bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Systematics and distribution of the living and fossil small barn owls of the West Indies (Aves: Strigiformes: Tytonidae)
Authors: SUÁREZ WILLIAM , OLSON STORRS L.
Published: August 2020

After reviewing the systematics and distribution of the living and fossil small West Indian taxa of Tytonidae (Tyto), we reached the following conclusions: (1) Strix tuidara J. E. Gray, 1827, type locality of Brazil, is the earliest available and correct name to be used in a binomen for New World mainland barn owls; (2) the North American mainland subspecies Tyto tuidara pratincola (Bonaparte, 1838), new combination, is resident in the Bahamas (“Tyto perlatus lucayanus” Riley, 1913, is a synonym), where it probably did not colonize until after the European introduction of Rattus Fischer, in Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti) where it became established in the 20th century, and subsequently in Puerto Rico; (3) Tyto furcata (Temminck, 1827) of Cuba, Jamaica and the Cayman Islands is a different species restricted to its insular distribution, with “T. alba niveicauda” Parkes & Phillips, 1978, of the Isle of Pines (now Isla de la Juventud) as a synonym; (4) the distinct species Tyto glaucops (Kaup, 1852), now endemic to Hispaniola, once occurred in Puerto Rico, as the fossil species “T. cavatica” Wetmore, 1920, is here shown to be a synonym; (5) the smallest taxon Tyto insularis (Pelzeln, 1872) of the southern Lesser Antilles is treated as a separate species, in which the nominate subspecies T. i. insularis (St. Vincent, Grenada, and the Grenadines) differs slightly but consistently in coloration from T. i. nigrescens (Lawrence, 1878) of Dominica; (6) another barn owl, Tyto maniola, new species, of this group of small tytonids from the West Indies inhabited Cuba during part of the Quaternary, and is here named and described.
Extreme Precipitation Changes in Europe from the Last Millennium to the End of the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Huo Ran , Li Lu , Chen Hua , Xu Chong-Yu , Chen Jie , Guo Shenglian
Published: August 2020

In this study, we aim to better understand the current and future projections of precipitation extremes in Europe in the context of climatic variability over a long-term period from the last millennium to the end of the twenty-first century. The daily gridded precipitation data from five global climate models (GCMs) of phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) are chosen to investigate natural variability and precipitation extremes during the last millennium (850–1849), the historical (1850–2005) period, and two representative concentration pathway (RCP2.6 and RCP8.5) scenarios (2006–99). First, the seasonal and annual precipitation and extreme statistics from GCMs are evaluated using reconstruction and observation. Second, the spatial and temporal patterns of extreme precipitation from GCMs are investigated from the last millennium to the end of the twenty-first century. Meanwhile, the characteristic changes of extreme precipitation for the five regions of Europe are further analyzed. The results revealed the following: GCMs underestimate extreme precipitation and overestimate mean precipitation compared with the observations from European Climate Assessment and Dataset (ECA&D); the majority of Europe except southern Europe will most likely have large magnitude increases in the extreme precipitation and mean precipitation in the future under both RCP scenarios; there is no systematic change of precipitation extremes from the last millennium to the historical period from all GCMs; and larger magnitude increases are shown in 100- and 200-yr than in 5- and 10-yr return period precipitation from both RCP scenarios. In addition, short-duration extreme precipitation will most likely increase more than longer-duration extremes.
Seasonal Dependency of Tropical Precipitation Change under Global Warming
Authors: Geng Yu-Fan , Xie Shang-Ping , Zheng Xiao-Tong , Wang Chuan-Yang
Published: August 2020

Tropical precipitation change under global warming varies with season. The present study investigates the characteristics and cause of the seasonality in rainfall change. Diagnostically, tropical precipitation change is decomposed into thermodynamic and dynamic components. The thermodynamic component represents the wet-get-wetter effect and its seasonality is due mostly to that in the mean vertical velocity, especially in the monsoon regions. The dynamic component includes the warmer-get-wetter effect due to the spatial variations in sea surface temperature (SST) warming, while the seasonality is due to that of the climatological SST and can be largely reproduced by an atmospheric model forced with the monthly climatological SST plus the annual-mean SST warming pattern. In the eastern equatorial Pacific where the SST warming is locally enhanced; for example, rainfall increases only during the March–May season when the climatological SST is high enough for deep convection. To the extent that the seasonality of tropical precipitation change over oceans arises mostly from that of the climatological SST, the results support the notion that reducing model biases in climatology improves regional rainfall projections.
The Impact of SST Biases in the Tropical East Pacific and Agulhas Current Region on Atmospheric Stationary Waves in the Southern Hemisphere
Authors: Garfinkel Chaim I. , White Ian , Gerber Edwin P. , Jucker Martin
Published: August 2020

Climate models in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) vary significantly in their ability to simulate the phase and amplitude of atmospheric stationary waves in the midlatitude Southern Hemisphere. These models also suffer from a double intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), with excessive precipitation in the tropical eastern South Pacific, and many also suffer from a biased simulation of the dynamics of the Agulhas Current around the tip of South Africa. The intermodel spread in the strength and phasing of SH midlatitude stationary waves in the CMIP archive is shown to be significantly correlated with the double-ITCZ bias and biases in the Agulhas Return Current. An idealized general circulation model (GCM) is used to demonstrate the causality of these links by prescribing an oceanic heat flux out of the tropical east Pacific and near the Agulhas Current. A warm bias in tropical east Pacific SSTs associated with an erroneous double ITCZ leads to a biased representation of midlatitude stationary waves in the austral hemisphere, capturing the response evident in CMIP models. Similarly, an overly diffuse sea surface temperature gradient associated with a weak Agulhas Return Current leads to an equatorward shift of the Southern Hemisphere jet by more than 3° and weak stationary wave activity in the austral hemisphere. Hence, rectification of the double-ITCZ bias and a better representation of the Agulhas Current should be expected to lead to an improved model representation of the austral hemisphere.
Evaluating the Utility of Drought Indices as Soil Moisture Proxies for Drought Monitoring and Land–Atmosphere Interactions
Authors: Yuan Shanshui , Quiring Steven M. , Zhao Chen
Published: August 2020

There are a variety of metrics that are used to monitor drought conditions, including soil moisture and drought indices. This study examines the relationship between in situ soil moisture, NLDAS-2 soil moisture, and four drought indices: the standardized precipitation index, the standardized precipitation evapotranspiration index, the crop moisture index, and the Palmer Z index. We evaluate how well drought indices and the modeled soil moisture represent the intensity, variability, and persistence of the observed soil moisture in the southern Great Plains. We also apply the drought indices to evaluate land–atmosphere interactions and compare the results with soil moisture. The results show that the SPI, SPEI, and Z index have higher correlations with 0–10-cm soil moisture, while the CMI is more strongly correlated with 0–100-cm soil moisture. All the drought indices tend to overestimate the area affected by moderate to extreme drought conditions. Significant drying trends from 2003 to 2017 are evident in SPEI, Z index, and CMI, and they agree with those in the observed soil moisture. The CMI captures the intra- and interannual variability of 0–100-cm soil moisture better than the other drought indices. The persistence of CMI is longer than that of 0–10-cm soil moisture and shorter than that of 0–100-cm soil moisture. Model-derived soil moisture does not outperform the CMI in the 0–100-cm soil layer. The Z index and CMI are better drought indices to use as a proxy for soil moisture when examining land–atmosphere interactions while the SPI is not recommended. Soil type and climate affect the relationship between drought indices and observed soil moisture.
Shaping Mobile Worlds in Asia: Human and Nonhuman Socialities
Authors: Low Kelvin E.Y. , Abdullah Noorman , Ho Elaine Lynn-Ee
Published: August 2020

In these difficult, pressing and uncertain times, migration and mobility in Asia have been incorporated into the projects of state institutions, media and a range of civil society actors. These agendas engender and shape debates that include belonging and exclusion; social mobility and inequality; conflict, violence and persecution; economic growth and labor market outcomes; state regulation, governance and governmentality; as well as diversity and innovation. Where migratory flows and mobility are advancing significant economic, social, political, environmental and ethical concerns, it becomes imperative for us to rethink and unpack these core concepts in creative and multidisciplinary ways. To do so, we assemble a group of scholars from disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, and geography who work on a variety of topics related to migration studies, sensory scholarship, anthropology of documents, religion, knowledge mobilities, citizenship, and education. Various case studies to be featured in this special issue include Timor Leste, Singapore, Indonesia, China, Malaysia, Sri Lanka, India, and Taiwan. Collectively the authors critically consider the centrality of both human and non-human actors in constituting the different types, degree, and scales of migration and mobility. The articles in this collection engage with how people, objects, things, deities, discourses, and knowledge move across the different and multiple pathways that constitute everyday life in Asia, the shared regional focus of our various research projects. The collection further elicits the connectivities (or entanglements) and comparisons evinced in our individual research, and collectively, with the goal of critically revisiting and reworking our conceptual toolkits and methodologies.
Sexual Excitement and Countertransference Love in the Analyst
Authors: Gabbard Glen O.
Published: August 2020

The psychoanalytic literature has been remarkably silent on the subject of erotic countertransference feelings. The recent emphasis on transference-countertransference enactments in the analytic setting has resulted in increased openness about development of suck feelings. Several key themes appear to be involved in the analyst's sexual excitement, including loss of the “as-if” nature of transference and countertransference, a measure of hostility and contempt, the perception of a deficit state in the patient, a defense against loss and mourning, and oedipal and preoedipal enactments involving a variety of gender configurations. These themes are illustrated with clinical material. The differences between those analysts who contain and constructively process erotic countertransference and those who destructively act it out are also discussed. The crucial role of consultation with a colleague is emphasized as a valuable recourse.
Barriers to Love between Patient and Analyst
Authors: Coen Stanley J.
Published: August 2020

Analysts tend to avoid the full range and force of love and hate in themselves and in their analysands. Such affective constriction in the analyst interferes with full analysis of patients’ defenses against passionate feelings, loving and hating. I contend that our analytic ego ideal tends to encourage constriction and discomfort with our loving feelings for analysands. My intention is not to advise analysts to love their patients, but to focus carefully on mutually constructed barriers that serve to prevent loving feelings in the analytic setting. I describe some of my loving feelings toward two analysands and some of the obstacles with which I had to struggle in order to preserve such feelings for the sake of these patients’ analytic growth and change.
Recorded Flexible Nasolaryngoscopy for Neonatal Vocal Cord Assessment in a Prospective Cohort
Authors: Chorney Stephen R. , Zur Karen B. , Buzi Adva , McKenna Benoit Margo K. , Chennupati Sri K. , Kleinman Stacey , DeMauro Sara B. , Elden Lisa M.
Published: August 2020

Objective:

Assessing vocal cord mobility by flexible nasolaryngoscopy (FNL) can be difficult in neonates. To date, prospective studies evaluating the incidence and diagnostic accuracy of vocal cord paralysis (VCP) after surgical patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) ligation are limited. It is unknown whether video FNL improves diagnosis in this population. This study compared video recordings with bedside evaluation for diagnosis of VCP and determined inter-rater reliability of the diagnosis of VCP in preterm infants after PDA ligation.

Methods:

Prospective cohort of preterm neonates undergoing bedside FNL within two weeks of extubation following PDA ligation. In a subset, FNL was recorded. Two pediatric otolaryngologists, blinded to the initial diagnosis, reviewed the FNL video recordings.

Results:

Eighty infants were enrolled and 37 with a recorded FNL were included in the cohort. Average gestational age at birth was 25.2 weeks (SD: 1.2) and postmenstrual age at FNL was 37.0 weeks (SD: 4.5), which was 9.5 days (SD: 14.7) after extubation following PDA repair. There were 6 diagnosed with left VCP (16.2%; 95% CI: 4.3-28.1%) at bedside, and 9 diagnosed by video review (24.3%; 95% CI: 10.5-38.1%) ( P = .56). Videos confirmed all 6 VCP diagnosed initially, but also identified 3 additional cases. Though imperfect, reviewing FNL by video showed substantial reliability (kappa = .75), with 91.9% agreement.

Conclusion:

Video recorded FNL most often confirms a bedside diagnosis of VCP, but may also identify discrepancies. Physicians should consider the limitations of diagnosis especially when infants persist with symptoms such as weak voice or signs of postoperative aspiration.

Level of Evidence

2b
Making Ageing a Global Agenda: India, China and Beyond
Authors: Sivaramakrishnan Kavita
Published: August 2020

Demographic debates in the decades following the 1960s have shaped much of the discourse on population ageing across the world. This paper traces these discourses and research agendas that led to the understanding of demographic transitions in the developed and developing world. The policies were mostly articulated by demographers from the US and ageing was seen more as a challenge for the West. The questions addressed in this paper are that apart from the predictable and unchanging vulnerabilities of ageing voiced earlier by anthropologists and social workers in the 1940–1950s, what were the new risks being articulated by development experts? Once a diffused ‘world’ agenda was articulated and largely left adrift without resources, what were its afterlives? How did experts in various parts of the world redeploy the global ageing agenda and plan to assert various other alignments? Where did China and India figure in this? The paper locates the debates on India and China in the afterlives of the World Assembly on Ageing held in Vienna in 1982.
Book review: Rory Medcalf, Indo-Pacific Empire: China, America and the Contest for the World’s Pivotal Regions
Authors: Kachiar Adveetya
Published: August 2020

Rory Medcalf, Indo-Pacific Empire: China, America and the Contest for the World’s Pivotal Regions (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 2020), pp. 310, £27.00, ISBN: 9781526150783
Book review: Els van Dongen, Realistic revolution: Contesting Chinese history, culture, and politics after 1989
Authors: Tankha Brij
Published: August 2020

Els van Dongen, Realistic revolution: Contesting Chinese history, culture, and politics after 1989 (Cambridge University Press, 2019), pp. 276, US$99.99, ISBN: 9781108421300.
Identity work in refugee workforce integration: The role of newcomer support organizations
Authors: Nardon Luciara , Zhang Hui , Szkudlarek Betina , Gulanowski Daniel
Published: August 2020

How does professional employment support provided by newcomer support organizations (NSOs) influence highly-skilled refugees’ professional identities and workforce integration? To answer this question, we draw on interviews with 25 managers and staff of NSOs in Canada and 11 recently arrived, highly-skilled refugees. We contribute to the literature on refugee workforce integration by shedding light on the dynamic process of employment support in which NSOs engage in sensegiving practices and influence refugees’ understanding of career options, assessment of opportunities, and their professional identity responses. We found that NSOs attempted to manage refugees’ expectations of career opportunities while fostering hope for the future and that refugees reacted to NSOs’ sensegiving practices by resisting expectation management messages, recrafting a new identity, or bracketing the present as transitory. We highlight the role of external agents in sensemaking and identity work by exploring work role transitions caused by forced migration. Furthermore, we uncover the dynamics of power and contextual constraints that influence sensegiving interactions. From a practical point of view, we argue that in the absence of quality employment opportunities, the reliance on refugees’ resilience and their motivation for long-term professional integration may further marginalize them.
Effects of Two Approaches to Rhythmic Dictation
Authors: Buonviri Nathan O.
Published: August 2020

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of two listening strategies on rhythmic dictation scores. In a within-subjects design, 54 undergraduate music majors completed two-measure rhythmic dictations under each of three conditions: (a) no prescribed approach, (b) required listening before writing, and (c) required writing while listening. The first condition gauged participants’ baseline preference for the approach of the second or third condition. Repeated-measures t tests revealed a significant difference in test scores between the second and third conditions but no significant difference as a function of participants’ preferred strategy. Results suggest that some amount of simultaneous sketching may be helpful to students as they take dictation of rhythms, a common task in aural skills development both in and of itself and as a first phase of melodic dictation. Aural skills instructors should consider the potential benefits of sketching as an anchoring activity during dictation and discuss strategies explicitly with students. Helping high school and college students see how and why various strategies for dictation may be appropriate for particular task parameters can help them integrate component skills of listening, comprehension, and notation most effectively.
Changes in Dental Benefits and Use of Emergency Departments for Nontraumatic Dental Conditions in Massachusetts
Authors: Ranade Ashwini , Young Gary , Garcia Raul , Griffith John , Singhal Astha , McGuire Jean
Published: August 2020

Objectives

Research examining the effect of changes in Medicaid dental benefits on emergency department (ED) use for dental conditions has had mixed results. We examined the effect of changes in Medicaid dental benefits on ED use for nontraumatic dental conditions (NTDCs) among adults in Massachusetts before and after Medicaid dental benefits for adults were eliminated (July 2010) and partially restored (January 2013).

Methods

We used 2009-2013 data from the Massachusetts All-Payer Claims Database. The study population included Medicaid enrollees aged ≥21 who made a visit to the ED for an NTDC that was paid for by Medicaid during the study period. We used an interrupted time-series study design and segmented regression model to assess the effect of the policy changes on ED use for NTDCs. We also conducted a subanalysis by patient age, sex, and geographic location.

Results

During the study period, 21 731 Medicaid enrollees aged ≥21 made 35 660 NTDC ED visits. Eliminating comprehensive dental benefits led to a significant increase in the use of EDs for NTDCs. This increase occurred over time (11% increase at 15 months after elimination of comprehensive dental benefits; estimate, 0.64 [95% CI, 0.07-1.21]; P = .03) rather than immediately after the policy change took effect. The partial restoration of certain dental benefits led to a significant decrease in the rate of ED visits for NTDCs over time (15.7% decrease at 5 months after partial restoration of certain dental benefits; estimate, –0.97 [95% CI, –1.83 to –0.11]; P = .03).

Conclusion

Strengthening dental coverage policies for adult Medicaid enrollees could decrease their reliance on EDs for NTDCs.
Teachers’ Psychological Distress in North Carolina: An Analysis of Urban versus Non-Urban School Districts
Authors: Lee Shanique J. , York Portia Marie , Williams John A. , Richardson Sonyia C. , Davis Alicia W. , Williams Brian Keith , Lewis Chance W.
Published: August 2020

Teachers experience a great deal of psychological distress. However, there is a gap in the literature concerning the difference between the distress of teachers working in urban schools versus those in non-urban schools. Thus, the present study utilizes data from the 2018 North Carolina Teacher Working Conditions Survey to conduct a statistical analysis of the agreeability differences between urban and non-urban teachers’ responses to constructs with implications for their psychological well-being. The results reveal some differences between urban teachers and non-urban teachers. Suggestions are offered to key stakeholders to better support the psychological well-being of teachers.
Development of Protective Factors for Reducing Juvenile Reoffending: A Strengths-Based Approach to Risk Assessment
Authors: Barnes-Lee Ashlee R.
Published: August 2020

This study described the development of the Protective Factors for Reducing Juvenile Reoffending (PFRJR), a strengths-based measure to assess responsivity, guide case management, and potentially predict desistance. The study employed two diverse independent samples: a construction sample ( N = 278) and a validation sample ( N = 265) of juveniles under court supervision in a Midwestern juvenile court. Factor analyses revealed two factors—the Individual/Community domain includes items that measure prosocial attitudes and perceived access to resources in the community; the Family domain includes items that measure prosocial involvement with family and peers. The PFRJR had good model fit, strong internal consistency, and is related to risk in the theoretically appropriate direction. This research highlights the practicability of incorporating a strengths-based measure into traditional risk assessment procedures within an applied setting and contributes to the paucity of risk assessment research that examines strengths-based theoretical models and assessment protocols.
Volunteer Use as a Service Delivery Alternative: The Case of Law Enforcement Agencies
Authors: Kang Seong C.
Published: August 2020

Few studies have explored the question of why public agencies use volunteers in service provision. Using data from a survey of law enforcement agencies in the United States, this study explores the factors associated with volunteer officer involvement. Key findings suggest that resource deficiency is strongly associated with the degree of using volunteer officers, while the presence of an active collective bargaining agreement is somewhat mixed. Agencies that encourage officers to engage in collaborative problem-solving with the community are more likely to use volunteer officers. The results provide important insight regarding the factors associated with volunteers in public services.
Clinical Approaches to Migrating Ingested Foreign Bodies in the Neck
Authors: Ho Nien-Hsuan , Chang Feng-Chi , Wang Yi-Fen
Published: August 2020

This report presents 2 unusual cases along with a review of the current literature. Further, it aims to propose an algorithm for the initial surgical management of migrating ingested foreign bodies, focusing on the use of fluoroscopy, rigid laryngopharyngoscopy, and an external surgical approach. A 42-year-old man presented with progressive odynophagia after swallowing a fish bone 20 days previously, and a 60-year-old woman presented with a painful enlarging mass over the left lower neck for 1 month. The first case involved a horizontally oriented pharyngeal fish bone with a portion in the neck, which was removed under fluoroscopic guidance and rigid laryngopharyngoscopy in succession. In the second case, there was an extraluminal fish bone that had migrated into the sternocleidomastoid muscle, which was retrieved through cervical incision. All foreign bodies were removed without complications. To the best of our knowledge, this is the second report of fluoroscopy-guided ingested foreign body retrieval and the first one with a proposed algorithm for the management of migrating ingested foreign body in the neck. The location and orientation of migrating ingested foreign bodies as well as their relation to structures in the neck are important factors in determining the surgical approach.
Multiple Upper Aerodigestive Tract Masses Presenting With Stridor—A Rare Case of Aggressive Multifocal Extramedullary Plasmacytoma
Authors: Bujoreanu Iulia , Hogan Chris , Virk Jagdeep S.
Published: August 2020

Extramedullary plasmacytomas represent a rare group of B-cell malignancies that arise outside the bone marrow and their disease process is still poorly understood. Here, we will describe a case of a 76-year-old patient who presented with a large chest wall and subglottic mass causing airway compromise and stridor. Biopsies showed atypical plasma cells with prominent nucleoli which were in keeping with an extramedullary plasmacytoma. Disease progressed despite surgical debulking, targeted radiotherapy, and multiple chemotherapy regimens. Although response to treatment is classically good, patients occasionally present with aggressive disease.
A Meta-Analytic Review of Hypodescent Patterns in Categorizing Multiracial and Racially Ambiguous Targets
Authors: Young Danielle M. , Sanchez Diana T. , Pauker Kristin , Gaither Sarah E.
Published: August 2020

Research addressing the increasing multiracial population (i.e., identifying with two or more races) is rapidly expanding. This meta-analysis ( k = 55) examines categorization patterns consistent with hypodescent, or the tendency to categorize multiracial targets as their lower status racial group. Subgroup analyses suggest that operationalization of multiracial (e.g., presenting photos of racially ambiguous faces, or ancestry information sans picture), target gender, and categorization measurement (e.g., selecting from binary choices: Black or White; or multiple categorization options: Black, White, or multiracial) moderated categorization patterns. Operationalizing multiracial as ancestry, male targets, and measuring categorization with binary or multiple Likert-type scale outcomes supported hypodescent. However, categorizing multiracial targets as not their lower status racial group occurred for female targets or multiple categorization options. Evidence was mixed on whether perceiver and target race were related to categorization patterns. These results point to future directions for understanding categorization processes and multiracial perception.
The Block Item Pocket Method for Reviewable Multidimensional Computerized Adaptive Testing
Authors: Lin Zhe , Chen Ping , Xin Tao
Published: August 2020

Most computerized adaptive testing (CAT) programs do not allow item review due to a decrease in estimation precision and aberrant manipulation strategies. In this article, a block item pocket (BIP) method that combines the item pocket method with the successive block method to realize reviewable CAT was proposed. A worst-case but still reasonable answering strategy and the Wainer-like manipulation strategy were simulated to evaluate the estimation precision of reviewable unidimensional computerized adaptive testing (UCAT) and multidimensional computerized adaptive testing (MCAT) under a series of BIP settings. For both UCAT and MCAT, it was found that the estimation precision of the BIP method improved as the number of blocks increased or the item pocket size decreased under the reasonable strategy. The BIP method was more effective in handling the Wainer-like strategy. With the help of block design, the BIP method can still maintain acceptable estimation precision under slightly large total IP size conditions. These results suggested that the BIP method was a reliable solution for both reviewable UCAT and MCAT.
The Influence of Corporate Social Responsibility on Incumbent Employees: A Meta-Analytic Investigation of the Mediating and Moderating Mechanisms
Authors: Zhao Xiaoping , Wu Chuang , Chen Chao C. , Zhou Zucheng
Published: August 2020

This article reviews 86 studies and uses meta-analytical methods to investigate how perceived corporate social responsibility (CSR) impacts employee attitudes and behaviors and to identify the mediating mechanisms and boundary conditions. An initial review of this body of research finds a multitude of mediators but a limited focus on CSR typology as a potential moderator. Drawing upon social exchange theory, we develop and test two multivariate mediation models to integrate and synthesize three most-studied mediating mechanisms: organizational justice, organizational trust, and organizational identification. Meta-analyses find that while all three mechanisms within the parallel mediation model are equally significant in mediating the effect of perceived CSR on organizational commitment and job satisfaction, organizational identification is superior to organizational justice and organizational trust in mediating the effect of CSR perceptions on organizational citizenship behavior (OCB) and turnover intention. It is also found that although both mediation models adequately represent the accumulated empirical data, the sequential model is statistically superior to the parallel model. Although meta–structural equation modeling analyses reveal minimal differences between the broadly defined internal and external CSR perceptions, significant heterogeneity exists between perceived CSR and the outcome variables. The additional analyses suggest that significant differences exist between more specific stakeholder CSR types. In summary, this article extends our understanding of how employees perceive and respond to CSR through multiple sociopsychological mechanisms in additive and sequential fashions and how such responses could differ depending on the specific stakeholder subgroups targeted by CSR. Theoretical contributions and future research directions are also discussed.
Toxicity of Detergent-based Commercial Products on Cells of a Mouse Line in Suspension Culture as a Possible Screen for the Draize Rabbit Eye Irritation Test
Authors: Kemp R.B. , Meredith R.W.J. , Gamble S. , Frost M.
Published: August 2020

Summary

The Draize rabbit eye irritation test has several disadvantages and inadequacies when used as an indicator for potential irritancy of detergent-based commercial products. As a possible in vitro screen, it was decided to use mouse LS cells cultured in suspension, taking 50% cell death (CD50) after exposure to the product for 4h as the endpoint. This figure for 11 formulations was compared with eye irritation data ranked using an arbitrary classification of mild, moderate and severe. All samples with a CD50 less than 0.5mg/ml were severe eye irritants, while most of those with a CD50 greater than 1.0mg/ml were mild irritants. Samples between these two cytotoxicity levels were, in general, moderately irritant to the rabbit eye.

It would appear that this in vitro test is a possible screen for the irritancy of detergent-based products.
Computer Simulation of Animal Systems in the Medical School Laboratory
Authors: Walker James R.
Published: August 2020

Summary

Many generations of medical students learned more than just the principles of the basic medical sciences from experimental animals. Animals have also provided them with their first opportunity to become acquainted with the characteristics of living tissue. It has long been contended that the number of animals used in medical teaching was greater than was necessary to meet the second objective. Until the advent of low cost microcomputers, however, there was no way to diminish animal use without compromising the quality of instruction. Computer programs simulating both human and animal systems are being developed at several institutions which will improve teaching while reducing the number of animals used. The advantages and disadvantages of the simulations are discussed.
On the Application of Cultured Neuronal Cell Lines in Neurotoxicological Studies: Cytotoxicity of Acrylamide
Authors: Walum Erik
Published: August 2020

Summary

Acrylamide, a well known neurotoxic compound, was used in a first evaluation of cultured mouse neuroblastoma cells as an alternative to animal models for neurotoxicological studies. Hence, the effects of acrylamide on the growth, size, morphology and leucine incorporation of three neuroblastoma (41A3, N18 and N1E115), one neuroblastoma x glioma hybrid (NG108CC15), two glioma (138MG and C6) and two fibroblast (RLF and RMC) cell lines were studied. It was found that the concentration of acrylamide needed to inhibit the growth by 50% in 24 hr was similar in all cell lines, i.e. around 2 x 10-4g/ml culture medium. In the two cell lines, N1E115 and NG108CC15, acrylamide at this concentration caused neurite retraction and at higher concentrations (5 x 10-4g/ml) a decrease in cell viability. In a concentration range of 5 x 10-5 - 5 x 10-4g/ml acrylamide did not affect cell size, or at 2 x 10-4g/ml incorporation of leucine into trichloroacetic acid precipitable material. It is suggested that acrylamide interferes with a biochemical process common to all the tested cells, but of greater importance in differentiated nerve cells than in others. Whether this process is consistent with the in vivo target for the neurotoxic action of acrylamide remains to be unravelled.
On the Application of Cultured Neuronal Cell Lines in Neurotoxicological Studies: Implications of Acrylamide-induced Neurite Disintegration
Authors: Nyberg Elisabet , Walum Erik
Published: August 2020

Summary

Cultures of the mouse neuroblastoma cell line C1300, clone N1E115 were exposed to acrylamide at 3.5 x 10-4M for 14 days (subacute situation) or at 2.8 x 10-3 M for 24 hr (acute situation).

In the subacute situation the total uptake of 2-deoxy-D-glucose was stimulated. This could be explained by an increase in both the non-specific diffusion and the specific transport. The activity of the glycolytic enzyme, enolase (EC4.2.1.11), was unaffected by exposure to acrylamide, whereas the activity of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate-dehydrogenase (EC1.2.1.12) was inhibited. Acrylamide had a marked stimulating effect on the respiratory activity of the cells, whereas the incorporation of tritiated leucine remained unchanged. Furthermore, membrane integrity was maintained throughout the acrylamide exposure as judged by an unchanged rate of 2-deoxy-D-glucose-6-phosphate efflux. Corresponding results were obtained in the acute situation. In N1E115 cultures and under the experimental conditions used in this work acrylamide caused neurite degeneration resembling distal axonopathy in vivo. It is suggested that these degenerative changes are not due to a general intoxication of the cells, but rather to a specific effect. Consequently, the N1E115 cell line might be useful in studies of chemically-induced axonopathies.
Effects of Subacute Concentrations of Acrylamide on the Morphology of Cultured Mouse Neuroblastoma N1E115 Cells: A Time-lapse Cinemicrographic Study
Authors: Walum Erik , Peterson Anders
Published: August 2020

Summary

A new technique, which permits continuous perfusion of cell cultures grown in standard tissue culture dishes, was adapted for use in the light microscope. In this system differentiated neuroblastoma N1E115 cells exposed to acrylamide (25μg/ml) for 14 days were studied and morphological alterations registered with time-lapse cinemicrography. In acrylamide-intoxicated cultures, growth cone activities and the appearance of neurites were normal during the first week. Thereafter paralysed growth cones and distal neurite swellings accompanied by distal neurite disintegration could be observed. As judged by gross morphology, most cell bodies remained unaffected. The similarities between these and previous observations and reported in vivo effects of acrylamide indicate the possibility of mechanistic studies of chemically-induced distal axonopathy in the simplified system of cultured neuroblastoma cells.
A Reproducibility Study of the Model Cavity Method for the In Vitro Toxicity Testing of Dental Restorative Materials
Authors: Meryon Sylvia D. , Uphill Pat F. , Cordery Ann D. , Browne Roger M.
Published: August 2020

A reproducibility study of the model cavity system for evaluating the in vitro cytotoxicity of dental restorative materials was undertaken at Birmingham Dental School and Huntingdon Research Centre. Using a precise experimental protocol drawn up following liaison between the two centres, a number of materials were tested independently. Toxicity was assessed by measurement of reduction in fibroblast and macrophage numbers relative to controls. Overall reproducibility was good, and the ranking of the toxicity of the test materials by both centres was almost identical.
Culture Techniques and Potential Research Applications of Human Hair Follicle Cells In Vitro
Authors: Vermorken A.J.M.
Published: August 2020

Since 1980, when human hair follicle cells were cultured in vitro for the first time, a whole series of techniques have been developed that render hair follicle keratinocytes as easy to handle in culture as fibroblasts. As a consequence, one can conclude that the need for a method providing for the routine cultivation of easily obtainable human primary epithelial cells has now been met, and it may be expected that more and more workers will use hair follicle keratinocytes for studies that specifically require human epithelial cells. The ease of culture and the ready availability of material may encourage workers to consider human hair follicle cell culture before either animal models or cultures of cells derived from invasive skin biopsies.
Cell Culture in the Biological Evaluation of Dental Materials: A Review
Authors: Wennberg Alf
Published: August 2020

Systematic research on dental materials began after World War I. For a long time the research was focused on the physical properties of the materials, and papers dealing with biological aspects were scarce. By the late 1950s a growing interest in biological responses to dental materials developed, and from the 1970s biological and physical evaluations were deemed equally important (1).

Mammalian cells have been maintained in vitro since the early years of this century, but the use of cultured cells to evaluate the effects of chemicals and drugs is a more recent occurrence. The first practical application of this technique was in pharmacological investigations (2), but applications in other fields soon followed, and in 1955 the first studies were reported where a cell culture technique had been applied to the biological evaluation of dental materials (3,4). Since then the use of cell culture systems in dental materials research has grown rapidly. The main application has been for the assessment of cytotoxic effects, and the purpose of this paper is to review different test methods and discuss some facets of the problems posed by the cytotoxicity testing of dental materials.
Numbers of Animals Used in Toxicological Experiments—With Particular Reference to the Federal Republic of Germany
Authors: Höfer-Bosse T. , Scharmann W.
Published: August 2020

Less than a quarter of all experimental animals in Europe are used in toxicological experiments, and most of these are performed by the pharmaceutical industry. Acute toxicity testing, mainly LD50 tests, accounts for a large proportion of toxicological studies.

There are no defined animal numbers for special safety requirements in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG). However, where the registration of chemical products in the FRG is concerned, numbers of animals used are documented.
Are Cultured Neonatal Rat Heart Cells a Suitable Model for Predicting Acute and Chronic Toxicity In Vivo?
Authors: Dorgelo Folke O. , Biessen Erik , Alink Gerrit M.
Published: August 2020

Beating heart cells isolated from neonatal rats were used in an in vitro assay for testing the influence of chemical compounds on beating frequency. Half of the studied compounds had a no-effect level (NEL) in vivo based on changes in body weight or organ weight. Correlations were obtained between in vivo parameters such as LD50 values in acute toxicity studies and NELs in chronic toxicity studies, and in vitro parameters such as reduction in beating frequency and arrest of contraction. The in vitro parameters correlated well with in vivo LD50 values, but poorly with NELs in vivo.
The Application of In Vitro Cytotoxicity Assays to the Water Industry
Authors: Hunt S.M. , Chrzanowska C. , Barnett C.R. , Fawell J.K.
Published: August 2020

This paper describes areas in which in vitro cytotoxicity assays may be of use to the water industry and reviews the studies that have already been published on water samples and water industry materials. In vitro cytotoxicity assays are useful in comparing aqueous samples and for testing of materials, but direct comparisons of test systems have not been carried out. At present, it is therefore unclear if any one method is particularly appropriate for use with water samples.
Refinement of Experimental Procedures
Authors: Silcock Sheila R.
Published: August 2020

Certain types of experiments using intact animals inevitably cause some suffering, ranging from psychological stress to physical pain or discomfort. The aim of refinement is to reduce such suffering to an absolute minimum, and if possible to eliminate it altogether. Ways of reducing environmental and handling stress, the use of anaesthesia and analgesia, the minimisation of aversive stimuli, the modification of severe endpoints, the limitation of survival times for animals with induced abnormalities, and the prediction of distress are discussed. It is essential that researchers recognise their animals as sensitive individuals, and that avoidance of animal suffering be regarded as a high research priority.
The Use of Microcomputer Simulations in Undergraduate Neurophysiology Experiments
Authors: Clarke K.A.
Published: August 2020

Practical classes in neurophysiology reinforce and complement the theoretical background in a number of ways, including demonstration of concepts, practice in planning and performance of experiments, and the production and maintenance of viable neural preparations. The balance of teaching objectives will depend upon the particular group of students involved. A technique is described which allows the embedding of real compound action potentials from one of the most basic introductory neurophysiology experiments—frog sciatic nerve, into interactive programs for student use. These retain all the elements of the “real experiment” in terms of appearance, presentation, experimental management and measurement by the student. Laboratory reports by the students show that the experiments are carefully and enthusiastically performed and the material is well absorbed. Three groups of student derive most benefit from their use. First, students whose future careers will not involve animal experiments do not spend time developing dissecting skills they will not use, but more time fulfilling the other teaching objectives. Second, relatively inexperienced students, struggling to produce viable neural material and master complicated laboratory equipment, who are often left with little time or motivation to take accurate readings or ponder upon neurophysiological concepts. Third, students in institutions where neurophysiology is taught with difficulty because of the high cost of equipment and lack of specific expertise, may well have access to a low cost general purpose microcomputer system.
A Multicentre Evaluation Study of In Vitro Cytotoxicity
Authors: Bernson V. , Bondesson I. , Ekwall B. , Stenberg K. , Walum E.
Published: August 2020

A programme for a multicentre evaluation study of in vitro cytoxicity (MEIC) is proposed. The programme will try to evaluate the correlation between both lethal and sublethal toxic effects in man and in vitro cytotoxicity. Animal toxicity data will be included, to provide an opportunity for evaluating the species gap between man and laboratory animals. A list of chemicals to be used in this study is presented.
A Hyperbaric Chamber for Observation of Cell Cultures at Pressure
Authors: Jenssen J. , Bolstad G. , Syversen T.
Published: August 2020

A chamber system has been constructed for the study of hydrostatic and gas pressure effects on cells in culture. The chamber is fitted with a phase contrast light microscope allowing direct observation and video recording of the cells at pressure. Cell differentiation over a period of hours to days may thus be recorded and taped from as many as 24 cell samples in the same experiment, using a time-lapse recording technique. Solutions may be introduced and removed through stainless steel tubing via an injection pump, thus providing the additional possibility of biochemical and pharmacological studies.
The Toxic Effects of Two Dental Materials on Human Buccal Epithelium In Vitro and Monkey Buccal Epithelium In Vivo
Authors: Arenholt-Bindslev D. , Hørsted-Bindslev P. , Philipsen H.P.
Published: August 2020

The aim of the present study was to compare the toxicity in vitro with the toxicity in vivo of two commercial chemicals marketed for use in the oral cavity (GLUMA BondR and 3M Etching LiquidR).

Confluent cultures of human buccal epithelial cells were exposed to graded concentrations of GLUMA Bond or 3M Etching Liquid for 5 minutes. The cytotoxic effects induced by this treatment were observed (cytomorphology, proliferation rate).

In vivo, monkey buccal epithelium was exposed to GLUMA Bond or 3M Etching Liquid for 5 minutes. Biopsies were taken after 24 hours, and the buccal epithelium processed for light microscopical examination.

In both models, the toxic reactions to GLUMA Bond were far more extensive than those caused by 3M Etching Liquid.
The Use of In Vitro Cultured Lymphocytes for Tracing Mutagenic Activities of Chemicals
Authors: Clausen J. , Nielsen S.A.
Published: August 2020

Lymphocytes from normal, non-smoking human individuals not taking drugs were isolated from the peripheral blood by means of the lymphoprep method. The cells were cultured in RPMI medium with 10% fetal calf serum and stimulated with Phytohemagglutinin. A mutagen such as 3-methylcholanthrene was added for varying periods of time. Then the subspecies of DNA, i.e. double and single stranded DNA (ds-DNA and ss-DNA), were separated by the alkaline elution technique and quantitated by fluorimetric estimation. The mutagen induced a significant rise in the level of ss-DNA, but no changes in ds-DNA could be traced. The time-dependent changes increased for at least four days of exposure, indicating that the repair enzymes were not able to compensate for the DNA damage.