bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Manufacturing Economics of Plant-Made Biologics: Case Studies in Therapeutic and Industrial Enzymes
Authors: Tusé Daniel , Tu Tiffany , McDonald Karen A.
Published: May 2014

Production of recombinant biologics in plants has received considerable attention as an alternative platform to traditional microbial and animal cell culture. Industrially relevant features of plant systems include proper eukaryotic protein processing, inherent safety due to lack of adventitious agents, more facile scalability, faster production (transient systems), and potentially lower costs. Lower manufacturing cost has been widely claimed as an intuitive feature of the platform by the plant-made biologics community, even though cost information resides within a few private companies and studies accurately documenting such an advantage have been lacking. We present two technoeconomic case studies representing plant-made enzymes for diverse applications: human butyrylcholinesterase produced indoors for use as a medical countermeasure and cellulases produced in the field for the conversion of cellulosic biomass into ethanol as a fuel extender. Production economics were modeled based on results reported with the latest-generation expression technologies onNicotianahost plants. We evaluated process unit operations and calculated bulk active and per-dose or per-unit costs using SuperPro Designer modeling software. Our analyses indicate that substantial cost advantages over alternative platforms can be achieved with plant systems, but these advantages are molecule/product-specific and depend on the relative cost-efficiencies of alternative sources of the same product.
Added Value of QuantiFERON TB-Gold in-Tube for Detecting Latent Tuberculosis Infection among Persons Living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Souza Josiane Maria Oliveira , Evangelista Maria do Socorro Nantua , Trajman Anete
Published: May 2014

Objective. To evaluate the added value of QuantiFERON TB-Gold in-Tube (QTF-GIT) over the tuberculin skin testing (TST) for detecting latent tuberculosis (TB) infection (LTBI) among patients with AIDS in a city with a low TB incidence rate (11.1/100,000 inhabitants) and universal BCG coverage.Methods. Three hundred consecutive patients with AIDS in eight outpatient sexually transmitted disease public clinics in Brasilia were submitted to QFT-IT and TST between May 2011 and March 2013. A positive result of either test was considered to be LTBI.Results. Median CD4-cell count was 477.5 cells/mm3; 295 (98.3%) were using antiretroviral therapy. Eighteen patients (6%, 95% CI: 3.6%–9.3%) had LTBI, of whom 4 (1.3%, 95% CI: 0.04%–2.63%) had only a positive TST, 8 (2.7%, 95% CI: 0.8%–4.5%) had only a QFT-GIT positive test, and 6 (2%, 95% CI: 0.4%–3.6%) had positive results for both tests. This represents an 81.8% relative increase in LTBI detection when QFT-GIT is added to TST. The concordance between both tests was 96% (k=0.48).Conclusions. The QFT-GIT alone was more effective to detect LTBI than TST alone and had an 81% added value as an add-on sequential test in this population with mild immunosuppression. The cost-effectiveness of these strategies remains to be evaluated.
Aging Leads to Elevation of O-GlcNAcylation and Disruption of Mitochondrial Homeostasis in Retina
Authors: Zhao Lin , Feng Zhihui , Zou Xuan , Cao Ke , Xu Jie , Liu Jiankang
Published: May 2014

Retina is particularly susceptible to aging as oxidative damage accumulates within retina, leading to age-related retinal dysfunction or even visual loss. However, the underlying mechanisms still remain obscure and effective therapeutic strategy is urgently in need. Here, we quested for the answer particularly focusing on mitochondrial homeostasis and O-GlcNAcylation in rat retina. By comparing expression of electron transfer chain complexes and key factors in mitochondrial biogenesis and dynamics in retinas of aged and young Sprague-Dawley rats, we found that mitochondrial Complex I, II, IV and V were increased in aged retina with decreased mtTFA and Mfn2. Also, we noticed that p38 and JNK of MAPK signaling were substantially more activated in aged retina, suggesting stress induction. In addition, we found that pan-O-GlcNAcylation was remarkably stronger with lower OGA expression in aged retina. To further elucidate the roles of Mfn2 and O-GlcNAcylation, we employed ARPE-19 cells and found that ATP production, oxygen consumption, and mitochondrial membrane potential were reduced and ROS level was increased by Mfn2 knockdown, while treating with PUGNAc or UDP-GlcNAc heightened oxygen consumption and reduced ROS. Our results suggest disrupted mitochondrial homeostasis may increase oxidative stress; yet enhanced O-GlcNAcylation might defend against oxidative stress and promote mitochondrial respiration in aged retina.
The Flattened Aggregate Constraint Homotopy Method for Nonlinear Programming Problems with Many Nonlinear Constraints
Authors: Zhou Zhengyong , Yu Bo
Published: May 2014

The aggregate constraint homotopy method uses a single smoothing constraint instead ofm-constraints to reduce the dimension of its homotopy map, and hence it is expected to be more efficient than the combined homotopy interior point method when the number of constraints is very large. However, the gradient and Hessian of the aggregate constraint function are complicated combinations of gradients and Hessians of all constraint functions, and hence they are expensive to calculate when the number of constraint functions is very large. In order to improve the performance of the aggregate constraint homotopy method for solving nonlinear programming problems, with few variables and many nonlinear constraints, a flattened aggregate constraint homotopy method, that can save much computation of gradients and Hessians of constraint functions, is presented. Under some similar conditions for other homotopy methods, existence and convergence of a smooth homotopy path are proven. A numerical procedure is given to implement the proposed homotopy method, preliminary computational results show its performance, and it is also competitive with the state-of-the-art solver KNITRO for solving large-scale nonlinear optimization.
A Study on Fluid Self‐Excited Flutter and Forced Response of Turbomachinery Rotor Blade
Authors: Hsu Chih-Neng
Published: May 2014

Complex mode and single mode approach analyses are individually developed to predict blade flutter and forced response. These analyses provide a system approach for predicting potential aeroelastic problems of blades. The flow field properties of a blade are analyzed as aero input and combined with a finite element model to calculate the unsteady aero damping of the blade surface. Forcing function generators, including inlet and distortions, are provided to calculate the forced response of turbomachinery blading. The structural dynamic characteristics are obtained based on the blade mode shape obtained by using the finite element model. These approaches can provide turbine engine manufacturers, cogenerators, gas turbine generators, microturbine generators, and engine manufacturers with an analysis system to remedy existing flutter and forced response methods. The findings of this study can be widely applied to fans, compressors, energy turbine power plants, electricity, and cost saving analyses.
Tissue Extracellular Matrix Nanoparticle Presentation in Electrospun Nanofibers
Authors: Gibson Matt , Beachley Vince , Coburn Jeannine , Bandinelli Pierre Alain , Mao Hai-Quan , Elisseeff Jennifer
Published: May 2014

Biomaterials derived from the decellularization of mature tissues retain biological and architectural features that profoundly influence cellular activity. However, the clinical utility of such materials remains limited as the shape and physical properties are difficult to control. In contrast, scaffolds based on synthetic polymers can be engineered to exhibit specific physical properties, yet often suffer from limited biological functionality. This study characterizes composite materials that present decellularized extracellular matrix (DECM) particles in combination with synthetic nanofibers and examines the ability of these materials to influence stem cell differentiation. Mechanical processing of decellularized tissues yielded particles with diameters ranging from 71 to 334 nm. Nanofiber scaffolds containing up to 10% DECM particles (wt/wt) derived from six different tissues were engineered and evaluated to confirm DECM particle incorporation and to measure bioactivity. Scaffolds containing bone, cartilage, and fat promoted osteogenesis at 1 and 3 weeks compared to controls. In contrast, spleen and lung DECM significantly reduced osteogenic outcomes compared to controls. These findings highlight the potential to incorporate appropriate source DECM nanoparticles within nanofiber composites to design a scaffold with bioactivity targeted to specific applications.
Repair for Congenital Macrostomia: Vermilion Square Flap Method
Authors: Dhingra Renuka , Dhingra Asheesh , Munjal Dipti
Published: May 2014

Transverse facial clefts (macrostomia) are rare disorders that result when the embryonic mandibular and maxillary processes of the first branchial arch fail to fuse due to failure of mesodermal migration and merging to obliterate the embryonic grooves between the maxillary and mandibular processes to form the angle of the mouth at its normal anatomic position. Macrostomia may be seen alone or in association with other anomalies. It may be unilateral, extending along a line from the commissure to the tragus or bilateral. It is usually partial but rarely complete. Transverse facial clefts are more common in males and more common on the left side when unilateral. The goal of macrostomia reconstruction is to achieve functional, symmetrical, and accurate oral commissure with minimal scar. In this paper, we present a six-year-old girl with unilateral macrostomia with preauricular skin tags and malformation of pinna on ipsilateral side treated with vermillion-square flap method. The scar is placed at the upper lip. At two-month followup, the oral commissures are symmetric, the scars are inconspicuous, and the overall balance of facial contour and lip is excellent. We recommend this method for patients with mild to moderate macrostomia.
Surgical Technique in Distal Pancreatectomy: A Systematic Review of Randomized Trials
Authors: Čečka Filip , Jon Bohumil , Šubrt Zdeněk , Ferko Alexander
Published: May 2014

Despite recent improvements in surgical technique, the morbidity of distal pancreatectomy remains high, with pancreatic fistula being the most significant postoperative complication. A systematic review of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) dealing with surgical techniques in distal pancreatectomy was carried out to summarize up-to-date knowledge on this topic. The Cochrane Central Registry of Controlled Trials, Embase, Web of Science, and Pubmed were searched for relevant articles published from 1990 to December 2013. Ten RCTs were identified and included in the systematic review, with a total of 1286 patients being randomized (samples ranging from 41 to 450). The reviewers were in agreement for application of the eligibility criteria for study selection. It was not possible to carry out meta-analysis of these studies because of the heterogeneity of surgical techniques and approaches, such as varying methods of pancreas transection, reinforcement of the stump with seromuscular patch or pancreaticoenteric anastomosis, sealing with fibrin sealants and pancreatic stent placement. Management of the pancreatic remnant after distal pancreatectomy is still a matter of debate. The results of this systematic review are possibly biased by methodological problems in some of the included studies. New well designed and carefully conducted RCTs must be performed to establish the optimal strategy for pancreatic remnant management after distal pancreatectomy.
Mass Spectrometry and Multiplex Antigen Assays to Assess Microbial Quality and Toxin Production of Staphylococcus aureus Strains Isolated from Clinical and Food Samples
Authors: Attien Paul , Sina Haziz , Moussaoui Wardi , Zimmermann Kiran , Dadié Thomas , Keller Daniel , Riegel Philippe , Edoh Vincent , Kotchoni Simeon O. , Djè Marcellin , Prévost Gilles , Baba-Moussa Lamine
Published: May 2014

The aim of our study was to investigate the microbial quality of meat products and on some clinical samples in Abidjan focused on Staphylococcus genus and the toxin production profile of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) isolated.
Bacteria were collected from 240 samples of three meat products sold in Abidjan and 180 samples issued from clinical infections. The strains were identified by both microbiological and MALDI‐TOF‐MS methods. The susceptibility to antibiotics was determined by the disc diffusion method. The production of Panton‐Valentine Leukocidin, LukE/D, and epidermolysins was screened using radial gel immunodiffusion. The production of staphylococcal enterotoxins and TSST‐1 was screened by a Bio‐Plex Assay.
We observed that 96/240 of meat samples and 32/180 of clinical samples were contaminated by Staphylococcus. Eleven species were isolated from meats and 4 from clinical samples. Forty‐two S. aureus strains were isolated from ours samples. Variability of resistance was observed for most of the tested antibiotics but none of the strains displays a resistance to imipenem and quinolones. We observed that 89% of clinical S. aureus were resistant to methicillin against 58% for those issued from meat products. All S. aureus isolates issued from meat products produce epidermolysins whereas none of the clinical strains produced these toxins. The enterotoxins were variably produced by both clinical and meat product samples.
Dependence of Adhesion Property of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR 25)/Ethylene-Propylene-Diene Rubber Blend Adhesives Crosslinked by Benzoyl Peroxide
Authors: Poh B. T. , Teh Y. Y.
Published: May 2014

The loop tack, peel strength, and shear strength of crosslinked epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 25)/ethylene-propylene-diene rubber (EPDM) blend adhesives were investigated. Coumarone-indene resin, toluene, and benzoyl peroxide were used as the tackifier, solvent, and crosslinking agent, respectively, throughout the experiment. The adhesive was coated on a polyethylene terephthalate (PET) substrate using a SHEEN hand coater at 60 μm and 120 μm coating thickness. It was cured at 80°C for 30 minutes before testing on a Lloyd adhesion tester operating at testing rates from 10 to 60 cm min−1. Results show that loop tack and peel strength of the ENR 25/EPDM adhesive pass through a maximum value at 2 parts per hundred parts of rubber (phr) of benzoyl peroxide content. This observation is attributed to the increase in crosslinking which enhances the cohesive strength of the adhesive. Further addition of the crosslinking agent decreases the tack and peel strength due to the decrease in wettability of the over-crosslinked adhesive. Shear strength, however, increases steadily with benzoyl peroxide content, an observation which is associated with the steady increase in the cohesive strength. The adhesion properties increase with increasing coating thickness and testing rate.
Hierarchical Aggregation of Uncertain Sensor Data for M2M Wireless Sensor Network Using Reinforcement Learning
Authors: Choi Yunjeong , Doh Inshil
Published: May 2014

The communication among heterogeneous embedded devices could lead to correctness problems in M2M environment. Sometimes, it is not easy to classify the data because they may provide wrong or uncertain information. The data from these devices should be gathered in a safe, efficient, and right manner without the help of server or human intervention; even the low-level information from each device causes interoperability problems. This data gathering or data fusion process is very important because the data mapping result could be understood as totally different situation and hence cause different reaction, feedback, and controls. In this paper, we propose a hierarchical aggregation for uncertain sensor data using reinforcement learning to get correct and efficient data gathering result for reliable wireless sensor network. In our proposal, we add a new category for uncertain data and classify them through reinforcement learning using hierarchical subcategories. By adopting our proposed aggregation, false classification caused by uncertain data can be decreased and the correctness of data gathering can be enhanced.
Cytokine Effects on Cell Viability and Death of Prostate Carcinoma Cells
Authors: Chondrogiannis Georgios , Kastamoulas Michalis , Kanavaros Panagiotis , Vartholomatos Georgios , Bai Maria , Baltogiannis Dimitrios , Sofikitis Nikolaos , Arvanitis Dimitrios , Galani Vasiliki
Published: May 2014

We analyzed the effects of IL-13, IFN-γ, and IL-1βon cell viability and death of LNCaP and PC-3 cells and major signaling pathways involved in these effects. Significant increase of LNCaP cell death (apoptotic and necrotic) and increased levels of active caspase 3 were observed in cells treated with inhibitors of ERK 1/2 (UO126) and p38 (SB203580) prior to IL-1βtreatment in comparison to cells treated with UO126, SB203580, or IL-1βalone. Significant increase of LNCaP but not PC-3 cell death was detected after treatment with LY-294002 (inhibitor of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase). No significant increase of LNCaP and PC-3 cell death was observed after treatment with SP600125 (inhibitor of JNK), SB203580 (inhibitor of p38), UO126 (inhibitor of ERK 1/2), or BAY 11-7082 (inhibitor of NF-κB). Reduced c-FLIPLexpression was observed in LNCaP cells treated with LY-294002. The significant potentiation of LNCaP cell death by inhibition of ERK 1/2, p38, and PI3-K pathways may provide a rationale for therapeutic approach in androgen-dependent prostate cancer.
Effect of Selenium‐Enriched Garlic Oil against Cytotoxicity Induced by OX‐LDL in Endothelial Cells
Authors: Yang Cheng , Cui Kai , Diao Yutao , Du Min , Wang Shumei
Published: May 2014

Objective. To detect the effect of selenium‐enriched garlic oil (Se‐garlic oil) against cytotoxicity induced by ox‐LDL in endothelial cells. Methods. Se‐garlic oil was extracted by organic solvent extraction. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was used to detect the content of allicin in the Se‐garlic oil. Hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry (HG‐AFS) was used to detect the content of Se in the Se‐garlic oil. ECV‐304 cells were separated into five groups (blank, ox‐LDL, and low‐, medium‐, and high‐dose Se‐garlic oil). Methyl thiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was used to detect the cytoactivity of each cell group after culturing for 24, 48, and 72 hours. Flow cytometry (FCM) stained with annexin V‐FITC/PI was used to detect the apoptosis of the cells from the blank, Se‐garlic oil, ox‐LDL, and Se‐garlic oil + ox‐ldl groups after 48 hours of incubation. Results. The amount of allicin in Se‐garlic oil was 142.66 mg/ml, while, in Se, it was 198 mg/kg. When ox‐LDL was added to low‐, medium‐, and high‐dose Se‐garlic oil, the cell viability rates of ECV‐304 cells treated in the three groups were all higher, while the apoptosis rates were significantly lower than those of the ox‐LDL group (P < 0.05). However, there was no significant difference between the apoptosis rates of the blank, Se‐garlic oil, and Se‐garlic oil + ox‐LDL groups (P > 0.05). Conclusion. Se‐garlic oil could inhibit the cytotoxic effect induced by ox‐LDL in endothelial cells.
Biodiesel fromCitrullus colocynthisOil: Sulfonic-Ionic Liquid-Catalyzed Esterification of a Two-Step Process
Authors: Ali Elsheikh Yasir , Hassan Akhtar Faheem
Published: May 2014

Biodiesel was prepared fromCitrullus colocynthisoil (CCO) via a two-step process. The first esterification step was explored in two ionic liquids (ILs) with 1,3-disulfonic acid imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (DSIMHSO4) and 3-methyl-1-sulfonic acid imidazolium hydrogen sulfate (MSIMHSO4). Both ILs appeared to be good candidates to replace hazardous acidic catalyst due to their exceptional properties. However, the two sulfonic chains existing in DSIMHSO4were found to increase the acidity to the IL than the single sulfonic chain in MSIMHSO4. Based on the results, 3.6 wt% of DSIMHSO4, methanol/CCO molar ratio of 12 : 1, and 150°C offered a final FFA conversion of 95.4% within 105 min. A 98.2% was produced via second KOH-catalyzed step in 1.0%, 6 : 1 molar ratio, 600 rpm, and 60°C for 50 min. This new two-step catalyzed process could solve the corrosion and environmental problems associated with the current acidic catalysts.
Novel Biomarkers for Contrast-Induced Acute Kidney Injury
Authors: Briguori Carlo , Quintavalle Cristina , Donnarumma Elvira , Condorelli Gerolama
Published: May 2014

Biomarkers of acute kidney injury (AKI) may be classified in 2 groups: (1) those representing changes in renal function (e.g., serum creatinine or cystatin C and urine flow rate) and (2) those reflecting kidney damage (e.g., kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), interleukin-18, etc.). According to these 2 fundamental criteria, 4 subgroups have been proposed: (1) no marker change; (2) damage alone; (3) functional change alone; and (4) combined damage and functional change. Therefore, a new category of patients with“subclinical AKI”(that is, an increase in damage markers alone without simultaneous loss of kidney function) has been identified. This condition has been associated with higher risk of adverse outcomes (including renal replacement therapy and mortality) at followup. The ability to measure these physiological variables may lead to identification of patients at risk for AKI and early diagnosis of AKI and may lead to variables, which may inform therapeutic decisions.
Enhancing Multistage Deep-Drawing and Ironing Manufacturing Processes of Axisymmetric Components: Analysis and Experimentation
Authors: Ramírez F. Javier , Domingo Rosario , Packianather Michael S. , Sebastian Miguel A.
Published: May 2014

An optimization technique for combined processes of deep-drawing and ironing has been created in order to improve the total process time and cost in manufacturing procedures of axisymmetric components. The initial solution is optimized by means of an algorithm that minimizes the total time of the global process, based on relationship between lengths, diameters, and velocities of each stage of a multistage process and subject to constraints related to the drawing ratio. The enhanced solution offers a significant reduction in time and cost of the global process. The final results, applied to three cases, are compared with experimental results, showing the accuracy of the complete solution.
A-FABP Concentration Is More Strongly Associated with Cardiometabolic Risk Factors and the Occurrence of Metabolic Syndrome in Premenopausal Than in Postmenopausal Middle-Aged Women
Authors: Stefanska Anna , Ponikowska Irena , Sypniewska Grazyna
Published: May 2014

We aimed at the evaluation of the relationship between adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and cardiometabolic risk factors in premenopausal and postmenopausal women. Additionally, we compared A-FABP with adipokines related to metabolic syndrome (MetS) such as leptin and adiponectin. 94 premenopausal and 90 early postmenopausal middle-aged Caucasian women were subject to examinations. Postmenopausal women had higher A-FABP than premenopausal; this difference became insignificant after controlling for age. We found significantly higher correlation coefficients between A-FABP and TC/HDL-C ratio and number of MetS components in premenopausal women, compared to postmenopausal. Each 1 ng/dL increase in A-FABP concentration significantly increased the probability of occurrence of atherogenic lipid profile in premenopausal women, even after multivariate adjustment. All odds ratios became insignificant after controlling for BMI in postmenopausal women. A-FABP was more strongly associated with MetS than leptin and adiponectin in premenopausal women. Adiponectin concentration was a better biomarker for MetS after menopause. Our results suggest that the A-FABP is more strongly associated with some cardiometabolic risk factors in premenopausal than in postmenopausal women. Higher values of A-FABP after menopause are mainly explained by the fact that postmenopausal women are older. Because of the limitation of study, these results should be interpreted with caution.
Monocolonization of Germ-Free Mice withBacteroides fragilisProtects against Dextran Sulfate Sodium-Induced Acute Colitis
Authors: Chiu Chien-Chao , Ching Yung-Hao , Wang Yu-Chih , Liu Ju-Yun , Li Yen-Peng , Huang Yen-Te , Chuang Hsiao-Li
Published: May 2014

Ulcerative colitis is inflammatory conditions of the colon caused by interplay of genetic and environmental factors. Previous studies indicated that the gut microflora may be involved in the colonic inflammation.Bacteroides fragilis(BF) is a Gram-negative anaerobe belonging to the colonic symbiotic. We aimed to investigate the protective role ofBFin a colitis model induced in germ-free (GF) mice by dextran sulfate sodium (DSS). GF C57BL/6JNarl mice were colonized withBFfor 28 days before acute colitis was induced by DSS.BFcolonization significantly increased animal survival by 40%, with less reduction in colon length, and decreased infiltration of inflammatory cells (macrophages and neutrophils) in colon mucosa following challenge with DSS. In addition,BFcould enhance the mRNA expression of anti-inflammatory-related cytokine such as interleukin 10 (IL-10) with polymorphism cytokineIL-17and diminish that of proinflammatory-related tumor necrosis factorαwith inducible nitric oxide synthase in the ulcerated colon. Myeloperoxidase activity was also decreased inBF-DSS mice. Taking these together, theBFcolonization significantly ameliorated DSS-induced colitis by suppressing the activity of inflammatory-related molecules and inducing the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines.BFmay play an important role in maintaining intestinal immune system homeostasis and regulate inflammatory responses.
Pharmacological Effects of JTT-551, a Novel Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase 1B Inhibitor, in Diet-Induced Obesity Mice
Authors: Ito Makoto , Fukuda Sumiaki , Sakata Shohei , Morinaga Hisayo , Ohta Takeshi
Published: May 2014

Protein tyrosine phosphatase 1B (PTP1B) is a negative regulator of leptin signaling as well as insulin signaling. JTT-551 is a new PTP1B inhibitor, which is reported to improve glucose metabolism by enhancement of insulin signaling. We have evaluated an antiobesity effect of JTT-551 using diet-induced obesity (DIO) mice. A single administration of JTT-551 was provided to DIO mice with or without leptin, and DIO mice were given food containing JTT-551 for six weeks. A single administration of JTT-551 with leptin treatment enhanced the food inhibition and the signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation in hypothalamus. Moreover, chronic administration of JTT-551 showed an antiobesity effect and an improvement of glucose and lipid metabolism in DIO mice. JTT-551 shows an antiobesity effect possibly by enhancement of leptin signaling and could be useful in the treatment of type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Study of Leptin and Adiponectin as Disease Markers in Subjects with Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Authors: Al Mutairi Sana , Mojiminiyi Olusegun A. , Al Alawi Alia , Al Rammah Tahani , Abdella Nabila
Published: May 2014

Background. Published studies showed conflicting results of the associations between adiponectin and leptin levels and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA). In obese patients, plasma leptin is elevated and adiponectin is decreased, and we postulate that these adipokines could be potential markers of clinical and metabolic perturbations in patients with OSA.Methods. 147 patients with suspected OSA had polysomnography to determine the Respiratory Disturbance Index (RDI). We measured fasting plasma glucose (FPG), fasting serum insulin, plasma leptin, adiponectin, and full lipid profile. Patients were classified on the basis of the RDI, degree of adiposity, and insulin resistance (IR) (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMAIR)).Results. 28.6% of subjects had normal polysomnography, 34.8% had mild OSA, 19.6% had moderate OSA, and 17% had severe OSA. Obesity was more prevalent in subjects with moderate-severe OSA (47%). Adiponectin decreased significantly(P=0.041)with increasing severity of OSA. Though BMI was significantly higher in subjects with severe OSA, paradoxically, leptin was lowest in those subjects independent of gender dimorphism.Conclusions. Adiponectin is an independent marker of disease severity in patients with OSA. The paradoxical decrease in circulating leptin, which suggests impaired secretion, deserves further studies as a potential marker of severe OSA.
Serum Lipids, Apolipoproteins, and Mortality among Coronary Artery Disease Patients
Authors: Ding Ding , Li Xinrui , Qiu Jian , Li Rui , Zhang Yuan , Su Dongfang , Li Zhongxia , Wang Min , Lv Xiaofei , Wang Dongliang , Yang Yan , Xia Min , Li Dan , Hu Gang , Ling Wenhua
Published: May 2014

The proatherogenic effect of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) and antiatherogenic effect of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) have been confirmed in general population. But controversy arises among coronary artery disease (CAD) patients. The goal of this study was to identify the association of different lipid measurements with CAD prognosis. The study cohort included 1916 CAD patients who were 40–85 years of age. Cox proportional hazards regression models were used to estimate the association of baseline 6 lipid factors and 3 ratios with all-cause and cardiovascular (CVD) mortality. During a median follow-up of 3.1 years, 147 deaths were recorded, 113 of which were due to CVD. When lipid factors were categorized, HDL-C showed a U-shape association with all-cause and CVD mortality after adjustment for major CVD risk factors. Serum LDL-C, apoB, LDL/HDL ratio, and apoB/apoA-I ratio were positively, and apoA-I level was inversely associated with the risk of CVD mortality. After further pairwise comparison of lipid-related risk, LDL/HDL ratio and LDL-C had stronger association with all-cause and CVD mortality than other proatherogenic measurements among Chinese CAD patients.
Compression Deformation Behavior of AZ81 Magnesium Alloy at Elevated Temperatures
Authors: Luo Xiaoping , Dang Shue , Kang Li
Published: May 2014

The hot deformation behavior of an AZ81 magnesium alloy was investigated by hot compressive testing on a Gleeble-1500 thermal mechanical simulator in the temperature range from 200 to 400°C and in the strain rate range of 0.001–5 s−1. The relationships among flow stress, strain rate, and deformation temperature were analyzed, and the deformation activation energy and stress exponent were calculated. The microstructure evolution of the AZ81 magnesium alloy under high deformation was examined. The results indicated that the maximum value of the flow stress increased with the decrease of deformation temperature and the increase of strain rate. When the deformation temperature is constant, the flow stress of the AZ81 magnesium alloy increases with the increase of strain rate, which can be demonstrated by a Zener-Hollomon parameter in a hyperbolic-sine-type equation with a hot compression deformation activation energy of 176.01 KJ/mol and basic hot deformation material factorsA,n, andain the analytical expression of the AZ81 magnesium alloy flow stress of3.21227×1014 s−1, 7.85, and 0.00866 MPa, respectively.
Error Modeling and Sensitivity Analysis of a Five‐Axis Machine Tool
Authors: Tian Wenjie , Gao Weiguo , Chang Wenfen , Nie Yingxin
Published: May 2014

Geometric error modeling and its sensitivity analysis are carried out in this paper, which is helpful for precision design of machine tools. Screw theory and rigid body kinematics are used to establish the error model of an RRTTT‐type five‐axis machine tool, which enables the source errors affecting the compensable and uncompensable pose accuracy of the machine tool to be explicitly separated, thereby providing designers and/or field engineers with an informative guideline for the accuracy improvement by suitable measures, that is, component tolerancing in design, manufacturing, and assembly processes, and error compensation. The sensitivity analysis method is proposed, and the sensitivities of compensable and uncompensable pose accuracies are analyzed. The analysis results will be used for the precision design of the machine tool.
Inclusion Properties of Certain Subclasses ofp-Valent Functions Associated with the Integral Operator
Authors: Seoudy Tamer M.
Published: May 2014

The purpose of the present paper is to introduce two subclasses ofp-valent functions by using the integral operator and to investigate various properties for these subclasses.
CXC and CC Chemokines as Angiogenic Modulators in Nonhaematological Tumors
Authors: Santoni Matteo , Bracarda Sergio , Nabissi Massimo , Massari Francesco , Conti Alessandro , Bria Emilio , Tortora Giampaolo , Santoni Giorgio , Cascinu Stefano
Published: May 2014

Chemokines are a superfamily of structurally homologous heparin-binding proteins that includes potent inducers and inhibitors of angiogenesis. The imbalance between angiogenic and angiostatic chemokine activities can lead to abnormalities, such as chronic inflammation, dysplastic transformation, and even tumor development and spreading. In this review, we summarize the current literature regarding the role of chemokines as modulators of tumor angiogenesis and their potential role as therapeutic targets in patients with nonhaematological tumors.
Functional Importance of 1α,25(OH)2-Vitamin D3and the Identification of Its Nongenomic and Genomic Signaling Pathways in the Testis
Authors: Silva Fátima Regina Mena Barreto
Published: May 2014

The 1α,25(OH)2-vitamin D3(1,25-D3) is known by its classic effects on Ca2+metabolism and regulation of cellular proliferation and differentiation. The hormone 1,25-D3acts in the testis through nongenomic and genomic events being implicated in the success of spermatogenesis in rats and in human being. The aim of this review was to highlight the effect and intracellular pathways of 1,25-D3to modulate the spermatogenesis. The pivotal role of 1,25-D3in male reproduction is reinforced by the presence of VDR and 1α-hydroxylase in reproductive tract. Also, the marked expression of VDR and the VD metabolizing enzymes in human testis, ejaculatory tract, and mature spermatozoa implicates the 1,25-D3in spermatogenesis and maturation of human spermatozoa. Among genomic events, 1,25-D3influences the expression of calcium binding protein and stimulates aromatase gene expression through a nongenomic activation of the membrane-bound VDR receptor involving the PKA pathway in the testis. Also, 1,25-D3stimulates amino acid transport and exocytosis in testis by nongenomic events coupled to ionic currents triggered at plasma membrane. All together, the demonstration that 1,25-D3regulates both Sertoli cell and sperm function may be useful for the study and development of new therapeutic strategies for the male reproductive disorders.
Frequency and Clinical Manifestations of Dengue in Urban Medellin, Colombia
Authors: Restrepo Berta Nelly , Beatty Mark E. , Goez Yenny , Ramirez Ruth E. , Letson G. William , Diaz Francisco J. , Piedrahita Leidy Diana , Osorio Jorge E.
Published: May 2014

A dengue fever surveillance study was conducted at three medical facilities located in the low-income district of San Javier in Medellin, Colombia. During March 2008 to 2009, 781 patients with fever regardless of chief complaint were recruited for acute dengue virus infection testing. Of the 781 tested, 73 (9.3%) were positive for dengue infection. Serotypes DENV-2 (77%) and -3 (23%) were detected by PCR. One patient met the diagnostic criteria for dengue hemorrhagic fever. Only 3 out of 73 (4.1%) febrile subjects testing positive for dengue infection were diagnosed with dengue fever by the treating physician. This study confirms dengue virus as an important cause of acute febrile illness in Medellin, Colombia, but it is difficult to diagnose without dengue diagnostic testing.
Exploring the Isomer Dependent SERS Spectra of (diphenylphosphoryl)(pyridin-2, -3, and -4-yl)methanol Adsorbed on Gold Nanocolloids
Authors: Pięta Ewa , Proniewicz Edyta , Boduszek Bogdan , Olszewski Tomasz K. , Kim Younkyoo , Proniewicz Leonard M.
Published: May 2014

The surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) spectra of three aminophosphonate derivatives of pyridine: (diphenylphosphoryl)(pyridin-2-yl)methanol (α-Pyr), (diphenylphosphoryl)(pyridin-3-yl)methanol (β-Pyr), and (diphenylphosphoryl)(pyridin-4-yl)methanol (γ-Pyr) were measured after immobilization onto colloidal gold surface. Changes in the wavenumber, broadness, and enhancement between the corresponding Raman and SERS bands allowed to deduce orientation of theα-,β-, andγ-isomers (α-,β-, andγ-refer to the position of the substituent relative to the ring nitrogen atom) of aminophosphonate derivatives of pyridine on the gold surface. Briefly, it was demonstrated that theα-Pyr andβ-Pyr show the same mode of adsorption, whereas the adsorption process of theγ-Pyr isomer differs in this regard that pyridine assists in the interaction with the gold surface.
Team Robot Motion Planning in Dynamics Environments Using a New Hybrid Algorithm (Honey Bee Mating Optimization-Tabu List)
Authors: Abaee Shoushtary Mohammad , Hoseini Nasab Hasan , Fakhrzad Mohammad Bagher
Published: May 2014

This paper describes a new hybrid algorithm extracted from honey bee mating optimization (HBMO) algorithm (for robot travelling distance minimization) and tabu list technique (for obstacle avoidance) for team robot system. This algorithm was implemented in a C++ programming language on a Pentium computer and simulated on simple cylindrical robots in a simulation software. The environment in this simulation was dynamic with moving obstacles and goals. The results of simulation have shown validity and reliability of new algorithm. The outcomes of simulation have shown better performance than ACO and PSO algorithm (society, nature algorithms) with respect to two well-known metrics included, ATPD (average total path deviation) and AUTD (average uncovered target distance).
Purification and Characterization of BmooAi: A New Toxin fromBothrops moojeniSnake Venom That Inhibits Platelet Aggregation
Authors: Ribeiro de Queiroz Mayara , Mamede Carla Cristine N. , de Morais Nadia Cristina G. , Cortes Fonseca Kelly , Barbosa de Sousa Bruna , Migliorini Thaís M. , Pereira Déborah Fernanda C. , Stanziola Leonilda , Calderon Leonardo A. , Simões-Silva Rodrigo , Martins Soares Andreimar , de Oliveira Fábio
Published: May 2014

In this paper, we describe the purification/characterization of BmooAi, a new toxin fromBothrops moojenithat inhibits platelet aggregation. The purification of BmooAi was carried out through three chromatographic steps (ion-exchange on a DEAE-Sephacel column, molecular exclusion on a Sephadex G-75 column, and reverse-phase HPLC chromatography on a C2/C18 column). BmooAi was homogeneous by SDS-PAGE and shown to be a single-chain protein of 15,000 Da. BmooAi was analysed by MALDI-TOF Spectrometry and revealed two major components with molecular masses 7824.4 and 7409.2 as well as a trace of protein with a molecular mass of 15,237.4 Da. Sequencing of BmooAi by Edman degradation showed two amino acid sequences: IRDFDPLTNAPENTA and ETEEGAEEGTQ, which revealed no homology to any known toxin from snake venom. BmooAi showed a rather specific inhibitory effect on platelet aggregation induced by collagen, adenosine diphosphate, or epinephrine in human platelet-rich plasma in a dose-dependent manner, whereas it had little or no effect on platelet aggregation induced by ristocetin. The effect on platelet aggregation induced by BmooAi remained active even when heated to 100°C. BmooAi could be of medical interest as a new tool for the development of novel therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of thrombotic disorders.
Onboard Interference Prediction for the Cognitive Medium Access in the LEO Satellite Uplink Transmission
Authors: Xie Zhuochen , Liu Huijie , Liang Xuwen
Published: May 2014

Cognitive radio (CR) is an efficient way to increase spectrum efficiency for the small low earth orbit (LEO) satellite communication system. Due to the implementation difficulties, we focus on the CR in the uplink transmission. In CR, the cognitive medium access (CMA) is designed to enable the coexistence with the interferences from other systems. However, the CMA schemes designed for the terrestrial system cannot deal well with the global history of interferences in our system. Here, we design the memorized centroid bucket (MCB) scheme that can efficiently utilize the global history of interferences onboard without storing the complete interference samples. With MCB, we can achieve the effective long-term interference prediction to meet the special requirements of the LEO satellite. The key component in MCB is the matching algorithm that can help retrieve the useful historical information. In this paper, we propose three different matching algorithms and the corresponding MCB schemes. The schemes are also compared with the widely used Markovian method and the pair counting-based method. Among all the schemes, the Bayesian scheme MCB-FSNMI-Bayes is the best. The conclusion is validated experimentally with the real data that were collected by an LEO satellite.
Pax4 and Arx Represent Crucial Regulators of the Development of the Endocrine Pancreas
Authors: Courtney Monica , Rabe Tamara , Collombat Patrick , Mansouri Ahmed
Published: May 2014

The development of the endocrine pancreas is under the control of highly orchestrated, cross-interacting transcription factors. Pancreas genesis is initiated by the emergence of a Pdx1/Ptf1a marked territory at the foregut/midgut junction. A small fraction of pancreatic fated cells activates the expression of the bHLH transcription factor Ngn3 triggering the endocrine cell program, thus giving rise to beta-, alpha-, delta-, PP-, and epsilon-cells, producing insulin, glucagon, somatostatin, pancreatic polypeptide, and ghrelin, respectively. Two transcription factors, Pax4 and Arx, play a crucial role in differential endocrine cell subtype specification. They were shown to be necessary and sufficient to endow endocrine progenitors with either a beta- or alpha-cell destiny. Interestingly, whereas the forced expression of Arx in beta-cells converts these into cells exhibiting alpha- and PP-cell characteristics, the sole expression of Pax4 in alpha-cells promotes alpha-cell-neogenesis and the acquisition of beta-cell features, the resulting beta-like cells being capable of counteracting chemically induced diabetes. Gaining new insights into the molecular mechanisms controlling Pax4 and Arx expression in the endocrine pancreas may therefore pave new avenues for the therapy of diabetes.
The
WWOX
Gene Modulates High-Density Lipoprotein and Lipid Metabolism
Authors: Iatan Iulia , Choi Hong Y. , Ruel Isabelle , Reddy M.V. Prasad Linga , Kil Hyunsuk , Lee Jaeho , Odeh Mohammad Abu , Salah Zaidoun , Abu-Remaileh Muhannad , Weissglas-Volkov Daphna , Nikkola Elina , Civelek Mete , Awan Zuhier , Croce Carlo M. , Aqeilan Rami I. , Pajukanta Päivi , Aldaz C. Marcelo , Genest Jacques
Published: May 2014

Background—

Low levels of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol constitutes a major risk factor for atherosclerosis. Recent studies from our group reported a genetic association between the WW domain-containing oxidoreductase (
WWOX
) gene and HDL cholesterol levels. Here, through next-generation resequencing, in vivo functional studies and gene microarray analyses, we investigated the role of
WWOX
in HDL and lipid metabolism.

Methods and Results—

Using next-generation resequencing of the
WWOX
region, we first identified 8 variants significantly associated and perfectly segregating with the low-HDL trait in 2 multigenerational French Canadian dyslipidemic families. To understand in vivo functions of WWOX, we used liver-specific
Wwox

hep−/−

and total
Wwox
−/−
mice models, where we found decreased ApoA-I and Abca1 levels in hepatic tissues. Analyses of lipoprotein profiles in
Wwox
−/−
, but not
Wwox

hep−/−

littermates, also showed marked reductions in serum HDL cholesterol concentrations, concordant with the low-HDL findings observed in families. We next obtained evidence of a sex-specific effect in female
Wwox

hep−/−

mice, where microarray analyses revealed an increase in plasma triglycerides and altered lipid metabolic pathways. We further identified a significant reduction in
ApoA-I
and Lpl and an upregulation in
Fas
,
Angptl4
, and
Lipg
, suggesting that the effects of Wwox involve multiple pathways, including cholesterol homeostasis, ApoA-I/ABCA1 pathway, and fatty acid biosynthesis/triglyceride metabolism.

Conclusions—

Our data indicate that
WWOX
disruption alters HDL and lipoprotein metabolism through several mechanisms and may account for the low-HDL phenotype observed in families expressing the
WWOX
variants. These findings thus describe a novel gene involved in cellular lipid homeostasis, which effects may impact atherosclerotic disease development.
In Vivo Assessment of Aortic Aneurysm Wall Integrity Using Elastin-Specific Molecular Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Botnar René M. , Wiethoff Andrea J. , Ebersberger Ullrich , Lacerda Sara , Blume Ulrike , Warley Alice , Jansen Christian H.P. , Onthank David C. , Cesati Richard R. , Razavi Reza , Marber Michael S. , Hamm Bernd , Schaeffter Tobias , Robinson Simon P. , Makowski Marcus R.
Published: May 2014

Background—

The incidence of abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAAs) has increased during the last decades. However, there is still controversy about the management of medium-sized AAAs. Therefore, novel biomarkers, besides aneurysmal diameter, are needed to assess aortic wall integrity and risk of rupture. Elastin is the key protein for maintaining aortic wall tensile strength and stability. The progressive breakdown of structural proteins, in particular, medial elastin, is responsible for the inability of the aortic wall to withstand intraluminal hemodynamic forces. Here, we evaluate the usefulness of elastin-specific molecular MRI for the in vivo characterization of AAAs.

Methods and Results—

To induce AAAs, ApoE
–/–
mice were infused with angiotensin-II. An elastin-specific magnetic resonance molecular imaging agent (ESMA) was administered after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks of angiotensin-II infusion to assess elastin composition of the aorta (n=8 per group). The high signal provided by ESMA allowed for imaging with high spatial resolution, resulting in an accurate assessment of ruptured elastic laminae and the compensatory expression of elastic fibers. In vivo contrast-to-noise ratios and R1-relaxation rates after ESMA administration were in good agreement with ex vivo histomorphometry (Elastica van Gieson stain) and gadolinium concentrations determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Electron microscopy confirmed colocalization of ESMA with elastic fibers.

Conclusions—

Changes in elastin content could be readily delineated and quantified at different stages of AAAs by elastin-specific molecular magnetic resonance imaging. ESMA-MRI offers potential for the noninvasive detection of the aortic rupture site prior to dilation of the aorta and the subsequent in vivo monitoring of compensatory repair processes during the progression of AAAs.