bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the generalized Tomimatsu‐Sato solutions
Authors: Hoenselaers C.
Published: May 2022

We consider stationary axisymmetric vacuum gravitational fields. We use the factor structure of rational solutions to derive two second order equations for two functions. From the solutions of those equations the Ernst potential can be found by quadrature. Non‐rational solutions generalize the Tomimatsu‐Sato solutions.
Canonical transformations and exact invariants for time‐dependent Hamiltonian systems
Authors: Struckmeier Jürgen , Riedel Claus
Published: May 2022

An exact invariant is derived for n‐degree‐of‐freedom non‐relativistic Hamiltonian systems with general time‐dependent potentials. To work out the invariant, an infinitesimalcanonical transformation is performed in the framework of the extended phase‐space. We apply this approach to derive the invariant for a specific class of Hamiltonian systems. For the considered class of Hamiltonian systems, the invariant is obtained equivalently performing in the extended phase‐space a finitecanonical transformation of the initially time‐dependent Hamiltonian to a time‐independent one. It is furthermore shown that the invariant can be expressed as an integral of an energy balance equation.

The invariant itself contains a time‐dependent auxiliary function ξ (t) that represents a solution of a linear third‐order differential equation, referred to as the auxiliary equation. The coefficients of the auxiliary equation depend in general on the explicitly known configuration space trajectory defined by the system's time evolution. This complexity of the auxiliary equation reflects the generally involved phase‐space symmetry associated with the conserved quantity of a time‐dependent non‐linear Hamiltonian system. Our results are applied to three examples of time‐dependent damped and undamped oscillators. The known invariants for time‐dependent and time‐independent harmonic oscillators are shown to follow directly from our generalized formulation.
Electronic correlation in the quantum Hall regime
Authors: Kasner Marcus
Published: May 2022

Two‐dimensional interacting electron systems become strongly correlated if the electrons are subject to a perpendicular high magnetic field. After introducing the physics of the quantum Hall regime the incompressible many‐particle ground state and its excitations are studied in detail at fractional filling factors for spin‐polarized electrons. The spin degree of freedom whose importance was shown in recent experiments is considered by studying the thermodynamics at filling factor one and near one.
Acceleration‐induced nonlocality: kinetic memory versus dynamic memory
Authors: Chicone C. , Mashhoon B.
Published: May 2022

The characteristics of the memory of accelerated motion in Minkowski spacetime are discussed within the framework of the nonlocal theory of accelerated observers. Two types of memory are distinguished: kinetic and dynamic. We show that only kinetic memory is acceptable, since dynamic memory leads to divergences for nonuniform accelerated motion.
Screw dislocations in the field theory of elastoplasticity
Authors: Lazar Markus
Published: May 2022

A (microscopic) static elastoplastic field theory of dislocations with moment and force stresses is considered. The relationship between the moment stress and the Nye tensor is used for the dislocation Lagrangian. We discuss the stress field of an infinitely long screw dislocation in a cylinder, a dipole of screw dislocations and a coaxial screw dislocation in a finite cylinder. The stress fields have no singularities in the dislocation core and they are modified in the core due to the presence of localized moment stress. Additionally, we calculated the elastoplastic energies for the screw dislocation in a cylinder and the coaxial screw dislocation. For the coaxial screw dislocation we find a modified formula for the so‐called Eshelby twist which depends on a specific intrinsic material length.
Hydrodynamics from Grad's equations: What can we learn from exact solutions?
Authors: Karlin I.V. , Gorban A.N.
Published: May 2022

A detailed treatment of the classical Chapman‐Enskog derivation of hydrodynamics is given in the framework of Grad's moment equations. Grad's systems are considered as the minimal kinetic models where the Chapman‐Enskog method can be studied exactly, thereby providing the basis to compare various approximations in extending the hydrodynamic description beyond the Navier‐Stokes approximation. Various techniques, such as the method of partial summation, Padé approximants, and invariance principle are compared both in linear and nonlinear situations.
Numerical and analytical treatment of the smoothed Tamm problem
Authors: Afanasiev G.N. , Shilov V.M. , Stepanovsky Y.P.
Published: May 2022

We study the motion of an electric charge in a medium over a finite spatial distance. We consider at first the motion described by continuous functions of time, that is, its velocity and all its time derivatives are continuous. If the velocity v of the charge is greater than the velocity cn of light in the medium, then the intensity of the radiation is proportional to the frequency in some angular region and decreases exponentially outside of it. If the motion has no jumps in the velocity but jumps in the acceleration, the exponential decrease changes to a reciprocal one with 1/ω. For a purely decelerated motion, when both the initial and the final velocities are greater than cn, the intensity of the radiation contains a plateau. For practical application, the case with a vanishing final charge velocity is important: the intensity of the radiation is then maximal at the Cherenkov angle θc that corresponds to the initial charge velocity whereas it decreases sharply for θ>θc. For this case, provided the velocity of the charge exceeds cn, the total intensity (obtained by integrating the angular intensity of the radiation over the solid angle) is a linear function of the frequency, even though the Tamm condition is strongly violated.
Exact eigenstates for a Hamiltonian which represents a first order perturbative approximation of the periodic Anderson model
Authors: Mertins F.W.
Published: May 2022

We consider a two‐band model with strong correlations derived from the Periodic Anderson Model by means of first order perturbation theory with respect to 1/U (U is the local interaction for f‐sites). We show that at half‐filling the Gutzwiller ansatz is an exact solution of that model for special parameters, generalizing a result of Brand and Giesekus. We use an exponential representation of the wave function, which allows for the derivations to use a terminating multi‐commutator expansion. The latter motivates a generaliztion of the Gutzwiller wave function for the half‐filled case. The combination of the Bardeen Cooper Schrieffer wave function and the Gutzwiller ansatz leads to exact solutions for further two‐band models with strong correlations.
DNA‐Mediated Membrane Fusion and Its Biological Applications: Sensing, Reaction Control and Drug Delivery
Authors: Wang Caihui , Yan An , Wang Hui , Su Yingying , Li Di
Published: May 2022

Membrane fusion plays a fundamental role in various biological processes, such as endocytosis, exocytosis, neurotransmission, and viral infections. These processes involve a highly selective recognition mechanism controlled by functional proteins, which inspire the development of sensitive and selective biosensors and other biomedical devices. By mimicking the nature membrane fusion mechanism, various artificial membrane fusion systems have been developed. In particular, DNA‐mediated membrane fusion holds great potential for spatiotemporal control of fusion events owing to the inherent programmability of DNA hybridization. Moreover, the biocompatibility of DNA enables it possible in vivo applications. In this Review, we illustrate different anchoring strategies of DNA‐mediated membrane fusion and discuss several factors that affect fusion efficiency. Subsequently, we highlight the biosensing application of the DNA‐mediated membrane fusion. In addition, we outline the significant progress made in other biological applications, including nanoreactor construction, protocell communication and drug delivery. Finally, we present major challenges and opportunities for DNA‐mediated membrane fusion.
Electrospinning synthesis of few‐layer hexagonal antimonene nanosheets as anode for lithium‐ion batteries
Authors: Sun Haibin , Zheng Wenrui , Liu Congcong , Liang Shuangshuang , Huang Mingyue , Li Ya , Gao Shasha , Feng Minghai , Liu Shenghong , Xie Wenhe
Published: May 2022

Two‐dimensional (2D) antimonene (Sb) is regarded as a promising anode candidate for lithium‐ion batteries owing to its theoretical capacity (660 mAh g−1). Preparing hexagonal Sb nanosheets (H‐SbNs) has been addressed an effective strategy to resolve the drastic volume expansion and the pulverization issues. Here, we present a facile method to prepare the few‐layer H‐SbNs on the surface of carbon fibers via the electrospinning with a thermal annealing process. When evaluated as an anode for lithium storage, the H‐SbN electrode delivers a high rate performance and excellent cycling stability. Electrochemical analysis reveals that the H‐SbN electrode displays the mainly diffusion‐controlled capacitive contributions and excellent lithium‐ion and electron transport. Our findings demonstrate that 2D materials are superior to use as the Sb‐based anodes for electrochemical lithium storage.
Effects of trehalose and ergosterol on pinene stress of Candida glycerinogenes
Authors: Ma Tengfei , Cai Haowen , Zong Hong , Lu Xinyao , Zhuge Bin
Published: May 2022

Pinene is a commercially important monoterpene that can be prepared using engineered bacterial and yeast species; however, high pinene levels can adversely affect the stability and permeability of microbial membranes leading to significantly reduced growth yields. This study reports that the fluidities and permeabilities of cell membranes of Candida glycerinogenes decrease as pinene levels increase resulting in adverse effects on cell growth. Exposure of cells to pinene results in upregulation of the genes encoding ergosterol and trehalose whose production helps stabilize their cell membranes. Exogenous addition of ergosterol and trehalose to pinene‐treated cells also reduces the fluidity and permeability of the cell membrane, whilst also reducing production of intracellular reactive oxygen species. This led to the finding that the biomass of yeast cells cultivated in shake flask systems are improved by exogenous addition of trehalose and ergosterol. Overexpression of genes that encode trehalose and ergosterol produced a recombinant C. glycerinogenes strain that was found to tolerate higher concentrations of  pinene.
Recombinant human carbonic anhydrase VII: Purification, characterization, inhibition, and molecular docking studies
Authors: Duran Hatice Esra , Beydemir Şükrü
Published: May 2022

Human carbonic anhydrase VII (hCA VII), a cytosolic enzyme, defends against oxidative stress by preventing reactive oxygen species from forming. In our study, first, hCA VII was cloned into Escherichia coli (One Shot Mach1‐T1R) strain by using cDNA of the human brain and successfully expressed. The integrity of the plasmid generated by colony PCR was checked, and after, for protein expression, the plasmid was transformed into E. coli BL21 (DE‐3) strain. hCA VII expression was observed after 6 h of isopropyl‐D‐1‐thiogalactopyranoside (IPTG) induction. The fusion protein containing hexahistidine (6xHis) was purified with 7.02 EU/mg of specific activity, had 48.07% of purification yield, and approximately 21‐folds using a ProbondTM nickel chelating resin affinity column. Then, both molecular mass determination and purity control of the purified recombinant enzyme was done by SDS‐PAGE (sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis). The mass of the SUMO‐hCA VII fusion protein was calculated as 46.77 kDa. As a result of Western blot analysis using anti‐His G‐HRP antibody, the fusion protein was detected as approximately 45 kDa. Furthermore, the characterization assays and in vitro inhibition studies were done for the recombinant enzyme. KI values of these agents were found between 0.29 μM and 157.6 mM. Finally, molecular docking investigations of these antibiotics were undertaken to understand further the binding interactions on the active site of this recombinant enzyme.
Quantum dot‐based fluorescence immunosorbent assay for the rapid detection of bacitracin zinc in feed samples
Authors: Zhou Jingming , Wang Zhuoyang , Qian Wenjing , Liang Chao , Chen Yumei , Liu Hongliang , Liu Yankai , Zhu Xifang , Wang Aiping
Published: May 2022

Bacitracin zinc (BAC), a polypeptide antibiotic, is utilized as a feed additive due to its ability to promote growth in animals. However, the abuse of BAC can lead to a great threat to food safety. Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop a rapid and sensitive detection method. In this study, a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against BAC with excellent sensitivity and specificity was obtained. For the first time, quantum dots (QDs) were conjugated with the prepared mAb against BAC and rabbit anti‐mouse antibody to fabricate a direct and an indirect competitive fluorescence‐linked immunosorbent assay (dc‐FLISA and ic‐FLISA) to detect BAC. The IC50 of dc‐FLISA and ic‐FLISA were 0.28 ng/ml and 0.17 ng/ml, respectively. The limits of detection were 0.0016 ng/ml and 0.001 ng/ml, respectively, and the detection ranges were 0.0016–46.50 ng/ml and 0.001–35.65 ng/ml, respectively. In addition, the recovery rate of the two methods ranged from 93.5% to 112.0%, and the coefficient of variation (CV) was less than 10%. Therefore, the methods developed in this work have the merits of low cost, simple operation, and high sensitivity, which provide an effective analytical tool for BAC residue detection in feed samples.
Determination of isoscoparin in mouse blood using UPLC–MS/MS and its pharmacokinetics
Authors: Huang Xueli , Jiang Haodong , Liang Qishun , Ma Yizhe , Wang Xianqin
Published: May 2022

This study developed a UPLC–MS/MS method to detect isoscoparin in mouse blood, determined the pharmacokinetics of isoscoparin in mice after intravenous (5 mg/kg) and intragastric (20 mg/kg) administration, and calculated the absolute bioavailability. A HSS T3 column was used for separation, and the column temperature was set at 40°C. The mobile phases were acetonitrile and 0.1% formic acid, and the gradient elution procedure was used. The blood sample was treated with protein precipitant with acetonitrile–methanol (9:1, v/v). Multiple reaction monitoring mode was used for quantitative analysis in electrospray positive‐ion mode. It showed a good linear relationship in the range of 1–4000 ng/mL (r > 0.998); the intra‐day and inter‐day precision was <12%, and the accuracy was 86–112%. The recovery was >68%, and the matrix effect was 86–90%. The half‐life of isoscoparin was relatively short in mice, and the bioavailability was 2.6%. The developed UPLC–MS/MS method was rapid, sensitive, and suitable for the pharmacokinetics of isoscoparin in mice.
[(CH3)Al(CH2)]12: Methylaluminomethylene (MAM‐12)
Authors: Spiridopoulos Georgios , Kramer Markus , Kracht Felix , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Anwander Reiner
Published: May 2022

The molecular structure of enigmatic “poly(aluminium‐methyl‐methylene)” (first reported in 1968) has been unraveled in a transmetalation reaction with gallium methylene [Ga8(CH2)12] and AlMe3. The existence of cage‐like methylaluminomethylene moieties was initially suggested by the reaction of rare‐earth‐metallocene complex [Cp*2Lu{(μ‐Me)2AlMe2}] with excess AlMe3 affording the deca‐aluminium cluster [Cp*4Lu2(μ3‐CH2)12Al10(CH3)8] in low yield (Cp*=C5Me5). Treatment of [Ga8(CH2)12] with excess AlMe3 reproducibly gave the crystalline dodeca‐aluminium complex [(CH3)12Al12(μ3‐CH2)12] (MAM‐12). Revisiting a previous approach to “poly(aluminium‐methyl‐methylene” by using a (C5H5)2TiCl2/AlMe3 (1 : 100) mixture led to amorphous solids displaying solubility behavior and spectroscopic features similar to those of crystalline MAM‐12. The gallium methylene‐derived MAM‐12 was used as an efficient methylene transfer reagent for ketones.
Circularly Polarized Luminescence and Circular Dichroism of Bichromophoric Difluoroboron‐β‐diketonates: Inversion and Enhanced Chirality Based on Spatial Arrangements and Self‐Assembly
Authors: Panis Joy Ann , Louis Marine , Brosseau Arnaud , Katao Shouhei , de los Reyes Florencio , Nakashima Takuya , Métivier Rémi , Allain Clémence , Kawai Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2022

We synthesized two bichromophoric difluoroboron‐β‐diketonates (DFB) connected in para and meta positions by using cyclohexane diamine as a chiral bridge (para and meta (R/S)‐CyDFB). TD‐DFT calculations revealed that the variation in connectivity of the DFB units leads to different spatial arrangements and a chirality inversion of the bichromophoric DFB. Higher gabs values were obtained in (R/S)‐CyDFB connected in para as compared to meta position. Aggregation of para (R/S)‐CyDFB in mixture of solvents increase the glum values as compared to its monomeric form. Ultrasonication and heating induced the formation of highly ordered nano‐helical wires of para (R/S)‐CyDFB that increased the glum values to 0.015. On the other hand, meta (R/S)‐CyDFB failed to form highly ordered self‐assembled wires due to hindered H‐binding sites. These observations indicate that the chiroptical properties of DFB bi‐chromophore system can be modulated with self‐assembly and spatial arrangement of the chromophores.
Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydro‐2H‐Pyrroles from Ketones, Aldehydes, and Nitro Alkanes via Hydrogenative Cyclization
Authors: Klausfelder Barbara , Blach Patricia , de Jonge Niels , Kempe Rhett
Published: May 2022

Syntheses of N‐heterocyclic compounds that permit a flexible introduction of various substitution patterns by using inexpensive and diversely available starting materials are highly desirable. Easy to handle and reusable catalysts based on earth‐abundant metals are especially attractive for these syntheses. We report here on the synthesis of 3,4‐dihydro‐2H‐pyrroles via the hydrogenation and cyclization of nitro ketones. The latter are easily accessible from three components: a ketone, an aldehyde and a nitroalkane. Our reaction has a broad scope and 23 of the 33 products synthesized are compounds which have not yet been reported. The key to the general hydrogenation/cyclization reaction is a highly active, selective and reusable nickel catalyst, which was identified from a library of 24 earth‐abundant metal catalysts.
Carbon and Silane‐based Coatings for Improved Bonding in Hybrid Metal‐Composite Applications
Authors: Zoesmar Nira , Birkle Lena , Fuchs Daryl , Warnck Moritz , Wendel Michael , Kuhn Marcus , Taha Iman
Published: May 2022

Interfacial bonding in multi‐material structures is crucial for component performance. The influence of organosilane and Diamond‐Like Carbon coatings were investigated for improved bond strength of additively manufactured AlSi10Mg, CuCr1Zr and Ti6Al4V with carbon fiber reinforced polymer composite. Treated surfaces were evaluated by surface energy, contact angle, film adhesion and thickness measurements, SEM‐EDX analysis and double‐lap‐shear tests. Coating improved the bond strength by around 20 % in case of AlSi10Mg and CuCr1Zr, whereas treatment did not show any significant effect for Ti6Al4V.
Enhanced biodiesel production with improved oxidation stability by water addition to supercritical methanolysis
Authors: Umar Yusuf , Aboelazayem Omar , Gadalla Mamdouh A. , Saha Basudeb
Published: May 2022

Biodiesel has been established as a potential alternative fuel for petroleum diesel. However, one of the main uncertainties about biodiesel is its susceptibility to oxidation. In the present study, biodiesel has been synthesized from high‐acid value waste cooking oil (WCO) using supercritical methanolysis. The influence of supercritical reaction conditions on enhancing biodiesel's oxidation stability and yield has been extensively studied. Five independent reaction variables have been investigated, including methanol to oil (M:O) molar ratio (3–40), temperature (235–275°C), pressure (65–145 bar), time (5–30 min), and water content (0–8 vol.%). The oxidation stability has been analyzed via PetroOxy commercial devices based on the ASTM D7545‐14 methods and compared to EN14214 standards. Response surface methodology (RSM) via central composite design (CCD) has been employed to evaluate the influence of the process variables and to develop empirical models representing the reaction. Interestingly, it has been observed that water content in the feedstock would be an advantage to increase both the yield and the oxidation stability of biodiesel. An analysis of variance (ANOVA) has been used to investigate the adequacy of the predicted model at a 95% confidence level. The developed optimum conditions have achieved a yield of 99.8% and 26.21 min (oxidation stability) at 10:1 M:O molar ratio at 245°C, 125 bar, and 6 vol.% water content within 16.7 min reaction time. The predicted optimal conditions have been validated experimentally with 0.8%–0.9% relative error for both responses.
Nondiagnostic salivary gland FNAs are associated with decreased risk of malignancy compared with “all‐comer” patients: Analysis of the Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology with a focus on Milan I: Nondiagnostic
Authors: Lui Shu K. , Tenney Troy , Mullane Patrick C. , Viswanathan Kartik , Lubin Daniel J.
Published: May 2022

Background

The Milan System for Reporting Salivary Gland Cytopathology (MSRSGC) reports a 25% rate of malignancy (ROM) for the Milan I: Nondiagnostic (ND) category. We clarify the ROM of ND salivary gland fine‐needle aspirations (SGFNAs) based on our institutional experience and review of the literature.

Methods

Overall risk of malignancy (OROM) and that for those with surgical/flow cytometric follow‐up (FROM) for each category and “all‐comers” were calculated for Emory SGFNAs from January 2010 through March 2021. From a literature review of 50 articles using MSRSGC, distribution of diagnoses, rates of follow‐up, FROM, and OROM by category were calculated. FROMs and OROMs between ND FNAs and all‐comers were compared. Milan I rate was compared with the ratio of Milan I OROM to all‐comer OROM.

Results

Of 819 SGFNAs at Emory, 12.8% (n = 105/819) were ND. Thirty‐two had known follow‐up, with 12 (37.5%) being malignant. Nonmucinous cyst contents accounted for 26.7% of ND SGFNAs (n = 28/105); all 7 with surgical follow‐up were benign. Of 50 MSRSGC studies, 18.2% (n = 2384/13,129) of SGFNAs were classified as ND, 26.6% (n = 635/2384) with known follow‐up. Total FROM and OROM for ND FNAs (15.7% and 4.1%, respectively) were significantly lower than those for all‐comers (24.9% and 11.4%, respectively) (p < .001). There was no relationship between rate of ND SGFNA and ND ROM.

Conclusions

The ND category is associated with a lower ROM than that of all‐comer SGFNA patients. The “true” ROM for ND SGFNAs is likely best estimated by the 4.1% OROM. SGFNAs showing nonmucinous cyst contents have a particularly low ROM. Rate of ND SGFNAs does not influence ND ROM.
Near‐Infrared Circularly Polarised Luminescence from Helically Extended Chiral N,N,O,O‐Boron Chelated Dipyrromethenes
Authors: Algoazy Nawaf , Clarke Rebecca G. , Penfold Thomas J. , Waddell Paul G. , Probert Michael R. , Aerts Roy , Herrebout Wouter , Stachelek Patrycja , Pal Robert , Hall Michael J. , Knight Julian G.
Published: May 2022

Synthetically straightforward π‐extension of helically chiral N,N,O,O‐boron chelated borondipyrromethenes (BODIPYs) has been achieved by incorporation of naphthyl rings into the BODIPY 3‐ and 5‐positions. The effect of this extension on the photophysical and chiroptical properties is strongly dependent on the regiochemistry of the naphthyl substituents (4 exo, 4 lin, 4 endo). The most helicene‐like regioisomer 4 endo is a near infra‐red (NIR) emitter (λemmax=751 nm) with an emission band between 675–875 nm, displaying circularly polarised luminescence (CPL) with a luminescence dissymmetry factor, |glum|=5.7×10−3 and CPL brightness, BCPL=27, rivalling the best NIR CPL‐emitting small organic molecules reported to date.
Carbazolic Conjugated Organic Polymers for Visible‐Light‐Driven CO2Photoreduction with H2O to CO with High Efficiency and Selectivity
Authors: Ye Wenqiang , Wang Yuepeng , Ji Guipeng , Zhang Fengtao , Zhao Yanfei , Liu Zhimin
Published: May 2022

Visible‐light‐driven CO2photoreduction with H2O to value‐added chemicals in high efficiency and selectivity is significant but challenging. Herein, a series of carbazolic conjugated organic polymers (CB‐COPs) with electron donor–acceptor (D–A) structures were prepared, which showed high efficiency for visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic reduction of CO2with H2O in a solid–gas mode, affording CO as the exclusive carbonaceous product. Especially, CB‐COP‐mpd derived from 3,5‐di(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)pyridine exhibited the highest CO evolution rate up to 191.46 μmol g−1 h−1with a selectivity of 100 %. Mechanism studies showed that carbazolyl is a promising electron donor candidate for constructing CB‐COPs with D–A structures, capable of improving the catalytic efficiency and suppressing H2generation. The acceptor building block with excessive electron withdrawing capability was favorable to H2O adsorption, thus resulting in the generation of H2. This work provides new insights for designing COPs photocatalysts for CO2photocatalytic reduction.
Neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion disrupts maternal behavior in rats: An animal model of schizophrenia
Authors: Sánchez‐Olguin Claudia P. , Zamudio Sergio R. , Guzmán‐Velázquez Sonia , Márquez‐Portillo Mariana , Caba‐Flores Mario Daniel , Camacho‐Abrego Israel , Flores Gonzalo , Melo Angel I.
Published: May 2022

Although individuals with schizophrenia typically present deficits in social interaction, little is known about the quality of their parent–infant interactions. In the present study, we assessed the behavioral effects of neonatal ventral hippocampus lesion (nVHL) in female rats (nVHL is known to induce schizophrenia‐like deficits in males). Sexually naïve adult nVHL or sham female rats received cognitive and social tests, and their maternal behavior was observed in independent groups of adult nVHL and sham rats on postpartum days 2, 6, and 12. Compared to Sham females, naïve nVHL rats displayed elevated locomotor activity, less social interaction, and disrupted habituation of the acoustic startle response (ASR), while dorsal immobility (a defensive behavioral response) and prepulse inhibition of ASR were not affected. Although all nVHL mothers retrieved their pups, adopted the crouching posture, and nursed them, they showed disturbances in the display of pup body licking and nest building. Furthermore, a high proportion of nVHL mothers displayed atypical retrieval of pups and re‐retrieving of pups, atypical nest‐building, excavation, and cannibalism, as well a high level of these behaviors. These data indicate that cognition, locomotor activity, and maternal care is disrupted in nVHL female, suggesting disturbances in mesocorticolimbic dopaminergic systems and/or in social cognition.
Aquatic eDNA can advance monitoring of a small‐bodied terrestrial salamander and amphibian pathogen
Authors: Kaganer Alyssa W. , Stapleton G. Sean , Bunting Elizabeth M. , Hare Matthew P.
Published: May 2022

Successful conservation efforts for threatened species depend on accurate characterization of their distribution, habitat use, and threats. However, surveillance can be challenging for species with small size, cryptic coloring, or elusive behavior. Environmental DNA (eDNA) monitoring can provide a sensitive and noninvasive alternative to traditional surveillance techniques by detecting trace DNA shed by a target species into their environment. We evaluated the efficacy of eDNA monitoring for the four‐toed salamander (Hemidactylium scutatum), a terrestrial salamander threatened throughout much of its range. Additionally, we integrated eDNA monitoring for ranavirus, a widespread pathogen of ectothermic vertebrates, to efficiently evaluate a potential disease threat to H. scutatum. We designed a novel species‐specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay for H. scutatum, multiplexed the assay with a previously developed ranavirus qPCR assay, and validated the multiplexed tests in silico, in vitro, and in situ. We collected aquatic eDNA weekly for 8 weeks from pools with historical reports of H. scutatum (n = 6) and contemporary reports of H. scutatum on associated uplands (n = 4). We identified H. scutatum eDNA at low quantities (< 12 copies/reaction) on multiple sampling days in two pools with historic species presence. Ranavirus eDNA was widespread; nine pools tested positive including the pools where H. scutatum eDNA was detected. Ranavirus eDNA quantities increased, peaked, then decreased (i.e., were not sporadic in time) in several pools but never rose in abundance to levels associated with ranavirosis in other studies. Our results suggest that H. scutatum eDNA is distributed sporadically at low quantities in pools; we recommend that future surveillance efforts prioritize increased frequency and quantity of sample collection per site visit and include repeat surveys of candidate sites. Further work to characterize Ranavirus eDNA movement, temporal trends, relationship to infectious virion, and decay is needed to help advance this tool.
Chemical Tools for the Temporal Control of Water Solution pH and Applications in Dissipative Systems
Authors: Del Giudice Daniele , Frateloreto Federico , Sappino Carla , Di Stefano Stefano
Published: May 2022

The chemical reagents used to achieve a predictable and programmable time control of the pH of water solutions are reviewed with the purpose to present a toolbox of instruments to be used when a precise pH vs time profile is needed. These tools are particularly useful in view of the growing interest on dissipative systems, many of which operate in water solutions, under the action of reagents (chemical fuels) that allow for programmed pH evolution. After a brief introduction describing the importance of such tools for the operation of dissipative systems in water, five sections follow, which illustrate the different method used so far to temporally control the pH of a water solution. In particular, time‐programmable pH variations based on: 1) bubbling of gases (CO2, N2, Air), 2) hydrolysis of esters, lactones and sultones, 3) enzymatic and biocatalytic networks, 4) decarboxylation reaction of activated carboxylic acids, and 5) pH‐oscillators are described together with selected examples of application.
Mechanistic Aspects of the Asymmetric Transfer Hydrogenation in the Manufacture of Noradrenaline
Authors: Scorzelli Francesco , Tassone Giusy , Padula Daniele , Zacchè Matteo
Published: May 2022

Mechanistic, stereochemical and stereoelectronic aspects of the asymmetric reduction (via hydrogen or transfer hydrogenation) for the manufacture of N‐benzyl‐noradrenaline from the ketone precursor are studied through catalyst screening and computational evaluations. This reaction provides an efficient and industrially suitable method for the manufacture of enantiomerically pure noradrenaline, an important neurotransmitter which is widely used as a pharmacological substance due to its sympathomimetic properties.
Structure–soil–structure interaction (SSSI) of adjacent buildings with shallow foundations on liquefiable soil
Authors: Kassas Konstantinos , Adamidis Orestis , Anastasopoulos Ioannis
Published: May 2022

This paper studies the effect of structure–soil–structure interaction (SSSI) on the seismic response of neighboring structures with shallow foundations on liquefiable sand. The problem is studied through coupled hydromechanical analyses. Nonlinear soil response is modeled with PM4Sand, calibrated on the basis of soil element tests of Hostun sand. The numerical methodology has been compared against six centrifuge model tests, showcasing its ability to predict the settlements. Three idealized structures of width B are considered, of different aspect ratio and foundation bearing pressure q, founded on two liquefiable layer depths, DL/B = 1 and 2. Initially, the response of a single building is studied, offering insights on the developing failure mechanisms. While the settlement increases with q in the case of a deep (DL/B = 2) layer, this is not the case for the shallow (DL/B = 1) layer, where the increased soil confinement leads to the development of a stiffer soil column, which offers increased support to the structure. Pairs of identical structures are subsequently analysed, revealing the effect of SSSI on settlement (w) and rotation (ϑ). While its effect on w is beneficial, its effect on ϑ is detrimental, leading to a dramatic increase compared to the single structure. The detrimental effect of SSSI on θ is shown to be a function of the gap (s/B) between the buildings and the depth of the liquefiable layer (DL/B). In the case of the shallow layer, the two structures rotate away from each other. This is not the case of the deeper layer, where they may either rotate away or towards each other, depending on s/B.
A tale of two whales: applying digital imaging and 3D printing to cetacean research and education
Authors: Mills Nathaniel , Semans Sheila , Flannery Maureen , Squire Crans , Grimes Sarah , Jacobsen Jeffrey
Published: May 2022

Emerging technologies are changing how scientists and the public see and interact with cetacean specimens. As staff at a small, rural, marine science center, we employed LIDAR (light detection and ranging), x‐ray, computational tomography, and structured light scanning along with three‐dimensional (3D) printing to study and exhibit the remains of a 7.9‐m transient male killer whale (Orcinus orca) and a 22.4‐m female blue whale (Balaenoptera musculus). In collaboration with larger institutions, we applied these technologies to bone replication, skeletal articulation, soft‐tissue anatomical studies, and digital modeling to create high‐quality specimen replicas. These techniques surpass traditional modeling and restoration methods, and advance specimen‐associated research and documentation. In addition, 3D technology supports education and public awareness through in‐person and online exhibits and demonstrations. The decreasing cost and increasing appeal of advanced imaging can be used to enhance community engagement and the accessibility of science.
Deletion of RE1‐silencing transcription factor in striatal astrocytes exacerbates manganese‐induced neurotoxicity in mice
Authors: Pajarillo Edward , Demayo Mark , Digman Alexis , Nyarko‐Danquah Ivan , Son Deok‐Soo , Aschner Michael , Lee Eunsook
Published: May 2022

Chronic manganese (Mn) overexposure causes a neurological disorder, referred to as manganism, exhibiting symptoms similar to parkinsonism. Dysfunction of the repressor element‐1 silencing transcription factor (REST) is associated with various neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, and Mn‐induced neurotoxicity, but its cellular and molecular mechanisms have yet to be fully characterized. Although neuronal REST is known to be neuroprotective, the role of astrocytic REST in neuroprotection remains to be established. We investigated if astrocytic REST in the striatal region of the mouse brain where Mn preferentially accumulates plays a role in Mn‐induced neurotoxicity. Striatal astrocytic REST was deleted by infusion of adeno‐associated viral vectors containing sequences of the glial fibrillary acidic protein promoter‐driven Cre recombinase into the striatum of RESTflox/flox mice for 3 weeks, followed by Mn exposure (30 mg/kg, daily, intranasally) for another 3 weeks. Striatal astrocytic REST deletion exacerbated Mn‐induced impairment of locomotor activity and cognitive function with further decrease in Mn‐reduced protein levels of tyrosine hydroxylase and glutamate transporter 1 (GLT‐1) in the striatum. Astrocytic REST deletion also exacerbated the Mn‐induced proinflammatory mediator COX‐2, as well as cytokines such as TNF‐α, IL‐1β, and IL‐6, in the striatum. Mn‐induced detrimental astrocytic products such as proinflammatory cytokines on neuronal toxicity were attenuated by astrocytic REST overexpression, but exacerbated by REST inhibition in an in vitro model using primary human astrocytes and Lund human mesencephalic (LUHMES) neuronal culture. These findings indicate that astrocytic REST plays a critical role against Mn‐induced neurotoxicity by modulating astrocytic proinflammatory factors and GLT‐1.
Percentage arterial enhancement on 2D CT in the diagnosis of primary hyperparathyroidism: A prospective validation study and potential pitfalls
Authors: Sonawane Sushil , Jadhav Swati S. , Goroshi Manjunath , Krishnappa Brijesh , Sharma Anima , Hira Priya , Garle Mahadev N. , Gosavi Vikrant , Memon Saba , Patil Virendra A. , Lila Anurag R. , Shah Nalini , Bandgar Tushar
Published: May 2022

Background

Parathyroid lesions are identified by subjective enhancement and washout patterns on computed tomography (CT). We have previously proposed “percentage arterial enhancement” (PAE) as an objective index and now aim to validate its performance prospectively.

Methods

Dual‐phase CT was performed in 40 consecutive primary hyperparathyroidism patients. PAE was calculated as [{arterial phase Hounsfield unit (HU)‐unenhanced phase HU}/unenhanced phase HU] × 100. PAE > 128.9% was considered parathyroid.

Results

PAE had 94.2% sensitivity, 100% positive predictive value (PPV) in lateralization, and sensitivity and PPV of 93.9% in quadrant localization of single‐gland disease. PAE failed to identify two lesions: an intrathyroidal parathyroid carcinoma in the background of multinodular goiter and another lower enhancing cystic parathyroid adenoma. PAE had 60% sensitivity, and 100% PPV to identify multigland disease. The mean effective dose was 2.74 mSV.

Conclusions

PAE is a specific CT index for parathyroid lesions with less radiation exposure. Areas of caution include intrathyroidal and cystic lesions.
The addition of oral iron improves chemotherapy‐induced anemia in patients receiving erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents
Authors: Tan Jingyong , Du Sitong , Zang Xueyan , Ding Kaiyue , Ginzburg Yelena , Chen Huiyong
Published: May 2022

Although many studies have shown that supplementation with iron and erythropoiesis‐stimulating agents (ESA) is frequently used for managing chemotherapy‐induced anemia (CIA), optimal combination therapy using these agents together to ameliorate anemia is not well characterized. To assess the effects of ESA combined with oral or intravenous (IV) iron on relieving CIA, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase and China National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI) were searched for articles. Data collected in the articles were meta‐analyzed using RevMan 5.3 software with a random‐effects model. Our comprehensive search yielded 1666 potentially relevant trials. A total of 41 trials randomizing 4200 patients with CIA fulfilled inclusion criteria, including 34 Chinese articles and 7 English articles. Meta‐analysis showed that treatment with both ESA and iron more effectively improved CIA relative to iron supplementation alone, with increased hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell count and hematopoietic response rate. Subgroup analyses revealed iron administration, both oral and IV iron, improved anemia in ESA‐treated cancer patients with CIA. Our analysis demonstrates that iron supplementation combined with ESA more effectively ameliorates CIA relative to iron supplementation alone, without regard to whether IV or oral iron was used. Together, our findings may contribute to the clinical treatment of CIA using iron therapy with or without ESA.
An Iraqi by Birth, an Israeli in Body, a Soul without Borders. Sason Shaik in His Own Words**
Authors: Seeman Jeffrey I.
Published: May 2022

This paper consists of a compilation of several interview with the eminent theoretical chemist Sason Shaik of The Hebrew University of Jerusalem. Shaik has published many original research articles, reviews, book chapters, and books that extensively discuss his science. To broaden the knowledge and understanding of Sason Shaik, these interviews and this paper focus almost entirely on him as a human being.
Hostile‐helpless states of mind: A scoping review of risk factors, correlates, and consequences
Authors: Turgeon Jessica , Milot Tristan , St‐Laurent Diane , Dubois‐Comtois Karine
Published: May 2022

Chronic relational trauma can lead to the formation of pervasively unintegrated attachment representations in adulthood, referred to as Hostile‐Helpless (HH) states of mind. Individuals with this type of attachment disorganization evidence conflicting evaluations of caregivers and have difficulty reflecting on their traumatic childhood experiences. This scoping review is the first to systematically integrate the results of all empirical studies on HH states of mind in an effort to highlight the scientific and clinical contributions of the concept and guide future research. Following Arksey and O'Malley's (2005) Methodological Framework, cross‐reference keywords were searched in three databases (PsycArticles, Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection, ProQuest). In total, 19 studies met inclusion criteria and were included in the synthesis. Results suggest that prevalence rates of HH states of mind increase as a function of adults' psychosocial risk status. Findings also reveal that the long‐term consequences of early trauma are greater in the presence of a HH state of mind, whereas the absence of a HH state of mind acts as a protective factor against the intergenerational transmission of maladaptation. Finally, results support the discriminant validity of the HH classification against other forms of attachment disorganization in adulthood. Research gaps and future research directions are discussed.
The Cortical Bone Metabolome of C57BL/6J Mice Is Sexually Dimorphic
Authors: Welhaven Hope D. , Vahidi Ghazal , Walk Seth T. , Bothner Brian , Martin Stephen A. , Heveran Chelsea M. , June Ronald K.
Published: May 2022

Cortical bone quality, which is sexually dimorphic, depends on bone turnover and therefore on the activities of remodeling bone cells. However, sex differences in cortical bone metabolism are not yet defined. Adding to the uncertainty about cortical bone metabolism, the metabolomes of whole bone, isolated cortical bone without marrow, and bone marrow have not been compared. We hypothesized that the metabolome of isolated cortical bone would be distinct from that of bone marrow and would reveal sex differences. Metabolite profiles from liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC‐MS) of whole bone, isolated cortical bone, and bone marrow were generated from humeri from 20‐week‐old female C57Bl/6J mice. The cortical bone metabolomes were then compared for 20‐week‐old female and male C57Bl/6J mice. Femurs from male and female mice were evaluated for flexural material properties and were then categorized into bone strength groups. The metabolome of isolated cortical bone was distinct from both whole bone and bone marrow. We also found sex differences in the isolated cortical bone metabolome. Based on metabolite pathway analysis, females had higher lipid metabolism, and males had higher amino acid metabolism. High‐strength bones, regardless of sex, had greater tryptophan and purine metabolism. For males, high‐strength bones had upregulated nucleotide metabolism, whereas lower‐strength bones had greater pentose phosphate pathway metabolism. Because the higher‐strength groups (females compared with males, high‐strength males compared with lower‐strength males) had higher serum type I collagen cross‐linked C‐telopeptide (CTX1)/procollagen type 1 N propeptide (P1NP), we estimate that the metabolomic signature of bone strength in our study at least partially reflects differences in bone turnover. These data provide novel insight into bone bioenergetics and the sexual dimorphic nature of bone material properties in C57Bl/6 mice. © 2022 The Authors. JBMR Plus published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Geometrical benchmarking and analysis of redox potentials of copper(I/II) guanidine‐quinoline complexes: Comparison of semi‐empirical tight‐binding and DFT methods and the challenge of describing the entatic state (part III)
Authors: Raßpe‐Lange Lukas , Hoffmann Alexander , Gertig Christoph , Heck Joshua , Leonhard Kai , Herres‐Pawlis Sonja
Published: May 2022

Copper guanidine‐quinoline complexes are an important class of bioinorganic complexes that find utilization in electron and atom transfer processes. By substitution of functional groups on the quinoline moiety the electron transfer abilities of these complexes can be tuned. In order to explore the full substitution space by simulations, the accurate theoretical description of the effect of functional groups is essential. In this study, we compare three different methods for the theoretical description of the structures. We use the semi‐empirical tight‐binding method GFN2‐xTB, the density functional TPSSh and the double‐hybrid functional B2PLYP. We evaluate the methods on five different complex pairs (Cu(I) and Cu(II) complexes), and compare how well calculated energies can predict the redox potentials. We find even though B2PLYP and TPSSh yield better accordance with the experimental structures. GFN2‐xTB performs surprisingly well in the geometry optimization at a fraction of the computational cost. TPSSh offers a good compromise between computational cost and accuracy of the redox potential for real‐life complexes.
Locating Africa in China's community of shared future for mankind: A relational approach
Authors: Eisenman Joshua
Published: May 2022

This study applies a Chinese theoretical framework—relationality, as articulated by Qin Yaqing—to explain how Beijing creates and manipulates its relations with African partners to advance its “core interests” and leadership of the Global South. Relationality elucidates the “Community of Shared Future for Mankind”—an interlocking, multitiered network of Sinocentric relationships based on traditional Confucian conceptions of reciprocity. The pervasiveness of China's influence in Africa can be explained by its overlapping latticework of relationships involving thousands of African elites traversing all four levels—bilateral, subregional, regional and global. At each level, Chinese interlocutors use material support, inclusive rhetoric and host diplomacy to create and perpetuate so‐called “win–win” relationships with African partners. Because the “relational power” these dyads generate disproportionately strengthens the weaker side, China can elicit African compliance by reducing—or threatening to reduce—its shared economic and political resources.
Leader humility and team innovation: The role of team reflexivity and team proactive personality
Authors: Leblanc Pierre‐Marc , Rousseau Vincent , Harvey Jean‐François
Published: May 2022

Despite the recent surge of research on leader humility, it remains unclear how and when teams benefit from it. Drawing on social cognitive theory, we propose a moderated mediation model that we test using multisource, time‐lagged data collected from 71 teams in a university‐affiliated hospital. We find that humble leaders indirectly enhance team innovation via greater team reflexivity. Additionally, we consider the average level of proactive personality of team members as a boundary condition of the positive effect of leader humility. Our results show that leader humility prompts team reflexivity only when team mean level of proactive personality is high, which in turn increases team innovation. Bridging social cognitive theory with research on humble leadership in teams, our study offers important implications for both theory and practice.