bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetic evaluation of single‐ and multiple‐ascending doses of a novel kappa opioid receptor antagonist LY2456302 and drug interaction with ethanol in healthy subjects
Authors: Lowe Stephen L. , Wong Conrad J. , Witcher Jennifer , Gonzales Celedon R. , Dickinson Gemma L. , Bell Robert L. , Rorick‐Kehn Linda , Weller MaryAnn , Stoltz Randall R. , Royalty Jane , Tauscher‐Wisniewski Sitra
Published: March 2014

Accumulating evidence indicates that selective antagonism of kappa opioid receptors may provide therapeutic benefit in the treatment of major depressive disorder, anxiety disorders, and substance use disorders. LY2456302 is a high‐affinity, selective kappa opioid antagonist that demonstrates >30‐fold functional selectivity over mu and delta opioid receptors. The safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics (PK) of LY2456302 were investigated following single oral doses (2–60 mg), multiple oral doses (2, 10, and 35 mg), and when co‐administered with ethanol. Plasma concentrations of LY2456302 were measured by liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry method. Safety analyses were conducted on all enrolled subjects. LY2456302 doses were well‐tolerated with no clinically significant findings. No safety concerns were seen on co‐administration with ethanol. No evidence for an interaction between LY2456302 and ethanol on cognitive‐motor performance was detected. LY2456302 displayed rapid oral absorption and a terminal half‐life of approximately 30–40 hours. Plasma exposure of LY2456302 increased proportionally with increasing doses and reached steady state after 6–8 days of once‐daily dosing. Steady‐state PK of LY2456302 were not affected by coadministration of a single dose of ethanol. No clinically important changes in maximum concentration (Cmax) or AUC of ethanol (in the presence of LY2456302) were observed.
Respiratory virus infections among children in South China
Authors: Cai Xiao‐Ying , Wang Qiong , Lin Guang‐Yu , Cai Zhi‐Wei , Lin Chuang‐Xing , Chen Pai‐Zhen , Zhou Xiao‐Hua , Xie Jin‐Chun , Lu Xue‐Dong
Published: March 2014

Acute respiratory tract infection is an important cause of morbidity and mortality with a worldwide disease burden. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical characteristics of children with viral‐induced acute respiratory tract infection, in Southern China. Nasopharyngeal aspirate samples from 1,980 pediatric patients with suspected acute respiratory tract infection, and 82 samples from healthy subject controls were collected for routine examination at the Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, from October 2007 to August 2011. Specimens were tested by multiplex polymerase chain reaction (mPCR). At least one or more viruses were detected from 1,087 samples (54.9%). These included laboratory confirmations for 446 respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), 386 influenza virus A (FluA), 315 human rhinovirus (HRV), 135 human bocavirus (HBoV), 119 Parainfluenza virus 3 (PIV3), 82 Parainfluenza virus 1 (PIV1), 66 adenovirus (ADV), 53 WU polyomavirus (WUPyV), 52 human metapneumovirus (hMPV), and 29 influenza virus B (FluB) samples. Samples from healthy subjects were negative for any virus. Of the patients with positive specimens, 107 (9.8%) were admitted to pediatric intensive care unit (PICU). Co‐infection with at least two of the viral pathogens under study was observed in 325 of the 1,980 patients (16.4% of the total number of cases). These findings may help in the diagnosis of viral infections of the respiratory tract in children, and help to consider current and potential therapeutic approaches for the treatment of acute respiratory tract infection, and further respiratory complications. J. Med. Virol. 86:1249–1255, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Oncological outcome of primary non‐metastatic soft tissue sarcoma treated by neoadjuvant isolated limb perfusion and tumor resection
Authors: Jakob Jens , Tunn Per‐Ulf , Hayes Andrew J. , Pilz Lothar R. , Nowak Kai , Hohenberger Peter
Published: March 2014

Background

Isolated limb perfusion (ILP) is an effective limb salvage strategy in patients with advanced soft tissue sarcoma (STS) where surgery alone would result in significant functional morbidity or mandate an amputation. Most previous reports of patients undergoing ILP focus on limb salvage rates rather than local and distant relapse rates. Here, we report the oncological outcome of sarcoma patients treated by ILP and surgery.

Methods

Data were retrieved from prospective ILP databases from two ILP centers following similar ILP techniques and surgical approaches. Only patients with primary, intermediate, or high grade non‐metastatic STS were included.

Results

The cohort comprised 90 patients. Median follow‐up was 39 months (range 3–165 months). Median tumor size was 11 cm (range 5–34). Twenty of 90 (22%) patients underwent prior debulking surgery outside the centers. Twenty‐nine of 90 (32%) had postoperative irradiation. Four of 90 underwent amputation either related to local recurrence or irresectability, 4 of 90 underwent amputation for treatment‐related complications. Fifteen of 83 (18%) patients had local recurrences after ILP and limb sparing surgery, 39 of 90 (43%) developed metastatic disease. Twenty‐two of 90 (24%) died of disease.

Conclusion

Preoperative ILP and tumor resection resulted in good local control in a cohort of high‐risk STS patients. J. Surg. Oncol. 2014 109:786–790. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Reliability polynomials having arbitrarily many inflection points
Authors: Graves Christina , Milan David
Published: March 2014

In this article, we show that for every n, there exists a multigraph whose reliability polynomial has at least n inflection points. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. NETWORKS, Vol. 64(1), 1–5 2014
Depression, illness severity, and healthcare utilization in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Snell Carolyn , Fernandes Serena , Bujoreanu I. Simona , Garcia Georgina
Published: March 2014

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is an illness associated with high healthcare utilization and healthcare costs, even when compared to other chronic illnesses. In a variety of medical populations, depression has been found to be associated with lower adherence and poorer medical outcomes. The current study is a retrospective chart review of a matched set of 40 patients with CF, half with and half without a depressive disorder diagnosis. Participants were matched on the basis of their age, gender and lung function, and compared in terms of their illness severity (lung function and weight), medical adherence, and healthcare utilization during the year prior to and following diagnosis of depression and a comparable time period for the non‐depressed group. Results show an association between depression and BMI, with only the depressed group showing significant decreases in the year following their depressive disorder diagnosis (from a mean BMI z‐score of −0.48 to −1.04). Depression was also strongly associated with greater healthcare utilization and healthcare costs relative to those of comparably medically ill controls, in that depressed youth were hospitalized at over three times the rate of non‐depressed youth, and their healthcare costs were more than four times higher (mean number of admissions per year for the depressed group of 4.00 vs. 1.20 for the non‐depressed group; mean annual costs of $280,000 for the depressed vs. $60,116 for the non‐depressed). These findings highlight the importance of addressing the mental health needs of chronically ill patients as a path to better health outcomes and decreasing need for medical services. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2014; 49:1177–1181. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Factors predicting mortality in newborn ventilation
Authors: Basu Biswanath , Sinha Sunil K. , Basu T. , Mahapatra T.K.S.
Published: March 2014

Objective

Prediction of mortality among newborns on mechanical ventilation is difficult. Our aim was to develop a scoring system for predicting mortality among such neonates.

Methods

This multi centre prospective study was performed to develop and validate a scoring system among two equal cohorts of ventilated newborns in India. Mechanical ventilator was used in pressure‐limited time‐cycled mode. Arterial blood gas, initial pulmonary pressures, septicemia screen along with other basic parameters were recorded in a pre‐structured proforma. Blood samples were analyzed for malondialdehyde to determine the possible role and predictive validity of free radical injury. Multiple logistic regression analysis was done to find out independent predictors of mortality for the variables those were significantly associated with outcome after univariate analysis.

Results

On univariate analysis, birth‐weight, oxygenation‐index, septicaemia, malondialdehyde level, and inotropic support were significantly associated with mortality. However, after multiple regression analysis gestational‐age, pH and FiO2 lost their significance as predictors. According to cut‐off values of ROC‐curve, a scoring system ranging from 0 to 20 and four mortality risk groups were developed. Area under ROC‐curve was 0.94, compared to 0.90 for both APACHE‐III and CRIB‐scores; and 0.92 for PRISM‐score.

Conclusions

Birth‐weight, oxygenation‐index, malondialdehyde level, inotropic support, and septicemia are independent mortality predictors of neonatal ventilation. Increase in malondialdehyde level is associated with higher mortality rate, indicating possible role of free radical injury. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:271–275. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Internal Migration Data Around the World: Assessing Contemporary Practice
Authors: Bell Martin , Charles‐Edwards Elin , Kupiszewska Dorota , Kupiszewski Marek , Stillwell John , Zhu Yu
Published: March 2014

Compared with other demographic processes, little attention has been given to the way levels and patterns of internal migration vary around the world. This can be traced in part to the absence of any central repository of internal migration data, but it also reflects widespread variation in the ways migration is measured. If robust, reliable comparisons between countries are to be made, a clear understanding of the available data is an essential pre‐requisite. This paper reports results from the Internal Migration Around the GlobE project, which established an inventory of internal migration data collections for the 193 UN member States, identifying,inter alia, the types of data collected, the intervals over which it is measured and the spatial frameworks employed. Results reveal substantial diversity in data collection practice. We assess the strengths, limitations, and utility of the six principle ways migration is measured and examine their capacity to address key questions and issues in the field. We also identify avenues for harmonisation and conclude with recommendations which aim to facilitate cross‐national comparisons. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Explicit expressions for the Green's functions of bounded armchair nanotubes and zigzag nanoribbons
Authors: Malysheva Lyuba
Published: March 2014

Explicit expressions for the Green's functions of armchair carbon nanotubes and zigzag graphene nanoribbons are obtained in the form suitable for direct applications. The presented results are based on the analytic solution to the Schrödinger equation for the tight‐binding Hamiltonian of bounded armchair nanotubes and zigzag nanoribbons. The Green's functions can be used for the analysis of electronic structures and transport properties of carbon nanotubes and graphene.
Cognitive beamhopping for spectral coexistence of multibeam satellites
Authors: Sharma Shree Krishna , Chatzinotas Symeon , Ottersten Björn
Published: March 2014

Herein, the spectral coexistence scenario of two multibeam satellites over a common coverage area is studied where a primary satellite produces larger beams while a secondary satellite has smaller beams. A novel cognitive beamhopping satellite system is proposed assuming that the secondary gateway is aware of the primary's beamhopping pattern. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated and compared with that of conventional multibeam and beamhopping systems in terms of throughput. It is shown that the proposed system significantly enhances the spectral efficiency (SE) in comparison to other systems. Furthermore, a power control technique is applied on the secondary transmission in order to adhere to the primary's interference constraint. It is noted that the total SE increases with the number of secondary users in the full frequency reuse approach. Moreover, the exclusion zone (EZ) principle is applied to exploit the regions in which the secondary system can operate without causing harmful interference to the primary system. It is shown that the EZ radius of 8.5 dB is sufficient to protect the primary system perfectly with a significant gain in SE. Finally, it is shown that power control and the EZ methods are suitable for lower and higher values of secondary aggregated interference, respectively. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
ToF‐SIMS investigation of gilt and painted leather: identification of indigo, oil binder and gold varnish
Authors: Tortora L. , de Notaristefani F. , Ioele M.
Published: March 2014

Organic and inorganic compounds of a gilt and painted leather artifact were studied by the use of time‐of‐flight secondary ion mass spectrometry (ToF‐SIMS) technique as part of an in‐depth study of this peculiar painting technique. The object under investigation is an altar frontal, coming from the church of San Domenico in Orvieto, which can be dated to the mid‐17th century. High mass resolution spectrometry was applied for the chemical characterization of organic materials contained in the gold varnish and paint layer. ToF‐SIMS analyses performed on reference compounds and samples from the artifact proved the presence of indigo to depict blue and lead white to depict white areas and the use of an oil binder as resulted by the presence of indigotin, palmitic and stearic acids signals with their diacylglycerols, lead soaps, lead oxides and hydroxides. The analyses have also shown the presence of colophony in the gold varnish. ToF‐SIMS results were agreed and integrated with those obtained by other analytical techniques. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Multivariate analysis studies of the ageing effect for artist's oil paints containing modern organic pigments
Authors: Sano Naoko , Cumpson Peter J. , Cwiertnia Elke , Perry Justin J. , Singer Brian W.
Published: March 2014

This work demonstrates the potential of surface analysis techniques to contribute to a better understanding for art conservators of the degradation of modern paints. The model paints we select are modern synthetic organic pigments in linseed oil. The results, using a combination of X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy data and multivariate analysis, show good agreement with previous studies using different techniques such as pyrolysis gas chromatography mass spectrometry regarding the ageing effect in oil paints. In addition, we demonstrate that two different modern organic pigments produce a different oxidation status of the linseed oil in the paint matrix. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Protective Effects of Social Support Content and Support Source on Depression and Its Prevalence 6 Months after Wenchuan Earthquake
Authors: Guo Suran , Tian Donghua , Wang Xiaohua , Xiao Yun , He Huan , Qu Zhiyong , Zhang Xiulan
Published: March 2014

A magnitude 8.0 earthquake struck China's southwestern Sichuan province on 12 May 2008. The reported rates of depression symptoms across studies were not consistent, and its protective factors were unknown. This study collected data from Wenchuan earthquake survivors to estimate the prevalence of depression and explore the protective effects of social support and support source on depression. A randomized sampling cross‐sectional survey based on community was conducted in January 2009, in Mianzhu and Anxian counties, and 633 survivors were entered into the study. The Chinese edition of the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Social Support Rating Scale were used to investigate depression and social support. The prevalence of probable depression in adults 6 months after the Wenchuan earthquake was 22.9% (145/633). Total social support, subjective support, support use and support from family members, neighbours and organizations negatively predicted depression. According to the results, depression was common 6 months after this major disaster. Total social support, subjective support, support use and support from family members, neighbours and organizations were all protective factors for depression after a major disaster. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Noncovalently‐bonded 2D‐3D Metal‐organic Frameworks via Assembly of Zn(Ac)2 with 3, 5‐Dimethylpyrazole and Carboxylate Ligands
Authors: Pan Jianming , Ju Jingxi , Wei Qing , Liu Bin , Jin Shouwen , Lin Zhanghui , Wang Daqi
Published: March 2014

Four zinc(II) complexes, namely, Zn(Hdmpz)2(L1)2 (1) (Hdmpz = 3, 5‐dimethylpyrazole, HL1 = trichloroacetic acid), Zn(Hdmpz)2(L2)2 (2) (HL2 = 2, 4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid), [Zn2(μ‐dmpz)2(Hdmpz)2(L3)2] (3) (HL3 = 1‐naphthylacetic acid), and [Zn(Hdmpz)2(L4)2]·H2O (4) (HL4 = indole‐3‐acetic acid) were prepared and structurally characterized by different techniques including elemental analysis, IR spectroscopy, TG, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction analysis. The complexes display 2D to 3D structures with tetrahedral to pentagonal coordination around the central zinc atom. The X‐ray studies suggested that 1, 2, and 4 are mononuclear complexes, whereas 3 is a centrosymmetric dinuclear complex. The pyrazole ligand is coordinated in both terminal as well as a bridging fashion in the dinuclear moiety but the pyrazole ligand in the mononuclear complexes is coordinated only in monodentate terminal fashion with its neutral N group. The carboxylate groups behave as monodentate ligands in 1–3, whereas the carboxylate in 4 functioned as both monodentate and chelating bidentate ligand. On the basis of X‐ray crystallographic study the rich intra‐ and intermolecular weak interactions such as classical hydrogen bonds, C–H···O, CH3···O, CH–Cl, Cl–Cl, C–H···π, CH2–π, CH3–π, O–π, and π–π are analyzed. All these noncovalent interactions help to assemble the discrete complexes into high‐dimensional ordered superamolecular structures.
On some models for elastic solids with micro‐structure
Authors: Picard R. , Trostorff S. , Waurick M.
Published: March 2014

We review the concept of well‐posedness in the context of evolutionary problems from mathematical physics for a particular subclass of problems from elasticity theory modeling solids with micro‐structure. The complexity of physical phenomena appears as encoded in so called material laws. The usefulness of the structural perspective developed is illustrated by showing that many initial boundary value problems in the theory of such elastic solids share the same type of solution theory. Moreover, interconnections of the respective models are discussed via a previously introduced mother/descendant mechanism.
Stinging hairs on the Japanese nettleUrtica thunbergianahave a defensive function against mammalian but not insect herbivores
Authors: Iwamoto Misaki , Horikawa Chika , Shikata Megumi , Wasaka Naoko , Kato Teiko , Sato Hiroaki
Published: March 2014

Thorns and hairs of plants can serve as defenses against herbivores, although they may not have evolved under selection by herbivory. Japanese nettles,Urtica thunbergiana, in Nara Park, Nara Prefecture, Japan, where sika deer have been protected for 1200 years, bear many more stinging hairs than those in areas with few or no deer. Previous studies suggested that such hairy nettles evolved under natural selection imposed by intense deer browsing, because stinging hairs deterred deer browsing and because among‐population variation in hair density was associated with deer abundance. To confirm this hypothesis, we examined (1) whether stinging hairs affected oviposition and feeding preferences of herbivorous insects and (2) the degree to which they deterred deer via laboratory and field experiments with hairy nettles from Nara Park and with almost‐hairless nettles from another area. A specialist butterfly, Indian red admiral, showed no oviposition or larval feeding preferences for either hairy or hairless nettles. Insect damage levels did not significantly differ between the two variants. In contrast, deer browsed hairless nettles more heavily than hairy ones. In hairy nettles, however, the level of deer browsing was not proportional to stinging‐hair density, presumably because the hairy nettle population had reached a plateau for resistance as a result of long‐term strong directional selection for stinging hairs. These results corroborate the hypothesis that hairy nettles in Nara Park evolved through natural selection under intense deer browsing.
Religious Coping: The Role of Religion in Attenuating the Effect of Sexual Victimization of College Women on Trust
Authors: Tamburello Jeffrey A. , Irwin Kyle , Sherman Martha Gault
Published: March 2014

Recent reports concerning violence against women estimate that over 3 % of female college students are sexually assaulted each year. If other forms of non-consensual sexual contact are included in these numbers, the estimates climb to upwards of 20 %. With such high victimization rates, there is a resounding call for study of both offenders and victims in an effort to decrease these rates and to mitigate the social effects of being victimized. The present research focuses specifically on the latter, using a victimology-based approach. Using data from a longitudinal study of female college students, this paper outlines the effects of victimization on the generalized trust held by the victims. It is proposed that religion may serve as a means to attenuate these negative effects. Using ordered logistic regressions, religious service attendance is tested as a potential medium for the proposed attenuation.
Orientación de las organizaciones públicas al aprendizaje organizacional. El caso de los organismos descentralizados en el Estado de Sonora, México
Authors: Encinas Orozco Francisca Cecilia
Published: March 2014

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar la orientación al aprendizaje organizacional de la administraciónpública mexicana a través de un estudio exploratorio realizado con organismos descentralizados, bajola perspectiva de la nueva gerencia pública. Para ello se utilizó el modelo de organización que aprende,el cual contempla 10 variables. La información se recogió a través de una encuesta autoadministrada aservidores públicos. Los resultados muestran un nivel intermedio hacia el aprendizaje organizacional yalgunas condiciones que requieren mejorar para lograr organizaciones que aprenden en el sector público.Además se comprueba la pertinencia de continuar estudios con mayor profundidad sobre el tema.
Psychiatric morbidity in Egyptian children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and their care providers
Authors: Khalifa Ahmed S , Bishry Zeinab , Tantawy Azza AG , Ghanem Mohammed H , Effat Safia M , Shahawy Heba El , Ebeid Fatma SE
Published: March 2014

AIM OF THE STUDY:

To evaluate the psychological morbidity of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) on children and their parents at different stages of illness and to assess the crucial contribution of the psychologist in the pediatric oncology team.

METHODS:

We recruited 103 children with ALL and their 96 parents, and divided them into five groups according to disease phase: diagnosis, initial remission, active treatment, survival and relapsing. We compared these to 22 healthy controls and their parents. Patients and controls were subjected to clinical assessments, the symptoms checklist of the International Classification of Disease ICD (ICD-10), and the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children The parents of patients and controls underwent a general health questionnaire, the ICD-10 symptoms checklist, rating scales for anxiety and depression, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) assessment scale, and the physical cognitive affective social economic ego problems (PCASEE) questionnaire for quality of life (QOL) rating.

RESULTS:

Psychiatric morbidity was evident in nearly 60% of leukemic children and their parents and was significantly increased in comparison to controls. Children mostly suffered from adjustment and oppositional defiant disorders. The most common discriminators between patient groups were conduct and attention problems being lowest in newly diagnosed patients, and social aggression being lowest in patients in remission. The three parameters were highest in relapsed patients whose parents mostly had adjustment and depressive disorders. Risk factors for child psychopathology were older age, female gender, and parental psychopathology. Mothers and parents with lower education and professional level were found to be vulnerable. Performance and total intelligence quotient (IQ) were significantly lower in leukemic children, and these were most pronounced in the survivor group. Risk factors for cognitive dysfunction were younger age, longer chemotherapy duration, and lower parental education level.

CONCLUSION:

Most patients and their caregivers suffered from significant psychiatric morbidity, highlighting the need for routine screening to improve psychological outcomes in such cases.
Large-amplitude acoustic streaming
Authors: Chini G. P. , Malecha Z. , Dreeben T. D.
Published: March 2014

A mechanism is proposed for the generation of large-amplitude acoustically-driven streaming flows in which time-mean flow speeds are comparable to the instantaneous speed of fluid particles in a high-frequency sound-wave field. Motivated by streaming observed in high-intensity discharge (HID) lamps, two-dimensional flow of a density-stratified ideal gas in a channel geometry is analysed in the asymptotic limit of high-frequency acoustic-wave forcing. Predictions of streaming flow magnitudes based on classical arguments invoking Reynolds stress divergences originating in viscous boundary layers are orders of magnitude too small to account for the observed mean flows. Moreover, classical ‘Rayleigh streaming’ theory cannot account for the direction of the cellular mean flows often observed in HID lamps. In contrast, the mechanism proposed here, which invokes fluctuating baroclinic torques away from viscous boundary layers and thus is largely independent of viscous effects, can account both for the magnitude and the orientation of the observed streaming flows.
Satellite formation during bubble transition through an interface between immiscible liquids
Authors: Li E. Q. , Al-Otaibi S. A. , Vakarelski I. U. , Thoroddsen S. T.
Published: March 2014

When a bubble rises to an interface between two immiscible liquids, it can pass through the interface, if this is energetically favourable, i.e. the bubble preferring the side of the interface with the lower air–liquid surface tension. Once the intermediate film between the bubble and the interface has drained sufficiently, the bubble makes contact with the interface, forming a triple-line and producing strong capillary waves which travel around the bubble and can pinch off a satellite on the opposite side, akin to the dynamics in the coalescence cascade. We identify the critical Ohnesorge numbers where such satellites are produced and characterize their sizes. The total transition time scales with the bubble size and differential surface tension, while the satellite pinch-off time scales with the capillary-inertial time of the pool liquid, which originally surrounds the bubble. We also use high-speed video imaging to study the motion of the neck of the contact. For low viscosity we show that it grows in time with a power-law exponent between 0.44 and 0.50, with a prefactor modified by the net sum of the three interfacial tensions. Increasing the viscosity of the receiving liquid drop drastically slows down the motion of the triple-line, when the Ohnesorge number exceeds ${\sim }$0.08. This differs qualitatively from the coalescence of two miscible drops of different viscosities, where the lower viscosity sets the coalescence speed. We thereby propose a strong resistance from the triple-line.
‘Most rare workmen’: optical practitioners in early seventeenth-century Delft
Authors: ZUIDERVAART HUIB J. , RIJKS MARLISE
Published: March 2014

A special interest in optics among various seventeenth-century painters living in the Dutch city of Delft has intrigued historians, including art historians, for a long time. Equally, the impressive career of the Delft microscopist Antoni van Leeuwenhoek has been studied by many historians of science. However, it has never been investigated who, at that time, had access to the mathematical and optical knowledge necessary for the impressive achievements of these Delft practitioners. We have tried to gain insight into Delft as a ‘node’ of optical knowledge by following the careers of three minor local figures in early seventeenth-century Delft. We argue that through their work, products, discussions in the vernacular and exchange of skills, rather than via learned publications, these practitioners constituted a foundation on which the later scientific and artistic achievements of other Delft citizens were built. Our Delft case demonstrates that these practitioners were not simple and isolated craftsmen; rather they were crucial components in a network of scholars, savants, painters and rich virtuosi. Decades before Vermeer made his masterworks, or Van Leeuwenhoek started his famous microscopic investigations, the intellectual atmosphere and artisanal knowledge in this city centred on optical topics.
Neurophysiological correlates of autobiographical memory deficits in currently and formerly depressed subjects
Authors: Young K. D. , Bellgowan P. S. F. , Bodurka J. , Drevets W. C.
Published: March 2014

Background

Individuals with major depressive disorder (MDD) tested in either the depressed (dMDD) or remitted phase (rMDD) recall fewer specific and more categorical autobiographical memories (AMs) compared to healthy controls (HCs). The current study aimed to replicate findings of AM overgenerality in dMDD or rMDD, and to elucidate differences in neurophysiological correlates of AM recall between these MDD samples and HCs.

Method

Unmedicated participants who met criteria for the dMDD, rMDD or HC groups (n = 16/group) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while recalling AMs in response to emotionally valenced cue words. Control tasks involved generating examples from an assigned semantic category and counting the number of risers in a letter string.

Results

The results showed fewer specific and more categorical AMs in both MDD samples versus HCs; dMDDs and rMDDs performed similarly on these measures. The neuroimaging results showed differences between groups in the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC), lateral orbitofrontal cortex (OFC), anterior insula, inferior temporal gyrus and parahippocampus/hippocampus during specific AM recall versus example generation. During specific AM recall cued by positively valenced words, group differences were evident in the DMPFC, middle temporal gyrus, parahippocampus/hippocampus and occipital gyrus, whereas differences during specific AM recall cued by negatively valenced words were evident in the DMPFC, superior temporal gyrus and hippocampus.

Conclusions

AM deficits exist in rMDDs, suggesting that these impairments constitute trait-like abnormalities in MDD. We also found distinct patterns of hemodynamic activity for each group as they recalled specific AMs, raising the possibility that each group used a partly unique strategy for self-referential focus during successful retrieval of specific memories.
METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES IN EVALUATING THE VALUE OF REGISTERS
Authors: Taylor Jayne , Patrick Hannah , Lyratzopoulos Georgios , Campbell Bruce
Published: March 2014

Objectives:Procedures and new medical devices are typically introduced into healthcare systems with limited evidence, when they might be ineffective or unsafe. Systematic data collection (“registers”) can provide valuable “real world” evidence, but difficulties in funding registers are a major obstacle. A good economic case for the value of registers would therefore be useful.

Methods:(i) Literature search on specific purposes of registers. (ii) Surveys (a) of senior clinicians involved with registers, seeking examples of beneficial outcomes, and (b) of administrators, regarding costs of running registers. (iii) A scoping exercise for possible methods to value (financially) the outputs of registers.

Results:Four main categories of beneficial outcomes from registers were identified. These were—safety and quality assurance; training and quality improvement; complementing trial evidence and reducing uncertainty; and supporting trial research. Explicit examples of all these are presented, together with information about the costs of registers. Combining these with the scoping exercise we present suggestions for a methodology of assessing the value of registers across each of the categories.

Conclusions:This study is unique in addressing methods for determining the financial value of registers, based on the amount they cost versus the financial benefits which may result from the evidence generated. Developing the suggested methods could support the case for funding new registers, by showing that their use can benefit healthcare systems through more efficient use of resources, so justifying their costs.
The persisting effect of maternal mood in pregnancy on childhood psychopathology
Authors: O'Donnell Kieran J. , Glover Vivette , Barker Edward D. , O'Connor Thomas G.
Published: March 2014

Developmental or fetal programming has emerged as a major model for understanding the early and persisting effects of prenatal exposures on the health and development of the child and adult. We leverage the power of a 14-year prospective study to examine the persisting effects of prenatal anxiety, a key candidate in the developmental programming model, on symptoms of behavioral and emotional problems across five occasions of measurement from age 4 to 13 years. The study is based on the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children cohort, a prospective, longitudinal study of a large community sample in the west of England (n= 7,944). Potential confounders included psychosocial and obstetric risk, postnatal maternal mood, paternal pre- and postnatal mood, and parenting. Results indicated that maternal prenatal anxiety predicted persistently higher behavioral and emotional symptoms across childhood with no diminishment of effect into adolescence. Elevated prenatal anxiety (top 15%) was associated with a twofold increase in risk of a probable child mental disorder, 12.31% compared with 6.83%, after allowing for confounders. Results were similar with prenatal depression. These analyses provide some of the strongest evidence to date that prenatal maternal mood has a direct and persisting effect on her child's psychiatric symptoms and support an in utero programming hypothesis.
Oxytocin receptor gene polymorphism, perceived social support, and psychological symptoms in maltreated adolescents
Authors: Hostinar Camelia E. , Cicchetti Dante , Rogosch Fred A.
Published: March 2014

Despite the detrimental consequences of child maltreatment on developmental processes, some individuals show remarkable resilience, with few signs of psychopathology, while others succumb to dysfunction. Given that oxytocin has been shown to be involved in social affiliation, attachment, social support, trust, empathy, and other social or reproductive behaviors, we chose to examine the possible moderation of maltreatment effects on perceived social support and on psychological symptoms by a common single nucleotide polymorphism (rs53576) in the oxytocin receptor gene. We studied adolescents (N= 425) aged approximately 13–15, including participants with objectively documented maltreatment histories (N= 263) and a nonmaltreated comparison group from a comparable low socioeconomic status background (N= 162). There was a significant genotype by maltreatment interaction, such that maltreated adolescents with the G/G genotype perceived significantly lower social support compared to maltreated A-carriers, with no effect of genotype in the comparison group. Maltreated G/Gs also reported higher levels of internalizing symptoms than did A-carriers, even though they did not differ from them on objective measures of maltreatment (type, duration, or severity). G/G homozygotes may be more attuned to negative social experiences, such as family maltreatment, while maltreated A-carriers were indistinguishable from nonmaltreated adolescents in levels of mental health symptoms.
Prenatal cocaine exposure and trajectories of externalizing behavior problems in early childhood: Examining the role of maternal negative affect
Authors: Molnar Danielle S. , Levitt Ash , Eiden Rina Das , Schuetze Pamela
Published: March 2014

This study examined the association between prenatal cocaine exposure (PCE) and developmental trajectories of externalizing behavior problems from 18 to 54 months of child age. A hypothesized indirect association between PCE and externalizing trajectories via maternal negative affect was also examined. Caregiving environmental risk and child sex were evaluated as moderators. This study consisted of 196 mother–child dyads recruited at delivery from local area hospitals (107 PCE, 89 non-PCE) and assessed at seven time points across the toddler to preschool periods. Results revealed no direct associations between PCE and externalizing behavior problem trajectories. However, results did indicate that PCE shared a significant indirect relationship with externalizing behavior problem trajectories via higher levels of maternal negative affect. The association between PCE and externalizing problem trajectories was also moderated by caregiving environmental risk such that PCE children in high-risk caregiving environments did not experience the well-documented normative decline in externalizing behavior problems beginning at around 3 years of age. This study suggests potential pathways to externalizing behavior problems among high-risk children.
Mothers with borderline personality and their young children: Adult Attachment Interviews, mother–child interactions, and children's narrative representations
Authors: Macfie Jenny , Swan Scott A. , Fitzpatrick Katie L. , Watkins Christopher D. , Rivas Elaine M.
Published: March 2014

Borderline personality disorder (BPD) involves disruptions in attachment, self, and self-regulation, domains conceptually similar to developmental tasks of early childhood. Because offspring of mothers with BPD are at elevated risk of developing BPD themselves (White, Gunderson, Zanarini, & Hudson, 2003), studying them may inform precursors to BPD. We sampled 31 children age 4–7 whose mothers have BPD and 31 normative comparisons. We examined relationships between mothers' Adult Attachment Interview (AAI) representations (George, Kaplan, & Main, 1984), mothers' observed parenting, and children's narrative representations. Replicating previous studies, mothers with BPD were more likely to be classified as preoccupied and unresolved on the AAI. In a larger sample, which included the current one, we also replicated two underlying AAI dimensions found in normative samples (Roisman, Fraley, & Belsky, 2007; Whipple, Bernier, & Mageau, 2011). Controlling for current mood, anxiety, and other personality disorders, mothers with BPD were significantly higher than were comparisons on the preoccupied/unresolved, but not the dismissive, dimension. Children's narrative representations relevant to disruptions in attachment (fear of abandonment and role reversal), self (incongruent child and self/fantasy confusion), and self-regulation (destruction of objects) were significantly correlated with the preoccupied/unresolved, but not the dismissive, dimension. Furthermore, mothers' parenting significantly mediated the relationship between the preoccupied/unresolved dimension and their children's narrative representations of fear of abandonment.
An intervention for improving the lifestyle habits of kindergarten children in Israel: a cluster-randomised controlled trial investigation
Authors: Lerner-Geva Liat , Bar-Zvi Elinor , Levitan Gila , Boyko Valentina , Reichman Brian , Pinhas-Hamiel Orit
Published: March 2014

Objective

To assess the effectiveness of an intervention programme to improve kindergarten children's eating and leisure habits in Israel.

Design

A cluster-randomised controlled trial.

Setting

Six full-day kindergartens in Israel were randomly divided into three groups. Group A received the full intervention programme, which included lessons on good eating habits and daily physical exercise. Group B received a partial intervention of lessons only. Group C, the reference group, did not receive any intervention.

Subjects

Children aged 4–6 years (n 204) were recruited for the study.

Methods

Objective data for weight and height were collected to calculate BMI Z-scores. Activity, sedentary time, sleeping hours and daily energy intake were assessed via a parental questionnaire. Nutritional knowledge was assessed by a single dietitian using a questionnaire addressed to the children. Assessments were done at baseline and at the end of the intervention.

Results

After adjustment for baseline levels we observed a significant reduction in daily energy intake for the full intervention group A (P = 0·03). A positive intervention effect was demonstrated on nutritional knowledge in the partial intervention group B (P = 0·03), although no significant change was demonstrated for BMI Z-score.

Conclusions

The study supports the incorporation of education on healthy lifestyle habits and physical activity into the curricula of kindergartens.
Trimodality bladder-sparing approach versus radical cystectomy for invasive bladder cancer
Authors: AlGizawy Samy M. , Essa Hoda H. , Abdel-Wanis Mostafa E. , Abdel Raheem Ahmed M.
Published: March 2014

Purpose

To compare the outcome among patients with invasive bladder cancer treated with cystectomy alone with outcome among those treated with combined-modality treatment in a randomised phase III trial.

Patients and methods

Patients with histologically confirmed invasive non-metastatic bladder cancer T2-3, N0 and M0 were randomly assigned to two arms: Arm 1: of which all patients underwent radical cystectomy (RC) alone; and Arm 2, of which all patients were subjected to maximal transurethral resection of bladder tumour, followed 2 weeks later by combined chemoradiotherapy. The whole pelvis received 46 Gy in 23 fractions over 4·5 weeks. Chemotherapy was administered concomitantly with radiotherapy with: cisplatin 70 mg/m2 q. 3 weeks and Gemcitabine 300 mg/m2 D 1, 8 and 15 q. 3 weeks for two cycles. Patients who had complete response were shifted to phase II treatment: 20 Gy/10 fractions/2 weeks to the bladder. Patients with residual tumour underwent RC.

Results

Of the 80 patients assigned Arm 2, a visibly completed transurethral resection of the bladder tumour was possible in 48 patients (60%). Phase I of combined chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) was accomplished in 74 patients. Post-induction urologic evaluation revealed no evidence of disease in 62 patients (83·8%) and residual disease in 12 patients (16·2%). Phase II of CCRT was completed in 58 of the 62 patients. The median follow-up for all patients is 27 months (range: 4–49). The 3-year overall survival (OS) for the combined-modality group and for the surgery group were 61 and 63%, respectively (p = 0·425), whereas the disease-specific survival (DSS) for each group was 69 and 73%, respectively (p = 0·714). The 3-year OS with bladder preservation for Arm 2 patients was 50%.

Multivariate analysis for the whole series showed that tumour stage and performance status (PS) were the only factors independently associated with DSS, although PS was the only factor independently associated with OS. In addition, residual disease after transurethral resection of the bladder tumour in Arm 2 patients was independently associated with both DSS and OS.

Acute toxicity was moderate and most of the late toxicities were grade 2 with no grade 4 toxicity and no treatment-related deaths, none required cystectomy for bladder contraction.

Conclusion

This study demonstrates that trimodality bladder-preserving approach represents a valid alternative for suitable patients. The OS and DSS rates of patients treated with trimodality bladder-preserving protocol are comparable to the results reported on patients treated with immediate radical cystectomy.
Researching Women in Legal History: the Case of Miss Bebb
Authors: Auchmuty Rosemary
Published: March 2014

In the article Rosemary Auchmuty discusses the nature of, and the approach to, her research into the life of Gwyneth Bebb who in 1913 challenged the Law Society over their refusal to admit women to the solicitors' profession.
Legal Biography at the British Library: a Particular Perspective on Resources
Authors: Sims Jonathan
Published: March 2014

Rich personal and institutional archives, antiquarian manuscript collections and published resources make the British Library an obvious choice for biographical research. While these collections include material relating to high ranking legal officials, legislators, renowned legal scholars and their correspondents the article moves beyond this view of legal biographical source materials. Examples of resources from across the Library's diverse collections are presented through a particular perspective on information needs and sources in broadly socio-legal research. In contribution to the theme of methods in legal biographical research this framework is offered, together with signposts to discovery aids as a way of conceptualising the Library's resource. In doing so, various notions of the nature of legal biographical research, its subjects and its source information are considered in this article by Jonathan Sims.
Legal Biography, Oral History and the Cambridge Eminent Scholars Archive (ESA)
Authors: Dingle Lesley
Published: March 2014

Lesley Dingle describes the ESA, a digital archive based on interviews with prominent personalities associated with the Law Faculty of Cambridge University. It constitutes a unique repository of audio, textual and photographic materials, providing insights into the careers of scholars, jurists and practitioners. Motivations for the establishment of the archive in 2006 were: recording reminiscences of scholars back to WWII and its immediate aftermath; documenting developments in administration and teaching in the Faculty and colleges; archiving voices of scholars taking about their early lives, careers and published works; compiling a cross-indexed reference of personalities mentioned in interviews; and generating an awareness amongst students and younger staff of the rich heritage of the Faculty. The methodology and strategy of conducting interviews and compiling entries is briefly described. Finally, in the broader context of legal biography, it is argued that such oral histories are an essential component because they capture aspects of personality that written accounts cannot and thereby reveal traits that conventional biographies may miss. This claim is illustrated by selected examples from the archive, that currently contains twenty interviewees.
Law Publishers in the Twenty-First Century: Part of the Problem or Part of the Solution? or The Need for a Paradigm Shift in Publishing for the Legal Education Market
Authors: Soetenhorst Wirt
Published: March 2014

In this article Wirt Soetenhorst explores a paradigm shift that is already taking place in the legal education market and that will accelerate over the next five years. This development will have consequences for all the parties that are active in the field of academic legal education: authors, institutions, libraries, students and publishers. The article analyses the current traditional business model (the sale of physical textbooks) and outlines several potential scenarios for the future of legal publishing in which publishers move into teaching and academic institutions.