bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Avoiding Co‐Product Allocation in Life‐Cycle Assessment
Authors: Weidema Bo
Published: July 2002

Abstract: In a life‐cycle assessment (LCA) involving only one of several products from the same process, how are the resource consumption and the emissions associated with this process to be partitioned and distributed over these co‐products? This is the central question in co‐product allocation, which has been one of the most controversial issues in the development of the methodology for life‐cycle assessment, as it may significantly influence or even determine the result of the assessments. In this article, it is shown that in prospective life‐cycle assessments, co‐product allocation can always be avoided by system expansion. Through a number of examples, it is demonstrated how system expansion is performed, with special emphasis on issues that earlier have been a focus of the allocation debate, such as joint production (e.g., of chlorine and sodium hydroxide, zinc and heavy metals, and electricity and heat), the handling of “near‐to‐waste” by‐products, processes simultaneously supplying services to multiple product systems, and credits for material recycling and downcycling. It is shown that all the different co‐product situations can be covered by the same theoretical model and the same practical procedure, and that it is also possible to include the traditional co‐product allocation as a special case of the presented procedure. The uncertainty aspects of the presented procedure are discussed. A comparison is made with the procedure of ISO 14041, “Life‐cycle assessment—Goal and scope definition and inventory analysis,” the international standard.
Assessment of CO 2 Emission Reduction Strategies for the Japanese Petrochemical Industry
Authors: Gielen Dolf J. , Yagita Hiroshi
Published: July 2002

Abstract: This article analyzes the possibilities for reducing carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the life cycle of Japanese petrochemicals, focusing primarily on the nonenergy use of fossil fuels. For this purpose a linear programming model called CHEAP (CHemical industry Environmental strategy Analysis Program) has been developed. The results show a moderate autonomous growth of emissions by 5% in the period 2000 to 2020, if it is assumed that no new technology is introduced and demand (measured in physical units) increases 1% per year, on average. However, if it is assumed that ongoing technology development succeeds, emissions in 2020 may decrease by 5% from 2000 levels (a decrease of 10% compared to the case that assumes no new technology). This is a significant contribution to emission reduction. According to this model, a further emission reduction by 10% in 2020 is possible but costly as it requires emission reduction incentives of up to 10,000 yen per ton CO2 (approximately 100 US/ton). The use of biomass feed‐stocks, waste recycling, energy recovery from waste and gas‐based co‐generation are the main strategies for achieving this emission reduction.
Was the Cold War a Security Dilemma?
Authors: Jervis Robert
Published: July 2002

Under the security dilemma, tensions and conflicts can arise between states even when they do not intend them. Some analysts have argued that the Cold War was a classic example of a security dilemma. This article disputes that notion. Although the Cold War contained elements of a deep security dilemma, it was not purely a case in which tensions and arms increased as each side defensively reacted to the other. The root of the conflict was a clash of social systems and of ideological preferences for ordering the world. Mutual security in those circumstances was largely unachievable. A true end to the Cold War was impossible until fundamental changes occurred in Soviet foreign policy.
Environment, Equity and Globalization: Beyond Resistance
Authors: Paehlke Robert
Published: July 2002

Some assessments of the new global economy are overstated and this, with environmentalism's predisposition to decentralization, has limited global environmental politics. While globalization does provoke equity and environmental failures, it does not “universalize” unemployment, nor is it necessarily financially unstable. It may be successful in its own terms—advancing total global GDP. As well, it is arguable that some wage restraint in rich nations is ultimately necessary to the simultaneous achievement of sustainability and global-scale equity. Rather than resisting globalization, the better strategy for progressive greens might be to promote a global policy agenda including the democratic control of global media, harmonized tax shifts to energy and material throughputs (and/or higher commodity prices), environmental treaty enforcement using trade-based sanctions, and the establishment of a global minimum wage.
A New Vigilance: Identifying and Reducing the Risks of Environmental Terrorism
Authors: Chalecki Elizabeth L.
Published: July 2002

Terrorism is a constant and fearful phenomenon, as America has learned to its recent and terrible cost, and like the nine-headed hydra of ancient mythology, as soon as one group or method is terminated, more spring up to take its place. Environmental terrorism adds a new dimension to this phenomenon, identifying the target as a natural resource or environmental feature. At a time when populations all over the world are increasing, the existing resource base is being stretched to provide for more people, and is being consumed at a faster rate. As the value and vulnerability ofthese resources increases, so does their attractive ness as terrorist targets. History shows that access to resources has been a proximate cause of conflict, resources have been both tools and targets of conflict, and environmental degradation and disparity in the distribution of resources can cause major political controversy, tension, and violence. The purposeful destruction of a natural resource can now cause more deaths, property damage, political chaos, and other adverse effects than it would have in any previous decade. The choice of environmental resources as targets or tools ofterrorism is consistent with both the increasing lethality ofterrorism and the growing envi ronmental awareness on the part of the public.
FAMILY PLOTS: BURYING SLAVES DEEP IN HISTORICAL GROUND
Authors: Glancy Jennifer
Published: July 2002

Despite the anthropological identification of slavery as an anti-kinship structure, some New Testament scholars have attempted to "kin-ify" the relations between slaveholders and slaves, that is, to interpret slavery as a fictive kinship structure. Commentators on Acts of the Apostles, for example, are likely to accept the patriarchal or matriarchal right of householders to enforce decisions concerning the cultic practices of household slaves. By suggesting that the Spirit responds to the invitations of slaveholders, household by patriarchal household, Acts treats enslaved members of households as dependent bodies subjected to the intellectual and spiritual authority of slaveholders. By accepting uncritically Luke's portrait of the growth of the church, household by patriarchal household, commentators unwittingly buy into a family plot that legitimates the slaveholder's preferred vision of the household. Drawing on sources as disparate as Egyptian papyri of the Roman era and personal family history, this article challenges attempts to subsume relationships of slavery within the warm circle of the family. At the same time, the article warns against sentimental depictions of maternal and other family ties. In the first century as in the twenty-first century, the family could be a locus of exploitation and alienation. The natal alienation at the heart of the ancient slave experience is ultimately intertwined with the forms of alienation inherent within families themselves. It is not that relations of slavery are warmer than we might expect, but rather that relations between even the closest of kin can be more exploitative than we want to admit.
KRAMER VERSUS KRAMER IN A TENTH/SIXTEENTH CENTURY EGYPTIAN COURT: POST-FORMATIVE JURISPRUDENCE BETWEEN EXIGENCY AND LAW
Authors: Jackson Sherman
Published: July 2002

The relationship between the individual jurist, the madhhab and scripture (Qur'ān and Sunnah) has long been a topic of debate among scholars of Islamic law. Based on a detailed fatwā on a controversial issue in tenth/sixteenth century Cairo, the present essay describes how, in the post-formative period, the madhhab mediated between the jurist and the sources. While clearly reflecting a commitment to taqlīd, this fatwā renders problematic the attribution of such adjectives as "conservative" or "servile" to that institution. At the same time, it clearly suggests that non-legal factors, such as the moral presuppositions and social outlook of the individual jurist, are operative in the processes of shaping school doctrine and crafting individual fatwās for 'difficult cases'.
FROM IRON AGE MYTH TO IDEALIZED NATIONAL LANDSCAPE: HUMAN-NATURE RELATIONSHIPS AND ENVIRONMENTAL RACISM IN FRITZ LANG'S DIE NIBELUNGEN
Authors: Bratton Susan Power
Published: July 2002

From the Iron Age to the modern period, authors have repeatedly restructured the ecomythology of the Siegfried saga. Fritz Lang's Weimar film production (released in 1924-1925) of Die Nibelungen presents an ascendant humanist Siegfried, who dominates over nature in his dragon slaying. Lang removes the strong family relationships typical of earlier versions, and portrays Siegfried as a son of the German landscape rather than of an aristocratic, human lineage. Unlike The Saga of the Volsungs, which casts the dwarf Andvari as a shape-shifting fish, and thereby indistinguishable from productive, living nature, both Richard Wagner and Lang create dwarves who live in subterranean or inorganic habitats, and use environmental ideals to convey anti-Semitic images, including negative contrasts between Jewish stereotypes and healthy or organic nature. Lang's Siegfried is a technocrat, who, rather than receiving a magic sword from mystic sources, begins the film by fashioning his own. Admired by Adolf Hitler, Die Nibelungen idealizes the material and the organic in a way that allows the modern ''hero'' to romanticize himself and, without the aid of deities, to become superhuman.
Differences in shell morphology of Testudo graeca and Testudo hermanni, based on material from Bulgaria
Authors: Amiranashvili N.G.
Published: July 2002

Two tortoises, Testudo graeca ibera Pallas, 1814 and Testudo hermanni boettgeri (Mojsisovics, 1889), inhabit Bulgaria. Certain features normally used for their identification, such as division of the supracaudal scute (divided in T. h. boettgeri; undivided in T. g. ibera), are not absolute. Seven whole shells of T. g. ibera and eleven of T. h. boettgeri were studied, and also a large series of shell fragments of both species. Based on analysis of 44 shell characters, T. h. boettgeri was distinguished by the following: maximal width of vertebral scute V clearly greater than maximal widths of other vertebral scutes; width of vertebral scutes II, III and IV smaller than width of pleural scutes I, II and III; medial length of pectoral scute equal or slightly greater than half the medial length of the hypoplastron; hypo-xiphiplastral suture distant from the corner of the inguinal notch; medial length of xiphiplastron less than maximal width (in females), or nearly half the maximal width (in males).
Spatial distribution and survival rate of waterfrog tadpoles in relation to biotic and abiotic factors: a field experiment
Authors: Thurnheer Sylvie , Reyer Heinz-Ulrich
Published: July 2002

Predictions about population and community dynamics are usually based on lab experiments. Because the results are difficult to transfer to natural conditions, the major purpose of this study was to test the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on tadpole populations in a natural environment. We stocked six ponds, created the previous year, with known numbers of Rana esculenta and R. lessonae tadpoles and followed their development over several months. When compared among ponds, tadpole density correlated positively with the nitrate:phosphate ratio. This suggests that water chemistry may have affected survival, either directly or indirectly via productivity. Within ponds, both species showed a clear preference for the shallow zone. This behavior probably reflects a preference for warm water close to the surface, rather than avoidance of predators, because relative densities of odonates also increased from deep to shallow zones. This study is one of few that not only considers the distribution of the anuran tadpoles but the distribution of their predators as well.
STIMULUS-SPECIFIC AND RESPONSE-SPECIFIC HABITUATION IN COURTING STICKLEBACK: DEVELOPMENTAL AND FUNCTIONAL CONSIDERATIONS
Authors: Jenkins Jennifer , Rowland William
Published: July 2002

Male threespine stickleback, Gasterosteus aculeatus, from a marine population on Long Island, New York were presented simultaneously with two dummies, one simulating a normally distended ('thinner') gravid female and the other a highly distended ('fatter') one. Males initially courted the dummies much as they do real females, but showed stimulus-specific and response-specific habituation to the dummies. Males initially courted the fatter dummy slightly more than the thinner one but showed clear signs of habituation toward the thinner dummy after about 4 min while courtship to the fatter one continued throughout the 1 hr presentation period. Thus, within 12 min males were directing a much greater proportion of courtship to the fatter dummy, and this difference increased over time. Males also attacked both dummies and, in contrast to their courtship response, divided biting equally between the two dummies. Moreover, bite rates to the thinner and the fatter dummy doubled within the first 12 min and then fluctuated around that level for the remainder of the trial. The stimulusspecific and response-specific nature of habituation may be adaptive for male mating success because it leads the male to focus courtship on the preferred female and to direct attack against the fish presenting a greater threat to the nest but a lower potential reproductive payoff.
FEMALE DOMINANCE RELATIONSHIPS AMONG CAPTIVE WESTERN LOWLAND GORILLAS: COMPARISONS WITH THE WILD
Authors: Scott Jennifer , Lockard Joan
Published: July 2002

Female dominance relationships were studied among three family groups of western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) housed in large enclosures at Howletts Wild Animal Park, in Kent, England. In common with gorillas in their natural habitat, the Howletts gorillas forage throughout the day on low nutrient foods. However, the latter differ, at least from mountain gorillas (Gorilla gorilla beringei), in that they also have relatively frequent access to high nutrient, high energy novel food items which are patchily distributed in time and space, and defendable. It was predicted that, despite these differences, the Howletts females would resemble mountain gorillas in forming adult female dominance hierarchies (determined from supplant interactions) in which older females that have lived in the group the longest are dominant to younger females, more recent to the group. The comparison was made with mountain gorillas as they are the only gorilla subspecies for which such data exist for wild-living populations. As predicted, an age/tenure-based dominance hierarchy was found to be the case for those groups at Howletts where there was considerable variation between the females' ages and length of group tenure. As gorillas and chimpanzees resemble more closely each other in forming age/tenure-based dominance hierarchies than they do other female-transfer primate species, it is proposed that the gorilla-chimpanzee pattern may have common phylogenetic origins. In addition, the order of progression of gorillas into their indoor living quarters appears to be a good indicator of supplant-dominance relationships among adult group members. It was also found that, despite being removed from their natural habitat, dominant males in captivity still lead their groups during group travel in the same manner that do males in the wild: either at the head, or bringing up the rear. Though primate social behaviour may be flexible depending on immediate context and life history variables, this flexibility may well remain within evolutionarily defined parameters, leading to species-typical patterns in general social interactions.
Protein variation in tropical Meloidogyne spp. as shown by two-dimensional electrophoregram computed analysis
Authors: Renault Lionel , Mugniéry Didier , Bossis Michel , Tastet Christophe
Published: July 2002

Protein variation and phenetic relationships in four tropical root-knot nematode species were studied by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DGE). Total soluble protein extracts from white females of Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria and M. mayaguensis were separated by electrophoresis, and the two-dimensional (2-D) profiles were compared with a computed analysis system. A four species global comparison allowed detection of 4 and 13 specific proteins for M. arenaria and M. mayaguensis, respectively, among the 498 proteinic spots detected on the synthetic image (or 'master'). Such proteins were not detected for M. incognita and M. javanica. Nevertheless, species discriminative proteins and shared proteins have been identified in all pairwise comparisons between species. In addition, the similarity index and the genetic distances between the different isolates studied were calculated on the basis of homologous polymorphic spots. A dendrogram was constructed according to the UPGMA method. Significance of the results from phenetic study was assessed by bootstrap analysis. M. incognita, M. javanica and M. arenaria showed high similarity. M. mayaguensis was more distant. These results are in agreement with RAPD and RFLP studies.La variabilité protéique et les relations phénétiques de quatre espèces tropicales de nématodes galligènes ont été étudiées par électrophorèse sur gel en deux dimensions (2-DGE). Les protéines solubles totales extraites de femelles blanches de Meloidogyne incognita, M. javanica, M. arenaria et M. mayaguensis ont été séparées par électrophorèse et les profils bidimensionels comparés à l'aide d'un système d'analyse informatisé. Une comparaison globale des quatre espèces a permis de détecter quatre protéines spécifiques pour M. arenaria et 13 pour M. mayaguensis parmi les 498 taches protéiques présentes sur l'image de référence (ou “master”). De telles protéines n'ont été détectées ni pour M. incognita ni pour M. javanica. Néanmoins, des protéines discriminantes et communes ont été identifiées lors de toutes les comparaisons d'espèces deux à deux. De plus, les indices de similarité et les distances génétiques entre les différents isolats étudiés ont été calculés à partir des taches polymorphes homologues. Les dendrogrammes ont été construits selon la méthode UPGMA. La signification des résultats phénétiques a été estimée par une analyse “bootstrap”. M. incognita, M. javanica et M. arenaria sont très proches. M. mayaguensis est plus distant. Ces résultats sont en accord avec ceux d'études en RAPD et RFLP.
Infection of Meloidogyne javanica by Paecilomyces lilacinus
Authors: Holland Rita , Williams Keith , Khan Alamgir
Published: July 2002

The in vitro interaction of Paecilomyces lilacinus strain 251 with eggs, 3rd and 4th stage juveniles and adult females of Meloidogyne javanica was studied. Eggs of all stages, including those containing unhatched juveniles, were infected by P. lilacinus. Infection of eggs occurred following flattening of hyphae to the egg surface and formation of appressoria. Sometimes these occurred within extensive networks of hyphae of the egg surface. Hyphae later grew out of the egg to continue growing or form conidiophores. Third and 4th stage juveniles and adult females were readily infected, with hyphae and conidiophores penetrating the body wall. Die Infektion von Meloidogyne javanica durch Paecilomyces lilacinus - Es wurden die in vitro auftretenden Wechselwirkungen zwischen Paecilomyces lilacinus Stamm 251 und den Eiern, J3, J4 und adulten Weibchen von Meloidogyne javanica untersucht. Eier wurden in allen Stadien von P. lilacinus infiziert einschliesslich der ungeschlupfte J2 enthaltenden Eier. Die Infektion erfolgte anschliessend an eine Abflachung von Hyphen auf der Eioberflache und eine Appressorienbildung. Manchmal erschienen diese innerhalb eines ausgedehnten Netzwerkes von Hyphen auf der Eioberflache. Spater wuchsen Hyphen aus dem Ei heraus, wuchsen weiter oder bildeten Konidiophoren. Juvenile des dritten oder vierten Stadiums und adulte Weibchen wurden ohne weiteres befallen, wobei Hyphen und Konidiophoren durch die Korperwand drangen.
A PHENOMENOLOGICAL STUDY OF STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGE OF BIOLOGY IN A SWEDISH COMPREHENSIVE SCHOOL
Authors: Sages Roger , Szybek Piotr
Published: July 2002

A text written by a student in a Swedish comprehensive school, during a Biology test, is analyzed using a method based on Husserl's transcendental phenomenology. The method is presented in the article. The analysis results in an explicitation of horizons, which enables an access to the lifeworld (Lebenswelt) opened by the text. In this case, the interplay of school Biology (the school subject Biology) and "everyday life" is visible. The meaning constituted in the encounter with school Biology seems to lack natural science aspects. The visible aspects pertain to the bodily situatedness of a student in school and to the character of school knowledge. The world as constituted by school Biology seems to be a place of disembedded, general people where school is a place of non-learning.
Contribution of multivariate analysis to the correlation of some properties of kaolin with its mineralogical and chemical composition
Authors: Galan E. , Aparicio P. , Gonzalez I. , Miras A.
Published: July 2002

According to multivariate analysis, the following were established (a) kaolinite crystallinity index (KCI) values determined by XRD are highly correlated to one another and seemingly influenced by kaolin impurities; (b) kaolin minerals are concentrated mainly in the fractions <4 µm; (c) the kaolin surface area as determined by the BET (nitrogen adsorption) method is more markedly affected by kaolin impurities than by kaolin minerals themselves; (d) BET surfaces increase when kaolinite crystallinity decreases; (e) brightness is inversely correlated with kaolin impurities; (f) the more ordered the kaolinite and the greater the proportion in the <4 µm fraction of the kaolin, the greater the brightness; and (g) KCI values are particle size-distribution dependent for sedimentary-residual kaolins. The correlations obtained were better when kaolins were selected according to their origin because the kaolin minerals and their impurities, particle size-distribution and texture were more alike. The industrial properties of kaolin can not be predicted from other basic properties such as mineralogy, KCI, etc., because they are intricately related to one another.
Petrology of the Cormacks Lake Complex, Newfoundland: decompressional reaction relations in cordierite+orthoamphibole-bearing gneisses and associated rocks
Authors: Owen J. V. , Greenough J. D.
Published: July 2002

Cordierite+orthoamphibole (Crd+Oam)-bearing gneisses in the Cormacks Lake complex are regionally associated with metapelites containing prismatic sillimanite and K-feldspar, metabasites that locally contain metamorphic orthopyroxene, and other high-grade rocks in the Central Gneiss (Dashwoods) subzone, in the southwestern Newfoundland Appalachians. Retrograde features formed at the expense of the granulite-facies assemblages are ubiquitous. For example, in some migmatitic rocks, garnet is resorbed by Crd+Oam, and in metapelites, cordierite separates corroded garnet and sillimanite. Mineral thermobarometry suggests that, following granulite-facies metamorphism (T<785°C, P<7.5 kbar), retrogression occurred as the Cormacks Lake gneisses cooled through Mg-Fe diffusional blocking temperatures as they decompressed to a pressure of ∼3–4 kbar. Given the absence of Barrovian (or higher pressure) mineral assemblages in the metapelites, regional tectonic reconstructions involving the thrusting of a neighbouring terrane (Notre Dame subzone) over the Central Gneiss subzone appear to be supported only by the moderate pressure determined for the granulite facies event. Although scarcely discernible given re-equilibration effects and the imprecision of thermobarometers, subsequent decompression nonetheless had a marked impact on the mineralogy of the gneisses.
Palladium-oxygenated compounds of the Gongo Soco mine, Quadrilátero Ferrífero, central Minas Gerais, Brazil
Authors: Raphael Cabral A. , Lehmann B. , Kwitko R. , Jones R. D. , Pires F. R. M. , Rocha Filho O. G. , Innocentini M. D.
Published: July 2002

New data on the Gongo Soco palladium-oxygenated compounds are presented for the first time since the work of Johnson and Lampadius (1837). A variety of PdO species is documented, always in association with Cu, Fe and Mn, and includes Pd(OH)2 or PdO.H2O, and phases with metal excess in relation to oxygen, interpreted as metastable. Their remarkable occurrence in ‘ouro preto’ (black gold) and jacutinga (auriferous itabirite/iron ore) is the result of mertieite-II alteration. It involves leaching of Sb and As, limited removal of Pd, and incorporation of Cu, Mn and Hg into PdO species. The locus of Hg-bearing PdO species in microfractures parallel to the enclosing gold-mineralized shear band suggests at least one low-temperature hydrothermal generation. The presence of a halite crystal attached to gold testifies to the involvement of Cl-saturated hydrothermal fluids in the oxidizing environment of jacutinga formation.
Morphology and geochemistry of zircons from late Mesozoic igneous complexes in coastal SE China: implications for petrogenesis
Authors: Wang X. , Griffin W. L. , O’Reilly S. Y. , Zhou X. M. , Xu X. S. , Jackson S. E. , Pearson N. J.
Published: July 2002

The Pingtan and Tonglu igneous complexes in SE China are typical of the calc-alkaline series developed at active continental margins. These two complexes are dominated by felsic rocks, temporally and spatially associated with minor mafic rocks. Morphological and trace-element studies of zircon populations in rocks from each of these complexes show that the zircon populations may be divided into 3–4 distinct growth stages, characterized by different distributions of morphological indices (Ipr, Ipy and Iel), and different contents of the substituting elements (Hf, U, Th, Y and P). The four growth stages recognized in the zircons are believed to have formed successively in the magma chamber, during the emplacement, and in the early and later stages of magma consolidation, respectively. All four stages are recognized in the plutonic Pingtan complex, whereas the stages 3 and 4 are less developed in the volcanic/subvolcanic Tonglu complex. Based on the chemistry and morphology of the different zircon populations of the Pingtan and Tonglu complexes, it is suggested that basaltic magmas underplating at the boundary between crust and mantle caused partial melting of the mid–lower crust and produced granitoid magmas. Subsequently, mixing between magmas was important.
Diamonds from Wellington, NSW: insights into the origin of eastern Australian
diamonds
Authors: Davies R. M. , O'Reilly S. Y. , Griffin W. L.
Published: July 2002

Diamonds from alluvial deposits near Wellington, New South Wales, have been
characterized on the basis of morphological features, mineral inclusions, C
isotope signatures, N content and aggregation state and internal structure. The
diamonds are of two types. The larger group (Group A) is indistinguishable from
diamonds found worldwide from kimberlitic and lamproitic host rocks. This group is
inferred to have formed in a peridotitic mantle source in Pre-Cambrian subcratonic
lithosphere. The second group (Group B) is unique in its internal structures
(which show evidence of growth in a stress field and non-planar facets), has
unusually heavy C isotopic compositions and contains Ca-rich eclogitic inclusions.
This group is inferred to have formed in a subducting slab. Diamonds of both
groups have external features (corrosion structures and polish) indicating
transport to the surface by lamproitic-like magmas. The diamonds show evidence of
long residence at the earth's surface and significant alluvial reworking: they are
not accompanied by typical diamond indicator minerals.
Survival after transplantation of unrelated donor umbilical cord blood is comparable to that of human leukocyte antigen–matched unrelated donor bone marrow: results of a matched-pair analysis
Authors: Barker Juliet N. , Davies Stella M. , DeFor Todd , Ramsay Norma K. C. , Weisdorf Daniel J. , Wagner John E.
Published: July 2002

Umbilical cord blood (UCB) is being increasingly used for hematopoietic stem cell transplantation and has been associated with a reduced incidence of severe graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). To further investigate the relative merits of unrelated donor UCB versus bone marrow (BM), a matched-pair analysis comparing the outcomes of recipients of 0 to 3 human leukocyte antigen (HLA)–mismatched UCB and HLA-A, B, DRB1-matched BM was performed. UCB patients, who received cyclosporine (CSA) and methylprednisolone (MP), were matched for age, diagnosis, and disease stage with BM patients, who received either methotrexate (MTX) and CSA (26 pairs) or T-cell depletion (TCD) and CSA/MP (31 pairs). Patients were predominantly children (median age, 5 years) undergoing transplantation for malignancy, storage diseases, BM failure, and immunodeficiency syndromes between 1991 and 1999. Although neutrophil recovery was significantly slower after UCB transplantation, the probability of donor-derived engraftment at day 45 was 88% in UCB versus 96% in BM-MTX recipients (P = .41) and 85% in UCB versus 90% in BM-TCD recipients (P = .32), respectively. Platelet recovery was similar in UCB versus BM pairs. Furthermore, incidences of acute and chronic GVHD were similar in UCB and BM recipients, with 53% of UCB versus 41% of BM-MTX recipients alive (P = .40) and 52% of UCB versus 56% of BM-TCD recipients alive at 2 years (P > .80), respectively. These data suggest that despite increased HLA disparity, probabilities of engraftment, GVHD, and survival after UCB transplantation are comparable to those observed after HLA-matched BM transplantation. Therefore, UCB should be considered an acceptable alternative to HLA-matched BM for pediatric patients.
Coexpression of BMI-1 and EZH2 polycomb-group proteins is associated with cycling cells and degree of malignancy in B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma
Authors: van Kemenade Folkert J. , Raaphorst Frank M. , Blokzijl Tjasso , Fieret Elly , Hamer Karien M. , Satijn David P. E. , Otte Arie P. , Meijer Chris J. L. M.
Published: July 2002

Polycomb-group (PcG) proteins, such as BMI-1 and EZH2, form multimeric gene-repressing complexes involved in axial patterning, hematopoiesis, and cell cycle regulation. In addition, BMI-1 is involved in experimental lymphomagenesis. Little is known about its role in human lymphomagenesis. Here, BMI-1 and EZH2 expression patterns are analyzed in a variety of B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphomas (B-NHLs), including small lymphocytic lymphoma, follicular lymphoma, large B-cell lymphoma, mantle-cell lymphoma, and Burkitt lymphoma. In contrast to the mutually exclusive pattern of BMI-1 and EZH2 in reactive follicles, the neoplastic cells in B-NHLs of intermediate- and high-grade malignancy showed strong coexpression of BMI-1 and EZH2. This pattern overlapped with the expression of Mib-1/Ki-67, a marker for proliferation. Neoplastic cells in B-NHL of low-grade malignancy were either BMI-1low/EZH2+ (neoplastic centroblasts) or BMI-1lowEZH2−(neoplastic centrocytes). These observations show that low-, intermediate-, and high grade B-NHLs are associated with increased coexpression of the BMI-1 and EZH2 PcG proteins, whose normal expression pattern is mutually exclusive. This expression pattern is probably caused by a failure to down-regulate BMI-1 in dividing neoplastic cells, because BMI-1 expression is absent from normal dividing B cells. These observations are in agreement with findings in studies of Bmi-1 transgenic mice. The extent of BMI-1/EZH2 coexpression correlated with clinical grade and the presence of Mib-1/Ki-67 expression, suggesting that the irregular expression of BMI-1 and EZH2 is an early event in the formation of B-NHL. This points to a role for abnormal PcG expression in human lymphomagenesis.
Long-term evaluation of the beneficial effect of subtotal splenectomy for management of hereditary spherocytosis
Authors: Bader-Meunier Brigitte , Gauthier Frédéric , Archambaud Frédérique , Cynober Thérèse , Miélot Francoise , Dommergues Jean-Paul , Warszawski Josiane , Mohandas Narla , Tchernia Gil
Published: July 2002

Clinical manifestations of hereditary spherocytosis (HS) can be abrogated by splenectomy. However, concerns exist regarding exposure of patients to a lifelong risk for overwhelming infections and, to a lesser extent, to vascular complications after total splenectomy. In the search for alternative treatment modalities, we assessed, in a previous pilot study, the potential usefulness of subtotal splenectomy in a small population of patients. During a mean follow-up period of 3.5 years, subtotal splenectomy was shown to be effective in decreasing the hemolytic rate, while maintaining the phagocytic function of the spleen. In the current study, we evaluated the clinical and biologic features of 40 patients with HS who underwent subtotal splenectomy and were monitored for periods ranging from 1 to 14 years. The beneficial effect of subtotal splenectomy included a sustained decrease in hemolytic rate and a continued maintenance of phagocytic function of the splenic remnant. However, mild-to-moderate hemolysis was persistent and accounted for secondary gallstone formation and aplastic crisis in a small subset of patients. Surprisingly, regrowth of the remnant spleen did not seem to have a major impact on the beneficial outcomes of these individuals. Our results suggest that subtotal splenectomy appears to be a reasonable treatment option for management of patients with HS, especially young children.
Cell-surface heparan sulfate proteoglycan–mediated regulation of human neutrophil migration by the serpin antithrombin III
Authors: Dunzendorfer Stefan , Kaneider Nicole , Rabensteiner Andrea , Meierhofer Christian , Reinisch Christina , Römisch Jürgen , Wiedermann Christian J.
Published: July 2002

The serpin antithrombin III (AT III) is reported to have hemostasis-regulating and anti-inflammatory properties. To determine its ability to influence thrombin-independent leukocyte responses, the direct effects of the AT III concentrate Kybernin P and a monoclonal antibody-purified AT III on neutrophil migration were studied. Chemotactic activity of human neutrophils isolated from the blood of healthy donors was determined in modified Boyden microchemotaxis chambers, and binding studies were performed according to standard experimental protocols. Preincubation in vitro of neutrophils with Kybernin P or immune-adsorbed AT III significantly deactivated migration toward fMet-Leu-Phe, or interleukin-8 (IL-8), in a concentration-dependent manner. In the absence of additional attractants, neutrophils exhibited a migratory response toward gradients of AT III preparations. True chemotaxis was confirmed in checkerboard assays. Analyses revealed that the AT III heparin-binding site interacts with neutrophil membrane–associated heparan sulfate proteoglycan receptors. Mechanisms of intracellular signaling differed; the deactivation of IL-8–induced chemotaxis resulted from tyrphostin-sensitive interactions of AT III-signaling with the IL-8 signal transduction pathway, whereas AT III–induced chemotaxis involved protein kinase C and phosphodiesterases. Signaling similarities between AT III and the proteoglycan syndecan-4 may suggest the binding of AT III to this novel type of membrane receptor. Under physiological conditions, AT III may prevent neutrophils from premature activation. Moreover, the systemic administration of AT III concentrate could have beneficial effects in combating systemic inflammation.
Specialized roles of the chemokine receptors CCR1 and CCR5 in the recruitment of monocytes and TH1-like/CD45RO+T cells
Authors: Weber Christian , Weber Kim S. C. , Klier Christiane , Gu Songhai , Wank Rudolf , Horuk Richard , Nelson Peter J.
Published: July 2002

Chemokines and their receptors control the emigration of leukocytes during inflammation. The role of the RANTES (regulated on activation normal T-cell expressed and secreted) receptors CCR1 and CCR5 in the selective recruitment of monocytes, TH1-like T-cell clones, and peripheral T cells enriched for CD45RO+“memory” cells were tested in a system in which arrest under flow conditions is triggered by RANTES immobilized to activated endothelium. With the use of selective nonpeptide receptor antagonists or blocking antibodies, it was found that the RANTES-induced arrest of these cells was mediated predominantly by CCR1. In contrast, CCR5 mainly contributed to the spreading in shear flow, and both CCR1 and CCR5 supported transendothelial chemotaxis toward RANTES. The data in this study reveal specialized roles of apparently redundant receptors in distinct steps of leukocyte trafficking and suggest that not all receptors currently used to define mononuclear cell subsets are involved in their direct recruitment from the circulation.
Involvement of caspase-2 long isoform in Fas-mediated cell death of human leukemic cells
Authors: Droin Nathalie , Bichat Florence , Rébé Cedric , Wotawa Anne , Sordet Olivier , Hammann Arlette , Bertrand Richard , Solary Eric
Published: July 2002

Engagement of the plasma membrane receptor Fas can induce apoptosis of leukemic cells. Signaling through Fas requires the formation of a death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) that involves the cytoplasmic domain of Fas, the adaptor molecule FADD/MORT-1, and procaspase-8. The present study investigated whether another caspase, known as procaspase-2L, played a role in Fas-mediated cell death. A series of human leukemic variant cells was derived by stable transfection with aCASP2L antisense construct (CASP2L/AS).Specific down-regulation of procaspase-2L decreased the sensitivity of these cells to apoptosis induced by an agonistic anti-Fas antibody (Ab, clone CH11), as determined by studying DNA fragmentation, chromatin condensation, and externalization of phosphatidylserine on the plasma membrane. In leukemic cells transfected with an empty vector, anti-Fas Ab treatment activated caspase-8, decreased the expression of the BH3 domain-only protein Bid, triggered the release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria to the cytosol, and activated caspase-3. All these events could not be observed when CASP2L/AS cells were similarly treated with anti-Fas Abs. CASP2L/AStransfection did not inhibit the formation of the DISC and no direct interaction between procaspase-2L and either Fas or FADD or procaspase-8 was identified. Down-regulation of procaspase-2L inhibited anti-Fas Ab–mediated cleavage of c-FLIP (FLICE-inhibitory protein), a protein that interferes with the formation of a functional DISC. These results suggest that the long isoform of caspase-2 plays a role in the Fas-mediated pathway to cell death by contributing to caspase-8 activation at the DISC level.
In vitro spontaneous lymphoproliferation in patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I–associated neurologic disease: predominant expansion of CD8+ T cells
Authors: Sakai Jill A. , Nagai Masahiro , Brennan Meghan B. , Mora Carlos A. , Jacobson Steven
Published: July 2002

Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from patients with human T-cell lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I)–associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP) proliferate spontaneously in vitro. This spontaneous lymphoproliferation (SP) is one of the immunologic hallmarks of HAM/TSP and is considered to be an important factor related to the pathogenesis of HAM/TSP. However, the cell populations involved in this phenomenon have not yet been definitively identified. To address this issue, the study directly evaluated proliferating cell subsets in SP with a flow cytometric method using bromodeoxyuridine and Ki-67. Although both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells proliferated spontaneously, the percentage of proliferating CD8+ T cells was 2 to 5 times higher than that of CD4+ T cells. In addition, more than 40% of HTLV-I Tax11-19–specific CD8+T cells as detected by an HLA-A*0201/Tax11-19 tetramer proliferated in culture. In spite of this expansion of HTLV-I–specific CD8+ T cells, HTLV-I proviral load did not decrease. This finding will help elucidate the dynamics of in vivo virus-host immunologic interactions that permit the coexistence of high HTLV-I–specific CD8+ cytotoxic T-lymphocyte responses and high HTLV-I proviral load in HAM/TSP.
Autoreactive CD4+ T-cell clones to β2-glycoprotein I in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome: preferential recognition of the major phospholipid-binding site
Authors: Arai Takahide , Yoshida Kazue , Kaburaki Junichi , Inoko Hidetoshi , Ikeda Yasuo , Kawakami Yutaka , Kuwana Masataka
Published: July 2002

Autoreactive CD4+ T cells to β2-glycoprotein I (β2GPI) that promote antiphospholipid antibody production were recently identified in patients with antiphospholipid syndrome (APS). To further examine antigen recognition profiles and T-cell helper activity in β2GPI-reactive T cells, 14 CD4+ T-cell clones specific to β2GPI were generated from 3 patients with APS by repeated stimulation of peripheral blood T cells with recombinant β2GPI. At least 4 distinct T-cell epitopes were identified, but the majority of the β2GPI-specific T-cell clones responded to a peptide encompassing amino acid residues 276 to 290 of β2GPI (KVSFFCKNKEKKCSY; single-letter amino acid codes) that contains the major phospholipid-binding site in the context of the DRB4*0103 allele. Ten of 12 β2GPI-specific T-cell clones were able to stimulate autologous peripheral blood B cells to promote anti-β2GPI antibody production in the presence of recombinant β2GPI. T-cell helper activity was exclusively found in T-cell clones capable of producing interleukin 6 (IL-6). In vitro anti-β2GPI antibody production induced by T-cell clones was inhibited by anti-IL-6 or anti-CD40 ligand monoclonal antibody. In addition, exogenous IL-6 augmented anti-β2GPI antibody production in cultures of the T-cell clone lacking IL-6 expression. These results indicate that β2GPI-specific CD4+ T cells in patients with APS preferentially recognize the antigenic peptide containing the major phospholipid-binding site and have the capacity to stimulate B cells to produce anti-β2GPI antibodies through IL-6 expression and CD40-CD40 ligand engagement. These findings are potentially useful for clarifying the pathogenesis of APS and for developing therapeutic strategies that suppress pathogenic antiphospholipid antibody production in these patients.
Differential homing and engraftment properties of hematopoietic progenitor cells from murine bone marrow, mobilized peripheral blood, and fetal liver
Authors: Szilvassy Stephen J. , Meyerrose Todd E. , Ragland Penny L. , Grimes Barry
Published: July 2002

The rate of reconstitution following hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) transplantation differs widely depending on the tissue source of the cells infused. To test the hypothesis that variability in engraftment kinetics is related to differences in the efficiency with which intravenously transplanted HSCs “home” to the bone marrow (BM), the homing properties of murine fetal liver (FL), adult BM, and mobilized peripheral blood (MPB) cells were compared. Lethally irradiated mice transplanted with 2 × 106 FL, BM, or MPB cells exhibited sequentially slower recovery of circulating leukocytes and platelets that correlates with the progressively lower frequency of colony-forming cells (CFCs) in these tissues. However, differences in the rate and degree of early and long-term reconstitution were maintained even after infusing equal numbers of CFCs derived from FL, BM, and MPB. To compare the homing of progenitors from these tissues, cells were labeled with fluorescent PKH26 dye and injected into lethally irradiated hosts. Three hours later, PKH26+ cells were reisolated from the BM and spleen by fluorescence-activated cell sorting and assayed for in vitro CFCs. Despite the higher level of very late antigen (VLA)-2, VLA-4, and VLA-5 on Sca-1+c-kit+ cells from FL compared to BM, 10-fold fewer FL CFCs homed to hematopoietic organs than those from BM. MPB cells homed slightly better, but still less efficiently than BM cells. Therefore, clonogenic cells from different tissues exhibit striking variations in homing efficiency that does not necessarily correlate with engraftment kinetics. Homing is likely counterbalanced by intrinsic differences in proliferative potential that ultimately determine the rate of hematopoietic reconstitution.
Clinical significance of CD38 expression in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Del Poeta Giovanni , Maurillo Luca , Venditti Adriano , Buccisano Francesco , Epiceno Anna Maria , Capelli Giovanni , Tamburini Anna , Suppo Giovanna , Battaglia Alessandra , Del Principe Maria Ilaria , Del Moro Beatrice , Masi Mario , Amadori Sergio
Published: July 2002

B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) follows heterogeneous clinical courses, and several biological parameters need to be added to the current clinical staging systems to predict which patients will experience an indolent or an aggressive outcome. This study analyzed CD38 expression by flow cytometry and soluble APO1/Fas (sAPO1/Fas), Bcl-2 (sBcl-2), and CD23 (sCD23) proteins by immunoenzymatic methods to evaluate their effect on the clinical course of 168 unselected B-CLL patients. Intermediate/high risk modified Rai stages were characterized by a higher CD38+ B-cell number (P = .0002) and higher sCD23 levels (P < .0001). Moreover, CD38+ B-cell percentages were significantly and directly associated both with β2-microglobulin and sCD23 concentrations (P < .0001 and P = .002, respectively). Both a higher tumor burden (lymphadenopathy/splenomegaly) and a lymphocyte doubling time less than 12 months were significantly associated with higher CD38+ percentages (P < .0001 and P = .0001, respectively). With regard to clinical outcome, progression-free survival was significantly longer (75% versus 37% at 5 years; P = .00006) in patients with lower CD38+ B-cell percentages. Furthermore, the risk of partial or no response to fludarabine increased with increasing CD38 expression (P = .003), and a shorter overall survival (50% versus 92% at 8 years; P < .00001) characterized patients with more than 30% CD38+ B-cell number. The predictive value of CD38 expression was maintained among the patients within the Rai intermediate risk group and was confirmed in multivariate analysis. Thus, the percentage of CD38+ B cells appears to be an accurate predictor of clinical outcome and therefore could be used to indicate when more novel chemotherapeutic approaches are needed.