bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Haematological and biochemical pathology markers for a predictive model for ITU admission and death from COVID‐19: A retrospective study
Authors: Rasarathnam Anuja , Haynes‐Smith Terrence , Wassif Wassif S. , Dodd Michael S.
Published: July 2022

Coronavirus disease (COVID‐19) caused by SARS‐CoV‐2 has affected over 227 countries. Changes in haematological and biochemical characteristics in patients with COVID‐19 are emerging as important features of the disease. This study aims to identify the pathological findings of COVID‐19 patients at Bedford Hospital by analysing laboratory parameters that were identified as significant potential markers of COVID‐19. Patients who were admitted to Bedford Hospital from March–July 2020 and had a positive swab for COVID were selected for this study. Clinical and laboratory data were collected using ICE system. Multiple haematological and biochemistry biomarkers were analysed using univariate and multivariate logistic regression to predict intensive therapy unit (ITU) admission and/or survival based on admission tests. Neutrophil‐to‐lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and C‐reactive protein were elevated in most patients, irrespective of ITU status, representing a common outcome of COVID‐19. This was driven by lymphopenia in 80% and neutrophilia in 42% of all patients. Multivariate logistic regression identified an increase in mortality associated with greater age, elevated NLR, alkaline phosphatase activity and hyperkalaemia. With the area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve of 0.706 +/− 0.04117, negative predictive value (NPV) 66.7% and positive predictive value (PPV) 64.9%. Analysis also revealed an association between increases in serum albumin and potassium concentrations and decreases in serum calcium, sodium and in prothrombin time, with admission to ITU. The area under the ROC curve of 0.8162 +/− 0.0403, NPV 63.3% and PPV 80.5%. These data suggest that using admission (within 4 days) measurements for haematological and biochemical markers, that we are able to predict outcome, whether that is survival or ITU admission.
Using a mixed‐methods approach to adapt an HIV stigma reduction intervention to address intersectional stigma faced by men who have sex with men in Ghana
Authors: Nyblade Laura , Stockton Melissa A. , Saalim Khalida , Rabiu Abu‐Ba'are Gamji , Clay Sue , Chonta Mutale , Dada Debbie , Mankattah Emmanuel , Vormawor Richard , Appiah Patrick , Boakye Francis , Akrong Ransford , Manu Adom , Gyamerah Emma , Turner DeAnne , Sharma Karan , Torpey Kwasi , Nelson LaRon E.
Published: July 2022

Introduction

In Ghana, men who have sex with men (MSM) are estimated to be 11 times more likely to be living with HIV than the general population. Stigmas at the intersection of HIV, same‐sex and gender non‐conformity are potential key drivers behind this outsized HIV disease burden. Healthcare workers (HCWs) are essential to HIV prevention, care and treatment and can also be sources of stigma for people living with HIV and MSM. This article describes the process and results of adapting an evidence‐based HIV stigma‐reduction HCW training curriculum to address HIV, same‐sex and gender non‐conformity stigma among HCWs in the Greater Accra and Ashanti regions, Ghana.

Methods

Six steps were implemented from March 2020 to September 2021: formative research (in‐depth interviews with stigma‐reduction trainers [n = 8] and MSM living with HIV [n = 10], and focus group discussions with HCWs [n = 8] and MSM [n = 8]); rapid data analysis to inform a first‐draft adapted curriculum; a stakeholder adaptation workshop; triangulation of adaptation with HCW baseline survey data (N = 200) and deeper analysis of formative data; iterative discussions with partner organizations for further refinement; external expert review; and final adaptation with the teams of HCWs and MSM being trained to deliver the curriculum.

Results

Key themes emerging under four immediately actionable drivers of health facility intersectional stigma (awareness, fear, attitudes and facility environment) informed the adaptation of the HIV training curriculum. Based on the findings, existing curriculum exercises were placed in one of four categories: (1) Expand—existing exercises that needed modifications to incorporate deeper MSM and gender non‐conformity stigma content; (2) Generate—new exercises to fill gaps; (3) Maintain—exercises to keep with no modifications; and (4) Eliminate—exercises that could be dropped given training time constraints. New exercises were developed to address gender norms, the belief that being MSM is a mental illness and stigmatizing attitudes towards MSM.

Conclusions

Getting to the “heart of stigma” requires understanding and responding to both HIV and other intersecting stigma targeting sexual and gender diversity. Findings from this study can inform health facility stigma reduction programming not only for MSM, but also for other populations affected by HIV‐related and intersectional stigma in Ghana and beyond.
The association between HIV stigma and HIV incidence in the context of universal testing and treatment: analysis of data from the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in Zambia and South Africa
Authors: Hargreaves James R. , Pliakas Triantafyllos , Hoddinott Graeme , Mainga Tila , Mubekapi‐Musadaidzwa Constance , Donnell Deborah , Wilson Ethan , Piwowar‐Manning Estelle , Agyei Yaw , Bell‐Mandla Nomtha F. , Dunbar Rory , Schaap Ab , Macleod David , Floyd Sian , Bock Peter , Fidler Sarah , Seeley Janet , Stangl Anne , Bond Virginia , Ayles Helen , Hayes Richard J. ,   the HPTN 071 (PopART) study team
Published: July 2022

Introduction

To investigate the association between individual and community‐level measures of HIV stigma and HIV incidence within the 21 communities participating in the HPTN (071) PopART trial in Zambia and South Africa.

Methods

Secondary analysis of data from a population‐based cohort followed‐up over 36 months between 2013 and 2018. The outcome was rate of incident HIV infection among individuals who were HIV negative at cohort entry. Individual‐level exposures, measured in a random sample of all participants, were: (1) perception of stigma in the community, (2) perception of stigma in health settings and (3) fear and judgement towards people living with HIV. Individual‐level analyses were conducted with adjusted, individual‐level Poisson regression. Community‐level HIV stigma exposures drew on data reported by people living with HIV, health workers and community members. We used linear regression to explore the association between HIV stigma and community‐level HIV incidence.

Results

Among 8172 individuals who were HIV negative and answered individual‐level stigma questions at enrolment to the cohort, there was no evidence of a statistically significant association between any domain of HIV stigma and risk of incident HIV infection. Among the full cohort of 26,110 individuals among whom HIV incidence was measured, there was no evidence that community‐level HIV incidence was associated with any domain of HIV stigma.

Conclusions

HIV stigma is often cited as a barrier to the effectiveness of HIV prevention programming. However, in the setting for the HPTN 071 “PopART trial,” measured stigma alone was not associated with the risk of HIV infection.
Qualitative analysis of cash‐based interventions for water, sanitation, and hygiene operations and maintenance in internally displaced persons sites in Kachin, Myanmar
Authors: Domini Marta , Pererira Sunny Guidotti , Win Aye , Lantagne Daniele
Published: July 2022

Cash‐based interventions are increasingly used in humanitarian response, including in the water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) sector. To strengthen evidence, we conducted a qualitative study on cash‐based interventions programs for WASH operations and maintenance in Kachin, Myanmar. We collected field data for one programme and completed a desk review for two programs. We found camp‐based committees were responsible for spending decisions and cash use was aligned with community needs/priorities. Programme strengths included community empowerment, time effectiveness; programme weaknesses included funding insecurity, limited training and monitoring and vulnerable groups inclusion. Recommendations for cash‐based WASH operation and maintenance programs in Kachin and similar contexts are presented.
Effect of over crop and reduced yield by cluster thinning on phenolic and volatile compounds of grapes and wines of ‘Sangiovese’ trained to Tendone
Authors: Alba Vittorio , Natrella Giuseppe , Gambacorta Giuseppe , Crupi Pasquale , Coletta Antonio
Published: July 2022

BACKGROUND

‘Sangiovese’ (Vitis vinifera L.) is a well‐known Italian wine grape utilized for producing the prestigious Chianti Classico brand. Here, ‘Sangiovese’ is generally trained to a vertical training system, with an imposed crop level of around 3–5 kg per vine to preserve grape quality. Tendone comprises a horizontal trellis system, largely diffused in Mediterranean Countries for table grape production, and is adopted to achieve a high yield and to preserve grapes, by means of its canopy architecture, from excessive solar radiation, which in turn affects the organoleptic aspects of grapes and wines. The present study aimed to evaluate, in terms of phenolic and volatile compounds of grape and wines, ‘Sangiovese’ trained to Tendone, as affected by two crop levels, namely very high and reduced yields.

RESULTS

Reduced yield (18.39 kg per vine) by cluster thinning still appeared to provide a considerable yield and quality of grapes and wines. Thinning increased pH, tartaric acid content, flavonoids, anthocyanins, total polyphenols and proanthocyanins, and total free and bound aroma compounds, without affecting soluble solids and titratable acidity of grapes. As regards wines, reduced yield increased pH, tartaric and malic acids and dry reduced extract, flavonoids, anthocyanins, total polyphenols and proanthocyanins, and, finally, the color intensity of wines.

CONCLUSION

The present study highlights that Tendone training systems, combined with 40% of cluster thinning, allows a high yield to be reached, allowing, at the same time, a very interesting quality of grapes, making it possible to produce qualitative wines. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Assignation of inorganic mercury and methylmercury mass fractions in a soil matrix certified reference material by two analytical methodologies based on species‐specific isotope dilution mass spectrometry and chromatographic separation
Authors: Krata Agnieszka Anna
Published: July 2022

Assignment of inorganic mercury and methyl mercury mass fractions at an ultratrace level in soil certified reference material EnvCRM 03 with a complex matrix composition was undertaken. Inorganic mercury and methyl mercury contents by species‐specific isotope dilution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry with on‐line high‐performance liquid chromatography or with classical off‐line chromatography were established. Different extraction protocols: sequential extraction ((1) H2SO4/KBr/CuSO4; (2) dichloromethane; (3) Na2S2O3) or one‐step extraction (diluted HCl) in solid‐liquid systems were verified. Sequential extraction allowed quantification and separation of inorganic mercury and methyl mercury on HPLC column in one chromatographic run and were found to be (316 ± 10) μg/kg (U = 3.2%, k = 2) and (0.53 ± 0.02) μg/kg (U = 3.8%, k = 2), respectively. Extraction by diluted HCl and application of classical off‐line chromatography led to the separation of methyl mercury from predominant inorganic mercury form and was found to be (0.54 ± 0.03) μg/kg (U = 5.4%, k = 2). To the best‐obtained literature knowledge, there was no available soil material aimed for speciation analysis of inorganic mercury and methyl mercury so far. Both developed analytical methodologies were found to be equally sensitive and could be successfully applied for mercury species determination in samples with the complex matrix.
Screening of potent α‐glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant polyphenols in Prunella vulgaris L. by bioreaction–HPLC–quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight‐MS/MS and in silico analysis
Authors: Cheng Li , Wang Fang , Cao Yuanxin , Cai Guihan , Wei Qisheng , Shi Shuyun , Guo Ying
Published: July 2022

Prunella vulgaris L. is a well‐known traditional Chinese medicine for blood glucose homeostasis and antioxidant potential. Ethyl acetate fraction of P. vulgaris L. demonstrated higher phenolic content (85.53 ± 6.74 mg gallic acid equivalents per gram dry weight), α‐glucosidase inhibitory (IC50, 69.13 ± 2.86 μg/ml), and antioxidant (IC50, 8.68 ± 1.01 μg/ml) activities. However, the bioactive polyphenols responsible for the beneficial properties remain unclear. Here, bioreaction–HPLC–quadrupole‐time‐of‐flight‐MS/MS method was developed for rapid, accurate, and efficient screening and identification of polyphenols with α‐glucosidase inhibitory and antioxidant activities from P. vulgaris L. Bioactive polyphenols can specifically bind with α‐glucosidase or react with 1,1‐diphenyl‐2‐picryl‐hydrazyl radical, which was easily discriminated from nonactive compounds. Subsequently, 20 bioactive polyphenols (16 phenyl propionic acid derivatives and four flavonoids) were screened and identified. Furthermore, molecular docking analysis revealed that screened 20 polyphenols bind with the active sites of α‐glucosidase through hydrogen bonding and π–π stacking. Density functional theory calculations demonstrated their electron transport ability and chemical reactivity. The in silico analysis confirmed the screened results. In summary, this study provided a valuable strategy for rapid discovering bioactive compounds from complex natural products and offered scientific evidence for further development and application of P. vulgaris L.
Towards conserving wetlands: Application of the social identity model of collective action
Authors: Valizadeh Naser , Sadeghi Shahrnoy Kaveh , Bijani Masoud , Hayati Dariush , Hallaj Zeynab , Azadi Hossein
Published: July 2022

The purpose of this study was to explore the willingness of farmers to participate in the management and conservation of the wetlands in Iran. Theoretically, our study introduces social identity models of collective action into the discourse of sustainable wetland management for the first time. The study site was Ghara Gheshlagh Wetland one of the important wetlands in northwestern Iran. The present applied research was conducted using a cross‐sectional survey. The statistical population was the farming communities around the Ghara Gheshlagh Wetland. A proportionally allocated multi‐staged stratified random sampling approach was employed to select 373 farmers as a representative sample. The data collection tool was a closed‐ended questionnaire whose validity and reliability were tested and approved. The results indicated that the social identity model of collective action (SIMCA) and the encapsulation model of social identity in collective action (EMSICA) were able to explain 0.45 and 0.40 of the variance changes in the farmers' willingness to participate in the management and conservation of the wetland. This finding reveals that the environmental and wetland policies and management practice require collective determination, formation of collective identity beliefs, and we thinking system. Therefore, the SIMCA can better assist wetland managers, policy‐makers, practitioners, and socio‐ecological intervenors than the EMSICA because of its emphasis on social identity.
Measuring SARS‐CoV‐2 aerosolization in rooms of hospitalized patients
Authors: Yan Kenneth , Lin Jing , Albaugh Shaley , Yang Meredith , Wang Esther , Cyberski Thomas , Abasiyanik Mustafa Fatih , Wroblewski Kristen E. , O'Connor Michael , Klock Allan , Tung Avery , Shahul Sajid , Kurian Dinesh , Tay Savaş , Pinto Jayant M.
Published: July 2022

Objective

Airborne spread of the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) remains a significant risk for healthcare workers. Understanding transmission of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the hospital could help minimize nosocomial infection. The objective of this pilot study was to measure aerosolization of SARS‐CoV‐2 in the hospital rooms of COVID‐19 patients.

Methods

Two air samplers (Inspirotec) were placed 1 and 4 m away from adults with SARS‐CoV‐2 infection hospitalized at an urban, academic tertiary care center from June to October 2020. Airborne SARS‐CoV‐2 concentration was measured by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and analyzed by clinical parameters and patient demographics.

Results

Thirteen patients with COVID‐19 (eight females [61.5%], median age: 57 years old, range 25–82) presented with shortness of breath (100%), cough (38.5%) and fever (15.4%). Respiratory therapy during air sampling varied: mechanical ventilation via endotracheal tube (n = 3), high flow nasal cannula (n = 4), nasal cannula (n = 4), respiratory helmet (n = 1), and room air (n = 1). SARS‐CoV‐2 RNA was identified in rooms of three out of three intubated patients compared with one out of 10 of the non‐intubated patients (p = .014). Airborne SARS‐CoV‐2 tended to decrease with distance (1 vs. 4 m) in rooms of intubated patients.

Conclusions

Hospital rooms of intubated patients had higher levels of aerosolized SARS‐CoV‐2, consistent with increased aerosolization of virus in patients with severe disease or treatment with positive pressure ventilation through an endotracheal tube. While preliminary, these data have safety implications for health care workers and design of protective measures in the hospital.

Level of Evidence

2
Nondispersive Space–Time Wave Packets Propagating in Dispersive Media
Authors: He Hao , Guo Cheng , Xiao Meng
Published: July 2022

Space–time wave packets can propagate invariantly in free space with arbitrary group velocity thanks to the spatio‐temporal correlation. Here it is proved that the space–time wave packets are stable in dispersive media as well and free from the spread in time caused by material dispersion. Furthermore, the law of anomalous refraction for space–time wave packets is generalized to the weakly dispersive situation. These results reveal new potential of space–time wave packets for the applications in real dispersive media.
Various‐order soliton molecule evolution in a fiber laser with nonlinear polarization rotation effect
Authors: Ban Xiaoqiang , Li Xiaohui , Zhong Ming , Little Brent E.
Published: July 2022

The generation and evolution of soliton molecules are investigated theoretically with the coupled nonlinear Schrodinger equations based on a vector field. The formation of second‐and third‐order soliton molecules is investigated. Besides this, various‐order soliton molecules from the 6th order to the 13th order have been observed by adjusting small‐signal gain and phase delay. Finally, we analyze the reason for the soliton molecule generation. Exploring soliton molecules is helpful for optical communication as well as for fiber laser design.
Exploratory study of seed spots analysis to characterize dose and linear‐energy‐transfer effect in adverse event initialization of pencil‐beam‐scanning proton therapy
Authors: Yang Yunze , Patel Samir H. , Bridhikitti Jidapa , Wong William W. , Halyard Michele Y. , McGee Lisa A. , Rwigema Jean‐Claude M. , Schild Steven E. , Vora Sujay A. , Liu Tianming , Bues Martin , Fatyga Mirek , Foote Robert L. , Liu Wei
Published: July 2022

Background

Both dose and linear energy transfer (LET) could play a substantial role in adverse event (AE) initialization of cancer patients treated with pencil‐beam‐scanning (PBS) proton therapy. However, not all the voxels within the AE regions are directly induced from the dose and LET effect. It is important to study the synergistic effect of dose and LET in AE initialization by only including a subset of voxels that are dosimetrically important.

Purpose

To perform exploratory investigation of the dose and LET effects upon AE initialization in PBS using seed spots analysis.

Methods

A total of 113 head‐and‐neck (H&N) cancer patients receiving curative PBS were included. Among them, 20 patients experienced unanticipated CTCAEv4.0 grade ≥3 AEs (AE group) and 93 patients did not (control group). Within the AE group, 13 AE patients were included in the seed spot analysis to derive the descriptive features of AE initialization and the remaining 7 mandible osteoradionecrosis patients and 93 control patients were used to derive the feature‐based volume constraint of mandible osteoradionecrosis. The AE regions were contoured and the corresponding dose–LET volume histograms of AE regions were generated for all patients in the AE group. We selected high LET voxels (the highest 5% of each dose bin) with a range of moderate‐to‐high dose (≥∼40‐Gy relative biological effectiveness) as critical voxels. Critical voxels that were contiguous with each other were grouped into clusters. Each cluster was considered a potential independent seed spot for AE initialization. Seed spots were displayed in a 2D dose–LET plane based on their mean dose and LET to derive the descriptive features of AE initialization. A volume constraint of mandible osteoradionecrosis was then established based on the extracted features using a receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

The product of dose and LET (xBD) was found to be a descriptive feature of seed spots leading to AE initialization in this preliminary study. The derived xBD volume constraint for mandible osteoradionecrosis showed good performance with an area under curve of 0.87 (sensitivity of 0.714 and specificity of 0.807 in the leave‐one‐out cross‐validation) for the very limited patient data included in this study.

Conclusion

Our exploratory study showed that both dose and LET were observed to be important in AE initializations. The derived xBD volume constraint could predict mandible osteoradionecrosis reasonably well in the very limited H&N cancer patient data treated with PBS included in this study.
The consequences of a weight‐centric approach to healthcare: A case for a paradigm shift in how clinicians address body weight
Authors: Mauldin Kasuen , May Michelle , Clifford Dawn
Published: July 2022

Current healthcare is weight‐centric, equating weight and health. This approach to healthcare has negative consequences on patient well‐being. The aim of this article is to make a case for a paradigm shift in how clinicians view and address body weight. In this review, we (1) address common flawed assumptions in the weight‐centric approach to healthcare, (2) review the weight science literature and provide evidence for the negative consequences of promoting dieting and weight loss, and (3) provide practice recommendations for weight‐inclusive care.
Designing blenderized tube feeding diets for children and investigating their physicochemical and microbial properties and Dietary Inflammatory Index
Authors: Bahramian Behnam , Sarabi‐Jamab Mahboobe , Talebi Saeedeh , Razavi Seyed Mohammad Ali , Rezaie Mitra
Published: July 2022

Background

Due to the benefits of blenderized tube feeding (BTF) diets, the interest in using them is increasing. This study aimed to design BTFs for children and investigate their physicochemical and microbial properties, as well as Dietary Inflammatory Index (DII).

Methods

Five BTF diets were formulated mainly with fresh foods; their DII, physical (viscosity), and chemical (moisture, ash, protein, fat, energy, and micronutrients) characteristics were assessed. Also, the Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP) system was implemented for quality assurance of preparation, storage, and delivery of BTFs to patients in hospital. The microbial contamination (total count, Salmonella, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Listeria monocytogenes, coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus coagulase positive, mold, and yeast) was analyzed.

Results

Energy and percentages of protein, fat, and carbohydrate in BTFs were in the range of 103–112 kcal/100 ml, 16%–22%, 28%–34%, and 48%–52%, respectively. The viscosity of the five developed BTFs was between 29 and 64 centipoises, which allows the formulas to flow without syringe pressure. The DII of all BTFs was between −0.73 and −2.24. Due to the implementation of HACCP, monitoring the production line of BTFs, and performance of corrective measures, no microbial contamination was observed by indicator pathogenic microorganisms.

Conclusion

A planned BTF diet can be an excellent selection for children using enteral nutrition with tube feeding especially when they are made from fresh and anti‐inflammatory foods such as recipes prepared in this study.
Four‐dimensional assessment of facial expression before and after orthognathic surgery in skeletal Class III patients
Authors: Ishihata Kiyohide , Kibe Toshiro , Seong Chang‐Hwan , Tada Ryouhei , Nozoe Etsuro , Nakamura Norifumi
Published: July 2022

Aim

It is widely known that orthognathic surgery affects changes in facial soft tissue morphology. However, the effect of orthognathic surgery on facial expression remains to be verified. The purpose of this study was to examine the pros and cons of the effects of orthognathic surgery on facial expression in skeletal Class III patients.

Methods

Fifteen patients (5 males, 10 females) were captured pre‐surgery and at 6 months' post‐surgery using Kinect camera while performing facial soft tissue movements (opening mouth, smiling, and blowing). The three‐dimensional coordinates, amount of movement, and velocity of the eight facial soft tissue landmarks during motion were obtained. As controls, 15 Japanese healthy volunteers with Class I occlusion were included.

Results

Differences in the three‐dimensional coordinate values during movement were confirmed, and there were some landmarks in the lower face region of the preoperative patient that showed significant differences compared with the control. Total amount of movement and velocity of Pogonion during smiling were significantly smaller than those of the control group, but there was no significant difference between the control and postoperative groups at any landmarks after surgery. It was suggested that patients with skeletal Class III may have limited movement in some movements, and it was confirmed that with orthognathic surgery, the aspect of movement would be similar to that of the control.

Conclusions

Orthognathic surgery may be beneficial to the facial muscles without limiting facial movements.
Core concepts in pharmacoepidemiology: Measures of drug utilization based on individual‐level drug dispensing data
Authors: Rasmussen Lotte , Wettermark Björn , Steinke Douglas , Pottegård Anton
Published: July 2022

Background

Drug utilization studies are essential to facilitate rational drug use in the society.

Aim

In this review, we provide an overview of drug utilization measures that can be used with individual‐level drug dispensing data, referencing additional reading on the individual analysis. This is intended to serve as a primer for those new to drug utilization research and a shortlist from which researchers can identify useful analytical approaches when designing their drug utilization study.

Results and Discussion

We provide an overview of: (1) basic measures of drug utilization which are used to describe changes in drug use over time or compare drug use in different populations; (2) treatment adherence measures with specific focus on persistence and implementation; (3) how to measure drug combinations which is useful when assessing drug–drug interactions, concomitant treatment, and polypharmacy; (4) prescribing quality indicators and measures to assess variations in drug use which are useful tools to assess appropriate use of drugs; (5) proxies of prescription drug misuse and skewness in drug use; and (6) considerations when describing the characteristics of drug users or prescribers.
Registration of ‘Georgia‐21GR’ peanut
Authors: Branch W. D.
Published: July 2022

‘Georgia‐21GR’ (Reg. no. CV‐148, PI 699897) is a high‐yielding, normal to mid‐oleic, Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) (Family Tospoviridae, Order Bunyavirales)‐resistant, medium‐large seeded, runner‐type peanut (Arachis hypogaea L. subsp. hypogaea var. hypogaea) cultivar that was released by the Georgia Agricultural Experiment Stations in 2021. It was developed at the University of Georgia, Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. Georgia‐21GR originated from a cross made between a Georgia runner‐type cultivar, ‘Georgia‐10T’, and GA 062711, an advanced runner‐type Georgia breeding line. Pedigree selection was practiced within the early‐segregating generations. Performance testing began in the F4:6 generation with the advanced pure‐line selection GA 142513, which was the experimental designation of Georgia‐21GR. During 6 yr (2015–2020) averaged over 20 multilocation tests in Georgia, Georgia‐21GR had significantly higher total sound mature kernels grade and lower seed weight compared with ‘Georgia‐06G’. Georgia‐21GR is most similar to Georgia‐06G and should be considered another excellent cultivar for a normal to mid‐oleic option in the U.S. peanut production area.
The prevalence and associated factors of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and eczema in Turkish children and adolescents
Authors: Yazar Birgul , Meydanlioglu Ayse
Published: July 2022

Aim

We aim to determine the prevalence and related risk factors of asthma and allergic diseases in school children and adolescent in Konya, Turkey, and to compare this prevalence with that of 11 years ago.

Methods

This descriptive correlational study also includes the third phase of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood protocol. A total of 2220 students aged between 6 and 18 took part in this study.

Results

In our study, prevalence of wheezing of 21.8%, eczema of 4.3%, and allergic rhinitis of 43.2% were found in students until this age. In the study, student smoking, school location, history of asthma in the family, mold or moisture at home, and mother's smoking now were related factors for wheezing, while eating habits, breastfeeding, and student's gender were determined as related factors for allergic rhinitis symptoms in the past 12 months. In addition, having a pet, eating habits, and school level were determined as related factors for eczema symptoms in the past 12 months (p < 0.05). As a result of comparison of the findings of this study with the results of the study conducted by Güner et al., it was determined that the rates of wheezing and allergic rhinitis had increased, whereas the rate of eczema had decreased (p < 0.05).

Conclusion

It was determined that under the effect of urbanization in Konya, the prevalence of asthma and allergic rhinitis in students had increased, while the prevalence of eczema had decreased.
Viewpoint: Do not resurrect the two‐stage procedure
Authors: Senn Stephen
Published: July 2022

In 1989, Peter Freeman published a paper that challenged a commonly accepted approach for analyzing cross‐over trials, the so‐called two‐stage procedure. Freeman himself recommended using the Bayesian approach of Andy Grieve. The flaws Freeman exposed were serious and led many statisticians to conclude that the procedure was unacceptable. Unfortunately, more than 30 years later, one still encounters its use. This note explains, using a simple simulation, why the two‐stage procedure is, indeed, as Freeman showed unacceptable and should not be used.
Do statisticians count? A prior and posterior viewpoint
Authors: Jones Margaret , Hodgson Gemma
Published: July 2022

In this article we look back over the last few decades and consider the progress made against the barriers that Andy Grieve has identified that may be holding statisticians back. We highlight some examples from his career where he leads the way in showing how we may overcome obstacles to enable statisticians to ‘count’ and assess whether anything has now changed for pharmaceutical statisticians.
Protective effect of Rhein against vancomycin‐induced nephrotoxicity through regulating renal transporters and Nrf2 pathway
Authors: Zhu Yanna , Jin Huan , Huo Xiaokui , Meng Qiang , Wang Changyuan , Sun Pengyuan , Ma Xiaodong , Sun Huijun , Dong Deshi , Wu Jingjing , Liu Kexin
Published: July 2022

Vancomycin (VCM)'s nephrotoxicity limits its application and therapeutic efficiency. The aim of this study was to determine the protective effect of rhein against VCM‐induced nephrotoxicity (VIN). VIN models were established in rats and NRK‐52E cells. Rhein up‐regulated the expressions of renal organic anion transporter (Oat) 1, Oat3, organic cation transporter 2 (Oct2), multidrug resistance‐associated protein 2 (Mrp2), mammal multidrug and toxin extrusion proteins 1 (Mate 1) and P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) to facilitate the efflux of plasma creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and plasma indoxyl sulfate. Rhein increased the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2 (Nrf2) to regulate the expression of Mrp2, P‐gp, and Mate 1. The increased level of superoxide dismutase (SOD), decreased level of malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced number of apoptosis cells were observed after treatment of rhein. Rhein decreased the number of apoptosis cells as well as increased the expression of B‐cell lymphoma‐2 (Bcl‐2) and decreased expressions of Bcl‐2‐like protein 4 (Bax). ML385, as a typical inhibitor of Nrf2, reversed the protective effects of rhein in cells. Rhein oriented itself in the site of Keap1, inhibiting the Keap1–Nrf2 interaction. Rhein ameliorated VIN mainly through regulating the expressions of renal transporters and acting on Nrf2 pathway.
A voluminous tumour of the tracheal bifurcation
Authors: Bouanzoul Mohammed Amine
Published: July 2022

The tracheal bifurcation is the point at which the trachea splits into the left and right main stem bronchus conducting to the lungs. Primary tumours of the tracheal bifurcation are rare. We report images of an adenoid cystic carcinoma of the tracheal bifurcation diagnosed accidentally following recurrent episodes of haemoptysis
Evaluation of NKp46 expression and cytokine production of decidual NK cells in women with recurrent pregnancy loss
Authors: Yamamoto Mayu , Fukui Atsushi , Mai Chuxian , Saeki Shinichiro , Takayama Ryu , Wakimoto Yu , Yamaya Ayano , Kwak‐Kim Joanne , Shibahara Hiroaki
Published: July 2022

Purpose

NKp46, a receptor on NK cells, is involved in cytotoxicity and cytokine production. The authors aimed to evaluate the effect of NKp46 on decidual NK (dNK) cells during pregnancy and whether it can be a marker for immunological abnormalities in women with recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL).

Methods

Flow‐cytometric analysis was made to assess NKp46 expression and intracellular cytokine production of dNK cells. The proportion of NKp46+ dNK cells was analyzed among RPL patients who aborted karyotypically normal pregnancies and those who either aborted karyotypically abnormal pregnancies or without genetic studies, and controls who were going through the induced abortion.

Results

The %NKp46+ and %NKp46bright dNK cells were significantly lower in the RPL women who aborted karyotypically normal pregnancies than in the control group. The %NKp46bright dNK cells were significantly correlated with the NK1/NK2 ratio of dNK cells. The %NKp46+ dNK cell cutoff for RPL with immunological abnormalities was determined by the ROC curve analysis. In women with the low %NKp46+ dNK, NK1/NK2 ratios were significantly higher than those with the high.

Conclusion

RPL patients with an immunological abnormality have decreased NKp46 expression and NK1 shift in dNK cells. NKp46 expression could be a marker for RPL of immunological abnormalities.
A new stationary phase based on porous graphene for capillary gas chromatography
Authors: Huang Yanni , Chen Jia , Fu Gafang , Zhang Chi , Qiu Hongdeng
Published: July 2022

This work reported the preparation and evaluation of a 2D porous graphene as the stationary phase for gas chromatography with high‐resolution performance from non‐polar to polar structural isomers. As a result, the dynamically coated porous graphene capillary column has a film thickness of about 16 μm. After aging treatment at different temperatures, the porous graphene capillary column exhibited high thermal stability up to 300°C. In addition, the porous graphene capillary column has good column repeatability and reproducibility. The retention time RSDs are 2.61–3.90% (n = 3) during the days and 4.58–4.78% (n = 3) column‐to‐column. This work demonstrates the advantageous separation performance of a good potential for the porous graphene as a new stationary phase for gas chromatography analysis.
Hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent‐based microextraction method for the simultaneous extraction of two benzodiazepines from saliva samples before determination by 96‐well microplates‐based spectrophotometer with the aid of chemometrics
Authors: Heidari Hassan , Sadi Sevda
Published: July 2022

In this study, a 96‐well microplates‐based spectrophotometer with the aid of the partial least squares (PLS) approach was used for the simultaneous determination of more common benzodiazepines, clonazepam, and nitrazepam, in human saliva samples. For this purpose, a hydrophobic deep eutectic solvent (DES) based on choline chloride and 1‐phenylethanol in the mole ratio of 1:4 was prepared and utilized in the ultrasound‐assisted emulsification‐microextraction (USAEME) method followed by back‐extraction to retrieve the drugs from the DES phase to 200 μL of 0.1 M NaOH solution. Central composite design (CCD) in combination with the desirability function was used for multi‐response optimization of different parameters and the optimum values were found to be: pH 2.06; DES volume, 247.1 μL; NaCl, 1.55% (w/v); sonication time, 5.33 min. The DES‐based USAEME method showed wide linear ranges of 0.1–6 and 0.2‐8 μg/mL and good limits of detection of 0.02 and 0.05 μg/mL for clonazepam and nitrazepam, respectively. Furthermore, the method was successfully used for determining the drugs in human saliva samples.
Effects of Nano‐Titanium Dioxide andMentha piperitaEssential Oil on Physicochemical, Mechanical, and Optical Properties of Cassava Starch Film
Authors: Noorian Simin , Mohammadi Nafchi Abdorreza , Bolandi Marzieh , Jokar Maryam
Published: July 2022

The objective of this study is to investigate the synergistic effects of nano titanium dioxide (TiO2‐N) andMentha piperitaessential oil (MEO) on cassava starch film characteristics. Cassava starch films with TiO2‐N (1%, 3%, and 5% of dried starch) and MEO (1%, 2%, and 3% of dried starch) are prepared by a casting method. Physicochemical, mechanical, barrier, and optical properties of the films are evaluated. The moisture content, solubility, water absorption capacity, water vapor permeability, and transparency of films significantly decrease with the incorporation of TiO2‐N and MEO. The color of bionanocomposite films is darker, yellower, and redder than that of the control film. The highest tensile strength (23.39 MPa), highest Young's modulus (39.51 MPa), and lowest elongation (6.63%) are observed in the film containing 5% TiO2‐N and 1% MEO. The incorporation of TiO2‐N and MEO reduces the percentage of UV transmitted from films. In summary, the results show that the combination of TiO2‐N and MEO improves the starch film characteristics, and these bionanocomposite films could be used for food packaging or coating.
Genetic and molecular analysis reveals that two major loci and their interaction confer clubroot resistance in canola introgressed from rutabaga
Authors: Wang Z. , Megha S. , Kebede B. , Kav N. N. V. , Rahman H.
Published: July 2022

Clubroot disease caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the serious threats to canola (Brassica napus L. subsp. napus) production. The evolution of new pathotypes rendering available resistances ineffective compel the introgression of new resistance into canola and extend our understanding of the genetic and molecular basis of the resistance. In this paper, we report the genetic and molecular basis of clubroot resistance in canola, introgressed from a rutabaga (B. napus L. subsp. rapifera Metzg. ‘Polycross’), by using a doubled‐haploid (DH) mapping population. Whole‐genome resequencing (WGRS)‐based bulked segregant analysis followed by genetic mapping and expression analysis of the genes in resistant and susceptible DH lines at 7 and 14 d after inoculation were carried out. Following this approach, two major quantitative trait loci (QTL) located at 14.41–15.44 Mb of A03 and at 9.96–11.09 Mb of A08 chromosomes and their interaction was observed to confer resistance to pathotypes 3H, 3A, and 3D. Analysis of the genes from the two QTL regions suggested that decreased expression of sugar transporter genes (BnaA03g29290D and BnaA03g29310D) may play an important role in resistance conferred by the A03 QTL, while increased expression of the toll/interleukin‐1 receptor (TIR)–nucleotide binding (NB)–leucine rich repeat (LRR) (TNL) genes (BnaA08g10100D, BnaA08g09220D, and BnaA08g10540D) could be the major determinant of the resistance conferred by the A08 QTL. Single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) allele‐specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based markers, which could be detected by agarose gel electrophoresis, were also developed from the two QTL regions for use in breeding including pyramiding of multiple clubroot resistance genes.
Language is Identity: Telling and Reading the Right Kinds of Stories
Authors: Przymus Steve Daniel , Heiman Daniel , Hibbs Brian
Published: July 2022

The field of reading instruction has long valued storytelling for literacy development, but what kinds of stories are bi/multilingual students exposed to at school? Through the cognitive phenomena of conceptual metonymy and metaphor, this article links language to identity and exposes practices that act to fracture the identities of bi/multilingual students, redefined here as active bilingual learners/users of English (ABLE). Three teacher practices are detailed for creating a school world that reflects the identities of ABLE students: (1) using content‐based story retells, (2) critically questioning the display of languages on school walls and in dual‐language books, and (3) co‐constructing stories with ABLE students and their family/community members. Examples of these practices are provided, concluding with Language is Identity Awareness (LiIA) activities and how to activate critical consciousness through translanguaging pedagogy. Opening up space for critical translanguaging pedagogy is needed to start telling, writing, and reading the right kinds of stories.
Orthotopic ureterocele with concurrent ureteral urothelial carcinoma in a dog
Authors: Kim Mu‐Young , Aerin Jeong , Traslavina Ryan P. , Yoon Hun‐Young
Published: July 2022

A ureterocele is a rare congenital anomaly with cystic dilation of the terminal segment of the ureter entirely within the bladder (orthotopic) or associated with ectopic ureter (ectopic). Its aetiology has not been fully clarified; however, it may involve genetic or acquired factors. Urothelial carcinoma (UC) is the most common type of canine urinary tract neoplasm, among which over 90% of cases are invasive. The non‐papillary (flat) non‐infiltrating form accounts for a very small percentage of canine UCs and is considered carcinoma in situ (CIS). The neoplastic cells of CIS remain within the ureteral mucosa and do not breach the basement membrane. UCs originating from the canine ureter are extremely rare, and no report of a ureteral UC concurrently occurring with a ureterocele has been reported. A 7‐year‐old castrated male Maltese dog weighing 3.5 kg was referred with a 2‐week history of lethargy, anorexia, pollakiuria and intermittent panting. The dog underwent open surgery for removal of bladder calculi 2 years prior, and at the time of the surgery, no other urinary system abnormalities were identified. Ultrasonographic and computed tomographic scans revealed a severely enlarged right kidney and ureter with a ureterocele on the ipsilateral side. A diagnosis of an orthotopic ureterocele causing hydronephrosis and hydroureter was established. Complete nephroureterectomy and ureterocelectomy using the marsupialisation technique were performed. The postoperative histological examination of the excised tissues showed a multifocal carcinoma in situ (non‐papillary non‐infiltrating UC) in the proximal ureter and a fluid‐filled kidney with a thin rim of fibrotic renal tissue. No neoplastic changes were observed in the ureterocele tissue. Postoperatively, the dog recovered rapidly without complications except temporary urinary incontinence, and no evidence of tumour recurrence was detected by ultrasonography performed 6 months after surgery. This case report describes the first case of a dog with an orthotopic ureterocele and ureteral UC, which occurred concurrently at the ipsilateral side of the ureter. The condition was successfully managed with a nephroureterectomy and partial ureterocelectomy.
CyCLOPS: A National Integrated GNSS/InSAR Strategic Research Infrastructure for Monitoring Geohazards and Forming the Next Generation Datum of the Republic of Cyprus
Authors: Danezis Chris , Kakoullis Dimitris , Fotiou Kyriaki , Pekri Marina , Chatzinikos Miltiadis , Kotsakis Christopher , Brcic Ramon , Eineder Michael , Nikolaidis Marios , Ioannou Georgios , Christofe Andreas , Kyriakides Nicholas , Melillos George , Christoforou Michalakis , Tzouvaras Marios , Pilidou Sylvana , Themistocleous Kyriacos , Hadjimitsis Diofantos
Published: July 2022

The objective of this paper is to introduce CyCLOPS, a novel strategic research infrastructure unit, and present its current progress of implementation, and integration in the National geodetic, geophysical and geotechnical infrastructure of the government-controlled areas of the Republic of Cyprus. CyCLOPS is co-funded by the European Regional Development Fund and the Republic of Cyprus through the Research and Innovation Foundation under the grant agreement RIF/INFRASTRUCTURES/1216/0050. CyCLOPS is developed via the collaboration of the Cyprus University of Technology (CUT) and the German Aerospace Center (DLR), and supported by the Cyprus Geological Survey Department and the Department of Lands and Surveys. The main objective of CyCLOPS is to establish an integrated infrastructure for space-based monitoring of geohazards using the most prominent earth observation technologies (EO), such as GNSS and InSAR. Furthermore, the infrastructure will densify and form the backbone for the definition of the next generation national datum of the Republic of Cyprus. Eleven Tier-1/2 state-of-the-art GNSS CORS, precise weather stations, tiltmeters and specifically designed InSAR triangular trihedral corner reflectors will be deployed, in a collocated fashion, at selected locations throughout the government-controlled areas of Cyprus. The collocated configuration will be established and installed to be compliant with the most stringent CORS monumentation specifications, support all current GNSS constellations and SAR missions. Finally, one of CyCLOPS’ fundamental aims is to actively contribute to the on-going efforts and growing demand for more precise positioning services and high-quality modern reference frames, in conformity with the recommendations of the UN-GGIM (and its Subcommittee of Geodesy) to establish and enhance national geodetic infrastructures to support the sustainable management of geospatial information on the changing Earth.
TIPA Experiments in Other Authentic Democracies
Authors: Hill Lisa , Douglass Max , Baltutis Ravi
Published: July 2022

In this chapter we offer a review of trials and experiments in truth in election advertising legislation in other comparable settings in order to see what lessons might be taken from them. Analysis of legislation in other jurisdictions reveals the multiple challenges facing this type of legislation and is instructive for those considering a similar legal approach. These challenges have also enriched our own efforts to render s 113 of the Electoral Act 1985 (SA) (as well as s 297A of the Electoral Act 1992 (ACT)) more robust, operable and successful in addressing the problem of false campaign statements and improving the quality of electoral discourse. The relevant trial settings are New Zealand, the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States.