bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE USE OF CULTURAL ELEMENTS IN SOCIAL MEDIA ADVERTISEMENTS: SEMIOTIC ANALYSIS OF APPLE TÜRKİYE “THE GREAT ESCAPE” COMMERCIAL FILM
Authors: Bilginer Halefoğlu Selen
Published: March 2024

Today, social media has caused a major transformation, especially in the field of advertising, and these platforms have become a powerful tool for brands to deliver their products and services to wider audiences. Each culture has its own unique language, symbols, traditions and set of values, and these cultural elements can help advertisers convey their messages in a way that is appropriate for the target culture. The purpose of advertising is to persuade consumers by appealing to the values of the target group. In this study, cultural elements and how they are positioned are analysed by making use of Roland Barthes' semiotic approaches. According to the YouTube Ads Leaderboard Turkey results of the second quarter of 2023, the Apple commercial film titled "The Great Escape" was announced to be the most watched commercial film. In this study, this commercial film which was shot in Istanbul Grand Bazaar using only an iPhone 14 Pro was analysed in eight sections. In the two minutes thirty-seven seconds long film which was directed by Sinan Sevinç, seventeen cultural elements were found to be used and each element was analysed in detail. As a result, it was determined that the use of local cultural elements in the advertisements enables the target audience to identify themselves with the advertisement providing a strong emotional bond with the brand. It also creates the impression that the brand shows cultural sensitivity in consumers, and is an indicator that it endeavours to understand the lifestyle and values of the target audience.
Analysis and simulation of X-band high-power microwave generation based on T-shaped four-period slow-wave structure
Authors: Luo Xin-Yao , Xue Yu-Zhe , Xu Che , Du Chuang-Zhou , Liu Qing-Xiang ,   School of Physical Sciences and Technology, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
Published: March 2024

In this study, a T-shaped, four-period resonant slow-wave structure is optimally designed, and its high-frequency performance is comprehensively analyzed in theory. By using the image theory, the T-shaped waveguide unit is transformed into an equivalent ridge waveguide configuration. The high-frequency characteristics of the equivalent ridge waveguide, such as resonant frequency and structure of the T-shaped waveguide are analyzed by using equivalent circuit theory. The analysis has confirmed that in the ridge waveguide, starting from the second-highest order mode, the frequency points of the even-order modes are very consistent with those of the T-shaped waveguide; however, the odd-order modes have no such corresponding mode in the T-shaped waveguide, for they do not fulfill the electric boundary conditions required by the image method. On this basis, a T-shaped four-period resonant slow-wave structure is constructed, and its dispersion characteristics are analyzed to determine the resonant modes and frequencies, as well as the range of mode synchronization voltages. Simulations are subsequently performed to validate the effectiveness of the relativistic extended interaction radiation source, which includes the novel T-shaped periodic resonant slow-wave structure. Advanced three-dimensional particle simulations, in conjunction with optimization techniques show that a high-power microwave output at a frequency of 9.8 GHz, is achieved, which can delivers an average power of 71.4 MW. This output is attained under the conditions of a 448 kV beam voltage, 400 A beam current, and a 0.4 T uniform axial magnetic field, with an electron efficiency reaching 39.8%. This structure, characterized by the T-shaped waveguide, is demonstrated to be capable of producing high-efficiency, high-power microwaves with fewer periods, presenting a compact and efficient solution for generating high-power microwaves in advanced scientific applications.
Annealing crystallization control mechanism of catalytic degradation properties of Fe-based amorphous ribbons
Authors: Yu Xiu-Dong , Liu Hai-Shun , Xue Lin , Zhang Xiang , Yang Wei-Ming ,   School of Materials and Physics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China,   School of Mechanics and Materials, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, China,   School of Mechanics and Civil Engineering, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China
Published: March 2024

Amorphous alloys are meta-stable materials with long-range disordered atomic structure, which have excellent catalytic degradation performance and are also susceptible to crystallization, but the mechanism of the effect of crystallization on their catalytic properties has not been clarified. Therefore, the effect of the annealing crystallization process on the microstructure of Fe-Si-B-Cu-Nb industrial amorphous ribbons and their catalytic degradation properties for acid orange 7 are investigated in this work. It is found that the catalytic degradation performance of the ribbons decreases dramatically after having been annealed at 460–580 ℃ , and its reaction rate constant is less than 0.01 min–1. The main reason is the formation of α-Fe precipitation phase in the ribbons after having been annealed at high temperatures and the destruction of the substable amorphous structure. These reduce the rate of hydroxyl radical formation. In contrast, the catalytic degradation performance of the 650–700 ℃ annealed ribbons increases significantly, which increases to 3.77 times the degradation rate of the as-cast ribbons. The decolorization rate of acid orange 7 by the annealed ribbons reaches 99.22% within 15 min, which is 1.12 times that of the as-cast ribbons. The improvement of the catalytic degradation performance is attributed to the primary cell effect between the crystalline phase and the metal compounds and the substitution reaction between the Cu-enriched clusters and zero-valent iron. In this study, the influence mechanism of annealing crystallization on the performance of Fe-Si-B-Cu-Nb industrial amorphous ribbons for degrading azo dyes is revealed, which provides theoretical and experimental support for using aged iron-based amorphous ribbons to purify printing and dyeing waste-water and achieve “purification of waste-water by using alloy waste”.
Proximate and Microbial Analysis of Yellow, White and Spoilt Garri Sold in Owerri, Imo State, Nigeria
Authors: Udensi J. U.  , Anyanwu C. O.  , Opara M. C.  , Egwuogu G. C.  , Duru C. C.  , Anyanwu E. C.  , Nwanaforo E. O.
Published: March 2024

This study explored the proximate and microbial composition of garri, a widely consumed starchy food in West Africa, particularly in Nigeria, Ghana, and neighboring countries. Garri, derived from cassava, is esteemed for its extended shelf life, cost-effectiveness, and nutritional value, holding a significant place in West African diets. Samples of yellow and white garri, including spoilt variations, were procured from four distinct local markets (Obinze, Relief, Eke Ukwu, and Ihiagwa) and subjected to thorough analysis using standard methods. Proximate analysis encompassed key components such as ash content, moisture, fiber content, lipids, protein, carbohydrates, and energy in both white and yellow garri from different markets. White garri exhibited a higher ash content (1.70±0.58%) than yellow garri (1.27±0.24%). Moisture content was greater in white garri (15.74±0.23%) compared to yellow garri (12.55±0.57%). Fiber content was 9.12±0.23% in yellow garri and 8.018±0.09% in white garri. Lipid content was 0.33±0.46% in yellow garri and 0.09±0.18% in white garri. Protein content showed values of 0.50±0.89% for yellow garri and 0.66±0.38% for white garri. Carbohydrate content was 76.91±0.71% in yellow garri and 74.91±0.067% in white garri. Energy content (kJ/100g) was 960.59±0.93 for yellow garri and 1268.18±0.39 for white garri. Microbial analysis conducted on the samples from each market revealed bacterial load of various ranges. Fresh white garri bacterial loads ranged from 3.25±0.83 log10 CFU/g (Ihiagwa) to 3.93±0.67 log CFU/g (Eke Ukwu). Fresh yellow garri bacterial loads ranged from 2.27±0.43 log CFU/g (Ihiagwa) to 2.92±0.54 log CFU/g (Eke Ukwu). Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference (P>0.05) in bacterial loads between white and yellow garri. Spoilt white garri bacterial loads ranged from 5.27±0.56 log CFU/g (Ihiagwa) to 5.93±0.43 log CFU/g (Eke Ukwu), and a similar trend was observed for spoilt yellow garri (5.34±0.46 log CFU/g to 5.95±0.16 log CFU/g). The study identified bacteria isolates, including Bacillus spp, Staphylococcus spp, and Streptococcus spp. This study underscores the importance of educating producers and sellers on proper processing and handling procedures to enhance the microbial quality and safety of garri products. The high microbial load and presence of some pathogenic microorganisms in the garri samples should serve as great eye-opener to the consumers of raw garri.
Analysis of City Transportation Routes with Fleury Algorithm on Bus Route Network: Case Study of Trans Mamminasata Makassar City Indonesia
Authors: Jusriadi  , Abusini Sobri , Krisnawati Vira Hari
Published: March 2024

Graph theory is a branch of mathematics that studies the structure and describes the relationships between vertices and edges. In general, graph theory is used to represent discrete objects (vertices) and the relationships between them (edges). A path that can pass through each edge exactly once in a graph is called a directed graph Euler path. One way to find Euler paths is by using Fleury's algorithm. Fleury's algorithm is designed to find Euler paths in directed graphs. This article examines the application of Fleury's algorithm to the determination of a transportation route in a city interpreted in a directed graph. The case study in this research focuses on the trans Mamminasata bus route in Makassar city Indonesia with the aim of implementing Fleury's algorithm in bus route generation. The result obtained from the simulation using Fleury's algorithm is that all edges can be visited exactly once, so that an Euler path is formed on the transportation route. The route formed from the Euler trajectory will be a comparison of the current route to determine the operational efficiency of the bus route network in the city.
Assessment of Technological Knowledge of Input Dealers About Agro Services in Junagadh District, India
Authors: Khambhala K. A. , Chavda V. N. , Parmar S.J. , Jadeja Khushbuba M.
Published: March 2024

Aims: (1) To assess the technological knowledge of the input dealers towards agro-services and (2) To ascertain the association between selected characteristics of the input dealers and their knowledge regarding -services

Study Design:  An ex-post facto research design was used for the study.

Place and Duration of Study: Junagadh district of Gujarat state

Methodology: Junagadh district comprises nine talukas out of which five talukas viz Junagadh, Keshod, Mendarda, Vanthali, and Maliya hatina were randomly selected for the study because these talukas had enough input dealers. From each taluka, thirty input dealers were selected randomly for the study. Thus, a total of 150 input dealers were selected randomly from five talukas.

Results: More than half (51.34 percent) of input dealers had a medium level of knowledge regarding agro-services followed by (30.00 percent) and (18.66 percent) of input dealers who had high-level and low of knowledge, respectively. The characteristics of input dealers viz., risk orientation, management orientation, economic motivation, and progressivism had a positive and highly significant relationship with their knowledge regarding agro-services. The age of input dealers had a negative and significant relationship with their knowledge regarding agro-services.

Conclusion: A significant majority of input dealers were found to possess a moderate to high level of knowledge regarding agro-services.
On a Generalization of the Padovan Numbers
Authors: Falcon Sergio
Published: March 2024

This paper studies an extension of the classical Padovan sequence and that contains this as a particular case. Some very interesting formulas are found for the sum of these new sequences, for the sum of their squares as well as their self-convolution.
Precision Aquaculture: A Way Forward for Sustainable Agriculture
Authors: Narsale Swapnil Ananda , Prakash Patekar , Mohale Hari Prasad , Baraiya Ravi , Sheikh Samad , Kirtikumar Parmar Bindiya , Mansukhbhai Chovatia Ravikumar , Kadam Rishikesh Venkatrao , Tekam Indulata
Published: March 2024

The escalating demands for food, fiber, energy, and water due to swift population growth have underscored the necessity for the sustainable utilization of natural resources. The advent of precision farming tools and machinery since the 1990s has markedly enhanced productivity and optimized the employment of inputs in aquaculture. The burgeoning connectivity in rural regions and its improved integration with data from sensor systems, remote sensors, equipment, and smartphones have paved the way for innovative concepts in Digital Aquaculture. Automation is the most effective strategy to manage situations, augment productivity, and reduce manufacturing costs. Biosensors are deployed to control unidentified sensor-based remotely and guided aerial vehicles to apply chemicals or fertilizers while monitoring water quality. A sophisticated aeration system manages the concentration of dissolved oxygen. Another critical aspect is the administration of feeding and automatic biomass estimation. Robotics and automatic feeders are employed in ponds and cages to minimize feed wastage and the Feed Conversion Ratio (FCR), with these tools being dependent on the behaviour of the organisms and the water condition. Post-harvest, farmers acquire information on biomass estimation to attain optimal yield. The most vital element is the automatic monitoring of the health and welfare management of the organism to detect any challenging situations or early signs of anomalies. An underwater surveillance system, a camera-based visual system, collects data on water quality, organism activity, feeding, cage biofouling, and net cleaning. Automation is poised to shape the future of the aquaculture industry to make the nations agriculture sustainable.
Improving Mass Efficiency in Ammonia Production from Hydrogen and Nitrogen Through Optimizing Operating Condition
Authors: Verlanda Fransiskus F. , Widyadhana Azidane A. , Siahaan David J. G. , Rahman M. Aulia D.
Published: March 2024

As one of the main raw materials in the fertilizer industry, global ammonia consumption continued to increase from 2010 to 2020, at a rate of about 1.81% per year. The ammonia production process is divided into four main stages: Feed Gas Pre-Treatment, Syngas Generation, Syngas Purification, and Ammonia Synthesis. The raw materials required for the ammonia production process include natural gas, steam, and air. To meet the increasing demand for ammonia, a production process with high efficiency is required in order to produce high conversion. One of the efforts to increase efficiency is through the addition of recycling, compressors, and TEE in the Aspen HYSYS simulation. With this increase in conversion, it is expected that the quantity of ammonia products produced will be greater, and the use of materials and energy will be more optimal. The method used to increase mass efficiency is by adding recycling, compressors, TEE, and adjusting the pressure in the separator. From this simulation, it can be concluded that our simulation shows an increase in mass efficiency compared to the simulation without the addition of compressors, recycle, and TEE in Aspen HYSYS. We can increase the mass conversion from 97% up to 99.09%. Net energy of the process can be reduced from 2.59e+8 to 1.64e+8 BTU/h. Copyright © 2024 by Authors, Published by Universitas Diponegoro and BCREC Publishing Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Optimization of lipase‐catalyzed sorbitol monoester synthesis in organic medium
Authors: Dubreucq Eric , Ducret Amélie , Lortie Robert
Published: November 2006

The influence of acid/polyol molar ratio and reaction time on lipase‐catalyzed esterification of oleic acid (OA) and sorbitol was studied to determine optimal conditions for monoester synthesis. A simple mathematical model was developed to determine relationships between various parameters of technical and/or economical importance. A direct relationship. independent of OA initial concentration and reaction time, was shown between the percentage of monoester in total esters, monoester concentration (the maximum was 25–30 mM for 70–80% monoester), and sorbitol conversion rate. A high sorbitol conversion was always associated with a low percentage of monoester in total ester. No absolute optimum could be found, so that compromises should be chosen, with the help of the results presented herein, depending on the constraints on the process. Two possible optima are proposed. In both examples, monoester (25–30 mM) is 80% pure. In the first case, productivity is maximized (15 mmol·L−1·h−1), but OA and sorbitol conversions are only 40 and 60%, respectively. In the second case, a high OA conversion (>99%) is favored at the expense of monoester productivity (1.8 mmol·L−1·h−1), 60% of the sorbitol being converted. It was shown that, although sorbitol monoester has better surface properties than diester, the addition of 20% diester did not modify the interfacial activity of monoester and slightly increased its surface activity.
Novel hydroperoxides as primary autoxidation products of a model ethoxylated surfactant
Authors: Bodin Anna , Linnerborg Malin , Nilsson J. Lars G. , Karlberg Ann‐Therese
Published: November 2006

Ethoxylated alcohols, widely used as surfactants, are susceptible to oxidation when exposed to air. A complex mixture is formed, in which alkylated aldehydes, alkylated formates, hydroxyaldehydes, and formaldehyde have previously been identified by our group. The compounds identified so fat are all secondary oxidation products, some of which have been shown to be skin sensitizers and irritants. The primary oxidation products from ethoxylated surfactants have been described as peroxides and hydroperoxides, but their structures have not been elucidated more closely. Hydroperoxides are reactive species and can be suspected to be biologically active as skin sensitizers and irritants. In the present study we used a small model compound, diethylenglycol monoethylether (C2E2), to facilitate the identification of primary oxidation products formed at autoxidation of ethoxylated surfactants. By performing NMR and HPLC‐MS analyses, we found that at least four different hydroperoxides were formed at autoxidation of C2E2, one of them dominating in concentration over the others. The hydroperoxide present in the highest concentration was identified as 2‐[2‐(1‐hydroperoxyethoxy)ethoxy]ethanol.
Ortho ester‐based cleavable cationic surfactants
Authors: Hellberg Per‐Erik
Published: November 2006

A new type of cleavable cationic surfactant, based on the ortho ester link, is described. Ortho ester amines with alkyl chain lengths from C8 to C16 were synthesized from a short‐chain ortho ester, a fatty alcohol, and an amino acohol. The ortho ester amine was subsequently quaternized with methyl chloride, yielding a cationic surfactant. The structures were confirmed by 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance and the surface chemical properties were investigated by measuring both static and dynamic surface tensions. The results were compared to standard n‐alkyl trimethyl ammonium bromides. The critical micelle concentrations were found to vary rather widely, whereas the surface tensions in some cases were comparatively low. The short alkyl chain ortho ester quaternaries were found to have low surface tensions at short surface ages and to induce rapid wetting of a hydrophobic surface in dynamic tests. Additionally, the new surfactants were found to hydrolyze rapidly under mild acidic conditions, as measured by both titation and monitoring of the dynamic surface tension. Further, they showed excellent long‐term stability at pH 10 in dilute aqueous solutions. The effect of added electrolyte on rate of hydrolysis was also investigated. A marked enhancement in the hydrolysis rate was found when NaBr was added, whereas NaCl did not have the same effect. The new surfactants could potentially be used to provide temporary surfactant action in application areas such as disinfection, fabric care, personal care, chain lubrication, and mineral flotation as well as in textile processes such as dyeing or scouring.
Ethoxylation of detergent‐range oxo alcohols derived from fischer‐tropsch α‐olefins
Authors: Grant‐Huyser M. , Maharaj S. , Matheson L. , Rowe L. , Sones E.
Published: November 2006

Detergent‐range alcohols currently are produced from a variety of basic raw materials including natural fats and oils, natural gas, and petroleum. Joining this list of basic raw materials is coal. Olefins are formed in the conversion from coal via the Fischer‐Tropsch (F‐T) process and are then converted to alcohol via the oxo process. This paper describes the characteristics of Fischer‐Tropsch oxo alcohol and its ethoxylation properties in comparison with other common detergentrange alcohols. This work shows that oxo 1213 alcohol (i.e., a mixture of primary fatty alcohols containing both 12 and 13 carbons in their hydrocarbon backbone) reacts with ethylene oxide similarly to linear alcohol, yielding low levels of unethoxylated alcohol. Substitution at the C2 position has more impact on the ethoxylation of an alcohol than the degree of linearity.
Acid‐base equilibria of sulfonephthalein dyes in aqueous polymer‐surfactant media
Authors: Saikia Palash M. , Dutta Robin K.
Published: November 2006

The acid‐base equilibria of three anionic sulfonephthalein dyes, viz., bromothymol blue (BTB), thymol blue (TB), and cresol red (CR), were studied spectroscopically in aqueous media containing the water‐soluble noninonic polymers polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and polyethylene glycol (PEG) in the presence of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). A partition equilibrium method was used to determine the equilibrium constant of partition of the dyes between the micellar pseudo phase and aqueous phase in the presence of PVA and PEG. The critical aggregation concentrations (CAC) of the surfactants in buffered aqueous systems containing the neutral polymers were also determined. The CAC of the polymer‐surfactant systems were found to be lower than the critical micelle concentration of such systems in the absence of polymer, in otherwise identical conditions. The pH‐dependent association constants, Kass, of the sulfonephthalein dyes with the SDS‐PVA system increased with the increase in molecular weight of the polymer. The interactions of the dyes with the buffered aqueous SDS‐PVA and SDS‐PEG systems were found to be endothermic and entropy oriented. In the polymer domain, the head group region of the micelles was more exposed at lower concentrations of the polymer, but under excess polymer concentration they were increasingly shielded, which impaired their electrostatic interaction with the dyes.
Gastroprotection of DNA with a synthetic cholic acid analog
Authors: Niedzinski Edmund J. , Bennett Michael J. , Olson David C. , Nantz Michael H.
Published: November 2006

The oral delivery of functional DNA to the gastrointestinal system would constitute a desirable, noninvasive method for potentially treating a variety of diseases. The digestive process, however, remains a formidable barrier. This dilemma may be addressed by using targeted liposomes both to protect the polynucleotide and to deliver the therapeutic DNA with high tissue specificity. The present study represents the initial steps toward developing a novel gene delivery system designed to interact with the enterohepatic receptors of the small intestine. Two cholic acid esters were synthetically modified at position C(3) to incorporate a DNA‐binding domain. These novel compounds were evaluated for their ability to protect DNA from the nucleases found in gastrointestinal segments. Additionally, the compounds were screened as a component of a gene delivery vector. Formulations containing the new bile salt derivatives protected DNA from degradation for more than 2 h and were capable of transfecting cultured NIH 3T3 cells.
A carbohydrate‐rich diet reduces LDL size in QQ homozygotes for the Gln192Arg polymorphism of the paraoxonase 1 gene
Authors: Delgado‐Lista J. , Perez‐Jimenez F. , Gavilan E. , Marin C. , Fuentes F. , Fernandez‐Puebla R. A. , Perez‐Martinez P. , Paniagua J. A. , Aguilera C. , Lopez‐Miranda J.
Published: November 2006

Paraoxonase 1 (PON 1) is an esterase with antioxidant properties that is present in HDL. Gln192Arg polymorphism (also named Q192R or Q/R) of the PON 1 gene that encodes this protein defines two alleles (Q and R). The R allele has been associated with higher cardiovascular risk. LDL size and susceptibility to oxidation also have been identified as cardiovascular risk factors. Our objective was to determine whether genetic variations in the Gln192Arg polymorphism influence LDL size and susceptibility to oxidation after the consumption of diets with different fat content. In our experiments, the participants (n=98), underwent three 4‐wk diets—one, saturated fat‐enriched (SAT); another, monounsaturated fat‐enriched (MONO); and a third, carbohydrate‐enriched (CHO). We observed that LDL were smaller in the QQ group after the CHO diet vs. the SAT (P<0.01) and MONO diets (P<0.03). No differences in LDL size were found in QR/RR subjects. When we analyzed lag time of oxidation of LDL, we found that when carriers of the R allele (QR/RR) received the MONO diet, the lag period of LDL oxidation was longer as compared with the CHO diet. Otherwise, we found no differences in QQ homozygotes when we evaluated the lag time of oxidation of LDL after the three diets. These results suggest that the Gln192Arg polymorphism of the paraoxonase gene influences LDL size and susceptibility to oxidation in response to diet.
Lipid composition influences the shape of human low density lipoprotein in vitreous ice
Authors: Coronado‐Gray Andrea , van Antwerpen Rik
Published: November 2006

Earlier cryo‐electron microscopic studies have indicated that the normal low density lipoprotein (N‐LDL) has a discoid shape when its core is in the liquid‐crystalline state. In the present study, we investigated whether the shape of LDL depends on the physical state and/or the lipid composition of the lipoprotein core. Using a custom‐built freezing device, we vitrified N‐LDL samples from either above or below the phase‐transition temperature of the core (42 and 24°C, respectively). Cryo‐electron microscopy revealed no differences between these samples and indicated a discoid shape of the N‐LDL particle. In contrast, TG‐enriched LDL (T‐LDL) did not have discoid features and appeared to be quasi‐spherical in preparations that were vitrified from either 42 or 24°C. These results suggest that the shape of N‐LDL is discoid, regardless of the physical state of its core, whereas T‐LDL is more spherical. Aspects that may influence the shape of LDL are discussed.
Effects of dietary supplementation of rapeseed oil on metabolism of [1‐14C]18∶1n−9, [1‐14C]20∶3n−6, and [1‐14C]20∶4n−3 in atlantic salmon heaptocytes
Authors: Moya‐Falcón C. , Thomassen M. S. , Jakobsen J. V. , Ruyter B.
Published: November 2006

Atlantic salmon were fed fish meal‐based diets supplemented with either 100% fish oil (FO) or 100% rapeseed oil (RO) from an initial weight of 85 g to a final average weight of 280 g. The effects of these diets on the capacity of Atlantic salmon hepatocytes to elogate, desaturate, and esterify [1‐14C]18∶1n−9 and the immediate substrates for the Δ5 desaturase, [1‐14C]20∶3 n−6 and [1‐14C]20∶4n−3, were investigated. Radiolabeled 18∶1n−9 was mainly esterified into cellular TAG, whereas the more polyunsaturated FA, [1‐14C]20∶3n−6 and [1‐14C]20∶4n−3, were primarily esterified into cellular PL. More of the elongation product, [1‐14C]20∶1n−9, was produced from 18∶1n−9 and more of the desaturation and elongation products, 22∶5n−6 and 22∶6n−3, were produced from [1‐14C]20∶3n−6 and [1‐14C]20∶4n−3, respectively, in RO hepatocytes than in FO hepatocytes. Further, we studied whether increased addition of [1‐14C]18∶1n−9 to the hepatocyte culture media would affect the capacity of hepatocytes to oxidize 18∶1n−9 to acid‐soluble products and CO2. An increase in exogenous concentration of 18∶1n−9 from 7 to 100 μM resulted in a nearly twofold increase in the amount of 18∶1n−9 that was oxidized. The conversion of 20∶4n−3 and 20∶3n−6 to the longer‐chain 22∶6n−3 and 22∶5n−6 was enhanced by RO feeding in Atlantic salmon hepatocytes. The increased capacity of RO hepatocytes to produce 22∶6n−3 was, however, not enought to achieve the levels found in FO hepatocytes. Our data further showed that there were no differences in the hepatocyte FA oxidation capacity and the lipid deposition of carcass and liver between the two groups.
Folate Receptor Targeted Delivery of Polyelectrolyte Complex Micelles Prepared from ODN‐PEG‐Folate Conjugate and Cationic Lipids
Authors: Kim Sun Hwa , Jeong Ji Hoon , Mok Hyejung , Lee Soo Hyun , Kim Sung Wan , Park Tae Gwan
Published: November 2006

A polyelectrolyte complex micelle (PECM)‐based delivery system for targeting folate (FOL) receptor overexpressing tumor cells is demonstrated using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐conjugated oligonucleotide (ODN). The tumor targeting property was conferred to the PECM by tethering a folate moiety to the distal end of the PEG segment in an anti‐sense green fluorescent protein (GFP) ODN‐PEG conjugate. Nanoscale PECMs were spontaneously produced from ionic interactions between the ODN‐PEG‐FOL conjugate and a cationic lipid, lipofectamine (Lf). When treated with FOL receptor overexpressing cells (KB), the PCEMs caused a significant reduction in GFP expression in a dose‐dependent manner. This effect was not observed in FOL receptor deficient cells (A549). The enhanced transfection of ODN‐PEG‐FOL/Lf PECMs to KB cells was caused by FOL receptor mediated endocytosis. The efficiency of target‐specific gene suppression by ODN‐PEG‐FOL/Lf PECMs was maintained even in the presence of 10% fetal bovine serum in the transfection medium.
Damascene and subtractive processing of narrow tungsten lines: Resistivity and size effect
Authors: Traving M. , Schindler G. , Engelhardt M.
Published: November 2006

Narrow W lines with linewidths down to ~40 nm were manufactured by both damascene and subtractive processing. The dependence of the resistivity on the linewidth was studied for different deposition temperatures of the W layer. Generally, the resistivity decreases for decreasing deposition temperature of W. The resistivity increases with decreasing linewidth for both processes due to size effects. However, the W damascene lines show a much steeper increase of the resistivity than etched W lines. In the case of the etched lines the grain size is already fixed after deposition of the W and, therefore, the resistivity increase is caused by an increase of the surface scattering contribution solely. In the case of the damascene lines the line geometry restricts the grain size and, therefore, with decreasing linewidth both an increase of the grain boundary scattering and of the surface scattering contributes to the resistivity. The different behavior of the resistivities can be understood within a compact model describing the size effect.
Growth and magnetic properties of MnAs epitaxied on GaAs(111)B
Authors: Varalda J. , de Oliveira A. J. A. , Ouerghi A. , Eddrief M. , Marangolo M. , Demaille D. , Etgens V. H. , Mattoso N. , Mosca D. H.
Published: November 2006

We have grown MnAs layers on GaAs(111)B by molecular beam epitaxy and studied their surface and epilayer morphology and its interconnection with magnetic properties. The influence of growth variables such as the As∕Mn flux ratio and substrate temperature on the properties of the epilayer was studied. These parameters were found to drastically modify the epilayer’s characteristics, including its structural quality, and also strongly alter its magnetic properties. A more in-depth knowledge of how these parameters affect epilayers would be extremely useful in tailoring epilayers with specific desirable properties.
Melting temperature: From nanocrystalline to amorphous phase
Authors: Xiao Shifang , Hu Wangyu , Yang Jianyu
Published: November 2006

By extrapolating the mean grain size of nanocrystal to an infinitesimal value, an amorphous phase has been obtained from the Voronoi construction. The molecular dynamics simulations indicated that for nanocrystal, the grain size variation of melting temperature exhibits two characteristic regions. As mean grain size above about 4nm for Ag, the melting temperatures decrease with decreasing grain size. However, with grain size further shrinking, the melting temperatures almost keep a constant. This is because the dominant factor on the melting temperature of nanocrystal shifts from grain phase to grain boundary. As a result of fundamental difference in structure, the amorphous phase has a much lower solid-to-liquid transformation temperature than that of nanocrystal.
Hovering of a passive body in an oscillating airflow
Authors: Childress Stephen , Vandenberghe Nicolas , Zhang Jun
Published: November 2006

Small flexible bodies are observed to hover in an oscillating air column. The air is driven by a large speaker at frequencies in the range 10–65Hz at amplitudes 1–5cm. The bodies are made of stiffened tissue paper, bent to form an array of four wings, symmetric about a vertical axis. The flapping of the wings, driven by the oscillating flow, leads to stable hovering. The hovering position of the body is unstable under free fall in the absence of the airflow. Measurements of the minimum flow amplitude as a function of flow frequency were performed for a range of self-similar bodies of the same material. The optimal frequency for hovering is found to vary inversely with the size. We suggest, on the basis of flow visualization, that hovering of such bodies in an oscillating flow depends upon a process of vortex shedding closely analogous to that of an active flapper in otherwise still air. A simple inviscid model is developed illustrating some of the observed properties of flexible passive hoverers at high Reynolds number.
Si
1
−
y
C
y
surface alloys used as self-patterned templates for the growth of Ge dots
Authors: Simon L. , Aubel D. , Kubler L.
Published: November 2006

The authors report on epitaxial growth and surface morphology of low C content Si1−yCy alloys deposited on Si(001) (molecular beam epitaxy method). In specific kinetic conditions these alloys grow by formation and propagation of step bunches (7–10nm high). The authors demonstrate that electromigration plays a crucial role in the spatial organization of the step bunches formed on vicinal surfaces. Compared with standard electron bombardment heating for which no order is observed, direct current heating can spatially organize giant step bunches separated by 100nm wide terraces. Such patterned substrates have been used in order to organize Ge dots.
Semiclassical approach for determination of the intergranular energy barrier height in very-fine nanograins
Authors: Guidi V. , Malagù C. , Martinelli G. , Cozzolino S. , Padula M.
Published: November 2006

The height of the intergrain energy barrier plays a key role in the determination of the conductive properties of semiconducting nanograins. In the limit of very-fine nanograins (<1nm), quantum effects start being relevant in the determination of physical properties. The authors approached the problem in a semiclassical method such as the Thomas-Fermi equation. Its predictions appear to be consistent with experimental evidence.
Bruce O. West
Authors: Dickson R
Published: November 2006

No Abstract Available
Preparation and Crystal Structure of the Potentially Tridentate Substituted Phenoxyacetic Acid (2-Benzoyl-5-methoxyphenoxy)acetic Acid and Its Complex Adduct With Sodium
Authors: Smith G , Oreilly EJ , See SA , Byriel KA , Kennard CHL
Published: November 2006

The ring-substituted phenoxyacetic acid (2-benzoyl-5-methoxyphenoxy)acetic acid (HL) (3) and its complex adduct dimer (4) with sodium, [Na2(L)2(HL)2].2HL, have been synthesized and their structures determined by X-ray diffraction. The acid (3) does not have the usual cyclic hydrogen-bonded dimer association, but instead has three-centre intramolecular hydrogen bonding between the carboxyl proton and both the ether and keto oxygens [O---O, 2.602(3), 2.711(3) Ǻ respectively]. Each sodium in the centrosymmetric complex dimer (4) is seven-coordinate [Na-O, 2.313(5)-2.612(5) Ǻ], involving the 'inner' three oxygens of both a protonated and an ionic ligand molecule. In addition, one of these carboxyl oxygens forms a bridge to the inversion-related sodium, while the uncoordinated carboxyl oxygen is hydrogen-bonded to a protonated carboxy group [O---O, 2.464(8) Ǻ]. The molecules of the lattice acid have only one hydrogen-bonded association with the second uncoordinated carboxy group in the dimer [O---O, 2.513(7) Ǻ].
Selective Supramolecular Membrane Transport of cis and trans Diastereoisomers of the Diamminebis(ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) Cation by the Natural Ionophore Lasalocid A
Authors: Chia PSK , Leong AJ , Lindoy LF , Walker GW
Published: November 2006

Carrier-mediated transport of the cis and trans diastereoisomers of the diamminebis (ethane-1,2-diamine)cobalt(III) cation across a chloroform membrane by the natural ionophore lasalocid A is reported. In the case where individual isomers were run, no significant difference in their transport behaviour was observed. However, a competitive transport experiment in which equimolar concentrations of the cis and trans isomers of the above cation were present in the source phase led to enhanced transport of the trans isomer relative to the cis. Under the conditions employed, the final cis-to-trans ratio in the receiving phase was 1 : 3.
The Dark Current at the TiO2 Electrode of a Dye-Sensitized TiO2 Photovoltaic Cell
Authors: Stanley A , Matthews D
Published: November 2006

One of the major factors limiting the performance of the dye-sensitized TiO2 photovoltaic cell is the rapid increase in dark current at potentials above 0.5 V. This current is due to the reduction of the oxidant within the electrolyte at the dye-sensitized TiO2 electrode. Owing to the porous nature of the TiO2 film, the dark reaction can occur at either the TiO2 surface or the surface of the conducting glass. Dark current measurements were made on Libbey -Owens-Ford TEC 10 conducting glass and on the same glass coated with electrophoretically deposited Degussa P-25 TiO2 covered with a monolayer of the sensitizing dye cis-di( thiocyanato ) bis (2,2'-bipyridyl-4,4'-dicarboxylate)ruthenium(II) in an electrolyte consisting of the I3-/I- couple in 1:1 propylene carbonate/ethylene carbonate. The contribution to the dark current resulting from the reaction at the surface of the conducting glass was relatively small at ambient temperatures. The dark reaction at the surface of the dye-sensitized TiO2 was found to make the major contribution to the dark current under these conditions. Tentative results for the Tafel parameters which indicate that the dark reaction occurs via the reduction of both I3- and I2, which are in equilibrium, are also presented.
Two Isomeric α and β Aspartyl Dodecapeptides and Their Cyclic Amino Succinyl Analogue From the Australian Green Tree Frog Litoria gilleni
Authors: Waugh RJ , Steinborner ST , Bowie JH , Wallace JC , Tyler MJ , Hu PF , Gross ML
Published: November 2006

Three related peptides, caeridins 1.1-1.3, have been isolated from the green tree frog Litoria gilleni. Caeridins 1.1 and 1.2 are dodecapeptides differing only in having α and β Asp at residue 4 [viz. Gly Leu Leu Asp Gly Leu Leu Gly Thr Leu Gly Leu (NH2)]. Caeridin 1.3 is the corresponding cyclic amino succinyl derivative derived formally by cyclization of Asp(4) and Gly (5). Hydrolysis of caeridin 1.3 yields caeridin 1.1 and 1.2 in the ratio 3:1. This constitutes a rare case of the isolation of three such related peptides from a natural system.
Distance from cover affects artificial food-patch depletion by macropod herbivores
Authors: While Geoffrey M. , McArthur Clare
Published: November 2006

Artificial food patches were used to examine whether red bellied-pademelons (Thylogale billiardierii) and Bennett’s wallabies (Macropus rufogriseus rufogriseus) altered their foraging behaviour in an open habitat (a young plantation) in response to distance from cover, used as a surrogate for predation risk. Analyses using the full dataset showed no significant relationship between the amount of food eaten at a station and any of the cover variables. In contrast, regression analyses of the upper bounds dataset indicated that both increased distance from windrow (2.5-m-high stacks of burnt wood) and from nearest cover (windrow or forest at plantation edge) significantly reduced the amount of food consumed at a station. This indicates that distance from cover acts as a constraint on the amount of food eaten. When the feeding-station data were overlayed onto a map of scat densities across the study site, the amount of food eaten was positively related to the density of scats of both red-bellied pademelons and Bennett’s wallabies. Our results demonstrate that these macropods trade-off increased foraging benefits in order to forage closer to protective cover. Furthermore, they represent the first time that artificial food patches, with progressively decreasing reward per search effort, have been used to assess foraging behaviour in macropods. This opens up a wide range of research opportunities aimed at examining macropod foraging, with both ecological and practical applications.
Up‐regulation of a BCL9‐related β‐catenin‐binding protein, B9L, in different stages of sporadic colorectal adenoma
Authors: Sakamoto Ichiro , Ohwada Susumu , Toya Hiroyuki , Togo Nozomi , Kashiwabara Kenji , Oyama Tetsunari , Nakajima Takashi , Ito Hideaki , Adachi Shungo , Jigami Takafumi , Akiyama Tetsu
Published: November 2006

Aberrant activation of Wnt signaling is a critical event in the development of human colorectal tumors. The aim of this study was to elucidate the role of B9L and its association with β‐catenin in each stage of the adenoma‐carcinoma sequence of human colorectal tumorigenesis. We investigated the expression levels of B9L in sporadic colorectal adenomas and carcinomas, categorized according to the Vienna classification, using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RTQ‐PCR) and immunohistochemical analysis. B9L was expressed in the nuclei of non‐neoplastic colonic mucosa cells and was overexpressed in the nuclei of neoplasias and invasive carcinoma cells. Immunoreactivity to B9L protein was correlated with the progressive grades of colorectal neoplasias, as was the expression of B9L mRNA. A high level of immunoreactivity to nuclear B9L was present in 27% of low‐grade neoplasias and in more than 50% of high‐grade neoplasias and invasive carcinomas, whereas a high level of nuclear B9L immunoreactivity was not observed in any of the non‐neoplastic mucosa samples. The expression of B9L was dramatically increased in low‐grade neoplasias compared with that in non‐neoplastic mucosa. B9L may play an important role in tumorigenesis induced by aberrant activation of Wnt signaling and may act as a key protein in the progressive dysplasia of adenoma. (Cancer Sci 2007; 98: 83–87)
Monoclonal Antibody against T‐Cell Receptor αβ Induces Self‐Tolerance in Chronic Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis
Authors: Lavasani S. , Dzhambazov B. , Andersson M.
Published: November 2006

The therapeutic effect of monoclonal antibody (H57‐597 MoAb) against T‐cell receptor (TCR) αβ has been investigated on MOG35−55‐induced experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), as a model system for T‐cell‐mediated chronic inflammation in the central nervous system (CNS). Short‐term administration of the anti‐TCR αβ immediately after immunization protected the mice from EAE. Furthermore, anti‐TCR αβ treatment on an established disease restored the self‐tolerance which led to a complete remission of EAE and a dramatic reduction of inflammatory cells in the CNS, while treatment with control antibody (hamster IgG) was ineffective. The remission was durable and not associated with disappearance of autoreactive T cells as measured by persistence of MOG‐reactive T‐cell proliferation in vitro. However, MOG‐reactive T cells from anti‐TCR‐treated animals produced significantly lower amounts of inflammatory TNF‐α and IFN‐γ. In addition, while a transient deletion of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was observed, a population of T cells expressing CD3, NK1.1 and CD69 (NKT cells) were expanding. By transfer of spleen cells from anti‐TCR MoAb‐treated animals, we could show that the tolerogenic capacity can be transferred to untreated recipients with EAE. The data indicate therapeutic effect of anti‐TCR αβ MoAb (H57‐597), which represents a promising approach in treatment of T‐cell‐mediated autoimmune diseases.
Fine motor difficulties: The need for advocating for the role of occupational therapy in schools
Authors: Jackman Michelle , Stagnitti Karen
Published: November 2006

Background:  Fine motor difficulties can impact on the academic, social and emotional development of a student.

Aim:  The aims of this paper are to: (i) investigate the need for support to students experiencing fine motor difficulties from the perspective of their classroom teachers, and (ii) report on the level of knowledge teachers have in regard to the role of occupational therapists in supporting students with fine motor difficulties.

Methods:  Fifteen teachers from a stratified random sample of public schools within two regions of Victoria, Australia, were interviewed in this qualitative, grounded theory investigation.

Results:  Results showed that the current level of support for students with fine motor difficulties is inadequate.

Conclusion:  Occupational therapists in Victoria need to advocate their role in developing the fine motor skills of students at both an organisational and an individual level in order to increase the access of students with fine motor difficulties to occupational therapy services.
Bathing all’antica: bathrooms in Genoese villas and palaces in the sixteenth century
Authors: Hanke Stephanie
Published: November 2006

An almost unknown characteristic of Genoese architecture in the sixteenth century is the extraordinary number of private baths in palaces or villas built by members of the local oligarchic society. These baths – still in part existing or documented in Rubens's Palazzi di Genova (Antwerp, 1622) – combine a bathing tub with a sweating bath, generally of octagonal shape. In architecture and decoration, Genoese baths recall antique prototypes, but at the same time, given the presence of numerous easterners in Genoa, a Turkish influence, both on the architecture and on the prevailing style of bathing, appears plausible. Several descriptions attest to the role of the Genoese bath – as in antiquity and in Islamic culture – as a place of social contacts, accessible not only for the family but also for distinguished guests. With regard to decorative furnishings, this article focuses on the famous bagno Grimaldi, built by Galeazzo Alessi, and its illumination by a crystal celestial globe, which conferred a cosmological dimension to the bath.