bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rechnerische Herleitung der vom Wind verursachten Kräfte auf Luftdichtheitsbahnen und Verklebungen
Authors: Zeller Joachim
Published: October 2014

Bei Außenbauteilen in Holzbauweise werden häufig Bahnen als Dampfbremse und Luftdichtheitsbahn eingesetzt. Druckunterschiede zwischen innen und außen können diese Bahnen belasten. Gleichermaßen werden auch die Verklebungen an Überlappungen zwischen den Bahnen belastet. Es stellt sich die Frage, wie groß die Kräfte auf die Verklebungen sind.

In der Literatur findet man für ein Beispiel die Antwort. Dabei wurden mittels einer Berechnung mit finiten Elementen die Kräfte ermittelt. Interessant wäre es nun zu wissen, wie sich eine Änderung der Randbedingungen, z. B. der Windgeschwindigkeit, auf das Ergebnis auswirkt.

Im zweidimensionalen Fall ist eine Berechnung mit finiten Elementen nicht erforderlich. Vielmehr können Lösungen durch ein einfaches iteratives Verfahren mittels Tabellenkalkulation gefunden werden. Falls die Luftdichtungsbahn im unbelasteten Zustand ohne Durchhang und ohne Spannung verlegt ist, lässt sich sogar eine Formel angeben, die direkt die Berechnung der maßgeblichen Kräfte erlaubt.

Calculating the wind‐induced forces on airtightness membranes and their seals. Where external structural elements are made of wood, membranes are often employed as barriers to water vapour and air. Differences between external and internal air pressure may exert load forces on these membranes and also on the bonded overlaps. How can the magnitude of these forces on the seals be established?

For a particular set example answers can be found in the literature. The forces in this examples have been calculated using finite elements. Yet it would be interesting to know how a change in boundary conditions, such as wind speed, impacts on the results.

For two‐dimensional analysis, it is not necessary to use finite elements. Instead, results can be calculated using a spreadsheet employing a simple iterative procedure. If the airtightness membrane is laid with no tension or sag, a formula can be input with which to calculate the key forces in operation.
Bone morphogenetic proteins: A powerful osteoinductive compound with non‐negligible side effects and limitations
Authors: Oryan Ahmad , Alidadi Soodeh , Moshiri Ali , Bigham‐Sadegh Amin
Published: October 2014

Healing and regeneration of large bone defects leading to non‐unions is a great concern in orthopedic surgery. Since auto‐ and allografts have limitations, bone tissue engineering and regenerative medicine (TERM) has attempted to solve this issue. In TERM, healing promotive factors are necessary to regulate the several important events during healing. An ideal treatment strategy should provide osteoconduction, osteoinduction, osteogenesis, and osteointegration of the graft or biomaterials within the healing bone. Since many materials have osteoconductive properties, only a few biomaterials have osteoinductive properties which are important for osteogenesis and osteointegration. Bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) are potent inductors of the osteogenic and angiogenic activities during bone repair. The BMPs can regulate the production and activity of some growth factors which are necessary for the osteogenesis. Since the introduction of BMP, it has added a valuable tool to the surgeon's possibilities and is most commonly used in bone defects. Despite significant evidences suggesting their potential benefit on bone healing, there are some evidences showing their side effects such as ectopic bone formation, osteolysis and problems related to cost effectiveness. Bone tissue engineering may create a local environment, using the delivery systems, which enables BMPs to carry out their activities and to lower cost and complication rate associated with BMPs. This review represented the most important concepts and evidences regarding the role of BMPs on bone healing and regeneration from basic to clinical application. The major advantages and disadvantages of such biologic compounds together with the BMPs substitutes are also discussed. © 2014 BioFactors, 40(5):459–481, 2014
Double‐stranded DNA stereoselectively promotes aggregation of amyloid‐like fibrils and generates peptide/DNA matrices
Authors: Yamada Masanori , Hara Sachiko , Yamada Tetsuya , Katagiri Fumihiko , Hozumi Kentaro , Nomizu Motoyoshi
Published: October 2014

An amyloidogenic LAM‐L peptide (AASIKVAVSADR, all‐L configuration) derived from laminin promoted cell adhesion, neurite outgrowth, and angiogenesis. Here, we prepared novel matrices using double‐stranded DNA and the LAM‐L peptide. Double‐stranded DNA promoted aggregation of amyloid‐like fibrils and generated a LAM‐L/DNA matrix through electrostatic interactions between the phosphate groups of DNA and the amino groups of LAM‐L. This formation of peptide/DNA matrix depends on the Ile‐Lys‐Val‐Ala‐Val (IKVAV) sequence in the peptide, since LAM‐RM peptide (AASVVIAKSADR), which is scrambled peptide of LAM‐L, did not form a matrix with DNA. Further, LAM‐D (all‐D configuration of LAM‐L), which forms amyloid‐like fibrils and promotes similar biological activities as LAM‐L, did not form amyloid‐like fibrils with DNA, suggesting that DNA selectively interacts with the L‐configured peptide. Moreover, the LAM‐L/DNA matrices showed stronger cell attachment activity compared with LAM‐L alone, suggesting the LAM‐L/DNA matrices have potential for use as a novel biomaterial in tissue engineering. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers (Pept Sci) 102: 465–472, 2014.
Decision‐Making in Post‐acquittal Hospital Release: How Do Forensic Evaluators Make Their Decisions?
Authors: Gowensmith W. Neil , Bryant Amanda E. , Vitacco Michael J.
Published: October 2014

A large number of individuals are acquitted of criminal charges after being found “not guilty by reason of insanity.” Most of these individuals are hospitalized and later seek hospital discharge under a court‐ordered provision called conditional release (“CR”). Courts rely on opinions from forensic evaluators to determine acquittees’ readiness for CR. However, how evaluators make these decisions are unknown. Eighty‐nine CR readiness evaluators from nine states were surveyed to understand which factors evaluators prioritize and to understand evaluators’ assessment methodologies and their beliefs about the CR process itself. Little uniformity was found among evaluators on any aspect of the decision‐making process. Evaluators utilized a wide variety of methodologies when making their decisions on readiness for CR. Moreover, evaluators’ conceptualizations of the CR process itself varied widely. The results highlight the difficulty and confusion evaluators face when conducting CR readiness evaluations, and demonstrate the need for enhanced training, statutory guidance, and standardized evaluation protocols for these evaluations. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blood transfusion is associated with impaired outcome after transcatheter aortic valve implantation
Authors: Seiffert Moritz , Conradi Lenard , Terstesse Ann Christine , Koschyk Dietmar , Schirmer Johannes , Schnabel Renate B. , Wilde Sandra , Ojeda Francisco M. , Reichenspurner Hermann , Blankenberg Stefan , Schäfer Ulrich , Treede Hendrik , Diemert Patrick
Published: October 2014

Objectives

We sought to evaluate the relationship of blood transfusion after transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) and mid‐term outcome to improve patient selection and periprocedural treatment.

Background

Increasing evidence suggests a negative influence of blood transfusion on outcomes of patients with cardiovascular diseases. While the adverse impact of bleeding events on survival has been documented after TAVI, data on the impact of postoperative blood transfusions are scarce.

Methods

TAVI was performed in 700 consecutive patients; 14.7% of TAVI patients suffered from bleeding or access site complications and were excluded from analysis to minimize confounding. Outcomes were analyzed with emphasis on blood transfusions and according to the Valve Academic Research Consortium definitions. Median follow‐up duration was 364 days. Multivariable analyses were performed to identify predictors for transfusion and 1‐year mortality.

Results

33.0% of patients received blood transfusions after TAVI, irrespective of access choice. Blood transfusions were associated with a higher baseline risk profile (median logistic EuroSCORE 21.0 vs. 17.0%), increased rates of postoperative complications and impaired survival (21.2 vs. 36.1% all‐cause 1‐year mortality). Transfusion was an independent predictor of mortality at 1 year (OR 2.78 [CI 1.59–4.86]). Low body mass index (OR 0.94 [0.89–1.0]), low baseline hemoglobin (OR 0.39 [0.33–0.47]) and combined anticoagulation/antiplatelet therapy were identified as independent predictors of blood transfusion after TAVI.

Conclusions

Blood transfusions were frequently required after TAVI even in the absence of overt bleeding or access site complications and were identified as an independent predictor of impaired mid‐term outcome. Optimization of baseline factors, strict blood conservation strategies, and individualized antiplatelet or anticoagulant regimens may improve outcome after TAVI. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mesoporous Poly(melamine–formaldehyde): A Green and Recyclable Heterogeneous Organocatalyst for the Synthesis of Benzoxazoles and Benzothiazoles Using Dioxygen as Oxidant
Authors: Yang Daoshan , Liu Peng , Zhang Ning , Wei Wei , Yue Mingbo , You Jinmao , Wang Hua
Published: October 2014

A simple, highly efficient, and sustainable strategy for the synthesis of benzoxazole and benzothiazole derivatives was developed by using inexpensive, green, readily available, and recyclable mesoporous poly(melamine–formaldehyde) as a green, heterogeneous organocatalyst. The corresponding substituted benzoxazoles and benzothiazoles were obtained in good to excellent yields by aerobic oxidation of o‐substituted aminobenzenes with various aldehydes under dioxygen atmosphere. The catalyst can be completely recovered through simple filtration to be reused more than six times without significant loss of catalytic activity.
Effects of Topography and Local Geological Structure on Computing Co‐Seismic Deformation—A Case Study of the 2011 Japan Tohoku Earthquake (Mw 9.0)
Authors: Xiao‐Guang LIN , Wen‐Ke SUN
Published: October 2014

Using 2‐D finite element numerical simulation and considering the 2011 Japan Mw 9.0 Tohoku Earthquake as a case study, we studied the effects of topography, layer structure and local geological structure on the calculation of co‐seismic deformations. Double nodes are used as the fault slip surface; the homogeneous, layered, and models with terrain as well as the subduction plate are used to examine the influence of different physical factors respectively. The results reveal that the topography has a non‐negligible effect, reaching from –1.25 to 1.31 m for horizontal displacement, and from –0.89 to 0.44 m for vertical displacement, with the relative effects of 26% and 55%, respectively. The effects are even larger when the topography and regional geologic structure are considered, reaching the range of –1.78∼0.8 m and –1.4∼0.64 m for horizontal and vertical displacement, respectively; the corresponding relative effects are 34% and 92%, respectively. The results also indicate that the effect of the regional geological structure is larger than that of the layer structure. In summary, the effects of the acute change of the topography, especially the seamount and regional geological structure are very large and can be detected by modern geodetic measurements, such as GPS and InSAR. Therefore, the topography and geologic structure should be considered in calculating co‐seismic deformations.
Experimental Study on the Relationship Between Reservoir Permeability and Its Formation Resistivity Factor
Authors: Zhong‐Hua LIU , Shu‐Qin WU , Bao‐Hui DU , Chao‐Liu LI , Song HU , Fu‐Qiang ZENG
Published: October 2014

To improve the evaluation of low permeability reservoirs with strong heterogeneity by using electrical logging data, it is essential to correctly understand the relation of formation permeability to its resistivity factor. In this paper, a comprehensive analysis is made on the assorted experimental data obtained from the Bohai Bay Basin, including porosity, permeability, NMR T2 spectrum, rock resistivity, mercury injection, X‐ray diffraction, casting thin sections and so on. For the same group of core samples, the relation of formation resistivity factor to permeability, average pore throat radius and reservoir quality index is further studied separately. Each result is compared to the relation of formation resistivity factor to porosity. The study reveals that the relation of formation permeability to its resistivity factor is not monotonic, and core samples with similar porosity but different pore structure quality and permeability can have close electrical conductivity. The reasonability of this phenomenon is further proved with theoretical analysis. It is also found that the difference of permeability is related to the square of the ratio of average pore throat, pore tortuosity and geometry for core samples with similar porosity and electrical conductivity.
An Efficient Prins Cyclization for Stereoselective Synthesis of Tetrahydropyran from Imines and Homoallyl Alcohols
Authors: Liu Congrong , Cheng Daojuan , Yang Fulai
Published: October 2014

An unprecedented protocol has been developed for the efficient synthesis of substituted tetrahydropyrans via a bismuth‐promoted Prins cyclization of imines with homoallyl alcohols. In the presence of 40 mol% BiCl3, a wide variety of imines react smoothly with homoallyl alcohols at room temperature to give the corresponding 4‐chlorotetrahydropyran derivatives in good to excellent yields.
Hybrid Liquid Crystals from the Self‐Assembly of Surfactant‐Encapsulated Polyoxometalate Complexes
Authors: Li Wen , Wu Lixin
Published: October 2014

The construction of nano‐hybrid liquid crystals (LCs) has been intensively pursued because the unique traits of nano‐objects together with the self‐assembly features of LCs allow the development of novel anisotropic materials. Self‐assembly of surfactant‐encapsulated polyoxometalate (SEP) complexes, consisting of nano‐sized cores and organic shells, provides particularly important contribution in this area. The main motivation for developing those nano‐hybrid liquid crystals originates from the added‐value combination between anionic polyoxometalates and cationic surfactants. This account describes recent work in our group to develop thermotropic SEP complexes that result from the sophisticated molecular design. Since the polyoxometalates possess well‐defined topology, strictly mono‐dispersed size, and precise surface charges, it is possible to get more insight into understanding of the influence of nature of components on the thermal property of nano‐hybrid LCs. We briefly describe the general importance and advantage of nano‐hybrid LCs. We then highlight the synthesis and characterization of thermotropic liquid crystals based on polyoxometalate nano‐clusters. The driving forces behind the molecular self‐assembly are discussed in depth. The various factors, including chain length, surfactant density and the size‐matching effect, affecting the interfacial curvature and the LC properties are summarized. We expect that the structure‐property relationships are virtually helpful for the design of new nano‐hybrid LC materials.
Kinesin family member 6 (kif6) is necessary for spine development in zebrafish
Authors: Buchan Jillian G. , Gray Ryan S. , Gansner John M. , Alvarado David M. , Burgert Lydia , Gitlin Jonathan D. , Gurnett Christina A. , Goldsmith Matthew I.
Published: October 2014

Background: Idiopathic scoliosis is a form of spinal deformity that affects 2–3% of children and results in curvature of the spine without structural defects of the vertebral units. The pathogenesis of idiopathic scoliosis remains poorly understood, in part due to the lack of a relevant animal model. Results: We performed a forward mutagenesis screen in zebrafish to identify new models for idiopathic scoliosis. We isolated a recessive zebrafish mutant, called skolios, which develops isolated spinal curvature that arises independent of vertebral malformations. Using meiotic mapping and whole genome sequencing, we identified a nonsense mutation in kinesin family member 6 (kif6gw326) unique to skolios mutants. Three additional kif6 frameshift alleles (gw327, gw328, gw329) were generated with transcription activator‐like effector nucleases (TALENs). Zebrafish homozygous or compound heterozygous for kif6 frameshift mutations developed a scoliosis phenotype indistinguishable from skolios mutants, confirming that skolios is caused by the loss of kif6. Although kif6 may play a role in cilia, no evidence for cilia dysfunction was seen in kif6gw326 mutants. Conclusions: Overall, these findings demonstrate a novel role for kif6 in spinal development and identify a new candidate gene for human idiopathic scoliosis. Developmental Dynamics 243:1646–1657, 2014. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Toward Bis C,C‐Glycosyl Compounds and Anomeric γ‐Glycoamino Acids through Michael Addition Reaction of Nitromethane on Z/E Push‐Pull Sugar Olefins
Authors: Richard Mylène , Felten Anne‐Sophie , Didierjean Claude , Ruiz‐Lopez Manuel , Chapleur Yves , Pellegrini‐Moïse Nadia
Published: October 2014

The nucleophilic addition of a nitronate anion on push‐pull anomeric sugar olefins has been studied and the results reveal that this reaction opens a new and efficient access to anomeric γ‐nitro esters when applied to furanoglycosylidenes. The 1,4‐addition reaction occurs mainly from the less‐crowded face, i.e. the opposite side to the 4,5‐isopropylidene protecting group. Very different reactivities for E and Z isomers were observed and this experimental finding was rationalized on the basis of quantum mechanical calculations. Chemical manipulation of the nitro function of these bis C,C‐glycosyl compounds led to a series of new γ‐glycoamino acids, which are chiral building blocks that may be useful for the synthesis of glycopeptides oligomers or scaffolds for the construction of bioactive compounds. Under the same reaction conditions, pyranoglycosylidenes were more prone to migration of the double bond than to the expected 1,4 addition reaction.
Synthesis of Soai Type 2‐Arylpyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehydes through Desulfurative Cross‐Coupling with Arylboronic Acids
Authors: Maltsev Oleg V. , Rausch Rodger , Quan Zheng‐Jun , Hintermann Lukas
Published: October 2014

A two‐step synthesis of 2‐arylpyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehydes, which are of relevance as substrates for Soai's asymmetric autocatalysis, was realized by exploiting a hidden threefold symmetry in the target core structure. Condensation of Arnold's C3‐symmetric vinamidinium cation with S‐methylisothiouronium sulfate provides 2‐methylsulfanyl‐pyrimidine‐5‐carbaldehyde; introduction of aryl groups at C‐2 of the latter was accomplished by a Liebeskind–Srogl palladium‐catalyzed desulfurative (de‐methylsulfanylative) coupling with aryl boronic acids to obtain the target compounds 1 (14 examples, 60–95 % yield).
Development of an Electrochemical Sensor Based on Reduced Graphene Oxide Modified Screen‐Printed Carbon Electrode for the Determination of Buprenorphine
Authors: Fakhari Ali Reza , Sahragard Ali , Ahmar Hamid
Published: October 2014

In this research, we have developed an electrochemical buprenorphine (BN) sensor based on reduced graphene oxide (r‐GO) as an electrode modifier on the screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) surface. BN oxidation pathway was proposed using voltammetric studies and with the aid of Density Functional Theory (DFT). The effects of various parameters including pH, modifier amount, accumulation time, and accumulation potential on the oxidation peak current of BN were optimized. Under the optimized conditions, the linear response range and the limit of detection were obtained as 0.50–100 µM and 0.16 µM (S/N=3) using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV), respectively. The selectivity of the modified electrode in the presence of potential interferences was also studied, and finally the electrode was successfully employed for the determination of BN in spiked urine samples.
Simultaneous Determination of Cu‐EDTA and Its Degradation Intermediates by Capillary Electrophoresis with a Capacitively Coupled Contactless Conductivity Detector
Authors: Lan Shenyu , Xiong Ya , Tian Shuanghong , Sun Lianpeng , Xie Tianyao , Wang Xin , Kong Lingjun
Published: October 2014

A method of capillary electrophoresis (CE) with capacitively coupled contactless conductivity detector (C4D) was developed to detect Cu‐EDTA and its degradation intermediates simultaneously. The target compounds included oxalic acid, EDTA, Cu‐EDTA, glyoxylic acid, iminodiacetic acid, formic acid and copper ion. The optimum electrophoretic conditions were determined by varying the running solution, injection voltage, injection time, and separation voltage. The anions in the reaction solution were separated and detected successfully under the conditions of 20 mmol L−1 acetate acid, electrokinetic injection of −13 kV×10 s, and separation voltage of −15 kV. Furthermore, copper ion was detected when 20 mmol L−1 acetate acid solution, electrokinetic injection of +11 kV×6 s and separation voltage of +13 kV were applied. The detection method was verified to track the degradation of Cu‐EDTA with H2O2/UV.
Numerical models of RC elements and their impacts on seismic performance assessment
Authors: Huang Xu , Kwon Oh‐Sung
Published: October 2014

This paper aims to provide a guideline for numerical modeling of reinforced concrete (RC) frame elements for the seismic performance assessment of a structure. Several types of numerical models of RC frame elements are available in nonlinear structural analysis packages. Because the numerical models are formulated based on different assumptions and theories, the models' accuracy, computing time, and applicability vary, which poses a great difficulty to practicing engineers and limits their confidence in the analysis results. In this study, the applicability of five representative numerical models of RC frame elements is evaluated through comparison with 320 experimental results available from the Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research column database. The accuracy of a numerical model is evaluated according to its initial stiffness, peak strength, and energy dissipation capacity of the global responses. In addition, a parametric study of a cantilever RC column subjected to earthquake excitation is carried out to systematically evaluate the consequence of the adopted numerical models on the maximum inelastic structural responses. It is found from this study that the accuracy of the numerical models is sensitive to shear force demand–capacity ratio. If a structural period is short and the structure is shear critical, the use of numerical models that can explicitly capture the shear deformation and failure is suggested. If the structural period is long, the selection of a numerical model does not greatly influence the global response of the structure. The paper also presents statistical parameters of each numerical model, which can be used for probabilistic seismic performance assessment. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Seismic reliability assessment of lifeline networks using clustering‐based multi‐scale approach
Authors: Lim Hyun‐Woo , Song Junho , Kurtz Nolan
Published: October 2014

Seismic reliability assessment of lifeline networks gives rise to various technical challenges, which are mostly caused by a large number of network components, complex network topology, and statistical dependence between component failures. For effective risk assessment and probabilistic inference based on post‐hazard observations, various non‐simulation‐based algorithms have been developed, including the selective recursive decomposition algorithm (S‐RDA). To facilitate the application of such an algorithm to large networks, a new multi‐scale approach is developed in this paper. Using spectral clustering algorithms, a network is first divided into an adequate number of clusters such that the number of inter‐cluster links is minimized while the number of the nodes in each cluster remains reasonably large. The connectivity around the identified clusters is represented by super‐links. The reduced size of the simplified network enables the S‐RDA algorithm to perform the network risk assessment efficiently. When the simplified network is still large even after a clustering, additional levels of clustering can be introduced to have a hierarchical modeling structure. The efficiency and effectiveness of the proposed multi‐scale approach are demonstrated successfully by numerical examples of a hypothetical network, a gas transmission pipeline network, and a water transmission network. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dating alluvial fan surfaces in Owens Valley, California, using weathering fractures in boulders
Authors: D'Arcy Mitch , Roda Boluda Duna C. , Whittaker Alexander C. , Carpineti Alfredo
Published: October 2014

A wide range of sedimentological and geomorphological field research depends on the availability of accurate and detailed depositional age models. Although exposure dating techniques such as cosmogenic nuclide and luminescence dating are now widely available, they remain expensive and time‐consuming, and this frequently limits the density of age constraints and the resolutions of age models for many study areas. We present a simple and effective, field‐based approach for extending and correlating existing age models to un‐dated surfaces. In Owens Valley, California, we make use of detailed beryllium‐10 (10Be) chronologies reported for four different alluvial fan systems, to precisely calibrate the rate at which weathering fractures are enlarged in granitic surface boulders. We show that these fractures have widened at a time‐integrated rate of 1.05 ± 0.03 mm ka−1 for at least 140 ka at this location, and this relationship can be represented by a linear regression that makes them ideal chronometers for surface dating. Our analysis offers a new approach to refining the uncertainties of both surface erosion rate and cosmogenic age estimates at this location. Ultimately, we integrate our observations to devise a robust age calibration for clast fracture widths in Owens Valley, and we demonstrate its application by estimating the ages of 27 additional local fan surfaces. We present an updated and extended stratigraphy for eight Sierra Nevada fan systems in total, with exceptional age control. This novel approach to dating sedimentary surfaces is inexpensive and easily applied in the field, and has the potential to significantly increase the temporal and spatial density of age constraints available for a particular study area. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The fire performance and fire‐resistance design of aluminium alloy I‐beams
Authors: Zheng Yong‐Qian , Zhang Zheng
Published: October 2014

In this paper, the temperature fields of unprotected and protected aluminium‐alloy I‐beams heated on three sides were calculated using the finite element method. The calculated temperature results were compared with the incremental temperature rise formulas specified in Eurocode 9. Next, finite element models were developed to simulate the flexural behaviour and the flexural–torsional buckling behaviour of aluminium‐alloy I‐beams under fire. The calculated results were validated by experimental data acquired at both ambient and high temperatures. Subsequently, simplified formulas for calculating critical temperatures for 5083‐H112 and 6060‐T66 aluminium‐alloy beams were proposed based on parametric analysis, and the results obtained using these formulas were compared against equivalent values calculated in accordance with Eurocode 9 standards. In terms of engineering applications, findings indicate that increases in the load level, the global stability coefficient, and the ratio of fireboard thickness to thermal conductivity reduce the critical temperatures of aluminium‐alloy beams. In most cases, designs using the method of checking load bearing capacity at high temperature published in the Eurocode 9 would tend to be conservative. Finally, when the global stability coefficient was greater than 0.8, the critical temperatures in some regions measured slightly higher than the calculated simplified value. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
New Cathode Materials for the Anion Exchange Membrane Electrolyzer (AEM)
Authors: Manolova M. , Schoeberl C. , Bretzler R. , Freudenberger R.
Published: October 2014

An anion exchange membrane electrolyzer (AEM) should combine the positive qualities of the Alkaline Water Electrolysis and the proton exchange membrane (PEM) Electrolysis – compactness, environmentally friendly, effectively and being economically priced. Here, we present improvements of the used substrate materials and of the deposited coatings for developing an AEM with such characteristics. Ni‐wire mesh, stainless steel non‐woven fabrics and stainless steel web were tested as cathode substrate. Base alloys of NiWTiOx, CoNiMoW, CoMn, porous Ni, and porous Ni with TiOx were potentiostatically and galvanostatically deposited. The effect of a single substrate and electrolyte component is graphically shown. We established that, the rougher the structure of an alloy is, the better the electrochemical properties are. The cathode separators were analyzed through EDS‐analysis, light microscopy and REM‐investigations. The electrochemical characterizing was performed galvanostatically in 1 M KOH. The combination substrate‐alloy, which shows the very best electrochemical properties, will be tested in real conditions.
Aberrant TP53 detected by combining immunohistochemistry and DNA‐FISH improves Barrett's esophagus progression prediction: A prospective follow‐up study
Authors: Davelaar Akueni L. , Calpe Silvia , Lau Liana , Timmer Margriet R. , Visser Mike , ten Kate Fiebo J. , Parikh Kaushal B. , Meijer Sybren L. , Bergman Jacques J. , Fockens Paul , Krishnadath Kausilia K.
Published: October 2014

Barrett's esophagus (BE) goes through a sequence of low grade dysplasia (LGD) and high grade dysplasia (HGD) to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC). The current gold standard for BE outcome prediction, histopathological staging, can be unreliable. TP53 abnormalities may serve as prognostic biomarkers. TP53 protein accumulation detected by immunohistochemistry (IHC) indirectly assesses TP53 mutations. DNA fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) on brush cytology specimens directly evaluates gene locus loss. We evaluated if IHC and FISH are complementary tools to assess TP53 abnormalities and tested their prognostic value in a long‐term prospective follow‐up of a BE cohort. TP53 IHC on tissue sections and FISH on brush cytology specimens were evaluated for 116 BE patients with respect to the different histological stages. The TP53 abnormalities were further studied in a panel of cell lines representative of the Barrett's carcinogenic sequence. For 91patients, the predictive value of TP53 abnormalities with respect to progression to HGD/EAC was tested after long term follow‐up. The frequency of IHC and FISH TP53 abnormalities increased significantly with increasing histological stage (P < 0.001, Chi2‐test). Combining the techniques detected TP53 abnormalities in 100% of patients with LGD, HGD, and EAC. Multivariate analysis showed that IHC (hazard ratio: 17, 95% CI: 3.2–96, P = 0.001) and FISH (hazard ratio: 7.3, 95% CI: 1.3–41, P = 0.02) were both independent significant predictors of progression. Combining FISH and IHC in assessing TP53 abnormalities leads to an increased detection rate of TP53 aberrations and improved accuracy for predicting BE progression. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Meth Project and Teen Meth Use: New Estimates from the National and State Youth Risk Behavior Surveys
Authors: Anderson D. Mark , Elsea David
Published: October 2014

In this note, we use data from the national and state Youth Risk Behavior Surveys for the period 1999 through 2011 to estimate the relationship between the Meth Project, an anti‐methamphetamine advertising campaign, and meth use among high school students. During this period, a total of eight states adopted anti‐meth advertising campaigns. After accounting for pre‐existing downward trends in meth use, we find little evidence that the campaign curbed meth use in the full sample. We do find, however, some evidence that the Meth Project may have decreased meth use among White high school students. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Total dietary antioxidant capacity, individual antioxidant intake and breast cancer risk: The Rotterdam study
Authors: Pantavos Athanasios , Ruiter Rikje , Feskens Edith F. , de Keyser Catherine E. , Hofman Albert , Stricker Bruno H. , Franco Oscar H. , Kiefte‐de Jong Jessica C.
Published: October 2014

Some studies suggest a favorable role of antioxidants on breast cancer risk but this is still inconclusive. The aim of this study was to assess whether overall dietary antioxidant capacity, as assessed by dietary ferric reducing antioxidant potential (FRAP), and individual dietary antioxidant intake were associated with breast cancer risk. Data was used from women participating in the Rotterdam Study, a prospective cohort study among subjects aged 55 years and older (N = 3,209). FRAP scores and antioxidant intake (i.e., vitamin A, C, E, selenium, flavonoids and carotenoids) was assessed at baseline by a food frequency questionnaire. Incident cases of breast cancer were confirmed through medical reports. During a median follow‐up of 17 years, 199 cases with breast cancer were identified. High dietary FRAP score was associated with a lower risk of breast cancer [hazard ratio (HR): 0.68; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.49, 0.96]. No overall association between individual antioxidant intake and breast cancer risk was found. However, low intake of alpha carotene and beta carotene was associated with a higher risk of breast cancer among smokers (HR: 2.48; 95% CI: 1.21, 5.12 and HR: 2.31; 95% CI: 1.12, 4.76 for alpha and beta carotene, respectively) and low intake of flavonoids was associated with breast cancer risk in women over the age of 70 (HR: 1.80; 95% CI: 1.09, 2.99). These results suggest that high overall dietary antioxidant capacity is associated with a lower risk of breast cancer. Individual effects of dietary carotenoids and dietary flavonoids may be restricted to subgroups such as smokers and elderly.
Cilengitide downmodulates invasiveness and vasculogenic mimicry of neuropilin 1 expressing melanoma cells through the inhibition of αvβ5 integrin
Authors: Ruffini Federica , Graziani Grazia , Levati Lauretta , Tentori Lucio , D'Atri Stefania , Lacal Pedro M.
Published: October 2014

During melanoma progression, tumour cells show increased adhesiveness to the vascular wall, invade the extracellular matrix (ECM) and frequently form functional channels similar to vascular vessels (vasculogenic mimicry). These properties are mainly mediated by the interaction of integrins with ECM components. Since we had previously identified neuropilin 1 (NRP‐1), a coreceptor of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF‐A), as an important determinant of melanoma aggressiveness, aims of this study were to identify the specific integrins involved in the highly invasive phenotype of NRP‐1 expressing cells and to investigate their role as targets to counteract melanoma progression. Melanoma aggressiveness was evaluated in vitro as cell ability to migrate through an ECM layer and to form tubule‐like structures using transfected cells. Integrins relevant to these processes were identified using specific blocking antibodies. The αvβ5 integrin was found to be responsible for about 80% of the capability of NRP‐1 expressing cells to adhere on vitronectin. In these cells αvβ5 expression level was twice higher than in low‐invasive control cells and contributed to the ability of melanoma cells to form tubule‐like structures on matrigel. Cilengitide, a potent inhibitor of αν integrins activation, reduced ECM invasion, vasculogenic mimicry and secretion of VEGF‐A and metalloproteinase 9 by melanoma cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ανβ5 integrin is involved in the highly aggressive phenotype of melanoma cells expressing NRP‐1. Moreover, we identified a novel mechanism that contributes to the antimelanoma activity of the αv integrin inhibitor cilengitide based on the inhibition of vasculogenic mimicry.
A high and increasing HPV prevalence in tonsillar cancers in Eastern Denmark, 2000–2010: The largest registry‐based study to date
Authors: Garnaes Emilie , Kiss Katalin , Andersen Luise , Therkildsen Marianne H. , Franzmann Maria B. , Filtenborg‐Barnkob Bettina , Hoegdall Estrid , Krenk Lene , Josiassen Michael , Lajer Christel B. , Specht Lena , Frederiksen Kirsten , Friis‐Hansen Lennart , Nielsen Finn C. , Kjaer Susanne K. , Norrild Bodil , von Buchwald Christian
Published: October 2014

The aim was to explore whether the incidence of tonsillar squamous cell carcinomas (TSCCs) increased in Eastern Denmark, 2000–2010, and whether human papillomavirus (HPV) could explain the increase, and to assess the association of HPV prevalence with gender, age, and origin (i.e., the certainty of tonsillar tumor origin). We applied HPV DNA PCR and p16 immunohistochemistry to all TSCCs registered in the Danish Head and Neck Cancer Group (DAHANCA) and in the Danish Pathology Data Bank (n = 632). Pathologists reviewed and subdivided the tumors into two groups: specified and nonspecified TSCCs. Approximately 10% of HPV‐positive tumors was genotyped by amplicon next‐generation sequencing. The overall crude incidence of TSCCs increased significantly (2.7% per year) and was explained by an increasing incidence of HPV‐positive TSCCs (4.9% per year). The overall HPV prevalence was 58%, with HPV16 being the predominant HPV type. In multivariate analysis, the HPV prevalence was associated with age (<55 vs. >60 years) (OR, 1.72; 95% CI 1.13–2.63) and origin (nonspecified vs. specified TSCCs) (OR, 0.15; 95% CI 0.11–0.22). The association of HPV prevalence with origin increased over time in specified TSCCs (OR per year, 1.10; 95% CI 1.01–1.19), whereas no change over time was observed among nonspecified TSCCs (OR per year, 0.99; 95% CI 0.90–1.08). In conclusion, the observed increase in the number of HPV‐positive TSCCs can explain the increasing number of TSCCs in Eastern Denmark, 2000–2010. HPV prevalence was associated with younger age (<55 years) and a high certainty of tonsillar tumor origin.
Extramarital Relations: Counselling Considerations and a Developmental Perspective
Authors: Thompson Anthony P.
Published: October 2014

Extramarital relations refers to an intimate involvement outside of the traditional marriage bond. As such it represents a prevalent phenomenon. Counsellors and therapists have typically looked for personality disturbance among those involved extra maritally. Only recently have clinicians begun to consider non‐pathological views of extramarital behaviour and to develop their ideas about counselling strategies. This article summarizes the literature relevant to the counselling of those experiencing extramarital difficulties. Following this review, a perspective is presented which views extradyadic conflicts as developmentally appropriate for many couples. Various advantages of this view are outlined.
Transcultural Differentiation: A Model For Therapy With Ethno‐culturally Diverse Families
Authors: Khisty Khorshed
Published: October 2014

This article evolved out of the writer's experience of being an immigrant, a systemic thinker, and a therapist involved in working with individuals and families from many different cultures. It proposes a model of ‘transcultural differentiation’, drawing on Western notions of separation‐individuation (Mahler) and differentiation of self (Bowen), but arguing that these concepts may have equivalents within non‐Western philosophies (e.g. Indian cultural beliefs). The model suggests that families co‐existing with both a culture of origin and an adoptive culture must inevitably change, and that in this process, they necessarily evolve into entities which transcend both culture of origin and adoptive culture. Implications for therapy are explored; in particular, it is argued that the therapist's awareness of, and sensitivity to, the transcultural experience may be more crucial than whether or not she/he shares the client's culture of origin.
GCLR Web Seminars as a Venue for Transformative Educational Policy
Authors: Angay‐Crowder Tuba , Albers Peggy , Pace Christi L. , Jung Jin Kyeong Frances , Hwang Ju A , Pang Myoung Eun
Published: October 2014

This article features a discussion about the significance of global perspectives in shaping critical literacy through a web seminar project, Global Conversations in Literacy Research (GCLR). Ubiquitous media and worldwide communication via Internet change the perceptions about literacy and language, urging critical discussions around literacy among educators with global and local connections. In this column, we demonstrate how chat discussions at GCLR web seminars initiate critical questions and thoughts among teachers, scholars and researchers from diverse background. Finally, we offer how these critical topics such as curriculum and issues of assessment inform the transformative agenda of educational policy.
Students Can Purposefully Create Information, Not Just Consume It
Authors: Lapp Diane , Fisher Douglas , Frey Nancy , Gonzalez Alex
Published: October 2014

Social media has become adolescents' primary platform for communicating with one another. As a school faculty we wanted to explore our students' ability to contribute new information while being sensitive not to co‐opt their out of school literacies for school‐based purposes.This article shares how teachers in one urban school redesigned curriculum and instruction to provide experiences that encourgaed and supported students as they engaged in the production side of social media.
Employment‐based abstinence reinforcement promotes opiate and cocaine abstinence in out‐of‐treatment injection drug users
Authors: Holtyn August F. , Koffarnus Mikhail N. , DeFulio Anthony , Sigurdsson Sigurdur O. , Strain Eric C. , Schwartz Robert P. , Silverman Kenneth
Published: October 2014

We examined the use of employment‐based abstinence reinforcement in out‐of‐treatment injection drug users, in this secondary analysis of a previously reported trial. Participants (N = 33) could work in the therapeutic workplace, a model employment‐based program for drug addiction, for 30 weeks and could earn approximately $10 per hr. During a 4‐week induction, participants only had to work to earn pay. After induction, access to the workplace was contingent on enrollment in methadone treatment. After participants met the methadone contingency for 3 weeks, they had to provide opiate‐negative urine samples to maintain maximum pay. After participants met those contingencies for 3 weeks, they had to provide opiate‐ and cocaine‐negative urine samples to maintain maximum pay. The percentage of drug‐negative urine samples remained stable until the abstinence reinforcement contingency for each drug was applied. The percentage of opiate‐ and cocaine‐negative urine samples increased abruptly and significantly after the opiate‐ and cocaine‐abstinence contingencies, respectively, were applied. These results demonstrate that the sequential administration of employment‐based abstinence reinforcement can increase opiate and cocaine abstinence among out‐of‐treatment injection drug users.
An in vitro model for preclinical testing of thrombogenicity of resorbable metallic stents
Authors: Walker Emily K. , Nauman Eric A. , Allain Jean Paul , Stanciu Lia A.
Published: October 2014

Vascular stents that can biodegrade and disappear in time have been reported as a promising solution to the problems of late‐stent thrombosis and in‐stent restenosis. Iron alloys in particular have many advantages in terms of cytocompatibility and mechanical properties. Despite mechanical behavior and biocompatibility studies, little attention has been given to the thrombogenic potential of these stents. This article presents the first study that aims to close this gap by addressing the hemocompatibility of resorbable iron‐based alloys and composites in an in vitro porcine blood model. The investigated braided biodegradable stents included 99.95% pure Fe (50% cold worked), Fe35Mn alloy, Fe35Mn‐25% ZM21 (ZM21 is 2% Zn, 0.5% Mn, balance Mg), Fe‐25% Mg, and Fe‐57% Mg. All stents were formed by braiding 127 µm diameter wires into stents with an outer diameter of 6.35 mm. Inflammatory reaction and thrombocyte activation were examined by assessment of β‐thromboglobulin, thrombin–antithrombin complex, and polymorphonuclear elastase levels. The potential of Fe35Mn for use in vascular stenting is demonstrated by its exhibition of the least thrombogenic potential among tested materials. All bioresorbable Fe–Mn alloy compositions showed a reduced propensity towards platelet adhesion compared to 316L stainless steel, further indicating a general positive shift towards reduced thrombogenicity compared to traditional stents. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 103A: 2118–2125, 2015.
Structural evolution of small gold clusters doped by one and two boron atoms
Authors: Grande‐Aztatzi Rafael , Martínez‐Alanis Paulina R. , Cabellos José Luis , Osorio Edison , Martínez Ana , Merino Gabriel
Published: October 2014

The potential energy surfaces (PES) of a series of gold–boron clusters with formula AunB (n = 1–8) and AumB2 (m = 1–7) have been explored using a modified stochastic search algorithm. Despite the complexity of the PES of these clusters, there are well‐defined growth patterns. The bonding of these clusters is analyzed using the adaptive natural density partitioning and the natural bonding orbital analyses. Reactivity is studied in terms of the molecular electrostatic potential. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Zinc transporters ZnT3 and ZnT6 are downregulated in the spinal cords of patients with sporadic amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Kaneko Masayuki , Noguchi Takao , Ikegami Saori , Sakurai Takeyuki , Kakita Akiyoshi , Toyoshima Yasuko , Kambe Taiho , Yamada Mitsunori , Inden Masatoshi , Hara Hideaki , Oyanagi Kiyomitsu , Inuzuka Takashi , Takahashi Hitoshi , Hozumi Isao
Published: October 2014

The loss of homeostasis of essential metals is associated with various diseases, including neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies have shown that the levels of zinc (Zn) are significantly higher in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Zn transporters and metallothioneins tightly control intracellular and extracellular Zn levels. This study investigated the protein levels of ZnT, a Zn transporter family, in ALS patients and model mice. The mRNA expression of ZnT1, −3, −4, −5, −6, −7, and −10 was assessed in the spinal cords of human control subjects. ZnT3 and ZnT6 protein levels were significantly diminished in the spinal cords of sporadic ALS patients compared with controls. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining demonstrated decreased ZnT3 and ZnT6 immunoreactivity in the ventral horn of the spinal cords in ALS patients. Moreover, immunohistochemical analysis revealed that all ZnTs expressed in the spinal cords were localized in a distinct subset of motor neurons. In addition, ZnT3 and ZnT6 protein levels were not altered in SOD1 (G93A) mutant transgenic mice before or after the onset of ALS symptoms compared with controls. These results suggest that ZnT3 and ZnT6 protein levels are decreased in the spinal cords of sporadic ALS patients; however, this did not occur merely via loss of motor neurons. © 2014 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.