bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Halogen Bonds Formed between Substituted Imidazoliums and N Bases of Varying N-Hybridization
Authors: Scheiner Steve
Published: September 2017

Heterodimers are constructed containing imidazolium and its halogen-substituted derivatives as Lewis acid. N in its sp3, sp2 and sp hybridizations is taken as the electron-donating base. The halogen bond is strengthened in the Cl < Br < I order, with the H-bond generally similar in magnitude to the Br-bond. Methyl substitution on the N electron donor enhances the binding energy. Very little perturbation arises if the imidazolium is attached to a phenyl ring. The energetics are not sensitive to the hybridization of the N atom. More regular patterns appear in the individual phenomena. Charge transfer diminishes uniformly on going from amine to imine to nitrile, a pattern that is echoed by the elongation of the C-Z (Z=H, Cl, Br, I) bond in the Lewis acid. These trends are also evident in the Atoms in Molecules topography of the electron density. Molecular electrostatic potentials are not entirely consistent with energetics. Although I of the Lewis acid engages in a stronger bond than does H, it is the potential of the latter which is much more positive. The minimum on the potential of the base is most negative for the nitrile even though acetonitrile does not form the strongest bonds. Placing the systems in dichloromethane solvent reduces the binding energies but leaves intact most of the trends observed in vacuo; the same can be said of ∆G in solution.
A New Series of Cytotoxic Pyrazoline Derivatives as Potential Anticancer Agents that Induce Cell Cycle Arrest and Apoptosis
Authors: Wang Hong , Zheng Jinhong , Xu Weijie , Chen Cheng , Wei Duncan , Ni Wenxiu , Pan Ying
Published: September 2017

A new series of pyrazoline derivatives 1b–12b was designed, synthesized and evaluated for antiproliferative activity against three cancer cell lines (HepG-2, Hela and A549). Additionally, NIH/3T3 cell cytotoxicity were tested and the structure activity relationships (SARs) were also determined. Among these new derivatives, the compounds 3-(4-fluorophenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxythiophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (1b) and 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3,4,5-trimethoxythiphenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (2b) showed the best activity against HepG-2 cells, with IC50 values of 6.78 μM and 16.02 μM, respectively. They also displayed potent activity against Hela cells; meanwhile, 3-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxythiophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (5b) and 3-(4-bromo-phenyl)-5-(3-bromo-4-hydroxy-5-methoxythiophenyl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazole-1-carbothioamide (6b) were also identified as promising anticancer agents against A549 cells owing to their notable inhibitory effect, compared with cisplatin (IC50 = 29.48 μM). Furthermore, it was also found that compounds 1b and 2b had low cytotoxicity against NIH/3T3 cells and further mechanistic studies revealed that 1b arrested HepG-2 cells cycle at the G2/M phase at high concentrations and induced apoptosis in HepG-2 cells. Moreover, 1b upregulated protein expression level of cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP, Bax and p53 and downregulated protein expression level of Bcl-2 in dose-dependent way in HepG-2 cells. Thus, this study indicates that compound 1b might be a promising antitumor drug candidate.
Antibacterial Synthetic Peptides Derived from Bovine Lactoferricin Exhibit Cytotoxic Effect against MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 Breast Cancer Cell Lines
Authors: Vargas Casanova Yerly , Rodríguez Guerra Jorge , Umaña Pérez Yadi , Leal Castro Aura , Almanzar Reina Giovanni , García Castañeda Javier , Rivera Monroy Zuly
Published: September 2017

Linear, dimeric, tetrameric, and cyclic peptides derived from lactoferricin B, containing the RRWQWR motif, were designed, synthesized, purified, and characterized using RP-HPLC chromatography and MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry. The antibacterial activity of the designed peptides against E. coli (ATCC 11775 and 25922) and their cytotoxic effect against MDA-MB-468 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cell lines were evaluated. Dimeric and tetrameric peptides showed higher antibacterial activity in both bacteria strains than linear peptides. The dimeric peptide (RRWQWR)2K-Ahx exhibited the highest antibacterial activity against the tested bacterial strains. Furthermore, the peptides with high antibacterial activity exhibited significant cytotoxic effect against the tested breast cancer cell lines. This cytotoxic effect was fast and dependent on the peptide concentration. The tetrameric molecule containing RRWQWR motif has an optimal cytotoxic effect at a concentration of 22 µM. The evaluated dimeric and tetrameric peptides could be considered as candidates for developing new therapeutic agents against breast cancer. Polyvalence of linear sequences could be considered as a novel and versatile strategy for obtaining molecules with high anticancer activity.
An Integrated Method for Simulation of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) Raw Data in Moving Target Detection
Authors: Rahmanizadeh Arash , Amini Jalal
Published: September 2017

SAR (Synthetic Aperture Radar) raw data simulation has a significant role in the evaluation of newly-proposed methods for the estimation of moving target parameters. The evaluation of methods in different cases emphasizes the importance of the need to have fast simulators. Using reverse SAR imaging methods for the raw data simulations has achieved good results in the simulation of the static targets, but for the simulation of moving targets these methods have a few shortcomings. In this paper, we propose a method to simulate a speckled scene with moving targets in the hybrid domain. First, the scene is simulated, including speckle, which is statistically in accordance with real SAR image behavior. Then, a reverse imaging algorithm (inverse chirp scaling) was applied on the scene to generate the SAR raw data. The moving target simulation was also done in the time-domain as the next step. Finally, the results from two prior steps were superposed to generate the SAR raw data with moving targets. All steps of the proposed method were evaluated separately. The speckle procedure was evaluated by comparing the speckled SAR image before the simulation and the image of the SAR simulated raw data. The results show similar variations in real and imaginary parts of these data. The correlation between the reflectivity map and the SAR images after the simulation was calculated and the obtained correlation coefficient was about 0.95 for different images. The final data were further analyzed for the displacement of moving targets’ positions. The results show similar displacement between moving target SAR raw data with a background and without a background.
A Light-Up Probe for Detection of Adenosine in Urine Samples by a Combination of an AIE Molecule and an Aptamer
Authors: Hu Yingying , Liu Jingjing , You Xiangyu , Wang Can , Li Zhen , Xie Weihong
Published: September 2017

A light-up fluorescent probe for the detection of adenosine was constructed with an AIE (aggregation-induced emission) molecule and a DNA aptamer. The AIE molecule was used as a signal generator, and the DNA aptamer was used as a recognition element for adenosine. The emission of the AIE molecule was due to its intramolecular rotation restriction induced by the aptamer upon binding of adenosine. The optimal component ratio of the probe was AIE molecule / DNA aptamer = 100 (μM/μM). The calibration curve of adenosine detection showed a linear range of 10 pM to 0.5 μM with an R2 of 0.996, and the detection limit of the probe was 10 pM. The probe exhibited a good selectivity to adenosine against its analogs (uridine, guanosine, and cytidine). The probe was used to detect adenosine in urine samples, a recovery from 86.8% to 90.0% for the spiked concentrations of adenosine (0.01, 0.05, 0.1 μM). The relative standard deviation from 1.2% to 2.0% was obtained. The intra-day and inter-day tests also showed good precisions, with measurement RSD values of 2.3% and 2.1%, respectively.
Intramolecular glycosylation
Authors: Jia Xiao G , Demchenko Alexei V
Published: September 2017

Carbohydrate oligomers remain challenging targets for chemists due to the requirement for elaborate protecting and leaving group manipulations, functionalization, tedious purification, and sophisticated characterization. Achieving high stereocontrol in glycosylation reactions is arguably the major hurdle that chemists experience. This review article overviews methods for intramolecular glycosylation reactions wherein the facial stereoselectivity is achieved by tethering of the glycosyl donor and acceptor counterparts.
The Speeds and Accelerations of the Galaxies Movements According to
Redshift Measurements
Authors: Skeivalas Jonas , Parseliunas Eimuntas
Published: September 2017

The theoretical presumptions and some experimental calculations to analyse the speeds of the galaxies
movements according to redshift measurements applying the Doppler effect are presented. The speed of the galaxy
movement is treated as multidimensional continuous value, when values of the speed vector are calculated according
to measurements of the redshift parameter z at corresponding moments of the universe lookback time. The most reliable
values of the galaxy speeds vector are calculated applying the least square method to the vector of z measurements
and including the additional parameters to eliminate the possible systematic errors. The acceleration of the galaxy
movement is calculated as a speed fluxion according to period of the adopted redshift signal frequency and as a speed
change during the lookback time interval. The expressions of functions of the galaxies speeds and accelerations are
received by the polynomial approximation, when values of the polynomial parameters are calculated by the least
square method.
Reverberation Mapping of PG 0934+013 with the Southern African Large Telescope
Authors: Park Songyoun , Woo Jong-Hak , Romero-Colmenero Encarni , Crawford Steven M. , Park Dawoo , Cho Hojin , Jeon Yiseul , Choi Changsu , Barth Aaron J. , Pei Liuyi , Hickox Ryan C. , Sung Hyun-Il , Im Myungshin
Published: September 2017

We present the variability and time-lag measurements of PG 0934+013 based on a photometric and spectroscopic monitoring campaign over a two year period. We obtained 46 epochs of data from the spectroscopic campaign, which was carried out using the Southern African Large Telescope with ∼1 week cadence over two sets of four month-long observing period, while we obtained 80 epochs of B-band imaging data using a few 1 m class telescopes. Due to the seven month gap between the two observing periods, we separately measured the time lags of broad emission lines, including Hβ, by comparing the emission line light curve with the B-band continuum light curve using the cross-correlation function techniques. We determined the Hβ lag,

days in the observed frame based on Year 2 data, while the time lag from Year 1 data was not reliably determined. Using the rms spectrum of Year 2 data, we measured the Hβ line dispersion

 = 668 ± 44 km s−1 after correcting for the spectral resolution. Adopting a virial factor f = 4.47 from Woo et al. (2015), we determined the black hole mass M
BH

M
⊙, based on the Hβ time lag and velocity.
A Semi-analytical Model for Wind-fed Black Hole High-mass X-Ray Binaries: State Transition Triggered by Magnetic Fields from the Companion Star
Authors: Yaji Kentaro , Yamada Shinya , Masai Kuniaki
Published: September 2017

We propose a mechanism of state transition in wind-fed black hole (BH) binaries (high-mass X-ray binaries) such as Cyg X-1 and LMC X-1. Modeling a line-driven stellar wind from the companion by two-dimensional hydrodynamical calculations, we investigate the processes of wind capture by, and accretion onto, the BH. We assume that the wind acceleration is terminated at the He ii ionization front because ions responsible for line-driven acceleration are ionized within the front, i.e., the He iii region. It is found that the mass accretion rate inferred from the luminosity is remarkably smaller than the capture rate. Considering the difference, we construct a model for the state transition based on the accretion flow being controlled by magnetorotational instability. The outer flow is torus-like, and plays an important role to trigger the transition. The model can explain why state transition does occur in Cyg X-1, while not in LMC X-1. Cyg X-1 exhibits a relatively low luminosity, and then the He ii ionization front is located and can move between the companion and BH, depending on its ionizing photon flux. On the other hand, LMC X-1 exhibits too high luminosity for the front to move considerably; the front is too close to the companion atmosphere. The model also predicts that each state of high-soft or low-hard would last fairly long because the luminosity depends weakly on the wind velocity. In the context of the model, the state transition is triggered by a fluctuation of the magnetic field when its amplitude becomes comparable to the field strength in the torus-like outer flow.
La création d’entreprise chez les étudiants : un projet aux motivations multiples ?
Authors: Bonnard Claire , Giret Jean-François
Published: September 2017

Dans un contexte où les jeunes s’interrogent de plus en plus sur leur insertion professionnelle, cet article se propose d’identifier les motivations d’un projet de création d’entreprise chez les étudiants. Il s’agit plus précisément de s’interroger sur la manière dont émerge ce projet par rapport aux différentes représentations qu’ils ont de leurs études et de leur avenir professionnel. Pour y répondre, nous utilisons une enquête réalisée auprès de 2 125 étudiants d’une université française n’ayant pas forcément suivi de programme de formation à l’entrepreneuriat. Après avoir identifié les principales caractéristiques des étudiants enclins à l’entrepreneuriat, nous dressons une typologie de leurs rapports aux études et au marché du travail pour essayer de mieux appréhender les principaux facteurs qui les conduisent à souhaiter créer leur entreprise.
Chronique d’un défèrement
Authors: Teillet Guillaume
Published: September 2017

La chronique de la présentation de Pierre devant une juge des enfants permet de saisir « par le bas » la manière dont la justice pénale façonne le parcours d’un jeune de 15 ans. La description ethnographique qui est en faite permet de déplier les différentes dimensions en jeu dans ce « défèrement ». Les transactions entre services judiciaires pour trouver dans l’urgence une place en centre éducatif fermé, et les démarches auprès d’une mère fatiguée par les multiples sollicitations institutionnelles précèdent la rencontre avec Pierre dans les geôles du tribunal. Ce dernier y fait l’objet d’un travail visant son acceptation d’un jeu judiciaire dont l’efficacité reste conditionnée à des éléments de sa trajectoire.
« L’Intranquille », ou le Fou-Garou
Authors: Maruani Guy
Published: September 2017

La lecture de « L’Intranquille », document autobiographique du peintre Gérard Garouste, est riche d’enseignement sur sa psychopathologie et sur la dynamique de ses troubles maniaco-dépressifs. En revanche, elle ne nous dit rien sur le processus créatif de l’artiste, ni sur ses choix de technique représentative.
Ernst Simmel, Paul Federn, Sigmund Freud et les masses révolutionnaires
Authors: Tréhel Gilles
Published: September 2017

À l’issue du premier conflit mondial les pays austro-allemands subissent une lourde défaite. À la guerre succède la révolution impliquant ses mouvements de masse. Pour proposer une compréhension des phénomènes en jeu, Ernst Simmel rédige «  Psychanalyse des masses  », Paul Federn «  Vers la psychologie de la Révolution : la société sans père  », enfin Freud «  Psychologie des masses et analyse du moi  ». Les travaux écrits par ces médecins psychanalystes sont publiés entre 1919 et 1921. Après avoir présenté le contexte révolutionnaire et le contenu de ces publications, nous développerons les points de jonction entre les conceptions de leurs auteurs.
Analysis of Active Learning Suitability of Subjects in Information and Electronics
Authors: Kubota Yoshikatsu , Takahashi Akiko , Hayakawa Yoshihiro , Kashiwaba Yasuhiro , Yajima Kuniaki
Published: September 2017

“Active Learning (AL),” the teaching method which puts emphasis on students’ active participation in class and their abilities to discover problems and solve them, has been coming under the spotlight worldwide. NIT, Sendai College, Hirose Campus is promoting AL in the field of information and electronics. Especially, we are practicing “A3 Learning System” specializing in utilizing computers. We have aggressively introduced AL in class and seen the good effects of them. However, some problems are emerging in a certain type of subjects, which may mean that there are subjects unsuitable for AL. In this paper we report large-scale analysis of introduction of AL in information and electronics field and suggest that successful introduction of AL in class depends on the type of subjects.
Assessing Improvement and Professional Career Skills in Senior Capstone Design through Course Data
Authors: Stwalley III Robert Merton
Published: September 2017

An objective internal departmental review of course data indicates that a one credit hour fall seminar course which allows many preparatory topics to be engaged by the senior capstone teams makes the spring laboratory portion of the course run more smoothly. Professional topics such as team building, oral and written communication skills, and organizational interaction have been suggested by industrial partners and are now integrated into the course sequence before the students perform their physical work, reducing issues during the lab component. Course adjustments are on-going, and in the spirit of continuous improvement, those adjustments are periodically evaluated for effectiveness. It has been statistically demonstrated that the addition of an internally reviewed feasibility pitch early in the fall semester has resulted in better external reviews for both the fall management and spring technical design presentations. Likewise, providing the chance for the teams to see a video tape of their final presentation, before it is reviewed by various outside parties, has resulted in significantly better final presentations. In general, the formation of all engineering and mixed teams has been found to produce better end projects than those created by all technology-based student teams. These elements and other demonstrated positive changes to the Xxxxxx Agricultural & Biological Engineering capstone sequence can be described as cultivating professional attributes, and the experience is reviewed in this paper.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC/BATTERY ENERGY STORAGE HYBRID SYSTEM: AN HOURLY ESTIMATION BASED APPROACH AND A REAL LIFE CASE STUDY
Authors: Üçtuğ Fehmi Görkem , Baltalı Vedat Can
Published: September 2017

This study has been undertaken to develop a consumer-oriented feasibility method for a hybrid photovoltaic (PV)-battery energy storage (BES) system by analyzing a real life house in Istanbul, Turkey, as a case study. The hourly electricity demand of the house was estimated by carrying out a detailed survey of the life style and daily habits of the household. No algorithm of any kind was used for the estimation of the energy demand with the exception of relating the lighting requirement to the daylight hours and the heating and cooling requirements to the seasonal weather changes. The developed method estimates the annual demand with an overall error of 8.68%. The net grid dependency and the feasibility of the PV-BES system was calculated for different combinations of PV and BES system sizes. It was found that when the maximum available roof area is used for PV installation and when the BES system size is increased, it is possible to achieve almost zero net grid dependency, and it is estimated that houses that are in regions with more abundant solar radiation and/or with lower annual electricity consumption, can reach zero net grid dependency. However, the feasibility indicator, which is the payback period, turned out to be no less than 25 years in any of the scenarios. The reasons for the infeasibility are the high prices of PV and BES systems as well as the current restriction in the regulations in Turkey, which prevents BES system owners from participating in unlicensed energy generation schemes and selling excess electricity back to the grid. In order to overcome this situation, regulations should be updated to allow BES system owners to benefit from feed-in-tariff schemes, thereby increasing the popularity of both PV and BES usage in Turkey.
SUSTAINABLE IMPACT OF BUILDING ENERGY RETROFIT MEASURES
Authors: Jafari Amirhosein , Valentin Vanessa
Published: September 2017

Energy retrofitting is argued to be the most feasible and cost-effective method for improving existing buildings' energy efficiency. As a sustainable development, building energy retrofits require the consideration and integration of all three sustainability dimensions: environmental, economic and social. The objective of this study is to estimate and compare the sustainable impact of building energy retrofits to determine the maximum sustainable benefit when implementing different energy-related measures. The proposed analysis consists of integrating three approaches for evaluating these benefits. Economic benefits are measured by estimating the payback period of energy-related measures, environmental benefits are measured by estimating the CO2 equivalent saving per year due to the implementation of energy-related measures, and social benefits are measured by defining a “social impact index” that establishes the impact of energy-related measures on buildings' users. A case study is used to demonstrate the framework for four potential scenarios. The results show that for the case study, energy-related “controlling” and “upgrading mechanical system” measures have the highest sustainable impact among the identified energy retrofitting measures.
Les types de climats annuels au Brésil : une application de la classification de Köppen de 1961 à 2015
Authors: Dubreuil Vincent , Pechutti Fante Karime , Planchon Olivier , Neto João Lima Sant'anna
Published: September 2017

Cet article propose d'utiliser la classification de Köppen pour définir des « Types de Climats Annuels » (TCA) pour un ensemble de 208 stations, représentatives de la diversité climatique du Brésil. Les données moyennes mensuelles de températures et de précipitations pour la période 1961-2015 ont permis d'établir la fréquence des TCA pour chacune des stations. Le traitement statistique et cartographique de ces informations précise les limites des climats du Brésil : on applique ici les concepts de « noyaux forts », définis comme les régions où les TCA sont systématiquement ou majoritairement les mêmes, et « d'aires de transition », c'est-à-dire les régions où on trouve une grande diversité des TCA. Cette approche permet d'envisager une étude fine des transitions entre les types de climats tropicaux (essentiellement Aw, Am et Af) et ceux du sud, subtropicaux et tempérés (Cwa et Cfa notamment) et de discuter ces limites climatiques.
Archéologie de la question agraire au Brésil : du labor grabbing au land grabbing
Authors: Boechat Cássio Arruda , Leite Ana Carolina Gonçalves , Toledo Carlos de Almeida
Published: September 2017

Cet article cherche à repenser la trajectoire historique de constitution des régions du Brésil par une double conceptualisation des procédures d'expropriation, centrées soit sur l'esclavage (labor grabbing), soit sur l'appropriation privée de la terre (land grabbing). De cette façon sont repris des auteurs classiques qui ont travaillé sur la formation nationale, tout en proposant alternativement d'aborder la modernisation par la notion d'autonomisation du capital. Nous souhaitons ainsi produire une approche théorique sur la constitution de la question agraire au Brésil comme découlant du processus qui, par l'intégration nationale, aborde la région comme un problème à régler.
The Arab Spring: A Revolution for Egyptian Emigration?
Authors: Karoui Delphine Pagès-El
Published: September 2017

This paper examines the impacts of the Arab revolutions on Egyptian emigration, attending to the diverse temporalities of political life in the country and the region between 2011 and 2015. New flows, new reasons for migration (instability, insecurity), and new transnational practices (overseas voting) have arisen. During the postrevolutionary period, transnational practices gained momentum, a diaspora began to emerge (though this process was soon cut short), and Egyptian communities abroad became more visible. Transnational connections between Egyptians as well as migrants’ or their descendants’ links with Egypt were strengthened. Emigration doesn’t mean an exit which makes all sense of loyalty disappear: the moral obligation to participate in their country’s development fuelled the return of many migrants in the early days of the revolution. Nevertheless, the field of Egyptian migration has not been completely reconfigured by the Arab revolutions.
Responses of adolescents regarding the indispensable role of the Christian father as mentor within the family: A qualitative study
Authors: Freeks Fazel E.
Published: September 2017

This empirical study explored and described the views about the Christian father as mentor within the family. An explorative, descriptive and interpretive qualitative design was followed in this research using purposive sampling. Respondents were selected by knowledge of the problem of father absence, mentoring, community involvement, leadership and prominence in society. Data was collected by means of in-depth interviews, and field notes were taken after each in-depth interview. Data analysis was conducted using open coding as well as an independent co-coder. The results of the empirical research in which respondents were involved, indicated that the Christian father as mentor is crucial and relevant in the current situation of families. Mentoring by the father is fundamental in the lives of children, and should be implemented and emphasised in the family context. As mentor, the father should nurture their souls and shape their character in order to become complete, whole and, by the grace of God, holy before him.
Die klassis en kerkvisitasie in drie kerkordes
Authors: Strauss Piet J.
Published: September 2017

The classis and the visitation of congregations in three church orders. It is said by reformed church politicians that the classis as a major assembly in reformed church polity is the cornerstone of the church as a denomination. In the tradition in which the church order of the wellknown Synod of Dordrecht of 1618–1619 plays an important role, the classis is used as an assembly of local congregations caring for one another and helping to become better churches. This means that the visit of a commission of the classis to a congregation to care for it should be of a pastoral nature. The pastoral caring and advice of the classis should enable a congregation to become a better church. The members of this commission are, however, not rated as superior or more important ministers. The acceptance of their competent advice by equals helps the latter only to fulfil their ecclesiastical calling.
Neonatal tumours: A single centre review
Authors: Schickerling Tanya M. , Mackinnon Diane
Published: September 2017

Background: Neonatal tumours, occurring within 28 days of life, are associated with a favourable outcome in high-income countries. Limited data are available on neonatal tumours in low- and middle-income countries.
Aim: We aimed to create awareness of neonatal tumours in a middle-income country, by identifying the most common tumours diagnosed to determine whether there was a delay to presentation or diagnosis at the Paediatric Oncology unit, to identify possible areas of improvement and increase overall survival. Setting: Chris Hani Baragwanath Academic Hospital Paediatric Oncology unit.
Methods: A retrospective case series was performed collecting data on 60 neonates diagnosed with a tumour over a 25-year period (1 January 1988 to 31 December 2012). Descriptive statistical analysis using percentages and medians were used. Kaplan–Meier analysis was used to calculate survival.
Results: Germ cell tumours were identified as the most common neonatal tumours diagnosed 29/60 (48.3%), whereas malignant soft tissue tumours were the most common malignant tumours identified. The median delay to presentation was 7 days, the median diagnostic delay was 11 days and the median overall delay was 30 days. The overall 5-year survival rate was 67.3%, with an overall 5-year survival of 54.1% of neonates diagnosed with a malignant tumour.
Conclusion: A large percentage of neonates diagnosed with malignant tumours in highincome countries can be successfully treated and cured. Clinicians involved in the care of neonates need to be better acquainted with disease-specific signs of neonatal tumours to allow for early detection and referral to a Paediatric Oncology unit.
L’origine des rats de laboratoire, contribution à sa connaissance
Authors: Bazin Hervé
Published: September 2017

The origin of laboratory rats, contribution to its knowledge

Laboratory rats form a significant percentage of animals used in scientific researches. Their origin is poorly known. A rat colony was already established in the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle in Paris, in 1858, to feed animals of the vivarium. Very probably, they were employed in the first published experiment of physiology using rodents. Descendants of these animals can still exist. Their phenotype is identical to the description given by the small article of the middle of the 19th century and their genome is different of the presently known rat strains.
L’instabilité cervicale caudale chez le chien
Authors: Moissonnier Pierre
Published: September 2017

L’instabilité cervicale caudale (appelée Wobbler syndrome par les anglo-saxons) est une affection décrite chez 17 races de chiens mais surtout rencontrée chez les grandes races en région caudale du rachis cervical. Son origine est à la fois génétique, nutritionnelle et traumatique. De très nombreuses lésions (hernie discale Hansen II, hypertrophie ligamentaire, déformation osseuse, instabilité,...) peuvent expliquer l’apparition de la myélopathie compressive. Le traitement de l’instabilité repose pour l’essentiel sur la chirurgie. Il est fondé sur une décompression sélective par élimination des lésions responsables de la myélopathie associée à une stabilisation rachidienne lorsqu’une macro-instabilité a pu être mise en évidence.
La pathologie subclinique, facteur limitant des productions animales
Authors: Brugère-Picoux Jeanne , Brugère Henri
Published: September 2017

En dépit des progrès considérables apportés aux conditions hygiéniques d’entretien des animaux (logement, alimentation) et à la prévention des maladies infectieuses, le poids de la pathologie sur la production des animaux de rente n’a pas été supprimé, et, souvent, une pathologie subclinique pénalise les productions, d’autant plus que le niveau recherché est élevé. Outre les infections bactériennes ou virales sévissant à bas bruit, la pathologie subclinique comprend aussi les troubles métaboliques directement dépendant du niveau de production et les perturbations des fonctions de reproduction, résultant de causes plurifactorielles. Le défaut d’expression clinique de ces affections est le premier obstacle à leur prise en compte dans les dispositifs de gestion de la santé
Pathologie des hautes performances : observations pratiques en élevage laitier.
Authors: Vagneur Michel
Published: September 2017

Il est assez habituel de considérer la vache laitière à haute production comme un type d’animal fragile et sensible aux maladies. Il faut tout d’abord se rappeler que la haute production laitière n’est pas un phénomène récent, des records de production datant de plus de 80 ans en témoignent. Par ailleurs, dans des conditions optimales de confort de nutrition et de traite, il ne semble pas que la vache à haute production soit particulièrement sujette aux maladies. Son métabolisme particulier, orienté vers la production de lait, permet un retour rapide à la production antérieure en cas d’incident de santé. Le problème majeur réside dans les chutes fortes et durables de l’appétit. Sans envisager ni l’approche économique, ni l’impact sur les rejets (azote et phosphore), il semble que l’animal à forte production laitière n’est pas plus fragile mais est plus sensible à la technicité de l’éleveur (bâtiment, alimentation, surveillance) et de ses conseillers, dont le vétérinaire.
Rôle de l’industrie des aliments pour les animaux de compagnie dans l’amélioration de l’hygiène bucco-dentaire
Authors: Kulker Catherine
Published: September 2017

Rôle of pet food industry in improving oral health

Oral health is a subject of concern not only for vets and pet owners but also for the pet-food companies. They try to reduce the incidence of oral diseases by developing products with proof of scientific efficacy. The main steps of research and development of a dry dental food are : first define the characteristics of the food, then measure the quality and at the end, measure its efficacy on plaque and tartar accretion over a defined period. Some examples of products with dental claims developed by pet-food companies are presented.
La vaccination périfocale contre la Fièvre Aphteuse
Authors: Toma Bernard , Moutou François , Dufour Barbara , Durand Benoît
Published: September 2017

Ring vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease

The study of the available information, notably after the epizootic of foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) which raged in Western Europe in 2001, shows that, in the current conditions of the international sanitary rules relative to this disease, in a FMD free country of Western Europe accidentally infected, ring vaccination is a solution which, with regard to preventive slaughter, contains more inconveniences (notably economic) than advantages. The appeal to ring vaccination would be interesting only as far as the international sanitary rules would be modified by taking into account the results expected from the coordinated use of highly purified vaccines and differential research kits (vaccine-linked versus infection-linked antibodies). Propositions are this way made.
Allomorphs in the Igbo Language: An Optimality Theory Approach
Authors: Udemmadu Thecla
Published: September 2017

Allomorphs are any two or more morphemes that have different forms but perform the same grammatical functions in different linguistic environments. The optimality theory claims that the Universal Grammar is a set of violable constraints and that language-specific grammars rank these constraints in languagespecific ways. The linguistic phenomenon has not been approached in the Igbo language from the optimality point of view. This research work therefore, attempts to analyze how this morphological terminology is applicable to the Igbo language. Optimality theory of Prince and Smolensky (1993) was the adopted theoretical framework and data for the study were collected through generation of words from the researcher’s intuitive knowledge of the language. The findings were that using the GEN and EVAL of the input and output of optimality theory that there are many allomorphs in the language due to variant realization of infinitives, gerunds, past tense markers, particles, noun agents, noun instruments, among others. The allomorphs were necessitated due to the fact that the language under study is a rule governed language strictly under the command of vowel harmony.
Transition and the Problems of Modern Nigerian Poetry: An Overview of Selected Nigerian Northern and Southern Poets
Authors: Ogene Mbanefo S.
Published: September 2017

Ever since Aristotle propounded the theory of the difference between literature and history, scholars and researchers have continued to develop different levels of interests on the problems bothering on these two fields of study. Even though Aristotle expressed the view that ‘history reports the particular truth while literature reports the universal’, literary theorists have over time absorbed history into literature, while critics have equally adopted it as a critical approach. The controversy surrounding literature and history is such that other terms like transition, movement, periodization and regionalization have come to share in the broad scope of this idea. This paper attempts a scrutiny into the position of history and transition in literature and the problems these have posed in the study of modern Nigerian poetry. It uses the works of some Northern and Southern Nigerian poets to make an incursion into these areas and observes that history has indeed played a part in the modern Nigerian poetry.
Carbon and nutrient export regimes from headwater catchments to downstream reaches
Authors: Dupas Rémi , Musolff Andreas , Jawitz James W. , Rao P. Suresh C. , Jäger Christoph G. , Fleckenstein Jan H. , Rode Michael , Borchardt Dietrich
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Excessive amounts of nutrients and dissolved organic matter in freshwater bodies affect aquatic ecosystems. In this study, the spatial and temporal variability in nitrate (NO3−), dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) was analyzed in the Selke (Germany) river continuum from three headwaters draining 1–3 km2 catchments to two downstream reaches representing spatially integrated signals from 184–456 km2 catchments. Three headwater catchments were selected as archetypes of the main landscape units (land use  ×  lithology) present in the Selke catchment. Export regimes in headwater catchments were interpreted in terms of NO3−, DOC and SRP land-to-stream transfer processes. Headwater signals were subtracted from downstream signals, with the differences interpreted in terms of in-stream processes and contributions from point sources. The seasonal dynamics for NO3− were opposite those of DOC and SRP in all three headwater catchments, and spatial differences also showed NO3− contrasting with DOC and SRP. These dynamics were interpreted as the result of the interplay of hydrological and biogeochemical processes, for which riparian zones were hypothesized to play a determining role. In the two downstream reaches, NO3− was transported almost conservatively, whereas DOC was consumed and produced in the upper and lower river sections, respectively. The natural export regime of SRP in the three headwater catchments mimicked a point-source signal (high SRP during summer low flow), which may lead to overestimation of domestic contributions in the downstream reaches. Monitoring the river continuum from headwaters to downstream reaches proved effective to jointly investigate land-to-stream and in-stream transport, and transformation processes.
Diurnal, seasonal and long-term behaviour of high arctic tundra-heath ecosystem dynamics inferred from model ensembles constrained by time-integrated CO2 fluxes
Authors: Zhang Wenxin , Jansson Per-Erik , Elberling Bo
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Ecosystem CO2 fluxes in high Arctic are rather dynamic, as they are sensitive to climatic variability through multiple ecosystem processes, for instance, vegetation and snow dynamics as well as permafrost thawing, operating at different time scales. Uncertainties from both high-frequency measurements and model assumptions challenge model calibration to describe both short- and long-term phenomena related to weather and climate variabilities. In this study, we generated three model ensembles using a Monte-Carlo based uncertainty approach with acceptance criteria for 15 years of eddy covariance CO2 measurements of a high Arctic heath ecosystem based on the time-integrated CO2 fluxes within the day, the year and the entire period. The temporal distribution of residuals between the model and measurements indicated that the three model ensembles reasonably simulated diurnal, seasonal and long-term behaviours of CO2 fluxes respectively. The inter-annual variation of CO2 fluxes over 15 years showed the current ecosystem is at a transition from being a C sink to a C neutral balance. The long-term behaviour model ensemble simulated a more intensified diurnal C cycle than the short-term behaviour model ensembles. The intensified C cycle was mainly attributed to a faster depletion of the soil C pools. The sensitivities of posterior parameters to the model performance index (coefficient of determination, R2) reflected that parameters in the processes of soil water and heat transfer and snow dynamics regulated the short-term behaviour of CO2 fluxes, while parameters in the process of soil decomposition regulated the long-term behaviour of CO2 fluxes. Our results suggest that the development of ecosystem models should diagnose their effectiveness in capturing ecosystem CO2 exchange behaviour across different time scales. A clear trade-off may exist when the model is tuned to capture both the short- and long-term variation of CO2 fluxes. To constrain the model with the time-integrated CO2 fluxes is a simple and useful method to reduce the non-explained errors and to identify the crucial link to controlling parameters and processes.
Drought and vegetation change in the central Rocky Mountains: Potential climatic mechanisms associated with the mega drought at 4200 cal yr BP
Authors: Carter Vachel A. , Shinker Jacqueline
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Droughts are a naturally re-occurring phenomena that result in economic and societal losses. Yet, the most historic droughts that occurred in the 1930s and 1950s in the Great Plains and western United States were both shorter in duration, and less severe than mega droughts that have plagued the region in the past. Roughly 4200 years ago, a ~ 150-year long mega drought occurred in the central Rocky Mountains, as indicated by pollen evidence from lake sediments from Long Lake, south-eastern Wyoming. However, pollen evidence does not record the climate mechanisms that caused the drought; they only provide evidence that the drought occurred. A modern climate analogue technique using North American Regional Reanalysis data was applied to the sedimentary data in order to identify possible synoptic and dynamic patterns that may have caused the mega drought at 4200  yr BP. Our results demonstrate the warm and dry conditions were a result of anomalously higher-than-normal geopotential heights that were centred over the Great Plains beginning in spring and persisting until the fall. Drought conditions during the growing seasons was the result of the anomalous high-pressure ridge, which suppressed moisture transport via the low level jet from the Gulf of Mexico, as well as brought in dry continental air from in the interior region of North America. Conditions associated with the mega drought likely led to the changes in vegetation composition as evidenced by the pollen record.
Evaluation of Multiple Climate Data Sources for Managing Environmental
Resources in East Africa
Authors: Gebrechorkos Solomon H. , Hülsmann Stephan , Bernhofer Christian
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Managing environmental resources under conditions of climate change and extreme climate events remains among the most challenging research tasks in the field of sustainable development. A particular challenge in many regions such as East Africa is often the lack of sufficiently long-term and spatially representative observed climate data. To overcome this data challenge we used a combination of accessible data sources based on station data, earth observation by remote sensing, and regional climate models. The accuracy of the Africa Rainfall Climatology version 2 (ARC2), Climate Hazards Group InfraRed Precipitation (CHIRP), CHIRP with Station data (CHIRPS), Observational-Reanalysis hybrid (ORH), and Regional Climate Models (RCMs) are evaluated against station data obtained from the respective national weather services and international databases. We did so by relating point to pixel, point to area grid cell average, and stations average to area grid cell average over 21 regions of East Africa: 17 in Ethiopia, two in Kenya and two in Tanzania. We found that the latter method provides better correlation and significantly reduces biases and errors. The correlations were analyzed at daily, dekadal (10 days), and monthly resolution for rainfall and maximum and minimum temperature (T-max and T-min) covering the period of 1983–2005. At daily time scale, CHIRPS, followed by ARC2 and CHIRP are the best performing rainfall products compared to ORH, RCM, and RCMS. CHIRPS captures well the daily rainfall characteristics such as rainfall intensity, amount of wet days, and total rainfall. Compared to CHIRPS, ARC2 showed higher underestimation of the total rainfall (−30 %) and daily intensity (−14 %). CHIRP on the other hand, showed higher underestimation of the daily intensity (−53 %) and duration of dry days (−29 %). Overall, the evaluation revealed that in terms of multiple statistical measures used on daily, dekadal, and monthly time scale, CHIRPS, CHIRP, and ARC2 are the best performing rainfall products while ORH, individual RCM, and RCMs are the least performing products. For T-max and T-min, ORH was identified as the most suitable product compared to RCM and RCMs. Our results indicate that CHIRPS (rainfall) and ORH (T-max and T-min), with higher spatial resolution, should be the preferential data sources to be used for climate change and hydrological studies in areas where station data are not accessible.
State and parameter estimation of two land surface models using the ensemble Kalman filter and the particle filter
Authors: Zhang Hongjuan , Hendricks Franssen Harrie-Jan , Han Xujun , Vrugt Jasper A. , Vereecken Harry
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Land surface models (LSMs) use a large cohort of parameters and state variables to simulate the water and energy balance at the soil–atmosphere interface. Many of these model parameters cannot be measured directly in the field, and require calibration against measured fluxes of carbon dioxide, sensible and/or latent heat, and/or observations of the thermal and/or moisture state of the soil. Here, we evaluate the usefulness and applicability of four different data assimilation methods for joint parameter and state estimation of the Variable Infiltration Capacity Model (VIC-3L) and the Community Land Model (CLM) using a 5-month calibration (assimilation) period (March–July 2012) of areal-averaged SPADE soil moisture measurements at 5, 20, and 50 cm depths in the Rollesbroich experimental test site in the Eifel mountain range in western Germany. We used the EnKF with state augmentation or dual estimation, respectively, and the residual resampling PF with a simple, statistically deficient, or more sophisticated, MCMC-based parameter resampling method. The performance of the calibrated LSM models was investigated using SPADE water content measurements of a 5-month evaluation period (August–December 2012). As expected, all DA methods enhance the ability of the VIC and CLM models to describe spatiotemporal patterns of moisture storage within the vadose zone of the Rollesbroich site, particularly if the maximum baseflow velocity (VIC) or fractions of sand, clay, and organic matter of each layer (CLM) are estimated jointly with the model states of each soil layer. The differences between the soil moisture simulations of VIC-3L and CLM are much larger than the discrepancies among the four data assimilation methods. The EnKF with state augmentation or dual estimation yields the best performance of VIC-3L and CLM during the calibration and evaluation period, yet results are in close agreement with the PF using MCMC resampling. Overall, CLM demonstrated the best performance for the Rollesbroich site. The large systematic underestimation of water storage at 50 cm depth by VIC-3L during the first few months of the evaluation period questions, in part, the validity of its fixed water table depth at the bottom of the modeled soil domain.