bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pressure Distribution Under Paws of Chinchilla (Chinchilla Laniger)
Authors: Lorkowski J. , Kuchinka J. , Szczurkowski A. , Kuder T.
Published: November 2005

The purpose of this study was to estimate the pressure distribution under the paws of chinchilla (Chinchilla laniger) using static pedobarography. We included in our study three healthy chinchilla aged 1–3 year, both sexes, weighted 480–570 g. We performed static pedobarography (PEL 38 podometer) in each chinchilla and we took into account standing on four legs or two hind legs. We found that on standing on four legs, two types of contact area with base in chinchilla exist: first type – the ring shape of contact area with base of forefeet with maximal pressure in forefeet at their central part and elliptic shape of foot contact area with base of hind legs (paws) with longer diameter about twice longer than the shorter one and with maximal pressure in hind legs at their posterior part (greater than pressure under forefoot paws), that a value was 98 g/cm2 In the second type of foot contact area with base a pattern of hind legs was similar to that of forefeet. During standing on two hind legs we distinguished the another type (third) of foot contact area with base that was similar to the first type with the difference made by the fact that animal was standing only on hind paws. In each animal we found also the contact area with base of a tail – the contact area was similar to that of forefeet but the value of pressure was twice decreased. Concluding, the most frequent manner of contact area with base in chinchilla is 4 points contact with hind paws contact area twice greater than contact area of forefeet. Moreover, the fifth point of support can exist – a tail, which is mainly important during standing on the hind paws.
Visualization of Surface‐specific Antigens in Various Strains of Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Authors: Lüdi S. , Favre D. , Frey J. , Friess A. E. , Stoffel M. H.
Published: November 2005

Proteinaceous surface antigens of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) appear as pili, and are important virulence factors as they allow bacteria to attach to the small intestinal mucosa. Surface antigens are classified as colonization factor antigens (CFA) and coli surface antigens (CS). Known groups include CFA/I, CFA/II (consisting of CS1, CS2 and CS3), CA/III and CFA/IV (consisting of CS4, CS5 and CS6). The goal of the present study was to examine the morphology of pili by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and to localize specific surface antigens by immunolabelling. Using different strains of E. coli grown under various culture conditions, pili were visualized by negative staining and corresponding surface antigens were demonstrated by immunogold‐labelling using both polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies. Expression of pili was dependent on culture conditions and sample handling. In contrast to CFA/I and CS3, CS6 pili were not detectable after negative staining. Selected antibodies, however, allowed surface antigens to be demonstrated unequivocally. These results will be of value in investigating the expression of colonizing factors in genetically modified bacterial strains.
CT and Cross‐sectional Anatomy of the Normal Head of the Loggerhead Sea Turtle (Caretta caretta)
Authors: Arencibia A. , Rivero M. A. , Casal A. B. , González‐Romano N. , Orós J.
Published: November 2005

The objective of this study is to describe the CT anatomy of the normal loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) head using three loggerhead sea turtle heads. CT imaging was performed using the following parameters: K.v.: 120 mAs: 220, and a soft‐tissue window (WW 1880, WL 465): Transverse and sagittal CT images were obtained. Detailed anatomy of the head was acquired with the sagittal and transverse series. The heads were frozen and then sectioned using an electric saw, to compare them with the CT images. In CT, the grey scale is directly related to the radiation attenuation of the head structures. The skull and hyoid bones, and the lower jaw were easily identifiable due to the high CT density image compared to adjacent or surrounding structures such as the respiratory system, oral cavity, oesophagus and cranial cavity that appeared as a low opacity. The nervous structures, salt gland, eyeball, ramphoteca structure and different muscles of the head had an intermediate CT density and appeared grey. CT images of the loggerhead sea turtle head provided excellent detail of clinically relevant anatomy and correlated well with corresponding gross specimens. CT of the head has considerable advantages over other techniques: CT provides excellent spatial resolution and good discrimination between bone and soft tissue, and the structures are viewed without superimposition. The planimetric or sectional anatomy of the head allows a correct morphologic and topographic evaluation of the anatomic structures, which is a useful tool for the identification of the CT images. With developing technology, CT imaging may soon become more readily available for exotic animals imaging. In the same way, we consider it quite useful to be able to establish some references on head, in order to scan only selected parts during a clinical or experimental approach. The information presented in this communication should serve as an initial reference to evaluate CT images of the loggerhead sea turtle head and to assist interpretation of lesions of this region.
Biomechanics of the Fractured Medial Coronoid Process and the Isolated Anconeal Process in the Canine Elbow Joint
Authors: Maierl J. , Böttche P. , Liebich H. ‐G.
Published: November 2005

Introduction:  Elbow dysplasia is one of the most important orthopaedic diseases of the canine elbow joint. The medial coronoid process (MCP) and the anconeal process (AP) are involved with a high incidence.

Aims:  The aim of this study was to clarify whether these processes are especially loaded resulting in osteoarthrosis.

Material and Methods:  Elbow joints were examined from dogs of various breeds, with a body weight over 20 kg and an age ranging from 1 to 12 years. Only joints without damage to the articular cartilage have been included in this investigation. Articular surfaces have been evaluated macroscopically, subchondral bone density (long‐term loading) and split‐lines (long‐term tensile loading) have been determined.

Results:  In the humeral fossa olecrani, there was a distinct impression on the inner side of the lateral compared to the medial epicondyle. In the ulna, the MCP was much greater than the lateral coronoid indicating that the medial process has to support the humeral condyle to a higher extent. Subchondral split lines with a transverse orientation in the fossa olecrani gave evidence of long‐term transverse tensile loading in this area. Split lines on the MCP were oriented radially as if the lateral edge was bent downwards. Subchondral bone density in the fossa olecrani was higher towards the lateral epicondyle in comparison to the medial. Furthermore, there was a bone density maximum on the medial part of the humeral condyle opposite of the MCP with its very high density.

Discussion:  Gait analyses showed that there is a transverse, medially oriented force of up to 4% bodyweight acting on the paw during midstance. As the carpus is stable when slightly hyperextended during midstance loading there is a long lever arm from the ground up to an assumed rotation centre in the depth of the trochlear notch. The medially directed ground reaction force slightly rotates the forearm inwards causing a bending moment about the elbow joint, which leads to an increased pressure of the AP and the MCP. This bending in addition to sagittal loading is the reason for the high susceptibility of the MCP and AP.
Functional Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Canine Hip Joint
Authors: Maierl J. , Lieser B. , Böttcher P. , Liebich H. ‐G.
Published: November 2005

Introduction:  In many breeds osteoarthrosis of the hip joint is the most typical orthopaedic disease. Numerous studies concerning etiology, pathogenesis and therapy of this disease still consider an exact congruity to be the basis of a physiological joint function. No data, however, are available as far as the distribution of load in the articular surfaces is concerned.

Aims:  It was the aim of this investigation to describe the biomechanical features of the canine hip joint as exactly as possible with respect to long‐term and momentary loading.

Material and Methods:  Hip joints from 43 dogs (bodyweight >20 kg) with an average age of 6 years were investigated. The subchondral bone density was determined with the method of CT‐osteoabsorptiometry. With help of cartilaginous and osseus split lines the preferential orientation of the collagen fibres could be determined. In an in vitro experimental setup the contact areas and the contact pressure distribution within the joint have been measured.

Results:  In the acetabulum, maxima of subchondral bone density were distributed tricentrically: cranially, dorsally and caudally. In the femoral head, only the area close to the attachment of the ligament was highly mineralized. Cartilagineous and osseous split lines within the acetabulum gave evidence of a long‐term tensile stress. In contrast to these findings, there was no clear preferential orientation in the caput ossis femoris. With load increasing initially isolated contact areas extended and became confluent at a loading force of 75% body weight. Values of maximal joint pressure (maximal joint reaction force applied: 400% bodyweight) reached 8–10 MPa.

Discussion:  The findings clearly show that the articular surfaces of the hip joint are loaded inhomogeneously. For the first time, it was possible to demonstrate that the healthy canine hip joint is physiologically incongruent. Furthermore, areas of cartilage degeneration within the joint surface coincide with regions that are loaded to a higher extent a priori. From the biomechanical point of view it is recommended that all kinds of acetabular fractures – even those affecting the caudal third of the acetabulum – should be surgically repaired in an adequate way.
Expression of Agouti‐related Protein (Agrp) and its mRNA in the Hypothalamus and the Adrenal Gland of the Duck (Anas platyrhynchos)
Authors: Mirabella N. , Esposito V. , Squillacioti C. , De Luca A. , Germano G. , Paino G.
Published: November 2005

Introduction:  Agouti‐related protein (AGRP) is a neuropeptide involved in the control of body weight. Morphological and pharmacological studies have shown that AGRP is implicated in the central control of feeding behaviour acting as an endogenous antagonist of the alpha‐melanocyte stimulating hormone (α‐MSH), a potent satiety‐inducing factor, at the melanocortin 3 (MC3)‐ and four (MC4)‐receptors.

Aim:  The aim of the present study was to investigate the expression of AGRP and its mRNA in the hypothalamus and adrenal gland of the duck and, in particular, to establish which type of adrenal tissue is involved in the AGRP synthesis.

Methods:  Immunohistochemistry, western blotting, reverse transcriptase (RT)‐polimerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results and Discussion:  AGRP‐immunoreactivity was observed in neurons and nerve fibres in a restricted area of the hypothalamus. AGRP‐ir neurons were located in the nucleus infundibularis and distributed ventromedially to the third ventricle in the hypothalamic tuberal region. These neurons were round or, with a lesser extent, elongated in shape. AGRP‐ir fibres were seen to project to the median eminence (ME) and anterior periventricular hypothalamus. The AGRP ir‐fibres in the ME were distributed in the external layer in close vicinity to the capillaries of the hypothalamo‐hypophysial portal system. In the avian adrenal gland, AGRP immunoreactivity was observed in the medullary tissue. A partial sequence of AGRP cDNA was identified using RT‐PCR cloning and sequencing. This sequence was highly homologous to the corresponding fragment of the chicken AGRP gene. The western blotting analysis of adrenal gland and hypothalamus tissue extracts showed a well‐defined single band with an electrophoretic mobility consistent with the molecular weight of the avian AGRP protein. These results demonstrate that AGRP is expressed in the hypothalamus and adrenal glands of the duck and suggest an involvement of this peptide in the regulation of the melanocortin system in birds.
Effects of Castration on the Expression of Neurotrophic Factors in the Vas Deferens and Accessory Genital Glands of the Rat
Authors: Mirabella N. , Squillacioti C. , Genovese A. , Paone I. , Paino G.
Published: November 2005

Introduction:  Neurotrophic factors constitute a group of growth factor families, which have important effects on survival and differentiation of neuronal cells. The neurotrophin family is composed of nerve growth factor (NGF), brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin (NT)3 and NT 4/5. Neurotrophins act by means of high (TrkA, TrkB and TrkC) and low (p75) affinity receptors on numerous neuronal populations of central and peripheral nervous system. The family of glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) includes, besides the GDNF, neurturin (NTN), persephin (PSP) and artemin (ART). They bind to a common receptor Ret, but the binding specificity is due to a group of proteins (GFRα 1–4). These factors show a trophic effect on dorsal ganglia, motor neurons and autonomic nervous system. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the expression of NGF, BDNF and GDNF in the vas deferens and accessory genital glands of normal and castrated rats.

Methods:  Immunohistochemistry, enzyme linked immunoassay (ELISA), reverse transcriptase (RT)‐polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results and Discussion:  Immunoreactivity to NGF, BDNF and GDNF was observed in all the investigated tracts. Generally, this immunoreactivity seemed to increase in castrated rats. ELISA and RT‐PCR were performed to evaluate the levels of BDNF protein and its mRNA. In the normals, the greatest concentration of BDNF was observed in the vesicular gland, the lowest in the prostate. In the castrated, the BDNF concentration significantly decreased in the vas deferens. Conversely, it increased in the vesicular gland and in the ventral and dorsal prostate. BDNF transcripts were detected in both normal and castrated rats. These results suggest that neurotrophic factors are produced by the vas deferens and accessory genital glands and, in normal conditions, they are downregulated by androgens.
Anatomical Features and Histology of the Nasal Cavity of One Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Moussa E. A. , Mokhtar A. A.
Published: November 2005

This study was conducted on nine heads of normal adult one‐humped camels. The specimens were collected from Cairo slaughterhouse. The nasal cavity in the freshly collected samples were dissected and photographed. The specimens for microscopic studies were fixed in different fixatives and prepared to examine by light and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The nasal cavity of the camel was studied grossly and by using of light and scanning electron microscope. Specimens from different regions of this cavity were subjected to different histological stains and also demonstrated by the acid and alkaline phosphatases. Gross morphological examination of this cavity showed its three parts: rostral part (the nasal vestibule) covered with skin of usual structure then it lined with smooth mucosa. The middle part (respiratory) had dorsal, middle and ventral nasal conchae, but the caudal part (olfactory) contained the ethmoidal concha. The lining mucosa of the camel nasal cavity was similar to that of other mammals, but there were some differences: the respiratory epithelium showed a small number of goblet cells and there were a mixture of acidic and neutral mucins inside the epithelial and glandular mucous cells. Strong acid and alkaline phosphatase reaction was observed in the lining epithelium of the nasal cavity. By SEM, it showed the surface epithelial layer of the nasal cavity mucosa in three regions (vestibule, respiratory and olfactory) and resulted that it was stratified cuboidal to columnar epithelium, ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium with few goblet cells or olfactory mucosa containing neurosensory olfactory cells. This study aimed to investigate the anatomical features, the histological and histochemical structures of the nasal cavity in one humped camel. The findings of this study were discussed with the previous works in this field with the other domestic animals.
Perineal Nets of Proteoglycans and Glycoproteins in Albino Rat Hippocampus
Authors: Mubarak W. , Saleh M. N. , Sayed R. , Ohtsuka A. , Taguchi T. , Murakami T.
Published: November 2005

Perineuronal nets (PNs) of condensed extracellular matrix (ECM) have been shown to characterize the microenvironment of individual neurons and the chemoarchitecture of some brain regions. In the present study, PNs in the hippocampus were visualized with a cationic iron colloid method for sulphated proteoglycan content and a plant lectin from Vicia villosa agglutinin (VVA) for N‐acetylgalactosamine containing glycoconjugates. The ECM molecules were organized in reticular coats (PNs) around non‐pyramidal cells in the Ammons horn (Corneu Ammons, CA) and subicular region, in addition to pyramidal neurons located in CA2 and CA3 regions. CA2 stratum pyramidale exhibited the most intense staining of its PNs and a diffuse intervening neutrophil labelling, while CA3 region showed a graded fashion of staining intensity. The subiculum displayed intensely stained perineuronal coats. Notably, the hippocampal perineuronal nets revealed overlapped staining characteristics with both staining methods. However, cell coats of the subicular neurons showed various degrees of labelling characteristics with both markers. It is suggested that the PNs in the hippocampus are correlated with the fast spiking inhibitory GABAergic neurons and their target pyramidal cells, and this is important to keep the excitatory elements under control and therefore control the information processes within the hippocampus.
Ultramicroscopical Study on Thyrocalcitonin Cells in the Camel (Camelus dromedarius)
Authors: Mubarak W. , Sayed R.
Published: November 2005

Thyrocalcitonin cells (C cells) were predominantly demonstrated in the ultimobranchial (UB) structures of the thyroid gland of one‐humped camels. The UB population was observed as clear cells, either singly distributed or as groups of cells between the component cellular elements lining the UB structures. They displayed various shapes: oval, pear‐like, rounded, cubical, columnar and or ellipsoid. Those populating the cell nests or solid cellular masses were almost polygonal or ovoid in shape. The cytoplasm contained well‐developed golgi complexes, several mitochondria and characteristically presented rounded or oval membrane‐bound electron dense granules of different sizes. The latter granules were irregularly distributed within the cytoplasm especially at the vascular pole. The nucleus of C cells was relatively large, indented, occupying a more or less central position in the cytoplasm. It presented various chromatin contents; the heterochromatin variety was predominantly demonstrated at the marginal zone. However, the euchromatin occupied a more central position within the nucleus.
The Influence of Environmental Factors on the Hoof of Horses
Authors: Munzinger K. , Monhart B. , Geyer H.
Published: November 2005

The influence of some environmental factors and some protecting substances were tested in a laboratory trial with healthy coronary horn and compared with specimens of damaged horn from the bearing border, which had been submitted to a faeces‐urine medium. Hoof horn of the best quality from the middle zone of coronary horn (3–4 cm distal of the coronary band) was submitted to different organic media or to some hoof horn varnishes or to heat. The horn specimens of defined size were treated for 36 days with urine, faeces and urine, urea, faeces or faeces and biotine and their strength was compared with untreated controls. The mentioned excrements were collected from horses. The second group comprised some hoof varnishes or hoof‐conditioners (Horsepan, Isohoof Protect, Krealit, Pedalo) and were kept for 24 h in these media. The influence of heat was tested after the horn specimens were heated in an oven for 5 min to 125°C. The results of histologically unchanged horn were compared to horn specimens of the bearing border, where frequently histological changes such as microcracks occur. Two groups of 20 specimens from the bearing border were treated with a mixture of faeces and urine for 5 weeks, and their tensile strength was compared to the same number of untreated controls. The tensile strength of unchanged coronary horn remained nearly unchanged or was only slightly diminished when it was treated with the different media. The treatment with heat did not reduce the tensile strength or showed even a slight increase compared to untreated specimens. The tensile strength of bearing border specimens showed a highly significant decrease of tensile strength of about 55% after 5 weeks treatment with faeces‐urine in both trials compared to the untreated controls. The results indicate that unchanged horn is much more resistant to environmental factors than bearing border horn with first damages. For prevention of severe changes at the bearing border horses should not stand for a long time in beddings with a high content of faeces and urine.
Ultrastructure of Three‐dimensional Bovine Hoof Keratinocyte Cultures
Authors: Nebel U. , Mülling Ch. , Budras K. ‐D.
Published: November 2005

The aim of this study was to characterize the ultrastructure of three‐dimensional keratinocyte colonies in relation to ex vivo bovine hoof epidermis. Keratinocytes were isolated from the claw and cultured in equal parts of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Sigma, Taufkirchen) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Sigma, Taufkirchen) and serum‐free MCDB 153 complete medium (Biochrom, Berlin). Cells were allowed to grow until formation of colonies occurred. Then the colonies were isolated by removing the surrounding cells with a cell scraper every 3 days. The colonies were harvested when the reached diameters of 6–8 mm and were fixed in Karnovsky's solution. They were routinely processed for the embedding in Agar 100. Semithin and ultrathin sections were prepared and examined under the light and transmission electron microscope.

These colonies revealed the morphological properties and tissue architecture, which are specific for claw epidermis in vivo. We detected up to 22 layers of keratinocytes and could discover between three stages of differentiation: a basal cell layer, followed by several cell layers corresponding morphologically to the cells of the stratum spinosum and a few cornified superficial cell layers. Throughout all layers cells were connected by desmosomes, which were linked to the cytoskeleton by dense bundles of filaments. In addition we observed the formation of desmosomes. The cells of the upper un‐cornified layers generated an cornified envelope. In the following layers cell death and subsequent cornification accompanied by the characteristic alterations of the nuclei occurred. The cells at the superficial layers were filled by electron dense, solid horn masses. Additionally we detected intercellular cementing substance in the intercellular space between the upper layers. Our electron microscopical characterization of the colonies provides evidence that the bovine hoof keratinocytes invitro undergo basically a similar pattern of proliferation and differentiation like in the claw in vivo. These findings provided a basis for further studies like the long‐term culture and differentiation of bovine hoof keratinocytes in perfusion chambers.
Real‐time Three‐dimensional Echocardiography, a New Approach to Cardiac Anatomy in Live Dogs and Cats
Authors: Nautrup C. P.
Published: November 2005

Macroscopic anatomy of the heart is evaluated best in living animals, because postmortal changes and the lack of the normal heart motion lead to misinterpretation. For the last 15 years functional cardiac imaging of animals has been performed by two‐dimensional ultrasonography. However, three‐dimensional echocardiography has multiple advantages over two‐dimensional ultrasonography such as an improved assessment of the endocardial structures and the possibility of precise determination of the sonographic views for measurement. For these reasons the ultrasound system SONOS 7500 of Philips has been used for examinations since December 2003. These examinations were performed in healthy adult dogs of different sizes as well as in European Short Hair cats. Using a recently developed multi‐frequent matrix array probe all regions of interest were directly on‐line volume‐rendered or represented in two exactly defined orthogonal views. Although the used matrix array probe was large, transthoracic left and right parasternal sonograms could be carried out without any problems in all small animals without sedation. For the first time the cardiac structures in dogs and cats such as the opening and closing of the left atrioventricular and aortic valves were represented within a 60 degrees (15 or 30 degrees pyramidal volume. The morphology and the function of the atrioventricular leaflets could be evaluated exactly. For representation of a larger pyramidal volume or the three‐dimensional simultaneous colour flow imaging, careful ECG gating is required. Unfortunately, the distinct respiratory arrhythmia in quiet dogs had a negative effect on the registration of four or eight heart cycles of the same length. Using biplane echocardiography the commonly represented sonographs for measurement were exactly determined. Additionally these techniques enabled the registration of new views for evaluation and measurements, which were not available from two‐dimensional ultrasonography. This study has demonstrated for the first time that real time transthoracic three‐dimensional echocardiography is feasible in dogs and cats and that it provides comprehensive visualization of the intracardiac anatomy in unique projections in living animals.
Vascularization of the Ciliary Body and Iridocorneal Angle in the Avian Eye
Authors: Reese S. , von Horst Chr. , Liebich H. ‐G.
Published: November 2005

In experimental ophthalmology avian models play an important role in the investigation of the pathophysiology of glaucomas. One major problem in establishing new experimental designs is a deficiency in basic anatomical data of the avian eye bulb. The aim of this study was to give a detailed description of the vascularization of the ciliary body and the iridocorneal angle in the avian eye. The vascular anatomy of the avian eye was studied in 50 birds of different species and orders (Phasianiformes, Accipitriformes, Columbiformes) by light microscopy as well as by stereomicroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of corrosion cast specimen. The comparison of the different species revealed that independently of the bird order the vessels were orientated in a similar way, thus enabling to establish a schematic diagram. There is a redundancy in the arterial blood supply of the ciliary body and iridocorneal angle, which is supplied by the circulus arteriosus iridis and the circulus arteriosus. For the first time we were able to create a corrosion cast of the complete avian sinus venosus sclerae by injection of a liquid plastic (Reckli®, Chemiewerkstatt GmbH, Herne, Germany) in the venous system. The sinus venosus sclerae is characterized by a double‐ring like structure. It drains into several vv. ciliares anteriores reaching the circulus venosus sclerae. A clearer understanding of the vascularization of the anterior eye segment, in particular of the sinus venosus sclerae, provides a step forward in experimental ophthalmology, especially regarding glaucoma research based on an avian model.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Cross Section Images of the Cat Thorax
Authors: Rivero M. A. , Arencibia A. , Latorre R. , Gil F. , Vilar J. M. , Vázquez J. M.
Published: November 2005

Accurate interpretation of thoracic magnetic resonance images requires a thorough knowledge of anatomy of this region. The purpose of this communication is to describe the normal cross sectional anatomy of the thoracic cavity of the cat, using MR images, dissections and macroscopic sections. In this study, three cats were used. The animals were anesthetized and positioned in sternal recumbency in the MR scanner. MR imaging was performed at the Special Diagnostic Service of San Roque Clinic of Las Palmas de Gran Canaria with a superconducting magnet operating at a field strength of 1.5 Tesla and a human body coil. Spin echo pulse sequences were used to obtain T1‐weighted images in tranverse and sagittal planes. At the conclusion of imaging, the cats were euthanatized for medical reasons unrelated to disease of thorax. The cats were frozen and then sectioned using an electric band saw. The cuts were matched as closely as possible to the MR images for identifying the normal planimetric anatomy of the thoracic structures. MR T1‐weighted spin echo images provided excellent anatomic appearance of the thorax structures. In MR images the grey scale is directly related to the signal intensity of the thoracic cavity structures. Thus, fat and nerves had higher signal intensity compared with the lower signal intensity of the respiratory system. Bone marrow and muscles had a intermediate signal intensity and appeared gray. The intensity signal of the articular fluid permits a good differentiation of the opposing cartilage surfaces on all MR images. The planimetric or sectional anatomy of the thoracic cavity in the cat allows a correct morphologic and topographic evaluation of the anatomic structures, being helpful tool for the identification of the MR images. The information presented should serve as an initial reference to evaluate MR images of the feline thorax and to assist interpretation of lesions of this region.
Pathogenicity of Phytophthora species and Pythium undulatum isolated from Abies procera Christmas trees in Ireland
Authors: Shafizadeh S. , Kavanagh J. A.
Published: November 2005

Phytophthora cryptogea, Phytophthora cinnamomi, Phytophthora cambivora, Phytophthora megasperma and Pythium undulatum were isolated from diseased Noble fir (Abies procera) seedlings and soil associated with dead Noble fir in Ireland. Seedlings of four Christmas tree species (A. procera, Picea sitchensis, Picea abies and Pinus contorta) were inoculated with these oomycetes to test their pathogenicity and the susceptibility of the various tree species. Phytophthora spp. and Pythium undulatum caused root rot on all tree species. Disease symptoms included reddish brown cambial discoloration, crown symptoms, brown foliage, dark brown roots, root rot and seedling mortality. These symptoms were similar to those observed on Noble fir in naturally infested plantations. Pythium undulatum appeared as the most virulent pathogen followed by P. cinnamomi, P. cambivora, P. megasperma and P. cryptogea. Noble fir showed to be most susceptible and lodgepole pine most tolerant while Sitka spruce and Norway spruce were intermediate.
Should we quantify insulin resistance in patients with renal disease? (Review Article)
Authors: SHEN YVONNE , PEAKE PHILIP W , KELLY JOHN J
Published: November 2005

SUMMARY:  Cardiovascular disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in dialysis patients. Vascular disease develops before the initiation of dialysis, and it is now recognized that chronic kidney disease (CKD) is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Death from cardiovascular disease is a more common endpoint of CKD than progression to dialysis. There are multiple mechanisms that contribute to the increased vascular risk of CKD, one of which is the presence of insulin resistance (IR). CKD is characterised by many features of the metabolic syndrome, and features of IR are also observed in dialysis and transplant patients. IR may be quantified by several different methods. One such method is homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) technique, which derives a measurement of IR from fasting plasma glucose and insulin concentrations. The HOMA index has been demonstrated to be an independent predictor of survival in dialysis patients. CKD is characterised by a chronic inflammatory response and abnormalities in the production and regulation of adipose tissue derived proteins, which may contribute to the development of IR. There are a range of interventions including diet and exercise programmes or medications that may influence IR; however, the impact of these interventions in the context of CKD has not been systematically evaluated.
Propylthiouracil attenuates acetaminophen‐induced renal damage in the rat
Authors: ABRAHAM PREMILA , KANAKASABAPATHY INDIRANI , DIAN BONDU JOSEPH
Published: November 2005

Background:  To date, there is no specific antidote to acetaminophen poisoning. Propylthiouracil (PTU) has been shown to be protective against acetaminophen (APAP)‐induced liver damage in rats; however, the nephroprotective effect of propylthiouracil has not been studied yet.

Methods:  In order to verify this, rats were given different doses of PTU (100, 200 or 400 mg/kg per body weight, orally) 1 h before a nephrotoxic dose of APAP (1000 mg/kg per body weight, intraperitoneally (i.p.)).

Results:  Propylthiouracil pretreatment significantly reduced APAP‐induced nephrotoxicity in a dose‐dependant manner, as evidenced by reduction in plasma creatinine and by amelioration of renal pathology (interstitial congestion, tubular cell degeneration and necrosis).

Conclusion:  The mechanism of protection by PTU is probably not due to the sparing effect of non‐protein thiol (approximately 95% of which is reduced glutathione), as similar depletion of renal glutathione was observed regardless of PTU pretreatment; other mechanisms are suggested.
Acute renal failure in patients with pre‐existing renal dysfunction following coronary artery bypass grafting
Authors: YEHIA MAHA , COLLINS JOHN F , BECA JOHN
Published: November 2005

Background:  Pre‐existing renal dysfunction predisposes to acute renal failure (ARF) in patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting. We assessed the incidence and impact of the development of ARF in this patient population in our unit.

Methods:  One‐hundred and six patients had a preoperative serum creatinine of ≥0.13 mmol/L and underwent coronary artery bypass grafting in the year 2000. The incidence of ARF (as defined by a ≥50% rise in postoperative serum creatinine), hospitalization days, dialysis requirement, in‐hospital and 1‐year mortality, and potential risk factors for ARF were recorded.

Results:  Of the patients recorded, 43/104 (41.35%) developed ARF following coronary artery bypass grafting. Patients with ARF stayed in hospital longer (P < 0.02). Ten out of forty‐three patients required some form of dialysis and the in‐hospital mortality of the renal failure group was 23% compared to 3.1% in the other group (P < 0.002). One year postoperatively, the group with renal failure had significantly worse survival (71.8% vs 98%P < 0.0001).

Conclusion:  For patients undergoing coronary artery bypass grafting, pre‐existing renal dysfunction predisposes to the development of ARF, this is associated with prolonged hospitalization and increased mortality.
Detection of fetal cells from transcervical mucus plug before first‐trimester termination of pregnancy by cytokeratin‐7 immunohistochemistry
Authors: Fang Chun‐Neng , Kan Yuan‐Yee , Hsiao Chang‐Chun
Published: November 2005

Aim: The presence of fetal cells in the endocervical mucus of pregnant women was first reported in 1971. The uterine cavity is patent during the first trimester prior to fusion of amnion and chorion. Fetal cells from degenerating chorion frondosum are theoretically shed into the uterine cavity between seven and 13 weeks’ gestation and are trapped in the transcervical mucus; they can be identified by immunohistochemistry.

Method: Ninety‐nine transcervical mucosal plugs from pregnant women of between 7 and 13 weeks before abortion were collected, fixed, embedded, sectioned and stained with monoclonal antibody of cytokeratin‐7 (CK‐7) by immunohistochemistry.

Result: The identification of trophoblasts on each slide was defined according to positive staining and histologically chorionic villous similarity under microscopic examination, using the following five categories: none (1), less than five single positive‐stained cells per‐section (2), more than five single positive‐stained cells per‐section (3), clumps of positive‐stained cells (4), and histological‐like intact or fragmented chorionic villi (5). From amongst 71 samples that qualified for analysis, individual slides were evaluated and categorized into three groups, with the following results: 32 (45.1%) fell into group 1 (category 1) denoting a negative result, 10 (14.1%) fell into group 2 (category 2) indicating a possible positive result and 29 (40.8%) fell into group 3 (any combination of categories 3–5) representing a positive result.

Conclusions: Fetal cells, identified by CK‐7, can be found in more than 59.2% of the transcervical mucus in early pregnancy by use of a minimally invasive sampling method. Prenatal diagnosis of single‐gene or chromosome disorders may be possible in the pregnant transcervical mucus by use of modern molecular methods and they deserve further study.
Surgical indications for combined partial rectosigmoidectomy in ovarian cancer
Authors: Takahashi Osamu , Sato Naoki , Miura Yoshinori , Ogawa Masaki , Fujimoto Toshio , Tanaka Hidenori , Sato Hirokazu , Tanaka Toshinobu
Published: November 2005

Aim: To evaluate surgical indications for combined partial rectosigmoidectomy in ovarian cancer with direct invasion of the rectum and sigmoid colon or dissemination into the pouch of Douglas.

Methods: Subjects comprised 25 patients with ovarian cancer who underwent primary surgery and rectosigmoidectomy between 1990 and 2002 at our hospital. Federation of Obstetrics and Gynecology staging of tumors was II (n = 6), III (n = 17) or IV (n = 2). The histologic type was serous adenocarcinoma (n = 18), clear cell adenocarcinoma (n = 4), and others (n = 3). Bowel resection was performed during primary surgery in 18 patients, and after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) in seven patients. Cumulative survival rate was compared between NAC and non‐NAC groups. Patients were divided into three groups based on extent of surgical resection to compare survival rates: no residual tumor (n = 19); maximum residual tumor diameter <1 cm (n = 5); and maximum residual tumor diameter ≥1 cm (n = 1).

Results: Cumulative 5‐year survival was 41.3% for all patients. Cumulative 5‐year survival in the 18 patients who underwent bowel resection during primary surgery was 62.2%, compared to 13.9% in the seven patients who underwent bowel resection after NAC. Cumulative 5‐year survival based on extent of surgical resection was: no residual tumor, 60.8%; residual <1 cm, 0%; and residual ≥1 cm, 0%. Cumulative 5‐year survival for patients with complete tumor resection (no residual tumor), excluding clear cell adenocarcinoma, was 79.5%.

Conclusion: In ovarian cancer with direct invasion of the rectum or sigmoid colon or dissemination into the pouch of Douglas, complete tumor resection with rectosigmoidectomy during primary surgery is associated with good clinical outcomes.
Two cases of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome, one with and the other without pre‐eclampsia
Authors: Fujiwara Yoichiro , Higaki Hitomi , Yamada Toshio , Nakata Yoshinori , Kato Seiko , Yamamoto Hiroyuki , Ito Ryoji , Yamaki Junko
Published: November 2005

Two cases of reversible posterior leukoencephalopathy syndrome (RPLS) are reported. One was a 26‐year‐old woman, who had pre‐eclampsia and developed cortical blindness and subsequent eclampsia at 28 weeks’ gestation. The other was a 27‐year‐old woman, who had no pre‐eclampsia and developed loss of consciousness and subsequent systemic convulsion at 36 weeks’ gestation. On brain magnetic resonance imaging, they both had high signal intensity on T2‐weighted and fluid‐attenuated inversion recovery images, and normal signal intensity on diffusion‐weighted image of the posterior lobe, which almost disappeared with the amelioration of clinical symptoms thereafter. RPLS is considered to be the result of vasogenic brain edema caused by hypertension. Two hypotheses are conceived to explain the emergence of RPLS without hypertension. The first suggests that an immunotolerant condition such as pregnancy can easily cause vasogenic edema without the elevation of blood pressure. The second suggests that hypertension exists but cannot be detected because it is extremely acute and transient.
Successful oral prime‐immunization with VP60 from rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus produced in transgenic plants using different fusion strategies
Authors: Gil Félix , Titarenko Elena , Terrada Estela , Arcalís Elsa , Escribano José M.
Published: November 2005

Expression levels of vaccine antigens in transgenic plants have important consequences in their use as edible vaccines. The major structural protein VP60 from the rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus (RHDV) has been produced in transgenic plants using different strategies to compare its accumulation in plant tissues. The highest expressing plants were those presenting stable, complex, high‐density structures formed by VP60, suggesting the importance of multisubunit structures for the stability of this protein in plant cells. Mice fed with leaves of transgenic plants expressing VP60 were primed to a subimmunogenic baculovirus‐derived vaccine single dose. This indicates that plants expressing VP60 antigen may be a new means for oral RHDV immunization.
Surgical reconstruction after subtotal ear resection in malignant melanoma of the ear
Authors: Kruse‐Lösler B , Presser D , Metze D , Joos U
Published: November 2005

Surgery in malignant melanoma of the external ear often leads to substantial defects where reconstruction poses a difficult challenge. We describe an option of a one‐step ear reconstruction after subtotal ear resection in malignant melanoma surgery. In a patient with a high‐risk melanoma of the helical rim, a wide local excision was performed. Because of a metastasis‐suspect lymph node in the parotid gland, surgery included asservation of the sentinel lymph node, neck dissection and parotidectomy. A complete reconstruction of the ear was achieved using a bilobed flap from the retroauricular and neck region with acceptable cosmetic and functional results by one‐step surgery. One micrometastasis was detected in the nuchal region but not in the marked sentinel lymph node. An adequate one‐step ear reconstruction as described may also be performed to the benefit of patients with high‐risk melanomas, allowing early adjuvant therapy.
Keratoacanthoma developing in previous cryotherapy site for solar keratosis
Authors: Kaptanoglu AF , Kutluay L
Published: November 2005

Keratoacanthoma is a relatively common benign squamous neoplasm that may show spontaneous clearing. Although the cause of the tumour is unknown, there are some reports describing keratoacanthoma following various types of trauma or secondary to other skin lesions. Thermal burns are reported to be important preceding traumas in the development of keratoacanthomas. whereas there is only one report of cold trauma of cryotherapy. We report a rare case of keratoacanthoma arising in the site of cryotherapy applied for solar keratosis.
Defining oppositional defiant disorder
Authors: Rowe Richard , Maughan Barbara , Costello E. Jane , Angold Adrian
Published: November 2005

Background:  ICD‐10 and DSM‐IV include similar criterial symptom lists for conduct disorder (CD) and oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), but while DSM‐IV treats each list separately, ICD‐10 considers them jointly. One consequence is that ICD‐10 identifies a group of children with ODD subtype who do not receive a diagnosis under DSM‐IV.

Methods:  We examined the characteristics of this group of children using the Great Smoky Mountains Study of children in the community aged 9–16. This study provided child and parent reports of symptoms and psychosocial impairment assessed with standardised diagnostic interviews.

Results:  Children who received an ICD‐10 diagnosis but not a DSM‐IV diagnosis showed broadly similar levels of psychiatric comorbidity, delinquent activity and psychosocial impairment to those who met DSM‐IV criteria in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses.

Conclusions:  These results indicate that DSM‐IV excludes from diagnosis children who receive an ICD‐10 diagnosis of CD (ODD sub‐type), and who are substantially disturbed. Methods of redressing this situation are considered.
Examining the relationship between rightward visuo‐spatial bias and poor attention within the normal child population using a brief screening task
Authors: Manly Tom , Cornish Kim , Grant Cathy , Dobler Veronika , Hollis Chris
Published: November 2005

Background: Some previous studies have linked Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) with a bias in spatial awareness away from the left. As genetic research suggests that ADHD may be better viewed as an extreme on a continuum rather than a distinct entity, here we examined this issue in boys from the normal population.

Method: From an initial sample of 1811, two groups of boys characterised by very high (n = 58) or very low (n = 68) levels of ADHD‐type behaviours were formed. The groups completed the spatially sensitive Line Bisection test and more general measures of (non‐spatial) attention and intellectual function.

Results: Boys whose bisections were consistent with relative inattention to the left indeed had higher ratings of ADHD‐type behaviours and performed significantly more poorly on tests of sustained attention and executive function than boys whose bisections were in the normal range. In contrast, boys who showed extreme bisections in the opposite direction were not unusual either in ratings or test performance.

Conclusions: The results support an association between poor attention and a relative rightward bias in visual awareness that may stem from right hemisphere inefficiency.
Saccadic eye movement task identifies cognitive deficits in children with schizophrenia, but not in unaffected child relatives
Authors: Ross Randal G. , Heinlein Shari , Zerbe Gary O. , Radant Allen
Published: November 2005

Background:  The delayed oculomotor response (DOR) task requires response inhibition followed by movement of gaze towards a known spatial location without a current stimulus. Abnormalities in response inhibition and in the spatial accuracy of the eye movement are found in individuals with schizophrenia and in many of their relatives, supporting the use of these saccadic abnormalities as endophenotypes in genetic studies. It is unknown whether school‐age children, either with psychosis or as relatives of a schizophrenic proband, can be included.

Method:  One hundred eighty‐seven children, ages 5.8–16.0 years – 45 children with childhood‐onset schizophrenia, 64 children with a first‐degree relative with schizophrenia, and 84 typically developing children – completed DOR tasks with 1 and 3 second delays.

Results:  Children with childhood‐onset schizophrenia demonstrated impaired response inhibition and impaired spatial accuracy compared to both relatives and typicals; however, relatives and typicals did not differ from each other.

Conclusions:  Children with childhood‐onset schizophrenia have saccadic abnormalities similar to those found in adults with schizophrenia, supporting the continuity of executive function deficits in childhood‐onset with adolescent and adult‐onset schizophrenia. However, saccadic tasks are not sensitive to genetic risk in non‐psychotic children and 6–15‐year‐old children should not be included in genetic studies utilizing this endophenotype.