bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Social Behavior Problems of Learning Disabled and Normal Girls
Authors: Epstein Michael H. , Cullinan Douglas , Nieminen Gayla
Published: December 2008

The present study compares teacher ratings of LD and normal girls, grouped at three age levels, on school emotional and behavior problems as measured by the Behavior Problem Checklist. Personality Problem (e.g., anxiety, withdrawal) was the only factor dimension that differentiated LD from non—LD girls, and these differences were not apparent at every age level. The number of problems increased with age for normal girls, but older and younger LD girls showed higher levels of problem behaviors than LD girls in the middle-age group. Research and other implications of these findings are discussed.
Bisensory Integration
Authors: Ryckman David B. , Nolen Patricia A.
Published: December 2008

Senf's (1969) classic study of bisensory integration language tasks modified to include control for syllable length and frequency was replicated with 52 normal learning children (NLC) and 52 learning disabled children (LDC). Overall results were essentially confirmatory of the original study with the exception of a more consistent pattern for individual difference variables and failure to replicate the main effect of stimulus interpair presentation times. Discussion centered on proportional allotments of subjects' recall errors relative to age and population variables. Differences between populations were interpreted as differences in rapid recoding and rehearsal of verbal stimuli.
Using the Microcomputer as a Tool for Learning to Read and Write
Authors: Rosegrant Teresa
Published: December 2008

The microcomputer has proven to be a critical learning tool for the development of reading and writing skills by the learning disabled children in our project. Our experience suggests that software programs such as word processors offer new advantages to those acquiring mastery of literacy. This technology may be the bridge to enable these inquiring youngsters adequate opportunities for learning so their efforts can be rewarded by success.
Disorders of Written Communication: An Instructional Priority for LD Students
Authors: Roit Marsha L. , McKenzie Robert G.
Published: December 2008

The decline in the written communications skills of students has been addressed both in the professional literature and in public forums. A particular concern is the lack of attention that deficits in the area of written expression have received in special education. The remedial frame-work and applied interventions of many LD teachers reflect a mechanistic conceptualization of the process of written expression. This article examines how current instructional practices prelude the development of meaningful written expression in LD children.
The Learning Disabled Child
Authors: McWhirter J. Jeffries , McWhirter Robert James , McWhirter Mary C.
Published: December 2008

This article highlights several concepts that appear important to the social and educational development of learning disabled children. Self-esteem, overcompensation, nondefensiveness, structure and self-discipline are discussed with commentary from a learning disabled youngster.
The Relationship of Perceptual-Motor Development to Learning Readiness in Kindergarten
Authors: Solan Harold A. , Mozlin Rochelle , Rumpf David A.
Published: December 2008

In this paper an effort is made to bridge the gap between some of the more basic experimental research and theoretical concepts in cognitive psychology and information processing on the one hand and applied clinical research on the other hand. Prior studies have revealed significant linear relationships between independent visual functions and school readiness, however, the additive nature of perceptual-motor factors and their correlation with reading ability often has been neglected. Tests using tachistoscopic exposures with 2 digits at 0.1 sec. and 0.01 sec., the Divided Form Board, and the Grooved Pegboard, dominant and nondominant hand, all showed significant correlations with readiness in a population of 48 kindergarten children. The results of the Auditory-Visual Integration Test were not significant at the kindergarten level. To increase the strength of the relationship between perceptual-motor development and readiness, three factors were considered simultaneously in a multiple regression scheme: Tachistoscopic exposure of 2 digits at 0.01 seconds, Divided Form Board, and Grooved Pegboard, dominant hand. The resulting correlation supports the hypothesis that an individual whose perceptual skills are good is likely to have a high readiness score. The corresponding r2 confirmed that variations in perceptual skills explain more than 50% of the variations in learning readiness in this study.
Adapting Teacher-Made Tests for Mainstreamed Students
Authors: Salend Suzanne , Salend Spencer J.
Published: December 2008

For handicapped students mainstreamed into the regular classroom, use of teacher—made tests to evaluate performance may be an obstacle to successful functioning in that environment. This article presents educators with specific strategies to consider in constructing teacher-made tests to optimize the performance of mainstreamed students. Guidelines relating to content and format of tests as well as test-taking behaviors are discussed.
Learned Helplessness: Perceived Effects of Ability and Effort on Academic Performance Among EH and LD/EH Children
Authors: Luchow Jed P. , Crowl Thomas K. , Kahn Jeffrey P.
Published: December 2008

The Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire, which measures perceived locus of control of academic outcomes, was administered to 28 EH and 25 LD/EH children. Between-group comparison revealed that EH children took significantly more personal responsibility for academic failure than did LD/EH children (p <.025), although the two groups did not differ significantly in taking responsibility for academic success. Within group comparison revealed that LD/EH children attributed success to effort and failure to a lack of effort; EH children, however, attributed success to ability but failure to both a lack of ability and a lack of effort. Among EH children, significant positive correlations were found between report card grades and perceived internality for success. Among LD/EH children, significant negative correlations were found between report card grades and perceived lack of effort as the cause of failure. Attribution training is discussed in light of these findings, and suggesetions are given for further research on task persistence.
Comparisons of the K—ABC and WISC—R for LD Children
Authors: Klanderman John W. , Perney Jan , Kroeschell Zephyrine B.
Published: December 2008

This study examined correlations between the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised (WISC-R), the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised (PPVT-R), and the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K-ABC) for forty-four learning disabled children in primary and intermediate special classes. Factor analyses of the K-ABC and WISC-R were also conducted and compared to the factor structures found in previous studies. It was concluded that the Mental Processing and Achievement scales of the K-ABC correlate substantially with the Full Scale WISC-R and PPVT-R for this LD sample. However, this LD group processed material somewhat differently than the normative populations.
Social Competence and Behavioral Problems of Learning Disabled Boys Aged 6–11.
Authors: McConaughty Stephanie H. , Ritter David R.
Published: December 2008

Parents' reports on social competence and behavioral problems were obtained for 123 learning disabled boys aged 6—11 who were referred for a psychoeducational assessment at the Center for Disorders of Communication at the University of Vermont. One parent of each boy completed the Child Behavior Checklist developed by Achenbach and Edelbrock (1983). On average, the parents of LD boys reported significantly lower levels of social competence and more behavior problems than normative samples of parents. On the social social competence scales, the LD boys were significantly lower than the normative samples in their participation in activities, their social involvement and school performance. On the behavior problem scales, the LD boys had significantly higher scores for both “externalizing” and “internalizing” types of problems, including problems related to depression, uncommunicativeness, obsessive-compulsive behaviors, social withdrawal, hyperactivity, aggressiveness and “delinquency.” Compared to a sample of other clinically referred boys, a significantly larger proportion of LD boys showed a hyperactive profile pattern, and small proportions showed profile patterns indicative of depressed-social withdrawal-aggressive behavior and delinquency. There were significant, but low, positive correlations between 1Q scores on the Weschler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised and social competence scores and negative correlations between 1Q scores and behavior problem scores.
A Systems Approach in Working with Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Fish Marian C. , Jain Shashi
Published: December 2008

This article discusses the viability of a systems model in working with learning disabled children in the schools. The systems approach provides a contextual perspective which incorporates both the school and the family when considering a child's learning disability. Research on families with a learning disabled child is reviewed. Family factors which facilitate adjustment of the learning disabled child are explored. Implications for assessment and intervention as well as prevention of dysfunction are presented.
Studies on Recyclable Nylon-reinforced PP Composites: Effect of Fiber Diameter
Authors: Abraham Thomas N. , George K.E.
Published: December 2008

A commercial grade of polypropylene (PP) is reinforced with nylon-6 fibers of three diameters at levels up to 30wt% PP. The addition of the fibers improve the mechanical properties such as tensile strength and flexural strength. The least diameter fibers give the maximum improvement in mechanical properties. Attempts are made to improve the interfacial adhesion between the fibers and the matrix by grafting the matrix with maleic anhydride in presence of styrene. The mechanical properties show significant improvements as a result of these modifications. The recyclability of these composites are also studied, the PP/ nylon composites/blends obtained by recycling the composites also have better tensile properties.
Attitudes to End-of-Life Decisions in Paediatric Intensive Care
Authors: Akpinar Aslihan , Senses Muesser Ozcan , Aydin Er Rahime
Published: December 2008

The aim of this study was to assess attitudes of intensive care nurses to selected ethical issues related to end-of-life decisions in paediatric intensive care units. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed in 2005 to intensive care nurses at two different scientific occasions in Turkey. Of the 155 intensive care nurse participants, 98% were women. Fifty-three percent of these had intensive care experience of more than four years. Most of the nurses failed to agree about withholding (65%) or withdrawing (60%) futile treatment. In addition, 68% agreed that intravenous nutrition must continue at all costs. In futile treatment cases, the nurses tended to leave the decision to parents or act maternalistically. The results showed that intensive care nurses could ignore essential ethical duties in end-of-life care. We suggest that it is necessary to educate Turkish intensive care nurses about ethical issues at the end of life.
Steady Waves in an Anisotropic Elastic Layer Attached to a Half-Space or Between Two Half-Spaces—A Generalization of Love Waves and Stoneley Waves
Authors: Ting T.C.T.
Published: December 2008

Steady waves propagating in an anisotropic elastic layer that is attached to an anisotropic elastic half-space is studied. By attached we mean that the interface between the layer and the half-space can be perfectly bonded (b) or in sliding contact (s). The other surface of the layer can be traction-free (F), a rigid surface (R) or a slippery surface (S). We also study steady waves in an anisotropic elastic layer that is attached between two different anisotropic elastic half-spaces. The two interfaces between the layer and the half-spaces can be both perfectly bonded (b/b), one of the interfaces is perfectly bonded while the other is a slippery surface (b/s or s/b) or both interfaces are slippery surfaces (s/s). In the derivation the thickness h of the layer is assumed to be small, and the solution is in the form of an infinite series in the power of h from which an approximate solution can be obtained by keeping the terms up to O( h n) for any n. However, the infinite series has a closed-form expression so that the thickness h of the layer need not be small.
Transient Stress Concentration in Diffusional Creep of a Thin Foil with Heterogeneous Grain Boundary Diffusivity
Authors: Bhandakkar T.K. , Wei Y. , Gao H.
Published: December 2008

Coble creep in thin films with heterogeneous grain boundary (GB) diffusivity and non-uniform grain size is investigated in the model problem of a thin foil with a high diffusivity GB joined with a low diffusivity GB of unequal length and subjected to a far field uniaxial tensile stress. It is found that a transient stress peak emerges near the GB junction on the characteristic time scale of the high diffusivity boundary and then disappears when the system reaches steady-state on the characteristic time scale of the low diffusivity boundary. We show that for a given GB size ratio, this stress depends logarithmically on the GB diffusivity ratio. Based on the GB diffusivity and size ratios, we present a diagram demarcating the regime in which peak stress is determined by the steady state solution and that determined by the transient stress solution.
Curvilinear Coordinate Condition for Antiplane Strain Deformation in Power Law Plastic Solid
Authors: Weertman J.
Published: December 2008

A desirable curvilinear coordinate system for problems in antiplane strain is one in which the shear stress acting across orthogonal trajectories is either zero or has the maximum value. In elastic isotropic solid problems any coordinate system given by z ≡ x+ iy = f ( w) ≡ f ( u + iv) satisfies this condition. This paper examines some requirements for curvilinear coordinate systems with a power law plastic solid (of power m). In particular, if the curvilinear trajectories are given by x = x ( u, v) and y = y ( u, v) the trajectories must satisfy the equation

where 7 represents either x or y.
Dislocation—Obstacle Interactions at Atomic Level in Irradiated Metals
Authors: Bacon David J. , Osetsky Yuri N.
Published: December 2008

Nano-scale defect clusters, such as voids, dislocation loops, stacking-fault tetrahedra and irradiation-induced precipitates, are produced in metals by irradiation with high-energy atomic particles. They are obstacles to dislocation glide and can give rise to substantial changes in the yield and flow stresses and ductility. Atomic-scale computer simulation is able to provide detail of how these effects are influenced by obstacle structure, applied stress, strain rate and temperature. Some recent results from modelling dislocations interacting with obstacles are described. Emphasis is placed on dislocation interaction with voids, copper precipitates and dislocation loops in the BCC metal iron and stacking fault tetrahedra in FCC copper. In the latter case, the importance of surfaces in reactions in TEM foils is highlighted. It is shown that while some atomic processes can be represented adequately by the continuum theory of crystal defects, others cannot.
A Space of Our Own
Authors: Pietilä Piritta
Published: December 2008

This article studies the participation of a group of elder females in a local health promotion association. The research is based on fieldwork carried out between 2004 and 2007 in an Andalusian agro-town. Drawing on ethnographic data collected, the participation of the women in the association and its influence on and significance for them are examined in terms of sociability, the public sphere and empowerment. The association serves as a special space for these women, who have highly gendered roles and thus a limited social sphere. It encourages them to have their own relationships, time and space. Their participation in the association promotes a consciousness of their particular needs and brings new interests into their lives.
The Diagnosis of Tourette's Syndrome: Communication and Impact
Authors: Rivera-Navarro Jesús , Cubo Esther , Almazán Javier
Published: December 2008

No study to date has investigated differences in perception regarding the manner in which a diagnosis of Tourette's Syndrome (TS) is communicated and the impact that this diagnosis can have on patients, as well as their relatives and physicians. The main objective was to explore the personal experiences regarding the communication and impact of a TS diagnosis on those who receive the diagnosis, their caregivers and physicians. A qualitative research methodology was used in this study, based on the use of focus groups (FGs). All health professionals, persons with TS and their relatives said that TS was difficult to diagnose. However, each group perceived different causes for the difficulty. Physicians cited the complexity of the symptoms, while the patients themselves noted the general lack of knowledge regarding the disease. In adittion, the physicians and the relatives both noted that the symptoms of TS were often hidden behind family guilt. The communication of the diagnosis to relatives of children with TS was not adequate because of poor understanding and interpretation of the clinical terminology. The most important conclusion was that the current method for communicating the diagnosis of TS to patients and relatives should be improved to facilitate better understanding and interpretation.
Young Offenders' Experiences of Traumatic Life Events: A Qualitative Investigation
Authors: Paton Joni , Crouch William , Camic Paul
Published: December 2008

This investigation aimed to look at how a group of young offenders attending an inner-city youth offending team experienced adverse and traumatic life events. A qualitative approach was used and semi-structured interviews were conducted with eight young offenders about their perceptions of difficult experiences and the effects of such events. The interviews were analysed using Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, Jarman, & Osborn, 1999). Analysis of the accounts yielded a number of themes. Young offenders experienced violence at home, in the community and in custody. Instability and transitions emerged as important themes in relation to school and home. Deprivation was experienced both in terms of poverty and the literal and emotional absence of parents. A variety of cognitive, emotional and behavioural responses to adverse/traumatic experiences were identified, including a blocking out of painful experience and aggression to self and others. There were barriers to seeking or making use of professional support. Custody appeared to offer an opportunity to reflect on and re-evaluate life trajectory. The study concluded that greater consideration of trauma when carrying out assessments would enable `at risk' young offenders to be identified using clinical interviewing along side standardized measures to aid assessment of the complexity and uniqueness of the response to trauma.
Refusing the information paradigm: informed consent, medical research, and patient participation
Authors: Felt Ulrike , Bister Milena D. , Strassnig Michael , Wagner Ursula
Published: December 2008

This article challenges the assumption that patient autonomy can best be assured by providing proper information through formalized procedures such as informed consent. We suggest that to understand and consider laypeople's ways of knowing and decision making, one has to move beyond the information paradigm and take into account a much broader context. Concretely, we investigate informed consent in connection with donating skin tissue remaining from medically indicated surgery. We use interviews with patients and observation protocols to analyse patients' perceptions and ways of making sense of informed consent beyond its bioethical ideal. Patients situate themselves in a larger system of solidarity, enrol in an overall positive image of science as a linear process of innovation oriented towards output, and simultaneously take a pragmatic stance towards hospital routines as a necessary passage point towards receiving good treatment. Because informed consent is one of the central articulations between the biomedical system and society, we conclude by reflecting on the consequences of our findings on a socio-political level.
Do Adolescents' Perceptions of Parental Racial Attitudes Relate to Their Intergroup Contact and Cross-Race Relationships?
Authors: Edmonds Christina , Killen Melanie
Published: December 2008

A developmental intergroup framework was used to investigate adolescents' perceptions of parents' messages about cross-race relationships, including friendship and dating, and to relate these attitudes to adolescents' self-reported levels of intergroup contact. Participants ( N = 347) were ninth- and twelfth-grade male and female students from the United States, of varying ethnicity. Findings indicated that intergroup contact was related to the likelihood that participants engaged in cross-race relationships. Perceptions of parent racial attitudes were related to the degree of intimacy participants experienced in these relationships. In addition, adolescents reported that parents evaluated the types of cross-race relationships differently, and their messages were significantly related to adolescents' decisions regarding cross-race friendships and dating.
Social Identity Complexity: Its Correlates and Antecedents
Authors: Miller Kevin P. , Brewer Marilynn B. , Arbuckle Nathan L.
Published: December 2008

Social identity complexity (Roccas & Brewer, 2002) refers to individual differences in perception of one's multiple ingroup memberships. More specifically, social identity complexity is represented as perceived overlap in membership across pairs of ingroups, with lower overlap reflecting higher complexity. Previous research has demonstrated that social identity complexity is associated with tolerance and positive affect toward racial outgroups, and the present research explores further the nature of social identity complexity and its antecedents and correlates. Three studies are reported which examined the determinants of social identity complexity in different ways. Study 1 identified individual difference correlates of social identity complexity and demonstrated that perceived overlap predicts both explicit and implicit racial attitudes, above and beyond any effects of ideology and cognitive style. Study 2 confirmed the causal influence of the need for cognition on social identity complexity by demonstrating that manipulating need for cognitive elaboration influenced subsequent perceived overlap scores. Finally, Study 3 took advantage of a large field study with a diverse sample to assess the relationship between experience with an ethnically complex environment and social identity complexity.
Organized crime and local businesses
Authors: Tilley Nick , Hopkins Matt
Published: December 2008

Victimization surveys have found that small local businesses experience far higher rates of crime than individuals and households. Previous research also suggests some of the crimes suffered may be organized. Furthermore, local businesses may also be invited to play a part in organized crime, for example through receiving and reselling stolen, counterfeit or contraband goods, though this has been subject to little research to date. A victimization survey was conducted in three high crime neighbourhoods in English cities that aimed to establish patterns of organized crime victimization and the extent to which businesses were invited to participate in organized crime. Local police and community representatives were also interviewed to gauge their views on organized crime and local businesses. The evidence collected suggests that the nature of organized crime in relation to business varies widely between high crime neighbourhoods, that invitations to participate in organized crime are very widespread and that the police tend to perceive higher levels of crime organization affecting businesses than those revealed through surveys.
Met and the epidermal growth factor receptor act cooperatively to regulate final nephron number and maintain collecting duct morphology
Authors: Ishibe Shuta , Karihaloo Anil , Ma Hong , Zhang Junhui , Marlier Arnaud , Mitobe Mitchihiro , Togawa Akashi , Schmitt Roland , Czyczk Jan , Kashgarian Michael , Geller David S. , Thorgeirsson Snorri S. , Cantley Lloyd G.
Published: December 2008

Ureteric bud (UB) branching during kidney development determines the final number of nephrons. Although hepatocyte growth factor and its receptor Met have been shown to stimulate branching morphogenesis in explanted embryonic kidneys, loss of Met expression is lethal during early embryogenesis without obvious kidney abnormalities. Metfl/fl;HoxB7-Cre mice,which lack Met expression selectively in the UB, were generated and found to have a reduction in final nephron number. These mice have increased Egf receptor expression in both the embryonic and adult kidney, and exogenous Egf can partially rescue the branching defect seen in kidney explants. Metfl/fl;HoxB7-Cre;wa-2/wa-2 mice, which lack normal Egfr and Met signaling, exhibit small kidneys with a marked decrease in UB branching at E14.5 as well as a reduction in final glomerular number. These mice developed progressive interstitial fibrosis surrounding collecting ducts with kidney failure and death by 3-4 weeks of age. Thus, in support of previous in vitro findings, Met and the Egf receptor can act cooperatively to regulate UB branching and mediate maintenance of the normal adult collecting duct.
Identification of a transient subpial neurogenic zone in the developing dentate gyrus and its regulation by Cxcl12 and reelin signaling
Authors: Li Guangnan , Kataoka Hiroshi , Coughlin Shaun R. , Pleasure Samuel J.
Published: December 2008

One striking feature of dentate gyrus development, distinct from the other cortical structures, is the relocation of neural precursors from the ventricular zone to the forming dentate pole to produce a lifelong neurogenic subgranular zone (SGZ). In this study, we demonstrate that dentate progenitors first dwell for up to 1 week in a previously unrecognized neurogenic zone intimately associated with the pial meningeal surface lining the outer edge of the forming dentate. This zone also serves as the organizational matrix for the initial formation of the dentate glial scaffolding. Timely clearance of neural precursors from their transient location depends on reelin, whereas initial formation of this transient stem cell niche requires Cxcl12-Cxcr4 signaling. The final settlement of the neural precursors at the subgranular zone relies on a pertussis toxin-sensitive pathway independent of Cxcl12-Cxcr4 signaling. Furthermore, genetic fate-mapping analysis suggests that subpial precursors contribute to the SGZ formation. These results demonstrate that the relocation of neural precursors in the dentate gyrus consists of discrete steps regulated by multiple pathways.
Near-infrared Cavity Ring-down Spectroscopic Study of the Reaction of Methylperoxy Radical with Nitrogen Monoxide
Authors: Enami Shinichi , Yamanaka Takashi , Kawasaki Masahiro
Published: December 2008

Time-resolved near-infrared cavity ring-down spectroscopy was applied to the kinetics of the gas-phase reaction of CH3O2 with NO at 100 Torr total pressure and 298 K. After flash photolysis of the CH4/Cl2/O2/N2 mixture at 355 nm or the CH3I/O2/N2 mixture at 266 nm, the CH3O2 absorption at 1.36 μm was monitored for the kinetic study. The reaction rate constants determined in two different radical sources are essentially the same and in agreement with the recently proposed values.
Infrared Spectrum of Nitro(5,10,15,20-tetraphenylporphyrinato)(4-methylpyridine)cobalt(III)
Authors: Yamamoto Kenichi
Published: December 2008

IR spectrum of the title compound is measured in the 500 to 300 cm−1 region. The band at 346 cm−1 is shifted depending on the fifth ligand (L) and assigned to the skeletal deformation vibration band coupled with the Co–NO2 stretching and Co–L stretching vibration bands.
Oxygen Permeation of a Dense/Porous Asymmetric Membrane Using La0.6Ca0.4CoO3−δ–BaFe0.975Zr0.025O3−δ System
Authors: Watanabe Ken , Yuasa Masayoshi , Kida Tetsuya , Shimanoe Kengo , Teraoka Yasutake , Yamazoe Noboru
Published: December 2008

To achieve a high oxygen permeation rate at medium and high temperature, an asymmetrically structured membrane, in which a thin dense layer (30 μm) made of La0.6Ca0.4CoO3−δ (LCC) and BaFe0.975Zr0.025O3−δ (BFZ) was formed on a porous LCC support, was fabricated and tested for its oxygen permeability. The oxygen permeation flux significantly increased by mixing BFZ with LCC and reached a fairly high value of 1.60 cm3 min−1 cm−2 even at 780 °C.
A reference interval for sweat chloride in infants aged between five and six weeks of age
Authors: Jayaraj Rajamanickam , Barton Paul V , Newland Paul , Mountford Roger , Shaw Nigel J , Mccarthy Emma , Isherwood David M , Southern Kevin W
Published: December 2008

Background

This study was designed to establish a reference interval for sweat chloride for infants without evidence of cystic fibrosis (CF), aged between 5 wk and 6 wk, a time when sweat testing is an integral part of newborn screening for CF. In addition, we compared the gold standard method of sweat testing (quantitative pilocarpine iontophoresis [QPIT, coulometry]) with an emerging methodology (Macroduct™ [ISE]).

Methods

This was a prospective study on healthy infants at 5–6 wk of age. Sweat collection was undertaken at home on both outer thigh areas using two methods (QPIT and Macroduct™). The order of testing was randomly assigned. Filter paper samples (QPIT) were analysed using flame photometry and coulometry. Macroduct™ samples were analysed using ion-selective electrodes (ISE, Abbott Architect c8000, UK).

Results

Insufficient sweat was collected on 28 occasions with the QPIT (coulometry) method and on 31 with the Macroduct™ (ISE) capillary system. We achieved a 92% success rate in undertaking two sweat collections consecutively (n = 177). Sweat chloride concentrations were normally distributed with excellent limits of agreement between the two methods of sweat collection and analysis (n = 150). Median (IQR) sweat chloride was 11.2 mmol/L (8–13) with QPIT (coulometry) method with a 99.5th centile (n = 165) of 24 mmol/L.

Conclusion

The Macroduct™ (ISE) capillary sweat collection system is valid in this age group. Sweat chloride concentrations above 30 mmol/L should prompt assessment in a specialist CF centre.
Reference intervals: the way forward
Authors: Ceriotti Ferruccio , Hinzmann Rolf , Panteghini Mauro
Published: December 2008

New facts have recently enhanced interest in the topic of reference intervals. In particular, the International Organization for Standardization standard 15189, requesting that ‘biological reference intervals shall be periodically reviewed’, and the directive of the European Union on in vitro diagnostic medical devices asking manufacturers to provide detailed information on reference intervals, have renewed interest in the subject. This review presents an update on the topic, discussing the theoretical aspects and the most critical issues. The basic approach to the definition of reference intervals proposed in the original International Federation of Clinical Chemistry documents still remain valid. The use of data mining to obtain reference data from existing databases has severe limitations. New statistical approaches to discard outliers and to compute reference limits have been recommended. On the other hand, perspectives opened by the improvement in standardization through the implementation of the concept of traceability suggest new models to define ‘common’ reference intervals that can be transferred and adopted by different clinical laboratories in order to decrease the proliferation of different reference intervals not always justified by differences in population characteristics or in analytical methodology.
Exploratory study of blood exposures that are risks for HIV among Luo and Kisii ethnic groups in Nyanza province, Kenya
Authors: Ounga T , Okinyi M , Onyuro S , Correa M , Gisselquist D
Published: December 2008

Adult HIV prevalence exceeds 5% among all Kenyans, and 20% among the Luo ethnic group. Recent studies have associated HIV infections in Kenya with several invasive health care and cosmetic procedures. To explore the various blood exposures that could contribute to HIV infections in Kenya, we surveyed 320 adolescents and adults aged 15–29 years from the Luo and Kisii ethnic groups. Survey participants reported a wide range of invasive procedures in health care (including circumcisions, dental care, blood tests, and 1–60 injections or infusions for specific health problems), in cosmetic services (including tattooing and piercing) and around the home (through shaving body hair, fights, sports and other activities). Luo were significantly more likely than Kisii to report some risks (e.g. tattooing by a traditional expert, piercing), but less likely to report others (e.g. blood tests for malaria, anaesthetic injections during circumcision).
Introduction of a nurse-led sexual health service for HIV-positive men
Authors: Forbes K M , Davis P , Sarner L
Published: December 2008

A nurse-led clinic offering screening for sexual infections to men within an existing HIV outpatient service was created. A retrospective case-note review was undertaken of those having a sexual health (SH) screen between May and December 2007. A total of 125 men had an SH screen, 117 identified as men who have sex with men and 84 were asymptomatic. Six (7%) asymptomatic men had chlamydial and two (2%) had gonococcal infection. Six new diagnoses of syphilis and two of hepatitis C virus infection were made. We suggest that introducing a nurse-led clinic offering SH screening within HIV services has helped to achieve national standards and improved the SH of our patients.
Public attitudes to the storage of blood left over from routine general practice tests and its use in research
Authors: Treweek Shaun , Doney Alex , Leiman1 David
Published: December 2008

Objective:

There is increasing international interest in DNA biobanks but relatively little evidence concerning appropriate recruitment methods for these repositories of genetic information linked to patient-specific phenotypic data. To this end, our study aimed to investigate the attitudes of members of the public recruited through general practices to the donation and storage of blood left over from routine clinical tests in general practice.

Methods:

A questionnaire was mailed to 2600 individuals randomly selected from two general practice patient lists in Dundee, Scotland. Using a 7-point Likert scale, respondents rated their attitudes toward DNA biobanks in general, and procurement of blood samples specifically.

Results:

Overall, 841 (34%) of 2471 delivered questionnaires were returned. Compared with patients on the practice lists, respondents were older and more likely to be women. A majority of respondents (61%) were unequivocally positive about storing blood left over from routine tests. Despite general support for this collection method, when asked about open-ended consent, respondents expressed concern about future uses. Respondents’ increasing age and level of deprivation had significant adverse effects on attitudes towards making leftover routine biological samples available for research (P = 0.013 and P = 0.034, respectively). The study had three main limitations: there was a low response rate (34%) such that respondents were not entirely respresentative of the survey population; some respondents had difficulty with the questionnaire; and the study was somewhat underpowered for some comparisons.

Conclusion:

Despite its limitations, this first survey of a general practice population suggests that the majority would be willing to consider giving open-ended consent for the use of blood left over from routine clinical tests in general practice to be stored and used later for medical research.
The Locomotive Routing Problem
Authors: Vaidyanathan Balachandran , Ahuja Ravindra K. , Orlin James B.
Published: December 2008

Given a schedule of trains, the locomotive planning (or scheduling) problem (LPP) is to determine the minimum cost assignment of locomotive types to trains that satisfies a number of business and operational constraints. Once this is done, the railroad has to determine the sequence of trains to which each locomotive is assigned by unit number so that it can be fueled and serviced as necessary. We refer to this problem as the locomotive routing problem (LRP). The LRP is a very large scale combinatorial optimization problem, and the general version that we consider has previously been unstudied and unsolved in the research literature. In this paper, we develop robust optimization methods to solve the LRP. There are two major sets of constraints that need to be satisfied by each locomotive route: (1) locomotive fueling constraints, which require that every unit visit a fueling station at least once for every F miles of travel, and (2) locomotive servicing constraints, which require that every unit visit a service station at least once for every S miles of travel. The output of the LPP is not directly implementable because the LPP does not consider these fueling and servicing constraints. The LRP considers these constraints, and its output is therefore implementable. We model the LRP by considering alternative fueling and servicing friendly train paths (or strings) between servicing stations on the network. We formulate the LRP as an integer programming problem on a suitably constructed space-time network and show that this problem is NP-Complete. This integer programming problem has millions of decision variables. We develop a fast aggregation-disaggregation based algorithm to solve the problem within a few minutes of computational time to near optimality. Finally, we present computational results and extensive case studies of our algorithms on real data provided by a major Class I U.S. railroad.
A Rolling Horizon Model to Optimize Aerodynamic Efficiency of Intermodal Freight Trains with Uncertainty
Authors: Lai Yung-Cheng , Ouyang Yanfeng , Barkan Christopher P. L.
Published: December 2008

Aerodynamic efficiency of intermodal freight trains can be significantly improved by minimizing the adjusted gap lengths between adjacent loads. This paper first develops a static model to optimize load placement on a sequence of intermodal trains that have scheduled departure times. This model applies when full information on all trains and loads is available. Then, we develop a dynamic model to account for the more realistic situation in which there is incomplete or uncertain information on future trains and incoming loads. This paper develops methodology to balance between (i) the advantage from optimizing multiple trains together and (ii) the risk of making suboptimal decisions due to incomplete future information. We propose a rolling horizon scheme to address this challenge, where exponentially decreasing weights are assigned to the objective functions of future trains. Numerical results based on empirical data show significant aerodynamic efficiency benefits from these optimization models.
Reordering and Local Rerouting Strategies to Manage Train Traffic in Real Time
Authors: D'Ariano Andrea , Corman Francesco , Pacciarelli Dario , Pranzo Marco
Published: December 2008

Traffic controllers regulate railway traffic by sequencing train movements and setting routes with the aim of ensuring smooth train behaviour and limiting, as much as possible, train delays. In this paper, we describe the implementation of a real-time traffic management system, called ROMA (Railway traffic Optimization by Means of Alternative graphs), to support controllers in the everyday task of managing disturbances. We make use of a branch-and-bound algorithm for sequencing train movements, while a local search algorithm is developed for rerouting optimization purposes. The compound problem of routing and sequencing trains is approached iteratively, computing an optimal train sequencing for given train routes and then improving this solution by locally rerouting some trains. An extensive computational study is carried out, based on a dispatching area of the Dutch railway network. We study practical size instances, and include in the model important operational constraints, including rolling stock and passenger connections. Different types of disturbances are analysed, including train delays and blocked tracks. Comparison with common dispatching practice shows the high potential of the system as an effective support tool to improve punctuality.
A pilot survey of the use and implementation of cardiac markers in acute coronary syndrome and heart failure across Europe The CARdiac MArker Guideline Uptake in Europe (CARMAGUE) study
Authors: Pulkki Kari , Suvisaari Janne , Collinson Paul , Ravkilde Jan , Stavljenic-Rukavina Ana , Hammerer-Lercher Angelika , Baum Hannsjörg , van Dieijen-Visser Marja P. , Laitinen Päivi
Published: December 2008

: Guidelines on preferred cardiac marker strategies for investigation of patients with acute coronary syndromes (ACS) are available from the laboratory medicine and cardiology communities. Therefore, implementation of these guidelines into daily clinical practice should be a joint effort of laboratory specialists and clinicians. This was investigated in this survey.

: A pilot study was performed sponsored by the European Federation of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine. A link to an online questionnaire was e-mailed to 990 laboratories from eight European countries in May 2006. The requested information included tests performed, clinical protocol development, and reference limits.

: We obtained a total of 220 responses. Out of these, 208 responses (95%) were from hospitals that provide 24-h admission of patients. The suggested turn-around-time (<60 min) was apparently met by >88% for cardiac troponin T/I and for CK-MB mass. The majority of the laboratories derive their decision limits from kit inserts provided by the manufacturers. The results revealed a worrying fact that external quality assessments are not used in all testing.

: Our survey demonstrated that cardiac troponin is the preferred biomarker for the diagnosis of ACS. Half of the participants had written protocols, mostly as a result of collaboration between laboratorians and clinicians.

Clin Chem Lab Med 2009;47:227–34.
Safer Ski Jump Landing Surface Design Limits Normal Impact Velocity
Authors: Hubbard Mont
Published: December 2008

Skiing and snowboarding have become more acrobatic with terrain park jumps and other manmade features playing a prominent role in an increase in serious spinal cord injuries. Yet these jumps rarely, if ever, involve formal or detailed design or engineering. This paper presents a coherent theory and methodology for the design of ski jump landing surfaces. The motion of the skier center of mass is modeled. Although jumpers may land in many configurations, we assume that the probability of severe landing injury is correlated with the component of skier velocity perpendicular (normal) to the landing surface v⊥ or, more understandably, with the corresponding equivalent fall height (EFH). The requirement that v⊥ and EFH be small is satisfied by making the landing surface nearly parallel to the skier flight path at landing. Safer landing surfaces that limit EFH to a given value are shown to satisfy a first order ordinary differential equation (ODE). Having chosen an EFH deemed safe enough by the designer, integration of this ODE provides members of an infinite family of landing surfaces that limit the EFH to the desired value, for any jumper in-run velocity. Using the takeoff ramp angle as another design variable, one can choose a member of this family to fit on almost any available jump site. The formulation incorporates the fact that skiers can slightly modify velocity direction and magnitude at takeoff by jumping and is valid for any landing body configuration. Such landing surfaces can still yield exhilarating flight experiences with relatively large flight times and air height above the surface, but without the danger posed by jumps created in an ad hoc manner, which can expose the skier to much larger unsafe equivalent fall heights.
Hydrogen-Related Degradation of Mechanical Properties of Titanium and Titanium Alloys
Authors: Asaoka Kenzo , Maejima Kunimitsu
Published: December 2008

Hydrogen can have a pronounced effect on the mechanical properties of titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys, such as deformation, fracture, and fatigue life. The delayed fracture of medical Ti alloy devices is commonly caused by hydrogen embrittlement. Experimentally, we confirmed that the degradation in the performance of Ni-Ti superelastic alloy is caused by the hydrogen absorption related with specific factors in vivo; i.e., hydrogen embrittlement is related to such factors as sustained stress, in vivo environment (pH and potential), and surface chemistry. In our research a thermal desorption gas spectrometer (TDS) was used to measure the hydrogen content in the alloys without fusion. The measured hydrogen concentration showed clearly that the hydrogen concentration affects considerably the degradation of the mechanical properties. It is unclear how the alloy can naturally absorb hydrogen under biological circumstances. However, it is suspected that the hydrogen absorption is related to galvanic currents, fretting corrosion, hydrogen ions in a biological fluid, and changes in pH under biostructures, biofilms, and tumors. It may lead to the degradation of their mechanical properties by hydrogen absorption in vivo. Also the processes of medical Ti alloy devices, such as pickling, are associated with their hydrogen content. Thus, the estimation of the hydrogen absorption in vivo in relation to surface features is required to evaluate its effect on such properties as fatigue and the service life of the Ni-Ti alloys used as medical devices.
Kleopatra und der Kobrabiß  das Ende eines Mythos?
Authors: Mebs Dietrich , Schäfer Christoph
Published: December 2008

Drei verschiedene Versionen überliefern die antiken Quellen hinsichtlich Kleopatras Selbstmord. In der Nachwelt hat sich der Schlangenbiß als attraktivste Variante erwiesen und weitgehend durchgesetzt. Während ein Giftpflaster oder eine Hohlnadel auszuschließen sind, ist der Biß einer Schlange immerhin eine ernsthafte Möglichkeit für die Ursache ihres Ablebens. Die interdisziplinäre, altertumswissenschaftliche, herpetologische und toxikologische Analyse zeigt jedoch, daß auch ein Schlangenbiß ausgeschlossen werden kann. Am wahrscheinlichsten ist eine oral eingenommene Dosis von Pflanzengiften.
Die alexandrinischen Juden im Spannungsfeld von griechischer Bürgerschaft und römischer Zentralherrschaft. Der Krieg des Jahres 66 n. Chr. in Alexandria
Authors: Pfeiffer Stefan
Published: December 2008

Im Jahr 66 kam es in Alexandria zu einem militärischen Vorgehen des römischen Statthalters Tiberius Iulius Alexander gegen die jüdische Gemeinde der Stadt: Zwei Legionen vernichteten die in ihrem Stadtteil verschanzten Juden. Vorliegendem Beitrag geht es darum, die Hintergründe und möglichen Ursachen für diesen Krieg gegen die Juden Alexandrias zu beleuchten, der letztlich als Konflikt zwischen griechischer Stadtbürgerschaft und Juden zu interpretieren ist. Da sich die Juden außerhalb der römischen Staatsordnung gestellt hatten, weil sie den Statthalter beleidigten und dessen Schlichtungsversuch verweigerten, wurden sie von Rom zu Feinden erklärt, was den Krieg gegen sie zur Folge hatte. Nach der Bitte um Frieden und der Anerkennung der römischen Autorität wurden den Juden ihre alten Rechte zurückgegeben: Sie durften weiterhin gemeindlich verfaßt in Alexandria leben und bemühten sich, der Staatsmacht gehorsam zu dienen.