bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Swimming behaviour of the puerulus larvae of the western rock lobster
Authors: Phillips BF , Olsen L
Published: November 2005

A total of 335 free-swimming puerulus stage larvae of Panulirus longipes* were observed during five nights, using underwater lights, at Seven Mile Beach (29� 10'S., 114� 53'E.) in Western Australia. All puerulus larvae were found to be swimming alone and no contacts or reactions were observed between individuals. Both the swimming and sinking postures are described. Swimming speeds of approximately 33 cm/s (maximum) and approximately 15 cm/s (mean) were recorded over a distance of 1 m. Animals were able to swim at these speeds against water currents of between 9 and 13 cm/s, indicating a potential swimming speed with the current of approximately 46 cm/s. The puerulus larvae was found to be capable of avoidance reactions by a rapid flexing of the abdomen and also of detecting objects in the water.
Occurence of kerosene-like hydrocarbons in the bream, Mylio australis Gunther
Authors: Connell DW , Cox K , McLauchlan RL
Published: November 2005

Samples of the bream M. australis from an area approximately 4 km north of the Brisbane River mouth have been found to contain a mixture of kerosene-like hydrocarbons. Capillary column gas chromotagraphy and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry permitted the unequivocal identification of a series of n-alkanes in this mixture. The kerosene-like mixture of hydrocarbons is believed to cause a taint in the flesh of the fish.
Determination of an ostracod collection in relation to Australocypris (Cyprididae).
Authors: De Deckker P
Published: November 2005

Cyprinae, genus B, as determined by Loffler in Bayly and Williams (1966), and Australocypris De
Deckker, 1974 are here considered as synonyms.
Home range and movements of the common river galaxies, Galaxias vulgaris Stokell (Pisces: Salmoniformes), in the Glentui River, New Zealand
Authors: Cadwallader PL
Published: November 2005

Two-hundred and twenty-nine post-juvenile G. vulgaris from the Glentui River were marked with Alcian Blue dye administered to various fin combinations with a jet inoculator in March and April 1971, and their distribution examined by electric fishing at intervals until February 1972. After each survey all fish were returned to the river. Of 384 recaptures, 97 % were taken within the sections of the river in which they were marked (length range of sections 24-68 m) or within 200 m of them, and only seven fish were recaptured in areas other than riffles, the normal adult habitat. Fish moved upstream to suitable spawning areas in July and August, but returned after spawning. A change in habitat from riffle to pool, caused by the build-up of water behind a fallen tree, resulted in fish modifying their home range by moving to adjacent riffles. Field and stream-tank observations suggested that newly hatched fish are swept downstream to quiet stretches, and stream-tank studies indicated that juveniles move back upstream to riffles.
A Comparative study of the limnology of three maar lakes in western Victoria. I. Physiography and physicochemical features
Authors: Timms BV
Published: November 2005

Lakes Purrumbete, Bullenmerri and Gnotuk are three typical maar lakes of volcanic origin in western Victoria. They are of similar size and altitude and are 45, 66 and 18.5 m deep respectively. The crater diameter is large (c. 3 km). Lake Purrumbete is fresh (0.4‰), Lake Bullenmerri slightly saline (8‰) and Lake Gnotuk saline (58‰); major ions are sodium and chloride. Salinity is highest in mid-autumn and lowest in late spring. Annual salinity fluctuation in Lakes Bullenmerri and Gnotuk is significantly less than in shallow saline lakes and there is evidence of secular increase in salinity in these lakes. Transparency is greatest in late autumn-early winter and least in late spring-summer. On the average Lake Purrumbete water is most transparent, then Lake Gnotuk and finally Lake Bullenmerri. Surface water temperature ranges from c. 10 to 20� C. The lakes are cheimomictic and mean annual heat budget is 70, 80 and 56 kJcm-2 for Lakes Purrembete, Bullenmerri and Gnotuk respectively.
Surface waters are always well oxygenated but the hypolimnia are anoxic by the close of stagnation. Hypolimnetic areal deficit is greatest in Lake Bullenmerri and least in Lake Gnotuk. Metalimnetic oxygen deficiencies usually occur in Lakes Purrumbete and Bullenmerri. The water in all three lakes is alkaline (pH ~8.5); pH values are higher in summer than in winter, the difference being less in the saline lakes. Sediments are similar in the lakes, the littoral being sandy and the profundal muddy. In the profundal, organic matter content is 35, 23 and 22 % in Lakes Purrumbete, Bullenmerri and Gnotuk respectively. Redox potential is least in the sublittoral and profundal where it is $160, + 183 and + 145 mV in Lakes Purrembete, Bullenmerri and Gnotuk respectively. Though there are minor differences in physicochemical features between the lakes, these are unimportant compared with the salinity difference.
Stoichiometric distance and total concentration: a binary numerical description of inland water chemistry
Authors: Buckney RT
Published: November 2005

A two-number description of the major ion chemistry of inland waters is derived from data on total concentration and the relative proportions of major ions (stoichiometry), and used to describe some broad features of Tasmanian inland waters. Equilibrium and other controls on pH and silica concentration are identified. Other possible uses of the binary numerical description are discussed.
Aggressive behaviour of post-puerulus larvae of the western rock lobster Panulirus longipes (Milne-Edwards)
Authors: Berrill M
Published: November 2005

Laboratory observations indicate that post-puerulus larvae of P. longipes are gregarious in sharing a variety of sources of protective cover. However, they are also aggressive in their contacts with each other other, especially when competing for limited space or food, and older post-puerulus stages, with longer antennae, dominate younger stages with shorter antennae. The post-puerulus larvae are also capable of sound production, and emit rasp-like sounds during aggressive encounters. Such rasps appear to characterize intraspecific threat rather than antipredatory displays.
Nutrient status of the sediments in Lake Mulwala. I. Total phosphorus
Authors: Hart BT , McGregor RJ , Perriman WS
Published: November 2005

Chemical analyses are reported for sediment samples taken from Lake Mulwala, a man-made lake on the Murray River, downstream from the proposed Albury-Wodonga growth centre. The sediments are non-calcareous and high in clay content. Total phosphorus levels were found to be of the same order of magnitude as values reported for several eutrophic lakes in other countries. Statistical analysis of the data has allowed the calculation of a predictive model for total phosphorus levels in the lake sediments. Total phosphorus was found to be influenced by location within the lake, organic content of the sediments and water depth. On the basis of total phosphorus levels, Lake Mulwala can be divided into two regions-an upper region influenced by the two input rivers, which has lower levels of total phosphorus, and a lower region with higher levels of sediment phosphorus. It appears that about 50% of this total phosphorus is potentially available for exchange with the water column.
Hydrogeochemistry of the Genoa River basin, New South Wales - Victoria
Authors: Reinson GE
Published: November 2005

The Genoa River basin is underlain largely by granitoid rocks which are of three types-quartz diorite-granodiorite, adamellite, and granite-adamellite-and to a lesser extent by metasediments and coarse elastics. Two types of surface water are present in the drainage basin, an Na-Cl type and a mixed-cation HCO3-Cl type. The genesis of these two water types isrelated primarily to differences in rate of chemical weathering of the three granitoid rock types. Mixed-cation HCO3,-Cl waters drain quartz diorite-granodiorite and adamellite terrain, but not granite-adamellite terrain, whereas the reverse is the case for the Na-CI waters. The quartz diorite-granodiorite and closely associated adamellite rock suites contain more minerals which are more readily weathered than does the granite-adamellite rock suite. These minerals (calcium plagioclase, biotite and hornblende) supply Ca, Mg, Na, and HCO3 to the waters through rapid dissolution. Where the rate of chemical weathering is high, the surface waters are characterized by a mixture of atmospheric salts and soluble products of weathering (mixed-cation HCO3-Cl type). Where the chemical weathering rate is low, the surface waters are dominated by atmospheric salts (Na-Cl type). The chemical weathering rate of the underlying bedrock remains as the controlling factor in the genesis of the two water types, even during low runoff periods when both the groundwater contribution to stream flow and the rate of evaporation are high.
Tagging experiments with western king prawn, Penaeus latisulcatus Kishinouye. II. Estimation of population parameters
Authors: Penn JW
Published: November 2005

The toggle tagging method previously tested for suitability with adult western king prawns has been used in an intensive field trial in a previously unexploited population of prawns confined in Cockburn Sound, Western Australia. Approximately 12000 tagged prawns, in three consecutive experiments, were released over a period of 3 months during which time the population was subjected to controlled fishing by a chartered trawler to simulate a commercial fishery. Using the catch-effort data and recaptures from the three releases, a number of methods of estimating population size have been evaluated. The Petersen estimates, selected as most appropriate, have been used to calculate instantaneous rates of natural and fishing mortality, and catchability coefficients during the experimental period. An apparent relationship between catchability and temperature has been discussed together with other biological problems encountered in the use of prawn tag recapture data.
A Drifting buoy tracked by satellite in the Tasman Sea
Authors: Cresswell GR
Published: November 2005

A fibreglass buoy was tracked by the satellite EOLE for 11 months while it drifted around the Tasman Sea. It survived very close passes by two tropical cyclones and was recovered by chance after it had stopped working. At this time the 30-m tether line holding the 5 by 4 m window blind drogue was found to be chafed through. The track of the buoy was compared to sea surface temperature records of merchant ships and it was found that temperatures increased to the left-hand side of the buoy track, which would be the case in the Southern Hemisphere if these temperatures correlated with increased dynamic heights. Winds at the buoy which were calculated from daily atmospheric pressure maps generally had no obvious effects on the tracks, possibly because they caused only a slight deflection of the surface waters. However, there were three occasions when the wind vectors rotated over the course of several days and the effect was to produce small loops in the buoy's track. Also, during a close pass by a tropical cyclone the buoy speed was closely related to wind speed with the buoy being accelerated 90� to the left of the wind direction. Ocean kinetic energies were calculated from the tracks of this buoy, its predecessor and the Agulhas Current buoy of Stavropoulos and Duncan (1974).
Growth of juvenile Panulirus longipes cygnus George on coastal reefs compared with those reared under optimal environmental conditions
Authors: Chittleborough RG
Published: November 2005

The growth of a group of six juvenile western rock lobsters raised for 6 years in aquaria was well represented by the von Bertalanffy equation lt = 113.47{1-exp{-0.459(t-1.045)}] Using single-moult increments as well as annual growth (determined by shift in modal length and returns of tail-punched and tagged individuals) growth of juveniles in the wild population was compared with that of those reared under near-optimal conditions. At three of the four localities studied, growth was retarded. Growth was most suppressed at the locality where the density of juveniles was highest. However, at a locality where nursery reefs carried relatively low densities in recent years, growth was still well below that achieved in aquaria. Limited food resources on shallow nursery reefs was suggested as the main reason for the retardation of growth. Where the shortage was less severe, competition amongst juveniles resulted in the growth of younger age-groups (2+ and 3+ years) being more retarded than older juveniles, and that of females being more retarded than that of males. Upon emigrating to deeper waters (mainly at 5 and 6 years of age), juveniles showed a marked acceleration in growth rate. As juveniles have distinct growth phases with different environmental pressures applying at each, growth in the wild population at most localities is not well represented by a single von Bertalanffy equation.
A revision of the family Galaxiidae (Pisces) in Tasmania
Authors: Andrews AP
Published: November 2005

Nine species of the genus Galaxias and one species of the genus Paragalaxias are found to be
represented in Tasmania. The taxonomy, meristic and morphometric variation of each species is
examined and data on the distribution, life history and ecology are presented together with
references and synonymy. At the commencement of the present study previous works credited
a total of 16 species in four genera to Tasmania distributed as follows: Galaxias, 12 species,
Paragalaxias, 1 species, Saxilaga, 2 species and Brachygalaxias, 2 subspecies.
In the present study G. scopus Scott is shown to be a synonym of G. truttaceus Valenciennes,
G. affinis Regan and G. coxii Macleay are shown to be synonyms of G. brevipinnis Gunther which
is recorded for the first time from the Australian mainland. The two species currently referred to
the genus Saxilaga, S. cleaveri Scott and S. anguilliformis Scott, together with G. upcheri Scott
are found to represent one species of Galaxias. The type locality of G. auratus Johnston is shown
to be Lake Sorell and the type locality of G. upcheri is more accurately defined than in previous
works. The two subspecies of Brachygalaxias, B. pusillus tasmaniensis Scott and B. pusillus
flindersiensis Scott, are treated as one species of Galaxias.
The Tasmanian galaxiid fauna is compared and contrasted with the galaxiid faunas of mainland
Australia and New Zealand and the distribution patterns and zoogeographic considerations are
discussed.
Aspects of the chemical variability of some Tasmanian inland waters
Authors: Buckney RT
Published: November 2005

Variability of total concentration and of ionic concentrations (measured as the standard deviations) is proportional to a power of the mean concentrations in 25 Tasmanian waters. Stoichiometric variability is low in saline waters and can be high in fresh waters. Climate is recognized as being of primary importance in affecting variability, although morphometric characters exert an influence. Geological conditions are an important factor in determining stoichiometric variability.
Chemistry of salt lakes and other water of the sub-humid regions of Tasmania
Authors: Buckney RT , Tyler PA
Published: November 2005

Analyses are presented of major chemical features of pans and lagoons in the sub-humid regions of Tasmania. The waters sampled are classed as fresh or saline, using a criterion which is a function of relative ionic composition. Saline waters are regarded as having ionic composition limited by the solubility of alkaline earth carbonates, and they have a composition akin to that of seawater. The fauna of salt pans is briefly mentioned. These analyses complete a survey of Tasmanian surface waters, and some relationships between ionic concentrations and other chemical parameters are reassessed for the entire salinity range (<10 ppm to > 200‰) of Tasmanian inland waters.
Stability of ionic proportions in five salt lakes in Victoria, Australia
Authors: Williams WD , Buckney RT
Published: November 2005

Samples taken approximately monthly over a 4 year period (1969-1973) from five salt lakes in western Victoria show that although total salt concentration varied widely in all lakes the ionic proportions of major cations and anions were remarkabIy constant. Thus, although physicochemical and biological variability characterize salt lakes, this variability does not necessarily include variation in ionic proportions.
Chemical composition of some inland surface waters in South, Western and northeren Australia
Authors: Williams WD , Buckney RT
Published: November 2005

Numerous analyses of the major ions in surface waters of South Australia, south-western Western Australia, and northern Australia are presented and discussed. In South Australia three regions were investigated: the Yorke Peninsula, the Snowtown area, and the extreme south-east including the Coorong. In all three areas salinities were high, except for Lake Alexandrina and Lake Albert at the mouth of the River Murray, and sodium and chloride were the dominant ions. In rivers and standing waters in the south-west of Western Australia sodium and chloride were likewise the dominant ions. Almost all standing waters sampled in this region were saline and salinity was also high in some rivers investigated; there are, nevertheless, freshwater lakes and rivers of low salinity in this region. In running and standing waters of northern Australia, salinities were low and there was no consistent pattern of ionic dominance.
Larval development of the queen scallop, Equichlamys bifrons
Authors: Dix TG
Published: November 2005

The smallest length of pelagic larvae of E. bifrons reared from fertilized eggs (mean diameter 119.6 pm)
was 150 pm. Shell growth revealed insignificant umbone development, and the length-width relationship
is described by the geometric mean regression:
w = 0.751l+20.720.
Eye spots were conspicuous and common in larvae of 165-175 pm length; metamorphosis generally
occurred when larvae were just longer than 200 pm. In cultures maintained between 14 and 18°C
juveniles were present 17-20 days after fertilization. Provinicular structure was simple, and there
were generally four teeth at each end of the hinge.
Unisexuality, the large size of eggs and early larvae, shorter larval life, and the lack of umbone
development are the most significant characteristics distinguishing the development of E. bifrons
from that of Pecten meridionalis, another local pectinid.
The relation of oceanic primary production to available photosynthetic irradiance
Authors: Jitts HR , Morel A , Saijo Y
Published: November 2005

Primary production was measured at 14 stations covering a wide range of oceanic waters. Measurements were made by both the in situ method (Pi) and the simulated in situ method (Ps) Production v. constant irradiance (P v. I) was also measured. Available photosynthetic irradiance [Eq(350-700) in quanta m-2 s-1] was calculated from continuous records of total irradiance and measurements of the percentage submarine transmission of irradiance were made with a quantum meter. Using the P v. I curves and Eq(350-700), primary production at several depths at each station was calculated (P,). Pc was shown to be a precise estimate of Ps at all depths. Pc was also highly correlated with Pi, but both Pc and Pi overestimated Pi at the surface by 40 %. Some experiments at three stations showed that a 2-mm thickness of clear glass placed over surface samples in the measurement of Ps could increase Ps by about 50%. This suggested that U.V. irradiance in surface ocean waters decreased Pi and could explain the overestimates by Pc and Ps. The results showed the need for precise information of spectrai composition of irradiance in studies of primary production but demonstrated the kalidity of Eq(350-700) as an estimate of available photosynthetic irradiance. They also showed that Pc could estimate Pi with a high degree of precision, and that such a calculative method could provide a useful way of continuously monitoring the primary production of large bodies of water for extended periods.
Aerial respiration of nerites from thr north-east coast of Australia
Authors: Coleman N
Published: November 2005

Measurements were made of the aerial respiration of Nerita plicata, N. polita and N. albicilla (Molluscs : Gastropoda) collected, after various periods of emersion, from the shores of Heron and Lizard Islands, Queensland, Australia. These observations were correlated with observations of behaviour on the shore and the following pattern of locomotory and respiratory activity was discerned. At the beginning of emersion individuals are conspicuous on the surfaces of the rocks and stones amongst which they live; they crawl actively and respiration is at its highest. As the duration of emersion increases the animals become less conspicuous, retiring under stones and into rock crevices; they become quiescent and respiration is reduced. As the incoming tide reaches the zone occupied by each species activity is resumed and the respiratory rate increases, though not necessarily to the level shown at the start of emersion. Experimental results varied and indicate that respiration during ernersion is closely related to locomotory activity. Although the species studied were collected from different shore levels, all consumed oxygen at similar rates. This suggests that differences in the ability to respire aerially during emersion are not important in controlling the littoral zonation of these species.
Aspects of the thermal tolerance of the tropical mussel Trichomya hirsuta L. - a multivariable approach
Authors: Wallis RL
Published: November 2005

The mussel T. hirsuta was held in the laboratory at 31 salinity-temperature combinations (ranges: 5-35‰; 5-30�C). The survival response after 19 days is described by response surface analysis. Salinities less than 15‰ are beyond the tolerance of the species. At higher salinities a thermal range of 10-32� C can be tolerated. The effect of a sudden temperature increase of 10� C to simulate power station output over the 19-day survival regime is described for exposure periods up to 114 h over 26 salinity-temperature combinations. The area of minimum mortality shifts toward higher salinities along the 17� C temperature axis with increase in exposure time, indicating that high salinities aid thermal resistance. The effect of acclimation on the response surface in the upper temperature region is negligible. The biological reasons for this are discussed with implications for the use of this method as a tool in thermal studies. In relation to thermal addition in Lake Macquarie at least 50% mortality is expected with pronounced sublethal effects under summer conditions. No influence of size on thermal resistance was detected.
Breeding of Panulirus longipes cygnus George under natural and controlled conditions
Authors: Chittleborough RG
Published: November 2005

Fertilization of eggs is external: the female does not need to be newly moulted to be mated. The incubation period of eggs (19-68 days) varied inversely with water temperature, being longest at 19� C and shortening towards an asymptote at 25� C. Most adult females breed every year. When given abundant food, 77% of those breeding in aquaria at ambient temperature had two successive spawnings in a breeding season, whereas in a relatively crowded part of the natural population less than 12% of the breeding females spawned twice in a season. When held at a constant temperature of 25� C and given abundant food, adult females bred continuously, averaging six spawnings and three moults each year. In the natural population, size at first breeding and mean size of breeding females did not vary with depth but differed from one locality to another. At the Abrolhos Islands where the present density of breeding stock is highest, adults appear to be stunted and fecundity is relatively low. This situation may have existed to some extent in other parts of the population before heavy commercial fishing of the past 20 years or more reduced the density of the breeding stock to present levels. The operation of density-dependent regulation of fecundity in this population is discussed.
A note on the food of the Australian grayling, Prototroctes maraena Gunther (Galaxioidei: Prototroctidae)
Authors: Jackson PD
Published: November 2005

The stomach contents of 22 specimens of the Australian grayling, P. maraena, from the Mitchell River in eastern Victoria were examined. Aquatic insect larvae were predominant; only small amounts of plant material were present. The grayling, like other salmoniforms, is mainly insectivorous.
Respiration in three species of the genus Gladioferens (Copepoda: Calanoida)
Authors: King IM
Published: November 2005

Respiration in Gladioferens pectinatus, G. symmetricus and G. spinosus varied from means of 0.23 to 0.47 �lO2, per copepod per hour. In salinities from 4 to 13‰ the lowest values were at 13‰ and the highest at 4‰. Respiration did not vary with winter and spring temperatures. It is suggested that higher respiration at salinities well below the isomotic point reflect the 'work' being done in hyperosmotic regulation. Attention is drawn to a modified manometric method giving greatly increased sensitivity for respiration measurement of small animals such as copepods.
Aspects of aquatic ecology of the Hawkesbury estuary. I. Hydrodynamical processes
Authors: Wolanski E , Collis P
Published: November 2005

The Hawkesbury estuary can be divided into a saline intrusion region and, further upstream, a freshwater region. Under wet weather conditions a thin freshwater lens is formed at the free surface of the saline intrusion region. This lens, which is rapidly flushed to the ocean, is composed of 'new' runoff water floating passively over the underlying layer of 'old' saline estuarine water. On the other hand, under dry weather conditions the saline intrusion region is sectionally well mixed by tidal turbulence although strong density currents are generated by the longitudinal gradients of salinity. A mathematical model is proposed for the tidal hydrodynamics of the estuary. The model is used to compute the dry weather distribution of concentration of contaminants (primarily suspended particles from industrial and other land-use activities, and nutrients from present and future municipal sewage treatment plants). It is suggested that the former already do and the latter may, by the year 2000, contribute significantly to pollution problems in the upper reaches of the estuary. A study of the effects of these contaminants on primary production is deferred until a future publication. It is suggested that a basin-wide study of Sydney municipal wastewater disposal alternatives, including ocean disposal, should be urgently undertaken.
Creel census of amateur line fishermen in the Blackwood River estuary, Western Australia, during 1974-75
Authors: Caputi N
Published: November 2005

A creel census was carried out from May 1974 to April 1975 on the amateur line fishermen of Blackwood River estuary, from the Swan Lakes and Deadwater to Alexandra Bridge. The estimated total fishing pressure was 76 149 fisherman hours which was mainly concentrated in the summer and autumn months. The rate of success averaged 3.86 fish per fisherman per hour fishing. The estimated harvest of fish was 287 300. In the Hardy Inlet and Swan Lake region, western sand whiting (Sillago schomburgkii) was the main species caught for most of the year, except for the autumn months when Australian herring (Arripis georgianus) was the major species. In the Blackwood River, black bream (Mylio butcheri) dominated the catch throughout the year.
Biological sulphate reduction in carbonate sediments of a coral reef
Authors: Skyring GW , Chambers LA
Published: November 2005

There was little difference in estimates of viable populations of sulphate-reducing bacteria in sediments of the quiescent and turbulent areas of the reef off the south-east of Lizard Island. From [35S]sulphate and in situ measurements, the active sulphate-reducing zone was 0-3 cm below the surface of the lagoon sediment and the average rate of sulphide production was 67 mg S2- m-2 day-1 or 245 g S2- m-1 year-1. In quiescent sediments the highest sulphide concentrations were in the 1-3-cm zone below the surface and there was a significant positive correlation between sulphate-reducing activity and sulphide content of the sediments sampled. Precipitated sulphate was also found in all sediments with an average of 0.34% by weight.
Effects of species, sex, length and locality on the mercury content of school shark Galeorhinus australis (Macleay) and gummy shark Mustelus antarcticus Guenther from south-eastern Australian waters
Authors: Walker TI
Published: November 2005

The mercury levels detected in the muscle tissues of sharks ranged from 0.01 to 2.7 pprn wet weight for school shark Galeorhinus australis (Macleay) and from 0.07 to 3.0 ppm for gummy shark Mustelus antarcticus Guenther. Estimates of the mean mercury levels for the 1971 Victorian landed commercial shark catch were found to be 0.90 ppm for the school shark and 0.37 ppm for the gummy shark. The analyses for total mercury determinations were carried out by five independent laboratories. Preliminary analyses carried out by one indicatcd that most of the mercury in school sharks and about two-thirds of the mercury in gummy sharks was present as methylmercury. The mercury concentrations varied exponentially with shark length. School sharks had statistically significantly higher mercury levels than gummy sharks of the same length and for both the medium- sized and large individuals of each species males had significantly higher levels than females. Levels in male gummy sharks were found to be affected by locality.
The plankton of Lake Eyre
Authors: Bayly IAE
Published: November 2005

On the occasion of only its second filling this century, Lake Eyre was sampled seven times between
July 1974 (when the minimum salinity value of 7%, was obtained) and April 1975 (salinity 40%,).
The dominant zooplanktonic forms recorded were Moina mongolica (first Australian record),
Apocyclops dengizicus, Diacypris, Hexarthra fennica and Brachionus plicatilis. It is thought that
Daphniopsis pusilla was prevented from obtaining significant numbers because its relatively large
size made it vulnerable to fish predation. The most significant phytoplanktonic genera recorded were Nodularia, Anabaenopsis and Glaucocystopsis.
Food availability and salinity tolerance in a brackish water copepod
Authors: Rippingale RJ , Hodgkin EP
Published: November 2005

The brackish water copepod Sulcanus conflictus is rarely found in salinities in excess of c. 25‰. In the laboratory, well-fed S. conflictus will survive in salinities greater than this although if food is not available survival time decreases as salinity increases. The hypothesis is presented that for S. conflictus, osmoregulation requires constant energy supply which can be related to food availability.
Use of a quanta meter to measure attenuation and underwater reflectance of photosynthetically active radiation in some inland and coastal south-eastern Australian waters
Authors: Kirk JTO
Published: November 2005

The attenuation of total photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) in natural waters and its characterization by means of a vertical attenuation coefficient are briefly discussed. The factors determining underwater reflectance (ratio of upward to downward irradiance at a given depth) are considered, and a simple mathematical treatment is presented which leads to the conclusion that within that part of the water body where the asymptotic radiance distribution exists, if reflection from the bottom is negligible then the reflectance is equal to the asymptotic backscattering coefficient (defined in the text) divided by 2K, where K is the (natural logarithm) vertical attenuation coefficient. Data collected using a commercially available quantum irradiance meter over a 2-year period for various inland and coastal waters in south-eastern Australia are presented together with measure- ments of levels of yellow substance and phytoplankton. In the turbid inland waters attenuation of PAR closely follows an exponential law. In the much clearer coastal waters, by contrast, attenuation of PAR is approximately biphasic, the vertical attenuation coefficient in the upper few metres being noticeably higher than that at greater depths. Within any one water body the vertical attenuation coefficient was observed to vary up to four-fold during the 2-year period: nevertheless there were indications that the average attenuation of PAR tended to differ characteristically from one water body to another. In one of the inland waters, measurements at different times of day showed that the vertical attenuation coefficient was not strongly dependent on solar altitude. Underwater reflectance values in the inland waters were surprisingly high (0.04-0.21) compared to values in the literature: this is probably a consequence of the high turbidity of these waters. Calculated values of the asymptotic backscattering coefficient for the inland lakes are presented. It is suggested that measurements of yellow substance and phytoplankton, together with some estimate of light scattering, in parallel with measurements of attenuation of PAR would facilitate an understanding of the factors responsible for that attenuation.
The biology of two species of Engaeus (Decapoda : Parastacidae) in Tasmania. I. Species decription of Engaeus cisternarius, sp. Nov
Authors: Suter PJ
Published: November 2005

Engaeus cisternarius, sp. nov., from Tasmania is described. It had been confused with E. fossor (Erichson) but bears closer resemblance to E. hemicirratulus Smith and Schuster and E. jumbunna Riek from Victoria. Its distribution is given.
The biology of two species of Engaeus (Decapoda : Parastacidae) in Tasmania. II. Life history and larval development, with particular reference to E. cisternarius
Authors: Suter PJ
Published: November 2005

The life history and larval development of Engaeus cisternarius are described; comparisons with E. fossor are made. Incubation of the eggs and of the young lasts about 6 months, between spring and autumn. The number of eggs carried by the females increases with the length of the cephalo- thorax, but E. cisternarius carries fewer eggs than similarly sized E. fossor. Mature females moult in early spring and late autumn.
A new dialysis-ion exchange technique for determining the forms of trace metals in water
Authors: Hart BT , Davies SHR
Published: November 2005

A new separation technique is described which should aid attempts to determine the physicochemical forms of trace metals in aquatic systems. The technique involves combined dialysis and ion exchange, and permits the dialysis experiment to be completed in times very much shorter than normal. Experiments reported in this paper indicated that an optimum time of 5 h was necessary for complete dialysis of all dialysable species from natural water samples. The method has been tested for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe in synthetic solutions prepared from distilled-deionized water. In all cases it was apparent that, within the precision of the technique, almost 100% of the added trace metals was dialysed in the 5-h time period. The results give in- formation on the concentration of ionic species present in the water. Three natural river water samples were also dialysed, and the results compared with total and filterable (< 0.4 �m) trace metal concentrations obtained for the same samples.
Quantification of carbon, nitrogen and bacterial biomass in the food of some penaeid prawns
Authors: Moriarty DJW
Published: November 2005

The proventriculus contents have been analysed in five species of penaeid prawns, Penaeus plebejus, P. esculentus, P. merguiensis, Metapenaeus bennettae and Trachypenaeus fulvus. Measurements of organic and inorganic carbon, protein and bacterial biomass show that these prawns are omnivores, feeding in an opportunistic manner. Most proventriculus contents contained about 100-150 mg organic C/g dry weight, of which 10-20% was bacterial C. The muddy sediments, over which the prawns were feeding, contained from 6 to 30 mg C/g dry weight with 6-16 % bacterial C. A sandy seagrass flat contained 2 mg C/g dry weight with 30% bacterial C. Detritus was sometimes the main food item, bacteria constituting up to 30 % of organic C in the proventriculus. Foraminifera, bivalves and crustaceans were important food items in some prawns. Low bacterial biomass, coupled with high CaCO3 and high protein content (about 40 % of organic matter) indicate that the fragments of animal skeletons are from live prey eaten by the prawns. Little difference was noted between species of prawns in their food preferences.
Reproductive biology of the freshwater catfish, Tandanus tandanus Mitchell, in the Gwydir River, Australia. I. Structure of the gonads
Authors: Davis TLO
Published: November 2005

The gross morphology and histology of the gonads of T. tandanus were examined as a preliminary to describing the reproductive cycle of this species in the Gwydir River. The macroscopic appearance of the gonads at different stages of maturity is described. The complicated structure of the testes made it difficult to classify them into well-defined stages of maturity. The relationship between the stage of maturity of the ovaries and the histological changes associated with oocyte maturation was clear cut. Six spermatogenetic stages were recognized; primary germ cells, spermatogonia, primary spermatocytes, secondary spermatocytes, spermatids, and spermatozoa. The sequence of oocyte maturation was divided into nine stages; chromatin nucleolus, early perinucleolus, late perinucleolus, yolk vesicle, primary yolk, secondary yolk, tertiary yolk, and ripe egg stage. Atresia was observed in some oocytes from the primary yolk stage onwards. The sequence of yolk resorption in atretic oocytes is described.
Organic content of some saline lake sediments in western Victoria
Authors: Marchant R , Williams WD
Published: November 2005

The organic content (in joules) of surface sediment in two saline lakes was measured using a wet oxidation technique; Kjeldahl nitrogen and percentage organic matter (by ignition) were also determined. The mean organic content of samples taken monthly in Pink Lake for 6 months was 883.2 J g-1 dry weight of washed sediment and the organic nitrogen concentration was 1.8 mg g-1; two samples from Lake Cundare had an organic content of 300.2 J g-1. Percentage organic content indicated higher values than these; loss of water of hydration during ignition is a possible explanation. The completeness of protein oxidation was also discussed. Measurements of organic content were taken as part of a study on the rates of sediment ingestion by Parartemia zietziana, an anostracan crustacean which dominates the fauna of both lakes. It produces faeces with an organic content of 1198.7 J g-1.
Rates of carbon fixation, organic carbon release and translocation in a reef-building foraminifer, Marginopora vertebralis
Authors: Smith DF , Wiebe WJ
Published: November 2005

Rate measurements obtained in this study and the population densities of foraminifera reported elsewhere suggest that such organisms may well exceed the hermatypic corals in their contribution to reef biogensis and energy fluxes. The average rates at which M. vertebralis photosynthetically fixes carbon into particulate organic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, and shell carbonate, per square centimetre of organism, were estimated to be 50, 1 .5, and 26 ng C min-1 respectively. Exogenously supplied dissolved organic carbon was taken up by M. vertebralis at a rate of 0.05 ng C min-1 in the light, and 0.09 ng C min-1 in the dark per square centimetre of organism. The turnover time of particulate organic carbon (91 h) was measured in a long-term in situ incubation during which 19% of the radioactivity lost from the particulate organic carbon entered the calcareous foraminiferal shell.
Origin of the surface tropical water in the Coral and Tasman Seas
Authors: Donguy JR , Henin C
Published: November 2005

South of New Caledonia, a surface salinity maximum exists at about 30�S. At this latitude, the geostrophic flow is eastward and, consequently, it cannot originate in the Central Pacific Ocean. In the South Pacific, two kinds of surface salinity maximum are formed in two separated areas and they have different properties. These features are shown by several charts of surface salinity.
A revision of the Emmelichthyidae (Pisces : Perciformes)
Authors: Heemstra PC , Randall JE
Published: November 2005

The marine fish family Emmelichthyidae is redefined to include only the genera Emmelichthys (four species), Erythrocles (four species) and Plagiogeneion (two species). Two new species of Emmelichthys from the Pacific Ocean are described. Emmelichthys nitidus Richardson is divided into two subspecies: E. nitidus nitidus occurring from South Africa to New Zealand and E. nitidus cyanescens (Guichenot) from the Juan Fernandez Islands and coast of Chile. Descriptions and keys to the genera and species are provided.
A batch method for the determination of ion-exchangeable trace metals in natural waters
Authors: Hart BT , Davies HR
Published: November 2005

A batch method for the determination of ion-exchangeable trace metals in natural waters is reported. The technique employs the resin Chelex 100 and has been tested for Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Fe using both synthetic and natural water samples. Quantitative recovery of ionic spikes was achieved and uptake was found to occur rapidly, being virtually completed within 1 h. Evidence is provided for the presence in the natural water samples of stable bound trace metal species. This batch method should prove particularly useful for field studies of the physicochemical forms of trace metals in aquatic environments.
Some aspects of the ecology of Paratya australiensis (Crustacea : Decapoda : Atyidae)
Authors: Williams WD
Published: November 2005

Three Australian species of Paratya have been described. However, only one, P. australiensis, can be accepted. It occurs in Australia in a broad south-eastern arc, and in a wide variety of permanent inland waters (coastal streams, rivers, lakes, farm dams and ponds). In these it favours vegetated areas. Young hatch as free-floating larvae and hatching occurs mainly in early summer in southern Victoria. Females breed in their second summer. In south-eastern Australia, at least, this breeding season appears adapted to the hydrological regime of running waters.
Water polution studies on Lake Illawarra. I. Salinity variations and estimation of residence time
Authors: Ellis J , Kanamori S , Laird PG
Published: November 2005

Surface and bottom water salinities were determined at 10 monitoring stations over a 2-year period. Mean salinity is controlled primarily by rainfall and varied from 12.8 to 31.3%, during the monitoring period. The rate of flushing of Lake Illawarra by tidal action and by freshwater entry was estimated from salinity variations and by mathematical modelling; for dry periods a flushing time (for reduction by a factor of e) of about 60 days was calculated for a conservative substance introduced into the lake. Mean tidal volume was 1 % of the lake volume. Vertical mixing by wave action is complete within 2-4 weeks. Although the major creeks are on the western side of the lake, no significant east-west salinity gradient was found. Lake Illawarra is characterized by the small ratio of catchment to lake area and the short distance from the very elevated watershed to the lake shores, resulting in rapid response to rainfall. The volume of direct precipitation was estimated to be comparable with creek input.
Water polutions on Lake Illawarra. II. Thermal behaviour
Authors: Ellis J , Kanamori S
Published: November 2005

Temperature variations in surface and bottom water at 10 monitoring stations in Lake Illawarra were determined over the period 28 January 1972 to 31 May 1974. Except for the bay near Tallawarra Power Station, no permanent vertical temperature gradients were found. A statistically significant correlation was found between water temperature and distance from the power station, but no such relationship could be established for tidal heat flow either alone or acting together with the thermal discharge from the power station. Mean water temperature for Lake Illawarra fluctuated in the range 11.6-25.6� C, compared with 15.7-24.0�C for the sea adjacent to Wollongong Harbour. Seasonal maxima and minima in lake water temperature occur 3 weeks earlier than those of the sea.
Water pollution studies on Lake Illawarra. III. Distribution of heavy metals in sediments
Authors: Ellis J , Kanamori S
Published: November 2005

Samples of recent sediments from 18 sites in Lake Illawarra showed marked enrichment of copper, zinc, cadmium and lead. The highest concentrations were found in Griffins Bay in the north-east corner of the lake, which is closest to the Port Kembla industrial complex. Maximum enrichments for copper, zinc and lead are respectively 4, 34 and 11 times the background concentrations found in deep cores. By comparison of vertical profiles of heavy metal concentration with historical data on the growth of metal smelting industries in the Illawarra region, the recent sedimentation rate has been estimated as 2.5-3 mm/year. A depth of 40-50 cm below the surface of the sediment marks the beginning of human influence on the lake.
Seasonality and recruitment of coral reef fishes
Authors: Russell BC , Anderson GRV , Talbot FH
Published: November 2005

Information is given on the times of recruitment of 54 species of coral reef fishes which inhabit the lagoon at One Tree Island, Great Barrier Reef. The information is based on observations of juvenile settlement over nearly 3 years. Most of the fishes have fairly long breeding seasons and reproduction occurs mainly during the summer months from about September to May. Recruitment of juveniles reaches a peak in January-February when temperatures are highest. This also corresponds with the period of greatest primary production and it is suggested that breeding cycles may be timed to ensure that larval metamorphosis and settlement of juveniles occur at the time of year most favourable for growth. Although strongly seasonal, recruitment patterns show little year to year constancy and it is likely that prevailing weather conditions have a significant influence on recruitment success.
Further studies of plankton ecosystems in the eastern Indian Ocean. II. Seasonal variations in water mass distribution (upper 150 m) along 110°E. (August 1962-August 1963)
Authors: Rochford DJ
Published: November 2005

From temperature-salinity relations, with approximate corrections for localized heat exchange, and
from evaporation-precipitation records, in an upper mixed layer of 50 m (tropical) and of 75 m
(subtropical region), the variations throughout the year of the principal surface and subsurface water
masses along 110°E. have been examined.
In winter-spring the west-flowing South Equatorial Current and the east-drifting subtropical
waters maintain a tropical convergence around 20°S. Doming of deeper tropical waters creates a
nutrient-enriched near-surface zone to the north of this South Equatorial Current.
In summer-autumn the east-flowing Monsoon Current creates a more sluggish uplift of deeper
waters around 20°. These deeper waters, however, contain little of the deeper nutrient-rich tropical
waters.
Around 30-35°S. nutrient-richer deeper water is carried into near-surface layers by doming within
cyclonic eddies or by horizontal entrainment from the south. A number of other surface water bodies
of tropical origin occur irregularly throughout the year at the northern end of the 110°E. section.