bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preferencia por los colores en universitarios de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia
Authors: Restrepo Betancur Luis Fernando
Published: January 2022

El color es significativo en la percepción de las personas, ya que con base en ella se pueden tomar decisiones referentes a la aceptación de productos, alimentos, ambientes, emociones, entre múltiples factores. El objetivo de la presente investigación es caracterizar la aceptación de los colores por parte de estudiantes universitarios de la ciudad de Medellín, Colombia, con el fin de ser referente en múltiples aplicaciones cotidianas. Para ello, se utilizó análisis factorial de correspondencia múltiple, análisis del factor y distribución de frecuencias, la información se recopiló mediante muestreo no aleatorio por medio de una encuesta en la escala de Likert. Como resultado destacado se detectó diferencia significativa (p<0,05) entre los sexos referentes a los colores: amarillo, negro, morado y rosado, el color más preferido fue el negro y el de menor aceptación por parte de los indagados fue el color café. Se concluye que el color rojo es asociado con la sangre, el amarillo con el astro sol, el azul con el cielo, el blanco con la paz, el negro con la elegancia y el verde con la naturaleza.
Representación de minorías e Instagram: análisis del espacio digital de protesta del Procés
Authors: Acevedo Javier
Published: January 2022

En los últimos años las redes sociales como Instagram se han erigido en espacios que prolongan la acción de protestas y manifestaciones trasladándolas a la interfaz de la red social. La protesta se ha movilizado de espacios reales y concretos a lo que autores como Zappavigna han denominado espacios digitales de protesta. Estudiar cómo se construyen estos espacios digitales de protesta a partir de un análisis de contenido cualitativo de las imágenes posteadas por usuarios de redes sociales revela la representación de minorías y sus formas de manifestación digital. Este trabajo parte del análisis de los encuadres adoptados por los usuarios en el momento de tomar y subir la imagen a Instagram, y del análisis de la intersubjetividad presente en la composición de la imagen para proponer una serie de conclusiones que definan cómo se relacionan los usuarios y cómo interactúan con la protesta a través de formas de activismo audiovisual. En ese sentido, el imaginario colectivo se cimienta en una serie de iconos simbólicos que se definirán para terminar de desvelar el entramado de recursos visuales que ayudan a comprender la forma de relacionarse y construir una memoria digital de la protesta. El objetivo final es proporcionar un método básico de análisis y reflexionar sobre la integración de estas narrativas minoritarias en una posible cobertura periodística.
To Fight or to Give Up? Dynamic Contests with a Deadline
Authors: Ryvkin Dmitry
Published: January 2022

We study dynamic contests between two players whose performance is determined jointly by effort and luck. The players observe each other’s positions in real time. There is a fixed deadline, and the player with a higher performance at the deadline wins the contest. We fully characterize the Markov perfect equilibrium for heterogeneous players. Effort is high when the players are tied but collapses quickly when one of them assumes a lead, due to a dynamic momentum effect. Therefore, total expected effort does not necessarily increase in the prize or in the players’ abilities. We discuss implications for contest design and propose splitting the contest to cool off competition and introducing optimal head-starts for heterogeneous players as possible solutions.

This paper was accepted by Ilia Tsetlin, behavioral economics and decision analysis.
Dear Reine,
Authors: Gelbart Nina Rattner
Published: January 2022

What was it like, married to a man you so surpassed intellectually and who, while immensely talented in his trade, brought down upon himself such opprobrium from his rivals? You were simply out of his league. I marvel that you stayed true to him, devoting your last years to caring for him in his senility, losing your own eyesight, health, and life in the bargain. Was it out of guilt? Very clever bringing your savant into the household. And Lalande was always true to you in his fashion, giving you challenging problems to stimulate your fine mind, putting your portrait on his study wall next to Copernicus, and telling your story....
Botany in the Field and in the Garden
Authors: Gelbart Nina Rattner
Published: January 2022

This chapter deals with two enthusiastic contributors to botany: field naturalist Jeanne Barret and botanical illustrator Madeleine Françoise Basseporte. The chapter notes that these intrepid women deliberately positioned themselves and thrived in their scientific work surrounded by some of the most celebrated naturalists of their day. It then introduces Bernard de Jussieu, generally revered as the “Newton of botany,” George Louis Leclerc, Compte de Buffon, director of the Jardin du Roi, and Louis Antoine de Bougainville who published a treatise on Newton's integral calculus. The chapter tracks how the forceful, tenacious women fashioned unprecedented plotlines for their lives, escaped circumscribed gender roles, and used their resulting freedom to investigate nature from the 1730s through the 1770s. Barret disguised herself as a man to work with botanist Philibert Commerson collecting flora during Bougainville's round-the-world voyage. Basseporte, on the other hand, enriched the work of Buffon and of Bernard de Jussieu by analyzing and depicting the parts of plants to discover the patterns and organizing principles of that science. Finally, the chapter chronicles Barret's and Basseporte's early lives before they came on the scientific scene.
Epilogue
Authors: Gelbart Nina Rattner
Published: January 2022

This concluding chapter highlights the significance of the work and efforts of six intrepid women to successfully cultivate the sciences. It recalls the challenges they encountered and how they successfully raced the clock, aware of the ravages of time that threatened to upend their work. The chapter also recounts how their male contemporaries honored them enthusiastically and defended them vociferously during their lifetimes. Given the vibrancy of these women's lives, the chapter reviews how they could have disappeared from the historical record and why it is, therefore, necessary to write them back into it. The chapter spotlights their work, effort, brilliance, and courage in the male monopoly on science before the Revolution sent women back into their homes, disenfranchised and out of sight.
Cost Analysis of a PTO Driveline Shielding Program: Are Effective Programs Cost-Effective?
Authors: Tinc Pamela J. , Sorensen Julie A. , Jenkins Paul L. , Kelsey Timothy
Published: January 2022

Highlights

This article describes a cost assessment of a PTO driveline shielding intervention.

Considerations for effective occupational safety interventions beyond reductions in injuries or fatalities are described.

The financial viability of combining various on-farm services to reduce intervention costs is discussed.

Abstract. PTO entanglements are a primary injury concern on U.S. farms, affecting adults and children. These events often lead to severe injury and permanent disability but can be prevented with proper use of PTO shielding. A promising strategy for increasing PTO shielding on farms has been the introduction of user-friendly shielding options by qualified safety specialists. This study looks at the cost-effectiveness of this approach. The cost-effectiveness of this PTO shielding strategy was calculated based on program-related costs, the PTO shield cost, the lifespan of PTO shields, and the number of PTO shields needed to prevent an entanglement. The cost per entanglement prevented was then calculated by dividing the total costs by the number of entanglements prevented in several cost-estimate scenarios. Costs were adjusted for inflation to 2019 dollars. Costs per entanglement prevented ranged from a low of $921,544 (assuming a 10-year PTO lifespan and using 12,487 as the number needed to treat, i.e., to prevent a PTO entanglement, referred to as the NNT) to a high of $18,583,492 (assuming a three-year PTO lifespan and 67,119 as the NNT). The cost per entanglement prevented at the median PTO lifespan of five years and median NNT of 39,802 was $6,612,244. Based on our estimates, the cost-efficacy of increasing PTO shielding using qualified safety specialists differs widely based on the shield lifespan and the number of shields needed to avoid one entanglement. However, if the cost of introducing PTO shields in on-farm visits is coupled with other on-farm services that defray these costs, then the cost-efficacy increases considerably. Keywords: Cost-effectiveness analysis, PTO entanglements, PTO injuries, PTO interventions, PTO shields.
Hubungan Fungsi Kognitif Berdasarkan Skor MMSE dengan Hasil CT Scan Kepala Pasien Lansia
Authors: Handayani Damiana Nirmala Mukti , Rahayu Rachmi Fauziah , Wiyono Nanang
Published: January 2022

Pendahuluan: Penurunan fungsi kognitif merupakan penyebab utama disabilitas dan ketergantungan akan perawatan lansia. Pemeriksaan dengan pencitraan memungkinkan kita untuk mengetahui perubahan struktural otak yang dapat menjadi prediktor munculnya demensia. Penelitian mengenai topik ini masih jarang dilakukan di Indonesia. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk mempelajari hubungan antara hasil penilaian fungsi kognitif dengan mini mental state examination (MMSE) dan hasil CT scan kepala pasien lansia, yang distandarisasi dengan kriteria penilaian skala global cortical atrophy (GCA).

Metode: Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kuantitatif dengan metode observasi. Populasi yang diteliti merupakan pasien yang berusia ≥60 tahun, menjalani pemeriksaan CT scan kepala pada tahun 2021, dan mampu menjalani pemeriksaan MMSE selama periode pengambilan data penelitian. Sampel diambil dengan the rule of thumb sebanyak 30 orang. Analisis data dilakukan dengan uji korelasi Rank Spearman.

Hasil: Penelitian ini diikuti oleh 18 pasien perempuan dan 12 pasien laki-laki. Sebagian besar pasien memiliki fungsi kognitif yang normal dengan rata-rata skor MMSE 26 (±3,42) dan skala GCA 1 - 2. Terdapat korelasi negatif yang signifikan secara statistik (r=-0,546/p<0,002) antara fungsi kognitif berdasarkan skor MMSE dengan hasil pemeriksaan CT scan kepala pasien lansia.
Kesimpulan: Terdapat hubungan negatif berkekuatan moderat antara fungsi kognitif berdasarkan skor MMSE dengan hasil pemeriksaan CT scan kepala pasien lansia.
Simulation Led Optical Design Assessments in Upper Division Optics
Authors: Rossi Vincent M.
Published: January 2022

Employing Simulation Led Optical Design Assessments in an upper division optics course provides students with a deeper understanding of optical design, interactions and devices, while reinforcing understanding of computational methods.
Reducing multipath interference in quasi-single-mode transmission via distributed Raman amplification
Authors: Liu Yaping , Yang Zhiqun , Peng Chuyu , Yu Huang , Zhang Zhenzhen , Zhang Lin
Published: January 2022

In this Letter, we show numerically and experimentally that multipath interference can be reduced significantly by distributed Raman amplification (DRA) in quasi-single-mode transmission using few-mode fibers, owing to the extra differential mode attenuation induced between the fundamental mode and higher-order modes. The experimental results show that the required number of equalization taps can be reduced by 1.6 times. Moreover, by carefully optimizing the intensity overlap between the LP01 and LP11 modes through structural adjustment of the two-mode fiber, a 3.5-times reduction in the required number of taps can be obtained.
All-fiber mode-locked gigahertz femtosecond laser at 1610 nm using a self-developed long-wavelength gain fiber
Authors: Xiao Yongbao , Kuang Ludong , Hu Xu , Ye Yichen , Wang Weichao , Lin Wei , Ji Yao , Wan Jie , Yang Changsheng , Xu Shanhui , Wei Xiaoming , Zhang Qinyuan
Published: January 2022

We report a compact all-fiber passively mode-locked ultrafast laser with a fundamental repetition rate of 1.6 GHz that uses a self-developed long-wavelength active fiber, i.e., a fluoro-sulfo-phosphate-based Er3+/Yb3+ co-doped fiber (only 6.2 cm in length). This active fiber can provide a net gain coefficient of 0.6 dB/cm at 1610 nm. The high-repetition-rate all-fiber mode-locked laser operates at a low pump power of only approximately 90 mW. The mode-locked pulse train has a period of 625 ps and a 3 dB bandwidth of 7.0 nm, which can support a transform-limited pulse width of 390 fs.
Mechanical study of perovskite solar cells: opportunities and challenges for wearable power source
Authors: Seong Sijun , Liu Yanmeng , Gong Xiwen
Published: January 2022

We provide a review of current understandings of mechanical properties and fracture behaviors of perovskites that are essential for flexible and stretchable solar cell (SC) applications. We first review the mechanical failure modes in perovskites. We further discuss the underlying mechanisms of mechanical failure and its impact on device degradation in flexible perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Then, we examine the strategies to mitigate these mechanical issues in flexible PSCs. Lastly, we assess the elevated challenges and present recommendations for future research directions to advance the technology towards a fully stretchable and wearable energy source.
Transformation and Design Thinking: perspectives on sustainable change, company resilience and democratic leadership in SMEs
Authors: Habicher Daria , Erschbamer Greta , Pechlaner Harald , Ghirardello Linda , Walder Maximilian
Published: January 2022

This paper focuses on Design Thinking as a tool for initiating transformation processes both for the enhancement of company resilience, involving challenges connected to current trends such as digitalization and democratic leadership, as well as for the restructuring of a sustainable socio-ecological company organization. Primary findings of this explorative study show that Design Thinking is a suitable method to promote digital, democratic, and innovative business and leadership transformation, but that it is not primarily operationalized in the context of a further-reaching socio-ecological transformation towards more sustainability.
Occludin is a target of Src kinase and promotes lipid secretion by binding to BTN1a1 and XOR
Authors: Lu Yunzhe , Zhou Tao , Xu Chongshen , Wang Rui , Feng Deyi , Li Jiyong , Wang Xu , Kong Yu , Hu Guohong , Kong Xiangyin , Lu Pengfei
Published: January 2022

Lipid droplets (LDs) have increasingly been recognized as an essential organelle for eukaryotes. Although the biochemistry of lipid synthesis and degradation is well characterized, the regulation of LD dynamics, including its formation, maintenance, and secretion, is poorly understood. Here, we report that mice lacking Occludin (Ocln) show defective lipid metabolism. We show that LDs were larger than normal along its biogenesis and secretion pathway in Ocln null mammary cells. This defect in LD size control did not result from abnormal lipid synthesis or degradation; rather, it was because of secretion failure during the lactation stage. We found that OCLN was located on the LD membrane and was bound to essential regulators of lipid secretion, including BTN1a1 and XOR, in a C-terminus–dependent manner. Finally, OCLN was a phosphorylation target of Src kinase, whose loss causes lactation failure. Together, we demonstrate that Ocln is a downstream target of Src kinase and promotes LD secretion by binding to BTN1a1 and XOR.
The evolutionary maintenance of Lévy flight foraging
Authors: Campeau Winston , Simons Andrew M. , Stevens Brett
Published: January 2022

Lévy flight is a type of random walk that characterizes the behaviour of many natural phenomena studied across a multiplicity of academic disciplines; within biology specifically, the behaviour of fish, birds, insects, mollusks, bacteria, plants, slime molds, t-cells, and human populations. The Lévy flight foraging hypothesis states that because Lévy flights can maximize an organism’s search efficiency, natural selection should result in Lévy-like behaviour. Empirical and theoretical research has provided ample evidence of Lévy walks in both extinct and extant species, and its efficiency across models with a diversity of resource distributions. However, no model has addressed the maintenance of Lévy flight foraging through evolutionary processes, and existing models lack ecological breadth. We use numerical simulations, including lineage-based models of evolution with a distribution of move lengths as a variable and heritable trait, to test the Lévy flight foraging hypothesis. We include biological and ecological contexts such as population size, searching costs, lifespan, resource distribution, speed, and consider both energy accumulated at the end of a lifespan and averaged over a lifespan. We demonstrate that selection often results in Lévy-like behaviour, although conditional; smaller populations, longer searches, and low searching costs increase the fitness of Lévy-like behaviour relative to Brownian behaviour. Interestingly, our results also evidence a bet-hedging strategy; Lévy-like behaviour reduces fitness variance, thus maximizing geometric mean fitness over multiple generations.
Ictal wavefront propagation in slices and simulations with conductance-based refractory density model
Authors: Chizhov Anton V. , Amakhin Dmitry V. , Smirnova Elena Yu. , Zaitsev Aleksey V.
Published: January 2022

The mechanisms determining ictal discharge (ID) propagation are still not clear. In the present study, we aimed to examine these mechanisms in animal and mathematical models of epileptiform activity. Using double-patch and extracellular potassium ion concentration recordings in rat hippocampal-cortical slices, we observed that IDs moved at a speed of about 1 mm/s or less. The mechanisms of such slow propagation have been studied with a mathematical, conductance-based refractory density (CBRD) model that describes the GABA- and glutamatergic neuronal populations’ interactions and ion dynamics in brain tissue. The modeling study reveals two main factors triggerring IDs: (i) increased interneuronal activity leading to chloride ion accumulation and a consequent depolarizing GABAergic effect and (ii) the elevation of extracellular potassium ion concentration. The local synaptic transmission followed by local potassium ion extrusion and GABA receptor-mediated chloride ion accumulation underlies the ID wavefront’s propagation. In contrast, potassium ion diffusion in the extracellular space is slower and does not affect ID’s speed. The short discharges, constituting the ID, propagate much faster than the ID front. The accumulation of sodium ions inside neurons due to their hyperactivity and glutamatergic currents boosts the Na+/K+pump, which terminates the ID. Knowledge of the mechanism of ID generation and propagation contributes to the development of new treatments against epilepsy.
Best practices in the real-world data life cycle
Authors: Zhang Joe , Symons Joshua , Agapow Paul , Teo James T. , Paxton Claire A. , Abdi Jordan , Mattie Heather , Davie Charlie , Torres Aracelis Z. , Folarin Amos , Sood Harpreet , Celi Leo A. , Halamka John , Eapen Sara , Budhdeo Sanjay
Published: January 2022

With increasing digitization of healthcare, real-world data (RWD) are available in greater quantity and scope than ever before. Since the 2016 United States 21st Century Cures Act, innovations in the RWD life cycle have taken tremendous strides forward, largely driven by demand for regulatory-grade real-world evidence from the biopharmaceutical sector. However, use cases for RWD continue to grow in number, moving beyond drug development, to population health and direct clinical applications pertinent to payors, providers, and health systems. Effective RWD utilization requires disparate data sources to be turned into high-quality datasets. To harness the potential of RWD for emerging use cases, providers and organizations must accelerate life cycle improvements that support this process. We build on examples obtained from the academic literature and author experience of data curation practices across a diverse range of sectors to describe a standardized RWD life cycle containing key steps in production of useful data for analysis and insights. We delineate best practices that will add value to current data pipelines. Seven themes are highlighted that ensure sustainability and scalability for RWD life cycles: data standards adherence, tailored quality assurance, data entry incentivization, deploying natural language processing, data platform solutions, RWD governance, and ensuring equity and representation in data.
Regulation of gliotoxin biosynthesis and protection in Aspergillus species
Authors: de Castro Patrícia Alves , Colabardini Ana Cristina , Moraes Maísa , Horta Maria Augusta Crivelente , Knowles Sonja L. , Raja Huzefa A. , Oberlies Nicholas H. , Koyama Yasuji , Ogawa Masahiro , Gomi Katsuya , Steenwyk Jacob L. , Rokas Antonis , Gonçales Relber A. , Duarte-Oliveira Cláudio , Carvalho Agostinho , Ries Laure N. A. , Goldman Gustavo H.
Published: January 2022

Aspergillus fumigatus causes a range of human and animal diseases collectively known as aspergillosis. A. fumigatus possesses and expresses a range of genetic determinants of virulence, which facilitate colonisation and disease progression, including the secretion of mycotoxins. Gliotoxin (GT) is the best studied A. fumigatus mycotoxin with a wide range of known toxic effects that impair human immune cell function. GT is also highly toxic to A. fumigatus and this fungus has evolved self-protection mechanisms that include (i) the GT efflux pump GliA, (ii) the GT neutralising enzyme GliT, and (iii) the negative regulation of GT biosynthesis by the bis-thiomethyltransferase GtmA. The transcription factor (TF) RglT is the main regulator of GliT and this GT protection mechanism also occurs in the non-GT producing fungus A. nidulans. However, the A. nidulans genome does not encode GtmA and GliA. This work aimed at analysing the transcriptional response to exogenous GT in A. fumigatus and A. nidulans, two distantly related Aspergillus species, and to identify additional components required for GT protection. RNA-sequencing shows a highly different transcriptional response to exogenous GT with the RglT-dependent regulon also significantly differing between A. fumigatus and A. nidulans. However, we were able to observe homologs whose expression pattern was similar in both species (43 RglT-independent and 11 RglT-dependent). Based on this approach, we identified a novel RglT-dependent methyltranferase, MtrA, involved in GT protection. Taking into consideration the occurrence of RglT-independent modulated genes, we screened an A. fumigatus deletion library of 484 transcription factors (TFs) for sensitivity to GT and identified 15 TFs important for GT self-protection. Of these, the TF KojR, which is essential for kojic acid biosynthesis in Aspergillus oryzae, was also essential for virulence and GT biosynthesis in A. fumigatus, and for GT protection in A. fumigatus, A. nidulans, and A. oryzae. KojR regulates rglT, gliT, gliJ expression and sulfur metabolism in Aspergillus species. Together, this study identified conserved components required for GT protection in Aspergillus species.
Systematic mapping of rRNA 2’-O methylation during frog development and involvement of the methyltransferase Fibrillarin in eye and craniofacial development in Xenopus laevis
Authors: Delhermite Jonathan , Tafforeau Lionel , Sharma Sunny , Marchand Virginie , Wacheul Ludivine , Lattuca Ruben , Desiderio Simon , Motorin Yuri , Bellefroid Eric , Lafontaine Denis L. J.
Published: January 2022

Ribosomes are essential nanomachines responsible for protein production. Although ribosomes are present in every living cell, ribosome biogenesis dysfunction diseases, called ribosomopathies, impact particular tissues specifically. Here, we evaluate the importance of the box C/D snoRNA-associated ribosomal RNA methyltransferase fibrillarin (Fbl) in the early embryonic development ofXenopus laevis. We report that in developing embryos, the neural plate, neural crest cells (NCCs), and NCC derivatives are rich infbltranscripts. Fbl knockdown leads to striking morphological defects affecting the eyes and craniofacial skeleton, due to lack of NCC survival caused by massive p53-dependent apoptosis. Fbl is required for efficient pre-rRNA processing and 18S rRNA production, which explains the early developmental defects. Using RiboMethSeq, we systematically reinvestigated ribosomal RNA 2’-O methylation inX.laevis, confirming all 89 previously mapped sites and identifying 15 novel putative positions in 18S and 28S rRNA. Twenty-three positions, including 10 of the new ones, were validated orthogonally by low dNTP primer extension. Bioinformatic screening of theX.laevistranscriptome revealed candidate box C/D snoRNAs for all methylated positions. Mapping of 2’-O methylation at six developmental stages in individual embryos indicated a trend towards reduced methylation at specific positions during development. We conclude that fibrillarin knockdown in earlyXenopusembryos causes reduced production of functional ribosomal subunits, thus impairing NCC formation and migration.
Comparative pathogenesis of different phylogroup I bat lyssaviruses in a standardized mouse model
Authors: Klein Antonia , Eggerbauer Elisa , Potratz Madlin , Zaeck Luca M. , Calvelage Sten , Finke Stefan , Müller Thomas , Freuling Conrad M.
Published: January 2022

A plethora of bat-associated lyssaviruses potentially capable of causing the fatal disease rabies are known today. Transmitted via infectious saliva, occasionally-reported spillover infections from bats to other mammals demonstrate the permeability of the species-barrier and highlight the zoonotic potential of bat-related lyssaviruses. However, it is still unknown whether and, if so, to what extent, viruses from different lyssavirus species vary in their pathogenic potential. In order to characterize and systematically compare a broader group of lyssavirus isolates for their viral replication kinetics, pathogenicity, and virus release through saliva-associated virus shedding, we used a mouse infection model comprising a low (102 TCID50) and a high (105 TCID50) inoculation dose as well as three different inoculation routes (intramuscular, intranasal, intracranial). Clinical signs, incubation periods, and survival were investigated. Based on the latter two parameters, a novel pathogenicity matrix was introduced to classify lyssavirus isolates. Using a total of 13 isolates from ten different virus species, this pathogenicity index varied within and between virus species. Interestingly, Irkut virus (IRKV) and Bokeloh bat lyssavirus (BBLV) obtained higher pathogenicity scores (1.14 for IRKV and 1.06 for BBLV) compared to rabies virus (RABV) isolates ranging between 0.19 and 0.85. Also, clinical signs differed significantly between RABV and other bat lyssaviruses. Altogether, our findings suggest a high diversity among lyssavirus isolates concerning survival, incubation period, and clinical signs. Virus shedding significantly differed between RABVs and other lyssaviruses. Our results demonstrated that active shedding of infectious virus was exclusively associated with two RABV isolates (92% for RABV-DogA and 67% for RABV-Insectbat), thus providing a potential explanation as to why sustained spillovers are solely attributed to RABVs. Interestingly, 3D imaging of a selected panel of brain samples from bat-associated lyssaviruses demonstrated a significantly increased percentage of infected astrocytes in mice inoculated with IRKV (10.03%; SD±7.39) compared to RABV-Vampbat (2.23%; SD±2.4), and BBLV (0.78%; SD±1.51), while only individual infected cells were identified in mice infected with Duvenhage virus (DUVV). These results corroborate previous studies on RABV that suggest a role of astrocyte infection in the pathogenicity of lyssaviruses.
Household survey on owned dog population and rabies knowledge in selected municipalities in Bulacan, Philippines: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Dizon Timothy John R. , Saito Nobuo , Inobaya Marianette , Tan Alvin , Reñosa Mark Donald C. , Bravo Thea Andrea , Endoma Vivienne , Silvestre Catherine , Salunga Micah Angela O. , Lacanilao Patricia Mae T. , Guevarra Jerric Rhazel , Kamiya Yasuhiko , Lagayan Maria Glofezita O. , Kimitsuki Kazunori , Nishizono Akira , Quiambao Beatriz P.
Published: January 2022

Background

Despite the effort to eradicate rabies in the Philippines, human rabies cases have not decreased in the past decade. Rabid dogs pose the most significant hazard in the countries with the highest burden of rabies, and 70% rabies vaccine coverage is recommended for dogs in high-risk areas. Ascertaining the owned dog population and community knowledge on rabies can help improve vaccine coverage and information campaigns.

Methodology/Principal findings

We conducted a cross-sectional survey in six randomly selected communities (five urban, one rural) in Central Luzon, Philippines. We first conducted the complete mapping of 9,173 households and then randomly selected 727 households. More than half (54.1%) of the households owned dogs (1.21 dogs/household). In the 727 households, we identified 878 owned dogs and 3256 humans. According to these results, the dog-to-human ratio was approximately 1:3.7. Only 8.8% of households reported a history of dog bite in 2019. Among dog-owning households, 31% reported that they allow their dogs to roam freely. Of the recorded dogs, 35.9% have never been vaccinated, and only 3.5% were spayed or castrated. Factors associated with lower rabies knowledge include (1) no education aOR: 0.30 (0.16–0.59), and (2) only primary school education aOR: 0.33 (0.22–0.49). In contrast, factors associated with higher knowledge include (1) owning a dog and not allowing them to roam freely aOR: 2.01 (1.41–2.87) and (2) owning a dog and allowing them to roam freely aOR: 1.84 (1.17–2.92), when compared to those with no dogs.

Conclusions/Significance

We identified a larger dog population in the community than the usual estimates (1:10), suggesting that annual vaccine needs in the Philippines must be reassessed. Our survey shows a relatively good understanding of rabies; however, awareness of the concept of rabies as a disease, and how animals and humans can acquire it, is lacking.
Twenty years of change in benthic communities across the Belizean Barrier Reef
Authors: Alves Catherine , Valdivia Abel , Aronson Richard B. , Bood Nadia , Castillo Karl D. , Cox Courtney , Fieseler Clare , Locklear Zachary , McField Melanie , Mudge Laura , Umbanhowar James , Bruno John F.
Published: January 2022

Disease, storms, ocean warming, and pollution have caused the mass mortality of reef-building corals across the Caribbean over the last four decades. Subsequently, stony corals have been replaced by macroalgae, bacterial mats, and invertebrates including soft corals and sponges, causing changes to the functioning of Caribbean reef ecosystems. Here we describe changes in the absolute cover of benthic reef taxa, including corals, gorgonians, sponges, and algae, at 15 fore-reef sites (12–15m depth) across the Belizean Barrier Reef (BBR) from 1997 to 2016. We also tested whether Marine Protected Areas (MPAs), in which fishing was prohibited but likely still occurred, mitigated these changes. Additionally, we determined whether ocean-temperature anomalies (measured via satellite) or local human impacts (estimated using the Human Influence Index, HII) were related to changes in benthic community structure. We observed a reduction in the cover of reef-building corals, including the long-lived, massive corals Orbicella spp. (from 13 to 2%), and an increase in fleshy and corticated macroalgae across most sites. These and other changes to the benthic communities were unaffected by local protection. The covers of hard-coral taxa, including Acropora spp., Montastraea cavernosa, Orbicella spp., and Porites spp., were negatively related to the frequency of ocean-temperature anomalies. Only gorgonian cover was related, negatively, to our metric of the magnitude of local impacts (HII). Our results suggest that benthic communities along the BBR have experienced disturbances that are beyond the capacity of the current management structure to mitigate. We recommend that managers devote greater resources and capacity to enforcing and expanding existing marine protected areas and to mitigating local stressors, and most importantly, that government, industry, and the public act immediately to reduce global carbon emissions.
Opportunities within the meat supply chain in Africa—The case of beef production in Northern Ghana
Authors: Vaskó Áron , Vida Imre , Vasa László , Adzitey Frederick
Published: January 2022

Developing food supply chains in the African agriculture could be one of the keys for higher value-added activities and for the fair income of the stakeholders along the chains. Our research aims to investigate how these agricultural value chains are working in Northern Ghana and how to develop them. To estimate meat demand in the Tamale Metropolis, we carried out a large-scale survey with more than 300 interviews. Furthermore, we also measured the awareness of processed meat products. Based on the results, our conclusions are as follows: Development of public services offers the opportunity to (1) gaining market power for ourselves while losing market power for others, (2) indirect takeover of control on political and civil societies while losing control for others, (3) to win allies and friends on one hand, potentially losing allies and friends on the other. After spatial analyses of grazing areas, animal markets, trading routes and witnessing the descriptions of basic macroeconomic differences within Ghana; we must conclude that live animal trade is south-orientated, where traders are able to bargain higher prices. Due to northern locational advantages, the price of animals could be reduced. The presumably cheaper workforce and dozens of unemployed young males could also alleviate the financial burdens.
Testing hypothetical bias in a choice experiment: An application to the value of the carbon footprint of mandarin oranges
Authors: Aoki Keiko , Akai Kenju
Published: January 2022

This study investigates “hypothetical bias,” defined as the difference in the willingness to pay for a product attribute between hypothetical and non-hypothetical conditions in a choice experiment, for the carbon footprint of mandarin oranges in Japan. We conducted the following four treatments: a non-hypothetical lab economic experiment, a hypothetical lab survey, a hypothetical online survey, and a hypothetical online survey with cheap-talk. Each treatment asked participants to choose one of three oranges based on price and carbon emissions level. Next, participants were asked to answer questions on demographics and the following three kinds of environmental factors: environmental consciousness, purchasing behavior for goods with eco-labels, and daily environmental behavior. Using the random parameter logit model, the willingness to pay per 1g of carbon emission reduction were 0.53 JPY, 0.52 JPY, 0.54 JPY, and 0.58 JPY in the non-hypothetical lab economic experiment, hypothetical lab survey, hypothetical online survey and hypothetical online survey with cheap-talk, respectively. The complete combinatorial test of the willingness to pay for carbon emission reductions indicates no hypothetical bias between any treatment combinations. Our findings reveal that environmental attributes for food are less likely to show hypothetical bias than other goods. The results of the main effect with an interaction term show that environmental consciousness reduces the coefficients of carbon emissions in all treatments. Therefore, a psychological scale is useful for showing whether hypothetical bias emerges with treatment or participants’ personal backgrounds.
The value of TI-RADS combined with superb micro-vascular imagine in distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid nodules: A meta-analysis
Authors: Zhu Changfu , Zhong Lin , Lin Mingxin , Tian Congliang , Wang Cong
Published: January 2022

This meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the value of thyroid imaging report and data system (TI-RADS) combined with superb micro-vascular imagine technique(SMI) in distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid nodules. We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Chinese biomedical databases from inception through February 31, 2021. Meta-analysis was conducted using STATA version 14.0 and Meta-Disc version 1.4 softwares. We calculated the summary statistics for sensitivity(Sen), specificity(Spe), and receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curve. Six studies that met all inclusion criteria were included in this meta-analysis. A total of 408 thyroid malignant nodules and 496 thyroid benign nodules were assessed. All thyroid nodules were histologically confirmed after SMI. The pooled Sen and Spe of TI-RADS were 0.80(95%CI = 0.71–0.87) and 0.82(95%CI = 0.75–0.87); The pooled Sen and Spe of TI-RADS combined with SMI were 0.88 (95%CI = 0.80–0.91) and 0.89 (95%CI = 0.85–0.92). The areas under the SROC curve of TI-RADS and TI-RADS combined with SMI were 0.8874(SE = 0.0165) and 0.9415(SE = 0.0102), between which there was significant difference(Z = 2.789; SE = 0.0194;p= 0.0053). Our meta-analysis indicates that TI-RADS combined with SMI may have high diagnostic accuracy, and is more effective than single TI-RADS in distinguishing benign and malignant thyroid nodules.
Study on the distribution pattern of particle re-crushing in the coal and rock mass crushing process under pressure
Authors: Song Shuang , Li Shugang , Zhang Tianjun , Pan Hongyu , Liu Nan , Zhang Lei
Published: January 2022

In order to investigate the compaction and re-crushing characteristics of crushed coal gangue with different gradation, the compaction fractal test was carried out for crushed coal gangue with different Talbol power index n. The compaction deformation parameters such as displacement, stress-strain were analyzed according to the test results. And according to the test results, the compaction deformation relationship of the lateral limit crushed coal rock body considering the gradation is obtained. The test results show that: the crushing of coal rock particles exists in almost the whole compaction process of the crushed coal rock body, and the crushing of coal rock particles has a non-negligible influence on the deformation of the whole crushed rock body; the structural stability of large-size coal rock particles is not as good as that of small-size coal rock particles, and the large-size coal rock is more likely to be crushed under the same stress conditions; the distribution coefficient r of the crushed coal rock body decreases with the increase of axial stress; and before the Before the axial stress reaches 8 MPa, the distribution coefficient r of crushed rock samples tends to increase with n in general, and after reaching 8 MPa and later, the distribution coefficient r of crushed rock samples tends to decrease with n in general; the difference value of particle crushing increases with the increase of axial stress, and the weight value of particle crushing decreases with the increase of axial stress, and the changes of both are non-linear; according to the stress recovery in the compaction process of crushed coal rock body The compaction deformation model of the crushed coal rock body is constructed according to the crushing characteristics of coal rock particles in the stage of compaction, which effectively combines its fine action mechanism with macroscopic physical phenomena in a simple form and has certain practical engineering significance.
Changes in speech, language and swallowing services during the Covid-19 pandemic: The perspective of speech-language pathologists in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Al Awaji Nisreen N. , AlMudaiheem Alanoud A. , Mortada Eman M.
Published: January 2022

Purpose

The study aimed to investigate changes in the role of speech-language pathologists (SLPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. It also assessed the SLPs’ perceptions of delivering services using telehealth as a part of their everyday clinical practice before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Method

SLPs in Saudi Arabia were invited to complete a web-based survey covering questions related to changes to the role of SLPs during the COVID-19 pandemic, changes in the ways speech services are delivered; and the benefits and barriers of using telehealth in clinical practice as identified by SLPs.

Results

Ninety-one SLPs completed the survey. About 94% of the respondents experienced changes in their role as a response to the COVID-19 pandemic. The nature of changes they had experienced including decreased work time, providing support and counseling to patients or caregivers using the telephone, providing assessment and therapy using telehealth, and working with a limited number of cases. Ninety-three percent of the respondents who have used telehealth started to use it only during the pandemic. Mostly seen caseloads were pediatric speech and language disorders. Further, 96% of respondents used telehealth for counseling, 69% for rehabilitation or treatment, 63% for screening, 56% for evaluation or assessment, 48% for a referral to other professional services, and 46% for differential diagnosis. About 70% of the SLPs showed interest to continue using telehealth in the future. Several benefits were identified to using telehealth, including accessibility, cost efficiency, and the ability to engage patients with their families in therapy sessions. On the other hand, barriers to using telehealth included internet and technical issues, lack of direct communication, and difficulty controlling the therapy setting.

Conclusions

The study has shown that SLPs in Saudi Arabia have experienced changes during the COVID-19 outbreak. The survey responses also indicate that the SLPs are adopting telehealth applications at an accelerated pace as a result of the pandemic.
A Two-tiered functional screen identifies herpesviral transcriptional modifiers and their essential domains
Authors: Morgens David W. , Nandakumar Divya , Didychuk Allison L. , Yang Kevin J. , Glaunsinger Britt A.
Published: January 2022

While traditional methods for studying large DNA viruses allow the creation of individual mutants, CRISPR/Cas9 can be used to rapidly create thousands of mutant dsDNA viruses in parallel, enabling the pooled screening of entire viral genomes. Here, we applied this approach to Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) by designing a sgRNA library containing all possible ~22,000 guides targeting the 154 kilobase viral genome, corresponding to one cut site approximately every 8 base pairs. We used the library to profile viral sequences involved in transcriptional activation of late genes, whose regulation involves several well characterized features including dependence on viral DNA replication and a known set of viral transcriptional activators. Upon phenotyping all possible Cas9-targeted viruses for transcription of KSHV late genes we recovered these established regulators and identified a new required factor (ORF46), highlighting the utility of the screening pipeline. By performing targeted deep sequencing of the viral genome to distinguish between knock-out and in-frame alleles created by Cas9, we identify the DNA binding but not catalytic domain of ORF46 to be required for viral DNA replication and thus late gene expression. Our pooled Cas9 tiling screen followed by targeted deep viral sequencing represents a two-tiered screening paradigm that may be widely applicable to dsDNA viruses.
The ingenol-based protein kinase C agonist GSK445A is a potent inducer of HIV and SIV RNA transcription
Authors: Okoye Afam A. , Fromentin Rémi , Takata Hiroshi , Brehm Jessica H. , Fukazawa Yoshinori , Randall Bryan , Pardons Marion , Tai Vincent , Tang Jun , Smedley Jeremy , Axthelm Michael , Lifson Jeffrey D. , Picker Louis J. , Favre David , Trautmann Lydie , Chomont Nicolas
Published: January 2022

Activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway by Protein Kinase C (PKC) agonists is a potent mechanism for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) latency disruption in vitro. However, significant toxicity risks and the lack of evidence supporting their activity in vivo have limited further evaluation of PKC agonists as HIV latency-reversing agents (LRA) in cure strategies. Here we evaluated whether GSK445A, a stabilized ingenol-B derivative, can induce HIV/simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) transcription and virus production in vitro and demonstrate pharmacological activity in nonhuman primates (NHP). CD4+ T cells from people living with HIV and from SIV+ rhesus macaques (RM) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) exposed in vitro to 25 nM of GSK445A produced cell-associated viral transcripts as well as viral particles at levels similar to those induced by PMA/Ionomycin, indicating that GSK445A can potently reverse HIV/SIV latency. Importantly, these concentrations of GSK445A did not impair the proliferation or survival of HIV-specific CD8+ T cells, but instead, increased their numbers and enhanced IFN-γ production in response to HIV peptides. In vivo, GSK445A tolerability was established in SIV-naïve RM at 15 μg/kg although tolerability was reduced in SIV-infected RM on ART. Increases in plasma viremia following GSK445A administration were suggestive of increased SIV transcription in vivo. Collectively, these results indicate that GSK445A is a potent HIV/SIV LRA in vitro and has a tolerable safety profile amenable for further evaluation in vivo in NHP models of HIV cure/remission.
Reframing public service radio: The case of BBC Sounds
Authors: Charles-Hatt Rachel-Ann , Sayers Thomas
Published: January 2022

This study analyses the public service broadcast terrain within a changing sector that is driven by digital media convergence using the case of the BBC Sounds. From the findings, we demonstrate that the BBC Sounds promotes the idea of a visible media, an inter-medial platform providing agency to some of its listeners as they choose what content they want to listen to, while questioning whether this new streaming service offers more control than choice. In this study we identify issues surrounding accessibility for all when exploring on-demand content, and what impact this has on the public. Finally, we highlight the blurring of podcasts and radio and whether all live radio shows become, or risk becoming, podcasts.
Cada cultura es distinta, cada lengua es distinta… en las personas que hablan las lenguas indígenas está muy arraigado el concepto de comunidad
Authors: Navarro-Hall Esther
Published: January 2022

La profesión de intérprete se caracteriza por la vocación de hacer entender a las partes y contribuir a hacer justicia. Así entendía Esther Navarro-Hall la interpretación y durante sus años de actividad en los tribunales estadounidenses se implicó en cada causa con responsabilidad. Se preocupó por enseñar la interpretación de lenguas indígenas en los EE. UU. y la situación de estas lenguas en México. Como miembro comprometido de la ATA, reivindicó el derecho a expresarse en la lengua vernácula. Esta compañera referente para los que estamos ahora a vueltas con la Interpretación simultánea remota ya realizaba Interpretación a distancia en los años 80 en el Defend Languages Institute.
Technology is indispensable. This is true both for non-literary and for literary translators increasingly
Authors: Svoboda Tomáš
Published: January 2022

From explaining his passion for matters related to translation, to topics such as localisation, news dissemination or translation skills, to the outlook for the translation profession. Tomáš Svoboda of Charles University, Prague, speaks about broader contexts of translating today.