bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effects of the peripherally acting NK3 receptor antagonist, SB‐235375, on intestinal and somatic nociceptive responses and on intestinal motility in anaesthetized rats
Authors: Shafton A. D. , Bogeski G. , Kitchener P. D. , Lewis V. A. , Sanger G. J. , Furness J. B.
Published: April 2004

Abstract  We investigated the effects of the selective NK3 tachykinin receptor antagonist, SB‐235375, on noxious signalling from gut and skin and on intestinal motility in anaesthetized rats. We also measured penetrance into brain and spinal cord. Nociceptive responses in reaction to colorectal distension and skin pinch were assessed by recording the electromyogram (EMG) from the external oblique muscle (a visceromotor response). Motility was measured by recording intraluminal pressure waves during changes in baseline pressure in the jejunum. Colorectal compliance was assessed by measuring luminal pressure change during isovolumic distension. SB‐235375 (20 mg kg−1, by i.v. bolus) reduced the EMG response to colorectal distension by over 90%. The reduction was slow at onset, peaked at about 60 min, and lasted for over 2 h. Responses to noxious skin pinch were unchanged. Amplitudes of propulsive waves in the jejunum were slightly reduced, but their frequency of occurrence was unchanged. SB‐235375 decreased colorectal compliance by 5–10%. There was undetectable penetration of i.v. SB‐235375 into brain or spinal cord. We conclude that SB‐235375 acts peripherally to substantially reduce nociceptive signalling from colorectum without affecting noxious signalling from skin and with little effect on intestinal motility.
Oxytocin stimulates colonic motor activity in healthy women
Authors: Ohlsson B. , Ringström G. , Abrahamsson H. , Simrén M. , Björnsson E. S.
Published: April 2004

Abstract  The effects of oxytocin in the gastrointestinal tract are unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of infusion of oxytocin on colonic motility and sensitivity in healthy women. Fourteen healthy women were investigated twice. A 6‐channel perfusion catheter, with three recording points (2 cm apart) proximally and three recording points distally to a barostat balloon, was inserted to the splenic flexure. An intestinal feeding tube was placed in the mid‐duodenum. A 90‐min duodenal lipid infusion of 3 kcal min−1 was administered. Thirty minutes after the start of the lipid infusion, the subject randomly received either 20 or 40 mU min−1 of oxytocin, or isotonic saline as intravenous infusions for 90 min. Meanwhile, the colonic motility was recorded. During the last 30 min of oxytocin and saline infusion, the visceral sensitivity to balloon distensions was examined. During lipid infusion the number of antegrade contractions per hour was 0.7 ± 0.3 after saline and 3.9 ± 1.4 after oxytocin (P = 0.03), indicating more pronounced lumen‐occlusive contractile activity after oxytocin administration. Some of these consisted of high‐amplitude (> 103 mmHg in amplitude) antegrade contractions. Lipid infusion evoked a decrease of the balloon volume, reflecting increased colonic tone, but there was no difference between saline and oxytocin. Sensory thresholds did not differ significantly between saline and oxytocin. Infusion of oxytocin stimulates antegrade peristaltic contractions in stimulated colon in healthy women. The effects of oxytocin on colonic motor activity deserve to be further explored, especially in patients with colonic peristaltic dysfunction.
Abnormal rectal motor physiology in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Kwan C. L. , Davis K. D. , Mikula K. , Diamant N. E.
Published: April 2004

Abstract  A contentious issue is whether irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) patients have abnormal rectal motor physiology. Our aim was to determine whether IBS patients have abnormal rectal responses to low (urge producing) or high (pain producing) distension pressures. The IBS patients and healthy controls underwent five series of isobaric rectal distensions to examine volume–pressure relationships and rectal accommodation: (i) ascending stepwise distensions terminating upon report of moderate pain, (ii) phasic and (iii) tonic distensions at a single low pressure producing a moderate sensation of urge to defecate (iv) phasic and (v) tonic distensions at a single high pressure producing a moderate pain sensation. The IBS patients demonstrated a lower rectal volume–pressure ratio during repetitive single‐pressure phasic distensions, and a slower rate of rectal accommodation during low (but not high) pressure tonic distensions. However, dynamic compliance during ascending stepwise distensions and the change in rectal volume during tonic distension were not significantly different from controls. Rectal abnormality was readily demonstrated by determining the volume–pressure ratio using a small number of repetitive single‐pressure distensions, supporting the hypothesis that IBS patients have abnormal rectal motor physiology. We propose that a peripheral neuromuscular substrate may contribute to the pathogenesis of IBS.
Universal ideals and particular constraints of social citizenship: the Chinese experience of unifying rights and responsibilities
Authors: Wong Chack Kie , Wong Ka Ying
Published: April 2004

This study looks at the perceptions of citizens in a modern Chinese society and explores whether social rights and responsibilities are unified at both ideal and practice levels. It finds that the conception that the Chinese have a weak image of social rights is no longer true. The Chinese are generally ‘right‐deficit’ at the practice level. It is also found that there are wide gaps between ideal rights and practice rights, and between ideal responsibilities and practice responsibilities, except in components affected by cultural, contextual and institutional factors. The findings suggest that, for a full understanding of social citizenship, it is necessary to look at both ideal and practice levels of social citizenship. Cultural, contextual and institutional factors are identified as moderating people's behaviour and preferences in regard to social citizenship.
The role of social support when giving up drug abuse: a female perspective
Authors: Trulsson Karin , Hedin Ulla‐Carin
Published: April 2004

This article contains a presentation and analysis of the results from two qualitative studies, which examined female drug abusers’ everyday lives and the social support available to them within their close relationships. Both studies concerned women who were participating in work‐training or treatment programmes and who were in the process of giving up drug abuse. The two main questions concerned the supply of social support from the women's social networks and whether the amount of support available or lack of support had any impact on the exit process. Social support within different relationships of the women's social networks is presented, as well as different types of professional social support and treatment. The results in relation to previous research about female drug abusers and social support from gender and class perspectives are discussed. Conclusions about three important factors when creating a new life after drug abuse are drawn.
Smoking cessation and weight gain
Authors: Filozof C. , Fernández Pinilla M. C. , Fernández‐Cruz A.
Published: April 2004

Cigarette smoking is the single most important preventable cause of death and illness. Smoking cessation is associated with substantial health benefits. Weight gain is cited as a primary reason for not trying to quit smoking. There is a great variability in the amount of weight gain but younger ages, lower socio‐economic status and heavier smoking are predictors of higher weight gain. Weight change after smoking cessation appears to be influenced by underlying genetic factors. Besides, weight gain after smoking cessation is largely because of increased body fat and some studies suggest that it mostly occurs in the subcutaneous region of the body. The mechanism of weight gain includes increased energy intake, decreased resting metabolic rate, decreased physical activity and increased lipoprotein lipase activity. Although there is convincing evidence for the association between smoking cessation and weight gain, the molecular mechanisms underlying this relationship are not well understood. This review summarizes current information of the effects of nicotine on peptides involved in feeding behaviour. Smoking was shown to impair glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and cross‐sectional studies have demonstrated that smokers are insulin‐resistant and hyperinsulinaemic, as compared with non‐smokers. Smoking cessation seems to improve insulin sensitivity in spite of the weight gain. Nicotine replacement – in particular nicotine gum – appears to be effective in delaying post‐cessation weight gain. In a group of women who failed to quit smoking because of weight gain, a dietary intervention (intermittent very‐low‐calorie diet) plus nicotine gum showed to both increase success rate in terms of smoking cessation and prevent weight gain. On the other hand, body weight gain at the end of treatment was significantly lower in the patients receiving bupropion or bupropion plus nicotine patch, compared with placebo. Studies with new drugs available for the treatment of obesity – sibutramine and orlistat – are warranted.
Discrepancies between classification systems of childhood obesity
Authors: Neovius M. , Linné Y. , Barkeling B. , Rössner S.
Published: April 2004

Despite growing concern about weight‐related problems among children, no universally accepted classification system for childhood obesity exists. There is a number of proposed international body mass index (BMI)‐based systems in use and national variants also exist in many countries. The absence of a universally accepted standard and confusion concerning which classification system to use on national levels complicate monitoring of the development of the obesity epidemic, stratification for selective interventions in public health, screening in clinical practice and comparisons between studies. Some proposed international classification systems have not only been recommended for global monitoring and comparisons between studies, but also for clinical and national epidemiological use in some countries. Possible discrepancies may thereby lead to inefficiencies in health care delivery and prevention programmes. The problems associated with misclassification of individuals at risk may lead to overconsumption of health care resources by lower‐risk individuals and underconsumption by higher‐risk individuals, which is costly both in terms of foregone health improvements and in terms of wasteful monetary usage. The aim of this paper was to review the specific problems associated with BMI as a measure of adiposity in childhood, the most commonly used classification systems for childhood obesity based on BMI, and how their performance can be evaluated.
Marital Conflict, Children's Representations of Family Relationships, and Children's Dispositions Towards Peer Conflict Strategies
Authors: Schudlich Tina D. Du Rocher , Shamir Haya , Cummings E. Mark
Published: April 2004

The links among marital relations and children's representations were examined. Forty‐seven children between the ages of 5 and 8 completed the Family Stories Task (FAST) to obtain their narrative representations of family relations and performed a variation of a puppet procedure (Mize & Ladd, 1988) to assess children's dispositions towards peer conflict strategies. Their parents completed a set of questionnaires regarding marital quality. Results demonstrated relations between marital conflict and children's dispositions towards peer conflict strategies in conflict situations. Children's more negative dispositions towards peer conflict and aggressive behavior in the peer conflict scenarios were each associated with more overt conflict behaviors by mothers and fathers, respectively, and more covert conflict behavior by mothers. In addition, children's internal representations of parent–child relations served as a mediator between marital conflict and children's notions about conflict behavior towards peers.
Children's Anger, Emotional Expressiveness, and Empathy: Relations with Parents’ Empathy, Emotional Expressiveness, and Parenting Practices
Authors: Strayer Janet , Roberts William
Published: April 2004

In Roberts and Strayer (1996) we described how emotional factors were strongly related to children's empathy, which in turn strongly predicted prosocial behavior. This paper focuses on how these child emotional factors, assessed across methods and sources, related to parental factors (empathy, emotional expressiveness, encouragement of children's emotional expressiveness, warmth and control) for a subset of 50 two‐parent families from our earlier sample. Parents reported on their emotional characteristics and parenting; children (5 to 13 years old; 42% girls) also described parenting practices. Children's age and parenting factors accounted for an average of 32% of the variance in child emotional factors, which, with role‐taking, strongly predicted children's empathy. In contrast to earlier, less comprehensive studies, we found important paths between parents’ and children's empathy, mediated by children's anger. These countervailing pathways largely neutralized each other, resulting in the low correlations usually seen when parents’ and children's empathy are examined in isolation. Thus our findings are an important confirmation and extension of the theoretically expected link between parents’ and children's empathy.
Gender Differences in Preschool Aggression During Free Play and Structured Interactions: An Observational Study
Authors: Ostrov Jamie M. , Keating Caroline F.
Published: April 2004

We observed 48 children from rural preschools (M=64 months old) in two different social contexts to test hypotheses about the type (relational, physical, verbal, nonverbal), contextual independence, and sociometry of girls’ and boys’ aggressive tactics. We predicted and generally found that (1) girls displayed more relational aggression than boys while boys displayed more physical and verbal aggression than girls, and that children received more physical and verbal aggression from male peers, and tended to receive more relational aggression from female peers, (2) behavioral observations of aggression corresponded with teacher reports of children's aggressive styles, (3) aggression observed during free play predicted children's aggressive styles in a structured setting at both the group and individual levels, and (4) aggressive tactics were associated with projected sociometric characteristics (dominance and peer acceptance).
Is Tocqueville Defunct?
Authors: Gordon Daniel
Published: April 2004

Tocqueville Between Two Worlds: The Making Of A Political And Theoretical Life. By Sheldon S. Wolin
“Turn'd to Dust and Tears”: Revisiting the Archive
Authors: Tollebeek Jo
Published: April 2004

Dust: The Archive and Cultural History. By Carolyn Steedman.
Update on oral treatments for male erectile dysfunction
Authors: Kalsi JS , Kell PD
Published: April 2004

Impairment of erectile function compromises quality of life in millions of men and their partners, many of whom prefer to suffer in silence. It is important to maintain an elevated index of clinical suspicion in patients with erectile dysfunction (ED) risk factors (e.g. hypertension, diabetes, coronary heart disease). There remains a high rate of voluntary discontinuation of therapy associated with most treatment modalities.

Since the introduction of sildenafil, a greater awareness and openness regarding the epidemiology and treatment of male erectile dysfunction has emerged. The development of newer and potentially more efficacious phosphodiesterase type 5 (PDE5) inhibitors will serve to treat an even greater number of patients, allowing once daily and more convenient dosing.

An increased understanding of the physiological principles of penile erection has allowed the development of novel oral pharmacological therapies. The new agents offer a potential benefit in a broader range of patients and clinical situations. They may provide a more acceptable alternative than other more invasive options (intracavernosal/urethral injection, implant surgery).

The dopamine agonist apomorphine acts on the central control of penile erection to allow a sublingual preparation to produce a prompt response. It is not contraindicated in patients on nitrate medication for coronary artery disease, or in patients with depression or on antidepressants.

As with any other treatment, the clinician's responsibility in the care of ED patients does not end with the writing of a prescription. Adequate education and follow‐up are needed to optimize the efficacy and safety of oral ED therapy. Furthermore, patients and their partners need to be advised that the agents are not effective in the absence of sexual stimulation.

Communicating with both the patient and his partner in a discreet, non‐judgemental manner that fosters the physician–patient alliance can facilitate the recognition and treatment of ED.
Prognostic signs in melanoma: state of the art
Authors: Lomuto M , Calabrese P , Giuliani A
Published: April 2004

Prognoses for melanoma patients are currently based on statistically confirmed parameters, above all the Breslow thickness and number of lymph node and/or distant metastases. However, metastases can develop even with ‘thin’ melanomas (< 0.7 mm), while survival has been recorded in patients with tumours classified as ‘thick’ (> 4 mm). This review of the literature examines the most recent advances in prognostic markers for melanoma (serological, immunohistochemical, histological, genetic and surgical). These markers offer interesting possibilities in terms of diagnostic certainty, identification of early growth phases and estimation of the tumour's potential for progression and metastasis. It is reasonable to assume that their combined use can provide useful information for formulating prognoses that are not only statistically valid but also individualized.
Cytokeratin expression in lichen amyloidosus and macular amyloidosis
Authors: Apaydin R , Gürbüz Y , Bayramgürler D , Müezzinoglu B , Bilen N
Published: April 2004

Aim  To understand the role of epidermal cells in the pathogenesis of lichen amyloidosus (LA) and macular amyloidosis (MA).

Methods  We carried out immunohistochemical investigations on cytokeratins (CKs) in amyloid deposits in formalin‐fixed and paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens from eight persons with LA and 12 with MA. The primary antibodies of CK1–8 (AE3), CK10 (DEK‐10), CK14 (LL002), CK17 (E3), CK18 (DC10), CK19 (KS19.1), CK5/6/18 (LP34) and CK8/18 (5D3) were used in the study.

Results  In amyloid deposits, immunoreactivity with only two monoclonal antibodies (CK1–8 and CK5/6/18) was observed in 14 cases (eight LA and six MA), confirming the hypothesis that epidermal cells participate in amyloid formation of LA and MA.

Comments  All of the CKs detected in amyloid deposits were basic type (type II). It seems plausible either that acidic CKs might be degraded faster than basic types in amyloidogenesis or that paraffin‐embedded tissue specimens are less sensitive than frozen tissue sections. The results of our study suggest that when paraffin‐embedded specimens are investigated by immunohistochemical methods, CK5 antibody is useful in the diagnosis of LA and MA.
Necrobiotic xanthogranuloma associated with myeloma
Authors: Martínez Fernández M , Rodríguez Prieto MA , Ruiz González I , Sánchez Sambucety P , Delgado Vicente S
Published: April 2004

We observed a 73‐year‐old man with necrobiotic xanthogranuloma (NXG) on the eyelids and concurrent multiple myeloma. The treatment was surgery followed by administration of melphalan. No relapse was seen in 19 months of follow‐up. We consider that surgical removal of xanthogranuloma is an advisable rapid treatment that involves fewer side‐effects than other treatments.
Ultimate Ownership, Income Management, and Legal and Extra‐Legal Institutions
Authors: HAW IN‐MU , HU BINGBING , HWANG LEE‐SEOK , WU WOODY
Published: April 2004

This study provides evidence of the role of both legal and extra‐legal institutions in limiting the income management induced by the detachment of control rights from the cash flow rights of ultimate owners. The tests use a unique, comprehensive data set for firm‐level control and ownership structures from 9 East Asian and 13 Western European countries. Univariate regressions show that income management that is induced by the wedge between control rights and cash flow rights is significantly limited in countries with high statutory protection of minority rights (proxied by legal tradition, minority rights protection, the efficiency of the judicial system, or disclosure standards) and effective extra‐legal institutions (proxied by the effectiveness of competition laws, diffusion of the press, and tax compliance). Furthermore, multiple regression results show that a common law tradition and an efficient judicial system subsume the effects of the other legal institutions, and that a high rate of tax compliance subsumes the effects of the other extra‐legal institutions in curbing insider income management. It is surprising that a high rate of tax compliance ultimately has a greater effect than legal tradition and the efficiency of the judicial system. Although this finding is unexpected, given prior evidence on the dominant roles of legal institutions in macroeconomic issues and corporate policies, it is consistent with the recent argument that effective tax enforcement is like a public good in that it can reduce insiders' private control benefits. An implication of this finding is that closer attention to extra‐legal institutions has the potential to enhance our understanding of the institutional reforms needed to limit insider private control benefits.
Effects of Replacement Fluids on Plasma Viscosity Used for Therapeutic Plasma Exchange
Authors: Arslan Önder , Tek Ibrahim , Arat Mutlu , Çiftçi Ibrahim , Ilhan Osman
Published: April 2004

Abstract:  Plasmapheresis is a widely used alternative treatment for several diseases. Recently, synthetic plasma expanders have been used to reduce the cost of therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE). Hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is a polysaccharide colloid. Isohes and Varihes are plasma volume expanders containing 6% HES in 0.9% NaCl solution. In this study, we aimed to compare the effects of several replacement fluids used for TPE on plasma viscosity profile. At the same time, we evaluated the correlation between plasma viscosity and fibrinogen level. Twenty‐nine patients were enrolled for this study. Patients were divided into four groups based on replacement fluids used: 3% HES + 4% albumin (group 1), FFP (group 2), 3% Varihes (450 000/0.7)/Isohes(200 000/0.5) (group 3), and 4% albumin (group 4). The choice of replacement fluids used was randomly assigned, as long as there were no contraindications for the patient. Seven samples were collected to determine plasma viscosity and fibrinogen level during TPE cycles. There was a positive exponential correlation between plasma viscosity and fibrinogen levels. At the second plasmapheresis procedure, plasma viscosity and fibrinogen levels decreased by 20% compared with first cycle. The effect of plasmapheresis solutions on hemorheology were roughly the same. Effects of replacement fluids on plasma viscosity were comparable.
Multicomponent Donor Apheresis in the Americas
Authors: Waxman Dan A
Published: April 2004

Abstract:  Multicomponent donor apheresis utilizes apheresis technology to collect combinations of red blood cells, platelets and plasma units. The United States has embraced this technology to the greatest extent of the countries in the Americas. As whole blood and apheresis collection have increased, so have the donor deferrals based on potential exposure to infectious agents. However, hemoglobin/hematocrit deferrals still remain the largest upfront deferral for volunteer donors. As the technology is refined in future years, multicomponent donor apheresis may become the predominant method of collecting blood products from donors.
State of the Art of Low‐density Lipoprotein Apheresis in the Year 2003
Authors: Bosch Thomas , Wendler Thorsten
Published: April 2004

Abstract:  Low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) apheresis is a last‐resort treatment for hypercholesterolemic patients resistant to conservative lipid‐lowering therapy. In the extracorporeal circuit, LDL, Lp(a) and coagulation factors are selectively eliminated, while the beneficial proteins like high‐density lipoprotein, albumin and immunoglobulins are returned to the patient. Clinical effects of LDL apheresis comprise improvement of symptoms like angina and exercise tolerance, reduction of clinical coronary events like unstable angina, need for angioplasty or bypass operation, myocardial infarction and ultimately coronary mortality. The reduction of atherogenic lipoproteins and of coagulation factors by LDL apheresis (LA) positively influences hemorheology, endothelial function and coronary reserve. In the controlled LAARS, LA significantly improved the electrocardiographic signs of myocardial ischemia in the treadmill test. In angiographically controlled trials such as LARS and L‐CAPS, a reduction of progression of coronary lesions was observed; in favorable cases, regression of the stenoses could be documented. In addition, in the LDL apheresis coronary morphology trial, LA decreased the coronary plaque area. The Hokuriku trial documented a 72% decrease of coronary events (MACE) in the LA group vs. controls treated only by statins. In longitudinal studies, the incidence of MACE after regular LA decreased compared with the preapheresis period in the same patients. Apart from coronary heart disease, recent studies indicate a positive effect of LA also on carotid artery stenoses and peripheral vascular disease. Prospective randomized studies showed the beneficial effects of cascade filtration on age‐related macular degeneration and of heparin‐induced LDL precipitation apheresis on acute inner ear deafness.
The Salvage of Graft Occlusion in a Maintenace Hemodialysis Patient with Tuberous Sclerosis by Percutaneous Transluminal Angioplasty using Intravascular Ultrasound: Case Report
Authors: Higuchi Terumi , Abe Masanori , Okada Kazuyoshi , Nakajima Yoshiko , Ohnishi Yoshihiko , Hagi Chihiro , Fukuda Noboru , Kuno Tsutomu , Takahashi Susumu , Saito Satoshi , Nagura Yuji , Matsumoto Koichi
Published: April 2004

Abstract:  End‐stage renal failure due to tuberous sclerosis is rare and there is no previous report of a patient with tuberous sclerosis undergoing long‐term hemodialysis for over 18 years. The patency rate for a dialysis prosthetic graft is low, however, our patient's graft survived over 16 years. For thrombotic occlusion of a graft, we performed percutaneous thrombectomy and balloon angioplasty and salvaged graft occlusion. Moreover, this case is the first report in which the interventional procedure (mechanical thrombectomy and balloon angioplasty) could be observed by intravascular ultrasound in addition to angiography.
Apheresis Technologies and Clinical Applications: The 2002 International Apheresis Registry
Authors: Malchesky Paul S , Koo Anna P , Roberson Gerald A , Hadsell Angela T , Rybicki Lisa A
Published: April 2004

Abstract:  The developments in apheresis technologies and techniques and their clinical applications worldwide are technologically, sociologically, and economically motivated. In past apheresis surveys, the statistics have highlighted both the differences by geographic region in clinical practice and in the types of technologies utilized. While a national view of apheresis is very important, an international view may be more representative overall of this therapeutic modality than national results that are highly dependent on the local economics and the available technologies. These regional differences have provided a basis for scientific and clinical assessment of these apheresis technologies and their clinical outcomes and have impacted the marketing and business developments of new technologies worldwide. The results of the International Apheresis Registry for 2002, reporting on 33 centers on four continents, are presented. The survey collected data, predominantly via an internet website, on 811 patients for a total of 11 428 treatments. Information gathered included patient demographics, medical history, treatment diagnoses, treatment specifics (type, methodology, access type, anticoagulants, drugs, and equipment usage), side‐effects, clinical response, and payment provider. As in the prior International Apheresis Registries for 1983 and 2000, the survey results highlight the regional differences in apheresis usage and treatment specifics, indicating that an international overview of apheresis may be more representative of the impact of this therapeutic modality.
The Effects of Iron Fertilization on Carbon Sequestration in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Buesseler Ken O. , Andrews John E. , Pike Steven M. , Charette Matthew A.
Published: April 2004

An unresolved issue in ocean and climate sciences is whether changes to the surface ocean input of the micronutrient iron can alter the flux of carbon to the deep ocean. During the Southern Ocean Iron Experiment, we measured an increase in the flux of particulate carbon from the surface mixed layer, as well as changes in particle cycling below the iron-fertilized patch. The flux of carbon was similar in magnitude to that of natural blooms in the Southern Ocean and thus small relative to global carbon budgets and proposed geoengineering plans to sequester atmospheric carbon dioxide in the deep sea.
Functional Stoichiometry and Local Enrichment of Calmodulin Interacting with Ca
2+
Channels
Authors: Mori Masayuki X. , Erickson Michael G. , Yue David T.
Published: April 2004

Calmodulin (CaM) interactions with Ca
2+
channels mediate both Ca
2+
regulation of channels and local Ca
2+
triggering of transcription factors implicated in neuronal memory. Crucial to these functions are the number of CaM molecules (CaMs) regulating each channel, and the number of CaMs privy to the local Ca
2+
signal from each channel. To resolve these parameters, we fused L-type Ca
2+
channels to single CaM molecules. These chimeric molecules revealed that a single CaM directs L-type channel regulation. Similar fusion molecules were used to estimate the local CaM concentration near Ca
2+
channels. This estimate indicates marked enrichment of local CaM, as if a “school” of nearby CaMs were poised to enhance the transduction of local Ca
2+
entry into diverse signaling pathways.
Vortex Core-Driven Magnetization Dynamics
Authors: Choe S.-B. , Acremann Y. , Scholl A. , Bauer A. , Doran A. , Stöhr J. , Padmore H. A.
Published: April 2004

Time-resolved x-ray imaging shows that the magnetization dynamics of a micron-sized pattern containing a ferromagnetic vortex is determined by its handedness, or chirality. The out-of-plane magnetization in the nanometer-scale vortex core induces a three-dimensional handedness in the planar magnetic structure, leading to a precessional motion of the core parallel to a subnanosecond field pulse. The core velocity was an order of magnitude higher than expected from the static susceptibility. These results demonstrate that handedness, already well known to be important in biological systems, plays an important role in the dynamics of microscopic magnets.
The embarrassment of riches: agricultural food subsidies, high goose numbers, and loss of Arctic wetlands  a continuing saga
Authors: Jefferies R L , Rockwell R F , Abraham K F
Published: April 2004

Agriculture has provided a nutritional subsidy to the Anatidae (swans, geese, ducks), which has affected their trophic relationships and the Arctic wetlands where they breed. The Mid-Continent Population of lesser snow geese, which breeds in the Canadian Arctic and which traditionally wintered in the coastal marshes of the Gulf States, now feeds in agricultural landscapes. The geometric growth of this population since 1970 is coincident with increased application of nitrogen to farmland and high crop yields. Widespread availability of agricultural foods allows the birds to meet much of their energy demand for migration and reproduction. Their migration conforms to a stepping stone model linked to land use, but feeding also takes place upon arrival on the Arctic breeding grounds. High bird numbers have dramatically affected coastal marshes of the Canadian Arctic. Foraging has produced alternative stable states characterized by sward destruction and near irreversible changes in soil properties of exposed sediments. Locally, this loss of resilience has adversely affected different groups of organisms, resulting in an apparent trophic cascade. A spring hunt was introduced in 1999 in an attempt to check population growth. The current annual cull is now thought to be higher than the replacement rate. Much of the decline of the Mid-Continent Population is probably linked to shooting, but the harassment of birds that fail to acquire sufficient food for reproduction may contribute. The agricultural food subsidy has led to a mismatch between this avian herbivore and its environment  a consequence of migratory connectivity that links wintering and breeding grounds. Key words: agricultural crops, lesser snow geese, migratory connectivity, Arctic coastal marshes, grubbing, hypersalinity, the spring hunt.
Use of Chimeric Fluorescent Proteins and Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer to Monitor Cellular Responses
Authors: Zaccolo Manuela
Published: April 2004

In recent years, the development of new technologies based on the green fluorescent protein and fluorescence resonance energy transfer has introduced a new perspective in the study of cell biology. Real-time imaging of fluorescent biosensors has made it possible to directly visualize individual molecular events as they happen in intact, live cells, providing important and original insights for our understanding of biologically relevant problems. This review discusses some essential methodological aspects concerning the generation and use of fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based biosensors and presents selected examples of specific applications that highlight the power of this technology.
Appetite and Cancer-Associated Anorexia: A Review
Authors: Davis Mellar P. , Dreicer Robert , Walsh Declan , Lagman Ruth , LeGrand Susan B.
Published: April 2004

Appetite is governed by peripheral hormones and central neurotransmitters that act on the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus and nucleus tactus solitarius of the brainstem. Cancer anorexia appears to be the result of an imbalance between neuropeptide-Y and pro-opiomelanocortin signals favoring pro-opiomelanocortin. Many of the appetite stimulants redress this imbalance. Most of our understanding of appetite neurophysiology and tumor-associated anorexia is derived from animals and has not been verified in humans. There have been few clinical trials and very little translational research on anorexia despite its prevalence in cancer.
Tositumomab and Iodine I 131 Tositumomab for Recurrent Indolent and Transformed B-Cell Non-Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
Authors: Davies A.J. , Rohatiner A.Z.S. , Howell S. , Britton K.E. , Owens S.E. , Micallef I.N. , Deakin D.P. , Carrington B.M. , Lawrance J.A. , Vinnicombe S. , Mather S.J. , Clayton J. , Foley R. , Jan H. , Kroll S. , Harris M. , Amess J. , Norton A.J. , Lister T.A. , Radford J.A.
Published: April 2004

Purpose

An open-label phase II study was conducted at two centers to establish the efficacy and safety of tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab at first or second recurrence of indolent or transformed indolent B-cell lymphoma.

Patients and Methods

A single dosimetric dose was followed at 7 to 14 days by the patient-specific administered radioactivity required to deliver a total body dose of 0.75 Gy (reduced to 0.65 Gy for patients with platelets counts of 100 to 149 × 109/L). Forty of 41 patients received both infusions.

Results

Thirty-one of 41 patients (76%) responded, with 20 patients (49%) achieving either a complete (CR) or unconfirmed complete remission [CR(u)] and 11 patients (27%) achieving a partial remission. Response rates were similar in both indolent (76%) and transformed disease (71%). The overall median duration of remission was 1.3 years. The median duration of remission has not yet been reached for those patients who achieved a CR or CR(u). Eleven patients continue in CR or CR(u) between 2.6+ and 5.2+ years after therapy. Therapy was well tolerated; hematologic toxicity was the principal adverse event. Grade 3 or 4 anemia, neutropenia, and thrombocytopenia were observed in 5%, 45%, and 32% of patients, respectively. Secondary myelodysplasia has occurred in one patient. Four patients developed human antimouse antibodies after therapy. Five of 38 assessable patients have developed an elevated thyroid-stimulating hormone; treatment with thyroxine has been initiated in one patient.

Conclusion

High overall and CR rates were observed after a single dose of tositumomab and iodine I 131 tositumomab in this patient group. Toxicity was modest and easily managed.
Phase III Randomized Trial of Calendula Officinalis Compared With Trolamine for the Prevention of Acute Dermatitis During Irradiation for Breast Cancer
Authors: Pommier P. , Gomez F. , Sunyach M.P. , D'Hombres A. , Carrie C. , Montbarbon X.
Published: April 2004

Purpose

The effectiveness of nonsteroid topical agents for the prevention of acute dermatitis during adjuvant radiotherapy for breast carcinoma has not been demonstrated. The goal of this study was to compare the effectiveness of calendula (Pommade au Calendula par Digestion; Boiron Ltd, Levallois-Perret, France) with that of trolamine (Biafine; Genmedix Ltd, France), which is considered in many institutions to be the reference topical agent.

Patients and Methods

Between July 1999 and June 2001, 254 patients who had been operated on for breast cancer and who were to receive postoperative radiation therapy were randomly allocated to application of either trolamine (128 patients) or calendula (126 patients) on the irradiated fields after each session. The primary end point was the occurrence of acute dermatitis of grade 2 or higher. Prognostic factors, including treatment modalities and patient characteristics, were also investigated. Secondary end points were the occurrence of pain, the quantity of topical agent used, and patient satisfaction.

Results

The occurrence of acute dermatitis of grade 2 or higher was significantly lower (41% v 63%; P < .001) with the use of calendula than with trolamine. Moreover, patients receiving calendula had less frequent interruption of radiotherapy and significantly reduced radiation-induced pain. Calendula was considered to be more difficult to apply, but self-assessed satisfaction was greater. Body mass index and adjuvant chemotherapy before radiotherapy after lumpectomy were significant prognostic factors for acute dermatitis.

Conclusion

Calendula is highly effective for the prevention of acute dermatitis of grade 2 or higher and should be proposed for patients undergoing postoperative irradiation for breast cancer.
Genetic heterogeneity in northeastern India: Reflection of Tribe–Caste continuum in the genetic structure
Authors: Kumar Vikrant , Basu Debashis , Reddy B. Mohan
Published: April 2004

We critically examined the gene frequency data for 11 genetic markers commonly available in the literature for 22 populations of northeastern India in the light of their geographic, linguistic, and ethnic affiliations. The markers investigated were three blood groups (A1A2BO, MNS, and Rh), four serum proteins (KM, Gc, Hp, and Tf), and four enzyme systems (AP, AK, EsD, and Hb). The neighbor‐joining tree and multidimensional scaling of the distance matrix suggest relatively high genetic differentiation among the Mongoloid groups, with probably diverse origins when compared to the Caucasoid Indo‐European populations, which had probably come from relatively more homogeneous backgrounds. Broadly speaking, the pattern of population affinities conforms to the ethno‐historic, linguistic, and geographic backgrounds. An interesting and important feature that emerges from this analysis is the reflection of the effect of the sociological process of a Tribe–Caste continuum on genetic structure. While on one end we have the cluster of Caucasoid caste populations, the other end consists of Mongoloid tribal groups. In between are the populations which were originally tribes but now have become semi‐Hinduized caste groups, viz., Rajbanshi, Chutiya, and Ahom. These groups have currently assumed caste status and speak Indo‐European languages. Therefore, one may infer that what appears to be a purely sociological phenomenon of a Tribe–Caste continuum may well reflect in their genetic structure. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:334–345, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Season of birth and fluctuating asymmetry
Authors: Benderlioglu Zeynep , Nelson Randy J.
Published: April 2004

Fluctuating asymmetry (FA) refers to random, small deviations from perfect bilateral symmetry in morphological traits. These minor deviations from the ideal phenotype reflect environmental and genetic perturbations experienced during ontogeny. FA has been associated with negative health outcomes and many developmental disorders in humans. The prevalence of developmental disorders and adult health vary according to the month of birth, suggesting that seasonal stressors may leave enduring signs in the adult body, marked by high FA. The current study examined the relationship between FA and birth season. Data were collected for 205 males and females (average age = 20.39 years) on FA of 10 bilateral traits (second, third, fourth, and fifth digit length, palm height, wrist diameter, elbow width, ear height, foot breadth, and ankle circumference). Additional relationships were also investigated among FA, testosterone (T), and birth order. Results indicate that ear FA was lower for fall births compared to winter births in males. In females, palm FA was lower for fall births compared to those of the spring. FA of the digits was positively associated with T in males. Average FA, excluding the digits, decreased as the number of maternal siblings increased for both sexes. T concentrations in males were positively associated with the number of younger brothers. Our results generally confirm previous research on seasonal variation in adult longevity and neurological and psychiatric disorders, suggesting that winter and spring births are at risk for asymmetric developmental trajectory. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:298–310, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Empirically derived new equations for calculating body fat percentage based on skinfold thickness and midarm circumference in preschool Indian children
Authors: Shaikh Saijuddin , Mahalanabis Dilip
Published: April 2004

We wanted to develop and apply new equations based on skinfold and midarm measurements for estimating %fat in preschool children suitable for field use. Prediction equations were developed on preschool‐aged urban boys (n = 100) and girls (n = 84). Skinfolds at four sites and midarm measurements were regressed on %fat derived from equations based on height and weight and from bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA; resistance at 50 kHz). These equations were applied: 1) to 12 children in whom the %fat was determined using D2O dilution, and 2) to 50 children in whom their %fat was derived using height–weight and BIA equations. The 95% limits of agreement (mean ± 2 SD) for %fat derived by anthropometry and by new equations were within 1.7% in boys (r = 0.85; P < 0.001) and girls (r = 0.90; P < 0.001) and by BIA and new equations were within 1.5% in boys (r = 0.82; P < 0.001) and 2% in girls (r = 0.88; P < 0.001). For %fat measured by D2O dilution and new equations, 95% limits of agreement was within 1.3% (r = 0.98; P < 0.001). In 50 children 95% limits of agreement between anthropometry and new equations were within 1.8% in boys (r = 0.88; P < 0.001) and 1.4% in girls (r = 0.92; P < 0.001) and between BIA and new equations were within 1% in boys (r = 0.91; P < 0.001) and 1.5% in girls (r = 0.89; P < 0.001). The new equations for measuring %fat based on midarm circumference and skinfold measurements are rapid and accurate for South Asian children and should be useful for prediction of body composition and nutritional survey in field studies. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 16:278–288, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma in a 21‐year‐old male with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome
Authors: Batton Beau , Amanullah Adoor , Main Charles , Fivenson David , Jamil Samir
Published: April 2004

We describe a case of cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma occurring in a 21‐year‐old male with Wolf–Hirschhorn syndrome (WHS) due to a chromosome 4p16.3 deletion. This is the first documented case report of malignancy occurring in an adult with WHS. We also review the literature regarding patients with WHS and the joint occurrence of malignancy and discuss genetic changes involving chromosome 4 which may have contributed to the genesis of our patient's lymphoma. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Maternal UPD(14) in the patient with a normal karyotype: Clinical report and a systematic search for cases in samples sent for testing for Prader–Willi syndrome
Authors: Cox Helen , Bullman H. , Temple I.K.
Published: April 2004

Maternal uniparental disomy for chromosome 14 causes a recognizable phenotype that has a number of consistent features, irrespective of the underlying chromosome abnormality. To illustrate this, we describe a patient with a 46,XX karyotype whose short stature, hypotonia, feeding problems, truncal obesity, early puberty, learning difficulties, and craniofacial characteristics led to a diagnosis of maternal (mat) UPD(14). No evidence is available to indicate how common mat UPD(14) in patients with a normal karyotype might be. Because of the similarity between Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) and the mat UPD(14) phenotype in childhood, we systematically tested samples from 35 patients with normal karyotypes and an unexplained PWS‐like phenotype referred to the Wessex Genetics Service. We sought to address the practical question should laboratories carry out tests for mat UPD(14) on all samples received for PWS testing when PWS testing gives negative results? None of the samples tested showed evidence of mat UPD(14). Routine screening of DNA from patients with possible PWS cannot be recommended on this basis. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Distal arthrogryposis type IIB: Unreported ophthalmic findings
Authors: Sahni Jayashree , Kaye Stephen B. , Fryer Alan , Hiscott Paul , Bucknall Roger C.
Published: April 2004

We describe four members spanning three generations of a Caucasian family affected with distal arthrogryposis (DA). Based on Hall's original classification, we have placed our family under type IIB and present previously unreported ophthalmic features. All the members had different degrees of ophthalmoplegia, ptosis, astigmatism, and strabismus. Other findings in affected family members included keratoconus in the index patient, which was associated with abnormal electron microscopy of the affected cornea and increased thickness of the central cornea, small axial length of the globe and choroidal folds in the others. © 2003 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.