bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitive Ants in Solving the Generalized Vehicle Routing Problem
Authors: Pintea Camelia-M. , Chira Camelia , Dumitrescu Dan
Published: October 2015

The idea of sensitivity in ant colony systems has been exploited in hybrid ant-based models with promising results for many combinatorial optimization problems. Heterogeneity is induced in the ant population by endowing individual ants with a certain level of sensitivity to the pheromone trail. The variable pheromone sensitivity within the same population of ants can potentially intensify the search while in the same time inducing diversity for the exploration of the environment. The performance of sensitive ant models is investigated for solving the generalized vehicle routing problem. Numerical results and comparisons are discussed and analysed with a focus on emphasizing any particular aspects and potential benefits related to hybrid ant-based models.
BRBN-T validation: adaptation of the Selective Reminding Test and Word List Generation
Authors: Neves Mariana Rigueiro , Passos Ana Margarida , Ferreira Aristides , Sousa Cláudia , Sá Andreia , Sá Maria José
Published: October 2015

Objective This study aims to present the Selective Reminding Test(SRT) and Word List Generation (WLG) adaptation to the Portuguese population, within the validation of the Brief Repeatable Battery of Neuropsychological Tests (BRBN-T)for multiple sclerosis (MS) patients.Method 66 healthy participants (54.5% female) recruited from the community volunteered to participate in this study.Results A combination of procedures from Classical Test Theory (CTT) and Item Response Theory (ITR) were applied to item analysis and selection. For each SRT list, 12 words were selected and 3 letters were chosen for WLG to constitute the final versions of these tests for the Portuguese population.Conclusion The combination of CTT and ITR maximized the decision making process in the adaptation of the SRT and WLG to a different culture and language (Portuguese). The relevance of this study lies on the production of reliable standardized neuropsychological tests, so that they can be used to facilitate a more rigorous monitoring of the evolution of MS, as well as any therapeutic effects and cognitive rehabilitation.
Egas Moniz: twice a double life
Authors: Bertolote José Manoel
Published: October 2015

Egas Moniz is credited with the discovery in 1927 of radioarteriography, for which he was, on three occasions, nominated for the Nobel Prize, and in all three denied the award. In 1949 he was awarded the Nobel Prize for Medicine for having designed leucotomy, a brain surgery to treat some forms of severe metal disorders. He was also an successful politician and accomplished statesman.
THE PROFESSIONAL SATISFACTION OF THE NURSING TEAM VS. WORK CONDITIONS AND RELATIONS: A RELATIONAL STUDY
Authors: Wisniewski Danielle , Silva Eraldo Schunk , Évora Yolanda Dora Martinez , Matsuda Laura Misue
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACTThis relational, transversal and quantitative study aimed to test the association of sociodemographic and professional variables with the job satisfaction of hospital nursing teams and to ascertain whether the work relations and conditions influenced the professional satisfaction of the same teams. A total of 212 subjects participated, responding to the Research into Work Conditions and Relations questionnaire in the period February - June 2013. The data were treated using descriptive statistical analysis and bivariate analysis, using Fisher's exact test and the Chi-squared test. It was observed that there was statistical significance (p<0.05) between dissatisfaction and sex, time since graduation, work department and shift, number and type of employment links, team size, safety, occupational health, department accommodation, task distribution, professional encouragement, valorization of the work and motivation. It was concluded that inadequate work conditions and relations were associated with nursing professionals' job dissatisfaction.
CHALLENGES FOR PRIMARY HEALTHCARE PROFESSIONALS IN CARING FOR WOMEN WITH POSTPARTUM DEPRESSION
Authors: Meira Bianca de Macêdo , Pereira Pauliany Alencar de Souza , Silveira Maria de Fátima Araújo , Gualda Dulce Maria Rosa , Santos Jr Hudson Pires Oliveira
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to explore the challenges for primary healthcare professionals in caring for women with postpartum depression, in order to learn which tools are used for the identification of these women, as well as ways of working to restore their health. This qualitative descriptive study was conducted in healthcare units in Campina Grande, Paraíba. Data were collected by field observation and a semi-structured interview, which was administered to 16 healthcare professionals. The results describe healthcare professionals' difficulties in identifying and treating women with postpartum depression, because of the limited focus on physiological developmental aspects of gestation and postpartum. The professionals reported limited knowledge on how to assess emotional changes related to the postpartum period. Primary healthcare professionals need to be educated to identify and treat women with postpartum depression, and practice guidelines and protocols must be established to guide evidence-based practice.
Self-care activities and their relationship to metabolic and clinical control of people with diabetes Mellitus
Authors: Coelho Anna Claudia Martins , Boas Lilian Cristiane Gomes Villas , Gomides Daniele dos Santos , Foss-Freitas Maria Cristina , Pace Ana Emilia
Published: October 2015

Cross-sectional study with the aim to evaluate self-care in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and verify its relationship with sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. The sample included 218 patients under outpatient follow-up. Self-care activities were evaluated by means of a questionnaire that was previously translated and validated for Brazil. The questionnaire items that reached the highest means were related to drug therapy, whereas those with the lowest means were related to the practice of physical activity. Age correlated inversely with physical activity and foot care, and elapsed time since the disease diagnosis showed a direct correlation with blood glucose monitoring. Data showed that self-care activities related to behavioral changes are the ones that require greater investments to achieve its goals, and age and time since diagnosis should be considered in the planning of nursing care for people with diabetes mellitus.
University hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina: the knowledge-power of nurse teachers (1975-1980)
Authors: Carvalho Juliana Bonetti de , Borenstein Miriam Süsskind , Maia Ana Rosete , Caravaca-Morera Jaime Alonso
Published: October 2015

The objective of this study was to historicize the creation of the University Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Catarina and the power of nurse teachers in the organization of the nursing department of this hospital, based on their knowledge. It is a qualitative study and a socio-historical approach that utilizes oral thematic history and documentary analysis. Interviews were conducted with five nurse teachers and a doctor. Data were categorized utilizing thematic context analysis based on the Foucaultian framework. Results demonstrate that the process of construction of the hospital and the organization of the nursing were permeated with struggles and resistance. Nurse teachers exercised the power, ensuring many achievements due to their knowledge. It was concluded that, from the knowledge developed by nurse teachers, the proper professional attitude, and a willingness to provide quality care, the nursing department conquered its space and organized a nursing care systematized in the hospital, which served as a model for several health care institutions.
Estresse ocupacional e satisfação dos usuários com os cuidados de saúde primários em Portugal
Authors: Roque Hugo , Veloso Ana , Silva Isabel , Costa Patrício
Published: October 2015

ResumoOs cuidados de saúde primários sofreram alterações decorrentes de uma reforma cujos princípios se podem inscrever num quadro conceitual designado por alguns autores como "New Public Management". Estas mudanças podem ser geradoras de maiores níveis de estresse ocupacional, com impacto negativo a nível individual e organizacional. Este estudo analisa a experiência de estresse em 305 profissionais de saúde (médicos, enfermeiros e secretários clínicos) e a satisfação, com os serviços prestados por estes, em 392 usuários. A população em estudo está repartida por 10 Unidades de Saúde Familiar modelo A e 10 modelo B. Os resultados encontrados mostram que 84.2% dos profissionais relatam um nível moderado a elevado de estresse ocupacional, sendo os enfermeiros os que apresentam valores mais elevados. Os usuários apresentam bons níveis de satisfação, principalmente com os serviços de enfermagem. Não se verificaram diferenças ao nível de estresse entre as USF modelo A e B, mas verificaram-se ao nível da satisfação dos usuários, estando os das USF modelo B mais satisfeitos. Constatou-se um efeito preditor das dimensões da satisfação dos usuários no estresse relativo ao excesso de trabalho.
A scoping review of definitions and frameworks of intersectoral action
Authors: Dubois Alejandra , St-Pierre Louise , Veras Mirella
Published: October 2015

AbstractIntersectoral action is rooted in all health promotion activities because the determinants of health lie outside of the health sector. Despite the increasing use of these terms (intersectoral action, intersectoral action for health, intersectoral collaboration), often interchangeably, we noted a lack of consensus on their definitions and conceptualizations. The objective of this paper is to report the results of a scoping review of the use of definitions for a set of related terms as well as for conceptual frameworks, including the discussion of the evolution of those definitions and the sectors that use them. Finally, we propose a single definition for each term. We conducted a systematic search for documents published between January, 1960 and March, 2011 in English, French, Spanish and Portuguese. We retrieved 11 to 15 definitions per main term. Using a content analysis approach, an integrative conceptual definition was proposed for four main terms. Furthermore, in reviewing frameworks for potential use, we noted the lack of a comprehensive framework for intersectoral processes.
Políticas públicas de humanização: revisão integrativa da literatura
Authors: Moreira Márcia Adriana Dias Meirelles , Lustosa Abdon Moreira , Dutra Fernando , Barros Eveline de Oliveira , Batista Jaqueline Brito Vidal , Duarte Marcella Costa Souto
Published: October 2015

ResumoO estudo objetivou investigar a produção científica sobre Políticas Públicas de Humanização, disponibilizada em periódicos online, de 2009 a 2012, no campo da Saúde. Trata-se de revisão integrativa da literatura, realizada em bases de dados da Biblioteca Virtual de Saúde: Literatura Latino-americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (Lilacs) e a Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Portal Capes. Os dados foram coletados em julho de 2013. Para tanto, foram empregados os Descritores em Ciências da Saúde (DeCS), a saber: "Humanização da Assistência," "Políticas Públicas," "Política Nacional de Humanização". A amostra foi constituída por 27 artigos acerca da temática investigada. Das publicações selecionadas para a pesquisa, emergiram três categorias temáticas de acordo com os seus respectivos enfoques: Política Nacional de Humanização: trajetória e processos envolvidos em sua implementação; Política Nacional de Humanização: contribuição de profissionais da saúde; e Humanização no processo de cuidar. O estudo possibilitou evidenciar que a Política Nacional de Humanização é um relevante marco de referência na elaboração de práticas de saúde. Por essa razão, é premente a multiplicação de reflexões relacionadas às maneiras de se promover humanização nos serviços saúde.
Programa "Farmácia Popular do Brasil": caracterização e evolução entre 2004-2012
Authors: Silva Rondineli Mendes da , Caetano Rosangela
Published: October 2015

ResumoO Programa Farmácia Popular do Brasil (PFPB) visa aumentar o acesso a medicamentos, disponibilizando produtos subsidiados. Estrutura-se em arranjos que envolvem os setores público e privado. O trabalho descreveu a organização e a expansão do PFPB e examinou o comportamento dos valores de referência (VR) dos medicamentos pagos pelo governo, entre 2004-2012. Estudo exploratório, qualiquantitativo, desenvolvido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica e análise de documentos públicos. Dados quantitativos foram levantados junto ao Ministério da Saúde e Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informações ao Cidadão. O PFPB encontra-se organizado em duas vertentes: Rede Própria estatal, presente desde 2004, e a outra chamada "Aqui Tem Farmácia Popular" (ATFP), estabelecida em parceria com o comércio farmacêutico, que permitiu sua própria expansão, a partir de 2006. Com início em 2011, anti-hipertensivos, antidiabéticos e antiasmáticos foram isentos de cofinanciamento. Identificou-se crescimento do Programa ATFP em termos de unidades credenciadas (750%) e municípios cobertos (528%), com redução média de 33,6% no VR praticado para medicamentos presentes desde seu início. A expansão ocorreu com emprego de ações até então inéditas, como o copagamento e a ampla utilização do comércio varejista.
Desigualdades sociais, políticas de saúde e formação de médicos, enfermeiros e dentistas no Brasil e em Portugal
Authors: Craveiro Isabel Maria Rodrigues , Hortale Virginia Alonso , Oliveira Ana Paula Cavalcante de , Dussault Gilles
Published: October 2015

ResumoO estudo analisa a produção do conhecimento científico sobre desigualdades sociais em saúde e discute sua relação com as políticas de formação de dentistas, enfermeiros e médicos no Brasil e em Portugal. Foram identificados documentos publicados em Português, Francês, Inglês e Espanhol, entre janeiro de 2000 e dezembro de 2012, por meio da combinação de levantamento em bases de dados eletrônicas, manual e intencional da literatura cinzenta. Foram selecionados 53 documentos de um total de 1652. Os resultados mostram escassez de conhecimento para permitir a avaliação das políticas de formação de recursos humanos em saúde em geral e aquelas relativas a médicos, enfermeiros e dentistas, em particular. No Brasil, ainda são poucos os estudos que procuram entender como essa formação pode contribuir para a diminuição das desigualdades e, para Portugal, não encontramos estudos que estabeleçam uma relação direta entre a formação de recursos humanos e um eventual papel que esses poderão desempenhar no combate às desigualdades. Apesar de um grande aumento na produção científica, muitas lacunas persistem nesse campo. A produção de conhecimento e sua relação com a tomada de decisão parecem ainda ser processos separados nos dois países.
Patient delays and system delays in breast cancer treatment in developed and developing countries
Authors: Freitas Angela Gabrielly Quirino , Weller Mathias
Published: October 2015

AbstractDelays in treating breast cancer have been associated with a more advanced stage of the disease and a decrease in patient survival rates. The scope of this integrative review was to analyze the main causal factors and types of patient and system delays. The underlying causal factors of delays were compared among studies conducted in developing and developed countries. Of the 53 studies selected, 24 were carried out in developing countries and 29 in developed countries, respectively. Non-attribution of symptoms to cancer, fear of the disease and treatment and low educational level were the most frequent causes of patient delay. Less comprehensive health insurance coverage, older/younger age and false negative diagnosis tests were the three most common causal factors of system delay. The effects of factors such as age were not decisive per se and depended mainly on the social and cultural context. Some factors caused both patient delay and system delay. Studies conducted in developing countries identified more causal factors of patient delay and had a stronger focus on patient delay or the combination of both. Studies conducted in developed countries had a stronger focus on aspects of system delay during treatment and guidance of breast cancer patients in the health care system.
Equipe de saúde: negociações e limites da autonomia, pertencimento e reconhecimento do outro
Authors: Silva Elaine Menezes da , Moreira Martha Cristina Nunes
Published: October 2015

ResumoBuscamos desvelar o significado do trabalho em equipe dentro da complexidade de uma Unidade Neonatal. As técnicas utilizadas para coleta de dados foram a análise documental, a observação participante e a entrevista. Foram entrevistados 24 profissionais que atuam numa Unidade Neonatal pública e de alta complexidade do município do Rio de Janeiro. Os dados foram desenvolvidos conforme a técnica de análise de conteúdo, na modalidade temática, com base em bibliografia sobre humanização, ergologia e processo de trabalho em saúde e em equipe. Concluímos que, mesmo no ambiente neonatal, a construção do trabalho em equipe se efetiva quando o modo de atendimento está voltado para a lógica orientada pelas necessidades de saúde dos sujeitos, considerando os bebês e suas famílias, perpassando pelas negociações, os limites da autonomia, as noções de pertencimento e o reconhecimento do outro.
Malignant catatonia responsive to low doses of lorazepam: case report
Authors: Matias Diego Fernando Moreira , Ando Sabrina de Mello , Riera Rachel , Góis Aécio Flávio Teixeira de
Published: October 2015

Abstract CONTEXT: Catatonia can be divided into non-malignant or malignant. The latter is characterized by autonomic instability, exhibiting high fever, tachycardia and hypertension, and is regarded as a fulminant and rapidly progressive subtype. CASE REPORT: This article reports a case of malignant catatonia in a 43-year-old patient who had been presenting psychiatric disorders for the last three years. The patient was stable, maintaining mutism, immobility and autonomic abnormalities. Oral lorazepam (1 mg every eight hours) was introduced and, in a few hours, the patient became afebrile. Two days later, the patient was already responding to verbal commands. CONCLUSIONS: Early intervention with lorazepam reduced the evolution of this patient to a fatal complication. Therefore, this case report sought to show that early diagnosis and intervention reduced the occurrence of serious and irreversible clinical outcomes.
The role of diagnostic laparoscopy in gynecology
Authors: Togni Raquel , Benetti-Pinto Cristina Laguna , Yela Daniela Angerame
Published: October 2015

ABSTRACT CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Laparoscopy is a diagnostic method that is currently becoming consolidated for therapeutic use. It consists of endoscopically viewing the abdominal cavity. The aim here was to evaluate the indications for diagnostic videolaparoscopy and the intraoperative findings in an endoscopic gynecology clinic at a tertiary-level hospital over the last five years. DESIGN AND SETTING: Retrospective descriptive study on all diagnostic videolaparoscopy procedures of the last five years carried out in the endoscopic gynecology clinic of a tertiary-level hospital. METHODS: The medical records of 618 women who underwent diagnostic laparoscopy between 2008 and 2012 were analyzed. The clinical characteristics of these women, the indications for videolaparoscopy and the intraoperative findings were evaluated. RESULTS: The women's mean age was 32 ± 6.4 years. Most of the women had already undergone at least one previous operation (60%), which was most frequently a cesarean. The indications for performing videolaparoscopy were infertility in 57%, chronic pelvic pain in 27% and others (intrauterine device, adnexal tumor, ectopic pregnancy or pelvic inflammatory disease) in 16%. The main laparoscopic findings were tubal alterations in the group with infertility (59.78%) and peritoneal alterations in the group with chronic pelvic pain (43.54%). CONCLUSION: The main indications for videolaparoscopy in gynecology were infertility and chronic pelvic pain. However, in most procedures, no abnormalities justifying these complaints were found.
Association of obesity with chronic disease and musculoskeletal factors
Authors: Minghelli Beatriz , Oliveira Raul , Nunes Carla
Published: October 2015

SummaryIntroduction:overweight and obesity in adolescents are major public health problems with particular interest, because of their potential association with risk factors for development of diseases. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity in adolescents in southern Portugal and investigate the association with risk factors for development of cardiovascular, respiratory and musculoskeletal diseases.Methods:the sample consisted of 966 adolescents aged 10 to 16 years. The calculation of body mass index (BMI), evaluation of blood glucose, total cholesterol and triglycerides, blood pressure, spirometry and application of low back pain (LBP) questionnaire were performed.Results:178 (18.4%) adolescents were overweight and 52 (5.4%) obese. None of the variables revealed a statistically significant association with overweight and obesity. The presence of high blood pressure was observed in 200 (20.7%) individuals and hypertension in 158 (16.4%) adolescents. Overweight and obese adolescents are 2.3 times more likely to develop signs of pre-hypertension and hypertension. 559 (57.9%) students had restrictive respiratory disorders and 23 (2.4%) had obstructive disorders. Those who were overweight and obese had 0.64 probability of having restrictive respiratory disorders.Conclusion:there was a high prevalence of overweight and obesity in Portuguese adolescents and these showed a statistically significant relationship with the development of pre-hypertension and hypertension, and restrictive respiratory disorders.
Practices for rational use of blood components in a universitary hospital
Authors: Leão Sydney Correia , Gomes Mariana Araújo Bezerra , Aragão Mila Cintra de Azevedo , Lobo Iza Maria Fraga
Published: October 2015

SummaryObjective:to produce improvements in transfusion practices through the implementation of an educational program for health professionals in a university hospital.Methods:this is an interventional and prospective study, with pre- and postanalysis of an educational intervention. The research was developed at the University Hospital of the Universidade Federal de Sergipe, involving participation of health professionals in the stage of training, during the month of February 2011, in addition to the monitoring of blood transfusions performed in the preand post-intervention periods. Transfusion practices were investigated upon request for transfusion or devolution of unused blood components. Knowledge of health professionals was assessed based on the responses to a questionnaire about transfusion practices.Results:during the educative campaign, 63 professionals were trained, including 33 nurses or nursing technicians and 30 physicians. Among the doctors, there was a statistically significant gain of 20.1% in theoretical knowledge (p=0.037). Gain in the nursing group was even higher: 30.4% (p=0.016). The comparative analysis of transfusion request forms showed a non-significant decrease from 26.7 to 19.5% (p=0.31) in all forms with incomplete information. We also observed a statistically significant improvement in relation to the filling of four items of transfusion request.Conclusion:there was a significant improvement of the entire process related to blood transfusions after interventional project conducted in February 2011.
A preliminary analysis of the reduction of chemotherapy waste in the treatment of cancer with centralization of drug preparation
Authors: Hyeda Adriano , Costa Elide Sbardellotto Mariano da
Published: October 2015

SummaryIntroduction:chemotherapy is essential to treat most types of cancer. Often, there is chemotherapy waste in the preparation of drugs prescribed to the patient. Leftover doses result in toxic waste production.Objective:the aim of the study was to analyze chemotherapy waste reduction at a centralized drug preparation unit.Methods:the study was cross-sectional, observational and descriptive, conducted between 2010 and 2012. The data were obtained from chemotherapy prescriptions made by oncologists linked to a health insurance plan in Curitiba, capital of the state of Paraná, in southern Brazil. Dose and the cost of chemotherapy waste were calculated in each application, considering the dose prescribed by the doctor and the drug dosages available for sale. The variables were then calculated considering a hypothetical centralized drug preparation unit.Results:there were 176 patients with a cancer diagnosis, 106 of which underwent treatment with intravenous chemotherapy. There were 1,284 applications for intravenous anticancer medications. There was a total of 63,824mg in chemotherapy waste, the cost of which was BRL 448,397.00. The average cost of chemotherapy waste per patient was BRL 4,607.00. In the centralized model, there was 971.80mg of chemotherapy waste, costing BRL 13,991.64. The average cost of chemotherapy waste per patient was BRL 132.00.Conclusion:the use of centralized drug preparation units may be a strategy to reduce chemotherapy waste.
Ler e escrever na universidade: um fazer sócio-histórico-cultural
Authors: Pereira Rodrigo Acosta , Braga Sandro
Published: October 2015

ResumoO presente artigo objetiva delinear uma discussão teórico-metodológica acerca das práticas de ensino e de aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita na esfera acadêmica à luz das considerações epistemológicas de cunho sócio-histórico. Para tanto, revisitamos os escritos do Círculo de Bakhtin, assim como as postulações dos Novos Estudos de Letramento, a fim de construir inteligibilidades em torno das práticas de uso da língua escrita na universidade. Acreditamos que o trabalho apresenta-se relevante não apenas porque, a nosso ver, procura contribuir com as discussões atuais da Linguística Aplicada sobre as práticas de escrita e leitura na academia, como, por conseguinte, corrobora as contribuições dos estudos bakhtinianos e as pesquisas sobre letramento acadêmico para a ressignificação do fazer pedagógico em torno do ensino e da aprendizagem da leitura e da escrita na universidade.
Gender in the allocation of organs in kidney transplants: meta-analysis
Authors: Santiago Erika Vieira Almeida e , Silveira Micheline Rosa , Araújo Vânia Eloisa de , Farah Katia de Paula , Acurcio Francisco de Assis , Ceccato Maria das Graças Braga
Published: October 2015

OBJECTIVE To analyze whether gender influence survival results of kidney transplant grafts and patients.METHODS Systematic review with meta-analysis of cohort studies available on Medline (PubMed), LILACS, CENTRAL, and Embase databases, including manual searching and in the grey literature. The selection of studies and the collection of data were conducted twice by independent reviewers, and disagreements were settled by a third reviewer. Graft and patient survival rates were evaluated as effectiveness measurements. Meta-analysis was conducted with the Review Manager® 5.2 software, through the application of a random effects model. Recipient, donor, and donor-recipient gender comparisons were evaluated.RESULTS : Twenty-nine studies involving 765,753 patients were included. Regarding graft survival, those from male donors were observed to have longer survival rates as compared to the ones from female donors, only regarding a 10-year follow-up period. Comparison between recipient genders was not found to have significant differences on any evaluated follow-up periods. In the evaluation between donor-recipient genders, male donor-male recipient transplants were favored in a statistically significant way. No statistically significant differences were observed in regards to patient survival for gender comparisons in all follow-up periods evaluated.CONCLUSIONS The quantitative analysis of the studies suggests that donor or recipient genders, when evaluated isolatedly, do not influence patient or graft survival rates. However, the combination between donor-recipient genders may be a determining factor for graft survival.
A aprendizagem contextualizada: análise dos seus fundamentos e práticas pedagógicas
Authors: Festas Maria Isabel Ferraz
Published: October 2015

Neste artigo, é abordada a aprendizagem contextualizada, bem como alguns dos seus fundamentos pedagógicos e psicológicos, nomeadamente aqueles que se reportam à pedagogia crítica e à aprendizagem situada. Partindo de estudos acerca do funcionamento cognitivo humano e de resultados de investigações empíricas, é dedicada uma especial atenção à análise de algumas das suas ideias fundamentais, como a de que os currículos devem basear-se na experiência dos alunos, a de que a aprendizagem necessita partir de atividades autênticas, e a que advoga o recurso aos métodos da descoberta. Muitos trabalhos da psicologia cognitiva, como os da teoria da carga cognitiva, não reforçam a ideia de uma aprendizagem baseada em atividades autênticas, na medida em que esta não promove a aquisição e automatização de conhecimentos em um domínio de especialidade nem reduz a carga cognitiva imposta pelas tarefas. Quanto aos estudos empíricos, embora eles mostrem que uma instrução guiada traz benefícios à aprendizagem, também revelam que a descoberta, se acompanhada de orientações, pode mostrar-se eficaz. Este resultado chama a atenção para a necessidade de se desenvolver investigação que, explorando as relações entre os dois tipos de métodos, permita um melhor conhecimento de como dosear a descoberta com instruções e, simultaneamente, abra a possibilidade de um diálogo entre diferentes concepções de educação.
La formación de conceptos: una comparación entre los enfoques cognitivista y histórico-cultural
Authors: Ramos Serpa Gerardo , López Falcón Adriana
Published: October 2015

La formación de conceptos es uno de los componentes esenciales tanto del proceso de creación y desarrollo del conocimiento, como de instrucción y aprendizaje en el contexto educacional. Entre las tendencias pedagógicas que estudian esta problemática se encuentran el cognitivismo y el enfoque histórico-cultural. A su vez, la formación de conceptos en el marco del proceso interactivo de enseñanza-aprendizaje tiene lugar en correspondencia con los fundamentos lógico-gnoseológicos que le sirven de base. Se propone como objetivo de este estudio valorar críticamente los fundamentos lógico-gnoseológicos presentes en la comprensión e implementación de tal proceso desde las perspectivas de ambas tendencias, tomando como referencia a dos de los principales representantes de las mismas: David Ausubel y Lev Vygotsky, respectivamente. En el caso de Ausubel, junto a la presencia de aspectos positivos, se aprecian inconsecuencias que hacen que predomine un enfoque lógico-formal que lastra el fundamento científicamente consecuente y el grado de efectividad en la implementación del proceso de formación de conceptos. En el caso de Vygotsky, sin dejar de observar limitaciones en sus fundamentos lógico-gnoseológicos relacionadas con la identificación terminológica en ocasiones de la naturaleza de lo práctico con la del pensamiento o entre conceptos y abstracciones, no obstante se aprecia un mayor grado de cientificidad y consecuencia en las bases de dicho proceso a partir de un análisis lógico dialéctico de contenido basado en lo social y cultural. El estudio de los mismos contribuye a elaborar una comprensión más integral del complejo proceso de formación de conceptos.
Práticas pedagógicas de ensinar-aprender: por entre resistências e resignações
Authors: Franco Maria Amélia Santoro
Published: October 2015

O presente artigo tem como pressuposto a consideração de que as práticas pedagógicas se configuram na mediação com o outro, ou com os outros, e é esse outro que oferece às práticas seu espaço de possibilidade. Contraditoriamente, observa-se que as práticas podem funcionar como espaço de resistência e de reverberação de múltiplas dominações; portanto, como um espaço eivado de contradições. Os dados empíricos que permitiram a construção desses pressupostos decorrem de uma pesquisa-ação pedagógica (FRANCO, 2012) realizada com docentes de ensino fundamental. A análise desses dados, realizada por meio da hermenêutica crítica, permite a discussão de três objetivos: a) analisar a abrangência e as possibilidades da prática pedagógica como espaço de contradição e de resistência; b) compreender a importância da pedagogia como ciência que pode esclarecer e indicar reflexões para as resistências que, inexoravelmente, impõem-se às práticas; e c) identificar as possibilidades da pesquisa-ação pedagógica como instrumento de mediação das contradições e como dispositivo formativo na negociação de sentidos que emergem das práxis. Conclui compreendendo que, na tensão primordial inerente ao processo de ensinar-aprender, convivem resistências e resignações; aprendizagens e possibilidades. As práticas pedagógicas operam a partir do diálogo fecundo, crítico e reflexivo, que se estabelece entre os múltiplos sujeitos, entre intencionalidades e ações. A retirada dessa esfera de reflexão crítica e do diálogo entre intencionalidades e ações implica o empobrecimento do sentido da prática educativa. Reafirma-se que os princípios fundadores da pesquisa-ação pedagógica podem auxiliar na ressignificação de práticas escolares.
Mechanisms of Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor γ Regulation by Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs
Authors: Puhl Ana C. , Milton Flora A. , Cvoro Aleksandra , Sieglaff Douglas H. , Campos Jéssica C.L. , Bernardes Amanda , Filgueira Carly S. , Lindemann Jan Lammel , Deng Tuo , Neves Francisco A.R. , Polikarpov Igor , Webb Paul
Published: October 2015

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) display anti-inflammatory, antipyretic and analgesic properties by inhibiting cyclooxygenases and blocking prostaglandin production. Previous studies, however, suggested that some NSAIDs also modulate peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs), raising the possibility that such off target effects contribute to the spectrum of clinically relevant NSAID actions. In this study, we set out to understand how peroxisome proliferator activated receptor-γ (PPARγ/PPARG) interacts with NSAIDs using X-ray crystallography and to relate ligand binding modes to effects on receptor activity. We find that several NSAIDs (sulindac sulfide, diclofenac, indomethacin and ibuprofen) bind PPARγ and modulate PPARγ activity at pharmacologically relevant concentrations. Diclofenac acts as a partial agonist and binds to the PPARγ ligand binding pocket (LBP) in typical partial agonist mode, near the β-sheets and helix 3. By contrast, two copies of indomethacin and sulindac sulfide bind the LBP and, in aggregate, these ligands engage in LBP contacts that resemble agonists. Accordingly, both compounds, and ibuprofen, act as strong partial agonists. Assessment of NSAID activities in PPARγ-dependent 3T3-L1 cells reveals that NSAIDs display adipogenic activities and exclusively regulate PPARγ-dependent target genes in a manner that is consistent with their observed binding modes. Further, PPARγ knockdown eliminates indomethacin activities at selected endogenous genes, confirming receptor-dependence of observed effects. We propose that it is important to consider how individual NSAIDs interact with PPARγ to understand their activities, and that it will be interesting to determine whether high dose NSAID therapies result in PPAR activation.
Evidence obtained through violating the right to freedom from torture and other cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment in South Africa
Authors: Mujuzi Jamil Ddamulira
Published: October 2015

Although South African courts have expressly held that any evidence obtained through torture is always inadmissible, the author is unaware of a decision from a South African court to the effect that evidence obtained through cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment is, like evidence obtained through torture, inadmissible in all circumstances. In this article, the author first deals with the issue of evidence obtained through torture and thereafter relies on the practice of international and regional human rights bodies, such as the Committee against Torture, the Human Rights Committee, the UN Special Rapporteur on Torture, the UN Special Rapporteur on the Independence of Judges and Lawyers, the European Court of Human Rights and the African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights, and some of the sections of the South African Constitution, to argue that South Africa has an international obligation to exclude any evidence obtained through cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. In support of this argument, the author relies on the jurisprudence of the South African Supreme Court of Appeal on the nature of the right to freedom from torture and argues that the same approach could be applied to the right to freedom from cruel, inhuman and degrading treatment. Key words: evidence obtained; torture, cruel, inhuman; South Africa; admissibility; exclusionary rule
Cultural rights versus human rights: A critical analysis of the trokosi practice in Ghana and the role of civil society
Authors: Asomah Joseph Yaw
Published: October 2015

In this article, I examine critically the culture versus human rights debate, and the crucial role and tactics of civil society organisations, drawing on insights from transnational advocacy networking, in the struggle to extend human rights to vulnerable people with reference to the trokosi practice in Ghana. This trokosi system turns virgin girls into slaves of the gods to atone for crimes committed by their family members. Theoretically, universal human rights must take precedence over any demand for cultural rights. In practice, however, the actual enforcement of human rights laws that conflict with other cultural values and practices can be more messy and complex than it is often conceptualised. Essentially, universal human rights accommodate, recognise and promote cultural rights; however, the latter ends at a point where its observance is likely to result in the violation of the fundamental human rights of others. I conclude that, although the call for cultural pluralism and the need to celebrate and respect the diversity of cultures sound legitimate, this demand cannot be allowed to trump the minimum package of the fundamental human rights that protect human dignity, wellbeing and integrity within the context of human rights protocols that state parties already have ratified. Yet, for this to materialise, stronger civil society organisations with a solid broad-based networking capacity and tenacity of purpose are crucial. This article helps to extend our current knowledge of human rights struggles and the implications these have for the furtherance of universal human rights. Key words: universal human rights; cultural relativism; trokosi; civil society; transnational advocacy networking; Ghana
Parenting and Parenthoodas Research Domains
Authors: Polivanova K.N.
Published: October 2015

The article presents an analysis of a number of publications which concern the modern socio-cultural situation and its consequences on contemporary parenthood. The constructs "parenthood" and "parenting" are presented the first one refers to a social role of an adult with a child in relation to other social roles and the latter with the process of child rearing. The major social trends are presented: Contemporary parenthood is analyzed and problematized due to the nature of modern challenges faced by educated parents. The following trends are discussed: erosion of understandable, clearly presented stereotypes and patterns of child rearing in the family, increase of variability of practices of child-parent interaction, growth of supply on the market of goods and services. All these major social trends bring to the sunset of "natural" parenthood and the decision to have a child turns to be a consciously planned strategy. The article shows that the appeal to expert knowledge in child rearing which is characteristic of postmodern era leads to new uncertainties due to the variety of inconsistent advice and expertise. Discussion of the transformations experienced by the family shows the transition from child-centered to adult-centered pattern. Thus, the conclusion is that contemporary parenting takes place against many (conscious and unconscious) contradictions, particularly between the growing importance of the values of self-realization and commitment and the value of parenthood. This contradiction brings to stress and anxiety which in turn damages the perception of oneself as a parent. The growth of interest in the study of parental identity and self-efficacy is considered to be a promising direction of research.
The Implementation of the Activity Approach in the Primary School Teachers Training
Authors: Sanina S.P. , Enzhevskaya M.V.
Published: October 2015

The article discusses the problem of training students according to the model of practice-oriented teachers’ training in bachelor of «Psycho-pedagogical Education» (Primary school teacher), course «Introduction to the profession» as example. The authors suggest possible ways of designing the course according to the activity approach and set the new goal of the course, which is traditional for many educational programs. Particular attention is paid to the suggestion of the problem, which bachelor students must solve performing educational activities. The authors have identified specific practical problems, allowing students to outline a course plan as a «traffic scheme». The authors provided examples of practical tasks for students, as well as criteria for evaluating of self-developed testing tasks for the students. The article analyzes the first testing results and presented fragments of essays that students wrote at the end of the course.
Peculiarities of the Intentionality of Teenagers Studying in the a Specialized and Basic Education Programs
Authors: Kondratyev M.D.
Published: October 2015

The article presents the results of an empirical study of intentionality of adolescents studying in the a specialized and basic educational program. Intentionality of the individual is considered in two aspects: time (temporal) and content. The temporal aspect of personal intentionality investigated by determining the type of time perspective using the questionnaire by F.Zimbardo, while content aspect investigated by determining the orientation of the person (focus on themselves, or on the interaction, or on the task, determined by B.Bass orientation questionnaire). The article marked features peculiar to two aspects of the personal intentionality of teenage students studying in classes with the specific and the basic educational program. There are differences in the time component of the personal intentionality in the «Positive past» and «Future» orientation types and in content component in "Focusing on the interaction" and "Focus on the task" types. The article confirms the hypothesis of significant differences in the characteristics of temporal and content components of the personal intentionality of the teenagers, interprets the results, and gives the prospects of the study.
Ideas about the Profession of Short-term Course Graduates, Services Sector as Example
Authors: Khukhlaev O.E. , Gliznutsin D.V.
Published: October 2015

The article presents the results of the study of ideas about the profession of short-term course graduates who have studied nail service in Moscow. We assumed that some of the ideas remain the same within six months of professional activity while the other change and become more practical. To ensure the integrity of the investigation in the structure of ideas about the profession we highlighted socio-economic, socio-psychological and technical aspects. According to these aspects we have developed a questionnaire and interviewed short-term course graduates (52 people, 16 to 67 years, female) twice: at the beginning of study and after six months. We have identified significant factors of profession ideas aspects and interpret them. It is shown that the dynamics of the ideas about the profession can be studied at the short-term course graduates. The practical results are useful to short-term course teachers for accurate pedagogical influence.
EFEITOS TERAPÊUTICOS DO DIODO EMISSOR DE LUZ - LED EM MASTITES LACTACIONAIS
Authors: Melo Santos Mônica Cristina , Gomes Filho Francisco da Costa , Nicolau Renata Amadei
Published: October 2015

Mastite é o processo inflamatório de um ou mais segmentos da mama, que pode ou não progredir para infecção bacteriana. Suas taxas de ocorrência variam de 4% a 8,5% em todas as lactantes; e, os abscessos mamários em 5% a 11% dos casos, representando incidência de 0,4 a 0,5% de todas as lactantes. O tratamento clínico consiste no combate à infecção e no uso de analgésicos. Dentre as formas terapêuticas utilizadas para alívio da dor está a Terapia a Laser de Baixa Intensidade - TLBI; cuja eficácia na redução dos sintomas álgicos tem sido evidenciada por vários autores em diferentes especialidades; isto porque diversas reações teciduais podem ser obtidas; porém a escolha do comprimento de onda, dosagem e tempo de exposição estão relacionadas com alguns fatores intrínsecos da paciente, como nutrição tecidual e sistêmica, idade, e, sexo; o que justifica as diferentes respostas. O Laser possui propriedades que o diferenciam de outras fontes luminosas: monocromaticidade, coerência e colimação; e, como a resposta celular à fotoestimulação não está associada às suas propriedades específicas, como a coerência, permitiu - se o trabalho com fontes emissoras de luz não coerentes, como os Diodos Emissores de Luz - LEDs - dispositivos mais baratos, de fácil manuseio, e que operam com correntes elétricas relativamente baixas em comparação aos laseres. Poucos trabalhos foram realizados com o LED em reparo tecidual, não se observando o emprego desta ferramenta terapêutica em mastites, sendo, portanto, objeto de estudo desta revisão.
AÇÃO DO LASER DE BAIXA INTENSIDADE NA PRODUÇÃO DE METABÓLITOS SECUNDÁRIOS DO DERMATÓFITO TRICHOPHYTON RUBRUM
Authors: Siqueira Idália Aparecida Waltrick de Brito , Junior Milton Beltrame , Posso Maria Belen Salazar , Silva Newton Soares da
Published: October 2015

A ação do laser arseneto de gálio alumínio (GaAlAs) nos comprimentos de onda 685nm e 830nm em cultura de Trichophyton rubrum, foi estudada visando obter  os metabólitos secundários e avaliar  a citotoxicidade dos mesmos em cultura de células. Foram utilizadas cepas do dermatófito T. rubrum provenientes do laboratório de Microbiologia da Universidade do Vale do Paraíba. O cultivo foi realizado em meio de cultura sólido de ágar Sabouraud (Merck, Alemanha) em placa de Petri. A colônia de T. rubrum foi irradiada com o laser (GaAlAs) a uma distância de 1cm da placa e incubadas em estufa 26ºC. Para o ensaio de citotoxicidade foi utilizada a linhagem ce-lular L929 (tecido conjuntivo de camundongo) proveniente do laboratório Adolf Lutz em São Paulo. As células foram plaqueadas e incubadas com o extrato fúngico em diferentes concentrações, por 1 h. Após esta incubação foi reali-zado o teste de Metil tiazol tetrazólio (MTT) para avaliação da citotoxicidade. Obteve-se uma diferença no cresci-mento das colônias controle e irradiadas a 685 nm estatisticamente significante (p<0,05). Na análise estatística com-parativa da citotoxicidade causada pelos extratos nas concentrações 2,5 mg/ml e 25x10-6 mg/ml, foi obtido p<0,05, o mesmo ocorreu entre as concentrações 25x10-2 mg/ml e 25x10-6 mg/ml. Na concentração de 25x10-2 mg/ml, observa-se uma elevação considerável (78,55%) na atividade mitocondrial dos grupos com tratamento em relação ao controle. O laser GaAlAs, nas condições metodológicas deste estudo, apresentou efeitos no metabolismo celular, alteração de morfologia e da taxa de crescimento da colônia in vitro. O extrato fúngico das colônias irradiadas apre-sentou efeito bioestimulador quando comparado ao extrato obtido do grupo controle e sem tratamento com laser.