bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Dybdelæring i et yrkesfaglig perspektiv
Authors: Dahlback Jorunn , Hansen Kari , Haaland Grete , Vagle Inger
Published: May 2022

Dybdelæring er et sentralt begrep i fagfornyelsen og ny overordnet del av læreplanverket i Kunnskapsløftet 2020 (LK20). Denne artikkelen har til hensikt å synliggjøre hva dybdelæring kan være i yrkesfaglig videregående opplæring, spesielt i de brede vg1-programmene. Bakgrunnen for denne studien er tidligere forskning knyttet til relevans i fag- og yrkesopplæringen, som viser at mange elever og lærlinger ikke opplever yrkesrelevans i første år av fag- og yrkesopplæringen (vg1).

Artikkelen tar utgangspunkt i problemstillingen: Hva kan dybdelæring være for yrkesfaglig opplæring i vg1? Den utforskes gjennom forskningsspørsmålene: a) Hvordan er dybdelæring ivaretatt i læreplanen på vg1? og b) Hvordan kan dybdelæring forstås i en yrkesfaglig kontekst på vg1? Denne studien undersøker dybdelæring som begrep, sett i lys av læringsteorier om mestringsbehov, utvikling av motivasjon, medvirkning, kritisk tenkning og yrkesdidaktikk. Vi har gjennomført en dokumentanalyse av intensjons- og styringsdokumenter i fagfornyelsen. I tillegg har vi gjort en kvalitativ spørreundersøkelse blant medlemmer i læreplangruppene for vg1 for å kartlegge deres forståelse av dybdelæringens betydning i fagfornyelsen.

Vår analyse viser at læreplanene på vg1 gir ulike føringer for dybdelæring. At det ikke var en felles forståelse mellom medlemmene i læreplangruppene av hva dybdelæring betyr for yrkesfagene, kan redusere verdien av læreplanen som verktøy for å oppnå dybdelæring. Mangelen på felles nasjonale retningslinjer for dybdelæring i de nye læreplanene legger et stort ansvar på yrkesfaglærerne, for tolkning av begrepet, og for å sikre dybdelæring for førsteårselevene i fag- og yrkesopplæringen.

Dybdelæring er, av nasjonale myndigheter, i liten grad konkretisert i yrkesfaglige kontekster. Hverken forskning eller politiske føringer drøfter utfordringer knyttet til dybdelæring i yrkesfaglige utdanningsprogram i videregående opplæring. Denne artikkelen er derfor et kunnskapsbidrag til diskusjoner vedrørende hvordan dybdelæring kan forstås og ivaretas det første året i norsk yrkesopplæringen (vg1), sett i lys av andre sentrale føringer i fagfornyelsen.
An efficient multilevel security architecture for blockchain-based IoT networks using principles of cellular automata
Authors: Ali Fasila , Mathew Sheena
Published: May 2022

The tremendous increase in the use of Internet of Things (IoT) has made an impact worldwide by changing the mode of day-to-day life. Like any other application, IoT based networks also have to be protected since the data produced consist of sensitive information. Existing algorithms for providing security in such networks do not consider all the security objectives. Starting from the sensing of data from IoT environment, the data have to be protected from several types of attacks. Also, the authentication of involved entities, integrity of data, access control and confidentiality are to be achieved. This work proposes a novel security architecture for IoT based distributed applications. The architecture uses the best known lightweight cipher ChaCha20. Principles of cellular automata are applied for random number generation to attain more security and randomness. Double encryption ensures multilevel protection of data during the data uploading and storing phases. Providing encryption based on dynamic session keys guarantees the security of the method. It also ensures secure data sharing, mutual authentication between communicating entities, fast execution, user authentication and message integrity. The IoT device connected to a gateway node has to complete registration phase successfully. Subsequently, each time a data transfer between the device and gateway node takes place, mutual authentication phase is executed. Blockchain network used at the edge level ensures authentication of participating nodes and hence, unintended modification of data is prevented. The proposed architecture proves to be efficient in terms of throughput, execution time and resistance to various security attacks.
Exploring the perception and readiness of Pharmacists towards telepharmacy implementation; a cross sectional analysis
Authors: Muhammad Khayal , Baraka Mohamed A. , Shah Syed Sikandar , Butt Muhammad Hammad , Wali Haytham , Saqlain Muhammad , Mallhi Tauqeer Hussain , Hayat Khezar , Fahelelbom Khairi Mustafa , Joseph Royes , Khan Yusra Habib
Published: May 2022

Background

Amid the turbulent nature of the COVID-19 pandemic, telepharmacy has shifted the paradigm of patient care by leveraging digital medicine. Government mandated lockdowns and norms of social distancing have further underscored the need for telepharmacy. Many developed and developing countries implemented such initiatives where pharmacists have provided tele-pharmacy services via telecommunications. However, the implementation and utilization of tele-pharmacy services are quite negligible in resource limited settings due to financial and administrative constraints. This study was aimed to ascertain the perception and readiness of pharmacists working in various sectors of a resource limiting country.

Methodology

A cross sectional study was carried out in all provinces of Pakistan to explore the perceptions of pharmacists towards telepharmacy implementation through a 35-items study instrument. The collected data was analyzed descriptively and scored accordingly. The chi-square test was used for inferential analysis on pharmacist’s perception regarding implementation of tele-pharmacy with their demographics.

Results

Of 380 pharmacists, the mean age is 27.67 ± 3.67 years with a preponderance of male pharmacists (n = 238, 62.6%). The pharmacists (n = 321, 84.5%) perceived that telepharmacy implementation improves patient’s quality of life and decreases patients’ visits (n = 291, 76.6%). Overall, pharmacists (n = 227, 59.7%) had negative perception towards benefits of telepharmacy implementation, but pharmacists had positive perception towards eligibility (n = 258, 67.9%), regulatory issues (n = 271, 71.3%) and telepharmacy during pandemic and beyond (n = 312, 82.1%). In chi-square testing gender (p = 0.03) and age (p = 0.03) had a significant association with perception regarding regulatory issues. Among perception regarding telepharmacy during COVID-19 pandemic and beyond age had a significant association (p = 0.03). Among perception regarding eligibility job location of pharmacists had significant association (p = 0.04).

Conclusion

The majority of pharmacists had a positive perception regarding the eligibility of patients and regulatory issues/legal framework regarding the implementation of tele-pharmacy, as well as its use during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond. The implementation of tele-pharmacy can play a major role in providing timely and better patient care to remote patient areas and may help in the prevention and treatment of different infectious diseases.
Overexpression of AmCBF1 enhances drought and cold stress tolerance, and improves photosynthesis in transgenic cotton
Authors: Lu Guoqing , Wang Lihua , Zhou Lili , Su Xiaofeng , Guo Huiming , Cheng Hongmei
Published: May 2022

China’s main cotton production area is located in the northwest where abiotic stresses, particularly cold and drought, have serious effects on cotton production. In this study, Ammopiptanthus mongolicus C-repeat-binding factor (AmCBF1) isolated from the shrub Ammopiptanthus mongolicus was inserted into upland cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) cultivar R15 to evaluate the potential benefits of this gene. Two transgenic lines were selected, and the transgene insertion site was identified using whole-genome sequencing. The results showed that AmCBF1 was incorporated into the cotton genome as a single copy. Transgenic plants had distinctly higher relative water content (RWC), chlorophyll content, soluble sugar content, and lower ion leakage than R15 after drought and cold stress. Some characteristics, such as the area of lower epidermal cells, stomatal density, and root to shoot ratio, varied significantly between transgenic cotton lines and R15. Although the photosynthetic ability of transgenic plants was inhibited after stress, the net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and transpiration rate in transgenic plants were significantly higher than in R15. This suggested that an enhanced stress tolerance and photosynthesis of transgenic cotton was achieved by overexpressing AmCBF1. All together, our results demonstrate that the new transgenic cotton germplasm has great application value against abiotic stresses, especially in the northwest inland area of China.
“Just City-making” in Cape Town: Liberating Theological Education
Authors: Headley Selena D.
Published: May 2022

Aspirational terms such as world-class, resilient, climate-friendly and a just city stand in contrast to adverse terms such unequal, divided, colonial, violent and segregated to describe the present and future state of the City of Cape Town. How do institutions offering tertiary qualifications in theology engage with the competing narratives of the city in the preparation of faith-based practitioners? The aim of this article is to explore the current landscape of theological education, offered in higher education institutions in Cape Town, in terms of an urban focus. The article will reflect how curricula, pedagogies and epistemologies engage the complexities of the urban context. The connection between theological education and ministry formation of faith-based practitioners will be explored in light of Cape Town’s urban futures.
Prevalence of Errors in Fundamentals of Patient Positioning in Digital OrthopantomogramA Retrospective Study
Authors: Poornachitra P , Maheswari TN Uma , Vadivel Jayanth Kumar
Published: May 2022

Introduction: Digital panoramic radiograph or Orthopantomogram (OPG) has become an indispensable equipment in oral disease diagnosis. However, it is prone for positioning errors in digital imaging systems that affect quality of dental care. Aim: To assess the prevalence of errors in patient positioning in digital OPG. Materials and methods: This retrospective study including 900 digital OPG’s (483 males and 417 females) which were collected from the Department or Oral Medicine and Radiology at Saveetha Dental college and hospital, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. Digital OPG images taken during the month of January from 1.1.2021 to 31.1.2021 were retrospectively collected and used for this study. The data was then analyzed and interpreted in the consecutive months from 1.2.2021 to 31.3.2021. The images were assessed for the frequency of positioning errors by a single radiologist and its association with the patient gender. The results were statistically analysed using Statistical Analysis of the Social Sciences (SPSS) 23.0 software. Chi-square test was used for the statistical analyses to determine the association between positioning errors and gender (p-value ≤0.05). Results: Among the positioning errors, the most common error was “head too far forward”, 19.9% in males and 23.5% in females. The least common errors seen were excessive downward angulation and upward over-angulation 27 (5.6%) and 16 (3.3%) cases in males and 19 (4.6%) and 15 (3.6%) cases in females respectively. The association between gender and positioning errors was found to be statistically significant at p-value 0.001 (p<0.05) with a Chi-square value of 22.455. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of structured training in taking panoramic radiographs and quality support required for proper image outcome. This is necessary to reduce treatment cost, patient time expenditure, exposure to radiation and delay in treatment planning.
Application of Soft Computing Techniques in Modelling of Soaked and Unsoaked California Bearing Ratio
Authors: Tunbosun Akinwamide Joshua , Ehiorobo Jacob Odeh , Obinna Osuji Sylvester , Nwankwo Ebuka
Published: May 2022

In this study, author attempted to establish a correlation between soil physical parameters and California Bearing Ratio of lateritic soils using advanced mathematical techniques such as the Support Vector Machine (SVM), Random Forest (RF), M5 tree, multiple linear regression, and Artificial Neural Network. A total of 480 soil samples were collected and separated into a data set using training and validation of the generated models based on the main soil parameters of Liquid Limit (LL), Plastic Limit (PL), Natural moisture content (NMC), Specific gravity (GS), Fines (F), Gravel, and Sand. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to minimize the dataset's huge dimension, and the approximate sum of the first four principal components (PC) captured 88 percent of the variability in the response variable with just 12% information loss. The RMSE values of 21.6, 21.23, 295.67, 7.03, 14.54 and 24.43,24.59,326.49,8.63,17.71 are from the MLR, ANN, MS Tree, RF, and SVM models for SCBR and USCBR values, respectively. For SCBR and USCBR, random forest (RF) yielded the lowest values of 7.03 and 8.63, respectively. Similarly, the R values range from 0.1 to 0.94 and 0.01 to 0.92, indicating that the anticipated and real SCBR and USCBR are related. The Random Forest Model for SCBR and USCBR was shown to be the best by the correlation coefficient values, while the MS tree model for SCBR and USCBR was determined to have the lowest coefficient of determination R2. As a result, it can be concluded that Random Forest provided the best Soaked and Unsoaked CBR model based on the dataset, while MS tree provided the poorest model. The model is a valuable tool for evaluating the subsurface indices of a civil engineering site at the preliminary planning stage before final structural design for the substructures, as the anticipated soil parameter values are within permitted accuracy.
A Case Report of Successful Fibrinolysis in a Multiple Coronary Ectasia ST-segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Validated by Coronary Angiography
Authors: AlTaweel Muneera , AlSulaiman Sarah , AlMukhaylid Sarah , Memon Fahad , AlAnazi Faisal , Gado Waleed , Naseef Tarek , AlMakhayitah Munirah , Alokifi Mohannad , Alazmi Abdulaziz , Alismail Asma , Alsultan Nada
Published: May 2022

Coronary artery ectasia (CAE) often presents in the form of an acute coronary syndrome (ACS) caused by slow blood flow leading to thrombus formation in ectatic coronary arteries. The usual approach is thrombectomy with intracoronary thrombolysis but often does not guarantee immediate blood flow. A 45-year-old male presented with anginal chest pain and was diagnosed with ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI), managed Immediately with tissue plasminogen activator(t-PA) followed later with coronary angiography revealing diffused Multiple coronary ectasia MCEA with no identified culprit lesions afterward. The patient was followed up periodically, with favorable outcomes on daily aspirin, direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), and guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for coronary artery disease (CAD) and reduced ejection fraction heart failure (HF-rEF). This case management strategy was dictated by available resources at the time of presentation; however, it signifies the importance and favorable outcome of thrombolysis in CEA/STEMI patients. Future large-scale studies are required toward defining the duration as well as the choice of long-term anticoagulation.
The Comparative Effects of Vitamin E + C on the Chronic Toxicity of Paraquat in Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Nnamdi Okolonkwo, Benjamin , Fyneface Amadi, Chikadibia , Okeke Chukwubike, Udoka , Ugochukwu Nyenke, Clement
Published: May 2022

Paraquat is a highly toxic chemical used in weed control. Paraquat is known for its ability to generate reactive oxygen species that attack cells and membranes. Vitamin E is a group of vitamins which dissolves in fat and possess antioxidant properties which act as a defense to the cells against oxidative stress arising from reactive oxygen species, whereas Vitamin C is a water soluble vitamin and a very potent antioxidant which protects the cells of the body from free radicals. The study aim was to evaluate the ameliorative effects of a combination therapy of vitamin E and C on biochemical markers of paraquat induced male albino rats. 200 male albino rats with 0.2±0.02 kg mean weight were used. The 200 rats were divided into four main groups with 50 rats within a group. The groups were labeled A, B C and D. The “A” group was neutral; “B” group was induced with 0.02 g, “C” 0.06g, and “D” 0.06 g of paraquat per kg rat every two weeks for three months. The main groups further had subgroups. “A” group had “A0” and “AVEC” subgroups; “B” group had “B0” and “BVEC” subgroups; “C” group had “C0” and “CVEC” subgroups; “D” group had “D0” and “DVEC” subgroups. “A0”, “B0”, “C0” and “D0” subgroups were not administered with vitamin E + C therapy while “AVEC”, “BVEC”, “CVEC” and “DVEC” were treated orally with 500 mg of vitamin E weekly and  2000 mg/l of vit C medicated water for one month. After then, the rats were sacrificed, blood samples were collected and analyzed for the liver function; T. bilirubin, D. bilirubin, T. protein, albumin, and globulin. ANOVA intergroup comparison of A0, B0, C0 and D0 was statistically significant, p-value<0.05 except for globulin. Intergroup comparison of AVEC, BVEC, CVEC and DVEC was statistically significant, p-value<0.05 except for globulin. Intra-group comparison showed significant difference only in total bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin levels, p-value<0.05. This study therefore has shown that weekly treatment with Vit E + C in one month can treat liver toxicity in rats.
Mitigation Option for GHG Emission from Wetland Rice Cultivation
Authors: Pradipa C. , Maragatham N. , Raja K. Senthil , Geethalakshmi V. , Sivakumar S. D. , Maheswari M.
Published: May 2022

The study on the effect of soil amendments and fertilizers on the mitigation of CH4 and N2O emission from rice field was conducted in the Wetland farm of Tamil Nadu Agricultural University farm, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India during rabi season. The results showed that the use of Gypsum and Fly Ash along with recommended dose of fertilizer reduced the emission of methane whereas urea with neem treatment reduced the N2O emission from the conventional water logged rice field. Methane emission was found to peak during the panicle initiation stage while nitrous oxide emission was noted only during the maturity stage. The application of Fly Ash along with gypsum had cut down the methane emission to a greater extent at all the stages. Nitrous oxide emission was reduced with the application of slow release N fertilizer (neem treated urea).
Assessment of Genetic Variability of Parameters for Yield and its Components in Soybean [ Glycine max (L.) Merrill]
Authors: Sahoo Santanu Kumar , Karnwal M. K. , Rohit .
Published: May 2022

An experiment was conducted with 9 crosses of soybean in compact family block design for 14 quantitative traits during kharif 2019 at N. E. Borlaug Crop Research Centre, Govind Ballabh Pant University of Agriculture & Technology, Pantnagar, Udham Singh Nagar, Uttarakhand, India to assess genetic variability, heritability and genetic advance. Genetic variability were found among the experimental materials for all traits. Phenotypic coefficient of variation was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation for most of the traits. Seed yield per plant showed highest genotypic coefficient of variation (29.1%). The highest heritability was exhibited by plant height followed by number of pods per plant, seed yield per plant and harvesting index. The value of genetic advance ranged from 0.06 (number of seeds per pod) to 89.45 (seed yield per row). The highest value of heritability coupled with high genetic advance as per cent mean exhibited by seed yield per plant followed by dry matter weight per plant, seed yield per row, number of pods per plant, seed yield efficiency which ensured additive gene action.
Reproductive Biology Analyses in Jasmine (Jasminum spp.)
Authors: Usha S. , Ganga M. , Rajamani K. , Manonmani S. , Gnanam R.
Published: May 2022

Jasmine occupies predominant position among the flower crops in India in terms of area, production, productivity as well as economic and cultural significance. The demand for jasmine flowers is growing day by day owing to its wide range of uses and there is a pressing need for improving the crop by exploring strategies to evolve improved genotypes. The present study focuses on the floral morphology involved in the reproduction of Jasminum spp. Reproductive biology is the principle criterion considered in the evolution of hybrids. The aim of this study was to determine the floral traits and factors that influence successful reproduction in jasmine and assess the components that hinder fruit set. The results of the study indicated that J. flexile and J. calophyllum had superior traits in terms of pollen viability, pollen germination and stigma receptivity and also both the genotypes were well suited for all the possible pollination conditions. J. sambac recorded superior floral morphological traits but the overall response in terms of pollen viability, pollen germination and stigma receptivity were recorded the least. Assessment of breeding system that helps in analysis of pollination mechanism was also documented. J. auriculatum was found to be a potential species with maximum fruit set percentage. J. sambac recorded poor results indicating the prevalence of fertilization barriers that hinder hybridization.
Multiple Hydatidosis with Rare Cardiac Localization
Authors: Zaghba N. , Farissi C. , Zerraa M. , Chaanoun K. , Benjelloun H. , Yassine N.
Published: May 2022

The present study highlights the Multiple pulmonary hydatidosis with cardiovascular localization. Cardiovascular localization remains exceptional with an estimated frequency between 0.5 and 2% of all hydatid localizations. Multislice CT with cardiac synchronization, as illustrated by our observation, allows an accurate morphological and extension assessment thanks to its very good spatial resolution and the possibilities of multiplanar reconstructions. Medical antiparasitic treatment is the treatment of choice for inoperable patients due to too many hydatid cysts, or debilitated terrain, or as a complementary treatment to surgery when there is a risk of dissemination.
Therapeutic Effects of Vitamin E on Paraquat Induced Liver Toxicity in Male Albino Rats (Rattus norvegicus)
Authors: Nnamdi Okolonkwo, Benjamin , Okeke Chukwubike, Udoka , Fyneface Amadi, Chikadibia , Ugochukwu Nyenke, Clement
Published: May 2022

Paraquat is a high toxic organic chemical capable of causing organ and tissue damage by generation of free radicals. Vitamin E is a powerful antioxidant which is domiciled within the cells and organelles of the body and functions by acting as an initial responder against oxygen reactive species called free radicals which attack and destroy the tissues. The study was aim to assess a short term therapeutic effect of vitamin E on paraquat induced male albino rat. A total of 200 male albino rats were used for the study which were divided into four main groups (A, B, C, D) and each group had 50 rats. Each group was further subgrouped into two, having 25rats per subgroup. “A” group was without paraquat induction while “B”, ‘C” and “D” groups were induced in increasing dose of 0.02g, 0.04g and 0.06g respectively. “A” group had two subgroups; “Ao” and “Ave” which represented the sub-group not treated with Vit E and the subgroup treated with Vit E (500mg) respectively. This design also applied to group “B”, “C” and “D” and paraquat induction frequency was fortnightly for three month followed by weekly treatment for one month. Blood and liver were collected and harvested respectively for liver function test (TB, CB, albumin, total protein and globulin) and histological assessment of the liver. There was a significant difference in liver function markers among the “Ao”, “Bo”, “Co” and “Do”, p-value<0.05 except for globulin marker. There was a significant difference in liver function markers among the “Ave”, “Bve”, “Cve” and “Dve”, p-value<0.05 except for globulin marker. The result also showed that there were significant differences in intra-group comparison in total bilirubin and conjugated bilirubin markers, p-value<0.05 while other markers were not significantly different. This study observed that vitamin E has therapeutic effect on paraquat induced rats. Therefore, it can be used to reverse liver toxicity.
Immediate Effect of Ice Massage to Head and Spine vs Cooling Pranayamas on Heart Rate Variability in Hypertensives
Authors: Mukund Apoorva , Shashikiran H. C. , Shetty Shivaprasad , Shetty Prashanth
Published: May 2022

Aims: To compare the immediate effect of Ice Massage (IM) to head and spine with cooling pranayama (sheetali and sheetkari pranayama) in hypertensive individuals on Blood Pressure and Heart Rate Variability.

Study design: An open-label, randomized, clinical trial.

Methodology: 100 hypertensive subjects were selected and randomly allocated into Group 1(n=50) (cooling pranayama) and Group 2 (n=50) (ice massage to head and spine). Group 1 practiced each pranayama for 10 mins and Group 2 was administered ice massage for 20 minutes. Subjects were assessed for Blood pressure and HRV at baseline and after treatment.

Result: There was a significant decrease in the blood pressure, heart rate, and LF/HF ratio and an increase in the HF power, NN50, and pNN50 values in both the groups after ice massage and cooling pranayama. But there was a larger significance found in group 2 (ice massage to head and spine) blood pressure variables (P≤0.001***), VLF (P =0.002**), LF (P =0.003**).

Conclusion:  The study showed that both ice massage to the head, spine and sheetali, sheetkari pranayama appeared to be effective means in the reduction of blood pressure. The immediate effect of ice massage on the head and spine is more effective in comparison to cooling pranayamas in the reduction of blood pressure in hypertensives.
matter of life and death – trade and burial around St Giles’ Cathedral
Authors: Roy Mike , Cerón-Carrasco Ruby , Craster Antonia , Cross Morag , Crowley Naomi , Evans Jane , Franklin Julie , Hall Allan , Hall Derek , Holmes Nicholas , Inglis Robin , Kenward Harry , Melikian Melissa , Smith Catherine , Thomas Clare , Thoms Jennifer , Thomson Lindsey , Timpany Scott , Toolis Ronan , Rogers Penelope Walton
Published: May 2022

Archaeological evaluation of the Southern Courtyard of the Parliament House complex (NGR: NT 2577 7350), to the south of St Giles’ Cathedral in Edinburgh’s Old Town, has provided a valuable insight into the lives, health and mortality of the inhabitants of the late medieval city. The evaluation revealed a backland area in the centre of medieval Edinburgh, with deposits rich in artefactual and ecofactual material derived from the everyday lives of the populace, underlying early burghal surfaces. The presence of artefacts including a small leather assemblage and a seal matrix may indicate production and trading activities between the High Street and the Cowgate in the late medieval period. Above these surfaces, and underlying fragmentary evidence of the post-medieval Meal Market, numerous late medieval inhumations were recorded; these belonged to the southward expansion of St Giles’ graveyard. This report details the analysis of the skeletal remains, illuminating the health and demography of the population of the city from around the mid-15th to the early-to-mid-16th century.
BSLnO: Multi‐agent based distributed intrusion detection system using Bat Sea Lion Optimization‐based hybrid deep learning approach
Authors: Maram Balajee , Mandala Jyothi , Satish Aravapalli Rama
Published: May 2022

Intrusion detection system (IDS) is a robust model that plays an essential role in dealing with intrusion detection, especially in detecting abnormal anomalies and unknown attacks. The major challenges faced by IDS are the computation time required for analysis, and the exchange of a huge amount of data from one division of the network to another. For the sake of tackling such limitations, this probe proposes a multi‐agent enabled IDS for detecting intrusions using the Bat Sea Lion Optimization (BSLnO) algorithm. The proposed strategy consists of five phases, namely pre‐processor agent, reducer agent, augmentation agent, classifier agent, and decision agent. Initially, input data is subjected to pre‐processor agent, where pre‐processing is carried out using data normalization and missing value imputation. Thereafter, the pre‐processed result is fed up to the reducer agent, where dimension reduction is carried out using mutual information. The third step is data augmentation in which the dimensionality of data is enhanced. After that, the augmented result is subjected to classifier agent to classify intrusions or malicious activities present in the network based on hybrid deep learning strategies, namely deep maxout network and deep residual network. A developed BSLnO is implemented by incorporating Bat Algorithm (BA) and Sea Lion Optimization (SLnO) algorithm to train the hybrid classifier. The proposed scheme has acquired a higher precision of 0.936, recall of 0.904, and F‐measure of 0.920.
High‐Throughput Micromechanical Testing Enabled by Optimized Direct Laser Writing
Authors: Jelinek Alexander , Zak Stanislav , Alfreider Markus , Kiener Daniel
Published: May 2022

Direct laser writing by two‐photon lithography enables the manufacturing of tailored 3D objects, commonly referred to as 3D‐printing, with submicrometer precision. Thereby, new approaches are enabled for miniaturized optical and mechanical devices, where basic material properties act as design guideline and initial input for finite element simulation‐driven device design. These mechanical properties are accessible through micromechanical testing and suitably adapted miniaturized specimens. With direct laser writing, a micromechanical specimen geometry can be readily manufactured without additional postprocessing, enabling the possibility of repetitive sample production and further high‐throughput testing. Widely overhanging features, as in common bending beam or tension specimens, easily cause floating layers as writing artifacts and thereby undefined geometries. Within this work, an approach to overcome this issue is presented. By introducing a slight taper within the geometry at initially printed layers, a reliable sample geometry is achievable without changing the overall mechanical behavior. As showcase geometries, miniaturized notched cantilever and advanced push‐to‐pull devices incorporating a notched tension specimen are detailed. Mechanical testing is conducted in situ and ex situ, and the mechanical influence from introducing a taper to a straight geometry is assessed via a finite element modeling. Thereby, a comprehensive approach for high‐throughput micromechanical testing is established.
Micro‐ and Nanorobots Meet DNA
Authors: Urso Mario , Pumera Martin
Published: May 2022

DNA, the well‐known molecule that carries the genetic information of almost all forms of life, represents a pivotal element in formulating intelligent and versatile micro/nanorobotic systems. DNA‐functionalized micro/nanorobots have opened new and exciting opportunities in many research areas due to the synergistic combination of self‐propulsion at the micro/nanoscale and the high specificity and programmability of DNA interactions. Here, their designs and applications are critically reviewed, which span from the use of DNA as the fuel to chemotactically power nanorobots toward cancer cells to DNA as the main building block for sophisticated phototactic biorobots, DNA nanodevices to self‐monitor microrobots’ activity status, DNA and RNA sensing, nucleic acids isolation, gene therapy, and water purification. The perspective on future directions of the field is also shared, envisioning DNA‐mediated reconfigurable assemblies of nanorobotic swarms.
Inosine‐Based Supramolecular Hydrogel for Highly Efficient PD‐L1 Blockade Therapy via Mediating CD8+ T Cells
Authors: Qi Jiajia , Ding Tingting , Liu Tiannan , Xia Xin , Wu Shihong , Liu Jiang , Chen Qianming , Zhang Dunfang , Zhao Hang
Published: May 2022

Inosine is proven to promote the proliferation and function of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes (CD8+ T) under glucose restriction and enhance the efficacy of programmed cell death protein ligand‐1 (PD‐L1) blockade therapy. However, systemic administration of high frequencies and large doses of inosine and anti‐PD‐L1 antibody (aPDL1) is required, which inevitably reduces bioavailability and causes severe immunological side effects. Therefore, it is crucial to develop a drug delivery system to achieve gradient release of inosine and aPDL1 for local immunotherapy. In this study, an inosine‐based supramolecular hydrogel, inosine‐phenylenediboronic‐isoguanosine (IPBisoG), is successfully developed following a simple one‐pot procedure. Both in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrate that the biocompatible and biodegradable IPBisoG hydrogel displays excellent stability and self‐healing properties. Furthermore, the IPBisoG hydrogel is shown to achieve the gradual and sequential release of inosine and aPDL1. Inosine, which enhances the proliferation and function of CD8+ T cells, together with aPDL1, the blocker of the immunosuppressive pathway in tumor microenvironment, can highly enhance the in vivo efficacy of PD‐L1 blockade therapy. The employment of IPBisoG hydrogel is also shown to trigger systemic immune responses. These results demonstrate that IPBisoG hydrogel can be a promising platform for tumor‐local immunotherapy in the future.
Liquid‐Pressure‐Guided Superhydrophobic Surfaces with Adaptive Adhesion and Stability
Authors: Tan Yao , Yang Jinlong , Li Yong , Li Xiaomei , Wu Qian , Fan Yue , Yu Fanfei , Cui Jiaxi , Chen Longquan , Wang Dehui , Deng Xu
Published: May 2022

The dynamic application environments of superhydrophobic surfaces, such as in the manufacturing, chemical, and garment industries, require the fast adaptiveness of the surfaces to their surroundings. Despite the progress in materials and structural design of superhydrophobic surfaces, simultaneously achieving high superhydrophobic stability and low adhesion by traditional design is still challenging. Here, a liquid‐pressure‐guided superhydrophobic surface with self‐adjustable solid–liquid stability, and adhesion is demonstrated when reacting to the dynamic environmental requirements. To understand the underlying adaptive processes, the liquid impalement dynamics is imaged in three dimensions by confocal microscopy and the stability and superhydrophobicity are measured in varied systems. It is envisioned that the design strategy of liquid‐pressure‐guided superhydrophobic surfaces with dynamic anti‐infiltration capability can stimulate the development of stable superhydrophobicity under complex wetting conditions.
Short‐Range Diffusion Enables General Synthesis of Medium‐Entropy Alloy Aerogels
Authors: Han Guanghui , Li Menggang , Liu Hu , Zhang Weiyu , He Lin , Tian Fenyang , Liu Yequn , Yu Yongsheng , Yang Weiwei , Guo Shaojun
Published: May 2022

Medium‐entropy alloy aerogels (MEAAs) with the advantages of both multimetallic alloys and aerogels are promising new materials in catalytic applications. However, limited by the immiscible behavior of different metals, achieving single‐phase MEAAs is still a grand challenge. Herein, a general strategy for preparing ultralight 3D porous MEAAs with the lowest density of 39.3 mg cm−3 among the metal materials is reported, through combining auto‐combustion and subsequent low‐temperature reduction procedures. The homogenous mixing of precursors at the ionic level makes the short‐range diffusion of metal atoms possible to drive the formation of single‐phase MEAAs. As a proof of concept in catalysis, as‐synthesized Ni50Co15Fe30Cu5 MEAAs exhibit a high mass activity of 1.62 A mg−1 and specific activity of 132.24 mA cm−2 toward methanol oxidation reactions, much higher than those of the low‐entropy counterparts. In situ Fourier transform infrared and NMR spectroscopies reveal that MEAAs can enable highly selective conversion of methanol to formate. Most importantly, a methanol‐oxidation‐assisted MEAAs‐based water electrolyzer can achieve a low cell voltage of 1.476 V at 10 mA cm−2 for making value‐added formate at the anode and H2 at the cathode, 173 mV lower than that of traditional alkaline water electrolyzers.
Progressive and Stable Synaptic Plasticity with Femtojoule Energy Consumption by the Interface Engineering of a Metal/Ferroelectric/Semiconductor
Authors: Kim Sohwi , Yoon Chansoo , Oh Gwangtaek , Lee Young Woong , Shin Minjeong , Kee Eun Hee , Park Bae Ho , Lee Ji Hye , Park Sanghyun , Kang Bo Soo , Kim Young Heon
Published: May 2022

In the era of “big data,” the cognitive system of the human brain is being mimicked through hardware implementation of highly accurate neuromorphic computing by progressive weight update in synaptic electronics. Low‐energy synaptic operation requires both low reading current and short operation time to be applicable to large‐scale neuromorphic computing systems. In this study, an energy‐efficient synaptic device is implemented comprising a Ni/Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT)/0.5 wt.% Nb‐doped SrTiO3 (Nb:STO) heterojunction with a low reading current of 10 nA and short operation time of 20–100 ns. Ultralow femtojoule operation below 9 fJ at a synaptic event, which is comparable to the energy required for synaptic events in the human brain (10 fJ), is achieved by adjusting the Schottky barrier between the top electrode and ferroelectric film. Moreover, progressive domain switching in ferroelectric PZT successfully induces both low nonlinearity/asymmetry and good stability of the weight update. The synaptic device developed here can facilitate the development of large‐scale neuromorphic arrays for artificial neural networks with low energy consumption and high accuracy.
Collective reputation and food
Authors: Winfree Jason A.
Published: May 2022

This paper gives an overview of the economic literature on food and collective reputation. Often both the quality of food and the producer of the food are not known at the time of purchase; therefore, consumers sometimes rely on a collective reputation for the expected quality. This collective reputation could be for a region, commodity, country, franchise, or cooperative. This paper summarizes the theoretical literature that illustrates incentives for firms and regions, as well as the empirical literature that analyzes collective reputation for various types of food. Recommendations for future work and policy implications are given.
Tuberous sclerosis complex‐associated nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: Management and surgical outcomes
Authors: Evans Leah M. , Geenen Kennedy R. , O'Shea Aileen , Hedgire Sandeep S. , Ferrone Cristina R. , Thiele Elizabeth A.
Published: May 2022

We aimed to further characterize pancreatic involvement in tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC), with a focus on management of TSC‐associated nonfunctional pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs). This was a retrospective chart review of a large cohort of TSC patients. A total of 637 patients with a confirmed diagnosis of TSC were seen at the Herscot Center for Tuberous Sclerosis Complex at Massachusetts General Hospital. Of the 637 total patients with a confirmed diagnosis of TSC, 28 patients were found to have varying pancreatic findings ranging from simple‐appearing cysts to well‐differentiated PNETs. Thirteen of the 28 patients had PNET confirmed on pathology; 10 of these tumors were resected at Massachusetts General Hospital. None of the patients had serious perioperative or postoperative complications; only one of the patients had a recurrence following resection. As roughly 4.4% of our TSC patient population had pancreatic involvement, surveillance abdominal imaging should include evaluation of the pancreas instead of limiting to a renal protocol. Additionally, given the low risk of complications and recurrence combined with documented risk of metastasis in TSC‐associated PNET, TSC patients with pancreatic lesions suspicious for PNETs should be considered as surgical candidates.
Zugang zu neuem 3D chemischen Raum: cis‐selektive Aromatenhydrierung zur Synthese gesättigter cyclischer Boronsäuren
Authors: Kaithal Akash , Wagener Tobias , Bellotti Peter , Daniliuc Constantin G. , Schlichter Lisa , Glorius Frank
Published: May 2022

Eine neue Klasse gesättigter, zyklischer Borverbindungen wurde mit Hilfe einer Aromatenhydrierung synthetisiert. Berichtet wird über die cis‐selektive Hydrierung von leicht zugänglichen und biologisch bedeutsamen Verbindungen, darunter Benzoxaborole, Benzoxaborinine und Benzoxaboripine. Unter den verschiedenen getesteten Katalysatoren wurde mit dem cyclischen Rhodium(alkyl)(amino)carben [Rh‐CAAC] (1) als Präkatalysator die beste Hydrierungsaktivität beobachtet und eine Umsatzzahl von bis zu 1400 bei guter bis hoher Diastereoselektivität erreicht. Ein breites Spektrum funktioneller Gruppen wurde toleriert, einschließlich empfindlicher Substituenten wie −F, −CF3 und Silylgruppen. Die Nützlichkeit der synthetisierten Produkte wurde durch die Erkennung von Diolen und Zuckern unter physiologischen Bedingungen nachgewiesen. Diese Motive können in der medizinischen Chemie von großer Bedeutung sein, da sie eine dreidimensionale Struktur besitzen, sehr stabil sowie wasserlöslich sind, Wasserstoffbrücken bilden und mit Diolen und Zuckern interagieren.
Selectivity enhancement of oxidative degraded reverse osmosis membrane by chitosan–tannic acid treatment
Authors: Raval Hiren D. , Modi Richa , Dave Kaushik , Raviya Mayur
Published: May 2022

Reverse osmosis membrane elements suffer oxidative degradation during operation thereby resulting in increased salt passage. The present article demonstrates the novel approach to bind a chitosan–tannic acid layer above the degraded reverse osmosis membrane to make a supramolecular assembly over loosened polyamide layer to increase the selectivity performance. Chitosan being naturally occurring linear polysaccharide, its biodegradability, nontoxicity, antimicrobial property make it a promising candidate for membrane surface modification. Tannic Acid functions as cross‐linking agent, contains many polyphenolic compound, and was found suitable to bind with chitosan and form a supramolecular layer over polyamide. The present article showed the increase in salt rejection upto 33.17% of oxidative degraded reverse osmosis membrane by chitosan–tannic acid treatment. The selectivity enhancement was significant in case of membrane modified with chitosan–tannic acid supramolecular assembly. The modified membranes exhibited lower leaching as compared to only tannic acid treated membrane. They were characterized for morphology, surface features and chemical structure by scanning electron micrographs, atomic force micrographs, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Moreover, the differential scanning calorimetry analysis was done to evaluate the glass transition temperature of modified membrane. Stress–strain behavior of modified membranes were analyzed. This article proposes as novel approach to enhance the selectivity of degraded membrane.
Preparation and characterization of polypropylene nanofibrous membrane for the filtration of textile wastewater
Authors: Zakaria Mohammad , Shibahara Kanta , Bhuiyan Anamul Hoque , Nakane Koji
Published: May 2022

A fibrous membrane being prepared from nanofiber is of great demand for super‐efficient filtration of industrial wastewater. This study reported a highly efficient noanofibrous membrane made of superfine polypropylene (PP) nanofiber with an average diameter of only 228 nm and that had also demonstrated a direct influence of fiber diameter on its properties and performance for textile wastewater purification. The PP nanofibers were prepared with a varying content of PP/ethylene‐co‐vinyl alcohol (EVOH) blends from which the EVOH matrix was removed after electrospinning. Subsequently, the PP nanofibrous membranes were manufactured using the prepared PP nanofibers via a simple wet‐laid process. The fiber diameter turned out to be an important factor in the surface properties and pore characteristics of the PP nanofibrous membrane. The finer PP nanofiber constructed a compact fibrous mesh structure of the membrane leading to an optimum porosity, a high hydrophobicity, and a smaller mean pore size with a narrower distribution. The filtration performance of the nanofibrous membrane for dyeing wastewater has also evidenced the potentiality of the finer PP nanofiber. Moreover, in comparison with the commercial PP fibrous membrane, the developed PP membrane was found to be more promising.
Feedback beyond accuracy: Using eye‐tracking to detect comprehensibility and interest during reading
Authors: van der Sluis Frans , van den Broek Egon L.
Published: May 2022

Knowing what information a user wants is a paramount challenge to information science and technology. Implicit feedback is key to solving this challenge, as it allows information systems to learn about a user's needs and preferences. The available feedback, however, tends to be limited and its interpretation shows to be difficult. To tackle this challenge, we present a user study that explores whether tracking the eyes can unpack part of the complexity inherent to relevance and relevance decisions. The eye behavior of 30 participants reading 18 news articles was compared with their subjectively appraised comprehensibility and interest at a discourse level. Using linear regression models, the eye‐tracking signal explained 49.93% (comprehensibility) and 30.41% (interest) of variance (p < .001). We conclude that eye behavior provides implicit feedback beyond accuracy that enables new forms of adaptation and interaction support for personalized information systems.
Printed 384‐Well Microtiter Plate on Paper for Fluorescent Chemosensor Arrays in Food Analysis
Authors: Lyu Xiaojun , Sasaki Yui , Ohshiro Kohei , Tang Wei , Yuan Yousi , Minami Tsuyoshi
Published: May 2022

We propose a printed 384‐well microtiter paper‐based fluorescent chemosensor array device (384‐well microtiter PCAD) to simultaneously categorize and discriminate saccharides and sulfur‐containing amino acids for food analysis. The 384‐well microtiter PCAD requiring 1 μL/4 mm2 of each well can allow high‐throughput sensing. The device embedded with self‐assembled fluorescence chemosensors displayed a fingerprint‐like response pattern for targets, the image of which was rapidly captured by a portable digital camera. Indeed, the paper‐based chemosensor array system combined with imaging analysis and pattern recognition techniques not only successfully categorized saccharides and sulfur‐containing amino acids but also classified mono‐ and disaccharide groups. Furthermore, the quantitative detectability of the printed device was revealed by a spike and recovery test for fructose and glutathione in a diluted freshly made tomato juice. We believe that the 384‐well microtiter PCAD using the imaging analysis system will be a powerful sensor for multi‐analytes at several categorized groups in real samples.
Adaptive neural output feedback finite‐time command filtered backstepping control for nonlinear systems with full‐state constraints
Authors: Zhang Qi , Zhao Lin
Published: May 2022

In this paper, an adaptive neural finite‐time control method via barrier Lyapunov function, command filtered backstepping, and output feedback is proposed to solve the tracking problem of uncertain high‐order nonlinear systems with full‐state constraints and input saturation. By utilizing the neural network (NN) to approximate unknown nonlinear functions, the finite‐time command filters are used to filtering the virtual control signals and get the intermediate control signals in a finite time in the backstepping process. Because there are errors between the output of finite‐time command filters and the virtual control signals, the error compensation signals are added to eliminate the influence of filtering errors. Based on the proposed control scheme, the states of the system can be constrained in the predetermined region, all signals in the system are bounded in finite time, and the tracking error can converge to the desired region in finite time. At last, a simulation example is given to show the effectiveness of the proposed control method.