bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Inside the Prison School
Authors: Crone Rosalind
Published: May 2022

Chapter 4 goes inside the prison school to examine what prisoners were taught and the pedagogies employed to teach them. The content of the prison school largely tracked that of the mainstream elementary schools. Curriculum expanded to include writing alongside reading, increasingly arithmetic, and in some prisons, subjects such as history and geography. Yet the direction of travel remained the Bible and the reform of prisoners through evangelisation. Although pedagogies were imported from outside, the penal environment offered fresh insights into the transmission of literacy and was a site of innovation. Official sources suggest that prisoners were, on the whole, willing participants, and were grateful for the instruction their received, though motivations for learning were varied and did not always match those of their instructors. New systems of measurement were deployed to describe the results of education. While it was possible to track the acquisition of skills, it remained virtually impossible to measure the extent of a prisoner’s rehabilitation. The small gains made by prisoners serving short sentences exposed the inability of such punishments to reform. Assessments of recidivists highlighted the fragility of new literacy skills.
Educating ‘the Criminal’
Authors: Crone Rosalind
Published: May 2022

Chapter 5 examines the impact of mid-century penal and educational reform on the provision of education in prisons. By the 1860s, widespread disillusionment with spiritual reformism and concerns about the replacement of transportation with penal servitude (long-term imprisonment) had encouraged a greater focus on deterrence and punishment in penal policy. Although some reformative technologies were curtailed, prison schools survived, in large part because of the pressure which continued to be exerted by the educational reform movement. Prison education continued to be part of a single process of educational change in English society. However, the competing demands of penal and educational reform, and the survival of some reformatory ambitions in the penal sector, rendered educational provision in prisons incoherent, while the desire to make prisons as punitive as possible undermined provision and limited its rehabilitative potential. This chapter shows how curriculum in prisons continued to reflect that in mainstream elementary schools; how perceptions of prisoner learners were influenced by new definitions of criminality; how education was incorporated into a new system of rewards and punishments for convicts; and how additional opportunities to learn were created through self-instruction outside the prison school.
Object marking in ditransitives
Authors: van der Wal Jenneke
Published: May 2022

Chapter 3 extends the approach developed in Chapter 2 from monotransitives to ditransitives. It addresses two parameters regarding object marking: symmetry and the number of object markers. The first parameter distinguishes between asymmetric marking in which only the highest object (Benefactive/Recipient) can be object-marked and symmetric marking in which either object of a ditransitive can be marked. This is captured in the features [Person] and [Topic] determining flexible Case licensing by Appl in symmetric object marking. A striking discovery is that low functional heads may differ for this parameter, forming an implicational relation: if higher heads (like Caus) are flexible and allow symmetric object marking, then lower heads (HAppl and LAppl) must do so too, but not vice versa. The second parameter distinguishes between languages that allow only one object marker and languages allowing more – this is captured in the parameter determining whether only v has uϕ features, or Appl too (152).
Subject marking and inversion
Authors: van der Wal Jenneke
Published: May 2022

If low functional heads like Appl can be flexible in licensing, can this be extended to little v? Chapter 4 shows that flexible licensing on v provides a fruitful analysis of subject inversion constructions. In subject inversion, the logical subject is in a low, postverbal position. Subject marking can still be with the subject, it can be default, or be determined by a Locative, Instrument, or Theme preceding the verb. The agreement of T with such internal arguments and their movement over the subject leads to a locality violation, which is circumvented if the subject is already licensed by v and hence no longer a goal for T. The analysis also accounts correctly for the inversion in word order, the licensing and non-topical interpretation of the postverbal logical subject, the agreement and movement of a topical internal argument, and the impossibility of object marking in subject inversion. Nevertheless, flexible licensing on v is not part of the implicational relationship between flexible heads (FLUID), as v’s licensing flexibility is shown to be independent of lower heads.
General Conclusion
Authors: Yip Ka Lok
Published: May 2022

This general conclusion recapitulates the main arguments of the book and summarizes its theoretical, methodological and practical implications. Theoretically, it re-connects the law with the social world to shed light on both the meaning of the law and the nature of the society in which it intervenes. Methodologically, it casts doubt on the broad definition of ‘norm conflict’ adopted by the ILC Fragmentation Report for its lack of typology, and challenges the use of ‘legal techniques’ as a one-size-fits-all solution. Practically, it emphasizes the different requirements of different laws on the use of force against individuals in war, not to nullify or bypass any of them, but precisely to preserve and vindicate all of them.
The Travails of Italy Viewed from the Chancery
Authors: Najemy John M.
Published: May 2022

In all his major works—The Prince, the Discourses on Livy, the Art of War, and the Florentine Histories—Machiavelli deplored the sufferings of Italy at the hands of foreign invaders, the incompetent rulers of the Italian states, mercenaries, and the Church. As a chancery official in the Florentine republic between 1498 and 1512 and a frequent envoy to the most powerful rulers in Europe and Italy, he had to be circumspect about overt criticism. But he found opportunities to express both his dismay and some initial reflections on the causes of Italy’s parlous state. In the narrative poem called the Decennale, written in 1504, he recounted in verse the travails of Italy in the ten years from the first French invasion in 1494 to 1504. A shorter poem, “Ambizione,” pointed to undisciplined ambition and avarice as the passions behind the rash and risky actions of Italy’s rulers. He directed more specific criticism at the Florentine ruling class in texts written as speeches, possibly to be delivered by high-ranking officials, that castigate the Florentines for their unwillingness to make greater fiscal contributions for defense, for incoherent treatment of the subject cities of Florence’s territorial dominion, and for underestimating the danger of Cesare Borgia. In a second historical poem, the incomplete second Decennale, Machiavelli gloomily narrates the events that led to Venice’s crushing defeat at the hands of the League of Cambrai in 1509.
Mercenaries and Cesare Borgia
Authors: Najemy John M.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 3 explores Machiavelli’s critique of Italy’s military institutions and mercenaries, especially Cesare Borgia. Prince 12 assails the unreliability of mercenaries and provides a capsule history of how the Italian states came to depend on them, with the damaging consequence of reducing the role of infantry. In the Art of War Machiavelli’s spokesman, Fabrizio Colonna, denounces those who make war their full-time profession (“arte”), citing, among others, Francesco Sforza. Most professional captains came from the class of noble “gentiluomini”—like the historical Fabrizio, whose fictional counterpart only reluctantly acknowledges his part in the “corrupt” system. The second part of the chapter investigates Machiavelli’s perception of Cesare Borgia. In his 1502 legation (diplomatic mission) to Borgia, Machiavelli listened to him alternately threatening Florence and pleading for an alliance. He witnessed the intensifying conflict between Borgia and his own condottieri, who plotted against him until he lured them to their deaths in Senigallia at the end of 1502. But during the legation to Rome in November–December 1503, after the death of his father, Pope Alexander VI, Machiavelli witnessed a helpless Borgia collapse into desperation, incoherence, and rage. His experience of Borgia deepened his conviction that Borgia’s ambitions always exceeded his military resources, making him dependent on his papal father, the French, and his faithless condottieri. The chapter concludes by analyzing the portrait of Borgia in The Prince: far from praising him as a model “new prince,” Machiavelli artfully crafts a picture of Borgia’s inconsistencies, weaknesses, unrealistic ambitions, and ultimate failure.
Faction and Regime
Authors: Najemy John M.
Published: May 2022

Francesco Guicciardini considered the regime of 1393–1434 the most stable and successful of Florence’s governments, chiefly because well-born men were in charge. Machiavelli disagreed, pointing to several defects, including the excessive influence of private citizens, the exclusion of the people, and rivalries within the ruling elite that sent many citizens into exile, especially the Alberti. Guicciardini regarded the balìa of 1393, controlled by Maso degli Albizzi, as the foundation of the regime’s stability, whereas Machiavelli underscores how, with the witting or unwitting connivance of Vieri de’ Medici, the balìa betrayed the guildsmen who appealed to Vieri to protect them from “destroyers of the common good.” By 1400, Machiavelli says, Florence was incapable of liberty, its alternatives reduced to “servitú” under the elite or “licenzia” under the popolo. Discussing the controversies over the Catasto in the 1420s, Machiavelli highlights Rinaldo degli Albizzi’s extreme plan to crush the popolo, which wanted higher taxes on the wealthy. He portrays Rinaldo as the epitome of the elite’s recklessness in fomenting war against Lucca. The Medici’s strategy of slandering their opponents exacerbated the hostility between the factions; although Rinaldo wanted Cosimo eliminated, he was instead banished (1433). Machiavelli devotes a crucial chapter (4.27) to the speech by Niccolò da Uzzano that explains how Cosimo’s “liberality” propelled men “flying to the principate” (“to tyranny” in the draft). Machiavelli shows Rinaldo willing to use force to expel the Signoria that repatriated Cosimo (1434), and, in exile, urging the duke of Milan to launch a war against Florence.
Regime and Repression
Authors: Najemy John M.
Published: May 2022

Chapter 8 examines Machiavelli’s representation of Cosimo’s regime. As he acknowledged to friends, writing about the Medici required circumspection. Keeping Cosimo in the background, he underscores the regime’s repressive side: punitive banishments, executions, and the murder of the condottiere Baldaccio d’Anghiari, whose friendship with Neri Capponi Cosimo feared. Machiavelli dramatizes Capponi’s challenge to Cosimo’s support for Sforza and has Cosimo’s “friends” accuse Capponi of wanting to limit his expanding power. Harmful divisions occur with factions and partigiani, Machiavelli says: Cosimo built his faction with private methods; Capponi acquired renown with public methods. Machiavelli emphasizes the alternating success and failure of Cosimo’s faction in remaining united and loyal to him: after twenty years of success in imposing electoral controls, the faction split and lost power in 1455. Former allies, frightened by the popolo’s plan to revive the Catasto, begged Cosimo to retake power, and in 1458 he let Luca Pitti use force to restore controls and impose banishments. In 1465–6 Cosimo’s lieutenants—Pitti, Niccolò Soderini, Dietisalvi Neroni, Agnolo Acciaiuoli—tried to prevent Piero from succeeding to his father’s leadership role. Machiavelli considers the movement a conspiracy, emphasizing personal resentments and private ambition as the chief motives, and its challenge to Piero as a factional struggle. When Pitti broke ranks and accepted a deal, Piero used force to re-impose controls and banish opponents. Piero denounces both the greed of his party and the “betrayal” of the “conspirators.” Machiavelli harshly condemns the regimes that emerged from 1458 and 1466.
Profiles of Risk and Resilience in Chronic Pain: Loneliness, Social Support, Mindfulness, and Optimism Coming out of the First Pandemic Year
Authors: Wilson Jenna M , Colebaugh Carin A , Flowers K Mikayla , Edwards Robert R , Schreiber Kristin L
Published: May 2022

Objective

Individuals experience chronic pain differently, not only because of different clinical diagnoses, but also because of differing degrees of influence from biopsychosocial pain modulators. We aimed to cluster patients with chronic pain into distinct subgroups based on psychosocial characteristics and pain intensity, and we subsequently examined group differences in pain-related interference approximately 1 year later.

Methods

In this observational, longitudinal study, patients with chronic pain (n = 94) completed validated assessments of psychosocial characteristics and pain intensity at the beginning of COVID-19–related social distancing (April to June 2020). One year later (May to June 2021), patients completed a follow-up survey with assessments of pain interference, loneliness, social support, mindfulness, and optimism.

Results

A cluster analysis, using psychosocial factors and pain intensity, empirically produced three patient groups: 1) psychosocial predominant (PSP), characterized by high psychosocial distress and average pain intensity; 2) pain intensity predominant (PIP), characterized by average psychosocial distress and high pain intensity; and 3) less elevated symptoms (LES), characterized by low psychosocial distress and low pain intensity. At the 1-year follow-up, patients in the PSP and PIP clusters suffered greater pain interference than patients in the LES cluster, while patients in the PSP cluster also reported greater loneliness and lower mindfulness and optimism.

Conclusions

An empirical psychosocial-based clustering of patients identified three distinct groups that differed in pain interference. Patients with high psychosocial modulation of pain at the onset of social distancing (the PSP cluster) suffered not only greater pain interference but also greater loneliness and lower levels of mindfulness and optimism, which suggests some potential behavioral targets for this group in the future.
Multisensory sensitivity differentiates between multiple chronic pain conditions and pain-free individuals
Authors: Wang Dan , Frey-Law Laura A.
Published: May 2022

Multisensory sensitivity (MSS) to nonpainful stimuli has been identified as a risk factor for the presence of coexisting chronic pain conditions. However, it remains unclear whether MSS can differentiate pain phenotypes involving different levels of central sensitivity. Both pain-free and those with chronic pain, particularly fibromyalgia (FM), migraine, or low back pain (LBP) were recruited, with pain comorbidities assessed. MSS was highest in FM, followed by migraine, then LBP, and lowest in pain-free individuals (adjusted between condition Cohen d = 0.32-1.2, P ≤ 0.0007). However, when secondly grouping patients by the total number of pain comorbidities reported, those with a single pain condition (but not FM) did not have significantly elevated MSS vs pain-free individuals (adj d= 0.17, P = 0.18). Elevated MSS scores produced increased odds of having 2 or more pain comorbidities; OR [95% CI] =2.0 [1.15, 3.42], without, and 5.6 [2.74, 11.28], with FM (P ≤ 0.0001). Furthermore, those with low MSS levels were 55% to 87% less likely to have ≥ 2 pain comorbidities with or without FM (OR 0.45 [0.22, 0.88]-0.13 [0.05, 0.39]; P ≤ 0.0001). Our findings support that MSS can differentiate between pain phenotypes with different degrees of expected central mechanism involvement and also serve as a risk and resilience marker for total coexisting chronic pain conditions. This supports the use of MSS as a marker of heightened central nervous system processing and thus may serve as a clinically feasible assessment to better profile pain phenotypes with the goal of improving personalized treatment.
Urban green spaces in the proximity of residences can reduce the effect of socioeconomic inequalities in sports practice among teenage girls
Authors: Magalhães Alexandre , Castiglione Debora , Ramos Elisabete , Pina Maria Fátima
Published: May 2022

Background:

We studied if proximity of urban green spaces to residences reduces the socioeconomic inequalities in sports practice, evaluating 17-year-old girls (n = 722) from EPITeen cohort, Porto, Portugal.

Methods:

The shortest routes from residences to urban green spaces were calculated using the street network from Geographic Information System. Distances were classified as: ≤400, >400 to ≤800, and >800 m. Parental education was used as a proxy of socioeconomic status (SES). We used chi-square test to compare proportions of teenagers practicing sports per SES, stratified by classes of distances to urban green spaces and logistic regression to estimate the association between sports practice and SES through odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals.

Results:

Strong inequalities were found. Girls from low SES have ≥75% less odds of sports practice (reference: high SES), regardless of the distance to urban green spaces. As distances are lowering the socioeconomic inequalities in the sports practice between girls from high and medium SES diminishes, being the OR 0.42 (0.22–0.80) at ≥800 m, 0.51 (0.24–1.09) at ≥400 to ≤800 m, and 0.63 (0.29–1.37) at ≤400 m.

Conclusion:

At closer distances inequalities in the proportion of sports practice between high and medium SES vanishes, but remain to low SES.
Clinical and Analytical Characterization of the DiaSorin and ScheBo Fecal Pancreatic Elastase 1 Assays
Authors: Wyness Sara P. , Nelson Heather A. , Jensen Ryan , Bird Joseph , Norgyal Tenzin , Hall Hailey , Johnson Lisa M.
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Fecal pancreatic elastase (PE) assays are screening tests for exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI). We analytically evaluated a new PE assay and retrospectively analyzed data from an academic hospital and reference laboratory to understand the clinical utility.

Methods

Forty stool samples with different PE concentrations were tested on the ScheBo enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) versus DiaSorin LIAISON immunoassay; a simple-to-use extraction device was assessed. The cross-reactivity of porcine enzymes was investigated in the immunoassay. Charts of 207 patients with PE results less than 250 μg/g at an academic hospital were reviewed, and data were analyzed for 5136 patients with repeat PE results from a reference laboratory.

Results

The LIAISON immunoassay gave comparable results to the ScheBo ELISA, with 87.5% agreement of PE results in classifying as sufficient, mild/moderate insufficiency, or severe insufficiency. The extraction device worked well compared with manual weighing, and no cross reactivity with porcine enzymes was observed. In agreement with prior studies, our clinical data suggested that PE assays were most useful in detecting severe EPI.

Conclusions

The new DiaSorin LIAISON immunoassay preforms similarly to the well-known ScheBo ELISA. Pancreatic elastase assays can help identify patients with severe EPI but are not as useful in classifying mild/moderate EPI.
Epidemiological Factors Associated With Intraductal Papillary Mucinous Neoplasm of the Pancreas
Authors: Bülow Robin , Tjaden Christine , Ittermann Till , Hinz Ulf , Klaiber Ulla , Weiss Frank-Ulrich , Aghdassi Ali , Heckler Max , Kromrey Marie-Luise , Völzke Henry , Hosten Norbert , Büchler Markus W. , Lerch Markus M. , Hackert Thilo
Published: May 2022

Objective

The present study aimed to identify epidemiological factors associated with the development of intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasms (IPMN) of the pancreas comparing patients after IPMN resection with population-based controls.

Methods

Preoperative data of 811 patients undergoing pancreatic resection for IPMN were matched in a 1:1 ratio with a random sample of volunteers from the Study of Health in Pomerania, which showed no pancreatic cyst greater than 2 mm in magnetic resonance cholangiopancreaticography.

Results

A total of 811 controls with a mean age of 61.9 years (standard deviation, 8.4 years) were matched to cases with a mean age of 66.1 years (standard deviation, 9.3 years). A previous history of pancreatitis, endocrine pancreatic insufficiency was significantly more frequent in IPMN patients compared with controls (P = 0.001). Moreover, adjusted data revealed that urogenital cancer (P = 0.034), colorectal cancer (P = 0.021), as well as first-degree family history of colorectal cancer (P = 0.001) were significantly more frequent in IPMN patients.

Conclusions

A history of urogenital and colorectal cancer often coincides with IPMN, which have an indication for surgery and are associated with preoperative episodes of pancreatitis and with endocrine insufficiency. Prospective studies are needed to investigate the role of these factors in IPMN development.
Multidisciplinary Approach to the Care of Children With Acute Recurrent Pancreatitis and Chronic Pancreatitis
Authors: Dike Chinenye R. , Sellers Zachary M. , Husain Sohail Z. , Forsmark Christopher E. , Abu-El-Haija Maisam
Published: May 2022

Objectives

The aim of this article is to provide guidance to centers and organizations on the personnel (both physician and nonphysician) needed to create and sustain an optimal team, along with potential alternatives, to provide care to children with acute recurrent pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis.

Methods

This document was developed in collaboration with the North American Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) Pancreas Committee and the National Pancreas Foundation (NPF) after several meetings.

Results

This document highlights both physician and nonphysician personnel needed to provide multidisciplinary care to children with pancreatitis per the recommendation of the NASPGHAN Pancreas Committee members in year 2021 and added to the currently published NPF criteria. We summarize how the NPF criteria would fit with the recently published pediatric pancreatitis society articles from the NASPGHAN.

Conclusions

It is important to manage children with acute recurrent pancreatitis and chronic pancreatitis in a multidisciplinary setting. There is need to study the impact of these personnel on the outcomes of children with pancreatitis.
Acute Pancreatitis in Japan
Authors: Ikeda Mio , Hamada Shin , Kikuta Kazuhiro , Takikawa Tetsuya , Yoshida Naoki , Matsumoto Ryotaro , Tanaka Yu , Kataoka Fumiya , Sasaki Akira , Tarasawa Kunio , Fujimori Kenji , Fushimi Kiyohide , Masamune Atsushi
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Cases of acute pancreatitis (AP) are increasing worldwide, and mortality remains high in severe cases. In 2015, the Japanese guidelines for the management of AP were revised. We aimed to clarify the clinical practice of AP in Japan and its trend during the revision of the guidelines using a Japanese nationwide administrative database.

Methods

We retrospectively analyzed 102,119 patients with AP who were hospitalized between April 2014 and March 2018. The study period was divided into the first period (the time before the revision: fiscal years 2014 and 2015) and second period (after the revision: 2016 and 2017).

Results

Severe cases of AP accounted for 27.7% of total cases. The in-hospital mortality in severe cases was 5.7%. The mortality within 14 days of admission improved from 3.2% in the first period to 2.6% in the second period (P = 0.022). Referred patients had more severe diseases and a higher mortality. The mortality in patients who underwent endoscopic ultrasound-guided fistuloplasty for local complications (11.6%) was lower than that in patients who underwent percutaneous drainage (23.4%) or AP surgery (22.6%) (P < 0.001).

Conclusions

We clarified the clinical practice of AP including the improved mortality after the revision of the guidelines.
Decreased Expressions of CK1α and PTEN in Sinonasal Inverted Papilloma
Authors: Liu Xuan , Zhang Xing-jie
Published: May 2022

To investigate the diagnostic value of casein kinase 1α (CK1α) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in sinonasal inverted papilloma (SNIP), 42 control subjects and 56 SNIP patients were recruited in this study. Demographic and clinical characteristics, computerized tomography scans and endoscopic examinations were analyzed according to the Krouse staging system. Real-time quantitative-polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were performed to detect CK1α and PTEN expression levels in different subgroups. Receiver operating characteristic and correlation analyses were conducted to assess their clinical significance in SNIP diagnosis. The expression levels of CK1α and PTEN were decreased in SNIP patients. Interestingly, the declined mRNA levels were consistent with the elevated Krouse staging and closely associated with the pathophysiological characteristics. Their expression levels also negatively correlated with neutrophil counts and positively correlated with lymphocyte counts in the blood of SNIP patients. This study suggests that CK1α and PTEN might be useful biomarkers for the occurrence and recurrence diagnosis of SNIP.
Development and Validation of a Digital Analysis Method to Quantify CD3-immunostained T Lymphocytes in Whole Slide Images of Crohn’s Disease Biopsies
Authors: Lefèvre Pavine , Guizzetti Leonardo , McKee Trevor D. , Zou Guangyong , van Viegen Tanja , McFarlane Stefanie C. , Shackelton Lisa , Feagan Brian G. , Jairath Vipul , Pai Rish K. , Casteele Niels Vande
Published: May 2022

The T-lymphocyte–mediated inflammation in Crohn's disease can be assessed by quantifying CD3-positive T-lymphocyte counts in colonic sections. We developed and validated a process to reliably quantify immunohistochemical marker-positive cells in a high-throughput setting using whole slide images (WSIs) of CD3-immunostained colonic and ileal tissue sections. In regions of interest (ROIs) and/or whole tissue sections of 40 WSIs from 36 patients with Crohn's disease, CD3-positive cells were quantified by an expert gastrointestinal pathologist (gold standard) and by image analysis algorithms developed with software from 3 independent vendors. Semiautomated quantification of CD3-positive cell counts estimated in 1 ROI per section were accurate when compared with manual analysis (Pearson correlation coefficient, 0.877 to 0.925). Biological variability was acceptable in digitally determined CD3-positive cell measures between 2 to 5 ROIs annotated on the same tissue section (coefficient of variation <25%). Results from computer-aided analysis of CD3-positive T lymphocytes in a whole tissue section and the average of results from 2 to 5 ROIs per tissue section lacked reliability (overestimation or underestimation and systematic bias), suggesting that absolute quantification of CD3-positive T lymphocytes in a whole tissue section may be more accurate. Semiautomated image analysis in WSIs demonstrated reproducible CD3-positive cell measures across 3 independent algorithms. A computer-aided digital image analysis method was developed and validated to quantify CD3-positive T lymphocytes in colonic and ileal biopsy sections from patients with Crohn's disease. Results support consideration of this digital analysis method for use in future Crohn's disease clinical studies.
The Scream: Benign Thyroid Tissue as a Lateral Neck Mass
Authors: Wiles Austin , Sayeed Sadia
Published: May 2022

Variant anatomy and cytomorphological overlap between benign and malignant conditions can coincide to produce diagnostic error. We report the case of an unusually shaped thyroid gland bearing a follicular adenoma interpreted as a metastatic papillary thyroid carcinoma. The shape of the gland had a striking resemblance to The Scream, a painting by Edvard Munch, and directly contributed to the misdiagnosis. We discuss the known embryological mechanisms of thyroid development, ultrasound radiological characteristics of thyroid examination, and the cytomorphologic interpretation of thyroid tissue. The constellation of these elements and the resultant error is eloquently illustrated by Munch’s artistic inspiration.
Pulmonary Oligometastasis From the Kidney Masquerading as Primary Carcinoma of the Lung
Authors: Fanaroff Rachel , Burke Allen
Published: May 2022

A biopsy of a solitary lung mass was diagnosed as a primary large cell carcinoma, favoring adenocarcinoma, based on positive epithelial markers, solid growth pattern, absence of squamous or endocrine differentiation, and relatively abundant eosinophilic cytoplasm. The immunohistochemical evaluation was initially confounded by misleading positive results for CD68 and calretinin. The diagnosis was changed to metastatic renal cell carcinoma, when further history and immunohistochemical stains were performed. This report underscores the utility of history and imaging findings in differentiating primary versus metastatic lung tumors and the need for judicious use of immunohistochemical stains. The differential diagnosis of carcinomas of the lung with solid growth pattern is discussed.
When Flow Is Turbulent: CD19 Intensity Is a Pitfall in Acute Leukemia Classification
Authors: Kallen Michael E. , Emadi Ashkan , Duong Vu H. , Baer Maria R. , Ning Yi , Singh Zeba N. , Koka Rima
Published: May 2022

Mixed phenotype acute leukemias (MPALs) are a rare category of acute leukemia with biologic and genetic heterogeneity and a prognosis generally inferior to those of single lineage leukemias. The diagnosis depends on immunophenotypic assessment with a comprehensive panel of monoclonal antibodies by multiparameter flow cytometry and lineage assignment by the World Health Organization criteria. CD19 assessment is required for establishing a B-cell component in MPALs, as is determination of its intensity of expression, and assessment of the additional B-cell markers CD79a, cytoplasmic CD22, and CD10. We report the case of an MPAL, initially classified as an acute myeloid leukemia with weak CD19 expression and later reclassified upon clear demonstration of a B-cell component; such cases highlight a pitfall in classification of acute leukemias, particularly given heterogeneous antigen expression between fluorochromes and subjectivity in judgment of intensity. Practical take-away points include the need for hypervigilance in marker performance patterns in flow cytometry, both between fluorochromes and over time, the benefits of repeat sampling and blast assessment between laboratories, and the potential quality improvements unlocked by expanded flow cytometry panels in diagnostic hematopathology.
Cutaneous Angiosarcoma Simulating Melanoma
Authors: Cockerell Clay J. , Abraham Akhil , Kingston Adean
Published: May 2022

Angiosarcoma is a rare and highly malignant neoplasm that commonly affects previously irradiated areas and areas of chronic lymphedema, classically presenting in the face and scalp. Angiosarcoma is estimated to have an incidence of .5 per 1,000,000 people in the United States, comprising fewer than 1% of all sarcomas. Epithelioid angiosarcoma is a rare, aggressive subtype that carries a poor prognosis and high mortality rate. Here, we present a case in which a lesion on the scalp was initially misdiagnosed as a malignant melanoma, but after further immunohistochemical stains and a wider excisional biopsy, a cutaneous angiosarcoma with epithelioid features simulating melanoma was revealed.
Room of Hazards: A Comparison of Differences in Safety Hazard Recognition Among Various Hospital-Based Healthcare Professionals and Trainees in a Simulated Patient Room
Authors: Wang Melinda , Banda Barbara , Rodwin Benjamin A. , Merchant Naseema B.
Published: May 2022

Objectives

Adverse events in hospitals are common. While studies have used simulated patient rooms to assess healthcare trainees’ skills in detecting safety hazards, few have explored the characteristics of safety hazards that make them more or less identifiable to healthcare workers. We sought to determine differences in hospital-based safety hazard identification among physicians, nurses, and other staff members.

Methods

Healthcare workers were invited to identify safety hazards in a simulated patient room with intentionally placed hazards. Responses were transcribed and compared between physicians (MD), nurses (RN), and other hospital-based healthcare professionals and trainees (other). Data were analyzed using nonparametric statistical analysis.

Results

Twelve physicians, 29 nurses, and 26 other staff members participated in this study. Different professions identified different numbers of total hazards with nurses identifying more hazards than other professions (RN: 9.59, MD: 9.17, other: 6.35; P = 0.001). All professions had difficulty identifying hazards associated with omission (e.g., no precaution sign: MD: 8.3%, RN: 3.4%, other: 0%) or hazards requiring 2-step logical thinking (e.g., intravenous heparin for patient with head laceration: MD: 0%, RN: 6.9%, other: 0%).

Conclusions

Physicians, nurses, and others identified different numbers of total hazards, and few participants identified hazards associated with omission or 2-step logical thinking. While previous studies have found differences in types of hazards identified among different healthcare members, we identified hazards that were collectively challenging for all participants to identify. Future studies should target identification of these types of hazards, using human factor engineering to decrease risk of patient harm.
Predicting Perceived Reporting Complexity of Abdominopelvic Computed Tomography With Deep Learning
Authors: Cheng Phillip M. , Whang Gilbert , Allgood Evan , Tejura Tapas K.
Published: May 2022

Objective

The purpose of this pilot study was to examine human and automated estimates of reporting complexity for computed tomography (CT) studies of the abdomen and pelvis.

Methods

A total of 1019 CT studies were reviewed and categorized into 3 complexity categories by 3 abdominal radiologists, and the majority classification was used as ground truth. Studies were randomized into a training set of 498 studies and a test set of 521 studies. A 2-stage neural network model was trained on the training set; the first-stage image-level classifier produces image embeddings that are used in the second-stage sequential model to provide a study-level prediction.

Results

All 3 human reviewers agreed on ratings for 470 of the 1019 studies (46%); at least 2 of the 3 reviewers agreed on ratings for 1010 studies (99%). After training, the neural network model predicted complexity labels that agreed with the radiologist consensus rating on 55% of the studies; 90% of the incorrect predicted categories were errors where the predicted category differed from the consensus rating by one level of complexity.

Conclusions

There is moderate interrater agreement in radiologist-perceived reporting complexity for CT studies of the abdomen and pelvis. Automated prediction of reporting complexity in radiology studies may be a useful adjunct to radiology practice analytics.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities of different parts of
rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) compared with da
huang root (R. officinale)
Authors: Lee Ho-Hyeon , Yu Ju-Kyung , Moon Yong-Sun
Published: May 2022

Rhubarb is known as “da huang” (Rheum
officinale) in Asia. Its root is used in traditional remedies,
particularly in Korea and China. In the West, rhubarb (Rheum
rhabarbarum) stalk is used as a vegetable, but its beneficial
properties are not known. In this study, we investigated the antioxidant and
anti-inflammatory properties of R. rhabarbarum (“edible
rhubarb”), while R.
officinale (“da huang”) roots were used as
control. For analysis, 200 mg of freeze-dried powder from different plant parts
(leaf, stalk, and root of R. rhabarbarum, and root of
R.
officinale) were extracted with 50 mL of 70% EtOH for 24 h and
condensed using vacuum evaporator. The antioxidant properties of the extracts
were evaluated using ABTS assay. Edible rhubarb root extract showed strong
ABTS+ free radical scavenging activity, which was equal to
that of da uuang root extract (20 mg/mL). However, the
antioxidant activity of the leaf extract was higher than that of the stalk
extract. The anti-inflammatory effect was determined using nitric oxide (NO)
assay with LPS-induced RAW 264.7 macrophages. NO production by activated
macrophages significantly decreased with an increasing concentration of extracts
of the different edible rhubarb parts and da huang roots. Cell
toxicity was determined using MTS assay. The extracts were not significantly
toxic to RAW 264.7 cells. These findings confirm that edible rhubarb extracts
have beneficial properties, but further research is required to assess its
potential as a functional material, for example, a natural component of
anti-inflammatory medicine.
Examining the association between genetic risk for depression, wellbeing and schizophrenia, and proximity to greenspace
Authors: Reed Zoe E. , Morris Tim T. , Davis Oliver S.P. , Smith George Davey , Munafò Marcus R. , Griffith Gareth J.
Published: May 2022

Previous studies indicate that residing in areas with greater greenspace is associated with better mental health and wellbeing. It is unclear whether these associations reflect those with better mental health seeking out greener environments.

To examine this we 1) test associations between depression, wellbeing and schizophrenia polygenic scores (PGS) with two greenspace measures in UK Biobank (N=238,306 and 293,922), 2) estimate multilevel-models (MLM), clustering individuals by local geography to investigate whether observed global effect estimates may be capturing between area differences and, 3) conduct one-sample Mendelian randomisation (MR) to estimate causal effects.

Depression and schizophrenia PGS were associated with residing in areas with lower greenspace, whilst wellbeing PGS was associated with higher greenspace. Locally-clustered MLM demonstrated attenuation for the individual wellbeing PGS association and a reversal of effect for the schizophrenia PGS association. MR revealed evidence of a causal effect of increased depression liability on decreased greenspace.

Our study provides evidence for a putative causal relationship whereby people with greater liability to depression may select into less green neighbourhoods. Our results also highlight the potential for apparently individual-level PGS effect estimates to be biased by contextual, between-area differences in outcome, which are not effectively addressed using traditional principal component adjustment.
Macroecological variation in movement profiles: body size does not explain it all
Authors: Straus Samantha , Forbes Coreen , Little Chelsea J. , Germain Rachel M. , Main Danielle A. , O’Connor Mary I. , Thompson Patrick L. , Ford Adam T. , Gravel Dominique , Guzman Laura Melissa
Published: May 2022

Animals couple habitats by three types of movement: dispersal, migration, and foraging, which dynamically link populations, communities, and ecosystems. Spatial distances of movement tend to correlate with each other, reflecting shared allometric scaling with body size, but may diverge due to biomechanical, phylogenetic, and ecological constraints. While these constraints have been investigated within specific taxa, the macroecological and macroevolutionary constraints on movement distances, and causes of those constraints, are still unknown. Here, we synthesized distances of all three movement types across 300+ vertebrate species, and investigated how the relationships between movement types and body size were modified by movement medium, taxonomy, and trophic guild (carnivore, herbivore, etc.). We found that the strength of relationships between movement types and body size varied among environments, taxa, and trophic guilds. Movement profiles interacted with physiological, taxonomic, and ecological traits to depart from expected body mass scaling. Overall, we find that there are systematic patterns to movement distances, and that movement types with very distinct ecological consequences (foraging, migration) can be correlated and subject to similar constraints. This implies that the scales of population dynamics in ecological communities are not entirely determined by the environment and likely reflect general biomechanical, evolutionary and metabolic constraints.
Mitigating pseudoreplication and bias in resource selection functions with autocorrelation-informed weighting
Authors: Alston Jesse M. , Fleming Christen H. , Kays Roland , Streicher Jarryd P. , Downs Colleen T. , Ramesh Tharmalingam , Calabrese Justin M.
Published: May 2022

Resource selection functions are among the most commonly used statistical tools in both basic and applied animal ecology. They are typically parameterized using animal tracking data, and advances in animal tracking technology have led to increasing levels of autocorrelation between locations in such data sets. Because resource selection functions assume that data are independent and identically distributed, such autocorrelation can cause misleadingly narrow confidence intervals and biased parameter estimates.

Data thinning, generalized estimating equations, and step selection functions have been suggested as techniques for mitigating the statistical problems posed by autocorrelation, but these approaches have notable limitations that include statistical inefficiency, unclear or arbitrary targets for adequate levels of statistical independence, constraints in input data, and (in the case of step selection functions) scale-dependent inference. To remedy these problems, we introduce a method for likelihood weighting of animal locations to mitigate the negative consequences of autocorrelation on resource selection functions.

In this study, we demonstrate that this method weights each observed location in an animal’s movement track according to its level of non-independence, expanding confidence intervals and reducing bias that can arise when there are missing data in the movement track.

Ecologists and conservation biologists can use this method to improve the quality of inferences derived from resource selection functions. We also provide a complete, annotated analytical workflow to help new users apply our method to their own animal tracking data using thectmm Rpackage.
Unlocking the microblogging potential for science and medicine
Authors: Sarkar Aditya , Giros Augustin , Mockly Louis , Moore Jaden , Moore Andrew , Nagareddy Anish , Fu Boyang , Fiscutean Andrada , Chhugani Karishma , Darci-Maher Nicholas , Patel Yesha M. , Sarwal Varuni , Chang Yutong , Ginjala Srishti , Garmire Lana X. , Bao Riyue , Sankararaman Sriram , Chikhi Rayan , Mangul Serghei
Published: May 2022

Microblogging platform Twitter allows researchers to showcase their work, receive constructive feedback, find jobs, and build scientific collaborations. While existing literature has analyzed the benefits of Twitter in the development and distribution of scientific knowledge, most of the studies only took into account a limited number of researchers, which affected the generalizability of derived results. Our study analyzed the activity of 6,000 biomedical scientists on Twitter using data-driven approaches, a third of whom were female. Furthermore, we estimated that up to a quarter of the members of the scientific community are engaged on Twitter. While the number of male scientists joining the microblogging platform every year has decreased, the number of female scientists has remained roughly the same. Scientists are very selective in who they are following as compared to the general public. We also found that the type of tweets and retweets one posts may affect the number of followers, specifically, that a moderate to high level of professionalism and a high level of positivity is correlated with followers count. Moreover, female scientists send fewer negative tweets as compared to male scientists (31.1% for females and 34.7% for males). Our analysis could provide insights and launch a conversation on the advantages and limitations of using Twitter for disseminating scientific information and engaging in constructive discussion and collaborations within the scientific community.
Ecology and conservation status ofPhoebe hainesianaBrandis: a data deficit timber species from Indo-Myanmar biodiversity hotspot
Authors: Devajit Yengkhom , Aashish Lamabam , Wairokpam Benerjit , Vaishnav Vivek , Puni Lokho
Published: May 2022

Phoebe hainesianaBrandis (Lauraceae) is an economically significant timber yielding forest species endemic to North-East India in Indo-Myanmar Biodiversity Hotspot (IMBH). The tree exhibits significant commercial importance in timber industries due to its peculiar wood qualities. The timber’s strength, toughness, and durability make it in high demand for furniture making. Despite its significance, the botanical description of the species is not well documented due to the confined distribution of the species in IMBH region. The natural population is rare, but it is the ‘least concerned’ species in the IUCN Red List. Moreover, no taxonomical description of the species is available for its distinct identity among the other species from the genus. In the present study, we conducted a taxonomic, ecological, and forestry assessment of the species in its natural environment, researching the literature and conducting a field survey. A significant variation in intra-specific wood density (450 kg/m3to 800 kg/m3) determines the scope of robust selection for the genetic improvement of the species. Its population has been severely fragmented due to over-harvesting in lack of sustainable management. According to our findings, the species is endangered due to a rapid decline in its population, a limited ‘extent of occurrence,’ and a small ‘area of occupancy.’ Among the other four species from the genus found in India,P. hainesianacan be identified based on its distinct lobes of the fruiting perianth. We recommend a sincere effort for the conservation of this key species of tropical evergreen forest in IMBH region.