bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Selenium compounds as promising antiviral agents
Authors: Jain Vimal K. , Priyadarsini K. Indira
Published: March 2024

Selenium deficiency increases pathogenicity of RNA viruses. While dietary selenium supplementation has been practiced clinically, synthetic selenium compounds are under evaluation for their antiviral activity, important classes are discussed in this essay.
DRGD-linked charged EKKE dimeric dodecapeptide: pH-based amyloid nanostructures and their application in lead and uranium binding
Authors: Natarajan Aishwarya , Vadrevu Late Ramakrishna , Rangan Krishnan
Published: March 2024

Charged amino-acid containing dodecapeptide Ac-EKKEDRGDEKKE-CONH2 forms pH-based self assembly and amyloid nanostructures which binds heavy metals lead and uranium.
HFM-Tracker: a cell tracking algorithm based on hybrid feature matching
Authors: Zhao Yan , Chen Ke-Le , Shen Xin-Yu , Li Ming-Kang , Wan Yong-Jing , Yang Cheng , Yu Ru-Jia , Long Yi-Tao , Yan Feng , Ying Yi-Lun
Published: March 2024

A novel cell tracking algorithm, named HFM-Tracker (Hybrid Feature Matching Tracker), is proposed to accurately track the migratory behavior of cells through the capture of time-lapse cell images.
The innovative design of high-performance layered transition metal oxides for sodium-ion batteries from a commercial perspective
Authors: Pan Jingjing , Wu Jialu , Zou Xiaomin , Chou Shulei , Zhang Bo
Published: March 2024

The practical application of layered transition metal oxides (LTMOs) meets some challenges. This paper reviews some strategies for improving the stability of LTMOs, which will provide effective guidance to accelerate the commercialization of SIBs.
Modulating the ferroelectric phases in cholesteryl-based organic compounds with perfluoroalkyl tail engineering
Authors: Jiang Huan-Huan , Zhang Nan , Mao Wei-Xin , Lan Jin-Fei , Zhou Long-Xing , Xu Hua-Ming , Zhang Han-Yue , Liao Wei-Qiang
Published: March 2024

This is the first time that the phase transition could be modulated with perfluoroalkyl tail engineering in organic single-component ferroelectric crystals.
A density functional study of the photocatalytic degradation of polycaprolactone by the decatungstate anion in acetonitrile solution
Authors: Minezawa Noriyuki , Suzuki Kosuke , Okazaki Susumu
Published: March 2024

Density functional theory calculations reveal that decatungstate (W10O324−) photocatalyst can degrade polyester in a one-step hydrogen atom abstraction or two-step process (single electron transfer followed by proton transfer).
Progress in Cu-based electrocatalysts for electrochemical CO2 reduction to C2+ products
Authors: Cui Shaoying , Li Siqi , Deng Renzhi , Wei Lixin , Yang Shucheng , Dai Shiwei , Wang Fanan , Liu Song , Huang Yanqiang
Published: March 2024

Recent progress in Cu-based electrocatalysts for CO2RR to C2+ products, from theoretical and experimental aspects.
Catalytic removal of soot particles over potassium glasses – the effect of doping with aliovalent redox metals
Authors: Legutko Piotr , Dziadek Michał , Grzybek Gabriela , Marzec Mateusz , Jarosz Emilia , Michalik Marek , Piumetti Marco , Cholewa-Kowalska Katarzyna , Fino Debora , Adamski Andrzej
Published: March 2024

The catalytic performance of potassium silicate glass catalysts for soot combustion depends on potassium stability and can be controlled by metal doping. Dopants are located in the bulk and modify the structure of glasses.
Where is chemistry's moon? Highlights from the 1st conference for the Center of the Transformation of Chemistry (CTC) at Ringberg Castle 2023
Authors: Plutschack Matthew B. , Seeberger Peter H.
Published: March 2024

The CTC-Conference at Ringberg brought scientists together to discuss their research and brainstorm a "moon-shot" program to align efforts, enable rapid discoveries, and move towards a sustainable circular economy.
Development of a droplet cathode glow discharge excitation source for high throughput detection of Li, Ca and K in serum samples
Authors: Liu Jinzhao , Dong Junhang , Han Shanru , Zhang Jingwen , Liu Xing , Zheng Hongtao , Zhu Zhenli
Published: March 2024

Sensitive and high-throughput analysis of trace elements in biological samples with limited volume is of great significance for clinical studies.
Exploring seawater oxidation potential using a MnCoCr layered double hydroxide@sulphur doped carbon dot/nickel foam electrocatalyst in an alkaline environment
Authors: Vedanarayanan Mahalakshmi , Pitchai Chandrasekaran , Gopalakrishnan Sethuraman Mathur
Published: March 2024

Harvesting energy from seawater using MnCoCr LDH@SCDs/NF.
Switch-on near infrared emission in albumin behind dark fabric: toward application in forensic latent bloodstain detection
Authors: Saucier Matthew A. , Kruse Nicholas A. , Lewis Timothy A. , Hammer Nathan I. , Delcamp Jared H.
Published: March 2024

Near infrared switch-on emission of SO3C7 in albumin allows imaging behind dark fabric which can inhibit latent blood stain detection.
Radar active oppressive interference suppression based on generative adversarial network
Authors: Yu Yongzhi , You Yu , Wang Ping , Guo Limin
Published: March 2024

Modern radar systems often face various interference signals in complex and rapidly changing electronic environments. The task of suppressing this interference in the radar echo signal to extract vital information is challenging. A radar interference suppression method is proposed based on a generative adversarial network (GAN). This method effectively recovers the target signal from the echo signal, which contains interference and noise, by leveraging the powerful fitting ability of GAN. Specifically, this method was tested using coherent suppression interference, smart noise interference, and noise frequency modulation suppression interference. We compared the proposed GAN method with recurrent neural network, short‐time Fourier transform time‐varying filtering, short‐time fractional Fourier transform time‐varying filtering algorithms and RNN approach. The results show that the interference suppression algorithm based on GAN is superior to the other three algorithms.
Ground-mounted or residential rooftop photovoltaic plant − European production or Chinese production: which is the most environmentally sustainable system? A case study in Italy
Authors: Brivio Elisabetta , Danelli Andrea , Girardi Pierpaolo
Published: March 2024

In recent years, decarbonization policies have pushed for a significant increase in renewable energies for power generation applications. European strategy aims to bring online over 320 GW of solar photovoltaics by 2025 and almost 600 GW by 2030. In this context, it is not only important to figure out the main hotspots of PV system but also to understand which are the best configurations from an environmental point of view. The analysis proposed in this paper aims to compare the environmental benefits of producing 1 kWh through two different system configurations: a ground-mounted PV plant (84 MW) and a residential rooftop PV plant (3 kW). In particular, the PERC (Passivated Emitter and Rear Cell) technology is investigated. In addition, in order to assess the influence of the energy mix used in the production of the PV components (mono-Si ingot, wafer, cell and module) on the LCA results, two different production sites are explored, i.e., in China and in Europe.
Der gesetzlich verbesserte Zugang zur geriatrischen Rehabilitation – Voraussetzungen und Schwächen
Authors: Benzinger Petra , Jamour Michael , Grund Stefan , Bauer Jürgen M.
Published: March 2024

Was ist neu?

Neuerungen durch das Intensivpflege- und Rehabilitationsstärkungsgesetz (IPReG) Seit Inkrafttreten der neuen Rehabilitations-Richtlinie (Reha-RL) können Vertragsärzte bei der Beantragung die Notwendigkeit einer geriatrischen Rehabilitation angeben. Bei nachvollziehbarer Dokumentation auf Muster 61 erfolgt keine Prüfung durch den Medizinischen Dienst.

Indikationsprüfung durch Vertragsärzte Voraussetzungen für die geriatrische Rehabilitation sind, dass der Versicherte 70 Jahre und älter ist und eine geriatrietypische Multimorbidität vorliegt.

Nachweis der Erfordernis einer geriatrischen Rehabilitation Die funktionelle Relevanz der rehabilitationsbegründenden Diagnose sowie der Multimorbidität muss durch vorgegebene Funktionstests in 2 Funktionsbereichen nachgewiesen werden. Darüber hinaus muss das SINGER-Patientenprofil erhoben werden, für welches bislang kein Manual vorliegt.

Erste Hinweise auf die Umsetzung der neuen Gesetzesvorgaben Trotz einer hohen Bewilligungsquote der Rehabilitationsanträge kommt es nur in einem geringen Teil der Fälle zu einer geringen Durchführung der Rehabilitationen.

Ambulante und mobile Angebote als Alternative zur stationären Rehabilitation Diese Rehabilitationsangebote bieten eine zeitlich und örtlich flexible Therapie an, bedürfen jedoch vor allem in ländlichen Regionen eines Ausbaus.
Medial Ligament Release: Is It a Proportional Standard?
Authors: Wever Capi C.
Published: March 2024

Assessing the proportionality of extended facelift surgery across surgeons is not an easy task. Risks and assumed benefits need to be weighted, yet, especially the latter is difficult to objectify. Reverse engineering the pathway of two leading facelift surgeons suggest that excellent training and focused high-volume facelift surgery preceded their leadership. Yet these conditions are not available to all surgeons. Hence defining extended facelift techniques as the professional standard, could promote novice surgeons into a path that may not correspond to safe practice.
A Pilot Study to Evaluate the Effect of Communication Skill Training on Nursing Students' Skills and Self-Efficacy in Caring for Patients with Cancer: Part II
Authors: Prasad Viji , Naik Poonam , Ancheril Alphonsa
Published: March 2024

Background Health care professionals working in the field of oncology have reported difficulty communicating with patients and their families throughout diagnostic and therapeutic procedures. As it comes to the care and treatment of the patient as well as their feelings of uncertainty about the future, nurses on the treatment team are crucial in offering patients and their families both practical and emotional support. By offering specialized training in communication skills, health care providers—including undergraduate health care students and interns—can strengthen their relationship with patients.

Objectives The main objectives of the study were to assess the effect of communication skill training on the skills and self-efficacy of undergraduate nursing students in providing care to patients with cancer.

Materials and Methods A quasi-experimental research design was adopted to evaluate the effect of skill training on the skills and self-efficacy of students. A total of 32 students from selected nursing colleges were chosen using a purposive sampling technique, and the lottery method was employed to assign students to the intervention and control groups. A baseline pro forma, basic communication skills checklist, and self-efficacy questionnaire (SE-12) were the instruments used for data collection. Using SPSS version 26, descriptive and inferential statistics were employed to analyze the data.

Results The majority of the students in both the intervention group (81.25%) and the control group (75%) were between the ages of 20 and 21. Scores on communication skills pretest, posttest 1, and posttest 2 within and between groups all showed highly significant differences (p = 0.000). The self-efficacy scores of the intervention group students significantly improved (p = 0.000).

Conclusion The skill training program has enhanced the students' competency to communicate and their sense of self-efficacy in offering care for cancer patients. Health care professionals will help patients and their families take an informed and involved role in their own cancer care if they devote the resources to training, particularly prospective students, in this basic clinical competence.
Neurological Care within the Indian Health Service
Authors: Parko Karen , Stitzer Michael , Trimble Brian , Christensen Loretta
Published: March 2024

American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) are the Indigenous peoples of the United States. According to the U.S. Census Bureau, approximately 9.7 million people self-identified as AI/AN (alone or in combination with other races), representing 2.9% of the total U.S. population. These people represent diverse groups of discrete Tribes, each with their language, culture, and geographic home. As part of the conquest and settlement of North America, some Indigenous peoples signed treaties with the U.S. government, surrendering their lands in return for various government commitments, including health care. The Indian Health Service (IHS) was born out of these agreements. The IHS is an agency in the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services under the U.S. Public Health Service. The IHS provides a comprehensive health service delivery system for approximately 2.7 million AI/AN who belong to 574 federally recognized Tribes/nations in 37 states. The aim of this paper is to make recommendations regarding the initiation of sustainable neurology care in marginalized or underserved populations by reviewing 40 years of neurology care provision within the IHS. We will discuss (1) the IHS, (2) neurological care provided within the IHS, including midlevel provider extension of neurology care and traditional medical care, and (3) select neurological diagnoses within AI/AN populations. Marginalized populations, including those in the United States that are rural, remote, or low socioeconomic status, lack access to specialty neurology care. This includes many AI/AN. The IHS has developed novel solutions to promote specialty care, including neurology. Notably, initial IHS investments in full-time neurology providers have led to more robust neurology care, often receiving attention from university programs. This suggests that an initial investment in stable on-site full-time neurology services provides a path to potential sustainable care for marginalized populations.
Analyzing the photoassociation spectrum of ultracold 85Rb 133Cs molecule in (3)3Σ+ state
Authors: Wang Zi-wei , Li Zi-ang , Bai Xu-hui , Gong Ting , Ji Zhong-hua , Zhao Yan-ting , Wang Gao-ren
Published: March 2024

We establish a theoretical model to analyze the photoassociative spectroscopy of 85Rb 133Cs molecules in the (3)3Σ+ state. The vibrational energy, spin–spin coupling constant, and hyperfine interaction constant of the (3)3Σ+ state are determined based on nine observed vibrational levels. Consequently, the Rydberg–Klein–Rees potential energy curve of the (3)3Σ+ state is obtained and compared with the ab initial potential energy curve. Our model can be adopted to analyze the photoassociative spectroscopy of other heteronuclear alkali-metal diatomic molecules in the (3)3Σ+ state.
Kinetic energy correction coefficient for rectangular drainage channels
Authors: Luan Zhengxuan , Zhong Liguo , Zhang Hailong , Lan Chengyu , Yang Yucai , Du Xiaoming , Liu Yuxiang
Published: March 2024

In urban water supply and drainage systems, rainwater channels or pipes are rectangular in design to help control the flow rate and adapt well to limited space. When the Bernoulli equation in fluid mechanics is used to solve the head loss of rectangular pipelines, the velocity parameter used in the kinetic energy term is usually the instantaneous or average velocity of the section at a certain point. Given that this velocity parameter is in exponential form, the smaller the error is, the greater the impact on the result will be. Thus, the kinetic energy term must be corrected. This study focuses on establishing a cross section velocity distribution model in a rectangular pipe and deriving the kinetic energy correction coefficient through the velocity distribution. Based on the Navier–Stokes equation, the partial differential equation describing the velocity distribution is further refined and simplified. Combined with the boundary conditions of the pipeline, the method of separating variables and Fourier transform are used to solve the equation. An example shows how to establish the velocity distribution model and find the analytical solution. Finally, the analytical formula of the kinetic energy correction factor of different cross section parameters and fluid properties is derived. To verify the accuracy of the analytical formula, the Fluent numerical simulation software is used for empirical verification, and then the Deming regression method is used to analyze the error between the theoretical and experimental values. The regression results of the kinetic energy correction coefficient prediction model established in this study are consistent with the actual values, and the confidence interval reaches 95%. This work provides strong guidance for the prediction of the kinetic energy correction coefficient in fluid mechanics and has an important theoretical and practical value.
Native point defects in HgCdTe infrared detector material: Identifying deep centers from first principles
Authors: Chen Wei , Rignanese Gian-Marco , Liu Jifeng , Hautier Geoffroy
Published: March 2024

We investigate the native point defects in the long-wavelength infrared (LWIR) detector material Hg0.75Cd0.25Te using a dielectric-dependent hybrid density functional combined with spin–orbit coupling. Characterizing these point defects is essential as they are responsible for intrinsic doping and nonradiative recombination centers in the detector material. The dielectric-dependent hybrid functional allows for an accurate description of the bandgap (Eg) for Hg1−xCdxTe (MCT) over the entire compositional range, a level of accuracy challenging with standard hybrid functionals. Our comprehensive examination of the native point defects confirms that cation vacancies VHg(Cd) are the primary sources of p-type conductivity in the LWIR material given their low defect formation energies and the presence of a shallow acceptor level (−/0) near the valence-band maximum. In addition to the shallow acceptor level, the cation vacancies exhibit a deep charge transition level (2−/−) situated near the midgap, characteristic of nonradiative recombination centers. Our results indicate that Hg interstitial could also be a deep center in the LWIR MCT through a metastable configuration under the Hg-rich growth conditions. While an isolated Te antisite does not show deep levels, the formation of VHg–TeHg defect complex introduces a deep acceptor level within the bandgap.
On the selection rules for three-wave interactions along ray trajectories
Authors: Senstius M. G. , Freethy S. J. , Nielsen S. K.
Published: March 2024

Three-wave interactions may occur in media with quadratic nonlinearities, which allow for a flow of power between linear waves. The interactions require selection rules similar to conservation of energy and momentum to be satisfied. Equations are presented to solve these selection rules efficiently along the ray trajectory of a pump wave via integration similar to how ray trajectories are determined numerically. This is convenient when dealing with large amplitude beams which may interact with waves along its trajectory. Reformulating the selection rules as a system of ODEs means that the selection rules may be solved using dispersion relations for the three waves, even if the dispersion relations cannot be solved for frequency or wavevector, which would otherwise be needed. In numerical implementations, root-finding algorithms, which may be unstable for complicated dispersion relations, can be avoided. A simple set of equations valid in one-dimensional are presented first. The corresponding equations in arbitrary dimension, including 2D and 3D, are then derived. A set of equations are also derived to find different solutions to the selection rules at a fixed point. Examples with the derived equations applied to plasma physics are presented.
Airborne ultrasound for the contactless mapping of surface thoracic vibrations during human vocalizations: A pilot study
Authors: Wintzenrieth Frédéric , Couade Mathieu , Lehanneur Feizheun , Laveneziana Pierantonio , Niérat Marie-Cécile , Verger Nicolas , Fink Mathias , Similowski Thomas , Ing Ros Kiri
Published: March 2024

Physical examination of the thorax is key to the clinical diagnosis of respiratory diseases. Among other examination techniques, palpation evaluates the transmission of high-frequency vibrations produced by vocalizations (tactile fremitus), which helps the physicians to identify abnormalities within the respiratory system. We propose the use of an airborne ultrasound surface motion camera (AUSMC) to quantitatively map the vibrations induced by subject vocalization. This approach could make the examination of vocal fremitus quantifiable, reproducible, and archivable. Massive data collection of vocal fremitus could allow using artificial intelligence algorithms to isolate vibration patterns that could help disease identification. Until now, in contrast, the interpretation of vocal fremitus has been subject to the physician’s experience and remains subjective. In the present work, we demonstrate the capabilities of the AUSMC to measure vocal fremitus thoracic vibration maps on 77 healthy volunteers. We have observed a spatial dependence of vibration maps on vocalization frequency. We observed that the left lung generates fewer surface vibrations than the right one, which was expected according to their respective dimensions. We also discuss the implications of our findings.
IGZO charge trap flash device for reconfigurable logic functions
Authors: Park Eunpyo , Woo Dong Yeon , Noh Gichang , Jo Yooyeon , Lee Dae Kyu , Park Jongkil , Kim Jaewook , Jeong YeonJoo , Park Seongsik , Jang Hyun Jae , Choi Nakwon , Kim Sangbum , Kwak Joon Young
Published: March 2024

We fabricated an indium gallium zinc oxide (IGZO) charge trap flash (CTF) device for logic-in-memory (LIM) applications. Initially, the nonvolatile memory characteristics of the IGZO CTF device were investigated under charge trapping and detrapping states in 104 s retention tests. Next, we constructed a common-source amplifier circuit containing the IGZO CTF device and demonstrated various input–output signal relationships by modulating the memory state of the device. Finally, we used interconnected IGZO CTF devices to demonstrate reconfigurable logic functions. Using series- and parallel-connected IGZO CTF devices, we developed 2-input NAND and 2-input NOR gates, respectively. Our experimental results showed that the IGZO CTF device is a promising future memory device and a tool for LIM technology.
How nuclear receptors transition between active and inactive forms: An energetic perspective
Authors: Hazarika Saurov , Fehrle Matthew , Okafor C. Denise
Published: March 2024

Nuclear receptors regulate transcriptional programs in response to the binding of natural and synthetic ligands. These ligands modulate the receptor by inducing dynamic changes in the ligand binding domain that shift the C-terminal helix (H12) between active and inactive conformations. Despite decades of study, many questions persist regarding the nature of the inactive state and how ligands shift receptors between different states. Here, we use molecular dynamics (MD) simulations to investigate the timescale and energetic landscape of the conformational transition between inactive and active forms of progesterone receptor (PR) bound to a partial agonist. We observe that the microsecond timescale is insufficient to observe any transitions; only at millisecond timescales achieved via accelerated MD simulations do we find the inactive PR switches to the active state. Energetic analysis reveals that both active and inactive PR states represent energy minima separated by a barrier that can be traversed. In contrast, little or no transition is observed between active and inactive states when an agonist or antagonist is bound, confirming that ligand identity plays a key role in defining the energy landscape of nuclear receptor conformations.
Spectroscopic investigation of early light emission from anode-initiated surface flashover in vacuum
Authors: Clark Raimi , Mounho Michael , Brooks William , Hopkins Matthew , Stephens Jacob , Neuber Andreas
Published: March 2024

Time-resolved optical emission spectroscopy is used to explore the early development of anode-initiated flashover in vacuum. An experimental apparatus for collecting flashover self-luminosity is introduced, which enables spatially resolved light collection from regions adjacent to the anode and cathode triple junctions. The emitted light is spectrally and temporally resolved utilizing an imaging spectrograph and a fast electronic shutter camera. The first light detectable from flashovers across both Rexolite and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) insulators begins less than 10 ns prior to the flashover gap's impedance collapse and consists of faint broadband feature in primarily visible wavelengths. This suggests luminosity due to excitation in the solid, possibly occurring as a result of field emitted electrons. In the few nanoseconds leading up to and including the impedance collapse, the broadband spectrum grows in intensity and extends into the UV, eventually accompanied by a few emission lines of the insulator material. This is strong evidence that the early stages of anode-initiated flashover include surface layer breakdown of the insulator, as a contrast from cathode-initiated flashover, which is predominately an above-surface process. Spectra accumulated over longer exposures of PTFE flashovers indicate that, in the first few hundred nanoseconds after the impedance collapse, ions from the insulator material constitute the majority of the emission lines. Later, neutral and ionic metal species from the electrode contribute with similar prominence as well as molecular bands from diatomic carbon. Finally, a comparison is provided of the results of these studies to other spectroscopic investigations of vacuum flashover from the literature.
Resistivity size effect in epitaxial face-centered cubic Co(001) layers
Authors: Thakral Anshuman , Jog Atharv , Gall Daniel
Published: March 2024

Metastable face-centered cubic (fcc) Co layers are deposited by reactive magnetron sputtering in 5 mTorr N2 at 400 °C followed by vacuum annealing at 500 °C. The resulting phase-pure Co(001)/MgO(001) layers contain negligible nitrogen and exhibit a surface roughness <0.8 nm and a cube-on-cube epitaxial relationship with the substrate with Co[100]ǁMgO[100]. The measured resistivity vs thickness d = 10–1000 nm indicates a bulk resistivity ρo = 6.4 ± 0.3 μΩ cm for fcc Co at room temperature and ρo = 1.3 ± 0.1 μΩ cm at 77 K, and an effective electron phonon mean free path λ = 27 ± 2 nm and 79 ± 6 nm at 295 and 77 K, respectively. The resulting ρo × λ benchmark quantity is 3–5 times larger than that predicted from first principles, suggesting a breakdown of the Fuchs–Sondheimer model at small dimensions. The overall results indicate that fcc Co exhibits no intrinsic conductance benefit over stable hcp Co nor conventional Cu for narrow interconnects. The developed method for growth of epitaxial fcc Co(001) layers provides opportunities to study this metastable material for potential spintronic applications.
Epitaxial growth of Nd2O3 layers on virtual SiGe substrates on Si(111)
Authors: Genath H. , Schubert M. A. , Yamtomo H. L. , Krügener J. , Osten H. J.
Published: March 2024

This study explores the growth and structural characteristics of Nd2O3 layers on virtual germanium-rich SiGe substrates on Si(111). We focus on the emergence of the hexagonal phase depending on the stoichiometry of the virtual substrate. X-ray diffraction measurements reveal a hexagonal phase when Nd2O3 is grown directly on Si(111), while growth on Ge leads to a cubic oxide structure. On SiGe layers, the growth of the oxide results in a mixed phase containing hexagonal and cubic regions, regardless of the Ge content. The cubic structure grown on virtual Ge substrates exhibits strong tensile strain, while layers grown on SiGe layers show no strain. In situ growth control via electron diffraction shows a dependence of the oxide structure of the surface reconstruction of the virtual substrate. Growth on a 7×7 reconstruction leads to hexagonal parts on Si-based substrates, while growth on c(2×8) results in cubic oxide growth on Ge. Furthermore, oxide layers grown on virtual SiGe substrates form an interfacial silicate layer. The thickness of the interfacial layer is influenced by the Si content and the structure of the oxide layer enabling oxygen diffusion pathways.
Rogue wave excitations and hybrid wave structures of the Heisenberg ferromagnet equation with time-dependent inhomogeneous bilinear interaction and spin-transfer torque
Authors: Wen Xiao-Yong , Liu Xue-Ke , Chen Yong , Yan Zhenya
Published: March 2024

In this paper, we focus on the localized rational waves of the variable-coefficient Heisenberg spin chain equation, which models the local magnetization in ferromagnet with time-dependent inhomogeneous bilinear interaction and spin-transfer torque. First, we establish the iterative generalized (m,N−m)-fold Darboux transformation of the Heisenberg spin chain equation. Then, the novel localized rational solutions (LRSs), rogue waves (RWs), periodic waves, and hybrid wave structures on the periodic, zero, and nonzero constant backgrounds with the time-dependent coefficients α(t) and β(t) are obtained explicitly. Additionally, we provide the trajectory curves of magnetization and the variation of the magnetization direction for the obtained nonlinear waves at different times. These phenomena imply that the LRSs and RWs play the crucial roles in changing the circular motion of the magnetization. Finally, we also numerically simulate the wave propagations of some localized semi-rational solutions and RWs.
Tunable optoelectronic response in van der Waals heterojunction transistors for artificial visual recognition
Authors: Dang Mengli , Duan Xinpei , Liu Chang , Zhang Sen , Hong Xitong , Niu Wencheng , Luo Pengfei , Jiang Bei , Bu Tong , Tang Lin , Jiang Weijie , Wan Da , Zou Xuming , Liao Lei , Liu Xingqiang
Published: March 2024

Optoelectronic synaptic transistors are advantageous in in-memory light sensing for artificial neural networks. Herein, optoelectronic synaptic junction field-effect transistors (JFETs) based on a Ga2O3/MoS2 heterojunction are fabricated. The devices exhibit robust electrical performances, including a high on/off ratio of 108, a low subthreshold swing of 69 mV dec−1, and a high output current of 3.4 μA μm−1. An inverter and a NAND gate are constructed based on the dual-gated configuration, with the inverter showing a high voltage gain of 28 and the near-ideal noise margin of 90.4%. Additionally, the devices demonstrate outstanding optoelectronic performances benefiting from the strong light–matter interactions of MoS2. Typical synaptic plasticities, including short-term plasticity, long-term plasticity, and spiking-rate-dependent plasticity, are simulated by applying the light pulses. Furthermore, metaplastic excitatory postsynaptic current, metaplastic facilitation of long-term potentiation and transition from potentiation to depression are also readily demonstrated. The artificial neural network, in which neurons are interconnected through our proposed optoelectronic synaptic transistors, achieves a high accuracy of 89.8% in recognizing handwritten digits. This work provides insight into the design of an optoelectronic synapse based on JFETs.
Machine learning-powered lead-free piezoelectric nanoparticle-based deep brain stimulation: A paradigm shift in Parkinson’s disease diagnosis and evaluation
Authors: Eid Marwa M. , Chinnaperumal Seelammal , Raju Sekar Kidambi , Kannan Subhash , Alharbi Amal H. , Natarajan Sivaramakrishnan , Khafaga Doaa Sami , Tawfeek Sayed M.
Published: March 2024

Lead-based deep brain stimulation (DBS) electrodes have been employed to treat Parkinson’s disease (PD), but their limitations have led to the development of lead-free piezoelectric nanoparticle-based DBS (LF-PND-DBS). This novel approach utilizes non-invasive biocompatible piezoelectric nanoparticles to generate electrical stimulation, offering a promising alternative to traditional DBS. In this study, an innovative machine learning (ML)-optimized LF-PND-DBS system for diagnosing and evaluating PD is proposed. By leveraging ML algorithms, the optimized design of LF-PND electrodes and stimulation parameters is derived, ensuring precise and personalized treatment delivery. The ML-optimized LF-PND-DBS system was evaluated in a cohort of PD patients, demonstrating an exceptional diagnostic accuracy with a sensitivity of 99.1% and a specificity of 98.2%. It effectively assessed PD severity and response to DBS treatment, providing valuable guidance for treatment monitoring. The findings highlight the immense potential of the ML-optimized LF-PND-DBS system as a transformative tool for PD diagnosis and evaluation. This novel approach has the potential to enhance DBS efficacy, safety, and personalization, paving the way for improved patient outcomes and quality of life.
Polymer free volume and its connection to the entanglement length and the plateau modulus via polymer mode-coupling theory and equation of state
Authors: Wong Chi Pui Jeremy , Choi Phillip
Published: March 2024

Using a many-chain system of Gaussian chains interacting with each other through the Lennard-Jones (LJ) potential, we demonstrate that there exists a connection between polymer fractional free volume (f) and the entanglement chain length (Ne). Here, f is determined by the generic van der Waals (GvdW) equation of state using the intermolecular radial distribution function [g(r)] of the Gaussian chain generated by the polymer reference interaction sites model while Ne by the polymer mode-coupling theory (PMCT) for strongly coupled macromolecules. The key concept in PMCT is that intermolecular forces experienced by a bead in a chain surrounded by other chains are strongly coupled to the site specific intramolecular radial distribution function. The calculated Gp and η of polyethylene with chain lengths from 500 to 2000 interacting with one another through the LJ potential agree well with experiment and molecular dynamics simulation.
Glucuronic acid confers colonization advantage to enteric pathogens
Authors: Rosay Thibaut , Jimenez Angel G. , Sperandio Vanessa
Published: March 2024

Glucuronidation is a detoxification process to eliminate endo- and xeno-biotics and neurotransmitters from the host circulation. Glucuronosyltransferase binds these compounds to glucuronic acid (GlcA), deactivating them and allowing their elimination through the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. However, the microbiota produces β-glucuronidases that release GlcA and reactivate these compounds. Enteric pathogens such as enterohemorrhagic
Escherichia coli
(EHEC) and
Citrobacter rodentium
sense and utilize galacturonic acid (GalA), an isomer of GlcA, to outcompete the microbiota promoting gut colonization. However, the role of GlcA in pathogen colonization has not been explored. Here, we show that treatment of mice with a microbial β-glucuronidase inhibitor (GUSi) decreased
C. rodentium
’s colonization of the GI tract, without modulating bacterial virulence or host inflammation. Metagenomic studies indicated that GUSi did not change the composition of the intestinal microbiota in these animals. GlcA confers an advantage for pathogen expansion through its utilization as a carbon source. Congruently mutants unable to catabolize GlcA depict lower GI colonization compared to wild type and are not sensitive to GUSi. Germfree mice colonized with a commensal
E. coli
deficient for β-glucuronidase production led to a decrease of
C. rodentium
tissue colonization, compared to animals monocolonized with an
E. coli
proficient for production of this enzyme. GlcA is not sensed as a signal and doesn’t activate virulence expression but is used as a metabolite. Because pathogens can use GlcA to promote their colonization, inhibitors of microbial β-glucuronidases could be a unique therapeutic against enteric infections without disturbing the host or microbiota physiology.
Probiotic Development: Research Gaps and Opportunities
Authors: Anjum Mehreen , Ouwehand Arthur C.
Published: March 2024

Probiotics are live microbes, that when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host. Various health benefits have been documented for different strains/combinations of probiotics; mostly related to digestive and immune health. Because the gut is also linked to many other organ systems, health benefits outside the gut have been reported. Further, new strains from species not previously used in food and dietary supplements are being investigated as so-called next generation probiotics (NGPs). These NGPs are often intended to become drugs rather than dietary supplements or functional foods. The future may also bring new delivery formats that are not consumed but otherwise applied to the body. To develop these NGPs and better understand the mechanism of action of current probiotics, the so-called omics techniques are helpful. For a layperson, it is difficult to identify a good quality probiotic. However, careful reading of the product label can help to identify the strains and counts at the end of a product’s shelf life.

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Dynamical de Sitter black holes in a quasi-stationary expansion
Authors: Beyen Aaron , Hamamcı Efe , Meerts Kasper , Van den Bleeken Dieter
Published: March 2024

We revisit and improve the analytic study (Gregory et al 2018 Class. Quantum. Grav.
35 155008) of spherically symmetric but dynamical black holes in Einstein’s gravity coupled to a real scalar field. We introduce a series expansion in a small parameter ε that implements slow time dependence. At the leading order (LO), the generic solution is a quasi-stationary Schwarzschild–de Sitter (SdS) metric, i.e. one where time-dependence enters only through the mass and cosmological constant parameters of SdS. The two coupled ODEs describing the LO time dependence are solved up to quadrature for an arbitrary scalar potential. Higher order corrections can be consistently computed, as we show by explicitly solving the Einstein equations at the next to LO as well. We comment on how the quasi-stationary expansion we introduce here is equivalent to the non-relativistic

1

/

c

expansion.
A novel gearbox local fault feature extraction method based on quality coefficient and dictionary learning
Authors: Liu Zhongze , Lin Huibin , Ding Li , Li Jipu , Zhang Bin , Jiang Fei , Chen Zhuyun
Published: March 2024

The performance of sparse decomposition is directly determined by the similarity between impact atoms and the actual fault impact waveform. The shift-invariant K-singular value decomposition (K-SVD) dictionary learning algorithm is capable of training impact patterns from vibration signals collected by sensors to construct impact atoms, thereby extracting fault impact components from the vibration signals. However, the impact pattern training using the shift-invariant K-SVD algorithm is influenced by the presence of harmonics and white noise in the gear transmission system vibration signals. To solve the above problems, a novel gearbox local fault feature extraction method based on the quality coefficient and dictionary learning is proposed in this paper. Firstly, the original signal is decomposed into a series of intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) by empirical mode decomposition. Then, a new quality coefficient is proposed by comprehensively considering the intensity of the impact, harmonics and noise components in each IMF, as well as the degree of correlation with the original signal. The IMF with the largest quality coefficient is used to train the impact pattern and solve the sparse coefficients. Finally, the orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm is adopted to solve the sparse coefficients, which are used to reconstruct the fault impact response signal from the dictionary. Simulation and experimental analysis demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method compared to other state-of-the-art methods.
Interpretable machine learning models for failure cause prediction in imbalanced oil pipeline data
Authors: Awuku Bright , Huang Ying , Yodo Nita , Asa Eric
Published: March 2024

Pipelines are critical arteries in the oil and gas industry and require massive capital investment to safely construct networks that transport hydrocarbons across diverse environments. However, these pipeline systems are prone to integrity failure, which results in significant economic losses and environmental damage. Accurate prediction of pipeline failure events using historical oil pipeline accident data enables asset managers to plan sufficient maintenance, rehabilitation, and repair activities to prevent catastrophic failures. However, learning the complex interdependencies between pipeline attributes and rare failure events presents several analytical challenges. This study proposes a novel machine learning (ML) framework to accurately predict pipeline failure causes on highly class-imbalanced data compiled by the United States Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration. Natural language processing techniques were leveraged to extract informative features from unstructured text data. Furthermore, class imbalance in the dataset was addressed via oversampling and intrinsic cost-sensitive learning (CSL) strategies adapted for the multi-class case. Nine machine and deep learning architectures were benchmarked, with LightGBM demonstrating superior performance. The integration of CSL yielded an 86% F1 score and a 0.82 Cohen kappa score, significantly advancing prior research. This study leveraged a comprehensive Shapley Additive explanation analysis to interpret the predictions from the LightGBM algorithm, revealing the key factors driving failure probabilities. Leveraging sentiment analysis allowed the models to capture a richer, more multifaceted representation of the textual data. This study developed a novel CSL approach that integrates domain knowledge regarding the varying cost impacts of misclassifying different failure types into ML models. This research demonstrated an effective fusion of text insights from inspection reports with structured pipeline data that enhances model interpretability. The resulting AI modeling framework generated data-driven predictions of the causes of failure that could enable transportation agencies with actionable insights. These insights enable tailored preventative maintenance decisions to proactively mitigate emerging pipeline failures.
The high-temperature gas soft measurement method based on the temperature attenuation patterns of flowing argon gas inside a cavity
Authors: Yang G , Wang W H , Chu J R , Zhang F R , Li B R
Published: March 2024

The device for generating the airflow temperature signal is employed in aircraft ground simulation. This process involves heating the argon gas by the arc discharge to generate high-temperature gas, which subsequently flows into the cavity and mixes with cold gas to produce the temperature signal. However, the temperature of argon gas at the entrance of the cavity is excessively high, and sensor installation is challenging, making direct measurement difficult. This paper introduces a high-temperature gas soft measurement method based on the temperature attenuation patterns of flowing argon gas inside the cavity, and establishes a mathematical model for the flow and temperature distribution of argon gas within the cavity. The method calculates the target temperature at the entrance of the cavity by measuring the lower-temperature argon gas at the outlet of the cavity. Furthermore, a simulation and experimental platform were set up to validate the proposed method. The experimental results indicate that there is a 7.9% deviation between the soft measurement values and the directly measured values of argon gas temperature in the middle of the cavity. At the outlet of the cavity, the maximum deviation between the directly measured argon gas temperature and the simulation calculation results based on the soft measurement values at the entrance temperature is 5.2%. The paper rigorously validates the accuracy of the soft measurement method from various perspectives. Notably, this method offers the advantage of remote indirect measurement, and indirectly expanding the upper limit of the temperature sensor.
Structural and chemical properties of anion exchanged CsPb(Br(1−x)Cl
x
)3 heterostructured perovskite nanowires imaged by nanofocused x-rays
Authors: Marçal L A B , Lamers N , Hammarberg S , Zhang Z , Chen H , Dzhigaev D , Gomez-Gonzalez M A , Parker J E , Björling A , Mikkelsen A , Wallentin J
Published: March 2024

Over the last years metal halide perovskites have demonstrated remarkable potential for integration in light emitting devices. Heterostructures allow for tunable bandgap depending on the local anion composition, crucial for optoelectronic devices, but local structural effects of anion exchange in single crystals is not fully understood. Here, we investigate how the anion exchange of CsPbBr3 nanowires fully and locally exposed to HCl vapor affects the local crystal structure, using nanofocused x-rays. We study the nanoscale composition and crystal structure as function of HCl exposure time and demonstrate the correlation of anion exchange with changes in the lattice parameter. The local composition was measured by x-ray fluorescence and x-ray diffraction, with general agreement of both methods but with much less variation using latter. The heterostructured nanowires exhibit unintentional gradients in composition, both axially and radially. Ferroelastic domains are observed for all HCl exposure times, and the magnitude of the lattice tilt at the domain walls scales with the Cl concentration.
A total rip-off—crack propagation in paper
Authors: Bates Joanna , Dean Julian S
Published: March 2024

The explanation of material properties starts at a young age identifying materials using words such as strong or brittle, but it is not until higher education that we teach how and why materials break along with what brittle really means. It is an important concept to understand, as a material that could be thought strong can be made to appear weak with the addition of a very small crack. As force is applied, these cracks, introduced through dents, scratches or even from the manufacturing process, can rapidly grow, leading to catastrophic failure. To help educators explain this concept in class without the need for specialised equipment or teaching complex theory, we present a set of accessible experiments on the fracture strength of paper strips. We show how the complexity of the experiment can be modified for various age groups, ranging from an engaging session for younger students pulling paper strips to a more involved extended practical using analytical solutions and fitting to determine the fracture strength of paper. These experiments have been delivered successfully to students of various ages and have led to stimulating discussions on the subject of materials science and engineering.