bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the role of the optimization algorithm of RapidArc® volumetric modulated arc therapy on plan quality and efficiency
Authors: Vanetti Eugenio , Nicolini Giorgia , Nord Janne , Peltola Jarkko , Clivio Alessandro , Fogliata Antonella , Cozzi Luca
Published: October 2011

Purpose:

The RapidArc volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT) planning process is based on a core engine, the so‐called progressive resolution optimizer (PRO). This is the optimization algorithm used to determine the combination of field shapes, segment weights (with dose rate and gantry speed variations), which best approximate the desired dose distribution in the inverse planning problem. A study was performed to assess the behavior of two versions of PRO. These two versions mostly differ in the way continuous variables describing the modulated arc are sampled into discrete control points, in the planning efficiency and in the presence of some new features. The analysis aimed to assess (i) plan quality, (ii) technical delivery aspects, (iii) agreement between delivery and calculations, and (iv) planning efficiency of the two versions.

Methods:

RapidArc plans were generated for four groups of patients (five patients each): anal canal, advanced lung, head and neck, and multiple brain metastases and were designed to test different levels of planning complexity and anatomical features. Plans from optimization with PRO2 (first generation of RapidArc optimizer) were compared against PRO3 (second generation of the algorithm). Additional plans were optimized with PRO3 using new features: the jaw tracking, the intermediate dose and the air cavity correction options.

Results:

Results showed that (i) plan quality was generally improved with PRO3 and, although not for all parameters, some of the scored indices showed a macroscopic improvement with PRO3. (ii) PRO3 optimization leads to simpler patterns of the dynamic parameters particularly for dose rate. (iii) No differences were observed between the two algorithms in terms of pretreatment quality assurance measurements and (iv) PRO3 optimization was generally faster, with a time reduction of a factor approximately 3.5 with respect to PRO2.

Conclusions:

These results indicate that PRO3 is either clinically beneficial or neutral in terms of dosimetric quality while it showed significant advantages in speed and technical aspects.
ON RADIO NUMBER OF POWER OF CYCLES
Authors: Saha Laxman , Panigrahi Pratima , Kumar Pawan
Published: October 2011

A number of graph coloring problems have their roots in a communication problem known as the channel assignment problem. The channel assignment problem is the problem of assigning channels (non-negative integers) to the stations in an optimal way such that interference is avoided, see Hale [4]. The radio coloring of a graph is a special type of channel assignment problem. Here we develop a technique to find an upper bound for radio number of an arbitrary graph and also we give a lower bound for the same. Applying these bounds we have obtained radio number of [Formula: see text], r ⩾ 3, for several values of n and r. Moreover for diameter 2 or 3 radio number of [Formula: see text] have been determined completely for all values of n and r.
Managing technical debt in software development
Authors: Ozkaya Ipek , Kruchten Philippe , Nord Robert L. , Brown Nanette
Published: October 2011

The technical debt metaphor is gaining significant traction in the software development community as a way to understand and communicate about issues of intrinsic quality, value, and cost. This is a report on a second workshop on managing technical debt, which took place as part of the 33rd International Conference on Software Engineering (ICSE 2011). The goal of this second workshop was to discuss the management of technical debt: to assess current practice in industry and to further refine a research agenda for software engineering in this area.
Electrodes for Microfluidic Integrated Optoelectronic Tweezers
Authors: Huang Kuo-Wei , Sattar Sabbir , Zhong Jiang F. , Chou Cheng-Hsu , Tsai Hsiung-Kuang , Chiou Pei-Yu
Published: October 2011

We report on two types of electrodes that enable the integration of optoelectronic tweezers (OETs) with multilayer poly(dimethylsilane)- (PDMS-) based microfluidic devices. Both types of electrodes, Au-mesh and single-walled carbon nanotube- (SWNT-) embedded PDMS thin film, are optically transparent, electrically conductive, and can be mechanically deformed and provide interfaces to form strong covalent bonding between an OET device and PDMS through standard oxygen plasma treatment. Au-mesh electrodes provide high electrical conductivity and high transparency but are lack of flexibility and allow only small deformation. On the other hand, SWNT-embedded PDMS thin film electrodes provide not only electrical conductivity but also optical transparency and can undergo large mechanical deformation repeatedly without failure. This enables, for the first time, microfluidic integrated OET with on-chip valve and pump functions, which is a critical step for OET-based platforms to conduct more complex and multistep biological and biochemical analyses.
Maternal Manganese Restriction Increases Susceptibility to High-Fat Diet-Induced Dyslipidemia and Altered Adipose Function in WNIN Male Rat Offspring
Authors: Ganeshan Manisha , Sainath Pothaganti B. , Padmavathi Inagadapa J. Naga , Venu Lagishetty , Kishore Yedla Durga , Kumar Kalle Anand , Harishanker Nemani , Rao J. Srinivasa , Raghunath Manchala
Published: October 2011

Growthin uterois largely a reflection of nutrient and oxygen supply to the foetus. We studied the effects of Mn restrictionper se, maternal Mn restriction, and postnatal high-fat feeding in modulating body composition, lipid metabolism and adipocyte function in Wistar/NIN (WNIN) rat offspring. Female weanling, WNIN rats receivedad libitumfor 4 months, a control or Mn-restricted diet and were mated with control males. Some restricted mothers were rehabilitated with control diet from conception (MnRC) or parturition (MnRP), and their offspring were raised on control diet. Some restricted offspring were weaned onto control diet (MnRW), while others continued on restricted diet throughout (MnR). A set of offspring from each group was fed high-fat diet from 9 months onwards. Body composition, adipocytes function, and lipid metabolism were monitored in male rat offspring at regular intervals. Maternal manganese restriction increased the susceptibility of the offspring to high-fat-induced adiposity, dyslipidaemia, and a proinflammatory state but did not affect their glycemic or insulin status.
First Preliminary Report on Isolation and Characterization of NovelAcinetobacterspp. in Casing Soil Used for Cultivation of Button Mushroom,Agaricus bisporus(Lange) Imbach
Authors: Choudhary D. K.
Published: October 2011

Despite evaluation of large number of agroindustrial wastes for their use as casing material forAgaricus bisporus(Lange) Imbach cultivation, scant attention has been given to the importance of biological properties of casing materials. In the present study, an attempt was made to characterize the bacterial flora in casing layer, namely, Farm Yard Manure (FYM) and Spent Mushroom Substrate/spent compost (SMS/SC) (FYM+SC, 3 : 1) and FYM and Vermi Compost (VC) (FYM+VC, 3 : 1), employing partial 16S rDNA sequencing. Available data showed a significant variety of organisms that includedAcinetobacterandPseudomonasof theγ-proteobacteria, that were the most frequently encountered genera. This is the first preliminary report on the microbial diversity of casing soils and demonstrates the presence ofAcinetobacterspp. that has not been previously described in casing material.
Lack of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 2 Leads to Exacerbated Left Ventricular Dysfunction and Adverse Extracellular Matrix Remodeling in Response to Biomechanical Stress
Authors: Kandalam Vijay , Basu Ratnadeep , Moore Linn , Fan Dong , Wang Xiuhua , Jaworski Diane M. , Oudit Gavin Y. , Kassiri Zamaneh
Published: October 2011

Background—

Remodeling of the extracellular matrix (ECM) is a key aspect of myocardial response to biomechanical stress and heart failure. Tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) regulate the ECM turnover through negative regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs), which degrade the ECM structural proteins. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 2 is unique among TIMPs in activating pro-MMP2 in addition to inhibiting a number of MMPs. Given this dual role of TIMP2, we investigated whether TIMP2 serves a critical role in heart disease.

Methods and Results—

Pressure overload by transverse aortic constriction (TAC) in 8-week-old male mice resulted in greater left ventricular hypertrophy, fibrosis, dilation, and dysfunction in TIMP2-deficient (TIMP2
−/−
) compared with wild-type mice at 2 weeks and 5 weeks post-TAC. Despite lack of MMP2 activation, total collagenase activity and specific membrane type MMP activity were greater in TIMP2
−/−
–TAC hearts. Loss of TIMP2 resulted in a marked reduction of integrin β1D levels and compromised focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation, resulting in impaired adhesion of cardiomyocytes to ECM proteins, laminin, and fibronectin. Nonuniform ECM remodeling in TIMP2
−/−
–TAC hearts revealed degraded network structure as well as excess fibrillar deposition. Greater fibrosis in TIMP2
−/−
–TAC compared with wild-type TAC hearts was due to higher levels of SPARC (secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine) and posttranslational stabilization of collagen fibers rather than increased collagen synthesis. Inhibition of MMPs including membrane type MMP significantly reduced left ventricular dilation and dysfunction, hypertrophy, and fibrosis in TIMP2
−/−
–TAC mice.

Conclusions—

Lack of TIMP2 leads to exacerbated cardiac dysfunction and remodeling after pressure overload because of excess activity of membrane type MMP and loss of integrin β1D, leading to nonuniform ECM remodeling and impaired myocyte–ECM interaction.
Reduced Degradation of the Chemokine MCP-3 by Matrix Metalloproteinase-2 Exacerbates Myocardial Inflammation in Experimental Viral Cardiomyopathy
Authors: Westermann Dirk , Savvatis Kostantinos , Lindner Diana , Zietsch Christin , Becher Peter Moritz , Hammer Elke , Heimesaat Markus M. , Bereswill Stefan , Völker Uwe , Escher Felicitas , Riad Alexander , Plendl Johanna , Klingel Karin , Poller Wolfgang , Schultheiss Heinz-Peter , Tschöpe Carsten
Published: October 2011

Background—

Myocarditis is an important cause for cardiac failure, especially in younger patients, followed by the development of cardiac dysfunction and death. The present study investigated whether gene deletion of matrix metalloproteinase-2 influences cardiac inflammation and function in murine coxsackievirus B3 (CVB3)–induced myocarditis.

Methods and Results—

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 knockout mice (MMP-2
−/−
) and their wild-type controls (WT) were infected with CVB3 to induce myocarditis. Three days after infection, an increased invasion of CD4
+
-activated T cells into the myocardium was documented, followed by an excess of inflammatory cells 7 days after infection, which was significantly higher in the MMP-2
−/−
animals compared with the WT animals. Moreover, cardiac apoptosis, remodeling, viral load, and function were deteriorated in MMP-2
−/−
animals after CVB3 infection. This overwhelming inflammation was followed by 100% mortality after 15 days. This was associated with increased levels of MCP-3 in the cardiac tissue of MMP-2
−/−
mice. Because MMP-2 cleaves the chemokine MCP-3, the loss of this cleavage lead to an overreaction of the immune system with pronounced myocardial damage mediated by the inflammatory cells. When a neutralizing antibody against MCP-3 was given to MMP-2
−/−
mice, this exaggerated reaction of the immune system could be normalized to levels similar to WT-CVB3 animals.

Conclusions—

Loss of MMP-2 increased the inflammatory response after CVB3 infection, which impaired cardiac function and survival during CVB3-induced myocarditis. Matrix metalloproteinase-2–mediated chemokine cleavage has an important role in cardiac inflammation as a negative feedback mechanism.
Protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II production is a strong predictive marker for extrahepatic metastases in early hepatocellular carcinoma: a prospective evaluation
Authors: Bae Hyun-Mi , Lee Jeong-Hoon , Yoon Jung-Hwan , Kim Yoon Jun , Heo Dae Seog , Lee Hyo-Suk
Published: October 2011

Background

Clinicians often experience extrahepatic metastases associated with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), even if no evidence of intrahepatic recurrence after treatment is observed. We investigated the pretreatment predictors of extrahepatic metastases in HCC patients.

Methods

Patients diagnosed with HCC without evidence of extrahepatic metastases were prospectively enrolled. We evaluated the correlation between extrahepatic metastases and pretreatment clinical variables, including serum tumor markers.

Results

A total of 354 patients were included. Seventy-six patients (21%) had extrahepatic metastases during the observation period (median, 25.3 months; range, 0.6-51.3 months). Cox regression multivariate analysis showed that serum protein induced by vitamin K absence or antagonist-II (PIVKA-II) production levels, the intrahepatic tumor stage, platelet count, and portal vein thrombosis were independent risk factors for extrahepatic metastases. Patients with a PIVKA-II production ≥ 300 mAU/mL had a 2.7-fold (95% confidence interval; 1.5-4.8; P < 0.001) and 3.7-fold (95% confidence interval; 2.0-6.6; P < 0.001) increased risk for extrahepatic metastases after adjustment for stage, platelet count, alpha-fetoprotein ≥ 400 ng/mL, and portal vein thrombosis according to the AJCC and BCLC staging systems, respectively.

Conclusion

PIVKA-II production levels might be a good candidate predictive marker for extrahepatic HCC metastases, especially in patients with smaller and/or fewer tumors in the liver with in stages regardless of serum alpha-fetoprotein.
Autotransporter protein secretion
Authors: Tame Jeremy R.H.
Published: October 2011

Autotransporter proteins are a large family of virulence factors secreted from Gram-negative bacteria by a unique mechanism. First described in the 1980s, these proteins have a C-terminal region that folds into a β-barrel in the bacterial outer membrane. The so-called passenger domain attached to this barrel projects away from the cell surface and may be liberated from the cell by self-cleavage or surface proteases. Although the majority of passenger domains have a similar β-helical structure, they carry a variety of sub­domains, allowing them to carry out widely differing functions related to pathogenesis. Considerable biochemical and structural characterisation of the barrel domain has shown that ‘autotransporters’ in fact require a conserved and essential protein complex in the outer membrane for correct folding. Although the globular domains of this complex projecting into the periplasmic space have also been structurally characterised, the overall secretion pathway of the autotransporters remains highly puzzling. It was presumed for many years that the passenger domain passed through the centre of the barrel domain to reach the cell surface, driven at least in part by folding. This picture is complicated by conflicting data, and there is currently little hard information on the true nature of the secretion intermediates. As well as their medical importance therefore, autotransporters are proving to be an excellent system to study the folding and membrane insertion of outer membrane proteins in general. This review focuses on structural aspects of autotransporters; their many functions in pathogenesis are beyond its scope.
Rheological and Rutting Characterization of Asphalt Mixes with Modified Binders
Authors: Anjan kumar S. , Veeraragavan A.
Published: October 2011

This paper presents the results of investigations on the rheological properties of modified asphalt binders and their influence on the performance of asphalt mixes. Asphalt mixes with modified binders such as styrene butadiene styrene polymer, crumb rubber, natural rubber, and waste plastics were evaluated for their rheological properties and compared to the properties of asphalt mixes with unmodified VG30 (viscosity grade) asphalt binder. The dynamic modulus values and rutting characteristics of the asphalt mixes were studied with due consideration to different levels of aging and temperature variations. Studies on the rheological properties showed that the energy dissipated by unmodified asphalt (VG30) binder is higher than that of modified asphalt binders. Long-term aged natural rubber and waste plastic modified asphalt binders showed significant increase in the properties compared to unmodified asphalt binder (VG30). Reduced temperature susceptibility of polymer modified asphalt binder showed that only polymer modification can enhance both high temperature rutting resistance and low temperature thermal cracking resistance of asphalt mixes. The transient nature of polymer modified asphalt mix from viscoelastic solid-like to viscoelastic fluid-like condition is significantly shifted to higher temperature compared to that of the mix with unmodified asphalt binder. Aging and rutting indices showed that rubber modified asphalt mixes are highly susceptible to aging. Statistical analysis of test results showed that the process of modification of asphalt binder, aging, and temperature during the test influence the rheological and rutting characteristics of asphalt mixes significantly. Correlation between the asphalt binder properties and its influence on the rutting resistance are found to be statistically significant. The analysis using least significant difference showed that polymer modified asphalt binder significantly improves the aging and rutting resistance of asphalt mixes compared to unmodified asphalt binder.
Improving the Rate of Preschool Vision Screening: An Interrupted Time-Series Analysis
Authors: Kemper Alex R. , Helfrich Anya , Talbot Jennifer , Patel Nita , Crews John E.
Published: October 2011

OBJECTIVE:

To implement a 6-month quality improvement project in 13 clinics in North Carolina to improve vision screening rates for children 3 through 5 years of age.

METHODS:

We trained each clinic in approaches to vision screening and selected champions to provide feedback based on a 3-month baseline chart audit of up to 90 charts in each clinic and then 60 monthly chart audits in each clinic.

RESULTS:

Overall, the baseline rate of distance vision testing (92%) and stereopsis testing (80%) was high. By the end of the project, there were increases in both the rate of distance vision testing (97%; P < .001) and stereopsis testing (89%; P < .001). Initially, there were many different tests used to assess distance visual acuity and some variation in the thresholds used for referral for eye care. Tests were standardized across clinics by the end of the project. The proportion of all children who were untestable was high throughout the project, including 45% among 3-year-olds by the end of the project. Follow-up rescreening was rarely documented. By the end of the project, only 48% of children with an abnormal screen result were documented to be referred. Within each clinic, concerns about the accuracy of testing persisted throughout the project.

CONCLUSIONS:

We were successful in standardizing vision testing. Even with training, the proportion of untestable children was high. Rates of documented referral were low, which reflects provider concerns about testing accuracy. New strategies are needed to improve testability and ensure timely referral and follow-up after an abnormal vision screen result.
Outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer after initial treatment
Authors: Konrády András , Bencsik Zsuzsa , Lőcsey Zoltán , Bénik Tamás
Published: October 2011

Incidence of differentiated thyroid cancer has increased in the last two decades. This type of cancer is now being diagnosed at an earlier stage. Treatment strategy has been modified. Aims: The goals of this study were to analyze the outcome of differentiated thyroid cancer after initial treatment (surgery and radioiodine ablation) in patients evaluated and followed up in a single centre between l999 and 2009, to compare these results with others as well as to monitor the adoption of international recommendation. 107 patients having T1-T2 differentiated thyroid cancer were studied. Mean follow-up time was 63 months. Results: After surgery patients were prepared using thyroid hormone withdrawal or recombinant human thyrotropin, then 1.1-3.7 GBq 131-iodine was administered. First year evaluation consisted of ultrasound as well as serum thyrotropin and thyroglobulin (plus thyroglobulin antibody) determinations. Ablation success rate was 83% and the five year survival was 100%. There was not any cancer specific death. Conclusion: In the future somewhat more radical surgery and less remnant ablation is needed with unified follow-up protocol. Orv. Hetil., 2011, 152, 1731–1738.
Effect of Nanocavities on the Thermoelectric Properties of Polycrystalline Silicon
Authors: Selezneva Ekaterina , Arcari Andrea , Pernot Gilles , Romano Elisabetta , Cerofolini Gianfranco , Tonini Rita , Frabboni Stefano , Ottaviani Giampiero , Shakouri Ali , Narducci Dario
Published: October 2011

Nanostructuring has opened new ways to increase the thermoelectric performance of a host of materials, mainly by decreasing their thermal conductivity κ while preserving the Seebeck coefficient S and electrical conductivity σ. The thermoelectric properties of degenerated polycrystalline silicon films with nanocavities (NCs) have been studied as a function of annealing temperature upon isochronous annealings in argon carried out every 50°C in the range 500 – 1000°C which were used to modify the shape of the NCs. We found that presence of the NCs had no negative effect on the electronic properties of the system. The measured values of S and σ were close to those previously reported for the blank polycrystalline silicon films with the same doping level. The thermal conductivity was also found to be close to the value measured on the blank sample, about half of the reported value in polycrystals. This led to a power factor of 15.2 mWm-1K-2 and a figure of merit of 0.18 at 300 K.
Health-Related Quality of Life Among Long-Term Survivors of Colorectal Cancer: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Caravati-Jouvenceaux Agnès , Launoy Guy , Klein Delphine , Henry-Amar Michel , Abeilard Edwige , Danzon Arlette , Pozet Astrid , Velten Michel , Mercier Mariette
Published: October 2011

Learning Objectives

After completing this course, the reader will be able to: Compare quality of life in long-term colorectal cancer survivors with quality of life in the general population.Identify cancer complications that affect quality of life in long-term colorectal cancer survivors.

CME This article is available for continuing medical education credit at CME.TheOncologist.com

Background.

The number of long-term colorectal cancer survivors is increasing. Cancer and its treatment can cause physical and psychological complications, but little is known about how it impacts quality of life (QOL) over the long term—5, 10, and 15 years after diagnosis.

Methods.

Cancer survivors were randomly selected from three tumor registries in France, diagnosed in 1990 (±1 year), 1995 (±1 year), and 2000 (±1 year). Controls were randomly selected from electoral rolls, stratifying on gender, age group, and residence area. Participants completed two QOL questionnaires, a fatigue questionnaire, an anxiety questionnaire, and a life conditions questionnaire. An analysis of variance was used to compare QOL scores of cancer survivors by period of diagnosis (5, 10, and 15 years) with those of controls, adjusted for sociodemographic data and comorbidities.

Results.

We included 344 colon cancer and 198 rectal cancer survivors and 1,181 controls. In a global analysis, survivors reported a statistically and clinically significant lower score in social functioning 5 years after diagnosis and higher scores in diarrhea symptoms 5 and 10 years after diagnosis. In subgroup analyses, rectal cancer affected QOL in the physical dimensions at 5 years and in the fatigue dimensions at 5 and 10 years.

Conclusion.

Survivors of colorectal cancer may experience the effects of cancer and its treatment up to 10 years after diagnosis, particularly for rectal cancer. Clinicians, psychologists, and social workers must pay special attention to rectal cancer survivors to improve overall management.
Solid phase microextraction (SPME) in determination of pesticide residues in soil samples
Authors: Djurovic Rada
Published: October 2011

The basic principles and application possibilities of the methods based on
solid phase microextraction (SPME) in the analysis of pesticide residues in
soil samples are presented in the paper. The most important experimental
parameters which affect SPME efficacy in pesticide determination (type and
thickness of microextraction fiber, duration of microextraction, temperature
at which it is conducted, effect of addition of salts (the effect of
efflorescence), temperature and time of desorption, the choice of optimal
solvent for pesticide exctraction from the soil and the optimal number of
extraction steps), as well as general guidelines for their optimization are
also shown. In the end, current applications of SPME methods in the analysis
of pesticide residues in soil samples are presented.
Pathogenicity Variation and Mycelial Compatibility Groups in Sclerotinia Sclerotiorum
Authors: Irani Hossein , Heydari Asghar , Javan-Nikkhah Mohammad , İbrahimov Ağav∂li
Published: October 2011

Pathogenicity Variation and Mycelial Compatibility Groups inSclerotinia Sclerotiorum

Population variability ofS. sclerotiorum, the causal agent of Sclerotinia stalk rot of sunflower, was determined by mycelial compatibility grouping (MCG) and pathogenicity variation comparison. To study mycelial compatibility grouping and pathogenicity variability, isolates ofS. sclerotiorumwere collected from sunflower fields in East, West Azerbaijan and Ardebil provinces of Iran. Among 186 isolates tested, 26 MCGs were identified and 46% were represented by single isolates. There were differences among MCGs comparing mycelial growth rate, sclerotial production on PDA and aggressiveness cause disease. Significant differences were detected in number of sclerotia, dry weight of sclerotia, mycelial growth rate and aggressiveness among MCGs (p < 0.001) regardless of their geographic origins. There was generally a poor correlation (r = 0.21, p ≤ 0.05) between sclerotia weight and number of sclerotia produced on PDA and also to the mycelial growth rate at 24 (r = 0.35, p ≤ 0.05) and 48h (r = 0.39, p ≤ 0.05). Our studies in comparison of the detached leaf and cut-stem methods showed that the highest rank correlations (r = 0.78 p ≤ 0.01), while aggressiveness of two inoculation methods (stem and leaf detached) were not correlated to colony diameter growth or the other two factors. Variation in isolates aggressiveness may be important considerations in disease management systems.
Cell nucleus and membrane recovery after exposure to microwaves
Authors: Shckorbatov Yuriy , Pasiuga Vladimir , Kolchigin Nicolay , Grabina Valentin , Ivanchenko Dmitry , Bykov Victor , Dumin Oleksandr
Published: October 2011

Cell nucleus and membrane recovery after exposure to microwaves

Cells of human buccal epithelium of six male donors were exposed to microwave radiation (frequency f = 36.64 GHz, power density W = 0.1, 1 and 4 W/m2). Exposure time was 10 seconds. The state of chromatin in cell nucleus was estimated by a number of heterochromatin granules after staining with 2% orcein in 45% acetic acid. Permeability of cell membranes was estimated by percentage of unstained cells after 5 min of staining the cells with vital dyes trypan blue (0.5%) and indigocarmine (5 mM). Cell exposure to microwaves induced chromatin condensation (increase of the number of heterochromatin granules) and increase of membrane permeability to trypan blue and indigocarmine. Isolated human buccal cells demonstrated the ability to recover after microwave exposure. The number of heterochromatin granules decreased to its initial level after 0.5 hour (W = 0.1 W/m2) and 2 hours (W = 1 and 4 W/m2) after cell exposure. Cell plasma membrane permeability recovered later — after 1 hour and 3 hours post exposure, respectively.
Error Detection and Recovery Techniques for Variation-Aware CMOS Computing: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Crop Joseph , Krimer Evgeni , Moezzi-Madani Nariman , Pawlowski Robert , Ruggeri Thomas , Chiang Patrick , Erez Mattan
Published: October 2011

While Moore’s law scaling continues to double transistor density every technology generation, new design challenges are introduced. One of these challenges is variation, resulting in deviations in the behavior of transistors, most importantly in switching delays. These exaggerated delays widen the gap between the average and the worst case behavior of a circuit. Conventionally, circuits are designed to accommodate the worst case delay and are therefore becoming very limited in their performance advantages. Thus, allowing for an average case oriented design is a promising solution, maintaining the pace of performance improvement over future generations. However, to maintain correctness, such an approach will require on the fly mechanisms to prevent, detect, and resolve violations. This paper explores such mechanisms, allowing the improvement of circuit performance under intensifying variations. We present speculative error detection techniques along with recovery mechanisms. We continue by discussing their ability to operate under extreme variations including sub-threshold operation. While the main focus of this survey is on circuit approaches, for its completeness, we discuss higher-level, architectural and algorithmic techniques as well.
Should Whiteheadians Be Vegetarians? A Critical Analysis of the Thoughts of Hartshorne and Dombrowski
Authors: Deckers Jan
Published: October 2011

A number of philosophers have found inspiration in the writings of Alfred Whitehead to develop their ideas on environmental and animal ethics. I explore the writings of Charles Hartshorne and Daniel Dombrowski to address the question of whether Whiteheadians should be vegetarians. I conclude that there is a morally relevant distinction between plants and animals, based on the Whiteheadian view that animals have higher grades of experience, and that this distinction grounds a moral duty to adopt minimal moral veganism.
Livrar-se dos primogênitos para preservar a família: mediação comunal e dimensão jurídica da casa catalã em contextos de ruptura colonial (1790-1820)
Authors: Dalla-Corte Caballero Gabriela
Published: October 2011

Neste artigo apresento um fragmento da história da família catalã ligada à América, insistindo em seu desenvolvimento dentro de uma cultura bem definida no final do século XVIII e início do século seguinte. O contexto foi a ruptura das relações entre Espanha e América como resultado do processo de independência em território continental. Reduzo-me aos limites de uma comunidade, de uma cidade, de uma cidade, para encontrar nelas e em seus becos as respostas aos silêncios que a intimidade familiar impôs às fontes documentais. É uma abordagem concreta, pontual, mas que permite perceber o jogo da maioria das estratégias que algumas famílias incipientes burguesas da costa catalã tinham em mãos.
Dissonância cultural? o trabalho em Brasília
Authors: Kuyumjian Marcia de Melo Martins
Published: October 2011

Utilizamos a imagem da orquestra para considerar o sentido de dissonância e suas variações na complexidade do entendimento da Brasília informal, ao investigarmos o trabalho e suas manifestações a partir do viés cultural. Consideramos que no cotidiano do trabalho, percepção e sensibilidade se alinham para redimensionar a dissonância como um arranjo da diversidade do fazer e pensar em sociedade. É essa dissonância que permite mesclar diferentes tipos de trabalho que, embora estratificados e numa escala de valores bem demarcada pelos setores hegemônicos, nos oferece a dinâmica social, incrustada na história e nas formas como a socialidade imprime sua marca no que é popular. Dionisíaca é a vida experimentada no universo do trabalho informal, também um desconcerto, um arranjo sonoro que vibra em outra escala. É o lugar da ipseidade, da narrativa que toma outro lugar de fala e dá margem a estratégias de interação, de liberdade e de ação dos atores jogadores. É a identidade de si. Assim, o termo informalidade traz em si um desconforto, mas também revela que os espaços da cidade de Brasília são lugares praticados, onde experiências e solidariedade são reativadas diuturnamente. Para tanto, escolhemos enfatizar as falas e as imagens que emergem dos trabalhadores informais que ocupam diferentes espaços da cidade. Resultado de pesquisa com o apoio do CNPq, iniciada em 2007, na qual foram entrevistados mais de 40 trabalhadores e organizado um arquivo com quase 2 mil fotos.
First Global Consensus for Evidence-Based Management of the Hematopoietic Syndrome Resulting From Exposure to Ionizing Radiation
Authors: Dainiak Nicholas , Gent Robert Nicolas , Carr Zhanat , Schneider Rita , Bader Judith , Buglova Elena , Chao Nelson , Coleman C. Norman , Ganser Arnold , Gorin Claude , Hauer-Jensen Martin , Huff L. Andrew , Lillis-Hearne Patricia , Maekawa Kazuhiko , Nemhauser Jeffrey , Powles Ray , Schünemann Holger , Shapiro Alla , Stenke Leif , Valverde Nelson , Weinstock David , White Douglas , Albanese Joseph , Meineke Viktor
Published: October 2011

Objective:Hematopoietic syndrome (HS) is a clinical diagnosis assigned to people who present with ≥1 new-onset cytopenias in the setting of acute radiation exposure. The World Health Organization convened a panel of experts to evaluate the evidence and develop recommendations for medical countermeasures for the management of HS in a hypothetical scenario involving the hospitalization of 100 to 200 individuals exposed to radiation. The objective of this consultancy was to develop recommendations for treatment of the HS based upon the quality of evidence.

Methods:English-language articles were identified in MEDLINE and PubMed. Reference lists of retrieved articles were distributed to panel members before the meeting and updated during the meeting. Published case series and case reports of individuals with HS, published randomized controlled trials of relevant interventions used to treat nonirradiated individuals, reports of studies in irradiated animals, and prior recommendations of subject matter experts were selected. Studies were extracted using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation (GRADE) system. In cases in which data were limited or incomplete, a narrative review of the observations was made. No randomized controlled trials of medical countermeasures have been completed for individuals with radiation-associated HS. The use of GRADE analysis of countermeasures for injury to hematopoietic tissue was restricted by the lack of comparator groups in humans. Reliance on data generated in nonirradiated humans and experimental animals was necessary.

Results:Based upon GRADE analysis and narrative review, a strong recommendation was made for the administration of granulocyte colony-stimulating factor or granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor and a weak recommendation was made for the use of erythropoiesis-stimulating agents or hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Conclusions:Assessment of therapeutic interventions for HS in humans exposed to nontherapeutic radiation is difficult because of the limits of the evidence.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:202-212)
Literature Review and Global Consensus on Management of Acute Radiation Syndrome Affecting Nonhematopoietic Organ Systems
Authors: Dainiak Nicholas , Gent Robert Nicolas , Carr Zhanat , Schneider Rita , Bader Judith , Buglova Elena , Chao Nelson , Coleman C. Norman , Ganser Arnold , Gorin Claude , Hauer-Jensen Martin , Huff L. Andrew , Lillis-Hearne Patricia , Maekawa Kazuhiko , Nemhauser Jeffrey , Powles Ray , Schünemann Holger , Shapiro Alla , Stenke Leif , Valverde Nelson , Weinstock David , White Douglas , Albanese Joseph , Meineke Viktor
Published: October 2011

Objectives:The World Health Organization convened a panel of experts to rank the evidence for medical countermeasures for management of acute radiation syndrome (ARS) in a hypothetical scenario involving the hospitalization of 100 to 200 victims. The goal of this panel was to achieve consensus on optimal management of ARS affecting nonhematopoietic organ systems based upon evidence in the published literature.

Methods:English-language articles were identified in MEDLINE and PubMed. Reference lists of retrieved articles were distributed to conferees in advance of and updated during the meeting. Published case series and case reports of ARS, publications of randomized controlled trials of relevant interventions used to treat nonirradiated individuals, reports of studies in irradiated animals, and prior recommendations of subject matter experts were selected. Studies were extracted using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment Development and Evaluation system. In cases in which data were limited or incomplete, a narrative review of the observations was made.

Results:No randomized controlled trials of medical countermeasures have been completed for individuals with ARS. Reports of countermeasures were often incompletely described, making it necessary to rely on data generated in nonirradiated humans and in experimental animals. A strong recommendation is made for the administration of a serotonin-receptor antagonist prophylactically when the suspected exposure is >2 Gy and topical steroids, antibiotics, and antihistamines for radiation burns, ulcers, or blisters; excision and grafting of radiation ulcers or necrosis with intractable pain; provision of supportive care to individuals with neurovascular syndrome; and administration of electrolyte replacement therapy and sedatives to individuals with significant burns, hypovolemia, and/or shock. A strong recommendation is made against the use of systemic steroids in the absence of a specific indication. A weak recommendation is made for the use of fluoroquinolones, bowel decontamination, loperamide, and enteral nutrition, and for selective oropharyngeal/digestive decontamination, blood glucose maintenance, and stress ulcer prophylaxis in critically ill patients.

Conclusions:High-quality studies of therapeutic interventions in humans exposed to nontherapeutic radiation are not available, and because of ethical concerns regarding the conduct of controlled studies in humans, such studies are unlikely to emerge in the near future.

(Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2011;5:183–201)
Risk‐sensitive filtering for nonlinear Markov jump systems on the basis of particle approximation
Authors: Zhao Shunyi , Liu Fei , Luan Xiaoli
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the risk‐sensitive filtering method that relaxes the dependence on model accuracy is extended to nonlinear Markov jump systems (MJSs). In the method, the so‐called reference probability technique together with particle approximation is utilized to derive the risk‐sensitive filter in nonlinear non‐Gaussian framework. The novelty of the proposed approach is that a ‘risky’ interacting resampling step is performed to both moderate the modeling uncertainties and to solve the problem of particle explosion. A designer‐chosen parameter named risk‐sensitive parameter allows us to make a trade‐off between the filtering accuracy for the nominal model and the robustness to uncertainties. With a meaningful example, it shows that the developed method can outperform the widely used method‐particle filter and interacting multiple model‐particle filter in nonlinear MJSs with uncertainties. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate to ethylene glycol on a Cu/SiO2/cordierite monolithic catalyst: Enhanced internal mass transfer and stability
Authors: Yue Hairong , Zhao Yujun , Zhao Li , Lv Jing , Wang Shengping , Gong Jinlong , Ma Xinbin
Published: October 2011

The design and application of a Cu/SiO2‐based monolithic catalyst for hydrogenation of dimethyl oxalate (DMO) to ethylene glycol (EG) is presented. The catalyst was dip‐coated on cordierite with highly dispersed Cu/SiO2 slurry prepared by ammonia evaporation method. This structure guarantees high dispersion of copper species within the mesopores of silica matrix in the form of copper phyllosilicate. The catalyst is low cost, stable, and exhibits high activity in the reaction of hydrogenation of DMO, achieving a 100% conversion of DMO and more than 95% selectivity to EG. Notably, STYEG over the monolith is significantly enhanced compared to the packed bed Cu/SiO2 catalysts in both forms of pellet and cylinder. It is primarily due to the relatively short diffusive pathway of the thin wash‐coat layer and high efficiency of the active phase derived from the monolithic catalyst. Theoretical results indicated that the internal mass transfer is dominated on the catalysts of pellet and cylinders. Moreover, the monolithic catalyst possessed excellent thermal stability compared to the pellet catalyst, which is attributed to the regular channel structure, uniform distribution of flow. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Using the attainable region analysis to determine the effect of process parameters on breakage in a ball mill
Authors: Metzger Matthew J. , Desai Sachin P. , Glasser David , Hildebrandt Diane , Glasser Benjamin J.
Published: October 2011

Ball milling is one of the most common unit operations used for size reduction across a range of industries. However, it is also a notoriously inefficient process, often contributing substantially to operational costs. In this work, we investigate the influence of rotation rate, grinding media fill level and grinding media size on the optimal production of a product of intermediate size. We find that changing the grinding media size at otherwise identical conditions produces different breakage products as well as nonmonotonic trends with varying rotation rate and grinding media fill levels. In addition, we show how to use the attainable region analysis to explore the parameter space in a reduced time without having to perform tests at every parameter combination. Finally, we examine how the complex interplay between rotation rate, grinding media fill level and grinding media size can control the mechanism of breakage occurring inside a ball mill. © 2011 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 2012
Chromosomal anomalies in the etiology of anorectal malformations: A review
Authors: Marcelis Carlo , de Blaauw Ivo , Brunner Han
Published: October 2011

Anorectal malformation (ARM) is a severe congenital anomaly that can occur either isolated or in association with other congenital abnormalities. It has a heterogeneous etiology with contribution of both genetic and environmental factors, although the etiological factors remain largely unknown. Several chromosomal abnormalities have been described in patients with an ARM. These chromosomal abnormalities could point to specific genes involved in the development of the anorectal canal and associated structures. This paper reviews the chromosomal abnormalities described in ARM and may act as a starting point to identify chromosomal regions containing putative anorectal development genes. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Adrenal function in Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome
Authors: Bianconi Simona E. , Conley Sandra K. , Keil Meg F. , Sinaii Ninet , Rother Kristina I. , Porter Forbes D. , Stratakis Constantine A.
Published: October 2011

Smith–Lemli–Opitz syndrome (SLOS) is a multiple malformation syndrome due to mutations of the 7‐dehydrocholesterol reductase gene (DHCR7), which leads to a deficiency of cholesterol synthesis and an accumulation of 7‐dehydrocholesterol. The SLOS clinical spectrum ranges from multiple major malformations to a mild phenotype with minor anomalies and intellectual disability. Several children with SLOS and adrenal insufficiency have been described. We performed ovine corticotropin (oCRH) testing in 35 SLOS patients and 16 age‐ and gender‐matched controls. We reviewed prior adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) stimulation tests of our SLOS patients (19 of 35 available) and reviewed results of ACTH stimulation tests from 10 additional SLOS patients. Results from oCRH testing showed that patients with SLOS had significantly higher ACTH baseline values than healthy controls (24.8 ± 15.3 pg/ml vs. 17.8 ± 7.5 pg/ml, P = 0.034). However, no statistically significant differences were noted for peak ACTH values (74.4 ± 35.0 pg/ml vs. 64.0 ± 24.9 pg/ml, P = 0.303) and for baseline (14.2 ± 7.8 mcg/dl vs. 14.2 ± 6.3 mcg/dl, P = 0.992) and peak cortisol values (28.2 ± 7.9 mcg/dl vs. 24.8 ± 8.1 mcg/dl, P = 0.156). The area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) was not significantly different in SLOS patients compared to controls for both ACTH (250.1 ± 118.7 pg/ml vs. 195.3 ± 96.6 pg/ml, P = 0.121) as well as cortisol secretion (83.1 ± 26.1 mcg/dl vs. 77.8 ± 25.9 mcg/dl, P = 0.499). ACTH stimulation test results were normal in 28 of 29 tests. The individual with the abnormal test results had subsequent normal oCRH tests. The slightly increased baseline ACTH level seen during oCRH testing may be due to compensated adrenocortical insufficiency. However, we were able to show that our patients with SLOS had an adequate glucocorticoid response, and thus, in mild to moderate cases of SLOS stress steroid coverage may not be warranted. Published 2011. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.
Natural outcome of trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and triploidy after prenatal diagnosis
Authors: Lakovschek Ioana Claudia , Streubel Berthold , Ulm Barbara
Published: October 2011

Trisomy 13, trisomy 18, and triploidy belong to the chromosomal abnormalities which are compatible with life, but which are also associated with a high rate of spontaneous abortion, intrauterine death, and a short life span. This study was conducted to analyze natural outcome after prenatal diagnosis of these disorders. Between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2009, we investigated all amniocenteses and chorionic villus biopsies carried out at our department. All cases with fetal diagnosis of triploidy, trisomy 13, and 18 were analyzed, with a focus on cases with natural outcome. Overall, 83 (78%) cases of pregnancy termination and 24 (22%) patients with natural outcome (NO) were identified. The NO group included 15 cases of trisomy 18, six cases of triploidy, and three cases of trisomy 13. No case of triploidy was born alive. The live birth rate was 13% for trisomy 18 and 33% for trisomy 13. The three live‐born infants with trisomy 13 and 18 died early after a maximum of 87 hr postpartum. Our data are consistent with the literature concerning outcome of triploidy, with none or only a few live births. Analyzes of trisomy 13 and 18 indicate a very short postnatal life span. Different study designs and diverse treatment strategies greatly affect the fetal and neonatal outcome of fetuses with triploidy, trisomy 13, and 18. More studies analyzing natural outcome after prenatal diagnosis of these chromosomal abnormalities are needed. Non‐termination of these pregnancies remains an option, and specialists advising parents need accurate data for counseling. © 2011 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.