bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Recommendations on complementary and alternative medicine within S3 guidelines in oncology: systematic quality assessment of underlying methodology
Authors: Kutschan Sabine , Freuding Maren , Keinki Christian , Huebner Jutta
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) is used by about half of all patients with cancer. Guidelines are an important tool to introduce evidence-based medicine into routine cancer care. The aim of our study was to assess methodology of the statements and recommendations concerning CAM.

Methods

A systematic assessment of all S3 guidelines published until November 2018 was done. Methodology of all statements and recommendations concerning CAM which were declared as evidence-based was evaluated with respect to international standards. According to the AMSTAR-2 instrument search strategy including filters, searched databases, restrictions to the research question and description of the included studies were examined. In case of adaptations from other guidelines, all underlying guidelines were examined as well.

Results

After examining 212 guidelines, 82 evidence-based statements and recommendations regarding CAM could be identified. Four were derived by adaptation, 78 by a de-novo search. Only 11 of 78 (14%) fulfilled all assessment criteria. In 18 (19%) cases no information on search strategy was attainable in any document affiliated to the guideline, in 35 (45%) cases information on search strategy was superficial and in 54 (78%) cases the referred evidence was not presented in adequate detail.

Conclusions

Concerning CAM statements and recommendations within S3 guidelines quality of evidence processing has several shortcomings. Guideline adaptions often lack transparency and traceability.
Cancer morbidity and mortality after pediatric solid organ transplantation—a nationwide register study
Authors: Endén Kira , Tainio Juuso , Nikkilä Atte , Helanterä Ilkka , Nordin Arno , Pakarinen Mikko P , Jalanko Hannu , Jahnukainen Kirsi , Jahnukainen Timo
Published: May 2020

Background

The prevalence of malignancies after pediatric solid organ transplantation was evaluated in a nationwide study.

Methods

All patients who had undergone kidney, liver, or heart transplantation during childhood between the years 1982 and 2015 in Finland were identified. The inclusion criteria were age under 16 years at transplantation and age over 18 years at the last follow-up day. A total of 233 (137 kidney, 53 liver, and 43 heart) transplant recipients were enrolled. Controls (n = 1157) matched by the year of birth, gender, and hometown were identified using the Population Register Center registry. The cancer diagnoses were searched using the Finnish Cancer Registry.

Results

Altogether 26 individuals diagnosed with cancer were found, including 18 transplant recipients. Cancer was diagnosed at a median of 12.0 (IQR 7.8–17.8) years after the transplantation. The transplant recipients’ risk for cancer was significantly higher when compared with the controls (HR 14.7; 95% CI 6.4–33.9). There was no difference for different graft types. Sixty-one percent of cancers among the transplant recipients were diagnosed at age older than 18 years.

Conclusion

The risk for cancer is significantly higher among young adults having undergone solid organ transplantation during childhood in comparison with population controls. Careful follow-up and attention to prevent cancers throughout adulthood are warranted.
Structurally controlled rock slope deformation in northern Norway
Authors: Vick Louise M. , Böhme Martina , Rouyet Line , Bergh Steffen G. , Corner Geoffrey D. , Lauknes Tom Rune
Published: May 2020

Gravitational forcing of oversteepened rock mass leads to progressive failure, including rupture, creeping, sliding and eventual avalanching of the unstable mass. As the point of rupture initiation typically follows pre-existing structural discontinuities within the rock mass, understanding the structural setting of slopes is necessary for an accurate characterisation of the hazards and estimation of the risk to life and infrastructure. Northern Norway is an alpine region with a high frequency of large rock slope deformations. Inherited structures in the metamorphic bedrock create a recurring pattern of anisotropy, that, given certain valley orientations, causes mass instability. We review the geomorphology, structural mechanics and kinematics of nine deforming rock slopes in Troms County, with the aim of linking styles of deformation. The limits of the unstable rock mass follow either foliation planes, joint planes or inherited faults, depending on the valley aspect, slope angle, foliation dip and proximity to fault structures. We present an updated geotechnical model of the different failure mechanisms, based on the interpretations at each site of the review.
Efficiently Simulating an Endograft Deployment: A Methodology for Detailed CFD Analyses
Authors: Kyriakou Faidon , Maclean Craig , Dempster William , Nash David
Published: May 2020

Numerical models of endografts for the simulation of endovascular aneurysm repair are increasingly important in the improvement of device designs and patient outcomes. Nevertheless, current finite element analysis (FEA) models of complete endograft devices come at a high computational cost, requiring days of runtime, therefore restricting their applicability. In the current study, an efficient FEA model of the Anaconda™ endograft (Terumo Aortic, UK) was developed, able to yield results in just over 4 h, an order of magnitude less than similar models found in the literature. The model was used to replicate a physical device that was deployed in a 3D printed aorta and comparison of the two shapes illustrated a less than 5 mm placement error of the model in the regions of interest, consistent with other more computationally intensive models in the literature. Furthermore, the final goal of the study was to utilize the deployed fabric model in a hemodynamic analysis that would incorporate realistic fabric folds, a feature that is almost always omitted in similar simulations. By successfully exporting the deployed graft geometry into a flow analysis, it was illustrated that the inclusion of fabric wrinkles enabled clinically significant flow patterns such as flow stagnation and recirculation to be detected, paving the way for this modelling methodology to be used in future for stent design optimisation.
Bifurcation analysis of a vibro-impact experimental rig with two-sided constraint
Authors: Liu Yang , Páez Chávez Joseph , Guo Bingyong , Birler Rauf
Published: May 2020

In this paper we carry out an in-depth experimental and numerical investigation of a vibro-impact rig with a two-sided constraint and an external excitation given by a rectangular waveform. The rig, presenting forward and backward drifts, consists of an inner vibrating shaft intermittently impacting with its holding frame. Our interests focus on the multistability and the bifurcation structure observed in the system under two different contacting surfaces. For this purpose, we propose a mathematical model describing the rig dynamics and perform a detailed bifurcation analysis via path-following methods for nonsmooth dynamical systems, using the continuation platform COCO. Our study shows that multistability is produced by the interplay between two fold bifurcations, which give rise to hysteresis in the system. The investigation also reveals the presence of period-doubling bifurcations of limit cycles, which in turn are responsible for the creation of period-2 solutions for which the rig reverses its direction of progression. Furthermore, our study considers a two-parameter bifurcation analysis focusing on directional control, using the period of external excitation and the duty cycle of the rectangular waveform as the main control parameters.
Ex post analysis of engineered tsunami mitigation measures in the town of Dichato, Chile
Authors: Oportus Maximiliano , Cienfuegos Rodrigo , Urrutia Alejandro , Aránguiz Rafael , Catalán Patricio A. , Hube Matías A.
Published: May 2020

Due to Chile’s notorious and frequent seismic activity, earthquake- and tsunami-related studies have become a priority in the interest of developing effective countermeasures to mitigate their impacts and to improve the country’s resilience. Mitigation measures are key to accomplish these objectives. Therefore, this investigation adopts a tsunami damage assessment framework to evaluate the direct benefits of tsunami mitigation works implemented by the Chilean government in the town of Dichato in the aftermath of the 2010 tsunami. We perform an ex post analysis of the potential damage reduction produced by these works studying what would have been the consequences on the built environment if they were in place for the tsunami that hit this area after the Maule earthquake in February 27, 2010. We use state-of-the-art tsunami simulation models at high resolution to assess the reduction in tsunami intensity measures, which serve as input to evaluate the benefit from averted damage against the costs of the mitigation measures. The obtained results show a reduction in the flooded area and a delay in the arrival times for the first smaller tsunami waves, but a negligible damage reduction when confronted to the largest waves. In conclusion, the tsunami mitigation measures would not have been effective to reduce the impact of the tsunami generated by the Maule earthquake in the town of Dichato, but could have had a benefit in retarding the inundation of low-land areas for the first smaller tsunami waves. The latter suggests that these works might be useful to mitigate storm waves or tsunamis of much smaller scales than the one that hit central-south Chile in 2010.
Segmentation of the Kepingtage thrust fault based on paleoearthquake ruptures, southwestern Tianshan, China
Authors: Li An , Ran Yongkang , Gomez Francisco , Thompson Jobe Jessica A. , Liu Huaguo , Xu Liangxin
Published: May 2020

Decreasing deformation rates across the southern Tianshan have led to different seismogenic mechanisms and different proposed models to explain the orogen-scale fault kinematics. In this study, we focus on the segmentation of the Kepingtage fault by studying variations in the total offset and shortening rates of the Kepingtage fault along the southern front of the Tianshan. We used fault scarp mapping and trench excavations to assess fault segmentation and deformation on the Kepingtage fault. Our results indicate there are different shortening rates on the western (2.5–2.7 mm/year) versus the eastern segments (~ 0.3 mm/year), which are separated by the Piqiang tear fault. The decrease in shortening rates is not gradual; instead, it decreases sharply from west to east at the Piqiang fault. These segmentation boundaries are also supported by geodetic data and balanced structural restorations. Our data support a model where strike-slip faults accommodate step-changes in the deformation rates and the earthquake risks from west to east across the Tianshan.
Arresting Masculinity: Anger, Hybridity and the Reproduction of Phallic Space
Authors: Nobus Dany
Published: May 2020

This paper examines how the signifier of ‘toxic masculinity’ operates in the contemporary psycho-social landscape of embodied power relations. It is argued that toxic masculinity is a symbolic response to the deep sense of anger people experience owing to the persistent disturbance of reason that characterizes the radically incongruous Thirdspace in which we live. To those who feel disoriented and lost, toxic masculinity is both an imagined cause and a projected solution to the endemic sense of dislocation. As an index of repressive power, self-serving discipline and ruthless ambition, toxic masculinity is held fully responsible by angry ‘outsiders’ for the ongoing disturbance of reason, whilst the very attribution of the cause of this disturbance to a gendered position of traditional embodied authority simultaneously serves the purpose of changing the hybridity of Thirdspace into more conventional figurations of social imbalance. This explanatory model, which draws both on Edward W. Soja’s reflections on the changing spatialities of the human lifeworld and Henri Lefebvre’s theory of the (re-)production of (phallic) space, is further employed to address the questions as to why patriarchy persists and whether alternative constellations of governance are feasible.
Flawed risk assessment of antifouling paints leads to exceedance of guideline values in Baltic Sea marinas
Authors: Lagerström Maria , Ferreira João , Ytreberg Erik , Eriksson-Wiklund Ann-Kristin
Published: May 2020

The seasonal variations of dissolved and bioavailable copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) were studied in two recreational marinas in Sweden and Finland. The time series from the two marinas were characterized by rising concentrations during the spring boat launching, elevated concentrations all through the peak boating season, and decreasing concentrations in autumn when boats were retrieved for winter storage. This pattern shows a clear link between Cu and Zn concentrations and boating activity, with antifouling paints as the principal source. The leaching from antifouling paints was also found to significantly alter the speciation of dissolved Cu and Zn in marina waters, with an increase of the proportion of metals that may be considered bioavailable. This change in speciation, which occurred without any change in dissolved organic carbon (DOC), further increases the environmental risk posed by antifouling paints. In the Swedish marina, dissolved Cu and Zn exceed both Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) and Predicted No Effect Concentrations (PNEC), indicating that the current Swedish risk assessment (RA) of antifouling paints is failing to adequately protect the marine environment. An evaluation of the RA performance showed the underlying cause to be an underestimation of the predicted environmental concentration (PEC) by factors of 2 and 5 for Cu and Zn, respectively. For both metals, the use of inaccurate release rates for the PEC derivation was found to be either mainly (Cu) or partly (Zn) responsible for the underestimation. For Zn, the largest source of error seems to be the use of an inappropriate partitioning coefficient (KD) in the model. To ensure that the use of antifouling coatings does not adversely impact the sensitive Baltic Sea, it is thus recommended that the KD value for Zn is revised and that representative release rates are used in the RA procedure.
Improved image quality of temporal bone CT with an ultrahigh-resolution CT scanner: clinical pilot studies
Authors: Ohara Arisa , Machida Haruhiko , Shiga Hisae , Yamamura Wataru , Yokoyama Kenichi
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Ultrahigh-resolution CT (UHRCT) with slice collimation of 0.25 mm × 160 and matrix size of 1024 × 1024 has become clinically available. We compared the image quality of temporal bone CT (TBCT) between UHRCT and conventional multidetector CT (MDCT).

Materials and methods

We retrospectively enrolled 20 patients who underwent TBCT by MDCT (matrix size, 512 × 512) and subsequently by UHRCT (matrix size, 1024 × 1024). Two independent reviewers subjectively graded delineation of normal stapes, oval window, facial nerve canal, incudostapedial joint, and tympanic tegmen. We also quantified image noise in the cerebellar hemisphere. Between MDCT and UHRCT, we compared mean subjective grades using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test and the image noise using paired t test.

Results

Grades were significantly higher with UHRCT than with MDCT for all the anatomies (P < 0.001), whereas noise was significantly higher with UHRCT than with MDCT (P = 0.002).

Conclusion

For TBCT, UHRCT shows better delineation of the fine anatomical structures compared with MDCT.
Meditation Maps, Attainment Claims, and the Adversities of Mindfulness
Authors: Anālayo Bhikkhu
Published: May 2020

A case study of the descriptions of the progress of Buddhist insight meditation provided by Daniel Ingram shows how a forceful form of mindfulness combined with high-speed mental noting can result in the construction of meditative experiences to accord with expectations created by maps of the progress of insight, culminating in claims to having reached levels of awakening. The potential impact of personal bias evident in this way reveals challenges faced by those researching meditative practices and cautions against overvaluing subjective reports by yogis. In particular, potentially adverse effects of mindfulness practices in the health care setting need to be placed into proper perspective, as the contention that even those who do not engage in deep and intensive insight meditation can suffer from repercussions potentially resulting from undergoing the insight knowledges is not accurate. Progress in research on mindfulness requires the sobriety of evaluating meditative experiences within their context, be it psychological, doctrinal, cultural, or social, in order to arrive at balanced assessments that avoid the two extremes of uncritical enthusiasm and exaggerated apprehensions.
Glycol mud improves drilling performance in Chinese fields
Authors: Gao Chang Hong
Published: May 2020

Growing demand for oil and gas has driven drilling activities to deep formations and complex well structures. Drilling fluid must be able to maintain wellbore integrity and thermal stability over extended drilling time. Besides, drilling fluid should produce high rate of penetration (ROP) and low damage to formation rock. Glycol mud satisfies these criteria thanks to its unique cloud point phenomenon. When temperature exceeds cloud point temperature, glycol starts precipitate from mud by forming micelles, coats the rock surface, and plugs the small fractures in rocks. As a result, the flow of mud into rocks is restricted and wellbore stability is improved. This paper surveys more than 40 wells that were drilled with glycol mud. Field cases reported good wellbore integrity, thermal stability, high ROP, and low formation damage. Glycol mud is an excellent choice for battling well instability and high temperatures.
Review of error correction for PUFs and evaluation on state-of-the-art FPGAs
Authors: Hiller Matthias , Kürzinger Ludwig , Sigl Georg
Published: May 2020

Efficient error correction and key derivation is a prerequisite to generate secure and reliable keys from PUFs. The most common methods can be divided into linear schemes and pointer-based schemes. This work compares the performance of several previous designs on an algorithmic level concerning the required number of PUF response bits, helper data bits, number of clock cycles, and FPGA slices for two scenarios. One targets the widely used key error probability of $$10^{-6}$$

10

-
6

, while the other one requires a key error probability of $$10^{-9}$$

10

-
9

. In addition, we provide a wide span of new implementation results on state-of-the-art Xilinx FPGAs and set them in context to old synthesis results on legacy FPGAs.
Live Births and Fertility Amid the Zika Epidemic in Brazil
Authors: Marteleto Letícia J. , Guedes Gilvan , Coutinho Raquel Z. , Weitzman Abigail
Published: May 2020

In late 2015, the Brazilian Ministry of Health and the Pan American Health Organization classified the increase in congenital malformations associated with the Zika virus (ZIKV) as a public health emergency. The risk of ZIKV-related congenital syndrome poses a threat to reproductive outcomes that could result in declining numbers of live births and potentially fertility. Using monthly microdata on live births from the Brazilian Information System on Live Births (SINASC), this study examines live births and fertility trends amid the ZIKV epidemic in Brazil. Findings suggest a decline in live births that is stratified across educational and geographic lines, beginning approximately nine months after the link between ZIKV and microcephaly was publicly announced. Although declines in total fertility rates were small, fertility trends estimated by age and maternal education suggest important differences in how Zika might have impacted Brazil’s fertility structure. Further findings confirm the significant declines in live births in mid-2016 even when characteristics of the municipality are controlled for; these results highlight important nuances in the timing and magnitude of the decline. Combined, our findings illustrate the value of understanding how the risk of a health threat directed at fetuses has led to declines in live births and fertility.
Environmental Justice Activism: A Transformative, Contemporary Nature Religion
Authors: Deal Paul , O'Grady Kari
Published: May 2020

Our in-depth study of 12, spiritual but not religious (SBNR), participants arrested to protect nature as sacred presents a case to consider the religious and spiritual meanings of contemporary environmental and ecology movements. Through a lived religious approach to participants’ narratives of environmental justice (ENVJ) activism, this paper identified four themes— reconstructing self and nature, re- envisioning social and moral life, living with vulnerability, and practices of spiritual and cultural work—whose meanings evidenced transformative spiritual effects on participants identity, ethics, coping, and ways of participating in society. Findings present a case to argue that although ENVJ activism resembles a SBNR phenomenon and satisfies criteria of an implicit religion, it most closely aligns with a contemporary nature religion whose substantive essence is an immanent sense of nature as sacred.
Microstructures and high-temperature self-lubricating wear-resistance mechanisms of graphene-modified WC-12Co coatings
Authors: Tian Haoliang , Wang Changliang , Guo Mengqiu , Cui Yongjing , Gao Junguo , Tang Zhihui
Published: May 2020

To reduce the friction coefficient of cobalt-cemented tungsten carbide (WC-12Co) wear-resistant coatings, graphene was compounded into WC-12Co powder via wet ball milling and spray granulation. Self-lubricating and wear-resistant graphene coatings were prepared via detonation gun spraying. The presence, morphologies, and phase compositions of graphene in the powders and coatings that are obtained through different powder preparation processes were analyzed. The analysis was performed using the following technologies: energy-dispersive X-ray-spectroscopy (EDXS), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Raman spectroscopy. The mechanical properties of the coatings were studied using a microhardness tester and a universal drawing machine. The friction and wear properties of the coatings were studied using an SRV-4 friction and wear tester. The results showed that the graphene content in the WC-12Co coating modified with graphene was higher than that without modification; graphene was embedded in the structure in a transparent and thin-layer state. The adhesive strength of this coating at approximately 25 °C was approximately 60.33 MPa, and the hardness was approximately 984 HV0.3. After high-temperature treatment, the adhesive strength and hardness of the graphene oxide (GO)/WC-12Co coating decreased slightly (the lowest adhesive strength of 53.16 MPa was observed after treatment at 400 °C, and the lowest hardness of approximately 837 HV0.3 was observed after treatment at 300 °C). Compared to the friction coefficient (0.6) of the WC-12Co coating obtained at room temperature, the friction coefficient of the GO/WC-12Co coating was decreased by approximately 50% of that value. The graphene-modified coating was continuously exposed to the wear tracks on the surface of the contacting materials during friction, and a lubricating film was formed in the microareas in which the wear tracks were present. The coating exhibited improved self-lubricating and wear-resistant effects compared to the unmodified WC-12Co coating. The results of this study demonstrated that graphene could be effective in self-lubrication and wear-reduction in a temperature range of 100–200 °C, as a friction coefficient of 0.3 was maintained.
Arcing-based protection system for the klystron output window of the BEPCII Linac
Authors: He Xiang , Le Qi , Qian Lei , Deng Bing-Lin , Zhang Jing-Ru
Published: May 2020

Purpose

The Beijing Electron–Positron Collider II (BEPCII) Linac is powered by 20 klystrons, and the output windows of each klystron need to be protected from being broken, which are currently protected by a system based on reflected radiofrequency (RF) power and vacuum levels. The primary weak point of reflection-based protection is the difficulty of accurately measuring the value caused by an uneven waveform. Moreover, vacuum protection is restricted by the long response time, which results in delayed protection. Both of the weak points may damage the output window of the klystron. An arcing-based protection system is then introduced into the BEPCII Linac, considering the constant presence of light during arcing and the experiences of other laboratories and colleagues in the RF group.

Methods

The system development mainly consists of the design and test of the E-bend waveguide observation window, selection of the arcing detection module, offline joint test, system assembling and online operation.

Results

The system was assembled with a new klystron at the K6 position on the summer of 2018. During the following annual operation year, the light signal was captured, and the interlock was successfully realized.

Conclusion

The arcing-based protection system assembled online was found to work well. Moreover, the light signal was successfully captured, and the interlock function worked fine. The system is planned to be applied in other klystron locations in the future.
Clay Minerals as the Key to the Sequestration of Carbon in Soils
Authors: Churchman Gordon Jock , Singh Mandeep , Schapel Amanda , Sarkar Binoy , Bolan Nanthi
Published: May 2020

Abstract

Results from earlier laboratory and field experiments were interrogated for the possibilities of sequestration, or long-term accumulation, of carbon from excess greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In the laboratory study, samples of three (top) soils dominated by kaolinite and illite (together), smectite, and allophane were examined for the adsorption and desorption of dissolved organic carbon (DOC). Adsorption and desorption of DOC were carried out on clay fractions extracted physically and after first native organic matter and then iron oxides were removed chemically. Labeled organic material was added to the soils to assess the priming effect of organic carbon (OC). In the field, changes in OC were measured in sandy soils that had been amended by additions of clay for between 3 and 17 years, both through incorporation of exogenous clay and delving of in situ clay. The laboratory experiments demonstrated that a portion of DOC was held strongly in all soils. The amount of DOC adsorbed depended on clay mineral types, including Fe oxides. Much adsorbed DOC was lost by desorption in water and a substantial amount of native OC was lost on priming with new OC. Addition of clay to soils led to increased OC. Therefore, addition of clay to soil may enhance net sequestration of C. Organic carbon close to mineral surfaces or within microaggregates is held most strongly. Carbon sequestration may occur in subsoils with unsaturated mineral surfaces. However, incorporation of carbon into macroaggregates from enhanced plant growth might be most effective in removing excess carbon from the atmosphere, albeit over the short-term.
Longitudinal pathway from violence exposure to firearm carriage among adolescents: The role of future expectation
Authors: Lee Daniel B. , Hsieh Hsing‐Fang , Stoddard Sarah A. , Heinze Justin E. , Carter Patrick M. , Goldstick Jason E. , Cunningham Mary C. , Cunningham Rebecca M. , Zimmerman Marc A.
Published: May 2020

Introduction

Exposure to violence is a risk factor for firearm carriage. Youth exposed to violence also have difficulty envisioning positive future outcomes (e.g., educational outcomes), which can increase the likelihood of firearm carriage over time. Researchers, however, have not yet examined whether changes in exposure to violence over time can influence the developmental trajectories of firearm carriage. To address this gap, we (1) examined the longitudinal association between exposure to violence and firearm carriage (grades 9 to 12) and then (2) examined whether changes in future expectations mediated this longitudinal association.

Method

The longitudinal association between exposure to violence and firearm carriage through future expectations was examined among 850 adolescents from the Flint Adolescent Study. Participants were recruited from four high schools in a midwestern city in the United States. Parallel latent growth models and latent growth mediation models were estimated.

Results

A positive association was observed between the rate of change in exposure to violence and firearm carriage. Exposure to violence also indirectly increased the risk for firearm carriage over time by decreasing future expectation in the 9th grade.

Conclusions

Our results support the idea that helping youth develop positive attitude about educational success may help reduce firearm carriage. Increasing positive expectations about future may help prevent firearm carriage within the context of violence exposure.
Ofatumumab for Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorder
Authors: Seshadri Madhav , Crane Genevieve M. , Gergis Usama
Published: May 2020

Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (PTLD) includes a range of abnormal lymphoid proliferation following solid organ or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), often associated with Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection. Treatment generally incudes rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against CD20. Here we present a 56-year-old woman with EBV-associated PTLD following allogeneic HSCT who was intolerant of ritux- imab. The patient was instead treated with ofatumumab, a fully human monoclonal antibody directed against CD20, with significant response in EBV viral load and lymphadenopathy. Ofatumumab could represent an important treatment option for patients unable to tolerate rituximab.
Sexual Function, Sexual Dysfunctions, and ADHD: A Systematic Literature Review
Authors: Soldati Lorenzo , Bianchi-Demicheli Francesco , Schockaert Pauline , Köhl John , Bolmont Mylène , Hasler Roland , Perroud Nader
Published: May 2020

Background

The scientific literature on sexuality among mentally ill patients clearly shows a higher prevalence of sexual disorders for many mental disorders, but little is known about sexuality in individuals suffering from ADHD. Clinicians will often assume that specific difficulties of ADHD are bound to affect sexual functioning.

Aim

The aim of this study was to provide a review of the literature to gain better knowledge about sexuality in subjects with ADHD and to discuss screening and management of their potential sexual problems.

Methods

A systematic review of the literature was performed in Pubmed, PsychInfo, and Embase databases.

Main Outcome Measures

The main outcome measures were sexual function and sexual dysfunctions.

Results

The studies indicated that subjects with ADHD report more sexual desire, more masturbation frequency, less sexual satisfaction, and more sexual dysfunctions than the general population.

Clinical Implications

Clinicians working with subjects with ADHD should explore the quality of their sexual life.

Strengths & Limitations

This is the first systematic review of the sexuality of individuals with ADHD. However, the results are limited by the small number of studies, by the small sample size of many studies, and the potential for bias.

Conclusions

ADHD is a mental disorder affecting sexual health. Further studies are warranted to learn more about sexuality in subjects with ADHD.
China's Gilded Age
Authors: Ang Yuen Yuen
Published: May 2020

Why has China grown so fast for so long despite vast corruption? In China's Gilded Age, Yuen Yuen Ang maintains that all corruption is harmful, but not all types of corruption hurt growth. Ang unbundles corruption into four varieties: petty theft, grand theft, speed money, and access money. While the first three types impede growth, access money - elite exchanges of power and profit - cuts both ways: it stimulates investment and growth but produces serious risks for the economy and political system. Since market opening, corruption in China has evolved toward access money. Using a range of data sources, the author explains the evolution of Chinese corruption, how it differs from the West and other developing countries, and how Xi's anti-corruption campaign could affect growth and governance. In this formidable yet accessible book, Ang challenges one-dimensional measures of corruption. By unbundling the problem and adopting a comparative-historical lens, she reveals that the rise of capitalism was not accompanied by the eradication of corruption, but rather by its evolution from thuggery and theft to access money. In doing so, she changes the way we think about corruption and capitalism, not only in China but around the world.
Mechanisms driving the asymmetric seasonal cycle of Antarctic Sea Ice in the CESM Large Ensemble
Authors: Eayrs Clare , Faller Daiane , Holland David M.
Published: May 2020

The yearly paired process of slow growth and rapid melt of some 15 million square kilometers of Antarctic sea ice takes place with a regular asymmetry; the process has been linked to the relationship of the position of the ice edge with the band of low pressure that circles the continent between 60° and 70°S. In autumn, winds to the north of the low-pressure band slow the advancing ice edge. In summer, Ekman divergence created by opposing winds on either side of the low-pressure band opens up warm water regions that rapidly melt sea ice. We use the 40 ensemble members from the CESM-LENS historical run (1920–2005) to examine the relationship between the asymmetry in the annual cycle and the position and intensity of the low-pressure band. CESM-LENS reproduces the magnitude of the annual cycle of Antarctic sea ice extent with a short lag (2 weeks). Melt rate is the characteristic of the annual cycle that varies the most. Our results provide evidence that lower pressure leads to increased melt rates, which supports the importance of the role of divergence in increasing the melt rate of Antarctic sea ice. The role of winds during the growing season remains unquantified.
Impact of Personal Protective Equipment on the Performance of Emergency Pediatric Procedures by Prehospital Providers
Authors: Kou Maybelle , Donoghue Aaron J. , Stacks Helen , Kochman Adam , Semião Meghan , Nash Mark , Siegel David , Ku Lawrence , Debski Julie , Chen Jia-Yuh , Sharma Gaurav , Gosnell Leigh , Krug Steven , Adler Mark D.
Published: May 2020

Background:

Personal protective equipment (PPE) is worn by prehospital providers (PHPs) for protection from hazardous exposures. Evidence regarding the ability of PHPs to perform resuscitation procedures has been described in adult but not pediatric models. This study examined the effects of PPE on the ability of PHPs to perform resuscitation procedures on pediatric patients.

Methods:

This prospective study was conducted at a US simulation center. Paramedics wore normal attire at the baseline session and donned full Level B PPE for the second session. During each session, they performed timed sets of psychomotor tasks simulating clinical care of a critically ill pediatric patient. The difference in time to completion between baseline and PPE sessions per task was examined using Wilcoxon signed-rank tests.

Results:

A total of 50 paramedics completed both sessions. Median times for task completion at the PPE sessions increased significantly from baseline for several procedures: tracheal intubation (+4.5 s; P = 0.01), automated external defibrillator (AED) placement (+9.5 s; P = 0.01), intraosseous line insertion (+7 s; P < 0.0001), tourniquet (+8.5 s; P < 0.0001), intramuscular injection (+21-23 s, P < 0.0001), and pulse oximetry (+4 s; P < 0.0001). There was no significant increase in completion time for bag-mask ventilation or autoinjector use.

Conclusions:

PPE did not have a significant impact on PHPs performing critical tasks while caring for a pediatric patient with a highly infectious or chemical exposure. This information may guide PHPs faced with the situation of resuscitating children while wearing Level B PPE.
Is having an educationally diverse social network good for health?
Authors: Pachucki Mark C. , Leal Diego F.
Published: May 2020

While network research often focuses on social integration as a predictor of health, a less-explored idea is that connections to dissimilar others may benefit well-being. As such, this study investigates whether network diversity is associated with changes in four health outcomes over a 3-year period of time in the U.S.A. Specifically, we focus on how an underexplored measure of network diversity—educational attainment assortativity—is associated with common self-reported outcomes: propensity to exercise, body-mass index, mental health, and physical health. We extend prior research by conducting multilevel analyses using this measure of diversity while adjusting for a range of socio-demographic and network confounders. Data are drawn from a longitudinal probability sample of U.S. adults (n=10.679) in which respondents reported information about themselves and eight possible alters during three yearly surveys (2013–2015). We find, first, that higher educational attainment is associated with more educationally insular networks, while less-educated adults have more educationally diverse networks. Results further suggest that having educationally similar networks is associated with higher body-mass index among the less educated. Further exploration of the relationship between ego network diversity, tie strength, and health is warranted.
Impassioned Democracy: The Roles of Emotion in Deliberative Theory
Authors: NEBLO MICHAEL A.
Published: May 2020

In ordinary language, people often treat emotion as the opposite of reason. Deliberative democrats, however, typically use “reason” in a rather different way. They regard arbitrary power, not emotion, as the opposite of reason. Emotion, then, is not at all contrary to reason. Critics who rely on ordinary language to claim that deliberative democrats denigrate emotion are likely to misconstrue how both reason and emotion are deployed. In fact, most deliberative democrats have always assigned emotion an indispensable role in their theories. That said, emotion’s role in deliberation needs more, and more systematic, elaboration. I identify twelve distinct roles for emotion in deliberative theory and practice, clearing the way for a more fruitful research agenda on the role of emotion in democratic deliberation.
Social Constructions of Children and Youth: Beyond Dependents and Deviants
Authors: COLLINS MARY ELIZABETH , MEAD MICHELLE
Published: May 2020

Schneider and Ingram’s (1993) theory of social construction of target populations has received extensive scholarly attention. It has rarely been applied to populations of children and youth, however. In this article we: (1) describe the original framework; (2) apply each of Schneider and Ingram’s four categories to examples relevant to children and youth; (3) identify adjustments to the model to guide further understanding of young people’s policy treatment; and, (4) discuss how these observations might inform policies targeted toward children and youth. By providing a more focused analysis of this theory’s application to the social construction of children and youth, we aim to contribute to the scholarly understanding of policymaking and inform potential policy design strategies that may result in positive outcomes for children and youth.
A Black Mineral Amulet from Colchester's North Cemetery
Authors: Crummy Nina , Davis Glynn J.C.
Published: May 2020

A black mineral amulet in the form of a human bust is the only one of its kind so far found in Britain. Found c. 1900 during brick-making, it probably came from the burial of a young female. The authenticity of its provenance, context and associated finds is reviewed in the light of other grave groups, and its iconography and use are compared to those of other black mineral amulets from Britain and the Continent. Supplementary material available online (https://doi.org/10.1017/S0068113X20000094) comprises a short biography of Henry Money and a catalogue of beads.
Going beyond F0: The acquisition of Mandarin tones
Authors: RHEE Nari , CHEN Aoju , KUANG Jianjing
Published: May 2020

Using a semi-spontaneous speech corpus, we present evidence from computational modelling of tonal productions from Mandarin-speaking children (4- to 11-years old) and adults, showing that children exceed the adult-level tonal distinction at the age of 7 to 8 years using F0 cues, but do not reach the high adult-level distinction using spectral cues even at the age of 10 to 11 years. The difference in the developmental curves of F0 and spectral cues suggests that, in Mandarin tone production, secondary cues continue to develop even after the mastery of primary cues.
Are the Naica giant crystals deteriorating because of human action?
Authors: Montero-Cabrera M. E. , Carreño-Márquez I. J. A. , Castillo-Sandoval I. , Pérez-Cázares B. , Fuentes-Cobas L. E. , Esparza-Ponce H. E. , Menéndez-Méndez E. , Fuentes-Montero M. E. , Castillo-Michel H. , Eichert D. , Loredo-Portales R. , Canche-Tello J. , Luna-Porres M. Y. , González-Sánchez G. , Burciaga-Valencia D. , Caraveo-Castro C. , Gómez-Méndez G. , Muñoz-Castellanos L. , Reyes-Cortes I.
Published: May 2020

The giant gypsum crystals of Naica cave have fascinated scientists since their discovery in 2000. Human activity has changed the microclimate inside the cave, making scientists wonder about the potential environmental impact on the crystals. Over the last 9 years, we have studied approximately 70 samples. This paper reports on the detailed chemical–structural characterization of the impurities present at the surface of these crystals and the experimental simulations of their potential deterioration patterns. Selected samples were studied by petrography, optical and electronic microscopy, and laboratory X-ray diffraction. 2D grazing incidence X-ray diffraction, X-ray μ-fluorescence, and X-ray μ-absorption near-edge structure were used to identify the impurities and their associated phases. These impurities were deposited during the latest stage of the gypsum crystal formation and have afterward evolved with the natural high humidity. The simulations of the behavior of the crystals in microclimatic chambers produced crystal dissolution by 1–4% weight fraction under high CO2 concentration and permanent fog, and gypsum phase dehydration under air and CO2 gaseous environment. Our work suggests that most surface impurities are of natural origin; the most significant anthropogenic damage on the crystals is the extraction of water from the caves.
Local algebraic effect theories
Authors: LUKŠIČ ŽIGA , PRETNAR MATIJA
Published: May 2020

Algebraic effects are computational effects that can be described with a set of basic operations and equations between them. As many interesting effect handlers do not respect these equations, most approaches assume a trivial theory, sacrificing both reasoning power and safety. We present an alternative approach where the type system tracks equations that are observed in subparts of the program, yielding a sound and flexible logic, and paving a way for practical optimisations and reasoning tools.
Comparing Training Techniques in Personal Protective Equipment Use
Authors: Salway Richard J. , Williams Trenika , Londono Camilo , Roblin Patricia , Koenig Kristi , Arquilla Bonnie
Published: May 2020

Introduction:

Physicians’ management of hazardous material (HAZMAT) incidents requires personal protective equipment (PPE) utilization to ensure the safety of victims, facilities, and providers; therefore, providing effective and accessible training in its use is crucial. While an emphasis has been placed on the importance of PPE, there is debate about the most effective training methods. Circumstances may not allow for a traditional in-person demonstration; an accessible video training may provide a useful alternative.

Hypothesis:

Video training of Emergency Medicine (EM) residents in the donning and doffing of Level C PPE is more effective than in-person training.

Null Hypothesis:

Video training of EM residents in the donning and doffing of Level C PPE is equally effective compared with in-person training.

Methods:

A randomized, controlled pilot trial was performed with 20 EM residents as part of their annual Emergency Preparedness training. Residents were divided into four groups, with Group 1 and Group 2 viewing a demonstration video developed by the Emergency Preparedness Team (EPT) and Group 3 and Group 4 receiving the standard in-person demonstration training by an EPT member. The groups then separately performed a donning and doffing simulation while blinded evaluators assessed critical tasks utilizing a prepared evaluation tool. At the drill’s conclusion, all participants also completed a self-evaluation survey about their subjective interpretations of their respective trainings.

Results:

Both video and in-person training modalities showed significant overall improvement in participants’ confidence in doffing and donning PPE equipment (P <.05). However, no statistically significant difference was found in the number of failed critical tasks in donning or doffing between the training modalities (P >.05). Based on these results, the null hypothesis cannot be rejected. However, these results were limited by the small sample size and the study was not sufficiently powered to show a difference between training modalities.

Conclusion:

In this pilot study, video and in-person training were equally effective in training for donning and doffing Level C PPE, with similar error rates in both modalities. Further research into this subject with an appropriately powered study is warranted to determine whether this equivalence persists using a larger sample size.
Diet quality, general health and anthropometric outcomes in a Latin American population: evidence from the Colombian National Nutritional Survey (ENSIN) 2010
Authors: Mora-García Gustavo , Trujillo Antonio , García-Larsen Vanessa
Published: May 2020

Objective:

Colombia is experiencing a nutrition transition, characterised by nutritionally poor diets and an increased prevalence of non-communicable diseases (NCD). We aimed to investigate the association between diet quality and general health outcomes related to the risk of NCD, in a nationally representative sample of Colombian adolescents and adults.

Design:

Cross-sectional analysis. The Alternative Healthy-Eating Index (AHEI) was derived to calculate diet quality. Adjusted regressions were used to examine the association between AHEI, self-perceived general health status (GHS) and anthropometric variables (i.e. age-specific z-scores for height, and BMI for adolescents; waist circumference and BMI for adults).

Setting:

Nationally representative data from the Colombian National Nutrition Survey (ENSIN) 2010.

Participants:

Adolescents aged 10–17 years (n 6566) and adults aged ≥18 years (n 6750).

Results:

AHEI scores were similar between adolescents (mean 29·3 ± 7·2) and adults (mean 30·5 ± 7·2). In the whole sample, a better diet quality (higher AHEI score) was associated with worse self-perceived GHS (adjusted (a) β-coefficient: –0·004; P < 0·001) and with a smaller waist circumference ((a) β-coefficient: –0·06; P < 0·01). In adults, a higher AHEI score was negatively associated with BMI ((a) β-coefficient: –0·02; P < 0·05), whilst in adolescents it was associated with a reduced height-for-age z-score ((a) β-coefficient: –0·009; P < 0·001).

Conclusions:

A better diet quality was associated with reduced prevalence of predictors of NCD and with some indicators of general health in the Colombian population. In light of the high prevalence of overweight, our findings support the need for public health interventions focused on sustainable positive changes in dietary habits in the general population.