bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Janiridae (Crustacea, Asellota) from the Southern Hemisphere: laniropsis varians sp. n. and redescriptions of five little‐known species
Authors: WINKLER HOLGER , BRANDT ANGELIKA
Published: July 2005

Ianiropsis varians sp. n. is described, and it is shown that dorsal pigment patterns of this species vary widely within a single population. The janirid species Austrofilius furcatus Hodgson, 1910, A. serratus Vanhöffen, 1914, Neojaera antarctica (Pfeffer, 1887). Notasellus chilensis (Menzies, 1962), and N. sarsii Pfeffer, 1887 are redescribed. Additionally, sexual dimorphisms of maxilliped, pereopods, and pleopod 3 observed in some janirid species are discussed.
Phylogenetic classification and the definition of taxon names
Authors: SUNDBERG PER , PLEIJEL FREDRIK
Published: July 2005

Taxon names should be founded on phylogenetic relationships. and the names defined on the basis of common ancestry. Definitions based on evolutionary relationships relate the names to a phylogeny, and while the inclusiveness of the name may change with changing hypotheses of monophyly, the actual name remains unaltered. The limits of the name arc fixed by pointing to a monophyletic clade, where group membership is determined by the relationship to this clade. and not to subjective decisions of taxon delineations. Since phylogenetic definitions unambiguously connect the name to a specified clade, and not to a type, the conventional type concept becomes superfluous. We furthermore consider the Linnean categories poorly suited to convey the information in evolutionary trees, and suggest that these categories are abandoned.
A nematode (Captivonema cretacea gen. et sp. n.) preserved in a clitellate cocoon wall from the Early Cretaceous
Authors: MANUM SVEIN B. , BOSE MAHENDRA N. , SAYER ROY T. , BOSTRÖM SVEN
Published: July 2005

A fossil worm‐like organism, ca. 0.5 mm long, showing cuticle, gut and setae. is contained in the solid part of the wall of a clitellate cocoon from the Early Cretaceous (Barremian). It is interpreted as having been entrapped and embedded in the intitially viscous cocoon secretion which solidified and thus prevented decay. Size, shape, posture, and an unsegmented but annulated cuticle with irregularly distributed setae have led to the identification of the fossil as a nematode. described as Captivonema cretacea gen. et sp. n., of uncertain family and order affinity. Fossil association end mode of preservation indicate a free‐living life habit in damp plant litter.
Metamorphosis in the Cirripedia Rhizocephala and the homology of the kentrogon and trichogon
Authors: GLENNER HENRIK , HØEG JENS T.
Published: July 2005

The Rhizocephala are considered to be monophyletic due to several synapomorphies in the ontogeny of the cndoparasitic phase. The various types of metamorphosis described in the Rhizocephala are discussed and compared to metamorphosis in the Cirripedia Thoracica and Acrothoracica. In males and females of the suborder Kentrogonida. the cyprid settles and metamorphoses into a new instar, in males the trichogen and in females the infective kentrogon. The kentrogon goes through yet another. incomplete moult associated with the development of the stylet. Within the three kentrogonidan families. the Iernaeodiscid‐peltogastrid type of kentrogon differs from the sacculinid type in the mode of attachment to the host. in the complexity of internal anatomy. in the position and penetration of the stylet, and in whether or not the cyprid carapace must be shed prior to penetration of the stylet. In the Akentrogonida metamorphosis never results in a new instar. Where observed (Clistosaccidae and Thompsoniidae). both male and female cyprids settle and penetrate into their substrate (female parasite or new host) with one of the antennules. Using the antennule as a syringe. male cyprids inject spermatogonia while female cyprids injects embryonic cells developing into an endoparasite. By comparison with metamorphosis in the Cirripedia Thoracica and Acrothoracica it is concluded that the presence of a metamorphic moult leading to a post‐cyprid instar is plesiomorphic and that the trichogon and kentrogon are homologous with the first metamorphosed juvenile in these outgroups. The abbreviated ontogeny in the Akentrogonida without metamorphic moult and post‐cyprid larval instars is considered apomorphic. This contradicts the long‐held supposition that the Akentrogonida are the most‘primitive’Rhizocephala and dovetails with new information that this suborder contains many advanced traits. Within the Kentrogonida. the lernacodiseid‐peltogastrid type of kentrogon is considered more plesiomorphic than the sacculinid type, which resembles the clistosaccidthompsoniid type in having the antennules involved in the penetration process. The homologization of the kentrogon with a juvenile barnacle indicates that presence of a kentrogon is plesiomorphic within the Rhizocephala and that the Kentrogonida is paraphyletic.
Two new species of Laophontodes (Copepoda, Harpacticoida, Ancorabolidae) from McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Authors: SCHIZAS NIKOLAOS V. , SHIRLEY THOMAS C.
Published: July 2005

Two new species of harpacticoid copepods of the family Ancorabolidae are described from a subtidal site in Cape Armitage, McMurdo Sound, Antarctica. Laophontodes macclintocki sp. n. and L. spongiosus sp. n. are easily distinguished from the remaining members of the genus Laophontodes by the setal formula of swimming legs P2–P4.
Notes on the family Cupuladriidae (Bryozoa), and on Cupuladria remota sp. n. from the Marquesas Islands
Authors: COOK PATRICIA L. , CHIMONIDES PANTELAKIS J.
Published: July 2005

Colony morphology, life history, and the resulting concepts of generic inter‐relationships within the family Cupuladriidae are discussed. The characters of the genus Cupuladria, and of the C. canariensis complex of species from the Tertiary to Recent of Europe, West Africa and the Central American regions, are described and illustrated. Cupuladria remota sp. n., a close relative of the Recent Brazilian species, C. monotrema, is described from the mid‐Pacific Marquesas Islands. The origin of this isolated population, and its possible distributional history, are discussed.
A reappraisal of the Scaridiidae (Rotifera, Monogononta)
Authors: SEGERS HENDRIK H.
Published: July 2005

The morphology, systematics and distribution of the rotifer genus Scaridium Ehrenberg, 1830 are revised. The genus is transferred from Notommatidae to Scaridiidae, which is reinstated. In all, five species are recognized, two of which, S. montanum sp. n. and S. grandis sp. n., are new to science. Descriptions, a brief biometrical analysis and a key to the species are provided. Scaridium longicaudum (O.F. Müller, 1786) is cosmopolitic, S. bostjani Daems & Dumont, 1974 is probably a cosmopolitic warm stenotherm, S. elegans Segers & De Meester, 1994 is pantropic, S. montanum sp. n. occurs in the Mediterranean region and S. grandis sp. n. is recorded from Cameroon, Nigeria and Thailand.
New Liphistius species (Araneae, Mesothelae) from southern Thailand and northern Malaysia
Authors: SCHWENDINGER PETER J.
Published: July 2005

Four new Liphistius species are described from southern Thailand: L. rufipes (also occurring in northern Malaysia), L. fuscus, L. castaneus and L. albipes. The males of L. bicoloripes Ono and L. schwendingeri Ono are described for the first time. Zoogeography and taxonomic relationships are discussed, notes are given on the natural history of each species.
Postembryonic development of Paracentrophyes praedictus (Homalorhagida): neoteny questionable among the Kinorhyncha
Authors: NEUHAUS BIRGER
Published: July 2005

The postembryonic ontogeny of the kinorhynch Paracentrophyes praedictus is described by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The development of head scalids and trunk Characteristics has been studied. The first of 6 juvenile stages possesses 11 segments already. One segment each is added both in stages 2 and 5. The number of head scalids increases during development. Every scalid becomes visible as a spinose anlage in one stage and differentiates in the next stage. All head scalids in stage 1 represent anlagen of scalids. Late juvenile stages J‐5 and J‐6 express two different scalid patterns which do not seem to depend on the gender. Scalids and trunk segments develop in a subfrontal and a subcaudal growing zone, respectively. The presumed neotenic status of P. praedictus is rejected because this species exhibits the same number of juvenile stages as observed in all other Kinorhyncha studied. It is suggested that a weakly sclerotized, juvenile‐like trunk cuticle as found, e.g. in adult P. praedictus represents the plesiomorphic characteristic within the Kinorhyncha; a thickened cuticle has probably evolved independently within both the cyclorhagid and the homalorhagid Kinorhyncha.
A new genus of Canuellidae (Copepoda, Harpacticoida) associated with Atlantic bathyal sea‐urchins
Authors: HUYS RONY
Published: July 2005

Both sexes of Echinosunaristes bathyalis gen. ct sp. n. are described from the rectum of a deepwater spatangoid sea‐urchin Palaeopneustes sp. taken off San Salvador Island, Bahamas. The new genus displays strong sexual dimorphism in body form, size, antennules and caudal rami. E. bathyalis can also be readily distinguished from the other members of the family by the specialized geniculation mechanism of the male antennule, the atypical reductions in the mouthparts and the unusual facies of the swimming legs. On the basis of the structure of the genital field in both sexes, Echinosunaristes is placed in the Sunaristes lineage which groups species that arc primarily associated with crustacean hosts. A ncw genus Intersunaristes is established to accommodate Sunaristes curticaudata Thompson & A. Scott, 1903 and S. dardani Humes & Ho, 1969. Canuella paenelanitica Fiers, 1992 is formally transferred to the genus Elanella Por, 1984. Records of Canuellidae associated with other invertebrates arc compiled and a key to the 17 genera of the family is presented.
Psammic Procyclopina (Copepoda, Cyclopoida) from the coast of Brazil
Authors: LOTUFO GUILHERME R.
Published: July 2005

Procyclopina polyarthra Herbst is redescribed and three new species, P. maricopeba, P. feiticeira and P. uguaipuku, are described from intertidal interstitial waters. Procyclopina is distinguished within the family by the enditic setation of the maxilliped 0,1,3,4, the 19‐segmented antennule, and three elements in the leg 5 exopod of the female. Procyclopina has its distribution restricted to the coast of Säo Paulo, Brazil. Procyclopina maricopeba sp. n. is distinguished from P. polyarthra by the three‐segmented leg 5 in the male and by the length: width ratio of the genital double somite in the female. Procyclopina feiticeira sp. n. is unique in the genus by lacking the inner seta on legs 14 exp‐I, and by the incomplete fusion of genital (seventh thoracic) and first abdominal somites in the female. Procyclopina uguaipuku sp. n. is characterized by the antennulary armature, by the caudal ramus (much longer than wide), and by the position of the proximal seta of the leg 4 enp‐2 which is set on a protuberance on the posterior face. Morphological characters of Procyclopina are compared with those of other cyclopinids.
The external morphology of the onychopod ‘cladoceran’ genus Bythotrephes (Crustacea, Branchiopoda, Onychopoda, Cercopagididae), with notes on the morphology and phylogeny of the order Onychopoda
Authors: MARTIN JOEL W. , CASH‐CLARK CORA E.
Published: July 2005

The onychopod ‘cladoceran’ genus Bythotrephes Leydig is reviewed and redescribed based on introduced material of the B. cederstroemi‘form’ from the Great Lakes of North America. Reviewed briefly are the systematic history, introduction into North America, and natural history of the genus. Using S.E.M. and light microscopy, we then illustrate a mixture of plesiomorphic and (predominantly) derived features, most of which can be explained as modifications for predation. An emended generic diagnosis includes unique and previously poorly known characters that serve to distinguish Bythotrephes from the confamilial genus Cercopagis, such as a distinctly bilobed labrum, spinose anterior mandibular process, small (exopodal?) spines on the external face of thoracopods 1–3, and a gnathobasic process (proximal endite) on thoracopod 1. A redescription, combined with observations on the external morphology, highlights several morphological peculiarities. These include the strongly bilobed labrum, the loss of one of the original two pairs of maxillae (with a question raised as to which pair has been lost), an unusual point of origin for the ‘proximal endite’ (termed herein the ‘gnathobasic process’ because of uncertainty of homology) on thoracopods two and three, a bulbous process of unknown significance located just posterior to the last thoracopod, and the presence of what might be a remnant of the food groove believed to have been present in a hypothesized ancestral group leading to the Onychopoda. The problem of whether Bythotrephes contains one dimorphic species or two species, B. Iongimanus and B. cederstroemi, is reviewed briefly, and the morphological feature in which these forms differ (the caudal process) is described in detail for the cederstroemi form. Comparison with descriptions of other cercopagidids suggests that Bythotrephes is a highly derived taxon, with short‐abdomen genera of the Podonidae and Polyphemidae (e.g., Polyphemus) appearing closer to the onychopod phyletic stem, and with the more closely related genus Cercopagis more derived still. Phylogeny within the Cladocera, and the possible origin of the Cladocera from a cyclestheria‐like ancestor among the spinicaudate conchostracans, is reconsidered. A hypothesis of evolutionary relationships is presented that depicts the ctenopods and anomopods as having arisen from a hypothetical Cyclestheria‐like ancestor, with the predatory cladoceran taxa Haplopoda and Onychopoda being derived from the base of the anomopod lineage. Some of the many problems in the suggested phylogeny are discussed.
Four new species of the family Desmodoridae (Nematoda, Desmodoroidea) from Kenya
Authors: VERSCHELDE DOMINICK , VINCX MAGDA
Published: July 2005

Chromaspirina vanreuselae sp. n., Zalonema myrianae sp. n., Echinodesmodora moensi sp. n., and Metachromadora (Bradylaimus) nyalii sp. n. are described from coarse coral sands in the intertidal zone of beaches along the Kenyan coast. In Chromaspirina vanreuselae sp. n., 15 cheilorhabdia (instead of 12 which is typical for the Chromadorina) are found in the cheilostome. Zalonema Cobb, 1920, is restored to the genus level. Comments are given on the term ‘head region’, and on ontogenetic transformations of some morphological characters, such as amphidial shape, presence, number and position of subcephalic setae, and tail shape.
Spermatozoa from the supertribes Lasiopteridi and Stomatosematidi (Insecta, Diptera, Cecidomyiidae): ultrastructure data and phylogeny of the subfamily Cecidomyiinae
Authors: DALLAI ROMANO , LUPETTI PIETRO , FRATI FRANCESCO , AFZELIUS BJÖRN A. , MAMAEV BORIS M.
Published: July 2005

Spermatozoa from seven gall‐midge species, representing the supertribes Lasiopteridi and Stomatosematidi, have been examined by electron microscopy and compared to the spermatozoa of 30 previously examined gall‐midge species of the subfamily Cecidomyiinae. Derived characteristics of all examined representatives of this subfamily are the lack of acrosome and the absence of accessory tubules in their axoneme. The sperm axoneme of Didactylomyia has a unique ‘9 + 5 pattern’, i.e. with 9 outer doublets and 5 inner singlet microtubules. Unlike other members of Cecidomyiinae, Didactylomyia has retained some plesiomorphic traits, namely crystal containing mitochondria and a homogeneously condensed nucleus. Stomatosema has a 10 + 0 axoneme and an irregular nuclear condensation. Thus, Didactylomyia may serve as an useful outgroup for phylogenetic analysis within the subfamily Cecidomyiinae. The supertribe Stomatosematidi is a paraphyletic assemblage. Nearly all members of Lasiopteridi, Ozirhincus, Arnoldiola, Brachineura and Ledomyia, have a synapomorphic character in the great number of microtubules in parallel to the axoneme. A notable exception is Rhizomyia, which shares certain apomorphic traits with several genera that have previously been classified within the Cecidomyiidi, i.e. Contarinia, Allocontarinia, Lestodiplosis and Myricomyia. Moreover, these genera have a flat sperm tail and microtubular doublets located close to the cell membrane, both characteristics that differ markedly from the very peculiar sperm tail found in other members of Cecidomyiidi.

Cladistic analysis of sperm characters suggests that the supertribe Cecidomyiidi is a polyphyletic taxon and supports the existence of a sister‐group relationship between the supertribe Lasiopteridi and the genera Rhizomyia, Contarinia, Allocontarinia, Lestodiplosis and Myricomyia.
New Liphistius species (Araneae, Mesothelae) from western and eastern Thailand
Authors: SCHWENDINGER PETER J.
Published: July 2005

Eight new Liphistius species, L. erawan from western Thailand, L. tenuis, L. nesioticus from southeastern Thailand and L. dangrek, L. suwat, L. thoranie, L. pusohm, and L. onoi from northeastern Thailand, are described together with the male of L. ochraceus Ono and Schwendinger. Natural history, zoogeography and relationships between species are discussed. Two superspecies are distinguished. © 1996 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Morphology and biology of Polysaccus japonicus (Crustacea, Rhizocephala, Akentrogonida, Polysaccidae, fam. n.), a parasite of the ghost‐shrimp Callianassa japonica
Authors: LÜTZEN JØRGEN , TAKAHASHI TOHRU
Published: July 2005

The morphology and biology of Polysaccus japonicus Høeg & Lützen, 1993 is described. Nearly all infected hosts are adults, the females of which become castrated. Each bears 4–50 (female) externae on the underside of the abdomen. The externae are interconnected via a root system within the host's perineural blood sinus. The externae pass through three moults. Cypris larvae inject spermatogonia into the immature externa's mantle cavity, which is where spermiogenesis occurs later. Multiplication of the male cells is probably supported by secretion from paired mantle cavity glands, presumably homologous to the receptacles of kentrogonid rhizocephalans. Late during the 2nd intermoult the visceral mass ruptures to release the ova into the mantle cavity where they become fertilized. The third moult results in opening of the mantle aperture which initiates a period of vigorous peristalsis of the muscular mantle. Following emission of the cypris larvae the externae perish leaving distinct scars. The root system always contains buds of various sizes and stage of development. When the scarred host moults, the most advanced buds emerge to give rise to a new generation of externae. This is thought to be repeated for the rest of the host's life.

The antennule of the cyprid has a relatively very long and slender 3rd segment, a unique construction among Akentrogonida. Because of this and the presence of special mantle cavity glands, a new family, Polysaccidae, is erected, which in some characters is intermediate between the Kentrogonida and the Akentrogonida.
The genus Minona (Platyhelminthes, Seriata) in eastern Australia
Authors: CURINI‐GALLETTI MARCO , CANNON LESTER R. G.
Published: July 2005

Four new species of the genus Minona Marcus, 1946 from eastern Australia are described. Minona proculvaginata sp. n., M. australis sp. n. and M. concharum sp. n. have four genital pores, and differ in details of the copulatory organs. The epidermis of these three species is unciliated in a ventral area around the male pore. Based on this synapomorphic feature, they are sister species. The karyotype of M. proculvaginata and M. concharum is described. Minona heronensis sp. n. is distinct from congeneric species on the basis of the size of its accessory stylet and copulatory organ, pore indices and karyotype. It is compared to numerous similar Indo‐Pacific species. Additional data on the anatomy and karyology of M. beaglei Martens & Curini‐Galletti, 1989 from N. Australia, are given. One specimen from Heron Island is tentatively attributed to M. dolichovesiculu Tajika, 1982 a species widely distributed in the Indo‐Pacific. Its karyotype is given.
On the distinction between Modisimus and Hedypsilus (Araneae, Pholcidae), with notes on behavior and natural history
Authors: HUBER BERNHARD A.
Published: July 2005

Evidence is presented that the genera Hedypsilus Simon, 1893 and Modisimus Simon, 1893 are subjective synonyms. Precedence is given to Modisimus over Hedypsilus. The type species of both genera (M. glaucus Simon, 1893 and H. culicinus Simon, 1893) are redescribed. Hedypsilus lawrencei Lessert, 1938 is synonymized with Hedypsilus culicinus Simon, 1893. It appears to be a pantropical, synanthropic species. Preliminary notes on its natural history are presented. Two closely related new species are described, Modisimus simoni sp. n. (Venezuela) and Modisimus david sp. n. (Central America). Modisimus globosus Schmidt, 1956 (Colombia?) is redescribed and illustrated for the first time. Notes on the usefulness of the curvature of eye rows and of leg formulae for the systematics of pholcids are given.
Radiation of the genus Dysdera (Araneae, Haplogynae, Dysderidae) in the Canary Islands: The western islands
Authors: ARNEDO MIQUEL A. , OROMI PEDRO , RIBERA CARLES
Published: July 2005

The spider genus Dysdera has undergone an extraordinary species radiation in the Canary Islands. As a first step towards the recovery of the endemic species phylogeny and the study of the evolutionary processes underlying its diversification, an exhaustive taxonomical work is required. The present paper deals with the endemic species that inhabit the western Canaries: La Gomera, La Palma and El Hierro. Four new species are described: Dysdera enghoffi sp. n., D. hirguan sp. n., D. orahan sp. n. and D. ramblae sp. n. Three new synonymies are reported: D. palmensis Schmidt, 1982 =D. crocota Koch, 1839, D. multipilosa Wunderlich, 1991 =D. levipes Wunderlich, 1987 and D. silvatica Schmidt, 1981 =D. rugichelis Simon, 1907. Four species are redescribed: D. calderensis Wunderlich, 1991 D. clavisetae Wunderlich, 1991 D. levipes Wunderlich, 1987 and D. rugichelis Simon, 1907 for which a neotype is designated. The presence on the western islands of the formerly described species D. insulana Simon, 1883, D. macra Simon, 1883 and D. nesiotes Simon, 1907 are considered to be doubtful. The citation of D. cribellata Simon, 1883 in La Palma (Simon, 1907) was based on a mis‐identification. The species D. gomerensis Strand, 1911 is designated as a nomen dubium. Morphological affinities as well as ecology and distribution of the species are discussed.
Towards a revision of Ameira Boeck, 1865 (Harpacticoida, Ameiridae): re‐examination of the A. tenella‐group and the establishment of Filexilia gen. n. and Glabrameira gen. n.
Authors: CONROY‐DALTON SOPHIE , HUYS RONY
Published: July 2005

A new genus Filexilia, is established to accommodate the A. renella‐group of Ameira Boeck. 1865 (Harpacticoida, Ameiridae), comprising A. attenuata Thompson, 1893; A. renella Sars, 1907; A. longicaudara Nicholls, 1939; A. brevipes Kunz, 1954; A. pestae Petkovski, 1955; A. longifurca Bodin, 1964; A. gravellicola Guille & Soyer, 1966; A. intermedia Galhano, 1970; A. hrevipes pesrat Petkovski. 1955 sensu Marinov (1971); A. brevipes Kunz, 1954 sensu Apostolov (1977); and A. renella Sars, 1907 sensu Kunz (1983).

Ameira longicaudara Nicholls, 1939, a permanently invalid name as a primary homonym of A. longicaudara T. Scott, 1892 (now type‐species of Srenocopia Sars, 1907), is replaced by Filexilia triserosa nom. n. and designated as the type‐species. As a result of re‐examination of the type material, A. arrenuara is reinstated from its status of species incerrae sedis in Ameira (Lang. 1948) as Filexilia arrenuara (Thompson, 1893) comb. n., and A. renella Sars, 1907 is relegated to a junior synonym of the latter. Ameira renella Sars, 1907 sensu Kunz (1983) is regarded as a distinct species F. azorica sp. n. Ameira longifurca, previously considered a probable synonym of A. rcnellu by Moore (1976). is confirmed as a valid species F. longifurca (Bodin, 1964) comb. n. Ameira pestue, relegated to a subspecies or forma of A. bresipes (Lang, 1965). is reinstated at the species level. Ameira hresipes pesrae Petkovski, 1955 sensu Marinov (1971) is sufficiently distinct from the latter to warrant the erection of a new species F. marinovi sp. n. Ameira hrevipes Kunz, 1954 sensu Apostolov (1977) is regarded as species inquirenda in Filexilia whereas A. hrevipes f. pontica Apostolov, 1969 is rejected.

Updated descriptions are given for both sexes of F. triserosa, F. attenuata and F. lonqifurca. Keys to the species of Filexilia and Sicameira Klie, 1950 are presented and the phylogenetic relationships of both genera are discussed. Ameira bengalensis Rao & Ganapati, 1969 is transferred as the type‐species of Glabrameira gen.
Taxonomy of Fasciosminthurus (Collembola, Symphypleona, Bourletiellidae), with descriptions of two new European species
Authors: NAYROLLES PIERRE
Published: July 2005

The taxonomy of Fasciosminthurus (Collembola, Symphypleona, Bourletiellidae) is reviewed. Two Fasciosminthurus species are redescribed, F. sauteri (Nayrolles & Lienhard, 1990) and F. virgulatus (Skorikow, 1899), and two new species, F. saportae sp. n. and F. pseudovirgulatus sp. n., are described. Fasciosminthurus virgulatus and F. pseudovirgulatus display similar colour patterns. They can be distinguished by presence vs absence of a pair of flecks on the head and chaetotaxy of the third antennal segment. A key to species and comments on taxonomic characters and biogeography are provided. It is proposed that F. virgulatus and F. pseudovirgulatus sp. n. are allopatric sister species.
Deep‐sea nematodes (Nemata, Prochaetosomatinae): new taxa from hydrothermal vents and a polymetallic nodule formation of the Pacific (East Rise; North Fiji and Lau Basins; Clarion‐Clipperton fracture zone)
Authors: DECRAEMER WILFRIDA , GOURBAULT NICOLE
Published: July 2005

Dinetia nycterobia gen. et sp. n. (Draconematidae, Prochaetosomatinae) is described from a hydrothermal site of the East Pacific Rise. The new genus is characterized by body annulation reaching lip region and including spiral amphids, cuticle not thickened in head region, cephalic adhesion tubes without expanded base located in cervical region, pharynx with terminal bulb provided with a thick cuticularized lumen wall, and posterior adhesion tubes with bell‐shaped end. Dinetia nycterobia, the type species, is characterized by the number of cephalic adhesion tubes (19 in male, 15 in female) and of the 4 rows of posterior adhesion tubes (5 tubes lateral, 14–19 subventral in male, 10–15 lateral, 13–20 subventral in female) and the shape and size of the spicules. Cephalochaetosoma pacificum notium subsp. n. from the Fiji deep‐sea closely resemble C. pacificum pacificum from Philippines deep‐sea but differs in male by the number of sublateral posterior adhesion tubes, the shape and size of the spicules, the number of cloacal setae, the structure of the testis and in both sexes by the spiny cuticular ornamentation, the shorter labial setae and morphometric data. A new genus and new species of Draconematidae is provisionally described, based on the observation of juvenile specimens from the polymetallic nodule formation.
The phylogenetic position of Brachiopoda—a comparison of morphological and molecular data
Authors: LÜTER CARSTEN , BARTOLOMAEUS THOMAS
Published: July 2005

Analyses of rRNA and rDNA among Metazoa result in a hypothesis of a sistergroup relationship of Brachiopoda and certain spiralian taxa, whereas analyses of morphological data imply that Brachiopoda show affinities to Deuterostomia within the Radialia. Regarding Brachiopoda as a derived spiralian taxon must be followed by a reinterpretation of the evolution of distinct brachiopod morphological characters—like cleavage pattern, coelom or larva. The experimental insertion of a monophyletic taxon consisting of Brachiopoda and Phoronida into a widely accepted phylogenetic tree of Spiralia leads to the hypothesis that at least trimeric organization, mesosomal tentacular apparatus and heterogeneously assembled metanephridia are products of convergent evolution in Brachiopoda plus Phoronida and Deuterostomia. The hypothesis of a radialian nature of Brachiopoda and Phoronida, as implied by morphological data, remains as the most parsimonious possibility to explain the evolution of seven regarded characters (cleavage pattern, larva, tentacular apparatus, coelom, metameric segmentation, metanephridia and chaetae) in Brachiopoda. Due to the conflicting results of both methods a hitherto undetected systematical problem is discussed possibly hindering data comparability. If the course of evolution can principally be inferred from the information preserved in recent and fossil animals, the results should be congruent in the analyses of both, molecular and morphological data.
The family Capilloventridae (Annelida, Clitellata) in Australia, with descriptions of two new species of Capilloventer
Authors: PINDER ADRIAN M. , BRINKHURST RALPH O.
Published: July 2005

Two new freshwater species of the small family Capilloventridae are recorded from rivers in south‐eastern Australia. Capilloventer acheronensis sp. n. has all hair setae anteriorly and dissimilar crotchet setae without hairs posteriorly while Capilloventer longicapitus sp. n. has an elongate prostomium, very long hair setae anteriorly and all bifid setae posteriorly. Immature specimens from south‐west Western Australia appear to represent a further species and are tentatively included within the family. Additional specimens of Capilloventer australis Erséus, 1993 have allowed some features (setae, segmental glands, genitalia and ventral buccal organ) to be described in more detail. The new C. australis specimens are from the upper reaches of Victorian rivers, showing that it is a freshwater species, rather than a marine incursion as the estuarine type locality suggested. There are now more freshwater species than marine species, although the origin and phylogenetic relationships of the family remain unclear.
Novocriniidae, a new family of harpacticoid copepods from anchihaline caves in Belize
Authors: HUYS RONY , ILIFFE THOMAS M.
Published: July 2005

Huys, R. & Iliffe, T. M. 1998. Novocriniidae, a new family of harpacticoid copepods from anchihaline caves in Belize.

A new family of fusiform, semi‐planktonic harpacticoid copepods is described from two anchihaline caves, Caye Chapel Cave and Columbus Caye Blue Hole, on the Belize Barrier Reef. The Novocriniidae fam. n. is proposed to accommodate Novocrinia trifida gen. et sp. n. and is placed in the tisbidimorph complex of families (Tisboidea) by virtue of its maxilliped morphology. The new genus shares several characters with other tisbidimorph families but cannot be placed in any of them without an unnatural extension of their diagnoses. The Novocriniidae display a suite of plesiomorphic character states in most appendages from the antennules to the PS, indicating their basal position on the tisbidimorph phylogenetic tree. They exhibit a unique sexually dimorphic modification of the antennae, involving the transformation of two setal elements into filamentous sensory tufts. The unusual presence of supernumerary elements on the male PS baseoendopod is briefly discussed as well as the presence of a genuine but incipient oral cone derived from the labrum and medially fused paragnaths.
Cladistic analysis and classification of Prionospio and related general (Polychaeta, Spionidae)
Authors: SIGVALDADÓTTIR ELÍN
Published: July 2005

The phylogenetic relationships of Prionospio Malnigren, 1867 are estimated in two parsimony analyses. The first analysis includes type and other species of Prionospio (Prionospio) Malmgren. 1867. P. (Mitiuspio) Foster, 1971, P. (Aqiriluspio) Foster, 1971, Apopriotiospio Foster, 1969, Aitrospio Maciolek. 1981, Paraprionospio Caullery, 19 14. Streblospio Webster, 1897, Laubieriellus Maciolek, 1981, and Orthoprionospio Blake & Kudenov, 1978; all members of a group of closely related taxa. Prionospio banyulensis Laubier, 1966 is included as a separate taxon since its relationship to Priotiospio has been questioned. The single most parsimonious tree supports monophyly of a group containing P. (Prionospio), P. (Minuspio), P. (Aqirilaspio), and Apopriotiospio.

Based on the tree topology from the first analysis, 14 species belonging to different subgenera of Priotiospio and Apopriotiospio are included in a more restricted analysis, with Orthoprionospio cirrformia Blake & Kudenov, 1978 as outgroup. Three equally parsimonious trees were obtained, differing only in the positions of Prionospio ehlersi Fauvel, 1928, Prionospio henriki Hylleberg & Nateewathana, 1990, and Prionospio rugosa Sigvaldadóttir, 1997.

The results of the two analyses are compared to earlier classifications. As support is lacking for monophyly of both subgenera P. (Minuspio) and P. (Aquilaspio), they are synonymized with P. (Prionospio). Apoprionospio cannot be justified as a separate genus without making Priotiospio paraphyletic, and is synonymized with Prionospio. Two species, P. banyulensis and P. pilkena Wilson, 1990, are transferred to Aurospio. A checklist of species belonging to Prionospio sesu lato, together with information on type locality and location of type specimens, is included.
A taxonomic and cladistic analysis of the west European genusMonobella(Collembola, Neanuridae)
Authors: BEDOS ANNE , DEHARVENG LOUIS
Published: July 2005

The genusMonobelluCassagnau, 1979 (Collembola) is redefined. Four new species and one new subspecies are described from Pyrenees and Cevennes (France) on the basis of labrum morphology, tubercle arrangement on tergites and chaetotaxy of somites:Monobellu culvusp. n.,Monobellu eduphicasp. n.,Monobellu grussei minorssp. n.,Monobellu juusp. n., andMonobellu roussetisp. n. The subspeciesMonobellu grussei dubiuDeharveng, 1986 is reassigned to specific level. A key to the 14 species and subspecies ofMonobelluis given. ExceptM. g. minorssp. n. which is present in the Pyrenees and the Massif Central and the widespreadM. g. grussei(Denis, 1923), allMonobelluspecies and subspecies are narrow endemics of the Pyrenean range; their distribution is mapped in details. A phylogenetic analysis is performed, taking into account the high level of polymorphism of some characters and the incomplete genetic isolation between certain subspecies, indicated in the field by the presence of narrow hybrid zones. Though obtained under different assumptions and constraints, the most parsimonious cladograms exhibit only slight differences, and the proposed phyletic reconstruction can be considered as robust. It adequately reflects the known distribution of the species in the Pyrenees, it confirms the monophyly of the speciesM. grusseiand supports, in agreement with field distribution data, the idea that reticulate evolution might have occurred in this taxon. © The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Ovipositor internal microsculpture in the Braconidae (Insecta, Hymenoptera)
Authors: RAHMAN M. HABIBUR , FITTON MIKE G. , QUICKE DONALD L. J.
Published: July 2005

Variation in the microsculpture of the ovipositor egg canal, the morphology of the tip of the upper valve, the structure of the valvillus and the apex of the lower valve seals, as revealed by scanning electron microscopy is described for members of 52 genera representing 30 subfamilies of Braconidae. The possible phylogenetic implications of this variation are discussed. Characters supporting monophyly of the cyclostome clade, and of the non‐cyclostome subfamilies Agathidinae, Pselaphaninae and Sigalphinae are reported. Functional and phylogenetic implications are discussed and possible convergent evolution of some features associated with endoparasitism are considered in the light of recent molecular systematics findings. © 1998 The Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters
Phylogenetic relationships of the lower Caenogastropoda (Mollusca, Gastropoda, Architaenioglossa, Campaniloidea, Cerithioidea) as determined by partial 18s rDNA sequences
Authors: HARASEWYCH M. G. , ADAMKEWICZ S. LAURA , PLASSMEYER MATTHEW , GILLEVET PATRICK M.
Published: July 2005

Phylogenetic analyses of partial sequences spanning approximately 450 nucleotides near the 5’end of the 18s rDNA strongly support the monophyly of Apogastropoda and its constituent clades, Caenogastropoda and Heterobranchia. Representatives of the architaenioglossan groups Cyclophoroidea, Ampullariidae and Viviparidae invariably emerge within Caenogastropoda in all analyses. While the Cyclophoroidea and Ampullariidae are monophyletic, the varying position of Viviparidae in all outcomes contradicts its hypothesized sister group relationship with Ampullariidae, and thus the monophyly of Ampullarioidea. Because of the position of Viviparidae, Architaenioglossa does not emerge as a clade in any of our analyses. Campanile consistently emerges between Cyclophoroidea and Cerithioidea, or in a clade with Cyclophoroidea and Ampullariidae, a position not predicted by previous morphological studies. Maximum parsimony analyses of sequence data show Caenogastropoda to comprise a series of sequentially diverging higher taxa. However, maximum likelihood analyses as well as maximum parsimony analyses using only trans‐versions divide Caenogastropoda into two clades, one containing the architaenioglossan taxa, Campaniloidea and Cerithioidea, the other containing the higher caenogastropod taxa included in Eucaenogastropoda (Haszprunar, 1988) [= Hypsogastropoda (Ponder & Lindberg 1997)l. Denser taxon sampling revealed insertions to be present in the 18s rDNA gene of several caenogastropod taxa. Earlier reports (Harasewych et al. 1997b) of reduced sequence divergence levels in Caenogastropoda are shown to be restricted to Hypsogastropoda. Based on a broader taxonomic sampling, divergence levels within Caenogastropoda are comparable to those found within Heterobranchia.
Morphological and molecular evidence for a new endemic freshwater crab, Sesarma ayatum sp. n., (Grapsidae, Sesarminae) from eastern Jamaica
Authors: SCHUBART CHRISTOPH D. , REIMER JENS , DIESEL RUDOLF
Published: July 2005

Recent morphological studies have shown that the Jamaican mountain stream crab, Sesarma bidentatum Benedict, 1892 (Sensu Abele 1992), consists of several allopatric forms. Three new species have been described from western Jamaica (summarized in Reimer et al. 1998) restricting the range of S. bidentatum to central and eastern Jamaica. In this study we used morphology and genetic markers to further distinguish crab populations from different East Jamaican river systems. Morphological characters such as the shape of male gonopods, front, chelar carpus, and walking legs, as well as mtDNA sequence (16s rRNA gene) comparisons were consistent in the separation of populations of S. bidentatum into two distinct groups. A new species, Sesarma ayatum sp. n., is described with a distribution from easternmost Jamaica to the eastern Blue Mountains.
Taxonomic names and phylogenetic trees
Authors: Härlin Mikael
Published: July 2005

This paper addresses the issue of philosophy of names within the context of biological taxonomy, more specifically how names refer. By contrasting two philosophies of names, one that is based on the idea that names can be defined and one that they cannot be defined, I point out some advantages of the latter within phylogenetic systematics. Due to the changing nature of phylogenetic hypotheses, the former approach tends to rob taxonomy from its unique communicative value since a name that is defined refers to whatever fits the definition. This is particularly troublesome should the hypothesis of phylogenetic relationship change. I argue that, should we decide to accept a new phylogenetic hypothesis, it is also likely that our view of what to name may change. A system where names only refer acknowledge this, and accordingly leaves it open whether to keep a name (and accept the way it refers in the new hypothesis) or discard a name and introduce new names for the parts of the tree that we find scientifically interesting. One of the main differences between a phylogenetic system of definition (PSD) and a phylogenetic system of reference (PSR) is that the former is governed by laws of language while the latter by communicative needs of taxonomists. Thus, a PSR tends to give primacy to phylogenetic trees rather than phylogenetic definitions of names should our views of which phylogenetic hypothesis to accept change. © 1998 The Norwegian Academy of Sciences and Letters
Survey of Real‐Time Rendering Techniques for Crowds
Authors: Ryder G. , Day A. M.
Published: July 2005

Real‐time rendering of photo‐realistic humans is considerably outside the scope of current consumer‐level computer hardware. There are many techniques, which attempt to bridge the gap between what is desired and what is possible. This paper aims to give an overview of the techniques designed to alter the complexity of the model's geometry (level of detail), or replace it with a flat image (visual impostor) and to improve the lighting model (lighting and shadows). Recent years have shown a boom in the power and availability of consumer‐level programmable graphics processors, thus techniques that make use of these features are coming to the forefront.
Visual Supercomputing: Technologies, Applications and Challenges
Authors: Brodlie Ken , Brooke John , Chen Min , Chisnall David , Fewings Ade , Hughes Chris , John Nigel W. , Jones Mark W. , Riding Mark , Roard Nicolas
Published: July 2005

If we were to have a Grid infrastructure for visualization, what technologies would be needed to build such an infrastructure, what kind of applications would benefit from it, and what challenges are we facing in order to accomplish this goal? In this survey paper, we make use of the term ‘visual supercomputing’ to encapsulate a subject domain concerning the infrastructural technology for visualization. We consider a broad range of scientific and technological advances in computer graphics and visualization, which are relevant to visual supercomputing. We identify the state‐of‐the‐art technologies that have prepared us for building such an infrastructure. We examine a collection of applications that would benefit enormously from such an infrastructure, and discuss their technical requirements. We propose a set of challenges that may guide our strategic efforts in the coming years.
Alternate Solitons: Nonlinearly Managed One‐ and Two‐Dimensional Solitons in Optical Lattices
Authors: Gubeskys Arthur , Malomed Boris A. , Merhasin Ilya M.
Published: July 2005

We consider a model of Bose–Einstein condensates, which combines a stationary optical lattice (OL) and periodic change of the sign of the scattering length (SL) due to the Feshbach‐resonance management. Ordinary solitons and ones of the gap type being possible, respectively, in the model with constant negative and positive SL, an issue of interest is to find solitons alternating, in the case of the low‐frequency modulation, between shapes of both types, across the zero‐SL point. We find such alternate solitons and identify their stability regions in the 2D and 1D models. Three types of the dynamical regimes are distinguished: stable, unstable, and semi‐stable. In the latter case, the soliton sheds off a conspicuous part of its initial norm before relaxing to a stable regime. In the 2D case, the threshold (minimum number of atoms) necessary for the existence of the alternate solitons is essentially higher than its counterparts for the ordinary and gap solitons in the static model. In the 1D model, the alternate solitons are also found only above a certain threshold, while the static 1D models have no threshold. In the 1D case, stable antisymmetric alternate solitons are found too. Additionally, we consider a possibility to apply the variational approximation (VA) to the description of stationary gap solitons, in the case of constant positive SL. It predicts the solitons in the first finite bandgap very accurately, and does it reasonably well in the second gap too. In higher bands, the VA predicts a border between tightly and loosely bound solitons.
Properties of Defect Modes in One‐Dimensional Optically Induced Photonic Lattices
Authors: Fedele Francesco , Yang Jianke , Chen Zhigang
Published: July 2005

In this article, localized defect modes in one‐dimensional optically induced photonic lattices are studied comprehensively. First, the origin of these defect modes is investigated analytically in the weak‐defect limit by perturbation methods. It is shown that in an attractive defect where the lattice light intensity at the defect site is higher than that of nearby sites, a defect mode bifurcates from the left edge of every Bloch band; while in a repulsive defect, a defect mode bifurcates from the right edge of every Bloch band. When the defect is not weak, defect modes are examined by numerical methods. It is shown that in a repulsive defect, the strongest confinement of defect modes arises when the lattice light intensity at the defect site is nonzero rather than zero. In addition, as the potential strength increases, defect modes disappear from lower bandgaps and appear in higher bandgaps. In an attractive defect, however, defect modes persist in every bandgap as the potential strength increases. Using a piecewise‐constant potential model, defect modes are calculated analytically for a general defect. The analytical results qualitatively explain the main features in numerical results.
Spanishmerinowools and thenouvelles draperies: an industrial transformation in the late medieval Low Countries1
Authors: MUNRO JOHN
Published: July 2005

From the seventeenth century, the world's finest wools have been those produced by descendants of the Spanish merino. During the middle ages, however, England produced Europe's finest wools. Not until the fourteenth century does a distinct merino breed appear in Spain; and, before then, 'Spanish' wools were amongst the very worst in Europe, used in the production of only the very cheapest fabrics. By the late fourteenth century, some merino wools were being used in some Italian draperies; but, in the north, long‐held historic prejudices against 'Spanish' wools hindered their introduction, especially into the Low Countries' draperies, which, because of structural changes in international trade, had become re‐oriented to manufacturing luxury woollens, most woven from the finest English wools. From the 1420s, however, disastrous changes in England's fiscal policies so increased the cost of these exported wools that many of the younger Flemish draperies, the so‐called nouvelles draperies, producing imitations of the finer woollens from the older established draperies, decided to switch to Spanish merino wools (often mixed with English wools). By the mid‐fifteenth century, the merinos had indeed improved enough in quality to rival at least the mid‐range English wools. Most of the traditional draperies, however, did not adopt merino wools until much too late, and thus, by the early sixteenth century found themselves displaced by the nouvelle draperies as the leading cloth manufacturers in the Low Countries.