bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aβ oligomers trigger and accelerate Aβ seeding
Authors: Katzmarski Natalie , Ziegler‐Waldkirch Stephanie , Scheffler Nina , Witt Christian , Abou‐Ajram Claudia , Nuscher Brigitte , Prinz Marco , Haass Christian , Meyer‐Luehmann Melanie
Published: May 2019

Aggregation of amyloid‐β (Aβ) that leads to the formation of plaques in Alzheimer's disease (AD) occurs through the stepwise formation of oligomers and fibrils. An earlier onset of aggregation is obtained upon intracerebral injection of Aβ‐containing brain homogenate into human APP transgenic mice that follows a prion‐like seeding mechanism. Immunoprecipitation of these brain extracts with anti‐Aβ oligomer antibodies or passive immunization of the recipient animals abrogated the observed seeding activity, although induced Aβ deposition was still evident. Here, we establish that, together with Aβ monomers, Aβ oligomers trigger the initial phase of Aβ seeding and that the depletion of oligomeric Aβ delays the aggregation process, leading to a transient reduction of seed‐induced Aβ deposits. This work extends the current knowledge about the role of Aβ oligomers beyond its cytotoxic nature by pointing to a role in the initiation of Aβ aggregation in vivo. We conclude that Aβ oligomers are important for the early initiation phase of the seeding process.
Interleukin‐13 and its signaling pathway is associated with obesity‐related colorectal tumorigenesis
Authors: Matsui Shimpei , Okabayashi Koji , Tsuruta Masashi , Shigeta Kohei , Seishima Ryo , Ishida Takashi , Kondo Takayuki , Suzuki Yoshiyuki , Hasegawa Hirotoshi , Shimoda Masayuki , Sugimoto Shinya , Sato Toshiro , Kitagawa Yuko
Published: May 2019

The incidence of colorectal cancer (CRC) has been on the rise, which is linked to the increasing prevalence of obesity, based on global epidemiological evidence. Although chronic inflammation is implicated in tumor development, the mechanisms underlying obesity‐associated CRC remain unknown. Here, we sought to identify the inflammatory cytokines and their roles in obesity‐related colorectal tumorigenesis using cytokine array analyses in a mouse model. Colorectal tumorigenesis was induced through i.p. injection of azoxymethane once a week for 6 weeks in 6‐week‐old female WT C57Black/6J mice and the obesity diabetes model mouse KK/TaJcl, KK‐Ay/TaJcl. The formation of aberrant crypt foci and colorectal tumors were more frequent in obese mice compared with WT mice, and both serum interleukin (IL)‐13 and IL‐13 receptor (R) expression in the normal intestinal mucosal epithelium were significantly increased in the obese mice. Furthermore, addition of IL‐13 to a human CRC cell line and a human colon organoid culture altered the phenotype of intestinal epithelial cells. Knockdown experiments further revealed that IL‐13Rα1 dominantly induced mucosal proliferation. Collectively, These results suggest an association between anti‐inflammatory cytokines and colorectal carcinogenesis, and provide new research directions for cancer prevention strategies. In particular, inflammation provoked by obesity, notably by increased expression of the cytokine IL‐13, could play an important role in the carcinogenesis of obesity‐related CRC.
Long‐term quality of life and sensory impact of great auricular nerve preservation in parotid surgery as measured with the Parotidectomy Outcome Inventory‐8
Authors: Bulut Olcay Cem , Hohenberger Ralph , Oladokun Dare , Odenwald Katharina , Plinkert Peter K. , Federspil Philippe A.
Published: May 2019

Objectives

This study aimed to evaluate sensory dysfunction resulting from great auricular nerve (GAN) sacrifice versus preservation in parotid surgery for benign lesions and its imact on long‐term health‐related quality of life (QOL).

Design

Retrospective.

Setting/main outcome measures

Participants were divided into two groups (GAN and non‐GAN), and both short‐term (two postoperative weeks) and long‐term (at least 5 years) QOL were assessed. The second item of the Parotidectomy Outcome Inventory‐8 (POI‐8) was used to analyse postoperative sensory loss. All items of the POI‐8 questionnaire were used to determine health‐related QOL.We used t test for dependent samples and Mann‐Whitney U‐test to compare patient groups

Participants

A total of 137 patients (65 male and 72 female) enrolled in this study. Average age at the time of surgery was 53 years (±12.8).

Results

The GAN preservation group had significantly better sensation than the GAN sacrifice in short term (2.8 vs 2.1; P = 0.017). Both groups experienced improved sensation in the long term, and there was a trend towards better QOL in the GAN‐preservation group. However, the difference in sensation was not statistically significant (1.7 vs 1.3; P = 0.145). Health‐related QOL also increased in the long term (compared to short term) for both groups (7.6 ± 6.2 to 12 ± 7.6; P < 0.0001) postoperatively. GAN preservation did not significantly improve sensation in long term, nor did it increase health‐related QOL postoperatively.

Conclusion

Although GAN preservation was easily feasible, it only improved sensation in short term. We report a negative result: GAN preservation did not significantly improve sensation in long‐term, nor did it increase health‐related QOL postoperatively when compared to GAN sacrifice.
Effectiveness of a brief phone intervention to increase participation in a population‐based colorectal cancer screening programme: a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Selva A. , Torà N. , Pascual E. , Espinàs J. A. , Baré M.
Published: May 2019

Aim

Although colorectal cancer (CRC) screening reduces mortality and morbidity the uptake in target populations is suboptimal. The aim was to assess whether adding a brief phone intervention to the usual invitation process increases participation in a CRC screening programme based in Catalonia.

Method

This was a non‐blinded prospective randomized control study of patients eligible for their first CRC screening test (immunochemical faecal occult blood test). Between March and December 2017, 512 invitees (age range 50–69 years) were randomized to receiving either a brief informative phone call prior to receiving the standard screening invitation (letter and informative brochure) or the standard screening invitation alone. The primary outcome was participation in the screening programme at 6 months.

Results

In all, 492/512 patients (54.7% women; 45.3% men) could be analysed (239/256 intervention group; 253/256 control group). On an intention to treat basis, the intervention group (55% women; 45% men) saw an 11% increase in the participation rate (51.05% vs 40.32%, P = 0.017). The intervention was more effective in male patients (50.93% vs 33.91%, P = 0.01) and those patients aged between 50 and 54 years (54.32% vs 37.77%, P = 0.03). After adjusting for sex, age and geographic area, the benefit of the intervention remained statistically significant (adjusted OR 1.54, 95% CI 1.07–2.20).

Conclusion

Our data suggest that a brief, informative intervention by phone in addition to the usual invitation process is effective in increasing participation in a CRC screening programme. It may be a useful strategy to improve uptake in groups which are less likely to participate in CRC screening (clinicaltrials.gov NCT03082911).
Bacteria‐in‐paper, a versatile platform to study bacterial ecology
Authors: Hol Felix J. H. , Whitesides George M. , Dekker Cees
Published: May 2019

Habitat spatial structure has a profound influence on bacterial life, yet there currently are no low‐cost equipment‐free laboratory techniques to reproduce the intricate structure of natural bacterial habitats. Here, we demonstrate the use of paper scaffolds to create landscapes spatially structured at the scales relevant to bacterial ecology. In paper scaffolds, planktonic bacteria migrate through liquid‐filled pores, while the paper’s cellulose fibres serve as anchor points for sessile colonies (biofilms). Using this novel approach, we explore bacterial colonisation dynamics in different landscape topographies and characterise the community composition of Escherichia coli strains undergoing centimetre‐scale range expansions in habitats structured at the micrometre scale. The bacteria‐in‐paper platform enables quantitative assessment of bacterial community dynamics in complex environments using everyday materials.
Overcoming Challenges Associated with the Analysis of Nacre by Atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Eder Katja , Otter Laura M. , Yang Limei , Jacob Dorrit E. , Cairney Julie M.
Published: May 2019

In this study atom probe tomography was used to study nacre, an important biocomposite material that is challenging to prepare and analyse by atom probe and, when successful, yields data that is challenging to interpret. It was found that these challenges mainly arise from the insulating and heterogeneous nano‐scale properties of nacre. We outline our current best practice for preparing and running atom probe tips, such as using a low acceleration voltage (< 3 kV) and current (≤ 50 pA) to avoid damage to the microstructure, and using transmission electron microscopy to confirm that the region of interest is located close to the apex of the atom probe tip. Optimisation of the preparation parameters led to several successful atom probe experiments, with one of the data sets containing part of an organic membrane and others showing organic inclusions within the reconstruction.
Dissolution of silica component of glass network at early stage of corrosion in initially silica‐saturated solution
Authors: Ngo Dien , Liu Hongshen , Kaya Huseyin , Chen Zhe , Kim Seong H.
Published: May 2019

Corrosion of glass in silica‐saturated solution has been performed with the assumption that dissolution of silicate species from the glass network would not occur. Using surface‐sensitive analytical techniques, we report experimental evidence suggesting the dissolution of silicate network species from a model nuclear waste glass, called international simple glass (ISG), in an aqueous solution initially saturated with soluble silica species. Results from low energy ion scattering and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy reveal a complete depletion of mobile element species (B, Na) from the ISG surface and an enrichment of Zr on the outmost surface. In support of spectroscopic analyses, results from topographic imaging with atomic force microscopy show a stochastic dissolution of glass surface resulting in a higher surface roughness with increasing corrosion time in aqueous solution. This study shows that a true equilibrium between soluble silica species in the solution phase and silicate species in the glass network could not be warranted by performing corrosion experiments in the solution where dissolved silica species are initially equilibrated with amorphous silica in the presence of KOH. The leaching of mobile species (B, Na) could affect the saturation level of aqueous solution and induce further dissolution of the glass surface.
Preparation of transparent Y2O3 ceramic via gel casting: Realization of high solid volume via surface modification
Authors: Liu Wei , Jin Lingling , Wang Shiwei
Published: May 2019

In this article, isocyanate was adopted to modify Y2O3 powder for the purpose of preparing transparent Y2O3 ceramics via gel casting. The modification could enhance the hydration resistance of Y2O3 powder through the steric hindrance effect. The coating mechanism can be proved by the infrared spectrum of the surface‐modified Y2O3 powder. Modification could not only prevent Y2O3 particles from reacting with water, but also prevents agglomeration between particles. The viscosity of the slurry with a solid content of 52.7 vol% is only 0.48 Pa·s at the shear rate of 100 s−1, which is suitable for preparing high‐density compacts by gel casting. The transmittance of the sample (1840°C × 8 h, 1 mm thickness) at 1100 nm reaches 75%. The microstructure of the sintered body is dense with the average grain size of 6.5 μm without obvious impurities nor pores. Five mol% ZrO2‐doped Y2O3 transparent ceramic fairing with the diameter of 5 cm without defects was successfully fabricated by gel casting (52.7 vol% solid volume) and vacuum sintering (1840°C × 8 h).
A Humboldtian approach to life and climate of the geological past: Estimating palaeotemperature from dental traits of mammalian communities
Authors: Oksanen Otto , Žliobaitė Indrė , Saarinen Juha , Lawing A. Michelle , Fortelius Mikael
Published: May 2019

Aim

The links between geo‐ and biodiversity, postulated by Humboldt, can now be made quantitative. Species are adapted to their environments and interact with their environments by having pertinent functional traits. We aim to improve global ecometric models using functional traits for estimating palaeoclimate and apply models to Pleistocene fauna for palaeoclimate interpretation.

Location

Global at present day, Pleistocene of Europe for fossil data analysis.

Taxa

Artiodactyla, Perissodactyla, Proboscidea and Primates.

Methods

We quantify functional traits of large mammal communities and develop statistical models linking trait distributions to local climate at present day. We apply these models to the fossil record, survey functional traits, and quantitatively estimate climates of the past. This approach to analysing functional relationships between faunal communities and their environments is called ecometrics.

Results and main conclusions

Here, we present new global ecometric models for estimating mean annual and minimum temperature from dental traits of present day mammalian communities. We also present refined models for predicting net primary productivity. Using dental ecometric models, we produce palaeoclimate estimates for 50 Pleistocene fossil localities in Europe and show that the estimates are consistent with trends derived from other proxies, especially for minimum temperatures, which we hypothesize to be ecologically limiting. Our new temperature models allow us to trace the distribution of freezing and non‐freezing ecosystems in the recent past, opening new perspectives on the evolution of cold‐adaptive biota as the Pleistocene cooling progressed.
The contribution of temperature and continental fragmentation to amphibian diversification
Authors: Rolland Jonathan , Condamine Fabien L.
Published: May 2019

Aim

Abiotic factors such as global temperature or continental fragmentation may favour speciation through the ecological and geographical isolation of lineages, but macroevolutionary quantifications of such effect with both fossil and phylogenetic data are rarely performed. Here, we propose to use biogeographical estimations and palaeo‐environmental diversification models to estimate whether and how palaeotemperature and the sequential break‐ups of Pangaea, Gondwana and Laurasia have affected the diversification of amphibians through time.

Location

Global.

Methods

Using a time‐calibrated phylogeny for 3,309 amphibian species and a genus‐level fossil record, we estimated the diversification rates of the group with birth–death models allowing rates to depend on the temporal variations of the environment. We used estimates of global palaeotemperature and an index of continental fragmentation through time to test the association between speciation and/or extinction rates and past temperature and fragmentation. We also estimated the biogeographical history based on a time‐stratified parametric model informed by the global palaeogeography. We inferred whether vicariance or dispersal events explained the ancient and current geographical distribution of amphibians.

Results

The diversification analyses on the whole amphibians showed that temperature‐dependent models are better supported than tectonic‐dependent, time‐dependent and constant‐rate models for both the fossil and phylogenetic data. The best‐fitting temperature‐dependent model indicated a positive dependence of both speciation and extinction rates with the temperature through time. Biogeographical analyses indicated a Pangaean origin for amphibians and also showed that allopatric speciation (vicariance) explained important phases of the evolution of geographical ranges in the Mesozoic.

Main conclusions

Our results support that palaeotemperatures have positively impacted amphibian diversification. Our study provides additional insights into how to quantify the effect of the landmass fragmentation on the diversification processes and shows with biogeographical reconstruction that continental fragmentation is linked to allopatric speciation in the early history of the clade.
Recognizing and interpreting vegetational belts: New wine in the old bottles of a von Humboldt's legacy
Authors: Fattorini Simone , Di Biase Letizia , Chiarucci Alessandro
Published: May 2019

Since von Humboldt, recognizing and using elevational subdivisions is at the core of biogeographical and ecological studies in mountain ecosystems. However, despite the large use of vegetational belts, their conceptual definition and practical identification appear to be surprisingly loose and inconsistent. Many authors use variations in climatic conditions to identify elevational belts. These belts are useful to set a framework for ecological studies but cannot be considered a surrogate of vegetational belts, because factors different from climate play a major role in determining the distribution of plant assemblages. Vegetation physiognomy can be used to identify ‘biome‐type’ belts that are useful for comparisons across geographical areas with different floras. However, to properly reflect ecological conditions at local scale, vegetational belts should be based on species composition. One of the most effective statistical approaches for this purpose is the use spatially constrained cluster analysis. The use of indicator species analysis may be also recommended to identify the species that most characterize vegetational belts. This can help researchers to identify belts in the field. Since species identification can be difficult, some authors use plant functional types for belt delimitation. Plant functional types can be helpful to trace the adaptative responses of vegetation along elevational gradients, but cannot be recommended as a standard way to identify belts. In general, criteria to identify vegetational belts can be based on both vegetation structure (namely physiognomy and structural parameters) and/or species composition, depending on the scale and the aim of the analyses, and they should be clearly stated.
Adhesion behavior of conventional and high‐translucent zirconia: Effect of surface conditioning methods and aging using an experimental methodology
Authors: Ruales‐Carrera Edwin , Cesar Paulo F. , Henriques Bruno , Fredel Márcio C. , Özcan Mutlu , Volpato Claudia A. M.
Published: May 2019

Objective

Evaluate the adhesive behavior of conventional and high‐translucent zirconia after surface conditioning and hydrothermal aging.

Materials and Methods

Conventional (ZrC) and high‐translucent zirconia (ZrT) specimens were divided into six groups: without surface treatment (ZrC and ZrT), air‐borne particle abrasion with 50‐μm Al2O3 sized particles (ZrC‐AO and ZrT‐AO), and tribochemical treatment with 30‐μm silica modified Al2O3 sized particles (ZrC‐T and ZrT‐T). Zirconia specimens were treated using an MDP‐containing universal adhesive and bonded to two resins blocks with an adhesive luting cement. Microbar specimens with cross‐sectioned areas of 1 mm2 were achieved. Half of the microbars were subjected to hydrothermal aging. Bond strength was evaluated by microtensile bond strength test and statistically evaluated by the Weibull analysis.

Results

Roughness of the ZrC‐AO and ZrT‐AO groups were statistically higher. Bond strength analysis revealed higher bond strength for ZrC‐AO and ZrC‐T groups compared to ZrT‐AO and ZrT‐T, respectively. Mixed failure was the most frequent for the mechanically treated groups, while no cohesive failures were obtained.

Conclusion

Lower values of bond strength were obtained for the mechanically treated high‐translucent zirconia groups when compared to their conventional zirconia counterparts. Mechanical surface treatment significantly improved the bond strength to conventional and high‐translucent zirconia.

Clinical Significance

Mechanical surface treatment (air‐borne particle abrasion or tribochemical treatment) associated with the use of universal adhesives containing MDP could provide a durable bonding to conventional and high‐translucent zirconia.
Food safety in Thailand 6: How to eat guava fruits safely? Effects of washing and peeling on removing pesticide residues in guava fruits
Authors: Wanwimolruk Chonthicha , Phopin Kamonrat , Wanwimolruk Sompon
Published: May 2019

Pesticide residues in produce are not commonly monitored in developing countries. This study aims to determine whether washing and peeling has an effect on removing pesticide residues from guava fruits. Seventy‐five guava samples were purchased from Thai markets, and analyzed for 67 pesticides. Eighteen pesticides were detected in the guava samples. The incidence of pesticide detection was 100% with a MRL exceedance of 95% in the guava studied. Washing the guava was not effective at removing pesticide residues, while, peeling the fruits provided the most effective way to remove pesticide residues. Thus, to safely consume guava, it is advisable to peel the fruit before eating it.

Practical applications

There is increasing public concern over the potential health risks associated with the pesticide residues found in food. Very high pesticide residue levels were detected in guava fruits. Washing is thought to be effective at removing the pesticide residues. However, this study has shown that this is not the case as washing the guava fruits with running water method had no effect on pesticide residue removal. Whereas, peeling was the most effective way to remove pesticide residue. Thus, to be safe, consumers are advised to peel guava fruits before eating the fruits.
Neutral pH sodium chlorite decreases recovery of Campylobacter in neutralizing buffered peptone water from simulated broiler carcass rinses
Authors: Gamble Gary R. , Berrang Mark E. , Cosby Douglas E. , Cox Nelson A. , Hinton Arthur
Published: May 2019

The goal of this study was to evaluate factors causing low recovery of Campylobacter during regulatory sampling following acidified sodium chlorite (ASC) treatment of broiler carcasses and subsequent carry‐over into neutralizing buffered peptone water (nBPW) rinses. Solution alkalinity was shown to positively correlate with the presence of un‐reduced chlorite anion in the recovery broth, implying that low recovery of Campylobacter from rinses may be due to residual chlorite, an oxidizing agent. To demonstrate the susceptibility of Campylobacter to residual chlorite, three strains were inoculated into pH = 7.5 nBPW with or without addition of sodium chlorite and stored for 24 hr at 4 °C prior to culturing. Microbial counts from the solutions indicated that residual chlorite can decrease recovery by up to 4 log CFU/mL relative to controls. Acceptable recovery of Campylobacter from nBPW rinses containing residual chlorite may require development of a suitable neutralizing agent in the nBPW recovery medium.

Practical applications

Recovery of viable Campylobacter spp. from broiler carcasses following antimicrobial treatment with acidified sodium chlorite may potentially be compromised when using nBPW as the recovery medium. At neutral or slightly alkaline pH, residual sodium chlorite, an oxidizing species, is not reduced by thiosulfate present in nBPW, and demonstrates antimicrobial effects on Campylobacter. Development of a suitable alternative to thiosulfate as a reducing agent in the recovery medium may be required in to provide optimal conditions for recovery of Campylobacter.
On the Effectiveness of Loan‐to‐Value Regulation in a Multiconstraint Framework
Authors: GRODECKA ANNA
Published: May 2019

Models in the infinite horizon macro‐housing literature often assume that borrowers are constrained exclusively by the loan‐to‐value (LTV) ratio. Motivated by the Swedish microdata, I explore an alternative arrangement where borrowers are constrained by a collateral constraint and by a debt‐service‐to‐income ratio. While stricter LTV limits are often considered as a measure to tackle the rise in household indebtedness, I find that policy designed to lower the maximum permissible LTV ratio may actually leave the debt‐to‐GDP ratio unchanged and increase housing prices in equilibrium if borrowers are bound by two constraints at the same time.
Do Stronger Patents Stimulate or Stifle Innovation? The Crucial Role of Financial Development
Authors: CHU ANGUS C. , COZZI GUIDO , FAN HAICHAO , PAN SHIYUAN , ZHANG MENGBO
Published: May 2019

This study explores the effects of patent protection in a research and development (R&D)‐based growth model with financial frictions. We find that whether stronger patent protection stimulates or stifles innovation depends on credit constraints faced by R&D entrepreneurs. When credit constraints are nonbinding (binding), strengthening patent protection stimulates (stifles) R&D. The overall effect of patent protection on innovation follows an inverted‐U pattern. By relaxing the credit constraints, financial development stimulates innovation. Furthermore, patent protection is more likely to have a positive effect on innovation under a higher level of financial development. We consider cross‐country panel regressions and find supportive evidence for this result.
Ontogenetic scaling patterns of lizard skin surface structure as revealed by gel‐based stereo‐profilometry
Authors: Baeckens Simon , Wainwright Dylan K. , Weaver James C. , Irschick Duncan J. , Losos Jonathan B.
Published: May 2019

The skin surface structure of squamate reptiles varies greatly among species, likely because it plays a key role in a range of tasks, such as camouflage, locomotion, self‐cleaning, mitigation of water loss and protection from physical damage. Although we have foundational knowledge about squamate skin morphology, we still know remarkably little about how intraspecific variation in skin surface structure translates to functional variation. This gap in our understanding can be in part traced back to: (i) our lack of knowledge on how body size determines skin surface structure; and (ii) the lack of means to perform high‐throughput and detailed analysis of the three‐dimensional (3D) anatomy of reptilian skin surfaces in a non‐destructive manner. To fill this gap, we explored the possibilities of a new imaging technique, termed gel‐based stereo‐profilometry, to visualize and quantify the 3D topography of reptilian skin surface structure. Using this novel approach, we investigated intra‐specific and intra‐individual variation in the skin surface morphology of a focal lizard species, Anolis cristatellus. We assessed how various characteristics of surface topography (roughness, skew and kurtosis) and scale morphology (area, height, width and shape) scale with body size across different body regions. Based on an ontogenetic series of A. cristatellus males, we show that skin roughness increases with body size. Skin patches on the ventral body region of lizards were rougher than on the dorsum, but this was a consequence of ventral scales being larger than dorsal scales. Dorsal surface skew and kurtosis varied with body size, but surfaces on the ventral skin showed no such relationship. Scale size scaled isometrically with body size, and while ventral scales differed in shape from dorsal scales, scale shape did not change with ontogeny. Overall, this study demonstrates that gel‐based stereo‐profilometry is a promising method to rapidly assess the 3D surface structure of reptilian skin at the microscopic level. Additionally, our findings of the explanatory power of body size on skin surface diversity provide a foundation for future studies to disentangle the relationships among morphological, functional and ecological diversity in squamate reptile skin surfaces.
A process model linking family‐supportive supervision to employee creativity
Authors: McKersie Sara J. , Matthews Russell A. , Smith Claire E. , Barratt Clare L. , Hill Rachel T.
Published: May 2019

In the current study, we strategically link the work–family literature to employee creativity, a construct seen as a linchpin for organizational success, through family‐supportive supervision based on the concept of reciprocity of interdependent exchanges within social exchange theory. In Study 1 (N = 188), based on data with a one‐month lag between two assessments, we demonstrate that family‐supportive supervision is an explanatory leadership behaviour that connects broader leadership styles (i.e., leader–member exchange) to employee creativity. In Study 2, we further unpack the theoretical exchange processes at work to better address the leadership–creativity black box. With a sample of 251 participants, surveyed at two time points, we leverage a motivational process model and demonstrate that meaningfulness and intrinsic motivation mediate the relationship between family‐supportive supervision and creativity. These findings provide insight into the motivational mechanisms involved in the social exchange process and implications for inciting employee creativity through family‐supportive supervision.

Practitioner points

We demonstrate that family‐supportive supervision is an important driver of constructs of strategic importance (e.g., motivation, creativity) to many organizations.

We provide practitioners with a focused opportunity for intervention to promote creativity given that leaders can be trained to engage in family‐supportive behaviours.

We provide evidence that should encourage practitioners to start thinking about processes related to sustaining creativity.
A Meta‐Analysis of Friendship Qualities and Romantic Relationship Outcomes in Adolescence
Authors: Kochendorfer Logan B. , Kerns Kathryn A.
Published: May 2019

Romantic relationships are one of the most significant interpersonal ties in adolescence, thus understanding factors that may contribute to their formation and quality are important. The current meta‐analysis focuses on links between friendship quality and romantic relationship outcomes for adolescents up to 18 years. In a series of meta‐analyses (k = 28 studies, N's = 946–4,040), friendship qualities were not related to romantic involvement. However, we did find robust evidence of continuity between friendship qualities and romantic relationship qualities. Additionally, adolescents experienced more negative quality in their romantic relationships than in their friendships. These findings suggest that friendships have implications for adolescents’ romantic relationships, although more research is needed on specific quality associations, and the mediators of these relations.
The Mediating Role of Multiple Group Identities in the Relations between Religious Discrimination and Muslim‐American Adolescents’ Adjustment
Authors: Balkaya Merve , Cheah Charissa S. L. , Tahseen Madiha
Published: May 2019

Despite increasing anti‐Muslim sentiments, the implications of religious discrimination for Muslim‐American adolescents’ well‐being remain understudied. Drawing on the rejection identification and disidentification models, we examined the mediating role of multiple group identities (i.e., religious and national) in the cross‐sectional associations between individual‐level religious discrimination and internalizing and externalizing problems among 13‐ to 18‐year‐old (M = 16.7 years, SD = 1.6) Muslim‐American adolescents with immigrant backgrounds. Moreover, building on the attributional ambiguity perspective, we examined the moderating role of group‐level religious discrimination in the form of Islamophobia. Religious identity did not mediate the relations between individual‐level discrimination and internalizing and externalizing problems, and these relations did not depend on youths’ perceptions of Islamophobia. However, individual‐level discrimination was associated with American identity, depending on perceptions of Islamophobia. In turn, adolescents’ Muslim and American identities were linked to less internalizing and externalizing problems. Implications of our findings for the development of programs and policies are discussed.
Phylogenetic relationships of Cyrtandromoea and Wightia revisited: A new tribe in Phrymaceae and a new family in Lamiales
Authors: Liu Bing , Tan Yun‐Hong , Liu Su , Olmstead Richard G. , Min Dao‐Zhang , Chen Zhi‐Duan , Joshee Nirmal , Vaidya Brajesh N. , Chung Richard C. K. , Li Bo
Published: May 2019

The familial placements of Cyrtandromoea Zoll. and Wightia Wall., two small and enigmatic South‐East Asian genera, have long been controversial in Lamiales. Here we adopt a two‐step approach to resolve their phylogenetic relationships. We initially reconstructed a large‐scale phylogeny of Lamiales using six chloroplast markers (atpB, matK, ndhF, psbBTNH, rbcL, and rps4). The results showed that both Cyrtandromoea and Wightia emerged in the LMPO clade, including Lamiaceae, Mazaceae, Phrymaceae, Paulowniaceae, and Orobanchaceae. Based on the second set of six chloroplast markers (atpB, matK, ndhF, rbcL, rps16, and trnL‐F) and two nuclear ribosomal regions (external transcribed spacer and internal transcribed spacer) for the analyses focusing on the LMPO clade, our results revealed that Cyrtandromoea was consistently nested within Phrymaceae, whereas Wightia was supported as sister to Phrymaceae by the chloroplast DNA dataset or sister to Paulowniaceae by the nuclear ribosomal DNA dataset. Morphological and anatomical evidence fully supports the inclusion of Cyrtandromoea in Phrymaceae, and an updated tribal classification is done for Phrymaceae with five tribes, that is, Cyrtandromoeeae Bo Li, Bing Liu, Su Liu & Y. H. Tan, trib. nov., Diplaceae Bo Li, Bing Liu, Su Liu & Y. H. Tan, trib. nov., Leucocarpeae, Mimuleae, and Phrymeae. The conflicting phylogenetic position of Wightia indicated by different genome markers results in difficulty placing the genus in either Phrymaceae or Paulowniaceae. Considering the distinct morphological differences between Wightia and other families in the LMPO clade, we here propose a new family, Wightiaceae Bo Li, Bing Liu, Su Liu & Y. H. Tan, fam. nov., to accommodate it, which is the 26th family recognized in Lamiales.
Comparative study on 3 oral potassium formulations for treatment of hypokalemia in dairy cows
Authors: Wittek Thomas , Müller Anja Elvira , Wolf Franz , Schneider Stephanie
Published: May 2019

Background

Hypokalemia is of clinical relevance in cattle. Different mostly empirical treatment options are suggested.

Hypothesis/Objectives

To evaluate if oral administration of potassium influences the plasma concentration, the intracellular concentration in erythrocytes and in muscle, renal excretion of potassium, and to assess if there are differences in the efficacy of the potassium formulations.

Animals

Thirty cows with hypokalemia (plasma concentration <3.5 mmol/L) were systematically allocated to 3 treatment groups (10 cows/group).

Methods

The cows received 52 g of potassium in different formulations: group B—potassium chloride bolus (release over 12 hours); group G—potassium propionate gel (release over 2 hours); and group S—potassium chloride solution (immediately available). Potassium concentrations were repeatedly measured in plasma, erythrocytes, muscle, and urine using ICP‐OES.

Results

Plasma potassium concentrations for all preparations increased within 30 minutes and the increase lasted for 12 hours. The concentrations of potassium in the erythrocytes and in the muscle, renal potassium excretion, and total urine volume were not affected by administration of any product. There were no differences between the treatments groups. The feed intake increased in 50% of cows within 2 hours after potassium application, which may contribute to the increase of plasma potassium concentration.

Conclusions and Clinical Importance

All the studied potassium formulations are equally effective to treat hypokalemia in dairy cows for over 12 hours but do not influence intracellular concentration or renal excretion of potassium. The plasma potassium concentration should be reevaluated after 12 hours.
Perceptions on donated human milk and human milk banking in Nairobi, Kenya
Authors: Kimani‐Murage Elizabeth Wambui , Wanjohi Milka Njeri , Kamande Eva Watiri , Macharia Teresia Njoki , Mwaniki Elizabeth , Zerfu Taddese , Ziraba Abdhalah , Muiruri Juliana Waithera , Samburu Betty , Govoga Allan , Kiige Laura Wangui , Ngwiri Thomas , Mirie Waithira , Musoke Rachel , Amundson‐Mansen Kimberly , Israel‐Ballard Kiersten
Published: May 2019

Donor human milk (DHM) is recomended as the best alternative when use of mothers' own milk is not a feasible option. Kenya has not yet established human milk banks (HMBs) for provision of safe DHM, which is free from any physical, chemical, microbiological contaminants or pathogens. This study aimed to establish the perceptions on donating and using DHM, and establishing HMBs in Kenya. Qualitative data were collected through 17 focus group discussions, 29 key informant interviews, and 25 in‐depth interviews, with women of childbearing age, community members, health workers, and policy makers. Quantitative interviews were conducted with 868 mothers of children younger than 3 years. Descriptive analysis of quantitative data was performed in STATA software, whereas qualitative interviews were coded using NVIVO and analysed thematically. Majority of them had a positive attitude towards donating breast milk to a HMB (80%) and feeding children on DHM (87%). At a personal level, participants were more willing to donate their milk to HMBs (78%) than using DHM for their own children (59%). The main concerns on donation and use of DHM were personal dislikes, fear of transmission of diseases including HIV, and hygiene concerns. Ensuring safety of DHM was considered important in enhancing acceptability of DHM and successful establishment of the HMBs. When establishing HMBs, Kenya must take into consideration communication strategies to address the main concerns raised regarding the quality and safety of the DHM. The findings will contribute to the development of HMB guidelines in Kenya and other African contexts.
Southern right whales (Eubalaena australis) return to a former wintering calving ground: Fowlers Bay, South Australia
Authors: Charlton Claire , Ward Rhianne , McCauley Robert D. , Brownell Robert L. , Guggenheimer Sacha , Salgado Kent Chandra P. , Bannister John L.
Published: May 2019

Southern right whales (SRW), Eubalaena australis, have reoccupied historically important winter habitat ranges (calving grounds) in recent years along the southern Australian coast. Here we present findings of increased abundance of SRW at Fowlers Bay, South Australia, a previous shore‐based whaling station. This study investigates: SRW inter‐ and intraseasonal trends in relative abundance; changes to the relative proportion of the southwestern subpopulation represented by SRW at Fowlers Bay; distribution; and occupancy. Sighting and photo identification data were collected during annual aerial (1993–2016) and vessel surveys (2014–2016). The total number of female and calf pairs was 3 during 1993–2003 and 63 during 2004–2014. Despite high variability in annual relative abundance, the rate of mean increase from 1993 to 2016 (29.0%/yr, 95% CI = 0, 54.2) exceeded the maximum biological rate for the species (6%–7%/yr). Peak relative abundance was recorded in July and August. SRW at Fowlers Bay represent an increasing proportion of the southwestern subpopulation (range = 0.9%–7.4%). Mean occupancy was 23 d (range = 1–75) for female and calf pairs and 2 d (range = 1–15) for unaccompanied adults. Reduced sightings in 2015 and 2016 demonstrate plasticity in SRW abundance at Fowlers Bay. Research into the movement and connectivity of SRW is needed to understand drivers of habitat dispersal in Australia.
Bloodmeal analysis in Culicoides midges collected near horses, donkeys and zebras in the Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Riddin M. A. , Venter G. J. , Labuschagne K. , Villet M. H.
Published: May 2019

An upsurge in African horse sickness (AHS) in the Eastern Cape, South Africa, from 2006 led to an epidemiological reassessment of the disease there. Light trapping surveys carried out near horses, donkeys and zebras in 2014–2016 collected 39 species of Culicoides midge (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) that are potential vectors of AHS. To establish if these midges fed on equids, DNA sequences were obtained from the gut contents of 52 female midges (35 freshly blood‐fed, 13 gravid and four parous), representing 11 species collected across 11 sites. Culicoides leucostictus fed on all three equids. Culicoides bolitinos, Culicoides imicola and Culicoides magnus fed on both horses and donkeys. Culicoides onderstepoortensis fed on donkeys, and Culicoides similis and Culicoides pycnostictus fed on zebras. Bloodmeals from cows, pigs, warthogs, impalas and a domestic dog were also identified in various species, but none of the midges tested had fed on birds. These results contribute to knowledge of the vectorial capacity of several species of Culicoides with regard to AHS in the Eastern Cape and point to potential reservoir hosts, of which donkeys, zebras and domestic dogs have previously been found to harbour AHS. Blood‐fed midges were also obtained throughout winter, indicating the potential for endemic AHS in the province.
The presence of dehydration in paddy farmers in an area with chronic kidney disease of unknown aetiology
Authors: Nanayakkara Indumathie , Dissanayake Ruchira K , Nanayakkara Saman
Published: May 2019

Aim

Kidney disease of unknown aetiology (CKDu) has been a health problem in the rural farming community of the North Central province of Sri Lanka since the 1990s and various environmental factors have been postulated as contributing factors for this disease. The aim of our study was to find out whether farmers undergo dehydration which would lead to concentration of urine and the water soluble potentially toxic substance in the kidney, leading to damage of the renal tubules. Therefore, we studied a sample of healthy farmers who were CKDu‐free to determine whether they were dehydrated.

Methods

Sample included healthy male paddy farmers of Padaviya in the Anuradhapura district. Plasma and urine osmolarity were recorded upon waking up in the morning and evening during the non‐farming and farming seasons. Basic statistics and a 2 × 2 anova was done to test the interaction of time of day with farming activity.

Results

Farmers were dehydrated according to the plasma osmolarity especially in the mornings, irrespective of whether they were farming or not. Approximately 40% of the sample also demonstrated acute dehydration at the end of the day due to farming activity as indicated by both plasma and urine osmolarity and specific gravity.

Conclusion

This study revealed that the farmers of the Padaviya area were either dehydrated or at the upper limit of euhydration sometime during the day irrespective of their activities during the day.
Home modifications for older people with cognitive impairments: Mediation analysis of caregivers’ information needs and perceptions of fall risks
Authors: Kim Heejung , Zhao Yunchuan (Lucy) , Kim Namhee , Ahn Yong Han
Published: May 2019

Aims and objectives

The aims were to (a) identify how many older people with cognitive impairments are living in modified homes and (b) explore associated factors, and (c) examine the mediating effects that their caregivers’ information needs and perceptions of fall risk and other factors.

Background

Older people and their informal caregivers may consider implementing home modifications as an effective strategy for fall prevention. However, there is a lack of information on which older people's homes receive modifications and the various factors associated with such modifications among community‐dwelling older people with cognitive impairments.

Design

This cross‐sectional and correlational study utilises a secondary data analysis.

Methods

The data for this secondary analysis were taken from the 2015 National Online Survey of Caregivers, which includes information provided by 226 adult caregivers for older people with cognitive impairments. Descriptive analyses, hierarchical binary logistic regression and structural equation modelling were performed based on the Andersen and Newman framework of health services utilisation.

Results

Overall, 46.5% of the older people lived in modified homes. Older people's impaired activities for daily living (ADLs), caregivers’ information needs and perceptions of fall risk were all associated with home modifications (all p values<0.05). Caregivers’ information needs mediated the relationship between impaired ADLs and home modifications (indirect effect = 0.026, p < 0.05), whereas the caregivers’ perceptions of fall risk did not.

Conclusions

Older people with both cognitive and functional impairments are more likely to modify their home on behalf of care recipient's staying at home. Caregivers’ information needs should thus be prioritized when considering home modifications to facilitate caring for older people with impaired ADLs.

Implication for practice

Nurses and other healthcare professionals should be prepared to offer appropriate information and comprehensive assessments of older people's conditions with regard to home modifications.
Rehabilitation in lung diseases: ‘Education’ component of pulmonary rehabilitation
Authors: Blackstock Felicity C. , Evans Rachael A.
Published: May 2019

Pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) is a complex intervention with described core components of individualized exercise training and inter‐disciplinary education in international guidelines. Compared to the overwhelming evidence of benefit for exercise training, the education component has received little attention. Educating patients about their symptoms and disease management appears intuitive to improve their health, but how and when is less clear. PR has provided an opportunity for educational activities and traditionally this has been delivered in the form of didactic lectures. The field is evolving and challenges are apparent raising important questions. What is the purpose and outcomes of the education component? Do specific diseases require specific education or PR programmes? How to provide interdisciplinary education? Is the timing optimal within the disease trajectory (most patients are referred to PR with moderate to severe disease)? Can technology help? Our review explores the recent evidence for the ‘education’ component of PR synthesizing the global guidelines. We discuss the challenges for patients as learners, healthcare professionals as educators and propose future directions for this core component of PR.