bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rules in the Unidroit Principles Not Covered in the Convention
Authors: Gabriel Henry Deeb
Published: January 2022

This chapter discusses some provisions in the UNIDROIT Principles on International Commercial Contracts (Principles) which are not covered in the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (Convention). Not contained in the Convention, the Principles set out specific rules on set-off rights, limitation periods, assignment of rights and delegation of duties, third party beneficiary rights, conditions, illegality, and plurality of parties.
Shipping Terms and their Usage
Authors: Gabriel Henry Deeb
Published: January 2022

This chapter examines the shipping and delivery terms known as Incoterms, which are published by the International Chamber of Commerce. Shipping terms facilitate international commercial transactions by eliminating some of the barriers caused by distance, language, and local business customs. The principal areas that are governed by the Incoterms are risk of loss, delivery obligations, export licenses, custom clearance, and insurance. The Incoterms are grouped into four categories based on the shipper’s obligations. The “E”-term provides for the least amount of obligation placed on the shipper. Accordingly, the “F”-terms, the “C”-terms, and ultimately the “D”-terms increase the obligations placed on the shipper. The FAS (Free Alongside Ship), FOB (Free On Board), CFR (Cost and Freight), and CIF (Cost, Insurance, and Freight) terms are used for sea and inland waterway transport, while the other terms are appropriate for any mode or modes of transport.
Arms Control and Disarmament Law
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart
Published: January 2022

Arms control and disarmament are key elements in promoting international peace and security. In recent decades, the scope of disarmament law has broadened from a traditional focus on weapons of mass destruction to encompass conventional weapons. This new volume provides a concise and objective appraisal of international arms control and disarmament law. Across seven concise chapters, the book traces the history of arms control and disarmament in the modern era, addressing the issues surrounding biological and chemical weapons, the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, and conventional weapon and arms transfer regimes. It concludes by considering how, in order to remain relevant, disarmament and arms control will need to adapt to rapidly evolving technologies that defy traditional means of verification and control. The book is an accessible, go-to source for practising international lawyers, judges and arbitrators, government and military officers, scholars, teachers, and students.
Introduction
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart
Published: January 2022

This chapter provides background and context to the study of arms control and disarmament and first offers definitions of certain fundamental terms, such as arms and weapons, weapons of mass destruction, conventional weapons, disarmament, arms control, and non-proliferation. It summarizes the evolution of arms control and disarmament over the past 150 years into the modern era. It also discusses the role of multilateral institutions in disarmament and arms control. The chapter gives a concise and objective appraisal of arms control and disarmament, with a primary focus on international law, but also with reference to key mechanisms and institutions. It confirms why arms control and disarmament are key contributors to international peace and security.
Key Components of Arms Control and Disarmament
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart
Published: January 2022

This chapter defines and describes the different components within arms control and disarmament law treaties, specifically development and testing, production, stockpiling, transfer, and use. It analyses verification and other confidence-building measures that seek to monitor and promote implementation of agreed commitments while assuring other States that those commitments are being respected. It also discusses weapons development, which includes the testing of prototypes, and test-detonation of nuclear weapons and other nuclear explosive devices that are addressed in dedicated provisions and treaties. The chapter explains production as one form of acquisition of armaments and the means by which a State may come to possess or control a weapon. It refers to stockpile destruction and other treaties that allow a small number of prohibited weapons to be retained in training and testing of environmental remediation processes.
Nuclear Weapons and Nuclear Weapon Regimes
Authors: Casey-Maslen Stuart
Published: January 2022

This chapter clarifies the content and operation of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which works to ensure the peaceful use of nuclear energy. It examines the content and status of the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA), better known as the Iran Nuclear Deal, including the concomitant situation in Iran. It also outlines the role of the United Nations (UN) Security Council with respect to the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea (North Korea). The chapter talks about the operation of the Missile Technology Control Regime (MCTR), which was initiated by like-minded countries in order to address the increasing proliferation of nuclear weapons. It covers the development and use of nuclear weapons and mentions new technologies under development for their delivery.
Toddler–mother attachment moderates adolescents’ behavioral and neural evaluation of trustworthiness
Authors: Li Xiaomei , Jorgensen Nathan A , McElwain Nancy L , Telzer Eva H
Published: January 2022

This longitudinal study examined the prospective association between toddler–mother attachment to adolescents’ (n = 52; 34 boys; Mage = 13.22 years; 90% White) behavioral and neural responses during the evaluation of trustworthiness from unfamiliar, emotionally neutral faces. At 33 months, toddler–mother attachment status (secure vs insecure classification) was assessed using a modified Strange Situation procedure. Results revealed that attachment moderated the processing of trustworthiness facial cues. As faces became less trustworthy, adolescents with a secure (vs insecure) attachment history rated the faces as correspondingly less trustworthy and showed increasing (vs overall blunted) activation in brain regions involved in trustworthiness perception (i.e. bilateral amygdala, bilateral fusiform, right anterior insula and right posterior superior temporal sulcus). Findings suggest that a secure compared with insecure child–mother attachment in toddlerhood may be associated with greater capacity for, or openness to, processing potentially negative social information at both the behavioral and neural levels during adolescence.
Intra-host analysis of hepaciviral glycoprotein evolution reveals signatures associated with viral persistence and clearance
Authors: Gömer André , Brown Richard J P , Pfaender Stephanie , Deterding Katja , Reuter Gábor , Orton Richard , Seitz Stefan , Bock C- Thomas , Cavalleri Jessika M V , Pietschmann Thomas , Wedemeyer Heiner , Steinmann Eike , Todt Daniel
Published: January 2022

Even 30 years after the discovery of the hepatitis C virus (HCV) in humans there is still no vaccine available. Reasons for this include the high mutation rate of HCV, which allows the virus to escape immune recognition and the absence of an immunocompetent animal model for vaccine development. Phylogenetically distinct hepaciviruses (genus Hepacivirus, family Flaviviridae) have been isolated from diverse species, each with a narrow host range: the equine hepacivirus (EqHV) is the closest known relative of HCV. In this study, we used amplicon-based deep-sequencing to investigate the viral intra-host population composition of the genomic regions encoding the surface glycoproteins E1 and E2. Patterns of E1E2 substitutional evolution were compared in longitudinally sampled EqHV-positive sera of naturally and experimentally infected horses and HCV-positive patients. Intra-host virus diversity was higher in chronically than in acutely infected horses, a pattern which was similar in the HCV-infected patients. However, overall glycoprotein variability was higher in HCV compared to EqHV. Additionally, selection pressure in HCV populations was higher, especially within the N-terminal region of E2, corresponding to the hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) in HCV. An alignment of glycoprotein sequences from diverse hepaciviruses identified the HVR1 as a unique characteristic of HCV: hepaciviruses from non-human species lack this region. Together, these data indicate that EqHV infection of horses could represent a powerful surrogate animal model to gain insights into hepaciviral evolution and HCVs HVR1-mediated immune evasion strategy.
Local Eradication of Phytophthora ramorum Is Effective on Both NA1 and EU1 Lineages in Oregon Tanoak Forests
Authors: Daniels Hazel A. , Navarro Sarah M. , LeBoldus Jared M.
Published: January 2022

Sudden oak death (SOD), caused by the oomycete Phytophthora ramorum, has been actively managed in Oregon since its discovery there in 2001. SOD is a devastating disease affecting an ecologically and culturally important tree species in southwestern Oregon. Initially infested with the NA1 lineage, the more virulent EU1 lineage was discovered in 2015. Management has adapted over time in response to experimental findings and administrative limitations. Current management practices present an opportunity to compare the efficacy of treatment on these lineages by analyzing P. ramorum inoculum at untreated and treated sites. Current treatment includes herbicide treatment on host stems followed by felling, piling, and burning on site. Infested sites were visited between 2018 and 2020 (n = 88), where understory vegetation and soil was collected. Generalized linear modeling demonstrated that treatment had a significant impact on P. ramorum prevalence from vegetation samples, with an average of 33% (± 10%) fewer positive samples at treated sites. Linear mixed-effects modeling of a subpopulation of EU1 sites visited before and after treatment showed a similar effect of treatment, with a 43% (± 15%) reduction in P. ramorum prevalence. Prevalence of P. ramorum in soil was not affected by treatment in either analysis. A third analysis taking into consideration recent wildfire incursion into infested areas revealed that wildfire alone is insufficient to reduce prevalence of P. ramorum. These results strongly suggest that management is successfully reducing P. ramorum inoculum found on understory vegetation, and that treatment remains necessary to reduce the spread of this major forest pathogen.
Spatial Variability and Behavior of Background Radon Concentrations in Ambient Air in the San Mateo Basin of the Grants Mineral Belt
Authors: Rood Arthur S. , Whicker Randy
Published: January 2022

A modeling study and analysis of measurement data was conducted in the San Mateo basin near the former Homestake Mining Company of California’s mill site located north of Milan, NM, to understand the spatial variability of background radon and identify a suitable background station. Recent guidance from the US Nuclear Regulatory commission clarifies the requirement that dose assessments of existing facilities be based on environmental measurements at the facility’s unrestricted boundary instead of predictive modeling. Background is important because it is subtracted from radon measured at the boundary for dose calculations. The current background station lies on the slopes above the wash floor. The mill site contains two tailing piles with a total area of 1.03 km2 that in 2019 emitted 1,750 mBq m−2 s−1 from the larger of the piles and 320 mBq m−2 s−1 from the smaller pile. Atmospheric transport modeling was conducted to facilitate understanding of the movement of radon in the San Mateo wash bottom and surrounding hillsides. The model was validated using emission and measurement data from the nearby Ambrosia Lake mining region. The modeling, in combination with current measurements and previous studies, indicated the wash floor has characteristically higher radon concentrations than the slopes above the wash. This phenomenon was attributed to (1) higher radon soil flux in the alluvial sediments that make up the wash floor, (2) nocturnal drainage flow that results in a pooling of radon on the wash floor, and (3) inversion conditions that trap radon in a shallow air mass on the wash floor during late evening and early morning hours. Using a regression of predicted and observed radon concentrations, a background concentration of 25.7 Bq m−3 was derived that was close to that measured at background stations about 4 km north of the tailings pile and on the San Mateo wash floor.
Care Management Intervention to Address Determinants of Health for Individuals With Multiple Behavioral Health Readmission
Authors: Hutchison Shari L. , Herschell Amy D. , Edwards Jamie F. , Karpov Irina , Wasilchak Deborah S. , Hurford Matthew O.
Published: January 2022

Purpose of Study:

To examine the effectiveness of a care management intervention to decrease readmissions and to better understand clinical and social determinants associated with readmission.

Primary Practice Setting:

Inpatient mental health (MH) and substance use disorder (SUD) facilities, nonhospital SUD withdrawal management and rehabilitation facilities.

Methodology and Sample:

The authors identified 3,950 Medicaid-enrolled individuals who received the intervention from licensed clinical staff of a behavioral health managed care organization; 2,182 individuals were eligible but did not receive the intervention, for treatment as usual (TAU). We used logistic regression to examine factors associated with readmission. Determinants of readmission were summarized through descriptive tests.

Results:

The intervention was associated with lower readmissions to SUD facilities compared with TAU (6.0% vs. 8.6%, p = .0002) and better follow-up to aftercare. Controlling for clinical differences between groups, regression results found increased odds of readmission for male gender (odds ratio [OR]: 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.16–1.52, p < .0001) and dual MH and SUD diagnoses (OR: 1.52; CI: 1.29–1.79, p < .0001). Prior inpatient and case management services were also associated with increased odds for readmission. In the regression model, the intervention was not associated with decreased odds for readmission. Individuals with readmission (n = 796) were more likely to report being prescribed psychotropic medication and having housing difficulties and less likely to report having a recovery plan than those without readmission.

Implications for Case Management Practice:

Characteristics of Medicaid populations with hospitalization may contribute to readmission, which may be mitigated through care management intervention.
Impact of the Registered Nurse Clinical Liaison Role in Ambulatory Care on Transitions of Care
Authors: Flynn Mollie J. , Kronebusch Beckie J. , Sikkink Laura A. , Swanson Kristi M. , Niccum Kelly J. , Crane Sarah J. , Aoun Bernard , Takahashi Paul Y.
Published: January 2022

Purpose of Study:

To determine the relationship between engagement with the novel register nurse care liaison (RNCL) and enrollment in care management compared with usual care in hospitalized patients.

Primary Practice Setting:

Patients in the hospital from January 1, 2019, to September 30, 2019, who would be eligible for care management.

Methodology and Sample:

This was a retrospective cohort study. The authors compared a group of 419 patients who utilized the services of the RNCL at any time during their hospital stay with the RNCL to a propensity matched control group of 833 patients, which consisted of patients who were hospitalized during the same time as the RNCL intervention group. Our primary outcome was enrollment in care management programs. Our secondary outcome was 30-day readmissions, emergency department (ED) use, and office visits. The authors compared baseline characteristics and outcomes across groups using Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney and χ2 tests and performed an adjusted analysis using conditional logistic regression models controlling for patient education and previous health care utilization.

Results:

The authors matched 419 patients who had engaged an RNCL to 833 patients in the usual care group; this comprised the analytic cohort for this study. The authors found 67.1% of patients enrolled in a care management program with RNCL compared with only 15.3% in usual care (p < .0001). The authors found higher rates of enrollment in all programs of care management. After the full adjustment, the odds ratio for enrollment in any program was 13.7 (95% confidence interval: 9.3, 20.2) for RNCL compared with usual care. There was no difference between groups with 30-day hospitalization or ED visit.

Conclusion:

In this matched study of 419 patients with RNCL engagement, the authors found significantly higher enrollment in all care management programs.

Implications for Case Management Practice:

These findings encourage further study of this care model. This could help enhance enrollment in care management programs, increase relationships between inpatient practice and ambulatory practice, as well as increase communication across the continuum of care.
Corrigendum Supports Therapeutic Contribution of Acupoint Tapping to EFTs' Observed Effects
Authors: Church Dawson , Kip Kevin , Stapleton Peta
Published: January 2022

We published a meta-analysis of studies that examined the various components of an evidence-based therapy called emotional freedom techniques (EFTs). EFT uses elements of conventional therapies such as exposure and cognitive processing but includes the unique ingredient of acupoint stimulation using fingertip tapping. Six studies were identified, and three of these met the quality control criteria of the American Psychological Association's Division 12 Task Force for Empirically Validated Therapies. Meta-analysis found that the acupoint component of EFT was not an inert ingredient or inactive placebo but made an active contribution to the therapeutic effects noted in a research literature that now numbers over 100 clinical trials of EFT. Subsequent to publication, errors in the original analysis were identified, primarily incorrect standard deviations. A new analysis was performed by an independent statistician and found slightly greater effects than the original investigation. The results were published as a corrigendum, which was subsequently challenged by Spielmans. Here we examine the critiques of the corrigendum and original article. We find that although they may be of academic interest, they are irrelevant to the central research question of whether the acupoint component of EFT is inert or active. We reaffirm that the evidence clearly validates the contribution made by acupoint tapping to EFT's observed clinical effects.
Is Diffuse Axonal Injury Different in Adults and Children? An Analysis of National Trauma Database
Authors: Hershkovitz Yehuda , Kessel Boris , Dubose J.J. , Peleg Kobi , Zilbermints Viacheslav , Jeroukhimov Igor , Givon Adi , Dudkiewicz Mickey , Aranovich David
Published: January 2022

Background

Diffuse axonal injury (DAI) is typically associated with significant mechanisms of injury and the effects of acceleration-deceleration forces on brain tissues. The prognosis of DAI remains a matter of active investigation, but little is known about outcome differences between adult and pediatric populations with DAI.

Methods

We performed a retrospective cohort study involving blunt trauma patients with DAI between the years 1997 and 2018 from the Israeli National Trauma Registry. The patients were divided to pediatric (age <15 years) and adult (age >15 years) groups, with subsequent comparison of demographics and outcomes.

Results

Diffuse axonal injury was identified in 1983 patients, including 469 pediatric victims (23.6%) and 1514 adults (76.4%). Adults had higher Injury Severity Score (20.5% vs 13.2%, P = 0.0004), increased mortality (17.7% vs 13.4%, P < 0.0001), longer hospitalizations (58.4% vs 44.4%, P < 0.001), and higher rehabilitation need rates (56.4% vs 41.8%, P < 0.0001). Associated extracranial injuries were also more common in adults, particularly to the chest.

Conclusions

Pediatric patients with DAI have improved outcomes and fewer associated injuries than adult counterparts.
Triple Versus Single Application of Lidocaine, Epinephrine, and Tetracaine for Laceration Repair in Children
Authors: Siembieda Joshua , Heyming Theodore , Padlipsky Patricia , Young Kelly D.
Published: January 2022

Objective

Lidocaine (4%), epinephrine (0.1%), and tetracaine (0.5%) topical gel (LET) is a safe and effective method of providing anesthesia for laceration repair. Some patients, however, require additional infiltrated local anesthetic. We sought to determine if 3 applications of LET 10 minutes apart (triple LET) result in lower pain scores with suturing than one application for 30 minutes (single LET).

Methods

We performed a randomized single-blind controlled trial of pediatric emergency department patients 7 to 17 years old with simple lacerations requiring sutures. Patients received either triple or single LET, and the first suture was placed or attempted within 15 minutes of removing the LET. Visual analog pain score on a 100-mm scale was obtained by a blinded nurse. Pain scores between groups were compared using the Wilcoxon rank sum test.

Results

Forty-eight patients were enrolled: 21 for single LET and 27 for triple LET. Mean visual analog pain scale (VAS) score for single LET patients was 16 (SD, 17; range, 0–48), and that for triple LET patients was 16 (SD, 24; range, 0–95), with the difference not significant at 0.37 (95% confidence interval, −11.9 to 12.6). There was no significant difference in requirement for additional anesthesia between single LET (4 of 21 [19%]) and triple LET (5 of 27 [19%]) patients.

Conclusions

Lidocaine (4%), epinephrine (0.1%), and tetracaine (0.5%) topical gel every 10 minutes for 3 applications was not superior in anesthetic efficacy to applying it once for 30 minutes.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Fibromyalgia: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Toh Ezekiel Y.J. , Ng Jarret S.P. , McIntyre Roger S. , Tran Bach X. , Ho Roger C. , Ho Cyrus S.H. , Tam Wilson W.S.
Published: January 2022

Objective

Meta-analysis was performed to evaluate the effectiveness of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in fibromyalgia on the domains of pain, depression, anxiety and quality of life.

Method

Publications were searched with the keywords “repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation” and “fibromyalgia” for randomized controlled trials that compare rTMS with sham stimulation for treating pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life. Trials available until April 2021 were searched through PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Cochrane Controlled Trials Register. The postintervention scores after 4 weeks for pain, depression, anxiety, and quality of life were extracted to compare the effects of rTMS and sham. Subgroup analysis was conducted based on the stimulation site.

Results

From 265 screened articles, 11 eligible randomized controlled trials involving 303 patients were included. The results show that rTMS is more effective than sham stimulation in improving pain (standardized mean difference [SMD] = −0.35; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.62 to −0.08; p = .01) and quality of life (SMD = −0.51; 95% CI = −0.78 to −0.23; p = .0003). It is not more effective than sham stimulation for depression, and anxiety. After sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis revealed that primary motor cortex stimulation was more effective than sham for improving pain (SMD = −0.57; 95% CI = −0.91 to −0.23; p = <0.01). Neither dorsolateral prefrontal cortex nor primary motor cortex stimulation was more effective than sham in improving depression and anxiety.

Conclusions

rTMS is more effective than sham in improving pain and quality of life, but it does not demonstrate reduction in depression or anxiety.
On end-point distribution for directed polymers and related problems for randomly forced Burgers equation
Authors: Khanin Konstantin , Li Liying
Published: January 2022

In this paper, we study several problems related to the theory of randomly forced Burgers equation. Our numerical analysis indicates that despite the localization effects the quenched variance of the endpoint distribution for directed polymers in the strong disorder regime grows as the polymer length

t
→
∞

. We also present numerical results in support of the ‘one force–one solution’ principle.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Scaling the turbulence edifice (part 2)’.
Dimensional effects in Rayleigh–Taylor mixing
Authors: Boffetta Guido , Musacchio Stefano
Published: January 2022

We study the effects of dimensional confinement on the evolution of incompressible Rayleigh–Taylor mixing both in a bulk flow and in porous media by means of numerical simulations of the transport equations. In both cases, the confinement to two-dimensional flow accelerates the mixing process and increases the speed of the mixing layer. Dimensional confinement also produces stronger correlations between the density and the velocity fields affecting the efficiency of the mass transfer, quantified by the dependence of the Nusselt number on the Rayleigh number.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Scaling the turbulence edifice (part 2)’.
The Galerkin-truncated Burgers equation: crossover from inviscid-thermalized to Kardar–Parisi–Zhang scaling
Authors: Cartes C. , Tirapegui E. , Pandit R. , Brachet M.
Published: January 2022

The one-dimensional Galerkin-truncated Burgers equation, with both dissipation and noise terms included, is studied using spectral methods. When the truncation-scale Reynolds number

R

min

is varied, from very small values to order 1 values, the scale-dependent correlation time

τ
(
k
)

is shown to follow the expected crossover from the short-distance

τ
(
k
)
∼

k

−
2

Edwards–Wilkinson scaling to the universal long-distance Kardar–Parisi–Zhang scaling

τ
(
k
)
∼

k

−
3

/

2

. In the inviscid limit,

R

min

→
∞

, we show that the system displays
another
crossover to the Galerkin-truncated inviscid-Burgers regime that admits thermalized solutions with

τ
(
k
)
∼

k

−
1

. The scaling forms of the time-correlation functions are shown to follow the known analytical laws and the skewness and excess kurtosis of the interface increments distributions are characterized.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Scaling the turbulence edifice (part 2)’.
Puff turbulence in the limit of strong buoyancy
Authors: Mazzino Andrea , Rosti Marco Edoardo
Published: January 2022

We provide a numerical validation of a recently proposed phenomenological theory to characterize the space–time statistical properties of a turbulent puff, both in terms of bulk properties, such as the mean velocity, temperature and size, and scaling laws for velocity and temperature differences both in the viscous and in the inertial range of scales. In particular, apart from the more classical shear-dominated puff turbulence, our main focus is on the recently discovered new regime where turbulent fluctuations are dominated by buoyancy. The theory is based on an adiabaticity hypothesis which assumes that small-scale turbulent fluctuations rapidly relax to the slower large-scale dynamics, leading to a generalization of the classical Kolmogorov and Kolmogorov–Obukhov–Corrsin theories for a turbulent puff hosting a scalar field. We validate our theory by means of massive direct numerical simulations finding excellent agreement.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Scaling the turbulence edifice (part 2)’.
Eddy heat exchange at the boundary under white noise turbulence
Authors: Flandoli Franco , Galeati Lucio , Luo Dejun
Published: January 2022

We prove the existence of an eddy heat diffusion coefficient coming from an idealized model of turbulent fluid. A difficulty lies in the presence of a boundary, with also turbulent mixing and the eddy diffusion coefficient going to zero at the boundary. Nevertheless, enhanced diffusion takes place.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Scaling the turbulence edifice (part 2)’.
Judicial Opinions 103–111
Authors: Arahal David R. , Busse Hans-Jürgen , Bull Carolee T. , Christensen Henrik , Chuvochina Maria , Dedysh Svetlana N. , Fournier Pierre-Edouard , Konstantinidis Konstantinos T. , Parker Charles T. , Rosselló-Móra Ramon , Ventosa Antonio , Göker Markus
Published: January 2022

In Opinion 103, the request to place the name Spirillum volutans Ehrenberg 1832 (Approved Lists 1980) on the list of rejected names is denied because a neotype may be designated. Similarly, because a neotype may be designated, in Opinion 104 the request to place the name

Beijerinckia fluminensis

Döbereiner and Ruschel 1958 (Approved Lists 1980) on the list of rejected names is denied. In Opinion 105, it is emphasized that the name

Rhodoligotrophos

Fukuda et al. 2012 does not contravene the Code. The request to orthographically correct

Rhodoligotrophos

Fukuda et al. 2012 to Rhodoligotrophus corrig. Fukuda et al. 2012 is denied. Opinion 106 addresses two Requests for an Opinion and results in the placement of the epithet hoagii in

Corynebacterium hoagii

(Morse 1912) Eberson 1918 (Approved Lists 1980) and

Rhodococcus hoagii

(Morse 1912) Kämpfer et al. 2014 on the list of rejected specific and subspecific epithets. Since this removes all known available earlier synonyms of

Rhodococcus equi

(Magnusson 1923) Goodfellow and Alderson 1977 (Approved Lists 1980), the request to conserve the epithet equi in this name is denied. In Opinion 107,

Thermomicrobium fosteri

Phillips and Perry 1976 (Approved Lists 1980) is placed on the list of rejected names as a nomen dubium et confusum. Opinion 108 denies the request to place

Hyphomonas rosenbergii

Weiner et al. 2000 on the list of rejected names because the information provided to the Judicial Commission is not sufficient to draw a conclusion on this matter. In Opinion 109, which addresses three Requests for an Opinion, the Judicial Commission denies the requests to place the names

Bacillus aerius

Shivaji et al. 2006,

Bacillus aerophilus

Shivaji et al. 2006 and

Bacillus stratosphericus

Shivaji et al. 2006 on the list of rejected names. Instead, it is concluded that these three names had not met the requirements for valid publication. Likewise, the Judicial Commission concludes in Opinion 110 that the name

Actinobaculum massiliense

corrig. Greub and Raoult 2006 had not met the requirements for valid publication. The Judicial Commission reaffirms in Opinion 111 that

Methanocorpusculum parvum

Zellner et al. 1988 is the nomenclatural type of

Methanocorpusculum

Zellner et al. 1988 and further emphasizes that the species was not in danger of losing this status. These Opinions were ratified by the voting members of the International Committee on Systematics of Prokaryotes.
Paenibacillus caui sp. nov., a nitrogen-fixing species isolated from the rhizosphere soil of a peach tree
Authors: Li Qin , Zuo Yin-zhao , Gao Miao , Chen San-feng
Published: January 2022

A nitrogen-fixing, endospore-forming, motile, rod-shaped, facultative aerobic bacterium, designated 81-11T, was isolated from rhizosphere soil of a peach tree collected from Handan, Hebei, PR China. From the comparison of 16S rRNA gene sequence, the strain is most closely related to

Paenibacillus phoenicis

DSM 27463T (96.9 %) and

Paenibacillus faecis

DSM 23593T (96.7 %). The genome size of strain 81-11T was 4.4 Mb, comprising 4879 predicted genes with a DNA G+C content of 50.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity values of genome sequences between the novel isolate and the type strains of related species

P. phoenicis

DSM 27463T and

P. faecis

DSM 23593T were 71.8 and 72.1 %, respectively. The major cellular fatty acids were anteiso-C15 : 0(47.8 %), iso-C16 : 0 (15.5 %) and iso-C15 : 0 (13.0 %). Menaquinone-7 was the major respiratory quinone. The polar lipids contained phosphatidylethanolamine, phosphatidylglycerol, diphosphatidylglycerol, aminophospholipid, aminoglycopid, unknown polar lipids and unidentified aminophosphoglycolipid. Based on phylogenetic, genomic and phenotypic characteristics, strain 81-11T was classified as a novel species within the genus

Paenibacillus

, for which the name Paenibacillus caui sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain of Paenibacillus caui is 81-11T (=JCM 34618T=CGMCC 1.18907T).
Prolonged SARS-CoV-2 nucleic acid conversion time in military personnel outbreaks with presence of specific IgG antibodies
Authors: Reales Gonzalez Jhonnatan , Prada Cardozo Diego , Corchuelo Sheryll , Zabaleta Gabriela , Alarcón Zonia , Herrera Sepulveda Maria T. , Laiton Donato Katherine , Franco Muñoz Carlos , Alvarez Diaz Diego A. , Toloza Perez Yesith Guillermo , López Ronald , Malagón Rojas Jeadran , Bresciani Giovanna , Mercado Marcela
Published: January 2022

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is transmitted person-to-person mainly by close contact or droplets from respiratory tract. However, the actual time of viral shedding is still uncertain as well as the different routes of transmission. We aimed to characterize RNA shedding from nasopharyngeal and rectal samples in prolonged cases of mild COVID-19 in young male soldiers. Seventy patients from three different military locations were monitored after recommending to follow more strict isolation measures to prevent the spread of the virus. Then, nasopharyngeal, rectal, and blood samples were taken. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was detected by RT-PCR and specific antibodies by chemiluminescent immunoassays. The median nucleic acid conversion time (NACT) was 60 days (IQR: 7–85 days). Rectal swabs were taken in 60 % of patients. Seven patients (10 %) were positive in nasopharyngeal and rectal swabs, and five (7.14 %) remained positive in rectal swabs, but negative in nasopharyngeal samples. Four patients (5.71 %) that had been discharged, were positive again after 15 days. No significant difference was found in nucleic acid conversion time between age groups nor clinical classification. Maintaining distancing among different positive patients is essential as a possible re-exposure to the virus could cause a longer nucleic acid conversion time in SARS-COV-2 infections.
Correlation of age and the diameter of the cervical nerve roots C5 and C6 during the first two years of life analysed by high-resolution ultrasound imaging
Authors: van der Linde Jacoba , Jenny Carole , Hundsberger Thomas , Broser Philip J.
Published: January 2022

Aim

To analyse the increase in diameter of the nerve roots C5 and C6 in early childhood.

Methods

The nerve roots of 56 children subjects aged 0 days to 10 years (47 younger than 2 years) were examined by high-resolution ultrasound imaging. The correlation of diameter and age was statistically tested and a logarithmic regression analysis was performed to develop a logarithmic growth model.

Results

The increase in nerve root diameter is greatest during the first two years of life and then the growth rate decreases steadily. The relationship between age and diameter follows a logarithmic curve (p < 10−8).

Interpretation

The main increase in the diameter of the nerve roots happens in the first two years of life. Comparing data from a previous study, our data also suggest that the maturation of the proximal part of the median nerve is comparable to the maturation of its distal segments. This suggests a synchronous maturation of the axons and myelin sheath for the whole extent of the nerve, from the radix to its very distal part.

What this paper adds

Normative values for the size of the cervical nerve roots C5 and C6, an insight into the maturation of the proximal parts of the peripheral nervous system, and the correlation between age and cervical root diameter.

Highlights

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Maturation of the nerve roots C5 and C6 in children from 0 to two years of age.

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Reference values from the diameter of the C5 and C6 nerve roots of children up to two years.
Rhythmic Cilium in SCN Neuron is a Gatekeeper for the Intrinsic Circadian Clock
Authors: Tu Hai-Qing , Li Sen , Xu Yu-Ling , Zhang Yu-Cheng , Jian Xiao-Xiao , Song Guang-Ping , Wu Min , Song Zeng-Qing , Hu Huai-Bin , Li Pei-Yao , Liang Li-Yun , Yuan Jin-Feng , Shen Xiao-Lin , Li Jia-Ning , Han Qiu-Ying , Wang Kai , Zhang Tao , Zhou Tao , Li Ai-Ling , Zhang Xue-Min , Li Hui-Yan
Published: January 2022

The internal circadian rhythm is controlled by the central pacemaker in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). SCN drives coherent and synchronized circadian oscillations via intercellular coupling, which are resistant to environmental perturbations. Here we report that primary cilium is a critical device for intercellular coupling among SCN neurons and acts as a gatekeeper to maintain the internal clock in mice. A subset of SCN neurons, namely neuromedin S-producing (NMS) neurons, exhibit cilia dynamics with a pronounced circadian rhythmicity. Genetic ablation of ciliogenesis in NMS neurons enables a rapid phase shift of the internal clock under experimental jet lag conditions. The circadian rhythms of individual neurons in cilia-deficient SCN slices lose their coherence following external perturbations. Rhythmic cilia dynamics drive oscillations of Sonic Hedgehog (Shh) signaling and oscillated expressions of multiple circadian genes in SCN neurons. Genetic and chemical inactivation of Shh signaling in NMS neurons phenocopies the effect of cilia ablation. Our findings establish ciliary signaling as a novel interneuronal coupling mechanism in the SCN and may lead to novel therapy of circadian disruption-linked diseases.

One-Sentence Summary

Rhythmic cilium is a critical device for intercellular coupling among SCN neurons and acts as gatekeeper for the internal clock.
Evolution of chlorhexidine susceptibility and of the EfrEF operon amongEnterococcus faecalisfrom diverse environments, clones and time spans
Authors: Pereira Ana P. , Antunes Patrícia , Willems Rob , Corander Jukka , Coque Teresa M. , Peixe Luísa , Freitas Ana R. , Novais Carla
Published: January 2022

Chlorhexidine (CHX) is widely used to control the spread of pathogens (e.g. human/animal clinical settings, ambulatory care, food industry).E. faecalis, a major nosocomial pathogen, is broadly distributed in diverse hosts and environments facilitating its exposure to CHX over the years. Nevertheless, CHX activity againstE. faecalisis understudied. Our goal was to assess CHX activity and the variability of ChlR-EfrEF proteins (associated with CHX tolerance) among 673 field isolates and 1784E. faecalisgenomes from PATRIC database from different sources, time spans, clonal lineages and antibiotic resistance profiles. CHX minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICCHX) and minimum bactericidal concentrations (MBCCHX) againstE. faecalispresented normal distributions (0.5-64 mg/L). However, more CHX tolerant isolates were detected in the food chain and recent human infections, suggesting an adaptability ofE. faecalispopulations in settings where CHX is heavily used. Heterogeneity in ChlR-EfrEF sequences was identified, with isolates harboring incomplete ChlR-EfrEF proteins, particularly the EfrE identified in the ST40 clonal lineage, showing low MICCHX(≤1mg/L). Distinct ST40-E. faecalissubpopulations carrying truncated and non-truncated EfrE were detected, the former being predominant in human isolates. This study provides a new insight about CHX susceptibility and ChlR-EfrEF variability within diverseE. faecalispopulations. The MICCHX/MBCCHXof more tolerantE. faecalis(MICCHX=8mg/L; MBCCHX=64mg/L) remain lower than in-use concentrations of CHX (>500mg/L). However, CHX increasing use combined with concentration gradients occurring in diverse environments potentially selecting multidrug-resistant strains with different CHX susceptibilities, alert to the importance of monitoring the trends ofE. faecalisCHX tolerance within a One-Health approach.
External control arm analysis: an evaluation of propensity score approaches, G-computation, and doubly debiased machine learning
Authors: Loiseau Nicolas , Trichelair Paul , He Maxime , Andreux Mathieu , Zaslavskiy Mikhail , Wainrib Gilles , Blum Michael G.B.
Published: January 2022

Background

An external control arm is a cohort of control patients that are collected from data external to a single-arm trial. To provide an unbiased estimation of efficacy, the clinical profiles of patients from single and external arms should be aligned, typically using propensity score approaches. There are alternative approaches to infer efficacy based on comparisons between outcomes of single-arm patients and machine-learning predictions of control patient outcomes. These methods include G-computation and Doubly Debiased Machine Learning (DDML) and their evaluation for ECA analysis is insufficient.

Methods

We consider both numerical simulations and a trial replication procedure to evaluate the different statistical approaches: propensity score matching, Inverse Probability of Treatment Weighting (IPTW), G-computation, and DDML. The replication study relies on five type 2 diabetes randomized clinical trials granted by the Yale University Open Data Access (YODA) project. From the pool of five trials, observational experiments are artificially built by replacing a control arm from one trial by an arm originating from another trial and containing similarly-treated patients.

Results

Among the different statistical approaches, numerical simulations show that DDML has the smallest bias followed by G-computation. Ranking based on mean square error is different with G-computation always being among the lowest-error methods while DDML relative performance improves with increasing sample sizes. For hypothesis testing, DDML controls type-1 error and is conservative whereas G-computation and propensity score approaches can be liberal with type I errors ranging between 5% and 10% in some settings. G-computation is the best method in terms of statistical power, and DDML has comparable power atn= 1000 but its power is inferior to propensity score approaches atn= 250. The replication procedure also indicates that G-computation minimizes mean squared error while DDML has intermediate performances compared to G-computation and propensity score approaches. The confidence intervals of G-computation are the narrowest in lines with its liberal type I error whereas confidence intervals of DDML are the widest that confirms its conservative nature.

Conclusions

For external control arm analyses, methods based on outcome prediction models can reduce estimation error and increase statistical power compared to propensity score approaches.
Observed serial intervals of SARS-CoV-2 for the Omicron and Delta variants in Belgium based on contact tracing data, 19 November to 31 December 2021
Authors: Kremer Cécile , Braeye Toon , Proesmans Kristiaan , André Emmanuel , Torneri Andrea , Hens Niel
Published: January 2022

The SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.1 variant is rapidly spreading worldwide, possibly outcompeting the Delta strain. We investigated the empirical serial interval for both variants using contact tracing data. Overall, we observed a shorter serial interval for Omicron compared to Delta, suggesting faster transmission. Furthermore, results indicate a relation between the empirical serial interval and the vaccination status for both the Omicron and the Delta variant. Consequently, with the progression of the vaccination campaign, the reasons for and extent of dominance of Omicron over Delta may need further assessment.
Ventricular anatomical complexity and gender differences impact predictions from computational models
Authors: González-Martín Pablo , Sacco Federica , Butakoff Constantine , Doste Rubén , Bederián Carlos , Gutierrez Espinosa de los Monteros Lilian K , Houzeaux Guillaume , Iaizzo Paul A. , Iles Tinen L. , Vázquez Mariano , Aguado-Sierra Jazmin
Published: January 2022

The aim of this work was to analyze the influence of the gender and anatomical details (trabeculations and false tendons) on the electrophysiology of healthy and infarcted myocardium and their relation to the ventricular tachycardia (VT) inducibility.

To this end, four anatomically normal, human, biventricular geometries (two male, two female), with identifiable trabeculations, were obtained from high-resolution, ex-vivo MRI and represented by detailed and smoothed geometrical models (with and without the trabeculations). Additionally one model was augmented by a scar. The electrophysiology finite element model (FEM) simulations were carried out, using O’Hara-Rudy human myocyte model, and the comparison of detailed vs smooth, male vs female, as well as normal vs infarcted anatomy was carried out. Finally, the infarcted case was subjected to standard clinical programmed stimulus S1-S4 protocol to identify geometry- and gender-specific VT inducibility.

All female hearts presented action potential prolongation and QRS interval lengthening. Smooth geometries showed different QRS pattern and T wave magnitude in comparison to the corresponding trabeculated geometries. A variety of sustained VTs were obtained in the detailed and smoothed male geometries at different pacing locations, which provide evidence of the geometry-dependent differences regarding the prediction of the locations of reentry channels. In the female phenotype, sustained VTs were induced in both detailed and smooth geometries with RV apex pacing, however no consistent reentry channels were identified.

Anatomical and physiological cardiac features play an important role defining risk in cardiac disease. These are often excluded from electrophysiological simulations. The assumption that the cardiac endocardium is smooth may inaccurately predict different reentry channel locations in tachycardia inducibility studies.
Does the use of prediction equations to correct self-reported height and weight improve obesity prevalance estimates? A pooled cross-sectional analysis of Health Survey for England data
Authors: Scholes Shaun , Ng Fat Linda , Moody Alison , Mindell Jennifer S
Published: January 2022

Objective: Adults typically overestimate height and underestimate weight compared with measured values, and such misreporting varies by sociodemographic and health-related factors. Using self-reported and interviewer-measured height and weight, collected from the same participants, we aimed to develop a set of prediction equations to correct bias in self-reported height and weight, and assess whether this adjustment improved the accuracy of obesity prevalence estimates relative to those based only on self-report.
Design: Population-based cross-sectional study.
Participants: 38,942 participants aged 16+ (Health Survey for England 2011-16) with non-missing self-reported and interviewer-measured height and weight.
Main outcome measures: Comparisons between self-reported, interviewer-measured (gold standard) and corrected (based on prediction equations) body mass index (BMI in kg/m2) including (i) difference between means and obesity prevalence, and (ii) measures of agreement for BMI classification.
Results: On average, men overestimated height more than women (1.6 and 1.0cm, respectively; p<0.001), whilst women underestimated weight more than men (-2.1 and -1.5kg, respectively; p<0.001). Underestimation of BMI was larger on average for women than for men ( 1.1 and 1.0kg/m2, respectively; p<0.001). Obesity prevalence based on self-reported BMI was 6.8 and 6.0 percentage points (pp) lower than that estimated using measured BMI for men and women, respectively. Corrected BMI (based on models containing all significant predictors of misreporting of height and weight) lowered underestimation of obesity to 0.8pp in both sexes and improved the sensitivity of being classified as obese over self-reported BMI by 15.0pp for men and 12.2pp for women. Results based on models using age alone as a predictor of misreporting were similar.
Conclusions: Compared with self-reported data, applying prediction equations improved the accuracy of obesity prevalence estimates and increased sensitivity of being classified as obese. Including additional sociodemographic variables does not add enough predictive power to justify the added complexity of including them in prediction equations.