bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sectoral Productivity and the Distribution of Wages
Authors: Nord Stephen
Published: March 2003

Policy reports suggesting that productivity growth will raise the earnings of low‐wage workers are based on the concept that gains from productivity will trickle down to raise the wages of workers at the lower end of the wage distribution. The compensation and employment systems of American industry do strongly link gains in industry productivity to wage increases for most workers. However, this analysis finds that the linkage of productivity change to wage change for the workers at the lower end of the distribution is virtually nonexistent. The empirical results of this study suggest that productivity increases have no effect on the wage change of workers at the lowest 10th percentile of the distribution and widen the dispersion in industry wages.
The Time Allocation and Earnings of Artists
Authors: Robinson Michael D. , Montgomery Sarah S.
Published: March 2003

This article presents the results of an investigation into the time allocation and earnings of artists. Artists are unique because theyspend substantial amounts of time both at art work and at nonart work while earning the majority of their income from the latter. In order to empirically examine this allocation of time between art and nonart work, we estimate a four‐equation system. We find that artists respond to price signals in the directions predicted by economic theory.
Transitions From Career Jobs to Retirement in Japan
Authors: Clark Robert L. , Ogawa Naohiro
Published: March 2003

Most Japanese workers are required to retire from their career firm by age 60. Yet the labor force participation rate of older men in Japan is the highest among industrialized countries, and most Japanese express a strong desire to continue working past age 60. One explanation for this paradox is that many firms reemploy their own retirees or provide them with assistance in finding new jobs with their subsidiaries or client firms.
Back Pain and Work Disability: The Need for a New Paradigm
Authors: Johnson William G. , Baldwin Marjorie L. , Butler Richard J.
Published: March 2003

Using a unique data set of workers' compensation claims from Ontario, this study analyzes the determinants of first returns to work and subsequent patterns of employment for a sample of workers with back pain and a comparison group of workers with other injuries. The results suggest that the costly and pervasive problem of work‐related back claims could be reduced by abandoning the traditional work injury model in favor of a separate paradigm for back pain that reflects its unique characteristics. A change in economic incentives would increase the probability of return to work for back cases, and an expansion of employer‐provided job accommodations would increase the probability of stable employment after the first return.
“Brainwashing” Theories in European Parliamentary and Administrative Reports on “Cults” and “Sects”
Authors: Richardson James T. , Introvigne Massimo
Published: March 2003

This study examines the recent rash of official reports done by governmental agencies in Western Europe to guide policy development in those societies. Particular attention is given to reports in France, Belgium, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, and Italy, and to the changes in such reports that have occurred, perhaps because of the influence of scholarly critiques offered for some of the earlier reports. The reports are divided into “Type I” and “Type II” reports, with the former being thorough‐going in their anti‐cult orientation, and the latter reports being more moderate in tone, with some attention paid to scholarship on new religions. However, the major thesis of the study is supported, as an examination of both types of reports reveals that they incorporate “brainwashing” and “mind control” imagery imported from the United States, even though such theories have been largely discounted within the United States. Use of such theories leads directly to some questionable policy recommendations, as demonstrated in the reports. Reasons for the spread of “brainwashing” ideas to Europe are discussed.
Venture Capital Distributions: Short‐Run and Long‐Run Reactions
Authors: Gompers Paul , Lerner Josh
Published: March 2003

Venture capital distributions, a legal form of insider trading, provides an ideal arena for examining the share price impact of transactions by informed parties. These sales, which occur after substantial run‐ups in share value, generate a substantial price reaction immediately around the event. In the months after distribution, returns apparently continue to be negative. When the short‐ and long‐run reactions are decomposed, they are consistent with the view that venture capitalists use inside information to time stock distributions: Distributions of firms brought public by lower quality underwriters and of less seasoned firms have more negative price reactions.
The Financial and Operating Performance of Privatized Firms during the 1990s
Authors: D'souza Juliet , Megginson William L.
Published: March 2003

This study compares the pre‐ and postprivatization financial and operating performance of 85 companies from 28 industrialized countries that were privatized through public share offerings for the period from 1990 through 1996. We document significant increases in profitability, output, operating efficiency, and dividend payments—and significant decreases in leverage ratios—for our full sample of firms after privatization, and for most subsamples examined. Capital expenditures increase significantly in absolute terms, but not relative to sales. Employment declines, but insignificantly. Combined with results from two previous, directly comparable studies, these findings strongly suggest that privatization yields significant performance improvements.
Predictability and Transaction Costs: The Impact on Rebalancing Rules and Behavior
Authors: Lynch Anthony W. , Balduzzi Pierluigi
Published: March 2003

Recent papers show that predictability calibrated to U.S. data has a large effect on the rebalancing behavior of a multiperiod investor. We find that this continues to be true in the presence of realistic transaction costs. In particular, predictability causes the no‐trade region for the risky‐asset holding to become state dependent and, on average, wider and higher. Predictability also motivates the investor to spend considerably more on rebalancing and to rebalance more often. In other results, we find that introducing costly liquidation of the risky asset for consumption lowers the average allocation to the risky asset, though only marginally early in life. Our experiments also vary the nature of the return predictability and introduce return heteroskedasticity.
The Relation between Stock Market Movements and NYSE Seat Prices
Authors: Keim Donald B. , Madhavan Ananth
Published: March 2003

Exchange seat prices are widely reported and followed as measures of market sentiment. This paper analyzes the information content of NYSE seat prices using: (1) annual seat prices from 1869 to 1998, and (2) the complete record of trades, bids and offers for the seat market from 1973 to 1994. Seat market volumes have predictive power regarding future stock market returns, consistent with a model where seat market activity is a proxy for unobserved factors affecting expected returns. We find abnormally large price movements in seats prior to October 1987, consistent with the hypothesis that seat prices capture market sentiment.
Mental Accounting, Loss Aversion, and Individual Stock Returns
Authors: Barberis Nicholas , Huang Ming
Published: March 2003

We study equilibrium firm‐level stock returns in two economies: one in which investors are loss averse over the fluctuations of their stock portfolio, and another in which they are loss averse over the fluctuations of individual stocks that they own. Both approaches can shed light on empirical phenomena, but we find the second approach to be more successful: In that economy, the typical individual stock return has a high mean and excess volatility, and there is a large value premium in the cross section which can, to some extent, be captured by a commonly used multifactor model.
Upstairs Market for Principal and Agency Trades: Analysis of Adverse Information and Price Effects
Authors: Smith Brian F. , Turnbull D. Alasdair S. , White Robert W.
Published: March 2003

This paper directly tests the hypothesis that upstairs intermediation lowers adverse selection cost. We find upstairs market makers effectively screen out information‐motivated orders and execute large liquidity‐motivated orders at a lower cost than the downstairs market. Upstairs markets do not cannibalize or free ride off the downstairs market. In one‐quarter of the trades, the upstairs market offers price improvement over the limit orders available in the consolidated limit order book. Trades are more likely to be executed upstairs at times when liquidity is lower in the downstairs market.
Is Sound Just Noise?
Authors: Coval Joshua D. , Shumway Tyler
Published: March 2003

We analyze the information content of the ambient noise level in the Chicago Board of Trade's 30‐year Treasury Bond futures trading pit. Controlling for a variety of other variables, including lagged price changes, trading volumes, and news announcements, we find that the sound level conveys information which is highly economically and statistically significant. Specifically, changes in the sound level forecast changes in the cost of transacting. Following a rise in the sound level, prices become more volatile, depth declines, and information asymmetry increases. Our results offer important implications for the future of open outcry and floor‐based trading mechanisms.
The Relative Valuation of Caps and Swaptions: Theory and Empirical Evidence
Authors: Longstaff Francis A. , Santa‐Clara Pedro , Schwartz Eduardo S.
Published: March 2003

Although traded as distinct products, caps and swaptions are linked by no‐arbitrage relations through the correlation structure of interest rates. Using a string market model, we solve for the correlation matrix implied by swaptions and examine the relative valuation of caps and swaptions. We find that swaption prices are generated by four factors and that implied correlations are lower than historical correlations. Long‐dated swaptions appear mispriced and there were major pricing distortions during the 1998 hedge‐fund crisis. Cap prices periodically deviate significantly from the no‐arbitrage values implied by the swaptions market.
On the Costs of a Bank‐Centered Financial System: Evidence from the Changing Main Bank Relations in Japan
Authors: Weinstein David E. , Yafeh Yishay
Published: March 2003

We examine the effects of bank–firm relationships on firm performance in Japan. When access to capital markets is limited, close bank–firm ties increase the availability of capital to borrowing firms, but do not lead to higher profitability or growth. The cost of capital of firms with close bank ties is higher than that of their peers. This indicates that most of the benefits from these relationships are appropriated by the banks. Finally, the slow growth rates of bank clients suggest that banks discourage firms from investing in risky, profitable projects. However, liberalization of financial markets reduces the banks' market power.
The Causes of Regional Variations in U.S. Poverty: A Cross‐County Analysis
Authors: Levernier William , Partridge Mark D. , Rickman Dan S.
Published: March 2003

The persistence of poverty in the modern American economy, with rates of poverty in some areas approaching those of less advanced economies, remains a central concern among policy makers. Therefore, in this study we use U.S. county‐level data to explore potential explanations for the observed regional variation in the rates of poverty. The use of counties allows examination of both nonmetropolitan area and metropolitan area poverty. Factors considered include those that relate to both area economic performance and area demographic composition. Specific county economic factors examined include economic growth, industry restructuring, and labor market skills mismatches.
Are Spells of Unemployment Longer in Nonmetropolitan Areas? Nonparametric and Semiparametric Evidence
Authors: Mills Bradford F.
Published: March 2003

I use nonparametric and semiparametric proportional hazard models to examine whether individuals resident in nonmetropolitan areas experience lower per period rates of exit from unemployment following job loss than metropolitan area residents. Results show that between 1989 and 1993 per period cumulative rates of exit from unemployment were slightly higher in nonmetropolitan areas, mainly due to nonmetropolitan–metropolitan differences in individual characteristics and local economic conditions. Employment density is found to have a positive association with rates of exit of unemployment in metropolitan areas but not in nonmetropolitan areas.
A Note on Applying the Gravity Rule to the Airline Hub Problem
Authors: Drezner Tammy , Drezner Zvi
Published: March 2003

In this note we propose a new model for the airline hub selection problem. Passengers use a hub on the way to their destination. We apply the objective of minimizing the total miles traveled by passengers. This formulation can be used as the basis for other objectives also.
On the Evolution of Relative Prices and Its Nature at the Regional Level: The Case of Spain
Authors: Alberola Enrique , Marqués José Manuel
Published: March 2003

This paper studies the relevance and nature of shifts in relative prices at the regional level in Spain. Deviations in relative prices tend to be small (at most half a point of inflation annually) but persistent. They are determined by features intrinsic to deep economic integration, in particular, wage mechanisms operating at the national level. This is in stark contrast to evidence at the international level. Therefore, while acknowledging that divergent price evolutions are possible in the European Monetary Union, their nature will be different from those observed among Spanish regions.
Sectoral Sources of the Massachusetts Miracle and Other Turning Points
Authors: Coulson N. Edward
Published: March 2003

Previous analyses of the Massachusetts Miracle and the subsequent evolution of employment in the area have centered in part on sectoral explanations. In this paper these explanations are evaluated with the use of a sectoral‐based VAR model of the Boston economy, developed to identify local and national sectoral shocks. The relative importance of these shocks is estimated both for the overall sample and at several turning points in aggregate Boston employment, the latter using historical decompostions.
Exploring the Canadian‐U.S. Unemployment and Nonemployment Rate Gaps: Are There Lessons for Both Countries?
Authors: Partridge Mark D.
Published: March 2003

The Canadian and U.S. economies are very similar. Yet, beginning in the 1980s, Canada experienced much greater relative unemployment rates followed in the 1990s by a declining share of population employed. Using state‐ and provincial‐level data this study assesses why U.S. labor markets have recently performed relatively better than their Canadian counterparts. The empirical results indicate that more rapid U.S. employment growth explains a relatively small proportion of its lower joblessness. Structural causes including lower U.S. unionization and less generous unemployment insurance appear to be more important, at least in the long run. The Canadian labor market also appears to be less flexible to regional economic shocks.
Language, Power, and Intergroup Relations
Authors: Reid Scott A. , Ng Sik Hung
Published: March 2003

Language is a communication medium for turning a power base into influence. But more than that, the creation of power and its maintenance or change can also occur in and through language. In the present article, we discuss some of the dynamic links between language and power to underscore their relevance to the study of intergroup relations. In particular we address the means by which low‐power groups might achieve power, and how those who are in high‐power positions might retain and subvert acts of power. In doing this, we counterpose our discussion with research that addresses these same issues from a static and individualistic approach to power. Our central argument is that the latter work lacks theoretical facility for describing and understanding the aforementioned dynamic processes of power, and moreover, that its application may unwittingly serve to reify and cement existing control relationships.
Gordon Willard Allport: A Tribute
Authors: Pettigrew Thomas F.
Published: March 2003

In tribute to Gordon Allport, this article discusses four interrelated topics. First, Allport's life at Harvard is briefly described. Next three interwoven features of his work are advanced to explain why his contributions to psychology are both unique and lasting. (1) His work offered a broadly eclectic balance of the many sides of psychology. (2) He repeatedly demonstrated the ability to formulate the discipline's central problems for the future and to propose innovative approaches to them. And (3) Allport's entire scholarly work presents a consistent, seamless and forceful perspective. These three points are then applied to his classic work The Nature of Prejudice. Though it was his most explicit attempt to influence public opinion, this famous volume also is balanced, ahead of its time, and elegantly written. It has organized the study of prejudice over the last half century. The article concludes with an explanation in personal terms for why those who knew him remember him so warmly 30 long years after his death.
Toward a Mindful Psychological Science: Theory and Application
Authors: Demick Jack
Published: March 2003

It is argued that, toward mitigating the ‘centrifugal forces’ (Altman, 1987) currently splintering the field of psychology, Langer's (1989, 1997) theory of mindfulness has the potential to become a unifyingframework for the field of psychological science. Toward this end, this article demonstrates the ways in which Langer's work, usually associated with the subfield of social psychology, (a) constitutes a grand theory that advances contemporary developmental theory; (b) has relevance for other basic and applied subfields of psychology (e.g., cognitive, educational, organizational, clinical); and (c) offers practical directives for conceptualizing and treating such social issues as development and remediation of prejudice and discrimination; satisfaction and well‐being of adoptive and foster families; and promotion of automobile safety across the lifespan (i.e., the translation of mindless experience into more mindful action).
Poverty, Welfare, and Patriarchy: How Macro‐Level Changes in Social Policy Can Help Low‐Income Women
Authors: Rice Joy K.
Published: March 2003

A critical review of the current status of low‐income women reveals how patriarchy, violence, and discrimination mitigates against their employment and contributes to their poverty. Myths that fuel prejudice against the poor have led to public policy and welfare legislation based on individualistic rather than structural assumptions about the causes of poverty. Research on the effects of welfare reform reinforces the conclusion that changes in social welfare and policy are necessary for income parity and improvement in the employment opportunities, access, and status of low‐income women. A human‐capital model and recommendations for macro‐level changes in public policy and programming that address the systemic causes of women’s poverty are presented.
The Psychological Ambiguity of Immigration and Its Implications for Promoting Immigration Policy
Authors: Pratto Felicia , Lemieux Anthony F.
Published: March 2003

Immigration can evoke two recurring and contradictory social psychology situations: group inclusion and group threat. This ambiguity implies that immigration can bring out either people's communal, egalitarian natures, or their prejudicial, oppressive natures. Further, it means that immigration policies can be framed in ways that appeal to one psychological orientation or the other. Using this perspective, we examined Californians' attitudes toward a fictitious immigration policy. The policy was framed in one of two ways, and participants' values concerning group equality versus group dominance were measured. Results showed that framing the policy as a way of maintaining dominance over immigrants appealed to those high in social dominance orientation, whereas framing the policy as a way of increasing equality between immigrants and members of the receiving society appealed to those low on social dominance orientation. The practical political aspects of promoting immigration policy are discussed.
Shifting Standards and the Evaluation of Competence: Complexity in Gender‐Based Judgment and Decision Making
Authors: Biernat Monica , Fuegen Kathleen
Published: March 2003

Gender stereotypes regarding task competence may lead perceivers to set different standards for diagnosing competence in women versus men. Specifically, stereotypes may prompt lower minimum standards (or initial screening criteria) but higher confirmatory standards for women than men (Biernat & Kobrynowicz, 1997). In two studies simulating hiring decisions, predictions were that women would be (1) more likely than men to make a short list for a job but (2) less likely than men to be hired for the same job. Results were generally consistent with predictions only among female participants (Studies 1 and 2), among those exposed to a female experimenter (Study 1), and among those held accountable for their decisions (Study 2). The role of motivational factors in the setting of standards is discussed.
Gender and Social Influence
Authors: Carli Linda L.
Published: March 2003

This review article reveals that men are generally more influential than women, although the gender difference depends on several moderators. Relative to men, women are particularly less influential when using dominant forms of communication, whereas the male advantage in influence is reduced in domains that are traditionally associated with the female role and in group settings in which more than one woman or girl is present. Males in particular resist influence by women and girls more than females do, especially when influence agents employ highly competent styles of communication. Resistance to competent women can be reduced, however, when women temper their competence with displays of communality and warmth.
Envisioning Positions of Leadership: The Expectations of University Students in Virginia and Puerto Rico
Authors: Lips Hilary M.
Published: March 2003

Eighty‐six university students in Virginia and 46 in Puerto Rico were asked to imagine themselves in a series of powerful roles, describe what they imagined, and rate each role's positivity and possibility. Among the Virginia students, women were more likely than men to anticipate relationship problems with powerful roles and to mention physical appearance. The Virginia women rated images of themselves in powerful roles more negatively than did the Puerto Rico women. Women in the two samples did not differ in their frequency of anticipating relationship problems with powerful roles, but they differed in the correlates of such anticipation. For the women in the Virginia sample only, anticipating relationship problems was associated with low self‐rated possibility of achieving these roles. Whereas young women do envision ambitious leadership possibilities for themselves, they apparently struggle to accommodate these visions to the contradictory prescriptions for powerful women.
Language Anxiety: Differentiating Writing and Speaking Components
Authors: Cheng Yuh‐show , Horwitz Elaine K. , Schallert Diane L.
Published: March 2003

This study investigated the links between second language classroom anxiety and second language writing anxiety as well as their associations with second language speaking and writing achievement. The results indicate that second language classroom anxiety, operationalized by Horwitz, Horwitz, and Cope's Foreign Language Classroom Anxiety Scale, and second language writing anxiety, measured by a modified second language version of Daly and Miller's Writing Apprehension Test, are two related but independent constructs. The findings suggest that second language classroom anxiety is a more general type of anxietyabout learning a second language with a strong speaking anxiety element, whereas second language writing anxiety is a language‐skill‐specific anxiety. Nevertheless, low self‐confidence seems to be an important component of both anxiety constructs.
Chapter Two: Meaning‐Oriented Studies of Temporality
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen
Published: March 2003

Expressing Temporality, p.22

Pragmatic Means for Expressing Temporality, p.25

Lexical Means for Expressing Temporality, p.36

Comprehension of Verbal Morphology, p.43

Limitations of Lexical Expression, p.44

Morphological Means for Expressing Temporality, p.45

Multiple Means for Expressing Temporality: Two Examples, p.48

Study 1: Adverbials and the Acquisition of Simple Past Morphology, p.49

Study 2: Adverbials and Morphology in Reverse‐Order Reports, p.63

Chapter Summary, p.88
Chapter Six: The Influence of Instruction
Authors: Bardovi‐Harlig Kathleen
Published: March 2003

Experimental Studies of the Effect of Instruction, p.341

An Observational Study of the Effect of Instruction, p.352

Method, p.353

Results, p.373

The Effect of Instruction, p.392

A Comparison of Instructed and Uninstructed Learners, p.395

Chapter Summary, p.404
The Complexity of Immersion Education: Teachers Address the Issues
Authors: Walker Constance L. , Tedick Diane J.
Published: March 2003

The purpose of this study was to enlist practitioners in language immersion programs in the identification and elaboration of issues and challenges in immersion language teaching. Through focus groups and extensive individual interviews, 6 elementary Spanish‐language immersion teachers in 3 school settings (a suburban full‐immersion school and 2 inner‐city magnet programs—1 partial and 1 full immersion) served as informants. Five major themes emerged: the primacy of language, the balance between language and content, assessment, the spectrum of learners in immersion programs, and the sociopolitical context of immersion schooling. Within each of these themes, teachers described the particular challenges of immersion teaching and illuminated the complexity of immersion classrooms on a microlevel. In a complex setting where the learning of curricular content and second language acquisition are expected to develop concurrently, teachers are in a unique position to add to our knowledge of immersion schooling.
Articulatory Phonetics in the First‐Year Spanish Classroom
Authors: Arteaga Deborah L.
Published: March 2003

focus of this article is twofold: I reconsider the general question of the role of articulatory phonetics in the second language (L2) classroom and review the phonetics presentation in 10 recent first‐year Spanish texts. Pronunciation has been accorded little importance within recent methodological approaches, although their stated goals of communication and intelligibility in fact require the incorporation of explicit phonetics instruction in the language classroom. Considering the first‐year Spanish L2 classroom, I propose a phonetics program based on the notion of a learner's dialect (cf. Bergen, 1974). I then measure the phonetics presentation of 10 Spanish textbooks against a learner's dialect, and find that pronunciation sections are in most cases incomplete and inaccurate and provide for no self‐monitoring or recycling. This article argues against the current trend reflected in these texts, which relegates pronunciation to the laboratory manual or eliminates it altogether.
Technically Speaking: Transforming Language Learning through Virtual Learning Environments (MOOs)
Authors: Von Der Emde Silke , Schneider Jeffrey , Kötter Markus
Published: March 2003

Though MOOs (multiple user domains object‐oriented) have found a limited use in some language courses, their potential for transforming the language learning classroom has not been fully recognized or valued. In Fall 1998 and 1999, the authors teamed up to teach the first language course conducted almost entirely using a MOO and involving a 7‐week exchange between students learning German at an American college and advanced students of English at a German university. Drawing on their experiences, the authors systematically map out the tremendous pedagogical benefits to using a MOO for language learning: a student‐centered learning environment structured by such objectives as peer teaching, autonomous learning principles, intellectually rich content‐based instruction, individualized learning, and play. In addition to offering a model for the successful integration of technology into the classroom, this article suggests how MOOs can help achieve the long‐sought goal of securely anchoring intermediate or even elementary language learning back into the liberal arts curriculum.
Autonomy at All Costs: An Ethnography of Metacognitive Self‐Assessment and Self‐Management among Experienced Language Learners
Authors: Rivers William P.
Published: March 2003

Research in cognition has shown that expert learners in diverse fields, including chess, mathematics, physics, and language learning, approach new learning tasks differently than novice learners. More recent research in neuropsychology makes a strong claim that metacognition is separate from cognition and consists of two types of behavior: self‐assessment and self‐management. This article analyzes self‐directed language learning behaviors of adult third‐language learners based on qualitative data. The data were gathered in 1993 and 1994 from 11 learners of Georgian and Kazakh at the University of Maryland at College Park. All learners had 2/2/2 (L/R/S) proficiency in Russian according to the Federal Interagency Language Roundtable (FILR) scale. Data were analyzed using the Grounded Method for analyzing qualitative data (Strauss & Corbin, 1990). All learners were found to assess their progress, learning styles, strategy preferences, and conflicts with teaching styles and with the behaviors of other learners regularly. Based on these assessments, the majority of learners made attempts at specific self‐directed learning behaviors, focused primarily on changes to course materials and classroom activities, and targeted specific learning tasks and strategies.
Photogrammetry as A Research Tool for Glaciology
Authors: Fox A. J. , Nuttall A. M.
Published: March 2003

Using a multidisciplinary project studying surging glaciers in Svalbard as a reference, this paper examines some of the ways in which photogrammetry can be used as a research tool by glaciologists. Photogrammetric compilations of two of the glaciers under study were produced from 1990 aerial photography. Photogrammetry was regarded primarily as a source of digital elevation models in this project, rather than as a cartographic tool. Problems encountered in applying photogrammetry to the arctic terrain are considered and a methodology devised to ameliorate these problems by maximizing the available data is described. The results of the photogrammetric work are presented and difficulties in quantifying the accuracy of the photogrammetric data are examined. Examples of the ways in which the photogrammetrically derived digital data have been used for glaciological analysis and visualization are discussed.
XVIIIth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing
Authors: Atkinson K. B. , Holmes A. H. , Dowman I. J. , Smith M. J. , Newby P. R. T. , Robson S. , Tait D. A. , Kirby R. P. , Thomas P. R.
Published: March 2003

The XVIIIth International Congress of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing was held in the Austria Center, Vienna from 9th to 19th July, 1996. Reports on the Technical Commission Activities, on the Congress Exhibition and on the General Assembly were given at a meeting of the Photogrammetric Society on 7th October, 1996. Papers from the Congress were published in the International Archives of Photogrammetry and Remote Sensing, 31.
An Anniversary and a 21st Century Analogy: E. H. Thompson and the Seven‐Lens Aerial Camera
Authors: Atkinson K. B.
Published: March 2003

E. H. Thompson, the pre‐eminent British photogrammetrist, died 25 years ago. His memory has been perpetuated in several ways. An analogy is drawn between the design of a 21st century digital air survey camera and that of Thompson's multi‐lens camera of the 1930s.
Can Agencies Work Together? Collaboration in Public and Nonprofit Organizations
Authors: Grubbs Joseph W.
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Jane Arsenault, Forging Nonprofit Alliances.

Eugene Bardach, Getting Agencies to Work Together: The Practice and Theory of Managerial Craftsmanship.

Seymour B. Sarason and Elizabeth M. Lorentz, Crossing Boundaries: Collaboration, Coordination, and the Redefinition of Resources.
Book Reviews: Corporate Welfare, Taxpayer Subsidies, and Home Field Advantages
Authors: Rouse John
Published: March 2003

Books reviewed:

Joanna Cagan and Neil deMause, Field of Schemes: How the Great Stadium Swindle Turns Public Money into Private Profit

Jerold J. Duquette, Regulating the National Pastime: Baseball and Antitrust.

James Quirk and Rodney Fort, Hard Ball: The Abuse of Power in Pro Team Sports.

Wilbur C. Rich, editor, The Economics and Politics of Sports Facilities.

Mark S. Rosentraub, Major League Losers: The Real Cost of Sports and Who's Paying for It.

Jay Weiner, Stadium Games: Fifty Years of Big League Greed and Bush League Boondoggles.
Participative Management and Job Satisfaction: Lessons for Management Leadership
Authors: Kim Soonhee
Published: March 2003

Researchers and practitioners in both the public and private sectors agree that participative management improves employees' job satisfaction. Public agencies have also turned to strategic planning to enhance government performance and accountability. This study explores the relationship between participative management in the context of the strategic planning and job satisfaction in local government agencies. The results of multiple regression analysis show that managers' use of a participative management style and employees' perceptions of participative strategic planning processes are positively associated with high levels of job satisfaction. The study also finds that effective supervisory communications in the context of the strategic planning process are positively associated with high levels of job satisfaction. The study suggests that participative management that incorporates effective supervisory communications can enhance employees' job satisfaction. In this regard, organizational leaders in the public sector should emphasize changing organizational culture from the traditional pattern of hierarchical structure to participative management and empowerment.
The Internet and Opinion Measurement: Surveying Marginalized Populations
Authors: Koch Nadine S. , Emrey Jolly A..
Published: March 2003

Objective. Problems of self‐selection, selection bias, and response rates have greatly limited the use and validity of on‐line surveys. This study addresses those issues by examining population data for a group of Internet users who responded to a series of on‐line surveys, enabling the calculation of both response rate and selection bias. Methodology. A series of surveys were posted on a gay/lesbian website. We compare demographic data collected from our study sample with national data on gays/lesbians. A logistic regression model was used to determine if differences existed between participants and nonparticipants. Results. The study sample of gays/lesbians comported well with the national sample. Demographic characteristics of those electing to participate in the surveys and nonparticipants are practically indistinguishable. The response rate to our on‐line surveys was approximately 16.4 percent, similar to that in nontargeted mail surveys. Conclusions. The results indicate that, despite its limitations, the Internet can be a valuable medium in reaching populations difficult to identify using standard survey research techniques.
Partisanship and Support for Propositions on the Ballot: A State‐Level Longitudinal Study
Authors: Berman David R. , Yawn Mike
Published: March 2003

Objective. Previous studies suggest that there is reason to believe that changes in the partisan composition of a state's electorate will be associated with changes in the level of support for certain types of propositions on the ballot. Scholars, however, differ over the reasons for this relationship. Some have suggested the importance of party differences over substantive issues. Others have indicated the importance of differences among partisans in their willingness to defer to legislative judgments or recommendations. Still others have pointed to the importance of partisan cue taking; for example, that Republicans are more likely to vote for propositions put on the ballot by Republican legislatures and Democrats are likely to oppose such measures. We test these rival hypotheses. Methods. Using multivariate analysis and time series techniques, we examine voting patterns on 361 propositions submitted to voters in Arizona from 1912 to 1996. Results. We find that increases in the Republican vote were significantly linked to increase in support for measures submitted by state legislatures, particularly legislatures controlled by Republicans. Conclusions. The findings give some support to deference theory and to the notion that a subtle process of partisan cue taking may be involved in proposition voting.
Metaphors of Control Toward a Language of Peace: Recent Self‐Defining Rhetorical Constructs of Helen Caldicott
Authors: Cavin Margaret , Hale Katherine , Cavin Barry
Published: March 2003

Examining the metaphoric configurations of Australian physician Helen Caldicott is crucial when attempting to discover her particular language of peace and its effectiveness. The symbols present in much of Caldicott's language can be organized into three power‐related categories: physician, mother, and deity. These categories, which traditionally represent positions of authority, seem at odds with her implicit goals of giving voice to the marginalized peace‐seekers crusading for the voiceless natural world. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the recent metaphors used by Helen Caldicott with specific attention to dominant power images. Commentaries follow by April Gordon, Cynthia A. Brincat, Simona Sharoni, and Ralph Summy/Hilary Neil.
Cultural Understanding and World Peace: the Roles of Private Institutions in the Interwar Years
Authors: Bu Liping
Published: March 2003

International cultural understanding was a prominent aspect of the peace movement in the interwar years. Private institutions such as philanthropies, religious groups, and educational organizations played a unique role in promoting cultural internationalism by establishing new educational and cultural programs to foster international goodwill. Their efforts not only asserted American democratic and Christian values as important ingredients of world peace but also made private institutions an indispensable force in advancing cultural relations between the United States and other nations. In their endeavor, the peace advocates encountered challenges of racial integration, religious freedom, and nationalism, which motivated them to work for social reform. This article examines their educational peace efforts, their challenges, and their contribution to the peace movement.
How to Make Wars Acceptable
Authors: Moerk Ernest L. , Pincus Faith
Published: March 2003

Qualitative analyses are presented of war‐declaration speeches, announcing the out‐break of World War I and World War II, given by the leaders of the major belligerent powers. Because extended war preparations and the staging of casus belli as justifications for war had made war a certainty, the artfully crafted speeches did more than declare war. Both defenders and attackers projected guilt, emphasized unity, produced a state of helpless conformity in citizens, and veiled expected suffering through euphemisms, indicating a broadly established vocabulary of motives. These similarities are contrasted with idiosyncratic features, conditioned by history or dynamics within states. In contrast to the defenders, the two attackers, Hitler and Mussolini, resorted extensively to mythology and mythologized history to arouse enthusiasm and, by implication, to promise great rewards.
Communities of Practice and Discourse Communities: Negotiating Boundaries in NBPTS Certification
Authors: Burroughs Robert , Schwartz Tammy A. , Hendricks-Lee Martha
Published: March 2003

Certification from the National Board of Professional Teaching Standards (NBPTS) offers experienced teachers opportunities through a written portfolio to “match” their practice to the Board's standards. In creating standards and requiring teachers to argue in writing that they have realized the standards in their teaching, the NBPTS may offer a national discourse about teaching, and as such may form a “discourse community.” However, since teachers’ working knowledge is local, contextualized, personal, and oral, teachers may find difficulties in entering such a discourse. Using interviews and qualitative analysis, this study of four teachers applying for NBPTS certification found that teachers have difficulty representing their knowledge about practice in writing. Those candidates who were most successful were able to assume the NBPTS discourse values, which may be at odds with teachers’ “working knowledge.”
Learning to Speak Out in an Abstinence Based Sex Education Group: Gender and Race Work in an Urban Magnet School
Authors: Weis Lois , Carbonell-Medina Doris
Published: March 2003

This article explores race and gender work done under the auspices of an abstinence based sex education program in an urban magnet school. While it is generally acknowledged that there is not nearly enough sexuality education in schools, that which does exist leaves much to be desired. In these curricula young men are painted as biologically programmed sexual aggressors while women are scripted as passive victims whose only subject position is that of not provoking easily sexually aroused males. In addition, research shows that compulsory heterosexuality is inscribed throughout the school curriculum.

Here the author enters as a participant in one such sexuality program and works ethnographically with a voluntarily constituted girls group in an urban magnet school. As part of a larger look at “sites of hope” in urban America, the author focuses specifically on the ways in which this group offers a space within which personal and collective identity work takes place and assesses the extent to which such a space offers a “home” within which social stereotypes are contested and new identities tried on. The implications of such spaces for far reaching social change are explored.
Opening Classrooms and Improving Teaching: Lessons from School Inspections in England
Authors: Grubb W. Norton
Published: March 2003

Classroom observation is one mechanism for making teaching visible and enhancing instruction. In Great Britain, different methods of school inspection based on observations have been in place since 1839, and they provide information about how such instruments of school reform could work. This paper examines English school inspection prior to 1993 reforms, inspection since 1993, the observation procedures that a few individual schools have adopted, and those of further education colleges (like our community colleges)—all quite different in their procedures and consequences. In particular, the balance of accountability (or control) and support for improvement varies depending on the details and culture of inspection. In the United States some experiments with inspection are now taking place, and several school reforms depend on the quality of teaching. In these cases the lessons from England can help in developing appropriate methods of observation.
On Public Support for Religious Schools
Authors: Feinberg Walter
Published: March 2003

I explore arguments about the fairness of the present arrangement barring public support for religious instruction in separate schools. I show that the arrangement is based on a consensus formed during the 1920s that established a strong conceptual separation between the notions of public and private, where religious schooling is relegated to the private sphere.

I ask whether this conceptual separation forged in the 1920s is still viable. I explore different proposed reasons for altering this conception of the private-public divide when it comes to supporting religious schools, and show that there are reasons, both from the point of view of religion and from the point of view of the state, to be cautious about a radical change in the present configuration of support. One implication of this argument is that fairness is not a matter of public support for separate religious schools. Fairness depends on the quality of public education available for poor children. I conclude by suggesting that the terms for arguing the issue of public support for religious schools needs to be reoriented to take into account the future autonomy interests of the child.
Changing Selves: Multicultural Education and the Challenge of New Identities
Authors: Dolby Nadine
Published: March 2003

The concept of identity provides a key framework for multicultural education. Dependent on the idea of the Enlightenment subject, the practices of multicultural education presume a unitary, naturalized self with a stable core. This article questions this formulation of identity and argues that the field must embrace a more dynamic and nuanced notion of self. Using data collected during a one-year ethnographic study of a multiracial high school in Durban, South Africa, I demonstrate how students actively produce self and other relationally. Identity and difference are constituted not through naturalized categories, but instead through practices that have the potential for constant reformation. In conclusion, I examine the implications of these students’ practices for multicultural education, arguing that “difference” must be engaged as a changing, not reified, formation.
Exploring Cross-Race Dyad Partnerships in Learning to Teach
Authors: Solomon R. Patrick
Published: March 2003

This three-year study examined ways in which race mediates the process of learning to teach. The innovation of pairing racial minority and dominant group teacher candidates in field-based practica was based on the rationale that such collaboration would enrich the pedagogical process with different perspectives, traditions, resources, and experiences from which teacher candidates, associate teachers, and students would benefit. The findings revealed that such partnerships broke down some racial barriers, tackled sensitive racial and cultural issues, helped in the acquisition of awareness and competence to function in cross-race domains, and laid the foundation for long-term social and professional relationships. On the other hand, the study uncovered an institutional culture that interpreted racial difference as deficit and generated paralytic anxiety for candidates of color, marginalizing them in the communication process. Such institutional and personal responses limited the potential of such partnerships as a collegial enterprise. While dominant group partners gained valuable insights into how racism operates in institutional structures, candidates of color often ended up as disempowered apprentices with their expectations seriously compromised and their long-term objectives to transform the teaching profession immeasurably jeopardized.