bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Comfortable Doctrine: John Bunyan's Theology of Grace
Authors: Davies Michael
Published: April 2005

Examines Bunyan’s soteriology as propounded in his doctrinal writings, concentrating on works in which Bunyan’s position on justification, election, antinomianism, and the role of human will in salvation are central. Bunyan’s salvatory emphasis lies less on the Calvinist doctrine of double predestination and more on salvation by grace and justification by faith, according to the Reformed tenets of his covenant theology. Bunyan’s purpose is to comfort rather than condemn anyone terrorized by the ‘law’ (i.e. by any attempt to achieve salvation by works). Two of Bunyan’s texts (A Mapp Shewing the Order and Causes of Salvation, and An Exposition on the Ten First Chapters of Genesis) are read ‘gracefully’: that is, with a revised understanding of Bunyan’s theology and as subversive of narrative expectations.
Bunyan's Exceeding Maze: Doctoring and Doctrine in Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners
Authors: Davies Michael
Published: April 2005

Assesses Bunyan’s presentation of religious experience in his spiritual autobiography, Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners, and addresses psychological, medical, and psychoanalytic interpretations of the text. Grace Abounding demonstrates the terrorizing strictures of the law, as well as freedom from them through grace, and many episodes in the account, often read as evidence of Bunyan’s psychological breakdown, are understood here as instructing the reader in covenant theology. Grace Abounding is not a text exemplifying Calvinist anxiety over predestination, as this conversion account warns against such introspection.
Of Things Seen and Unseen: Graceful Reading and Narrative Practice in Grace Abounding
Authors: Davies Michael
Published: April 2005

Grace Abounding teaches the reader about spiritual understanding and interpretation, beyond the rational comprehension of doctrine alone, by recounting how learning to read the Word for the Spirit rather than for the stories of Scripture was central to Bunyan’s conversion. Interpretation and spiritual understanding are also central to the text’s narrative construction and its presentation of spiritual experience, which demand a conversion of the reader’s perceptual habits. Using McHale’s terms, Grace Abounding foregrounds the ‘ontological’ (i.e., matters of being and believing) over the ‘epistemological’ (i.e., what is rationally knowable). The text’s narrative structure, use of metaphor, and its status as autobiography, are viewed in anti-narrative terms, frustrating any interest in the ‘story’ of Bunyan’s conversion, while encouraging the reader instead to contemplate ‘things unseen’.
Into an Allegory: Method, Metaphor, and the Apology of The Pilgrim's Progress
Authors: Davies Michael
Published: April 2005

It is in the verse preface to The Pilgrim’s Progress that Bunyan defends not only his use of ‘fable’ in the text but also his use of metaphor and allegory as vehicles for conveying spiritual ‘Truth’. Bunyan’s defence of figurative language is placed within the political context of Restoration debates about ‘plain style’, while Bunyan’s use of metaphor has a crucial cognitive (as opposed to a merely decorative) function in communicating the ‘reality’ of spiritual ‘Truth’.
Rural Labour Allocation
Authors: Knight John , Song Lina
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines how peasant households in China allocate their labour among migration, rural industry, and farming. It is shown that the average and marginal returns to rural labour differ greatly among activities, with returns in non-farm activities exceeding those of farming. Incentives to seek non-farm employment are powerful. These will increase if the inequalities between rural and urban China, or within rural China continue to grow.
Information, Social Networks, and the Labour Market
Authors: Knight John , Song Lina
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the role of information and social network on the employment and pay of rural-urban migrants in the city of Handan, Hebei Province, China. It is shown that the general information about the urban labour market is not as important as information about specific jobs. Most migrants came to Handan without any general information about its labour market, while three-fourths received specific information about jobs. The source of such information was the migrant’s social network made up of family, relatives, friends, and fellow villagers.
Conclusion
Authors: Knight John , Song Lina
Published: April 2005

This chapter presents a synthesis of the conclusions of the preceding chapters in this book. It explores how Chinese labour market reform has changed the allocation and renumeration of labour, and contributed to the creation of a functioning labour market. It examines the various labour market characteristics which make this journey incomplete, and describes a vision of China with a functioning labour market.
Introduction
Authors: Hindmarsh D. Bruce
Published: April 2005

Beginning with a case study of the conversion narrative of the Methodist Sampson Staniforth, the introduction raises questions about how such subject matter is to be treated. Two sorts of context are provided for the chapters that follow: the first theoretical and the second historical. In the first instance, evangelical conversion narrative is situated within a multi-disciplinary discussion by clarifying five central concepts that figure largely in any analysis of a story such as Staniforth’s: autobiography, narrative, identity, conversion, and gospel (evangelical). Then, secondly, in the balance of the introduction, the stage is set for the rise of the genre in the early modern period through a survey of forms of spiritual autobiography during the ancient, medieval, and Renaissance periods when conversion narrative of the sort written by Sampson Staniforth did not exist. The introduction concludes that popular conversion narrative appeared in the mid-seventeenth century, on the trailing edge of Christendom and the leading edge of the modern period, and the conditions for its appearance include the intensification of a sense of introspective conscience and self-determination.
3 The Early Methodist Journalists: George Whitefield and John Wesley
Authors: Hindmarsh D. Bruce
Published: April 2005

The wide range of autobiographical records of the early Methodist leaders, published and unpublished, constitutes one of the most significant literary traces of the Evangelical Revival. In the course of these personal writings, which were typically set down for purposes other than confessional autobiography, the familiar Puritan–Pietist genre of conversion narrative resurfaced. The most influential figures in the 1730s and 1740s were arguably George Whitefield and John Wesley, but here we encounter the enormous importance of the journal form in the early years of the revival. The conversion narratives of Whitefield and Wesley did not appear in print as stand-alone spiritual autobiographies, but rather as set pieces (such as Wesley’s record of his Aldersgate experience) within the serial publication of their journals. These journals were enormously important for directing the course of the revival and stirring up similar experiences on the part of others.
8 The Olney Autobiographers: Conversion Narrative and Personality
Authors: Hindmarsh D. Bruce
Published: April 2005

Picks up the story of conversion narrative among evangelical Anglicans through a close reading of three case studies. Associated with the town of Olney, John Newton, William Cowper, and Thomas Scott lived near one another in the north-eastern corner of Buckinghamshire, where Newton and Scott were clergymen in the Church of England, and Cowper was a local gentleman-poet living on patronage. Like most evangelical Anglicans, they were moderate Calvinists when they wrote their narratives in the 1760s and 1770s, and the Calvinistic order of salvation provided a model for their self-understanding. However, in their autobiographies we find a vivid display of personality that appears not despite the presence of a model, but because of it. Within a similar theological framework, Newton interpreted his life typologically, Scott intellectually, and Cowper psychologically—each offering a unique expression of personal adherence to a common gospel.
3 A Presidentializing Party State? The Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Poguntke Thomas
Published: April 2005

The political process of the Federal Republic has always been characterized by two seemingly contradictory attributes. Germany was said to be a Chancellor democracy and party state at the same time. Yet, this chapter shows that both features are not mutually exclusive. While political parties continue to occupy a central position in the political process of the Federal Republic, particularly when as regards political recruitment, they have been weakened when it comes to controlling the chief executive and the legislative process. The specific nature of German cooperative federalism furnishes the Chancellor with a central role in the decision-making process that makes him structurally more independent of his own party and of his coalition partners. This tendency has been augmented by the growing resources for the chancellor’s office, the internationalization of politics, the increasing tendency of the electronic media to focus on leaders, and the general decline of cleavage-based politics. At the same time, political parties have become leadership-dominated. While there are clear tendencies towards the presidentialization of the political process in the Federal Republic, parties continue to control the access to the chief executive office, and they still hold the power to remove their leaders.
4 Presidentialization, Italian Style
Authors: Calise Mauro
Published: April 2005

Italy represents, in most respects, an ideal-type for the presidentialization of the political system: the role of individual leaders has been greatly enhanced vis-à-vis their parties, while they have simultaneously gained a stronger hold over the executive branch of the state through the growing autonomy of the Prime Minister’s office and the exercise of an increasingly monocratic form of rule. Presidentialization has also deeply affected the electoral process: campaign style, media focus, and voting behaviour have all come to reflect an increasingly personalized form of leadership.

Among the major causes of presidentialization, two—the internationalization of politics and the growth of the state—refer to general trends common to most industrial democracies. Thus, the presidentialization of the Italian political system must be seen, at least in part, as a response to the growing demands laid upon the political executive by the changing role of the state, both domestically and internationally. However, in order to account for the momentous and rapid nature of change in Italy, one needs to focus primarily upon the critical role played by the other two factors: the erosion of traditional social cleavage politics and the mediatization of politics.
6 The Low Countries: From ‘Prime Minister’ to President‐Minister
Authors: Fiers Stefaan , Krouwel André
Published: April 2005

Historically, both Belgium and the Netherlands are archetypes of ‘consociational democracies’. These are characterized by broad multi-party coalitions, numerous power-sharing devices, and fragile checks and balances in order to ensure due influence for all relevant parties and minority groups. Hence, the overarching logic of these consensus democracies seems to represent an obstacle to a process of presidentialization.

However, we argue that the need for strong leadership resulted in more prominent and powerful positions for the (parliamentary) party leaders and Prime Ministers. We present evidence of a process of presidentialization that gained momentum a decade earlier in the Netherlands (from the 1970s onwards) than it did in Belgium (from the 1980s).

It is interesting to note that the increased autonomy of Prime Ministers is not due to constitutional amendments, but tends to be linked to the increased decision-making role for the inner cabinet, the professionalization of the Prime Minister’s Office, and the growing attention the audiovisual media give to the Prime Minister.

Similarly, parliamentary party leaders in The Netherlands and extra-parliamentary party leaders in Belgium grew stronger through an accumulation of power and resources at the leader’s office, personalized campaigning and a centralization of control over inner party selection procedures, and party leadership selection.
10 Dyarchic Presidentialization in a Presidentialized Polity: The French Fifth Republic
Authors: Clift Ben
Published: April 2005

Begins by charting the emergence and evolution of the Fifth Republic, identifying the key structural and contingent causes of presidentialization within the French political system. The ambiguity inherent in the 1958 constitution as to where power lay within the French ‘dual executive’, successfully exploited by De Gaulle, established presidential precedents that overstepped the constitutional brief. Having shaped the nature of party competition into a bipolarized pluralism opposing electoral blocs on Left and Right, political and electoral presidentialization also changed the nature of the parties themselves, both organisationally, and in their relationship to the state. This section explores the extent to which leader focus in media reporting, and leader focus in political campaigning styles, continue to presidentialize the internal organization of parties in France. Candidates needed both critical distance from parties, and a secure link to party resources and coalition-constructing potential. Analysis then turns to the impact of presidentialization on French electoral processes. The leader focus in media reporting and leader focus in political campaigning styles are placed in the context firstly of the evolving relationship between the media and the Presidency since 1958, and secondly of radical deregulation, commercialization, and increased competition within the French audio-visual sector in recent decades.
12 The Presidentialization of Portuguese Democracy?
Authors: Lobo Marina Costa
Published: April 2005

Analyses the extent to which Portuguese democracy has become presidentialized both politically and electorally. Several indicators are used to measure the growth of leadership autonomy within the party, namely, the election modes of leadership bodies; the control over candidate selection for the national parliament; the degree of autonomy to draw up the electoral programme; and the ability to decide on coalitions. Concerning the strengthening of leadership within government, the chapter explores data concerning the increase in Prime Minister’s resources. In this section, the enduring importance of senior party members within government is shown, which counters the presidentialization trend. Looking to the electoral face of presidentialization, evidence that points to the importance of leaders in the vote choice of the Portuguese electorate is presented.

Certain indicators point to greater autonomy and strength of the party leader/Prime Minister. The 1982 revision of the Constitution that circumscribed Presidential powers in ‘normal circumstances’ and the concentration of the vote in the two major parties, which has occurred since 1987, are important factors that explain the emergence of a stronger premier, and more candidate-centered electoral processes. Yet, the enduring semi-presidential nature of the regime, as well as the evidence of the importance of the party members within government, cautions against characterizing the Portuguese political system as having become fully presidentialized.
The Extra
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: April 2005

This Chapter—on Calvin's Christology—continues some of the themes of Ch. 2. Calvin's Christology is essentially Chalcedonian. He emphasizes the Son's undiminished deity in the Incarnation. The relation between the Son of God and the Incarnation is considered, and what Calvin means by the communicatio idiomatum is discussed. The ways in which dogma is meant to regulate our understanding of Scripture rather than to explain mysteries is further explored.
Providence and Evil
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: April 2005

Calvin’s view of God's all-controlling providence is expounded, chiefly from his A Defence of the Secret Providence of God. Ten arguments from this work are identified and discussed. His attitude to 'the problem of evil' is contrasted with that of contemporary philosophers of religion. It is argued that Calvin's idea of providence appears to imply a version of 'hierarchical determinism'. His views (and method) are compared with those of the Reformer Zwingli, and with the Libertines of Calvin's day.
Divine Accommodation
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: April 2005

For Calvin, if we are to relate to God then he must accommodate himself to us, to our space-bound and time-bound condition. Such divine accommodation is fundamental to Calvin's idea of revelation, to the way in which God discloses his purposes in different eras, and deals with his people individually. This Chapter therefore examines Calvin's use of language about God, particularly in connection with divine change and divine-human dialogue.
Natural Theology and the Sensus Divinitatis
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: April 2005

There have been sharply divergent views on Calvin's view of natural theology. Some think that Calvin sees no 'point of contact' between believer and unbeliever, others that he is a fully fledged natural theologian. This Chapter reassesses the evidence not only from the Institutes but also from Calvin's Commentaries. His fundamental idea of the sensus divinitatis is considered in the light of how contemporary 'Reformed' epistemologists understand it.
Revelation
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: April 2005

Calvin holds that the Bible is an authoritative source of the knowledge of God. It imparts that authoritativeness to us is chiefly by the internal testimony of the Holy Spirit, testifying to the truth of the internal cognitive (and other) content of Scripture immediately, not by reference to Church Councils or the Pontiff. But there are also external arguments for the authority of Scripture, which are less certain and which may have an apologetic use. Calvin's discussion of these matters raises epistemological issues to do with self-authentication, certainty, knowledge, evidence, doubt, and epistemic circularity, which this Chapter considers.
Faith, Atonement, and Time
Authors: Helm Paul
Published: April 2005

Calvin is sensitive to the 'appearance of contradiction' wherever it occurs in theology. This Chapter deals with one such apparent contradiction in connection with the atonement. How can God be wrathful towards us if he also loves us? We examine Calvin's resolution of this, and of the sort of change that faith in Christ brings. Further consideration is then given to the way in which Calvin uses the Aristotelian fourfold causal schema to draw out the merely instrumental character of saving faith. The way in which faith changes the believer according to Calvin is contrasted with the different understanding of the role of faith in the revisionist reformed theology of Karl Barth.
Volitions
Authors: Enç Berent
Published: April 2005

This chapter is an attack on theories of action that have at their heart an appeal to original actions, that is, actions that we take in our capacity as full agents and that are irreducible to event causation. Such theories typically claim further that overt voluntary actions are caused or constituted by acts of volition and that such acts stand apart from an agent’s other acts in that they are what render the other acts voluntary. Enç develops a type of regress argument against such theories of original actions and subsequently introduces his own naturalistic and foundationalist conception of action as an alternative.
Multiple Principles of Political Obligation
Authors: Klosko George
Published: April 2005

Scholars who doubt the existence of general political obligations typically criticize and reject theories of obligation on the basis of individual moral principles, for example, consent, fairness, or a natural duty of justice. A stronger position can result from combining different principles in a single theory. This chapter develops a multi-principle theory of political obligation, on the basis of the principle of fairness, a natural duty of justice, and what I call the ‘common good’ principle. The three principles interact in three main ways: ‘cumulation’, combining the separate state services that different principles cover; ‘mutual support’, combining the force of different principles in regard to the same state services; and simple overlap. The result is a theory that can satisfy the main criteria of a theory of political obligation.
Political Obligation and the US Supreme Court
Authors: Klosko George
Published: April 2005

This and the following chapters explore the ‘self-image of the state’ in regard to political obligations through analysis of judicial decisions. Examining the reasons that states themselves provide to justify political obligations provides an empirical test of normative theories. Although judicial decisions have no claim to moral truth, the fact that justices regularly argue from certain principles rather than others adds to the plausibility of a theory based on the former and increases the burden of justification for proponents of other principles. Supreme Court justices usually defend their opinions on the basis of statutory or constitutional interpretation and seldom appeal directly to moral principles. However, on occasion they do invoke moral principles to support their opinions, especially in difficult cases. Justices of the US Supreme Court consistently ground obligations on protection that individuals receive from society. The most likely basis of these ‘reciprocal obligations’ is a principle of fairness, as expressed most notably in Arver v. U.S., the most important of the 'Selective Draft Law Cases'.
Political Obligation and Military Service in Germany and Israel
Authors: Klosko George
Published: April 2005

Examines judicial decisions in Germany and Israel in order to provide a comparative test of the analysis of US Supreme Court decisions in Ch. 7. Although questions of political obligation have been much discussed by scholars, little attention has been paid to moral reasons advanced by actual states to justify the compliance of their subjects. Because in US cases, justices appeal to moral reasons most explicitly in difficult cases that concern imposing military service on conscientious objectors, the analysis focuses on this area. In spite of their important constitutional and judicial differences, Germany and Israel support military obligations along similar lines. German decisions emphasize norms of equality or fairness. Israeli Justices have generally appealed to the importance of each individual's contribution to national defence. However, in a recent decision, norms of fairness are invoked.
Examples and Cooperation
Authors: Klosko George
Published: April 2005

Continues the analysis of focus group responses discussed in Ch. 9. It is argued that the way different people respond to examples of the kind commonly employed in contemporary moral and political argument provides some test of the examples' persuasiveness. The subject of investigation in this chapter is responses to a series of vignettes concerning connections between different forms of cooperative activity and the generation of obligations. In particular, is a strong sense of cooperation necessary to generate obligations? Subjects were given vignettes that concerned cooperative schemes that provide excludable benefits, essential public goods, and trivial public goods, respectively. Their responses indicate strong connections between the generation of obligations and the nature of specific benefits provided, especially their weight or importance. Receipt of important benefits was viewed as generating obligations, even without a strong sense of cooperation. Receipt of benefits from activity characterized by a strong sense of cooperation was viewed as not establishing obligations, if benefits produced were not of significant importance.
The Role of Congress as an Agency of Horizontal Accountability: Lessons from the Brazilian Experience
Authors: Figueiredo Argelina Cheibub
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines role of Congress as an agency of horizontal accountability in Brazil. It is argued that although Congress’ direct oversight role is diminished, its indirect role remains critical. The information it provides through its oversight mechanisms is essential for groups in society to activate other accountability mechanisms, which in turn strengthens the mechanisms of vertical accountability established between voters and the government.
The New Brazilian Public Prosecution: An Agent of Accountability
Authors: Sadek Maria Tereza , Cavalcanti Rosângela Batista
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the performance of the Public Prosecution — a Brazilian institution tasked with exercising oversight and control over public administration — and its impact on democracy. It is argued that the institution is still attempting to define itself both internally and externally. Work by the Public Prosecution has generated significant response from groups who feel that their interests are being threatened. Amendments have been proposed in Congress to restrict the Public Prosecution’s autonomy.
Authoritarianism, Democracy and the Supreme Court: Horizontal Exchange and the Rule of Law in Mexico
Authors: Magaloni Beatriz
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the relationship between authoritarianism, democracy and the emergence of Supreme Court independence in Mexico. It presents three mechanisms to explain why party hegemony meant unrestrained rule by the president; strong dominance of the president over the Supreme Court; and the absence of a rule of law. These are: a flexible constitution that could be modified by the power it was supposed to restrain; the president’s unilateral control of nominations and dismissals; and constitutional rules that delegated insufficient constitutional powers to the Supreme Court to interpret the constitution.
The Face-Value Theory
Authors: Schiffer Stephen
Published: April 2005

The face-value theory is that theory of the logical form of belief reports that must be defeated if it is not to be accepted. It holds that ‘A believes that S’ is true just in case A stands in the belief relation to the proposition that S. The theory constrains, but provides no complete account of, the nature of the propositions we believe. Most face-value theorists hold that the propositions we believe are structured, and the big contest here is between Russellian and Fregean propositions. Both conceptions are problematic.
Having Meaning
Authors: Schiffer Stephen
Published: April 2005

To have meaning is to stand in the meaning relation to a meaning, meanings taken to be characters*. This chapter is about the nature of the meaning relation. A theory of this relation requires saying what relation a person must bear to a language in order for that language to be her public language, and also what relation a person must bear to a language in order for that language to be her language of thought. The answers bear on questions about compositional semantics and about the supervenience of the intentional on the non-intentional.
Vagueness and Indeterminacy
Authors: Schiffer Stephen
Published: April 2005

A theory of vagueness must lie at the heart of any complete theory of meaning. This chapter offers a theory of vagueness, and of indeterminacy generally, since the indeterminacy of vague borderline proposition is only one source of indeterminacy. The theory distinguishes two kinds of partial belief: standard partial belief, which is normatively governed by the axioms of probability theory, and what I call vagueness-related partial belief, which is not normatively governed by those axioms. Thanks to the pleonastic nature of properties, it is possible to define vagueness and indeterminacy in terms of vagueness-related partial belief. The account of vagueness is applied to the sorites paradox, and resolving that paradox requires distinguishing between what I call happy-face and unhappy-face solutions to a paradox. The theory of indeterminacy yields a resolution of Gareth Evans’s puzzle about indeterminate identity.
Moral Realism and Indeterminacy
Authors: Schiffer Stephen
Published: April 2005

The account of indeterminacy is brought to bear on normative, and especially moral, discourse. Cognitivism is easily secured by the theory of pleonastic propositions, but facts about moral discourse conjoined with the theory of indeterminacy entail that moral realism is neither determinately true nor determinately false, that no substantive moral propositions have determinate truth values.
Conditionals and Indeterminacy
Authors: Schiffer Stephen
Published: April 2005

The account of indeterminacy is brought to bear on conditionals, both indicative conditionals and counterfactual conditionals. The existence of conditional propositions is easily secured on the theory of pleonastic propositions, and conditions are specified under which a conditional proposition is determinately true, determinately false, or indeterminate. These truth conditions generate a puzzle, in that the way we form partial beliefs in indeterminate conditional propositions is not what their truth conditions predict. The resolution makes an important concession to non-cognitivist accounts of indicative-conditional sentences.
Why Pleonastic Propositions? Content in Information and Explanation
Authors: Schiffer Stephen
Published: April 2005

Pleonastic propositions play two important roles: first, we use them both to exploit the beliefs of others as a source of information about the world and to exploit the world as a source of information about the beliefs and desires of others; second, we use them to explain the behaviour of ourselves and others. Both roles are clarified and accounts are offered of how pleonastic propositions are able to play those roles. It is argued that no other things—neither non-pleonastic propositions nor linguistic entities of some kind—could play those roles as well as pleonastic propositions.
Saving Lives
Authors: Cullity Garrett
Published: April 2005

Much of the work of aid agencies aims to prevent threats to life, rather than to save lives. And even when an aid agency’s activity does save life, it might be doubted whether my contribution to an agency’s pool of funds will itself benefit anyone significantly. However, whether or not that is true, an argument from the life-saving analogy will still support a collective requirement of beneficence on us as a group; and fairness will require me to contribute to discharging that requirement. The collective activity to which I should contribute includes both preventing threats and saving lives.
The Origin of Political Institutions
Authors: Alesina Alberto , Glaeser Edward
Published: April 2005

This chapter explores the history of American and European political institutions to gain insight on the reasons behind the differences in their welfare policies. It focuses on the history of proportional representation, the rise of socialist parties, and the US Supreme Court. It identifies a general relationship between the age of institutions and social welfare spending.
A Critique Of Democracy
Authors: Lloyd Geoffrey
Published: April 2005

A comparison between ancient and modern political systems can be used to highlight certain weaknesses in current representative democracy, especially when voter participation is low and where lobbying by pressure groups may distort the decision taking process. Meanwhile translating democratic principles, and the principle of accountability, on to an international scale is fraught with difficulties, the most obvious being that the UN is in no position, at present, to implement the decisions of the General Assembly when these do not suit the policies of the one remaining superpower, the USA.
Services
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: April 2005

Service enterprises were enablers of global capitalism. They performed central roles as coordinators of cross-border investments in manufacturing and resources. The service sector is highly diffuse and includes trade, finance, personal, and business services, construction, transportation, communications, and public utilities.
Crossing borders
Authors: Jones Geoffrey
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the strategies firms have used to exploit and enhance their competitive advantage by crossing borders. It begins with corporate strategies for entering and existing countries. It then turns to collaborative strategies with other firms. Finally, the role of subsidiaries in the evolutions of multinationals is considered.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Adam G.
Published: April 2005

The introduction raises the question of corporeality and the body in Maximus’ theology within the context of the wider patristic and subsequent catholic tradition. It asks whether the affinity of patristic thought with Neoplatonism tends towards the marginalization creation and the body, as often charged. The case is argued that an intelligent reading of Maximus’ philosophical and ascetic writings requires due regard for the living, material praxis – especially liturgical and sacramental – within which the Confessor lived, thought, and wrote.
Corporeality and the Cosmos
Authors: Cooper Adam G.
Published: April 2005

Why did God create the universe? How does it exist independently of the divine essence? Is matter essential or incidental in the cosmic economy? In what way are body and soul both one and distinct? Reviewing Maximus’ anthropocentric cosmology, this chapter examines the ontological status and function of the body, both cosmic and human.
Natural Resources, Capital Accumulation, Structural Change, and Welfare
Authors: Auty Richard M. , Kiiski Sampsa.
Published: April 2005

This chapter establishes the stylised facts on capital accumulation, structural change, and social welfare in developing countries with different natural resource endowments. It is shown that the development of resource-abundant countries varies depending on their natural resource endowment. Resource-deficient countries diversify into manufactured production and exports sooner, and are less prone to trade policy closure.
The Social Foundations of Poor Economic Growth in Resource-Rich Countries
Authors: Woolcock Michael. , Pritchett Lant. , Isham Jonathan.
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the social foundations of developing economies with different types of natural resource endowments. It argues that the nature of communities, institutions, and state-society relations has a significant impact on economic growth trajectories in general, and the management of shocks in particular. In developing countries, the efficacy of these three dimensions is influenced by export structures. Different types of export structures create different capacities to reduce social and economic divisions, and viable institutions of conflict management.
Natural Resources and Economic Development: The 1870–1914 Experience
Authors: Findlay Ronald. , Lundahl Mats.
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the performance of two types of resource-abundant economies during the ‘golden age’ of the world economy from 1870 to 1914. These are the ‘Regions of Recent Settlement’ (United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, and South Africa); and plantation and peasant economies in ‘Tropical Countries’ (Burma, Siam, the Gold Coast, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Ceylon, and Malaya). Disparities in the performance of the two groups of countries were attributed to internal problems and policy failures.
Short-Run Models of Contrasting Natural Resource Endowments
Authors: Murshed S. Mansoob.
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the links between natural resources, economic growth, and economic policy using a short-run theoretical macroeconomic model of a small open economy endowed with a natural resource exporting sector. It considers the short-run effects of resource booms, devaluation, and a consumption tax on the non-traded good. Typologies are developed, distinguishing between the East Asian (diffuse resource-rich) and Latin American (point-source linkages) cases.
Competitive Industrialization with Natural Resource Abundance: Malaysia
Authors: Zainal Abidin Mahani.
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the main differences between the development of Malaysia and that of other small resource-abundant countries that did not achieve competitive industrialisation. It discusses the high growth of Malaysian investment, public sector contribution to total investment, Malaysia’s open trade regime, industrial policy that fostered competitive industrialisation, and the accumulation of human capital. It reviews Malaysia’s capacity to manage external and internal shocks without experiencing a growth collapse.
A Growth Collapse with Point Resources: Bolivia
Authors: Auty Richard M. , Evia J. L.
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the growth collapse in Bolivia in the mid-1980s. It is shown that a series of factional governments pushed the mineral-driven Bolivian economy into the staple strap development trajectory since the early 1960s. Bolivia can realise new economic opportunities if its government adheres to the basic principles of environmental and natural resource accounting, and maintains market discipline. These can be achieved through a consensual democracy.
Growth, Capital Accumulation, and Economic Reform in South Africa
Authors: Jenkins Carolyn.
Published: April 2005

This chapter argues that South Africa has failed to establish the conditions necessary to reach its growth potential despite the commencement of reform in the 1970s. Part of this is because reform was undertaken during conditions of increasing isolation under sanctions, and increasing domestic uncertainty. Moreover, racial segregation in education and labour markets, and increasing political polarisation led to a decline in social capital. The new government is capable of addressing these problems although progress has been slow.
A Nordic Perspective on Natural Resource Abundance
Authors: Gylfason Thorvaldur.
Published: April 2005

This chapter examines the impact of resource abundance on the economic performance of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden. Natural resource abundance can retard economic growth by reducing total exports, and investments in human and physical capital. These outcomes are not inevitable if appropriate institutions safeguards are in place. However, an echo effect of resource dependence may be detected.
Chapter 1 WHAT ARE INTENTIONS?
Authors: Livingston Paisley
Published: April 2005

Presents a survey of prevalent assumptions about the nature and status of intentions, beginning with minimalist and reductionist views and moving on to accounts of intention as a type of psychological state having a range of characteristic functions. Drawing upon work in philosophical psychology and action theory by such philosophers as Alfred Mele and Michael Bratman, Livingston characterizes intentions in terms of its functions in the lives of temporally situated, deliberating, and striving agents: intentions initiate, guide, and sustain intentional behaviour; they prompt and terminate practical reasoning, and help coordinate an individual agent’s behaviour over time, as well as interaction between agents. With reference to epistemic and ontological worries about mentalism, Livingston also surveys debates over the status of intentionalist psychology more generally, assessing error theory as well as strong and weak realist perspectives. Serious problems with extreme anti-intentionalist arguments and proposals warrant continued reliance upon intentionalist discourse.
Chapter 3 AUTHORSHIP, INDIVIDUAL AND COLLECTIVE
Authors: Livingston Paisley
Published: April 2005

Although intentionalism is often wrongly said to entail individualist dogma, the recognition of intentions is crucial to the recognition of diverse forms of authorship, including various kinds of collaborative and collective art-making. Livingston critiques Foucauldian contentions about authorship and proposes an alternative account on the basis of the author’s production of works with expressive or communicative intent. An elucidation of conditions on joint-authorship is proposed with reference to philosophical analyses of joint and collective action. Not all cases of collective art-making amount to joint authorship in the sense of a sufficiently well coordinated and genuinely collaborative effort.
Chapter 5 TEXTS, WORKS, VERSIONS (WITH REFERENCE TO THE INTENTIONS OF MONSIEUR PIERRE MENARD)
Authors: Livingston Paisley
Published: April 2005

Various philosophers have found valuable insight in Jorge Luis Borges’ 1939 story, ‘Pierre Menard, Author of the Quixote’. More specifically, a conclusion commonly drawn from the story is that a literary work is not reducible to a text. Livingston supports this thesis, but contends that the argument in its favour requires an independent defence of claims about the nature and identity of texts. To that end, he presents a new, ‘locutionary’ account that conjoins syntactical and pragmatic conditions. And with reference to an overlooked feature of Borges’ story, Livingston explores different senses of ‘version’ in artistic contexts, drawing on intentionalist resources.
Chapter 7 FICTION AND FICTIONAL TRUTH
Authors: Livingston Paisley
Published: April 2005

Intentionalist assumptions are relevant to three inter-related topics pertaining to fiction: the distinction between fiction and non-fiction, the nature and status of fictional truth, and the determination of fictional truth (or the content of a fictional utterance or story). Livingston argues that to produce a work of fiction or fictional utterance is to express imaginings and to invite others to engage in correlative make-believe or imagining. Intentions regularly contribute decisively to the determination of the story a work of fiction conveys, especially with regard to implicit content. This is crucial for readers or viewers who want to understand the story told, as opposed to making up a new story of their own. These and related contentions are grounded in a discussion of the 1991 film Meeting Venus, which is especially pertinent with regard to the problem of the conditions under which intentions are and are not successfully realized.
Externalities in Rural Development: Evidence for China
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J.
Published: April 2005

Tests for external effects of local economic activity on consumption and income growth at the farm household level using panel data from four provinces of post-reform rural China. The tests allow for non-stationary fixed effects in the consumption growth process. Evidence is found of geographic externalities, stemming from spill over effects of the level and composition of local economic activity and private returns to local human and physical infrastructure endowments. The results suggest an explanation for rural underdevelopment arising from underinvestment in certain externality-generating activities, of which agricultural development emerges as the most important.
How Responsive is Poverty to Growth? A Regional Analysis of Poverty, Inequality, and Growth in Indonesia, 1984–99
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J.
Published: April 2005

Uses six nationally representative household consumption surveys to develop successive poverty profiles for Indonesia over a fifteen-year period of sustained high growth followed by rapid contraction. Adopting a ‘cost-of-basic-needs’ approach to poverty determination (an approach particularly suited to measures of absolute poverty), the authors develop price indices and calculate poverty lines from unit value data, an often neglected source of information. The summary findings confirm that Indonesia has witnessed broad-based gains in poverty reduction over the period 1984–96 and then a dramatic reversal during the recent financial crisis. These summary findings, however, mask substantial diversity in growth, inequality, and poverty change across Indonesian regions and so subsequent analysis focuses on the links between growth, inequality, and changes in poverty at the regional level.
Quo Vadis? Inequality and Poverty Dynamics Across Russian Regions
Authors: Kanbur Ravi , Venables Anthony J.
Published: April 2005

Analyses regional data on inequality and poverty in Russia during 1994–2000 using published series from the regionally representative Household Budget Survey. The author finds that the share of inequality in Russia coming from the between-regions component is large (close to a third of the total inequality), growing, and accounts for most of the increase in national inequality over 1994-2000. The author demonstrates an absence of interregional convergence in incomes across Russian regions using various techniques. On the other hand, he finds evidence of convergence in inequality within regions, trended towards an internationally high level. Based on these two findings, the author projects the dynamics of inequality and poverty in Russia over a ten-year time horizon. The projections show that if the observed trend continues, by 2010 the absolute majority of Russia’s poor will be concentrated in a few permanently impoverished regions, while relatively more affluent regions will become virtually free of poverty.
Application of lean paradigm in red meat processing
Authors: Simons David , Zokaei Keivan
Published: April 2005

Purpose

Lean is a well‐established industrial paradigm and has proved to be of significant benefit in different sectors of the manufacturing industry (e.g. automotive and aerospace). This paper aims to report on the introduction of lean to a new sector – the “UK red meat industry”. It highlights the benefits of lean production in one specific manufacturing area, the “cutting room”, where meat is split down from a carcass into retail cuts of meat.

Design/methodology/approach

A multiple case study approach is adopted in this paper. As part of the Red Meat Industry Forum's Value Chain Analysis Initiative, five cutting plants are presented as case studies in this paper.

Findings

This paper identifies two “traditional” and three “advanced” cutting rooms and reports a typical 25 per cent productivity gap. The paper tentatively concludes this is due to the advanced cases practicing lean techniques, such as “Takt‐time” and “work standardization”.

Originality/value

The literature review identifies a gap in previous research on the applications of logistics and operations management concepts and practices into the red meat industry. Particularly, lean techniques have been overlooked in the red meat industry.
Deliberate contamination of the food supply chain
Authors: Manning L. , Baines R.N. , Chadd S.A.
Published: April 2005

Purpose

Aims to highlight how food contamination, whether accidental or deliberate, can have far‐reaching impact on individuals, organisations and the food supply chain.

Design/methodology/approach

This paper focuses on the use of agents such as foreign animal disease (FAD). The research included a literature review and evaluation to determine the mechanisms currently in place to counter‐act bioterrorism in the food supply chain with particular emphasis on poultry.

Findings

Food terrorism, where the contaminant is a FAD, would cause severe economic disruption by direct costs due to the culling of livestock and the compensation paid to growers. It could also lead to consequential loss to the local or national economy, loss of consumer confidence in the food supply chain and loss of political confidence and support following the mass culling of livestock, with some agents having the ability to impact directly on human health.

Originality/value

This paper analyses the current state of preparedness for food terrorism in the food supply chain and is of relevance to a cross‐section of the industry.