bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impacts of Urban Air Pollution on Malaysian Traffic Police: A Framework for Evaluation of Real-Time Monitoring System on Its Usability
Authors: Jamil P A S M , Yusof N A D M , Karuppiah K , Rasdi I , How V , Tamrin S B M , Mani K K C , Naeni H S , Sambasivam S , Nata D H M S
Published: April 2022

The respiratory health of Malaysian Traffic Police has been compromised by working in heavy traffic and congested junctions with bad air for long hours. A wireless outdoor individual exposure device is vital to track their exposure, however, the efficacy of the system remains uncertain. While existing techniques exist to examine the efficacy of such system, there is a lack of methodology for engaging multiple assessment methods to evaluate the degree of user experience. This paper aims to propose a methodological framework tool for a quantitative evaluation of the wireless outdoor individual exposure indicator system prototype. A systematic search was conducted in major electronic databases (MEDLINE, Web of Science, Google), grey literature sources and all relevant data in the field. A three-stage framework consisting of simulation real-time monitoring, in-field testing, and usability testing is assembled. The three-stage framework proposed serves as a generic approach for evaluating the prototype with the purpose of tracking individual outdoor exposure. The method is capable of describing the complete evaluation process, from the accuracy and performance of the sensor to the extent of the end-user experience. Using the three-stage approach, future researchers may be able to create a monitoring system that is relevant to their needs.
Association of short-term exposure to sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide with number of hypertensions in East Java, Indonesia
Authors: Firdausi S A , Azizah R , Jalaludin J , Zakaria Z A
Published: April 2022

Previously, several studies conducted related to hypertension which associated with sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide. The number of East Java’s hypertension cases from 2015 to 2017 had increased. It is predicted that the number of hypertension cases would be increased. This study was aimed to determine the association between short term exposure to sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide with the number of hypertension cases in East Java. This research was an ecological study, where ambient air pollutants data were taken from the Environmental Management Information Report of East Java 2017, while the number of hypertension cases was taken from the report of Health Profile of East Java Province 2017. Spearman coefficient correlation was used to determine the objective. There was no association between sulphur dioxide with the number of hypertension cases according to gender (male: p= 0.624, r= -0.082; female: p= 0.697, r= -0.065; all cases: p= 0.768, r= -0.050) and nitrogen dioxide (male: p= at 0.24, r= 0.195; female: p= 0.611, r= 0.085; all cases: p= at 0.254, r= 0.190). There was an increase in the number of East Java hypertension cases. However, there was no association between SO2and NO2with the number of East Java hypertension cases.
A Review of Plastic-derived Diesel Fuel as a Renewable Fuel for Internal Combustion Engines: Applications, Challenges, and Global Potential
Authors: Nurdiyana Wan Mansor Wan , Ashraf Razali Nurul , Abdullah Samsuri , Nor Khasbi Jarkoni Mohammad , Busrya Eddy Sharin Anis , Huda Abd Kadir Nurul , Ramli Aima , Chao How-Ran , Lin Sheng-Lun , Jalaludin Juliana
Published: April 2022

Plastics’ broad application in a wide range of industries has resulted in an increase in global plastic production rates over time. The continued need for plastic, which can take up a lot of space in landfills due to the accumulation of plastic trash, has contributed to environmental problems. To address the problem of plastic waste, many options, such as recycling and energy recovery technologies, have been created. One possible technique to address landfill issues is to convert plastic waste into diesel fuel. In this review, the potential use of plastic-derived diesel fuel in internal combustion engines as a renewable and sustainable energy source is discussed. It’s been found that due to similar properties in plastic-derived diesel fuel, it inherits similar performance in internal combustion engines.
Chlorophyll Components, Total Flavonoid, Anthocyanin Content and Yield of Eleutherine palmifolia L. (Merr) on Different Shading Levels
Authors: Ekawati R , Saputri L H
Published: April 2022

Eleutherine palmifolia (L.) Merr is one of the horticultural that may be utilized as a medicinal plant. It contained flavonoid and anthocyanin. The production of bioactive content on E. palmifolia was affected by light intensity. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different shading levels on the physiological response and the yield of Dayak onions. This experiment was conducted at Sukoharjo, District of Ngaglik, Region of Sleman, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, from May to October 2020. This experiment was arranged in a randomized block design non factorial. Three treatments were given, namely no shading, shading 55%, and shading 75%. Each treatment was repeated five times. The result revealed that shade had a varied influence on E. palmifolia’s physiology and yield. Shading 55% and 75% produced the number of tiller and bulb of E. palmifolia lower than no shading. The fresh bulb weight of E. palmifolia in the range between 34.9 – 38.5 g plant-1. The chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll total, chlorophyll a/b ratio, and chlorophyll b/a ratio content on E. palmifolia’s bulb were not affected by different shading given. Shading 75% gave the highest total flavonoid and anthocyanin content of E. palmifolia’s bulb was 19.77% and 28.10% than no shading, respectively.
Estimation of genetic variance of some line generation S3 cantaloupensis melon hydroponically based on smart farming system
Authors: Supriyanta B , Nurhayati L
Published: April 2022

This research aims to examine the genetic variance, heritability value, and the expected genetic progress of the S3 generation melon lines tested so as to determine the potential lines to be used as sources of genetic material in breeding programs. This research was conducted from January to May 2021 in greenhouse CV. Agroniaga. The experimental design used was a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with a single treatment in the form of a line consisting of 6 levels, namely GR-1-3-7, GR-1-3-8, GR-1-3-20, GR-1-3-22, GR-1-2-2, and GR-1-1-3. Quantitative character observation data were analyzed using ANOVA or F test at 5% significance level. If the F test has a significant effect, then the average value is further tested with the Scott-Knott test. The results showed that the morphology of the S3 generation melon lines showed differences in fruit characters based on net distribution, net intensity, net pattern, fruit aroma, and fruit texture. The value of broad genetic variance was found in the parameters of plant height, male flowering age, harvest age, and fruit weight. High heritability values for male flowering age, female flowering age, harvest age, and fruit flesh thickness. The GR-1-1-3, GR-1-3-22, GR-1-3-7, and GR-1-3-8 lines are lines that have greater potential than other lines in terms of the effectiveness of selection on fruit weight parameters, so it is good to use for the next selection process.
Increasing Growth And Production of Corn (Zea Mays L.) With Different Planting Point Patterns and Management of Weeds
Authors: Mahyono D , Purba E , Marheni
Published: April 2022

This study aims to determine the pattern of planting points, and effect of weed control with pre-emergence herbicides on the growth and production of maize. This studies became conducted from November 2019 to the end of February 2020 in Sendang Rejo Village, Binjai District, Langkat Regency. The design of this research used factorial split-plot design: Factor I: The planting point pattern (P)- P1 = Single row cropping point pattern (70 cm x 20 cm), P2 = Two row planting point pattern (20 cm x 20 cm, the next row spacing is 70 cm), P3 = Triangular planting point pattern (20 cm x 20 cm, distance with the next row of triangles 70 cm). Factor II: Herbicide Application (H)- H1 = No herbicide application (control), H2 = Weed free (manual control), H3 = applied with dimethenamide-P + saflufenacil 3 days before planting, H4 = applied with dimethenamide-P + saflufenacil at planting, H5 = applied with dimethenamide-P + saflufenacil aged 3 DAP H6 = applied with topramezone + atrazine at 14 DAP, H7 = applied with topramezone + atrazine at 21 DAP. The type of sampel in this study were plant height, amount of leaf chlorophyll and production. The results showed that the pattern of planting points had a completely huge effect on plant heigh at the age of 6 and 8 WAP and total chlorophyll and corn production (Zea mays L.). Weed control with pre-emergence and post-growth herbicides had no huge impact on plant height, total chlorophyll and maize production (Zea mays L.). However, from this study it was found that the best herbicide application was at H7 (Toppramezone + atrazine at 21 days after planting). While the use of planting point patterns and weed control with pre-emergence and post-growth herbicides interacted significantly with the observation of total chlorophyll, while there was no huge impact on the observation of plant height and maize production (Zea mays L.).
Application of Cow Manure and Mycorrhiza on the Growth of Biduri (Calotropis Gigantea)
Authors: Samanhudi  , Hartati S , Rahayu M , Sukardan M D , Rahma N A
Published: April 2022

Biduri (Calotropis gigantea) was a herbaceous plant that had a lot of potentials yet farmers did not cultivate it properly. For instance, many farmers apply inorganic fertilizers excessively which could damage the environment, so that they did not embody environmentally-friendly agriculture. One of the efforts to achieved sustainable agriculture was the use of organic fertilizer. This research was conducted from March 2021 to October 2021 at the screen house, Jumantono Field Laboratory, Chemistry and Soil Fertility Laboratory, and Plant Physiology and Biotechnology Laboratory at Faculty of Agriculture, UNS. This research used a Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with 2 elements and 3 replications. The first factor was cow dung which consists of three stages: K0 = control treatment, K1 = 10 tons/ha, K2 = 20 tons/ha. The second factor was mycorrhiza which consists of four stages: M0 = control treatment, M1 = 5 gram/plant, M2 = 10 gram/plant, M3 = 15 gram/plant. Data obtained were analysed by ANOVA and DMRT. The results showed that the interaction between cow dung and mycorrhiza did not increase the growth of biduri; administration of 20 tons/ha gives best result in terms of the heigh of the plant, diameter stem, number of leaves, and number of branches; Inoculation with mycorrhizal fungi was not increase the growth of biduri.
Protection of Geographic Indications to Maintain The Quality of Robusta Coffee on The Slopes of MT. Arjuna, Welirang, and Bromo
Authors: Wijayanil A , Ardhanariswari K A , Prayudi  , Probosari N
Published: April 2022

Robusta coffee is grown on Mount Arjuna, Welirang, and Bromo in East Java can get legal protection as a geographical indication. This study analyzes the need for Robusta coffee to get legal protection as a Geographical Indication to maintain coffee quality. This study employs qualitative approaches, including interviews, observations, and documentation. The researchers selected these respondents according to the categories studied and had coffee plantations on Mount Arjuna, Welirang, and Bromo. The research sample was taken from 10 coffees in different areas, namely Tutur, Kalipucang, Sumberpitu, Tempuran, Dawuhan S, Tambaksari, Jatiarjo, Ledug, Sumberejo and Toyomarto. Method of data gathering that includes both literature research studies and field investigations with informants from the Department of Agriculture, Food Crops, and Horticulture of Malang Regency, as well as coffee producers. The results showed that coffee is grown on Mount Arjuna, Welirang, and Bromo deserves to be registered for Geographical Indications. The average coffee beans produced have a physical quality of Quality 1 and Quality 2. The taste of coffee with the resulting aroma is caramelly and spicy.
Yield Trials of Soybean (M7) Mutant Genotipe (Glycine max L. Merrill) Based on High Production and Resistance to Stem Rot Disease of Athelia rolfsii Curzi
Authors: Pertiwi D , Hanafiah D S , Safni I
Published: April 2022

Soybean consumption (Glycine max L.) in Indonesia has increased significantly. The very large demand for soybeans and limited ability to import demand the immediate development of domestic soybeans. One of the inhibitors that can reduce soybean production is a disease caused by Athelia rolfsii (Curzi). The development program needs to be supported by plant breeding as an effort to overcome problems in developing soybean cultivation technology, one of which is by assembling high-yielding varieties that are always accompanied by disease resistant characters. This study was aimed to determine the level of resistance to stem rot disease of A.rolfsii Curzi and production of soybean (M7) mutan genotype under disease stress and optimum condition. This research was conducted in 2019 using an augmented design. The treatments used were 11 mutant genotypes and 3 comparison varieties, anjasmoro variety, argomulyo variety, and kipas putih variety. The appearance of agronomic characters observed in agronomic traits on inoculated area by A.rolfsii Curzi is lower than the optimum condition. Based on the plant sensitivity index, genotype M100A25(3/7) and M200A12(6/5) had resistant of stem rot disease while M100A25(5/3), M100A25(3/4), M100A6(31/1), M200A11(32/3) had moderate resistance to stem rot disease. The result of strains selection on M7 generation resulted in two strain with high production character and resistance to stem rot disease, M100A25 (3/7) and M200A12(6/5).
Coffee Spent Ground-Based Biochar’s Properties and Application: A Systematic Review
Authors: Sunyoto N M S , Setyawan H Y , Dewi I A , Widyasari Y E , Putri M R , Santoso R A M
Published: April 2022

Coffee is one of the most potential commodities in the world, being the second most traded commodity. Currently, it is consumed as the second-largest beverage around the world and has become part of the lifestyle of today’s generation. As a result of the increasing number of its utilisation, it generates a considerable amount of waste, the coffee spent grounds (CSG) is one of the instances. In general, the CSG that are produced are only disposed of directly (landfill). On the other hand, CSG still contains carbohydrates, oil, nitrogen and carbon which have the potential to be used to produce several products as a means of valorization, including biodiesel, biopolymers, composites, compost and biochar. The purpose of this study was to systematically review the use of CSG as a feedstock of biochar, conditions of biochar production and application as an adsorbent of chemicals causing environmental damage. The research method used a systematic review of the selected journals on the topics, then was further analyzed both in the theory and content. The results of the literature review suggest that CSGs have potential use as a feedstock for biochar production and have been researched for an adsorbent on a wide range of pollutants. The CSG biochars are effective adsorbents for cadmium (II), Tetracycline, Metal Cu, Sulfamethoxazole compounds and are ineffective on Herbicide.
The Influence of Social-Economic on The Risk Mitigation Strategy of Beef Cattle Farmers in Banyuasin Regency, Indonesia
Authors: Hafiz FAA , Guntoro B , Andarwati S , Qui NH
Published: April 2022

Livestock business is one of the most strategic sectors for the development of agriculture in Indonesia. One of the current livestock businesses that has the potential to be developed is beef cattle farming. Every livestock business will face various risks that can affect the results of its business if not anticipated and prepared for handling. This study aims to analyze the influence of the social economic characteristics of beef cattle farmers on the risk mitigation strategy used by beef cattle farmers in Banyuasin Regency. This study employed a descriptive method using a survey as the main strategy of data collection. The study was carried out in two disaster-prone subdistricts in Banyuasin Regency, namely Tanjung Lago and Muara Telang. The sample selection of farmer respondents used a quota, based on which there were 30 farmers from each subdistrict. Therefore, according to the simple random sampling method, 60 farmers were involved in this study. The influence of the social economic characteristics of beef cattle farmers on the risk mitigation strategy was analyzed using regression analysis logistics. The results showed that the average age of farmers is within the productive age. The average number of family members is four people. The longest farming experience is eight years. The number of livestock ownership of each farmer is three livestock units (LU). The average income of farmers is still below the district minimum wage. Beef cattle farmers in Banyuasin Regency tended to apply risk reduction (85%) and avoidance strategies (15%). The number of livestock owned (p<0.05) is a factor that negatively affects the opportunities of farmers to carry out risk mitigation strategies, while the income of farmers in one month (p<0.10) is a factor that positively affects the opportunities of farmers to carry out risk mitigation strategies. It could be concluded the large number of cattle tends to reduce the opportunity for farmers to carry out risk reduction strategies in conducting beef cattle business. This means that the greater the number of livestock owned, the higher the probability of farmers to avoid risk. If the number of livestock owned is increasing, the possibility of loss will also increase. Therefore, farmers tend to avoid these risks rather than reducing all potential risks.
Potency of Guava Shoot Extract as a Control Means Against Diaphorina Citri
Authors: Poerwanto M E , Solichah C
Published: April 2022

Citrus production in Indonesia and the world is facing a serious problem by CVPD attacks. Diaphorina citri is the vector of the disease. Guava leave extract is able to be proposed as prospective control means for the vector. Investigation was conducted to identify the repellent effect of guava leaves to adult of D. citri and the attractiveness to its predator, Menochilus sexmaculatus. Repellent effect of grinded dried of upper, middle, bottom shoot of non-seed, white, and red guava shoots to D. citri and M. sexmaculatus were determined in Y-tube olfactometer. The result showed that repellence effect to D. citri was on guava shoots odor sources. Repellence effect was highest on white guava shoots, followed by non-seed guava and red guava. Repellent effect was 80.7%, 72.7%, and 70.0% respectively. However they did not have any repellent effect to M. sexmaculatus. Guava shoots had the attractiveness effect to M. sexmaculatus adult. The effect was higher on upper, middle, and bottom shoot of red guava, and white guava, and middle shoot of non-seed guava than on upper shoot of citrus. Exception phenomenon was found on upper and bottom shoot of non-seed guava. The attractiveness on those shoots was lower than on citrus leaves. It was able to use guava shoots to repel D. citri and to attract M. sexmaculatus adult as a part of control means of D. citri vector of CVPD disease.
Normalizing flows for atomic solids
Authors: Wirnsberger Peter , Papamakarios George , Ibarz Borja , Racanière Sébastien , Ballard Andrew J , Pritzel Alexander , Blundell Charles
Published: April 2022

We present a machine-learning approach, based on normalizing flows, for modelling atomic solids. Our model transforms an analytically tractable base distribution into the target solid without requiring ground-truth samples for training. We report Helmholtz free energy estimates for cubic and hexagonal ice modelled as monatomic water as well as for a truncated and shifted Lennard-Jones system, and find them to be in excellent agreement with literature values and with estimates from established baseline methods. We further investigate structural properties and show that the model samples are nearly indistinguishable from the ones obtained with molecular dynamics. Our results thus demonstrate that normalizing flows can provide high-quality samples and free energy estimates without the need for multi-staging.
HLAncPred: a method for predicting promiscuous non-classical HLA binding sites
Authors: Dhall Anjali , Patiyal Sumeet , Raghava Gajendra P S
Published: April 2022

Human leukocyte antigens (HLA) regulate various innate and adaptive immune responses and play a crucial immunomodulatory role. Recent studies revealed that non-classical HLA-(HLA-E & HLA-G) based immunotherapies have many advantages over traditional HLA-based immunotherapy, particularly against cancer and COVID-19 infection. In the last two decades, several methods have been developed to predict the binders of classical HLA alleles. In contrast, limited attempts have been made to develop methods for predicting non-classical HLA binding peptides, due to the scarcity of sufficient experimental data. Of note, in order to facilitate the scientific community, we have developed an artificial intelligence–based method for predicting binders of class-Ib HLA alleles. All the models were trained and tested on experimentally validated data obtained from the recent release of IEDB. The machine learning models achieved more than 0.98 AUC for HLA-G alleles on validation dataset. Similarly, our models achieved the highest AUC of 0.96 and 0.94 on the validation dataset for HLA-E*01:01 and HLA-E*01:03, respectively. We have summarized the models developed in the past for non-classical HLA and validated the performance with the models developed in this study. Moreover, to facilitate the community, we have utilized our tool for predicting the potential non-classical HLA binding peptides in the spike protein of different variants of virus causing COVID-19, including Omicron (B.1.1.529). One of the major challenges in the field of immunotherapy is to identify the promiscuous binders or antigenic regions that can bind to a large number of HLA alleles. To predict the promiscuous binders for the non-classical HLA alleles, we developed a web server HLAncPred (https://webs.iiitd.edu.in/raghava/hlancpred) and standalone package.
Cognitive outcome is related to functional thalamo-cortical connectivity after paediatric stroke
Authors: Steiner Leonie , Federspiel Andrea , Slavova Nedelina , Wiest Roland , Grunt Sebastian , Steinlin Maja , Everts Regula
Published: April 2022

The thalamus has complex connections with the cortex and is involved in various cognitive processes. Despite increasing interest in the thalamus and the underlying thalamo-cortical interaction, little is known about thalamo-cortical connections after paediatric arterial ischaemic stroke. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate thalamo-cortical connections and their association with cognitive performance after arterial ischaemic stroke. Twenty patients in the chronic phase after paediatric arterial ischaemic stroke (≥2 years after diagnosis, diagnosed <16 years; aged 5–23 years, mean: 15.1 years) and 20 healthy controls matched for age and sex were examined in a cross-sectional study design. Cognitive performance (selective attention, inhibition, working memory, and cognitive flexibility) was evaluated using standardized neuropsychological tests. Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was used to examine functional thalamo-cortical connectivity. Lesion masks were integrated in the preprocessing pipeline to ensure that structurally damaged voxels did not influence functional connectivity analyses. Cognitive performance (selective attention, inhibition, and working memory) was significantly reduced in patients compared to controls. Network analyses revealed significantly lower thalamo-cortical connectivity for the motor, auditory, visual, default mode network, salience, left/right executive, and dorsal attention network in patients compared with controls. Interestingly, analyses additionally revealed higher thalamo-cortical connectivity in some subdivisions of the thalamus for the default mode network (medial nuclei), motor (lateral nuclei), dorsal attention (anterior nuclei), and the left executive network (posterior nuclei) in patients compared with controls. Increased and decreased thalamo-cortical connectivity strength within the same networks was, however, found in different thalamic subdivisions. Thus, alterations in thalamo-cortical connectivity strength after paediatric stroke seem to point in both directions, with stronger as well as weaker thalamo-cortical connectivity in patients compared with controls. Multivariate linear regression, with lesion size and age as covariates, revealed significant correlations between cognitive performance (selective attention, inhibition, and working memory) and the strength of thalamo-cortical connectivity in the motor, auditory, visual, default mode network, posterior default mode network, salience, left/right executive, and dorsal attention network after childhood stroke. Our data suggest that the interaction between different sub-nuclei of the thalamus and several cortical networks relates to post-stroke cognition. The variability in cognitive outcomes after paediatric stroke might partly be explained by functional thalamo-cortical connectivity strength.
Synchronization on star-like graphs and emerging $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ symmetries at strong coupling
Authors: Alexandrov Artem , Arkhipov Pavel , Gorsky Alexander
Published: April 2022

We discuss the aspects of synchronization on inhomogeneous star-like graphs with long rays in the Kuramoto model framework. We assume the positive correlation between internal frequencies and degrees for all nodes which supports the abrupt first-order synchronization phase transition. It is found that different ingredients of the graph get synchronized at different critical couplings. Combining numerical and analytic tools, we evaluate all critical couplings for the long star graph. Surprisingly, it is found that at strong coupling there are discrete values of coupling constant that support the synchronized states with emerging $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ symmetries. The stability of the synchronized phase is discussed, and the interpretation of the phase with emerging $\mathbb{Z}_{p}$ symmetry for the Josephson array on a long star graph is mentioned.
GeMI: interactive interface for transformer-based Genomic Metadata Integration
Authors: Serna Garcia Giuseppe , Leone Michele , Bernasconi Anna , Carman Mark J
Published: April 2022

The Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) is a public archive containing >4 million digital samples from functional genomics experiments collected over almost two decades. The accompanying metadata describing the experiments suffer from redundancy, inconsistency and incompleteness due to the prevalence of free text and the lack of well-defined data formats and their validation. To remedy this situation, we created Genomic Metadata Integration (GeMI; http://gmql.eu/gemi/), a web application that learns to automatically extract structured metadata (in the form of key-value pairs) from the plain text descriptions of GEO experiments. The extracted information can then be indexed for structured search and used for various downstream data mining activities. GeMI works in continuous interaction with its users. The natural language processing transformer-based model at the core of our system is a fine-tuned version of the Generative Pre-trained Transformer 2 (GPT2) model that is able to learn continuously from the feedback of the users thanks to an active learning framework designed for the purpose. As a part of such a framework, a machine learning interpretation mechanism (that exploits saliency maps) allows the users to understand easily and quickly whether the predictions of the model are correct and improves the overall usability. GeMI’s ability to extract attributes not explicitly mentioned (such as sex, tissue type, cell type, ethnicity and disease) allows researchers to perform specific queries and classification of experiments, which was previously possible only after spending time and resources with tedious manual annotation. The usefulness of GeMI is demonstrated on practical research use cases.

Database URL

http://gmql.eu/gemi/
Calculation of normal and leaky modes for horizontal stratified models based on a semi-analytical spectral element method
Authors: Shi Caiwang , Ren Hengxin , Li Zhengbo , Chen Xiaofei
Published: April 2022

The dispersion curves of surface waves controlled by normal modes have been widely used for the retrieval of subsurface structures. However, only the S-wave velocity structures can be retrieved in most cases because normal modes are primarily sensitive to S-wave velocities. Compared with normal modes, leaky modes, which depend on subsurface structures as well and are more sensitive to P-wave velocities, are rarely applied for subsurface imaging. Besides the difficulties of extracting leaky modes from field data, the calculation of leaky modes also prevents the practical application because traditional methods need to search the leaky-mode roots in the complex frequency-wavenumber domain and thus suffer from root skipping. Recently, some new observation methods support the extraction of multi-order leaky mode dispersion, an effective method for calculating leaky modes is consequently required for further investigation. In this paper, a semi-analytical spectral element method (SASEM) is proposed to solve for the normal and leaky modes of elastic waves propagating in a stratified model with a half-space substrate. The transparent boundary condition and semi-infinite element method are used to model the elastic wavefields in the half-space substrate. Then, a linear eigenvalue problem is derived for the modal calculation. Through simple eigenvalue decomposition, we can obtain the solutions of both normal and leaky modes stably and efficiently without any prior estimations, which makes SASEM very friendly to forward modelling and inversion. Several numerical tests were performed to verify the effectiveness of SASEM, as well as to demonstrate its features of high accuracy and no root skipping. Besides the models composed of several homogeneous layers, SASEM was applied to a vertically inhomogeneous offshore model to demonstrate its wide applicability. Analyses on the oscillations of the solved modes show that the leaky modes differ from the normal modes because of the increasing wavefields in the half-space. Moreover, modal analyses confirm that a part of the leaky modes (guided-P modes) is more dependent on the P waves, whereas the other modes are primarily determined by the S waves. Consequently, the effective calculation of leaky modes makes it possible to constrain the P-wave velocity using leaky-mode dispersion curves.
Explicit Isogenies of Prime Degree Over Quadratic Fields
Authors: Banwait Barinder S
Published: April 2022

Let $K$ be a quadratic field which is not an imaginary quadratic field of class number one. We describe an algorithm to compute the primes $p$ for which there exists an elliptic curve over $K$ admitting a $K$-rational $p$-isogeny. This builds on work of David, Larson-Vaintrob, and Momose. Combining this algorithm with work of Bruin–Najman, Özman–Siksek, and most recently Box, we determine the above set of primes for the three quadratic fields, ${\mathbb {Q}}(\sqrt {-10})$, ${\mathbb {Q}}(\sqrt {5})$, and ${\mathbb {Q}}(\sqrt {7})$, providing the first such examples after Mazur’s 1978 determination for $K = {\mathbb {Q}}$. The termination of the algorithm relies on the Generalised Riemann Hypothesis.
Spatial distribution and multilevel analysis of factors associated with child marriage in Nigeria
Authors: Bolarinwa Obasanjo Afolabi , Seidu Abdul-Aziz , Tessema Zemenu Tadesse , Adu Collins , Oyeleye Olaoye James , Ahinkorah Bright Opoku
Published: April 2022

Background

Child marriage among women has become a major threat to the rights of women, especially in low- and middle-income countries. The marriage of girls below age 18 y is a major public and global health challenge. Therefore, this study examined the spatial pattern and factors associated with child marriage in Nigeria.

Methods

The data were sourced from the 2018 Nigeria Demographic and Health Survey. The study included a total of 4283 young women aged 20–24 y. The findings were provided in the form of spatial maps and adjusted ORs (aORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Hotspot areas for child marriage in Nigeria were located in Sokoto, Kebbi, Katsina, Kano, Jigawa, Yobe, Bauchi, Niger, Borno, Gombe, and Adamawa. The prevalence of child marriage in Nigeria was 41.50%. The likelihood of child marriage in Nigeria was high among those currently working (aOR=1.31; 95% CI 1.11 to 1.55) compared with young women who were not working. On the other hand, young women whose partners had secondary education and above (aOR=0.57; 95% CI 0.45 to 0.73) were less likely to report child marriage in Nigeria compared with those whose partners had no education.

Conclusions

The findings of the study indicate that there are several hotspots in Nigeria that need to be targeted when implementing interventions aimed at eliminating child marriage in the country.
Consumer perceptions of telehealth for mental health or substance abuse: a Twitter-based topic modeling analysis
Authors: Baird Aaron , Xia Yusen , Cheng Yichen
Published: April 2022

Objective

The objective of this study is to understand the primary topics of consumer discussion on Twitter associated with telehealth for mental health or substance abuse for prepandemic versus during-pandemic time-periods, using a state-of-the-art machine learning (ML) natural language processing (NLP) method.

Materials and Methods

The primary methodological phases of this project were: (1) collecting, cleaning, and filtering data (tweets) from January 2014 to June 2021, (2) describing the final corpus, (3) running and optimizing Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT; using BERTopic in Python) models, and (4) human refinement of topic model results and thematic classification of topics.

Results

The number of tweets in this context increased by 4 times during the pandemic (2017 tweets prepandemic vs 8672 tweets during the pandemic). During the pandemic topics were more frequently mental health related than substance abuse related. Top during-pandemic topics were therapy, suicide, pain (associated with burnout and drinking), and mental health diagnoses such as ADHD and autism. Anxiety was a key topic of discussion both pre- and during the pandemic.

Discussion

Telehealth for mental health and substance abuse is being discussed more frequently online, which implies growing demand. Given the topics extracted as proxies for demand, the most demand is currently for telehealth for mental health primarily, especially for children, parents, and therapy for those with anxiety or depression, and substance abuse secondarily.

Conclusions

Scarce telehealth resources can be allocated more efficiently if topics of consumer discussion are included in resource allocation decision- and policy-making processes.
Lex petrolea in international arbitration—a very English dissent
Authors: Betin Batuhan
Published: April 2022

This article begins by supplementing the existing criticism which rejects the recognition of lex petrolea as an autonomous system of law. It then proceeds to discuss the practical application of lex petrolea as ‘substantive law’ in international arbitration disputes. This is inspected through the lens of international and comparative law, although sections of the article focus specifically on English law. The author presents three practical conclusions. First, although parties to an arbitration may elect the rules of lex mercatoria and (by analogy) lex petrolea to govern the merits of their dispute under the lex arbitri of most Civil Law European jurisdictions, this is not possible in England under the Arbitration Act 1996. Secondly, an arbitrator may not disapply the parties’ choice of substantive law and instead resolve the dispute through the application of lex petrolea. Such a decision will likely result in the annulment of the award. Thirdly, awards relating to petroleum disputes are incapable of creating binding precedent and therefore do not create indissoluble rules of private international law. Moreover, proponents of lex petrolea such as Bishop and Childs have failed to identify any novel rules of customary international law through their doctrinal study of petroleum related arbitral awards.
Determining Intraosseous Needle Placement Using Point-of-Care Ultrasound in a Swine (Sus scrofa) Model
Authors: Kyle Adrianna I , Auten Jonathan D , Zarow Gregory J , Natarajan Ramesh , Bianchi William D , Speicher Matthew V , Palma James , Gaspary Micah J
Published: April 2022

Objective

Intraosseous (IO) access is critical in resuscitation, providing rapid access when peripheral vascular attempts fail. Unfortunately, misplacement commonly occurs, leading to possible fluid extravasation and tissue necrosis. Current research exploring the utility of bedside ultrasound in confirming IO line placement is limited by small sample sizes of skeletally immature subjects or geriatric cadaveric models. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential value of ultrasound confirming IO needle placement in a live tissue model with bone densities approximated to the young adult medical or trauma patient.

Materials and Methods

In this randomized, blinded prospective study, IO devices were placed into the bilateral humeri of 36 sedated adult swine (N = 72) with bone densities approximating that of a 20-39-year-old adult. Of the 72 lines, 53 were randomized to the IO space (“correct”) and 19 into the subcutaneous tissue (“incorrect”). Four emergency physicians with variable ultrasound experience and blinded to needle location independently assessed correct or incorrect needle placements based on the presence of an intramedullary “flare” on color power Doppler (CPD) during a saline flush. Participants adjusted the ultrasound beam trajectory and recorded assessments up to three times, totaling 204 separate observations.

Results

Overall, sensitivity for placement confirmation was 72% (95% CI: 64%-79%). Specificity was 79% (95% CI: 66%-89%). First assessment and final assessment results were similar. More experienced sonographers demonstrated greater success in identifying inaccurate placements with a specificity of 86% (95% CI: 63%-96%).

Conclusion

Within the context of this study, point-of-care ultrasound with CPD did not reliably confirm IO line placement. However, more accurate assessments of functional and malpositioned catheters were noted in sonographers with greater than 4 years of experience. Future study into experienced sonographers’ use of CPD to confirm IO catheter placement is needed.
Joining the Navy to Become a Physician: The Typical Experience
Authors: Goodrich Eric
Published: April 2022

Introduction

The decision to enter the Navy as a physician is a major career choice. However, there are no published studies that address the typical Navy physician’s experience in the Health Professions Scholarship Program (HPSP) and Uniformed Services University of the Health Sciences (USUHS) programs. The purpose of this qualitative study is to describe the typical Navy physician’s experience in the HPSP and USUHS programs.

Materials and Methods

An anonymous online survey containing 47 questions was distributed to 63 Navy HPSP and USUHS physicians who started internships from 2008 to 2015. Participants were chosen by using purposeful, criterion, and snowball sampling methods with whom the author had a professional relationship during his military experience. The survey data were plotted in Excel spreadsheets and graphs according to six sub-research questions. Mean, SD, Likert scale 1-5, and grouping of free text responses were recorded.

Results

A total of 54 out of 63 Navy physicians (85.7%) responded to the survey. Navy physicians got their first-choice residency selection of 67.3% of the time, 34.6% went straight through residency without interruptions, 44.2% answered definitely or probably that military match changed their residency selection compared to them applying for civilian residency, and 46.2% answered definitely or probably that it was more difficult to get into military versus civilian residency. Participants answered definitely or probably that military experience puts them ahead of civilians in terms of leadership (82.7%), prior medical experience (46.2%), and applying for civilian residency (76.2%). Common positive themes of free-text answers included having financial stability, unique life experiences, and serving their country. Common negative themes included lack of career control, lack of knowledge regarding HPSP/USUHS programs, and delay in residency and career.

Conclusions

The principal findings in this study are that most Navy physicians favored paid medical school/financial support, working overseas and in unique operational climates, having unique life experiences, leadership skills, and prior military experience put them ahead of their civilian colleagues, thought the Navy experience was worth it, and would join again if given the opportunity. However, most Navy physicians had a lack of career control due to needs of the Navy, lack of knowledge regarding residency selection, operational billets, and active duty service obligation, had more difficulty getting into a military residency of their choice versus civilians, and had interrupted residency training/training delays. The Navy would possibly benefit from a nationwide HPSP/USUHS physician mentorship program and an educational seminar to increase medical student applicant knowledge, which may improve recruiting and retention.
forge: the f(R)-gravity cosmic emulator project – I. Introduction and matter power spectrum emulator
Authors: Arnold Christian , Li Baojiu , Giblin Benjamin , Harnois-Déraps Joachim , Cai Yan-Chuan
Published: April 2022

We present a large suite of cosmological simulations, the forge (F-of-R Gravity Emulator) simulation suite, which is designed to build accurate emulators for cosmological observables in galaxy clustering, weak gravitational lensing, and galaxy clusters for the f(R)-gravity model. A total of 200 simulations explore the cosmological parameter space around a standard Planck cosmology with a Latin hypercube, for 50 combinations of $\bar{f}_{R0}$, Ωm, σ8, and h with all other parameters fixed. For each parameter combination, or node, we ran four independent simulations, one pair using 10243 particles in $500\, h^{-1}\, \mathrm{Mpc}$ simulation boxes to cover small scales, and another pair using 5123 simulation particles in $1.5\, h^{-1}\, \mathrm{Gpc}$ boxes for larger scales. Each pair of initial conditions is selected such that sample variance on large scales is minimized on average. In this work we present an accurate emulator for the matter power spectrum in f(R) gravity trained on forge. We have verified, using the cross-validation technique, that the emulator accuracy is better than $2.5{{\, \rm per\, cent}}$ for the majority of nodes, particularly around the centre of the explored parameter space, up to scales of $k = 10\, h \, \mathrm{Mpc}^{-1}$. We have also checked the power spectrum emulator against simulations that are not part of our training set and found excellent agreement. Due to its high accuracy on small scales, the forge matter power spectrum emulator is well suited for weak-lensing analysis and can play a key tool in constraining f(R) gravity using current and future observational data.
Constraints on the origins of hypervelocity stars: velocity distribution, mergers, and star formation history
Authors: Generozov Aleksey , Perets Hagai B
Published: April 2022

In recent years surveys have identified several dozen B stars in the Milky Way halo moving faster than the local escape speed. The origin of most of these hypervelocity stars (HVSs) is still poorly constrained. Here we show that the velocity distribution, and in particular the deficiency in >700 km s−1 HVSs is inconsistent with binary disruptions by the massive black hole (MBH) in the Galactic Centre. This conclusion holds in the full and empty loss-cone regime, and for secular instabilities in eccentric discs. Accounting for multiple close encounters between binaries and the MBH does not qualitatively change the results. Moreover, there is no observed counterpart population in the Galactic Centre that is consistent with the HVSs. The star formation history could be tuned explain the HVS velocity distribution, but this tuning would produce a mismatch with the observed HVS flight times. Frequent stellar collisions of the binary components due to interactions with the MBH do not significantly impact the velocity distribution in the Galactic halo. Such collisions, however, can leave observable remnants in the Galactic Centre, and potentially explain the origins of G2-like dust clouds.
Newcomers and suburbanites can drive the evolution of the size–stellar mass relation of early-type galaxies in galaxy clusters
Authors: Matteuzzi Massimiliano , Marinacci Federico , Nipoti Carlo , Andreon Stefano
Published: April 2022

At fixed stellar mass M*, the effective radius Re of massive satellite early-type galaxies (ETGs) in galaxy clusters is, on average, larger at lower redshift. We study theoretically this size evolution using the state-of-the-art cosmological simulation IllustrisTNG100: we sampled 75 simulated satellite ETGs at redshift z = 0 with M* ≥ 1010.4M⊙ belonging to the two most massive (≈1014.6M⊙) haloes of the simulation. We traced back in time the two clusters’ main progenitors and we selected their satellite ETGs at z > 0 with the same criterion adopted at z = 0. The Re–M* relation of the simulated cluster satellite ETGs, which is robustly measured out to z = 0.85, evolves similarly to the observed relation over the redshift range 0 ≲ z ≲ 0.85. In the simulation the main drivers of this evolution are the acquisition of new galaxies (‘newcomers') by the clusters and the transformation of member galaxies located at large cluster-centric distance (‘suburbanites’) at z = 0.85, which end up being massive satellite ETGs at z = 0. Though several physical processes contribute to change the population of satellite ETGs in the considered redshift interval, the shape of the stellar mass function of the simulated cluster ETGs is not significantly different at z = 0.85 and at z = 0, consistent with observations.
The Fundamental Planes of black hole activity for radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars
Authors: Bariuan Luis Gabriel C , Snios Bradford , Sobolewska Małgosia , Siemiginowska Aneta , Schwartz Daniel A
Published: April 2022

We examine the Fundamental Plane of black hole activity for correlations with redshift and radio loudness in both radio-loud and radio-quiet quasar populations. Sources are compiled from archival data of both radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars over redshifts 0.1 < z < 5.0 to produce a sample of 353 sources with known X-ray, radio, and black hole mass measurements. A Fundamental Plane of accretion activity is fit to a sample of radio-loud and radio-quiet quasars, and we find a dichotomy between radio-loud and radio-quiet sources. The set of best-fitting equations that best describe the two samples are log LR = (1.12 ± 0.06)log LX − (0.20 ± 0.07)log M − (5.64 ± 2.99) for our radio-loud sample and log LR = (0.48 ± 0.06)log LX + (0.50 ± 0.08)log M + (15.26 ± 2.66) for our radio-quiet sample. Our results suggest that the average radio-quiet quasar emission is consistent with advection-dominated accretion, while a combination of jet and disc emission dominates in radio-loud quasars. We additionally examine redshift trends amongst the radio-loud and radio-quiet samples, and we observe a redshift dependence for the Fundamental Plane of radio-loud quasars. Lastly, we utilize the Fundamental Plane as a black hole mass estimation method and determine it useful in studying systems where standard spectral modelling techniques are not viable.