bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of rosiglitazone and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2on bleomycin-induced lung injury
Authors: Genovese T. , Cuzzocrea S. , Di Paola R. , Mazzon E. , Mastruzzo C. , Catalano P. , Sortino M. , Crimi N. , Caputi A. P. , Thiemermann C. , Vancheri C.
Published: January 2005

Thiazolidinedione rosiglitazone and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2(15d-PGJ2), are two peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-γ ligands. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2on the lung injury caused by bleomycin administration.

Mice subjected to intratracheal administration of bleomycin developed significant lung injury. An increase in immunoreactivity to nitrotyrosine, poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (PARP) and inducible nitric oxide synthase as well as a significant loss of body weight and mortality was observed in the lung of bleomycin-treated mice.

Administration of the two PPAR-γ agonists rosiglitazone (10 mg·kg−1i.p.) and 15d-PGJ2(30 µg·kg−1i.p.) significantly reduced the: 1) loss of body weight, 2) mortality rate, 3) infiltration of the lung with polymorphonuclear neutrophils (myeloperoxidase activity), 4) oedema formation, and 5) histological evidence of lung injury. Administration of rosiglitazone and 15d-PGJ2also markedly reduced the nitrotyrosine, PARP and inducible nitric oxide synthase formation. In addition, treatment with the PPAR-γ antagonist bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (1 mg·kg−1i.p. 30 min before the rosiglitazone or 15d-PGJ2) significantly antagonised the effect of the two PPAR-γ agonists.

These results demonstrate that the two peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ agonists, rosiglitazone and 15-deoxy-Δ12,14-prostaglandin J2, significantly reduce lung injury induced by bleomycin in mice.
The changing distribution of occupational asthma: a survey of supermarket bakery workers
Authors: Brant A. , Berriman J. , Sharp C. , Welch J. , Zekveld C. , Nieuwenhuijsen M. , Elms J. , Newman-Taylor A. , Cullinan P.
Published: January 2005

In the UK, since the mid 1980s, supermarkets have accounted for an increasing volume of bread production. Occupational asthma among employees who produce bread from raw ingredients in supermarkets has not been previously investigated.

A cross-sectional survey was undertaken involving 239 (71%) employees from 20 different supermarket bakeries. The work-related symptoms were investigated by using questionnaires and measuring the radioallergosorbent test serum-specific immunoglobulin (Ig)E to flour and fungal α-amylase. A total of 89 employees underwent whole-shift personal measurement of dust exposure.

The geometric mean dust exposure for bakers was 1.2 mg·m−3, which was higher than for other bakery employees. A total of 37 (15%) employees also reported work-related chest symptoms. Serum IgE to flour was present in 24 (11%) employees and to fungal α-amylase in nine (4%) employees. The combination of work-related chest symptoms and specific IgE was found in six (9%) bakers, one (4%) manager and two (3%) assistants. One-quarter of all employees, but half of bakers and managers, had previously worked for different, mainly small, bakeries.

This population of bakery workers has important levels of sensitisation and work-related respiratory symptoms, despite low levels of dust exposure. Changes in the location and process of bread manufacture have led to a change in the distribution of bakers' asthma in the UK.
Prognostic role of epidermal growth factor receptor in stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer
Authors: Berghmans T. , Meert A. P. , Martin B. , Ninane V. , Sculier J. P.
Published: January 2005

New biological factors have not been extensively studied in stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The aim of the present retrospective study was to determine the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF-R) as a prognostic factor in stage III NSCLC, in addition to the stage and other known clinical factors.

Clinical characteristics were retrieved from the patients' charts. Membrane immunostaining for EGF-R was evaluated by three independent observers. The Cox multivariate model, including all variables with a p-value of <0.2 in univariate analysis, was used to assess the impact of clinical and biological factors on patients survival.

Between January 1987 and July 2002, 99 assessable stage III NSCLC patients were included in the study. A total of 23 patients were positive for EGF-R (squamous 39.6%versusnonsquamous 7.8%). In multivariate analysis, only three factors were statistically significantly associated with survival: performance status, surgery and creatinine.

In conclusion, good performance status, surgical resection and creatinine were found to be independent favourable prognostic factors for survival in a retrospective analysis of stage III nonsmall cell lung cancer, while epidermal growth factor receptor was not even in the univariate analysis.
Drug resistance in tuberculosis
Authors: Mitchison D. A.
Published: January 2005

A drug-resistant strain ofMycobacterium tuberculosisis defined as one differing from the tight distribution of wild strains that have not come into contact with the drug concerned.

Sensitivity tests are performed by the absolute concentration method, the resistance ratio method or the proportion method. The hypothesis underlying the proportion method is that there are appreciable differences in inoculum size so that there should be an association between the proportion on drug-free medium and the proportion on drug-containing medium. This hypothesis was not supported by a study on ethionamide-resistant strains. It indicated that variation in the proportion on drug-free medium was due to clumping of the bacilli in the inoculum rather than to differences in the number of bacilli.

Hence, the use of the proportion method introduces errors in susceptibility testing. While the method can produce reliable results, it is more time consuming than a minimal inhibitory concentration determination, and should not be adopted as a standard method.
Airway hyperresponsiveness in the elderly: prevalence and clinical implications
Authors: Scichilone N. , Messina M. , Battaglia S. , Catalano F. , Bellia V.
Published: January 2005

Airway hyperresponsiveness is associated with an increased risk of developing respiratory symptoms. The assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness can provide valuable information regarding the natural course of respiratory diseases. However, little information is available for populations of more advanced age, and data are conflicting.

It was assessed whether age influences the occurrence of airway hyperresponsiveness by reviewing those studies that specifically addressed this issue, and attempting to identify the factors responsible for discrepancies between studies.

Eighteen studies, published between 1983 and 2002, are included in this review. Overall, the results of the analysis are in favour of a positive association between age and airway hyperresponsiveness, the prevalence of which appears to increase in the elderly. The most important determinants were reduced lung function, probably due to geometric factors, and a history of smoking, primarily because of the length of exposure, although acute effects were also demonstrated. Atopy should also be considered as an independent determinant of airway hyperresponsiveness in the elderly population. In addition, inflammatory and neuronal mechanisms could be involved. Finally, the role of sex requires further investigation.

Assessing the impact of age on the occurrence of airway hyperresponsiveness has important implications: the age-associated alterations to the lung provide a model for evaluating the contribution of structural changes to the pathogenesis of airway hyperresponsiveness. From a clinical standpoint, evaluation of the magnitude of airway hyperresponsiveness could permit the early identification of individuals who are at risk, even at more advanced age. Assessment of airway hyperresponsiveness in the aged should be considered as an additional tool in the diagnostic work-up in the subset of elderly subjects with long-term smoking exposure and/or documented atopy.
Cognition, sleep and respiration in at-risk children treated for obstructive sleep apnoea
Authors: Montgomery-Downs H. E. , Crabtree V. M. , Gozal D.
Published: January 2005

Sleep-disordered breathing in children has been associated with cognitive impairment. The purpose of this study was to examine the impact of tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy (T&A) on sleep, respiration and cognitive function in children of pre-school age with obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) from a low-income community population.

Altogether, 19 children attending state-funded pre-school programmes underwent overnight polysomnography and cognitive assessment before and following surgical treatment for OSA; 19 matched controls were also assessed.

Following T&A, OSA subjects' delta sleep increased, rapid eye movement sleep decreased, and respiratory and arousal indices improved. There were no significant differences in OSA subjects' post-operative sleep or respiratory measures compared to controls. Prior to T&A, cognitive scores were significantly lower in OSA subjectsversuscontrols; following T&A, OSA subjects' scores improved compared to pre-operative scores and did not differ from those of matched controls.

Following tonsillectomy and adenoidectomy, at-risk pre-schoolers recruited directly from the community showed normalised sleep and respiratory patterns and improved cognitive scores. These findings, in this uniquely vulnerable population, which is unlikely to seek evaluation and treatment for obstructive sleep apnoea, underscore the potential value of outreach screening programmes for sleep-disordered breathing, particularly among low-income groups of pre-school age.
Reproducibility of exhaled breath condensate pH in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Borrill Z. , Starkey C. , Vestbo J. , Singh D.
Published: January 2005

Increasingly, exhaled breath condensate (EBC) is being used to sample airway fluid from the lower respiratory tract. EBC pH may be a biomarker of airway inflammation in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). In this study, the reproducibility of EBC pH in COPD was investigated.

A total of 36 COPD patients and 12 healthy nonsmoking subjects participated in several investigations: duration of argon deaeration, within-sample variability, effect of freezing, leaving samples at room temperature, nose-peg use, within- (WD) and between-day (BD) variability. Analysis of repeated measurements was performed using the Bland–Altman method with limits of agreement (LOA; mean difference±2sd). Wider LOA indicate greater variability.

EBC pH became significantly higher with argon deaeration for ≤5 min. Variability during sample analysis was minimal; LOA of within-sample variability, freezing for 3 months and leaving at room temperature for 3 h were −0.29–0.45, −0.37–0.42 and −0.13–0.09, respectively. In contrast, variability due to nose-peg use (LOA −1.46–1.99), WD (LOA −1.50–2.48) and BD variability (LOA −2.52–3.02) were higher in COPD. In healthy nonsmoking subjects, nose-peg use (LOA −0.27–0.23), WD (LOA −0.33–0.40) and BD variability (LOA −0.46–0.44) were more reproducible.

In conclusion, the variability of exhaled breath condensate pH in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients is mainly due to changes in airway pH over time, which are not seen in healthy nonsmoking subjects. Reasons for these fluctuations in exhaled breath condensate pH are unclear and require further investigation.
Long-term clearance from small airways in patients with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Lindström M. , Camner P. , Falk R. , Hjelte L. , Philipson K. , Svartengren M.
Published: January 2005

Impaired mucociliary clearance is a hallmark of cystic fibrosis (CF). Early morphological changes first appear in the small airways. Lung clearance was investigated in 11 young CF adults with mild-to-moderate lung disease using a method depositing particles mainly in the small airways.

Radiolabelled Teflon particles (6 µm) were inhaled with an extremely slow inhalation flow, 0.05 L·s−1. Lung retention was measured immediately following inhalations and, on four occasions up to 21 days. The results were compared with data from healthy subjects.

The lung retention at 24 h in % of deposition was 67% (95% confidence interval 58–76) in the CF patients, compared to 48% (42–53) in the healthy subjects. Clearance on days 1–7 was larger in the CF patients, 22% (15–29) compared to the healthy subjects, 14% (12–16). No difference was observed between the CF patients and the healthy subjects in the slow clearance phase at day 7 to day 21, representing small airway clearance. Impaired mucociliary clearance in CF patients results in increased 24-h retention and a prolonged rapid clearance phase.

The results of the study do not support the current authors' hypothesis that clearance from small airways is slower in cystic fibrosis patients compared to healthy subjects. Furthermore, the data suggest that mucociliary transport is not the dominant clearance mechanism in small airways.
Childhood predictors of future psychiatric morbidity in offspring of mothers with psychotic disorder
Authors: Niemi Laura T. , Suvisaari Jaana M. , Haukka Jari K. , Lönnqvist Jouko K.
Published: January 2005

Background

The Helsinki High-Risk Study monitors women treated for schizophrenia-spectrum disorders in Helsinki mental hospitals before 1975, their offspring, and controls.

Aims

To compare the development of high-risk and control group children, and investigate which factors predicted future psychiatric disorders.

Method

We examined information from childhood and school health record cards of 159 high-risk and 99 control group offspring. Logistic regression was used to assess whether developmental abnormalities predicted later mental disorders.

Results

Compared with controls, children in the high-risk group had more emotional symptoms before school age, attentional problems and social inhibition at school age, and neurological soft signs throughout. Inthisgroup pre-school socia adjustment problems (OR=9.7, 95% CI 1.8–51.8) or severe neurological symptom: (Fisher's test, P=0.006) predicted future schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Social adjustment problems and emotional symptoms during school age predicted future non-psychotic psychiatric disorders.

Conclusions

Our study supports the validity of neurological, emotional, social and behavioural markers as vulnerability indicators of psychotic and other mental disorders, particularly among children genetically at high risk of psychosis.
Impact of childhood abuse on the clinical course of bipolar disorder
Authors: Garno Jessica L. , Goldberg Joseph F. , Ramirez Paul Michael , Ritzler Barry A.
Published: January 2005

Background

Few investigations have examined the impact of childhood trauma, and domains of childhood abuse, on outcome in bipolar disorder.

Aims

To evaluate the prevalence and subtypes of childhood abuse reported by adult patients with bipolar disorder and relationshipto clinical outcome.

Method

Prevalence rates of childhood abuse were retrospectively assessed and examined relative to illness complexity in a sample of 100 patients at an academic specialty centre for the treatment of bipolar disorder.

Results

Histories of severe childhood abuse were identified in about half of the sample and were associated with early age at illness onset. Abuse subcategories were strongly inter-related. Severe emotional abuse was significantly associated with lifetime substance misuse comorbidity and past-year rapid cycling. Logistic regression indicated a significant association between lifetime suicide attempts and severe childhood sexual abuse. Multiple forms of abuse showed a graded increase in risk for both suicide attempts and rapid cycling.

Conclusions

Severe childhood trauma appears to have occurred in about half of patients with bipolar disorder, and may lead to more complex psychopathological manifestations.
Prevalence of dementia in an urban population in Kerala, India
Authors: Shaji S. , Bose Srija , Verghese Abraham
Published: January 2005

Background

Dementia is emerging as an important health problem of elderly people in India.

Aims

To investigate the prevalence, psychosocial correlates and risk factors of various dementing disorders in an urban population in Kerala, southern India.

Method

A door-to-door survey was conducted in the city of Kochi (Cochin) to identify residents aged ?65 years using cluster sampling. Of 1934 people screened with a vernacular adaptation of the Mini-Mental State Examination, all those scoring at or below the cut-off of 23 were evaluated further and those with confirmed cognitive and functional impairment were assigned diagnoses according to DSM–IV criteria. Identified cases were categorised by ICD–10 criteria. Ten percent of those screened as negative were evaluated at each stage.

Results

Prevalence of dementia was 33. 6 per 1000 (95% Cl 27.3–40.7). Alzheimer's disease was the most common type (54%) followed by vascular dementia (39%), and 7% of cases were due to causes such as infection, tumour and trauma. Family history of dementia was a risk factor for Alzheimer's disease and history of hypertension was a risk factor for vascular dementia.

Conclusions

Dementia is an important health problem of the elderly population. Identification of risk factors points towards the possibility of prevention.
Routine use of mental health outcome assessments: choosing the measure
Authors: Salvi Giovanni , Leese Morven , Slade Mike
Published: January 2005

Background

There is little consensus about which outcome measures to use in mental healthcare.

Aims

To investigate the relationship between the items in four staff-rated measures recommended for routine use.

Method

Correlation analysis of total scores and factor analysis using combined data from the Health of the Nation Outcome Scales (HoNOS). The Camberwell Assessment of Need Short Appraisal Schedule (CANSAS), the Threshold Assessment Grid (TAG) and the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) were performed. Procrustes analysis on factors and scales, and Ward's cluster analysis to group the items, were applied.

Results

The total scores of the measures were moderately correlated. The Procrustes analysis, factor analysis and cluster analysis all agreed on better coverage of the patients' problems by HoNOS and CANSAS.

Conclusions

A global severity factor accounts for 16% of the variance, and is best measured with TAG or GAF. The CANSAS and HoNOS each provide a detailed characterisation of the patient; only CANSAS provides information about met needs.
HoNOS–ABI: a reliable outcome measure of neuropsychiatric sequelae to brain injury?
Authors: Fleminger S. , Leigh E. , Eames P. , Langrell L. , Nagraj R. , Logsdail S.
Published: January 2005

Aims and Method

The Health of the Nation Outcome Scale for Acquired Brain Injury (HoNOS–ABI) is a relatively new outcome measure designed to assess the neuropsychiatric sequelae of brain damage. This study investigated the interrater reliability of this scale. Fifty patients with traumatic brain injury receiving rehabilitation were each rated twice on the HoNOS–ABI, by two different raters. There were 24 raters in total.

Results

Weighted kappa values ranged from 0.43 to 0.84 and intraclass correlation coefficients from 0.58 to 0.97 for the ten items assessed. This indicated that agreement was moderate to substantial for all items.

Clinical Implications

The scales consistently measured the items of interest across different raters. This indicates that HoNOS–ABI is a reliable outcome measure when applied by different raters in routine clinical practice.
On call: a valuable training experience for senior house officers?
Authors: Callaghan Rhiannon , Hanna Gabra , Brown Nick , Vassilas Christopher
Published: January 2005

Aims and Method

To describe the experiences of psychiatric senior house officers (SHOs) of being on call. A survey of SHOs on three on-call rotas across south Birmingham was conducted to investigate their opinions about on-call work and to consider how time on call is spent.

Results

SHOs in psychiatry gain a broad range of experience out of hours on a traditional on-call rota. On-call periods were valued as a learning experience and 63% of SHOs were confident in their decision-making while on call. However, on-call work was often viewed as isolating, and not all SHOs felt that they were working as part of a team when on call.

Clinical Implications

As changes to working patterns are introduced, for example in order to implement the European Working Time Directive, care must be taken to retain the positive aspects of current on-call systems. Such changes should be seen as an opportunity to improve working lives so that SHOs feel less isolated when providing out-of-hours cover.
Participant Perceptions of the Influences of the NLM-Sponsored Woods Hole Medical Informatics Course
Authors: Patel Vimla L. , Branch Timothy , Cimino Andria , Norton Cathy , Cimino James J.
Published: January 2005

This report provides an evaluation of the National Library of Medicine-sponsored Woods Hole Medical Informatics (WHMI) course and the extent to which the objectives of the program are achieved. Two studies were conducted to examine the participants' perceptions of both the short-term (spring 2002) and the long-term influences (1993 through 2002) on knowledge, skills, and behavior. Data were collected through the use of questionnaires, semistructured telephone interviews, and participant observation methods to provide both quantitative and qualitative assessment. The participants of the spring 2002 course considered the course to be an excellent opportunity to increase their knowledge and understanding of the field of medical informatics as well as to meet and interact with other professionals in the field to establish future collaborations. Past participants remained highly satisfied with their experience at Woods Hole and its influence on their professional careers and their involvement in a broad range of activities related to medical informatics. This group considered their knowledge and understanding of medical informatics to be of greater quality, had increased their networking with other professionals, and were more confident and motivated to work in the field. Many of the participants feel and show evidence of becoming effective agents of change in their institutions in the area of medical informatics, which is one of the objectives of the program.
Phosphor-doped Titania —a Novel Photocatalyst Active in Visible Light
Authors: Lin Li , Lin Wei , Zhu Yuexiang , Zhao Biying , Xie Youchang
Published: January 2005

A novel phosphor-doped titania in an anatase phase colored yellow was prepared by a simple modified sol–gel method with hypophosphorous acid as precursor. The as-prepared P-doped titania shows a narrower band gap than pure titania and an absorption tail in the visible range, which results in its effective photocatalytic degradation of 4-chlorophenol under visible-light ( >420 nm) irradiation.
Dendritic Nanoreactor Encapsulating Rh Complex Catalyst for Hydroformylation
Authors: Mizugaki Tomoo , Miyauchi Yasuaki , Murata Makoto , Ebitani Kohki , Kaneda Kiyotomi
Published: January 2005

A Rh phosphine complex was encapsulated within the surface alkylated poly(propylene imine) dendrimers through ionic interactions. The resulting dendrimer complexes functioned as nanoreactors for hydroformylation of olefins. The congested surface of dendrimers with long alkyl chains favored hydroformylation of higher olefins. One-pot three reactions composed of hydroformylation, the Knoevenagel reaction, and hydrogenation proceeded within the dendritic nanoreactor.
Novel Family of Molecular Glasses Based on Silicon-containing Compounds
Authors: Imae Ichiro , Kawakami Yusuke
Published: January 2005

Novel family of molecular glasses based on silicon-containing compounds, α,ω-dimethyloligo(diphenylsilylene)s are synthesized and characterized. Glass-forming properties of these materials tended to have even-odd effect of chain length. The morphology of glassy samples was found to be mainly amorphous with only two-dimensional order of hexagonal packing.
Simple and Practical Semi-wet Protein/Peptide Array Utilizing a Micelle-mixed Agarose Hydrogel
Authors: Tamaru Shun-ichi , Yamaguchi Satoshi , Hamachi Itaru
Published: January 2005

In an agarose hydrogel, triton X-100 formed a micelle with the original critical micelle concentration. The micelle-mixed agarose gel was successfully applied to fabricate a semi-wet protein/peptide array for monitoring enzyme activities and the enzyme inhibitor potency in a high throughput manner.
The Preparation and Electrochemical Behavior of Density-controlled Gold Nano-particle Self-assembled Interface
Authors: Jin Baokang , Ding Shounian , Kametani Kiyokazu , Nakamura Toshio
Published: January 2005

A simple method is described for fabricating gold nanoparticle-modified electrode (NP/SAM/gold), on which the density of NPs on the interface can be controlled by altering SH-terminated thiol abundance in the SAM.
Organic Radical Crystals Based on a TEMPO–substituted Pyridinium with Radical Anions
Authors: Kanbara Ken-ichi , Tsureishi Kazumi , Akutsu Hiroki , Yamada Jun-ichi , Nakatsuji Shin’ichi
Published: January 2005

Organic crystals of the TCNQ or TCNQF4 radical anion salts derived from 2,4,6-triphenylpyridinium carrying TEMPO radical were obtained as a couple of different forms and their magnetic properties were found to vary markedly depending on the forms.
Behavior of Transplanted Bone Marrow-derived GFP Mesenchymal Cells in Osteochondral Defect as a Simulation of Autologous Transplantation
Authors: Oshima Yasushi , Watanabe Nobuyoshi , Matsuda Ken-ichi , Takai Shinro , Kawata Mitsuhiro , Kubo Toshikazu
Published: January 2005

To elucidate the behavior of autologously transplanted mesenchymal cells in osteochondral defects, we followed transplanted cells using green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic rats, in which all cells express GFP signals in their cytoplasm and nuclei as transplantation donors. Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal cells, which contain mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), were obtained from transgenic rats. Then, dense mesenchymal cell masses created by hanging-drop culture were transplanted and fixed with fibrin glue into osteochondral defects of wild-type rats. At 24 weeks after surgery, the defects were repaired with hyaline-like cartilage and subchondral bone. GFP positive cells, indicating transplanted mesenchymal-derived cells, were observed in the regenerated tissues for 24 weeks although GFP positive cells decreased in number with time. Because GFP causes no immunological rejection and requires no chemicals for visualization, transplantation between transgenic and wild-type rats can be regarded as a simulation of autologous transplantation, and the survivability of transplanted cells are able to be followed easily and reliably. Thus, the behavior of transplanted mesenchymal cells was able to be elucidated in vivo by this strategy, and the results could be essential in future tissue engineering for the regeneration of osteochondral defects with original hyaline cartilage and subchondral bone.
Proteoglycan-Collagen XV in Human Tissues Is Seen Linking Banded Collagen Fibers Subjacent to the Basement Membrane
Authors: Amenta Peter S. , Scivoletti Nicole A. , Newman Marissa D. , Sciancalepore Justin P. , Li Deqin , Myers Jeanne C.
Published: January 2005

Type XV is a large collagen-proteoglycan found in all human tissues examined. By light microscopy it was localized to most epithelial and all nerve, muscle, fat and endothelial basement membrane zones except for the glomerular capillaries or hepatic/splenic sinusoids. This widespread distribution suggested that type XV may be a discrete structural component that acts to adhere basement membrane to the underlying connective tissue. To address these issues, immunogold ultrastructural analysis of type XV collagen in human kidney, placenta, and colon was conducted. Surprisingly, type XV was found almost exclusively associated with the fibrillar collagen network in very close proximity to the basement membrane. Type XV exhibited a focal appearance directly on the surface of, or extending from, the fibers in a linear or clustered array. The most common single arrangement was a bridge of type XV gold particles linking thick-banded fibers. The function of type XV in this restricted microenvironment is expected to have an intrinsic dependence upon its modification with glycosaminoglycan chains. Present biochemical characterization showed that the type XV core protein in vivo carries chains of chondroitin/dermatan sulfate alone, or chondroitin/dermatan sulfate together with heparan sulfate in a differential ratio. Thus, type XV collagen may serve as a structural organizer to maintain a porous meshwork subjacent to the basement membrane, and in this domain may play a key role in signal transduction pathways.
Assessment of Apoptosis by Immunohistochemical Markers Compared to Cellular Morphology in Ex Vivo-stressed Colonic Mucosa
Authors: Holubec Hana , Payne Claire M. , Bernstein Harris , Dvorakova Katerina , Bernstein Carol , Waltmire Caroline N. , Warneke James A. , Garewal Harinder
Published: January 2005

Apoptosis competence is central to the prevention of cancer. Frequency of apoptotic cells, after a sample of colonic tissue is stressed, can be used to gauge apoptosis competence and, thus, possible susceptibility to colon cancer. The gold standard for assessment of apoptosis is morphological evaluation, but this requires an experienced microscopist. Easier-to-use immunohistochemical markers of apoptosis, applicable in archived paraffin-embedded tissue, have been commercially developed. Potentially useful apoptosis markers include cleaved cytokeratin-18 (c-CK18), cleaved caspase-3 (c-cas-3), cleaved lamin A (c-lam-A), phosphorylated histone H2AX (γH2AX), cleaved poly(ADP ribose) polymerase (c-PARP), and translocation of apoptosis-inducing factor (AIF). When tissue samples from freshly resected colon segments were challenged ex vivo with the bile acid deoxycholate, ∼50% of goblet cells became apoptotic by morphologic criteria. This high level of morphologic apoptosis allowed quantitative comparison with the usefulness and specificity of immunohistochemical markers of apoptosis. The antibody to c-CK18 was almost as useful and about as specific as morphology for identifying apoptotic colonic epithelial cells. Antibodies to c-cas-3, c-lam-A, and γH2AX, though specific for apoptotic cells, were less useful. The antibody to c-PARP, though specific for apoptotic cells, had low usefulness, and the antibody to AIF was relatively nonspecific, under our conditions.
Restricted Distribution of mRNAs Encoding a Sarcoplasmic Reticulum or Transverse Tubule Protein in Skeletal Myofibers
Authors: Nissinen Marja , Kaisto Tuula , Salmela Paula , Peltonen Juha , Metsikkö Kalervo
Published: January 2005

Calsequestrin (CSQ) and dihydropyridine receptor (DHPR) are muscle cell proteins that are directed into the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) during translation. The former is subsequently found in the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) and the latter in the transverse tubule membrane. To elucidate the potential role of mRNA targeting within muscle cells, we have analyzed the localization of CSQ and DHPR proteins and mRNAs in primary cultured rat myotubes, in skeletal muscle cryosections, and in isolated flexor digitorum brevis muscle fibers. In the myotube stage of differentiation, the mRNAs distributed throughout the cell, mimicking the distribution of the endogenous ER marker proteins. In the adult skeletal myofibers, however, both CSQ and DHPRα1 transcripts located perinuclearly and in cross-striations flanking Z lines beneath the sarcolemma, a distribution pattern that sharply contrasted the interfibrillar distribution of typical ER proteins. Interestingly, all nuclei of the myofibers were transcriptionally active. In summary, the mRNAs encoding either a resident SR protein or a transverse tubule protein were located beneath the sarcolemma, implying that translocation of the respective proteins to the lumen of ER takes place at this location.
Immunohistochemical Characterization of the Distribution of Galectin-4 in Porcine Small Intestine
Authors: Wooters Melissa A. , Hildreth Michael B. , Nelson Eric A. , Erickson Alan K.
Published: January 2005

Galectins are an evolutionarily conserved family of 15 different lectins found in various combinations in virtually every type of animal cell. One of the primary galectins expressed in intestinal epithelium is galectin-4, a tandem-repeat galectin with two carbohydrate-recognition domains in a single polypeptide chain. In the current study, we produced an anti-galectin-4 monoclonal antibody (MAb) for determining the distribution of galectin-4 in porcine small intestine to enhance our understanding of where galectin-4 performs its functions in the small intestine. In immunohistochemistry studies, this MAb detected galectin-4 primarily in the cytoplasm of absorptive epithelial cells lining intestinal villi. Mature epithelial cells at the villous tips stained the most intensely with this MAb, with progressively less intense staining observed along the sides of villi and into the crypts. In addition to its cytoplasmic localization, galectin-4 was also associated with nuclei in villous tip cells, indicating that some galectin-4 may migrate to the nucleus during terminal maturation of these cells. In intestinal crypts, a specific subset of cells, which may be enteroendocrine cells, expressed galectin-4 at a relatively high level. Galectin-4 distribution patterns were similar in all three regions (duodenum, jejunum, and ileum) of porcine small intestine.
NOSIP and Its Interacting Protein, eNOS, in the Rat Trachea and Lung
Authors: König Peter , Dedio Jürgen , Oess Stefanie , Papadakis Tamara , Fischer Axel , Müller-Esterl Werner , Kummer Wolfgang
Published: January 2005

Endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), the major nitric oxide (NO)-generating enzyme of the vasculature, is regulated through multiple interactions with proteins, including caveolin-1, Hsp90, Ca2+-calmodulin, and the recently discovered eNOS-interacting protein, NOSIP. Previous studies indicate that NOSIP may contribute to the intricate regulation of eNOS activity and availability. Because eNOS has been shown to be abundantly expressed in the airways, we determined the expression and cellular localization of NOSIP in rat trachea and lung by RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry and examined the interaction of NOSIP with eNOS in lung by coimmunoprecipitation. In tracheal epithelium and lung, NOSIP mRNA expression was prevalent, as shown by RT-PCR, and the corresponding protein interacted with eNOS, as demonstrated by coimmunoprecipitation. Using immunohistochemistry, we found both NOSIP and eNOS immunoreactivity in ciliated epithelial cells of trachea and bronchi, while Clara cells showed immunoreactivity for NOSIP only. NOSIP and eNOS were present in vascular and bronchial smooth muscle cells of large arteries and airways, whereas endothelial cells, as well as bronchiolar and arteriolar smooth muscle cells, exclusively stained for NOSIP. Our results point to functional role(s) of NOSIP in the control of airway and vascular diameter, mucosal secretion, NO synthesis in ciliated epithelium, and, therefore, of mucociliary and bronchial function.
Muscular ETB Receptors Develop Postnatally and Are Differentially Distributed in Specific Segments of the Rat Vasculature
Authors: Wendel Martina , Kummer Wolfgang , Knels Lilla , Schmeck Joachim , Koch Thea
Published: January 2005

The endothelin/endothelin-receptor system is a key player in the regulation of vascular tone in mammals. We raised and characterized an antiserum against rat ETB receptor and investigated the distribution of ETB receptors in different vascular beds during postnatal development (day 0 through day 28) and in the adult rat. We report the tissue-specific and age-dependent presence of vasoconstrictor ETB receptors. At the time of birth, vascular smooth muscle cells from all tissues examined did not exhibit ETB receptor immunoreactivity. The occurrence of ETB receptor immunoreactivity in the postnatal development was time dependent and started in small coronary and meningeal arteries at day 5, followed by small mesenteric arteries as well as brachial artery and vein at day 14. At day 21, ETB receptors were present in the media of muscular segments of pulmonary artery, large coronary arteries, and intracerebral arterioles. At day 28, ETB receptor immunoreactivity was evident in interlobular renal arteries, vas afferens, and efferens. Large renal arteries, mesenteric artery, and elastic segments of pulmonary arteries, as well as coronary and mesenteric veins, did not exhibit ETB receptor immunoreactivity. These data demonstrate the age-dependent and tissue-specific presence of ETB receptors, mainly on arterial smooth muscle cells in the vascular system of the rat.
Localization of Sphingosine Kinase-1 in Mouse Sperm Acrosomes
Authors: Matsumoto Kenji , Banno Yoshiko , Murate Takashi , Akao Yukihiro , Nozawa Yoshinori
Published: January 2005

Sphingosine kinase (SPHK) catalyzes sphingosine phosphorylation to form a bioactive lipid mediator, sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P). In the current study, we report the presence of SPHK-1 in mouse spermatozoa. SPHK-1 was localized to the acrosomes of spermatozoa, and its expression was proven by RT-PCR and Western blot analysis. SPHK activity of mouse spermatozoa was 18.1 pmol/min/mg protein. Furthermore, we identified the presence of the S1P receptors S1P1, S1P2, S1P3, and S1P5, in mouse spermatozoa by RT-PCR. These results suggest that S1P produced by SPHK-1 would play a role in the acrosomal reaction through S1P receptors.
The Land Is Ours
Authors: Thornton Thomas F.
Published: January 2005

The Land Is Ours. 1997. 56 minutes. video produced by Laurence A. Goldin. For more information contact University of California Extension Center for Media and Independent Learning, 2000 Center Street, Fourth Floor, Berkeley, CA 94704.
Trinkets and Beads
Authors: Robarchek Clayton , Robarchek Carole
Published: January 2005

Trinkets and Beads. 1996.52 minutes, color. video by Christopher Walker. For more information contact First Run/Icarus Films, 153 Waverly Place, New York, NY 10014.
Sight Unseen
Authors: Lansing J. Stephen
Published: January 2005

Sight Unseen. 1996. 27 minutes, color. film by Nicholas Kurzon. For more information contact Documentary Educational Resources, 101 Morse St., Watertown, MA 02172.
Bosnia Hotel: Kenyan Warriors in Bosnia
Authors: Ernst‐Luseno Heidi
Published: January 2005

Bosnia Hotel: Kenyan Warriors in Bosnia. 1996. 52 minutes, color. video by Thomas Balmès. For more information contact Filmmakers Library, 124 East 40th Street, New York, NY 10016(212/808‐4980).
Cross‐Cultural Filmmaking: A Handbook for Making Documentary and Ethnographic Films and Videos
Authors: Jhala Jayasinhji
Published: January 2005

Cross‐Cultural Filmmaking:. Handbook for Making Documentary and Ethnographic Films and Videos. Ilisa Barbash and Lucien Taylor. University of California Press: Berkeley, 1997.556 pp.
Don't Cut the Pi Yet!
Authors: Alland Alexander
Published: January 2005

Fashionable Nonsense: Science. Alan Sokal and Jean Bricmont. New York: Picador USA, 1998.317 pp.
Ambiguous Discourses: Performative Approaches to Gender and Race
Authors: Askew Kelly M.
Published: January 2005

About Face: Performing Race in Fashion and Theater. Dorinne Kondo. New York: Routledge, 1997. 278 pp.

Beauty and Power: Transgendering and Cultural Transformation in the Southern Philippines. Mark Johnson. Oxford and New York: Berg, 1997. 264 pp.
Law and Social Norms in the Comparative Study of Islam
Authors: Bowen John R.
Published: January 2005

. History of Islamic Legal Theories: An Introduction to Sunni usul al‐fiqh. Wael B. Hallaq. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 294 pp.

In the House of the Law: Gender and Islamic Law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine. Judith E. Tucker. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998. 216 pp.

Pronouncing and Persevering: Gender and the Discourses of Disputing in an African Islamic Court. Susan F. Hirsch. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998. 355 pp.

The Rule of Law in the Arab World: Courts in Egypt and the Gulf. Nathan J. Brown. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997. 258 pp.
L' Appétit Vient en Mangeant
Authors: Mintz Sidney
Published: January 2005

We Are What We Eat: Ethnic Foods and the Making of Americans. Donna R. Gabaccia. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1998.288 pp.

No Foreign Foods: The American Diet in Time and Place. Richard Pillsbury. Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1998.262 pp.

Sociology on the Menu: An Invitation to the Study of Food and Society. Alan Beardsworth and Teresa Keil. New York: Routledge, 1997. 278 pp.

Food Preferences and Taste: Continuity and Change. Helen Macbeth. ed. Providence, RI: Berghahn Books, 1997.218 pp.
How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory
Authors: Haas Jonathan
Published: January 2005

How Chiefs Come to Power: The Political Economy in Prehistory. Timothy Earle. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1997.250 pp.
Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures, and Environments
Authors: Stahl Ann B.
Published: January 2005

Encyclopedia of Precolonial Africa: Archaeology, History, Languages, Cultures, and Environments. Joseph O. Vogel. ed. Walnut Creek, CA: AltaMira Press, 1997.606 pp.
Language and Conceptualization
Authors: Palmer Gary B.
Published: January 2005

Language and Conceptualization. Jan Nuyts and Eric Pederson. eds. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.282 pp.
Old Age in Transition: The Geriatric Ward Revisited
Authors: Harper Gillian J.
Published: January 2005

Old Age in Transition: The Geriatric Ward Revisited. Peter Woolfson. Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1997.133 pp.
Quaqtaq: Modernity and Identity in an Inuit Community
Authors: Dombrowski Kirk
Published: January 2005

Quaqtaq: Modernity and Identity in an Inuit Community. Louis‐Jacques Dorais. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1997.132 pp.
The New History in an Old Museum: Creating the Past at Colonial Williamsburg
Authors: Leone Mark P.
Published: January 2005

The New History in an Old Museum: Creating the Past at Colonial Williamsburg. Richard Handler and Eric Gable. Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1997.260 pp.
Social Suffering
Authors: Adams Vincanne
Published: January 2005

Social Suffering. Arthur Kleinman. Veena Das. and Margaret Lock. eds. Berkeley. University of California Press, 1997. 404 pp.
Coca, Cocaine, and the Bolivian Reality
Authors: Painter Michael
Published: January 2005

Coca, Cocaine, and the Bolivian Reality. Madeline Barbara Leons and Harry Sanabria. eds. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1997.310 pp.
Societies and Nature in the Sahel
Authors: Baro Mamadou
Published: January 2005

Societies and Nature in the Sahel. Claude Raynaut. ed. New York: Routledge, 1997.352 pp.
Contested Arctic: Indigenous Peoples, Industrial States, and the Circumpolar Environment
Authors: Anderson David G.
Published: January 2005

Contested Arctic: Indigenous Peoples, Industrial States, and the Circumpolar Environment. Eric Alden Smith and Joan McCarter. eds. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1998.156pp.
Open‐Economy Politics: The Political Economy of the World Coffee Trade
Authors: Bentley Jeffery W.
Published: January 2005

Open‐Economy Politics: The Political Economy of the World Coffee Trade. Robert H. Bates. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1997.221 pp.
Re‐Evaluating Primate Monogamy
Authors: Fuentes Agustin
Published: January 2005

Researchers propose hypotheses for the occurrence of monogamy as a social system in primates based on the assumption that there are a group of primates, including humans, which live exclusively in “nuclear families” and share a similar set of social behaviors. Examining the primates purported to be “monogamous” reveals that they cover a wide range of grouping types, mating patterns, taxonomic groups, and evolutionary grades. While there are a few primate species that do live in small, two‐adult groups and share a similar set of social behaviors, the vast majority of the supposed “monogamous” primates, including humans, do not. [monogamy, social systems, evolution, variability in social organization]
Porotic Hyperostosis and Paleoepidemiology: A Forensic Perspective on Anemia among the Ancient Maya
Authors: Wright Lori E. , Chew Francisco
Published: January 2005

Porotic lesions caused by childhood anemia are commonly found on ancient Maya crania and have been cited as evidence for extremely poor nutrition during the Classic Period. We reconsider this characterization in the light of recent data on childhood anemia in rural Guatemala and the prevalence of porotic hyperostosis in crania of forensic skeletal remains of rural highland Maya from Plan de Sanchez, Baja Verapaz, which date to 1982. The abundance of porotic hyperostosis in adults from Plan de Sanchez fits well with the number of modern rural children suffering from anemia, but the lesions are very rare compared to archaeological series. Although some minor change in diet and infection may contribute to differences in porotic hyperostosis, it is likely that higher mortality leads to fewer anemic lesions in modern adult crania. We hypothesize that more anemic children survived to adulthood in the past than do today, [iron‐deficiency anemia, porotic hyperostosis, Maya, nutrition, forensic anthropology, osteological paradox]
Infanticide by Male Lions Hypothesis: A Fallacy Influencing Research into Human Behavior
Authors: Dagg Anne Innis
Published: January 2005

Recently, familial abuse and killing of children have been correlated with infanticidal behavior by nonhuman male animals which is postulated to be genetic. However, infanticide by males as an evolutionary mechanism is unlikely to occur in primates, and is equally unlikely in lions. To investigate the sexual selection hypothesis of infanticide for lions, four questions should be considered: (1) because they all mate freely with lionesses, are male pride lions closely related? (often they are not), (2) do males kill the young cubs when they join a pride? (few such cases have been observed), (3) do the females then mate with the new males to produce offspring? (yes), and (4) do the males remain with the pride for over two years to protect this new generation? (often not). Field data indicate that in NO instance do we know that male lions killed cubs in a new pride, mated with their mother, and then remained with the pride to protect their own young. Rather, female lions may kill more cubs than males and certainly cause many more cub deaths by allowing them to starve, [infanticide by male lions, infanticide hypothesis, faulty science]