bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“Moving across a Vast Body of Water in Nutshells”
Authors: Baer Friederike
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on the transport of the German subsidy troops from their territories within the Holy Roman Empire to America. The process was complicated, time-consuming, and expensive. The soldiers and their equipment constituted a precious cargo that needed to be moved thousands of miles through multiple territories across vast stretches of land, rivers, and oceans. They had to travel from their homes to designated places of assembly within their territories and from there to German or Dutch ports of embarkation. Immediately after their arrival they were inspected by British officers and administered to swear an oath to the British king. British, Dutch, and German transports then took the troops to the port of Portsmouth in the south of England. Here they boarded hundreds of vessels that took them across the ocean to North America. Virtually every German-authored account describes the voyage as a terrifying experience.
“They Were Vexed to Find That We Looked like Human Beings”
Authors: Baer Friederike
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on the experiences of German prisoners of war from 1776 to 1781. In 1776 and 1777 alone, thousands of troops were captured at Trenton, Bennington, and Saratoga. Scattered across vast regions from Massachusetts to Virginia, their management required significant attention by the Americans as well as by British and German officials. Moreover, the presence of large numbers of prisoners had a significant impact on the communities that hosted them. In addition, the Americans believed that decent treatment combined with exposure to Patriot propaganda and incentives would entice them to desert and join the American community. However, depending in part on the circumstances of their capture, their location, and their rank, the experiences of German prisoners of war varied considerably.
“Good Night, Peace”
Authors: Baer Friederike
Published: April 2022

In the summer of 1777, thousands of soldiers under General Howe sailed from New York to Maryland, from where they would march north toward Philadelphia, the seat of the Continental Congress and at the time the largest city in British North America. Several thousand of the troops were Germans. A difficult campaign that involved numerous skirmishes and battles with the enemy culminated in Howe’s capture of Philadelphia. Although they appreciated being in a predominantly German region, the German troops quickly discovered that most German Americans did not welcome them with open arms. Moreover, a few months after their arrival, the campaign’s successes were overshadowed by what would turn out to be the Hessians’ bloodiest battle of the entire war, the Battle of Red Bank. During this period, some German officers were growing increasingly impatient with British military strategy.
“We Joyously Went on the Expedition”
Authors: Baer Friederike
Published: April 2022

This chapter focuses on the experiences of German troops that participated in Britain’s southern campaigns into Georgia, the Carolinas, and Virginia. In addition to military matters, it examines the Germans’ perceptions of the natural environment, climate, towns, and inhabitants, including free and enslaved Blacks. Between December 1778 and the fall of 1781, British-German forces experienced a number of military triumphs, including the capture of Charleston, South Carolina, and the successful defense of Savannah, Georgia, from a French-American attack. Although the southern expedition ultimately ended with the British defeat at Yorktown in the fall of 1781, German forces remained in garrison in the two port towns until they were evacuated in 1782.
Chaos as a Construct in Psychology
Authors: Guastello Stephen J.
Published: April 2022

This chapter recounts the principal uses of the construct of chaos in psychology; these are entwined with other nonlinear dynamical constructs, especially catastrophes and self-organization. Chaos theory and research is primarily concerned with seeing the consequences of nonlinearity accurately and finding patterns in dynamics. The growth in substantive applications of chaos in psychology is partially related to the development of methodologies that work within the constraints of psychological data. Investigations in cognitive neuroscience, psychophysics, clinical and abnormal psychology, group dynamics, and organizational behavior all utilize the chaos construct and supporting empirical research. The chapter summarizes the current state of the chaos construct in empirical research and theory in psychology. Trends in research indicate that human systems do not remain chaotic indefinitely; they eventually self-organize, and the concept of the complex adaptive system (CAS) has become more useful for describing the balance between order and disorder within a system. Chaos or turbulence is generally higher in healthy systems compared to unhealthy ones, and there seems to be an optimum level of variability for producing adaptive responses across many types of living systems. Current research in group dynamics is examining the connection between the behaviors of a CAS and how movements and autonomic and EEG responses synchronize among group members.
Ψ‎ in the Garden of Chaos
Authors: Abraham Frederick David
Published: April 2022

This chapter describes many of the fascinating properties of dynamical systems. Almost all aspects of human affairs involve systems that are complex and dynamical with respect to the many components of which they are comprised, the nature by which those factors interact, and the patterns of behaviors that result. These systems are continually creating, changing, evolving, and self-organizing, and they are intentional. This chapter contends that better understanding of the nature of these systems, and how the patterns of their behavior change over time, is tremendously improved by employing visual representations provided by both nonlinear dynamical systems theories (DST) and analyses, and nonlinear dynamical network theories (DNT). Garden-variety DST here implies continuous variables, while garden variety DNT involves discrete, categorical agents. There is a lot of cross-fertilization between these gardens! While both are dynamical, they each emphasize different stylistic, statistical, and visualizing methods. There are many other methods that contribute to understanding systems, but these are great at visualization. The chapter also emphasizes that dynamical methods are particularly suited to characterize the integration of many factors within and between scales of observation. The ranges of these scales can vary and are frequently triaged into subranges, such as micro-, meso-, and macroscopic, depending on the various factors of the system under investigation.
Intermezzo. Look Again
Authors: Richards Ruth
Published: April 2022

This chapter flips things around. It highlights important content over process via five examples whose nature is more fully revealed in a nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS) frame. The intent is to show when our choice of perspective can be crucial in avoiding some high-stakes misunderstandings. Each frame is introduced by a common belief that is being challenged, for example, that we are “in control” or “can fix anything.” The five examples concern: (a) our dynamic selves; (b) mental health, positive deviance, and creative balance; (c) the sudden events of COVID-19; (d) human competition vs. collaboration and the “Lost Darwin”; and (e) avoiding environmental catastrophe in the face of events we cannot fully control.
Darwin and the Human Future
Authors: Loye David
Published: April 2022

This chapter is a report of the discovery of Darwin’s perception of self-organization and aspects of chaos theory over 100 years in advance of our time; its implications for the development of 20th-century science and society; and the urgent need for the long overdue new synthesis for evolution theory. Recalling an earlier historical situation mirroring ours today, it begins with Russia versus the United States, the Cold War, a period of escalating dread, and a secret meeting of scientists from both sides to see if updating a “survival of the fittest” theory of evolution could head off nuclear annihilation. We see what led us to this point then and now: How the traditional split between natural and social science led to the gulf in understanding of the vital differences between biological evolution and cultural evolution; this led to the inclusion of biological evolution and the exclusion of social science in the development of evolution theory, which bogged down science in the conflict between gatekeepers, defending an imbalanced theory of evolution, versus gatebreakers fighting for an updating. This led to the urgent need for the new synthesis that both gatekeepers and gatebreakers seek. This contrast involves a bifurcation in theoretical ideas and the emergence, possibly, of a new science that synthesizes two divergent viewpoints and offers hope for the human future. We see how the ice was cracked, the logjam broken by the nonlinear revolution that Darwin caught sight of, and how it can now help us to move ahead.
Strategies for Creating the Learning Organization
Authors: Owen Keith Q. , Dietz Albert S. , Gohring Ralph
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores two powerful alternative experiential processes for diagnosing the root problems preventing organizational change: the strange attractor pull (SAP) and interactive qualitative analysis (IQA). The SAP and IQA allow members to describe and model their lived experiences in organizations. Both produce a map of the system or of the organization’s culture, and both can enable researchers and system members to discover, design, create, and execute effective and sustainable cultural change. Through a case study and examples, we illustrate how these tools can be used to create sustainable change and avoid common systemic effects of self-organizing resistance to change.
Life Purpose and Intentionally Being Creative
Authors: Moran Seana
Published: April 2022

This chapter uses the COVID-19 pandemic and social justice movements of 2020 to demonstrate how feedback loops within and across minds generate cultural stability and cultural change. Minds and cultures compose each other: Parents and leaders pass on shared knowledge from previous generations to children, then each person’s mind makes further meaning of their experiences over a lifetime. We share some of these meanings with others. Meanings shared widely form a culture, which is again passed on to the next generation. This is a feedback loop that generally keeps a culture stable but not stale. In flexible cultures, a few shared meanings are new to a group—they are creative and can change culture. Some individuals intentionally aim to create new meanings, dedicating their lives to introducing variability, difference, and novelty into their culture. The mechanisms for such purposeful creativity involve the interaction of positive feedback loops that amplify a new meaning and negative feedback loops that counteract and then incorporate a new meaning. Cultural stability or change occurs depending on individuals engaging each feedback loop in relation to the other loop through reflection and proflection. Past-focused reflections, involving “how and why” of already culturally accepted meanings, interact with future-oriented proflections, involving the “what-if” and “what-next” in new meaning’s possibilities. Together, they show how our image of the future and what-could-be can influence our current meaning-making and behavior.
Ψ‎ in the Garden of Chaos
Authors: Abraham Frederick David
Published: April 2022

This chapter expands on the basics of dynamical systems theories (DST) and dynamical network theories (DNT) that were introduced in an earlier chapter (Chapter 7) by the same author. The chapter begins with a brief historical review, introducing a few basic methods, terms, and applications. Then the chapter follows a presentation of basic features of network representation and analysis, using simple networks and just a few of the most important measures of their properties of clustering and integration. The chapter includes several illustrations, including sociograms, that provide different examples of network visualization. Then the chapter summarizes some meta-perspectives on their roles in exploring social, psychological, and neural systems.
Integration and Conclusions
Authors: Schuldberg David , Richards Ruth , Guisinger Shan
Published: April 2022

This chapter pulls together this volume’s interests in “wicked problems” and its emphasis on examining hierarchical and nested systems processes. It returns to the six themes for a final integration, tracing stages of how to become familiar with nonlinear dynamical systems (NDS), the signs and meanings of nonlinearity, and how one can “level up” and “level down” to gain insight into systems of interest. Patterning is discussed, with an emphasis on the profound meanings of fractals. The COVID-19 pandemic is used as an example throughout. The chapter emphasizes again the ideas of a changing worldview and argues as well for a humble approach to living and improving our human lives in the systems that compose us, that we contribute to, and that we wish to change.
Key Concepts
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: April 2022

Key concepts express the text’s view of the world and form the foundation of Daoist thought. First is Dao, the Way, the underlying power of creation that pervades everything. Next is the understanding of cosmic unfolding, a continuous process that moves from unity to multiplicity, from oneness to duality and on to the myriad beings. All these, moreover, function according to the law of reversal, the mutual interdependence of dynamic states, such as rise and fall, open and close, light and dark, and according to the principle of self-being, that is, naturalness or spontaneity, the flow of unfolding inherent in all that makes them naturally be what they are. The factor that allows this self-being to be actualized within the individual finally, is virtue or inherent potency. In addition, the various concepts are expressed in a number of characteristic metaphors, such as water, mother, the vessel, and more.
Social Application
Authors: Kohn Livia
Published: April 2022

To apply these key concepts in life and society, the Daode jing proposes guidelines and concrete virtues. The first is nonaction or noninterference, a way of doing things that moves with the flow and does not create a forceful impact—in stark contrast to the world full of force, violence, and interfering activities. The root cause of this, moreover, is a mental attitude of greed and desire, causing people to live in extravagant luxury while exploiting others. The main countermeasure is sufficiency, “knowing when it is enough,” a virtue closely related to humility, simplicity, and noncompetition, key qualities necessary for social and political leadership. To achieve this mental state, the text proposes cultivation practices of shutting the doors and holding on to oneness, leading to a state of clarity and stillness. This, in turn, is the central focus of the sage, the ideal human being and close representative of Dao.
Introduction
Authors: Sebo Jeff
Published: April 2022

This chapter introduces the main themes of the book. In 2020, COVID-19 and the Australia bushfires served as vivid reminders that our lives are linked across nations, generations, and species. Human use of nonhuman animals is contributing to pandemics, climate change, and other threats, and these threats are, in turn, contributing to biodiversity loss, ecosystem collapse, and nonhuman suffering. Thus, we need to include animals in health and environmental advocacy and policy, by reducing our use of animals as part of our mitigation efforts and increasing our support for animals as part of our adaptation efforts. Granted, our knowledge, power, and compassion are all limited. But the more we act thoughtfully now, the more we can improve our ability to act effectively in the future.
Animals, creation ethics, and population ethics
Authors: Sebo Jeff
Published: April 2022

This chapter explores questions about creation ethics and population ethics that we need to answer in order to make our duties to animals more concrete. What makes life go better, worse, well, and badly for animals? How much do total well-being, average well-being, equality, and priority for the worst-off matter? What are the ethics of creating better, worse, good, and bad lives? And what follows for how much value, and weight, we should assign to current and future animals in our impact assessments? As before, this chapter shows how different sets of answers can lead to different policy decisions, but it also suggests that, on any reasonable set of answers, many animals have good lives, many animals have bad lives, and all policies will likely have mixed effects for current and future animals.
Introduction
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel
Published: April 2022

The Introduction discusses the relationship between climate change and poverty, and the importance of seeing them as related both causally and morally. Energy poverty and human development go hand in hand. The case of the famine in Zambia and the Kariba Dam are examples. Overcoming poverty and promoting human development will require a massive increase in energy production and consumption globally. This is during the same time in which net carbon emissions must be brought to zero. The Anti-Poverty principle The chapter mentions two ideas that will be developed in subsequent chapters, the Anti-Poverty Principle and the ability-to-pay conception of responsibility Introduction closes with a summary of the book’s chapters.
Uncertainty and Precaution
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel
Published: April 2022

Growth in productive capacity suggests the possibility of realizing a progressive vision of prosperity in which economic necessity has been overcome for everyone. This attractive vision arose in response to possibilities afforded by the Industrial Revolution, but the activities that have given rise to this unprecedented growth in productive capacity have also created the Anthropocene. The pervasive impact on planetary systems has raised the uncertain possibility of environmental catastrophe. Uncertainty is a reason to take 1.5°C seriously as a warming limit. This chapter distinguishes between risks and uncertainties. There is a reason to take precaution when there is the real possibility of an uncertain but especially bad outcome. The possible cataclysmic outcomes of climate change satisfy the conditions in which precaution is required. Although the case for precaution is moral, we also have reasons of self-respect to want our legacy to be positive.
Hope for the Anthropocene
Authors: Moellendorf Darrel
Published: April 2022

Climate change is but one example of a planetary system put under stress by human activity. The impact and stress are so profound that there is a call among planetary scientists to designate a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. This chapter discusses both the threats that the Anthropocene poses and the prospects for a vision of global prosperity and sustainability it affords. The threats include the risk of crossing planetary boundaries, disrupting the fragile equilibria of Earth systems. The consequences could be environmental disruption, massive suffering, and even global apartheid. Because this would be the product of human activity, the era might rightly be called the Misanthropocene. Resisting the Misanthropocene calls for a conception of a realistic utopia for the Anthropocene. This chapter examines two such conceptions, the Arcadian and the Promethean. Such a realistic utopia may focus efforts at mobilizing hope for the Anthropocene.
Plato and the Pleonectic Conception of Human Nature
Authors: Kamtekar Rachana
Published: April 2022

Plato’s Gorgias suggests that practitioners of rhetoric assume a pleonectic conception of human nature, according to which human beings by nature seek to maximize what is advantageous to them and are limited in this pursuit by justice and law. By contrast, Socrates treats human nature as a part of orderly cosmic nature. Plato’s Phaedrus argues that rhetoric’s persuasive ends are better served by replacing its conception of human nature, based on what seems to be likely (eikos), with a true conception of the different types of human characters. Plato’s Republic develops an account of human nature as complex, having rational as well as nonrational motivational and cognitive capacities, to show how it is perfected by justice and law (rather than being hampered by them as on the pleonectic conception). This is because our rational nature seeks to know the truth, which is limited and orderly, and to produce good and beautiful things in accordance with this knowledge.
Aristotle’s Human Beings
Authors: Deslauriers Marguerite , Filotas Zoli
Published: April 2022

For Aristotle, human beings are characterized by a range of rational activities, notably theoretical reflection, practical deliberation, and the training and refinement of emotion and appetite. These activities are less unique to the species than is often thought—while they distinguish human beings from nonhuman animals on the one hand and gods on the other, they also indicate our similarities with those other beings. What distinguishes human beings from other beings is primarily the capacity for a certain kind of practical rationality. But it is also true that this capacity is not found in every person, nor in the same form in all human beings. There are for Aristotle many different ways of participating in rationality, and therefore different ways of being human.
Reflection
Authors: Mills Charles W.
Published: April 2022

This essay explores the ways “race” has historically been used not merely to demarcate different groups of humans from each other, but to put into question the very humanity of those humans deemed racially inferior. The first section summarizes the three major competing periodizations of race and racism currently contending in the literature: race and racism as modern; race and racism as medieval; and race and racism as ancient. The second section illustrates how—whether through supernatural/theological racism, biological racism, or cultural racism—stigmatized racial groups have been denied the status of equal persons or sometimes even membership in the human race at all.
The Nature of Human and Nonhuman Animals in Classical Islamic Philosophy
Authors: López-Farjeat Luis Xavier
Published: April 2022

This chapter presents the similarities and differences between human and nonhuman animals in order to provide a proper characterization of what it means to be a human being according to two major Islamic philosophers, Alfarabi and Avicenna. The first section explains the characteristics of sense perception and intellectual knowledge, introducing a relevant aspect that will serve to distinguish between human and nonhuman animals, that is, self-awareness (al-shuʿūr bi-al-dhāt); the second section deals with the capacity to articulate language among human and even some nonhuman animals; the third section discusses the characterization of human beings as zôon politikon (hayawān madanī), defining in which sense this feature is essential to human nature. Finally, the chapter offers some concluding remarks regarding the notion of “human being” in the Islamic philosophical tradition.
Renaissance Conceptions of Human Being
Authors: Edelheit Amos
Published: April 2022

This essay examines different conceptions of human being that are part of Renaissance philosophy. It focuses, mainly, on three philosophers: Marsilio Ficino (1433–1499), who argued in his treatise On the Christian Religion that religion is the unique feature of humanity; Giorgio Benigno Salviati (c. 1448–1520), who regarded, in his Fridericus, On the Prince of the Soul’s Kingship, the will as what gives preeminence in nature to human beings; and Giovanni Pico della Mirandola (1463–1494) and his famous account of free choice and human freedom in his Oration on Human Dignity.
Strong Democracy and Political Representation, 1776–1787
Authors: Jacobs Lawrence R.
Published: April 2022

This chapter starts by arguing that even though Alexander Hamilton is assumed to be the “Father of the Constitution” in popular culture and literature, historians in fact give that title to James Madison. In relatively quick succession following the Declaration of Independence in 1776, the British were defeated; the Articles of Conference unleashed organized citizen engagement in state politics and economic redistribution; and the Constitutional Convention reacted by containing and institutionalizing new (though restrained) democratic practices. The chapter looks at the consequences of these dramatic changes. The momentous years of the early republic left contradictory legacies, it argues. The strong democracy of the 1780s demonstrates that political representation in America is neither monolithic nor necessarily defined by complete authentic citizen participation and political influence. Madison's constitutional framework fostered over time a style of factional politics that atomized citizens and concentrated power among the few.
Challenging the Church to Save It (1955–1959)
Authors: Tobin Robert
Published: April 2022

The second half of the 1950s was a time of assurance tinged by growing unease for the Episcopal Church. On the one hand, its institutional life had never been stronger, while on the other, there were signs of disenchantment and even rebellion growing around the edges. The Parishfield community in Michigan, founded as a center for promoting lay ministry, was one attempt to encourage theological experimentation and corporate renewal. Here again, though, the class orientation of the church became an inhibiting factor and prompted the formation of the Detroit Industrial Mission as a means of engaging with working-class people on their own terms. Meanwhile, the efforts of urban mission priests gained in prominence and awakened Episcopalians to the complex social problems of American cities. At the same time, outspoken figures such as William Stringfellow and James Pike challenged their co-religionists to question the conformist values of middle-class America.
The New Breed Takes Charge (1959–1964)
Authors: Tobin Robert
Published: April 2022

Progressive Episcopalians greeted Arthur Lichtenberger’s 1959 installation as presiding bishop as a sign that their church was waking up to the changing nature of its role and responsibilities in American life. Under the aegis of Christian Social Relations, the national church began to facilitate a more coordinated response to the rapid changes taking place in society. In Washington, Dean Francis B. Sayre, Jr., established an influential ministry among the power elite, while rebels such as Malcolm Boyd and Michael Allen sought to connect with young people and those alienated from the church. Increasing numbers of Northern Episcopalians joined in civil rights protests, a trend which caused friction with their Southern co-religionists. A new generation of liberal activist leaders emerged, with men such as Paul Moore, Kim Myers, John Burgess, and Robert DeWitt joining the episcopacy and seeking to place the Episcopal Church’s institutional strength at the service of social reform.
Passing Grace and Seized Microphones (1967–1969)
Authors: Tobin Robert
Published: April 2022

In response to the racial unrest that erupted across the United States in the summer of 1967, presiding bishop John E. Hines persuaded Episcopalians to adopt what became known as the General Convention Special Program (GCSP). This program sought to confront the pervasive inequalities of American life by providing empowerment grants to minority community groups with “no strings attached.” The program’s administration soon alienated black clergy, though, and it failed to inspire the white congregations upon which it depended. The gulf between the church’s liberal leadership and more traditionalist laity continued to widen during these years, further exacerbated by the number of clergy speaking out against the Vietnam War. Matters came to a head at the Special General Convention in September 1969, when proponents of the Black Manifesto demanded the Episcopalians pay reparations for slavery. Unhappy and divided, the Episcopal Church struggled with a loss of members, money, and focus.
“The Best Thing I Have Done” (1909–1914)
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

The effects of Ravel’s tutelage were soon evident in works like the String Quartet in G Minor, The Wasps, and the song cycle On Wenlock Edge, but the influences of Tudor ecclesiastical music, Elgarian symphonism, and English folk song were equally apparent in the Fantasia on a Theme by Thomas Tallis, A Sea Symphony, and the Five Mystical Songs, respectively, though increasingly harnessed to a distinctive idiom all Vaughan Williams’s own. New opportunities came his way, such as the chance to collaborate on the composition of an opera, a pageant, various pieces of incidental music, and a ballet (although that last did not come to fruition in its original form). He also penned the most strident manifesto of his career (“Who Wants the English Composer?”), a declaration of the value he found in creating music inspired by one’s own nation, and completed his first multi-movement symphonic work, A London Symphony, a testament to his ability to transform words into deeds. Such a range of achievements reflected the fact that people outside Vaughan Williams’s immediate sphere were increasingly aware of his music and his growing reputation, and he also benefited from new relationships with the likes of George Butterworth, Rebecca Clarke, Steuart Wilson, J. A. Fuller Maitland, Harold Child, Isadora Duncan, and Gilbert Murray, but his career came to a sudden halt when war broke out in 1914.
The Music of 1930–1936
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

Vaughan Williams’s close relationships with Hubert Foss at Oxford University Press and Adrian Boult at the BBC raised his public profile and likely emboldened him to take greater creative risks, reflected in such works as the Piano Concerto, Riders to the Sea, Dona Nobis Pacem, Five Tudor Portraits, Job, and the Fourth Symphony. Yet these coexisted with far more demure compositions like The Poisoned Kiss, the Hymn Tune Prelude on “Song 13” by Orlando Gibbons, a host of folk arrangements and sacred pieces, and occasional works written for amateur musicians and community celebrations. Still, many of these compositions extended his streak of writing works that defied obvious formal or generic conventions, often balancing complicated juxtapositions of unconventional pitch collections against streams of diatonic parallel triads and complex chromatic counterpoint. The Fourth Symphony and the Piano Concerto arguably represent the high points of such an approach, and may reflect something of the unsettled personal and cultural conditions Vaughan Williams faced at the time. Such assertions, however, should be tempered by the fact that many of the pieces written during this period met with both critical and popular acclaim, despite his own pessimistic assessment of his abilities.
The Music of 1937–1943
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

During the years 1937–1943, the large and varied works of the previous decade gave way to generally smaller and more intimate pieces, as though Vaughan Williams were once again deliberately narrowing the focus of his imagination. Whether this was an attempt to consolidate his expressive vision or reflected his ongoing struggles with writer’s block is unclear, but signs of this shift were apparent well before the privations of the Second World War made them all but inevitable, as heard in works like Riders to the Sea, the Serenade to Music, and the Five Variants of “Dives and Lazarus.” Unexpectedly, however, the demands of war led him to write music that responded to it in various ways: sometimes in manners intended to raise morale (e.g., Six Choral Songs—To Be Sung in Time of War, Household Music, and incidental music for Twelfth Night), sometimes by embracing new performance opportunities (like incidental music for radio or film), and sometimes by trying to express an alternative to the horrors of the conflict in a work like the tranquil Symphony No. 5 in D Major.
“Worthy of the Cause Which He Serves” (1951–1958)
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

Following Adeline’s death, Vaughan Williams and Wood were finally able to make public the true nature of their relationship, cemented when the couple married in early 1953. Wood’s influence on the composer was immense, and she has been credited with reviving him in the twilight of his career. Nowhere was this inspiration more conspicuous than in the remarkable completion of three further symphonies (Sinfonia Antartica, Symphony No. 8 in D Minor, and Symphony No. 9 in E Minor) over a six-year span, but also in ways unrelated to composition, such as his move back to London and his resumption of widespread international travel following his marriage to Wood, including an extended trip to the United States in 1954. His compositional productivity continued to be remarkable for a man of his age, and his financial security led him to establish the RVW Trust as a means of securing his philanthropic legacy. Though his own health remained surprisingly robust, surgery for a cancerous prostate in 1957 and 1958 was a reminder of his own mortality. His death in August 1958 drew an outpouring of sympathy and tributes from around the world, a testament to the impact that he and his music had on the lives of countless friends and admirers.
The Music of 1951–1958
Authors: Saylor Eric
Published: April 2022

The pace and scope of Vaughan Williams’s writing in the 1950s is remarkable by any measure, but his place in British music also began undergoing a complicated process of renegotiation. As younger composers like Benjamin Britten and Michael Tippett rose to international prominence, certain critics accused Vaughan Williams of embodying an outdated approach to English music that embraced provinciality, amateurishness, and conservatism, both political and aesthetic—charges that his indifference to serialism (among other high modernist practices) seemed only to reinforce—even though such portrayals misrepresented and oversimplified his musical significance and philosophy. Moreover, his completion of three further symphonies during this period—all of which feature transformative cyclical themes, large-scale structural links, and consecutive hexatonic juxtapositions—show that his imagination remained active and his skills undimmed when it came to large-scale works (which also included the choral work Hodie and the massive Violin Sonata in A Minor), while pieces like the Tuba Concerto effectively demonstrated his continued ability to extract beauty even from the most unexpected sources. Several other smaller-scale pieces—including music for the coronation of Queen Elizabeth, the Variations for Brass Band, and numerous songs and occasional works—evoke practices of earlier years: the spontaneity and easy rhythmic flow of folk song, a Ravelian clarity of texture, pastoralism’s parallel fifths and triadic modality, and the deeply felt sincerity of expression that Vaughan Williams strove to realize throughout his long and distinguished career.
Ripples of Hate
Authors: Blazak Randy
Published: April 2022

Hate crimes have been shown to have a wider impact field than non-bias-motivated crimes. The notion that “hate crimes hurt more” includes deeper psychological impacts on victims, as well as increased anxiety and behavior changes among members of marginalized communities who are negatively impacted by the terroristic intent of the crime. This research explores the waves of trauma experienced by different demographic groups after a double homicide on a commuter train in Portland, Oregon. Utilizing interviews with members of local Muslim, Ethiopian, Latinx, African American, and White communities, proximity to the characteristics of the targets of the attack were shown to be correlated with levels of trauma and behavior change. This study provides a map to the nature of the waves of harm created by hate-motivated violence across both demographic space and time.
The Victimization of Muslim American Women and the Challenges of Imperial Feminism in Comparative Context
Authors: Abdelkader Engy
Published: April 2022

The Breadwinner, a critically acclaimed animated film, dramatically portrays Muslim women’s lived experiences under Taliban rule. The film focuses on the experiences of Parvana, the girl child protagonist, as she struggles against the ultra-conservative group’s extreme interpretation of Islamic law. Indeed, The Breadwinner both reinforces and complicates a familiar Orientalist narrative and advances imperial feminism insofar as Muslim women are portrayed as victims, the Taliban as savages, and U.S. military forces as saviors. While the Taliban oppressed many Muslim women, did the United States save Afghan women? Is the United States a savior for Muslim women, more generally? This chapter explores the status of American Muslim women in comparative context to further interrogate the imperial feminist agenda.
Trends and Catalysts of Anti-Muslim Hate Crime and Bigoted Attitudes
Authors: Levin Brian
Published: April 2022

Anti-Muslim hate crime in the United States rose to record highs after 9/11, never reverting to preattack levels. Hate crimes against Muslims, Arabs, and others combined to make 2001 the worst year for overall hate crime since national record-keeping began in 1992. However, after a series of elevated plateaus, hate crimes against Muslims spiked again during the last decade, followed by a decline. Fluctuations in anti-Muslim hate crime correlated with brief periods around domestic terror attacks, overseas conflicts, and statements by political leaders around those events. Moreover, prejudice indicators in surveys relating to Muslims also remain at elevated levels in the two decades following 9/11 as Muslims and others have been maliciously stereotyped as a terror threat and as a looming demographic. Increases correlate to periods when fearful anti-Muslim stereotypes and animus are most widely circulated in mainstream online and political venues, often in the discourse around terror attacks and demographic change.
What Is African Psychology the Psychology of?
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

This chapter raises some questions of interest to the effective understanding of the orienting stimulus, meaning, and scope of the new postcolonial discipline of African psychology. What foundational influences precipitated the emergence of African psychology as an academic subject field? How can the delayed arrival of African psychology in African universities be explained? What is a postcolonial theory of African psychology? What constitutes the major phases in the evolution of African psychology? In what ways can African psychology be defined and conceptualized? What are the principal goals of African psychology as a postcolonial discipline? What key topics does African psychology teach? On what ontological foundations and cosmovision is African psychology grounded? And, what is African in African psychology? The chapter concludes with the observation that African psychology represents a justly bold attempt to create a new way of approaching the decolonial study of the psychology of Africans.
African Psychology and Archaeology
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

Chapter 3 highlights by means of archival data the negative images of Africa and Africans found scattered in the literature of colonial psychiatry. The chapter draws on archaeological evidence from Thurstan Shaw’s finds at Igbo-Ukwu, Nigeria, to challenge the unfounded disparaging portraits of Africans and their cultures advanced by so-called professional scientists in the field of psychiatry, the aim of which was to poison the world’s opinion against Africa and its peoples. Drawing again from Shaw’s data and other confirmatory evidence found in other parts of Africa, such as the artistic style of uShaka Marine Resort in Durban, South Africa, the chapter demonstrates that African peoples are one and share a holistic, sociocentric, interdependent ontology; a curvilinear worldview; and a great civilization from the past. The chapter illustrates that African archaeology is a key intellectual tradition for the scientific study of African psychology.
Endogenous Principles and Concepts in African Psychology
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

The principal aim of this chapter is to demonstrate that a number of basic concepts and principles emerging from African cultural phenomenology constitute an important segment of the knowledge base of African psychology. Among such principles and concepts are the principle of bifocality; the principle of duality and interdependent ontology; the principle of diunital rationality; the principle of the guinea-fowl mentality; the principle of endotropism or kienyegism; the Sankofa paradigm or the principle of putting the past ahead; the principle of the “seed yam” mentality; the concept of multilayered consciousness; the ideology of the chameleon perspective; the detached attachment hypothesis; the theory of the limits of language; and the notion of prophetic pragmatism. These principles and the important concepts embedding them together demonstrate that African psychology is an Africanized and a culturally situated psychology.
Building on the Indigenous
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

This chapter examines and illustrates the theory and practice of marriage therapy in use by the author in his marital therapy process across two regions of Africa. The approach is grounded on an inclusive theoretical perspective inspired by the notion of the conditions for a healthy marriage as understood in Africa and the place of the role theory approach in intervening between opposing parties. The theme developed is that a viable contemporary African marriage therapy practice derives from its indigenous model. As a background to the entire discussion, an account of the theoretical underpinnings of the whole practice is offered. A summary of four key approaches to marriage therapy in the West is undertaken to put in clearer context the underlying differences between marital therapies as practiced in the West and the indigenous model influencing the author’s own practice.
Psychological Processes and Rituals of Hope-Healing Communities in Contemporary Africa
Authors: Nwoye Augustine
Published: April 2022

This chapter reports on the psychological processes and rituals of hope-healing communities organized by religious ministers in two regions of Africa. The chapter gives narrative accounts of the key hope-generating processes incorporated into the eight-stage structure of their practice. The chapter presents new concepts and highlights the psychological healing factors in these communities intended to help people cope with the devastating conditions in today’s Africa. The chapter is framed against the background of the enduring grim and disappointing conditions of the African experience in the past 40 years, during which persistent economic depressions and ethnic, military, and armed civil conflicts have continued to bedevil the many nations that make up the continent. Through a process of sharing rituals, song, and dance and in identifying with others, life takes on greater meaning and significance for participants and hope, fueled by a spiritual and humanistic resonance, points the way toward self-healing.
What Can We Do About Our (Untrustworthy) Literature?
Authors: Pashler Harold , Harris Christine R.
Published: April 2022

The primary focus of the replication movement has been on changing research and analysis practices to enhance the reliability of future research. Much less discussed is what should be done with existing scientific literatures, which are increasingly regarded with suspicion but cannot feasibly be rechecked in their entirety. The problem is vexing because criteria once seen as sufficient markers of validity (such as multiple published “conceptual replications”) are now recognized as wholly unconvincing. We suggest that the discipline needs to adopt a strong truth-in-labeling standard, admitting that all findings not yet confirmed in well-powered preregistered studies need to be regarded as preliminary and merely suggestive. Adopting this conservative standard will help alleviate the catastrophic drop in the public reputation of behavioral science that has begun in recent years, and will focus incentives and resources on finding out what portion of our supposed knowledge base is real and what is not.
Accuracy and Completeness in the Dissemination of Classic Findings in Social Psychology
Authors: Wilder David A. , Cuthbert Thomas E.
Published: April 2022

Eight classic social psychological experiments were identified on the basis of the attention given to them in social psychology textbooks written for undergraduates. Comparisons were made between the original publications and their presentations in the texts. Secondary reports of the methods and findings were generally accurate, albeit often incomplete. There were, however, several examples of misreported findings and conclusions. In addition, data were collected on students’ retention of the findings from these experiments following completion of social psychology courses. Implications were discussed for both the accuracy of reporting study findings and the extent to which students retained that information.
Stimulus Sampling and Research Integrity
Authors: Cummings James J. , Reeves Byron
Published: April 2022

Much of behavioral science asks a sample of people to respond to a sample of stimuli in two or more different conditions. Concerns about the best ways to sample people to ensure the integrity of research are important and increasingly common. There is much less discussion, however, about stimulus sampling issues that also may significantly impact research quality. Research may have representative subjects in large enough numbers to enable the generalizability of results to other people, but often there is no corresponding concern about whether the representativeness of stimuli will generalize to other possible collections of similar material or to how different stimuli will affect the replicability of research. This chapter is about the consequences of underinvesting in stimulus sampling. We first link problems in stimulus sampling to other integrity issues in this volume. Next, we discuss why stimulus sampling issues are important, noting how changes in technology are influencing how stimuli can be used in research. A review of a sample literature (media psychology) is then presented followed by a discussion of solutions that could make stimulus samples better.
A Lawyer’s Lawyer
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 4 addresses Bushrod’s legal career before his appointment to the Supreme Court. His practice dealt mostly with appeals in Virginia’s Supreme Court of Appeals, and hence the chapter goes into detail about the judges of that court, Bushrod’s published reports of the cases decided there, some of his cases, and the lawyers who appeared regularly in them. The most important of those lawyers was John Marshall, who worked with and against Bushrod. While two of the earlier chapters talk about Marshall’s relationship with Bushrod, this is the chapter where that partnership comes into the foreground. The chapter concludes by describing how Bushrod lost his sight in one eye.
Master of Mount Vernon
Authors: Magliocca Gerard N.
Published: April 2022

Chapter 7 chronicles Justice Washington’s domestic life as the owner of Mount Vernon after he moved to the estate in 1802. The first part details his collaboration with Chief Justice Marshall on an official biography of George Washington, based on Bushrod’s inheritance of his uncle’s papers. The second part talks about the justice’s management of the estate and its slow decline, due in part to the cost of running America’s greatest tourist attraction. The final part looks at daily life for the Washington family, the enslaved people who lived on the estate, and the free Blacks who called Mount Vernon home.