bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Regulation of Streptococcus pneumoniae FtsZ assembly by divalent cations: paradoxical effects of Ca2+ on the nucleation and bundling of FtsZ polymers
Authors: Dhaked Hemendra Pal Singh , Ray Shashikant , Battaje Rachana Rao , Banerjee Anirban , Panda Dulal
Published: May 2019

The assembly and disassembly of the FtsZ ring drives the division of bacteria cells, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes pneumonia and meningitis. In contrast to FtsZ from other bacterial species, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) FtsZ contains two tryptophan residues. Here, we demonstrate that the assembly and disassembly of Streptococcus pneumoniae FtsZ (SpnFtsZ) monomers can be monitored by the intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence of FtsZ. We found that the assembly of SpnFtsZ is closely associated with its GTPase activity. Guanosine 5′‐[β,γ‐imido]triphosphate, a nonhydrolyzable analog of GTP, stabilized the FtsZ filaments without inducing their bundling. Using intrinsic tryptophan fluorescence, light scattering, and electron microscopy, we could differentiate the effects of divalent calcium and magnesium on the assembly of FtsZ. Though Mg2+ increased the stability of the FtsZ filaments, it could not prevent the disassembly of the filaments under conditions where GTP was limiting. Thus, our results indicate that Mg2+ primarily enhances the longitudinal assembly of FtsZ. Low concentrations of Ca2+ strongly promoted the bundling of FtsZ filaments and inhibited the disassembly of the filaments, suggesting that low concentrations of Ca2+ enhance the lateral interactions between the FtsZ filaments. Interestingly, Ca2+ delayed the nucleation process of FtsZ assembly, indicating that Ca2+ exerts paradoxical effects on the assembly of FtsZ. However, higher concentrations of Ca2+ did not enhance the bundling of FtsZ filaments. In addition, Ca2+ altered the secondary structure of FtsZ and increased the fluorescence of the FtsZ‐1‐anilinonaphthalene‐8‐sulfonic acid complex, indicating that Ca2+ induces conformational changes in FtsZ. The study provides an interesting insight into the assembly of SpnFtsZ and its regulation by divalent cations.
Cybersecurity breaches and cash holdings: Spillover effect
Authors: Garg Priya
Published: May 2019

This paper shows that firms significantly increase cash holdings after they have experienced a cybersecurity attack, and this behavior persists for years. A cyberattack increases cash holdings from a base level of 23% of assets to 26.87%. Similar firms, defined by industry and geographical proximity also increase their cash holdings. Suppliers of attacked firms are also affected. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the detrimental effects of a cybersecurity breach are not isolated to the attacked firms, and peer firms are quick to follow in taking precaution.
Fatty acids differentiate consumers despite variation within prey fatty acid profiles
Authors: Happel Austin , Maier Christopher , Farese Nicholas , Czesny Sergiusz , Rinchard Jacques
Published: May 2019

Techniques that biochemically trace foraging habits of predators rely on the assumption that intra‐specific variation in prey species is smaller than variation among them. At the same time, these techniques often show that diets can induce drastic changes in the biochemical profiles of prey species, especially across different ecosystems.

We tested if intra‐specific variation in fatty acid profiles of prey species added enough noise to confound quantitative fatty acid signature analysis (QFASA) using a controlled feeding experiment.

Steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) were fed either alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) or round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) from either Lake Ontario or Cayuga Lake for a period of 8 weeks.

Fatty acid profiles were significantly different between prey species and between lake of origin within each species. Differences in fatty acid profiles of steelhead trout strongly reflected prey species differences, whereas differences related to prey origin (lakes) were noted at a much lesser extent. QFASA performed remarkably well given the differences observed between the lakes prey originated from.

Our results indicate that QFASA models for steelhead trout are probably not specific to one lake, and could provide estimates for other freshwater systems where alewife and round goby serve as the primary forage.
Photo‐feature: World of Geology
Authors: Waltham Tony
Published: May 2019

World of Geology is a book that was born from the back pages of Geology Today: a celebration of the richness of the diversity of geological sites worldwide, and a fitting tribute to the impact of a magazine that is marking its thirty‐fifth year in 2019. This photo‐feature revisits some of the spectacular images that have faetured on its back pages over the years
Characterization of the exoskeleton of the Antarctic king crab Paralomis birsteini
Authors: Steffel Brittan V. , Smith Kathryn E. , Dickinson Gary H. , Flannery Jennifer A. , Baran Kerstin A. , Rosen Miranda N. , McClintock James B. , Aronson Richard B.
Published: May 2019

Ocean acidification is projected to inhibit the biogenic production of calcium carbonate skeletons in marine organisms. Antarctic waters represent a natural environment in which to examine the long‐term effects of carbonate undersaturation on calcification in marine predators. King crabs (Decapoda: Anomura: Lithodidae), which currently inhabit the undersaturated environment of the continental slope off Antarctica, are potential invasives on the Antarctic shelf as oceanic temperatures rise. Here, we describe the chemical, physical, and mechanical properties of the exoskeleton of the deep‐water Antarctic lithodid Paralomis birsteini and compare our measurements with two decapod species from shallow water at lower latitudes, Callinectes sapidus (Brachyura: Portunidae) and Cancer borealis (Brachyura: Cancridae). In Paralomis birsteini, crabs deposit proportionally more calcium carbonate in their predatory chelae than their protective carapaces, compared with the other two crab species. When exoskeleton thickness and microhardness were compared between the chelae and carapace, the magnitude of the difference between these body regions was significantly greater in P. birsteini than in the other species tested. Hence, there appeared to be a greater disparity in P. birsteini in overall investment in calcium carbonate structures among regions of the exoskeleton. The imperatives of prey consumption and predator avoidance may be influencing the deposition of calcium to different parts of the exoskeleton in lithodids living in an environment undersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate.
Daily growth increments in otoliths of wild‐caught honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens
Authors: Kikko Takeshi , Ishizaki Daisuke , Yodo Taiga , Aino Shizuo , Kuwamura Kunihiko , Okamoto Haruo , Nemoto Morihito , Yoneda Kazuki , Oue Nobuyuki , Sakai Akihisa , Fujioka Yasuhiro , Kai Yoshiaki , Sato Takuya , Nakayama Kouji
Published: May 2019

Otolith growth increments in wild‐caught alizarin complex one (ALC)‐marked honmoroko Gnathopogon caerulescens were examined to verify the veracity of the age determination method in cyprinids. ALC‐marked G. caerulescens recaptured from their natural environment had lapilli increment counts outside the ALC ring mark that had formed on a daily basis during the juvenile stage. This apparently being the first direct evidence of daily periodicity of otolith increment formation in wild‐caught cyprinids.
Secondary dentition characteristics in an ethnic Chinese orthodontic population: A retrospective cross‐sectional study
Authors: Chan Grace X. L. , Tan Elaine L. Y. , Chew Ming T. , Wong Hung C. , Foong Kelvin W. C. , Yow Mimi
Published: May 2019

Aim

To determine the prevalence of dental anomalies and its association with gender.

Methods

This retrospective cross‐sectional study was conducted using radiographs, photographs and clinical records of patients who attended the Department of Orthodontics at the National Dental Centre Singapore. Records of 2508 ethnic Chinese orthodontic patients aged 14‐25 years were examined for the prevalence of dental anomalies in the permanent dentition, excluding third molars. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute Inc.). Logistic regression was used to determine the association between gender and the occurrence of various dental anomalies. Kappa coefficients were calculated to test for intra‐examiner reproducibility. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results

Prevalence of dental anomalies was 5.7% hyperdontia, 11.1% hypodontia, 5.5% peg‐shaped upper lateral incisors, 21.9% impacted teeth, 1.3% transposition and 0.4% double teeth. There was no significant gender difference in the occurrence of the anomalies except hyperdontia, with males having significantly higher odds of hyperdontia compared with females (odds ratio, 1.488; 95% confidence interval, 1.062‐2.085; P = 0.021).

Conclusion

Occurrence of hyperdontia is greater in males than females, while no significant gender differences were noted for hypodontia, peg‐shaped upper lateral incisors, impacted teeth, transposition and double teeth.
Parents' reasons for not attending parental education groups in antenatal and child health care: A qualitative study
Authors: Forslund Frykedal Karin , Barimani Mia , Rosander Michael , Berlin Anita
Published: May 2019

Aims and objectives

To explore expectant and new parents' reasons not to participate in parental education (PE) groups in antenatal care or child health care.

Background

In Sweden, expectant and new parents are offered PE groups in antenatal care and in child health care. Although many parents feel unprepared for parenthood, an urgent task is to attract parents to attend the PE groups.

Design

A total of 915 parents with children aged 0 to 21 months answered a web questionnaire with open questions about (a) reasons not to participate; (b) anything that could change their mind; and (c) parenting support instead of PE groups. This was analysed using content analysis. The study follows the SRQR guidelines.

Results

Parents expressed private reasons for not attending PE groups. Some parents also asked for more heterogeneity regarding content and methods, as well as accommodation of parents' different interests. Other parents asked for like‐minded individuals who were in similar situation to themselves. Lack of information or invitations from antenatal care or child health care, or that PE groups were unavailable, were additional reasons for not participating in groups.

Conclusions

Reasons for not attending PE groups were multifaceted from personal, self‐interested and norm‐critical reasons, to that the groups were not available or that the parents were not aware of their existence.

Relevance to clinical practice

Parents of today are a diverse group with different interests and needs. Nevertheless, all parents need to feel included in a way that makes participation in PE groups relevant for them. Thus, it is important for leaders to be aware of structures and norms, and to be able to create a group climate and a pedagogy of acceptance where group members value each other's differences. However, to attract parents to participate in PE groups, it is necessary for clinical practice to work on individual, group and organisational levels.
Nursing care and management of patients’ sleep during hospitalisation: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Gellerstedt Linda , Medin Jörgen , Kumlin Maria , Rydell Karlsson Monica
Published: May 2019

Aim

To explore and describe how patients’ sleep is addressed at acute‐care hospitals in Sweden with regard to nursing care, management and the development of knowledge in this area.

Background

Sleep is a basic human need and thus important for health and health maintenance. Patients describe sleeping in hospital as a stressor, and research shows that nurses tend to underestimate patients’ perceived problems with sleep during hospitalisation. How do nursing staff at acute hospitals address patients’ sleep and the development of knowledge in this area?

Design/Method

A cross‐sectional descriptive study was conducted based on data collected through a web survey. Head nurses, registered nurses, nursing care developers and local training supervisors at 36 randomised acute‐care hospitals in Sweden were invited to participate. This study was executed and reported in accordance with SQUIRE 2.0.

Results

The results of the survey (53 responses from 19 wards at 15 acute‐care hospitals) showed that no policy documents exist and no current training addresses sleep during hospital stay. All participants agreed that sleep should be considered a nursing topic and that it is important for hospitalised patients.

Conclusion

Patients’ sleep during hospitalisation is undermanaged at acute‐care hospitals. Nurses, health care managers and organisations face challenges if they are to achieve better outcomes.

Relevance to clinical practice

This study shows that nurses do consider patients’ sleep important and addressing sleep as part of nursing care. Future studies in the area should focus on what kinds of support and education are needed in the clinical context.
Application of two sensory methods to investigate the impact of heating on the flavor perception of a French blue cheese
Authors: Bord Cécile , Guerinon Delphine , Lebecque Annick
Published: May 2019

The objectives of this study were (a) to characterize the flavor properties of raw and heated cheeses using two methods: temporal dominance of sensations (TDS) and descriptive analysis (DA) in order to explore the impact of heating on the taste of blue cheeses, and (b) to investigate the relative benefits of using these two methods. Twelve blue cheeses, raw (unheated) and heated (melted) at three different ripening times (35, 56, and 72 days) were evaluated by a trained panel using the TDS and DA methods. Although a small number of sensory attributes were used, the two methods conducted in parallel highlighted significant differences between cheese types. Different taste profiles were observed for the cheeses but heating modified only the perception of bitterness. Bitterness decreases after heating irrespective of the types of cheese with the DA method. On the other hand, the analysis of the TDS curves showed complex changes over time, and some subtle differences among the types of cheese were identified. The dominance of bitterness disappeared after heating for some cheeses except for 35‐day old cheeses. Overall, the combination of these two methods provides a more complete profile of the behavior of flavors, both in terms of intensity and dominance and in their evolution during the tasting.

Practical Applications

The use of these two methods (temporal dominance of sensations and descriptive analysis) on raw and heated cheeses at different ripening times permitted the identification of flavor profiles for these cheeses while providing additional information on the behavior of cheese taste over time. In this study, the effect of heating was also measured. Despite the differences in intensity of taste observed between the types of raw cheeses, cheeses have a similar taste profile after heating, except for the bitter taste which is significantly lower after heating irrespective of the types of cheese. These first results can be of interest to the dairy industry, allowing protected designation of origin cheeses to be promoted as ingredient cheeses in hot culinary preparations, while differentiating themselves through their gustatory richness.
Histone deacetylase 9 downregulation decreases tumor growth and promotes apoptosis in non‐small cell lung cancer after melatonin treatment
Authors: Ma Zhiqiang , Liu Dong , Di Shouyin , Zhang Zhipei , Li Weimiao , Zhang Jiao , Xu Liqun , Guo Kai , Zhu Yifang , Li Xiaofei , Han Jing , Yan Xiaolong
Published: May 2019

Histone deacetylase 9 functions as an oncogene in a variety of cancers, but its role on non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) has not been reported. Melatonin was proven to possess anticancer actions, whereas its effect on NSCLC and underlying mechanisms remains poorly understood. In this study, 337 patients with complete clinicopathologic characteristics who underwent NSCLC surgery were recruited for the study. We found that NSCLC patients with high HDAC9 expression were correlated with worse overall survival and poor prognosis. HDAC9 knockdown significantly reduced NSCLC cell growth and induced apoptosis both in vivo and in vitro. Melatonin application also markedly inhibited cell proliferation, metastasis, and invasion and promoted apoptosis in NSCLC cells. Moreover, RNA‐seq, real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and western blot analyses showed that melatonin treatment decreased the HDAC9 level in NSCLC cells. A mechanistic study revealed that HDAC9 knockdown further enhanced the anticancer activities of melatonin treatment, whereas HDAC9 overexpression partially reversed the melatonin's anticancer effects. Additionally, the in vivo study found melatonin exerted anti‐proliferative and pro‐apoptotic effects on xenograft tumors which were also strengthened by HDAC9 knockdown. These results indicated that HDAC9 downregulation mediated the anti‐NSCLC actions of melatonin, and targeting HDAC9 may be the novel therapeutic strategy for NSCLC.
Genetic and developmental disorders of the oral mucosa: Epidemiology; molecular mechanisms; diagnostic criteria; management
Authors: Pinna Roberto , Cocco Fabio , Campus Guglielmo , Conti Giulio , Milia Egle , Sardella Andrea , Cagetti Maria Grazia
Published: May 2019

A large number of disorders may affect the oral cavity, including genetic diseases, infections, cancers, blood diseases, skin diseases, endocrine and metabolic disorders, autoimmune and rheumatologic diseases, local lesions, to name a few. Oral mucosa shows a considerable variation in its normal structure and a wide range of conditions may affect it. Such conditions are often harmless or minor and could be primary or secondary to systemic disease. Several of them are quite rare and, hence, the diagnosis is not easy. Clinically, lesions may appear as ulcers, discoloration of the oral mucosa and alterations in size and configuration of oral anatomy. Genetic disorders have specific manifestations and can be caused by a derangement of one or more components of the tissue. Many of them follow the skin or systemic signs of the underlying genetic disease, but in a few cases oral signs could be the first manifestation of the disorder. Among them genodermatoses are prominent. They are inherited disorders characterized by a multisystem involvement. This review describes chondro‐ectodermal dysplasia, dyskeratosis congenita, Ehlers‐Danlos syndrome, hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis, keratosis follicularis, lipoid proteinosis, multiple hamartoma syndrome, pachyonychia congenita, Peutz‐Jeghers syndrome, tuberous sclerosis and white sponge nevus. Other genetic disorders not included in the genodermatosis group and reported in the present review are: acanthosis nigricans, angio‐osteo‐hypertrophic syndrome, encephalotrigeminal angiomatosis, familial adenomatous polyposis, focal dermal hypoplasia, focal palmoplantar and oral mucosa hyperkeratosis syndrome, gingival fibromatosis, Maffucci's syndrome, neurofibromatosis (type 1) and oro‐facial‐digital syndrome (type 1). Disorders during embryonic development might lead to a wide range of abnormalities in the oral cavity; some of them are quite common but of negligible concern, whereas others are rare but serious, affecting not only the oral mucosa, but also other structures of the oral cavity (ie palate, tongue and gingiva). Fordyce′s granules, leukoedema, cysts of the oral mucosa in newborns, retrocuspid papilla, geographic tongue, fissured tongue, median rhomboid glossitis, hairy tongue, lingual varices and lingual thyroid nodule are described. This review may help dentists, dental hygienists, but also general internists and pediatricians to diagnose different disorders of the oral mucosa, to understand the pathogenesis and to schedule a treatment plan.
The mouth in inflammatory bowel disease and aspects of orofacial granulomatosis
Authors: Hullah Esther A. , Escudier Michael P.
Published: May 2019

Inflammatory bowel disease has a wide range of possible oral manifestations, many of which overlap with those seen in other conditions, including orofacial granulomatosis. The precise etiology remains unclear, as is the exact relationship between orofacial granulomatosis and Crohn's disease. Overall, there is growing evidence that orofacial granulomatosis and oral Crohn's disease are distinct clinical disorders with optimal management requiring a multidisciplinary approach with input from appropriate specialists in oral medicine, gastroenterology, allergy, dietetics, and clinical psychology. This review details the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, epidemiology, extra‐intestinal, and oral manifestations of inflammatory bowel disease and orofacial granulomatosis. It also assesses the current role of investigations in the diagnosis of orofacial granulomatosis and critically reviews the available evidence in relation to medical and surgical interventions for the condition, and its relationship to Crohn's disease.
Viral, bacterial, and fungal infections of the oral mucosa: Types, incidence, predisposing factors, diagnostic algorithms, and management
Authors: Bandara H. M. H. N. , Samaranayake Lakshman P.
Published: May 2019

For millions of years, microbiota residing within us, including those in the oral cavity, coexisted in a harmonious symbiotic fashion that provided a quintessential foundation for human health. It is now clear that disruption of such a healthy relationship leading to microbial dysbiosis causes a wide array of infections, ranging from localized, mild, superficial infections to deep, disseminated life‐threatening diseases. With recent advances in research, diagnostics, and improved surveillance we are witnessing an array of emerging and re‐emerging oral infections and orofacial manifestations of systemic infections. Orofacial infections may cause significant discomfort to the patients and unnecessary economic burden. Thus, the early recognition of such infections is paramount for holistic patient management, and oral clinicians have a critical role in recognizing, diagnosing, managing, and preventing either new or old orofacial infections. This paper aims to provide an update on current understanding of well‐established and emerging viral, bacterial, and fungal infections manifesting in the human oral cavity.
Common oral opportunistic infections in Human Immunodeficiency Virus infection/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome: Changing epidemiology; diagnostic criteria and methods; management protocols
Authors: Ranganathan Kannan , Umadevi Krishna Mohan Rao
Published: May 2019

There were 36.9 million in the world living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) as of 2017, and new infections have seen a reduction by 18% since 2010. But this rate of decline is not sufficient for the goal of eradication of AIDS by 2030. Only 21.7  million people infected with HIV have accesses to antiretroviral therapy, with the rest at risk of the potential complications of HIV infection. It has been shown that oral lesions are diagnostic and prognostic of HIV infection, and many oral opportunistic infections continue to be a major problem, particularly in developing countries. It is therefore important that dental surgeons be aware and updated to recognize and manage the oral effects of HIV infection/AIDS. This chapter describes the classification, diagnosis, and management of oral lesions in these patients, based on our current understanding of the infection. This review also discusses the standardization of diagnosis of oral lesions in HIV infection/AIDS patients, immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome case definition, and the research priorities formulated at the 7th World Workshop on Oral Health and Disease in AIDS.
Challenges of the interface of oral medicine and periodontology: Some lessons for the future?
Authors: Porter Stephen , Johnson Newell W. , Fedele Stefano
Published: May 2019

This final chapter provides a commentary of what might be learned from this series of articles in relation to the 2017 Classification of Periodontal and Peri‐implant Diseases and Conditions and argues that future classifications should expand sections on nondental plaque‐induced disease that will further patient care, education and research in periodontology, and allied subjects.
Differences in the soil microbial community and carbon‐use efficiency following development of Vochysia guatemalensis tree plantations in unproductive pastures in Costa Rica
Authors: Eaton William D. , McGee Katie M. , Donnelly Robert , Lemenze Alex , Karas Olivia , Hajibabaei Mehrdad
Published: May 2019

This study shows that Vochysia guatemalensis tree plantations were associated with enhanced soil biotic and abiotic characteristics in previously cleared forests in the northern zone of Costa Rica, suggesting the possible use of this practice as a restoration strategy for local land owners. Soil samples from a primary forest, secondary forest, and a 13‐year‐old plantation of V. guatemalensis had greater relative abundances of DNA sequences of microbial genera critical for carbon‐use (C‐use) efficiency (i.e. the saprobe, complex C and wood rot/lignin decomposer fungi, and bacterial lignin and other complex C degraders), and greater levels of total organic carbon, C‐biomass, and microbial quotients as indicators of enhanced C‐use efficiency, than found in soils of adjacent 5‐year‐old V. guatemalensis plantations and abandoned non‐productive pasture/grasslands (GRs). The major research conclusions were that (1) conversion of forested land into abandoned pasture/GRs decreased the C‐use efficiency in the soils and the microbial groups associated with C‐use efficiency; (2) soils in plantations of V. guatemalensis were associated with increased abundances of the DNA of these same microbial groups and enhanced C‐use efficiency; (3) DNA‐based taxonomic analysis of microbes and analysis of the microbial quotient values can be used to monitor soil ecosystems for assessment of the efficacy of restoration activities. Thus, planting V. guatemalensis on damaged lands in the Maquenque National Wildlife Refuge should be encouraged to provide a sustainable forestry crop that can be harvested rotationally, while improving soil ecosystem health and reducing the pressure to harvest other forest sites.
The income inequality, financial depth and economic growth nexus in China
Authors: Koh Sharon G. M. , Lee Grace H. Y. , Bomhoff Eduard J.
Published: May 2019

Income inequality has increased in China despite rapid economic growth. Income inequality could impinge on future development, leading to social tension or political instability. Our study investigates the short‐run and long‐run relationship between three important macroeconomic indicators—income inequality, economic growth and financial depth. We utilise a two‐step procedure of ARDL bounds and Granger causality for the analysis. The bounds test indicates the presence of a cointegrating relationship between income inequality, financial depth and economic growth in the long run. In the second step, we utilise the Granger causality approach. Results show a bidirectional causality between financial depth‐growth and a unidirectional causality between inequality‐growth in the short run. In the long run, results reveal that growth and financial depth determine Gini. Our findings provide support for the inequality‐widening effect due to economic growth and higher credit provided to the private sector. We find no evidence of inequality‐narrowing or income‐equalising effect in the long run for the period of study. It is possible that the government's inclusive growth policies which started less than a decade ago have not taken effect for us to capture the inverted U‐shape income equalising effect significantly.
The influence of treatment with lokivetmab on transepidermal water loss (TEWL) in dogs with spontaneously occurring atopic dermatitis
Authors: Szczepanik Marcin , Wilkołek Piotr , Gołyński Marcin , Sitkowski Wiesław , Taszkun Iwona , Toczek Wojciech
Published: May 2019

Background

Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common skin diseases in dogs. Monitoring the progress of treatment may include assessment of lesion severity by use of Canine Atopic Dermatitis Extent and Severity Index (CADESI), assessment of pruritus and measurement of biophysical parameters of the skin.

Hypothesis

This study aimed to assess changes in transepidermal water loss (TEWL) during 12 weeks of treatment with lokivetmab and its correlation with the CADESI‐04 and the severity of pruritus.

Animals

Ten client‐owned dogs with canine AD.

Methods and materials

The animals were administered lokivetmab three times at four week intervals. Pruritus and CADESI‐04 were assessed, and TEWL was measured at six body regions, on Day 0 and repeated at weeks 4, 8 and 12.

Results

There was a significant decrease in the CADESI‐04 score, the severity of pruritus and the mean TEWL between baseline and each of the time points. TEWL also decreased in the majority of body sites examined. Significant correlations between the CADESI‐04 and mean TEWL (r = 0.519, P = 0.0003), and between pruritus severity and mean TEWL (r = 0.517, P = 0.0003), were found.

Conclusions and clinical significance

Overall TEWL decreased during lokivetmab treatment but not at all body sites. If TEWL is used to assess the effectiveness of a treatment, a mean TEWL score should be calculated from several areas of the body.
Biologic roles of the ABH and Lewis histo‐blood group antigens part II: thrombosis, cardiovascular disease and metabolism
Authors: Stowell Sean R. , Stowell Christopher P.
Published: May 2019

The ABH and Lewis antigens were among the first of the human red blood cell polymorphisms to be identified and, in the case of the former, play a dominant role in transfusion and transplantation. But these two therapies are largely twentieth‐century innovations, and the ABH and related carbohydrate antigens are not only expressed on a very wide range of human tissues, but were present in primates long before modern humans evolved. Although we have learned a great deal about the biochemistry and genetics of these structures, the biological roles that they play in human health and disease are incompletely understood. This review and its companion, which appeared in a previous issue of Vox Sanguinis, will focus on a few of the biologic and pathologic processes which appear to be affected by histo‐blood group phenotype. The first of the two reviews explored the interactions of two bacteria with the ABH and Lewis glycoconjugates of their human host cells, and described the possible connections between the immune response of the human host to infection and the development of the AB‐isoagglutinins. This second review will describe the relationship between ABO phenotype and thromboembolic disease, cardiovascular disease states, and general metabolism.
WHITEHEAD, CHANCE, AND THE IMMANENTLY CREATIVE SPIRIT
Authors: McCall Bradford
Published: May 2019

In this essay, it is argued that God through the Spirit is both the immanent and eminent principle of creativity, ever wooing and empowering the advancements in complexity within biological evolution. I argue herein also that God, particularly in and through the activity of the Spirit of creativity, was fully present in and with and under what is oft called “creation,” from the very beginning of created time—and will be to the end of time, proleptically present as the expression of the principle of creativity. I maintain that the Spirit, by her kenosis into the natural world, imbibed the nature with an evolving fertility that has continually manifested itself in and through the increases of complexity in the natural environ. This primal imbibing of herself into the world of nature caused the world to become marked by what principally amounts to an activation of the naturally occurring, inherent potentialities within nature, thereby producing a distinctive self‐creativity within the world. Somewhat akin to Peirce, who said that we need a “thorough‐going evolutionism or none,” I contend that we need a thoroughly immanent God or none, all the while noting that both immanent creativity and self‐creativity are marks of this overall poietic process known as biotic evolution.
WONDER SUSTAINED: A REPLY TO CRITICS
Authors: Sideris Lisa H.
Published: May 2019

A set of science‐inspired cosmic narratives referred to as the Epic of Evolution and the Universe Story or, collectively, the new cosmology, proposes to bring humans closer to nature by placing us into the broader narrative of the cosmos. This article responds to commentary and critique on my bookConsecrating Science: Wonder, Knowledge, and the Natural World, which critically examines these science‐based cosmic narratives and their particular and problematic modes and objects of wonder. Themes include the relationship of wonder to science and ethical engagement; the question of whether wonder, grounded in everyday sensory experience, can scale up to the level of global environmental problems; the relevance of wonder to nonideal environments and negative affects like fear or grief; and the importance of humanistic and religious studies scholarship for critiquing grand narratives of science, among other themes. I also respond to claims that my book misdiagnoses and distorts the work of the new cosmology and its claims to wonder.
OLD TEXTS, NEW MASKS: A CRITICAL REVIEW OF MISREADING EVOLUTION ONTO HISTORICAL ISLAMIC TEXTS
Authors: Ahmed Malik Shoaib
Published: May 2019

With the increasing interest in Islam and evolution, some Islamic thinkers have vehemently rejected evolution, while others have eagerly embraced it. However, those seeking to embrace evolution sometimes err in their interpretation of historical writings. Indeed, there are texts written by famous historical scholars of Islam who seem to suggest that humans have evolved from lower forms of species. These include Ibn Khaldūn, Jalāl ad‐Dīn Rūmī, al‐Jāhiz, and The Brethren of Purity (Ikhwān al Safā). Although this may be true, such readings are a mistaken interpretation of the aforementioned authors who are actually referring to some form of the scalae naturae (the Great Chain of Being). This reference to the Great Chain of Being is unknown to some contemporary readers who mistakenly believe these writers to be discussing an evolutionary or a proto‐evolutionary theory. This article demonstrates how and why these historical records do not actually represent any notion of evolution as it is currently understood, in the hope of avoiding any further erroneous claims that seem to be proliferating among modern thinkers.
Nutrient Absorption in Tithonia Diversifolia
Authors: Botero-Londoño Julián Mauricio , Gómez-Carabali Arnulfo , Botero-Londoño Mónica Andrea
Published: May 2019

Tithonia diversifolia is arobust shrub that has high ecological plasticity and adaptability, high capacity of nutrient absorption and high nutrient contents. These characteristics make Tithonia diversifolia be considered as a multi-purpose plant, such as for animal feed, soil decontamination and soil restorer. Likewise, it is a plant with high ecological plasticity and adaptability. The study of the nutrient absorption and the fertilization represent an important advance in the development of productive systems focused on maximizing forage productivity, which guarantees the soil sustainability. Based on this, a split plot design was conducted to study the effects of different levels of fertilization. The results showed an impact of the elements and levels of fertilization on the nutrient absorption capacity, finding that the elements that were incorporated in the fertilization increase the foliar contents and the nutrient absorption in the plant.
Thermo-kinetics of Forest Waste Using Model-Free Methods
Authors: Dhaundiyal Alok , Mohammad Abdulrahman Th , Laszlo Toth
Published: May 2019

Thermal behaviour of pine needles (Pinus Roxburghii) is examined through a thermogravimetry technique. The dried samples of pine needles undergo the non isothermal decomposition at temperature range of 308 - 1173 K. The heating rates used for experimental purposes are: 5 °C min-1, 10 °C min-1 and 15 °C min-1. Kinetic parameters of thermal decomposition reactions of pine needles are obtained through the model-free schemes. The estimated values of activation energy and frequency factor derived from Kissinger method are 132.77 kJ mol-1 and 13.15 x107 min-1, respectively. Furthermore, the averaged values of the same kinetics parameters retrieved from the isoconversional methods are 82.38 kJ mol-1 and 74.833 kJ mol-1, 25.42 x1013 min-1 and 13.449 x1010 min-1, respectively. Instead of the Flynn-Wall-Ozawa (FWO) and Kissinger-Akahira Sunrose (KAS) schemes, the kinetic parameters derived from the Kissinger method are relatively promising for the thermal decomposition process, since the kinetic parameters are highly affected by intermediate stages and overlapping of the concurrent reaction occurred during pyrolysis.
A Runs Test for the Hypothesis of Symmetry with one Sided Alternative
Authors: Corzo_Salamanca Jimmy Antonio , Vergara_Morales Myrian Elena , Babativa-Márquez José Giovany
Published: May 2019

We propose a trimmed runs test for the hypothesis of symmetry with one sided alternative, in samples coming from the Generalized Lambda Distribution (GLD) with unknown median. We provide a method to calculate the exact distribution, showing that it is symmetric around zero and we give arguments to justify the approximation by means of the normal distribution. The size of the proposed test is calibrated with four symmetrical cases of the GLD and the empirical power is compared with that of some other tests for the same hypothesis, using eight asymmetrical cases of the GLD. The results show that the proposed test is unbiased in the cases used for calibration, and that the empirical power of the proposed test overtakes the empirical power of all compared tests, excepting one of them in two specific cases. Some hints are given concerning how to optimize the empirical power according to the size of the tails of the sampled distributions.
Conductimetry: a rapid alternative technique for chlorides determination in cheese
Authors: Aguirre-Londoño Jessica , Aristizabal-Ferreira Víctor Alexander , Castro-Narváez Sandra Patricia , Ramírez-Navas Juan Sebastián
Published: May 2019

The correlation of two instrumental techniques for chlorides determination in Colombian cheese, Queso Molido Nariñense (a type of white cheese), was analyzed. Potentiometry of chloride precipitation is the standard technique to determined salt in cheese. Conductimetry is an alternative technique. Samples of Queso Molido Nariñense were made. In the processed cheeses the salt concentration (NaCl: 0.5 %, 0.8 %, 1.0 %, 2.0 %, 3.0% and 6.0 %) was varied. Chlorides were determined by titration with silver nitrate in the potentiometric technique. In the conductimetric technique, each sample was analyzed by direct measuring its conductivity at room temperature. It was found that there is an adequate correlation between potentiometry and conductimetry. A maximum concentration of 2% NaCl in cheese is equivalent to 2.9 S/cm for conductivity readings. Additionally, it was verified that the conductimetry constitutes an analytically reliable technique for the determination of chlorides in cheese, it is friendlier to the environment, cheaper and faster.
Electrostatic Shaft Voltage on Steam-Turbine Rotors
Authors: Gruber J. M. , Hansen E. F.
Published: May 2019

Several different types of shaft voltages can be present on steam-turbine rotors. The one type that has gained increased significance in the past five years is the direct-current or electrostatic voltage. Prior to this period, electrostatic shaft voltage had not been a problem. This voltage has been causing damage to different turbine parts and, without warning to turbine operators, has been responsible for a number of serious turbine outages. The investigation which was undertaken by the authors was the result of a number of unexplainable bearing failures. The investigation showed that the cause of these failures was due to a static voltage generated in the steam turbine. The solution to the problem is to ground the turbine shaft. This has eliminated the turbine shutdowns caused by bearing failures resulting from electrostatic voltage.
Materials
Authors: Herbenar A. W. , Heckman G. R.
Published: May 2019

Basic requirements for the selection of gas-turbine materials are defined. Alloy categories which meet the basic requirements for gas-turbine materials are discussed in detail. An evaluation of materials for critical gas-turbine components based on performance as well as limitations and future trends is presented. The dependence of future gas-turbine materials on the progress of gas-turbine metallurgy as well as gas-turbine design is strongly emphasized.
Railroad
Authors: Broadley P. R. , Meyer W. M. , Neuhart D. S. , Barlow E. L. , Bond R. C. , Williams D. S. D. , Cooke B. W. C.
Published: May 2019

Progress during 1957 on the coal-burning gas-turbine power plant being perfected by the Locomotive Development Committee of Bituminous Coal Research, Inc., is reported. Operating experience with the Union Pacific Railroad’s 4500-hp General Electric gas-turbine-electric units, and the characteristics of the 8500-hp units on order from General Electric are given. The U. S. Army’s 30-ton unit, Electro-Motive Division’s free-piston engine, several British Railways developments, Soviet designs, Swiss, Czechoslovakian, Swedish, and French progress are reported.
Industrial and Central Station
Authors: Skrotzki B. G. A.
Published: May 2019

Gas turbines have become established components of modern industry. Industrial and central-station units now total 3,614,000 hp installed, planned, or projected, and a wide variety of equipment is available. One generation of commercial industrial gas turbines—the Houdry process—has already become obsolete. Capacity limits of power-generating units are being increased to the 50-mw range, and combinations of gas turbines and steam turbines are offered for 150 mw. Pipeline transport of natural gas and crude oil uses the largest number of mechanical-drive gas turbines. Small gas turbines developed largely for military use have potential for use in industry and commerce.
Transient Heat Conduction in Elliptical Plates and Cylinders
Authors: Kirkpatrick E. T. , Stokey W. F.
Published: May 2019

In 1945, N. W. McLachlan published the equations governing the problem of heat conduction in a long elliptical cylinder, including the solution for the case of a cylinder with a uniform initial temperature, subject to a sudden temperature change at the outer surface of the cylinder. This paper describes the numerical evaluation of McLachlan’s solution by the use of a digital computer and includes a table of the necessary zeros of the modified Mathieu functions. Tables of the temperatures in cylinders with eccentricities of 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, and 0.9 are given.
A New Technique for Measuring The Spectral Emissivity of Solids at High Temperatures
Authors: Glaser Peter E. , Blau Henry H.
Published: May 2019

The principles underlying emissivity measurements in solid materials at temperatures in the range of 3500 K, and conditions for carrying out these measurements are briefly reviewed. The advantages of using an imaging furnace for this application are pointed out and the necessary optical system described. The function of the shutter for separating emitted and incident radiation, control of the temperature by the aperture-limiting cylinder, and the calibration of a spectrometer by a black-body reference standard are explained.
The Effect of Surface Roughness on the Convection Heat-Transfer Coefficient for Fully Developed Turbulent Flow in Ducts With Uniform Heat Flux
Authors: Lancet R. T.
Published: May 2019

Experimental data are presented for the heat-transfer coefficient and friction factor in a smooth and a rough duct with a hydraulic diameter of approximately 0.035 in. The flow was fully developed and turbulent, and the heat addition was uniform over the length of the tube. The rough tube indicated appreciable increases in heat-transfer coefficient and friction factor. The smooth-tube friction factors corresponded to rough-tube values, indicating the difficulty involved in obtaining smooth surfaces for very small ducts.
The Emissivity and Absorptivity of Parachute Fabrics
Authors: Hartnett J. P. , Eckert E. R. G. , Birkebak R.
Published: May 2019

The use of parachutes for recovery of information and equipment from high-speed vehicles has directed attention to the heating problem which in some instances may be so severe as to cause destruction of the parachute. Consequently, the parachute engineer requires sufficient information on the heat-transfer characteristics of geometries resembling those of parachutes and on the heat-transfer properties of the materials used to allow a calculation of the temperature history of a descending parachute. In particular, the radiation properties of the parachute materials must be known since the parachute is receiving radiant energy from the sun and loses energy by radiation to the surroundings. The measurement of radiation properties for such parachute materials is more complicated than for solid surfaces since an appreciable amount of energy is transmitted by such fabrics. It is the purpose of this paper to describe the equipment which was used to measure the absorptivity for solar radiation and the long-wave-length emissivity for such parachute materials and to report these data for a number of important parachute materials.
Dynamic Response of Heat Exchangers Having Internal Heat Sources—Part III
Authors: Arpaci Vedat S. , Clark John A.
Published: May 2019

This paper is an extension of two of the authors’ previous papers [1, 2] and considers the dynamic response of the temperature of the heat-transfer surface and the fluid-surface temperature difference in a heat exchanger having internal heat sources. A general solution is presented for a transient resulting from an arbitrary time rate of change of heat generation starting from an arbitrary initial condition. The results are obtained by a direct mathematical attack on the governing differential equations. As a special case, the transient resulting from a linear time rate of change of internal heat generation is given, and this is compared with both experimental and theoretical results corresponding to a step change in heat generation. Satisfactory comparison is obtained. The results for this special case are presented such that the surface temperature and fluid-surface temperature difference may be computed as a function of space and time using four dimensionless, mathematical functions which are given in graphical form. It is shown how the case of the linear time rate of change of internal heat generation may be used to compute the dynamic response of this type of heat exchanger for any transient resulting from excursions in heat-generation rate which may be approximated piece-wise by a series of linear functions of time. Heat exchangers to which these solutions apply include the heterogeneous nuclear reactor.
Turbulent Flow in a Circular Tube With Arbitrary Internal Heat Sources and Wall Heat Transfer
Authors: Siegel R. , Sparrow E. M.
Published: May 2019

An analysis has been carried out to determine the heat-transfer characteristics for turbulent flow of a heat generating fluid in a circular tube with wall heat transfer. The internal heat generation is uniform over the tube cross section, but may vary longitudinally in an arbitrary manner. The wall heat transfer may also vary in an arbitrary way in the longitudinal direction. The analysis applies along the entire length of the tube, that is, in thermal entrance as well as fully developed regions. The fluid is assumed to have a fully developed turbulent velocity profile throughout the length of the pipe. Numerical results are presented for fluids with Prandtl numbers ranging from 0.7 to 100 for Reynolds numbers from 50,000 to 500,000. The extension of the results to include radial heat source variations is indicated.