bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Why I Write... and How I Write
Authors: Maimonides Moses
Published: November 2023

Maimonides (Moses ben Maimon, 1135–1204) was born into an eminent Spanish rabbinical family. When Cordova was conquered by an Islamic sect, the family first fled to Morocco and then, in 1165, to Egypt. While remaining the head of the Jewish community in Cairo, Maimonides became a physician and eventually the personal physician of the Vizier of Saladin. Among his ten treatises of medicine, his Regimen of Health is extended discussion of preventive medicine. He wrote texts on logic but also published commentaries on the Talmud (Commentary on the Mishnah), on the 613 biblical commandments (The Book of Commandments), and a codiffication of Jewish law (the Mishneh Torah). Like his other treatises, his major philosophic work, The Guide for the Perplexed (c. 1190), was originally written in Arabic but soon translated into Hebrew and then Latin. Although he knew Aristotle only indirectly through his reading of Al-Farabi and Avicenna, Maimonides used Aristotelian philosophy to attack astrology and naive literal readings of biblical texts, many of which he interpreted as anthropomorphic expressions of a more profound, systematically developed metaphysical and theological system. The Guide treats a wide range of topics: the creation, the divine attributes, Providence and responsibility, the independent rationality of Jewish law. The work exhibits and articulates an elaborate theory of language, which licenses polysemous writing directed to different audiences with different levels of understanding.
The Many Faces of an Author
Authors: Kierkegaard Søren
Published: November 2023

Intending to become a pastor, Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855) studied theology at the University of Copenhagen. When he became estranged from the established Lutheran Church of Denmark, he abandoned that ambition. After scandalizing Copenhagen society by abruptly breaking his engagement to the daughter of a high-ranking civil servant, he presented himself as an extravagant and dissolute young man about town. As he found himself increasingly absorbed in his philosophic work, he retreated from society and became an eccentric recluse. Many of his books were written in a variety of pseudonyms, each in a distinctive style, suited to represent a particular perspectival point of view. In Either/Or: A Fragment of Life (1843) he described three modes of existence: that of an aesthete, a Don Juan of experience, absorbed in the appreciation of the pleasures of the present moment; that of a Kantian moralist, focused on the duties of a consistently unifiedlife; and that of a simple, sincere Christian, an authentic man of faith. In Concluding Un\scientific Postscript (1846), Kierkegaard contrasts “naturalized or rationalized religion” that connects religion with ethical life and establishes an unproblematic relation to divinity, with “transcendent” religion that finds faith unreachable by reason. Fear and Trembling (1843) and Sickness unto Death (1844) portray the haunting sense of uncertainty, anxiety and despair of the religious person who no longer believes in a rational account of the relation between God and humankind. Philosophic Fragments (1844) develops Kierkegaard’s version of Plato’s paradox: if we intuitively grasp the truths of religion, we seem not to need revelation or the mediation of Christ the Teacher? If we do not, we cannot understand revealed truth. Unlike Plato, Kierkegaard refuses to resolve the paradox.
Overcoming My Life
Authors: Nietzsche Friedrich
Published: November 2023

Friedrich Nietzsche (1844–1900) was educated as a classical philologist at Bonn and Leipzig. Until he resigned in 1879 for reasons of ill health, he was a professor of classics at the University of Basel. Strongly influenced by Schopenhauer and Wagner, he wrote a scathing attack on what he saw as the rationalism of Socratic and Platonic philosophy, (The Birth of Tragedy, 1872). After celebrating unfettered artistic creativity in Richard Wagner in Bayreuth (1876), he turned against (what he came to see as) Wagner’s Teutonic-Germanic megalomania, and began writing increasingly antiphilosophic aphorisms and perspectival thought experiments: Thus Spake Zarathustra (1883–1885), Beyond Good and Evil (1886), The Genealogy of Morals (1887), The Twilight of the Idols (1889), and Ecce Homo (1908). The Will to Power was published posthumously. Like Schopenhauer, Nietzsche held that the will to power is the fundamental organic metaphysical force. His reconstructed genealogical history of morality traces transformations in the expression of that will, substituting the opposition of “good and evil” for the ancient Greek contrast between stellar and defective examples of the species. Archaic Greek heroes are described as joyous, free, and independent, bent on achieving excellence. By contrast, Nietzsche sees the inferior examples of the species are passive and debilitated, further scarred by their animus and resentment. The weak unite to form a resentful herd, moving to self-righteousness as their de-based forms of power. Swayed by the poetic magic of prophets and priests, the weak lure the strong and free to the mysteries of religion; in their turn, sovereigns and judges subject them to the restrictions of law; the sanctimonious then bind them to the obligations of morality, and finally, scholars subdue them to the awe of knowledge.
From Absolutism to Experimentalism
Authors: Dewey John
Published: November 2023

Before going to Johns Hopkins for graduate work, John Dewey (1859–1952) took a degree from the University of Vermont and taught high school. Influenced by his studies with Peirce, Stanley Hall, and G. S. Morris, he gave his Hegelian interests—the resolution of apparent experiential and conceptual conflicts in the constructive and constitutive activity of thought—a naturalistic and pragmatic twist. After teaching psychology and philosophy at the University of Michigan, he and George Herbert Mead moved to the University of Chicago, where their interdisciplinary work in pragmatic philosophy, psychology, and education led them to found an experimental elementary school. Dewey’s influential How We Think (1910) and Democracy and Education (1916) developed a comprehensive theory of education that incorporated some of Peirce’s epistemology, James’ functionalist psychology, and Mead’s social psychology. After going to Columbia University in 1904, Dewey turned his attention to the logic of inquiry (Essays in Experimental Logic (1916) and Logic: The Theory of Inquiry (1938) treat inquiry as an instrumental activity directed to the resolution of experienced conflict. His philosophic scope included epistemology and metaphysics: Human Nature and Conduct (1922), Experience and Nature (1925). His naturalism extended to value theory: Art and Experience (1934), A Common Faith (1934), and Theory of Valuation (1939).
My Way to Phenomenology
Authors: Heidegger Martin
Published: November 2023

Before going to the University of Freiburg to study mathematics and philosophy, Martin Heidegger (1889–1976) attended a Jesuit seminary. At Freiburg, he worked with Husserl, who introduced him to phenomenology. In his first major book, Being and Time (1927), he followed Nietzsche and Kierkegaard in attempting to revise—and reverse—the history of philosophy, returning it to (what he took to be) its pre-Socratic mode. The question, “in what does the being of things that exist consist?,” was to take a new turn. Although there is hardly a work of philosophy that is more abstract, more densely populated with technical neologisms, Heidegger undertook to return “fallen,” logocentric man back to the existential anxiety of the experience of finitude, his realization of his “nothingness,” his “being-towards-death.” Lured by science and technology, modern man has lost touch with the “everydayness” of existence, with “the Beingness of being, the ground... the clearing... in which existence reveals itself.” Although every person is “thrown” into a specific time and condition, we define ourselves by questioning the meaning of our own existence.
Confucius: The Baseline
Authors: Hansen Chad
Published: November 2023

At the dawn of recorded history in china, a social group known as the Ru dominated the intellectual scene. The Ru were concentrated in the shang cultural area. They may have originated from the shang elite. Having withdrawn from political activity, the Ru communities may have buried themselves in learning, transmitting, performing, and thus preserving traditional ritual forms.
Zhuangzi: Discriminating about Discriminating
Authors: Hansen Chad
Published: November 2023

Zhuangzi floats over the landscape of Chinese thought like a philosophical phantom shrouded in a self-created mist of elusive style and analytical skepticism. He defies us to interpret his critique of interpretation. There is always room for disagreement and I will claim my share. My account will diverge fundamentally from the ruling interpretive theory.
Xunzi: Pragmatic Confucianism
Authors: Hansen Chad
Published: November 2023

Xunzi figures centrally in the shift from the classical to the imperial culture. He produced a version of Confucianism that could be a minion of imperial rulers and an ideology for totalitarianism. He lived near the end of the Warring States period and studied and taught at the Jixia academy. Supported by the dominant state of Qi, the academy had become firmly established as a center of political and philosophical discourse. Xunzi became a teacher in that academy and a spokesman for the non-Mencian wing of Confucianism.3 He criticizes and addresses more philosophical positions by name than any earlier philosopher. Much of his thinking focuses on how different doctrines emerge from people’s biases—and why Confucian biases are not biased.
Signal Theory and the Language of Communication
Authors: Greenfield Michael D
Published: November 2023

To many an observer, chemical, mechanical, and visual signaling may appear as vastly different phenomena, processes that share few mechanistic features. Nonetheless, all three are involved in transferring information between individuals, and to accomplish this transfer they must often be capable of transmission over substantial distances in reasonably brief time intervals. They must also avoid significant alteration by the environment in the course of their transmission. Thus, a unified body of theory that can focus on these commonalities would be most helpful. Here, principles borrowed from the branch of engineering formally known as signal, or signal detection, theory have proven useful for describing certain fundamental aspects of animal communication and comparing communication in its various modalities. In this chapter I introduce those abstract constructs of signal theory that are applicable to the signals that animals transmit and that can improve our understanding of the ways in which animal signals function. I also introduce the basic terminology, the language of animal communication, used throughout the book.
Dealing with Constipation, Diarrhea, Nausea, and Vomiting
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

Pain is not the only factor that can take its toll on a patient’s quality of life. Side effects from radiation, surgery, chemotherapy, and other medications, as well as other ailments resulting from cancer, can cause significant discomfort. Just as the pain of cancer can be well controlled when treated aggressively, most of these symptoms, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and constipation, can also be effectively managed. As with pain, families shouldn’t ever assume that these unpleasant symptoms are inevitable and must be tolerated. When a family reports these symptoms as problematic, few doctors will say, “I give up; there is nothing I can do.” Time-tested remedies are available for many of these symptoms, as are new treatments for problems that persist. Effective treatment may be simple or complex, but regardless, cooperation and communication between patient and doctor are as important here as they are to achieve adequate pain control. To ensure a cancer patient the best quality of life possible, the same careful attention needed to control pain should be applied to address other symptoms and sources of discomfort.
Mind-Body Approaches to Easing Pain
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

So far we’ve discussed how doctors ease the pain and discomfort of cancer by drawing from an arsenal of drug therapies and medical treatments. But limiting our focus to treatment of the body neglects the very powerful influence of the mind on the body. In recent years, more and more Western physicians in almost all fields of medicine are recognizing that the mind and body are not two separate entities but integral parts of the whole body system. Physical illness, the immune system, and the mind are all, in fact, intimately connected, and as we’ll see, many studies are showing how feelings, thoughts, attitudes, and behavior can all have powerful and pivotal influences on well-being, health, illness, and pain.
Dealing with Feelings
Authors: Patt Richard B , Lang Susan S
Published: November 2023

Finding out you or a loved one has cancer is a shock and usually signals a major crisis. For most people, the biggest terror is that the diagnosis is a death sentence, which of course it is not. But it is a vivid reminder of our mortality and is a very real threat to our security and all we take for granted. Understandably, a diagnosis of cancer will throw most people into a psychological tailspin as they begin the process of coping with the news. Most of us regard ourselves as fit, healthy, and whole persons with a past and a future. Even if we have had some chronic illness, once we adjust to it we still tend to maintain a healthy self-image. Unexpected news of cancer causes doubt and uncertainty and suddenly threatens all of the things we relied on as being dependable and certain.
Passionate Women and Unruly Novels
Authors: Mudg Bradford K
Published: November 2023

Since her Works had neither Wit enough for a Man, nor Modesty enough for a Woman, [Aphra Behn] was to be look’d upon as an Hermaphrodite, & consequently not fit to enjoy the benefits & Privileges of either Sex, much less of this Society. —A Session of Poets (ca. 1688) What a Pox have Women to do with the Muses? I grant you the poets call the Nine Muses by the names of Women, but why so? not because the Sex has anything to do with Poetry, but because in that Sex they’re much fitter for prostitutes.
The Advance of the Microbes
Authors: Harold Franklin M
Published: November 2023

I love natural history museums, and best of all that grande dame on New York City’s Central Park West, the American Museum of Natural History. Fifty years ago, its dim and dowdy halls furnished a comfort zone for this young immigrant, unsure of himself and of this vast strange land full of opportunities and terrors. The museum’s new incarnation, splendidly refurbished, still feels like home. Its exhibits kindled an early interest in life’s history, and my understanding of evolution is drawn largely from the writings of scholars attached to this museum and others elsewhere. I regret only that more than three quarters of that history does not lend itself to public display, for it is wholly the record of microbial life. (Fig. 8.1)
The Second Step: Making a Nonuniform Universe
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The primordial event led to a uniform sea of particles and photons fiying apart, with the whole system heading for a low-density heat-death of the universe as was predicted by Rudolph Clausius’s version of the second law of thermodynamics formulated in the mid-1800s. But as we look around, we see that a uniform expansion is clearly not what happened. For example, we are here. We gaze on the heavens today by eye and scan the sky by instruments and see innumerable stars, galaxies, galactic clusters, quasars, pulsars, and other celestial entities.
The Emergence of Metabolism
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Toward the end of the accretion period, the Earth was still occasionally subject to large meteoritic impacts that boiled away the oceans into cloud layers that subsequently precipitated. The planetary surface, as we have noted, organized into a rocky lithosphere and a liquid hydrosphere. These were surrounded by a gaseous shell, the atmosphere. Beneath the lithosphere was a shell of hot magma that occasionally broke through the shell as a volcano or oozed out between spreading plates. Most of the surface was probably covered with water that constantly evaporated, collected in clouds and fell as snow, sleet, or rain. The atmosphere was largely nitrogen with small amounts of reductants such as hydrogen and variable quantities of CO2. At this stage there was little or no oxygen in the atmosphere.
Cells with Organelles
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Along the evolutionary pathways, there are points where splits appear in the tree of life that shape all subsequent development. In this chapter we will first discuss such a bifurcation between the two kinds of prokaryotes that have emerged, archea and eubacteria. Subsequently, in another branching, the eukaryotes formed from the prokaryotes by various processes of combination of members of archea and eubacteria. The unicellular eukaryotes, the protoctista, then gave rise to the multicellular eukaryotes, the plants, fungi, and animals. Somewhere along the later evolution of animals, a split occurs, giving rise to the protostomes and deuterostomes. The first of this group of major evolutionary divides is deep within the prokaryotes or bacteria. These are the simplest extant cells, and their universal features probably preserve aspects of the earliest prokaryotes.
Animalness
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

The early phase of multicellularity probably started with a somewhat colonial-type organism such as the sponge (Porifera). Even these relatively simple-looking organisms have several cell types and a life cycle including development of sperm and eggs, fertilization, the development of motile larval forms, and finally the attachment of the larvae to surfaces followed by the growth of adult sponges. Strange as it may seem, organisms like sponges were probably our earliest multicellular animal ancestors.
Vertebrates
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Up until the emergence of insects and amphibians, animal life was almost entirely marine. Within the vertebrates there was great evolutionary radiation, and a wide variety of fish evolved.
Reptiles
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

In the discussion of amphibians, we noted the transition from water-dwelling to land-dwelling taxa. In almost every major extant group there are organisms that spend their time on the lithosphere, in the hydrosphere, and in the atmosphere. Thus, while reptiles arose from amphibians as an adaptation to living on land, various groups such as the crocodilians have evolved to be primarily water-dwellers. So also with the mammals: the hippopotamuses have evolved to be partially aquatic, and the cetaceans, originally terrestrial, are almost entirely aquatic.
Primates
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

Primates appeared on the scene about 65 to 70 million years ago, descendants of arboreal insectivores. They have been extraordinarily successful, giving rise to a large number of species, including some of the most interesting to study. The same basic body plan has been maintained from the 100-gram mouse lemur to the 200-kilogram male gorilla. They inhabit almost all of the tropical world and much of the temperate world.
Agriculture
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

At Jericho in the Jordan Valley is a mound, called a tel, built up over the Old City and comprising at least 25 layers of civilization. Near the bottom are remains of a farming village 10,000 years old. Jericho has the oldest remains of an agricultural society emerging from hunter-gatherers. The transition from the earlier to the later form of civilization could only have occupied a few hundred years, yet forever changed how humans live. It was truly a watershed event, yet not a unique one.
The Spirit
Authors: Morowitz Harold J
Published: November 2023

To generalize our understanding of the past 10,000 years, we follow the suggestions from Teilhard de Chardin. Teilhard argues that the emergence of mind along the evolutionary pathway of the hominids was as globally significant as had been the origin of life. Our epistemological discussion certainly reinforces this point. And just as life has spread out and covered the planet, he reasoned that mind also was globalized; just as life gave rise to the biosphere as its planetary embodiment, mind gave rise to the “noosphere,” the collective mental activity of Homo sapiens.
Introduction: Uncovering Her Story
Authors: Fontijn Claire
Published: November 2023

The immortal fame of Your Majesty’ s most glorious name, instilled in my heart since childhood, made me decide to leave my country, family, and friends to come and bow down before so great a monarch. I arrived at this royal court already many years ago where, by my fate, it was presented to Your Majesty that I had some talent in singing and you were willing to listen to me; learning that I had been abandoned by the person who took me away from Venice, Your Majesty was so kind as to reward me with a pension, with which I could stay in the community of Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle, until the occasion arose to put me in a more suitable place. Now in this holy refuge, obtained through the magnificence of Your Majesty, I have made some compositions in music; I come to deliver them at your royal feet as a most reverent tribute of my immense obligation. I beg you most humbly to accept them with your customary royal kindness and to you I make my deepest bow.
Our Lady Of Good News
Authors: Fontijn Claire
Published: November 2023

Antonia Bembo’ s departure from Venice in the winter of 1676-1677 effectively sealed her fate and future life in France. Two decades later, she would write that, when she first came to Paris, she lived in the neighborhood of “Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle”—”Our Lady of Good News”—and that a royal pension subsequently provided her “a more suitable place” in a “holy refuge”. This chapter furthers the hypothesis that Corbetta not only helped her to escape but also introduced her to King Louis XIV and arranged for her first to live with fellow Italian expatriates in Paris. Five years later, she would move to her definitive home at the Petite Union Chrétienne, a semi-cloistered women’ s community associated with the church of Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle. The Comédie Italienne and the Petite Union Chrétienne belonged to the same neighborhood: the paroisse of Notre Dame de Bonne Nouvelle, circumscribed at the western edge of the city by the Porte Saint Denis and leading along rue Saint Denis to the rue du Petit Lion to the northeast, and by rue Poissonnière to the southeast.
Neuroimaging
Authors: Filley Christopher M
Published: November 2023

Since the emergence of neurology as a clinical discipline in the nineteenth century, no more revolutionary development has occurred than the advance of neuroimaging in the past three decades. The classic clinical techniques of neurology have been greatly augmented by the capacity to view the brain directly during life with the use of noninvasive, safe, and readily available instruments. In addition, a host of new techniques currently evolving promise to enhance research on the structure and function of the brain in health and disease (Mazziotta, 2000). One of the areas that has been particularly advanced is the understanding of white matter, as modern techniques have allowed for increasingly detailed and precise imaging of this component of the brain (Grossman, 1998; Barkovich, 2000). In this chapter, the contemporary status of white matter neuroimaging is reviewed, as well as new directions in which this fast moving field is proceeding.
The Sense of an Ending
Authors: Kermode Frank
Published: November 2023

Frank Kermode is one of our most distinguished and beloved critics of English literature. Here, he contributes a new epilogue to his collection of classic lectures on the relationship of fiction to age-old concepts of apocalyptic chaos and crisis. Prompted by the approach of the millennium, he revisits the book which brings his highly concentrated insights to bear on some of the most unyielding philosophical and aesthetic enigmas. Examining the works of writers from Plato to William Burroughs, Kermode shows how they have persistently imposed their "fictions" upon the face of eternity and how these have reflected the apocalyptic spirit. Kermode then discusses literature at a time when new fictive explanations, as used by Spenser and Shakespeare, were being devised to fit a world of uncertain beginning and end. He goes on to deal perceptively with modern literature - with "traditionalists" such as Yeats, Eliot, and Joyce, as well as contemporary "schismatics," the French "new novelists," and such seminal figures as Jean-Paul Sartre and Samuel Beckett. Whether weighing the difference between modern and earlier modes of apocalyptic thought, considering the degeneration of fiction into myth, or commenting on the vogue of the Absurd, Kermode is distinctly lucid, persuasive, witty, and prodigal of ideas.
Procedure and Substance in Deliberative Democracy
Authors: Cohen Joshua
Published: November 2023

The fundamental idea of democratic legitimacy is that the authorization to exercise state power must arise from the collective decisions of the members of a society who are governed by that power. More precisely-and stated with attention to democracy’s institutional character—it arises from the discussions and decisions of members, as made within and expressed through social and political institutions designed to acknowledge their collective authority. That is an abstract statement of the concept of democracy, and deliberately so. Democracy comes in many forms, and more determinate conceptions of it depend on an account of membership in the people and, correspondingly, what it takes for a decision to be collective—made by citizens “as a body.”

Take a political community in which adherence to a comprehensive moral or religious doctrine, perhaps rooted in national tradition, is a condition of full membership.
An Argument for Democratic Equality
Authors: Christiano Thomas
Published: November 2023

Society is organized by terms of association by which all are bound. The problem is to determine who has the right to define these terms of association. Democrats state that only the people have a right to rule over the society. And they argue that citizens ought to be equals in important respects in making these decisions. What is the basis of these views? We have seen that liberty accounts of democracy fail to provide a thorough understanding of the foundations of democratic decision making. In large part this failure is due to the dependence of these conceptions on consensus within the society. They are unable to account for the basic democratic principle that when there are dis­ agreements over what the terms of association are to be, that view that secures support from a majority of the citizens ought to be chosen. This is the problem of incompatibility. These theories also fail to account for the interests persons have in democratic decision making that explain why a person ought to be allotted equal shares in political rule. This is the problem of trade-offs.
Beyond Fairness and Deliberation: The Epistemic Dimension of Democratic Authority
Authors: Estlund David
Published: November 2023

Assume that for many choices faced by a political community, some alternatives are better than others by standards that are in some way objective. (For example, suppose that progressive income tax rates are more just than a flat rate, even after considering effects on efficiency). If so, it must count in favor of a social decision procedure that it tends to produce the better decision. On the other hand, there is wide disagreement about what justice requires, and no citizen is required to defer to the expertise or authority of any other. Thus, normative democratic theory has largely proceeded on the assumption that the most that can be said for a legitimate democratic decision is that it was produced by a procedure that treats voters equally in certain ways. The merits of democratic decisions are held to be in their past.

One sort of theory treats every voter’s views as equally valid from a political point of view and promises only the procedural value of equal power over the outcome.
Democracy and Difference: Some Problems for Feminist Theory
Authors: Phillips Anne
Published: November 2023

When Feminists have challenged the proclaimed gender neutrality of “malestream” political thought, they have frequently lighted on the abstract individualism of supposedly ungendered citizens as a target for their critique. In Zillah Eisenstein’s The Female Body and The Law, this provides the starting point for a new theory of equality that no longer relies on us being treated the same; in Carole Pateman’s The Sexual Contract it underpins a critique of contractual models as necessarily premised on a masculine notion of the body as separable from the self; in Susan Moller Okin’s justice, Gender and the Family it is developed into a vision of a genderless society as the precondition for fully just relations.

My concern here is with the further implications for democracy, and more specifically, with the arguments that subsequently open up over group identities and group representation. The feminist challenge to the abstract, degendered individual has combined with the earlier critique of those who took class as the only or only interesting social divide, to usher in a new politics based around heterogeneity and difference.
Introduction
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: November 2023

As I arrived early one Sunday morning in 1990 at the small meeting room of the Isten Gyillekezet (Assembly of God) in Pees, Hungary, it was crowded with church members. Greeting each other with the word “peace” (bekesseg), a handshake, and kisses, they hung their coats in the tiny anteroom and went into the worship hall, where the congregation was already singing. The tightly ranked rows of wooden chairs with home-sewn cushions filled up with stout women and children in skirts, sweaters, and kerchiefs of neutral colors. I sat in the second row next to Sister Annus, a believer in her midsixties.
Mediating Moralities: An Ethnographer’ s Interpretation
Authors: Lange Barbara Rose
Published: November 2023

A few weeks after I had started to attend church meetings at the JG, Brother Horváth asked me to teach score reading to the congregation. I was surprised, since I had explained my goal of researching the church’s music in a letter to him. At first I believed he simply had not understood what I intended to do as an ethnographer by interviewing church members and attending services. I later came to see his request as an indication that there were contrasting conceptions of leadership in the church community. I had anticipated a different challenge, crossing the divide between believer and nonbeliever.
Space Physiology
Authors: Buckey Jay C
Published: November 2023

The success of any space flight mission depends not only on advanced technology but also on the health and well-being of crew members. This book, written by an astronaut physician, is the first practical guide to maintaining crew members health in space. It combines research results with practical advice on such problems as bone loss, kidney stones, muscle wasting, motion sickness, loss of balance, orthostatic intolerance, weight loss, and excessive radiation exposure. Additional topics include pre-flight preparation, relevant gender differences, long-duration medical planning, post-flight rehabilitation, and the physiology of extra-vehicular activity. Designed as a handbook for space crews, this text is also an invaluable tool for all the engineers, medical personnel, and scientists who plan and execute space missions.
Functional Neuroimaging of Cognition
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark
Published: November 2023

Neuroimaging has revolutionized the study of behavioral neurology and cognitive neuroscience. Early studies of brain-behavior relationships relied on a precise neurological examination for hypothesizing the site of brain damage responsible for a given behavioral syndrome. For instance, the association of non-fluent aphasia with right-sided hemiparesis implicated the left hemisphere as the site of language abilities. Clinic-opathological correlations were the earliest means of obtaining information about the site of damage causing a specific neurobehavioral syndrome. In 1861, Paul Broca’s observations of non-fluent aphasia in the setting of a damaged left inferior frontal gyms cemented the belief that this brain region was critical for speech output (Fig. 2-1).
Motor System and Behavior
Authors: Devinsky Orrin , D’esposito Mark
Published: November 2023

Behavioral output is expressed through movement and autonomic activity. Motor behavior varies from the hard-wired reflexes and species-specific responses to environmental stimuli to the creative genius of athletes and musicians. Many preprogrammed motor acts involve coordinated skeleton motor and autonomic responses. For example, the emotional expression of fear evokes a characteristic facial expression, as well as tachycardia and diaphoresis. Complex movements involve sequential planned actions that require widespread cortical and subcortical network interactions. Motor behavior is impaired by dysfunction at disparate sites ranging from cortical areas, such as the primary sensorimotor and sensorimotor association cortices, to subcortical areas, such as the basal ganglia and cerebellum.
Euploid and Aneuploid Diversification within Genera
Authors: Levin Donald A
Published: November 2023

Chromosomal diversification within genera has been a focal point of plant evolutionary studies. There are two prime reasons for this interest. First, chromosomal change imparts a partial or complete barrier to interspecific gene exchange. Second, chromosomal traits may provide clues to the relationships of species. A considerable amount has been written about the nature of chromosomal change. This chapter deals with alterations in the chromosome complement that are due to chromosomal rearrangements or an increase or decrease in genome size. Changes in chromosome numbers. due to rearrangements are discussed below, whereas those related to polyploidy are discussed in chapter 6.
Debating the Past
Authors: Romero Raul R
Published: November 2023

This volume examines how the search for "cultural authenticity," the dispute over the past, and the role of "modernity" have been instrumental in building the regional musical culture of the Mantaro Valley, a central Peruvian region with about half a million inhabitants. How these people have addressed concerns over the loss of ancient traditions by restructuring colonial and pre-Hispanic traditions into new contexts and forms is explored. Covering private and public music making, along with ritual, ceremonial, and popular uses of music, Romero studies the interaction of music and identity. The book is concerned with a modern regional culture, situated and defined in the context of an emergent nation, which is struggling to build a distinct cultural identity and to recreate values.
The Green Health Center
Authors: Pierce Jessica , Jameton Andrew
Published: November 2023

What would it be like to establish environmentally sound and sustainable healthcare institutions in the United States? What services would ecologically friendly medicine offer? On what scale? What might its guiding ethical principles be? By developing a hypothetical mission statement and ethical principles for an environmentally sound health-care institution-a “Green Health Center” (GHC)we can focus on many of the issues that need to be considered in redesigning health care. We can also begin to test, with a concrete (albeit imaginary) example, how to think of an environmentally sound and ethically responsible health care system.
New Ways of Thinking About Bioethics
Authors: Pierce Jessica , Jameton Andrew
Published: November 2023

Since the field of bioethics emerged some four decades ago, much has changed in the world of health care and in the larger world that health care serves. The most important of these changes-the increasingly stressed state of the global ecosystem and the attendant decline in both ecosystem and human health-have immense relevance to health care. In its 40-year life, bioethics has proven itself a resilient and responsive field, able to stay abreast of the moral dimensions of technological and organizational changes within medicine. Mirroring the insularity of medicine, however, bioethics so far has not integrated environmental concerns into its dominant theoretical approaches. Nevertheless, we are hopeful that it will continue to transform its ways of thinking, and that it will become a vocal public advocate for the movement toward sustainable health by drawing forth the profound connections between health and the natural world.
August 12 Voices in the Dark
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

The new Broadway season. Excitement reigns along Shubert Alley; enthusiasm and expectations run rampant. Critics and autograph hounds sharpen their pencils, usherettes air out their white collars, and theatre lobby bartenders practice their noise-making techniques. Car service limos barricade the sidewalks, pushcart men dust off their pretzels, ticket scalpers dance in the streets on their cell phones, and eager out-of-work actors crowd the Equity lounge hoping to scare up complimentary tickets. The lights slowly dim as the curtain rises on a brilliant new American play.
September 30 Epic Proportions
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

A new farce comedy helmed by Broadway’s funniest director, Jerry Zaks, starring Broadway’s newest, darling-est comic discovery, Kristen Chenoweth. Sounds like this one could be good, yes? Especially when one of the authors is cocreator of that phenomenal television comedy hit Friends.
October 21 Saturday Night Fever
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Back in the dark ages of American musical comedy, the chorus would come on and do a production number, then the actors would come out and read a book scene, then a principal or two would do a song and dance, then another book scene, and so on. All these songs and scenes and tunes and jokes were often turned out by a dozen or more writers; ideally, enough stuff “scored” to make the audiences happy. The more accomplished writers eventually insisted that collaborators be limited, but there was still, typically, a gulf between what happened in the songs and what happened when the actors started talking.
November 3 Sail Away
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Norman Nadel, the musically perceptive drama critic of the old World-Telegram & Sun, remarked that Noël Coward’s 1961 musical Sail Away “easily could have qualified as the musical of the year if it had opened in 1936.” Performed on the cusp of Sir Noël’s hundredth birthday, it seemed to be at least 101 years old. This was a concert version not unlike those at City Center Encores!, but very much unlike those at Encores! While the two annual series seem to have started with the same mission, City Center’s relatively enormous size— in both capacity and stage space— has encouraged Encores! to move toward fully staged and choreographed shows, with stylish set pieces and increasingly complex costuming. Carnegie Hall’s rooftop Weill Recital Hall has a tiny stage that is necessarily crammed by a full-sized Broadway pit orchestra, leaving the cast lined up in a row of chairs along the apron.
November 18 Kiss Me, Kate
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Kiss Me, Kate, the 1948 musical comedy that remains one of the classics of Broadway’s golden age, has for many years proven stubbornly nonrevivable. The main reasons: The show needs a charismatic, strong-voiced actor with a self-lampooning sense of humor and— hopefully— some ticket-selling ability; the libretto is weaker than you might expect for a classic musical comedy; and Bella Spewack, the surviving coauthor of the show, was overly protective of — and somewhat hypersensitive about— her biggest hit (and major source of income) until her death in 1990.
December 2 Marie Christine
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Consider this: an unpalatable new musical— decidedly not musical comedy— from some of the theatre’s top talents, with a provocative theme; a pessimistic outlook; unconventional music (at least by Broadway standards); strikingly modern staging and scenery; and a bunch of characters so unappetizingly drawn that you wouldn’t especially want to go to dinner with them. A recipe for exciting, groundbreaking musical theatre that will shake up the form and convert the pagan nonbelievers? Or is it a recipe for disaster? The show I am describing, obviously, is Michael John LaChiusa and Graciela Daniele’s Marie Christine. But no; I am speaking of Jason Robert Brown and Harold Prince’s Parade. Well, actually not; I was referring to Stephen Sondheim and Prince’s Merrily We Roll Along, or perhaps Sondheim and Prince’s Pacific Overtures. Although if truth be told, I was really, truly, actually talking about Sondheim, Prince, and Michael Bennett’s Follies.
January 11 James Joyce’s The Dead
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

James Joyce’s The Dead was inventive, evocative, artistic, and unquestionably admirable. I must confess, though, with due respect to the creators and cast and everyone involved, that I found it impossible to enjoy, or even much like.
February 10 On A Clear Day You Can See Forever
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Lyricist-librettist Alan Jay Lerner and his composer-partner Frederick Loewe were roundly hailed as successors to Rodgers and Hammerstein upon the opening of My Fair Lady in 1956. Their musicalization of Shaw’s Pygmalion was instantaneously acclaimed a classic — deservedly so — and its authors just as instantaneously lionized as masters of musical theatre. (When My Fair Lady came to town, Rodgers and Hammerstein’s days of greatness had apparently passed. Both were ailing, and they had written two consecutive failures.)
March 23 Aida
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

How bad does a musical have to be for the producers to take their names off it? I’m not talking about selling away one’s share of the potential profits — and responsibility for future losses — like most of the original Scarlet Pimpernel producers did. Rather, simply putting a cloak of anonymity around your good name while nevertheless peddling the merchandise.

I can recall a case when David Merrick so disliked a play, its author, its director, and its drug-addicted legendary ex–movie star that he ordered his propman, Leo Herbert, to go out front at the Forrest Theatre in Philadelphia and cover up the words “David Merrick Presents” with red adhesive tape. But Merrick had already decided to close the show at the end of the week, thereby refunding the advance sale money to the customers. He didn’t merely replace his name with a pseudonym and keep the Broadway booking, which is what Hyperion Theatricals (aka Disney) did three weeks before starting previews at the Palace. Disney has several film-releasing units, for different types of movies; but they don’t generally switch from the family-oriented Disney to the controversial Miramax after the film has opened in a couple of cities.
April 12 Rose
Authors: Suskin Steven
Published: November 2023

Martin Sherman’s Rose was born in a shtetl in the Ukraine, where she lived through a pogrom; moved to Warsaw, where she lived through the establishment and destruction of the ghetto; watched as a clean-shaven young soldier, for no reason, shot and killed her three-year-old daughter; fled to the sewers, where she spent two years (“You do things to stay alive,” she intones); journeyed to Palestine on the dilapidated hulk of a boat called the Exodus; avoided a displaced person camp by marrying an American deckhand; ran a beach-chair concession in Atlantic City during the Miss America pageant (which was maybe more frightening than some of her other experiences); became a Miami Beach hotelier, under the name Rose Rose (don’t ask); escaped to a Connecticut commune with a long-haired guitar player half her age, where she smoked pot and was known as “Cool Mama”; watched her son leave Miami to fight in the Six-Day War; visited her son and his wife — a converted shiksa from Kansas named Kim— on the kibbutz; journeyed to see Kim— now divorced— who had become a radical settler in the occupied territory; and watched on television as her rightwing grandson, for no reason, shot and killed a young Palestinian girl.
Introduction
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H
Published: November 2023

Neuropharmacology can be defined simply as the study of drugs that affect nervous tissue. This, however, is not a practical definition since a great many drugs whose therapeutic value is extraneural can affect the nervous system. For example, the cardiotonic drug digitalis will not uncommonly produce central nervous system (CNS) effects ranging from blurred vision to disorientation. For our purposes, we must accordingly limit the scope of neuropharmacology to those drugs specifically employed to affect the nervous system. The domain of neuropharmacology would thus include psychotropic drugs that affect mood and behavior, anesthetics, sedatives, hypnotics, narcotics, anticonvulsants, analgesics, and a variety of drugs that affect the autonomic nervous system.
Molecular Foundations of Neuropharmacology
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H
Published: November 2023

Complete understanding of the basis for a drug’s actions on the brain requires knowledge of all the molecules involved. However, until the last decade or so, most of the molecules involved in drug actions on the nervous system were recognized by their actions rather than their precise molecular structures or cellular compartmentalization.
Dopamine
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H
Published: November 2023

Dopamine is the most recently discovered catecholamine transmitter in the mammalian brain. Until the mid-1950s it was exclusively considered to be an intermediate in the biosynthesis of the catecholamines norepinephrine and epinephrine. Significant tissue levels of dopamine were first demonstrated in peripheral organs of ruminant species. A short time later, Montagu, Carlsson, and co-workers found that dopamine was also present in the brain in about equal concentrations to those of norepinephrine but with a quite different distribution.
Serotonin (5-Hydroxytryptamine), Histamine, and Adenosine
Authors: Cooper Jack R , Bloom Floyd E , Roth Robert H
Published: November 2023

Of all the neurotransmitters discussed in this book, serotonin remains historically the most intimately involved with neuropsychopharmacology. From the mid-nineteenth century, scientists had been aware that a substance found in serum caused powerful contraction of smooth muscle organs, but over 100 years passed before scientists at the Cleveland Clinic succeeded in isolating this substance as a possible cause of high blood pressure.