bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Impact of Human Resources Management on Employee Performance: Organizational Commitment Mediator Variable
Authors: Tabouli Esmael M. A. , Habtoor Nasser Ahmed , Nashief S. Mohammad
Published: August 2016

This study aims to examine the impact of the human resource management (HRM) policies on the organizational commitment and the performance of the employees at Jumhoruia bank in Libya. The study encompasses the policies factor as an independent variable and the factor of employee performance as a dependent variable. This study also intends to investigate the role of “organizational commitment” as a mediator variable between the polices of (HRM) and the performance of the employee, and to achieve these aims, the researchers have used the descriptive analytical method (quantitative) which represented using (CFA) in order to verify the structural truth of the study factors reaching to use (SEM-AMOS). The study is targeting all employees working in Jumhoruia bank, the headquarters and the branches in the capital city of Libya, Tripoli The study has concluded with many results, and one of the most important results is that, there is a positive relationship between the (HRM) and the employees’ performance. The study also found that there is an indirect positive effect to the (HRM) through the organizational commitment with a percentage higher than the direct impact. the researchers recommends that all policy makers of (HRM) should pay more concern on policies and practices related to the employees which results into developing the employees’ performance, also policy makers inside the bank should concentrate on emotional aspects of the employees which in turn result into a higher positive influence on their performance compared with the direct impact on their performances.
The Role of Relational Maintenance Behavior and Attachment Styles in Predicting Marital Commitment
Authors: Ghezelseflo Mehdi , Jazayeri Rezvanoosadat , Bahrami Fatemeh , Mohammadi Fesharaki Rahmatollah
Published: August 2016

Commitment to both spouse and the institution of marriage appears to be important to the success of a marriage. The aim of the present study is to examine the role of relational maintenance behavior and attachment styles in predicting marital commitment. The statistical population has been consisted of all the couples who had middle school children in Tehran city; so, 372 married people (233 women and 139 men) have been selected by multiple cluster sampling. The Relational maintenance behavior measure (RMSM), Adult attachment questionnaire (AAQ) and personal commitment subscale have been considered as the data collection tools. The results have shown that there is a significant positive relationship between assurance subscale, openness, conflict management, share task, positivity, advice and secure attachment style and marital commitment, and there is a significant negative relationship between avoidant and ambivalent attachment styles and marital commitment. Also multiple regression analysis has shown that the four subscales of relational maintenance behavior (assurance, openness, conflict management and positivity) and attachment styles (secure, avoidant and ambivalent) can predict the marital commitment (p <0.05). According to these findings, it can be concluded that relational maintenance behaviors and attachment styles affect the marital commitment and commitment to marital relationship among couples can be increased by training relationship maintenance behaviors and providing necessary trainings related to attachment styles for parents.
The Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles and Loneliness in Students
Authors: Rafiee Shideh , Chehreii Shima
Published: August 2016

The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived parenting styles with loneliness in single students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz. This is a correlation research. The statistical population included all single students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz (12 thousand students) in the year 2014 -2015. This is a convenience sampling type. A total of 200 students are selected as subjects. The research tools include perception of Parenting Styles Questionnaires (PAQ) and the UCLA loneliness. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression, univariate and multivariate variance (MANOVA) analysis, Schaeffer test and Cronbach’s alpha method are used in order to analyze the data. The results of correlation coefficient showed that there is negative and significant relationship (r=0.05) between perceived authoritative parenting styles and loneliness and there is positive and significant (r=0.18) between perceived permissive parenting styles and loneliness. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived authoritative parenting styles and loneliness (0.15). In sum, it can be found from this research that authoritative parenting style plays an important role in non-lonely children. 
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 12, No. 9
Authors: Zhang Jenny
Published: August 2016

Reviewer Acknowledgements for Asian Social Science, Vol. 12, No. 9, 2016.
Ideologically-adapted Translations: Challenge for Adequacy, Need for Retranslation
Authors: Suleymanova Aida Salamat
Published: August 2016

Translation has always been regarded as the main channel for disseminating works of art, literature and culture. Throughout the history, Azerbaijani writers and poets have contributed to the world literature, as well as benefitted from the best literary masterpieces of the world by means of translation. The art of translation is the credit to the interaction between nations, cultures, and literatures in particular. However, the path of historical development of the national translation studies and translation practice in Azerbaijan has not always been smooth. Azerbaijan has for 70 years been a part of the USSR, and consequently all fields of human life, as well as translation activity were under strict control of the central authority. Ideological censorship imposed on culture, art and literature, particularly, on the literary translation can still be sensed today. The aim of this paper is to study the ideological deviations, adaptations and modifications in fiction translation during the Soviet period in Azerbaijan and to show why retranslation of such works is necessary in our country.
Awareness Level of Professional Independence Requirements, through Assimilation of Fundamental Principles of Professional Ethics, by Jordanian CPA Auditors, in Auditing Process: Field Study
Authors: Jaber Raed Jameel , Abu Fadda Marwan Mohammad
Published: August 2016

This research paper aimed at determining Awareness Level of Professional Independence Requirements (ALOPIR), through assimilation of fundamental principles of professional ethics, by Jordanian CPA auditors, in auditing process. A questionnaire was established and developed for this purpose and given out to external Jordanian audit firms and CPA auditors, the number of questionnaires which were exposed to analysis was (40), extracted data was analyzed using (SPSS), and a number of statistical tests; was achieved.

The study found positive correlation relationships between the stated variables; (high positive correlation between “professional competence and due care, professional behavior, safeguards threats”; moderate positive correlation between “objectivity, confidentiality”; low positive correlation between “integrity” and (ALOPIR)),

Despite the fact that the results indicate to the existence of certain (ALOPIR) by Jordanian CPA auditors; yet the low and moderate correlation of some variables may emerge a sign that the auditors awareness of some independence concepts is still below the demanded level; as the correlation was low with integrity and moderate with objectivity and confidentiality, such a matter must be paid more attention. The low positive correlation between integrity and (ALOPIR) can be explained by the probable that auditors may predominant their financial interests than to achieve integrity and honesty; this may be due to the absence of a declared Ethics Charter of audit in Jordan.

A standardized mean test was done to accept or reject either the null hypothesis or the alternative hypothesis, according to a comparison between each of the variables’ joint mean and the standardized one, following that it was possible to descending sorting of the hypotheses depending on the joint mean value.
A main recommendation was introduced which is: to take steps to achieve imminent, deep and effectively spreading of relative culture, especially the fundamental principles of professional ethics, among professional accountants.
Effect of Synergy on Financial Performance of Merged Financial Institutions in Kenya
Authors: Ogada Agnes , Njuguna Amos , Achoki George
Published: August 2016

Mergers and Acquisitions deals that create value constitute at least one or a combination of financial and operational synergy. This paper investigates the effect of synergy on financial performance of merged institutions in the financial services sector in Kenya. The paper adopted a mixed research design, pre and post-merger secondary data was collected from 40 (forty) institutions in the Kenyan financial services industry that had concluded their merger processes by 31 December 2013. Financial synergy was proxied using the liquidity ratio while operating synergy was measured using growth in sales. Primary data was used to explain the results of the secondary data. Panel data analysis was used to determine the change in the study variables and trends over time between 2009 and 2013, event window (pre-merger and post-merger) analysis was used to test for any significant difference in performance means before and after merger as a result synergy, while regression analysis was used to determine the relationship between synergy and profitability. Results show that there is a positive relationship between performance, operating synergy and financial synergy, and that there was significant improvement in performance post-merger. From these findings, the study recommends that institutions should critically evaluate the overall business and operational compatibility of the merging institutions and focus on capturing long-term financial synergies as this has a positive effect on the performance.
Impact of Engineering Financial Market and Using Financial Derivatives on Financial Analysts Interest: Empirical Study from Amman Stock Exchange –Jordan
Authors: Al Attar Mohammad Khalid
Published: August 2016

This study aimed to measure the level of Amman Financial Market efficiency and show the role of financial derivatives in improving Markets’ efficiency. Generally, financial derivatives are considered an essential source of financing an economy. In addition, diversification of financial derivatives’ instruments which are circulated in a stock market as the main standard of measuring its development and efficiency, called as engineering. For the purpose of achieving the objectives of the study, the researcher selected some of the financial analysts’ that represent institutions in Amman Stock Exchange in Jordan, to serve as the sample of the study. Simple Random Sampling was used to select the sample to represent the whole population. Furthermore, the researcher developed a questionnaire to judge the respondents opinions and test the validity of the hypotheses. The questionnaire was designed by using a five -point -Likert scale (strongly agree, agree, neutral, disagree, strongly disagree). In total, the researcher distributed 100 questionnaires and 85 were returned from the selected sample of the study (85% from the whole questionnaires distributed). Results of the study showed that there was a strong bond between financial derivatives and efficiency of Amman Stock Market. Moreover, findings indicated that there is a statistical significant sign between financial analysts’ interests in returns of financial derivatives with their tools and efficiency of these markets.
The Impact of Corruption on Economic Growth in OIC Countries
Authors: Ertimi Basem Elmukhtar , Dowa Abulkasem , Albisht Elham Mohamed , Oqab Basim Aboubaker
Published: August 2016

Economic growth in a country can be attributed to many variables, both positive and negative. Raising the level of human capital, openness and investment are examples of factors typically considered to have a positive impact on economic progress, while corruption is one of the factors that are often seen as detrimental to economic growth. The purpose of this study is to analyse whether the levels of perceived corruption in a cross-section of countries have affected their economic growth rates over the years 2003-2010. The study is conducted with a regression on a sample of 14 countries and eight variables for the time period in question. The models are constructed on the basis of the endogenous growth theory. Results using economic freedom index (EFI) shows that corruption has a negative impact of economic growth in the countries in question.
Forcible Protection of Nationals Abroad and Humanitarian Intervention: Might or Right?
Authors: Salako Solomon E.
Published: August 2016

The forcible protection of nationals abroad (a rescue mission) and humanitarian intervention (intervention of one state or a group of states in a territorial state where there is a threat or actual loss of life, forced migration or gross violation of human rights and which, at times, involves government replacement or nation building) are different doctrines which, in functional terms, overlap.

Since 1945, the ius ad bellum (the rules of international law governing the legality of the use of force) are stated in Articles 2(4) and 51 of the UN Charter. Since the end of the Cold War in 1989, some states and an increasing number of scholars have attempted to discard the prohibition of the use of force and to create new exceptions such as preventive war, pro-democratic intervention and unilateral intervention.
The objects of this article are: (i) to assess critically the attempt to drive a horse and a coach through the provisions of Articles 2(4) and 51 of the UN Charter; (ii) to show that a legal regime laid down by the UN Charter which is founded on a genuine ius contra bellum (law against war) remains unaffected; (iii) to show that the transmogrification of ‘political sovereignty’ to ‘popular sovereignty’ and the use of human rights as justifications for humanitarian intervention can be construed as a subterfuge; and (iv) to analyse the economic, political and strategic reasons for humanitarian intervention and to show how stretching international law to justify a ‘right’ is simply replaced by ‘might’.
Inclusiveness in the Vocational Education Policy and Legal Frameworks of Kenya and Tanzania
Authors: Yehualawork Malle Abebe
Published: August 2016

This study examines the status of inclusiveness in the education and training policies of Ethiopia in comparison to those of selected East African countries. The focus is on vocational education in terms of the special educational and training needs of students with disabilities. Focus group discussions and interviews conducted in Kenya and Tanzania, relevant policy document analysis and the findings of Article 1 of the study were used as primary sources for the research. A total of 18 representatives of DPOs from Kenya and Tanzania participated in two sessions of focus group discussions, and 15 high-profile figures and experts from concerned government bodies of these study countries were interviewed. Most of the study participants agreed that the issue of disability was not adequately addressed in the education and training policies or the legal and implementation instruments of the study countries. The participants also proposed valuable recommendations.
The South China Sea: A Geopolitical Analysis
Authors: Mitchell Martin D
Published: August 2016

Since 1945 the South China Sea and the western Pacific has functioned as an uncontested global common patrolled by overwhelming U.S. naval and air power projected from a series of peripheral and over the horizon bases. The dramatic rise of China alters this situation and has transformed the South China Sea into a frontier of control as China seeks to morph this maritime theater into a landward extension of the Chinese coast where it can deploy land-based tactics into an arena previously dominated by maritime power and tactics to secure the South China Sea as a de facto territorial water that serves multiple Chinese strategic interests. Hence, the attempt by a land-based Eurasian power (China) to carve a permanent bridgehead into Spykman’s Eurasian maritime periphery. Against, this trend the United States has countered with President Obama’s Asian Pivot. However, the implementation of the Asian Pivot is limited by several post Cold War developments and certain constraints inherent in the geographic setting of the South China Sea. Beyond the South China Sea, the geographic setting favors the U.S. and its allies. Consequently, American options acting singly or in coalition with other nations, most notably Japan and Australia, remain more flexible and able to serve as a long term counterweight to Chinese force projection capabilities into the western Pacific proper.
Numerical Simulations of V-Shaped Plates Subjected to Blast Loadings: A Validation Study
Authors: Othman Mohd Zaid , Shah Qasim H. , Muhammad Khan Muhammad Akram , Sheng Tan Kean , Yahaya M. A. , Ghani Amir Radzi Ab , Koslan Md Fuad Shah , J. Jestin , Zaidi Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad
Published: August 2016

A series of numerical simulations utilizing LS-DYNA was performed to determine the mid-point deformations of V-shaped plates due to blast loading. The numerical simulation results were then compared with experimental results from published literature. The V-shaped plate is made of DOMEX 700 and is used underneath an armour personal carrier vehicle as an anti-tank mine to mitigate the effects of explosion from landmines in a battlefield. The performed numerical simulations of blast loading of V-shaped plates consisted of various angles i.e. 60°, 90°, 120°, 150° and 180°; variable mass of explosives located at the central mid-point of the V-shaped vertex with various stand-off distances. It could be seen that the numerical simulations produced good agreement with the experimental results where the average difference was about 26.6%.
Safety of Machinery and Special Scheme of Inspection’s Requirement towards Industry Competitiveness in Malaysia
Authors: Ab. Rahman Rozanah , Abdul Malek Mohd Zahlul Azizi
Published: August 2016

The amendment of the Factories and Machinery Act 1967 (FMA) in 2006, with the inclusion of the new provision on special scheme of inspection takes into account of the development and advancement of technology, particularly on the latest procedure of inspection of plant and machinery in the Malaysian industries. The FMA since 1967 is the safety at work legislation applicable in Malaysia that provides for the control of factories with respect to matters relating to safety, health and welfare of person therein, the registration and inspection of machinery and for matters connected therewith. Inclusion of such provision provides an option to the industry to conduct its special scheme of inspection that analyzes the likelihood of failure and the consequence of the same in its work. This is obviously important for the economic benefits as the implementation of the scheme safeguards the integrity of the plant that will eventually increase the industry productivity and competitiveness. This paper discusses the importance of the inclusion of the special scheme of inspection provision into the statute and how it regulates the implementation of the system in the light of the development of technology in the industry. Analysis was made based on the latest legal documentation enforced relating to special scheme of inspection and with the coming into force of the Factories and Machinery (Special Scheme of Inspection) (Risk-Based Inspection) Regulations on June 1, 2014, the provision under the Factories and Machinery (Amendment) Act 2006 on special scheme of inspection shall now be fully implemented to see the effectiveness of the inspection approach for plant equipment using ‘risks analysis’.
Effectiveness of Educational Combination of Marital Relation on Reducing Conflict Marital and Improvement of the Quality of Life for Women
Authors: Rafiee Mozhgan , Davoodi Hossein
Published: August 2016

This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of combined Effectiveness of 1 And 2 Educational Combination Relation Marital Skills (Speaking and listening to each other) and (moving forward together) On Reducing Marital Conflict And Improving The Quality of Life For Women of Mahmudabad city. The statistical population of the research were 80 housewives under the support of Welfare Organization of Mahmoud Abad city who had records in 2014-15 among whom 20 individuals were randomly selected as statistical sample using available sampling. 10 individuals were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 10 individuals were assigned to the control group. Research tools were marital conflicts’ questionnaire with 42 items (Barati & Snaie, 1996) and quality of life questionnaire with 26 questions (WHOQ-REFB) of the world Health Organization. The results of the study showed that integrated teaching of 1 and 2 marital communication skills (taking and listening to each other) and (moving forward together) has had no effect on reduction of marital conflicts and improvement of quality of life of woman.
An Analysis of Factors Affecting Intention to Purchase Products and Services in Social Commerce
Authors: Dashti Mehdi , Sanayei Ali , Dolatabadi Hossein Rezai , Moshrefjavadi Mohammad Hossein
Published: August 2016

As a result of the popularity and growth of social networks, consumers often rely on recommendations and suggestions from online friends to make buying decisions. Through social commerce, people are driven from inefficient individual decisions toward collaborative decision-making with higher efficiency. In this paper, we study the factors that affect customer decisions on the purchase of recommended products and services in the context of social commerce. A total of 327 individuals on three popular social networks in Iran (i.e. Facebook, Cloob, and Telegram) were surveyed. Analysis of the results using the PLS-SEM approach revealed that:(1) Social commerce constructs has a positive effect on social support and relationship quality. (2) Perceived usefulness has a positive effect on relationship quality and intention to purchase. (3) social support has a positive effect on relationship quality and (4) relationship quality has a positive effect on intention to purchase.
Georganiseerde misdaad in de 21ste eeuw
Authors: Spapens Toine , Kolthoff Emile , Stol Wouter
Published: August 2016

Organized crime in the 21st century

In the past decades, organised crime internationalised rapidly as a result of increasing mobility and ‘open’ borders. At the same time developments in information and communication technology have led to modernisation of existing types of crime and the introduction of novel ones. Finally, criminals have benefited from increasingly diversified migration streams. In the Netherlands and Belgium, organised crime appeared on the agenda in the 1990s. For a long time emphasis was on ‘trade crimes’ i.e. trafficking in drugs and humans, as well as human smuggling, followed by the production of synthetic drugs and cannabis. More recently the Low Countries are confronted by more visible manifestations of organised crime, for example rapid growth of outlaw motorcycle gangs. Criminals also try to utilise their capital to invest in businesses and real estate and to influence local politics.
Geëiste en opgelegde sancties bij de strafrechtelijke afhandeling van georganiseerde criminaliteit
Authors: van Wingerde Karin , van de Bunt Henk
Published: August 2016

Punishing organized crime in the Netherlands. Discrepancies between demanded and imposed sanctions

The image that criminal enforcement of organized crime is difficult, is commonly reflected in the media and popular debate. Commentators often argue that organized crime is punished less severely than possible, due to the complexity of the offences, time constraints, and the increased interconnectedness between legal and illegal activities, which creates difficulties to find sufficient evidence to convict offenders. Using data from the Dutch Organized Crime Monitor, this article focuses on the ways in which offenders of organized crime are ‘treated’ by the criminal justice system and on the discrepancies between demanded sanctions and the actual sanctions executed in cases of organized crime.
Ondermijnende aspecten van georganiseerde criminaliteit en de rol van de bovenwereld
Authors: Kolthoff Emile , Khonraad Sjaak
Published: August 2016

Undermining crime and the role of government and institutions

The concept of undermining or subversive crime seems to be linked undistinguishably to organized crime and both terms are sometimes used synonymously. Definitions of the phenomenon are sometimes based on its effects, while others have their focus on its manifestations. Discussion on the underlying causes is lacking. Regularly, activities that actually do not relate to undermining are labeled as such.

This reflection critically examines and evaluates the concept of undermining. The central question is what has to be understood under the concept of undermining and, above all: what not? The phenomenon is further explored, with the aim of stimulating scientific debate and empirical research. The role of the government and other institutions in facilitating undermining is explicitly discussed as well as the possibilities to strengthen their resilience.
R.C. Harris Water Treatment Plant: A Civic Vision for Toronto's Water Supply
Authors: Tadwalkar Abhay
Published: August 2016

The “palace of purification” is an architectural landmark in Toronto, Ont., Canada, known for stunning art deco designs and modern treatment processes.
Functional diversity of excitatory commissural interneurons in adult zebrafish
Authors: Björnfors E Rebecka , El Manira Abdeljabbar
Published: August 2016

Flexibility in the bilateral coordination of muscle contraction underpins variable locomotor movements or gaits. While the locomotor rhythm is generated by ipsilateral excitatory interneurons, less is known about the commissural excitatory interneurons. Here we examined how the activity of the V0v interneurons – an important commissural neuronal class – varies with the locomotor speed in adult zebrafish. Although V0v interneurons are molecularly homogenous, their activity pattern during locomotion is not uniform. They consist of two distinct types dependent on whether they display rhythmicity or not during locomotion. The rhythmic V0v interneurons were further subdivided into three sub-classes engaged sequentially, first at slow then intermediate and finally fast locomotor speeds. Their order of recruitment is defined by scaling their synaptic current with their input resistance. Thus we uncover, in an adult vertebrate, a novel organizational principle for a key class of commissural interneurons and their recruitment pattern as a function of locomotor speed.
Y-box protein 1 is required to sort microRNAs into exosomes in cells and in a cell-free reaction
Authors: Shurtleff Matthew J , Temoche-Diaz Morayma M , Karfilis Kate V , Ri Sayaka , Schekman Randy
Published: August 2016

Exosomes are small vesicles that are secreted from metazoan cells and may convey selected membrane proteins and small RNAs to target cells for the control of cell migration, development and metastasis. To study the mechanisms of RNA packaging into exosomes, we devised a purification scheme based on the membrane marker CD63 to isolate a single exosome species secreted from HEK293T cells. Using immunoisolated CD63-containing exosomes we identified a set of miRNAs that are highly enriched with respect to their cellular levels. To explore the biochemical requirements for exosome biogenesis and RNA packaging, we devised a cell-free reaction that recapitulates the species-selective enclosure of miR-223 in isolated membranes supplemented with cytosol. We found that the RNA-binding protein Y-box protein I (YBX1) binds to and is required for the sorting of miR-223 in the cell-free reaction. Furthermore, YBX1 serves an important role in the secretion of miRNAs in exosomes by HEK293T cells.
Poster introductions
Authors: Presenters Poster
Published: August 2016

Introduction of the posters in plenum, see video.
Growth of ultrathin GaSb layer on GaAs using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition with Sb interfacial treatment
Authors: Hsiao Chih-Jen , Ha Minh-Thien-Huu , Hsu Ching-Yi , Lin Yueh-Chin , Chang Sheng-Po , Chang Shoou-Jinn , Chang Edward Yi
Published: August 2016

GaSb epitaxial layers were directly grown on GaAs substrates by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition involving Sb interfacial treatment with optimized growth temperature and V/III ratio. The interfacial treatment effectively reduces the surface energy and strain energy difference, resulting in a quasi-2D growth mode. When the GaSb layer was grown at 520 °C, the strain induced by lattice mismatch was accommodated by 90° dislocations with a period of 5.67 nm. By optimizing the V/III ratio, the surface roughness of the ultrathin GaSb/GaAs heterostructure was reduced, resulting in a reduced carrier scattering and improved electronic properties.
Electrochemical application of Ga2O3 and related materials: CO2-to-HCOOH conversion
Authors: Sekimoto Takeyuki , Hashiba Hiroshi , Deguchi Masahiro , Yotsuhashi Satoshi , Masui Takekazu , Kuramata Akito , Yamakoshi Shigenobu
Published: August 2016

We report on the complex catalytic behavior of Ga2O3 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid (HCOOH). Although the experiments were reproducible, the behavior observed during the reaction was complex. A characteristic feature of the reaction was that Faradaic efficiency was strongly dependent on the electric charge during electrolysis. This result implied that the produced HCOOH affected the CO2 reduction reaction on the surface of the electrode, which was confirmed by experiments with initially added acid. The Faradaic efficiency for HCOOH production (η_HCOOH) increased with electric charge, and was further increased by the presence of initially added acid. We also show electrochemical CO2 reduction over other Ga compounds such as GaN and GaP, for which it can be assumed that p electrons and the Ga–Ga distance on the surface of the catalyst have important roles in selective HCOOH production as in the case of Ga2O3.
Depression, anxiety, and stress in partners of Australian combat veterans and military personnel: a comparison with Australian population norms
Authors: MacDonell Gail V. , Bhullar Navjot , Thorsteinsson Einar B.
Published: August 2016

Partners of Australian combat veterans are at an increased risk of experiencing mental health problems. The present study provides a comparative analysis of the mental health of partners of veterans with that of the Australian normative data. To compare different types of groups of partners, the study samples comprised: (a) partners of Australian combat veterans (Sample 1:n= 282, ageM= 60.79,SD= 5.05), (b) a sub-sample of partners of Australian combat veterans from the previous sample (Sample 2:n= 50;M= 60.06,SD= 4.80), (c) partners of Special Air Services Regiment (SASR) personnel (Sample 3:n= 40, ageM= 34.39SD= 7.01), and (d) partners of current serving military (non-SASR) personnel (Sample 4:n= 38, ageM= 32.37,SD= 6.20). Respondents completed measures assessing their reported levels of depression, anxiety, and stress. Samples 1 and 2 comprised partners of Australian military veterans who reported significantly greater symptoms of depression, anxiety, and stress than the comparative population norms. The sample of SASR personnel partners (Sample 3) reported significantly lower levels of depression and anxiety, whereas the sample with non-SASR personnel partners (Sample 4) reported a significantly greater stress symptomatology than the comparative norms. Number of deployments was found to be associated with depression, anxiety, and stress in partners of non-SASR veterans (Sample 4). Lessons and protective factors can be learnt from groups within the current military as to what may assist partners and families to maintain a better level of psychosocial health.
On the origin of the ionosphere at the Moon using results from Chandrayaan‐1 S band radio occultation experiment and a photochemical model
Authors: Choudhary R. K. , Ambili K. M. , Choudhury Siddhartha , Dhanya M. B. , Bhardwaj Anil
Published: August 2016

The origin of the Moon's ionosphere has been explored using Chandrayaan‐1 radio occultation (RO) measurements and a photochemical model. The electron density near the Moon's surface, obtained on 31 July 2009 (∼300 cm−3), is compared with results from a model which includes production and recombination of 16 ions, solar wind proton charge exchange, and the electron impact ionization. The model calculations suggest that in the absence of transport, inert ions, namely Ar+, Ne+, and He+, dominate lunar ionosphere (density ∼5 × 104 cm−3). Interaction with solar wind, however, leads to their complete removal (∼2–3 cm−3). Assuming the Moon's exosphere to have CO2, H2O, O, OH, H2, CH4, and CO molecules in addition to the inert gases, the model calculations suggest that the lunar ionosphere is dominated by molecular ions, namely H2O+, CO
, and H3O+, with near‐surface density ∼250 cm−3. We surmise that lunar ionosphere can be molecular in nature.
Characteristics of slow earthquakes in the very low frequency band: Application to the Cascadia subduction zone
Authors: Ide Satoshi
Published: August 2016

Deep tectonic tremors detected in many subduction zones worldwide are often accompanied by very low frequency (VLF) signals, detectable by broadband seismometers but usually hidden in large ambient noise. By stacking broadband seismograms relative to tremor hypocentral times, we can recover the VLF signals. The stacked signals are then inverted to determine a moment tensor solution, using a procedure previously applied to VLF signals in Japan, Taiwan, and Mexico. Here we apply this method to the Cascadia subduction zone, where tremors and slow slip events are clearly observed. As expected, we successfully recover VLF signals for almost the entire tremor region beneath southern Vancouver Island and northern Washington State. The moment tensors are mostly well determined as low‐angle thrust type, but source depths are poorly constrained. The slip direction is slightly rotated counterclockwise with respect to the local plate motion direction, probably due to bending of the subducting plate. The seismic moment measured in VLF band is proportional to the seismic energy of tremors, with a scaled energy of about 3 × 10−9. The widespread observability of VLF signals suggests that the deformation associated with tremors and SSEs is actually a very broadband phenomenon, as suggested by stochastic models.
Experiments with mixing in stratified flow over a topographic ridge
Authors: Dossmann Yvan , G. Rosevear Madelaine , Griffiths Ross W. , McC. Hogg Andrew , Hughes Graham O. , Copeland Michael
Published: August 2016

The interaction of quasi‐steady abyssal ocean flow with submarine topography is expected to generate turbulent mixing in the ocean. This mixing may occur locally, close to topography, or via breaking quasi‐steady lee waves that can carry energy into the ocean interior. There is currently no theoretical, or empirically derived, prediction for the relative amounts of local and interior mixing. We report measurements of the mixing rate in laboratory experiments with a topographic ridge towed through a density stratification. The experiments span three parameter regimes including linear lee waves, nonlinear flow and an evanescent regime in which wave radiation is weak. Full field density measurements provide the depth‐dependence of energy loss to turbulent mixing, allowing separation of the local mixing in the turbulent wake and remote mixing by wave radiation. Remote mixing is significant only for a narrow band of forcing parameters where the flow speed is resonant with internal waves; in all other parameter regimes local mixing close to the topography is dominant. The results suggest that mixing by local nonlinear mechanisms close to abyssal ocean topography may be much greater than the remote mixing by quasi‐steady lee waves.
Burden shifting of water quantity and quality stress from megacity Shanghai
Authors: Zhao Xu , Liu Junguo , Yang Hong , Duarte Rosa , Tillotson Martin R , Hubacek Klaus
Published: August 2016

Much attention has been paid to burden shifting of CO2 emissions from developed regions to developing regions through trade. However, less discussed is that trade also acts as a mechanism enabling wealthy consumers to shift water quantity and quality stress to their trading partners. In this study, we investigate how Shanghai, the largest megacity in China, draws water resources from all over China and outsources its pollution through virtual quantity and quality water flows associated with trade. The results show that Shanghai's consumption of goods and services in 2007 led to 11.6 billion m3 of freshwater consumption, 796 thousand tons of COD, and 16.2 thousand tons of NH3‐N in discharged wastewater. Of this, 79% of freshwater consumption, 82.9% of COD and 82.5% of NH3‐N occurred in other Chinese Provinces which provide goods and services to Shanghai. Thirteen Provinces with severe and extreme water quantity stress accounted for 60% of net virtual water import to Shanghai, while 19 Provinces experiencing water quality stress endured 79% of net COD outsourcing and 75.5% of net NH3‐N outsourcing from Shanghai. In accordance with the three “redlines” recently put forward by the Chinese central government to control water pollution and cap total water use in all provinces, we suggest that Shanghai should share its responsibility for reducing water quantity and quality stress in its trading partners through taking measures at provincial, industrial, and consumer levels. In the meantime, Shanghai needs to enhance demand side management by promoting low water intensity consumption.
Impact of Conformality and Crystallinity for Ultrathin 4 nm Compact TiO2 Layers in Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Roelofs Katherine E. , Pool Vanessa L. , Bobb‐Semple Dara A. , Palmstrom Axel F. , Santra Pralay K. , Van Campen Douglas G. , Toney Michael F. , Bent Stacey F.
Published: August 2016

The rapid rise in power conversion efficiencies of lead‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) has established their promise, motivating scale‐up and commercialization. As a thin film solar cell, interfacial properties are key to the performance of PSCs; there is a need to further understand which properties are critical to control. In this work, the impact of the compact TiO2 (com‐TiO2) film properties on the performance of mesoporous PSCs is studied. Com‐TiO2 layers are fabricated by spray pyrolysis as well as by atomic layer deposition (ALD), using ALD as a proof‐of‐concept method to achieve highly conformal films of precisely controlled thickness. The com‐TiO2 layers' conformality and surface roughness are examined by microscopy techniques; their relative crystallinity is studied by grazing‐incidence X‐ray diffraction with a synchrotron source and an in situ annealing chamber; and completed devices are analyzed by J–V and impedance spectroscopy techniques. The results show that an ultraconformal com‐TiO2 layer can be thinned to 4 nm and match the performance of a ≈50 nm spray‐pyrolysis TiO2 layer. This work concludes that film conformality is the primary consideration for creating a high‐performing com‐TiO2 layer, overriding any effects of film crystallinity—a finding that can guide fabrication choices for the scale‐up of PSCs.
Iodothiocyanation/Nitration of Allenes with Potassium Thiocyanate/Silver Nitrite and Iodine
Authors: Yang Xiaodong , She Yue , Chong Ya , Zhai Huichun , Zhu He , Chen Baohua , Huang Guosheng , Yan Rulong
Published: August 2016

Direct strategies for the iodothiocyanation and iodonitration of allenes have been developed. In this process, potassium thiocyanate/silver nitrite and molecular iodine are used as the source of SCN, ONO2 and iodine to provide the desired products in moderate to good yields with high stereoselectivity.

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Dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene via radical pathways enhanced by alkali metal based catalyst in oxysteam condition
Authors: Takanabe Kazuhiro , Shahid Salman
Published: August 2016

The dehydrogenation of ethane to ethylene in the presence of oxygen and water was conducted using Na2WO4/SiO2 catalyst at high temperatures. At 923 K, the conversion rate without water was proportional to ethane pressure and a half order of oxygen pressure, consistent with a kinetically relevant step where an ethane molecule is activated with dissociated oxygen on the surface. When water was present, the ethane conversion rate was drastically enhanced. An additional term in the rate expression was proportional to a quarter of the oxygen pressure and a half order of the water pressure. This mechanism is consistent with the quasi‐equilibrated OH radical formation with subsequent ethane activation. The attainable yield can be accurately described by taking the water contribution into consideration. At high conversion levels at 1073 K, the C2H4 yield exceeded 60% in a single‐pass conversion. The C2H4 selectivity was almost insensitive to the C2H6 and O2 pressures. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 63: 105–110, 2017
Human energy expenditure, allocation, and interactions in natural temperate, hot, and cold environments
Authors: Ocobock Cara
Published: August 2016

Objective

The aim of this research is to analyze how energy is allocated differently in temperate, hot, and cold environments among National Outdoor Leadership School students.

Method

Basal metabolic rate, physical activity, thermoregulation, and the thermic effect of food were estimated to determine the total energy expenditure and energy allocation differences among a group of healthy, highly active adults (N = 59) participating in National Outdoor Leadership School courses in the western United States. Two of these courses took place in both hot and temperate climates (N = 22) and the other two in both temperate and cold climates (N = 28). Data from a pilot study (N = 6) in a temperate climate were also included. Each climate regime lasted for one month.

Results

Total energy expenditure values were statistically equivalent in temperate and hot climates (p = .97). However, subjects experienced significantly higher total energy expenditures in cold climates (p < .0001), expending an additional ∼1550 kcal day−1. There is a significant interaction between physical activity and thermoregulation, such that physical activity reduces thermoregulatory costs in cold climates, but increases it in hot climates.

Conclusions

Dissection of the energy budget revealed that total energy expenditure is significantly higher in cold climates. This is due to a combination of high levels of physical activity and high thermoregulatory costs. High levels of physical activity may substantially lower the cost of thermoregulation in cold climates, and this interaction should be taken into account when estimating TEE.
Rigid Tether Directed Regioselective Synthesis and Crystallographic Characterization of Labile 1,2,3,4‐Bis(triazolino)[60]fullerene and Its Thermolized Derivatives
Authors: Chen Muqing , Bao Lipiao , Peng Ping , Zheng Shushu , Xie Yunpeng , Lu Xing
Published: August 2016

Labile bis‐triazoline adducts of C60 are supposed to be the precursors of bis‐azafulleroids, but the formation mechanism is still unclear because of the incomplete isolation of the thermolized products and the lack of X‐ray structures. A rigid‐tethered reagent 1,2‐bis(azidomethyl)benzene (1) was used to regioselectively synthesize the labile 1,2,3,4‐bis(triazolino)[60]‐fullerene (2), the structure of which was determined by single‐crystal X‐ray crystallography. Further thermolysis of 2 produces four products (3 a–3 d), which were all characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Although 3 a and 3 b have traditional bis‐azafulleroid structures, as proposed previously, 3 c and 3 d show unprecedented structures with either the coexistence of [5,6]‐open and [6,6]‐closed patterns or an oxidized structure with an 11‐membered ring on the cage. A thermolysis mechanism is proposed to clarify long‐term confusion about the transformation process from bis‐triazoline adducts to bis‐azafulleroids of C60.
Well‐Defined Polymer–Paclitaxel Prodrugs by a Grafting‐from‐Drug Approach
Authors: Louage Benoit , Nuhn Lutz , Risseeuw Martijn D. P. , Vanparijs Nane , De Coen Ruben , Karalic Izet , Van Calenbergh Serge , De Geest Bruno G.
Published: August 2016

We report on the design of a polymeric prodrug of the anticancer agent paclitaxel (PTX) by a grafting‐from‐drug approach. A chain transfer agent for reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization was efficiently and regioselectively linked to the C2′ position of paclitaxel, which is crucial for its bioactivity. Subsequent RAFT polymerization of a hydrophilic monomer yielded well‐defined paclitaxel–polymer conjugates with high drug loading, water solubility, and stability. The versatility of this approach was further demonstrated by ω‐end post‐functionalization with a fluorescent tracer. In vitro experiments showed that these conjugates are readily taken up into endosomes where native PTX is efficiently cleaved off and then reaches its subcellular target. This was confirmed by the cytotoxicity profile of the conjugate, which matches those of commercial PTX formulations based on mere physical encapsulation.
Near‐Infrared Photoinduced Coupling Reactions Assisted by Upconversion Nanoparticles
Authors: Lederhose Paul , Chen Zhijun , Müller Rouven , Blinco James P. , Wu Si , Barner‐Kowollik Christopher
Published: August 2016

We introduce nitrile imine‐mediated tetrazole–ene cycloadditions (NITEC) in the presence of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) as a powerful covalent coupling tool. When a pyrene aryl tetrazole derivative (λabs, max=346 nm) and UCNPs are irradiated with near‐infrared light at 974 nm, rapid conversion of the tetrazole into a reactive nitrile imine occurs. In the presence of an electron‐deficient double bond, quantitative conversion into a pyrazoline cycloadduct is observed under ambient conditions. The combination of NITEC and UCNP technology is used for small‐molecule cycloadditions, polymer end‐group modification, and the formation of block copolymers from functional macromolecular precursors, constituting the first example of a NIR‐induced cycloaddition. To show the potential for in vivo applications, through‐tissue experiments with a biologically relevant biotin species were carried out. Quantitative cycloadditions and retention of the biological activity of the biotin units are possible at 974 nm irradiation.
A green biosynthesis of NiO nanoparticles using aqueous extract of Tamarix serotina and their characterization and application
Authors: Nasseri M. A. , Ahrari F. , Zakerinasab B.
Published: August 2016

Nickel oxide nanoparticles were prepared using nickel nitrate as precursor with extract of Tamarix serotina flowers and were characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction, infrared and UV spectroscopies, transmission electron microscopy, vibrating sample magnetometry and BET surface area measurements. Also, the nickel oxide nanoparticles were used as a green and recyclable nanocatalyst for the synthesis of quinoline derivatives. The products are obtained in good to high yields (60–90%) from a one‐pot reaction of 2‐aminobenzophenone and various carbonyl compounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.