bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Children favor punishment over restoration
Authors: McAuliffe Katherine , Dunham Yarrow
Published: February 2021

Why do people punish selfish behavior? Are they motivated to punish perpetrators of selfishness (retribution) or to compensate the victims of selfishness (restoration)? Developmental data can provide important insight into these questions by revealing whether punishment of selfishness is more retributive or restorative when it first emerges. Across two studies, we examined costly third‐party intervention in 6‐ to 9‐year‐olds. In Study 1, children learned about a selfish actor who refused to share with a recipient. Children then chose to (1) punish the selfish actor by rejecting their payoff (retribution); (2) compensate the victim of selfishness by equalizing payoffs between the perpetrator and victim (restoration); or (3) do nothing. We found that children were more likely to punish than compensate in response to selfishness, suggesting that intervention in this context is more retributive than restorative. In Study 2, we tested third‐party intervention in the face of generosity which, like selfishness, can lead to unequal outcomes. As in Study 1, children in this context could reject unequal payoffs, thereby depriving the recipient of the advantageous payoff but having no effect on the actor. Children could also use compensation in this context, equalizing the payoffs between actor and recipient. We found that children did not punish inequality that stemmed from generosity, suggesting that the retributive punishment in Study 1 was specifically targeting selfishness rather than inequality more generally. These results contribute to the debate on the function of third‐party punishment in humans, suggesting that retributive motives toward selfish transgressors are privileged during ontogeny.
Mozart effect in epilepsy: Why is Mozart better than Haydn? Acoustic qualities‐based analysis of stereoelectroencephalography
Authors: Štillová Klára , Kiska Tomáš , Koriťáková Eva , Strýček Ondřej , Mekyska Jiří , Chrastina Jan , Rektor Ivan
Published: February 2021

Background and purpose

We aimed to confirm the Mozart effect in epileptic patients using intracerebral electroencephalography recordings and the hypothesis that the reduction of epileptiform discharges (EDs) can be explained by the music's acoustic properties.

Methods

Eighteen epilepsy surgery candidates were implanted with depth electrodes in the temporal medial and lateral cortex. Patients listened to the first movement of Mozart's Sonata for Two Pianos K. 448 and to the first movement of Haydn's Symphony No. 94. Musical features from each composition with respect to rhythm, melody, and harmony were analyzed.

Results

Epileptiform discharges in intracerebral electroencephalography were reduced by Mozart's music. Listening to Haydn's music led to reduced EDs only in women; in men, the EDs increased. The acoustic analysis revealed that nondissonant music with a harmonic spectrum and decreasing tempo with significant high‐frequency parts has a reducing effect on EDs in men. To reduce EDs in women, the music should additionally be gradually less dynamic in terms of loudness. Finally, we were able to demonstrate that these acoustic characteristics are more dominant in Mozart's music than in Haydn's music.

Conclusions

We confirmed the reduction of intracerebral EDs while listening to classical music. An analysis of the musical features revealed that the acoustic characteristics of music are responsible for suppressing brain epileptic activity. Based on our study, we suggest studying the use of musical pieces with well‐defined acoustic properties as an alternative noninvasive method to reduce epileptic activity in patients with epilepsy.
Human epithelial stem cell survival within their niche requires “tonic” cannabinoid receptor 1‐signalling—Lessons from the hair follicle
Authors: Sugawara Koji , Zákány Nóra , Tiede Stephan , Purba Talveen , Harries Matthew , Tsuruta Daisuke , Bíró Tamás , Paus Ralf
Published: February 2021

The endocannabinoid system (ECS) regulates multiple aspects of human epithelial physiology, including inhibition/stimulation of keratinocyte proliferation/apoptosis, respectively. Yet, how the ECS impacts on human adult epithelial stem cell (eSC) functions remains unknown. Scalp hair follicles (HFs) offer a clinically relevant, prototypic model system for studying this directly within the native human stem cell niche. Here, we show in organ‐cultured human HFs that, unexpectedly, selective activation of cannabinoid receptor‐1 (CB1)‐mediated signalling via the MAPK (MEK/Erk 1/2) and Akt pathways significantly increases the number and proliferation of cytokeratin CK15+ or CK19+ human HF bulge eSCs in situ, and enhances CK15 promoter activity in situ. In striking contrast, CB1‐stimulation promotes apoptosis in the differentiated progeny of these eSCs (CK6+ HF keratinocytes). Instead, intrafollicular CB1 gene knockdown or CB1 antagonist treatment significantly reduces human HF eSCs numbers and stimulates their apoptosis, while CB1 knockout mice exhibit a reduced bulge eSCs pool in vivo. This identifies “tonic” CB1 signalling as a required survival stimulus for adult human HF eSCs within their niche. This novel concept must be taken into account whenever the human ECS is targeted therapeutically.
An experimental comparison of metaheuristic frameworks for multi‐objective optimization
Authors: Ramírez Aurora , Barbudo Rafael , Romero José Raúl
Published: February 2021

Multi‐objective optimization problems frequently appear in many diverse research areas and application domains. Metaheuristics, as efficient techniques to solve them, need to be easily accessible to users with different expertise and programming skills. In this context, metaheuristic optimization frameworks are helpful, as they provide popular algorithms, customizable components and additional facilities to conduct experiments. Due to the broad range of available tools, this paper presents a systematic evaluation and experimental comparison of 10 frameworks, covering from multi‐purpose, consolidated tools to recent libraries specifically designed for multi‐objective optimization. The evaluation is organized around seven characteristics: search components and techniques, configuration, execution, utilities, external support and community, software implementation and performance. An analysis of code metrics and a series of experiments serves to assess the last two features. Lesson learned and open issues are also discussed as part of the comparative study. The outcomes of the evaluation process reveal a contrasted support to recent advances in multi‐objective optimization, with a lack of novel algorithms and variety of metaheuristics other than evolutionary algorithms. The experimental comparison also reports significant differences in terms of both execution time and memory usage under demanding configurations.
LCDM medium supports the derivation of bovine extended pluripotent stem cells with embryonic and extraembryonic potency in bovine–mouse chimeras from iPSCs and bovine fetal fibroblasts
Authors: Xiang Jinzhu , Wang Hanning , Zhang Yuanyuan , Wang Jing , Liu Fang , Han Xuejie , Lu Zhenyu , Li Chen , Li Zihong , Gao Yanru , Tian Yujing , Wang Yingjie , Li Xueling
Published: February 2021

Cattle have emerged as one of the most important domestic animals widely used for meat, milk, and fur. Derivation of bovine pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) can be applied in drug selecting and human disease modeling and facilitated agriculture‐related applications such as production of genetically excellent cattle by gene editing. Extended PSCs (EPSCs), capable of differentiating into embryonic and extraembryonic parts, have been generated in mouse, human, and pig. Whether bovine EPSCs could be generated, and their chimeric competency remains unclear. This study focused on derivation of bovine EPSCs using LCDM medium and exploring the characteristics of EPSCs among different species, including bovine, mouse, and human EPSCs. Here, using LCDM medium (consisting of hLIF, CHIR99021, (S)‐(+)‐dimethindene maleate, and minocycline hydrochloride) enables the derivation of bovine EPSCs from induced PSCs (iPSCs) and bovine fetal fibroblasts (BFF) with stable morphology, pluripotent marker expression, and in vitro differentiation ability. Notably, bovine EPSCs exhibited interspecies chimeric contribution to embryonic and extraembryonic tissues in pre‐implantation blastocysts and postimplantation bovine–mouse chimeras. Transcriptome analysis revealed the unique molecular characteristics of bovine EPSCs compared with iPSCs. The similarities and differences in molecular features across bovine, human, and mouse EPSCs were also described by transcriptome analysis. Taken together, the LCDM culture system containing chemical cocktails can be used for the establishment and long‐term passaging of bovine EPSCs with embryonic and extraembryonic potency in bovine–mouse chimeras. Our findings lay the foundation of generating PSCs in domestic animals and open avenues for basic and applied research in biology, medicine, and agriculture.

Database

Gene expression data of bovine EPSCs and bovine iPSCs are available in the GEO databases under the accession number PRJNA693452.
Application of a new system for classifying root and canal anatomy in studies involving micro‐computed tomography and cone beam computed tomography: Explanation and elaboration
Authors: Ahmed H. M. A. , Ibrahim N. , Mohamad N. S. , Nambiar P. , Muhammad R. F. , Yusoff M. , Dummer P. M. H.
Published: February 2021

Adequate knowledge and accurate characterization of root and canal anatomy is an essential prerequisite for successful root canal treatment and endodontic surgery. Over the years, an ever‐increasing body of knowledge related to root and canal anatomy of the human dentition has accumulated. To correct deficiencies in existing systems, a new coding system for classifying root and canal morphology, accessory canals and anomalies has been introduced. In recent years, micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) and cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) have been used extensively to study the details of root and canal anatomy in extracted teeth and within clinical settings. This review aims to discuss the application of the new coding system in studies using micro‐CT and CBCT, provide a detailed guide for appropriate characterization of root and canal anatomy and to discuss several controversial issues that may appear as potential limitations for proper characterization of roots and canals.
Preparation, mechanical, and leaching properties of CaZrO3 ceramic cores
Authors: Yang Zhigang , Li Kaili , Ma Shiqing , Yu Jianbo , Ren Zhongming
Published: February 2021

The CaZrO3 ceramic core materials with excellent mechanical and chemical properties were successfully prepared using single‐phase CaZrO3 powders. Effects of particle size ratio and sintering temperature on the mechanical and chemical properties of CaZrO3 ceramic core materials were researched. The chemical property was analyzed by leaching research of core materials in 10 wt% and 20 wt% HNO3 solution at the boiling point. Results showed that the suitable particle size ratio was important for the preparation of CaZrO3 ceramic core materials with excellent comprehensive properties. The addition of fine particles in ceramic core materials promoted the densification process owing to the framework formed by coarser particles and sintering neck formed by fine particles between coarse particles, which was beneficial for further improving their bending strength. When the content of particles with 200 mesh size was 80wt%, the highest bending strength was obtained, 54.38 ± 5.28 MPa. The porosity was 17.45% and the volume density was 3.86 g/cm3. The increasing sintering temperature increased the densification of CaZrO3 ceramic core materials by offering the sintering driving force, further leading to the improvement of bending strength. When the temperature was 1650℃, at the 20% content of particles with 200 mesh size, the highest bending strength of CaZrO3 cores reached 51.01 ± 5.18 MPa. Meanwhile, the porosity was 18.65% and the volume density was 3.83 g/cm3. Additionally, the CaZrO3 samples could be effectively leached in 10 wt% HNO3 solution. Therefore, CaZrO3 materials with good mechanical and leaching properties were believed to be a suitable candidate for ceramic core materials in the investment casting of alloys with high melting point.
Antioxidant edible film based on a carrot pectin‐enriched fraction as an active packaging of a vegan cashew ripened cheese
Authors: Idrovo Encalada Alondra Mariela , De’Nobili Maria Dolores , Ponce Andrea Nora M. , Stortz Carlos Arturo , Fissore Eliana Noemi , Rojas Ana Maria
Published: February 2021

An orange‐coloured carrot pectin‐enriched fraction (CPEF), with 50% uronic acids (42%‐methylated), carrying lipophilic carotenoids and α‐tocopherol, developed homogeneous calcium‐crosslinked films at 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% CPEF proportions regarding a commercial pectin. CPEF gave higher relative elongation at break (65% for 50% CPEF film) when compared to 0% CPEF film (26% elongation). FTIR spectra showed a decreased intensity in the C = O group of the esterified carboxylate band as the CPEF content increased. CPEF maintained the orange colour (a* ≈ +37) and partly the carotenes (k ≈ 8.62 × 10−3 d−1) in films, even under 25 °C light storage. Also, CPEF gave water resistance to dissolution (100% CPEF film: 50% solubility), maintaining film integrity after 24 h soaking. Surface wettability decreased (40° contact angle) when CPEF proportion increased. These characteristics made the 100% CPEF film an efficient antioxidant interface that preserved a vegan cashew ripened cheese of high water activity (0.952) for 60 days at 7 °C, as determined through the assay of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS).
Genetic parameters for canalization analysis of morphological traits in the Pura Raza Español horse
Authors: Poyato‐Bonilla Julia , Sánchez‐Guerrero María José , Cervantes Isabel , Gutiérrez Juan Pablo , Valera Mercedes
Published: February 2021

Measurements from 13 different morphological traits of importance in the Pura Raza Español (PRE) horse were used to estimate genetic and environmental parameters following a heteroscedastic model in which data were assigned to stallions. Data sets used ranged from 20,610 (height at withers) to 48,486 measurements (length of shoulder), and the number of animals analysed in the pedigrees varied from 17,662 (height at withers) to 23,962 (dorsal–sternal diameter). Results of heritabilities of the traits varied from 0.09 (width of chest and upper neck line) to 0.30 (muscular development). Further, genetic correlations between traits and their environmental variability were estimated, obtaining values from −0.56 (muscular development) to 0.69 (height at withers). Also, predicted breeding values for the mean and for the environmental variability were obtained for all horses in the pedigrees, providing individual information about not only the expected phenotypic value of their offspring but also the expected heterogeneity among them. Results proved the possibility of improving morphological traits and reducing the heterogeneity of offspring at a time by the selection of animals and levels of systematic effects.
Midwives’ experiences of caring for women’s emotional and mental well‐being during pregnancy
Authors: Fletcher Antoinette , Murphy Margaret , Leahy‐Warren Patricia
Published: February 2021

Aims and Objectives

To explore midwives’ experiences of caring for women's emotional and mental well‐being during pregnancy.

Background

Transitioning to motherhood is a major life event for any woman and while it is a joyful experience for the majority, 15%–25% of women will experience a perinatal mental health problem. Providing psychological support to mothers by midwives is acknowledged internationally. The 2016 Irish National Maternity Strategy identifies midwives as being ideally placed to assess women's emotional needs. The research revealed a paucity of qualitative research from an Irish context in this area; therefore, this study addressed this gap in the literature.

Design

Qualitative descriptive design.

Methods

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 10 midwives recruited from the Irish midwifery e‐group. Data were analysed using Burnard (Nurse Educ. Today, 11, 1991, 461) thematic content analysis. Transcripts were coded, and meanings were formulated to reflect significant statements, which were categorised. Categories were then evolved into subthemes, and eventually, three themes were emerged using the COREQ checklist.

Results

Three salient themes emerged from the data are as follows: ‘awareness of Perinatal Mental Health’, ‘discussing emotional well‐being’ and ‘the woman has something to divulge’. The themes convey the midwife's awareness, recognition and perceptions of mental well‐being during pregnancy. How midwives discuss and assess emotional well‐being, the observational skills they use, and what they perceive as the barriers and facilitators to discussing mental well‐being were all identified.

Conclusions

Midwives reported an awareness and acceptance that women's emotional health was as important as their physical health. Midwives used every antenatal opportunity to raise awareness about perinatal mental health, whilst also identifying key challenges in getting women to talk.

Relevance to Clinical Practice

Care pathways for assessing and identifying Perinatal Mental Health issues should be available in all maternity services. More support for midwives is required to debrief, which would assist them in supporting women's emotional well‐being.
Reported orofacial adverse effects of COVID‐19 vaccines: The knowns and the unknowns
Authors: Cirillo Nicola
Published: February 2021

Introduction

Adverse events associated with vaccine administration can manifest in the oral cavity and orofacial region. Hence, the aim of this study was to compare the orofacial adverse effects of two recently authorised COVID‐19 vaccines, namely BNT162b2 and mRNA‐1273.

Methods

Publicly available data on BNT162b2 and mRNA‐1273 vaccines were accessed from the relevant regulatory authorities in the United States, Canada, European Union and United Kingdom. Both patient/recipient information and healthcare professional fact sheets for each of these drugs were manually searched to find their orofacial adverse effects.

Results

Adverse events affecting the orofacial region were reported for both vaccines. These were rare and included acute peripheral facial paralysis (Bell's palsy), facial swelling, and swelling of the lips, face or tongue associated with anaphylaxis. There was heterogeneity in the acknowledgement of vaccine‐related adverse events in North America compared with Europe.

Conclusion

Globally, there are inconsistencies in the description of adverse effects presenting in the orofacial region of the COVID‐19 vaccines BNT162b2 and mRNA‐1273. We believe that awareness of these orofacial manifestations will improve recognition, management and reporting of vaccine‐related adverse effects.
Humanizing Research on Working Conditions in Supply Chains: Building a Path to Decent Work
Authors: Soundararajan Vivek , Wilhelm Miriam M. , Crane Andrew
Published: February 2021

Research on managing working conditions in the supply chain is currently conducted under the umbrella of “social” sustainability. In this introduction to the 2021 Emerging Discourse Incubator, “Managing Working Conditions in Supply Chains: Towards Decent Work,” we argue that the trajectory of this research may be insufficient for addressing decent work. This is due to four characteristics of the extant literature—buyer‐centrism, product‐centrism, techno‐centrism, and social‐centrism. As an alternative, we offer ways to ‘humanize’ research on working conditions in supply chains across four dimensions: actors, issues, contexts, and methods. Through humanization, supply chain research has the potential to make a significant scholarly impact as well as to contribute to the realization of decent work in supply chains. We use our proposed path forward as a lens to elaborate on the core contributions of the four invited papers in the Emerging Discourse Incubator.
Myelopathy secondary to an intramedullary arteriovenous malformation in a mature dog
Authors: De Freitas Maria Ines , Housley Daniel , Caine Abby , Fauchon Emilie , Baiker Kerstin , Corbetta Davide , Cherubini Giunio B
Published: February 2021

A 2‐year‐old crossbreed dog was presented for evaluation of a 6‐week history of progressive paraparesis. Magnetic resonance imaging and computed tomography angiography of the thoracic and lumbar spinal cord disclosed multifocal, anomalous, small, vascular structures, distributed throughout the subarachnoid space of the included section of the spinal cord. An additional focal intramedullary lesion was identified extending from T9 to T10 to T12. Histopathological examination confirmed the presence of an intramedullary arteriovenous malformation affecting the thoracic spinal cord and leading to diffuse congestion and focal hemorrhages into the affected spinal cord.
Differential responses to two heatwave intensities in a Mediterranean citrus orchard are identified by combining measurements of fluorescence and carbonyl sulfide (COS) and CO2 uptake
Authors: Cochavi Amnon , Amer Madi , Stern Rafael , Tatarinov Fyodor , Migliavacca Mirco , Yakir Dan
Published: February 2021

The impact of extreme climate episodes such as heatwaves on plants physiological functioning and survival may depend on the event intensity, which requires quantification.

We unraveled the distinct impacts of intense (HW) and intermediate (INT) heatwave days on carbon uptake, and the underlying changes in the photosynthetic system, in a Mediterranean citrus orchard using leaf active (pulse amplitude modulation; PAM) and canopy level passive (sun‐induced; SIF) fluorescence measurements, together with CO2, water vapor, and carbonyl sulfide (COS) exchange measurements.

Compared to normal (N) days, gross CO2 uptake fluxes (gross primary production, GPP) were significantly reduced during HW days, but only slightly decreased during INT days. By contrast, COS uptake flux and SIFA (at 760 nm) decreased during both HW and INT days, which was reflected in leaf internal CO2 concentrations and in nonphotochemical quenching, respectively. Intense (HW) heatwave conditions also resulted in a substantial decrease in electron transport rates, measured using leaf‐scale fluorescence, and an increase in the fractional energy consumption in photorespiration.

Using the combined proxy approach, we demonstrate a differential ecosystem response to different heatwave intensities, which allows the trees to preserve carbon assimilation during INT days but not during HW days.
From famine to therapeutic weight loss: Hunger, psychological responses, and energy balance‐related behaviors
Authors: Stubbs R James , Turicchi Jake
Published: February 2021

Understanding physiological and behavioral responses to energy imbalances is important for the management of overweight/obesity and undernutrition. Changes in body composition and physiological functions associated with energy imbalances provide the structural and functional context in which to consider psychological and behavioral responses. Compensatory changes in physiology and behavior are more pronounced in response to negative than positive energy balances. The physiological and psychological impact of weight loss (WL) occur on a continuum determined by (i) the degree of energy deficit (ED), (ii) its duration, (iii) body composition at the onset of the energy deficit, and (iv) the psychosocial environment in which it occurs. Therapeutic WL and famine/semistarvation both involve prolonged EDs, which are sometimes similar in magnitude. The key differences are that (i) the body mass index (BMI) of most famine victims is lower at the onset of the ED, (ii) therapeutic WL is intentional and (iii) famines are typically longer in duration (partly due to the voluntary nature of therapeutic WL and disengagement with WL interventions). The changes in psychological outcomes, motivation to eat, and energy intake in therapeutic WL are often modest (bearing in mind the nature of the measures used) and can be difficult to detect but are quantitatively significant over time. As WL progresses, these changes become more marked. It appears that extensive WL beyond 10%–20% in lean individuals has profound effects on body composition and physiological function. At this level of WL, there is a marked erosion of psychological functioning, which appears to run in parallel to WL. Psychological resources dwindle and become increasingly focused on alleviating escalating hunger and food seeking behavior. Functional changes in fat‐free mass, characterized by catabolism of skeletal muscle and organs may be involved in the drive to eat associated with semistarvation. Higher levels of body fat mass may act as a buffer to protect fat‐free mass, functional integrity and limit compensatory changes in energy balance behaviors. The increase in appetite that accompanies therapeutic WL appears to be very different to the intense and all‐consuming drive to eat that occurs during prolonged semistarvation. The mechanisms may also differ but are not well understood, and longitudinal comparisons of the relationship between body structure, function, and behavior in response to differing EDs in those with higher and lower BMIs are currently lacking.
Responses of growth, photosynthesis and related physiological characteristics in leaves of Acer ginnala Maxim. to increasing air temperature and/or elevated O3
Authors: Wang Y. , Xu S. , Zhang W. , Li Y. , Wang N. , He X. , Chen W.
Published: February 2021

Regional warming and atmospheric ozone (O3) pollution are two of the most important environmental issues, and commonly coexist in many areas. Both factors have an intense impact on plants. However, little information is available on the combined and interactive effects of air warming and elevated O3 concentrations on physiological characteristics of plants.

To explore this issue, we studied variations in growth, photosynthesis and physiological characteristics of leaves of Acer ginnala seedlings exposed to control (ambient temperature and O3), increasing air temperature (ambient temperature + 2 °C), elevated O3 (ambient O3 concentration + 40 ppb) and a combination of the two abiotic factors at different phenological stages by using open‐top chambers.

The results showed that increasing air temperature had no significant effect on growth, but increased photosynthesis and antioxidant enzyme activity at the leaf unfolding and defoliation stages. In contrast, elevated O3 decreased growth and photosynthesis and caused oxidative stress injury in A. ginnala leaves at each phenological stage. The combination of increasing air temperature and elevated O3 improved growth and net photosynthetic rates of tested plants and alleviated the oxidative stress compared to O3 alone.

Our findings demonstrated that moderate warming was beneficial to A. ginnala at leaf unfolding and defoliation stages, and alleviated the adverse effects of O3 stress on growth, photosynthesis and the antioxidant system. These results will provide a theoretical reference and scientific basis for the adaptation and response of A. ginnala under regional air warming and atmospheric O3 pollution.
Does exercise intensity matter for fatigue during (neo‐)adjuvant cancer treatment? The Phys‐Can randomized clinical trial
Authors: Demmelmaier Ingrid , Brooke Hannah L. , Henriksson Anna , Mazzoni Anne‐Sophie , Bjørke Ann Christin Helgesen , Igelström Helena , Ax Anna‐Karin , Sjövall Katarina , Hellbom Maria , Pingel Ronnie , Lindman Henrik , Johansson Silvia , Velikova Galina , Raastad Truls , Buffart Laurien M. , Åsenlöf Pernilla , Aaronson Neil K. , Glimelius Bengt , Nygren Peter , Johansson Birgitta , Börjeson Sussanne , Berntsen Sveinung , Nordin Karin
Published: February 2021

Exercise during cancer treatment improves cancer‐related fatigue (CRF), but the importance of exercise intensity for CRF is unclear. We compared the effects of high‐ vs low‐to‐moderate‐intensity exercise with or without additional behavior change support (BCS) on CRF in patients undergoing (neo‐)adjuvant cancer treatment. This was a multicenter, 2x2 factorial design randomized controlled trial (Clinical Trials NCT02473003) in Sweden. Participants recently diagnosed with breast (n = 457), prostate (n = 97) or colorectal (n = 23) cancer undergoing (neo‐)adjuvant treatment were randomized to high intensity (n = 144), low‐to‐moderate intensity (n = 144), high intensity with BCS (n = 144) or low‐to‐moderate intensity with BCS (n = 145). The 6‐month exercise intervention included supervised resistance training and home‐based endurance training. CRF was assessed by Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory (MFI, five subscales score range 4‐20), and Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy‐Fatigue scale (FACIT‐F, score range 0‐52). Multiple linear regression for main factorial effects was performed according to intention‐to‐treat, with post‐intervention CRF as primary endpoint. Overall, 577 participants (mean age 58.7 years) were randomized. Participants randomized to high‐ vs low‐to‐moderate‐intensity exercise had lower physical fatigue (MFI Physical Fatigue subscale; mean difference −1.05 [95% CI: −1.85, −0.25]), but the difference was not clinically important (ie <2). We found no differences in other CRF dimensions and no effect of additional BCS. There were few minor adverse events. For CRF, patients undergoing (neo‐)adjuvant treatment for breast, prostate or colorectal cancer can safely exercise at high‐ or low‐to‐moderate intensity, according to their own preferences. Additional BCS does not provide extra benefit for CRF in supervised, well‐controlled exercise interventions.
Rapid molecular detection of airway pathogens in lung transplant recipients
Authors: Hoover Jonathan , Mintz Michelle A. , Deiter Fred , Aminian Emily , Chen Joy , Hays Steven R. , Singer Jonathan P. , Calabrese Daniel R. , Kukreja Jasleen , Greenland John R.
Published: February 2021

Background

Airway infections are difficult to distinguish from acute rejection in lung transplant recipients. Traditional culture techniques take time that may delay treatment. We hypothesized that a rapid multiplex molecular assay could improve time to diagnosis and appropriate clinical decision making.

Methods

In a prospective observational study of recipients undergoing bronchoscopy, we assessed the BioFire® FilmArray® Pneumonia Panel (BFPP) in parallel to standard of care (SOC) diagnostics. Research clinicians performed shadow (research only) clinical decision making in real time. Time to report and interpretation were reported as median and interquartile ranges and compared by Wilcoxon signed‐ranked test. Agreement was defined based on detection of any species targeted in the molecular assay.

Results

For the 150 enrolled subjects, BFPP results were available 3.8 hours (IQR 2.8–5.1) following bronchoscopy, compared to 13 hours for viral SOC (IQR 10–34, P < .001) results and 48 hours for bacterial SOC (IQR 46–70, P < .001) results. Positive BFPP results were interpreted in 9 hours (IQR 5–20) following bronchoscopy, compared to 74 hours for SOC (IQR 37–110, P < .001). Assays agreed for 138 (92%) of the 150 subjects. Of 22 BFPP diagnoses, five (23%) resulted in a shadow antibiotic recommendation. Notable BFPP deficiencies included fungal species and H parainfluenzae, accounting for 15 (27%) and 13 (23%) of the 56 actionable SOC results, respectively.

Conclusions

This molecular diagnostic including bacterial targets has the potential to shorten time to diagnosis and augment current clinical decision making but cannot replace SOC culture methods.
Induced disgust increases negative implicit attitudes towards blood donation
Authors: Gilchrist Philippe T. , Schnall Simone , Vrinceanu Tudor , Nguyen Sebastien , Ditto Blaine
Published: February 2021

Background and objectives

The blood donation environment includes a variety of disgust‐related stimuli that may influence attitudes among new and prospective donors. To explore the causal role of disgust in the context of attitudes towards blood donation, we experimentally induced feelings of disgust (vs. fear, moral elevation or control). We hypothesized that for people who are generally sensitive to their bodily sensations, disgust would lead to more negative implicit attitudes towards blood donation than other emotions.

Materials and methods

A total of 123 participants completed a questionnaire package including private body consciousness, disgust, altruism and social desirability. Next, participants watched one of four videos with emotional content: a video segment depicting a filthy toilet (disgust), a man chasing a woman and child wielding an axe (fear), a man whose life was positively changed by a mentor (moral elevation) or a nature documentary (control). After the video, participants completed a Single‐Target Implicit Association Test (ST‐IAT) and questions regarding explicit attitudes towards blood donation.

Results

As predicted, the disgust video resulted in lower implicit attitudes towards blood donation for participants high in private body consciousness. Disgust sensitivity predicted lower donation interest, but not implicit attitudes or explicit intention. There was no effect of emotion on explicit attitudes.

Conclusion

Automatic processes should be considered in the development of interventions aimed at promoting prosocial and health behaviours. Management of disgust‐related stimuli in donation centres and recruitment campaigns might improve attitudes towards blood donation.
Three-dimensional propagation of seismic airgun signals in the Mississippi Canyon area of the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Lin Ying-Tsong
Published: February 2021

Seismic airgun signals recorded on two hydrophone arrays during an oil and gas survey were analyzed for investigation of three-dimensional (3D) underwater sound propagation in the Mississippi Canyon area. A 3D numerical model with realistic seafloor and oceanographic inputs has been established to explain the intensified canyon focusing seen in the airgun signals received at one of the arrays. This study was under a passive acoustic monitoring program for establishing a current baseline of natural and anthropogenic sound sources and levels in the Gulf of Mexico. The reported investigation provides insight into the propagation effects affecting underwater soundscape in the area.
Laminin γ2–mediating T cell exclusion attenuates response to anti–PD-1 therapy
Authors: Li Lei , Wei Jia-Ru , Dong Jun , Lin Qing-Guang , Tang Hong , Jia Yong-Xu , Tan Wanlin , Chen Qing-Yun , Zeng Ting-Ting , Xing Shan , Qin Yan-Ru , Zhu Ying-Hui , Li Yan , Guan Xin-Yuan
Published: February 2021

Cancer-associated fibroblast assists cancer cell in building rampart to block T cell infiltration and resist anti–PD-1 drugs.
Neural network involving medial orbitofrontal cortex and dorsal periaqueductal gray regulation in human alcohol abuse
Authors: Jia Tianye , Xie Chao , Banaschewski Tobias , Barker Gareth J. , Bokde Arun L. W. , Büchel Christian , Quinlan Erin Burke , Desrivières Sylvane , Flor Herta , Grigis Antoine , Garavan Hugh , Gowland Penny , Heinz Andreas , Ittermann Bernd , Martinot Jean-Luc , Martinot Marie-Laure Paillère , Nees Frauke , Papadopoulos Orfanos Dimitri , Poustka Luise , Fröhner Juliane H. , Smolka Michael N. , Walter Henrik , Whelan Robert , Schumann Gunter , Robbins Trevor W. , Feng Jianfeng ,   IMAGEN Consortium
Published: February 2021

Prompted by recent evidence of neural circuitry in rodent models, functional magnetic resonance imaging and functional connectivity analyses were conducted for a large adolescent population at two ages, together with alcohol abuse measures, to characterize a neural network that may underlie the onset of alcoholism. A network centered on the medial orbitofrontal cortex (mOFC), as well as including the dorsal periaqueductal gray (dPAG), central nucleus of the amygdala, and nucleus accumbens, was identified, consistent with the rodent models, with evidence of both inhibitory and excitatory coregulation by the mOFC over the dPAG. Furthermore, significant relationships were detected between raised baseline excitatory coregulation in this network and impulsivity measures, supporting a role for negative urgency in alcohol dependence.
Martian subsurface cryosalt expansion and collapse as trigger for landslides
Authors: Bishop J. L. , Yeşilbaş M. , Hinman N. W. , Burton Z. F. M. , Englert P. A. J. , Toner J. D. , McEwen A. S. , Gulick V. C. , Gibson E. K. , Koeberl C.
Published: February 2021

Martian landslides could be triggered by gradual melting of subsurface ice and collapse of salty regolith.
Contribution of Noncanonical Antigens to Virulence and Adaptive Immunity in Human Infection with Enterotoxigenic E. coli
Authors: Kuhlmann F. M. , Laine R. O. , Afrin S. , Nakajima R. , Akhtar M. , Vickers T. , Parker K. , Nizam N. N. , Grigura V. , Goss C. W. , Felgner P. L. , Rasko D. A. , Qadri F. , Fleckenstein J. M.
Published: February 2021

Enterotoxigenic
Escherichia coli
(ETEC) contributes significantly to the substantial burden of infectious diarrhea among children living in low- and middle-income countries. In the absence of a vaccine for ETEC, children succumb to acute dehydration as well as nondiarrheal sequelae related to these infections, including malnutrition.
Rapid Evolution of Enhanced Zika Virus Virulence during Direct Vertebrate Transmission Chains
Authors: Riemersma Kasen K. , Jaeger Anna S. , Crooks Chelsea M. , Braun Katarina M. , Weger-Lucarelli James , Ebel Gregory D. , Friedrich Thomas C. , Aliota Matthew T.
Published: February 2021

We used experimental evolution to model chains of direct and indirect Zika virus (ZIKV) transmission by serially passaging a synthetic swarm of molecularly barcoded ZIKV within and between mosquitoes and mice. We observed that direct mouse transmission chains facilitated a rapid increase in ZIKV replication and enhanced virulence in mice.
Debris flow initiation from ravel-filled channel bed failure following wildfire in a bedrock landscape with limited sediment supply
Authors: Palucis Marisa C. , Ulizio Thomas P. , Lamb Michael P.
Published: February 2021

Steep, rocky landscapes often produce large sediment yields and debris flows following wildfire. Debris flows can initiate from landsliding or rilling in soil-mantled portions of the landscape, but there have been few direct observations of debris flow initiation in steep, rocky portions of the landscape that lacdk a thick, continuous soil mantle. We monitored a steep, first-order catchment that burned in the San Gabriel Mountains, California, USA. Following fire, but prior to rainfall, much of the hillslope soil mantle was removed by dry ravel, exposing bedrock and depositing ∼0.5 m of sandy sediment in the channel network. During a one-year recurrence rainstorm, debris flows initiated in the channel network, evacuating the accumulated dry ravel and underlying cobble bed, and scouring the channel to bedrock. The channel abuts a plowed terrace, which allowed a complete sediment budget, confirming that ∼95% of sediment deposited in a debris flow fan matched that evacuated from the channel, with a minor rainfall-driven hillslope contribution. Subsequent larger storms produced debris flows in higher-order channels but not in the first-order channel because of a sediment supply limitation. These observations are consistent with a model for post-fire ravel routing in steep, rocky landscapes where sediment was sourced by incineration of vegetation dams—following ∼30 years of hillslope soil production since the last fire—and transported downslope by dry processes, leading to a hillslope sediment-supply limitation and infilling of low-order channels with relatively fine sediment. Our observations of debris flow initiation are consistent with failure of the channel bed alluvium due to grain size reduction from dry ravel deposits that allowed high Shields numbers and mass failure even for moderate intensity rainstorms.
Supplemental Material: The spatial and temporal evolution of the Portland and Tualatin forearc basins, Oregon, USA
Authors: Scanlon D.P. , al. et
Published: February 2021

Table S1 contains links to publicly available data sources used in this study. Table S2 contains well names, surface elevations, and stratigraphic picks for surfaces described in the text.
Primary laser therapy as monotherapy for discrete retinoblastoma
Authors: Soliman Sameh , Feng Zhao Xun , Gallie Brenda
Published: February 2021

Background/aim

Laser photocoagulation is less invasive than chemotherapy (systemic, intra-arterial or periocular) and brachytherapy. We studied the safety and efficacy of laser as primary monotherapy for discrete retinoblastoma with well-defined borders and attached retina.

Methods

A single-institution retrospective non-comparative review (2004–2018) of discrete retinoblastoma tumours managed with primary laser (532 or 810 nm wavelength, 0.5–1 s duration and power titrated until desired tumour whitening). Efficacy was evaluated by tumour long-term stability avoiding non-laser therapies. Safety was evaluated by frequency of laser-related complications and uncontrollable tumour progression.

Results

Eligible were 112 tumours in 55 eyes of 44 patients. Laser monotherapy (median 2 sessions) achieved initial remission in 95/112 (85%) tumour. Initial encircling only laser photocoagulation was associated with tumour progression (9/11, one tumour had vitreous seeding) compared with direct or combined photocoagulation techniques (0/94 and 0/7 tumours, respectively, p<0.001). Direct laser had no vitreous seeding, haemorrhage or injury to vital structures. Tumour recurrences developed in 52/112 (46%) tumour but repeat laser achieved long-term stability, except five tumour recurrences that required invasive therapy. Receiver operating characteristic analysis identified threshold largest basal diameter of 3 disc diameters (DD) for successful laser monotherapy, where 92/106 (87%) of tumours ≤3 DD and 0/6>3 DD achieved long-term stability with laser monotherapy (p<0.001). Overall, 35/55 (64%) eyes and 24/44 (55%) patients achieved long-term stability with laser monotherapy. No eye was enucleated for uncontrollable tumour progression.

Conclusions

Discrete retinoblastoma ≤3 DD can be effectively and safely managed with laser monotherapy, sparing a significant proportion of patients/eyes from more invasive therapies.
Psychological aspects in patients with advanced cancer receiving lifelong systemic treatment: protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Kolsteren Evie E M , Deuning-Smit Esther , Prins Judith B , van der Graaf Winette T A , van Herpen Carla M L , Lebel Sophie , Thewes Belinda , Kwakkenbos Linda , Custers José A E
Published: January 2021

Introduction

A better understanding of the molecular, genetic and immunological characteristics of cancer and the introduction of new systemic treatment regimens in the last decades, has led to better treatment outcomes and increased survival rates for patients with previously short lived cancers. However, there is no uniform description to refer to this growing group of patients with advanced cancer who now respond to new systemic treatments for longer periods. Furthermore, little is known about the unique psychological challenges these patients face, living with ongoing uncertainty about the course of their disease and life expectancy. The objective of this scoping review is to identify the psychological aspects experienced by, and the definitions used to refer to patients with advanced cancer receiving lifelong systemic treatment.

Methods and analysis

This review will be among the first to summarise literature on the psychological issues in the growing group of advanced cancer patients undergoing long-term systemic treatment. Articles will be retrieved from six databases (MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, CINAHL and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews) and reviewed for eligibility by two investigators independently. Definitions and psychological challenges will be extracted and narratively summarised following a descriptive approach. Furthermore, results will contribute in providing a uniform definition for this patient group, and help to identify knowledge gaps to give direction to further research in this field.

Ethics and dissemination

No ethical approval is required. The results of the scoping review will be submitted for publication to a scientific journal and presented at relevant conferences.
Psychological impact of the COVID-19 pandemic within institutional quarantine and isolation centres and its sociodemographic correlates in Qatar: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Reagu Shuja , Wadoo Ovais , Latoo Javed , Nelson Deborah , Ouanes Sami , Masoodi Naseer , Karim Mustafa Abdul , Iqbal Yousaf , Al Abdulla Samya , Al Nuaimi Saleem Khaldoun , Abdelmajid Alaaeldin Abdelmajid Basheer , Al samawi Musaed Saad , Khoodoruth Mohamed Adil Shah , Khoodoruth Widaad Nuzhah Chut-Kai , Al-Maslamani Muna A Rahman S , Alabdulla Majid
Published: January 2021

Setting

The State of Qatar has had one of the highest COVID-19 infection rates globally and has used state-managed quarantine and isolation centres to limit the spread of infection. Quarantine and isolation have been shown to negatively affect the mental health of individuals. Qatar has a unique population, with around 90% of the population being economic migrants and a majority being blue-collar workers and labourers.

Objectives

This study was carried out to evaluate the psychological impact of institutional isolation and quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic outbreak in Qatar. The study also explored the sociodemographic correlates of this psychological impact.

Design, participants and intervention

A cross-sectional study involving 748 consenting individuals in institutional quarantine and isolation in Qatar during the months of June and July 2020 was carried out. Relevant sociodemographic data along with depressive and anxiety symptomatology scores were collected from consenting adults at these facilities.

Results

37.4% (n=270) of respondents reported depressive symptoms and 25.9% (n=189) reported anxiety symptoms. The scores were higher for individuals in isolation facilities and higher for migrants from poor socioeconomic group (p<0.001 for both). Within this group, although worries about infection were widely reported, lack of contact with the family was cited as one of the most important sources of distress. Respondents reported that contact with the family and reliable information were important factors that helped during the duration of isolation and quarantine.

Conclusions

Our study reported significantly elevated scores for depression and anxiety during institutional quarantine, which is in keeping with emerging evidence. However, in contrast to other studies reporting mostly from native populations, this study of a population with an overwhelming majority of immigrants highlights the special mental health needs of this specific group and can inform future healthcare policies.