bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Contraction-Mediated Glucose Transport in Skeletal Muscle is Regulated by a Framework of AMPK, TBC1D1/4 and Rac1
Authors: Wendt Christian de , Espelage Lena , Eickelschulte Samaneh , Springer Christian , Toska Laura , Scheel Anna , Bedou Awovi Didi , Benninghoff Tim , Cames Sandra , Stermann Torben , Chadt Alexandra , Al-Hasani Hadi
Published: September 2021

The two closely related RabGTPase-activating
proteins (RabGAPs) TBC1D1 and TBC1D4, both substrates for the AMP-activated
protein kinase AMPK, play important roles in exercise metabolism and contraction-dependent
translocation of the glucose transporter GLUT4 in skeletal muscle. However, the
specific contribution of each RabGAP in contraction signaling is mostly unknown.
In this study, we investigated the cooperative AMPK/RabGAP signaling axis in
the metabolic response to exercise/contraction using a novel mouse model
deficient in active skeletal muscle AMPK, combined with knockout of either Tbc1d1,
Tbc1d4 or both RabGAPs. AMPK-deficiency
in muscle reduced treadmill exercise performance. Additional deletion of Tbc1d1 but not Tbc1d4 resulted in further decrease in exercise
capacity. In oxidative Soleus muscle, AMPK deficiency reduced
contraction-mediated glucose uptake and deletion of each or both RabGAPs had no
further effect. In contrast, in glycolytic EDL muscle, AMPK deficiency
reduced contraction-stimulated glucose uptake and deletion of Tbc1d1 but not Tbc1d4 led to a further decrease. Importantly,
skeletal muscle deficient in AMPK and both RabGAPs still exhibited residual
contraction-mediated glucose uptake, which was completely abolished by
inhibition of the GTPase Rac1. Our results demonstrate a novel
mechanistic link between glucose transport and the GTPase signaling
framework in skeletal muscle in response to contraction.
Parliamentary Authority over Creditors’ Claims
Authors: Priest Claire
Published: September 2021

This chapter describes the history and impact of Parliament's Debt Recovery Act of 1732, which created a legal regime strengthening creditors' remedies against land and slaves throughout the British colonies in America and the West Indies. Parliament enacted the Debt Recovery Act in response to concerns among English creditors that the colonists were defeating their efforts to collect on debts by invoking traditional English legal protections to land. The merchants were interested in the laws of Virginia and Jamaica, where planters relied on credit to purchase an increasing supply of slave labor. With some exceptions, colonies relying heavily on slave labor to produce staple crops were more likely than other colonies to uphold the English protections to land and inheritance from unsecured creditors. A second concern driving Parliament's enactment of the Debt Recovery Act was that colonial legislatures might at any time enact laws characterizing slaves as “land” and thereby make the slaves legally immune from seizure by creditors under English law.
Property, Institutions, and Economic Growth in Colonial America
Authors: Priest Claire
Published: September 2021

This chapter places the book's description of how property rights were defined, enforced, and managed in the British American colonies within the economic history literature. As scholars have identified, property rights are central to both political and economic life. The chapter then considers the complexities in making causal claims about the effect of property law and legal institutions in colonial America on economic growth. First, slavery was central to colonial American economic history and complicates the understanding of the colonial past and its legacies. Second, it examines the current economic history literature on growth rates in colonial British America that provides insufficient data to support a causal claim that legal institutions affected growth. Finally, it discusses the central tradeoff, from an economic standpoint, of a legal regime that is centered on maximizing the remedies available to creditors. The focus in British colonial America on protecting creditors' immediate economic interests with few protections for debtors increased the financial risk in the society. To fully understand the impact of laws and institutions relating to credit markets, it is important to consider the tradeoff between growth and the problems that stem from financial risk.
Forgery in the Chancery? Bishop Anno at Worms
Authors: Roach Levi
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the forgeries of Bishop Anno at Worms. The main texts comprised by the Worms forgeries have long been known. But new light is shed on the subject by a privilege of Louis the Pious of 814, which has only recently been the subject of scholarly scrutiny. The diploma in question confirms Worms's immunity and grants its dependents partial exemption from military service — they are only to serve in cases of need, and then are to do so under direct episcopal oversight. Ultimately, the Worms counterfeits are a symptom of change, a sign of the bishopric's growing ambitions and developing sense of corporate identity. By producing a more useful past, Anno and his associates served the present. It was a means of situating immediate concerns at Worms, Ladenburg, and Wimpfen in relation with the past. And as ever with cultural memory, the focus was on those rights (immunity and tolls) and individuals who were most constitutive of local identity. According to the German couple Jan and Aleida Assmann, Hildibald B was involved in a process of canonization, whereby the bishopric's undifferentiated past was winnowed down to a few iconic moments.
Forging Episcopal Identity: Pilgrim at Passau
Authors: Roach Levi
Published: September 2021

This chapter details how, in 1854, the young Berlin-educated historian Ernst Dümmler made an arresting discovery: most of the early documents concerning the bishopric of Passau had been forged. What is more, these forgeries could be associated with Bishop Pilgrim, who oversaw the Danube River see between 971 and 991. The chapter then briefly surveys Pilgrim's earliest years. Pilgrim identified Passau not only with an earlier bishopric at Lorch, but with a metropolitan past there. The result was one of the most famous forgery complexes of the Middle Ages: a set of false papal privileges and imperial diplomas tracing Passau's history back to this alleged antique (archiepiscopal) past. Like Anno, Pilgrim was providing evidence for rights he and his church had enjoyed, but for which he lacked documentation. Though his forgeries extend into more recent years (at least in the case of the false bulls), as at Worms, the ultimate focus is historical: recent texts are used to buttress the earlier ones, and the diplomas are all placed at a safe remove.
Conclusions
Authors: Roach Levi
Published: September 2021

This concluding chapter reflects on how forgery took many forms in western Europe around the year 1000. The forgers of the tenth and eleventh centuries behaved much like the authors of narrative history; they were acutely aware of, yet keen to reduce, the gulf between past and present. Forgery might even be seen as an extension of the classical tradition of rhetorical fiction (fictio), which allowed rhetors (and, by extension, historians) a degree of literary licence in making their case. Forged charters were thus less proofs, in the modern sense, than parts of an argument. Forgery in the tenth and eleventh centuries was, therefore, as much about memory and identity as property and rights. The chapter then looks at the emergence of imitative script in the second half of the tenth century, as well as the development of literate mentalities and of documentary practices. The significance of these developments lies in the fact that new documentary forms demanded adjustments to earlier records, by means of either subtle improvement or outright forgery. As ideas about liberty, immunity, and exemption evolved, so too did the expectations of earlier documents conferring these.
Uncivil Mirth
Authors: Carroll Ross
Published: September 2021

The relaxing of censorship in Britain at the turn of the eighteenth-century led to an explosion of satires, caricatures, and comic hoaxes. This new vogue for ridicule unleashed moral panic and prompted warnings that it would corrupt public debate. But ridicule also had vocal defenders who saw it as a means to expose hypocrisy, unsettle the arrogant, and deflate the powerful. This book examines how leading thinkers of the period searched for a humane form of ridicule, one that served the causes of religious toleration, the abolition of the slave trade, and the dismantling of patriarchal power. It brings to life a tumultuous age in which the place of ridicule in public life was subjected to unparalleled scrutiny. It shows how the Third Earl of Shaftesbury, far from accepting ridicule as an unfortunate byproduct of free public debate, refashioned it into a check on pretension and authority. The book examines how David Hume, Mary Wollstonecraft, and others who came after Shaftesbury debated the value of ridicule in the fight against intolerance, fanaticism, and hubris. Casting Enlightenment Britain in an entirely new light, the book demonstrates how the Age of Reason was also an Age of Ridicule, and speaks to our current anxieties about the lack of civility in public debate.
A Polite Diogenes?
Authors: Carroll Ross
Published: September 2021

This first chapter upends the view that Shaftesbury's 1708 Letter Concerning Enthusiasm, the letter that earned him his notoriety for defending ridicule, targets religious fanatics, High Church clerics, and other deviants from the Whig common sense of his day. It reveals how Shaftesbury's project was far more ambitious in scope. The Earl did not limit his ridicule to enthusiasts or priests but instead, drawing on the ancient Stoics and Cynics, sought to shock his readers into revising their beliefs and adopting a sociable religious disposition more conducive to toleration. It was the first indication that Shaftesbury was elevating ridicule from a conversational art to a vehicle for enlightenment.
Conclusion
Authors: Carroll Ross
Published: September 2021

This chapter concludes that the ridicule debate in Enlightenment Britain can spur political theorists to rethink their approach to these problems or, at the very least, confront complexities that their eighteenth-century forebears brought into focus. Taking the complexities of the politics of ridicule requires avoiding the extremes of Hobbesian pessimism and Shaftesburian optimism while preserving the insights of both. The ridicule debate in Enlightenment Britain can be informative beyond what it suggests about the civility or incivility of ridicule. It also secures against any easy association of ridicule with freedom. Attending to the ridicule debate should make political theorists think twice about the relationship between ridicule and democracy. An upsurge in ridicule can reflect an atmosphere of intolerant moral absolutism rather than scepticism.
In My Time of Dying
Authors: Parker John
Published: September 2021

This book is the first detailed history of death and the dead in Africa south of the Sahara. Focusing on a region that is now present-day Ghana, the book explores mortuary cultures and the relationship between the living and the dead over a 400-year period spanning the seventeenth to twentieth centuries. The book considers many questions from the African historical perspective, including why people die and where they go after death, how the dead are buried and mourned to ensure they continue to work for the benefit of the living, and how perceptions and experiences of death and the ends of life have changed over time. From exuberant funeral celebrations encountered by seventeenth-century observers to the brilliantly conceived designer coffins of the late twentieth century, the book shows that the peoples of Ghana have developed one of the world's most vibrant cultures of death. The book explores the unfolding background of that culture through a diverse range of issues, such as the symbolic power of mortal remains and the dominion of hallowed ancestors, as well as the problem of bad deaths, vile bodies, and vengeful ghosts. The book reconstructs a vast timeline of death and the dead, from the era of the slave trade to the coming of Christianity and colonial rule to the rise of the modern postcolonial nation. With an array of written and oral sources, the book richly adds to an understanding of how the dead continue to weigh on the shoulders of the living.
Introduction
Authors: Parker John
Published: September 2021

This chapter is concerned about death, dying and the dead in Africa. It focuses on one region of the continent, encompassed by the present-day nation of Ghana, but the chapter seeks to contribute to an understanding of the history of death more broadly. It presents the book's chronological reach, extending over some four centuries, from around 1600 to the 1950s. Indeed, the use of Ghana as a case study was in part determined by a desire to think about changing perceptions, experiences and cultures of mortality in Africa over as long a period as possible. The chapter argues that the long history of encounter and creativity of continent's diverse state-builders, the Akan, and the British is fundamental to the project of writing about death across the divide between the precolonial and colonial eras of African history. Ultimately, the chapter unveils the author's interest and inspiration in writing the relationship between the living and the dead in West Africa.
Body, Soul and Person
Authors: Parker John
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how the African peoples of the Gold Coast and its hinterland conceived the body, the soul and the person. It investigates what was seen to constitute a human being and what happened to those elements after death. To think historically about death, we need too to think about being alive. Just as the living know that one day their bodily existence will come to an end and they will join the ranks of the dead, so the dead — whether they are aware of the fact or not — were once living people. The chapter argues that the ideas about what constitutes a person, about the relationship between the person and the physical body, and about what remains of that personhood once the body itself is dead and buried are fundamental to how any society approaches matters of mortality. These issues have been of considerable interest to scholars of many parts of Africa and elsewhere in the non-Western world: first to colonial-era ethnographers and sociologists wishing to establish typologies of so-called primitive thought, and more recently to those concerned to interrogate and destabilize these typologies. The chapter aims to sketch a set of normative logics, drawing on some key seventeenth- and eighteenth-century sources, together with later ethnographic works and secondary scholarship. The task will then be to insert these logics into history.
Faces of the Dead
Authors: Parker John
Published: September 2021

This chapter reviews the most visible material manifestation of funerary culture on the Gold Coast and in its forest hinterland before the twentieth century: commemorative terracotta sculptures of the dead. The chapter notes that the Akan and their neighbours were parsimonious when it came to artistic engagement with the dead. Unlike in many societies, from ancient Egypt to medieval Christian Europe and on to modern Mexico, death in Ghana has not left a powerful visual residue. Even within West Africa, the Akan region is notable for the absence of art that served to mediate with ancestors and the spirit world: in contrast to cultural zones to the west, north and east, it had, for example, no masking tradition. The chapter looks at the role of the terracottas within the wider Akan funerary complex. It focuses on the evocative sculptures, but the aim, in the spirit of Sir Thomas Browne's reflections on ancient British burial urns, is that they illuminate something of that broader history of death.
Executive Orders
Authors: Rudalevige Andrew
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides some background on the collation of executive orders generally, then details the creation of the institution of “central clearance” in the Office of Management and Budget (OMB). Central clearance has served as both a proactive and protective process for presidents since the 1930s, especially after OMB (then known as the Bureau of the Budget) moved into the Executive Office of the President from the Treasury Department in 1939. It matches well with the kind of “governance structure” an information-seeking president might rationally construct in order to evaluate and winnow proposals for executive action.
Introduction
Authors: Tharaud Jerome
Published: September 2021

This chapter provides a background on the relationship of religious media and the landscape in the antebellum United States in order to rethink the meaning of space in American culture. It traverses a range of genres and media including sermons, landscape paintings, aesthetic treatises, abolitionist newspapers, slave narratives, novels, and grave markers. It also traces the birth of a distinctly modern form of sacred space at the nexus of mass print culture, the physical spaces of an expanding and urbanizing nation, and the religious images and narratives that ordinary Americans used to orient their lives. The chapter investigates the efforts of Protestant evangelical publishing societies to teach readers to use the landscape to understand their own spiritual lives and their role in sacred history. It talks about the “evangelical space” that ultimately spread beyond devotional culture to infuse popular literature, art, and politics.
The Human Medium
Authors: Tharaud Jerome
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines Harriet Beecher Stowe's work for one of the nation's most prominent evangelical newspapers, the New-York Evangelist. It recounts how Stowe's literary apprenticeship altered the cultural significance of the most popular book in nineteenth-century America. It cites several pieces Stowe's work published in the Evangelist between 1835 and 1852, which reframed Uncle Tom's Cabin as a sustained reflection on modern media. It also explains how Stowe theorized the human itself as a medium through which information, feeling, and divine power circulate by crafting a novel that scrutinizes the problems of apocalyptic interpretation. The chapter explores how Stowe became the medium through which a distinctive form of modern sacred space reached a vast reading public and stamped itself indelibly on American culture. It reconsiders the cultural significance of Uncle Tom's Cabin by reframing it as the culmination of Stowe's early writing career in the evangelical press.
Explaining the NRA’s Power
Authors: Lacombe Matthew J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter lays out a framework for answering why supporters of gun rights are so dedicated to their cause and why the National Rifle Association (NRA) and its members have such an important place in the Republican Party. It discusses how the NRA has crafted a worldview around guns, consisting of both a gun owner social identity and a broader political ideology. The chapter then looks into greater detail about each of these central ideas: the ideational resources of identity and ideology, and the party–group alignment that has been so central to the NRA's more recent political power. The chapter ends by circling back to the previous chapter's discussion of political power, exploring what the NRA can teach us about how power is built and exercised.
“America’s First Freedom”
Authors: Lacombe Matthew J.
Published: September 2021

This chapter employs the same American Rifleman editorials and gun control-related letters to explain how the National Rifle Association (NRA) has created a gun-centric political ideology, in which gun rights are central to a broader set of issue positions, and thus how gun rights became so closely related to contemporary conservatism in the United States. For many gun owners, gun rights stand at the center of a broader political ideology that embraces liberty, nationalism, limited government, and law and order. The chapter addresses the roots of this ideology and its relation to the gun owner identity by examining NRA's decades-long efforts to build an ideology around gun rights. Working in conjunction with its group identity, the NRA's ideology comprises the second stream of the gun-centric worldview it has used to advance gun rights. This group ideology increases the political unity of gun rights supporters — they are similar not just in their shared support for gun rights, but also along a broader range of issue positions and values. In connecting gun rights to other issues, the chapter unveils how ideology linked the gun owner identity to other politically relevant identities, strengthening each.
Why Mars Matters
Authors: Weintraub David A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter recounts how Mars has always attracted the attention of sky watchers on Earth, whether portrayed as the Greek, Roman, Babylonian, or Hindu God of War, or as the Chinese or Japanese Fire star. It mentions that the Incas named the planet Auqakuh, while it was called Simud in ancient Sumer and Ma'adim in ancient Hebrew. It also describes Mars as a planet that stood out as a special object in the sky that is comparable in brightness only to Venus, Jupiter, and Saturn. The chapter emphasizes how Mars is more colorful in the nighttime sky than the other planets as it appears red in color much of the time. It also explores humanity's attraction to the idea of life on Mars.
Misty Mars
Authors: Weintraub David A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter considers the invented craft of spectroscopy as one of the important research techniques used by mid-nineteenth-century astronomers to the study of Mars. It details how the tools of spectroscopy led to the discovery of proof for the presence of water on the surface and in the atmosphere of Mars. It also discusses that the knowledge that water exists on Mars made astronomers believe they had proof that Mars had an Earth-like climate and that the red patches on Mars were vegetation. The chapter explains that spectroscopy involves channeling a beam of light from any source through a prism or a grating, which spreads the light out into its constituent colors, allowing scientists to study the details of brightness and faintness of the different colors. It mentions William Huggins and William Allen Miller, who suggested that the Mars's red color is a consequence of its inability to reflect violet and blue light.
Sniffing Martian Air with Curiosity
Authors: Weintraub David A.
Published: September 2021

This chapter begins with NASA's entrance to the Mars rover business with the launch of the Pathfinder mission in 1997 and mentions the Sojourner that puttered around the surface of Mars at a speed of about 1.5 feet per minute. It recounts how the Sojourner survived for 83 days before running out of power. It also talks about the great success of the Sojourner, proving NASA had the wherewithal to land robotic rovers on Mars. The chapter points out that the Sojourner had little impact as a science mission, but the goal for the rover was engineering and the next step for NASA was to make bigger, better rovers capable of doing significant science. It refers to Sojourner's successors, the Spirit and Opportunity rovers, which were launched in June and July 2003.
This Place We Call Home
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter analyzes human relationships in both the personal and the political sphere. It examines how real love targets certain individuals and endows them with some special features that make them (for us) unique. Nation-states are no different; they would like their members to believe that they were destined for each other, a quintessential band of brothers whose bonding is special, different from all other similar bonds. The chapter also demonstrates how nationalism operated much the same way. It states that not all nations are exceptional, not all homelands can possibly be the most beautiful of all, however, we feel our nation to be unique. The chapter assumes that the same mechanism that allows us to fall in love, create friendships and partnerships, and favor those we care about also works in the case of nationalism. Ultimately, the chapter explores national claims using two distinct and incompatible discourses: the first tells a story meaningful only to fellow nationals, and the second encompasses the universal dimension and situates the national phenomenon within a general framework.
The Birth of a Nationalist
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter explores the differences between nationalists and globalists. The chapter asserts that being a nationalist or a globalist is not a constitutive state of mind; on the contrary, in light of changing circumstances, individuals locate themselves at different points along the global—national (G—N) continuum. The chapter sheds new light on the correlation among education, rationality, and the way individuals position themselves on the G—N continuum. It argues that individuals are better of if they structure their preferences in light of actual risks and opportunities. The chapter also recounts social and economic circumstances affecting a person's scheme of risks and opportunities. The chapter elaborates the discussion concerning moral luck. It also assesses the impact of Lockean proviso, in which individuals have the right to acquire as much private property as they can (mostly land in Locke's days), as long as what they leave behind for others is enough and “as good.”
The Nationalism of the Affluent
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter discusses the origin of the second kind of nationalism. It analyzes how members of minority nations are lured to question the existing national/political status quo when political power is eroded and the state faces a legitimization crisis. Yet, unlike the nationalism of the vulnerable that seeks to strengthen the nation-state, separatist nationalism wishes to seize the moment and loosen existing political frameworks. The chapter then elaborates the aims of separatism to recruit the support of all fellow nationals and form a cross-class coalition. In this sense, it is an inclusive kind of nationalism that labors to make its reference group as large and prosperous as possible. The chapter then turns to explore the power of utilitarian arguments to determine the construction of future states. Ultimately, it analyzes how the European Union led to the reemergence of small nations' nationalism. The chapter notes that today's separatist nationalism is the nationalism of small affluent nations that were oppressed by the threshold principle and were excluded from the national discourse because of utilitarian considerations.
A Race to the Bottom
Authors: Tamir Yael
Published: September 2021

This chapter unfolds the basis of a new social contract that sets out innovative ways of redistributing risks and opportunities. It also discusses how “committed nationalism” — the nationalism of mutual responsibility that places fellow nationals at the top of one's social priorities — may help to rebuild social solidarity. The chapter then turns to talk about the alliance of conservatives and social democrats, rallying around the nation-state and looking to bring the elites back home in the name of both nationalism and social justice. It demonstrates how the political balance tilted in the direction of the nationalism of the vulnerable rather than in the direction of the nationalism of the affluent. As we enter the age of a new and caring nationalism, the chapter explains four moves that must be taken to tame the new nationalism and make it more liberal and tolerant. Finally, the chapter reviews the significance of reviving the sense of social and political optimism and collective pride that allows individuals and societies to envision a better future for themselves and for the coming generations.
Lay Elites under Arab Rule
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: September 2021

This chapter makes the case that the seventh century did not see the immediate disappearance of the landowning elite in the Levant. It discusses how the melting away of the Roman state created opportunities for the aristocracy to enrich itself. It also refers to the tax structures of the new state that forced the aristocrats to find new avenues to power and influence, such as state administration or church hierarchy. The chapter uses letters and saints' lives to chart how many aristocracies benefited from the collapse of the Roman and Sasanian empires before the caliphs started to reassert their authority and demand higher taxes in the eighth century. It describes how non-Muslim, landed aristocrats persisted in many areas and Muslim patrons who protected the elites' interests.
Patriarchs and Bishops
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: September 2021

This chapter investigates the period circa 740 to 842, which was particularly rich for history writing within the Jacobite church. It details how the writings in history provided a means of charting the lineage of the patriarchs of the Jacobite church and delineating the appropriate behaviour of contemporary patriarchs and bishops using models from the past. It also examines the layered narratives that Dionysius provided for the period of 'anarchy' and then turns to Dionysius' depiction of his own generation. The chapter highlights the shift in the recruitment of patriarchs from Qartmin to other monasteries, such as Qenneshre, Dionysius' alma mater. It notes the change in the criteria for patriarchal tyranny between the eighth-century historians and Dionysius.
Changing Centres of Power
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines how pre-Islamic elites survived into the ninth century and how ancient claims to ecclesiastical authority came into conflict with the new settlements created by the Arab conquerors of the Middle East. It describes the Kufa and Basra in southern Iraq and Fustat in Egypt as the most famous settlements, which were later joined by smaller centres such as Wasit, Merv, Shiraz, and Mosul. It also mentions conquerors in the amṣār that were paid cash stipends from the revenue generated by taxes, which in turn organized Islamic justice and governance. The chapter identifies three trends in the changing geography of power in the first three centuries of Arab rule in the Middle East. It includes the shift toward a small number of significant cities, the growing centralization of government, and the movement of the centre of power.
Takrit and Mosul
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: September 2021

This chapter argues that the city of Takrit benefited most from the economic development of Baghdad and southern Iraq by cultivating a widespread trading diaspora and by seeing one of its sons become the first eastern patriarch. It looks at evidence from Deir es-Surian that testified to western links and the channelling of Takrit's wealth into education and the collection of manuscripts. It also discusses how Takritian diaspora sponsored its own churches, often revering Iraqi saints and festivals. The chapter highlights the Takritians' growing assertiveness that led the community into conflict when they refused to acknowledge the metropolitan of Mosul. It provides a good example of how Mosul's earlier preeminence was challenged by the new economic and political prominence of Takrit.
Worldviews and Communal Boundaries
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: September 2021

This chapter examines liturgical commentaries and patriarchal legislation, which are taken for granted in the ecclesiastical and political history of the chronicles. It shows how the liturgy created a self-contained, self-sustaining worldview in households that would have welcomed the church's policing of marriage to outsiders. It also talks about Muslim military success, which was irrelevant to the soteriological purpose of the church and Christian history that was forced to focus on the events of Christ's life. The chapter argues that the legislation of the period reveals the increasing administrative sophistication of the church's revenue raising and its intervention in the arrangement of marriages and betrothals. It suggests that in regions that saw the settlement of powerful, militarized Arab groups, the heads of Christian households would have welcomed the church's policing of marriage to outsiders.
Conceptions of Suryaya Identity in the Sixth to Ninth Centuries
Authors: Wood Philip
Published: September 2021

This chapter deals with the ways in which Muslim rule changed Jacobite conceptions of the past. It explores Dionysius' innovative discussion of the relationship between language, ethnicity, and ancient history, which was highly influential for his successor Michael the Syrian. It also charts the use of ethnic language in John of Ephesus, the Chronicle of Zuqnin, and Dionysius. The chapter situates their changing usage in the context of immigration by new ethnic groups and the development of a discourse of ethnicity that emphasized kingship. It considers the existence of a second discourse of ethnic prestige, namely scientific achievement, which Dionysius was probably aware of but deliberately avoided because of its pagan connotations.
Escalation
Authors: Guoqiang Dong , Walder Andrew G.
Published: September 2021

This chapter details how, by the end of June 1967, the lines of factional conflict in Feng County were sharply drawn, with no resolution in sight. Each faction, Paolian and Liansi, had firm backing from different branches of the military hierarchy. Paolian relied heavily on the soldiers from the People's Liberation Army's (PLA) 68th Army, while Liansi relied on the People's Armed Department (PAD) and its network of militia that reached into rural communes. As the battle lines were drawn, each side sent delegations to the prefecture capital in Xuzhou, seeking support from either the Xuzhou Garrison, controlled by the 68th Army, or the military subdistrict headquarters, which was in charge of county-level PADs. What these delegations did not initially know was that similar factional conflicts had already developed in Xuzhou City, stimulating rebel defiance of the political order imposed by the 68th Army. This served to deepen the conflicts in Feng County and led to the escalation of violence.
PELATIHAN DIGITALISASI UMKM DAN PEMBUATAN AKUN E-COMMERCE
Authors: Pubiyanti Intan , Putra Aldi Dharma , Setiawan Budhi , Hibatulloh Muhammad Hafidh , Ambar Saputri Niken Ayu , Sepsiana Wahyu Susilowati
Published: September 2021

The purpose of training activities for digitizing Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and creating an E-Commerce account for the “Kelompok Wanita Tani” (KWT) is to help the KWT UKM community in solving the problems they face in an effort to develop a business, ranging from aspects of production and business management to especially in terms of marketing based on digitalization of MSMEs, which are expected to create economic independence and increase their business income. Specific targets in the UMKN digitalization training and KWT E-Commerce account creation are: 1) production programs; 2) Programs in Financial Management; and 3) Programs in marketing. Training on digitizing MSMEs and creating E-Commerce accounts was held on February 18 and March 02, 2021. This training and creation of E-Commerce accounts is aimed at KWT SMEs for Mandiri, Kenanga, and Cempaka businesses. E-Commerce made includes Shoppe, Facebook and Instagram accounts. It is hoped that with the training on digitizing MSMEs and creating E-Commerce accounts, people will form innovative entrepreneurs in the marketing process, independent and responsive to market demands so that they will make a positive contribution to society and the environment
PELATIHAN PEMBUATAN HANDSOAP DI SMP NEGERI 23 KRUI KECAMATAN LEMONG PESISIR BARAT SEBAGAI UPAYA PENANGGULANGAN COVID-19
Authors: Kiswandono Agung Abadi
Published: September 2021

Tujuan pelatihan adalah melatih kreativitas serta menanamkan wawasan sejak dini pada anak-anak sekolah tingkat Sekolah Menengah Pertama (SMP) Negeri mengenai pentingnya cuci tangan untuk pencegahan Covid-19 di Desa Lemong. Selain melihat implikasi sosialisasi ini untuk kesehatan masyarakat, kegiatan ini juga diharapkan dapat menciptakan usaha kecil untuk meningkatkan perekonomian masyarakat Desa Lemong melalui pengembangan pembuatan handsoap dengan bahan baku kimia yang mudah diperoleh di toko bahan-bahan kimia. Metode dalam pendampingan ini yaitu dengan menggunakan pendekatan dalam memberikan pemahaman pentingnya pengabdian masyarakat ini. Adapun langkah-langkah dalam pendampingan ini menggunakan tiga tahapan yaitu tahapan persiapan kegiatan, pelaksanaan kegiatan, dan penyelesaian kegiatan. Hasil yang diperoleh yaitu sebelum pendampingan ini dilaksanakan sebagian besar peserta didik di SMP Negeri 23 Lemong belum tahu bagaimana cara pembuatan handsoap dari bahan kimia. Setelah dilakukan sosialisasi pemahaman tentang cara pembuatan handsoap siswa SMP Negeri 23 Lemong terjadi peningkatan pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam pembuatan handsoap dari bahan kimia. Menurut hasil survei yang dilakukan, pengetahuan siswa meningkat dan juga sudah paham betul cara mencegah dan menghindari Covid-19 dilihat dari presentase sejumlah 100%.
CONTORNOS DA GESTÃO ESCOLAR NO BRASIL
Authors: Machado Cristiane , Bravo Maria Helena
Published: September 2021

Este artigo explora as respostas dos questionários contextuais dos diretores na Prova Brasil de 2007 e 2015 com o objetivo de analisar informações relativas ao perfil dos diretores e às práticas de gestão escolar democrática por eles declaradas. O tratamento das informações arquivadas nos microdados do banco de dados do Inep foi realizado por meio do software R. Os resultados do estudo apontam para um perfil do gestor escolar brasileiro majoritariamente do sexo feminino (80%), com ensino superior (94,08%), formado há mais de 8 anos (77,5%) e com especialização (74,5%). Destaca-se a redução do percentual de diretor que ingressou no cargo por meio de eleição (36,8% em 2007 e 32,1% em 2015), o aumento de acesso ao cargo por indicação (42,8% em 2007 e 51% em 2015) e, em 2015, a opção de concurso como alternativa para ingresso no cargo, sendo que o estado São Paulo se sobressai com 35,9% dos diretores concursados.
DOSSIÊ TEMÁTICO: Vicissitudes de uma década
Authors: Machado Cristiane , Scaff Elisangela
Published: September 2021

É com muita satisfação que apresentamos o Dossiê comemorativo aos dez anos da Revista Exitus. Na classificação de bodas e jubileus, dez anos remete ao estanho, elemento químico classificado como um metal maleável e resistente que, ao formar ligações químicas pode tanto doar quanto receber elétrons para atingir a estabilidade.
Tendo seu primeiro número publicado em 2011, a Revista Exitus, a exemplo do estanho, recebe força das políticas de fortalecimento da Universidade pública, materializadas na criação da Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará – UFOPA, em 2009, e também confere força ao movimento de criação do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação desta Universidade, efetivado em 2013.
Maleabilidade e resistência são características apropriadas para definir a revista Êxitus, cujo cenário progressista de criação se reverte nos anos seguintes por influência de movimentos radicais conservadores que ameaçam qualquer forma de organização e avanço da ciência no Brasil. Nessa conjuntura, a resistência da Revista Êxitus se expressa pela interlocução que estabelece com pesquisadores/as em nível nacional e internacional, expandindo suas bases de indexação para a América Latina e a Europa.
THE CLASSIC TYPE OF EHLERS–DANLOS SYNDROME: DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS AND PECULIARITIES OF PATIENT MANAGEMENT
Authors:   Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics named after Academician Yuri Veltischev of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia, Semyachkina А.N. , Nikolaeva E.А. ,   Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics named after Academician Yuri Veltischev of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia, Zabrodina А.R. ,   Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics named after Academician Yuri Veltischev of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia, Melikyan L.P. ,   Research and Clinical Institute for Pediatrics named after Academician Yuri Veltischev of the Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Moscow, Russia
Published: September 2021

The Classic Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (cEDS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary disease caused by type V collagen defect. The incidence of pathology is estimated at 1:20,000 of the population. The results of a long-term (15 years) follow-up of a group of patients (n=18) with cEDS, including 5 boys and 13 girls aged from 3 to 18 years, are presented. The diagnosis was made based on the presence of 2 large and 5 small international diagnostic criteria in all patients. The progreduated character of the disease is shown, which is most obvious in the dynamics of the state of the musculoskeletal system. Genetic verification of the diagnosis was performed in 6 patients; 5 probands had mutations in the COL5A1 gene, and one in the COL5A2 gene. Mutations already registered in the database were detected only in 2 children. Previously unknown substitutions were found in 4 patients. The article presents the issues of differential diagnosis of this severe pathology and touches upon the issue of continuity between medical pediatric specialists and doctors of various specialties working with the adult population.
CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM DAMAGE IN CHILDREN WITH COVID-19
Authors:   N.P. Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Russia, Balykova L.A. , Vladimirov D.O. ,   N.P. Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Russia, Krasnopolskaya A.V. ,   N.P. Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Russia, Soldatov O.M. ,   N.P. Ogarev Mordovia State University, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Russia,   Mordovian Republican Children’s Clinical Hospital, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Russia, Ivyanskaya N.V. ,   Mordovian Republican Children’s Clinical Hospital, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Russia, Shchekina N.V. ,   Mordovian Republican Children’s Clinical Hospital, Saransk, Republic of Mordovia, Russia
Published: September 2021

Coronavirus infection poses a particular danger in relation to decompensation of existing chronic diseases and specific damage to the cardiovascular system (CVS) both during an acute infection and during convalescence. Objective of the study: to summarize current knowledge about the potential involvement of CVS in the development and progression of acute COVID-19 infection and multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS) in children and to form an sense of the predictive value, diagnostic tactics and treatment of cardiac anomalies during the coronavirus pandemic. A search was performed in MEDLINE, PubMed, e-library using the search terms «cardiovascular disease in COVID-19/MIS in children», «congenital heart disease/pulmonary hypertension/prolonged QT interval and COVID-19 in children» to identify articles published from April 1, 2020 to May 1, 2021. A literature review indicates that cardiac disorders associated with the new coronavirus infection in children, in the vast majority of cases, developed during MIS, which manifests itself in the form of febrile fever, external signs of Kawasaki disease, hyperinflammatory state and multi-organ damage with an emphasis on CVS. Cardiovascular symptoms occur in the vast majority of children with MIS, and in more than half of the patients – by the type of myocardial dysfunction and/or shock, somewhat less often – in the form of ECG changes, pericardial effusion, сoronary artery ectasia. Against the background of treatment with steroids, intravenous human immunoglobulin (IVIG) and biologic drugs in combination with inotropic support in almost all children, the morphofunctional characteristics of CVS are restored to normal or subnormal levels in a few days. The need for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation and lethal cases are rare. The possibility of developing myocarditis (including fatal), pulmonary hypertension and cardiac arrhythmias associated with COVID-19 in pediatric patients with discussion of possible pathophysiological mechanisms was also described. Long-term observation of this category of persons is necessary due to the uncertain prognosis and the risk of progression of cardiac manifestations. An early comprehensive diagnosis of cardiac disorders and monitoring of the identified changes in children with MIS and acute coronavirus infection are needed.
Psychological and pedagogical problems of the implementation of inclusive education and the directions of their solution
Authors: Prodanova Natalia Alekseevna , Savin Alexander Alexeevich , Savin Ilya Alexanderovich , Chabieva Tanzila Savarbekovna , Dragulenko Vladislav Vladimirovich , Kiseleva Elena Mikhailovna
Published: September 2021

The inclusive education of children requires teachers to have an adequate attitude to a special child in a children's team, the ability to provide him with psychological and pedagogical support and reveal the creative potential of each child. In this regard, the question arises about the need for high-quality training of specialists in the field of pedagogy and psychology for inclusive educational institutions. The qualitative realization of the educational needs of each child, regardless of his physical, mental and intellectual abilities, depends on the psychological and pedagogical competence of specialists engaged in the educational process. And first of all, an important component of the professional competence of specialists here is psychological readiness for pedagogical work with children in an inclusive education. The purpose of the work is to investigate the psychological and pedagogical problems of the implementation of inclusive education and the directions of their solution.
International political uncertainty and institutional instability as a response to COVID-19
Authors: Streltsov Evgeny Sergeevich , Isaeva Viktoriia Vladimirovna , Dalyanova Violetta Marselevna , Vozdvizhenskaia Alina Pavlovna , Karsakova Dina Sergeevna
Published: September 2021

The article examines the features of international political uncertainty and institutional instability that act as a reaction to COVID-19. It is concluding that the greater the "non-stationary" component of the business environment, the less important are the long-term dynamic opportunities and the less reliable are the models aimed at predicting policy changes. By focusing exclusively on the basic institutions or specific risks, a firm can easily lose sight of where, why and by whom the unknowns are generated, and what this threatens it in the future. This implies the need for greater progress towards a real option strategic logic with components of strategic and operational modularity, which allows for flexible response to changes in the institutional environment. Business analysts in the coming years should focus on the specific qualities of political leaders and how they influence countless firm decisions. Perhaps this is the only way to give firms and managers a chance to adapt to a rapidly changing global situation.