bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Surface preparation as applied in the process of refurbishing containers:
Authors: Howl A.E.
Published: February 2008

Surface preparation—Reasons and Methods To determine the reason why we prepare the metal surface, we first consider the end result we wish to achieve. Exposure to the elements will rapidly corrode metals and lead to destruction by erosion, particularly in salt‐laden air. We must, therefore, bond on to this surface a complete barrier to external destruction by means of a protective coating. (We do not ‘paint the boxes’, we apply a protective coating).
Effect of tin addition on the corrosion resistance of aluminium bronze
Authors: Ahmad Zaki
Published: February 2008

Tin addition to Cu‐7% Al in presence of 1% Fe and 1% Mn increases the corrosion resistance in HCl, H2SO4, NaCl and Sea Water. Tin addition in the absence of Fe and Mn causes embrittlement of the Cu‐7% Al alloy. However, in presence of Fe and Mn the alloy shows outstanding mechanical properties. Tin addition retards the anodic dissolution of oxide film and retards dealuminification. The corrosion resistance of the alloy could be increased by various heat treatments. Quenching from 650°C appears to be the most effective treatment. A high proportion of alpha phase and a greater dispersion of beta improves the corrosion resistance. The alloy developed could be used with advantage in heat exchange equipment and in various other marine applications.
The Corrosion Story
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Of the aspects of corrosion observed during the nineteenth century, those associated with boiler corrosion received the most systematic and exhaustive investigations. The main reason for this was that corrosion was one of the causes of boiler explosions and these caused many deaths during this period.
Cathodic Protection of Offshore Structures Part 2
Authors: Wyatf B.S.
Published: February 2008

3. Unsolved problems and future developments The previous sections may indicate that cathodic protection, at least if installed to the best standard practice, will solve all immersed corrosion problems offshore. This would be incorrect. However, the history of those structures in the North Sea with complete records of effective cathodic protection indicates that the existing techniques do largely result in safe structures for long periods.
Corrosion problems offshore
Authors: Woolf L.
Published: February 2008

The performance for surface coatings for the protection of both offshore structures and submarine pipelines are probably the most stringent of any outside those of space travel.
Cutting the cost of corrosion with temporary protectives
Authors: Rich Christopher
Published: February 2008

In 1971 a government sponsored committee issued a report in which it was conservatively estimated that the cost of corrosion in the United Kingdom was £1,365,000,000 per year, which represented 1.5% of the gross national product. It was also stated that by making better use of current knowledge and existing techniques a saving of about £310,000,000 per annum could be achieved.
Resistance to flash rusting and corrosion undercutting of water‐thinned paint films containing barium metaborate
Authors: Wienert Lester A.
Published: February 2008

Flash rusting and corrosion undercutting of water‐thinned paint films on iron surfaces are caused by the electrochemical decomposition of that steel surface. Flash rusting is that rust‐coloured spotting which occurs as the iron is solubilized and bleeds through that water‐thinned paint film. The steel simply corrodes because of the flow of electric currents that occur as the pure iron reverts to its more stable compounds: ferric hydroxide, hydrated ferric oxides and ferric oxides. This paper reviews the chemistry of flash rusting and corrosion undercutting and reports on the successful applications of modified barium metaborate in providing both initial and long‐term corrosion resistance for water‐thinned paints on steel. Several physical factors that contribute to flash rusting and corrosion undercutting are also discussed.
Nickel containing materials for marine applications
Authors: Todd B.
Published: February 2008

The use of materials in marine environments has traditionally been associated with ships. However, in recent years, important new industries have grown up which present new material problems. Notable amongst such industries are offshore oil production and desalination (production of fresh water from seawater). Also, requirements for large amounts of cooling water by modern industry have often resulted in siting of plants by the ocean, particularly in arid areas such as the Middle East. This has increased interest in the use of materials for handling seawater.
Controlling corrosion in open recirculating systems
Authors: Birchall G.A.
Published: February 2008

The principal method of controlling corrosion in cooling water systems is by means of chemical corrosion inhibitors.
Influence of inert pigments is on the anti‐corrosive properties of paint films: Part 1
Authors: Kresse Peter
Published: February 2008

1. Introduction In corrosion protection it is usual to differentiate between inert and active pigments. Inert pigments are those which, according to present theories, have a mere barrier function in the film. Active pigments, on the other hand, reduce or prevent corrosion by the formation of passivating ions, as chromates do, or by the formation of metal soaps like lead, and zinc pigments. Long‐term work with inert pigments in primers has shown that they, too, influence the performance of primers in a variety of ways — such obvious factors like differing water‐soluble salts contents or strongly varying critical pigment volume concentrations being left out of account.
Early protection techniques: Part 2
Authors: Smith Anthony
Published: February 2008

In this second of eight articles investigating early techniques to prevent corrosion, we look at early attempts to galvanise sheet.
The electrochemistry of corrosion Part 4: Passivity
Authors: Stewart Donald
Published: February 2008

There are few areas in corrosion science which are so confusing to the learner as the ability of certain metals to become passive. This phenomenon was discovered by Faraday about 1840 when he showed that although iron reacted vigorously with dilute nitric acid, it was totally “passive” in concentrated nitric acid. The exact mechanisms of the process of passivation are still somewhat obscure but the mechanics of the process are well enough understood for it to be used to protect large steel tanks against attack by sulphuric acid which would otherwise dissolve the tanks in a few days.
Combating corrosion in chemical plant
Authors: Kasthuri R.
Published: February 2008

In any works, corrosion prevention is a critical concern; where highly corrosive fluids are being handled it clearly assumes an even more serious aspect. In the conditions prevailing in most chemical process plants the avoidance of corrosion becomes a primary concern of design engineers, process managers and maintenance staff.
Corrosion protection through VCI paper
Authors: Heidemann Giinter
Published: February 2008

The corrosion protection of metals represents, in spite of the increasing distribution of synthetic materials, an economic factor of the first degree.
New monitoring methods of cathodic protection systems
Authors: Willis A.D.
Published: February 2008

Since this paper was first presented at the International Symposium of Corrosion and Protection Offshore in Paris, May 1979, Wilson Walton International report that their system for remote monitoring of offshore structures and pipelines is the only one of its type in use in the North Sea area. They add that six major oil companies have now ordered this type for North Sea jackets.
Fluids handling in the petro‐chemicals industries
Authors: Stanton R.
Published: February 2008

Because many plastics are attacked by petroleum‐based solvents it is not surprising to find that the whole range of plastics tends to be dismissed when petro‐chemical applications are under discussion. There are two fundamental errors in this dismissal. First, some plastics, particularly the new furane‐resin based glass fibre‐reinforced plastics, are resistant to most chlorinated hydrocarbons and petroleum solvents; so too is PVDF (polyvinylidene fluoride). Second, petro‐chemical processing involves many other fluids and chemicals other than the solvents and aromatics.
Corrosion and corrosion prevention of aluminium alloys in desalination plants: Part 2
Authors: Ahmed Zaki
Published: February 2008

VelocityVelocity affects the kinetics of the dissolution of the protective film mainly. After the velocity has reached a critical level it may cause dissolution by erosion. Jet impingement tests have been devised to check the susceptibility of various materials to velocity. The corrosion of aluminium depends to a large degree on the sea water velocity. The corrosion rates of various materials in synthetic sea water having velocities from 2 to 16 m/sec at 20°C‐have been measured and with increased velocity the rate of corrosion was found to have increased and aluminium is not too much of an exception. About 2.3 m/s is the conventional agreed figure for aluminium and most users agree with it.
Enhanced zinc rich primers
Authors: Intorp Norbert B.
Published: February 2008

This paper was presented by Norbert B. Intorp at “Corrosion/80” in March 1980, Chicago, USA. It deals with the use of di‐iron phosphide as an extender in zinc rich primers. Di‐iron phosphide extenders are manufactured by Hooker Chemicals and Plastics Corporation USA and sold under the Ferrophos trademark. Ferrophos is distributed in Europe, Africa and the Middle East by Microfine Minerals & Chemicals Ltd., Raynesway, Derby, DE2 7BE.
The application and curing of fusion coatings
Authors: Lawton T.R.
Published: February 2008

About fourteen years ago a unique pipe coater was built in Alabama to apply fusion coating to large diameter pipe—24 in. and larger. This was after about 10 years' experience in coating small diameter pipe mainly in gas distribution systems.
Surface protection by ion plated coatings
Authors: El‐Sherbiny M. , Salem F.
Published: February 2008

It is now increasingly recognised that surface coating technology offers production engineers and designers significant opportunities to optimise the use of raw materials. Due to the forecasted shortage in a number of engineering metals, such as zinc, mercury, tin … etc., surface coating technology offers the most attractive finishing process, with material conservations. Suitable bulk materials may be selected for cost or structural reasons, whilst surface coating materials are chosen to meet specific surface properties, such as wear resistance, protection against corrosion, surface thermal and electrical conductance, optical reflections and decorative features. The recent design trends towards higher speeds, minimum airplane weight and maximum load capacity, however, encourage the use of light weight titanium fasteners in airplane aluminium alloy structures. This creates a serious galvanic corrosion problem to airplane skin sheets. In the following a new surface coating technique which is recently recognised as a growth of a new technology is applied to the problem of galvanic corrosion in air frame structures. The application of aluminium coatings for the protection of airplane skin sheets and fasteners against the galvanic corrosion in local environments is investigated. Both polarisation and galvanic tests are used for the evaluation of the potential of the new surface coatings. Furthermore both sodium chloride and sulphur dioxide electrolytes are used to simulate sea water and jet exhaust environments. Electrolyte saturation with either air or nitrogen are considered to compensate for the presence and lack of oxygen at different environments. It is concluded that the strong adhesion and the extensive graded interfaces of the ion plated films are responsible for the good protection of coated metallic couples.
Surface Protection by Ion Plated Coatings, Part 2
Authors: El‐Sherbiny M. , Salem F.
Published: February 2008

With ion plated aluminium films, the film acted as the anode of the cell and was subject to chemical dissolution. The corrosion rates in NaCl, however, were comparatively lower than those detected for bulk aluminium. Figs. 8 and 9 show scanning electron micrographs for surface texture of a coated couple in comparison with the surface texture of uncoated couples.
Corrosion Protection of Copper, Aluminium and Silver with Protective Papers
Authors: Heidemann Günter
Published: February 2008

We discussed in an earlier paper, Anti‐Corrosion Methods and Materials of November 1979, the general principles of corrosion protection with specially treated paper for iron and steel. However, most corrosion inhibitors effective for the protection of iron and steel against atmospheric corrosion are of little value for the non‐ferrous metals.
A laminated plastic service for the chemical industry
Authors: Newis D.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Obtaining process vessel internals and ancillary equipment for use in extremely corrosive conditions in the chemical industry is often a matter of coming to terms with the expense involved. This is because such items are very often manufactured from expensive and exotic materials of construction. One company who have specialised for over two decades in attempting to expand the choice available by supplying alternative fabrications in plastic materials is Laminated Plastic Products Ltd.
Selecting metallic coatings
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

Introduction Surface coatings of metal are applied chiefly to iron and steel, but sometimes also to non‐ferrous alloys, in order to improve the appearance or to increase corrosion resistance. Increased corrosion resistance may be obtained in either of two ways: (1) a more protective or noble metal is applied, or (2) a less noble or sacrificial coat is formed.
Sprayed aluminium and zinc protect against corrosion by aqueous solutions
Authors: Campbell Hector S. , Robiette C.A.
Published: February 2008

One of a series of papers presented at a Symposium “Designed with Thermal Spraying in the '80s” organised by the Association of Metal Sprayers at the Europa Hotel, London W.1 on 22 April, 1982.
Computerised subsea pipeline protection survey system
Authors: Scorer Mark
Published: February 2008

Regular and repeatable surveys of submarine pipelines are necessary to give the designers of CP systems greater knowledge with which to design more efficient systems and so that maintenance can be more effectively planned. Mark Scorer, Subsea Survey Manager of Corrintec/UK, here describes the survey options available and goes on to explain the high level service and ease of operation of the Corrintec CPSS4 survey system, an enhanced version of the SS3 used extensively last year.
Influence of phosphate pretreatment on durability of zinc‐rich paints
Authors: Kapse G.W. , Aggarwal L.K.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion protection efficiency of any protective system depends not only on the nature and quality of the coating system used but also on the condition of the mrface on which it is to be applied. Various metal cleaning methods include (a) chemical cleaning — solvent degreasing, alkali cleaning and acid pickling (b) mechanical cleaning — shot blasting and (c) chemical conversion coatings — phosphating. Several of the recent advances in the field of prepaint treatment of steel have had as an objective the provision of an intrinsically fine, compact, well adhered zinc phosphate coating. Studies in this direction have been carried out in Central Building Research Institute, Roorkee and conditions for a suitable phosphating process have been optimised. Some work on the development of zinc rich paints based on both inorganic as well as organic binders have already been reported. The study has been extended by evaluating the performance of these zinc rich coatings on phosphated steel panels. In this report the performance of the above mentioned coatings when applied on the phosphated steel panels have been discussed. The studies reported include the preparation of the phosphated mild steel panels having three levels of coating wight ranging between 1.5–7.5 g/m2 (obtained by varying only the immersion time and keeping other parameters similar). A cost of zinc rich paint (75m?) based on either sodium silicate or chlorinated rubber binder was then applied on these panels along with the unphosphated ones. Comparison of the corrosion protection efficiency of the various systems thus obtained was carried out by using both laboratory and accelerated laboratory tests as well as by outdoor exposure studies. The performance of the coatings on phosphated panels has been remarkedly satisfactory as compared to the unphosphated panels. This is particularly so when the coating weight of the phosphate layer is between 4.5–7.5 g/m2; there is not any marked difference in the performance of paints applied on a phosphated layer with a coating weight of about 1.5 g/m2 as compared to the unphosphated panels.
The two stages of rust protection
Authors: Johnson John
Published: February 2008

Two separate stages are discernible as essential requirements in mitigating the effects of corrosion. Firstly, the right conditions must be created for effective protection, and secondly surfaces must be treated with the best available anti‐corrosion methods.
Trouble shooting corrosion problems in an ammonia plant
Authors: Ghosh P.K.
Published: February 2008

The following article was published in ‘Self‐Reliance’, the Journal of The Fertiliser (Planning & Development) India Ltd., CIFT Buildings, P.O. Sindri, Pin: 828 122, Bihar, India. The author recounts how they dealt with some serious corrosion problem in the naphtha vapouriser section of an ammonia plant.
Coatings test for corrosion prevention
Authors: Davies M.A.S.
Published: February 2008

In the continuing war against corrosion the careful selection of a suitable coating system becomes ever more important. The cost of applying coating systems continues to increase, necessitating great care in the control of the application with mandatory inspection at several stages.
Stainless steel pressings in medical devices
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

The applications for stainless steel pressings are certainly varied. There are many injured servicemen after the Falklands campaign whose shattered limbs are now held together by a variety of stainless steel pressings.
Effect of calcium cation (Ca++) on the rate of deposition of ∝‐iron oxide on heated surfaces in boiling water
Authors: Rabah M.A. , Eldighidy S.M. , Aboukhashaba A.A.
Published: February 2008

The specific influence of calcium and sodium cations on the rate of deposition of a‐Fe2O3 (a main corrosion product in boilers and heat exchangers) has been experimentally studied. A deposition model based on the microlayer evaporation and dryout phenomena that occur in the nucleate boiling bubble is put forward for interpretation of the deposited layer. It has been found that the rate of deposition of Fe2O3 increases with the increase in valency of the soluble cations. With calcium, the deposition rate increases linearly with the increase in its ionic concentration, whereby the rate is increased by 5.9, 6.8 and 7.6 with 200, 400 and 600 ppm calcium respectively. Development of the deposition layer takes place in the valleys of the surface contour according to a micro‐layer evaporation mechanism. Successive deposition is performed at the periphery of the first deposit. Reduction in cation content in the crude solution and selecting smooth heated surfaces are recommended to reduce the ∝‐Fe2O3 deposition on heated surfaces in boiling water.
Silver tarnishing and its prevention — A review
Authors: Singh Inder , Sabita P. , Altekar V.A.
Published: February 2008

Silver has been known to mankind from time immemorial. It was one of the prized possessions of kings and nobles. From earliest times, it has been known for its intimate association with (i) monetary system, (ii) use as a silverware for household purposes and (iii) beauty and elegance when shaped into ornaments. Now, an increased understanding of the properties of silver results in its application in the rapidly developing technologies, namely communications, electronics, space explorations, etc.
Corrosion in lubricant systems
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

Introduction Since the Second World War the variety of lubricant systems have grown immensely to keep pace with the rapid expansion of technological systems. There are few technological systems that do not have some moving parts, and these usually require some form of lubrication. The basic function of most lubricant systems usually includes a combination of reducing wear and abstracting heat. The ratio of these requirements obviously depends upon the particular application.
Continuous hard chromium plating
Authors: Muttilainen Erkii , Korpi Tapio
Published: February 2008

A new continuous hard chromium plating process for plating long steel bars has been developed. The process is an application of the reduced pressure method, where the chromium electrolysis takes place in a separated process chamber under a pressure reduction of about 50 kPa.
Effect of surface treatment on the corrosion protective properties of Egyptian Manganese ore primers: Part 2
Authors: Abd El‐Hakim A.A. , Abd El‐Ghaffar M.A. , Abd El‐Malek M.M. , Youssef E.A.M.
Published: February 2008

Results and discussion Adsorption isotherms of stearic acid on the surface of manganese ore samples:
Chemical reactions in fluxes for hot dip galvanizing
Authors: Sjoukes F.
Published: February 2008

In the hot dip galvanizing process two different fluxes are used to remove the zinc oxide layer, always present on the liquid zinc surface. When this oxide layer, which contains also aluminium oxide, is dragged into the zinc by the articles, interfering the reaction zinc‐iron. In former days a flux floating on a part of the liquid zinc surface was rather common, at present this wet flux is almost completely replaced by the dry galvanizing process. Since the chemical reactions taking place in the wet flux, partly take place in the flux for dry galvanizing too, first this wet flux will be discussed in brief.
Reference half cells for monitoring corrosion condition of steel in reinforced concrete structures
Authors: Golam Ali Mohammad
Published: February 2008

Use of half cell potential for monitoring corrosion condition of steel in concrete structures is a well established technique. It is known that once any external sign of corrosion appears on the concrete, a fairly major repair is necessary. It follows that any method of non‐destructively ascertaining the probability that reinforcement is corroding at an early stage as possible, must be of a great use to engineers. The half cell technique does just this, and when used with other test methods allows a more complete picture of sick structures to be perceived. Moreover, commissioning a particular cathodic protection (CP) criterion for protecting steel in concrete structures rely on half cell potential technique. Thus the importance of corrosion detection and corrosion inhibition (CP) necessitates the selection of suitable half cells.
Review of internal corrosion of underground fuel storage tanks
Authors: Bogner Ben R.
Published: February 2008

Leaking underground fuel storage tanks are a major environmental hazard in the U.S. Several studies have dealt with leaking tanks caused by external corrosion of the steel tanks. This review documents reports of tank leakage caused by internal corrosion and offers recommendations for preventing internal corrosion in underground tanks.
Galvanized steel lasts longest
Authors: Porter F.C.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The formability and strength of steel make it suitable and economic for most uses. Rust is the worst feature. Paint does not protect it for long: scratches and even pores in the paint allow access of water and rust forms, weakening the steel and spreading brown stains.
Fe Base ODS alloys with improved mechanical strength
Authors: Kazimierzak B. , Prignon M. , Lecomte‐Mertens Ch. , Coutsouradis D.
Published: February 2008

Developments in higher temperature exchangers and other applications, require high strength as well as oxidation resistance at very high temperatures. In order to meet such requirements, Dour Metal has developed the ODM a new range of oxide dispersion strengthened (ODS) iron based materials. Compositional and thermomechanical manipulations can be used to develop the structure enabling the service temperature to be increased up to about 1200°C. Typical rupture strengths are presented for temperatures ranging from 900 to 1100°C. Data on oxidation and corrosion properties of various compositions are also presented. The emphasis is given to alloy ODM 751 on which most recent work has been performed. The composition of the alloy is 16.5% Cr‐4.5% Al‐0.6% Ti‐1.5% Mo‐0.5% Y2O3‐bal Fe and provides the best compromise between strength, formability and oxidation resistance. Measurements of longitudinal creep at 1100°C to 1200°C on ODM 751 tubes show the outstanding properties of the alloy in this range of temperatures.
Corrosion effects of cations on Aluminium
Authors: El‐Tagoury M.M , Bekheit G.E
Published: February 2008

Cations such as Cu2+, Co2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ or Ba2+ increases the corrosion rate of aluminium in 2 mol.L−1 HCI. This corrosion rate could be decreased by the addition of inhibitors which may form complexes with the cation used. Measurements of the corrosion rate of aluminium in 2 mol.L−1 HCI with and without addition of aliphatic substituted P‐hydroxy acetophenone hydrazone derivatives (10−4 — 10−5 mol.L−1) has been studied by weight loss and galvanostatic polarization methods. The same inhibition efficiency of the compounds has been found using either of the methods. In general, the efficiency of the inhibitors increases with an increase in aliphatic chain length. Activation energies in the presence and in the absence of inhibitors has been evaluated. Galvanostatic polarization data indicate that all these compounds are predominantly cathodic inhibitors. The rate of corrosion increases with increase in temperature together with a decrease in protection efficiency indicating that inhibition occurs through adsorption of the additives.
Corrosion performance of cataphoretically painted specimens:
Authors: Wrubl C. , Mollica A. , Montini U. , Litigio A.
Published: February 2008

The salt‐spray test is still today often utilized to control the anticorrosive performance of paints applied on metallic substrates. The time required for this test method is much shorter than that necessary to carry out the atmospheric exposure test (some weeks instead of many years). Nevertheless the results provided by the salt spray test are only qualitative and their extrapolability to the real behaviour of the paint system's film‐metallic substrate is very difficult. Moreover, in some cases there is a discrepancy between the results of the salt spray test and the reality; for instance, it was observed some time ago that hot‐dip galvanized steel constitutes a better substrate for paints than bare steel, whereas the salt spray test results indicate the contrary. The present work represents only a part of a more conspicuous set of observations devoted to a comparison of laboratory and field results. In this first stage we examined, by means of salt spray and total immersion tests, the behaviour of bare steel and hot‐dip galvanized steel substrates, both phosphatized and coated by the same paint. The aim of this work was to ascertain if the results of the two methods are in accordance and, moreover, to compare the qualitative information given by the salt spray tests with those, quantitative, obtained by the electrode impedance technique on specimens immersed in 3% NaCl solution. By means of this technique it is possible to determine at the same time the values of the paint film resistance, of its capacitance, of the polarisation resistance and of the double layer pseudocapacitance related to the corrosion taking place on the metallic substrate and to ascertain the eventual intervention of diffusive phenomena into the corrosive process. Finally, this electrochemical method, because its non‐destructive nature, permits one to observe the variation of the values of overmentioned parameters as a function of time and therefore to interpret the evolution of the corrosion process.
Effect of 4‐benzylidene, 3‐methyl. 5‐oxo‐1‐phenyl phyrazoline derivatives on the corrosion of aluminium in HC1 solutions
Authors: Elewady Y.A. , El‐Tagoury M.M. , Bekheit G.E. , Hassan S.M.
Published: February 2008

The effect of some pyrazoline derivatives as inhibitors on the dissolution of A1 in 2 mol.L−1 HC1 has been studied by weight‐loss, galvanostatic polarization, polarographic and scanning electron microscopy methods. Additions of Cu2+ Co2+ or Ni2+ ions increases the efficiency of the inhibitors.
Steels for the offshore industry
Authors: Cristinacce Mike
Published: February 2008

The oil and gas industry is demanding more from materials suppliers than ever before. Mike Cristinacce, BSc., C.Eng., MIM, is section manager of Metallurgical Development at Stocksbridge Engineering Steels. Here, he explains how manufacturers of engineering steels — specialist steels used exclusively for engineering components — are rising to the challenge of providing products that will perform reliably and with longevity in increasingly hostile environments.
Combating corrosive substances produced during the surface treatment of metals
Authors: Schippert E.
Published: February 2008

During the surface treatment of metals, pollutants occur in the pickling plants. Mainly three harmful substances are produced: sulphuric acid corrosives, hydrochloric acid corrosives and mixed acid corrosives. Different processes have been developed to eliminate or at least reduce these pollutants. An interesting and effective method is offered by Keramchemie of Siershahn, West Germany.
Sweet tastes of success for 3CR12 utility stainless steel
Authors: Beckitt Chris
Published: February 2008

Steels used in sugar processing applications are subjected to some of the most testing of enviroments. The advantages of stainless over mild steels in the sugar industry including processing, handling and transportation systems, have been demonstrated and well documentated for many years. Benefits have been based on fractional maintenance costs, improved operational efficiency and favourable lifecycle costs.
Corrosion management during the construction of oil, gas and water lines
Authors: Emenike C.O.
Published: February 2008

Strategic management dictates that the arrangement for corrosion control and monitoring should be made during project construction. Subsequent modification/ rectification to accommodate such omissions is uneconomical because of the additional outlay incurred. Contractual obligation cannot absorb such a cost. However, changes in corrosion characteristics resulting from, say, alteration in feed stock and/or operating conditions, may make such a rectification mandatory.
Inhibition of corrosion of nickel in nitric acid by some azoles
Authors: Kumar Ashok , Singh M.M.
Published: February 2008

Some of the azoles have been studied as inhibitors towards the corrosion of nickel in 4% HNO3 solution, using electrochemical polarization technique, at various concentrations of inhibitors and at different temperatures (25, 35, 45°C). All the inhibitors investigated were able to suppress both the anodic and cathodic processes appreciably, hence act as mixed inhibitors. Among these inhibitors, 2‐mercaptobenzothiazole was found to be the most effective inhibitor to control the corrosion of nickel in nitric acid solution.
Substituted dithiomalonamides as inhibitor for the corrosion of AISI 304SS in phosphoric acid‐hydrochloric acid mixture
Authors: Kumar A , Singh M.M.
Published: February 2008

The corrosion inhibitive efficiencies of substituted dithiomalonamides have been determined at different concentrations for 304 SS in H3PO4‐HC1 mixture at 25°C using potentiostatic technique. The percentage inhibition efficiencies have been found to increase with increasing concentrations of inhibitors. 1,5‐Di‐p‐methylphenyl‐2,4‐Dithiomalonamide was found to be the most effective inhibitor followed by: 1,5‐Di‐p‐methoxyphenyl‐2,4‐Dithiomalonamide, 1,5‐Di‐phenyl‐2,4‐Dithiomalonamide, 1,5‐Di‐p‐cholorophenyl‐2,4‐Dithoimalonamide. Marked influence of the inhibitors is observed in decreasing the critical current density and enlarging the passive range.
Amines as Inhibitors for Corrosion of Copper in Nitric Acid
Authors: Abd El Wanees S.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion inhibitors are widely used in industry, although in many cases their surface chemistry is not well understood. Several nitrogen‐containing organic compounds have been used as corrosion inhibitors. Corrosion inhibition is a surface process which involves the specific adsorption of inhibitors on the metal surface. The extent of inhibition of metallic corrosion may depend on the nature of the metal surface and extent of adsorption of the inhibitor. The type of interaction of the inhibitor on the metal surface during corrosion has been deduced from its adsorption characteristics.
Filiform Corrosion on Architectural Aluminium
Authors: Steele G.D.
Published: February 2008

Filiform corrosion was first detected on architectural aluminium in the early 1980s. Over the past decade the number of incidences has been small in relation to the number of projects which have been successfully enhanced and protected by organic coating systems. During this period use of painted aluminium has grown significantly to replace anodizing as the major finishing method in Europe. Reports of filiform have been largely limited to areas in Holland, Belgium and Germany, where a marine climate co‐exists with an industrial atmosphere.
Corrosion Inhibition of Steel by Triazolidines in Saline Water
Authors: Osman M.M. , Khamis E. , Hefny A.F. , Michael A.
Published: February 2008

As seawater is a complex, delicately balanced solution of many salts containing living matter, suspended silt, dissolved gases and decaying organic material, it is important to separate the effect of salts from the other factors to emphasize the corrosion rate due to the salinity. Salinity is defined as the total weight in grams of solid matter dissolved in 1,000g of water. The relative proportion of salts does not vary appreciably in interconnected seas. Variations in salinity in open‐ocean surface water typically range from 32–37.5 per cent. In open circulating systems, sea water may be used as industrial cooling waters, particularly for industry located at the coast. New technologies using non‐toxic organic instead of inorganic chemicals as corrosion inhibitors are advanced and have been introduced successfully in cooling waters treatment.
Steel Protective Paints Free of Anti‐corrosive Pigments
Authors: El‐Sawy S.M. , El‐Sanabary A.A. , Badran B.M.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The application of organic coatings is the most extensive way of protecting metal products from corrosion. Developments of organic coatings and their applications are subject to the effects of many factors at present. The most important among these factors are ecological requirements aimed at the protection of the living and working environments, and the lack of raw materials and energy.
Image Measurement Analysis Software
Authors: Smith Tony
Published: February 2008

Investigating corrosion protective adhesive tape systems on steel pipework is one of a multitude of investigations that the Research and Development department at Raychem Technology Europe, based in Swindon, UK have been called upon to undertake.
Inhibition of Corrosion of Mild Steel
Authors: Chaturvedi R.K. , Chaudhary R.S.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Many researchers have used a number of organic and inorganic compounds to retard the dissolution of metals and alloys in various aggressive media. It is well‐known that a particular inhibitor which gives a very high efficiency for a metal‐corrosive system may not function similarly in other metal‐corrosive systems. It therefore becomes necessary to seek better inhibitors for different systems. The aim of the present study is to investigate the role of cyclohexyl‐2,3,5,6‐tetrahydro‐1‐thiotetrazine in controlling corrosion of mild steel in neutral media.
Influence of chromium on the corrosion behaviour of stainless steels in sulphuric acid containing halide ions
Authors: Abbas H. , Khedr A.A.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The passivation of iron in aqueous media has been investigated over a number of years. Bartlett and Stephenson and Froment et al. have given a deep insight into the processes of anodic depositon of FeSO4 on iron in H2SO4 solutions. Krstulonic et al. investigated the anodic passivation of Armco iron in a wide range of concentrations of suphuric avid. Alloy elements (Cr, Ni, Mo) are sometimes added to carbon steels to improve their mechanical properties and/or the effects of heat treatment. These metals can increase or decrease corrision resistance depending on the harshness of the environment. The most important alloy of stainless steel is chromium, which induces the formation of a good protective oxide film. According to the literature the alloy must contain at least 1.3 per cent chromium to form a stable passive film. The influence of chromium on the anodic dissolution of Fe‐Cr in sulphuric acid solutions has been the object of several investigations.
Electrochemical measurements on aluminium electrodes in acidic water/dimethylsulphoxide and acetonitrile solutions
Authors: Al‐Abdallah M.M. , Hammouri M.K.
Published: February 2008

Introduction The electrochemical behaviour of metals and alloys in nonaqueous media are attracting considerable attention. The wide uses of metals in industry/research provide a great deal of information about their intensity in their alloys. Unfortunately little attention has been focused on aluminium. It has been reported that, on an aluminium electrode behaving actively and undergoing pitting corrosion in HCI solutions, an aluminium oxide film is never formed on the surface of the electrode during anodic oxidation. Therefore, aluminium electrodes have been studied in acidic HCI and H2SO4 dissolved in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and acetonitrile (AN) and the results of this procedure have been compared with those of the behaviour of aluminium electrodes in an aqueous medium.
Galvanized reinforcement for concrete
Authors: Boron David
Published: February 2008

Basic principles Reinforced concrete is an important material in today's construction industry. Motorway bridges, office buildings and tunnels are all designed to take advantage of the properties of reinforced concrete.
Are corrosion, hydrogen absorption and mechanical strength of steel exposed to inhibited acid solution interrelated?
Authors: Singh T.B. , Dey A.K. , Gaur B. , Singh D.D.N.
Published: February 2008

Introduction Corrosion inhibitors are used during pickling, oil‐well acidification and in other process industries to control corrosion and hydrogen absorption by steels. The suitability of an inhibitor is judged by measuring the corrosion rate and by the hydrogen absorbed by the material during the operation in the presence of inhibitors. It is generally believed that the efficacy of an inhibitor in controlling hydrogen absorption increases with its increase in corrosion mitigatory properties. This principle is true for the inhibitors which function by uniform film formation but fails in the case of poisons such as compounds of As, S, P and Sb, which strongly polarize the recombination step of the hydrogen evolution reaction on metal surfaces:
Influence of some thiazole derivatives on the corrosion of mild steel in hydrochloric acid
Authors: Quraishi M.A. , Wajid Khan M. , Ajmal M. , Muralidharan S. , Venkatakrishna Iyer S.
Published: February 2008

Aims to evaluate the effectiveness of 2‐amino 4‐phenyl thiazde (APT) and its three anils as inhibitors for the corrosion of mild steel in 1M HCl. Discusses the variation of inhibition efficiency with temperature. Gives account of experimental procedures on mild steel strips for weight loss measurements and potentiodynamic polarization studies.
Experience with the use of DERAKANE vinyl ester‐based GRP in flue gas desulphurization plants
Authors: Häg N. , Harrison P.
Published: February 2008

Describes the growth in industrial usage of GRP (glass fibre reinforced plastic) to control corrosion and, in particular, the use of DERAKANE, a vinyl ester used in GRP. Gives examples of its use in Germany, the UK and the USA. Concludes that the experience with GRP based on epoxy vinyl ester resins applications is very positive and it has proved to be a very reliable alternative to more traditional materials.
Fuelling the debate on automotive corrosion: a view on a changing industry from Bundy
Authors: Soles Denny
Published: February 2008

Legislation and consumer demand are two of the main driving froces behind the decision by vehicle manufacturers to look to their suppliers to carry out research and development work in the complex area of corrosion. With fluid carrying systems, like the brake lines, now expected to last the “life of the car” and with emissions from fuel lines needing to be contained to minimum levels, how are suppliers responding? Bundy, a world‐leader in automotive fluid carrying systems, is at the forefront of identifying solutions in this field. Claims that the results of the company's work are innovative solutions which meet environmental standards and higher quality systems which ultimately offer greater value for money to motorists. Looks in detail at some of the issues now facing the industry.
What is a “rust bucket”?
Authors: Savage Terry
Published: February 2008

Examines the environmental cause and effects of automotive corrosion. Lists the four categories of this corrosion. Reports on British Steel's anti‐corrosive coatings, plus its Zodiac hot‐dip galvanizing line, Llanwern, and its electro‐galvanizing line, Shotton. Comments on R&D into coatings for strip products at British Steel's Welsh Laboratories, Port Talbot. Discusses under‐bonnet corrosion protection.
Evaluation of non‐ionic surfactants as corrosion inhibitors in seawater
Authors: Latha G. , Rajeswari S.
Published: February 2008

Corrosion control in cooling systems where seawater forms the coolant is primarily effected with inhibitor additions. Deals with the evaluation of non‐ionic surfactants as corrosion inhibitors in seawater, on conventionally used type 316L SS. Potentiodynamic anodic cyclic polarization studies were carried out to evaluate the performance of non‐ionic surfactants. Emphasizes the role of these compounds as effective inhibitors focusing on the chemical behaviour and nature of chemisorption, influencing the inhibiting properties.
Automated Impact Treatment Systems take over from Manual Shot Blasting
Authors: MacGregor Ian R.
Published: February 2008

Inevitably, traditional shot blasting methods with their inherent drawbacks of lack of fine control, the problems of escaping dust and abrasive and the consequent resistance to them by operatives and managers alike, have had to change to keep pace with the times. And change in a dramatic fashion they most certainly have in the last few years with automation much in evidence. But what is not perhaps generally realised is just how great the advances have been and how widely automated impact treatment systems are used today in various sectors of industry.
Trouble Shooting with cathodic protection of pipelines
Authors: Hatley H.M.
Published: February 2008

Modern high pressure cross country gas and oil pipelines have two main forms of defence against damage. Constant and vigilant patrolling, generally by air, supplemented by foot and the standard well known corrosion defence of a good coating supplemented by cathodic protection.
TV has major role in pipe protection technology
Authors: Rees Donald F.
Published: February 2008

In less than ten years the television camera has changed from being a “fascinating gadget” to establishing an important role in the pipe inspection and renovation business. Its other modern equivalent is possibly the laser beam which started life as an interesting straight beam of light which only took off in the construction industry when engineers exposed vast markets to the instrument designers by telling them just where, when and how they could use the pencil beam as a constant datum to replace the spasmodic sitings taken through optical instruments. The laser also added a vital component whereby the light beam had mechanical properties which could be effectively slaved to actuate recording and operational equipments. Today, the laser beam provides a constant datum on a building site, accurate alignment for a pipeline, automatic steering mechanisms for tunnel driving and automatic dredging depth in tidalwaters. Ere long, we will wonder how on earth we managed without it.
Fire protection coatings and corrosion
Authors: Berweger M.
Published: February 2008

The aim of fire protection materials is to retard the rise in temperature of a substrate sufficiently to prevent the loss of specific properties of the substrate itself or the attached in‐stallations. For example:
The microbiology of corrosion
Authors: Smith C.A.
Published: February 2008

A review of the action of microbes in the corrosion process, with particular reference to the attack on concrete and underground pipe systems
Internal corrosion of steel piping in water mains
Authors: Bombara G. , Bernabai U.
Published: February 2008

Recently acquired quantitative data on the initial corrosion rate of steel vs. the Ryznar index of natural waters are given as a basis of provision of overall service life of steel piping. In the light of the available fundamental knowledge of aqueous corrosion, the mechanism of high‐rate localised attack of coated steel piping from carbonated waters is outlined. A representative case history of multiple perforation of bitumen‐coated steel piping from localised corrosion is reported for a municipal potable water distribution system. Practical protective measures and corrosion monitoring techniques are considered in relation to the most aggressive waters.
Corrosion and corrosion prevention of aluminium alloys in desalination plants: a review
Authors: Ahmed Zaki
Published: February 2008

The aluminium alloys are rapidly gaining a worldwide attention because of the economical and technical advantages they offer in applications encountering marine and similar other aggressive environments. A list of such alloys is given in Table 1. Several factors such as high weight to strength ratio high thermal conductivity, satisfactory resistance to corrosion and the economic feasibility of these alloys make them attractive candidates for the next decade as against the conventional copper and nickel alloys. The economic consideration assumes even a greater magnitude when the requirements and the purchasing potentials of the third world are seriously considered. The good features of these alloys are to some extent counteracted by the necessity for environmental modifications required to overcome the potential hazards of corrosion such as pitting, galvanic corrosion, erosion‐corrosion, crevice corrosion, and others. The variation of sea water chemistry effects the kinetics of the dissolution of aluminium alloys largely.