bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constraints on global aerosol number concentration, SO2 and condensation sink in UKESM1 using ATom measurements
Authors: Ranjithkumar Ananth , Gordon Hamish , Williamson Christina , Rollins Andrew , Pringle Kirsty , Kupc Agnieszka , Abraham Nathan Luke , Brock Charles , Carslaw Ken
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Understanding the vertical distribution of aerosol helps to reduce the
uncertainty in the aerosol life cycle and therefore in the estimation of the direct and indirect aerosol forcing. To improve our understanding, we use
measurements from four deployments of the Atmospheric Tomography (ATom)
field campaign (ATom1–4) which systematically sampled aerosol and trace
gases over the Pacific and Atlantic oceans with near pole-to-pole coverage. We evaluate the UK Earth System Model (UKESM1) against ATom observations in terms of joint biases in the vertical profile of three variables related to
new particle formation: total particle number concentration (NTotal),
sulfur dioxide (SO2) mixing ratio and the condensation sink. The NTotal, SO2 and condensation sink are interdependent quantities
and have a controlling influence on the vertical profile of each other; therefore, analysing them simultaneously helps to avoid getting the right
answer for the wrong reasons. The simulated condensation sink in the
baseline model is within a factor of 2 of observations, but the NTotal
and SO2 show much larger biases mainly in the tropics and high
latitudes. We performed a series of model sensitivity tests to identify
atmospheric processes that have the strongest influence on overall model
performance. The perturbations take the form of global scaling factors or
improvements to the representation of atmospheric processes in the model,
for example by adding a new boundary layer nucleation scheme. In the
boundary layer (below 1 km altitude) and lower troposphere (1–4 km), inclusion of a boundary layer nucleation scheme
(Metzger et al., 2010) is critical to obtaining
better agreement with observations. However, in the mid (4–8 km) and upper
troposphere (> 8 km), sub-3 nm particle growth, pH of cloud
droplets, dimethyl sulfide (DMS) emissions, upper-tropospheric nucleation rate, SO2 gas-scavenging rate and cloud erosion rate play a more dominant role. We find that perturbations to boundary layer nucleation, sub-3 nm growth, cloud droplet pH and DMS emissions reduce the boundary layer and upper
tropospheric model bias simultaneously. In a combined simulation with all four perturbations, the SO2 and condensation sink profiles are in much
better agreement with observations, but the NTotal profile still shows large deviations, which suggests a possible structural issue with how
nucleation or gas/particle transport or aerosol scavenging is handled in the
model. These perturbations are well-motivated in that they improve the
physical basis of the model and are suitable for implementation in future
versions of UKESM.
Reactive organic carbon emissions from volatile chemical products
Authors: Seltzer Karl M. , Pennington Elyse , Rao Venkatesh , Murphy Benjamin N. , Strum Madeleine , Isaacs Kristin K. , Pye Havala O. T.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Volatile chemical products (VCPs) are an increasingly important source of anthropogenic reactive organic carbon (ROC) emissions. Among these sources
are everyday items, such as personal care products, general cleaners, architectural coatings, pesticides, adhesives, and printing inks. Here, we
develop VCPy, a new framework to model organic emissions from VCPs throughout the United States, including spatial allocation to regional and local
scales. Evaporation of a species from a VCP mixture in the VCPy framework is a function of the compound-specific physiochemical properties that
govern volatilization and the timescale relevant for product evaporation. We introduce two terms to describe these processes: evaporation timescale
and use timescale. Using this framework, predicted national per capita organic emissions from VCPs are
9.5 kg per person per year (6.4 kg C per person per year) for 2016, which translates to 3.05 Tg (2.06 Tg C),
making VCPs a dominant source of anthropogenic organic emissions in the United States. Uncertainty associated with this framework and sensitivity to
select parameters were characterized through Monte Carlo analysis, resulting in a 95 % confidence interval of national VCP emissions for 2016 of
2.61–3.53 Tg (1.76–2.38 Tg C). This nationwide total is broadly consistent with the U.S. EPA's 2017 National Emission Inventory
(NEI); however, county-level and categorical estimates can differ substantially from NEI values. VCPy predicts higher VCP emissions than the NEI for
approximately half of all counties, with 5 % of all counties having greater than 55 % higher emissions. Categorically, application of the
VCPy framework yields higher emissions for personal care products (150 %) and paints and coatings (25 %) when compared to the NEI, whereas
pesticides (−54 %) and printing inks (−13 %) feature lower emissions. An observational evaluation indicates emissions of key species
from VCPs are reproduced with high fidelity using the VCPy framework (normalized mean bias of −13 % with r = 0.95). Sector-wide, the
effective secondary organic aerosol yield and maximum incremental reactivity of VCPs are 5.3 % by mass and 1.58 g O3 g−1,
respectively, indicating VCPs are an important, and likely to date underrepresented, source of secondary pollution in urban environments.
Application of chemical derivatization techniques combined with chemical ionization mass spectrometry to detect stabilized Criegee intermediates and peroxy radicals in the gas phase
Authors: Zaytsev Alexander , Breitenlechner Martin , Novelli Anna , Fuchs Hendrik , Knopf Daniel A. , Kroll Jesse H. , Keutsch Frank N.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Short-lived highly reactive atmospheric species, such as organic peroxy radicals (RO2) and stabilized Criegee intermediates (SCIs), play an important role in controlling the oxidative removal and transformation of many natural and anthropogenic trace gases in the atmosphere. Direct speciated measurements of these components are extremely helpful for understanding their atmospheric fate and impact. We describe the
development of an online method for measurements of SCIs and RO2 in
laboratory experiments using chemical derivatization and spin trapping
techniques combined with H3O+ and NH4+ chemical
ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS). Using chemical derivatization agents
with low proton affinity, such as electron-poor carbonyls, we scavenge all
SCIs produced from a wide range of alkenes without depleting CIMS reagent
ions. Comparison between our measurements and results from numeric
modeling, using a modified version of the Master Chemical Mechanism, shows
that the method can be used for the quantification of SCIs in laboratory
experiments with a detection limit of 1.4×107 molecule cm−3
for an integration time of 30 s with the instrumentation used in this study. We
show that spin traps are highly reactive towards atmospheric radicals and
form stable adducts with them by studying the gas-phase kinetics of the
reaction of spin traps with the hydroxyl radical (OH). We also demonstrate that spin trap
adducts with SCIs and RO2 can be simultaneously probed and quantified under laboratory conditions with a detection limit of 1.6×108 molecule cm−3 for an integration time of 30 s for RO2 species with the instrumentation used in this study. Spin trapping prevents radical secondary reactions and cycling, ensuring that measurements are not biased by chemical interferences, and it can be implemented for detecting RO2 species in laboratory studies and potentially in the ambient atmosphere.
A method for resolving changes in atmospheric He ∕ N2 as an indicator of fossil fuel extraction and stratospheric circulation
Authors: Birner Benjamin , Paplawsky William , Severinghaus Jeffrey , Keeling Ralph F.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The atmospheric He/N2 ratio is expected to increase due to the emission of He associated with fossil fuels and is
expected to also vary in both space and time due to gravitational separation
in the stratosphere. These signals may be useful indicators of fossil fuel
exploitation and variability in stratospheric circulation, but direct
measurements of He/N2 ratio are lacking on all timescales. Here we
present a high-precision custom inlet system for mass spectrometers that
continuously stabilizes the flow of gas during sample–standard comparison
and removes all non-noble gases from the gas stream. This enables
unprecedented accuracy in measurement of relative changes in the helium mole
fraction, which can be directly related to the 4He/N2 ratio using
supplementary measurements of O2/N2, Ar/N2 and CO2.
Repeat measurements of the same combination of high-pressure tanks using our
inlet system achieves a He/N2 reproducibility of
∼ 10 per meg (i.e., 0.001 %) in 6–8 h analyses. This compares to interannual changes
of gravitational enrichment at ∼ 35 km in the midlatitude
stratosphere of order 300–400 per meg and an annual tropospheric increase
from human fossil fuel activity of less than ∼ 30 per meg yr−1 (bounded by previous work on helium isotopes). The gettering and
flow-stabilizing inlet may also be used for the analysis of other noble-gas
isotopes and could resolve previously unobserved seasonal cycles in
Kr/N2 and Xe/N2.
GO_3D_OBS: the multi-parameter benchmark geomodel for seismic imaging method assessment and next-generation 3D survey design (version 1.0)
Authors: Górszczyk Andrzej , Operto Stéphane
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Detailed reconstruction of deep crustal targets by seismic methods remains a long-standing challenge. One key to address this challenge is the joint development of new seismic acquisition systems and leading-edge processing techniques. In marine environments, controlled-source seismic surveys at a regional scale are typically carried out with sparse arrays of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs), which provide incomplete and down-sampled subsurface illumination. To assess and minimize the acquisition footprint in high-resolution imaging process such as full waveform inversion, realistic crustal-scale benchmark models are clearly required. The deficiency of such models prompts us to build one and release it freely to the geophysical community. Here, we introduce GO_3D_OBS – a 3D high-resolution geomodel representing a subduction zone, inspired by the geology of the Nankai Trough. The 175km×100km×30km model integrates complex geological structures with a viscoelastic isotropic parameterization. It is defined in the form of a uniform Cartesian grid containing ∼33.6e9 degrees of freedom for a grid interval of 25 m. The size of the model raises significant high-performance computing challenges to tackle large-scale forward propagation simulations and related inverse problems. We describe the workflow designed to implement all the model ingredients including 2D structural segments, their projection into the third dimension, stochastic components, and physical parameterization. Various wavefield simulations that we present clearly reflect in the seismograms the structural complexity of the model and the footprint of different physical approximations. This benchmark model is intended to help to optimize the design of next-generation 3D academic surveys – in particular, but not only, long-offset OBS experiments – to mitigate the acquisition footprint during high-resolution imaging of the deep crust.
Improving soil moisture prediction of a high-resolution land surface model by parameterising pedotransfer functions through assimilation of SMAP satellite data
Authors: Pinnington Ewan , Amezcua Javier , Cooper Elizabeth , Dadson Simon , Ellis Rich , Peng Jian , Robinson Emma , Morrison Ross , Osborne Simon , Quaife Tristan
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Pedotransfer functions are used to relate gridded databases of soil texture information to the soil hydraulic and thermal parameters of land surface models. The parameters within these pedotransfer functions are uncertain and calibrated through analyses of point soil samples. How these calibrations relate to the soil parameters at the spatial scale of modern land surface models is unclear because gridded databases of soil texture represent an area average. We present a novel approach for calibrating such pedotransfer functions to improve land surface model soil moisture prediction by using observations from the Soil Moisture Active Passive (SMAP) satellite mission within a data assimilation framework. Unlike traditional calibration procedures, data assimilation always takes into account the relative uncertainties given to both model and observed estimates to find a maximum likelihood estimate. After performing the calibration procedure, we find improved estimates of soil moisture and heat flux for the Joint UK Land Environment Simulator (JULES) land surface model (run at a 1 km resolution) when compared to estimates from a cosmic-ray soil moisture monitoring network (COSMOS-UK) and three flux tower sites. The spatial resolution of the COSMOS probes is much more representative of the 1 km model grid than traditional point-based soil moisture sensors. For 11 cosmic-ray neutron soil moisture probes located across the modelled domain, we find an average 22 % reduction in root mean squared error, a 16 % reduction in unbiased root mean squared error and a 16 % increase in correlation after using data assimilation techniques to retrieve new pedotransfer function parameters.
Review article: Brief history of volcanic risk in Neapolitan area (Campania, Southern Italy): a critical review
Authors: Carlino Stefano
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The presence of three active volcanoes (Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei and Ischia Island) along the coast of Naples did not constrained the huge expansion of the urbanized zones around them. On the contrary, since Greek-Roman era, volcanoes have been an attractor for people who colonized Campania region. Stable settlements around Vesuvius, Campi Flegrei caldera and the Island of Ischia were progressively enlarged, reaching the maximum growth-rate between 1950 and 1980. Between 1982 and 1984, Neapolitan people faced the last and most dramatic volcanic crises, occurred at Campi Flegrei (Pozzuoli), without an eruption. Since that time, volcanologists have focused the attention on the problem of risk associated to eruptions in Neapolitan area, but a systematic strategy to reduce the very high volcanic risk of this area still lacks. A brief history of volcanic risk in Neapolitan district is here reported, trying to obtain new food for thought for the scientific community which works to the mitigation of volcanic risk of this area.
The heavy precipitation event of 14–15 October 2018 in the Aude catchment: a meteorological study based on operational numerical weather prediction systems and standard and personal observations
Authors: Caumont Olivier , Mandement Marc , Bouttier François , Eeckman Judith , Lebeaupin Brossier Cindy , Lovat Alexane , Nuissier Olivier , Laurantin Olivier
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The case of the heavy precipitation event on 14 and 15 October 2018 which has led to severe flash flooding in the Aude watershed in south-western France is studied from a meteorological point of view using deterministic and probabilistic numerical weather prediction systems, as well as a unique combination of observations from both standard and personal weather stations. This case features typical characteristics of Mediterranean heavy precipitation events such as its classic synoptic situation and its quasi-stationary convective precipitation that regenerates continuously, as well as some peculiarities such as the presence of a former hurricane and a pre-existing cold air mass close to the ground. Mediterranean Sea surface temperature and soil moisture anomalies are briefly reviewed, as they are known to play a role in this type of hydrometeorological events.
A study of rainfall forecasts shows that the event had limited predictability, in particular given the small size of the watersheds involved.
It is shown that the stationarity of precipitation, whose estimation benefits from data from personal stations, is linked to the presence near the ground of a trough and a strong potential virtual temperature gradient, the stationarity of both of which is highlighted by a combination of observations from standard and personal stations. The forecast that comes closest to the rainfall observations contains the warmest, wettest, and fastest low-level jet and also simulates near the ground a trough and a marked boundary between cold air in the west and warm air in the east, both of which are stationary.
Unprecedented quiescence in resource development area allows detection of long-lived latent seismicity
Authors: Salvage Rebecca O. , Eaton David W.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Recent seismicity in Alberta and north-east British Columbia has been attributed to ongoing oil and gas development in the area, due to its temporal and spatial correlation. Prior to such development, the area was seismically quiescent. Here, we show evidence that latent seismicity may occur in areas where previous operations have occurred, even during a shutdown in operations. The global COVID-19 pandemic furnished the unique opportunity to study seismicity during a long period of anthropogenic quiescence. Within the Kiskatinaw area of British Columbia, 389 events were detected from April to August 2020, which encompasses a period with very little hydraulic fracturing operations. This reduction in operations was the result of a government-imposed lockdown severely restricting the movement of people as well as a downturn in the economic market causing industry stock prices to collapse. Except for a reduction in the seismicity rate and a lack of temporal clustering that is often characteristic of hydraulic fracturing induced sequences, the general characteristics of the observed seismicity were similar to the preceding time period of active operations. During the period of relative quiescence, event magnitudes were observed between ML −0.7 and ML 1.2, which is consistent with previous event magnitudes in the area. Hypocentres occurred in a corridor orientated NW–SE, just as seismicity had done in previous years, and were located at depths associated with the target Montney formation or shallower (<2.5 km). A maximum of 21 % of the detected events during lockdown may be attributable to natural seismicity, with a further 8 % potentially attributed to dynamic triggering of seismicity from teleseismic events and 6 % related to ongoing saltwater disposal and a single operational well pad. However, this leaves ∼65 % of the seismicity detected during lockdown being unattributable to primary activation mechanisms. This seismicity is unlikely to be the result of direct pore pressure increases (as very little direct injection of fluids was occurring at the time) and we see no patterns of temporal or spatial migration in the seismicity as would be expected from direct pore pressure increases. Instead, we suggest that this latent seismicity may be generated by aseismic slip as fluids (resulting from previous hydraulic fracturing injection) become trapped within permeable formations at depth, keeping pore pressures in the area elevated and consequently allowing the generation of seismicity. Alternatively, this seismicity may be the result of fault and fracture weakening in response to previous fluid injection. This is the first time that this latent seismicity has been observed in this area of British Columbia and, as such, this may now represent the new normal background seismicity rate within the Kiskatinaw area.
Elastic anisotropies of deformed upper crustal rocks in the Alps
Authors: Keppler Ruth , Vasin Roman , Stipp Michael , Lokajícek Tomás , Petruzálek Matej , Froitzheim Nikolaus
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The upper crust within collisional orogens is very heterogeneous both in composition and grade of deformation, leading to very variable physical properties at small scales. This yields difficulties for seismic investigations of tectonic structures at depth since local changes in elastic anisotropy cannot be detected. In this study, we show elastic anisotropies of the range of typical lithologies within deformed upper crustal rocks in the Alps. Furthermore, we aim to model average elastic anisotropies for these rocks and their changes with increasing depth due to the closure of microcracks. We therefore sampled rocks in the Adula Nappe of the central Alps, which is typical for upper crust in collisional orogens. The two major rock types found are orthogneisses and paragneisses, however, small lenses of metabasites and marbles also occur. Crystallographic preferred orientations (CPOs) and volume fractions of minerals in the samples were measured using time-of-flight neutron diffraction. Combined with single crystal elastic anisotropies these were used to model seismic properties of the rocks. The sample set shows a wide range of different seismic velocity patterns even within the same lithology, due to the heterogeneity of deformed upper crust. To approximate an average for these upper crustal units, we picked common CPO types of rock forming minerals within the gneiss samples, which represent the most common lithology. These data were used to determine an average elastic anisotropy of a typical upper crustal rock within the Alps. Average mineral volume percentages within the gneiss samples were used for the calculation. In addition, ultrasonic measurements of elastic anisotropies of the samples at increasing pressures were performed. These measurements, as well as the microcrack pattern determined in thin sections of the samples were used to model the closure of microcracks in the average sample at increasing depth. At ≈740 MPa microcracks are assumed to be closed yielding average elastic anisotropies of 4 % for the average gneiss. This value is an approximation, which can be helpful for seismic models at a lithospheric scale. At a crustal or smaller scale, however, it is an oversimplification and local lithological as well as deformational changes shown by the range of elastic anisotropies within the sample set have to be considered.
Winter drainage of surface lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet from Sentinel-1 SAR imagery
Authors: Benedek Corinne L. , Willis Ian C.
Published: March 2021

Abstract. Surface lakes on the Greenland Ice Sheet play a key role in its surface mass balance, hydrology and biogeochemistry. They often drain rapidly in the summer via hydrofracture, which delivers lake water to the ice sheet base over timescales of hours to days and then can allow meltwater to reach the base for the rest of the summer. Rapid lake drainage, therefore, influences subglacial drainage evolution; water pressures; ice flow; biogeochemical activity; and ultimately the delivery of water, sediments and nutrients to the ocean. It has generally been assumed that rapid lake drainage events are confined to the summer, as this is typically when observations are made using satellite optical imagery. Here we develop a method to quantify backscatter changes in satellite radar imagery, which we use to document the drainage of six different lakes during three winters (2014/15, 2015/16 and 2016/17) in fast-flowing parts of the Greenland Ice Sheet. Analysis of optical imagery from before and after the three winters supports the radar-based evidence for winter lake drainage events and also provides estimates of lake drainage volumes, which range between 0.000046 ± 0.000017 and 0.0200 ± 0.002817 km3. For three of the events, optical imagery allows repeat photoclinometry (shape from shading) calculations to be made showing mean vertical collapse of the lake surfaces ranging between 1.21 ± 1.61 and 7.25 ± 1.61 m and drainage volumes of 0.002 ± 0.002968 to 0.044 ± 0.009858 km3. For one of these three, time-stamped ArcticDEM strips allow for DEM differencing, which demonstrates a mean collapse depth of 2.17 ± 0.28 m across the lake area. The findings show that lake drainage can occur in the winter in the absence of active surface melt and notable ice flow acceleration, which may have important implications for subglacial hydrology and biogeochemical processes.
The Holocene dynamics of Ryder Glacier and ice tongue in north Greenland
Authors: ORegan Matt , Cronin Thomas , Reilly Brendan , Alstrup Aage Kristian Olsen , Gemery Laura , Golub Anna , Mayer Larry , Morlighem Mathieu , Moros Matthias , Munk Ole Lajord , Nilsson Johan , Pearce Christof , Detlef Henrieka , Stranne Christian , Vermassen Flor , West Gabriel , Jakobsson Martin
Published: March 2021

Abstract. The northern sector of the Greenland ice sheet is considered to be particularly susceptible to ice mass loss arising from increased glacier discharge in the coming decades. However, the past extent and dynamics of outlet glaciers in this region, and hence their vulnerability to climate change, are poorly documented. In the summer of 2019, the Swedish icebreaker Oden entered the previously unchartered waters of Sherard Osborn Fjord, where Ryder Glacier drains approximately 2 % of Greenland's ice sheet into the Lincoln Sea. Here we reconstruct the Holocene dynamics of Ryder Glacier and its ice tongue by combining radiocarbon dating with sedimentary facies analyses along a 45 km transect of marine sediment cores collected between the modern ice tongue margin and the mouth of the fjord. The results illustrate that Ryder Glacier retreated from a grounded position at the fjord mouth during the Early Holocene (>10.7 ± 0.4 cal ka BP) and receded more than 120 km to the end of Sherard Osborn Fjord by the Middle Holocene (6.3 ± 0.3 cal ka BP), likely becoming completely land-based. A re-advance of Ryder Glacier occurred in the Late Holocene, becoming marine-based around 3.9 ± 0.4 cal ka BP. An ice tongue, similar in extent to its current position was established in the Late Holocene (between 3.6 ± 0.4 and 2.9 ± 0.4 cal ka BP) and extended to its maximum historical position near the fjord mouth around 0.9 ± 0.3 cal ka BP. Laminated, clast-poor sediments were deposited during the entire retreat and regrowth phases, suggesting the persistence of an ice tongue that only collapsed when the glacier retreated behind a prominent topographic high at the landward end of the fjord. Sherard Osborn Fjord narrows inland, is constrained by steep-sided cliffs, contains a number of bathymetric pinning points that also shield the modern ice tongue and grounding zone from warm Atlantic waters, and has a shallowing inland sub-ice topography. These features are conducive to glacier stability and can explain the persistence of Ryder’s ice tongue while the glacier remained marine-based. However, the physiography of the fjord did not halt the dramatic retreat of Ryder Glacier under the relatively mild changes in climate forcing during the Holocene. Presently, Ryder Glacier is grounded more than 40 km seaward of its inferred position during the Middle Holocene, highlighting the potential for substantial retreat in response to ongoing climate change.
Nowe Miasto Lubawskie – spatial development, urban and architectural analysis
Authors: Bączek Konrad
Published: March 2021

This paper aims at discussing the spatial development and historical buildings of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie since 1939. It presents the history, architecture and modern state of objects (especially monuments) that shape the historical landscape of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie. Buildings that have not survived to this day are also discussed. Moreover, the memorial places in the town are presented here; the above chronological limitations do not apply to this aspect. Apart from a monography on Nowe Miasto Lubawskie, the paper refers to, among others, archival materials from the State Archives in Olsztyn and the archives of the voivodeship’s Monuments Protection Office in Olsztyn (Branch in Elbląg), tourist guides, information bulletins, articles in local Nowe Miasto papers and photography–based documentation. The core of the article is preceded by a short characterisation of Nowe Miasto Lubawskie and a description of the changes of its administrative affiliations over the centuries.
Competition between Warmian cities for the Royal Progymnasium in Reszel in 19th century: Olsztyn’s offensive in the years 1861–1863
Authors: Chrzanowski Tomasz
Published: March 2021

The article regards a single episode from a longstanding competition for the Royal Progymnasium in Reszel between Warmian cities in the 19th century. The preserved archival materials allow for a more in-depth analysis of the efforts of Olsztyn in the years 1861–1861 to gain this secondary school. The city attempted to out-bid Lidzbark Warmiński by declaring, among others, the purchase of the Olsztyn castle to serve the needs of the school. Its authorities expressed their preliminary interest in the offer; however, the negotiations lasted for months until Olsztyn authorities assured the completion of all requirements outlined by the provincial school college in Königsberg. Olsztyn’s offer was so compelling that the Ministry of Education initially agreed to translocate the school. Yet, Reszel authorities soon began their diplomatic offensive that convinced Berlin to leave the progymna-sium in their city and transform it into a full-scale secondary school – a gymnasium.The efforts of Olsztyn authorities had, nevertheless, a significant influence over the final shape of the network of secondary schools in Warmia in the 19th century, although in the dynamically developing Olsztyn of that time such a school appeared as late as in 1970s. In the conclusions, the author additionally attests that there is a clear relationship in the way of thinking of the then elites between the offer of education above primary level and specific economic calculations; the possibility of gaining education in secondary schools was connected with perspectives of further development of the city. The efforts of the cities were the decisive factor in the rapid devel-opment of the network of Eastern Prussian secondary schools in the second half of 19th century.
German-Soviet relations in the aspect of Eastern Prussia during the Polish-Bol-shevik war on the forum of the Legislative Sejm of 1919–1922
Authors: Kudrzycki Zbigniew
Published: March 2021

Regaining independence after 123 years of partitions led to various difficult problems faced by the Polish state. The main issue of the first months of freedom was the appointment of crucial organs of state authorities that would be legitimised by the nation to rule lawfully. On 28 November 1918, Józef Piłsudski, the interim Head of State, issued a second decree on the Legislative Sejm elections and set its date to 26 January 1919. The First Sejm of the 2nd Republic of Poland handled a wide array of internal problems and relations with other countries, which was an obvious scope of duties for the time of its operation. When it came to the relations with neighbours, its mem-bers devoted the majority of their attention to Polish-Russian (Soviet) arrangements. The issue of German-Russian relations was also discussed. It was caused by the interest of political parties in the state’s foreign policy and their fears for Poland’s security. The parties aimed at presenting their stands on the contemporary problems in Pol-ish-Russian relations in the context of German-Russian cooperation, but also wanted to affect said relations with their activities and interpellations.
Document regarding Bezławki dated 1409
Authors: Kwiatkowski Krzysztof
Published: March 2021

The presented contribution contains a discussion and a version of the document on the Bezławki settle-ment (Germ. Bäslack) dated 29 June 1409. This source survived only as a 16th-century copy included in a larger notebook with excerpts of documents confirming the bestowal of lands, estate sale and purchase transactions and land borders within the Rastenburg Hauptamt. Next to information relevant to the history of Bezławki and the nearby settlements, the discussed document also presents the manner of creating dependencies between the less affluent and the rich landowners belonging to the group of the so-called free men (Germ. Freien). As a result, it illustrates the mediatisation process, which is rather poorly confirmed by source documents and virtually non-re-searched for Prussia of the 1st half of the 15th century.
Sacred Hill (Święta Góra) in the Masurian Lakedland. An early Medieval Hillfort or a Military Camp from the Middle of the 17th Century?
Authors: Karczewski Maciej , Pluskowski Aleksander , Karczewska Małgorzata
Published: March 2021

Stanowisko określane jako Święta Góra znajduje się na Pojezierzu Mazurskim. Zajmuje ono młodoglacjal�ne wyniesienie, ograniczone od wschodu i południa doliną rzeki Staświnki, a od zachodu rynną jeziora Wojnowo.
Od północy wyniesienie to zamyka sztuczny wał odcinkowy.
Do II wojny światowej wykopaliska prowadzili tu: H. Lorek (1881 r.), H.K. Hess von Wichdorff (1922–
1923 r.). Kolejne prace wykopaliskowe miały miejsce w 2005 r. i w latach 2011–2013 r. Ostatnie z wykopalisk były
częścią projektu “The Ecology of Crusading” finansowanego przez European Research Council. Wyniki badań
dostarczyły informacji o zasiedlaniu Świętej Góry we wczesnej epoce żelaza, rozwiniętej fazy okresu wędrówek
ludów, oraz we wczesnym i późnym średniowieczu.
Badaniom w latach 2005 i 2011–2013 towarzyszyły analizy paleośrodowiskowe i geoarcheologiczne. Ich
wyniki umożliwiły szczegółową rekonstrukcję wczesnośredniowiecznego krajobrazu w sąsiedztwie Świętej Góry,
oraz relacji człowiek – środowisko w czasach przed i po podboju Galindii przez Krzyżaków.
Kluczowe znaczenie w ustaleniu wstępnej chronologii i funkcji północnego wału miały badania prze�prowadzone w 2013 r. W przecinającym go poprzecznie wykopie archeologicznym ujawniona została struktura
jego konstrukcji. Wskazywała ona jednoznacznie na nowożytną chronologię wału, potwierdzoną również przez
odkryte w nim fragmenty późnośredniowiecznych naczyń siwionych oraz jeden fragment nowożytnej ceramiki
z zieloną polewą szklaną.
Zatem północny wał nie był reliktem wczesnośredniowiecznego pruskiego grodziska. Powstał zapewne
w czasach Księstwa Pruskiego, prawdopodobnie około połowy XVII w., jako element fortyfikacji obozu wojskowego.
More on the church career of Paulus Legendorf (1410 - 23 VII 1467)
Authors: Krajniak Radosław
Published: March 2021

The figure of the Warmian bishop Paulus Legendorf has been of interest to Polish and German historians
for many decades, who have devoted many studies to him. Most of these works, however, were of a reproductive
nature, which resulted in the repetition of mistakes made by earlier researchers. Efforts to verify previous findings
were rare, and there was no systematic search in published and archival sources. Thos article, based on broad
library and archival research, presents new facts from the life of Paulus Legendorf, and also draws attention to
erroneous information that has accumulated over the decades, which continued to be repeated during the pres�entation of the figure of Bishop Legendorf.
The Contribution of Prof. Alojzy Szorc to Warmian Historiography of the Modern
Period
Authors: Makarczyk Irena
Published: March 2021

The scientific and popular science achievements of Prof. Alojzy Szorc regarding the history of Warmia are
represented by a dozen or so books, numerous articles and source publications. All the studies of the professor
were based on thorough archival research. He was not a master of small forms, but of extensive and reliable creative work. Many articles have 30, 50 or even 70 pages. These are valuable monographic studies relating to specific
issues. All the studies of Prof. Szorc have numerous footnotes, and these are often accompanied by the source text.
He also attached a source supplement in the form of several documents relating to a given topic to some of his
studies. From each publication, historians were able to obtain information relevant for their own research. The
structure of Szorc’s thoughts is simple and logical, and at the same time captured the characteristics of the author’s
personality, Due to its originality, it is difficult to imitate.
The edition of Warmian sources was the second of Prof. Szorc’s scientific achievements. Apart from the
fact that he was personally invested in this work, he believed that source materials should be published for younger
generations of historians, perhaps not so well acquainted with Latin. That is why the source texts in the edition of
Prof. Szorc have fairly extensive summaries in Polish.
Prof. Alojzy Szorc’s scientific achievements are permanently inscribed in the canon of essential works on
the history of modern Warmia.
Bibliography of the works of Samuel Przypkowski
Authors: Klimaszewska Alicja
Published: March 2021

This article presents the literary output of Samuel Przypkowski. An outstanding philosopher and Arian
activist, he wrote over fifty works during his life. These were primarily letters of a religious, philosophical and
political nature. In Przypkowski’s outputs there were also biographies, as well as songs praising the house of Radzi�wiłł. Aside from Zbigniew Morsztyn, Samuel Przypkowski is one of the most prominent Arian poets. Until now,
no exact bibliography of his entire legacy has been published. The purpose of the article was to collect, organize,
and indicate the location of all possible manuscripts and places of printing. The article also includes texts that we
only know from correspondence, since they have been destroyed. The article allows the rapid location of any given
work, its possible editions as well as translations or summaries.
ДАТИРОВКА УНИКАЛЬНОГО ВЕЩЕВОГО КОМПЛЕКСА ИЗ МОГИЛЬНИКА SKARDELIES WALD/ АЛЕЙКА-7
Authors: Kulakov Vladimir
Published: March 2021

The primary analysis of a part of the inventory from the unique barrow from Skardelies Wald burial
ground in the article allows us to attribute the bulk of this material to the products of the Baltic masters who
reproduced their vision of the German pictorial tradition of the Merovingian era. This fact, as well as the Prussian
ceremony, according to which the soldiers were buried in this grave, make it possible to consider the fact of the
residence of the Scandinavians buried here in the Prussian encirclement proven. This environment tried to supply
these leaders with the last path in accordance with their funeral traditions, but with inventory made on Germanic
semantic and visual motives. The dates of the individual components of this complex make it possible to attribute
its construction to the end of 6th – half of 7th centuries.
The Prussian case in the Treaty of Oliwa of 3 May, 1660,
Part 1. The end of hostilities and Brandenburg’s preparations for peace
negotiations (1657–1659 / 1660)
Authors: Makiłła Dariusz
Published: March 2021

The conclusion of treaties by the Republic of Poland and the Elector of Brandenburg in Welawa and
Bydgoszcz in 1657 was a turning point in the Polish-Swedish war, begun in 1655. The elector of Brandenburg,
Frederick Wilhelm, joined the anti-Swedish coalition in exchange for exemption from subordination to Prussia.
Conducting a prudent and balanced policy, he aimed to increase his political position through both military
participation and diplomatic efforts. The goal of Frederick Wilhelm’s policy was to achieve the greatest possible
benefits in the ongoing war, including acquiring territorial gains. Faced with efforts to conclude a general peace
that would end the war, at the same time opening the way towards creating a new political order in the central
and northern part of Europe, Elector Frederick Wilhelm, who gained the position of a party to the conflict, made
his own proposals for peace negotiations planned in Oliwa. Among Brandenburg’s postulates was, amongst other
things, the issue of extending the provisions of treaties concluded in 1657 with Poland in Welawa and Bydgoszcz,
which would also create international guarantees for them.
The Polish United Workers’ Party in the district of Mrągowo
in 1948–1989
Authors: Korejwo Mariusz
Published: March 2021

The Poviat Committee of the Polish Workers ‘Party in Mrągowo was established on July 13, 1945. In
December 1948, after joining the local organization of the Polish Socialist Party, it transformed into a Poviat
Committee of the Polish United Workers’ Party in Mragowo. This structure functioned until mid-1975, when it
was dissolved. After the liquidation of the district committee, all party organizations from the area of the abolished
Poviat were subordinated to the Provincial Committee of the PZPR in Olsztyn.
The total number of party members in the Poviat was systematically increasing from less than 1500 at the
time of the establishment of the PZPR, to over 2600 at the time of the Poviat’s liquidation. The last reliable data
from 1988 regarding the number of PZPR members was 1800. The largest party organization had the PZPR Mu�nicipal Committee in Mrągowo, gathering 40–50% of all party members in the aforementioned area.
The PZPR organization in Mrągowo experienced two major organizational crises: in 1956 and in the years
1980–1982. The second of them brought losses, which proved to be impossible to mitigate. Individual branches
lost up to 20% of their members, there was chaos in the organization and there were no people willing to perform
party functions. The disintegration of the organization was halted in 1984–1986. In the last years of the PZPR
(1987–1989) only its superior structures, i.e. committees, were active. The basic branches ceased operations well
before the formal dissolution of the party.
Uwagi – Ignacy Krasicki’s last will adressed
to compatriots
Authors: Leszczyńska-Skowron Klara
Published: March 2021

This article concerns a collection of Ignacy Krasicki’s essays written in his last years, entitled Uwagi. De�spite the great variety of subjects in all the essays, the author has discovered a surprisingly coherent vision of people, society and the country. This vision can be interpreted as a program for the preservation of Polish identity during the Partitions of Poland and the rebuilding of social bonds.
Ignacy Krasicki in nineteenth-century British
encyclopedias and dictionaries
Authors: Krysztopa-Czupryńska Barbara
Published: March 2021

The article shows how the figure of Ignacy Krasicki was presented in nineteenth-century British general
publications, ie encyclopedias, and dictionaries. The biographies of Ignacy Krasicki published in British encyclo�pedias carried a different cognitive value and had a different degree of originality. There were quite fairly well-de�signed biographical notes among them, but there were also superficial or extremely short biographical entries.
There were also biographical notes copied from other publications. Nevertheless, the English-language reader had
a number of possibilities to find information about Krasicki, particularly since the name appeared not only in gen�eral publications. Relatively often the person of the bishop-poet was also present on the pages of other publications
appearing in the nineteenth century in Great Britain. Many texts about the history and culture of Poland, which
appeared at that time, came from the quills of Poles who appeared in Great Britain after the collapse of the 1830
uprising. Among these emigrants, a large group of people were literates who, with a great knowledge of the subject,
wrote about figures and events important to their country - at this time no longer existing on the map of Europe
From the region of Vilnius to Barczewo. Known and unknown expatriates
from Borderlands
Authors: Korybut-Marciniak Maria
Published: March 2021

The article’s goal is to show the role of expatriates from the region of Vilnius in post-war Barczewo and
also to capture the worlds saved in human memory – the one that was left behind the eastern border of Poland, the
one in former East Prussia and also one that was created in Barczewo’s multicultural mosaic. In the article there
are presented the characteristics of people who came from these eastern borderlands. There is also shown the relationship between the indigenous population and the migrant population. The basis of the article is the relations
of the Kresowiak family - today’s inhabitants of Barczewo. A few preserved in family archival documents, written
relations of people already dead, as well as published biographical studies.
Report on excavations at the cemetery of the Olsztyn Group in Wólka Prusinowska, site
1, Mrągowo district in 2017–2018
Authors: Lewoc Iwona
Published: March 2021

The cemetery in Wólka Prusinowska is situated in the north-eastern upper bank of Lake Zyzdrój Wielki.
The first excavations were conducted there at the end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century. The site was
rediscovered in 2017. During the two seasons of excavation, dozens of metal objects, burnt human bones and
fragments of ceramics overlooked or discarded by the first researchers were discovered. Thanks to non-invasive
tests, the unexcavated part of the cemetery was also identified. The discovered finds can be dated to the main part
of the Migration Period.
The Kwidzyn area on the eve of the plebiscite in light
of the German booklet for the Allied Commission – translation of the source text
with commentary
Authors: Figura-Osełkowska Emilia
Published: March 2021

This article contains a faithful translation of a German propaganda booklet issued before the plebiscite in
Kwidzyn in July 1920. The entire booklet written by the German Committee for Western Prussia is addressed at
the Inter-Allied Commission and consists of six chapters informing on the area’s geography, historical conditions,
economic structure, current social structure and rivers: Vistula, Nogat and Osa. The passage selected for trans�lation regards the social aspects and describes the inhabitants of Powiśle, area included in the Western Prussian
Plebiscite District headquartered in Kwidzyn, in terms of nationality. The publication was created to serve the
needs of the German plebiscite agitation and should be approached critically for this specific reason. Nevertheless,
this little-known German document holds great historical value, particularly useful to scholars and persons pas�sionate about the history of the interwar period.
EVALUATION OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEMS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION WITH DATA ENVELOPMENT ANALYSIS: AN EXAMPLE OF REPUBLICS
Authors: Selamzade Fuad
Published: March 2021

The purpose of this study is to measure the effectiveness of the health sector in the 22 republics of the Russian Federation using data for 2005, 2010 and 2013–2017. The data used in the study were obtained from the site of the Federal State Statistics Service of the Russian Federation. Charnes-Cooper-Rhodes (CCR) and Banker-Charnes-Cooper (BCC) models of Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) were chosen as the analysis method, and the super-efficiency scores were determined. After the analysis, potential improvement proposals for inefficient republics were developed, and Tobit analysis was conducted to determine the factors affecting efficiency. As input variables was used; The number of doctors of all specialties, nursing staff and hospital beds per 10,000 people of the population, as the output variable was used; life expectancy at birth, the incidence per 1000 population, and infant mortality rates. As a result of a study in the performance analysis conducted by the CCR method, in 2005, 2010, 2013 and 2014 6, in 2015 and 2017 5 and in 2016 4, in the performance analysis conducted by the BCC method, in 2005 9, in 2010 8, in 2014 and 2016 7, in 2013 6 and in 2015 and 2017 5 republics were rated as full efficiency scores. According to the results of the analysis of super-efficiency carried out by the CCR method, the Republic of Ingushetia and Chechnya, according to the BCC method, the republics of Chechnya and Tatarstan have the highest super-efficiency score.