bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Insulin Resistance with Associated Hyperinsulinemia as a Cause of the Development and Worsening of Heart Failure
Authors: Attanasio Umberto , Mercurio Valentina , Fazio Serafino
Published: December 2024

Despite the considerable progress that has been made with regard to the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases, heart failure (HF) remains a particularly important cause of recurring hospitalizations, with relevant social and healthcare costs, and it is a significant cause of mortality; as such, there is a need for continuous efforts to improve our understanding of its complex pathophysiology and refine relevant therapeutic strategies [...]
Overlapping Systemic Proteins in COVID-19 and Lung Fibrosis Associated with Tissue Remodeling and Inflammation
Authors: Svobodová Barbora , Löfdahl Anna , Nybom Annika , Wigén Jenny , Hirdman Gabriel , Olm Franziska , Brunnström Hans , Lindstedt Sandra , Westergren-Thorsson Gunilla , Elowsson Linda
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: A novel patient group with chronic pulmonary fibrosis is emerging post COVID-19. To identify patients at risk of developing post-COVID-19 lung fibrosis, we here aimed to identify systemic proteins that overlap with fibrotic markers identified in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and may predict COVID-19-induced lung fibrosis. Methods: Ninety-two proteins were measured in plasma samples from hospitalized patients with moderate and severe COVID-19 in Sweden, before the introduction of the vaccination program, as well as from healthy individuals. These measurements were conducted using proximity extension assay (PEA) technology with a panel including inflammatory and remodeling proteins. Histopathological alterations were evaluated in explanted lung tissue. Results: Connecting to IPF pathology, several proteins including decorin (DCN), tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 12A (TNFRSF12A) and chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 13 (CXCL13) were elevated in COVID-19 patients compared to healthy subjects. Moreover, we found incrementing expression of monocyte chemotactic protein-3 (MCP-3) and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) when comparing moderate to severe COVID-19. Conclusions: Both extracellular matrix- and inflammation-associated proteins were identified as overlapping with pulmonary fibrosis, where we found DCN, TNFRSF12A, CXCL13, CXCL9, MCP-3 and HGF to be of particular interest to follow up on for the prediction of disease severity.
Increasing the Construct Validity of Computational Phenotypes of Mental Illness Through Active Inference and Brain Imaging
Authors: Limongi Roberto , Skelton Alexandra B. , Tzianas Lydia H. , Silva Angelica M.
Published: December 2024

After more than 30 years since its inception, the utility of brain imaging for understanding and diagnosing mental illnesses is in doubt, receiving well-grounded criticisms from clinical practitioners. Symptom-based correlational approaches have struggled to provide psychiatry with reliable brain-imaging metrics. However, the emergence of computational psychiatry has paved a new path not only for understanding the psychopathology of mental illness but also to provide practical tools for clinical practice in terms of computational metrics, specifically computational phenotypes. However, these phenotypes still lack sufficient test–retest reliability. In this review, we describe recent works revealing that mind and brain-related computational phenotypes show structural (not random) variation over time, longitudinal changes. Furthermore, we show that these findings suggest that understanding the causes of these changes will improve the construct validity of the phenotypes with an ensuing increase in test–retest reliability. We propose that the active inference framework offers a general-purpose approach for causally understanding these longitudinal changes by incorporating brain imaging as observations within partially observable Markov decision processes.
Static and Dynamic Analysis of Strain Gradient Planar Trusses
Authors: Tsiatas George C. , Charalampakis Aristotelis E. , Giannakopoulos Antonios E. , Tsopelas Panos
Published: December 2024

This paper examines the static and dynamic responses of strain gradient planar trusses. Classical elasticity (CE) theory lacks a material microstructural length parameter in its governing equations, making it insufficient to capture size-dependent effects. To address this limitation, higher-order continuum theories—such as micropolar, couple-stress, and strain gradient elasticity (SGE) theories—are essential. In this study, gradient elasticity theory is extended to describe the behavior of planar trusses by incorporating explicit internal length scales as additional material parameters. A key finding of this research is that the inclusion of the microstructural parameter results in a stiffening effect in both static and dynamic analyses.
A Study on Carbon Reduction and Emission Mitigation Based on the Optimal Shear Wall Layout Ratio
Authors: Wang Hairuo , Zhang Mengchen , Zhang Junxue , Zhang Tianjian , Wang Yutong , Cai Siyu
Published: December 2024

The global energy crisis is increasingly severe, and the construction industry, as a high-energy-consuming sector, is one of the main sources of carbon emissions. As a result, the development of green buildings has become imperative. Shear walls, as a common structural form in buildings, have their wall layout ratio significantly influencing the amount of building materials used, which is crucial for material reduction and carbon emission reduction during construction. This paper innovatively introduces the concept of the optimal shear wall layout ratio, focusing on the analysis of the variation patterns of wall ratios and their associated carbon emissions in both traditional and optimal models. Various optimal models are designed with shear wall length as the variable, and the relationship between shear wall layout ratio and carbon emissions is examined. Under a seismic fortification intensity of level 7 (0.1 g), the layout ratio of the optimal models does not exceed that of the traditional model (4.24%), and the carbon emissions are reduced by approximately 11%. A reasonable design of the shear wall layout ratio not only reduces carbon emissions in buildings and improves reverse performance but also promotes a dual enhancement in both economic and environmental benefits in the construction industry.
Ulcerative Colitis, LAIR1 and TOX2 Expression, and Colorectal Cancer Deep Learning Image Classification Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Carreras Joaquim , Roncador Giovanna , Hamoudi Rifat
Published: December 2024

Background: Ulcerative colitis is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease of the colon mucosa associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer. Objective: This study classified hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) histological images of ulcerative colitis, normal colon, and colorectal cancer using artificial intelligence (deep learning). Methods: A convolutional neural network (CNN) was designed and trained to classify the three types of diagnosis, including 35 cases of ulcerative colitis (n = 9281 patches), 21 colon control (n = 12,246), and 18 colorectal cancer (n = 63,725). The data were partitioned into training (70%) and validation sets (10%) for training the network, and a test set (20%) to test the performance on the new data. The CNNs included transfer learning from ResNet-18, and a comparison with other CNN models was performed. Explainable artificial intelligence for computer vision was used with the Grad-CAM technique, and additional LAIR1 and TOX2 immunohistochemistry was performed in ulcerative colitis to analyze the immune microenvironment. Results: Conventional clinicopathological analysis showed that steroid-requiring ulcerative colitis was characterized by higher endoscopic Baron and histologic Geboes scores and LAIR1 expression in the lamina propria, but lower TOX2 expression in isolated lymphoid follicles (all p values < 0.05) compared to mesalazine-responsive ulcerative colitis. The CNN classification accuracy was 99.1% for ulcerative colitis, 99.8% for colorectal cancer, and 99.1% for colon control. The Grad-CAM heatmap confirmed which regions of the images were the most important. The CNNs also differentiated between steroid-requiring and mesalazine-responsive ulcerative colitis based on H&E, LAIR1, and TOX2 staining. Additional classification of 10 new cases of colorectal cancer (adenocarcinoma) were correctly classified. Conclusions: CNNs are especially suited for image classification in conditions such as ulcerative colitis and colorectal cancer; LAIR1 and TOX2 are relevant immuno-oncology markers in ulcerative colitis.
Evaluation of Emotional Distress in Oncology Palliative Patients: Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) and Palliative Outcome Scale (POS)—A Portuguese Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Gonçalves Florbela , Gaudêncio Margarida , Paiva Ivo , Rego Francisca , Nunes Rui
Published: December 2024

Introduction: Cancer patients in palliative care frequently experience psychological distress, encompassing cognitive, behavioral, and emotional dimensions. This distress can significantly affect their capacity to accept the inevitability of death. Commonly, such distress manifests as sadness, depression, anxiety, and fear, which may culminate in an existential crisis. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the Edmonton Symptom Assessment System (ESAS) and the Palliative Outcome Scale (POS) among hospitalized cancer patients receiving palliative care in a Portuguese palliative care unit. Methods: Data were collected from psychological screening instruments (ESAS and POS) used in oncology patients admitted to an oncology palliative service. The study period spanned from January 2021 to March 2021. Results: The study included a convenience sample of 60 patients diagnosed with advanced cancer who were sequentially admitted to a palliative care unit. The most frequently reported primary oncological diagnoses were gastrointestinal (41.7%) and head/neck (20%) tumors. The majority of the patients were male (n = 37; 61.7%), with a median age of 72 years (range: 43–94 years). Key findings from the analysis indicated the following associations: anxiety and self-reported symptoms (higher levels of patient anxiety related to illness or treatment were strongly correlated with increased self-reported anxiety (p < 0.01)); emotional sharing and perceived meaning of life (patients who shared their feelings less frequently with family and friends were significantly less likely to find meaning in life (p < 0.01) and were more likely to report a poorer self-perception (p < 0.05)); understanding the importance of life and self-perception (a diminished understanding of the importance of life was associated with worsened self-perception (p < 0.01)); anxiety and depressive symptoms (greater anxiety related to the disease or its treatment correlated with an increased severity of depressive symptoms (p < 0.01)). Discussion and conclusion: There are numerous validated instruments available for measuring emotional distress. Among these, the ESAS and POS complement each other as practical and easy-to-use tools for evaluating emotional distress in patients admitted to palliative care settings. Findings revealed that anxiety and concerns related to the disease and its treatment, as measured by the POS, served as predictors of the risk for self-reported anxiety and depression identified by the ESAS. Furthermore, the items within the POS that evaluate the emotional component demonstrated strong internal correlation, supporting their combined use for a comprehensive assessment of this dimension.
Innovative Approaches to Brain Cancer: The Use of Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound in Glioma Therapy
Authors: Ćwiklińska Aleksandra , Przewodowska Dominika , Koziorowski Dariusz , Szlufik Stanisław
Published: December 2024

Gliomas are a wide group of common brain tumors, with the most aggressive type being glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), with a 5-year survival rate of less than 5% and a median survival time of approximately 12–14 months. The standard treatment of GBM includes surgical excision, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ). However, tumor recurrence and progression are common. Therefore, more effective treatment for GBM should be found. One of the main obstacles to the treatment of GBM and other gliomas is the blood–brain barrier (BBB), which impedes the penetration of antitumor chemotherapeutic agents into glioblastoma cells. Nowadays, one of the most promising novel methods for glioma treatment is Magnetic Resonance-guided Focused Ultrasound (MRgFUS). Low-intensity FUS causes the BBB to open transiently, which allows better drug delivery to the brain tissue. Under magnetic resonance guidance, ultrasound waves can be precisely directed to the tumor area to prevent side effects in healthy tissues. Through the open BBB, we can deliver targeted chemotherapeutics, anti-tumor agents, immunotherapy, and gene therapy directly to gliomas. Other strategies for MRgFUS include radiosensitization, sonodynamic therapy, histotripsy, and thermal ablation. FUS can also be used to monitor the treatment and progression of gliomas using blood-based liquid biopsy. All these methods are still under preclinical or clinical trials and are described in this review to summarize current knowledge and ongoing trials.
New Relevant Evidence in Cholangiocarcinoma Biology and Characterization
Authors: Porro Nunzia , Spínola-Lasso Elena , Pastore Mirella , Caligiuri Alessandra , di Tommaso Luca , Marra Fabio , Gentilini Alessandra
Published: December 2024

Among solid tumors, cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) emerges as one of the most difficult to eradicate. The silent and asymptomatic nature of this tumor, particularly in its early stages, as well as the high heterogeneity at genomic, epigenetic, and molecular levels delay the diagnosis, significantly compromising the efficacy of current therapeutic options and thus contributing to a dismal prognosis. Extensive research has been conducted on the molecular pathobiology of CCA, and recent advances have been made in the classification and characterization of new molecular targets. Both targeted therapy and immunotherapy have emerged as effective and safe strategies for various types of cancers, demonstrating potential benefits in advanced CCA. Furthermore, the deeper comprehension of the cellular and molecular components in the tumor microenvironment (TME) has opened up possibilities for new innovative treatment methods. This review discusses recent evidence in the characterization and molecular biology of CCA, highlighting novel possible druggable targets.
Intervertebral Disc Degeneration and Regeneration: New Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutics: Obstacles and Potential Breakthrough Technologies
Authors: Taylor William , Erwin William Mark
Published: December 2024

Pain and disability secondary to degenerative disc disease continue to burden the healthcare system, creating an urgent need for effective, disease-modifying therapies. Contemporary research has identified potential therapies that include protein-, cellular- and/or matrix-related approaches; however, none have yet achieved a meaningful clinical impact. The tissue-specific realities of the intervertebral disc create considerable therapeutic challenges due to the disc’s location, compartmentalization, hypovascularization and delicate physiological environment. Furthermore, the imaging modalities currently used in practice are largely unable to accurately identify sources of pain ostensibly discogenic in origin. These obstacles are considerable; however, recent research has begun to shed light on possible breakthrough technologies. Such breakthroughs include revolutionary imaging to better identify tissue sources of pain. Furthermore, novel molecular therapies have been shown to be able to mediate the progression of degenerative disc disease in some large animal studies, and even provide some insight into suppressing the development of tissue sources of discogenic pain. These potential breakthrough technologies have yet to be translated for clinical use.
Correction: Hazzan et al. Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin Interferes with the Apoptosis of Human Skin Mast Cells by a Dual Strategy Involving STAT5/Mcl-1 and JNK/Bcl-xL. Cells 2019, 8, 829
Authors: Hazzan Tarek , Eberle Jürgen , Worm Margitta , Babina Magda
Published: December 2024

Error in Figure 3 [...]
Compositional Dependence of DNA Partitioning in a Poly(Ethylene Glycol)–Ficoll Aqueous Two-Phase System
Authors: Ahmed Tasdiq , Verma Adya , Patterson Alexandra T. , Styczynski Mark P. , Takayama Shuichi
Published: December 2024

Aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) have long been used for the facile and rapid extraction of biomolecules of interest. Selective partitioning of DNA is useful for nucleic acid purification and in the design of novel sensing technologies. This paper investigates the partitioning of a plasmid within a poorly understood ATPS comprising the polymers poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) 35 kDa and Ficoll 400 kDa. The focus is placed on dissecting the compositional effects of the ATPS—that is, whether set concentrations of physiological ions or the polymers themselves can tune DNA phase preference and strength of partitioning. The work here uncovers the antagonistic effects of magnesium and ammonium ions, as well as the role that phase-forming polymer partitioning plays in plasmid enrichment. Testing the ions in conjunction with different ATPS formulations highlights the complexity of the system at hand, prompting the exploration of DNA’s conformational changes in response to polymer and salt presence. The work presented here offers multiple optimization parameters for downstream applications of PEG–Ficoll ATPSs, such as in vitro transcription/translation-based biosensing, in which performance is heavily dependent upon nucleic acid partitioning.
Advancing Biosensing and Imaging with DNA-Templated Metal Nanoclusters: Synthesis, Applications, and Future Challenges—A Review
Authors: Li Jiacheng , Parvez Sidra , Shu Tong
Published: December 2024

Metal nanoclusters (MNCs) are emerging as a novel class of luminescent nanomaterials with unique properties, bridging the gap between individual atoms and nanoparticles. Among these, DNA-templated MNCs have gained significant attention due to the synergistic combination of MNCs’ properties (such as exceptional resistance to photostability, size-tunable emission, and excellent optical characteristics) with the inherent advantages of DNA, including programmability, functional modification, molecular recognition, biocompatibility, and water solubility. The programmability and biocompatibility of DNA offer precise control over the size, shape, and composition of MNCs, leading to tunable optical, electrical, and magnetic properties. This review delves into the complex relationship between DNA sequence, structure, and the resulting MNC properties. By adjusting parameters such as DNA sequence, length, and conformation, the size, morphology, and composition of the corresponding MNCs can be fine-tuned, enabling insights into how DNA structure influences the optical, electrical, and magnetic properties of MNCs. Finally, this review highlights the remarkable versatility and latest advancements of DNA-templated MNCs, particularly in biosensing and imaging, and explores their future potential to revolutionize biomedical applications.
Corrosion Behavior of Ti and Ti6Al4V Alloy in Brackish Water, Seawater, and Seawater Bittern
Authors: Vrsalović Ladislav , Gudić Senka , Talijančić Antonia , Jakić Jelena , Krolo Jure , Danaee Iman
Published: December 2024

Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy are extensively utilized in structural parts in engineering applications and the production of medical implants due to their excellent mechanical properties, lightweight, and high corrosion resistance. This study comprehensively evaluates their corrosion behavior in three challenging aquatic environments: brackish water, seawater, and seawater bittern. Utilizing open circuit potential (EOC) measurements with polarization techniques (linear and potentiodynamic) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) measurements, the research highlights distinct environmental influences on corrosion performance. Notably, Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy demonstrated exceptional stability with the highest polarization resistance and lowest corrosion current in brackish water, while seawater bittern presented the most demanding condition for Ti6Al4V. Additionally, the analysis of the electrode surfaces after polarization measurements using optical microscopy, optical profilometry, and SEM/EDS tests revealed minor damage, indicating the high corrosion resistance of these materials. This study advances the understanding of Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy performance in diverse environments and offers valuable insights for optimizing their use in harsh aquatic conditions, particularly for applications requiring durability and longevity.
Black Nickel Coatings: From Plating Techniques to Applications
Authors: Rudnik Ewa
Published: December 2024

Black nickel coatings are pursued for both decorative purposes and advanced applications, including solar collectors, space technologies, and optical devices. The term “black nickel” typically refers not only to nickel but also to nickel alloys that can exhibit the characteristic black coloration, either bright or matte. This review provides an in-depth look at various techniques for producing black nickel coatings, focusing on both electrodeposition and electroless deposition methods. The discussion covers the different bath compositions and deposition conditions used to achieve the distinctive black color. The origins of black coloration in electrodeposited nickel and its alloys are shown in detail, emphasizing the crucial role of bath components and the formation of black compounds such as oxides, sulfides, and/or the nickel–zinc intermetallic compound. This review also highlights the necessity of oxidizing acid etching to blacken Ni–P electroless deposits, leading to the formation of a thin layer of black nickel oxides on a porous surface. The key properties of black nickel coatings are discussed, along with their relevance for various practical applications.
Interface Optimisation of the Fe2O3/C3N4 Heterojunction with Metal Nanoparticles and Their Negative and Positive Photoelectric Responses in a Broadband Light Spectrum Range
Authors: Ma Xingfa , Li Caiwei , Zhang Xintao , Gao Mingjun , Wang You , Li Guang
Published: December 2024

In order to improve the charge transfer properties and reduce the recombination of photogenerated carriers, an Fe2O3/C3N4 heterojunction was constructed to increase the built-in field. The grain boundary of the Fe2O3/C3N4 nanocomposite was filled with Cu, Au, Pt, and Pd nanoparticles using in situ synthesis. The nanometal-modified heterostructures showed good absorption in the visible and near-infrared (NIR) regions. The photocurrent responses to the light sources with wavelengths of 405, 532, 650, 780, 808, 980, and 1064 nm were investigated using Au electrodes. The results indicated that the nanocomposite exhibits photocurrent switching behaviour towards the visible-light and NIR regions. Interestingly, the reversible photocurrent response phenomenon (transition from negative to positive photoconductivity) was observed before and after passivation of the grain boundary defects of the Fe2O3/C3N4 heterojunction with metal nanoparticles. The physical mechanisms involved were discussed. The Cu nanomaterials played donor effects in the interfacial tailoring of the Fe2O3/C3N4 heterojunction since Cu nanoparticles possess a high concentration of free electrons. It was shown that defects in the nanocomposites play an important role in the photoelectric behaviour and that modulation of the defects not only enhances photocurrent acquisition but also determines the polarity of the photocurrent. This study provides useful guidance not only for microstructure modulation and interdisciplinary applications of the materials themselves but also for the study of light–matter interactions.
Microstructural Evolution and Thermal Stability of Long Period Stacking Ordered Phases in Mg97Er2Ni1 and Mg97Er2Zn1 Alloys
Authors: Yin Jian , Liu Yushun , Zhu Guo-Zhen
Published: December 2024

The influence of transition metals (Ni and Zn) on the formation, morphology, and thermal stability of long-period stacking ordered (LPSO) phases in Mg97Er2Ni1 and Mg97Er2Zn1 alloys was investigated. In the as-cast state, both alloys consist of α-Mg and LPSO phases. Heat treatment at 540 °C for 20 h dissolves block-like and lamellar LPSO phases into the α-Mg matrix in the Mg97Er2Zn1 alloy, with lamellar LPSO phases reprecipitating during subsequent cooling from 540 °C to 400 °C. Comparative analysis shows that Ni significantly enhances the thermal stability of the LPSO phase compared to Zn. Ni favors the formation of block-shaped LPSO phases, while Zn facilitates lamellar LPSO precipitation within the α-Mg matrix. The LPSO phase in the Mg97Er2Ni1 alloy exhibits an exceptionally high melting temperature of 605 °C, the highest reported for an LPSO phase. Additionally, heat treatment at 500 °C for 100 h preserves the area fraction of the LPSO phase in the Mg97Er2Ni1 alloy, and at 540 °C for 100 h, the LPSO grains grow without phase dissolution or structural transformation of their 18R-type configuration. These findings provide valuable insights into the role of alloying transition metal elements in controlling the stability and morphology of LPSO phases, offering pathways for tailoring the morphology of the LPSO phase in the Mg-based alloys.
A Design of Vanadium Dioxide for Dynamic Color Gamut Modulation Based on Fano Resonance
Authors: Zhu Junyang , Zeng Ruimei , Yang Yiwen , Zhou Yiqun , Gao Zhen , Wang Qi , Hong Ruijin , Zhang Dawei
Published: December 2024

In this paper, a design of vanadium dioxide for dynamic color gamut modulation based on Fano resonance is proposed. This approach facilitates color modulation by manipulating the phase transition state of vanadium dioxide. The device integrates both broadband and narrowband filters, featuring a structure consisting of a top silver mesh, a layer of vanadium dioxide, and a Fabry–Pérot cavity, which allows for effective modulation of the reflectance spectrum. Simulation results demonstrate that when vanadium dioxide is in its insulating state, the maximum reflectivity observed in the device spectrum, reaching 43.1%, appears at 475 nm. Conversely, when vanadium dioxide transitions to its metallic state, the peak wavelength shifts to 688 nm, accompanied by an increased reflectance peak of 59.3%. Analysis of electric field distributions reveals that the intensity caused by surface plasmonic resonance dominates over the excited Fano resonance while vanadium dioxide is in its insulating state, which is the opposite of when vanadium dioxide transitions to its metallic state. This behavior exhibits an excellent dynamic color-tuning capability. Specifically, the phase transition of vanadium dioxide results in a color difference ∆E2000 of up to 36.7, while maintaining good color saturation. This technique holds significant potential for applications such as dynamic color display and anti-counterfeit labeling.
Prognostic Utility of the Modified Systemic Inflammation Score for Patients Undergoing Oral Cavity Cancer Surgery
Authors: Fang Ku-Hao , Lo Sheng-Wei , Kudva Adarsh , De Vito Andrea , Tsai Yuan-Hsiung , Hsu Cheng-Ming , Chang Geng-He , Huang Ethan I. , Tsai Ming-Shao , Lai Chia-Hsuan , Tsai Ming-Hsien , Liao Chun-Ta , Kang Chung-Jan , Tsai Yao-Te
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Chronic inflammation significantly contributes to human malignancies. We investigated the prognostic significance of the preoperative modified systemic inflammation score (mSIS) in patients with primary oral cavity squamous cell carcinoma (OCSCC). Methods: We retrospectively reviewed data from 320 OCSCC patients who underwent curative surgery between 2007 and 2017. Based on preoperative lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio (LMR) and serum albumin levels, patients were classified into three groups: mSIS = 2 (LMR < 3.4 and albumin < 4.0 g/dL), mSIS = 1 (LMR < 3.4 or albumin < 4.0 g/dL), and mSIS = 0 (LMR ≥ 3.4 and albumin ≥ 4.0 g/dL). We explored the associations between the preoperative mSIS and overall survival (OS) and disease-free survival (DFS). We developed a nomogram based on mSIS for OS prediction. Results: The distribution was mSIS = 0 (n = 197, 61.6%), mSIS = 1 (n = 99, 30.9%), and mSIS = 2 (n = 24, 7.5%). Kaplan–Meier estimated OS and DFS for the mSIS = 0, mSIS = 1, and mSIS = 2 groups demonstrated a sequential decrease (both p < 0.001). The prognostic significance of mSIS was consistent across subgroup analyses. Multivariable analysis revealed that mSIS = 1 and mSIS = 2 were independent negative prognostic indicators. The mSIS-based nomogram effectively predicted OS (concordance index: 0.755). Conclusions: The mSIS reliably predicts OS and DFS in OCSCC patients undergoing surgery, with the nomogram providing individualized OS estimates, enhancing mSIS’s clinical utility.
Non-Invasive Ventilation Failure in Pediatric ICU: A Machine Learning Driven Prediction
Authors: Chiaruttini Maria Vittoria , Lorenzoni Giulia , Daverio Marco , Marchetto Luca , Izzo Francesca , Chidini Giovanna , Picconi Enzo , Nettuno Claudio , Zanonato Elisa , Sagredini Raffaella , Rossetti Emanuele , Mondardini Maria Cristina , Cecchetti Corrado , Vitale Pasquale , Alaimo Nicola , Colosimo Denise , Sacco Francesco , Genoni Giulia , Perrotta Daniela , Micalizzi Camilla , Moggia Silvia , Chisari Giosuè , Rulli Immacolata , Wolfler Andrea , Amigoni Angela , Gregori Dario
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: Non-invasive ventilation (NIV) has emerged as a possible first-step treatment to avoid invasive intubation in pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) due to its advantages in reducing intubation-associated risks. However, the timely identification of NIV failure is crucial to prevent adverse outcomes. This study aims to identify predictors of first-attempt NIV failure in PICU patients by testing various machine learning techniques and comparing their predictive abilities. Methods: Data were sourced from the TIPNet registry, which comprised patients admitted to 23 Italian Paediatric Intensive Care Units (PICUs). We selected patients between January 2010 and January 2024 who received non-invasive ventilation (NIV) as their initial approach to respiratory support. The study aimed to develop a predictive model for NIV failure, selecting the best Machine Learning technique, including Generalized Linear Models, Random Forest, Extreme Gradient Boosting, and Neural Networks. Additionally, an ensemble approach was implemented. Model performances were measured using sensitivity, specificity, AUROC, and predictive values. Moreover, the model calibration was evaluated. Results: Out of 43,794 records, 1861 admissions met the inclusion criteria, with 678 complete cases and 97 NIV failures. The RF model demonstrated the highest AUROC and sensitivity equal to 0.83 (0.64, 0.94). Base excess, weight, age, systolic blood pressure, and fraction of inspired oxygen were identified as the most predictive features. A check for model calibration ensured the model’s reliability in predicting NIV failure probabilities. Conclusions: This study identified highly sensitive models for predicting NIV failure in PICU patients, with RF as a robust option.
Map Representation and Navigation Planning for Legged Climbing UGVs in 3D Environments
Authors: Xiang Ao , Gong Chenzhang , Fan Li
Published: December 2024

Legged climbing unmanned ground vehicles (LC-UGVs) possess obstacle avoidance and wall transition capabilities, allowing them to move in 3D environments. Existing navigation methods for legged UGVs are only suitable for ground locomotion rather than 3D space. Although some wall transition methods have been proposed, they are specific to certain legged structures and have not been integrated into the navigation framework in full 3D environments. The planning of collision-free and accessible paths for legged climbing UGVs with any configuration in a 3D environment remains an open problem. This paper proposes a map representation suitable for the navigation planning of LC-UGVs in 3D space, named the Multi-Level Elevation Map (MLEM). Based on this map representation, we propose a universal hierarchical planning architecture. A global planner is applied to rapidly find cross-plane topological paths, and then a local planner and a motion generator based on motion primitives produces accessible paths and continuous motion trajectories. The hierarchical planning architecture equips the LC-UGVs with the ability to transition between different walls, thereby allowing them to navigate through challenging 3D environments.
Dealing with Multiple Optimization Objectives for UAV Path Planning in Hostile Environments: A Literature Review
Authors: Quadt Thomas , Lindelauf Roy , Voskuijl Mark , Monsuur Herman , Čule Boris
Published: December 2024

As Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs) are becoming crucial in modern warfare, research on autonomous path planning is becoming increasingly important. The conflicting nature of the optimization objectives characterizes path planning as a multi-objective optimization problem. Current research has predominantly focused on developing new optimization algorithms. Although being able to find the mathematical optimum is important, one also needs to ensure this optimum aligns with the decision-maker’s (DM’s) most preferred solution (MPS). In particular, to align these, one needs to handle the DM’s preferences on the relative importance of each optimization objective. This paper provides a comprehensive overview of all preference handling techniques employed in the military UAV path planning literature over the last two decades. It shows that most of the literature handles preferences by the overly simplistic method of scalarization via weighted sum. Additionally, the current literature neglects to evaluate the performance (e.g., cognitive validity and modeling accuracy) of the chosen preference handling technique. To aid future researchers handle preferences, we discuss each employed preference handling technique, their implications, advantages, and disadvantages in detail. Finally, we identify several directions for future research, mainly related to aligning the mathematical optimum to the MPS.
Dynamic Factor Models and Fractional Integration—With an Application to US Real Economic Activity
Authors: Caporale Guglielmo Maria , Gil-Alana Luis Alberiko , Piqueras Martinez Pedro Jose
Published: December 2024

This paper makes a twofold contribution. First, it develops the dynamic factor model of by allowing for fractional integration instead of imposing the classical dichotomy between I(0) stationary and I(1) non-stationary series. This more general setup provides valuable information on the degree of persistence and mean-reverting properties of the series. Second, the proposed framework is used to analyse five annual US Real Economic Activity series (Employees, Energy, Industrial Production, Manufacturing, Personal Income) over the period from 1967 to 2019 in order to shed light on their degree of persistence and cyclical behaviour. The results indicate that economic activity in the US is highly persistent and is also characterised by cycles with a periodicity of 6 years and 8 months.
Enhancing Thermodynamics Education: Insights from Student Knowledge Assessments on (Ir)reversible Processes and (Non)equilibrium Phenomena
Authors: Weber Ivana , Borić Tina , Mardešić Josipa , Bilušić Ante , Zoranić Larisa
Published: December 2024

Thermodynamics is a theory based on phenomenological premises and has wide applicability in science and technology. However, it remains one of the most challenging subjects to understand and teach, which makes it an excellent candidate for research and development of teaching methods. In this research, a questionnaire was used to evaluate the current knowledge of Bachelor’s and Master’s physics students, analyzing their immediate understanding of the topic and exploring their reasoning and thought processes. The questionnaire is divided into three sections which sequentially examine high school knowledge of entropy and thermodynamics; understanding of (ir)reversible processes related to energy and entropy change; and the distinction between equilibrium and nonequilibrium states. Based on the analysis of the results, we identified difficulties in understanding and articulating and applying the learned concepts. In particular, misunderstandings of entropy changes in isothermal processes and isolated systems are observed among students at all levels. Additionally, students find it difficult to distinguish between the contributions of energy and entropy changes to a system and its environment in the processes. The difficulty in defining (non)equilibrium states is present among Bachelor’s second-year physics students. To address these challenges, we propose adjustments to the teaching approach, including discussions about entropy sources and process (ir)reversibility, incorporating more theoretical and everyday examples of various processes and (non)equilibrium states and allowing more time for student discussions.
The Impact of COVID-19 on Learning Loss in Elementary School Students: A Comparative Study of Academic Performance Across Grades
Authors: Nappo Raffaele , Simeoli Roberta , Cerasuolo Mariangela , Ciaramella Francesco , Rega Angelo
Published: December 2024

The COVID-19 pandemic led to extensive school closures and an accelerated shift to remote learning, which had substantial consequences for students’ academic development. This study seeks to examine the impact of COVID-19 on learning loss among elementary students in southern Italy, with a focus on grade-level variations across key academic domains, including spelling, reading comprehension, reading speed and accuracy, and mathematical abilities. A sample of 332 students from grades II through V participated, with their performance being evaluated using standardized assessments for each academic skill. Findings revealed that students in grade III encountered greater difficulties in spelling and reading comprehension compared to both older and younger cohorts, indicating that remote learning may have disproportionately affected the initial stages of skill acquisition. These results highlight the necessity for targeted interventions, especially for younger students and those with preexisting academic challenges, to address the lasting effects of pandemic-related educational disruptions.
GLMAFuse: A Dual-Stream Infrared and Visible Image Fusion Framework Integrating Local and Global Features with Multi-Scale Attention
Authors: Li Fu , Gu Yanghai , Zhao Ming , Chen Deji , Wang Quan
Published: December 2024

Integrating infrared and visible-light images facilitates a more comprehensive understanding of scenes by amalgamating dual-sensor data derived from identical environments. Traditional CNN-based fusion techniques are predominantly confined to local feature emphasis due to their inherently limited receptive fields. Conversely, Transformer-based models tend to prioritize global information, which can lead to a deficiency in feature diversity and detail retention. Furthermore, methods reliant on single-scale feature extraction are inadequate for capturing extensive scene information. To address these limitations, this study presents GLMAFuse, an innovative dual-stream encoder–decoder network, which utilizes a multi-scale attention mechanism to harmoniously integrate global and local features. This framework is designed to maximize the extraction of multi-scale features from source images while effectively synthesizing local and global information across all layers. We introduce the global-aware and local embedding (GALE) module to adeptly capture and merge global structural attributes and localized details from infrared and visible imagery via a parallel dual-branch architecture. Additionally, the multi-scale attention fusion (MSAF) module is engineered to optimize attention weights at the channel level, facilitating an enhanced synergy between high-frequency edge details and global backgrounds. This promotes effective interaction and fusion of dual-modal features. Extensive evaluations using standard datasets demonstrate that GLMAFuse surpasses the existing leading methods in both qualitative and quantitative assessments, highlighting its superior capability in infrared and visible image fusion. On the TNO and MSRS datasets, our method achieves outstanding performance across multiple metrics, including EN (7.15, 6.75), SD (46.72, 47.55), SF (12.79, 12.56), MI (2.21, 3.22), SCD (1.75, 1.80), VIF (0.79, 1.08), Qbaf (0.58, 0.71), and SSIM (0.99, 1.00). These results underscore its exceptional proficiency in infrared and visible image fusion.
Constructing a Microstrip Phase Shifter with Low Phase Error Using a Y-Resonator
Authors: Fan Xiangsuo , Ma Yanfang , Feng Linping , Li Tianfeng , Xu Wenhao , Chen Huajin
Published: December 2024

In this paper, we propose a Y-type dual-mode microstrip phase shifter that utilizes input–output cross-coupling. The structure comprises a main line and a reference line, with the main line designed in a cross-coupled parallel-feeding configuration to create a band-pass filter. The single-mode resonance frequency is fine-tuned to meet the bandwidth requirements of the band-pass filter. Additionally, by introducing new symmetric transmission zeros in the upper and lower cutoff bands through the cross-coupling of the input and output feed lines, we achieve a quasi-elliptic response. This design significantly enhances both the passband and out-of-band performance of the filter. The reference line functions as a uniform transmission line, and the phase shift value of the phase shifter is achieved by adjusting its electrical length. Compared to conventional phase shifters, this design offers several advantages, including a simpler structure, reduced phase error, and a wider phase shift range. Ultimately, a 90° to 225° phase shifter was designed and simulated, while a 90° phase shifter was fabricated and tested. Measurement results indicate that the designed phase shifter successfully achieves a phase shift of 90° ± 1.2°, with S11 less than 16.5 dB and a fractional bandwidth (FBW) of 60.8%.
Multi-Mode Face-to-Face and Telephone Approach to Data Collection in Health Surveys: A Scoping Review
Authors: Guerra Paulo Henrique , Sposito Letícia Aparecida Calderão , Umpierre Daniel , Florindo Alex Antonio
Published: December 2024

Background/Objectives: The present study aims to identify information from health research studies that have used a mixed-methods data collection approach, considering the combination of face-to-face and telephone interviews (referred to as the MMFT approach), specifically focusing on identifying themes, objectives, designs, populations involved, and implementation processes. Methods: A scoping review was developed, with systematic searches performed in March 2024 across five databases, namely, PubMed; SciELO; Scopus; Web of Science; as well as Google Scholar and reference lists. The inclusion criteria were defined under the following categories: “Participants” (observational epidemiological studies, with no restrictions as to where they were carried out, sampling techniques, or sample profiles); “Concept” (use of MMFT in data collection), and “Context” (studies carried out in the health area, with no restrictions on the theme/subject). The review process was carried out by three researchers who worked independently. Results: From the initial 1515 potential references, the synthesis of this review included data from seven original studies, highlighting cross-sectional designs, involvement of adults and/or elderly people without specific health conditions, variability between data collection strategies, and complementary use of online approaches. Conclusions: Based on the evidence generated, it is recommended that future studies assess aspects of the MMFT approach in terms of response rate, cost reduction, and increasing the speed of conducting health surveys.
Effects of Different Landscape Greening Pest Control Modes on Carbon Storage and Soil Physicochemical Properties
Authors: Xu Laixian , Wang Chao , He Youjun , He Yating
Published: December 2024

Understanding the effects of landscape greening pest control modes (LGPCMs) on carbon storage and soil physicochemical properties is crucial for promoting the sustainable development of urban landscape greening. Climate change and green development have led to increased landscape pest occurrences. However, the impacts of different LGPCMs on carbon storage and soil properties remain unclear. We examined six typical LGPCMs employed in Beijing, China: chemical control (HXFZ), enclosure (WH), light trapping (DGYS), biological agent application (SWYJ), natural enemy release (SFTD), and trap hanging (XGYBQ). Field surveys and laboratory experiments were conducted to analyze their effects on carbon storage and soil physicochemical properties, and their interrelationships. The main results were as follows: (1) Different LGPCMs significantly affected carbon storage in the tree and soil layers (p < 0.05), but not in the shrub and herb layers (p > 0.05). Carbon storage composition across all modes followed the following order: tree layer (64.19%–93.52%) > soil layer > shrub layer > herb layer. HXFZ exhibited the highest tree layer carbon storage (95.82 t/hm2) but the lowest soil layer carbon storage (6.48 t/hm2), while DGYS performed best in the soil, herb, and shrub layers. (2) LGPCMs significantly influenced soil bulk density (SBD), clay (SC), silt particle (SSP), sand (SS), pH, organic carbon (OC), total nitrogen (TN), and heavy metal content (lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg)). WH had the highest TN (1.37 g/kg), TP (0.84 g/kg), SC (10.71%) and SSP (42.14%); HXFZ had the highest Cd (8.98 mg/kg), but lowest OC and Pb. DGYS had the highest OC and Hg, and the lowest Cd, SC, and TP. Under different LGPCMs, the heavy metal content in soil ranked as follows: Pb > Cd > Hg. (3) There were significant differences in the relationship between carbon storage and soil physicochemical properties under different LGPCMs. A significant positive correlation was observed between the soil layer carbon storage, TN, and OC, while significant negative correlations were noted between SS and SC as well as SSP. Under SFTD, the tree layer carbon storage showed a negative correlation with Cd, while under DGYS, it correlated negatively with pH and Hg. In summary, While HXFZ increased the short-term tree layer carbon storage, it reduced carbon storage in the other layers and damaged soil structure. Conversely, WH and DGYS better supported carbon sequestration and soil protection, offering more sustainable control strategies. We recommend developing integrated pest management focusing on green control methods, optimizing tree species selection, and enhancing plant and soil conservation management. These research results can provide scientific guidance for collaborative implementation of pest control and carbon sequestration in sustainable landscaping.