bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Unbearable Ambiguity of the Gift
Authors: Guery Alain
Published: February 2017

In his book, Pour une histoire naturelle du don, François Athané questions the various anthropological, sociological, and philosophical discourses surrounding the fundamental social role of the gift. Taking as his point of departure the notion of the transfer of goods or services as a basic factor both in the exchange of gifts and of the gift itself, the author proceeds to deconstruct certain theories, beginning with Marcel Mauss’s The Gift: Forms and Functions of Exchange in Archaic Societies (first published in French in 1923, and later published in English in 1954). Since such an approach does not permit considering the “gift—receipt—counter-gift” triad as a whole, it does not take into account the obligation to reciprocate highlighted by Mauss and thus deprives the gift of its constitutive role as a social link. Athané thus proposes a new interpretation of the place the gift occupies in human perception and social behavior. He refers to the universalizing nature of the gift as an expression of parental altruism. However, while this establishes a connection between nature and culture (the gift being the cultural form of this natural parental altruism), Athané makes no reference to the social and biological studies that were previously challenged by the authors he cites. This reconsideration of nature, in which society and its rules are said to originate, should give rise to new debates.
The People Are the City: The Idea of the Popolo and the Condition of the Popolani in Renaissance Venice
Authors: Larivière Claire Judde de , Salzberg Rosa M.
Published: February 2017

Venetian society in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries is generally described in terms of a tripartition between patricians, citizens, and popolo. This article focuses on the popolo and the popolani of Venice, combining a terminological and conceptual study of these categories with a sociological analysis of the individuals who belonged to them. The history of how these social groups developed reveals the complex definition of the popolo in Venice between the end of the Middle Ages and the start of the early modern era. A consideration of the popolani’s “condition” involves analyzing how they established who they were and the framework of their action, according to the associations, spaces, and institutions in which they interacted.
Interpreting the Western Legal Tradition: Reading the Work of Yan Thomas*
Authors: Madero Marta
Published: February 2017

Yan Thomas’ work has had a profound impact on recent research in the field of legal history. Two core beliefs drove his work: first, a deep aversion to doctrinal readings and an equally deep commitment to casuistry; second, his belief that fiction, a technique characteristic of Roman law, is the key to understanding the Western legal tradition. This article traces a path through Thomas’ work, addressing his major lines of thought that highlight both the specificity of law, and the possibility of a renewed dialogue with the social sciences.
The Faggāra Enigma: Commerce, Credit, and Agriculture in the Algerian Touat
Authors: Scheele Judith
Published: February 2017

In the Touat, a group of oases in southern Algeria, local economies depend on outside sources of investment and thus participate in larger economic and socio-political projects. Land and water property are scattered, and ownership rights are complex and overlapping. Local economies are pervaded by monetary expressions that help to create debts, forcing the majority of producers into a situation of chronic dependence. Islamic law is freely adopted in order to redefine local transactions in universalizing terms and thereby to inscribe the local into a wider intellectual and spiritual world. Hence, oases appear to be the result of a movement of internal colonization, in political, commercial, and spiritual terms.
IL‐10‐producing, ST2‐expressing Foxp3+ T cells in multiple sclerosis brain lesions
Authors: Zandee Stephanie Elizabeth Johanna , O'Connor Richard Anthony , Mair Iris , Leech Melanie Dawn , Williams Anna , Anderton Stephen Mark
Published: February 2017

CD4+Foxp3+ T regulatory (Treg) cells provide a key defence against inflammatory disease, but also have an ability to produce pro‐inflammatory cytokines. The evidence for these two possibilities in multiple sclerosis (MS) is controversial. However, this has largely been based on studies of circulating Treg cells derived from peripheral blood, rather than the central nervous system. We show that Foxp3+ cells in the brains of MS patients predominantly produce interleukin‐10 (IL‐10) and show high expression of the IL‐33 receptor ST2 (associated with potent Treg function), indicating that Treg in the inflamed brain maintain their suppressive function.
A unique Pd-catalysed Heck arylation as a remote trigger for cyclopropane selective ring-opening
Authors: Singh Sukhdev , Bruffaerts Jeffrey , Vasseur Alexandre , Marek Ilan
Published: February 2017

Combining functionalization at a distant position from a reactive site with the creation of several consecutive stereogenic centres, including the formation of a quaternary carbon stereocentre, in acyclic system represents a pinnacle in organic synthesis. Here we report the regioselective Heck arylation of terminal olefins as a distant trigger for the ring-opening of cyclopropanes. This Pd-catalysed unfolding of the strained cycle, driving force of the chain-walking process, remarkably proved its efficiency and versatility, as the reaction proceeded regardless of the molecular distance between the initiation (double bond) and termination (alcohol) sites. Moreover, employing stereodefined polysubstituted cyclopropane vaults allowed to access sophisticated stereoenriched acyclic scaffolds in good yields. Conceptually, we demonstrated that merging catalytically a chain walking process with a selective C–C bond cleavage represents a powerful approach to construct linear skeleton possessing two stereogenic centres.
Three in one: prototropy-free highly stable AADD-type self-complementary quadruple hydrogen-bonded molecular duplexes with a built-in fluorophore
Authors: Kheria Sanjeev , Rayavarapu Suresh , Kotmale Amol S. , Sanjayan Gangadhar J.
Published: February 2017

This communication reports an effective approach for addressing the prototropy-related problems in heterocycle-based AADD-type self-assembling systems by freezing their hydrogen-bonding codes, by utilizing intramolecular bifurcated hydrogen bonding interactions.
The bifunctional catalytic role of water clusters in the formation of acid rain
Authors: Romero-Montalvo Eduardo , Guevara-Vela José Manuel , Vallejo Narváez Wilmer Esteban , Costales Aurora , Pendás Ángel Martín , Hernández-Rodríguez Marcos , Rocha-Rinza Tomás
Published: February 2017

Modern bonding analyses indicate that water clusters in the formation of H2SO4in acid rain (left) resemble bifunctional organocatalysts (right).
Shaping thin film growth and microstructure pathways via plasma and deposition energy: a detailed theoretical, computational and experimental analysis
Authors: Sahu Bibhuti Bhusan , Han Jeon Geon , Kersten Holger
Published: February 2017

An advanced plasma process using plasma chemistry and energy control for engineering Si thin film growth and microstructure is demonstrated.
Chemoselective hydrogen peroxide oxidation of primary alcohols to aldehydes by a water-soluble and reusable iron(iii) catalyst in pure water at room temperature
Authors: Yan Qi , Fang Ye Chen , Jia Yun Xue , Duan Xin Hong
Published: February 2017

A novel, water-soluble and reusable FeCl3catalyst showed high catalytic activity and chemoselectivity in the H2O2-oxidation of primary alcohols into aldehydes.
Efficient phenanthroimidazole-styryl-triphenylamine derivatives for blue OLEDs: a combined experimental and theoretical study
Authors: Thanikachalam Venugopal , Sarojpurani Elayaperumal , Jayabharathi Jayaraman , Jeeva Palanivel
Published: February 2017

Blue emitting devices based on 2-(4′-9H-carbazol-9-yl)-[1,1′-styryl]-4-yl-1-benzylpiperidine-1H-phenanthro[9,10-d]imidazole (Cz-BPIS) exhibits blue emission with CIE coordinates of (0.16, 0.09), current density of 1.91 cd/A, power efficiency of 1.63 lm/W and external quantum efficiency of 2.61%.
Moldable clay-like unit for synthesis of highly elastic polydimethylsiloxane sponge with nanofiller modification
Authors: Qiu Shi , Bi Hengchang , Hu Xiaohui , Wu Mingbo , Li Yongfeng , Sun Litao
Published: February 2017

A clay-like unit is beneficial for the moldable synthesis of a superelastic polydimethylsiloxane sponge with nanofiller modification via an ultrasound-assisted in situ polymerization approach.
A first-principles investigation of a new hard multi-layered MnB2 structure
Authors: Xu Chunhong , Bao Kuo , Ma Shuailing , Ma Yanbin , Wei Shuli , Shao Ziji , Xiao Xuehui , Feng Xiaokang , Cui Tian
Published: February 2017

A novel high-pressure phase of multi-layers Immm-MnB2 is confirmed on the convex hull diagram of the Mn-B systems at 50 GPa (b).
Orthogonal self-assembly of a trigonal triptycene triacid: signaling of exfoliation of porous 2D metal–organic layers by fluorescence and selective CO2 capture by the hydrogen-bonded MOF
Authors: Chandrasekhar Pujari , Mukhopadhyay Arindam , Savitha Govardhan , Moorthy Jarugu Narasimha
Published: February 2017

Trigonal 3-connecting imidazole-annulated triptycene triacid (H3TPA) is a molecular module that is programmed for orthogonal self-assembly.
Peptide coating applied on the spot improves osseointegration of titanium implants
Authors: Gitelman Povimonsky Anna , Rapaport Hanna
Published: February 2017

On the spot osseointegrating peptide coating applicable to any size and shape of titanium bone implants.
Optimized organometal halide perovskite solar cell fabrication through control of nanoparticle crystal patterning
Authors: Mohamad D. K. , Freestone B. G. , Masters R. , Reinhardt M. , Canning S. , Rodenburg C. , Lidzey D. G.
Published: February 2017

The addition of hydrogen iodide to organometal halide perovskite precursor solution at 1% by volume leads to a significant enhancement in average power conversion efficiency (PCE) in inverted solar cell devices.
The effect of different binding sites on the optical and electronic properties of tetraphenylethylene-substituted thiophene isomers
Authors: Li Jinyu , Shan Tong , Yao Mingming , Gao Yu , Han Xiao , Yang Bing , Lu Ping
Published: February 2017

M1gives the best device performance with the highest luminance of 65 210 cd m−2and current efficiency of 11.21 cd A−1.
A thiocarbonyl-containing small molecule for optoelectronics
Authors: Gendron David , Maasoumi Fatemeh , Armin Ardalan , Pattison Katherine , Burn Paul L. , Meredith Paul , Namdas Ebinazar B. , Powell Benjamin J.
Published: February 2017

We report the synthesis, characterization, and device properties of a novel thiocarbonyl iso-DPP derivative, namely 1,3,4,6-tetraphenylpyrrolo[3,2-b]pyrrole-2,5(1H,4H)-dithione.
Application of UIPC to improve power system stability and LVRT capability of SCIG‐based wind farms
Authors: Firouzi Mehdi , Gharehpetian Gevork B. , Mozafari Seid Babak
Published: February 2017

This study discusses the possibility of the connection of squirrel cage induction generator (SCIG)‐based wind farms (WFs) to power system through unified inter‐phase power controller (UIPC) to improve the low‐voltage ride‐through (LVRT) capability of WF and enhance the power system stability. The UIPC is based on inter‐phase power controller (IPC), where its phase‐shifting transforms (PSTs) are replaced by two series converters (SECs) and one shunt converter (SHC). The operation of the UIPC is divided into normal and LVRT operation modes. In normal operation mode, the UIPC injects the total active power generated by the WF to power system and controls the power factor of the UIPC connecting point (CP) by reactive power control. In LVRT mode, the WF which is connected through UIPC, acts as a flexible AC transmission system device with capability of active and reactive power controls at CP. In this study, the UIPC model is developed based on phase angles of injected SECs voltage and a unified control scheme including UIPC SECs, UIPC SHC and pitch angle control of wind turbine, is proposed to improve LVRT capability of WF and power system stability during faults. Also, the impact of the simultaneous application of the IPC and static synchronous compensator is studied and compared with the application of the UIPC for connecting the SCIG‐based WFs to the power system. The PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results show that the UIPC presents an effective solution for connecting WFs to power system.
ITS‐G5 performance improvement and evaluation for vulnerable road user safety services
Authors: Jutila Mirjami , Scholliers Johan , Valta Mikko , Kujanpää Kaisa
Published: February 2017

Cooperative intelligent transportation system (C‐ITS) allows to improve safety of vehicles through communications between vehicles and infrastructure. C‐ITS may also improve the safety of vulnerable road users (VRUs), but work on this issue is still in an early stage. ITS‐G5 (IEEE 802.11p), the main technology for vehicle‐to‐vehicle time‐critical communications, allows to deliver safety information over a rather long range with low latency, but obstacles in the link path and a large amount of vehicles sending at the same time may reduce performance. In this study, the authors assess and optimise the performance of ITS‐G5 for time‐critical safety conflict scenarios between vehicles and VRUs. The authors have tested various non‐line‐of‐sight (NLOS) scenarios in urban environments and line‐of‐sight (LOS) simulations to support C‐ITS message prioritisation and scalability with different amount of vehicles. Example use cases with NLOS include pedestrians crossing streets from behind objects, and low‐visibility scenarios, e.g. when VRU is behind a vehicle, behind a queue of vehicles, between vehicles, behind trees/bushes or behind a building. The LOS simulations utilise fuzzy weighted queueing mechanism for congestion control to overcome the packet losses and for data prioritisation. Based on these results, the applicability of ITS‐G5 for VRU applications is assessed and performance improved.
Unified Algorithm for Multilevel Inverters
Authors: Roseline J. Anitha , Kumaran M. Senthil , V. Rajini , Subramaniyan Vijayenthiran
Published: February 2017

Multilevel inverters (MLIs) are broadly classified into symmetrical and asymmetrical types based on the DC‐link voltage distribution. Asymmetrical MLIs are further classified into binary, quasi‐linear and ternary hybrid inverters based on the geometric progression of the DC‐link voltages. This study focuses on a new type of random asymmetrical MLIs (RASMLIs) where the DC links voltages are random and randomness is not pertained to any specific geometric progression. This study proposes an optimised vector search algorithm which is unified for symmetrical, asymmetrical and RASMLI. The concept of gradient‐intercept equation and its corresponding Gs is the basis of the algorithm for identifying the proximal vectors. The algorithm determines the maximum DC bus utilisation at which the inverter can effectively produce quality output with minimal total harmonic distortion. As the redundant vectors reduce due to randomness the algorithm also aims at reducing the common‐mode voltage with minimum switch transition. To validate the proposed algorithm, a T‐type converter with H‐bridge modules cascaded along each phase is considered. An experimental prototype of the same was developed and random DC voltages were fed using isolated DC supplies with induction motor as load. Nexys‐4 field programmable gate array was used to implement the algorithm.
Reactive power performance analysis of dish–Stirling solar thermal–diesel hybrid energy system
Authors: Hussain Israfil , Das Dulal Chandra , Sinha Nidul
Published: February 2017

Reactive power analysis of an autonomous hybrid energy system consisting of dish–Stirling solar thermal system (DSTS), diesel engine generator and static VAR compensator (SVC) has been conducted. Diesel engine coupled to a synchronous generator equipped with automatic voltage regulator (AVR) and DSTS is connected to an induction generator. The parameters of the proportional–integral controllers, employed with SVC and AVR are optimised simultaneously using genetic algorithm (GA), particle swarm optimisation (PSO) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) techniques. The comparative performance of GA, PSO and FPA optimised controllers on the hybrid system model has been presented considering step change and random variations of solar thermal power as well as reactive power load. Simulation results revealed that FPA optimised controllers for AVR and SVC can provide the improved dynamic performance of the hybrid energy system as compared with GA and PSO optimised controllers.
Free Bone Grafts for Mandibular Reconstruction in Patients who have not Received Radiotherapy: The 6-cm Rule—Myth or Reality?
Authors: Nandra Baljeet , Fattahi Tirbod , Martin Tim , Praveen Prav , Fernandes Rui , Parmar Sat
Published: February 2017

Bony reconstruction of the mandible after surgical resection results in improved rehabilitation and aesthetics. Composite tissue transfer has transformed reconstruction, particularly in patients who have received radiotherapy. However, there is morbidity related to free tissue transfer. Free nonvascularized bone grafts have much lower morbidity. Surgeons believe that free bone grafts greater than 6.0 cm are prone to failure. The aims of this study was to assess whether bone grafts greater than 6.0 cm in length have a high risk of failure. A retrospective study was performed on all patients who had free bone grafts greater than 6.0 cm in length at Birmingham, UK, and Florida, the United States. None of the patients received radiotherapy. A total of 14 patients had undergone bone grafts for mandibular defects greater than 6.0 cm in length; 13 of the bone grafts were successful. Of these 13, none were infected and there was radiographic evidence of bony union. Some of the patients have been dentally rehabilitated with implants. Contrary to much of the literature and many surgeons belief, our study has shown that long mandibular defects (>6.0 cm) are not a contraindication to the use of free bone grafts. Key principles to achieve success are discussed in this article.
Effect of magnetic field on the photovoltaic properties of YBa2Cu3O6.96/Ag heterojunction
Authors: Yang Feng , Han Mengyuan , Chu Zhuang , Ma Zhipan , Chang Fanggao
Published: February 2017

The obvious photovoltaic effect (Voc ∼ 30 μV) induced by purple-laser illumination at high Tc superconductor YBa2Cu3O6.96/Ag (YBCO/Ag) heterojunction has been observed, revealing that there exists an electrical field across the YBCO/Ag interface. It has been found that magnetic field can dramatically change the photo-induced voltage in the vicinity of superconducting transition. With increasing magnetic fields up to 3 T, the photovoltage at 74 K and 30 mW/mm2 is reduced from 15 μV to zero and then reaches −15 μV. The polarity of the voltage can be switched by applying an external magnetic field, as well as by varying the laser intensity. Our results can be understood in terms of the magnetic vortex penetrating in high Tc superconductors and provide strong evidence for the existence of an interface electrical field in the superconductor/metal heterojunction.
Molecular dynamics simulations of flame propagation along a monopropellant PETN coupled with multi-walled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Jain S. , Mo G. , Qiao L.
Published: February 2017

Reactive molecular dynamics simulations were conducted to study the flame speed enhancement phenomenon of a solid mono-propellant, Pentaerythritol Tetranitrate (PETN), when coupled to highly conductive multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). The simulations were based on the first-principles derived reactive force field, ReaxFF, which includes both the physical changes such as thermal transport and the chemical changes such as bond breaking and forming. An annular deposition of a PETN layer around the MWCNTs was considered. The thickness of the PETN layer and the diameter of the MWCNT were varied to understand the effect of the MWCNT loading ratio on the flame propagation. Flame speed enhancements up to 3 times the bulk value were observed. An optimal MWCNT loading ratio was determined. The enhancement was attributed to the layering of the PETN molecules around the MWCNT, which increased the heat transport among the PETN molecules near the MWCNT surface, thus causing the flame to travel faster. Furthermore, a stronger ignition source was required for the MWCNT-PETN complex because of the higher thermal transport among the PETN molecules along the MWCNT, which makes the ignition energy dissipate more quickly. Lastly, the MWCNT remained unburned during the PETN combustion process.
Observation of surface oxidation resistant Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations in Sb2SeTe2 topological insulator
Authors: Huang Shiu-Ming , Huang Chih-Yang , Huang Shih-Jhe , Hsu Ching , Yu Shih-Hsun , Chou Mitch , Wadekar Paritosh V. , Chen Quark Yung-Sung , Tu Li-Wei
Published: February 2017

The robustness of Sb2SeTe2 topological insulators against surface oxidation has been comparatively investigated through their magneto-transport and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic properties with samples freshly cleaved or exposed to air over various timeframes. The magnetoresistance data exhibit Shubnikov-de Haas oscillations with the same period of oscillations for all samples regardless of surface oxidation, whereas the core-level electron binding energies of the constituent elements vary. That there is no shift in Fermi levels and no smearing-out in the amplitude of oscillations suggests that the surface states of the studied topological insulators are impervious to surface oxidation.
Modulating the extent of fast and slow boron-oxygen related degradation in Czochralski silicon by thermal annealing: Evidence of a single defect
Authors: Kim Moonyong , Abbott Malcolm , Nampalli Nitin , Wenham Stuart , Stefani Bruno , Hallam Brett
Published: February 2017

The fast and slow boron-oxygen related degradation in p-type Czochralski silicon is often attributed to two separate defects due to the different time constants and the determination of different capture cross section ratios (k). However, a recent study using high lifetime samples demonstrated identical recombination properties for the fast and slow degradation and proposed an alternative hypothesis that these were in fact due to a single defect. The study presented in this article provides further experimental evidence to support the single defect hypothesis. Thermal annealing after light soaking is used to investigate the behaviour of subsequent boron-oxygen related degradation. Modifying the temperature and duration of dark annealing on pre-degraded samples is observed to alter the fraction of fast and slow degradation during subsequent illumination. Dark annealing at 173 °C for 60 s is shown to result in almost all degradation occurring during the fast time-scale, whereas annealing at 155 °C for 7 h causes all degradation to occur during the slow time-scale. This modulation occurs without changing the total extent of degradation or changing the capture cross-section ratio. The results are consistent with the fast decay being caused by defect formation from immediately available defect precursors after dark annealing, whereas the slow degradation is caused by the slow transformation of another species into the defect precursor species before the more rapid reaction of defect formation can proceed.
Evaluating the applicability of predicting dead fine fuel moisture based on the hourly Fine Fuel Moisture Code in the south-eastern Xing’an Mountains of China
Authors: Zhang Jili , Cui Xiaoyang , Wei Rui , Huang Yan , Di Xueying
Published: February 2017

To evaluate the applicability of the hourly Fine Fuel Moisture Code (FFMC) to the south-eastern Great Xing’an Mountains, dead fine fuel moisture (Mf) was observed under less-sheltered and sheltered conditions in Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica), larch (Larix gmelinii) and oak (Quercus mongolicus) stands during the summer and autumn of 2014. Standard FFMC and locally calibrated FFMC values calculated hourly were tested using Mf observations and weather data, and the results showed that the Mf loss rate in the less-sheltered forest floor was markedly higher than that in the sheltered forest floor (P < 0.05). The standard hourly FFMC underestimated Mf, especially in stands of larch, the dominant species in the Great Xing’an Mountains, and Mf for rainy days in Scots pine and oak stands. However, the calibrated hourly FFMC predicted Mf in all three forest stands very well (R2 ranged from 0.920 to 0.969; mean absolute errorfrom 2.93 to 6.93, and root-mean-squared errorfrom 4.09 to 7.87), which suggested that it was sufficiently robust for those stands around the observation period. This study will improve the accuracy of Mf predictions to aid fire control efforts in the Great Xing’an Mountains and provide a basis for hourly FFMC model calibration.
Barcoded nanoparticles for high throughput in vivo discovery of targeted therapeutics
Authors: Dahlman James E. , Kauffman Kevin J. , Xing Yiping , Shaw Taylor E. , Mir Faryal F. , Dlott Chloe C. , Langer Robert , Anderson Daniel G. , Wang Eric T.
Published: February 2017

Significance

The effectiveness of nucleic acid drugs is limited by inefficient delivery to target tissues and cells and by unwanted accumulation in off-target organs. Although thousands of chemically distinct nanoparticles can be synthesized, nanoparticles designed to deliver nucleic acids in vivo were first tested in cell culture, yielding poor predictions for delivery in vivo. To facilitate testing of many nanoparticles in vivo, we designed and optimized a high-throughput DNA barcoding system to simultaneously measure nucleic acid delivery mediated by dozens of distinct nanoparticles in a single mouse. This nano-barcoding system can be used to study hundreds, or even thousands, of nanoparticles directly in vivo and could dramatically accelerate the discovery and understanding of nanoparticle drug delivery systems.
The abstraction engine
Authors: Fortescue Michael
Published: February 2017

The main thesis of this book is that abstraction, far from being confined to higher forms of cognition, language and logical reasoning, has actually been a major driving force throughout the evolution of creatures with brains. It is manifest in emotive as well as rational thought. Wending its way through the various facets of abstraction, the book attempts to clarify – and relate – the often confusing meanings of the word ‘abstract’ that one may encounter even within the same discipline. The unusual synoptic approach, which draws upon research in psychology, neural network theory, child language acquisition, philosophy and consciousness studies, as well as a variety of linguistic disciplines, cannot be compared directly to other books on the market that touch upon just one particular aspect of abstraction. It is aimed at a wide readership – anyone interested in the nature of abstraction and the cognitive processing and purpose behind it. (series A)
We are all translators
Authors: Whyatt Bogusława
Published: February 2017

This paper shares some observations and data about the human ability to translate as described in detail in Whyatt (2012). Setting off from an assumption that the human mind is intrinsically a translating mind, the human ability to translate can be viewed in its developmental continuum from the predisposition to translate to expertise in translation. Choosing this developmental perspective has a number of assets. First, it allows encompassing all the forms and facets of translation as a widespread social phenomenon in today’s multilingual and multicultural communities. Second, it allows seeing the development of the human ability to translate in response to the experience of translation in which external social factors come to interact with cognitive factors within the translating individual. Third, it encourages an all-inclusive approach to the study of translation as a human ability performed by professional and frequently invisible and unacknowledged non-professional translators.
Beyond the professional scope?
Authors: Grbić Nadja
Published: February 2017

Traditionally, research on interlingual occurrences of sign language has focused on sign language interpreting. However, social practice has changed, not least as a result of the development in communication technologies and the increasing accessibility of audiovisual media. In this context, sign language translation, i.e. the production of recorded signed texts based on written source texts, has witnessed a steady increase, particularly in translations of websites, tests, literature, etc. This paper begins with a short description of the development of sign language translation, leading to a presentation of some typological questions related to sign language translation with a focus on some of the problems that arise when activities span the supposed boundary between translation and interpreting. The second part of the paper is a presentation of a case study demonstrating the textual and social challenges faced by a team of untrained and inexperienced sign language translators in the course of their first translation assignment. The project in question was the translation of the Austrian Jewish Museum’s website into Austrian Sign Language.
Bilingual youngsters’ perceptions of their role as family interpreters
Authors: Angelelli Claudia V.
Published: February 2017

Bilingual youngsters play a crucial role in brokering communication for monolingual adults. The truth is that this role has not been measured. This paper discusses the scientific measurement of bilingual youngsters’ perceptions of their role as family interpreters/translators. After reviewing the relevant literature and the sociological factors that result in bilingual youngsters engaging in language brokering, we discuss the construction, adaptation, and potential administration of a valid and reliable instrument, IPRI Junior. This instrument could reveal important information on bilinguals who have had experiences in language brokering. It is important to obtain this information empirically as various conversations on access, education, and future career may be based on this unique ability that gifted bilinguals possess. Most importantly, learning about the choices that bilinguals make when brokering communication will reveal their perceptions of their agency and talent in detail.
Through the children’s voice
Authors: Antonini Rachele
Published: February 2017

Because of the lack of provision of language services and for cultural reasons, immigrants very often choose to entrust their children with the task of translating for them. In this paper, we will discuss results from a wide-scale study carried out by the In MedIO PUER(I) research group1 of the University of Bologna aimed at assessing the main attitudes towards and opinions on child language brokering (CLB) held by the primary actors involved in this form of linguistic and cultural mediation: children of immigrant families attending primary and middle schools in the Forlì-Cesena province of the Emilia Romagna region. The analysis of the narratives they produced and submitted will provide a detailed description of the language brokering activities, in which children are involved, and will illustrate their feelings towards CLB, thus providing an insight into the impact that CLB has on their lives.
Not just child’s play
Authors: Napier Jemina
Published: February 2017

This paper situates the discussion of child language brokering (CLB) within the wider context of interpreting studies and discussions of bilingualism and professional interpreting, and provides an overview of a groundbreaking international survey study that sought to collect information about CLB experiences of people who have grown up bilingual in the Deaf community using a sign language and a spoken language. In order to contextualize the study,1 a review of relevant literature will be given, before describing the survey instrument used, the results and implications of the findings will be provided, and a conclusion with recommendations for the sign language interpreting profession and future research will be drawn.
Ionizing Radiation Effects in Ni Nanotubes
Authors: Shlimas D , Kozlovsky A , Shumskaya A , Kaniukov E , Ibragimova M , Zdorovets M , Kadyrzhanov K
Published: February 2017

Polycrystalline nickel nanotubes with diameter of 380 nm and wall thickness 95 nm were synthesized by electrochemical method using PET track-etched membranes with thickness of 12 μm. A comprehensive study of the structural, morphological and electrical characteristics of Ni nanotubes irradiated with C+13 ions with energy 1.75 MeV/nucleon and fluence ranging from 109 to 5 × 1011 cm-2 was carried out. The ability of modification of structural parameters such as lattice parameter and the average size of crystallites and conductivity of Ni nanotubes by irradiation was shown.
Concomitant Primary CNS Lymphoma and FSH-Pituitary Adenoma Arising Within the Sella. Entirely Coincidental?
Authors: Ban Vin Shen , Chaudhary Bedansh Roy , Allinson Kieren , Santarius Thomas , Kirollos Ramez Wadie
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE: Collision tumors are the simultaneous occurrence of more than one type of neoplasm within an anatomic space. In the pituitary sella, collision tumors are exceedingly rare, and not much is known about their etiology and prognosis.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION: A 74-year-old man presented with a concomitant primary pituitary lymphoma (diffuse large B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; DLBCL) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)-adenoma diagnosed histologically after clinical features of apoplexy prompted urgent surgical decompression and resection. Strong immunoreactivity for FSH by the lymphoma was evident. Full-body workup demonstrated no other source for the lymphoma. He subsequently underwent 4 cycles of chemotherapy and has been in remission for over 32 months. His ophthalmoplegia at presentation persisted with no further deficits.

CONCLUSIONS: Four cases of collision tumors of primary pituitary lymphoma and adenoma have previously been reported. This case represents the first combination of an FSH-adenoma and a DLBCL in the literature. Prompt involvement of the hematology-oncology team contributed to the good outcome seen in this case. The putative role played by pituitary hormones in tumorigenesis is reviewed in this case report. The association is either a chance occurrence or due to the induction of lymphoma cell proliferation by the binding of FSH produced by the adenoma to the FSH receptors on the lymphoma cells.
Positron Emission Tomographic Cerebral Perfusion Disturbances and Transcranial Doppler Findings among Patients with Neurological Deterioration after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Minhas Pawan S. , Menon David K. , Smielewski Piotr , Czosnyka Marek , Kirkpatrick Peter J. , Clark John C. , Pickard John D.
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE

After aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, approximately 30% of patients experience delayed neurological deficits, related in part to arterial vasospasm and dysautoregulation. Transcranial Doppler (TCD) ultrasonography is commonly used to noninvasively detect arterial vasospasm. We studied cerebral perfusion patterns and associated TCD indices for 25 patients who developed clinical signs of delayed neurological deficits.

METHODS

Patients were treated in a neurosurgical intensive care unit and were studied if they exhibited delayed focal or global neurological deterioration. Positron emission tomographic cerebral blood flow (CBF) studies and TCD studies measuring the mean flow velocity (FV) of the middle cerebral artery and the middle cerebral artery FV/internal carotid artery FV ratio (with the internal carotid artery FV being measured extracranially at the cranial base) were performed. Glasgow Outcome Scale scores were assessed at 6 months.

RESULTS

A markedly heterogeneous pattern of CBF distribution was observed, with hyperemia, normal CBF values, and reduced flow being observed among patients with delayed neurological deficits. TCD indices were not indicative of the cerebral perfusion findings. The mean CBF value was slightly lower for patients who did not survive (32.3 ml/100 g/min), compared with those who did survive (36.0 ml/100 g/min, P= 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Among patients who developed delayed neurological deficits after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, a wide range of cerebral perfusion disturbances was observed, calling into question the traditional concept of large-vessel vasospasm. Commonly used TCD indices do not reflect cerebral perfusion values.
Packing of Intervertebral Spaces with Oxidized Regenerated Cellulose to Prevent the Recurrence of Lumbar Disc Herniation
Authors: Mastronardi Luciano , Puzzilli Fabrizio
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE

To investigate the impact of packing of intervertebral spaces with oxidized regenerated cellulose (ORC) on the incidence of recurrence of lumbar disc herniation (LDH).

METHODS

We retrospectively reviewed 158 consecutive patients who underwent surgery for a newly diagnosed LDH and had a minimum of 18 months of follow-up. Single-level (151 patients) and two-level (7 patients) procedures accounted for 165 microdiscectomies. After microsurgical removal of disc herniation and curettage, the interspaces were tightly packed with ORC.

RESULTS

The average hospital stay was 1.47 days, without any relevant and permanent complications. In particular, complications related to intervertebral ORC packing were never observed. At a median follow-up of 29 months (range, 18–51 mo), the pain decreased or disappeared in almost all patients and the patient satisfaction rate was very high. A recurrence of LDH was observed in two patients (1.34%), both of whom needed a second operation. Three patients (2.01%) experienced a disc herniation involving another intervertebral space.

CONCLUSION

Our preliminary results suggest that the packing of intervertebral spaces with ORC at the end of microdiscectomy is a safe technique that may reduce the incidence of recurrent LDHs, although the true impact of this technique on long-term follow-up is still unclear. At the moment, it seems reasonable to assume that this technique should be used only under the auspices of large clinical investigations with prospective and randomized protocols.
Anatomic and Clinical Study of the Orbitopterional Approach to Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms
Authors: Andaluz Norberto , van Loveren Harry R. , Keller Jeffrey T. , Zuccarello Mario
Published: February 2017

OBJECTIVE

To evaluate the orbitopterional approach to anterior communicating artery (AComA) aneurysms, on the basis of the quantification of this surgical exposure, compared with the pterional approach, in a cadaveric study and a retrospective review of data for 40 patients who underwent clipping of AComA aneurysms via the orbitopterional approach.

METHODS

In an anatomic study, four cadaveric heads underwent pterional craniotomies on the left side and orbitopterional craniotomies on the right side. A fifth head was initially subjected to bilateral pterional craniotomies and then underwent bilateral orbital osteotomies, for direct comparison of these approaches. Using frameless stereotaxy, we quantified the angles of exposure and surgical field depths provided by the pterional and orbitopterional craniotomies. In a clinical study, 40 patients who underwent clipping of AComA aneurysms via orbitopterional approaches were evaluated for basal brain injury, the need for resection of the gyrus rectus, dissection of the sylvian fissure, and approach-related complications. The incidence of postoperative hydrocephalus among patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage who underwent lamina terminalis fenestration was also reviewed.

RESULTS

The angles of observation were increased 46% in the axial plane (orbitopterional, 72.92 ± 6.57 degrees; pterional, 49.75 ± 2.27 degrees; P< 0.01) and 137.5% in the projection plane (orbitopterional, 8 ± 2.19 degrees; pterional, 19 ± 1.78 degrees; P< 0.01). The surgical window depth was decreased 13% with the orbitopterional approach (P< 0.05). Clinically, there was no incidence of frontobasal hypodensities on postoperative computed tomographic scans. Three patients (7.5%) required resection of the gyrus rectus. No patient required sylvian fissure dissection for aneurysm exposure. Two of 29 patients (6.9%) who survived subarachnoid hemorrhage required ventriculoperitoneal shunts despite lamina terminalis fenestration. No approach-related complications were recognized.

CONCLUSION

The orbitopterional approach improved the observation of the AComA complex and seemed to decrease the risk of intraoperative brain damage.
Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration and Regeneration
Authors: Li Jiaxing , Collins Catherine A.
Published: February 2017

In the face of acute or chronic axonal damage, neurons and their axons undergo a number of molecular, cellular, and morphological changes. These changes facilitate two types of responses, axonal degeneration and regeneration, both of which are remarkably conserved in both vertebrates and invertebrates. Invertebrate model organisms, including Drosophila and C. elegans, have offered a powerful platform with accessible genetic tools for manipulation and amenable nervous system for visualization. Thus far, several critical components and pathways in axonal degeneration and regeneration have been identified in invertebrate studies, including Sarm and Wallenda/DLK. This article highlights important findings in Drosophila, C. elegans, and other invertebrate injury models that have shed light upon the mechanism in axonal injury response.
Gender and Water
Authors: van Koppen Barbara
Published: February 2017

This chapter “lifts the roof of the household” across the irrigation and water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sub-sectors in agrarian low- and middle-income settings. Focusing on age-old intersections between gender, class, and agrarian technology, the chapter explores how colonial conquest was served by the ideology of the male breadwinner‒ female housewife as a divide-and-rule process to vest control over people, land, and water. After independence, the same ideology enabled top-down services in both sub-sectors and also marginalized women. This is contrasted with implications of global policy commitments to gender-equal households for the water sector. In particular, evidence of the multiple-use water services (MUS) approach is examined. This inclusive, people-driven water services approach meets both women’s and men’s multiple domestic and productive needs. Overcoming the same administrative silos in human rights frameworks, a gender-equal human right to water for livelihoods is proposed.
Water and Poverty
Authors: Crow Ben , Swallow Brent M.
Published: February 2017

The use and transformation of water is intimately connected to wealth, poverty, and social change. Does the extension of irrigation, for example, allow escape from poverty or does it cause dispossession and deprivation? Can the transformation of water be shaped to increase opportunities for breaking free from deprivation and exclusion? Do infrastructure projects like big dams inevitably uproot and impoverish millions? This chapter employs ideas of income poverty and relational poverty to examine how uses of water are implicated in the making and the breaking of poverty. It considers three pathways of escape—the provision of irrigation, access to safe drinking water, and access to adequate domestic water—and examines two pathways causing descent into poverty. The evaluation suggests that escape can be facilitated and descent discouraged through initiatives to contest water injustice, to advance access to domestic productive water, and to develop anti-deprivation practices for irrigation and infrastructure.
Introduction
Authors: Colella Adrienne J. , King Eden B.
Published: February 2017

In the past several decades, research on employment discrimination has been voluminous across a variety of social science disciplines. The intent of this volume on employment discrimination is to provide a review, synthesis, and explanation of research on employment discrimination. Furthermore, the editors and the authors provide insight and direction for future research. This chapter introduces the purpose and general organization of the volume. There are six sections in the volume: “Explanations for Discrimination,” “Targets of Discrimination,” “Manifestations of Discrimination,” “Outcomes of Discrimination,” “Strategies for Reducing Discrimination,” and “Moving Forward.” This introduction provides an overview of each section, along with a brief description of the chapters within each section.
Introduction
Authors: Hájek Alan , Hitchcock Christopher
Published: February 2017

This is an exciting time for the philosophy of probability, and probability theory’s value to philosophy has never been as appreciated as it is nowadays. The introduction to this Handbook sets out the context of the current debate in this area and provides a primer on those parts of probability theory that are most important for philosophers to know. It then goes on to introduce the seven main sections of the handbook: History; Formalism; Alternatives to Standard Probability Theory; Interpretations and Interpretive Issues; Probabilistic Judgment and Its Applications; Applications of Probability: Science; and Applications of Probability: Philosophy.
Mathematical Alternatives to Standard Probability that Provide Selectable Degrees of Precision
Authors: Fine Terrence
Published: February 2017

This chapter challenges the nearly universal reliance upon standard mathematical probability for mathematical modeling of chance and uncertain phenomena, and offers four alternatives. In standard practice, precise assignments are made inappropriately, even to the occurrences of events that may be unobservable in principle. Four familiar examples of chance or uncertain phenomena are discussed, about which this is true. The theory of measurement provides an understanding of the relationship between the accuracy of information and the precision with which the phenomenon under examination should be modeled mathematically. The model of modal or classificatory probability offers the least precision. Comparative probability, plausibility/belief functions and upper/lower probabilities are carefully considered. The selectable precision of these alternative mathematical models of chance and uncertainty makes for an improved range of levels of accuracy in modeling the empirical domain phenomena of chance, uncertainty, and indeterminacy. Knowledge of such models encourages further thought in this direction.
Probability for Everyone—Even Philosophers
Authors: Hájek Alan , Hitchcock Christopher
Published: February 2017

In this chapter the basics of probability theory are introduced, with particular attention to those topics that are most important for applications in philosophy. The formalism is described in two passes. The first presents finite probability, which suffices for most philosophical discussions of probability. The second presents measure theory, which is needed for applications involving infinities or limits. Key concepts such as conditional probability, probabilistic independence, random variables, and expectation are defined. In addition, several important theorems, including Bayes’ theorem, the weak and strong laws of large numbers, and the central limit theorem are defined. Along the way, several familiar puzzles or paradoxes involving probability are discussed.