bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Strategic uncertainty, coordination failure and emergence: A game theory study on agency‐structure interactions
Authors: Yang Yi , Liu Lin
Published: May 2019

In the social sciences there is a long standing debate over the primacy of structure or agency in shaping human behavior. Structurationists like Giddens think of individuals' agency and collective features as two sides of the same coin while emergentists including Archer and Elder‐Vass claim that structurationists are blurring an important ontological distinction——they argue for effective social analysis, we should think of structures and individuals as different things because emergence happens when the properties of the collective are not reducible to the properties of the parts that constitute them. This paper contributes to the agency‐structure debate by showing how production and reproduction of emergent properties of social groups sharing same normative commitments (norm circles) can be empirically studied using two behavioral game theory experiments, adding a previously neglected insight that strategic uncertainty can lead to coordination failures of individual behaviors within norm circles, manifested as unintended outcomes of interdependent actions that are difficult to predict. Here the synchronic relation between the unpredictable collective outcomes of each game round and agential reactions of the participants to them defines emergence——the previous outcomes are diachronic inputs but they appear in the new outcome only through their effects on the individual decisions.
Diffusive emissions of methane and nitrous oxide from a cascade of tropical hydropower reservoirs in Kenya
Authors: Okuku Eric O. , Bouillon Steven , Tole Mwakio , Borges Alberto V.
Published: May 2019

The present study investigated diffusive emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) to the atmosphere from three relatively small (3–120 km2) reservoirs (Masinga, Kamburu and Gitaru) on the Tana River (Kenya). Sampling was conducted biweekly in 2011, 2012 and 2013, at sampling sites upstream and downstream of these reservoirs while five sampling campaigns were carried out in 2011, 2012 and 2013 for different sites within each of the reservoirs. The dissolved CH4 (range: 19–2101 nmol/L) and N2O (range: 6.2–11.5 nmol/L) concentrations in the surface waters were generally very low in the three reservoirs, compared with other reservoirs globally. The lower diffusive emissions of CH4 (20–216 µmol/m2 day−1) and N2O (1.0–1.6 µmol/m2 day−1) from these reservoirs, compared with other tropical reservoirs, are probably related to their age (30–40 years), and lower vegetation biomass (savannah) originally present and submerged during their commissioning. The reservoirs with longer water residence times were characterized by higher diffusive CH4 fluxes (216 ± 666 µmol/m2 day−1) and slightly lower N2O fluxes (1.0 ± 1.5 µmol/m2 day−1). The relative contribution of turbine fluxes of CH4 and N2O, compared to diffusive fluxes, was also highly variable among the three dams, being lower in Masinga Reservoir and higher in Gitaru Reservoir.
Fluconazole plus flucytosine is a good alternative therapy for non‐HIV and non‐transplant‐associated cryptococcal meningitis: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Li Zhanyi , Liu Yu , Chong Yutian , Li Xiangyong , Jie Yusheng , Zheng Xiaoyan , Yan Ying
Published: May 2019

Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) carries a high risk of mortality with increasing incidences in immune competent hosts. Current treatments are not well tolerated, and evaluation of other treatments is needed. Fluconazole and 5‐flucytosine in treating immune competent hosts have not been characterised. To evaluate the efficacy of fluconazole and 5‐flucytosine in treating non‐HIV‐ and non‐transplant‐associated CM. We performed a retrospective cohort study of the outcomes in immune competent patients with CM treated with fluconazole and 5‐flucytosine or deoxycholate‐amphotericin B and 5‐flucytosine. The primary outcome was treatment response evaluated at the 12th week after initiation of antifungal therapy. A total of 43 and 47 patients received amphotericin B deoxycholate and 5‐flucytosine or fluconazole and 5‐flucytosine, respectively. A total of 38 (88.4%) patients cannot tolerate recommended doses of amphotericin B deoxycholate and 5‐flucytosine (patients needed dose reduction during the treatment). Patients given fluconazole and 5‐flucytosine had higher baseline cryptococcal burdens (median 3632 versus 900 cryptococci/mL, P = 0.008). No significant differences were seen in cryptococcus clearance (74.4% vs 70.2%, P = 0.814), treatment time (39 days, 20‐69 days vs 21 days, 7‐63 days, P = 0.107) and successful response (including complete and partial responses) rates (69.7% vs 72.3%, P = 0.820). Fluconazole and 5‐flucytosine treatment had lower total adverse events (19.1% vs 90.7%, P < 0.001). Fluconazole and 5‐flucytosine had relatively high efficacy with few adverse events in treating CM. Fluconazole and 5‐flucytosine therapy is promising in patients that do not tolerate or are not suited for amphotericin B deoxycholate treatment.
Reduction in IBS symptom severity is not paralleled by improvement in quality of life in patients with irritable bowel syndrome
Authors: Weerts Zsa Zsa R. M. , Vork Lisa , Mujagic Zlatan , Keszthelyi Daniel , Hesselink Martine A. M. , Kruimel Joanna , Leue Carsten , Muris Jean W.M. , Jonkers Daisy M. A. E. , Masclee Ad A. M.
Published: May 2019

Background

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a brain‐gut disorder, of which the natural course varies between patients and is difficult to predict. This study aimed to evaluate symptom evolution over a 5‐year follow‐up period and to identify baseline predictors for symptom severity and quality of life (QoL) at follow‐up.

Methods

Maastricht IBS cohort participants completed questionnaires upon inclusion regarding demographics and lifestyle, gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms, anxiety and depression, and QoL. The same questionnaires, in addition to others, were completed after 5 years. Rome criteria were confirmed face‐to‐face at initial enrollment and through telephonic interviews at follow‐up.

Key Results

At a mean follow‐up of 4.7 years, 379 patients were approached of whom 203 (53.7%) responded. Of these, 161 were reached by telephone and analyzed; 49 (30.4%) did not fulfill the Rome III criteria at follow‐up and had lower levels of GI symptoms and GI‐specific anxiety compared to those remaining Rome III‐positive (P < 0.001). However, Rome III‐negative patients had comparable levels of QoL and life satisfaction, comorbid anxiety and depression, work absenteeism, and impaired productivity. No baseline predictors were found for being Rome III‐positive or Rome III‐negative. However, greater age and lower baseline physical QoL predicted lower physical QoL at follow‐up (P < 0.005 andP < 0.01, respectively), while lower baseline mental QoL predicted lower mental QoL at follow‐up (P = 0.005). Additionally, higher anxiety and depression scores at follow‐up were associated with lower QoL and life satisfaction at follow‐up (P < 0.001).

Conclusions and Inferences

Long‐term QoL and general well‐being might depend on concurrent psychological symptoms, rather than GI symptom improvement.
A Paradox for the Intrinsic Value of Freedom of Choice
Authors: Gustafsson Johan E.
Published: May 2019

A standard liberal claim is that freedom of choice is not only instrumentally valuable but also intrinsically valuable, that is, valuable for its own sake. I argue that each one of five conditions should hold if freedom of choice is intrinsically valuable: First, if rational people may differ as to which option is the most preferred in an option set, the offered freedom of choice has some intrinsic value. Second, if an option set is expanded with an option that must be less preferred than the already available options by any rational person, the intrinsic value of the offered freedom of choice does not increase. Third, if an option set is expanded, the intrinsic value of the offered freedom of choice does not decrease. Fourth, if an option set has only one option, it does not offer any intrinsically good freedom of choice. And, fifth, the relation ‘at least as good freedom of choice as’ is transitive. The trouble is that there exists a counter‐example to the conjunction of these conditions. Hence freedom of choice is not intrinsically valuable.
Central banks under stress: Reputation, accountability and regulatory coherence
Authors: McPhilemy Samuel , Moschella Manuela
Published: May 2019

This symposium homes in on an area of public administration that has been through a period of significant change in the last ten years. Since the global financial crisis, central banks have expanded their operations in financial markets, buying up vast quantities of assets as part of expansive monetary policy strategies. They have also played a leading role in the reform of financial regulation and have been entrusted with enhanced authority to supervise financial institutions. This activity has taken place amid heightened political contestation, with central banks increasingly viewed as the quintessence of a technocratic mode of governance that eschews traditional democratic control. The purpose of this symposium is to consider how central banks’ reputation, accountability and regulatory roles have changed since the financial crisis, and what those changes tell us about the balance of power between independent regulatory agencies and elected policy‐makers.
Evaluation of a modified outpatient model for using propranolol to treat infantile hemangiomas
Authors: Putterman Elana , Wan Joy , Streicher Jenna L. , Yan Albert C.
Published: May 2019

Background

For infantile hemangiomas requiring treatment, existing recommendations advise initiation of propranolol followed by a 2‐hour period of blood pressure and heart rate monitoring, resulting in prolonged office visits for both families and clinicians.

Objectives

In order to reduce visit times, we evaluate our current practice of at‐home or in‐office propranolol administration followed by in‐office vital sign monitoring.

Methods

We retrospectively reviewed the medical records of 157 patients with infantile hemangiomas (IH) who initiated propranolol under this outpatient protocol. Blood pressure (BP) and heart rate (HR) were obtained at a baseline visit and 1‐2 hours after initial dose administration. We identified potential risk factors for clinically significant decreases in systolic blood pressure (SBP) and HR (defined as decrease of > 20 mm Hg and > 15 bpm, respectively) using logistic regression analysis, and adverse events were recorded.

Results

Fifty‐five individuals (35.4%) showed a decrease in HR of more than 15 bpm, and 23 individuals (14.7%) showed a decrease in SBP of more than 20 mm Hg. Multivariable logistic regression suggested that younger age, history of preterm birth, and Caucasian race may slightly increase the odds of clinically significant changes in vital signs upon propranolol initiation. However, no clinically symptomatic adverse events occurred upon initiation of propranolol.

Conclusions

Vital sign monitoring may be important when starting propranolol treatment in younger or historically preterm patients. However, routine mandatory in‐office vital sign monitoring may not be necessary in healthy infants more than 45 weeks postconceptional age.
Joint Inventory‐Pricing Optimization with General Demands: An Alternative Approach for Concavity Preservation
Authors: Bensoussan Alain , Xie Yangyang , Yan Houmin
Published: May 2019

In this study, we provide an alternative approach for proving the preservation of concavity together with submodularity, and apply it to finite‐horizon non‐stationary joint inventory‐pricing models with general demands. The approach characterizes the optimal price as a function of the inventory level. Further, it employs the Cauchy–Schwarz and arithmetic‐geometric mean inequalities to establish a relation between the one‐period profit and the profit‐to‐go function in a dynamic programming setting. With this relation, we demonstrate that the one‐dimensional concavity of the price‐optimized profit function is preserved as a whole, instead of separately determining the (two‐dimensional) joint concavities in price (or mean demand/risk level) and inventory level for the one‐period profit and the profit‐to‐go function in conventional approaches. As a result, we derive the optimality condition for a base‐stock, list‐price (BSLP) policy for joint inventory‐pricing optimization models with general form demand and profit functions. With examples, we extend the optimality of a BSLP policy to cases with non‐concave revenue functions in mean demand. We also propose the notion of price elasticity of the slope (PES) and articulate the condition as that in response to a price change of the commodity, the percentage change in the slope of the expected sales is greater than the percentage change in the slope of the expected one‐period profit. The concavity preservation conditions for the additive, generalized additive, and location‐scale demand models in the literature are unified under this framework. We also obtain the conditions under which a BSLP policy is optimal for the logarithmic and exponential form demand models.
Time for a paradigm shift toward a restorative culture
Authors: Cross Adam T. , Nevill Paul G. , Dixon Kingsley W. , Aronson James
Published: May 2019

The United Nations' recent declaration of a Decade on Ecosystem Restoration (2021–2030) conveys the immense scales of degradation we face and the urgency of ecological recovery. Yet it speaks predominantly to productivity‐based approaches that may poorly balance conservation and development goals. As a result, it overlooks or distorts the very real potential for the holistic restoration of natural and cultural ecosystems to achieve lasting social and human health and well‐being benefits, and help stem the grotesque loss of biodiversity and ecosystem health in these times. There is need for a profound paradigm shift to address the prevailing economic and political climate that is keeping our world and biosphere on their current ominous trajectory. Such a paradigm shift could be based on the idea of a “restorative culture.” Practically, this could proceed by coupling the foundational philosophies and modus operandi of restoration ecology with public health medicine. The outcome would be an era of more healthy and more science‐ and knowledge‐driven sustainable restoration and local redevelopment. A restorative culture would recognize the fundamental linkages between ecosystems and human health, and consider biodiversity as fundamental to personal, community, and cultural well‐being and resilience. This requires public–private and community and individual partnerships at city, township, and watershed scales, as well as progressive industry champions working in collaboration with governments and the United Nations.
Non‐invasive ventilation for obese patients with chronic respiratory failure: Are two pressures always better than one?
Authors: Murphy Patrick B. , Suh Eui‐Sik , Hart Nicholas
Published: May 2019

Obesity‐related respiratory failure is increasingly common but remains under‐diagnosed and under‐treated. There are several clinical phenotypes reported, including severe obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), isolated nocturnal hypoventilation with or without severe OSA and OSA complicating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The presence of hypercapnic respiratory failure is associated with poor clinical outcomes in each of these groups. While weight loss is a core aim of management, this is often unachievable, and treatment of sleep‐disordered breathing with positive airway pressure (PAP) therapy is the mainstay of clinical practice. Although there are few long‐term clinical efficacy trials, the lack of equipoise would prevent the utilization of an untreated control group. The current data support the use of PAP therapy to improve respiratory failure and is associated with improvements in health‐related quality of life, reduced healthcare utilization and reduced mortality. Both continuous PAP (CPAP) and non‐invasive ventilation (NIV) appear safe and effective in patients with obesity‐related respiratory failure and OSA, with or without COPD, and the current evidence would not support a single therapy choice in all patients. There are no studies of CPAP in patients with isolated nocturnal hypoventilation, and NIV would be the current recommendation in this patient group. Whichever starting therapy is used, titration should be performed to correct sleep‐disordered breathing and reverse chronic respiratory failure, with consideration of step‐down of the treatment based on a clinical re‐evaluation. In contrast, failure to reach physiological and clinical treatment targets should lead to the consideration of treatment escalation.
Development and Validation of the Client‐Reported Quality of Contraceptive Counseling Scale to Measure Quality and Fulfillment of Rights in Family Planning Programs
Authors: Holt Kelsey , Zavala Icela , Quintero Ximena , Hessler Danielle , Langer Ana
Published: May 2019

We developed the Quality of Contraceptive Counseling (QCC) Scale to improve measurement of client experiences with providers in the era of rights‐based service delivery. We generated scale items drawing on the previously published QCC Framework and qualitative research on women's preferences for counseling in Mexico, and refined them through cognitive interviews (n = 29) in two Mexican states. The item pool was reduced from 35 to 22 items after pilot testing using exit interviews in San Luis Potosí (n = 257). Exploratory Factor Analysis revealed three underlying dimensions (Information Exchange, Interpersonal Relationship, Disrespect and Abuse); this dimensionality was reproduced in Mexico City (n = 242) using Confirmatory Factor Analysis. Item Response Theory analyses confirmed acceptable item properties in both states, and correlation analyses established convergent, predictive, and divergent validity. The QCC Scale and subscales fill a gap in measurement tools for ensuring high quality of care and fulfillment of human rights in contraceptive services, and should be evaluated and adapted in other contexts.
Law, campus policy, social movements, and sexual violence: Where do we stand in the #MeToomovement?
Authors: Gronert Nona Maria
Published: May 2019

In the last 8 years, activist pressure has increased attention to sexual violence at universities. Most recently, the #MeToo movement has widened the conversation about sexual violence. This increased public attention has coincided with changes in federal guidelines, state laws, and campus policies on sexual violence as well as social movement activity by survivor‐activists and emerging counter‐movements. I argue that sociologists—specifically researchers who study gender and/or law and society—are uniquely situated to contribute to the study of sexual violence on campus. I synthesize a growing sociological and interdisciplinary literature on sexual violence—legal changes, policy effects, and social movement struggles—in order to advocate that sociologists study laws, campus policies, and social movements simultaneously.
Was It Worth It? The Territorial Reform in the Canton of Glarus
Authors: Hofmann Roland , Rother Natanael
Published: May 2019

This paper examines the financial impact of the 2011 reform of the local governments and jurisdictions in the canton of Glarus. After a popular vote 70 public entities were reorganized to form three large uniformed communes. Previous research showed that amalgamations do not automatically lead to savings in public expenditures and economies of scale. We empirically apply the synthetic control method and show that the territorial reform realized some savings in public expenditure. However, the effect of the reorganization of tasks and responsibilities between the canton and the communes was more influential. The reform must be understood as a horizontal and vertical venture that encompasses both the communes and the canton, much more far‐reaching than a pure local territorial reform.
Smoking in pregnancy: pathophysiology of harm and current evidence for monitoring and cessation
Authors: McDonnell Brendan P , Regan Carmen
Published: May 2019

Key content

Smoking in pregnancy is a risk factor for miscarriage, stillbirth, placental abruption, preterm birth, low birthweight and neonatal morbidity and mortality.

The adverse effects of cigarette smoke are primarily driven by carbon monoxide, tar and nicotine.

Psychosocial interventions are effective in helping women to quit smoking during pregnancy.

There is weak evidence that nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) with behavioural support can improve cessation rates in pregnancy.

Electronic cigarettes are more popular among smokers, but evidence of their safety and effectiveness in pregnancy are lacking.

Learning objectives

To understand the pathophysiology of harm from cigarette smoking.

To describe the role of exhaled carbon monoxide testing among pregnant women.

To review the evidence on the safety and use of NRT and electronic cigarettes as methods of cessation.
Detection of human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 phylogenetic clusters with multidrug resistance mutations among 2011 to 2017 blood donors from the highly endemic Northern Brazilian Amazon
Authors: Esashika Crispim Myuki Alfaia , da Guarda Reis Mônica Nogueira , Fraiji Nelson , Bello Gonzalo , Stefani Mariane Martins Araújo
Published: May 2019

BACKGROUND

This study describes transmitted drug resistance (TDR) in blood donors diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) infection from 2011 to 2017 in three reference public blood centers from the Northern Brazilian Amazon.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS

This was a cross‐sectional study on HIV‐positive blood donors from HEMOAM, Manaus, Amazonas, AM (n = 198); HEMERON, Porto Velho, Rondônia, RO (n = 20); and HEMORAIMA, Boa Vista, Roraima, RR (n = 9). HIV‐1 pol sequences (protease, reverse transcriptase) were analyzed for drug resistance mutations (DRMs) using the Calibrated Population Resistance tool (Stanford). TDR/DRM clusters were investigated by phylogenetic analysis after removing positions associated with drug resistance of Subtype B sequences from untreated and treated subjects from Northern Brazil.

RESULTS

Transmitted drug resistance/DRM in blood donors was 11% (25 of 227), all of them from HEMOAM. Most blood donors with TDR/DRM had multiple and similar DRMs. Nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations predominated (10.1%), followed by nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NRTI) mutations (5.3%) and protease inhibitor mutations (0.4%). Dual‐class NNRTI/NRTI mutations represented 4.8%. Three highly supported Subtype B monophyletic clades mostly composed by individuals from Amazonas with TDR/DRM mutations were identified. The largest transmission cluster contained 10 sequences, eight from HEMOAM and two sequences described previously (one from a treated subject from Amazonas and the other one from Roraima). This cluster was characterized by NRTI (D67N, T69D, T215S/F/L, K219Q) and NNRTI (K101H, K103 N, G190A) mutations. The other two transmission clades comprised only three and two sequences from HEMOAM sharing the E138A NNRTI mutation.

CONCLUSIONS

The identification of transmission clusters of multidrug‐resistant viruses in blood donors from Amazonas highlight the need of continued monitoring of TDR/DRM and the importance of pretreatment genotyping in the highly endemic Amazonas state.
Effective mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles(Caretta caretta) following topical administration of rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine
Authors: Petritz Olivia A. , Westermeyer Hans D. , Whitehead Michelle C. , Christiansen Emily F. , Lohmann Kenneth J. , Lohmann Catherine M. F. , Lewbart Gregory A.
Published: May 2019

Objective

To determine the combined mydriatic effects of topical rocuronium bromide and phenylephrine in juvenile loggerhead turtles and identify any adverse effects associated with treatment.

Animals studied

Eleven juvenile loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta).

Procedures

Four 20 μL drops of rocuronium bromide and four 20 μL drops of 10% phenylephrine were placed into the right eye at 2‐minute intervals of 5 turtles, while the same volume of saline was administered to six control turtles. A pupilometer recorded pupil measurements at rest and following a light stimulus at 2, 15, 30, 60, 120, 150, 180, 210, 240, 300, and 360 minutes following delivery of the final drop to the ocular surface. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was also measured at similar time points.

Results

The nonilluminated and light‐stimulated pupillary diameter of the right eye of treated turtles was significantly greater than baseline starting at 120 and 15 minutes, respectively. Light‐stimulated pupillary diameter of treated eyes was greater than that of control eyes from time 15 minutes until the end of the treatment period. No systemic side effects were noted over a 24 hours period following treatment and all turtles showed normal behavior and appetite. No mydriasis was noted in either eye at 24 hours and the anterior segment was normal.

Conclusions

A combination of topical ophthalmic rocuronium bromide and 10% phenylephrine is safe and effective for mydriasis in juvenile loggerhead turtles.
Arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints to treat osteoarthritis in 17 horses
Authors: Chapman Hannah‐Sophie , Richardson Dean W. , Ortved Kyla F.
Published: May 2019

Objective

To describe arthrodesis of the metacarpophalangeal (MCP) or metatarsophalangeal (MTP) joint with a locking compression plate (LCP) and a metallic tension band and report the outcome of horses treated for osteoarthritis (OA) with this technique.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Animals

Seventeen horses with OA of the MCP or MTP joint treated with arthrodesis.

Methods

Medical records (2004‐2017) of horses treated for OA with arthrodesis of the MCP or MTP joint with an LCP and metallic tension band were reviewed. Preoperative variables included age, sex, breed, affected limb, and lameness grade. Surgical variables included implants used, surgery time, postoperative angle of joint, intraoperative complications, and anesthetic recovery method. Outcome was obtained from medical records and phone interviews.

Results

Lameness was scored as 4 out of 5 (range, 2‐4) in 13 of 17 horses. All horses survived to discharge and were alive >6 months postoperatively, without any report of long‐term complications. All horses were allowed unrestricted turnout, and 1 horse was lightly ridden. No postoperative infections or implant failures were reported. The only complications consisted of cast sores (n = 4).

Conclusion

Arthrodesis of the MCP/MTP joint was associated with acceptable morbidity and good long‐term outcomes in these 17 horses with OA refractory to medical management.

Clinical significance

The morbidity and prognosis after fetlock arthrodesis for OA seem more favorable than reported in horses treated with traumatic disruption of the suspensory apparatus.
Search for a Ritual Heir, 1450–1589
Authors: Park Eugene Y.
Published: May 2019

Chapter 2 focuses on the Chosŏn state’s effort to maintain a line of ritual heirs of Koryŏ and the reemergence of the Kaesŏng Wang as an aristocratic descent group. Disproving a widespread assumption, this chapter demonstrates that a number of Wangs, especially the members of the Kwach’ŏn lineage, passed government service examinations and received offices—even attaining significant, prestigious civil posts. By the mid-sixteenth century, the advantage of being a Kaesŏng Wang was such that Wang-surnamed individuals of varying shades of social status claimed Koryŏ royal descent. Accordingly, the court had to scrutinize competing claims when, on two occasions, it had to secure a new line of ritual heirs.
The Court and Society, 1589–1724
Authors: Park Eugene Y.
Published: May 2019

Covering the mid-Chosŏn period, chapter 3 analyzes the segmentation of the Kaesŏng Wang as a descent group. While successive members of a third new line of ritual heirs, the Majŏn lineage, performed their duties at the Sungŭijŏn, the Wangs as a whole became geographically dispersed and even more socially diverse. Descent from an early Chosŏn scholar-official without any illegitimate children in the intervening generations became the unquestioned marker of one’s aristocratic status. Among various Wang descent lines, the Kaesŏng lineage began eclipsing the Kwach’ŏn lineage in terms of examination success and office holding.
Epilogue
Authors: Park Eugene Y.
Published: May 2019

The epilogue presents some revealing vignettes of the Kaesŏng Wang in the modern era. Upon Japan’s colonization of Korea and the end of the Chosŏn monarchy, the Wangs were free to celebrate their past without worrying about the official, self-legitimizing rhetoric of Chosŏn. In addition, forces of modernity such as colonialism, nationalism, industrialization, urbanization, and immigration have reshaped the material and human legacies of Koryŏ. Some post-Chosŏn profiles of individual Wangs bring this book’s compelling story of the progeny of fallen royals to conclusion.
Postscript
Authors: Sternfeld Lior B.
Published: May 2019

SPEND TEN MINUTES WITH AN IRANIAN Jew and he or she will not hesitate to tell you that Jewish existence in Iran goes back 2,700 years before the Islamic Republic appeared. Jews want to preserve this status in their homeland. “Jews here have great Iranian roots—they love Iran. Personally, I would stay in Iran no matter what. I speak in English, I pray in Hebrew, but my thinking is Persian,” says Siamak Moreh-Sedeq, the Jewish deputy in the Majlis and a prominent leader of the roughly twenty-five thousand Jews still living in Iran....
Chinese Re-migration
Authors: Ho Elaine Lynn-Ee
Published: May 2019

Counter-diasporic migration, or the return of diasporic descendants to an ancestral land, has become a noticeable global trend. This chapter troubles linear narratives of emigration and immigration by examining the re-migration of diasporic descendants. It focuses on Chinese diasporic descendants in Malaya, Indonesia, and Vietnam who were compelled to leave due to ethnic persecution between the years 1949 and 1979, a period that coincided with the inauguration of communist rule in China. The Chinese state resettled the refugees in state-owned farms and labeled them as “returnees,” legitimizing its reach toward the diaspora. But the social realities they experienced expose contestations over presumed kinship and co-ethnicity. After 1978 China’s diaspora strategizing shifted from privileging co-ethnicity to encouraging foreign investment and scientific skills transfer to benefit the country’s national development. This discussion foregrounds how citizenship formations in China were intimately connected to the experiences of the Chinese abroad and those who re-migrated to the ancestral land.
China at Home and Abroad
Authors: Ho Elaine Lynn-Ee
Published: May 2019

Studying the interface of distinct yet interrelated migration trends through the framework of contemporaneous migration allows us to conceptualize both inter-ethnic and co-ethnic relations in culturally diverse societies. The Chinese worldview of tianxia informs understanding of the multidirectional migration patterns that reflect and impact China’s domestic management of ethnic diversity and its external relations. This chapter argues that contemporaneous migration further illuminates three dimensions of alterity, namely alterity as phenotypical difference, as the diversification of co-ethnicity, and as spatial recalibration. It interfaces African immigration to China with the re-migration of Chinese diasporic descendants to the ancestral land, and the emigration of ethnic minorities in China. Such an analytical approach reveals how fraternity and alterity operate within and across ethnic categories in transnational contexts.
Imperial Borders
Authors: Pack Sasha D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter explores various ways that imperial enclaves could project power over their borders. Examples include the increasing power of European consuls in Tangier to adjudicate conflicts between Jews and Muslims throughout Morocco; the processes by which officials in Gibraltar and Melilla asserted control over regional trade networks by protecting smugglers; and the role of French Oran in serving as a landing point for Spanish and Moroccan refugees and dissidents. Taken together, these examples illustrate the formation of a constellation of power in the trans-Gibraltar borderland that curtailed the ability of the Spanish and Moroccan governments to administer their own laws. The chapter ends with a discussion of the crisis of 1898, which set in motion a cooperative effort by Spain, Britain, and France to clearly delineate imperial spheres of influence, producing the Entente Cordiale of 1904.
A New Convivencia
Authors: Pack Sasha D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter looks at Spanish administration of northern Morocco after the Rif War. As the physical border between Spain and Morocco disintegrated, Spanish colonial administrators looked for ways to promote “Hispano-Moroccan brotherhood” while preserving religious, social, and sexual boundaries between Moroccan Muslims, Jews, and Spanish settlers. While much scholarship in this area has been dedicated to exposing the Spanish colonial rhetoric of brotherhood to be a ruse, this chapter takes seriously the notion that the Spanish colonial administration attempted to distinguish itself from its French counterpart—even to the point of weakening the positions of the sovereign Spanish cities of Ceuta and Melilla. It aimed to demonstrate greater respect for local customs and traditions and to elevate the zone’s Muslim “caliph” to the status of sovereign, although in other ways its practices resembled the French model.
A Changing Matrix, 1942–1963
Authors: Pack Sasha D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes the regional consequences of the advent of American hegemony over the course of two decades. The smuggling and banditry that long characterized the region continued, ultimately undermining the Franco regime’s efforts to manipulate its currency and build an autarkic economy. Spanish attention to the southern border did not flag, however, as the Franco regime believed a strong authoritarian government in Morocco was necessary to prevent the spread of communism into northwest Africa and eventually Europe. This consideration, rather than the maintenance of a formal colonial position, guided Spanish action in Morocco from the middle of the World War II and throughout the decolonization era. Despite border conflicts further to the south, authoritarian Spain worked to support a strong independent Moroccan monarchy under Muhammad V and Hassan II, even when a revived Riffian movement presented Spain with the opportunity to restore a neocolonial foothold there.
The End of a Modern Borderland
Authors: Pack Sasha D.
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the post-World War II reconfiguration of ethno-religious relations that put an end to the modern trans-Gibraltar borderland society as it had developed over the previous century. Jews and Europeans departed Morocco in haste in the 1950s, their safety increasingly uncertain. Spain waged a protracted campaign to recover Gibraltar from Great Britain, closing the border by 1969. Although the effort failed, it put an end to Gibraltar’s role as a hub for traffic and circulation around the Strait for over a century. New currents of migration brought Africans northward, making Spain substantially multiconfessional for the first time in its modern history. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the new regional conjuncture and some remarks about the historical changes and continuities over the previous centuries.
Status Signaling in International Relations
Authors: Pu Xiaoyu
Published: May 2019

This chapter discusses the theoretical framework of status signaling in international politics. Status signaling is the use of a particular subset of signals to convey the information that a state is asserting a particular standing in international society. In a general sense, status signaling is the mechanism of information transmission that aims to change or maintain a special type of status belief among relevant political actors. Each audience is different, so an emerging power sends different status signals. There are various means through which the national leaders can signal the preferred status of their nation. This chapter identifies strategies and tactics of status signaling: conspicuous consumption, conspicuous giving, and strategic spinning.
Red Mask and White Mask
Authors: Pu Xiaoyu
Published: May 2019

This chapter analyzes China’s competing images in regional diplomacy. China signaled a higher status as a regional leader through conspicuous giving in the Asian financial crisis, and China has strengthened its charm offensive strategy in recent years. However, China has also tried to defend its maritime claims through selective coercion. The two faces of China’s regional diplomacy pose a challenge to regional order.
Aprender a liderar el cambio en organizaciones escolares en Chile
Authors: Ahumada-Figueroa Luis Andrés , Montecinos-Sanhueza Carmen Lucía , Leiva-Guerrero María Verónica , Campos-Vergara Fabián Andrés
Published: May 2019

En este artículo se analizan los incidentes críticos que experimentan 13 directivos noveles de centros escolares públicos de Chile. Cada incidente se reescribió con la técnica del análisis de narrativa. Los resultados dan cuenta de las dimensiones organizacionales involucradas en los incidentes y los aprendizajes derivados de las formas de gestionar el conflicto. Se concluye que los incidentes críticos representan una oportunidad para iniciar un cambio no planificado, cuyo alcance se relaciona con las estrategias de gestión del conflicto.
Longitudinal Study on Social Networks as a Didactic Method
Authors: Rodríguez-Gallego Margarita R. , López-Martínez Antonia , Navarro-Montaño María José
Published: May 2019

This article gathers the perceptions of students on social networks, as a didactic method, with the aim of searching and designing didactic strategies to adapt the contents and methodology to the new technological context. The participants were university students of Early Childhood and Primary Education in 2013-2014 and 2016-2017. A longitudinal study was conducted with a descriptive, non-experimental methodology and the semi-structured questionnaire used was validated through factorial and cluster analyses. The students from both degrees showed a polarization and dispersion of opinions about social networks, which could be related to a more critical attitude toward their advantages and disadvantages.
Relación cooperativa entre docentes y padres de estudiantes con discapacidad
Authors: Montaño-Contreras Luz Mélida , Cerón-Bastidas Johana Elizabeth , Martín-Padilla Mario Andrés Ernesto
Published: May 2019

El objetivo de la investigación fue identificar aspectos para la creación de una relación cooperativa entre maestros y familias con hijos en condición de discapacidad. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo, con un enfoque construccionista social. Los participantes fueron 32 padres de familia de estudiantes en condición de discapacidad y 16 maestros de dos instituciones educativas de Bogotá. Se utilizaron representaciones dibujadas y grupos de discusión. El procesamiento fue por codificación abierta y análisis narrativo. Como resultado se determinó una estructura con categorías y subcategorías para la relación cooperativa, la cual puede guiar un sistema interaccional conformado por padres y docentes.
Supuestos teóricos para la gamificación de la educación superior
Authors: Ardila-Muñoz Jimmy Yordany
Published: May 2019

El presente artículo de revisión describe apreciaciones teóricas sobre la implementación de la gamificación en la educación superior. El documento se concentra en la construcción de un análisis del discurso de documentos académicos sobre las categorías videojuegos y gamificación. El manuscrito describe como punto de encuentro de estas categorías las mecánicas de juego y como factor diferenciador, su finalidad; los videojuegos para la diversión, la gamificación para la fidelización y el compromiso. En la gamificación, el docente se convierte en un diseñador de actividades lúdicas promotoras del aprendizaje, mientras que el estudiante se convierte en un usuario-jugador.
A Generalized Reduced-Order Dynamic Model for Two-Phase Flow in Pipes
Authors: Chaari Majdi , Fekih Afef , Seibi Abdennour C. , Ben Hmida Jalel
Published: May 2019

Real-time monitoring of pressure and flow in multiphase flow applications is a critical problem given its economic and safety impacts. Using physics-based models has long been computationally expensive due to the spatial–temporal dependency of the variables and the nonlinear nature of the governing equations. This paper proposes a new reduced-order modeling approach for transient gas–liquid flow in pipes. In the proposed approach, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are considered to predict holdup and pressure drop at steady-state from which properties of the two-phase mixture are derived. The dynamic response of the mixture is then estimated using a dissipative distributed-parameter model. The proposed approach encompasses all pipe inclination angles and flow conditions, does not require a spatial discretization of the pipe, and is numerically stable. To validate our model, we compared its dynamic response to that of OLGA©, the leading multiphase flow dynamic simulator. The obtained results showed a good agreement between both models under different pipe inclinations and various levels of gas volume fractions (GVF). In addition, the proposed model reduced the computational time by four- to sixfolds compared to OLGA©. The above attribute makes it ideal for real-time monitoring and fluid flow control applications.
Troubled treasure
Authors: Sokol Joshua
Published: May 2019

Mined in a conflict zone and sold for profit, fossils in Burmese amber offer an exquisite view of the Cretaceous—and an ethical quandary.
Brainstem nucleus incertus controls contextual memory formation
Authors: Szőnyi András , Sos Katalin E. , Nyilas Rita , Schlingloff Dániel , Domonkos Andor , Takács Virág T. , Pósfai Balázs , Hegedüs Panna , Priestley James B. , Gundlach Andrew L. , Gulyás Attila I. , Varga Viktor , Losonczy Attila , Freund Tamás F. , Nyiri Gábor
Published: May 2019

What inhibits the inhibitors?

In the hippocampus, each memory trace is encoded by a specific subset of pyramidal cells. The other pyramidal cells must be actively excluded from the memory encoding process by inhibition, which is done by selective dendrite-targeting interneurons. Szőnyi
et al.
found that γ-aminobutyric acid–releasing (GABAergic) cells located in a small region in the brain stem called the nucleus incertus project to the hippocampus. The nucleus incertus again is innervated by several regions that respond to salient stimuli. Its GABAergic cells preferentially inhibit the dendrite-targeting interneurons in the hippocampus. The nucleus incertus is thus a central mediator between brain regions that are highly responsive to salient stimuli and the hippocampal circuitry involved in memory formation.

Science
, this issue p.
eaaw0445
Bacterial pseudokinase catalyzes protein polyglutamylation to inhibit the SidE-family ubiquitin ligases
Authors: Black Miles H. , Osinski Adam , Gradowski Marcin , Servage Kelly A. , Pawłowski Krzysztof , Tomchick Diana R. , Tagliabracci Vincent S.
Published: May 2019

Divergent protein kinase

SidJ is a protein produced by
Legionella pneumophila
that orchestrates this intracellular pathogen's establishment within the host cell. SidJ prevents lysosome fusion with the vacuole, within which the bacterium resides and replicates. SidJ also modulates the toxicity of the SidE family ubiquitin ligases that catalyze phosphoribosyl-linked host protein ubiquitination. Black
et al.
discovered that SidJ is activated by host calmodulin. Furthermore, although SidJ has a pseudokinase fold, it does not phosphorylate SidE proteins but polyglutamylates them instead. The in vivo relevance of this mechanism for bacterial infectivity was verified in the natural reservoir host
Acanthamoeba castellanii
.

Science
, this issue p.
787
Managing injection-induced seismic risks
Authors: Lee Kang-Kun , Ellsworth William L. , Giardini Domenico , Townend John , Ge Shemin , Shimamoto Toshihiko , Yeo In-Wook , Kang Tae-Seob , Rhie Junkee , Sheen Dong-Hoon , Chang Chandong , Woo Jeong-Ung , Langenbruch Cornelius
Published: May 2019

The Pohang quake shows the need for new methods to assess and manage evolving risk
HIV upsurge in China's students
Authors: Li Guanqiao , Jiang Yan , Zhang Linqi
Published: May 2019

Thirty years ago, China experienced its first indigenous HIV/AIDS cases. Since then, HIV has spread from drug users and blood transfusion recipients to the general urban population, mainly through sexual routes. Particularly worrisome is the recent increase of HIV infection among college students, according to the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The number of newly diagnosed college students has seen an annual growth rate ranging from 30 to 50% over the past several years. A proactive approach is required to spread public awareness of this trend and to promote aggressive prevention and treatment measures.
Novel Protease Inhibitors Containing C-5-Modifiedbis-Tetrahydrofuranylurethane and Aminobenzothiazole as P2 and P2′ Ligands That Exert Potent Antiviral Activity against Highly Multidrug-Resistant HIV-1 with a High Genetic Barrier against the Emergence of Drug Resistance
Authors: Takamatsu Yuki , Aoki Manabu , Bulut Haydar , Das Debananda , Amano Masayuki , Sheri Venkata Reddy , Kovari Ladislau C. , Hayashi Hironori , Delino Nicole S. , Ghosh Arun K. , Mitsuya Hiroaki
Published: May 2019

Combination antiretroviral therapy has achieved dramatic reductions in the mortality and morbidity in people with HIV-1 infection. Darunavir (DRV) represents a most efficacious and well-tolerated protease inhibitor (PI) with a high genetic barrier to the emergence of drug-resistant HIV-1. However, highly DRV-resistant variants have been reported in patients receiving long-term DRV-containing regimens.
Emergence of Carbapenem-Resistant
Pseudomonas asiatica
Producing NDM-1 and VIM-2 Metallo-β-Lactamases in Myanmar
Authors: Tohya Mari , Tada Tatsuya , Watanabe Shin , Kuwahara-Arai Kyoko , Zin Khwar Nyo , Zaw Ni Ni , Aung May Yee , Mya San , Zan Khin Nyein , Kirikae Teruo , Tin Htay Htay
Published: May 2019

Pseudomonas asiatica
is a recently proposed species of the genus
Pseudomonas
. This study describes eight isolates of carbapenem-resistant
P. asiatica
harboring
bla
NDM-1
and
bla
VIM-2
, genes encoding metallo-β-lactamase (MBL). These isolates were obtained from urine samples of patients hospitalized in Myanmar. These isolates were resistant to carbapenems but susceptible to colistin.
An Evolutionary Model-Based Approach To Quantify the Genetic Barrier to Drug Resistance in Fast-Evolving Viruses and Its Application to HIV-1 Subtypes and Integrase Inhibitors
Authors: Theys Kristof , Libin Pieter J. K. , Van Laethem Kristel , Abecasis Ana B.
Published: May 2019

Viral pathogens causing global disease burdens are often characterized by high rates of evolutionary changes. The extensive viral diversity at baseline can shorten the time to escape from therapeutic or immune selective pressure and alter mutational pathways. The impact of genotypic background on the barrier to resistance can be difficult to capture, particularly for agents in experimental stages or that are recently approved or expanded into new patient populations.
Emergence of Oxacillin Resistance in Stealth Methicillin-Resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
Due to
mecA
Sequence Instability
Authors: Goering Richard V. , Swartzendruber Erin A. , Obradovich Anne E. , Tickler Isabella A. , Tenover Fred C.
Published: May 2019

Staphylococcus aureus
strains that possess a
mecA
gene but are phenotypically susceptible to oxacillin and cefoxitin (OS-MRSA) have been recognized for over a decade and are a challenge for diagnostic laboratories. The mechanisms underlying the discrepancy vary from isolate to isolate.