bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Administration of Interleukin-17 Soluble Receptor C Suppresses T
H
17 Cells, Oxidative Stress, and Hypertension in Response to Placental Ischemia During Pregnancy
Authors: Cornelius Denise C. , Hogg James P. , Scott Jeremy , Wallace Kedra , Herse Florian , Moseley Janae , Wallukat Gerd , Dechend Ralf , LaMarca Babbette
Published: September 2013

Preeclampsia, new onset hypertension with proteinuria during pregnancy, is associated with chronic inflammation and placental oxidative stress (ROS). Chronic interleukin-17 (IL-17) increases blood pressure, autoantibodies (angiotensin II type I receptor [AT1-AA]), and ROS during pregnancy. The objective of this study was to determine whether T-helper 17 (T
H
17) suppression via IL-17 recombinant receptor C (IL-17RC) decreases pathophysiology associated with placental ischemia (reduced uterine perfusion pressure [RUPP]). On gestation day 14, miniosmotic pumps infusing 100 pg of IL-17RC per day were implanted into pregnant rats undergoing RUPP. On gestation day 18, carotid catheters were inserted. On gestation day 19, mean arterial pressure was recorded and T
H
17 cells, oxidative stress, and AT1-AA were measured and analyzed via 1-way ANOVA. Mean arterial pressure increased from 101±2 mm Hg in normal pregnant rats (n=19) to 120±1 mm Hg in RUPP rats (n=17) but decreased to 110±2 mm Hg in RUPP+IL-17RC rats (n=22). Pup weight decreased from 2.28±0.2 g in normal pregnant rats to 1.96±0.3 g in RUPP rats but was significantly increased to 2.01±0.1 in RUPP+IL-17RC rats. T
H
17 cells were 1.77% in RUPP rats but decreased to 0.65% in RUPP+IL-17RC rats. Urinary isoprostanes were normalized in RUPP+IL-17RC rats (52 pg/µg) compared with 89 pg/µg in RUPP controls. Placental ROS was 652 relative light units in RUPP rats but decreased to 337 relative light units in RUPP+IL-17RC rats. AT1-AA was 17.27±0.7 bpm in RUPP rats but decreased to 5.00±0.5 bpm in RUPP+IL-17RC rats. With this study, we show that infusion of IL-17RC blunts T
H
17s, oxidative stress, AT1-AA, and hypertension in the RUPP model of preeclampsia, indicating that T
H
17 cells may play an important role in disease pathophysiology.
cGMP-Dependent Protein Kinase 1 Polymorphisms Underlie Renal Sodium Handling Impairment
Authors: Citterio Lorena , Ferrandi Mara , Delli Carpini Simona , Simonini Marco , Kuznetsova Tatiana , Molinari Isabella , Dell’ Antonio Giacomo , Lanzani Chiara , Merlino Lino , Brioni Elena , Staessen Jan A. , Bianchi Giuseppe , Manunta Paolo
Published: September 2013

Defective pressure-natriuresis related to abnormalities in the natriuretic response has been associated with hypertension development. A major signaling pathway mediating pressure natriuresis involves the cGMP-dependent protein kinase 1 (PRKG1) that, once activated by Src kinase, inhibits renal Na
+
reabsorption via a direct action on basolateral Na-K ATPase and luminal Na–H exchanger type 3, as shown in renal tubuli of animals. Because a clear implication of PRKG1 in humans is still lacking, here we addressed whether PRKG1 polymorphisms affect pressure-natriuresis in patients. Naive hypertensive patients (n=574), genotyped for PRKG1 rs1904694, rs7897633, and rs7905063 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), underwent an acute Na
+
loading, and the slope of the pressure–natriuresis relationship between blood pressure and Na
+
excretion was calculated. The underlying molecular mechanism was investigated by immunoblotting protein quantifications in human kidneys. The results demonstrate that the PRKG1 risk haplotype GAT (rs1904694, rs7897633, rs7905063, respectively) associates with a rightward shift of the pressure–natriuresis curve (0.017±0.004 μEq/mm Hg per minute) compared with the ACC (0.0013±0.003 μEq/mm Hg per minute;
P
=0.001). In human kidneys, a positive correlation of protein expression levels between PRKG1 and Src (
r
=0.83;
P
<0.001) or α1 Na-K ATPase (
r
=0.557;
P
<0.01) and between α1 Na-K ATPase and Na–H exchanger type 3 (
r
=0.584;
P
<0.01) or Src (
r
=0.691;
P
<0.001) was observed in patients carrying PRKG1 risk GAT (n=23) but not ACC (n=14) variants. A functional signaling complex among PRKG1, α1 Na-K ATPase, and Src was shown by immunoprecipitation from human renal caveolae. These findings indicate that PRKG1 risk alleles associate with salt-sensitivity related to a loss of the inhibitory control of renal Na
+
reabsorption, suggestive of a blunt pressure–natriuresis response.
Chronic Angiotensin II Infusion Drives Extensive Aldosterone-Independent Epithelial Na
+
Channel Activation
Authors: Mamenko Mykola , Zaika Oleg , Prieto Minolfa C. , Jensen V. Behrana , Doris Peter A. , Navar L. Gabriel , Pochynyuk Oleh
Published: September 2013

The inability of mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) blockade to reduce hypertension associated with high angiotensin (Ang) II suggests direct actions of Ang II to regulate tubular sodium reabsorption via the epithelial Na
+
channel (ENaC) in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. We used freshly isolated aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron from mice to delineate the synergism and primacy between aldosterone and Ang II in controlling functional ENaC activity. Inhibition of MR specifically prevented the increased number of functionally active ENaC, but not ENaC open probability elicited by a low sodium diet. In contrast, we found no functional role of glucocorticoid receptors in the regulation of ENaC activity by dietary salt intake. Simultaneous inhibition of MR and Ang II type 1 receptors ameliorated the enhanced ENaC activity caused by low dietary salt intake and produced significantly greater natriuresis than either inhibitor alone. Chronic systemic Ang II infusion induced more than 2 times greater increase in ENaC activity than observed during dietary sodium restriction. Importantly, ENaC activity remained greatly above control levels during maximal MR inhibition. We conclude that during variations in dietary salt intake both aldosterone and Ang II contribute complementarily to the regulation of ENaC activity in the aldosterone-sensitive distal nephron. In contrast, in the setting of Ang II–dependent hypertension, ENaC activity is upregulated well above the physiological range and is not effectively suppressed by inhibition of the aldosterone–MR axis. This provides a mechanistic explanation for the resistance to MR inhibition that occurs in hypertensive subjects having elevated intrarenal Ang II levels.
Spiral Artery Remodeling and Trophoblast Invasion in Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction
Authors: Lyall Fiona , Robson Stephen C. , Bulmer Judith N.
Published: September 2013

Failure to transform uteroplacental spiral arteries is thought to underpin disorders of pregnancy, including preeclampsia and fetal growth restriction (FGR). In this study, spiral artery remodeling and extravillous-cytotrophoblast were examined in placental bed biopsies from normal pregnancy (n=25), preeclampsia (n=22), and severe FGR (n=10) and then compared with clinical parameters. Biopsies were immunostained to determine vessel wall integrity, extravillous-cytotrophoblast location/density, periarterial fibrinoid, and endothelium. Muscle disruption was reduced in myometrial spiral arteries in preeclampsia (
P
=0.0001) and FGR (
P
=0.0001) compared with controls. Myometrial vessels from cases with birth weight <5th percentile (
P
<0.001), abnormal uterine Doppler (
P
<0.01), abnormal umbilical artery Doppler (
P
<0.001), and preterm delivery (
P
<0.001) had less muscle destruction compared with >5th percentile. Fewer extravillous-cytotrophoblast surrounded both decidual and myometrial vessels in the normal group and preeclampsia group compared with the FGR group (
P
=0.001). For myometrial vessels, the normal group contained more intramural extravillous-cytotrophoblast than in preeclampsia (
P
=0.015). Decidual vessels in the FGR group had less fibrinoid deposition compared with controls (
P
=0.013). For myometrial vessels, less fibrinoid was deposited in both the preeclampsia group (
P
=0.0001) and the FGR group (
P
=0.01) when compared with controls, and less fibrinoid was deposited in the preeclampsia group when compared with FGR group (
P
<0.001). Myometrial vessels obtained from birth weights <5th percentile had less periarterial fibrinoid than those with >5th percentile (
P
<0.02). A major defect in myometrial spiral artery remodeling occurs in preeclampsia and FGR that is linked to clinical parameters. Interstitial extravillous-cytotrophoblast is not reduced in preeclampsia but is increased in FGR.
Automatic Phrase Continuation from Guitar and Bass Guitar Melodies
Authors: Cherla Srikanth , Purwins Hendrik , Marchini Marco
Published: September 2013

A framework is proposed for generating interesting, musically similar variations of a given monophonic melody. The focus is on pop/rock guitar and bass guitar melodies with the aim of eventual extensions to other instruments and musical styles. It is demonstrated here how learning musical style from segmented audio data can be formulated as an unsupervised learning problem to generate a symbolic representation. A melody is first segmented into a sequence of notes using onset detection and pitch estimation. A set of hierarchical, coarse-to-fine symbolic representations of the melody is generated by clustering pitch values at multiple similarity thresholds. The variance ratio criterion is then used to select the appropriate clustering levels in the hierarchy. Note onsets are aligned with beats, considering the estimated meter of the melody, to create a sequence of symbols that represent the rhythm in terms of onsets/rests and the metrical locations of their occurrence. A joint representation based on the cross-product of the pitch cluster indices and metrical locations is used to train the prediction model, a variable-length Markov chain. The melodies generated by the model were evaluated through a questionnaire by a group of experts, and received an overall positive response.
Trumpet Augmentation and Technological Symbiosis
Authors: Thibodeau Joseph , Wanderley Marcelo M.
Published: September 2013

This article discusses the augmentation of acoustic musical instruments, with a focus on trumpet augmentation. Augmented instruments are acoustic instruments onto which sensors have been mounted in order to provide extra sonic control variables. Trumpets make ideal candidates for augmentation because they have spare physical space on which to mount electronics and spare performer “bandwidth” with which to interact with the augmentations.

In this article, underlying concepts of augmented instrument design are discussed along with a review and discussion of twelve existing augmented trumpets and five projects related to mouthpiece augmentation. Common aspects to many of these examples are identified, such as the prevalence of idiosyncratic designs, the use of buttons placed at or near the left-hand playing position, and the focus on measuring or mimicking trumpet valves. Three existing approaches to valve sensing are compared, and a novel method for sensing valve position, based on linear variable differential transformers, is introduced. Based on the review and comparison, we created an example augmented trumpet that tests the feasibility of a modular design paradigm.

The results of this review of the state-of-the-art and our own research suggests future directions towards a better understanding of augmented trumpet design.
Social Learning and Adoption of New Behavior in a Virtual Agent Society
Authors: Nye Benjamin D. , Silverman Barry G.
Published: September 2013

Social learning and adoption of new behavior govern the rise of a variety of behaviors: from actions as mundane as dance steps to those as dangerous as new ways to make IED detonators. However, agents in immersive virtual environments lack the ability to realistically simulate the spread of new behavior. To address this gap, a cognitive model was designed that represents the well-known socio-cognitive factors of attention, social influence, and motivation that influence learning and the adoption of a new behavior. To explore the effectiveness of this model, simulations modeled the spread of two competing memes in Hamariyah, an archetypal Iraqi village developed for cross-cultural training. Diffusion and clustering analyses were used to examine adoption patterns in these simulations. Agents produced well-defined clusters of early versus late adoption based on their social influences, personality, and contextual factors, such as employment status. These findings indicate that the spread of behavior can be simulated plausibly in a virtual agent society and has the potential to increase the realism of immersive virtual environments.
The genus Macrostemum Kolenati 1859 (Trichoptera: Hydropsychidae) in the Neotropical Region: Description of two new species, taxonomic notes, distributional records and key to males
Authors: FRANÇA DIOGO , PAPROCKI HENRIQUE , CALOR ADOLFO R.
Published: September 2013

The genus Macrostemum Kolenati contains 105 described species, with 15 valid species in the Neotropical region. The adults are recognized principally by wing membranes strongly marked with dark and light colors. The Neotropical species of Macrostemum were described based on the wing colors patterns and body morphology. In this paper we present a taxonomic study of the Neotropical species, descriptions of two new species from Brazil, distributional records and a key to males. The male of Macrostemum negrense Flint 1978 is described for the first time. Names of three Neotropical species, M. ramosum (Navás 1916), M. trigramma (Navás 1916), and M. triste (Navás 1916) are designated nomina dubia.
Gastrotricha from the Poznań Palm House—one new subgenus and three new species of freshwater Chaetonotida (Gastrotricha)
Authors: KOLICKA MAŁGORZATA , KISIELEWSKI JACEK , NESTERUK TERESA , ZAWIERUCHA KRZYSZTOF
Published: September 2013

Gastrotricha is a cosmopolitan phylum of aquatic and wet terrestrial invertebrates comprising about 800 described species. Gastrotrichs have never been studied in artificial habitats such as greenhouses. In this paper we present 13 species belonging to 5 genera of the family Chaetonotidae that have been found in a water body with tropical aquatic plants. Tristratachaetus subgen. nov. and Chaetonotus (Tristratachaetus subgen. nov.) rhombosquamtus sp. nov., Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) eximius sp. nov. and Chaetonotus (Chaetonotus) pravus sp. nov. are described as a new to science. Additionally, taxonomic, biogeographic and ecological remarks for all recorded species are provided.
A qualitative study on transnational attachment among eight families of foreign origin
Authors: Esteban-Guitart Moisés , Monreal-Bosch Pilar , Vila Ignasi
Published: September 2013

Traditionally, place attachment has been used as an explanatory concept to analyze the relationship between people and where they live; their immediate physical surroundings, basically the home, neighbourhood or community. However, the limitations of studies into place attachment include the spatial restriction of the notion of place and the methodological approach used, based on questionnaires. In this respect, there are a few studies within environmental psychology about transnational attachment, i.e. the relationships that people establish, in contexts of movement across national borders (migration), with their countries of origin and their destination. The results illustrated and described in this paper show the multi-place character of eight immigrant families. It is suggested that the support networks of family and friends are key elements in the development and maintenance of transnational attachment.
Environmental concern in Andalusia, Spain: What, how much, who and why?
Authors: Pisano Ignacio , Hidalgo María-Carmen
Published: September 2013

This paper proposes a summary measure of the different elements that make up the construct of environmental concern with the ultimate goal of exploring the breadth and social bases of environmentalism in Andalusia (Spain). Categorical principal components analysis, cluster analysis and proportion contrast have been applied to a public opinion survey on ecology and the environment representative of the Andalusian population. The results confirm the proper operationalization of environmental concern through eight facets as well as the broad support for the discourse of sustainability issues among the population. However, this consensus is conditioned by certain demographic profiles and different levels or degrees of environmental concern detected.
Proenvironmental concern and behavior in Turkey: The role of national and environmental identity
Authors: Clayton Susan , Kilinç Ahmet
Published: September 2013

Because individual responses to environmental threats typically contribute more to collective than individual wellbeing, some identification with the collective may be important. Environmental identity predicts proenvironmental behaviors. Could a national identity also serve as a motivator? The present paper examines predictors of environmental concern and behavior in Turkey, with a particular focus on the role of national and environmental identity. We surveyed 808 Turkish university students and found strong endorsement for statements reflecting a cultural value for the environment. Turkish national identity also correlated with environmental identity, concern, behavior, and attributions of responsibility, although it did not contribute additional variance to the criterion variables once other predictors were included. We conclude that national identity may incorporate pro-environmental attitudes and is a promising arena for pro-environmental interventions.
Relations between naturalness and perceived restorativeness of different urban green spaces
Authors: Carrus Giuseppe , Lafortezza Raffaele , Colangelo Giuseppe , Dentamaro Ivana , Scopelliti Massimiliano , Sanesi Giovanni
Published: September 2013

Green spaces have positive effects on human well-being and quality of life in cities. So far, studies in this field mainly compared preferences for, and outcomes of contact with, natural vs. built environments. Less attention has been given to the study of the psychological effects of contact with green spaces differing in their degree of naturalness. This paper thus aims at understanding the relation between ecological (e.g., level of naturalness) and psychological factors (e.g., perceived restorativeness) in shaping evaluations of different urban and peri-urban green spaces. Five typologies of green space have been identified in the city of Bari (southern Italy), ranging from minimum (i.e., high level of man-made elements) to maximum levels of naturalness (i.e., low level of man-made elements). A set of pictures of the different urban green space typologies was shown to fifty undergraduate students of the University of Bari, and then measures of perceived restorativeness were taken. Results show that perceived restorativeness is the highest in peri-urban green spaces, and increases significantly as a function of the level of naturalness.
The Winter Atmospheric Response to Sea Ice Anomalies in the Barents Sea
Authors: Liptak Jessica , Strong Courtenay
Published: September 2013

The atmospheric response to sea ice anomalies over the Barents Sea during winter was determined by boundary forcing the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) with daily varying high and low sea ice concentration (SIC) anomalies that decreased realistically from December to February. The high- and low-SIC anomalies produced localized opposite-signed responses of surface turbulent heat flux and wind stress that decreased in magnitude and extent as winter progressed. Responses of sea level pressure (SLP) and 500-mb height evolved from localized, opposite-signed features into remarkably similar large-scale patterns resembling the negative phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO). Hilbert empirical orthogonal function (HEOF) analysis of the composite high-SIC and low-SIC SLP responses uncovered how they differed. The hemispheric pattern in the leading HEOF was similar for the high-SIC and low-SIC responses, but the high-SIC response cycled through the pattern once per winter, whereas the low-SIC response cycled through the pattern twice per winter. The second HEOF differed markedly between the responses, with the high-SIC response featuring zonally oriented Atlantic and Pacific wave features and the low-SIC response featuring a meridionally oriented Atlantic dipole pattern.
Propagation of Meridional Circulation Anomalies along Western and Eastern Boundaries
Authors: Marshall David P. , Johnson Helen L.
Published: September 2013

Motivated by the adjustment of the meridional overturning circulation to localized forcing, solutions are presented from a reduced-gravity model for the propagation of waves along western and eastern boundaries. For wave periods exceeding a few months, Kelvin waves play no role. Instead, propagation occurs through short and long Rossby waves at the western and eastern boundaries, respectively: these Rossby waves propagate zonally, as predicted by classical theory, and cyclonically along the basin boundaries to satisfy the no-normal flow boundary condition. The along-boundary propagation speed is cLd/δ, where c is the internal gravity/Kelvin wave speed, Ld is the Rossby deformation radius, and δ is the appropriate frictional boundary layer width. This result holds across a wide range of parameter regimes, with either linear friction or lateral viscosity and a no-slip boundary condition. For parameters typical of contemporary ocean climate models, the propagation speed is coincidentally close to the Kelvin wave speed. In the limit of weak dissipation, the western boundary wave dissipates virtually all of its energy as it propagates toward the equator, independent of the dissipation coefficient. In contrast, virtually no energy is dissipated in the eastern boundary wave. The importance of background mean flows is also discussed.
Parallel Implementation of an Ensemble Kalman Filter
Authors: Houtekamer P. L. , He Bin , Mitchell Herschel L.
Published: September 2013

Since mid-February 2013, the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) in operation at the Canadian Meteorological Centre (CMC) has been using a 600 × 300 global horizontal grid and 74 vertical levels. This yields 5.4 × 107 model coordinates. The EnKF has 192 members and uses seven time levels, spaced 1 h apart, for the time interpolation in the 6-h assimilation window. It follows that over 7 × 1010 values are required to specify an ensemble of trial field trajectories. This paper focuses on numerical and computational aspects of the EnKF. In response to the increasing computational challenge posed by the ever more ambitious configurations, an ever larger fraction of the EnKF software system has gradually been parallelized over the past decade. In a strong scaling experiment, the way in which the execution time decreases as larger numbers of processes are used is investigated. In fact, using a substantial fraction of one of the CMC's computers, very short execution times are achieved. As it would thus appear that the CMC's computers can handle more demanding configurations, weak scaling experiments are also performed. Here, both the size of the problem and the number of processes are simultaneously increased. The parallel algorithm responds well to an increase in either the number of ensemble members or the number of model coordinates. A substantial increase (by an order of magnitude) in the number of assimilated observations would, however, be more problematic. Thus, to the extent that this depends on computational aspects, it appears that the meteorological quality of the Canadian operational EnKF can be further improved.
An Evaluation of WRF Simulations of Clouds over the Southern Ocean with A-Train Observations
Authors: Huang Yi , Siems Steven T. , Manton Michael J. , Thompson Gregory
Published: September 2013

The representation of the marine boundary layer (BL) clouds remains a formidable challenge for state-of-the-art simulations. A recent study by Bodas-Salcedo et al. using the Met Office Unified Model highlights that the underprediction of the low/midlevel postfrontal clouds contributes to the largest bias of the surface downwelling shortwave radiation over the Southern Ocean (SO). A-Train observations and limited in situ measurements have been used to evaluate the Weather Research and Forecasting Model, version 3.3.1 (WRFV3.3.1), in simulating the postfrontal clouds over Tasmania and the SO. The simulated cloud macro/microphysical properties are compared against the observations. Experiments are also undertaken to test the sensitivity of model resolution, microphysical (MP) schemes, planetary boundary layer (PBL) schemes, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) concentration. The simulations demonstrate a considerable level of skill in representing the clouds during the frontal passages and, to a lesser extent, in the postfrontal environment. The simulations, however, have great difficulties in portraying the widespread marine BL clouds that are not immediately associated with fronts. This shortcoming is persistent to the changes of model configuration and physical parameterization. The representation of large-scale conditions and their connections with the BL clouds are discussed. A lack of BL moisture is the most obvious explanation for the shortcoming, which may be a consequence of either strong entrainment or weak surface fluxes. It is speculated that the BL wind shear/turbulence may be an issue over the SO. More comprehensive observations are necessary to fully investigate the deficiency of the simulations.
Disciplining the everyday state and society? Anti-corruption and Right to Information activism in Delhi
Authors: Webb Martin
Published: September 2013

This article explores attempts by anti-corruption and Right to Information activist groups in Delhi to discipline state–citizen interactions through the innovative application of legal mechanisms for bureaucratic transparency and accountability, in particular the Right to Information Act of 2005. Drawing on detailed ethnography, I show how activist strategies can achieve positive results in specific cases. However, a paradox emerges as, in the everyday practice of dealing with poor clients and government officials, activists have to accommodate and work through the very processes of mediation, personalisation and inequality based on social and cultural capitals which they identify as problematic in the functioning of the state. A focus on the everyday practice of anti-corruption activism provides an opportunity to look beyond the recent hubris concerning anti-corruption in India and develop a closer understanding of how projects to reform the state–citizen relationship actually play out on the ground.
Ultrasound assessment of the elbow joint in infants and toddlers and its clinical significance
Authors: Shen Xian-tao , Zhou Zhi-guo , Yu Li-song , Wu Xing , Chen Xiao-liang , Xu Yang , Sun Jie
Published: September 2013

Background

Ultrasound can be used for the diagnosis of elbow injuries in infants and toddlers. However, ultrasound is highly operator-dependent and accurate ultrasound examinations require a complete understanding of the complex anatomy of the elbow joint.

Purpose

To report the normal ultrasound anatomy of the elbow, particularly of the humeroulnar joint, in infants and toddlers.

Material and Method

Thirty subjects aged <3 years with no history of elbow injuries underwent ultrasound examinations of the elbow joint from six directions: (i) lateral to the humeroradial joint; (ii) anterior to the humeroradial joint; (iii) posterior to the humeroradial joint; (iv) medial to the humeroulnar joint; (v) anterior to the humeroulnar joint; and (vi) posterior to the humeroulnar joint.

Results

The appearance of the humeroradial joint observed from three directions was similar and resembled a pair of double fists (“double-breast sign”). The appearance of the humeroulnar joint observed from three directions was different, which is related to the irregular morphology of the medial sides of the humerus and ulna. Anteroposteriorly, the coronoid and olecranon epiphyses and coronoid fossa appear anteriorly and the olecranon and trochlear epiphyses and olecranon fossa appear posteriorly, resembling a “check-mark sign”. The medial epicondyle, cubital tunnel and distal humerus appear together (“double-hump sign”). The “anterior hump” is the medial epicondyle and is always higher than the “posterior hump”, which is the bony protrusion on the articular surface of the distal humerus. The ultrasound signal of cortical bone in the metaphysis of the distal humerus is continuous with that of the epiphysis of the medial epicondyle.

Conclusion

Ultrasound is useful for the diagnosis of elbow injuries in infants and toddlers.
The Military Dimension of European Security: An Epistemic Community Approach
Authors: Cross Mai’a K. Davis
Published: September 2013

This article advances the argument that security integration is occurring in the European Union (EU) as a result of the influence of certain knowledge-based networks or epistemic communities. Given that EU member-states consistently resist integration in areas that are central to traditional state sovereignty, security integration presents a puzzle. The case of the EU Military Committee (EUMC) will serve as an example of how and why epistemic communities matter in security decision-making. Although the EUMC and the Common Security and Defence Policy are relatively new, the power of shared expertise among high-level military officers has already begun to dismantle sovereign barriers to security integration. In considering the puzzle of security integration, this article suggests that the epistemic community framework provides a better explanation for the emergence of a European security space than alternative arguments, such as principal-agent theory, intergovernmental bargaining, and regime theory. The case of a military epistemic community also serves to broaden the epistemic community literature, which tends to focus somewhat narrowly on cases of environmental and economics experts.
What caused the flood? Controversy and closure in the Hurricane Katrina disaster
Authors: Shrum Wesley
Published: September 2013

Causal attribution for one of the largest disasters in American history has undergone three major shifts. From August 2005 through November 2009, the principal explanation of the flooding of New Orleans was characterized by three distinguishable phases – reactive, organizational, and legal – as the catastrophic events of Hurricane Katrina were ascribed to natural, geotechnical, and environmental causes. From a monstrous storm, to failed levees, and ultimately the loss of wetlands through an insidious shipping channel, ‘what happened’ should be viewed as a technoscientific development in which media and litigation processes transformed the structural conditions for the production of knowledge claims. Video ethnography is used to examine causal transitions as structural conditions of inquiry changed. Levees – the most important symbol of failure – shifted from cause to consequence. Understanding of disaster cycled from nature to humans, and to nature once more.
Validation of Housing Standards Addressing Accessibility
Authors: Helle Tina , Iwarsson Susanne , Brandt Åse
Published: September 2013

The aim was to explore the use of an activity-based approach to determine the validity of a set of housing standards addressing accessibility. This included examination of the frequency and the extent of accessibility problems among older people with physical functional limitations who used no mobility device ( n = 10) or who used a wheelchair ( n = 10) or a rollator ( n = 10). The setting was a kitchen designed according to present housing standards. The participants prepared lunch in the kitchen. Accessibility problems were assessed by observation and self-report. Differences between the three participant groups were examined. Performing well-known kitchen activities was associated with accessibility problems for all three participant groups, in particular those using a wheelchair. The overall validity of the housing standards examined was poor. Observing older people interacting with realistic environments while performing real everyday activities seems to be an appropriate method for assessing accessibility problems.
Prenatal developmental toxicity study of n-heneicosane in Wistar rats
Authors: Kumar Pravin , Lomash Vinay , Jatav PC , Kumar A , Pant SC
Published: September 2013

n-Heneicosane (C21) is one of the vital pheromone for attracting mosquitoes of Aedes spp to lay their eggs in areas of stagnant fresh water, for their subsequent destruction, thus controlling spread of dangerous disease transmission by the vectors. As part of a safety evaluation, we have investigated embryo toxic and teratogenic potential, if any, of C21 following OECD Test Guideline 414. C21 was offered at a dose of 1 g/kg body weight mixed in the standard rat pellet diet to treated rats, whereas the control group received only standard rat pellet diet. There were no mortalities and animals did not show any clinical signs of toxicity. A similar pattern of body weight gain, feed and water intake was observed in treated and control groups. Analysis of maternal toxic response, maternal end points of development of the foetus and developmental end points for litters did not show any gross structural abnormality in dams or foetus of treated group compared to that of the control group. Thus, it was concluded that C21 at a dose of 1 g/kg was neither embryo toxic nor teratogenic in Wister rats. Furthermore, the no observed adverse effect level for teratogenicity for C21 in rats may be considered as 1 g/kg body weight under the present experimental conditions.
Social Work With Female Victims of Gender Violence
Authors: Alcázar-Campos Ana
Published: September 2013

The purpose of this article is to reflect upon how the gender and/or feminist perspectives have been incorporated into social action, an issue recently being tackled in Spain. By analyzing the care provided by the Comprehensive Care Service for female victims of gender violence in Andalusia, I shall identify issues such as adopting a feminist or gender perspective for social action, perpetuating or changing the gender imperatives of social resources, and so on. These debates feature strongly in what are termed the contemporary perspectives of social work.
Antibiotic-Associated Diarrhea
Authors: Varughese Christy A. , Vakil Niyati H. , Phillips Kristy M.
Published: September 2013

Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) describes any unexplained diarrhea associated with the use of an antibiotic. AAD also includes infection caused by Clostridium difficile, however this organism only accounts for a small percentage of diarrhea caused by antibiotics. AAD can be caused by multiple other organisms including C perfringens, S aureus, and Candida. Some antibiotics are more likely to cause non– C difficile AAD, such as erythromycin and the penicillin class. AAD develops through the loss of normal flora and reduced colonic bacterial carbohydrate metabolism during antibiotic administration. There is an increasing interest in the use of probiotics for the prevention of AAD. There are several meta-analyses that report a relative risk reduction of AAD with the use of probiotics during antibiotic administration. Interpretation of these studies has been challenging due to the heterogeneity and size of the patient populations, unclear probiotic regimen, and unclear safety profile. Since AAD can be a reason for a patient to become non-compliant or receive incomplete treatment, clinicians should monitor for this potential adverse effect caused by antibiotics.
Unaware Person Recognition From the Body When Face Identification Fails
Authors: Rice Allyson , Phillips P. Jonathon , Natu Vaidehi , An Xiaobo , O’Toole Alice J.
Published: September 2013

How does one recognize a person when face identification fails? Here, we show that people rely on the body but are unaware of doing so. State-of-the-art face-recognition algorithms were used to select images of people with almost no useful identity information in the face. Recognition of the face alone in these cases was near chance level, but recognition of the person was accurate. Accuracy in identifying the person without the face was identical to that in identifying the whole person. Paradoxically, people reported relying heavily on facial features over noninternal face and body features in making their identity decisions. Eye movements indicated otherwise, with gaze duration and fixations shifting adaptively toward the body and away from the face when the body was a better indicator of identity than the face. This shift occurred with no cost to accuracy or response time. Human identity processing may be partially inaccessible to conscious awareness.
Public understanding of local lead contamination
Authors: McNew-Birren Jill
Published: September 2013

Residents of Herculaneum, Missouri have been influential in shaping the management of contamination challenges resulting from the community’s proximity to the last primary lead processing plant in the United States. This paper provides a nuanced examination of two perspectives of resident activist groups involved in lead-related controversy in Herculaneum. Ethnographic data collection and storyline analysis were used to trace the evolution in local views from resembling an industrialist–environmentalist dichotomy to more compromising positions associated with ecological modernization. Implications for characterizing public environmental perspectives in the US as beginning to entertain certain aspects of the ecological modernist paradigm are discussed.
Applications and Extensions of the Lens Model to Understand Interpersonal Judgments at Zero Acquaintance
Authors: Nestler Steffen , Back Mitja D.
Published: September 2013

The present article reviews current research on the application and extension of the lens model to interpersonal judgments. We first explain how the basic lens model can be used to describe the processes underlying the accuracy of personality judgments at zero acquaintance. Then we outline how this model can be differentiated by assimilating it with research on intuitive and reflective personality judgments, implicit and explicit personality tests, and more or less controlled behavior. We continue by integrating the research on the lens model with research on judgmental errors and knowledge updating. Finally, we describe extensions of the lens model to other interpersonal phenomena at zero acquaintance, such as metaaccuracy and liking. Overall, this review shows that the lens model is a persuasive and flexible framework that can be used to understand interpersonal judgments.
The Utility of Immunohistochemistry for Providing Genetic Information on Tumors
Authors: Chan John K. C. , Ip Yiu-Tung , Cheuk Wah
Published: September 2013

With advances in immunohistochemical technology and growing knowledge of the molecular genetics of tumors, immunohistochemistry is playing an increasingly important role in providing genetic information for tumors. Specific chromosomal translocations can be demonstrated through detection of the protein product of one of the genes involved in gene fusion (such as BCL2, cyclin D, and ALK). Some mutations can be detected by (1) aberrant localization of the protein product (such as β-catenin and nucleophosmin), (2) abnormal accumulation of the protein product as a result of stabilization of the protein (such as p53), and (3) mutation-specific antibodies directed against the mutant protein (such as isocitrate dehydrogenase gene R132H mutation, epidermal growth factor receptor gene L858R and exon 19 deletion mutations, and BRAF gene V600E mutation). Gene deletion or loss of function can be demonstrated by the loss of immunostaining for the protein product (such as mismatch repair proteins in microsatellite-unstable tumors, E-cadherin in lobular carcinoma of the breast, and INI1 in rhabdoid tumors, atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors, and epithelioid sarcomas). Gene amplification can be demonstrated by overexpression of the protein product (such as HER2 in breast and gastric cancers, and MDM2 or CDK4 in well-differentiated/dedifferentiated liposarcomas). Viruses associated with tumors can be demonstrated directly (such as Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein-1 in Hodgkin lymphomas, human herpesvirus 8 in Kaposi sarcomas, and Merkel cell polyomavirus in Merkel cell carcinomas) or by a surrogate marker (such as p16 in human papillomavirus infection). In this review, examples are given to illustrate the principles and pitfalls of these applications.
Association Between Insecure Attachment and ADHD
Authors: Storebø Ole Jakob , Rasmussen Pernille Darling , Simonsen Erik
Published: September 2013

Objective: Psychological theories have postulated an association between insecure attachment and ADHD. The objective of this study is to investigate possible association between insecure attachment and ADHD in children and adults. Method: Review of literature was performed using the PsycINFO, Medline, and EMBASE databases. Results: Twenty-nine studies were included in the review. Overall, the studies showed that parental attachment problems and environmental mediating factors were significantly associated with childhood ADHD. Adults with ADHD had a much higher incidence of insecure attachment styles than reported in the general population. Conclusion: There seems to be a clear association between ADHD and insecure attachment. It is likely that early intervention in the form of parent training and pharmacological treatment may prevent development of attachment problems. But such studies have not been carried out. Furthermore, adults with ADHD might need treatment for their lack of attachment competences as well. More research on this topic is much needed.
Canine-Assisted Therapy for Children With ADHD
Authors: Schuck Sabrina E. B. , Emmerson Natasha A. , Fine Aubrey H. , Lakes Kimberley D.
Published: September 2013

Objective: The objective of this study was to provide preliminary findings from an ongoing randomized clinical trial using a canine-assisted intervention (CAI) for 24 children with ADHD. Method: Project Positive Assertive Cooperative Kids (P.A.C.K.) was designed to study a 12-week cognitive-behavioral intervention delivered with or without CAI. Children were randomly assigned to group therapy with or without CAI. Parents of children in both groups simultaneously participated in weekly parent group therapy sessions. Results: Across both treatment groups, parents reported improvements in children’s social skills, prosocial behaviors, and problematic behaviors. In both groups, the severity of ADHD symptoms declined during the course of treatment; however, children who received the CAI model exhibited greater reductions in the severity of ADHD symptoms than did children who received cognitive-behavioral therapy without CAI. Conclusion: Results suggest that CAI offers a novel therapeutic strategy that may enhance cognitive-behavioral interventions for children with ADHD.
Managing the monsters of doubt: Liminality, threshold concepts and leadership learning
Authors: Hawkins Beverley , Edwards Gareth
Published: September 2013

In this article, we argue that management and business undergraduate students who are engaged in learning about leadership occupy a liminal space or state of between-ness. Drawing on anthropological conceptualisations of liminality in which those undergoing liminal rituals must grapple with symbolic monsters, we point to the experience of doubt and uncertainty as ‘monsters’ with which students must come to terms. We link this to scholarship that characterises dealing with uncertainty as a central element of leadership practice. Drawing on notions of ‘threshold concepts’, we suggest that students experience the monster of doubt as they progress in their learning experience and that there are a number of potential ways students might ‘think like a leadership scholar’. We set out some opportunities for leadership educators to engage students with threshold concepts as they seek to become familiar with ‘doubt’ as central to the study and practice of leadership. Applying a liminality framework to the understanding of threshold concepts helps identify threshold concepts as crucial to learning, infused with cultural assumptions and situated within an understanding of the student experience.
Emotions, performance and entrepreneurship in the context of fringe theatre
Authors: Simpson Ruth , Irvine Kerry , Balta Maria , Dickson Keith
Published: September 2013

Through a study of small scale independent theatre companies, generally known as ‘fringe’, this article explores how passion is drawn on and activated as company founders seek an outlet for their work. Drawing on a social constructionist approach to emotions, we highlight the multiplicity of passion through its positive and negative dimensions as well as how these may intersect. Further, by positioning passion within a set of power relations we point to its performative role in reflecting and reinforcing contextually specific discursive regimes. We contribute to the literature on the social and emotional performance of entrepreneurialism and to understandings of passion that characterize the affective entrepreneurial condition.
Reductions in neuronal peroxisomes in multiple sclerosis grey matter
Authors: Gray Elizabeth , Rice Claire , Hares Kelly , Redondo Juliana , Kemp Kevin , Williams Marcus , Brown Ann , Scolding Neil , Wilkins Alastair
Published: September 2013

Background:

Peroxisomes are organelles in eukaryotic cells with multiple functions including the detoxification of reactive oxygen species, plasmalogen synthesis and β-oxidation of fatty acids. Recent evidence has implicated peroxisomal dysfunction in models of multiple sclerosis (MS) disease progression.

Objectives:

Our aims were to determine whether there are changes in peroxisomes in MS grey matter (GM) compared to control GM.

Methods:

We analysed cases of MS and control GM immunocytochemically to assess peroxisomal membrane protein (PMP70) and neuronal proteins. We examined the expression of ABCD3 (the gene that encodes PMP70) in MS and control GM. Analyses of very long chain fatty acid (VLCFA) levels in GM were performed.

Results:

PMP70 immunolabelling of neuronal somata was significantly lower in MS GM compared to control. Calibration of ABCD3 gene expression with reference to glyceraldehyde 3-phsophate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) revealed overall decreases in expression in MS compared to controls. Mean PMP70 counts in involved MS GM negatively correlated to disease duration. Elevations in C26:0 (hexacosanoic acid) were found in MS GM.

Conclusions:

Collectively, these observations provide evidence that there is an overall reduction in peroxisomal gene expression and peroxisomal proteins in GM neurons in MS. Changes in peroxisomal function may contribute to neuronal dysfunction and degeneration in MS.
Diversity initiatives, status, and system-justifying beliefs: When and how diversity efforts de-legitimize discrimination claims
Authors: Dover Tessa L. , Major Brenda , Kaiser Cheryl R.
Published: September 2013

Diversity initiatives aim to improve outcomes for low-status groups in organizations. Yet they also may ironically act as legitimizing cues, leading to an assumption of fairness and reducing the detection of discrimination. We explored how group status (high-status majority vs. low-status minority) and beliefs about the fairness of the system influence when the mere presence of a diversity initiative will de-legitimize claims of discrimination against a company. Non-Hispanic Whites and Latino participants ( N = 135) read a profile of a company that had or had not received diversity awards, and then read a discrimination claim brought against the company by a Latino employee. Whites in general, and Latinos high in system-justifying beliefs, saw the company with diversity-awards as more respectful and fair to minorities than the company with neutral awards and also derogated the discrimination claimant more. Perceived fairness mediated the effect on claimant derogation. Implications are discussed.