bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INVESTIGATION OF THE EFFECT OF PROBIOTIC USE ON ORGANISM BEHAVIORS IN DROSOPHILA MELANOGASTER
Authors: FİDAN Mehmet , AYAR Arif
Published: December 2022

Microbiota; Microbiome refers to the genes carried by microorganisms living commensally with humans. Recent studies have shown that the gut microbiota plays an important role in shaping the health and fitness of animals, including humans. Probiotics, known as live microorganisms that, when taken in sufficient quantities, are beneficial to the health of the organism they inhabit, have been used traditionally by people for centuries in different ways.

In this study, it was aimed to investigate the effect of modified gut microbiota of Drosophila melanogaster individuals fed on probiotic supplemented media and standard media on mate selection, which is one of the behavioral characteristics. For this purpose, probiotic food containing 11 different bacterial species was added to the medium of D. melanogaster for 6 generations to reshape the fly microbiota. Flies grown on standard Drosophila medium and flies fed probiotic food were placed on the cell plates as 1 male and 1 female mixed. The mate choices of individuals carrying different markers were tracked and recorded. Obtained results were evaluated statistically.

As a result, it was observed that nutrition, and therefore microbiota, was effective in the selection of mates of flies mixed in cell plates. In particular, it was determined that individuals fed with probiotics chose the opposite sex fed with probiotics in the selection of mates for mating. It has been concluded that the effects of microbiota, the importance of which has been better understood in recent years, on living things should be clarified by different studies.
Lenguaje ancestral de la arquitectura. Una aproximación al templo Kággaba y a la maloca Ufaina en Colombia.
Authors: María Alejandra Jiménez Suarez
Published: December 2022

La inquietud personal por comprender prácticas y saberes de tradiciones culturales diferentes ala impartida en la academia, llevó a resaltar el estudio de la arquitectura ancestral. Se tomacomo referencia dos territorios culturales junto a sus obras más representativas: Los Kággaba,con su templo ubicado en la Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta y Los Ufaina con la Maloca enel Vaupés, Amazonas.La investigación aproxima al significado que tiene para los pueblos nativos la arquitectura,donde prima el equilibrio, la correspondencia y la armonía. Igualmente se evidencia que comosistema de pensamiento, influye en un orden que evoca a entender, cómo el hombre se mueve conel cosmos en unidad. Así mismo, interrelacionando principios en torno al mito, rito y territorio.Como resultado de la documentación y análisis relacional, entorno al lenguaje ancestralarquitectónico entre la maloca y el templo, se concluye una estructura de principios y pautasarquetípicas. Finalmente, se espera contribuir a seguir tejiendo conocimiento intercultural endiálogos del saber, reconociendo y salvaguardando ese patrimonio cultural que acoge a todos,como nacientes de un territorio común y compartido.
Plan de ordenamiento territorial y patrimonio arqueológico: los petroglifos en Arboleda Berruecos.
Authors: Camila Alexandra Alarcon Córdoba
Published: December 2022

Se propone un modelo general de trabajo para la incorporación del patrimonio arqueológico en laplanificación territorial del municipio de Arboleda-Berruecos, considerando que está declaradocomo área arqueológica protegida (AAP) por el Instituto Colombiano de Antropología eHistoria (ICANH), por ende, está sujeto a políticas públicas en patrimonio cultural y a unmarco jurídico que las sustenta en el art. 3, Ley 388 de 1997 de ordenamiento territorial que,es importante abordar mediante el componente arqueológico en el esquema de ordenamientoterritorial (EOT) ya que, desde el presente estudio se pretende evidenciar su importancia yla necesidad de un adecuado uso de suelos entorno a cada sitio de arte rupestre en el procesode ordenamiento del territorio como instrumento de planificación y régimen normativo quepropende hacia la conservación y protección de los bienes de interés cultural. Para esto serealiza un análisis que establece un diagnóstico de cada sitio, a fin de permitir la construcción yconsolidación de una serie de condiciones de manejo basadas en el uso de suelos, con la relacióna los petroglifos y su entorno, determinantes que deben abordarse de una manera integral, puesesta herramienta se convierte en un instrumento de gestión para garantizar la conservación deestos vestigios y asimismo la integralidad de estos contextos en el marco de los planes desarrollo,de ordenamiento territorial y tramites de ley respectivos a corto, mediano y largo plazo.
Evolución Histórica de La Representación del Patrimonio en Colombia y Documentación Gráfica de 25 Centros Históricos.
Authors: María Isabel Mayorga Hernández
Published: December 2022

El dibujo del patrimonio, va más allá de la simple representación de formas y elementos conprecisión y técnicas adecuadas, se constituye en una investigación para quien observa, proporciona,y descubre por medio de trazos espaciados y jerarquizados la estructura y materialidad de unaobra, desvelando una historia y desarrollando una lectura científica que como si fuéramos“arqueólogos gráficos”, nos acerca al conocimiento del pasado.Los diferentes métodos, técnicas y tecnologías cada vez más precisas nos permiten encontrarnuevo conocimiento, que hacen que el patrimonio no constituya un objeto inerte con informaciónfinita, enfocando la mirada desde diferentes disciplinas para la interpretación, reconstruccióny descripción gráfica, presentándonos nuevos aportes y una aproximación más científica que aldocumentar un mayor número de edificaciones y establecer redes de conocimiento, contribuye arelacionar histórica y culturalmente las comunidades humanas en el mundo.El estudio de este tema no es ajeno a lugares como Colombia, que documenta su pasadográficamente, desde la creación de entidades de gobierno1y académicas2que han contribuidoal inventario y dibujo de gran cantidad de centros históricos y en el desarrollo de métodos yestrategias de levantamiento y documentación del patrimonio, lo que permite formular un estadodel arte de la representación del patrimonio en Colombia y resultados particulares del trabajode investigación desarrollado en alrededor de 25 centros históricos con la asignatura y el grupode investigación “Documentación Gráfica del Patrimonio”3, de la Facultad de Artes de laUniversidad Nacional de Colombia
El levantamiento como reivindicación de la memoria documental. Caso de la iglesia San Antonio de Padua, Cereté
Authors: Gómez Bustamante Sonia , Orozco Pastrana Luis Carlos
Published: December 2022

La iglesia San Antonio de Padua en Cereté, al norte de Colombia, es unaedifi cación que fue construida en la primera mitad del siglo XX. Hace partedel patrimonio arquitectónico de la ciudad, por tanto, objeto de interés por laidentidad cultural que representa y fundamental que se conozcan y valoren suscaracterísticas. En ese sentido se realizó un trabajo de grado en el Programa deArquitectura de la Universidad Pontifi ca Bolivariana seccional Montería y en elproceso de indagar sobre el bien se encontraron unos planos realizados por losarquitectos Joseph François Martens Istas y Roberto Acosta Madiedo que fueronobjeto de restitución gráfi ca. En el desarrollo de ese trabajo se combinarontipos de levantamientos directos e indirectos, así mismo con diferentes tiposde levamientos indirectos, en complejidad y herramientas para aproximarse aledifi cio levantado por lo que este artículo muestra los resultados del procesocomo un aporte a la divulgación de la metodología de obtención de datos quepermitan entender los cambios, posterior análisis comparativo con la realidadconstruida, la puesta en valor del bien y la generación de nuevas investigacionesdedicadas a reconocer el patrimonio de las ciudades.
Towards Developing an Environmental Disaster Relief Coordination Network in Tanzania
Authors: Rugumamu W.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Rural Agricultural Transition and the Role Of Settlement Schemes in Colonial Zambia: An Overview
Authors: Kalapula E. Shamilupa
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Water budget characteristics, availability of water periods and crop production in Ghana
Authors: Sarpong E. Ofori
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Some environmental causes of food insecurity in semi-arid Tanzania
Authors: Rugumamu W.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Towards Combating Desertification in the SADC: A Study of Swaziland
Authors: Mushala H. M.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A Spatio-Institutional Approach to Planning Soil and Water Conservation For Sustainable Land Productivity In Southern African Countries
Authors: Kisanga D. R. , Rugumamu W.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Assessment Of Land Use/Cover Changes Due To Traditional Irrigation Activities: A Case Study Of Four Villages Around Ruaha Mbuyuni, Iringa And Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: Tarimo A. K. P.R , Kihupi N.I. , Rugenga E.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Declining Soil Fertility: A Challenge for Sustainable Productivity of Land under Cashew Farms, Southern Areas of Tanzania
Authors: Majule A. E. , Shishsira E. K. , Yanda P. Z.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Dynamics Of Land Use In The Wildlife Corridor Between Kilimanjaro National Park In Tanzania And Amboseli National Park In Kenya And Their Impacts on Biodiversity
Authors: Noe Christine
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Socio-Economic Structure Of Food Commodities Marketing In Mbeya Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Banyikwa W. F.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Industrial Development and Structural Change of the Economy of Tanzania
Authors: Mwaigombile Emmanuel A.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Digital Image Enhancement and. Classification of Thermal Infrared Imagery for Monitoring- White-tailed Deer in Missouri Wildlife Game Habitat
Authors: Hawley J. M. , Hathout S.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Community Participation in Water Resources and Sanitation Management in Tanzania: A case Study of Lindi Region
Authors: Naimani G. M. , Ngomuo V. I.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Analysis of Agricultural Change Using Field Allocation to Crops Technique: A Case Ofuporoto Highlands, Southern Tanzania
Authors: William C.M. P.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Migration and Micro-Level Socio-Economic Development of Peri-Urban Villages in Kinondoni District, Tanzania
Authors: Lyimo James   G
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Investigating Soil Acidity Associated with Elemental Sulphur Oxidation and Nitrification Process on Soils under Cashew Tree, Southern Tanzania
Authors: Majule Amos E.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Weekly Market Spatial Flow Patterns of Foodstuffs and Its Impacts on Traders’ Livelihoods in Mountain Regions: The Case of Mt Rungwe Region, Tanzania
Authors: Ndumbaro Festo G. J.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Impact of Mining Activities on Forest Resources In Nyamongo Gold Mine, Tarime District, Tanzania
Authors: Tilumanywa Verdiana T.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Socio-Economic Impact Of Male Out-Migration on Rural Women: The Case of Babati District, Manyara Region
Authors: Milline J. , William Joseph
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Gender Migration And The Urban Informal Sector: A Case Study Of Mwanza City, Tanzania
Authors: Masanja George F.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Human Impact on the Headwaters Environment In the Uporoto Highlands, Tanzania
Authors: Sokoni Cosmas H.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Implication of Upgrading Conservation Areas on Community’s Livelihoods: Lessons from Saadani National Park in Tanzania
Authors: Michael Elias , Naimani Godwin M.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Urban Planning and Youth Empowerment in Managing Violence in Sub-Saharan Africa: The Case of Kauraye in Katsina, Nigeria
Authors: Kankara Ibrahim Sani
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Contribution of Liquid Biofuels To Socio-Economic Rural Development
Authors: Mlay Happiness , Katima H. Y. , Minja Rwaichi J. A.
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A Public-Private Partnership Scheme To Avert Desertification In The Dry lands Of Kenya: Lessons for Social Scientists
Authors: Mwenzwa Ezekiel Mbitha
Published: December 2022

Abstract
The Dynamics of Climate Change and Global Warming: Imperatives for Food Security in Nigeria
Authors: Onafeso Olomide D. , Akanni Cornelius O. , Badijo Bamidele A
Published: December 2022

Abstract
A Public-Private Partnership Scheme To Avert Desertification in the Drylands of Kenya: Lessons for Social Scientists
Authors: Mwenzwa Ezekiel Mbitha
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Urbanization in the 20th Century: Some Reflections on Katsina Town, Nigeria
Authors: Shehu Jamilu
Published: December 2022

Abstract
Cyperus papyrus in Lake Victoria: Genetic Information, Utilisation and Resource Sustainability
Authors: Lusasi Justin
Published: December 2022

Many wetlands in the Lake Victoria basin are dominated by Cyperus papyrus, which are very productive and, therefore, have an important role both ecologically and socially. The increasing harvesting pressure of papyrus threatens its future. Thus, a conservation approach was employed to determine the intensity of the pressure and threat to the papyrus diversity at clonal level. Eight microsatellite loci were used for analysing the clonal diversity and genetic diversity of Cyperus papyrus in 6 swamps of Mwanza bay (Tanzania) and 5 swamps of Nyanza bay (Kenya). From 304 individuals, we observed a total of 49 alleles in Mwanza bay and 44 alleles in Nyanza bay, a high clonal diversity (R = 0.64 to 1 Mwanza bay and R=0.70 to 1 in Nyanza bay), and a high genetic diversity (HE) with an average of 0.558 and 0.493 for Mwanza and Nyanza bay, respectively. The analysis of molecular variance showed that most of the allelic variances were within individuals. This resulted in a moderate differentiation (FST, 0.126 and Nm, 1.7) from all studied population in Lake Victoria. Gene flow was high between populations within each bay of the Lake (Nm > 4). The observed disturbance in the swamps showed no effects on any of the papyrus diversity variables. The clonal diversity (R) was even higher in the disturbed swamps than in pristine ones, with values ranging from 0.78 to 1 for disturbed, and 0.64 to 1 for pristine swamps. This explains that, although it is a clonal plant, papyrus maintains sexual reproduction and successful seed dispersal, making them resilient to even strong environmental and anthropogenic disturbance.
The Contribution of REDD Pilot Project to Community Livelihoods: A Case Study of Kondoa District, Tanzania
Authors: Mang’enya Erasto , Makupa Enock
Published: December 2022

Tanzania has been implementing a project to reduce emission from deforestation and degradation (REDD). The REDD pilot project has been considered as a viable option in enhancing conservation and community livelihoods. Moreover, the contribution of REDD to community livelihoods has not been critically investigated. This study attempts to fill this information gap by using a case study of Kondoa District. The study use mixed methods to capture information from the field, including household surveys, focus group discussions, and key informant interviews. Quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS), while descriptive and content analysis were used for qualitative data. The findings reveal high awareness of the REDD pilot project by the communities. It was further observed that the REDD project has contributed income to the community from carbon sales, improved agricultural production, and has introduced income generating activities. The study concludes that for the REDD project to be successful, community participation should be strengthened in planning and designing strategies for the REDD project. It further suggests that for the REDD project to gain more support from the community, tangible benefits and more income generating activities should be given priority.
Groundwater use in Climate Change adaptation in Moshi district, Tanzania
Authors: Mchome Emanuel
Published: December 2022

The paper assesses the usability of groundwater in climate change adaptation in Moshi rural district, Tanzania. It examines how groundwater is used as a climate change adaptation strategy as well as the strategy for boosting other adaptation strategies. Data for the study were gathered from five major sources; these include field observation, interviews, household questionnaires and focus group discussions (FGDs). It also reviewed various literature including weather-recorded data. The study found that groundwater is unsurpassed climate change adaptation in the area and it enhances other adaptation mechanisms like planting trees and irrigation. The use of groundwater has thrived to diminish water shortage in the area as a result it helps to increase water for domestic and sanitation usage. It also boosted water use range per person per day and decreased the distances walked by persons in obtaining domestic water. Despite these advantages, groundwater is neglected and less preferred in government planning, a snag that leads to poor groundwater usage and conservation. This paper concludes that, groundwater is among the best climate change options in Moshi rural district as it helped to cover water shortage between rainfall seasons in the area since the area was semi-arid. It provided daily water supply in the area for both agriculture and domestic use hence supporting people’s livelihood. Therefore, this paper recommends more research on contributions made by groundwater in climate change adaptation in semi arid regions in Tanzania. This will generate knowledge that can be used by planners in climate change adaptation since groundwater can help to evacuate people’s livelihood from climate change vulnerability.
The role of indigenous Weather Forecast in Enhancing agricultural Production in Tanzania
Authors: Mwiturubani Donald
Published: December 2022

Tanzania as most Sub-Sahara countries depend mostly on rain-fed agriculture, which makes it vulnerable to the erratic patterns and variability of rainfall. A study was conducted in Burunga and Mbalibali villages in Serengeti district, Tanzania to determine the role of indigenous knowledge systems (IKS) in understanding and disseminating information on rainfall patterns and variability for crop productivity improvements. The paper aimed to understand the process of Drawing on findings of interviews and focus group discussions the paper suggests that agricultural activities are practised based on indigenous knowledge – informed by indicators developed over time and space – to understand the onset and end of rainfall. The indicators for predicting onset, end, and the amount of rainfall are mainly based on the observations of the changing characteristics of the surrounding environment on the atmosphere (wind systems, stars, moon); on the land surface (flora and fauna); and natural systems. These indicators are owned mainly by IKS holders who are mainly elders. Elders then transmit this knowledge to youngsters through either word of mouth or best practices or experiences when conducting socio-cultural and economic activities. The knowledge is then employed for planning and production of agriculture; and processing and storage of agricultural harvests. These findings form the basis for concrete recommendations to the governments in Africa to formulate policies and enact laws to backup indigenous based technologies for sustainable development.
The implication of Fire on Patterns of Plant Species diversity in Northwest uluguru Nature Forest reserve, Tanzania
Authors: William William
Published: December 2022

This study examines the implication of fire on tree species diversity in northwest Uluguru Nature Forest Reserve (UNFR). The study compared tree species diversity between burned and unburned areas, and determined whether burned and unburned areas depicted any variation in stages of succession. Tree species samples were drawn from eighteen stands, and tree species data were ordinate using Nonmetric Multidimensional Scaling (NMS or NMDS) (PC-ORD version 5.10) to describe relationships (similarity and dissimilarities) between tree species, forest succession, and the effect of fire on tree species. Species richness did not vary significantly between burned and unburned plots. However, species composition was high in burned stands, which contributed to a high basal area in burned stands. Unburned stands had low species composition and low basal area. Fire intolerant tree species dominated unburned areas while species in the burned areas were fire adapted. A few species existed in burned and unburned stands. Trees in burned areas are still at a young succession stage while in unburned stands vegetation development has reached a succession stage that the vegetation is stable with hardwood forest formation. A sustainable management plan for the UNFR must base on empirical data on fire regime variation over space and time.
Determinants of Risk Factors Associated to Pregnancy and Delivery in Maasai Community in Kiteto District, Tanzania
Authors: Francis Theresia
Published: December 2022

The objective of this study was to determine risk factors associated to pregnancy and delivery. The purpose was to find out whether danger signs during pregnancy and delivery motivate the respondents to attend and seek for maternal health services. The study employed cross-sectional research design in four villages in Kiteto District namely Partimbo, Kimana, Engusero and Ngipa to find out the determinants of risk factors associated to pregnancy and delivery. The study employed a three stage sampling technique. A simple random sampling technique was used to identify wards in the first stage. In second stage, four villages were purposively selected from two different wards. In third stage, households as a unit of analysis were obtained through random sampling, since the population was homogenous. However, in order to get population sample within each village, probability proportional to size (PPS) was applied. Cross tabulation and Chi-square were tested to determine the association of the variables and factors influencing maternal health utilization. The findings showed that 53 percent of the respondents were aware of danger signs associated with pregnancy and delivery. About 87 percent delivered at home due to various reasons mentioned like distance and transport costs. Also from the findings majority of the respondents by 64.6 percent suffered from anemia during the first pregnancy. However, the level of antenatal clinic visits was not significantly correlated with any other socio-demographic variables, but place of delivery and assistance during delivery showed a significant association with socio- demographic variables (p < 0.005). Indeed, a lot could be gained by simple prevention, in particular regular antenatal visits, vaccinations, and quick referral in case of complications. Also TBAs should be taken as part of RCH in these pastoralist communities because of their cultural believes. Regular training and seminars should be conducted so as to help mothers in those remote areas.
The Elusive Recovery from Drug Addiction in Pemba: How Addicted Persons and their Families Cope
Authors: Ali Ali , Sigalla Huruma
Published: December 2022

This article elucidates on how addiction affects family and how the latter copes while living with an addict. The article is based on a study whose objectives were to explore the factors influencing people to start using drugs and to learn the impacts of drug addiction on family members. It was found that many addicts started using drugs during their young ages mainly before the age of 30. Most of them started taking drugs due to curiosity, misconception, ignorance, or simply imitation of others under peer pressure. Exposure to certain social milieu such as availability of drugs or/and people using drug at the family and community level is one of the contributory factors. Different opinions with regard to the trend of people who abuse drugs are considered. It is shown that formal rehabilitation measures such as sober house were effective in rehabilitating drug addicts though many addicts opted to use these services as a last resort. We recommend that the public should be informed about the availability of sober houses and should be encouraged to use their services to deal with drug addiction problems.
The Determinants of Migration in Tanzania: The Case of Ileje District
Authors: Mulungu Christopher
Published: December 2022

As a former colonial labour reserve, the periphery and less developed district compared with other districts in Mbeya region and Tanzania at large, Ileje is still a major area of rural-rural and rural-urban migration. Out- migration in the district is increasing despite the introduction of various land reforms and crop innovations aimed at increasing productivity. Migration from Ileje is also increasing despite the area being turned into autonomous district in 1975 (formally part of Rungwe district). Th is occurs despite the growth of trading centres and non-agricultural employment. Also, as a result of an increase of population pressure, the number of people migrating to search for livelihoods away from their areas of domicile is rising with time. Due to soil erosion, coupled with inadequate replenishment of soil nutrients after harvests, the productivity of the land suff ers immensely. Th is severe land degradation and poverty have led the Ndali and Lambya people, the major ethnic groups in Ileje district, to migrate especially to Mbozi district. Th erefore, by using 496 heads of the households sampled, this paper attempts to answer the research question: what are the determinants of migration in Ileje district? Th e major fi nding is that population pressure is a major determinant of out-migration in Ileje district particularly its Bundali division. Th is is because most of the heads of households in the area have less than one acre of land with poor quality. In fact, land shortage and fragmentation is a threat to the people in the district. In order to reduce excessive soil erosion people should be encouraged by the government and other stakeholders to conserve that environment by planting trees in steep slopes especially in Undali hills and sustainable use of forest resources by introducing improved cooking stoves as well as management of forests so as to reduce the rate of tree cutting for fuel woods and commercial logging.
Youth Rural-Urban Migration and Change in Livelihoods A Case of Informal Traders in Njombe Town, Tanzania
Authors: Mligo Mligo
Published: December 2022

This study investigated youth rural-urban migration and change in livelihoods in Njombe Town. Specifically the study aimed at identifying the factors causing the migration of youths from rural to urban areas and investigated the livelihoods of the youths after migrating to Njombe Town. Furthermore, the study employed snowball sampling technique which enabled to get a sample size of 99 respondents. Purposive sampling technique was used to get the key informants who provided the important information about youth rural- urban migration and change in livelihoods. The study collected its data through interviews, focus group discussion, observation, documentary sources and questionnaires. The study observed that lack of social services; employment opportunities and poor per capita income in rural areas were the major factors that pushed the youths out of rural areas while the possibilities of getting employment and conducive environment for business activities were the pull factors of Youths to Njombe Town. Th e study fi ndings further showed that although most of the youths had an idea of getting jobs in Njombe Town, only few managed to get formal employment due to lack of education and important skills necessary for urban labour market. Th erefore, this forced the youths to be employed in marginal jobs like being barmaids, domestic servants, security guards services, assistant’s hostesses and most of them were self-employed in informal trading activities whereby few of them improved their livelihoods compared to when they were in rural areas. The study recommended that Youths rural - urban migration can be reduced by improvements in the agricultural sector which it was observed to discourage the youth to remain in rural areas. The study further recommended that Youth should have access to financial capital and credits at reasonable interest rates
The Impact of Human Migration on Land Degradation in Mpanda District, Katavi Region in Tanzania
Authors: Silangwa Florian
Published: December 2022

The study on the impact of human migration on land degradation was conducted in fiveselected wards of Mpanda district. Over the years, human population has been increasing in Mpanda district. The increase in population have changed land use systems that have caused a reduced land cover and subsequent land degradation. The main objective of this study was to examine the relationship between the increase in human population and land degradation over a period of 30 years from 1985 to 2015. Specific objectives of the study sought to: determine the extent of land degradation emanating from human activities, to assess the relationship between and human activities on land use and land cover changes, to assess and describe the types of land conservation and management measures that are practiced in Mpanda district. To achieve these objectives, the study utilized three land-sat satellite imageries (1985 TM, 2000 ETM and 2015 ETM+) that were processed and analyzed using GIS software to produce GIS maps to detect and quantify land cover changes in Mpanda district during the years: from 1985, and 2000 to 2015. A field observation and household survey was also carried out in the study area to identify the activities that are responsible for land use changes and degradation. The results showed that since the 1985 to 20015, Mpanda district has experienced a rapid growth in human population density during 30 years since 1985. The growing trend of the population and consequent demand for food, energy, and area for settlement and agriculture have considerably altered land use practices, reduced natural vegetation cover stratum and severely caused land degradation at large. In order to correct this anomaly,the local population can be sensitized on the importance of growing trees and seedlings can be planted in nurseries for onward transmission to these lands. Similarly, pastoralist can be encouraged to practice zero grazing in a bid to manage grazing lands. The movement of people with their livestock should also be restricted to control the rate of vegetation growth. Such measures will prevent land exhaustion that is a constant threat to the biodiversity of the environment.
Effects of Massive Settlement Demolition in Dar es Salaam Region along Morogoro Road from Kimara Stopover to Kibamba, Ubungo District
Authors: Mhache Emmanuel
Published: December 2022

This article focuses on effects of settlement demolition in Ubungo District, Dar es Salaam City in the United Republic of Tanzania. Specifically this paper tries to answer three objectives: (i) explore causes and reasons for settlement demolition; (ii) determine socio-economic effects of settlement demolition; (iii) examine measures to address effects of settlement demolition. The study was conducted in the area along Morogoro Road where recent demolition has been executed. In this study data was collected using questionnaires, interviews and direct observations. A total of 200 people mainly head of the households were sampled for this study. The major findings of this study were loss of security due to demolition of houses as most citizens turned to homeless; loss of properties, loss jobs and loss of income among others. Despite these negative effects, the positive effects of the demolition are provision of good infrastructure, establishment of new settlements and high demand of building equipments. All in all, demolition aimed at bringing development and improves people life. The demolition exercise has a number of challenges such as people refusing to abandon their areas, people coming back to the demolished areas, thieves and crimes emerges, to mention some. Recommendations, people should be sensitized on following regulations so as to avoid problems, adhere to laws, regulations and by-laws.
Analysis of adaptation strategies of water insecure coastal communities of Tanzania by gender: Case of Mlingotini village in Bagamoyo district
Authors: Magesa Bahati , Pauline Noah
Published: December 2022

Climate change is a global phenomenon that requires significant responses. Its impacts are already being felt and projected to affect adversely the security of water in coastal areas. To develop effective adaptation plans, policies and strategies require disaggregated data on both men and women’s response to climate change. Therefore, this paper fills this knowledge gap by analyzing adaptation strategies of water insecure coastal communities of Tanzania in a gender perspective. Purposive sampling procedure was used to identify 97 households from village households register for a household survey. It was also used to select study area, key informants and discussants for focus group discussions. Results indicated that the problem of water insecurity has been increasing in the study area compared to the past 30 years. Most of response strategies pursued by women in the study area are different from those employed by women in semi-arid regions while to men most of response strategies are similar. The study recommends that climate change adaptation measures, plans and policies should take into account differences between men and women’s responses to water insecurity. Furthermore, climate change adaptation interventions to water insecurity should address gender vulnerabilities at the household level.
Implications of Land Use and Climate Change on Water Balance Components in the Sigi Catchment, Tanzania
Authors: Clement Mromba , Mwakalila Shadrack , Norbert Joel
Published: December 2022

Whereas normal water flow in a catchment is necessary for all forms of life, the hydrologic systems in the Sigi catchment is susceptible to land use and climate changes. Over the past three decades, water balance of the Sigi Catchment has indicated changes with unknown forms and magnitudes. To uncover the dynamics, this study used SWAT model to simulate water balance to a separate and combined impact of land-use and climate change. SWAT simulation showed good performance with NSE=0.58 and R2=0.67 for calibration, and NSE=0.56 and R2=0.64 for validation periods. Land use change scenarios indicated increase in surface runoff by 16.1mm, while base flow and water yield decreased by 23.1mm and 7.2mm, respectively. Climate change scenarios indicated an increase in surface runoff by 29.9mm, while base flow and water yield decreased by 36.1mm and 14.2mm, respectively. The combined land use and climate change scenarios indicated increase of surface runoff by 19.0mm, and decrease in base flow and water yield by 29.7mm and 10.7mm, respectively. From the study, it is clearly that the impacts of climate change on water balance components of the Sigi catchment are larger than land use change. Owing to the dilemma facing water resources in this era of climate change, long-term planning that balance households’ livelihood options and water resources management option is needed.
Rural –Urban Migration and Subsequent Land Management Practices in Moshi Rural District, Tanzania
Authors: Kitali Luzabeth
Published: December 2022

This paper examined the impact of rural urban migration on land restoration and management in Moshi rural District. The paper is based on the study carried out in Mkolowonyi, Tema and Otaruni villages. Both qualitative and quantitative techniques were employed in collecting, managing and analysing data. Questionnaire were used to collect quantitative data while focus group discussion, indepth interviews and direct observation were employed to collect qualitative data. A total number of 100 householdswhich representing 5% of 1819 household swere was selected as a sample. Also 5 key informants and about 17 members were purposefully selected for 3 focus group discussions. Descriptive and thematic data analysis techniques were employed. Findings show that rural urban migration has both positive and negative impacts on land management. It reduces pressure on land resource, and improves land management practises through funds provided by the migrants, employing temporary labourers and introducing new crop varieties. The study recommends that rural - urban migration should be seen as an opportunity instead of a problem. Thus there is a need to encourage positive linkage between rural migrants and counterparts in rural areas in order to boost community development.
Conservation Fishing in Lake Victoria: Can Losers be Guardians of Fisheries Resources?
Authors: Mutarubukwa Thaddeus , Sokoni Cosmas
Published: December 2022

This paper analyzes the way in which the Lakeside communities which are victims of the transformed fishing industry in Lake Victoria, can also be guardians of the fisheries resources. The study was conducted in Kishanje and Rubafu villages in Bukoba Rural District. The data was collected from 232 individual respondents and two focus group discussions each comprised 10 participants. The results indicated that community members in the Lakeside communities perceived illegal fishing as non-existing phenomenon among them. What they see is their traditional way of fishing and the ongoing conservation campaigns are instituted to infringe upon their life system and alienate them from their bounty Mother Nature. They recognized the fisheries resources management measures as the means to safeguard the interest of the investors. From this understanding, the study revealed that the community members including the leaders entrusted to reinforce the resources management measures were not in a position to stand against illegal fishing as it was intended by the government. This study, therefore, concludes that, the losers cannot be guardians of fisheries resources, unless their socioeconomic needs are taken as part and parcel in the fisheries resources management plan.
Livelihood Continuity and Change: Adaptation to Climate and Environmental Change in Northern Unguja, Zanzibar 1916-2016
Authors: Khatib M.M , William C. P. , Shaghude Y. W. , Kangalawe R. Y. M.
Published: December 2022

Coastal community continuity and change in livelihoods become a prime adaptation strategy worldwide because of climate and environmental change. The changes in climate and environment along the coast have been associated with natural and human induced factors. This paper analysed the livelihood continuity and change as adaptation measures in northern Unguja, in relation to temperature and rainfall change. Archival and current reviews, interview and observation which represent the livelihoods change over last 100years were used. The paper also, analyzed how local community processes of continuity and change have interconnected with local climate events and changes over last 100 years. The results reveal that there were societal change both North Western Zone and North Eastern Zone in livelihoods activities as an adaptation mechanism due to gradual environmental changes, such as coastal erosion, coastal floods, unreliable rainfall and droughts. Such scenario increases the risk and vulnerability to the local community. The study also reveals that the identification of risks and vulnerability depends on the local community perceptions of what functions the coastal and terrestrial land should provide, as they informed by past experience, histories and current situation. Therefore, the successful adaptation from the local perspective should go beyond protecting what is already there and allow for future development of the village.
Place-value Attachment on Provisional and Cultural Services for Sustainable Management of Ngezi Forest
Authors: Zahor Zahor
Published: December 2022

This paper uncovers the importance of people’s place-values on sustainable forest management, and how such values can be incorporated into forest management actions and decision-making. Specifically, it focuses on mapping economic and cultural values on forest ecosystem services; assesses how non-materials and materials benefit from forest ecosystem cause landscape fragmentation; and how this information could assist in better forest planning and management. The data were collected from ten villages surrounding the Ngezi forest reserve in Pemba, Tanzania. Data were collected through participatory mapping, field observation, and focus group discussions. A map of place-values for each respondent was transferred from paper to digital format, digitized and coded using the GIS, and analysed using kernel density. Non-spatial data were processed and integrated into GIS-based spatial analysis. The results indicate that only 12 areas were identified as very high-valued and these require careful consideration for sustainable forest planning and management. About 4 out of 6 very high-valued areas for material services are found inside the reserve. The areas outside the reserve are undervalued and not utilized effectively for material services. Contrary to cultural services, only 1 out of 6 very high-valued places is located inside the reserve. Furthermore, economic situations, together with social driving forces, have been important determinants of forest values in the areas. Therefore, placevalues issues, particularly economic development outcomes, preservation of the aesthetics and improvement of recreational amenities should be considered when examining sustainable forest resource management.
Assessment of the Understanding of Climate Change Among the Ngerengere Maasai Community in Morogoro, Tanzania
Authors: Kuhenga Dotto
Published: December 2022

This paper sought to assess the understanding of climate change among the Maasai community in Ngerengere Division, Morogoro Region, in Tanzania. A recent study that involved 70 participants in an embedded case study design revealed that the Maasai pastoralists and farmers understand the weather patterns and can cope well with climatic variability typical of semi-arid areas. This understanding helps individuals and social groups to access and process climate information to the level that raises their capability to adopt relevant mitigation measures. Presented narratives obtained through the triangulation of data indicate that the Maasai people have established coping strategies to help them reduce the impacts of climate change in their contexts. Captured strategies include: shifting from livestock to small-scale farming, cattle raiding, and increasing the number of livestock. The paper uncovers that the target community has developed indicators that help individuals and social groups to access climate change knowledge in their area, and adopt necessary and useful measures. Cited indicators include; prevalence of new types of diseases, change in patterns of human activities, extreme fluctuations of Ngerengere river volume, and shifting of the river flow.
Factors that Affect the Adoption of Liquefied Petroleum Gas in Kinondoni Municipality, Tanzania
Authors: Ndunguru Editha , Lema Godwin
Published: December 2022

Identification of the factors affecting the adoption of Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) is necessary in creating enabling environment for promoting LPG usage in Tanzania. This paper examines factors that affect the adoption of LPG in the jurisdiction of Kinondoni Municipal Council; one of the five municipalities in the city of Dar es Salaam. A cross-sectional research design, involving 466 households from three wards (Msasani, Kijitonyama and Tandale) was employed to capture qualitative and quantitative data. Content analysis was carried out using the Likert scale to observe perceived factors affecting the adoption of LPG. Chi square test and binary logistic regression were performed to examine the likelihood of the adoption of LPG to occur. The findings suggest that at the micro level, several factors do affect the adoption of LPG, but different individuals have different perceptions based on personal experiences. Uncovered factors include the quantity of sell, household income, household size, and the level of awareness. At the macro level, fuel availability is assumed to play an important role in determining the adoption and usage of LPG. Chi square test shows the association between different variables and LPG usage; while logistic regression reveals two variables—education and household expenditure (proxy for income)—as significant factors. The study recommends that the creation of enabling environment for LPG usage in the municipality should pay more attention to issues related to education and income.
Factors That Influence Maternal High-risk Births in Njombe District, Tanzania
Authors: Chodota Verynice , Mbonile Milline , Mwamfupe Asubisye
Published: December 2022

Tanzania has recorded a decline in maternal deaths from 854 in 2000 to 524 in 2017. In spite of this achievement, much remains to be done to curb high maternal mortality rates and maternal high-risk births. This paper assesses factors that influence high-risk births of women in Njombe district. Specifically, it examines women’s participation in maternal health care services; evaluates intervention measures of high-risk births in four villages within the district, and prescribes the way high-risk births may be reduced. The paper draws data from a cross-sectional designed study that involved 298 mothers; selected randomly in four villages within the district. It employs the triangulation of methods that include questionnaire-based semi-structured interviews, focused group discussions, observations, and key informant interviews to yield qualitative and quantitative data. The study population was found to be at high-risk of maternal births due to maternal age, parity, the lack of antenatal and postnatal services, lifestyles, and bias towards male maternal births attendants. Other intermediate factors were education, occupation, place of residence, and culture. Intervention measures recommended and adopted by the government, nongovernmental and civil societies for reducing high-risk maternal births in the area included the construction of additional health facilities in villages, wards, districts, regions and at the national level to meet the needs of maternal health care services to minimize high-risk maternal births, as well as reduce high maternal mortality ratio.
Adaptation to Climate Change Through Urban Forestry: Perceptions and Actions of Urban Residents in the Dar es Salaam City
Authors: Bushesha Magreth
Published: December 2022

This paper examines perceptions and actions of urban residents on urban forestry and adaptation to climate change in Kigamboni District in the city of Dare es Salaam, Tanzania. It employs an exploratory research design to capture the perceived link between urban forestry and climate change, using a semistructured questionnaire administered to 107 respondents obtained through a simple random sampling technique. Yielded qualitative and quantitative data were analyzed using content analysis and the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS), respectively. The findings mostly indicated perceptions inconsistency across variables among respondents, and between the current study and past studies. Also, the number of trees planted per household is relatively low considering the space available per home ground. The paper concludes that it is time for Tanzania to introduce a national forest city program to easily track developments and achievements in the urban forestry sector.