bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Methods of the Water-Energy-Food Nexus
Authors: Endo Aiko , Burnett Kimberly , Orencio Pedcris , Kumazawa Terukazu , Wada Christopher , Ishii Akira , Tsurita Izumi , Taniguchi Makoto
Published: October 2015

This paper focuses on a collection of methods that can be used to analyze the water-energy-food (WEF) nexus. We classify these methods as qualitative or quantitative for interdisciplinary and transdisciplinary research approaches. The methods for interdisciplinary research approaches can be used to unify a collection of related variables, visualize the research problem, evaluate the issue, and simulate the system of interest. Qualitative methods are generally used to describe the nexus in the region of interest, and include primary research methods such as Questionnaire Surveys, as well as secondary research methods such as Ontology Engineering and Integrated Maps. Quantitative methods for examining the nexus include Physical Models, Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA), Integrated Indices, and Optimization Management Models. The authors discuss each of these methods in the following sections, along with accompanying case studies from research sites in Japan and the Philippines. Although the case studies are specific to two regions, these methods could be applicable to other areas, with appropriate calibration.
« Ceux qui ne boivent pas perdent le chemin de leurs ancêtres ». Évolution des usages sociaux de l’alcool dans une communauté indigène des Hautes Terres du Chiapas
Authors: Chosson Marie
Published: October 2015

Dans les communautés indigènes mayas tseltal des Hautes Terres du Chiapas, l’alcool joue, depuis toujours, un rôle fondamental dans de nombreux processus de la vie sociale. Cette contribution se propose, dans un premier temps, de revenir sur ces pratiques et représentations émiques relatives à la consommation d’alcool ainsi que sur les critères distinguant, selon les traditionalistes, le « bien boire » de l’alcoolisme jugé négatif. Sera évoquée ensuite l’émergence d’une nouvelle dimension symbolique des usages traditionnels de l’alcool. En manifestation à de récents bouleversements au sein de la communauté villageoise d’Aguacatenango, la fonction des pratiques de consommation d’alcool dépassent aujourd’hui le seul aspect de structuration des relations entre individus et avec les entités divines. Le maintien de ces pratiques est aujourd’hui devenu, pour les traditionalistes, un enjeu essentiel de préservation de ce qu’ils considèrent comme leur identité culturelle.
Les fonctions ambivalentes de l’alcool en milieu de travail : bon objet et mauvais objet
Authors: Crespin Renaud , Lhuilier Dominique , Lutz Gladys
Published: October 2015

La construction sociale de la problématique alcool et travail retient essentiellement la figure de l’alcoolique chronique ou les états d’ivresse, troubles à l’ordre productif. Afin d’élargir l’analyse, nous étudions ici les différents types d’usages de l’alcool et leurs principales fonctions. Méthode : Cette recherche-action s’appuie sur des entretiens dialogiques, individuels (25) et collectifs (6), visant l’exploration des trajectoires professionnelles et de consommation, articulées à l’analyse du travail. Résultats : La consommation d’alcool est une conduite paradoxale : elle vise la prévention des risques du travail et constitue une ressource face aux épreuves du travail. La typologie de ses fonctions professionnelles distingue l’anesthésie ; la stimulation ; la récupération ; l’entretien des liens professionnels. Conclusion : Les consommations d’alcool, adjuvant chimique de l’action, s’insèrent étroitement aux modalités d’organisation et de régulation du travail.
Représentations sociales de l’alcoolisme féminin et masculin en fonction des pratiques de consommation d’alcool
Authors: Taschini Elsa , Urdapilleta Isabel , Verlhiac Jean-François , Tavani Jean Louis
Published: October 2015

L’étude que nous présentons dans cet article a un triple objectif : (1) explorer les représentations sociales de l’alcoolisme féminin, (2) étudier l’influence des pratiques de consommation d’alcool (évaluées par l’Alcohol Use Disorder Identification Test) sur les représentations sociales de l’alcoolisme masculin et féminin en France, enfin (3) étudier l’influence du genre des participants sur la construction sociale de ces deux objets. Un échantillon de 436 Français de 18 à 64 ans a effectué une tâche d’associations libres à partir des mots inducteurs « alcoolisme féminin » et « alcoolisme masculin ». Les résultats, traités par Analyses Factorielles des Correspondances, montrent la dualité de la consommation d’alcool pour les deux objets. L’alcoolisme masculin et celui féminin se caractérisent à la fois par le contexte de consommation positif associé à l’aspect festif de l’alcool, mais également par des termes évaluatifs (négatifs) et par des termes descriptifs pour qualifier respectivement l’alcoolisme féminin et l’alcoolisme masculin. Si des causes communes sont assorties à ces deux formes d’alcoolisme, l’alcoolisme féminin semble être associé au besoin de s’échapper, alors que l’alcoolisme masculin est associé à la fois à une vulnérabilité psychologique et à un effet du groupe de pairs. Les conséquences de l’alcoolisme pour les deux objets sont la déchéance, l’isolement et la violence, mais l’alcoolisme masculin est plus particulièrement associé au danger pour le consommateur ou pour autrui alors que pour l’alcoolisme féminin le danger semble exister uniquement pour la consommatrice. Ces résultats sont modulés par le niveau de pratiques de consommation d’alcool des participants, leur sexe et leur âge.
Des acteurs en quête de légitimité dans la production de l’ordre public urbain
Authors: de Maillard Jacques , Zagrodzki Mathieu , Benazeth Valerian , Zaslavsky Floriane
Published: October 2015

Cet article propose une analyse du corps des inspecteurs de sécurité de la Ville de Paris. Malgré la singularité parisienne, marquée traditionnellement par une forte emprise du pouvoir central, la mairie n’en dispose pas moins d’agents emblématiques de la pluralisation du policing. Le présent texte s’intéresse à l’identité dont sont porteurs ces acteurs, à la nature de leurs tâches et la façon dont ils les accomplissent, ainsi qu’à leur intégration dans le champ plus large de la production de la sécurité parisienne. Il interroge notamment leur rapport à la verbalisation et aux missions de sécurisation des espaces municipaux. Il fait également apparaître les composantes d’une identité négative qui traverse l’expérience de travail.
Médecins et maternité au début du XX e siècle en France
Authors: Le Den Mariette
Published: October 2015

De par leur légitimité scientifique et leur capital social et culturel, les médecins français ont détenu durant des siècles le monopole du savoir sur les femmes, alors considérées comme des mères « par nature » et réduites à leur seule faculté de génitrices. Au début du XX e siècle, cette vision de la femme est plus que tenace dans le milieu médical, bien décidé à enrayer la baisse de la natalité et le péril vénérien par une incitation générale des femmes à la « bonne » maternité. Ainsi, se basant sur la légitimité de leurs découvertes, les médecins, qui semblent souvent se muer en anthropologues moralistes, vont s’accaparer la gestion de la vie reproductive et sexuelle des femmes en cherchant par tous les moyens à optimiser leur fonction maternelle. Ce faisant, ils contribuent à la définition et à la normalisation de leur fécondité ainsi qu’à la stigmatisation de ce qui va à l’encontre de leur capacité à enfanter.
Les professionnels de santé en Europe : contribution à une définition unitaire
Authors: Roynier Céline
Published: October 2015

La profession de santé n’est pas définie en tant que notion. Envisager les définitions juridiques des professions de santé dans certains systèmes européens apporte sur ce point un éclairage complémentaire de celui des sciences politiques : au-delà de la combinaison des critères de la qualification et des actes pour identifier les professions de santé, le droit espagnol ou encore britannique utilise un troisième critère, celui de missions du système de santé. L’on se rend alors compte que le droit français l’utilise également pour définir la profession d’infirmier/infirmière ou encore celle de médecin généraliste.
Médecine générale : la rupture des années 1990
Authors: Bouton Richard
Published: October 2015

Le mouvement des médecins généralistes du début des années 1980 qui a abouti à la création de MG France aura été l’élément majeur des évolutions du secteur des soins ambulatoires et de sa représentation de ces trente dernières années. Si les différents épisodes de cette saga professionnelle sont connus, les événements qui ont motivé la poignée de médecins généralistes initiateurs de ce phénomène syndical le sont moins. Ils ont considéré que la sauvegarde de la médecine générale constituait une urgence sanitaire et sociale, et ce sentiment d’urgence les a amenés à formuler leurs choix stratégiques dans la plateforme d’appel à la création d’un syndicat autonome de généralistes qui fut perçue comme une provocation par les syndicats médicaux établis et l’ordre des médecins. Retour sur ces années décisives de l’histoire récente des généralistes...
La grève de la force publique de São Paulo (13 et 14 janvier 1961)
Authors: Rosemberg André
Published: October 2015

Cet article étudie la grève de la Force publique (Força pública) qui se déroula à São Paulo les 13 et 14 janvier 1961. La Force publique est une police militaire, en tenue et armée, patrouillant dans les rues. Cette grève s’inscrit dans le contexte de grands bouleversements sociopolitiques du début des années 1960 et constitue un épisode situé en amont de la chute du régime démocratique en vigueur au Brésil depuis 1946. Rétrospectivement, on peut mettre en évidence que ce mouvement de grève représente un condensé des multiples tensions idéologiques relatives à la fois aux intérêts corporatifs de la police et aux projets politiques pour l’avenir du pays.
Les évacuations de 1939 en Moselle et en Sarre
Authors: Williams Nicholas J.
Published: October 2015

À la suite de l’invasion allemande de la Pologne en septembre 1939, plus de cinq cent mille personnes sont évacuées de chaque côté de la frontière franco-allemande. Pour les plus d’un million de civils évacués, les dix mois qui suivent représentent un « exil intérieur ». Il va sans dire que de telles mesures ne se préparent pas en un jour. Les préparatifs desdites évacuations commencent beaucoup plus tôt en France qu’en Allemagne, mais subissent cependant dans les deux pays des changements par rapport aux mesures envisagées initialement. Dans la présente contribution, les planifications des évacuations de la population civile entre les deux lignes fortifiées, Maginot et Siegfried, sont analysées et comparées en détail.
The Internet, National Citizenship, and the “Sovereignty Paradox”
Authors: Khan Amadu Wurie
Published: October 2015

This chapter explores the potential of the Internet for asylum seekers'/refugees' political agency and for challenging the boundaries of national citizenship and state sovereignty. It considers that Western governments' formulation of “restrictionist” and “assimilationist” citizenship policies and the conjoining “managerialist” approach to asylum are aimed at asserting state sovereignty and national citizenship. However, it is argued that attempts at the territorial construction of membership amounts to a “sovereignty paradox”: policies promote an international humanitarian norm of citizenship, which depends on state sovereignty for its realisation. Asylum-seeking migrants' views and practices are therefore deployed to explore the counterproductivity of the UK government's attempt to coerce would-be British citizens to have loyalty and allegiance to the nation-state. This UK case study provides empirical substantiation of asylum-seeking migrants' political agency in the West, and the resilience of state sovereignty in affirming an international humanitarian norm of citizenship. It also contributes to an understanding of asylum-seeking migrants' political agency through the Internet in holding political elites in the West accountable for their migration-citizenship policies. This perspective has been strikingly missing in the citizenship and international relations theories, particularly given the context that non-citizen asylum-seeking migrants residing in liberal democracies are a major trigger for these policies. The chapter also attempts to deconstruct the relationship between transnationalism and globalisation: a project that continues to be problematic in the academy.
Social Tyranny and Democratic Governance in the Information Age
Authors: Ward Andrew C.
Published: October 2015

The development and diffusion of inexpensive, reliable and easy to use public Internet access means that large portions of the U.S. and global populations now regularly communicate with one another. Will the increasing penetration of the Internet into the social and political lives of people facilitate Thomas Jefferson's vision of a world “founded on the primacy of individual liberty and a commitment to pluralism, diversity, and Community”? While many people believe that the answer to this question is “yes”, such affirmations often rest on adducing cases not theoretically linked to one another. In contrast, the present paper provides a broadly philosophical, conceptual analysis of how use of the Internet can lead to forms of “social tyranny” in which one or more elements of a community impose their own beliefs and interests on others in that community. For instance, dependence on Internet access and use for social action or pertinent information about social activities may lead to marginalization and exclusion for people whose Internet access or use is limited. Furthermore, the connectedness or mode of connectedness of groups or organizations may give them an unfair advantage disseminating and advocating the messages they deliver to members of the communities in which they exist. The conclusion is not that we should adopt attitudes and policies that are antithetical to the use of the Internet. Rather, using ideas from Dewey and Habermas, amongst others, the conclusion is that it is important to reflect broadly and critically on how use of the Internet can transform the character of the public domain and the deliberations about governance that occur within that domain.
A Semantic-Enabled Framework for E-Government Systems Development
Authors: Fonou-Dombeu Jean Vincent , Huisman Magda
Published: October 2015

The ultimate goal of e-Governance is to reach the stage of seamless service delivery in one-stop e-Government. This raises the engineering issues of integration, reusability, maintenance, and interoperability of autonomous e-Government systems of government departments and agencies. Therefore, appropriate methodologies that consistently address the aforementioned engineering issues throughout clearly defined e-Government development phases are needed. This chapter provides the design and specification, of a framework that amalgamates features from maturity models, software engineering and Semantic Web domains for semantic-enabled development of e-Government systems. Firstly, the methods and techniques used for the planning, design, and implementation of e-Government systems worldwide are investigated; a critical analysis is carried out to identify their advantages and disadvantages, as well as their contribution towards addressing the aforementioned engineering issues. Secondly, the proposed framework is drawn and specified. Finally, support tools including a business process model, an alignment matrix of stages and phases of development, and a weighting matrix of the intensity of semantic activities at various phases of development is drawn and described.
The Promise of Open Source Systems/Software in Developing Requisite E-Government Solutions for the Developing Countries
Authors: Tella Adeyinka , Tella Adetayo O.
Published: October 2015

E-Government open source system is now becoming commonplace. The e-Government open system requires at each review stage the relevant official input, the date, and the time when each application is processed. Free access to the status of an application makes applicants realize that there is no need to contact officials or to provide a bribe to complete the process. No doubt, e-Government open system is a very useful system currently being used by a majority of governments in developing world countries. However, extant review of literature has shown that some developing countries governments are now also making frantic effort to implement the open system although the practice seems to have gone farther in developed nations. In light of this, this chapter discusses e-Government open source system in developing countries and compares this to what is happening in the developed countries, examines the role OSS/SF has played in developing e-Government solutions or applications in the developing world, identifies the benefits and challenges of OSS/SF in the developing countries' context, and discusses possible ways forward. The chapter posits that open source plays a significant role in designing e-Government applications.
Social Media and Free Knowledge
Authors: Aguilar Jose , Terán Oswaldo
Published: October 2015

Mass media (e.g., TV) and social media (e.g., Facebook) have a large utilization nowadays; they are becoming an integral part of our life. This chapter describes the psychological effects of media bias and manipulation, along its impact on public opinion by using “agenda setting” and “prototypes/framing”. It shows how media can artificially create feelings and emotions. It will also explore the relationships between free knowledge and media. Free knowledge has a strong potential to prevent media manipulation, and for people emancipation from media control. The paper suggests using media in a more humanistic way, as a space to create knowledge, where social interaction influences knowledge. We talk of communities where people regularly share and create knowledge. The media do not replace existing processes of building knowledge; rather they provide an additional dynamic environment, which must meet certain criteria for what the social knowledge will be emancipator, and not manipulative.
DICTION as a Tool for Studying the Mass Media
Authors: Holbert R. Lance
Published: October 2015

This chapter offers a systematic assessment of DICTION's ability to address a wide range of media content. Each of the media-related works in this volume reflects a unique mix of communication inputs, and DICTION proves itself able to generate valid and reliable insights on a diverse range of material. In addition, the chapter focuses on a series of challenges (e.g., Message Tailoring, Hypertext, Interactivity) and opportunities (e.g., big data) for DICTION in relation to the study of media content. The program and the researchers who utilize it need to continue to evolve with the changing media landscape in order to generate practical knowledge that is relevant to improving communication.
Bridging Women Rights Networks
Authors: Yuce Serpil T. , Agarwal Nitin , Wigand Rolf T. , Lim Merlyna , Robinson Rebecca S.
Published: October 2015

In recent mass protests such as the Arab Spring and Occupy movements, protesters used social media to spread awareness, coordinate, and mobilize support. Social media-assisted collective action has attracted much attention from journalists, political observers, and researchers of various disciplines. In this article, the authors study transnational online collective action through the lens of inter-network cooperation. The authors analyze interaction and support between the women's rights networks of two online collective actions: ‘Women to Drive' (primarily Saudi Arabia) and ‘Sexual Harassment' (global). Methodologies used include: extracting each collective action's social network from blogs authored by female Muslim bloggers (23 countries), mapping interactions among network actors, and conducting sentiment analysis on observed interactions to provide a better understanding of inter-network support. The authors examine these two distinct but overlapped networks of collective actions and discover that brokering and bridging processes can facilitate the diffusion of information, coalition formation, and the expansion of the networks. The broader goal of the study is to examine the dynamics between interconnected collective actions. This research contributes to understanding the mobilization of social movements in digital activism and the role of cooperative networks in online collective action.
Smartphone-Based Digital Government Model
Authors: de Kervenoael Ronan , Sekeralp Egemen
Published: October 2015

M-Government services are now at the forefront of both user expectations and technology capabilities. Within the current setting, there is growing evidence that interoperability is becoming a key issue towards service sustainability. Thus, the objective of this chapter is to highlight the case of “Beyas Masa” – a Turkish application for infrastructure repair services. This application requires different stakeholders from different cultural background and geographically dispersed regions to work together. The major aim of this chapter to showcase experiences in as far as implementation and adoption of m-Government is concerned in the case of Turkey. The study utilizes the co-creation literature to investigate the factors influencing successful implementation of the Beyas Masa. This study reveals that initiatives are fragmented due to differences in the characteristics of the targeted audience, the marketing strategy, technology supply, distribution, and media utilized to promote its awareness. The chapter posits that in order to have affluent m-Government implementation in Turkey, it is important that many of the standalone applications are integrated to encourage interoperability and that socio-cultural behaviours should be re-shaped to encourage active engagement and interactive government service provisions that unlock the power of ICT.
Value Assessment in E-Government and M-Government
Authors: Lee Shu Wen , Lai Pek Hia
Published: October 2015

Most governments around the world have implemented or are in the midst of implementing electronic government (e-Government). E-Government has its share of advantages, disadvantages and limitations. The rise of mobile technologies can be seen as the answer to complement e-Government. With the high adoption level of mobile devices and the rising demands for instant information and interactions with government bodies, mobile government (m-Government) is born. Unlike e-Government, m-Government is not restricted to being internet-based. Different wireless or mobile communication modes such as Short Message Service (SMS), mobile applications, and Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) have provided different avenues to implement or enhance M-Government. Both e-Government and m-Government implementations create different values for the different stakeholders. This chapter examines an e-Government and m-Government Component Assessment Cube Framework for value assessment of both e-Government and m-Government information technology project implementations. The three main groups explored in the framework are namely (value) components, stages, and stakeholders.
The Adoption of Web 2.0 by the State Government
Authors: Ahn Michael J. , Berardino Michael
Published: October 2015

The emergence of Web 2.0 introduced a new potential in e-government which empowers citizens to share information and mobilize spontaneously online, and enables citizens to communicate directly with the government and its elected officials while significantly lowering some of the traditional barriers of e-government adoption such as the lack of financial resources and technical expertise in government. This paper examined the pattern of Web 2.0 adoption on state web portals to identify key factors influencing its adoption. The results suggest that while the potential of the new technology is immense, its adoption is constrained by a number of political factors. In particular, the authors find that there is disinclination toward adopting Web 2.0 by incumbent governors while the technology was favored by governors who are newly elected into their office. Moreover, there was disinclination toward the new technology by governors with high approval rating while those with low approval rating sought to adopt them. Our findings point to a perception by governors about Web 2.0 as a powerful and effective instrument of communication but, at the same time, politically risky, creating disincentive to adopt the technology by governors with established political support. There is a “more to lose” mentality about Web 2.0 by political actors with high level of political support while “less to lose” by those with thin political support. This research sketches a picture of Web 2.0 adoption in government where political instability and newcomers facilitates the use of Web 2.0 increasing dialogue and communication with citizens while higher levels of political stability and support reduces the use of Web 2.0, diminishing the channel of communication created by the new technology.
Adoption of Social Media Services
Authors: Sharif Mohd Hisham Mohd , Troshani Indrit , Davidson Robyn
Published: October 2015

The increasing diffusion of social media is attracting government organizations worldwide, including local government. Social media can help local government improve the manner in which it is engaged with community and its responsiveness whilst offering cost savings and flexibility. Yet, there is paucity of research in relation to the adoption of social media Web services in local government organizations. The aim of this chapter is to investigate the factors that drive the adoption of social media Web services within Australian local government. Using qualitative evidence, the authors find technological, organizational, and environmental factors that drive the decisions of local government organizations to adopt social media Web services. In addition to extending the existing body of knowledge, this chapter offers insight concerning important managerial implications for helping local governments to better understand social media adoption in their organizations.
Is Political Participation Online Effective?
Authors: Rossini Patrícia G. C. , Maia Rousiley C. M.
Published: October 2015

The Brazilian Chamber of Deputies (Câmara dos Deputados) conducts an e-democracy initiative that enables people to participate in political decisions regarding legislation. “Portal E-Democracia” is the name of this website in which people can participate in several different ways to speak their minds regarding legislative activities. This chapter analyses the effectiveness of citizens' engagement in the e-democracy initiative through the case study of the discussion of the Internet Civilian Landmark – a bill to regulate Internet use in Brazil. The authors analyse two types of participation: comments to the draft bill and suggestions. To measure the effectiveness of user-participation in such a case of collaborative lawmaking, the authors compare the content of the first draft, the final draft, and the suggestions made through the wikilegis in order to assess whether the discussions maintained within the e-democracy platform were or were not taken into account. This procedure also reveals to what extent online discussion was able to reach political decision-makers and effectively change the Internet's Bill of Rights.
Government Spending Transparency on the Internet
Authors: Karamagioli Evika , Staiou Eleni-Revekka , Gouscos Dimitris
Published: October 2015

The objective of this article is to present four civil society initiatives that attempt to scrutinize government spending using open data from the Greek government OpenGov initiative Diavgeia project (“diavgeia”, in Greek, standing for lucidity). In a period of strong economic recession, Greece is facing one of the most intense social and political crisis of its history, with citizens characterized by substantial disenchantment with politics and a cynical stance about their government and representatives. The Diavgeia project was launched in 2010 by the Greek government with the objective to bring back transparency and trust in the political process, enabling online insights into government spending. By reviewing current bottom-up initiatives in Greece that are using data from Diavgeia in an effort to serve the principles of transparency, openness, and offering public data in a manner easy to understand, evaluate and re-use, we discuss the role of open government mechanisms in introducing a new relation between citizens and policy-makers, tackling contemporary political challenges of democratic societies and reconnecting ordinary people with politics and policy-making.
Engaging Social Movements in Developing Innovative Retail Business Models
Authors: Sebastiani Roberta , Montagnini Francesca
Published: October 2015

Consumers are increasingly expressing critical stances towards corporate power and mainstream market ideology. Although the literature depicts their attitude as mainly reactive, it is emerging that there is scope, in retailing, for more proactive forms of collaboration with companies. This chapter aims to explore the outcomes in terms of new retail formulas derived from the effective interaction between retailers and engaged consumers, such as those belonging to social movements. In the analysis, the authors refer to a specific context and kind of product, namely food, which has recently been catalyzing an increasing number of concerns as expressed by consumers, eventually aggregating the interests of various social movements expressing new more ethical and sustainable market stances. In particular, the authors focus on the case of Eataly, a new venture that emerged from an ideological alliance and a mutual organizational commitment between corporate power and the Slow Food social movement. Eataly represents an interesting setting to better understand how such forms of collaboration can occur, how and to what extent the community and corporate stances mutually adjust during the process, and which types of reactions emerge from the more radical members of the social movement.
Citizens' Voice and Adoption of Pakistani E-Government Services
Authors: Ahmad Muhammad Ovais , Markkula Jouni , Oivo Markku
Published: October 2015

Even though there is emerging literature on e-government, research focused on potential problems related to citizens' adoption of e-government services in developing countries is still limited. As a developing country, e-government services in Pakistan have witnessed prolific advancements over the years. Since 2002, Pakistan has strategically adopted e-government as a part of its policy. In this chapter, the factors influencing citizens' e-government service adoption in Pakistan are examined using the unified theory of acceptance and use of technology model. The findings indicate that, in addition to the lack of awareness and data privacy, all of the factors specified by the model have an effect on the adoption of these services in Pakistan. The empirical results highlight the voice of citizens concerning the usage of the services. This information can be used by the policy and decision makers to promote services that correspond better to the needs of the citizens.
Organizational Citizenship Behavior
Authors: Di Virgilio Francesca , Presenza Angelo , Sheehan Lorn R.
Published: October 2015

This chapter analyzes organizational citizenship behavior of permanent versus contingent employees in the Italian hospitality industry. The empirical data were derived from a questionnaire survey conducted in three regions of Southern Italy. Survey respondents were 848 frontline employees from 63 hotels. Findings show that contingent employees exhibited less helping behavior than permanent employees but no difference in their voice behavior. In addition, work status was found to make more of a difference in both helping and voice in less work centrality organizations. Hotel managers are encouraged to focus attention on individual behavior that is discretionary, not directly or explicitly recognized by the formal reward system, and that in the aggregate promotes the effective functioning of the organization. Particularly in Italy, it would be advantageous to develop retention strategies for talented people that exhibit a high degree of organizational citizenship behavior.
Trends in e-Strategic Management
Authors: Anthopoulos Leonidas , Fitsilis Panos
Published: October 2015

More than a decade has passed since the conception of major Government e-strategies and significant outcomes have been delivered worldwide concerning information technology infrastructure and e-service deployment. Already, major e-Strategies have closed their lifecycles and have been reviewed. British “t-Government” and Obama's “Open Government Initiative” are only some of the transformation results, where citizens have been placed in the center of the strategic planning and e-Government priorities have been reconsidered. This paper addresses an important issue: the identification of international e-strategic transformation and the recognition of patterns for e-strategic transformation. A methodological analysis of major e-strategies is performed according to strategic lifecycle management tool and patterns for e-strategic evolution are structured.
Big Data for Digital Government
Authors: Chen Yu-Che , Hsieh Tsui-Chuan
Published: October 2015

“Big data” is one of the emerging and critical issues facing government in the digital age. This study first delineates the defining features of big data (volume, velocity, and variety) and proposes a big data typology that is suitable for the public sector. This study then examines the opportunities of big data in generating business analytics to promote better utilization of information and communication technology (ICT) resources and improved personalization of e-government services. Moreover, it discusses the big data management challenges in building appropriate governance structure, integrating diverse data sources, managing digital privacy and security risks, and acquiring big data talent and tools. An effective big data management strategy to address these challenges should develop a stakeholder-focused and performance-oriented governance structure and build capacity for data management and business analytics as well as leverage and prioritize big data assets for performance. In addition, this study illustrates the opportunities, challenges, and strategy for big service data in government with the E-housekeeper program in Taiwan. This brief case study offers insight into the implementation of big data for improving government information and services. This article concludes with the main findings and topics of future research in big data for public administration.
E-Governance in Africa and the Challenges Confronting Urban E-Planning
Authors: Silva Carlos Nunes
Published: October 2015

This chapter explores trends in the development of e-governance in Africa, issues, challenges, opportunities, and innovative practices, as well as the impacts that such process is likely to have in the progress of Urban e-Planning in the continent, namely in the five Lusophone African countries: Angola, Cape Verde, Guinea-Bissau, Mozambique, and Sao Tome and Principe. The first part is focused on e-governance development in Africa. The second section deals with the case of the Lusophone African countries. The level of Urban e-Planning development in African cities is in general far behind cities in developed countries. Besides sharing a common colonial history, administrative tradition, and official language, these five African countries have in common similar urban planning cultures. Despite the overall negative picture of e-governance development in Africa that emerges from this overview and the huge barriers it is confronted with, there are signs that it is possible to have a rapid and sustained progress in the field of Urban e-Planning in the near future.
Systemic Enterprise Architecture as Future
Authors: Saha Pallab
Published: October 2015

Governments are changing by design, necessity, and compulsion. This change is being exacerbated and shaped by megaforces that interact in a complex labyrinth of evolving nodes and connections. As a result, today's government leaders and policy makers operate in a realm of confounding uncertainties and astounding complexities. These lead to incomplete and often non-actionable information that make decisions increasingly speculative. To unlock the grid and move forward, it is acknowledged that governments of the future have to be connected. Connected government is no utopia. It is simply a pragmatic approach to capitalize on complexity. Enterprise Architecture (EA) as a meta-discipline provides governments and leaders the means to address the twin challenges of dynamism and complexity. As governments become increasingly hyper-connected, they ought to be examined as systems, where holism, causality, heterarchy, and interrelationships are crucial to ensuring overall coherence in a state of omnipresent flux. This contrasts with the traditional fixation on efficiency and cost. Going beyond the rhetoric, this chapter demonstrates the value of amalgamating the systems approach within the EA methodology to address a national priority in Singapore, and provides insights to amplify the impact of EA by integrating creative thinking to tackle complex problems.
To Participation and Beyond?
Authors: Burton Paul , Hilton Stephen
Published: October 2015

This chapter provides a case study of local developments in e-democracy in the city of Bristol, UK. Although some of these developments relate to periodic local elections, most are concerned with supporting new forms of engagement between local citizens and local government institutions and processes in the times between these. Starting with the coordination of its own consultation activities, then encouraging greater participation in council-run activities, and finally supporting grass roots engagement activities, Bristol City Council embarked on a local program of e-democracy activities from 2000 onwards. This grew into a national pilot scheme that enabled a number of valuable comparative evaluations of e-democracy in practice. The chapter draws on the results of a number of evaluations of these local and national developments and highlights the more widespread and enduring challenges of trying to broaden the scope and the effectiveness of local democracy and improve the practices of social inclusion.
Early Warning Tools for Financial System Distress
Authors: Boitan Iustina Alina
Published: October 2015

In the last decade, economic literature has consistently and imperatively promoted the need to create and use early warning models to prevent the various types of crises, especially as the coverage of bank risks has widened, as a result of the financial liberalization process, innovation and cross border financial activity. Although several supervisory authorities and central banks have already in place different types of early warning systems (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Italy, Romania, UK), the recent global financial crisis has put into question the ability of these statistical tools to monitor financial or banking distress and make accurate predictions. The aim of the chapter is twofold: i) to review the existing typologies of EWSs, developed at micro prudential and macro prudential levels; and ii) to answer several questions related to the low predictive power recorded by early warning models with respect to the current financial crisis and to depict the main international approaches towards their future structural reconfiguration and role.
PLAYHIST: Jugando con la Historia. Transformación de película interactiva en juego histórico para el aprendizaje
Authors: Aguirrezabal Pablo , Pérez Ainhoa , Sillaurren Sara
Published: October 2015

Within the museum spaces and interpretation centers, one of whose main functions is the preservation and dissemination of historical resources, it is important to connect with the visitors in some modern, accessible, interesting and familiar communication forms. With this objective, it’s a key issue the introduction of new technologies that facilitate the tasks of illustrate, teach and interest the visitor. Through PLAYHIST experiment, Tecnalia aims the transformation of an interactive movie about ancient Greece in a historical multiplayer serious game, that, on the same environment of the Tholos in the Hellenic Cosmos of Athens (Greece), will seek to demonstrate that museums and cultural centers visitors learning can be increased through the introduction of historical content gamificacion concept. Within this experiment, a series of metrics that affect both the service and the user experience and learning will be defined. These metrics will be collected with both the software game components and questionnaires forms from the visitors themselves. Subsequent analysis of the data collected will give a clue about whether the concept of "learning by playing" is valid in this type of cultural centers.
Identification of Bacterial Diseases in Rice Plants Leaves by the Use of Spectroscopic Imaging
Authors: Sangare Mama , Tekete C. , Bagui O. K. , Ba A. , Zoueu J. T.
Published: October 2015

Rice is staple in the African habitats menu. Bacterial wilt (BLB) and leaf streak (BLS) are some of the phytopathological diseases which restrain rice production around the world. In this paper, multi-spectral and multi-modal imaging techniques have been developed to characterize the rice leaves with symptoms of bacterial wilt (BLB) and leaf streak (BLS), and to provide information on their effects, in order to reduce their spread. First, we recorded microscopic and spectroscopic images of the samples using multimodal and multispectral microscope, with spectral region ranging from UV to NIR, for each mode. Then, we extracted the spectral footprints of the cells constituents, in transmission, reflection and scattering from the spectral images. Applying multivariate statistical analysis methods to this optical spectra allowed us to characterize the effect of bacterial rice leaves caused by Xanthomonas oryzae strains. The results of the proposed technique can be useful for easy identification of this type of infection, and can serve as routine approach in biochemical and agronomic laboratories.
Rapid Urbanization and Sustainability in Saudi Arabia: The Case of Dammam Metropolitan Area
Authors: Aboukorin Antar A. , Al-shihri Feaz Saad
Published: October 2015

Rapid urbanization is a characterizing feature of urban change in Saudi Arabia, especially in its large metropolitan areas such as Riyadh, Dammam Metropolitan Area (DMA), Jeddah and Makkah. Such rapid urbanization has created many urban problems that contradict with the principles of sustainability.
The paper argues that "Urban Sustainability" is a necessary policy in the case of DMA, and tries to define the needed approaches and actions to implement such policy in the region. In doing so, the paper starts by highlighting the rapid rate of urbanization in the Saudi Arabia in general; and in DMA in particular. Then, the paper presents an analysis of the unsustainable urbanization practices and problems in DMA. The paper then presents a literature review about sustainable urbanization approaches and requirements, focusing on developing countries. Finally, the paper recommends the necessary approaches and actions to achieve the proposed "Urban Sustainability" policy in DMA.
Bescherm het slachtoffer, begin bij de verdachte
Authors: Veraart W.J.
Published: October 2015

Protect the victim, start with the accused

This article argues that the notion of ‘victim’ primarily refers to the position of the person who, in the course of a (sacred, religious, legal, etc.) procedure, is ritually sacrificed to avert the wrath of the gods or to preserve peace in the community. In early modernity the Latin victima (sacrificial animal) was also used as a reference to Jesus Christ. Christ was seen as the Lamb of God, the innocent sacrificial lamb which, after an unfair trial, was crucified and died for the sins of the world. In the eighteenth century, under influence of the Enlightenment, the victim concept has been secularized and come to refer to every casualty of bad luck, crime, or disaster. Art history, however, offers interesting examples of pictures of mythical figures such as Sisyphus and Prometheus, representing early images of secularized victimhood in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. In the present day, the concept of victimhood is often used to define the position of the injured party in criminal proceedings. In this frame, the injured victim, looking for legal recognition, is juxtaposed against the position of the accused who is characterized as the possible culprit. However, reflection on the history of the victim concept reveals that it primarily refers to the position of the wrongly or falsely accused or condemned in the course of legal (or pseudolegal) proceedings. A state governed by the rule of law (‘rechtsstaat’) can be defined as a legal form of society which does its utmost to avoid the justice system producing its own victims. In this approach, a victim-oriented criminal justice system is fully aware of the need to protect precisely those who are threatened by the power of the state and public opinion because they are in the dock.
Die Inregressnahme von Organvertretern in Bezug auf Kartellbußgelder
Authors: Kredel Nicolas , Kresken Jan
Published: October 2015

Organvertreter können für Kartellbußgelder, die aufgrund ihres Handelns gegen ihr Unternehmen verhängt werden, nicht in Regress genommen werden. Dies hat das LAG Düsseldorf am 20.1.2015 entschieden. Die so eindeutige und pauschale Wertung des LAG überrascht und ist nicht in allen Punkten überzeugend begründet. Die Entscheidung des LAG ist jedoch nicht rechtskräftig. Für die Organvertreter verbleibt somit ein Haftungsrisiko.
Grenzenlos Online?
Authors: Just Nico , Spahr Ingo Alexander , Peter Thomas
Published: October 2015

Der europäische Binnenmarkt eröffnet Verbrauchern aus den EU-Mitgliedstaaten seit vielen Jahren das Recht, Waren und Dienstleistungen in allen Mitgliedstaaten der EU zu beziehen. Vor allem der Online-Vertrieb befördert den grenzüberschreitenden Handel innerhalb der EU. Im Rahmen ihrer Strategie für einen digitalen Binnenmarkt untersucht die Europäische Kommission Hindernisse, die Unternehmen beim grenzüberschreitenden elektronischen Handel errichten. Ein solches Hindernis kann Geoblocking - eine im Internet eingesetzte Technik zur geographischen Sperrung von Internetinhalten - darstellen. Der folgende Beitrag skizziert den kartellrechtlichen Rahmen, innerhalb dessen Geoblocking zu bewerten ist und zeigt auf, unter welchen Voraussetzungen Geoblocking zulässig sein kann.
Die steigende Bedeutung des Pass-On bei Schadensersatzforderungen aus Kartellfällen
Authors: Ebinger Konstantin , Fischer Roman
Published: October 2015

Von Pass-On wird gesprochen, wenn durch ein Kartell direkt betroffene Unternehmen über ihre eigene Preissetzung einen Teil des erlittenen Schadens an die nachgelagerte Marktstufe weiterreichen können. Praktisch sollte dies in der Höhe des zuzusprechenden Schadensersatzes berücksichtigt werden. Aus Sicht der Kartellanten würde sich der zu erstattende Betrag hieraus demzufolge verringern. Gleichzeitig schafft die Berücksichtigung des Pass-On die Grundlage für indirekt betroffene Unternehmen, auf Schadensersatz zu klagen. Die wachsende Bedeutung des Pass-On in der Rechtsprechung, das dem Pass-On zugrundliegende ökonomische Grundgerüst, sowie Möglichkeiten, den Pass-On quantitativ zu schätzen werden im folgenden Beitrag besprochen.
Der RegE des VSBG aus verbraucherrechtlicher und -politischer Sicht
Authors: Tonner Klaus
Published: October 2015

In dem Beitrag wird bedauert, dass der Regierungsentwurf für ein Verbraucherstreitbeilegungsgesetz (VSBG-E) nur in wenigen Fällen über die Minimalstandards der AS-Richtlinie hinausgeht. Es werden Vorschläge für das weitere Gesetzgebungsverfahren unterbreitet, wo noch Nachbesserungsbedarf gesehen wird. Insbesondere sollten Streitmittler Volljuristen sein, und Entscheidungen der Schlichtungsstellen sollten wenigstens in Auswahl veröffentlicht werden.