bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Enfoques da teoria institucional nos modelos de avaliação institucional brasileiros
Authors: Schlickmann Raphael , Melo Pedro Antônio de , Alperstedt Graziela Dias
Published: April 2008

Este artigo tem como objetivo identificar quais enfoques da perspectiva institucional foram predominantes nos modelos de avaliação institucional propostos pelos governos às universidades brasileiras. Quanto à abordagem, podemos caracterizar o estudo como qualitativo; a verificação dos enfoques foi realizada tomando-se por base a revisão teórica acerca dos diferentes enfoques da teoria institucional, do histórico da avaliação institucional no Brasil, bem como a caracterização de cada modelo avaliativo proposto pelos governos, a partir da década de 1970. O estudo evidenciou que os modelos de avaliação institucional ao longo dos governos apresentaram diferentes enfoques institucionais, sendo que houve uma predominância dos enfoques regulador e normativo, embora o cognitivo seja o que permeia o atual sistema de avaliação institucional brasileiro.
Desempenho de populações de alfafa sob desfolhação
Authors: Favero Daniela , Scheffer-Basso Simone Meredith , Dall'Agnol Miguel , Seco Daniquelen
Published: April 2008

Neste trabalho, objetivou-se verificar a resposta de populações de alfafa à desfolhação. Avaliaram-se duas populações de alfafa Crioula (tipo-feno), selecionada em estádio de plântula de acordo com o comprimento do segundo entrenó (EC = 1,5 cm; EL = 2,5 cm) e uma do cultivar Alfagraze (tipo-pastejo). As plantas foram cultivadas em vasos nos meses de março a agosto de 2005 e submetidas a uma combinação de altura (2 e 8 cm) e freqüência de corte (semanal, quinzenal e mensal) durante 141 dias. Não houve diferença quanto à produção da matéria seca (MS) aérea sob cortes semanais e quinzenais. Com cortes mensais, a população Crioula-EL, com maior altura e quantidade de hastes, superou as demais. Os cultivares Alfagraze e Crioula-EC foram similares quanto à quantidade de MS subterrânea. As populações de alfafa diferiram na resposta ao manejo de corte e apresentaram declínio gradual na MS quando submetidas a cortes mais freqüentes, com maior sobrevivência do cultivar Alfagraze em comparação aos cultivares Crioula-EC e Crioula-EL. O cultivar Alfagraze diferiu das populações do cultivar Crioula e apresentou menor altura, maior diâmetro, maior proporção de hastes da coroa e maior alocação de MS na parte subterrânea, portanto, estas características estão relacionadas ao tipo-pastejo. O comprimento do entrenó da plântula poderia ser utilizado complementarmente para selecionar populações de alfafa com maior aptidão ao pastejo, o que torna possível obter populações com variabilidade de produção de matéria seca e sobrevivência.
Associações genéticas entre pesos e características reprodutivas em rebanhos da raça Nelore
Authors: Boligon Arione Augusti , Albuquerque Lucia Galvão de , Rorato Paulo Roberto Nogara
Published: April 2008

Dados de 14.918 animais da raça Nelore nascidos entre 1991 e 2000, provenientes de rebanhos localizados nas regiões Sul e Sudeste do País, foram utilizados para estimar componentes de co-variância, herdabilidade e correlações genéticas de peso ao desmame (PD), peso a 1 ano de idade (PA), peso ao sobreano (PS), peso ao primeiro parto (PPP), idade ao primeiro parto (IPP) e dias para o primeiro parto (DP). As estimativas dos componentes de co-variância e dos parâmetros genéticos foram obtidas pelo método de máxima verossimilhança restrita, em análises multivariadas. As herdabilidades estimadas para PD, PA, PS, PPP, IPP e DP foram de 0,26; 0,30; 0,34; 0,35; 0,14 e 0,07, respectivamente. Correlações genéticas negativas foram estimadas entre pesos medidos em diferentes idades e IPP, as quais variaram de -0,31 a -0,16. Do mesmo modo, as estimativas de correlação genética entre PD × DP (-0,09); PA × DP (-0,13); PS × DP (-0,17) e PPP × DP (-0,16) foram negativas, embora de menor magnitude. As correlações genéticas estimadas entre as características de crescimento e a IPP foram favoráveis. Assim, a seleção para aumento de peso deve promover redução da IPP. A alta correlação genética estimada entre IPP e DP (0,73) indica que o uso de DP na seleção de bovinos de corte pode promover resposta correlacionada favorável na idade ao primeiro parto.
Efeito da suplementação de fitase sobre o desempenho e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes em frangos de corte
Authors: Fukayama Ellen Hatsumi , Sakomura Nilva Kazue , Dourado Leilane Rocha Barros , Neme Rafael , Fernandes João Batista Kochenborger , Marcato Simara Márcia
Published: April 2008

Foram utilizados 520 pintos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb® com 1 dia de idade alimentados com dietas à base de milho, farelo de soja e farelo de arroz desengordurado com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da suplementação de fitase sobre o desempenho e a digestibilidade dos nutrientes. Foi adotado delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e oito repetições de 13 aves por repetição. A composiçãos percentual dos tratamentos foi: controle positivo (CP) - 3.000 kcal de energia metabolizável por quilo (EM/kg); 21,4% de proteína bruta (PB); 0,42% de fósforo disponível (Pd) e 0,96% de cálcio (Ca); e controle negativo (CN) - 2.940 kcal EM/kg; 21,2% PB; 0,27% Pd e 0,90% Ca. Avaliaram-se três níveis de suplementação de Fitase5000 Ouro Fino na dieta CN: 500, 750 ou 1.000 unidades de fitase/kg ração (uft/kg) e seus efeitos na uniformidade, no consumo de ração, no ganho de peso, na conversão alimentar, na digestibilidade da matéria seca (MS), da proteína bruta (PB), do Ca, P, da energia digestível (ED), %MS e %MN, nas concentrações de Ca e P e na resistência óssea nas tíbias dos frangos aos 20 dias de idade. A digestibilidade do P das dietas com menores níveis nutricionais foi inferior à da ração controle positivo. A suplementação com fitase melhorou a digestibilidade do P e da ED, uma vez que os coeficientes melhoraram com a adição de 1.000 uft/kg. A redução nos níveis nutricionais da dieta prejudicou o desempenho e a mineralização e resistência óssea das tíbias das aves, no entanto, a suplementação com fitase melhorou estas características. As características do osso das aves alimentadas com ração CN suplementada com 750 uft de fitase foram semelhantes às obtidas com a dieta controle positivo.
Comportamento ingestivo de ovinos Santa Inês alimentados com dietas contendo farelo de cacau
Authors: Carvalho Gleidson Giordano Pinto de , Pires Aureliano José Vieira , Silva Robério Rodrigues , Ribeiro Leandro Sampaio Oliveira , Chagas Daiane Maria Trindade
Published: April 2008

O experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o comportamento ingestivo de ovinos alimentados com dietas contendo farelo de cacau. Foram utilizados 16 ovinos Santa Inês fêmeas, não-gestantes e não-lactantes, com peso corporal médio de 25 kg e aproximadamente 12 meses de idade, mantidos em baias individuais. O farelo de cacau foi fornecido no concentrado nos níveis de 0, 10, 20 e 30% e, como volumoso, utilizou-se feno de mandioca. As dietas foram fornecidas em mistura completa, na proporção 50:50 volumoso:concentrado. Os tempos de alimentação, ruminação e ócio obtidos em 24 horas de observação foram semelhantes. Contudo, os animais que consumiram dietas com maiores níveis de farelo de cacau, acima de 14,8% de substituição no concentrado, reduziram o número de bolos ruminados por dia, que foi compensado pelo aumento do tempo de mastigações por bolo. Os consumos de matéria seca (MS) e fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e a eficiência de alimentação (g MS e FDN/hora) não foram influenciados pelos níveis de farelo de cacau na dieta, entretanto, esse alimento provocou alterações na eficiência de ruminação (g MS e FDN/bolo). O número de mastigações merícicas por bolo ruminado aumentou linearmente, enquanto o número de mastigações por dia apresentou comportamento quadrático, com valor máximo de 42.818,4 mastigações diárias para o nível de 16,9% de farelo de cacau. Embora não se tenha verificado diferença nos consumos de MS e FDN (kg/dia), a inclusão de farelo de cacau em dietas para ovinos Santa Inês afetou alguns parâmetros do comportamento ingestivo.
Avaliação bioeconômica de estratégias de alimentação em sistemas de produção de leite. 2. Metodologia alternativa: nível de utilização de capital
Authors: Rennó Francisco Palma , Pereira José Carlos , Leite Carlos Antônio Moreira , Rodrigues Marcelo Teixeira , Campos Oriel Fajardo de , Fonseca Dilermando Miranda da , Rennó Luciana Navajas
Published: April 2008

Objetivou-se desenvolver uma metodologia alternativa para avaliação bioeconômica de estratégias de alimentação para rebanhos leiteiros e avaliar a produtividade física e a eficiência bioeconômica de sistemas de alimentação para vacas em lactação quando utilizadas diversas estratégias de alimentação à base de volumosos para vacas de cinco níveis de produção de leite. Utilizou-se uma plataforma computacional desenvolvida com os programas CNCPS v.5.0 e planilhas eletrônicas do Microsoft Excell®, de forma a simular a produção e as exigências de nutrientes ao longo da lactação de uma vaca com cinco níveis de produção de leite. Utilizaram-se a metodologia alternativa "Ajuste para o Nível de Capital", foram observados diversos níveis de utilização de concentrados e capital gasto com alimentação por unidade de área e estimadas equações de regressão da produtividade (PROD/ha) e receita menos os custos com alimentação (LUCR/ha) por hectare, em função destes níveis. Esta metodologia não permitiu que ocorresse utilização de diferentes níveis de insumos e de capital por unidade de área, mesmo quando são avaliadas diferentes estratégias de alimentação. Os resultados obtidos comprovaram diferenças nas avaliações bioeconômicas realizadas pela metodologia "Ajuste para o Nível de Capital" em relação à "Tradicional". De modo geral, principalmente nos maiores níveis de utilização de capital por área, as estratégias baseadas em forragens de melhor qualidade apresentaram resultados superiores na PROD/ha e LUCR/ha. No entanto, nos níveis de menor utilização de capital por área, as estratégias baseadas em forrageiras de alta produtividade por hectare apresentaram melhores resultados nas variáveis analisadas.
Sustainable concrete waste recycling
Authors: Dosho Y.
Published: April 2008

Massive volumes of construction waste will be generated by the demolition of older structures such as power stations that were built more than 30 years ago. It is essential to reuse such construction waste from a life-cycle assessment (LCA) perspective and for effective recycling of construction resources. In order to promote reuse, three concepts must be achieved: (a) assurance of safety and quality; (b) reduction in environmental impact; and (c) increase in cost-effectiveness of construction. This paper outlines a review of a system for recycled aggregate concrete produced by the aggregate replacement method, which reduces both the cost and environmental impact from an LCA perspective for concrete waste generated by the demolition of large-scale buildings, such as power stations.
Fractional Availability of Smectite Surfaces in Soils for Adsorption of Nitroaromatic Compounds in Relation to Soil and Solute Properties
Authors: Charles Simone M. , Teppen Brian J. , Li Hui , Boyd Stephen A.
Published: April 2008

Efficacy of soil clay minerals for the sorption of nonionic organic compounds may be reduced by soil organic matter (SOM) association with clays. Previously, we quantified the fractional availability (fa) of soil clay surfaces for sorption of para‐nitrocyanobenzene (p‐NCB). Removal of SOM from a soil increased p‐NCB sorption, demonstrating that SOM reduced the availability of clay surfaces for sorption of p‐NCB. In this study, we extended our investigation of SOM–smectite interactions by measuring the availability of smectite surfaces in four soils to four nitroaromatic compounds (NACs) including p‐NCB, 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (2,4‐DNT), 1,4‐dinitrobenzene (1,4‐DNB), and 1,3,5‐trinitrobenzene (1,3,5‐TNB). Increased NAC sorption was consistently observed after SOM was removed from whole soils, indicating that SOM blocks the availability of soil smectite surfaces to NACs. Estimates for the fa of smectite surfaces in the four soils ranged from 1 to 0.3. These fa values were strongly negatively correlated with the ratio of SOM/smectite contents. Also, fa values differed systematically with NAC probe molecules, with SOM blocking fewer clay mineral sites from more strongly sorbing NACs. This suggests that smectite surface availability in soils may be an operationally defined quantity whose value depends on the probe molecule. Values of fa approaching 1 for strongly sorbing NACs suggest displacement of SOM from smectite surfaces by the sorbed compound.
Lime Effects on Soil Acidity, Crop Yield, and Aluminum Chemistry in Direct‐Seeded Cropping Systems
Authors: Brown Tabitha T. , Koenig Richard T. , Huggins David R. , Harsh James B. , Rossi Richard E.
Published: April 2008

Soil acidification threatens dryland crop production in the inland Pacific Northwest (IPNW). Our objective was to assess the efficacy of lime to lower soil acidity, alter Al chemistry, and increase crop yield in a direct‐seeded system. Treatments of subsurface banded fertilizer (120–168 kg N ha−1 yr−1) alone or with subsurface banded lime (224 kg ha−1 yr−1), or a one‐time broadcast application of lime (7000 kg ha−1) or elemental S (1000 kg ha−1) were initiated in spring 2002. Grain yield was measured annually from 2002 to 2005 in a spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)–spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)–winter wheat rotation. Soil was sampled in spring 2004 to assess pH and model Al speciation. Low pH was evident at the depth of fertilizer placement (5–10 cm). Broadcast lime increased pH in the surface 15 cm, although reductions in Al3+ activity [(Al3+)] occurred only in the 0‐ to 5‐cm layer. Relative to banded N, there was no increase in pH at the 5‐ to 10‐cm depth where banded lime was placed. At the 0‐ to 5‐cm depth, lower pHs were observed with broadcast S (4.6) compared with the banded N control (5.1) or banded lime (5.0). There was no effect of treatment on yield. Modeling suggests that soluble Al is dominated by organic matter–Al complexes (fulvic acid, FA; FA2Al+ and FA2AlOH0). Solid‐ and solution‐phase organic complexes may control (Al3+) at pH <5.5. Although acidification is a concern in the IPNW, the high organic matter content in direct‐seeded soils may buffer against Al phytotoxicity.
A Partial Cylindrical Thermo‐Time Domain Reflectometry Sensor
Authors: Olmanson Ole K. , Ochsner Tyson E.
Published: April 2008

Thermo‐time domain reflectometry (T‐TDR) sensors can be used to measure soil thermal properties and water content, and to obtain indirect estimates of bulk density and air‐filled porosity; however, the small size and sensitivity to needle deflection of the conventional T‐TDR sensor limit its accuracy, precision, and durability. The objective of this study is to change the size and geometry of this sensor to improve accuracy and precision and to better withstand the stress of field use. The new partial cylindrical design features opposing curved heaters with a central temperature‐sensing needle and is more than double the size of conventional T‐TDR sensors. The partial cylindrical design virtually eliminates sensitivity to needle deflection. Laboratory testing indicated that the new sensor was capable of accurately measuring soil water content and thermal properties. Comparison with literature values showed that this sensor performed as well as, or better than, conventional sensors in all areas except volumetric heat capacity estimates. Qualitative assessment indicated that this type of sensor should be less prone to distortion during field use.
Loess Contribution to Soils Forming on Dolostone in the Driftless Area of Wisconsin
Authors: Stiles Cynthia A. , Stensvold Krista A.
Published: April 2008

Soils of the southern Driftless Area of Wisconsin are derived from loess mantles and dissolving carbonate from dolostone bedrock found in formations of the Sinnippi Group. Contributions of the two parent components can be estimated by utilizing volumetric compositions of the relatively immobile elements Ti and Zr. The dolostone bedrock is depleted in both elements (3.22 and 0.11 μmol cm−3, respectively) relative to loess derived from sediments of the St. Croix and Upper Mississippi river systems, which contains 184.54 and 7.44 μmol cm−3, respectively. This strong contrast between materials allows contribution indices based on Ti and Zr to be determined using a simple algebraic relationship based on the end‐member concentrations. Contribution indices were determined from Ti and Zr concentrations of horizons from 11 pedons in Iowa County in southwestern Wisconsin. These pedons showed typical morphology for the southern Driftless Area, with loess‐derived silt loam to silty clay loam Ap and Bt horizons and clay‐enriched 2Bt subsoils overlying dolomite residuum (3BC/3C). Mean contribution estimates for the pedons show maximum loess contribution indices (0.802–0.854 kg kgTi basis−1) in the argillic horizons, with lower contribution indices (0.718 kg kgTi basis−1) in the surface horizons due to organic matter dilution and increased porosity (lower bulk density). Mean contribution indices for loess in the horizons just above the dolomitic bedrock are predictably low (3.82 and 1.62 g kgZr basis−1) and not significantly different (P < 0.0005). Contribution indices based on the two elements showed differences in trend with depth due to the individual behavior of the elements, i.e., the affinity of Ti for Fe oxides and clay minerals, and physical transport of small durable zircons moving into the solum through pores. The value of these indices is that they can be utilized to discern not only how much material the weathering loess actually contributed to soil formed on the bedrock surface, but also the relative intensity of argillic horizon development.
Evaluation of Soil Properties and Hydric Soil Indicators for Vernal Pool Catenas in California
Authors: O'Geen Anthony T. , Hobson William A. , Dahlgren Randy A. , Kelley David B.
Published: April 2008

Vernal pool soils in California's Mediterranean climate experience extremes in pedogenesis driven by prolonged saturation to extended desiccation. Four northern California vernal pool soil catenas (summit, rim, and basin) were assessed to determine how soil properties and hydric soil indicators vary in response to duration of standing water and landscape position. Each catena had differences in parent material or degree of soil development. Soil properties differed subtly across each microtopographic sequence. In the well‐developed soils, the geochemical signature of horizons overlying the duripans changed sharply compared with horizons below the restrictive layers, suggesting polygenic origins of the soil profiles. The presence and abundance of redoximorphic features (RMFs) in profiles corresponded poorly with the duration of standing water at the four sites. Instead, the abundance of RMFs coincided better with the thickness of the soil above the restrictive horizons in all settings with duripans. Hydric soils were identified in the basin positions of each catena. Most rim positions contained hydric soils and most summit positions had soils that were not hydric. Indicators F8 (redox depressions) and TF2 (test indicator for red parent materials) were most commonly applied. None of the vernal pool catena soils met F9 (vernal pools hydric soil indicator), thus the hydric soil criteria for vernal pools may need to be revised.
Water Balance Components in a Mature Citrus Orchard
Authors: Fares A. , Dogan A. , Abbas F. , Parsons L. R. , Obreza T. A. , Morgan K. T.
Published: April 2008

The low water‐holding capacity of sandy soils, together with spatial and temporal variations of rainfall, require Florida citrus trees to be irrigated for optimal production. Citrus tree root systems are exposed to various hydrologic conditions because of soil temperature and water gradients due to tree canopy shading and under‐tree microirrigation. The main goal of this study was to evaluate water balance components in a mature citrus orchard grown on central Florida ridge soils with special interest in quantifying rainfall interception by a citrus canopy and its effect on effective rainfall estimation. Soil water content was monitored every 30 min at 10‐, 20‐, 40‐, and 80‐cm depths in the root zone both under and outside of citrus tree canopies. Microirrigation, rainfall, and weather data were used to calculate effective rainfall, plant water uptake, and deep drainage. We found that the tree canopy intercepted 35 and 50% of the incoming high (≥5‐mm) and low (<5‐mm) intensity rainfalls, respectively. Effective rainfall calculated without accounting for the canopy interception effect was overestimated by about 30 and 5% for the dry and wet periods, respectively. Citrus crop evapotranspiration was higher under the tree canopy (irrigated area) than outside the tree canopy (unirrigated area) during the dry season because of supplemental irrigation.
A Long‐Term Field Bioassay of Soil Quality Indicators in a Semiarid Environment
Authors: Zvomuya Francis , Janzen H. Henry , Larney Francis J. , Olson Barry M.
Published: April 2008

A major limitation of traditional approaches to quantifying the relationship between soil quality and productivity is the confounding effect of landscape quality factors such as topography, hydrology, and climatic parameters. In this 14‐yr study, we used a soil‐transplant field bioassay under uniform landscape conditions to identify key soil quality attributes that could be related to spring wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) biomass production in southern Alberta, Canada. Thirty‐six soils (main plots) collected from sites with divergent cropping and management histories were deposited at a common site from which topsoil had been removed. Total biomass yield, assessed with or without N fertilizer application (subplot), was used as an integrator of 24 soil quality indicators tested. Although between‐soil variability in biomass production differed significantly among the years, we found no evidence of productivity convergence among the 36 soils after 14 yr. Partial least squares analysis identified total organic C (TOC), total inorganic C, total N (TN), light fraction (LF)‐C, LF‐N, mineralizable C and N (Cminand Nmin), and extractable nutrients (N and P) among the most important soil quality indicators associated with variation in biomass production. Critical concentrations, above which no significant yield response to additional indicator level was expected, were estimated using segmented‐model regression analysis. Nitrogen application increased critical concentrations for LF‐C and LF‐N and decreased those for Nminand Olsen P, but had no significant effect on TOC and TN critical concentrations and suppressed yield response to Cminand KCl‐extractable N concentrations. Our findings provide evidence that selected indicators can provide a definitive, quantitative assessment of soil quality and lend credence to the value of our field approach in quantifying relationships between soil function and indicators for specific areas.
Competitive Adsorption of 2‐Ketogluconate and Inorganic Ligands onto Gibbsite and Kaolinite
Authors: Essington Michael E. , Anderson Robert M.
Published: April 2008

The low‐molecular‐mass organic acid anion 2‐ketogluconate (kG) is produced via microbial activity in rhizosphere soils. One of the mechanisms by which this organic ligand may influence the chemistry of soil systems is through adsorption by constant‐potential minerals. This study examined the adsorption of kG onto gibbsite and kaolinite in the presence or absence of PO4, AsO4, and SO4 as a function of pH and ionic strength. The adsorption edge studies were performed in the pH 3 to 10 range and at ambient (20–22°C) temperatures. The adsorption of kG is a function of solution pH (decreasing with increasing pH) and independent of solution ionic strength, supporting the conclusion that kG is adsorbed by ligand exchange mechanisms. The adsorption of kG was decreased at all pH values in the presence of PO4 and AsO4, and was not significantly affected by the presence of SO4 at pH values >5. The decrease in kG adsorption in the presence of AsO4 and PO4 is further evidence that kG is adsorbed via specific retention mechanisms. The addition of kG to gibbsite containing preadsorbed PO4 did not result in PO4 displacement, regardless of the concentration of kG. Ligand adsorption was modeled using the adsorption edge data and the 1‐pK basic Stern surface complexation model. The kG adsorption data was described by the formation of two inner‐sphere surface species: mononuclear monodentate and binuclear bidentate. The chemical models and associated intrinsic equilibrium constants developed to describe ligand adsorption in single‐adsorbate gibbsite systems were used to predict ligand retention in the kaolinite and binary‐adsorbate systems. In this manner, the competitive adsorption of all ligands as a function of pH was adequately described. The findings of this study indicate that kG is specifically retained by common soil minerals and may impact the availability of PO4 and other specifically retained ligands in the rhizosphere.
Deep‐Soil Adsorption of Nitrate in a Japanese Andisol in Response to Different Nitrogen Sources
Authors: Maeda Morihiro , Ihara Hirotaka , Ota Takeshi
Published: April 2008

Nitrate adsorption in a deep Andisol with a high anion exchange capacity (AEC) needs to be studied for groundwater management. We evaluated N balances and content profiles under cropping in Andisol fields after 10 yr of repeated N additions of different N sources—swine compost (SC, N application rate of 800 kg ha−1 yr−1), coated urea (CU, 400 kg ha−1 yr−1), or NH4–N (AN, 400 kg ha−1 yr−1)—and an unfertilized control (NF). The N losses from the 0‐ to 20‐cm layer of three N‐treated soils during the experiment were 2300 to 2700 kg N ha−1, which were not significantly different (P > 0.05). Nitrate‐N retention in deep‐soil profiles up to 450 cm was 1800 to 2300 kg N ha−1 irrespective of N source (P > 0.05), and was 788 kg ha−1 in the NF treatment. On the other hand, the type of N source affected soil content profiles: from the two types of slow‐release N additions (SC and CU) remained within a depth of 60 cm, whereas in the 180‐ to 280‐cm layer was significantly higher in the AN treatment (P < 0.05). Stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that the primary contributor to soil content was Al content derived from allophane and imogolite, followed by soil pH and with negative impacts. In Andisols of Ibaraki, Japan, leached from the root zones is retained by adsorption in deep layers, which may reduce the risk of groundwater contamination at least for 10 yr.
Soil Carbon Saturation Controls Labile and Stable Carbon Pool Dynamics
Authors: Gulde S. , Chung H. , Amelung W. , Chang C. , Six J.
Published: April 2008

Recently, it has been suggested that soil organic C (SOC) does not always respond linearly to increasing C input, thereby limiting the rate and efficiency of C stabilization in soils. Therefore, we postulated that when a soil is exposed to a broad range of C inputs through a range of manure treatments, it will show C saturation behavior and different SOC pools will saturate at different rates. To test this, different SOC pools were isolated by physical fractionation techniques from a long‐term agricultural experiment in Lethbridge, Canada. In this experiment, manure has been applied since 1973 at rates of 0, 60, 120, and 180 Mg ha−1 yr−1 (wet weight). In the total mineral soil as well as the small macroaggregates (250–2000 μm), microaggregates (53–250 μm), and the silt plus clay fraction (<53 μm), an increase was observed in SOC contents with an increase in manure application rate to 120 Mg ha−1 yr−1 However, no additional C was sequestered when the manure application rate was augmented to 180 Mg ha−1 yr−1, indicating C saturation in these SOC pools. Large macroaggregates (>2000 μm) were the only water‐stable aggregate fraction that increased in C content across all manure input levels. Further physical separation of macroaggregates into subpools by microaggregate isolation showed that coarse (>250 μm) particulate organic matter (POM) was the fraction that accounted most for the increase in C content of the large macroaggregates. Furthermore, the turnover of large macroaggregates increased with increasing manure applications, as indicated by decreased formation and stabilization of intramicroaggregate POM within the large macroaggregates. We conclude that as C input increases, the mineral fraction of a soil saturates and consequently additional C input will only accumulate in labile soil C pools that have a relatively faster turnover.
Perfectly Formed? The Effect of Manipulating the Waist-to-Hip Ratios of Famous Paintings and Sculptures
Authors: Swami Viren , Grant Nina , Furnham Adrian , McManus I. Christopher
Published: April 2008

Forty-three women and 45 men rated a series of images of selected paintings and sculptures for aesthetic appeal and originality. For each painting or sculpture, there were three versions: the original image and two manipulated images, one displaying a lower waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) and the other displaying a higher WHR than in the original. The results showed that, in general, both male and female participants considered the original and, in some cases, the image with the higher WHR as the most aesthetically pleasing. The results also showed that participants were generally able to discern the undoctored image as being the original, although women were better at this task than men. Implications for the study of aesthetics and physical attractiveness are considered.
Problematic Emotions and Maternal Grief
Authors: Barr Peter , Cacciatore Joanne
Published: April 2008

The study was an empirical examination of the relation of personality proneness to “problematic social emotions”—envy (Dispositional Envy Scale), jealousy (Interpersonal Jealousy Scale), and shame and guilt (Personal Feelings Questionnaire-2)—to maternal grief (Perinatal Grief Scale-33) following miscarriage, stillbirth, neonatal death, or infant/child death. The 441 women who participated in the study were enrolled from the Website, e-mail contact lists, and parent support groups of an organization that offers information and support to bereaved parents. All four problematic emotions were positively correlated with maternal grief. Envy, jealousy, and guilt made significant unique contributions to the variance in maternal grief. Overall, time lapse since the loss and the four problematic emotion predispositions explained 43% of the variance in maternal grief following child bereavement.
Low-Dose-Radiation Stimulated Natural Chemical and Biological Protection against Lung Cancer
Authors: Scott B. R.
Published: April 2008

Research is being conducted world-wide related to chemoprevention of future lung cancer among smokers. The fact that low doses and dose rates of some sparsely ionizing forms of radiation (e.g., x rays, gamma rays, and beta radiation) stimulate transient natural chemical and biological protection against cancer in high-risk individuals is little known. The cancer preventative properties relate to radiation adaptive response (radiation hormesis) and involve stimulated protective biological signaling (a mild stress response). The biological processes associated with the protective signaling are now better understood and include: increased availability of efficient DNA double-strand break repair (p53-related and in competition with normal apoptosis), stimulated auxiliary apoptosis of aberrant cells (presumed p53-independent), and stimulated protective immune functions. This system of low-dose radiation activated natural protection (ANP) requires an individual-specific threshold level of mild stress and when invoked can efficiently prevent the occurrence of cancers as well as other genomic-instability-associated diseases. In this paper, low, essentially harmless doses of gamma rays spread over an extended period are shown via use of a biological-based, hormetic relative risk (HRR) model to be highly efficient in preventing lung cancer induction by alpha radiation from inhaled plutonium.
Accounting Conservatism, the Quality of Earnings, and Stock Returns
Authors: Penman Stephen H. , Zhang Xiao-Jun
Published: April 2008

When a firm practices conservative accounting, changes in the amount of its investments can affect the quality of its earnings. Growth in investment reduces reported earnings and creates reserves. Reducing investment releases those reserves, increasing earnings. If the change in investment is temporary, then current earnings is temporarily depressed or inflated, and thus is not a good indicator of future earnings. This study develops diagnostic measures of this joint effect of investment and conservative accounting. We find that these measures forecast differences in future return on net operating assets relative to current return on net operating assets. Moreover, these measures also forecast stock returns—indicating that investors do not appreciate how conservatism and changes in investment combine to raise questions about the quality of reported earnings.
Communicating and Controlling Strategy: An Empirical Study of the Effectiveness of the Balanced Scorecard
Authors: Malina Mary A. , Selto Frank H.
Published: April 2008

This paper reports evidence on the effectiveness of the Balanced Scorecard (BSC) as a strategy communication and management-control device. This study first reviews communication and management control literatures that identify attributes of effective communication and control of strategy. Second, the study offers a model of communication and control applicable to the BSC. The study then analyzes empirical interview and archival data to model the use and assess the communication and control effectiveness of the BSC. The study includes data from multiple divisions of a large, international manufacturing company. Data are from BSC designers, administrators, and North American managers whose divisions are objects of the BSC. The study accumulates evidence regarding the challenges of designing and implementing the BSC faced by even a large, well-funded company. These findings may be general-izable to other companies adopting or considering adopting the BSC as a strategic and management control device.

Data indicate that this specific BSC, as designed and implemented, is an effective device for controlling corporate strategy. Results also indicate disagreement and tension between top and middle management regarding the appropriateness of specific aspects of the BSC as a communication, control, and evaluation mechanism. Specific results include evidence of causal relations between effective management control, motivation, strategic alignment, and beneficial effects of the BSC. These beneficial effects include changes in processes and improvements in both the BSC and customer-oriented services. In contrast, ineffective communication and management control cause poor motivation and conflict over the use of the BSC as an evaluation device.
Referent Cognitions and Budgetary Fairness: A Research Note
Authors: Libby Theresa
Published: April 2008

This study examines the effects of fairness in budgeting on individual performance in a nonparticipative budgeting setting. An experiment was conducted in which subjects performed a production task and were compensated under a budget-based incentive contract. Performance was lowest when an unfair budget target was assigned using an unfair budgeting process. When the budget target assigned was fair, the fairness or unfairness of the budgeting process had no effect on performance. When an unfair budget target was determined using a fair budgeting process, mean performance was not significantly different from mean performance of the subjects assigned fair budget targets. Implications of this result in assigning stretch targets are discussed.
A Critique of Milgrom and Roberts' Treatment of Incentives vs. Bureaucratic Controls in the British North American Fur Trade
Authors: Spraakman Gary P.
Published: April 2008

In their 1992 textbook, Economics, Organization and Management, Milgrom and Roberts used 19th century fur trading companies as examples of effective (the incentive-based North West Company) and ineffective (the bureaucratic-based Hudson's Bay Company) organizations. Findings from detailed examinations of both companies' archives suggest that Milgrom and Roberts were not completely accurate in their depictions of the two companies' incentives and bureaucratic controls. In response to complexities of intercontinental trade, both companies used bureaucratic controls for coordination as well as profit sharing to motivate senior managers. More generally, the findings raise questions about Milgrom and Roberts' relatively negative conclusions concerning the effectiveness of bureaucratic controls.
The Value of Activity-Based Costing in Competitive Pricing Decisions
Authors: Cardinaels Eddy , Roodhooft Filip , Warlop Luk
Published: April 2008

This paper reports experimental evidence on the merits of activity-based costing (ABC) for price-setting in competitive markets that differ in their ability to provide informative feedback. Earlier research has shown that informative market feedback dominates the effects of cost-system design. In a multimarket context involving cost allocations, the present results suggest that cost-system refinement can play a significant role in price-setting, even in the presence of informative market feedback. Specifically, ABC provides benefits over volume-based costing in market segments in which biased cost allocations produce accounting losses that hinder learning from superior competitors. Compared to these informative settings, additional evidence also shows that performance is negatively affected by less informative market feedback. Yet in less informative settings, ABC still outperforms traditional costing, presumably because it helps to filter irrelevant competitor feedback from the decision process.
U.K. Executive Compensation Practices: New Economy versus Old Economy
Authors: Stathopoulos Konstantinos , Espenlaub Susanne , Walker Martin
Published: April 2008

This paper examines the executive compensation practices of listed U.K. retailing companies. We compare “New Economy” retailers (e-commerce/dot-coms) to more traditional retailers operating in the “Old Economy.” We also discriminate between recently floated retailers and their more seasoned counterparts. Using a sample of remuneration contracts for 549 directors in 72 listed U.K. companies in the New and Old Economies, we investigate the structure and level of executive (and nonexecutive) compensation defined as the sum of salary, annual bonus, and the values of executive stock options and long-term incentive plans (LTIPs). We investigate the extent to which the contract features are determined by firm characteristics, economic sector, and governance/ownership factors. In contrast to the U.S., where almost all executive stock options are issued at the money, there is a greater variety of practice in the U.K. with some options being granted substantially in the money. We therefore pay special attention to this U.K. institutional feature by producing a model designed to explain the crosssectional variation in the moneyness of stock options at the date of issue. We also examine the determinants of a number of other contract features. These are: the time to maturity of the executive stock options, the leverage of the compensation package, the ratio of long-term pay relative to short-term pay, and pay performance sensitivity. We find that differences in compensation arrangements can be explained to a significant extent by differences in firm size, growth/growth opportunities, firm financial policy, ownership characteristics, and governance arrangements. We also find some systematic differences between the compensation arrangements of CEOs and other executives.
Weak Proinsulin Peptide–Major Histocompatibility Complexes Are Targeted in Autoimmune Diabetes in Mice
Authors: Levisetti Matteo G. , Lewis Danna M. , Suri Anish , Unanue Emil R.
Published: April 2008

OBJECTIVE—Weak major histocompatibility complex (MHC) binding of self-peptides has been proposed as a mechanism that may contribute to autoimmunity by allowing for escape of autoreactive T-cells from the thymus. We examined the relationship between the MHC-binding characteristics of a β-cell antigen epitope and T-cell autoreactivity in a model of autoimmune diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The binding of a proinsulin epitope, proinsulin-1(47–64) (PI-1[47–64]), to the MHC class II molecules I-Ag7 and I-Ak was measured using purified class II molecules. T-cell reactivity to the proinsulin epitope was examined in I-Ag7+ and I-Ak+ mice.

RESULTS—C-peptide epitopes bound very weakly to I-Ag7 molecules. However, C-peptide–reactive T-cells were induced after immunization in I-Ag7–bearing mice (NOD and B6.g7) but not in I-Ak–bearing mice (B10.BR and NOD.h4). T-cells reactive with the PI-1(47–64) peptide were found spontaneously in the peripancreatic lymph nodes of pre-diabetic NOD mice. These T-cells were activated by freshly isolated β-cells in the presence of antigen-presenting cells and caused diabetes when transferred into NOD.scid mice.

CONCLUSIONS—These data demonstrate an inverse relationship between self-peptide–MHC binding and T-cell autoreactivity for the PI-1(47–64) epitope in autoimmune diabetes.
An open future? The principle of autonomy within medical ‘codes of conduct’ versus the heteronomy effects of predictive medicine
Authors: Devisch Ignaas
Published: April 2008

Traditionally, the average code of conduct within Western health care starts from the autonomy of the patient. In addition, medicine today is ‘evidence based’ and the patient is an ‘informed consent’. Yet, the individual autonomy of the patient in health care is not simply enhancing today. Quite a few fundamental changes have and are currently at work within health care, which I will summarize here with the paradigm of predictive medicine. One of the characteristics of this paradigm is the increase of medical consults which are not autonomously chosen by an individual. For reasons of public health and diminishing of health risks or for reasons of prevention, on one hand we are dealing with ethical codes centered around the autonomy of patients and the face-to-face relations with health care workers, on the other, we are dealing with a society that takes an increasingly greater medical initiatives. Therefore, the question arises if predictive medicine confronts us with the limits of an ethical code as we know it today. Is there not an urgent need for a political code of conduct in health care?
A Brief History of the Institute of Physical Chemistry at the University of Zurich: Written on the Occasion of the 75th Anniversary of the Institute 1931–2006
Authors: Huber J. Robert
Published: April 2008

A brief history of the Institute of Physical Chemistry, University of Zurich, is presented ranging from the early days when Paul Karrer recognized and encouraged research into physical chemical processes, the creation of an Institute of Physical Chemistry in 1931 by Hans von Halban,
and continuing through to the present. The professors and their research interests that have contributed to the excellent reputation of the Institute are described.
In the Footsteps of Alfred Werner: The Institute of Inorganic Chemistry at the University of Zurich
Authors: Alberto Roger , Patzke Greta R. , Sigel Roland K. O. , Berke Heinz G.
Published: April 2008

Inorganic chemistry has a long-standing tradition at the University of Zurich starting with Carl Jacob Löwig, the first professor of chemistry. The influence of Nobel Prize winner Alfred Werner in coordination, organometallic, and bioinorganic chemistry extends right up to the
present day as can be seen in many of the research fields of the current professors and young research scientists. With all due respect for the long tradition in inorganic chemistry the Institute of Inorganic Chemistry is also looking forwards to define its role to meet the challenges of the
future.
Institute of Organic Chemistry: 1983–2008
Authors: Siegel Jay S. , Heimgartner Heinz
Published: April 2008

The developments at the Institute of Organic Chemistry UZH over the past 25 years are discussed with new perspectives being sought through the engagement of a strong international team of professors and the establishment of research groups led by assistant professors. Innovation and
change mark the OCI's attitude to the future illustrated by the modern Batchelor's and Master's programs, the 'institute within the institute' the 'Labor für Prozessforschung' (LPF) which uniquely trains post-doctoral students in process chemistry, the encouragement of entrepreneural
activity, and the training of apprentices.
A Smart Recipe of Chemistry and Management
Authors: Seeger Stefan
Published: April 2008

The Bachelor and Master Program in Chemistry and Business Studies has been offered by the Chemical Institutes of the University of Zurich since 2004 to meet the growing demand for graduates with solid scientific and technical background but also management skills. The program has attracted
a large number of students whilst not affecting the numbers in the chemistry program showing that young people are attracted who would not otherwise have chosen a science degree. Future planned development of the program includes more input from the chemical industry and creation of international
contacts.
Years with Hans Schmid
Authors: Hansen Hans-Jürgen
Published: April 2008

In commemoration of Hans Schmid, who would have celebrated his 91st birthday on March 24 this year and as a note of thanks to my University on the occasion of the 175th anniversary.
Introduction to the Art of Chemistry
Authors: Matile Stefan
Published: April 2008

The author describes his undergraduate and graduate studies at the University of Zurich. His interest in large complex molecules at the interface between chemistry and biology led him to Columbia University, New York and Georgetown University, Washington before he accepted a professorship
at the University of Geneva.
1959–1968: The Formative Years
Authors: Fràter Georg
Published: April 2008

The author describes his time at the University of Zurich from his undergraduate days attending courses by Professors Schmid, Clusius and Schumacher culminating in the dreaded house exams to graduate and postgraduate research supervised by Hans Schmid.
Sixteen Semesters of Chemistry at the University of Zürich: A Retrospective on a Formative Time
Authors: Wipf Peter
Published: April 2008

Anecdotes of a chemist's roadmap from Aargau to Zürich, Virginia, and Pennsylvania.
From 'Kilo-Labor' to CarboGen
Authors: Beer Dieter , Herzig Thomas
Published: April 2008

CarboGen Laboratories AG, a chemical service company focusing on the supply of experimental active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) in kilo quantities to research-based pharmaceutical companies started-up originally in the under-used 'Kilo Lab' of the Institute of Organic Chemistry
UZH. The encouragement and help of Prof. Hansen and other organic chemistry professors enabled CarboGen to develop into what is today a company employing more than 300 people with a turn-over of more than 100 million CHF.
Alumni Profiles
Authors: Felder Peter , Müller René-Pierre , Roduner Emil , Rosenkranz Hans J. , Stafast Herbert , Walther Thomas
Published: April 2008

Six former students with close remaining ties to UZH have provided short profiles of their experience at UZH and in their later careers. Since their time at UZH, they have become professors, founders of companies, heads of industrial research in leading chemical companies, patent attorneys,
among other careers. They clearly illustrate how personally beneficial a UZH training can be.