bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Reframing political violence and mental health outcomes: outlining a research and action agenda for Latin America and the Caribbean region
Authors: Pedersen Duncan
Published: October 2007

In recent decades, the number of people exposed to traumatic events has significantly increased as various forms of violence, including war and political upheaval, engulf civilian populations worldwide. In spite of widespread armed conflict, guerrilla warfare and political violence in the Latin American and Caribbean region, insufficient attention had been paid in assessing the medium and long-term psychological impact and additional burden of disease, death, and disability caused by violence and wars amongst civilian populations. Following a review of the literature, a few central questions are raised: What is the short, medium and long-term health impact of extreme and sustained forms of violence in a given population? How political violence is linked to poor mental health outcomes at the individual and collective levels? Are trauma-related disorders, universal outcomes of extreme and sustained violence? These questions lead us to reframe the analysis of political violence and mental health outcomes, and reexamine the notions of trauma, after which a research and action agenda for the region is outlined. In the concluding sections, some basic principles that may prove useful when designing psychosocial interventions in post-conflict situations are reviewed.
Violence in Venezuela: oil rent and political crisis
Authors: Briceño-León Roberto
Published: October 2007

This article analyzes the changes in violence in Venezuela during the last forty years. It links the ups and downs of the oil revenues and the political crisis of the country to the changes in the homicide rates, which increased from 7 per 100 thousand inhabitants in 1970 to 12 in 1990, 19 in 1998 and 50 in 2003. The article characterizes Venezuela as a rentist society and shows its trajectory from rural violence to the beginning of urban violence, the guerilla movements of the 60s, the delinquent violence related to the abundance of oil revenues and the violence during the popular revolt and the sackings of 1989 in Caracas. After this, we analyze the coups d'état of 1992 and the influence the political violence exerted upon criminal violence. We describe the political and party changes in the country, their influence upon the stabilization of homicide rates since the mid-90s and their remarkable increase during the H. Chávez government. The article finishes with an analysis of the current situation, the official prohibition to publish statistics on homicides and with some thoughts about the perspective of greater violence in Venezuela.
Mortes e crimes cometidos com armas de fogo na cidade autônoma de Buenos Aires, 2002
Authors: Spinelli Hugo , Alazraqui Marcio , Zunino Gabriela , Olaeta Hernán , Poggese Héctor , Concaro Carola , Porterie Sidonie
Published: October 2007

A violência se constitui em um dos problemas mais graves da América Latina. O uso de pequenas e leves armas de fogo é considerada a principal responsável por este fato. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descobrir, a partir de dados do setor saúde, da justiça e da polícia, o número de mortes e crimes envolvendo armas de fogo ocorridos na cidade de Buenos Aires em 2002. Os dados sobre mortalidade e crimes foram obtidos dos Sistemas Nacionais de Estatísticas Vitais e Informação Criminal e os dados sobre apreensão de armas de fogo foram disponibilizados pela Polícia Federal. Utilizaram-se também dados de uma investigação anterior realizada por meio de entrevistas domiciliares a respeito de vitimização por armas de fogo. Durante o período ocorreram 1.304 mortes violentas, dos quais 23.7% corresponderam a mortes provocadas por armas de fogo. Dos 171 indiciamentos policiais por homicídio doloso, 60% haviam sido cometidos com armas de fogo. Das 2.108 pessoas entrevistadas, 6,7% haviam sido vítimas de um crime cometido com arma de fogo. Foram apreendidas 1.887 armas de fogo. A taxa de eventos violentos registrados foi maior nas delegacias da zona sudoeste da cidade, que se caracteriza por condições de vida mais precárias. O impacto da violência e sua relação com armas de fogo constitui-se em um tema relevante da agenda pública.
From repression to prevention against violence: a challenge posed to civil society and the health sector
Authors: Concha-Eastman Alberto , Malo Miguel
Published: October 2007

This article deals with the proposal of the Pan American Health Organization for the prevention of violence, following the precepts of the "World report on violence and health" of the WHO. In this analysis the authors distinguish the approach of public safety (generally based on repression) from the way public health approaches this issue, based on the traditional concepts that constitute its patrimony: promotion of health, prevention of physical and emotional injuries, and the strengthening of citizenship. The authors show that the health sector has already embraced the issue definitively but that even so the problem is still far from occupying the outstanding place it deserves in the public health agenda, together with other health problems of the contemporaneous populations of the world and the Americas. The text concludes establishing a link between prevention of violence and the Millennium development goals, which in principle urge society for taking action towards human rights, solidarity and quality of life.
The effects of the armed conflict on the life and health in Colombia
Authors: Franco Saúl , Suarez Clara Mercedes , Naranjo Claudia Beatriz , Báez Liliana Carolina , Rozo Patricia
Published: October 2007

This article is an approach to the consequences of the internal armed conflict that Colombia has lived during the last four decades. It starts with the identification of the conflict's context and its current characteristics. It then focuses on the different manifestations and consequences of the conflict and on their deep impact on the life, quality of life, health, disease, and health services of the population. In special we refer to the high homicide rates, forced internal displacement, kidnapping and the use of antipersonnel mines. Among the most affected groups are young men, women, children, and ethnic minorities such as indigenous and afro-american people. This analysis also refers to the frequent violations of International Humanitarian Law and to the negative impact of violence on the provision of health services. Finally, general conclusions are drawn, and alternatives for studies on the problem and for possible solutions from the standpoint of the health sector are proposed.
The inclusion of violence in the health agenda: historical trajectory
Authors: Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza
Published: October 2007

In this article, I seek to provide a systematic record of the historical trajectory of the inclusion of accidents and violence as a legitimate issue of the health area. It will be shown that the process is not concluded, and that it is going on under the pressure of actors and by force of the circumstances. In the beginning, the issue finds a restricted space in the health agenda through the concepts "accidents, injuries and traumas". Since the second half of the 20th century, the rights of different social subjects are incorporated, ranging from observation and notification of violent acts against children, women, the elderly, to the discussion of social violence in its broadest sense, affecting the health of populations. In Brazil, this doubtlessly slow and intermittent process shows some attempts and a pioneer action of the Ministry of Health, carried out in cooperation with and under pressure of social, academic and professional movements: a diagnosis of morbidity and mortality from all kinds of violence, documenting a national policy towards reduction of accidents and violence on national level.
Diagnostic characterization of services providing care to victims of accidents and violence in five Brazilian state capitals
Authors: Deslandes Suely Ferreira , Souza Edinilsa Ramos de , Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza , Costa Cláudia Regina B. Sampaio Fernandes da , Krempel Márcia , Cavalcanti Maria de Lourdes , Lima Maria Luiza Carvalho de , Moysés Samuel Jorge , Leal Maria Lúcia , Carmo Cleber Nascimento do
Published: October 2007

This article characterizes the services providing care to victims in five Brazilian regions with high violence and accident rates. It analyzes care activities and strategies, the profile of the teams, the conditions of installations, equipment and supplies, integrated care and registration services and the opinion of health managers with respect to the needs and requirements for a better care to the victims. The sample is composed by 103 services: 34 from Recife, 25 from Rio de Janeiro, 18 from Manaus, 18 from Curitiba and 8 from Brasília. The still preliminary results indicate: lower number of services focusing on the elderly; scarce investment in preventive actions; the principal actions carried out are social assistance, ambulatory and hospital care and psychological assistance; patients received from Basic Health Units require attention of the communities and families; need for investment in capacity building programs for professionals; precarious registries, data handled manually. The wording of the National Policy for Reduction of Morbidity and Mortality from Accidents and Violence is not well-known and there is a lack of articulation among and inside sectors and between prehospital and emergency care services. Rehabilitation services are insufficient in all cities.
Success and limitations in the prevention of violence: a case study of nine Brazilian experiences
Authors: Gomes Romeu , Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza , Assis Simone Gonçalves de , Njaine Kathie , Schenker Miriam
Published: October 2007

The present study analyzes the success of Brazilian experiences engaged in prevention of violence as well as their limitations, and seeks to show ways for a solution of the problem. The investigation underlying this article consisted in a case study of nine experiences, using triangulation of methods. For this purpose, we used questionnaires and interviewed individuals and groups. Successful results were mainly: informed citizenship, work preparation, involvement of children and adolescents in recreating and educative activities, and increased self-esteem of the children and teens involved in the experiences. The greatest difficulties found were the lack of funds and of articulation of proposals with other groups and institutions. These experiences are not the only successful ones carried out in the country, but they point to a new horizon by innovating and creating a different practical approach to violence.
The impact of suicide on morbidity and mortality in the population of Itabira
Authors: Souza Edinilsa Ramos de , Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza , Cavalcante Fátima Gonçalves
Published: October 2007

The suicide rates in Itabira, a city with 100,000 inhabitants, are higher than those of the Brazilian population. To understand the phenomenon we investigated morbidity and mortality through a descriptive epidemiological study, with emphasis to external causes and specific subgroups. Suicide was studied according to the characteristics of victims and events. The period studied was 1990-2001. Mortality data were collected from the Mortality Information System and morbidity data for the year 2000 from the Hospital Admission Authorization System. An active data search on suicide over the period 1996-2001 based on sex, age and occupation of the victim, month of occurrence and method used in completed and attempted suicides was conducted at the local notary's office and at the state police headquarters. Based on these data we calculated proportions, rates and mean values. The populations used for calculating the rates were extracted from the DATASUS base. Results indicated an increasing tendency to suicide among men, coinciding with the economical crisis caused by the reorganization of the iron production process in this mono-industrial city. Suicide attempts were more frequent among housewives, housekeepers and students. The mostly used methods were hanging and firearms. Relevant means used in suicide attempts were nonmedicinal substances, drugs and medicaments.
Networks for prevention of violence: from utopia to action
Authors: Njaine Kathie , Assis Simone Gonçalves de , Gomes Romeu , Minayo Maria Cecília de Souza
Published: October 2007

This article aims to discuss the experience of networks for the protection of people exposed to situations of violence or prevention networks. It is based on the concept created by Castells, who defines the information age. This study is part of the investigation "Successful experiences in the prevention of violence", carried out by the Latin-American Center for Studies on Violence Jorge Careli/ENSP-IFF/Fiocruz, in cooperation with the Secretariat for Health Survey of the Ministry of Health. The article analyzes the possibilities and limitations in the construction of networks for the prevention of violence, seeking to understand the sense of actions and movements carried out in networks. The method we used is a case study of two network initiatives in the Southern region of the country. In terms of results, in face of the difficulties of working in networks, we found it to be necessary: to break with sectorial and vertical actions; to promote constant communication and interchange of information; to permanently train the professionals and persons involved in the network, incorporating them into the protective and preventive actions; and to promote the participation of wide social sectors. In conclusion, one can affirm that the construction of a protection network involves complex steps, looking to the same problem with new eyes and a new vision for planting solutions.
Integrated assessment of environment and health: America's children and the environment
Authors: Kyle Amy D. , Woodruff Tracey J. , Axelrad Daniel A.
Published: October 2007

There is a need for systematic approaches to assessment of environmental factors most relevant to health, health outcomes most influenced by the environment, and relationships between them, as well as for approaches to representing results of such assessments in policy deliberations. As a step in the development of such methods, we used findings and data from environmental protection and public health sectors to develop a set of measures representing topics relevant to children's environmental health. We used a definition of the environment that emphasized contaminants and a process that involved both analytic and deliberative elements. The steps in this process were to: a) develop a conceptual framework to depict relationships between environment and health with relevant types of data and information, b) select topic areas of significance for children, c) identify best available data sources and devise measures, d) assess possible surrogate data sources and measures when needed, e) design and implement metrics for computation of measures; f) select graphical representations of measures, g) identify related measures, and h) identify data gaps. Representatives of policy and stakeholder audiences participated in this process.
The importance of hormesis to public health
Authors: Cook Ralph , Calabrese Edward J.
Published: October 2007

Hormesis is a specific type of nonmonotonic dose response whose occurrence has been documented across a broad range of biological models and diverse types of exposure. The effects that occur at various points along this curve can be interpreted as beneficial or detrimental, depending on the biological or ecologic context in which they occur. Because hormesis appears to be a relatively common phenomenon that has not yet been incorporated into regulatory practice, the objective of this commentary is to explore some of its more obvious public health and risk assessment implications, with particular reference to issues raised recently within this journal by other authors. Hormesis appears to be more common than doseresponse curves that are currently used in the risk assessment process. Although a number of mechanisms have been identified that explain many hormetic doseresponse relationships, better understanding of this phenomenon will likely lead to different strategies not only for the prevention and treatment of disease but also for the promotion of improved public health as it relates to both specific and more holistic health outcomes. We believe that ignoring hormesis is poor policy because it ignores knowledge that could be used to improve public health.
Ethical and scientific issues of nanotechnology in the workplace
Authors: Schulte Paul A. , Salamanca-Buentello Fabio
Published: October 2007

In the absence of scientific clarity about the potential health effects of occupational exposure to nanoparticles, a need exists for guidance in decisionmaking about hazards, risks, and controls. An identification of the ethical issues involved may be useful to decision makers, particularly employers, workers, investors, and health authorities. Because the goal of occupational safety and health is the prevention of disease in workers, the situations that have ethical implications that most affect workers have been identified. These situations include the a) identification and communication of hazards and risks by scientists, authorities, and employers; b) workers' acceptance of risk; c) selection and implementation of controls; d) establishment of medical screening programs; and e) investment in toxicologic and control research. The ethical issues involve the unbiased determination of hazards and risks, nonmaleficence (doing no harm), autonomy, justice, privacy, and promoting respect for persons. As the ethical issues are identified and explored, options for decision makers can be developed. Additionally, societal deliberations about workplace risks of nanotechnologies may be enhanced by special emphasis on small businesses and adoption of a global perspective.
Efeito da seleção para peso pós-desmama sobre indicadores da eficiência produtiva de vacas da raça Nelore
Authors: Silva Josineudson Augusto II de Vasconcelos , Razook Alexander George , Tonhati Humberto , Figueiredo Leopoldo Andrade de
Published: October 2007

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar indicadores da eficiência produtiva de vacas Nelore selecionadas para peso pós-desmama, enfocados nas relações peso bezerro e peso da vaca, nos rebanhos controle (NeC), não-selecionados para peso pós-desmama, seleção (NeS) e tradicional (NeT). As análises envolveram 3929 e 3906 pesos dos bezerros aos 120 (P120) e 210 (P210) dias de idade, respectivamente. Os pesos das vacas àquelas idades também foram considerados, obtendo-se 3824 (PV120) e 3777 (PV210) registros, respectivamente, para 120 e 210 dias. A análise incluiu 183, 375 e 554 vacas dos rebanhos NeC, NeS e NeT, respectivamente. Para as análises utilizou-se o procedimento GLM/SAS, em modelos que incluíram os efeitos fixos de rebanho, ano e mês de nascimento, sexo do bezerro, idade da vaca ao parto e as interações rebanho x ano de nascimento e ano x mês de nascimento. Todos os efeitos foram significativos. Os resultados mostraram respostas correlacionadas positivas na seleção para peso pós-desmama nos pesos dos bezerros e, em menor magnitude, no peso das vacas. As relações peso bezerro e peso da vaca apresentaram valores médios ajustados de 249,0±2,1; 253,7±1,6; e 255,8±1,2 g/kg para R120 e 362,9±2,8; 368,5±2,1; e 374,6±1,7 para NeC, NeS e NeT em R210, respectivamente, indicando que, nas duas idades, os rebanhos NeS e NeT produziram mais quilogramas de bezerro por quilogramas de vaca, quando comparados ao NeC.
Efeito da endogamia sobre características produtivas e reprodutivas de bovinos do ecótipo Mantiqueira
Authors: Silva Marcos Vinícius Gualberto Barbosa da , Ferreira William José , Cobuci Jaime Araujo , Guaragna Guilherme Paes , Oliveira Paulo Rogério Palma de
Published: October 2007

Foram analisados registros de genealogia de 2070 animais, bem como informações provenientes das cinco primeiras lactações de 1406 vacas do ecótipo Mantiqueira, filhas de 113 reprodutores, com o objetivo de avaliar a freqüência de animais endogâmicos, a média de endogamia por geração e o possível reflexo do aumento da endogamia sobre algumas características reprodutivas e produtivas. As características avaliadas foram idade ao primeiro parto (IPP), intervalo de partos (IDP), produção total de leite (PL) e duração da lactação (DL). Foram usados modelos que incluíam, para PL, IDP e DL, os efeitos fixos de ano-estação de parto; como covariável, a idade da vaca ao parto, em meses, com termos linear e quadrático, além dos efeitos aleatórios de animal, de ambiente permanente e erro. Na análise envolvendo a PL, incluiu-se ainda o efeito fixo da duração da lactação. No estudo de IPP, o modelo utilizado considerou como efeito fixo ano-estação de nascimento e, como aleatórios, animal e erro. As análises foram realizadas utilizando-se a metodologia da máxima verossimilhança restrita. Para se verificar o comportamento da endogamia ao longo dos anos, os animais foram agrupados em gerações. Verificou-se aumento expressivo do número de animais endogâmicos, bem como dos níveis médios do coeficiente de endogamia, que oscilaram entre 0,33 e 7,34%, com crescimento até a última geração. Observaram-se efeitos linear da endogamia sobre os valores genéticos para PL e IPP e quadrático para IDP e DL. A endogamia influenciou de maneira negativa os valores genéticos para as características estudadas, promovendo reduções para PL e DL e aumentos para IPP e IDP. A falta de um programa de acasalamento eficiente e, principalmente, o fato de o rebanho ser fechado, têm sido fatores determinantes no aumento contínuo do nível de endogamia e do número de animais endogâmicos.
Ganho de peso e evolução do rebanho de queixadas selvagens em sistemas de criação semi-extensivo e extensivo, em reserva de Cerrado
Authors: Figueira Maria de Lourdes de Oliveira Andrade , Carrer Célia Regina Orlandelli , Silva Neto Paulo Bezerra
Published: October 2007

A utilização de comedouros automáticos com milho em grão foi testada como técnica para efetuar recaptura, marcação e manejo de queixadas (Tayassu pecari) reintroduzidas em área de Cerrado. Através desta técnica pôde-se comparar o ganho de peso de animais manejados em sistema extensivo (em liberdade) e em sistema semi-extensivo (restritos a uma área de 15 ha), bem como verificar aspectos da biologia reprodutiva da espécie. O manejo de queixadas através do sistema extensivo, demonstrou proporcionar um maior ganho de peso aos animais. Os comedouros automáticos com milho em grão, além de se mostrarem eficientes para a atração e agregação dos queixadas, proporcionou uma suplementação de energia. Através da marcação e recaptura dos indivíduos conseguiu-se verificar que esses animais se reproduzem durante todo o ano, gerando 1,57 filhotes /fêmea /parto, com diferenciação entre sexos de 50%. A produtividade bruta no sistema semi-extensivo foi de 1,4 e a fecundidade bruta de 0,6. A adoção do sistema extensivo para o manejo de queixadas, pode ser uma solução para a exploração sustentável da espécie, principalmente em regiões onde esse recurso é utilizado como fonte de subsistência através da caça ilegal.
Avaliação genética de bovinos da raça holandesa usando a produção de leite no dia do controle
Authors: Ferreira William José , Teixeira Nilson Milagres , Euclydes Ricardo Frederico , Verneque Rui da Silva , Lopes Paulo Sávio , Torres Robledo de Almeida , Wenceslau Amauri Arias , Silva Marcos Vinícius Gualberto Barbosa da , Magalhães Júnior Márcio Nery
Published: October 2007

Utilizaram-se 153.963 controles mensais de produção de leite e 13.273 primeiras lactações de vacas da raça Holandesa, com partos entre 1989 a 1998, com o objetivo de estimar parâmetros genéticos, fenotípicos e de meio ambiente para produção de leite no dia do controle (PLDC) e produção até 305 dias de lactação (P305), bem como verificar a conveniência de se utilizar a PLDC em avaliações genéticas, em substituição à P305. Foram utilizados quatro modelos (modelo animal). Em dois, modelos 1 e 2, consideraram-se os controles mensais de produção, coletados ao longo da lactação, como medidas repetidas de um animal, diferenciados segundo o critério de formação de grupos de animais contemporâneos. No modelo 1 (PLDCM01), as produções dos animais foram agrupadas segundo o rebanho-ano-estação de controle de produção, enquanto, no modelo 2 (PLDCM02), o agrupamento considerou o rebanho-ano-estação de parto. No modelo 3, analisaram-se os controles mensais de produção, como características individuais (C01 até C10); e no modelo 4, analisou-se a tradicional P305. As análises foram realizadas utilizando-se o método da Máxima Verossimilhança Restrita, por meio do sistema MTDFREML. As estimativas de herdabilidade para PLDC, com o uso do modelo 1, modelo 2 e para P305, foram de 0,27, 0,15 e 0,25, respectivamente. As herdabilidades para os controles mensais variaram de 0,11±0,02 (C01) a 0,21±0,03 (C08), e os maiores valores ocorreram a partir do quarto mês. A correlação de ordem entre os valores genéticos obtidos, para P305 e para PLDC (modelo 1), foi de 0,62, para touros, e de 0,78, para vacas. Concluiu-se que é viável a utilização da PLDC em estudos envolvendo a produção de leite e que os controles do meio da lactação, se usados para seleção, podem apresentar vantagens em relação à P305.
Estimação de parâmetros genéticos para probabilidade de prenhez aos 14 meses e altura na garupa em bovinos da raça Nelore
Authors: Silva Josineudson Augusto II de Vasconcelos , Van Melis Marcelo Hessel , Eler Joanir Pereira , Ferraz José Bento Sterman
Published: October 2007

Registros de 24.703 animais da raça Nelore, provenientes de seis fazendas, foram utilizados para estimar os coeficientes de herdabilidade e a correlação genética relativos às características probabilidade de prenhez aos 14 meses (PP14) e altura na garupa aos 450 dias de idade (AG450). O modelo matemático incluiu os efeitos fixos de grupo de contemporâneo (181 grupos) e classe de idade da mãe ao parto (7 classes) para PP14 e o efeito fixo de grupo de contemporâneo (584 grupos) para AG450. Os efeitos aleatórios incluídos em ambos os modelos foram genético aditivo do touro e residual. Os componentes de variância e covariância foram obtidos pelo método Â. As estimativas de herdabilidade foram iguais a 0,73 ± 0,01 e 0,30 ± 0,00 para PP14 e AG450, respectivamente. A estimativa da correlação genética entre as características foi 0,10 ± 0,01. Os resultados mostram que PP14 pode ser usada em programas de seleção de touros com o intuito de aumentar a precocidade das novilhas, dado o alto valor de herdabilidade estimado para esta característica. A baixa correlação genética entre PP14 e AG450 sugere que seleção para crescimento, medida na altura da garupa, pouco poderá afetar a precocidade das novilhas medida pela PP14.
Uréia para vacas leiteiras no pós-parto: teor plasmático de uréia e pH uterino
Authors: Oliveira Margarida Maria Nascimento Figueiredo de , Torres Ciro Alexandre Alves , Costa Eduardo Paulino da , Carvalho Giovanni Ribeiro de
Published: October 2007

O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar os efeitos de níveis crescentes de uréia nas dietas de vacas leiteiras no pós-parto sobre os teores plasmáticos de N-uréia (NUP) e o pH uterino no estro e na fase luteal. Utilizaram-se dezesseis vacas mestiças (Holandês-zebu) com escore corporal ao parto entre 3,5 e 4,0 (escala 1 a 5), que foram alocadas em quatro tratamentos constituídos de dietas contendo volumoso (silagem de milho) e concentrado, na proporção 60:40: T1 = 0,0; T2 = 0,7; T3 = 1,4; e T4 = 2,1% de uréia na matéria seca total. No estro e na fase luteal, do segundo ou terceiro ciclo estral pós-parto, realizou-se a medição do pH uterino quatro horas após o fornecimento da dieta e; simultaneamente foram coletadas amostras de sangue para determinação dos teores plasmáticos de uréia. A ingestão de matéria seca dos 70 aos 110 dias de lactação reduziu a partir do nível 0,7% de uréia e a produção de leite não foi influenciada pelos níveis de uréia das dietas. Não houve influência dos níveis de uréia sobre os teores plasmáticos de N-uréia, em amostras de sangue coletadas no estro, que foram, em média, de 19,59 mg/dL. O pH uterino no estro (6,66) e na fase luteal (6,97) também não foi influenciado pelos diferentes níveis de uréia nas dietas.
Identificação e quantificação de indicadores-referência de sistemas de produção de leite
Authors: Oliveira André Soares de , Cunha Daniel de Noronha Figueiredo Vieira da , Campos José Maurício de Souza , Vale Sônia Maria Leite Ribeiro do , Assis Anderson Jorge de
Published: October 2007

Objetivou-se identificar e quantificar indicadores-referência de sistemas de produção de leite no Extremo Sul da Bahia. Analisaram-se o perfil tecnológico e os indicadores zootécnicos, econômicos e de tamanho de nove empresas. Foram determinados os coeficientes de correlação dos indicadores com a taxa de remuneração do capital investido. Após a identificação dos indicadores que apresentaram correlação, foram geradas equações de regressão para cada indicador em função da taxa de remuneração do capital investido para quantificar os indicadores-referência em quatro cenários de taxa de remuneração do capital investido (4, 6, 8 e 10% ao ano). Os indicadores correlacionados e seus respectivos valores nos quatro cenários foram: produção diária de leite (456, 538, 621 e 703 L/dia); produtividade da terra (733, 1.008, 1.284 e 1.559 L/ha/ano); vacas em lactação por área (0,37; 0,45; 0,54 e 0,62 vacas/ha); produtividade por total de vacas (3,01; 3,52; 4,03 e 4,54 L/vaca/dia); relação de vacas em lactação pelo total do rebanho (24, 27, 30 e 33%); produtividade da mão-de-obra (111, 124, 137 e 150 L/dia-homem), participação do custo operacional efetivo da atividade na renda bruta da atividade (60, 57, 54 e 51%); participação do custo operacional total da atividade na renda bruta da atividade (72, 66, 60, 54%); gasto com mão-de-obra em relação à renda bruta do leite (31, 27, 22 e 18%); capital investido na atividade em relação à produção diária de leite (2.093, 1.508, 924 e 339 R$/L-dia). A identificação de indicadores-referência em sistemas reais de produção de leite, caracterizando aqueles mais diretamente correlacionados à eficiência econômica, é uma importante ferramenta de apoio gerencial e pode trazer esclarecimentos para o debate sobre a viabilidade econômica de sistemas de produção de leite.
Estimativa de parâmetros genéticos da habilidade de permanência aos 48, 60 e 72 meses de idade em vacas da raça Caracu
Authors: Queiroz Sandra Aidar de , Figueiredo Gustavo , Silva Josineudson Augusto II de Vasconcelos , Espasandin Ana Carolina , Meirelles Sarah Laguna , Oliveira João Ademir de
Published: October 2007

Objetivou-se estimar a herdabilidade da característica habilidade de permanência (HP) em um rebanho de bovinos da raça Caracu visando sua utilização como critério de seleção. A característica em estudo foi definida como a probabilidade de a vaca estar presente no rebanho aos 48 (HP48), aos 60 (HP60) e aos 72 (HP72) meses, desde que possuíssem registros de pelo menos duas lactações nas específicas idades. Observações binárias, com zero (0 = fracasso) e um (1 = sucesso) foram designadas aos animais. Para análise da HP, foram utilizados dados de 5.487, 4.947 e 4.308 animais aos 48, 60 e 72 meses, respectivamente. Os componentes de variância e as herdabilidades foram estimados mediante inferência Bayesiana, via amostragem de Gibbs, pelo programa MTGSAM - threshold, utilizando-se um modelo touro. Foram utilizadas como variáveis explanatórias grupo de contemporâneos, classe de produção de leite na primeira lactação, classe de idade ao primeiro parto e sua interação. As análises forneceram estimativas médias de herdabilidade iguais a 0,28 ± 0,07 para HP48, 0,27 ± 0,07 para HP60 e 0,23 ± 0,07 para HP72. Os resultados evidenciaram que a característica HP apresentou variação aditiva em todas as idades estudadas e, portanto, pode ser empregada como critério de seleção para longevidade produtiva.
MT1-MMP Expression in First-Trimester Placental Tissue Is Upregulated in Type 1 Diabetes as a Result of Elevated Insulin and Tumor Necrosis Factor-α Levels
Authors: Hiden Ursula , Glitzner Elisabeth , Ivanisevic Marina , Djelmis Josip , Wadsack Christian , Lang Uwe , Desoye Gernot
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—In pregestational diabetes, the placenta at term of gestation is characterized by various structural and functional changes. Whether similar alterations occur in the first trimester has remained elusive. Placental development requires proper trophoblast invasion and tissue remodeling, processes involving matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) of which the membrane-anchored members (MT-MMPs) such as MT1-MMPs are key players. Here, we hypothesize a dysregulation of placental MT1-MMP in the first trimester of type 1 diabetic pregnancies induced by the diabetic environment.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—MT1-MMP protein was measured in first-trimester placentas of healthy (n = 13) and type 1 diabetic (n = 13) women. To identify potential regulators, first-trimester trophoblasts were cultured under hyperglycemia and various insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) concentrations in presence or absence of signaling pathway inhibitors.

RESULTS—MT1-MMP was strongly expressed in first-trimester trophoblasts. In type 1 diabetes, placental pro–MT1-MMP was upregulated, whereas active MT1-MMP expression was only increased in late first trimester. In isolated primary trophoblasts, insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II, and TNF-α upregulated MT1-MMP expression, whereas glucose had no effect. The insulin effect was dependent on phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, the IGF-I effect on mitogen-activated protein kinase, and the IGF-II effect on both.

CONCLUSIONS—This is the first study reporting alterations in the first-trimester placenta in type 1 diabetes. The upregulated MT1-MMP expression in type 1 diabetes may be the result of higher maternal insulin and TNF-α levels. We speculate that the elevated MT1-MMP will affect placental development and may thus contribute to long-term structural alterations in the placenta in pregestational diabetes.
Endothelial Dysfunction and C-Reactive Protein Are Risk Factors for Diabetes in Essential Hypertension
Authors: Perticone Francesco , Maio Raffele , Sciacqua Angela , Andreozzi Francesco , Iemma Giuseppina , Perticone Maria , Zoccali Carmine , Sesti Giorgio
Published: October 2007

OBJECTIVE—Type 2 diabetes and essential hypertension are major risk factors for cardiovascular diseases. Endothelial dysfunction is an early step in the development of atherosclerosis and has been demonstrated in hypertensive and diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—We designed this study to determine whether forearm endothelial dysfunction is an independent predictor of type 2 diabetes in patients with essential hypertension. We enrolled 400 white never-treated hypertensive outpatients, free of type 2 diabetes at the time of the first evaluation. Endothelium-dependent vasodilation was investigated by intra-arterial infusion of acetylcholine. Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment.

RESULTS—During the follow-up (4.5 ± 1.6 years), 44 patients developed type 2 diabetes. The event rate was 2.4 events/100 patient-years. In a multivariate Cox regression analysis, the peak percentage increase in acetylcholine-stimulated forearm blood flow (hazard ratio [HR] 0.77 [95% CI 0.61–0.99]; P = 0.04) and C-reactive protein (1.16 [1.03–1.32]; P = 0.01) resulted in the only independent predictors of type 2 diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS—An impaired vasodilatory response to acetylcholine predicts development of type 2 diabetes in patients with essential hypertension. Present data also extend recent findings regarding a possible inflammatory pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and suggest a new approach in treatment of essential hypertension.
CO, Formic Acid, and Methanol Oxidation in Acid Electrolytes–Mechanisms and Electrocatalysis
Authors: Vielstich Wolf
Published: October 2007

The sections in this article are

Scope of the Chapter

Basic Facts

Thermodynamics, Open‐circuit Potentials

Reaction Pathways

Bifunctional Mechanism of Methanol Oxidation

Oxidation ofCO, Formic Acid, and Methanol at Pt Metals

Results viaCVandMSCV

Carbon Monoxide Oxidation

Methanol Oxidation

Formic Acid Oxidation

Study of Adsorbates viaFTIRS

Carbon Monoxide

Formic Acid

The Anodic Maximum of Formic Acid Oxidation below 0.5V

Methanol

Metal Alloys and Binary Metal Catalysts

COOxidation

Oxidation of Methanol

Ad‐atom Effects on Formic Acid Oxidation

Surface Structure and Methanol Electrocatalysis

Ex SituSTMImages Taken during Methanol Oxidation viaUHVTransfer

Current Decay at Smooth Surfaces

Rate‐determining Step of Methanol Oxidation

Instabilities – Oscillations during the Oxidation of Formic Acid, Methanol, and Carbon Monoxide

General Conditions for Electrochemical Instabilities

Potential Oscillations during Formic Acid Oxidation

Current Oscillations during Methanol Oxidation

Current Oscillations duringCOOxidation at a Rotating Disc

Nonelectrochemical Pathway of Methanol Oxidation
Electrochemistry of Silicon Etching
Authors: Zhang X. Gregory
Published: October 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Dissolution of Silicon

Fluoride Solutions

In Alkaline Solutions

Hydrogen Evolution

Dissolution Kinetics and Mechanisms

Reaction Mechanisms

A General Model

Elementary Steps

Reaction Paths

Etch Rates in Various Systems

General

In Fluoride‐based Solutions

Absence of Oxidants

Effect of CrO3Addition

Effect of HNO3Addition

Addition of Other Oxidants

Alkaline Solutions

KOH Solutions

Reaction Kinetics

Other Inorganic Solutions

Hydrazine

Organic Solutions

EDPSolutions

Etching Reactions

Ethanolamine

Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide (TMAH)

Etch Rate Reduction of Heavily Doped Materials

Mechanism

Anisotropic Etching

Rate‐Limiting Process

Mechanism of Anisotropic Etching

A General Model for both HF and KOH Solutions

Basic Features of Anisotropically Etched Surfaces

Surface Roughness

Microroughness

Macroroughness

Crystallographic Characters and Formation of Hillocks

Origins of Roughness

Applications of Etching

Cleaning

RCACleaning

Defect Etching

Material Removal

Uniform Material Removal

Selective Material Removal
Electrosynthesis of Natural Products, Fine Chemicals, and Pharmaceuticals
Authors: Little R. Daniel
Published: October 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Reduction

Electrohydrocyclization

Electroreductive Cyclization

Reductive Cyclization of Ketonitriles

Reductive Cyclization of Pyridinium Salts

VitaminB12‐mediated Cyclizations

Organonickel and Organopalladium Reagents

Oxidation

Kolbe Oxidation

Arene Oxidations

[5 + 2] Cycloadditions to Oxidized Aromatics

Oxidation at and Adjacent to Nitrogen

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgment
Mediated Electron‐transfer between Redox‐enzymes and Electrode Supports
Authors: Katz Eugenii , Shipway Andrew N. , Willner Itamar
Published: October 2007

The sections in this article are

Introduction

Electron‐transfer Provided by Diffusional Mediators

Dissolved Enzymes Activated by Diffusional Mediators

Monolayer‐ or Multilayer‐enzyme Electrodes Activated by Diffusional Mediators

Polymer‐ or Inorganic Matrix‐immobilized Enzymes Activated by Diffusional Mediators

The Electrical Contacting of Dissolved Enzymes at Mediator‐Functionalized Electrodes

Chiroselective Electron‐transfer‐mediated Biotransformations

Chiral Diffusional Electron‐transfer Mediators

Chiral Monolayer‐immobilized Electron‐transfer Mediators

The Electrical Contacting of Mediator‐modified Enzymes

Dissolved Redox Enzymes Functionalized with Electron‐transfer Mediators

Monolayer‐ and Multilayer‐enzyme Assemblies Functionalized with Electron‐transfer Mediators

Polymer‐ and Inorganic Matrix‐bound Enzymes Contacted by Coimmobilized Mediators

The Electrical Contacting of Enzymes in Mediator‐functionalized Polymers

The Electrical Contacting of Enzymes in Mediator‐functionalized Sol–gel Matrices

The Electrical Contacting of Enzymes in Mediator‐containing Graphite Paste Composites

The Electrical Contacting of
FAD
‐enzymes by Mediator‐functionalized
FAD

Electrical Contacting of Enzymes by Reconstitution of Apo‐flavoenzymes with Relay‐
FAD
Cofactor Units

Electrical Contacting of Enzymes by Surface‐reconstitution of Apo‐flavoenzymes on Relay‐
FAD
‐functionalized Electrodes

The Electrical Contacting of
NAD
(
P
)
+
‐dependent Enzymes

The Electrochemical Regeneration of
NAD
(
P
)
+
‐cofactors

The Electrochemical Regeneration of
NAD
(
P
)
H
‐cofactors

The Association of
NAD
(
P
)
+
‐dependent Enzymes with
NAD
(
P
)
+
Cofactors by Covalent and Entrapment Methods

The Integration of
NAD
(
P
)
+
‐dependent Enzymes with Monolayer Arrays of
NAD
+
‐cofactor and Redox‐catalysts

Electrical Contacting by Interprotein Electron‐transfer

Soluble Cytochromes as Electron‐transfer Mediators

Heme‐protein Monolayers as Electron‐transfer Mediators

Microperoxidase‐11 Monolayers

Heme‐containing
D
e
n
ovo Protein Monolayers

Cyt
c
‐aligned Monolayers Associated with Cytochrome Oxidase

Applications of Enzymes Electrically Contacted by Mediated Electron‐transfer

Biosensors Based on Electrically “Wired” Enzyme Electrodes

Bioelectrocatalyzed Synthesis by “Wired” Enzyme Assemblies

Biofuel Cells Based on “Wired” Enzyme Assemblies

The External Control of the Electron‐transfer Process

Photochemical Control by Enzyme‐bound Photoisomerizable Units

Photochemical Control by Electrode‐bound Photoisomerizable Units

Photochemical Control by Mediator‐bound Photoisomerizable Units

Conclusion and Perspectives

Acknowledgment
Dynamic simulation of crystallization processes: Adaptive finite element collocation method
Authors: Ulbert Zsolt , Lakatos Béla G.
Published: October 2007

An adaptive orthogonal collocation on finite elements method with adaptively varied upper bound of the relevant size interval is developed for numerical solution of population balance equation of crystallizers. Nucleation producing monosized and heterosized nuclei, size‐dependent crystal growth, seeding, classified product removal and fines removal with dissolution are included into the model. Adaptation of the number and length, as well as the distribution of finite elements over the variable length computational interval is carried out forming a number of adaptation rules, based on ordering the finite elements of size coordinate according to the maxima of first derivatives of the population density function. The approximation is obtained using the Lagrange interpolation polynomials. The method is used for solving the mixed set of nonlinear ordinary and partial differential equations, forming a detailed dynamical model of continuous crystallizers with product classification and/or fines removal. The program can be used efficiently for simulation of stationary and dynamic processes of crystallization systems, computing either transients or long‐time oscillating steady statesgenerated by different nonlinear phenomena, and internal and external feedbacks. © 2007 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2007
The first two‐dimensional barium coordination polymer based on neutral and deprotonated 4‐formylbenzoic acid
Authors: Deng Zhao‐Peng , Gao Shan , Huo Li‐Hua
Published: October 2007

A two‐dimensional barium(II) coordination polymer, [Ba(4‐FBA)2(4‐FBAH)]n (4‐FBA− = 4‐formylbenzoate), has been synthesized by the reaction of barium carbonate and 4‐formylbenzoic acid. The barium(II) ion is nine‐coordinated by eight O atoms from six deprotonated 4‐FBA− ligands and one O atom from the terminal 4‐FBAH ligand. Adjacent barium(II) ions are linked by the 4‐FBA− ligand to furnish a two‐dimensional lamellar structure which exhibits blue fluorescent emission in the solid state at room temperature. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spectroscopic studies of charge transfer complexes of meso‐tetra‐p‐tolylporphyrin and its zinc complex with some aromatic nitro acceptors in different organic solvents
Authors: El‐Zaria Mohamed E. , Genady Afaf R.
Published: October 2007

The charge transfer complex (CTC) formation of 5,10,15,20‐tetra(p‐tolyl)porphyrin (TTP) and zinc 5,10,15,20‐tetra(p‐tolyl)porphyrin with some aromatic nitro acceptors such as 2,4,6‐trinitrophenol (picric acid), 3,5‐dinitrosalicylic acid, 3,5‐dinitrobenzoic acid (DNB) and 2,4‐dinitrophenol (DNP) was studied spectrophotometrically in different organic solvents at different temperatures. The spectrophotometric titration, Job's and straight line methods indicated the formation of 1:1 CTCs. The values of the equilibrium constant (KCT) and molar extinction coefficient (εCT) were calculated for each complex. The ionization potential of the donors and the dissociation energy of the charge transfer excited state for the CTC in different solvents was also determined and was found to be constant. The spectroscopic and thermodynamic properties were observed to be sensitive to the electron affinity of the acceptors and the nature of the solvent. No CT band was observed between Zn‐TTP as donor and DNP or DNB as acceptors in various organic solvents at different temperature. Bimolecular reactions between singlet excited TTP (1TTP*) and the acceptors were investigated in solvents with various polarities. A new emission band was observed. The fluorescence intensity of the donor band decreased with increasing the concentration of the acceptor accompanied by an increase in the intensity of the new emission. The new emission of the CTCs can be interpreted as a CT excited complex (exciplex). Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis, spectral, electrochemical and catalytic studies of new Ru(III) tetradentate Schiff base complexes
Authors: Manivannan S. , Prabhakaran R. , Balasubramanian K. P. , Dhanabal V. , Karvembu R. , Chinnusamy V. , Natarajan K.
Published: October 2007

The synthesis and characterization of several hexa‐coordinated ruthenium(III) Schiff base complexes of the type [RuX(EPh3)(L)] (X = Cl or Br; E = P or As; L = dianion of the tetradentate Schiff base) are reported. IR, EPR, electronic spectra and cyclic voltammetric data of the complexes are discussed. An octahedral geometry has been tentatively proposed for all of these complexes. The new complexes have been subjected to catalytic activity in the reaction of oxidation of alcohols in the presence of N‐methylmorpholine‐N‐oxide. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two novel molybdenum complexes containing [Mo2O2S2]2+ fragment: synthesis, crystal structures and catalytic studies
Authors: Wu Jun‐Feng , Li Dong‐Mei , Cui Li‐Feng , Zhuang Chang‐Fu , Song Sai‐Nan , Wang Tie‐Gang , Xu Ji‐Qing , Jia Heng‐Qing , Hu Ning‐Hai
Published: October 2007

Mo2O2S2(HGly)(Gly)2 1 and K6[Mo2O2S2(nta)2][Mo2O2S2(ntaH)2]·4H2O 2 were synthesized by the reactions of (NH4)2MoS4 and amino acids L (L = glycine, nitrilotriacetic acid) in ethanol–water medium at ambient temperature. The two complexes were characterized by elemental analysis, infrared spectra, UV–visible spectra, TG–DTA and XPS. X‐ray crystallographic structural analyses revealed that compound 1 is a binuclear MoSglycinate complex, a glycinate ligand is coordinated to each molybdenum atom through its amine nitrogen and carboxylato oxygen, respectively, and the third glycinate acts as a bridge through its two carboxylato oxygens linking the two molybdenum atoms. Compound 2 is also a binuclear MoS complex with two nitrilotriacetate ligands, each of which is coordinated to a molybdenum atom via its two β‐carboxylato oxygens and a nitrogen atom. Simultaneously, each molybdenum atom in 1 and 2 is chelated to a terminal oxygen and two bridging sulfurs to complete the octahedral configuration. Their catalytic activities in the reduction from C2H2 to C2H4 as well as other binuclear MoSpolycarboxylate complexes, a [Fe4S4] single cubane and a chainlike MoFeS compound were investigated and it was found that 1 exhibited relatively good catalytic activity. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.