bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Possible role of microgliopathy in the pathogenesis of Nasu–Hakola disease
Authors: Satoh Jun‐ichi
Published: September 2013

Nasu–Hakola disease (NHD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive dementia and multifocal bone cysts, caused by genetic mutations of either DAP12 or TREM2. TREM2 acts as a phagocytic receptor expressed on osteoclasts, dendritic cells, macrophages and microglia, where it constitutes a signaling complex with an adaptor molecule DAP12, leading to phosphorylation and activation of the downstream kinase, spleen tyrosine kinase (Syk). Previous studies hypothesized that a loss‐of‐function of microglial TREM2/DAP12 plays a central role in the pathogenesis of NHD. However, by immunohistochemistry, we recently found that TREM2 is not detectable on microglia, but expressed on small populations of intravascular monocytes/macrophages and neurons in both control brains and DAP12‐mutated NHD brains despite massive accumulation of Iba1‐immunoreactive microglia. Furthermore, we found that both neurons and microglia express Y525/Y526‐phosphorylated Syk (pSyk), and the expression levels of neuronal pSyk are elevated substantially in NHD brains compared with control brains. These observations suggest that TREM2 expression on microglia in vivo is a transient event, depending on their microenvironment, and presently undefined non‐TREM2/DAP12 signaling pathways positively regulate activation of Syk in NHD brains. Thus, we have not yet obtained definite immunohistochemical evidence for supporting an active role of microglia in NHD brains. Here, we discuss a possible role of microgliopathy in the pathogenesis of NHD.
The platform switching concept revisited. An experimental study in dogs
Authors: Bressan Eriberto , Lang Niklaus P. , Corazza Boris , Ricci Sara , Almagro Urrutia Zoraya , Botticelli Daniele
Published: September 2013

Objective

To evaluate the influence of the configuration of the marginal aspect of implants placed immediately into extraction sockets on peri‐implant hard tissue adaptation.

Material and methods

In 6 Labrador dogs, endodontic treatments of the mesial roots of 1M1 were performed and the distal roots were removed. 2P2 was extracted as well. Implants were immediately placed in the center of the distal alveoli. Cylindrical straight implants were installed in the right side of the mandible (Control), while, in the left side, implants with a reduced diameter in the coronal portion, yielding an indentation in the surface continuity (Test), were installed. Cover screws were affixed, and the flaps were sutured to allow non‐submerged healing. After 4 months of healing, histological slides were obtained for assessments.

Results

A buccal resorption of 1.58 ± 1.28 and 1.90 ± 1.93 mm at the control and of 0.26 ± 0.90 and 0.14 ± 0.66 mm at the test sites was observed at the premolar and molar regions, respectively. The buccal coronal level of osseointegration was located apically to the margin of the smooth/rough surface border by 2.40 ± 0.90 and 3.70 ± 0.87 mm at the control sites and 1.19 ± 0.45 and 2.16 ± 0.96 mm at the test sites at the premolar and molar sites, respectively. All differences yielded statistical significance.

Conclusions

The use of implants with a reduced diameter in their coronal aspect may contribute to preservation of the buccal bony crest in a more coronal level compared with conventional implants. Thus, the study confirmed the efficacy of the “platform switching” concept.
Can We Use Information on the Mechanical Properties of Waxed Sand/Fibre, Sand/Fibre and Sand/Rubber Arena Surfaces to Help Understand Injury Prevention?
Authors: Tranquille C.A. , Walker V.A. , Roepstorff L. , Hernlund E. , Murray R.C.
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Recent research demonstrated that there is a link between arena surfaces and lameness in the dressage horse, that horses alter their gait on different surfaces and that cross‐training on different surfaces was protective (Murray et al. ,; Walker et al. ). However, there are minimal data on arena mechanical properties and how these could relate to injury.

Aims

To compare the mechanical properties of 3 common arena surface types.

Methods

A dual‐axis synthetic‐hoof drop hammer fitted with accelerometers and a 3‐axis load cell was used to test 49 arenas: waxed sand with fibre (WSF) (n = 16), un‐waxed sand with fibre (SF) (n = 19) and un‐waxed sand with rubber (SR) (n = 14). Ten different locations were tested on each arena. Maximum load and load rate (representing firmness), maximum vertical and horizontal accelerations (representing friction), shear angle, and hysteresis (representing elasticity), were compared between the 3 surfaces using an independent samples Student's t test.

Results

There were significant differences in firmness, friction and elasticity between all 3 surfaces, with WSF having the greatest values for all properties. When looking at the un‐waxed surfaces, adding fibre resulted in increased friction, decreased firmness and decreased elasticity compared with adding rubber (Table ).

Conclusions and practical significance

The mechanical properties of the surface types are significantly different. These findings suggest that a horse's limbs may experience more rapid deceleration and higher impact on WSF, while on SF or SR a horse has more capacity to slide through the surface with less impact but experiences less energy return. This has implications in potential development of injury on different surfaces, and reinforces the requirement for proprioceptive training on varying surfaces prior to undertaking peak loading on a surface the horse has not trained on.

Ethical animal research

Not applicable. Sources of funding: Funding from World Horse Welfare, the Swedish‐Norwegian Foundation for Equine Research and UK Sport lottery funding for the BEF World Class Programme. Competing interests: None.

Summary of the mean and standard deviation for maximum load and load rate, maximum vertical and horizontal accelerations, shear angle and hysteresis for waxed sand/fibre, sand/fibre and sand/rubber arena surfaces

Property
Waxed sand with fibre
Sand with fibre
Sand with rubber

Max load (kN)
13.35 ± 2.89
6.83 ± 4.09
9.88 ± 3.04

Max load rate (kN/sec)
406.75 ± 34.41
297.55 ± 110.18
382 ± 45.86

Max vertical acceleration (m/sec2)
71.37 ± 27.48
37.54 ± 12.33
34.03 ± 15.92

Max horizontal acceleration (m/sec2)
11.29 ± 10.44
5.67 ± 4.95
4.22 ± 3.95

Shear angle (radians)
0.285 ± 0.08
0.320 ± 0.11
0.320 ± 0.11

Hysteresis
0.135 ± 0.042
0.056 ± 0.036
0.085 ± 0.066
Horse, Rider and Venue‐Related Risk Factors for Eliminations from Fédération Equestre Internationale Endurance Rides due to Lameness and Metabolic Reasons
Authors: Nagy A. , Murray J. , Dyson S.
Published: September 2013

Aims

To assess risk factors for elimination due to lameness and metabolic reasons from Fédération Equestre Internationale (FEI) endurance rides of 80–160 km distance.

Methods

Venue, horse and rider‐related variables (n = 33, including data on speed, signalment, previous experience) were collected from the FEI website. Weather and terrain data were collected at the venue. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression and generalised estimated equation (GEE) statistics were performed to assess risk factors for eliminations due to lameness and metabolic reasons, respectively.

Results

Multivariable logistic regression on 1435 horse starts revealed that the venue (n = 11) (P = 0.013), the horse's previous experience at greater distance than the current ride (OR = 0.82, P = 0.008) and time (>90 days) elapsed since the last FEI ride (OR = 0.78, P = 0.044) were significantly associated with elimination for lameness; all 3 predictors remained significant in the GEE model. In the multivariable model for elimination for metabolic reasons, the venue (P = 0.011), increasing number of entries (OR = 1.008, P = 0.001) and deep sand or soil on the track (OR = 1.98, P = 0.001) significantly increased the risk of elimination for metabolic reasons.

Conclusions and practical significance

Decreasing the frequency of racing schedule may contribute to decreased risk of elimination for lameness. Competing in deep sand or soil may contribute to exhaustion leading to elimination for metabolic reasons. Venue was associated with both outcomes; a number of reasons other than terrain and going are likely to contribute to this; e.g. unmeasured horse‐level factors (training, previous injuries etc.) and the riders' aim (e.g. training, qualification, competition). Elimination due to lameness or metabolic reason is likely to be the end result of a complex process, of which not every aspect was or can be measured. However, further studies with a larger number of horse starts and assessing variables that could not be measured in this study may identify risk factors that can be modified.

Ethical animal research

Not required by this Congress: retrospective analysis of data in public domain. Sources of funding: A. Nagy's PhD scholarship was funded by the University of Bristol. Competing interests: None.
Changing Patterns of Antimicrobial Sensitivity Patterns in Equine Isolates Submitted to a UK Laboratory: 1999–2012
Authors: Johns I. , Adams E‐L.
Published: September 2013

Aims

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is considered one of the key developing health concerns globally. Knowledge of AMR and changes in resistance patterns over time may allow for more appropriate empirical antimicrobial use and may help prevent the development of multidrug resistance (MDR).

Methods

Records from The Royal Veterinary College Diagnostic Laboratory between 1999 and 2012 were searched for equine samples from which a either Escherichia coli or Streptococcus spp. was identified. Sensitivity to enrofloxacin, ceftiofur, gentamicin, penicillin G, trimethoprim sulfamethoxazole (TMPS) and tetracyclines was noted. Isolates were divided into those identified between 1999–2004 (‘Early’) and 2007–2012 (‘Late’). The proportion of isolates resistant to each antimicrobial, and MDR isolates (resistant to 3 or more antimicrobial classes) was compared between time periods.

Results

A total of 530 isolates from 483 horses were identified. 297 isolates (262 horses) were identified in the ‘Early’ period, and 233 isolates from 221 horses in the ‘Late’ period. There was a significant increase between time periods in the percentage of E. coli isolates resistant to ceftiofur (6.7% [9/135] to 22.7% [20/88] P<0.001); to gentamicin (29.6% [40/135] to 51.7% [46/89] P<0.001); and to tetracyclines (46.6% [34/73] to 73% [65/89] P<0.001). There was a significant increase between time periods in the percentage of Streptococcus spp. resistant to enrofloxacin (5.6% [7/125] to 48.1% [65/135]) and tetracyclines (4.1% [4/98] to 35.7% [41/115]). Multiple drug resistance was not identified in Streptococcus spp. There was no significant increase in the percentage of E. coli showing MDR (33% [24/73] early; to 47% [42/89] P = 1.0).

Conclusion and practical significance

An increase in resistance over time of common equine pathogens to a number of widely used antimicrobials supports the responsible use of antimicrobials in an attempt to minimise AMR.

Ethical animal research

Not required by this Congress: retrospective analysis of laboratory records. Sources of funding: None. Competing interests: None.
Associations Between Local Weather Patterns and the Frequency of Sand Enteritis in an East Anglian Equine Hospital
Authors: Compston P.C. , Moran R. , Packer E. , Greet T.R.C. , Marr C.M.
Published: September 2013

Aim

To identify climatic trends associated with the frequency of sand enteritis.

Methods

Horses were included if they: (1) had radio‐dense intestinal contents or sand impaction confirmed at exploratory laparotomy; (2) originated from East Anglia; (3) presented between 1 January 2005 and 31 December 2012. Historical weather data for East Anglia were obtained from the Met Office website. Associations between prevalence and climatic variables were examined separately for March–April and October–November.

Results

Ninety‐two horses were included. Peaks in admissions of sand enteritis cases were seen in March–April (n = 21, 23%) and October–November (n = 25, 27%). The frequency of March–April cases was positively correlated with mean temperature in those months (r2 = 0.37); negatively correlated with frost (r2 = 0.58) and rainfall (r2 = 0.54) in the 2 previous months; and negatively correlated with sunshine in the preceding 3 months (r2 = 0.44). The frequency of October–November cases was positively correlated with higher average temperatures (r2 = 0.14) and fewer frost days (r2 = 0.16) in the preceding 3 months. Twenty‐nine (32%) horses presented in a temporal cluster from September 2010 to April 2011 (P<0.001), coinciding with peak rainfall (121.6 mm; August 2010); peak frost (23.2 days); lowest mean temperature (0.0°C; both December 2010); and least sunshine (39.3 h/month; January 2011) recorded over the 8‐year period.

Conclusions

In our population, spring cases of sand enteritis are more likely following dark, dry winters, and autumn cases more likely following hot summers. A wet summer followed by a cold dark winter may have contributed to the cluster of cases in 2010/2011. These weather combinations may adversely affect grass growth.

Practical significance

Weather patterns may have a role in the epidemiology of sand enteritis. Horses at pasture are likely to graze closer to the ground and ingest sand particles when grass growth is poor.

Ethical animal research

Not required by this Congress: retrospective analysis of clinical cases. Sources of funding: Polly Compston is supported by the Margaret Giffen Trust. Competing interests: None.
Reduced Threshold Potential of the Trigeminal Nerve in Equine Headshaking
Authors: Aleman M. , Pickles K.J. , Williams D.C. , Madigan J.E.
Published: September 2013

Aim

Although the aetiopathogenesis of headshaking remains elusive, trigeminal neuralgia is regarded as the likely explanation of observed clinical signs. The aim of this study was to compare sensory nerve conduction threshold and velocity of the trigeminal nerve using the infraorbital nerve in control and headshaking horses.

Methods

Control group (n = 6 horses) and headshaking group (n = 6) were subject to general anaesthesia. A Nicolet Viking IV evoked potential system was used for sensory nerve conduction study. Stimulating, recording and reference electrodes were used. A pair of stimulating electrodes was placed at the gingival mucosa, one each at the rostral and caudal aspects of the maxillary canine tooth. Four pairs of recording electrodes were placed at 4 different points along the tract of the infraorbital nerve (point 1 at infraorbital foramen), maxillary nerve (point 2 at exit of trigeminal canal), spinal somatosensory (point 3 at level of C1 spinal cord segment), and cortical somatosensory evoked potentials (point 4 at level of frontal cerebral cortex). A reference electrode was placed at a distance half way between the stimulating and recording electrodes at point 1. Stimuli were applied at 2.5, 5, 10, 15, 20 mA. The duration of each stimulus was 0.1 ms. Thresholds were recorded and conduction velocities calculated for each group.

Results

The threshold of sensory nerve action potential occurred at low stimuli (2.5 and 5 mA) in horses with headshaking; and at higher stimuli (10 mA in 3 horses, 15 mA in 1 horse, and 25 mA in 2 horses) in control horses. Although there were differences in conduction velocity between groups, this was not significant.

Conclusions and practical significance

Headshaking horses have a low threshold for inducing sensory action potentials upon minimal stimulation compared with control horses supporting involvement of the trigeminal nerve in the pathogenesis of affected horses.

Ethical animal research

Study approved by the UC Davis IACUC. Sources of funding: Private donation. Competing interests: None.
Dynamic compression plate (DCP) fixation of propagating medial condylar fractures of the third metacarpal/metatarsal bone in 30 racehorses: Retrospective analysis (1990–2005)
Authors: Goodrich L. R. , Nixon A. J. , Conway J. D. , Morley P. S. , Bladon B. M. , Hogan P. M.
Published: September 2013

Reasons for performing study

An in‐depth review of dynamic compression plate (DCP)fixation of propagating medial condyle fractures of the third metacarpus or metatarsus has not been previously reported.

Objectives

To describe the technique, evaluate short‐term outcome and long‐term race performance of racehorses that underwentDCPfixation for repair of propagating or spiralling medial condylar fractures of the third metacarpal (McIII) or metatarsal (MtIII) bone.

Study design

Retrospective case series.

Methods

The surgical case records of 30 horses with propagating fractures of the medial condyle ofMcIIIorMtIIIwere reviewed. Medical information included: age, breed, sex, presentation, how injury occurred (racing or training), surgical treatment and post operative complications. Racing information included: starts, top 3 placing and career earnings.

Results

Long propagating fractures of the medial condyle ofMc/tIIIwere identified in 23Thoroughbred (TB)and 7Standardbred (STB) racehorses. The fracture spiralled proximally in 22 of 30 cases (73%). Standardbreds had a higher propensity for hindlimb involvement (71%), whereasTBstended to have more front limb involvement (61%). Twelve of 30 (40%) horses raced post surgery. Career earnings were significantly lower forTBhorses with medial condylar fractures; $34,916 when compared with the national average of $60,841 (P≤0.03). Overall, horses havingDCPfixation for medial condylar fractures had less starts post surgery (3.1TBsand 5.8STBs) compared with the national average (7TBsand 17.3STBs) and decreased lifetime starts 13.4 (TBs) compared with 17.3 nationally.

Conclusions

Propagating medial condyle fractures can be repaired with plate fixation to potentially lessen the risk of catastrophic fracture destabilisation and return to racing can be expected in 40% of horses. Further prospective studies are warranted comparing lag screw fixation withDCPfixation for repair of severe medial condylar fractures of the metacarpus/metatarsus.
WALTER KEMPOWSKI'S DAS ECHOLOT. ABGESANG ’45 FROM ARCHIVE TO PRINT
Authors: Woods Roger
Published: September 2013

This article analyses Das Echolot. Abgesang ’45, the final volume of Walter Kempowski's ten‐volume ‘collective diary’ of the Second World War, against the background of recent theoretical discussions about the subjective experience of history and the juxtaposition of homogenised and heterogeneous forms of memory. It also goes into Kempowski's archive of autobiographical material, now held at the Akademie der Künste in Berlin, in order to compare the texts published in Abgesang ’45 with the versions originally presented to Kempowski. The analysis shows how the material sent to Kempowski is often far from being a collection of original letters, diaries and notes from the last years of the war, as suggested by the subtitle of the Echolot project – ‘ein kollektives Tagebuch’. It also shows that while Abgesang ’45 does contain internal dialogue that captures some of the heterogeneity that is associated with individual memories, this dialogue ultimately loses out to a collective account of German suffering through Kempowski's method of selecting, adapting and recontextualising the archive material.
Helicobacter pylori and Nonmalignant Diseases
Authors: den Hollander Wouter J. , Sostres Carlos , Kuipers Ernst J. , Lanas Angel
Published: September 2013

Declining Helicobacter pylori prevalence rates have resulted in a decrease of peptic ulcer bleeding incidence. Moreover, eradication reduces peptic ulcer recurrence rate. Newer studies confirm that H. pylori eradication lowers the risk of recurrent peptic ulcer bleeding. Guidelines therefore advocate a test‐and‐treat strategy for patients with a history of ulcer bleeding and NSAIDs and/or aspirin use. There is mounting evidence that H. pylori status has no effect on symptoms and treatment efficacy in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Some studies observed an improvement of GERD complaints after H. pylori eradication, which underlines that H. pylori treatment is not contra‐indicated in GERD patients. The exact role of H. pylori in functional dyspepsia (FD) remains controversial. However, there is growing consensus that H. pylori‐positive FD should be assessed as a separate entity. In these patients, eradication can be beneficial and appropriate. Finally, several studies suggest that H. pylori infection may also be associated with beneficial effects for the host. Epidemiologic studies showed an inverse relation between H. pylori infection and asthma and allergy, although data are conflicting and need to be expanded.
Molecular Pathogenesis of Gastric Cancer
Authors: Figueiredo Ceu , Garcia‐Gonzalez Maria A. , Machado Jose C.
Published: September 2013

Gastric carcinogenesis is a complex and multifactorial process, in which infection with Helicobacter pylori plays a major role. Additionally, environmental factors as well as genetic susceptibility factors are significant players in gastric cancer (GC) etiology.

Gastric cancer development results from the accumulation of multiple genetic and epigenetic changes during the lifetime of the cancer patient that will activate oncogenic and/or inactivate tumor‐suppressor pathways. Numerous studies published last year provided new insights into the molecular phenotypes of GC, which will be the main focus of this review. This article also reviews the recent findings on GC tumor‐suppressor genes, including putative novel genes.

The understanding of the basic mechanisms that underlie gastric carcinogenesis will be of utmost importance for developing strategies of screening, early detection, and treatment of the disease, as most GC patients present with late‐stage disease and have poor overall survival.
IMPACT OF MACROECONOMIC ANNOUNCEMENTS ON INTEREST RATE FUTURES: HIGH‐FREQUENCY EVIDENCE FROM AUSTRALIA
Authors: Smales Lee A.
Published: September 2013

I investigate the behavior of Australian interest rate futures around the release of major scheduled macroeconomic announcements. The adjustment to new information occurs quickly with the majority of the reaction complete within 30 seconds. The period immediately before the announcement exhibits high volatility, low levels of volume, and wide bid–ask spreads. In the 30 seconds following the scheduled announcement there is a sharp increase in price volatility, significant positive correlation in returns, high levels of trading activity, and large adjusted returns. The reaction is stronger in shorter maturity contracts, and in the period surrounding the 2007–2008 financial crisis.
TOWER BUILDING AND STOCK MARKET RETURNS
Authors: Löffler Gunter
Published: September 2013

Construction starts of skyscrapers predict subsequent U.S. stock returns. The predictive ability exceeds that of alternatives such as the prevailing historical mean, predictions based on dividend ratios, and recently suggested combination forecasts. One explanation for these patterns is that tower building is indicative of overoptimism; alternatively, tower building could help identify periods of low risk premia. I present indirect evidence that is consistent with both explanations.
Equine ulnar fracture repair with locking compression plates can be associated with inadvertent penetration of the lateral cortex of the radius
Authors: Kuemmerle Jan M. , Kühn Karolin , Bryner Marco , Fürst Anton E.
Published: September 2013

Objective

To evaluate if the use of locking head screws (LHS) in the distal holes of a locking compression plate (LCP) applied to the caudal aspect of the ulna to treat equine ulnar fractures is associated with a risk of injury to the lateral cortex of the radius.

Study Design

Controlled laboratory study.

Sample Population

Cadaveric equine forelimbs (n = 8 pair).

Methods

After transverse ulnar osteotomy, osteosynthesis was performed with a narrow 10–13 hole 4.5/5.0 LCP applied to the caudal aspect of each ulna. The distal 3 holes were filled with 4.5 mm cortex screws (CS) in 1 limb (group 1) and with 5.0 mm LHS contralaterally (group 2). CS were inserted in an angle deemed appropriate by the surgeon and LHS were inserted perpendicular to the plate. Implant position and injury to the lateral cortex of the radius were assessed by radiography, CT, and limb dissection.

Results

In group 1, injury of the lateral radius cortex did not occur. In group 2, 4 limbs and 6/24 LHS were associated with injury of the lateral radius cortex by penetration of a LHS. This difference was statistically significant. CS were inserted with a mean angle of 17.6° from the sagittal plane in a caudolateral–craniomedial direction.

Conclusions

Use of LHS in the distal part of a LCP applied to the caudal aspect of the ulna is associated with a risk of inadvertent injury to the lateral cortex of the radius.
Amomum dampuianum and A. mizoramense spp. nov. (Zingiberaceae) from Mizoram, northeast India
Authors: Thomas V. P. , Sabu M. , Lalramnghinglova H.
Published: September 2013

Two new species of Amomum (Zingiberaceae) from Mizoram are described and illustrated: A. dampuianum and A. mizoramense. Photographs, a comparison with the allied species A. corynostachyum and A. hypoleucum, and a key to the species of Amomum known in Mizoram is also provided.
Restructuring of educational systems in the digital age from a co‐evolutionary perspective
Authors: Davis N. , Eickelmann B. , Zaka P.
Published: September 2013

There have been repeated calls for restructuring of schooling to take advantage of information and communication technologies (ICT). This article recognizes an increasing range of radical restructuring resulting from the co‐evolution of education and digital technologies in school systems and related activity in the global ecosystem. Research of previously innovative schools that did not sustain their innovative strategies withICThas also helped to clarify relevant factors including the importance of leadership.Davis' co‐evolutionary framework is illustrated with case studies of sustained transformation enabled by blended and online learning inNewZealand and theUSA. Transformations include decoupling of the roles of a class teacher, plus decoupling of the services provided by a single school into provision by networked organizations, including a virtual school and web‐based services. The diversity of transformed educational ecosystems is linked to local and regional variations in culture and conditions. The article concludes that teachers in a range of roles will remain the keystone species ofK‐12 education also in the 21st century and recommends that this co‐evolutionary framework is applied globally to increase equitable provision.
Challenges for information technology supporting educational assessment
Authors: Webb M. , Gibson D. , Forkosh‐Baruch A.
Published: September 2013

This article examines the scope for IT‐enabled assessments to serve simultaneously both learners and the enterprise of education. The article proposes ways of combining frameworks that come from two different perspectives: 1) a conceptual approach to assessment design for computerized assessment based on evidence‐centred design (ECD) and 2) a framework for formative assessment based on empirical research in classrooms. The article argues that combining the ECD and formative assessment frameworks and building on the opportunities provided by computerized assessments as well as harnessing teachers' and students' experience and developing their validation processes could enable assessments to address simultaneously assessment FOR learning and assessment OF learning. Strategies would include harnessing the benefits of embedded continuous unobtrusive measuring of performance while learners are engaged in interesting computerized tasks designed to support their learning. Learners need to be involved in discussing and negotiating their learning so we conceptualize these embedded unobtrusive processes as ‘quiet assessment’, whose volume can be turned up by learners whenever they wish, to give them access to meaningful representations of evidence and arguments about their achievements. These strategies could enable a wider range of measures to contribute to judgements of students' achievements, thus supporting their learning in 21st‐century contexts.
Application of Flavoring Active Films of Low‐Density Polyethylene in Sugar Biscuits
Authors: Dias Marali V. , Melo Nathália R. , Soares Nilda de Fátima F. , Carneiro João de Deus S. , Borges Soraia V. , Medeiros Hiasmyne S. , Fialho Tatiana Lopes
Published: September 2013

Active packaging is used to preserve food, maintaining or improving its features and microbiological safety. In this research was developed flavoring films and evaluated changes in the films as function of the addition of active agents and their contact with food. We determined the water vapor permeability (WVP) and mechanical analysis over 30 days for the films used for the sugar biscuit packaging. We also evaluated the sensory attributes of the sugar biscuits packaged in active films. The active agents used were important in maintaining the tensile strength of the films over time. However, the film with 10% orange aroma decreased the percent elongation and increased the film's WVP. In a sensory evaluation, the most accepted samples were the sugar biscuits packaged for 30 days in the film containing 10% essential oil and 5% aroma. Therefore, these films represent an innovation for the food industry that could enable the development of new products.

Practical Applications

Biscuits are an important class of bakery products that are produced in a large variety of flavors. Every day, new types of biscuits, often with innovative flavors, are launched on the market. Flavoring active packaging can be used to improve the sensory characteristics of foods and to develop new products. From a processing line, you can obtain products of different flavors with the use of flavoring packaging in the conditioning stage. This is useful in a food industry that relies mostly on incremental innovation for new product launches; there is an increasing awareness in the industry that innovations are needed to remain competitive.
Changes in Physicochemical, Nutritional and Hygienic Properties of Chinese Cabbage Seeds and Their Sprouts on Gamma and Electron Beam Irradiation
Authors: Kwon Joong‐Ho , Kim Gui‐Ran , Ahn Jae‐Jun , Akram Kashif , Bae Hye‐Min , Kim Chan‐Hee , Kim Yuri , Han Bum‐Soo
Published: September 2013

Seed sprouts are susceptible to microbial contaminations, which might cause foodborne illnesses. In this study, gamma‐ and electron beam (e‐beam)‐irradiated (0–3 kGy) Chinese cabbage seeds (Brassica rapa ssp. Pekinensis) and their sprouts were investigated for the physicochemical, functional and microbiological qualities during storage. The irradiated seeds and their sprouts showed better overall microbial quality compared with nonirradiated samples; however, their hygienic quality profiles were same during storage of sprouts. The contents of ascorbic acid, carotenoid, chlorophyll and total phenolics of the seeds increased during germination but negligible changes were found during postharvest storage. Gamma irradiation and e‐beam had similar effects on the physicochemical quality of Chinese cabbage seed sprouts with few exceptions (low germination rate of e‐beam‐treated seeds). These effects should be considered to obtain acceptable hygienic, nutritional and sensory attributes of irradiated Chinese cabbage seeds.

Practical Applications

The sprouted seeds widely used for human consumption are the suspect carriers of bacterial pathogens, which can outbreak sprout‐related foodborne illnesses. Irradiation treatment is a promising technology to increase shelf life of sprouts and reduce bacterial pathogen contamination with minimum concession of nutritional and sensory aspects. However, it is significant to establish the effect of applied irradiation dose on the seed germination, sprout length, quality parameters and overall acceptability.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions Reduction Opportunities for Concrete Pavements
Authors: Santero Nicholas , Loijos Alexander , Ochsendorf John
Published: September 2013

Concrete pavements are a vital part of the transportation infrastructure, comprising nearly 25% of the interstate network in the United States. With transportation authorities and industry organizations increasingly seeking out methods to reduce their carbon footprint, there is a need to identify and quantitatively evaluate the greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction opportunities that exist in the concrete pavement life cycle. A select few of these opportunities are explored in this article in order to represent possible reduction approaches and their associated cost‐effectiveness: reducing embodied emissions by increasing fly ash content and by avoiding overdesign; increasing albedo by using white aggregates; increasing carbonation by temporarily stockpiling recycled concrete aggregates; and reducing vehicle fuel consumption by adding an extra rehabilitation. These reduction strategies are evaluated for interstate, arterial, collector, and local road designs under urban and rural scenarios. The results indicate that significant GHG emission reductions are possible, with over half of the scenarios resulting in 10% reductions, compared to unimproved baseline designs. Given the right conditions, each scenario has the potential to reduce GHG emissions at costs comparable to the current price of carbon.
Health Care Workers’ Suggestions for Improving HIV‐Related Maternal Care in South Africa: “Listen to Us”
Authors: Taylor Lauren C. , Fair Cynthia D. , Nikodem Cheryl
Published: September 2013

Introduction

South Africa has the highest rate of individuals infected with HIV in the world. Women in particular are at increased risk for HIV infection and typically receive care from nurses and midwives who are on the front lines of health care policy and program implementation. The primary objective of this study was to compile and analyze suggestions generated by health care professionals on how to improve HIV‐related maternal care in South Africa. This information can then be used to inform the direction of future programs across the country and beyond.

Methods

Two hundred forty‐nine nurses, midwives, and nursing students enrolled in a South African university completed surveys as part of this qualitative cross‐sectional study. Responses were transcribed and coded by independent researchers who met frequently to discuss and come to consensus on emerging themes.

Results

Four primary strategies to improve HIV‐related maternal care emerged from the data. These women's health professionals suggested improving education, increasing grassroots‐level participation by government officials, improving resources, and developing strategies aimed at decreasing the risk of secondary transmission of HIV.

Discussion

Nurses and midwives are frontline health care professionals who are in unique positions to offer feedback on how HIV‐related maternal care can be improved. The identified strategies should be integrated into future programs, and human rights implications must be examined.
Identification of the Pregnant Woman Who Is Using Drugs: Implications for Perinatal and Neonatal Care
Authors: Casper Tammy , Arbour Megan W.
Published: September 2013

Neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) is a set of drug withdrawal symptoms that affect the central nervous, gastrointestinal, and respiratory systems in the newborn when separated from the placenta at birth. Maternal substance use of opioids, benzodiazepines, barbiturates, and alcohol can cause NAS. Universal drug screening via questioning pregnant women is recommended, but identification of drug use is incomplete with this method. This article provides resources for the identification and management of drug use during pregnancy for midwives who provide care not only during the prenatal period but also during the intrapartum and postpartum periods. The impact of drug use on newborns can be significant and may require pharmacologic assistance with the transition to extrauterine life. Challenges involved in caring for the woman who is using drugs during pregnancy include ordering toxicology screens on the newborn, alerting social services, and educating the woman about her newborn's progress. Several measures to comfort a newborn with NAS may help to enable a mother to provide the best care for her newborn.
Pitfalls in Susceptibility‐Weighted Imaging of the Pediatric Brain
Authors: Bosemani Thangamadhan , Verschuuren Sylvia I. , Poretti Andrea , Huisman Thierry A.G.M.
Published: September 2013

Susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) is a recently developed high resolution 3‐dimensional gradient‐echo pulse sequence that accentuates the magnetic susceptibility of blood, calcium, and nonheme iron. The clinical applications of SWI in pediatric neuroimaging have significantly expanded recently. Potential pitfalls related to blood oxygenation, blood flow, magnetic field strength, and misinterpretation of localization as well as possible mimickers may be misleading and affect the correct interpretation of SWI images. Familiarity with these potential diagnostic pitfalls is important to prevent misdiagnosis and will further enhance the ability of SWI in becoming a robust and reliable technique.
CLUSTER POLICIES AND FIRM SELECTION: EVIDENCE FROM FRANCE
Authors: Fontagné Lionel , Koenig Pamina , Mayneris Florian , Poncet Sandra
Published: September 2013

We shed light on the selection of beneficiaries from the French competitiveness cluster policy, launched in 2005 and extended to 2012. We disentangle the selection and self‐selection effects, as emphasized in the theoretical literature on regional and industrial policy. Our main conclusion is that winners were (self‐)selected at both steps of the procedure, and that this holds for the three cluster types: “worldwide,” “potentially worldwide,” and “national clusters.” We thus provide a methodology which allows to contrast the effective outcomes of the selection process and the official objectives of cluster policies in terms of targeting, helping in their econometric evaluation.
Uncertainty–Identity Theory: Extreme Groups, Radical Behavior, and Authoritarian Leadership
Authors: Hogg Michael A. , Adelman Janice
Published: September 2013

This article describes uncertainty–identity theory's analysis of how self‐uncertainty may lead, through social identity and self‐categorization processes, to group and societal extremism. We provide details of empirical evidence from direct tests of the theory that focus on four aspects of extremism: (1) studies of self‐uncertainty and student support for extreme campus protest groups that promote a radical agenda; (2) studies of uncertainty, identity centrality, and support for violent group action in the context of the Israel–Palestine conflict; (3) studies of the role played by self‐uncertainty in support for leadership per se and for authoritarian leadership in particular; and (4) studies of the conjunction of group‐membership factors that lead specific individuals within a group to go to greater extremes than others on behalf of the group. The article ends with a discussion of policy implications and principles that might help prevent uncertainty leading, through group identity processes, to societal extremism.
Compensatory Control and Its Implications for Ideological Extremism
Authors: Kay Aaron C. , Eibach Richard P.
Published: September 2013

This article outlines and reviews evidence for a model of compensatory control designed to account for the motivated belief in personal and external sources of control. In doing so, we attempt to shed light on the content and strength of ideologies, including extreme libertarian, nationalist, socialist, and religious fundamentalist ideologies. We suggest that although these ideologies differ in their content they commonly function to provide people with a sense of control over otherwise random events. We propose that extreme ideologies of personal control (e.g., libertarianism) and external control (e.g., socialism, religious fundamentalism) are equifinal means of meeting a universal need to believe that things, in general, are under control—that is, that events do not unfold randomly or haphazardly. We use this model to explain how the adoption and strength of ideologies of personal and external control may vary across temporal and sociocultural contexts.
Factors influencing the uptake of orthodontic treatment
Authors: Badran Serene A. , Al‐Khateeb Susan
Published: September 2013

Objectives

The aim of this study was to investigate the factors that may influence orthodontic treatment uptake such as socioeconomic class (SEC), type of funding, and gender.

Methods

The sample comprised 550 adolescents (232 men, 318 women) aged 13‐17 years. Demographic data and questions concerning treatment experience, satisfaction with dental appearance, self‐perceived need, dental attendance pattern, and presence of a health insurance were collected by means of a questionnaire. SEC was established by using an index developed for Jordanians. Normative treatment need was assessed by using the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need. Chi‐squared test and logistic regression analysis were used for the statistical analyses.

Results

Treatment uptake was significantly less in the low SEC group (5.2 percent) than the other SEC groups. Women were more frequently treated than men as were those subjects who possessed a health insurance and who regularly attended a dentist.

The odds of not receiving orthodontic treatment were significantly higher in the lowest SEC group (odds ratio = 26, P < 0.001). Gender, health insurance, and dental attendance pattern were significant variables in predicting treatment uptake but to a lesser extent than SEC.

Conclusions

Low SEC had a strong predictive effect on treatment uptake; socioeconomically deprived individuals were less likely to undergo orthodontic treatment.
Breast Cancer Development in Transsexual Subjects Receiving Cross-Sex Hormone Treatment
Authors: Gooren Louis J. , van Trotsenburg Michael A.A. , Giltay Erik J. , van Diest Paul J.
Published: September 2013

Introduction

Transsexual people receive cross-sex hormones as part of their treatment, potentially inducing hormone-sensitive malignancies.

Aim

To examine the occurrence of breast cancer in a large cohort of Dutch male and female transsexual persons, also evaluating whether the epidemiology accords with the natal sex or the new sex.

Main Outcome Measure

Number of people with breast cancer between 1975 and 2011.

Methods

We researched the occurrence of breast cancer among transsexual persons 18–80 years with an exposure to cross-sex hormones between 5 to >30 years. Our study included 2,307 male-to-female (MtF) transsexual persons undergoing androgen deprivation and estrogen administration (52,370 person-years of exposure), and 795 female-to-male (FtM) subjects receiving testosterone (15,974 total years of exposure).

Results

Among MtF individuals one case was encountered, as well as a probable but not proven second case. The estimated rate of 4.1 per 100,000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.8–13.0) was lower than expected if these two cases are regarded as female breast cancer, but within expectations if viewed as male breast cancer. In FtM subjects, who were younger and had shorter exposure to cross-sex hormones compared with the MtF group, one breast cancer case occurred. This translated into a rate of 5.9 per 100,000 person-years (95% CI: 0.5–27.4), again lower than expected for female breast cancer but within expected norms for male breast cancer.

Conclusions

The number of people studied and duration of hormone exposure are limited but it would appear that cross-sex hormone administration does not increase the risk of breast cancer development, in either MtF or FtM transsexual individuals. Breast carcinoma incidences in both groups are comparable to male breast cancers. Cross-sex hormone treatment of transsexual subjects does not seem to be associated with an increased risk of malignant breast development.
Productivity Accounting in Vertically (Hyper‐)integrated Terms: Bridging the Gap between Theory and Empirics
Authors: Garbellini Nadia , Wirkierman Ariel Luis
Published: September 2013

The present paper is a methodological contribution introducing a disaggregated physical productivity accounting framework in vertically (hyper‐)integrated terms, establishing a direct correspondence between Supply–Use Tables and Pasinetti's (1973, 1988) theoretical magnitudes. As an empirical application, we computed productivity indicators and indexes of direction of technical change at the subsystem level for the case of Italy during 1999–2007. Our findings suggest that: (a) only 60 per cent of productivity growth accrued to real wages, (b) the degree of mechanization increased, (c) the most dynamic subsystems correspond to consolidated sectors, and (d) technical change has almost always been capital intensity increasing.
Complexities and opportunities in monitoring and evaluating US and global changes by the food industry
Authors: Ng S. W. , Dunford E.
Published: September 2013

In developed nations and increasingly in the rest of the world, a large proportion of people's diets comes from manufactured food sources and food not produced at home. These types of products are constantly changing and have significant nutrition and health implications for the world's population. However, researchers, public health workers and policy makers face major complexities in understanding what these changes are and their relationships to diet and health outcomes. This paper will describe some of the complexities faced in monitoring and evaluating the nutritional composition of food products and what it means for population health. Importantly, no existing food composition database is able to keep up with the continuous reformulation and introductions and removals of packaged foods and food services. The paper will also discuss opportunities to improve and update the monitoring and evaluation of changes made by each of these key sectors of the modern food supply and how these changes can influence the nutrients purchased or consumed across the globe. The focus will be on the United States with some examples from other developed nations and a discussion of implications for low‐ and middle‐income countries.
Mexico attempts to tackle obesity: the process, results, push backs and future challenges
Authors: Barquera S. , Campos I. , Rivera J. A.
Published: September 2013

Mexico's obesity prevalence is one of the world's highest. In 2006, academics, and federal and state government agencies initiated efforts to design a national policy for obesity prevention. The Ministry of Health (MOH) established an expert panel to develop recommendations on beverage intake for a healthy life in 2008. Subsequently, the MOH, with support from academia, initiated the development of the National Agreement for Healthy Nutrition (ANSA). ANSA was signed by all relevant sectoral actors in 2010 and led to initiatives banning sodas and regulating unhealthy food in schools and the design of other yet to be implemented initiatives, such as a front‐of‐package labeling system. A main challenge of the ANSA has been the lack of harmonization between industry interests and public health objectives and effective accountability and monitoring mechanisms to assess implementation across government sectors. Bold strategies currently under consideration include taxation of sugar‐sweetened beverages, improvement of norms for healthy food in schools, regulation of food and beverage marketing to children and implementation of a national front‐of‐pack labeling system. Strong civil society organizations have embraced the prevention of obesity as their goal and have used evidence from academia to position obesity prevention in the public debate and in the government agenda.