bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Francophonie et opérations de paix. Vers une appropriation géoculturelle
Authors: Massie Justin , Morin David
Published: July 2012

L’Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (oif) s’écarte-t-elle de sa vocation originelle? Cet article s’interroge d’abord sur la finalité et les objectifs de la Francophonie. Alors que les uns estiment que l’oif est un vecteur de domination hégémonique, d’autres jugent qu’elle représente un véritable acteur politique international anti-hégémonique qui possède une valeur ajoutée propre en matière de paix et de sécurité. La Francophonie s’avère cependant davantage une institution fondée sur le principe d’appropriation géopolitique d’un espace géoculturel distinct. Dans cette perspective, l’article retrace la prise en charge croissante par l’oif de ce rôle distinct et nécessaire en matière de sécurité internationale et cerne sa valeur géoculturelle ajoutée.
Le haut représentant, de despote éclairé à repoussoir. Les stratégies locales et la politique de l’intervention internationale en Bosnie-Herzégovine
Authors: Légaré Kathia
Published: July 2012

Les ratés qu’a récemment connus la consolidation de la paix en Bosnie-Herzégovine sont attribués à l’immaturité des politiciens, à leur atavisme communiste et à leur électoralisme. Dans cet article, il est estimé que ces comportements politiques correspondent à des stratégies rationnelles s’ils sont remis dans leur contexte. Ce retour à des stratégies d’obstruction y est attribué à l’érosion de l’arrangement informel conclu entre les acteurs locaux et internationaux. En échange de la collaboration des élites nationales aux réformes, l’autorité extérieure agissait jusqu’à récemment comme garde-fou contre les idées radicales et en tant que despote éclairé, évitant aux élus d’assumer les coûts politiques de leurs décisions. Le retrait international hésitant a érodé cet échange de bons procédés et a amené les élites locales à réorganiser leurs stratégies politiques.
Pore Filling of Spiro‐OMeTAD in Solid‐State Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells Determined Via Optical Reflectometry
Authors: Docampo Pablo , Hey Andrew , Guldin Stefan , Gunning Robert , Steiner Ullrich , Snaith Henry J.
Published: July 2012

A simple strategy is presented to determine the pore‐filling fraction of the hole‐conductor 2,2‐7,7‐tetrakis‐N,N‐di‐pmethoxyphenylamine‐9,9‐spirobifluorene (spiro‐OMeTAD) into mesoporous photoanodes in solid‐state dye‐sensitized solar cells (ss‐DSCs). Based on refractive index determination by the film's reflectance spectra and using effective medium approximations the volume fractions of the constituent materials can be extracted, hence the pore‐filling fraction quantified. This non‐destructive method can be used with complete films and does not require detailed model assumptions. Pore‐filling fractions of up to 80% are estimated for optimized solid‐state DSC photoanodes, which is higher than that previously estimated by indirect methods. Additionally, transport and recombination lifetimes as a function of the pore‐filling fraction are determined using photovoltage and photocurrent decay measurements. While extended electron lifetimes are observed with increasing pore‐filling fractions, no trend is found in the transport kinetics. The data suggest that a pore‐filling fraction of greater than 60% is necessary to achieve optimized performance in ss‐DSCs. This degree of pore‐filling is even achieved in 5 μm thick mesoporous photoanodes. It is concluded that pore‐filling is not a limiting factor in the fabrication of “thick” ss‐DSCs with spiro‐OMeTAD as the hole‐conductor.
Designing Bio‐Inspired Adhesives for Shear Loading: From Simple Structures to Complex Patterns
Authors: Bartlett Michael D. , Croll Andrew B. , Crosby Alfred J.
Published: July 2012

The gecko has inspired numerous synthetic adhesive structures, yet under shear loading conditions, general design criteria remains underdeveloped. To provide guidance for bio‐inspired adhesives under shear, a simple scaling theory is used to investigate the relevant geometric and material parameters. The total compliance of an elastic attachment feature is described over many orders of magnitude in aspect ratio through a single continuous function using the superposition of multiple deformation modes such as bending, shear deformation, and tensile elongation. This allows for force capacity predictions of common geometric control parameters such as thickness, aspect ratio, and contact area. This superposition principal is extended to develop criteria for patterned interfaces under shear loading. Importantly, the adhesive patterns under shear are controlled through the compliance in the direction of loading. These predictions are confirmed experimentally using macroscopic building blocks over an extensive range of aspect ratio and contact area. Over 25 simple and complex patterns with various contact geometries are examined, and the effect of geometry and material properties on the shear adhesion behavior is discussed. Furthermore, all of these various attachment features are described with a single scaling parameter, offering control over orders of magnitude in adhesive force capacity for a variety of applications.
Surface‐Confined Electroactive Molecules for Multistate Charge Storage Information
Authors: Mas‐Torrent M. , Rovira C. , Veciana J.
Published: July 2012

Bi‐stable molecular systems with potential for applications in binary memory devices are raising great interest for device miniaturization. Particular appealing are those systems that operate with electrical inputs since they are compatible with existing electronic technologies. The processing of higher memory densities in these devices could be accomplished by increasing the number of memory states in each cell, although this strategy has not been much explored yet. Here we highlight the recent advances devoted to the fabrication of charge‐storage molecular surface‐confined devices exhibiting multiple states. Mainly, this goal has been realized immobilizing a variety (or a combination) of electroactive molecules on a surface, although alternative approaches employing non‐electroactive systems have also been described. Undoubtedly, the use of molecules with chemically tunable properties and nanoscale dimensions are raising great hopes for the devices of the future in which molecules can bring new perspectives such as multistability.
Top‐illuminated Organic Photovoltaics on a Variety of Opaque Substrates with Vapor‐printed Poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) Top Electrodes and MoO3 Buffer Layer
Authors: Barr Miles C. , Howden Rachel M. , Lunt Richard R. , Bulović Vladimir , Gleason Karen K.
Published: July 2012

Organic photovoltaics devices typically utilize illumination through a transparent substrate, such as glass or an optically clear plastic. Utilization of opaque substrates, including low cost foils, papers, and textiles, requires architectures that instead allow illumination through the top of the device. Here, we demonstrate top‐illuminated organic photovoltaics, employing a dry vapor‐printed poly(3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) polymer anode deposited by oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) on top of a small‐molecule organic heterojunction based on vacuum‐evaporated tetraphenyldibenzoperiflanthene (DBP) and C60 heterojunctions. Application of a molybdenum trioxide (MoO3) buffer layer prior to oCVD deposition increases the device photocurrent nearly 10 times by preventing oxidation of the underlying photoactive DBP electron donor layer during the oCVD PEDOT deposition, and resulting in power conversion efficiencies of up to 2.8% for the top‐illuminated, ITO‐free devices, approximately 75% that of the conventional cell architecture with indium‐tin oxide (ITO) transparent anode (3.7%). Finally, we demonstrate the broad applicability of this architecture by fabricating devices on a variety of opaque surfaces, including common paper products with over 2.0% power conversion efficiency, the highest to date on such fiber‐based substrates.
Determinants and Effects of Corporate Social Responsibility in German Agribusiness: A PLS Model
Authors: Heyder Matthias , Theuvsen Ludwig
Published: July 2012

The authors analyze the determinants and effects of a corporate social responsibility (CSR) strategy for enterprises in the German agribusiness. Based on an overview of the literature addressing interrelations between society and agribusiness, we define CSR. Next a theoretical framework that explains the interrelationships between CSR, its various determinants, corporate reputation, and financial performance is introduced. Then the results of a survey of 170 German agribusiness companies are presented and using partial least squares (PLS) methodology for evaluating a structural equation model, they test their conceptual framework. CSR efforts in their sample are significantly influenced by the competitive strategy a company pursues, its number of employees, and the degree of altruism it incorporates. Moreover, in their model CSR efforts significantly enhance corporate reputation. They conclude with some theoretical and managerial implications and outline some future research directions. [EconLit classifications: Q130, M140] © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cortical remyelination: A new target for repair therapies in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Chang Ansi , Staugaitis Susan M. , Dutta Ranjan , Batt Courtney E. , Easley Kathryn E. , Chomyk Anthony M. , Yong V. Wee , Fox Robert J. , Kidd Grahame J. , Trapp Bruce D.
Published: July 2012

Objective:

Generation and differentiation of new oligodendrocytes in demyelinated white matter is the best described repair process in the adult human brain. However, remyelinating capacity falters with age in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). Because demyelination of cerebral cortex is extensive in brains from MS patients, we investigated the capacity of cortical lesions to remyelinate and directly compared the extent of remyelination in lesions that involve cerebral cortex and adjacent subcortical white matter.

Methods:

Postmortem brain tissue from 22 patients with MS (age 27–77 years) and 6 subjects without brain disease were analyzed. Regions of cerebral cortex with reduced myelin were examined for remyelination, oligodendrocyte progenitor cells, reactive astrocytes, and molecules that inhibit remyelination.

Results:

New oligodendrocytes that were actively forming myelin sheaths were identified in 30 of 42 remyelinated subpial cortical lesions, including lesions from 3 patients in their 70s. Oligodendrocyte progenitor cells were not decreased in demyelinated or remyelinated cortices when compared to adjacent normal‐appearing cortex or controls. In demyelinated lesions involving cortex and adjacent white matter, the cortex showed greater remyelination, more actively remyelinating oligodendrocytes, and fewer reactive astrocytes. Astrocytes in the white matter, but not in cortical portions of these lesions, significantly upregulate CD44, hyaluronan, and versican, molecules that form complexes that inhibit oligodendrocyte maturation and remyelination.

Interpretation:

Endogenous remyelination of the cerebral cortex occurs in individuals with MS regardless of disease duration or chronological age of the patient. Cortical remyelination should be considered as a primary outcome measure in future clinical trials testing remyelination therapies. ANN NEUROL 2012
Mutations in KCND3 cause spinocerebellar ataxia type 22
Authors: Lee Yi‐Chung , Durr Alexandra , Majczenko Karen , Huang Yen‐Hua , Liu Yu‐Chao , Lien Cheng‐Chang , Tsai Pei‐Chien , Ichikawa Yaeko , Goto Jun , Monin Marie‐Lorraine , Li Jun Z. , Chung Ming‐Yi , Mundwiller Emeline , Shakkottai Vikram , Liu Tze‐Tze , Tesson Christelle , Lu Yi‐Chun , Brice Alexis , Tsuji Shoji , Burmeister Margit , Stevanin Giovanni , Soong Bing‐Wen
Published: July 2012

Objective:

To identify the causative gene in spinocerebellar ataxia (SCA) 22, an autosomal dominant cerebellar ataxia mapped to chromosome 1p21‐q23.

Methods:

We previously characterized a large Chinese family with progressive ataxia designated SCA22, which overlaps with the locus of SCA19. The disease locus in a French family and an Ashkenazi Jewish American family was also mapped to this region. Members from all 3 families were enrolled. Whole exome sequencing was performed to identify candidate mutations, which were narrowed by linkage analysis and confirmed by Sanger sequencing and cosegregation analyses. Mutational analyses were also performed in 105 Chinese and 55 Japanese families with cerebellar ataxia. Mutant gene products were examined in a heterologous expression system to address the changes in protein localization and electrophysiological functions.

Results:

We identified heterozygous mutations in the voltage‐gated potassium channel Kv4.3‐encoding gene KCND3: an in‐frame 3‐nucleotide deletion c.679_681delTTC p.F227del in both the Chinese and French pedigrees, and a missense mutation c.1034G>T p.G345V in the Ashkenazi Jewish family. Direct sequencing of KCND3 further identified 3 mutations, c.1034G>T p.G345V, c.1013T>C p.V338E, and c.1130C>T p.T377M, in 3 Japanese kindreds. Immunofluorescence analyses revealed that the mutant p.F227del Kv4.3 subunits were retained in the cytoplasm, consistent with the lack of A‐type K+ channel conductance in whole cell patch‐clamp recordings.

Interpretation:

Our data identify the cause of SCA19/22 in patients of diverse ethnic origins as mutations in KCND3. These findings further emphasize the important role of ion channels as key regulators of neuronal excitability in the pathogenesis of cerebellar degeneration. ANN NEUROL 2012;72:859–869.
Universality in heat conduction theory: weakly nonlocal thermodynamics
Authors: Ván P. , Fülöp T.
Published: July 2012

A linear irreversible thermodynamic framework of heat conduction in rigid conductors is introduced. The deviation from local equilibrium is characterized by a single internal variable and a current multiplier. A general constitutive evolution equation of the current density of the internal energy is derived by introducing a linear relationship between the thermodynamic forces and fluxes. The well‐known Fourier, Maxwell–Cattaneo–Vernotte, Guyer–Krumhansl, Jeffreys‐type, and Green–Naghdi‐type equations of heat conduction are obtained as special cases. The universal character of the approach is demonstrated by two examples. Solutions illustrating the properties of the equation with jump boundary conditions are given.
Statistical characterization of the impact strengths of vapor‐grown carbon nanofiber/vinyl ester nanocomposites using a central composite design
Authors: Torres Glenn W. , Nouranian Sasan , Lacy Thomas E. , Toghiani Hossein , Pittman Charles U. , DuBien Janice L.
Published: July 2012

The effects of vapor‐grown carbon nanofiber (VGCNF) weight fraction, high‐shear mixing time, and ultrasonication time on the Izod impact strengths of VGCNF/vinyl ester (VE) nanocomposites were studied using a central composite design. A response surface model (RSM) for predicting impact strengths was developed using regression analysis. RSM predictions suggested that an 18% increase in impact strength was possible for nanocomposites containing only 0.170 parts per hundred parts resin (phr) of VGCNFs (∼0.1 v%) that were high‐shear mixed for 100 min when compared to that of neat VE. In general, the predicted impact strengths increased for high‐shear mixing times above 55 min and VGCNF weight fractions below 0.400 phr. The predicted strengths decreased as the VGCNF weight fraction was further increased. Scanning electron micrographs of the nanocomposite fracture surfaces showed that increased impact strength could be directly correlated to better nanofiber dispersion in the matrix. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Effect of the graphite nanoplatelet size on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical properties of polypropylene/exfoliated graphite nanocomposites
Authors: Kuvardina E. V. , Novokshonova L. A. , Lomakin S. M. , Timan S. A. , Tchmutin I. A.
Published: July 2012

Polypropylene (PP)/exfoliated graphite nanoplatelet (xGnP) nanocomposites with various intrinsic aspect ratios of graphite nanoplatelets (GnPs; large and small in diameter) were prepared by a melt‐mixing procedure. Transmission electron microscopy showed that all types of xGnP were well‐dispersed in the polymer matrix. The effects of the dimensions and loading of the xGnPs on the morphology, mechanical reinforcement, and electrical properties of PP/xGnP were studied. A differential scanning calorimetry study of the PP/xGnP morphology indicated that all types of xGnP additives were heterogeneous nucleation sites for PP crystallization. Tensile testing, DMA, and thermogravimetric analysis of PP/xGnPs with different types of GnP additives showed enhancements in their mechanical properties, heat resistance, and thermal stability compared to plain PP. We also found a significant increase in the conductivity of PP/xGnP. The PP/xGnP with a large diameter of GnPs demonstrated the lowest percolation threshold, equal to 4 vol % of the xGnP loading. The mechanical properties were estimated by means of micromechanical modeling. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Evaluation of the influence of polyoxide‐based surfactants on the separation process of model emulsions of asphaltenes using the FTIR‐ATR technique
Authors: Aguiar Janaina I. S. , Neto Jéssica S. G. , Almeida Sarah M. , Mansur Claudia R. E.
Published: July 2012

During extraction of crude oil, water is generally present in the oil. This water‐in‐oil (w/o) mixture undergoes turbulent flow that promotes sheer forces, resulting in the appearance of emulsions. These emulsions can be highly stable due to the presence of compounds with polar characteristics such as asphaltenes, which act as natural emulsifiers and form resistant films at the oil–water interface. Nonionic surfactants based on polyoxides are widely used to prevent the formation or to break down w/o emulsions. To shed more light on the destabilization mechanism of w/o emulsions promoted by these surfactants, in this study the techniques of tensiometry and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy with attenuated total reflectance (FTIR‐ATR) were applied to study the interface formed by poly(ethylene oxide)‐poly(propylene oxide) (PEO‐PPO) block copolymers and asphaltenic petroleum fractions. Initially, the critical micelle concentration of the copolymers in aqueous solution was determined. The results agreed with those found by tensiometry. The bottle test was used to evaluate the break‐down of the w/o emulsions in the presence of the PEO‐PPO block copolymers, and the results presented good agreement with those obtained by tensiometry and FTIR‐ATR. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Influence of gamma radiation on compatibilized LLDPE/magnesium hydroxide/sepiolite composites
Authors: Ahmad Ishaq , Shafiq Muhammad , Yasin Tariq
Published: July 2012

The influence of gamma irradiation on the properties of compatibilized linear low‐density polyethylene/magnesium hydroxide (MH)/sepiolite composites has been investigated. Vinyl triethoxy silane and maleated polyethylene have been used as compatibilizers. The compatibilizing effect in the composites is confirmed by the Fourier transform infrared spectra, which showed the presence of additional chemical bonds, which are responsible for the enhanced polymer‐filler interaction. As a result, the miscibility of the polar additives into the nonpolar polymer matrix is enhanced. The scanning electron micrographs revealed that the additives are well embedded and uniformly dispersed in the polymer matrix without any voids. The known thermal decomposition temperature of MH (∼ 350°C) is also increased in the compatibilized composites. In addition, 150 kGy irradiated composite showed a remarkable improvement of 37°C in the onset degradation temperature of unirradiated composite. Furthermore, the formation of radiation crosslinked structure in the composites also improved the mechanical properties of the composites. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013
Prescription stimulants in individuals with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: misuse, cognitive impact, and adverse effects
Authors: Lakhan Shaheen E. , Kirchgessner Annette
Published: July 2012

Prescription stimulants are often used to treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Drugs like methylphenidate (Ritalin, Concerta), dextroamphetamine (Dexedrine), and dextroamphetamine‐amphetamine (Adderall) help people with ADHD feel more focused. However, misuse of stimulants by ADHD and nonaffected individuals has dramatically increased over recent years based on students' misconceptions or simple lack of knowledge of associated risks. In this review, we discuss recent advances in the use and increasing misuse of prescription stimulants among high school and college students and athletes. Given the widespread belief that stimulants enhance performance, there are in fact only a few studies reporting the cognitive enhancing effects of stimulants in ADHD and nonaffected individuals. Student athletes should be apprised of the very serious consequences that can emerge when stimulants are used to improve sports performance. Moreover, misuse of stimulants is associated with dangers including psychosis, myocardial infarction, cardiomyopathy, and even sudden death. As ADHD medications are prescribed for long‐term treatment, there is a need for long‐term safety studies and education on the health risks associated with misuse is imperative.
Enzyme‐Specific Activation versus Leaving Group Ability
Authors: de Beer Roseri J. A. C. , Bögels Berry , Schaftenaar Gijs , Zarzycka Barbara , Quaedflieg Peter J. L. M. , van Delft Floris L. , Nabuurs Sander B. , Rutjes Floris P. J. T.
Published: July 2012

Enzyme‐specific activation and the substrate mimetics strategy are effective ways to circumvent the limited substrate recognition often encountered in protease‐catalyzed peptide synthesis. A key structural element in both approaches is the guanidinophenyl (OGp) ester, which enables important interactions for affinity and recognition by the enzyme—at least, this is usually the explanation given for its successful application. In this study we show that leaving group ability is of equal or even greater importance. To this end we used both experimental and computational methods: 1) synthesis of close analogues of OGp, and their evaluation in a dipeptide synthesis assay with trypsin, 2) molecular docking studies to provide insights into the binding mode, and 3) ab initio calculations to evaluate their electronic properties.
Enhancement of the Substrate Scope of Transketolase
Authors: Ranoux Adeline , Karmee Sanjib K. , Jin Jianfeng , Bhaduri Anirban , Caiazzo Aldo , Arends Isabel W. C. E. , Hanefeld Ulf
Published: July 2012

To enhance the activity of transketolase towards nonphosphorylated substrates and enlarge the scope of its substrates, notably to long polyol aldehyde acceptors (D‐ribose or D‐glucose), a rational design‐supported evolution strategy was applied. By using docking experiments, an in silico library, and iterative mutagenesis, libraries of single‐ and double‐point mutants were designed and generated. A double‐screening approach was implemented, coupling a preselection activity assay (HPLC method) and a selective assay (GC method) to find the best enzymes. Several mutants (R526N, R526Q, R526Q/S525T, R526K/S525T) showed improved activities towards nonphosphorylated substrates as the coupled products of lithium hydroxypyruvate (HPA) with glycolaldehyde (GO), D‐ribose or D‐glucose. These mutated enzymes were further characterised. They were shown to be up to four times more active than the wild‐type (mutant R526Q/S525T) for nonphosphorylated substrates LiHPA/GO (Vm/Km for LiHPA = 92.4 instead of 28.8×10−3 min−1 for the wild‐type) and 2.6 times more active for substrates LiHPA/rib.
First‐in‐human valve‐in‐valve implantation of a 20 mm balloon expandable transcatheter heart valve
Authors: Binder Ronald K. , Wood David , Webb John G. , Cheung Anson
Published: July 2012

An 86‐year‐old lady with recurrent admissions for heart failure due to a severely regurgitant aortic bioprosthesis (SJM Epic 19 mm) was not a candidate for re‐operation due to age and frailty. Her small ilio‐femoral arteries precluded a transfemoral transcatheter valve‐in‐valve (VIV) approach. The small internal diameter of her bioprosthesis (16 mm) forbids the implantation of the smallest available transapical transcatheter heart valve (THV). We, therefore, decided to perform a first‐in‐human transapical aortic VIV implantation using a 20 mm balloon expandable THV and a transfemoral delivery system. The procedure was successfully performed under general anesthesia, without any contrast dye and under fluoroscopy as well as transesophageal echocardiography guidance. The post‐procedural transvalvular gradient was 15 mm Hg (pre‐procedural 14 mm Hg). At 30‐day follow‐up, the lady was living independently at home without shortness of breath during her daily activities. If redo‐surgery for prosthetic regurgitation is not an option, VIV implantation in very small surgical bioprosthesis is feasible and leads to acceptable hemodynamics and clinical improvement.© 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A smart 19F and 1H MRI probe with self‐immolative linker as a versatile tool for detection of enzymes
Authors: Keliris Aneta , Mamedov Ilgar , Hagberg Gisela E. , Logothetis Nikos K. , Scheffler Klaus , Engelmann Jörn
Published: July 2012

Here we report on a dual‐modal 19F and 1H MRI paramagnetic probe with a self‐immolative linker, Gd–DOMF–Gal. The enzymatic conversion of this probe by β‐galactosidase resulted in a simultaneous turning on of the fluorine signal and changed ability of the Gd3+ complex to modulate the 1H MR signal intensity of the surrounding water molecules. A versatile imaging platform for monitoring a variety of enzymes by 19F and 1H MRI using this molecular design is proposed. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In vivo monitoring of antiangiogenic therapy by magnetic resonance and bioluminescence imaging in an M21 tumor model through activation of an hsp70 promoter–luciferase reporter construct
Authors: Hundt Walter , Steinbach Silke , O'Connell‐Rodwell Caitlin E. , Mayer Dirk , Burbelko Mykhaylo , Guccione Samira
Published: July 2012

We have investigated the effect of targeted gene therapy on the melanoma cell line M21, using a combination of bioluminescence imaging (BLI) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). M21 cells transfected with a plasmid containing either an hsp70 (Hspa1b) or a CMV promoter fragment, along with the luciferase reporter gene, were grown to a tumor size of 900 mm3. Five mice in each group were intravenously treated every 72 h with a complex consisting of a nanoparticle, an Arg–Gly–Asp–peptide, and a dominant negative mutant protein kinase inhibitor gene. BLI and MRI were performed at specific time intervals. The MRI scan protocol included T1‐weighted‐spin‐echo ± contrast medium, T2‐weighted‐fast‐spin‐echo, dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI (DCE‐MRI), and diffusion‐weighted‐stimulated‐echo‐acquisition‐mode‐sequence. The T2 times were obtained using a 1.5 T GE MRI scanner. The size of the treated M21 tumors remained almost constant during the treatment phase (837.8 ± 133.4 vs 914.8 ± 134.4 mm3). BLI showed that, if transcription was controlled by the CMV promoter, the luciferase activity decreased to 51.1 ± 8.3%. After transcription was controlled by the hsp70 promoter, the highest luciferase activity (4.4 ± 0.3 fold) was seen after 24 h. The signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR; T2‐weighted images) of the tumors was 36.7 ± 0.6 and subsequently dropped to 31.2 ± 4.4 (p = 0.004). DCE‐MRI showed a reduction of the slope and the Akep of 67.8% ± 4.3 and 64.8% ± 3.3%, respectively, compared with the baseline. The SNR value (T1‐weighted images) of the tumors was 42.3 ± 1.9 immediately following contrast medium application and subsequently dropped to 28.5 ± 3.0 (p < 0.001). In the treatment group, the diffusion coefficient increased significantly under therapy (0.66 ± 0.05 vs the pretreatment value of 0.54 ± 0.009 p < 0.01). Thus, we observed that targeted antiangiogenic therapy can induce activation of the hsp70 promoter through a heat shock/luciferase reporter system. Moreover, MRI showed a significant reduction of the contrast medium uptake parameters and an increase in the diffusion coefficient of the tumors. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Uniform mesoporous silica coated iron oxide nanoparticles as a highly efficient, nontoxic MRI T2 contrast agent with tunable proton relaxivities
Authors: Ye Fei , Laurent Sophie , Fornara Andrea , Astolfi Laura , Qin Jian , Roch Alain , Martini Alessandro , Toprak Muhammet S. , Muller Robert N. , Muhammed Mamoun
Published: July 2012

Monodisperse mesoporous silica (mSiO2) coated superparamagnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4@mSiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) have been developed as a potential magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) T2 contrast agent. To evaluate the effect of surface coating on MRI contrast efficiency, we examined the proton relaxivities of Fe3O4@mSiO2 NPs with different coating thicknesses. It was found that the mSiO2 coating has a significant impact on the efficiency of Fe3O4 NPs for MRI contrast enhancement. The efficiency increases with the thickness of mSiO2 coating and is much higher than that of the commercial contrast agents. Nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxometry of Fe3O4@mSiO2 further revealed that mSiO2 coating is partially permeable to water molecules and therefore induces the decrease of longitudinal relaxivity, r1. Biocompatibility evaluation of various sized (ca. 35–95 nm) Fe3O4@mSiO2 NPs was tested on OC‐k3 cells and the result showed that these particles have no negative impact on cell viability. The enhanced MRI efficiency of Fe3O4@mSiO2 highlights these core–shell particles as highly efficient T2 contrast agents with high biocompatibility. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of EphA/ephrin‐A signaling in the development of topographic maps in mouse corticothalamic projections
Authors: Torii Masaaki , Rakic Pasko , Levitt Pat
Published: July 2012

Corticothalamic (CT) feedback outnumbers thalamocortical projections and regulates sensory information processing at the level of the thalamus. It is well established that EphA7, a member of EphA receptor family, is involved in the topographic mapping of CT projections. The aim of the present study was to dissect the precise impact of EphA7 on each step of CT growth. We used in utero electroporation‐mediated EphA7 overexpression in developing somatosensory CT axons to dissect EphA7/ephrin‐A‐dependent mechanisms involved in regulating both initial targeting and postnatal growth of the CT projections. Our data revealed that topographic maps of cortical afferents in the ventrobasal complex and medial part of the posterior complex in the thalamus become discernible shortly after birth and are fully established by the second postnatal week. This process starts with the direct ingrowth of the CT axons to the designated areas within target thalamic nuclei and by progressive increase of axonal processes in the terminal zones. Large‐scale overproduction and elimination of exuberant widespread axonal branches outside the target zone was not observed. Each developmental event was coordinated by spatially and temporally different responsiveness of CT axons to the ephrin‐A gradient in thalamic nuclei, as well as by the matching levels of EphA7 in CT axons and ephrin‐As in thalamic nuclei. These results support the concept that the topographic connections between the maps in the cerebral cortex and corresponding thalamic nuclei are genetically prespecified to a large extent, and established by precise spatiotemporal molecular mechanisms that involve the Eph family of genes. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:626–637, 2013.
WDR1 expression in normal and noise‐damaged Sprague‐Dawley rat cochleae
Authors: Song Jae‐Jin , Adler Henry J. , Lee Ho Sun , Jang Jeong Hun , Park Min‐Hyun , Lee Jun Ho , Chang Sun O , Oh Seung Ha
Published: July 2012

WD40 repeat protein 1 (WDR1) has been suggested as a protective mechanism or a sign of regeneration in avian cochlea. However, its role in mammalian cochlea has yet to be determined. Hence, we investigated WDR1 expression in sound‐overstimulated Sprague‐Dawley rats. Rats were divided into three groups (the permanent and temporary threshold shift [PTS and TTS] groups and the control group) according to the extent of noise exposure and euthanized immediately, 3, or 7 days after noise exposure for cochlear harvest. Immunocytochemistry localized WDR1 to outer hair cells, Deiter's cells, outer sulcus cells, and Reissner's membrane in the control group, and the PTS and TTS groups exhibited stronger WDR1 expression in the same cochlear regions than the controls. Moreover, WDR1 expression in these noise‐exposed groups was extended to inner hair cells and basal cells of the stria vascularis. The expression of WDR1 in the PTS and TTS groups showed differences in intensity and shifts of localization, based on exposure length and recovery duration. Contrary to the avian cochlea, hair cell regeneration does not naturally occur in the acoustically damaged mammalian cochlea. Therefore, elevated WDR1 expression after acoustic overstimulation in the current experiments may provide a mechanism for protection against noise exposure. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:1470–1481, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mutation of the BiP/GRP78 gene causes axon outgrowth and fasciculation defects in the thalamocortical connections of the mammalian forebrain
Authors: Favero Carlita B. , Henshaw Rasha N. , Grimsley‐Myers Cynthia M. , Shrestha Ayushma , Beier David R. , Dwyer Noelle D.
Published: July 2012

Proper development of axonal connections is essential for brain function. A forward genetic screen for mice with defects in thalamocortical development previously isolated a mutant called baffled. Here we describe the axonal defects of baffled in further detail and identify a point mutation in the Hspa5 gene, encoding the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP/GRP78. This hypomorphic mutation of BiP disrupts proper development of the thalamocortical axon projection and other forebrain axon tracts, as well as cortical lamination. In baffled mutant brains, a reduced number of thalamic axons innervate the cortex by the time of birth. Thalamocortical and corticothalamic axons are delayed, overfasciculated, and disorganized along their pathway through the ventral telencephalon. Furthermore, dissociated mutant neurons show reduced axon extension in vitro. Together, these findings demonstrate a sensitive requirement for the endoplasmic reticulum chaperone BiP/GRP78 during axon outgrowth and pathfinding in the developing mammalian brain. J. Comp. Neurol. 521:677–696, 2013. © 2012 Wiley Priodcals, Inc.
Practice note: Responding to civic conflict: Developing intergroup dialogue co‐facilitators
Authors: Chung‐mei Lensen Kristin , Chesler Mark , Brown Nancy
Published: July 2012

A large U.S. city (called here, Coastal City), with a liberal milieu and a history of racial and ethnic conflict, was elected several years ago to increase its ability to deal with racial conflict. The city chose the intergroup dialogue (IGD) method. Here we examine IGD and how it differs from some other conflict response approaches—including the program's purpose, design, initial implementation, and lessons learned in this enterprise. This article describes a program to train intergroup dialogue co‐facilitators, engaging a civic process to improve race relations in a large urban setting.
Use of peace circles in large‐scale community conflict: A case study
Authors: Hamlin Jack B. , Darling Justine
Published: July 2012

This article presents a case study that addresses a community conflict surrounding the issues of homelessness. The decision to use a Peace Circle format, the manner in which it was implemented, including the preparation and controls put in place, the actual process, the manner in which local media was handled to the advantage of the process, and the results and follow‐up of the peace circle process when used in a large scale forum are discussed.
Longitudinal patterns of autonomic nervous system responding to emotion evocation among children with conduct problems and/or depression
Authors: Pang Karen C. , Beauchaine Theodore P.
Published: July 2012

Conduct disorder (CD) and depression co‐occur at far greater levels than chance, despite largely separate diagnostic criteria. One potential shared mechanism of this comorbidity is emotion dysregulation, which characterizes both internalizing and externalizing disorders. Previous research demonstrates that respiratory sinus arrhythmia (RSA)—a peripheral biomarker of emotion regulation—is attenuated among children with CD, and among children with depression. However, few studies have examined biomarkers of emotion regulation as a function of heterotypic comorbidity. We evaluated longitudinal patterns of RSA and RSA reactivity to emotion evocation across three annual assessments among 207 children diagnosed at ages 8–12 years with CD (n = 30), depression (n = 28), comorbid CD and depression (n = 80), or no psychiatric condition (n = 69). Using continuous symptom counts as predictors, Depression × CD interactions were observed for both Time 1 resting RSA and Time 1 RSA reactivity. CD, depression, and their interaction were all associated with low resting RSA at Time 1. In addition, concurrently elevated CD and depression scores predicted the greatest RSA reactivity to emotion evocation. Psychopathology scores were unrelated to developmental changes in RSA and RSA reactivity over time. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Dev Psychobiol 55: 698–706, 2013.
Assessment of thought–shape fusion: Initial validation of a short version of the trait thought–shape fusion scale
Authors: Coelho Jennifer S. , Baeyens Céline , Purdon Christine , Shafran Roz , Roulin Jean‐Luc , Bouvard Martine
Published: July 2012

Objective:

Thought–shape fusion (TSF) is a cognitive distortion that has been linked to eating pathology. Two studies were conducted to further explore this phenomenon and to establish the psychometric properties of a French short version of the TSF scale.

Method:

In Study 1, students (n = 284) completed questionnaires assessing TSF and related psychopathology. In Study 2, the responses of women with eating disorders (n = 22) and women with no history of an eating disorder (n = 23) were compared.

Results:

The French short version of the TSF scale has a unifactorial structure, with convergent validity with measures of eating pathology, and good internal consistency. Depression, eating pathology, body dissatisfaction, and thought‐action fusion emerged as predictors of TSF. Individuals with eating disorders have higher TSF, and more clinically relevant food‐related thoughts than do women with no history of an eating disorder.

Discussion:

This research suggests that the shortened TSF scale can suitably measure this construct, and provides support for the notion that TSF is associated with eating pathology. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013)
Parent reported inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity as predictor of long‐term weight loss after inpatient treatment in obese adolescents
Authors: van Egmond‐Froehlich Andreas , Claußnitzer Gerd , Dammann Dirk , Eckstein Elisabeth , Bräuer Wolfgang , de Zwaan Martina
Published: July 2012

Objective:

The long‐term success of treatment for pediatric obesity is often unsatisfactory and variable. We aim to elucidate the influence of inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity on weight loss after inpatient treatment for adolescent obesity.

Method:

We included 13–17 year old obese participants treated in three inpatient multidisciplinary treatment centers. At the beginning and end of treatment and at one year follow‐up weight and height were measured. Inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity was assessed with the hyperactivity/inattention (HI) subscale of the parent‐rated Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. General linear models were used with the standard deviation scores of the body mass index (BMI‐SDS) as dependent variable.

Results:

Totally, 253 participants were included (65% female, age: 15.3 ± 1.4 years, baseline BMI‐SDS: 3.13 ± 0.38 kg/m2). HI scores were associated with long‐term (p < .001) but not short term (ns) weight loss.

Discussion:

This indicates that inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity is associated with reduced long‐term weight loss success in adolescent inpatients. © 2012 by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2013)
Genetic analysis of Black Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) across its natural distribution range reveals more recent colonization of Fiji and other South Pacific islands
Authors: Waqairatu Salote S. , Dierens Leanne , Cowley Jeff A. , Dixon Tom J. , Johnson Karyn N. , Barnes Andrew C. , Li Yutao
Published: July 2012

The Black Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) has a natural distribution range from East Africa to the South Pacific Islands. Although previous studies of Indo‐Pacific P. monodon have found populations from the Indian Ocean and Australasia to differ genetically, their relatedness to South Pacific shrimp remains unknown. To address this, polymorphisms at eight shared microsatellite loci and haplotypes in a 418‐bp mtDNA‐CR (control region) sequence were examined across 682 P. monodon from locations spread widely across its natural range, including the South Pacific islands of Fiji, Palau, and Papua New Guinea (PNG). Observed microsatellite heterozygosities of 0.82–0.91, allele richness of 6.85–9.69, and significant mtDNA‐CR haplotype variation indicated high levels of genetic diversity among the South Pacific shrimp. Analysis of microsatellite genotypes using a Bayesian STRUCTURE method segregated Indo‐Pacific P. monodon into eight distinct clades, with Palau and PNG shrimp clustering among others from Southeast Asia and eastern Australia, respectively, and Fiji shrimp clustering as a distinct group. Phylogenetic analyses of mtDNA‐CR haplotypes delineated shrimp into three groupings, with shrimp from Fiji again being distinct by sharing no haplotypes with other populations. Depending on regional location, the genetic structures and substructures identified from the genotyping and mtDNA‐CR haplotype phylogeny could be explained by Metapopulation and/or Member–Vagrant type evolutionary processes. Neutrality tests of mutation‐drift equilibrium and estimation of the time since population expansion supported a hypothesis that South Pacific P. monodon were colonized from Southeast Asia and eastern Australia during the Pleistocene period over 60,000 years ago when land bridges were more expansive and linked these regions more closely.
Complex‐Formation Ability of Salicylaldehyde Thiosemicarbazone towards ZnII, CuII, FeII, FeIII and GaIII Ions
Authors: Enyedy Éva A. , Zsigó Éva , Nagy Nóra V. , Kowol Christian R. , Roller Alexander , Keppler Bernhard K. , Kiss Tamás
Published: July 2012

The stoichiometry and stability of copper(II), zinc(II), iron(II)/(III) and gallium(III) complexes of salicylaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (STSC, H2L) have been determined by pH potentiometry, UV/Vis spectrophotometry, and 1H NMR and EPR spectroscopy in aqueous solution (with 30 % DMSO), together with the characterization of the proton dissociation processes. Mono‐ and bis‐ligand complexes in different protonation states were identified for FeII, FeIII and GaIII, whereas CuII and ZnII ions only form complexes with a 1:1 metal/ligand ratio. The coordination mode in the complex [Zn2(HL)(L)(OAc)EtOH] was confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The metal‐binding ability of STSC at physiological pH is in the following order: GaIII < ZnII < FeII < FeIII < CuII. GaIII–STSC complexes show unambiguously higher stability, whereas FeII–STSC species show significantly lower stability relative to the corresponding α(N)‐pyridyl thiosemicarbazones like 2‐formylpyridine thiosemicarbazone or Triapine. Furthermore, the fluorescence properties of the ligand were investigated in aqueous solution, and their changes caused by complexation with GaIII and ZnII were studied.
On‐line sample concentration via micelle to solvent stacking of cations prepared with aqueous organic solvents in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Quirino Joselito P. , Aranas Agnes T.
Published: July 2012

In this paper, by injecting a SDS micellar plug before the sample prepared in aqueous organic solvents, we show the on‐line sample preconcentration of cations via micelle to solvent stacking (MSS) using solvents of as low as 30%. This extends the choice of stacking techniques to include moderate amounts of organic solvent in the sample. The approach is akin to in‐line solid phase extraction where the micellar plug acted as a transient micellar phase extractor. Basic studies were conducted (e.g. type and amount of organic solvent in the sample). The calculated sensitivity enhancement factors based on LOD obtained for the six test antipsychotic drugs were from 41 to 68. The peak signals were linear (R2 > 0.99) from 0.2 to 10.0 μg/mL. The intraday and interday reproducibility (n = 10) for migration time, peak height, and corrected peak area were from 0.2 to 13.6%. The technique was also tested on spiked wastewater sample with minimal sample treatment (i.e. dilution and centrifugation).
Alternating current cloud point extraction on a microchip: A comprehensive study
Authors: Sasaki Naoki , Takemura Azusa , Sato Kae
Published: July 2012

We present a comprehensive study of alternating current cloud point extraction (ACPE) on a microchip. ACPE is an extraction technique for preconcentration of membrane‐associated biomolecules. To characterize and optimize ACPE, we carried out ACPE experiments under various experimental conditions including amplitude and frequency of applied voltages, flow velocity, and concentration of surfactant, analyte, and salt. We found that ACPE has an amplitude threshold (15 Vp–p), above which the extraction was more efficient. The dependence of the extraction on frequency (>5 MHz) was insignificant. Efficient extraction was achieved when the velocity of the test solution was 0.10∼0.67 mm s−1 and the concentration of surfactant was 0.10∼1.0%. In contrast, the extraction was independent of the concentration of analytes (0.20∼20 μmol dm−3). The technique was applicable to solutions with a salt concentration of 0.050∼0.15 mol dm−3 under temperature control of the devices. Solution temperature in ACPE was also studied. These results provide guidelines for use of the ACPE technique in microfluidic chemical and biochemical analyses.
Hypoxic priming of mESCs accelerates vascular‐lineage differentiation through HIF1‐mediated inverse regulation of Oct4 and VEGF
Authors: Lee Sae‐Won , Jeong Han‐Kyul , Lee Ji‐Young , Yang Jimin , Lee Eun Ju , Kim Su‐Yeon , Youn Seock‐Won , Lee Jaewon , Kim Woo Jean , Kim Kyu‐Won , Lim Jeong Mook , Park Jong‐Wan , Park Young‐Bae , Kim Hyo‐Soo
Published: July 2012

Hypoxic microenvironment plays an important role in determining stem cell fates. However, it is controversial to which direction between self‐renewal and differentiation the hypoxia drives the stem cells. Here, we investigated whether a short exposure to hypoxia (termed ‘hypoxic‐priming’) efficiently directed and promoted mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) to differentiate into vascular‐lineage. During spontaneous differentiation of embryoid bodies (EBs), hypoxic region was observed inside EB spheroids even under normoxic conditions. Indeed, hypoxia‐primed EBs more efficiently differentiated into cells of vascular‐lineage, than normoxic EBs did. We found that hypoxia suppressed Oct4 expression via direct binding of HIF‐1 to reverse hypoxia‐responsive elements (rHREs) in the Oct4 promoter. Furthermore, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) was highly upregulated in hypoxia‐primed EBs, which differentiated towards endothelial cells in the absence of exogenous VEGF. Interestingly, this differentiation was abolished by the HIF‐1 or VEGF blocking. In vivo transplantation of hypoxia‐primed EBs into mice ischemic limb elicited enhanced vessel differentiation. Collectively, our findings identify that hypoxia enhanced ESC differentiation by HIF‐1‐mediated inverse regulation of Oct4 and VEGF, which is a novel pathway to promote vascular‐lineage differentiation.