bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Helicobacter pylori infection in people who are intellectually and developmentally disabled: A review
Authors: Kitchens Dinah H. , Binkley Catherine J. , Wallace Debra L. , Darling Douglas
Published: March 2008

The Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) bacterium has been classified by the World Health Organization as a type 1 carcinogen with associations to the development of peptic and gastric ulcere, gastric carcinoma and primary B‐cell lymphoma. Individuais who have intellectual disabilities and developmental disabilities (IDDD) exhibit H. pylori gastric infection at approximately twice the rate of the general population and have recurrences after triple drug treatment at a rate nearly seven times that of the general population. Gastrointestinal malignancy is reported to account for almost 50% of all cancer deaths in this population. Oral‐oral and fecal‐oral routes are theorized to be the primary modes of transmission for the ingestion of the bacterium.

Maladaptive behaviors exhibited by individuals who have IDDD can be considered risk factors for H. pylori infection since H. pylori has been cultivated from vomitus, saliva, and feces. The purpose of this paper is to review information regarding Helicobacter pylori infection in persons with IDDD and highlight the significance of oral infection.
Severe tongue injury in an adolescent with epilepsy: A case report
Authors: Cerqueira Daniella Ferraz , Vieira áurea Simone Barrôso , Maia Lucianne Copie , Sweet Eric
Published: March 2008

Epilepsy and other neurological disorders can have profound social, physical and psychological consequences, especially when they begin in childhood. Moreover, seizure episodes may cause fractures, burns, head injuries and oral injuries. This report presents a case history of an adolescent with a severe tongue injury related to epileptic seizures and outlines the proposed treat‐ment, which included use of a maxillary silicone bite guard that allowed healing of the tongue injury within a few months.
Oral conditions of 1,049 patients referred to a university‐based oral medicine and orofacial pain center
Authors: Suarez Piedad , DDS Glenn Clark
Published: March 2008

ARRTRACT

At the USC Orofacial Pain/Oral Medicine Center, 1,049 new patients seen from September 2003 to September 2005 were sorted according to their primary diagnosis. Two‐thirds were female and 19.7% were over 64 years of age. The most prevalent diseases were categorized and compared with a similar study published 15 years ago. The seven categories included osseous disease (3.3%), mucogingival disease (17.8%), salivary/lymphatic disease (3.3%), TMD (46.3%); neuropathic pain/headache disorders (13.1%), motor/sleep disorders (9.1%), and miscellaneous (not included in above categories) (7.1 %). The 35 most frequent diagnoses were sorted by the mean age of our patients and the male‐female ratio was also determined. The oldest patients had burning mouth syndrome (68.1 ± 14.7) and the youngest had internal derangements of the temporo‐mandibular joints (27.9±14.0). These data could be used to provide information on the scope of oral medicine practice, to help practitioners create age‐appropriate differential diagnoses, and to help dental school curriculum committees and graduate program directors assess their curricula to ensure they are including the full range of oral conditions in their programs.
Bilateral fracture of the mandible in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Case report
Authors: Wright Graeme W. , Wiesenfeld David , Seymour John F.
Published: March 2008

The development of osteolytic bone lesions in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) is extremely rare and has not been reported to involve the mandible. A case of bilateral pathologic fracture of the mandible extensively involved with multiple bony deposits of CLL is reported.
Obstructive sleep apnoea: The role of the oral and maxillofacial surgeon
Authors: Dimitroulis George
Published: March 2008

Obstructive sleep apnoea is a relatively common sleep disorder that is popularly associated with snoring and excessive daytime sleepiness. It is a disorder with serious implications that has only in the last two decades received the attention of clinical specialists. The aim of this article is to review the role of the dental profession in the recognition and management of this disorder.
Apexification: Case report
Authors: Parashos Peter
Published: March 2008

Apexification is a process/procedure well recognized and accepted by clinicians and researchers alike. Calcium hydroxide is most commonly used to induce an apical hard tissue barrier which may be composed of different tissues but its mechanism of action is still unknown. The epithelial cell rests of Malassez have been implicated in apexification although case reports exist which apparently dispute this. The following case report demonstrates an unusual case of apexification following root filling, surgery and retreatment where the role of the epithelial cell rests of Malassez is discussed.
Factors influencing long‐term restoration survival in three private dental practices in Adelaide
Authors: Hawthorne W. S. , Smales R. J.
Published: March 2008

Very little is known of dentist and patient factors which may influence the survival or longevity of dental restorative materials placed in private practices. The present retrospective study investigated during 1992 the effects of six factors on the long‐term survivals of five types of restorations placed by 20 male dentists in 100 adult patients, at 3 selected Adelaide dental practices. There were no significant effects on restoration survival from change of dentist, and generally only one or two types of restorations had their survivals influenced significantly either by dental practice location, or by patient age, frequency of patient attendance, experience of dentist, and whether or not the restorations were replacements during the study period. Restoration survival was not influenced significantly by whether, or not, any replacements were made by the dentist who placed the initial restorations. The median survival times for amalgams were 22.52 years, resin composites 16.72 years, castings 13.75 years, and crowns an estimated 26 years. For glass‐ionomers, 75 per cent were still present at 11.25 years.
Bacteraemia caused by periodontal probing
Authors: Daly Chris , Mitchell David , Grossberg David , Highfield John , Stewart Douglas
Published: March 2008

Bacteraemia of oral origin may result in infective endocarditis in susceptible individuals. The aim of this pilot study was to investigate the occurrence of bacteraemia due to periodontal probing. Thirty patients (15 male, 15 female; mean age 42.7 years) with untreated periodontitis were investigated. All were free of significant medical disorders and none had taken antibiotics in the previous month. Prior to and immediately following periodontal probing, 20 mL of venous blood were obtained from each patient and inoculated into aerobic and anaerobic blood culture bottles and incubated. Negative bottles were monitored continuously for three weeks before being discarded. Periodontal probing consisted of measuring pockets at six points around each tooth and recording the presence or absence of bleeding. A positive bacteraemia was recorded for three of the patients prior to probing. One patient exhibited Prevotella species whilst two exhibited skin commensals. Following probing, 13 patients (43 per cent) exhibited bacteraemia of oral origin. Viridans streptococci were the most common isolates (45 per cent). No significant correlations were found between bacteraemia and the severity of periodontitis or extent of bleeding on probing. The results indicate that periodontal probing can cause bacteraemia in patients with periodontitis. It would be advisable for patients considered at risk of developing infective endocarditis to receive antibiotic prophylaxis for periodontal probing if they have radiographic evidence of periodontitis.
Prior fluoridation in childhood affects dental caries and tooth wear in a South East Queensland population
Authors: Teo C. , Young W. G. , Daley T. J. , Sauer H.
Published: March 2008

Fluoride exposure in early life has an effect on dental caries experience, but does it affect tooth wear in later life? Ninety‐six South East Queensland subjects were studied. Their histories revealed three groups; a fluoride (F‐) in water supply, a F‐ by supplement, and a non‐fluoridated (non F‐) group. Significantly higher caries experience was found in the non‐F‐ group compared with F‐ in water group and the F‐ supplement group. No statistically significant difference in caries experience was found between the F‐ in water and F‐ supplement groups. Overall, tooth wear affected more sextants of the dentitions of non‐fluoridated, high‐caries subjects than of fluoridated low‐caries subjects. Comparisons of wear patterns on sextants of the dentitions, between the fluoridated and nonfluoridated groups, revealed that in sextants where attrition was present no marked differences were discernible between the two groups. However, in most sextants where incisal, palatal, occlusal or non‐occlusal erosion was found, this type of wear was commoner in non‐fluoridated subjects. The exceptions were the mandibular molar sextants, where prior fluoride‐exposure did not appear to protect against occlusal erosion patterns. This study showed that fluoride exposure during the first 12 years of life, which reduced dental caries in this population, may also protect teeth from wear to some extent.
Comparison of different methods of temporomandibular joint disc reconstruction ‐ An animal model
Authors: Ogi Nobumi , Ishimaru Jun‐Ichi , Kurita Kenichi , Handa Yujiro , Jones Robert H. B. , Goss Alastair N.
Published: March 2008

The optimum method of temporomandibular joint (TMJ) reconstruction has not been defined despite numerous surgical treatments and several well controlled clinical trials. Animal models offer an experimental method allowing direct comparison of standardized surgical techniques. Advanced osteoarthrosis was induced bilaterally in 12 mature merino sheep. Three months later unilateral surgical reconstruction was performed. Four sheep had discectomy alone, four discectomy with fresh TMJ disc grafts, and four discectomy with fresh auricular grafts. All three surgical methods resulted in some reversal and repair of the osteoarthritic process, with the best result being from the auricular graft, next discectomy alone, next the disc graft, with the untreated osteoarthritic joint showing the most advanced pathosis. This study supports the role of surgical reconstruction in advanced degenerative disease of the temporomandibular joint, in particular, auricular graft reconstruction.
An improved mouthguard material
Authors: Westerman Bill , Stringfellow P. M. , Eccleston J. A.
Published: March 2008

a modified mouthguard material which reduces transmitted forces is described. Tests showed that the inclusion of air cells in a 4 mm thick polyvinylacetate‐polyethylene (EVA) copolymer reduced the effects of impacts of less than 10 KN when compared with a material of the same EVA composition and thickness. The EVA copolymer with air‐inclusions is suitable for the construction of stock, mouth‐formed and vacuum‐formed mouthguards. The improved elastic properties of the modified mouthguard material properties of the modified mouthguard material reduced transmitted forces by 32 per cent when copared with traditional EVA mouthguard polymers of the same thickness.
Trends in postgraduated education in general dentistry
Authors: Kittipibul Photjana , Godfrey Keith
Published: March 2008

The explosion of knowledge coupled with a more diversified society have led to a new set of demands on dentists. For more than 20 years, dental educators and the profession have been concerned about the pressure on the university to ensure that every new graduate is full competent to enter a dental practice independently and successfully. This paper reviews some of the innovations which are being employed to attempt to deal with these concerns. There is no one formula that can answer these concerns. Postgraduate training in general dentistry is becoming more widespread and may need further investigation. The main focus of this paper is on trends in formal advanced postgraduate training in general dentistry.
Orofacial granulomatosis: A diagnostic problem for the unwary and a management dilemma. Case reports
Authors: Clayden Arabelle M. , Bleys Caroline M. , Jones Sandra F. , Saage Neil W. , Aldred Michael J.
Published: March 2008

Orofacial granulomatosis is a condition that may be difficult to diagnose for those unfamiliar with the entity. This paper describes two cases and addresses the presentation, pathogenesis and treatment. The clinical recognition of this condition is important as is the subsequent investigation by an appropriate specialist. Management of patients needs to take into account the results of further investigations, the patient's expectations, and the severity of the condition.
The current status of low level laser therapy in dentistry, Part 1. Soft tissue applications
Authors: Walsh L. J.
Published: March 2008

Despite more than 30 years of experience with low level laser therapy (LLLT) or ‘biostimulation’ in dentistry, concerns remain as to its effectiveness as a treatment modality. Controlled clinical studies have demonstrated that while LLLT is effective for some specific applications, it is not a panacea. This paper provides an outline of the biological basis of LLLT and summarizes the findings of controlled clinical studies of the use of LLLT for specific soft tissue applications in dentistry. Areas of controversy where there is a pressing need for further research are identified.
Public perception of cross‐infection control in dentistry
Authors: Thomson W. Murray , Stewart Judith F. , Carter Knute D. , Spencer A. John
Published: March 2008

Since the advent of HIV/AIDS at the beginning of the 1980s, concern has generated considerable impetus for change in cross‐infection control procedures in dentistry. This process has been hastened partly by media coverage which, in tending to favour sensation over rational discourse, has played a not inconsiderable role in shaping public uderstanding and expectations. This study aimed to investigate public perceptions of cross‐infection control in dentistry in Australia using a postal follow‐up to the 1995 National Dental Telephone rate was 85.2 per cent. Concerns about the procedures used by their dentist to sterilize instruments were reported by 13.3 per cent of respondents overall, and this was greater among non‐health‐card‐holders, individuals who mainly spoke a language other than English in the home, and those who reported a non‐routine dental visiting pattern. Avoidance or delaying of dental visits due to the perceived cross‐infection risk was reported by an overall 3.6 per cent of people, and this was higher among females and those who expressed concern about cross‐infection control. The profession has a responsibility to ensure that information on the measures which have been taken to reduce the risk of cross‐infection in dentisry is disseminated as widely and as clearly as possible so that undue public concern and avoidance of dental care are minimized.
Lower lip paraesthesia following restoration of a second premolar tooth. Case report
Authors: Abbott Paul V.
Published: March 2008

A forty year old female patient developed paraesthesia of the right side of her lower lip following the placement of an extensive pin‐retained amalgam restoration in her lower right second premolar tooth. Radiographs indicated that the mental foramen was close to the apex of this tooth and it was assumed that postoperative pulpitis and periapical inflammation had caused the paraesthesia through the effects of pressure on the mental nerve. The paraesthesia resolved following endodontic treatment of the lower second premolar tooth and the patient has had no further signs or symtoms.
Trans‐antral temporalis transfer for the repair of adult cleft palates
Authors: Arvier John F. , Molla Motiur R. , Fitzpatrick Barry , Shaheed S. M. Iqbal , Lanza Kerry
Published: March 2008

Temporalis muscle transfer is a versatile technique frequetly used for reconstructive procedures in the maxillofacial region. However the thickness of the pedicle may interfere with masticatory function when used anteriorly in the oral cavity. To repair full‐length mid‐palatal defects in fully dentate patients the flap can be passed through the maxillary sinus and combined with local repair of the soft palate, thus avoiding any occlusal trauma from the posterior teeth.

The operation is a single stage procedure with low morbidity and few complications, and is a useful technique for repairing the large untreated clefts frequently encountered in developing countries. The procedure is used by members of the Australian and New Zealand Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons Bangladesh Project who have operated in Dhaka teaching hospitals on a regular basis since 1991.
Adenomatoid odontogenic tumour (adenoameloblastoma). Case report and review of the literature
Authors: Dayi Ertunç , Gürbüz Gelengül , Bilge O. Murat , Çiftcio&gcarlu M. Akif
Published: March 2008

An adenomatoid tumour was found in the anterior maxillary region of a 15 year old female patient. Two impacted teeth were found in the tumour. The lateral incisor found in the tumour was dilacerated, and the roots of the first premolar were resorbed. A review of the English literature indicated that 294 similar cases have been reported.
Wine tasting and dental erosion. Case report
Authors: Gray A. , Ferguson M. M. , Wall J. G.
Published: March 2008

A case of widespread dental erosion is reported in an individual who had worked in the wine industry for ten years. This occupation involved daily tasting of at least 20 wines, but often more. The erosion manifested as dental sensitivity with there being cervical erosion, occlusal pitting, and loss of enamel around restorations.

The effect of immersing unerupted human teeth in white wine (pH 3.3) was examined with the scanning electron microscope, where marked surface changes had occurred after 24 hours of exposure
Candida‐associated denture stoma titis. Aetiology and management: A review. Part 2. Oral diseases caused by candida species
Authors: Webb B. C. , Thomas C. J. , Willcox M. D. P. , Harty D. W. S. , Knox K. W.
Published: March 2008

Certain systemic conditions and/or defects in the immune system may predispose the host to oral candidal infection and the commonest form of oral candidosis is candida‐associated denture stomatitis. Until recently there has been controversy concerning the aetiology of the disease. Although some earlier investigators linked denture stomatitis with trauma or bacterial infection, others had isolated Candida albicans from the mouths of patients with the condition. Current studies indicate that denture stomatitis lesions are associated with the detection of candida species while other factors such as denture hygiene, trauma, systemic diseases and deficiencies of the immune system may be involved.
Trigeminal neuraligia. A retrospective survey of a sample of patients in singapore and Malaysia
Authors: Loh H. S. , Ling S. Y. , Shanmuhasuntharam P. , Zain R. , Yeo J. F. , Khoo S. P.
Published: March 2008

This survey was undertaken to study the clinical features of trigeminal neuralgia in an Asian population. Demographic data of 44 patients treated at the Dental Faculty of the National University of Singapore and at the University of Malaya were reviewed. The results of the survey were analysed and comparisons made with those of Caucasian patients as reported in other studies where there was a general similarity in the clinical findings. Trigeminal neuralgia presented predominantly in females. Right‐sided involvement occurred at a greater frequency, and the peak age at onset was between the sixth and seventh decades of life. The only significant variant in them present sample was the greater involvement of the mandibular branch of the trigeminal nerve rather than the maxillary division. In addition, there was a much greater representation from Chinese patients over Malays as compared with their ratios in general population.
Massive residual dental cyst: Case report
Authors: Dimitroulis George , Curtin John
Published: March 2008

A case report is presented of a massive residual dental cyst that involved over half an edentulous mandible. Presentation, diagnosis and management of the massive cyst is discussed.
A survey of oral health in a population of adults with developmental disabilities: Comparison with a national oral health survey of the general population
Authors: Scott Antonia , March Lyn , Stokes Marie‐Louise
Published: March 2008

During 1991, an oral health assessment of 101 adults with developmental disabilities aged from 21 to 53 years undertaken as part of a broader health survey which also included medical, psychological and nutritional assessments. The study group consisted of a random sample of adults chosen form the developmentally disabled population known to be living in the lower North Shore area of Sydney. This paper describes the results of the oral health assessment and compress them with an oral health survey of the Australian population done in 1987/88. Forty‐six per cent of the study group were males (mean age 33.5 years) and 54 per cent were females (mean age 33.0 years). Compared with similar age subgroups in the Australian population, the following factors were more frequently reported in the developmentally disabled group: a dental visit in the last 12 months (65 per cent vs 50) per cent; Odds Ratio (OR) 1.9:95) per cent; Confidence Internal (CI); 1.3‐2.8); use of public rather than private dental services (42 per cent vs 6 per cent; OR 11.3:95% CI7.5–16.9); oral mucosal pathology requiring treatment (15 percent vs 2 per cent; OR 8.5:95% CI 5.2–13.8); Severe periodontal disease (16 per cent vs 3 per cent; OR 6.9:95% CI 4.2–11.4); and moderate to severe malocclusion (26 percent vs 11 per cent; OR 2.1:95% CI 1.3‐3.5). Fifty‐eight per cent of subjects felt they needed no dental treatment but on examination of the oral mucosa, periodontal tissues and teeth, over 90 per cent were found to require some sort of dental treatment.
Genetic aspects of dental disorders
Authors: Townsend Grant C. , Aldred Michael J. , Bartold P. Mark
Published: March 2008

This paper reviews past and present applications of quantitative and molecular genetics to dental disorders. Examples are given relating to craniofacial development (including malocclusion), oral supporting tissues (including periodontal diseases) and dental hard tissues (including defects of enamel and dentine as well as dental caries). Future developments and applications to clinical dentistry are discussed. Early investigations confirmed genetic bases to dental caries, periodontal diseases and malocclusion, but research findings have had little impact on clinical practice. The complex multifactorial aetiologies of these conditions, together with methodological problems, have limited progress until recently. Present studies are clarifying previously unrecognized genetic and phenotypic heterogeneities and attempting to unravel the complex interactions between genes and environment by applying new statistical modelling approaches to twin and family data. linkage studies using highly polymorphic DNA markers are providing a means of locating candidate genes, including quantitative trait loci (QTL). In future, as knowledge increases: it should be possible to implement preventive strategies for those genetically‐predisposed individuals who are identified‐predisposed individuals who are identified to be at risk.
Polyvinyl siloxane impression materials: An update on clinical use
Authors: Mandikos Michael N.
Published: March 2008

Polyvinyl siloxane impression materials have applications in a variety of indirect procedures in prosthodontics and restorative dentistry. Favourable handling properties, good patient acceptance and excellent physical properties have resulted in their popularity in today's practice. In this review, the chemistry and important physical properties of polyvinyl siloxanes are summarized, and recent clinical questions of improved hydrophilics, tray adhesives, disinfection, and glove‐induced polymerization inhibition are addressed.
The effects of the Nd:Y AG laser on amalgan dental restorative material
Authors: Cernavin Igor , Hogan Sean P.
Published: March 2008

The Nd:YAG laser has been marketed as an instrument for use on both hard and soft dental tissues. Its potential for use on hard tissues is limited but it may be the instrument of choice for use in certain soft tissue procedures. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of the Nd:YAG laser on analgam restorations which are frequently placed on tooth surfaces adjacent to the areas of soft tissue which may be subjected to the laser. The amalgam used was Tytin. The laser firing was controlled by a computer and constant repetition rate of 40 Hz was used. Energy per pulse was altered as follows: 30 mJ, 40 mJ, 60 mJ, 80 mJ, 120 mJ and 140 mJ. Exposure times of 0.05 s (2 pulses), 1 s (40 pulses), 2 s (80 pulses), 3 s (120 pulses), 4 s (160 pulses), and 5 s (200 pulses) were used. The width of defect was measured using a measuring microscope with 10x magnification and it was established that the damage threshold lies between 0.125 s (5 pulses) and 0.25 s (10 pulses) for 30 mJ per pulse. Scanning electron microscope observations revealed that the melting of amalgam at exposure times of 5 s actually decreased the size of the observed defect. The data were analysed using a two‐way ANOVA statistical test. There was a significant (p<0.001) correlation between the width of the defect and exposure time up to an exposure time of 4 s and the width of defect and the energy per pulse setting. The findings indicate that amalgam restorations are damaged by inadvertent laser exposure and clinicians must take measures to protect such restorations during lasing of soft tissues.
Central fibroma in the ascending ramus of the mandible. Case report
Authors: Sasaoka Kuninori , Mogi Kenji , Ishii Hiroaki
Published: March 2008

A case of central fibroma involving the mandible in a 58 year old woman is described. There was slight of the left cheek and bone‐hard bulging was detected on palpation but the patient had not complained of the swelling. The lesion was removed under general anaesthesia and then examined histopathologically. There was no sign of recurrence eleven months after the operation.
Custom‐made titanium mandibular reconstruction tray
Authors: Samman N. , Luck W. K. , Cheung L. K. , Cheung L. K. , Tideman H. , Clark R. K. F.
Published: March 2008

Reconstruction of the mandible after ablative surgery can be achieved by using preformed trays or trays formed from models produced by computer‐assisted modeling systems. The former presents difficulty in matching the required facial contour, jaw relationship and condylar position; while the latter is expensive. This paper presents a simple and inexpensive method of febricating a custom‐made titanium bone grafting tray. The dimensions of the patient's mandible are obtained by clinical measurement. Such measurements are sued to construct a mandibular replica. The region to be reconstructed is carved to produce the ideal shape and dimensions of an edentulous segment. The tray is made either by casting or by swaging. Twenty‐one custom‐made titanium bone grafting trays have been fitted in patients with encouraging results. This method of bone grafting tray construction is a simple, inexpensive technique for achieving excellent facial contour and functional reconstruction after mandibulectomy.
Metestatic neuroblastoma of the mandible mimicking osteogenic sarcoma radiologically. Case report
Authors: Ogunsalu C. , Smith N. J. D.
Published: March 2008

This paper presents a case of a neuroblastoma of the adrenal gland metastazing to the mandible of a 21 month old infant, which presented rediographically as the so‐called ‘sun‐ray’ appearance, characteristic of osteogenic sarcoma.
Prophylactic removal of asymptomatic third molars: A review
Authors: Godfrey Keith , Dent Khon Kaen
Published: March 2008

Mandibular and maxillary third molars are mostly consigned to ‘waste bins’ in dental practices because they are terminal in developmental timing and positioning in the dental arches, and regarded as functionally non‐essential. Thus, many dental practitioners do not attach significance to the presence of third molars when making therapeutic recommendations to patients about preservation of the dentition. The need for taking more a serious account of third molars is reviewed in this paper.
Australian dental schools: Moving towards the 21st century
Authors: Tennant Marc , McGeachie John K.
Published: March 2008

In Australia nearly all tertiary education is funded through the Federal Government. With reduction in government spending tertiary education has had to accommodate its share of the cuts. Under such a climate dental schools in Australia face serious financial difficulties, in addition to many other diverse threats, as they head towards the 21st century. Most seriously, and almost uniformly felt, is the diminution of Federal Government funding to a point where the operation of some dental schools remains viable only by way of supplementary funding (direct or in‐kind) from State Governments. In this report the authors have developed one possible model of academic, clinical and financial structures of a dental school, based on sound educational and economic grounds, that can overcome some of the short‐comings of the paradigm that exists in some schools in Australia. The two key factors underlying the principles of this model for a new style of dental school are flexibility and professional resposibility. Based on the existing academic and economic realities it would be much more appropriate to outsource a significant proportion of the educational and clinical component of a dental school. Highly trained individuals from the dental profession would be invited to provide training in their area of expertise. The role of the dental school would evolve to be like a facilitation centre, organizing the various courses. It would mean that the ‘core’ curriculum would be the responsibility of the school's academic staff and the outsourced professional members would contribute within the bounds of the basic framework. On the basis of this model a dental school of approximately 225 full‐time undergraduate students (50 per year, less some student loss) in a five year programme is planned, and annual stafffing costs are estimated at $1.4 million.
Child abuse and dentistry: A study of knowledge and attitudes among dentists in Victoria, Australia
Authors: John Vijay , Messer Louise Brearley , Arora Rohan , Fung Summy , Hatzis Eurydice , Nguyen Tam , San Anjali , Thomas Kate
Published: March 2008

Child abuse is a disturbingly common finding in society today. In view of the high proportion of orofacial injuries seen in victims of child abuse, dentists are in a strategic position to recognize and report suspected cases.

The present study of 347 dentists in Victoria, Australia, assessed the level of knowledge and attitudes among dental professionals on the important issue of child abuse. While a high level of interest was shown by the participants towards this issue, a need for further information and training in the recognition and reporting of child abuse was seen in the survey findings.

While dentists at present are not legally mandated in all states of Australia to report suspected cases of child abuse, the dental profession is in a key position to play an active role in the identification and reporting of this substantial community problem.
A programme for the treatment of severe dental fear. Report of three cases
Authors: Smyth John S.
Published: March 2008

This paper describes the use of a sequence of recollection and discussion, training in muscle tone control, dental imagery, audio simulation and graded re‐exposure to dental procedures to eliminate a severe fear of dental treatment in three adult female patients. All three patients had abstained from regular dental visits throughout their lives and all were in need of urgent dental treatment when the therapy began. One of the patients also identified in herself other maladaptive behaviour and reported a history of mood disorder as well.

The recollections of these patients reveal that the aetiology of dental fear is more complex than dental questionnaires would indicate and, in particular, they supply further evidence of the capacity for adverse medical events to initiate this fear.

Although the programme specified in this paper yielded good results, it nonetheless has a number of shortcomings. It is time consuming, dental damage is likely to be well advanced when it commences and it attracts very few patients. Thus those destined for only emergency dental visits and eventually are likely to be edentulous. For this reason every possible precaution againsrt the initiation of dental fear should be taken.
Bilateral congenitally missing cannines. A case Report
Authors: Leong Pam , Calache Hanny
Published: March 2008

Exclusive aplasia of maxillary permanent canines is extremely rare. There are only a few cases of this condition reported in the literature. This paper reports a case of bilateral congenitally missing canines in a healthy 11 year old male of Chinese origin. The article discusses problems in diagnosis and presents options in the management of such a case. The management option selected was the most appropriate for the family at the time of presentation.
Changes in root canal morphology in simulated curved canals o ver‐instrumented with a variety of stainless steel and nickel titanium files
Authors: Lam Tran V. , Lewis Derek J. , Atkins Darryl R. , Macfarlane Richard H. , Clarkson Roger M. , Witehead Mark G. , Brockhurst Peter J. , Moule Alex J.
Published: March 2008

The purpose of this project was to observe the amount of apical and mid‐curve transportation produced by a ranbge of nickel titanium (NiTi), titanium alloy and stainless steel (SS) files. Tests were carried out in simulated curved root canals produced in epoxy resin blocks. Seven commercially available file types were tested using sized 15 to 40. Instrumentation was carried out to 1 mm beyond the apex. Changes in canal dimensions were measured at 10X magnification under a shadowgraph.

There were substantial differences in the amount and the pattern of apical and mid‐curve transporation produced. The amount of transporation increased with each subsequent size of file. Under the same conditions, nickel titanium files produced significantly less transportation than stainless steel files. The least apical transportation was obtained with the NiTi Mity Turbo and the most by the SSK file and SS Hedstrom file. The least mid‐curve transportation was produced by the NiTi Mity Turbo and the most by the SS Hedstrom file.
A clinical comparison of the new attachment obtained by guided tissue regeneration and coronally positioned flap techniques in the management of human molar furcation defects
Authors: Kerdvongbundit Varunee , Sirirat Mullika , Sirikulsathean Anongporn
Published: March 2008

The present clinical trila was designed to evaluate the regenerative potential of the periodontal tissue in Class II furcation defects in mandibular molars using reconstructive surgery based no the juided tissue regeneration (GTR) technique versus the coronally positioned flap (CPF) technique. After the completion of the initial phase of therapy and four to six weeks healing period, 20 furcation‐involved molars were examined for baselline data which included plaque index, gingival condition, probing depth (PD), probing attachment level (PAL‐V, PAL‐H) and radiographs. All parameters were reexamined after three, six and twelve months of healing, except PD, PAL‐V and PAL‐H which were not measured at three and six months. A non‐parametirc analysis was used. The study showed that there were no significant differences in the mean baseline measurements between the treatment groups. After 12 months following surgical treatment, both GTR and CPF and CPF procedures showed gains in new clinical attachment levels. When comparing parameters between the two surgical procedures, GTR molars showed significantly more improvement in probing depth as well as vertical and horizontal attachment level of the interradicular osseous defect than did the CPF molars (p<0.05). About 80 per cent of the sites treated with the GTR technique showed complete clinical resolution of the furcation problem. CPF therapy reached the same treatment goal in about 50 per cent of the cases which were treated. Guided tissue regeneration appeared to be more effective in promoting ergeneration than the coronally positioned flap.
Maximizing response rates to a survey of dentists: A randomized trial
Authors: Rikard‐Bell Glenys , Ward Jeanette
Published: March 2008

Dentists currently practising within the Central Sydney Area were surveyed (n=179). A randomized controlled trial was conducted to evaluate the effect of an advance telephone prompt (intervention group) compared with an advance letter prompt only (control group) in maximizing the response rate to a self‐administered questionnaire. While the overall response rate was 83 per cent, the final response rate (89 per cent) from dentists in the intervention group was significantly higher than that from dentists in the control group (78 per cent) (X2=4. df=1, p=0.04). Advance telephone prompts are effective in maximizing the response rates from dentists and are recommended in future surveys of this professional group.
A cautionary tale. Case report
Authors: Fatouris Peter N.
Published: March 2008

A healthy 26 year old female underwent unsuccessful surgery for an incorrectly diagnosed sebaceous cyst in the cheek. Eventually the problem was traced to a non‐vital tooth 24. When the tooth was treated endodontically, the situation resolved in one week.
Clinical evaluation of EBS dentine bonding agent:one year results
Authors: Tyas Martin J. , Burrow Michael F.
Published: March 2008

There are numerous dentine bonding agents currently on the market, the majority of which adhere by means of infiltration of a hydrophilic polymerizable diacrylate into dentinal collagen exposed by acid treatment. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the clinical performance of one such product, EBS dentine bonding, in non‐undercut caries‐free cervical lesions. Forty cavities were restored in eight patients of mean age 53 years. The manufacturer's instructions were followed, which involved essentially etching the enamel and dentine for 20 seconds with 32 per cent phosphoric acid, application and evaporation of EBS primer, followed by placement and curing of EBS Bond, and restoring the cavity with Pertac II (ESPE) hybrid resin composite. Restorations were photographed at base line and one year for evaluation of marginal discolouration on a continuous linear rating scale. At six months, one patient with four restorations was not available; the remaining 36 restorations were all present. At one year, one restoration was missing, giving a cumulative retention rate of over 97 per cent. One of the 36 restorations exhibited very mild marginal discolouration.
Dental amalgam and mercury in dentistry
Authors: Spencer AJ
Published: March 2008

Mercury in dentistry has re‐emerged as a contentious issue in public health, predominantly because so many people are inadvertently exposed to mercury in order to obtain the benefits of dental amalgam fillings, and the risks remain difficult to interpret. This commentary aims to examine the issues involved in public policy assessment of the continued use of dental amalgam in dentistry. More than 30 per cent of Australian adults are concerned about mercury from dental amalgam fillings but only a small percentage report having their amalgam fillings removed. The placement of dental fillings nearly halved between 1983 and 1997, but many millions of dental amalgam fillings exist in the Australian community. These fillings release mercury (mercury vapour or inorganic ions) at a low level (about 2–5 μg/day in adult). Evidence on the health effect of dental amalgams comes from studies of the association between their presence and signs or symptoms of adverse effects or health changes after removal of dental amalgam fillings. More formal risk assessment studies focus on occupational exposure to mercury and health effects. Numerous methodological issues make their interpretation difficult but new research will continue to challenge policymakers. Policy will also reflect prudent and cautious approaches, encouraging minimization of exposure to mercury in potentially more sensitive population groups. Wider environmental concerns and decreasing tolerance of exposure to other mercury compounds (for example, methylmercury in seafoods) will ensure the use of mercury in dentistry remains an issue, necessitating dentists keep their patients informed of health risks and respect their choices.
Oral Health and hospitalization in Western Australian children
Authors: Tennant Marc , Namjosh Deppa , Silva Desiree , Codde Jim
Published: March 2008

Over the past 20 years, the prevalence of dental disease in Western Australian children has diminished. The causes of this significant improvement in health are associated with better care models, water fluoridation and changes in lifestyle. In this study, the authors examine the reasons for hospitalization for oral health conditions in Western Australia for the calendar year 1995 using the Health Department of WA database. A total of 3,754 episodes of care (4,395 bed days) was recorded for dental conditions. Dental caries resulted in the fifth and sixth highest number of episodes of hospitalization in preschool (1–4 years) and primary‐school age (5–12 years) children respectively. Abnormal tooth eruption resulted in the highest number of episodes of hospitalization in high‐school age (13–17 years) children. From the age‐stratified rates of hospitalization (per 1000), non‐Aboriginal children were more than twice as likely to enter hospital for dental related conditions. The primary cause of this is the 15 times higher rate of hospitalization for high‐school age non‐Aboriginal children which clearly reflects the greater use of services for impacted third molars by the metropolitan non‐Aboriginal community. Examination of the distribution by health service region revealed the hospitalization rate was significantly less than the state average for the Kimberley, Pilbara, Northern Goldfields and Wanneroo regions. These data reflect the paucity of oral health care available to residents of these regions, particularly the northwest, and does not reflect a diminished burden of disease. Similarly, the rate of hospitalization for Aboriginal children reflects population and service delivery differences particularly in regional and remote WA. These data highlight the need to develop new strategies in oral health care to target ‘at risk’ groups in the community, particularly new parents of young children. The preventive measures associated with good oral health in children are clearly aligned with those for good general health and can be integrated into existing health messages.
The effect of interocclusal appliances on temporomandibular joints as assessed by 3D reconstruction of MRI scans
Authors: Chu Sandra A. , Suvinen Tuija I. , Clement John G. , Reade Peter C.
Published: March 2008

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) enables simulataneous visualization of hard and soft tissues. The aims of the present study were to computer generate three‐dimensional (3D) images, reconstructed from MRI scans of normal temporomandibular joints (TMJ), to assess the relative positions of the disc, condyle and articular surface of the temporal bone and to study the effects of two mandibular group function interocclusal appliances (IOAs). Bilateral MRI scans of 2mm slice thickness were generated for the TMJs of 12 asymptomatic subjects with the image acquisition coils orientated in a corrected oblique sagittal plane. MRI scans were generated for all subjects with 3mm interincisal distance IOAs, while a subgroup (n=4) was also scanned with a 5mm interincisal IOA in situ.. An average of 10 slices through each TMJ were generated for the closed mouth and IOA positions. Three‐dimensional reconstruction was performed on a 486 IBM compatible computer using a suite of nine programs not commercially available. Three‐dimensional images allowed visualization of composite images of joint relationships. Subjective assessment indicated that joint relations in 3D were more informative than multiple separate 2D MRI scans. With the 3mm IOA in situ, the disc was positioned posteriorly and superiorly to the condyle in three of 12 cases. In four of 12 cases the condyle, and in two of 12 cases both the disc and condyle, were positioned anteriorly and inferiorly. With the 5mm IOA changes in condyle/disc and condyle/fossa relationships were more variable. It was concluded that 3D images of TMJs enabled the assessment of the positional changes of the condyle/disc and condyle/fossa relationships as altered by IOAs. However, the role of IOAs on the internal arrangements within the TMJ remains variable and is deserving of further study.
Obstructive Sleep Apnoea: A Review of the Orofacial Implications
Authors: Sherring David , Vowles Norman , Antic Ral , Krishnan Suren , Gossa Alastair N.
Published: March 2008

Obstructive sleep apnoea is a complex multifactorial condition produced by a combination of anatomical and physiological factors. There is a significant associated mortality and morbidity to obstructive sleep apnoea.

There is an at least 25 per cent increased mortality from cardiovascular disease when obstructive sleep apnoea patients are compared to age and gender matched healthy people. Obstructive sleep apnoea sufferers also have a much higher industrial and motor vehicle accident rate.

Management of the condition should be undertaken by a multidisciplinary team including respiratory physicians, sleep laboratory technicians, otorhinolaryngologists, oral and maxillofacial surgeons and dental specialists. The diagnostic and therapeutic interactions of team members are the key to successful treatment. The treatment regime utilises nasal continuous positive airway pressure devices, mandibular advancement splints and soft and hard tissue surgery.

This review provides the dental practitioner with an introduction to obstructive sleep apnoea with particular emphasis on the orofacial aspects.
Oral Hygiene Measures and Promotion: Review and Considerations
Authors: Choo Audrey , Delac David M. , Messer Louise Brearley
Published: March 2008

Current mechanical and chemotherapeutic approaches to oral hygiene aim to modify the oral microflora to promote healthy periodontal and dental tissues. Current oral hygiene measures, appropriately used and in conjunction with regular professional care, are capable of virtually preventing caries and most periodontal disease and maintaining oral health. Toothbrushing and flossing are most commonly used, although interdental brushes and wooden sticks can offer advantages in periodontally involved dentitions. Chewing sugar‐free gums as a salivary stimulant is a promising caries‐preventive measure. Despite new products and design modifications, mechanical measures require manual dexterity and cognitive ability. Chemotherapeutic supplementation of mechanical measures using dentifrices, mouthrinses, gels and chewing gums as delivery vehicles can improve oral hygiene. The list includes anticalculus, antibacterial and cariostatic agents. For the population at large to make effective use of these oral hygiene measures, oral hygiene promotion needs to be implemented. Considerations include the role of parents, school and the media for children and the workplace, social environments, nursing homes and trained carers for adults and the elderly. Community oral hygiene promotion must attempt to maximise opportunities for oral health for all and reduce inequalities by removing financial and other barriers. Oral health approaches should be tailored to lifestyles and abilities of children, adults and the elderly in order to enable them to make decisions to improve personal oral hygiene and oral health.