bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
HLA‐DR and ‐DQ gene polymorphism in Latvian patients with insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus
Authors: Shtauvere A. , Rumba I. , Dzivite I. , Sanjeevi C.B.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: Latvian insulin‐dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) patients (n=101) and healthy controls (n = 111) were analyzed for HLA‐DR and DQ polymorphism. DR3‐DQ2 and DR4‐DQ8 were positively associated and DR15‐DQ6, DR13‐DQ6, DR1‐DQ5 and DQ7 negatively associated with the disease. The incidence of LDDM in Latvia is very low (6.5 per 100,000) compared to Sweden (24.4 per 100,000), even though Latvia is close to Sweden. The reasons for the decreased incidence are not clear. When the negatively associated DQ were taken together in the healthy controls, more than 75% of the healthy controls were positive for one of the four negatively associated DQ molecules. The excess frequency of the negatively associated DQ molecules in the general population could explain the lower incidence of IDDM in Latvia. Association of HLA‐DR and DQ genes with autoantibody markers shows DR3, but not DQ2, to be increased in GAD65 antibody‐positive compared to antibody‐negative patients. This association was not observed with ICA512 antibodies.
The role of anchor residues in the binding of peptides to HLA‐A*1101 molecules
Authors: Chujoh Y. , Sobao Y. , Miwa K. , Kaneko Y. , Takiguchi M.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: The binding of 136 8‐ to 12‐mer peptides carrying anchor residues at position 2 (P2) and the C‐terminus to HLA‐A*1101 molecules was analyzed by a stabilization assay using RMA‐S transfectants expressing HLA‐A*1101 and human β2‐microglobulin. 72.1% of these peptides bound to HLA‐A*1101 molecules. Two known HLA‐All‐restricted cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte epitope peptides showed high affinity to HLA‐A*1101. The results confirmed a previous pool sequencing study of HLA‐A*1101 binding self‐peptides, which showed that Lys at the C‐terminus and Val, Ile, Phe, Tyr, and Thr at P2 are anchor residues for HLA‐A*1101. Thr and aliphatic hydrophobic residues Val, Ile, and Leu at P2 are stronger anchor residues than the aromatic hydro‐phobic residues Phe and Tyr. In addition, hydrophobic residues Leu, Phe, Tyr, Ile, and Ala at position 3 (P3) are secondary anchors but are weaker than those at P2. The affinities of the 8‐ and 12‐mer peptides were significantly lower than those of 9‐ to 11‐mer peptides. There was however no difference in affinity between 9‐, 10‐ and 11‐mer peptides. Furthermore, the analysis using peptides mutated at the C‐terminus showed that HLA‐A*1101 molecules can bind peptides carrying another positively charged residue, Arg. The present study clarified the role of the anchor residues at P2, P3 and the C‐terminus in the binding of HLA‐A*1101 molecules.
Characterization of a new HLA‐B18 allele, B*1806, which lacks expression of the Bw6 epitope
Authors: Balas A. , García‐Sánchez F. , Santos S. , Lillo R. , Merino J.L. , Vicario J.L.
Published: December 2008

Abstract: HLA‐B18 is a well defined Bw6‐associated serologic specificity. Up to now, four different sequences have been characterised in Caucasian populations (B*1801,3,4,5), and one in Orientals (B*1802). We report a new HLA‐B18 subtype (B*1806) which was serologically detected in a Spanish Caucasian individual as a B18 Bw4‐associated antigen. Complete coding region sequencing showed that B*1806 differs from B*1801 in a unique nu‐cleotide at position 299 (A to T), giving rise to an amino acid replacement in residue 76 (glutamic acid to valine) placed at the α1 domain. Therefore, in contrast to the serologic results, B*1806 possesses the canonical Bw6 motif at position 77–83. Subsequent flow cytometric assays proved that B*1806 evidences neither Bw4 nor Bw6 epitopes. Only three additional HLA‐B alleles encode valine at codon 76, B*4601, B*7301 and B*5503, and like B*1806, all of them would include a Bw6 motif associated to the negative recognition by Bw6 antibodies. These findings support that valine at position 76 will modify the Bw6 epitope drastically, and suggest that this group of HLA‐B alleles would define a third, Bw4 and Bw6‐negative, lineage of molecules. Furthermore, valine 76 will also prevent the binding of Bw6 antibodies to those HLA‐C antigens with the canonical Bw6 epitope (Cw*1,3,7,8,12,13,14,16).
Studies in Hypothermia
Authors: Svanes Knut
Published: December 2008

Mice, anaesthetized with pentobarbital, were kept at normal body temperature or cooled to 21‐22°C. The capillary circulation was studied in the conjunctiva. The oedema produced by subcutaneous injection of turpentine was estimated by the trypan blue technique.

Intravenous injection of 3 mg/kg trypan blue caused haemoconcentration in hypothermic but not in normothermic mice. In a dose of 1.5 mg/kg, trypan blue did not cause changes in haematocrit, and therefore this dose was used for the estimation of turpentine oedema.

In normothermic mice under light anaesthesia vasoconstriction with an ischaemic capillary bed was usually observed in the conjunctiva. With increasing depth of anaesthesia vasodilatation and hyperaemia occurred with increasing frequency. In hypothermic mice a similar relation between depth of anaesthesia and changes in microcirculation was found, although there was a relative tendency to vasodilatation. Trypan blue increased the tendency to vasodilatation under hypothermia, but not at normal body temperature.

In both normothermic and hypothermic mice the formation of turpentine oedema was found to be inversely related to the depth of anaesthesia. In hypothermic mice under light anaesthesia the oedema formation was less than in normothermic mice under light anaesthesia.

Mit Pentobarbital narkotisierte Mäuse wurden entweder bei normaler Körpertemperatur gehalten oder auf 21‐22%dGC unterkühlt. Dabei wurde der Kapillarkreislauf in der Konjunktiva untersucht. Ferner wurde eine Schätzung des durch subcutane Terpentininjektion erzeugten Ödems mit Hilfe der Trypanblaumethode vorgenommen.

Die i.v. Injektion von 3 mg/kg Trypanblau führte zu Hämokonzentration bei den hypothermen, nicht aber bei den normothermen Mäusen. Eine Dosis von 1.5 mg/kg Trypanblau hatte keine Änderung des Hämatokrits zur Folge, weshalb diese Dosierung zur Bestimmung des Terpentinödems verwendet wurde.

Bei den normothermen Mäusen war unter oberflächlicher Narkose eine Vasokontriktion mit ischämischem Kapillarbett in der Konjunktiva die Regel. Bei zunehmender Narkosetiefe trat in vermehrtem Masse Vasodilatation und Hyperämie auf. Bei den hypothermen Mäusen fand sich ein ähnliches Verhältnis zwischen der Narkosetiefe und den Veränderungen der Mikrozirkulation. Es bestand jedoch eine relative Tendenz zur Vasodilatation. Trypanblau förderte die Neigung zur Gefässerweiterung unter Hypothermic, nicht jedoch bei normaler Körpertemperatur.

Sowohl bei den normothermen als auch bei den hypothermen Tieren stand das Terpentinödem in einem umgekehrten Verhältnis zur Narkosetiefe. In oberflächlicher Narkose war die Ödembildung bei den hypothermen Mäusen geringer als bei den normothermen.
β‐Aminobutyric Acid‐induced Resistance in Cucumber against Biotrophic and Necrotrophic Pathogens
Authors: Walz Andreas , Simon Oliver
Published: December 2008

The non‐protein amino acid β‐aminobutyric acid (BABA) protects plants against a wide range of pathogens. Protection of cucumber plants by BABA depends on the potentiation of pathogen specific defence responses. To contribute to the analyses of the mode of action of BABA, we established a protocol for a fast and reproducible leaf disc assay to evaluate the effect of this chemical compound on cucumbers infected with either the biotrophic downy mildew fungus Pseudoperonospora cubensis, or the necrotrophic microbial pathogen Colletotrichum lagenarium. Accumulation of callose could be found in interactions with both pathogens after BABA‐treatment. Furthermore, a localized rapid cell death and the production of reactive oxygen intermediates were detected after downy mildew attack. In contrast to this, degenerated primary hyphae were found in BABA induced tissue after inoculation with C. lagenarium.
RENAL GLOMERULAR CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH LIVER CIRRHOSIS
Authors: Fukuda Yuh
Published: December 2008

Renal glomerular changes associated with 79 liver cirrhosis cases were studied by light and electron microscopy, and immunofluorescent methods. The glomerular changes were classified as follows: 1) Mixed membranous and proliferative glomerulonephritis type having subepithelial, subendothelial, mesangial and paramesangial deposits (37 cases), 2) membranous glomerulonephropathy type (6 cases), 3) IgA nephropathy type (3 cases), and 4) glomerulosclerosis type (5 cases). Clinically, the patients with marked renal glomerular changes had proteinuria, hematuria, and retention by the PSP test. It was suggested that the essential renal glomerular changes in liver cirrhosis was immune‐complex mediated glomerulonephritis and that glomerular sclerosis was merely a secondary change to glomerulonephritis.
ULTRASTRUCTURE AND IMMUNOHISTOCHEMISTRY OF GASTRO‐ENTERO‐PANCREATIC (GEP) ENDOCRINE CELLS IN MUCINOUS TUMORS OF THE OVARY
Authors: Takeda Akihiro , Matsuyama Mutsushi , Chihara Tsutomu , Suchi Taizan , Sato Tsuneko , Tomoda Yutaka
Published: December 2008

Twenty three mucinous tumors were studied by histochemical, auto‐fluorescence and immunoperoxidase methods, and electron microscopy to investigate the existence of gastro‐entero‐pancreatic (GEP) endocrine cells in mucinous tumors of the ovary. Out of 11 mucinous adenomas, 6 cases contained autofluorescence positive (EC‐) cells and 1 case contained somatostatin‐and gastrin‐cells. Out of 4 borderline malignancies, 4 cases contained EC‐cells and 3 cases contained somatostatin‐ and gastrin‐cells, and of 8 mucinous adenocarcinomas, 3 cases contained somatostatin‐cells and 2 cases contained EC‐ and gastrin‐cells. Electron microscopic observations of 7 cases including 4 mucinous adenomas, 2 borderline malignancies, and 1 adenocarcinoma revealed 3 different types of endocrine‐type granulated cells including EC‐, D‐and G‐cells. Furthermore, muco‐endocrine cell was found in a mucinous adenoma case. These findings agree with the results from autofluorescence and immunoperoxidase studies. The histogenetic origin of mucinous tumors is rather problematic and the appearance of various types of GEP endocrine cells support their endodermal derivation. These results strongly support the possibility that GEP endocrine cells in mucinous tumors are developed in loco from precursor endodermal cells.
TRANSIENT ABNORMAL MYELOPOIESIS FOLLOWED BY ACUTE MEGAKARYOBLASTIC LEUKEMIA WITH EXTRAMEDULLARY TUMORS
Authors: Nito Toshiaki , Terashima Kazuo , Matsuda Mikio , Imai Yutaka , Yokoyama Shinkichi , Hayashi Tadashi
Published: December 2008

An autopsied case of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia Is described in a 20 months old, Japanese female infant with Down's syndrome. She presented spontaneous remission of transient abnormal myelopoiesis in her neonatal period, which was followed by acute megakaryoblastic leukemia 1 year later. The clinical picture of acute megakaryoblastic leukemia was initially characterized by peripheral pancytopenia with a few blasts, the absence of hepatosplenomegaly, but ended in overt leukemia characterized by increase of blasts, marked hepatosplenomegaly, and elevated LDH. She died 6 months after the onset at 20 months of age. Autopsy findings revealed widespread leukemic infiltration comprised of megakaryoblasts and megakaryocytes, and extramedullary tumors In the left tibia, the liver, both kidneys, and the endocardium of the heart. Identification of the megakaryocytic cell line was performed in immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy. Chromosomal analyses of peripheral blood disclosed 47, XX, +21, in her neonatal period but disclosed 48, XX, +G, +G, in acute megakaryoblastic leukemia.
ULTRASTRUCTURAL STUDY OF HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA WITH REPLACING GROWTH PATTERN
Authors: Sugihara Shigetaka , Kojiro Masamichi , Nakashima Toshiro
Published: December 2008

The replacing growth of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) has been considered as a basic growth pattern at the tumor‐ nontumor boundary. In order to clarify the ultrastructural characteristics of HCC with the replacing growth, we have studied 59 surgical cases of HCC. At the tumor‐nontumor boundary of HCC with the replacing growth pattern, the tumor cells grow to replace the hepatocytes along the liver cell cord, but oppress and distort the adjacent liver cell cord with varying degrees of aggregation of reticulin fiber. Hepatocytes and cancer cells are in direct contact, but some of the hepatocytes are compressed by cancer cells. The sinusoid in the non‐cancerous area is continuous with the blood space in the cancerous tissue, and several layers of endothelial cells are often observed. Accordingly, it is predicted that sinusoidal blood through the portal vein and arterial blood through arterial tumor vessels may mix at the tumor‐nontumor boundary. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 35:549‐559, 1985.
MALIGNANT GIANT CELL TUMOR OF TENDON SHEATH Report of a Case
Authors: Ushijima Masahiro , Hashimoto Hiroshi , Tsuneyoshi Masazumi , Enjoji Munetomo , Miyamoto Yuichi , Okue Akira
Published: December 2008

In a patient with pigmented villonodular synovitis of the right knee joint, there occurred a malignant giant cell tumor of tendon sheath. There was clinical evidence of metastasis after the second local recurrence and the recurrent tumors were studied enzyme cytochemically and electron microscopically. Ultrastructurally, the malignant tumor consisted of three principal cell types; histiocyte‐like cells, fibroblast‐like cells, and intermediate cells, with unique attendance of myofibroblasts. This may be the first report of the presence of myofibroblasts in malignant giant cell tumor of tendon sheath. Enzyme cytochemistry revealed various functional properties of histiocytes. ACTA PATHOL. JPN. 35 : 699–709, 1985.
BANNAYAN SYNDROME—GENERALIZED LIPOMATOSIS ASSOCIATED WITH MEGALENCEPHALY AND MACRODACTYLY
Authors: Okumura Kenzo , Sasaki Yoshiro , Ohyama Makiko , Nishi Toshiharu
Published: December 2008

This paper reports an autopsy case of a 5‐year and 11‐month‐old girl with generalized subcutaneous lipomatosis, megalencephaly, and macrodactyly. Marked emaciation and poor prognosis were the characteristic findings of this case. We thought that this case was identical with a rare syndrome which was initially reported by Bannayan in 1971. Autopsy disclosed diffuse lipomatosis in the thoracic and abdominal cavity, and infiltration of fat tissue to the pancreas. Hyperplasia of the small intestinal mucosa and Peyer's patch, and a pedunculated polyp of the sigmoid colon were the unique findings which could not be seen in the previously reported cases.
SIGNET RING CELL CARCINOMA IN A POLYP OF THE COLON
Authors: Hamazaki Minora , Kono Sumio , Mimaya Jun'ichi , Ishihara Akinori
Published: December 2008

Undifferentiated adenocarcinoma of the colon occurring in a 6‐year‐old boy was presented. The tumor characterized by the signet ring cell appearance developed in a polyp of the descending colon. The signet ring cell carcinoma is in general a rare morphologic form of colonic carcinoma. According to our review of the literature there have been described 16 patients under 10 years of age with colonic or rectal carcinoma, disclosing 2 cases of undifferentiated or signet ring cell carcinoma including the present case. In children, mucin producing adenocarcinoma is the most predominant type of colonic carcinoma, and 48% of the colonic carcinomas are of signet ring cell carcinoma in children under 17 years of age.
PSEUDOLYMPHOMA OF THE THYROID
Authors: Mizukami Yuji , Ikuta Norisada , Hashimoto Takuma , Terahata Shintaro , Nonomura Akitaka , Miyazaki Tameo , Matsubara Fujitsugu
Published: December 2008

An unusual case of pseudolymphoma of the thyroid is reported. The tumor was histologically characterized by good demarcation, mature lymphocytes with prominent follicle formation and germinal centers, and mature plasma cells. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a similar distribution of T‐ and B‐cells to reactive lymph nodes and a polyclonal nature of the plasma cell infiltrate. These findings are closely related to the entity, pseudolymphoma in other organs. Differential diagnosis from follicular lymphoma or ectopic thymic tissue is discussed. ACTA PATHOL JPN 38: 1329‐1336, 1988.
HEPATOCELLULAR CARCINOMA ARISING IN THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY. An Autopsy Case of Ectopic Liver Origin
Authors: Kawahara Ei , Kitamura Tokuji , Ueda Hiroshi , Ogino Tomomi , Mai Masayoshi , Ooi Akishi , Nakanishi Isao
Published: December 2008

An unusual case of extrahepatic disseminating hepatocellular carcinoma in a 64‐year‐old man is reported. The initial symptom was abdominal fullness and progressive ascites. Alpha‐fetoprotein in the serum was 117,000 ng/ml. Exploratory laparotomy disclosed dissemination of tumor nodules throughout the abdominal cavity without any other possible primary tumor. CT scan, ultrasonography and hepatic angiography were unable to detect any tumor lesion in the liver. The final histologic diagnosis was hepatocellular carcinoma, although at first epithelioid mesothelioma was suspected. The present case of hepatocellular carcinoma was thought to have possibly developed from ectopic liver on the peritoneum. ACTA PATHOL JPN 38: 1575‐1581, 1988.
Abnormal Elastic Fibers in Elastosis of Breast Carcinoma UItrastructuraI and ImmunohistochemicaI Studies
Authors: Uchiyama Shouichi , Fukuda Yuh
Published: December 2008

Elastosis in benign and malignant breast lesions was studied by light microscopic immunohistochemistry for elastin and by electron microscopy. Upon immunohistochemical examination for elastin, elastosis, particularly in scirrhous‐type ductal carcinoma, showed two characteristic staining patterns: fibrously and intensely stained elastic fibers and evenly stained elastic masses. Elastic fibers showing increased fibrous staining occurred mainly in the stromal areas, and were considered to be newly formed because they consisted of tannic acid‐positive amorphous components and abundant microfibrils. Evenly stained elastic masses were observed mainly in the periductal areas and showed less intense stainability. These masses consisted of numerous fine amorphous components with plentiful microfibrils. In some regions within these masses, there were condensed accumulations of irregularly arranged small amorphous components associated with only a few microfibrils. These amorphous components had an ill‐defined outline and were occasionally associated with spiralling collagen fibrils and cell debris. On the basis of these findings, the periductal evenly stained elastic masses were thought to be formed by excessive production of elastic fibers and degradation of pre‐existing and newly formed elastic fibers. Acta Pathol Jpn 39: 245–253, 1989.
EndometriaI StromaI Sarcoma of Low‐grade Malignancy: Immunohistochemical and Three‐dimensional Reconstruction Study with Special Emphasis on the Inadequate Terminology of Endolymphatic Stromal Myosis
Authors: Suzuki Masafumi , Aizawa Shigeo , Ushigome Shin'ichirou
Published: December 2008

We report two cases of endometrial stromal sarcoma of low‐grade malignancy (so called endolymphatic stromal myosis) with special emphasis on the histogenesis and mode of invasion. The microscopic and immunohistochemical features of the tumor cells resembled those of endometrial stromal cells. A three‐dimensional reconstruction study of the tumor disclosed that it grew by forming a horn‐ or crown‐like structure between and along the vessels. The tumor then protruded into the vascular lumina with a covering of endothelial cells. Immunohistochemical study showed that the vascular system was not lymphatic but venous. We therefore think that “endolymphatic stromal myosis” is a misnomer. Acta Pathol Jpn 39: 260–265, 1989.
Malignant Paraganglioma of the Organ of Zuckerkandl: Initially Diagnosed as Renal Cell Carcinoma by Biopsy of a Right Humeral Fracture Lesion
Authors: Hasegawa Go , Ikarashi Toshihiko , Ohnishi Yoshihisa
Published: December 2008

Malignant paraganglioma of the organ of Zuckerkandl (malignant POZ) in a 38 year‐old woman is reported. Ten months before her death, the patient suffered from right shoulder pain. By biopsy of a pathological right humeral fracture, a histological diagnosis of metastatic renal cell carcinoma was initially made. However, autopsy revealed a left retroperitoneal tumor, which was diagnosed as malignant POZ. Upon immunohistochemical examination, tumor cells showed definite positivity for neuronspecific enolase (NSE) and chromogranins, and neurosecretory granules were found electron microscopically. The skeletal system is the most common site for distant metas‐tases of malignant POZ. We were unable to find any previous reports of malignant POZ which were first manifested as humeral metastases, as in the present case. As paraganglioma might be histologically confused with a large variety of neoplasms (e.g. renal cell carcinoma), differential diagnosis of this condition is discussed. Acta Pathol Jpn 39: 274–280, 1989.
Anti‐hypercholesterolemic Effect of Melatonin in Rats
Authors: Mori Natsuko , Aoyama Hiromu , Murase Toshio , Mori Wataru
Published: December 2008

The effects on plasma lipids of daily intraperitoneal injections of 4mg of melatonin (N‐acetyl‐5‐methoxytrypt‐amine) for 10 27 day periods were examined biochemically and morphologically in rats fed regular and high‐cholesterol (1% cholesterol, 0.5% cholic acid) diets. Melatonin administration had no significant effect on plasma lipids and lipoproteins in the rats on a normal diet but blunted the effects of a high‐cholesterol diet on these parameters. No effects of melatonin on lipase activity were noted. Melatonin also diminished the fatty infiltration in the liver of animals on the high‐cholesterol diet. The high‐cholesterol diet produced major increases in VLDL and LDL cholesterol and protein content, and decreases in HDL cholesterol and protein. Melatonin decreased the extent of this plasma lipoprotein increase, although it did not completely prevent the phenomenon. Therefore, the effect is thought to be quantitative and not quantitative in nature. Acta Pathol Jpn 39: 613‐618, 1989.
Effects of Hyperthermia, Radiotherapy and Thermoradiotherapy on Tumor Microvascular Permeability
Authors: Fujiwara Kouji , Watanabe Teruo
Published: December 2008

Morphological changes in rabbit VX‐2 tumor and its vascular permeability to ferritin following hyperthermia, radiotherapy and thermoradiotherapy were investigated by light and electron microscopy. Tumors treated by thermoradiotherapy successively showed a decrease in volume compared with those treated by hyperthermia or radiotherapy. Light microscopically, degenerative or necrotic changes progressed more widely in tumors treated by thermoradiotherapy than in those treated by hyperthermia or radiotherapy alone. When vascular permeability to ferritin was examined, an increase in tumor vascular permeability occurred at 1 day after hyperthermia or thermoradiotherapy, and at 3 days after radiotherapy. These results suggest that the early reaction of tumor microvasculature is a factor contributing to delayed cell death in tumors after thermoradiotherapy or hyperthermia. Acta Pathol Jpn 40: 79–84, 1990.
Ciliated Cells in the Human Gastric Mucosa Evidence of Metaplastic Change
Authors: Torikata Chikao , Mukai Makio , Kawakita Hirobumi
Published: December 2008

In the gastric mucosa of Japanese patients, ciliated cells were found in association with intestinal metaplasia. The cells occurred frequently in the pyloric mucosa of nearly half of the cases examined but rarely in the cardiac mucosa of total 12 cases, but never adjacent to the chief cells of gastric glands. The ciliated cells were always found in the basal part of cardiac and pyloric glands, but never in the surface or in the foveolar epithelium. Furthermore, ciliated cells containing a few small mucus granules and simultaneously possessing numerous cilia and basal bodies were noted. Ciliated cells in the gastric mucosa have been found mainly in elderly Japanese patients, but were also observed exceptionally in one Chinese, two Swedes and one American. These ciliated cells are not present in the normal human gastric and intestinal mucosa, and therefore a new term, “ciliated metaplasia”, is proposed for their occurrence. Acta Pathol Jpn 40: 98–106, 1990.
A Histopathological Study on Senile Changes in the Human Olfactory Bulb
Authors: Kishikawa Masao , Iseki Masachika , Nishimura Mika , Sekine Ichiro , Fujii Hideharu
Published: December 2008

Senile changes in the human olfactory bulb were studied histopathologically in 133 individuals ranging in age from 40 to 91 years with a mean age of 64.3 years. Neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) in the olfactory bulb were observed in 47 subjects aged over 50 years. The frequency of NFTs was 35.3% (47/133) in total and 40.5% (47/116) among subjects 50 years of age or older. The frequency of individuals with NFTs increased linearly with age. Senile plaques (SPs) were observed in 5 individuals over 60 years old at a frequency of 3.8% (5/133) in total and 5.7% (5/88) among individuals 60 years old or more. Granulovacuolar degeneration was rarely seen, and amyloid angiopathy was not recognized. Senile changes in the hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus were also examined. In some cases, the frequencies of NFTs and SPs in the hippocampal region were not identical to those in the olfactory bulb. However, it was not apparent whether senile changes first appear in the olfactory bulb or in the hippocampal region.
Immunohistochemical Analysis of c‐erbB‐2 Oncogene Product and Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Expression in Human Urinary Bladder Carcinomas
Authors: Asamoto Makoto , Hasegawa Ryohei , Masuko Takashi , Hashimoto Yoshiyuki , Ueda Kosuke , Ohtaguro Kazuo , Sasaki Shoichi , Washida Hiroto , Fukushima Shoji
Published: December 2008

Expression of the product of the c‐erb 6–2 gene, a protooncogene related to, but distinct from c‐erb B‐1 encoding the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGF‐R), was investigated in human urinary bladder carcinomas. In addition, levels of EGF‐R and transferrin receptor were also analyzed using an immunohistochemical approach, and the results compared with histological pattern and grading, and tumor staging. Increased expression of c‐erb B‐2 product was found in 32% of cases (7/22), a positive reaction being observed in 60% of transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) Grade 3 lesions (3/5), 20% of Grade 2 TCCs (2/10) and 100% of adenocarcinomas (AC) (2/2), but in none of the cases of squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Although no statistical correlation with staging was evident, TCCs or SCCs of high grade and stage often showed EGF‐R‐positive staining, whereas other well differentiated lesions and normal bladder epithelium were generally negative. Most cases of urinary bladder carcinoma were positive for the transferrin receptor, which was not detected in normal bladder. The results thus suggested that a positive reaction for c‐erb B‐2 product is correlated with TCC histological grading or AC morphology. A high intensity of EGF‐R staining in human bladder carcinomas may be associated with poor differentiation and invasion, whereas transferrin receptor expression might reflect tumor growth.
Morphological and Cytogenetic Studies of a Human Synovial Sarcoma Xenotransplanted into Nude Mice
Authors: Nojima Takayuki , Wang Yi‐Song , Abe Syuiti , Matsuno Takeo , Yamawaki Shinya , Nagashima Kazuo
Published: December 2008

Specimens of a synovial sarcoma from the left thigh of a 60 year old woman and cells from the tumor transplanted into nude mice were examined morphologically and immunohistochemically, and the karyotype was analyzed. lmmunohistochemically, cells of both the parent tumor and the transplanted tumor were positive for vimentin and cytokeratin. The multicystic features of the parent tumor were not reproduced in the mice. On ultrastructural examination, the parent tumor cells were found to have dilated channels of endoplasmic reticulum as well as a junctional apparatus, and they formed extracellular spaces. The transplanted tumor cells, in contrast, had a poorly developed endoplasmic reticulum and were devoid of extracellular spaces. Chromosome analysis of the tumor cells revealed a translocation, t (X; 18) (p 11; q11), as reported previously for synovial sarcoma, thus suggesting the diagnostic utility of the chromosome pattern for identification of synovial sarcoma.
Expression and Functions of P‐glycoprotein (mdr 1 gene product) in Normal and Malignant Tissues
Authors: Sugawara Isamu
Published: December 2008

This paper describes the cellular and tissue distribution of P‐glycoprotein (P‐GP) (mdrl gene product), the role of P‐GP in vivo and immunodiagnosis of multi‐drug‐resistant cancers. We mainly used MRK 16 monoclonal antibody (MAb) reactive with P‐GP. P‐GP was found to be expressed very strongly in the adrenal cortex of adults and strongly in the renal tubules of the kidney, capillary blood vessels of the brain, and also in placenta. Interestingly, P‐GP was not distributed in fetal and neonatal adrenals, and thus may be closely related to adrenal maturation. A high level of P GP expression was also seen in all cases of functional hormone producing adrenal tumor, one case of insulinoma, two cases of untreated colonic cancer, one case each of untreated lung cancer, gastric cancer and breast cancer, six cases of renal cell carcinoma and 17 cases of bladder cancer. Using flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry, we investigated the reactivity of MRK 16 MAb with peripheral human mononuclear cells (mainly blastic cells and lymphocytes) from 31 patients with leukemia or malignant lymphoma. Reactivity with MRK 16 MAb was observed in five cases. Some cases reflected the prior administration of adriamycin, vincristine and VP 16, which are known to induce P GP expression. P GP MRK 16 protein A‐Sepha‐rose complex derived from human adrenal possessed marked ATPase activity. These data suggest that P‐GP may play a physiological role in the human adrenal. Finally, diagnostic criteria of multi‐drug‐resistant cancers are presented.
Diffuse Sclerosing Variant of Papillary Carcinoma of the Thyroid Report of Three Cases
Authors: Mizukami Yuji , Nonomura Akitaka , Michigishi Takatoshi , Hashimoto Takuma , Noguchi Masakuni , Nakamura Shinobu , Matsubara Fujitsugu , Kurumaya Hiroshi
Published: December 2008

Three cases of an unusual diffuse sclerosing variant of papillary carcinoma were found among 370 consecutive malignant tumors of the thyroid gland retained in the surgical pathology files of Kanazawa University Hospital over the last 10 years. The tumors were characterized by diffuse involvement of one or both lobes of the thyroid, dense fibrosis, papillary carcinoma with marked squamous metaplasia and abundant psammoma bodies, heavy lymphocytic infiltration and extensive lymphatic permeation. In two cases, the neoplasms showed more aggressive regional lymph node metastases and local invasion; the patient in the first case underwent surgery three times after initial radical surgery because of regional lymph node recurrences, and the second case showed direct invasion of the thyroid tumor to the larynx and distant metastasis to the lungs. Although the number of examined cases was small, the findings suggest that the diffuse sclerosing variant type has a less favorable prognosis and should be differentiated from papillary carcinomas with excellent prognosis.
Adrenal Medullary Hyperplasia: Hyperplasia‐pheochromocytoma Sequence
Authors: Kurihara Kenji , Mizuseki Kiyoshi , Kondo Toshifumi , Ohoka Hiroji , Mannami Makoto , Kawai Kioko
Published: December 2008

We present a case of unilateral adrenal medullary hyperplasia in a 63‐year‐old woman with‐clinical signs and symptoms of pheochromocytoma unassociated with multiple endocrine neoplasia. The surgically removed adrenal gland revealed diffuse medullary hyperplasia with multiple micronodules measuring up to 2 mm. The micronodules were composed of enlarged chromaffin cells with atypia, histologically similar to those of pheochromocytoma, forming small solid alveolar patterns separated by a fibrovascular stroma. Removal of the hyperplastic adrenal gland resulted in disappearance of paroxysmal nocturnal hypertension and palpitation. These results suggest that diffuse and nodular medullary hyperplasia is the precursor of pheochromocytoma.
A Case of Liver Cirrhosis with a Hyperplastic Nodular Lesion
Authors: Sugihara Shigetaka , Nakashima Osamu , Kiyomatsu Kazumitsu , Ijiri Masahiro , Edamitsu Osamu , Kojiro Masamichi
Published: December 2008

A hyperplastic nodular lesion resembling focal nodular hyperplasia (FNH) was found in the cirrhotic liver of a 50‐year‐old male patient. A nodule was detected by ultrasonography and hepatic angiography conducted as part of a routine follow‐up study for chronic liver disease, and was excised under a diagnosis of suspected hepatocellular carcinoma. Grossly, central stellate scar‐like septa subdividing the nodule ware noted. These fibrous septa contained many small arteries and veins, as well as bile ducts. The parenchyma of the nodule also contained many small arteries. Although these findings were similar to those seen in typical FNH, the present lesion was different in that it was encapsulated, occurred against a background of liver cirrhosis, lacked hepatocyte hyperplasia and showed hemosiderin deposition.
Small Cell Carcinoma of the Gallbladder Combined with Adenocarcinoma
Authors: Duan Hui‐Jun , Ishigame Hiroki , Ishii Zenichiro , Itoh Nobuo , Shigematsu Hidekazu
Published: December 2008

A rare case of small cell carcinoma (SCC) of the gallbladder combined with adenocarcinoma is reported. The patient was a 70‐year‐old Japanese man, who died of the disease shortly after the onset of symptoms. Autopsy disclosed a small tumor (1.0 cm in longest diameter) in the fundus of the gallbladder, with widespread metastasis. Histochemically, the tumor cells showed negative reactions for argyrophilic and argentaffin stainings, a weak immunohistochemical reaction only for neuron‐specific enolase, and negative reactions for all of the other neurosecretory markers used, including neurofilament, chromogranin, somatostatin, gastrin and leu‐7. However, electron microscopic examination revealed a few typical neurosecretory granules (NSG) in the cytoplasm of some tumor cells. We suggest that: 1. The presence of NSG in the cytoplasm of tumor cells is the most reliable diagnostic criterion for SCC. 2. SCC, at least the combined type, arises from a multipotential stem cell.
Atypical Lipoleiomyoma of the Uterus
Authors: Lin Meisui , Hanai Jun
Published: December 2008

A case of uterine atypical lipoleiomyoma in a 55 year old obese woman is described. Histologically it was composed of atypical smooth muscle tissue and adipose tissue, as proved by immunohistochemica! staining and ultrastructur‐al study. Moreover, these studies revealed a transition from tumor smooth muscle cells to lipocytes. The features of this tumor suggest that at least some lipoleiomyomas result from lipomatous metaplasia of leiomyoma. Lipoleiomyoma is a rare lesion of the uterus, and the present tumor with an atypical leiomyomatous appearance is the first reported case of its kind. A review of previous case reports, together with the condition of this patient, revealed that patients with lipoleiomyoma are often overweight and menopausal, and have a high incidence of gallbladder disease. Acta Pathol Jpn 41: 164‐169, 1991.
Effects of Alkyl Alcohols and Related Chemicals on Rat Liver Structure and Function
Authors: Wakabayashi Takashi , Adachi Kayo , Popinigis Jerzy
Published: December 2008

The effects of alkyl alcohols and related chemicals on the ultrastructure of mitochondria in the rat hepatocyte were studied. The following three different groups of chemicals were tested: Group 1: alkyl alcohols with straight carbon chains (ethanol, 1 propanol, 1 butanol, 1 pentanol, 1 octanol, 1 dodecanol and 1‐octadecanol); Group 2 :tert and cyclo‐compounds (tert‐butanol, cyclo‐pentanol, and cyclo hexanol); and Group 3: polyhydroxy alcohols (ethylene glycol, propylene glycol, 1,3 propandiol, glycerol and pentaerythritol). Results obtained were summarized as follows: 1) Ethanol, 1 propanol, 1 butanol, 1‐pentanol and 1 octanol had essentially the same effects on the mitochondrial ultrastructure: a mixed population of small and enlarged mitochondria with poorly developed cristae; 1‐dodecanol induced ultrastructural changes of mitochondria of two distinct types: a mixed population of small and enlarged mitochondria with poorly developed cristae in some hepatocytes and remarkably enlarged mitochondria with well developed cristae in others; and 1 octadecanol induced remarkably enlarged mitochondria in all hepatocytes. 2) Chemicals belonging to group 2 and group 3 induced essentially the same changes as those induced by 1‐octadecanol. More than one month was required to induce those changes. The mechanism by which those ultrastructural mitochondrial changes were induced is not clear, but the present results may suggest that the hydroxy group (‐OH) common to all these chemicals in some way accounts for the phenomenon. Acta Pathol Jpn 41: 405 413, 1991.
Cytometric analysis of testicular seminoma and spermatocytic seminoma
Authors: Takahashi Hiroyuki
Published: December 2008

DNA analysis of testicular seminoma (typical seminoma [TS] and anaplastic seminoma [AS]) and spermatocytic seminoma (SS) was performed to evaluate the relationship between the proliferative activity and clinical outcome, and also to determine the proliferative characteristics of SS. Nuclear DNA contents of 15 cases of TS, 17 of AS and three of SS were measured by flow cytometry. Cytofluorometric DNA analysis was performed on three cases of every tumor. All 35 cases showed aneuploidy in the flow cytometry. In comparison with TS, AS tended to have a higher percentage of G2M phase in one cell cycle, having more cell cycle numbers and containing cells of various DNA values. Many mitotic figures with larger atypical cells that characterize AS could be explained by these results. In SS, the diploid formation by the small cells and the appearance of large cells with a maximum DNA value of 40C were demonstrated. These ploidy characteristics were considered to result in the morphological expression of large, small and intermediate cells. The application of both flow cytometry and cytofluorometry to the same cases was beneficial.
A case of basaloid‐squamous carcinoma of the esophagus: Immunohistochemical and ultrastructural studies
Authors: Ishikawa Yukio , Asuwa Noriko , Ishii Toshiharu , Masuda Shigeru , Kiguchi Hideko
Published: December 2008

A case of basaloid‐squamous carcinoma of the esophagus in an 83 year old man is reported. The esophageal tumor showed a fungating growth at the junction of the middle and lower esophagus and was composed microscopically of submucosal multiple nests with solid and cribriform‐like patterns accompanied with a small focus of squamous cell carcinoma adjacent to the overlying esophageal epithelium. The structural features closely resembled those of basaloid‐squamous carcinoma. The submucosal tumor cells were immunohistochemicaliy positive for epithelial membrane antigen, wide spectral keratin, alpha actin and S‐100 protein. By electron microscopy, the tumor cells had microvilli, des‐mosomes and bundles of myofilaments, and replicated basement membranes were frequently observed adjacent to the nests. The positive immunoreaction of S‐100 protein and alpha actin and the existence of bundles of myofilaments indicated that the present tumor did not correspond well with basaloid‐squamous carcinoma. In addition, there was no evidence of true glandular lumina in the tumor nests, a finding which was inconsistent with that of adenoid cystic carcinoma. From the immunoreactivity of S‐100 protein and ultrastructural features, it was considered that the present submucosal tumor had originated from undifferentiated pluripotential primitive cells, which differentiated to myoepithelial cells.
Response of wetland plant communities to inundation within floodplain landscapes
Authors: Alexander Patricia , Nielsen Daryl L. , Nias Deborah
Published: December 2008

Summary  Many floodplain wetlands in south‐eastern Australia have become isolated from the main river channel as a consequence of reduced high flows and associated flood events following river regulation. In the Central Murray region of south‐eastern Australia, many temporary wetlands would have received water once every five years or so, with large floods maintaining floodplain connectivity every decade, under natural conditions. Now, the River Murray is highly regulated and many of these wetland areas have not been flooded for periods of up to 30 years. Consequently, these wetlands are becoming degraded and the biodiversity of the area is in decline. From 2001–2003, 21 Black Box depression wetlands in the Central Murray region were each watered once. Plant communities in each wetland were monitored for changes in abundance (assessed as percentage cover) before and during the wetting and drying phases. Wetlands were watered during spring or early summer with the length of inundation ranging from 6 to 19 weeks. After watering, the percentage cover of native plant taxa and native plant functional groups in most wetlands increased. In general, there was a decrease in the percentage number of terrestrial plants present and an increase in the percentage cover of aquatic plants. Introduced species were a minor component. Although these wetlands are all located in the Central Murray region, individual wetlands developed plant communities that contained taxa specific to individual wetlands despite initial similarities. These results indicate that wetland plant biodiversity within the landscape can be promoted and maintained by ensuring there is a diversity of wetlands with varying flood regimes within the landscape.
POSTNATAL REPRODUCTIVE AUTONOMY: PROMOTING RELATIONAL AUTONOMY AND SELF‐TRUST IN NEW PARENTS
Authors: GOERING SARA
Published: December 2008

New parents suddenly come face to face with myriad issues that demand careful attention but appear in a context unlikely to provide opportunities for extended or clear‐headed critical reflection, whether at home with a new baby or in the neonatal intensive care unit. As such, their capacity for autonomy may be compromised. Attending to new parental autonomy as an extension of reproductive autonomy, and as a complicated phenomenon in its own right rather than simply as a matter to be balanced against other autonomy rights, can help us to see how new parents might be aided in their quest for competency and good decision making. In this paper I show how a relational view of autonomy – attentive to the coercive effects of oppressive social norms and to the importance of developing autonomy competency, especially as related to self‐trust – can improve our understanding of the situation of new parents and signal ways to cultivate and to better respect their autonomy.
The invasive shrub Buddleja davidii performs better in its introduced range
Authors: Ebeling Susan Kathrin , Hensen Isabell , Auge Harald
Published: December 2008

It is commonly assumed that invasive plants grow more vigorously in their introduced than in their native range, which is then attributed to release from natural enemies or to microevolutionary changes, or both. However, few studies have tested this assumption by comparing the performance of invasive species in their native vs. introduced ranges. Here, we studied abundance, growth, reproduction, and herbivory in 10 native Chinese and 10 invasive German populations of the invasive shrub Buddleja davidii (Scrophulariaceae; butterfly bush). We found strong evidence for increased plant vigour in the introduced range: plants in invasive populations were significantly taller and had thicker stems, larger inflorescences, and heavier seeds than plants in native populations. These differences in plant performance could not be explained by a more benign climate in the introduced range. Since leaf herbivory was substantially reduced in invasive populations, our data rather suggest that escape from natural enemies, associated with increased plant growth and reproduction, contributes to the invasion success of B. davidii in Central Europe.
Governing shared groundwater: the controversy over private regulation1
Authors: LOPEZ‐GUNN ELENA
Published: December 2008

This paper examines, mainly at the theoretical level, current academic debates around private environmental governance, private regulation and its role (or not) in management choices over shared groundwater resources. The conclusions reached are based on a literature review and a theoretical analysis to give possible points for discussion and potential research questions.
Vision‐Enhancing Interventions in Nursing Home Residents and Their Short‐Term Effect on Physical and Cognitive Function
Authors: Elliott Amanda F. , McGwin Gerald , Owsley Cynthia
Published: December 2008

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the effect of vision‐enhancing interventions (cataract surgery or refractive error correction) on physical function and cognitive status in nursing home residents.

DESIGN: Longitudinal cohort study.

SETTING: Seventeen nursing homes in Birmingham, Alabama.

PARTICIPANTS: A total of 187 English‐speaking adults aged 55 and older.

INTERVENTION: Participants took part in one of two vision‐enhancing interventions: cataract surgery or refractive error correction. Each group was compared against a control group (persons eligible for but who declined cataract surgery or who received delayed correction of refractive error).

MEASUREMENTS: Physical function (ability to perform activities of daily living and mobility) was assessed using a series of self‐report and certified nursing assistant ratings at baseline and at 2 months for the refractive error correction group and at 4 months for the cataract surgery group. The Mini Mental State Examination was also administered.

RESULTS: No significant differences existed within or between groups from baseline to follow‐up on any of the measures of physical function. Mental status scores significantly declined from baseline to follow‐up for the immediate (P=.05) and delayed (P<.02) refractive error correction groups and for the cataract surgery control group (P=.05).

CONCLUSION: Vision‐enhancing interventions did not lead to short‐term improvements in physical functioning or cognitive status in this sample of elderly nursing home residents.
Cooperative Innovation Projects: Capabilities and Governance Mechanisms*
Authors: Bosch‐Sijtsema Petra M. , Postma Theo J. B. M.
Published: December 2008

This paper is concerned with how firms in a project‐based industry cooperate in technological innovation projects in the construction industry. The main focus of the paper is on the sharing of capabilities in cooperative innovation projects and how these cooperations are governed. A knowledge‐based perspective is applied, and four cooperative innovation projects in the construction industry are compared. Based on the case studies, a set of propositions is defined. First, a cooperation aimed at a mutual strategic benefit in mutually gaining access to the knowledge bases of the involved firms, while maintaining their own differentiated knowledge base, can result in more stable and long term relationships with mutual trust between the cooperating firms. Second, in a cooperation aimed at a mutual strategic benefit in mutually gaining access to the knowledge bases of the involved firms, partners not only gain access to each other's technological capabilities but also develop and share knowledge about organizational aspects and market situations and gain knowledge about the way of working of the partner firm. Third, in a cooperation aimed at mutual strategic benefit in mutually gaining access to the knowledge bases of the involved firms, noncodifiability of the capabilities is conditional to create a win–win situation. And fourth, cooperation aimed at a mutual strategic benefit in mutually gaining access to the knowledge bases of the involved firms is based on mutual competence and intentional trust as its main governance mechanism, whereas contracting between market parties aimed at knowledge–output transactions is represented by limited trust and arms' length (contractual) relationships as its main governance mechanism.