bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low Grip Strength is a Strong Risk Factor of Osteoporosis in Postmenopausal Women
Authors: Li Yi‐zhong , Zhuang Hua‐feng , Cai Si‐qing , Lin Chang‐kun , Wang Pei‐wen , Yan Li‐sheng , Lin Jin‐kuang , Yu Hai‐ming
Published: February 2018

Objective

To investigate the effect of grip strength on bone mineral density (BMD) in postmenopausal women. Low BMD is related to risk of fracture and falling is the strongest factor for fragility fractures. Handgrip strength is a reliable indicator of muscle strength and muscle strength is associated with falling.

Methods

For the present study 120 women were divided into two groups: those ≤65 years and those >65 years. Serum 25 hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD), BMD, and handgrip strength were measured to observe the effect of age on 25OHD, grip strength, and BMD, as well as the effect of 25OHD on grip strength and BMD. The correlation between grip strength and BMD was investigated.

Results

In the 120 patients, 25OHD was 24.31 ± 8.29 ng/mL. There were 37 cases with 25OHD <20 ng/mL and 83 cases with 25 OHD ≥20 ng/mL. The patients with 25OHD <20 ng/mL had significantly lower femoral neck BMD, most of them with a T score ≤−2.5 (P < 0.05). BMD measurement showed 66 patients with femoral neck T ≤−2.5, 30 cases with total hip T ≤−2.5 and 90 cases with lumbar BMD T ≤−2.5. The maximum grip strength in the group is 22.28 ± 6.17 kg. There were 38 cases with the maximum grip strength <20 kg and 82 cases with the maximum grip strength ≥20 kg. Patients >65 years had lower 25OHD, lower maximum grip strength, and lower BMD. The osteoporosis risk in postmenopausal women with a maximum grip strength <20 kg and who were >65 years was significantly elevated.

Conclusion

Handgrip strength and 25OHD decrease with aging in postmenopausal women. The patients with lower 25OHD level had significantly lower BMD of femoral neck. The patients with lower handgrip strength had significantly lower BMD of lumbar spine, femoral neck, and total hip. Grip strength measurement is the simplest muscle strength measurement method. Our study confirmed that low grip strength was correlated with low BMD and was a strong risk factor for osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.
An initial experience with an Extraluminal EZ‐Blocker®: A new alternative for 1‐lung ventilation in pediatric patients
Authors: Templeton Thomas Wesley , Templeton Leah B. , Lawrence Ann E. , Sieren Leah M. , Downard Martina G. , Ririe Douglas G.
Published: February 2018

Background

The need for 1‐lung ventilation in school age, pediatric patients is uncommon and as a result there are relatively few devices available to facilitate lung isolation in this population. Furthermore, little is known about the efficacy and techniques of placement of the currently available devices. One of the newest devices available that may be appropriate in this age group is the EZ‐Blocker.

Aims

We aimed to examine our initial experience with the EZ‐Blocker to evaluate the performance of this device with respect to potential improvements in technique and patient selection going forward.

Methods

We performed a retrospective chart review of all pediatric patients who underwent 1‐lung ventilation with an EZ‐Blocker since the blocker became available at our institution. We recorded demographics, details of placement, intraoperative course, number of repositions, and any postoperative morbidity related to blocker placement or 1‐lung ventilation.

Results

We were able to correctly place the EZ‐Blocker and achieve lung isolation in 8 of 11 patients. There was a single episode of repositioning required during 1‐lung ventilation with an EZ‐Blocker.

Conclusion

The EZ‐Blocker was successful in providing lung isolation for a majority of our school age patients. Size constraints in children <6 years of age, excessive secretions, and distortions of tracheal anatomy seemed to be the greatest hindrances to successful placement and positioning of the device. Once correctly positioned, however, the EZ‐Blocker may be more stable than the Arndt endobronchial blocker.
Remotely Phototriggered, Transferrin‐Targeted Polymeric Nanoparticles for the Treatment of Breast Cancer
Authors: Jadia Rahul , Kydd Janel , Rai Prakash
Published: February 2018

Triple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) has the worst prognosis among all subtypes of breast cancer. Currently, no targeted treatment has been approved for TNBC. The goal of this study was to design a remotely triggered, targeted therapy for TNBC using polymeric nanoparticles and light. Active targeting of TNBC was achieved by conjugating the nanoparticles to a peptide (hTf) that binds to the transferrin receptor, which is overexpressed in TNBC. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) was explored for TNBC treatment by remotely triggering benzoporphyrin derivative monoacid (BPD), a photosensitizer, using near‐infrared light. In this study, we investigated the use of actively targeting polymeric nanoparticles for PDT against TNBC using in vitro imaging and cytotoxicity studies. Fluorescence imaging confirmed that the BPD‐loaded nanoparticles showed greater fluorescence in TNBC cells compared to free BPD, but more importantly, actively targeted nanoparticles displayed stronger fluorescence compared to passively targeted nanoparticles. Moreover, fluorescence imaging following competition with empty targeted nanoparticles validated the specificity of the targeted nanoparticles for TNBC cells. The PDT killing results were in line with the fluorescence imaging results, where actively targeting nanoparticles exhibited the highest phototriggered cytotoxicity in TNBC cells, making them an attractive nanoplatform for TNBC treatment.
Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitors (HAI‐1 and HAI‐2): Emerging key players in epithelial integrity and cancer
Authors: Kataoka Hiroaki , Kawaguchi Makiko , Fukushima Tsuyoshi , Shimomura Takeshi
Published: February 2018

The growth, survival, and metabolic activities of multicellular organisms at the cellular level are regulated by intracellular signaling, systemic homeostasis and the pericellular microenvironment. Pericellular proteolysis has a crucial role in processing bioactive molecules in the microenvironment and thereby has profound effects on cellular functions. Hepatocyte growth factor activator inhibitor type 1 (HAI‐1) and HAI‐2 are type I transmembrane serine protease inhibitors expressed by most epithelial cells. They regulate the pericellular activities of circulating hepatocyte growth factor activator and cellular type II transmembrane serine proteases (TTSPs), proteases required for the activation of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)/scatter factor (SF). Activated HGF/SF transduces pleiotropic signals through its receptor tyrosine kinase, MET (coded by the proto‐oncogene MET), which are necessary for cellular migration, survival, growth and triggering stem cells for accelerated healing. HAI‐1 and HAI‐2 are also required for normal epithelial functions through regulation of TTSP‐mediated activation of other proteases and protease‐activated receptor 2, and also through suppressing excess degradation of epithelial junctional proteins. This review summarizes current knowledge regarding the mechanism of pericellular HGF/SF activation and highlights emerging roles of HAIs in epithelial development and integrity, as well as tumorigenesis and progression of transformed epithelial cells.
Bridging the Public Service Motivation and Calling Literatures
Authors: Thompson Jeffery A. , Christensen Robert K.
Published: February 2018

Public administration research suggests there may be disparity in the extent to which public servants experience their work as a calling. The purpose of this article is to better illustrate and integrate calling research, which grows out of the positive organizational scholarship movement, into how we understand public service motives. The calling scholarship offers a productive way to view differences in public servants' orientations toward their work. Integrating calling into the public administration scholarship—particularly the public service motivation scholarship—provides insights to researchers and managers about how to help employees discover a deeper sense of meaningfulness in their work. In presenting the arguments and corresponding conceptual framework, the authors seek to supplement rather than replace the public service motivation construct. The authors articulate a research agenda that they believe will strengthen and enrich research on public servants' experience with their work.
Adverse Welfare Shocks and Pro‐Environmental Behavior: Evidence from the Global Economic Crisis
Authors: Ivlevs Artjoms
Published: February 2018

This paper examines the effects of the 2008–9 global economic crisis on people's pro‐environmental behavior and willingness to pay for climate change mitigation. We hypothesize that the crisis has affected pro‐environmental behaviors through tightening of budget constraints and relaxation of time constraints. Using data from a large representative survey Life in Transition II, conducted in 35 European and Central Asian countries in 2010, we find that people adversely affected by the crisis are more likely to act in an environmentally‐friendly way, but less likely to be willing to pay for climate change mitigation. Our findings confirm the importance of time and budget constraints for undertaking pro‐environmental action, and highlight a potentially positive role of adverse, external welfare shocks in shaping pro‐environmental behavior.
Millions of Acres, Billions of Trees: Socioecological Impacts of Shifting Timberland Ownership
Authors: Gunnoe Andrew , Bailey Conner , Ameyaw Lord
Published: February 2018

Over the past 30 years, ownership changes in the United States have affected more than 50 million acres of timberland. Corporations in the U.S. forest products industry either sold off most of their timberland or restructured themselves to take advantage of changes in the tax code. These changes were the result of broader economic shifts in the U.S. economy related to the process of financialization. As a result, ownership of timberland has been separated from manufacturing capacity tied to the production from that land. The central questions we address are how have these changes in ownership affected management of timberlands and what impacts have been experienced by people and places dependent upon this resource for their livelihoods. This study focuses on Alabama, one of the nation's leading states in the production of wood‐based products. The study is based on 40 formal semistructured interviews with key actors in the industry, and frequent informal interactions with residents in timber‐dependent regions throughout the state. Our research suggests that there have been significant changes, but that these are not necessarily catastrophic and are in keeping with longer‐term trends associated with absentee ownership.
Comparison of risk factors and outcomes of daptomycin‐susceptible and ‐nonsusceptible vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium infections in liver transplant recipients
Authors: Lewis J.D. , Barros A.J. , Sifri C.D.
Published: February 2018

Background

Vancomycin‐resistant Enterococcus faecium (VRE) infections are common in liver transplant recipients (LTRs). Daptomycin (DAP) is an important treatment for such infections; however, DAP‐nonsusceptible VRE (DNS‐VRE) are increasingly frequent. The purpose of this study was to compare clinical characteristics and outcomes of LTRs with infections due to DNS‐VRE and DAP‐susceptible VRE (DS‐VRE).

Methods

A single center, retrospective review of patients who underwent liver transplantation between January 1, 2010 and December 31, 2015 and developed infections due to DS‐VRE or DNS‐VRE post transplant was performed. Patients with DNS‐VRE and DS‐VRE infections were compared using univariate and logistic regression analysis.

Results

Fourteen LTRs developed DNS‐VRE and 20 LTRs developed DS‐VRE infection post‐transplantation. No significant differences were observed in demographics, model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD) scores, causes of end‐stage liver disease, or rate of pre‐transplant perirectal VRE colonization between groups. Bleeding complications and renal replacement therapy were more common in the DNS‐VRE group than in the DS‐VRE group. The duration of transplant hospitalization and post‐transplant intensive care unit (ICU) admission was longer in the DNS‐VRE group than in the DS‐VRE group. The 30‐day and 6‐month mortality rate associated with DNS‐VRE infection was similar to that associated with DS‐VRE infection.

Conclusions

Liver transplant recipients who develop DNS‐VRE infection have higher bleeding complications and longer, more complex hospitalizations compared to those who develop DS‐VRE infection post transplantation; however, mortality at 30 days and 6 months is not significantly worse. Further study is needed to determine optimal strategies for the prevention and treatment of DNS‐VRE infections in LTRs.
A simplified regimen of targeted antifungal prophylaxis in liver transplant recipients: A single‐center experience
Authors: Lavezzo B. , Patrono D. , Tandoi F. , Martini S. , Fop F. , Ballerini V. , Stratta C. , Skurzak S. , Lupo F. , Strignano P. , Donadio P.P. , Salizzoni M. , Romagnoli R. , De Rosa F.G.
Published: February 2018

Background

Invasive fungal infection (IFI) is a severe complication of liver transplantation burdened by high mortality. Guidelines recommend targeted rather than universal antifungal prophylaxis based on tiers of risk.

Methods

We aimed to evaluate IFI incidence, risk factors, and outcome after implementation of a simplified two‐tiered targeted prophylaxis regimen based on a single broad‐spectrum antifungal drug (amphotericin B). Patients presenting 1 or more risk factors according to literature were administered prophylaxis. Prospectively collected data on all adult patients transplanted in Turin from January 2011 to December 2015 were reviewed.

Results

Patients re‐transplanted before postoperative day 7 were considered once, yielding a study cohort of 581 cases. Prophylaxis was administered to 299 (51.4%) patients; adherence to protocol was 94.1%. Sixteen patients developed 18 IFIs for an overall rate of 2.8%. All IFI cases were in targeted prophylaxis group; none of the non‐prophylaxis group developed IFI. Most cases (81.3%) presented within 30 days after transplantation during prophylaxis; predominant pathogens were molds (94.4%). Only 1 case of candidemia was observed. One‐year mortality in IFI patients was 33.3% vs 6.4% in patients without IFI (P = .001); IFI attributable mortality was 6.3%. At multivariate analysis, significant risk factors for IFI were renal replacement therapy (OR = 8.1) and re‐operation (OR = 5.2).

Conclusions

The implementation of a simplified targeted prophylaxis regimen appeared to be safe and applicable and was associated with low IFI incidence and mortality. Association of IFI with re‐operation and renal replacement therapy calls for further studies to identify optimal prophylaxis in this subset of patients.
Clinical profile, antibiotic susceptibility pattern of bacterial isolates and factors associated with complications in culture‐proven typhoid patients admitted to an urban hospital in Bangladesh
Authors: Khatun Halima , Islam Shoeb Bin , Naila Nurun Nahar , Islam Syed Aminul , Nahar Baitun , Alam Nur Haque , Ahmed Tahmeed
Published: February 2018

Objectives

Typhoid fever is one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality in typhoid endemic countries like Bangladesh. However, data on the clinical and microbiological profile as well as factors associated with complications of typhoid in Bangladesh are scarce. We intended to characterise the clinical and microbiological profile of culture‐proven typhoid fever and to identify factors associated with complications.

Methodology

Retrospective analysis of clinical data from 431 patients with culture‐confirmed typhoid fever admitted to Dhaka hospital of International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh, between January 2010 and December 2014. Clinical and microbiological profiles of the patients including age, sex, and duration of illness prior to hospital admission, haematological parameters and the antimicrobial resistance profile of the infecting isolate, duration of hospital stay and defervescence time were examined by logistic regression to identify the factors associated with complications.

Result

About one of three patients were children under 5 years, and 21.5% of them were severely malnourished. During hospitalisation, 17.4% patients developed complications; mainly encephalopathy (6.7%), ileus (6.5%) and pneumonia (3.5%). Among culture‐positive cases, 28.3% isolates showed multidrug resistant (MDR) and more than 90% of isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and had intermediate sensitivity to ciprofloxacin. Five isolates were resistant to azithromycin; all isolates were sensitive to cefixime and ceftriaxone. Complication was independently associated with duration of fever before admission (adjusted odds ratio: 0.85; 95% CI: 0.074–0.97; P < 0.05), thrombocytopenia on admission (AOR: 2.84; 95% CI: 01.06–7.57; P < 0.05), duration of hospital stay (AOR: 1.34; 95% CI: 1.15–1.57; P < 0.01) and defervescence time (AOR: 0.83; 95% CI: 0.70–0.99; P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The high prevalence of typhoid fever among under‐five children and complications among hospitalised patients are matters of concern. Sensitivity of Salmonella Typhi to ceftriaxone and cefixime was better than to other conventional antibiotics. Shorter duration of fever and thrombocytopenia on admission can be considered as early signs of complications.
Lyme disease surveillance in the United States: Looking for ways to cut the Gordian knot
Authors: Cartter M. L. , Lynfield R. , Feldman K. A. , Hook S. A. , Hinckley A. F.
Published: February 2018

Current surveillance methods have been useful to document geographic expansion of Lyme disease in the United States and to monitor the increasing incidence of this major public health problem. Nevertheless, these approaches are resource‐intensive, generate results that are difficult to compare across jurisdictions, and measure less than the total burden of disease. By adopting more efficient methods, resources could be diverted instead to education of at‐risk populations and new approaches to prevention. In this special issue of Zoonoses and Public Health, seven articles are presented that either evaluate traditional Lyme disease surveillance methods or explore alternatives that have the potential to be less costly, more reliable, and sustainable. Twenty‐five years have passed since Lyme disease became a notifiable condition – it is time to reevaluate the purpose and goals of national surveillance.
MAKING SENSE OF EMERGENCE: A CRITICAL ENGAGEMENT WITH LEIDENHAG, LEIDENHAG, AND YONG
Authors: Bradnick David , McCall Bradford
Published: February 2018

A number of theologians engaged in the theology and science dialogue—particularly Pentecostal theologian Amos Yong—employ emergence as a framework to discuss special divine action as well as causation initiated by other spiritual realities, such as angels and demons. Mikael and Joanna Leidenhag, however, have issued concerns about its application. They argue that Yong employs supernaturalistic themes with implications that render the concept of emergence obsolete. Further, they claim that Yong's use of emergence theory is inconsistent because he highlights the ontological independence of various spirits in the world concurrently with his advocation of supervenience theory. In view of these concerns, Leidenhag and Leidenhag urge Yong to depart from his application of emergence theory. In what follows, we plan to address each of these criticisms and demonstrate that they are tenuous, if not unwarranted, especially in light of a kenotic‐relational pneumatology.
The Issues and Implications About the Volatility of the Stock and the Bond Prices and Their Returns and the Volatility of Interest Rates and Inflation - Which Are Being Researched in Finance and Macro-Monetary Economics Literature: A Survey
Authors: Paul Muthucattu Thomas
Published: February 2018

Volatility of returns of the financial assets, and the volatility of the inflation and aggregate demand, are important issues in the Financial markets, and the macro- monetary economics. In this article, the volatility in the stock and bond markets are surveyed and discussed in detail. Our view is that the higher volatility in the long-term rates than in the short-term rates, may be due to the higher leverage effect in the long-term markets and rates than in the short -term rates. In the previous century, last fifty years, the average stock returns were much higher and the expected return or the cost of capital was lower. The conditional volatility models and the volatility spill over between the spot and futures markets and their implications are deeply explored in this article along with the price discovery between spot and futures markets and the conditions for the efficiency in these markets. In our section dealing with Macro- monetary economics, the effect of the variability of inflation on the demand for money function, on the nominal rates of interest, and on the slope of the aggregate supply curve, are brought into sharp focus and is being discussed through the relevant literature survey.
The Distribution of Wealth – Growing Inequality? – A Book Review
Authors: Ahmed Dunya , Buheji Mohamed
Published: February 2018

This book uses data from 21 countries to illustrate the distribution of wealth in capital economies that is far from being fare and equality. However, it is a book that is focused on western countries and very focused on one part of the world only.Schneider et. Al (2016) shown in this work how wealth in this world is distributed statistically, historically and geographically. The book explains the basics of why is the distribution of wealth important and how can it be measured which established an important basis for the beginners and different discipline researchers in the field.
THE GREAT SCHISM: The Great Divide of the West, the East and Christianity
Authors: Cox Anna M.
Published: February 2018

The historical tapestry of Medieval Europe was woven together with numerous profoundly influential threads. One of the most fundamental woven threads in the tapestry of this era was the thread of religion, the church and the Christian faith. An intrinsic part to this religious thread in the Medieval tapestry was the immensely profoundly transforming event of the Great Schism in 1054. The Great Schism in its own religious right was one of the most single profoundly fundamental and influential events that resulted in the transformation of a religion, culture and history. Moreover the Great Schism laid the foundation, paved the way and was the religious prequel of Martin’s Luther’s Protestant Reformation. Thus the Great Schism of 1054 had extensive, influential political, cultural, social, religious and historical consequences. The Great Schism’s legacy of disunion would be evident in the church, the Christian faith and religion for many generations to come.
Generalized Bilinear Amplitude Approximation and X-Xr for Modeling Cyclically Symmetric Structures With Cracks
Authors: Tien Meng-Hsuan , Hu Tianyi , D'Souza Kiran
Published: February 2018

The analysis of the influence of cracks on the dynamics of bladed disks is critical for design, failure prognosis, and structural health monitoring. Predicting the dynamics of cracked bladed disks is computationally challenging for two reasons: (1) the model size is quite large and (2) the piecewise-linear nonlinearity caused by contact eliminates the use of linear analysis tools. Recently, a technique referred to as the X-Xr approach was developed to efficiently reduce the model size of the cracked bladed disks. The method employs relative coordinates to describe the motion of crack surfaces such that an effective model reduction can be achieved using single sector calculations. More recently, a method referred to as the generalized bilinear amplitude approximation (BAA) was developed to approximate the amplitude and frequency of piecewise-linear nonlinear systems. This paper modifies the generalized BAA method and combines it with the X-Xr approach to efficiently predict the dynamics of the cracked bladed disks. The combined method is able to construct the reduced-order model (ROM) of full disks using single-sector models only and estimate the amplitude and frequency with a significantly reduced computational effort. The proposed approach is demonstrated on a three degrees-of-freedom (DOF) spring–mass system and a cracked bladed disk.
Effects of Soil Profile Variation and Scour on Structural Response of an Offshore Monopile Wind Turbine
Authors: Li Hui , Ong Muk Chen , Leira Bernt Johan , Myrhaug Dag
Published: February 2018

This paper presents an engineering approach to study the effects of soil profile variation and scour on structural response of an offshore monopile wind turbine. A wind-wave model for finite water depth is proposed to obtain the corresponding sea-state based on the incident wind. Different wind, wave, and current loads on the wind turbine for the operational conditions are considered. The interaction between the foundation and the soil is simulated by nonlinear springs, for which stiffness properties are obtained from the axial load transfer curve, the tip load–displacement curve, and the lateral load–deflection curve. Four types of soil conditions are considered, i.e., 100% sand layer, 50% sand layer (top) and 50% clay layer (bottom), 50% clay layer (top), and 50% sand layer (bottom), as well as 100% clay layer. For a given current speed, the variations of the structural response of the wind turbine due to the effects of different wind–wave load combinations, soil conditions and scour have been investigated. Different wind–wave load combinations directly affect the mean internal bending moment and mean displacement vertically along the support structure. Different soil conditions change the eigenfrequency of the structure significantly. The top layer of the soil appears to have a strong influence on the mean internal bending moment and the mean shear force distribution along the foundation. Moreover, the effect of scour alters the eigenfrequency of the structure significantly. The maximum mean bending moment and displacement increase for the cases with a scour hole as compared to the cases with scour protection.
Organization of Dietary Control for Nutrition-Training Intervention Involving Periodized Carbohydrate Availability and Ketogenic Low-Carbohydrate High-Fat Diet
Authors: Mirtschin Joanne G. , Forbes Sara F. , Cato Louise E. , Heikura Ida A. , Strobel Nicki , Hall Rebecca , Burke Louise M.
Published: February 2018

The authors describe the implementation of a 3-week dietary intervention in elite race walkers at the Australian Institute of Sport, with a focus on the resources and strategies needed to accomplish a complex study of this scale. Interventions involved: traditional guidelines of high carbohydrate (CHO) availability for all training sessions; a periodized CHO diet which integrated sessions with low and high CHO availability within the same total CHO intake; and a ketogenic low-CHO high-fat diet. Seven-day menus and recipes were constructed for a communal eating setting to meet nutritional goals as well as individualized food preferences and special needs. Menus also included nutrition support before, during, and after exercise. Daily monitoring, via observation and food checklists, showed that energy and macronutrient targets were achieved. Diets were matched for energy (∼14.8 MJ/d) and protein (∼2.1 g·kg−1·day−1) and achieved desired differences for fat and CHO, with high CHO availability and periodized CHO availability: CHO = 8.5 g·kg−1·day−1, 60% energy, fat = 20% of energy and low-CHO high-fat diet: 0.5 g·kg−1·day−1 CHO, fat = 78% energy.  There were no differences in micronutrient intake or density between the high CHO availability and periodized CHO availability diets; however, the micronutrient density of the low-CHO high-fat diet was significantly lower. Daily food costs per athlete were similar for each diet (∼AU$ 27 ± 10). Successful implementation and monitoring of dietary interventions in sports nutrition research of the scale of the present study require meticulous planning and the expertise of chefs and sports dietitians. Different approaches to sports nutrition support raise practical challenges around cost, micronutrient density, accommodation of special needs, and sustainability.
The Use of Microtechnology to Monitor Collision Performance in Professional Rugby Union
Authors: MacLeod Simon J. , Hagan Chris , Egaña Mikel , Davis Jonny , Drake David
Published: February 2018

Purpose: To determine if microtechnology-derived collision loads discriminate between collision performance and compare the physical and analytical components of collision performance between positional groups. Methods: Thirty-seven professional male rugby union players participated in this study. Collision events from 11 competitive matches were coded using specific tackle and carry classifications based on the ball-carrier’s collision outcome. Collisions were automatically detected using 10 Hz microtechnology units. Collision events were identified, coded (as tackle or carry), and timestamped at the collision contact point using game analysis software. Attacking and defensive performances of 1609 collision events were analyzed. Results: Collision loads were significantly greater during dominant compared with neutral and passive collisions (P < .001; effect size [ES] = 0.53 and 0.80, respectively), tackles (P < .0001; ES = 0.60 and 0.56, respectively), and carries (P < .001; ES = 0.48 and 0.79, respectively). Overall, forwards reported a greater number and frequency of collisions but lower loads per collision and velocities at collision point than did backs. Microtechnology devices can also accurately, sensitively, and specifically identify collision events (93.3%, 93.8%, and 92.8%, respectively). Conclusion: Microtechnology is a valid means of discriminating between tackle and carry performance. Thus, microtechnology-derived collision load data can be utilized to track and monitor collision events in training and games.
Workload, Fatigue, and Muscle Damage in an Under-20 Rugby Union Team Over an Intensified International Tournament
Authors: Lacome Mathieu , Carling Christopher , Hager Jean-Philippe , Dine Gerard , Piscione Julien
Published: February 2018

Purpose: To examine the effects of an intensified tournament on workload, perceptual and neuromuscular fatigue, and muscle-damage responses in an international under-20 rugby union team. Methods: Players were subdivided into a high-exposure group (HEG, n = 13) and a low-exposure group (LEG, n = 11) according to match-play exposure time. Measures monitored over the 19-d period included training session (n = 10) and match (n = 5) workload determined via global positioning systems and session rating of perceived exertion. Well-being scores, countermovement jump height performance, and blood creatine kinase concentrations were collected at various time points. Results: Analysis of workload cumulated across the tournament entirety for training and match play combined showed that high-speed running distance was similar between groups, while a very likely larger session rating of perceived exertion load was reported in HEG vs LEG. In HEG, high-speed activity fluctuated across the 5 successive matches, albeit with no clear trend for a progressive decrease. No clear tendency for a progressive decrease in well-being scores prior to or following matches was observed in either group. In HEG, trivial to possibly small reductions in postmatch countermovement jump performance were observed, while unclear to most likely moderate increases in prematch blood creatine kinase concentrations occurred until prior to match 4. Conclusions: The magnitude of match-to-match changes in external workload, perceptual and neuromuscular fatigue, and muscle damage was generally unclear or small. These results suggest that irrespective of exposure time to match play players generally maintained performance and readiness to play across the intensified tournament. These findings support the need for holistic systematic player-monitoring programs.
The Fit Matters: Influence of Accelerometer Fitting and Training Drill Demands on Load Measures in Rugby League Players
Authors: McLean Blake D. , Cummins Cloe , Conlan Greta , Duthie Grant , Coutts Aaron J.
Published: February 2018

Purpose: To determine the relationship between drill type and accelerometer-derived loads during various team-sport activities and examine the influence of unit fitting on these loads. Methods: Sixteen rugby league players were fitted with microtechnology devices in either manufacturer vests or playing jerseys before completing standardized running, agility, and tackling drills. Two-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) accelerometer loads (BodyLoad™) per kilometer were compared across drills and fittings (ie, vest and jersey). Results: When fitted in a vest, 2D BodyLoad was higher during tackling (21.5 [14.8] AU/km) than during running (9.5 [2.5] AU/km) and agility (10.3 [2.7] AU/km). Jersey fitting resulted in more than 2-fold higher BodyLoad during running (2D = 9.5 [2.7] vs 29.3 [14.8] AU/km, 3D = 48.5 [14.8] vs 111.5 [45.4] AU/km) and agility (2D = 10.3 [2.7] vs 21.0 [8.1] AU/km, 3D = 40.4 [13.6] vs 77.7 [26.8] AU/km) compared with a vest fitting. Jersey fitting also produced higher BodyLoad during tackling drills (2D = 21.5 [14.8] vs 27.8 [18.6] AU/km, 3D = 42.0 [21.4] vs 63.2 [33.1] AU/km). Conclusions: This study provides evidence supporting the construct validity of 2D BodyLoad for assessing collision/tackling load in rugby league training drills. Conversely, the large values obtained from 3D BodyLoad (which includes the vertical load vector) appear to mask small increases in load during tackling drills, rendering 3D BodyLoad insensitive to changes in contact load. Unit fitting has a large influence on accumulated accelerometer loads during all drills, which is likely related to greater incidental unit movement when units are fitted in jerseys. Therefore, it is recommended that athletes wear microtechnology units in manufacturer-provided vests to provide valid and reliable information.
The Trainability of Adolescent Soccer Players to Brief Periodized Complex Training
Authors: Chatzinikolaou Athanasios , Michaloglou Konstantinos , Avloniti Alexandra , Leontsini Diamanda , Deli Chariklia K. , Vlachopoulos Dimitris , Gracia-Marco Luis , Arsenis Sotirios , Athanailidis Ioannis , Draganidis Dimitrios , Jamurtas Athanasios Z. , Williams Craig A. , Fatouros Ioannis G.
Published: February 2018

Purpose: To investigate the effect of a complex, short-term strength/power training protocol on performance and body composition of elite early adolescent soccer players. Methods: Twenty-two players (14–15 y) were randomly assigned to (1) an experimental group (N = 12; participated in a 5-wk training protocol with traditional multijoint power resistance exercises, Olympic-style lifts, plyometric drills, and speed work; 4 times per week) or (2) a control group (N = 10). Strength and power performance (jumping, speed, change of direction, repeated sprint ability, endurance, isokinetic strength of knee flexors and extensors, maximal strength in various lifts, and speed-endurance) were evaluated pretraining and posttraining. Results: Cessation of training for 5 weeks in the control group induced a marked performance deterioration (∼5%–20%). Training not only prevented strength performance deterioration but also increased it (∼2%–30%). Endurance and repeated sprint ability declined to a smaller extent in experimental group compared with control group (15% vs 7.5%). Isometric strength and body composition remained unaltered in both groups. Conclusions: Results demonstrate that (1) young players exhibit a high level of trainability of their strength/power performance (but not endurance) in response to a short-term complex training protocol during early adolescence, (2) Olympic-style lifts are characterized by increased safety in this age group and appear to be highly effective, (3) lifts incorporating a hip thrust result in increased strength of both knee extensors and flexors, (4) cessation of training for only 5 weeks results in marked deterioration of strength/power and endurance performance, and (5) improvement of strength/power performance may be related to neural-based adaptation as body composition remained unaffected.
The Effects of Filter Cutoff Frequency on Musculoskeletal Simulations of High-Impact Movements
Authors: Tomescu Stefan Sebastian , Bakker Ryan , Beach Tyson A.C. , Chandrashekar Naveen
Published: February 2018

Estimation of muscle forces through musculoskeletal simulation is important in understanding human movement and injury. Unmatched filter frequencies used to low-pass filter marker and force platform data can create artifacts during inverse dynamics analysis, but their effects on muscle force calculations are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the effects of filter cutoff frequency on simulation parameters and magnitudes of lower-extremity muscle and resultant joint contact forces during a high-impact maneuver. Eight participants performed a single-leg jump landing. Kinematics was captured with a 3D motion capture system, and ground reaction forces were recorded with a force platform. The marker and force platform data were filtered using 2 matched filter frequencies (10–10 Hz and 15–15 Hz) and 2 unmatched filter frequencies (10–50 Hz and 15–50 Hz). Musculoskeletal simulations using computed muscle control were performed in OpenSim. The results revealed significantly higher peak quadriceps (13%), hamstrings (48%), and gastrocnemius forces (69%) in the unmatched (10–50 Hz and 15–50 Hz) conditions than in the matched (10–10 Hz and 15–15 Hz) conditions (P < .05). Resultant joint contact forces and reserve (nonphysiologic) moments were similarly larger in the unmatched filter categories (P < .05). This study demonstrated that artifacts created from filtering with unmatched filter cutoffs result in altered muscle forces and dynamics that are not physiologic.
Rehealable, fully recyclable, and malleable electronic skin enabled by dynamic covalent thermoset nanocomposite
Authors: Zou Zhanan , Zhu Chengpu , Li Yan , Lei Xingfeng , Zhang Wei , Xiao Jianliang
Published: February 2018

Novel electronic skin is rehealable and 100% recyclable.
Atomic structures of low-complexity protein segments reveal kinked β sheets that assemble networks
Authors: Hughes Michael P. , Sawaya Michael R. , Boyer David R. , Goldschmidt Lukasz , Rodriguez Jose A. , Cascio Duilio , Chong Lisa , Gonen Tamir , Eisenberg David S.
Published: February 2018

Interactions of LARKS protein domains

More than 1500 human proteins contain long, disordered stretches of “low complexity”—strings of just a few of the 20 common amino acids. The functions of these low-complexity domains have been unclear. Hughes
et al.
present atomic-resolution structures that suggest that short segments of two such domains can bind weakly to each other by forming a pair of kinked β-sheets. Because aromatic amino acid side chains stabilize these interactions, the interacting motifs are termed LARKS, for low-complexity, aromatic-rich, kinked segments. Numerous proteins associated with membraneless organelles of biological cells contain low-complexity domains housing multiple LARKS.

Science
, this issue p.
698
Light amplification by seeded Kerr instability
Authors: Vampa G. , Hammond T. J. , Nesrallah M. , Naumov A. Yu. , Corkum P. B. , Brabec T.
Published: February 2018

Seeding a laser amplifier

Amplification of femtosecond laser pulses requires a lasing medium or a nonlinear crystal. The chemical properties of the lasing medium or adherence to momentum conservation rules in the nonlinear crystal constrain the frequency and the bandwidth of the amplified pulses. Vampa
et al.
seeded modulation instability in a laser crystal pumped with femtosecond near-infrared pulses. This provided a method for the high gain amplification of broadband and short laser pulses up to intensities of 1 terawatt per square centimeter. The method avoids constraints related to doping and phase matching and can be expected to be applied to a wide pool of glasses and crystals.

Science
, this issue p.
673
Cholesterol crystals impede nerve repair
Authors: Chen Yanan , Popko Brian
Published: February 2018

Cholesterol deposits in phagocytic cells disrupt the repair of demyelinated axons
Revising concepts about adult stem cells
Authors: Götz Magdalena
Published: February 2018

Imaging adult neurogenesis reveals surprising behavior of progenitor cells
Comparative
In Vitro
Activity of Omadacycline against Dog and Cat Bite Wound Isolates
Authors: Goldstein Ellie J. C. , Citron Diane M. , Tyrrell Kerin L. , Leoncio Eliza , Merriam C. Vreni
Published: February 2018

Omadacycline was tested against 125 isolates recovered from infected cat and dog bites in humans. Its activity was similar to that of other compounds in the tetracycline class, and it was active against strains exhibiting tetracycline resistance. Against anaerobic isolates, resistance to tetracyclines was more prominent and omadacycline was the most active of the group. All isolates had omadacycline MICs of <1 μg/ml, with the exception of
Eikenella corrodens
, which showed reduced susceptibility to the entire tetracycline group.
Microbial rRNA Synthesis and Growth Compared through Quantitative Stable Isotope Probing with H
2
18
O
Authors: Papp Katerina , Hungate Bruce A. , Schwartz Egbert
Published: February 2018

Growing bacteria have a high concentration of ribosomes to ensure sufficient protein synthesis, which is necessary for genome replication and cellular division. To elucidate whether metabolic activity of soil microorganisms is coupled with growth, we investigated the relationship between rRNA and DNA synthesis in a soil bacterial community using quantitative stable isotope probing (qSIP) with H
2
18
O. Most soil bacterial taxa were metabolically active and grew, and there was no significant difference between the isotopic composition of DNA and RNA extracted from soil incubated with H
2
18
O. The positive correlation between
18
O content of DNA and rRNA of taxa, with a slope statistically indistinguishable from 1 (slope = 0.96; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.90 to 1.02), indicated that few taxa made new rRNA without synthesizing new DNA. There was no correlation between rRNA-to-DNA ratios obtained from sequencing libraries and the atom percent excess (APE)
18
O values of DNA or rRNA, suggesting that the ratio of rRNA to DNA is a poor indicator of microbial growth or rRNA synthesis. Our results support the notion that metabolic activity is strongly coupled to cellular division and suggest that nondividing taxa do not dominate soil metabolic activity.

IMPORTANCE
Using quantitative stable isotope probing of microbial RNA and DNA with H
2
18
O, we show that most soil taxa are metabolically active and grow because their nucleic acids are significantly labeled with
18
O. A majority of the populations that make new rRNA also grow, which argues against the common paradigm that most soil taxa are dormant. Additionally, our results indicate that relative sequence abundance-based RNA-to-DNA ratios, which are frequently used for identifying active microbial populations in the environment, underestimate the number of metabolically active taxa within soil microbial communities.
Accumulation and Dissolution of Magnetite Crystals in a Magnetically Responsive Ciliate
Authors: Monteil Caroline L. , Menguy Nicolas , Prévéral Sandra , Warren Alan , Pignol David , Lefèvre Christopher T.
Published: February 2018

Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) represent a group of microorganisms that are widespread in aquatic habitats and thrive at oxic-anoxic interfaces. They are able to scavenge high concentrations of iron thanks to the biomineralization of magnetic crystals in their unique organelles, the so-called magnetosome chains. Although their biodiversity has been intensively studied, their ecology and impact on iron cycling remain largely unexplored. Predation by protozoa was suggested as one of the ecological processes that could be involved in the release of iron back into the ecosystem. Magnetic protozoa were previously observed in aquatic environments, but their diversity and the fate of particulate iron during grazing are poorly documented. In this study, we report the morphological and molecular characterizations of a magnetically responsive MTB-grazing protozoan able to ingest high quantities of MTB. This protozoan is tentatively identified as
Uronema marinum
, a ciliate known to be a predator of bacteria. Using light and electron microscopy, we investigated in detail the vacuoles in which the lysis of phagocytized prokaryotes occurs. We carried out high-resolution observations of aligned magnetosome chains and ongoing dissolution of crystals. Particulate iron in the ciliate represented approximately 0.01% of its total volume. We show the ubiquity of this interaction in other types of environments and describe different grazing strategies. These data contribute to the mounting evidence that the interactions between MTB and protozoa might play a significant role in iron turnover in microaerophilic habitats.

IMPORTANCE
Identifying participants of each biogeochemical cycle is a prerequisite to our understanding of ecosystem functioning. Magnetotactic bacteria (MTB) participate in iron cycling by concentrating large amounts of biomineralized iron minerals in their cells, which impacts their chemical environment at, or below, the oxic-anoxic transition zone in aquatic habitats. It was shown that some protozoa inhabiting this niche could become magnetic by the ingestion of magnetic crystals biomineralized by grazed MTB. In this study, we show that magnetic MTB grazers are commonly observed in marine and freshwater sediments and can sometimes accumulate very large amounts of particulate iron. We describe here different phagocytosis strategies, determined using magnetic particles from MTB as tracers after their ingestion by the protozoa. This study paves the way for potential scientific or medical applications using MTB grazers as magnetosome hyperaccumulators.