bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Seasonal cycles of biogenic volatile organic compound fluxes and concentrations in a California citrus orchard
Authors: Fares S. , Park J.-H. , Gentner D. R. , Weber R. , Ormeño E. , Karlik J. , Goldstein A. H.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Orange trees are widely cultivated in Mediterranean climatic regions where they are an important agricultural crop. Citrus have been characterized as emitters of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in chamber studies under controlled environmental conditions, but an extensive characterization at field scale has never been performed using modern measurement methods, and is particularly needed considering the complex interactions between the orchards and the polluted atmosphere in which Citrus is often cultivated. For one year, in a Valencia orange orchard in Exeter, California, we measured fluxes using PTRMS (Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometer) and eddy covariance for the most abundant VOC typically emitted from citrus vegetation: methanol, acetone, and isoprenoids. Concentration gradients of additional oxygenated and aromatic compounds from the ground level to above the canopy were also measured. In order to characterize concentrations of speciated biogenic VOC (BVOC) in leaves, we analyzed leaf content by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography – Mass Spectrometery) regularly throughout the year. We also characterized in more detail concentrations of speciated BVOC in the air above the orchard by in-situ GC-MS during a few weeks in spring flowering and summer periods. Here we report concentrations and fluxes of the main VOC species emitted by the orchard, discuss how fluxes measured in the field relate to previous studies made with plant enclosures, and describe how VOC content in leaves and emissions change during the year in response to phenological and environmental parameters. The orchard was a source of monoterpenes and oxygenated VOC. The highest emissions were observed during the springtime flowering period, with mid-day fluxes above 2 nmol m−2 s−1 for methanol and up to 1 nmol m−2 s−1 for acetone and monoterpenes. During hot summer days emissions were not as high as we expected considering the known dependence of biogenic emissions on temperature. We provide evidence that thickening of leaf cuticle wax content limited gaseous emissions during the summer.
Characteristics of tropospheric ozone depletion events in the Arctic spring: analysis of the ARCTAS, ARCPAC, and ARCIONS measurements and satellite BrO observations
Authors: Koo J.-H. , Wang Y. , Kurosu T. P. , Chance K. , Rozanov A. , Richter A. , Oltmans S. J. , Thompson A. M. , Hair J. W. , Fenn M. A. , Weinheimer A. J. , Ryerson T. B. , Solberg S. , Huey L. G. , Liao J. , Dibb J. E. , Neuman J. A. , Nowak J. B. , Pierce R. B. , Natarajan M. , Al-Saadi J.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Arctic ozone depletion events (ODEs) are caused by halogen catalyzed ozone loss. In situ chemistry, advection of ozone-poor air mass, and vertical mixing in the lower troposphere are important factors affecting ODEs. To better characterize the ODEs, we analyze the combined set of surface, ozonesonde, and aircraft in situ measurements of ozone and bromine compounds during the Arctic Research of the Composition of the Troposphere from Aircraft and Satellites (ARCTAS), the Aerosol, Radiation, and Cloud Processes affecting Arctic Climate (ARCPAC), and the Arctic Intensive Ozonesonde Network Study (ARCIONS) experiments (April 2008). Tropospheric BrO columns retrieved from satellite measurements and back trajectory calculations are also used to investigate the characteristics of observed ODEs. In situ observations from these field experiments are inadequate to validate tropospheric BrO columns derived from satellite measurements. In view of this difficulty, we construct an ensemble of tropospheric column BrO estimates from two satellite (OMI and GOME-2) measurements and with three independent methods of calculating stratospheric BrO columns. Furthermore, we select analysis methods that do not depend on the absolute magnitude of column BrO, such as time-lagged correlation analysis of ozone and tropospheric column BrO, to understand characteristics of ODEs. Time-lagged correlation analysis between in situ (surface and ozonesonde) measurements of ozone and satellite derived tropospheric BrO columns indicates that the ODEs are due to either local halogen-driven ozone loss or short-range (∼1 day) transport from nearby regions with ozone depletion. The effect of in situ ozone loss is also evident in the diurnal variation difference between low (10th and 25th percentiles) and higher percentiles of surface ozone concentrations at Alert, Canada. Aircraft observations indicate low-ozone air mass transported from adjacent high-BrO regions. Correlation analyses of ozone with potential temperature and time-lagged tropospheric BrO column show that the vertical extent of local ozone loss is surprisingly deep (1–2 km) at Resolute and Churchill, Canada. The unstable boundary layer during ODEs at Churchill could potentially provide a source of free-tropospheric BrO through convective transport and explain the significant negative correlation between free-tropospheric ozone and tropospheric BrO column at this site.
World Calibration Center for SF6 – supporting the quality system of the global atmosphere observation
Authors: Lee J. , Moon D. , Min D. , Yun W.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Global Atmosphere Watch (GAW) Strategic Plan: 2008–2015 (WMO, 2009a) WMO/GAW pays attention to systematical improvement of the quality of observations at global or regional monitoring sites. To ensure the comparability and compatibility of the measurements worldwide it is essential to maintain a traceability chain to the primary standard in the different laboratories around the world as well as to establish a quality control system. Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6), is reported to be very rare in the atmosphere at the global averaged annual mole fraction of about 7 ppt, it is one of the greenhouse gases regulated by Kyoto protocol and is increasing at a rate of 0.22 ppt yr−1. Development of a working (or transfer) standard with very low concentration of SF6 requires expert technologies and several knowhow of gas metrology. In order to meet the Data Quality Objective (DQO), the KMA has cooperated with the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), which is the National Metrology Institute in South Korea. So long as the Central Calibration Laboratory (CCL) for SF6 was established, the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) is now trying to take another step forward to systematically support GAW stations in improving their traceability and quality system for SF6, thereby making a contribution to the WMO/GAW. Through hosting the World Calibration Center for SF6, which is one of GAW facilities, KMA will contribute to harmonization of the global SF6 observations in the long run. This work performed to demonstrate some measurement results on SF6 which complies with the DQOs and is traceable to the WMO mole fraction scale for SF6. In order to produce a working standard which is traceable to the WMO scale, we developed highly precise method of a Gas Chromatography/Electron Capture Detector (GC/ECD) calibrated against the five cylinders (from NOAA, 2011) of the WMO scale. For all analysis the measurement repeatability was < 0.02 ppt (standard deviation) and analyzer's stability was controlled within a drift of 0.02 ppt. Finally, a working standard which is consistent with WMO scale and satisfies the WMO DQOs of ±0.02 ppt was successfully produced and is ready to be transferred to the GAW stations.
Intercomparison of polar ozone profiles by IASI/MetOp sounder with 2010 Concordiasi ozonesonde observations
Authors: Gazeaux J. , Clerbaux C. , George M. , Hadji-Lazaro J. , Kuttippurath J. , Coheur P.-F. , Hurtmans D. , Deshler T. , Kovilakam M. , Campbell P. , Guidard V. , Rabier F. , Thépaut J.-N.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Validation of ozone profiles measured from a nadir looking satellite instrument over Antarctica is a challenging task due to differences in their height sensitivity with ozonesonde measurements. In this paper we compare the ozone observations provided by the Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) instrument onboard the polar-orbiting satellite MetOp with ozone profiles collected between August and October 2010 at McMurdo Station, Antarctica, during the Concordiasi campaign. This campaign was aimed at satellite data validation and up to 20 zero-pressure sounding balloons carrying ozonesondes were launched during this period when the MetOp satellite was passing above McMurdo. This makes the dataset relevant for comparison, especially because those balloons covered the entire altitude range of IASI profiles. The validation methodology and the collocation criteria differ according to the availability of Global Positioning System auxiliary data with each Electro-Chemical Cell ozonesonde observation. We show that the relative mean difference depends on the altitude range investigated. The analysis shows a good agreement in the troposphere (below 10 km) and middle stratosphere (25–40 km), where the differences are lower than 10%. However a significant positive bias of about 10–26% is estimated in the lower stratosphere at 10–25 km, depending on altitude. The positive bias in the 10–25 km range is consistent with previously reported studies comparing in-situ data with thermal infrared satellite measurements. This study allows a better characterization of the IASI products over the polar region when ozone depletion/recovery is occurring.
Imbalanced nutrients as triggers for black shale formation in a shallow shelf setting during the OAE 2 (Wunstorf, Germany)
Authors: Blumenberg M. , Wiese F.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. During the oceanic anoxic event 2 (OAE 2) in the Mid-Cretaceous Period, widespread black shale (BS) formation occurred, reflecting perturbations in major biogeochemical cycles. Here we present geochemical and biomarker data of the OAE 2 from a shelf setting situated at about 100–150 m water depth (Wunstorf, Germany). Our data support that processes inducing BS deposition were related to orbital cyclicity in Wunstorf and that they were not restricted to the time of the OAE 2 carbon isotope excursion. Correlations of total organic carbon (TOC) and δ15N and high relative abundances of functionalized hopanoids (including 2-methylated structures) suggest that BS were formed during times of imbalanced nutrients with high phosphorus inputs and increased cyanobacterial nitrogen fixation. Periods of BS formation were also characterized by enhanced growth of dinoflagellates and bacteriovorous ciliates, the latter supporting the presence of a stratified water body. The lack of biomarkers specific for green sulfur bacteria excludes photic zone euxinia during OAE 2 in Wunstorf. Conflicting maturities and biomarker distributions in kerogen and extractable organic matter and, interestingly, a negative correlation of the diagenetically resistant 2-methyl hopane hydrocarbons with TOC indicate a complex depositional setting at Wunstorf. This might have been induced by high continental runoff during BS formation and the accompanying mobilisation of refractory OM from the shelves and near shore areas.
Impact of global change on coastal hypoxia
Authors: Meire L. , Soetaert K. E. R. , Meysman F. J. R.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Coastal hypoxia, the depletion of oxygen concentration in coastal waters, is becoming more prominent on a global scale. Changes in climate and nutrient loadings are two aspects of global change that are expected to profoundly impact coastal hypoxia. We investigated the role of these drivers on the evolution of hypoxia in a stratified, temperate coastal system using a one-dimensional model. The model couples three submodels, describing the physical characteristics, the pelagic ecosystem and benthic diagenesis. The model is calibrated for the Central North Sea but the model approach is generic, and can be applied in stratified coastal ecosystems. Our results indicate that the projected changes in climatological conditions for the North Sea over the next 100 yr will increase the risk of hypoxia. On average the oxygen concentration is predicted to decrease by 17 μM, mostly due to a reduced solubility at higher water temperature (responsible for 65% of the decrease). Increased stratification (22%) and enhanced biological rates due to higher water temperature (13%) also affect the future oxygen concentration. Nutrient loadings also have a strong effect on the occurrence of hypoxia. Decreasing nutrient concentrations strongly decreases the probability of hypoxic events, stressing the importance of continued extensive eutrophication management to mitigate the effect of increased temperature.
Spatial and temporal variability of N2O emissions in a subtropical forest catchment in China
Authors: Zhu J. , Mulder J. , Wu L. P. , Meng X. X. , Wang Y. H. , Dörsch P.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Subtropical forests in South China have received chronically large amounts of atmogenic nitrogen (N) causing N saturation. Recent studies suggest that a significant proportion of the N input is returned to the atmosphere, in part as nitrous oxide (N2O). We measured N2O emission fluxes by closed chamber technique throughout two years in a Masson pine-dominated headwater catchment with acrisols (pH ~ 4) at TieShanPing (Chongqing, SW China) and assessed the spatial and temporal variability in two landscape elements typical for this region: a mesic forested hill slope (HS) and a hydrologically connected, terraced groundwater discharge zone (GDZ) in the valley bottom. High emission rates of up to 1800 μg N2O-N m−2 h−1 were recorded on the HS shortly after rain storms during monsoonal summer, whereas emission fluxes during the dry winter season were generally low. Overall, N2O emission was lower in GDZ than in HS, rendering the mesic HS the dominant source of N2O in this landscape. Temporal variability of N2O emissions on HS was largely explained by soil temperature and moisture, pointing at denitrification as a major process for N removal and N2O production. The concentration of nitrate (NO3−) in pore water on HS was high even in the rainy season, apparently never limiting denitrification and N2O production. The concentration of NO3− decreased along the terraced GDZ, indicating efficient N removal, but with moderate N2O-N loss. The extrapolated annual N2O fluxes from soils on HS (0.50 and 0.41 g N2O-N m−2 yr−1 for a year with a wet and a dry summer, respectively) are among the highest N2O fluxes reported from subtropical forests so far. Annual N2O-N emissions amounted to 8–10% of the annual atmogenic N-deposition, suggesting that forests on acid soils in South China are an important, hitherto overlooked component of the anthropogenic N2O budget.
A model–data comparison for a multi-model ensemble of early Eocene atmosphere–ocean simulations: EoMIP
Authors: Lunt D. J. , Dunkley Jones T. , Heinemann M. , Huber M. , LeGrande A. , Winguth A. , Loptson C. , Marotzke J. , Roberts C. D. , Tindall J. , Valdes P. , Winguth C.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. The early Eocene (~55 to 50 Ma) is a time period which has been explored in a large number of modelling and data studies. Here, using an ensemble of previously published model results, making up "EoMIP" – the Eocene Modelling Intercomparison Project – and syntheses of early Eocene terrestrial and sea surface temperature data, we present a self-consistent inter-model and model–data comparison. This shows that the previous modelling studies exhibit a very wide inter-model variability, but that at high CO2, there is good agreement between models and data for this period, particularly if possible seasonal biases in some of the proxies are considered. An energy balance analysis explores the reasons for the differences between the model results, and suggests that differences in surface albedo feedbacks, water vapour and lapse rate feedbacks, and prescribed aerosol loading are the dominant cause for the different results seen in the models, rather than inconsistencies in other prescribed boundary conditions or differences in cloud feedbacks. The CO2 level which would give optimal early Eocene model–data agreement, based on those models which have carried out simulations with more than one CO2 level, is in the range of 2500 ppmv to 6500 ppmv. Given the spread of model results, tighter bounds on proxy estimates of atmospheric CO2 and temperature during this time period will allow a quantitative assessment of the skill of the models at simulating warm climates. If it is the case that a model which gives a good simulation of the Eocene will also give a good simulation of the future, then such an assessment could be used to produce metrics for weighting future climate predictions.
Quantifying the performance of automated GIS-based geomorphological approaches for riparian zone delineation using digital elevation models
Authors: Fernández D. , Barquín J. , Álvarez-Cabria M. , Peñas F. J.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Riparian zone delineation is a central issue for managing rivers and adjacent areas; however, criteria used to delineate them are still under debate. The area inundated by a 50-yr flood has been indicated as an optimal hydrological descriptor for riparian areas. This detailed hydrological information is usually only available for populated areas at risk of flooding. In this work we created several floodplain surfaces by means of two different GIS-based geomorphological approaches using digital elevation models (DEMs), in an attempt to find hydrologically meaningful potential riparian zones for river networks at the river basin scale. Objective quantification of the performance of the two geomorphologic models is provided by analysing coinciding and exceeding areas with respect to the 50-yr flood surface in different river geomorphological types.
Advancing data assimilation in operational hydrologic forecasting: progresses, challenges, and emerging opportunities
Authors: Liu Y. , Weerts A. H. , Clark M. , Hendricks Franssen H.-J. , Kumar S. , Moradkhani H. , Seo D.-J. , Schwanenberg D. , Smith P. , van Dijk A. I. J. M. , van Velzen N. , He M. , Lee H. , Noh S. J. , Rakovec O. , Restrepo P.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Data assimilation (DA) holds considerable potential for improving hydrologic predictions as demonstrated in numerous research studies. However, advances in hydrologic DA research have not been adequately or timely implemented in operational forecast systems to improve the skill of forecasts for better informed real-world decision making. This is due in part to a lack of mechanisms to properly quantify the uncertainty in observations and forecast models in real-time forecasting situations and to conduct the merging of data and models in a way that is adequately efficient and transparent to operational forecasters. The need for effective DA of useful hydrologic data into the forecast process has become increasingly recognized in recent years. This motivated a hydrologic DA workshop in Delft, the Netherlands in November 2010, which focused on advancing DA in operational hydrologic forecasting and water resources management. As an outcome of the workshop, this paper reviews, in relevant detail, the current status of DA applications in both hydrologic research and operational practices, and discusses the existing or potential hurdles and challenges in transitioning hydrologic DA research into cost-effective operational forecasting tools, as well as the potential pathways and newly emerging opportunities for overcoming these challenges. Several related aspects are discussed, including (1) theoretical or mathematical aspects in DA algorithms, (2) the estimation of different types of uncertainty, (3) new observations and their objective use in hydrologic DA, (4) the use of DA for real-time control of water resources systems, and (5) the development of community-based, generic DA tools for hydrologic applications. It is recommended that cost-effective transition of hydrologic DA from research to operations should be helped by developing community-based, generic modeling and DA tools or frameworks, and through fostering collaborative efforts among hydrologic modellers, DA developers, and operational forecasters.
Modelling temperature and salinity in Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea: sensitivity to model type and surface forcing
Authors: O'Neill C. K. , Polton J. A. , Holt J. T. , O'Dea E. J.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Three shelf sea models are compared against observed surface temperature and salinity in Liverpool Bay and the Irish Sea: a 7 km NEMO (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean) model, and 12 km and 1.8 km POLCOMS (Proudman Oceanographic Laboratory Coastal Ocean Modelling System) models. Each model is run with two different surface forcing datasets of different resolutions. Comparisons with a variety of observations from the Liverpool Bay Coastal Observatory show that increasing the surface forcing resolution improves the modelled surface temperature in all the models, in particular reducing the summer warm bias and winter cool bias. The response of surface salinity is more varied with improvements in some areas and deterioration in others. The 7 km NEMO model performs as well as the 1.8 km POLCOMS model when measured by overall skill scores, although the sources of error in the models are different. NEMO is too weakly stratified in Liverpool Bay, whereas POLCOMS is too strongly stratified. The horizontal salinity gradient, which is too strong in POLCOMS, is better reproduced by NEMO which uses a more diffusive horizontal advection scheme. This leads to improved semi-diurnal variability in salinity in NEMO at a mooring site located in the Liverpool Bay ROFI (region of freshwater influence) area.
Quantifying present and future glacier melt-water contribution to runoff in a Central Himalayan river basin
Authors: Prasch M. , Mauser W. , Weber M.
Published: October 2012

Abstract. Water supply of most lowland cultures heavily depends on rain and melt-water from the upstream mountains. Especially melt-water release of alpine mountain ranges is usually attributed a pivotal role for the water supply of large downstream regions. Water scarcity is assumed as consequence of glacier shrinkage and possible disappearance due to Global Climate Change, particular for large parts of Central and South East Asia. In this paper, the application and validation of a coupled modeling approach with Regional Climate Model outputs and a process-oriented glacier and hydrological model is presented for a Central Himalayan river basin despite scarce data availability. Current and possible future contributions of ice-melt to runoff along the river network are spatially explicitly shown. Its role among the other water balance components is presented. Although glaciers have retreated and will continue to retreat according to the chosen climate scenarios, water availability is and will be primarily determined by monsoon precipitation and snow-melt. Ice-melt from glaciers is and will be a minor runoff component in summer monsoon-dominated Himalayan river basins.
Occupational Health and Safety Management Systems: Institutional and Regulatory Frameworks in Zimbabwe
Authors: Taderera Hope
Published: October 2012

The discussion focuses on the Occupational Health and Safety Management System which was initiated by the International Labour Organization to facilitate the formulation, implementation and evaluation of occupational health and safety interventions at a national policy, sector and organizational level in all countries. It also focuses on Zimbabwe’s occupational health and safety policy, regulatory and institutional framework. The ILO’s OSH-MS 2001 was developed to provide a unique international model, compatible with other management system standards and guides, towards promoting occupational health and safety in a systematic manner. In Zimbabwe, occupational health and safety laws that are applicable to all employers and employees across sectors are enshrined within the Labour Act, Chapter 28.01, and the National Social Security Authority’s Accident Prevention Workers Compensation Scheme Notice No. 68 of 1990. Occupational health and safety management in Zimbabwe is pursued through the International Labour Organization’s Zimbabwe Office, the Ministry of Public Service, Labour and Social Welfare, the National Social Security Authority, and the Zimbabwe Occupational Health and Safety Council, which comprises government, employers and labour unions. It was recommended that Zimbabwe fully adopts the OHS-MS in all sectors, industries and organizations in an adaptive manner. The study also recommended systematic capacity building at a national, sectoral, industrial and organizational level to enhance effective, efficient and adaptive implementation of this tool, and continuous interaction and engagement between the ILO, Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare, EMCOZ, ZCTU and ZFTU for the realization of the highest standards of occupational health and safety in Zimbabwe.
The Impact of perceived Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) on Job Attitude and Performance of Internal Stakeholders
Authors: Iqbal Nadeem , Ahmad Naveed , Sheeraz Muhammad , Bashir Noman Ahmad
Published: October 2012

Corporate social responsibility (CSR) has grown rapidly during last decade. Trend is showing that there is a significant increase of society’s overall concern about sustainable development with the aid of corporate social responsibility. The concept of sustainable development is gaining importance not only in scientific literature but also in board of governors room (BOG) of firms.   Past researches have  investigated the impact of CSR on employees but have been mostly focused on the analysis of the ‘external’ impact of CSR, considering the likely influence of CSR on prospective (rather than actual) employees, via mechanisms such as corporate image or corporate reputation (Blackhaus Stone and Heiner, 2002; Turban & Greening, 1997). The results of this study show that CSR has a significant effect on employees work attitudes and behaviors. CSR may possibly improve employees' attitudes and behaviors, contribute to corporations' achievement, and achieve a win-win state of affairs. Therefore, corporations should attach importance to CSR practice so as to benefit employees.   Keywords: Sustainability, Corporate Social Responsibility, Employees, Job Attitude, Job Performance
Determinants of Pension Fund Investment in Nigeria: The Critical Factors
Authors: Olabode Adeoti, Johnson , Umar Gunu, , Emmanuel Tsado,
Published: October 2012

Pension fund is a pool of resources contributed by the employees with the aim of having enough resources to carter for their needs after retirement. Therefore, pension fund needs to be invested so as to meet the aim of the contributors. This study was carried out to evaluate the factors that determine investment of Pension Funds. The study used primary data, which were generated by the use of questionnaire. Respondents were selected from a sample of five PFAs in Nigeria using simple random sampling technique. A total of 125 questionnaires were administered on 18 items using likert scales. Data collected were analyzed using factor analysis by principal component. Economic, Risk and Security of real estate factors were identified as the major determinants of pension fund investment. The study concludes that variables such as interest rate, internal control system etc, are not critical in determining investment of pension funds in Nigeria. The study also recommends that pension fund managers should develop good systems of mitigating on the enormous risks they face in their duty as investment managers. Key words: Pension fund, Determinants, Defined contribution, Retirement benefits, Pension fund administrator
Information & Communication Explosion of Knowledge Economy with Special reference to Cultural Imperialism
Authors: Sultan Khalid , Jan Dr Mirza
Published: October 2012

Abstract This paper focuses on the information and communication which codify the knowledge capacity. It also discusses the explosion of knowledge economy and its intensity. This paper describes the overall structure of economics. Explosion is creating the salient characteristics of the human information landscape. Information and knowledge add value to basic products manufacturing and services are becoming increasingly integrated into complex chains of creation, production and distribution. This paper reflects the omnipotent of cultural imperialism. Sample of randomly selected students was relatively young and well educated of Gomal University. Sampling techniques was strictly confined to a small sample of cross-sectional survey. It implies an acceleration of the rate of growth of stocks of accessible knowledge, with positive implications for economic growth. WWW “Google” “Yahoo”, “MSN” and “AltaVista” found correlated.
A Comparative and Contrastive Account of Research Approaches in the Study of Language
Authors: Alduais Ahmed Mohammed Saleh
Published: October 2012

A research, in any field, starts with either a passing idea or a bee in one’s mind. Research in the field of language study, for instance, in all its branches, is a rich area where in hundreds of ideas and problems can be thought of and investigated. Needless to say, the study of language includes generally (linguistics: phonetic, phonology, morphology, syntax, comparative linguistics, etc.), (applied linguistics: pragmatics, sociolinguistics, psycholinguistics, neurolinguistics, biolinguistics, clinical linguistics, experimental linguistics, computational linguistics, mathematical linguistics, forensic linguistics, corpus linguistics, contrastive analysis, discourse analysis, stylistics and error analysis, etc.), and (educational linguistics: language learning, teaching, and acquisition, etc.). Due to this, a certain problem or an idea in any of the above areas can be investigated from different points of view; that is, using either the correlational research approach, case-study, survey, experimental, ethnographic or the large-scale research approach. Actually, it is claimed in this paper that the above mentioned research approaches are different yet alike. This last point, however, is the major aim of this paper where in the six research approaches are compared and contrasted. At last, the researcher claims that no matter what a researcher in language study will follow since this approach fulfills the questions of his or her study logically, scientifically, and comes up with useful and fruitful bits of information and knowledge. Keywords: Research approaches, Language study, Correlational research, Case-study, Experimental study, Survey study, Ethnographic study, Large-scale study, Comparative and contrastive studies.
Achieving Universal Basic Education in Nigeria since 1999: Woman as Partners
Authors: Gabriel Professor A. O. I.
Published: October 2012

The Universal Basic Education Programme UBE in Nigeria is free and compulsory. It is the responsibility of all and so women are represented on the Board of the Universal Basic Education Commission (UBEC) as stakeholders. This discourse examined the various areas and suggested strategies that women as individuals and groups can intervene for a successful implementation of the UBE. Advocacy, monitoring funding are major intervention strategies women can undertake as partners. Their umbrella organization the National Council of Women Societies (NCWS) should strengthen partnership with UBEC for the success of UBE and for recognition as significant partners.
Student-Centered Learning in Oman: Challenges and Pitfalls
Authors: Emenyeonu Ogadimma C.
Published: October 2012

Student-centered learning (SCL) is aimed at developing pedagogy that probes into students learning in regard to what they experience and how they engage in the learning context or environment. This paper aims to review what is meant by student-centered learning in the context of Oman, and how this can be achieved. It goes further to explore challenges that tend to deter the implementation of SCL with a view to providing recommendations to improve and enhance SCL in Oman. Following data collected from the focus group discussions, the study reveals that language, culture, lack of student exposure, exported teaching materials, poor perception of SCL by students, among others, is they major obstacles facing SCL in Oman. Based on the findings, the author recommends that for SCL to take root in Oman there should be attitudinal change on the part of students with regard to a better understanding of what SCL is and why it is desirable, and students of opposite genders should be encouraged to work together to articulate their ideas in a disciplined social process of inquiry.
Looking back while moving Forward: When teacher Attitudes Belie Teacher Motive in Bidialectal Classrooms
Authors: Denny Stacy
Published: October 2012

Abstract: This study compares and contrasts the language attitudes of teachers of African American Vernacular English (AAVE) and West Indian Creole English (CE) speakers over the last fifty years, to determine if there have been any significant changes, to draw out the implications of these findings and offer reasons for the results. Teachers’ attitudes towards these languages were generally negative over the decades, but I noticed that as the number of teachers of colour increased in the USA, there was a slight shift in attitude towards AAVE in a positive direction. I conclude that though language attitudes are very difficult to change, teacher education which specifically targets and challenges teacher language attitudes will be a major step in helping to shift these attitudes further for the benefit of teacher and student.   Keywords: Teacher Attitude, AAVE, Creole, Language Discrimination
Movilidad y desarrollo translocal en la Nicaragua (semi-)rural
Authors: Steel Griet , Winters Nanneke , Sosa Carlos
Published: October 2012

Este artículo pretende contribuir al debate sobre los vínculos entre la movilidad y el desarrollo, explorando el concepto de desarrollo translocal. Basado en trabajo de campo en los municipios de Matiguás y Muy Muy, éste analiza cómo la movilidad da forma a las estrategias de vida de los hogares (semi-)rurales en Nicaragua, y explora cómo los diferentes miembros de un hogar utilizan la movilidad física como una estrategia de vida. Argumenta que los habitantes de áreas (semi-)rurales consideran distintos tipos de movimientos como estrategias importantes para establecer enlaces entre personas y lugares, y para alcanzar un mejor bienestar en su comunidad natal. Al mismo tiempo muestra cómo la movilidad se forma en una arena de poder, lo que afecta su potencial. De esta manera, este artículo contribuye a un entendimiento dinámico y multidimensional de cómo los procesos de desarrollo dan forma a – y son formados por – la movilidad y la interconectividad.
La investigación: una poderosa herramienta del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje
Authors: Rodrigues Renata
Published: October 2012

El Congreso Interdisciplinario de Investigación es un congreso anual concebido, hace seis años, como un espacio privilegiado para que investigadores de todas las áreas y unidades académicas de la Universidad pudiesen compartir las investigaciones que están realizando. Con él nos propusimos fortalecer la difusión de nuestro quehacer investigativo a nivel interno de la Universidad.
Ganaderas en la producción de leche: una realidad oculta por el imaginario social en dos zonas de Nicaragua
Authors: Flores Selmira , Torres Sylvia
Published: October 2012

Existe una realidad cambiante en el sector de la ganadería de la que poco se habla. No se reconoce en los diagnósticos de problemática, en las propuestas de políticas de desarrollo, o en los estudios sobre el sector ganadero. Este artículo aborda la presencia y participación de las mujeres como ganaderas, así como los conflictos que enfrentan por ser mujeres en una actividad catalogada para hombres. En el imaginario social, la ganadería es una actividad que genera diferenciación social, estatus social y poder entre los hombres. Existe el ganadero-varón como figura simbólica dentro de esta actividad económica pero no la ganadera-mujer aunque existan mujeres dueñas de fincas de ganado. Las mujeres quedan ocultas dentro de este imaginario social que se distancia de lo que en realidad existe: variadas expresiones de relaciones de género. Hay una separación entre ideas-realidad y una simplificación de lo complejo. El artículo también presenta variadas expresiones de la masculinidad de los ganaderos que van desde la más tradicional, anclada en la noción de la ideología patriarcal, hasta las más modernas, en las que algunos hombres ganaderos se comportan de manera diferente y establecen relaciones más equitativas con sus parejas. En la práctica cotidiana hay familias ganaderas que muestran cambios en curso que ameritan ser estudiados.
The Studies Vol.1 2003
Authors: Suazo Martha Lorena
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.833 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 7-9
Argonautas y caminantes
Authors: López Augusto Serrano
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.834 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 11-12
Los censos de población en Honduras
Authors: Menjivar Gladys , Zelaya Marysabel
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.835 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 15-20
Las encuestas sociodemográficas en Honduras
Authors: Toruño David Alexander Figueroa , Teruel Elvis Geovany Trejo
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.836 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 23-29
Los registros civiles y la débil institucionalidad
Authors: Carías Pablo
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.838 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 37-40
relaciones norte-sur: cooperación internacional, población migrante y remesas
Authors: Chocano Guillermo Molina
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.839 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 43-44
Impacto de las remesas de los emigrantes hondureños y el rol de la cooperación internacional
Authors: Teruel Elvis Geovany Trejo , López Nora Inés Barahona
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.840 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 47-58
El estudio de las migraciones en Honduras
Authors: Fonseca Rolando Sierra
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.841 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 61-62
Conceptualización de pobreza desde la perspectiva de género
Authors: Venerio Marcelina Castillo
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.842 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 65-76
Investigación parteras y/o comadronas: "Prácticas culturales y sociales de las mujeres rurales-chortí en torno a la fertilidad y reproducción" Estudio de caso en Copán Ruinas
Authors: Rossell Soila Madrid , Castillo Delmi
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.843 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 79-88
Masculinidad y factores socioculturales asociados al comportamiento de los hombres frente a la paternidad en Honduras
Authors: Suazo Martha Lorena , Caballero Elsa Lily
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.844 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 91-123
Tendencias de la cooperación internacional sobre agua saneamiento
Authors: Menjivar Gladys Elizabeth , Figueroa David Alexander
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.846 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 135-144
Caracterización del contexto urbano de Honduras: la relevancia de la problemática en torno a condiciones de vulnerabilidad demográfica y social 2002
Authors: Caballero Zeitun Elsa Lily
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v1i0.847 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.1 2003 145-161
Fecundidad Variables diferenciales e intermedias
Authors: Toruño David Alexander Figueroa
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.822 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004 15-20
Exceso del riesgo de mortalidad infantil de Honduras a países centroamericanos, durantes el período de 1980-2000
Authors: Ponce Ma Victoria , Vasquez Jenny
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.824 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004 24-26
Relación entre la mortalidad infantil y la esperanza de vida en Honduras
Authors: Borias Noemí , Baca Hector Yobany , Salguero Sonia Isabel , Monge Digna América
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.826 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004 30-33
Tratado de libre comercio y migración
Authors: Carias Pablo
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.828 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004 59-62
Entendiendo y explicando la migración hondureña e Estados Unidos
Authors: Puerta Ricardo
Published: October 2012

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.5377/pdac.v2i0.829 Población y Desarrollo - Argonautas y Caminantes Vol.2 2004 65-84
Competition in the Parasitization of Callosobruchus maculatus between Dinarmus basalis and Choetospila elegans on Vigna unguiculata (Walp.) Seeds
Authors: S. B. A. Umoetok , D. A. Ukeh , I. A. Udo , M. Ekanem , B. N Iloba
Published: October 2012

Laboratory study was carried out to investigate the efficacy of hymenopteran parasitoids, (Dinarmus basalis and Choetospila elegans) parasitization of Callosobruchus maculatus on cowpea (Vigna unguiculata) seeds in the Department of Crop Science, University of Calabar, Nigeria. Treatments were the inoculation of D. basalis (sole), C. elegans (sole), a mixture of D. basalis and C. elegans into infested cowpea seeds and the control which received no parasitoids. The introduction of parasitoids was repeated at 3 d interval, and all treatments were replicated 3 times. Result indicated that early introduction of the parasitoids caused significantly (P ? 0.05) higher mortality of C.maculatus than late introduction. Mix culture of both parasitoids was significantly more efficacious than sole culture. The emergence of each parasitoid and the mortality of C. maculatus in sole culture showed a highly significant (P ? 0.01) positive relationship (r = 0.487) between C. maculatus and D. basalis but non-significant (P ? 0.05) though positive association (r = 0.289) with C. elegans. A multiple regression analysis between C. maculatus mortality and the emergence of the two parasitoids in mix culture also indicated a highly positive significant (P ? 0.01) relationship (R = 0.751, R2 = 0.564). Pearson Correlation analysis also showed a significant (P ? 0.05) positive association (r = 0.464, and 0.401) between C. maculatus mortality and emergence of C. elegans and D. basalis in mix culture, respectively. However, a non significant (P ? 0.05) negative relationship (r = -0.336) was observed between the two parasitoids in their emergence in mix culture, but D. basalis contributed more to the mortality of C. maculatus than C. elegans. Data from this study showed that D. basalis and C. elegans have potentials to be deployed as biological control entities in the management of C. maculatus as a part of the integrated pest management strategies of storage pests in the tropics.
Les Unités Hospitalières Spécialement Aménagées : perspectives et appréhensions face à une nouvelle institution psychiatrique dans le paysage pénitentiaire français
Authors: Lambert Charles-Edouard , Bied Clémence , Meunier Frédéric , Becache Eve , Massoubre Catherine
Published: October 2012

Retenues en 2002 par le législateur français comme solution aux défaillances de l’offre de soins psychiatriques aux détenus, les Unités Hospitalières Spécialement Aménagées (UHSA) constituent une rupture critiquée dans notre culture soignante. Dix ans après la promulgation de la loi, seules trois des neuf premières unités prévues ont pu voir le jour. Du fait de leur coût, leur déploiement national pourrait rester limité, laissant craindre la persistance de nombreuses inégalités d’accès aux soins. Nous proposons ici un premier constat de ce projet qui, tout en représentant une réelle amélioration sanitaire, fait redouter un changement de regard sociétal sur la maladie mentale et invite à une profonde réforme de notre politique de santé mentale.
Synchronisations, désynchronisations. Le jeu intermédial des corps, des écritures et des instruments
Authors: Despoix Philippe , Donin Nicolas
Published: October 2012

Cet article introduit au dossier « synchroniser / synchronizing » qui propose aussi bien d’esquisser une archéologie des modes de (dé)synchronisation qu’interroger leur multiplicité actuelle à la croisée des arts des images et de ceux du son et de la musique.
Les « convulsions paroxystiques » de l’acteur. La synchronisation de l’image et du son sur le corps de Jerry Lewis
Authors: Cardinal Serge
Published: October 2012

Fort de la conviction qu’un acteur peut participer à la création de possibilités esthétiques, l’auteur veut construire un concept de synchronisation qui inclue les tics de Jerry Lewis. Il s’agira d’un concept à trois composantes : chez Jerry Lewis, la synchronisation implique une opération de captation, une opération de dissonance, une opération de réfraction. Cette invention esthétique et poétique de l’acteur est en même temps création d’une possibilité de vie. À la fois occasion critique où s’évalue le rapport entre soi et les autres, seuil d’émergence d’une figure précaire d’humanité et de rythme existentiel qui compose une communauté éphémère, la synchronisation est chez Lewis une éthique ; capter, dissoner et réfracter sont les trois moments mis en boucle d’un même processus de subjectivation.
Face à l’idée de synchronisme. Notes d’un preneur de son sur le théâtre et le cinéma
Authors: Deshays Daniel
Published: October 2012

Le point de synchronisme apparaît comme l’instant de vérité du cinéma. Il serait le lieu d’application de la loi, l’instant où image et son confondent le voir et l’entendre en une perception unique, un événement fusionné. Cet effet de réel construit après tant d’années de muet – la belle époque de l’asynchronisme – s’institue dans une production industrielle universelle du synchronisme, un nouveau monde reconstitué sous cette unique loi. Cette illusion est censée unir toutes les images et tous les sons sous une vérité indubitable, un modèle unique de représentation du monde. Cette belle loi invite bien sûr à la désobéissance.
(Dé)synchro-Shadok. Animation, musique concrète et ingénierie à l’ORTF
Authors: Denis Sébastien
Published: October 2012

La série Les Shadoks de Jacques Rouxel, produite en France entre 1968 et 1974, est emblématique de l’esprit expérimental de Pierre Schaeffer, à la tête à l’époque du Service de la Recherche de l’ORTF. Si la série est largement axée sur la désynchronisation entre image et son pour mettre en valeur la musique concrète, Schaeffer a pour sa part tenté de synchroniser ses équipes avec des découvertes technologiques (notamment l’animographe) tout en désynchronisant l’organisation de son service et en resynchronisant le public avec un esprit moderne, en rupture avec le conformisme audiovisuel des années Pompidou.