bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Structure and Sequence in Teaching Number Bases To Adults
Authors: Grotelueschen Arden
Published: March 2007

Subjects were 96 adults unfamiliar with number bases and ranging in age from 23 to 53. They were randomly assigned to four differentially structured introductory material (history of measure ment, base ten, base seven, or principles of number bases) and three differentially sequenced learning task (random, partial, or complete) conditions within four intelligence and two sex cate gories. Subjects (Ss) were individually presented the base four task in paired associate form after they had received the programmed introductory material. The effect of the introductory material appeared to be greater for Ss with superior intelligence. The com pletely sequenced learning task resulted in a more rapid acquisi tion of the learning task. Reliable differences among the intelli gence categories and between sexes were also observed.
A Comparative Readability Study of Materials Used To Teach Adults To Read
Authors: Rakes Thomas A.
Published: March 2007

A comparative readability assessment of 29 most frequently used books or work units in Adult Basic Education (ABE) classes in Tennessee was made to determine whether a significant differ ence and/or significant correlation exists between selected types of readability indices. Readability indices selected for study were: (a) teacher judgment; (b) publisher's estimate; (c) Dale-Chall Readability Formula score; (d) Fry's Readability Graph estimate; and (e) Gunning's Fog Index of Readability assessment. Teacher judgment data were gathered from a random sample of 43 ABE teachers representing a cross-section of the state. Statistical analysis of coefficients of correlation, one way analysis of variance, and Duncan's New Multiple Range Test were used to test for signifi cance. For over two-thirds of the materials analyzed, no significant correlation was found for formula pairs. The greatest number of materials for which a significant correlation was indicated was between the Fry Readability Graph and the Gunning Fog Index. No significant difference was found between the mean scores for over 69 per cent of the materials as measured by the Dale-Chall Readability Formula, Fry Readability Graph, and Gunning's Fog Index. For nine materials, significant F values were obtained and a significant interaction was found between certain formula com parisons. The interaction was particularly marked for samples from Science Research Associates Laboratory Kit IIIA.
A Survey of "Felt" Versus "Real" Needs of Physical Therapists
Authors: Hiemstra Roger , Long Roger
Published: March 2007

Constantly emerging knowledge has made continual learning a necessity for health-related professionals. This research deter mined some educational needs of one professional group, physical therapists, to help plan necessary continuing education. A ques tionnaire was administered to 77 physical therapists to determine and compare felt needs (personal perceptions symptomatic of problems) and real needs (actual knowledge or skill weaknesses). A literature review prompted the hypothesis (null form) of no correlation between perceived felt needs and demonstrated real needs. Statistical testing (Pearson correlation) suggested a failure to reject the null hypothesis (.05 level). The differences existing between felt and real needs indicates the complexity of the needs assessment process and the limitations of a mailed questionnaire that only solicits perceptions of need in planning continuing edu cation programs.
Women's Education in Colonial America
Authors: Long Huey B.
Published: March 2007

The education of girls and young adult women in Colonial America appears to have received inadequate attention. Limited attention has contributed to a one-sided view of women's edu cation as being extremely impoverished when contrasted with the education of men. Such a view appears to have resulted from an overemphasis, in educational histories, on formal public schooling. This article briefly explores the contribution of other educational agencies such as the home, apprenticeship, and evening schools. The analysis contributes to the formulation of propositions sug gesting that while a sex bias apparently favored males in quality and quantity of educational opportunity, women's education in Colonial America was richer than is popularly conceived.
From Compensatory Education to Adult Education: the New York City Evening Schools, 1825-1935
Authors: Berrol Selma C.
Published: March 2007

Public evening schools in the United States have always had a triple purpose: to teach vocational skills, to compensate for lack of previous education and to Americanize the immigrant. In New York, the evening schools performed all three functions, but be cause the city was home to millions of immigrants it was especially concerned with the need to reach the foreign born. Like evening schools everywhere, the New York City system was troubled by poor attendance, unsuitable curriculum and inadequate teachers. In some respects, however, particularly through a lecture program known as the "Peoples University," it had an important influence on the adult education movement. The effort to Americanize the immigrant during and after World War I increased the importance of all evening schools and other developments in the Twenties and Thirties led them to assume a different role. By 1935 the New York evening schools were no longer merely an agency for com pensatory education; they were now a full-fledged institution for adult education.
The Relationship of Community and Sponsor System Support To Selected Aspects of Adult Education Agency Functioning
Authors: Beder Harold W.
Published: March 2007

Although support from sponsoring institutions and the community is a topic frequently discussd in the prescriptive literature of adult education, support has seldom been treated as a variable in empirical studies. This article explores the relationship between adult education directors' perceptions of community support and sponsor system support and such variables as program enrollment, size of budget, recruitment difficulty, absenteeism, agency autonomy, and the amount of paid time an adult education director devotes to adult education. The units of analysis are New Jersey public school adult education agencies.

While community support was found to correlate significantly with all variables, sponsor system support associated only with agency autonomy. The importance of support as a program variable was demonstrated. It was also found that commun ity support and sponsor system support are conceptually different variables that affect agency operation in different ways.
Learning, Literacy, and Participation: Sorting Out Priorities
Authors: Ziegahn Linda
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this qualitative study was to explore the motivations of adults with low literacy skills toward literacy and learning. Sixteen community members were interviewed in order to determine community views on literacy among adult poor readers and to identify potential low-literate study participants. Twenty-seven low-literate adults were interviewed about their learning. The resulting model of forces affecting participation in literacy education and learning illustrated the following findings: (a) the dominant community view perpetuated messages about participation in literacy programs, but did not provide low literates with the opportunity to publicly talk about their own literacy, (b) adults with low literacy skills viewed learning as separate from literacy, (c) practical application, understanding, and challenge motivated low literate adults to learn; (d) most deterrents related to participation in literacy education rather than learning; and (e) women who rarely left the home environment had difficulties in perceiving themselves as learners.
Voluntary Participation: Deconstructing the Myth
Authors: Stalker Joyce
Published: March 2007

This paper examines the assumption that adults enter into opportunities to participate in adult education activities on a voluntary basis. It explores, at both the empirical and theoretical levels, the ways in which adults view their opportunities to participate. A unique form of interpretive research called phenomenography guides this study. In-depth, semi-structured interviews seek the conceptions about participation held by 20 workers who had attained a high school diploma or less. Two basic conceptions are revealed: Opportunities to participate are either (a) other-determined or (b) self-determined. An empirical analysis of these findings suggests that the concept of voluntary participation as portrayed in the field of adult education is restricted and does not adequately address issues of power, authority and control. A theoretical analysis illustrates the conceptions' similarity to deterministic, resistant, and dialectical views of social action.
Completion and Attrition in Adult Basic Education: A Test of Two Pragmatic Prediction Models
Authors: Dirkx John M. , Jha Ladeane R.
Published: March 2007

Previous research within the comparative tradition suggests that age and academic ability of ABE participants are related to attrition. Information on these variables is easily obtained by ABE practitioners and could be used to identify those at risk of leaving the program before completing their goals. No single measure of these variables alone, however, has been able to adequately identify those at risk. This study tested, through discriminant analyses, two prediction models which used the combined ability of age and entry-level reading and math scores to differentiate between completing and noncompleting students.
Knowledge and Power in Adult Education: Beyond Freire and Habermas
Authors: Pietrykowski Bruce
Published: March 2007

The incorporation of work by Freire and Habermas into adult education theory has contributed to the development of concepts such as "communicative competence" and "transformative education." This contribution has generated a lively and spirited debate within the field of adult education. My purpose is to extend the debate to include an analysis of the role of power and knowledge in educational theory. By examining the contribution of postmodern social and cultural theories to adult education, I argue that (a) adult educators not lose sight of the connection between knowledge and power, (b) all individuals in educational settings occupy multiple subject positions through which they construct a complex and often contradictory understanding of their life world, and (c) that adult educators be attuned to the various ways in which power is deployed through their own discourse about particular discipline-specific knowledge.
Supply and Demand for Adult Literacy Instruction in the United States
Authors: Venezky Richard L. , Wagner Daniel A.
Published: March 2007

The supply-demand equations for adult literacy instruction in the United States are complicated by changing demands for basic skills in the workplace, an increase in immigrants who have limited command of English, changing federal welfare policies, and rapidly changing educational technologies. This paper reviews critical features of the supply of and demand for literacy instruction, drawing on recent state and national surveys of service providers, literacy performance levels, and adult literacy participants. Attention is given especially to the types of data that are required for modeling of supply-demand equations. The paper concludes that the supply of literacy instruction needs to be defined in terms of different layers of service providers, with adjustments for the estimated impact of technology-based service delivery. Future demand, on the other hand, should be estimated from current demand and not from perceived literacy needs in the population.
The Influence of Mothers and Fathers on the Status Self-Placement of College Youth
Authors: McBroom William H.
Published: March 2007

Despite the existence of theoretical statements to the effect that status dependents directly derive their own status from the adult male head of the household, there is little systematic research in support. Survey data from university students is made homogeneous on several dimensions and then subjected to regression analyses predicting the self-placement of these youths using status indicators of both mother and father. Among the findings are that the objective indicators are of little importance, that subjective definition of mothers is more important than that of fathers in one's self-placement, and that there are sex-specific effects. The implications of these findings are discussed.
The Application of Biofeedback Training to High Achieving and Underachieving High School Students
Authors: Batsis Thomas , Oleson Terry
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effects of biofeedback training on anxiety and academic underachievement in 80 high school students. Subjects were randomly selected, using a predetermined criteria identifying potential participants as academic 'achievers' or 'underachievers,' and assigned to treatment (n=40) or non-treatment control (n=40) groups. Treatment consisted of seven sessions of biofeedback training, spaced one week apart. Results indicated no significant differences between achievers and underachievers on pre-test measures of anxiety. The underachiever experimental group did not demonstrate a significant increase in Grade Point Average over the control group. Analysis of covariance results indicated that biofeedback training resulted in significant decreases (p<.05) in anxiety for experimental groups, particularly the academic achievers. The conclusion was that biofeedback training facilitated anxiety reduction, however there was little measurable effect on academic performance among underachievers. Biofeedback training appeared to have the most significant effect on reducing anxiety among academic achievers.
The Transition from School to Work in Crisis: Coping with Threatening Unemployment
Authors: Heinz Walter R.
Published: March 2007

As West German youth have confronted restricted opportunities for employment and training, some observers have predicted that they would become either rebellious or hopeless. A longitudinal interview study of 200 youth in Bremen, a city with a very depressed economy, reveals that they tend to accept personal responsibility for improving their prospects instead of turning against society or giving up. The subjects, students in the lowest-level secondary school (Hauptschule), remained optimistic as they sought apprenticeship places and asserted that they were obligated to obtain the highest educational levels possible and to be flexible in their career choices in order to maximize their chances of finding a training place and, ultimately, a job. Although this finding is encouraging from the perspective of maintaining social order, it is somewhat unexpected in view of the German tradition of state responsibility for maintaining low rates of unemployment. Moreover, it seems to require a form of self-deception on the young people's part. They reconstruct their biographies to convince themselves that a training place they accepted simply because it was the only one available is in a field that they always wanted to enter.
Interpersonal Problem Solving and Its Relation to Adolescent Mothering Behaviors
Authors: Panzarine Susan
Published: March 2007

The objective of this study was to deterinine whethler-means-end thinking was related to adolescent maternal initeractions. One huundred twenty-eight single, low-income, first-time adolescent mothers were administered the Means-End Problem Solvinig Scale (MEPS) during their third trimester of pregnancy. Observationts of materntal-inifant interactions durinig teaching and feeding situations were assessed at one month postpar-tum. As predicted, higher MEPS scores indicating greater problem-solving skills were significantly correlated with more optimal maternal intleractions, even when the effects of age were statistically partialled out. This relation was no longer significant, however, when adjusted for socioeconomic status and grade level. Consistent with previous work, increasing age was significantly related to more optimal maternal interactions. However, MEPS scores were not correlated with increasing maternal age. It was emphasized that further research was nieeded to clarify whether developmenital change in meansenid thinking continuies to occuir throughout adolescence.
Bereavement in Late Adolescence
Authors: Floerchinger Debra S.
Published: March 2007

One of the developmental challenges that a college student may have to face is the death of a significant other-friend, spouse, relative, child, parent, or pet. The focus of this study was to examine the potential effects of bereavement on college students based on a synthesis of previously published empirical studies and a review of literature. Coping strategies specific to college students are discussed. Because the presence of suitable interventions may decrease some of the negative consequences of griefand may facilitate the developmentalprocess, institutional and individual interventions are reviewed.
The "lurnaround" Process
Authors: Gregory Lynn W.
Published: March 2007

This article presents the findings of a research project designed to identify factors that contribute to the ability of at-risk high school students to make the transition from behavior pattems associated with academic failure to academic success. Based on open-ended interviews with 66 students, it describes, in their words, their experiences as elementary, junior high, and high school students; their reasons forfailing; and their motivations and supports for changing.
Latent-Variable Confirmatory Factor Analysis of the Adolescent Temperament Questionnaire
Authors: Scheier Lawrence M. , Casten Robin J. , Fullard William
Published: March 2007

Latent-variable confirmatory factor analysis was used to examine the dimensional structure of adolescent temperament from a sample of 436 adolescents. The ninedimensional model proposed by A. Thomas and S. Chess in 1977 was extended by including a bidimensional structure of Mood (including both positive and negative affectivity) and a dimension of Ego Control tapping resiliency and flexibility. All 11 dimensions were statistically reliable and a superiorfit was obtained with a correlated, rather than an orthogonal, model. Results indicated that the factors of Threshold, Intensity, and Distractibility may not be developmentally consistent nor conceptually homogeneous. Moreover, modelfit statistics underscored that a single nomothetic model could not adequately account for the variability underlying the temperamental styles of these adolescents. Separate primary models reflecting temperamental "systems" of Cognitive-Diligence, Sociability/Resilience, and Wgor/Mobility also were tested. Findings suggest that extension of temperament assessment from infancy and childhood to adolescence is developmentally appropriate, although further elucidation of temperamental styles consistent with adult personality is warranted.
A Multimodel School-Based Prevention Demonstration
Authors: Gottfredson Denise C. , Gottfredson Gary D. , Skroban Stacy
Published: March 2007

A school-based, multicomponent drug prevention model operating in a middle school in Charleston, South Carolina was evaluated. The project included schoolwide curricular changes, instructional changes, changes to school nonns aimed at all staff and students in the school, and changes targeting the 10% of the students in the school judged to be at highest risk for drug involvement. The evaluation results to date indicate a positive effect of the program on grade point average and a decrease in peer drug influence for high-risk program students as compared with high-risk comparison students. Although some negative effects also were observed during the 1992-1993 school year, those were likely a result of the mix of services provided that year and the influence of variables outside theframework of the program. As the services were modified, the negative effects disappeared. Morefine-grained analyses are under way.
Identity Development, Control Theory, and Self-Regulation
Authors: Berzonsky Michael D.
Published: March 2007

The Kerpelman, Pittman, and La,nke (1997) control model provides an excellent illustration of the potential contribution that research on social-cognitive processes can make to the literature on identity development. Their microprocess analysis offers a novel perspective within which research on identity formation can be conceptualized and conducted. I argue that a credible explanation of the development of autonomous self-regulated behavior needs to consider differences in the process by which identity standards are internalized and evaluated, and individual differences in how those standards are conserved and/or revised. Research on cognitive dissonance, identity style, and self-determined action is used to support this individual differences analysis.
Adolescent Risk Factors for Sexual Victimization
Authors: Zweig Janine M. , Sayer Aline , Crockett Lisa J. , Vicary Judith R.
Published: March 2007

Longitudinal data were used to examine riskfactors for sexual victimization among 237 young adult rural women. In this sample, 8% reported experiencing forced sex (i.e., physically violent experiences) and a separate 22% reported experiencing coerced sex(i.e., external psychological manipulation, substance-related coercion, or internal psychological pressure.) Women who had more educated mothers had a greater probability of reporting forced sex. In addition, mothers’ education moderated the relationship between individual riskfactors and the probability of reporting forced sex. For women with less educated mothers, higher frequency of sexual activity during adolescence was related to an increased probability of reporting forced sex. For women with more educated mothers, higher frequency of sexual activity was related to a decreased probability of reporting forced sex. Frequency of sexual activity during adolescence was also related to coerced sex, with higher frequency of sexual activity predicting a greater probability of reporting coerced sex.
Does Seasonal Reproductive State Affect the Neuroendocrine Response of the Ewe to a Long-Day Pattern of Melatonin?
Authors: Woodfill Celia J. I. , Wayne Nancy L. , Karsch Fred J.
Published: March 2007

This study examined whether or not the reproductive response of female sheep to photoperiod varies with seasonal reproductive state. The specific objective was to test the hypothesis that the reproductive response to a long-day pattern of melatonin varies with the reproductive state of the ewe. The response examined was the synchronization of reproductive neuroendocrine induction (rise in serum luteinizing hormone, or LH) following nocturnal infusion of melatonin into pinealectomized ewes for 35 consecutive nights. This infusion restored a pattern of circulating melatonin similar to that in pineal-intact ewes maintained in a long photoperiod (LD 16:8). The ewes had been pinealectomized and without melatonin replacement for 16-25 months prior to the study. They were in differing reproductive states at the start of the infusion, as their endogenous reproductive rhythm had become desynchronized among individuals and with respect to time of year. Noninfused pinealectomized ewes served as controls. Regardless of the reproductive state at the start of the 35-day infusion of the long-day pattern of melatonin, all treated ewes exhibited the same reproductive neuroendocrine response after the infusion was ended. This consisted of a synchronized rise in LH some 6-8 weeks after the infusion was terminated, the maintenance of a high level of serum LH for some 15 weeks, and a subsequent precipitous fall in LH to a very low level. These results provide evidence that a long-day pattern of melatonin can synchronize reproductive neuroendocrine induction in the ewe, regardless of reproductive condition, and thus do not support the hypothesis that this response differs with seasonal reproductive state.
The Pineal Gland Influences Rat Circadian Activity Rhythms in Constant Light
Authors: Cassone Vincent M.
Published: March 2007

Mammalian circadian organization is believed to derive primarily from circadian oscillators within the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). The SCN drives circadian rhythms of a wide array of functions (e.g., locomotion, body temperature, and several endocrine processes, including the circadian secretion of the pineal hormone melatonin). In contrast to the situation in several species of reptiles and birds, there is an extensive literature reporting little or no effect of pinealectomy on mammalian circadian rhythms. However, recent research has indicated that the SCN and circadian systems of several mammalian species are highly sensitive to exogenous melatonin, raising the possibility that endogenous pineal hormone may provide feedback in the control of overt circadian rhythms. To determine the role of the pineal gland in rat circadian rhythms, the effects of pinealectomy on locomotor rhythms in constant light (LL) and constant darkness (DD) were studied. The results indicated that the circadian rhythms of pinealectomzied rats but not sham-operated controls dissociated into multiple ultradian components in LL and recoupled into circadian patterns only after 12-21 days in DD. The data suggest that pineal feedback may modulate sensitivity to light and/or provide coupling among multiple circadian oscillators within the SCN.
Photoperiod Modulates Pubertal Shifts in Behavioral Responsiveness to Testosterone
Authors: Sisk Cheryl L. , Berglund Lee Ann , Yu Ping Tang  , Venier Jane E.
Published: March 2007

This study examined the effect of photoperiod on pubertal maturation of steroid-dependent reproductive behaviors in male European ferrets (Mustela putoriusfuro). In the first experiment, levels of neck gripping, mounting, and pelvic thrusting in gonadally intact prepubertal (PRE) ferrets were compared with those of adults that had undergone puberty either while housed in short days (8 hr light/16 hr darkness per day; SD), or after transfer from SD to long days (18 hr light/6 hr darkness per day; LD) at 12 weeks of age. Both LD and SD adults demonstrated significantly greater amounts of neck gripping and mounting than PRE males. In addition, a significantly greater proportion of adults in both SD and LD displayed at least one incidence of the three behaviors compared to PRE ferrets. There were no statistically significant differences in behavior of the gonadally intact LD and SD adults. In the second experiment, dose-response curves for behavioral responses to subcutaneous injections of 0, 0.5, 1.25, 2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg testosterone propionate (TP) in oil were generated in castrated PRE, SD, and LD males. The lowest dose of TP elicited significantly greater amounts of all three behaviors in LD adults than in PRE ferrets. In addition, levels of mounting and thrusting elicited by the lowest dose of TP were significantly greater in LD adults than in SD adults. These data indicate that pubertal activation of male sexual behavior in male ferrets is accompanied by a pubertal increase in responsiveness to the behavioral effects of testosterone. Furthermore, the degree of behavioral responsiveness of adult ferrets to testosterone is modulated by environmental photoperiod experienced during reproductive maturation.
Circannual Rhythms in Starlings: Response of Castrated Birds to 12-Hr Days Depends on Photoperiodic History
Authors: Dawson A. , McNaughton F.J.
Published: March 2007

The annual cycle of reproductive function in starlings (Sturnus vulgaris) is driven by seasonal changes in daylength and consists of a 6-month period of photosensitivity, culminating in maximal gonadal development, followed by a 6-month period of photorefractoriness. If male starlings are held under a constant photoperiod of 12 hr of light per day (LD 12:12), some individuals show circannual rhythms of testicular size. Do these rhythms consist of alternating periods of photosensitivity and photorefractoriness, and does the response depend on whether daylength is increased or decreased to 12 hr?
Positive Discrimination, Spatial Targeting, and Urban Policy
Authors: Ottensmann John R.
Published: March 2007

Many programs dealing with urban distress direct resources into limited inner-city areas. The United States and Great Britain have both pursued such policies of spatial targeting or positive discrimination. Major problems of targeting include inequities, unanticipated secondary impacts, and the inappropriate scale of targeted efforts. Arguments for targeting include the presence of positive spatial externalities, increased program efficiency resulting from concentration, and the possibility that targeting may better meet the most severe needs. The contrasting experiences of the two countries aids in the formulation of policies that may involve spatial targeting.
Housing Obsolescenace and Depreciation
Authors: Baer William C.
Published: March 2007

Just as people are growing older in the United States, so is its housing stock. How housing ages and what the appropriate points of intervention are during this aging cycle are important considerations for local planners. The field is as yet underdeveloped. The literature that planners must turn to for guidance comes laigely from economics, geography, real estate appraisal, and planning. It is a disparate field, presented here from the perspective of planners. Topics include similarities in demography and housing analysis; estimates of housing longevity and depreciation paths and the widely varying conclusions about them; behavior of owners and investors and the difficulties they face in making rational estimates of market trends; and, finally, national policies about the importance of caring for an aging housing stock and the prevention of "premature obsolescence."
His Unemployment and Her Reaction: The Effect of Husbands' Unemployment on Wives
Authors: Jones Loring
Published: March 2007

This article reviews the literature on wives' reactions to their husbands' unemployment to identify effects that would be of interest to researchers or clinicians and to contribute to the knowledge base on economic functioning and family dynamics. The first part identifies the research evidence, and the second part discusses the implications of the findings.
Feminist Social Work Education in Mainstream and Nonmainstream Classrooms
Authors: Pennell Joan , Flaherty Maureen , Gravel Naomi , Milliken Eveline , Neuman Mallory
Published: March 2007

Women's courses continue to face questions about their contribution to the social work curriculum and their relevance for mainstream and nonmainstream students. The study described in this article compared the effects of feminist social work education in three classes of predominately white students with those in one class of native Canadian and immigrant students. In all the classes, the students' feminist identification increased, practice approaches changed, and self-esteem was enhanced. The effects in the nonmainstream class equaled or surpassed those in the mainstream classes. The authors specify the process by which the students incorporated a gender awareness into their personal lives and professional stance.
Factors Contributing to the Success and Achievement of Minority Women
Authors: Aguilar Marian A. , Williams Lorece P.
Published: March 2007

Although a number of studies have examined variables that lead to women's achievement and success, the literature on minority women and success is sparse. The descriptive, exploratory study described in this article examined the factors that Hispanic and African American women identified as contributing to their achievement and success.
America's Disability Policy: Another Double Standard?
Authors: Quinn Peggy
Published: March 2007

Women with disabilities face a dilemma: Disability policy does not take gender into account, and society views gender as doubling women's dependence. Social workers should be prepared to assist women with disabilities to obtain services and benefits and to ensure that they are included in the movement for equal value and equal acceptance. This article reviews some economic and social effects of disability policy and includes a list of questions that social workers can ask to help them determine which services will be most helpful to their female clients with disabilities.
Gender and Congressional Voting: A Legislative Analysis
Authors: Segal Elizabeth A. , Brzuzy Stephanie
Published: March 2007

This analysis of six separate votes on family leave legislation spanning three congresses and 15 key votes in the first session of the 103rd Congress found that gender plays a role in voting patterns. The social policy implications of these differences are discussed in this article.
Social Work With Homeless Women in Emergency Rooms: A Strengths-Feminist Perspective
Authors: Boes Mary , van Wormer Katherine
Published: March 2007

This article presents a combined strengths-feminist framework for work with homeless women. The framework focuses on the survival skills of homeless women (many of whom are mothers and victims of wife abuse)-resources that emergency room social workers and others who work with homeless women can tap. It contrasts sharply with much of the social work literature on homelessness that focuses on the pathology of persons who are homeless, particularly their mental illness, alcoholism, and drug abuse.
Are Respondents Who Omit Conflict Tactics Scale Items More Violent Than Those Who Omit None?
Authors: McCARROLL JAMES E. , THAYER LAURIE E. , URSANO ROBERT J. , NEWBY JOHN H. , NORWOOD ANN E. , FULLERTON CAROL S.
Published: March 2007

In a study of 31,801 active-duty Army military men and women, the authors encountered protocols in which moderate or severe Conflict Tactics Scale (CTS) items had been omitted. Dropping respondents who omit items could introduce biases into the data. We investigated the hypothesis that those respondents who omitted an item differed in aggression from those who omitted none and hence should not be dropped from the analysis without further consideration. We tested this by means of three comparisons of those who omitted one item and those who omitted none: classification of respondents into no aggression, moderate aggression, and severe aggression; differences between mean CTS scores; and comparison of one-time aggressors with those who reported more than one incident in a year. All three methods indicated that the group that omitted one item was more aggressive than the group that omitted none.
Interpersonal Problems and Their Relationship to Sexual Revictimization Among Women Sexually Abused in Childhood
Authors: CLASSEN CATHERINE , FIELD NIGEL P. , KOOPMAN CHERYL , NEVILL-MANNING KIRSTEN , SPIEGEL DAVID
Published: March 2007

This study examined the relationship between sexual revictimization and interpersonal problems in a sample of adult survivors of childhood sexual abuse diagnosed with post-traumatic stress disorder. Fifty-two treatment-seeking women participated in this study. Research participants completed the Sexual Experiences Survey to assess sexual revictimization within the past 6 months and completed the Inventory of Interpersonal Problems (IIP). Revictimized participants reported overall greater interpersonal problems compared with nonrevictimized participants. Post hoc analyses showed significantly higher interpersonal problem scores for revictimized participants on the Hard to Be Assertive and Too Responsible subscales. On the circumplex IIP, revictimized participants were more socially avoidant, nonassertive, and overly nurturant.
Near-Death Experience
Authors: FRITZON KATARINA , RIDGWAY JULIE
Published: March 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of victim resistance in attempted homicide. The study examined 93 cases of attempted homicide. Chi-square analysis revealed that certain behaviors, such as multiple acts of violence and methods of control, are more likely to occur if the victim resists. A multivariate analysis of crime-scene actions was carried out using Smallest Space Analysis. The plot showed three clusters of variables that reflected the offender's perception of the victim as an object, vehicle, or significant person. In the first of these roles, the offender was likely to escalate the level of violence; in the vehicle role, however, the offender employed physical controls and used single acts of violence. Finally, if the victim was personally significant to the offender, the latter was more likely to use verbal control strategies and knowledge of the victim. The implications of victim resistance in light of these role functions are discussed.
Attitudinal, Experiential, and Situational Predictors of Sexual Assault Perpetration
Authors: ABBEY ANTONIA , McAUSLAN PAM , ZAWACKI TINA , CLINTON A. MONIQUE , BUCK PHILIP O.
Published: March 2007

Past research demonstrates that sexual assault perpetration is caused by multiple factors including attitudes, early experiences, and situational factors. In this study, 343 college men described either a sexual assault they had committed or their worst date. Discriminant function analysis indicated that attitudes about gender roles and alcohol, number of consensual sex partners, how well the man knew the woman, how isolated the setting was, alcohol consumption during the event, the man's misperception of the woman's cues during the event, and prior consensual sexual activity between the man and the woman discriminated between sexual assaults and worst dates. Additionally, tactics used to obtain sex, self attributions, the perceived seriousness of the assault, and the extent to which it disrupted relationships with others significantly discriminated between men who committed forced sexual contact, sexual coercion, and rape. These results demonstrate the importance of considering both individual characteristics and situational factors in theories and prevention activities.
Against All Odds
Authors: HAGGÅRD ULRIKA A , GUMPERT CLARA H. , GRANN MARTIN
Published: March 2007

Despite extensive humanitarian and societal economic costs due to criminality, few studies have been published on desistance from crime. The purpose of this study was to describe the desistance and identify possible protective factors among high-risk violent and chronic offenders who had not recidivated. From a cohort of 401 violent criminal offenders, only 6 participants were found to meet the authors' criteria for high risk and to exhibit unexpected positive outcomes; 4 of these consented to participate in the study. They were assessed with semistructured interviews. Common themes important to desistance from crime were identified. An experience of shock may in some cases have triggered the desistance process. Circumstances that seemed crucial were social isolation, orientation toward family, and physical disabilities. The participants' present lives were extremely influenced by avoiding risk situations. The results may contribute to the understanding of the desistance process and to developing after-care and risk management strategies.
A Typology of Mentally Disordered Firesetters
Authors: HARRIS GRANT T. , RICE MARNIE E.
Published: March 2007

Cluster analytic techniques were used to develop a typology of mentally disordered male firesetters and the fires they set. Childhood variables, adult correctional and psychiatric variables, and characteristics of their index fires were used to assign the 243 men to one of four subtypes: psychotics, underassertives, multi-firesetters, and criminals. The subtypes differed on many clinical characteristics and in their likelihood of firesetting, violent, and nonviolent recidivism. Implications for risk prediction and treatment are discussed.
Individual Rather Than Situational Characteristics Predict Violence in a Maximum Security Hospital
Authors: RASMUSSEN KIRSTEN , LEVANDER STEN
Published: March 2007

Assaults on staff in a maximum security psychiatric hospital were analyzed over a 6.5-year period. During that time, 94 patients were admitted to the unit. Fifty-two (55%) of the patients engaged in assaultive behavior, generating 1,945 incident reports. A small number of patients was responsible for a large share of the incidents. Serious incidents were rare. Incidents were evenly distributed throughout the day, week, and year. Patients who attacked less often caused more serious harm, showed a decrease in assaults over time, and the preceding events suggested that the violence was functional. For assaultive patients, it was difficult to identify a preceding event, the preceding events that were identified seemed more unreasonable, and the frequency of assault was constant over time. Assaultive patients were more often women, had more positive and borderline symptoms, were younger, and scored lower on psychopathy and depressive symptoms.
Proximal Antecedents of Eloping and Reoffending Among Supervised Mentally Disordered Offenders
Authors: QUINSEY VERNON L. , COLEMAN GARTH , JONES BRIAN , ALTROWS IRWIN F.
Published: March 2007

Sixty mentally disordered male offenders who had eloped from hospital or reoffended while under supervision were compared with 51 male offenders who had done neither. Subjects were matched on diagnosis, age, and level of supervision. In addition to an actuarially based estimate of risk of violent reoffending and other static measures, proximal dynamic variables were coded from clinical file information. Seven dynamic variables differentiated elopers/reoffenders from other patients after controlling for actuarial risk level and also differentiated the period preceding eloping or reoffending from an earlier period. These robust predictors fell into two groups: those involving noncompliance with supervision and antisocial attitudes and those pertaining to emotional dysphoria and psychiatric symptoms. Violent reoffenders were best differentiated from their controls by a proximal factor labeled Dynamic Antisociality. Violent reoffenders were more likely to be personality disordered, and elopers were more likely to be psychotic.
Second Assault of Male Survivors of Sexual Violence
Authors: WASHINGTON PATRICIA A.
Published: March 2007

Contemporary researchers treat sexual violence as a two-phase phenomenon: first, the actual violation, then, the second assault experience in which social institutions revictimize the survivor. Research on the second assault phenomenon has focused primarily on women with little attention to male survivors. Failure to incorporate experiences of male survivors in analyses of the second assault phenomenon denies the legitimacy of their experiences and reinforces harmful gender role socialization. Six case studies contribute to the current knowledge base regarding the experiences of male survivors of sexual violence. Particular emphasis is placed on difficulties males encounter when they report to or seek help from various social institutions.
Violent Victimization of Youth Versus Adults in the National Crime Victimization Survey
Authors: HASHIMA PATRICIA Y. , FINKELHOR DAVID
Published: March 2007

To understand the characteristics of juvenile victimization, explicit comparisons between the victimization of juveniles and adults need to be made. In this article, rates of violent victimizations of youth aged 12 to 17 years and adults were compared, using the National Crime Victimization Survey (NCVS), an annual survey of 50,000 American households administered by the U.S. Bureau of the Census on behalf of the U.S. Department of Justice. Analyses with 1994 data revealed that juveniles were substantially more likely than adults to be victims of violent crimes and suffer from a crime-related injury. Large disparities between juveniles and adults were present for males and females, Whites and Blacks, and persons from different types of localities. Moreover, juvenile victims were more likely than adult victims to know their offenders. Some characteristics of the NCVS may result in an underestimation of the disproportionate youth victimizations.
Training Mental Health Professionals on Violence Against Women
Authors: CAMPBELL REBECCA , RAJA SHEELA , GRINING PATRICIA L.
Published: March 2007

This research assesses what forms of training mental health professionals have received on four forms of violence against women (sexual assault, domestic violence, sexual harassment, and childhood sexual abuse [CSA]/incest). A systematic probability sample of N = 415 licensed illinois mental health professionals (licensed professional counselors, licensed social workers, licensed clinical social workers, and licensed clinical/counseling psychologists) indicates that 56% have received training on sexual assault, 59% on domestic violence, 36% on sexual harassment, and 78% on CSA/incest. Training on sexual assault, domestic violence, and CSA/incest usually takes place in continuing education courses and provides instruction on therapy techniques and referral sources for victims. Training on sexual harassment usually focuses on workplace policies, not on the clinical issues of treating clients who have been victims of sexual harassment. The participants' recommendations for future training are summarized, and implications for practice are discussed.
Exposure to Violence and Behavior Problems During Early Childhood
Authors: EIDEN RINA DAS
Published: March 2007

The purpose of this study was to use an ecological framework to examine the potential predictors of behavior problems among children of cocaine-using mothers. Four potential predictors of child behavior problems were examined in this study: maternal substance use, maternal psychosocial functioning, maternal and child experiences with violence, and instability or inadequacy of caregiving. Maternal and child exposure to violence were considered distal ecological variables, whereas substance use and caregiving were considered to be more proximal variables. The study investigated whether the violent experiences contributed significantly to child behavior problems even after controlling for the more proximal variables. The participants were 61 African American or Hispanic mothers (26 cocaine using and 35 control) living below the poverty limit with children between the ages of 2 to 5 years. The results are discussed in terms of implications of interventions with children of cocaine-using mothers who are at high risk for behavior problems.
Executive compensation for Growth Companies
Authors: Meltzer Mark , Goldsmith Howard
Published: March 2007

It's particularly imperative for companies experiencing high growth to design compensation programs that will attract, retain, and motivate the high quality leadership they will need to realize their business goals. The best programs, according to the authors, keep compensation at risk and adapt flexibly to changing market conditions. High growth companies tend to face similar problems in planning executive compensation programs, including conflicting demands for cash, a short-term perspective, control and family issues, conflicting CEO responsibilities, equity for senior managers, and salary compression in officers' salaries.

The authors set forth five steps for designing an executive compensation program that will meet these challenges: (1) Define the strategic context for the executive compensation program; (2) shape each component and bring them all into a balanced whole; (3) create a stock option plan; (4) ensure tax-effectiveness and legal and regulatory compliance; and (5) install a review process.
Relating Competencies to Pay: The UK Experience
Authors: Armstrong Michael , Brown Duncan
Published: March 2007

Although paying for competence is not a simple option, many companies are turning to this solution in order to meet their needs for a highly skilled, competent, and professional workforce. Companies in the UK have developed an interesting range of tailored and hybrid approaches to linking competencies and pay. Their approaches combine considerations of the job and the person, job evaluation and individual pay adjustment, and results and competence, with rewarding results.