bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Clinical Efficacy of TroVax in the Treatment of Progressive Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer
Authors: Amato Robert J. , Stepankiw Mika
Published: January 2012

With approximately 240,890 new cases expected in 2011, prostate cancer remains the leading cause of non-melanoma cancer deaths in men. Immunotherapies using viral vector-based delivery systems targeting tumor-specific antigens are being studied. Viral vector-based delivery systems present tumor-targeted antigens (TAAs) to the immune system while breaking self-tolerance. Modified vaccinia ankara has been combined with the oncofetal antigen 5T4 to create TroVax for the treatment of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The 5T4 antigen is highly expressed in a large number of carcinomas, including prostate cancer, but is rarely expressed in healthy tissue. TroVax has been demonstrated to be safe and highly immunogenic, both as monotherapy and in combination with other standard of care therapies in colorectal, renal cell, and prostate cancer. With minimal side effects and the ability to produce a strong immunogenic response, TroVax (MVA-5T4) is a viable addition to the treatment of prostate cancer.
Biomechanical Aspects in Late Implant Failures: Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Four Clinical Cases
Authors: Iorio Donato Di , Sinjari Bruna , Feragalli Beatrice , Murmura Giovanna
Published: January 2012

Aim

The aim of this work is to analyze by scanning electron microscopy implant components that have mechanically failed in vivo.

Materials and methods

Three clinical cases are presented relative to single lateral posterior restorations supported by implants and a case of a mandibular overdenture supported by two implants. In all the reported cases the presence of an incongruous occlusal load caused the fracture of the components of the implant supported restorations.

Conclusion

From the analysis of the cases examined in this study, it is deduced that the functional overload influences the biomechanical behavior of the prosthetic rehabilitation supported by an implant and may, in less fortunate cases, determine the failure following the fracture of the connecting screws and/or the fixture.

How to cite this article

Di Iorio D, Sinjari B, Feragalli B, Murmura G. Biomechanical Aspects In Late Implant Failures: Scanning Electron Microscopy Analysis of Four Clinical Cases. J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(5):356-360.
Evaluation of Interference of Calcium Hydroxide-based Intracanal Medication in Filling Root Canal Systems
Authors: Pithon Matheus Melo , Vilela Deyla Duarte , Neto Manoel Matos , Villela Alexandre Mascarenhas
Published: January 2012

Aim

To evaluate the interference of the intracanal medication Calen® (SSWhite, São Paulo, Brazil) on the filling of simulated lateral canals.

Materials and methods

Twenty human anterior teeth were used. Before the endodontic filling procedures the access of cavity was made, and after this root canals were made in all the teeth to simulate the presence of lateral canals. After preparation, the teeth were randomly divided into two groups (n=10). In group I, the root canal system was filled directly after chemicalmechanical preparation; in group II, endodontic treatment was performed in multiple sessions, and after preparation the calcium hydroxide-based intracanal medication Calen® was inserted. After the period of 7 days, the root canals were vigorously irrigated and then they were filled. Next, the teeth were radiographed to verify the quality of the filling.

Results

The results demonstrated that the teeth treated in a single session, without calcium hydroxide medication, presented 47 canals out of 60 with radiographic evidence of filling, whereas the teeth in which intracanal medication was used, only 07 presented a radiographic image compatible with filling (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

The use of the calcium hydroxide-based medication Calen made it difficult to obtain a hermetic filling of the root canal system.

Clinical significance

The clinical significance of this work basing on the fact that once the dentist knowing that property obliteration of calcium hydroxide can be taken care when they are used in the presence of lateral canals.

How to cite this article

Vilela DD, Neto MM, Villela AM, Pithon MM. Evaluation of Interference of Calcium Hydroxide-based Intracanal Medication in Filling Root Canal Systems . J Contemp Dent Pract 2011;12(5):368-371.
Potential indirect effects of aerosol on tropical cyclone intensity: convective fluxes and cold-pool activity
Authors: Krall G. M. , Cottom W. R.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Observational and model evidence suggest that a 2008 Western Pacific typhoon (NURI) ingested elevated concentrations of aerosol as it neared the Chinese coast. This study uses a regional model with two-moment bin-emulating microphysics to simulate the typhoon as it enters the field of elevated aerosol concentrations. A clean maritime field of cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) was prescribed as marine background CCN concentrations and then based on satellite and global aerosol model output, increased to pollution levels and further enhanced in sensitivity tests. The typhoon was simulated for 96 h beginning 17 August 2008. During the final 60 h CCN concentrations were enhanced as it neared the Philippines and coastal China. The model was initialized with both global reanalysis model data and irregularly spaced dropsonde data from the 2008 T-PARC observational campaign using an objective analysis routine. At 36 h, the internal nudging of the model was switched off and allowed to freely evolve on its own. As the typhoon encountered the elevated CCN in the sensitivity tests, a significant perturbation of windspeed, convective fluxes, and hydrometeor species behavior was simulated. Early during the ingestion of enhanced CCN, precipitation was reduced due to suppressed collision and coalescence, and storm winds increased in strength. Subsequently, owing to reduced fall speeds of the smaller drops, greater amounts of condensate were thrust into supercooled levels where the drops froze releasing greater amounts of latent heat of freezing. Convection thereby intensified which resulted in enhanced rainfall and more vigorous convectively-produced downdrafts. As the convection intensified in the outer rainbands the storm drifted over the developing cold-pools. The enhanced cold-pools blocked the inflow of warm, moist air into the core of the typhoon which led to a weakening of the typhoon with significantly reduced low level wind speeds. The very high amounts of pollution aerosols resulted in large amounts of condensate being thrust into the storm anvil which weakened convective downdrafts and cold-pools, yet the system did show reductions in windspeed (although weaker) compared with the clean control run. This study suggests that ingestion of elevated amounts of CCN into a tropical cyclone (TC) can appreciably alter the intensity of the storm. This implies that intensity prediction of TCs would be improved by including indirect aerosol affects. However, the pollution aerosols have very little impact on the storm track.
Substorms and polar cap convection: the 10 January 2004 interplanetary CME case
Authors: Andalsvik Y. , Sandholt P. E. , Farrugia C. J.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. The expansion-contraction model of Dungey cell plasma convection has two different convection sources, i.e. reconnections at the magnetopause and in the magnetotail. The spatial-temporal structure of the nightside source is not yet well understood. In this study we shall identify temporal variations in the winter polar cap convection structure during substorm activity under steady interplanetary conditions. Substorm activity (electrojets and particle precipitations) is monitored by excellent ground-satellite DMSP F15 conjunctions in the dusk-premidnight sector. We take advantage of the wide latitudinal coverage of the IMAGE chain of ground magnetometers in Svalbard – Scandinavia – Russia for the purpose of monitoring magnetic deflections associated with polar cap convection and substorm electrojets. These are augmented by direct observations of polar cap convection derived from SuperDARN radars and cross-track ion drift observations during traversals of polar cap along the dusk-dawn meridian by spacecraft DMSP F13. The interval we study is characterized by moderate, stable forcing of the magnetosphere-ionosphere system (EKL = 4.0–4.5 mV m−1; cross polar cap potential (CPCP), Φ (Boyle) = 115 kV) during Earth passage of an interplanetary CME (ICME), choosing an 4-h interval where the magnetic field pointed continuously south-west (Bz < 0; By < 0). The combination of continuous monitoring of ground magnetic deflections and the F13 cross-track ion drift observations in the polar cap allows us to infer the temporal CPCP structure on time scales less than the ~10 min duration of F13 polar cap transits. We arrived at the following estimates of the dayside and nightside contributions to the CPCP (CPCP = CPCP/day + CPCP/night) under two intervals of substorm activity: CPCP/day ~110 kV; CPCP/night ~50 kV (45% CPCP increase during substorms). The temporal CPCP structure during one of the substorm cases resulted in a dawn-dusk convection asymmetry measured by DMSP F13 which is opposite to that expected from the prevailing negative By polarity of the ICME magnetic field, a clear indication of a nightside source.
Numerical modeling of permafrost dynamics in Alaska using a high spatial resolution dataset
Authors: Jafarov E. E. , Marchenko S. S. , Romanovsky V. E.
Published: January 2012

Abstract. Climate projections for the 21st century indicate that there could be a pronounced warming and permafrost degradation in the Arctic and sub-Arctic regions. Climate warming is likely to cause permafrost thawing with subsequent effects on surface albedo, hydrology, soil organic matter storage and greenhouse gas emissions. To assess possible changes in the permafrost thermal state and active layer thickness, we implemented the GIPL2-MPI transient numerical model for the entire Alaska permafrost domain. Input parameters to the model are spatial datasets of mean monthly air temperature and precipitation, prescribed thermal properties of the multilayered soil column, and water content which are specific for each soil class and geographical location. As a climate forcing we used the composite of five IPCC Global Circulation Models that has been downscaled to 2 by 2 km spatial resolution by Scenarios Network for Alaska Planning (SNAP) group. In this paper we present the preliminary modeling results based on input of five-model composite with A1B carbon emission scenario. The model has been calibrated according to the annual borehole temperature measurements for the State of Alaska. We also performed more detailed calibration for fifteen shallow borehole stations where high quality data are available on daily basis. To validate the model performance we compared simulated active layer thicknesses with observed data from CALM active layer monitoring stations. Calibrated model was used to address possible ground temperature changes for the 21st century. The model simulation results show the widespread permafrost degradation in Alaska could begin in 2040–2099 time frame within the vast area southward from the Brooks Range except for the high altitudes of the Alaska Range and Wrangell Mountains.
Vibration-Powered Radiation of Quaking Magnetar
Authors: Bastrukov S. , Yu J. W. , Xu R. X. , Molodtsova I.
Published: January 2012

In juxtaposition with the standard model of rotation-powered pulsar, the model of vibration-powered magnetar undergoing quake-induced torsional Alfvén vibrations in its own ultrastrong magnetic field experiencing decay is considered. The presented line of argument suggests that the gradual decrease of frequencies (lengthening of periods) of long-periodic-pulsed radiation detected from a set of X-ray sources can be attributed to magnetic-field-decay-induced energy conversion from seismic vibrations to magnetodipole radiation of quaking magnetar.
Expression of COX2 and p53 in Rat Esophageal Cancer Induced by Reflux of Duodenal Contents
Authors: Hashimoto Naoki
Published: January 2012

Aim. Reflux of duodenal contents can induce mucosal injury, stimulate cell proliferation, and promote tumorigenesis. We examined the expression of COX2 and p53 in rat esophageal lesions induced by duodenal content reflux. Methods. Thirty 8-week-old male Wistar rats were exposed to duodenal content esophageal reflux. All animals underwent an esophagoduodenal anastomosis (EDA) with total gastrectomy in order to produce chronic esophagitis. Ten rats were the sham. Control. They were sacrificed at the 40th week. Their esophagi were examined for HE, COX2, p53, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Results. After 40 weeks of reflux, dysplasia, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and adenocarcinoma (ADC) were found. PCNA labeling index was higher in dysplastic and cancer tissue than that in normal. Overexpression of COX2 was shown in ADC and SCC. Wild-type p53 accumulation was found in ADC, and not in SCC. Conclusion. Reflux of duodenal contents into the esophagus led to ADC and SCC in rats. COX2 may play an important role in esophageal cancer by duodenal content reflux. Our present results suggest an association between wild-type p53 accumulation and COX2 expression in ADC, with no such relation seen in SCC.
The fast-running flies (Diptera, Hybotidae, Tachydromiinae) of Singapore and adjacent regions
Authors: Grootaert Patrick , Shamshev Igor V.
Published: January 2012

This is the first comprehensive introduction to the flies of the subfamily Tachydromiinae (Hybotidae) of Singapore. The monograph summarizes all publications on the Tachydromiinae of Singapore and includes new data resulting from mass-trapping surveys made in Singapore during the last six years. A few samples from Malaysia (Johor province, Pulau Tioman and Langkawi) have been also included in this study. In Singapore the Tachydromiinae are the most diverse group of Empidoidea (except Dolichopodidae) and currently comprise 85 species belonging to the following nine genera: Platypalpus (1), Tachydromia (1), Chersodromia (6), Pontodromia (1), Drapetis (5), Elaphropeza (60), Crossopalpus (1), Nanodromia (3) and Stilpon (7). All species are diagnosed and illustrated. The following 28 species are described as new for science: Chersodromia bulohensis sp. nov. (Singapore), C. glandula sp. nov. (Singapore, Malaysia), C. malaysiana sp. nov. (Singapore, Malaysia), C. pasir sp. nov. (Malaysia), C. sylvicola sp. nov. (Singapore), C. tiomanensis sp. nov. (Malaysia), Crossopalpus temasek sp. nov. (Singapore), Drapetis bakau sp. nov. (Singapore, Malaysia), D. hutan sp. nov. (Singapore), D. laut sp. nov. (Singapore, Malaysia), D. mandai sp. nov. (Singapore), D. pantai sp. nov. (Singapore, Malaysia), Elaphropeza chanae sp. nov. (Singapore), E. collini sp. nov. (Singapore), E. gohae sp. nov. (Singapore), E. kranjiensis sp. nov. (Singapore), E. lowi sp. nov. (Singapore), E. semakau sp. nov. (Singapore), E. shufenae sp. nov. (Singapore), Nanodromia hutan sp. nov. (Singapore), N. spinulosa sp. nov. (Singapore), Platypalpus singaporensis sp. nov. (Singapore), Pontodromia pantai sp. nov. (Singapore), Stilpon arcuatum sp. nov. (Singapore), S. neesoonensis sp. nov. (Singapore), S. nigripennis sp. nov. (Singapore), S. singaporensis sp. nov. (Singapore), S. weilingae sp. nov. (Singapore). A redescription is given for Crossopalpus exul (Osten-Sacken, 1882) (Taiwan). Males of Elaphropeza feminata Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 and E. modesta Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 as well as females of Elaphropeza ubinensis Shamshev & Grootaert, 2007 and Nanodromia narmkroiGrootaert & Shamshev, 2003 are described for the first time. Keys to genera and species, which are generally applicable to the whole of Southeast Asia, are compiled. An analysis of the species ecological preferenda is presented.
The emergence of bio-clusters in Egypt and South Africa
Authors: Uctu Ramazan , Pillay Nirvana Shanalee
Published: January 2012

There is a wide body of literature on biotechnology clusters. However, most of the works has been focused on the description of the clusters as well as the development of biotechnology clusters in USA, Europe and other developed countries. Much less attention has been paid to the development of biotechnology clusters in developing countries. The aim of this paper is to gain a better understanding of the emergence of biotechnology clusters in Egypt and South Africa.
Quality Control of HDL: Nutrition and Not Numbers May Determine HDL Functionality
Authors: Nathalie Nicod  , Francesco Visioli  , Ana Ramírez de Molina Madrid
Published: January 2012

The strong inverse relationship between high density lipoproteins-cholesterol (HDL-C) levels and cardiovascular disease (CVD) has aroused a strong interest in the research of lifestyle and pharmacological agents capable of elevating plasma HDL levels. HDL is essential in reverse cholesterol transport (RCT), thus its anti-atherogenic function. However, torcetrapib, a compound that increases plasma HDL-C levels, was unexpectedly associated with an increased cardiovascular mortality. The findings led to consider that HDL functionality and quality might be more relevant to CVD than the total circulating HDL quantity itself. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet is known to be associated with increased HDL-C and decreased risk of CVD. However, the mechanism by which this happens has been yet poorly investigated and the effect of nutrition on HDL functionality and quality needs further attention.
Alpha‐5 and ‐3 nicotinic receptor gene variants predict nicotine dependence but not cessation: Findings from the COMMIT cohort
Authors: Bousman Chad A. , Rivard Cheryl , Haese Jason Den , Ambrosone Christine , Hyland Andrew
Published: January 2012

Smoking many cigarettes per day (CPD) and short interval to first cigarette (TTF) after waking are two of the most heritable smoking phenotypes and comprise the Heavy Smoking Index (HSI). These phenotypes are often used as proxies for nicotine dependence (ND) and are associated with smoking cessation outcomes. Case–control and genome‐wide association studies have reported links between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the alpha‐5 and ‐3 nicotinic receptor subunit (CHRNA5 and CHRNA3) genes and CPD but few have examined TTF or cessation outcomes. In this study we longitudinally assessed 1301 European‐American smokers at four time‐points from 1988 to 2005. One CHRNA5 (rs16969968) and two CHRNA3 (rs1051703, rs6495308) SNPs were examined for their ability to predict smokers who “ever” reported ND based on three phenotypic classifications: (1) 25+ CPD, (2) TTF < 10 min, and (3) HSI ≥ 4. In a subsample of 1157 quit attempters, we also examined each SNP's ability to predict “ever” quitting for a period of >6 months. Demographically adjusted logistic regressions showed significant allelic and genotypic associations between all three SNPs and CPD but not TTF, HSI, or smoking cessation. Carriers of both the rs16969968‐AA and rs6495308‐TT genotypes had approximately twofold greater odds for ND defined using CPD or TTF. Results suggest nicotinic receptor variants are associated with greater odds of ND according to CPD and to a lesser extent TTF. Research examining the effect of nicotinic receptor genetic variation on ND phenotypes beyond CPD is warranted. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Preparation and properties of flexible free‐standing films via polyalkoxysiloxanes by acid‐catalyzed controlled hydrolytic polycondensation of tetraethoxysilane and tetramethoxysilane
Authors: Gunji Takahiro , Hayashi Yuki , Komatsubara Akemi , Arimitsu Koji , Abe Yoshimoto
Published: January 2012

Acid‐catalyzed controlled hydrolytic polycondensation of tetraethoxysilane (TEOS) and tetramethoxysilane (TMOS) provided polyalkoxysiloxanes PEOS and PMOS, with high molecular weight of 1100–12 000 or 2700–31 000, respectively. They were stable to self‐condensation, soluble in organic solvents, and especially characterized by high silica content of up to 62% (PEOS) and 72% (PMOS). Flexible and transparent free‐standing films with tensile strength of 1.6–5.2 MPa (PEOS) or 3.6–11.8 MPa (PMOS) were prepared by heating polyalkoxysilanes at 80°C for one to several days. They are also regarded to be a potential precursor for coatings and binders. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Interesting correlation between structure, physicomechanical, swelling and sustained transdermal release behavior of diltiazem hydrochloride in various poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel membranes
Authors: Bhunia Tridib , Bhowmik Manas , Chattopadhyay Dipankar , Bandyopadhyay Abhijit
Published: January 2012

Interesting correlation between physicomechanical and in vitro release behavior of diltiazem hydrochloride has been obtained in physically treated poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) membranes of widely different molecular weights. Physical treatment could not raise crystallinity in dry state, but some of them show significant postswelled crystallinity and achieves elastomeric character. They also retain lot of equilibrium water, ideally suited for drug‐impregnated transdermal patches. In effect, low molecular weight PVA and dimethyl sulfoxide‐modified high molecular weight PVA membranes have shown acceptable release of diltiazem hydrochloride when compared with thermally treated high molecular weight PVA membrane. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2012
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling tools: how to fit with our needs?
Authors: Bouzom François , Ball Kathryn , Perdaems Nathalie , Walther Bernard
Published: January 2012

In 2005, a survey compared a number of commercial PBPK software available at the time, mainly focusing on ‘ready to use’ modelling tools. Since then, these tools and software have been further developed and improved to allow modellers to perform WB‐PBPK modelling including ADME processes at a high level of sophistication. This review presents a comparison of the features, values and limitations of both the ‘ready to use’ software and of the traditional user customizable software that are frequently used for the building and use of PBPK models, as well as the challenges associated with the various modelling approaches regarding their current and future use. PBPK models continue to be used more and more frequently during the drug development process since they represent a quantitative, physiologically realistic platform with which to simulate and predict the impact of various potential scenarios on the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs. The ‘ready to use’ PBPK software has been a major factor in the increasing use of PBPK modelling in the pharmaceutical industry, opening up the PBPK approach to a broader range of users. The challenge is now to educate and to train scientists and modellers to ensure their appropriate understanding of the assumptions and the limitations linked both to the physiological framework of the ‘virtual body’ and to the scaling methodology from in vitro to in vivo (IVIVE). Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Indications for fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair
Authors: Cross J , Raine R , Harris P , Richards T
Published: January 2012

Background

Endovascular technology has advanced rapidly in the development of fenestrated endovascular aneurysm repair (FEVAR). Current evidence for endovascular aneurysm repair is limited to infra-renal aortic aneurysms. With increased costs and complexity of FEVAR, its current role is unclear. A national multicentre, cross-disciplinary consensus model was developed to propose indications for FEVAR.

Methods

All UK FEVAR centres and a wide selection of high-volume aneurysm treatment centres were invited to participate. The RAND appropriateness methodology was used. Five key steps were undertaken: meta-analysis of current literature; survey of current UK practice; nominal group establishment and definition of key clinical attributes; round 1—online survey of case vignettes; and round 2—nominal group consensus meeting.

Results

More than 90 per cent of UK FEVAR centres participated. Literature review showed heterogeneous case series with no clear indications for use of FEVAR. Survey of current practice showed wide variations in aneurysm management. Consensus agreement on the role of FEVAR was achieved in 68·8 per cent of cases. Consensus for FEVAR was agreed in areas of moderate risk from open repair and need for suprarenal clamping, but it was less likely to be indicated in patients aged 85 years or more with 5·5–6-cm aneurysms, or short-necked infrarenal aortic aneurysms.

Conclusion

These data record areas of agreement and define the grey area of equipoise. Consequently, guidelines and recommendations can be developed on the indications for FEVAR to inform clinicians, commissioners and health economists.
Fluorescent and Colorimetric Probes for Mercury(II): Tunable Structures of Electron Donor and π‐Conjugated Bridge
Authors: Cheng Xiaohong , Li Shuang , Jia Huizhen , Zhong Aoshu , Zhong Cheng , Feng Jun , Qin Jingui , Li Zhen
Published: January 2012

A new series of intramolecular‐charge‐transfer (ICT) molecules (compounds 1, 2, and 3) were synthesized by attaching various electron‐donating thiophenes groups to a triphenylamine backbone with an aldehyde group as the electron acceptor. Based on the protection reaction between ethanethiol and aldehyde, the corresponding dithioacetals (compounds S1, S2, and S3) were prepared to serve as novel colorimetric and fluorescent chemosensors for Hg2+ ions. Also, compound S1 was further utilized to construct the chemical‐reaction‐based conjugated polymer probe (PS1) towards Hg2+ ions. In the presence of as little as 10 nM Hg2+, compound PS1 displayed an apparent change in the fluorescent intensity. The sensing processes were revealed to be mediated by ICT, as confirmed by time‐dependent DFT calculations. Furthermore, compound S1 was successfully applied to microscopic imaging for the detection of Hg2+ in HeLa cells with ratiometric fluorescent methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties and X‐Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy of Nanocrystalline Ho3Al5O12.
Authors: Petrov D. , Angelov B. , Lovchinov V.
Published: January 2012

Nanocrystalline Ho3Al5O12 is synthesized by an aqueous sol—gel process from a mixture of Ho2O3, Al(NO3)3, malic acid, and 1,2‐ethanediol followed by sintering the precursor gel in air for 6 h at 1223 K.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Structural Characterization and Magnetic Properties of RE2MgGe2 (RE = Rare‐Earth Metal).
Authors: Suen Nian‐Tzu , Tobash Paul H. , Bobev Svilen
Published: January 2012

The compounds Ln2MgGe2 (Ln: Y, Nd, Sm, Gd—Tm, Lu) are synthesized from stoichiometric mixtures of the corresponding elements (Nb containers, 1100 °C, 20 h) and characterized by powder and single crystal XRD and magnetization measurements.
ChemInform Abstract: A Green Method for the Synthesis of Thiochromene Derivatives in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Wang Xiang‐Shan , Wu Jian‐Rong , Zhou Jie , Zhang Mei‐Mei
Published: January 2012

A mild, simple, and environmentally benign synthesis of the title compounds (IV) and (V) is presented.
ChemInform Abstract: Pd‐Catalyzed Regiocontrolled Sonogashira and Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reaction of 3,6‐Dihalogenoimidazo[1,2‐a]pyridines: One‐Pot Double‐Coupling Approach.
Authors: El Akkaoui Ahmed , Bassoude Ibtissam , Koubachi Jamal , Berteina‐Raboin Sabine , Mouaddib Abderrahim , Guillaumet Gerald
Published: January 2012

Sequential and one‐pot, double and mixed Sonogashira and Suzuki—Miyaura coupling reactions are developed in order to obtain regioselectively 3,6‐disubstituted imidazopyridines.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Characterization of 9‐Methyl‐2‐morpholin‐4‐yl‐8‐substituted Phenyl‐1H‐purine Derivatives Using Polyphosphoric Acid (PPA) as an Efficient Catalyst.
Authors: Sadanandam P. , Jyothi V. , Chari M. Adharvana , Das Parthasarathi , Mukkanti K.
Published: January 2012

The PPA‐mediated reaction of pyrimidine (I) with various aldehydes affords the title compounds in short reaction times.
ChemInform Abstract: Organoselenosilane‐Mediated Selective Mild Access to Selenolesters, Selenoanhydrides and Diacyl Diselenides.
Authors: Capperucci Antonella , Degl'Innocenti Alessandro , Tiberi Caterina
Published: January 2012

It is demonstrated, that silylselenides are efficient selenium transfer reagents under mild conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: NO Reduction Over Noble Metal Ionic Catalysts
Authors: Bera Parthasarathi , Hegde M. S.
Published: January 2012

Review: 100 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemical Constituents of Plants from the Genus Trigonostemon
Authors: Chen Ye‐Gao , Wu Ji‐Chun , Chen Guang‐Ying , Han Chang‐Ri , Song Xiao‐Ping
Published: January 2012

Review: 25 refs.
Through the looking glass: gestational diabetes as a predictor of maternal and offspring long‐term health
Authors: Malcolm Janine
Published: January 2012

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is gaining in importance as a predictor of future health risks for women and their offspring. In women, it is associated with increased long‐term risks of diabetes, metabolic syndrome and increased cardiovascular disorders. For offspring of mothers with GDM, risks of GDM include abnormal glucose tolerance, obesity and metabolic syndrome. This review presents the evidence for GDM as a predictor of long‐term health risks for mothers and their offspring. We highlight GDM as an opportune time to screen for and possibly intervene to prevent adverse health outcomes for both women and their offspring. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preventing diabetes in women with gestational diabetes
Authors: Feig Denice
Published: January 2012

The immediate consequences of gestational diabetes on pregnancy are well known but the complications decades later for the mother and child are just now emerging. This trio of papers discuss the long‐term consequences of gestational diabetes, the importance of screening this high risk group of women for type 2 diabetes, and the evidence for lifestyle, medications and breastfeeding for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in these women. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Identification of novel micrornas in Xenopus laevis metaphase ii arrested eggs
Authors: Ambady Sakthikumar , Wu Zheyang , Dominko Tanja
Published: January 2012

Using a combination of deep sequencing and bioinformatics approach, we for the first time identify miRNAs and their relative abundance in mature, metaphase II arrested eggs in Xenopus laevis. We characterize 115 miRNAs that have been described either in Xenopus tropicalis (85), X. laevis (9), or other vertebrate species (21) that also map to known Xenopus pre‐miRNAs and to the X. tropicalis genome. In addition, 72 new X. laevis putative candidate miRNAs are identified based on mapping to X. tropicalis genome within regions that have the propensity to form hairpin loops. These data expand on the availability of genetic information in X. laevis and identify target miRNAs for future functional studies. genesis 50:286–299, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Can balancing selection on MHC loci counteract genetic drift in small fragmented populations of black grouse?
Authors: Strand Tanja M. , Segelbacher Gernot , Quintela María , Xiao Lingyun , Axelsson Tomas , Höglund Jacob
Published: January 2012

The ability of natural populations to adapt to new environmental conditions is crucial for their survival and partly determined by the standing genetic variation in each population. Populations with higher genetic diversity are more likely to contain individuals that are better adapted to new circumstances than populations with lower genetic diversity. Here, we use both neutral and major histocompatibility complex (MHC) markers to test whether small and highly fragmented populations hold lower genetic diversity than large ones. We use black grouse as it is distributed across Europe and found in populations with varying degrees of isolation and size. We sampled 11 different populations; five continuous, three isolated, and three small and isolated. We tested patterns of genetic variation in these populations using three different types of genetic markers: nine microsatellites and 21 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) which both were found to be neutral, and two functional MHC genes that are presumably under selection. The small isolated populations displayed significantly lower neutral genetic diversity compared to continuous populations. A similar trend, but not as pronounced, was found for genotypes at MHC class II loci. Populations were less divergent at MHC genes compared to neutral markers. Measures of genetic diversity and population genetic structure were positively correlated among microsatellites and SNPs, but none of them were correlated to MHC when comparing all populations. Our results suggest that balancing selection at MHC loci does not counteract the power of genetic drift when populations get small and fragmented.
Predicting climate change impact on nutrient pollution in waterways: a case study in the upper catchment of the Latrobe River, Australia
Authors: Alam Md Jahangir , Dutta Dushmanta
Published: January 2012

Climate change, together with the increasing influence of anthropogenic activities in the atmosphere, has impacted ecosystems enormously, escalating much concern for pollution control and management. Proper assessment of the effect of temperature rise due to global warming and the subsequent changes in hydrology on catchment biogeochemical processes is essential for accurate prediction of pollution level. Not many studies have been carried out on the aspect of climate change‐driven nutrient pollution assessment, and inability of many existing modelling tools persists. With these research needs in focus, this study has made an assessment of climate change impact on nutrient pollution by applying a distributed hydrological modelling tool with newly developed nutrient modules that incorporate climate‐based description of catchment and in‐stream processes. The model has been applied to the Latrobe River basin in Australia and calibrated and validated prior to simulation of climate change scenarios. The scenarios have been developed on the basis of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change projections of higher‐emission scenario A1F1 for this region. The model has predicted the impact of temperature rise on the nutrient‐transformation processes and the subsequent releases into waterways for projected high‐flow and low‐flow situations. The results show that climate change is likely to contribute to increase in nutrient pollution in the waterways. The results have been used to assess future stream water quality condition in the study area. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Punishing and compensating others at your own expense: The role of empathic concern on reactions to distributive injustice
Authors: Leliveld Marijke C. , van Dijk Eric , van Beest Ilja
Published: January 2012

When confronted with violations of justice, people may be motivated not only to punish the violator, but also to compensate the victim. Whereas prior research has primarily concentrated on the question of when people are willing to punish, we provide a more comprehensive picture by also studying the willingness to compensate and by assessing the moderating role of empathic concern. Study 1 introduces the altruistic compensation game and shows that especially high empathic (compared to low empathic) people are willing to give up parts of their own resources to financially compensate the victims of distributive injustice. Study 2 completes the picture by directly comparing altruistic compensation with altruistic punishment. The study showed that high empathic people decided to compensate the victim, but low empathic people decided to punish the offender. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Modeling and simulation of nanoparticle separation through a solid‐state nanopore
Authors: Jubery Talukder Z. , Prabhu Anmiv S. , Kim Min J. , Dutta Prashanta
Published: January 2012

Recent experimental studies show that electrokinetic phenomena such as electroosmosis and electrophoresis can be used to separate nanoparticles on the basis of their size and charge using nanopore‐based devices. However, the efficient separation through a nanopore depends on a number of factors such as externally applied voltage, size and charge density of particle, size and charge density of membrane pore, and the concentration of bulk electrolyte. To design an efficient nanopore‐based separation platform, a continuum‐based mathematical model is used for fluid. The model is based on Poisson–Nernst–Planck equations along with Navier–Stokes equations for fluid flow and on the Langevin equation for particle translocation. Our numerical study reveals that membrane pore surface charge density is a vital parameter in the separation through a nanopore. In this study, we have simulated high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) and low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) as the sample nanoparticles to demonstrate the capability of such a platform. Numerical results suggest that efficient separation of HDL from LDL in a 0.2 M KCL solution (resembling blood buffer) through a 150 nm pore is possible if the pore surface charge density is ∼ −4.0 mC/m2. Moreover, we observe that pore length and diameter are relatively less important in the nanoparticle separation process considered here.
Electrophoretically driven SDS removal and protein fractionation in the shotgun analysis of membrane proteomes
Authors: Liu Yi , Lin Yong , Yan Yizhong , Li Jianjun , He Quanze , Chen Ping , Wang Xianchun , Liang Songping
Published: January 2012

SDS is mostly used to enhance the solubilization and extraction of membrane proteins due to its strong detergency and low cost. Nevertheless, SDS interferes with the subsequent procedures and needs to be removed from the samples. In this work, a special gradient gel electrophoresis (GGE) system was developed to remove SDS from the SDS‐solubilized protein samples. As a proof‐of‐principle experiment, the GGE system was designed to be composed of an agarose loading layer, six polyacrylamide fractionation layers with different concentrations and a high‐concentration polyacrylamide sealing layer. The advantages of the GGE system are that it not only can electrophoretically remove SDS efficiently so that the protein loss resulted from the repeated gel washing after electrophoresis was avoided, but also can reduce the complexity of the sample, prevent the precipitation of proteins after loading and avoid the loss of proteins with low molecular weight during the electrophoresis. Using GGE system, about 85% of SDS in the sample and gel was electrophoretically removed and the proteins were fractionated. Compared with the two representative gel‐based sample cleanup methods reported in literature, GGE‐based strategy significantly improved the identification efficiency of proteins in terms of the number and coverage of the identified proteins.
Poly(ethylene glycol)‐coated microfluidic devices for chip electrophoresis
Authors: Schulze Marcel , Belder Detlev
Published: January 2012

Herein, we report on a strategy for durable modification of the channel surface in microfluidic glass chips with the neutral hydrophilic‐coating material poly(ethylene glycol) PEG‐1M‐100. Applied in microchip electrophoresis such PEG‐coated devices exhibit a suppressed electroosmotic flow and reduced analyte adsorption. The PEG‐coated chips were successfully applied in chip electrophoresis of FITC‐labelled amines and amino acids and native proteins as well as in chiral separations. The performance of the coated chips was found to be superior compared with uncoated microchips. The coated chips exhibited high stability and the relative standard deviation of migration times in PEG‐coated devices was less than 2%.
On the efficiency of viscous dampers in reducing various seismic responses of wall structures
Authors: Lavan Oren
Published: January 2012

This paper rigorously assesses the efficiency of viscous dampers connecting two walls to result in “viscously coupled shear walls”. This assessment also holds for viscous dampers in wall structures as they are mounted on frames parallel to the walls leading to “wall‐viscous frame” systems. A continuum approach is adopted to model the structure so as to enable non‐dimensional formulation of the governing equations. Those equations reveal that, under the approximations considered, the system damping ratio (defined here by 0.5 sqrt(c^2/(m*EI))) is a convenient compact single parameter controlling the response reduction w.r.t. the response of the corresponding undamped system. In contrast to coupled shear walls, this controlling parameter does not depend on the height of the building; therefore, the viscously damped system is efficient for low‐rise buildings as well. The continuum approach also allows a semi‐analytical solution of the eigenproblem in the complex domain followed by a complex modal spectral analysis. Those solutions reveal the efficiency of the added damping in reducing not only the displacements, inter‐story drifts, and wall moments but also the absolute accelerations, wall shear, total shear, and total overturning moments. The results of the analyses and the non‐dimensional tables and graphs developed for important response parameters lead to a simple method that could easily be implemented in practice for the purpose of initial design. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of magnetic beads containing aminated fibrous surfaces for removal of Reactive Green 19 dye: kinetics and thermodynamic parameters
Authors: Bayramoglu Gulay , Altintas Begum , Arica Mehmet Yakup
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: Poly(HEMA‐co‐MMA) beads were prepared from 2‐hydroxyethyl‐methacrylate (HEMA) and methylmethacrylate (MMA) in the presence of FeCl3. Thermal co‐precipitation of Fe(III) ions containing beads with Fe(II) ions was carried out under alkaline conditions. The magnetic beads were grafted with poly(glycidylmethacrylate; p(GMA)), and the epoxy groups of the grafted p(GMA) brushes were converted into amino groups by reaction with ammonia.

RESULTS: The magnetic beads were characterized by surface area measurement, electron spin resonance (ESR), Mössbauer spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The maximum adsorption of Reactive Green‐19 (RG‐19) dye on the p(GMA) grafted and amine modified magnetic beads was around pH 3.0. The adsorption capacity of magnetic beads was 84.6 mg dye g−1. The effects of adsorbent dosage, ionic strength and temperature have also been reported. Batch kinetic sorption experiments showed that a pseudo‐second‐order rate kinetic model was applicable.

CONCLUSION: The p(GMA) grafted and amine modified magnetic beads (adsorbent) were expected to have the advantage of mobility of the grafted chains in the removal of acidic dyes from aqueous solutions. The magnetic beads have potential as an adsorbent for removal of pollutants under various experimental conditions without significant reduction in their initial adsorption capacity. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry
ASM3 extended for two‐step nitrification–denitrification: a model reduction for sequencing batch reactors
Authors: Cruz Bournazou M. N. , Arellano‐Garcia H. , Wozny G. , Lyberatos G. , Kravaris C.
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: The ASM3 extended for two‐step nitrification–denitrification represents the most accurate model for the description of the activated sludge process with nitrate bypass nitrification–denitrification. This model includes 20 reaction rates, 15 state variables, and more than 35 parameters, which make its calculation costly and difficult to estimate. The lack of a fast and accurate model able to predict both concentration of nitrite and nitrate over time is the principal obstacle for efficient model‐based optimization and model‐based control.

RESULTS: In this work, a fast and accurate model for the activated sludge process in a sequencing batch reactor is proposed. For this purpose, the ASM3 extended for two‐step nitrification–denitrification, a 15‐state variable model built for a general description of the ASP, is reduced to match the specific conditions of sequencing batch reactor systems with shortcut biological nitrogen removal to a nine‐state model and then further to a six‐state and five‐state model under appropriate assumptions. The proposed model maintains the two‐step nitrification–denitrification process feature of the original model and can thus describe the bypass of nitrate, showing increased tractability and lower computer costs. Different approaches for model reduction together with an exhaustive analysis of the extended ASM3 model as well as the process are discussed.

CONCLUSIONS: The resulting model with only five differential equations reduces the calculation time by up to one order of magnitude, while maintaining a high description accuracy, demonstrating the advantages of model reduction. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimization of biological synthesis of silver nanoparticles using Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei
Authors: Korbekandi Hassan , Iravani Siavash , Abbasi Sajjad
Published: January 2012

BACKGROUND: The objectives of this study were optimization of silver nanoparticle synthesis using biotransformations by Lactobacillus casei subsp. casei, and studying the location of nanoparticles synthesis in this microorganism.

RESULTS: The presence of AgNO3 (0.1 mmol L−1) in the culture as the enzyme inducer, and glucose (56 mmol L−1) as the electron donor in the reaction mixture had positive effects on nanoparticle production. By gradually increasing the concentration of AgNO3 (as the substrate) to 6 mmol L−1, nanoparticle production was increased. By increasing biomass, nanoparticles production was also increased. Biosynthesized silver nanoparticles were almost spherical, single (25–50 nm) or in aggregates (100 nm), attached to the surface of biomass or were inside and outside of the cells.

CONCLUSION: The present study demonstrated the bioreductive synthesis of silver nanoparticles using L. casei subsp. casei at room temperature. In this research, and due to experience in optimization of biotransformation reactions, the reaction conditions were successfully optimized to increase the yield of nanoparticles production and productivity of this biosynthetic approach. Copyright © 2012 Society of Chemical Industry
Enhanced intracellular delivery and multi‐target gene silencing triggered by tripodal RNA structures
Authors: Chang Chan Il , Lee Tae Yeon , Kim Sera , Sun Xiangao , Hong Sun Woo , Yoo Jae Wook , Dua Pooja , Kang Hye Suk , Kim Soyoun , Li Chiang J. , Lee Dong‐Ki
Published: January 2012

Background

The development of gene interfering RNA (iRNA) molecules such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and antagomirs provides promising therapeutic modalities for targeting specific mRNAs and microRNAs (miRNAs) involved in disease mechanisms. Therapeutic iRNA strategy against cancer or hypermutable viruses prefers targeting multiple genes simultaneously to achieve synergistic inhibition and to prevent resistance.

Methods

In the present study, we report chemically synthesized, multi‐target gene interfering RNA structures based upon branched, tripodal interfering RNAs (termed T‐tiRNAs).

Results

The T‐tiRNAs could simultaneously inhibit up to three different mRNAs or miRNAs by harboring three siRNA or antagomir units. Moreover, when complexed with cationic delivery vehicles, T‐tiRNAs showed enhanced gene interfering activity over conventional siRNAs or antagomirs as a result of increased intracellular delivery.

Conclusions

The data obtained in the present study provide an example of synthetic multi‐functional RNA structures that enable multiple gene interference in mammalian cells, which could become powerful tools for an efficient combinatorial iRNA strategy. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.