bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Miscellaneous Instruments
Authors: Ryland Diane
Published: November 2023

The European Commission (Commission) adopted Decision 2004/20/EC setting up an executive agency, the ‘Intelligent Energy Executive Agency’, to manage Community action in the field of energy in application of Council Regulation (EC) No. 58/2003, for the period 1 January 2004 to 31 December 2008. The European Parliament (EP) and the Council have adopted Directive 2004/8/EC on the Promotion of Co-generation Based on a Useful Heat Demand in the Internal Energy Market. The purpose of this Directive is to increase energy efficiency and improve security of supply. A framework is created for the promotion and development of high energy efficiency co-generation of heat and power based on useful heat demand and primary energy savings in the internal energy market, taking into account specific national circumstances especially concerning climatic and economic conditions. Member States are required, inter alia, to adopt harmonized efficiency reference values, under the Directive, and to ensure that the origin of electricity produced from high-efficiency co-generation can be guaranteed according to objective, transparent, and non-discriminatory criteria laid down by each Member State. As its title indicates, Directive 2004/67/EC concerning Measures to Safeguard Security of Natural Gas Supply establishes measures to safeguard an adequate level for the security of natural gas supply. According to this Directive, such measures also contribute to the proper functioning of the internal gas market. It establishes a common framework within which Member States will (i) define general, transparent, and non-discriminatory security of supply policies compatible with the requirements of a competitive internal gas market; (ii) clarify the general roles and responsibilities of the different market players, and (iii) implement specific nondiscriminatory procedures to safeguard security of gas supply.
Knowledge: How Can Governments Know Enough To Govern?
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

In the 1990s, Lawrence Sherman was commissioned by the US National Institute of Justice (NIJ) to investigate patterns of domestic violence, which was becoming increasingly prominent as a crime category, having in the past been largely ignored. His findings were surprising: where acts of domestic violence were committed by employed people living in middle- class areas an arrest would have a big impact and would sharply reduce the risk of re-offending. But if the offender was unemployed and living in a poor area arrests made them more likely to re-offend.
Implementation: Moving From Words To Action
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

A common vice of organizations that are good at thinking about the future is that they neglect the present. Yet every future direction has to start with changed behaviour in the present, and every serious strategy has to be as concerned with its implementation as with its logical coherence.

Many governments are good at producing paper strategies, often to impress international organizations. The countries queuing up to join the European Union in the early 2000s, for example, fuelled a healthy market in consultant-written strategies which bore only a distant relationship to reality, floating in mid-air without any pillars of money, law, or structure to support them. In other cases strategy-making is a self- contained activity.
Joined-Up Government
Authors: Mulgan Geoff
Published: November 2023

All large organizations face the same problems of coordination: how to cajole and encourage agencies, departments, units, and professions to point in broadly the same direction, and how to align incentives, cultures, and structures of authority to fit critical tasks that cut across organizational boundaries, such as urban regeneration, protecting the environment, or enhancing competitiveness.
New Puzzles and New Findings
Authors: Chesbrough Henry
Published: November 2023

This short chapter is intended to frame the subsequent three chapters within this volume. This part of the volume is focused on research that examines the implications of Open Innovation on innovation activities within the firm. Subsequent parts will address the implications of Open Innovation outside the firm, and in the surrounding environment, respectively. Adopting a more open innovation model within a large organization invites the consideration of many puzzles. First, if external innovation is so helpful, why is there so much variation in whether and how much companies utilize it? Second, if many technologies go unused within a firm, why aren ‘t more technologies offered for sale to outside organizations instead?
Comparative Federalism: The European Union and the United States in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Menon Anand , Schain Martin
Published: November 2023

The Convention on the Future of Europe served to galvanize debate about the nature and future developmental trajectory of the European Union. More specifically, it engendered discussion over the degree to which the process resembled that which had occurred in Philadelphia some two hundred years earlier, and, more broadly, over the extent to which the European Union does, or should, resemble the United States. Partly as a consequence of such debates, comparative federalism is now an important topic, with scholarly work comparing the US and EU proliferating rapidly. The present volume seeks to build on and contribute to this growing literature, by developing a systematic comparison of the institutions, policies and developmental patterns of the European Union and the United States.
Introduction Institutions, Regulation, and Practice: Traditions and Modes of Understanding
Authors: James Phil , Wood Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

That these developments, and others of equal importance, notably the way in which employers have sought to reform work processes and broader aspects of their employment regimes, have been occurring is, unsurprisingly, given the ample evidence available to support them, widely accepted. It is also similarly accepted that their occurrence has been supported, at the micro-, macro-, and supranational levels, by neoliberal policy agendas aimed at freeing up labor markets and, more generally, enhancing the discretionary power of employers. The nature and coherence of these agendas, and the reasons why they have come to occupy their current levels of predominance, however, all remain issues of uncertainty and debate. For example, the role played by the process of globalization remains an issue of contention, with different commentators adopting very different positions with regard to the extent to which it is acting to reform product markets and hence the degree to which it is serving as a material, as opposed to ideological, force for change.
Globalization and Working Life: A Comparative Analysis of the Automobile and Banking Sectors in Australia and Korea
Authors: Lansbury Russell D , Kitay Jim , Wailes Nick
Published: November 2023

Since the early 1990s, Ohmae (1995) and others have argued that changes in the international economy, captured by the rubric of globalization, have created the conditions under which national differences will steadily erode. For many concerned with labor and working life, this has been taken as a prediction that increased competition in factor and product markets, coupled with the increased locational mobility of capital, have created the conditions for a universal ‘race to the bottom’ in labor standards and convergence in national patterns of working life (see, e.g. Tilly 1995). Despite these predictions, empirical studies of working life and employment relations during the 1990s provide evidence of continued cross-national diversity in national patterns of working life in the face of globalization. These studies explain the continuing differences by stressing the importance of national institutional arrangements in refracting the pressures associated with globalization and their impact on working life.
Change and Continuity in Working Life
Authors: James Phil , Wood Geoffrey
Published: November 2023

The preceding contributions have provided a host of insights into the dimensions and parameters of recent changes in the world of work, the dynamics that have been acting to shape their nature and scale, and the way in which they are impacting on working lives. In combination, the contributions have highlighted that the ways in which these lives have been, and are being, transformed do not represent complete ruptures with previously existing practices and arrangements, but rather adaptations that have varied in both scope and intensity. They have further revealed that these variations in the balance between continuity and change extend to encompass differences at several different levels including the workplace, sectoral, and national ones.
Swing Doors and Musical Chairs
Authors: Kransdorff Arnold , Williams Russell
Published: November 2023

The notion that there has been a trend away from physical work toward intellectual work is not particularly new. Back in 1993, Peter Drucker pointed out that we exist in an ‘information age,’ a ‘knowledge society.’ But whatever the point of origin of this idea, acceptance of the trend toward intellectual work and the issues it raises has now gained considerable momentum-not least, for example, Hebeler and Van Doren (1997), Nurmi (1998). The significance of this trend is that it has revised the idea of what creates competitive advantage. The old competitive strategy notion typified by Porter (1980) reasons that competitive advantage is derived from the firm’s environment-the industry in which it operates.
Building on the National Context
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

It could be argued that UK management has never had it so good. Over the last twenty years the economic landscape of the UK has been transformed beyond recognition. Huge swathes of industry have been stripped out of the public sector and privatized. Trade union power and membership have significantly diminished, particularly in the private sector. Trade and regulatory protection of preferred industries and firms is a thing of the past. Politicians like to boast that Britain has turned itself into one of the most market-orientated and business-friendly economies in the world, in comparison with more stolid, slower-growing countries such as France and Germany.
Managing Employment Relations
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

Successful organizations maximize ‘employee contribution and commitment’. UK managers overwhelmingly take the point: when asked about factors influencing competitive advantage, more than half the respondents to the CBI’s 2003 employment trends survey stressed ‘effective people management’ against 14 per cent mentioning R&D and 7 per cent new capital investment. But achieving effective people management is particularly tricky. In the words of the US management scholar David Norton, ‘the asset that is the most important is the least understood’. This chapter has three goals. The first is to explain why ‘human capital’ is hard to understand and why improving understanding is key to an organization’s performance.
Measuring Performance in Innovative Firms
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 5 we explored some of the challenges of managing innovation, and particularly discontinuous innovation. This chapter investigates the issue of how these challenges can be addressed in a world that appears obsessed with measurement and control. There is, at least in appearance, a tension here. The core premise of this book is that greater innovation is key to the future competitive success of UK firms. Innovation involves doing things differently—changing products, processes, position, and/or paradigm. Innovation is about exploration. It relies on experimentation, change, and serendipity. Many innovations only see the light of day because of rule-bending or even mistakes, 3M’s Post-it notes being the classic example.
Adopting Promising Practices
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

In Chapter 4 we discussed the potential importance of high-performance work systems and questioned why organizations so often fail to exploit such apparently successful practices. In this chapter, we argue that identifying and choosing practices to adopt is deceptively unstraightforward. For managers to be successful, they must be both reflective about the issues of applying management practices in general, and mindful of the key elements of the particular practice. They must also understand the specific local organizational context and how it affects processes of adoption and implementation.
Cooperating across Boundaries
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

Companies are becoming increasingly joined-up places. There may have been a time when high-performing individuals, or even high-performing teams, could make a real and lasting difference on their own. Now, much of the value creation in companies takes place as a consequence of the relationships between people, often people in different functions, businesses, geographies, and countries. The impact is felt in many different ways. The value from mergers and acquisitions is rarely realized unless groups and individuals in both companies are able to work closely with each other. The increasingly sophisticated needs of consumers cannot be met unless employees from sales and marketing, research, and production are able to pool their joint ideas and resources to come up with innovative products and services. The needs of global supply chains and global buyers are fulfilled only if a company can join up its product or service offering by integrating employees from across the globe.
Taking the First Steps
Authors: Delbridge Rick , Gratton Lynda , Johnson Gerry
Published: November 2023

Executives across the developed world are faced with a dilemma. Do they stay on the familiar low road, concentrating on cutting costs and competing on price, or do they strike out on the road less taken, the high road, competing on innovation, value added, and speed? In this book, we have argued that in reality they have no choice. For firms in the developed world, only the high road leads to sustainable long-term prosperity. The steady globalization of manufacturing and services means that there will always be someone, in some corner of the world, capable of delivering at lower cost. In mature economies the high fixed cost base makes it impossible to compete on the basis of cost alone. Moreover, if the citizens of developed countries want to maintain their lifestyles and economic growth rates, they must be employed in companies that are innovative and commercially successful, and thus able to generate profits and pay good wages.
The Habsburg Monarchy
Authors: Cornwall Mark
Published: November 2023

It is a truism that the Habsburg Monarchy seriously mismanaged the celebrated ‘nationality principle’ of the nineteenth century, or, to put it more bluntly, modern nationalism was ‘the chief factor in the dissolution of the Habsburg Empire’. As early as 1830, the Austrian dramatist Franz Grillparzer had summed up the various national ‘provinces’ of the Monarchy as ‘horses absurdly harnessed together [. . . who] will scatter in all directions as soon as the advancing spirit of the times will weaken and break the bonds’.²
Area Functions and Articulatory Modeling as a Tool for Investigating the Articulatory, Acoustic, and Perceptual Properties of Sounds Across Languages
Authors: Vaissière Jacqueline
Published: November 2023

The goal of this chapter is to illustrate the usefulness of articulatory modeling (AM) as a tool for exploring the realization of phonological contrasts. The potential of the method as a tool in phonology is illustrated by addressing some key aspects of French sounds. Because it is based on French, this paper gives a French point of view on the vocal tract (VT) as a contrast generator. This is by no means a fresh point of view, in the sense that it is based on the strict application of the well-established acoustic theory of speech production (Chiba and Kajiyama 1958; Fant 1960; Stevens 1998).
Interpreting Misperception Beauty is in the Ear of the Beholder
Authors: Blevins Juliette
Published: November 2023

In 1910, forty years after receiving his doctorate in Leipzig, Baudouin de Courtenay (1845–1929) published O prawach grosowych (‘‘Phonetic Laws’’). In this work Baudouin summarizes much of his life’s work in modeling sound patterns and sound change, dissecting phonetic laws into psychological laws (linguistic representations), and laws of the manifestation of linguistic representations by means of organic physical media (implementation of linguistic representations as linguistic forms). It is in this work that Baudouin outlines one of his most significant contributions to the theory and method of phonological analysis: he characterizes misperception as a significant source of sound change, and suggests investigations of the nature of such misperceptions by experimental methods.
Coarticulatory Nasalization and Phonological Developments Data from Italian and English Nasal–Fricative Sequences
Authors: Busà M Grazia
Published: November 2023

The relative timing of contiguous oral and nasal articulations in nasal consonant contexts has been shown to vary across languages, with many studies reporting differences in the extent of contextual vowel nasalization and in the coordination of movements at the nasal–oral consonant transition (reviewed by Bell-Berti 1993, Krakow 1993). A particularly challenging pattern of relative timing is called upon in sequences in which a nasal consonant is immediately followed by a fricative. In these sequences, the velum has to move from the extreme low position required for the nasal consonant (an open velopharyngeal port) to the extreme high position required for the fricative (a port that is sealed in order to allow turbulent airflow in the oral tract) ( J. Ohala 1975; Bell-Berti 1980; Henderson 1984; Teixeira and Vaz 2001; Rossato 2004). Thus, this change in configuration requires synchronizing the elevation of the soft palate with the release of the oral constriction for the nasal consonant, and the rapid subsequent formation of the constriction for the fricative ( J. Ohala 1997b).
Physiological and Physical Bases of the Command–Response Model for Generating Fundamental Frequency Contours in Tone Languages Implications for the Phonology of Tones
Authors: Fujisaki Hiroya , Gu, Wentao , Ohno Sumio
Published: November 2023

In many languages of the world, the voice fundamental frequency (F  0) plays an important role in conveying linguistic, paralinguistic, and non-linguistic information. Hence, an accurate representation of the essential characteristics of the contour of the fundamental frequency (F  0 contour) is necessary both for understanding their relationships to the underlying information and for synthesis of high-quality speech.
Controlled and Mechanical Properties in Speech A Review of the Literature
Authors: Solé Maria-Josep
Published: November 2023

In the study of speech there is a well-known dichotomy between features that are planned by the speaker (i.e., present in the input to speech production) and mechanical features that emerge due to vocal tract constraints. Those aspects of speech which result from elasto-inertial, biomechanical, or aerodynamic constraints are not targeted by the speaker and can be explained by general phonetic principles. Examples include (a) the few milliseconds’ delay in the onset of voicing in vowels and sonorants following unaspirated stops, due to the time needed to release the oral pressure build up for the stop and initiate the transglottal flow needed for voicing ( J. Ohala 1983b), and (b) coarticulation with adjacent sounds which can be described in terms of the production constraints of the sounds involved (e.g. the ‘‘Degree of Articulatory Constraint’’ model of Recasens et al. 1997).
Conveying risks and benefits
Authors: Moppett Iain K
Published: November 2023

In order for consent to be valid, patients must be given information in a form that they can understand. There has been much research to investigate information provision, both in the setting of normal clinical practice and clinical trials. Relatively little research has been related directly to anaesthesia, so extrapolation from investigations involving surgical or research consent is necessary.
Mortality associated with anaesthesia
Authors: Aitkenhead Alan R
Published: November 2023

The anaesthetized patient is at risk of complications resulting from the actions, or inaction, of the anaesthetist, from the actions of the surgeon, and from failure or malfunction of anaesthetic equipment. The state of anaesthesia may be considered to be intrinsically unsafe. Patients are subjected to administration of drugs, which have side-effects, particularly on the cardiovascular and respiratory systems. Pharmacological muscle paralysis necessitates the use of artificial ventilation, making the patient dependent on the anaesthetist and his equipment for the fundamental functions of oxygenation and excretion of carbon dioxide. The anaesthetist may deliberately alter physiological functions, for example, by inducing hypotension or ventilating only one lung. Mortality is a vital estimate of risk associated with anaesthesia, the most important reason being that the definition is clear, in contrast to the more debatable definitions of morbidity. Mortality is also a somewhat crude estimate of risk, because of the relative rarity of this complication(1). During the three decades up to 1980, a number of investigators in various countries had attempted to estimate the frequency with which death was associated with anaesthesia (Table 10.1)(2–15). There was a general trend towards reduced mortality attributable primarily to anaesthesia during this period (from about 1:2500 to about 1:5000), but the same principal causes of death continued to be identified: inadequate supervision of trainees, drug overdose, drug mistakes, airway obstruction, aspiration of gastric contents, insufficient monitoring, and lack of postoperative care.
Cardiovascular risk
Authors: Skinner Henry J
Published: November 2023

Cardiovascular risk, perhaps more than any other risk associated with anaesthesia, has been studied in great detail. Cardiovascular complications account for approximately a third of postoperative complications and up to half of perioperative deaths. Surgery causes tissue trauma, fluid shifts, and tachycardia, and elicits a stress response, which results in an increase in cardiac workload. Adverse cardiac events commonly are produced by an unfavourable myocardial oxygen supply–demand ratio or inability to carry the increased burden. However, the aetiology may be complex and multifactorial, and it can be difficult to establish the role of anaesthesia in this. Most general anaesthetic drugs reduce left ventricle (LV) contractility, impair diastolic function, and dilate arteries and veins(1). Vasodilatation may be important in patients with fixed coronary flow obstruction as flow becomes pressure-dependent. Induction of anaesthesia reduces sympathetic tone. A proportion of patients with impaired cardiac function (especially the elderly) depend on sympathetic activity to maintain adequate perfusion pressure(2). On the other hand, volatile agents reduce cardiac workload and may protect the heart against ischaemic insults(3). The notion that anaesthesia is simply a vehicle to facilitate surgery with its incumbent risks is thus incorrect.
Haematological risk
Authors: Skinner Henry J , Moppett Iain K
Published: November 2023

Patients undergoing surgery and anaesthesia are at risk of three main haematological problems: excessive bleeding, venous thromboembolism, and risk associated with blood transfusion. Anaesthesia per sedoes not cause bleeding. However, interventions or omissions by the anaesthetist may promote or inhibit bleeding during and after surgery. Invasive procedures performed by anaesthetists may also carry risks from bleeding. Patient and surgical factors contribute most to the risk of bleeding in the perioperative period. Excessive bleeding is a serious surgical complication which increases perioperative morbidity, mortality and intensive care stay(1). Cardiac surgical bleeding requiring more than 5 units blood was associated with an eightfold increase in the risk of death(2). A meta-analysis of trials of thromboprophylaxis in general, orthopaedic, and urological surgery found that in around 3% of operations, bleeding was considered to be excessive(3). Bleeding during and after surgery is usually of a technical nature but can be aggravated by pre-existing or acquired coagulation disorders.
Arrow ‘s impossibility result
Authors: Gaertner Wulf
Published: November 2023

When Arrow showed the general impossibility of the existence of a social welfare function in 1951, quite a few welfare economists were confused.
Manipulability
Authors: Gaertner Wulf
Published: November 2023

Up to this chapter, it has always been assumed that individuals who were asked to state their preferences, reported them truthfully. This is a nice assumption, but does it hold in general, i.e. in reality? The reader may have a gut feeling that any system that can be manipulated is an unsatisfactory or even unacceptable scheme. The word ‘manipulative ‘ clearly has a negative connotation. A voting system that cannot be manipulated seems to be straightforward and transparent. To admit that there is strategic voting is tantamount to saying that there are people who spend energy and resources on manipulative activities.
Empirical social choice
Authors: Gaertner Wulf
Published: November 2023

There is no such thing as the theory of justice, neither in jurisprudence nor in philosophy nor in the sphere of economics where we often use the term ‘distributive justice ‘ in order to indicate that here, the issue of justice is frequently linked up with a problem of redistribution. Consider a fixed amount of well-defined, quantitatively measurable and perfectly divisible entities that is to be divided among a certain number of individuals. Or consider a government that thinks about changing its tax policy such that some of its citizens will suffer losses while others will benefit.
Complement Clause Types and Complementation Strategies in Tariana
Authors: Aikhenvald Alexandra Y
Published: November 2023

Tariana has four types of complement clauses and four complementation strategies which include nominalizations, sequential subordinate clauses, and serial verb constructions. Complement clauses can only occur in O function, while nominalizations can be used in any other function, except for A. Unlike objects expressed with noun phrases, neither complement clauses nor most nominalizations can be targets of passive or any other valency-changing derivation.
Product and Process Innovation, Scientific Research, Knowledge Dynamics, and Institutional Change: An Introduction
Authors: Meeus Marius T H , Hage Jerald
Published: November 2023

Given the importance of high-tech products in international trade, the centrality of new scientific technology in national security, the discussions about job retraining in the context of globalization, and the continual debate about the best government policies to handle these issues, the study of innovation in products and processes hardly needs justification. What does need justification is the need for a new approach to such study, one that opens a new set of theoretical questions and answers, and that provides the basis of a much more comprehensive, interdisciplinary theory about these issues.
Network resources and the choice of partners in alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

In the previous chapter, I presented a dynamic, firm-level study of the role of network resources in determining the frequency with which individual firms enter into alliances. Extensive fieldwork along with detailed empirical analysis of longitudinal data on firm behavior showed that by providing firms with information about potential partners, network resources are an important catalyst for entry into new alliances, especially because such ties entail considerable uncertainty and hazards. Additionally, the study assessed the importance of a firm’s material resources and alliance-formation capabilities as determinants of its proclivity to enter into new alliances. The results revealed that firms with greater network resources based on their positions in prior interorganizational networks are more likely to enter into new alliances. The results also suggested that firms’ capabilities with alliance formation—as measured by their past alliance experience—can be significant predictors of new alliance activity.
The architecture of cooperation: the role of network resources in managing coordination costs and appropriation concerns in strategic alliances
Authors: Gulati Ranjay
Published: November 2023

The last chapter detailed how choice of governance structures in alliances is influenced not only by appropriation concerns and moral hazards arising from the attributes of the specific transactions to be consummated within a particular alliance partnership but also by the network resources available to participating firms. It showed that the network of prior alliances pro- vides firms with a valuable network resource in the form of familiarity with prior alliance partners that engenders interorganizational trust, which in turn reduces uncertainty and the need for hierarchical controls in new alliances between previously allied parties. In other words, trust produced by network resources is a distinct factor that obviates the need for hierarchical controls in alliances.
Conspiracy To Defraud
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw
Published: November 2023

This common law offence is one of the most controversial in English criminal law, and there has been sustained pressure for its abolition. It is incredibly broad, vague, and criminalizes conduct by two or more that would not be criminal or even involve a civil wrong when performed by an individual. It has been repeatedly suggested that it offends against the principles of legality, certainty, and fair warning. The most recent calls for abolition come from academic commentators, the Law Commission, Liberty, Customs and Excise, and even by Law Lords in the course of debates in the House of Lords.
Going Equipped and Possession of Articles To Commit Fraud
Authors: Ormerod David , Williams David Huw
Published: November 2023

Many of the offences in the Theft Acts and Fraud Act have been criticized for their considerable breadth particularly in view of the generally wide interpretations that have been adopted by the courts. Thus, for example, it is possible for D to be convicted of theft from the moment that he touches an item or acts in a way that assumes any single right of an owner, provided he has the proscribed state of mind.
From the Tractarians to the Executive Commission, 1845-1854
Authors: WARD W R
Published: November 2023

By 1845, when pressure for reform began to revive, events had demonstrated that the constitution of the University, designed (so far as it had been designed at all) to stop changes being made, was indeed incapable of satisfying the new demand. It followed that those whose concern was with university extension or the reform of studies could not fail to be constitutional reformers, and were always likely to be linked with those outside the University like James Heywood, MP for North Lancashire from 1847 to 1857, who wanted to repeal the tests’ or apply German models of university organization.2 These three themes, constitution, studies, and outside intervention, were to preoccupy Oxford for a decade.
Out Of Darkness
Authors: Greenwood David
Published: November 2023

For those of us fortunate enough to live in the industrially developed countries of the twenty-first century western world it is hard to envisage the all-pervading fear of infection that has existed through most of mankind ‘s urban history—and still dominates many poor communities excluded from or unable to afford the benefits of modern medicine. Before the therapeutic revolution of the twentieth century, grieving parents regularly buried young infants who had succumbed to infectious diseases such as measles, diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough, and dysentery in the very dawn of their life. Unhappily they still do in some parts of the world: even now around 10 million children a year scandalously die from preventable diseases (2). Similarly, until the last century, the death of bread-winners and young mothers in the prime of life from pneumonia, tuberculosis, childbed fever, and other infections was a common experience, mirrored today by the death toll from HIV-related illness in many countries. A visitation of the plague could decimate whole communities within a few weeks; cholera could kill in a day.
From Quinine To Sulphonamides (By Way Of Serendip)
Authors: Greenwood David
Published: November 2023

In addition to its formidable reputation as a specific for the treatment of intermittent fevers, Cinchona bark was fated to play a vital part in several unconnected events that were to have far-reaching consequences. As is well known (I assume) to practitioners of homeopathy, its founder Samuel Hahnemann formulated his controversial therapeutic theories after dosing himself with Cinchona bark and suffering symptoms reminiscent of the ague (the popular name for malarial fevers), possibly engendered by an idiosyncratic allergy to the drug. Whether this chance observation represented the major insight that Hahnemann proposed is a moot point, but Lady Luck was not to stake her reputation on this event; she was busy forming liaisons with quinine that were to revolutionize fashion, medicine, the pharmaceutical industry, and ultimately—as though she were just weaving a convoluted thread to lead humankind from one effective antimicrobial drug to another— the treatment of infectious disease.
The Spectre At The Feast
Authors: Greenwood David
Published: November 2023

In 1969, the United States Surgeon General, William H. Stewart, famously told the US Congress that it was ‘time to close the books on infectious diseases. ‘ Stewart had, in 1965, been the surprise nomination for the Surgeon General ‘s office (2). He resigned in 1969 shortly after making his controversial statement, though there seems to be no suggestion that the two events were connected. Stewart ‘s intention had been to contrast the stunning success of antibiotics, vaccines, and public health measures in the fight against infectious diseases, with the unsolved problems of heart disease and cancer. Still, he must have lived to regret the statement about infection, for it has been repeated ad nauseam by those wishing to stress misplaced optimism as a contributory factor to the problem of antimicrobial drug resistance.
The Dictionary Of Dialectal Fiords – The Beginnings Of Dialect Dictionaries In China
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

Sociolinguistics, as an interdisciplinary branch of learning, emerged in the 1960s in America. Its principles and research methodology have been gradually established over the past fefi decades. In terms of regional dialect studies, however, there is still much virgin territory to be cultivated. The Dictionary of Dialectal words (hereinafter abbreviated to DDFI) is the first dialect dictionary in the history of Chinese lexicography and is thought to be the first of its kind in the history of world lexicography. This dictionary will definitely provide new insights into dialect studies, the compilation of dialect dictionaries and other types of language dictionaries, and also the general study of sociolinguistics.
Ethnic Minority Languages And Their Bilingual Dictionaries
Authors: Yong Heming , Peng Jing
Published: November 2023

Translation of the Buddhist sutras was beginning to decline with Buddhism dwindling in the Later Tang Dynasty (923–936). A typical feature of this transition was the increased communications and strengthened ties between the Han people and the neighbouring minorities and other nationalities of the Eastern world. As a matter of fact, the Kitans Tartar, Mongolians and Manchurians established the Liao Dynasty (907–1125), the Yuan Dynasty (1260–1368), and the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912) in Chinese history. As the ruling classes, their languages became culturally, politically, and economically important and were naturally the official languages used in historical documents. They were also given special prominence and received unusual treatment in Chinese-minority language bilingual dictionaries. It is not hard to figure out why almost all these minority languages occupied the position of source language in those early Chinese bilingual dictionaries.
Easeful Death
Authors: Warnock Mary , Macdonald Elisabeth
Published: November 2023

Easeful Death sets out in straightforward terms the main arguments both for and against the legalization of assisted suicide and euthanasia. The legal choices confronting those caring for the terminally ill, and indeed those patients themselves who may be facing intolerable suffering towards the end of their lives, have been the cause of fierce public debate in recent years. The book takes as its starting point attempts in Britain and other countries to bring compassion into the rules governing the end of a patient ‘s life. Drawing on experience in the Netherlands, Belgium, and the US state of Oregon, where either assisted dying or euthanasia have been legalized, the authors explore the philosophical and ethical views on both sides of the debate, and examine how different legislative proposals would affect different members of society, from the very young to the very old. They describe the practical, medical processes of palliative care, self-denial of food and water, and assisted dying and euthanasia, and ultimately conclude that the public is ready to embrace a more compassionate approach to assisted dying. This sensitive and authoritative short volume is informed throughout by a strong sense that, whatever the results of the legislative argument, compassion for one another must be both the guide and the restraint upon the way we treat people who are dying or who want to die.
Falls
Authors: Darowski Dr Adam
Published: November 2023

Many people see falling as an inevitable part of growing older, and falls can result in serious injuries. As we age, deterioration in our ability to maintain balance, underlying illnesses, or disabilities can result in falls. Currently, one in eight patients in hospital are admitted due to a fall, and 50% of people over 80 years old fall every year. It is almost always possible to minimize the chances of falling, and to make our personal environment safer for when falls do occur. This book covers all aspects of falls, explaining why they happen, the common consequences, and what can be done to prevent them. It is intended for patients and their families, but will also be of value for health professionals at all levels. Falls: The Facts is an informative and practical guide, containing advice on what to do and how to cope when falls occur. It includes personal accounts of patients and their relatives to illustrate true experiences, and the positive outcomes that treatment can produce.
Police Misconduct, Complaints, and public Regulation
Authors: Beggs John , Davies Hugh
Published: November 2023

Police Misconduct, Complaints and Public Regulation provides comprehensive coverage of the law and procedure relating to the regulation of the police - setting out comprehensive guidance on practice in relation to complaints, misconduct and performance procedures, as well as detailed analysis of the powers of the IPCC and of its statutory guidance. Dedicated chapters address events from recording the complaint through to Police Appeals Tribunals; specific criminal offences (misconduct in public office; manslaughter; driving); inquests (including modern developments on narrative verdicts); and associated guidance on abuse of process and judicial review. The content reflects the substantial developments in the law and practice in these inter-related proceedings since the implementation of the Police Reform Act 2002 in April 2004, as well as the radical reforms introduced by the radical change of regime introduced by performance and misconduct regulations in 2008. . The authors - recognized as market leaders in these fields of work - bring together, in a detailed and practical narrative, the relevant statutory powers, secondary legislation, statutory guidance and increasing body of Administrative Court jurisprudence. They include user-friendly diagrams and process maps to illustrate and explain the narrative and legislation. Appendices include - in full - all relevant performance and misconduct regulations between 1999 - 2008, the 2008 Home Office Guidance, and both the 1999 and 2008 Police Appeals Tribunals Rules. Written by two barristers with extensive experience representing and advising police forces and accused officers in all forms of proceedings, this book is an essential text for all supervising officers and managers that must seek to apply the procedures correctly, as well as solicitors and barristers instructed in these matters and other tribunals. It also represents the single most authoritative modern treatment of Coronial law as applied to police related deaths, and to contemporary developments in criminal offences including misconduct in public office and police-related homicide.
Arbitrating Mass Investor Claims: Lessons of International Claims Commissions
Authors: Heiskanen Veijo
Published: November 2023

Over the last twenty years or so, international claims commissions and claims tribunals have become a standard tool to deal with international mass claims. More than fifteen international claims programs have been established during this period to address the consequences of major international crises such as wars, revolutions, and other extraordinary incidents. These commissions and tribunals can appropriately be characterized as “mass claims” programs in view of the number of claims they are typically dealing with, which may range from a few thousand to hundreds of thousands, even millions.
The Administration of Class Action Arbitrations
Authors: Tuchmann Eric P
Published: November 2023

The very fact that class action arbitrations are taking place in the United States continues to take many by surprise. This is so despite the fact that this type of arbitration has been in existence in some manner for a number of years, and in a substantially more pronounced way since 2003 when the Supreme Court of the United States decided Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle. Since Bazzle was decided, the American Arbitration Association (“AAA”) has spent considerable time and energy considering the most suitable manner in which to administer class action arbitrations. To ensure an understanding of how class action arbitrations work, however, it is necessary to have some understanding of the legal framework for class action litigation in the United States.
Class-Wide Arbitration in California
Authors: Chernick Richard
Published: November 2023

California courts have a significant history of dealing with class-wide arbitration that predates Green Tree Financial Corp. v. Bazzle. The California Arbitration Act gives California courts authority to consolidate arbitrations; on that authority, California courts routinely certified class-wide arbitrations and then sent them to arbitrators for adjudication of the merits of the dispute.
Law and Politics in Europe and Beyond (2009)
Authors: Alter Karen J
Published: November 2023

There is a wide interest in identifying the factors that gave rise to the European Court’s political power, in part because the ECJ is seen as having positively contributed to European integration, but also because we are in a moment in time where a new history of international courts is being written.
Criminal Cartel Investigations In The Uk
Authors: O’Kane Michael
Published: November 2023

The Office of Fair Trading (‘OFT’) is the UK law enforcement agency with primary responsibility for investigating the Enterprise Act (‘EA’) 2002 cartel offence.1 This role was envisaged in the Government White Paper which stated that:

The Government believes there are good reasons for the OFT to be the main prose- cuting authority for the offence. The OFT has primary responsibility in the UK for uncovering cartels and has developed the necessary expertise.2
Prosecution Of Cartel Offences In The Uk
Authors: O’Kane Michael
Published: November 2023

This chapter provides a broad overview of the criminal process that is activated when an individual is charged with the cartel offence. Starting with the charge, it explains the main features of the Magistrates’ court and Crown Court process, as well as ancillary issues such as disclosure and bail.
Criminal Cartel Regimes In Other Jurisdictions
Authors: O’Kane Michael
Published: November 2023

The regulation of cartel activity has, particularly in more recent years, become a major priority for competition authorities worldwide. In keeping with a general shift towards increasing corporate and individual accountability in other areas of the law, competition authorities around the world have implemented detailed anti-cartel regulation. As an additional and forceful deterrent, many jurisdictions have coupled their civil/administrative cartel regimes with scope for criminal liability and consequent criminal sanctions upon a finding of guilt. In conjunction with a fully operating leniency policy, prosecutorial activity in launching and conducting wide-reaching investigations has greatly increased and often with great success. This is especially the case where there are real incentives to enter a plea bargain.
Civil Society
Authors: Paffenholz Thania
Published: November 2023

Historically the concept of ‘civil society’ has been an almost purely western concept, tied to the political emancipation of European citizens from former ‘feudalistic’ ties, monarchy, and the state during the 18th and 19th centuries.
Grammatical Word and Phonological Word
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

The two parts of grammar—syntax and morphology—are linked together through the unit ‘word’.As described in §3.13, on morphology, the basis of a word is a lexical root (or roots) to which may be applied various morphological processes: compounding, reduplication, shift of stress or change of tone, internal change, subtraction, and—most common of all—affixation. Once all relevant morphological processes have applied, we have produced a word. The discipline of syntax deals with the organization and interrelation of grammatical elements. A clause will have a predicate, which selects a number of arguments. Corresponding to predicate will be a verb phrase, which typically has a verb as head. An argument may be realized by a bound pronoun and/or by a noun phrase, which typically has a noun as head (and optionally also adjective(s) as modifiers). Thus, words are created by morphological processes, and—alone or in combination—provide realizations for syntactic elements. As stated in §3.1, ‘word’ is the central unit, the intersection of syntax and morphology. But ‘word’ is not infrequently defined, at least in part, on phonological criteria.
Pronouns and Demonstratives
Authors: Dixon R M W
Published: November 2023

This chapter deals with two of the varieties of shifters which were introduced in §3.7—pronouns, whose shifting reference relates to participants in the speech act, and demonstratives, whose shifting reference relates to spatial location. In each case, the reference is deictic, effectively ‘pointing’ at some person or thing. (The third type of shifter covers temporal terms such as ‘today’ and ‘now’; see §3.8.) In §15.3 there is discussion of anaphora and cataphora, which can involve 3rd person pronouns and demonstratives.