bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Henig David
Published: May 2021

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the book’s focus. This book explores what it means to live a Muslim life amid the political ruptures, economic deprivation, and transformation of religious institutions in postsocialist and postwar Bosnia-Herzegovina. It focuses on how various postsocialist and postwar materialities and fabrics of social life are understood and infused with Islam, and vice versa. It does so in three ways. First, it challenges the reductive analyses of Islam and Muslim lives in postsocialist, postwar Bosnia and Herzegovina as being solely matter of ethnonational struggles and politics. Instead, the introduction develops the interlocked conceptual frames of “everyday historical work” and “vital exchange” to ethnographically elucidate how living a Muslim life in rural Bosnia and Herzegovina is ordered and inscribed by deep relations of obligation and care with the living, the dead, and the divine over a long period of time that spans generations. Finally, it provides an overview of the author's fieldwork as well as of the chapters that follow.
Blessing Falling from the Sky
Authors: Henig David
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores the dynamics unfolding around the politics of Muslim holy sites in Bosnia and Herzegovina today. It focuses on the outdoor spaces of veneration and prayer (dovište), from small village spaces to larger regional pilgrimage sites. These sites offer a window onto the historical, political, and religious transformations and continuities that have taken place around them over the last hundred years. It shows how the Muslim holy sites became a nexus for local Muslims, national politicians, and numerous international faith-based organizations from Turkey and the Gulf countries to articulate their agendas and interests. Through ethnography of several Muslim holy sites, it illustrates wider ambiguities and areas of contestation over Islamic religious authority, authenticity, and control of historical narratives in postsocialist, postwar Bosnian Muslim politics at large.
Developing an Intervention
Authors: Wenzel Andrea
Published: May 2021

Chapter Three integrates previous research on solutions journalism and engaged journalism into a communication infrastructure theory framework, which looks at the health of local “storytelling network” ties between local media, organizations, and residents. This framework is used to assess storytelling networks, then design and pilot interventions to strengthen them. It focuses on Western Kentucky, an economically marginalized, but more rural region with a different demographic and political context to previous urban cases. The chapter explores how place identity and political polarization affect ties between residents, community groups, and local journalists. It then looks at a series of pilot interventions that grew out of a participatory design process—including an online and offline town hall, a participatory journalism program, and a series of listening sessions focused on informal rural gathering spaces. It explores how these interventions address key trustworthiness factors, and account for the needs and assets of local places.
Introduction
Authors: Chávez Karma R. , Luibhéid Eithne
Published: May 2021

Globally, nearly 300 million people live either as international migrants1 or internally displaced people.2 Over the past several decades, the number of people compelled to leave their homes has continued to grow, and along with such growth, migrant detentions and deportations have skyrocketed in the United States (from where we live and write) and globally. Except for those who can show that they fit into a narrow spectrum of state-designated family ties, skill sets, large bank accounts, or protection needs, possibilities for acquiring legal status have been greatly reduced or entirely cut. Legally present migrants, too, increasingly lose status and become routed into detention and deportation. Legal channels disappear even as countries like the United States remain “reliant on the … dispossession and disavowal of Indigenous peoples, global circuits of expropriated labor, economies of racialization, and its expansive network of military bases,” which generate continual international migration....
Resettlement as Securitization
Authors: Saleh Fadi
Published: May 2021

This first-person activist reflection discusses the author’s experience immigrating to Canada as a queer AIDS activist. The author situates his experience navigating HIV-positive-exclusionary immigration policies where the only avenue for immigrating while HIV-positive is through gay marriage. Canada maintains a draconian set of discriminatory laws regarding the so-called “excessive demand” HIV-positive immigrants put on the publicly funded health care system in Canada. This piece briefly looks at the history of HIV travel and immigration bans as well as proposed HIV quarantine legislation across Canada. While Canada is often regarded as more progressive than the United States in many ways, its HIV immigration ban and high prosecution and conviction rate for HIV nondisclosure make Canada one of the most legally precarious countries for HIV-positive people in the west.
O Canada
Authors: Conrad Ryan
Published: May 2021

The chapter first provides a historical context for understanding the development of U.S. immigration controls that seek to reproduce a heteronormative nation and citizenry. The next sections explore how these controls position numerous migrants, including queer and trans people, as “illegal” and subject to detention and deportation. The final section explains that these developments reproduce inequalities among the citizenry while also subordinating migrants; yet, activisms and cultural work by queer and trans migrants and allies have sought to transform these dynamics and foster a more just world.
Validation through Documentation
Authors: Cáraves Jack , Salcedo Bamby
Published: May 2021

This chapter explores how Iranian LGBTI refugees waiting in Turkey negotiate and respond to the tightening asylum policies of several nation-states. The recent asylum policies of the United States and Canada have stranded refugees in Turkey for an undetermined period of time, severely undermining the prospect for their resettlement. At the same time, Turkey’s emergency decree laws implemented in the wake of the coup attempt have expanded the securitization of asylum, putting refugees at greater risk of detention and deportation. Overwhelmed by the unsafety of their present and uncertainty of their future, refugees also respond to violence and uncertainty through humor and sarcasm, political and communal organizing, and alternative support networks.
Monarchs and Queers
Authors: Nair Yasmin
Published: May 2021

This chapter emerges from the reflections of a longtime organizer with several autonomous collectives. The author shares two letters he wrote to would-be allies; one that asked them for money in order to get his father back from Mexico, and a second that thanks those who supported his efforts. Each of these letters critique family separations and the politics of solidarity and “help.”
The Rhetoric of Family in the U.S. Immigration Movement
Authors: Chávez Karma R. , Masri Hana
Published: May 2021

This reflection describes the author’s experiences organizing with the National Queer Asian Pacific Islander Alliance (NQAPIA) to build deeper solidarities between marginalized queer and trans Asian/Pacific Islanders and Black Lives Matter agendas. The author details a series of actions and campaigns to draw attention to shared experiences of policing, surveillance, and profiling. These actions involved storytelling, guerrilla street theater, and political education.
From Slave Cabins to the White House
Authors: Mitchell Koritha
Published: May 2021

This book argues for a new reading practice. Rather than approach art and literature from marginalized groups as examples of protest or as responses to “dominant” culture, it demonstrates the power of reading through the lens of achievement, using case studies from black expressive culture. Even while bombarded with racist and sexist violence, African Americans remain focused on defining, redefining, and pursuing success. By examining canonical examples of black women’s cultural production, this study reveals how African Americans keep each other oriented toward accomplishment through an ongoing, multivalent community conversation. Analyzing widely taught and discussed works from the 1860s to the present (via Michelle Obama’s public persona), the book traces “homemade citizenship”—the result of practices of making-oneself-at-home, practices of affirming oneself while knowing violence will answer one’s achievements and assertions of belonging. The texts examined include Harriet Jacobs’s Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl (1861), Elizabeth Keckley’s Behind the Scenes; Or, Thirty Years a Slave and Four Years in the White House (1868), Frances E. W. Harper’s Iola Leroy (1892), Pauline Hopkins’s Contending Forces (1900), Nella Larsen’s Quicksand (1928), Zora Neale Hurston’s Their Eyes Were Watching God (1937), Lorraine Hansberry’s A Raisin in the Sun (1959), Alice Childress’s Wine in the Wilderness (1969), Octavia Butler’s Kindred (1979), Toni Morrison’s Beloved (1987), and Michelle Obama’s first lady persona. [220 of 225 words]
No, Really
Authors: Mitchell Koritha
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Frances E. W. Harper’s Iola Leroy (1892) and Pauline Hopkins’s Contending Forces (1900), representative black domestic novels, the genre that 1980s and 1990s black feminism used to usher black women’s literature into the canon. Refusing to treat black domestic fiction as a response to black women’s exclusion from the cult of true womanhood, this chapter highlights the trope of homemade citizenship, which has been overlooked because readers assume artistic works either protest injustice or ignore the reasons for protest. Both novels revolve around racial uplift, and because they define it as collective practices of making-oneself-at-home, they highlight the importance of the community conversation to help black women claim their right to every aspect of success, including romantic love. [121 of 125 words]
Still the Master’s House?
Authors: Mitchell Koritha
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines novels that revisit slavery: Kindred (1979) by Octavia Butler and Beloved (1987) by Toni Morrison. These texts exemplify black women’s attempts in the 1970s and 1980s to create spaces of empowerment for modern women and places of honor for women ancestors at a time when Alex Haley’s Roots and Kunta Kinte had overtaken the community conversation. Butler and Morrison expose the damage done when African Americans assume female forebears had functioned primarily as race traitors and matriarchs. Their novels suggest that black success requires more nuanced understandings of how the past affects the present. [97 of 125]
West of Jim Crow
Authors: Hudson Lynn M.
Published: May 2021

This book follows California’s history of segregation from statehood to the beginning of the long civil rights movement, arguing that the state innovated methods to control and contain African Americans and other people of color. While celebrated in popular discourse for its forward-thinking culture, politics, and science, California also pioneered new ways to keep citizenship white. Schools, streetcars, restaurants, theaters, parks, beaches, and pools were places of contestation where the presence of black bodies elicited forceful responses from segregationists. Black Californians employed innovative measures to dismantle segregation in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries; they borrowed some tactics from race rebels in the South, others they improvised. West of Jim Crow uses California to highlight the significance of African American resistance to racial restrictions in places often deemed marginal to mainstream civil rights histories. Examining segregation in the state sheds light on the primacy of gender and sexuality in the minds of segregationists and the significance of black women, black bodies, and racial science, in the years preceding the modern civil rights struggle. California has much to teach us about the lives of African Americans who crossed the color line and the variety of tactics and strategies employed by freedom fighters across the United States.
Freedom Claims
Authors: Hudson Lynn M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the history of California’s commitment to Jim Crow, a history that begins during the state’s earliest years. African Americans loomed large in the minds of California’s earliest legislators and politicians. Black codes became a prominent feature of the state’s legal system and developed in tandem with scientific racism. Black bodies as a site of difference became a staple of the public discourse of citizenship. Resistance to the state’s color line took place at parades, in court, in schools, on streetcars, and on stage, all places African Americans were discouraged or prohibited from occupying. Gendered politics infused this first western campaign for civil rights and women’s participation would be pivotal in the ongoing struggle for racial justice.
A Lesson in Lynching
Authors: Hudson Lynn M.
Published: May 2021

This chapter focuses on the 1933 lynching of white kidnappers Thomas H. Thurmond and James M. Holmes in San Jose, a crime that sent shock waves across the country. In fact, this hanging received more attention from the press than any other lynching in U.S. history. After a ferocious mob dragged the two white men from jail, they hanged them from oak trees in the city park. The murders, and Governor James Rolph Jr.’s support for lynchers, became a centerpiece of national discussions of mob violence, the power of the state, and the antilynching movement.
Epilogue
Authors: Hudson Lynn M.
Published: May 2021

This last section considers Pasadena’s groundbreaking resistance to Brown v. Board of Education, circling back to the book’s overall argument that California was an innovator of methods to restrict and contain black bodies. The history and memory of segregation in California has been submerged or forgotten and the epilogue considers the implications of such practices.
Starring Women
Authors: Lampert Sara E.
Published: May 2021

Star actresses and dancers were among the most publicly visible, celebrated, and often polarizing female public figures in the early United States. This book examines the careers and celebrity of the women and girls from Europe and America whose fame drove the growth and transformation of theater between 1790 and 1850 from the Atlantic seaboard to the trans-Appalachian West. Starring women introduced new repertoire—melodramas, breeches roles, dance pantomime and ballet—that catalyzed debates about social ownership of American culture, regional and national identity, and women’s place in public life. This book transforms existing understandings of early U.S. theater and culture by examining a broad cohort of understudied figures and argues that women stars were vital to the development of transatlantic and U.S. entertainment, celebrity culture, and gender ideology. Most significantly, starring women lived and performed the tensions and contradictions of changing nineteenth-century gender roles. As this book demonstrates, even while they achieved unprecedented levels of wealth and prominence through the “starring system,” the patriarchal family structures that governed women’s lives and careers conditioned their participation in the industry. The celebrity culture that expanded from the 1820s demanded that starring women conform to new standards of sentimental domestic femininity, even as the structural realities of their lives defied such standards. Starring women were exceptional figures who mapped the margins of a narrowing white middle-class domestic ideal.
Introduction
Authors: Lampert Sara E.
Published: May 2021

The introduction sets up the centrality of women and girls to the growth of American theater seen through the development of the starring system and establishes the role of patriarchal institutions, including celebrity culture, in shaping their lives and careers. It follows a survey of prevailing scholarly arguments about the changing structure and content of antebellum theater, women’s changing relationship with public life, and the rise of modern celebrity culture by establishing the book’s key contributions to the literature. This book centers the structural and aesthetic contributions of women to the growth of American theater and offering new analysis of their lived and performed negotiation of American gender ideologies, focused on a broader cohort of historical figures, as shown in the chapter overview.
Danger, Desire, and Celebrity Mania
Authors: Lampert Sara E.
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines the 1840-42 celebrity tour of Viennese dancer Fanny Elssler, which generated public enthusiasm described as "Elsslermania.” This celebrity mania demonstrated the possibilities of new mass media and marketing. It also offered contradictory views of American tastes and social behavior. Journalists read the dancer in relation to her publics. She was cast in idealized, sentimental terms and as a dangerous foreign threat to American society for both disrupting republican manhood and threatening genteel womanhood. Her draw with white middle-class publics signaled the growing gentrification of theater while producing alarm. Ultimately, this media-generated panic may have done more to enhance rather than damage her popularity—and profitability to journalists trafficking in her image.
Black Queer Freedom
Authors: Avilez GerShun
Published: May 2021

In this book, GerShun Avilez argues that queerness, here meaning same-sex desire and gender nonconformity, introduces the threat of injury and that artists throughout the Black diaspora use queer desire to negotiate spaces of injury. The space of injury does not necessarily pertain to a particular architecture or location; it concerns the perception and engagement of a body. Black queer bodies are perceived as social threats, and this perception results in threats (physical, psychological, socioeconomic) against these bodies. The space of injury describes the potential threat to queer bodies that lingers throughout the social world. Attending to such threats and challenging them constitute defining elements in Black queer artists’ work. In each of the two parts to the book, the author examines how perceptions of the Black queer body in different environments create uncertainty for that body and make it a contested space because of racial and sexual meaning. Part 1 focuses on movement through public space (through streets and across borders) and on how state-backed interruptions seek to inhibit queer bodies. Part 2 explores movement through institutional spaces (prisons and hospitals), which seek to expose the queer body to make it vulnerable to control. Ultimately, the book insists that desire and artistic production function as means to queer freedom when actual policies and legislation fail to ensure civic rights and social mobility.
Conclusion
Authors: Avilez GerShun
Published: May 2021

The conclusion proposes the concept of queer contingency to describe the recurring back-and-forth between the possibility of freedom and the risk of injury that characterizes Black queer experience throughout the diaspora, which is tracked in the book. The simultaneity of vulnerability and empowerment and the uncertainty of which will prevail at any given moment constitute the terrain of queer contingency. Cultural producers respond to the recognition of contingency by offering queer subjects aesthetic redress, or artworks that imagine paths to freedom that move through but never fully beyond threat. The conclusion turns briefly to Zanele Muholi’s photographic series of South African Black lesbians to illustrate this idea of aesthetic redress and offer a final visual example of the artistic exploration of queer contingency.
Interlocking Sounds, Interlocking Communities
Authors: Clendinning Elizabeth A
Published: May 2021

The chapter introduces Indonesian gamelan (percussion orchestra) and the roles that it has played in college world music education in North America and in the discipline of ethnomusicology. The chapter presents a musical overview of gamelan and its original cultural contexts in Indonesia, including religious ceremonies, tourist audiences, and local entertainment. Then it introduces new contexts that gamelan has come to occupy in North America, including performances on concert stages, at outdoor festivals, in prisons, and, most pertinent to this book, in collegiate music halls. Finally, the chapter introduces the premise of the volume—a biography-based examination of the way academic world music ensembles impact local and transnational educational and musical communities—and the book’s primary goal: that of suggesting ways to construct more sustainable academic music communities.
From Bali to America: Teachers and Transitions
Authors: Clendinning Elizabeth A
Published: May 2021

The chapter examines how the earliest generation of Balinese American teachers (born from the 1940s to the 1960s) were educated and how their experiences eventually brought them to work long-term in North America. Its central case study is Balinese gamelan teacher I Made Lasmawan, whose formal and informal educational experiences are contextualized within broader institutional structures and historical events that brought foreign musician-scholars to teach in American universities. The chapter concludes that musical and pedagogical lineages created by such teachers both reflect and embody systematic developments in the building of transnational musical lineages and performing and academic ecosystems.
Bimusicality and Beyond
Authors: Clendinning Elizabeth A
Published: May 2021

The chapter examines roles for gamelan in music pedagogy outside ethnomusicology. First, the pedagogical benefits of teaching gamelan are compared to those of teaching African drum ensembles and steel pan, two other non-Western classical percussion traditions that are commonly taught in American colleges. Then, the benefits of teaching gamelan within percussion education, composition, and music education programs are considered as teachers who employ gamelan in their classroom discuss how they use the instruments. Pedagogical benefits for students include improving motor coordination, physical technique, focus, and cognition; improving their listening skills; and expanding their concepts of artistic collaboration or group social skills, in addition to instilling real possibilities for cross-cultural professional artistic collaboration.
“The Storm, the Whirlwind, and the Earthquake”
Authors: Morgan Danielle Fuentes
Published: May 2021

This chapter addresses the use of satire as a survival technique during slavery and the infatuation in the twenty-first century with the imagery and ideology of slavery. The image of the slave operates as shorthand for both racialization and injustice and raises questions surrounding the ability of contemporary laughter to offer justice for the past. Calculated silences broken by moments of laughter require contemporary audiences to consider their own participation and culpability in the continuation of historic atrocities. Texts and performances examined include those by Jourdon Anderson, damali ayo, Suzan-Lori Parks, and Quentin Tarantino.
“How Long Has This Been Goin’ On, This Thang ?”
Authors: Morgan Danielle Fuentes
Published: May 2021

This chapter examines Jordan Peele’s Get Out, Derrick Bell’s Faces at the Bottom of the Well, and traditional depictions of horror to highlight the limits of comedic satire to articulate Black experiences in the twenty-first century. These works blur the line between satire and horror to express the trauma—the horror—of Black life in the white gaze. Similarly, Issa Rae’s HBO series, Insecure, offers a way to think about Black centrality outside of the white gaze. These texts and performances reveal the necessity of Black friendships and communities in establishing the space to autonomously express Black identity.
The Journey
Authors: Beck Ann Flesor
Published: May 2021

Chapter 2 recounts the first-generation Greek immigrants’ journey to America. Travel from Greece to America, settlement in urban and rural areas, and adaptation to new social/cultural mores are examined. Women immigrants’ lives and the lives of the women left behind in Greece are highlighted.
Acculturation and Americanization
Authors: Beck Ann Flesor
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3’s emphasis is on the Greek immigrants’ need to acculturate, assimilate, and become American, or not, in their new homes. They faced, especially after 1910, extreme prejudice and racism, a rising tide of anti-hyphenation, and a “100 percent Americanism” sentiment that always questioned their patriotism and loyalty to the United States. In post–World War I America these sentiments became more extreme, culminating in the anti-immigration acts of the mid-1920s.
Finding a Niche in Chicago and St. Louis
Authors: Beck Ann Flesor
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 provides more details about the organizations and institutions, often associated with the Progressive Era, that provided educational, social, and cultural guidance and language instruction to help immigrants assimilate and acculturate in this strange and very different land. The focus is on Chicago and St. Louis, the cities to which first-generation Greek immigrants in central Illinois initially migrated. The latter half of the chapter describes the Greeks’ gradual entry into the food business and specifically the confectionery and soda fountain business, something for which they had no prior training in Greece. Their success at this trade is revealed in the fact that by 1910 there were an estimated 3,000 Greek confectioners in Chicago.
My Grandfather and His Mentors
Authors: Beck Ann Flesor
Published: May 2021

The final three chapters turn specifically to central Illinois and the Greek immigrants who settled in the small cities and towns where they established candy and soda fountain stores. These chapters highlight the networking, chain migration, entrepreneurship, and mutual education and support found among these early Greek immigrants. Chapter 6 focuses on two of the earliest Greeks, Peter Vriner and George Vaky, who first opened a store in Champaign-Urbana in 1898. In 1901 they opened a second store in Tuscola, and Peter Vriner’s cousin Gus Flesor came there to learn the trade. In this chapter the stories of Vriner, Vaky, and other first-generation Greek candy makers in Champaign-Urbana are told, along with a recounting of Gus Flesor’s successful life, the Flesor family, and the Candy Kitchen he founded, now owned by his granddaughters.
Introduction
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

The volume introduction describes how Bradbury Beyond Apollo takes up the threads of the author’s life from Becoming Ray Bradbury and Ray Bradbury Unbound, seeking to follow the patterns he wove through the final four decades of his career. The introduction situates Bradbury Beyond Apollo in the context of his earlier works, which were rapidly becoming contemporary classics, and maintains that his later-life works of significance, including his essays and reviews, were sustained and crafted within the greater fabric of his deepening engagement with the American space program. Along with the earlier volumes, Bradbury Beyond Apollo forms a biography of the mind, recording life as Bradbury experienced it, and not necessarily how the public saw it.
Abandon in Place
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

After returning home from Europe in 1978, Bradbury was unable to come to agreement with the Smithsonian over “The Ghosts of Forever,” an animated film fantasy tour of the various Smithsonian museums. Chapter 12 goes on to document how the Voyager 1 and Voyager 2 journeys to the outer solar system prompted NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory at Caltech to bring Bradbury back together with his “Mars and the Mind of Man” colleagues Arthur C. Clarke, Carl Sagan, and JPL director Bruce Murray to form the symposium “Jupiter and the Mind of Man.” The chapter also describes the uneven production and mixed reception of the NBC miniseries of The Martian Chronicles, and Bradbury’s Emmy-winning ABC collaboration with Malcolm Clarke on “Infinite Horizons: Space Beyond Apollo.”
A Poet’s Heart
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

In 1985 Bradbury was invited to testify before the National Commission on Space. Chapter 23 opens with Bradbury’s testimony highlights, which trace his notion that the life force expressed in the writings of George Bernard Shaw, Henri Bergson, and Nikos Kazantzakis was inextricably involved in the human desire to explore the cosmos. The chapter also shows how Bradbury further modified his cosmic vision in the wake of the Challenger Space Shuttle disaster in his Guest of Honor lecture at the 1986 Science Fiction World Con. The launch of the Ray Bradbury Theater television series, his brief correspondence with Malcolm Cowley, and the great loss of literature cause by the massive Los Angeles Library fire round out the chapter.
Green Shadows, White Whale
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

In 1991 Bradbury was able to combine his various stories of Ireland with bridges that told the tale of his Irish adventures writing the Moby Dick screenplay for John Huston in 1953-1954 to form the autobiographical novel Green Shadows, White Whale. Chapter 29 describes how Bradbury was able to merge these complex projects by revisiting the rough winter he spent under Huston’s demanding direction. In the process, Bradbury was able to capture the defining spirit of the Ireland he knew with good humor and only a touch of satire. Bradbury loved the beauty of the countryside and the people, but he would never return. The chapter analyzes this ambivalence through Bradbury’s reflective poem “To Ireland,” and concludes with the comments that Bradbury offered at the 1991 memorial service for his friend Gene Roddenberry.
An American Icon
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Bradbury’s honors soon included the Mark Twain Literary Award and a screenwriting award founded in his name by the Science Fiction and Fantasy Writers of America. Chapter 31 continues through Bradbury’s unsuccessful attempt to interest Ted Turner in a new film adaptation of Fahrenheit 451, and his keynote fundraising address to support the Challenger Center for Science Education. In June 1993, screenings of Bradbury films were featured in the American Film Institute’s 7th annual International Film Festival. The various lectures, engagements, and circulating film projects continued to draw time and creativity away from story writing; chapter 31 concludes with an accounting of his low story production and his lack of success with magazines beyond specialty markets.
Messages in a Bottle
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

During the year after his November 1999 stroke, Bradbury worked with his daughter Alexandra and his HarperCollins editor Jennifer Brehl to pull together a new story collection, One More for the Road (2002). Chapter 37 surveys the reception of this collection and the nearly simultaneous Hollywood Walk of Fame ceremony. The rest of the chapter centers on Let’s All Kill Constance!, Bradbury’s third and final autobiographical novel. Like the first two, it focuses on an emerging mid-century writer who is based on his own memories of a much younger Ray Bradbury; the new novel continues the young writer’s emerging ability to solve the mysteries that began in Death Is a Lonely Business and continued in A Graveyard for Lunatics.
A Child’s Imagination
Authors: Eller Jonathan R.
Published: May 2021

Of the 180 witnesses called to testify before the 2004 Presidential Commission on Moon, Mars and Beyond, Bradbury would be the only writer. Chapter 39 documents his abiding contention that a struggle against the universe would replace warfare with a new movement away from Earthbound politics. He continued to avoid a pragmatic discussion, but the Commission chair noted that Bradbury’s words had reminded everyone that they were planning for the future of their own children. The chapter continues with his selection for a 2004 National Medal of Arts bestowed by President George W. Bush, the selection of Fahrenheit 451 for the nation’s Big Read program, and the final development of Bradbury’s unfinished Mexican novel as the screenplay for The Next in Line.
Fry, Willis, and Jullien
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: May 2021

In the 1850s Bristow was strongly influenced by William Henry Fry and Louis Jullien. Fry inspired Bristow with his 1853 challenge to American composers to create a nationalistic style; the visiting conductor Jullien both led an orchestra (which included Bristow) that was superior to any yet heard in America and overtly supported American composers by commissioning and performing their works, including Bristow’s Symphony No. 2. The activities of both mentors contributed to Bristow’s participation (1854) in the journalistic “musical battle of the century,” in which he accused the Philharmonic Society of not supporting American composers. Bristow continued to be busy as a performer.
The 1870s
Authors: Preston Katherine K.
Published: May 2021

Bristow’s stature in New York as a composer, conductor, and organist was unrivaled during the 1870s. He continued to perform with the two orchestras and to conduct several society choirs. The number of new compositions slowed during the 1870s, but his significant works included Great Republic: Ode to the American Union (1870-1876), Pioneer: A Grand Cantata (1872), and his programmatic Arcadian Symphony (1872). An increasingly number of his compositions were performed during the decade, including a revival (unsuccessful) of Rip Van Winkle. He enjoyed a third Grand Testimonial Concert and the performance of his Arcadian Symphony in a Baltimore concert of American music (both 1875).
Fields of Free Labor
Authors: Wood Betsy
Published: May 2021

This chapter establishes the centrality of free labor ideology to Northern reform activity regarding children and their labor prior to the Civil War as exemplified by the Children’s Aid Society and its founder, Charles Loring Brace. The chapter reveals that moral opposition to Southern slavery and its disrespect for free labor principles formed the ideological framework within which Northern reformers sought to “rescue” impoverished children in the 1850s. It argues that debates about child labor in the antebellum period were not only shaped by the sectional crisis but also that such debates helped Northerners and Southerners articulate the distinctions between free and slave society.
Testing Ground of Freedom
Authors: Wood Betsy
Published: May 2021

In the aftermath of slave emancipation, disputes over children and their labor hinged on determining the boundary between free and unfree labor. Juxtaposing Reconstruction-era battles over formerly enslaved children in the South—especially the actions of the Freedmen’s Bureau—with simultaneous battles occurring over child laborers in the North such as Italian padrone children, the second chapter reveals that free labor principles were the primary means of resolving such disputes in both the North and South. As the market expanded nationally, post-Civil War debates about children and their labor reinforced free labor ideology in both regions and helped to clarify the distinction between free and unfree labor.
Conclusion
Authors: Wood Betsy
Published: May 2021

The conclusion discusses the final phase of the national child labor movement, which occurred during President Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal. After the Supreme Court declared the National Recovery Administration (NRA) unconstitutional, reformers secured the federal child labor provisions of the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) in 1938. However, reformers continued to push for a child labor amendment and once again were defeated by opponents. Ultimately, reformers were disappointed by the federal child labor provisions of the FLSA. These provisions were limited and reflected the legacy of a new imaginary Mason-Dixon Line within capitalist society.
Madam C. J. Walker's Gospel of Giving
Authors: Freeman Tyrone McKinley
Published: May 2021

Madam C. J. Walker’s Gospel of Giving: Black Women’s Philanthropy during Jim Crow presents the first comprehensive story of Walker’s philanthropic giving arguing that she was a significant philanthropist who challenged Jim Crow and serves as a foremother of African American philanthropy today. Born Sarah Breedlove (1867-1919) to formerly enslaved parents on a cotton plantation during Reconstruction, Madam C. J. Walker became a beauty-culture entrepreneur and was known as America’s first self-made female millionaire. This book presents the story of Madam Walker’s philanthropic actions through the author’s use of historical methods and archival research. The result is a philanthropic biography that reinterprets Walker’s life, legacy, and meaning through giving. Using analytical frameworks from philanthropic studies and black women’s history, the author constructs the appropriate lenses for interpreting Walker’s lived experiences as a philanthropist through her own words, motivations, relationships, and actions. Organized around five types of gifts that Walker made—opportunity, education, activism, material resources, and legacy—the text illustrates the broader cultural contexts and philanthropic practices of generosity that informed black women’s lives and giving at the beginning of the twentieth century. Madam Walker’s Gospel of Giving provides a different view of who counts as a philanthropist and what counts as philanthropy in the public and scholarly conversations dominated by the perspectives of white wealthy elite donors. It reclaims and names black women as philanthropists using Walker as an example.
Education
Authors: Freeman Tyrone McKinley
Published: May 2021

Chapter 3 focuses on Walker’s gift of education through her national network of beauty schools as a model of urban industrial vocational education at the same time that Booker T. Washington’s southern rural model of industrial education was prominent. Washington’s Tuskegee model has been critiqued as not successful in addressing black educational needs despite its proliferation because it appeased the white South and focused on the fading agricultural economy. Walker’s beauty schools, in contrast, offered an urban alternative for migrating black women to earn credentials, enabling their gainful employment in the emerging industrial economies of the North, Midwest, and South. The chapter analyzes the curriculum of the Walker beauty schools and its blending of theory, technique, and business management principles to support graduates’ success. This gift of education aligned Walker with other educator-philanthropists of her era, such as Mary McLeod Bethune, Lucy Laney, and Charlotte Hawkins Brown—whose schools she also funded. Walker’s partnership with southern black schools is also examined through which she made donations in exchange for commitments to offer her curriculum. Although only a few colleges took up the offer, participating schools split profits of beauty culture sales made by students with the Walker Company. The program was Walker’s effort to grow her market, extend opportunity to students, and financially support the schools. The chapter reinterprets the relationship between industrial philanthropy and black education, and the value of industrial vocational education to northern black urban communities.
Activism
Authors: Freeman Tyrone McKinley
Published: May 2021

Chapter 4 discusses Walker’s gift of political and social activism and her leveraging of the number and voices of her agents to challenge Jim Crow. In a manner reflective of leading black women’s clubs and fraternal organizations of the day, Madam Walker organized her sales agents into local clubs and a national umbrella association to legitimize beauty culture as a profession, strengthen relations between them, and enlist them in doing charity and advocacy work in their communities that would last long after her death. The National Beauty Culturists’ and Benevolent Association of Madam C. J. Walker Agents, Inc., developed a model of associationalism, ritualism, and activism that galvanized Walker agents to serve their communities and the cause of racial uplift. Through it, agents regularly donated money to black schools and other organizations, held fundraising events, organized programs, and cared for the vulnerable in their communities. Together, they sent a resolution to President Woodrow Wilson demanding legislative action against lynching. The chapter reviews Walker’s unique ability to interact with black women across class differences, as exhibited by her engagement of working-class women in her agent clubs and the elite black women of the era through the National Association of Colored Women (NACW). Through these clubs and their rituals, Walker agents staked claims for themselves as respectable professionals, performed charitable works in black communities, and used their formidable numbers to speak out against lynching and Jim Crow.
Legacy
Authors: Freeman Tyrone McKinley
Published: May 2021

Chapter 6 tells the full story of Walker’s last will and testament, which has been used by scholars to document her generosity because of its numerous charitable provisions. To date, scholars have missed the discrepancy between Walker’s intended charitable provisions and those actually executed by her daughter, A’Lelia, as executor. Consequently, only one-tenth of Walker’s estate went to charity rather than her intended one-third, a reduction explained in part by Walker’s own exorbitant spending during her lifetime and that of her daughter afterwards. The chapter explains how Walker lived during a transitional period in which women’s wills were rare—but becoming more common—and African American wills were historically restricted. She used testamentary documents to navigate her social position with respect to race, class, and gender and asserted her identity as an honorable, respectable, God-fearing, and generous black female business owner under the absurdities and indignities of Jim Crow. It told succeeding generations how she wished to be remembered and signaled women’s and African Americans’ increasing use of testamentary tools to preserve their property rights. It also set the tone for how subsequent generations would remember and pay homage to Walker as a great race woman who inspired and uplifted African Americans.
Conclusion
Authors: Freeman Tyrone McKinley
Published: May 2021

The conclusion brings together the lessons and insights provided by examining Walker’s philanthropic life. After summarizing the origins, evolution, and character of Madam Walker’s gospel of giving, it underscores the historical importance of black women’s philanthropy in undermining and resisting Jim Crow and its enduring role in ultimately dismantling the institution. Further, it suggests an approach to theorizing black women’s generosity as being based on five characteristics: proximity, “resourcefull-ness,” collaboration, incrementalism, and joy. It also affirms philanthropy as a powerful interpretive and analytical lens through which to examine African American life in general and black women in particular. It urges collaboration between scholars interested in philanthropy and black women to mutually strengthen intellectual inquiry and understanding of who counts as a philanthropist and what counts as philanthropic giving. It contends that Walker’s gospel of giving is more accessible as a model of generosity than the prevailing examples offered by today’s wealthiest 1 percent. It is certainly the direct inheritance of African Americans today, but relevant to all Americans, regardless of race, class or gender, interested in taking voluntary action in the twenty-first century.
Madam C. J. Walker and African American Philanthropy in the Twenty-First Century
Authors: Freeman Tyrone McKinley
Published: May 2021

The epilogue examines the presence of Walker’s style of giving among African American donors of the twenty-first century, from Oprah Winfrey to the millions of black churchwomen, clubwomen, and giving circle members today. It presents Winfrey as an exemplar of Madam Walker’s gospel of giving by exploring the evolution of her philanthropy across her career. It reviews the fundraising campaign of the Smithsonian Museum of African American History and Culture in Washington, DC, which reflected Walker’s gospel of giving by creating multiple points of entry for donors of various abilities to give. A broad base of donors of all races, but especially African Americans, responded to the campaign by donating money, artifacts, and volunteer time at extraordinary rates. The chapter presents a brief overview of the current landscape of African American philanthropy as a reflection of Walker’s gospel of giving that includes the black church, communal forms of giving, giving circles, family foundations, black-led organizations and social movements, and professional affinity networks in philanthropy.
The Rise of Boss Hague
Authors: Rogers Donald W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter analyzes the mayoralty of Jersey City boss Frank Hague, portraying him not just as an autocrat who trampled on civil liberties, but as representative of city machine politics, municipal law, and law enforcement culture that prevailed before the 1930s. Much like other city leaders, he was a second-generation Irish Catholic boss who blended ward politics with Progressive “coercive moral reform.” Meanwhile, constitutional law under Davis v. Massachusetts (1897), municipal law’s “limits of power” doctrine, and the common law of “illegal assembly” allowed city police broad authority over speech, assembly, and picketing, while public concerns about crime and widespread police lawlessness abetted tough “law-and-order” police action in Jersey City and elsewhere. This old-fashioned legal culture shaped Jersey City’s reception of CIO organizers 1937-39.
Street Fight and Media Fight
Authors: Rogers Donald W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter traces the political and media battle that unfolded 1937-38 over Jersey City’s denial of public speaking permits to the Committee for Industrial Organization, the American Civil Liberties Union, and supporters, including a few women. It shows how the media dominated popular understanding of the controversy by projecting rival discourses of democracy versus dictatorship and law and order versus subversive communism, temporarily obscuring legal questions about municipal police powers, labor law, and free speech that federal courts were on the verge of deciding. The chapter illustrates how the struggle intensified. Mayor Hague staged extravagant anticommunist “Americanism” rallies against the CIO with broad local support, while an outside pro-CIO left-labor coalition denounced Hague as a dictator in Popular Front language of antifascism and working-class Americanism.
Into Federal District Court
Authors: Rogers Donald W.
Published: May 2021

This chapter recounts the federal district court injunction proceeding instituted by the Committee for Industrial Organization (CIO) and American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) to stop Jersey City from denying leafletting rights and public-speaking permits. Revealing the hearing’s nastiness, the chapter shows that the trial had legal significance beyond exposing Mayor Hague’s misdeeds, as it tested whether Jersey City’s claim of traditional municipal police powers against alleged CIO communists or the ACLU’s new vision of nationally protected speech and assembly rights for workers would prevail, and indeed, whether federal courts would accept jurisdiction. With law in flux, the chapter concludes, the district court broke new ground by assuming jurisdiction, rejecting Jersey City’s old legal vision, embracing new ACLU views, and enjoining Jersey City as requested.