bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
High-Resolution GEM-LAM Application in Marine Fog Prediction: Evaluation and Diagnosis
Authors: Yang Duo , Ritchie Harold , Desjardins Serge , Pearson Garry , MacAfee Allan , Gultepe Ismail
Published: November 2009

A three-level nested rendering of a high-resolution limited-area model version of the Global Environment Multiscale configuration (GEM-LAM), running quasi-operationally at the Canadian Meteorological Centre, is evaluated for its capabilities in marine fog prediction. The model shows a general underestimation of the cloud water content at lower levels that is utilized as one of the proxies for fog and/or low stratus. A warm and dry tendency also appears at the lowest layer (a few hundreds of meters above the surface) of the vertical profiles and at screen level.

The condensation scheme directly generates/dissipates the cloud water content (or fog) while boundary layer processes [such as moist turbulent kinetic energy (MoisTKE)] vertically redistribute it. However, the results presented here emphasize the significance of the accurate initial and vertical velocity fields, as well as the interactions between the condensation scheme and the radiation scheme that interacts fully with clouds. These conclusions suggest that a delicate balance among the different physical processes and dynamics is needed for a successful fog forecast.
Examining Reactance and Reactance Restoration With South Korean Adolescents: A Test of Psychological Reactance Within a Collectivist Culture
Authors: Quick Brian L. , Kim Do Kyun
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this study is to extend the recent operationalization of reactance to a non-Western culture, namely, South Korea.The study uses structural equation modeling, and the findings reveal a significant positive association between controlling language and perceived threat to freedom. Consistent with extant research, a significant positive association emerged between a perceived freedom threat and reactance for South Korean adolescents. Findings from this study support treating reactance as a latent variable comprised of unfavorable cognitions and anger. In addition, in line with psychological reactance theory predictions, reactance arousal is significantly associated with a host of boomerang effects. Results are discussed with an emphasis on the role of psychology reactance theory among adolescents within a collectivist culture.
Legitimacy, expertise and closure in the Romanian accountant’s professional project, 1900—16
Authors: Zelinschi Dragoş
Published: November 2009

This study examines accounting’s professional project in Romania during the period 1900 to 1916. In the early twentieth century, as accounting practices in Romania were not regulated, access to the profession was liberal and therefore accountants represented a wide heterogeneous social category. Gradually, however, an elite group emerged, formed by the alumni of the schools of commerce. The alumni reacted with a reasoning of social closure and collective mobility within Romanian society, which subsequently led to the establishment of a centralized association (the Romanian Body of Alumni) that attempted to monopolize the accountancy field. The journal of the alumni played a fundamental role: it was a vehicle that called for professionalization and a device for legitimization. The first decisive step, namely the establishment of the Romanian Body of Accountants in 1915, was due to a separate initiative led by a dissident faction of the Romanian Body of Alumni.
“Corporate governance regulations”: A new term for an ancient concern? The case of Grão Pará and Maranhão General Trading Company in Portugal (1754)
Authors: Lima Rodrigues Lúcia , Ricardino Alvaro , Aversari Martins Sofie Tortelboom
Published: November 2009

In 1754, Governor Francisco Xavier de Mendonça Furtado requested his brother, the Marquis of Pombal, obtain the King’s approval to establish a trading company in Brazil. The Governor sent his brother a draft of the proposed trading company’s by-laws. Its 27 paragraphs mimic the by-laws of the English East India Company and contain various provisions that may be described today as good “corporate governance regulations”. Later, the approved by-laws of the Grão Pará and Maranhão General Trading Company (GPM), as based on the draft prepared in Brazil and issued by Pombal in Portugal, were amended under the influence of the by-laws of the Dutch and French East India companies. This local, time-specific study of the by-laws of the Grão Pará and Maranhão General Trading Company is intended to contribute to the literature on the evolution of governance regulations, including the use of accounting and auditing mechanisms.
Peter the Great’s government reforms and accounting practice in Russia
Authors: Platonova Natalia Victorovna
Published: November 2009

The purpose of this contribution is to present an account of the development of accounting practice in Russia at the end of the seventeenth century and the beginning of the eighteenth century. The government reforms carried out by Peter the Great resulted in the implementation of new administrative structures that considerably improved the management of tsarist finances. The cameralist method of accounting was introduced in order to increase the control of public money. As a result, the position of the financial control institution was reinforced within the State. This study provides an investigation into the building process of the monarchical State and its financial system at this crucial period of Russian history.
On the Geopolitics of Identity
Authors: Chun Allen
Published: November 2009

The trope of identity has served in recent decades as a powerful construct in literary criticism, cultural studies, history, race and gender studies, invoking in turn identity politics of various genres. Despite its seemingly interdisciplinary usages and broad theoretical ramifications, the concept of identity has been conditioned by semantically flawed usages and provincial disciplinary assumptions, which have not only reified myopic fields and positions but also influenced the way we understand its presumed relevance to social relations and concrete institutional practices. I argue first of all that ethnicity, culture and identity are analytically distinct notions whose meaning and usage have been muddled in disciplinary practice. Identity’s relationship to ethnicity in particular is tied less to the putative existence of groups (or an assumed sameness) than to a notion of subjectivity that must be seen in the context of evolving social and political forces. These forces are more complexly nuanced than the way they have been used by theories of social construction or Bourdieuan practice prevalent in the literature. In sum, the pragmatics of identity is less a political contestation per se over ethnicity and culture than abstract struggles within these geopolitical processes.
Grip Lock Injury in Male Gymnasts
Authors: Bezek Emily M. , VanHeest Ann E. , Hutchinson Douglas T.
Published: November 2009

Background:

Grip lock is a high bar injury in male gymnastics and occurs while the gymnast is rotating around the high bar. Its mechanism and treatment have been poorly documented.

Study Design:

Case reports.

Results:

One gymnast sustained an extensor tendon injury and ulnar styloid fracture and was treated nonoperatively. The second gymnast sustained open fracture of the radius and ulna with extensor tendon ruptures and was surgically treated. Both gymnasts healed and were able to return to collegiate gymnastics despite residual finger extensor lag.

Conclusions:

Grip lock is a physically and psychologically devastating injury on the men’s high bar that can cause forearm fractures and extensor tendon injuries at the wrist (Zone 8), which may result in residual extensor tendon lag. Injuries may be prevented with proper grip fit, appropriate maintenance of grips, and limited duration of use, as well as education of athletes, athletic trainers, and coaches
Effort Thrombosis Presenting as Pulmonary Embolism in a Professional Baseball Pitcher
Authors: Bushnell Brandon D. , Anz Adam W. , Dugger Keith , Sakryd Gary A. , Noonan Thomas J.
Published: November 2009

Context:

Effort thrombosis, or Paget-Schroetter’s syndrome, is a rare subset of thoracic outlet syndrome in which deep venous thrombosis of the upper extremity occurs as the result of repetitive overhead motion. It is occasionally associated with pulmonary embolism. This case of effort thrombosis and pulmonary embolus was in a 25-year-old major league professional baseball pitcher, in which the only presenting complaints involved dizziness and shortness of breath without complaints involving the upper extremity—usually, a hallmark of most cases of this condition. The patient successfully returned to play for 5 subsequent seasons at the major league level after multimodal treatment that included surgery for thoracic outlet syndrome.

Objective:

Though rare, effort thrombosis should be included in the differential diagnosis of throwing athletes with traditional extremity-focused symptoms and in cases involving pulmonary or thoracic complaints. Rapid diagnosis is a critical component of successful treatment.
Evidence for direct involvement of epirubicin in the formation of chromosomal translocations in t(15;17) therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia
Authors: Mays Ashley N. , Osheroff Neil , Xiao Yuanyuan , Wiemels Joseph L. , Felix Carolyn A. , Byl Jo Ann W. , Saravanamuttu Kandeepan , Peniket Andrew , Corser Robert , Chang Cherry , Hoyle Christine , Parker Anne N. , Hasan Syed K. , Lo-Coco Francesco , Solomon Ellen , Grimwade David
Published: November 2009

Therapy-related acute promyelocytic leukemia (t-APL) with t(15;17)(q22;q21) involving the PML and RARA genes is associated with exposure to agents targeting topoisomerase II (topoII), particularly mitoxantrone and epirubicin. We previously have shown that mitoxantrone preferentially induces topoII-mediated DNA damage in a “hotspot region” within PML intron 6. To investigate mechanisms underlying epirubicin-associated t-APL, t(15;17) genomic breakpoints were characterized in 6 cases with prior breast cancer. Significant breakpoint clustering was observed in PML and RARA loci (P = .009 and P = .017, respectively), with PML breakpoints lying outside the mitoxantrone-associated hotspot region. Recurrent breakpoints identified in the PML and RARA loci in epirubicin-related t-APL were shown to be preferential sites of topoII-induced DNA damage, enhanced by epirubicin. Although site preferences for DNA damage differed between mitoxantrone and epirubicin, the observation that particular regions of the PML and RARA loci are susceptible to these agents may underlie their respective propensities to induce t-APL.
Phase II Trial of Concurrent Radiation and Weekly Cisplatin Followed by VIPD Chemotherapy in Newly Diagnosed, Stage IE to IIE, Nasal, Extranodal NK/T-Cell Lymphoma: Consortium for Improving Survival of Lymphoma Study
Authors: Kim Seok Jin , Kim Kihyun , Kim Byung Soo , Kim Chul Yong , Suh Cheolwon , Huh Jooryung , Lee Sang-Wook , Kim Jin Seok , Cho Jaeho , Lee Gyeong-Won , Kang Ki Mun , Eom Hyeon Seok , Pyo Hong Ryull , Ahn Yong Chan , Ko Young Hyeh , Kim Won Seog
Published: November 2009

Purpose

On the basis of the benefits of frontline radiation in early-stage, extranodal, natural killer (NK)/T-cell lymphoma (ENKTL), we conducted a phase II trial of concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) followed by three cycles of etoposide, ifosfamide, cisplatin, and dexamethasone (VIPD).

Patients and Methods

Thirty patients with newly diagnosed, stages IE to IIE, nasal ENKTL received CCRT (ie radiation 40 to 52.8 Gy and cisplatin 30 mg/m2 weekly). Three cycles of VIPD (etoposide 100 mg/m2 days 1 through 3, ifosfamide 1,200 mg/m2 days 1 through 3, cisplatin 33 mg/m2 days 1 through 3, and dexamethasone 40 mg days 1 through 4) were scheduled after CCRT.

Results

All patients completed CCRT, which resulted in 100% response that included 22 complete responses (CRs) and eight partial responses (PRs). The CR rate after CCRT was 73.3% (ie, 22 of 30 responses; 95% CI, 57.46 to 89.13). Twenty-six of 30 patients completed the planned three cycles of VIPD, whereas four patients did not because they withdrew (n = 2) or because they had an infection (n = 2). The overall response rate and the CR rate were 83.3% (ie; 25 of 30 responses; 95% CI, 65.28 to 94.36) and 80.0% (ie, 24 of 30 responses; 95% CI, 65.69 to 94.31), respectively. Only one patient experienced grade 3 toxicity during CCRT (nausea), whereas 12 of 29 patients experienced grade 4 neutropenia. The estimated 3-year, progression-free and overall survival rates were 85.19% (95% CI, 72.48 to 97.90) and 86.28% (95% CI, 73.97 to 98.59), respectively.

Conclusion

Patients with newly diagnosed, stages IE to IIE, nasal ENKTL are best treated with frontline CCRT.
Effect of Molecular Assembly on Photocycle of Reconstituted Bacteriorhodopsin: Significant Blue Shift of the Late M Photointermediate in the Liquid Crystalline Phase
Authors: Sonoyama Masashi , Kikukawa Takashi , Yokoyama Yasunori , Demura Makoto , Kamo Naoki , Mitaku Shigeki
Published: November 2009

The photocycle of bacteriorhodopsin (bR) reconstituted into dimyristoylphosphatidylcholine vesicles was investigated with transient visible absorption spectroscopy. The measured time-resolved difference spectra indicated that two substates of the M intermediate with almost the same absorption maximum were observed in the gel state, whereas the spectrum of M showed a splitting into an early and a late component shifted by approximately 15 nm in the liquid crystalline phase, suggesting disassembly of bR molecules induces remarkable structural changes around the retinal pocket of the late M intermediate responsible for switching protein conformation from a proton release form to a proton uptake form.
Polymorphic Properties of Ionic Liquid of 1-Isopropyl-3-methylimidazolium Bromide
Authors: Kawahata Masatoshi , Endo Takatsugu , Seki Hiroko , Nishikawa Keiko , Yamaguchi Kentaro
Published: November 2009

The crystal structure of an ionic liquid, 1-isopropyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide ([i-C3mim]Br), was studied using X-ray crystallographic analysis. The structures of three independent conformers of the isopropyl moiety were determined. Although the three conformers are classified into a group and their structures differ from the conformer described by Golovanov et al., the crystal structures are similar with respect to the inter-ionic interactions between [i-C3mim]+ and Br−. This polymorphic property of the ionic liquid is interpreted as arising because the enthalpy gain from the stronger Coulomb interactions determines a tight framework for the arrangement of Br− and the more positive moiety of the imidazolium ring. Thus, the isopropyl moiety is able to occupy the space within the framework in various conformations.
Photodynamic Activity of Ascorbic Acid-modified TiO2 Nanoparticles upon Visible Illumination (>550 nm)
Authors: Lei Wanhua , Zhou Qianxiong , Li Zhaobo , Wang Xuesong , Zhang Baowen
Published: November 2009

Though both TiO2 and ascorbic acid are noncytotoxic in the dark or under visible irradiation, ascorbic acid-modified TiO2 nanoparticles were found to exhibit efficient DNA and cancer cell damage ability under visible light irradiation, opening a new pathway for developing highly efficient PDT sensitizers.
Electrogeneration of Ferrate(VI) in Low-concentration NaOH Solution for Capillary Electrophoresis–Chemiluminescence Detection
Authors: Zhang Huijing , Hu Yonggang , Wang Yongqian , Zhang Ping , Zhang Jie
Published: November 2009

A novel, eco-friendly, and stable homogeneous luminescent system for capillary zone electrophoresis (CE) detection was established, based on the chemiluminescence (CL) flash caused by mixing ferrate(VI) with luminol solution. It was found that the stable ferrate(VI) could be freshly electrogenerated in low-concentration NaOH solution for direct analytical application. To test this CL system, 8-hydroxyquinoline (HQ) was chosen as a model sample by CE detection.
Highly Ordered Selective Adsorption of Methyl Orange on Heterogeneous Surfaces in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Zhou Xuefeng , Qian Yunzhu , Bai Yang , Feng Xin , Gu Ning , Lu Xiaohua
Published: November 2009

The effect of chemical heterogeneity on the adsorption of Methyl Orange (MO) in aqueous solutions was investigated by atomic force microscopy (AFM). On hydrophilic mica, a small number of disordered islands of Methyl Orange were formed. However, after deposition of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) of octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) on mica, MO molecules adsorbed extensively and selectively on the hydrophobic OTS SAMs. Most importantly, the MO molecules on hydrophobic domains were highly ordered and almost perpendicular to the OTS surface.
“Click” Chemistry for Facile Immobilization of Iron Phthalocyanines onto Electrospun Nanofiber Surface
Authors: Chang Zhenjun , Fang Ying , Zhang Qinghua , Chen Dajun
Published: November 2009

We have developed a facile and efficient methodology to prepare iron phthalocyanine-coated nanofibers by combining electrospinning and Cu(I)-catalyzed 1,3-dipolar Huisgen cycloaddition of azides and alkynes.
Pressure Dependence of Vinylperoxyl Radical Formation in the Reaction of Vinyl Radical with Molecular Oxygen
Authors: Chishima Hiroshi , Koshi Mitsuo , Tonokura Kenichi
Published: November 2009

Pressure dependence of vinylperoxyl radical formation in the reaction of the vinyl radical with molecular oxygen has been studied using a laser photolysis/cavity ring-down spectroscopy technique. The absorption spectra of vinyl radical and the product in the reaction were measured in the same spectral range from 439 to 465 nm. Varying the third body carrier gas of Ar from 10 to 120 Torr had obvious effect on the production of the vinylperoxyl radical.
A New Route to Tricyclic 2-Pyridone Frameworks via Formation of Bicyclic N-Alkenyl Alkynylamides Followed by Gold-catalyzed Cycloisomerization
Authors: Imase Hidetomo , Tanaka Ken
Published: November 2009

A cationic gold(I)/PPh3 complex catalyzes cycloisomerizations of bicyclic N-alkenyl alkynylamides leading to tricyclic 2-pyridone derivatives at room temperature in good yields. The bicyclic N-alkenyl alkynylamides are readily prepared starting from commercially available 2-substituted cycloalkanones.
Visible-light Energy Storage by Ti3+ in TiO2/Cu2O Bilayer Film
Authors: Xiong Liangbin , Ouyang Minglu , Yan Lili , Li Jialin , Qiu Mingqiang , Yu Ying
Published: November 2009

Ti3+ in TiO2/Cu2O bilayer film is demonstrated to show energy storage ability. UV–vis absorption spectrum and XPS characterization are carried out to confirm that there are Ti3+ ions formed and that more than 74% Ti4+ ions are reduced to Ti3+ ions after visible-light irradiation. More than 10−2 C cm−2 electrons are detected in the bilayer film as determined by H2 evolution. This study provides a new way to harvest and store excess energy from solar light in the daytime.
Predictive Capacity of Visible-Near Infrared Spectroscopy for Quality Parameter Assessment of Compost
Authors: Herrmann Sandra , Mayer Jochen , Michel Kerstin , Ludwig Bernard
Published: November 2009

Screening tests are basic procedures commonly used to assess compost quality. Important parameters for quality assessment are the germination capacity and the suppression of plant pathogens which have to be measured by time-consuming laboratory methods. The objective was to test whether visible (vis) and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy (vis-NIR) is useful to analyse parameters important for compost quality. Ninety seven compost samples from Switzerland were analysed by conventional methods and by vis-NIR. The content of organic (Corg) and inorganic C (Cinorg), total N (Ntot), mineralisable N after 56 days (Nmin_d56), total P (Ptot), K, Ca and salt, the C/N ratio, pH and microbiological characteristics [hydrolysis of fluorescein diacetate (FDA-hydrolysis) as indicator of total enzyme activity and cellulase activity] were determined. Furthermore, plant tolerance and the suppression of pathogens were tested using germination tests with salad, cress, ryegrass and bean or a Rhizoctonia solani bioassay, respectively. The samples were scanned in the range of 400–2500 nm (visible light and NIR) using a Foss NIRSystems spectrometer 6500. A modified partial least squares regression method and the whole spectrum were used to develop cross-validation equations for all constituents. For this, the first to third derivative was calculated. The prediction accuracy was evaluated as excellent for Corg and good for N, and the C/N ratio based on the RSC values (ratio of standard deviation of laboratory results to standard error of cross-validation) and the coefficients of determination ( r2). Approximate quantitative predictions were possible for the contents of Ptot, K, Ca and salt, whereas for the constituents Cinorg, Nmin_d56, FDA-hydrolysis and the germination tests with cress and salad only between high and low values could be discriminated. Unsuccessful predictions as indicated by RSC values lower than 1.5 and r2 values below 0.50 were obtained for pH, cellulase activity, germination tests with ryegrass and bean and the disease suppression test using R. solani. Overall the results of the present study indicate that vis-NIR spectroscopy has the potential to be used for quality assessment of composts and to replace time-consuming methods such as germination tests using salad and cress. However, the use for monitoring purposes requires further research to clarify whether other complex quality parameters such as disease suppression indicators may also be predicted successfully.
Fat Distribution Analysis in Salmon Fillets Using Non-Contact near Infrared Interactance Imaging: A Sampling and Calibration Strategy
Authors: Segtnan Vegard H. , Høy Martin , Lundby Frank , Narum Bjørg , Wold Jens Petter
Published: November 2009

An online NIR interactance imaging instrument was tested for fat distribution analysis in raw and salted salmon fillets. Approximately 3000 spectra were collected for each fillet when passing under the instrument on a conveyor belt (approximately 1s exposure). The instrument was calibrated using five cylindrical plugs (15 mm diameter) from each fillet. The fat content was measured for each of these plugs using 1H-NMR spectrometry and the spectra from each plug region were averaged and used for calibration and validation. It was found that online NIR interactance imaging is well-suited for distributional fat analysis in raw and salted intact salmon fillets. The local sampling and calibration strategy using 15 mm diameter plugs for reference analysis and spectral averaging was found to provide relevant information and robust models. The average prediction errors (root mean square error of cross-validation) for raw and salted fillets in combination were approximately 2% fat for local plug regions.
Quantitative Analysis of DL-lactic Acid and Acetic Acid in Kefir Using near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy
Authors: Affane Armelle L. Ntsame , Fox Glen P. , Sigge Gunnar O. , Manley Marena , Britz Trevor J.
Published: November 2009

To be able to monitor in real time the concentrations of DL-lactic acid and acetic acid present in Kefir, a self-carbonated fermented milk product, near infrared (NIR) calibration models were constructed based on NIR spectra of 174 samples. Enzymatic tests and gas liquid chromatography were the reference methods used for DL-lactic acid and acetic acid, respectively. The fit of the models and their prediction power were evaluated using segmented cross-validation and an external validation set. The models obtained for DL-lactic acid were found to be acceptable for both cross-validation ( R2=0.90, SECV=0.110 g 100 mL−1 and RPD=3.16) and external validation ( r2=0.87, SEP=0.156 g 100 mL−1 and RPD=2.57). In contrast, the models for acetic acid were found to be unacceptable. The results obtained for both cross-validation ( R2=0.80, SECV=0.013g 100 mL−1 and RPD=2.21) and external validation ( r2=0.44; SEP=0.017 g 100 mL−1 and RPD=1.17) suggested this model requires further development. The application of principal component analysis (PCA) to the entire sample set showed Kefir prepared with laboratory Kefir grains (LG), traditional Kefir grains (TG) and mass cultured Kefir grains (MG) resulted in similar PCA score values in spite of the Kefir grains not having the same origin. PCA was also able to differentiate between fermented and “milky body-like” samples. The findings of this study could serve the dairy industry in monitoring more efficiently the acidity in terms of DL-lactic acid of fermented dairy products.
A Comparison of near Infrared Method Development Approaches Using a Drug Product on Different Spectrophotometers and Chemometric Software Algorithms
Authors: Kazeminy Assad , Hashemi Saeed , Williams Roger L. , Ritchie Gary E. , Rubinovitz Ronald , Sen Sumit
Published: November 2009

It is well known that spectral variability in near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy can be attributed to the analyst, sample, sample positioning, instrument configuration and software (in both algorithm formats and structures used as well as in the execution of data pre-treatment and analysis). It is often acknowledged that the single largest factor impacting NIR results is sample presentation. However, what is obvious but not often acknowledged is that there are instrumental and software differences as well. These differences, evident in the quality of the spectra, may impact the chemometrics that are subsequently performed and, possibly, the results obtained from the multivariate statistical models. In order to investigate just what are these sources of variability, and just how much these variations may impact the results of the multivariate models for predicting the identification of pharmaceutical dosage forms, a study has been conducted. To the authors' knowledge, no other systematic study of this kind has been published. In this study, we are interested in learning what variability, if any, the choices for instrument and software have on the development of a NIR method for the identification of pharmaceutical dosage forms. Furthermore, we would like to learn what and how do the choices made early on in the experimental design impact the final quality of the spectra and the resulting multivariate models obtained from these spectra. A study protocol was designed, using a common data set consisting of four formulations of Ibuprofen, involving three investigating parties, namely, US FDA, USP and Irvine Pharmaceutical Services and using three NIR instruments, namely (listed in alphabetical order), a Bruker spectrometer, a Büchi spectrometer and a Foss spectrometer. Based on the results and despite differences in instrument configuration [dispersive or Fourier Transform (FT)], number of spectral data points, principal components analysis (PCA) or factorisation algorithms, and validation modelling approach, exact and accurate spectroscopic results can be achieved using NIR spectroscopy for discriminate analysis. More importantly, this study shows that the same NIR method spectral range and pre-treatment parameters can be used, and that nearly the same multivariate models can be obtained, despite instrumental and software differences, to accurately predict the identity of pharmaceutical dosage forms.
The living fabric of the world: Willa Cather's travel journalism
Authors: Beyer Charlotte
Published: November 2009

The article explores selected pieces of the travel journalism that Willa Cather wrote for the Nebraska State Journal during a trip to Europe in 1902. The focus in the article is on Cather's representations of her encounter with England, with the English people, landscapes and cityscapes.
The article considers aspects of Cather's journalistic writing and language, and explores issues related to gender and travel, particularly the encounter between America and the Old World. An earlier version of this article was presented as a conference paper, at the South West American Studies
Forum, University of Exeter, 19 May 2007.
Integration, transformation and the redemption of America: The Fire Next Time and A Letter from Birmingham Jail
Authors: Miller James
Published: November 2009

This article compares James Baldwin's essay The Fire Next Time with Martin Luther King Jr.'s A Letter From Birmingham City Jail to argue for a greater recognition of Baldwin's contribution to Civil Rights discourse. The article uses close comparative reading to consider the rhetorical
devices used to give the respective texts a greater sense of moral urgency. Both texts are shown to focus on the African-American family, showing how racial injustice is felt most acutely within this arena. The article compares and contrasts the different treatment of the church in both texts,
arguing that while King evokes the radicalism of the early church to authorize his appeal to the white clergy, Baldwin breaks with the church altogether to stress love as the means of enabling recognitions between the races. Finally, the article compares and analyses Baldwin's transformative,
radical conception of love alongside King's agape to show how Baldwin's emphasis on individual experiences broadens the ambit of Civil Rights discourse.
I Have Always Been Scared of You: Sylvia Plath, perpetrator trauma and threatening victims
Authors: Travis Isabelle
Published: November 2009

Evil does not exist in isolation. For it to occur, one person must commit an act which is experienced by another person. This would suggest two distinct categories of person in relation to evil: perpetrator and victim. Sylvia Plath's poetry has often been interpreted in terms of accusations
against the biographical figures in the poet's life or as a denunciation of patriarchal culture. What these readings have in common is that they situate Plath's speakers in the victim position. However, the boundaries between victim and perpetrator are frequently blurred. In Daddy, Plath's
most (in)famous poem the speaker is both second-generation victim and perpetrator. The shame of the relationship to a Nazi perpetrator forms part of the speaker's definition of herself as a victim. In an earlier poem, The Thin People, Plath's portrayal of Nazism's victims is not unambiguous:
far from feeling sympathy and pity for concentration camp survivors, her speaker reacts with a mixture of fear and disgust.
Test dynamischer Eigenschaften ausgewählter NeigungssensorenTest of Dynamic Properties of a Variety of Tiltmeters
Authors: Macheiner Klaus , Woschitz Helmut , Brunner Fritz K.
Published: November 2009

Im Bauwesen sind Neigungssensoren heute in den unterschiedlichsten Messsystemen eingebaut und finden sich in verschiedensten Anwendungen wieder. Bei der Steuerung von bewegten Maschinenteilen, bei kinematischen Vermessungsaufgaben oder bei der Positionierung von Fertigteilen im Bauwesen sind die Sensoren Beschleunigungen ausgesetzt und werden durch diese beeinflusst. Somit sind für die Beurteilung der Qualität eines Neigungssensors nicht nur statische Parameter interessant, sondern auch das dynamische Verhalten. Um einige dynamische Eigenschaften von Neigungsmessern für kinematische Anwendungen zu untersuchen, wurde eine Prüfeinrichtung entwickelt und damit zehn verschiedene kommerziell erhältliche Neigungssensoren eingehenden Tests unterzogen. Die daraus abgeleiteten Eigenschaften werden für die jeweiligen Sensoren zusammengefasst.
Ferroelektretsensor zur Messung der Kavitation in UltraschallreinigungsbädernFerroelectret Sensor for Measurement of Cavitation in Ultrasonic Cleaning Systems
Authors: Strobel Jens , Rupitsch Stefan J. , Lerch Reinhard
Published: November 2009

Bisherige empirische Ansätze zur Auslegung von Ultraschallreinigungsanlagen werden der in der industriellen Fertigung geforderten Reinigungseffizienz nicht mehr gerecht. Die vorliegende Arbeit beschreibt die Entwicklung von Werkzeugen zur Charakterisierung von Kavitationseffekten, welche die Hauptmechanismen der Reinigungswirkung sind. Die Kavitationsintensität wird anhand des Auftretens charakteristischer Anteile im Druckspektrum bestimmt. Hierfür wird die Entwicklung eines Sensorarrays auf Basis eines neuartigen, zellular strukturierten Ferroelektrets vorgestellt, das flexibel auf Bauteiloberflächen aufgebracht werden kann. Mittels Reinigungsuntersuchungen wird die Korrelation spektraler Druckanteile mit der Erosionswirkung auf Probekörpern abgeleitet und die Abhängigkeiten von diversen Einflussparametern ermittelt.
Comprehensive First-trimester Prenatal Assessment
Authors: Miller Jena , Harman Christopher
Published: November 2009

Comprehensive first-trimester pregnancy evaluation is a work in progress. The evolution of screening strategies has distilled a combination of maternal factors, early pregnancy analytes in maternal serum, and fetal sonographic parameters into carefully derived risk assessment algorithms. This integrated approach, almost continually supplemented by new information derived from large population-based studies, individualizes assessment to each mother-placenta-fetus triad. Early and accurate, this assessment potentiates informed decision-making and prenatal management. Invasive testing can be limited to those at high risk, decreasing procedure-related losses of unaffected fetuses. Advance warning of preeclampsia and other placenta-based disorders allows stratification of care and opens new windows to prevention therapy. Viewing of anomalies, even complex congenital heart disease, using the steadily advancing three- and four-dimensional capabilities now available, allows prenatal diagnosis and intrauterine surgical management. Comprehensive risk assessment in early pregnancy is transforming prenatal care.
Modeling Permeability Distributions in a Sandstone Core for History Matching Coreflood Experiments
Authors: Krause M. , Perrin J.-C. , Benson S. M.
Published: November 2009

Saline aquifer storage of CO2 has become recognized as an important strategy for climate change mitigation. Saline aquifers have very large estimated storage capacities, are distributed broadly across the globe, and have the potential for geologic scale retention times. With such large theoretical capacities available in saline aquifers, it is important to understand how heterogeneous rock property distributions can impact the effective storage capacity.

Laboratory core flooding experiments injecting CO2 into a saline water saturated Berea sandstone core have been conducted at reservoir conditions. Computed Tomography (CT) scans of the core show large spatial variations of CO2 saturation, even within a relatively homogeneous core. Numerical simulations of the experiment have been conducted to study the effect of sub core-scale heterogeneity, and the role of permeability in determining the sub core-scale saturation distribution in the core.

Numerical simulations of the experiment consistently showed that using traditional methods for estimating sub core-scale permeability, typically based solely on porosity distributions, results in sub core-scale saturation distributions which do not match experimental measurements. In this paper we develop a method for calculating sub core-scale permeability distributions based on capillary pressure measurements and porosity as an alternative to the traditional porosity only-based models. Using experimentally measured saturation and porosity distributions, and capillary pressure data to calculate permeability, simulations based on this new method show a substantial improvement both in the magnitude and spatial distribution of predicted saturation values. With this technique for accurately calculating permeability distributions, it is possible to study sub core-scale multiphase flow of brine and CO2 to understand how small scale heterogeneities influence the spatial distribution of CO2 saturation, and to improve our ability to predict storage capacity in saline aquifers.
A New Classification System For Evaluating CO2 Storage Resource/Capacity Estimates
Authors: Gorecki Charles D. , Holubnyak Yevhen I. , Ayash Scott C. , Bremer Jordan M. , Sorensen James A. , Steadman Edward N. , Harju John A.
Published: November 2009

Carbon dioxide (CO2) storage estimates are a critical component of the decision-making process when considering the implementation of large-scale CO2 storage in the subsurface. In order to compare storage resource/capacity estimates, both the scale of the estimate and the type of estimate must be considered. To date, the classification of resources and commodities has been used almost exclusively for valuable materials that can be economically extracted from the subsurface, e.g., hydrocarbons, metal ore, coal, etc. These industries have benefited from the establishment of classification systems with consistent terms and definitions that have gained international acceptance and allow for systematic accounting and comparison of resources across geological, geographical, and jurisdictional boundaries. As the carbon capture and storage (CCS) industry grows, there is increasing need for an accepted classification system that describes the available CO2 storage resource. While the classification systems used in the mining and hydrocarbon industries have elements that are instructive and sometimes indirectly applicable with respect to CO2, the direct application of those systems is largely insufficient. This is because, in the context of geological CO2 storage, the desired resource is not something to be removed from a subsurface reservoir but rather the accessible pore volume of the reservoir itself. Although much work has been accomplished, particularly by the Carbon Sequestration Leadership Forum (CSLF), and the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) in the Carbon Sequestration Atlas of the United States and Canada, inconsistencies in definitions related to CCS exist between groups, and a widely accepted set of definitions for discussing CO2 storage resource and capacity has not yet been established. In order to move the CCS industry toward a useful set of definitions and provide a consistent set of terms, an improved classification system has been developed to not only address the level of the assessment but also the scale at which the assessment was made.
Development of Storage Coefficients for Determining the Effective CO2 Storage Resource in Deep Saline Formations
Authors: Gorecki Charles D. , Sorensen James A. , Bremer Jordan M. , Knudsen Damion J. , Smith Steven A. , Steadman Edward N. , Harju John A.
Published: November 2009

The development of broadly applicable storage coefficients for determining CO2 storage resource/capacity estimates has been identified as a critical component for stakeholders to make informed decisions regarding the potential implementation of large-scale CO2 storage. While several evaluations have been conducted to determine CO2 storage resource/capacity estimates, they are the result of different methodologies, and a comparison of the results is often difficult and/or misleading. Thus the development of approaches and methods for developing CO2 storage estimates that can be applied to assessments at a wide range of scales has been identified as crucial to the advancement of broadly applicable and comparable "storage coefficients." At the heart of the matter is the fact that only a fraction of the pore space within any given geological formation will be available or amenable to CO2 storage. The purpose of a storage coefficient is to assign a value to that fraction of a given pore volume in which CO2 can be effectively stored. In order to develop broadly applicable storage coefficients, three methodologies for determining storage resource/capacity in deep saline formations were evaluated: two that can be applied to open systems and one for application in closed systems. In the end, effective storage coefficients were developed for application to deep saline formations at scales ranging from site-specific evaluations to entire formations. Real-world data sets and numerical modeling simulations were used to calculate storage coefficients at the site-specific scale for three lithologies, ten depositional environments, and five structural settings. These results can then be modified and translated into effective storage coefficients that can be applied at the formation scale for the three main lithologies. To develop estimates of effective storage resources for entire basins, estimates for each formation within the basin must be summed. This same methodology can be applied for estimating effective storage resources within state/provincial and national boundaries. In this way, the application of the broadly applicable effective storage coefficients developed by this project can be used to estimate the effective storage resource at levels ranging from site-specific to formation-level, ultimately spanning large sedimentary basins and even entire nations and continents.
Industry Experience With CO2-Enhanced Oil Recovery Technology
Authors: Sweatman R. E. , Parker M. E. , Crookshank S. L.
Published: November 2009

This paper provides substantial and compelling evidence from API (American Petroleum Institute) CCS (Carbon Capture & Storage) Work Group and other studies of CO2 EOR (enhanced oil recovery) and CCS projects showing that CO2 capture, transport, and (GS) geologic-sequestration can be a safe and effective method to reduce GHG (greenhouse gas) emissions and mitigate climate change. The paper summarizes how the oil and gas (O&G) industry has achieved great success in engineering the process to capture, transport, and inject CO2 in EOR projects. This success is seen in over 37 years of safe and environmentally friendly large-scale operations, lessons learned, technical advancements, and millions of tons of CO2 injected. Third party investigations to evaluate this successful record are discussed, including some completed ones that have published statements validating the O&G industry's success. Now that CCS is being widely considered and a few countries have begun to implement commercial-scale CCS projects, technology transfer efforts such as this paper are needed to share the experience of the oil and gas industry and the major contribution it can make as part of the solution for climate change.
Reservoir Modeling and Simulation of the Devonian Gas Shale of Eastern Kentucky for Enhanced Gas Recovery and CO2 Storage
Authors: Schepers Karine C. , Nuttall Brandon , Oudinot Anne Y. , Gonzalez Reinaldo
Published: November 2009

Shale gas and other unconventional gas plays have become an important factor in the United States energy market and are often referred to as statistical plays due to their high heterogeneity. They present real engineering challenges for characterization and exploitation, and their productivity depends upon an inter-related set of reservoir, completion and production characteristics.

The Devonian Ohio shale of eastern Kentucky is the State's most prolific gas producer. The gas shale underlies approximately two-thirds of the state, cropping out around the Bluegrass Region of central Kentucky and having a sub crop beneath the Mississippi Embayment in western Kentucky.

This paper describes the reservoir modeling and history matching of a Devonian Gas Shale Play, eastern Kentucky, its potential for CO2 enhanced gas recovery and storage.

A geologic model of the shale has been compiled from mineralogical, petrographic, core, production, and wireline data. The COMET3 multi-phase, dual porosity simulator is being used to investigate CO2 injection into the shale for enhanced gas recovery. To accomplish this, a subset of wells surrounding the potential injection site has been selected for further study. These eight wells cover approximately 5,300 acres of productive shale. The reservoir was subdivided into the Upper Ohio and Lower Huron members. To capture geological heterogeneity, gas production rates for these wells served as a proxy to characterize fracture permeability using geostatistical methods. Well production was history matched applying an automated process. Finally, several CO2 injection scenarios spanning huff-n-puff to continuous injection were reviewed to evaluate the enhanced gas recovery potential and assess the CO2 storage capacity of these shale reservoirs.
Carbon Dioxide Enhanced Coalbed Methane and Storage: Is There Promise?
Authors: Koperna George J. , Riestenberg David
Published: November 2009

Since the early 1980s, engineers and geologists have been unlocking the secrets of coal seam gas reservoirs. With time and technology advances, such as multi-lateral horizontal drilling, these reservoirs have contributed mightily to the Nation's gas supply. Many of these prolific reservoirs are maturing and field operators now look to improve incremental recoveries from these natural gas sources. One such method is through the use of carbon dioxide enhanced coalbed methane (CO2-ECBM).

CO2-ECBM is a process by which the gas is injected into a coal seam, it is preferentially adsorbed onto the coal, allowing incremental methane to desorb and be produced. This very unique characteristic of a coal allows it to serve double-duty as both a storage reservoir and the seal. As such, geologic sequestration of carbon dioxide in deep, unmineable coal seams may hold tremendous promise for long-term, secure storage of the greenhouse gases as well as providing incremental methane recovery.

However, with only a handful of CO2 injection pilots having been conducted, it seems more questions are being asked regarding the viability of the process than being answered. This paper will focus on the lessons learned from several large-scale and small-scale tests, framing these results against capacity and injectivity estimation and long-term suitability for various coal types/ranks.
Optimization of In-Situ Combustion Processes: Reduction of CO2 Emissions—A Preliminary Study
Authors: Liu Z. , Jessen K. , Tsotsis T. T.
Published: November 2009

The in-situ combustion (ISC) process is an enhanced oil recovery (EOR) method that utilizes fuel in place to upgrade and displace the hydrocarbons in heavy oil reservoirs. In ISC processes, air is injected into a heated section of the reservoir. Upon reaching a threshold temperature, oxygen from the injected air reacts with the oil in place to generate heat, a lighter oil fraction, steam and other reaction products such as CO2. This process drives the upgraded oil towards the production wells, but at the same time produces significant amounts of CO2.

In this research project we investigate the potential of a novel hybrid ISC and CO2 recovery and re-injection process, where we attempt to maintain the advantages of the ISC process while at the same time reducing the emissions of CO2. The goal of the study is to test the hypothesis that, as long as the re-injection of produced CO2 does not extinguish the combustion front, the overall oil recovery should not be greatly diminished.

Numerical investigations of a pseudo 2-D model of this hybrid ISC process, using the CMG STARS simulator, show that recycling CO2 back into the reservoir, to replace some of the air typically injected, can be beneficial for reducing the CO2 production but also for increasing the oil production. We observe that the CO2 recycled into the system dissolves readily into the oil phase resulting in lower viscosity oil and in improved production rates. The results of our numerical simulations provide justification for the proposed combined ISC/CO2-flood process. In this process the ISC provides on site the gas needed for the CO2 flood, and a substantial fraction of the total CO2 produced can be permanently sequestered in the subsurface.