The Role of Carrot Diplomacy in Advancing National Interests: A Critical Examination
Authors: Madubuko Christian C. 
Published: September 2024

Purpose: This paper aims to critically analyse the concept of carrot diplomacy, defined as the strategic deployment of attractive incentives designed to elicit behavioural modifications in other states, thereby advancing national interests. The study positions carrot diplomacy as a transformative approach within the contemporary landscape of international relations, distinctly contrasting it with coercive stick diplomacy, which is reliant on punitive measures (Arguello & Marcouiller, 2018; Nye, 2004).
Materials and Methods: This investigation employs a comprehensive and rigorous methodology, integrating theoretical frameworks from established international relations theories (Wendt, 1999). A qualitative analysis is conducted through an examination of salient case studies, including the European Union's initiatives towards Eastern European nations (Youngs, 2010), the re-establishment of diplomatic relations between the United States and Cuba during the Obama administration (Gibbons, 2016), and the expansive Belt and Road Initiative spearheaded by China (Hillman, 2018). This multi-faceted approach allows for a deeper understanding of the operational and contextual factors influencing the effectiveness of carrot diplomacy. Additionally, the theoretical framework underpinning this paper is multi-dimensional, drawing on constructivist, liberal, and realist paradigms in international relations. The analysis explores the dynamics of soft power and relational engagement in diplomacy, positing that carrot diplomacy can serve not only as a mechanism for achieving specific foreign policy objectives but also as a means of building trust and fostering long-term collaboration (Katz, 2020).
Findings: The findings of this study reveal that while carrot diplomacy can effectively facilitate diplomatic objectives and enhance states’ soft power, it is not without limitations. The efficacy of such diplomatic endeavours is contingent upon several critical factors, including the sustainability and perceived legitimacy of the incentives offered, as well as the credibility of the initiating state (Hofstede, 2001). The study identifies potential backlash when incentives are deemed insincere or conditional, which can significantly undermine diplomatic relations (O’Donnell, 2017).
Implications to Theory, Practice and Policy: Considering these findings, the paper argues that for carrot diplomacy to function as a viable tool for achieving national interests, policymakers must engage in the meticulous calibration of incentives to ensure they align authentically with the strategic aspirations and expectations of the recipient states (Bilgin & Morton, 2002). This nuanced understanding is vital for navigating the complexities inherent in contemporary international engagements, particularly as states endeavour to cultivate sustainable diplomatic outcomes amidst an increasingly polarized global environment. By synthesizing theoretical insights with practical applications and case studies, this study contributes to the broader discourse on effective diplomacy, emphasizing the need for adaptable, context-sensitive approaches that prioritize trust and genuine collaboration.