bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC AND CLINICOPATHOLOGIC FINDINGS IN 21 DOGS WITH INTESTINAL ADENOCARCINOMA
Authors: Paoloni Melissa C. , Penninck Dominique G. , Moore Antony S.
Published: May 2005

In a retrospective study of 21 dogs with intestinal adenocarcinoma, the signalment, clinical presentation, laboratory findings, ultrasonographic features, treatment, and outcome were reviewed. Anorexia (n = 16), vomiting (n = 15), diarrhea (n = 10), and weight loss (n = 9) were the most common clinical signs reported. Ultrasonographic features that were evaluated included location, length, wall thickness, echogenicity, regional motility, layering, regional lymphadenopathy, and fluid accumulation proximal to the lesion site. All lesions were transmural and associated with complete loss of wall layering. Maximum wall thickening at the lesion site ranged from 7 to 17 mm (median 12 mm, mean 11.9 mm). Most of the dogs had a lesion measuring from 23 to 63 mm in length, (median 40 mm, mean 42 mm). Most intestinal lesions were poorly echogenic and had an irregular lumen. Fluid accumulation proximal to the lesion site was identified in 17 of 21 dogs, and in 13 of 17 dogs the fluid accumulation was considered moderate to severe. Regional lymphadenopathy and/or nodular mesentery/omentum were noted in 12 of 21 dogs. The tumor was located in small intestine for 15 dogs and in the colon for the remaining 6 dogs. Fifteen dogs were treated by surgical resection of the intestinal mass. Their median survival time was 233 days. Only gender appeared to influence survival. Female dogs lived a median of 28 days, whereas male dogs lived a median of 272 days.
LEFT ATRIAL TO AORTIC ROOT INDICES USING TWO‐DIMENSIONAL AND M‐MODE ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN CAVALIER KING CHARLES SPANIELS WITH AND WITHOUT LEFT ATRIAL ENLARGEMENT
Authors: Hansson Kerstin , Häggström Jens , Kvart Clarence , Lord Peter
Published: May 2005

Two‐dimensional (2‐D) echocardiographic measurement of the left atrium (LA) has the potential to be more accurate than the standard M‐mode method, because the LA body can be measured. We evaluated a 2‐D method for measuring LA and aorta (AO) in a right parasternal short‐axis view and compared it to the M‐mode method. An index for LA size (LA/AO) was calculated in 166 cavalier King Charles spaniels, 56 normal and 110 dogs with mitral regurgitation (MR) of varying degrees secondary to chronic valvular disease. In normal dogs, the AO‐2‐D and LA/AO‐2‐D did not correlate to body weight (BW) or BW2; whereas, all M‐mode values and the LA‐2‐D were significantly (p< .05) related to both BW parameters. In normal dogs, there was no difference between M‐mode and 2‐D indices. For all dogs (normal and dogs with MR) there was an 11% bias between the M‐mode and 2‐D index with the LA/AO‐2‐D being higher than the LA/AO‐M. The association between the mean and the difference of the indices demonstrated a quadratic relationship. Dogs with a mean LA/AO of 2.0–2.5 showed the largest difference between the two indices. Small values for the 2‐D coefficients of variation for respiration and stage of diastole were found; 3.4 and 3.1%, respectively. The 2‐D index is more sensitive to LA enlargement than the M‐mode index.
SONOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATIONS OF THE GASTROINTESTINAL TRACT OF GRANIVOROUS BIRDS
Authors: Krautwald‐Junghanns Maria‐Elisabeth , Stahl Anja , Pees Michael , Enders Frank , Bartels Thomas
Published: May 2005

This article describes the sonographic examination of the normal gastrointestinal tract of granivorous birds. Preliminary tests with dead birds were performed to get an idea of the sonographic echotexture of the avian gastrointestinal tract. Later, clinically healthy seedeaters of different weights were examined sonographically. As equipment a convex microcurved scanner with a particularly small coupling surface and an adjustable frequency from 5.5–7.5 MHz was used. For the investigation of the gastrointestinal tract, six sonographic approaches are described. After a starving time of 18 hours in the granivorous birds and water input, the best sonographic image quality could be obtained. Using this method, the crop, ventriculus, intestines, and cloaca could be demonstrated sonographically; whereas, it was not possible to visualize the normal proventriculus in granivorous birds. In contrast to mammals, the different layers of the wall of the gastrointestinal tract could not be visualized with the equipment used. Motility of individual parts of the gastrointestinal tract (GI tract), however, could be well demonstrated.
PREDICTORS OF RESPONSE TO RADIOIODINE THERAPY IN HYPERTHYROID CATS
Authors: Chun Ruthanne , Garrett Laura D. , Sargeant Jan , Sherman Aprill , Hoskinson James J.
Published: May 2005

The objective of this retrospective study was to evaluate hyperthyroid cats for pretreatment factors that would predict response to radioiodine therapy. Hyperthyroidism was diagnosed in 193 cats based on elevated serum thyroxine levels and/or elevated thyroid to salivary gland ratios on thyroid scintigraphy. All cats were treated with an intravenous bolus of 4 mCi of radioiodine and follow‐up serum thyroxine levels were evaluated at 1 week and 1, 3, 6, and 12 months post‐therapy. There was a significant relationship between pretreatment thyroxine values and post‐treatment thyroxine values at all of the follow‐up time points (p < 0.001). There was also a relationship between thyroid to salivary gland technetium scan ratio results and serum thyroxine values at pretreatment and at 1 week post‐treatment (p = 0.02, 0.005, respectively). A greater scan ratio was associated with higher thyroxine levels at these time points, but not at 1,3, 6 or 12 months post‐therapy. Ninety‐eight cats pretreated with methimazole were analyzed for the effect of this drug on response to therapy. Methimazole was discontinued ≥5 days before radioiodine therapy in 58 cats and <5 days in 31 cats, in 9 cats the number of days off methimazole was unknown. There was no difference in response to radioiodine based upon when methimazole was discontinued (p = 0.70).
ANATOMIC REFERENCE FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF THE HEAD OF THE FOAL
Authors: Smallwood James E. , Wood Brett C. , Eric Taylor W. , Tate Lloyd P.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to produce an anatomic reference for computed tomography (CT) of the head of the foal for use by radiologists, clinicians, and veterinary students. The head from each of 2 foals, euthanized for reasons unrelated to head pathology, was removed and prepared for CT scanning. Using a third‐generation CT scanner, 5‐mm contiguous transverse images were acquired. The heads were then frozen and sectioned using a band saw, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The anatomic sections were photographed and radiographed. The radiographs and anatomic photographs were digitized and matched with the corresponding CT image. Each CT image was compared with its corresponding radiographic and anatomic section to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. Clinically relevant structures were identified and labeled in corresponding images (CT, anatomic slice, and radiograph of slice). Only structures identified in the CT image were labeled in 1 of the other 2 images. Sagittal (reference) images of the horse's head were reconstructed from the transverse CT scans, and were used to indicate the level from which each of the transverse images was obtained. Corresponding labeled images were then formatted together with a legend for identification of specific anatomic structures.
COMPARISON OF SINGLE‐PHASE AND HIGH‐FREQUENCY GENERATORS FOR X‐RAY UNITS
Authors: Barthez P.Y. , Manwaring N. , Mitelmann P.M. , Benoit E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to compare characteristics and performances between single‐phase (SP) and high‐frequency (HF) generators for x‐ray units dedicated to veterinary radiology practice. A 30‐kW SP and a 30‐kW high HF generator connected to a rotating anode x‐ray tube were used for the study. Source‐film distance, screen/film combination, and film processing were kept the same during the experiment. The mAs value yielding a similar film optical density of a stair step phantom, as assessed by a densitometer and a similar dose, as assessed by a solid state detector, was estimated for different kVp values. The ratio of the mAs used with the SP generator to the equivalent mAs used with the HF generator to produce similar film density or radiation dose was calculated. Subject contrast was measured for different kVp values as the relative difference in film optical density between two steps of the phantom. The waveform of the tube current was recorded for the two generators using an oscilloscope. Motion artifact was produced on a lateral radiograph of a canine tarsus using the two generators. Reproducibility was assessed by comparing the variances of film density measurements made on the central step of the phantom on 10 consecutive images produced with the two generators. mAs ratios (SP/HF) to obtain similar film optical density ranged from 2 (for 90kVp) to 2.5 (for 70 kVp), and mAs ratios to obtain similar radiation dose ranged from 1.2 (for 100 kVp) to 1.4 (for 70 kVp). Image contrast was slightly higher for the SP than for the HF generator. Current waveform for the SP generator was half‐sinusoidal and it was almost continuous for the HF generator. Motion artifact appeared as blur for the HF generator and as several regularly placed images of the subject for the SP generator. Reproducibility was significantly better for the HF than for the SP generator (P= 0.047). It was concluded that the HF generator was approximately two times more efficient, had a better reproducibility, and produced images with a lower contrast than the SP generator. Motion artifact appears differently due to different current waveform.
MENSURATION OF CERVICAL VERTEBRAL RATIOS IN DOBERMAN PINSCHERS AND GREAT DANES
Authors: Drost Wm Tod , Lehenbauer Terry W. , Reeves Jeff
Published: May 2005

Canine cervical vertebral instability is a complex syndrome involving cervical spinal cord compressive lesions. Doberman pinschers and Great Danes are the most commonly affected breeds. Measurements of vertebral canal diameter (VCD), vertebral body height (H), and vertebral body length (L) were made from C3‐C7in 24 Doberman pinschers and 8 Great Danes by using digital and analog techniques. Significant differences between affected and unaffected sites were noted for Doberman pinschers at C6(P= 0.039) and C7(P= 0.027) using analog measurements of VCD/H, and Great Danes at C6using analog (P= 0.041) and digital (P= 0.004) measurements of VCD/L. Cervical vertebral ratios have potential as a breed‐specific screening tool for cervical vertebral instability and warrant longitudinal studies.
DOPPLER ECHOCARDIOGRAPHY IN THE DOG: MEASUREMENT VARIABILITY AND REPRODUCIBILITY
Authors: Dukes‐McEwan Joanna , French Anne T. , Corcoran Brendan M.
Published: May 2005

Serial Doppler echocardiographic examinations were carried out in random order on six boxer dogs, on 3 separate days, by two experienced Doppler echocardiographers, to assess measurement variability and reproducibility of 65 parameters. Large numbers of parameters exhibited significant differences for each of the categories of intraobserver, interobserver, interday and interoperator. The coefficients of variation for all parameters measured ranged from 5.03 to 46.43%, but most were less than 20%. In general, least variation was found for the intraobserver category, and the best reproducibility for M‐mode and left ventricular volumetric data. The worst reproducibility was found for tricuspid inflow and pulmonary venous flow measurements. The results of this study suggest differences greater than 20% for serial scans must be achieved to document genuine change, although the specific data should be consulted. Furthermore, variability and reproducibility are improved if a single experienced operator/observer acquires and measures serial scans.
EVALUATION OF A NOVEL DOPPLER INDEX OF COMBINED SYSTOLIC AND DIASTOLIC MYOCARDIAL PERFORMANCE IN NEWFOUNDLAND DOGS WITH FAMILIAL PREVALENCE OF DILATED CARDIOMYOPATHY
Authors: Lee Byeong‐Han , Dukes‐McEwan Joanna , French Anne T. , Corcoran Brendan M.
Published: May 2005

A Doppler index of myocardial performance (IMP) has been recently proposed in human cardiology, which is calculated from the isovolumic contraction time (ICT), isovolumic relaxation time (IRT), and the ejection time (ET) using the following formula: (ICT+IRT)/ET. In this study, IMP was measured and evaluated in Newfoundland dogs categorized in four groups: Normal dogs (n = 31), dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) (n = 34), depressed fractional shortening (dFS) (n = 27), and left ventricular enlargement (LVE) (n = 7). IMP was found to be independent of age, sex, body surface area, and the R‐R interval in the Normal group. There were significant differences in IMP between the DCM group and the Normal and dFS groups (P< 0.05) and between Newfoundlands with overt vs. occult DCM. IMP is a Doppler index which appears to correlate with severity of disease and may be of use in the early diagnosis of affected dogs during screening for the presence of DCM.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF CANINE ABDOMINAL MALIGNANT HISTIOCYTOSIS
Authors: Ramirez Sammy , Douglass James P. , Robertson Ian D.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonographic features of canine abdominal malignant histiocytosis (MH) of 16 dogs are reported. The most common finding was the presence of hypoechoic nodules in the spleen, some of which caused distortion of the splenic margin. The liver was the second‐most commonly affected organ. Hepatic ultrasonographic features were highly variable, including hypoechoic, hyperechoic, or mixed echogenic lesions. Other common ultrasonographic abnormalities included hypoechoic nodules in the kidneys and mesenteric and medial iliac lymphadenopathy. The results of this study suggest that the ultrasonographic appearance of canine abdominal MH is nonspecific, and definitive diagnosis requires cytologic or histologic examination.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC ASSESSMENT OF METALLIC CLIP CAROTID ANASTOMOSIS IN SHEEP
Authors: Lima Marco A. , Calles Carmen , Lima Juan R. , Martin Maria F. , Crisostomo Veronica , Hernandez Francisco J. , Barrera Rafael , Uson Jesus
Published: May 2005

The aim of this study was to use ultrasonography to assess an experimental carotid arteriotomy followed by end‐to‐end anastomosis in the lamb. Animals were subjected to an experimental surgical procedure consisting of a right carotid artery arteriotomy and subsequent end‐to‐end anastomosis with nonpenetrating metallic clips. Left side arteries were used as control. Duplex ultrasonography was performed postoperatively to assess the evolution of the experimental anastomosis. Measurements were made on the right carotid to assess blood flow, peak systolic velocity, and end diastolic velocity, as well as arterial diameter. Animals were periodically checked during the six‐month postoperative period. Operated vessels appeared normal during follow up, with pulsatile movements and size similar to non operated carotid arteries. A hyperechoic band, perpendicular to the vessel main axis, was seen on the longitudinal image in operated arteries, but not in the control group. This band corresponded to the anastomosis area, where the clips were positioned. No image suggestive of thrombosis was observed in any operated artery, and blood flow was maintained through the experiment. Finally, a decrease of vessel lumen diameter was evidenced at the level of the anastomosis during the first 30 postoperative days, but it was not present after the 90th postsurgical day.

Duplex ultrasonography is a useful imaging technique for the assessment of anatomical details, acoustical properties of the vascular lumen, and study of the intimal surface and vessel wall in growing arteries subjected to surgery. Metallic clips as suturing technique in arterial anastomosis allow for normal vascular growth, as shown by the evolution of flow velocity and vessel diameter.
IMAGING OF PHEOCHROMOCYTOMA IN 2 DOGS USING p‐[18F] FLUOROBENZYLGUANIDINE
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Degrado Timothy R. , Nutter Felicia , Garg Pradeep K. , Breitschwerdt Edward B. , Spaulding Kathy , Concannon Kevin D. , Zalutsky Michael R. , Edward Coleman R.
Published: May 2005

p‐[18F]Fluorobenzylguanidine ([18F]PFBG) is a norepinephrine analog that has been developed as a positron emission tomography (PET) imaging radiopharmaceutical. Myocardial sympathetic innervation, neuroendocrine structures, and tumors can be noninvasively imaged with [18F]PFBG. In this study, the uptake characteristics of [18F]PFBG were investigated in 2 dogs with a spontaneous pheochromocytoma. The extent of the pheochromocytoma was well documented in both dogs on the PET study. The standardized uptake values within the pheochromocytomas were greater than 25 by 10 min, and were 37 and 50 by 45 min in each dog. A third dog that was suspected to have an adrenal mass was also studied. In this dog, the [18F]PFBG study was normal. Surgical exploration and adrenal biopsy confirmed the [18F]PFBG imaging findings in both dogs. In each dog, there was rapid blood‐pool clearance (within 10 min after intravenous administration of the [18F]PFBG), with high uptake specific within the myocardium and adrenal medulla. The results indicate that [18F]PFBG may be useful for imaging canine pheochromocytomas and aid in differentiating adrenal masses.
LATE COMPLICATIONS OF PELVIC IRRADIATION IN 16 DOGS
Authors: Anderson Christine R. , McNiel Elizabeth A. , Gillette Edward L. , Powers Barbara E. , LaRue Susan M.
Published: May 2005

When external beam radiation therapy is administered to the pelvis, normal tissues irradiated may include the colon, small intestine, urethra, bladder, bone, and spinal cord. The objectives of this retrospective study were to determine the incidence and severity of late radiation effects following pelvic irradiation in dogs and to identify factors that increase the risk of these effects. Medical records of all dogs treated with curative intent external beam radiation therapy to the pelvic region between 1993 and 1999 were reviewed. Patients with follow‐up longer than 9 months or any patient that developed late complications earlier than 9 months were evaluated. Sixteen dogs met criteria for inclusion in this study. All dogs were treated with a 6‐MV linear accelerator with bilaterally opposed beams. Diseases treated included transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder, transitional cell carcinoma of the prostate, and anal sac apocrine gland adenocarcinoma. Four dose/fractionation schemes were used: 49.5 Gy in 3.3 Gy fractions, 54 Gy in 3.0 Gy fractions, 54 Gy in 2.7 Gy fractions, and 18 Gy intraoperative radiation therapy followed by 43 Gy external beam radiation therapy in 2.9 Gy fractions. Implantable chemotherapy in the form of an OPLA‐Pt sponge was used in six dogs as a radiation potentiator. Colitis was the major late effect following pelvic irradiation, occurring in nine dogs (56%). Colitis was characterized as mild in three dogs, moderate in one dog, and severe in five dogs. Three of the dogs with severe effects suffered gastrointestinal perforation. All dogs with severe late effects received 3 or 3.3 Gy per fraction, and 80% received radiation potentiators. In the seven dogs that received 2.7 Gy or 2.9 Gy per fraction, late effects were classified as none (n = 5), mild colitis (n = 1), and moderate colitis (n = 1). Radiation therapy can be administered to the pelvic region with a minimal risk of late effects to the colon by giving smaller doses per fraction and avoiding systemic radiation potentiators.
CT FEATURES OF ALVEOLITIS AND SINUSITIS IN HORSES
Authors: Henninger Wolfgang , Mairi Frame E. , Willmann Michael , Simhofer Hubert , Malleczek Dieter , Kneissl Sibylle M. , Mayrhofer Elisabeth
Published: May 2005

Sinusitis is a common disorder in horses and may result from trauma, dental diseases, or space‐occupying lesions. Radiography can only provide a limited amount of information. Computed tomography (CT) has been documented as an alternative imaging method. Eighteen horses (mostly Warm‐blood) with signs of chronic sinusitis were examined preoperatively with CT to assist in diagnosis of the underlying cause. There was a group of common CT features in horses with dental disease and sinusitis. The first molar was the most frequently affected maxillary cheek tooth. Hypoattenuation of the ce‐mentum, destruction of the enamel, and filling of the infundibular cavity with gas were the most frequent CT findings associated with caries. Gas bubbles within the bulging root area or fragmentation of the root in combination with swelling of the adjacent sinus lining were the most important CT features of dental decay. CT findings associated with sinusitis included excessive thickening of the respiratory epithelium in the rostral maxillary sinus; the caudal maxillary sinus was less often involved. The infraorbital canal, the nasomaxillary duct, and the frontomaxillary aperture were usually involved. The maxillary bone, however, especially the facial crest, was involved in nearly every horse, being characterized by endosteal sclerosis, thickening, periosteal reaction, and deformation leading to facial swelling in chronic infections. CT images allowed identification of involvement of individual teeth more clearly to reveal the diseased one for treatment. Three‐dimensional imaging allowed improved understanding of the extent and severity of the pathologic change.
BILATERAL ELBOW MALFORMATION IN A CAT CAUSED BY RADIO‐ULNAR SYNOSTOSIS
Authors: Rossi Federica , Vignoli Massimo , Terragni Rossella , Pozzr Luigi , Impallomeni Carlo , Magnani Marina
Published: May 2005

A 9‐month‐old neutered male cat was referred because of left forelimb lameness. Physical examination, laboratory analysis, and radiographic examination of the entire skeleton were performed. The radiographic diagnosis was bilateral radio‐ulnar synostosis with secondary elbow malformation. A comparison between clinical and radiographic findings of the cat and those described in children affected by radio‐ulnar synostosis is reported. Correlations and differences are discussed.
ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASONOGRAPHY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF INTRATHORACIC LESIONS IN TWO DOGS
Authors: Gaschen L. , Kircher P. , Hoffmann G. , Luckschander N. , Schmoekel H. , Spreng D. , Lang J.
Published: May 2005

Endoscopic ultrasound was developed initially in humans to overcome limitations of conventional ultrasound in examining certain internal organs due to intervening bone or air‐filled structures. Endoscopic ultrasound has been used most widely in investigation of the gastrointestinal tract in humans, but many intrathoracic applications as well as endoscopic ultrasound‐guided techniques have recently been described. Mediastinal and pulmonary structures can be examined with endoscopic ultrasound since a high frequency ultrasound probe can be brought into close contact with the areas of interest via a transesophageal approach. The purpose of this report is to describe the application of endoscopic ultrasound as an aid in the diagnosis of intrathoracic disease in the dog. Two dogs, one with a history of prior esophageal foreign body extraction, the other with apathy, weakness and dyspnea were referred for further investigation. Both dogs had caudal intrathoracic soft tissue opacities diagnosed radio‐graphically, but their origin and nature were difficult to determine. Conventional ultrasound was limiting in both dogs due to their location and superimposition of gas‐filled structures. With endosonog‐raphy lesions were characterized more completely. We have found endoscopic ultrasound to be an elegant diagnostic tool for the investigation of radiographically detected intrathoracic lesions in the dog whose origins are difficult to determine or do not lend themselves to investigation by conventional ultrasound. Endoscopic ultrasound provides valuable diagnostic information complementary to that provided radiographically which aids in therapeutic planning. Endoscopic ultrasound was also more sensitive for detecting mediastinal lymphadenomegaly than radiography in one of the dogs. An additional advantage of endoscopic ultrasound is the fact that US‐guided tissue sampling can be performed during the examination.
ECHO‐DOPPLER FINDINGS OF A CAROTID‐JUGULAR FISTULA IN A FOAL
Authors: Guglielmini Carlo , Bernardini Daniele
Published: May 2005

A seven‐month‐old male Standardbred was referred with a 4‐month history of left jugular groove distension. On physical examination severely dilated left maxillary, linguofacial and jugular veins were appreciable. Blood gas analysis results indicated higher degree of oxygenation in the left jugular vein. Bi‐directional flow signals, with normal systolic and early diastolic flow, and late diastolic retrograde flow, were noted on pulsed‐wave Doppler interrogation and color flow mapping of the left jugular blood flow. A systolic‐diastolic signal with spectral broadening was detected when positioning the sample gate near the internal jugular wall, in the distal left cervical region. Color Doppler imaging of the same region showed blood flow passage between the left common carotid artery and the left jugular vein through a small carotid‐jugular fistula. Markedly increased blood flow velocities and volumetric flow, and decreased resistive index were recorded in the left compared to the right common carotid artery.
PRIMARY CHONDROSARCOMA IN THE PULMONARY ARTERY OF A DOG
Authors: Mellanby R.J. , Holloway A. , Woodger N. , Baines E. , Ristic J. , Herrtage M.E.
Published: May 2005

A 5‐year‐old cross‐bred dog was examined with an 8‐week history of coughing and a 3‐week history of collapsing during exercise. Thoracic radiography revealed moderate right‐sided cardiomegaly and a partially mineralized area over the dorsocranial heart base. Echocardiography demonstrated moderate eccentric and concentric right ventricular hypertrophy and a hypoechoic mass in the main pulmonary artery. The owners declined further investigations and the dog died at home 4 days later. Postmortem revealed a primary pulmonary artery chondrosarcoma. This is the first case report of a pulmonary artery chondrosarcoma in a dog and presents another differential diagnosis of syncope in the dog.
URETEROLITHIASIS AND PAPILLOMA FORMATION IN THE URETER OF A GUINEA PIG
Authors: Stieger Susanne M. , Wenker Christian , Ziegler‐Gohm Daniela , Flückiger Mark
Published: May 2005

A 5‐year‐old guinea pig with suspected urolithiasis was presented for radiology and ultrasound examinations of the abdomen. Radiographically, an irregular‐shaped mineral opacity was detected in the area of the urinary bladder. Ultrasonographically, pyelectasia of the right kidney, hydroureter with an ureterolith cranial to a thickened ureter wall close to the ureterovesical junction, and a thickened urinary bladder wall were detected. Histopathologically, the thickened ureter wall was found to be a papilloma. The ureter calculus consisted of 100% calcite.
SCINTIGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE THORACIC SPINE IN THE ASYMPTOMATIC RIDING HORSE
Authors: Erichsen C. , Eksell P. , Widström C. , Roethlisberger Holm K. , Johnston C. , Lord P.
Published: May 2005

Scintigraphic evaluation of the spinous processes of the equine spine has been done by subjective evaluation of radiotracer uptake in clinically abnormal horses. To determine the range of variation in asymptomatic riding horses, 33 normal horses were examined. Two 60° oblique views of the thoracic and lumbar spine were evaluated subjectively, and a semi quantitative method based on standardized regions of interest in each spinous process in T10‐L3 was also applied. A ratio between each spinous process and a reference area (Rib 15 or 16) was calculated. The effects of two different color displays and a smoothing filter were assessed. The results of the subjective evaluation was compared to the calculated ratios, and the associations between age, gender, weight, height, use and increased radiotracer uptake, and ratios were analyzed. No significant association was found between age, gender, weight, height, use and increased radiotracer uptake, or ratio. One or more areas of increased radiotracer uptake between T13 and T18 were common in the asymptomatic riding horse, which may have implications for the interpretation of clinical patients. The blue, green and red color display had a higher sensitivity for detecting increased radiotracer uptake compared to the continuous grayscale. The smoothing filter used in this study had no effect on the detection of areas with increased radiotracer uptake. The association between the results of the subjective evaluation and the semi quantitative method was apparent when analyzed in T13–17. To evaluate if the semi quantitative method can replace the subjective evaluation, studies on clinically affected horses are necessary.
REGIONAL BINDING INDEX OF THE RADIOLABELED SELECTIVE 5‐HT2A ANTAGONIST 123I‐5‐I‐R91150 IN THE NORMAL CANINE BRAIN IMAGED WITH SINGLE PHOTON EMISSION COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY
Authors: Peremans K. , Audenaert K. , Coopman F. , Jacobs F. , Dumont F. , Slegers G. , Verschooten F. , Van Bree H. , Mertens J. , Dierckx R.
Published: May 2005

The pattern of the specific 5‐HT2A (5‐hydroxytryptamine 2A receptor) antagonist 123I‐5‐I‐R91150 was measured in 10 healthy dogs without neurologic and behavior abnormalities. Eight cortical regions (left and right fronto‐, temporo‐, parieto‐, and occipitocortical area), one global subcortical region (including the thalamic system) were compared with a reference region lacking receptors; that is, the cerebellum. The 123I labeled radioligand was injected intravenously 100–200 minutes before acquisition. Both transmission and emission data were obtained with a triple head gamma camera equipped with high‐resolution fanbeam collimators. The emission data were corrected for scatter and attenuation. To delineate different cerebral regions more accurately, the regions of interest (ROI) defined in a former study on brain perfusion measured with 99mTc‐ethyl cysteinate dimer (BCD) in the same dogs were used. The co‐registration of the 99mTc‐ECD and the l23I‐5‐I‐R9 1150, obtained from each dog, was realized with the help of corresponding transmission maps. By normalizing each regional cerebral activity to the activity observed in the cerebellum, the regional radioactivity (binding index) could be relatively quantified. Highest brain uptake was noted in the frontocortical brain areas (right: 1.85, left: 1.89), followed by the temporocortical region (right: 1.58, left: 1.56). Least uptake was noted in the more caudal and middle brain regions [occipito‐ (right: 1.46, left: 1.41), parietocortical (right: 1.30, left: 1.26), and striatal region (1.19)]. No gender nor age influence was noted in this series. The 123I labeled serotonin‐2A receptor ligand seems to have similar cortical binding in the normal canine brain, as shown in humans and other animal species. A frontocortical to occipitocortical (rostrocaudal) binding index gradient was identified within the dog, which has not been seen in imaging studies from humans and other animal species. The significance of these results will need further investigation. This normative data can be used to compare regional brain uptake of the 123I‐radioligand to dogs with behavioral disorders related to the serotonergic system, in future studies.
SPATIAL ACCURACY OF FRACTIONATED IMRT DELIVERY STUDIES IN CANINE PARASPINAL IRRADIATION
Authors: Kippenes Hege , Gavin Patrick R. , Parsaei Homayon , Phillips Mark H. , Cho Paul S. , Leathers Charles W. , Sande Ronald D.
Published: May 2005

Intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) theoretically allows detailed tailoring of the dose distribution in tissue. The goal of this study was to determine if a method of dynamic IMRT could be used to deliver a high dose of radiation to a concave shaped target around the cervical spinal cord. Fifteen young adult dogs from our laboratory population were randomly divided into two groups. A radiation dose of 84 Gy in 4 Gy fractions was delivered with a conventional 4 field technique for Group A dogs, and with dynamic IMRT for Group B dogs to a “C‐shaped” target close to the cervical spinal cord. Neurologic status, magnetic resonance imaging results and histopathologic changes were compared among dogs in the two groups. Group A dogs developed myelomalacia with a latency period of 65 ± 9 days. Group B dogs did not have any histologic changes to the cervical spinal cord when euthanasia was performed 12 months after irradiation. The results demonstrate that this IMRT technique can be safely and precisely delivered to a patient in a clinical situation.
HELICAL COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC PORTOGRAPHY IN TEN NORMAL DOGS AND TEN DOGS WITH A PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNT
Authors: Frank Paul , Mahaffey Mary , Egger Christine , Cornell Karen K.
Published: May 2005

Contrast enhanced helical computed tomography (CT) of the liver and portal system is routinely performed in human patients. The purpose of this project is to develop a practical protocol for helical CT portography in the dog. Ten clinically normal dogs were initially evaluated to develop a protocol. Using this protocol, ten dogs with confirmed portosystemic shunts (PSS) were then evaluated. Each patient was anesthetized, and a test dose of sodium iothalamate (400 mg I/ml) at 0.55 ml/kg was injected. Serial images were acquired at the level of T12–13 or T13–L1. The time to maximum enhancement of the portal vein was determined. This time period was used as the period between the second injection (2.2 ml/kg) and the start of the helical examination of the cranial abdomen. Delay times for normal dogs ranged from 34.5 s‐66.0 s (median: 43.5 s) or 1.41 s/kg‐4.12 s/kg (median: 2.09 s/kg). For patients with a PSS, the delay times were 16.5–70.5 s (median: 34.5 s) or 1.47–19.17 s/kg (median: 3.39 s/kg). The aorta, caudal vena cava, portal vein, shunt vessels, and their respective branches were well visualized on the CT images. Clinical case results were surgically confirmed. The surgeons reported that the information gained from the CT portography resulted in a subjective decrease in surgical time and degree of dissection necessary compared with similar surgeries performed without angiographic information. We believe that helical CT portography in the dog will be a useful adjunct in the diagnosis of PSS. The use of helical CT portography may allow clinicians to give clients a more accurate prognosis prior to surgery and will allow patients with lesions that are not surgically correctable to avoid a costly and invasive procedure.
SPINAL SUB ARACHNOID CYSTS IN 13 DOGS
Authors: Gnirs Kirsten , Ruel Yannick , Blot Stephane , Begon Dominique , Rault Delphine , Delisle Franćloise , Boulouha Lilia , Colle Marie‐anne , Carozzo Claude , Moissonnier Pierre
Published: May 2005

Thirteen dogs, including 6 Rottweiler dogs, exhibiting clinical signs of spinal cord dysfunction and myelographically confirmed subarachnoid space enlargement were investigated. To characterize the lesions and to get a better understanding of their pathogenesis, different imaging techniques were used in association with explorative surgical procedures (12 dogs) and histopathologic techniques (5 dogs). All subjects underwent preoperative myelography, five of which were examined by computed tomography (CT) scanning and one by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as well as cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) flow measurement (velocimetry). Most animals were <12 months old (7/13 dogs) and Rottweilers were over‐represented (6/13 dogs). The lesions were mainly located dorsally with respect to the spinal cord (10/13 dogs) and in the cranial cervical area (8/13 dogs). MRI suggested spinal cord deviation with signs of ventral leptomeningeal adhesion opposite the enlarged space. In one dog, velocimetry confirmed that the “cyst” was freely communicating with the surrounding CSF space. Surgical investigation confirmed leptomeninges‐induced ventral adhesion in 4/5 dogs. Follow‐up studies, carried out from 6 months to 2.5 years postoperatively, showed there was full recovery in 8/13 dogs. This study suggests that the compression of the spinal cord is possibly not caused by a cyst. Adhesion resulting from a combination of microtrauma and chronic inflammatory processes induces a secondary enlargement of the subarachnoid space and may be a significant causative factor in spinal cord compression and dysfunction. The over‐representation of Rottweilers and the young age of the animals in the study suggest a possible genetic predisposition and an inherited etiology.
DIAGNOSTIC VALUE OF COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN DOGS WITH CHRONIC NASAL DISEASE
Authors: Saunders Jimmy H. , Van Bree Henri , Gielen Ingrid , De Rooster Hilde
Published: May 2005

Computed tomographic (CT) studies of 80 dogs with chronic nasal disease (nasal neoplasia (n= 19), nasal aspergillosis (n= 46), nonspecific rhinitis (n= 11), and foreign body rhinitis (n= 4)) were reviewed retrospectively by two independent observers. Each observer filled out a custom‐designed list to record his or her interpretation of the CT signs and selected a diagnosis. Accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) were calculated for the diagnosis of each disease. The agreement between observers was evaluated. The CT signs corresponded to those previously described in the literature. CT had an accuracy greater than 90% for each observer in all disease processes. The sensitivity, specificity, PPV, and NPV were greater than 80% in all dogs with the exception of the PPV of foreign body rhinitis (80% for observer A and 44% for observer B). There was a substantial, to almost perfect, agreement between the two observers regarding the CT signs and diagnosis. This study indicates a high accuracy of CT for diagnosis of dogs with chronic nasal disease. The differentiation between nasal aspergillosis restricted to the nasal passages and foreign body rhinitis may be difficult when the foreign body is not visible.
COMPARISON OF RADIOGRAPHY AND COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF CANINE NASAL ASPERGILLOSIS
Authors: Saunders Jimmy H. , Van Bree Henri
Published: May 2005

To compare the radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) findings and to evaluate the sensitivity of radiography and CT for diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis in dogs, the radiographic and CT studies of 48 dogs with chronic nasal disease were reviewed separately. The radiographic and CT findings were recorded, and a diagnosis was made. The results obtained in the dogs with nasal aspergillosis (n= 25) were used. Based on definite aspergillosis as diagnosis, CT had a sensitivity of 88% and radiography of 72%. Considering definite and probable aspergillosis as equivalent, CT had a sensitivity of 92% and radiography of 84%. The sensitivity was higher in dogs with lesions affecting the entire nasal cavity and frontal sinus on at least one side (n= 20) with a sensitivity of 100% for CT and 90–95% for radiography than in dogs with lesions restricted to the nasal cavities (n= 5) where CT had a sensitivity of 60–80% and radiography of 0–40%. CT was superior to radiography for evaluation of the nasal cavities (mucosal thickening along the nasal bones, surrounding bone hyperostosis/lysis), frontal sinuses (mucosal thickening along the frontal bone, fluid/soft tissue, frontal bone hyperostosis/lysis), and differentiation between a cavitated‐like or a mass‐like process. This study suggests that CT is more sensitive than radiography for diagnosis of nasal aspergillosis in the dog because of a better demonstration of some changes suggestive of nasal aspergillosis. A diagnosis of a nasal aspergillosis restricted to the nasal cavities or associated with an FB is challenging, even with the use of CT.
EVALUATION OF THE FELINE PANCREAS USING COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND RADIOLABELED LEUKOCYTES
Authors: Head Laurie L. , Daniel Gregory B. , Tobias Karen , Morandi Federica , Denovo Robert C. , Donnell Robert
Published: May 2005

This study was designed to test the feasibility and utility of computed tomography and radiolabeled granulocytes in evaluating the feline pancreas in six normal cats. Autologous granulocytes were labeled with99mTc‐hexamethylpropyleneamine oxime (HMPAO) and injected into each cat. Whole body scintigraphic images were acquired at 1, 5, 15, and 30 minutes, and 1, 2, and 4 hours following injection. The following day, each cat was anesthetized and computed tomographic images of the abdomen were acquired both pre‐ and post‐contrast. Following CT, a surgical pancreatic biopsy was collected. Feline granulocytes were successfully labeled with99mTc‐HMPAO with a labeling efficiency of 15–42% (average of 27%). An average of 5.42 × 107 cells in a 2 mL volume were injected into each cat. Less than 1 minute was required to acquire 500,000 count images. Granulocytes distributed predominantly to the lung, spleen and liver in order of decreasing activity. Only background activity was identified in the region of the pancreas. The pancreas was easily identified on CT images of the abdomen. The pancreas was hypoattenuating relative to both the spleen and liver. The pancreas enhanced with the administration of contrast medium, peaking immediately, then gradually clearing over the 30–minute test period. Following contrast medium administration the pancreas remained hypoattenuating relative to the spleen. All biopsies confirmed the absence of pancreatic inflammation in the study cats and no adverse effects were recognized as a result of pancreatic biopsy. Both computed tomography and radiolabeled granulocytes appear to hold promise as imaging procedures for the detection of feline pancreatitis. We predict that these described normal parameters may be altered in the face of inflammation, facilitating detection of feline pancreatitis. Data from cases of suspect feline pancreatitis are needed to evaluate these methods for clinical utility.
URETERAL FIBROEPITHELIAL POLYPS IN FOUR DOGS
Authors: Reichle Jean K. , Peterson Richard A. , Mahaffey Mary B. , Schelling Curtis G. , Barthez Paul Y.
Published: May 2005

Four dogs with ureteral fibroepithelial polyps, ranging from 9–12 years of age, are presented in this report. The patients presented with urinary incontinence, urinary tract infection, and/or polydypsia and pollakiuria. All dogs were intact at the time of diagnosis or for the majority of their lives and three were male. Various diagnostic procedures were performed including ultrasonography, contrast radiography, and nuclear scintigraphy. Not all procedures were performed in all patients. Findings included ureteral dilation proximal to the level of an intraluminal mass and ipsilateral hydronephrosis. Unilateral ureteronephrectomy was performed in three dogs with masses in the proximal ureter; ureteral resection and anastamosis was performed in the remaining patient with a mass located in the distal ureter. The same pathologist (RAP) reviewed all four lesions. The lesions appeared polypoid and were attached to the ureteral wall by a thin stalk. Histopathologically, they contained a superficial layer of well‐differentiated transitional epithelial cells overlying a prominent fibrovascular stroma with a mild (three dogs) or marked (one dog) degree of lymphoplasmacytic inflammation. This disease may represent a benign neoplasm or a chronic inflammatory reaction and has a good prognosis with surgical removal. Its histopathological characteristics, higher incidence in males, and location more commonly within the upper third of the ureter is remarkably similar to the disease in humans.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING FOR THE DIAGNOSIS OF STRESS FRACTURES IN A HORSE
Authors: Tapprest Jackie , Audigie Fabrice , Radier Catherine , Anglade Marie‐Christine , Voisin Marie‐Catherine , Foucher Nathalie , Collobert‐Laugier Claire , Mathieu Didier , Denoix Jean‐marie
Published: May 2005

In humans, magnetic resonance (MR) imaging is the method of choice for the diagnosis of stress fractures. In this paper, bilateral stress fracture of the lateral condyle of the third metacarpal bone in a French trotter is described. Results of the radiographic, MR imaging, and histologic examinations are presented, with a focus on the MR signal abnormalities found. Based on this patient, the potential use of MR imaging for the diagnosis of stress fractures in horses is discussed.
ACCURACY OF DIAGNOSTIC ULTRASOUND FOR DETECTION OF CYSTIC LESIONS: DETERMINATION USING RECEIVER OPERATING CHARACTERISTIC CURVE ANALYSIS OF FINDINGS IN PHANTOM STUDIES
Authors: McEvoy F.J. , Koch J. , Pedersen K.M. , Nielsen D.H. , Mantis P.
Published: May 2005

Anechoic, spherical cystic lesions are important findings on ultrasound examination. In polycystic renal disease of cats, they may be the only ultrasonographic sign of disease. This study assesses the accuracy of ultrasound, as used in a veterinary setting, for the detection of cysts. Using a spherical lesion ultrasound imaging phantom and 7.5‐ to 8‐MHz linear array transducers, images of cysts of 2‐ and 4‐mm diameter were created at various imaging depths from 0 to 6 cm. These were digitized and given to a panel of readers for interpretation. Area under receiver operating characteristic curves were used to evaluate test accuracy. It was shown that test accuracy was different at different imaging depths and differed with machines of differing price category. It is suggested that when setting standards for quality control in ultrasound, criteria used might be better related to imaging outcome studies rather than to aspects of machine specification.
QUANTITATIVE CONTRAST HARMONIC ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF NORMAL CANINE LIVER
Authors: Ziegler Laura E. , O'Brien Robert T. , Waller Kenneth R. , Zagzebski James A.
Published: May 2005

Eight adult dogs with no evidence of liver disease, weighing between 8 and 25 kg were imaged after injection of a microbubble contrast medium using harmonic ultrasound imaging. All dogs received three separate bolus contrast injections, and six dogs also received three separate constant rate infusions each. Time/Mean Pixel Value curves were generated for selected regions of the liver. Upslope, down‐slope, baseline, peak, change, and time to peak were calculated. For bolus injection (averaging all subjects), upslope was 3.85 ± 1.50 Mean Pixel Values/s, downslope was ‐0.71 ± 0.30 Mean Pixel Values/s, baseline was 72.38 ± 17.82 Mean Pixel Values, peak was 120.26 ± 17.44 Mean Pixel Value, change from baseline to peak was 47.88 ± 6.92 Mean Pixel Values, time to peak (from injection) was 22.88 ± 6.79 s, and time to peak (from first upslope) was 13.88 ± 1.55 s. Data acquisition and analysis from constant rate infusions was more cumbersome than for bolus, and results were less repeatable. There were significant differences (p <.005) in upslope, downslope, peak values, and time to peak between the two methods. These baseline data may prove useful in the evaluation of dogs with diffuse hepatic disease.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF PERIPHERAL NERVES IN THE NORMAL ADULT HORSE
Authors: Alexander Kate , Dobson Howard
Published: May 2005

A study of the ultrasonographic appearance and size of the sciatic, tibial, peroneal, suprascapular, radial, median, and ulnar nerves and a comparison with the anatomic size and location of these nerves in the normal adult horse is reported. Cadavers and live horses were studied. Landmarks for localization and techniques for nerve identification are described. The depth and diameter of each nerve at various locations and the success rate in imaging each nerve are reported. Statistically significant correlations were found between anatomically and ultrasonographically measured nerve depths and diameters. The success rate in identifying nerves was 70% in the live horses and 49% in cadavers, with the deep peroneal nerve being the easiest to identify. Some applications of this technique in horses are discussed.