bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Slow Interband Recombination Promotes an Anomalous Thermoelectric Response of the p–n Junctions
Authors: Petrov A. S. , Svintsov D.
Published: January 2025

Thermoelectric effects in p–n junctions are widely used for energy generation with thermal gradients, creation of compact Peltier refrigerators and, most recently, for sensitive detection of infrared and terahertz radiation. It is conventionally assumed that electrons and holes creating thermoelectric current are in equilibrium and share the common quasi-Fermi level. We show that lack of interband equilibrium results in an anomalous sign and magnitude of thermoelectric voltage developed across the p–n junction. The anomalies appear provided the diffusion length of minority carriers exceeds the size of hot spot at the junction. Normal magnitude of thermoelectric voltage is partly restored if interband tunneling at the junction is allowed. The predicted effects can be relevant to the cryogenically cooled photodetectors based on bilayer graphene and mercury cadmium telluride quantum wells.
Adnexal torsion in middle childhood: a rare cause of abdominal pain
Authors: Gómez Campo Cristina , Gómez-Carpintero García Ana , Bermejo Gómez Amanda , Vidal Esteban Ana
Published: January 2025

Adnexal torsion is a rare cause of abdominal pain in middle childhood and, in general, the diagnosis is often delayed due to the lack of specificity of symptoms and imaging tests. We describe the case of a girl in middle childhood who came to the emergency department for pain in the right iliac fossa of approximately 15 hours of evolution associated with partial refusal of food intake and vomiting. The initial examination showed normal vital signs, a soft abdomen, pain on palpation in the lower region, but no signs of peritoneal irritation, a mild leucocytosis with no other signs of infection and the initial abdominal ultrasound showed no objective pathology. Finally, after clinical worsening and a repeat imaging test, she was diagnosed with right ovarian torsion.
Unique presentation of cavernous sinus thrombosis in a paediatric patient
Authors: Srinivas Rachelle , Gupta Lalita , Harpole Ryan , Moore Daniel , Timoney Peter
Published: January 2025

A paediatric patient presented with periorbital oedema and fever. Initially, there was low suspicion for cavernous sinus thrombosis and orbital cellulitis due to the presence of full extraocular movements. However, given worsening bilateral periorbital oedema, lethargy and sepsis, neuroimaging was performed demonstrating inflammation and enhancement of the leptomeninges and left cavernous sinus, and raising concern for cavernous sinus thrombosis in the setting of orbital cellulitis. Prior to imaging, the patient’s periorbital oedema was attributed to preseptal cellulitis. However, the lack of response to oral antibiotics and worsening symptoms, combined with imaging results, aided in confirming suspicion of cavernous sinus thrombosis. The patient received intravenous antibiotics and anticoagulation. At 3-month follow-up, there was a complete resolution of orbital findings. This patient’s case demonstrates an atypical presentation of orbital cellulitis and the utility of early imaging to aid in the timely diagnosis and management of cavernous sinus thrombosis in young patients.
Magnitude of immediate postpartum anaemia and associated factors among mothers at selected public hospitals in North Shoa Zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia: a cross-sectional study in 2022
Authors: Nigusu Genanew , Wakgari Negash , Abebe Mistiwat , Moroda Meseret
Published: January 2025

Background

Anaemia is a worldwide public health problem affecting over 800 million reproductive-age women. In developing countries, postpartum anaemia is a significant cause of maternal morbidity and mortality. In Ethiopia, postpartum anaemia remains a public health issue.

Objective

To assess the magnitude of immediate postpartum anaemia and associated factors among postpartum mothers who delivered at public hospitals in the North Shoa Zone, Oromia regional state, Ethiopia, in 2022.

Design

A cross-sectional study was conducted. A systematic random sampling method was used to select study participants. Data were collected using Kobo Collect software and exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26 for analysis. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to examine associations between variables. Statistical significance was declared at a p-value of <0.05, and the adjusted odds ratio (AOR) with a 95% CI was used to determine the strength of associations.

Setting

A facility based at three public hospitals in the North Shoa Zone from 25 August to 26 October 2022.

Participants

The study was conducted among 341 postpartum mothers.

Outcome

The primary outcome of the study was the magnitude of immediate postpartum anaemia and factors associated with it.

Results

The magnitude of immediate postpartum anaemia was 28.4% (95% CI (23.5 to 33.3). Factors significantly associated with immediate postpartum anaemia included postpartum haemorrhage (AOR: 4.95; 95% CI 2.09 to 11.76), history of abortion (AOR: 4.01; 95% CI 1.93 to 8.35), rural residence (AOR: 3.03; 95% CI 1.49 to 6.16), poor adherence to iron and folic acid supplementation (AOR: 2.66; 95% CI 1.27 to 5.58) and midupper arm circumference (MUAC) <23 cm (AOR: 2.19; 95% CI 1.08 to 4.42).

Conclusion

The magnitude of immediate postpartum anaemia was a moderate public health problem. Factors such as postpartum haemorrhage, history of abortion, rural residence, poor adherence to iron and folic acid supplementation and MUAC <23 cm were significantly associated with immediate postpartum anaemia. Strategies should be put in place to encourage early identification and preventive action for the risk factors of immediate postpartum anaemia.
Do final-year medical students in Scotland have the knowledge and confidence to deliver the physical activity guidelines? A cross-sectional online survey to evaluate changes over a decade
Authors: Schlegel Isabelle , Ryde Gemma C
Published: January 2025

Objectives

This study assessed knowledge of physical activity (PA) guidelines and confidence to deliver PA advice, across current final-year medical students in Scotland. This follows a 2013 survey finding that this cohort lacked this knowledge and confidence; thus, authors recommended improvements to undergraduate medical PA education and re-evaluation of these measures thereafter.

Design

A cross-sectional online survey.

Setting

The survey was distributed across four Scottish universities.

Participants

Final-year undergraduate medical students; n=166 completed the survey. 69% women, 23.3±1.8 years old and 69% met the PA guidelines.

Results

27% correctly identified the UK PA guidelines, despite 52% stating awareness of these. While 80% reported receiving PA education, only 20% felt adequately trained to give PA advice to the general population. This study highlights that compared with 2013, more students were aware of PA guidelines and had received training, but fewer could identify the guidelines, and they felt less adequately trained to give PA advice.

Conclusion

This study highlights the ongoing need to improve PA in the undergraduate medical curriculum. Future studies should continue to evaluate students' confidence and ability to deliver PA advice to patients as PA training is implemented across UK universities.
The Cambridge Knee Injury Tool (CamKIT): a clinical prediction tool for acute soft tissue knee injuries
Authors: Molloy Thomas , Gompels Benjamin , Castagno Simone , McDonnell Stephen
Published: January 2025

Background/aim

This study focuses on the development of the Cambridge Knee Injury Tool (CamKIT), a clinical prediction tool developed as a 12-point scoring tool based on a modified e-Delphi study.

Methods

A retrospective cohort evaluation was conducted involving 229 patients presenting to a Major Trauma Centre with acute knee pain over 3 months. The evaluation extracted data on the 12 scoring tool variables as well as diagnostic and management pathway outcomes. CamKIT scores for the injured and non-injured cohorts were then calculated and evaluated.

Results

The CamKIT yielded a median score of 7.5 (IQR: 6–9) in the injured cohort, compared with a median score of 2 (IQR: 1–4) in the non-injured cohort, with a statistically significant difference (p<0.0001). When constructed as a three-tier risk stratification tool, the CamKIT produces a sensitivity of 100%, a specificity of 94.3%, a positive predictive value of 89% and a negative predictive value of 100% for diagnosing clinically significant soft tissue knee injuries.

Conclusion

The CamKIT provides a non-invasive tool that has the potential to streamline the diagnostic process and empower healthcare workers in resource-stretched settings by instilling confidence and promoting accuracy in clinical decision-making. The CamKIT also has the potential to support efficiency in the secondary healthcare setting by enabling more targeted and timely use of specialist resources. This research contributes to the ongoing efforts to enhance patient outcomes and the overall quality of care in managing acute knee injuries.
Comparative impact of tertiary lymphoid structures and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in cholangiocarcinoma
Authors: Chung Shin-Yi , Yeh Yi-Chen , Huang Chien-Jung , Chiang Nai-Jung , Hsu Dennis Shin-Shian , Chan Ming-Hsien , Lu Meng-Lun , Hsu Tzu-Sheng , Hung Yi-Ping , Yeh Chun-Nan , Hsiao Michael , Chang Yu-Chan , Wang Yu-Chao , Chen Ming-Huang
Published: January 2025

Background

Cholangiocarcinoma is a challenging malignancy with limited responses to conventional therapies, particularly immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and tertiary lymphoid structures (TLSs) are key components of the tumor microenvironment (TME) and have been implicated in the immune response to cancer. However, the role and difference of TLSs and TILs in patients with cholangiocarcinoma remains unclear. This study elucidates their contributions to the TME.

Methods

We examined 16 tumor samples from a single-arm, phase II trial of nivolumab plus modified gemcitabine and S-1 and various datasets. Immunohistochemistry and RNA sequencing were employed to assess TLSs and TILs presence and activity. Differential gene expression and signature of immune cell composition were examined by GeoMx Digital Spatial Profiler and Cancer Transcriptome Altas analysis.

Results

TLS-positive (N=7) patients demonstrated significantly better immunotherapy outcomes compared with TLS-negative (N=9) patients, including higher objective response rates (71% vs 0%) and disease control rates (100% vs 67%). The presence of TLSs correlated with improved progression-free and overall survival (p=0.03). TLSs were associated with “inflamed” tumors characterized by substantial immune infiltration, particularly involving T and B cells. Gene expression analyses identified significant upregulation of B cell-related genes in TLSs. Additionally, TLSs exhibited higher properties of memory B cells and myeloid dendritic cells but lower levels of innate immune cells compared with TILs. T cells within TLSs showed elevated expression of precursor-exhausted-related genes and lower cytotoxicity signature. Furthermore, TILs in TLS-positive tumors had higher levels of exhaustion signatures compared with TILs in TLS-negative tumors. Clinical data corroborated these findings, with higher PD-L1 and LAG-3 expression in TLS-positive tumors.

Conclusion

Our findings revealed that TILs in TLS-positive tumors have more exhausted T cell signature and PD-1 and LAG-3 protein expression in CCA which support our clinical finding. TLSs can predict favorable immunotherapy responses in patients with cholangiocarcinoma, highlighting their potential as a biomarker and therapeutic target to enhance treatment efficacy.
Combined PARP14 inhibition and PD-1 blockade promotes cytotoxic T cell quiescence and modulates macrophage polarization in relapsed melanoma
Authors: Leshem Rotem , Sefton Kieran Neil , Wong Chun Wai , Lin I-Hsuan , Isaac Dervla Tamara , Niepel Mario , Hurlstone Adam
Published: January 2025

Background

Programmed cell death 1 (PD-1) signaling blockade by immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI) effectively restores immune surveillance to treat melanoma. However, chronic interferon-gamma (IFNγ)-induced immune homeostatic responses in melanoma cells contribute to immune evasion and acquired resistance to ICI. Poly ADP ribosyl polymerase 14 (PARP14), an IFNγ-responsive gene product, partially mediates IFNγ-driven resistance. PARP14 inhibition prolongs PD-1 blockade responses in preclinical models, but fails to achieve full tumor clearance, suggesting the involvement of additional resistance mechanisms.

Methods

We identified a robust PARP14 catalytic inhibitor gene signature and evaluated its association with patient survival. Using preclinical models and single-cell RNA sequencing, we investigated immune and tumor cell adaptations to PARP14 inhibition combined with PD-1 blockade.

Results

Combining PARP14 inhibition and PD-1 blockade suppressed tumor-associated macrophages while increasing proinflammatory memory macrophages. Moreover, this combination mitigated the terminal exhaustion of cytotoxic T cells by inducing a quiescent state, thereby preserving functionality. Despite the enhanced immune responses, tumor cells developed adaptive resistance by engaging alternative immune evasion pathways.

Conclusions

Although adaptive resistance mechanisms re-emerge, PARP14 inhibition combined with PD-1 blockade offers a promising strategy to enhance treatment outcomes and overcome ICI resistance in melanoma, as immune cells are primed for further therapeutic interventions that leverage the quiescent state.
The effects of L-thyroxine and its association with physical exercise decrease the inflammation in an acute lung injury model
Authors: Martha Bianca Andrade , Tonial Giovana Vivan , Luft Carolina , Costa Bruna Pasqualotto , Antunes Géssica Luana , Costa Mariana Severo da , Matzenbacher Lucas Strassburger , Garcia Maria Cláudia Rosa , Oliveira Jarbas Rodrigues de
Published: January 2025

Acute lung injury (ALI) is an inflammatory disease with a high incidence and prevalence that can lead to death. While L-thyroxine is widely used as a synthetic hormone in the treatment of hypothyroidism, its effects on inflammatory processes are not fully understood. Physical exercise, recommended for the general population, serves as an ally in treating various pathologies. Due to this and the lack of understanding of how L-thyroxine affects the immune response, coupled with the well-known benefits of exercise, this study aimed to evaluate L-thyroxine’s effects on lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammation and its combination with exercise in ALI. We assessed L-thyroxine’s effects on RAW 264.7 cells exposed to LPS and its association with exercise in a mouse ALI model. Pre-treatment with L-thyroxine demonstrated a decrease in the production of reactive oxygen species ( P < 0.01) and the expression of pro-inflammatory genes and proteins ( P < 0.05). In ALI, pre-treatment with L-thyroxine, either alone or combined with exercise, reduced the cell influx ( P < 0.01) and the release of inflammatory cytokines ( P < 0.05), in addition to mitigating lung damage caused by LPS ( P < 0.01). However, combining L-thyroxine with exercise did not enhance its anti-inflammatory effect.
Empowering canine genomics: design and validation of a high-density SNP array for Indian dogs
Authors: Nachiappan Raja Kolandanoor , Arora Reena , Vijh Ramesh Kumar , Sharma Upasna , Raheja Meenal , Sharma Manisha , Maggon Mehak , Ahlawat Sonika
Published: January 2025

India harbors a substantial population of 9.43 million dogs, showcasing diverse phenotypes and utility. Initiatives focusing on awareness, conservation, and informed breeding can greatly enhance the recognition and welfare of the unique Indian canine heritage. This study describes the design and development of a high-density SNP array for genomic characterization of Indian dogs. Paired-end (150 bp) DNA sequences of 48 samples from four diverse dog populations were generated with 10× coverage, following the standard pipeline of Axiom Array technology for chip design. More than 23 million raw SNPs were initially identified, with 629 597 SNP markers ultimately tiled on the Indian canine array ( Axiom_Shwaan) after stringent filtering and processing. With an inter-marker distance of 3.8 kb the Axiom_Shwaan greatly increases the canine genome coverage. The array was validated by genotyping 186 samples representing 11 dog breeds/populations from India. The high call rate (99%) of SNPs on the designed chip indicates its suitability for use in Indian dog populations, reflecting sufficient genetic diversity. The principal component and phylogenetic analyses delineated the native dog breeds into discrete groups. This high-density SNP array will empower future applications in population genetics, breed/selection signature identification, development of trait-specific biomarkers, and genome-wide data mining for various canine abilities.
Robust integration of dual quaternion approaches, magnetic offsets and screw motion
Authors: Çalışkan Abdussamet
Published: January 2025

In this study, the dual magnetic curves of the corresponding flux surfaces are determined, and the use of these dual curves enables the definition of magnetic offsets. The kinematic properties of these curves are explored, emphasizing their role in describing the motion and transformations of the flux surfaces. The integral invariants of the flux surfaces and developable are investigated by the utilization of the dual magnetic angle between dual magnetic curves. Additionally, we identify connections between Mannheim offsets and spherical images associated with dual quaternions. Furthermore, the study utilizes dual quaternions to perform a geometric and kinematic analysis of magnetic curves and screw motion, providing a comprehensive framework to link magnetic geometry and kinematic motion.
Update on HIV Chemoprevention
Authors: Blair Cheríe S. , Cambou Mary Catherine , Landovitz Raphael J.
Published: January 2025

Despite rapid advances in the field of HIV prevention and treatment, unacceptably high global HIV incidence rates highlight the ongoing need for effective HIV prevention interventions for populations at risk for HIV acquisition. This article provides an updated review of the current data surrounding HIV prevention strategies, including treatment as prevention (TasP), preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP), and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP), as well as advances in sexually transmitted infection biomedical prevention. This review provides an overview of the multiple PrEP modalities that are available globally, such as oral PrEP, injectable cabotegravir, and the dapivirine vaginal ring, and describes their respective clinical trials, efficacies, and regulatory approvals. We also discuss ongoing research into novel PrEP agents, such as broadly neutralizing antibodies, and efforts toward HIV vaccine development.
Update on Hepatorenal Syndrome: From Pathophysiology to Treatment
Authors: Khemichian Saro , Nadim Mitra K. , Terrault Norah A.
Published: January 2025

Hepatorenal syndrome–acute kidney injury (HRS-AKI) occurs in the setting of advanced chronic liver disease, portal hypertension, and ascites. HRS-AKI is found in ∼20% of patients presenting to the hospital with AKI, but it may coexist with other causes of AKI and/or with preexisting chronic kidney disease, thereby making the diagnosis challenging. Novel biomarkers such as urinary neutrophil gelatinase–associated lipocalin may be useful. While HRS-AKI is a functional form of AKI related to circulatory and neurohormonal dysfunction, there is increasing recognition of the importance of systemic inflammation and the renal microenvironment. Early diagnosis and initiation of HRS-AKI-specific treatment can improve outcomes. The mainstay of therapy is a vasoconstrictor (terlipressin or norepinephrine) combined with albumin, which achieves resolution of HRS in 40–50% of cases. Liver transplantation is the only option for patients failing to respond to medical therapies.
Effects of Bottom Channel Coverage Ratio on Leakage Current and Static Power Consumption of Vertically Stacked GAA Si NS FETs
Authors: Kola Sekhar Reddy , Li Yiming
Published: January 2025

The performance of vertically stacked gate-all-around silicon nanosheet (GAA Si NS) field-effect transistors (FETs) is significantly impacted by the non-ideal characteristics of the bottom channel, primarily due to etching process limitations. These issues lead to variations in the coverage ratio of the bottom channel, which impacts key device characteristics like leakage current and static power consumption. In this study, we used experimentally calibrated 3D device simulations to analyze the effects of varying bottom channel coverage ratios from 60% to 100% on the GAA Si NS n-/p-type FETs for sub-2-nm technology nodes. Our results reveal an inverse relationship between the coverage ratio and leakage current and static power consumption. Notably, n-/p-type devices at 60% bottom channel coverage ratio exhibiting leakage currents 75.6 and 102.7 times higher than those with 100% bottom channel coverage ratio. This increase is linked to substantial variations in the off-state conduction (18.5%, 75 meV for n-type FETs) and valance (15.3%, 57 meV for p-type FETs) band energies. An 80% bottom channel coverage ratio proves to be an effective compromise, reducing parasitic leakage while addressing manufacturing feasibility. However, achieving a 100% bottom channel coverage ratio remains a critical challenge, highlighting the need for further research on fabrication optimization.
Distinct single-cell transcriptional profile in CD4+ T-lymphocytes among obese children with asthma
Authors: Tejwani Vickram , Wang Rulin , Villabona-Rueda Andres , Suresh Karthik , Wu Tianshi David , Adcock Ian M. , Kermani Nazanin Z. , Zein Joe , Hansel Nadia N. , Yegnasubramanian Srinivasan , McCormack Meredith C. , D’Alessio Franco R.
Published: January 2025

This study identified unique contributors to asthma in children with obesity and found novel pathways. Increased expression of IL-7R, IL-32, PARP-1, FKBP5 gene, IL-6, and Rho transcriptional signaling were observed in obese individuals with asthma.
Shear wave elastography reveals passive and active mechanics of triceps surae muscles in vivo: from shear modulus-ankle angle to stress-strain characteristics
Authors: Zimmer Manuela , Straub Louis Fabian , Ateş Filiz
Published: January 2025

This study assessed the length- and activation-dependent shear moduli of the triceps surae muscles using shear wave elastography. By combining joint moment, muscle fascicle geometry, and electromyography data, we characterize the muscles’ in vivo passive and active mechanical behaviors. Our results indicate that the muscles operate at shorter-than-optimal to optimal lengths with soleus force production being least impacted by joint position. We observed muscle-specific shear modulus characteristics, providing insights into stress-strain behavior and force-sharing strategies.
Distinct functional roles of narrow and broadband high-gamma activities in human primary somatosensory cortex
Authors: Ryun Seokyun , Lim Seokbeen , Jang Dong Pyo , Chung Chun Kee
Published: January 2025

We investigated the functional roles and origins of high-gamma (HG) activity in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1). The higher-frequency component of HG activity is associated with detecting changes in the rate of contact force and subtle skin deformations whereas the lower-frequency component reflects the absolute magnitude of the applied contact force. Both types of HG activity were found to originate in layer IV of S1.
Ballet and how it can improve neuromuscular function with age
Authors: Berg D. , Hamernik W. , Anderson A. , Rochelle L. , Blake B.
Published: January 2025

Ballet shows numerous physiological benefits for dancers, with adaptations in posture, power, strength, stamina, and balance. A recent study from Simpkins and Yang ( J Neurophysiol 132: 1115–1125, 2024) showed that 45% of ballet-trained dancers experienced a fall during a standing-slip perturbation, compared with 82.6% of nondancers, along with shorter step latencies, durations, and speeds, which were accompanied by shorter electromyographic latencies in several leg muscles. This study demonstrates the viability of ballet training in aiding fall prevention in elderly individuals.
Low-level tragus stimulation as a treatment for primary hypertension: a systemic reaction with a broader cardioprotective potential?
Authors: Paket Umut
Published: January 2025

Low-level tragus stimulation (LL-TS) as a noninvasive technique of vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) moves to the fore in the autonomic nervous system (ANS) studies as a nondrug based, easy applicable tool. LL-TS triggering a complex systemic response may offer a broader cardioprotective potential than expected as a recent investigation outlined blood pressure (BP) reduction by LL-TS in patients with hypertension, which is commonly related to imbalance of the ANS as several other cardiovascular diseases.
DNA methylation dynamics in the small intestine of egg-selected laying hens along egg production stages
Authors: Ponsuksili Siriluck , Hadlich Frieder , Li Shuaichen , Trakooljul Nares , Reyer Henry , Oster Michael , Abitew Yosef Amsalu , Sommerfeld Vera , Rodehutscord Markus , Wimmers Klaus
Published: January 2025

Our study reveals key methylation changes in the jejunum mucosa of laying hens across developmental stages and between strains, with implications for gut health, immune function, and egg production. These findings highlight a crucial role of epigenetic regulation in optimizing performance.
Effects of Phytobiotic Curcuma longa, Allium sativum and Zingiber officinale‐Supplemented Diets on Growth, Utilisation of Feed and Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) Resistance Against Streptococcus agalactiae
Authors: Kusi Isaac Osei , Obirikorang Kwasi Adu , Adjei-Boateng Daniel
Published: January 2025

The study investigated how phytobiotic‐supplemented diets impact the growth performance, feed utilisation and resistance of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) to Streptococcus agalactiae. Fish with a total mean initial mass (37.6 g) of 180 and a random stocking of 15 fingerlings per 150 L tank in triplicate were divided into four groups and fed isonitrogenous (299 g kg−1 crude protein) and isoenergetic (15.7 kJ g−1 gross energy) control diets supplemented with 1% turmeric (Curcuma longa; TUD), garlic (Allium sativum; GAD) and ginger (Zingiber officinale; GID) powder for 56 days. After the trial period, growth performance, feed utilisation and blood health were measured. Ten fish from each replicate were infected with S. agalactiae and mortality was observed for 14 days. The results showed a significantly higher weight gain (g), specific growth rate (SGR; %/day) and average daily growth (ADG; g) in GAD (80.3 ± 1.0, 2.04 ± 0.05 and 1.434 ± 0.02, respectively) and GID (77.03 ± 0.8, 2.0 ± 0.04 and 1.376 ± 0.01, respectively) compared to the control group (60.4 ± 2.5, 1.71 ± 0.02 and 1.079 ± 0.04, respectively). However, these metrics were not significantly higher in TUD (63.8 ± 2.2, 1.8 ± 0.05 and 1.139 ± 0.04, respectively) when compared to the control group. TUD, GAD and GID feed conversion ratio (FCR) and efficiency, as well as protein efficiency ratio (PER), were improved as compared to the control. The haemoglobin (HGB), haematocrit (HCT), platelets (PLTs), white blood cells (WBCs), serum biochemistry and respiratory burst activity (RBA) of TUD, GAD and GID were significantly better than the control. Lysozyme and bactericidal activities were also significantly improved in TUD, GAD and GID as compared to the control. Following the S. agalactiae infection, the fish survival rates of GAD (67.7%), GID (53.3%) and TUD (46.7%) were better than those of the control (26.3%). Dietary supplementation with the above‐mentioned phytobiotics in Nile tilapia culture can help to increase production in view of the current challenges posed by the increased incidence of disease in fish farms. They are recommended to enhance growth, immunity and resistance to disease.
Effects of Temperature on Reproductive Performance, Embryonic Quality, and Embryonic Development of Chinese Mitten Crab
Authors: Cui Chaoyue , Geng Zhi , Feng Guangpeng , Zhang Tao , Zhao Feng , Yang Gang , Zhuang Ping , Huang Xiaorong
Published: January 2025

To explore the effects of temperature on the reproductive performance and embryonic development of female Eriocheir sinensis broodstock, the reproduction experiments of broodstock crabs under different temperatures (6, 9, 12, 15, 18, and 21°C) were carried out. Each temperature was replicated in three parallel tanks, with 5 male and 10 female crabs stocked in each tank for feeding. The results showed that with the rising of temperature, the mating rate of broodstock crabs increased gradually, the spawning rate, spawning amount, fecundity and reproductive index increased first and then decreased. At 15°C, the spawning rate, spawning amount, fecundity and reproductive index of the broodstock reached the highest and significantly higher than other temperature groups (p < 0.05). At 18°C, the egg diameter of embryos reached the largest. At 18°C, the contents of crude protein, triglyceride (TG) and total cholesterol (CHL) of embryos in E. sinensis were the highest. With the rising of temperature, the embryonic development rate of E. sinensis accelerated, the embryonic development time of the crabs was shortened and the effective cumulative temperature was gradually decreased. At 6°C, embryos stagnate at the fertilized egg stage, while at 9°C, they develop to the multicell stage but cease division thereafter. In conclusion, the best reproductive performance of the Chinese mitten crab was achieved at 15°C and the quality of embryos produced at 18°C was relatively good. The results of this study not only provided basic data for the breeding biology of E. sinensis but also provided scientific support for the conservation of fishery resources in the Yangtze River Estuary.
The Effects of Previous Amenorrhea on Endothelial and Vascular Function
Authors: Williford Katherine T. , Frye Emma V. , Kappus Rebecca M.
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Endogenous estrogen has a protective cardiovascular effect. Estrogen loss, such as during menopause and amenorrhea, results in stiffer vessels and endothelial dysfunction. It is unknown if reversing amenorrhea and regaining a regular menstrual cycle leads to the restoration of cardiovascular function.

Methods: Sixteen women were divided into groups: eumenorrheic (n = 10; 23 ± 3 years) women who had a consistent menstrual cycle and amenorrheic (n = 6; 22 ± 1 year) women who previously were without their menstrual cycle for at least 6 consecutive months. Endothelial function, arterial stiffness, and brachial and aortic blood pressure were assessed.

Results: There were no differences between groups in endothelial function or arterial stiffness measures. The previously amenorrheic group displayed lower brachial systolic and mean pressures and aortic systolic, diastolic, and mean pressures. When controlling for physical activity, only central pressure remained significantly lower in the amenorrheic group.

Conclusions: Previous amenorrhea in young women does not result in long‐term cardiovascular consequences in arterial and endothelial function measures assuming regular menstruation resumes. Physical activity shows a blood pressure–lowering effect in the peripheral arteries, while the previously amenorrheic group demonstrated lower central pressures, independent of physical activity.
Liquiritin Ameliorates Palmitic Acid‐Induced Hepatic Steatosis in Mouse Primary Hepatocytes by Suppressing the VEGFA Signaling Pathway
Authors: Qi Zhang , Yan Wang , Qingfang Xiong , Lei Yu , Jieqing Cao , Chengjun Zhao , Yongfeng Yang
Published: January 2025

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become a global pandemic, imposing a significant socioeconomic burden. Hepatic steatosis is a key pathological event in NAFLD. However, there is still lack of effective drugs for NAFLD treatment. Liquiritin (LIQ), derived from licorice root, exhibits antioxidative and anti‐inflammatory properties, making it valuable in managing various conditions such as dermatological disorders, respiratory ailments, and gastritis. Here, we investigated the impact and underlying mechanisms of LIQ on hepatic steatosis in mouse primary hepatocytes (MPHs). Our study found that LIQ significantly decreased palmitic acid (PA)‐induced lipid accumulation in MPHs. Additionally, LIQ remarkably increased the mRNA expression of Cpt1a, PPARα, Ehhadh, Cyp4a10, and Acox1, suggesting that LIQ achieves its lipid‐lowering effect by regulating mitochondria‐mediated lipid β‐oxidation. Furthermore, the regulatory effect of LIQ on the mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) process was confirmed by Seahorse analysis. Mechanistically, bioinformatics analysis predicted VEGFA as a crucial target mediating the beneficial effects of LIQ against PA‐induced lipid accumulation in MPHs. Notably, treatment with purified VEGFA protein partially counteracted the lipid‐lowering properties of LIQ. Additionally, our data showed that LIQ promoted VEGFA degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Therefore, our findings not only confirm the lipid‐lowering effects of LIQ in MPHs but also identify VEGFA as its potential target. These results highlight the therapeutic promise of LIQ in managing NAFLD and introduce VEGFA as a novel target for treating hepatic steatosis.
Switching to Tumescent Dissection in Mastectomy
Authors: Bakillah Emna , Brooks Ari D. , Adekeye Seye
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Tumescent dissection (TUM) combines the use of crystalloid, local anesthetic, and epinephrine to create a bloodless plane to raise skin flaps. We aim to compare outcomes of TUM versus standard electrocautery dissection in mastectomies with and without reconstruction.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study of patients who underwent mastectomy by a single surgeon between January 2016 and October 2020 utilizing the electronic medical record. The primary outcome was complication rate, and the secondary outcome was operative time. Chi‐squared analysis and two‐sample t‐tests were used to examine outcomes.

Results: Among 242 patients, 141 patients underwent TUM and 101 patients underwent electrocautery. 44.68% of TUM patients experienced one or more complications compared to 59.41% of electrocautery patients (p = 0.024). There were fewer cases of wound healing complications in the TUM group with reconstruction compared to the electrocautery group with reconstruction (6.1% vs. 21%, p = 0.005). Infection rate was higher in the TUM group with reconstruction compared to the electrocautery group with reconstruction (14.3% vs. 3.2%, p = 0.023). There was no significant difference in rates of hematoma, seroma, skin flap necrosis, nipple areolar complex necrosis, or re‐exploration by dissection technique. The mean operative time was shorter with TUM compared to electrocautery (216.09 min vs. 250.16 min, p = 0.016).

Conclusion: TUM yields comparable results with decreased overall complication rates compared to electrocautery dissection. Electrocautery thermal effect may account for skin‐related complications. Additionally, tumescent mastectomies have shorter length of operative time which could reduce the risk of complications associated with increased time under general anesthesia.
‘Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis’
S2k Guideline of the German Respiratory Society and the German Society for Allergology and Clinical Immunology
Authors: Koschel D. , Behr J. , Berger M. , Bonella F. , Hamer O. , Joest Marcus , Jonigk Danny , Kreuter Michael , Leuschner Gabriela , Nowak Dennis , Raulf Monika , Rehbock Beate , Schreiber Jens , Sitter Helmut , Theegarten Dirk , Costabel Ulrich
Published: January 2025

German recommendations for the diagnosis of hypersensitivity pneumonitis (HP), also known as extrinsic allergic alveolitis (EAA), were last published in 2007 [1]. The current S2k Guideline for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Hypersensitivity Pneumonitis (HP) replaces these diagnostic recommendations. They were supplemented by the aspect of chronic, and in particular of the chronic fibrotic phenotype of HP, and also, as first HP guideline, include treatment recommendations. Based on current scientific evidence and on expert opinion 12 consensus recommendations were developed. They include important statements summarizing the diagnostic process, the treatment indication and therapeutic strategies for patients with HP. Particular emphasis was placed on the different clinical courses (acute and chronic) and their characteristics (inflammatory and/or fibrotic pattern), which present differential diagnostic challenges and ultimately result in different treatment approaches. In addition to general information (diagnosis, classification, clinical disease course, epidemiology, pathogenesis, risk factors, prognosis and special aspects associated with occupational disease), the guideline will present the various clinical disease entities of HP, some in detail, others in tabular form. A major focus is on the various diagnostic steps and the different treatment approaches. The background information serves to provide a deeper understanding and inform the implementation of the recommendations. In particular, other current international guidelines for the diagnosis of HP as well as German guidelines for the diagnosis of Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) (Leitlinien zur Diagnostik interstitieller Lungenerkrankungen) in general and for the pharmacotherapy of fibrotic ILDs were integrated and considered in this guideline [2–6].
Prevalence and Factors Associated with Personal and Work-related Burnout among Primary Health Care Physicians in Tabuk, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Ishaq Hajira Saba , Ayub Humaira , Albelawi Shaima Hamid , Altawili Mohammed Ahmad , Alenazi Saada Shayeh , Omer Hamza Mohamed Ibrahim , Al Mamun Mohammad
Published: January 2025

Introduction:
Physician burnout is a growing concern worldwide, including in Arab nations. Physicians working in primary health care settings are increasingly experiencing it. The study aimed to assess the status and determinants of burnout among primary health care physicians in the Tabuk Region, Saudi Arabia.
Methods:
A cross-sectional study was carried out using a Google Form questionnaire, based on the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. The questionnaire was distributed among primary health care physicians through the Ministry of Health’s email and social media channels. The responses were collected using a five-point Likert scale, and the overall mean scores for personal and work-related burnout were calculated. Data analysis was performed using SPSS 16.0 and OpenEpi Version 3.01.
Results:
A total of 92 primary health care physicians responded to the survey. The overall mean scores for personal and work-related burnout were 38.99 and 41.41, respectively. The most common response category for both types of burnout was “Sometimes” or “Somewhat”. Physicians experienced personal burnout, characterized by emotional exhaustion (92.4%), feelings of being worn out (88%), tiredness (79.3%), and a sense of weakness and vulnerability to illness (69.6%). Similarly, they reported work-related burnout, manifested by feeling worn out after work (91.3%), feeling exhausted before work (83.7%), feeling burnt out by their work (82.6%), and feeling frustrated by their work (82.6%). Both personal and work-related burnout showed significant associations (p < 0.05) with age group, gender, years of experience, marital status, and professional category. Moreover, nationality, hours of work per week, and duty schedule were significantly associated with work-related burnout (p < 0.05).
Conclusion:
Physician burnout, both personal and work-related, is prevalent in primary healthcare settings in the Tabuk Region. It is significantly associated with various demographic and professional characteristics. Healthcare administrators and policymakers should develop and implement effective strategies to mitigate burnout and its detrimental effects on healthcare providers and the quality of care.
Suitability of different cytological preparations for molecular analysis of advanced NSCLC
Authors: Maffei Elisabetta , Ciaparrone Chiara , D'Ardia Angela , Giudice Valentina , Sabbatino Francesco , Giangrasso Antonino , Zeppa Pio , Caputo Alessandro
Published: January 2025

Introduction. Around 85% of non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs) are diagnosed at an advanced stage (IIIB to IV), where therapeutic options depend on molecular analysis. However, diagnostic material for molecular testing is often represented by cytological samples which are generally scarce and span a wide range of preparation types. Thus, the primary objective is to efficiently manage materials for molecular profiling. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of different cytological samples to assess morphological and molecular characteristics of advanced NSCLC.
Methods. Sixty-seven cytological samples obtained from patients with advanced NSCLC were utilized. The series encompassed different procedure types (fine-needle aspiration cytology, transbronchial needle aspiration, effusions) processed by cell blocks in 54% (n=36), direct smears in 33% (n=22), and Liquid Based Cytology (LBC) in 13% (n=9). Cytological diagnoses were routinely performed and molecular analysis were conducted using NGS and RT-PCR methods.
Results. Adequate quantity and quality of nucleic acids were obtained from all the samples, allowing molecular profiling. Combined Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) and Real Time-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) analysis showed wild-type profiles in 62.7% (n=42) and mutated profiles in 37.3% (n=25) of the samples. Kirsten Rat Sarcoma Virus (KRAS) mutations were identified in 19.5% (n=13) of samples, Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor (EGFR) mutations in 10.4% (n=7) and v-raf murine sarcoma viral oncogene homolog B (BRAF) mutations in 2.9% (n=2). Identified chromosomal alterations were v-erb-b2 avian erythroblastic leukemia viral oncogene homolog 2 (ERBB2) duplication in 2,9% (n=2).
Conclusions. The cytological sample types examined in this study proved to be suitable for molecular testing, in addition to conventional morphologic diagnosis, showing versatility and adaptability to different clinical contexts. Molecular testing on cytological samples is accurate and fast, representing a valid tool for molecular profiling of advanced NSCLC.
Is History of Cardiovascular Disease Associated with Increased Caries Experience among Taiwanese Adults?
Authors: Lin Po-Yen , Hsu Le-Yin , Chuang Shao-Yuan , Chen Shao-Ching , Chi Lin-Yang
Published: January 2025

Introduction: This study examined the association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) history and their dental caries experience status.

Methods: Conducted from January 2021 to June 2023, this cross-sectional cohort study involved 7,138 participants who underwent oral examinations. Data on demographic background, oral health-related behaviors, and smoking status were collected using a structured questionnaire. Dental caries was diagnosed at the cavitation level according to the World Health Organization criteria and calculated into caries experience indices including DMFT, DT, MT and FT. Information on CVD history was obtained from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, including acute myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, and coronary artery disease. Multivariate linear regression models were used to assess the association between CVD history and their dental caries experience status.

Results: Of the participants, 158 (2.2%) had a prior diagnosis of CVD. Participants with CVD history had a significantly higher mean decayed, missing, and filled teeth (DMFT) index (21.21 ± 8.37) than did those without CVD history (13.4 ± 7.82; P < 0.0001). After adjusting for confounding factors, participants with CVD history had a mean DMFT index that was 2.11 higher (95% CI = 0.99, 3.24, P < 0.01) and 2.21 more missing teeth (95% CI = 1.42, 3.00, P < 0.0001) than did those without CVD history. Subgroup analyses indicated that participants aged ≥ 65 years were predominantly affected.

Conclusion: Older participants with CVD history were associated with increased number of missing teeth. The present study design could not conclude a positive association between CVD history and their DMFT status, partly due to the lack of data on the reason of missing teeth.
Daily Fluctuations in Subjective Age Among Older Adults: Links with Stressors, Positive Events, and Emotional Reactions
Authors: Klaiber Patrick , Pauly Theresa
Published: January 2025

Introduction: Subjective age, or felt age, refers to individuals' perception of their age compared to their chronological age. Feeling older than usual has been associated with experiencing more same-day stressors and higher negative affect. Feeling older may indicate depleted psychological resources, increasing the likelihood of interpreting everyday situations as stressful and reacting more intensely to them. Conversely, feeling younger may indicate greater psychosocial resources, enhancing engagement in and responsiveness to positive events.
Methods: This study investigated fluctuations in subjective age as a predictor of same-day event occurrence (stressors and positive events) and affective responses to these events using 14-day diary data from a sample of 108 older Swiss adults (aged 65-92).
Results: On average, participants felt approximately 8 years younger than their chronological age, with significant day-to-day variability (ICC = .69). On days when individuals felt older than usual, they reported more stressors and fewer positive events. Older subjective age was also associated with greater stress reactivity (greater upticks in negative affect and greater dips in positive affect) and more pronounced responses to positive events. Time-ordered effects showed subjective age predicting positive events, but not stressors.
Conclusion: These findings underscore the importance of subjective age as a dynamic psychological construct potentially shaping the events people encounter and how they affectively respond to them. In addition, the lagged analyses provide evidence for subjective age as a predictor of daily event processes, but not for daily events as predictors of future subjective age, which contributes to disentangling the direction of association.
Uma descrição contextual do gênero “carta aberta”
Authors: Farhat Theodoro C.
Published: January 2025

Fundamentado pela Linguística Sistêmico-Funcional, este artigo tem como objetivo descrever os padrões contextuais que definem o gênero epistolar conhecido como “carta aberta”. A partir de um procedimento metodológico que alia, por meio de redes sistêmicas contextuais, análises qualitativas à categorização quantitativa de um corpus composto por textos descritos emicamente como “cartas abertas”, realizamos uma investigação multidimensional do que define tal prática sociossemiótica em termos contextuais, complementando abordagens que focalizam sua estrutura composicional. Como resultado, detectamos (a) um padrão global, motivado pela “abertura” do gênero e caracterizado por um enviesamento sociométrico, modo público e a construção de uma audiência categórica, e (b) dois padrões mais específicos, um “tradicional-argumentativo”, vinculado a uma institucionalidade argumentativa, e um “inovador-afetivo”, associado ao compartilhamento público de emoções individuais possibilitado pelas tecnologias digitais.