bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Letter from the Editor
Authors: Au Scarlet , Oraedu Kairaluchi
Published: February 2023

Dear Reader,

Throughout the past year, the Journal of Global Health remains committed towards serving as an active platform for discussions in public and global health in the post-pandemic world. At the core of the journal’s mission, we aim to encourage the dissemination of research that explores a variety of global health challenges and inequities as well as the multifaceted approaches that can be taken to address them. We are grateful for the opportunity to work with writers, students, researchers and community members at our Columbia campus and beyond. We are excited to share our newest Fall 2022 issue with you.

Beyond our biannual publication featuring research manuscripts, we are excited to share the new content published on our “What is Global Health?” podcast and blog produced by the Online Board, which includes interviews with Columbia public health faculty and op-ed reflections on current health issues. In light of the pandemic, science communication has become the spotlight of discussion over recent years. Our podcast and blog seeks to make public and global health research and associated discussions accessible to a broader audience. The “What is Global Health?” podcast can be accessed online at whatisglobalhealth.podcasts.library.columbia.edu or on multiple streaming platforms including Spotify, iTunes and Stitcher. The blog can be accessed on our journal’s website. Both our podcast and blog are hosted through our partnership with Columbia University Libraries.

This Fall 2022 issue explores a broad range of global health topics from the U.S. to Africa. This issue delves into examining the 2021 SAMHSA Grant Allocation as a Federal Response to the Opioid Epidemic, corruption and healthcare in Africa and factors influencing family planning in the Buyende District of Uganda. We thank our authors and peer reviewers for their submissions and contributions without which our journal could not exist.

We would like to express our gratitude towards our 55-person journal team, composed of our Managing Board, Editorial Board, Production & Design Board, Online Board, and Business & Communications Board. We also wish to thank our peer reviewers who volunteered their time to provide the authors with insightful feedback on their manuscripts. Thank you to our collaborators at the Columbia University Libraries and the Faculty Advisory Board composed of Scholarly Communication Technologies Librarian Esther Jackson and faculty advisor Columbia University Mailman School of Public Health Professor James Colgrove.

Sincerely,Scarlet Au & Kairaluchi OraeduCo-Editors-in-Chief, The Columbia University Journal of Global Health
Conodont biostratigraphy of the Lower Devonian from Southwest Bulgaria
Authors: Boncheva Iliana
Published: February 2023

As a result of the biostratigraphic analyses on conodont sequences eight conodont zones of Lower Devonian were subdivided: two zones in Lochkovian – Icriodus wosclzmidti Range-zone and Icriodus postwoschmidti Range-zone; one zone in Pragian - Icriodus huddlei curvicauda - Polygnathus dehiscens Interval-zone. and 5 zones in Emsian- Polygnathus dehiscens dehiscens Range-zone; Polygnathus gronbergi Range-zone, Polygnathus laticostatus Range-zone, Polygnathus serotinus - Polygnathus costatus patulus Interval- zone and Polygnathus costatus - Polygnathus costatus partitus Interval-zone. In Lochkovian and especially in Pragian the individual zones are important for the local biostratigraphic subdivision of the studied area and the correlations with remote regions are approximate and not adequately comparable like the zones of Emsian.
Effectiveness of the preparation «activiton» in acute post-natural purulent-catarial endometritis of cows
Authors: Valiullina D. F. , Morozova D. D. , Yakimov O. A.
Published: February 2023

The article presents the results of a study of the effectiveness of the drug "Aktiviton" in the treatment of acute postpartum purulent -catarrhal endometritis of cows. The object of research were 15 cows of the Holstein breed aged 2 to 4 years, live weight 600-700 kg, owned by APK Food Program LLC, Mamadyshsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan. Animals were divided into 3 groups of 5 animals each. The control group consisted of clinically healthy animals in the postpartum period, the experimental groups included animals with acute postpartum catarrhal-purulent endometritis. In the treatment of endometritis, the following drugs were used: ceftivet, flexoprofen 10%, sinestrol 2%, uteroton, nioxytil forte. The treatment regimen used for animals of the 2nd experimental group was improved by the inclusion of "Activiton". Before treatment, the following clinical signs were observed in the experimental groups: edema and hyperemia of the external genitalia, the release of catarrhal-purulent exudate. Rectal examination revealed an increase in the size of the uterus, stiffness, pain and consistency. On the echogram, thickening of the walls of the uterus and consistency, heterogeneity of the mucosa, diameter of the body and horns, and wall thickness were noted. After treatment, an improvement in the general condition of the animals, the absence of a specific odor, and the release of exudate from the genitals were observed. During rectal examination, the size of the uterus corresponded to physiological parameters, its rigidity was observed, there were no fluctuations and soreness. On the echogram, the absence of thickening of the walls of the uterus, the homogeneity of the mucosa, the diameter of the body and horns, and the thickness of the walls were noted. In animals of the 1st experimental group, an improvement in the condition of the genital organs was observed on the 6th day after the start of treatment, however, in the cows of the 2nd experimental group, these changes were recorded on the 4th-5th day.
Changes in the immuno-metabolic status of cows with genital mycoplasmosis on the background of therapy with tulatromycin
Authors: Vasiliev R. M.
Published: February 2023

Modern technologies of cattle breeding imply the maximum use of the productive potential of animals, the realization of which is hindered by various diseases, one of which is genital mycoplasmosis. According to domestic and foreign scientists, this disease is quite widespread in livestock enterprises. Given that mycoplasmosis is characterized by a long latent period, its diagnosis is associated with a number of difficulties, therefore, a significant role belongs to the diagnostic aspects of immuno-metabolic changes occurring in the body. In addition, it is necessary for the development of rational therapy. We have studied the effect of tulatromycin therapy in patients with genital mycoplasmosis of cows on the content of total protein, absolute and relative content of albumins and globulins, immunoglobulins and their classes in blood serum. For the experiment, 3 groups of animals were formed: the first - cows with mycoplasmosis (without treatment); the second - cows with mycoplasmosis for the treatment of which tulatromycin was used; the third – clinically healthy cows (control). The results of studies have shown that the use of tulatromycin in this disease leads to the recovery of 75% of infected animals. significant redistribution of the content of immunoglobulins in the blood serum of cows. An increase in the content of Ig G by 44% and a decrease in the concentration of Ig M and Ig A by 37% and 31.5%, respectively, were found. However, the indicators characterizing the state of protein metabolism, except for the total protein content, did not undergo significant changes.
Viricidal activity of disinfectants "dezon vetklin" and "dezon vet" against the african swine fever virus
Authors: Botalova D. P. , Kuzmin V. A. , Igolkin A. S. , Tsiple S. Yu. , Kasatkin A. S.
Published: February 2023

In recent years, African swine fever (ASF) has been the main threat to the development of the pig industry not only in Russia, but also in many countries of the world for many years. Due to the lack of effective and safe means of specific prevention of infection, disinfection is one of the ways to combat and prevent the spread of the ASF pathogen in the system of antiepizootic measures. The most important task of modern disinfection is the development and creation of disinfectants with a wide range of bactericidal and viricidal effects. The composition of such despreprates includes several active substances that, due to interaction with each other, enhance the disinfecting ability of the drug.The aim of the work is to study in vitro the viricidal activity of the composite disinfectants "Dezon Vetklin" and "Dezon Vet" against a highly virulent ASF pathogen. The objects of research are domestic modern composite disinfectants "Dezon Vetklin" and "Dezon Vet". The tests of the drugs were carried out on the basis of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Federal Center for Animal Health Protection" (FGBI "VNIIZH", Vladimir). As a test culture, a primary culture of pig spleen cells sensitive to ASF virus (CCSS) was used with the addition of Igla growth culture medium containing 20% fetal serum of cattle and 0.1% (v/v) pig erythrocytes. As a protein load, inactivated pig blood serum obtained from animals from ASF-safe farms of the Russian Federation was used. For experimental infection of CCSS, a highly virulent hemadsorbent ASF virus of genotype II strain ASF/Arm/07 (reference) was used in a titer not lower than 6.0 lg GAdE50/cm3. For experimental testing of disinfectants, metal, wooden, concrete and plastic test surfaces with a size of 10x10 cm were used. According to the results of the studies, viricidal activity against the ASF pathogen of two tested disinfectants was established at a concentration of 5.0% with a minimum exposure of 10 minutes each. The tested disinfectants can be recommended for preventive disinfection at veterinary surveillance facilities in ASF.
Antibiotics in veterinary medicine: contamination of livestock production
Authors: Balagula T. V. , Lavrukhina O. I. , Batov I. V. , Makarov D. A. , Tretyakov A. V.
Published: February 2023

The safety of raw materials and food is one of the most important tasks in ensuring human safety. Food could be contaminated by veterinary drugs. Antibiotics and some their transformation products residues not only cause direct harm for the consumers health, such as allergic reactions, but also contribute the antibiotic resistance development. Recent methods in the analysis of antibiotics allow to investigate their distribution, accumulation and degradation in water, soil, plants, organs and tissues, as well as to determine their residues in food and raw materials at the maximum permissible levels. This work concerns the characteristics of the main groups antibacterial drugs used for the prevention and treatment of infectious animals’ diseases and the analysis of their identification in animal products (milk and dairy products, eggs, honey, meat and meat products) in 2020-2021 using high-performance liquid chromatography with mass spectrometric detection. Universal approaches in the sample preparation and antibiotics determination assist the analysis time reducing, while ensuring its accuracy, and in addition, increase the range of identified potentially dangerous pollutants. The analysis of the antibiotic’s residues identification above maximum permissible levels showed that the highest percentage is reported for quinolones (41.1%). Groups of antibiotics with minimal contamination risk include aminoglycosides, pleuromutilins and cephalosporins. The data obtained are considered in risk-based approach of planning, sampling and analysis evaluation within the framework of food safety monitoring carried out by the Rosselkhoznadzor.
Study of the activity of lipolysis and gluconeognesis in new-child cows with subclinical and clinical ketosis
Authors: Vasileva S. V. , Karpenko L. Yu.
Published: February 2023

The article discusses the results of a study of markers of lipolysis and gluconeogenesis in new-calf cows against the background of subclinical and clinical ketosis. The indicator of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in blood serum was chosen as a marker for the formation of groups based on the presence of ketosis and its form. Cows with an indicator of up to 1.0 mmol/l were considered healthy, the presence of subclinical ketosis was determined at a level of beta-hydroxybutyrate from 1.1 to 1.5 mmol/l, clinical ketosis - over 1.6 mmol/l. Cows were bled 3-7 days after calving and a study was made of the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid, glucose, fructosamine, non-esterified fatty acids, cortisol and ALT activity. The results of the study revealed a significant increase in the concentration of non-esterified fatty acids in cows with moderate ketonemia by 46.9%, and in cows with a pronounced increase in the content of beta-hydrosibutyrate in the blood - by 79.8%. When considering the concentration of glucose in cows with different levels of beta-hydroxybutyrate in the blood, there is a slight increase in the indicator by 14.5% (P> 0.05) in cows with subclinical ketosis, but in animals with severe ketonemia, a significant decrease in glucose by 38.3 %. Cows in subclinical and clinical ketosis had significantly higher levels of cortisol (1.9 and 2.4 times, respectively) than cows with low blood levels of betahydroxybutyric acid. At the same time, cows with clinical ketosis showed a significant increase in the concentration of fructosamine by 22.3%. Subclinical ketosis, manifested by a moderate increase in the concentration of beta-hydroxybutyric acid in the blood (1.1 - 1.5 mmol / l), causes adaptive reactions in the body aimed at maintaining glucose homeostasis and extracting lipids from the depot that compensate for a temporary energy deficit. Clinical ketosis is accompanied by dissociation of the regulatory mechanisms of anabolic and catabolic processes in the body of a freshly calved cow.
World experience in use of three-dimensional titanium implants in veterinary practice
Authors: Kondratenko A. A. , Peleshok S. A. , Sheveleva V. S. , Pavlov A. A.
Published: February 2023

Additive technologies have been actively developing in recent decades. Their introduction into medicine provides new opportunities for reconstructive treatment, including animal patients.One of the most popular materials for 3D printing is titanium and titanium alloys. Their demand is explained by the properties of mechanical biocompatibility, strength and elasticity comparable to bone.The purpose of this review was to summarize data on the use of 3D printed titanium implants for the treatment of animals with bone defects. The search for information was carried out in the databases of scientific data of domestic and foreign literature and medical resources.The conducted studies have shown that the use of 3D printing technology makes it possible to design and create individual implants and endoprostheses based on images of each patient, exactly corresponding to the area of the defect. This approach reduces the time of surgical intervention, reduces the time of postoperative recovery.Possibility of obtaining the necessary specified porosity and surface roughness, which leads to a decrease in the micromovement of the boneimplant structure and promotes good osseointegration. These properties are the advantages of 3D printing implants made of titanium and titanium alloys.The given practical examples of the use of individual three-dimensional titanium implants show the possibilities of using additive technology for veterinary medicine.
Cell block as a new method for studying the cellular composition of the mammary gland secretion
Authors: Shabunin B. V. , Zimnikov V. I.
Published: February 2023

One of the urgent problems of modern highly productive dairy cattle breeding is the problem of the mass manifestation of the pathology of the reproductive organs in cows, which entails a decrease in the potential of their fertility and milk productivity. The article presents data on the characteristics of the milk cell pool in cows with various forms of mastitis, as well as with the normal functioning of the mammary gland. For the study in lactating cows (n = 20) with a confirmed diagnosis of subclinical (n = 8) and clinically expressed mastitis (n = 8), as well as in healthy animals (n = 6), the secret of the mammary gland was taken for histological studies. In modern science, the technique of cell blocks is gaining popularity. With its help, it is possible to study biological fluids in more detail, if necessary, to conduct additional histochemical studies. This technique is used quite rarely, as it is quite labor-intensive, but despite this it is of great value in studying the pathogenesis of inflammatory diseases of the mammary gland. It has been shown that in healthy cows a small number of cells are visualized in preparations, among which leukocytes make up about 50%. In the subclinical form, neutrophils accounted for 70% of the cell pool, while some of them had vacuolated cytoplasm. In the preparations of cell blocks of milk with clinical mastitis, neutrophils occupied almost the entire area of the preparation, while in addition to vacuolization, hypersegmentation of the nucleus, karyopyknosis and karyorrhexis were noted. The conducted studies have shown that this method is promising in the study of the pathogenesis of breast diseases.
Metabolism of microelements in cattle of the holsteen breed in biogeochemical conditions of the Astrakhan region
Authors: Polkovnichenko P. A. , Polkovnichenko P. A. , Larina Yu. V.
Published: February 2023

In connection with the intensification and specialization of agricultural production, in particular animal husbandry, in the Astrakhan region, the volume of work of veterinary specialists has sharply increased in carrying out planned measures to prevent and improve methods of treating internal noncommunicable diseases, as well as the study of metabolic disorders in productive animals, in particular, by application of biotic doses of microelements in animal husbandry. Our work presents data from biogeochemical studies of pasture ecosystems in the Astrakhan region.The studies were carried out in the spring -summer period of 2021-2022 on groups of different ages (6 months, 12 months, 36 months, 72 months) of Holstein cattle owned by citizens and farms of Limansky, Kamyzyaksky and Privolzhsky districts of the Astrakhan region.In addition, in 10 cattle animals, during planned slaughter, various tissues and organs were taken for analysis in order to determine the level of trace elements.Determination of the levels of trace elements in the ecosystem was carried out in the Astrakhan region at the latitude 46° 20’58" (46° 20'98) north latitude and longi tude 48°2'26" (48° 2'44) east longitude.Trace elements in the selected samples of the pasture ecosystem, as well as in the organs and tissues of cattle, were determined by the atomic absorption method. A low level of trace elements was found in the soil, plants and feed of the ecosystem of the Astrakhan region relative to the "reference" chernozem region, where animal hypomicroelementoses and regulatory data are not recorded.The highest concentration of iodine was recorded in the blood - 0.58 ± 0.008 mg/kg, and the lowest - in the muscle tissue (0.09 ± 0.002 mg/kg), the highest concentration of selenium was determined in the tissues of the kidneys and liver (0.74 ± 0.018 and 0 .72 ± 0.113 mg/kg, respectively), and the smallest - in the muscles and lungs. The concentration of manganese in the body of cattle ranged from 32.98 ± 1.18 to 67.46 ± 1.33 mg/kg.
Anatomical features of the breast bone of the Baikal nerpa
Authors: Tarasevich V. N. , Saivanova S. A.
Published: February 2023

The breast bone forms the lower limits of the chest, where, under the influence of inspiratory muscles, it moves down, and expiratory muscles - up. During land travel, kinetic energy is absorbed through the breast bone. In the available literature, there are descriptions of the breast bone in some mammals, however, in the Baikal seal, the data require additional clarification. The material was sternum from Baikal seals aged from 6 months to 11 years (n=7). In the course of the study, the specific features of the morphology of the sternum of the Baikal seal in the age aspect were established. In particular, the sternum is formed from the handle, seven body segments, the xiphoid process and well-defined cartilages (the handle and the xiphoid process). The value of the length of the breast bone increases 1.4 times with age and is 47.7 ± 1.87 cm. Features of the morphology of the cartilaginous structures of the sternum, create mobility in its cranial part, and maximum strength between the 7th segment and the xiphoid process. The cartilage of the handle at the base is expanded, with age it undergoes ossification. In kumutkans, it is 68.4±2.33 mm long, 13.1±1.09 mm wide and 5.8±0.13 mm thick; by the age of mature seals, these values increased 1.6 times, 1.8 and 1.9 times, respectively. The segments of the thoracic bone body have a prismatic shape with rounded edges, and on the surfaces from the 3rd-4th cranial ends of the segments and from the 1st (2nd) to the 7th caudal ends, the presence of a pronounced median furrow is noted. On the xiphoid process, two pits and a protruding dorsally ridge stand out, and its cartilage has a pronounced pedicle, which caudally turns into a rounded plate.
Role of the FABP gene family in the regulation of lipid metabolism of the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) breeding population
Authors: Mikhaylov E. V. , Pasko N. V. , Syromyatnikov M. Yu. , Strelnikov N. A. , Selyutina M. A.
Published: February 2023

The study of the genetic aspects of the regulation of lipid metabolism at the present stage is of particular importance. To develop a complete differentiated approach to assessing the initiation and progression of metabolic disorders, it is necessary to use molecular genetic markers that allow more accurate diagnosis and control the effectiveness of the treatment.The aim of our study was to study the role of the FABP family gene in the regulation of lipid metabolism in the brood stock of common carp (CYPRINUS CARPIO).The article presents the data on the expression of the FABP gene involved in the regulation of lipid metabolism. The study was conducted on one of the farms of Voronezh region specializing in the breeding and rearing of commercial fish. The studied breeding population was divided into two groups, according to the age indicator. The first group (n=6) (the main population) was formed by individuals weighing 4-7 kg, aged 4-7 years, the second (n=6) – individuals weighing 8-17 kg, aged 7 years and older. When studying the expression level of the FABP3 gene in the liver, which is involved in the β-oxidation of fatty acids, the following results were obtained: in the second group, its level was by 5.5 times higher than in the liver of individuals of the first group. The level of expression of the FABP3 gene in mucus in the two groups of fish did not differ statistically. When assessing the expression level of the FABP3 gene in the common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the liver and mucus, in the group with aged individuals, the expression of the FABP3 gene was significantly higher than in younger individuals, which in our opinion may be associated with age-related disorders of the process of β-oxidation of fatty acids.
Expression of the genes of non-specific immune response in the body of gallus gallus domesticus under the influence of immunodepressive vaccine viruses
Authors: Tarlavin N. V. , Veretennikov V. V. , Javadov E. J. , Kraskov D. A.
Published: February 2023

Relevance. The body reacts to the impact of infectious agents by activating the processes of gene expression in cells and tissues of various organs, which results in the formation of messenger RNA, complementary to the DNA of the expressed genes. This article discusses the effect of vaccine viruses of infectious bursal disease and infectious anemia of chickens on the morphology of target organs of the immune system of chickens, as well as the expression of a number of key genes of nonspecific immune response in the cells of these organs.Methods. As an example of a vaccine virus for infectious bursal disease, an immunocomplex vaccine against infectious bursal disease from the VNIVIP strain was taken; as a sample of a vaccine virus for infectious anemia in chickens, the Nobilis® CAV P4 vaccine manufactured by MSD Animal Health was taken.Results. It was concluded that vaccine viruses come into contact with target organs (the bursa of Fabricius and thymus), causing a number of pathological changes. The expression of the immune genes IL8L2, PTGS2, IRF7 was also determined as the main genes responsible for the synthesis of antiviral and inflammatory proteins. Based on the results of the studies, it was concluded that the IL8L2 and PTGS2 genes responsible for the synthesis of inflammatory components are actively expressed when the cells are exposed to the viruses of infectious anemia of chickens and infectious bursal disease. The expression of the IRF7 gene in the immune organs of the experimental groups of chickens did not practically differ from the level of expression in the target organs of the control birds due to the immunosuppressive effect of the viruses.
Correction of post-stress disorders in rats in model experiments
Authors: Kryachko O. V. , Lukoyanova L. A.
Published: February 2023

The development of drugs to correct post -stress reactions, manifested by profound changes in homeostasis, is relevant for both human and veterinary medicine. The purpose of our study is to study the possibility of using the Klim organomineral supplement for the correction of post-stress disorders in rats in model experiments.Wistar rats, four-month-old males weighing 350-400 grams, were used as the object of the study. For the study, animals were divided into 3 groups, intact, control and experimental were used to simulate stress reactions when exposed to low temperatures. Animals of the experimental group 21 days before the model experiments were given a daily Klim supplement with food .The use of the Klim organomineral supplement to leveling the negative effects on blood morphological parameters when modeling acute stress, which is confirmed by our studies in production. Thus, it is possible to recommend the prophylactic use of the studied additive Klim in predicting a stressful situation of any origin (regrouping, cold, transportation).
Analysis of reproduction indicators of brown Swiss cattle of the Smolensk region
Authors: Gerasimova A. S. , Prishchep E. A. , Leutina D. V.
Published: February 2023

In dairy cattle breeding, the breeding work is carried out mainly to increase the milk productivity of cows, which often leads to a decrease in the reproductive qualities of the breeding stock. Therefore, practicing breeders are faced with the task of studying and improving the qualities of animals associated with the reproduction of the herd. At the same time, in the conditions of a decrease in the number of livestock, the issue of preserving and improving the reproductive properties of animals is also put forward in the first position. For design breeding problems, it is necessary to have information about the genesis of reproduction. The conducted studies covering the period 2011-2020 reveal the dynamics of significant reproductive indicators – the age of the first fruitful insemination, the number of inseminations per fruitful one, as well as the open days in the first lactation of the breeding stock of the Swiss breed. In the process of its improvement, the age of the first fruitful insemination of animals decreased. The multiplicity of insemination and the associated open days in the first lactation do not have a stable nature of changes. To obtain more informative data on the level of organization of the biological system under study, the entropy – information analysis was used in the study. The age of the first fruitful insemination at the initial stages was poorly controlled, with an absolute organization (O) having values from 0.168 bits (H=3.292 bits) it was found however, during the selection process, the controllability of this system increases (O=0.873 bits; H=2.586 bits). The most controlled feature throughout all stages is the multiplicity of insemination (O = 0.401...1.147 bits; H=1.921 ...1.175 bits). The least controlled is the open days (O=0.136...0.604 bits; H=3.449...2.981 bits). The obtained results of the study contribute to the conduct of purposeful breeding of Brown Swiss cattle, taking into account the reproductive ability.
Changes in peroxide and antioxidant status during gestation in sows predisposed to postpartum diseases
Authors: Sashnina L. Yu. , Nikonenko G. V. , Vladimirova Yu. Yu. , Drozhzhin O. S. , Furchakov S. N.
Published: February 2023

Industrial pig farms involve intensive use of sows with high genetic potential to produce the highest possible number of viable piglets. Developing against the background of an imbalance of peroxide reactions and antioxidant protection, oxidative stress is the cause of postpartum diseases in sows, which lead to a decrease or cessation of milk secretion, high morbidity and death of newborn piglets. The aim of the work was to study different levels of metabolic status in pregnant sows in the norm and in the event of postpartum endometritis in them. The article presents the studies on the indicators of the antioxidant defense system, nitric oxide and endogenous intoxication in sows during gestation. The study included sows of 3-4 farrowings. The sows were included after farrowing, on the basis of a clinical examination, were divided into two groups: clinically healthy and with signs of postpartum endometritis. On day 38-40 of gestation, the state of physiological oxidative stress was established in sows of both groups. On days 78-81 of gestation, they noted a decrease in the accumulation of proteolysis products and activation of the enzymatic and nonenzymatic components of the antioxidant system. At the same time, in sows with endometritis, compared with healthy animals, an increased content of malondialdehyde, medium molecular weight peptides and medium-weight molecules, reduced activity of catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vitamins A, E, and C were revealed in all periods of the study. They also had a high level of stable nitrogen metabolites involved in the development of oxidative stress and in the mechanisms of antioxidant protection.
Hyaluronic acid as a means to correct entropion in animals
Authors: Guliaeva V. V. , Gaponova V. N.
Published: February 2023

Entropion, or inversion of the edge of the eyelid, is a frequent multifactorial disease in which the ciliated edge of the eyelid is wrapped inside, which leads to permanent corneal trauma and eye irritation. Currently, subcutaneous fillers based on hyaluronic acid are used to correct entropion due to the fact that it does not have organ- and speciesspecificity and, therefore, carries a minimal risk of allergic reactions. The advantage of subcutaneous fillers based on HA is that the injection can be reversed with the development of complications with the help of drugs based on hyaluronidase. The assessment was carried out by the amount of periocular moistening, alopecia and/or hyperemia of the eyelids with manual rotation of the eyelids outward during the examination. All patients underwent a complete ophthalmological examination with a slit lamp and indirect ophthalmoscopy, a Schirmer test and intraocular pressure. The injection methods used included linear threading, a series of single-point injections, or a combination of them. The criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of the use of hyaluronic acid as a means for correcting entropion in animals were local reactions to skin filler, inflammatory processes in the eye area associated with a relapse of entropion, as well as the duration of the period before repeated administration of the drug. The technique of subcutaneous injection of the GC filler is a simple, reliable, effective, safe, prolonged procedure that requires a minimum amount of time, which allows you to immediately alleviate the patient's condition from mild to moderate severity as a result of entropion in cats and dogs. This procedure is especially preferable for age-related patients and patients with high anesthetic risk.
Molecular diagnostics of Cryptosporidium representatives in industrial pig industry in the Vologda region North-Western federal district of the Russian Federation
Authors: Kryazhev A. L. , Novikov A. S.
Published: February 2023

Cryptosporidiosis is a widespread parasitic disease of many species of domestic and wild animals, as well as humans, which is a significant problem in the field of medicine and veterinary medicine. Farm animals, in particular piglets, are most often susceptible to this disease, but the species composition of representatives of the genus Cryptosporidium in this species of animals in the Russian Federation has remained unknown to date. For the first time in the Russian Federation, in the conditions of the north-west, on the example of the Vologda region in pig farms with industrial technology for keeping piglets using the latest molecular genetic techniques, namely, using high-throughput sequencing of amplicon libraries of fragments of the 18S rRNA gene obtained as a result of nested PCR, we have established parasitism of C. scrofarum in all age groups of the animals examined. The total invasion of livestock in pig farms was 34% (51/150). Pine piglets were invaded by Cryptosporidium in 40% of cases (12/30), the intensity of Cryptosporidium infection was predominantly strong (+ + +), occurred in 20% (6/30) of cases. The mean (+ +) and weak (+) degree of animal invasion also occurred in 3% (10/30) of cases each. In the age group of weaning piglets at the age of 1-3 months, Cryptosporidium infection was 33.3% (10/30), a strong (+ + +) degree of oocyst production dominated, it was 26.7% (8/30) versus 10% (3/30) of the average (+ +) and 3.3% (1/30) weak (+). The most invasive oocysts are Cryptosporidium of fattening piglets at the age of 4-6 months, the extensinvasion of this group was 60% (18/30). The degree of oocyst release was predominantly moderate (+ +) – 26.7% (8/30) and strong – 23.3% (7/30). In 13.3% (4/30) of cases, there was a weak (+) degree of Cryptosporidium infection . Animals older than 6 months were infected with Cryptosporidium in 20% (6/30) of cases. They also recorded an average (+ +) – 13.3% (4/30) and a strong (+ + +) – 6.7% (2/30) degree of invasion, weak (+) invasion in this age group was not detected. Sows have also been invaded by Cryptosporidium. Their infection rate was 16.7% (5/30), and the degree of cryptosporidiosis was weak (+).
Prevalence of the pathatus Cryptosporidium parvum in syananthropic biocenoses
Authors: Klimova E. S.
Published: February 2023

The purpose of the research is to determine the relationship between the infestation of Cryptosporidium parvum in calves that have regular contact with synanthropic reservoirs (rodents and birds) in the climatic zones of Udmurtia. The study of the distribution and relationship of manifestations of cryptosporidiosis was carried out among calves that have regular contact with synanthropic rodents (gray rat (Rattus norvegicus), house mouse (Mus musculus), common vole (Microtus arvalis), bank vole (Myodes glareolus)) and birds (rock dove). (Columba livia), house sparrow (Passer domesticus), jackdaw (Coloeus monedula)). In total, 255 calves, 160 rodents and 80 birds were subjected to the study.The assessment of infestation of calves, rodents and birds was carried out by generally accepted coprological flotation methods, as well as by making native smears with further Ziehl-Neelsen staining. The results obtained were evaluated using statistical methods: analysis of variance, taking into account the Fisher criterion and the Pearson correlation coefficient.The results of the research showed that in all natural and climatic zones of the Udmurt Republic a high percentage of infection with cryptosporidiosis of calves is recorded.On the territory of the southern zone, the infection rate of calves with cryptosporidiosis was 62.35%, while in captured mouselike rodents the prevalence of invasion was at the level of 37.25%, and in birds - 20.0%.In the farms located on the territory of the northern natural and climatic zone of the republic, the degree of infestation of calves reached 41.18%, the infection of rodents was 23.91%. The minimum percentage of detection of cryptosporidium oocysts among synanthropic birds was observed in the north of Udmurtia - 11.77%.The fact of the dependence of the invasion by the causative agent of cryptosporidiosis of calves on the presence of parasite carriers in farms has been established. According to the results of calculating the correlation coefficient and analysis of variance, a direct close relationship was revealed between the infection of calves and representatives of the synanthropic reservoir - rodents, birds, regularly in contact with agricultural crops. animals.
Extensiveness of invasion of leishmaniasis of dogs in megir district of syunik marz of Armenia
Authors: Slobodyanik R. V. , Zykova S. S. , Lunegov A. M. , Aghayan S. A. , Shcherbakov O. V.
Published: February 2023

Every year, leishmaniasis infects from one million to two million inhabitants of the Earth. The causative agent of leishmaniasis are parasites from the genus protozoan Leishmania, which has more than two dozen species. The main carriers of leishmaniasis are about 90 species of blood-sucking insects. The danger of the current situation on leishmaniasis is aggravated by the fact that the habitat of mosquitoes is expanding due to global warming. Armenia is a leishmaniasis endemic country. Both imported and local cases of the disease are registered in the republic. There are foci of infection both in the republics bordering on Armenia and in some regions of the country. The aim of our work was to clarify the epizootic situation of dog leishmaniasis in the Meghri district of the Syunik region of Armenia.In May 2022, 23 dogs of both sexes aged from 10 months to 10 years, dogs used by residents of the Meghri district of the Syunik region of Armenia, were examined for the presence of leishmaniasis infestation. Dogs were kept in open enclosures on the territory of private houses. The infection of dogs with leishmaniasis was determined in the laboratory of molecular parasitology of the Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Armenia. Peripheral blood was taken from the animals, the presence of Leishmania infantum antibodies was detected using the Leishmania canis Ab Rapid Test immunochromatographic instrumentless test system.The largest number of dogs with leishmaniasis was registered by the authors at the age of 3 years - 46.8% of cases. At the age of 10 months to a year, 2 years, 7 years and 10 years, 13.2% of sick animals were registered. In dogs aged 6 to 7 years, as well as aged 9 to 10 years, leishmaniasis was recorded in 19.8% of cases. In the studies conducted in dogs aged 4 to 5 years, as well as at the age of 8 years, leishmania infestation was not recorded.
NEXUS BETWEEN FOREIGN REMITTANCES AND POVERTY REDUCTION: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM PAKISTAN
Authors:   Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Pakistan, Manzoor Kashif , Shaheen Safana ,   Higher Education Department Punjab, Pakistan, Waqas Muhammad ,   Department of Economics, University of Sargodha, Pakistan
Published: February 2023

This study explored the effect of foreign remittances on the household poverty in case of Pakistan. The data has been taken from Pakistan social and living standard measurement (pslm) survey for the year of 2018-2019. In order to check the impact of foreign remittances towards household poverty probit regression has been utilized. Household poverty has been used as a binary variable having its two values poor and non-poor. While independent variables used in it are family size (hh size), foreign remittances (rem), number of employed persons in a household (no. of workers) and region rural/urban (area). The findings of probit regression revealed that family size (hh size) have its positive and significant impacts on household poverty while foreign remittances (rem), no. of employed persons in a household (no. of workers) and region rural/urban (area) have significant but negative impact on household poverty. At last findings purposed that there is a need to start such soft immigrations plans and policies with the consent of embassies of other countries through which people can easily get migrated. There is a need to create an awareness program through which every person can easily find employment opportunities according to their skills. There is a need to launch awareness programs about the negative impacts of high population among people. There is a dire need to take initiative for people of rural area to provide jobs. Establishing rural non-farm economy can be helpful. Keywords: Remittances, Poverty, Cross-Sectional Data
SEXUAL ACTS AND ESCALATION: AN ANALYSIS OF THE FACTORS LEADING TO SEX CRIMES
Authors:   Department of Law, Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan, Rani Tabinda , Hayat Shoukat ,   Advocate District and Session Courts Mansehra Pakistan, Noreen Nadia ,   Department of Law, Hazara University Mansehra Pakistan
Published: February 2023

Sex crime is a worldwide phenomenon, but being an Islamic state, Pakistan's position is very crucial. In Pakistan, the number of sex crimes is uncontrolled and increasing regardless of strong efforts at the government and non-government levels. The focus of the research at hand was to dig out the possible factors leading to sex crimes in Pakistani society. The study is conducted using a qualitative approach, applying interview protocol to such citizens who are professionals and serving in different fields of law; hence, the study is also abreast of the enriched experience and knowledge of learned officials. An in-depth interview for exploring these areas was developed and validated. Data were collected from 11 key informants with prolonged experience in their field of work. The study has important implications for dealing with such an obscene phenomenon for the government, judiciary, law enforcement departments, policymakers, non-governmental organisations linked with fields of law, personnel from grass-roots level administration, parents and teachers, and so on. Keywords: Sexual Acts, Crimes, Sexual Abuse, Sexual Penal provisions, Pakistan.
EFFECT OF MIND MAPPING APPROACHES IN IMPROVING STUDENTS’ LEARNING OUTCOMES AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL
Authors:   Institute of Southern Punjab, Ahmed Naveed , Ali Hina Hadayat ,   Department of Special Education, University of Education, Lahore. Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan, Aftab Muhammad Javed ,   Department of Special Education, (DOE) University of Education, Lahore, Faisalabad Campus, Pakistan
Published: February 2023

The basic purpose of current work is to determine the effect of the Mind Mapping Approach (MMA) on improving students' academic performance in science, as well as their effect on improving students' learning outcomes. These were conducted in order to determine the best methods of teaching for the improvement of students' science learning outcomes. The non-equivalent post-test, pre-test experimental design was used in this study. In Multan tehsil Saddar, 43 basic educational elementary schools were chosen using a simple random sampling technique. The eighth-grade classes were used for the research. The "Science Achievement Test" was used for data collection (SAT). According to the study, MMA can help improving students' learning outcomes in science; with, MMA that could improve students' learning outcomes more effectively. It is thus recommended that the Education Ministry should conduct trainings for science teachers on how to effectively implement these pioneering teaching tactics during instruction so that students can be guided to learn meaningfully and are helped in remembering, what they have learned in science. Keywords: Mastery learning, Mind Mapping, Learning outcomes.
TEACHERS’ PROFESSIONALISM: EXPLORING THE PUBLIC-SCHOOL TEACHERS PROFESSIONALISM
Authors:   Department of Education, University of Sargodha Pakistan, Khakwani Sofia , Khalid Shaista ,   Department of Education, University of Sargodha Pakistan, Ahmad Mushtaq ,   Department of Education, University of Sargodha Pakistan
Published: February 2023

Teacher professionalism means expertise and consulting determined standards in education. Novel considerations of teacher professionalism that offer professional environments for teachers to take responsibility for their performance. In the educational context, teacher professionalism emphasis on teachers' professional education such as being good at their job, fulfilling the standards, and attaining success. This survey research explores the levels of Dera Ghazi khan teachers ‘professionalism. Self-developed questionnaire of professionalism scale with line of national professional standards for teachers in Pakistan (2009) comprising factors of subject matter knowledge, human growth and development, knowledge of Islamic ethical values, instructional planning and strategies, assessment, learning environment, and effective communication and proficient use of information communication technologies was used. The sample of the study comprised 360 primary school teachers from the Dera Ghazi khan, districts of Punjab province. The analysis showed an average level of professionalism among public primary school teachers of the Dera Ghazi khan, districts. A significant difference concerning the gender and job experience of the teachers was found. It is concluded that a sense of professionalism is normal among some primary school teachers of Dera Ghazi khan districts. Recommendations have been drawn to replicate the study with a more diverse sample and introduction of teacher professional training programs for teachers to develop a sense of professionalism. Keywords: Teacher professionalism, teacher education, professional development, teaching performance, national professional standards, national education policy-2009.
A LITERARY STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE STYLE. IN THE SHORT STORY “THE LITTLE MATCH GIRL” BY HANS CHRISTIAN ANDERSEN
Authors:   NUML Peshawar Pakistan, Faheem Muhammad , Mahmood Tariq ,   NUML Peshawar Pakistan, Ali Syed Sajjad ,   NUML Peshawar Pakistan
Published: February 2023

This research paper aims at analyzing the short story The Little Match Girl by Hans Christian Andersen from a literary stylistic perspective. The nature of this very research is descriptive qualitative. The researcher uses observation and documentation to gather the data, researching the chosen text in-depth before categorizing it according to Laurence Perrine's theory of figurative language. Perrine classifies figures of speech into three categories: figures of speech by comparison, contrast and association on the basis of their functions. The results show that among the four selected figures of speech, as compared to other figures of speech, the simile is utilized more frequently in the text. Key Words: Literary stylistics, Figurative language, Perrine’s classification of figures of speech