1.7, 85.6 ± 1.7, 64.3 ± 2.1, and 90.5 ± 1.3 ms, respectively; P < 0.05). Immunofluorescent staining revealed that muscarinic type 2 receptors (M2R) were also distributed heterogeneously in the atrial myocardium, with the highest density in the antrum (the relative fluorescent intensity results of the M2R in the pulmonary vein antrum, left atrial posterior wall, roof, free wall and appendage, and right atrial free wall were 62.64 ± 2.56, 53.12 ± 2.76, 51.83 ± 2.45, 47.90 ± 2.33, 55.27 ± 2.08, and 45.53 ± 2.02, respectively; P < 0.05), which was in accordance with the heterogeneity of ERP distribution. Thus the pulmonary vein antrum is a unique electrophysiological region with high sensitivity to acetylcholine, and its intensive response to acetylcholine is most likely associated with the dense M2R distribution of this region. Such an acetylcholine-induced ERP heterogeneity is possibly a substrate for atrial fibrillation and hence one of the potential electrophysiological bases for the isolation therapy.
Greater sensitivity of the vestibulosympathetic reflex in the upright posture in humans
Authors: Sauder Charity L. , Leonard Timothy O. , Ray Chester A.
Published: May 2008

Otolith organs have been shown to activate the sympathetic nervous system in the prone position by head-down rotation (HDR) in humans. To date, otolithic stimulation by HDR has not been comprehensively studied in the upright posture. The purpose of the present study was to determine whether otolithic stimulation increases muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA) in the upright posture. It was hypothesized that stimulation of the otolith organs would increase MSNA in the upright posture, despite increased baseline sympathetic activation due to unloading of the baroreceptors. MSNA, arterial blood pressure, heart rate, and degree of head rotation were measured during HDR in 18 volunteers (23 ± 1 yr) in different postures. Study 1 ( n = 11) examined HDR in the prone and sitting positions and study 2 ( n = 7) examined HDR in the prone and 60° head-up tilt positions. Baseline MSNA was 8 ± 4, 15 ± 4, and 33 ± 2 bursts/min for prone, sitting, and head-up tilt, respectively. HDR significantly increased MSNA in the prone (Δ4 ± 1 and Δ105 ± 37% for burst frequency and total activity, respectively), sitting (Δ5 ± 1 and Δ43 ± 12%), and head-up tilt (Δ7 ± 1 and Δ110 ± 41%; P < 0.05). Sensitivity of the vestibulosympathetic reflex (%ΔMSNA/ΔHDR; degree of head rotation) was significantly greater in the sitting and head-up tilt than prone position (prone = 74 ± 22; sitting = 109 ± 30; head-up tilt = 276 ± 103; P < 0.05). These data indicate that stimulation of the otolith organs can mediate increases in MSNA in the upright posture and suggest a greater sensitivity of the vestibulosympathetic reflex in the upright posture in humans.
Upregulation of Aldose Reductase During Foam Cell Formation as Possible Link Among Diabetes, Hyperlipidemia, and Atherosclerosis
Authors: Gleissner Christian A. , Sanders John M. , Nadler Jerry , Ley Klaus
Published: May 2008

Objective—

Aldose reductase (AR) is the rate-limiting enzyme of the polyol pathway. In diabetes, it is related to microvascular complications. We discovered AR expression in foam cells by gene chip screening and hypothesized that it may be relevant in atherosclerosis.

Methods and Results—

AR gene expression and activity were found to be increased in human blood monocyte-derived macrophages during foam cell formation induced by oxidized LDL (oxLDL, 100 μg/mL). AR activity as photometrically determined by NADPH consumption was effectively inhibited by the AR inhibitor epalrestat. oxLDL-dependent AR upregulation was further increased under hyperglycemic conditions (30 mmol/L D-glucose) as compared to osmotic control, suggesting a synergistic effect of hyperlipidemia and hyperglycemia. AR was also upregulated by 4-hydroxynonenal, a constituent of oxLDL. Upregulation was blocked by an antibody to CD36. AR inhibition resulted in reduction of oxLDL-induced intracellular oxidative stress as determined by 2′7′-dichlorofluoresceine diacetate (H
2
DCFDA) fluorescence, indicating that proinflammatory effects of oxLDL are partly mediated by AR. Immunohistochemistry showed AR expression in CD68+ human atherosclerotic plaque macrophages.

Conclusions—

These data show that oxLDL-induced upregulation of AR in human macrophages is proinflammatory in foam cells and may represent a potential link among hyperlipidemia, atherosclerosis, and diabetes mellitus.
Androgen Increases AT1a Receptor Expression in Abdominal Aortas to Promote Angiotensin II–Induced AAAs in Apolipoprotein E–Deficient Mice
Authors: Henriques Tracy , Zhang Xuan , Yiannikouris Frederique B. , Daugherty Alan , Cassis Lisa A.
Published: May 2008

Objective—

Castration of male apolipoprotein E–deficient (apoE
−/−
) mice reduces angiotensin II (Ang II)–induced abdominal aorta aneurysms (AAAs) to that of female mice. The purpose of this study was to determine whether this reduction is attributable to androgen-mediated regulation of aortic Ang II type 1A receptors (AT1aR).

Methods and Results—

AT1aR mRNA abundance in the AAA-prone region of abdominal aortas was 8-fold greater compared to thoracic aortas of male but not female mice. AT1aR mRNA abundance decreased after castration in abdominal but not thoracic aortas of male mice. Dihydrotestosterone (DHT, 0.16 mg/d) administration to castrated male mice restored AT1aR mRNA abundance in abdominal aortas but had no effect in thoracic aortas. DHT also increased AT1aR mRNA abundance in abdominal aortas from female mice. Castrated male or female apoE
−/−
mice were administered DHT during infusion of saline or Ang II (1000 ng/kg/min for 28 days). DHT administration did not alter serum cholesterol concentrations, lipoprotein distributions, or atherosclerotic lesion areas in either male or female mice. However, administration of DHT increased AAA incidence in male (27% placebo versus 75% DHT) and female mice (28% placebo versus 64% DHT).

Conclusions—

Androgen promotes AT1aR mRNA abundance in abdominal aortas associated with increased Ang II–induced AAAs.
A Missense Mutation in the CHRM2 Gene Is Associated With Familial Dilated Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Zhang Lin , Hu Aihua , Yuan Haixin , Cui Liang , Miao Guobin , Yang Xinchun , Wang Lefeng , Liu Jinchun , Liu Xiulan , Wang Shuyan , Zhang Zhiyong , Liu Lisheng , Zhao Rongrui , Shen Yan
Published: May 2008

Circulating autoantibodies against the M2-muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM2) have been detected in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). However, it has yet to be determined whether the pathogenesis of familial DCM may be linked to the genetic variability of theCHRM2gene. The coding regions of theCHRM2gene were examined by direct DNA sequencing. Plasma concentrations of autoantibodies againstCHRM2were determined by ELISA in 7 unrelated DCM families. Linkage analysis demonstrated cosegregation of the microsatellite markers, D7S509 and D7S495 that flank theCHRM2gene, with the familial form of DCM. A novel missense mutation (C722G) replacing cysteine with tryptophane (Cys176Trp) was identified in theCHRM2gene in all affected members but was absent in unaffected members. Additionally, 139 sporadic DCM patients and 450 normal volunteers were screened for the same mutation, but none were identified. Among the 12 affected members with familial DCM, 5 patients had died suddenly and 7 experienced ventricular arrhythmia, atrioventricular conduction block, and heart failure. All mutation carriers were positive for autoantibodies againstCHRM2. Survival analysis disclosed that prognosis in patients who were mutation carriers with familial DCM was poorer than that seen in patients who were noncarriers with sporadic DCM ((P<0.05). We have identified a novel missense mutation (C722G) in theCHRM2gene associated with familial DCM. We also show that this variant correlates with the presence of autoantibodies againstCHRM2. Patients with C722G mutation have more progressive disease, characterized by sudden death, arrhythmia, and heart failure.
Selective Reduction of Blood Flow to White Matter During Hypercapnia Corresponds With Leukoaraiosis
Authors: Mandell Daniel M. , Han Jay S. , Poublanc Julien , Crawley Adrian P. , Kassner Andrea , Fisher Joseph A. , Mikulis David J.
Published: May 2008

Background and Purpose—

Age-related white matter disease (leukoaraiosis) clusters in bands in the centrum semiovale, about the occipital and frontal horns of the lateral ventricles, in the corpus callosum, and internal capsule. Cerebrovascular anatomy suggests that some of these locations represent border zones between arterial supply territories. We hypothesized that there are zones of reduced cerebrovascular reserve (susceptible to selective reductions in blood flow, ie, steal phenomenon) in the white matter of young, healthy subjects, the physiological correlate of these anatomically defined border zones. Furthermore, we hypothesized that these zones spatially correspond with the regions where the elderly develop leukoaraiosis.

Methods—

Twenty-eight healthy volunteers underwent functional MR mapping of the cerebrovascular response to hypercapnia. We studied 18 subjects by blood oxygen level-dependent MRI and 10 subjects by arterial spin labeling MRI. We controlled both end-tidal p
co
2
and p
o
2
. All functional data was registered in Montreal Neurological Institute space and generated composite blood oxygen level-dependent MR and arterial spin labeling MR maps of cerebrovascular reserve. We compared these maps with frequency maps of leukoaraiosis published previously.

Results—

Composite maps demonstrated significant (90% CI excluding the value zero) steal phenomenon in the white matter. This steal was induced by relatively small changes in end-tidal p
co
2
. It occurred precisely in those locations where elderly patients develop leukoaraiosis.

Conclusions—

This steal phenomenon likely represents the physiological correlate of the previously anatomically defined internal border zones. Spatial concordance with white matter changes in the elderly raises the possibility that this steal phenomenon may have a pathogenetic role.
Autonomic Neural Control of the Cerebral Vasculature
Authors: Ogoh Shigehiko , Brothers R. Matthew , Eubank Wendy L. , Raven Peter B.
Published: May 2008

Background and Purpose—

The effect of antihypertensive drugs on autonomic neural control of the cerebral circulation remains unclear. This study was designed to compare middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity responses to acute hypotension with and without α
1
-adrenoreceptor blockade (Prazosin) in young, healthy humans.

Methods—

Acute hypotension was induced nonpharmacologically in 6 healthy subjects (mean±SE; 28±2 years) by releasing bilateral thigh cuffs after 9 minutes of suprasystolic resting ischemia before and after an oral dose of Prazosin (1 mg/20 kg body weight).

Results—

Prazosin had no effect on thigh cuff release-induced reductions in mean arterial pressure and middle cerebral artery mean blood velocity. However, Prazosin attenuated the amount of peripheral vasoconstriction through the arterial baroreflex as evidenced by a slower return of mean arterial pressure to baseline (
P
=0.03). Immediately after cuff release, cerebral vascular conductance index increased through cerebral autoregulation and returned to resting values as a result of an increased perfusion pressure mediated through arterial baroreflex mechanisms. The rate of regulation, an index of cerebral autoregulation, was attenuated with Prazosin (control versus Prazosin; rate of regulation=0.204±0.020 versus 0.006±0.053/s,
P
=0.037). In addition, as mean arterial pressure was returning to resting values, the rate of change in cerebral vascular conductance index was decreased with Prazosin (0.005±0.006/s) compared with control (0.025±0.005/s;
P
=0.010).

Conclusions—

These data suggest that during recovery from acute hypotension, decreases in cerebral vascular conductance index were mediated by increases in arterial blood pressure and sympathetically mediated cerebral vasoconstriction.
Effects of Covalent Functionalization on the Biocompatibility Characteristics of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes
Authors: Salvador-Morales Carolina , Basiuk Elena V. , Basiuk Vladimir A. , Green Malcolm L. H. , Sim Robert B.
Published: May 2008

We report the effect of chemical modification of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) on their activation of the human serum complement system, as well as the adsorption of human plasma proteins on MWNTs. Four different types of chemically-modified MWNTs were tested for complement
activation via the classical and alternative pathways using haemolytic assays. Human plasma protein binding was also tested using an affinity chromatography technique based on carbon nanotube-Sepharose matrix. Covalent functionalization of MWNTs greatly altered the level of activation of the
complement system via the classical pathway. For example, MWNTs functionalised with ε-caprolactam or L-alanine showed respectively >90% and >75% reduction in classical pathway activation compared with unmodified MWNTs. These results demonstrate for the first time that these
types of chemical modification are able to alter considerably the levels of specific complement proteins bound by pristine MWNTs (used as a control experiment). The reduced levels of complement activation via the classical pathway, that are likely to increase biocompatibility, were directly
correlated with the amount of C1q protein bound to chemically modified carbon nanotubes. An inverse correlation was also observed between the amount of complement factor H bound to chemically modified MWNTs and the level of complement consumption via the alternative pathway. Binding of human
plasma and serum proteins to pristine and modified MWNTs was highly selective. The chemical modifications studied generally increased nanotube dispersibility in aqueous media, but diminished protein adsorption.
New Biomimetic Constructs for Improved In Vivo Circulation of Superparamagnetic Nanoparticles
Authors: Antonelli Antonella , Sfara Carla , Mosca Luca , Manuali Elisabetta , Magnani Mauro
Published: May 2008

Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIOs) have been produced and used as a potent and versatile contrast media for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Despite a number of efforts to improve their surface chemistry and biocompatibility, the SPIOs half life in blood circulation
is very short and they are rapidly taken up by the reticuloendothelial system (RES). In this paper we describe a new method that permits to avoid the rapid clearance of SPIOs. Nanoparticles are made biocompatible by encapsulation into autologous red blood cells. These biomimetic constructs
preserve the main properties of the cells that escape RES clearance as well as the properties of the nanoparticles that perform even better than in blood suspension with reduced T2*. These SPIO-loaded RBCs are promising intravascular imaging contrast agents and could
also be addressed to selected body compartments by an external magnetic field.
The Use of Ultrasound and Micelles in Cancer Treatment
Authors: Husseini Ghaleb A. , Pitt William G.
Published: May 2008

The high toxicity of potent chemotherapeutic drugs like Doxorubicin (Dox) limits the therapeutic window in which they can be applied. This window can be expanded by controlling the drug delivery in both space and time such that non-targeted tissues are not adversely affected. Recent
research has shown that ultrasound (US) can be used to control the release of Dox and other hydrophobic drugs from polymeric micelles in both time and space. It has also been shown using an in vivo rat tumor model that Dox activity can be enhanced by ultrasound in one region, while
in an adjacent region there is little or no effect of the drug. In this article, we review the in vivo and in vitro research being conducted in the area of using ultrasound to enhance and target micellar drug delivery to cancerous tissues. Additionally, we summarize our previously
published mathematical models that attempt to represent the release and re-encapsulation phenomena of Dox from Pluronic® P105 micelles upon the application of ultrasound. The potential benefits of such controlled chemotherapy compels a thorough investigation of the role of ultrasound
(US) and the mechanisms by which US accomplishes drug release and/or enhances drug potency. Therefore we will summarize our findings related to the mechanism involved in acoustically activated micellar drug delivery to tumors.
Protein-Conjugated Quantum Dots Effectively Delivered into Living Cells by a Cationic Nanogel
Authors: Toita Sayaka , Hasegawa Urara , Koga Hideyuki , Sekiya Ichiro , Muneta Takeshi , Akiyoshi Kazunari
Published: May 2008

Quantum dots (QDs) have attracted attention for their potential as a cell imaging regent. However, the development of effective intracellular delivery system for QDs is needed to apply various cell lines without affecting cellular function. We reported here new QDs delivery system by
using cationic nanogel consisting of cholesterol-bearing pullulan modified with an amino group (CHPNH2). The uptake of hybrid nanoparticles into HeLa cells was followed by flow cytometry, and confocal laser scanning fluorescence microscopy. Protein-conjugated QDs were effectively
internalized into cells by the nanogel compared with a cationic liposome system. The hybrid nanoparticle was used to stain rabbit mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) so as to evaluate their effect on cell function. CHPNH2-QD hybrid nanoparticles remained detectable inside MSCs for at
least 2 weeks of culture and had little effect on the in vitro chondrogenic ability of MSCs. The hybrid nanoparticles are a promising candidate as a cell tracer in tissue engineering.
Recent Developments in Tip-Based Nanofabrication and Its Roadmap
Authors: Tseng Ampere A. , Jou Shyankay , Notargiacomo Andrea , Chen T. P.
Published: May 2008

Recent developments of tip-based nanofabrication (TBN) are reviewed. In TBN, a functionalized cantilevered-tip is the common basic apparatus for performing the tasks of nanofabrication. The nanofabrication applications of three major techniques under the TBN family: atomic force microscopy
(AFM), dip-pen nanolithography (DPN), and scanning near-field optical microscopy (SNOM), are studied with the focus on their manipulability over the size, orientation, and position of the nanostructures fabricated. The nanostructures made by these techniques are selectively presented in order
to illustrate the versatility and advancement of these tip-based techniques. The information reviewed and illustrated is extrapolated to form the basis for the assessment of the needs and challenges facing the TBN community in the future. A preliminary roadmap over the next seven years is
then developed. The prospective approaches and focusing areas for future research and development are also discussed.
In Vitro Biological Activities of Anionic γ-Fe2O3 Nanoparticles on Human Melanoma Cells
Authors: de Freitas Erika Regina Leal , Soares Paula Roberta Otaviano , de Paula Santos Rachel , dos Santos Regiane Lopes , da Silva Joel Rocha , Porfirio Elaine Paulucio , Báo Sônia N. , de Oliveira Lima Emilia Celma , Morais Paulo César , Guillo Lidia Andreu
Published: May 2008

Three magnetic fluid (MF) samples containing γ-Fe2O3 (maghemite) nanoparticles surface-coated with either meso-2,3-dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA), citric acid or lauric acid were prepared, characterized, and assessed for their cytotoxic potential on
the human SK-MEL-37 melanoma cell line. Ultra-structural analysis was also performed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In vitro cytotoxicity was evaluated by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The inhibitory concentration (IC50)
derived from the sigmoidal dose response curve was 254 μg-iron/mL (95% confidence interval 239–270 μg-iron/mL) for lauric acid-coated nanoparticles. DMSA-coated nanoparticles did not exhibit a clear trend toward toxicity (IC50 value is more than 2260±50μg-iron/mL)
and the IC50 value was about 433±14 μg-iron/mL for citric-acid coated nanoparticles. The cytotoxic response correlated with both the hydrodynamic diameter and the zeta potential suggests that the chain length of the carboxylic acid of the coating species may influence
metabolic cellular process. Also the assayed nanoparticles can be considered non-cytotoxic to human melanoma cells since IC50 values are higher than plasma concentration usually observed in clinical use of contrast agents. Using TEM we verified that all assayed nanoparticles were
internalized by cells through endocytic vesicles. Additionally, cells treated with lauric acid-coated nanoparticles at high concentration (588 or 840 μg-iron/mL) displayed morphological features of apoptosis (surface blebbing, intense vacuolization and chromatin condensation) or
a typical DNA ladder pattern when analyzed by TEM or agarose gel electrophoresis, respectively. Apoptotic events may be operative, suggesting a promising therapeutic application for the lauric acid-coated nanoparticle in the treatment of cancer cells.
Shape-Controlled Growth of Indium and Aluminum Nanostructures on MoS2(0001)
Authors: Kushvaha S. S. , Xu H. , Zhang H. L. , Wee A. T. S. , Wang X.-S.
Published: May 2008

The growth of indium and aluminum nanostructures on molybdenum disulphide (MoS2)(0001) substrate has been studied using scanning tunneling microscopy in ultra-high vacuum. At low coverage and room temperature (RT), mostly ultra-thin (∼1.2–2 nm) triangular In islands
were observed on MoS2. With increasing coverage or high flux, large coalesced irregular islands along with triangular and round-shaped ones of increased average height were found. Triangular and round-shaped islands were obtained after annealing the RT-deposited In on MoS2
sample at 450 K. At ∼375 K, exclusively triangular In islands were observed. Al nanoparticles with diameter in 4–16 nm range were obtained after a low-flux deposited whereas ramified islands were observed in a high flux at RT. Ultra-thin (∼1.20–2 nm) Al islands and films
were obtained on MoS2 after deposition at 500 K. These results demonstrate that the shape of In and Al nanostructures grown on MoS2 can be controlled in self-assembly by adjusting substrate temperature, deposition flux and amount.
Low Temperature Synthesis of Single-Walled Carbon Nanotubes in an Inductively Coupled Plasma Chemical Vapor Deposition System
Authors: Weng Cheng-Hui , Yang Chao-Shun , Lin Hsuan , Tsai Chuen-Horng , Leou Keh-Chyang
Published: May 2008

In this work, we present a parametric study on the low temperature synthesis of single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) in an inductively coupled plasma (ICP) CVD system using dry bi-layered catalytic thin-films (Fe/Al and Ni/Al, deposited by electron-beam evaporation method) as the
catalysts. With a low substrate temperature of 550 °C and above, SWNTs were successfully synthesized on both catalysts, as revealed from the characteristic peaks of SWNTs in the micro-Raman spectra. By the reduction of plasma power and the shortening of the process times, the lowest synthesis
temperature of SWNTs achieved in our system was approached to 500 °C on Ni/Al catalysts; on the other hands, the lowest temperature for Fe/Al catalysts was 550 °C. Our results suggest that as compared with Fe/Al, Ni/Al is more favorable for plasma-enhanced CVD (PECVD) synthesis of
SWNTs at low temperatures. This work can be used for further improvements and better understanding on the production processes of SWNTs by PECVD methods.
Structure and Physical Properties of Undoped ZnO and Vanadium Doped ZnO Films Deposited by Pulsed Laser Deposition
Authors: Singh Shubra , Ramachandra Rao M. S.
Published: May 2008

Undoped ZnO films were deposited using pulsed laser deposition technique on Si and glass substrates in different O2 partial pressures (ranging from 10−5 mbar to 3 mbar) and substrate temperatures. When the substrate temperature is 500 °C and O2
partial pressure (pp) ∼ 3 mbar, randomly oriented ZnO hexagons were observed on glass substrate, whereas, dense ZnO hexagonal rod like structures (diameter ranging from 200–500 nm) were observed on Si substrate. The photoluminescence (PL) characterization of ZnO film grown on Si
exhibited an intense defect free narrow excitonic emission in the UV region (Full width half maximum (FWHM) ∼ 11.26 nm) as compared to broad emission (FWHM ∼ 57.06 nm) from that grown on glass. The parent film emission was found to shift from UV to blue region on doping ZnO with Vanadium.
Microstructure Characterization of Multilayered TiSiN/CrN Thin Films
Authors: Yang Sheng-Min , Chang Yin-Yu , Lin Dong-Yih , Wang Da-Yung , Wu Weite
Published: May 2008

Monolayered TiSiN and multilayered TiSiN/CrN coatings were synthesized by a cathodic arc deposition process. The chromium and Ti/Si (80/20 at.%) alloy targets were adopted as the cathode materials, altering the ratio of cathode current (I[TiSi]/I[Cr])
to obtain various multilayer periodic thicknesses of multilayered TiSiN/CrN coatings. X-ray diffraction and TEM analyses showed that all the deposited monolayered TiSiN and multilayered TiSiN/CrN films possessed the B1-NaCl structure. In this study, it was shown that the multilayer periods
(Λ) of the TiSiN/CrN deposited at I[TiSi]/I[Cr] cathode current ratios of 1.8, 1.0, and 0.55 were 8.3 nm, 6.2 nm, and 4.2 nm, respectively, with multilayer periodic thicknesses decreasing with smaller I[TiSi]/I[Cr]
cathode current ratios. An amorphous phase was found at the boundaries of the TiN/CrN column grains. In addition, the multilayered TiSiN/CrN coatings displayed a lamellar structure that was well-defined and nonplanar between each TiN and CrN layer.
The Characteristics of Interior Designers Who Practice Environmentally Sustainable Interior Design
Authors: Mihyun Kang  , Guerin Denise A.
Published: May 2008

This study examined the characteristics of interior designers who apply environmentally sustainable interior design criteria to their projects. A national, Internet-based survey was conducted with a random sample of American Society of Interior Designers members. Inferential statistical analysis focused on the relationship between interior designers' characteristics and environmentally sustainable interior design practice. Findings indicate a significant relationship between an interior designer's characteristics and how often the designer applies environmentally sustainable interior design to projects and between the designer's characteristics and how important environmentally sustainable interior design is to the interior designer. However, no significant relationship was found between a designer's characteristics and how important environmentally sustainable interior design is to the designer's firm. The size of interior design projects was a predictor for frequency of application of environmentally sustainable interior design practice, whereas design practice specialization was a predictor for the importance of environmentally sustainable interior design to the designer.
Functional Analysis of Precursors for Serious Problem Behavior and Related Intervention
Authors: Langdon Nancy A. , Carr Edward G. , Owen-DeSchryver Jamie S.
Published: May 2008

Precursor behaviors are innocuous behaviors that reliably precede the occurrence of problem behavior. Intervention efforts applied to precursors might prevent the occurrence of severe problem behavior. We examined the relationship between precursor behavior and problem behavior in three individuals with developmental disabilities. First, a descriptive (correlational) assessment focusing on transitional probabilities, which established that problem behavior typically followed precursor behavior, was conducted. Next, a functional (experimental) analysis was conducted to evaluate the relationship between precursor and problem behavior. Results suggested that these two behaviors served the same function. Finally, in the intervention phase, participants were taught a response that was functionally equivalent to the precursor behavior. Results demonstrated a decrease in the frequency of problem behavior. Collectively, these results suggest that prevention efforts might profitably be focused on precursor behavior. Further implications for the use of functional analysis and functional communication training in prevention are discussed.
Mirrors in the Head: Cultural Variation in Objective Self-Awareness
Authors: Heine Steven J. , Takemoto Timothy , Moskalenko Sophia , Lasaleta Jannine , Henrich Joseph
Published: May 2008

In a society where there are pronounced concerns for “face,” people come to be especially focused on how they are being evaluated by others. We reasoned that Japanese should conceive of themselves in terms of how they think they are considered by others. This hypothesis was tested by contrasting Japanese and North American participants who were in front of a mirror with those who were not. In two studies, replicating past research, North Americans who were in front of a mirror were more self-critical and were less likely to cheat than were those who were not in front of a mirror. In contrast, Japanese participants were unaffected by the presence of the mirror.
Mental Health and Firearms in Community-Based Surveys
Authors: Sorenson Susan B. , Vittes Katherine A.
Published: May 2008

Suicide rates are higher among those who own or live in a household with a hand gun. This article examines the association between hand gun ownership and mental health, another risk factor for suicide. Data from the General Social Survey, a series of surveys of U.S. adults, are analyzed to compare general emotional and mental health, sadness and depression, functional mental health, and mental health help seeking among gun owners, persons who do not own but live in a household with a gun, and those who do not own a gun. After taking into account a few basic demographic characteristics associated with both variables, there appears to be no association between mental health and gun ownership. Nor is there any association between mental health and living in a household with a firearm. Findings suggest that the high risk of suicide among those who own or live in a household with a gun is not related to poor mental health. Implications for prevention are discussed.
Thermal Buckling of Laminated Conical Shells Embedded with and without Piezoelectric Layer
Authors: Singh B.N. , Babu Jibumon B.
Published: May 2008

In this paper the thermal buckling analysis of laminated conical shell/panel embedded with and without piezoelectric layer subjected to uniform temperature rise based on a higher-order shear deformation theory is studied using the finite element method. The longitudinal and circumferential components of the displacement field are given as a power series of the transverse coordinate and recast in such a manner that the conditions of zero transverse shear stresses are satisfied a priori. The displacement field is further modified in such a way that the displacements are C0 confirming and the finite element is a panel with nodes having 56 degrees of freedom. The effect of stacking sequence, boundary condition, slant ratio and thickness ratio on the thermal buckling temperature has been examined. The buckling temperature increases as the semi-cone angle changes from 308 to 608. The piezoelectric conical shell analysis shows an improvement in the buckling coefficient and it depends upon a fraction of piezoelectric material in the whole laminate. The results have been validated with those available in the literature.
Differential Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Language Activation in Twins Discordant for a Left Frontal Tumor
Authors: Anderson Dianne P. , Harvey A. Simon , Saling Michael M. , Anderson Vicki , Kean Michael , Jacobs Rani , Abbott David F. , Wellard R. Mark , Puce Aina , Jackson Graeme
Published: May 2008

Eight-year-old twins, one with a left frontal tumor and aphasic seizures, the other neurologically normal, underwent serial assessment of expressive language with functional magnetic resonance imaging and neuropsychology. The affected twin showed a significant amount of right hemisphere activation coincident with behavioral deterioration in expressive language and late growth in the tumor. This pattern of language dysfunction and the left language dominance of her co-twin suggested that the affected twin was also left dominant for language, and the significance of her right activation is discussed. We postulate that the right hemisphere activation represents a stabilizing mechanism in the context of a developmental and progressive lesion in language cortex rather than language transfer per se. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:766—769).
Leukoencephalopathy With Bilateral Anterior Temporal Lobe Cysts: A Further Case of This New Entity
Authors: Battini Roberta , Bianchi M. Cristina , Tosetti Michela , Guzzetta Andrea , Cioni Giovanni
Published: May 2008

The introduction of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and magnetic resonance spectroscopy into clinical practice has permitted advances in the definition and categorization of unknown leukodystrophies in children. We report a new type of leukodystrophy, defined by particular MRI and clinical findings, in a child with uneventful pre- and perinatal histories, spasticity, severe mental impairment with absence of language, and deafness. Brain MRI showed lobar white-matter signal abnormalities with extensive cysts in the anterior temporal lobe. The results of all metabolic screening tests, including the specific investigations for leukodystrophy, have been negative. Six years of clinical and MRI—magnetic resonance spectroscopy patient follow-up indicate a nonprogressive clinical and magnetic resonance picture. Owing to the striking similarities with the previous eight patients reported, this additional case supports the identification of a new leukodystrophy. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:773—776).
Isolated Left Oculomotor Nerve Palsy Following Measles
Authors: Çaksen Hüseyin , Acar Nuri , Odabaş Dursun , Çakin Caner , Tuncer Oğuz , Ataş Bülent
Published: May 2008

A 10-month-old boy was admitted with ptosis on the left eyelid, which rapidly occurred following a disease with rash about 20 days before admission to our hospital. By history, none of the vaccinations had been performed. On physical examination, his vital signs were stable, and he had marasmus. Isolated left oculomotor nerve palsy was diagnosed. Cranial magnetic resonance imaging was normal. Serum IgM antibody to measles virus was positive. Oculomotor nerve palsy markedly improved on the 15th day of follow-up, and complete improvement was noted on the second month of follow-up. To our knowledge, this is the first case of oculomotor nerve palsy following measles. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:784—785).
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study of L-Carnosine Supplementation in Children With Autistic Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Chez Michael G. , Buchanan Cathleen P. , Aimonovitch Mary C. , Becker Marina , Schaefer Karla , Black Carter , Komen Jamie
Published: May 2008

L-Carnosine, a dipeptide, can enhance frontal lobe function or be neuroprotective. It can also correlate with γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-homocarnosine interaction, with possible anticonvulsive effects. We investigated 31 children with autistic spectrum disorders in an 8-week, double-blinded study to determine if 800 mg L-carnosine daily would result in observable changes versus placebo. Outcome measures were the Childhood Autism Rating Scale, the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale, the Expressive and Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary tests, and Clinical Global Impressions of Change. Children on placebo did not show statistically significant changes. After 8 weeks on L-carnosine, children showed statistically significant improvements on the Gilliam Autism Rating Scale (total score and the Behavior, Socialization, and Communication subscales) and the Receptive One-Word Picture Vocabulary test (all P < .05). Improved trends were noted on other outcome measures. Although the mechanism of action of L-carnosine is not well understood, it may enhance neurologic function, perhaps in the enterorhinal or temporal cortex. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:833—837).
Coincidence of Rolandic and Absence Features: Rare, but not Impossible
Authors: Dimova Petia S. , Daskalov Dimitar S.
Published: May 2008

The purpose of the study was to evaluate the incidence of a possible combination of rolandic and absence signs in epileptic children, which remains a subject of controversy. The medical files and electroencephalographic (EEG) records of children with rolandic, childhood absence, and juvenile absence epilepsy were retrospectively analyzed. During the antiepilepsy treatment, 6 of 66 patients with rolandic epilepsy, most of them with initial carbamazepine therapy, had absences and generalized spike-wave discharges of a secondarily generalized type. Five cases of 34 children with childhood absence epilepsy and 3 of 11 patients with juvenile absence epilepsy were identified with an EEG focus of the rolandic type. We considered the likely relation of absence features in rolandic epilepsy to the treatment or to an atypical course. The presence of a rolandic focus in absence epilepsies, however, makes the coincidence of these entirely distinct phenomena, even if very rare, not excluded. Further studies are required to elucidate a probable genetic or functional link between partial and primarily generalized EEG discharges in the idiopathic childhood epilepsies. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:838—846).
Calcium Carbonate Consumption During Pregnancy: An Unusual Cause of Neonatal Hypocalcemia
Authors: Robertson William C.
Published: May 2008

The occurrence of hypocalcemia in a term infant after the first few days of life is known to result from excessive dietary phosphate, hypomagnesemia, neonatal hypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D, and maternal hyperparathyroidism. Less well recognized is the possibility that maternal ingestion of antacids may cause late neonatal hypocalcemia. Our observations suggest that taking large doses of calcium carbonate during pregnancy may be a potential cause of neonatal hypocalcemia. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:853—855).
Eight-Year Study of Childhood Status Epilepticus: Midazolam Infusion in Management and Outcome
Authors: Koul Roshan , Chako Alexander , Javed Hashim , Kassim Al Riyami
Published: May 2008

Sixty-eight children 2 months to 14 years of age were admitted with status epilepticus to Sultan Qaboos University Hospital from November 1993 to December 2001. Thirty-eight children (55.9%) had refractory status epilepticus and 30 (44.1%) had established status epilepticus. The children with refractory status epilepticus had received intravenous or per rectal diazepam and intravenous phenytoin/phenobarbital (either or both) before continuous infusion of midazolam was given. Fifty-one children received continuous midazolam infusion. In 38 children with refractory status epilepticus, the midazolam infusion was given in addition to the long-acting antiepilepsy drug, whereas 13 (18.8%) children needed only midazolam to control the established status epilepticus. Seventeen (25%) children were controlled with phenytoin sodium alone. Midazolam was given 0.15 mg/kg/minute initially as bolus in 1 minute, followed by 1 to 7 μgram/kg/minute as continuous infusion. The status could not be controlled in one child (1.5%) suffering from neurodegenerative disease. Two children needed mechanical ventilation following prolonged apnea after diazepam administration in one and diazepam plus phenobarbital in the other. No metabolic derangements or compromise of vital functions was noted on midazolam infusion. All children made a complete recovery. There was one death related to meningoencephalitis. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:907—909).
Ex vivo High-Resolution Magnetic Resonance Imaging of the Brain in Joubert's Syndrome
Authors: Padgett Kyle R. , Maria Bernard L. , Yachnis Anthony T. , Blackband Stephen J.
Published: May 2008

This study employs ex vivo high-resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to examine anatomic structures in an intact brain of a child with Joubert's syndrome. Several of the specific hindbrain malformations associated with Joubert's syndrome are well resolved with ex vivo MRI, including the “molar tooth sign,” which arises from enlarged and maloriented superior cerebellar peduncles, hypoplastic vermis, and deepening of the interpeduncular fossa. Superior resolution was achieved compared with that of in vivo MRI and included visualization of the inferior olives. One high-resolution study also showed that the decreased width of the brainstem isthmus is probably caused by failure of superior cerebellar peduncles to cross the midline at that level. The results of this study suggest that high-resolution MRI may be useful in screening the brainstem for malformations that can be studied histologicaly in a much more targeted fashion. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:910—912).
Carbamazepine versus Sulthiame in Treating Benign Childhood Epilepsy With Centrotemporal Spikes
Authors: Kramer Uri , Shahar Eli , Zelnik Nathanel , Lerman-Sagie Tally , Watemberg Nathan , Nevo Yoram , Ben-Zeev Bruria
Published: May 2008

We compared the therapeutic efficacy of carbamazepine versus sulthiame in patients with benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes. Drug efficacy was evaluated only in those patients who initiated treatment with any drug after at least three seizures. Thirty-eight patients who received carbamazepine and 18 patients who received sulthiame were included in the analysis. Cessation of seizures was observed in 73.6% of the former and in 66.7% of the latter ( P = not significant). Five of eight patients who were switched to sulthiame after failing carbamazepine became seizure free, whereas none of the three patients who failed sulthiame became seizure free after being switched to carbamazepine. The rate of drug discontinuation owing to adverse reaction was 15% in carbamazepine and 14.3% in sulthiame. Normalization of interictal epileptiform activity on electroencephalography was seen more often following treatment with sulthiame (71%) than with carbamazepine (42%) ( P = not significant). No significant differences between these two medications were found in the treatment of benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes in this small patient sample. ( J Child Neurol 2002;17:913—915).
Incarcerated Mothers and Child Visitation
Authors: Laughlin Jade S. , Arrigo Bruce A. , Blevins Kristie R. , Coston Charisse T. M.
Published: May 2008

This article examines the issue of child visitation for criminally confined mothers. This topic is assessed, mindful of what the social science literature reports, especially in regards to recidivism trends, community reintegration concerns, and prospects for successful family reunification. A 2002 National Institute of Corrections study found that only six states had legislation in place regarding incarcerated mothers and their children. Of these six states, California and Florida have statutes that deal substantively with the issue of visitation. Accordingly, this article considers the extent to which the relevant research informs (or not) those state statutes that comment on the issue of visitation for criminally confined mothers. Where deficiencies are noted between “law on the books” and “law in practice” (including the considerable lack of state statutes on the subject), a series of criminal justice policy reforms are proposed, consistent with the empirical findings.