bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
News Trading and Speed
Authors: FOUCAULT THIERRY , HOMBERT JOHAN , ROŞU IOANID
Published: May 2015

We compare the optimal trading strategy of an informed speculator when he can trade ahead of incoming news (is “fast”), versus when he cannot (is “slow”). We find that speed matters: the fast speculator's trades account for a larger fraction of trading volume, and are more correlated with short‐run price changes. Nevertheless, he realizes a large fraction of his profits from trading on long‐term price changes. The fast speculator's behavior matches evidence about high‐frequency traders. We predict that stocks with more informative news are more liquid even though they attract more activity from informed high‐frequency traders.
MRI Pre‐ and Post‐Embolization Enhancement Patterns Predict Surgical Outcomes in Intracranial Meningiomas
Authors: Ali Rushna , Khan Muhib , Chang Victor , Narang Jayant , Jain Rajan , Marin Horia , Rock Jack , Kole Max
Published: May 2015

PURPOSE

To evaluate the effects of preoperative embolization on overall surgical outcomes after meningioma resection and determine whether pre‐ and postembolization tumor enhancement patterns on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans can be used to assess the efficacy of embolization.

METHODS

We developed a prospective database of all patients who underwent surgical resection with or without preoperative embolization for extra‐axial intracranial meningiomas from 2004 to 2010. Using specialized computer software, the total volume of enhancement was calculated in pre‐ and postembolization MRI scans to quantify the percentage of embolization, which was described as the embolization fraction (EF).

RESULTS

A total of 89 patients underwent surgical resection. Fifty two patients underwent embolization prior to surgery. Tumor location significantly correlated with the decision to embolize preoperatively. Adequate embolization was achieved in 58% of patients. Forty four patients (84.6%) had a postsurgical Karnofsky performance score (KPS) of 80 or above, while 46 patients (88.4%) had a postsurgical Glascow Outcome Score (GOS) of 4 or 5. The mean EF was 25.03% with a median of 18.72%. A greater extent of embolization as quantified by EF led to decreased intraoperative blood loss (r = −.319, P = .022) and better postsurgical outcomes as defined by KPS (r = .279, P = .044).

CONCLUSIONS

Pre‐ and postembolization tumor enhancement patterns on magnetic resonance imaging defined as EF correlate with improved surgical facilitation and postoperative functional outcomes in the management of intracranial meningioma.
Two‐Piece Hollow Bulb Obturator for Postsurgical Partial Maxillectomy Defect in a Young Patient Revamping Lost Malar Prominence: A Clinical Report
Authors: Vaidya Sharad , Parkash Hari , Gupta Sharad , Bhargava Akshay , Kapoor Charu
Published: May 2015

The most frequent type of treatment for patients diagnosed with a malignant neoplasia of the oral cavity is surgical resection of the tumor. Ablative surgery may be followed by a reconstructive phase, in which the surgeon may choose between local flaps, nonvascularized bone grafts or free vascularized flaps to close the surgical site, depending on the general conditions of the patient. Esthetic and functional results are challenging to achieve for the prosthodontist, as variable amount of hard and soft tissues are removed. This report describes the fabrication of a two‐piece hollow obturator for a 19‐year‐old patient who underwent wide surgical excision of the osteosarcoma of the maxilla and was rehabilitated to function. In this case, the surgical site was covered with submental flap, and the second piece of the obturator provided fullness to the lost malar prominence.
Expedited Record Base Fabrication Using an Irreversible Hydrocolloid Cast
Authors: Oh Won‐suk , Park Ju‐mi
Published: May 2015

The registration of a maxillomandibular relationship requires additional clinical and laboratory procedures when the mouth presents with loss of occlusal support. This procedure can be a challenge for a patient who needs urgent care or resides in a remote area. This article describes a procedure for expediting the mounting of a master cast for the fabrication of a maxillary immediate complete denture. The technique presented describes the use of a silicone record base made on an irreversible hydrocolloid cast generated from the final impression.
Obturation Techniques Allow Microbial Leakage Unless Protected
Authors: Balto Hanan A.
Published: May 2015

Purpose

To evaluate the quality of the apical 5‐mm seal produced by different filling techniques using a bacterial leakage model.

Materials and Methods

Sixty‐five extracted single‐rooted human teeth were decoronated, prepared, and instrumented. Roots were randomly divided into three experimental groups (15 roots each) and control groups (10 roots each). The apical 5 mm was filled with cold lateral condensation (CLC) technique, continuous wave of condensation (CWC), or injectable thermoplasticized gutta‐percha (Obtura II) using AH26 Plus as a sealer. Positive controls were filled with gutta‐percha without sealer, whereas negative controls were filled with a CLC technique and covered completely with two layers of nail varnish, including the orifice. A dual‐chamber leakage model using Enterococcus faecalis as a microbial marker was used for leakage evaluation. Bacterial penetration was monitored over a 60‐day period, and leakage was recorded when turbidity was observed in the lower chamber.

Results

All positive controls exhibited turbidity in the lower chamber within 24 hours. All negative controls demonstrated no bacterial leakage for the entire 60‐day observation period. The estimated mean day for leakage was 32 for CLC, 35 for CWC, and 30 days for Obtura II. Wilcoxon test showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.98) in the survival time between the experimental groups.

Conclusion

The three filling techniques produced similar resistance to bacterial leakage when used to fill the apical 5‐mm segment of the canal while leaving the rest of the canal unfilled.
Organizational Form, Ownership Structure, and CEO Turnover: Evidence Fromthe Property–Casualty Insurance Industry
Authors: Cheng Jiang , Cummins J. David , Lin Tzuting
Published: May 2015

Abstract

We investigate the role of organizational form and ownership structure in corporate governance by examining CEO turnover for U.S. property–casualty insurers. Our article extends the prior literature by decomposing stock insurers into publicly traded and nonpublicly traded (closely held) entities and breaking down both types of stocks into family‐owned and nonfamily‐owned categories. We further subdivide family firms into those with family‐member CEOs and those with nonfamily CEOs. We find that the probability of nonroutine turnover has a significant negative relationship with firm performance. Turnover probabilities vary significantly by organizational form and ownership structure. Family firms with family‐member CEOs have the lowest turnover rate of any ownership type. The probability of nonroutine CEO turnover is lower for mutuals than for publicly traded nonfamily stock firms and also for all other types of stocks except closely held family stock firms and publicly traded family stocks with family‐member CEOs. The results provide further evidence that organizational form matters in terms of controlling agency costs in financial services firms.
Exercise Induced Pulmonary Hemorrhage in Horses: American College of Veterinary Internal Medicine Consensus Statement
Authors: Hinchcliff K.W. , Couetil L.L. , Knight P.K. , Morley P.S. , Robinson N.E. , Sweeney C.R. , van Erck E.
Published: May 2015

Background

Published studies of exercise‐induced pulmonary hemorrhage (EIPH), when assessed individually, often provide equivocal or conflicting results. Systematic reviews aggregate evidence from individual studies to provide a global assessment of the quality of evidence and to inform recommendations.

Objectives

Evaluate evidence to determine: ifEIPHadversely affects the health, welfare or both of horses;if EIPHaffects the athletic capacity of horses; the efficacy of prophylactic interventions forEIPH; and if furosemide affects the athletic capacity of horses.

Animals

None.

Materials and Methods

Systematic review. A panel of 7 experts was formed to assess evidence in the peer reviewed literature addressing each of the 4 objectives. Methodology followed that of the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE). Publications were assessed for quality of evidence by working groups of the panel, and a summary of findings was presented in tables. Recommendations were based on quality of evidence and were determined by a vote of the panel.

Results

Much of the evidence was of low to very low quality. Experimental studies frequently lacked adequate statistical power. There was moderate to high quality evidence thatEIPHis progressive, is associated with lung lesions, that it adversely affects racing performance, that severeEIPH(Grade 4) is associated with a shorter career duration, that furosemide is efficacious in decreasing the incidence and severity ofEIPH, and that administration of furosemide is associated with superior race performance.

Conclusions and clinical significance

Strong recommendation thatEIPHbe considered a disease and a weak recommendation for use of furosemide in management of racehorses withEIPH.
The Utility and Application of Mixed‐Effects Models in Second Language Research
Authors: Linck Jared A. , Cunnings Ian
Published: May 2015

Second language acquisition researchers often face particular challenges when attempting to generalize study findings to the wider learner population. For example, language learners constitute a heterogeneous group, and it is not always clear how a study's findings may generalize to other individuals who may differ in terms of language background and proficiency, among many other factors. In this paper, we provide an overview of how mixed‐effects models can be used to help overcome these and other issues in the field of second language acquisition. We provide an overview of the benefits of mixed‐effects models and a practical example of how mixed‐effects analyses can be conducted. Mixed‐effects models provide second language researchers with a powerful statistical tool in the analysis of a variety of different types of data.
Statistical Measures for Usage‐Based Linguistics
Authors: Gries Stefan Th. , Ellis Nick C.
Published: May 2015

The advent of usage‐/exemplar‐based approaches has resulted in a major change in the theoretical landscape of linguistics, but also in the range of methodologies that are brought to bear on the study of

language acquisition/learning, structure, and use. In particular, methods from corpus linguistics are now frequently used to study distributional characteristics of linguistics units and what they reveal about cognitive and psycholinguistic processes. This paper surveys a range of psycholinguistic notions that are becoming ever more important in theoretical and cognitive linguistics—for example, frequency, entrenchment, dispersion, contingency, surprisal, Zipfian distributions—and current corpus‐linguistic approaches toward exploring these notions and their roles for linguistic cognition.
Geochemical studies of impact breccias and country rocks from the El'gygytgyn impact structure, Russia
Authors: Raschke Ulli , Schmitt Ralf Thomas , McDonald Iain , Reimold Wolf Uwe , Mader Dieter , Koeberl Christian
Published: May 2015

The complex impact structure El'gygytgyn (age 3.6 Ma, diameter 18 km) in northeastern Russia was formed in ~88 Ma old volcanic target rocks of the Ochotsk‐Chukotsky Volcanic Belt (OCVB). In 2009, El'gygytgyn was the target of a drilling project of the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP), and in summer 2011 it was investigated further by a Russian–German expedition. Drill core material and surface samples, including volcanic target rocks and impactites, have been investigated by various geochemical techniques in order to improve the record of trace element characteristics for these lithologies and to attempt to detect and constrain a possible meteoritic component. The bedrock units of the ICDP drill core reflect the felsic volcanics that are predominant in the crater vicinity. The overlying suevites comprise a mixture of all currently known target lithologies, dominated by felsic rocks but lacking a discernable meteoritic component based on platinum group element abundances. The reworked suevite, directly overlain by lake sediments, is not only comparatively enriched in shocked minerals and impact glass spherules, but also contains the highest concentrations of Os, Ir, Ru, and Rh compared to other El'gygytgyn impactites. This is—to a lesser extent—the result of admixture of a mafic component, but more likely the signature of a chondritic meteoritic component. However, the highly siderophile element contribution from target material akin to the mafic blocks of the ICDP drill core to the impactites remains poorly constrained.
Peripheral Microvascular Vasodilatory Response to Estradiol and Genistein in Women with Insulin Resistance
Authors: Wenner Megan M. , Taylor Hugh S. , Stachenfeld Nina S.
Published: May 2015

Objective

E2 enhances vasodilation in healthy women, but vascular effects of the phytoestrogen GEN are still under investigation. IR compromises microvascular function. We therefore examined the interaction of E2, GEN, and IR on microvascular vasodilatory responsiveness.

Methods

We hypothesized that E2 and GEN increase microvascular vasodilation in healthy women (control, n = 8, 23 ± 2 year, BMI: 25.9 ± 2.9 kg/m2) but not in women with IR (n = 7, 20 ± 1 year, BMI: 27.3 ± 3.0 kg/m2). We used the cutaneous circulation as a model of microvascular vasodilatory function. We determined CVC with laser Doppler flowmetry and beat‐to‐beat blood pressure during local cutaneous heating (42°C) with E2 or GEN microdialysis perfusions. Because heat‐induced vasodilation is primarily an NO‐mediated response, we examined microvascular vasodilation with and without L‐NMMA.

Results

In C, E2 enhanced CVC (94.4 ± 2.6% vs. saline 81.6 ± 4.2% CVCmax, p < 0.05), which was reversed with L‐NMMA (80.9 ± 7.8% CVCmax, p < 0.05), but GEN did not affect vasodilation. Neither E2 nor GEN altered CVC in IR, although L‐NMMA attenuated CVC during GEN.

Conclusions

Our study does not support improved microvascular responsiveness during GEN exposure in healthy young women, and demonstrates that neither E2 nor GEN improves microvascular vasodilatory responsiveness in women with IR.
Performance of lateral flow device and galactomannan for the detection of Aspergillus species in bronchoalveolar fluid of patients at risk for invasive pulmonary aspergillosis
Authors: Miceli Marisa H. , Goggins Michael I. , Chander Pranay , Sekaran Archana K. , Kizy Anne E. , Samuel Linoj , Jiang Hui , Thornton Christopher R. , Ramesh Mayur , Alangaden George
Published: May 2015

Early diagnosis of invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) remains difficult due to the variable performance of the tests used. We compared the performance characteristics of Aspergillus lateral flow device (LFD) in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) vs. BAL‐galactomannan (GM), for the diagnosis of IPA. 311 BAL specimens were prospectively collected from patients who underwent bronchoscopy from January to May 2013. Patients at risk for IPA were divided into haematological malignancy (HEM) and non‐HEM groups: solid organ transplants (SOT) (lung transplant (LT) and non‐LT SOT); chronic steroid use (CSU); solid tumour (STU) and others. We identified 96 patients at risk for IPA; 89 patients (93%) were in the non‐HEM groups: SOT 57 (LT, 46, non‐LT SOT, 11); CSU 21; STU 6, other 5. Only three patients met criteria for IA (two probable; one possible). Overall sensitivity (SS) was 66% for both and specificity (SP) was 94% vs. 52% for LFD and GM respectively. LFD and GM performance was similar in the HEM group (SS 100% for both and SP 83% vs. 100% respectively). LFD performance was better than GM among non‐HEM SOT patients (P = 0.02). Most false‐positive GM results occurred in the SOT group (50.8%), especially among LT patients (56.5%). LFD performance was superior with an overall SP of 95.6% in SOT (P < 0.002) and 97% in LT patients (P = 0.0008). LFD is a rapid and simple test that can be performed on BAL to rule out IPA.
Doping of Zinc Oxide with Selected First Row Transition Metals for Photocatalytic Applications
Authors: Schelonka Darina , Tolasz Jakub , Štengl Václav
Published: May 2015

ZnO doped with Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Cu was prepared by homogeneous hydrolysis of sulfates with urea. The samples were annealed at various temperatures and characterized by X‐ray powder diffraction, UV/VIS reflectance spectroscopy, BET (Brunauer‐Emmet‐Teller) surface area and porosity measurements. The photocatalytic activity of the samples was evaluated by measuring the degradation of an organic dye Reactive Black 5. The morphology of the samples was determined by scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy. For the Cu‐doped ZnO sample, EPR spectra were obtained. All samples annealed at 800°C contained hexagonal ZnO. In the VIS region, the best photocatalytic performance had the ZnO samples doped with Cr, Fe and Cu.
Making a Non-Parametric Density Estimator More Attractive, and More Accurate, by Data Perturbation
Authors: Doosti Hassan , Hall Peter
Published: May 2015

Motivated by both the shortcomings of high order density estimators, and the increasingly large data sets in many areas of modern science, we introduce new high order, non-parametric density estimators that are guaranteed to be positive and do not have highly oscillatory tails. Our approach is based on data perturbation, e.g. by tilting or data sharpening. It leads to new estimators that are more accurate than conventional kernel techniques that use positive kernels, but which nevertheless enjoy the positivity property, and are far less ‘wiggly’ than high order kernel estimators. We investigate performance by theoretical analysis and in a numerical study.
Pleistocene aeolianites at Cape Spencer, South Australia; record of a vanished inner neritic cool‐water carbonate factory
Authors: James Noel P. , Bone Yvonne
Published: May 2015

Aeolianites are integral components of many modern and ancient carbonate depositional systems. Southern Australia contains some of the most impressive and extensive late Cenozoic aeolianites in the modern world. Pleistocene aeolianites on Yorke Peninsula are sculpted into imposing seacliffs up to 60 m high and comprise two distinct imposing complexes of the Late Pleistocene Bridgewater Formation. The lower aeolianite complex, which forms the bulk of the cliffs, is a series of stacked palaeodunes and intervening palaeosols. The diagenetic low Mg‐calcite sediment particles are mostly bivalves, echinoids, bryozoans and small benthic foraminifera. This association is similar to sediments forming offshore today on the adjacent shelf in a warm‐temperate ocean. By contrast, the upper aeolianite complex is a series of mineralogically metastable biofragmental carbonates in a succession of stacked lenticular palaeodunes with impressive interbedded calcretes and palaeosols. Bivalves, geniculate coralline algae and benthic foraminifera, together with sparse peloids and ooids, dominate sediment grains. Fragments of large benthic foraminifera including Marginopora vertebralis, a photosymbiont‐bearing protist, are particularly conspicuous. Palaeocean temperatures are interpreted as having been sub‐tropical, somewhat warmer than offshore carbonate factories in the region today. The older aeolianite complex is tentatively correlated with Marine Isotope Stage 11, whereas the upper complex is equivalent to Marine Isotope Stage 5e. Marine Isotope Stage 5e deposits exposed elsewhere in southern Australia (Glanville Formation) are distinctive with a subtropical biota, including Marginopora vertebralis. Thus, in this example, palaeodune sediment faithfully records the nature of the adjacent inner neritic carbonate factory. By inference, aeolianites are potential repositories of information about the nature of long‐vanished marine systems that have been removed due to erosion, tectonic obliteration or are inaccessible in the subsurface. Such information includes not only the nature of marine environments themselves but also palaeoceanography.
Estimating the Kullback–Liebler risk based on multifold cross‐validation
Authors: Vidoni Paolo
Published: May 2015

This paper concerns a class of model selection criteria based on cross‐validation techniques and estimative predictive densities. Both the simple or leave‐one‐out and the multifold or leave‐m‐out cross‐validation procedures are considered. These cross‐validation criteria define suitable estimators for the expected Kullback–Liebler risk, which measures the expected discrepancy between the fitted candidate model and the true one. In particular, we shall investigate the potential bias of these estimators, under alternative asymptotic regimes form. The results are obtained within the general context of independent, but not necessarily identically distributed, observations and by assuming that the candidate model may not contain the true distribution. An application to the class of normal regression models is also presented, and simulation results are obtained in order to gain some further understanding on the behavior of the estimators.
Ethylene suppresses tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) fruit set through modification of gibberellin metabolism
Authors: Shinozaki Yoshihito , Hao Shuhei , Kojima Mikiko , Sakakibara Hitoshi , Ozeki‐Iida Yuko , Zheng Yi , Fei Zhangjun , Zhong Silin , Giovannoni James J. , Rose Jocelyn K.C. , Okabe Yoshihiro , Heta Yumi , Ezura Hiroshi , Ariizumi Tohru
Published: May 2015

Fruit set in angiosperms marks the transition from flowering to fruit production and a commitment to seed dispersal. Studies with Solanum lycopersicum (tomato) fruit have shown that pollination and subsequent fertilization induce the biosynthesis of several hormones, including auxin and gibberellins (GAs), which stimulate fruit set. Circumstantial evidence suggests that the gaseous hormone ethylene may also influence fruit set, but this has yet to be substantiated with molecular or mechanistic data. Here, we examined fruit set at the biochemical and genetic levels, using hormone and inhibitor treatments, and mutants that affect auxin or ethylene signaling. The expression of system–1 ethylene biosynthetic genes and the production of ethylene decreased during pollination‐dependent fruit set in wild‐type tomato and during pollination‐independent fruit set in the auxin hypersensitive mutant iaa9–3. Blocking ethylene perception in emasculated flowers, using either the ethylene‐insensitive Sletr1–1 mutation or 1–methylcyclopropene (1–MCP), resulted in elongated parthenocarpic fruit and increased cell expansion, whereas simultaneous treatment with the GA biosynthesis inhibitor paclobutrazol (PAC) inhibited parthenocarpy. Additionally, the application of the ethylene precursor 1–aminocyclopropane‐1‐carboxylic acid (ACC) to pollinated ovaries reduced fruit set. Furthermore, Sletr1–1 parthenocarpic fruits did not exhibit increased auxin accumulation, but rather had elevated levels of bioactive GAs, most likely reflecting an increase in transcripts encoding the GA‐biosynthetic enzyme SlGA20ox3, as well as a reduction in the levels of transcripts encoding the GA‐inactivating enzymes SlGA2ox4 and SlGA2ox5. Taken together, our results suggest that ethylene plays a role in tomato fruit set by suppressing GA metabolism.
A Multistate Investigation of Antibiotic‐ResistantSalmonella entericaSerotype I 4,[5],12:i:‐ Infections as Part of an International Outbreak Associated with Frozen Feeder Rodents
Authors: Cartwright E. J. , Nguyen T. , Melluso C. , Ayers T. , Lane C. , Hodges A. , Li X. , Quammen J. , Yendell S. J. , Adams J. , Mitchell J. , Rickert R. , Klos R. , Williams I. T. , Barton Behravesh C. , Wright J.
Published: May 2015

While most humanSalmonellainfections result from exposure to contaminated foods, an estimated 11% of allSalmonellainfections are attributed to animal exposures, including both direct animal handling and indirect exposures such as cleaning cages and handling contaminated pet food. This report describes the epidemiologic, environmental and laboratory investigations conducted in the United States as part of the response to an international outbreak of tetracycline‐resistantSalmonella entericaserotype I 4,[5],12:i:‐ infections with over 500 illnesses occurring from 2008 to 2010. This investigation found that illness due to the outbreak strain was significantly associated with exposure to pet reptiles and frozen feeder rodents used as food for pet reptiles.Salmonellaisolates indistinguishable from the outbreak strain were isolated from a frozen feeder mice‐fed reptile owned by a case patient, as well as from frozen feeder mice and environmental samples collected from a rodent producing facility (Company A). An international voluntary recall of all Company A produced frozen feeder animals sold between May 2009 and July 2010 occurred. Only 13% of cases in our investigation were aware of the association betweenSalmonellainfection and mice or rats. Consumers, the pet industry, healthcare providers and veterinarians need to be aware of the potential health risk posed by feeder rodents, whether live or frozen. Frozen feeder rodent producers, suppliers and distributors should follow the animal food labelling requirements as described in 21CFR§501.5, and all packages of frozen feeder rodents should include safe handling instructions. Persons should wash their hands thoroughly with soap and water after handling live or frozen feeder rodents, as well as reptiles or anything in the area where the animals live. Continued opportunities exist for public health officials, the pet industry, veterinarians and consumers to work together to prevent salmonellosis associated with pet food, pets and other animals.
A Unified Framework and Platform for Designing of Cloud-Based Machine Health Monitoring and Manufacturing Systems
Authors: Yang Shanhu , Bagheri Behrad , Kao Hung-An , Lee Jay
Published: May 2015

Cloud computing has brought about new service models and research opportunities in the manufacturing and service industries with advantages in ubiquitous accessibility, convenient scalability, and mobility. With the emerging industrial big data prompted by the advent of the internet of things and the wide implementation of sensor networks, the cloud computing paradigm can be utilized as a hosting platform for autonomous data mining and cognitive learning algorithms. For machine health monitoring and prognostics, we investigate the challenges imposed by industrial big data such as heterogeneous data format and complex machine working conditions and further propose a systematically designed framework as a guideline for implementing cloud-based machine health prognostics. Specifically, to ensure the effectiveness and adaptability of the cloud platform for machines under complex working conditions, two key design methodologies are presented which include the standardized feature extraction scheme and an adaptive prognostics algorithm. The proposed strategy is further demonstrated using a case study of machining processes.
Design and Implementation of a Broker for Cloud Additive Manufacturing Services
Authors: Modekurthy Venkata P. , Liu Xiaoqing F. , Fletcher Kenneth K. , Leu Ming C.
Published: May 2015

With increasing number of cloud additive manufacturing (AM) service providers, cloud AM services are becoming decentralized and it is difficult for consumers to discover cloud AM services according to their personal preferences and tradeoffs. Existing frameworks of cloud manufacturing either do not have brokers between cloud manufacturing service providers and consumers or do not support personalized preference and tradeoff based brokerage. In this paper, we present a cloud-based service broker system for cloud AM to provide consumers with a single point of access to a large number of cloud AM services from many cloud AM service providers over the Internet based on a service oriented architecture using web services. This broker system uses an innovative cloud AM service selection method which considers consumers' preferences and tradeoffs on service attributes like price, material, and accuracy in the ranking process. It is also based on a new integrated representation for both exact and varied matches in cloud AM service selection. We present an application case study to show how the cloud AM service broker system is used to select cloud AM services based on personal preferences and tradeoffs. It demonstrates feasibility of brokerage in cloud AM and effectiveness of the cloud AM service ranking method based on personalized preferences and tradeoffs.
A Sarrus-Based Passive Mechanism for Rotorcraft Perching
Authors: Burroughs Michelle L. , Beauwen Freckleton K. , Abbott Jake J. , Minor Mark A.
Published: May 2015

This work examines a passive perching mechanism that enables a rotorcraft to grip branchlike perches and resist external wind disturbance using only the weight of the rotorcraft to maintain the grip. We provide an analysis of the mechanism’s kinematics, present the static force equations that describe how the weight of the rotorcraft is converted into grip force onto a cylindrical perch, and describe how grip forces relate to the ability to reject horizontal disturbance forces. The mechanism is optimized for a single perch size and then for a range of perch sizes. We conclude by constructing a prototype mechanism and demonstrate its use with a remote-controlled (RC) helicopter.
Antisocial Sport Behaviors Survey: Instrument Development and Initial Validation
Authors: Kaye Miranda P. , Hoar Sharleen
Published: May 2015

The development of a self-report instrument to measure antisocial sport behavior, labeled the Antisocial Sport Behavior Survey (ASBS), among large and diverse samples of athletes is reported. Grounded in the social cognitive theory of moral thought and action (Bandura, 1991) and interpersonal theory (Horowitz, 2004), this instrument was developed and tested in accordance with the traditions of construct validity and classical test theory (Gehlback & Brinkworth, 2011). In Phase 1, 272 college-aged competitive sport participants confirmed a theoretical structure of antisocial sport behavior including eight factors (hypercompetitive, intimidating, antagonistic, disrespectful, exploitable, overly accommodating, abetting, and melodramatic). Phase 2 reports on item development and the response structure of the instrument. In Phase 3, evidence of structural validity and external validity for the ASBS was established with 340 college-aged competitive sport participants. The ASBS presents as a promising new instrument to advance understanding of antisocial sport behavior acts committed by competitive athletes.
Ego Depletion and Attention Regulation Under Pressure: Is a Temporary Loss of Self-Control Strength Indeed Related to Impaired Attention Regulation?
Authors: Englert Chris , Zwemmer Kris , Bertrams Alex , Oudejans Raôul R.D.
Published: May 2015

In the current study we investigated whether ego depletion negatively affects attention regulation under pressure in sports by assessing participants’ dart throwing performance and accompanying gaze behavior. According to the strength model of self-control, the most important aspect of self-control is attention regulation. Because higher levels of state anxiety are associated with impaired attention regulation, we chose a mixed design with ego depletion (yes vs. no) as between-subjects and anxiety level (high vs. low) as within-subjects factor. Participants performed a perceptual-motor task requiring selective attention, namely, dart throwing. In line with our expectations, depleted participants in the high-anxiety condition performed worse and displayed a shorter final fixation on bull’s eye, demonstrating that when one’s self-control strength is depleted, attention regulation under pressure cannot be maintained. This is the first study that directly supports the general assumption that ego depletion is a major factor in influencing attention regulation under pressure.
Self-Control Self-Regulation, and Doping in Sport: A Test of the Strength-Energy Model
Authors: Chan Derwin K. C. , Lentillon-Kaestner Vanessa , Dimmock James A. , Donovan Robert J. , Keatley David A. , Hardcastle Sarah J. , Hagger Martin S.
Published: May 2015

We applied the strength-energy model of self-control to understand the relationship between self-control and young athletes’ behavioral responses to taking illegal performance-enhancing substances, or “doping.” Measures of trait self-control, attitude and intention toward doping, intention toward, and adherence to, doping-avoidant behaviors, and the prevention of unintended doping behaviors were administered to 410 young Australian athletes. Participants also completed a “lollipop” decision-making protocol that simulated avoidance of unintended doping. Hierarchical linear multiple regression analyses revealed that self-control was negatively associated with doping attitude and intention, and positively associated with the intention and adherence to doping-avoidant behaviors, and refusal to take or eat the unfamiliar candy offered in the “lollipop” protocol. Consistent with the strength-energy model, athletes with low self-control were more likely to have heightened attitude and intention toward doping, and reduced intention, behavioral adherence, and awareness of doping avoidance.
The Effect of Uniform Color on Judging Athletes’ Aggressiveness, Fairness, and Chance of Winning
Authors: Krenn Bjoern
Published: May 2015

In the current study we questioned the impact of uniform color in boxing, taekwondo and wrestling. On 18 photos showing two athletes competing, the hue of each uniform was modified to blue, green or red. For each photo, six color conditions were generated (blue-red, blue-green, green-red and vice versa). In three experiments these 108 photos were randomly presented. Participants (N = 210) had to select the athlete that seemed to be more aggressive, fairer or more likely to win the fight. Results revealed that athletes wearing red in boxing and wrestling were judged more aggressive and more likely to win than athletes wearing blue or green uniforms. In addition, athletes wearing green were judged fairer in boxing and wrestling than athletes wearing red. In taekwondo we did not find any significant impact of uniform color. Results suggest that uniform color in combat sports carries specific meanings that affect others’ judgments.
Identification of Gram-Negative Bacteria and Genetic Resistance Determinants from Positive Blood Culture Broths by Use of the Verigene Gram-Negative Blood Culture Multiplex Microarray-Based Molecular Assay
Authors: Ledeboer Nathan A. , Lopansri Bert K. , Dhiman Neelam , Cavagnolo Robert , Carroll Karen C. , Granato Paul , Thomson Richard , Butler-Wu Susan M. , Berger Heather , Samuel Linoj , Pancholi Preeti , Swyers Lettie , Hansen Glen T. , Tran Nam K. , Polage Christopher R. , Thomson Kenneth S. , Hanson Nancy D. , Winegar Richard , Buchan Blake W.
Published: May 2015

Bloodstream infection is a serious condition associated with significant morbidity and mortality. The outcome of these infections can be positively affected by the early implementation of effective antibiotic therapy based on the identification of the infecting organism and genetic markers associated with antibiotic resistance. In this study, we evaluated the microarray-based Verigene Gram-negative blood culture (BC-GN) assay in the identification of 8 genus or species targets and 6 genetic resistance determinants in positive blood culture broths. A total of 1,847 blood cultures containing Gram-negative organisms were tested using the BC-GN assay. This comprised 729 prospective fresh, 781 prospective or retrospective frozen, and 337 simulated cultures representing 7 types of aerobic culture media. The results were compared to those with standard bacterial culture and biochemical identification with nucleic acid sequence confirmation of the resistance determinants. Among monomicrobial cultures, the positive percent agreement (PPA) of the BC-GN assay with the reference method was as follows;
Escherichia coli
, 100%;
Klebsiella pneumoniae
, 92.9%;
Klebsiella oxytoca
, 95.5%;
Enterobacter
spp., 99.3%;
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
, 98.9%;
Proteus
spp., 100%;
Acinetobacter
spp., 98.4%; and
Citrobacter
spp., 100%. All organism identification targets demonstrated >99.5% negative percent agreement (NPA) with the reference method. Of note, 25/26 cultures containing
K. pneumoniae
that were reported as not detected by the BC-GN assay were subsequently identified as
Klebsiella variicola
. The PPA for identification of resistance determinants was as follows;
bla
CTX-M
, 98.9%;
bla
KPC
, 100%;
bla
NDM
, 96.2%;
bla
OXA
, 94.3%;
bla
VIM
, 100%; and
bla
IMP
, 100%. All resistance determinant targets demonstrated >99.9% NPA. Among polymicrobial specimens, the BC-GN assay correctly identified at least one organism in 95.4% of the broths and correctly identified all organisms present in 54.5% of the broths. The sample-to-result processing and automated reading of the detection microarray results enables results within 2 h of culture positivity.
Fatal West Nile Virus Encephalitis in a Heart Transplant Recipient
Authors: Gomez Adam J. , Waggoner Jesse J. , Itoh Megumi , Hollander Seth A. , Gutierrez Kathleen M. , Budvytiene Indre , Banaei Niaz , Pinsky Benjamin A.
Published: May 2015

The diagnosis of encephalitis is particularly challenging in immunocompromised patients. We report here a case of fatal West Nile virus encephalitis confounded by the presence of budding yeast in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) from a patient who had undergone heart transplantation for dilated cardiomyopathy 11 months prior to presentation of neurologic symptoms.
Hepatitis C Virus Core Mutations Associated with False-Negative Serological Results for Genotype 3a Core Antigen
Authors: Nguyen Linh Thuy , Dunford Linda , Freitas Ines , Holder Paul , Nguyen Lan Anh , O'Gorman Joanne , Connell Jeff , Carr Michael , Hall William , De Gascun Cillian
Published: May 2015

Genetic characterization of the genotype 3a (GT3a) hepatitis C virus (HCV)
core
region from HCV core antigen (HCVcAg)-negative/RNA-positive cases and HCVcAg-positive/RNA-positive controls identified significant associations between the substitutions A48T and T49A/P and failure to detect HCVcAg (
P
< 0.05). Polymorphisms at residues 48 and 49 in the core protein are present across all major epidemic and endemic GTs. These findings have implications for HCV diagnosis, particularly in low-income regions in which GT3a HCV is endemic.
Rectal Carriage of Extended-Spectrum-Beta-Lactamase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Hospitalized Patients: Selective Preenrichment Increases Yield of Screening
Authors: Kluytmans-van den Bergh M. F. Q. , Verhulst C. , Willemsen L. E. , Verkade E. , Bonten M. J. M. , Kluytmans J. A. J. W.
Published: May 2015

This study evaluated the added value of selective preenrichment for the detection of rectal carriage of extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
(ESBL-E). ESBL-E rectal carriage was identified in 4.8% of hospitalized patients, and 25.9% of ESBL-E rectal carriers were identified with selective preenrichment only.
FUSE Binding Protein 1 Facilitates Persistent Hepatitis C Virus Replication in Hepatoma Cells by Regulating Tumor Suppressor p53
Authors: Dixit Updesh , Pandey Ashutosh K. , Liu Zhihe , Kumar Sushil , Neiditch Matthew B. , Klein Kenneth M. , Pandey Virendra N.
Published: May 2015

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is a leading cause of chronic hepatitis C (CHC), liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Immunohistochemistry of archived HCC tumors showed abundant FBP1 expression in HCC tumors with the CHC background. Oncomine data analysis of normal versus HCC tumors with the CHC background indicated a 4-fold increase in FBP1 expression with a concomitant 2.5-fold decrease in the expression of p53. We found that FBP1 promotes HCV replication by inhibiting p53 and regulating BCCIP and TCTP, which are positive and negative regulators of p53, respectively. The severe inhibition of HCV replication in FBP1-knockdown Huh7.5 cells was restored to a normal level by downregulation of either p53 or BCCIP. Although p53 in Huh7.5 cells is transcriptionally inactive as a result of Y220C mutation, we found that the activation and DNA binding ability of Y220C p53 were strongly suppressed by FBP1 but significantly activated upon knockdown of FBP1. Transient expression of FBP1 in FBP1 knockdown cells fully restored the control phenotype in which the DNA binding ability of p53 was strongly suppressed. Using electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) and isothermal titration calorimetry (ITC), we found no significant difference in
in vitro
target DNA binding affinity of recombinant wild-type p53 and its Y220C mutant p53. However, in the presence of recombinant FBP1, the DNA binding ability of p53 is strongly inhibited. We confirmed that FBP1 downregulates BCCIP, p21, and p53 and upregulates TCTP under radiation-induced stress. Since FBP1 is overexpressed in most HCC tumors with an HCV background, it may have a role in promoting persistent virus infection and tumorigenesis.

IMPORTANCE
It is our novel finding that FUSE binding protein 1 (FBP1) strongly inhibits the function of tumor suppressor p53 and is an essential host cell factor required for HCV replication. Oncomine data analysis of a large number of samples has revealed that overexpression of FBP1 in most HCC tumors with chronic hepatitis C is significantly linked with the decreased expression level of p53. The most significant finding is that FBP1 not only physically interacts with p53 and interferes with its binding to the target DNA but also functions as a negative regulator of p53 under cellular stress. FBP1 is barely detectable in normal differentiated cells; its overexpression in HCC tumors with the CHC background suggests that FBP1 has an important role in promoting HCV infection and HCC tumors by suppressing p53.
Prolonged Antiretroviral Therapy Preserves HIV-1-Specific CD8 T Cells with Stem Cell-Like Properties
Authors: Vigano Selena , Negron Jordi , Ouyang Zhengyu , Rosenberg Eric S. , Walker Bruce D. , Lichterfeld Mathias , Yu Xu G.
Published: May 2015

HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells can influence HIV-1 disease progression during untreated HIV-1 infection, but the functional and phenotypic properties of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells in individuals treated with suppressive antiretroviral therapy remain less well understood. Here we show that a subgroup of HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells with stem cell-like properties, termed T memory stem cells (T
SCM
cells), is enriched in patients receiving suppressive antiretroviral therapy compared with their levels in untreated progressors or controllers. In addition, a prolonged duration of antiretroviral therapy was associated with a progressive increase in the relative proportions of these stem cell-like HIV-1-specific CD8 T cells. Interestingly, the proportions of HIV-1-specific CD8 T
SCM
cells and total HIV-1-specific CD8 T
SCM
cells were associated with the CD4 T cell counts during treatment with antiretroviral therapy but not with CD4 T cell counts, viral loads, or immune activation parameters in untreated patients, including controllers. HIV-1-specific CD8 T
SCM
cells had increased abilities to secrete interleukin-2 in response to viral antigen, while secretion of gamma interferon (IFN-γ) was more limited in comparison to alternative HIV-1-specific CD8 T cell subsets; however, only proportions of IFN-γ-secreting HIV-1-specific CD8 T
SCM
cells were associated with CD4 T cell counts during antiretroviral therapy. Together, these data suggest that HIV-1-specific CD8 T
SCM
cells represent a long-lasting component of the cellular immune response to HIV-1 that persists in an antigen-independent fashion during antiretroviral therapy but seems unable to survive and expand under conditions of ongoing viral replication during untreated infection.

IMPORTANCE
Memory CD8 T cells that imitate the functional properties of stem cells to maintain lifelong cellular immunity have been hypothesized for many years, but only recently have such cells, termed T memory stem cells (T
SCM
cells), been physically identified and isolated in humans, mice, and nonhuman primates. Here, we investigated whether cellular immune responses against HIV-1 include such T memory stem cells. Our data show that HIV-1-specific CD8 T memory stem cells are detectable during all stages of HIV-1 infection but occur most visibly at times of prolonged viral antigen suppression by antiretroviral combination therapy. These cells may therefore be particularly relevant for designing antiviral immune defense strategies against the residual reservoir of HIV-1-infected cells that persists despite treatment and leads to viral rebound upon treatment discontinuation.
Naturally Occurring Capsid Protein Variants of Human Papillomavirus Genotype 31 Represent a Single L1 Serotype
Authors: Bissett Sara L. , Godi Anna , Fleury Maxime J. J. , Touze Antoine , Cocuzza Clementina , Beddows Simon
Published: May 2015

We investigated naturally occurring variation within the major (L1) and minor (L2) capsid proteins of oncogenic human papillomavirus (HPV) genotype 31 (HPV31) to determine the impact on capsid antigenicity. L1L2 pseudoviruses (PsVs) representing the three HPV31 variant lineages, variant lineages A, B, and C, exhibited comparable particle-to-infectivity ratios and morphologies. Lineage-specific L1L2 PsVs demonstrated subtle differences in susceptibility to neutralization by antibodies elicited following vaccination or preclinical L1 virus-like particle (VLP) immunization or by monoclonal antibodies; however, these differences were generally of a low magnitude. These data indicate that the diagnostic lineage-specific single nucleotide polymorphisms within the HPV31 capsid genes have a limited effect on L1 antibody-mediated neutralization and that the three HPV31 variant lineages belong to a single L1 serotype. These data contribute to our understanding of HPV L1 variant antigenicity.

IMPORTANCE
The virus coat (capsid) of the human papillomavirus contains major (L1) and minor (L2) capsid proteins. These proteins facilitate host cell attachment and viral infectivity and are the targets for antibodies which interfere with these events. In this study, we investigated the impact of naturally occurring variation within these proteins upon susceptibility to viral neutralization by antibodies induced by L1 VLP immunization. We demonstrate that HPV31 L1 and L2 variants exhibit similar susceptibility to antibody-mediated neutralization and that for the purposes of L1 VLP-based vaccines, these variant lineages represent a single serotype.