bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Independent sets in hypergraphs
Authors: Balogh József , Morris Robert , Samotij Wojciech
Published: August 2014

Many important theorems and conjectures in combinatorics, such as the theorem of Szemerédi on arithmetic progressions and the Erdős–Stone Theorem in extremal graph theory, can be phrased as statements about families of independent sets in certain uniform hypergraphs. In recent years, an important trend in the area has been to extend such classical results to the so-called ‘sparse random setting’. This line of research has recently culminated in the breakthroughs of Conlon and Gowers and of Schacht, who developed general tools for solving problems of this type. Although these two articles solved very similar sets of longstanding open problems, the methods used are very different from one another and have different strengths and weaknesses.

In this article, we provide a third, completely different, approach to proving extremal and structural results in sparse random sets that also yields their natural ‘counting’ counterparts. We give a structural characterization of the independent sets in a large class of uniform hypergraphs by showing that every independent set is almost contained in one of a small number of relatively sparse sets. We then derive many interesting results as fairly straightforward consequences of this abstract theorem. In particular, we prove the well-known conjecture of Kohayakawa, Łuczak, and Rödl, a probabilistic embedding lemma for sparse graphs. We also give alternative proofs of many of the results of Conlon and Gowers and of Schacht, such as sparse random versions of Szemerédi’s theorem, the Erdős–Stone Theorem, and the Erdős–Simonovits Stability Theorem, and obtain their natural ‘counting’ versions, which in some cases are considerably stronger. For example, we show that for each positive

β
\beta

and integer

k
k

, there are at most

(

β
n

m

)

\binom {\beta n}{m}

sets of size

m
m

that contain no

k
k

-term arithmetic progression, provided that

m
⩾
C

n

1
−
1

/

(
k
−
1
)

m \geqslant Cn^{1-1/(k-1)}

, where

C
C

is a constant depending only on

β
\beta

and

k
k

. We also obtain new results, such as a sparse version of the Erdős–Frankl–Rödl Theorem on the number of

H
H

-free graphs and, as a consequence of the KŁR conjecture, we extend a result of Rödl and Ruciński on Ramsey properties in sparse random graphs to the general, non-symmetric setting.
A giant radio halo in the cool core cluster CL1821+643
Authors: Bonafede A. , Intema H. T. , Brüggen M. , Russell H. R. , Ogrean G. , Basu K. , Sommer M. , van Weeren R. J. , Cassano R. , Fabian A. C. , Röttgering H. J. A.
Published: August 2014

Giant radio haloes are Mpc-size sources found in some merging galaxy clusters. The synchrotron emitting electrons are thought to be (re)accelerated by plasma turbulence induced by the merging of two massive clusters. Cool core galaxy clusters have a low-temperature core, likely an indication that a major merger has not recently occurred. CL1821+643 is one of the strongest cool core clusters known so far. Surprisingly, we detect a giant radio halo with a largest linear size of ∼1.1 Mpc. We discuss the radio and X-ray properties of the cluster in the framework of the proposed models for giant radio haloes. If a merger is causing the radio emission, despite the presence of a cool core, we suggest that it should be off-axis, or in an early phase, or a minor one.
Relative Susceptibility of New Olive Cultivars to Spilocaea oleagina, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Pseudocercospora cladosporioides
Authors: Moral J. , Alsalimiya M. , Roca L. F. , Díez C. M. , León L. , de la Rosa R. , Barranco D. , Rallo L. , Trapero A.
Published: August 2014

The evaluation of the relative susceptibility of new cultivars to the main diseases of a crop is a key point to consider prior to their release to the nursery industry. This study provides a rigorous characterization of the resistance of 15 new olive cultivars and their genitors (‘Arbequina,’ ‘Frantoio,’ and ‘Picual’) to the three main aerial diseases, peacock spot, anthracnose, and cercosporiosis caused by Spilocaea oleagina, Colletotrichum acutatum, and Pseudocercospora cladosporioides, respectively. To do so, developing leaves and detached green-yellowish fruit were inoculated in laboratory tests with S. oleagina and C. acutatum, respectively, using conidial suspensions of both pathogens. Additionally, a previously validated rating scale was used to assess the incidence of leaves with symptoms of S. oleagina or P. cladosporioides and the fruit rot incidence of C. acutatum in the trees for four years under field conditions. As a result, only two of the cultivars were susceptible to peacock spot, most likely because these new cultivars were previously screened for resistance to the disease on previous phases of the breeding program. Conversely, the 15 cultivars were susceptible or moderately susceptible to cercosporiosis. Five of the 15 new cultivars were classified as resistant to anthracnose, with four of them descendants of ‘Frantoio’ × ‘Picual’ crosses. In addition, the cultivars resistance to C. acutatum showed a negative linear correlation with the total phenols content of olive oil. This information regarding disease reaction of the new olive cultivars is essential for nursery industry and growers.
Receptor-activated human α2-macroglobulin interacts with the envelope protein of dengue virus and protects virions from temperature-induced inactivation through multivalent binding
Authors: Huerta Vivian , Toledo Patricia , Fleitas Noralvis , Martín Alejandro , Pupo Dianne , Yero Alexis , Sarría Mónica , Sánchez Aniel , Besada Vladimir , Ramos Yassel , Márquez Gabriel , Guirola Osmany , Chinea Glay
Published: August 2014

Based on the hypothesis that interactions between virions and serum components may influence the outcome of dengue virus (DENV) infections, we decided to use affinity chromatography with domain III from the envelope (E) protein of DENV2 (DIIIE2) as a ligand to isolate virus-binding proteins from human plasma. This approach yielded serum amyloid P (SAP) and α2-macroglobulin (α2M) as novel viral interactors. After confirming the specific binding of both SAP and α2M to DIIIE2 by ELISA, the latter interaction was examined in greater detail. We obtain evidence suggesting that the binding species was actually the receptor-activated form of α2M (α2M*), that α2M* could bind monovalently to recombinant domain III from all four DENV serotypes with affinities in the micromolar range ranking as DENV4>DENV1~DENV2>DENV3 and that this interaction exhibited a strong avidity effect when multivalent binding was favoured (KD8×10−8M for DIIIE2). We also showed that α2M* bound to DENV virions of the four serotypes, protecting the virus from temperature-induced inactivation in the absence of serum and enhancing infectivity. The latter effect exhibited an ED50of 2.9×10−8M, also suggesting an avidity effect due to multivalent binding. These results will further contribute to the characterization of the virus–host factor interaction network during human DENV infection.
Ontogeny of aerial righting and wing flapping in juvenile birds
Authors: Evangelista Dennis , Cam Sharlene , Huynh Tony , Krivitskiy Igor , Dudley Robert
Published: August 2014

Mechanisms of aerial righting in juvenile Chukar Partridge (Alectoris chukar) were studied from hatching through 14 days-post-hatching (dph). Asymmetric movements of the wings were used from 1?8 dph to effect progressively more successful righting behaviour via body roll. Following 8 dph, wing motions transitioned to bilaterally symmetric flapping that yielded aerial righting via nose-down pitch, along with substantial increases in vertical force production during descent. Ontogenetically, the use of such wing motions to effect aerial righting precedes both symmetric flapping and a previously documented behaviour in chukar (i.e., wing-assisted incline running) hypothesized to be relevant to incipient flight evolution in birds. These findings highlight the importance of asymmetric wing activation and controlled aerial manoeuvres during bird development, and are potentially relevant to understanding the origins of avian flight.
X-ray micro-diffraction studies on biological samples at the BioCAT Beamline 18-ID at the Advanced Photon Source
Authors: Barrea R. A. , Antipova O. , Gore D. , Heurich R. , Vukonich M. , Kujala N. G. , Irving T. C. , Orgel J. P. R. O.
Published: August 2014

The small source sizes of third-generation synchrotron sources are ideal for the production of microbeams for diffraction studies of crystalline and non-crystalline materials. While several such facilities have been available around the world for some time now, few have been optimized for the handling of delicate soft-tissue specimens under cryogenic conditions. Here the development of a new X-ray micro-diffraction instrument at the Biophysics Collaborative Access Team beamline 18-ID at the Advanced Photon Source, and its use with newly developed cryo-diffraction techniques for soft-tissue studies, are described. The combination of the small beam sizes delivered by this instrument, the high delivered flux and successful cryo-freezing of rat-tail tendon has enabled us to record data to better than 4 Å resolution. The ability to quickly raster scan samples in the beam allows selection of ordered regions in fibrous samples for markedly improved data quality. Examples of results of experiments obtainable using this instrument are presented.
A one-dimensional coordination polymer with a capped [Cu4O4] cubane core assembled from 2-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine
Authors: Lv Hong-Mei , Wang Su-Na , Li Da-Cheng , Dou Jian-Min
Published: August 2014

The one-dimensional coordination polymercatena-poly[[[di-μ2-acetato-tetrakis[μ3-(pyridin-2-yl)methanolato]tetracopper(II)]-di-μ2-diacetamidato] acetonitrile monosolvate], {[Cu4(C6H6NO)4(CH3COO)2(C2N3)2]·CH3CN}n, has been prepared from the direct reaction of 2-(hydroxymethyl)pyridine with Cu(OAc)2·H2O (OAc−is acetate) in a methanol–acetonitrile mixture. The four Cu centres are bridged by four O atoms from discrete (pyridin-2-yl)methanolate ligands and two acetate groups, forming a capped [Cu4O4] cubane core. Each core is doubly bridged to each of two adjacent cores by [N(CN)2]−anions, resulting in one-dimensional chains. The magnetic properties of the complex were also studied.
Pyroxene-type compounds NaM3+Ge2O6, withM= Ga, Mn, Sc and In
Authors: Redhammer Günther J. , Tippelt Gerold
Published: August 2014

The four title compounds, namely sodium gallium germanate, NaGaGe2O6, sodium manganese vanadate germanate, NaMnV0.1Ge1.9O6, sodium scandium germanate, NaScGe2O6, and sodium indium germanate, NaInGe2O6, adopt the high-temperature structure of the pyroxene-type chain germanates, with monoclinic symmetry and space groupC2/c. The lattice parameters, the individual and average bond lengths involvingM1, and the distortion parameters scale well with the ionic radius of theM1 cation. NaGaGe2O6has more distortedM1 sites and more extended tetrahedral chains than NaInGe2O6, in which a high degree of kinking is required to maintain the connection between the octahedral and tetrahedral building units of the pyroxene structure. An exceptional case is NaMnGe2O6, in which the strong Jahn–Teller effect of Mn3+results in more distorted octahedral sites than expected according to linear extrapolation from the other NaM3+Ge2O6pyroxenes. In contrast with the literature, minor incorporations of V5+in the tetrahedral site and a corresponding reduction of Mn3+to Mn2+in the octahedral sites in the present sample lower the Jahn–Teller distortion and stabilize the Mn-bearing pyroxene, even allowing its synthesis at ambient pressure.
Biologic therapy improves psoriasis by decreasing the activity of monocytes and neutrophils
Authors: Yamanaka Keiichi , Umezawa Yoshinori , Yamagiwa Akisa , Saeki Hidehisa , Kondo Makoto , Gabazza Esteban C. , Nakagawa Hidemi , Mizutani Hitoshi
Published: August 2014

Therapy with monoclonal antibodies to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and the interleukin (IL)‐12/23 p40 subunit has significantly improved the clinical outcome of patients with psoriasis. These antibodies inhibit the effects of the target cytokines and thus the major concern during their use is the induction of excessive immunosuppression. Recent studies evaluating the long‐term efficacy and safety of biologic therapy in psoriasis have shown no significant appearance of serious adverse effects including infections and malignancies. However, the immunological consequence and the mechanism by which the blockade of a single cytokine by biologics can successfully control the activity of psoriasis remain unclear. In the current study, we investigated the effect of biologic therapy on cytokine production of various lymphocytes and on the activity of monocytes and neutrophils in psoriatic patients. Neutrophils, monocytes and T cells were purified from heparinized peripheral venous blood by Ficoll density gradient centrifugation, and γ‐interferon, TNF‐α and IL‐17 production from lymphocytes was measured by flow cytometer. The activation maker of neutrophils and the activated subsets of monocytes were also analyzed. Biologic therapy induced no significant changes in the cytokine production by lymphocytes from the skin and gut‐homing T cells. However, neutrophil activity and the ratio of activated monocyte population increased in severely psoriatic patients were normalized in psoriatic patients receiving biologic therapy. The present study showed that biologic therapy ameliorates clinical symptoms and controls the immune response in patients with psoriasis.
Photodynamic therapy using a novel irradiation source, LED lamp, is similarly effective to photodynamic therapy using diode laser or metal‐halide lamp on DMBA‐ and TPA‐induced mouse skin papillomas
Authors: Takahashi Hidetoshi , Nakajima Susumu , Ogasawara Koji , Asano Ryuji , Nakae Yoshinori , Sakata Isao , Iizuka Hajime
Published: August 2014

Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is useful for superficial skin tumors such as actinic keratosis and Bowen disease. Although PDT is non‐surgical and easily‐performed treatment modality, irradiation apparatus is large and expensive. Using 7, 12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and 12‐ο‐tetradecanoylphorbol‐13‐acetate (TPA)‐induced mouse skin papilloma model, we compared the efficacy of TONS501‐ and ALA‐PDT with a LED lamp, a diode laser lamp or a metal‐halide lamp on the skin tumor regression. TONS501‐PDT using 660 nm LED lamp showed anti‐tumor effect at 1 day following the irradiation and the maximal anti‐tumor effect was observed at 3 days following the irradiation. There was no significant difference in the anti‐tumor effects among TONS501‐PDT using LED, TONS501‐PDT using diode laser, and 5‐aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA)‐PDT using metal‐halide lamp. Potent anti‐tumor effect on DMBA‐ and TPA‐induced mouse skin papilloma was observed by TONS501‐PDT using 660 nm LED, which might be more useful for clinical applications.
Molecular epidemiological characterization of Staphylococcus aureus isolates originating from food poisoning outbreaks that occurred in Tokyo, Japan
Authors: Suzuki Yasunori , Omoe Katsuhiko , Hu Dong‐Liang , Sato'o Yusuke , Ono Hisaya K. , Monma Chie , Arai Teruyoshi , Konishi Noriko , Kato Rei , Hirai Akihiko , Nakama Akiko , Kai Akemi , Kamata Yoichi
Published: August 2014

Staphylococcal food poisoning (SFP), one of the commonest food‐borne diseases, results from the ingestion of one or more staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs) produced in foods by Staphylococcus aureus. In the present study, 203 S. aureus strains originating from 83 outbreaks that had occurred in Tokyo were examined for their coagulase type and genotype of SEs to analyze their molecular epidemiological characteristics. The representative subsets of the 83 S. aureus isolates were analyzed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and S. aureus pathogenicity island (SaPI) scanning. The isolates were integrated into eight specific clonal complexes (CC) s; CC81, CC8, CC6, CC5, CC508, CC59, CC20 and CC30. The profiles of the coagulase type, SE/SEl genotype and the suspected type of enterotoxin‐encoding mobile genetic element (MGE) indicated a correlation with each CC. SaPI scanning showed fixed regularity between the distributions of genomic islands, including SaPIs, and the phylogenetic lineage based on MLST. These results indicate that the S. aureus isolates, which classified into eight CCs, have distinguishable properties concerning specific coagulase type, enterotoxin genotype and MGE type. Strains of S. aureus harboring these particular elements possess the potential to cause SFP.
Resting and daily energy expenditures during reproduction are adjusted in opposite directions in free‐living birds
Authors: Welcker Jorg , Speakman John R. , Elliott Kyle H. , Hatch Scott A. , Kitaysky Alexander S.
Published: August 2014

Reproduction is energetically expensive, and daily energy expenditure (DEE) often peaks during the period of rearing young. The ‘potentiation’ hypothesis predicts that high DEE needs to be sustained by a corresponding up‐regulation of metabolic machinery; thus, a concomitant increase in the resting metabolic rate (RMR) is expected. Alternatively, the ‘compensation’ hypothesis predicts that DEE and RMR are regulated independently and animals may maintain low RMR to maximize the energy available for reproduction. This might particularly be the case if DEE was limited, for example, by extrinsic food supply or intrinsic physiological factors.

We tested these hypotheses in free‐living seabirds by manipulating their energy demands (experimentally reduced or increased brood size) and supplies (providing supplemental food), and simultaneously measuring their DEE and RMR (by the doubly labelled water method and an indirect hormonal proxy, respectively).

In support of the ‘compensation’ hypothesis, metabolic rates were adjusted independently and in opposite directions with an increase in DEE and a decrease in the hormonal proxy for RMR in individuals rearing young compared to birds with removed broods. Energy expenditure of unfed birds with chicks appeared to be limited as experimental brood enlargement did not cause an increase in DEE. Supplemental feeding did not allow DEE to exceed this apparent limitation.

We propose that a reduction in the resting metabolism is a strategy to increase allocation of energy to reproduction when DEE is constrained and that this constraint is unlikely to be related to food supply.
Microbial community of the deep‐sea brine Lake Kryos seawater–brine interface is active below the chaotropicity limit of life as revealed by recovery of mRNA
Authors: Yakimov Michail M. , La Cono Violetta , Spada Gina L. , Bortoluzzi Giovanni , Messina Enzo , Smedile Francesco , Arcadi Erika , Borghini Mireno , Ferrer Manuel , Schmitt‐Kopplin Phillippe , Hertkorn Norbert , Cray Jonathan A. , Hallsworth John E. , Golyshin Peter N. , Giuliano Laura
Published: August 2014

Within the complex of deep, hypersaline anoxic lakes (DHALs) of the Mediterranean Ridge, we identified a new, unexplored DHAL and named it ‘Lake Kryos’ after a nearby depression. This lake is filled with magnesium chloride (MgCl2)‐rich, athalassohaline brine (salinity > 470 practical salinity units), presumably formed by the dissolution of Messinian bischofite. Compared with the DHAL Discovery, it contains elevated concentrations of kosmotropic sodium and sulfate ions, which are capable of reducing the net chaotropicily of MgCl2‐rich solutions. The brine of Lake Kryos may therefore be biologically permissive at MgCl2 concentrations previously considered incompatible with life. We characterized the microbiology of the seawater–Kryos brine interface and managed to recover mRNA from the 2.27–3.03 M MgCl2 layer (equivalent to 0.747–0.631 water activity), thereby expanding the established chaotropicity window‐for‐life. The primary bacterial taxa present there were Kebrit Deep Bacteria 1 candidate division and DHAL‐specific group of organisms, distantly related to Desulfohalobium. Two euryarchaeal candidate divisions, Mediterranean Sea Brine Lakes group 1 and halophilic cluster 1, accounted for > 85% of the rRNA‐containing archaeal clones derived from the 2.27–3.03 M MgCl2 layer, but were minority community‐members in the overlying interface‐layers. These findings shed light on the plausibility of life in highly chaotropic environments, geochemical windows for microbial extremophiles, and have implications for habitability elsewhere in the Solar System.
Hospital Diagnostic Aggregation and Risk‐Adjusted Quality
Authors: Li Chun Lok K.
Published: August 2014

Objective

To demonstrate the importance of diagnostic aggregation when assessing hospitals.

Data Sources

Patient data from the Victorian Admitted Episodes Database (VAED), 1999/2000 to 2004/2005. Financial statements from public hospitals, 2002/2003 to 2004/2005.

Study Design

Risk‐adjusted quality computed for each hospital using two aggregation levels. Each is then used to estimate the relationship between hospital efficiency and quality using two‐stage DEA/Tobit model by Wilson and Simar (2006).

Data Collection

Selected variables from the VAED were obtained from the Department of Health in Victoria, then linked anonymously with financial statements.

Principal Findings

Hospital quality and, in some cases, its relationship with efficiency differs depending on aggregations.

Conclusions

Patient risk adjustment should be conducted using more than one aggregation level whenever possible.
Which Components of Medical Homes Reduce the Time Burden on Families of Children with Special Health Care Needs?
Authors: Miller Jane E. , Nugent Colleen N. , Russell Louise B.
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To examine which components of medical homes affect time families spend arranging/coordinating health care for their children with special health care needs (CSHCNs) and providing health care at home.

Data Sources

2009–2010 National Survey of Children with Special Health Care Needs (NS‐CSHCN), a population‐based survey of 40,242 CSHCNs.

Study Design

NS‐CSHCN is a cross‐sectional, observational study. We used generalized ordered logistic regression, testing for nonproportional odds in the associations between each of five medical home components and time burden, controlling for insurance, child health, and sociodemographics.

Data Collection/Extraction Methods

Medical home components were collected using Child and Adolescent Health Measurement Initiative definitions.

Principal Findings

Family‐centered care, care coordination, and obtaining needed referrals were associated with 15–32 percent lower odds of time burdens arranging/coordinating and 16–19 percent lower odds providing health care. All five components together were associated with lower odds of time burdens, with greater reductions for higher burdens providing care.

Conclusions

Three of the five medical home components were associated with lower family time burdens arranging/coordinating and providing health care for children with chronic conditions. If the 55 percent of CSHCNs lacking medical homes had one, the share of families with time burdens arranging care could be reduced by 13 percent.
Gastrointestinal Hemorrhage in Aluminum Phosphide Poisoning
Authors: Hugar Basappa S. , Praveen Shivaramareddy , Hosahally Jayanth S. , Kainoor Sunilkumar , Shetty Akshith Raj S.
Published: August 2014

Poisoning, both accidental and intentional, is a significant contributor to the mortality and morbidity throughout the world. The commonest pesticide poisoning is organophosphates followed by phosphides. Ingestion of phosphides can induce severe gastrointestinal irritation leading to hemorrhage and ulcerations. Gastrointestinal hemorrhages and ulcerations beyond the duodenum have not been reported in the literature. Here, we report a case of severe hemorrhages and ulcerations in stomach, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum observed in a 45‐year‐old male who had consumed five tablets of Celphos® (each 3 g with 56% aluminum phosphide and 44% Ammonium carbonate) to commit suicide. He started vomiting after consumption, and the vomitus was blood‐tinged. Once the treatment was instituted, he was stable for a day and thereafter his condition gradually deteriorated. He died on the 4th day of hospitalization, and autopsy revealed features of multiorgan failure and extensive gastrointestinal hemorrhages.
Salary sacrificing in Australia: are patterns of uptake and benefit different in the not‐for‐profit sector?
Authors: Cortis Natasha , Eastman Christine
Published: August 2014

Australia's tax arrangements enable employers to offer salary sacrificing as a way to increase levels of remuneration on offer, and to attract, motivate and retain staff. This article discusses the role of salary sacrificing in the not‐for‐profit sector, and contributes new evidence about who uses it, who benefits, and who might be missing out. Based on a large national household panel survey, we show that within the not‐for‐profit sector and across the workforce more broadly, salary sacrificing is unequally accessed by employees, with higher income earners reaping greater benefits. On the basis of uneven patterns of uptake and benefit, salary sacrificing offers only a limited strategy for addressing problems of low remuneration. Human resource practitioners in the not‐for‐profit sector should develop broader strategies to attract and retain staff, especially in lower paid positions, where salary sacrificing is both less likely to be utilised and less beneficial.
SELF‐CONTROL THROUGH EMERGING ADULTHOOD: INSTABILITY, MULTIDIMENSIONALITY, AND CRIMINOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE
Authors: BURT CALLIE H. , SWEETEN GARY , SIMONS RONALD L.
Published: August 2014

This study assesses self‐control theory's stability postulate. We advance research on self‐control stability in three ways. First, we extend the study of stability beyond high school, estimating GBTMs of self‐control from ages 10 to 25. Second, drawing on advances in developmental psychology and social neuroscience, especially the dual systems model of risk taking, we investigate whether two distinct personality traits—impulsivity and sensation seeking—often conflated in measures of self‐control, exhibit divergent developmental patterns. Finding that they do, we estimate multitrajectory models to identify latent classes of co‐occurring developmental patterns. We supplement GBTM stability analyses with hierarchical linear models and reliable variance estimates. Lastly, using fixed effects models, we explore whether the observed within‐individual changes are associated with changes in crime net of overall age trends. These ideas are tested using five waves of data from the Family and Community Health Study. Results suggest that self‐control is unstable, that distinct patterns of development exist for impulsivity and sensation seeking, and that these changes are uniquely consequential for crime. We conclude by comparing our findings with extant research and discussing the implications for self‐control theory.
Physicochemical, Nutritional, and Sensory Qualities of Wine Grape Pomace Fortified Baked Goods
Authors: Walker Rebecca , Tseng Angela , Cavender George , Ross Andrew , Zhao Yanyun
Published: August 2014

Wine grape pomace (WGP) as a source of antioxidant dietary fiber (DF) was used to fortify baked goods, including breads, muffins, and brownies. Pinot Noir WGP (RWGP) and Pinot Grigio WGP (WWGP) substituted wheat flour at concentration of 5%, 10%, and 15% for bread, 10%, 15%, 20%, and 25% RWGP for brownies, and 5%, 10%, and 15% RWGP or 10%, 15%, and 20% WWGP for muffins. The finished products were evaluated for total phenolic content (TPC), radical scavenging activity (RSA), and total DF, as well as physicochemical and sensory properties. WGP flour blends were also tested for solvent retention capacity (SRC). The highest TPC and RSA values for bread and muffins were achieved in 15% RWGP fortified samples with TPC and RSA values of 68.32 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/serving and 80.70 AAE mg/serving, respectively for bread, and 2164 mg GAE/serving and 1526 mg AAE/serving, respectively for muffins. Brownies fortified with 10% RWGP had the highest RSA value (115.52 mg AAE/serving) while the control had the highest TPC value (1152 mg GAE/serving). Breads and muffins with 15% RWGP and brownies with 25% RWGP had the highest amount of DF (6.33, 12.32, and 7.73 g/serving, respectively). Sensory evaluation concluded that there is no difference in overall liking of 5% and 10% RWGP breads and muffins or 15% and 20% WGP brownies compared to the controls. This study demonstrated that WGP is a viable functional ingredient in bakery goods to increase TPC, RSA, and DF in consumer's diets.
Imaging characteristics of local recurrences after stereotactic body radiation therapy for stage I non‐small cell lung cancer: Evaluation of mass‐like fibrosis
Authors: Hayashi Shinya , Tanaka Hidekazu , Hoshi Hiroaki
Published: August 2014

Background

This study aimed to evaluate stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) in patients with stage I non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in terms of radiation‐induced changes and computed tomography (CT) features of local recurrence by 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (18F‐FDG‐PET).

Methods

From January 2006 to December 2012, 81 patients with NSCLC received SBRT. Follow‐up consisted of non‐contrast enhanced CT scans performed before and every four months after SBRT. In addition, 18F‐FDG‐PET/CT was conducted before SBRT for each patient, and one year later for each case suspected of recurrence. The CT findings were classified into two categories: mass‐like fibrosis and others. The mass‐like fibrosis category was subdivided into two patterns: mass‐like consolidation (with air bronchogram) and mass‐like opacity.

Results

Six patients had histologically confirmed local recurrence, including 83% (5/6) with mass‐like opacity pattern and one case of modified conventional pattern (P = 0.02). In contrast, the non‐recurrent group exhibited only 7% (5/75) with mass‐like opacity and 13% (10/75) with mass‐like consolidation pattern. Five patients with local recurrence presented with the mass‐like opacity pattern, compared with 33% of patients (5/15) from the non‐recurrent group (P = 0.01) and showed an increase in maximum diameter at ≥12 months after SBRT. The recurrent group also had a significantly higher standardized uptake value (SUVmax) than the non‐recurrent group (P < 0.001), with all values >5 (range: 5.7–25.4).

Conclusion

The following characteristics of mass‐like fibrosis should be considered indicators of local recurrence after SBRT: opacity pattern, increasing maximum diameter, and SUVmax > 5.
Do Problem‐Solving Skills Affect Success in Nursing Process Applications? An Application Among Turkish Nursing Students
Authors: Bayindir Çevik Ayfer , Olgun Nermin
Published: August 2014

Purpose

This study aimed to determine the relationship between problem‐solving and nursing process application skills of nursing.

Methods

This is a longitudinal and correlational study. The sample included 71 students. An information form, Problem‐Solving Inventory, and nursing processes the students presented at the end of clinical courses were used for data collection.

Findings

Although there was no significant relationship between problem‐solving skills and nursing process grades, improving problem‐solving skills increased successful grades.

Conclusions

Problem‐solving skills and nursing process skills can be concomitantly increased.

Clinical Revelance

Students were suggested to use critical thinking, practical approaches, and care plans, as well as revising nursing processes in order to improve their problem‐solving skills and nursing process application skills.
Statistical Characteristics of the Weighted Inter‐Rater Reliability Index for Clinically Validating Nursing Diagnoses
Authors: de Oliveira Lopes Marcos Venícios , da Silva Viviane Martins , de Araujo Thelma Leite , da Silva Filho José Vieira
Published: August 2014

Purpose

To analyze the statistical characteristics of the weighted inter‐rater reliability index for validating nursing diagnoses.

Methods

From a computational algorithm, the index values were compared with the sample size, frequency of the clinical indicator, number of agreements between raters, and three other agreement estimators.

Findings

The index moderately correlated with the frequency of the clinical indicator and strongly correlated with the number of agreements and disagreements between the raters. This index showed a poor correlation with sample size.

Conclusion

This index selects those clinical indicators with high frequency and/or absolute agreement and therefore has a high sensitivity.

Implications for Nursing Practice

The high sensitivity may result in incorporating false positive clinical indicators.
Cognitive recovery after ambulatory anaesthesia based on desflurane or propofol: a prospective randomised study
Authors: LINDQVIST M. , SCHENING A. , GRANSTROM A. , BJORNE H. , JAKOBSSON J. G.
Published: August 2014

Background

The impact of anaesthetic agents on cognitive recovery during the first post‐operative week in a middle‐aged population undergoing general anaesthesia is insufficiently studied. We hypothesised that patients receiving anaesthesia based on desflurane would have a quicker recovery and regain cognitive capacity faster than patients receiving anaesthesia based on propofol.

Methods

We performed a prospective, randomised, single‐blinded study comparing the effects of desflurane and propofol as primary anaesthetic agents on cognitive recovery in 59 American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification System I–II women undergoing breast surgery. Cognitive recovery was evaluated using the Cognitive Failure Questionnaire and a modified version of the Post‐operative Quality of Recovery Scale.

Results

Post‐operative cognitive recovery according to Cognitive Failure Questionnaire was 65% and 66% at 72 h, and 71% and 72% at 1 week for the desflurane and the propofol groups, respectively. Recovery according to Post‐operative Quality of Recovery Scale was 52% and 50% at 2 h, increasing to 71% and 87% at 48 h for the desflurane and the propofol groups, respectively. At the final point of measurement (Cognitive Failure Questionnaire 1 week, Post‐operative Quality of Recovery Scale 48 h), many of the patients had still not reached their baseline cognitive performance. There was no difference in overall cognitive recovery between the desflurane and propofol groups.

Conclusion

Cognitive recovery was not complete 1 week after surgery in any of the groups. There was no difference in the rate of cognitive recovery in middle‐aged patients receiving desflurane or propofol anaesthesia during ambulatory breast surgery.
Integration of landslide susceptibility assessment in urban development: a case study in Predeal town, Romanian Carpathians
Authors: Mihai Bogdan , Savulescu Ionut , Sandric Ionut , Chitu Zenaida
Published: August 2014

The town of Predeal is the highest altitude urban settlement in the Romanian Carpathians (975–1060 m) and is a famous regional skiing resort. Recent urban extension of the settlement on to areas previously covered by landslides represents a key issue and potential hazard for future urban development. In order to provide data for the urban planning process, a landslide susceptibility assessment was performed. The ‘Romanian methodology for landslide susceptibility assessment’, an expert‐based method, was integrated with other digital data available. Landslide susceptibility classes were defined on a probabilistic scale adapted according to the threshold for triggering landslides. Urban development issues were approached as an association between the landslide susceptibility map (to be utilised by local authorities) and recent changes to the built environment. Housing has been extended onto areas previously affected by landslides due to a real‐estate boom. An urban development scenario, focused on potential forest stand clearance, within a representative urban district was used to demonstrate the consequences of landslides to local authorities.
Minimum 5‐year follow‐up of 1138 consecutive laparoscopic radical prostatectomies
Authors: Soares Ricardo , Di Benedetto Antonina , Dovey Zach , Bott Simon , McGregor Roy G. , Eden Christopher G.
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To investigate the long‐term outcomes of laparoscopic radical prostatectomy (LRP).

Patients and Methods

In all, 1138 patients underwent LRP during a 163‐month period from 2000 to 2008, of which 51.5%, 30.3% and 18.2% were categorised into D'Amico risk groups of low‐, intermediate‐ and high‐risk, respectively. All intermediate‐ and high‐risk patients were staged by preoperative magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography and isotope bone scanning, and had a pelvic lymph node dissection (PLND), which was extended after April 2008. The median (range) patient age was 62 (40–78) years; body mass index was 26 (19–44) kg/m2; prostate‐specific antigen level was 7.0 (1–50) ng/mL and Gleason score was 6 (6–10). Neurovascular bundle was preservation carried out in 55.3% (bilateral 45.5%; unilateral 9.8%) of patients.

Results

The median (range) gland weight was 52 (14–214) g. The median (range) operating time was 177 (78–600) min and PLND was performed in 299 patients (26.3%), of which 54 (18.0%) were extended. The median (range) blood loss was 200 (10–1300) mL, postoperative hospital stay was 3 (2–14) nights and catheterisation time was 14 (1–35) days. The complication rate was 5.2%. The median (range) LN count was 12 (4–26), LN positivity was 0.8% and the median (range) LN involvement was 2 (1–2). There was margin positivity in 13.9% of patients and up‐grading in 29.3% and down‐grading in 5.3%. While 11.4% of patients had up‐staging from T1/2 to T3 and 37.1% had down‐staging from T3 to T2. One case (0.09%) was converted to open surgery and six patients were transfused (0.5%). At a mean (range) follow‐up of 88.6 (60–120) months, 85.4% of patients were free of biochemical recurrence, 93.8% were continent and 76.6% of previously potent non‐diabetic men aged <70 years were potent after bilateral nerve preservation.

Conclusions

The long‐term results obtainable from LRP match or exceed those previously published in large contemporary open and robot‐assisted surgical series.
Number of positive preoperative biopsy cores is a predictor of positive surgical margins (PSM) in small prostates after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP)
Authors: Tuliao Patrick H. , Koo Kyo C. , Komninos Christos , Chang Chien H. , Choi Young D. , Chung Byung H. , Hong Sung J. , Rha Koon H.
Published: August 2014

Objective

To determine the impact of prostate size on positive surgical margin (PSM) rates after robot‐assisted radical prostatectomy (RARP) and the preoperative factors associated with PSM.

Patients and Methods

In all, 1229 men underwent RARP by a single surgeon, from 2005 to August of 2013. Excluded were patients who had transurethral resection of the prostate, neoadjuvant therapy, clinically advanced cancer, and the first 200 performed cases (to reduce the effect of learning curve). Included were 815 patients who were then divided into three prostate size groups: <31 g (group 1), 31–45 g (group 2), >45 g (group 3). Multivariate analysis determined predictors of PSM and biochemical recurrence (BCR).

Results

Console time and blood loss increased with increasing prostate size. There were more high‐grade tumours in group 1 (group 1 vs group 2 and group 3, 33.9% vs 25.1% and 25.6%, P = 0.003 and P = 0.005). PSM rates were higher in prostates of <45 g with preoperative PSA levels of >20 ng/dL, Gleason score ≥7, T3 tumour, and ≥3 positive biopsy cores. In group 1, preoperative stage T3 [odds ratio (OR) 3.94, P = 0.020] and ≥3 positive biopsy cores (OR 2.52, P = 0.043) were predictive of PSM, while a PSA level of >20 ng/dL predicted the occurrence of BCR (OR 5.34, P = 0.021). No preoperative factors predicted PSM or BCR for groups 2 and 3.

Conclusion

A preoperative biopsy with ≥3 positive cores in men with small prostates predicts PSM after RARP. In small prostates with PSM, a PSA level of >20 ng/dL is a predictor of BCR. These factors should guide the choice of therapy and indicate the need for closer postoperative follow‐up.
Oncological outcomes after partial vs radical nephrectomy in renal cell carcinomas of ≤7 cm with presumed renal sinus fat invasion on preoperative imaging
Authors: Koo Kyo Chul , Kim Jong Chan , Cho Kang Su , Choi Young Deuk , Hong Sung Joon , Yang Seung Choul , Ham Won Sik
Published: August 2014

Objectives

To compare oncological outcomes of partial nephrectomy (PN) and radical nephrectomy (RN) for renal tumours of ≤7 cm in which preoperative imaging reveals potential renal sinus fat invasion (cT3a), as RN is preferred for these tumours due to concerns about high tumour stage.

Patients and Methods

Among 1137 nephrectomies performed for renal tumours of ≤7 cm from January 2005 to August 2012, 401 solitary cT3a renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) without metastases were analysed. Classification as cT3a included only renal sinus fat invasion, as there were no tumours with suspected perinephric fat invasion. Multivariate models were used to evaluate predictors of recurrence‐free survival (RFS) and cancer‐specific survival (CSS).

Results

There were 34 RCCs (8.5%) with unexpected perinephric fat invasion, but only 77 RCCs (19.2%) were staged as pT3a. During the median follow‐up of 43.0 months, recurrence occurred in seven (6.7%) PN cases and 25 (8.4%) RN cases. Six recurred PN cases had positive surgical margins (PSMs). The two cohorts showed equal oncological outcomes for 5‐year RFS and CSS. Multivariate analyses showed PSM, pathological T stage, sarcomatoid dedifferentiation, and type of surgery as significant predictors of recurrence. Older age, pathological T stage, and sarcomatoid dedifferentiation were significant predictors of cancer‐specific mortality.

Conclusions

Renal tumours of ≤7 cm with presumed renal sinus fat invasion were mostly pT1. PN conferred equivalent oncological outcomes to RN. If clear surgical margins can be obtained, PN should be considered for these tumours, as patients may benefit from renal function preservation.
Urban‐Rural Livelihoods, Fishing Conflicts and Indigenous Movements in the Middle Rio Negro Region of the Brazilian Amazon
Authors: SOBREIRO THAISSA
Published: August 2014

This paper discusses how changing urban–rural relationships pose new opportunities and challenges for resource management in the municipality of Barcelos, Middle Rio Negro, Brazilian Amazon. The conflicts arising from poor delimitation of the rights of different resource users, as well as increasing rural–urban connections, have mobilised indigenous peoples to seek to protect traditional fishing territories. However, people's mobility challenges resource management models that are based on permanent residence. This complexity underscores the urgent need for new ecological and political management models to deal with the flux of both people and natural resources, without excluding minority groups.
‘You have to be with God and the Devil’: Linking Bolivia's Extractive Industries and Local Development through Social Licences
Authors: CAMPERO CECILIA , BARTON JONATHAN R.
Published: August 2014

The social licence is an instrument that establishes the conditions for community acceptance of an extractive industry project in a locality. It emerges at the interface of debates on corporate social responsibility and indigenous rights in Bolivia. In this article, relations between mining companies and local communities are explored, with a particular focus on the role of participation and firm‐based commitments to local development. The conclusions point to the limits of voluntary firm initiatives in strengthening local sustainable development. A more demanding regulatory instrument is required that may facilitate mutual agreement on the terms by which resources are extracted.
LateQuaternary glaciation in theHebrides sector of the continental shelf: wasStKilda overrun by theBritish‐IrishIceSheet?
Authors: Hiemstra John F. , Shakesby Richard A. , Vieli Andreas
Published: August 2014

Until recently, theBritish‐IrishIceSheet (BIIS) was thought to have reached no farther than a mid‐continental shelf position in the Hebrides Sector,NWBritain, during the last glaciation (traditional model). However, recent discovery of widespread shelf‐edge moraines in this sector has led to a suggestion of much more extensive ice (AtlanticShelf model). The position of theStKilda archipelago, approximately mid‐way between theOuterHebrides and the continental shelf edge, makes it ideal as an onshore location to test which of the two competing models is more viable. To this end, we (i) reassessed the characteristics, stratigraphy and morphology of theQuaternary sediments exposed on the largest island (Hirta), and (ii) applied time‐dependent 2Dnumerical modelling of possible glacier formation onHirta. Instead of three glaciations (as previously suggested), we identified evidence of only two, including one of entirely local derivation. The numerical model supports the view that this glaciation was in the form of two short glaciers occupying the two valleys that dominateHirta. The good state of preservation of the glacial sediments and associated moraine of this local glaciation indicate relatively recent formation. In view of the low inferred equilibrium line altitude of the glacier associated with the best morphological evidence (∼120 m), considerable thickness of slope deposits outside the glacial limits and evidence of only one rather than two tills, aLateDevensian rather thanYoungerDryas age is preferred for this glaciation. Re‐examination of the submarine moraine pattern from available bathymetry suggests that the ice sheet was forced to flow aroundStKilda, implying that the ice was of insufficient thickness to overrun the islands. Accepting this leaves open the possibility that aStKilda nunatak supported local ice while the ice sheet extended to the continental shelf edge.
Why ratio dependence is (still) a bad model of predation
Authors: Abrams Peter A.
Published: August 2014

The history of the idea that predation rates are functions of the ratio of prey density to predator density, known as ratio dependence, is reviewed and updated. When the term was introduced in 1989, it was already known that higher predator abundance often reduced an individual predator's average intake rate of prey. However, the idea that this effect was a universally applicable inverse proportionality was new. That idea was widely criticized in many articles in the early 1990s, and many of these criticisms have never been addressed. Nevertheless, ratio dependence seems to be gaining in popularity and is the subject of a recent monograph by the originators. This article revisits the most important objections to this theory, and assesses to what extent they have been answered by the theory's proponents. In this process, several new objections are raised. The counterarguments begin with the lack of a plausible, generally applicable mechanism that could produce ratio dependence. They include the fact that ratio dependence is a special case of predator‐density effects, which, in turn, are only one of many non‐prey species effects that influence the consumption rate of a particular prey. The proclaimed simplicity advantage of ratio dependence is at best small and is outweighed by its disadvantages; it predicts biologically implausible phenomena, and cannot easily be extended to describe multi‐species systems, trait‐mediated interactions, coevolution, and a number of other important ecological phenomena. Any potential small simplicity advantage disappears with corrections to remove unrealistic low‐density dynamics caused by ratio dependence. The frequent occurrence of strong predator dependence does not make ratio dependence a better ‘default’ model of predation than prey dependence, and empirical studies of the full range of non‐prey species effects on the consumption rates of predators are needed.