bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Three
Authors: Maçães Bruno
Published: December 2020

This chapter evaluates what the Europeans call Americanization. For many, this was more or less equivalent to the end of times or, at least, the end of everything sacred. What America was exporting to Europe was not just its manufacturing prowess. It was a whole way of life, fundamentally antithetical to European civilization because the only goals it recognized were profit and efficiency. Taste would be sacrificed because everything must be produced for the greatest number according to the maxims of the assembly line. Leisure would disappear and be replaced by the divine cult of work and productivity. Tradition must be uprooted because tradition is full of wasteful or inefficient practices. There was the accusation of Puritanism as well, but even here no European would dream of blaming America of excessive spirituality: Puritan prohibitions concerning alcohol or sex were seen as pre-emptive measures to create the most efficient workers, and reduce human beings to machines. Indeed, in America, the rationalization of work and prohibition were undoubtedly connected. The chapter then looks at the American model of production, which was an engine of standardization, and the rising anti-Americanism.
Four
Authors: Maçães Bruno
Published: December 2020

This chapter assesses whether America deserves to be placed alongside those Asian societies which, for all their progress, remain more or less shackled by tradition. The United States has been for more than a hundred years the very image of modernity. In the postwar decades, it appealed to European intellectuals such as Sartre on account of its deracinated life. The music, the literature, the architecture of those years were an extravaganza of countercultural passion, breaking with every convention. If people now feel that Americans are after all too conventional, there is reason to suspect that something else is happening and that their love affair with religion, guns, and the death penalty is to be explained from sources other than the persistence of traditional structures. The chapter offers an alternative explanation, looking in turn at these three peculiarities of American culture. It also considers an element of contemporary American life where differences with an older European sensibility seem clear enough: political correctness. Ultimately, one can see that a distinctive mark cuts across American experience as a whole, becoming more visible in those areas where it breaks away from its European past. One may call it the marker of a new civilization.
Education for Change, 1773–1792
Authors: Horn Jeff
Published: December 2020

Of humble background Alexandre received a first-class education thanks to a long-term relationship between his mother and a noble army officer. At Paris’ Collège d’Harcourt, he gained the tools to interact with and serve alongside France’s elite. He attached himself to a young lawyer, Camille Desmoulins, who played an important role in whipping up popular enthusiasm in the Palais Royale during the crisis of July 1789 and emerged as an important journalist. Rousselin became his confidential secretary but then switched over to Georges-Jacques Danton, an orator and politician of growing influence. Intimately engaged in the work of both men, Rousselin watched and participated in the growth of Paris’ popular movement as Louis XVI’s intransigence and foreign war led toward the overthrow of the monarchy on 10 August 1792.
Coda
Authors: Baraz Yelena
Published: December 2020

This concluding section follows a series of intertextual connections to trace the transformations of the most radical appropriation of pride, Seneca the Younger’s image of virtue proudly walking in triumph over fortune. This series concludes with the only Christian text treated, a paradoxical image of holy pride in a letter of Paulinus of Nola. This moment shows how, with the introduction of humility as a virtue, we can see both continuity and irreversible change in the conceptual landscape of Roman emotions, and serves as a logical stopping point for this analysis of Roman pride.
Introduction
Authors: Bergo Bettina
Published: December 2020

Starting from a reflection from Auden’s The Age of Anxiety, our Introduction extends his lesson about “pain taught and soon forgotten” to confront a recent ethics characterized by “irony and anxiety.” If anxiety in philosopher Jan Philipp Reemtsma’s ethical politics is essential for modern societies intent on avoiding the crimes of the past, then what really do we know about anxiety and its history? In response, the Introduction presents a historical narrative, starting from Kantian transcendentalism and moving through Hegel and Schelling’s responses to the same—essentially restoring affects and passions to the idealist project. It then turns to Kierkegaard’s existential reappropriation of anxiety and “actuality.” Thereafter, the narrative flows into several branches with Schopenhauer and Nietzsche and, on the other hand, a natural science branch, focusing first on Darwin’s The Expression of the Emotions (1872). Given the influence of natural science, the Introduction examines Freud’s own evolution, from neurology to psychology. It analyzes the three-part significance of anxiety in his work. A final narrative stream returns to formalism with Husserl’s eidetic project. It examines his treatment of affects in the “genetic,” phase of his phenomenology, when he discussed preconscious affective forces (1918) and their role in memory and association. Heidegger’s early deformalization of Husserl’s time-consciousness resulted in a dismantling of the metaphysical ego and the reconsideration of Angst as opening access to what he called Being. The final chapter explores anxiety as arising from our intersubjective, embodied origins. Kant’s practical reason returns in Levinas’ unique phenomenology of the unthematizable Other and of my sensuous openness to that Other.
Religion Matters
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: December 2020

Religion became pervasive and enduring because it was conducive to individual and societal survival: it encouraged norms of sharing and charity, which were crucial to survival when there was no social security system, and it supported mental health and coping with insecure conditions by ensuring that a higher power will make things work out—in this life or the next. In virtually every country, religious people are happier than nonbelievers. Religion also inculcated pro-fertility norms, which were linked with societal survival under the conditions of low life expectancy and high infant mortality. Moreover, the fact that a society was historically shaped by a Protestant, Catholic, Islamic, Orthodox, or Confucian heritage set that society on a trajectory that continues to influence subsequent development even after religious institutions fade away.
What Is Replacing Religion?
Authors: Inglehart Ronald F.
Published: December 2020

People have evolved to seek patterns and explanations and seek to put them together into coherent belief systems. This is conducive to mental health. People need coherent belief systems, but religion is declining. What comes next? Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and the Netherlands have consistently been at the cutting edge of cultural change since 1990. Protestantism left an enduring imprint, but the welfare state that emerged in the 20th century added universal health coverage; high levels of state support for education, welfare spending, child care, and pensions; and an ethos of social solidarity. These countries are also characterized by rapidly declining religiosity. What does this portend? Today, these countries rank high on numerous indicators of a well-functioning society, including economic equality, gender equality, low homicide rates, subjective well-being, environmental protection, and democracy. They have become less religious, but their people have high levels of interpersonal trust, tolerance, honesty, social solidarity, and commitment to democratic norms.
The Composition and Meaning of Swinburne’s ‘Anactoria’
Authors: McGann Jerome
Published: December 2020

Because Swinburne’s ‘Anactoria’ is one of his key aesthetic manifestos, as well as one of his greatest poems, we want to get as clear a view of its composition and structure as possible. A close examination of the draft MS (at University of Texas) argues that it is missing a leaf. A comparison of that draft with a key MS page in the Fitzwilliam MS of Atalanta in Calydon argues further that the missing leaf in the draft almost certainly contained a version of the remarkable and notorious lines 155–88. Although these lines occupy the central position in the completed poem, their aggressive polemics have presented a problem for many readers. Far from unbalancing the poem’s organization, however, the passage turns out to have been pivotal from the first.
The Indivisibles of the Continuum
Authors: Jesseph Douglas M.
Published: December 2020

This chapter considers some significant developments in seventeenth-century mathematics which are part of the pre-history of the infinitesimal calculus. In particular, I examine the “method of indivisibles” proposed by Bonaventura Cavalieri and various developments of this method by Evangelista Torricelli, Gilles Personne de Roberval, and John Wallis. From the beginning, the method of indivisibles faced objections that aimed to show that it was either conceptually ill-founded (in supposing that the continuum could be composed of dimensionless points) or that its application would lead to error. I show that Cavalieri’s original formulation of the method attempted to sidestep the question of whether a continuous magnitude could be composed of indivisibles, while Torricelli proposed to avoid paradox by taking indivisibles to have both non-zero (yet infinitesimal) magnitude and internal structure. In contrast, Roberval and Wallis showed significantly less interest in addressing foundational issues and were content to maintain that the method could (at least in principle) be reduced to Archimedean exhaustion techniques.
Margaret Mead Answers
Authors: Coffman Elesha J.
Published: December 2020

Mead reached her largest audience through her monthly column in Redbook magazine, which ran from 1962 to Mead’s death in 1978. Examining the Redbook columns gives a good sense of Mead’s spiritual life and social ethics in her prime years. Religion was not a major theme in the columns, but it cropped up in surprising ways. The Redbook pieces also shed light on Mead’s relationship with Rhoda Metraux, who co-authored them and edited the three book collections drawn from the columns. Additionally, looking at the letters Mead received during these years shows the impact she had on her audience. By 1970, she was getting fifteen pounds of mail every day. People believed that they knew her through her media presence, and they trusted her enough to ask her practically anything. In some ways, she came to function almost as a clergywoman, making prophetic pronouncements, receiving confessions, and dispensing pastoral advice. Ironically, she came only late and reluctantly to acceptance of the idea that women could be clergy, and the slow evolution of her thinking on this subject is most clearly seen in one of the Redbook columns.
Taming the Corporation
Authors: Baldwin Robert , Cave Martin
Published: December 2020

Virtually all enterprises are regulated in a host of ways and regulation is crucial not merely to economic success but to protecting consumer, worker, environmental, and an array of other interests. Regulation, though, is often seen negatively: as a tiresome interference with entrepreneurial activity. This negative vision is unhelpful in addressing business and other needs for productive forms of regulation. Taming the Corporation offers an alternative, positive, vision of regulation. It stresses the role of good regulation in allowing businesses to flourish, serve markets effectively, and respect broader interests. This paves the way for more productive regulatory designs. It looks at the characteristics of good regulation and provides businesses, consumers, and citizens with the arguments that they need when they push for regulatory controls that serve their needs. Understandings of regulation are also served by looking at the potentially positive roles of control strategies ranging from ‘command laws’ to ‘nudges’. The book, in addition, provides a more detailed examination of three key regulatory challenges in the modern world: regulating for sustainability; addressing global warming; and controlling digital platforms. Taming the Corporation offers a new vision of regulation—as a positive way to steer corporate power in productive and useful directions. It turns the traditional regulation discussion on its head. Regulatory theories are discussed but the book also uses numerous case examples to illustrate and address real life challenges.
The Ratifications
Authors: Craig Paul
Published: December 2020

This chapter assesses the ratification of the Withdrawal Agreement by clarifying the means by which the UK and the EU gave effect to the exit treaty. It begins by looking at the ratification and legal implementation from the UK legal perspective. The UK is a dualist country as regards the relation between treaties and UK law. A treaty may therefore bind the UK at the international level, but will have no effect in UK domestic law unless and until it is ratified and incorporated into UK law via statute. The chapter sets out the foundational principles concerning dualism and explains the process through which the UK implemented the Withdrawal Agreement so as to satisfy the dualist precept. It also considers the interconnection between the EU Withdrawal Act 2018 and the EU Withdrawal Agreement Act 2020. The chapter then examines the ratification and its legal consequences from the EU perspective.
Citizens’ Rights
Authors: Barnard Catherine , Leinarte Emilija
Published: December 2020

This chapter addresses the provisions of the Withdrawal Agreement dealing with the protection of citizens’ rights. It explains the scope of application and the content of the rights afforded to EU citizens in the UK and UK citizens in the EU after Brexit. The chapter also looks at the enforcement of citizens’ rights, both in the EU and the UK. While the rights of EU citizens already in the UK, and rights of UK citizens in the EU, are fairly generously protected under the WA, the mechanism for enforcement of such rights raises questions of effectiveness. Moreover, the special jurisdiction of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU) concerning Part Two of the Withdrawal Agreement, while a logical outcome from the perspective of EU constitutional law, will disappoint those who supported the UK government’s insistence that ending the jurisdiction of the CJEU was one of the UK’s red lines during the Article 50 TEU negotiations.
Introduction
Authors: Bowe David
Published: December 2020

The Introduction lays out the aims and scope of the book and outlines its methodology. It triangulates the ‘dialogue’ of the title with medieval literary practices and theories of dialogue, in particular the tenzone, and with literary and linguistic theories of dialogism (Mikhail M. Bakhtin) and performative speech (John L. Austin). This Introduction provides an extensive definition of the tenzone and a summary of the critical problems surrounding this mode of writing, with particular reference to Brunetto Latini’s Rettorica. It introduces the importance of these dialogic process for our understanding of Dante and medieval Italian literature, including the works of Guittone d’Arezzo, Guido Guinizzelli, and Guido Cavalcanti.
Contract Interpretation under Korean Law
Authors: KWON Youngjoon
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines two closely connected issues in defining the contents of contracts in Korea: first, the approaches adopted in interpreting the meaning of agreed contractual terms and, second, the extent to which additional terms are implied to supplement the express terms. It discusses the underlying philosophy of interpretation with regard to the dichotomy of ‘objective’ and ‘subjective’ approaches; it details the various interpretative aids, such as customs, usages, the commercial background, the negotiations of the parties, subsequent conduct, and good faith; and it shows how Korean law resolves the tension between literalist and contextualist approaches to interpretation. A number of hypothetical scenarios illustrate how Korean courts deal with issues of contractual interpretation and gap-filling in practice.
What the Science Tells Us about Climate Change
Authors: Sarra Janis
Published: December 2020

Chapter 2 offers an analysis of the state of science and its direct implications for business. It explores how the physical impacts of climate change are already evident, discussing impacts on human health and well-being; on food security and food production systems; on the ecosystems of oceans, lands, and wetlands; and impacts on freshwater resources and on the cryosphere. The chapter examines the concept of climate tipping points and the implications for businesses. It also explores why mitigation is crucially important to reversing the negative impacts of climate change and discusses why climate adaptation is important and necessary, but not, in itself, sufficient to change the current trajectory of global warming. The chapter focuses particularly on what companies need to know about the current science on climate change.
Further selected solutions
Authors: Chruściel Piotr T.
Published: December 2020

In previous chapters we presented the key notions associated with stationary black-hole spacetimes, as well as the minimal set of metrics needed to illustrate the basic features of the world of black holes. In this chapter we present some further black holes, selected because of their physical and mathematical interest. We start, in Section 5.1, with the Kerr–de Sitter/anti-de Sitter metrics, the cosmological counterparts of the Kerr metrics. Section 5.2 contains a description of the Kerr–Newman–de Sitter/anti-de Sitter metrics, which are the charged relatives of the metrics presented in Section 5.1. In Section 5.3 we analyse in detail the global structure of the Emparan–Reall ‘black rings’: these are five-dimensional black-hole spacetimes with R × S
1 × S
2-horizon topology. The Rasheed metrics of Section 5.4 provide an example of black holes arising in Kaluza–Klein theories. The Birmingham family of metrics, presented in Section 5.5, forms the most general class known of explicit static vacuum metrics with cosmological constant in all dimensions, with a wide range of horizon topologies.
Conclusion
Authors: Muldoon James
Published: December 2020

The conclusion addresses the council movements’ widespread demands for the radical transformation of German society and for the democratization of politics and the economy. It frames these as the extension of democratic principles throughout society. It then traces the shift from the council movements to the later development of council communist political thought. While many of the underlying conditions that led to the emergence of councils have shifted since their emergence over a century ago, the conclusion outlines how reflection on the councils could influence building workers’ power today. The conclusion also reaffirms the council theorists’ vision of the radical reorganization of social relations towards a self-determining society.
Crisis Politics in Surplus Countries
Authors: Walter Stefanie , Ray Ari , Redeker Nils
Published: December 2020

This chapter investigates how distributional conflicts between economic interest groups interacted with the preferences and priorities of voters and political elites in shaping crisis outcomes in surplus countries. Leveraging public opinion data, qualitative evidence, and information gathered in thirty interviews with policymakers and group representatives for a comparative case study, the chapter analyzes why surplus-country governments remained hesitant toward bailouts and alternative financing and why—even though interest group conflicts about internal adjustment policies looked very similar—Germany, Austria and the Netherlands varied in the extent to which they engaged in domestic expansion during the crisis. It shows that gridlock amongst interest groups about how to adjust internally is especially likely to result in non-adjustment in contexts in which voters give little priority to boosting domestic demand and domestic political elites are able to design crisis responses in concordance with their own ideological convictions. However, in contexts in which the domestic economic climate makes economic reforms become a politically salient issue, policymakers have large incentives to overrule the gridlock amongst interest groups. As a result, even highly export-oriented countries implement measures that boost domestic demand and lead to a meaningful rebalancing of the current account.
Introduction
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

The introduction establishes the context for the book by describing the literary, critical, and historical contexts for its readings of Irish coastal literature from the late nineteenth century to the present. It describes the recent history of critical discussion of water and the sea in relation to literature globally, and connects this history to connected projects in the Irish and British archipelago, establishing how this book is interested principally in the many moments of transition between land and sea that occur in Irish literature. It proceeds by tracing the various and changing ways in which the coast, the sea, and the ocean have shaped the operations of a series of interconnected literary and visual works that radiate from the island’s shores. The collective presence of these hydro-cultures invites a different perspective on literature and history that complements the comparative study of Ireland in four nations, Atlantic, and oceanic histories.
Fluidity and Form in Hamilton, Banville, and Enright
Authors: Allen Nicholas
Published: December 2020

This chapter offers readings of three recent Irish novels that take water, the coast, history, and family as their subject: Hugo Hamilton’s The Speckled People, first published in 2003; John Banville’s The Sea, which won the Booker Prize when it was published in 2005; and Anne Enright’s The Gathering, which also won the Booker when it was published in 2007. The chapter explores these novels as experiments in a liquid prose whose porous narratives complicate ideas of memory and belonging. Mournful and resilient, The Gathering is one of the best written and most relentless novels in modern Irish fiction. Like The Speckled People and The Sea, it is speculative and uncertain, Enright’s reflections on family and attachment shaped, like those of Hamilton and Banville, by an intense awareness of water as a resource for imagery and characterization capable of representing the complexity of the evaporating moment.
Classical Gauge Field Theory
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

After a sketch of Lagrangian field theory on jet bundles, the notion of a gauge field is introduced as a section of an affine bundle which is naturally constructed without any involvement with structure groups. An original approach to gauge field theory in terms of covariant differentials (alternative to the jet bundle approach) is then developed, and the adaptations needed in order to deal with general theories are laid out. A careful exposition of the replacement principle allows comparisons with approaches commonly found in the literature.
Electroweak Extensions
Authors: Canarutto Daniel
Published: December 2020

Possible natural extensions of electroweak geometry are discussed on the ground of the approach exposed in Chapter 8. By considering quantum fields in such general context several invariants are found; in a restricted context these give rise to a functional which could be identified with the Higgs potential.
The neglect of desire
Authors: Hole Sam
Published: December 2020

Chapter 1 examines the intellectual, ecclesial, and wider cultural context underpinning the diverse modern interpretations of John’s thought. Twentieth-century studies of John, for all their methodological variety, have been dominated by three traditions of interpretation that have only grasped partial elements in his teaching, important though these elements are. These traditions have emphasized the importance of ‘affectivity’ in the spiritual life, the meanings of ‘mysticism’ or ‘mystical experience’, and the theological significance of John’s poetic language. Each strand of thought, however, originates from particular early twentieth-century theological and philosophical commitments whose legacy continues to inform present-day reading of John. Recognition of the extent to which previous works have been shaped by disciplinary boundaries that took their shape in the last century enables a renewed appreciation of John’s theology on its own terms. Through this insight aspects of his work that have all too often been split between spirituality, mysticism, literary studies, and theological anthropology—in particular, his creative reworking of the notion of desire—may be better appreciated.
Language, form, and imagery in John’s poetry
Authors: Hole Sam
Published: December 2020

Chapter 3 turns to John’s poetry, the first genre in which he wrote and the foundational form of his thought. In their imaginative, narratival depiction of the inner life of the Trinity, John’s Romances explore the communicative nature of language, examining how the loving desire that constitutes the pneumatological bond of Father and Son is also is to be found in the creativity of language itself. John is certainly intrigued by the limits of language that are encountered in the spiritual ascent, which he explores in his glosa and copla poems by playing in various fashions on the theme of the paradoxes involved in human union with the divine. Yet his lira poems, which serve as the basis for his prose commentaries, show him to be chiefly animated by the value of the language and imagery of erotic desire for the depiction of the spiritual ascent. The form and imagery of these poems present a heightened sense of the erotic potential of language itself, which in its very superabundance and excess supports the poem’s accounts of the lovers’ yearning and consummation. Through his poetry, therefore, John presents erotic desire as a force that propels the soul towards its goal, and whose eventual realization in union with God may be meaningfully depicted through the superabundant deployment of images and language drawn from human sexual love.
Soundness, Epistemology, and Frege’s Project
Authors: Weiner Joan
Published: December 2020

Insofar as the use of natural language to introduce, discuss, and argue about features of a formal system is metatheoretic, there can be no doubt: Frege has a metatheory. But what kind of metatheory? Although the model theoretic semantics with which we are familiar today is a post-Fregean development, most believe that Frege offers a proto-soundness proof for his logic that intrinsically exploits a truth predicate and metalinguistic variables. In this chapter it is argued that he neither uses, nor has any need to use, a truth predicate or metalinguistic variables in justifications of his basic laws and rules. The purpose of the discussions that are typically understood as constituting Frege’s metatheory is, rather, elucidatory. And once we see what the aim of these particular elucidations is, we can explain Frege’s otherwise puzzling eschewal of the truth predicate in his discussions of the justification of the laws and rules of inference.
International Standards for CCPs
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: December 2020

After the crisis, following the mandatory central clearing of derivatives, CCPs became crucial nodes of the financial system. Thus, new rules to improve their resilience, recovery, and resolution were issued. Initially, the division of work amongst international standard-setting bodies was unclear and international standards on CCPs lacked granularity. Subsequently, the division of work was clarified and relatively more precise, stringent, and consistent rules on CCPs were issued. The US and the UK were pace-setters internationally and partial first-movers domestically. The EU had preferences that were largely aligned with those of the US. Transgovernmental networks operating in international standard-setting bodies deployed formal and informal tools to promote regulatory consistency within the elemental regime on CCPs. Finally, financial interests mobilized in a variety of venues with a view towards shaping the content of the new standards on the basis of expected costs and benefits.
Conclusions
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: December 2020

This concluding chapter, first, carries out an overall assessment of the post-crisis international regulation of derivatives and teases out outstanding issues. It compares the regulatory dynamics of various elemental regimes concerning derivatives markets, underscoring similarities and differences, and explaining how regime complexity was managed with a view to promoting rule precision, stringency, and consistency. The second section summarizes the main theoretical and empirical findings of the research. The last section details the book’s wider empirical and theoretical contributions to the field as well as providing recommendations for future research. Among other things, further research could investigate and compare regime complexity in a variety of policy areas, inside and outside of the field of finance. It would be interesting to assess which explanations ‘travel’ better across policy areas, and which dynamics, instead, are more distinctive of a specific policy area.
The Trouble with Foreign Investor Protection
Authors: Van Harten Gus
Published: December 2020

Governments are rightly discussing reform of investment treaties, and of the powerful system of ‘investor–state dispute settlement’ (ISDS) upon which they rest. It is therefore important to be clear about the crux of the problem. ISDS treaties are flawed fundamentally because they firmly institute wealth-based inequality under international law. That is, they use cross-border ownership of assets, mostly by multinationals and billionaires, as the gateway to extraordinary protections, while denying equivalent safeguards to those who lack the wealth required to qualify as foreign investors. The treaties thus have the main effect of safeguarding an awe-inspiring set of rights and privileges for the ultra-wealthy at the expense of countries and their populations. This book shows how ISDS came to explode in a global context of extreme concentration of wealth and of widespread poverty. The history of early ISDS treaties is highlighted to show their ties to decolonization and, sometimes, extreme violence and authoritarianism. Focusing on early ISDS lawsuits and rulings reveals how a small group of lawyers and arbitrators worked to create the legal foundations for massive growth of ISDS since 2000. ISDS-based protections are examined in detail to demonstrate how they give exceptional advantages to the wealthy. Examples are offered of how the protections have been used to reconfigure state decision making and shift sovereign minds in favour of foreign investors. Finally, the ongoing efforts of governments to reform ISDS are surveyed, with a call to go further or, even better, to withdraw from the treaties.
Computation and the Function of Consciousness
Authors: Piccinini Gualtiero
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the connection between computation and consciousness. Three theses are sometimes conflated. Functionalism is the view that the mind is the functional organization of the brain. The Computational Theory of Mind (CTM) is the view that the whole mind—not only cognition but consciousness as well—has a computational explanation. When combined with the empirical discovery that the brain is the organ of the mind, CTM entails that the functional organization of the brain is computational. Computational functionalism is the conjunction of the two: the mind is the computational organization of the brain. Contrary to a common assumption, functionalism entails neither CTM nor computational functionalism. This finding makes room for an underexplored possibility: that consciousness be (at least partly) due to the functional organization of the brain without being computational in nature. This is a noncomputational version of functionalism about consciousness.
Wright on Theodicy
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

In Evil and the Justice of God, N. T. Wright suggests that attempting to solve the philosophical problem of evil is an immature response to the existence of evil—one that belittles the real problem, which is just that evil is bad and needs to be dealt with. If he is correct, then the vast majority of work on the problem of evil in the analytic philosophical tradition has been worthless at best, and possibly even pernicious (by virtue of trivializing a serious theological issue). This chapter identifies a kernel of truth in Wright’s objection to philosophical attempts to solve the problem of evil, and goes on to argue that some such attempts avoid Wright’s objection.
Narrative, Liturgy, and the Hiddenness of God
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

Chapter 7 draws on recent work by Eleonore Stump and Sarah Coakley to defend a response to the problem of divine hiddenness that is consistent with the claim that God does not permit divine hiddenness in order to secure greater human goods. although this conclusion is consistent with the claim that God permits divine hiddenness for the sake of some greater good, it rules out the idea that whatever human goods may be promoted by divine hiddenness are the goods for the sake of which God remains hidden.
The Private Equity Fund
Authors: Gilligan John , Wright Mike
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses private equity funds. It looks at the typical fund structures, who invests in private equity, and compares and contrasts alternative investment options. A private equity fund is a form of ‘investment club’ in which the principal investors are institutional investors, such as pension funds, investment funds, endowment funds, insurance companies, banks, sovereign wealth funds, family offices/high net worth individuals and funds of funds, as well as the private equity fund managers themselves. Private equity funds have a limited life, meaning that there is a pre-agreed date on which they will stop making new investments and subsequently be wound up. Typically, a fund invests in new projects for six years and is wound up in ten years. There is a standard extension period of two years in most fund agreements, hence they are generally known as ‘ten plus two’ limited life funds. In the past few years, some longer-term funds have started to be raised by some fund managers. These are typically targeting growth capital. The chapter then differentiates limited partners (external investors) from the general partner (the manager). It also studies the economics of private equity, examines the details of a representative Limited Partners Agreement as well as taxation, and describes the secondary fund market.
Doing A Deal
Authors: Gilligan John , Wright Mike
Published: December 2020

This chapter details the process of a private equity transaction. There are two sides to every corporate transaction: those acting with or for the purchaser and those acting with or for the owners of the target company, the shareholders. Private equity funds outsource many functions. The chapter looks at the advisory relationships at three stages of an asset’s ownership cycle: acquisition of the target company, during the ownership life, and finally at disposal. It considers both what the advisers are doing and the incentives that this creates in the broader private equity market, particularly focusing on reciprocity. The chapter also examines the auction process that lies at the heart of many private equity deals. The key contracts in a private equity deal include the Articles of Association, the Investment Agreement, and the Sale and Purchase Agreement. The chapter then describes the Heads of Terms, which is a non-binding agreement that sets out the key terms of the deal prior to starting to draft the formal contracts.
The Trouble with Dreams
Authors: Neil Bronwen
Published: December 2020

This chapter is concerned with eastern monastic teachings on the meaning and significance of revelatory dreams, and the contemporaneous Talmudic tradition from Persia. The monastic sayings of the Byzantine East were focused on ascetics and were used predominantly as a guide for other ascetics. Eastern Christian monastics—men as well as women—and their lay followers, regularly received visions. In the first part of the chapter, the eastern monastic tradition of Byzantium is illustrated by various ascetic treatises from Evagrius, the Sayings of the Desert Fathers (and Mothers), and monastic writings from east and west Syria. The second part surveys late antique Jewish approaches to divination in dreams and the activity of the soul, examining the intersection of dream interpretation and rabbinic life in the Babylonian Talmud. A strong belief in the democratic nature of dream interpretation is evident here, especially in The Book of Blessings (Berakoth), according to which prophetic dreams were available to everyone, and professional interpreters were not needed to understand them. The third part contrasts these with early Islamic hadith on dreams and their interpretation.
Dreams and the Material World
Authors: Neil Bronwen
Published: December 2020

This chapter turns to the hagiographic tradition and what it can tell us about the spiritual roles available to men and women within it. It is concerned mostly with archetypal-spiritual dreams and prophetic or mantic dreams, which pertained not only to the future but also to the present. Any dream in which a prophet, angel, saint, or other agent of God appears may be considered prophetic. Byzantine saints found new avenues of appearance through tangible items such as icons and holy relics. Their messages, which could have personal or wider significance, were generally clear in meaning and did not require interpretation by specialists. The chapter compares the dreams of holy Christian men and women with the dreams of their Muslim counterparts in the Sufi tradition. It shows that dreams allowed pious women a greater degree of spiritual agency than was normally accorded to them in either culture. This unusual equity of gender is also evident in the early hagiographic biographies of Muhammad. The chapter closes with apocalyptic visions in Judaism, Byzantine Christianity, and Islam, showing that they were symptomatic of communities in crisis, regardless of faith. Moving from community concerns to individual concerns about the afterlife, it looks at tours of the other world, including two undertaken by women.
On the Edge of Empire
Authors: Osborne James F.
Published: December 2020

This chapter borrows from middle-ground studies and related hybridity theory to argue that the Syro-Anatolian Culture Complex (SACC) was on an equal cultural footing with its much more politically powerful neighbor, the Neo-Assyrian Empire. Although Assyria would come to conquer most of SACC by about 700 BCE, for several centuries the two entities influenced one another culturally, an influence that is visible in their cultural products like wall reliefs and monumental statuary. In several cases, these reliefs and statues deliberately fused elements from both places to produce newly significant products, often in ways that emphasized Syro-Anatolian cultural priority even in the face of political domination. Beyond the fusion of iconographic tropes in isolated artworks, this chapter surveys the archaeological record of Syro-Anatolian cities that continued in use past the Assyrian conquest, demonstrating that in nearly all cases these cities’ architectural traditions were unmolested even while new Assyrian buildings were constructed, such that these cities themselves became hybrid entities of Assyrian and Syro-Anatolian cultural production.
Conclusion
Authors: Michie Ranald C.
Published: December 2020

The Global Financial Crisis that took place in 2007–9 was the product of both long-term trends and a specific set of circumstances. In particular, the thirty years preceding that crisis had witnessed a refashioning of the global financial system, which was, itself, a reaction to that which had emerged after the Second World War. Over those thirty years competitive markets gradually replaced governments and central banks in determining the volume and direction of international financial flows. The interaction within and between economies took place on a daily basis through the markets for short-term credit, long-term loans, foreign exchange, securities, and a growing array of ever more complex financial instruments that allowed risks to be hedged whether in terms of interest rates, currencies, exposure to counterparties, or other variables. This was a period of great innovation as new financial instruments were created in order to match the needs of lenders for high returns, certainty, and stability and those of borrowers for low cost finance and flexibility in terms of the amount, currency, and timing of repayment. Nevertheless, governments remained heavily involved through the role played by regulators and central banks, generating confidence in the stability of the new financial system. That confidence was destroyed by the Global Financial Crisis of 2008 and had not been rebuilt by 2020.
Group Lies
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, an account of group lies is provided. First, whether group lies can be understood in terms of the lies of the group’s members is considered and, second, whether group lies can be characterized in terms of joint agreement by the group’s members to lie. After showing both views to be misguided, a new account of group lying is offered according to which it crucially involves the group offering a statement. In particular, because what a group says can come apart from what its individual members say, it is argued that a group might lie when no individual member lies, and a group might fail to lie even though every individual member does. A central virtue of this account is that it captures the often subtle and complex relationship that can exist between most groups and their spokespersons.
Embracing a New Profession
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

Publishing The Meaning of Anxiety and having experience as a psychotherapist place May in a favorable position to be an influence on the profession. In addition to his practice, he takes the lead for the New York State Psychological Association in the legislative battle to seek a licensing law that would allow non-medical therapists from practicing without linkage to a doctor. He also found a niche at the White Institute, at first creating a pastoral counseling program linking the Institute to clergy and seminar students and then as a full-fledged member of the teaching faculty. His public and professional profile expanded with the publication of Man’s Search for Himself in 1953, a popular and accurate presentation of the ideas of Kierkegaard and Tillich, as well as his own, as they applied to everyday life in modernity. It became a bestseller.
Existential Calling
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

His work on Kierkegaard and exposure to Existentialism motivated May to collaborate with Henri Ellenberger and Ernest Angel to produce a volume, finally published in 1958, that introduced Existential Psychology to the American profession and public. Existence received wide exposure in lay and professional worlds and remains an influential text. He then participated in the founding of the, a journal called Existential Inquiries, and an APA panel that was soon published as Existential Psychology (1961). These events marked a turning point in psychotherapeutic practice and in part led to the creation of a related movement—Humanistic Psychology.
Love and Will
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

This chapter juxtaposes the enormous success of May’s bestselling Love and Will, published in fall 1969, thrusting him into even greater public notice, and the fact that in the same year he and Florence finally get divorced and almost immediately May falls in love with and marries another, much younger woman.
Epilogue: Life after Life
Authors: Abzug Robert H.
Published: December 2020

This epilogue recounts the fate of May’s work since his death, a period of declining and then renewed interest that continues today. It deals with changes in publishing, therapy, the rise of Prozac and other psychotropic drugs and their impact on psychotherapy, the impact of HMOs, and the renewal of interest created by the circulation of his books through Amazon.com and other online booksellers. It also points to the circulation of his ideas in blogs and vlogs as well as in comments on bookstore sites.
Chapter XIX
Authors: Collins Wilkie
Published: December 2020

‘A tumbler of the old Marcobrunner,* David, and a slice of the game pie—before I say one word about what we owe to that angel upstairs. Off with the wine, my dear boy; you look as pale as death!’

With those words Mr...
Chapter XI
Authors: Collins Wilkie
Published: December 2020

The New Year had come.*

On the morning of the second of January, Mrs Wagner (on her way to the office at the customary hour) was stopped at the lower flight of stairs by Madame Fontaine—evidently waiting with a purpose.

‘Pardon me,’ said the...
Durandarte And Belerma
Authors: Lewis Matthew
Published: December 2020

Sad and fearful is the story

Of the Roncevalles fight;

On those fatal plains of glory

Perished many a gallant Knight.

There fell Durandarte; Never

Verse a nobler Chieftain named:

He, before his lips for ever

Closed in silence thus exclaimed.

‘Oh! Belerma! Oh! my...
Chapter II
Authors: Lewis Matthew
Published: December 2020

O You! whom Vanity’s light bark conveys

On Fame’s mad voyage by the wind of praise,

With what a shifting gale your course you ply,

For ever sunk too low, or borne too high!

Who pants for glory finds but short repose,

A breath revives...
Serenade
Authors: Lewis Matthew
Published: December 2020

Chorus

Oh! Breathe in gentle strain, my Lyre!

’Tis here that Beauty loves to rest:

Describe the pangs of fond desire,

Which rend a faithful Lover’s breast.

Song

In every heart to find a Slave,

In every Soul to fix his reign,

In bonds to...
Three Editors
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

Let the reader be introduced to Lady Carbury, upon whose character and doings much will depend of whatever interest these pages may have, as she sits at her writing-table in her own room in her own house in Welbeck Street.* Lady Carbury...
Madame Melmotte’s Ball
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

The next night but one after that of the gambling transaction at the Beargarden, a great ball was given in Grosvenor Square.* It was a ball on a scale so magnificent that it had been talked about ever since Parliament met, now...
Carbury Manor
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

‘I don’t think it quite nice, mamma; that’s all. Of course if you have made up your mind to go, I must go with you.’

‘What on earth can be more natural than that you should go to your own cousin’s house?’

‘You know what...
Dolly Longestaffe Goes into the City
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

It has been told how the gambling at the Beargarden went on one Sunday night. On the following Monday Sir Felix did not go to the club. He had watched Miles Grendall at play, and was sure that on more than one...
Mr Melmotte on the Day of the Election
Authors: Trollope Anthony
Published: December 2020

No election of a Member of Parliament by ballot in a borough so large as that of Westminster had as yet been achieved in England since the ballot had been established by law.* Men who heretofore had known, or thought that they...