bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Macrophyte‐specific effects on epiphyton quality and quantity and resulting effects on grazing macroinvertebrates
Authors: Wolters Jan‐Willem , Reitsema Rosanne E. , Verdonschot Ralf C. M. , Schoelynck Jonas , Verdonschot Piet F. M. , Meire Patrick
Published: March 2019

Aquatic macrophytes can have a significant impact on their associated community of epiphytic algae and bacteria through the provisioning of structural habitat complexity through different growth forms, the exudation of nutrients and the release of allelochemicals. In turn, this effect on epiphytic biofilm biomass and nutrient content has a potential effect on the macroinvertebrates that depend on epiphyton as a food source.

We studied the effect of living macrophytes and their growth form on biofilm development in a semi‐controlled replicated microcosm experiment. Conditions of a nutrient‐poor water layer and nutrient‐rich sediment were created to study the effects of nutrient exudation by living macrophytes. We compared biofilm quantity and quality on structurally simple (Vallisneria spiralis) versus complex (Egeria densa) living plants and artificial analogues. Subsequently, the biofilm that had developed on the plants was fed, in a laboratory growth experiment, to two species of macroinvertebrate grazers (the snail Haitia acuta and the mayfly nymph Cloeon dipterum). This enabled us to assess if and how the macrophyte‐induced effects on the epiphyton can influence macroinvertebrate grazers.

Living macrophytes were found to have a significant effect on epiphytic algal cover, which was mostly expressed by a lower cover on living macrophytes compared to their artificial analogues. Additionally, epiphyton cover on artificial macrophytes was found to be higher on complex structures compared to simple ones, yet this was not observed on living macrophytes. Plant specific traits, such as the release of allelopathic substances, competition for nutrients and DIC, and the amount of CaCO3 deposition on plant surfaces might explain these results.

The density of epiphytic bacteria was found to be negatively correlated with biofilm Ca content from macrophytes in every treatment except living E. densa, which differed in leaf anatomy from the other plants by possessing polar leaves. Furthermore, biofilm on living macrophytes had lower C:N:P molar ratios compared to that on artificial plants, which is likely to be explained by nutrient exudation by the living plants. Although it was expected that a more nutritious biofilm would lead to increased grazer growth, this was observed only for H. acuta on E. densa. Because biofilm quantity was not a limiting factor, this lack of effect may be caused by compensatory feeding.

It can be concluded that, depending on their traits, living macrophytes can have a positive effect on macroinvertebrate grazers by providing a large surface area for colonisation by epiphytic algae and bacteria, by improving biofilm stoichiometry and by stimulating bacterial growth.
The impacts of changing nutrient load and climate on a deep, eutrophic, monomictic lake
Authors: Radbourne Alan D. , Elliott J. Alex , Maberly Stephen C. , Ryves David B. , Anderson Nicholas John
Published: March 2019

Nutrient availability and climate have substantial effects on the structure and function of lakes. Predicted changes to climate (particularly temperature) over the 21st century are expected to adjust physical lake functions, changing thermal and nutrient use processes. Both increasing anthropogenic nutrient inputs and net reductions following remediation will also drive ecological change. Therefore, there is an increasing necessity to disentangle the effects of nutrient and temperature change on lakes to understand how they might act in additive and antagonistic ways.

This study quantified internal and external nutrient loads at Rostherne Mere, U.K., a deep (zmax = 30 m), monomictic eutrophic lake (average annual total phosphorus >100 μg/L) that has a long, stable period of stratification (c. 8.5 months). A lake biophysical model (PROTECH) was used to assess the effect of changes in these loads and climate change on lake productivity in a factorial modelling experiment.

During the summer, phosphorus released from the sediment is largely restricted to the hypolimnion and phytoplankton production is supported by the external load. On overturn, phosphorus at depth is distributed throughout the water column with the elevated concentration persisting to support algal productivity in the following spring.

Consequently, the model showed that internal nutrient loading was the main driver of current and future changes in the concentration of phosphorus (responsible for up to 86% P reduction), phytoplankton chlorophyll a and cyanobacterial blooms. However, although the external phosphorus load had a relatively small influence on annual mean phosphorus concentration, it had a statistically significant effect on chlorophyll a concentration, because it supported algal production during summer stratification.

Climate had minimal direct impact, but a substantial indirect impact by altering the timing, depth and length of lake stratification (c. 14 days longer by 2100), and therefore altered nutrient cycling and phosphorus availability.

In summary, the recovery trajectory at Rostherne Mere is limited by the annual internal soluble reactive phosphorus load replenishment that realistically is unlikely to change greatly on a shorter time‐scale. Therefore, the external soluble reactive phosphorus load has the potential to play an important role as it can be managed further, but is complicated by the indirect impact of climate changing stratification and flushing patterns.
Regional Impact of the German Rent Brake
Authors: Thomschke Lorenz
Published: March 2019

New rental contracts have risen dramatically in many German places in recent years due to strong influxes and sluggish construction activity. The rent brake should put a stop to this development so that housing in prospering cities remains affordable for people on normal and low incomes. Although initial successes were attested to the rent brake, empirical findings are increasing, according to which the rent brake is not having the desired effect. This also applies to the findings determined here: the results of a difference-in-difference estimation show that the rent brake has reduced rents on offer in Hamburg, Berlin and Munich by up to 5%, while no effects are observed in Cologne and Düsseldorf. Nevertheless, the effects are lagging behind the expected effects almost everywhere. The results illustrate once again an implementation deficit and show that no general statements on the effectiveness of the rent brake are currently permissible. However, the rent brake is certainly having a price effect in some regions, even if not to the intended extent.
The effects of consumer empowerment on risk perception and satisfaction with food consumption
Authors: Nam Su‐Jung
Published: March 2019

This study intends to measure consumer empowerment related to food consumption and determine its effect on food risk perception and satisfaction with food consumption. Data were derived from an analysis of the “2017 Research on Food Consumption Behaviour” by the Korea Rural Economic Institute. Consumer empowerment, risk perception and satisfaction with food consumption were measured using a 5‐point Likert scale. The differences in consumer empowerment according to gender, age, educational level and monthly income were statistically significant. The factors that affected risk perception were information use, healthy eating, consumer rights, consumer responsibility and monthly income. The higher the scores for information use, healthy eating and consumer responsibility, the higher the score for satisfaction with food consumption.
Clinical, pathologic, and immunologic features of pemphigus herpetiformis: a literature review and proposed diagnostic criteria
Authors: Costa Lorena M. C. , Cappel Mark A. , Keeling James H.
Published: March 2019

Pemphigus herpetiformis (PH), a rare type of pemphigus, is characterized by immunologic findings consistent with pemphigus but with a unique clinical and pathologic presentation. PH was first described as resembling dermatitis herpetiformis clinically, but because of its variable presentation, it can also resemble linear immunoglobulin A bullous dermatosis and bullous pemphigoid. We reviewed reported cases to analyze the most frequent clinical, pathologic, and immunologic characteristics and to propose corresponding diagnostic criteria. Through a comprehensive review of Medline and PubMed databases, 96 publications and 158 cases were identified. After reviewing the reported characteristics of PH, we suggest the following diagnostic criteria: Clinical: 1) pruritic herpetiform intact blisters with/without erosions; and/or 2) pruritic annular or urticarial erythematous plaques with/without erosions; Pathologic: 1) intraepidermal eosinophils or neutrophils, or both; and/or 2) intraepidermal split with/without acantholysis; Immunologic: 1) direct immunofluorescence showing immunoglobulin G with/without C3 intercellular deposits; and/or 2) indirect immunofluorescence showing immunoglobulin G to epithelial cell surface; and/or 3) detection of serum autoantibodies against desmogleins (1,3) or desmocollins (1,2,3), or both. Diagnosis requires one clinical, one pathologic, and one immunologic feature. We also report three new cases diagnosed at our institution to demonstrate the applicability of the suggested criteria.
Formation and Constitution of Effectual Networks: A Systematic Review and Synthesis
Authors: Kerr Jon , Coviello Nicole
Published: March 2019

The co‐creational processes of effectuation represent an important development in understanding of entrepreneurial action. They also manifest in networks that are themselves important artefactual outcomes of effectual processes. To synthesize research connecting effectuation to the networks involved, this paper offers a systematic literature review. Following recent theorizing, the authors organize the literature around two general themes: (1) why and how network development occurs; and (2) what network develops. The resultant thematic model offers a comprehensive perspective on network development under effectuation logic. The analysis identifies that understanding of effectual networking and effectual networks is fragmented, incomplete and constrained by a lack of construct and contextual clarity. The authors present alternative perspectives on constructs and assumptions surrounding networks in effectuation, integrate network theory into effectuation, and generate important trajectories for future research.
Rare‐earth‐free Li5La3Ta2O12:Mn4+ deep‐red‐emitting phosphor: Synthesis and photoluminescence properties
Authors: Cao Renping , Lv Xinyan , Ran Yaqin , Xu Longxiang , Chen Ting , Guo Siling , Ao Hui , Yu Xiaoguang
Published: March 2019

Li5La3Ta2O12:Mn4+ (LLTO:Mn4+) phosphors are prepared in air via high‐temperature solid‐state method and investigated for their crystal structures and luminescence properties. LLTO:Mn4+ phosphor under excitation at 314 nm shows deep‐red emission peaking at 714 nm due to the 2E→4A2 transition of Mn4+ ion. The excitation bands in the range 220 ‐ 570 nm are attributed to the Mn4+ ‐ O2‐ charge‐transfer band and the 4A2g→4T1g, 2T2g, and 4T2g transitions of Mn4+, respectively. The optimal Mn4+ ion concentration is ~0.4 mol%. The concentration quenching mechanism in LLTO:Mn4+ phosphor is electric dipole‐dipole interaction. The luminous mechanism and temperature quenching phenomenon are explained by the Tanabe‐Sugano energy level diagram and the configurational coordinate diagram of Mn4+ in the octahedron, respectively. The experimental results indicate that LLTO:Mn4+ phosphor has a potential application prospect as candidate of deep‐red component in light‐emitting diode (LED) lighting.
In search of disorders: internalizing symptom networks in a large clinical sample
Authors: McElroy Eoin , Patalay Praveetha
Published: March 2019

Background

The co‐occurrence of internalizing disorders is a common form of psychiatric comorbidity, raising questions about the boundaries between these diagnostic categories. We employ network psychometrics in order to: (a) determine whether internalizing symptoms cluster in a manner reflecting DSM diagnostic criteria, (b) gauge how distinct these diagnostic clusters are and (c) examine whether this network structure changes from childhood to early and then late adolescence.

Method

Symptom‐level data were obtained for service users in publicly funded mental health services in England between 2011 and 2015 (N = 37,162). A symptom network (i.e. Gaussian graphical model) was estimated, and a community detection algorithm was used to explore the clustering of symptoms.

Results

The estimated network was densely connected and characterized by a multitude of weak associations between symptoms. Six communities of symptoms were identified; however, they were weakly demarcated. Two of these communities corresponded to social phobia and panic disorder, and four did not clearly correspond with DSM diagnostic categories. The network structure was largely consistent by sex and across three age groups (8–11, 12–14 and 15–18 years). Symptom connectivity in the two older age groups was significantly greater compared to the youngest group and there were differences in centrality across the age groups, highlighting the age‐specific relevance of certain symptoms.

Conclusions

These findings clearly demonstrate the interconnected nature of internalizing symptoms, challenging the view that such pathology takes the form of distinct disorders.
Alteration of gut microbiota by a Westernized lifestyle and its correlation with insulin resistance in non‐diabetic Japanese men
Authors: Yamashita Mami , Okubo Hirofumi , Kobuke Kazuhiro , Ohno Haruya , Oki Kenji , Yoneda Masayasu , Tanaka Junko , Hattori Noboru
Published: March 2019

Aims/Introduction

The severity of insulin resistance is higher in Japanese‐American people with American lifestyles than in native Japanese people with Japanese lifestyles. Recently, the role of gut microbiota in the control of host metabolic homeostasis and organ physiology has been recognized. In addition, gut microbiota alterations have been suggested to contribute to pathogenesis of insulin resistance. The principle aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a Westernized lifestyle on the gut microbiota of Japanese‐Americans versus native Japanese, and its correlation with insulin resistance.

Materials and Methods

A total of 14 native Japanese men living in Hiroshima, Japan, and 14 Japanese‐American men living in Los Angeles, USA, were included. A 75‐g oral glucose tolerance test was carried out for all participants to assess their glucose tolerance, and normal glucose tolerance was observed. We compared the insulin response with oral glucose load, the Matsuda Index, and the composition of the gut microbiota between the native Japanese and Japanese‐American men.

Results

Japanese‐American men showed higher area under the curve values for serum insulin concentrations during the oral glucose tolerance test and lower Matsuda Index than native Japanese men. Gut microbiota composition of the Japanese‐American men was different; in particular, they showed a relatively lower abundance of Odoribacter than native Japanese men. The ratio between relative abundance of Odoribacter and Matsuda Index was positively correlated between the two groups.

Conclusions

Our findings suggest that Westernized lifestyles alter gut microbiota, and its alteration might induce insulin resistance in non‐diabetic Japanese men.
Variation in egg mass within two Atlantic herring Clupea harengus stocks
Authors: Óskarsson Guðmundur J. , Taggart Christopher T. , Stephenson Robert L.
Published: March 2019

The main objective of this study was to investigate if egg size (mass) at spawning is invariant for Scotia‐Fundy summer and autumn (SFSH) and Icelandic summer (ISSH) spawning herring Clupea harengus. Oocyte dry mass measurements for SFSH females collected in 2001 and ISSH females collected in 1999 and 2000 showed a large variation. Difference in egg dry mass among fish was found to vary by as much as twofold in each stock. For ISSH, variation in egg mass was also apparent from oocyte volume measurements made jointly with a histological examination of the ovaries. Approximately 20% of the variation in egg mass could be explained by maternal whole‐body mass or total length, indicating that length or age composition in the stocks can potentially influence the recruitment success. This implies that fisheries management strategies should aim to maintain a broad range in age composition.
Review of Programs to Combat Elder Mistreatment: Focus on Hospitals and Level of Resources Needed
Authors: Rosen Tony , Elman Alyssa , Dion Sarah , Delgado Diana , Demetres Michelle , Breckman Risa , Lees Kristin , Dash Kim , Lang Debi , Bonner Alice , Burnett Jason , Dyer Carmel B. , Snyder Rani , Berman Amy , Fulmer Terry , Lachs Mark S. ,   the National Collaboratory to Address Elder Mistreatment Project Team
Published: March 2019

Background

Elder mistreatment is common and has serious social and medical consequences for victims. Though programs to combat this mistreatment have been developed and implemented for more than three decades, previous systematic literature reviews have found few successful ones.

Objective

To conduct a more comprehensive examination of programs to improve elder mistreatment identification, intervention, or prevention, including those that had not undergone evaluation.

Design

Systematic review.

Setting

Ovid MEDLINE, Ovid EMBASE, Cochrane Library, PsycINFO Elton B. Stephens Co. (EBSCO), AgeLine, CINAHL.

Measurements

We abstracted key information about each program and categorized programs into 14 types and 9 subtypes. For programs that reported an impact evaluation, we systematically assessed the study quality. We also systematically examined the potential for programs to be successfully implemented in environments with limited resources available.

Results

We found 116 articles describing 115 elder mistreatment programs. Of these articles, 43% focused on improving prevention, 50% focused on identification, and 95% focused on intervention, with 66% having multiple foci. The most common types of program were: educational (53%), multidisciplinary team (MDT) (21%), psychoeducation/therapy/counseling (15%), and legal services/support (8%). Of the programs, 13% integrated an acute‐care hospital, 43% had high potential to work in low‐resource environments, and 57% reported an attempt to evaluate program impact, but only 2% used a high‐quality study design.

Conclusion

Many programs to combat elder mistreatment have been developed and implemented, with the majority focusing on education and MDT development. Though more than half reported evaluation of program impact, few used high‐quality study design. Many have the potential to work in low‐resource environments. Acute‐care hospitals were infrequently integrated into programs.
Understanding Caregiver Quality of Life in Caregivers of Hospitalized Older Adults With Cancer
Authors: Hsu Tina , Nathwani Nitya , Loscalzo Matthew , Chung Vincent , Chao Joseph , Karanes Chatchada , Koczywas Marianna , Forman Stephen , Lim Dean , Siddiqi Tanya , Stein Anthony , Twardowski Przemyslaw , Nademanee Auayporn , Pal Sumanta , Siccion Eduardo , Hein Marjorie , Akiba Chie , Goldstein Leanne , Smith David , Ma Huiyan , Feng Tao , Hurria Arti
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Caregivers of older adults with cancer assist both with cancer care and other health issues, which may make them vulnerable to consequences of caregiving. Hospitalization may represent a time when a caregiver's ability to provide care at home is exceeded. We sought to characterize caregivers of hospitalized older adults with cancer, determine their quality of life (QOL), and identify factors associated with caregiver QOL.

METHODS

Patients (n = 100), aged 65 years and older, with an unplanned hospitalization and their caregivers were included. Caregivers completed a questionnaire about their health, social support, caregiving relationship, QOL (Caregiver Quality of Life Index‐Cancer [CQOLC] tool), and patient function. Patient medical history was obtained via chart review. The association between patient, caregiving, and caregiver factors and CQOLC was determined using multivariate linear regression.

RESULTS

Most patients (73%) had metastatic/advanced disease, and 71% received treatment for their cancer within 30 days of hospitalization. Median Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) was 60%, and 89% required help with instrumental activities of daily living, as reported by caregivers. Median caregiver age was 65 years (range = 29‐84 years). The majority (60%) had no major comorbidities and rated their health as excellent/good (79%), though 22% reported worsening health due to caregiving. Caregivers had a median Mental Health Inventory‐18 score of 70 (range = 0–97), a median Medical Outcomes Study (MOS)‐social activity score of 56 (range = 0–87.5), and a median MOS‐Social Support Survey score of 68 (range = 0–100). Caregivers provided a median of 35 hours of care per week (range = 0‐168 hours of care per week). Mean CQOLC was 84.6 ± 23.5. Lower caregiver QOL was associated with poorer caregiver mental health, less social support, and poorer patient KPS (P < .05).

CONCLUSION

Caregivers of hospitalized older adults with cancer are older but generally in good health. Those with poorer mental health, less social support, and caring for patients with poorer performance status are more likely to experience lower QOL. J Am Geriatr Soc 67:978–986, 2019.
Combating Elder Mistreatment: Still Muddling—Not Yet Transformed
Authors: Wilber Kathleen H.
Published: March 2019

This editorial comments on the article by Rosen et al. in this issue.
Differential effect on myelination through abolition of activity‐dependent synaptic vesicle release or reduction of overall electrical activity of selected cortical projections in the mouse
Authors: Korrell Kim V. , Disser Jolande , Parley Kristina , Vadisiute Auguste , Requena‐Komuro Maï‐Carmen , Fodder Harriet , Pollart Charlotte , Knott Graham , Molnár Zoltán , Hoerder‐Suabedissen Anna
Published: March 2019

Myelination of axons by oligodendrocytes in the central nervous system is crucial for fast, saltatory conduction of action potentials. As myelination is central for brain development and plasticity, and deficits are implicated in several neural disorders such as multiple sclerosis, major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, it is important to elucidate the underlying mechanisms regulating myelination. Numerous mechanisms have been proposed by which the communication between oligodendrocytes and active axons may regulate the onset and maintenance of activity‐dependent myelination. We compared two models of ‘silencing' layer V and/or VI cortical projection neurons from early stages by either decreasing their excitability through Kir2.1 expression, an inward rectifying potassium channel, introduced through in utero electroporation at embryonic day (E)13.5, or inhibiting regulated vesicular release through Cre‐dependent knock‐out of synaptosomal associated protein 25 kDA (SNAP25). SNAP25 is a component of the soluble N‐ethylmaleimide fusion protein attachment protein receptor (SNARE) complex, which, among others, is needed for calcium‐dependent regulated vesicle release from synapses. In layer VI cortical projection neurons in the Ntsr1‐Cre;Ai14;Snap25 fl/fl mouse, we found that inhibiting regulated vesicular release significantly decreased the amount of myelin basic protein (MBP, used as marker for myelination) and the amount of myelinated projections at postnatal day (P)14 without affecting the initial timing of onset of myelination in the brain (at P7/P8). Additionally, overall oligodendrocyte maturation appears to be affected. A strong trend towards reduced node of Ranvier (NoR) length was also observed in Ntsr1‐Cre;Ai14;Snap25 fl/fl corpus callosum. An equally strong trend towards reduced NoR length was observed in Rbp4‐Cre;Ai14;Snap25 fl/fl corpus callosum at P14, and the g‐ratio in the spinal cord dorsal column was reduced at P18. However, no measurable differences in levels of MBP were detected in the striatum when comparing Rbp4‐Cre;Ai14;Snap25 fl/fl and control brains. Conversely, Kir2.1 in utero electroporation at E13.5 did not significantly affect the amount of MBP or number of myelinated callosal axons at P14 but did significantly decrease the NoR length measured in the corpus callosum. It therefore seems likely that the excitability of the neuron can potentially perform a modulating function of myelin characteristics, whereas regulated vesicular release has the potential to have a more pronounced effect on overall myelination, but in a cell‐type specific manner.
Osteohistological correlates of muscular attachment in terrestrial and freshwater Testudines
Authors: Pereyra María Eugenia , Bona Paula , Cerda Ignacio Alejandro , Desántolo Bárbara
Published: March 2019

Sharpey's fibers are considered the anatomical structures integrated to the muscles. Since these fibers leave marks at the microscopic level, their presence and distribution are used as evidence of muscle attachment in extinct and extant forms. In recent years, studies have been focusing on muscle–bone and tendon–bone interaction mostly on mammals. The main objective of this work is to contribute to the morphological and histological knowledge of muscle attachment in other amniotes, such as reptiles, and their variation related to different locomotor habits. In this way, a study was performed on terrestrial and aquatic turtles. The musculature related to the movement of the humerus, and pectoral girdle in Chelonoidis chilensis, Phrynops hilarii and Hydromedusa tectifera was analyzed. Dissections were performed mapping the origins and insertions of each muscle and undecalcified thin sections were performed in specific muscular attachment sites. We found some differences which were not previously reported, related to the insertion of the m. pectoralis, the m. coracobrachialis magnus and the origin of the m. tractor radii. The osteohistology revealed the presence of Sharpey's fibers in the cortex of all the bone elements analyzed. Patterns were established in relation to the orientation and density of Sharpey's fibers, which were used for the categorization of each muscle attachment site. The comparative micro‐anatomical study of these areas did not reveal any important differences between terrestrial and freshwater turtles in muscles involved with the rotation, abduction and adduction of the humerus. In this way, the preliminary results suggest an absence of correlation between the distribution and density of Sharpey's fibers between different habitat forms, at least in the bones and species analyzed.
Number Effects and Tacit Collusion in Experimental Oligopolies
Authors: Horstmann Niklas , Krämer Jan , Schnurr Daniel
Published: March 2019

We systematically investigate the relationship between the number of firms in a market and tacit collusion by means of a meta‐analysis of the literature on oligopoly experiments as well as two of our own experiments with a total of 368 participants. We show that the degree of tacit collusion decreases strictly with the number of competitors in industries with two, three and four firms. Although previous literature could not affirm that triopolies are more collusive than quadropolies, we provide evidence for this fact for symmetric and asymmetric firms under Bertrand and Cournot competition.
Resale Price Maintenance In Two‐Sided Markets
Authors: Gabrielsen Tommy Staahl , Johansen Bjørn Olav , Lømo Teis Lunde
Published: March 2019

We consider competing two‐sided platforms selling directly to one side of the market, and through an agent to the other side. Platforms offer nonlinear tariffs, and can choose whether to contract with the same or different agents. We study the platforms’ incentives to impose resale price maintenance (RPM), and the effect on end customers. We find that, even if customers on both sides value each other's participation, platforms impose minimum RPM to raise prices on both sides simultaneously if platform competition is sufficiently strong. In a linear demand example, we find that overall welfare decreases with minimum prices and increases with maximum prices.
The Addition of Atrial Fibrillation to the Los Angeles Motor Scale May Improve Prediction of Large Vessel Occlusion
Authors: Narwal Priya , Chang Andrew D. , Grory Brian Mac , Jayaraman Mahesh , Madsen Tracy , Paolucci Gino , Cutting Shawna , Burton Tina , Dakay Katarina , Schomer Ashley , Rostanski Sara , Noorian Ali Reza , Nour May , Liebeskind David S. , Saver Jeffrey , Furie Karen , Yaghi Shadi
Published: March 2019

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE

There is evidence suggesting that Los Angeles Motor Scale (LAMS) ≥ 4 predicts large vessel occlusion (LVO). We aim to determine whether atrial fibrillation (AF) can improve the ability of LAMS in predicting LVO.

METHODS

We included consecutive patients with a discharge diagnosis of ischemic stroke admitted within 24 hours from last known normal time who underwent emergent vascular imaging using a computerized tomography angiography (CTA) of the head and neck. LVO was defined as intracranial internal carotid artery, proximal middle cerebral artery (M1 or proximal M2 segment), or basilar occlusion. LAMS was determined in the emergency department upon arrival. Univariate and multivariable models were performed to identify predictors of LVO and to determine whether AF improves the ability of LAMS to predict LVO.

RESULTS

Among 1,234 patients admitted with ischemic stroke, 862 underwent emergent vascular imaging (69.8%) out of which 374 (43.4%) had evidence of LVO and 207 (24%) underwent mechanical thrombectomy. In multivariable models, predictors of LVO were LAMS (OR 1.42 per one point increase 95% CI 1.29‐1.57) and AF (OR 1.95 95% CI 1.26‐3.02, P < .001). We developed the LAMS‐AF that includes the LAMS score and adds two points if AF is present. In this analysis, LAMS‐AF (AUC .78) had improved prediction over LAMS (AUC .76) in predicting LVO and lead to reclassification of 8/68 patients (11.8%) with LAMS = 3 group into the high‐risk LVO group.

CONCLUSION

In patients with LAMS = 3, using the LAMS‐AF score may improve the ability of LAMS in predicting LVO. Larger studies are needed to confirm our findings.
Maternal Neurobiological Processing of Negative Adolescent Stimuli: Relations With Positive Parenting and Relationship Quality
Authors: Turpyn Caitlin C. , Niehaus Claire , Faundez Francisca , Thompson James C. , Chaplin Tara M.
Published: March 2019

We examined associations between maternal affective neurobiology and positive parenting in a study of 20 mothers of adolescents. Mothers underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging during an emotion image task, rated parent‐adolescent relationship quality, and completed an adolescent interaction task in which positive parenting behaviors were observed. Maternal structure was associated with lower responsivity in emotional processing regions in the general negative image contrast and was related to greater dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation to negative adolescent images. Parent‐adolescent relationship quality was associated with lower precuneus activation to negative adolescent images. Findings are among the first to connect functional brain processing with observed parenting behaviors for parents of adolescent children, and underscore the relative importance of affective processing in parenting older children.
The antagonistic effect of UV radiation on warming or nitrate enrichment depends on ecotypes of freshwater macroalgae (Charophytes)
Authors: Rojo Carmen , Puche Eric , Rodrigo María A.
Published: March 2019

Increases in ultraviolet radiation (UVR), a negative global change factor, affect aquatic primary producers. This effect is expected to be modulated by other global change factors, and to be different for populations adapted to different environments. A common garden experimental approach using freshwater green macroalgae, the cosmopolitan charophyte species Chara hispida and C. vulgaris, allowed us to test whether the beneficial increases in water temperature (T) and nitrate concentration (N) mitigate negative UVR effects. Also, whether these interactions would be not only species–specific but also according to the origin of the population; therefore, two populations of each species were used: one from a coastal wetland and the other from a mountain lake. Two factorial‐design experiments were performed: (i) the presence and absence of UVR × lower and higher T × four populations, and (ii) the presence and absence of UVR × lower and higher N × four populations. Response variables were: growth, morphometry, UVR‐protective compounds, photosynthetic pigments, and stoichiometric composition. There were consistent response patterns in the key variables that represent different organization levels. Our main results showed that both warming and, to a lesser extent, the increase in nutrients ameliorated the negative effects of UVR on the molecular processes involved in acclimation to UVR, and that such a mitigating effect depended on the different phenotypic plasticity of each species and each ecotype. The coastal populations, being from a more variable environment, were more resilient than the mountain populations, mainly because of changes in growth and morphology.
School libraries fostering children's literacy and literature learning: mitigating the barriers
Authors: Merga Margaret K.
Published: March 2019

While qualified school librarians can have a positive influence on children's literacy attainment, very little consideration is given to the educative role of librarians in schools. Lack of attention on these librarians' educative capacity may be due to a devaluing of the educational contribution of school librarians, and it can be argued that school libraries are poorly valued in current times, as evidenced in cuts to budgets and staffing. While school librarians may foster literacy and literature learning through a range of strategies, and for diverse purposes, perhaps their most expected contribution relates to the fostering of literacy and literature learning through wide reading and reading engagement in students. However, little is known about the specific barriers that librarians in schools may encounter in achieving these goals in the current school environment. Research from teacher librarians at 30 Australian schools is drawn upon to explore barriers to children's literacy and literature learning in school libraries. Recurring barriers were limited time and competing demands, crowded curriculum, low teacher valuing, low student engagement, skills and motivation, issues with parental support, limited space and constrained budget. These findings provide a valuable foundation for future inquiry in this under‐researched space.
Pathophysiology of refractory overactive bladder
Authors: Chen Li‐Chen , Kuo Hann‐Chorng
Published: March 2019

Overactive bladder (OAB) is a common condition. The International Continence Society defines OAB as a symptom complex characterized by urgency with or without urge incontinence, usually with frequency and nocturia. The first‐line treatment for OAB includes behavioral therapy, such as caffeine reduction, fluid intake modification, weight reduction, bladder training, and pelvic floor muscle training, as well as treatment with antimuscarinic or β3‐adrenoceptor agonist medications. However, less than half of all cases achieve satisfactory outcomes following first‐line treatment. Second‐line therapy considered if satisfactory responses are not achieved after 8 to 12 weeks treatment with first‐line therapy include intradetrusor botulinum toxin injection, neuromodulation, and surgical treatment. Patients with refractory OAB may have more severe symptoms or underlying pathophysiologies that were not resolved by the initial medication. The pathophysiologies of refractory OAB include occult neurogenic bladder, undetected bladder outlet obstruction, urethral‐related OAB, urothelial dysfunction with aging, chronic bladder ischemia, chronic bladder inflammation, central sensitization, and autonomic dysfunction. This article discusses the possible pathophysiologies of refractory OAB.
The perceptions and experiences of women with a body mass index ≥ 30 kg m2 who breastfeed: A meta‐synthesis
Authors: Lyons Stephanie , Currie Sinead , Peters Sarah , Lavender Tina , Smith Debbie M.
Published: March 2019

Breastfeeding has copious health benefits for both mother and child, but rates of initiation and maintenance among women with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30 kg m2 are low. Few interventions aiming to increase these rates have been successful, suggesting that breastfeeding behaviour in this group is not fully understood. Therefore, this review aimed to systematically identify and synthesise the qualitative literature that explored the perceptions and experiences of women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg m2 who breastfed. The search identified five eligible papers, and a meta‐ethnographic approach was taken to synthesise the findings. One theme was identified: “weight amplifies breastfeeding difficulties,” revealing that women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg m2 experience common breastfeeding difficulties to a greater degree. In particular, women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg m2 struggle with the impact of medical intervention, doubt their ability to breastfeed, and need additional support. These findings can inform understanding of breastfeeding models, future research directions, intervention development, and antenatal and post‐natal care for women with a BMI ≥ 30 kg m2.
Recruiting expertise: how surgical trainees engage supervisors for learning in the operating room
Authors: Nieboer Patrick , Huiskes Mike , Cnossen Fokie , Stevens Martin , Bulstra Sjoerd K , Jaarsma Debbie A D C
Published: March 2019

Context

For centuries now, the operating room (OR) has been the environment in which surgical trainees come to master procedures. Restricted working hours and insufficient levels of autonomy at the end of their training necessitate a shift towards alternative effective learning strategies. Self‐regulated learning is a promising strategy by which surgical trainees can learn more with fewer exposures. However, the challenge is to understand how surgical trainees regulate their learning in the clinical context of the OR.

Objectives

The purpose of this study is to identify and understand the strategies of surgical trainees in engaging their supervisors for learning purposes and how these strategies contribute to effective learning.

Methods

Total hip replacement procedures performed by four surgical trainees and their supervisors were videotaped. Using the iterative inductive process of conversation analysis, each verbal initiative to engage the supervisor was identified, analysed (‘why that now’) and categorised.

Results

Surgical trainees used a range of practices to engage supervisors and recruit expertise, ranging from explicit recruitment to implicit hints. We identified four major categories. Surgical trainees: (i) invite the supervisor to provide an evaluation of the ongoing task; (ii) express an evaluation of the ongoing task and then explicitly invite the supervisor to provide an evaluation; (iii) express an evaluation of the ongoing task and then invite the supervisor to provide confirmation, and (iv) express an evaluation of the ongoing task without engaging the supervisor.

Conclusions

Surgical trainees recruit expertise from supervisors using practices of four different categories. Trainees’ actions are provoked by the moment at which they experience insufficient expertise and are focused on the task at hand in the immediate present. Supervisors can and do elaborate on these requests to provide explicit teaching. Insight into these practices provides tools for reflection on OR learning, proficiency assessment and deliberation to adapt guidance in the real time of the procedure.
Ferula paeoniifolia sp. nov. (Apiaceae) from Sichuan, China
Authors: Ma Xiang‐Guang , Liao Chen‐Yang , Chen Yi , Xu Han‐Wen
Published: March 2019

Ferula paeoniifolia X. G. Ma & C. Y. Liao sp. nov., from Sichuan Province, Southwest China, is described and illustrated. The new species is most similar to F. kingdon‐wardii Wolff in morphology, but differs significantly in its ternate‐2‐pinnate compound leaves with much broader leaflets. The key morphological characteristics and nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were also compared between F. paeoniifolia and its relatives.
No genome is an island: toward a 21st century agenda for evolution
Authors: Shapiro James A.
Published: March 2019

Conventional 20th century evolution thinking was based on the idea of isolated genomes for each species. Any possibility of life‐history inputs to the germ line was strictly excluded by Weismann's doctrine, and genome change was attributed to random copying errors. Today, we know that many life‐history events lead to rapid and nonrandom evolutionary change mediated by specific cellular functions. There are many ways that genomes, viruses, cells, and organisms interact to generate evolutionary variation. These include cell mergers and activation of natural genetic engineering by stress, infection, and interspecific hybridization. In addition, we know molecular mechanisms for transmitting life‐history information across generations through gametes. These discoveries require a new agenda for evolutionary theory and novel experimental designs to investigate the genomic impacts of stresses, biotic interactions, and sensory inputs coming from the environment. The review will offer some generic recommendations for enriching evolution experiments to incorporate new knowledge and find answers to previously excluded questions.
What Determines the Sacrifice Ratio? A Bayesian Model Averaging Approach
Authors: Katayama Hajime , Ponomareva Natalia , Sharma Malvin
Published: March 2019

Existing empirical studies on the sacrifice ratio (measuring the output cost of disinflation) consider a large number of potential explanatory variables including the length of disinflation, various institutional settings, economic conditions, and the political climate. Some results are robust across different studies, while others are not. We address the presence of model uncertainty by using the Bayesian model averaging method to identify the important determinants of the sacrifice ratio, without relying on ad hoc model selection. Our results show that the length of disinflation is the most important variable. This supports the ‘cold turkey’ argument for faster disinflation.
Interactive community responses to disturbance in streams: disturbance history moderates the influence of disturbance types
Authors: Eveleens Roland A. , McIntosh Angus R. , Warburton Helen J.
Published: March 2019

Both disturbance history and disturbance type act to structure communities through selecting for particular species traits but they may also interact. For example, flooding selects for species with flood‐resistant traits in streams, but those traits could make communities susceptible to other disturbances and so could cause shifts in community composition due to anthropogenic climate change. To better understand the interactive influences of disturbance history and type on community composition, we investigated the response of macroinvertebrate communities to disturbance using in‐stream channels. Using a split‐plot design, individual channels in five ‘stable’ streams and five ‘frequently disturbed’ streams (disturbance history) were subject to different disturbance type treatments (flooding, drying and a control). Disturbance type independently drove effects on species diversity, but all other effects of disturbance type depended on disturbance history. In particular, the interaction of disturbance type and history determined overall community response. Both disturbance types tested produced similar community responses in frequently disturbed streams, including changes in community composition and alterations to the abundance of less mobile taxa, but low‐flow had a significantly greater effect in stable streams. Macroinvertebrate drift was greatest in the rock‐rolling treatments and significantly less in the low‐flow treatment for both disturbance histories. Therefore, disturbance history moderated the effects of disturbance type and determined the mechanism of community response by determining how well species were adapted to disturbance. This outcome suggests that previous disturbances strongly influence how vulnerable communities are to changes in disturbance, and so should be considered when predicting how changes in disturbance regimes will affect future community composition.
Temperature‐dependence of minimum resource requirements alters competitive hierarchies in phytoplankton
Authors: Lewington‐Pearce Leah , Narwani Anita , Thomas Mridul K. , Kremer Colin T. , Vogler Helena , Kratina Pavel
Published: March 2019

Resource competition theory is a conceptual framework that provides mechanistic insights into competition and community assembly of species with different resource requirements. However, there has been little exploration of how resource requirements depend on other environmental factors, including temperature. Changes in resource requirements as influenced by environmental temperature would imply that climate warming can alter the outcomes of competition and community assembly.

We experimentally demonstrate that environmental temperature alters the minimum light and nitrogen requirements – as well as other growth parameters – of six widespread phytoplankton species from distinct taxonomic groups. We found that species require the most nitrogen at the highest temperatures while light requirements tend to be lowest at intermediate temperatures, although there are substantial interspecific differences in the exact shape of this relationship.

We also experimentally parameterize two competition models, which we use to illustrate how temperature, through its effects on species’ traits, alters competitive hierarchies in multispecies assemblages, determining community dynamics.

Developing a mechanistic understanding of how temperature influences the ability to compete for limiting resources is a critical step towards improving forecasts of community dynamics under climate warming.