bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel chemiluminescence system with calcein as chemiluminescent reagent
Authors: Nie Fei , Lu Jiuru
Published: July 2007

Chemiluminescence (CL) was observed when calcein reacted with potassium ferricyanide. Several metal ions and organic compounds could enhance this CL signal. The possible mechanisms for the CL reactions and the enhancement effect were investigated via studies of the CL kinetic characteristics, the CL spectra of some related reactions, the UV absorption spectra and the fluorescence spectra of some substances. The merits of figures for some substances with CL activity were obtained. A new CL system with calcein as the CL reagent was preliminarily established. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Giant Porphyrin Disks: Control of Their Self‐Assembly at Liquid–Solid Interfaces through Metal–Ligand Interactions
Authors: Lensen Marga C. , Elemans Johannes A. A. W. , van Dingenen Sandra J. T. , Gerritsen Jan W. , Speller Sylvia , Rowan Alan E. , Nolte Roeland J. M.
Published: July 2007

The synthesis and self‐assembly behaviour of porphyrin dodecamers 1H2 and Zn–1, which consist of twelve porphyrins that are covalently attached to a central aromatic core, is described. According to STM, 1D and 2D NMR studies, and molecular modelling calculations, the porphyrin dodecamers have a yo‐yo‐shaped structure. Their large π surface, in combination with their disk‐like shape, allows them to form self‐assembled structures, which in the case of Zn–1 can be tuned by adding bidentate ligands. The self‐assembly of the molecules at the liquid–solid interface of 1‐phenyloctane with highly oriented pyrolytic graphite or Au(111) was imaged by using STM. The porphyrin disks in the self‐assembled arrays have an edge‐on orientation on the surface. The addition of bidentate axial ligands to the Zn–1 molecules in the arrays allows their intermolecular distance to be precisely controlled.
Iron‐Catalyzed Oxidation of Thioethers by Iodosylarenes: Stereoselectivity and Reaction Mechanism
Authors: Bryliakov Konstantin P. , Talsi Evgenii P.
Published: July 2007

Catalytic properties of a series of iron(III)–salen (salen=N,N′‐bis(salicylidene)ethylenediamine dianion) and related complexes in asymmetric sulfoxidation reactions, with iodosylarenes as terminal oxidants, have been explored. These catalysts have been found to efficiently catalyze oxidation of alkyl aryl sulfides to sulfoxides with high chemoselectivity (up to 100 %) and moderate‐to‐high enantioselectivity (up to 84 % with isopropylthiobenzene and iodosylmesitylene), the TON (TON=turnover number) approaching 500. The influence of the ligand (electronic and steric effects of the substituents), oxidant, and substrate structures on the oxidation stereoselectivity has been investigated systematically. The structure of the reactive intermediates (complexes of the type [FeIII(ArIO)(salen)] and the reaction mechanism have been revealed by both mechanistic studies with different iodosylarenes and direct in situ 1H NMR observation of the formation of the reactive species and its reaction with the substrate.
Neutron Powder Diffraction with natSm: Crystal Structures and Magnetism of a Binary Samarium Deuteride and a Ternary Samarium Magnesium Deuteride.
Authors: Kohlmann Holger , Werner Franz , Yvon Klaus , Hilscher Gerfried , Reissner Michael , Cuello Gabriel J.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxidation of M4Si4 (M: Na, K) to Clathrates by HCl or H2O.
Authors: Boehme Bodo , Guloy Arnold , Tang Zhongjia , Schnelle Walter , Burkhardt Ulrich , Baitinger Michael , Grin Yuri
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Confined Water Clusters in a Synthetic Rubidium Gallosilicate with Zeolite LTL Topology.
Authors: Lee Yongjae , Kim Sun Jin , Ahn Do‐Cheon , Shin Nam‐Soo
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Optical Spectra of Yb2[CN2]3.
Authors: Reckeweg Olaf , Schleid Thomas , DiSalvo Francis J.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Critical Role of Water Content in the Formation and Reactivity of Uranium, Neptunium, and Plutonium Iodates under Hydrothermal Conditions: Implications for the Oxidative Dissolution of Spent Nuclear Fuel.
Authors: Bray Travis H. , Ling Jie , Choi Eun Sang , Brooks James S. , Beitz James V. , Sykora Richard E. , Haire Richard G. , Stanbury David M. , Albrecht‐Schmitt Thomas E.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Halo(trimethyl)silanes as Activating Coreagents in Sulfenylation of Olefins.
Authors: Zyk N. V. , Gavrilova A. Yu. , Mukhina O. A. , Bondarenko O. B. , Zefirov N. S.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Catalytic [2 + 2 + 2] and Thermal [4 + 2] Cycloaddition of 1,2‐Bis(arylpropiolyl)benzenes.
Authors: Tanaka Ken , Suda Takeshi , Noguchi Keiichi , Hirano Masao
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Concise Synthesis of Diarylmethyl‐1H‐pyrroles.
Authors: Chang Meng‐Yang , Wu Tsun‐Cheng , Ko Ya‐Jung
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Aggregation of Tetrathiafulvalene‐Annulated Porphyrazines.
Authors: Chen Tie , Wang Chunlan , Qiu Han , Jin Longyi , Yin Bingzhu , Imafuku Kimiaki
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Fluorescence of 4‐Methylsulfanyl‐6‐pyridyl‐2H‐pyran‐2‐ones in Solid State.
Authors: Mizuyama Naoko , Kohra Shinya , Ueda Kazuo , Hiraoka Kyoko , Takahashi Kojiro , Tominaga Yoshinori
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Reaction of Isatin‐1‐acetamides with Alkoxides: Synthesis of Novel 1,4‐Dihydro‐3‐hydroxy‐4‐oxo‐2‐quinolinecarboxamides.
Authors: Blanco Maria Mercedes , Dal Maso Monica , Shmidt Maria Sol , Perillo Isabel Amalia
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis and Cytostatic Evaluation of Pyridopyrimidobenzimidazole Derivatives.
Authors: Starcevic Kristina , Kralj Marijeta , Ester Katja , Karminski‐Zamola Grace
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
A Novel Three‐Component, One‐Pot Synthesis of 1,2‐Dihydro‐1‐arylnaphtho[1,2‐e][1,3]oxazine‐3‐one Derivatives under Microwave‐Assisted and Thermal Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Dabiri Minoo , Delbari Akram Sadat , Bazgir Ayoob
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of 5,7‐Diamino[1,2,4]triazolo[1,2‐a][1,3,5]triazines via Annulation of 1,3,5‐Triazine Ring onto 3(5)‐Amino‐1,2,4‐triazoles.
Authors: Dolzhenko Anton V. , Dolzhenko Anna V. , Chui Wai‐Keung
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Chemoselective Synthesis of New Dibenzo[d,f]‐1,3‐dioxepines and 12H‐Dibenzo[d,g]‐1,3‐dioxocines
Authors: Tocco Graziella , Begala Michela , Meli Gabriele , Podda Gianni
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Three Sesquiterpene Glycosides from Elsholtzia bodinieri
Authors: Hu Hao‐bin , Jian Yu‐feng , Zheng Xu‐dong , Cao Hong
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Canataxpropellane, a Novel Taxane with a Unique Polycyclic Carbon Skeleton (Tricyclotaxane) from the Needles of Taxus canadensis.
Authors: Huo Chang‐Hong , Su Xiao‐Hui , Wang Yu‐Fang , Zhang Xi‐Ping , Shi Qing‐Wen , Kiyota Hiromasa
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Aromadendrane‐Type Sesquiterpene Derivatives and Other Constituents from Erigeron acer
Authors: Wu Gang , Fei Dong‐Qing , Gao Kun
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxazolidinones as Novel Human CCR8 Antagonists.
Authors: Jin Jian , et al. et al.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mechanical and Microstructural Characterization of Aluminum Reinforced with Carbon‐Coated Silver Nanoparticles
Authors: Martinez‐Sanchez R. , Reyes‐Gasga J. , Caudillo R. , Garcia‐Gutierrez D. I. , Marquez‐Lucero A. , Estrada‐Guel I. , Mendoza‐Ruiz D. C. , Yacaman M. Jose
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Unique Solvent Effects on Selective Electrochemical Fluorination of Organic Compounds
Authors: Fuchigami Toshio
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Synthesis of Antimycins
Authors: Yang Yong‐Qing , Wu Yikang
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Bioactive Natural Products from Marine Cyanobacteria for Drug Discovery
Authors: Tan Lik Tong
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Tervalent Phosphorus Acid Derivatives
Authors: Allen D. W.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oxygen, Sulfur, Selenium and Tellurium
Authors: Bhattacharyya Pravat
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Cyanoketenes
Authors: Moore H. W.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Alkylideneketenes
Authors: Austin W. F. , Kowalczyk J. J. , Dudley G. B. , Danheiser R. L.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Silylketenes
Authors: George D. M. , Danheiser R. L.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Recent Developments in Asymmetric Hydrogenation of C=O Motif Compounds
Authors: Kwong Fuk Yee , Qiu Liqin , Lam Wai Har , Chan Albert S. C.
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Mass Spectrometry and Gas‐Phase Chemistry of Anilines
Authors: Eberlin Marcos N. , Augusti Daniella Vasconcellos , Augusti Rodinei
Published: July 2007

ChemInform is a weekly Abstracting Service, delivering concise information at a glance that was extracted from about 200 leading journals. To access a ChemInform Abstract, please click on HTML or PDF.
Oscillation frequency in hybrid stepping motors
Authors: Yokozuka Tsutomu , Baba Eiji , Shibayama Jūukichi , Sekiguchi Hiroyuki , Kobayashi Toshio
Published: July 2007

Oscillation characteristics under constant drive pulse‐rate conditions are measured on the basis of the drive pulse rate f (pps). Relationships between the oscillation frequency under rotating conditions and the single‐step response are investigated.

It is clarified that the main components of oscillation consist of the integral‐ and fractional‐harmonics of f, and that they are determined from the times at the valley and peak of the single‐step response, respectively. The f/4 component oscillation, which is very different from the forementioned oscillations, also is discussed.
The order effect in self–other predictions: considering target as a moderator
Authors: Pollmann Monique M. H. , Finkenauer Catrin , van Dijk Wilco W.
Published: July 2007

Two factors known to affect the use of self in social prediction, target similarity and order of predictions, are considered in concert to understand how the use of self varies across the prediction of different targets. Replicating earlier studies, we predicted and found that people use the self more when predicting similar others than when predicting dissimilar others. Extending existing studies, we predicted and found order effects for similar others. As predicted no order effects emerged for predictions for dissimilar targets. Because the self is more accessible during the prediction of similar others, it matters whether self‐predictions precede or follow other‐predictions. Feature‐matching theory is proposed as a possible explanation for the emergence of order effects in predictions of similar targets. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Flow Injection Analysis of Maleic Hydrazide Using an Electrochemical Sensor Based on Palladium‐Dispersed Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Sánchez A. , Zapardiel A. , de Prado F.López , Bermejo E. , Moreno M. , Pérez‐López J. A. , Chicharro M.
Published: July 2007

A new analytical methodology for the electrochemical detection of the herbicide maleic hydrazide (3,6‐dihydroxypyridazine) by flow injection analysis is presented. This method is supported by the novel application of a palladium‐dispersed carbon paste electrode as an amperometric sensor for this herbicide. Maleic hydrazide shows anodic electrochemical activity on carbon‐based electrodes (glassy carbon or carbon paste electrodes) in all the pH range. This electrochemical activity is enhanced using metal‐dispersed carbon paste electrodes, especially at Pd‐dispersed CPE which displays good oxidation signals at 690 mV (0.050 M phosphate buffer pH 7.0), 140 mV lower than at unmodified electrodes. Under the optimized conditions, the electroanalytical performance of Pd‐dispersed CPE in flow injection analysis was excellent, with good reproducibility (RSD 3.3%) and a wide linear range (1.9×10−7 to 1.0×10−4 mol L−1). A detection limit of 1.4×10−8 mol L−1 (0.14 ng maleic hydrazide) was obtained for a sample loop of 100 μL at a fixed potential of 700 mV in 0.050 M phosphate buffer solution at pH 7.0 and a flow rate of 2.0 mL min−1. The proposed method was applied for the maleic hydrazide detection in natural drinking water samples.
Sensitive Biomimetic Sensor Based on Molecular Imprinting at Functionalized Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes
Authors: Gao Na , Xu Zhiai , Wang Fuan , Dong Shaojun
Published: July 2007

We initially report an electrochemical sensing platform based on molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) at functionalized Indium Tin Oxide Electrodes (ITO). In this research, aminopropyl‐derivatized organosilane aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES), which plays the role of functional monomers for template recognition, was firstly self‐assembled on an ITO electrode and then dopamine‐imprinted sol was spin‐coated on the modified surface. APTES which can interact with template dopamine (DA) through hydrogen bonds brought more binding sites located closely to the surface of the ITO electrode, thus made the prepared sensor more sensitive for DA detection. Potential scanning is presented to extract DA from the modified film, thus DA can rapidly and completely leach out. The affinity and selectivity of the resulting biomimetic sensor were characterized using cyclic voltammetry (CV). It exhibited an increased affinity for DA over that of structurally related molecules, the anodic current for DA oxidation depended on the concentration of DA in the linear range from 2×10−6 M to 0.8×10−3 M with a correlation coefficient of 0.9927. In contrast, DA‐templated film prepared under identical conditions on a bare ITO showed obviously lower response toward dopamine in solution. It should be noted that potential scanning is a very effective approach for DA extraction, and surface modification of the electrochemical transducer with functional monomers is responsible for the development of MIPs‐based highly sensitive biomimetic sensor.
Nafion/Poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) Mixed Coating Modified Bismuth Film Electrode for the Determination of Trace Metals by Anodic Stripping Voltammetry
Authors: Jia Jianbo , Cao Linyuan , Wang Zhenhui
Published: July 2007

To improve the reproducibility, stability, and sensitivity of bismuth film electrode (BiFE), we studied the performances of a mixed coating of two cation‐exchange polymers, Nafion (NA) and poly(sodium 4‐styrenesulfonate) (PSS), modified glassy carbon BiFE (GC/NA‐PSS/BiFE). The characteristics of GC/NA‐PSS/BiFE were investigated by scanning electron microscopy and cyclic voltammetry. Various parameters were studied in terms of their effect on the anodic stripping voltammetry (ASV) signals. Under optimized conditions, the limits of detection were 71 ng L−1 for Cd(II) and 93 ng L−1 for Pb(II) with a 10 min preconcentration. The results exhibited that GC/NA‐PSS/BiFE can be a reproducible and robust tool for monitor of trace metals by ASV rapidly and environmentally friendly, even in the presence of surface‐active compounds.
TOF‐MRA using multi‐oblique‐stack acquisition (MOSA)
Authors: Wu Ed X. , Hui Edward S. , Cheung Jerry S.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To alleviate the intrinsic limitation of current time‐of‐flight magnetic resonance angiography (TOF‐MRA) techniques, which are insensitive to in‐plane blood flow due to the flow saturation effect.

Materials and Methods

A multi‐oblique‐stack acquisition (MOSA) technique was proposed in this study to tackle this TOF problem by acquiring two or more TOF image stacks bearing different orientations. The MOSA approach was evaluated in human brain MR angiograms by integrating it with the widely used multiple overlapping thin‐slab acquisition (MOTSA) technique. Two TOF image sets in different orientations were acquired using MOTSA. They were combined pixel‐by‐pixel by taking the maximum intensity value. Maximum intensity projection (MIP) was then performed, and the resulting MRA quality was assessed.

Results

The results demonstrated that MR angiograms obtained by MOSA‐MOTSA were clearly improved compared to those acquired by conventional MOTSA in the same scan time.

Conclusion

MOSA clearly demonstrates its advantage over conventional TOF acquisition in visualizing in‐plane blood flows. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Claustrophobia and premature termination of magnetic resonance imaging examinations
Authors: Eshed Iris , Althoff Christian E. , Hamm Bernd , Hermann Kay‐Geert A.
Published: July 2007

Purpose

To evaluate the incidence of MRI‐related claustrophobia and prematurely terminated MRI (ptMRI) examinations due to claustrophobia in a large‐scale cohort study.

Materials and Methods

The hospital's computerized radiology information system (RIS) was retrospectively analyzed for all 1.5‐Tesla MRI examinations and reports during the year 2004. Data collected included demographic information, body part examined, known claustrophobia, and whether the examination was prematurely terminated. All information available on the MRI examinations and the patient‐based data (i.e., excluding any additional examinations per patient) were analyzed.

Results

A total of 5798 MRI reports of 4821 patients were evaluated. A total of 95 patients (1.97%) suffered from claustrophobia and 59 (1.22%) prematurely terminated the examination due to claustrophobia. The incidence of ptMRI was higher in women than men (no statistical significance). The majority of patients with ptMRI were between 20 and 80 years old. Patients undergoing head MRI showed the highest incidence of ptMRI and those undergoing extremity, breast, or pelvic MRI had the lowest. Prone compared to supine positioning results in the lowest ptMRI incidence (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

Claustrophobic reactions cause a relatively low incidence of ptMRI and are influenced by sex, body part examined, and positioning within the MR scanner. Sedation and prone positioning might help overcome these reactions. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2007. © 2007 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analysis of soil–pile–structure interaction in a two‐layer ground during earthquakes considering liquefaction
Authors: Lu C. W. , Oka F. , Zhang F.
Published: July 2007

This study is conducted with a numerical method to investigate the seismic behaviour among certain soils, single piles, and a structure. A series of numerical simulations of the seismic behaviour of a single‐pile
foundation constructed in a two‐layer ground is carried out. Various sandy soils, namely, dense sand, medium dense sand, reclaimed soil, and loose sand, are employed for the upper layer, while one type of clayey soil is used for the lower layer. The results reveal that when a structure is built in a non‐liquefiable ground, an amplification of the seismic waves is seen on the ground surface and in the upper structure, and large bending moments are generated at the pile heads. When a structure is built in a liquefiable ground, a de‐amplification of the seismic waves is seen on the ground surface and in the upper structure, and large bending moments are generated firstly at the pile heads and then in the lower segment at the boundary between the soil layers when liquefaction takes place. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Home rule—nml model
Authors: Bromage Arthur W.
Published: July 2007

League provisions divide powers between state and city; exempt local powers from legislative control.
Home rule‐ama model
Authors: Fordham Jefferson B.
Published: July 2007

American Municipal Association plan gives broad powers to cities but retains legislative control.
Home rule‐press view
Authors: Peterson Karl
Published: July 2007

Reporter covering Kansas City League Conference can't tell his ‘dichotomy’ from his ‘interstices’.
Civic victories in U.S.
Authors: Childs Richard S.
Published: July 2007

The past six decades see many of League's programs applied ot improve our cities, counties and states.
Property tax updated
Authors: Baldwin Rosalind G.
Published: July 2007

State of New York makes improvements in state equalization and lays plans for better assessing.
States lagging behind
Authors: Ackerman Edward A.
Published: July 2007

In development of resources, federal government and private enterprise seen holding initiative.
Synthesis and properties of room temperature curable trimethoxysilane‐terminated polyurethane and their dispersions
Authors: Subramani Sankaraiah , Lee Jung Min , Lee Jun‐Young , Kim Jung Hyun
Published: July 2007

The purpose of this research is to study the synthesis and characterization of stable aqueous dispersions of externally chain extended polyurethane/urea compositions terminated by hydrolyzable or hydrolyzed trialkoxysilane groups incorporated through secondary amino groups. These dispersions with excellent storage stability are substantially free from organic solvents which cure to water and solvent resistant, tough, scratch resistant, preferably light stable (non‐yellowing) silylated polyurethane (SPU) films. The films were characterized by FT‐IR, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), tensile strength and water contact angle measurements, nanoindentation, gel content, water and xylene swellability tests. The properties of the films were discussed and correlated in detail by changing length of soft segment, diisocyanates, NCO/OH ratio and chain extender, ethylenediamine (EDA). From the results, it was found that the particle size and viscosity are lower whereas the gel content and thermal stability are higher for SPUs. Modulus, hardness and tensile properties of SPU films are superior compared to EDA‐PU film. Higher water contact angle and residual weight percentage of SPU films confirm silylation of PU by [3‐(phenylamino)propyl]trimethoxysilane (PAPTMS). Increase in NCO/OH ratios consumes more quantity of PAPTMS which makes PU with superior mechanical properties. Higher PAPTMS content in SPU results in effective crosslinking of the functional silanol groups formed by hydrolysis reaction of trimethoxysilane groups. Overall, SPUs synthesized at 1.4 NCO/OH ratio using Poly‐(oxytetramethylene)glycol (PTMG)‐2000 and isophorone diisocyanate (or) toluene‐2,4‐diisocyanate have excellent properties compared to SPUs prepared using PTMG‐1000 and at 1.2 and 1.6 NCO/OH ratios. SPUs prepared at 1.6 NCO/OH ratio are brittle due to higher crosslinking density. In addition, the crosslinking density of the films can be modified through silane end‐group modification to produce SPUs with a wide range of physical properties. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Tei index for prenatal diagnosis of acute fetal hypoxia due to intermittent umbilical cord occlusion in an animal model
Authors: Guorong Lv , Shaozheng He , Zhenghua Wang , Boyi Li , Qiuyue Chen , Peng Jin , Ruiyuan Su
Published: July 2007

Objective

To study the effectiveness of the pulsatility index for veins of ductus venosus (DV‐PIV) and the Tei index in a prospective assessment of fetal hypoxic‐ischemic brain damage in a near‐term ovine fetus model with intermittent umbilical cord occlusion (UCO).

Methods

Twelve fetal sheep were studied with umbilical cord occlusion performed in the experimental group animals by complete inflation of an occluder cuff for 90 s, every 30 min for approximately 2.5 h. Fetal arterial blood was sampled at 5 min before the first umbilical cord occlusions, approximately 60 s of the first umbilical cord occlusions, and 3 min after each occlusion for blood gas, pH, neuron‐specific enolase (NSE) and S100B. Doppler measurements and Doppler echocardiographic examinations were performed 5 min before the first umbilical cord occlusions and 3 min after each successive occlusion.

Results

In experimental group animals, UCO caused a large decline in arterial PaO2 (to ∼7.70 mmHg, p < 0.01), a modest decline in pH (to ∼7.24, p < 0.01), and a modest rise in PaCO2 (to ∼53.31 mmHg, p < 0.01), with a return more or less to baseline after occluder release. and there was significant change as compared with the control animals (all p < 0.01) with cumulative changes in responses to repetitive cord occlusions. The DV‐PIV waveforms, right ventricle (RV) and LV Tei indices, the serum levels of NSE and S100B increased with cord occlusions (all p < 0.05), and were significantly higher than the control animals (all p < 0.05) with a cumulative changes in responses to repetitive cord occlusions. RV and LV Tei indices were significantly correlated with PaO2 (r = − 0.684, p < 0.01 and r = − 0.725, p < 0.01), PaCO2 (r = 0.682, p < 0.01 and r = 0.780, p < 0.01), pH (r = − 0.538, p < 0.01 and r = − 0.681, p < 0.01), NSE (r = 0.653, p < 0.01 and r = 0.687, p < 0.01), and S100B (r = 0.606, p < 0.01 and r = 0.640, p < 0.01). Significant but weaker correlations were also present between DV‐PIV and the parameters considered.

Conclusion

Umbilical cord occlusion during the latter part of the pregnancy, enough to cause significant hypoxemia and acidosis, results in a significant increase of DV‐PIV, RV and LV Tei indices, and the serum levels of NSE and S100B. There was a strong correlation between the RV and LV Tei indices and blood gas, pH, and NSE, S100B with hypoxia. Therefore, the Tei index might be an easy and useful quantitative parameter for assessing fetal hypoxic ischemia. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
myProMS, a web server for management and validation of mass spectrometry‐based proteomic data
Authors: Poullet Patrick , Carpentier Sabrina , Barillot Emmanuel
Published: July 2007

Curation and interpretation of protein databank‐search results by human experts are key aspects of MS‐based proteomic data acquisition. These tasks are often overlooked due to the vast amount of data to inspect. We have developed myProMS, a web server designed to ease search results validation and interpretation by improving data organization, mining and sharing between MS specialists and biologists during MS‐based collaborative projects. A demo is accessible at http://bioinfo.curie.fr/myproms.
Secondary instability of crossflow vortices: validation of the stability theory by direct numerical simulation
Authors: BONFIGLI GIUSEPPE , KLOKER MARKUS
Published: July 2007

Detailed comparison of spatial direct numerical simulations (DNS) and secondary linear stability theory (SLST) is provided for the three-dimensional crossflow-dominated boundary layer also considered at the DLR-Göttingen for experiments and theory. Secondary instabilities of large-amplitude steady and unsteady crossflow vortices arising from one single primary mode have been analysed. SLST results have been found to be reliable with respect to the dispersion relation and the amplitude distribution of the modal eigenfunction in the crosscut plane. However, significant deviations have been found in the amplification rates, the SLST results being strongly dependent on the necessarily simplified representation of the primary state. The secondary instability mechanisms are shown to be local, i.e. robust with respect to violations of the periodicity assumption made in the SLST for the wall-parallel directions. Perturbations associated with different local maxima of the spanwise periodic eigenfunctions develop independently from each other interacting only with the primary vortices next to them. Characteristic structures induced by different secondary instability modes have been analysed and an analogy with the Kelvin–Helmholtz instability mechanism has been highlighted.
Fire whirls due to surrounding flame sources and the influence of the rotation speed on the flame height
Authors: ZHOU RUI , WU ZI-NIU
Published: July 2007

In this paper, we use numerical simulation and laboratory experimental observation to show that fire whirls can be generated spontaneously through the interaction between a central flame and surrounding organized or randomly distributed flames. The momentum of the air stream entrained by the main flame decreases as it crosses a surrounding flame, so that the main flame rotates if surrounding flames are arranged in such a way as to block the passage of the air stream directed towards the centre of the main flame and to favour flows in a particular circumferential direction. An analysis is performed to study the role of the rotation speed in the flame height. It is found that the flame height initially decreases to a minimum owing to the inflow boundary layer wind reducing the initial vertical velocity of gas for low rotation speed and to entrainment enhancement reducing the rising time, and then it increases owing to the pressure reduction at the centre of the rotating vortex and entrainment suppression extending the rising time.
Point-source scalar turbulence
Authors: CELANI ANTONIO , AFONSO MARCO MARTINS , MAZZINO ANDREA
Published: July 2007

The statistics of a passive scalar randomly emitted from a point source is investigated analytically for the Kraichnan ensemble. Attention is focused on the two-point equal-time scalar correlation function, a statistical indicator widely used both in experiments and in numerical simulations. The only source of inhomogeneity/anisotropy is the injection mechanism, the advecting velocity being here statistically homogeneous and isotropic. The main question we address is on the possible existence of an inertial range of scales and a consequent scaling behaviour. The question arises from the observation that for a point source the injection scale is formally zero and the standard cascade mechanism cannot thus be taken for granted. We find from first principles that an intrinsic integral scale, whose value depends on the distance from the source, emerges as a result of sweeping effects. For separations smaller than this integral scale a standard forward cascade occurs. This is characterized by a Kolmogorov–Obukhov power-law behaviour as in the homogeneous case, except that the dissipation rate is also dependent on the distance from the source. Finally, we also find that the combined effect of a finite inertial-range extent and of inhomogeneities causes the emergence of subleading anisotropic corrections to the leading isotropic term, that are here quantified and discussed.
Saturation of inertial instability in rotating planar shear flows
Authors: KLOOSTERZIEL R. C. , ORLANDI P. , CARNEVALE G. F.
Published: July 2007

Inertial instability in a rotating shear flow redistributes absolute linear momentum in such a way as to neutralize the instability. In the absence of other instabilities, the final equilibrium can be predicted by a simple construction based on conservation of total momentum. Numerical simulations, invariant in the along-stream direction, suppress barotropic instability and allow only inertial instability to develop. Such simulations, at high Reynolds numbers, are used to test the theoretical prediction. Four representative examples are given: a jet, a wall-bounded jet, a mixing layer and a wall-bounded shear layer.
A NEW SPECIES OF PTEROSPERMUM (DOMBEYOIDEAE, MALVACEAE/STERCULIACEAE) FROM CAMBODIA AND VIETNAM
Authors: Wilkie P.
Published: July 2007

AbstractPterospermum mengii P.Wilkie (Dombeyoideae, Malvaceae/Sterculiaceae) from Cambodia and Vietnam is described as new to science and illustrated. It is most similar to Pterospermum pecteniforme Kosterm., sharing a distinctive wavy ridge at the margin of each locule of the capsular fruit, but differing by its larger leaves, oblong to obovate leaf shape, deeply cordate leaf base, and stellate indumentum on the undersurface of the leaves and fruit.
A SYNOPSIS OF RIVEA (CONVOLVULACEAE)
Authors: Staples G. W.
Published: July 2007

Abstract A synopsis of Rivea Choisy (Convolvulaceae) accounts for all names published in the genus in a concise nomenclatural review. Three species are recognized; a key is provided to identify them. Excluded species are referred to the currently accepted names and an index of numbered specimens examined will allow curators to correctly name material in herbaria.
NEW COMBINATIONS IN PHELIPANCHE (OROBANCHACEAE)
Authors: Foley M. J. Y.
Published: July 2007

AbstractAs a result of recent genetic work, four taxa previously described by the author within Orobanche are now transferred to Phelipanche Pomel (Orobanchaceae); in addition, one of them, originally described as a subspecies, is raised to specific rank.
Ontologies, categories, folksonomies: an organised language of sound
Authors: Fields Kenneth
Published: July 2007

The views of categorisation presented in this paper along with my own are for the purpose of providing background for current taxonomic projects related to electroacoustic music (e.g. EARS: ElectroAcoustic Resource Site). The views might be summarised as top-down (ontology) as described in Peterson, bottom-up (folksonomy) as described in Shirkey and Weinberger, and a view from the middle ground (TagOntology) as described in Gruber. Semantic Wikipedia enters this discourse in relation to what one might call folk-ontology. It is crucial to conduct experimentation with minimal specifications and practical methodologies in order to facilitate the interoperability of dynamic, emergent knowledge bases within the Semantic Web context.
ERP signatures of subject–verb agreement in L2 learning
Authors: CHEN LANG , SHU HUA , LIU YOUYI , ZHAO JINGJING , LI PING
Published: July 2007

In this study we examined ERP (event-related-potential) responses in the morphosyntactic processing of subject–verb agreements by L2 Chinese learners of English. Fifteen proficient L2 learners and fifteen native English speakers were presented with English sentences that varied in the grammaticality of the sentence with respect to subject–verb agreement. Our results indicate that late L2 learners show distinct ERP responses from native speakers in the processing of syntactic features that are absent in their L1, even when their behavioral patterns are similar to those of native speakers. The results are taken to support the proposal that language-specific experiences with L1 shape the neural structure of processing in L2.
Cross-linguistic influence on brain activation during second language processing: An fMRI study
Authors: JEONG HYEONJEONG , SUGIURA MOTOAKI , SASSA YUKO , YOKOYAMA SATORU , HORIE KAORU , SATO SHIGERU , TAIRA MASATO , KAWASHIMA RYUTA
Published: July 2007

The goal of this study was to examine the effect of the linguistic distance between a first language (L1) and a second language (L2) on neural activity during second language relative to first language processing. We compared different L1–L2 pairs in which different linguistic features characterize linguistic distance. Chinese and Korean native speakers were instructed to perform sentence comprehension tasks in two L2s (English and Japanese) and their respective L1s. Activation while understanding English sentences relative to understanding sentences in L1 was greater for the Korean group than the Chinese group in the left inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral posterior superior temporal gyri, and right cerebellum. Activation while understanding Japanese sentences relative to understanding sentences in L1 was greater for the Chinese group than the Korean group in the anterior portion of the left superior temporal gyrus. The results demonstrated that the location of the L2–L1 processing-induced cortical activation varies between different L1–L2 pairs.
Regional and local maize seed exchange and replacement in the western highlands of Guatemala
Authors: van Etten Jacob , de Bruin Sytze
Published: July 2007

Regional distributions of crop diversity are important to take into account for the spatial design ofin situ, farmer-participatory interventions in crop genetic management. Regional seed flows are an important factor in shaping geographical distributions of crop diversity. This study contributes to the insight in these seed flows, focusing on maize (Zea maysL.) in Chimaltenango, an area in the western highlands of Guatemala. A social survey of 257 households on different aspects of seed management produced information on cultivar naming, seed sources, reasons and causes of the discontinuation of seed lots, and important explanatory variables associated with different seed sources. A small portion of the reported seed lots originated from regional seed sources. The main motivation of regional seed exchange and the discontinuation of seed lots was to achieve change in plant characteristics of the crop, especially to obtain lower plants and shorter growing cycles. It is argued that farmer selection fails to achieve such change, and in fact leads to an equilibrium with high plants and long growing cycles. Seed exchange functions as an escape to this trend. Other factors of influence on seed exchange are altitude and ethnicity. The study also highlights the issue of geographical directionality in seed exchange patterns.
Functional analysis of macrophages, B cells and splenic dendritic cells as antigen‐presenting cells in West Nile virus‐specific murine T lymphocyte proliferation
Authors: KULKARNI A. B. , MÜLLBACHER A. , BLANDEN R. V.
Published: July 2007

In this paper, the relative efficacy of macrophages, B cells and splenic dendritic cells (SDC) in presenting West Nile virus (WNV) antigens to WNV memory CD4+ T cells is examined. The results indicate that, under appropriate conditions, all these ceil types can function as antigen‐presenting cells (APC). Listeria‐induced peritoneal macrophages induced higher proliferative responses than SDC or B cells derived from naive or 14 day WNV‐primed mice. The ability of Listeria‐induced macróphage populations to present antigen was specifically inhibited by anti‐Class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antibodies. On a cell population basis. B cells obtained from mice primed with WNV 14 days previously evoked higher responses than resting B cells. B cells from mice receiving weekly injections of WNV over a period of 4 weeks elicited optimal responses with lowerdoses of antigen than naive or 14 day WNV‐primed B cells. When macrophages were used as APC. addition of specific antibodies to WNV resulted in increased efficiency of presentation, probably due to increased uptake of antigen by opsonization. In contrast, addition of anti‐WNV antibodies to hyperimmune B cells reduced their efficacy presumably by reducing uptake of antigen by B cell surface immunoglobulin. When SDC from C57BL/6 mice were used as APC. WNV‐specific proliferative responses were directly related to the number of stimulator cells used, and the background proliferation with mock antigen was two‐ to five‐fold lower than specific responses. Higher levels of background proliferation were stimulated by SDC from CBA/H mice so that the antigen‐specific responses were always less than two‐fold higher than background.
T lymphocyte participation in acute serum sickness glomerulonephritis in rabbits
Authors: LOWE M. G. , HOLDSWORTH S. R. , TIPPING P. G.
Published: July 2007

The extent and timing of glomerular T lymphocyte infiltration was studied in acute serum sickness (AcSS) glomerulonephritis (GN) in rabbits. AcSS was initiated by a single intravenous injection of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Rabbits developed circulating BSA anti‐BSA immune complexes, and rapid immune elimination of the circulating antigen was associated with the deposition of immune complexes in the kidney and the onset of a diffuse endocapillary proliferative GN. On the day of immune elimination (defined as when < 1% of the injected antigen remained in the circulation), rabbits developed significant proteinuria (98 ± 36 mg/24 h; normal 14 ± 1 mg/24 h, P< 0.01), glomerular macrophage accumulation (44.3 ±21.1 macrophages per glomerulus [mac/glom]: normal 0.28 ±0.18 mac/glom, P < 0.01), and a significant glomerular T lymphocyte influx (3.0 ± 0.9 cells/glomerular cross‐section [c/gcs]; normal 0.47 ± 0.13 c/gcs; p <0.005). On the day prior to immune elimination, increased T cells numbers were observed in some rabbits (2.4 ± 2.1 c/gcs) together with a minor macrophage presence (7.6 ± 3.6 mac/glom) and minimal proteinuria (17.6 ± 3 mg/24 h). These studies demonstrate the influx of T lymphocytes together with macrophages al the onset of proteinuria in serum sickness nephritis and are consistent with a role for cell‐mediated immunity in the pathogenesis of this lesion.
Intercellular adhesion molecule (ICAM‐1) inhibition can induce tolerance in vivo
Authors: CHARLTON B. , GUYMER R. H. , SLATTERY R. M. , MANDEL T. E.
Published: July 2007

Antigen specific unresponsiveness can be induced in vivo by administration of antibody against CD4, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) Class II or LFA‐I at the time of antigen exposure. Since target cell depletion is not necessary for this effect it was hypothesized that interference with intercellular interaction was responsible. To test this hypothesis, antibody against the ligand for LFA‐1, ICAM‐l, was administered during primary immunization with human γ‐globulin (HGG) and long‐term secondary antibody responses monitored. It was found that HGG specific unresponsiveness resulted from this treatment (<10% of normal secondary antibody response), Delayed‐type hypersensitivity responses to HGG were also suppressed suggesting unresponsiveness in some T cell subsets. These findings suggest a role for ICAM‐I/LFA‐1 interaction in determining the long‐term outcome of contact with antigen.
VLA‐2 is a collagen receptor on endothelial cells
Authors: O'CONNELL P. J. , FAULL R. , RUSS G. R. , D'APICE A. J. F.
Published: July 2007

In order to identify cell‐substrate adhesion receptors on vascular endothelium, murine monoclonal antibodies (MoAb) were raised against human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVE). One anti‐HUVE MoAb, RMAC11, identified the adhesion receptor VLA‐2 as it immunoprecipitated a non‐covalently linked heterodimer of 160 kD and 130 kD, which was identical to the heterodimer immunoprecipitated by the anti‐VLA‐2 MoAb, 12F1 and 5E8, Furthermore, proteolytic peptide maps of the VLA‐2 α‐ and β‐chains were highly homologous with those of the RMAC11‐recognized molecule. However, unlike other VLA‐2 MoAb, RMAC11 also identified an 85 kD band which migrated to 90 kD under reducing conditions. This band was most likely a fragment of the 160 kD α‐chain as a similar α‐chain derived fragment has been demonstrated in the immunoprecipitates of some VLA‐4 reactive monoclonals. However the possibility that this may be a novel molecule associated with VLA‐2 has not been excluded. In vitro assays of HUVE adhesion to collagen types 1 and 4, laminin and fibronectin showed that RMAC11 blocked adhesion to collagen (types 1 and 4) and laminin, but had no effect on HUVE adhesion to fibronectin, confirming that VLA‐2 is a collagen and laminin receptor for HUVE.