bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of organic farming on productivity, soil health and economics of rice (Oryza sativa)wheat (Triticum aestivum) system
Authors: D.S. YADAV  , VINEET KUMAR  , VIVEK YADAV
Published: December 2023

A study was done from 2003 -2008 at Kumarganj, Faizabad to assess the impact of organic manures on per- formance of ( Or yza sativa L.)wheat ( Tr iticum aestivum (L.) Fiori & Paol.) system. Among different organic farm- ing treatments, incorporation of crop residues in both the crops + green manuring + phosphorus solubilising mi- crobes (PSM) + poultry manure (PM) 5 t/ha + neem cake 0.2 t/ha, resulted in highest values of growth and yield components, yield and net return. This treatment gave 16.1, 16.6, 13.1, 13.1 and 44.5 % higher yield of rice and 19.7, 17.0, 14.5, 7.5 and 26.8% higher yield of wheat over T , T , T , T (organics) and T (inorganics) respectively. 1 2 3 4 6 Maximum amount of balance or un-utilized NPK was computed with inorganics treatment (T ). All the organic 6 farming treatments improved soil health as evident by increased organic carbon and reduction in soil pH. High- est values of organic carbon (0.64%) after 5 years of experimentation was recorded with wheat residues + FYM 10 t/ha + 0.2 t/ha neem cake in rice and rice residue + pressmud 10 t/ha in wheat (T ). Treatment with crop resi- 3 due + green manuring + poultry manure 5 t/ha + PSM + neemcake 0.2 t/ha also proved most remunerative and gave 15.46, 16.08, 14.17, 8.87 and 36.48 x 103 Rs/ha higher net return over T , T , T , T and T , respectively. 1 2 3 4 6 Highest benefit: cost ratio (1.60) was also recorded with this treatment.
Production potential, nutrient uptake, soil fertility and economics of soybean (Glycine max) - based cropping systems under organic, chemical and integrated nutrient management practices
Authors: P. RAMESH  , N.R. PANWAR  , A.B. SINGH  , S. RAMANA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 2004-05 to 2007-08 at Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh, to study the effect of organic, chemical and integrated (50:50) nutrient management (INM) practices on the productivity, nutrient up- take, soil fertility and economics of 4 soybean ( Glycine max (L.) Merr.) based cropping systems involving durum wheat ( Tr iticum durum Desf), mustard ( Brassica juncea L. Czern & Coss .), chickpea ( Cicer ar ietinum L) and isabgol ( Plantago ovata Fors k). The productivity of crops in these systems was higher in the integrated nutrient management compared to either chemical fertilizers or organic manures, in all the years. In the first year (2004- 05), the organic manure treatment recorded 7.8, 5.6, 9.4, 3.0 and 2.5 % reduction in the productivity of soybean, durum wheat, mustard, chickpea and isabgol crops, respectively, whereas in the fourth year (2007-08), the pro- ductivity of these crops was improved by 11.1, 1.1, 3.0, 4.2 and 11.2 % than chemical fertilizers. Among the treat- ments, soybean- durum wheat cropping system recorded the highest soybean equivalent yield (4.54 t/ha) under integrated nutrient management. Maximum uptake of N, P and K was recorded in integrated nutrient manage- ment and soybean- durum wheat cropping system. At the end of the 4 cropping cycles, application of organic ma- nures resulted in significantly higher soil organic carbon, available N, P and K than chemical fertilizers but was on par with the integrated nutrient management. Economic returns were the highest in the INM and soybean- du- rum wheat cropping system and they were similar between the treatments receiving organic manures and chemical fertilizers.
Evaluation of jatropha (Jatropha curcas) and castor (Ricinus communis) cake as a source of nutrient and soil amendment in spring sunflower (Helianthus annuus)- maize (Zea mays) sequence
Authors: P.S. BODAKE  , D.S. RANA
Published: December 2023

A fixed plot field experiment was conducted during 2007 and 2008 at New Delhi to find out the effect of de- oiled seed cake of jatropha ( Jatropha curcas L.) and castor ( Ricinus communis L.) as a source of nutrient alone and in various combination with inorganic sources in spring sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.)maize ( Zea mays L.) sequence. Nine combinations of three organic sources viz. jatropha cake (JC), castor cake (CC) and FYM @ 100%, 50% and 25% recommended dose of nitrogen (RDN) and three inorganic levels viz. 0%, 50% and 75% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) were tested in sunflower along with RDF through inorganic (80, 26.2 and 30 kg N, P and K/ha) and control. Residual effects of treatments were evaluated on the succeeding maize along with RDF to fallow-maize (120, 26.2 and 33.3 kg N, P and K/ha). In first year of experiment, RDF to sunflower pro- duced significantly the highest seed yield (2.64 t/ha) over other fertility levels barring the treatment of 75% RDF + 25% RDN either through JC (2.61 t/ha) or CC (2.52 t/ha). In the next season, 50% RDF + 50% RDN through JC (3.43 t/ha) being on par with 50% RDF + 50% RDN either through CC (3.36 t/ha) or FYM (3.22 t/ha) produced marked increase in seed yield over remaining fertility combinations. Grain yield of succeeding maize due to re- sidual effect of 50% RDF + 50% RDN through JC (2.72 and 2.89 t/ha in respective year) was significantly higher than other residual fertility treatments, followed by 50% RDF + 50% RDN through CC (2.45 and 2.62 t/ha) in both the years. The highest system productivity in terms of sunflower seed equivalent (3.52, 4.75 t/ha) and net returns (Rs 45,418, 69,407/ha) were recorded with the application of 50% RDF + 50% RDN through JC, followed by 50% RDF + 50% RDN through CC during both the years. Nutrient uptake followed trend similar to yield. Com- pared to control and RDF, pH and bulk density decreased with increase in the quantity of organics and reverse trend was recorded with respect to organic carbon content.
System productivity and profitability of sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) + grain amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus) intercropping system
Authors: A.K. SINGH  , MENHI LAL  , PUSHPA SINGH  , ISHWAR SINGH  , D.V. YADAV
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during 2003-04 and 2004-05 at Lucknow, to study performance of sugar- cane ( Saccharum spp hybrid complex) + grain amaranth ( Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) intercropping at . various planting geometries (sugarcane sole at 90 cm row spacing, amaranth sole at 45 cm row spacing, sugar- cane + amaranth in 1:1 row ratio and sugarcane paired (45:135 cm) + amaranth 2 rows in 135 cm spacing in 2:2
Fodder productivity and economics of pearlmillet (Pennisetum typhoides) with legumes intercropping under various row proportions
Authors: R.P. SHARMA  , K.R. RAMAN  , A.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the summer seasons of 2007 and 2008 at Sabour to assess the pro- ductivity and economics of intercropping of forage pearlmillet [ Pennisetum typhoides (L.) R. Br. Emend & Stuntz.] with cowpea [ Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.], clusterbean [ Cyamposis tetragonaloba (L.) Taub.] and rice bean [ Vigna umbellata (Thumb) ohwi and ohashi] under 4 row proportions, viz., 1: 1, 1: 2, 2: 1 and 2: 2. Fodder yields of both the component crops were substantially reduced under intercropping system compared with their sole stands. Pooled analysis of 2 years showed that pearlmillet + cowpea (2: 2) recorded significantly higher total green (52.8 t/ha), dry fodder (13.24 t/ha), crude protein yield (1.36 t/ha), as well as net returns (Rs 24,060/ha) compared with the other treatments. The highest land-equivalent ratio (1.42), relative crowding coefficient (6.54) and lowest value of competitive ratio (1.29) also indicated superiority of pearlmillet + cowpea system. Among the component crops, pearlmillet was more competitive and aggressive to legume intercrops. However, maximum aggressivity index (0.55) and competitive ratio (3.42) were obtained with pearlmillet + clusterbean (1: 2). Thus, in- tercropping of pearlmillet and cowpea in 2: 2 row ratio may be adopted for higher fodder productivity, quality and profitability during summer.
Integrated nutrient management for sustaining wheat (Triticum aestivum) production under late sown condition
Authors: I.B. PANDEY  , D.K. DWIVEDI  , R.K. PANDEY
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at research farm of Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur dur- ing the rabi seasons of 2002-03 and 2003-04 to find out the effect of integrated nutrient management on produc- tivity of late sown wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.). Addition of 10 t/ha FYM + 25 kg ZnSO /ha together with RDF (rec- 4 ommended dose of fertilizers i.e. 120-26.2-33.3 kg N-P-K/ha), 125% RDF and 150% RDF recorded significantly higher values of yield attributes, grain (3.5-3.7, 3.6-3.8 and 3.8-3.9 t/ha, respectively) and straw (5.2-5.4, 5.3-5.5 and 5.5-5.6 t/ha, respectively) yields than application of RDF (2.9-3.1 t/ha), 125% RDF (3.2-3.5 t/ha) and 150% RDF (3.3-3.6 t/ha) alone. Application of 10 t FYM/ha with RDF produced similar grain yield (3.4-3.6 t/ha) as the yield obtained under 150% RDF alone (3.3-3.6 t/ha). Application of 150% RDF together with 10 tonnes FYM + 25 kg ZnSO /ha although produced maximum grain yield (3.8-3.9 t/ha), however, highest benefit : cost ratio (1.5-1.7) 4 was obtained with 10 t FYM/ha together with RDF only. Addition of 10 t FYM with fertilizers levels significantly in- creased the nutrient uptake by the crop, improved the organic carbon content, N, P and K status and significantly reduced the bulk density of the soil as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.
Bt cotton (Gossypium sp.) in India and its agronomic requirements - A review
Authors: M.V. VENUGOPALAN  , K. SANKARANARAYANAN  , D. BLAISE  , P. NALAYINI  , C.S. PRAHRAJ  , B. GANGAIAH
Published: December 2023

lndia has emerged as a major global partner in the production, processing and trade of raw cotton and its fin- ished products. The genetically modified Bt cotton, containing the cry gene sourced from the soil bacterium Bacil- lus thuringiensis sub-species kurstaki, providing resistance against boil worms, represents a landmark in cotton research and development. The large-scale adoption of Bt cotton by Indian farmers in a span of 7 years is the power of this technology. Introduction of the Bt gene has alterzd the morphological, phenological and physiologi- cal characteristics of these introgressed cultivars. The development and commercialization of Bt cotton varieties like BN Bt and incorporation of herbicide tolerance are likely to further revolutonize the cotton production sce- nario. To harness the benefits of the Bt cotton and to sustain their yield potential, sound agro-techniques need to be standardized. This review provides an update on the agronomic research undertaken on Bt cotton especially under the diverse growing conditions in lndia and the effect of these agro-techniques on Cry toxin expression and fibre quality parameters.
Research and development in jute (Corchorus sp.) and allied fibres in India-A re- view
Authors: B.S. MAHAPATRA  , SABYASACHI MITRA  , M.K. SINHA  , A.K. GHORAI
Published: December 2023

Jute and allied fibre farming, trading and industry provide sustenance to over 5 million people of our country. The productivity of jute had doubled from 1 Vha during independence to about 2.24 Vha during 2006-07. De- .l0 velopment of high-yielding varieties along with relatively cheaper and user friendly location specific technolo- gies using locally available materials made this possible. Identification of promising herbicides had increased the net return of the production system while judicious use of local organic nutrient sources had improved the productivity as well as soil-health in jute and allied fibre systems. The mechano-microbial retting technology de- veloped at CRIJAF had reduced the water requirement of retting, while the machines developed like multi-row seed drill, bast fibre extractor, flax extractor, nail weeder, herbicide brush, etc. had increased the efficiency and profitability of the production system. Successful models of ramie and sisal based multitier systems have been developed for both traditional and non-traditional areas. Significant achievements have been made in fibre qual- ity research also, as it is the prime requirement for product diversification and value addition. In this paper, at- tempts have been made to summarize and present the achievements made so far in the jute and allied fibre re- search and also to highlight the constraints faced by this sector and its possible mitigation options.
Potential of short rotation woody crops for pulp fiber production from arable lands in India J.V.N.S. PRASAD , 6. GANGAIAH2, S. KUNDU1, G.R. KORWAR', B. VENKATESWARLU1 AND V.P. SINGH3
Authors: J.V.N.S. PRASAD  , B. GANGAIAH  , S. KUNDU  , G.R. KORW R  , B. VENKATESWARLU  , V . SINGH
Published: December 2023

Wood fiber is used for the manufacture of various kinds of paper, packaging material, tissues, paperboard etc. The conventional soft woods and hard woods used as raw materials by pulp, paper and cellulose based indus- tries are depleting day by day and the wood imports are draining country's foreign exchange. Short rotation in- dustrial agroforestry plantations with the fast growing tree species are potential sources to fill this gap and to make the nation self reliant in pulpwood supply. Poplar, eucalyptus, leucaena and bamboo are the ideal spe- cies that can be grown commercially in private lands for meeting the wood requirements and has the potential to produce a biomass of 18 to 49 tl ha per year. The pulp yield from these species ranges from 40 to 49% of the wood biomass produced. With the expansion of wood markets, high biomass yields and amenability for har- vesting in short rotations, short rotation woody crops can be one of the profitable options for fiber production on lands which are not suitable for intensive arable cropping. Some of the important fiber supplying species which are grown under Indian conditions and their agroforestry systems and profitability aspects are discussed in the paper.
Effect of zinc and farmyard manure on productivity and profitability of rice (Oryza sativa) - linseed (Linum usitatissimum) crop sequence
Authors: KARAM HUSAIN  , RAM CHANDRA  , R. L. SRIVASTAV  , S.D. DUBEY  , K. SlNGH  , M. C. SAXENA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment on rice (Oryza sativa L.) - linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) crop sequence with 8 treat- ments was conducted for 3 consecutive years in silty loam soil having 0.85 ppm Zn between 2002-03 and 2004- 05 at Kanpur. Application of zinc (through zinc sulphate @ 25 kglha) and farmyard manure (FYM) @ 5 t/ha to rice in rice-linseed crop sequence recorded maximum linseed equivalent yield (2.71 tlha) and net monetary re- turn (Rs 17,419lha) which were on par with Zn in both the crops + FYM in rice and Zn in linseed + FYM in rice. Like linseed equivalent yield (LEY), oil yield of linseed (mean of 3 years) was also recorded higher with treat- ment of Zn in both the crops + FYM while other treatments of FYM followed it closely. Application of Zn alone irre- spective of crop season also brought numerical increase in the yield of rice and linseed, LEY and NMR over rec- ommended dose of fertilizer (RDF). However, net monetary return (NMR) recorded was higher when Zn was ap- plied to rice alone when compared with Zn application in rice and linseed as well as linseed alone. The uptake of zinc was recorded maximum when it was applied to both crops either with or without FYM @ 5 tonnelha than single crop alone. The nutrient status of the soil after the harvest of third crop of linseed was better when both Zn and FYM were applied to rice crop. Thus, it would be better to apply Zn (through zinc sulphate @ 25 kglha) and FYM @ 5 t/ha to rice in rice - linseed crop sequence for higher productivity and profitability of the system along with enriched soil as well as good oil yield from linseed.
Productivity and economics of rice (Oryza sativa) in system of rice intensification in North-Western Himalayas
Authors: J. SHEKHAR  , B. S. MANKOTlA  , S.P. DEV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Malan during kharif 2006 and 2007 to evaluate the productivity and prof- itability of rice under system of rice intensification (SRI) and integrated crop management (ICM). The SRI in- volved transplanting of 10-12 days old single seedlinglhill at 25 cm x 25 cm; ICM involved transplanting of 15-18 days old 1-2 seedlingslhill at 20 cm x 20 cm spacing and were compared with conventional transplanting (CT) of 4 weeks old 2-3 seedlingslhill at 20 cm x 10 cm spacing. The treatments (CT, SRI, ICM) were tested in 2 sets,l with same date of nursery sowing (consequently with different transplanting dates) and another with same date of transplanting (with different dates of nursery sowing). The SRI and ICM methods outperformed CT under same date of nursery sowing. The plants under SRI and ICM were taller by 7.4 cm and 6.1 cm, respectively and ma- tured 7 days earlier compared to CT (124 days). More tillering at hill level compensated and thus effective tillers1 m2 in ICM (247) were at par with CT (244) but were less in SRI (203). Panicle weight (g) was significantly more in SRI (3.75) followed by ICM (3.01) and CT (2.85). On an average ICM (6.67 tlha; 14.5%) and SRI (6.43 ffha; 10.6%) produced significantly more grain yield compared to CT (5.81 tlha). NPK uptake was significantly more in ICM (98.9, 19.6, 96.8 kglha) followed by SRI and CT. On an average, ICM recorded significantly higher net return (Rs 40,9431ha) and benefit:cost ratio (2.04) followed by SRI (Rs 39,1201ha and 1.98). Under same date of nurs- ery transplanting, the number of effective tillers/m2 were significantly less under SRI (164) and ICM (214) and so the productivity and profitability in new methods was less. Thus, it is concluded that under mid hills of Himachal Pradesh, ICM was promising to increase the productivity and profitability of transplanted rice.
Effect of foliar application of potassium nitrate and calcium nitrate on perfor- mance of rainfed lowland rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: CHAITY KUNDU  , R.K. SARKAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rainy (kharif) season of 2005 and 2006 at Baruipur to evaluate the effect of foliar nutrition of potassium nitrate (KNO,) and calcium nitrate Ca(NO,),on growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Gangetic alluvial land. Foliar application of 0.406% Ca(NO,),followed by 0.50% KN0,during 50% flowering stage increased the growth parameters and yield attributes which ultimately resulted in higher grain yield than foliar spray of 0.25 and 1.00% KNO, and 0.203 and 0.812% Ca(NO,), and water spray. Foliar spray of 0.406% Ca(NO,), resulted in maximum grain yield (5.47 tlha), net returns (Rs 14,7331ha) and benefit cost ratio (1.38). Hence foliar spray of 0.406% Ca(NO,),should be practised to obtain maximum grain yield and net monetary returns from rainfed lowland rice in West Bengal.
Rainwater conservation and yield of sorghum (Sorghum biclor) as influenced by tillage and cover management practices in red soils
Authors: DEV NARAYAN  , B. LAL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during kharifof 2002 to 2003 at 2% slope in red soils at Datia, Madhya Pradesh to evolve a suitable tillage and surface mulching practice for higher rainwater conservation for aug- menting the crop growth and yield of sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Monech.] under rainfed conditions. Nine treatment combinations [T,, zero tillage (no crop); T,, T, + sorghum; T,, T , in situ surface mulching; T,, traditional + tillage (no crop); T,, T , sorghum; T,, T , in situ surface mulching; T,, improved tillage (no crop); T,, T , sor- + + + ghum and T,, T , in situ surface mulching] were evaluated under randomized block design with 3 replications. + Maximum infiltration rate (5.6 cmlhr), pore space (47.9%), water holding capacity (37.1 cm of 0-30 cm soil layer) and water stable aggregates (48.1 1 and 49.92 of 0-15 and 15-30 cm soil layer, respectively) and lowest bulk density (1.38 Mg/m3) were recorded under improved tillage + sorghum + in situ surface mulching (T,). Bulk den- sity was maximum (1.54 Mg/m3) under zero tillage (T,). Owing to higher rainwater conservation (78.9% mean of 2 years) growth, yield attributes and yield of sorghum increased significantly under increasing tillage depths and in situ surface mulching. Thus highest grain (3.31 tlha) and stover (9.98 tlha) yield and moisture use efficiency (7.84 kglha-mm) were recorded under T,. The results indicated that improved tillage coupled with in situ surface mulch- ing of sunnhemp was helpful for higher rain water conservation and increasing the yield of sorghum under rainfed conditions in red soils under semi - arid conditions of Madhya Pradesh.
Response of rainfed cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to foliar application of potassium
Authors: D. BLAISE  , J. V. SlNGH  , A. N. BONDE
Published: December 2023

Field studies were conducted (2002-03 to 2004-05) in Nagpur, Maharashtra under rainfed conditions to evaluate the response of upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) to foliar application of potassium (K). Treatments included a control (without K), soil application, soil application along with one foliar spray of K at either early boll or peak boll and two sprays at early and peak boll stages. Averaged across years, yield of the K applied plots were similar (0.97 to 1.07 tonnetha) and were significantly greater than the control (0.81 tonnetha). Yield differ- ences were owing to more bolls in the K applied (40.8 to 53.3/m2) than control plots (33.6/m2). Year x treatment in- teraction was highly significant. In 2002-03 and 2004-05, rainfall was lesser than average and the K applied plots had significantly greater seed cotton yield (0.84 to 1.30 tonnetha) than the control (0.71 to 0.75 tonnetha). In 2004-05, treatment with 2 foliar sprays produced 392 kgtha more seed cotton than soil application and was sig- nificantly superior to 1 spray. Total K uptake was greater in the K applied plots (61.3 to 68.8 kgtha) than the con- trol (39.1 kglha). Regardless of treatments, K balance (input - uptake) was negative (-37.1 to -43.8 kgtha). In gen- eral, K application did not impact fibre quality. It was found that K application may be advantageous in years with low rainfall.
Effect of irrigation and nutrient levels on growth and yield of coriander (Coriandrum sativum)
Authors: M.L TRIPATHI  , S.K. TRIVEDI  , R.P. YADAV
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was carried out on sandy loam soil at Morena during winter season of 2006-07 and 2007-08 to study the effect of irrigation schedules and nutrient levels (% recommended NPK fertilization) on growth, yield, quality of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.). Irrigation at 20, 40 and 60 days after sowing (DAS) maintained higher urnbletslplant, urnbellplant, 1,000-seed weight, production efficiency, nutrient use and N, P, K and S uptake. Maximum seed yield (1.96 tonnelha), biomass production (4.66 tonneslha), net returns (Rs.86,815/ha) and B:C ra- tio (8.1 9) were also recorded under 3 irrigations, which resulted in 38.31 % and 3.93% increase in seed yield over 2 (20 and 40 DAS) and 4 (20, 40, 60 and 80 DAS) irrigation respectively. The application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) (60:17.6:16.6:30 kg N: P: K: Slha) registered significantly higher yield attributes, water use efficiency, production efficiency, N: P: K and S uptake and 20.65% and 12.04% increased in seed yield over 50% and 75% RDF respectively. The: interaction effect of irrigation and fertility levels on seed yield was also found sig- nificant and positive. The maximum yield (2.09 tonnelha) was recorded with the combined application of 3 irriga- tions and 100% RDF followed by three irrigation and 125% RDF (2.02 tonnelha).
Integrated nitrogen management in fodder oats (Avena sativa) in hot arid ecosystem of Rajasthan
Authors: K.C. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi of 2006-07 and 2007-08 at Bikaner to find out the effect of dif- ferent levels of nitrogen (0, 50, 100 and 150 kglha), biofertilizer (uninoculated and inoculated with Azotobacter) and sheep manure (0 and 10 Vha) on performance of fodder oats (Avena sativa L). Results revealed that 150 kg Nlha significantly increased the growth attributes leading to higher dry matter (11 .I3 Vha) and crude protein yields (988.7 kglha). Seed inoculation with Azotobacter increased the dry matter and crude protein yields by 5.93 and 7.00% over uninoculated control. Sheep manure @ 10 Vha significantly increased the green fodder, dry mat- ter, and crude protein yields to the extent of 21, 22.1 and 26.0% respectively over no sheep manure. Interaction effect of nitrogen and sheep manure was significant and dry matter yields recorded at 100 kg Nlha alongwith 10 t sheep manurelha and 150 kg Nlha alone were at par. Highest values of net returns (Rs 23,285/ha), net B:C ratio (1.00), N, P and K uptake, energy responsiveness (8.32 MJIRe) were recorded at 150 kg Nlha. .However, maxi- mum values of energy ratio (8.26) and energy productivity (458.9 g1MJ) were obtained with 100 kg Nlha, whereas, highest values of agronomic N-use efficiency (43.9 kg dmlkg-N applied) and physiological N-use effi- ciency (68.7 kg dmlkg N uptake) were recorded with 50 kg Nlha. Application of Azotobacter inoculation and sheep manure registered higher values of above traits than their respective control except agronomic and physi- ological N-use efficiencies, where control treatment recorded greater values. The residual soil organic carbon and available N contents were significantly influenced with application of nitrogen and sheep manure. The re- sults show that nitrogen @ 100 kglha alongwith Azotobacter inoculation and sheep manure @ 10 Vha may be applied for higher and quality fodder of oats.
Productivity, nutrient balance and economics of kabuli chickpea (Cicer kabulium) as influenced by integrated nutrient management
Authors: S.P.S. TANWAR  , P. ROKADIA  , A.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted at Kota (Rajasthan) during winter seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to evolve an integrated nutrient management strategy for kabuli chickpea. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with 12-treatment combinations of levels of P (0, 12.9, 25.8 kg /ha), phosphate solubilising bacteria (control, PSB) and FYM (0, 5 tonne/ha) replicated 4 times. Conjunctive use of inorganic P @ 12.9 kg/ha + PSB + FYM had resulted in maximum number of pods/plant (102.6), bolder seeds (31.88 g) and higher seed yield (2.53 and 2.80 tonne/ha). It was in parity with 25.8 kg P/ha + PSB + FYM (2.42 and 2.96 tonne/ha) in 2005-06 and 2006- 07, respectively. Harvest index and N uptake followed similar trend. The P uptake increased with the application of P upto 25.8 kg /ha but was on par with 12.9 kg P/ha + PSB + FYM. Integrated use of inorganic P with PSB and FYM also improved N and P status of soil. The maximum net returns were obtained with 12.9 kg P/ha + PSB + FYM (Rs 53,200 /ha) during 2005-06 and with 25.8 kg P/ha + PSB + FYM (Rs 64,870/ha) during 2006-07. But highest B:C ratio was recorded under 12.9 kg P + PSB. Consequently for higher productivity, profitability and soil health kabuli chickpea should be fertilized with 12.9 kg P/ha in conjunction with 5 tonne/ha FYM and PSB inocula- tion.
Productivity and profitability of Bt cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under various plant geometry and fertilizer levels
Authors: P.D. BHALERAO  , GODAVARI S. GAIKWAD
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted for 3 years at Akola during kharif 2006-07 to 2008-09, to find out the impact of plant geometry and levels of N, P and K fertilization on performance of Bt cotton. From the pooled analysis of 3 years data, it was observed that 90 cm x 45 cm spacing recorded 50.5 and 17.7% higher seed cotton yield than 90 cm x 90 cm and 90 cm x 60 cm spacing, respectively. Wider spacing plants had more boll/plants (23.1) than closer spaced (20.8 bolls/plant). Application of 125% recommended dose of fertilizer/ha was at par with recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) i.e. 50-25-25 kg N-P-K/ha and significantly higher than 75% RDF. Increase in yield was due to improvement in bolls/plant. There was increasing trend in N, M and R with increasing N, P and K levels. Mon- etary returns showed increasing trend with decreasing intra row spacing. Consequently spacing of 90cm x 45 cm and recommended dose of fertilizer of non Bt (50-25-25 kg N-P-K /ha) were found suitable for RCH-2 Bt cotton also under rainfed conditions.
Bio inoculants for enhancing the productivity and nutrient uptake of winter irrigated cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) under graded levels of nitrogen and phosphatic fertilizers
Authors: P. NALAYINI  K. SANKARANARAYANAN  , R. ANANDHAM
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during winter (August February) seasons of 2003-04 and 2004-05 under irrigated condition at Coimbatore to study the usefulness of bio-inoculants in reducing the inorganic nitrogen and phosphatic fertilizers for cotton. Four graded levels of N and P ( 0,50,75 and 100 % recommended dose (RDNP) and four bio inoculants viz ., Azospir illum from, Haryana, Tamil Nadu and Surat were combined with Phosphorus Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) + Pink Pigmented Facultative Methylotrophs (PPFM) along with uninoculated control. Cotton LRA 5166 responded significantly to graded levels of N and P and bio-inoculants. Application of 75% RDNP along with Azospirillum (HAU) + PSB + PPFM yielded 2.91 tonne/ha seed cotton with higher net return (Rs 40,553) and net B:C ratio value of 1.94 while, application of 100% RDNP without bio-inoculants yielded only 2.54 tonne/ha. Judicious combination of bio-inoculants along with moderate use of chemical fertilizers is recommended for cotton.
Performance of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) varieties at various fertilizer levels and biofertilizers inoculation
Authors: D. SINGH  , V. NEPALIA  , A.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during winter seasons of 2003-04 and 2004-05 at Udaipur to assess the perfor- mance of two fenugreek ( Trigonella foenum-graecum ) cultivars (RMt-1 and RMt-303) at 3 fertilizer levels (control, 20 + 8.6 kg N + P/ha and 40 + 17.2 kg N + P/ha) and 4 biofertilizer inoculations (uninoculated control, Rhizobium alone, PSB alone and Rhizobium + PSB). Application of 40 + 17.2 kg N + P/ha proved optimum for fenugreek as it significantly improved growth, yield attributes, yield (1.76 tonne/ha), N, P uptake, net returns (Rs 25,640/ha) and B:C ratio (2:49) over 20 + 8.6 kg N + P/ha and control and also favours soil N and P status. With significant higher seed yield (1.56 tonne/ha), net returns (Rs 22,680/ha) B:C ratio (2:31) and with higher N and P status of soil, the variety RMt-303 proved superior when compared with RMt-1. Dual inoculation showed superiority by retaining higher available N and P in soil, higher yield, net returns and B:C ratio compared to Rhizobium, PSB alone and uninoculated control.
Productivity and soil fertility as effected by organic manures and inorganic fertilizers in greengram (Vigna radiata) - wheat (Triticum aestivum) system
Authors: GHANSHYAM  , RAKESH KUMAR  , R.K. JAT
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during khar if and rabi for 2 consecutive years (2002-03 and 2003-04) at Hisar to evaluate the direct and residual effect of organic manures and phosphorus on productivity, nutrient up- take, soil fertility and economics of greengram-wheat cropping system. Three levels of organic manures (no or- ganic manure, FYM 5 tonne/ha and vermicompost 5 tonne/ha) and 3 phosphorus levels (control, 9 and 18 kg P/ha)
Productivity and economics of chickpea (Cicer arietinum)-fodder sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) cropping system as influenced by P sources, bio-fertilizers and irrigation to chickpea
Authors: O.V.S. THENUA  , S.P. SINGH  , B.G. SHIVAKUMAR
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were carried out for 2 years at Lakhaoti to study in the performance of chickpea ( Cicer arietinum L.) as influenced as irrigation, sources of P and levels of biofertilizers during 2005-06 and 2006-07. Their residual effect was studied in the succeeding fodder sorghum ( Sorghum bicolor L.). Two irrigations at flowering and pod filling recorded higher yield attributes and yield (1.56 tonne/ha) of chickpea. Further P in the form of either SSP (1.56 tonne/ha) or DAP (1.53 tonne/ha) was better when compared with rock phosphate (1.40 tonne/ha). The seed inoculation with phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae (VAM) (1.55 tonne/ha) followed by PSB alone recorded higher yield of chickpea. The application of rock phosphate and biofertilizer (PSB+VAM) to chickpea showed significant residual effect on the succeeding fodder sorghum. The P uptake and water use efficiency (WUE) in chickpea and fodder sorghum and available P status after their harvest were also significantly affected by irrigation, P sources and PSB + VAM. Chickpea-fodder sorghum as a whole was significantly influenced by combination of irrigation at flowering and pod filling, rock phosphate as source of P and biofertilizer viz., PSB+VAM resulting in higher net returns and net benefit : cost ratio.
Performance of greater yam (Dioscorea alata) and maize (Zea mays) intercrop- ping as influenced by mulching and levels of N-P-K fertilization
Authors: M. NEDUNCHEZHIYAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted for consecutive 3 years (from 2003-04 to 2005-06) at Dumuduma, Bhubaneshwar under rainfed conditions to find out the influence of mulching along with different levels of NPK fer- tilization on total productivity, energy use efficiency and economics of greater yam ( Dioscorea alata L.) and maize ( Zea mays L.) intercropping system. Higher total productivity (23.0 tonne/ha), productivity efficiency (109.5 kg/ha/ day) and net return (Rs 55,700/) were obtained with the application of 120-39.3-100 kg N-P-K/ha along with mulching. However, higher energy use efficiency (5.07) was found with the application of 100-32.7-83.3 kg N-P-K/ ha along with mulching. Mulching along with 120-39.3-100 kg N-P-K/ha registered the highest N, P and K uptake and post-harvest soil nutrients status followed by mulching along with 100-32.7-83.3 kg N-P-K/ha.
Effect of irrigation schedules on growth and yield of aerobic rice (Oryza sativa) under varied levels of farmyard manure in Cauvery command area
Authors: B. G. SHEKARA  , SHARNAPPA  , N. KRISHNAMURTHY
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were conducted during summer 2005 and 2006 at Mandya, Karnataka to study the effect of irrigation regimes in conjunction with varied levels of farmyard manure (FYM) on growth and yield of aerobic rice ( Or yza sativa L.). The treatments consisted of 4 levels of irrigation based on IW (irrrigation water) CPE (Cumulative Pan Evaporation) ratio (2.5, 2.0, 1.5 and 1.0 with an IW of 5 cm) and three levels of FYM (0, 10 and 20 tonne/ha) was laid out in split plot design with three replications. The results revealed that application of 20 tonne FYM re- corded significantly more number of productive tillers/hill, filled spikelets/panicle and thus more grain yield (6.01 and 6.44 t/ha during 2005 and 2006, respectively). However, no FYM application recorded higher B:C ratio (1.02). Irrigation scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 2.5 recorded significantly higher yield attributes and grain yield (6.21 and 6.58 tonne/ha during 2005 and 2006, respectively) and same treatment recorded higher B:C ratio. However, irriga- tion scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 1.0 recorded higher water use efficiency (52.09 kg grain/ha-cm). The N, P and K uptake was higher with application of 20 tonne FYM and with irrigation scheduled at IW/CPE ratio of 2.5.
Effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) in coastal region of Karaikal
Authors: V. KARUNAKARAN  , J. RAMMOHAN  , V. CHELLAMUTHU  , R. POONGHUZHALAN
Published: December 2023

To study the effect of integrated nutrient management on the growth and yield of groundnut ( Arachis . hypogaea L ) field experiments were conducted during summer (March to June) seasons of 2003 and 2004 at Karaikal, Pondicherry. The 13 treatments consisted of combinations of 3 levels of recommended dose of fertiliz- ers [RDF i.e. 17-34-54 kg N-P-K/ha (75, 100 and 125%)], 4 organic manures (no manure, FYM 12.5 tonne/ha, naturally decomposed coirpith 12.5 tonne/ha and enriched compost (EC) 5 tonne/ha) along with a control receiv- ing no organics or fertilizers. The results revealed that application of 125% RDF + 5 t/ha EC increased growth and yield attributes that led to its significantly higher productivity (2.25 and 5.00 tonne/ha of mean pod and haulm yield), and nutrient uptake of groundnut besides enriching soil available nutrients after harvest of ground- nut. However, due to high cost of manuring, RDF recorded the highest mean net returns (Rs 16,996/ha) and B:C ratio (2.02). If the 75% subsidized cost of EC as given in Pondicherry is taken into consideration combination of 125% RDF + 5 tonne/ha EC was found promising (Rs. 19,364/ha) to that of RDF.
Yield performance and quality in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) as affected by integrated nutrient management
Authors: M.K. TRIPATHI  , SUMIT CHATURVEDI  , D.K. SHUKLA  , B.S. MAHAPATRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during rabi 2005-06 and 2006-07 at Pantnagar to study the effect of inte- grated nutrient management (INM) on Indian mustard ( Brassica juncea). Twelve treatments consisting of recom- mended dose of fertilizers (RDF) i.e. 120-17.6-16.7 kg N-P-K/ha and 75% RDF either alone or with addition of farmyard manure (FYM), sulphur (S), zinc (Zn), boron (B) and Azotobacter were tested in RBD with 3 replications. Application of 2 t FYM + 40 kg S along with RDF or 75% RDF resulted in significant increase in mustard yield i.e. 18.2 and 20.3% over RDF (1.69 t/ha) and 75% RDF (1.57 t/ha) alone. However, net returns indicated that INM treatment i.e. RDF + FYM + S + Zn + B + Azatobacter with mean returns of Rs. 19,505 is promising to rest of the treatments. The addition of zinc, boron and seed treatment with Azotobacter reduced the glucosinolate content at both RDF and 75% RDF.
Integrated nutrient management for sugarcane (Saccharum spp. hybrid complex) plant-ratoon system
Authors: H.M. VIRDIA  , C.L. PATEL
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Navsari during 2002-2006 to study the influence of integrated nutrient management (INM) for sustained sugarcane plant-ratoon production system. Integrated use of various organics (FYM, pressmud, vermicompost and biofertilizers) with recommended dose of NPK fertilizers (RDF) to sugar- cane plant crop followed by trash incorporation and green manuring with NPK and bio-fertilizers to ratoon sug- arcane was studied. The results revealed that integrated use of FYM @25% of recommended dose of N (RDN) with RDF (250-125-125 kg N-P-K/ha) and biofertilizer ( Azotobactor and phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) to plant crop followed by 10 t/ha trash incorporation with bio-fertilizer inoculation + RDF (300-6.25-125 kg N-P-K/ ha) application increased cane (13.3 to 30.6 t/ha) and commercial cane sugar (0.5 to 1.6 tonne/ha) yield. How- ever, the magnitude of variation in cane yield was marginal when total N was applied through fertilizer alone. Hence, it was possible to save 25% N when organics was applied along with bio-fertilizers Azatobacter + PSB.
Productivity and quality of arable crops and soil fertility as influenced by ley farm- ing in hot region of Rajasthan
Authors: SUBHASH CHANDER  , K.C. SHARMA  , H.S. JAT  , RAJ PAL MEENA
Published: December 2023

To assess the impact of 4 year ley farming with 2 grasses: i.e. Cenchrus ( Cenchrus ciliaris) and sewan ( Lasiurus sindicus), a field experiment was conducted on low fertile coarse sandy soil at Bikaner, Rajasthan during June 2000December 2004. Two cutting schedules (half yearly and yearly) and 3 varieties (CAZRI-75, CAZRI-358 and CAZRI-1106 of Cenchrus and CAZRI-30-5, CAZRI-317 and CAZRI-319 of sewan) were grown in split plot design with 3 replications. The impact of 4 years ley farming on arable crops viz., moth bean ( Phaseolus aconitifolius Jacq.) and pearl millet [ Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br.] were studied. The data reveal that sewan grass leys, half yearly cutting of leys have markedly higher biomass production than Cenchrus and yearly cutting schedules. Among the varieties, CAZRI-75 ( Cenchrus) and CAZRI-30-5 (sewan) produced significantly higher biomass when compared with other varieties. The nutrient uptake of leys followed the trend of yields. The ley crops, their cutting schedules and cultivars failed to exert any significant influence on succeeding arable crops performance. However, ley farming has 107.3 and 88.7% higher moth bean and pearlmillet yield than control (no ley) due to greater moisture retention and soil fertility improvement.
Integrated nutrient management for higher yield, quality and profitability of baby corn (Zea mays)
Authors: M.K. SINGH  , R.N. SINGH  , S.P. SINGH  , M.K. YADAV  , V.K. SINGH
Published: December 2023

Field experiments were carried out on sandy loam soil at Varanasi during pre -kharif season of 2004 and 2005 to evaluate appropriate fertility levels and N sources for baby corn ( Zea mays L.). Experiment was laid out in splitplot design and replicated thrice with three fertility viz. F , 60 + 12.9 + 24.9; F , 120 + 25.8 + 49.8, and F , 1 2 3 180 + 38.7 + 74.7 kg N+P+K/ha in main plots and three N sources viz. 100% N by fertilizer, 75% fertilizer N + 25% N by FYM and 50% fertilizer N + 50% N by FYM as sub plots. Significant increase in baby corn and green fodder yield and quality parameters (carbohydrate, sugar, starch, protein, N, P and K content and uptake) in baby corn were recorded with application of 120 + 25.8 + 49.8 over 60 + 12.9 + 24.9 kg N+P+K/ha. However, net returns increased significantly with each successive increase in fertility level upto highest fertility levels i.e. 180 + 38.7 + 74.7 kg N+P+K/ha. Application of N through fertilizer alone recorded significantly higher baby corn yield (2.30 t/ha mean) and net returns (Rs. 1,10,983/ha) over 50% fertilizer N + 50% N through FYM. Available N, P and K in the soil after baby corn harvest were highest with 180 + 38.7 + 74.7 kg N+P+K/ha and 50% N supplied through FYM.
Productivity of Barnyard millet (Echinochloa frumentacea) in relation to organic nutrition under rainfed conditions of Western Himalaya region
Authors: RASHMI YADAV  , NARESH MALIK
Published: December 2023

To find out the efficacy of different organic materials as source of nutrients to barnyard millet ( Echinochloa frumentacea), an experiment was laid out with 12 treatments consisting of different organic manures in a ran- domized block design with 3 replications during kharif 2005-2008 at Ranichauri. The results indicated that vari- ous organic nutrition treatments have significantly lower productivity of barnyard millet than recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF i.e. 40-20-20 kg N-P-K/ha) in the initial 2 years (2005 and 2006). However, from third year on- wards, organic nutrition treatments of vermicompost (VC) + wild apricot-cake, WAC (50% N from each source) with and without Azotobacter produced statistically at par yield as that of RDF. Among the organic nutrition treat- ments tried, VC + WAC (50% N from each source) + Azotobacter on an average produced statistically similar
Effect of planting patterns and weed control treatments on Phalaris minor growth and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: MANDEEP KAUR SAINI  , U. S. WALIA
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted at Ludhiana, during rabi 2006-07 and 2007-08 to study the effect of different planting patterns and weed control treatments on the control of Phalaris minor Retz. and productivity of wheat ( Tr iticum aestivum L. emend. Firori & Paol). The experiment was laid out in strip plot design with planting pat- terns of wheat in horizontal blocks and weed control treatments in vertical blocks. Among the planting patterns, zero till sowing with Happy seeder recorded least population and dry matter accumulation of P. minor at 60 days after sowing and at harvest, which was statistically at par with other planting pattern treatments i.e. zero till sow- ing, bed planting and conventional tillage. Growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of wheat were not sig- nificantly influenced by planting patterns. Population and dry matter accumulation of P. minor were significantly reduced with post-emergence application of sulfosulfuron 25 g/ha, mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron 12 g/ha and pinoxaden 50 g/ha when compared with unweeded control during both years of investigation. Significantly more grain and biological yield were recorded in all herbicidal treatments as compared to unweeded control.
Planting systems and integrated nutrient management for enhanced wheat (Triti- cum aestivum) productivity
Authors: R.N. SEPAT  , R.K. RAI  , SHIVA DHAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rabi 2004-05 and 2005-06 on sandy loam soil to assess the ef- fect of ten integrated nutrient management practices (INM) under two planting systems [conventional and furrow irrigated raised bed (FIRB)] on wheat ( Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). The results revealed that FIRB planting registered higher mean spikes/m2, grains/spike and 1,000-grain weight resulting in 8.6% higher grain yield than conventional planting (4.36 tonne/ha). The higher grain and biological yield of wheat in FIRB planting led to higher NPK uptake, however, post harvest available NPK status of soil did not vary among two planting systems. The application of fertilizers (inorganic alone or inorganic with FYM) recorded significantly higher mean yield attributes and grain yield over control. Recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) i.e. 120-26.4-50 kg N-P-K/ ha along with 5 tonne FYM/ha + Biofertilizer ( Azotobacter, PSB and VAM) + 25 kg ZnSO4/ha produced higher yield attributes resulting in 22% more grain yield than RDF (4.14 tonne/ha). The higher yield led to higher NPK uptake by wheat. Further, the available NPK content of soil also increased in above INM treatment over control. Highest net returns (Rs 27,067) were obtained in FIRB planting and with recommended dose of fertilizers + 5 tonne FYM/ha + Biofertilizer + 25 kg ZnSO /ha. 4
Integrated nutrient management in rainy season groundnut (Arachis hypogaea)
Authors: A.K.B. MOHAPATRA  , L. DIXIT
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted at Berhampur during rainy ( kharif) season of 2003 and 2004 on loamy sand soil to study the effect of integrated use of FYM, recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) i.e. 20-17.4-33.3 kg N-P-K/ha, Rhizobium, gypsum (250 kg/ha) and boron (1 kg/ha) on performance of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) and soil fertility. Results revealed that application of FYM + 75% RDF + Rhizobium + gypsum + boron re- corded significantly higher pods/plant, 100 pod weight resulting in higher pod (2.66 tonne/ha), kernel yield (1.92 tonne/ha) and nutrient uptake (151.4-17.0-58.6-0.8-0.07 kg N-P-K-S-B/ha). This treatment also had generated maximum net return (Rs. 22,000/ha). The increase in pod yield of this treatment was 65 and 14% higher over