bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Cultural Conflict: The Implications of Changing Dispositions Among the Upwardly Mobile
Authors: Curl Heather , Lareau Annette , Wu Tina
Published: August 2018

The accounts of upwardly mobile professionals can shed light on conflict and cultural dispositions (what Bourdieu referred to as habitus). There are currently few empirical studies investigating the specific aspects of the habitus that might change or the implications of these changes on cross‐class relationships. Drawing on qualitative interviews with a total of 30 white and African American upwardly mobile individuals, we explore three ways in which upwardly mobile individuals experience a shift in their habitus and the implications of these changes on interactions with family members, friends, and colleagues. Specifically, upwardly mobile professionals report significant change in their dispositions toward new experiences and “horizons,” food and health, and language and communication. These changes foster “flashpoints” of conflict with non‐upwardly mobile family members. We find that whites and African Americans report very similar types of conflicts, but African Americans in our study downplay the conflict more than their white counterparts.
Do subsidised export loans increase exports?
Authors: Akgündüz Yusuf Emre , Kal Süleyman Hilmi , Torun Huzeyfe
Published: August 2018

Turkey's export rediscount credit programme provides credit to exporting firms that is both easy to acquire and is offered at a low interest rate. We follow the performance of firms that first received the credit in 2012 when the amount of credit provided went up dramatically in 2012. We use propensity score matching to construct a control group of firms with which we compare the credit‐receiving firms before and after 2012 in a difference‐in‐differences framework. These firms have increased their exports substantially in the following years compared to the matched firms with similar propensities to receive the rediscount credit. We find that firms that received the rediscount credit increased their exports by 65% and total sales by 19% compared to matched firms. We find no statistically significant effects on domestic sales and profits. We also find suggestive evidence that the effects are larger for smaller firms and the effects fade away after a certain amount of credits.
Applying newer parameter Ret‐He (reticulocyte haemoglobin equivalent) to assess latent iron deficiency (LID) in blood donors–study at a tertiary care hospital in India
Authors: Tiwari Aseem K , Bhardwaj Gunjan , Arora Dinesh , Aggarwal Geet , Pabbi Swati , Dara Ravi C , Sachdev Ritesh , Raizada Arun , Sethi Monisha
Published: August 2018

Background

It is important to detect Latent Iron Deficiency (LID) to prevent development of an overt iron deficiency anemia. Early detection is difficult by using conventional hematological and biochemical parameters. Soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR) is presently the gold standard for diagnosing LID. We evaluated the utility of Reticulocyte Hemoglobin Equivalent (Ret‐He), a newer hematological parameter, to predict LID in blood donors as compared to sTfR.

Methods

This was a randomized prospective study performed on 501 donor samples over a period of three‐months. All donors were included after administering medical history questionnaire and a brief physical examination in accordance with national guidelines (Hb ≥12.5). Additional samples were collected during donation according to the institutional standard operating procedure (SOP). All hemograms were performed on the Sysmex XE‐2100 analyzer which included Ret‐He. sTfR was measured in batch assays by ELISA (Biovendor, Czech Republic). Ret He <28 pg and sTfR≥3μg/ml were used to diagnose LID. Serum Iron, Total Iron Binding Capacity (TIBC) and Serum Ferritin were also measured simultaneously.

Results

Of the 501 blood donors, sTfR and Ret‐He detected LID in 148 and 135 donors respectively. In comparison to sTfR, Ret‐He had sensitivity of 92.7%, a specificity of 97.16%, PPV of 93.1% and NPV of 96.3%. Serum Ferritin, TIBC and serum Iron had comparatively lower sensitivity of 87.16%, 79.7% and 77.7% respectively.

Conclusion

Ret‐He can be used as a routine screening test to detect LID in blood donors. This could provide an opportunity to make appropriate and timely interventions like dietary changes or drug supplementation.
Tensile Strength of Nylon Netting Subjected to Various Concentrations of Disinfecting Chemicals
Authors: Føre Heidi Moe , Dahle Stine Wiborg , Gaarder Rune H.
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a study of traditional netting materials subjected to disinfecting chemicals during fish farming and treatment of net cages. A series of tests were performed in order to study the effect of various concentrations of disinfecting chemicals on the tensile strength of Raschel knitted Nylon netting materials. Simulated spill of diluted hydrogen peroxide (HP) to the jump fence during de-lousing did not affect the strength of the applied new and used knotless nylon netting samples. Hydrogen peroxide reacted with biofouling forming gas bubbles, but this did not result in reduced netting strength. The performed tests did not indicate any effect on netting strength from a simulated single, traditional bath disinfection as performed at service stations applying the disinfectant Aqua Des (AD) containing peracetic acid (PAA). However, increasing the AD concentration from 1 to 10% resulted in a strength reduction of 3–6%. Simulated spill of concentrated AD on the jump fence of a net with copper coating residuals resulted in a severe reduction in strength of 45%. This strength loss was probably a consequence of chemical reaction between copper and Aqua Des, and uncoated netting did not experience any loss in strength subjected to the same chemical exposure. These findings from application of AD should also apply to other PAA disinfection chemicals with trade names as, for example, Perfectoxid and Addi Aqua.
Retirement, job satisfaction and attitudes towards mandatory accreditation: a Danish survey study in general practice
Authors: Kirstine Andersen Merethe , Pedersen Line Bjørnskov , Waldorff Frans Boch
Published: August 2018

Objectives

This study aims to analyse the associations between general practitioner (GP) retirement, job satisfaction and attitudes towards a mandatory accreditation scheme. External interventions such as mandatory accreditation schemes may be perceived negatively by GPs, causing early retirement from practice. In Denmark, almost half of the GPs had negative attitudes prior to the implementation of a mandatory accreditation scheme, constituting a possible risk of early practice retirement.

Setting

In January 2015 all 3,404 Danish GPs were invited to participate in a survey on attitudes towards a forthcoming mandatory accreditation programme.

Participants

1,906 GPs (56%) answered the questionnaire. In total, 391 (11%) retired from practice in the following period from 1 January 2015 to 31 January 2017. Of these, 193 GPs (49%) answered the questionnaire.

Primary and secondary outcome measures

The primary outcome was GP retirement. Labour union data on practice retirement were linked with data from the questionnaire survey on job satisfaction and attitudes prior to implementation of mandatory accreditation. Logistic regression analyses were used to determine the associations between practice retirement and job satisfaction and attitudes towards accreditation.

Results

Practice retirement was associated with job dissatisfaction (OR: 2.5, 95% CI 1.6 to 3.7). Retirement was not associated with any of the other surveyed attitudinal variables. Retirement rate was relatively high in the accreditation start-up period.

Conclusion

Practice retirement was associated with job dissatisfaction but not to a priori attitudes towards an upcoming mandatory accreditation programme. However, the retirement rate was relatively high in the start-up period of the accreditation programme. Future research should evaluate the effects of external interventions on preterm retirement from general practice.

Trial registration number

NCT02762240.
Association of socioeconomic factors and the risk for unintentional injuries among children in Japan: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Sato Nobuhiro , Hagiwara Yusuke , Ishikawa Junta , Akazawa Kohei
Published: August 2018

Objectives

While Japan has socioeconomic issues, such as income inequality, little is known about the association between socioeconomic factors and the risk of unintentional childhood injuries. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the influence of socioeconomic factors on the risk for unintentional injuries among preschool children in Japan.

Design

Cross-sectional study using data from a web-based questionnaire survey.

Setting

Japan (January 2015).

Participants

1000 households with preschool children under 6 years of age.

Outcome measures

Multivariate logistic regression was performed to analyse the influence of socioeconomic factors on the incidence of unintentional injuries.

Results

Overall, 976 households were eligible for the analysis, with 201 households reporting unintentional injuries. The incidence rates for unintentional injury were estimated to be constant across all strata constructed using combinations of socioeconomic factors. The multivariate logistic regression analysis showed no significant differences in socioeconomic factors between households that reported unintentional injuries and those that did not.

Conclusion

The findings of our study demonstrated that unintentional injuries among preschool children occurred at approximately fixed rates, independent of socioeconomic factors. Accordingly, prevention strategies for unintentional injuries that concern socioeconomic disadvantages should be avoided in Japan.
Therapeutic interventions in children and adolescents with patellar tendon related pain: a systematic review
Authors: Cairns George , Owen Timothy , Kluzek Stefan , Thurley Neal , Holden Sinead , Rathleff Michael Skovdal , Dean Benjamin John Floyd
Published: August 2018

Objective

Evaluate effectiveness and harms of interventions for patellar tendon related pain in children and adolescents.

Design

Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data sources

Medline via Pubmed, Embase via OVID, CINAHL via Ebsco, SportDiscus up until 24 November 2017 were searched.

Eligibility criteria for selecting studies

Inclusion criteria were (1) controlled or randomised controlled clinical trials (RCTs), (2) participants with diagnosis of patellar tendon related disorder, (3) participants≤18 years of age at enrolment and (4) published in a peer-reviewed English or Scandinavian language journal.

Results

Of 530 studies identified, eight were included after screening, with three included in data synthesis. To be included in data synthesis, we required studies to have included (and have data available for) a minimum of 10 participants under 18 years. All studies were rated as being at high risk of bias. For adolescents with patellar tendinopathy, one RCT compared eccentric exercises to usual care and found no difference between groups. In adolescents with Osgood-Schlatter disease (OSD), injection of local anaesthetic with dextrose proved superior to either usual care or local anaesthetic alone (three armed RCTs). In a retrospective case controlled study in adolescents with OSD, surgery provided no benefit over conservative management in terms of persistent symptoms and had a higher complication rate.

Conclusion

There is weak evidence to support the use of dextrose injection with local anaesthetic and no evidence to support the use of specific types of exercises to treat children/adolescents with OSD/patellar tendinopathy. Until further evidence arises, clinicians should include load modification and advise on a return to sport based on symptoms.
Hall current, Newtonian heating and second-order slip effects on convective magneto-micropolar fluid flow over a sheet
Authors: Kamran Muhammad , Wiwatanapataphee Benchawan , Vajravelu Kuppalapalle
Published: August 2018

This research deals with an analysis of the Hall current effect on the mixed convective magneto-micropolar fluid flow over a permeable stretching/shrinking sheet. Impact of the Newtonian heating parameter is analyzed in the slip flow regime. The nonlinear equations of the fluid flow are derived with the help of a similarity transform and its solutions are obtained by Optimal Homotopy Analysis Method (OHAM). For limiting cases, obtained results are in excellent agreement with the available exact and numerical results in the literature. The graphical and tabular representations of the obtained results show significant effects of the physical parameters on the magneto-micropolar fluid flow and heat transfer characteristics. In particular, it is observed that, as the sheet stretches, a change in the Hall current parameter yields a higher horizontal velocity component for the lower value of the magnetic field parameter; while it produces a higher and shorter transverse velocity profile at high intensity of the magnetic field. In Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) generators, Hall effects are an important consideration to analyze the heat transfer phenomenon with high temperature conducting fluids.
Spectral-Spatial Sparse Subspace Clustering Based on Three-Dimensional Edge-Preserving Filtering for Hyperspectral Image
Authors: Li Ailin , Qin Anyong , Shang Zhaowei , Tang Yuan Yan
Published: August 2018

Integrating spatial information into the sparse subspace clustering (SSC) models for hyperspectral images (HSIs) is an effective way to improve clustering accuracy. Since HSI is a three-dimensional (3D) cube datum, 3D spectral-spatial filtering becomes a simple method for extracting the spectral-spatial information. In this paper, a novel spectral-spatial SSC framework based on 3D edge-preserving filtering (EPF) is proposed to improve the clustering accuracy of HSI. First, the initial sparse coefficient matrix is obtained in the sparse representation process of the classical SSC model. Then, a 3D EPF is conducted on the initial sparse coefficient matrix to obtain a more accurate coefficient matrix by solving an optimization problem based on ADMM, which is used to build the similarity graph. Finally, the clustering result of HSI data is achieved by applying the spectral clustering algorithm to the similarity graph. Specifically, the filtered matrix can not only capture the spectral-spatial information but the intensity differences. The experimental results on three real-world HSI datasets demonstrated that the potential of including the proposed 3D EPF into the SSC framework can improve the clustering accuracy.
Recognizing Human Actions in Low-Resolution Videos: An Approach Based on the Dempster–Shafer Theory
Authors: Gao Zhen , Lu Guoliang , Yan Peng
Published: August 2018

To address the problem that many existing approaches are not appropriate for action recognition in low-resolution (LR) videos, this paper presents a framework based on the Dempster–Shafer (DS) theory for this purpose. In the framework, artificial neural networks (ANNs) are firstly trained for every class with training samples, and then basic belief assignments (BBAs) for underlying classes are computed with the trained ANNs. The resulted BBAs are fused from all frames in the whole video sequentially by frame-by-frame based on DS’s rule of fusion. Action recognition is last performed with a threshold-based decision making. We conducted experiments on extensive testing data with various levels of video resolution. Results reveal that the proposed framework: (1) shows outperforming recognition performances compared with state-of-the-art classifications, respectively, such as sequence matching, voting-based strategy and bag-of-words (BoW) method; and (2) can achieve a low observational latency in recognition.
A Direct Bulk Coupling PMOS Colpitts QVCO Using Capacitive-Feedback Structure
Authors: Ding Jianqun , Huang Lijun , Mi Xianwu , He Dajiang , Chen Shenghai , Peng Xiaoliang
Published: August 2018

In this paper, a full PMOS Colpitts quadrature voltage-controlled oscillator (QVCO) topology, suitable for low supply voltage and low power dissipation, is presented. For an enhanced voltage swing under a low supply voltage, the capacitive-feedback technique is employed. Quadrature coupling is achieved by employing direct bulk coupling technique, leading to reduction in both power and chip area. The proposed QVCO covers a 5% tuning range between 2.325 GHz and 2.435 GHz, and the phase noise is [Formula: see text]128.2 dBc/Hz at 1-MHz offset from the 2.34-GHz carrier while consuming only 0.535 mW from 0.55-V supply voltage, yielding a figure-of-merit (FoM) of 198 dBc/Hz.
Forced quasi-periodic oscillations in strongly dissipative systems of any finite dimension
Authors: Gentile Guido , Mazzoccoli Alessandro , Vaia Faenia
Published: August 2018

We consider a class of singular ordinary differential equations describing analytic systems of arbitrary finite dimension, subject to a quasi-periodic forcing term and in the presence of dissipation. We study the existence of response solutions, i.e. quasi-periodic solutions with the same frequency vector as the forcing term, in the case of large dissipation. We assume the system to be conservative in the absence of dissipation, so that the forcing term is — up to the sign — the gradient of a potential energy, and both the mass and damping matrices to be symmetric and positive definite. Further, we assume a non-degeneracy condition on the forcing term, essentially that the time-average of the potential energy has a strict local minimum. On the contrary, no condition is assumed on the forcing frequency; in particular, we do not require any Diophantine condition. We prove that, under the assumptions above, a response solution always exists provided the dissipation is strong enough. This extends results previously available in the literature in the one-dimensional case.
Coupled Bi-Flexural–Torsional Vibration of Fluid-Conveying Pipes Spinning About an Eccentric Axis
Authors: Liang Feng , Yang Xiao-Dong , Zhang Wei , Qian Ying-Jing
Published: August 2018

This paper presents a dynamical model of a fluid-conveying pipe spinning about an eccentric axis. The coupled bi-flexural–torsional free vibration and stability are analyzed for such a doubly gyroscopic system. The partial differential equations of motions are derived by the extended Hamilton principle, and are then truncated by a 4-term Galerkin technique. The frequency and energy evolutions and representative mode shapes in the two transverse directions and torsional direction are investigated to unveil the essential dynamical attributes of the system. It is indicated that the stability of the present system mainly depends on spinning speed, flow velocity and eccentricity, while the torsional frequencies are almost immune to the flow velocity. The pipe reveals ‘traveling-wave’ modal vibrations in both transverse directions, and a general ‘standing-wave’ modal vibration in the torsional direction.
Numerical Analysis of Growing the Ductile Damage in Structures Reinforced by SMA Using Continuum Damage Mechanics Approach
Authors: Baghani M. , Ganjiani M. , Rezaei M.
Published: August 2018

In this paper, the numerical study on mechanical behavior of materials reinforced with shape memory alloys (SMAs) in framework of continuum damage mechanics has been investigated. The investigated structure is an aluminum notched piece reinforced with SMA under tension loading. Simulation of the structure has been conducted with nonlinear finite element method. In numerical simulations, the SMA is embedded in the aluminum material and it is assumed that there is no slip between the aluminum and SMAs. To properly account for the mechanical behavior with damage effects, Lemaitre constitutive model via UMAT code have been developed. Simulation results were verified by experimental results. The Brinson model is used to consider the thermomechanical behavior of SMA. The simulation results showed that the mechanical behavior of aluminum with reinforced aluminum is rather different. Also, the presence of SMAs in the notched piece leads to increasing the energy absorption, piece fracture in higher loadings and a decreasing in the damage growth rate.
An Analytical Cache Performance Evaluation Framework for Embedded Out-of-Order Processors Using Software Characteristics
Authors: Ji Kecheng , Ling Ming , Shi Longxing , Pan Jianping
Published: August 2018

Utilizing analytical models to evaluate proposals or provide guidance in high-level architecture decisions is been becoming more and more attractive. A certain number of methods have emerged regarding cache behaviors and quantified insights in the last decade, such as the stack distance theory and the memory level parallelism (MLP) estimations. However, prior research normally oversimplified the factors that need to be considered in out-of-order processors, such as the effects triggered by reordered memory instructions, and multiple dependences among memory instructions, along with the merged accesses in the same MSHR entry. These ignored influences actually result in low and unstable precisions of recent analytical models.

By quantifying the aforementioned effects, this article proposes a cache performance evaluation framework equipped with three analytical models, which can more accurately predict cache misses, MLPs, and the average cache miss service time, respectively. Similar to prior studies, these analytical models are all fed with profiled software characteristics in which case the architecture evaluation process can be accelerated significantly when compared with cycle-accurate simulations.

We evaluate the accuracy of proposed models compared with
gem5
cycle-accurate simulations with 16 benchmarks chosen from Mobybench Suite 2.0, Mibench 1.0, and Mediabench II. The average root mean square errors for predicting cache misses, MLPs, and the average cache miss service time are around 4%, 5%, and 8%, respectively. Meanwhile, the average error of predicting the stall time due to cache misses by our framework is as low as 8%. The whole cache performance estimation can be sped by about 15 times versus
gem5
cycle-accurate simulations and 4 times when compared with recent studies. Furthermore, we have shown and studied the insights between different performance metrics and the reorder buffer sizes by using our models. As an application case of the framework, we also demonstrate how to use our framework combined with McPAT to find out Pareto optimal configurations for cache design space explorations.
Chronic Hepatitis C Association with Diabetes Mellitus and Cardiovascular Risk in the Era of DAA Therapy
Authors: Drazilova Sylvia , Gazda Jakub , Janicko Martin , Jarcuska Peter
Published: August 2018

Patients with chronic hepatitis C have both higher prevalence of diabetes mellitus type 2 (T2DM) and increased cardiovascular risk compared to never infected people. Sustained viral response (SVR) achievement led to decreasing incidence and prevalence of T2DM during the interferon era of HCV treatment. Currently, direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAA) are the gold standard for treating HCV infection, while yielding SVR in nearly all patients. In chronic HCV patients with T2DM (prediabetes most likely too), DAA therapy is associated with both better fasting glucose and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1C) controls; thus reducing pharmacotherapy in a certain part of patients is possible. Papers mentioned in the review confirmed DAA role in both total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) increase. This alteration was accompanied by an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and a decrease in triglycerides (TG) verified by most of the studies. However, the clinical significance of lipoprotein alterations caused by DAA therapy has not been explained yet. Moreover, DAA treatment of chronic hepatitis C improves hypertension control and atherosclerotic plaques. It is very likely that DAA therapeutic regimens will decrease both T2DM prevalence and cardiovascular risk in chronic hepatitis C patients; further research, however, is needed.
Respiratory Care for the Ventilated Neonate
Authors: Rocha Gustavo , Soares Paulo , Gonçalves Américo , Silva Ana Isabel , Almeida Diana , Figueiredo Sara , Pissarra Susana , Costa Sandra , Soares Henrique , Flôr-de-Lima Filipa , Guimarães Hercília
Published: August 2018

Invasive ventilation is often necessary for the treatment of newborn infants with respiratory insufficiency. The neonatal patient has unique physiological characteristics such as small airway caliber, few collateral airways, compliant chest wall, poor airway stability, and low functional residual capacity. Pathologies affecting the newborn’s lung are also different from many others observed later in life. Several different ventilation modes and strategies are available to optimize mechanical ventilation and to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury. Important aspects to be considered in ventilating neonates include the use of correct sized endotracheal tube to minimize airway resistance and work of breathing, positioning of the patient, the nursing care, respiratory kinesiotherapy, sedation and analgesia, and infection prevention, namely, the ventilator-associated pneumonia and nosocomial infection, as well as prevention and treatment of complications such as air leaks and pulmonary hemorrhage. Aspects of ventilation in patients under ECMO (extracorporeal membrane oxygenation) and in palliative care are of increasing interest nowadays. Online pulmonary mechanics and function testing as well as capnography are becoming more commonly used. Echocardiography is now a routine in most neonatal units. Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is an attractive tool potentially helping in preventing intraventricular hemorrhage and periventricular leukomalacia. Lung ultrasound is an emerging tool of diagnosis and can be of added value in helping monitoring the ventilated neonate. The aim of this scientific literature review is to address relevant aspects concerning the respiratory care and monitoring of the invasively ventilated newborn in order to help physicians to optimize the efficacy of care.
Student Success as a Social Problem
Authors: Cantwell Brendan
Published: August 2018

In the United States of America, a significant proportion of the age-cohort enroll in higher education but only about one-half of students who start a degree program graduate. Given low completion rates, comprehensive reform efforts seek to improve student success. This article considers the social foundations and policy conditions that shape the student success reform movement in the USA. It argues that the American social compact, which relies on hard work and education as a pathway for social mobility, decentralized governance structure, and the role of philanthropy in the higher education sector all influence the student success reform movement.
Integrated and Comprehensive Student Support Programs Aimed at Historically Underserved Students: Creating a Unified Community of Support
Authors: Kezar Adrianna , Holcombe Elizabeth
Published: August 2018

While numerous support programs have evolved to support underrepresented students in higher education, these programs are often disconnected from the curriculum and only target one area of student need. Emerging research indicates that integrated programs which combine multiple curricular and co-curricular supports may be a more effective way to support historically underserved students. In this article, we report on one such integrated program in the United States, CSU STEM Collaboratives. We describe how integrated programs benefit students as well as the broader campus community by creating a unified community of support that fosters collaboration and connection.
A new species of Vanilla (Orchidaceae) from the North West Amazon in Colombia
Authors: FLANAGAN NICOLA S. , OSPINA-CALDERÓN NHORA HELENA , AGAPITO LUCY TERESITA GARCÍA , MENDOZA MISAEL , MATEUS HUGO ALONSO
Published: August 2018

A distinctive species, Vanilla denshikoira, is described from the North West Amazon, in Colombia, within the Guiana Shield region. The species has morphological features similar to those of species in the Vanilla planifolia group. It is an important addition to the vanilla crop wild relatives, bringing the total number of species in the V. planifolia group to 21. Vanilla denshikoira is a narrow endemic, known from only a single locality, and highly vulnerable to anthropological disturbance. Under IUCN criteria it is categorized CR. The species has potential value as a non-timber forest product. We recommend a conservation program that includes support for circa situm actions implemented by the local communities.
Fixation Differences in Visual Search of Accident Scenes by Novices and Expert Emergency Responders
Authors: Prytz Erik G. , Norén Caroline , Jonson Carl-Oscar
Published: August 2018

Objective:

We sought to investigate whether expert–novice differences in visual search behavior found in other domains also apply to accident scenes and the emergency response domain.

Background:

Emergency service professionals typically arrive at accidents only after being dispatched when a civilian witness has called an emergency dispatch number. Differences in visual search behavior between the civilian witness (usually a novice in terms of emergency response) and the professional first responders (experts at emergency response) could thus result in the experts being given insufficient or erroneous information, which would lead them to arrive unprepared for the actual situation.

Method:

A between-subjects, controlled eye-tracking experiment with 20 novices and 17 experts (rescue and ambulance service personnel) was conducted to explore expert–novice differences in visual search of accident and control images.

Results:

The results showed that the experts spent more time looking at task-relevant areas of the accident images than novices did, as predicted by the information reduction hypothesis. The longer time was due to longer fixation durations rather than a larger fixation count.

Conclusion:

Expert–novice differences in visual search are present in the emergency domain. Given that this domain is essential to saving lives and also relies heavily on novices as the first link in the chain of response, such differences deserve further exploration.

Application:

Visual search behavior from experts can be used for training purposes. Eye-tracking studies of novices can be used to inform the design of emergency dispatch interviews.
Challenges Faced by Independent Regulatory Agencies in India
Authors: Bhaskar V.
Published: August 2018

This article examines the challenges faced by independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) in India today. It scrutinises the working of some trust-based self-regulating institutions, which the Government of India (GoI) is in the process of converting into a non-trust-based IRA framework. The article then reviews the functioning of the non-trust-based regulatory institutions through the lens of the electricity sector. It does this by examining the performance of these institutions against a ‘4CA’ framework: Capture, Capacity, Commitment, Communication and Accountability. It then attempts to draw generic lessons for regulators across all sectors. The article further examines additional challenges sectoral regulators will face arising from three areas: first, data privacy concerns and the requirements the proposed data regulator may impose; second, the interface with cross-sectoral regulators like the Competition Commission of India (CCI) which have jurisdiction across sectors; and third, interaction between sectoral regulators themselves.
Environmental Regulatory Authorities in India: An Analysis
Authors: Sharma Sanjay , Singh Ajay Kumar
Published: August 2018

Environmental regulatory authorities in India are post-constitutional development. It allowed for a nationally regulated and state-coordinated governance of environment. Federally speaking, while ‘right to decide’ belongs to the centre, states have authority to execute and act upon central decisions in a manner provided under such decisions. The present article analyses the major environmental enactments and structural and functional dimensions of different regulatory authorities both at the national and state levels. Methodologically, primary reliance has been made on acts and orders. The article argues that environmental governance at once is a matter of standardisation of rules and norms of conduct, regulation of policies and activities having considerable bearings on environmental protection and coordinating activities of state and non-state actors. The article concludes that environmental governance is extremely loaded in favour of the centre.
Race, Migration, and Fears of Communism in 1948 Morocco
Authors: Andersen Margaret
Published: August 2018

This article explores a controversy that struck the French family association in the Moroccan town of Oujda in 1948. In 1941, the French administration introduced a wide array of family benefits designed to support French families and encourage French population growth in the protectorate. Initial attempts at maintaining the racially-exclusive character of this policy did not last long. Due to legal reforms introduced in France, Algerians who migrated to Morocco could claim these family benefits and hold leadership positions in family associations due to their status as French citizens. This situation became particularly contentious in the border town of Oujda where, it was alleged, a local communist managed to take over the local family association by recruiting Algerians from across the border with promises of family benefits and securing their support in return. When French officials disbanded the organization, the disgraced president contested this decision, turned the scandal into a fight for Algerian rights and denunciation of French imperialism, and then disappeared under mysterious circumstances. The scandal involving the AFF in Oujda is revealing of ongoing concerns about shifting demographics, clandestine movement across the Algerian border, demands for rights, and concerns about communism in the years prior to decolonization.
Confrontation and Insurgency in Borneo, 1960–90
Authors: Phillips David
Published: August 2018

A considerable literature has accumulated on the ‘Confrontation’ conflict over the formation of Malaysia in the mid-1960s. Many accounts are of variable quality, especially where they lack knowledge of the local political and social context or ignore the complexity of often intertwined events. Conclusions from such limited studies can be misleading. This article identifies some aspects of the conventional narrative that should be revisited, particularly the crucial role of the related anti-colonial insurgency and its social and economic roots, the dynamics of the Indonesian intervention and the wider historical context in which the conflict should be placed.

Despite British claims of military success and undoubted logistical and diplomatic achievement, Confrontation was in many respects a ‘phoney war'. Nevertheless, the Borneo conflict had far-reaching consequences, as well as providing valuable lessons in the development and containment of insurgency. It secured the establishment of Malaysia. It accelerated Britain's withdrawal from its long imperial presence ‘East of Suez', while confirming American dominance for the next 50 years of one of the world's strategic keypoints. It underpinned the development of authoritarian government in democratic guise. Hence it eased the way to the devastation of the Borneo rainforest with still incalculable global consequences.
Practical Child Study
Authors: McKeever William A.
Published: August 2018

The writer believes that parent-teacher groups are missing their great opportunity for actual exchange of thoughts and observations regarding the child and his development. A sample program for a parent-teacher gathering is here suggested.
Historic Linking of East and West
Authors: Driggs Howard R.
Published: August 2018

On October 24 will be celebrated the seventieth anniversary of the first complete telegraph line to span the American Continent. Swift communication has been a vital factor in the promotion of national unity.
My Ideal Teacher
Authors: Copper Francis R.
Published: August 2018

How would your specifications for a “perfect” teacher differ from the author's?
Jones Boy Reports to Office
Authors: Clark Harry S.
Published: August 2018

How to adminster discipline so it will “stick” … Here's one method, graphically sketched.
Four Steps that Led to Liberty
Authors: Ullery Richard S.
Published: August 2018

Our nation has survived many emergencies. Here are some secrets of its strength.
Passing and the Costs and Benefits of Appropriating Blackness
Authors: Broady Kristen E. , Todd Curtis L. , Darity William A.
Published: August 2018

The socioeconomic position of Blacks in America cannot be fully contextualized without considering the marginalization of their racialized social identities as minorities who have historically combated subjugation and oppression with respect to income, employment, homeownership, education, and political representation. It is not difficult to understand why the historical reference to “passing” primarily has been associated with Blacks who were able to—and many who did—claim to be White to secure the social, educational, political, and economic benefits that were reserved for Whites. Therefore, the majority of passing narratives have focused on Black to White passing. This article departs from the tradition in the literature by considering appropriation of various aspects of Black culture and White to Black passing. We evaluate the socioeconomic costs and benefits of being Black and inequalities in citizenship status between Blacks and Whites. Furthermore, we examine the socioeconomic and political capital of Blackness versus Whiteness in an attempt to explore the rationality of passing for Black.
From Persuasion to Deliberation: Do Experiences of Online Political Persuasion Facilitate Dialogic Openness?
Authors: Kwak Nojin , Lane Daniel S. , Lee Slgi S. , Liang Fan , Weeks Brian E.
Published: August 2018

Research has long considered the role interpersonal persuasion plays in shaping how citizens form their political opinions and cast their votes. Yet few studies have examined how experiences with online persuasion might influence broader deliberative orientations. We propose the “Persuasion-Openness” model, in which both attempting and being the target of online political persuasion encourage individuals to engage in online cross-cutting discussion with those who hold differing political views. These more deliberative exchanges are in turn associated with increased “dialogic openness”—a broader orientation toward political dialog. We test this model using original panel survey data collected during the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Findings show that both types of persuasion experiences can indirectly lead to dialogic openness, by stimulating online cross-cutting discussion. However, the mediated pathway for those targeted for online persuasion is only significant in online environments with low levels of attitude-challenging information.
Cross-lingual text alignment for fine-grained plagiarism detection
Authors: Ehsan Nava , Shakery Azadeh , Tompa Frank Wm
Published: August 2018

Fast and easy access to a wide range of documents in various languages, in conjunction with the wide availability of translation and editing tools, has led to the need to develop effective tools for detecting cross-lingual plagiarism. Given a suspicious document, cross-lingual plagiarism detection comprises two main subtasks: retrieving documents that are candidate sources for that document and analysing those candidates one by one to determine their similarity to the suspicious document. In this article, we examine the second subtask, also called the detailed analysis subtask, where the goal is to align plagiarised fragments from source and suspicious documents in different languages. Our proposed approach has two main steps: the first step tries to find candidate plagiarised fragments and focuses on high recall, followed by a more precise similarity analysis based on dynamic text alignment that will filter the results by finding alignments between the identified fragments. With these two steps, the proximity of the terms will be considered in different levels of granularity. In both steps, our approach uses a dictionary to obtain translations of individual terms instead of using a machine translation system to convert longer passages from one language to another. We used a weighting scheme to distinct multiple translations of the terms. Experimental results show that our method outperforms the methods used by the systems that achieved the best results in the PAN-2012 and PAN-2014 competitions.
Bayesian Multiparameter Evidence Synthesis to Inform Decision Making: A Case Study in Metastatic Hormone-Refractory Prostate Cancer
Authors: Tan Sze Huey , Abrams Keith R. , Bujkiewicz Sylwia
Published: August 2018

In health technology assessment, decisions are based on complex cost-effectiveness models that require numerous input parameters. When not all relevant estimates are available, the model may have to be simplified. Multiparameter evidence synthesis combines data from diverse sources of evidence, which results in obtaining estimates required in clinical decision making that otherwise may not be available. We demonstrate how bivariate meta-analysis can be used to predict an unreported estimate of a treatment effect enabling implementation of a multistate Markov model, which otherwise needs to be simplified. To illustrate this, we used an example of cost-effectiveness analysis for docetaxel in combination with prednisolone in metastatic hormone-refractory prostate cancer. Bivariate meta-analysis was used to model jointly available data on treatment effects on overall survival and progression-free survival (PFS) to predict the unreported effect on PFS in a study evaluating docetaxel with prednisolone. The predicted treatment effect on PFS enabled implementation of a 3-state Markov model comprising stable disease, progressive disease, and dead states, while lack of the estimate restricted the model to a 2-state model (with alive and dead states). The 2-state and 3-state models were compared by calculating the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (which was much lower in the 3-state model: £22,148 per quality-adjusted life year gained compared to £30,026 obtained from the 2-state model) and the expected value of perfect information (which increased with the 3-state model). The 3-state model has the advantage of distinguishing surviving patients who progressed from those who did not progress. Hence, the use of advanced meta-analytic techniques allowed obtaining relevant parameter estimates to populate a model describing disease pathway in more detail while helping to prevent valuable clinical data from being discarded.
The Tradeoffs of Tolling Untolled Roads
Authors: Davis Ronald , Patel Yogesh , Mwalwanda Christopher , Regan Edward
Published: August 2018

Recent years have seen increasing study and implementation of imposing tolls on existing untolled roadway capacity. This is due to growing agency budgetary challenges, increasing infrastructure needs, and some easing of legislative restrictions and pilot-project opportunities to add tolls to untolled roads. This paper presents a summary of current policy, profiles of facilities in operation, and a discussion of common tradeoffs related to tolling untolled roads. The facilities included are the Port Mann Bridge, Snapper Creek Expressway, Ohio River Bridges, Dominion Boulevard, Downtown Tunnel, Midtown Tunnel, SR 520 Bridge, and Tacoma Narrows Bridge. The tradeoffs discussed include those related to traffic diversion, the argument that untolled roads have already been paid for, that new toll payers may be unfamiliar with how to pay, equity, how tolling provides acceleration of project implementation and a dedicated funding source, and all-electronic tolling. Considering traffic diversion, the facilities included in the study were found to have from 10% to 36% less traffic after tolling, with most in the range of 15% to 25% less. Considering project acceleration, tolling on all facilities was established to fund major improvement projects that likely would not have been possible without toll revenue. Given consideration of all tradeoffs, it is important to take a long-term approach to toll project evaluation.
Research in using Polyurethane Foam to Mitigate Rock Bolt Installation Difficulties
Authors: George Benjamin , Pierson Lawrence , Barrows Richard
Published: August 2018

Rock bolts are commonly used on transportation projects to stabilize cut slopes, reinforce undermined or unsupported blocks, and reduce potential for large rock slides. Installing bolts can be challenging. Locations where bolts are useful may not be easily accessible for personnel or large equipment, and targeted blocks generally are marginally stable. In addition, jointed rock with openings and voids, which are typical conditions, complicate hole advancement and full grout encapsulation. These issues can lead to construction delays, claims, reduced corrosion protection, or shorter design life. This paper describes research conducted to address two rock bolting challenges in open-jointed rock: i) advancement of drill holes to design depth, and ii) successful completion of grouting through the application of injected polyurethane foam (PUF). Testing utilized double-stacked concrete blocks aligned in rows to simulate a rock mass with vertical fractures. Steel spacers were placed between the stacks to simulate 2-, 4-, 6-, and 8-inch apertures. A standard rock drill advanced holes using a 3-inch bit. Research showed PUF could: bridge simulated aperture sizes up to 8 inches, survive drilling action during secondary reaming, resist drilling air and grouting pressures, and reduce grout consumption.
Equity in Spatial Access to Bicycling Infrastructure in Mid-Sized Canadian Cities
Authors: Winters Meghan , Fischer Jaimy , Nelson Trisalyn , Fuller Daniel , Whitehurst David G. T.
Published: August 2018

The impacts of active transportation planning on equity are often overlooked, potentially leading to disparities in who receives benefits of infrastructure investment. This study examined income inequalities in spatial access to bicycling infrastructure in three mid-sized Canadian cities: Victoria and Kelowna (British Columbia), and Halifax (Nova Scotia), using non-spatial and spatial methods. We compiled municipal bicycling infrastructure data and calculated access to bicycling infrastructure (m/km2) for dissemination areas (DAs) within each city. We analyzed trends in access across median household income quintiles, and characterized spatial patterns using a local measure of spatial autocorrelation. DAs in Kelowna ( n = 168) had the greatest access to infrastructure (median infrastructure = 2,915 m/km2), followed by Victoria ( n = 386 DAs; median = 2,157 m/km2), and Halifax ( n = 312 DAs; median = 0 m/km2). Lower income areas in Victoria and Kelowna had greater access to infrastructure compared with higher income areas. The majority of DAs in Halifax had no infrastructure (59%), consistent across income quintiles. Spatial pattern analysis identified clusters of low income areas with poor access in each city, which may be targets for strategic, equitable investment. Although in many cities bicycling infrastructure planning is not driven by equity considerations, there is increasing political pressure to ensure equitable access to safe bicycling. Measuring and mapping trends in access to transportation resources from an equity perspective are requisite steps in the pathway toward healthy, sustainable cities for all.