bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Electron Tomography in Plant Cell Biology
Authors: Haas Thomas J. , Otegui Marisa S.
Published: August 2007

This review focuses on the contribution of electron tomography‐based techniques to our understanding of cellular processes in plant cells. Electron microscopy techniques have evolved to provide better three‐dimensional resolution and improved preservation of the subcellular components. In particular, the combination of cryofixation/freeze substitution and electron tomography have allowed plant cell biologists to image organelles and macromolecular complexes in their native cellular context with unprecedented three‐dimensional resolution (4–7 nm). Until now, electron tomography has been applied in plant cell biology for the study of cytokinesis, Golgi structure and trafficking, formation of plant endosome/prevacuolar compartments, and organization of photosynthetic membranes. We discuss in this review the new insights that these tomographic studies have brought to the plant biology field.
Microtubule Associated Proteins in Plants and the Processes They Manage
Authors: Kaloriti Despina , Galva Charitha , Parupalli Chaithanyarani , Khalifa Noha , Galvin Megan , Sedbrook John C.
Published: August 2007

Microtubule associated proteins (MAPs) are proteins that physically bind to microtubules in eukaryotes. MAPs play important roles in regulating the polymerization and organization of microtubules and in using the ensuing microtubule arrays to carry out a variety of cellular functions. In plants, MAPs manage the construction, repositioning, and dismantling of four distinct microtubule arrays throughout the cell cycle. Three of these arrays, the cortical array, the preprophase band, and the phragmoplast, are prominent to plants and are responsible for facilitating cell wall deposition and modification, transducing signals, demarcating the plane of cell division, and forming the new cell plate during cytokinesis. This review highlights important aspects of how MAPs in plants establish and maintain microtubule arrays as well as regulate cell growth, cell division, and cellular responses to the environment.
The Chloroplast Outer Envelope Membrane: The Edge of Light and Excitement
Authors: Inoue Kentaro
Published: August 2007

The chloroplast is surrounded by a double‐membrane envelope at which proteins, ions, and numerous metabolites including nucleotides, amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates are exchanged between the two aqueous phases, the cytoplasm and the chloroplast stroma. The chloroplast envelope is also the location where the biosynthesis and accumulation of various lipids take place. By contrast to the inner membrane, which contains a number of specific transporters and acts as the permeability barrier, the chloroplast outer membrane has often been considered a passive compartment derived from the phagosomal membrane. However, the presence of galactoglycerolipids and β‐barrel membrane proteins support the common origin of the outer membranes of the chloroplast envelope and extant cyanobacteria. Furthermore, recent progress in the field underlines that the chloroplast outer envelope plays important roles not only for translocation of various molecules, but also for regulation of metabolic activities and signaling processes. The chloroplast outer envelope membrane offers various interesting and challenging questions that are relevant to the understanding of organelle biogenesis, plant growth and development, and also membrane biology in general.
The Meaning of Unemployment
Authors: Clayton Joseph
Published: August 2007

It is not unemployment alone, but the unemployment carrying with it a stoppage of pay that chiefly concerns us here. When a living is guaranteed by dividends, pension, or a sufficiently large dole, we can, for the most part, bear without discomfort the inconvenience of “no work.”

To-day there are in Great Britain at least a million capable people, men and women of various trades and occupations, of varying degrees in skill, training, and muscular strength, who are out of work, and out of wages. They are unemployed, existing precariously on meagre trade union allowance, on unemployment “benefits,” or on casual relief. They stand by in idleness in the market-place of every town because no one will hire them.

At the present time there are also many millions of people in Europe, men, women, and children, needing food, clothing, and dwelling places. (In especial the pitiful needs of the children of middle Europe are constantly brought to our notice.) In England alone many thousands are in need of these necessary things, while many thousands more, hard put to secure the bare necessities of physical life, worn out with anxiety in the struggle for a living, fade and perish in their prime.

These two facts, then, may be noted.

(1) A large population in need of food, clothing, and dwelling-places, and unable to obtain these things.

(2) A large population capable of producing food, clothing, and dwelling places unable to engage in such production because no one will employ them.
Chalcone Arrests Cell Cycle Progression and Induces Apoptosis through Induction of Mitochondrial Pathway and Inhibition of Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signalling in Human Bladder Cancer Cells
Authors: Shen Kun‐Hung , Chang Jiunn‐Kae , Hsu Ya‐Ling , Kuo Po‐Lin
Published: August 2007

Abstract:  Chalcones (1,3‐diphenyl‐2‐propenone) are cancer preventive food components found in a human diet rich in fruits and vegetables. In this study, we first report the chemopreventive effect of chalcone in two human bladder cancer cell lines: T24 and HT‐1376. The results show that chalcone inhibits the proliferation of T24 and HT‐1376 cells by inducing apoptosis and blocking cell cycle progression in the G2/M phase. Western blot assay showed that chalcone significantly increases the expression of p21 and p27 proteins, and decreases the levels of cyclin B1, cyclin A and Cdc2, thereby contributing to cell cycle arrest. In addition, chalcone increased the expression of Bax and Bak, but decreased the levels of Bcl‐2 and Bcl‐XL and subsequently triggered mitochondrial apoptotic pathway (release of cytochrome c and activation of caspase‐9 and caspase‐3). Our study suggests that the induction of mitochondrial pathway and inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa B survival system may play important roles in the antiproliferative activity of chalcone in T24 and HT‐1376 cells.
Thein vitroInhibitory Potential of Trade Herbal Products on Human CYP2D6‐Mediated Metabolism and the Influence of Ethanol
Authors: Hellum Bent H. , Nilsen Odd Georg
Published: August 2007

Abstract: The six commonly used trade herbal products, St. John's wort, common valerian, common sage,Ginkgo biloba,Echinacea purpureaand horse chestnut, and ethanol, were investigated for theirin vitroinhibitory potential of cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6)‐mediated metabolism. Herbal components were extracted from commercially available products in a way that ensured the same composition of constituents in the extract as in the original trade products. c‐DNA baculovirus expressed CYP2D6 was used with dextromethorphan as substrate. Quinidine was included as a positive control inhibitor. A validated high performance liquid chromatography methodology was used to quantify the formation of dextrorphan (product of dextromethorphan O‐demethylation). Ethanol showed a biphasic effect on CYP2D6 metabolism, increasing initially the CYP2D6 activity with 175% of control up to a concentration of 1.1%, where after ethanol linearly inhibited the CYP2D6 activity. All the investigated herbs inhibited CYP2D6 activity to some extent, but only St. John's wort, common sage and common valerian were considered possible candidates forin vivoclinically significant effects. They showed IC50values of 0.07 ± 7 × 10−3 mg/ml, 0.8 ± 0.05 mg/ml and 1.6 ± 0.2 mg/ml, respectively. St. John's wort inhibited CYP2D6‐mediated metabolism in an uncompetitive manner, while common valerian and common sage in a non‐competitive manner demonstrated interherb differences in inhibition patterns and differences when compared to the more homogenous competitive inhibitor quinidine. Common valerian was the only herb that showed a mechanistic inhibition of CYP2D6 activity and attention should be paid to a possible toxicity of this herb.
Childhood Epilepsy: Child Adaptation and Family Resources
Authors: AUSTIN JOAN KESSNER
Published: August 2007

The purpose of the study was to (a) compare children with epilepsy and children with asthma in regard to psychosocial adaptation and family characteristics; and (b) compare family characteristics for children with epilepsy with good and poor psychosocial adaptation. Subjects were 111 children (54 with epilepsy and 57 with asthma) and their mothers. Children with epilepsy were found to have significantly lower self‐concepts, more behavior problems at school, and more depression than children with asthma. In the epilepsy sample, family resources and adaptation were significantly lower for children with poor psychosocial adaptation when compared with children with good psychosocial adaptation.
Improving Nursing Care Services for Children and Adolescents with Severe Emotional Disorders
Authors: OPIE NANCY D.
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this article is to address the educational and training needs of students in programs designed to prepare advanced nurse clinicians in child and adolescent psychiatric nursing in order to improve the care of severely emotionally and behaviorally disturbed (SED) children. To accomplish this task, several related issues have been addressed. These include: information on the types and rates of disorders in children, variables associated with psychopathology in children and adolescents, psychiatric care needs and the settings in which interventions occur, information about child and adolescent psychiatric nurses, and the current status of the educational scene for child and adolescent psychiatric nurses. Finally, recommendations far strategies to improve the care of SED children and their families are presented.
Mentally Ill Mothers of Young Children
Authors: GROSS DEBORAH , SEMPREVIVO DIANE
Published: August 2007

When a mother is hospitalized for psychiatric treatment, nurses are presented with an opportunity to assess parenting disorders and identify early parent‐child disturbances. The purpose of this article is to discuss the parenting issues recorded in 21 charts of hospitalized, mentally ill mothers who had a child less than 6 years old. Based on this chart renew, three themes related to parenting young children emerged: (1) how psychiatric symptoms affected the mother's ability to parent her children; (2) the difficulty the mother had riding the energy to care for her children; and (3) the mother's need to be with her children in spite of her difficulty caring for them. None of the charts contained assessments of the quality of the mother‐child relationship or the mother's ability to resume her maternal role following discharge. The implications of these findings for nursing practice, education and research are discussed.
Autonomic and Cardiovascular Responses of Preschool Children to Television Programs
Authors: GRÖER MAUREEN , HOWELL MICHELLE
Published: August 2007

This exploratory study examined the heart rates (HR) and skin temperatures (ST) of 18 preschool children while they viewed two clips of everyday children's television (TV) programming. The measurements were made in a day care setting, in a naturalistic environment designed to mimic the real world of children's TV viewing. The purpose of the study was to determine whether cardiovascular and autonomic arousal to TV programming might occur in some children. Since a large body of psychosocial literature addresses the affects of TV violence on children, HR and ST were examined during exposure to scenes from Mr. Roger's Neighborhood and G.I. Joe cartoons. The Mr. Roger's clip was slow, rhythmic, prosocial, and nonviolent, while the G.I. Joe clip was fast‐paced, staccato, colorful, and full of verbal and action violence. The study found a significant effect of exposure to the cartoon violence on HR, with HR increasing. ST decreased, but not significantly, and there was a significant effect of time on the ST, due possibly to habituation. This finding has relevance to nursing assessment, intervention, and education of parents and children, since TV viewing is a pervasive cultural phenomenon. The possibility of excessive or inappropriate autonomic and cardiovascular responsiveness in some children to TV must be considered.
Adolescent Anger: A Developmental Study
Authors: KOLLAR MARY , GROER MAUREEN , THOMAS SANDRA , CUNNINGHAM JO LYNN
Published: August 2007

This research examined adolescent anger in a cohort of adolescents measured twice, once during the freshman year and again in the senior year of high school. Anger was measured by the Anger Index, a questionnaire developed by Siegel (1984). The purpose of the research was to determine if adolescent anger changed over time and if there were gender differences. Results of the study indicated that anger scores appeared to be stable over time for both boys and girls. There were gender and time differences on individual responses for several items, indicating that certain dimensions of anger may differ over time and by gender. It also appeared possible that the interpretation of certain questions on the anger index was different for the adolescents at the two time intervals.
Planning a Continuum of Care in Child Psychiatric Nursing A Collaborative Effort
Authors: HERRICK CHARLOTTE A. , GOODYKOONTZ LYNNE , HERRICK ROBERT H. , HACKETT BRENDA
Published: August 2007

A guide for providing a continuum of care for children in need of psychiatric services from the least restrictive services (outpatient care), to a moderately restrictive setting (partial hospitalization), to the most restrictive setting (inpatient care) is described. Movement along the continuum is facilitated by the nurse case manager. Concepts from three theoretical frameworks are integrated to define goals, criteria, and expected outcomes for each level of care along the continuum. They are Neuman's (1982) systems model for nursing practice and education, Caplan's (1961) model for primary prevention of mental disorders in children, and Frances, Clarken and Perry's (1984) differential therapeutics. The continuum provides a guide for nurses and other health care providers to achieve high quality care as economically as possible. It also enhances self‐care and self‐responsibility for families of disturbed children by offering a sequential graded system of care along the health‐illness continuum.
Improving Priority Scores in Grant Applications
Authors: T. Bush Carol
Published: August 2007

JCPN Commentary presents a series of observations, opinions, and analyses of issues and trends in education and practice in psychiatric and mental health nursing, and social policy factors that influence families, or the delivery of health services to youth and their families.
Development of an Adolescent Risk‐Taking Instrument
Authors: BUSEN NANCY H.
Published: August 2007

The purpose of this research study was to estimate the reliability and content validity of an instrument designed to measure risk‐taking in adolescents. Six subscales containing 69 items were developed to measure the adolescent's perception of risk‐taking. Subjects consisted of 75 male and female adolescents enrolled in a vocational training program. Support for reliability was obtained by the use of Chronbach's alpha correlation coefficient for the subscales and the Risk‐Taking Instrument.
Nursing in Child Psychiatric Milieus
Authors: DELANEY KATHLEEN R.
Published: August 2007

Because of the reduced length of inpatient hospitalization and the increasing emphasis on biopsychiatric treatments, milieu psychiatry is in decline. However, certain aspects of the therapeutic milieu are essential to the operation of child inpatient units. Children with acute psychiatric illness need a safe, structured, and supportive environment. Nurses are the professional group responsible for instituting and maintaining this type of environment, yet their specific functions are vaguely stated and often intuitively derived. A useful way to delineate and describe what nurses do is to organize nursing behaviors into five therapeutic processes: (a) safety, (b) structure, (c) support, (d) involvement, and (e) validation. By delineating essential milieu dimensions in this way, the form and purpose of nursing interventions are clarified.
Multiple Family Therapy for Adolescents A Case Illustration
Authors: BENDER PAMELA J.
Published: August 2007

Psychiatric hospitalization of adolescents is on the rise, with the concurrent trend toward shorter stays and increased need for expedient, effective treatment modalities. Involving families or troubled adolescents in all phases of treatment is believed to be essential and aids both in successful reintegration of the patient into the community and prevention of relapse. Psychiatric nurses can practice innovative therapies to meet the needs of hospitalized adolescents and their families. Clinical observations have shown multiple family therapy for adolescents to be a valuable component of care.
Preparing to Parent the Adolescent
Authors: RIESCH SUSAN K. , FORSYTH DIANE MCNALLY
Published: August 2007

Early adolescence (ages 11–14 years) occurs at the time most parents are in middle adulthood. The tasks of both early adolescent and middle adulthood stages are numerous and complex. As a societal unit, the family is challenged to meet one another's needs for cohesion, adaptability, and satisfaction. Family communication and the family's ability to resolve conflicts are proposed as facilitating factors to meet these challenges.
In Support of Sibling Inclusion: A Literature Review
Authors: Rowe John
Published: August 2007

The responses of siblings to a childhood mental illness have been conceptualized in different ways. When siblings have not been ignored, they have been viewed most frequently as an influence upon the illness or as subject to the same dynamics that were believed to have caused the mental illness. As conceptualizations of the causes of mental illness have changed, the literature on siblings has changed to focus on the impact of the illness on the sibling. How siblings and sibling relationships are conceptualized has important implications for clinical research and practice. More research is needed to understand the sibling experience in childhood mental illness. Clinicians can do more for the family if all of the family dynamics and responses to the illness are explored.
Cognitive Functioning, and Behavioral and Emotional Adjustment in Maltreated Children Post‐Intervention
Authors: Houck Gail M. , King Mary C.
Published: August 2007

Cognitive functioning and behavioral and emotional adjustment were examined in children who were previously maltreated as preschoolers, had received intervention in a developmentally salient day treatment program, and were either placed in adoptive families or returned to the biological family system. The children were evaluated, on average, four years postintervention. The children in this sample were as emotionally maladjusted as those in a clinical population; they experienced more anxiety and aggression. Additionally, they fared worse than clinical (and nonclinical) norms in terms of self‐confidence and the adaptive ability to perceive support from others, and were comparable to the clinical group in their limited ability to reach out to others in the face of problem‐resolution skills below a nonclinical level.
Evaluation of Treatment Integrity on a Child Psychiatric Unit: An Illustration
Authors: Pizzello Lenora , Breitmayer Bonnie J.
Published: August 2007

The authors present a systematic evaluation of the implementation of a token economy protocol on a child psychiatric inpatient unit. Unobtrusive observations and staff responses to vignettes that depicted child behavior indicated that staff members did not always distribute tokens as scheduled and were inconsistent in their judgments about which behaviors should be rewarded. The results highlight the need for child psychiatric nurses to monitor systematically the implementation of care for which they are responsible.
Cambodian Refugee Adolescents: Cultural Factors and Mental Health Nursing
Authors: Frye Barbara A. , McGill Deborah
Published: August 2007

Cambodian adolescents in America are a high‐risk group for physical, psychosomatic, and drug‐related problems. Communication with the Cambodian community is a challenge to mental health nurses due to fundamental differences in American and Cambodian perceptions about parental roles and causation and treatment of illness. The authors focus on the Cambodian cultural theme of equilibrium in treatment of illness, management of stress, and patterns of parenting. Conflicts faced by Cambodian adolescents and nursing intervention strategies are identified.
Book Review
Authors: Durham Jerry D.
Published: August 2007

Theory and practice of HIV counseling. R. Bor, R. Miller, & E. Goldman.
The Parent‐Baby Venture Program: Prevention of Child Abuse
Authors: Williams‐Burgess Christine , Vines Susan W. , Ditulio Margaret Baumeister
Published: August 2007

TOPIC The overwhelming obstacles adolescents face to successful achievement of the maternal role.

PURPOSE. To describe an innovative, community‐based program to support high risk adolescents during the early postpartum period.

SOURCE. A review of the literature related to programs designed to promote maternal‐role attainment and prevent child abuse/neglect.

CONCLUSION. Interviews with participants indicate a positive response to the intervention but regression to maladaptive behavior in some following termination.
Evaluation and Selection of Standardized Psychological Instruments for Research and Clinical Practice
Authors: Meyer Elaine C. , Edwards Gwenyth H. , Rossi Joseph S.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. The evaluation and selection of standardized psychological instruments for research and clinical practice.

PURPOSE. To present a systematic strategy to facilitate the instrument evaluation and selection process.

SOURCES. Psychometric theory, published literature, and clinical‐research experience.

CONCLUSION. A careful instrument evaluation process informs the examiner, increases the likelihood that the best available instrument will be selected, and improves research and clinical practice by ensuring the integrity of standardized instruments.
Book Reviews
Authors: Galehouse Pamela , Rowe John
Published: August 2007

Skills for Living: Group Counseling Activities for Elementary Students. R. Smead Morganett.

Child, Adolescent and Family Psychiatric Nursing. B. Johnson (Ed.).
The Use of Qualitative Methods in the Study of Wellness in Children With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors: Kendall Judy
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) effects on children and families.

PURPOSE. To describe the gaps in current ADHD literature, exploring the role of qualitative research methods to study the health and well‐being of children and families with ADHD.

CONCLUSIONS. In light of the difficult problems ADHD children experience and the low efficacy of many medical and psychological treatment, a need exists for understanding the contexts and everyday circumstances under which ADHD children and their families achieve well‐being.
Adolescent Suicide as a Public Health Threat
Authors: Bloch David S.
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. Adolescent suicide patterns.

PURPOSE. To raise awareness of the seriousness of adolescent suicidal behavior by reviming intmtional research on adolescent suicide and evaluating the prospects for identification and intmention.

somas. Published literature.

CONCLUSIONS. Adolescent suicide research is complicated and often contradictory, but it does provide some insight into prevalence, risk factors, screening tools, and interventions. For completers, the problem may be intractable. But n few broad‐based identification and prevention flouts show promise, and psychotherapy is a provoi success. Even if suicide rates remain high, treatment of attempters should prevent further self‐harm and reduce the completion rate, and thus should be funded.
That Place Where We Live: The Discovery of Self Through the Creative Play Experience
Authors: Galligan Ann Costello
Published: August 2007

TOPIC. The origin and meaning of play in relation to D. W. Winnicott's (1971) conceptualization of the intermediate area of experience and transitional object, and transitional phenomena formation.

PURPOSE. To demonstrate how the nurse therapist can enhance the child's discovery of self and healthy development through creativity and Play.

SOURCES. Clinical experiences with children in a school‐based mental health program and literature support.

CONCLUSIONS. By providing “good enough” mothering and a holding environment to enhance the development of a creative play experience, the nurse allozos the child to find meaning through self‐expression and, ultimately, health.
Sequence Recognition of α‐LFA‐1‐derived Peptides by ICAM‐1 Cell Receptors: Inhibitors of T‐cell Adhesion
Authors: Yusuf‐Makagiansar Helena , Yakovleva Tatyana V. , Tejo Bimo A. , Jones Karen , Hu Yongbo , Verkhivker Gennady M. , Audus Kenneth L. , Siahaan Teruna J.
Published: August 2007

Blocking the T‐cell adhesion signal from intercellular adhesion molecule‐1/leukocyte function‐associated antigen‐1 interactions (Signal‐2) can suppress the progression of autoimmune diseases (i.e. type‐1 diabetes, psoriasis) and prevent allograph rejection. In this study, we determined the active region(s) of cLAB.L peptide [cyclo(1,12)Pen‐ITDGEATDSGC] by synthesizing and evaluating the biologic activity of hexapeptides in inhibiting T‐cell adhesion. A new heterotypic T‐cell adhesion assay was also developed to provide a model for the T‐cell adhesion process during lung inflammation. Two hexapeptides, ITDGEA and DGEATD, were found to be more active than the other linear hexapeptides. The cyclic derivative of ITDGEA [i.e. cyclo(1,6)ITDGEA] has similar activity than the parent linear peptide and has lower activity than cLAB.L peptide. Computational‐binding experiments were carried out to explain the possible mechanism of binding of these peptides to intercellular adhesion molecule‐1. Both ITDGEA and DGEATD bind the same site on intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 and they interact with the Gln34 and Gln73 residues on D1 of intercellular adhesion molecule‐1. In the future, more potent derivatives of cyclo(1,6)ITDGEA will be designed by utilizing structural and binding studies of the peptide to intercellular adhesion molecule‐1. The heterotypic T‐cell adhesion to Calu‐3 will also be used as another assay to evaluate the selectivity of the designed peptides.
An analysis of the European Communities: Protection of Trademarks and Geographical Indications for Agricultural Products and Foodstuffs Dispute
Authors: Charlier Christophe , Ngo Mai‐Anh
Published: August 2007

The dispute European Communities—Protection of trademarks and geographical indications for agricultural products and foodstuffs, which opposes the European Union with the United States and Australia, has been raised by the European regulation concerning the protection of geographical indications (GIs). This dispute has two important issues. First, the Panel has demonstrated that the European Regulation does not comply with national treatment promulgated by the Agreement on Trade‐Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights and the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade 1994. Second, the Panel affirmed the possibility of some coexistence between GIs and identical prior trademarks. This article considers these issues and describes the positions of the parties at the end of the dispute over protection of GIs. The first part discusses the Panel's conclusions on national treatment and the coexistence of GIs and prior trademarks. The second part provides an analysis of the relationship between national treatment and international harmonization of the rules on the protection of GIs. This shows that if the Panel findings do not annihilate the European system of protection of GIs, the United States will find it advantageous to free ride and resist any move towards the European system of protection.
Intellectual Property Right Abuses in the Patent Licensing of Technology Standards from Developed Countries to Developing Countries: A Study of Some Typical Cases from China
Authors: Zhan Ying , Zhu Xuezhong
Published: August 2007

While Western countries continually criticize developing countries, especially China, for a lack of effective protection of intellectual property rights (IPRs), the IPR abuses of developed countries in developing countries are also worth paying attention to. This article takes several representative cases that have occurred in recent years in China and discusses the IPR abuses in the licensing of technology standards from developed countries to developing countries. Under de facto standards, the IPR abuses of western enterprises are mainly conducted through blocking competitors by taking advantage of the status of controlling the standards. Under de jure standards, the most urgent antitrust concerns for developing countries are being charged an excessively high patent royalty and being refused independent licensing in practice by the western patent pools under the standards. In addition, this article also shows China's responses, such as improving its legal system to restrict IPR abuses and commonweal intellectual property litigation filed by IPR scholars. A brief analysis on categories of commonweal relative to IPR abuses is also presented.
Clinical aspects and immune reactions in sarcoidosis*
Authors: Grunewald Johan
Published: August 2007

Introduction:  Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disorder of unknown aetiology, affecting young adults and frequently involving the lungs.

Objective:  The aim of the present review was to give an overview of the clinical aspects in sarcoidosis.

Results:  The majority of patients recover, but some develop a chronic disease that may result in fibrosis and respiratory failure. Besides the lungs, peripheral lymph nodes, the skin, the liver and the eyes are commonly affected as well. The genetic background, as well as environmental factors, is of importance for developing sarcoidosis. The incidence varies in different populations, in the Nordic countries approximately with 20/100 000 new patients yearly. Sarcoidosis is diagnosed when clinical and radiological findings are supported by histological evidence in the form of non‐caseating epithelioid cell granulomas, and when other causes of these features are excluded. Patients in need of treatment are usually treated with corticosteroids, topically or as oral steroids. A clinical effect of immunomodulatory drugs blocking tumour necrosis factor (TNF)α has been suggested from several case reports, while two controlled studies showed only minor effects; however, with a tendency to a more pronounced effect on patients with a more severe disease.

The immune response in sarcoidosis, with a typical accumulation of CD4+ T‐cells to the lungs, indicate the existence of specific antigens in this disease. Recently, antigens derived from infectious agents such as Mycobacteria and Proprionibacterium acnes have come into focus. Lymphocyte populations with immunoregulatory functions have recently been investigated and seem to be dysfunctional in sarcoidosis, opening the possibility of developing new treatment strategies in this disease.

Conclusion:  Recent technical developments have provided better tools, enabling detailed and more thorough analyses of the inflammatory process in sarcoidosis.

Please cite this paper as: Grunewald J. Clinical aspects and immune reactions in sarcoidosis. The Clinical Respiratory Journal 2007; 1:64–73.
An Investigation of Bottled Water Use and Caries in the Mixed Dentition
Authors: Broffitt Barbara , Levy Steven M. , Warren John J. , Cavanaugh Joseph E.
Published: August 2007

Objectives: Bottled water consumption in the United States has greatly increased in the past decade. Because the majority of commercial bottled water is low in fluoride, there is the potential for an increase in dental caries. In these secondary data analyses, associations between bottled water use and dental caries were explored.

Methods: Subjects (n=413) are in the Iowa Fluoride Study, which included dental examinations of the primary (approximately aged 5) and early erupting permanent (approximately aged 9) dentitions by trained dentist examiners. Permanent tooth caries and primary second molar increments were related to bottled water use using logistic and negative binomial regression models. All models were adjusted for age and the frequency of toothbrushing.

Results: Bottled water use in this cohort was fairly limited (~10 percent). While bottled water users had significantly lower fluoride intakes, especially fluoride from water, there were no significant differences found in either permanent tooth caries (P=0.20 and 0.91 for prevalence and D2+FS, respectively) or primary second molar caries (P=0.94 and 0.74 for incidence and d2+fs increment, respectively). Results for smooth surfaces differed somewhat from those for pit and fissure surfaces, but neither showed significant differences related to bottled water use.

Conclusion: While bottled water users had significantly lower fluoride intakes, this study found no conclusive evidence of an association with increased caries. Further study is warranted, preferably using studies designed specifically to address this research question.
Incidence of Periodontal Attachment Loss over 8 to 10 Years among Iowa Elders Aged 71+ at Baseline
Authors: Qian Fang , Levy Steven M. , Warren John J. , Hand Jed S.
Published: August 2007

Objectives: There has been limited research on the long‐term incidence of periodontal attachment loss (ALOSS) among adults aged 70 and older. This study investigated periodontal ALOSS incidence among elderly Iowans aged 71 and older over an 8‐ to 10‐year period.

Methods: Clinical examination data were obtained for a cohort of the Iowa 65+ Oral Health Study/Oral Lesion Detection Study in 1988 (baseline) and again in 1996‐98. Periodontal measurements, including gingival recession and probing depth, were made by trained examiners at both exams for each retained tooth at buccal (B) and mesiobuccal (MB) sites. Paired‐sample t‐tests were used to determine whether significant differences existed in ALOSS between the two time points; two‐sample t‐tests were used to assess the significance between genders and age groups (81 to 85 versus 86 to 93 years at follow‐up).

Results: Of the 77 individuals examined at baseline, 35 provided longitudinal data for a total of 705 retained teeth. The data revealed that there were significant changes in ALOSS at B, MB, and combined sites during the observation period, but there were no significant differences in ALOSS by gender or age group. The mean differences in ALOSS between the two time periods were 0.57 mm (SD=0.69, Max=2.08) at B sites, and 0.43 mm (SD=0.63, Max=2.00) at MB sites. Over the period of 8 to 10 years, 2+ mm ALOSS incidence occurred at 17.6 percent of B sites and 13.9 percent of MB sites. Also, 68.6, 71.4, and 82.9 percent of the subjects experienced ALOSS incidence of 2+ mm at one or more B, MB, and B or MB sites, respectively, while 20.0, 25.7, and 31.4 percent of the subjects experienced ALOSS incidence of 4+ mm at one or more B, MB, and B or MB sites, respectively.

Conclusions: Continuing ALOSS incidence was common in this elderly population. This study suggests that periodontal treatment continues to be important for the elderly.
Oral Health‐Related Quality of Life of Children by Dental Caries and Fluorosis Experience
Authors: Do Loc G. , Spencer A.
Published: August 2007

Objective: To evaluate the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of children by dental caries and fluorosis status.

Methods: A random sample of South Australian 8‐ to 13‐year‐old children was selected. Caries data were collected from school dental service records to group children by combined deciduous and permanent tooth caries experience. Children were examined for fluorosis using the Thylstrup and Fejerskov (TF) Index to form groups by fluorosis scores on maxillary central incisors. Occlusal traits were recorded using the Dental Aesthetic Index. Children and their parents completed the Child Perception Questionnaire (CPQ) and the Parental Perception Questionnaire (PPQ) and a global rating of oral health (OH). OHRQoL indicators, rating OH as Excellent/Very good, and mean overall CPQ/PPQ scores were compared between groups by fluorosis scores and caries experience. Multivariate models were generated for both OH and CPQ/PPQ indicators.

Results: Two hundred forty‐two children (43.0 percent) had 0 decayed, missing, and filled primary and permanent tooth surface (dmfs/DMFS), while 170 (23.9 percent) had 5+ dmfs/DMFS. The prevalence of TF scores 1, 2, and 3 were 14.5, 9.5, and 1.9 percent, respectively. The proportion of children/parents rating OH as Excellent/Very good was significantly associated with children's caries experience. That proportion increased when fluorosis severity increased from a TF score of 0 to 2, but decreased with a TF of 3. Having low caries experience and better dental appearance were associated with parents’ perception of good OH. Having mild fluorosis and more acceptable appearance were significant factors for children's perception of good OH. Caries and malocclusion were associated with lower OHRQoL, while having a TF score of 2 was associated with better OHRQoL in multivariate models for overall CPQ/PPQ scores.

Conclusion: Caries and less acceptable appearance showed a negative impact, while mild fluorosis had a positive impact on child and parental OHRQoL.
Consumption of Bottled Water by Children in the City of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil – A Brief Communication
Authors: Ramires Irene , Grec Roberto H. C. , Moura Patrícia G. , Pessan Juliano P. , Lauris José R. P. , Buzalaf Marília A. R.
Published: August 2007

Objectives: To determine the consumption of bottled water by children in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil.

Methods: A stratified sample of the 17 areas established by the city plan was used to identify a total of 1,000 homes for visitation. Information was collected using a questionnaire concerning the type of water consumed and population demographics.

Results: Overall, around 30 percent of all residences used bottled water. Among all households where bottled water was consumed, about 26 percent had children residing. For those with children and bottled water, 81 percent reported to use bottled water for the preparation of the children's foods and beverages.

Conclusions: An important percentage of children consume bottled water in the city of Bauru, State of São Paulo, Brazil. Considering previous studies showing that fluoride concentrations vary in bottled water, public health measures should be implemented in order to guarantee adequate levels of fluoride in commercialized water.
Prevalence and Severity of Molar Incisor Hypomineralization in a Region of Germany – A Brief Communication
Authors: Preusser Sonja E. , Ferring Verena , Wleklinski Carl , Wetzel Willi‐Eckhard
Published: August 2007

Objectives: Molar incisor hypomineralization (MIH) is a developmental disturbance concerning permanent incisors and first permanent molars. The aim of this study was to ascertain the frequency of MIH in the region of central Hesse, Germany.

Methods: 1,022 children aged 6 to 12 years were surveyed during routine school‐based dental examinations, which were conducted by the regional public health department. Symptoms of MIH were recorded and a DMF‐T evaluation was carried out.

Results: Approximately 6 percent (5.9 percent) of all examined children showed at least one ill‐structured first permanent molar in terms of MIH. Furthermore, 57.9 percent of these children with hypomineralized first molars also showed changes in the enamel structure of the permanent incisors. Altogether, children with MIH showed a significantly higher DMF‐T value for permanent teeth than children without MIH.

Conclusions: A carefully managed recall program for children affected by MIH is essential with regard to the increasing importance of preventive and restorative measures.
Direct-write trilayer technology for Al–Al2O3–Cu superconductor-insulator-normal metal tunnel junction fabrication
Authors: Otto Ernst , Tarasov Mikhail , Kuzmin Leonid
Published: August 2007

The authors present a novel direct-write trilayer technology for bolometer and thermometry applications. The technology is based on in situ evaporation of the superconductive electrode followed by the oxidation and the normal counterelectrode as a first step and deposition of normal-metal absorber as a second one. This approach allows one to realize any geometry of the tunnel junctions and of the absorber with no limitation related to the size of the junctions or the absorber, which is not possible using shadow evaporation technique. The proposed new approach is perfectly suited for fabrication of microwave receivers for high-precision measurements in new generation of telescopes such as CLOVER ground-based telescope and OLIMPO balloon telescope projects. Measurements performed at 300mK showed high quality of fabricated tunnel junctions, low leakage currents, and Rd∕Rn ratio of 500 has been achieved at that temperature. The junctions were characterized as temperature sensors, and voltage versus temperature dependence measurements have shown a dV∕dT of 0.5mV∕K for each single junction, which is typical for this kind of tunnel junctions.
Resonant cavity enhanced InAs∕In0.15Ga0.85As dots-in-a-well quantum dot infrared photodetector
Authors: Attaluri R. S. , Shao J. , Posani K. T. , Lee S. J. , Brown J. S. , Stintz A. , Krishna S.
Published: August 2007

The authors demonstrate the design, growth, fabrication, and characterization of resonant cavity enhanced InAs∕In0.15Ga0.85As dots-in-a-well (RC-DWELL) quantum dot infrared photodetector (QDIP) and compare it with a standard DWELL detector. They measured peak photoresponse at the resonant wavelength of 9.5μm for the RC-DWELL photodetector. The peak responsivity was measured to be 0.76A∕W at 1.4V and the peak detectivity was 1.4×1010cmHz1∕2∕W at 0.5V at a temperature of 77K. The photocurrent density increased in comparison with the standard DWELL structure with the same active region by a factor of 6 at Vb=2.1V and 80K. A factor of 6 increase in responsivity and factor of 3 increase in detectivity at 1.2V and 77K were also observed in the resonant cavity enhanced DWELL sample. The quantum efficiencies for the RC-DWELL sample were calculated to be ∼10% at 9.5μm and 1.25% at 10μm for the standard DWELL sample. They conclude that the RC-DWELL is a promising improvement for QDIP-based infrared detection applications.
Deposition of sacrificial silicon oxide layers by electron cyclotron resonance plasma
Authors: Biasotto C. , Daltrini A. M. , Teixeira R. C. , Boscoli F. A. , Diniz J. A. , Moshkalev S. A. , Doi I.
Published: August 2007

Electron cyclotron resonance plasmas with SiH4∕O2∕Ar mixtures were used for deposition of thin films of silicon oxide, to be employed as sacrificial layers in microelectromechanical system (MEMS) fabrication. The grown films were characterized by Fourier transform infrared and ellipsometry. Optical emission spectroscopy and Langmuir probe were used for plasma characterization. It has been shown that OH molecules generated in the plasma play an important role in formation of films suitable as sacrificial layers for MEMS fabrication. Extremely high etch rates of grown oxide films (up to 10μm∕min) were obtained, allowing fabrication of high quality poly-Si suspended structures.
Epitaxial growth of (FeCo)xGe1−x(001)
Authors: He L. , Collins B. A. , Tsui F. , Zhong Y. , Vogt S. , Chu Y. S.
Published: August 2007

The epitaxial growth of (FeCo)xGe1−x films on Ge and GaAs (001) substrates has been studied systematically with x in the range between 0 and 17at.%, using combinatorial molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) techniques. Complementary doping using the two transition metal dopants into Ge (001) during MBE growth is shown to produce high quality coherent epitaxial films for transition metal concentrations as high as 11at.%. As the doping level increases, rough growth occurs, which is accompanied by an increasing amount of stacking faults along the ⟨111⟩ directions. The crystal lattice that resulted from the rough growth exhibits a large out-of-plane tetragonal distortion. There are no detectable secondary phases up to a combined transition metal concentration of 17at.%. The behaviors are shown to be invariant with respect to the choice of substrates.
Transport properties of InAs nanowire field effect transistors: The effects of surface states
Authors: Dayeh Shadi A. , Soci Cesare , Yu Paul K. L. , Yu Edward T. , Wang Deli
Published: August 2007

It is shown that interface trap states have pronounced effects on carrier transport and parameter extraction from top-gated InAs nanowire field effect transistors (NWFETs). Due to slow surface state charging and discharging, the NWFET characteristics are time dependent with time constants as long as ∼45s. This is also manifested in a time-dependent extrinsic transconductance that severely affects carrier mobility and carrier density determination from conventional three-terminal current-voltage characteristics. Slow gate voltage sweep rates result in charge balance between carrier capture and emission from interface states and lead to reduced hysteresis in the transfer curves. The gate transconductance is thus increased and intrinsic NW transport parameters can be isolated. In the InAs NWFETs, a carrier mobility value of ∼16000cm2∕Vs was obtained from the transfer curves at slow sweep rates, which is significantly higher than ∼1000cm2∕Vs obtained at fast sweep rates. A circuit model that takes into account the reduction in the extrinsic transconductance is used to estimate an interface state capacitance to be ∼2μF∕cm−2, a significant value that can lead to underestimation of carrier mobility.
Instability of junctions formed by low energy B implant and low temperature solid phase epitaxy growth
Authors: Zhu Lei , Martin M. , Hollander M. , Wang Y. Q. , Chen Q. , Ma K. , Yu X. K. , Liu J. R. , Chu Wei-Kan , Shao Lin
Published: August 2007

The stability of p+∕n junctions remains a critical issue for device performance. Shallow junctions formed by low temperature solid phase epitaxy growth (LTSPEG) are not stable during additional thermal processes. Anomalous boron diffusion and boron trapping by end-of-range defects are observed during additional furnace annealing. The study shows that, by adding a (MeV) implantation step before LTSPEG, B trapping and B diffusion are significantly reduced during post-LTSPEG annealing. The technique can be used as a method to increase the stability of shallow junctions formed by LTSPEG.
Low power and high speed phase-change memory devices with silicon-germanium heating layers
Authors: Lee Seung-Yun , Yoon Sung-Min , Park Young-Sam , Yu Byoung-Gon , Kim Sang-Hoon , Lee Sang-Heung
Published: August 2007

The switching speed and the reliability of the phase-change memory (PCM) device employing a SiGe film as a heating layer were compared with those of the control device employing a conventional TiN heating layer. The influence of the semiconducting nature of the SiGe film on PCM operation was investigated. The critical pulse width for the onset of a set process was reduced to less than about 50% by substitution of SiGe for TiN. The cycling endurance value for the PCM device with a SiGe heating layer was comparable to that of the control device, which indicated that the introduction of a SiGe film did not induce reliability degradation. The heterojunction between the GeSbTe and SiGe layers was so leaky that the effect of the semiconduction type of SiGe was negligible. The reset current was saturated at a minimum value with increasing resistivity of a SiGe film, which was attributed to the resistance lowering of SiGe at high temperature. The PCM device with a SiGe heating layer was successively fabricated using Si complementary metal oxide semiconductor technology, and its reset current decreased drastically compared to that of the control device.