bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sodium Hypochlorite Accident – A Complication of Poor Access Cavity Design
Authors: Doherty Mary A H , Thomas Matthew B M , Dummer Paul M H
Published: August 2017

A case is presented of soft tissue damage resulting from inadvertent injection of sodium hypochlorite through a perforation created during root canal treatment of a mandibular incisor. The importance of access cavity design to help avoid such complications is highlighted and the anatomy of the mandibular incisor is discussed. Measures to minimize the risk of a hypochlorite accident and its potentially serious complications are proposed.
How Good is Your Endodontics?
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Endodontic malpractice claims in Denmark 1995–2004. Bjorndal L and Reit C. Int Endo J 2008; 41: 1059–1065.
Consequences of Tooth Loss: 1. The Patient Perspective – Aesthetic and Functional Implications
Authors: Craddock Helen L
Published: August 2017

Tooth loss in adults is becoming less common, and the attitudes of patients and professionals towards it have changed dramatically over the last quarter of a century. This paper explores these changes, from the patient's perspective, in terms of psychological perspectives, aesthetics, function and the need or desire for tooth replacement. A second paper will examine the evidence available on the positional and functional changes following tooth loss.
Case Study: Limitations of Panoramic Radiography in the Anterior Mandible
Authors: Walker Cameron , Thomson Donald , McKenna Gerald
Published: August 2017

Dental Panoramic Tomography (DPT) is a widely used and valuable examination in dentistry. One area prone to artefacts and therefore misinterpretation is the anterior region of the mandible. This case study discusses a periapical radiolucency related to lower anterior teeth that is discovered to be a radiographic artefact. Possible causes of the artefact include a pronounced depression in the mental region of the mandible or superimposition of intervertebral spaces. Additional limitations of the DPT image include superimposition of radio-opaque structures, reduced image detail compared to intra-oral views and uneven magnification. These problems often make the DPT inappropriate for imaging the anterior mandible.
The Learning Practice: 2. Building a Learning Practice – Translating Theory into Practice
Authors: Miller Alasdair G
Published: August 2017

The first article looked at the concepts behind what Peter Senge described as the ‘Learning Organisation’. This article will explore how this can be made to happen.
Paget's Disease of Bone and Osteonecrosis
Authors: Seehra Jadbinder , Sloan Philip , Oliver Richard J
Published: August 2017

Paget's disease of bone, although common in the long bones and pelvis, is less common in the head and neck. A 20-year follow-up is reported of a patient who was diagnosed with Paget's disease following the investigation of her initial oral complaint. Following surgical extraction of two teeth in her maxilla, the sockets have failed to heal, despite numerous attempted interventions. This case highlights both the cranio-maxillofacial and oral manifestations of Paget's disease of bone, its effects on surgical exodontia and the possible effects of bisphosphonate therapy.
Proposals for Validation and Revalidation of the Dental Profession: A Postgraduate Dental Dean's Perspective
Authors: Grieveson Brian
Published: August 2017

This paper looks at the historic background to the GDC's proposals for revalidation of the dental profession. It also outlines what the process might be like and the various stages of revalidation and the need for a modern 21st Century Healthcare Regulator to be seen to set the standards of performance expected by the public and patients of all its registrants.
Medical Emergencies in Dental Practice: 2. Management of Specific Medical Emergencies
Authors: Greenwood Mark
Published: August 2017

In the second of two papers on the diagnosis and management of medical emergencies, the measures needed to manage specific medical emergencies are discussed. Each emergency requires a correct diagnosis for effective and safe management. Signs and symptoms are highlighted at the beginning of each section describing patient management. The basis of management in contemporary dental practice avoids the intravenous route of drug administration, where drugs are required.
Current Methods of Shade Matching in Dentistry: A Review of the Supporting Literature
Authors: Stevenson Brian
Published: August 2017

The difficulties of shade matching in dentistry are discussed and various suggestions are given to improve the process.

Several authors have described shade-taking routines with the aim of improving shade-matching. These are summarized and a method for choosing the appropriate shade from the previous guidelines is given. The scientific principles and evidence-base behind the new technique are given. The problems and advantages of instrumental shade-taking devices are reviewed.
Tooth-Supported, Magnet-Retained Overdentures: A Review
Authors: Vere Joe , Deans R F
Published: August 2017

There has been an increase in the provision of implant-supported prostheses in patients unable to tolerate conventional dentures. Unfortunately, many patients are unable to benefit from this treatment option because of anatomical, medical or financial constraints. Magnet-retained overdentures represent a potential treatment option in many of these cases. This article describes the development, advantages, complications and clinical procedures associated with the provision of tooth-supported, magnet-retained overdentures.
Aspects of Human Disease
Authors: Scully Crispian
Published: August 2017

This series outlines, briefly, the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of the 31 chronic medical problems which are most common and important in the developed countries, but space also precludes coverage of acute infections and most malignant disease.
Book Review
Authors: Oliver Richard
Published: August 2017

Illustrated Lecture Notes in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery. By George Dimitroulis. London: Quintessence Publishing Co Ltd, 2008 (344pp. h/b; £83.00). ISBN 9780867154788.
Case Report: A Cautionary Tale of Impacted Palatal Premolars and Molar Root Resorption
Authors: Butler Tracy , Collard Mechelle , Hunter Lindsay
Published: August 2017

Impacted premolars are a common occurrence. This report describes how an impacted UR5, which was easily palpable and predicted to erupt spontaneously, caused extensive root resorption in the adjacent UR6.
Caries Control from Cradle to Grave
Authors: Kidd Edwina
Published: August 2017

Caries is a ubiquitous, natural process occurring in the biofilm. The interaction of the biofilm with the dental tissues may result in a caries lesion, the reflection of the process being the consequence that can be seen. However, lesion formation and progression are not inevitable because the process in the biofilm can be controlled by plaque control, fluoride and a sensible diet. This paper summarizes caries control in note form and it questions how these measures are to be carried out under the current Unit of Dental Activity payment system used within the NHS Dental Services in England and Wales.
An Unusual Dental Anomaly in a Hypodontia Patient
Authors: Anziani Helen , Cole Ben , Hobson Ross
Published: August 2017

Hypodontia is the most common developmental dental anomaly known in humans. It is often associated with other dental anomalies such as disturbances in eruption, peg lateral incisors and taurodontism. This case report describes a ten-year-old female with hypodontia and a very unusual conical-shaped mandibular right central incisor, which has not previously been reported in the literature. The case highlights the importance of prompt referral to an interdisciplinary team so joint decisions on management can ensure an optimal outcome with the corresponding improvement in quality of life.
Please Consider This Very, Very Sensible Editorial!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

Endodontics versus single-tooth implants. Editorial. Richard Hermann. Int J Periodont Rest Dent 2010; 30: 5
An Unusual White Lesion in a 10-month-old Child
Authors: Anthonappa Robert P , King Nigel M
Published: August 2017

Oral lesions commonly diagnosed in newborns and infants include Epstein's pearls, Bohn's nodules, dental lamina cysts and congenital epulis. Nevertheless, intriguing cases which have rarely been reported in the literature are encountered by clinicians. This paper reports a case of an unusual white lesion in a 10-month-old child which resolved spontaneously. However, histological examination proved it to be a foreign body.
Career Pathways in Dentistry
Authors: Miller Alasdair G , Grieveson Brian
Published: August 2017

This article explores the main career pathways available in the UK and the entry requirements for specialist training.
Aspects of Human Disease
Authors: Scully Crispian
Published: August 2017

This series outlines, briefly, the clinical presentation, diagnosis and management of a further 20 chronic medical problems which are most common and important in the developed countries, but space also precludes coverage of acute infections and most malignant disease.
How Effective are Interdental Cleaning Aids in Improving Dental Health?
Authors: Davies Robin M
Published: August 2017

This paper reviews recent systematic reviews of the evidence on the effectiveness of interdental cleaning aids in delivering oral health benefits.
The Use of a Diagnostic Wax Set-up in Aesthetic Cases involving Crown Lengthening – A Case Report
Authors: Malik Khalid , Tabiat-Pour Sara
Published: August 2017

Crown-lengthening surgery (CLS) consists of recontouring and repositioning the gingival margin as well as the alveolar crest. This technique results in the increase of the clinical crown height of teeth, which can consequently be advantageous in terms of improving retention and resistance, as well as aesthetics. The aim of this article is to demonstrate the uses of the diagnostic wax set-up and the subsequent production of surgical stents and templates to provide the patient with an initial intra-oral diagnostic mock-up for the process of obtaining consent, as well as acting as a useful guide for gingival and osseous recontouring in order to achieve a predictable, healthy and stable dento-gingival complex with pleasing aesthetics.
Another Nail in the Coffin!
Authors: Carrotte Peter
Published: August 2017

A community study of periodontal attachment loss in smokers. Ng SKS, Leung WK. Int Dent J 2008; 58: 243–246.
Dentinogenesis Imperfecta - Clinical Presentation and Management
Authors: Dhaliwal Harmeet , McKaig Sarah
Published: August 2017

Dentinogenesis imperfecta (DI) is a hereditary condition which affects the development of dentine in both the primary and permanent dentitions. Three types of DI have been described in the literature. The presentation of DI is variable, depending on the type and severity of the disease. Early intervention in the treatment of a patient with DI is extremely important both for psycho-social and for functional reasons. This paper attempts to describe the clinical presentation and management of DI, and explores its association with certain medical conditions.
Implementing NICE Guidelines on Recall Intervals into General Practice
Authors: Akram Sarah , D'Cruz Len
Published: August 2017

The NICE guidelines require practitioners to ensure that each patient has a specific recall interval based on an oral health needs assessment. There appears to be a hesitancy in the profession to move away from the ‘six-month recall’. In England and Wales, Primary Care Organizations (PCOs) monitor activity using quantitative data. One particular metric measures how many patients are seen by the practice within 3 months and also between 3 and 9 months from their last course of treatment.

The purpose of this paper is to introduce a quick reference chart based on the NICE guidelines which, when used in combination with clinical judgement, can aid the clinician in selecting a tailored recall interval. This paper discusses the purpose and benefits for using the guidelines in relation to NHS contractual obligations.
Foetal Anticonvulsant Syndrome: Implications on Dento-facial Development in General Dental Practice
Authors: Casey Christine , Guest Phillip , Fasanmade Adekunmi
Published: August 2017

Epilepsy affects around 1% of the population and approximately 1 in 250 pregnancies are exposed to antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder to occur in this group. Exposure to these drugs can result in teratogenic effects, referred to as foetal anticonvulsant syndrome (FACS). The older generation anticonvulsants, such as phenytoin, valproate and carbamazepine, have been shown to be teratogenic and it is hoped that the ‘newer’ drugs (eg gabapentin and lamotrigine) will be different. We present two siblings born to an epileptic mother and the literature is reviewed.
An Overview of Three-Dimensional Imaging in Dentistry
Authors: Benington Philip CM , Khambay Balvinder S , Ayoub Ashraf F
Published: August 2017

This paper reviews the role of three-dimensional digital imaging in dentistry and its related specialties. Current methods of image capture of the dentition are described, along with the current status of CAD/CAM-based restorative treatment. The advantages of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) in comparison with conventional radiography are outlined in the fields of endodontics, periodontology, oral surgery and orthodontics. The integration of CBCT with state-of-the-art computer planning systems for implantology is described. The application of multi-modal imaging techniques in the management of orthognathic and cleft lip and palate patients is explained and potential future educational benefits are considered.
Age-Related Oral Changes
Authors: Mckenna Gerald , Burke Francis M
Published: August 2017

Age-related oral changes are seen in the oral hard and soft tissues as well as in bone, the temporomandibular joints and the oral mucosa. As older patients retain their natural teeth for longer, the clinical picture consists of normal physiological age changes in combination with pathological and iatrogenic effects.
Radiation Protection: Protection of Patients Undergoing Cone Beam Computed Tomography Examinations
Authors: Drage Nicholas , Carmichael Fiona , Brown Jackie
Published: August 2017

Cone beam computed tomography is becoming a popular imaging modality in dentistry. The effective dose from these examinations is generally higher than conventional plain film radiography. This article outlines the ways of protecting patients from the harmful effects of radiation.
Why Fluoride?
Authors: McGrady Michael G , Ellwood Roger P , Pretty Iain A
Published: August 2017

Fluoride has been used in dentistry for over 100 years for the purpose of preventing dental caries. During this time there has been great debate over the mode of action, the optimum method of delivery, and the potential risks associated with its use. This, the first of three papers, will provide a summary of the history of the use of fluoride, the mode of action, benefits and different methods of delivery. It will also discuss the potential risk of dental fluorosis.
Coronectomy of a Third Molar with Cyst Lining Enucleation in the Management of a Dentigerous Cyst
Authors: Malden Nick , Rego Anna Avis D'Costa e
Published: August 2017

A dentigerous cyst was treated with enucleation and coronectomy of the associated tooth to minimize the risk of inferior alveolar nerve damage, resulting from direct surgical trauma or indirectly from intra-operative or post-operative jaw fracture. Radiographic monitoring over 33 months confirmed migration of the roots through healed bone and progressive obliteration of the residual pulp canal chamber. These observations are not associated with failure of the technique but are, in fact, commonly observed in successful cases of coronectomy. A brief discussion of the risks versus benefits of this treatment modality is presented with reference to the literature available.
Mouth Cancer Action Month
Authors: Hill Sarah
Published: August 2017

Early diagnosis of mouth cancer improves survival chances massively from 50% to 90%. Unfortunately, early diagnosis is rare, with over two-thirds of cases diagnosed at a late stage. This is due to a lack of awareness among the public of the early warning signs of the disease and the common risk factors. The Mouth Cancer Action Month campaign, organized by the British Dental Health Foundation, aims to change this.
The current status of 3d imaging in dental practice
Authors: McNamara C , House K , Davies Rebecca , Barker CS , Chawla O , Sandy JR , Ireland AJ
Published: August 2017

This article aims to describe the current status of 3-dimensional (3D) imaging in dental practice. Advances in this field have made 3D imaging far more accessible in all dental fields. This paper describes methods of imaging dental hard and soft tissues and their clinical uses. In addition, the potential advantages and disadvantages of various systems are discussed, as well as expected future developments.

Clinical Relevance: The potential uses of 3D images in dental practice are ever increasing. Imaging systems are now far more accessible for clinical decision-making and patient information.
Incidental finding of sialolithiasis in the sublingual gland: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Pace Clarence , Ward Sean
Published: August 2017

This case describes a 35-year-old female who presented with an incidental finding of sublingual gland sialolithiasis. The clinical presentation, investigations and management as well as the pathology are described. This case highlights the diagnostic dilemma in determining the anatomical position of sialoliths on radiographs.

Clinical Relevance: To highlight the importance of incidental findings on radiographs and to make clinicians aware that radio-opacities on lower occlusal radiographs do not necessarily imply submandibular sialoliths but, rarely, may be sublingual sialoliths. This may warrant further investigations.
Conservative treatment of periodontal recessions with class v-defects using gingiva-shaded composite – a systematic treatment concept
Authors: Günay Hüsamettin , Geurtsen Werner , Lührs Anne-Katrin
Published: August 2017

Periodontal recessions can cause aesthetic and functional problems, especially in the anterior region or when combined with exposed crown margins. A combination of periodontal disease, recession with exposed root surface, hard-tissue defects and age emphasizes the need for treating these defects. If crown margins are exposed and surgical treatment is not possible, aesthetics and function can only be improved by replacement of the restoration. The restorative treatment option with a gingiva-shaded composite is especially valuable for dental fear patients or older patients with general or local risk factors, surgical contra-indications or Class III and IV recessions with questionable prognosis of surgery.

The step-by-step-approach described in this article is an alternative, minimal-invasive treatment concept for cervical lesions in combination with all kinds of periodontal recessions, that is especially suitable for wedge-shaped defects next to exposed crown margins.

Clinical Relevance: With this treatment concept, the reader should be able to use gingiva-shaded composite for different indications, such as exposed root surfaces or crown margins in combination with recessions.
The ‘secret’ of success part 1
Authors: Busby Mike
Published: August 2017

Practice success is defined across the four ‘dimensions’ of oral health, patient satisfaction, job satisfaction and financial profit. It is suggested that the ‘secret’ of success in dental practice is to make patient (customer) satisfaction the primary focus. Not a very earth shattering or surprising ‘secret’ perhaps! This is hardly a new idea, and not a concept restricted to dental practice. This principle applies to all businesses. This series of articles reviews evidence from across a broad spectrum of publications: from populist business publications through to refereed scientific papers, this ‘secret’ seems to be confirmed. The evidence for which aspects of our service are most important in achieving patient satisfaction (and therefore success) is explored.

Clinical Relevance: Good oral health outcomes for patients are defined as the primary purpose of dental practice and, therefore, an essential dimension of success. The link between positive patient perceptions of general care and their own oral health to practice success is explored.
Routine and emergency management guidelines for the dental patient with renal disease and kidney transplant part 2
Authors: Saif Imran , Adkins Angela , Kewley Victoria , Woywodt Alexander , Brookes Vanita
Published: August 2017

Aimed at the practitioner in Special Care Dentistry, this is the second article in a two-part series providing guidelines on the dental management of renal patients. Dentists working in Special Care Dentistry will frequently be called upon to manage dialysis patients, whether pre- or post-transplant. The following paper deals with guidance as to the assessment, work-up and management of such patients when undergoing specialist dental treatment. The key to safe treatment is careful assessment, discussion and planning with the relevant team members.

Clinical Relevance: This paper provides guidance to the special care dentist for the dental management of patients with renal disease, and highlights issues in patients who are either on dialysis or have a kidney transplant.
Coming to a practice near you? community-acquired meticillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (ca-mrsa)
Authors: O’Leary Emer , Lockhart Deborah EA , Smith Andrew
Published: August 2017

Hospital-acquired meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (HA-MRSA) arose in the 1960s, but the last decade saw the emergence of a new entity: community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA). Unlike HA-MRSA, patients affected by CA-MRSA have no obvious risk factors and may present with recurrent skin and soft tissue infections (SSTI) or, rarely, severe necrotizing pneumonia. This article provides an overview of CA-MRSA and reinforces the standard infection control procedures required to prevent further spread.

Clinical Relevance: The dental team require an awareness of emerging infections, their relevance to dentistry and the infection control procedures necessary to prevent transmission.
Coronectomy of third molar: a reduced risk technique for inferior alveolar nerve damage
Authors: Ahmed Chkoura , Wafae El Wady , Bouchra Taleb
Published: August 2017

Causing damage to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN) when extracting lower third molars is due to the intimate relationship between the nerve and the roots of the teeth. When the proximity radiologic markers between the IAN and the root of the third molars are present, the technique of coronectomy can be proposed as an alternative to extraction to minimize the risk of nerve injury, with minimal complications.

Clinical Relevance: Nerve injury after the extraction of the mandibular third molar is a serious complication. The technique of coronectomy can be proposed to minimize the risk.
Clinical procedures to avoid the ‘dark halo’ in restorations with direct composite resins
Authors: Heller Al
Published: August 2017

The ‘dark halo’ present in the enamel surrounding anterior composite restorations spoils the appearance of the restoration and is very difficult to control. This article offers an explanation for its causes and proposes clinical solutions. The behaviour of the transmitted light may be handled through the use of an ‘internal mirror’ made with a shade of opaque white composite resin and through the right choice of the enamel shade, seeking sufficient diffusion of the light. Another innovative concept is that of ‘chroma balance’, which may be generally achieved through the use of more or less intensive dentine shades, different from the one which was originally chosen.

Clinical Relevance: From study of the behaviour of light in bodies, and especially in teeth and restorations, it may be possible to find the cause of the ‘dark halo’ effect, which relates to the optical property called the ‘destructive interference of the light’.
Splinting – when and how?
Authors: Rao Arathi , Rao Ashwini , Shenoy Ramya
Published: August 2017

The prognosis of a tooth following trauma is critical. This depends on various factors, including the type of splint used for immobilization and the immobilization period. This article discusses the above factors with an added note on splint removal.

Clinical Relevance: This article is relevant for clinicians who treat traumatic injuries as it should help them to decide on the type of splint to be used and the period of immobilization.
Caries and the older patient
Authors: da Mata Cristiane , McKenna Gerald , Burke Francis M
Published: August 2017

Ageing of the population, together with prolonged retention of teeth, has brought new challenges to dentistry. Whereas in the past oral care for the elderly was restricted to provision of dentures, older patients are now presenting with dental caries and failed restorations. These problems may have an impact on their general health and quality of life. Poor oral hygiene, xerostomia and diet are among the risk factors for caries in older patients and need to be addressed in order to achieve control of the disease. Carious lesions can be treated conservatively in many cases or may need surgical management.

Clinical Relevance: Caries is an oral health issue among older patients and can result in tooth loss. Oral health has a great impact on general health and quality of life of elderly people.
Allergy to local anaesthetic agents used in dentistry – what are the signs, symptoms, alternative diagnoses and management options?
Authors: Henderson Simone
Published: August 2017

This paper addresses the signs and symptoms of local anaesthetic hypersensitivity, differential diagnoses and the management of a patient with suspected allergy to local anaesthetics.

Clinical Relevance: While allergy to anaesthetic is rare, knowledge of other causes of similar symptoms is important.
Aggressive periodontitis: how does an understanding of the pathogenesis affect treatment?
Authors: Alani Aws , Seymour Robin
Published: August 2017

Aggressive periodontitis is a relatively rare periodontal condition that can result in significant attachment loss over a short period of time. As the disease is difficult to manage, owing to its rapid progression and severity, a variety of adjuncts have been advocated in its management. The authors outline concepts of the aetiology and pathogenesis of aggressive periodontitis and how the different treatment regimens relate to the current understanding of the disease process.

Clinical Relevance: There is a wide variety of treatment regimens advocated for the treatment of aggressive periodontitis. General dental practitioners and specialists should be aware of the relative advantages and disadvantages of these and how they relate to the disease process.
Multiple supernumerary teeth without any associated systemic condition or syndrome: a case report
Authors: Baysan Aylin , Djemal Serpil
Published: August 2017

A 49-year-old Black African male, originally of Nigerian origin, was referred by his dentist regarding a bad taste in the mouth. He was seen in a general restorative clinic at Barts and the London NHS Trust. Clinical examination did not reveal any relevant abnormalities. A panoramic tomography, however, showed the presence of multiple supernumerary teeth, which were located in the maxillary right and left premolar and molar regions, and the mandibular left premolar region. The family's history was non-contributory. The patient was unaware of the supernumerary teeth and, as far as he knew, there were no other members of his family with a similar problem.

Clinical Relevance: A decision regarding the appropriate management of supernumerary teeth should be considered carefully since surgical removal of the teeth may cause damage to adjacent structures, including bone. In this respect, it is interesting and rare to find multiple supernumerary teeth in individuals with no other associated diseases or syndromes elucidated by clinical and historical enquiry.
Minimally invasive cosmetic dentistry: alignment, bleaching and bonding (abb)
Authors: Qureshi Tif
Published: August 2017

This article will outline how combining existing techniques in a new and unique manner can potentially redefine the traditional approach to smile design planning and execution. Alignment, tooth whitening and edge bonding with new highly polishable nano-hybrid composites can make cosmetic dentistry far simpler and less invasive. Patients' perceptions of their end smile result can change dramatically if they are allowed to see their teeth improve gradually.

Clinical Relevance: This technique will highlight a choice of pathways available in cosmetic dentistry making it much less invasive for the patient and less risky for dentists.
Advances in light-curing units: four generations of led lights and clinical implications for optimizing their use: part 2. from present to future
Authors: Shortall AC , Palin WM , Jacquot B , Pelissier B
Published: August 2017

The first part of this series of two described the history of light curing in dentistry and developments in LED lights since their introduction over 20 years ago. Current second- and third-generation LED light units have progressively replaced their halogen lamp predecessors because of their inherent advantages. The background to this, together with the clinical issues relating to light curing and the possible solutions, are outlined in the second part of this article. Finally, the innovative features of what may be seen as the first of a new fourth-generation of LED lights are described and guidance is given for the practitioner on what factors to consider when seeking to purchase a new LED light activation unit.

Clinical Relevance: Adequate curing in depth is fundamental to clinical success with any light-activated restoration. To achieve this goal predictably, an appropriate light source needs to be combined with materials knowledge, requisite clinical skills and attention to detail throughout the entire restoration process. As dentists increasingly use light-cured direct composites to restore large posterior restorations they need to appreciate the issues central to effective and efficient light curing and to know what to look for when seeking to purchase a new light-curing unit.
Contemporary denture base resins: part 1
Authors: Rickman L J , Padipatvuthikul P , Satterthwaite J D
Published: August 2017

Provision of partial and complete dentures constructed from resin is commonplace and a satisfactory outcome requires the consideration of the properties of the resin, the oral tissues and prosthodontic principles. Conventional acrylic resin has been widely adopted as a popular denture base material since the 1930s. In this first of a two-part series, the benefits and shortcomings of acrylic resin are discussed alongside contemporary ‘enhancements’ to the material which can improve its properties. In the second part of the series, flexible and other alternative denture base resins, soft-linings, adverse effects of denture base materials and maintenance will be discussed.

Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of contemporary denture base resin systems will help to achieve optimal outcomes in removable prosthodontics.
Silicone impression materials and latex gloves. is interaction fact or fallacy?
Authors: Walid Yaman , Al-Ani Ziad , Gray Robin
Published: August 2017

This review will explore the mechanism of delayed setting and inhibition of polyvinyl siloxane impression material by latex and examine the evidence for and against this phenomenon. Clinical implications are discussed and recommendations for clinical practice made.

Clinical Relevance: The production of accurate polyvinyl siloxane impressions in the fabrication of indirect restorations/prostheses is vital for a good clinical outcome.
Clinical audit – process and outcome for improved clinical practice
Authors: Buth Shabana , D'Cruz Len
Published: August 2017

Audit is a key aspect of everyday clinical care and essential for the safe as well as efficient functioning of any clinical environment. This applies to clinical care both within primary practice and secondary care within a hospital environment. The undertaking of an audit allows the clinician to analyse his or her own clinical practice in relation to current guidance or ‘gold standard’ parameters to enable best practice within all aspects of patient care to be implemented. This paper aims to explore the origins and importance of clinical audit as well as the various processes involved in undertaking it successfully.

Clinical Relevance: This article will enable clinicians to understand the importance of audit and how to incorporate it into their everyday practice.
Langerhans cell histiocytosis: a diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Ryan Paul L , Piper Kim M , Hughes Francis J
Published: August 2017

Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH) is a rare clonal neoplastic disorder of unknown aetiology which can present with a diverse range of clinical presentations. It encompasses a diverse number of idiopathic conditions which can involve multiple body systems and is characterized by bone marrow-derived Langerhans cell proliferation. The disease can affect multiple body systems and lesions can be solitary or widespread. We present a case of a multifocal eosinophilic granuloma (LCH) in a young adult female with clinical signs and symptoms similar to aggressive periodontitis.

Clinical Relevance: Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease which can have a similar clinical presentation to aggressive periodontitis.
Ionizing radiation regulations and the dental practitioner: 2. regulations for the use of x-rays in dentistry
Authors: Rout John , Brown Jackie
Published: August 2017

The first article in this series covered radiation hazards and protection. To minimize the potential harmful effects of X-rays, legislation has been introduced by a number of countries including the European Union.

Clinical Relevance: This article describes some of the aspects of the regulations governing the use of ionizing radiation in the United Kingdom as it affects dental radiography and is not intended to be a comprehensive account of the legislation.
Prosthodontic rehabilitation of patients with orofacial defects
Authors: Benington Ian C , Burnett C Andrew , Clifford Tom J
Published: August 2017

In 2007 in the UK, 5410 people were diagnosed with an oral cancer. It is therefore imperative that all dentists, medical practitioners and dental care practitioners are vigilant when examining the oral cavity so that any suspicious ulcers, swellings or changes in colour of the mucosa are referred at the earliest stage. To give the patient the best prognosis with an orofacial defect following tumour removal or trauma, it is most important to have the appropriate skills in a multidisciplinary team. The management of patients comprises pre-surgical, surgical and post-surgical phases.

Clinical Relevance: The management of patients and clinical techniques described have proved to provide satisfactory outcomes for patients with orofacial defects.
Gingival enlargement and mesiodens associated with generalized aggressive periodontitis: a case report
Authors: Ramachandra Srinivas Sulugodu , Hegde Manjunath , Prasad Umesh Chandra
Published: August 2017

This case report describes the management of an 18-year-old female who presented with generalized aggressive periodontitis, gingival enlargement and a mesiodens. Diagnosis for aggressive periodontitis was determined based on history, clinical findings and radiographic examination. Treatment included oral prophylaxis, extraction of the mesiodens and elimination of infectious micro-organisms, using a combination of surgical intervention and antimicrobial therapy with long-term maintenance.

Clinical Relevance: Presence of gingival enlargement in cases of aggressive periodontitis may be clinically confusing; hence, the diagnosis should always be based on the patient's history as well as the clinical and radiographic findings.
Periodontal diseases in children and adolescents: a clinician's perspective part 1
Authors: Masamatti Sujata Surendra , Kumar Ashish , Virdi Mandeep Singh
Published: August 2017

Contrasting forms of periodontal disease can affect children and adolescents with varying prevalence, severity and extent, leading to a diverse prognosis in these age groups. For an early diagnosis and treatment of periodontal conditions in young patients, it is essential for the dental practitioner to be able to identify and classify the disease correctly at the earliest opportunity, applying basic principles along with understanding of aetiology and risk factors. The first part of this article discusses the classification, plaque-induced and non-plaque-induced gingival diseases, localized and generalized forms of chronic, as well as aggressive, periodontitis.

Clinical Relevance: Knowledge of different forms of periodontal diseases affecting children and adolescents may help to distinguish between different forms of diseases and have value in screening and early diagnosis of the disease.
Salivary biomarkers – an update
Authors: Shankar Akhil Anilkumar , Dandekar Rishikesh Chandrasen
Published: August 2017

Saliva is the most easily available and accessible body fluid, which makes it one of the most sought after tools in diagnostic pathology. Markers expressed in saliva can be used for diagnosis and concurrent patient follow-up of diseases ranging from hereditary disorders to infections, as well as malignancies and also analysis of therapeutic levels of drugs. The emergence of hand-held devices has made possible the elucidation of point-of-care methods and research in the field has resulted in the assimilation of knowledge useful for clinical applications.

Clinical Relevance: This article describes some of the latest research in saliva diagnostics and provides some information on the various hand-held devices available.
The vine trust's amazon hope boats – providing a dental service on the amazon
Authors: Mason Shona MC
Published: August 2017

The Vine Trust's Amazon Hope Project is a medical and dental programme providing healthcare to communities along the Amazon River in Peru. Volunteers from the UK and other countries work alongside Peruvian staff employed by their partner organization, Union Biblica del Peru, to provide a health service from a boat which serves communities on several tributaries who otherwise would have no other access to care. The dental programme involves a basic restorative and extraction service, with scope to develop a preventive programme.

Clinical Relevance: Dentists' and DCPs' skills are transferable globally: this article illustrates how one volunteer dental project is working to provide relevant and sustainable dental health care in the Amazon jungle.
Calcific metamorphosis. literature review and clinical strategies
Authors: Malhotra Neeraj , Mala Kundabala
Published: August 2017

Calcific metamorphosis (CM) is a commonly observed phenomenon following traumatic injuries like concussion, subluxation and luxation. Depending on the severity of the injury and the developmental stage of the tooth, there can be either complete or partial obliteration of root canals. However, histologically, there is always persistence of fine residual filaments of pulp tissue or tracts of organic material without the presence of any inflammatory component. A periodic clinical and radiographic follow-up examination is preferred and usually, for cosmetic reasons, only a conservative aesthetic treatment is required. Endodontic treatment is only advocated if there is development of apical periodontitis and, if executed properly, can be highly successful.

Clinical Relevance: Appropriate management of calcific metamorphosis can present a clinical dilemma to the clinician. Thus a judicious and prudent decision should be made between endodontic intervention for the involved tooth and other available restorative (and/or aesthetic) treatment options.
An introduction to single implant abutments
Authors: Warreth Abdulhadi , Fesharaki Hamed , McConville Ryan , McReynolds David
Published: August 2017

This article is an introduction to single implant abutments and aims to provide basic information about abutments which are essential for all dental personnel who are involved in dental implantology.

Clinical Relevance: This article provides a basic knowledge of implants and implant abutments which are of paramount importance, as replacement of missing teeth with oral implants has become a well-established clinical procedure.
Advice and guidance on the admissions process to uk dental schools
Authors: McAndrew Robert , Salem-Rahemi Morva
Published: August 2017

Students looking to read dentistry can be overwhelmed by the information and requirements presented to them by dental schools, career advisors and the printed literature. In the UK, there are currently 16 dental schools which provide a dentistry degree. While there are variations in the specific aspects of the dental courses at each school, there are common principles and generic application requirements that apply. This paper provides a guide to facilitate applications and inform potential students, career advisors and dentists. The information presented has been gathered from UK dental school websites and university prospectuses and corroborated through contact with university admissions offices.

Clinical Relevance: This paper is relevant to dental practitioners who are often asked to provide advice on applications to dental schools by potential students.
Contemporary management of generalized erosive tooth surface loss
Authors: Patel Mital , Seymour David , Chan Martin F W-Y
Published: August 2017

Management of generalized erosive tooth surface loss can be challenging. Careful pre-operative assessment of the patient and treatment planning is essential. The aim of any treatment provided is to prevent further tooth surface loss, restore aesthetics and function, and provide a stable occlusal relationship. Whilst attempting to fulfil these goals, it is important to protect the remaining tooth structure by using restorations which are conservative and do not cause further damage to teeth which are already compromised. This paper aims to describe a conservative approach to restoring patients with generalized tooth surface loss.

Clinical Relevance: To highlight conservative treatment options available for the management of generalized erosive tooth surface loss and show how they contrast with other destructive irreversible conventional techniques.
Decision-making in the provision of extra-coronal restorations
Authors: Alani Aws , Bishop Karl , Djemal Serpil
Published: August 2017

Abstract: Decision-making when choosing an extra-coronal restoration for a molar tooth is often multifactorial, requiring consideration for material properties, the underlying tooth tissue, aesthetics and functional requirements. This article reviews the various factors associated with the decision-making when considering an extra-coronal restoration for a molar tooth. The current literature is disseminated and compared to results obtained from clinicians at the Dental Pan Society meeting in 2007. Dentists were seemingly less likely to consider restorations with greater complications for themselves than they were for their patients. The various implications of the results are discussed.

Clinical Relevance: With the plethora of dental materials available, the clinician has a wide choice of restorations. As clinicians become increasingly aware of the relative complications associated with different restorations, they are less likely to choose those that may result in problems, such as loss of vitality. In comparison, patients, if not kept fully informed, are unlikely to be aware of these problems and therefore may be happy to accept a more ‘aesthetic’ restoration. This decision dynamic is examined in this article.
Interceptive orthodontics – current evidence-based best practice
Authors: Borrie Felicity R , Bearn David R
Published: August 2017

This article examines the key areas relating to interceptive orthodontics, ie crossbites, anterior and posterior; eruption problems and impaction (including incisors and canines); poor quality first permanent molars; infra-occluded primary molar teeth; non-nutritive sucking habits (digit and pacifier sucking) leading to anterior openbite, posterior crossbite and increased overjet; centreline shifts related to unilateral loss of primary teeth; and increased overjet and associated risk of trauma. It aims to provide information and recommendations.

Clinical Relevance: The GDP requires evidence to support the clinical management of common problems presenting in the mixed dentition.
Special care dentistry for general dental practice
Authors: Greig Vicki , Sweeney Petrina
Published: August 2017

Although special care dentistry (SCD) is a fairly recent specialty, the principles and practice of SCD have been developed since the 1980s. Shared care of these patients with general dental practitioners remains vital to ensure that comprehensive care is provided. This article aims to discuss some of the patient groups commonly seen in SCD clinics and give an insight into the varied complex medical and social aspects of care which are managed as part of providing appropriate, safe and holistic care.

Clinical Relevance: Many patients who currently fall under the remit of special care dentistry could be treated safely in general dental practice. This article acts as an introduction to special care dentistry for general dental practitioners.
Treatment of peri-implant diseases: a review of the literature and protocol proposal
Authors: Armas José , Culshaw Shauna , Savarrio Lee
Published: August 2017

Over 100,000 implants were placed in the UK in 2010. As the numbers of patients with implant-retained prostheses increases, operators are encountering an increasing number of biological implant complications, most commonly peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. The effective management of these complications is crucial to maintain patients' oral health. In particular, in contrast to common periodontal infections, some peri-implant infections may benefit from surgical intervention as a first line approach.

Clinical Relevance: This article reviews the literature on the treatment options for peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis and proposes a protocol for their treatment
Accessing the best available evidence
Authors: Lamont Thomas J , Keightley Alexander , Clarkson Jan
Published: August 2017

This narrative review aims to highlight sources of the best available evidence and describe primary clinical trials currently taking place in primary dental care across the United Kingdom which will add to the evidence base.

Clinical Relevance: To provide evidence-based dental care, dental professionals have to integrate the best available evidence, their clinical experience and their patients' values; this paper should help to identify user-friendly sources of the best available evidence.
Invisible orthodontics part 3: aesthetic orthodontic brackets
Authors: Waring David T , McMullin Ailbhe , Malik Ovais H
Published: August 2017

In this, the third part of the series, aesthetic orthodontic treatment will be considered. The previous two articles have looked at invisible orthodontics with Invisalign and lingual brackets. This article will discuss the properties and use of aesthetic brackets, along with examples of orthodontic treatment cases using the aesthetic brackets.

Clinical Relevance: Increasing demand for aesthetics during orthodontic treatment has resulted in a significant increase in the use of aesthetic brackets. Clinicians need to be aware of the benefits and drawbacks of aesthetic brackets.