bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Two-Dimensional Graphene Family Material: Assembly, Biocompatibility and Sensors Applications
Authors: Zhang Xingying , Wang Ying , Luo Gaoxing , Xing Malcolm
Published: July 2019

Graphene and its chemically exfoliated derivatives—GO and rGO—are the key members of graphene family materials (GFM). The atomically thick crystal structure and the large continuous π conjugate of graphene imparts it with unique electrical, mechanical, optical, thermal, and chemical properties. Although those properties of GO and rGO are compromised, they have better scalability and chemical tunability. All GFMs can be subject to noncovalent modification due to the large basal plane. Besides, they have satisfying biocompatibility. Thus, GFMs are promising materials for biological, chemical and mechanical sensors. The present review summarizes how to incorporate GFMs into different sensing system including fluorescence aptamer-based sensors, field-effect transistors (FET), and electrochemical sensors, as well as, how to covalently and/or non-covalently modify GFMs to achieve various detection purpose. Sensing mechanisms and fabrication strategies that will influence the sensitivity of different sensing system are also reviewed.
Deep Ensemble Learning Based Objective Grading of Macular Edema by Extracting Clinically Significant Findings from Fused Retinal Imaging Modalities
Authors: Hassan Bilal , Hassan Taimur , Li Bo , Ahmed Ramsha , Hassan Omar
Published: July 2019

Macular edema (ME) is a retinal condition in which central vision of a patient is affected. ME leads to accumulation of fluid in the surrounding macular region resulting in a swollen macula. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and the fundus photography are the two widely used retinal examination techniques that can effectively detect ME. Many researchers have utilized retinal fundus and OCT imaging for detecting ME. However, to the best of our knowledge, no work is found in the literature that fuses the findings from both retinal imaging modalities for the effective and more reliable diagnosis of ME. In this paper, we proposed an automated framework for the classification of ME and healthy eyes using retinal fundus and OCT scans. The proposed framework is based on deep ensemble learning where the input fundus and OCT scans are recognized through the deep convolutional neural network (CNN) and are processed accordingly. The processed scans are further passed to the second layer of the deep CNN model, which extracts the required feature descriptors from both images. The extracted descriptors are then concatenated together and are passed to the supervised hybrid classifier made through the ensemble of the artificial neural networks, support vector machines and naïve Bayes. The proposed framework has been trained on 73,791 retinal scans and is validated on 5100 scans of publicly available Zhang dataset and Rabbani dataset. The proposed framework achieved the accuracy of 94.33% for diagnosing ME and healthy subjects and achieved the mean dice coefficient of 0.9019 ± 0.04 for accurately extracting the retinal fluids, 0.7069 ± 0.11 for accurately extracting hard exudates and 0.8203 ± 0.03 for accurately extracting retinal blood vessels against the clinical markings.
Rateless Coded Uplink Transmission Design for Multi-User C-RAN
Authors: Zhang Yu , Xu Jiali , Peng Hong , Lu Weidang , Zhang Zhaoyang
Published: July 2019

Cloud radio access network (C-RAN) is a promising technology for the Internet of Things (IoT). In C-RAN, the remote radio head (RRH) and baseband unit (BBU) in the conventional base station are separated, and each BBU is backward centralized into a virtual BBU pool. In this paper, we consider the uplink transmission for the two-user C-RAN with two RRHs under a block fading channel. A novel rateless coded transmission scheme is designed. During each transmission round, each user keeps transmitting to the RRHs using Raptor code until the BBU pool feeds back an acknowledgement (ACK). With the proposed scheme, each user does not require the instant channel state information, which greatly reduces the system overhead. We also design the quantizer at the RRHs and the iterative multi-user detector and decoder at the BBU pool, based on the belief propagation (BP) algorithm. For the Raptor code applied at each user, we optimize the corresponding output node degree profile, based on extrinsic information transfer (EXIT) analysis for the decoding process at the BBU pool. The resulted degree profiles are optimal in an average sense under all possible channel states. The simulation results show that the rateless coded transmission scheme with the optimized degree profiles outperforms the benchmark degree profile in both bit error rate and average system throughput. Moreover, the achieved performance is close to the theoretical limit.
How Job Sharing Can Lead to More Women Achieving Senior Leadership Roles in Higher Education: A UK Study
Authors: Watton Emma , Stables Sarah , Kempster Steve
Published: July 2019

This article explores the opportunity that job sharing offers as a way of encouraging more women into senior management roles in the higher education sector. There is a scarcity of female leadership representation in the higher education context, in particular a lack of female leadership pipeline. The article examines the underlying influences that limit the representation of women in leadership roles. To address these contextual limitations the process of job sharing is offered as a possible solution for harnessing the skills and talents of women in leadership positions in higher education and enabling the development of a leadership pipeline. To illustrate how such job sharing could occur the article provides a detailed vignette of a job share between two senior women leaders within a single UK university context and the positive impact this had on the organisation, the individuals and their leadership development. This article seeks to make a contribution by exploring how leadership job sharing can occur and sets out some recommendations for the adoption, negotiation and establishment of job share structures in the future.
Study on Safety Control of Composite Roof in Deep Roadway Based on Energy Balance Theory
Authors: Xie Zhengzheng , Zhang Nong , Yuan Yuxin , Xu Guang , Wei Qun
Published: July 2019

Improving the safety and stability of composite roof in deep roadway is the strong guarantee for safe mining and sustainable development of coal mines. With three roadways of different composite roofs in Hulusu Coal Mine and Menkeqing Coal Mine as the research background, this paper explores the mechanical properties and energy dissipation law of coal-rock structures with different height ratios from the perspective of energy release and dissipation through lab experiments. The results indicate that the key to the stability of coal-rock structures lies in maintaining relatively low dissipation energy. Based on experimental results and the energy balance theory, two support principles were put forward and applied to experimental roadways. The field monitoring results show that the anchoring force on different composite roof displays different characteristics, proving that the work done by the support can adjust timely to the energy release and conversion so as to improve the safety and stability of roadways with different composite roofs. This study provides a reference for the deformation control in deep roadways with composite roofs under similar conditions.
Risk Assessment and Pressure Response Analysis of the Water Footprint of Agriculture and Livestock: A Case Study of the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei Region in China
Authors: Cao Chen , Lu Xiaohan , Li Xuyong
Published: July 2019

Excessive water consumption, associated with regional agriculture and livestock development and rapid urbanization, has caused significant stress to the ecological health and sustainable use of water resources. We used the water footprint theory to quantify the spatiotemporal characteristics and variation in the water footprint of agriculture and livestock (WF-AL) in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei region of China (2000–2016). We predicted the spatial distribution and sustainability of regional water resources at different levels of annual precipitation. Results showed that the average county WF-AL rose from 8.03 × 108 m3 in 2000 to 10.89 × 108 m3 in 2016. There was spatial heterogeneity compared to the average city WF-AL. The WF-AL varied between the mountains and the plains. The scale of the WF-AL was one of the main reasons for differences in the consumption and distribution of water resources. The development of regional water resources deteriorated from a stable state to an unstable state from 2000 to 2016. Only 5.8% of the areas maintained a stable state of water resources. Even in the predicted wet years, no improvements were found in the instability of water resources in four areas centered on the counties of Xinji, Daming, Luannan, and Weichang. To achieve a medium and long-term balance between WF-AL development and water resource recovery, the WF-AL should be limited and combined with reservoir and cross-regional water transfer.
Recent Progress of Electrochemical Energy Devices: Metal Oxide–Carbon Nanocomposites as Materials for Next-Generation Chemical Storage for Renewable Energy
Authors: Seok Dohyeong , Jeong Yohan , Han Kyoungho , Yoon Do Young , Sohn Hiesang
Published: July 2019

With the importance of sustainable energy, resources, and environmental issues, interest in metal oxides increased significantly during the past several years owing to their high theoretical capacity and promising use as electrode materials for electrochemical energy devices. However, the low electrical conductivity of metal oxides and their structural instability during cycling can degrade the battery performance. To solve this problem, studies on carbon/metal-oxide composites were carried out. In this review, we comprehensively discuss the characteristics (chemical, physical, electrical, and structural properties) of such composites by categorizing the structure of carbon in different dimensions and discuss their application toward electrochemical energy devices. In particular, one-, two-, and three-dimensional (1D, 2D, and 3D) carbon bring about numerous advantages to a carbon/metal-oxide composite owing to the unique characteristics of each dimension.
Spectral Deconvolution for Dimension Reduction and Differentiation of Seagrasses: Case Study of Gulf St. Vincent, South Australia
Authors: Hwang Charnsmorn , Chang Chih-Hua , Burch Michael , Fernandes Milena , Kildea Tim
Published: July 2019

Seagrasses are a vulnerable and declining coastal habitat, which provide shelter and substrate for aquatic microbiota, invertebrates, and fishes. More accurate mapping of seagrasses is imperative for their sustainability but is hindered by the lack of data on reflectance spectra representing the optical signatures of individual species. Objectives of this study are: (1) To determine distinct characteristics of spectral profiles for sand versus three temperate seagrasses (Posidonia, Amphibolis, and Heterozostera); (2) to evaluate the most efficient derivative analysis method of spectral reflectance profiles for determining benthic types; and to assess the influences of (3) site location and (4) the water column on spectral responses. Results show that 566:689 and 566:600 bandwidth ratios are useful in separating seagrasses from sand and from detritus and algae, respectively; first-derivative reflectance spectra generally is the most efficient method, especially with deconvolution analyses further helping to reveal and isolate 11 key wavelength dimensions; and differences between sites and water column composition, which can include suspended particulate matter, both have no effect on endmembers. These findings helped develop a spectral reflectance library that can be used as an endmember reference for remote sensing, thereby providing continued monitoring, assessment, and management of seagrasses.
Urban Rail Timetable Optimization to Improve Operational Efficiency with Flexible Routing Plans: A Nonlinear Integer Programming Model
Authors: Xue Qiuchi , Yang Xin , Wu Jianjun , Sun Huijun , Yin Haodong , Qu Yunchao
Published: July 2019

At present, most urban rail transit systems adopt an operation mode with a single long routing. The departure frequency is determined by the maximum section passenger flow. However, when the passenger flow varies greatly within different sections, this mode will lead to a low load factor in some sections, resulting in a waste of capacity. In view of this situation, this paper develops a nonlinear integer programming model to determine an optimal timetable with a balanced scheduling mode, where the wasted capacity at a constant departure frequency can be reduced with a slight increase in passenger waiting time. Then, we simplify the original model into a single-objective integer optimization model through normalization. A genetic algorithm is designed to find the optimal solution. Finally, a numerical example is presented based on real-world passenger and operation data from Beijing Metro Line 4. The results show that the double-routing optimization model can reduce wasted capacity by 9.5%, with a 4.5% increase in passenger waiting time, which illustrates the effectiveness of this optimization model.
An Integrated Multi-Attribute Model for Evaluation of Sustainable Mobile Phone
Authors: Yazdani Morteza , Chatterjee Prasenjit , Montero-Simo Maria Jose , Araque-Padilla Rafael A.
Published: July 2019

Consumer preferences in sustaining and designing a product are a vital driver in a company’s long-term strategy. In a supply chain management (SCM), realizing, configuring and analyzing consumer point of view and making sure the product is highly fitted to the consumer dimensions are essential responsibilities. For this purpose, a sustainable supply chain (SSC) can define a platform in order to reach consumer satisfaction. This paper examines the utility and factors related to the use of a phone in the market incorporating sustainable attributes. We firstly identify main factors and indicators that influence the selection of a sustainable phone. Thereafter, we propose decision analysis tools as decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory (DEMATEL) and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) for the realization of the cause, effect, and interrelation of the indicators. The comparisons between them report a high similarity while best and worst indicators are in the same positions. Best worst method (BWM) is then formulated in order to achieve optimal ranking and to express the importance. Counting on this information is of special relevance in marketing decision-making, where companies must look for competitive advantages prioritizing its product attributes, attending both to resources and to consumer preferences. For this project, we invited six experts in various areas (information science, consumer organizations, fair trade, public administration-cooperation office and telecommunication) to participate and fill the questionnaires. The results are analyzed by market experts in terms of comparison and conformity.
LC–MS/MS Analysis of the Emerging Toxin Pinnatoxin-G and High Levels of Esterified OA Group Toxins in Galician Commercial Mussels
Authors: Otero Paz , Miguéns Natalia , Rodríguez Inés , Botana Luis M.
Published: July 2019

The occurrence of marine harmful algae is increasing worldwide and, therefore, the accumulation of lipophilic marine toxins from harmful phytoplankton represents a food safety threat in the shellfish industry. Galicia, which is a commercially important EU producer of edible bivalve mollusk have been subjected to recurring cases of mussel farm closures, in the last decades. This work aimed to study the toxic profile of commercial mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in order to establish a potential risk when ingested. For this, a total of 41 samples of mussels farmed in 3 Rías (Ares-Sada, Arousa, and Pontevedra) and purchased in 5 local markets were analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS). Chromatograms showed the presence of okadaic acid (OA), dinophysistoxin-2 (DTX-2), pectenotoxin-2 (PTX-2), azaspiracid-2 (AZA-2), and the emerging toxins 13-desmethyl spirolide C (SPX-13), and pinnatoxin-G (PnTX-G). Quantification of each toxin was determined using their own standard calibration in the range 0.1%–50 ng/mL (R2 > 0.99) and by considering the toxin recovery (62–110%) and the matrix correction (33–211%). Data showed that OA and DTX-2 (especially in the form of esters) are the main risk in Galician mollusks, which was detected in 38 samples (93%) and 3 of them exceeded the legal limit (160 µg/kg), followed by SPX-13 that was detected in 19 samples (46%) in quantities of up to 28.9 µg/kg. Analysis from PTX-2, AZA-2, and PnTX-G showed smaller amounts. Fifteen samples (37%) were positive for PTX-2 (0.7–2.9 µg/kg), 12 samples (29%) for AZA-2 (0.1–1.8 µg/kg), and PnTX-G was detected in 5 mussel samples (12%) (0.4 µg/kg–0.9 µg/kg). This is the first time Galician mollusk was contaminated with PnTX-G. Despite results indicating that this toxin was not a potential risk through the mussel ingestion, it should be considered in the shellfish safety monitoring programs through the LC–MS/MS methods.
Human Adenovirus Serotype 5 Is Sensitive to IgM-Independent Neutralization In Vitro and In Vivo
Authors: Doszpoly Andor , de la Cuesta Fernando , Lopez-Gordo Estrella , Bénézech Cécile , Nicklin Stuart A. , Baker Andrew H.
Published: July 2019

Human adenovirus 5 (HAdV-5) is used as a vector in gene therapy clinical trials, hence its interactions with the host immune system have been widely studied. Previous studies have demonstrated that HAdV-5 binds specifically to murine coagulation factor X (mFX), inhibiting IgM and complement-mediated neutralization. Here, we examined the physical binding of immune components to HAdV-5 by nanoparticle tracking analysis, neutralization assays, mass spectrometry analysis and in vivo experiments. We observed that purified mouse Immunoglobulin M (IgM) antibodies bound to HAdV-5 only in the presence of complement components. Active serum components were demonstrated to bind to HAdV-5 in the presence or absence of mFX, indicating that immune molecules and mFX might bind to different sites. Since binding of mFX to HAdV-5 blocks the neutralization cascade, these findings suggested that not all complement-binding sites may be involved in virion neutralization. Furthermore, the data obtained from serum neutralization experiments suggested that immune molecules other than IgM and IgG may trigger activation of the complement cascade in vitro. In vivo experiments were conducted in immunocompetent C57BL/6 or immuno-deficient Rag2-/- mice. HAdV-5T* (a mutant HAdV-5 unable to bind to human or mFX) was neutralized to some extent in both mouse models, suggesting that murine immunoglobulins were not required for neutralization of HAdV-5 in vivo. Liquid Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis of HAdV-5 and HAdV-5T* after exposure to murine sera showed stable binding of C3 and C4b in the absence of mFX. In summary, these results suggest that HAdV-5 neutralization can be mediated by both the classical and alternative pathways and that, in the absence of immunoglobulins, the complement cascade can be activated by direct binding of C3 to the virion.
Detection of Hepatitis E Virus in Shellfish Harvesting Areas from Galicia (Northwestern Spain)
Authors: Rivadulla Enrique , Varela Miguel F. , Mesquita João R. , Nascimento Maria S.J. , Romalde Jesús L.
Published: July 2019

The hepatitis E virus (HEV) affects almost 20 million individuals annually, causing approximately 3.3 million acute liver injuries, 56,600 deaths, and huge healthcare-associated economic losses. Shellfish produced close to urban and livestock areas can bioaccumulate this virus and transmit it to the human population. The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of HEV in molluscan shellfish, in order to deepen the knowledge about HEV prevalence in Galicia (northwestern Spain), and to investigate this as a possible route of HEV transmission to humans. A total of 168 shellfish samples was obtained from two different Galician rías (Ría de Ares-Betanzos and Ría de Vigo). The samples were analyzed by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR). RT-nested PCR and sequencing were used for further genotyping and phylogenetic analysis of positive samples. HEV was detected in 41 (24.4%) samples, at quantification levels ranging from non-quantifiable (<102 copies of the RNA genome (RNAc)/g tissue) to 1.1 × 105 RNAc/g tissue. Phylogenetic analysis based on the open reading frame (ORF)2 region showed that all sequenced isolates belonged to genotype 3, and were closely related to strains of sub-genotype e, which is of swine origin. The obtained results demonstrate a significant prevalence of HEV in bivalve molluscs from Galician rías, reinforcing the hypothesis that shellfish may be a potential route for HEV transmission to humans.
High-Throughput Sequencing Analysis of Small RNAs Derived from Coleus Blumei Viroids
Authors: Jiang Dong-Mei , Wang Meng , Li Shi-Fang , Zhang Zhi-Xiang
Published: July 2019

Characterization of viroid-derived small RNAs (vd-sRNAs) is important to understand viroid–host interactions; however, vd-sRNAs belonging to the genus Coleviroid are yet to be identified and characterized. Herein, we used coleus plants singly infected with coleus blumei viroid (CbVd)-1, -5, or -6 and doubly infected with CbVd-1 and -5 to identify and analyze their vd-sRNAs. We found sense and antisense vd-sRNAs for CbVd-1, -5 and -6, and 22-nt vd-sRNAs were the most abundant; moreover, the 5′-terminal nucleotides (nts) of CbVd-1, -5, and -6 were biased toward U and C, and sRNAs derived from these three viroids were unevenly distributed along their genomes. We also noted that CbVd-5 and -6 share a fragment that forms the right half of the rod-like secondary structure of these viroids, which implied that they generated almost the same type of vd-sRNAs. This finding indicated that vd-sRNA biogenesis is mainly determined by the primary sequence of their substrates. More importantly, we found two complementary vd-sRNAs (22 nt) that were generated from the central conserved region (CCR) of these three viroids, suggesting an important role of CCR in vd-sRNA biogenesis. In conclusion, our results provide novel insight into the biogenesis of vd-sRNAs and the biological roles of CCR.
Analysis of Dry/Wet Variations in the Poyang Lake Basin Using Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index Based on Two Potential Evapotranspiration Algorithms
Authors: Liu Weilin , Liu Lina
Published: July 2019

Global warming has resulted in unevenly distributed changes in precipitation and evapotranspiration, which has some influence on dry/wet conditions, thus exerting a tremendous impact on national life and the social economy, especially agricultural production. In order to characterize the dry/wet variations in the Poyang Lake basin during 1958–2013, based on the potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimated by the Thornthwaite (TH) and Penman–Monteith (PM) formulas, two types of Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI), namely SPEI_th and SPEI_pm, were calculated in this study. The characteristic of dry/wet variations in the Poyang Lake basin was analyzed and a comparative analysis of two SPEIs was conducted. The results indicate that both SPEI series showed a wet trend in the Poyang Lake basin on an annual scale as well as seasonal scales during 1958–2013, except for spring and autumn. A drying trend was observed in spring, while in autumn, the dry and wet conditions in two SPEIs had opposite trends. However, all trends from two SPEIs were not significant, except for summer SPEI_pm. Meanwhile, significant positive correlations were detected between precipitation and two SPEIs, with the correlation coefficients above 0.95, whereas negative correlations were detected between PET and two SPEIs, with the correlation coefficients ranging from −0.17 to −0.85. This indicates that precipitation was the main climatic factor to determine change in dry/wet conditions in the Poyang Lake basin. Although there were obvious differences between the accumulated values of the Penman–Monteith-based PET (ET_pm) and Thornthwaite-based PET (ET_th), trends in the SPEI_pm series were generally consistent with those in the SPEI_th series, revealing that the method for PET calculation was not critical to the change in dry/wet conditions. Moreover, the results of the conditional probability of SPEI_pm and SPEI_th show that both SPEI_pm and SPEI_th could detect wet or dry events that were identified by SPEI_pm or SPEI_th.
INOVASI PEMERINTAH DESA DLINGO DALAM MEWUJUDKAN PEMBERDAYAAN MASYARAKAT MELALUI DESA MART PADA TAHUN 2017
Authors: Rengganis Indah Putri , Atmojo Muhammad Eko
Published: July 2019

Pembangunan merupakan pokok terpenting bagi sebuah negara, terutama pembangunan disektor paling bawah yaitu pemerintah desa. Pembangunan desa yang dimaksud disini adalah pembangunan desa yang melibatkan partisipasi masyarakat dan juga memberdayakan masyarakat yang ada di desa. Disetiap daerah harus memiliki kemajuan termasuk ditingkatan desa, terlebih desa yang sangat memanfaatkan potensi dari masyarakatnya. Maka dari itu suatu desa dapat maju apabila memiliki inovasi-inovasi yang baru untuk dapat mengembangkan desanya tersebut. Inovasi yang dimaksud yakni terobosan untuk dapat memajukan suatu desa yang terobosannya tersebut berupa program pelaksanaan ataupun berupa kegiatan-kegiatan  yang akan atau sudah di lakukan disuatu desa. Teori yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah teori dari Martin Radenakers terkait teori inovasi dan teori dari Wahyudi Kumorotomo terkait teori partisipasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data yang dilakukan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Informan dari penelitian ini adalah Pemerintah Desa, dan juga masyarakat Desa Dlingo. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, bahwa Pemerintah Desa Dlingo sudah mampu memajukan Desa Dlingo dan membangun Desa Dlingo menjadi desa yang lebih baik dari sebelumnya. Karena Desa Dlingo sebelumnya dikenal dengan desa mati, namun setelah adanya inovasi yang muncul dari Pemerintah Desa terkait Desa Mart hal tersebut mengubah Desa Dlingo menjadi desa yang maju.
A Review on 3GPP 5G Security Aspects
Authors: R Rajavelsamy , Das Debabrata
Published: July 2019

5G promises to support new level of use cases that will deliver a better user experience. The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) [1] defined 5G system introduced fundamental changes on top of its former cellular systems in several design areas, including security. Unlike in the legacy systems, the 5G architecture design considers Home control enhancements for roaming customer, tight collaboration with the 3rd Party Application servers, Unified Authentication framework to accommodate various category of devices and services, enhanced user privacy, and secured the new service based core network architecture. Further, 3GPP is investigating the enhancements to the 5G security aspects to support longer security key lengths, False Base station detection and wireless backhaul in the Phase-2 of 5G standardization [2]. This paper provides the key enhancements specified by the 3GPP for 5G system, particularly the differences to the 4G system and the rationale behind the decisions.
Dr. Károly Ihrig: the Scholar and the Person
Authors: Szabó G. Gábor
Published: July 2019

The paper – in a form of abridged version of an oral presentation – analyses scientific works and  human qualifications of one of the greatest Hungarian scholar, Károly Ihrig. The study deals with the most important works of the great Hungarian polymath on co-operative theory and  agricultural policy, as well as with the story of his works later on.
Statistical comparison of coverage data of disturbed habitats in the Hajdúság
Authors: Szőke Szilvia , Tanyi Péter
Published: July 2019

Between 2002 and 2006 we made the coenological survey of five disturbed habitats marked as grasslands. With our coenological examinations and the statistical analyses we wanted to make the detailed botanical survey of the given five habitats in order to verify that the maintenance of habitats amongst agricultural lands – and considered as less valuable – is of high importance and necessary from an environmental point of view, since these habitats are often living and feeding areas of many rare and/or protected plant- and animal species.As a result of the statistical analyses we have pointed out that number of species in case of all the five habitats extreme fluctuation characterizes the statistical universe. As regards theaverage of the coverage it is the highest in case of the third habitat (degraded Puccinellia grassland), and the coefficient of variation shows homogenity as well. In examining the Shannon-value the average is the highest in case of the second habitat (Alopecurus meadow), and the statistical dispersion is the smallest. The coefficient of variation shows medium variability. The median of evenness is the lower in case of the third habitat (degradedPuccinellia meadow) and the statistical is the highest here as well. We have done the Hierarchical and the K-Means Cluster Analyses for the 21 plant associations of the five habitats. Both cluster analyses put the same associations into the same cluster, soone can state that the associations in each cluster are different from the associations of the other ones according to the coverage data of the plant families.
Landscape use of protected areas in the Hódmezővásárhely micro-region
Authors: Kis Krisztián
Published: July 2019

One of the biggest questions of developing rural areas is that people and organisations living and making their activity there how and in what measure utilize the local or obtainable externalresources. The concept of the landscape expresses the direct connection of the natural resources with the socio-economic processes. This is a two-way connection, (1) on the one hand the single landscapes provide the unique combination of natural conditions for the socio-economic utilisation which is different from other landscapes, (2) on the other hand as the result of the interaction of natural spheres together with the social and economic spheres the landscapes change in a different manner and in a different measure. The landscape as a territorial unit and as a resource is inseparable from the natural resources, and the natureconservation plays an increasingly important role in the use of the landscape and landscape management, which is an essential task not only in protected areas, but everywhere. The natural resources, the landscape, the nature conservation and the landscape use are related tightly, in which the so-called ecological/biological resources and their sustainable use have asignificant role.
Digital signature adaptation to e-commerce
Authors: Péntek Ádám
Published: July 2019

Expansions of the use of the Internet applications are increasing continuously. The distances have disappeared and decreased the necessary trade time. The bases of the businesses are the confidence and the other parties identification. The new communication channel demands new identify methods. The digital sign is a standard and easy to use possibility to identify one another and their documents, e-mails etc. In my paper I show theavailability of e-commerce services which can be used to identify by digital sign in Hungary.
Comparison of ASTER and Sentinel-2 spaceborne datasets for geological mapping: a case study from North-East Greenland
Authors: Salehi Sara , Mielke Christian , Brogaard Pedersen Christian , Dalsenni Olsen Simun
Published: July 2019

Spaceborne remote sensing is a suitable tool for early mineral exploration and surveying large areas of high Arctic environment in a fast and cost-effective manner. While spaceborne data have been used widely to map geology in arid areas, similar approaches for remotely-sensed geological mapping of Arctic environments is yet to be developed. Freely available spaceborne optical data provides detailed information of high-quality that could potentially reduce resource exploration risk in remote regions. To this end, this study compares the use of two different multispectral spaceborne datasets (i.e. the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) and Sentinel-2) to map geological units in and around Wollaston Forland, North-East Greenland – an area rich in Jurassic and Cretaceous sedimentary rocks and important targets for offshore petroleum exploration. Multispectral image sensors simultaneously capture image data within multiple wavelength ranges (bands) across the electromagnetic spectrum. Each band is commonly described by the band number and the band wavelength centre position. Here, we identify the bands most suitable for geological mapping in an Arctic setting, using the Wollaston Forland area as an example. We compare the results obtained by processing spaceborne data with a published geological map for the area (Henriksen 2003).
Mapping glacial rock flour deposits in Tasersuaq, southern West Greenland
Authors: Bennike Ole , Jensen Jørn Bo , Næsby Sukstorf Frederik , Rosing Minik T.
Published: July 2019

Global population has increased rapidly in recent decades. So far, it has been possible to feed the growing population by using more and more land for agriculture, using irrigation and artificial fertilisers and by improving the efficiency of agriculture. Recently the growth of the global agricultural area has slowed. However, the need for food will continue to grow markedly in coming years. This demand can no longer be met by using increasingly more land for agriculture, and in many areas it is not possible to increase crop production by irrigation (Wise 2013).

Large areas in the tropics are characterised by strongly depleted soils with low concentrations of nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium. In such areas, the yield of crop per hectare is much lower than the theoretical yield using optimal fertilising (Ray et al. 2013). Reducing the gap between real and potential crop productivity offers the best solution to achieve food security for the world’s rapidly growing population.

Poor soil quality in the tropics is largely due to the rapid weathering of minerals and leaching of dissolved nutrients in the warm and humid climate. If weathered minerals are not replaced by new minerals, for example due to volcanic activity, then soil fertility continues to decline over time. Therefore, it is necessary to use increasing amounts of fertilisers to feed growing populations in the tropics. Most nutrients come from geological deposits; the only exception is nitrogen, which can be extracted from the atmosphere. Nutrients that are mined constitute a limited resource. Hence the known occurrences of phosphorous can only cover the current demand for a few decades (van Vuuren et al. 2010).

In recent years, investigations have been conducted to see if the productivity of nutrient-poor soils can be improved by the application of glacial rock flour from Greenland. Rock flour in southern West Greenland consists of fine-grained silt, formed by the grinding of bedrock by stones and boulders embedded in the basal part of glaciers. Preliminary results indicate that plants cultivated in soils with rock flour can achieve increased growth (M.T. Rosing, unpublished data 2019). However, the research is still in its early days and many questions remain. We do not know why adding rock flour to soil results in increased growth. Maybe the silt fraction improves the soil properties. Also we do not know if it is feasible to mine rock flour and transport it to the tropics. As a first step towards answering some of these questions, our aim here was to simply map and sample the glacial rock flour in Tasersuaq, a large proglacial lake in southern West Greenland, c. 105 km north-east of Nuuk.
MALVARLIĞI ÜZERİNDE MÜLKİYET, BUNA BAĞLI YÜKÜMLÜLÜKLER VE CEZA HUKUKU SORUMLULUĞU
Authors: ÖZGENÇ İzzet
Published: July 2019

Kişiler, çeşitli

ihtiyaçlarını giderebilmek amacıyla, malvarlığı edinme hakkına sahiptir. Gerek

malvarlığının edinme biçimi gerek edinilmiş olan malvarlığı üzerinde tasarrufta

bulunma bakımından kişiler çeşitli yükümlülükler altındadır. Malvarlığına

ilişkin yükümlülük ihlalleri dolayısıyla, öncelikle ihlalin sebebiyet verdiği

zararı mümkün olduğunca gidermeye matuf yaptırımların uygulanması gerekir.

Ancak bazı durumlarda, özellikle yükümlülük ihlalini gerçekleştiren kişi

bakımından bir uyarı ve önleme fonksiyonu görmesi bakımından ceza hukuku

yaptırımlarının da uygulanması yoluna gidilebilmelidir. Ceza hukuku

yaptırımlarının belirlenme ve uygulanmasında esas alınması gereken ölçüt,

yükümlülük ihlalini gerçekleştiren kişi ve toplumu oluşturan diğer bireyler

bakımından etkin bir uyarı ve önleme fonksiyonu icra etmesi ve yükümlülük

ihlali ile ölçülü olmasıdır.
Korelasi Beberapa Karakter Biokimia dengan Ketahanan Tanaman cabai terhadap Penyakit Antraknos yang Disebabkan Colletotruchun gloeosporioides
Authors: Amalia Lia
Published: July 2019

Penelitian untuk mengetahui korelasi antar karakter  biokimia dengan katahanan cabai terhadap penyakit Antraknos. Penelitian dilakukan di Kebun Percobaan dan Laboratorium Hama dan Penyakit Fakultas Pertanian UNWIM, Tanjungsari Sumedang dari bulan Oktober 2003 - Februari 2004. Rancangan penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL) dengan jumlah ulangan tidak sama, dengan asumsi model acak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa baik dilapangan maupun di laboratorium, karakter kadar air buah mempunyai nilai korelasi fenotip dan genetik yang tidak nyata dengan intensitas penyakit Antraknos. Karakter kadar antosianin dan kadar lignin kulit buah berkorelasi fenotip negatif nyata terhadap intensitas penyakit antraknos, tetapi berkorelasi genetik negatif tidak nyata terhadap intensitas penyakit Antraknos. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan seleksi tidak langsung secara genetik untuk karakter ketahanan tanaman cabai merah melalui karakter kadar antosianin, kadar air dan kadar lignin kulit buah tidak akan efektif.
Pengaruh Pupuk Organik dan Jarak Tanam Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Hasil Padi pada Budidaya Metode SRI
Authors: Hidayat Odang
Published: July 2019

This experiment was aimed to know the interaction between organic fertilizer and planting distance to growth and yield of rice cultivation with SRI method cultivation conducted in Gunungmanik Village Tanjungsari Subdistrict, Sumedang Regency, the experiment started from December 2009 until April 2010. The experiment design used was Plan of Plot Divided, with 12 treatment combinations consisting of the main plot of organic fertilizer (a1 = chicken manure a2 = sheep manure, and a3 = compost of market waste). The subplot is plant spacing (b1 = 25 cm x 25 cm, b2 = 30 cm x 30 cm, b3 = 60 cm x 30 cm x 30 cm, and b4 = 60 cm x 30 cm x 15 cm). experimental results show the interaction between organic fertilizer and plant spacing on growth and yield of rice on the cultivation of SRI method. The use of plant spacing of 60 cm x 30 cm x 15 cm, followed by provision of 10 tons ha-1 chicken cage gave the best growth against the number of tillers, the number of productive panicles per clump, the weight of 100 grains, and the weight of dry grain harvest per plot. The use of 60 x 30 x 15 spacing followed by 10 tons ha-1 chicken farming and 60 x 30 x 15 plant spacing followed by market composting of 10 tons ha-1, yielded the highest dry harvest grain.
Kajian Sosial Ekonomi SID Pantai Calang dan Pantai Krueng Sabee, Kota Aceh Jaya
Authors: Hasan Sumarna
Published: July 2019

Town Calang besides area settlement location also as Calang municipal administration center with various activity of economics society. Around this area there are also fishery activity and fishpond as Coastal area fisherman society living of Calang. Effect of existence of Tsunami and earthquake have resulted changing coastal morphology where so that have resulted the resignment of coastline as for ± 100-200 m. Besides have eliminated coastal area, Tsunami have also eliminated some of joint streets pass by quickly Banda Aceh-Meulaboh which have location around this coast. Coastal protection of Calang and Krueng Sabee desides conducted with coastal building development, is also planned by coastal protection brand involved.  Coastal protection involved represent bekt green with Coconut crop cultivation and Mangrove. Coastal Protection made in which suited for applied at this study location is breakwater building. Result of calculation from economic analysis, this development within 25 years at interest rate 24% estimated to have NPV equal to 1.018.582.359,72 net B/C 1,131 and IRR is 26,89%.
Efektivitas Waktu Penyimpanan Sperma Ikan Komet (Carassium auratus auratus) dalam Larutan NaCl terhadap Derajat Pembuahan
Authors: Mumpuni Fia Sri , Pamoris Yudi
Published: July 2019

The research was conducted to determine the effect of storage time in 0.9% NaCl solution on sperm quality and the degree of fertilization goldfish, using a completely randomized design with 7 treatments consisting of sperm storage duration 0 hours, 2 hours, 4 hours, 6 hours, 8 hours, 10 hours, and 12 hours with 3 replications. The result showed that the goldfish sperm storage duration 2 hours still has a higher value of motility and the degree of fertilization. While the value of motility and the degree of fertilization lowest found in sperm storage duration of 12 hours. The deadlinefor sperm storage period goldfish 6 hours still have good motility value of 60% so it still possible for the process of fertilization and hatching.
Pengaruh Faktor Internal Petani dalam Mengadopsi Teknologi
Authors: Sumarna Pandu
Published: July 2019

Pemberdayaan petani merupakan hal yang sangat penting untuk meningkatkan hasil produksi dan kesejahteraan para petani. Penyuluhan pertanian sebagai pendidikan luar sekolah bagi petani dan keluarganya untuk meningkatkan keterampilan, pengetahuan, dan sikap mereka mempunyai peranan yang sangat strategis untuk menyukseskan pembangunan pertanian. Sehubungan dengan hal tersebut perlu dilakukan pembinaan terhadap para petani dan keluarganya untuk meningkatkan pendapatan dan kesejahteraan petani. Proses tersebut tidak terlepas dari peran penyuluh terutama menyangkut usaha membantu petani agar senantiasa meningkatkan efisiensi usahatani. Sedangkan bagi petani, penyuluhan adalah suatu kesempatan pendidikan di luar sekolah dimana mereka dapat belajar sambil berbuat (learning by doing). Penyuluhan pertanian merupakan sarana bagi petani untuk mengetahui inovasi yang dapat meningkatkan hasil produksi menjadi lebih baik. Menurut Soekarwati (1988) faktor-faktor internal yang mempengaruhi petani dalam memilih teknologi pertanian adalah umur petani, tingkat pendidikan formal, jumlah tanggungan keluarga petani, pengalaman berusahatani, modal usahatani, luas lahan usahatani, status kepemilikan lahan dan intensitas petani dalam mengikuti penyuluhan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat diketahui bahwa faktor internal tidak memiliki hubungan yang nyata dengan adopsi teknologi, dengan nilai koefisien korelasi sebedar 0,191 (korelasi sangat rendah) dan nilai t hitung 1,214 dengan nilai t tabel sebesar 1,684. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa simultan faktor internal petani tidak memiliki hubungan yang nyata dengan adopsi teknologi karena nilai korelasinya hanya 0,191 yang berarti tingkat korelasi sangat rendah.
Analisis Fungsi dan Manajemen Kawasan Konservasi Darmaloka
Authors: Kurniawan Andri
Published: July 2019

One effort to maintain forest fungtions from futher damage is to establish and maintain conservation areas, both micro dan macro. Darmaloka conservation area in Kuningan Regency is a micro conservation area to keep preserve by functioning and managing the area. This study aimed to : (1) studying the function of Darmaloka conservation area seen from the diversity of vegetation, wildlife and water management, (2) assessing the running Darmaloka conservation area management. The study was conducted in Darmaloka corsevation area, from July to October 2010. Materials and equipment used were sketch of the area location, measuring tools, calculators, stationery, and ather supporting materials and tools. Data were collected by direct observation such as vegetation, bird, fish and water system, as well as interviews. Method of data analysis applied analysis vegetation, inventory of bird, fish density and the dischage and water quality. The results showed, there were seven types in Darmaloka conservation area, but none of them were seedlings, saplings and poles. Species Binuang (Octomeles sumatrana) dominated Darmaloka conservation areas, and the stability classified as moderate. In this area, there were 5 (five) bird species categorized rare (endangered) to medium, sacred white-Kancra fish with 5 fisher/m2 in density, catfish, and quite a lot Beunteur fish. Water discharge was about 2,94 l/sec, and the quality was good (netral). Viewed from tradition, this region well managed and controlled, but viewed from modern management, this region not regarding properly yet. It could be seen from the absence of a clear plan regarding the management of the area. The management organization was also very simple and there werenot basic clear tasks and functions amongts organization units yet.
Suggestion on How to Balance between Physicians' Authority and Patients' Autonomy; Review of Debate on Patient Self-Determination Act(1990)*,**
Authors: MOON Jae Young , AHN Heejoon
Published: July 2019

In February 2018 the “Act on Decisions on Life-sustaining Treatment for Patients in Hospice and Palliative Care or at the End of Life” (hereafter the “Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act”) went into effect in South Korea.” In order learn the lesson for Korean physicians’ practice in end-of-life care, we reviewed the debates surrounding the passage of similar legislation in the US. In particular, we examined the debates concerning the “Patient Self-Determination Act,” which was implemented in the US in 1991. We systemically searched for related medical articles on PubMed online and reviewed 17 articles that were retrieved through this search. One of the main findings of this review is that most of the articles expressed support for the Patient Self-determination Act on the grounds that it would enhance patient autonomy. In contrast with this, the Korean medical society criticized the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act on the grounds that it would undermine physician authority and limit respect for patient autonomy. This reflects the fact that Korean physicians are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with the idea of respecting patient autonomy as a way of furthering the patient’s best interests. In this article I argue that the reasons for welcoming the provisions of the Life-Sustaining Treatment Decisions Act are not only legal, but also medical and ethical: the law can improve the end-of-life care that is given in healthcare settings. However, in order to achieve this goal, patients must be fully informed about their rights and physicians should initiate discussions about advance care planning, as part of general health care, before serious illness arises.