bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Flat Plates under General Loading by an Iterative Matrix Technique
Authors: Williams R.F.
Published: February 2008

TO establish the strength and stiffness of certain types of structure it is necessary to use a large displacement theory, i.e. one in which allowance is made for the redistribution of the loading effects as a consequence of the deformation produced by the loads. The post‐buckling behaviour of panels, cylinders and other types of structure under compressive endloads require such a theory and another important category is constituted in thin plates under normal pressure, the pressure being partly resisted by tensions in the plane of the plate, in the way that membranes resist pressure, and partly by the bending resistance or stiffness of the plate.
Concorde Sales Prospects
Authors: Burgess E.H.
Published: February 2008

AT factories throughout Britain and France, thousands of workers are engaged in the biggest and most advanced project in the history of civil aviation—the construction of the Anglo‐French Concorde supersonic airliner.
Human Response to Low Frequency Sinusoidal and Random Vibration
Authors: Woods A.G.
Published: February 2008

THE design and operation of a vibration simulator is described, and measurements of the body resonances of a number of people over the frequency range 1 to 10 c.p.s. for vertical and lateral vibrations are presented. Comfort ratings have been obtained for these vibrations at various levels of acceleration. The response of an aircraft to atmospheric turbulence has been simulated assuming that the aircraft fuselage will vibrate predominantly in one flexible mode. Comfort ratings have been obtained for lateral turbulence, and a comparison has been made between these results and those for sinusoidal vibrations. The effect of random, vertical and lateral vibrations separately on task performance has been measured, also the effect of length of exposure to vibration on task performance for random vertical vibrations at various magnitudes.
Inspection of Non‐Metallic Materials
Authors: Joyce J.H.
Published: February 2008

THE main working documents for an inspector are specifications and drawings. Among criticisms made at the Natural Rubber Producers' Research Association symposium last year, was that there are too many specifications and I think most of us would agree. However, I think we could improve this situation considerably as far as materials are concerned, if we accepted and really worked in accordance with the fundamental principle laid down in Av.P.970 Chap. 400. This can be summarised as: ‘Specifications for critical materials need approval by D.Mat/Aviation — non‐critical materials do not need such approval’. A rider is added to the effect that non‐critical materials do not need to be inspected to such tightly drawn specifications as critical materials and in some instances commercial quality materials may be used. If one can decide therefore, which materials are critical and which are not, and this is by no means easy, we can simplify inspection procedures and possibly reduce the number of specifications. Obviously critical applications will always call for special quality specifications but it is wasteful to use such materials where they are not necessary. One docs, however, notice a tendency among specification writers to over specify and to classify specifications too highly, i.e. to seek special approval when it is not necessary. It is our view that A.I.D. supervision should be concentrated on critical materials and components and that comparatively little effort should be devoted to non‐critical items, this being left to the purchaser who would probably order standard engineering materials or even commercial quality.
The Outlook for Flight Simulators
Authors: Hands J.M.
Published: February 2008

THE status of the flight simulator for aircrew training has increased considerably the world over during the last five years to the extent that most major airlines now possess any number of simulators between one and twenty or so depending on the variety of aircraft types used and fleet size. Today even second and third level operators are looking to the flight simulator, not only as a means of reducing costs but also to increase standards of safety.
The Dassault Mirage G
Authors: Deplante Henri
Published: February 2008

ON October 18, 1967, namely less than two years after the very first design work started, the Dassault experimental aircraft, Mirage G, made its first flight in Istres, under the control of the chief test pilot, Jean Coureau.
New Philosophies in Automatic Power Unit Controls
Authors: Eccles E.S.
Published: February 2008

TRADITIONALLY, progress is presented as a steady advance, a smooth upward curve with time. It is not really like that at all. It is made in sudden steps followed by a period of consolidation. All the same, there is a basic trend or principle behind these jumps of progress which, themselves, are set off by bringing out some radically new process or method.
Thermal Fatigue Test Installation for Concorde
Authors: Hirschberg H.G.
Published: February 2008

THE requirements of commercial efficiency impose a life of 12 to 15 years, coupled with a high rate of utilization, on civil aircraft. This puts very special conditions for the construction of the airframe, as well as on the testing of its reliability and safety in service.
Airborne Communications Systems
Authors: Blake B.H.L.
Published: February 2008

COMMUNICATION between aircraft and the ground, and between two or more aircraft, has always been the fundamental requirement of avionics. Once heavier‐than‐air machines had ceased to be a novelty, the development of reliable communication systems became essential, although it required the impetus of the 1914–18 War to produce a definite requirement.
Transparency applications of Polycarbonates
Authors: WISER GEORGE L.
Published: February 2008

POLYCARBONATE can now be considered among the select group of aircraft transparent plastics and it has several key properties that make it attractive to the aircraft designer particularly because of its impact resistance and good strength at elevated temperatures, raw material suppliers and other manufacturers have struggled to overcome the chemical and physical shortcomings of this material. Optics have been improved both in a ‘cleaning‐up’ of raw resin and the extrusion proces‐sing, and also through optical flattening by pressure polishing of the surfaces. By this latter means, thicknesses greater than the normal sheet extrusion capacity can be built up from thinner gauges by simply welding them together without the use of adhesives or solvents. To summarise: Major Advantages:
The effect of lightning on materials
Authors: IBBOTT BSc CEng MIEE J.D.
Published: February 2008

AFTER BRIEFLY considering the surface areas of aircraft for which lightning strikes are a major factor in the selection of constructional materials, a review is made of published information concerning the effects of lightning on these various materials. The materials are considered under three headings: metallic, non‐conducting (e.g. glass‐fibre‐reinforced‐plastics) and semi‐conducting (e.g. carbon‐fibre‐reinforced plastics). Simulated lightning current tests are the main source of information and the review is primarily concerned with the results of such tests. To aid assessment of the relevance of the test currents that have been used, an outline of the current characteristics of lightning discharges is also given.
Prevention of pollution in hydraulic circuits
Authors: MADAMOUR J.
Published: February 2008

RESEARCH INTO POLLUTANTS in aircraft hydraulic circuits started about 20 years ago, in connection with failure of remote control missiles due to servo‐command obstructions. Later, with the inception of the NASA space programmes in the United States, more thorough studies were initiated when it became apparent that space craft trajectory errors could in some cases be attributed to the presence of such obstructions.
Ram air turbines
Authors: MORRIS P.W.
Published: February 2008

FOR MANY YEARS ram air turbines have been used as a source of power on aircraft should an emergency arise or as a continuous source of power and because the turbine is air operated it can produce power for as long as the aircraft is flying.
X‐22A—the total in‐flight simulator
Authors: BEILMAN JOHN L.
Published: February 2008

MANY AIRCRAFT built in the last six decades have been deficient (or even failures) in accomplishing their primary missions because of unsuitable stability and/or control characteristics.
Differential method for testing the optical standards of cockpit windshields
Authors: KOHLER HANSROBERT
Published: February 2008

A previous article by Hansrobert Kohler, presenting a mathematical method for calculating the optical characteristics of cone‐shaped cockpit windshields, was published in the June issue.
MRCA progress report
Authors: FOULTON K.T.
Published: February 2008

THE RB199 is an advanced three‐shaft augmented turbofan under development by Turbo‐Union Ltd to power the twin‐engined Panavia 200 multi‐role combat aircraft for the air forces of Britain, Germany and Italy. The turbofan is in the forefront of aero engine technology in the West, and in terms of numbers to be built — in excess of 2,500 — is by far the largest European engine programme to date. Rolls‐Royce (1971), British participant in the project, has described it as “probably the best example of how to co‐operate in Europe”.
ATC simulation at London Airport
Authors: Harrison R.N.
Published: February 2008

UNDER ICAO REGULATIONS, all civil air traffic control officers are licensed by the civil aviation authority of the country in which they work. There are 2 parts to a licence. The first is the ‘rating’ which is the qualification to carry out specific control functions (using where appropriate particular radar equipment specified by type). The second is the validation of the rating which authorises the controller to carry out those functions at a nominated place—for instance London Airport.
A Summary of Airport System Requirements
Authors: Chrysandreas A.
Published: February 2008

AIRPORTS are large and complicated establishments where efficient operation and security are mandatory requirements. These qualities can only be obtained by the careful study of all those electrical, electronic and mechanical systems that are supporting the operation of an airport.
Windshield Flight Environment Simulator
Authors: Campbell L.G. , Marshall J.W.
Published: February 2008

Owing to the inadequacy of conventional laboratory windshield qualification testing methods, it is not unusual for unforeseen problems to develop in the real world of flight service. Aircraft windshields are normally subjected to static, material, environmental, and, in some instances, to limited service condition testing before being incorporated into prototype hardware. In‐service monitoring is used to compare the prototype to previous designs. Determining the relative effectiveness of corrective “fixes” or design improvements by in‐service testing can take months or even years of calendar time. To overcome these prob‐lems, Sierracin has developed and constructed an advanced Windshield Flight Environment Simulator (WFES), that duplicates the total operating environment of electrically‐heated, pressurized windshields, on a highly compressed time scale.
The availability of jet fuel over the next two decades
Authors: Dalton C.P.
Published: February 2008

The inclusion of the future availability of jet fuel in a symposium entitled “Constraints on Air Transport Growth” implies recognition of the fact that oil industry developments of 1973/4 have precipitated structural changes in the relationship between the Organisation of Oil Producing Countries (OPEC), the international oil companies and the oil consuming countries which are of major relevance to the world as a whole. The abrupt transfer of power over crude oil prices, output and investments from the international oil companies to OPEC governments and the four‐ to fivefold increase in crude oil f.o.b. prices between third quarter 1973 and the present can be thought of as a “discontinuity” in the evolution of the oil industry which is bound to engender uncertainty about the continuity and adequacy of future oil supplies.
The Promise of Tilt Rotor
Authors: Thomason Tommy H.
Published: February 2008

Tilt rotor aircraft will add new dimensions to corporate and charter air transportation beginning in the 1980s or 1990s. The tilt rotor combines the VTOL capability of the helicopter with the speed, range, and fuel economy of the turboprop aircraft. The civil use of he helicopter has expanded enormously in the last 25 years because of its effectiveness in point‐to‐point transportation and its capability to operate from confined or limited areas. The tilt rotor dramatically increases that effectiveness because it hovers like a helicopter but cruises at twice the speed for twice the range on the same amount of fuel.
Micro‐Electronics and Employment
Authors: GILL KEN
Published: February 2008

The World is on the threshold of a technological revolution as important as the invention of the wheel, power‐looms, electricity and the assembly line. This derives from two related inventions, firstly that of the computer, and secondly that of a development variously known as the microprocessor, silicon chip, or the integrated circuit.
Joint Airworthiness Requirements Their History and Progress
Authors: KENNEDY A.P.
Published: February 2008

The countries in Western Europe having aerospace industries are Belgium, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom and they formed a trade association many years ago. This association is now known as the Association Europeene des Constructeurs de Materiel Aerospatial and it has many committees including one dealing with airworthiness matters.
New Techniques in Jet Engine Balancing
Authors: REUTLINGER WOLF‐DIETER , BOXBERGER HELLMUTH
Published: February 2008

The design of jet engine parts makes particular claims on the balancing machines used: shortest spinning time in the balancing machine, e.g. no nulling and calibration runs—set up of the plane computer at stand still—exact plane setting even at close compensation plane distances and large bearing plane space—installation of rotors with their own operational ball or roller bearings without necessity of the parasitic mass of connection frames or squares.
Some less well‐known laws of nature
Authors: Duncan D.A.
Published: February 2008

Engineers, as D. A. Duncan explains, are all too familiar with universal principles such as Sodd's Law. Other readers too will understand their only‐too‐true aspects.
News and Views
Authors: Hanafin John
Published: February 2008

An Australian designed and built helicopter is ready for flight tests at the Royal Newcastle Aero Club at Cessnock, New South Wales.
The Collision Avoidance Problem Requires a Mix of Partial Solutions
Authors: TYMCZYSZYN JOSEPH P.
Published: February 2008

The objective of collision avoidance is to assure the separation of aircraft during flight operations — to avoid the situation occurring where two or more aircraft could occupy the same point in airspace at the same time. The problem centres on how best to avoid such a spatial conflict—through ground‐derived data and air traffic control, by means of air‐derived data and pilot judgment, or by some combination of the two? In the quest for a solution, many kinds of systems have been studied and prototype hardware built and tested. Some provided only partial answers; some might meet the safety needs but create implementation difficulties; several have demonstrated the potential for world‐wide application. It is with the last group that we are concerned here. Any collision avoidance system (CAS) selected must be one that meets international requirements; this implies that protection can be offered to all aircraft, that the CAS is compatible with other existing systems and that costs would not be excessive. It goes without saying that reliability must be very high to achieve international acceptance. Several approaches are in development in the United Kingdom and in the United States that could meet these criteria, according to their proponents. However, a controversy continues over which approach is best — one depending heavily on ground‐computed data, the other on air‐derived data. And, there are associated concerns with the presentation of data in the cockpit and the evasive‐manoeuvre capability offered. Finally, with regard to a developmental system favoured by both the United Kingdom and the United States, there appears to be serious divergence of opinions among critics of the system concept related to the impact of radio‐spectrum utilization on existing ICAO secondary surveillance radar standards. Because there is honest technical disagreement on what the optimum collision avoidance system should be, we have made the following pages available as a forum for discussion of the subject of those representing differing sides of the argument: air traffic control, CAS developers, the airlines, the air transport pilots, general aviation and radio frequency allocation. As is usual in the presentation in ICAO Bulletin, the views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not imply in any way acceptance or rejection of those views by ICAO.
The Energy Problem—Its Effect on Aircraft Design
Authors: TYE WALTER
Published: February 2008

There are several improvements in prospect in the design of aircraft and engines which offer benefits to the amount of fuel used. Most are based on a solid background of research, and therefore the potential gains are fairly predictable. However, it is also true that most of the advances will need considerable development work to bring them to a point of readiness for introduction in design. The advances described below are ones which might reasonably be expected to be introduced into new designs in the mid‐1980s.
British Aviation on Target in China
Authors: QUINN GEOFFREY
Published: February 2008

The 60 British companies and company groups who took part in the British Aviation Equipment Exhibition and technical symposium in Shanghai left China with no doubts that they had indeed homed in on the aviation and defence markets.
Laser Holography
Authors: PLUMB JOHN R.
Published: February 2008

Modern industry depends extensively upon the accurate conveyance of information. Much of this information, since it affects directly the quality of the products involved, requires to be precise and unambiguous. It must also be capable of interpretation by a wide range of personnel, sometimes irrespective of language barriers. The engineering drawing meets these requirements, since it is a visual system that is related directly to the shapes to be defined.
Holography as a New Training Aid
Authors: BELLAMY JOHN
Published: February 2008

Holography is a technique which can be used to create realistic three‐dimensional images; it has attracted a great deal of public interest recently, as a result of television publicity, exhibitions in London and other centres, and a fascination with the apparently solid images seen in empty space. The intimate link between holography and the laser, the light source necessary for making a hologram, has reinforced the interest, since lasers are regarded as one of the wonders of the present day, because of their rapidly increasing applications, and of the spectacular effects that they can produce. Many people have seen displays involving the use of laser beams for entertainment or for aesthetic purposes, in Laser Light shows, or Christmas decoration, and in the concerts of some pop groups, but such applications are not strictly related to holography, and it is with the application of the three‐dimensional holographic image that this article is concerned.
Is it Safe?
Authors: TYE WALTER , LLOYD TED
Published: February 2008

As was discussed in the last article, the requirements for system safety are often couched in terms of the maximum permissible probability of occurrence. In many cases a part of the safety assessment involves estimating the probability of the various effects which originate from failures of components in the system. The probability methods used are generally quite simple. While this article makes no attempt to teach the reader statistics, it does try to give an insight into the practical applications.
Coping with the Oil Crisis: An Energy Minister's Point of View
Authors: NIELSON POUL
Published: February 2008

In 1973 Denmark, with virtually no production from indigenous resources, relied on imported oil for 90 per cent of its energy supplies. By 1980 the figure was down to 67 per cent. Coal imports and consumption increased five times between 1973 and 1980. With 10 million tons per year, Denmark currently ranks among the biggest importers of steam coal in the world. Between 1973 and 1979 real GNP increased by 12 per cent whereas total energy consumption was up only 6 per cent.
Air Cooled Engine Test Facilities
Authors: DAWSON G.F.
Published: February 2008

The Industrial Acoustics Company has been designing and manufacturing noise control equipment for Aviation engine test facilities and ground run up beds for over 20 years and during this period has successfully “silenced” most military and commercial engines. Much of IAC's work has been in the military field, and as engines have grown more complicated, and contractural conditions more involved, procurement bodies have become increasingly concerned about the splitting‐up of the various engineering disciplines necessary for the total design and manufacture of such facilities.
The Protection of Gas Turbine Blades
Authors: WING R.G. , McGILL I.R.
Published: February 2008

Turbine blades in gas turbine engines operate at elevated temperatures and in highly oxidising atmospheres that can be contaminated with fuel residues and sea water salts. These components, which are expensive to produce, are subjected to high stresses during operation but must be totally reliable during their design life. An economic way to maintain blade properties is to coat the base metal superalloy with a protective layer capable of resisting both high temperature oxidation and hot corrosion. Conventional aluminide coatings are widely used for this purpose but platinum aluminides offer improved corrosion resistance. A collaborative exercise involving Rolls‐Royce and Johnson Matthey has now resulted in the development of a platinum aluminide diffusion coating that offers some advantages over the commercial systems.
FMS Achievements
Authors: FORD TERRY
Published: February 2008

During the time that the Lockheed Flight Management System (FMS) has been in service in TriStar aircraft since certification by the FAA in 1977, sophistication and capability have been enhanced and the system has been simplified procedurally. Fuel conservation and cost savings are major considerations and continuing efforts in the regime of flight management are made to these ends.
ILA '82
Authors: SAVAGE T.
Published: February 2008

Our report on the Hanover Air Show takes the form of an introduction, information on highlights and an overall impression of what is thought to be of most interest to our readership.
The Avdel MBC Aerospace Blind Riveting System
Authors: LACEY RAYMOND D.
Published: February 2008

Avdel has designed, manufactured and marketed blind fasteners for the aerospace industry since the company was established under the name Aviation Developments Limited in 1936.
Military Aircraft Engine Accessories
Authors: Leonard M.M.
Published: February 2008

The Paper describes the necessary stages in qualifying as a repair facility for third party aircraft fuel controls and transfer of this technology to customers.
Fully‐automatic Flexible Manufacturing Cell for Turbine Blades
Authors: Taylor P.L.
Published: February 2008

A FULLY‐AUTOMATIC manufacturing cell capable of operating unattended for long periods in the machining of aircraft turbine blades has been designed, manufactured and commissioned for Rolls‐Royce Ltd, by Amchem Co Ltd. The cell consists of three identical electrical discharge machines, a carousel that stores cassettes of electrodes, an ultrasonic cleaning unit, and an inspection machine, all of which can be serviced by a single robot that carries out all the material transfer operations and tool changing.
Laser Machining of Aero Engine Components
Authors: Baker George
Published: February 2008

EVER increasing demand for high efficiencies from aircraft propulsion systems drives designers to continue to strive for the improved thermodynamic efficiencies attainable only by operating at ever higher absolute temperatures. In addition to significant developments in the materials used in the last two decades, engine components must be protected by forced cooling and boundary layer control strategies. Large numbers of accurately sized and positioned small holes are essential to direct cooling air to precise positions in accurately metered amounts.
Amchem Automated Production & Repair of Nozzle Guide Vanes
Authors: Howe D.J.
Published: February 2008

Two ‘turnkey’ systems have recently been delivered overseas by Amchem to automate the production of nozzle guide vanes. Both systems are based on the VM range of EDM machines and are fully automatic but there the similarity ends. One system is used for the production of new parts whereas the second was designed to complete the repair process for already used components.
Experience of One UK Electronic Equipment Supplier With Bite on Engine/Flight Control Systems Over the Past Ten Years — Part 2
Authors: de Gaye Raymond
Published: February 2008

The ECU safety system is such that all internal and external fault monitoring circuit outputs are consolidated and passed through a short time‐constant filter to eliminate transient effects. Once this signal appears a 500mS time‐out is started. At the end of this period a lane changeover is initiated together with a cockpit fault warning. If the fault condition is removed during the time‐out period, it is reset.
Ensuring Reliability of Avionics Systems
Authors: Preston Brian
Published: February 2008

THE reliability of ICs and other semi‐conductors is a subject which continues to challenge both manufacturers and users. “High specification” markets such as the Avionics Sector, lead the user demand for a greater degree of assurance that the products they install demonstrate a longer and more effective life. The percentage of DOA (dead on arrival) components has become less but, nevertheless, Burn‐in of standard devices, or even re‐screening of those supplied as “high rel”, remain important activities in the manufacture of electronic assemblies — and a benefit to the user of the final product. Early failures, also known as “infant mortalities” and the concern for extended life in components, creates an element of worry in the minds of those companies whose products are required to provide high MBTFs, extended operational life and minimum risk of failure.
The Manufacture of Composite Components and Mould Tools Using Low Temperature Moulding Prepregs
Authors: Ridgard Chris
Published: February 2008

THE applications of advanced fibre reinforced composite materials for the manufacture of lightweight stable components have rapidly expanded in the aerospace and other industries in recent years. Typically, these components are produced from woven fabrics or unidirectional tapes of carbon, aramid or glass fibre, preimpregnated with partially cured or ‘B‐staged’ epoxy resins. Layers of this ‘prepreg’ material are laid onto a mould tool to form the component which is then cured in an autoclave at temperatures around 180°C under a consolidating pressure of 1001bf/in2.
Cabins and Furnishings
Authors: Ford CEng MRAeS Terry
Published: February 2008

PASSENGER cabins have to encompass such a wide range of customer options and facilities tailored to the duration of journeys and the size of the aircraft as well as providing the latest in advanced materials that the precise definition of an airline's requirements can be a task of some complexity. Always of the highest importance but achieving a greater significance than ever before because of recent events, safety and survival requirements in the cabin are the subject of current and future legislation to improve conditions in the event of an accident. Noise level is also a major consideration and passengers accustomed to ‘turbo‐fan’ environments have found propeller noise to be sometimes an unpleasant experience. With modern technology, this situation has gradually improved and current turboprop aircraft such as the new Fokker 50 not only use a Dowty‐Rotol propeller with low blade loading and low tip speed to reduce noise, but also make use of a ‘floating interior’. This means that the aircraft's interior is completely self‐contained and forms a shell which is flexibly attached to the fuselage by rubber mountings. By this means, any possibility of excitation of the shell by the vibrating fuselage structure is avoided.
Innovative Features in Design and Operation of Large VIM. Furnaces
Authors: Brückmann G. , Kemmer H. , Muller F. , Rupp H. , Schlebusch D. , Stenzel O.
Published: February 2008

The most stringent quality demands on super‐alloys and high‐grade non ferrous metals can in most cases be met only be state of the art vacuum melting and casting processes. Today these processes guarantee ultraprecise adjustment of complex analyses, extremely low inclusion and gas contents, and the highest possible reproducibility. The economical operation of such systems enhanced the further development and introduction of many new materials and superalloys with new high‐temperature characteristics.
The Catic Modular Fixturing System
Authors: Stockton David
Published: February 2008

THE philosophy of “just in time manufacture” is being adopted by more and more forward looking companies. To achieve “just in time manufacture” one of the basic requirements is “just in time fixturing”. You cannot have one without the other.
Aermacchi — Continuing to Make Aviation History
Authors: Williams Pil
Published: February 2008

BEGINNING with the Nieuport biplane, Aermacchi of Varese and Venegono, Italy, has responded dynamically to the needs of the times, developing more than 60 prototypes and building more than 7000 aircraft, both civilian and military.
Tiltrotor Technology
Authors: Ford CEng MRAes Terry
Published: February 2008

ROLLED out in May and scheduled to make its first flight in November is the V‐22 Osprey tiltrotor multi‐mission aircraft that has been ordered by four United States Services. Technological advances incorporated in the V‐22 had their beginnings in the XV‐3 in the mid 1950's which proved the feasibility of the tiltrotor concept and in the 1970's the XV‐15 programme explored and confirmed its validity. The latter aircraft which were jointly sponsored by NASA and the Army and Navy, have completed 600 hours of test flying and have demonstrated the suitability of this configuration for all kinds of military purposes.
Aeronautical Satellites
Authors: Ford CEng MRAeS Terry
Published: February 2008

A recent conference on Satellite Systems for Mobile Communications and Navigation held at the Institution of Electrical Engineers dealt with all manner of requirements for land, sea and air users. The papers mentioned here refer specifically to aeronautical users and the technology that will permit their large‐scale introduction in the 1990's. Capacity on satellites made available by Inmarsat (the International Maritime Satellite organization) means that voice and data services now undergoing proving trials together with the developments foreseen, will provide global communication in the near future.
Fire in the Sky
Authors: Galea Edwin , Cunnington‐King Susan
Published: February 2008

FROM the ashes of the Air Canada DC‐9 inflight inferno and British Airways B‐737 runway disaster at Manchester, fire will rise to wreak further untold havoc somewhere. This is inevitable and just about the only certainty surrounding the most capricious of primordial forces. Where and when it will happen, are less predictable, but as long as man continues to flirt with fire, he is sure to unleash the catastrophic forces which cause incalculable human suffering and immense material damage.
The Use of Cubic Boron Nitride in the Production Grinding Field (Part 1)
Authors: Barnard John M.
Published: February 2008

Production Engineers have been continually seeking to find new and improved ways of converting an unmachined component into its finished design. Much of their time is spent investigating the contribution that new cutting tool materials and coolants could give them in the production of their components. In the field of production grinding more and more attention is being focused on the use of Superabrasives and in particular on ‘Cubic Boron Nitride’ for the grinding of ferrous materials. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the use of ‘Cubic Boron Nitride’ (C.B.N.) in the production grinding field and how the Engineer should approach the application of this highly versatile abrasive.
Interorganizational communication from a resource‐dependence perspective
Authors: Karathanos Patricia
Published: February 2008

Explores the relationships between organizational communication and organization theory. Focuses on interorganizational communication and assesses several models of interorganizational relations. Proposes and discusses a method for studying interorganizational communication.
Corporate communications through whistleblowing
Authors: Vinten Gerald
Published: February 2008

Some view whistleblowing — informing on illegal or unethical practices in the workplace — as being undesirable. However, if whistleblowing is incorporated as a natural part of the internal corporate communications system it can be transformed into an extremely valuable aid. Provides examples of damaging publicity attracted by companies which fail to realize this, of the equally damaging consequences to the whistleblowers, and of codes of procedure which minimize the harm and maximize the good to both parties.
A picture of corporate communications management in the UK
Authors: Varey Richard J.
Published: February 2008

A postal survey of directors and managers of corporate communications, communications, public relations, human resource management and marketing was con‐ducted among over 1,000 UK organizations, resulting in the views of over 200 directors and managers being captured and reported. The survey was conducted by members of a UK university research unit which focuses or the development of the emerging field of corporate communications management and the survey was spon‐sored by the UK Chapter of the International Association of Business Communicators. Collates and interprets the data generated in order to explicate a snap‐shot view of the structure, operation, and evolution of the embryonic management field of corporate communications. Researchers recognized that many practitioners are working ahead of any major developments in significant underpinning principles of theory. The needs and possibili‐ties for future development of the field were to be exam‐ined from the results of the study.
Transforming internal corporate communications: the power of symbolic gestures and barriers to change
Authors: Tourish Dennis
Published: February 2008

Reviews evidence to support the view that improved internal communication facilitates business success. Details the content of what have been identified as successful internal communications programmes. Focuses on those behaviours which produce improved interpersonal relationships in the workplace, and which could be widely emulated by managers seeking to promote good practice in their own organizations. Considers attitudinal barriers to the implementation of such approaches.
Perceptions of corporate communication as public relations
Authors: Wright Donald K.
Published: February 2008

Reports on a mailed questionnaire survey of corporate managers and executives from fields other than communication and public relations (accounting, administration, engineering, legal, operations, marketing, etc.) in four major corporations. Analysis included frequency and mean tests plus factor analysis. Results suggest these managers and executives consider the public relations function to be significantly important to their organization. However, most of those surveyed do not know what the public relations function in their organization is or does. Respondents (n = 423) ranked external communication activities to be considerably more important than internal communication. Technical public relations skills were also considered more necessary than public relations management abilities. Few thought corporate communication or public relations people needed to be involved in strategic planning or organizational decision making.
Multiple senders and receivers: a business communication model
Authors: Waller David S. , Polonsky Michael J.
Published: February 2008

Implicit in the traditional model of communication is the assumption that an individual or organization sends a single message to one receiver, or class of receivers. However, in practice there are often multiple senders, targeted receivers and even messages. This paper proposes expanding the traditional model of communication to include these additional facets and thus make the model more representative of business communication.
Communicating culture: a reinforcement process model
Authors: Claver Enrique , Llopis Juan , Gascó José L.
Published: February 2008

In this article, after laying the conceptual foundations of communication and corporate culture, we revise the disagreement on whether their role in their mutual relationship is a minor or a fundamental one. Then, we define “communication in corporate culture”, as the foundation of the communication‐culture system. Building on this idea, we suggest a model for organizational reinforcement. Finally, we define the basic patterns in order to strengthen and reinforce the proposed cycle.
A computer program to maintain a subject index file on magnetic tape in alphabetical and classified order
Authors: Hanson D.G.
Published: February 2008

This program maintains two subject index files on magnetic tape, one for the main subject index and one for the press‐cuttings subject index. Although these are two distinct indexes, they are held physically as one file on the tape with all press‐cuttings items marked to distinguish them from the normal items. The complete combined file is held twice on the tape, once in alphabetical subject order and once in classification number order.
Computer methods in public libraries
Authors: Maidment W.R.
Published: February 2008

The technical problems involved in automation are probably less difficult than the management and organisational adjustments. From the librarian's point of view the equipment needed is likely to be designed and perfected by a few pioneers and advice in choosing between systems will be available. The assimilation of new processes into the routine of a large library, however, must be a librarian's task, since only he can decide the relative importance of the various aspects to the ultimate function of the library. Unfortunately, most librarians have been conditioned by their experience of manual methods of working and will find it extremely difficult to differentiate clearly between the essential objective and the time‐hallowed means of achieving it.
Use of an ICT 1907 computer in Southampton university library report No. 3
Authors: Woods R.G.
Published: February 2008

The first and second Reports on the automated circulation system at Southampton were primarily drafted as internal memoranda, and their wider dissemination in PROGRAM, Nos. 1 and 3, was not originally planned. However, Report No. 2 is dated 9th September, 1966, a month before any part of the system came into operation, and although there are brief references in PROGRAM 4 and 6, no further report in this series has been published. An account of the first months of work has been published in “Libraries and Machines Today”, edited by C.D. Batty (Scunthorpe, North Midland Branch of the Library Association, 1967). B.A.J. McDowell, the University Data Processing Officer, prepared a full description of the system, but only in a limited edition. A revised edition is in preparation and will be available for sale. This report therefore deals with the operation of the system up to the satisfactory establishment of automatic recording (referred to in Report No. 2 as Stage II). Stage I, manual recording with machine updating of the files, was introduced as planned in October 1966. Various difficulties were encountered during the first term, but after Christmas these were largely overcome and by the end of the academic year issues exceeded 80,000, Much of our success must be attributed to the work of the Counter Supervisor at that time, Miss M.I. Cooper, who devoted many hours to checking errors and devising improvements.
Selective dissemination of information using a large computer
Authors: Aspinall W.K.
Published: February 2008

The article describes a method devised by International Computing Services Ltd. in which the extremely high processing speed of the modern computer can be used to store, select and disseminate information on a wide range of subjects. The first part of the article describes the type of computer, the method of implementation and the over‐all flow and storage of information in the system. The second part outlines the types of input messages which can be accepted by the computer system, including information supplied by users on the relevancy of documents received, and the large number of different outputs that can be obtained. Finally, a brief description is provided on the way the program suite is organised and how the process of matching document information against user profiles is speeded up by initial elimination of irrelevant documents.
Birmingham Libraries Cooperative Mechanisation Project
Authors: Duchesne R.M.
Published: February 2008

Reference is made to an article in the July 1969 issue of Program and some statements in that article are amplified. The work plan of the project is then outlined, followed by a description of project work to August 1969. This description incorporates notes on work shortly to be undertaken by project working groups.
A Bibliography on UK Computer Based Circulation Systems
Authors: Wilson C.W.J.
Published: February 2008

This bibliography includes a few relevant items taken from the bibliography on library automation, by C. F. Cayless and H. Potts, but updated and enlarged with items recorded in Program or brought to the attention of the Circulation Working Party of the Aslib Computer Applications Group. The list has been restricted to British papers.
West Sussex County Library
Authors: Harris N.J.
Published: February 2008

West Sussex was the first public library in Britain to have a computer based circulation system. This has now been in operation for nearly four years, and most of you will have heard about it. At this stage, I propose to tell you of some variations from the Brighton system, which John Allen has described in detail. One difference is that we are not convinced of the advantages of a sloping counter. We prefer the flat, uncluttered counter, but this is too involved to discuss at this time.
AERE Library Computer Based Loans System—Coblos
Authors: Wilson C.W.J. , Greenhalgh K.R.
Published: February 2008

The off‐line computer based loans system developed in AERE Library between 1968–70 has been operational since 1 December 1970. The system covers loans, discharges, reservations, borrower searches, etc. (ten types of transaction in all), for four kinds of document—reports, periodicals, books and pamphlets. The system uses two teletypewriters in the Library to produce 8‐track punched paper tape which is input to the Harwell IBM 360/75 computer. The principal output consists of printed loans lists, reissue and recall notices, diagnostics, error messages and statistical information. In addition to an improved control of loans, the system has already led to a saving in clerical effort; full benefits should be realised in 1971/72.
A Computer Book Ordering System for Kent County Library using Sbn's
Authors: Dowsell J.A.M. , Earl C.
Published: February 2008

The computer book ordering system now in operation in Kent County Library is described and its development traced. It is based on the use of Standard Book Numbers accessing a main file of authors, titles, and prices to produce the orders to booksellers. All accounting and checking procedures are fully automated and reminders are sent automatically. Some staff savings have been realised, many routines abolished, and a much greater financial control achieved.
A Computerised Acquisitions System in Manchester University Library
Authors: Hunt C.J.
Published: February 2008

Since the beginning of January 1971 a computerised acquisitions system has been in experimental operation in Manchester University Library. The system is based on weekly update runs on an ICL 1901A computer belonging to the Computer Unit for the Registrar's and Bursar's Department of the University. The basic systems specification was produced by members of the library staff. The systems design and programming were completed in a period of ten weeks by a team of two analysts and two programmers of the Computer Unit.
The Implementation of Filing Rules by Computer
Authors: Price A.
Published: February 2008

The Library Association Working Party on Filing Rules, in conjunction with the Documentation Processing Centre of OSTI, has been carrying out a project to determine the feasibility of implementing filing rules by computer. The first stage of this project has now been completed and this paper describes the approach which has been taken and the results which have been achieved so far.
Automation in French Libraries
Authors: Chauvein M.
Published: February 2008

The story of automation in French libraries can be divided into two parts. One is the use of computers by documentation centres for information retrieval, the second is the use of computers in large libraries for cataloguing or housekeeping.
University of East Anglia Computer Produced Short‐Title Catalogue
Authors: Aslin C.J.
Published: February 2008

During 1970 the University of East Anglia started on the installation of a computerised circulation system based on that developed at the University of Southampton library, and the main part of the system was put into operation in January 1971. The library houses at present some 170, 000 volumes and it is planned that the whole of the bookstock should be capable of machine issue by the end of 1972.
Serials Mechanisation: the Current Position in the U.K.
Authors: Evans A.J. , Wall R.A.
Published: February 2008

With this subject, it is probably even more desirable than usual to start with a definition, for the word ‘serial’ is often used rather loosely. Many attempts at a definition have been made, but we feel it would probably be difficult to improve upon that given by the Anglo‐American Cataloguing Rules:
Recent Work at Newcastle University on the Cataloguing and Indexing of Manuscripts
Authors: Elliot Alistair , Jones Brian
Published: February 2008

The following is a short account of the application of computer techniques to the cataloguing and indexing of special collections which include manuscripts, and to the amalgamation into one sequence of manuscript entries from several index sequences. Seven projects are described, the fourth and fifth of which were done on contract by Brian Jones, of Newcastle University Computing Laboratory, for the Public Record Office. The other five are being done by Alistair Elliot.
The Automated Loans System at Loughborough University of Technology
Authors: Senior Karen , Yamanaka Deborah J.
Published: February 2008

The manual loans system previously in use at Loughborough is described and the reasons behind automation are examined. In looking at the requirements of an automated system a trapping store is found to be essential to maintain the standard of reader service if an off‐line system is to be used. The Plessey Library Pen equipment is described, followed by details of the programs making up the new system. There is an account of the change‐over period from the old to the new system and the manual processes involved in working the system are explained.