bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CORCTATION OF THE AORTA IN A DOG
Authors: Herrtage Michael E. , Gorman Neil T. , Jefferies Andrew R.
Published: May 2005

This paper describes coarctation of the aorta with a large fusiform post‐stenotic aneurysm in a 6 year old Great Dane. No clinical signs were attributable to the lesion, which was an incidental finding. The radiological and pathological features of aortic coarctation are described.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY AND RADIOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE POSTPARTUM UTERUS
Authors: Pharr John W. , Post Klaas
Published: May 2005

A vulvovaginal discharge following parturition in a bitch is often a cause of concern to owners and clinicians, especially if whelping was complicated in any way. Ultrasonography could potentially distinguish between normal and abnormal postpartum uterine states because the uterine wall and luminal contents can be imaged in detail. Five normal bitches were examined to determine the normal ultrasonographic appearance of the postpartum uterus and the sensitivity of ultrasonography in detecting the involuting uterus, comparing this sensitivity with that of radiography. Ultrasonography was done at 1, 4, 8, 12, 18 and 24 days postpartum, radiography at 1, 4, 8, 12 and 18 days postpartum. By 12 days postpartum, the uterus could not be seen on radiographs, while at 24 days postpartum the uterus was still sonographically identifiable. The ultrasonographic characteristics of the involuting uterus are described.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF HYDRONEPHROSIS IN A COW
Authors: Harrison Gloria D. , Biller David S. , Wilson David G. , Castleman William L.
Published: May 2005

A ruptured right kidney was diagnosed in a cow with clinical signs of mild intermittent abdominal pain and no laboratory evidence of renal failure. Ultrasonography of the kidneys demonstrated unilateral hydronephrosis and retroperitoneal fluid. A unilateral nephrectomy using a staple instrument was performed. Ultrasonographic evaluation allowed an early and accurate diagnosis with subsequent successful surgical intervention and treatment.
NONSPECIFIC ACCUMULATION OF TC‐99M‐IMMUNOGLOBULINS IN CHRONIC AND ACUTE ARTHRITIS
Authors: Papageorges Marc , Gavin Patrick R. , Barbee David D. , Knowles Donald P. , Cheevers William P. , Sande Ronald D.
Published: May 2005

During a study designed to investigate the potential of radioimmunodetection to detect lentiviral antigens in vivo, it was found that technetium‐99m‐labeled antibodies (Tc‐99m‐Abs) accumulated nonspecifically in arthritic joints of goats infected with the caprine arthritis‐encephalitis virus. The uptake of Tc‐99m‐Abs was significantly higher in both chronic and acute arthritis compared to normal joints, but similar to the uptake of Tc‐99m‐labeled human serum albumin (Tc‐99m‐HSA). Tc‐99m‐Abs could be used to detect synovitis but did not show any advantage over Tc‐99m‐HSA.
A SACRAL LESION RESEMBLING OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN THE GERMAN SHEPHERD DOG
Authors: Lang Johann , Häni Hansjürg , Schawalder Peter
Published: May 2005

More than 30% (21 of 65) of German Shepherd dogs with clinical signs of cauda equina compression had radiographic and pathologic abnormalities compatible with osteochondrosis of the sacral endplate. Most of these dogs had a defect in the dorsal part of the sacral endplate and a detached bone fragment in the vertebral canal. Similar lesions were also found in growing and young adult dogs without clinical signs. The dogs with clinical signs of cauda equina compression also had severe degenerative disc disease with protrusion of the lumbosacral disc and compression of the cauda equina, suggesting that the signs of cauda equina compression more likely were related to the secondary degenerative changes (disc protrusions) rather than the primary disease. Clinically normal German Shepherds with sacral osteochondrosis usually were younger than 18 months, the dogs with cauda equina compression and sacral osteochondrosis older than 18 months (mean age 4.8 years). On the average, these dogs were two years younger as compared to dogs with cauda equina compression without sacral osteochondrosis. Male dogs are more often affected than females (5:1). There is a breed predisposition: in dogs other than German Shepherds, osteochondrosis of the sacral endplate seems to be extremely rare.
RADIOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE NASAL CAVITY: SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRESENCE OR ABSENCE OF THE TRABECULAR PATTERN
Authors: Schmidt Melinda , Voorhout George
Published: May 2005

A radiographic study was performed on the maxilla of two healthy dogs to assess the effect of replacement of air by fluid and removal of conchae on the radiographic appearance. The purpose was to determine the significance of the presence or absence of the fine trabecular pattern on radiographs of the canine nasal cavity. The results indicate that the radiographic appearance of the maxillary conchae is primarily based on the presence of soft tissues covering the bony conchae, in combination with surrounding air. The radiographic appearance of the ethmoidal conchae is caused by the bony structures themselves. It is concluded that a loss of the characteristic parallel pattern in the cranial part of the nose is primarily the result of silhouetting of maxillary conchae by fluid. A loss of the fine trabecular pattern is caused by destruction of conchae.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DETECTION OF FOREIGN BODIES IN SOFT TISSUES USING TURKEY MUSCLE AS A MODEL
Authors: Shah Zahid R. , Crass Jeffrey R. , Oravec Dubravka C. , Bellon Errol M.
Published: May 2005

Foreign bodies in the soft tissues are frequent problems in both veterinary and human medical practice. Radiography has been the principle tool for diagnosis, but is unable to define many foreign bodies. This study was undertaken to compare the sonographic and radiographic visualization for a variety of foreign bodies. Fresh turkey muscle (pectoral and thigh) with skin was used as the soft tissue model. Assorted foreign bodies were introduced 1 cm into the muscle. Materials examined were small wood fragments, steel wire, glass, nails, graphite, rock, BB pellets, and polystyrene plastic. Following introduction of the foreign bodies radiographs were obtained and the specimens were studied sonographically at 5.0 mHz and 7.5 mHz. All foreign bodies were visible with sonography. A bright echo with either acoustic shadowing or reverberations was present for all specimens. Radiographically metallic foreign bodies were visible but wood, some graphite, and plastic were not seen. We conclude that radiography should remain the primary imaging modality for foreign body detection because of its general availability and low cost. If radiography is negative ultrasound can detect and guide the removal of radiolucent foreign bodies.
SONOGRAPHIC INVESTIGATION OF TRANSITIONAL CELL CARCINOMA OF THE URINARY BLADDER IN SMALL ANIMALS
Authors: Léveillé Renée , Biller David S. , Partington Beth Paugh , Miyabayashi Takayoshi
Published: May 2005

This report compares results from imaging of transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder in 15 dogs using intravenous urography, double‐contrast cystography, and ultrasonography. Intravenous urography demonstrated filling defects in the urinary bladder in 3 of the 5 cases examined with this modality. Double‐contrast cystography identified bladder masses in 8 of 10 animals. Ultrasonography was the only imaging modality which detected bladder masses in all patients.
ENLARGING BILATERAL FEMORAL CONDYLAR BONE CYSTS WITHOUT SCINTIGRAPHIC UPTAKE IN A YEARLING FOAL
Authors: Squire K.R.E. , Fessler J.F. , Cantwell H.D. , Widmer W.R.
Published: May 2005

Bilateral subchondral bone cysts of the femoral condyles were diagnosed by conventional radiography in a 14 month old Appaloosa colt. Surgical debridement was performed, and over the next 18 months the appearance of the cysts was evaluated with radiography and bone scintigraphy. On the preoperative scintigrams, increased radiopharmaceutical uptake was associated with the cysts. Despite continued radiographic enlargement, the cysts did not demonstrate increased radiopharmaceutical uptake post‐operatively.
ANATOMIC ATLAS FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE MESATICEPHALIC DOG: THORAX AND CRANIAL ABDOMEN
Authors: Smallwood James E. , George Thomas F.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to produce a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the dog for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Whole‐body CT images of two mature beagle dogs were made with the dogs supported in sternal recumbency and using a slice thickness of 13 mm. At the end of the CT session, each dog was euthanized, and while carefully maintaining the same position, the body was placed in a walk‐in freezer until completely frozen. The body was then sectioned at 13‐mm intervals, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The frozen sections were cleaned, photographed, and radiographed using xeroradiography. Each CT image was studied and compared with its corresponding xeroradiograph and anatomic section to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. Clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled in the three corresponding photographs (CT image, xeroradiograph, and anatomic section). In a previous paper, the head and neck of the mesaticephalic (beagle) dog was presented. In this paper, the thorax and cranial part of the abdomen of the dog are presented.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY AND BLOOD GAS ANALYSIS OF ANESTHETIZED BLOODHOUNDS WITH INDUCED PNEUMOTHORAX
Authors: Walker Michael , Hartsfield Sandee , Matthews Nora , White George , Slater Margaret , Thoos Jane
Published: May 2005

Increasingly severe degrees of pneumothorax were produced in 6 adult anesthetized bloodhounds. Computed tomography (CT) of the thorax was performed on each dog to evaluate the effects of pneumo thorax on thoracic and on pulmonary cross‐sectional area (TA and PA). Arterial PO2 (PaO2) and PCO2 (PaCO2), heart rate (HR), and mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) were determined and related to the severity of pneumothorax. Volumes of air equal to 1, 1.5 and 2 times functional residual capacity of the lung produced approximately 33%, 40%, and 50% reductions in pulmonary area respectively. These amounts of atelectasis correspond to a radiographically “moderate” degree of pneumothorax. As severity of pneumothorax increased, thoracic area consistently increased, PaO2 consistently decreased, and PaCO2 consistently increased, with all being statistically significant relationships (p<0.0001); but HR and MAP were variable and showed no statistical correlation to the degree of pneumothorax (p>0.2).
ULTRASOUND EVALUATION OF THE COXOFEMORAL JOINTS OF THE CANINE NEONATE
Authors: Greshake Ronald J. , Ackerman Norman
Published: May 2005

The effectiveness of ultrasound in depicting the normal anatomy of the coxofemoral joint in puppies was evaluated. Ultrasound images were obtained from twenty Springer Spaniel puppies ranging from one day to twelve weeks of age. The anatomy of the hip joint could be identified up to eight weeks of age. By twelve weeks of age the degree of ossification prevented complete hip joint evaluation. Three different views were utilized. The longitudinal and dorsolateral views were the most useful. Motion of the femoral head within the acetabulum could be observed. Measurements of the acetabulum, femoral head and joint space could be obtained however these measurements were inconsistent. The technique appears to be useful for depicting the anatomy of the neonatal coxofemoral joint however, additional studies utilizing both normal and dysplastic puppies are recommended to determine if this examination will be useful in discriminating between normal and dysplastic puppies.
RENAL SONOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENTS IN THE DOG PRECEDING AND FOLLOWING UNILATERAL NEPHRECTOMY
Authors: Boag Bonnie Lynn , Atilola Matthew , Pennock Paul
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to establish sonographic baseline values for normal kidneys initu and to document sonographic changes following unilateral nephrectomy. Normal canine renal measurements were determined sonographically prior to and following unilateral nephrectomy. These included: cortical thickness (cranial, caudal, dorsal, ventral, lateral and medial), medullary measurements (cranial and caudal) and measurements of the renal silhouette (length, height and width). The latter group of measurements was obtained to determine renal volume. Normal parameters were obtained from sixteen healthy dogs prior to nephrectomy; the unilateral nephrectomy group was comprised of eight of these animals, the remaining eight dogs were part of an allo‐transplant study.1 The mean sonographic value for the length of the kidney was 60.3 mm ± 6.4 (n = 26) while the widths and heights were 34.7 ± 3.8 (n = 27) and 27.8 mm ± 3.3 (n = 26) respectively. Renal cortical measurements were found to be smallest dorsally and ventrally on sagittal and transverse sonograms. The largest volumes were the cranial pole on sagittal scans and the lateral pole on the transverse scans. Pearson correlation coefficient for volume resulted in r values of 0.88, 0.78 and 0.72 for length, height and width (n = 25, dif = 24) respectively.
FAILURE PATTERNS FOLLOWING COBALT IRRADIATION IN DOGS WITH NASAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , Heidner Greta L. , Novotney Carol A. , McEntee Margaret C. , Page Rodney L.
Published: May 2005

The pattern of tumor recurrence was assessed in 24 dogs receiving cobalt radiation therapy for nasal carcinoma. Dogs were evaluated using nasal cavity computed tomography prior to treatment, and at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months after treatment, and at 6‐month intervals thereafter if still alive. Dogs were treated with various combinations of total dose, and fraction size. Total doses were normalized to equivalent doses given in 3.0 Gy fractions. The extent of tumor regression or duration of tumor control were not dependent on absolute total dose, normalized total dose, or tumor type. The median duration of local control in all dogs was 312 days. Marked tumor regression was observed in 11 of the 24 dogs. Median duration of local control was significantly longer in dogs with marked tumor regression in comparison to dogs without tumor regression; 389 vs. 161 days respectively. When tumor recurrence was documented in dogs having tumor regression, the location of the recurrence was in the nasal cavity. No tumor recurred in a sinus or periorbital region, and only one geographic miss was detected. Tumor recurrence in the irradiated volume, including dogs with and without marked regression, was documented in 13 of the 24 dogs. The high local failure rate, coupled with the recurrence pattern in these dogs, suggests there may be an opportunity for improvement in local control through use of shrinking field techniques.
ESTIMATION OF SOFT TISSUE INTERPOSITION AFTER FEMORAL HEAD AND NECK EXCISION IN DOGS USING VENTRODORSAL PELVIC RADIOGRAPHY
Authors: Mann F.A. , Hathcock J.T. , Wagner‐Mann C.
Published: May 2005

Extended‐hip ventrodorsal pelvic radiographs performed on 16 dogs after femoral head and neck excision, with (n = S) and without (n = 8) biceps femoris interpositional muscle flaps, were used to estimate the relative amount of soft tissue interposition between the femoral ostectomy site and acetabulum. A linear measurement was made of the shortest distance between the femoral ostectomy and the acetabulum. The linear measurement was capable of determining the presence of biceps femoris muscle flaps in most dogs prior to flap atrophy or necrosis, but failed to be predictive of limb function as determined by functional limb usage grading, force plate analysis, and thigh circumference measurements.
RETROSPECTIVE ASSESSMENT OF THORACIC RADIOGRAPHIC FINDINGS IN METASTATIC CANINE HEMANGIOSARCOMA
Authors: Hammer Alan S. , Bailey Michael Q. , Sagartz John E.
Published: May 2005

Twenty‐one dogs with histopathologically confirmed hemangiosarcoma were evaluated by thoracic radiography for metastatic disease. All dogs had histopathologic examinations of the lungs within two weeks of thoracic radiography. Fourteen dogs had histopathologic evidence of pulmonary hemangiosarcoma; metastatic disease was detected radiographically in eleven of these dogs. The most common radiographic pattern was that of poorly defined small coalescing nodules (8 dogs); other radiographic patterns included well‐circumscribed nodules (3 dogs) and alveolar infiltrates secondary to hemorrhage (2 dogs). Differential diagnoses for diffuse, poorly defined, coalescing pulmonary opacities should include hemangiosarcoma in addition to edema, lymphoma, systemic mycoses, fibrosis, allergy, toxicosis, and carcinomas.
MYELOGRAPHY IN THE DOG: REVIEW OF PATIENTS WITH CONTRAST MEDIUM IN THE CENTRAL CANAL
Authors: Kirberger Robert M. , Wrigley Robert H.
Published: May 2005

Contrast medium opacification of the spinal central canal after cisterna magna or lumbar puncture caudal to the 5th lumbar vertebra was an unusual observation during myelography. Incidental central canal opacification was more likely to occur in normal dogs or dogs with spinal cord pathology during lumbar puncture cranial to the 5th lumbar vertebra. Preferential contrast medium migration into the central canal, particularly if injected rapidly, may lead to deterioration in neurologic status. Placement of the spinal needle in the central canal during cisterna magna myelography was necessary to document the presence of hydromyelia. Case histories illustrating the above conditions were given and their significance discussed.
COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY OF RAMBOUILLET SHEEP AFFECTED WITH NEURONAL CEROID LIPOFUSCINOSIS
Authors: Woods Philip R. , Walker Michael A. , Weir Vicki A. , Storts Ralph W. , Menzies Carl , Shelton Maurice
Published: May 2005

Computed tomography (CT) was performed on 3 normal Rambouillet sheep and 6 Rambouillet sheep affected with neuronal ceroid lipofuscinosis. Characteristic lesions seen in the brain of affected sheep included dramatically enlarged lateral ventricles and reduced cerebral thickness. The lesions were seen in sheep as young as 4 months of age. Antemortem CT observations correlated well with postmortem findings in this model of Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinosis.
INTRAOPERATIVE SPINAL ULTRASONOGRAPHY IN DOGS: NORMAL FINDINGS AND CASE‐HISTORY REPORTS
Authors: Nakayama Masanari
Published: May 2005

Intraoperative spinal ultrasonography was performed in cervical and lumbar spine of 2 and 5 normal dogs, respectively, following ventral slot technique or dorsal or hemilamenectomy. The dura was hyperechoic, while the parenchyma was hypoechoic. The subarachnoid space was anechoic. An echogenic line was present in the center of the spinal cord, as seen in human. Pulsation of the spinal cord was noted during M‐mode imaging. Clinical findings of one dog with thoracolumbar disk herniation and one with thoracic vertebral fracture/subluxation confirmed the usefulness of intraoperative spinal ultrasonography for real time evaluation of spinal canal spatial abnormalities (mass lesion and degree of spinal cord compression on scanning planes) and spinal cord motion. Follow‐up ultrasound examinations were possible from 6 days postoperatively.
UTILIZATION OF INSTANTANEOUS EJECTION VOLUME IMAGES TO PRODUCE VENTRICULAR VOLUME CURVES FROM AN EQUILIBRIUM RADIONUCLIDE VENTRICULOGRAM
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Tucker Russell L. , Bright Janice M. , Buckman Theresa A.
Published: May 2005

Equilibrium radionuclide ventriculograms were performed in 6 normal dogs during resting and isoproterenol challenged states. A new method of analysis of the equilibrium radionuclide ventriculograms using a simple digital subtraction technique was compared to traditional methods of analysis and echocardiography. There was no significant difference between ejection fraction values from the three methods tested. The equilibrium radionuclide ventriculograms ejection fraction was significantly increased following isoproterenol administration using both the new and traditional methods of analysis but the pre versus post‐isoproterenol increase ejection fraction derived from echocardiographic measurements of ejection fractions was not significantly different. The new digital subtraction method consistently produced reproducible, high quality ventricular volume curves for the left and right ventricle. Left and right ventricular maximum and average emptying and filing rates were determined from the slopes of the volume curve and the results were similar to those previously published for man and dog. The emptying and filling rates of both ventricles were significantly increased following isoproterenol administration. The time to peak emptying significantly decreased following isoproterenol. Time to peak filing decreased following isoproterenol but the difference was not significant.
HYPERTROPHIC OSTEOPATHY CHARACTERIZED BY NUCLEAR SCINTIGRAPHY IN A HORSE
Authors: Long Maureen T. , Foreman Jonathan H. , Wallig Matthew A. , Chambers Mark D. , Losonsky John M. , Muhlbauer Michael C.
Published: May 2005

A five year old American Saddlebred gelding was admitted to the University of Illinois Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital with a history of multiple leg lameness, depression and intermittent fever for a duration of six months. Physical examination revealed the horse to be underweight, depressed and afebrile. No abnormalities were detected during auscultation of the heart and lungs. All limbs possessed multiple hard swellings of the distal long bones and digits. The horse walked with a stiff gait and was reluctant to trot. Nuclear scintigraphy of the distal limbs revealed multiple areas of focally increased uptake in all limbs. Radiographs of several sites on the distal limbs showed evidence of periosteal new bone production corresponding to the areas of abnormal uptake. The horse was euthanized and at necropsy chronic, multifocal, fibrous pericarditis and epicarditis were observed grossly. The left atrial myocardium contained areas of osseous metaplasia. Histological evaluation of the distal long bones revealed proliferative periosteal new bone formation consistent with a diagnosis of hypertrophic osteopathy.
A BOOST TECHNIQUE FOR IRRADIATION OF MALIGNANT CANINE NASAL TUMORS
Authors: Thrall Donald E. , McEntee Margaret C. , Novotney Carol , Hauck Marlene L. , Page Rodney L.
Published: May 2005

Eighteen dogs with malignant nasal cavity tumors were treated with radiation therapy, including a boost technique. Three 3:0 Gy boost doses were added to a treatment protocol consisting of sixteen 3.0 Gy daily fractions, bringing the total dose to 57 Gy. This boost technique was implemented without an associated increase in overall treatment time by giving the boost doses on a twice‐a‐day basis. Boost doses were given during the first half of the radiation therapy period. The treatment was completed as planned in 16 of the 18 dogs; two dogs received lower doses (51 and 54 Gy). Median survival was 177 days, poorer than in some other reported studies of nasal tumor irradiation. Acute effects were unacceptable, with 11 of the 18 dogs developing severe mucositis, desquamation, edema, swelling, and pruritus. The extensive nature of the acute reactions compromised assessment of the effect of the increased radiation dose on the tumor. Although there is justification for assessing more aggressive radiation protocols in canine nasal tumor patients, total doses approximating 60 Gy can not be given as described because of the inability of acutely responding normal tissues to compensate.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING—A GENERAL OVERVIEW OF PRINCIPLES AND EXAMPLES IN VETERINARY NEURODIAGNOSIS
Authors: Thomson Christine E. , Kornegay Joe N. , Burn Robert A. , Drayer Burton P. , Hadley Donald M. , Levesque Donald C. , Gainsburg Larry A. , Lane Stephen B. , Sharp Nicholas J.H. , Wheeler Simon J.
Published: May 2005

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a noninvasive technique that provides accurate, detailed, anatomic images, has had a major impact in the diagnosis of human disease. This technique is based upon the inherent magnetic properties of certain nuclei. Induction of the nuclei into a low energy state is achieved by placing them in a static magnetic field. The nuclei may then be excited into a high energy state by application of a radio frequency pulse. When the second field is stopped, the nuclei return to ground state and emit the absorbed energy in the form of a radio signal. This signal is received by a coil that generally surrounds the specimen and converted to an anatomic image through a process of computer‐assisted reconstruction. Contrast is altered by applying the second pulse in different sequences (saturation recovery, inversion recovery, and spin echo) and using enhancing agents such as gadolinium. In this paper, we present an overview of the general principles of MRI and some clinical examples in dogs and cats with central nervous system disease.
MYELOGRAPHY IN NEONATAL BOVINE CALVES
Authors: Bargai Uri
Published: May 2005

This study was undertaken to establish a protocol for myelography in the neonatal bovine calf. Five normal calves, one to five days old, were examined radiographically by myelography, using techniques recommended for the equine and canine. The contrast medium used was lopamidol, which was introduced through the foramen magnum under general anesthesia. When the protocol was established, several neonatal calves with partial or complete pareses were examined myelographically. Myelography revealed changes in the spinal canal and assisted in a definite diagnosis. No harmful effects were observed in the normal or abnormal calves during or after myelography. It was concluded that myelography is a valuable safe procedure for diagnosis of causes of paresis in neonatal calves.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE CRUS
Authors: Dik Kees J.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography was used to delineate the sonographic anatomy of the equine crus, emphasizing the peroneus tertius muscle and the Achilles tendon. The cross‐sectional gross anatomy was studied in 6 cadaveric limbs. Using a 5.5 MHz mechanical sector scanner the examined Achilles tendon and per‐ oneus tertius muscle were easily identified as hyperechoic structures in 10 limbs of normal live horses. In 4 lame horses diagnostic ultrasound aided the diagnosis of peroneus tertius rupture, haematoma of the lateral digital extensor muscle and the presence or absence of Achilles tendon injury associated with intertendinous calcaneal bursitis.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE TARSUS
Authors: Dik Kees J.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography was used to delineate the sonographic anatomy of the equine tarsus with emphasis on the flexor tendons and plantar ligament at the plantar surface of the tarsus, the medial collateral ligaments and the dorsomedial joint capsule of the tibiotarsal joint. The cross‐sectional gross anatomy of these tendons and ligaments was evaluated in 6 cadaver limbs. Using a 5.5 MHz mechanical sector scanner, the examined tendons and ligaments were easily identified as hyperechoic structures in 10 limbs of normal live horses. The normal ultrasonographic appearance of the dorsomedial tibiotarsal joint capsule was studied in 8 cadaver limbs. The inner surface of the tibiotarsal joint capsule was covered with villi; short and pointed in the mid region, resembling a small nodular mass proximally and a straggly beard distally. In 4 lame horses diagnostic ultrasound aided the diagnosis of plantar swellings, medial collateral joint ligamentous injury and hypertrophic synovitis.
BACTERIAL ENDOCARDITIS WITH THROMBUS FORMATION AND ABSCESSATION IN A HORSE
Authors: Hines Melissa trogdon , Heidel Jerry R. , Barbee David D.
Published: May 2005

A 2.5 year old Appaloosa stallion with progressive weight loss and a heart murmur was diagnosed as having vegetative endocarditis of the right atrioventricular valves with a mass in the right atrium. The ultrasonographic appearance of the lesion was characterized by extreme reverberation. On postmortem examination, a 9 cm diameter thrombus was found within the right atrium and auricle, occupying approximately 80% of the chamber volume. Additionally, a lenticular abscess extended throughout the parietal cusp of the right atrioventricular valve. Histologic examination revealed that the lesions were septic with numerous gram positive cocci in short chains, suggestive of Streptococcus equi, and gram negative rods.
ANATOMIC ATLAS FOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY IN THE MESATICEPHALIC DOG: CAUDAL ABDOMEN AND PELVIS
Authors: Smallwood James E. , George Thomas F.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to produce a comprehensive anatomic atlas of CT anatomy of the dog for use by veterinary radiologists, clinicians, and surgeons. Whole‐body CT images of two mature beagle dogs were made with the dogs supported in sternal recumbency and using a slice thickness of 13 mm. At the end of the CT session, each dog was euthanized, and while carefully maintaining the same position, the body was frozen. The body was then sectioned at 13‐mm intervals, with the cuts matched as closely as possible to the CT slices. The frozen sections were cleaned, photographed, and radiographed using xeroradiography. Each CT image was studied and compared with its corresponding xeroradiograph and anatomic section to assist in the accurate identification of specific structures. Clinically relevant anatomic structures were identified and labeled in the three corresponding photographs (CT image, xeroradiograph, and anatomic section). In previous papers, the head and neck, and the thorax and cranial abdomen of the mesaticephalic (beagle) dog were presented. In this paper, the caudal part of the abdomen and pelvis of the bitch and male dog are presented.
URINARY OBSTRUCTION SECONDARY TO A RETROPERITONEAL CARCINOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Fox Leslie E. , Ackerman Norman , Buergelt Claus D.
Published: May 2005

A 7‐year‐old, intact, anestrous, female Doberman pinscher was presented with anorexia and hindlimb swelling of three days duration. Renal failure was documented. Survey radiographs revealed patchy alveolar consolidation and bilateral renomegaly with increased retroperitoneal and sublumbar soft tissue opacification. Renal ultrasonography showed bilateral hydronephrosis with ectatic ureters. A retroperitoneal carcinoma was identified via fine needle aspiration. Percutaneous nephropyelocentesis and antegrade nephrography further delineated the hydronephrosis and ureteral obstruction.
GAS ACCUMULATION IN THE SUBARACHNOID SPACE RESULTING FROM BLUNT TRAUMA TO THE OCCIPITAL REGION OF A HORSE
Authors: Taylor D. Scott , Wisner Erik R. , Kuesis Bruce S. , Smith Steve G. , O'Brien Timothy R.
Published: May 2005

A 2‐year‐old Arabian filly was presented for evaluation after falling backwards. The injury was manifest radiographically by the presence of air within the subarachnoid space of the calvarium and the cervical spinal canal. Radiographic findings resulted from communication of the sphenopalatine sinus with the subarachnoid space as a sequela to a fracture involving the presphenoid bone.
QUANTITATIVE SURVEY RADIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF THE LUMBOSACRAL SPINE OF NORMAL DOGS AND DOGS WITH DEGENERATIVE LUMBOSACRAL STENOSIS
Authors: Mattoon John S. , Koblik Philip D.
Published: May 2005

Survey radiographic studies of the lumbosacral region for 93 normal dogs and for 26 dogs with confirmed degenerative lumbosacral stenosis were reviewed. Normal dogs were divided into 9 groups based on age and body weight. For normal dogs, increasing age and body weight were associated with a decreased ability to extend the lumbosacral joint and with increased incidence and severity of spondylosis. Transitional lumbosacral vertebrae and evidence of lumbosacral disc space collapse were very infrequent findings, and the pivot point for lumbosacral motion was consistently centered over the lumbosacral disc space. Relative to an age/weight matched sub‐population of normal dogs, dogs with degenerative lumbosacral stenosis had similar mean normalized lumbosacral vertebral canal height, larger mean neutral lumbosacral angle, decreased extension of the lumbosacral joint, increased flexion of the lumbosacral joint, reduced lumbosacral range of motion, increased lumbosacral dynamic malalignment, higher incidence and severity of spondylosis, higher incidence of transitional vertebrae, and higher incidence of lumbosacral disc space collapse. A logistic model based strictly on radiographic parameters was able to discriminate normal from affected dogs with an overall accuracy rate of 86%.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF A DEEP MUSCLE ABSCESS IN A HORSE
Authors: Love Nancy E. , Nickels Frank
Published: May 2005

A deep muscle abscess was diagnosed in a horse with a clinical history of a painful swelling in the left gluteal region. The thick walled hypoechoic structure seen on presentation and the multiloculated hyperechoic mass seen on reevaluation are common Ultrasonographic appearances of abscesses. Ultrasonographic evaluation allowed characterization of a chronic mass with subsequent successful surgery and treatment.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY AS A DIAGNOSTIC TOOL IN SHARK SPECIES
Authors: Walsh Michael T. , Pipers Frank S. , Brendemuehl Caroline A. , Murru Frank L.
Published: May 2005

The use of sonography was evaluated in eleven sharks as a potential diagnostic and investigative tool. Individual sharks were anesthetized with MS‐222 (Tricane Methane Sulphonate) and sonograms recorded from various planes using a 3 MHZ linear array scanner. Sonographic images were compared with corresponding postmortem cross sections. Heart rate and rhythm were monitored with real time sonography in an attempt to gauge the depth of the anesthesia. Heart rates ranged from 12–46 bpm. Initial results of this study suggest that sonography may be a useful technique in shark species where the application of radiographic techniques is limited by the lack of adipose tissue and the need to maintain the animal in water.
EVALUATION OF IOHEXOL AS A GASTROINTESTINAL CONTRAST MEDIUM IN NORMAL CATS
Authors: Williams Jamie , Biller David S. , Miyabayashi Takayoshi , Leveille Renee
Published: May 2005

The non‐ionic, iodinated contrast medium, iohexol (240 mg I/ml) was evaluated as a gastrointestinal (GI) contrast medium in cats. Iohexol, both undiluted and diluted with tap water, was administered via a percutaneous endoscopically‐placed gastrotomy (PEG) tube to 4 mature clinically normal cats. The dilution of contrast medium administered was 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3, and doses were 10 ml/kg and 5 ml/kg body weight. All combinations of dilution and dose of iohexol provided adequate visualization of the contrast medium column within the GI tract, and results were not significantly different than those observed using 30% w/v barium sulfate. Dehydration and diarrhea were not observed after contrast medium administration, but vomiting occurred within 15–30 minutes after administration of undiluted iohexol in all experimental cats. Renal opacification did not occur on exposures made through a 2 hour period, and dilutionin transitwas not apparent.
AGE RELATED CHANGES IN THE FELINE CARDIAC SILHOUETTE
Authors: Moon MarthaL. , Keene Bruce W. , Lessard Pierre , Lee Jim
Published: May 2005

An exaggerated “horizontal” alignment of the heart (increased sternal contact) and tortuous, redundant aorta are often seen on thoracic radiographs of older cats. Eighty‐five cats, divided into 3 age groups [young (6–15 months), middle aged (3–7 years), old (10–17 years)], were determined to be normal on history, auscultation, ECG, and echocardiogram. Lateral and VD thoracic radiographs were examined and measured for evidence of these changes. Forty percent of cats 10 years or older were found to have the horizontal cardiac alignment, and 28% had the redundant aorta. These changes were not seen in Groups 1 and 2 of younger and middle aged cats. The angle between the heart and sternum in Group 3 (old) cats was significantly smaller than the same angle in younger cats. Systemic hypertension and hyperthyroidism, possible pathologic causes for this variation, were unlikely related to the cardiovascular changes due to the large number of older cats with this change, and lack of evidence of left ventricular hypertrophy.
COLLAGENASE CHEMONUCLEOLYSIS—A LONG TERM RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY IN NORMAL DOGS
Authors: Atilola Matthew A.O. , Cockshutt Joanne R. , Mclaughlin Ron , Cochrane Susan M. , Pennock Paul W.
Published: May 2005

Five clinically normal five year old dogs were used in this study. From a randomised table inter ver tebral discs were each injected with either collagenase or calcium chloride diluent. The surgically exposed cervical discs were injected with 50 units whereas thoracic and lumbar discs were injected under fluoroscopic guidance with 100 units of the enzyme. Postinjection radiographs revealed significant (p ≤ .05) disc space narrowing in enzyme injected discs. The cervical discs had the highest frequency of radiographic narrowing (87%) followed by the thoracic (70%) and lumbar (53%) discs. Spondylosis deformans developed at the sites of cervical enzyme injections. None of the dogs had neurologic abnormalities one year postinjection.
BICIPITAL TENOSYNOVITIS IN THE DOG—EVALUATION WITH POSITIVE CONTRAST ARTHROGRAPHY
Authors: Barthez Paul Y. , Morgan Joe P.
Published: May 2005

This paper describes seven dogs with traumatic bicipital tenosynovitis in which complete clinical, radiographic, and surgical evaluations were performed. All were adult dogs of medium to large breed and were presented with a chronic front limb lameness of several months' duration and shoulder muscle atrophy. Survey radiographs of the scapulohumeral joint showed new bone production almost exclusively in the region of the biceps tendon, i.e., the intertubercular groove and the supraglenoid tuberosity. Arthrograms in six of seven dogs revealed difficulty in filling or irregular filling of the bicipital tendon sheath, best seen on the mediolateral view of the shoulder. On surgical exploration, macroscopic lesions of the tendon and/or the sheath were observed in all dogs and included adhesions, fibrosis, scar tissue, edema, and thickening. Partial tear of the tendon was observed in three dogs.
DENTIGEROUS CYST IN THE VENTRAL CONCHAL SINUS OF A HORSE
Authors: McClure Scott R. , Schumacher James , Morris Earl L.
Published: May 2005

A 14‐year‐old Quarter Horse was presented for evaluation of a chronic, intermittent purulent discharge from the left nostril. A radioopaque mass and multiple, air‐fluid interfaces in the paranasal sinuses were identified on survey radiographs. The mass was removed and identified as a dentigerous cyst. Substantiated reports of dentigerous cysts in the paranasal sinuses are rare.
DIAGNOSIS OF URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION IN DOGS USING DUPLEX DOPPLER ULTRASONOGRAPHY
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Fisher Paul E. , Doverspike Mark , Hornof William J. , Olander Harvey J.
Published: May 2005

The ability of duplex Doppler ultrasonography to assist with the diagnosis of urinary tract obstruction was investigated in a study of 5 dogs with surgically induced, unilateral ureteral obstruction. The resistive index (RI) of obstructed kidneys was compared to that of controls and to the contralateral unobstructed kidneys. The RI was also evaluated following relief of obstruction. On the basis of an RI measurement ≥0.70 indicating obstruction, a sensitivity of 73% and a specificity of 77% was determined for the diagnosis of obstruction with Doppler ultrasonography. Although mean RI was elevated in obstructed kidneys compared to controls, it was concluded that a high false‐negative rate (27%) limits the clinical usefulness of Doppler ultrasonography for the detection of urinary obstruction in dogs. The RI difference between obstructed and nonobstructed kidneys was also evaluated within individual animals, but the magnitude of difference between kidneys did not significantly improve the detection rate for obstruction.
BILOBED GALLBLADDER IN A CAT: ULTRASONOGRAPHIC APPEARANCE
Authors: Moentk Julie , Biller David S.
Published: May 2005

A five‐month‐old male domestic shorthair cat presented with a history of vomiting for 4 days. An ultrasound examination of the abdomen was performed as part of the diagnostic workup. The gallbladder appeared to be bilobate. The cat died the following day from renal failure. At necropsy, a bilobed gallbladder was confirmed and considered to be a congenital anomaly unrelated to the cat's death.
PALLIATIVE RADIOTHERAPY FOR CANINE APPENDICULAR OSTEOSARCOMA
Authors: McEntee Margaret C. , Page Rodney L. , Novotney Carol A. , Thrall Donald E.
Published: May 2005

Fifteen dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma (presumptive diagnosis, n = 6 dogs; biopsy confirmed, n = 9 dogs) were treated with palliative radiotherapy. Treatment entailed a total of three 10 Gy fractions of60Co radiation delivered over a three week period on days 0, 7 and 21, for a total dose of 30 Gy. Twelve dogs experienced improvement in limb function 7–22 days after the start of treatment. Long term followup was available for nine of the twelve responders. The duration of response was 17–288 days (n = 9 dogs; median = 130 days; mean = 116 days). Response duration did not appear to be related to initial tumor size. Palliative radiotherapy can result in improved limb function in dogs with appendicular osteosarcoma.
THORACIC RADIOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDE TOXICITY IN FOURTEEN DOGS
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Gallaway Anna , Thrall Donald E. , Carlisle Carolyn
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs and clinical records from 14 dogs with confirmed anticoagulant rodenticide toxicity were reviewed. Twelve of the 14 dogs were presented with a chief complaint of respiratory distress, and 12 had elevated prothrombin and activated partial thromboplastin times consistent with a coagulopathy secondary to a clotting factor deficiency. Thoracic radiographs of the 14 dogs were reviewed and abnomalities included increased mediastinal soft tissue opacity with extra and intrathoracic tracheal narrowing (4/14), increased mediastinal soft tissue opacity without tracheal narrowing (8/14), variable degrees of pleural effusion (13/14) and generalized, patchy interstitial/alveolar pulmonary infiltrates (8/14). Radiographic evidence of cardiomegaly and pulmonary artery abnormalities consistent with concurrent heartworm infestation were detected in one dog. In four dogs, dramatic tracheal narrowing was identified on the lateral thoracic radiograph caused by either mediastinal hemorrhage compressing the trachea or submucosal hemorrhage within the tracheal lumen. The trachea was displaced in a ventral direction in two dogs, and extra and intrathoracic luminal diameter narrowing was evident cranially in all four dogs. Two of these four dogs had soft tissue opacity within the dorsal trachea that extended from the larynx to the intrathoracic trachea. Twelve of the 14 dogs survived with standard treatment protocols utilizing injectable and oral vitamin K1. One dog died from pancreatitis and disseminated intravascular coagulopathy. The other dog died soon after presentation due to severe, disseminated hemorrhage. Follow‐up thoracic radiographs were made in four dogs that survived and showed resolution of the mediastinal, pleural and pulmonary changes within one to five days after the initiation of vitamin K1 therapy.
DISCOSPONDYLITIS IN A CAT
Authors: Watson Elizabeth , Roberts Royce E.
Published: May 2005

The incidence and causative agents of discospondylitis in cats are unknown. This report describes a cat with radiologic changes consistent with discospondylitis and concurrent urinary tract infection. As in dogs, discospondylitis should be the primary rule out for vertebral end plate lysis in cats.
MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF CANINE DEGENERATIVE LUMBAR SPINE DISEASES
Authors: Kärkkäinen Marjatta , Punto Lauri U. , Tulamo Riitta‐Mari
Published: May 2005

Degenerative lumbar spine diseases, i.e., sacrolumbar stenosis, intervertebral disk degeneration and protrusion and spondylosis deformans of the canine lumbar spine were studied in eleven canine patients and three healthy controls using radiography and 0.02 T and 0.04 T low field magnetic resonance imaging. The T1 and T2 weighted images were obtained in sagittal and transverse planes. The loss of hydration of nucleus pulposus, taken as a sign of degeneration in the intervertebral disks, could be evaluated in both T1 and T2 weighted images. As a noninvasive method magnetic resonance imaging gave more exact information about the condition of intervertebral disks than did radiography. Sacrolumbar stenosis and compression of the spinal cord or cauda equina and surrounding tissue could be evaluated without contrast medium.
THE TECHNIQUE OF PERCUTANEOUS ULTRASOUND GUIDED FINE‐NEEDLE ASPIRATION BIOPSY AND AUTOMATED MICROCORE BIOPSY IN SMALL ANIMAL GASTROINTESTINAL DISEASES
Authors: Penninck Dominique G. , Crystal Mitchell A. , Matz Michael E. , Pearson Susan H.
Published: May 2005

Techniques for obtaining percutaneous ultrasound‐guided biopsies of the gastrointestinal tract were evaluated. The efficacity of ultrasonographic detection of gastrointestinal lesions has been established in veterinary medicine. Percutaneous ultrasound‐guided aspiration biopsies were performed using either a 22 gauge spinal needle or a 20 gauge Westcott needle. The microcore automated biopsy was performed using a 18 gauge Tru‐cut‐like needle, assisted by an automated biopsy gun. These techniques are rapid, and easily performed. The techniques were considered safe for the patient, no complications such as hemorrhage, peritonitis or abscessation have occured in our study. These techniques are of particular interest when lesion can not be biopsied successfully by endoscopy and when surgical resection is not recommended.
ULTRASOUND IMAGING OF THE COELOMIC STRUCTURES IN THE BOA CONSTRICTOR (BOA CONSTRICTOR)
Authors: Isaza Ramiro , Ackerman Norman , Jacobson Elliott R.
Published: May 2005

Transverse ultrasound images from three live boa constrictors (Boa constrictor) were compared to the corresponding gross sections of a euthanized boa constrictor. The snakes were anesthetized, placed into dorsal recumbency, and imaged through the ventral scutes. Ultrasound images were produced with a real time, B‐mode scanner and a linear 7.5‐MHz transducer. The heart, liver, stomach, gall bladder, pancreas, kidneys, and fat body were the coelomic structures most consistently recognized ultrasonographically. Results of this study indicate that ultrasound is a useful imaging technique in snakes.
ULTRASOUND‐GUIDED PERCUTANEOUS LIVER BIOPSY IN SNAKES
Authors: Isaza Ramiro , Ackerman Norman , Schumacher Juergen
Published: May 2005

Percutaneous ultrasound‐guided liver biopsies were conducted in 15 snakes using 18‐gauge automatic biopsy devices. The liver samples collected ranged in size from 1.16 ± 0.40 mm to 8.3 ± 0.55 mm. Upon histologic examination, all biopsy samples were of diagnostic quality. Anesthesia with complete immobilization of the snake was necessary to allow proper selection of the target site and limit complications associated with biopsy collection. Percutaneous ultrasound‐guided liver biopsy is a rapid, minimally invasive method for collecting liver tissue in snakes.
FRAGMENTATION OF THE MEDIAL MALLEOLUS OF DOGS WITH AND WITHOUT TARSAL OSTEOCHONDROSIS
Authors: Newell Susan M. , Mahaffey Mary B. , Aron Dennis N.
Published: May 2005

Fragmentation of the medial malleolus of the tibia was found radiographically in 5 canine tarsi which did not have evidence of osteochondrosis of the medial trochlear ridge. An additional 5 tarsi were found where both medial malleolar fragmentation and osteochondrosis of the medial trochlear ridge were present. Radiographic evidence of degenerative joint disease was present in 3 of 5 dogs with medial malleolar fragmentation alone, and 5 of 5 dogs with medial malleolar fragmentation and medial trochlear ridge osteochondrosis. Eight of the 9 dogs were Rottweilers. Considering the sites of occurrence of osteochondrosis in other species, the authors propose that medial malleolar fragmentation could be secondary to osteochondrosis of the medial malleolus. Osteochondrosis of the medial malleolus has not been previously reported in dogs. Histological examination of the medial malleolar fragmentation was unavailable because surgery was not performed, therefore the hypothesis that the medial malleolar fragmentation is due to osteochondrosis was not proven.