bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Wake characteristics of high-speed trains with different lengths
Authors: Muld Tomas W , Efraimsson Gunilla , Henningson Dan S
Published: January 2013

Three different train configurations with different numbers of cars are analysed in order to investigate the effect of the train length on wake structures. The train geometry considered is the aerodynamic train model and the different versions have two, three and four cars. Due to the different lengths of the trains, the boundary-layer thickness will be different at the tail of each configuration. The flow is simulated using detached eddy simulation, and coherent flow structures are extracted via proper orthogonal decomposition and dynamic mode decomposition. As a result of reconstruction of the flow field using coupling of the mean flow and the first fluctuating proper orthogonal decomposition mode, it is found that the dominant flow structure in the wake is the same for all three cases. However, this structure has different frequencies and wavelengths depending on the boundary-layer thickness in front of the separation. It is shown that the frequency decreases as the boundary-layer thickness increases for these train configurations.
Precision in Memory Through Distinctive Processing
Authors: Hunt R. Reed
Published: January 2013

Any item that violates its current context will be well remembered, a phenomenon typically attributed to distinctiveness. Distinctiveness often is used as a synonym for difference, but, in fact, the beneficial effects of distinctiveness on memory arise only when both similarity and difference are encoded. In this article, I describe an approach modeled on a theory of similarity judgment that defines distinctive processing as the processing of difference in the context of similarity. Such processing has been shown to be highly diagnostic of particular events and of items within those events. Research predicated on this definition has shown impressive memory for target items, in addition to explaining how distinctive processing protects against incorrect memory. A focus on distinctive processing is a promising approach to understanding the precision that characterizes the normal operation of memory.
Proximate Mechanisms and the Development of Adaptive Memory
Authors: Howe Mark L. , Otgaar Henry
Published: January 2013

Scientific investigations into the functional properties of memory have recently undergone a rapid increase. These studies have revealed that processing stimuli for its survival value results in superior memory performance in children and adults. In this article, we critically evaluate this claim and conclude that survival-processing advantages in childhood and adulthood are not an indication that fitness-relevant information has adaptive priority. Instead, we argue that general memory principles (e.g., item-specific and relational processing, self-referential processing, elaboration and distinctiveness processing) better explain the adaptive function of memory. We stress the importance of these memory processes because they characterize the evolutionary adaptations of memory, are present early in life, and are developmentally invariant.
How Do Simple Positive Activities Increase Well-Being?
Authors: Lyubomirsky Sonja , Layous Kristin
Published: January 2013

Theory and research suggest that people can increase their happiness through simple intentional positive activities, such as expressing gratitude or practicing kindness. Investigators have recently begun to study the optimal conditions under which positive activities increase happiness and the mechanisms by which these effects work. According to our positive-activity model, features of positive activities (e.g., their dosage and variety), features of persons (e.g., their motivation and effort), and person-activity fit moderate the effect of positive activities on well-being. Furthermore, the model posits four mediating variables: positive emotions, positive thoughts, positive behaviors, and need satisfaction. Empirical evidence supporting the model and future directions are discussed.
Courage and Cowardice in the North African Campaign: The Eighth Army and Defeat in the Summer of 1942
Authors: Fennell Jonathan
Published: January 2013

High rates of desertion and surrender during the battles in North Africa in the summer of 1942 were a major factor in Eighth Army’s poor combat performance. At the time, some suggested that these problems were symptomatic of a lack of courage or even of cowardice. There are two broad strands to the conceptualization of courage and cowardice. One focuses on the willingness of the person to fight; the other puts emphasis on how actions express an individual’s ability to cope with fear. Whichever conceptualization is used, high morale motivates the soldier to fight and shields the ordinary recruit from his fear, preventing it from overcoming him in battle. Where morale fails, the soldier is left demotivated and burdened with his terror and, therefore, and is therefore prone to desertion or surrender. Because it is extremely difficult to maintain morale at a continuously high level in an environment governed by chance and managed by humans, all soldiers can find themselves in situations where their actions may be judged as cowardly. Alternatively, if they are properly motivated to fight and prepared by the state and military to deal with the unavoidable fear of combat, all soldiers can be labelled courageous. Accordingly, emotive terms should be avoided when attempting to describe rationally explainable outcomes. The undoubtedly negative connotations attached to cowardice in battle and the positive ones attached to courage are, therefore, arguably unhelpful in understanding Eighth Army’s performance in the summer of 1942 and the human dimension in warfare more generally.
The doctrines of practical theology and the practice of doctrine: Re-imagining the relationship between practical theology and systematic theology
Authors: Thompson Geoff
Published: January 2013

Systematic theology is often the negative foil against which practical theology defines itself as a discipline. Practical theologians worry that systematic theology is committed to a detached objectivism and finality, and that it denies or resists the influence of context on Christian thought. It is argued here that amongst its best exponents, systematic theology has its own well-developed reasons against completion and finality, and that it shares a suspicion of contextually unaware rationality. Re-imagining the relationship between these two disciplines in a way that takes these observations into account requires the rejection of the common theory/practice account of the relationship. What is proposed here instead is an account of the relationship that understands both disciplines as ecclesial practices that each have their own – sometimes overlapping – responsibilities in the church’s collective ‘performance of the scriptures’ and in the development of the church’s ‘social imaginary’.
Everyday dying: Karl Rahner’s theology of death
Authors: Paraguya Julito
Published: January 2013

Karl Rahner’s dictum of God’s closeness to the whole creation underlines his concept of death and dying. Grace, as God’s self-communication, presents death not as a punishment, but as a two-sided opportunity: intensifying the relationship between the human person and God. One is called to die every day in the name of one’s neighbour. At the same time, this selfless act culminates in powerless submission before the presence of God, at the final end of life. Human freedom, which is a result of God’s bestowal of self, makes the human person a capable partner in a blessed exchange. Through the gift of authentic freedom the human person has the task of choosing either to accept or reject God through the love of neighbour. In this, according to Rahner, everyone is asked to model the practice of freedom on the very person of Jesus Christ. One is called to ‘die with Christ’, a death that is fully formed according to the nature of human freedom. This use of freedom, therefore, conquers the absurdity of death.
Revisiting Christology
Authors: O’Collins Gerald
Published: January 2013

This article continues the scholarly conversation about the ideas presented in the author’s major work Christology. Responding to the comments of reviewers, the article considers some of the general issues raised by the book’s approach and treatment of tradition and scholarship. It concludes by offering further reflections on four of the key constructive Christological claims made within the book.
The Effects of Family Factors on Alcohol Consumption in Three East-European Countries
Authors: Markina Anna , Kask Kristjan
Published: January 2013

Underage use of alcohol is a large and increasing problem in Eastern Europe. The objective of this comparative study is to examine the effects of family-related factors on youth alcohol consumption in three East-European countries (Estonia, the Czech Republic, and Hungary). Data on alcohol use and risk factors were drawn from the International Self-Report Delinquency Study (ISRD-2). Using binary logistic regression, it was found that in all three countries, adolescents with stronger parental supervision were more likely to be abstinent and less likely to be involved in heavy episodic drinking than those with weaker supervision. Parental bonding had similar positive effects regarding abstinence in Hungary and the Czech Republic but not in Estonia. In the Czech Republic, adolescents living in single-parent households were less involved in heavy episodic drinking, whereas affluence increased heavy episodic drinking. This effect is not found for Hungary and Estonia. Adolescents in Estonia who experienced more negative life events were more involved in heavy episodic drinking; this was not so for the other two countries. We conclude that family social control is a universal protective factor in decreasing alcohol use in these three Eastern European countries; concerning the other factors, the results were more mixed.
Does Cultural Context Affect the Association Between Self-Control and Problematic Alcohol Use Among Juveniles? A Multilevel Analysis of 25 European Countries
Authors: Podaná Zuzana , Buriánek Jiří
Published: January 2013

The article studies self-reported alcohol consumption of European juveniles and examines its link to the level of their self-control, making use of data from International Self-Report Delinquency Study 2 (ISRD-2). The proportion of problematic drinkers and the mean level of self-control as well as the strength of the association differs among European countries. Following Gottfredson and Hirschi’s general theory of crime, two hypotheses are tested, focusing on different degrees of social tolerance of juvenile drinking and alcohol availability (i.e., opportunity). Findings based on logistic multilevel models for several indicators of problematic alcohol use suggest that social tolerance (reflected in the level of cultural acceptance of juvenile drinking and in the level of policy strictness) can indeed explain the cross-national differences in the strength of self-control–problematic drinking relationship, while the contribution of opportunity is questionable in this respect. Opportunity, however, is highly relevant when explaining cross-cultural differences in the extent of problematic drinking.
Power and knowledge
Authors: Innerarity Daniel
Published: January 2013

The future of democratic societies is at stake in the manner we articulate the legitimacy of their decisions and the cognitive competence with which those decisions are taken. Nowadays this requirement clashes with the drawback that there is an indomitable dimension of ignorance that cannot be eliminated but rather needs to be managed. The experts’ advice increasingly takes on board these ‘unknown unknowns’, whereby the relationship between science and politics has become just as necessary as it is complex.
School performance as a precursor of adult health: Exploring associations to disease-specific hospital care and their possible explanations
Authors: Almquist Ylva B.
Published: January 2013

Aims: While past research has shown that school performance is associated with some specific health outcomes in adulthood, few studies have taken a general approach to the link between school performance and adult disease. The aim of the present study was therefore to investigate sixth grade school performance in relation to disease-specific hospital care in adulthood and, moreover, to examine whether other conditions in childhood could account for any such associations. Methods: The data used was the Stockholm Birth Cohort, consisting of 14,294 individuals born in 1953. Associations between school performance and disease-specific hospital care were analysed by means of Cox regression. Results: Poor school performance was shown to be linked to a variety of diseases in adulthood, e.g. drug dependence, stomach ulcer, cerebrovascular diseases, and accidents. Some differences according to gender were found. Most associations, but not all, were explained by the simultaneous inclusion of various family-related and individual factors (e.g. social class, cognitive ability, and behavioural problems). Conclusions: In sum, the results of this study suggest that poor school performance may be an essential part of risk clustering in childhood with important implications for the individual’s health career.
Social differences in self-reported health among men and women in 31 countries in Europe
Authors: Schütte Stefanie , Chastang Jean-François , Parent-Thirion Agnès , Vermeylen Greet , Niedhammer Isabelle
Published: January 2013

Aims: The aim of this study was to examine educational differences in self-reported health (SRH) among men and women in Europe. Methods: The study was based on a sample of 15,362 men and 20,272 women from the nationally representative European Quality of Life Survey conducted in 31 European countries in 2007. SRH was measured using a single item and dichotomised into good (very good, good) and poor (fair, bad, very bad) health. Education was classified into seven categories according to the International Standard Classification of Education. Relative index of inequality, multilevel logistic regression analyses, and interaction tests were conducted. Results: Educational differences in SRH were found in almost all countries. After adjustment for covariates, no differences were found in Austria, Denmark, or the Netherlands. The highest differences were observed for both genders in Ireland and Macedonia. Women had significant larger educational differences in SRH than men in Portugal but significant lower differences in Czech Republic and Lithuania. Conclusions: The study underlined that the magnitude of educational differences in SRH varied according to gender and country.
IDEAL in Meshes for Prolapse, Urinary Incontinence, and Hernia Repair
Authors: Gerullis Holger , Klosterhalfen Bernd , Borós Mihaly , Lammers Bernhard , Eimer Christoph , Georgas Evagelos , Otto Thomas
Published: January 2013

Purpose. Mesh surgeries are counted among the most frequently applied surgical procedures. Despite global spread of mesh applying surgeries, there is no current systematic analysis of incidence and possible prevention of adverse events after mesh implantation. Materials and Methods. Based on the recommendations of IDEAL an in vitro test system for biocompatibility of surgical meshes has been generated (Innovation). Coating strategies for biocompatibility optimization have been developed (Development). The native and modified alloplastic materials have been tested in an animal model over 2 years (Exploration and Assessment and Long-term study). Results. In 3 meshes, implanted in sheep and explanted at 4 different time points (a, 3 months; b, 6 months; c, 12 months; and d, 24 months) over 24 months, thickness of inflammatory tissue (TVT a, 35 µm; b, 32 µm; c, 33 µm; d, 28 µm; UltraPro, a, 25 µm; b, 24 µm; c, 21 µm; d, 22 µm; PVDF a, 20 µm; b, 21 µm; c, 14 µm; d, 15µm), connective tissue (TVT a, 37 µm; b, 36 µm; c, 43 µm; d, 41 µm; UltraPro a, 33 µm; b, 32 µm; c, 40 µm; d, 38 µm; PVDF a, 25 µm; b, 22 µm; c, 22 µm; d, 24 µm), and macrophage infiltration (TVT a, 36%; b, 33%; c, 23%; d, 20%; UltraPro a, 34%; b, 28%; c, 25%; d, 22%; PVDF a, 24%; b, 18%; c, 18%; d, 16%) revealed comparable ranking characteristics at every time point after explantation. The in vivo performance of these meshes in a sheep model was predictable with a previously developed in vitro test system. Coating of meshes with autologous plasma prior to implantation seems to have a positive effect on the meshes biocompatibility. Conclusion. We have applied IDEAL criteria on a new innovation for surgical meshes. The results permit the generation of a ranking of currently available meshes with potential to optimize future meshes.
Double PPH Technique for Hemorrhoidal Prolapse
Authors: Braini A. , Narisetty P. , Favero A. , Calandra S. , Calandra A. , Caponnetto F. , Digito F. , Da Pozzo F. , Marcotti E. , Porebski E. , Rovedo S. , Terrosu G. , Torricelli L. , Stuto A.
Published: January 2013

Introduction. Longo’s technique (or PPH technique) is well known worldwide. Meta-analysis suggests that the failure due to persistence or recurrence is close to 7.7%. One of the reasons for the recurrence is the treatment of the advanced hemorrhoidal prolapse with a single stapling device, which is not enough to resect the appropriate amount of prolapse. Materials and methods. We describe the application of “Double PPH Technique” (D-PPH) to treat large hemorrhoidal prolapses. We performed a multicentric, prospective, and nonrandomized trial from July 2008 to July 2009, wherein 2 groups of patients with prolapse and hemorrhoids were treated with a single PPH or a D-PPH. Results were compared. The primary outcome was evaluation of safety and efficacy of the D-PPH procedure in selected patients with large hemorrhoidal prolapse. Results. In all, 281 consecutive patients suffering from hemorrhoidal prolapse underwent surgery, of whom 74 were assigned intraoperatively to D-PPH, whereas 207 underwent single PPH. Postoperative complications were 5% in both groups ( P = .32), in particular: postoperative major bleeding 3.0% in PPH versus 4.1% D-PPH ( P = .59); pain 37.9 % PPH versus 27.3% D-PPH (mean visual analog scale [VAS] = 2.5 vs 2.9, respectively; P = .72); and fecal urgency 2.1% PPH versus 5.7% D-PPH ( P = .8). Persistence of hemorrhoidal prolapse at 12-month follow-up was 3.7% in the PPH group versus 5.9% in the D-PPH group ( P = .5). Conclusions. Our data support the hypothesis that an accurate intraoperative patient selection for single (PPH) or double (D-PPH) stapled technique will lower in a significant way the incidence of recurrence after Longo’s procedure for hemorrhoidal prolapse.
Recent developments in the treatment of Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Liew Wendy K. M. , Kang Peter B.
Published: January 2013

Pediatric neuromuscular disorders comprise a large variety of disorders that can be classified based on their neuroanatomical localization, patterns of weakness, and laboratory test results. Over the last decade, the field of translational research has been active with many ongoing clinical trials. This is particularly so in two common pediatric neuromuscular disorders: Duchenne muscular dystrophy and spinal muscular atrophy. Although no definitive therapy has yet been found, numerous active areas of research raise the potential for novel therapies in these two disorders, offering hope for improved quality of life and life expectancy for affected individuals.
Continuity of the Bessel wavelet transform on certain Beurling-type function spaces
Authors: Prasad Akhilesh , Mahato Ashutosh , Dixit MM
Published: January 2013

In this paper, continuity of the Bessel wavelet transform of a suitable function ϕ in terms of an appropriate mother wavelet ψ is investigated on certain Beurling-type function spaces.

MSC:46F12, 26A33.
Systems infection biology: a compartmentalized immune network of pig spleen challenged with Haemophilus parasuis
Authors: Zhao Ming , Liu Xiang-dong , Li Xin-yun , Chen Hong-bo , Jin Hui , Zhou Rui , Zhu Meng-jin , Zhao Shu-hong
Published: January 2013

Background

Network biology (systems biology) approaches are useful tools for elucidating the host infection processes that often accompany complex immune networks. Although many studies have recently focused on Haemophilus parasuis, a model of Gram-negative bacterium, little attention has been paid to the host's immune response to infection. In this article, we use network biology to investigate infection with Haemophilus parasuis in an in vivo pig model.

Results

By targeting the spleen immunogenome, we established an expression signature indicative of H. parasuis infection using a PCA/GSEA combined method. We reconstructed the immune network and estimated the network topology parameters that characterize the immunogene expressions in response to H. parasuis infection. The results showed that the immune network of H. parasuis infection is compartmentalized (not globally linked). Statistical analysis revealed that the reconstructed network is scale-free but not small-world. Based on the quantitative topological prioritization, we inferred that the C1R-centered clique might play a vital role in responding to H. parasuis infection.

Conclusions

Here, we provide the first report of reconstruction of the immune network in H. parasuis-infected porcine spleen. The distinguishing feature of our work is the focus on utilizing the immunogenome for a network biology-oriented analysis. Our findings complement and extend the frontiers of knowledge of host infection biology for H. parasuis and also provide a new clue for systems infection biology of Gram-negative bacilli in mammals.
Increased plasma sVCAM-1 is associated with severity in IgA nephropathy
Authors: Zhu Li , Shi Sufang , Liu Lijun , Lv Jicheng , Zhang Hong
Published: January 2013

Background

A considerable proportion of IgAN patients present with histological vasculitic/crescentic lesions in glomeruli, indicating activation of vascular inflammation. Using sVCAM-1, a well-proven marker for endothelial injury under inflammatory processes, we investigated vascular injury and its association with clinical and pathological manifestations in IgAN patients.

Methods

In this study, 327 biopsy-proven IgAN patients and 55 healthy controls were enrolled. The Oxford classification and two variables, Active Crescentic Lesion Percentage (ACLP) and Chronic Glomerular Lesion Percentage (CGLP), were used for evaluating pathological lesions. Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells were treated with 25-400 ug/ml IgA1. sVCAM-1 in plasma and culture supernatant were measured by ELISA.

Results

Plasma sVCAM-1 in IgAN patients was significantly higher than healthy controls. In patients with IgAN, plasma sVCAM-1 was significantly correlated with eGFR, 24h urine protein excretion, tubular atrophy/interstitial fibrosis lesion and ACLP, but not CGLP. Meanwhile, compared to healthy volunteers, IgA1 from IgAN patients showed a tendency to increase the HUVECs supernatant sVCAM-1 expression. And IgA1 induced the sVCAM-1 increasing from HUVECs in time- and dose-dependent manner.

Conclusions

We found increased plasma sVCAM-1 in IgAN patients and its association with severe clinical and pathological manifestations, which might be partly resulted from effect of IgA1 to endothelial cells.
Efficacy and safety of Suanzaoren decoction for primary insomnia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Xie Cheng-long , Gu Yong , Wang Wen-Wen , Lu Lin , Fu Deng-lei , Liu Ai-ju , Li Hui-qin , Li Ji-huang , Lin Yan , Tang Wen-jie , Zheng Guo-qing
Published: January 2013

Background

Insomnia is a widespread human health problem, but there currently are the limitations of conventional therapies available. Suanzaoren decoction (SZRD) is a well known classic Chinese herbal prescription for insomnia and has been treating people’s insomnia for more than thousand years. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of SZRD for insomnia.

Methods

A systematic literature search was performed for 6 databases up to July of 2012 to identify randomized control trials (RCTs) involving SZRD for insomniac patients. The methodological quality of RCTs was assessed independently using the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions.

Results

Twelve RCTs with total of 1376 adult participants were identified. The methodological quality of all included trials are no more than 3/8 score. Majority of the RCTs concluded that SZRD was more significantly effective than benzodiazepines for treating insomnia. Despite these positive outcomes, there were many methodological shortcomings in the studies reviewed, including insufficient information about randomization generation and absence of allocation concealment, lack of blinding and no placebo control, absence of intention-to-treat analysis and lack of follow-ups, selective publishing and reporting, and small number of sample sizes. A number of clinical heterogeneity such as diagnosis, intervention, control, and outcome measures were also reviewed. Only 3 trials reported adverse events, whereas the other 9 trials did not provide the safety information.

Conclusions

Despite the apparent reported positive findings, there is insufficient evidence to support efficacy of SZRD for insomnia due to the poor methodological quality and the small number of trials of the included studies. SZRD seems generally safe, but is insufficient evidence to make conclusions on the safety because fewer studies reported the adverse events. Further large sample-size and well-designed RCTs are needed.
Edible Bird’s nest extract as a chondro-protective agent for human chondrocytes isolated from osteoarthritic knee: in vitro study
Authors: Chua Kien-Hui , Lee Ting-Hun , Nagandran Kamini , Md Yahaya Nor Hamdan , Lee Chew-Tin , Tjih Eddie Tan Ti , Abdul Aziz Ramlan
Published: January 2013

Background

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a degenerative joint disease that results in the destruction of cartilage. Edible Bird’s Nest (EBN) extract contains important components, which can reduce the progression of osteoarthritis and helps in the regeneration of the cartilage. The present study aimed to investigate the effect of EBN extract on the catabolic and anabolic activities of the human articular chondrocytes (HACs) isolated from the knee joint of patients with OA.

Methods

A single batch of EBN extract was prepared with hot-water extraction and coded as HMG. HACs were isolated from the knee joint cartilage removed during surgery. The optimum concentration of HMG for HAC cultures was determined using MTT assay. The effect of HMG on the catabolic and anabolic genes’ expression in HACs was measured by real-time PCR. The total amount of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was determined by ELISA method, and the total sulphated glycosaminoglycan (GAGs) production was quantified by 1,9-dimethylmethylene blue (DMMB) assay.

Results

MTT assay showed 0.50% - 1.00% HMG supplementation promoted HACs proliferation. HMG supplementation was able to reduce the catabolic genes’ expression in cultured HACs such as matrix metalloproteinases (MMP1 & MMP3), Interleukin 1, 6 and 8 (IL-1, IL-6 & IL-8), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) production was significantly reduced in HAC cultures supplemented with HMG. With regard to anabolic activity assessment, type II collagen, Aggrecan and SOX-9 gene expression as well as sGAG production was increased in the HMG supplemented groups.

Conclusion

Edible Bird’s Nest extract coded as HMG demonstrated chondro-protection ability on human articular chondrocytes in vitro. It reduced catabolic activities and increased cartilage extracellular matrix synthesis. It is concluded that HMG is a potential agent in the treatment of osteoarthritis.
Catalyst-free direct vapor-phase growth of Zn1−xCu
x
O micro-cross structures and their optical properties
Authors: Xu Danhua , Fan Donghua , Shen Wenzhong
Published: January 2013

We report a simple catalyst-free vapor-phase method to fabricate Zn1−x
Cu
x
O micro-cross structures. Through a series of controlled experiments by changing the location of the substrate and reaction time, we have realized the continuous evolution of product morphology from nanorods into brush-like structures and micro-cross structures at different positions, together with the epitaxial growth of branched nanorods from the central stem with the time extended. The growth mechanism of the Zn1−x
Cu
x
O micro-cross structures has been proposed to involve the synthesis of Cu/Zn square-like core, surface oxidation, and the secondary growth of nanorod arrays. By the detailed structural analysis of the yielded Zn1−x
Cu
x
O samples at different locations, we have shown that the CuO phases were gradually formed in Zn1−x
Cu
x
O, which is significant to induce the usual ZnO hexagonal structures changing into four-folded symmetrical hierarchical micro-cross structures. Furthermore, the visible luminescence can be greatly enhanced by the introduction of Cu, and the observed inhomogeneous cathode luminescence in an individual micro-cross structure is caused by the different distributions of Cu.
Protein network-based Lasso regression model for the construction of disease-miRNA functional interactions
Authors: Qabaja Ala , Alshalalfa Mohammed , Bismar Tarek A , Alhajj Reda
Published: January 2013

Background

There is a growing body of evidence associating microRNAs (miRNAs) with human diseases. MiRNAs are new key players in the disease paradigm demonstrating roles in several human diseases. The functional association between miRNAs and diseases remains largely unclear and far from complete. With the advent of high-throughput functional genomics techniques that infer genes and biological pathways dysregulted in diseases, it is now possible to infer functional association between diseases and biological molecules by integrating disparate biological information.

Results

Here, we first used Lasso regression model to identify miRNAs associated with disease signature as a proof of concept. Then we proposed an integrated approach that uses disease-gene associations from microarray experiments and text mining, and miRNA-gene association from computational predictions and protein networks to build functional associations network between miRNAs and diseases. The findings of the proposed model were validated against gold standard datasets using ROC analysis and results were promising (AUC=0.81). Our protein network-based approach discovered 19 new functional associations between prostate cancer and miRNAs. The new 19 associations were validated using miRNA expression data and clinical profiles and showed to act as diagnostic and prognostic prostate biomarkers. The proposed integrated approach allowed us to reconstruct functional associations between miRNAs and human diseases and uncovered functional roles of newly discovered miRNAs.

Conclusions

Lasso regression was used to find associations between diseases and miRNAs using their gene signature. Defining miRNA gene signature by integrating the downstream effect of miRNAs demonstrated better performance than the miRNA signature alone. Integrating biological networks and multiple data to define miRNA and disease gene signature demonstrated high performance to uncover new functional associations between miRNAs and diseases.
Preliminary study on optimization of pH, oxidant and catalyst dose for high COD content: solar parabolic trough collector
Authors: Singh Chandan , Chaudhary Rubina , Gandhi Kavita
Published: January 2013

In the present study, solar photocatalytic oxidation has been investigated through laboratory experiments as an alternative to conventional secondary treatment for the organic content reduction of high COD wastewater. Experiments have been performed on synthetic high COD wastewater for solar photocatalytic oxidation using a parabolic trough reactor. Parameters affecting the oxidation of organics have been investigated.

The experimental design followed the sequence of dark adsorption studies of organics, followed by photolytic studies (in absence of catalyst) and finally photocatalytic studies in presence and absence of additional oxidant (H2O2). All the experimental studies have been performed at pH values of 2, 4, 6,8,10 and the initial pH value of the wastewater (normal pH). For photocatalytic studies, TiO2 has been used as a photocatalyst. Optimization of catalyst dose, pH and H2O2 concentration has been done. Maximum reduction of organic content was observed at the normal pH value of the wastewater (pH = 6.8). The reaction rate was significantly enhanced in presence of hydrogen peroxide. The optimum pH other than the Normal was in the alkaline range. Acidic pH was not found to be favourable for organic content reduction. pH was found to be a dominant factor affecting reaction rate even in presence of H2O2 as an additional oxidant. Also, the solar detoxification process was effective in treating a waste with a COD level of more than 7500 mg/L, which is a otherwise a difficult waste to treat. It can therefore be used as a treatment step in the high organic wastewater treatment during the primary stage also as it effectively reduces the COD content by 86%.
Individual differences in the efficacy of a short theory of mind intervention for children with autism spectrum disorder: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Hoddenbach Elske , Koot Hans M , Clifford Pamela , Gevers Carolien , Clauser Cassandra , Boer Frits , Begeer Sander
Published: January 2013

Background

Having a ‘theory of mind’, or having the ability to attribute mental states to oneself or others, is considered one of the most central domains of impairment among children with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Many interventions focus on improving theory of mind skills in children with ASD. Nonetheless, the empirical evidence for the effect of these interventions is limited. The main goal of this study is to examine the effectiveness of a short theory of mind intervention for children with ASD. A second objective is to determine which subgroups within the autism spectrum profit most from the intervention.

Methods

This study is a randomized controlled trial. One hundred children with ASD, aged 7 to 12 years will be randomly assigned to an intervention or a waiting list control group. Outcome measures include the completion of theory of mind and emotion understanding tasks, and parent and teacher questionnaires on children’s social skills. Follow-up data for the intervention group will be collected 6 months after the interventions.

Discussion

This study evaluates the efficacy of a theory of mind intervention for children with ASD. Hypotheses, strengths, and limitations of the study are discussed.

Trial registration

Netherlands Trial Register NTR2327
A rare case of anomalous origin of the left main coronary artery in an adult patient
Authors: Dionne Pierre O , Poirier Nancy , Forcillo Jessica , Stevens Louis M , Chartrand-Lefebvre Carl , Mansour Samer , Noiseux Nicolas
Published: January 2013

Anomalous origin of left coronary artery from the pulmonary artery (ALCAPA) is a rare congenital anomaly that causes a left-to-right shunt via the coronary system, resulting in coronary steal. We report an unusual case of a healthy 48 years-old patient presenting with dyspnea on exertion and mild chest pain who underwent surgical correction of this rare anomaly. Multiple procedures have been proposed in adults with ALCAPA. Although re-implantation of the left main coronary artery (LMCA) to the aorta remains the most physiological correction for this anomaly, the combination of LMCA ligation and coronary artery bypass grafting provides a dual coronary flow system and is preferable when re-implantation is impossible.
Reduction in weight and BMI and changes in Co-morbidities following laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding procedure for morbidly obese patients in Bahrain: a five year longitudinal study
Authors: Al Khalifa Khalid , Violato Claudio , Al Ansari Ahmed
Published: January 2013

Background

Obesity and its related illnesses are pan-endemic health problems which require intervention. Laparoscopic Adjustable Gastric Banding (LAGB) is seen as a safe surgical procedure with satisfactory results on weight reduction and improvement in obesity related illness.

Methods

Data were collected in a repeated-measures longitudinal five year study for 143 morbidly obese patients who underwent laparoscopic adjustable gastric banding (LAGB). Follow up was continued from 3 to 60 months post operatively. Patients were assessed for diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia.

Results

Repeated measures ANOVAs revealed that both men and women lose weight and reduce their BMIs at a consistent rate. At 3, 6 and 9 months post-operative there are no differences in percent weight loss between men and women with mean weight loss at 8.9%, 13.1% and 16.0% respectively of pre-operative weight. At 12, 24 and 60 months post-operatively, however, men significantly increase the percentage of weight loss as well as improve their BMI compared to women (p < .05). At 24 months post-operative, men and women have BMIs of 36.03 and 32.85, both still in the obese range. By 60 months men have achieved a BMI that is slightly under the obese range into the overweight range (30.76) while women (BMI = 36.61) were still in the obese range. At 60 months, men have lost a total of 33.75% of their pre-operative body weight while women have lost a total of 21.50. Diabetes, hypertension and dyslipidemia were significantly reduced in the sample post-operatively (p < .01).

Conclusion

LAGB is a safe and effective surgical procedure for morbidly obese patients resulting in weight loss, BMI decrease and reduction in co-morbid illnesses.
Mammographic density as a predictor of breast cancer survival: the Multiethnic Cohort
Authors: Maskarinec Gertraud , Pagano Ian S , Little Melissa A , Conroy Shannon M , Park Song-Yi , Kolonel Laurence N
Published: January 2013

Introduction

Mammographic density, a strong predictor for breast cancer incidence, may also worsen prognosis in women with breast cancer. This prospective analysis explored the effect of prediagnostic mammographic density among 607 breast cancer cases diagnosed within the Hawaii component of the Multiethnic Cohort (MEC).

Methods

Female MEC participants, aged ≥ 50 years at cohort entry, diagnosed with primary invasive breast cancer, and enrolled in a mammographic density case-control study were part of this analysis. At cohort entry, anthropometric and demographic information was collected by questionnaire. Tumor characteristics and vital status were available through linkage with the Hawaii Tumor Registry. Multiple digitized prediagnostic mammograms were assessed for mammographic density using a computer-assisted method. Cox proportional hazards regression was applied to examine the effect of mammographic density on breast cancer survival while adjusting for relevant covariates.

Results

Of the 607 cases, 125 were diagnosed as in situ, 380 as localized, and 100 as regional/distant stage. After a mean follow-up time of 12.9 years, 27 deaths from breast cancer and 100 deaths from other causes had occurred; 71 second breast cancer primaries were diagnosed. In an overall model, mammographic density was not associated with breast cancer-specific survival (HR = 0.95 per 10%; 95%CI: 0.79-1.15), but the interaction with radiotherapy was highly significant (p = 0.006). In stratified models, percent density was associated with a reduced risk of dying from breast cancer (HR = 0.77; 95%CI: 0.60-0.99; p = 0.04) in women who had received radiation, but with an elevated risk (HR = 1.46; 95% CI: 1.00-2.14; p = 0.05) in patients who had not received radiation. High breast density predicted a borderline increase in risk for a second primary (HR = 1.72; 95% CI: 0.88-2.55; p = 0.15).

Conclusions

Assessing mammographic density in women with breast cancer may identify women with a poorer prognosis and provide them with radiotherapy to improve outcomes.
MicroRNA paraffin-based studies in osteosarcoma reveal reproducible independent prognostic profiles at 14q32
Authors: Kelly Andrew D , Haibe-Kains Benjamin , Janeway Katherine A , Hill Katherine E , Howe Eleanor , Goldsmith Jeffrey , Kurek Kyle , Perez-Atayde Antonio R , Francoeur Nancy , Fan Jian-Bing , April Craig , Schneider Hal , Gebhardt Mark C , Culhane Aedin , Quackenbush John , Spentzos Dimitrios
Published: January 2013

Background

Although microRNAs (miRNAs) are implicated in osteosarcoma biology and chemoresponse, miRNA prognostic models are still needed, particularly because prognosis is imperfectly correlated with chemoresponse. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue is a necessary resource for biomarker studies in this malignancy with limited frozen tissue availability.

Methods

We performed miRNA and mRNA microarray formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded assays in 65 osteosarcoma biopsy and 26 paired post-chemotherapy resection specimens and used the only publicly available miRNA dataset, generated independently by another group, to externally validate our strongest findings (n = 29). We used supervised principal components analysis and logistic regression for survival and chemoresponse, and miRNA activity and target gene set analysis to study miRNA regulatory activity.

Results

Several miRNA-based models with as few as five miRNAs were prognostic independently of pathologically assessed chemoresponse (median recurrence-free survival: 59 months versus not-yet-reached; adjusted hazards ratio = 2.90; P = 0.036). The independent dataset supported the reproducibility of recurrence and survival findings. The prognostic value of the profile was independent of confounding by known prognostic variables, including chemoresponse, tumor location and metastasis at diagnosis. Model performance improved when chemoresponse was added as a covariate (median recurrence-free survival: 59 months versus not-yet-reached; hazard ratio = 3.91; P = 0.002). Most prognostic miRNAs were located at 14q32 - a locus already linked to osteosarcoma - and their gene targets display deregulation patterns associated with outcome. We also identified miRNA profiles predictive of chemoresponse (75% to 80% accuracy), which did not overlap with prognostic profiles.

Conclusions

Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue-derived miRNA patterns are a powerful prognostic tool for risk-stratified osteosarcoma management strategies. Combined miRNA and mRNA analysis supports a possible role of the 14q32 locus in osteosarcoma progression and outcome. Our study creates a paradigm for formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded-based miRNA biomarker studies in cancer.
Distinct Expression Patterns Predict Differential Roles of the miRNA-Binding Proteins, Lin28 and Lin28b, in the Mouse Testis: Studies During Postnatal Development and in a Model of Hypogonadotropic Hypogonadism
Authors: Gaytan Francisco , Sangiao-Alvarellos Susana , Manfredi-Lozano María , García-Galiano David , Ruiz-Pino Francisco , Romero-Ruiz Antonio , León Silvia , Morales Concepción , Cordido Fernando , Pinilla Leonor , Tena-Sempere Manuel
Published: January 2013

Lin28 (also termed Lin28a) and Lin28b are related RNA-binding proteins, involved in the control of microRNA synthesis, especially of the let-7 family, with putative functions in early (embryo) development. However, their roles during postnatal maturation remain ill defined. Despite the general assumption that Lin28 and Lin28b share similar targets and functions, conclusive demonstration of such redundancy is still missing. In addition, recent observations suggest a role of Lin28 proteins in mammalian reproduction, which is yet to be defined. We document herein the patterns of RNA expression and protein distribution of Lin28 and Lin28b in mouse testis during postnatal development and in a model of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism as a result of inactivation of the kisspeptin receptor, Gpr54. Lin28 and Lin28b mRNAs were expressed in mouse testis across postnatal maturation, but their levels disparately varied between neonatal and pubertal periods, with peak Lin28 levels in infantile testes and sustained elevation of Lin28b mRNA in young adult male gonads, where relative levels of let-7a and let-7b miRNAs were significantly suppressed. In addition, Lin28 peptides displayed totally different patterns of cellular distribution in mouse testis: Lin28 was located in undifferentiated and type-A1 spermatogonia, whereas Lin28b was confined to spermatids and interstitial Leydig cells. These profiles were perturbed in Gpr54 null mouse testis, which showed preserved but irregular Lin28 signal and absence of Lin28b peptide, which was rescued by administration of gonadotropins, mainly hCG (as super-agonist of LH). In addition, increased relative levels of Lin28, but not Lin28b, mRNA and of let-7a/let-7b miRNAs were observed in Gpr54 KO mouse testes. Altogether, our data are the first to document the divergent patterns of cellular distribution and mRNA expression of Lin28 and Lin28b in the mouse testis along postnatal maturation and their alteration in a model of congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. Our findings suggest distinct functional roles of these two related, but not overlapping, miRNA-binding proteins in the male gonad.
Bone Density, Turnover, and Estimated Strength in Postmenopausal Women Treated With Odanacatib: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Brixen Kim , Chapurlat Roland , Cheung Angela M. , Keaveny Tony M. , Fuerst Thomas , Engelke Klaus , Recker Robert , Dardzinski Bernard , Verbruggen Nadia , Ather Shabana , Rosenberg Elizabeth , de Papp Anne E.
Published: January 2013

Context:

Odanacatib, a cathepsin K inhibitor, increases spine and hip areal bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women with low BMD and cortical thickness in ovariectomized monkeys.

Objective:

The objective of the study was to examine the impact of odanacatib on the trabecular and cortical bone compartments and estimated strength at the hip and spine.

Design:

This was a randomized, double-blind, 2-year trial.

Setting:

The study was conducted at a private or institutional practice.

Participants:

Participants included 214 postmenopausal women with low areal BMD.

Intervention:

The intervention included odanacatib 50 mg or placebo weekly.

Main Outcome Measures:

Changes in areal BMD by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (primary end point, 1 year areal BMD change at lumbar spine), bone turnover markers, volumetric BMD by quantitative computed tomography (QCT), and bone strength estimated by finite element analysis were measured.

Results:

Year 1 lumbar spine areal BMD percent change from baseline was 3.5% greater with odanacatib than placebo (P < .001). Bone-resorption marker C-telopeptide of type 1 collagen was significantly lower with odanacatib vs placebo at 6 months and 2 years (P < .001). Bone-formation marker procollagen I N-terminal peptide initially decreased with odanacatib but by 2 years did not differ from placebo. After 6 months, odanacatib-treated women had greater increases in trabecular volumetric BMD and estimated compressive strength at the spine and integral and trabecular volumetric BMD and estimated strength at the hip (P < .001). At the cortical envelope of the femoral neck, bone mineral content, thickness, volume, and cross-sectional area also increased from baseline with odanacatib vs placebo (P < .001 at 24 months). Adverse experiences were similar between groups.

Conclusions:

Over 2 years, odanacatib decreased bone resorption, maintained bone formation, increased areal and volumetric BMD, and increased estimated bone strength at both the hip and spine.