bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intergroup Attitudes towards Cooperative vs Competitive Opponents in a Modified Prisoner's Dilemma Game
Authors: Wilson Warner , Wong James
Published: September 2011

24 teams composed of college students played a modified Prisoner's Dilemma game with other teams composed of confederates. Ss rated competitive confederates higher on ability and lower on game-related motives. Japanese students showed more cooperation than did Caucasians. The results suggest that bias in intergroup perceptions can favor as well as belittle the outgroup and that the nature of the distortion depends on the outgroup's behavior as well as on dynamic factors.
Individual Differences in Forearm “Strengths” Measured at Various Angles and Locations
Authors: Smith Leon E.
Published: September 2011

The forearm strength of 65 college men was tested at 3 different forearm angles (75°, 135° and 160°) and two locations (5½ in. and 8½ in.). Strength was applied with greater force at the 5½-in. forearm site as compared to the 8½-in. location. For the latter location the maximal strength was recorded at 135° whereas at 5½ in., although there was no difference between forearm strength measured at 135° and 160°, both of these strengths were larger than the force registered at 75°. Intercorrelations between forearm strengths at various angles and locations revealed low to moderate relationships.
Body-Image Stereotypes and Body-Type Preferences among Male College Students
Authors: Dibiase William J. , Hjelle Larry A.
Published: September 2011

The interrelationships among body-image stereotypes, body type preferences, and body weight were examined. Three male silhouettes, depicting extreme endomorphy, mesomorphy, and ectomorphy, were rated by 17 overweight, 17 underweight, and 17 normal weight male college Ss on 21 bipolar traits of temperament. The mesomorph was perceived by all Ss as more active, energetic, and dominant, whereas the endomorph and ectomorph were both rated as more withdrawn, shy, and dependent. No relationship was found between body-image stereotypes and Ss' body weight, although all Ss expressed a preference to look like the mesomorph silhouette. It was suggested that cultural influences and the role of body dissatisfaction may serve as crucial mediators in accounting for the results.
Motor Learning Task for Changing Degree of Difficulty with Minimal Change in Nature of Task
Authors: Leavitt J. L.
Published: September 2011

A gross motor coordination task capable of changing performance difficulty with a minimal change in the nature of the task is described.
Theoretical Model for Lateral Inhibitory Interaction in the Human Retina
Authors: Brigner Willard L.
Published: September 2011

Several models for lateral inhibitory interaction are available in the literature; however, these models are deficient in providing a systematic account of simultaneous brightness contrast for one or several of the following reasons: (1) no rational basis is presented for phenomenal black; (2) the mediation of lateral inhibitory interaction is generally attributed to the horizontal cells of the human retina, but there is no neuroanatomical evidence that the horizontal cell is present in the central-most fovea, although there is psychophysical evidence that lateral inhibitory interaction occurs in the central-most fovea; (3) the response characteristics of the receptive field have not been conceptually integrated into the models despite general theoretical agreement that the receptive field organization is meaningful for simultaneous brightness contrast. These deficiencies have prompted the development of the theoretical model presented here. In addition to integrating the foregoing empirical aspects of simultaneous brightness contrast, the model predicts that the magnitude of perceived brightness contrast will be greater at a corner than along an edge. Empirical data consistent with this prediction are presented. A further prediction that the perceived magnitude of brightness contrast will increase as the angular size of the corner decreases is tested. In a theoretical analysis, an approximation to the experimental results is obtained when contrast effects due both to the predicted effect of angle size and the well known effect of inducing-field area are considered.
Effect of a Placebo on a Simple Motor Response
Authors: Pomeranz David M. , Krasner Leonard
Published: September 2011

Performance on a dynamometer pull-task was found to be affected by the administration of a placebo. Results are discussed from a social-influence-process framework.
A Test of Game Sense in Badminton
Authors: Thorpe Joanne , West Charlotte
Published: September 2011

Intellectual abilities which might contribute to success in competitive situations in badminton were studied. Test items and factors of intelligence previously reported were considered, and 10 tests were developed. Items were patterned after existing tests but were original with the writers. A time limit was imposed for each test. Time limits and scoring methods were revised after studying responses for 8 volunteer Ss. The tests were digit symbol, lozenges, pattern analogies, word fluency, number series, blocks, pursuit, matrix, code, and disarranged sentences.
Simultaneous Visual Discrimination in Rats: Training Strategies
Authors: Biederman Gerald B. , O'Neill Ward
Published: September 2011

Stimulus pretraining methods were found to be ineffective in facilitating the learning of simultaneous figure discrimination in rats. A difficult brightness discrimination was learned but stimulus pretraining had no effect on learning. The absence of a visual stimulus, although correlated with reward, was not sufficient to produce approach responses to a darkened key, in one pretraining condition. The failure to learn the figure discrimination may be attributed to emotional factors and to a lack of correlated cues rather than to inattention or to an inadequacy in the rat's visual apparatus.
Evaluative Ratings of Mineral Taste in Water
Authors: Bruvold William H. , Gaffey William R.
Published: September 2011

NaHCO3, CaSO4, Na2SO4, MgSO4, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2, and Na2CO3 were used separately to prepare sample solutions of mineralized water. Five studies were performed in which Ss rated these solutions using specially constructed taste rating scales. Initial ratings in a series tended to be more favorable than final ratings. Solutions of 2,000 ppm were rated less favorably than corresponding 1,000 ppm solutions. Mean ratings for solutions differed significantly. The rank order of mean ratings, from most favorable to least favorable, was approximately the same as the order in which solutes are listed above. Results were discussed in terms of taste-scale methodology and in relation to two hypotheses central to research on mineral taste in water.
Short-Term Sensory Enrichment and Artistic Creativity
Authors: Berkowitz William R. , Avril George J.
Published: September 2011

In an effort to find brief and relatively simple methods of fostering creativity, Ss molded clay sculptures, first in a pretest condition and then 1 wk. later within either a 30-min. sensorily enriched environment or in the same control environment following 10-min. mild sensory deprivation. Following completion of both sculptures, Ss and six judges independently rated them for creativity. No environmental effects upon self-rated or judge-rated creativity were found. Correlations between self- and judge-ratings were low. The results suggest that effects on creativity by altered sensory environments may be difficult to produce.
Physique and Social Image
Authors: Sleet David A.
Published: September 2011

45 middle-age men ranked 12 somatotype photographs from the physique most suited to the physique least suited to each of 7 personality/behavior concepts. The results indicated significant agreement in ranking the physiques. Inspection of mean ranks indicated the order of somatotypes, from most to least like the positively oriented concepts, was (a) mesomorphy, (b) combined dominance, (c) ectomorphy, and (d) endomorphy. Comparison of these results with findings of a similar study of college students discloses some similarities as well as differences in the stereotyped social image of physique among these 2 populations.
Patterns of Eye Movements in Rapid Symbol Identification and Their Relation to Reading Achievement
Authors: Peterson Raymond P.
Published: September 2011

Forty-five third graders from two schools were presented with different patterns of digits and letters tachistoscopically at ½-sec. exposure and reported the symbols in the order identified. Consistent patterns of reading the symbols appeared for many Ss, five of which were identified. The remaining Ss changed patterns from one exposure to the next. The distribution of patterns in relation to reading-achievement scores by schools revealed inter-school differences, but no one pattern consistently identified better readers or distinguished between reading comprehension and word recognition. Ss' reactions to the task suggested anxiety as a possible cause for the shifts from one pattern to another by many Ss.
“Onomatopoeia and Images”: Preliminary Validity Study of a Test of Originality
Authors: Khatena Joe
Published: September 2011

Onomatopoeia and Images is a test of originality for adults using word stimuli which include semantic and sound elements to evoke imaginative responses. Each of the equivalent forms of the test has 10 items selected from a pool of onomatopoeic words and is administered by a recorded text. Scoring guides provide originality credits based on frequency of responses. The reliability and validity indices obtained are indicative of the potential promise of the instrument.
An Explanation for Differences between Stop-Watch and Mechanical Timing of Races
Authors: Naatanen Risto
Published: September 2011

To ascertain the reasons for the differences between stop-watch and mechanical timing of races, each of the 11 timers participating in the study underwent two tests. In the first test, the delayed reaction of the timer to the firing of the starter's gun was measured. The second test was designed to determine how nearly simultaneously the timer stops his watch with the crossing of the finish line by a runner. The most important results were that: (1) the reaction lag in the timer's starting his stop-watch averages about 0.2 sec. and (2) the timer stops his watch on the average when the runner still has about 13.5 cm. to go before breasting the tape. It is noteworthy that this result was obtained under a test situation in which the timer had no reason to hope that the runner would make “good” time. In the hope or anticipation of a record, the likelihood is that the timer's watch would be stopped distinctly sooner. (3) The tests clearly demonstrate that the reason for the differences between stop-watch and mechanical timing is the delayed reaction of the timer in starting his watch at the start of a race, a loss not cancelled out at the finish. The difference in the timing results by the two methods tends rather to increase at the finish.
Effects of Exposure to Localized Vibration on Hand Steadiness
Authors: Simon J. Richard
Published: September 2011

32 Ss performed a steadiness task before and again immediately after 3 min. of exposure to localized vibration. The vibratory forces were transmitted to S's performing hand through a specially constructed gripping handle which vibrated at either 60, 80, or 100 cps at a constant amplitude. Each S was exposed to each vibration frequency and also to a no-vibration control condition. Results showed a significant decrease in steadiness following exposure to vibration but no differential decrement as a function of frequency.
Physiological and Subjective Reactions to Different Physical Work Loads
Authors: Frankenhaeuser Marianne , Post Birgitta , Nordheden Bo , Sjoeberg Hans
Published: September 2011

Catecholamine excretion, cardiovascular functions, and subjective effort were studied in 10 healthy male Ss in a control condition and in three experimental sessions in each of which 5 successive 6-min. tests of either 150, 450, or 750 kpm/min., were performed on a bicycle ergometer. Catecholamine-excretion rates remained close to control levels at the lower work loads, while the highest load induced a significant increase in both adrenaline and noradrenaline output. Heart rate, systolic pressure, and subjective effort increased consistently with increasing work load.
Relationship of Piaget Measures to Standard Intelligence and Motor Scales
Authors: Dudek S. Z. , Lester E. P. , Goldberg J. S. , Dyer G. B.
Published: September 2011

A 3-yr. longitudinal study of standard IQ tests and Piaget developmental scales for children ages 5 to 8, shows a high relationship (.52, .57, .62) between the tests despite theoretical differences in construction. Tests are equally effective in predicting achievement in Grades I and II. A short-form battery of “best tests” in Piaget and WISC batteries yielded multiple Rs of .80 to .69. Relationship of Piaget tests to motor scales is low (.30) but significant.
Schachtel's Metamorphosis: I. On the Confounding of Creativity Contexts
Authors: Stark Stanley
Published: September 2011

In its more specific aspect, this paper is a critical analysis of the concept of allocentric perception, advanced by E. G. Schachtel in his book Metamorphosis. It claims that Schachtel's presentation confounds the novelty and personal-subjective meaning contexts of creativity. That is, it claims that although the perceptions of the allocentric perceiver make his personal-subjective world more meaningful for him and may lead to his making the personal-subjective world of other individuals more meaningful for them, these perceptions are not a cause or condition of his producing anything that historians call innovative. In its more general aspect, the paper is a further effort to clarify the nature of creativity, the meaning of Rorschachian rationality and inner creation, and the nature and meaning of the contemporary “conformity” protest.
Tactile-Kinesthetic Methods for Measuring Length Used by Congenitally Blind Children
Authors: Duran Peter , Tufenkjian Sylvia
Published: September 2011

The task was an analysis and description of the use of the haptic sense as it bears on the blind child's measurement of length. Congenitally blind were chosen as Ss in order to avoid the influence of previous visual experience. The procedures and techniques used for measuring length were delineated. The accuracy of the measurements was studied by using the method of constant stimuli, and Weber's law was shown to hold. Five distinct classes of methods for measuring length were discerned: spontaneous methods, body part as a measuring instrument, kinesthesis, time duration, and physical principles. Except for spontaneous methods, the basis for a method is a monotonic function of the physical length of the rod being estimated.
Handwriting Size and Self-Reported Hostility in Drug-Treated Neurotic Outpatients: Comparison of Completers and Dropouts
Authors: Downing Robert W. , Rickels Karl
Published: September 2011

Measures of handwriting size and scores on 7 scales of the Buss-Durkee Hostility Inventory were obtained from a sample of 48 mildly anxious neurotic outpatients. Comparison of product-moment correlations for 24 completers and 24 dropouts provided partial confirmation for the hypothesis that, because of greater conflict about the expression of hostility, correlations between handwriting size and the hostility measures would be arithmetically smaller and more often negative among patients dropping out of drug treatment than for the patients who completed a full 4-wk. treatment program.
Emotional Upset as a Function of Motion and Perceptual Dissonance
Authors: Grumpelt Howard R. , Brainerd Edwin G. , Furry Carol A.
Published: September 2011

Using an apparatus in which a test cage and a surrounding display could be rotated independently, an attempt was made to evaluate the influence over time of perceptual dissonance and movement on ambulation and defecation measures of emotional upset. It was predicted that on the first day a motion-dissonance group of rats would be most upset, intermediate scores would be received by motion-alone and dissonance-alone groups, while a no-motion-no-dissonance group would be least emotional. Linear and quadratic trends were expected. The results largely confirmed the above predictions although confirmation was stronger with the ambulation measure.
Age Effects of Irrelevant Stimulus Changes on a Discrimination by Children
Authors: Rosenberg Zelda Klapper , Birch Herbert G.
Published: September 2011

The ability to maintain a learned size discrimination in the face of alterations in size-irrelevant stimulus attributes was studied in 128 white middle-class children of normal intelligence ranging in age from 2 to 7 yr. Increase in chronological age resulted in increased competence in retaining a learned size discrimination in the face of alterations in aspects other than size. Marked instability of response was found at the 2- and 3-yr.-old level. A rapid change in the stability of learning was exhibited after 4 yr. Thereafter the children in successive age groups showed a continual improvement in the ability to sustain the learned response.
Psychophysical Methodology: Comparisons within the Method of Limits
Authors: Herrick Robert M.
Published: September 2011

Assume that, in a “Yes”—“No” psychophysical experiment, the probability of a “Yes” response increases as the stimulus intensity increases. Then, on the basis of probability considerations (a) the mean threshold of the descending method of limits (DML) is greater than the mean threshold of the ascending method of limits (AML) and (b) σ of the DML threshold distribution may be greater than, equal to, or less than σ of the AML threshold distribution. The implications of these and other deductions are considered with respect to analyses of psychophysical data. For example, one deduction indicates that the present method for evaluating errors of habituation and expectation is wrong. Data that support the deductions are included.
Behavioral Changes in Rats following Bufotenine Injection
Authors: Winocur Gordon , Bagchi S. P. , Young Joseph D.
Published: September 2011

A time sampling procedure was used to observe the behavioral effects of IP bufotenine injection in the rat. The results indicated an attenuation of locomotor activity which varied directly as a function of drug dosage. In addition, all response components typically associated with a general activity pattern were selectively affected by bufotenine. Interpretation of the response decrement in terms of a generalized motor loss was not supported by other aspects of the data. Evidence suggesting that behavioral changes following bufotenine treatment are due to a disruption of sensory processes was discussed.
Racial Differences in Environmental Influences on Numerical Ability as Determined by Heritability Estimates
Authors: Osborne R. T. , Miele Frank
Published: September 2011

172 pairs of MZ twins and 112 pairs of like-sexed DZ twins were given Mukherjee's Simple Arithmetic Test. 242 were boys and 326 girls, of whom 482 were white and 86 Negro. Ages ranged from 13 to 18 yr. Using four different heritability ratios the relative intrapair similarity of MZ and like-sexed DZ twins on a test of numerical ability was determined. Heritability ratios are not significantly lower for Negroes than for whites. Environment cannot be credited with playing a more significant role in the development of numerical ability of Negro than of white children.
Development of Items for Assessment of ID, EGO and Superego Tendencies in a Variety of Moral Situations
Authors: Signori Edro I. , Schwartzentruber Alison M.
Published: September 2011

Id, Ego and Superego response alternatives have been devised for 75 statements of life situations representing Leedham's categories of moral awareness. Suggestions are made concerning the greater variety of ID and SE reactions possible for a given situation. Also the description of 10 principles of moral judgment including three previously described by Piaget increases the problems of measurement. Comment also is made about the consistency and specificity issue as it relates to Id, Ego and Superego traits and the need for objective physiological means for appraisal.
Exploration of Effects of Distraction, Competing Tasks and Cognitive Style on Attention Deployment
Authors: Schimek J. G. , Wachtel Paul L.
Published: September 2011

The study dealt with the influence of drive content and cognitive style (field dependence) on the deployment of attention between two competing tasks. Ss were less able to call out letters in a random order when they simultaneously had to listen to a taped verbal passage (at one time with open sexual content and at another with more neutral content). The amount of recall of the verbal passage was positively correlated with the degree of decrease in randomness on the letter task. On the passage with sexual content, field-dependent Ss had a poorer recall and showed no relationship between the amount of recall and the decrease in randomness on the letter task. Individual differences in randomness were highly consistent across several distraction conditions and were unrelated to field dependence.
Pupillary Size as an Index of Preference in Political Candidates
Authors: Barlow Jerry Dean
Published: September 2011

15 Ss were preselected as to political preference, actively supporting either a liberal or conservative political candidate and the pupils of their right eyes were photographed while viewing slides of these candidates. The white conservative preference group dilated to the slide of George Wallace and constricted to the slides of Lyndon Johnson and Martin Luther King, while the white and Negro liberal political preference groups reacted in the opposite manner; agreement was perfect between pupillary and verbal preferences.
Effects of Viewing Distance, Low Ambient Temperature and Wind Exposure on Binocular Depth Discrimination
Authors: Kobrick John L.
Published: September 2011

A study was conducted of the effects of exposure to combinations of low ambient temperatures (70°, 20°, 0°, −20°, −40°F) and wind (3, 10, 20, 30 mph) upon binocular depth discrimination at three viewing distances (20, 40, 60 ft.). 60 groups of 8 Ss each were randomly assigned to one of 60 possible treatment combinations in a factorial design, and binocularly performed depth equality settings using the Howard-Dolman task. The results indicated significant main effects for temperature, wind, and viewing distance, as well as a significant T × W interaction, which occurred for a very brief exposure duration of 1 min. The results are interpreted in light of previous findings for binocular viewing over natural terrain, supporting the notion of two types of stereoscopic threshold, i.e., true stereopsis (ηt) and relative sensitivity in commonplace viewing (ηR).
Indicators of Homosexuality in the Human Figure Drawings of Heroin- and Pill-Using Addicts
Authors: Gardner James M.
Published: September 2011

Human figure drawings of addicts using heroin ( n = 27) or addicts using pills ( n = 25) were examined in terms of which sex drawn first and which sex drawn larger. Out-patient addicts differed significantly from incarcerated addicts for sex drawn first but not from normals. The female figure was drawn larger than the male figure only by addicts using pills.
Using a Standardized Interview with Emotionally Disturbed Children
Authors: Dinoff Michael , Newmark Charles , Butler Pamela
Published: September 2011

Pre- and post-treatment of 18 emotionally disturbed children suggests that temporal aspects of speech in a standardized interview can be used as a dependent variable.
Evidence for Reliable Individual Differences in Intra-Individual Variability
Authors: Carron Albert V. , Bailey Donald A.
Published: September 2011

In reliability theory, the deviations in an individual's performance from his own mean score are referred to as error and the assumption is made that error scores in a series of repeated tests will be uncorrected. To test this assumption, 24 college males were given 175 RT trials a day for 5 days (the first day served as a warm-up session and was not used in the analyses). Within each test day, a short rest period was given following every block of 35 trials. When data were examined on a day-to-day basis, i.e., the total 175 trials per day were used, the reliability coefficients were high (.811 to .866); on a block-to-block within-days basis, i.e., the total 175 trials per day were subdivided into 5 blocks of 35 trials, the coefficients were lower but statistically significant (the average block-to-block correlations for test Days 1, 2, 3 and 4 were .639, .704, .734 and .646 respectively). Re-evaluation of reliability theory and its assumption that an individual's deviations from his own mean ability represent error is needed. Present data suggest these deviations from mean ability in a motor skill actually reflect a biological variability and, as such, should be referred to as intra-individual variability.
The Design Perception Cards as a Predictor of Work Performance of Female Sales Attendants
Authors: Colenaty Charles
Published: September 2011

The level of success in ordering performance of 26 female bakery-products sales attendants was predicted on the basis of stress and tension scores on the Design Perception Cards test. The predictions corresponded significantly with actual success in ordering.
A Variation of the Poggendorff Illusion
Authors: Pressey A. W. , Sweeney O.
Published: September 2011

A variation of the Poggendorff illusion in which there were no closed angles was found to correlate highly with the classical Poggendorff figure. In addition, repeated trials had a similar effect on both illusions. It was concluded that explanations of the Poggendorff illusion which focus on the presence of closed acute angles are probably incorrect.
Effect of Input Rate and Preview upon a Unidimensional Perceptual Motor Task
Authors: Wilberg Robert B.
Published: September 2011

A modification of an original experiment by E. C. Poulton provided the basis of this experiment. A sine wave generator (WAGE) produced a psychologically unpredictable track which Ss attempted to follow. The length of time Ss could see the track before responding and the frequency (rate) were varied. Generally Ss' performances varied inversely as a function of the rate of information being processed and directly as the length of preview provided.
Hypoxia and Self-Paced Work
Authors: Gerben Martin J. , House Joyce L.
Published: September 2011

9 soldiers were required to perform a fixed amount of work on a bicycle ergometer during each of 18 sessions. Ss were allowed to determine their own schedules of work and rest. Ss breathed air during the first 9 sessions (Training). During the second 9 sessions (Experimental) Ss breathed either 21, 14, or 12% O2. Results indicated that Ss paced themselves by stopping rather than changing their rate of pedaling. Training reduced the number of stops per session, while hypoxia had the opposite effect.
Parameters and Factor Structure of a Three-Phase Code Transformation Task (3P-COTRAN)
Authors: Alluisi Earl A. , Coates Glynn D.
Published: September 2011

In an experimental test of a 3-phase code transformation task, 90 Ss performed under 1 of the 6 combinations of 2 memory-aid and 3 transformation-complexity conditions. A factor analysis of 72 measures of performance led to the identification of 5 factors. Analyses based on 9 selected measures indicated that 2 memory aids were better in the problem-solving third phase of the task.
Alpha Blocking Latency and Reaction Time in Schizophrenics and Normals
Authors: Cromwell Rue L. , Held Joan M.
Published: September 2011

7 schizophrenics and 8 normal controls were administered reaction time (RT) trials while alpha (8 to 13 cps) waves were visible from the right motor parietal EEG leads. Under these conditions, schizophrenics were significantly faster than normals in alpha blocking latency (ABL) on this and the other two recorded channels. No differences occurred in RT. Mean RT was significantly correlated with mean ABL only when blocked trials and diminished trials were correlated separately. Intrasubject correlations between RT and ABL were not significant. The findings were discussed in terms of the concepts of arousal by Venables and by Goldstein and Sugerman.
Task Variations in Studies of Experimenter Expectancy Effects
Authors: Rosenthal Robert
Published: September 2011

Although most studies of E-expectancy effect have employed a person-perception task, over 40 studies have been conducted employing other tasks. In general, tasks other than the person-perception task tend to show greater effects of E expectancy.
Relations among Wechsler Full-Scale Scores, Organicity-Sensitive Subtest Scores and Bender-Gestalt Errors Scores
Authors: Doubros Steve G. , Mascarenhas Juliet
Published: September 2011

To help clarify the nature of associations between the Bender-Gestalt and Wechsler scores, the test records of 71 children were examined. Inter-correlations (–.22 to –.43) showed significant relationships between the two tests in all instances but one. Age appeared to have a significant effect on the Pascal and Suttell scoring of the Bender but sex differences were negligible.
Serial Position and Sequential Dependencies in Repeated Measures Designs
Authors: Macrae Kenneth D.
Published: September 2011

A scheme for the evaluation of the effects of serial position and sequential dependencies in experiments where repeated measures are made on the same Ss, and where it is possible for S to receive any of these treatments more than once, is presented here. The desirability of examining such effects is discussed, and it is concluded that, where the experimental situation permits, repeated measure plans of the type presented here should be used both because serial-position effects and sequential dependencies are of interest in their own right and because the additional cost in experimenter time is often small.
Duration of Time in Time-Related Words
Authors: Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

275 time-related words, considered a source for the cognitive investigation of time perspective, were assigned to 10 time intervals ranging from seconds to millennia by 32 Ss equally divided by sex. Differences were found in the duration of time connoted by the verbal materials, with reference to the frequency with which the 10 time intervals were used, as well as the time spans associated with the past, present, and future. No sex difference was noted.
Concealment of Stimuli during Delay in the Delayed-Response Problem
Authors: Motiff James P. , De Kock Arlan R. , Davis Roger T.
Published: September 2011

Unless their level of performance on delayed-response problems is very high, monkeys show a decrement when the opaque screen of the WGTA is lowered. This did not occur when the objects were concealed for a comparable period by a small hand screen, suggesting the deficit was due to the signal that lowering the screen meant trial termination.
Variation in Magnitude of Negative Transfer on Successive Discrimination Reversal (SDR) Tasks across Species
Authors: Gossette Robert L.
Published: September 2011

Attention is directed to the isolation of the dimensions of SDR methodology which make it sensitive to inter-species performance differences that have systematic taxonomical significance. Two dimensions in particular are indicated, inconstancy of reinforcement and the maximum opportunity for the generation of negative transfer. To determine if variation in magnitude of negative transfer is diagnostic of phyletic level, indices were studied across different phyletic levels of birds. More “primitive” birds developed greater magnitudes of negative transfer than more “advanced” birds. The relevance of these data to the retention decrement and the differential extinction hypotheses is examined.
Effects of “Task-Related Stress” on Human Performance on a Two-Component Monitoring Task
Authors: Jacobs Paul D. , Kirk Roger E.
Published: September 2011

Male and female Ss performed a two-component monitoring task under 3 conditions of stress, No-stress, Task-related Stress, and Task-unrelated Stress. Dependent variables were reaction time, cumulative responses, and cumulative response errors. The results indicated faster reaction time under conditions of Task-related Stress than during the other two conditions. Differences in cumulative responses and cumulative response errors also occurred over monitoring periods, suggesting improved vigilance with practice. The results were interpreted as indicative of a “protective-adaptive” response to stress, during which S protects himself by adapting within his response repertoire to stressors.
Non-Linguistic Factors in Oral Language Productivity
Authors: Gall Meredith D. , Hobby Amos K. , Craik Kenneth H.
Published: September 2011

Individual differences in oral language productivity were assessed by word counts of Ss' spoken descriptions of 9 different visual displays. Women attained higher word counts than men in 8 of their 9 descriptions, in 3 instances to a statistically significant extent. Individual differences in oral language productivity showed a moderately high degree of stability across situations. The pattern of correlations between oral language productivity and personality variables differed in the samples of men and women. The sex-specific and situation-specific role of personality variables in oral language productivity is illustrated and discussed.
Note on Knehr's Span of Apprehension Test
Authors: Lerner Richard M.
Published: September 2011

60 college students were administered Series I and Series II of the Span of Apprehension Test (SAT). In both series of this test random patterns of from 3 to 10 dots are presented, but Series II includes grid lines in the field. Response errors on Series I were almost all in overestimating the number of dots presented; with Series II significant decreases in overestimation and increases in underestimation obtained. This response reversal was found despite individual and/or group differences in modes of response to the SAT. In explanation of these findings it was hypothesized that with the inclusion of grid lines in Series II a cognitive strategy different from that used for Series I was evoked.
Color Preferences among the Flags of the World
Authors: Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

Color use interpreted as preferences among the flags of 139 independent nations of the world included red, blue, green, and yellow. With one exception (green among African states), each color was equally preferred among six geographic groups of nations. In addition, white was preferred to black, colors were horizontally placed, and symbols were more likely to be present than not. These data were related to judgments made by individuals of isolated colors, to differences in inferred need achievement between countries, and to the role of language and culture in color discrimination and preference.
Set and Different Degrees of Ambiguity of the “Wife and Mother-in-Law” Figures
Authors: Lindauer Martin S.
Published: September 2011

A series of 6 ambiguous wife and mother-in-law figures were presented to two groups of Ss who initially saw either the unambiguous wife or mother-in-law. The evidence generally supported the effect of prior experience in influencing the perceptual organization of ambiguous forms. However, the data also indicated that some forms were resistant to one of the experiential sets. Further, an ambiguous form did not show the effect of set after a 1-wk. interval.
Field Dependence and Memory for Social vs Neutral and Relevant vs Irrelevant Incidental Stimuli
Authors: Eagle Morris , Goldberger Leo , Breitman Martin
Published: September 2011

In 2 experiments, field-dependent Ss showed better incidental memory for social words, while field-independent Ss showed an even division between recall of social and neutral words and a selective preference in recognition for neutral words.
Telepathic Perception in the Dream State: Confirmatory Study Using EEG-EOG Monitoring Techniques
Authors: Krippner Stanley , Ullman Montague
Published: September 2011

S, selected on the basis of his successful performance in a previous telepathy-dream study, spent 8 nights in a laboratory; his sleep was monitored by EEG-EOG techniques. As E observed the onset of a REM period, he signalled (by buzzer) an acoustically isolated psychologist to awaken and concentrate on a randomly selected target (art print), the content of which was unknown to S or E. At the termination of each REM period, E awakened S, eliciting a dream report. These reports, and S's associations to them, were tape-recorded and subsequently transcribed. The hypothesis stated that there would be a discernible correspondence between the target used on any given night and S's dreams on that night. Upon completion of the eight nights, three judges (working independently and blind) rated each of the 8 targets against each of the 8 dream transcripts, using a 100-point scale to indicate degree of correspondence between each target-transcript pair. A Latin-square analysis of variance procedure compared the mean ratings of the 8 critical pairs with the mean ratings of the 56 non-critical pairs. An F of 6.43 (7/28 df) was obtained ( p < 0 001), confirming the telepathy hypothesis and replicating a previous telepathy-dream study.
Effects of Visual Loss on Toad, Bufos Boreas, Activity
Authors: Schultz Ronald , Norberg Marty
Published: September 2011

15 blinded Western toads, Bufos boreas, exhibited significantly less closed-field locomotor activity than those ( n = 15) with normal vision. It was postulated that this decrease in activity was due to the toad's lack of an optimum arousal level.
Varieties of Consciousness: Comparison of Some Cognitive Characteristics
Authors: Buck Lucien A.
Published: September 2011

The present study was an attempt to describe and contrast a variety of states of consciousness. The results indicate that dreams, hypnagogic and hypnopompic experiences, depersonalization, déjà vu, synesthesia, and daydreams can be differentiated by means of a series of descriptive characteristics.
Leveling-Sharpening and Representational Learning
Authors: Fitzgerald Donald , Hong Heungim O.
Published: September 2011

Performance of college students on the Squares Test was related to immediate and delayed recognition of unfamiliar concept names in a representational learning task. Although previous research has not substantiated predictions from the assimilation model when the task involved associative learning, the present study clearly indicated ( p < .01) the superiority of “sharpeners” to “levelers” in representational learning with the stimulus phrases embedded in prose material and low-meaning response terms.
Some Influences of Visual Angle and Retinal Speed on Measures of the Spiral Aftereffect
Authors: Williams Mary Jane , Collins William E.
Published: September 2011

Duration and intensity of the SAE were judged under five conditions: Angle Constant (A)—retinal speed and visual angle were held constant across several spiral-size, viewing-distance combinations; Size-Constant—a single spiral size was used at several distances, with retinal speed either varied (S1) or held constant (S2); Distance Constant—several spiral sizes were used at a constant distance with retinal speed either varied (D1) or held constant (D2). Duration and intensity measures were affected similarly, with perceptual rather than physical variables seeming to account for the results. Assuming that perfect size constancy occurred during the experiment, SAE durations were longer, in general, for larger values of perceived size per unit of retinal size. Retinal speed variation had no apparent influence, except possibly at low values.
Personality Traits of Women Athletes as Measured by the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
Authors: Dayries John L. , Grimm Ronald L.
Published: September 2011

The Edwards Personal Preference Schedule (EPPS) was administered to 21 women intercollegiate athletes and scores were compared with those of a normative group of college women. Results indicated that the women athletes were significantly different on 2 of the 15 variables measured by the EPPS.
Some EPPS Differences between Smokers and Non-Smokers
Authors: Reiter Henry H.
Published: September 2011

30 smokers and 30 non-smokers were found to differ significantly on the EPPS in Change (Chg), Nurturance (Nur), Exhibition (Exh), and Deference (Def). Smokers scored higher in Change and Exhibition while non-smokers were higher in Nurturance and Deference. The differences supported previous findings regarding less social responsibility among smokers.
Recovery of Motor Performance following Startle
Authors: Thackray Richard I. , Touchstone R. Mark
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to provide information concerning the extent to which startle disrupts motor performance, the rate of recovery, and characteristics of Ss who differ in susceptibility to startle. 30 Ss were trained on both reaction time and tracking tasks. Continuous recordings were taken of heart rate and skin conductance. During a subsequent period of continuous tracking, “startle” stimuli (115 db random noise) were unexpectedly presented. Results showed the recovery of tracking performance following startle to be quite rapid; performance returned to pre-stimulus levels within 15 sec. following stimulation. Contrary to several previous studies, reaction times to the startle stimuli decreased relative to nonstartle reaction times. Ss with the greatest increase in tracking error following startle were least proficient prior to startle. There was also an indication that these Ss reacted more strongly to startle, in terms of both their subjective response and heart-rate acceleration, than those Ss whose tracking was least impaired by startle. An apparent covariation between recovery curves for heart rate and tracking error was found following startle.
Estimation of Intersection of Two Converging Targets as a Function of Speed and Angle of Target Movement
Authors: Kimball Kent A.
Published: September 2011

The investigation examined the effects of target velocity and angle of approach on the accuracy of intersection estimation of two moving targets. An inferred movement display was utilized in which two rows of lights, flashing serially across the display, simulated two moving targets. Five different target velocities and two angles of approach (30° and 90°) were used. The targets were displayed halfway to the actual intersection point. Ss' task was to observe the targets until they disappeared and then indicate when he thought they intersected. Each S was given 100 trials. Raw data in the form of the difference between estimated and actual intersection time were collected and converted to constant and absolute error scores for each trial. In three-factor analysis of variance with repeated measures on 2 variables, target velocity and angle of approach were significant sources of variation. Second-order and third-order interactions between angle, speed, and Ss were also statistically significant. Time estimations were converted to velocity estimates, and standard deviations of estimates were plotted against mean velocity estimates. A linear function was obtained similar to that reported by Brown (1961).
Power of Immediate Positive Feedback
Authors: Wilhelm Rowena
Published: September 2011

This case relates success experiences of an adult non-reader, i.e., one who scores below Grade 1.0 on standardized reading tests. The success experiences are attributed to the techniques of immediate positive feedback and the reinforcement for successive approximations, demonstrating to S that he can read.
Relationship between GSR, Heart Rate, and Reversibility of a Necker Cube
Authors: Roland Billy C.
Published: September 2011

Cold-pressor stimulation significantly increased the reversal rate of the Necker cube for 84 college Ss instructed to observe passively. A moderate negative relationship was found between GSR and the number of reversals ( r = –.35) while a small positive relationship existed between heart rate and cube reversal ( r = .22).
Perception of Mechanical Causality
Authors: Cuti Jean , Zenhausern Robert
Published: September 2011

Using a photographic animation technique, the effects of qualitative and quantitative factors on the perception of mechanical causality were investigated. The results indicated that the type of response required of S has a significant effect on the proportion of responses of causality reported. Several of Michotte's (1954) findings were supported, while others were rejected. In addition, the use of easily identifiable rather than abstract objects, greatly enhanced the impression of causality.
Inter-Rater and Test-Retest Reliability of a Proportionality Measure for the D-A-P
Authors: Beck Michael , Bart Leonard
Published: September 2011

Satisfactory test-retest (.81) and interjudge (.91) reliabilities were obtained on a measure of proportionality for male figure drawings utilizing 20 college students.
Prediction of an Individual Speech Pattern from Dyadic Interaction
Authors: Jaffe Joseph , Breskin Stephen
Published: September 2011

One mathematical consequence of a Markov model of conversational rhythm is tested empirically. It is that monologue represents a special case of dialogue in which one participant is silent (or absent). The interaction parameters unique to dialogue indeed contribute little if any information to the prediction of noninteractive speech rhythms. They are nevertheless essential if one wishes to regenerate the dyadic system via the concatenation of monologue sequences.
Double-Aspect Perception and Social Interest
Authors: Huber R. John , Stiggins Richard J.
Published: September 2011

The responses of 284 Ss to 3 double-aspect stimuli were investigated. Significant differences in the number of human responses were found to be related to age and adjustment.
Test of a Cognitive Theory of Psychophysics: Size Discrimination
Authors: Baird John C. , Romer Daniel , Stein Timothy
Published: September 2011

The cognitive theory of psychophysics proposed in an earlier paper by Baird claims that the ratio of exponents obtained in the method of magnitude estimation for 2 stimulus attributes is equal to the ratio of information transmitted in the method of absolute judgment for those attributes. This theoretical prediction was tested experimentally for visual length and area. Results partially supported the prediction, inasmuch as the ordinal relations among exponents (length higher than area) was the same as the ordinal relation among information measures. However, in one instance, the exact quantitative relationship was significantly different from the predicted value.
Possible Effects of Rate of Global Spin
Authors: Porteus S. D.
Published: September 2011

Technological retardation among certain ethnic groups has been commonly ascribed to the mental inertia associated with prolonged residence in tropical climates. However, in every direction except human resourcefulness tropical conditions favor the most rapid development. There were exceptional civilizations in tropical regions, but their decline was hastened by the failure of peoples in the New World to invent and use the wheel and the onset of the debilitating diseases of malaria, hookworm, etc. Another factor may be that the equatorial bulge happens also to be the region of greatest velocity of diurnal rotation. A device that could possibly assist in gathering data on the effect of extremes of spin is described. Its use might also reverse the trend toward overdomestication of the albino rat which threatens its continued usefulness for research. Present-day progress in space travel could favor such study.