bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Grammar and Expectation in Active Dependency Resolution: Experimental and Modeling Evidence From Norwegian
Authors: Kobzeva Anastasia , Kush Dave
Published: October 2024

Filler‐gap dependency resolution is often characterized as an active process. We probed the mechanisms that determine where and why comprehenders posit gaps during incremental processing using Norwegian as our test language. First, we investigated why active filler‐gap dependency resolution is suspended inside island domains like embedded questions in some languages. Processing‐based accounts hold that resource limitations prevent gap‐filling in embedded questions across languages, while grammar‐based accounts predict that active gap‐filling is only blocked in languages where embedded questions are grammatical islands. In a self‐paced reading study, we find that Norwegian participants exhibit filled‐gap effects inside embedded questions, which are not islands in the language. The findings are consistent with grammar‐based, but not processing, accounts. Second, we asked if active filler‐gap processing can be understood as a special case of probabilistic ambiguity resolution within an expectation‐based framework. To do so, we tested whether word‐by‐word surprisal values from a neural language model could predict the location and magnitude of filled‐gap effects in our behavioral data. We find that surprisal accurately tracks the location of filled‐gap effects but severely underestimates their magnitude. This suggests either that mechanisms above and beyond probabilistic ambiguity resolution are required to fully explain active gap‐filling behavior or that surprisal values derived from long‐short term memory are not good proxies for humans' incremental expectations during filler‐gap resolution.
Unsupervised news analysis for enhanced high‐frequency food insecurity assessment
Authors: van Wanrooij Cascha , Cruijssen Frans , Olier Juan Sebastian
Published: October 2024

This article introduces an artificial intelligence (AI)‐based system for forecasting food insecurity in data‐limited settings, employing unsupervised neural networks for topic modeling on news data. Unlike traditional methods, our system operates without relying on expert assumptions about food insecurity factors. Through a case study in Somalia, we show that the method can yield competitive performance, even in the absence of traditional food security indicators such as food prices. This system is valuable in supporting expert assessments of food insecurity, unlocking a wealth of untapped information from news outlets, and offering a path toward more frequent and automated food insecurity monitoring for timely crisis intervention.
Comparative Temporal Infrared Thermography of Arboricultural Materials for Sun‐Induced Trunk Injury Prevention in Broad‐Leaved Woody Plants
Authors: Park Junhyung , Seo Dahye , Kim Ki Woo
Published: October 2024

Using an infrared (IR) thermal camera, we evaluated the efficacy of six arboricultural materials for preventing sunscald and frost crack. The trunks of adult Yoshino cherry (Prunus × yedoensis) and Japanese zelkova (Zelkova serrata) were treated with (i–iii) three paint types (white water paint [P–W], white latex paint [P–L], and quicklime [P–Q]), (iv and v) two band wrap types [brown tree wrap (B–B) and white tree wrap (B–W)], and (vi) a wound paste: thiophanate‐methyl paste (TP) in the shape of a band 10 cm thick. Outdoor IR thermographs were captured four times a day at 3 h intervals (09:00 a.m., 12:00 p.m., 03:00 p.m. and 06:00 p.m.) over four consecutive days in late October 2019. Bark temperatures recorded for P–W, P–L, P–Q and B–W treatments were consistently lower than those for untreated trunks. The mean temperature difference between B–W and untreated bark (up to 4.57°C) remained pronounced between 09:00 a.m. and 06:00 p.m. for both tree species each day. Conversely, no significant differences in bark temperatures were observed under B–B and TP treatments compared with untreated bark (p = 0.01). Elevated bark temperature was observed on the south side compared with the other three cardinal directions; however, temperatures were similar in all directions at 06:00 p.m. These findings suggest that white tree wrapping may provide a viable approach to prevent sun‐induced trunk injuries, leveraging the light reflectivity of the white colour and thermal insulation properties of the wrapping material.
Let's fail better: Using philosophical tools to improve neuroscientific research in psychiatry
Authors: Abalo‐Rodríguez Inés , Blithikioti Chrysanthi
Published: October 2024

Despite predictions that neuroscientific discoveries would revolutionize psychiatry, decades of research have not yet led to clinically significant advances in psychiatric care. For this reason, an increasing number of researchers are recognizing the limitations of a purely biomedical approach in psychiatric research. These researchers call for reevaluating the conceptualization of mental disorders and argue for a non‐reductionist approach to mental health. The aim of this paper is to discuss philosophical assumptions that underly neuroscientific research in psychiatry and offer practical tools to researchers for overcoming potential conceptual problems that are derived from those assumptions. Specifically, we will discuss: the analogy problem, questioning whether mental health problems are equivalent to brain disorders, the normativity problem, addressing the value‐laden nature of psychiatric categories and the priority problem, which describes the level of analysis (e.g., biological, psychological, social, etc.) that should be prioritized when studying psychiatric conditions. In addition, we will explore potential strategies to mitigate practical problems that might arise due to these implicit assumptions. Overall, the aim of this paper is to suggest philosophical tools of practical use for neuroscientists, demonstrating the benefits of a closer collaboration between neuroscience and philosophy.
Plant Silicon Defences Suppress Herbivore Performance, but Mode of Feeding Is Key
Authors: Johnson Scott N. , Waterman Jamie M. , Hartley Susan E. , Cooke Julia , Ryalls James M. W. , Lagisz Malgorzata , Nakagawa Shinichi
Published: October 2024

The performance of herbivorous animals depends on the nutritional and defensive traits of the plants they consume. The uptake and deposition of biogenic silicon in plant tissues is arguably the most basic and ubiquitous anti‐herbivore defence used by plants, especially grasses. We conducted meta‐analyses of 150 studies reporting how vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores performed when feeding on silicon‐rich plants relative to those feeding on low‐silicon plants. Silicon levels were 52% higher and 32% more variable in silicon‐rich plants compared to plants with low silicon, which resulted in an overall 33% decline in herbivore performance. Fluid‐feeding herbivore performance was less adversely impacted (−14%) than tissue‐chewing herbivores, including mammals (−45%), chewing arthropods (−33%) and plant‐boring arthropods (−39%). Fluid‐feeding arthropods with a wide diet breadth or those feeding on perennial plant species were mostly unaffected by silicon defences. Unlike many other plant defences, where diet specialisation often helps herbivores overcome their effects, silicon negatively impacts chewing herbivores regardless of diet breadth. We conclude that silicon defences primarily target chewing herbivores and impact vertebrate and invertebrate herbivores to a similar degree.
Regional‐scale disturbances drive long‐term decline of inshore coral reef fish assemblages in the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Authors: Ceccarelli Daniela M. , Logan Murray , Evans Richard D. , Jones Geoffrey P. , Puotinen Marji , Petus Caroline , Russ Garry R. , Sinclair‐Taylor Tane , Srinivasan Maya , Williamson David H.
Published: October 2024

Anthropogenic pressure is increasing the variety and frequency of environmental disturbance events, limiting recovery and leading to long‐term declines in wild plant and animal populations. Coral reefs and associated fish assemblages are inherently dynamic due to their susceptibility to a host of disturbances, but regional‐scale nuances in the drivers of long‐term change frequently remain poorly resolved. Here, we examine the effects of multiple potential drivers of change in coral reef fish assemblages across 4 inshore regions of the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park (GBRMP), Australia, over 12–14 years (2007–2021). Each region had a unique disturbance history, in conjunction with long‐term changes in physical and habitat variables. Phases of recovery were apparent in the years between disturbance events at all locations, but these were not long enough to prevent substantial declines in reef fish density (by 33%–72%) and species richness (by 41%–75%) throughout the study period. The main drivers of change in fish assemblages varied among regions; however, the most rapid changes followed cyclone and flood events. Limited recovery periods resulted in temporal shifts in fish species composition from typically coral‐associated to algae‐associated. Most trophic groups declined in density except farmers, grazers, omnivores and parrotfish. No‐take marine reserves (NTMRs) had small and inconsistent effects on total fish assemblages, but delivered benefits for fishery‐targeted piscivores. Our findings suggest that coral reef responses to local stressors and cumulative escalating climate change impacts are highly variable at regional scales, and that small NTMRs are unlikely to mitigate the impacts of increasingly frequent climatic disturbances. Nearshore coral reefs worldwide are high‐value habitats that are either already degraded or vulnerable to degradation and the loss of important fish groups. Global efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions must be coupled with effective local management that can support the functioning and adaptive capacity of coral reefs.
How Climate Change May Impact Plant Reproduction and Fitness by Altering the Temporal Separation of Male and Female Flowering
Authors: Buonaiuto D. M.
Published: October 2024

The temporal separation of male and female flowering—known as dichogamy—is a widespread adaptation across the plant kingdom that increases reproductive success and enhances plant fitness. Differences in timing between male and female flowering can be highly sensitive to environmental variation—and with widespread evidence of shifts in seasonal timing of flowering (i.e., phenology) due to anthropogenic warming—climate change may alter the sequences of male and female flowering for a diversity of taxa around the globe. However, we currently lack a broad understanding of both the extent to which climate change may alter patterns of dichogamy and the potential implications of these shifts for plant reproduction. Here I present evidence that links variation in dichogamy to variation in temperature for a variety of plant taxa. I synthesize the limited number of studies that have investigated shifts in dichogamy specifically in the context of climate change, and detail the physiological, genetic, and developmental factors that control the relative timing of male and female flowering. The literature indicates that dichogamy is highly plastic and sensitive to temperature variation. Plasticity in dichogamy is observed across species with different sexual systems and growth habits, and in both female‐first and male‐first flowering taxa, but at present, no clear patterns of dichogamy shifts related to these associated traits are discernible. Together, these lines of evidence suggest that sequences of male and female flowering are likely to shift with climate change. However, more research is needed to better understand and predict the ecological consequences of shifting patterns of dichogamy in the context of global change.
Exploring the Experiences, Perceptions and Social Dynamics of Electronic Cigarette Users: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Gürsoy Ersan , Kaya Rıdvan
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Electronic cigarettes, or e‐cigarettes, are rapidly gaining popularity throughout the globe as safer alternatives to traditional cigarette smoking. There are significant public health concerns due to the uncertainty of long‐term health consequences. This study aims to examine the experiences, attitudes and social dynamics of e‐cigarette users to provide guidance for public health policies and interventions.

Methods

In this qualitative descriptive study, semi‐structured interviews were conducted. Fifteen e‐cigarette users were recruited using a snowball sampling strategy, where initial participants referred other suitable users. All participants had at least 6 months of regular e‐cigarette use. Data were collected through face‐to‐face interviews with open‐ended questions. The interviews were transcribed verbatim and reviewed by the researchers. This review identified four main themes and eight sub‐themes.

Results

The four main themes identified as a result of the analysis are as follows: (1) initiation and usage experiences; (2) perceptions of health effects; (3) social and environmental factors and (4) addiction and future plans. Participants primarily began using e‐cigarettes out of curiosity, due to the appealing fragrance and the belief that they were less harmful than traditional cigarettes. Usage patterns varied among participants, with some reporting minimal cravings in the early morning hours. Opinions on the long‐term health effects of e‐cigarettes were diverse, with many participants acknowledging uncertainty. Peers and family members perceived e‐cigarettes as more socially acceptable than traditional smoking, resulting in fewer negative reactions. Finally, participants' levels of addiction and intentions to quit varied, with some expressing a desire to reduce or cease usage due to health concerns.

Conclusion

The findings of this study indicate that the adoption of e‐cigarettes is influenced by a confluence of factors, including curiosity, the perception of reduced damage in comparison to conventional cigarettes and social acceptance. Notwithstanding these claimed advantages, users have a diverse array of beliefs and understandings concerning the enduring health consequences of e‐cigarettes. The presence of varying levels of addiction and the corresponding aspirations to cease the behaviour highlight the necessity for focused public health interventions.

Patient or Public Contribution

E‐cigarette users were actively involved in this study, providing essential insights and feedback throughout. Their first‐hand experiences shaped the interview guide and contributed to the identification of key themes. Participants also reviewed and confirmed the accuracy of the interview transcripts, ensuring the reliability of the data.
Immune repertoire profiling in myasthenia gravis
Authors: He Ting , Chen Kangzhi , Zhou Qian , Cai Haobing , Yang Huan
Published: October 2024

Myasthenia gravis (MG) is the most frequent immune‐mediated neurological disorder, characterized by fluctuating muscle weakness. Specific recognition of self‐antigens by T‐cell receptors (TCRs) and B‐cell receptors (BCRs), coupled with T–B cell interactions, activates B cells to produce autoantibodies, which are critical for the initiation and perpetuation of MG. The immune repertoire comprises all functionally diverse T and B cells at a specific time point in an individual, reflecting the essence of immune selectivity. By sequencing the nucleotide sequences of TCRs and BCRs, it is possible to track individual T‐ and B‐cell clones. This review delves into the generation of autoreactive TCRs and BCRs in MG and comprehensively examines the applications of immune repertoire sequencing in understanding disease pathogenesis, developing diagnostic and prognostic markers and informing targeted therapies. We also discuss the current limitations and future potential of this approach.
There and Back Again: How UK–EU De‐Institutionalisation After Brexit Shaped Re‐Engagement After Ukraine
Authors: Sus Monika , Martill Benjamin
Published: October 2024

Russia's invasion of Ukraine in February 2022 disrupted the status quo of the European security order and brought about a re‐engagement in the UK–EU security relationship. However, co‐operation remains informal and ad hoc in ways that diverge from theoretical expectations of security co‐operation in the face of external threats. Applying insights from Historical Institutionalism and drawing on semi‐structured elite interviews with UK and EU officials from 2017 to 2023, our article explains why a shock as severe as the Russian invasion was not sufficient to bring about the wholesale renewal of UK–EU co‐operation. Our analysis demonstrates that the exogenous shock of conflict interacted with path‐dependent dynamics stemming from the Brexit process, shaping the institutional outcomes and limiting co‐operation in important ways. We show that co‐operation has intensified only when problematic Brexit legacies have been removed, arguing that UK–EU security re‐engagement represents a phased process rather than a linear one.
Spatial and Single‐Cell Transcriptomics Reveals the Regional Division of the Spatial Structure of MASH Fibrosis
Authors: Li Jin‐zhong , Yang Liu , Xiao Min‐xi , Li Ni , Huang Xin , Ye Li‐hong , Zhang Hai‐cong , Liu Zhi‐quan , Li Jun‐qing , Liu Yun‐yan , Liang Xu‐jing , Li Tao‐yuan , Li Jie‐ying , Cao Yang , Pan Yun , Lin Xun‐ge , Dai Hai‐mei , Dai Er‐hei , Li Min‐ran
Published: October 2024

Objective

To elucidate the regional distribution of metabolic dysfunction‐associated steatohepatitis (MASH) fibrosis within the liver and to identify potential therapeutic targets for MASH fibrosis.

Methods

Liver sections from healthy controls, patients with simple steatosis and MASH patients were analysed using spatial transcriptomics integrated with single‐cell RNA‐seq.

Results

Spatial transcriptomics analysis of liver tissues revealed that the fibrotic region (Cluster 9) was primarily distributed in lobules, with some fibrosis also found in the surrounding area. Integration of the single‐cell‐sequencing data set (GSE189175) showed a greater proportion of inflammatory cells (Kupffer cells and T cells) and myofibroblasts in MASH. Six genes, showing high‐ or low‐specific expression in Cluster 9, namely, ADAMTSL2, PTGDS, S100A6, PPP1R1A, ASS1 and G6PC, were identified in combination with pathology. The average expression levels of ADAMTSL2, PTGDS and S100A6 on the pathological HE staining map were positively correlated with the increase in the degree of fibrosis and aligned strongly with the distribution of fibrosis. ADAMTSL2+ myofibroblasts play a role in TNF signalling pathways and in the production of ECM structural components. Pseudotime analysis indicated that in the early stages of MASH, infiltration by T cells and Kupffer cells triggers a significant inflammatory response. Subsequently, this inflammation leads to the activation of hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), transforming them into myofibroblasts and promoting the development of liver fibrosis.

Conclusion

This study is the first to characterise lineage‐specific changes in gene expression, subpopulation composition, and pseudotime analysis in MASH fibrosis and reveals potential therapeutic targets for this condition.
Dietary intake and growth of HIV exposed and unexposed 6–12 months old infants in South Africa
Authors: Tshiambara Phumudzo , Hoffman Marinel , Legodi Heather , Balakrishna Yusentha , Feucht Ute
Published: October 2024

Factors affecting the growth of HIV‐exposed‐uninfected (HEU) children are multi‐factorial, with limited information available on the dietary intake from 6 months. This study compared the dietary intake, micronutrient composition of breastmilk, and growth of HEU and HIV‐unexposed‐uninfected (HUU) infants aged 6 and 12 months in an urban setting. A repeated cross‐sectional study used structured questionnaires to collect socio‐demographic, dietary intake, food group data, and anthropometric measurements in the Siyakhula study. The HEU (48%) and HUU (52%) infants were included (total n = 181). At 6 months, HEU infants had lower weight‐for‐age z‐scores (WAZ) (−0.6 ± 1.1 vs. 0.1 ± 1.2; p < 0.001), length‐for‐age z‐scores (−0.8 ± 1.4 vs. −0.1 ± 1.2; p < 0.001), and mid‐upper‐arm circumference‐for‐age z‐scores (MUACAZ) (0.5 ± 1.1 vs. 1.0 ± 0.9; p < 0.001) than HUU infants. At 12 months, HEU infants had lower WAZ, MUACAZ, and weight‐for‐length z‐scores compared to HUU infants (p < 0.05). Stunting was found at 6 (15%) and 12 (12%) months in HEU infants. The micronutrient composition of breastmilk fed to both groups was similar. Breastfeeding rates were lower in HEU than in HUU infants at 6 (49% vs. 64%; p = 0.005) and 12 (24% vs. 46%; p = 0.002) months. Less than 3% of HEU and HUU infants achieved minimal dietary diversity scores at 12 months. Dietary intake of fat was similar in all breastfed infants, but iron and vitamin B12 were higher in non‐breastfed HEU infants at 12 months. HEU infants had lower breastfeeding rates than HUU infants. A lack of dietary diversity was found in all infants. Nutrition education and counselling in the complementary feeding phase are essential for optimal growth.
Alzheimer's disease clinical variants show distinct neuroinflammatory profiles with neuropathology
Authors: Boon Baayla D. C. , Frigerio Irene , de Gooijer Danae , Morrema Tjado H. J. , Bol John , Galis ‐ de Graaf Yvon , Heymans Martijn ,   Netherlands Brain Bank, Murray Melissa E. ,   Normal Aging Brain Collection Amsterdam, van der Lee Sven J. , Holstege Henne , van de Berg Wilma D. J. , Jonkman Laura E. , Rozemuller Annemieke J. M. , Bouwman Femke H. , Hoozemans Jeroen J. M.
Published: October 2024

Aims

Although the neuroanatomical distribution of tau and amyloid‐β is well studied in Alzheimer's disease (AD) (non)‐amnestic clinical variants, that of neuroinflammation remains unexplored. We investigate the neuroanatomical distribution of activated myeloid cells, astrocytes, and complement alongside amyloid‐β and phosphorylated tau in a clinically well‐defined prospectively collected AD cohort.

Methods

Clinical variants were diagnosed antemortem, and brain tissue was collected post‐mortem. Typical AD (n = 10), behavioural/dysexecutive AD (n = 6), posterior cortical atrophy (PCA) AD (n = 3), and controls (n = 10) were neuropathologically assessed for AD neuropathology, concurrent pathology including Lewy body disease, limbic‐predominant age‐related TDP‐43 encephalopathy neuropathologic change (LATE‐NC), and vascular pathology. For quantitative assessment, we analysed the corticolimbic distribution of phosphorylated tau, amyloid‐β, CD68, MHC‐II, C4b, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) using digital pathology.

Results

Phosphorylated tau was distinctly distributed in each variant. In all variants, amyloid‐β was neocortical‐dominant, with a notable increase in the middle frontal cortex of behavioural/dysexecutive AD. Typical AD and PCA AD had no concurrent Lewy body disease, whereas three out of six cases with behavioural/dysexecutive AD did. LATE‐NC stage >0 was observed in three AD cases, two typical AD (stage 1/3), and one behavioural/dysexecutive AD (stage 2/3). Vascular pathology was present in each variant. In typical AD, CD68 and MHC‐II were hippocampal‐dominant. In behavioural/dysexecutive AD, C4b was elevated in the middle frontal and inferior parietal cortex. In PCA AD, MHC‐II was increased in the fusiform gyrus, and GFAP in parietal cortices. Correlations between AD neuropathology and neuroinflammation were distinct within variants.

Conclusions

Our data suggests that different involvement of neuroinflammation may add to clinical heterogeneity in AD, which has implications for neuroinflammation‐based biomarkers and future therapeutics.
A randomised controlled trial to determine the effect of genotype‐based personalised diet and physical activity advice for FTO genotype (rs9939609) delivered via email on healthy eating motivation in young adults
Authors: King Alexandra , Glaister Mark , Lawrence Kate , Nixon Jonathan , Pilic Leta , Mavrommatis Yiannis
Published: October 2024

The prevalence of obesity continues to rise, and public health dietary recommendations are not being adhered to. The transition to higher education is a period of risk for weight gain in young adults and has been demonstrated as a good time to initiate behaviour change. A genotype‐based personalised approach to dietary recommendations may motivate young adults to maintain or adopt positive dietary behaviours. The aim of the present study was to determine the efficacy of genotype‐based personalised dietary and physical activity advice on healthy eating motivation in young adults. Participants were young adults (n = 153), aged 18–25 years. Baseline measures (participant characteristics, height, weight, body mass index [BMI], body fat percentage [BF%], healthy eating motivation and physical activity) were collected. Participants were genotyped for a SNP in the FTO gene (rs99396090) and randomly allocated (stratified for genotype) to three different groups (1. Genotype‐based personalised advice: dietary and physical activity advice based on genotype, BMI and reported physical activity; 2. Non‐genotype‐based personalised advice: dietary and physical activity advice based on BMI and reported physical activity; 3. Control: no advice). A week after receipt of advice delivered via email, participants completed the healthy eating motivation questionnaire for a second time. Genotype‐based personalised dietary advice did not affect healthy eating motivation: when participants were analysed across the whole group (p = 0.417), when analysed according to those informed of a risk or non‐risk‐associated genotype (p = 0.287), or when analysed according to those with a BMI (>25 kg/m2; p = 0.336) or BF% (male >18%, female >31%; p = 0.387) outside the healthy range. There was also no significant difference in healthy eating motivation at 1‐week in the control or non‐genotype‐based advice groups. Genotype‐based personalised advice for the prevention of obesity did not affect healthy eating motivation in this group of healthy, young adults.
Cumulative influence of immunogenic factors, genetic variations, and protein modulations in subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE): A narrative review
Authors: Pandey Nikhil , Srivastava Niraj Kumar , Kumar Anand , Hussain Ibrahim , Joshi Deepika
Published: October 2024

Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis (SSPE) is a progressive and catastrophic neurodegenerative disorder due to persistent infection with the aberrant measles virus in the brain. The exact etiology of SSPE is still unknown, and early diagnosis remains a challenge, especially with the atypical presentations. The pathogenesis of SSPE involves a complex interplay between viral factors and immunological response of the host. The presenting review demonstrates an extensive glimpse of the immuno‐genetics of SSPE, exploring the single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genetic risk factors and immune responses that influence susceptibility and disease progression.
Refining the genetic diagnostic puzzle: A case report on a Chinese ARPKD patient with a reciprocal balanced translocation and c.2507 T > C (p.V836A) in PKHD1
Authors: Liu Xiaoyu , Sheng Wenchao , Liu Nan , Fan Wenxuan , Zhang Shuyue , Sun Yuanyuan , Cai Yingzi , Li Dong , Shu Jianbo , Cai Chunquan
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD) ranks among the most severe chronic kidney diseases (CKD). Its primary cause is variants in the Polycystic Kidney and Hepatic Disease 1 gene (PKHD1). The clinical spectrum of ARPKD varies widely, ranging from mild late‐onset symptoms to severe perinatal mortality. However, achieving an early genetic diagnosis in ARPKD patients before clinical symptoms appear proves challenging.

Case Presentation

This case is a 4‐year‐old boy who experienced a convulsion characterized by a generalized tonic attack lasting approximately 3‐5 minutes and later sought treatment to our hospital. However, routine abdominal ultrasound examination accidentally detected that he had diffuse liver lesions, splenomegaly, and bilateral renal enlargement with renal pelvis dilation. Given the uncertainty regarding the underlying cause of the patient's structural abnormalities and convulsions, karyotyping, whole exome sequencing (WES), structural variant analysis (SV analysis) of whole genome sequencing (WGS) were recommended. The result of SV analysis revealed that he has an RBT impacting PKHD1 and the precise location of breakpoints was confirmed through Long‐Range Polymerase Chain Reaction (LR‐PCR). However, WES did not screen out pathogenic variants initially, the WES data was reviewed subsequently based on SV analysis results.

Conclusion

We identified an infrequent variant combination, c.2507T>C (p.V836A) in PKHD1 and an RBT with broken PKHD1, which extends the genetic spectrum of ARPKD, and provide a basis for further genetic counselling to the family.
Genetic and molecular regulation of fruit development in cucumber
Authors: Zhao Jianyu , Song Weiyuan , Zhang Xiaolan
Published: October 2024

Fruit development can be generally classified into a set of biologically sequential stages including fruit initiation, growth, and ripening. Cucumber, a globally important vegetable crop, displays two important features during fruit development: parthenocarpy at fruit initiation and prematurity at harvest for consumption. Therefore, fruit growth plays essential role for cucumber yield and quality formation, and has become the research hot spot in cucumber fruit development. Here, we describe recent advances in molecular mechanisms underlying fruit growth in cucumber, include key players and regulatory networks controlling fruit length variation, fruit neck elongation, and locule development. We also provide insights into future directions for scientific research and breeding strategies in cucumber.
Caught in the Act: A Detailed Analysis of Cardiac Event Monitoring in a Cohort of Pediatric and ACHD Patients
Authors: Srivatsav Ashwin , Thompson Zachery J. , Bruno Michael A. , Stephens Sara B. , Gutierrez Maria Elena , Miyake Christina Y. , Morris Shaine A. , Dan Pham Tam , Valdes Santiago O. , Kim Jeffrey J. , Howard Taylor S.
Published: October 2024

Background

Event monitors are being increasingly used in pediatric and adult congenital heart disease (ACHD) patients for arrhythmia evaluation. Data on their diagnostic yield are limited.

Objectives

To evaluate the diagnostic yield of event monitors, patient characteristics associated with critical events, and clinical response to events.

Methods

We retrospectively assessed event monitors prescribed to patients at our institution's Heart Center from 2017 to 2020. Thirty‐day event monitor tracings were reviewed by an electrophysiologist (EP) to identify critical events defined as supraventricular tachycardia (SVT, re‐entrant, atrial tachycardia, atrial flutter, and atrial fibrillation), ventricular tachycardia (VT), atrioventricular block, and pauses greater than 3 s. Patient characteristics and treatment data were collected. Characteristics associated with events were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Trends in monitor prescription over time, diagnostic yield, and clinical response to events were analyzed.

Results

204/2330 (8.8%) event monitors had EP‐confirmed critical events. Critical events included SVT (51.5%), VT (38.5%), atrioventricular block (4%), and pauses (6%). 129/198 (65%) patients with critical events underwent treatment. Event monitoring usage increased by 52% between 2017 and 2020 (p < 0.0001). Complex CHD (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.3–3.4, p = 0.004), cardiomyopathy (OR 2.9, 95% CI 1.5–4.8, p < 0.001), and EP‐ordered monitors (OR 1.6, 95% CI 1.2–2.1, p = 0.001) were more highly associated with critical events.

Conclusion

Event monitor use is common, and critical events were captured in 8.8% of patients. The majority of patients with critical events underwent treatment. Factors associated with critical events include EPs as ordering providers, complex CHD, and cardiomyopathy.
The Role of Atrial Premature Complexes in Exercise Test in Predicting Atrial Fibrillation in Patients Without Obstructive Coronary Artery Disease
Authors: Tezen Ozan , Pay Levent , Yumurtaş Ahmet Çağdaş , Çetin Tuğba , Eren Semih , Öz Melih , Coşkun Cahit , Karabacak Cemre , Yenitürk Birkan , Çınar Tufan , Hayıroğlu Mert İlker
Published: October 2024

Background

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is usually triggered by frequent atrial premature complexes (APC) and atrial tachycardias originated in the pulmonary veins. The aim of the current study is to clarify the relationship between AF and APCs observed during treadmill exercise testing through long‐term patient follow‐up.

Material and Methods

Our study only examined the data of patients who did not have any obstructive coronary artery disease and had an exercise test. In total, 1559 patients were included in this research. The study data were divided into two groups according to the development of AF during follow‐up. The patients who developed any type of AF during the follow‐up period were classified as AF (+). Mean follow‐up time for AF (+) and (−) groups were 48 and 47 months, respectively.

Results

In the univariable analysis, age, LAAP, and the presence of APCs (HR: 3.906, 95% CI: 2.848–5.365, p < 0.001) during the treadmill exercise test were significantly associated with the development of AF. In the multivariable analysis, age (adjusted HR: 1.063, 95% CI: 1.043–1.083, p < 0.001) and the presence of APCs during the treadmill exercise test (adjusted HR: 2.504, 95% CI: 1.759–3.565, p < 0.001) emerged as independent risk factors for the development of AF. The AF‐free survival was significantly lower in the APCs (+) patients compared with the APCs (−) patients (log rank p < 0.001).

Conclusion

Our study revealed that individuals without obstructive CAD who exhibited frequent APCs during treadmill exercise tests were more likely to develop AF.
Effect of different electric stimulation modalities on pain and functionality of patients with pelvic pain: Systematic review with META‐analysis
Authors: Mendes Camilla F. , Oliveira Luciene S. , Garcez Priscila A. , Azevedo‐Santos Isabela F. , DeSantana Josimari M.
Published: October 2024

Introduction

Pelvic pain is located in the anterior abdominal wall, below the umbilical scar. Its treatment includes pharmacological therapy, which can cause adverse effects and is not always sufficient to control symptoms. Thus, the use of adjunct therapies such as electric stimulation has been suggested. Therefore, this review intends to appraise the literature on the effectiveness of electrostimulation in the treatment of pelvic pain.

Methods

The search for studies was conducted until April 2024 in PubMed, Cochrane Library, ScienceDirect, SciELO, PEDro, CINAHL, BVS, Web of Science, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases using a combination of Mesh terms “Electric Stimulation” and “Pelvic Pain.” Risk of bias assessment and meta‐analysis were performed with The Cochrane Collaboration tool (RevMan 5.4). Quality of the evidence was assessed with GRADE tool.

Results

From the 3247 studies found, 19 were included. In the qualitative analysis, seven studies showed TENS, electroacupuncture, PTNS, and tDCS reduced pain intensity, one study on PTNS showed increased quality of life, and one on tDCS showed improved functional performance. However, in the meta‐analysis, only TENS showed efficacy for the reduction of acute pelvic pain and primary dysmenorrhea.

Conclusion

Our results indicate that there is moderate‐quality evidence for TENS to reduce pain intensity in primary dysmenorrhea and low‐quality evidence for the same outcome in acute pelvic pain. Randomized controlled clinical trials with larger sample size and with better methodological quality are needed to establish the effectiveness of other forms of electrical stimulation in pelvic pain.
Happy couples “see” helpful partners: Relationship quality predicts biased perceptions of partner instrumentality to one's goals
Authors: O'Brien Emily R. , Forest Amanda L.
Published: October 2024

Perceiving a romantic partner as instrumental to one's goals predicts myriad desirable relationship outcomes. However, little is known about the origins of perceived partner instrumentality (PPI)—particularly about factors that may bias PPI. In two studies, we provide evidence supporting the hypothesis that relationship quality predicts biased PPI. In a dyadic correlational study (Study 1) and an imagined scenario study in which we experimentally manipulated partner instrumentality levels (Study 2), participants reporting higher relationship quality perceived their partners as more instrumental to their goals—even when controlling for depressive symptoms, and when controlling for partner‐reported (Study 1) or enacted partner (Study 2) instrumentality. Additionally, in Study 1 (but not Study 2), relationship quality attenuated a negative association between depressive symptoms and PPI. Study 2 also revealed that perceiving a partner as more instrumental predicted greater intentions to provide instrumental support to that partner in the future. These findings fill important gaps in the instrumentality and relationships literature, identifying antecedents of PPI and offering insights into how PPI may predict relationship functioning.
Revealing the different levels of action monitoring in visuomotor transformation task: Evidence from decomposition of cortical potentials
Authors: Syrov Nikolay , Muhammad Daha Garba , Medvedeva Alexandra , Yakovlev Lev , Kaplan Alexander , Lebedev Mikhail
Published: October 2024

This study investigates the cortical correlates of motor response control and monitoring, using the Theory of Event Coding (TEC) as a framework to investigate signals related to low‐level sensory processing of motor reafference and high‐level response monitoring, including verification of response outcomes with the internal model. We used a visuomotor paradigm with two targets at different distances from the participant. For the recorded movement‐related cortical potentials (MRCPs), we analyzed their different components and assessed the movement phases during which they are active. Residual iteration decomposition (RIDE) and multivariate pattern analysis (MVPA) were used for this analysis. Using RIDE, we separated MRCPs into signals related to different parallel processes of visuomotor transformation: stimulus processing (S‐cluster), motor response preparation and execution (R‐cluster), and intermediate processes (C‐cluster). We revealed sequential activation in the R‐cluster, with execution‐related negative components and positive contralateral peaks reflecting reafference processing. We also identified the motor post‐imperative negative variation within the R‐cluster, highlighting the response outcome evaluation process included in the action file. Our findings extend the understanding of C‐cluster signals, typically associated with stimulus–response mapping, by demonstrating C‐activation from the preparatory stages through to response termination, highlighting its participation in action monitoring. In addition, we highlighted the ability of MVPA to identify movement‐related attribute encoding: where statistical analysis showed independence of stimulus processing activity from movement distance, MVPA revealed distance‐related differences in the S‐cluster within a time window aligned with the lateralized readiness potential (LRP). This highlights the importance of integrating RIDE and MVPA to uncover the intricate neural dynamics of motor control, sensory integration, and response monitoring.
The rise of open innovation in Chinese academia: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Cricchio Jacopo , Di Minin Alberto
Published: October 2024

The recent open innovation (OI) literature underscores the importance of understanding how OI is implemented across diverse institutional contexts. China has captivated OI scholars, representing a distinctive business environment that challenges established theories and frameworks. Building on translation theory, this study systematically reviews how scholars affiliated with Chinese institutions have conceptualized the concept of OI. We used a systematic approach to analyze a final sample of 202 articles, unveiling insights into themes, approaches, and implications. Our primary findings highlight a concentration on themes such as external knowledge search for enhancing firms' performance, the escalating role of innovation ecosystems, and the significance of local business, traditional Chinese culture, and innovation policies in shaping these dynamics. In contrast to recent trends in the broader international OI literature, concepts such as the role of users, universities, platforms, and social innovation are not extensively explored. Lastly, we suggest various avenues for future research to enrich OI scholarship.
Sertraline medications plus dialectical behavior therapy for depressed adolescents with nonsuicidal self‐injury behaviors
Authors: Liu Chaoqun , Ye Xinwu , Chen Minshan
Published: October 2024

Objective

The study aims to investigate the efficacy of sertraline medication plus dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) in reducing nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) behavior and depression among adolescents.

Methods

Participants were 100 adolescents with depression and NSSI behaviors, 50 of whom received sertraline medication plus DBT and 50 of whom received sertraline medication plus cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for 12 weeks.

Results

During 6 months post intervention, 26 (57.8%) participants did not report having engaged in any form of NSSI in the sertraline + DBT group and 15 (32.6%) in the sertraline + CBT group, showing significant difference. The sertraline + DBT group and the sertraline + CBT group exhibited significant difference regarding the proportions of cutting skin and biting self. The scores of anxiety, depression, aggression against self in four modified overt aggression scale categories, and Personal and Social Performance were notably lower in the sertraline + DBT group than those in the sertraline + CBT group at 6 months post intervention.

Conclusion

Sertraline medication plus DBT could decrease NSSI episodes and improve symptoms of anxiety and depression for adolescents, and these changes were comparable to those of CBT. More importantly, DBT was demonstrated better clinical improvements at 6‐month follow‐up.
Names and existence
Authors: Goldstick D.
Published: October 2024

In practice, the inquiry into whether Socrates/William Tell/Robin Hood really existed hinges on the origin of the causal sequence leading up to the present use of the name employed for the personage in question, even though the occurrence of a Kripkean ‘baptism’ is not a logical consequence of most assertions employing that name, but only an ‘implication’ like the sort that makes examples of Moore's paradox (e.g. 'It is raining, but I have no idea whether it is raining’) strike ordinary language users as ‘inconsistent’. But with any express assertions or denials of the existence of the personage named, the attribution of Kripkean sense to the name is unavoidable.
Secondary anti‐viral prophylaxis in solid organ transplant recipients for the prevention of cytomegalovirus relapse: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Moynan David , Higgins Eibhlin , Passerini Matteo , Prokop Larry J. , Murad Mohammad Hassan , Razonable Raymund R.
Published: October 2024

Background

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in solid organ transplant recipients (SOTRs). Secondary prophylaxis (SP) is not routinely recommended by guidelines on the management of CMV in SOTR but may be considered in certain higher‐risk situations.

Methods

A comprehensive search of English language publications up to September 2023 was performed. The primary outcome was CMV relapse, defined as the recurrence of DNAemia or disease. Secondary outcomes included graft loss, mortality, and hematological toxicity. Meta‐analysis used the random‐effects model. The study protocol is registered in PROSPERO (no. CRD42022357028).

Results

Six retrospective comparative studies were included. A total of 520/727 (72%) of SOTR received SP with valganciclovir. The meta‐analysis did not demonstrate a significant difference in CMV relapse (odds ratio [OR] 1.15, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79–2.63). Heterogeneity between the studies was low (I2 = 0%, p = 0.57). SP was significantly associated with a reduction in mortality (OR 0.2, 95% CI 0.07–0.54) but not graft loss (OR 0.67, 0.17–2.63). There was no significant difference in CMV relapse among kidney‐specific SOTR (OR 1.38, 95% CI 0.65–2.96).

Conclusion

Evidence from six nonrandomized studies is limited and cannot support a recommendation for or against routine SP in SOTR treated for CMV infection. Awaiting prospective‐controlled trials, the decision about SP should depend on individualized risk‐profile assessments by experienced clinicians.

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Genome sequencing analysis of the pncA, rpsA and panD genes responsible for pyrazinamide resistance of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from Indonesian isolates
Authors: Rukmana Andriansjah , Nurfadillah Mifa , Gozali Cynthia , Kiranasari Ariyani
Published: October 2024

Background

Developing the most suitable treatment against tuberculosis based on resistance profiles is imperative to effectively cure tuberculosis patients. Whole‐genome sequencing is a molecular method that allows for the rapid and cost‐effective detection of mutations in multiple genes associated with anti‐tuberculosis drug resistance. This sequencing approach addresses the limitations of culture‐based methods, which may not apply to certain anti‐TB drugs, such as pyrazinamide, because of their specific culture medium requirements, potentially leading to biased resistance culture results.

Methods

Thirty‐four M. tuberculosis isolates were subcultured on a Lowenstein–Jensen medium. The genome of these bacteria was subsequently isolated using cetyltrimethylammonium bromide. Genome sequencing was performed with Novaseq Illumina 6000 (Illumina), and the data were analysed using the GenTB and Mykrobe applications. We also conducted a de novo analysis to compare the two methods and performed mutation analysis of other genes encoding pyrazinamide resistance, namely rpsA and panD.

Results

The results revealed mutations in the pncA gene, which were identified based on the databases accessed through GenTB and Mykrobe. Two discrepancies between the drug susceptibility testing and sequencing results may suggest potential instability in the drug susceptibility testing culture, specifically concerning PZA. Meanwhile, the results of the de novo analysis showed the same result of pncA mutation to the GenTB or Mykrobe; meanwhile, there were silent mutations in rpsA in several isolates and a point mutation; no mutations were found in the panD gene. However, the mutations in the genes encoding pyrazinamide require further and in‐depth study to understand their relationship to the phenotypic profile.

Conclusions

Compared to the conventional culture method, the whole‐genome sequencing method has advantages in determining anti‐tuberculosis resistance profiles, especially in reduced time and bias.