bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CoreDet
Authors: Bergan Tom , Anderson Owen , Devietti Joseph , Ceze Luis , Grossman Dan
Published: March 2010

The behavior of a multithreaded program does not depend only on its inputs. Scheduling, memory reordering, timing, and low-level hardware effects all introduce nondeterminism in the execution of multithreaded programs. This severely complicates many tasks, including debugging, testing, and automatic replication. In this work, we avoid these complications by eliminating their root cause: we develop a compiler and runtime system that runs arbitrary multithreaded C/C++ POSIX Threads programs deterministically.

A trivial non-performant approach to providing determinism is simply deterministically serializing execution. Instead, we present a compiler and runtime infrastructure that ensures determinism but resorts to serialization rarely, for handling interthread communication and synchronization. We develop two basic approaches, both of which are largely dynamic with performance improved by some static compiler optimizations. First, an ownership-based approach detects interthread communication via an evolving table that tracks ownership of memory regions by threads. Second, a buffering approach uses versioned memory and employs a deterministic commit protocol to make changes visible to other threads. While buffering has larger single-threaded overhead than ownership, it tends to scale better (serializing less often). A hybrid system sometimes performs and scales better than either approach individually.

Our implementation is based on the LLVM compiler infrastructure. It needs neither programmer annotations nor special hardware. Our empirical evaluation uses the PARSEC and SPLASH2 benchmarks and shows that our approach scales comparably to nondeterministic execution.
A randomized scheduler with probabilistic guarantees of finding bugs
Authors: Burckhardt Sebastian , Kothari Pravesh , Musuvathi Madanlal , Nagarakatte Santosh
Published: March 2010

This paper presents a randomized scheduler for finding concurrency bugs. Like current stress-testing methods, it repeatedly runs a given test program with supplied inputs. However, it improves on stress-testing by finding buggy schedules more effectively and by quantifying the probability of missing concurrency bugs. Key to its design is the characterization of the depth of a concurrency bug as the minimum number of scheduling constraints required to find it. In a single run of a program with
n
threads and
k
steps, our scheduler detects a concurrency bug of depth
d
with probability at least 1/
nk
d-1
. We hypothesize that in practice, many concurrency bugs (including well-known types such as ordering errors, atomicity violations, and deadlocks) have small bug-depths, and we confirm the efficiency of our schedule randomization by detecting previously unknown and known concurrency bugs in several production-scale concurrent programs.
Cooling the Data Center
Authors: Woods Andy
Published: March 2010

Power generation accounts for about 40 to 45 percent of the primary energy supply in the US and the UK, and a good fraction is used to heat, cool, and ventilate buildings. A new and growing challenge in this sector concerns computer data centers and other equipment used to cool computer data systems. On the order of 6 billion kilowatt hours of power was used in data centers in 2006 in the US, representing about 1.5 percent of the country’s electricity consumption. Of this power demand, much more than 20 percent is typically used for cooling the computer equipment, but some newer installations have managed to reduce consumption through a series of innovations in the design of data-center cooling systems, as well as improvements in the software and hardware.
Influence of breathing frequency on the pattern of respiratory sinus arrhythmia and blood pressure: old questions revisited
Authors: Sin P. Y. W. , Galletly D. C. , Tzeng Y. C.
Published: March 2010

Respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA) is classically described as a vagally mediated increase and decrease in heart rate concurrent with inspiration and expiration, respectively. However, although breathing frequency is known to alter this temporal relationship, the precise nature of this phase dependency and its relationship to blood pressure remains unclear. In 16 subjects we systematically examined the temporal relationships between respiration, RSA, and blood pressure by graphically portraying cardiac interval (R-R) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) variations as a function of the respiratory cycle (pattern analysis), during incremental stepwise paced breathing. The principal findings were 1) the time interval between R-R maximum and expiration onset remained the same (∼2.5–3.0 s) irrespective of breathing frequency ( P = 0.10), whereas R-R minimum progressively shifted from expiratory onset into midinspiration with slower breathing ( P < 0.0001); 2) there is a clear qualitative distinction between pre- versus postinspiratory cardiac acceleration during slow (0.10 Hz) but not fast (0.20 Hz) breathing; 3) the time interval from inspiration onset to SBP minimum ( P = 0.16) and from expiration onset to SBP maximum ( P = 0.26) remained unchanged across breathing frequencies; 4) SBP maximum and R-R maximum maintained an unchanged temporal alignment of ∼1.1 s irrespective of breathing frequency ( P = 0.84), whereas the alignment between SBP minimum and R-R minimum was inconstant ( P > 0.0001); and 5) β1-adrenergic blockade did not influence the respiration-RSA relationships or distinct RSA patterns observed during slow breathing, suggesting that temporal dependencies associated with alterations in breathing frequency are unrelated to cardiac sympathetic modulation. Collectively, these results illustrate nonlinear respiration-RSA-blood pressure relationships that may yield new insights to the fundamental mechanism of RSA in humans.
Do androgens play a beneficial role in the regulation of vascular tone? Nongenomic vascular effects of testosterone metabolites
Authors: Perusquía Mercedes , Stallone John N.
Published: March 2010

The marked sexual dimorphism that exists in human cardiovascular diseases has led to the dogmatic concept that testosterone (Tes) has deleterious effects and exacerbates the development of cardiovascular disease in males. While some animal studies suggest that Tes does exert deleterious effects by enhancing vascular tone through acute or chronic mechanisms, accumulating evidence suggests that Tes and other androgens exert beneficial effects by inducing rapid vasorelaxation of vascular smooth muscle through nongenomic mechanisms. While this effect frequently has been observed in large arteries at micromolar concentrations, more recent studies have reported vasorelaxation of smaller resistance arteries at nanomolar (physiological) concentrations. The key mechanism underlying Tes-induced vasorelaxation appears to be the modulation of vascular smooth muscle ion channel function, particularly the inactivation of L-type voltage-operated Ca2+channels and/or the activation of voltage-operated and Ca2+-activated K+channels. Studies employing Tes analogs and metabolites reveal that androgen-induced vasodilation is a structurally specific nongenomic effect that is fundamentally different than the genomic effects on reproductive targets. For example, 5α-dihydrotestosterone exhibits potent genomic-androgenic effects but only moderate vasorelaxing activity, whereas its isomer 5β-dihydrotestosterone is devoid of androgenic effects but is a highly efficacious vasodilator. These findings suggest that the dihydro-metabolites of Tes or other androgen analogs devoid of androgenic or estrogenic effects could have useful therapeutic roles in hypertension, erectile dysfunction, prostatic ischemia, or other vascular dysfunctions.
A novel quantitative explanation for the autonomic modulation of cardiac pacemaker cell automaticity via a dynamic system of sarcolemmal and intracellular proteins
Authors: Maltsev Victor A. , Lakatta Edward G.
Published: March 2010

Classical numerical models have attributed the regulation of normal cardiac automaticity in sinoatrial node cells (SANCs) largely to G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) modulation of sarcolemmal ion currents. More recent experimental evidence, however, has indicated that GPCR modulation of SANCs automaticity involves spontaneous, rhythmic, local Ca2+releases (LCRs) from the sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR). We explored the GPCR rate modulation of SANCs using a unique and novel numerical model of SANCs in which Ca2+-release characteristics are graded by variations in the SR Ca2+pumping capability, mimicking the modulation by phospholamban regulated by cAMP-mediated, PKA-activated signaling. The model faithfully predicted the entire range of physiological chronotropic modulation of SANCs by the activation of β-adrenergic receptors or cholinergic receptors only when experimentally documented changes of sarcolemmal ion channels are combined with a simultaneous increase/decrease in SR Ca2+pumping capability. The novel numerical mechanism of GPCR rate modulation is based on numerous complex synergistic interactions between sarcolemmal and intracellular processes via membrane voltage and Ca2+. Major interactions include changes of diastolic Na+/Ca2+exchanger current that couple earlier/later diastolic Ca2+releases (predicting the experimentally defined LCR period shift) of increased/decreased amplitude (predicting changes in LCR signal mass, i.e., the product of LCR spatial size, amplitude, and number per cycle) to the diastolic depolarization and ultimately to the spontaneous action potential firing rate. Concomitantly, larger/smaller and more/less frequent activation of L-type Ca2+current shifts the cellular Ca2+balance to support the respective Ca2+cycling changes. In conclusion, our model simulations corroborate recent experimental results in rabbit SANCs pointing to a new paradigm for GPCR heart rate modulation by a complex system of dynamically coupled sarcolemmal and intracellular proteins.
Hexasphere—Redundantly Actuated Parallel Spherical Mechanism asa New Concept of Agile Telescope
Authors: Valasek Michael , Zicha Josef , Karasek Martin , Hudec Rene
Published: March 2010

The paper deals with the description of a new concept for a spherical mechanism for agile telescopes. It is based on redundantly actuated parallel kinematical structure. Due to the three times overactuated structure and application of several further innovative concepts, the Hexasphere achieves the movability of ±100 degrees. This enables the use of a Hexasphere as the basis for mounts of telescopes. Such telescopes can be optimized for minimum weight or for maximum dynamics. The proposed mechanism is expected to play a role in novel robotic telescopes nowadays used in many fields of astronomy and astrophysics, with emphasis on automated systems for alert observations of celestial gamma‐ray bursts.
Laboratory-Scale Experiments of the Methane Hydrate Dissociation Process in a Porous Media and Numerical Study for the Estimation of Permeability in Methane Hydrate Reservoir
Authors: Sakamoto Yasuhide , Komai Takeshi , Miyazaki Kuniyuki , Tenma Norio , Yamaguchi Tsutomu , Zyvoloski George
Published: March 2010

An experimental study of the dissociation of methane hydrate (MH) by hot-water injection and depressurization was carried out at the National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST). These experiments helped us understand some important aspects of MH behavior such as how temperature, pressure, and permeability change during dissociation and gas production. In order to understand the experimental results, a model of MH dissociation in a porous media was designed and implemented in a numerical simulator. In the model, we treated the MH phase as a two-component system by representing the pore space occupied by MH as a separate component. Absolute permeability and relative permeability were formulated as a function of MH saturation, porosity, and sand grain diameter and introduced into the numerical model. Using the developed numerical simulator, we attempted history matching of laboratory-scale experiments of the MH dissociation process. It was found that numerical simulator was able to reproduce temperature change, permeability characteristics, and gas production behavior associated with both MH formation and dissociation.
The Role of Ground‐Based Robotic Observatories in Satellite Projects
Authors: Hudec R.
Published: March 2010

We discuss the role of robotic telescopes in satellite projects, as well as related strategies. Most satellite projects in space astrophysics focus on high‐energy astrophysics from X‐rays to gamma‐rays. A large fraction of objects of high‐energy astrophysics emit also optical light, which is, in many cases, variable. The observation of these sources at optical wavelengths can provide valuable inputs for multispectral analysis of various categories of celestial high‐energy (HE) sources. As the magnitudes of numerous objects are bright and can be hence accessed by robotic ground‐based observatories, these observations can contribute to investigations and analyses of HE sources. We discuss in detail this possible contribution, with emphasis on the ESA INTEGRAL mission. In addition to this, there are also satellite projects outside the high‐energy astronomy, in which the robotic telescopes can also play an important role. We will illustrate this on the example of the ESA satellite Gaia. In this project, robotic telescopes are expected not only to verify the triggers detected by satellite (such as transients and flares) but also to provide additional (mostly photometric) data for better scientific cases.
Existence and Global Exponential Stability of Almost Periodic Solutions for SICNNs with Nonlinear Behaved Functions and Mixed Delays
Authors: Yang Xinsong , Cao Jinde , Huang Chuangxia , Long Yao
Published: March 2010

By using the Leray‐Schauder fixed point theorem and differential inequality techniques,
several new sufficient conditions are obtained for the existence and global exponential
stability of almost periodic solutions for shunting inhibitory cellular neural networks with
discrete and distributed delays. The model in this paper possesses two characters: nonlinear
behaved functions and all coefficients are time varying. Hence, our model is general and
applicable to many known models. Moreover, our main results are also general and can be
easily deduced to many simple cases, including some existing results. An example and its
simulation are employed to illustrate our feasible results.
Effect of Furosemide on Ductal Closure and Renal Function in Indomethacin-Treated Preterm Infants during the Early Neonatal Period
Authors: Lee Byong Sop , Byun Shin Yun , Chung Mi Lim , Chang Ji Young , Kim Hee Young , Kim Ellen Ai-Rhan , Kim Ki-Soo , Pi Soo-Young
Published: March 2010

Background: Furosemide is known to increase renal prostaglandin synthesis. However, its influence on ductal closure and renal toxicities of indomethacin in preterm infants has not been conclusive, especially during the early neonatal period. Objectives: To identify the effects of furosemide after indomethacin administration on the rate of patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) closure and renal function in preterm infants. Methods: 68 infants (gestational age <34 weeks and birth weight <2,000 g) receiving indomethacin therapy (one course: 0.2–0.1–0.1 mg/kg q 12 h, mostly started <48 h after birth) were randomly assigned to the furosemide (n = 35) or control (n = 33) group. Each indomethacin dose was followed by furosemide (1.0 mg/kg) or placebo. The primary (PDA closure) and secondary (acute renal failure (ARF) and others) outcomes were assessed. Renal parameters before and 0–12 and 24–36 h after the first course of indomethacin were also investigated. Results: In an intention-to-treat analysis, there were no differences in the PDA closure rate between the furosemide (29/34) and the control (27/29) group (p = 0.437). The incidence of ARF (serum creatinine >1.6 mg/dl) was greater in the furosemide group (20/34) than in the control group (3/29) (p < 0.001). Compared with the control group, serum creatinine and cystatin C levels and fractional excretion of sodium were significantly increased in the furosemide group for 24–36 h after indomethacin therapy (p < 0.01). There were no between-group differences in mortality and other neonatal morbidity rates. Conclusions: Use of furosemide in combination with indomethacin increased the incidence of ARF but did not affect the PDA closure rate in preterm infants.
Erectile Dysfunction Predicts Cardiovascular Events in High-Risk Patients Receiving Telmisartan, Ramipril, or Both
Authors: Böhm Michael , Baumhäkel Magnus , Teo Koon , Sleight Peter , Probstfield Jeffrey , Gao Peggy , Mann Johannes F. , Diaz Rafael , Dagenais Gilles R. , Jennings Garry L.R. , Liu Lisheng , Jansky Petr , Yusuf Salim
Published: March 2010

Background—

Although erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with cardiovascular risk factors and atherosclerosis, it is not known whether the presence of ED is predictive of future events in individuals with cardiovascular disease. We evaluated whether ED is predictive of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes, and because inhibition of the renin-angiotensin system in high-risk patients reduces cardiovascular events, we also tested the effects on ED of randomized treatments with telmisartan, ramipril, and the combination of the 2 drugs (ONTARGET), as well as with telmisartan or placebo in patients who were intolerant of angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (TRANSCEND).

Methods and Results—

In a prespecified substudy, 1549 patients underwent double-blind randomization, with 400 participants assigned to receive ramipril, 395 telmisartan, and 381 the combination thereof (ONTARGET), as well as 171 participants assigned to receive telmisartan and 202 placebo (TRANSCEND). ED was evaluated at baseline, at 2-year follow-up, and at the penultimate visit before closeout. ED was predictive of all-cause death (hazard ratio [HR] 1.84, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.21 to 2.81,
P
=0.005) and the composite primary outcome (HR 1.42, 95% CI 1.04 to 1.94,
P
=0.029), which consisted of cardiovascular death (HR 1.93, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.29,
P
=0.016), myocardial infarction (HR 2.02, 95% CI 1.13 to 3.58,
P
=0.017), hospitalization for heart failure (HR 1.2, 95% CI 0.64 to 2.26,
P
=0.563), and stroke (HR 1.1, 95% CI 0.64 to 1.9,
P
=0.742). The study medications did not influence the course or development of ED.

Conclusions—

ED is a potent predictor of all-cause death and the composite of cardiovascular death, myocardial infarction, stroke, and heart failure in men with cardiovascular disease. Trial treatment did not significantly improve or worsen ED.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL: http://www.clinicaltrials.gov. Unique identifier: NCT 00153101.
Lack of Association Between Migraine Headache and Patent Foramen Ovale
Authors: Garg Pallav , Servoss Stephen J. , Wu Justina C. , Bajwa Zahid H. , Selim Magdy H. , Dineen Alexis , Kuntz Richard E. , Cook E. Francis , Mauri Laura
Published: March 2010

Background—

Clinical observations of migraine headache symptoms in patients with a patent foramen ovale (PFO), both of which conditions are highly prevalent, have raised the question of a possible pathophysiological relationship. We sought to evaluate the assumption of an association between migraine headaches and the presence of PFO by use of a large case-control study.

Methods and Results—

We conducted a case-control study to assess the prevalence of PFO in subjects with and without migraine. Case subjects were those with a history of migraine (diagnosed by neurologists at a specialty academic headache clinic). Control subjects were healthy volunteers without migraine 1:1 matched on the basis of age and sex with case subjects. Presence of PFO was determined by transthoracic echocardiogram with second harmonic imaging and transcranial Doppler ultrasonography during a standardized procedure of infused agitated saline contrast with or without Valsalva maneuver and a review of the results by experts blinded to case-control status. PFO was considered present if both studies were positive. Odds ratios were calculated with conditional logistic regression in the matched cohort (n=288). In the matched analysis, the prevalence of PFO was similar in case and control subjects (26.4% versus 25.7%; odds ratio 1.04, 95% confidence interval 0.62 to 1.74,
P
=0.90). There was no difference in PFO prevalence in those with migraine with aura and those without (26.8% versus 26.1%; odds ratio 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.48 to 2.21,
P
=0.93).

Conclusions—

We found no association between migraine headaches and the presence of PFO in this large case-control study.
Ethics Education in Psychoanalytic Training: a Survey
Authors: Ransohoff Paul M.
Published: March 2010

Didactic education in psychoanalytic ethics is a relatively new phenomenon. Ethics courses were offered by few institutes before they were mandated and before publication of the first Ethics Case Book in 2001. As institutes have developed ethics training, the solutions they have arrived at—formats, length and placement of courses, and preferred readings— remain unknown to other educators and analysts. This survey was undertaken to gain an overview of the current state of ethics education. Twenty-nine of the thirty-one training institutes of the American Psychoanalytic Association (93%) responded to inquiries. Most institutes (79%) offered one course, and the average number of class sessions was 6.3. Of 258 different readings used, 61 (23.6%) were used by more than one institute and 37 (14.3%) by more than two. The most frequent topics were boundaries, confidentiality, and illness, and Dewald and Clark’s Case Book (2008) and Gabbard and Lester (1995) were the most common readings. These findings should be useful to instructors, curriculum committees, and ethics committees in their ethics education planning, as well as to practicing analysts in their ethical self-education. This study may also serve as a model for analogous investigations into other areas of analytic education and as an impetus to further research and educational innovation.
Treatment Preparatory To Psychoanalysis: a Reconsideration After Twenty-Five Years
Authors: Bernstein Stephen B.
Published: March 2010

The author’s initial article on treatment preparatory to psychoanalysis (1983) challenged the long-held belief that a therapy with the same analyst would contaminate a subsequent analytic transference. The current article reconsiders the original process of transition from therapy to analysis and describes methods that can further its effectiveness. Although specific noninterpretive interventions to enhance preparation for analysis are rarely written about, they are discussed among colleagues and in supervision. Levy (1987) has described a bias against the description of strategic or tactical choices in analysis. It is increasingly clear that some patients’ fear of exposing shameful defectiveness underlies their resistance to entering analysis, as does the originally described fear of an uncontrolled regression. It is useful to delay interpretation until shame sensitivity can be assessed and modulated. In the past there was pressure to keep the preparatory therapy brief so that the analyst would not become too well known to the patient. Less concern about strict anonymity allows more time for the patient’s resistances to abate before the recommendation is made. Methods are described and clinical illustrations show how a deepening process can be fostered, how indications of readiness for the transition can be assessed, and when and how the recommendation can be made.
Developing Psychoanalytic Cases and the Candidates Who Will Analyze Them: an Educational Initiative
Authors: Rothstein Arden
Published: March 2010

An educational initiative, Psychoanalytic Case Development Supervision, began as an ad hoc practical response when nearly half the candidates in a talented class lacked the psychoanalytic case required for progression. All incoming candidates were assigned a supervisor with whom to meet weekly to consider clinic applicants and patients in their psychotherapy practices for analysis. Gradually it has become clear that readying candidates, in highly individualized ways, to engage in intensive work is as important as developing patients. Not only has this program yielded beneficial results for progression; it has also contributed to a subtle paradigm shift in pedagogy centering on two contemporary controversies: objective assessment of analyzability vs. subjectivity in recommending analysis, and the value of a categorical distinction, based on frequency of sessions and use of the couch, between psychoanalysis and psychoanalytically oriented psychotherapy. A four-year process of discovery —drawing on interviews with forty-nine participants (educators, supervisors, candidates)—is contextualized within the literature on these controversies. Participants’ reflections are discussed, as are other features of the program and future directions for this work in progress.
Who Boycotts Whom? Marginalization, Company Knowledge, and Strategic Issues
Authors: Gardberg Naomi A. , Newburry William
Published: March 2010

The authors apply marginalization theory to develop a model of boycotts that incorporates both individual motives and corporate strategic issues. Overall, their analysis of more than 25,000 individual evaluations of 59 companies suggests that members of marginalized groups are more likely to boycott. Individuals are less likely to boycott companies about which they are knowledgeable and more likely to boycott companies that are organized boycott targets. In addition, the authors find systematic differences in the types of boycotts associated with strategic issues that are supported by members of marginalized groups. Overall, boycott supporters tend to be upwardly mobile members of marginalized groups.
Indigenous Development and the Cultural Captivity of Entrepreneurship
Authors: Peredo Ana María , McLean Murdith
Published: March 2010

This article argues that thinking about entrepreneurship as a potential instrument for relief from endemic poverty and disadvantage, especially among the Indigenous, has all too often been captive to a concept of entrepreneurship that is built out of constrained economic and cultural assumptions. The authors develop this argument from a critical discussion of contributions by Karl Polanyi and Robert Heilbroner. The result is that approaches to venture have been encouraged that are sometimes a poor fit for the circumstances of those they are meant to benefit, and other forms that could have considerable promise have gone unexplored. This article outlines some features of Indigenous culture and build on the analysis of David Harper to construct an improved notion of entrepreneurship that allows for these distinctive features. The article concludes that research and policy making concerning entrepreneurship as an instrument of development among the Indigenous need to be undertaken with this reconstructed understanding of entrepreneurship that is a better fit for the realities of Indigenous culture.
Technological Choices in International Environmental Negotiations: An Actor— Network Analysis
Authors: Bled Amandine J.
Published: March 2010

This article applies the main findings of actor—network theory to the outcomes of international environmental negotiations on technological issues. Taking the Convention on Biodiversity (CBD) as a case study, and more precisely its developments on biotechnology and bioprospecting applications, the research identifies three successive stages in the negotiation of technological issues under the biodiversity treaty: (i) their emergence on the agenda of the CBD, (ii) the development of two sociotechnical networks in favor of biotechnology and bioprospecting applications, and (iii) the failure of these networks to influence the international agreement. These successive stages are the result of the mobilization of diverse actor networks, arising from the intersection of technological findings on the one hand and the interests of particular businesses, governments, and environmental NGOs with regard to these technological applications on the other hand. Closer scrutiny of these actor networks reveals that coherence between actors’ intentions and actions is a key element for their successful influence on international negotiations.
The Impact of Corporate Supplier Diversity Programs on Corporate Purchasers’ Intention to Purchase From Women-Owned Enterprises
Authors: Jiyun Wu
Published: March 2010

This doctoral thesis examines the impact of corporate supplier diversity programs on corporate purchasers’ intention to purchase from women-owned enterprises using Ajzen’s theory of planned behavior. Two hundred and seventy-two corporate purchasers across a diverse range of industries and geographical regions in the United States participated in a mail survey in which the participants responded to questions (capturing the constructs of the theory of planned behavior) related to a selected scenario. These scenarios (a 2 × 2 factorial design) manipulated two constructs: male/female of the small enterprise owner and corporate purchasers’ familiarity/unfamiliarity with the enterprise. The goal of the experimental manipulation was to ensure sufficient variance in the study constructs. The results provided general support for the theory of planned behavior in capturing how corporate purchasers make decisions. The findings of the study show that programs designed to promote women-owned enterprises may be effective in gaining acceptance from corporate purchasers. Thus, the dissertation makes a contribution to the corporate social responsibility literature as it reveals that it is possible for business to incorporate positive duty into its core economic activities without compromising its financial gains and that the economic-aligned and duty-aligned orientations can be integrated.
Eco-Labeling Strategies and Price-Premium
Authors: Delmas Magali A. , Grant Laura E.
Published: March 2010

Although there is increasing use of eco-labeling, conditions under which eco-labels can command price premiums are not fully understood. In this article, we demonstrate that the certification of environmental practices by a third party should be analyzed as a strategy distinct from—although related to—the disclosure of the eco-certification through a label posted on the product. By assessing eco-labeling and eco-certification strategies separately, researchers can identify benefits associated with the certification process, such as improved reputation in the industry or increased product quality, independently from those associated with the actual label. In the context of the wine industry, we show that eco-certification leads to a price premium while the use of the eco-label does not.
Conceptualizing and Measuring Ethical Work Climate
Authors: Arnaud Anke
Published: March 2010

This article describes the development of a new theory and measure of ethical work climate. Three studies are conducted to construct the Ethical Climate Index (ECI) and measure the ethical work climate dimensions of collective moral sensitivity (12 items), collective moral judgment (10 items), collective moral motivation (8 items), and collective moral character (6 items). Results of the third study indicate that the ECI is a reliable instrument and support the convergent and discriminant validity of each. Furthermore, results support the predictive validity of the ECI with respect to ethical and unethical behaviors.
Effect of Fiber Loading on the Mechanical Properties of Kenaf and Fiberfrax Fiber-reinforced Phenol-Formaldehyde Composites
Authors: Özturk Sultan
Published: March 2010

In this study, mechanical properties such as tensile characteristics, flexural characteristics, impact strengths, and hardness of kenaf/phenol-formaldehyde (PF), fiberfrax/PF, and kenaf/fiberfrax hybrid PF composites have been investigated as a function of fiber loading. Composite samples were prepared by mixing the fibers and resin in a mixing chamber for 5 min. The composite sheets were prepared by pressing fiber-resin material in a steel mold at 120°C for 30 min at 10 MPa pressure. The test samples were cut from the composite sheets. At least five specimens were tested and mean value was taken for each composite according to ASTM standards. The reinforcing effects of kenaf and fiberfrax fibers were evaluated at various fiber loadings, that is, 19, 28, 36, 43, 52, and 62 vol. %. The hybrid effect of kenaf and fiberfrax fiber on the tensile, flexural, impact strengths, and hardness was also investigated for various ratios of kenaf/fiberfrax fiber loadings ranging between 1 : 0 and 0 : 1. Total fiber loading of the hybrid composites was 43 vol.%. The tensile, flexural strength, and hardness of the composites increased with increasing fiber loading up to 43 vol.% and decreased above this value for kenaf/PF composites. Impact strength of kenaf/PF composite showed a trend of increase with increasing fiber loading. The tensile and flexural strength of fiberfrax/PF composites increased by incorporation of fiberfrax fiber up to 36 vol. % and decreased beyond this value. However, the maximum impact strength and hardness were obtained for 52 vol. % fiberfrax fiber loading. The tensile, flexural, and impact strength values of fiberfrax/PF composites were found to be lower compared to kenaf/PF composites. With addition of fiberfrax fiber, the tensile, flexural, and impact strengths of the kenaf/fiberfrax hybrid PF composites decreased linearly and the hardness of the composite increased. The maximum hardness value was obtained for 0.25 : 0.75 kenaf/fiberfrax ratio.
Trade and Foreign Policy Attitudes
Authors: Kleinberg Katja B. , Fordham Benjamin O.
Published: March 2010

Does trade influence whether individuals view other states as friendly or threatening? Liberal theory implies that it should, but the individual-level implications of the liberal argument are rarely tested. Trade should influence individual attitudes more strongly where trade is more economically important. International trade also creates both winners and losers within the trading states, and the foreign policy attitudes of these winners and losers should differ. The authors test hypotheses drawn from this line of argument using a forty-seven-country survey conducted by the Pew Global Attitudes project. They find some evidence that exports but not imports reduce hostile foreign policy attitudes. They find little support for the claim that the trade interests indicated by factor ownership influence attitudes toward trading partners in this broad cross-national sample. On the other hand, attitudes toward trade and foreign direct investment are correlated with broader foreign policy attitudes in the way liberal theory suggests. The authors conclude that there is reason to believe that trade influences individual foreign policy attitudes but that factor ownership does not provide an adequate account of individual interests in international trade in most cases.
Effects of CO2 Laser Irradiation of the Gingiva during Tooth Movement
Authors: Seiryu M. , Deguchi T. , Fujiyama K. , Sakai Y. , Daimaruya T. , Takano-Yamamoto T.
Published: March 2010

Patients often feel pain or discomfort in response to orthodontic force. It was hypothesized that CO2 laser irradiation may reduce the early responses to nociceptive stimuli during tooth movement. The distribution of Fos-immunoreactive (Fos-IR) neurons in the medullary dorsal horn of rats was evaluated. Two hrs after tooth movement, Fos-IR neurons in the ipsilateral part of the medullary dorsal horn increased significantly. CO2 laser irradiation to the gingiva just after tooth movement caused a significant decrease of Fos-IR neurons. PGP 9.5- and CGRP-positive nerve fibers were observed in the PDL of all study groups. The maximum temperature below the mucosa during CO2 laser irradiation was less than 40°C. It was suggested that CO2 laser irradiation reduced the early responses to nociceptive stimuli during tooth movement and might not have adverse effects on periodontal tissue.
Perspectives of Adolescents With Disabilities on Summer Employment and Community Experiences
Authors: Trainor Audrey A. , Carter Erik W. , Swedeen Beth , Owens Laura , Cole Odessa , Smith Shane
Published: March 2010

Although summer represents an opportune time for adolescents to garner employment and community experiences that may further long-term transition goals, little is known about the expectations and needs of adolescents with disabilities during this break in the academic school year. In this article, the authors explore adolescents’ perceptions about summer employment and community involvement, adult guidance, and factors that facilitate or hinder access to these experiences. They conducted focus group interviews of 16 adolescents with cognitive, emotional/behavioral, and learning disabilities from two distinct communities. Although participants held high expectations for maintaining summer jobs, they pursued work and community experiences independently and with varied success. Despite articulating low expectations for adult guidance, participants expressed a desire and/or need for mentorship or other more indirect support. By drawing on the perspectives of the adolescents themselves, the authors address (a) the value of summer as a vehicle for transition education and (b) the implications for helping teenagers secure fulfilling summer experiences.
Error computation for predictable real-time software synthesis
Authors: Voeten Jeroen , Florescu Oana , Jinfeng Huang  , Corporaal Henk
Published: March 2010

Synthesizing an implementation from a model in a predictable way is one of the major challenges in real-time system design. In our previous work we addressed this problem by generating in real-time an execution path through a model and by synchronizing the model time with the physical time. The execution path as observed in model time has a time difference with the execution path as observed in physical time. This distance determines the extent to which real-time model properties are preserved in the implementation. The key contribution of this article is an analytical approach for calculating the distance between a model and a corresponding implementation. Based on this distance, the real-time properties of the implementation can be predicted from the model. A paper path of a printer is used as a case study to show the effectiveness of the technique.
Designing Development Planning Charges: Settlement Patterns, Cost Recovery and Public Facilities
Authors: Clinch J. Peter , O'Neill Eoin
Published: March 2010

There is a large body of literature that discusses the control of settlement patterns using traditional planning instruments. Whilst there is some theoretical literature discussing the use of development charges to influence settlement patterns by addressing market failure, there is limited literature examining how such charging is implemented in practice. This paper presents the theoretical basis for development charging based on the Pigouvian tradition and discusses how these charges can be calibrated. It identifies the potential for second-best approaches, including hypothecation of revenues. This approach is distinguished from infrastructure charging which is a cost-recovery instrument. The Irish system of infrastructure charging is assessed as a means of exploring how current instrument design could be improved to align with policy aspirations using the lessons that theory provides.
Childhood Burn Injury
Authors: van Niekerk Ashley
Published: March 2010

This article describes childhood burn injury as a barometer of social inequalities, due to class or gender. Although the issue is not explicitly located within the Hind Swaraj scholarship, the occurrence of burns provides an opportunity to investigate the profound impact of social obstacles to individual, familial and even community safety. This article outlines the case for childhood burns, as a manifestation of what is also often termed accidental injury, to thus be described within Hind Swaraj terms. It describes the interactions between the contextual, environmental and individual contributors to childhood burn injuries in South Africa. The article highlights the centrality of these factors to understanding the selective occurrence of burns but also to the formulation of burn prevention and control measures.
Health Sector Reforms and Health Poverty
Authors: Jain Hansa
Published: March 2010

Health sector reforms associated with decentralization, contraction of public sector, service contracting, user fees, etc., influence health sector both from the demand side and the supply side. In the wake of decreasing public expenditure on health, it is necessary to find the other factors that could take care of the health status. This article is an attempt to find the impact of economic reforms on infant mortality rate and life expectancy at birth. The study is based upon secondary data. Statistical tools like mean, ranking, and regression models are used. The study concludes that instead of treatment, the focus should be on preventive healthcare and measures should be taken to control the intensity of health problems. After analyzing the trend and pattern of public and private sector expenditure, the article finds female literacy rate, cropped land, and basic amenities to be the important variables in explaining variations in health poverty.
Shyness, teacher-child relationships, and socio-emotional adjustment in grade 1
Authors: Arbeau Kimberley A. , Coplan Robert J. , Weeks Murray
Published: March 2010

The goal of the present study was to explore the moderating role of teacher—child relationships in the relation between shyness and socio-emotional adjustment in early elementary school. Participants were n = 169 grade 1 children (Mage = 76.93 mos, SD = 3.86). Shortly after the start of the school year (September), parents completed an assessment of their child’s shyness. In January/February teachers completed the Student—Teacher Relationship Scale (STRS; Pianta, 2001). At the end of the school year (May/June), child adjustment was assessed by both child and teacher reports. Among the results, shyness and negative teacher—child relationships (i.e., dependent, conflictual) were related to socio-emotional difficulties, whereas close teacher—child relationships were associated with indices of positive adjustment. However, several interaction effects were also observed, with teacher—child relationships moderating the relations between shyness and adjustment. The pattern of results suggested a potential protective role for teacher—child relationships in shy children’s adjustment. Results are discussed in terms of the contributions of teachers to young shy children’s school adjustment.
Mothers’ Versus Fathers’ Alcohol Abuse and Attachment in Adult Daughters of Alcoholics
Authors: Kelley Michelle L. , Schroeder Valarie M. , Cooke Cathy G. , Gumienny Leslie , Platter Amanda Jeffrey , Fals-Stewart William
Published: March 2010

Gender of the alcohol-abusing parent was examined in relation to general and romantic attachment (as measured by the Experiences in Close Relationships—Revised and the Relationship Scales Questionnaire) in female adult children of alcoholics (ACOAs; as indicated by the Children of Alcoholics Screening Test) as compared to non-ACOAs. As compared to non-ACOAs, ACOAs reported more anxious and avoidant behaviors in their romantic relationships. Female participants who suspected their mother of alcohol abuse reported significantly greater avoidance within romantic relationships as compared to those who suspected neither parent of having an alcohol problem. No differences emerged in relation to general attachment.
Cardiovascular Effects in Rats following Exposure to a Receptor Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor
Authors: Aguirre Shirley A. , Heyen Jonathan R. , Collette Walter , Bobrowski Walter , Blasi Eileen R.
Published: March 2010

The receptor tyrosine kinase receptor (RTK) signaling pathway, mesenchymal-epithelial transition factor (c-Met)/hepatocyte growth factor receptor (HGFR), has been implicated in oncogenesis and is a target of interest in cancer therapy. PF-04254644 is a potent and selective inhibitor of c-Met/HGFR. Wide ligand binding profiling of PF-04254644 revealed a potentially significant interaction with phosphodiesterase (PDE) 3, and follow-up PDE enzyme activity assays confirmed PF-04254644 as a potent inhibitor of PDE3 as well as other PDEs (1, 2, 5, 10, and 11). Clinical observations, laboratory, and echocardiography parameters were recorded in Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats that received PF-04254644 oral dosing for up to seven consecutive days. Toxicological evaluations revealed myocardial degeneration as an adverse event at all tested doses. Echocardiographic evaluations revealed an increase in heart rate (HR) and contractility after the first dose with PF-04254644 and myocardial fibrosis correlated with decreased cardiac function after repeat dosing. A study in telemetry-instrumented rats substantiated that PF-04254644 induced a sustained increased HR and decreased contractility after six days of treatment. Data suggest that the decreased cardiac function and cardiotoxicity are likely due to inhibition of multiple PDEs by PF-04254644.
Validation of the Crime and Violence Scale (CVS) Against the Rasch Measurement Model Including Differences by Gender, Race, and Age
Authors: Conrad Kendon J. , Riley Barth B. , Conrad Karen M. , Chan Ya-Fen , Dennis Michael L.
Published: March 2010

In assessing criminality, researchers have used counts of crimes, arrests, and so on, because interval measures were not available. Additionally, crime seriousness varies depending on demographic factors. This study examined the Crime and Violence Scale (CVS) regarding psychometric quality using item response theory (IRT) and invariance of the crime seriousness hierarchy for gender, age, and racial/ethnic groups on 7,435 respondents. The CVS is a useful measure of criminality, though some items could be improved or dropped. Differential item functioning (DIF) analysis revealed that crime seriousness varies by age and gender. IRT shows promise in assessing and adjusting for demographic variations in crime seriousness.
Disproportionate Representation in Placements of Preschoolers With Disabilities in Five Southern States
Authors: Morrier Michael J. , Gallagher Peggy A.
Published: March 2010

Special education placements for more than 69,000 preschoolers with disabilities were examined within and across five southern states. Data were gathered from the 2007 December 1st Child Count reported to the U.S. Department of Education. All states examined offered state-funded prekindergarten programs. Analyses compared disproportionate representation in placements (three levels of inclusion) across child ethnicity and state of residence. Disproportionate representation indexes were calculated using risk index (RI) and risk ratio (RR). Results reveal that a full inclusion setting was used most frequently, followed by no known inclusion, and finally partial inclusion. Overall, although individual state variation was great, no disproportionate representation occurred in full or partial inclusion settings, whereas children classified as American Indian were underrepresented in the no known inclusion setting (RR = .22). Inspection of individual RI by state found significant differences (Wilks’s Λ = .001, F = 10.354, p = .001, η2 = .902) between states for full ( p < .05, η2 = .902), partial ( p < .001, η 2 = .873), and no known inclusion ( p < .05, η2 = .699) settings. Policy implications of the data are discussed.