bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Salsuginibacillus kocurii gen. nov., sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium from soda-lake sediment
Authors: Carrasco I. J. , Márquez M. C. , Xue Y. , Ma Y. , Cowan D. A. , Jones B. E. , Grant W. D. , Ventosa A.
Published: October 2007

A Gram-positive, endospore-forming, alkali-tolerant, moderately halophilic bacterium, designated strain CH9dT, was isolated from the sediment of Lake Chagannor in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. The cells were rod-shaped and motile. Isolate CH9dT grew at pH 5.8–10.0 (optimally at pH 8.5), at salinities of 3–20 % (w/v) marine salts (optimally at 10.0 %, w/v) and between 20 and 50 °C (optimally at 37 °C). The cell wall contained meso-diaminopimelic acid and the major respiratory isoprenoid quinone was MK-7. The predominant cellular fatty acids of strain CH9dT were anteiso-C15 : 0, anteiso-C17 : 0, iso-C17 : 0 and iso-C15 : 0 and its polar lipids consisted of diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylethanolamine and two unknown phospholipids. The G+C content of the DNA was 44.7 mol%. Strain CH9dT exhibited a 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity value of only 91 % with respect to Thalassobacillus devorans DSM 16966T and showed values below 91 % with respect to members of the genera Bacillus, Halobacillus and Marinococcus. Strain CH9dT could be clearly differentiated from its closest phylogenetic neighbours on the basis of several phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic features. Therefore, data from the polyphasic study support the placement of strain CH9dT in a novel genus and species, for which the name Salsuginibacillus kocurii gen. nov., sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is CH9dT (=CCM 7365T=CECT 7154T=CGMCC 1.6287T=DSM 18087T).
Burkholderia bryophila sp. nov. and Burkholderia megapolitana sp. nov., moss-associated species with antifungal and plant-growth-promoting properties
Authors: Vandamme Peter , Opelt Katja , Knöchel Nadine , Berg Christian , Schönmann Susan , De Brandt Evie , Eberl Leo , Falsen Enevold , Berg Gabriele
Published: October 2007

A polyphasic taxonomic study including DNA–DNA reassociation experiments and an extensive biochemical characterization was performed on 14 Burkholderia isolates from moss gametophytes of nutrient-poor plant communities on the southern Baltic Sea coast in northern Germany. The strains were classified within two novel species, for which the names Burkholderia bryophila sp. nov. and Burkholderia megapolitana sp. nov. are proposed. The former species also includes isolates from grassland and agricultural soil collected in previous studies. Strains Burkholderia bryophila 1S18T (=LMG 23644T =CCUG 52993T) and Burkholderia megapolitana A3T (=LMG 23650T =CCUG 53006T) are the proposed type strains. They were isolated from Sphagnum rubellum and Aulacomnium palustre, respectively, growing in the ‘Ribnitzer Großes Moor’ nature reserve (Mecklenburg-Pommern, Germany). All moss isolates of both novel species showed antifungal activity against phytopathogens as well as plant-growth-promoting properties.
Pedobacter duraquae sp. nov., Pedobacter westerhofensis sp. nov., Pedobacter metabolipauper sp. nov., Pedobacter hartonius sp. nov. and Pedobacter steynii sp. nov., isolated from a hard-water rivulet
Authors: Muurholm Sören , Cousin Sylvie , Päuker Orsola , Brambilla Evelyne , Stackebrandt Erko
Published: October 2007

Five isolates that were related phylogenetically to members of the genus Pedobacter were isolated from freshwater of the hard-water creek Westerhöfer Bach, North Germany. The five strains (WB 2.1-25T, WB 2.3-71T, WB 3.3-3T, WB 3.3-22T and WB 2.3-45T) were Gram-negative and chemoheterotrophic, with rod-shaped cells. Most of their metabolic properties matched those given in the description of the genus Pedobacter. Consistent with the genus description, their fatty acids included mainly iso-C15 : 0 and summed feature 3 (C16 : 1
ω7c, iso-C15 : 0 2-OH or both); C16 : 1
ω5c, C16 : 0, iso-C15 : 0 3-OH, C16 : 0 3-OH and iso-C17 : 0 3-OH were present in smaller amounts. The major isoprenoid quinone was menaquinone 7. With one exception, binary similarity values of the almost complete 16S rRNA gene sequences determined among the isolates as well as between the isolates and type strains of Pedobacter species were lower than 98.5 %. The only exception was the close relationship between Pedobacter caeni DSM 16990T and strain WB 2.3-45T (99.2 % similarity). DNA–DNA reassociation values determined for this pair of strains was 29.8 %, indicating that strain WB 2.3-45T represents a unique genospecies. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strains WB 2.1-25T and WB 2.3-71T form a group that is moderately related to P. caeni and strain WB 2.3-45T (98.5 % similarity). Strains WB 3.3-3T and WB 3.3-22T (98.5 % similarity) branched separately from these four organisms. The five phylogenetically isolated strains differed from each other as well as from the type strain of the type species (Pedobacter heparinus DSM 2366T) and some related representatives of the genus in several metabolic reactions and cultural parameters. On the basis of phenotypic and phylogenetic distinctiveness, five novel species are proposed: Pedobacter duraquae sp. nov., with WB 2.1-25T (=DSM 19034T=CIP 109481T) as the type strain; Pedobacter westerhofensis sp. nov., with WB 3.3-22T (=DSM 19036T=CIP 109479T) as the type strain; Pedobacter metabolipauper sp. nov., with WB 2.3-71T (=DSM 19035T=CIP 109480T) as the type strain; Pedobacter hartonius sp. nov., with WB 3.3-3T (=DSM 19033T=CIP 109468T) as the type strain; and Pedobacter steynii sp. nov., with WB 2.3-45T (=DSM 19110T=CIP 109507T) as the type strain.
Prevotella nanceiensis sp. nov., isolated from human clinical samples
Authors: Alauzet C. , Mory F. , Carlier J.-P. , Marchandin H. , Jumas-Bilak E. , Lozniewski A.
Published: October 2007

Three strains of anaerobic, non-pigmented, Gram-negative bacilli isolated from various human clinical samples were characterized in terms of phenotypic and genotypic tests, including sequence analysis of 16S rRNA and rpoB genes. The strains were most closely related to the type strains of Prevotella marshii and Prevotella shahii on the basis of both 16S rRNA (89.8 and 89.0 % identity, respectively) and rpoB gene sequences (83.1 and 82.8 % identity, respectively). Phylogenetic analysis showed that the isolates constituted a robust homogeneous group distinct from known species in the genus Prevotella. The rrn skeleton (as determined by PFGE) and the DNA G+C content, determined to be 39.4 mol% for strain LBN 293T, distinguished the novel isolates from the type strains of P. marshii and P. shahii. The three strains were saccharolytic and produced acetic, lactic and succinic acids as major metabolic end products. Polyphasic investigations supported the proposal of a novel species, Prevotella nanceiensis sp. nov., with LBN 293T (=AIP 261.03T =CIP 108993T =CCUG 54409T) as the type strain.
Devosia subaequoris sp. nov., isolated from beach sediment
Authors: Lee Soon Dong
Published: October 2007

A novel marine bacterium was isolated from a sediment sample from Hwasun Beach in Jeju, Republic of Korea. The cells were found to be Gram-negative, aerobic, oxidase-positive, catalase-positive, motile rods. The organism required natural seawater or artificial sea salts for growth. The temperature and pH ranges for growth were 20–42 °C and pH 5.1–12.1, respectively. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that the organism belonged to the order Rhizobiales and formed a robust cluster with members of the genus Devosia. Its phylogenetic neighbours were the type strains of Devosia riboflavina (96.8 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Devosia neptuniae (96.7 %), Devosia soli (96.5 %) and Devosia limi (96.2 %), ‘Devosia terrae’ DCY11 (96.2 %) and ‘Candidatus Devosia euplotis’ (96.2 %). The predominant ubiquinone was Q-10, the major fatty acids were C18 : 1, C18 : 0 and C16 : 0 and the G+C content of the DNA was 59.1 mol%. On the basis of phenotypic data and the results of phylogenetic analyses, strain HST3-14T represents a novel species of the genus Devosia, for which the name Devosia subaequoris sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is strain HST3-14T (=KCTC 12772T =JCM 14206T).
Polyphasic re-examination of Yarrowia lipolytica strains and the description of three novel Candida species: Candida oslonensis sp. nov., Candida alimentaria sp. nov. and Candida hollandica sp. nov.
Authors: Knutsen Ann Kristin , Robert V. , Poot G. A. , Epping Wendy , Figge Marian , Holst-Jensen A. , Skaar Ida , Smith Maudy Th.
Published: October 2007

The type strain of Yarrowia lipolytica and 38 strains identified as Yarrowia lipolytica, four strains of Candida deformans, including the type and two subcultures of the type, two strains of Candida galli and six unidentified strains that resembled Y. lipolytica were examined by PCR fingerprints using primers M13 and (GAC)5. The same strains, together with four strains of the recently introduced Candida yakushimensis nom. inval., were sequenced for the D1/D2 domain of the 26S rRNA gene and parts of the ITS domain and also studied for their physiological properties. Of the strains identified previously as Y. lipolytica, CBS 2076 had the same fingerprint as the type of C. deformans and strain CBS 4855 was distinct from all other strains. The six strains that resembled Y. lipolytica were separated into two groups distinct from any of the other clades. A total of six groups obtained by fingerprint and sequence data were evaluated by performing DNA reassociation reactions. Mating experiments among the 35 strains of Y. lipolytica
sensu stricto showed that 15 strains represented one mating type and 16 strains represented the opposite mating type, while four strains were self-sporulating. Teleomorph states were not produced by C. deformans, C. galli or any of the unidentified isolates. However, positive mating reactions were rarely observed in crosses among C. galli and some strains of Y. lipolytica and C. deformans. Consequently, sharing the same mating type system, C. deformans and C. galli could be considered anamorphs of unnamed Yarrowia species. Results from PCR fingerprints, sequencing and mating studies support the grouping of the studied strains into Y. lipolytica, C. galli, C. deformans, C. yakushimensis nom. inval. and three novel species in the Yarrowia clade: Candida oslonensis sp. nov. (type strain CBS 10146T =NRRL Y-48252T; Mycobank number MB 510769), Candida alimentaria sp. nov. (type strain CBS 10151T =NRRL Y-48253T; Mycobank number MB 510770) and Candida hollandica sp. nov. (type strain CBS 4855T =NRRL Y-48254T; Mycobank number MB 510771).
Chromohalobacter japonicus sp. nov., a moderately halophilic bacterium isolated from a Japanese salty food
Authors: Sánchez-Porro Cristina , Tokunaga Hiroko , Tokunaga Masao , Ventosa Antonio
Published: October 2007

A Gram-negative, non-spore-forming, rod-shaped, motile bacterium, designated strain 43T, was isolated from a Japanese salty food and then subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic study. Strain 43T is moderately halophilic, growing at NaCl concentrations in the range 5–25 % (w/v), with optimum growth between 7.5 and 12.5 % (w/v) NaCl. Growth occurs at temperatures from 15 to 42 °C (optimally at 28–37 °C) and at pH 5.5–9.0 (optimally at pH 7.0–8.0). A phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequence comparisons revealed that strain 43T belongs to the genus Chromohalobacter. The closest relatives were Chromohalobacter canadensis ATCC 43984T (99.3 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity), Chromohalobacter beijerinckii ATCC 19372T (99.1 %), Chromohalobacter sarecensis LV4T (98.3 %), Chromohalobacter nigrandesensis LTS-4NT (97.9 %) and Chromohalobacter marismortui ATCC 17056T (97.9 %). The DNA G+C content was 62.9 mol%, which is within the range described for the genus Chromohalobacter. DNA–DNA hybridization studies between strain 43T and C. canadensis CECT 5385T and C. beijerinckii DSM 7218T showed 38 and 49 % relatedness, respectively; lower DNA–DNA hybridization percentages were obtained with respect to other related Chromohalobacter species. The major fatty acids of strain 43T were C16 : 0, C19 : 0 cyclo ω8c and C12 : 0 3-OH. Overall, the phenotypic, genotypic and phylogenetic results demonstrated that strain 43T represents a novel species within the genus Chromohalobacter. The name Chromohalobacter japonicus sp. nov. is proposed, with strain 43T (=CECT 7219T =CCM 7416T) as the type strain.
Rubritalea spongiae sp. nov. and Rubritalea tangerina sp. nov., two carotenoid- and squalene-producing marine bacteria of the family Verrucomicrobiaceae within the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’, isolated from marine animals
Authors: Yoon Jaewoo , Matsuo Yoshihide , Matsuda Satoru , Adachi Kyoko , Kasai Hiroaki , Yokota Akira
Published: October 2007

Two Gram-negative, non-motile, coccoid or rod-shaped, chemoheterotrophic bacteria designated strains YM21-132T and YM27-005T were isolated from marine animals, and were subjected to a polyphasic taxonomic examination. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that the two isolates belong to the genus Rubritalea of the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’ (subdivision 1). The novel isolates shared approximately 97–98 % sequence similarity with each other and showed 93–97 % similarity with Rubritalea species of the family Verrucomicrobiaceae. The level of DNA–DNA relatedness between strains YM21-132T and YM27-005T was less than 70 %, which is accepted as the phylogenetic definition of a species. Both strains produced reddish carotenoid pigments and squalene. The cell wall peptidoglycan of both strains contained muramic acid and meso-diaminopimelic acid. The G+C contents of the genomic DNA were 48.0 mol% (strain YM21-132T) and 50.3 mol% (strain YM27-005T). The presence of MK-8 and MK-9 as the major isoprenoid quinones, and iso-C14 : 0, iso-C16 : 0 and C16 : 1
ω7c as the major cellular fatty acids supported the identification of the two novel strains as members of the genus Rubritalea. On the basis of polyphasic taxonomic studies, it was concluded that these strains should be classified as representing two novel, separate species in the genus Rubritalea within the phylum ‘Verrucomicrobia’, for which the names Rubritalea spongiae sp. nov. (type strain YM21-132T=MBIC08281T=KCTC 12906T) and Rubritalea tangerina sp. nov. (type strain YM27-005T=MBIC08282T=KCTC 12907T) are proposed.
Recommendation for the conservation of the name Streptomyces scabies. Request for an Opinion
Authors: Lambert D. H. , Loria R. , Labeda D. P. , Saddler G. S.
Published: October 2007

The primary streptomycete inciting common scab of potato was first legitimately described by Thaxter in 1892 as ‘Oospora scabies’, preserving the spelling of an epithet in use since 1846. The name Streptomyces scabies, dating to 1948, was revived in 1989, but changed to Streptomyces scabiei in 1997 to follow grammatical convention. Considering the long-established use and general recognition of ‘scabies’, it is proposed that the original epithet be conserved.
Altered adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in human cancer
Authors: Paz Nurit , Levanon Erez Y. , Amariglio Ninette , Heimberger Amy B. , Ram Zvi , Constantini Shlomi , Barbash Zohar S. , Adamsky Konstantin , Safran Michal , Hirschberg Avi , Krupsky Meir , Ben-Dov Issachar , Cazacu Simona , Mikkelsen Tom , Brodie Chaya , Eisenberg Eli , Rechavi Gideon
Published: October 2007

Adenosine-to-inosine (A-to-I) RNA editing was recently shown to be abundant in the human transcriptome, affecting thousands of genes. Employing a bioinformatic approach, we identified significant global hypoediting of Alu repetitive elements in brain, prostate, lung, kidney, and testis tumors. Experimental validation confirmed this finding, showing significantly reduced editing in Alu sequences within MED13 transcripts in brain tissues. Looking at editing of specific recoding and noncoding sites, including in cancer-related genes, a more complex picture emerged, with a gene-specific editing pattern in tumors vs. normal tissues. Additionally, we found reduced RNA levels of all three editing mediating enzymes, ADAR, ADARB1, and ADARB2, in brain tumors. The reduction of ADARB2 correlated with the grade of malignancy of glioblastoma multiforme, the most aggressive of brain tumors, displaying a 99% decrease in ADARB2 RNA levels. Consistently, overexpression of ADAR and ADARB1 in the U87 glioblastoma multiforme cell line resulted in decreased proliferation rate, suggesting that reduced A-to-I editing in brain tumors is involved in the pathogenesis of cancer. Altered epigenetic control was recently shown to play a central role in oncogenesis. We suggest that A-to-I RNA editing may serve as an additional epigenetic mechanism relevant to cancer development and progression.
The effect of the NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 on the acquisition and extinction of learned fear in the developing rat
Authors: Langton Julia M. , Kim Jee Hyun , Nicholas Jennifer , Richardson Rick
Published: October 2007

Recent findings reveal qualitative developmental differences in extinction of learned fear. The present study explored potential developmental differences in the role of NMDA in acquisition and extinction. Rats were injected with MK-801 prior to fear conditioning or extinction training. Acquisition was found to be NMDA dependent in both age groups, whereas extinction was found to be NMDA dependent in 23-day-old rats, but NMDA independent in 16-day-old rats. These results illustrate another fundamental developmental difference in extinction as well as a dissociation in the role of NMDA in the acquisition and extinction of fear early in development.
The Paradoxical Nature of Nursing Research
Authors: Ludemann Ruth
Published: October 2007

The following article was presented originally as a paper at the 11th annual WICHEN Communicating Research Conference on May 5, 1978 at Portland, Oregon. Editors of Image found it a forthright and challenging personal testimonial to the paradoxical nature of nursing research and decided it should have broader distribution. The paper has been edited for publication.
The Quest for Quality: An Exploration of Attempts to Define and Measure Quality Nursing Care
Authors: Chance Kathryn S.
Published: October 2007

In summary, I advocate continued development of measurement in‐ struments and criteria, conceptual frameworks applicable for the study of quality, and innovative approaches for delineation of target populations such as trials with tracer methodology. Bailit et al. (1975)state that the most important factor in improvement of the quality of care is that quality is, in fact, being evaluated. It is hoped that continued work will produce findings which can lead us to quality in practice.
Transcultural Nursing Research–Alien in an Alien Land
Authors: O'Brien Mary Elizabeth
Published: October 2007

This discussion has reviewed briefly a few of the methodological difficulties which the transcultural nursing researcher may confront. If nursing is to expand its horizons to encompass the newly articulated concepts of holistic health care, clients must be viewed in context of their cultural heritage and previous health ‐illness socialization. Through immersing oneself for a period of time in the sociocultural milieu of a people, the researcher may identify patterns of health‐illness belief and behavior, and from these, culture‐specific nursing attitudes and activities may be derived. Transcultural nursing research can be a productive, enriching experience, at the end of which most investigators find themselves at least a little less “alien” in an alien land.
Choice of Injection Site, Locus of Control, and the Perception of Momentary Pain
Authors: Levin Rona F.
Published: October 2007

A sample of 138 preoperative, adult patients were randomly assigned choice and no choice conditions. The in the choice condition were asked decide in which of two locations t preferred to receive their preoperative injections. Pain of injection was sessed using the Pilowsky and Kaufman visual analog scale and a verbal and numerical descriptive scale. Locus control was measured by Rotter's Scale on the night before surgery.

Analysis of the data showed a lack support for hypotheses predicting a difference in pain perception on the basis of decision‐making and locus of control. However, when preoperative injection ratings were compared with past ratings of intramuscular injections, those patients in the no choice condition perceived significantly less pain from the former, Additional analyses revealed that age, sex, and nurse variation had significant effects on the perception of pain.
Problem Solving in Nursing
Authors: deChesnay Mary
Published: October 2007

A model was developed and tested to examine the usefulness of Watzlawick, Weakland, and Fisch's theory of persistance and change to nursing practice. Problematic behavior was framed as belonging solely to the person exhibiting the behavior or to the social system of client and change agent. Change strategies were categorized as first‐order or second‐order, according to the theory. Levels of problems and the nursing process were linked to the theory to explain the dynamics of labeling clients as difficult patients. The model was tested in a registered nurse sample and found to be consistent with the theory. Framing problems individually was associated with first‐order change strategies; whereas, system problem framing was associated with second‐order change strategies.
Mark: Psychotherapy with a Developmental Disabled Adult
Authors: Godschalx Susan M.
Published: October 2007

Psychotherapy is a valuable means of promoting wellness in adults suffering with developmental disabilities. The current literature, however, focuses almost exclusively on work with children. Further, the few articles dealing with adults focus primarily on management issues, not psychotherapy. This paper will (a) present a brief overview of developmental disabilities, (b) identify treatment goals, and (c) analyze four tasks that are particularly important during the initial and early working stages of psychotherapy. Each task discussion includes pertinent theory and clinical illustrations from therapy with Mark, a 21 ‐year‐old developmentally disabled adult. Finally, implications are discussed for nursing practice, research, and theory development.
Clinical Lessons from Literature and Legend
Authors: Molde Susan , Jr. Ginnetti John
Published: October 2007

Clinicians make decisions and then suffer the consequences along with their patients. In this article some principles of clinical judgment are presented with a light touch.

Clinicians learn early in their practice that the questions that come to them are of two kinds: those that have verifiable answers and those that do not. Questions of the first kind present relatively little difficulty, even for the novice, since these are questions of fact. Questions of the second kind are more unsettling. These are questions of clinical judgment, that is, problems that have more than one defensible solution because necessary information is either incomplete, conflicting, or unobtainable (Benbassat & Cohen,1982).

To ease the uncertainty that inevitably results from realizing that decisions must be made and action taken even when data are faulty, we offer the following set of principles, collected from a variety of sources, including James Thurber, Alexander Pope, Willie Sutton, “Samuel Shem,” Ronald Reagan, “Voltaire Cousteau,” and David B. Melchinger. Then, too, we have added a bit from our own experiences.

Get it right or leave it alone.

The conclusion you jump to may be your own.
Uncovering the Knowledge Embedded in Clinical Practice
Authors: Benner Patricia
Published: October 2007

Nursing practice has been studied primarily from a sociological perspective. Thus we have learned much about role relationships, socialization, and acculturation. We have learned less about the knowledge embedded in actual nursing practice–that knowledge that accrues over time in the practice of an applied discipline.

Nurses have not been careful clinical record keepers of their own clinical learning over time. While ample single case studies have been published, few clinical comparisons exist of multiple case studies or clinical observations across patient populations. This lack of charting of our practices and clinical observations deprives nursing theory of the uniqueness and rich‐ness of the knowledge embedded in expert clinical practice.

This paper examines the difference between practical and theoretica'l knowledge, provides examples of competence identified from the study of nursing practice, describes aspects of practical knowledge, and outlines strategies for preserving and extending practical knowledge.
University Sponsored Home Care Agency as A Clinical Site
Authors: Herman Charlotte M. , Krall Karen
Published: October 2007

This paper describes the use of a certified home health care agency to provide clinical experience for baccalaureate nursing students. It discusses the development of the Creighton Home Health Care Agency as a cooperative venture of the Creighton University School of Nursing, Community Health Division, and the Creighton School of Medicine, Family Practice Division. The Home Health Care Agency provides opportunities for students in community health nursing to provide care to families from a variety of socioeconomic and racial backgrounds under the supervision of the nursing faculty.
University, Agency, and Collaborative Models for Nursing Research: An Overview
Authors: Engstrom Janet L.
Published: October 2007

An overview of several models for the conduct of nursing research is presented. These models include academic‐based and agency‐based research and collaborative research efforts. The advantages and limitations of each of the models are discussed. Collaborative research efforts are viewed as being the most advantageous to nursing. Collaborative projects have the greatest potential to make the maximal use of limited resources, to relate research to clinical practice, to study complex research questions, and to introduce clinicians to the research process.
Debunking Myths in Nursing Theory and Research
Authors: Chinn Peggy L.
Published: October 2007

This article examines myths that persist in the traditional male‐defined scientific enterprise. Science per se is not rejected, but specific ways of confronting the myths are explored. The methods for debunking the myths derive from the concept of future search, wherein health and the values of nursing for the future direct the discovery of knowledge. The alternatives include a more ethical and responsible use of the methods of science as well as specific alternatives to science derived from Carper's (1978) patterns of knowing in nursing.

The nursing literature has reflected growing recognition of the limitations of the scientific method in addressing problems in nursing (Gorenberg, 1983; Munhall, 1982; Newman, 1979; Smith, M. C, 1984; Vredevoe, 1984; Webster, Jacox, & Baldwin, 1981). Taken together, the literature leaves the impression that we should perhaps forsake the scientific method; alternatives for acquiring knowledge in nursing are not adequately described, and the alternatives that are suggested are not clearly alternatives to the scientific method.

A fundamental issue that is lacking in most critiques of the scientific method is recognition that science is based on a male world view and that the myths sustained by this partial world view have perpetuated erroneous knowledge about the world. The purposes of this article are (a) to present an analysis of myths of science that arise from the partial male world view, (b) to propose methods for debunking these myths to attain a more whole science consistent with the essence of nursing, and (c) to propose alternative approaches to science where an alternative is indicated.
Secondary Data Analysis–A New Approach to Nursing Research
Authors: McArt Ebba W. , McDougal Louise W.
Published: October 2007

Secondary data analysis as a method of conducting research is rarely used by nurse researchers. This may be the result of several factors: the inclination by nurse researchers to conduct original research, limited access to clinical data bases, and the lack of attention in nursing literature given to secondary analysis as a valid mode of inquiry. However, when data resources are available, secondary analysis represents a potentially efficient and cost effective method of research for both students and more advanced investigators. When pursued by advanced investigators, secondary analysis can strengthen scientific collegiality among nurse researchers and enlarge the existing knowledge base in given areas. This paper reviews briefly ways to conduct secondary analysis, its advantages and disadvantages, and the types of data bases that are available to nurse researchers.
Exclusion and Confirmation: A Phenomenology of Patients' Experiences with Caregivers
Authors: Drew Nancy
Published: October 2007

Where there is an imbalance of authority and power, as in the patient‐caregiver relationship, the person who is dependent is vulnerable to the emotional message of the other. This phenomenologic exploration of patients' experience with caregivers examined depersonalizing and confirming interactions. Thirty‐five hospitalized adults were interviewed. Results produced (a) a composite of caregiver behaviors derived from the subjects' descriptions of depersonalizing and confirming experiences, (b) explication of the interactional process from which the experiences of exclusion and confirmation arose, and (c) observations of the subjects' styles of emotional self‐management during interaction with others. The results suggest the need for (a) increased awareness of caregivers for the impact on patients of their voice inflections, facial expression, posture, movement, mood and general comportment, (b) social support networks for both patients and caregivers, and (c) further research on the subjective experience of patients and caregivers including the efficacy of interventions for exclusion and investigation of potential effects of exclusion and confirmation on recovery from illness.
Can Clients Understand Our Instructions?
Authors: STREIFF LIBET D.
Published: October 2007

This study was designed to determine whether or not clients in an ambulatory care setting read at a level that allowed them to comprehend the written materials available for patient education. First, 106 adults waiting for clinic appointments were interviewed, and their reported and actual reading levels were compared. Reported reading levels, indicated by the clients' last grade completed in school, were significantly higher (mean—3.1 grades) than their actual reading levels, indicated by scores on the Wide Range Achievement Test (WRAT). Second, the readability levels of written materials available for patient education were evaluated. The mean readability level for the 28 instructional texts examined was 11.2 grades. The majority (54.7%) of study participants read at levels that did not allow them to comprehend any of the patient education materials available at their site of primary care. In addition, 25 percent of the texts examined were beyond the comprehension of all participants.
Women's Experiences of Infertility
Authors: Sandelowski Margarete , Pollock Christine
Published: October 2007

Forty‐eight women with diverse backgrounds and conditions of infertility were interviewed to describe their personal experience in having been unable to conceive or carry a child to term. Analysis of 150 hours of interview data revealed that the constituent elements of the experience of infertility were ambiguity, temporality, and otherness. The major sources of variation in the infertility experience were race and class.
HIV Infection in Intravenous Drug Abusers
Authors: Williams Ann Bartley , D'Aquila Richard T. , Williams Alan E.
Published: October 2007

To develop prevention interventions and strategies, we conducted a study to determine the seroprevalence of HIV infection among intravenous drug abusers seeking treatment for drug abuse and to identify specific risk factors for HIV infection in this group. Of the sample, 24 percent were seropositive. Specific risk factors included black or Hispanic ethnicity, older age, a longer history of intravenous drug abuse and a higher man number of illegal injections in the past year. Suggestions are made for nurses and health educators providing AIDS/HIV education to this population.
Self‐care and Job Stress
Authors: Hutchinson Sally
Published: October 2007

This qualitative field research explored and described self‐care strategies of hospital‐based nurses. Data were derived from participant observation in 4 clinical areas and from in‐depth interviews with 20 nurses. The nurses relied on the following self‐care strategies: asserting, cultivating, catharsis and withdrawing. Humor, an additional self‐care strategy, facilitated the other strategies. Implications for nursing practice and further research are suggested.
Developing a Women's Mental Health Research Agenda
Authors: Mcbride Angela Barron
Published: October 2007

Representatives from the various mental health disciplines met October 16–17, 1986, to develop a women's mental health research agenda for the National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). It was to include (a) priority research areas for women's mental health, (b) guidelines to reduce gender bias in all NIMH‐supported research and (c) a process for implementing the proposed research agenda.

The final research agenda emphasized understanding the experience of older women and the effects of poverty, violence and abuse, and multiple roles in mental health. Study of gender‐based biologic and pharmacologic differences was also urged, including diagnosis and treatment issues. It was recommended that NIMH adopt guidelines to avoid gender bias in research, require proposals to address efforts to avoid gender bias, provide technical assistance to those interested in women's mental health, make research training available to women, involve women scientists on peer review groups, convene a state‐of‐the‐science conference to analyze appropriate methods and models for research in this area, establish an oversight committee and require periodic updates on women's mental health research from each NIMH division.

The following paper, one of five position papers generated, helped to shape the final recommendations. In the interest of showing the various ways in which public policy is affected by nurses, IMAGE is pleased to publish this work by permission. The conference summary is available from Anita Eichler, Special Assistant to the Associate Director for Special Populations, NIMH, 5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857.
Using Images of the Future in Grief Work
Authors: Collison Carol , Miller Sandra
Published: October 2007

Terminally ill patients and their families face the dual task of identity preservation and relationship redefinition—existential issues at the heart of a search for meaning and value in life. Negotiating these developmental tasks successfully contributes to the quality of lift for the dying and increases the likelihood of successful grief resolution in survivors. Images of the future allow the dying and their family members to address the existential Crisis underlying Kubler‐Ross's descriptive stages of grief. Nursing professionals are challenged to expand the framework of intervention for grief work with the dying.
A Historical Overview of the Phenomenologic Movement
Authors: Cohen Marlene Zichi
Published: October 2007

Phenomenologically based research has become increasingly important in nursing. This article provides a brief historical overview of the philosophical base of this method. Key figures and important concepts arc highlighted to clarify important, complex aspects of phenomenology.
Personality Hardiness and Burnout in Female Staff Nurses
Authors: Rich Victoria L. , Rich Alexander R.
Published: October 2007

This study examined the burnout‐moderating effects of personality hardiness among female nurses. Hardiness is defined as personality disposition that functions as a moderator variable to mitigate the effects of stressful events. One hundred staff nurses completed the Kobasa and Maddi Hardiness Scale, the Jones Burnout Scale for Health Professionals (SBS‐HP), and measures of selected demographic variables. The results showed that burnout and hardiness were inversely related (r =−.39, p < .001) and that 41 percent of the variation in burnout scores could be accounted for by the linear combination of low hardiness and younger age. A 2×2 analysis of variance demonstrated that effects of personality and age in burnout appear to be independent and additive rather than interactive. It was concluded that hardy nurses are more burnout resistant than are nonhardy nurses.
Hardiness: Its Development and Relevance To Nursing
Authors: Lambert Clinton E. , Lambert Vickie A.
Published: October 2007

Hardiness, the personality characteristic composed of control, commitment and challenge, has been viewed as an inherent health‐promoting factor. Although primarily investigated as a buffer between stress and illness, the concept has direct relevance to nursing practice. Through identification of those individuals who (a) do not feel that they can control or influence the events in their lives, (b) do not feel deeply involved in or committed to the activities in their lives, or (c) do not anticipate change as an exciting challenge to further development, nurses can implement stress‐reducing interventions to aid in preventing stress‐related illness.
Convalescence and Implications for Nursing Research
Authors: Davis Linda Lindsey
Published: October 2007

Much has been written about the rehabilitation of individuals who experience major illnesses such as heart attack, stroke, burns, cancer and traumatic injury; yet little is known about their experience of convalescence. Seldom does a convalescent experience affect only ill or injured individuals. Rather the experience also affects the lives of those other persons with whom thy are involved. Through an analysis of the illness attributes of identity, causalty, duration and consequence, this paper explores the experience of convalescence after a life‐threatening illness. The crisis and chronic aspects of convalescence are compared and contrasted, and the problem subsets for future nursing research on the experience of convalescence are proposed.
Devaluation of Biological Knowledge
Authors: Drew Barbara J.
Published: October 2007

A plea is made not to devalue the biological sciences at a time when a majority of nurses are drawing heavily from biological knowledge to provide increasingly complex care to increasingly sicker clients. Benefits of reemphasizing the biological sciences in nursing are that this knowledge would (a) advance nursing science and research by providing theories that are verifiable, (b) provide concepts separate from phenomena of interest to social and behavioral scientists, and (c) provide essential knowledge on which to base practice, thus helping to bridge the research/practice gap.
Early Discharge and Specialist Transitional Care
Authors: Brooten Dorothy , Brown Linda P. , Munro Barbara Hazard , York Ruth , Cohen Susan M. , Roncoli Marianne , Hollingsworth Andrea
Published: October 2007

A model has been designed to discharge patients early from the hospital by substituting a portion of hospital care with a comprehensive program of transitional home follow‐up by nurse specialists. The model, initially tested with very low birth weight infants, provides a framework for examining both the quality of care as reflected in patient outcomes and cost of care to specific patient groups. Its design documents nursing interventions and allows for comparisons of care by nurse specialists and other health care providers.
Stigma, Health Beliefs and Experiences with Health Care in Lesbian Women
Authors: Stevens Patricia E. , Hall Joanne M.
Published: October 2007

Twenty‐jive Midwestern self‐identified lesbian women were recruited through a snowball design to participate in a semistructured interview. Data were analyzed qualitatively for themes and consensus. Stigma and identifiability in lesbian women are complex issues that affect their cultural and social experience, health beliefs, interaction with health care providers and use of health care systems. The results suggest that lesbian women often do not feel comfortable seeking health care, experience nonempathetic responses when they do and even feel at risk of harm in some health care situations. Nurses are challenged to evaluate the adequacy of knowledge and reassess the quality of health care offered to lesbians.
Generating Results from Qualitative Data
Authors: Ammon‐Gaberson Kathleen B. , Piantanida Maria
Published: October 2007

Recent literature in nursing research reflects a growing interest in qualitative research methods. This article discusses the process of construing results from qualitative data. Several pitfalls encountered commonly by novice researchers are presented, and strategies are suggested for avoiding or overcoming these difficulties. The importance is stressed of developing a line of reasoning in order to derive meaning from the data and to connect the results to a conceptual or theoretical base.
Identifying Depression in Medical Patients
Authors: Davis Terry , Jensen Louise
Published: October 2007

The Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐III: Major Depressive Episode Section (SCID) as nursing assessment tools to detect depression in medically ill patients were evaluated by comparing depression ratings obtained by a nurse using these tools with depression ratings obtained by a therapist using an unstructured diagnostic interview. The subjects were 52 myocardial infarction patients assessed at hospital discharge and 8 weeks later. The findings suggest that, while the BDI serves as an indicator of depression, the SCID is the optimal method for assessing depression in patients with medical illness.
Fear of Contagion: The Public Response to AIDS
Authors: Meisenhelder Janice Bell , LaCharite Christopher
Published: October 2007

The threat of Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) has triggered a specific public response: fear of contagion, an anxiety over the perceived threat of catching the disease. Four behaviors characterize this fear: avoidance, attempting extreme precautions, lack of regard for the victims, and expressions of fear of catching the disease. Social and cultural values, which attach a deep symbolic meaning to AIDS, combine with misperceptions about transmission to create this public reaction. This fear results in the isolation and rejection of AIDS and potential AIDS clients. Fear of contagion may be a useful concept in nursing interventions for motivating risk‐reduction behavior and creating a more therapeutic environment for persons with AIDS. Agendas for nursing research are suggested.
Torture: A Nursing Concern
Authors: Laborde Joyce M.
Published: October 2007

Survivors of torture report that their tormentors have included physicians and nurses. Such misuse of medical and nursing knowledge to engage in unconscionable acts is unethical, unprofessional and a violation of human rights. Torture and its use, ways in which health professionals participate and steps taken by nursing toward its prevention are discussed.
Diagnostic Content Validity of Nursing Diagnoses
Authors: Levin Rona F. , Krainovitch Barbara C. , Bahrenburg Erma , Mitchell Carol Ann
Published: October 2007

A random sample of 600 registered professional nurses in New York State were asked to rate the relevance of The North American Nursing Diagnosis Association's list of defining characteristics for the six most frequently used nursing diagnostic categories on Likert‐type scales. The diagnostic categories were Alteration in Comfort: Pain; Anxiety; Impaired Physical Mobility; Impaired Skin Integrity: Actual; Self‐Care Deficit; and Knowledge Deficit. Based on 148 usable responses, the results indicated critical and supporting characteristics and total content validity scores for each of the six diagnostic categories. The only defining characteristic that did not attain at least supporting status was “Regretful” for the diagnosis of anxiety.
The Limits of Decision Analysis for Rapid Decision Making in ICU Nursing
Authors: Baumann Andrea , Deber Raisa
Published: October 2007

In a study examining rapid decisions in ICU nursing in the context of decision analysis, 40 nurses in 2 ICUs were asked to describe their decisions for six pretested vignettes, suggest alternatives and answer questions about case characteristics. Later, ICU charge nurses and educators were asked to rate the nurses' responses using a modified Q‐sort. The nurses did not perceive a finite set of alternatives; the 40 nurses gave 36 to 40 unique sequences that did not cluster. The experts could not agree on which alternatives were good (no “gold standard”). The assumptions of decision analysis appear to be violated when (a) there is not a small finite set of mutually exclusive alternatives; (b) the merit of an intervention cannot be agreed on; or (c) the link between intervention and outcome is unclear. Not only nursing but other process‐oriented areas of medical care as well may not fit the decision analysis model.
Effect of Knowledge, Teaching Method, Confidence and Social Influence on Breast Self‐Examination Behavior
Authors: Champion Victoria Lee
Published: October 2007

A descriptive study was conducted to identify the relationship of knowledge, teaching methods, confidence and social influence to intent, frequency and proficiency of breast self‐examination. A probability sample of 380 women aged 35 years and over served as subjects for in‐home interviews conducted by trained graduate assistants. Knowledge correlated significantly with intent and proficiency of breast self‐examination but not with frequency. Confidence correlated significantly with all three dependent variables, while social influence correlated only with intent. Being taught individually with a return demonstration increased proficiency and frequency. Implications for clinical application and future research are suggested.
Multiple‐Method, Cross‐Cultural Assessment of Psychological Distress
Authors: Aroian Karen J. , Patsdaughter Carol A.
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study was to test the validity of cross‐cultural use of a standardized instrument to measure psychological distress by triangulation of data obtained through a multiple‐method approach. The sample consisted of 25 adult Polish immigrants who had at least a basic command of the English language. The three methodological approaches included a paper‐and‐pencil self‐report instrument (Brief Symptom Inventory [BSI], verbal self‐reports elicited during an in‐depth interview, and micro‐level and macro‐level observations. The translated BSI was relatively valid except for the psychoticism, paranoid and interpersonal sensitivity subscales. Invalidity could be explained through information gathered by other methods. The importance of instrument translation for cross‐cultural use and the need to incorporate multiple‐method assessment into both clinical practice with ethnic populations and cross‐cultural research are discussed.
The Qualitative‐Quantitative Dualism
Authors: Porter Eileen Jones
Published: October 2007

Similarities and differences between qualitative and quantitative research methods are presented; various bases for the choice of a methodology are addressed. Practical solutions to the quandaries posed by the qualitative‐quantitative dichotomy are explicated, with supporting methodological examples from nursing research studies. Finally, an ontological‐epistemological foundation for a human science approach to nursing research is proposed as a means of obviating the qualitative‐quantitative dichotomy.