bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Psychometric Investigation of Rossiter's Short Test Measuring Children's Attitudes toward TV Commercials
Authors: Macklin M. Carole
Published: September 2011

A psychometric investigation was conducted of Rossiter's test (1977) to measure children's attitudes toward television commercials. The factor analyses conducted on different populations of test-takers suggested empirical difficulties in the number and nature of dimensions underlying the scale.
Beliefs and Fears Underlying Type a Behaviour
Authors: Burke Ronald J.
Published: September 2011

Price proposed that Type A behaviour allows individuals to cope with fears and anxieties engendered by beliefs they develop about their environment through socialization. This study tests her cognitive social-learning model of Type A behaviour by developing measures of beliefs and fears and validating them against a standardized Type A measure, Jenkins Activity Survey. 153 male and female university students of administration responded to questionnaires, assessing 3 beliefs, 4 fears, and 4 aspects of Type A behaviour. Measures of beliefs and fears had desirable psychometric properties and produced modest relationships with Jenkins' scores.
Effects of Suggestibility on Learning by Retarded and Nonretarded Students
Authors: Shuck Annette U. , Ludlow Barbara L.
Published: September 2011

Mildly mentally retarded and nonretarded students (age range: 10 to 16 yr.), classified by groups according to low suggestibility, were exposed to positive, negative, or neutral suggestions concerning their performance on a paired-associate learning task. A split-plot design assessed interactions between variables of subjects' category and suggestibility and treatment conditions, such as suggestion provided and trials. Analyses of variance showed retarded students improved more. The data also suggested somewhat improved performance by subjects given a positive suggestion. The suggestibility of many retarded students may be used by trainers to facilitate faster learning of simple tasks, especially if positive performance suggestions are employed.
Relationship between Experienced Control and Domiciles of Elderly Persons
Authors: Tiffany Phyllis G. , Camp Cameron J. , Tiffany Donald W. , Dey Kay A.
Published: September 2011

The authors compared scores on the WAIS and Tiffany Experienced Control Scales for three groups of subjects over 68 years of age, living in a health care facility (Group I), living with or near family members (Group II), and living in their own homes (Group III). Analysis suggests that the amount of control perceived by subjects is validated by their living accommodations. Further support is given to these findings by the comparison of control scores to the Performance IQs of the WAIS. Subjects low on performance are also low in their perceptions of control. All groups were similar on the verbal subtests. The authors suggest that further use of the Tiffany Experienced Control Scales might be helpful in better understanding perceived control across the adult life-span.
Relationship of Religiosity to Death Anxiety of Middle-Aged Males
Authors: Downey Ann M.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to determine how religiosity was related to death anxiety among a group of middle-aged men. A non-probability sample of 237 male volunteers between the ages of 40 and 59 yr. of whom 88.7% were engaged in professional occupations completed a questionnaire composed of various research instruments. A single composite score for religiosity was obtained through a principal-components analysis of 13 items selected, adjusted, and compiled by Downey (1980) from various religiosity scales. Boyar's Fear of Death Scale assessed death anxiety, while “experience of death” was measured by three items and was utilized as a control variable in determining the association between religiosity and death anxiety. Analysis indicated that “experience of death” or the amount of contact the male has had with death was not related to death anxiety. Data did not support the prediction that those males who were less religious would exhibit higher scores on death anxiety than would those men who were more religious. Further analyses demonstrated a curvilinear relationship between religiosity and death anxiety. The middle-aged men who were moderately religious evidenced a significantly higher fear of death than the men who were either low or high in religiosity.
Validity of a Scale Designed to Measure Beliefs in Free Will and Determinism
Authors: Viney Wayne , McIntyre Robert , Viney Donald Wayne
Published: September 2011

After hearing a lecture on free will and determinism, 58 junior and senior students volunteered to respond to a scale designed to assess an individual's position on the issue. 11 days following the administration of the scale, students were given an essay examination which asked them to specify and defend their views on free will and determinism. Two judges graded the essays independently and provided assessments of students' positions on free will and determinism as well as students' knowledge of the issue. Statistically significant correlations between position scores on the essays and responses to the Free Will-Determinism Scale provided convergent evidence for the construct validity of the scale. Students' knowledge scores were not significantly correlated with scale scores.
Test-Retest Reliability of the Idea Inventory
Authors: Vestre Norris D.
Published: September 2011

The Idea Inventory proposed as a measure of irrational thinking as defined by rational-emotive theory, was administered to two independent samples of college students on two occasions. Sample 1 ( n = 135) provided a test-retest interval of 4 wk.; Sample 2 ( n = 114), an interval of 4 to 6 wk. Indices of temporal stability, test-retest reliability coefficients (product-moment) and group changes over time, indicated satisfactory reliability for the Idea Inventory.
Feedback and Anxiety in Verbal Discrimination Learning
Authors: Schneider H. G. , Schneider G. D.
Published: September 2011

120 volunteers learned a 12-pair list of 4-letter words of low frequency. The independent variable was feedback (positive only, negative only, or positive and negative), and trait anxiety (high or low) and sex (male or female) were used as subject-variables. For errors per trial, the interaction of feedback, anxiety, and trials was significant. Individuals low in anxiety performed poorly when exposed to negative feedback while feedback contingencies were not related to performance differences for the highly anxious individuals. The results are discussed in terms of task-related state anxiety.
Will the “Cult of the Laboratory” Hinder the Spread of Applied Behavior Analysis?
Authors: Thyer Bruce A.
Published: September 2011

Recent articles on behavior analysis have suggested that the field is drifting in several unfortunate directions, becoming less laboratory-based, less analytic, and more technical, at the expense of conceptual rigor. A number of authors have suggested that one countercontrol to these trends is a return to an animal-based laboratory-apprenticeship model of behavioral education. The present article contends that this model is now unworkable for a number of disciplines utilizing applied behavior analysis and some educational alternatives more viable for incorporation into the curricula of non-psychological human service professions are proposed.
Cross-Cultural Research on the Templer/Mc Mordie Death Anxiety Scale
Authors: McMordie William R. , Kumar Anand
Published: September 2011

The present paper reports 7 studies from 4 countries using the Templer/McMordie Death Anxiety Scale or its Hindi version, the development of which in India is described. It was found that women scored higher than men cross-culturally, age differences were observed, and eastern samples scored lower than western samples.
Factors Common to Motives and Personality Traits
Authors: Lorr Maurice , Youniss Richard P. , Stefic Edward C.
Published: September 2011

The study was done to establish the dimensions common to two inventories devoted to assessing interpersonal patterns and motivational styles. The inventories were administered to a sample of 96 college students. The 27 scores were intercorrelated and subjected to a principal components analysis, and the five factors isolated were subjected to an oblique transformation. These higher-order factors were interpreted as Interpersonal Involvement, Self-control, Level of Socialization, Achievement Motivation, and Approval Seeking. The findings support the value of a combined use of personality and motivational measures in clarifying theory and in further understanding of individual personality profiles.
Affective Aspects of Clinical Reasoning: Their Importance in Assessment of Behavioral Diagnoses in Medical Patients
Authors: Greenberg Donna B. , Eisenthal Sherman , Stoeckle John D.
Published: September 2011

Physicians' expectations of patients' behavior are de facto aspects of clinical reasoning. Yet, for the most part, these aspects are not included in the modern paradigm of clinical decision making, which presumes that physicians should decide only on a normative probabilistic logic. If diagnostic cues are equivocal, physicians are more likely to be affected by the doctor-patient encounter from which they derive their expectations about patients' compliance. Affective aspects of clinical reasoning are particularly important in evaluation of behavioral diagnoses which are often equivocal. Physicians' reasoning about patients' compliance with diagnostic testing and medical treatment was studied by questionnaires completed at the end of the office visits. The physicians' expectations of testing compliance were associated with a high percent of significant medical problems, more severe illness, younger patients, and junior resident staff. The expectation of non-compliance with treatment was associated with a lower percent of significant medical problems, discomfort in talking to the patient, and a behavioral diagnosis. Physicians were more comfortable talking to sicker patients who had significant medical problems. We conclude that physicians expect patients to behave pragmatically, complying with testing and treatment if their problems are serious and treatable. When physicians are uncomfortable with patients because the patients have problems which are deemed less medically significant, more equivocal, or because of the patients' personalities, physicians are more likely to expect that the patient will not take treatment.
Contiguous Approach Conditioning: A Model for Sidman Avoidance Learning
Authors: Haraway M. M. , Maples E. G. , Cooper S. C.
Published: September 2011

The study sought to extend M. R. Denny's contiguous approach conditioning model of instrumental reinforcement effects to account for Sidman avoidance conditioning. Experimental subjects (rats) received a 15-sec. duration light which was paired, independently of the subject's behavior, with the nonoccurrence of regularly scheduled 1-ma. shocks. Controls received light and shock unpaired. All subjects were then tested in a simple T-maze for approach to the light. Groups did not differ significantly in the direction of their initial response (approach or nonapproach to the light) but did differ in latency of approach to the light. Further, a significantly higher proportion of experimental subjects than control subjects approached the light within the 15 sec. that had been the “safety” period during pairing. While these findings are largely consistent with Denny's theory, they might also be taken to support expectancy or informational interpretations of Sidman avoidance.
Humor Preference and Coping with Stress
Authors: Schill Thomas , O'Laughlin Shawn
Published: September 2011

The present study was done to determine whether humor preference was related to how well one copes with stressful life events. Ranked preference for sexual humor was related to efficient coping for male ( n = 79) but not female ( n = 74) college students. Results were seen as consistent in part with Freud's theory of humor.
Predicting Probability of Attaining Fitness to Stand Trial
Authors: Cuneo Daniel J. , Brelje Terry B.
Published: September 2011

Mental health professionals' accuracy in predictions on the probability of unfit defendants' ability of attaining fitness to stand trial was examined. An over-all 78% accuracy in such predictions was found. It is interesting to note that all errors were due to overpredicting individuals' ability to attain fitness. The implications are discussed.
The Type-Token Ratio and Vocabulary Performance
Authors: Hess Carla W. , Ritchie Kelley P. , Landry Richard G.
Published: September 2011

The Type-Token Ratio (TTR), a measure of lexical diversity, was correlated with four measures of vocabulary performance: the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test-Revised, the Oral and Picture subtests of the Test of Language Development, and the Test of Written Language. The vocabulary tests were administered to 21 6-, 7-, and 8-yr.-old children from whom language samples were obtained for the application of three Type Token Ratio measures: the TTR-Total for the whole language sample, the TTR-100 for language samples of 100 words, and the CTTR, a procedure intended to be independent of language sample size. One correlation of .45 (between the CTTR and the Oral-TOLD) was significant. More research on validity is necessary to clarify the measurement domain of the TTR, if it is to be useful clinically.
A Guttman Scale to Measure Heterosexual Behavior in Three Different Catalan Samples
Authors: Garcia-Sevilla Lluís , Muntaner Carles , Moreno Victor , Trullàs Ramon
Published: September 2011

This work concerned the scalability of heterosexual behavior developing Bentler's scale (1967) for a Catalan sample of 263 subjects of both sexes and from three different educational levels. Analysis of responses to a questionnaire of 34 items showed that heterosexual experiences could be scaled according to a fairly fixed cumulative ordinal pattern. No differences were found between the patterns by sex or educational level. Some applications of the scale are suggested.
Comparison of Process-Reactive Measures in DSM-III Diagnosed Schizophrenics
Authors: Cheselka Olga , Herron William G. , Poland Harold V. , Schultz Candace L.
Published: September 2011

A comparison was made of the ability of 8 process-reactive measures to predict symptomatic improvement over 3- and 6-mo. time intervals in DSM-III diagnosed schizophrenics. The sample was predominantly process, chronic patients showing little improvement. This in turn appeared to be a function of the DSM-III definition of schizophrenia. The successful predictors were scores on the Maine scales, Social Attainment Scale, and the Prognostic Scale, though with different time intervals, outcome measures, or sexes. The process-reactive conception now appears more applicable to a schizophrenic spectrum than to DSM-III diagnosed schizophrenics.
The Personal Sphere Model: Psychometric Properties and Concurrent Validity in a College Population
Authors: Sollod Robert N.
Published: September 2011

The Personal Sphere Model, a projective instrument developed to elicit a representation of the object-relation world of an individual and previously used with clinical populations, was administered to 310 college students. Norms were developed and component factors extracted. Seven major factors—productivity, number of family, number of ideas, number of things, number of interruptions in relationships, size of objects, and number of bonds—accounted for 86% of the variance. Criterion validity was established as the representation of interruptions was significantly correlated with scores on the Beck Depression Scale and the Rotter Internal-External Locus of Control Scale.
Collective Behaviour: The School and Children's Collectives
Authors: Csapo Marg
Published: September 2011

The acquisition of prosocial and cooperative behaviour is the major task of the socialization process. In Western countries moral and values education is the title given to curricular efforts which shape and define individuals' relationship to the group. The emphasis in capitalist and socialist countries differs greatly both in the process of acquisition and the extent of prosocial behaviour deemed necessary for successful functioning in society. This paper gives an overview of the role of children's collectives in the socialization process by reviewing Soviet and Hungarian educational references.
Adolescent Mothers and Fetal Loss, What is Learned from Experience?
Authors: Smith Peggy B. , Weinman Maxine , Malinak L. Russell
Published: September 2011

73 gravida I adolescent mothers and 93 gravida III adolescent mothers of low socio-economic status were compared to verify that a higher rate of fetal loss exists with parity. Gravida III adolescent mothers had only a 45 % chance of having all three children living compared to the 95% of gravida I adolescent mothers. Moreover, gravida III adolescent mothers used prenatal care and preventive health programs less frequently than their gravida I counterparts. Most problems with babies also occurred more frequently with gravida III young women.
Attitudes toward AIDS, Herpes II, and Toxic Shock Syndrome
Authors: Simkins Lawrence , Eberhage Mark G.
Published: September 2011

The purposes of this study were to determine by questionnaire current attitudes about AIDS, herpes, and Toxic Shock Syndrome and to what extent concern about these diseases affected behavior of 232 volunteers from classes in a midwestern university. The majority of the respondents expressed relatively little concern about any of these diseases. Except for a few respondents who expressed extreme concern, there were also no changes in current self-reported rates of sexual activity compared to a year ago. Male homosexuals expressed more concern about AIDS than other sexual preference groups. However, this did not appear to affect their level of sexual activity. Female respondents expressed relatively more concern about Toxic Shock Syndrome than either AIDS or herpes but the majority of them were still users of tampons. Previous media reports had indicated there was significant curtailment in sexual activity as a result of herpes and AIDS. It is hypothesized that the media reports were based on surveys of areas that had higher actual incidence rates of these diseases than was observed in this sample. Concern about these diseases and any psychological impact may be a function of the incidence of disease.
Problem-Solving Appraisal versus Hypothetical Problem Solving
Authors: Ritchey Kathleen M. , Carscaddon David M. , Morgan Charles H.
Published: September 2011

The relationship between hypothetical problem solving and actual appraisal of problem solving was investigated. The actual problem-solving appraisal was measured by the Problem Solving Inventory of Heppner and Petersen. Scores on this instrument were correlated with scores on the Coping Strategies Inventory which utilizes a hypothetical situation, and was developed by Tobin, Holroyd and Reynolds in 1982. Significant relationships ( rs of .27 to —.54) hold between how people respond to real life situations and to hypothetical ones. Also significant reliability estimates (.72 to .90) for the Problem Solving Inventory were obtained. The inventory seems to relate most to measures of perceived flexibility in problem solving and goal-oriented strategies. The investigation has implications for research on appraisal of problem solving.
Effects of Andragogical Educational Experience on Andragogical Orientation of Nurses
Authors: Hyman Ruth Bernstein , Top Denise
Published: September 2011

This study tested the effects of education on the andragogical orientation of 21 nurses. Short-term effects were demonstrated by a significant change pre- to post-intervention. A positive relationship between higher, presumably more andragogical, levels of education and andragogy controlling for age was supported by correlations of .49 and .38 for pre- and posttest.
Amelioration of Phantom-Organ Pain with Hypnosis and Behavior Modification: Brief Case Report
Authors: Baker Sheldon R.
Published: September 2011

For one postoperative cancer patient suffering from postoperative pain the combination of hypnosis and behavior modification in a familial context was successful in reducing discomfort.
Lethality of Method of Suicide among a Youthful Sample of Committers: An Examination of the Intent Hypothesis
Authors: Peck Dennis L.
Published: September 2011

Analysis of the records documented in a Medical Examiner's Office for a sample of 455 youthful suicide committers suggests that committers may not be similar to populations from which suicide attempters are drawn. The results do not confirm some recent findings reported on lethality of suicide method chosen by attempters and suicide intent and raise a question about the reliability of generalizing the findings based on attempters vs committers.
Concurrent Validity of the PPVT-R for College Students
Authors: Bing Sally B. , Bing John R.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test Revised and the McGraw-Hill Basic Skills System was examined for 50 predominately black college freshmen and sophomores. Both Forms L and M of the PPVT-R correlated significantly (.34 to .58) with the Reading, Writing, and Vocabulary subtests of the McGraw-Hill system. Students scored about one standard deviation below the mean on both measures. Skills measured by the instruments appear different enough to preclude use of the PPVT-R as the first screening test.
Relationship of State and Trait Anxiety to Blood Pressure of Black Women
Authors: Bailey Eric J.
Published: September 2011

The relationship of anxiety to blood pressure was investigated for 71 black mothers (15 to 60 yr. old) who were patients at a public health clinic. Scores on the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory did not correlate significantly with blood pressures but reported anxiety was affected by type of household and occupational status. Unemployed mothers were more anxious than working mothers, and married mothers reported less anxiety than single ones. The highest anxiety scores were reported by single mothers living with relatives in extended-family households. Implications of these findings are discussed.
Effects of Varying the Practice Stimuli on Clinical Hypothesis-Formation
Authors: Fuqua Dale R. , Gunberg Edwin W. , Newman Jody L.
Published: September 2011

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of varying the form of practice stimuli (written, videotaped, live client) on trainees' ability to formulate clinical hypotheses. 20 counselor-trainees were randomly assigned to a written, videotaped or live-client simulation. Each group was presented a training module for clinical hypothesis-formation and were then given an opportunity to practice developing clinical hypotheses. Participants receiving practice with live clients performed significantly better than those receiving the written client presentation.
Chunking Differences Associated with Reading Skill
Authors: Caltagirone Paul , Carmean Stephen , Lamb George
Published: September 2011

Two 10-person groups of third grade children, matched by scores on a number of cognitive variables, were asked to remember groups of sequentially presented words. Recall was higher when the words formed sentences, and, contrary to a previous report, this effect was significantly greater for the children who were previously judged to be more skillful readers.
Theoretical and Empirical Link between Psychological Differentiation and Extraversion
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S. , Dionne Jean-Paul , Mwamwenda Bernadette B.
Published: September 2011

This study examined a relationship between psychological differentiation and extraversion and possible sex differences in performance. A significant curvilinear relationship was observed for boys only. Boys were more field independent and extraverted than girls. Subjects were 192 (109 girls and 83 boys), students in Grades 11 and 12 from private and public schools in Oshawa and Ottawa, Canada. Their mean age was 17.4 yr. Psychological differentiation was measured by the Group Embedded Figures Test and extraversion by the Eysenck Personality Inventory, Form B.
Physical Attractiveness and Lebanese Children's School Performance
Authors: Zahr Lina
Published: September 2011

This study investigated the relation of physical attractiveness to the academic performance of school children. Data were obtained from a private school in Zahlé, Lebanon. The physical attractiveness of 190 elementary school children as rated by 3 different individuals correlated .48 with their grade point averages by Spearman's rank-order procedure.
Comparison of Monetary Reinforcers and Goal Setting as Learning Incentives
Authors: Huber Vandra L.
Published: September 2011

This 3 × 3 study (with one cell missing) examined the effectiveness of goal setting (participative, assigned, and no goals) and financial incentives (noncontingent, piece rate, and goal contingent) as techniques to stimulate learning 88 inexperienced trainees performed a 10-hr., 5-day proofreading proficiency task in a laboratory setting. The linear trends for all groups except the control group in which noncontingent ($30 for completing the training period) pay was offered were significant. Planned comparisons indicated that learning was greatest when a performance goal was assigned and a financial incentive offered for demonstrating that level of performance. The offer of piece-rate reinforcement also stimulated faster learning than the offer of noncontingent pay. Setting goals, regardless of the method, did not result in significant performance increases beyond that achieved by offering a $30 incentive for merely completing the training. Finally, financial incentives affected goal choice. Implications for training programs were discussed.
Experience as a Component of Personality Theory
Authors: Privette Gayle
Published: September 2011

Experience, an internal state or process, has salience, as does behavior, as a basic data category of personality. Two key experiential phenomena, which exemplify experience as a data category, were identified and operationally defined by a model. Peak experience and peak performance were taken to be prototypes of feeling and performance. Possible relations between these phenomena and ramifications for selected behavioral and personality variables were suggested.
Achievement Motivation in College Women in an Arab Culture
Authors: Torki Mostafa A.
Published: September 2011

The present study was designed to explore the achievement motivation and fear of success in the Arab culture. Research was carried out in Kuwait, Lebanon, Quatar and Iraq on achievement motivation of men and women. The relationship between femininity and fear of success was studied. There were no differences in achievement motivation of Arab men and women in Kuwait, Lebanon, Quatar, and Iraq. There was no correlation between femininity and fear of success. The Kuwaiti women showed less fear of success than American women. Factors in the Arab culture which affect achievement motivation were discussed.
Fear of Failure and Indices of Leadership Utilized in the Training of ROTC Cadets
Authors: Dapra Richard A. , Zarrillo Deirdre L. , Carlson Thomas K. , Teevan Richard C.
Published: September 2011

Subjects were 43 male college seniors enrolled in the Army ROTC program. A modified version of the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) was administered and scored for fear of failure motivation by means of the Hostile Press system of Birney, Burdick, and Teevan. Scores from the Leadership Opinion Questionnaire of Fleishman, and subjects' leadership evaluations from ROTC cadet summer camp were utilized as indices of various leadership traits. Significant negative correlations were found between fear of failure, as measured by the Hostile Press system, and both Initiative and Structure. Individuals who feared failure tended to structure neither their own roles nor the roles of their subordinates toward goal attainment. They did not show the ability to take necessary and appropriate actions on their own during summer training. These findings are discussed in terms of the individuals who fear failure, concern with the opinions of others, and their need to submit to gain approval.
Individual Differences in Secondary Task Performance and Subjective Estimation of Workload
Authors: Bloem Kathryn A. , Damos Diane L.
Published: September 2011

This experiment had two purposes. First, it attempted to replicate the easy-to-hard prediction for residual capacity described by Lansman and Hunt (1982) for two complex task combinations. Second, it examined the relation between individual differences in resource capacity, as indicated by the easy-to-hard prediction, and the subjective experience of workload. One task combination involved a verbal-memory task paired with a vowel-consonant classification task. The other combination involved a paired-associate task with a name-classification task. The easy-to-hard prediction was not replicated for either task combination; easy primary task performance provided a better prediction of hard primary task performances than did secondary task performance. Measures of residual capacity were not related to subjective ratings of workload, however, the workload scales were sensitive to between-task differences.
Comparison of Feedback Modalities in Biofeedback Temperature Training
Authors: Lucas Bert A. , Ilvaine Joseph R. Mc
Published: September 2011

Much of what is presented to clients in a biofeedback session is integrated only if learning occurs. Biofeedback is not effective if the learner does not understand the signals. Neurolinguistic programming suggests that individuals utilize primary representational systems, including vision and audition, to incorporate environmental stimuli into their own preestablished notions of the world. To test this, individuals were included in one of four treatment modalities: control group, visual feedback only group, auditory feedback only group, or visual/auditory feedback group. Groups were significantly different only in decay rate from peak temperatures. Sex differences indicated women consistently produced cooler hand temperatures than men. Visual feedback seemed to be the most effective type of feedback for persons in this experiment.
Transformational vs Transactional Leadership: A Study of New Zealand Company Managers
Authors: Singer Ming S.
Published: September 2011

38 randomly selected New Zealand company managers completed the revised version of the Multifactor Leadership Questionnaire of Bass. Two ratings were obtained, a rating of an ideal leader and a rating of the real immediate superior. For ratings of the real leader, the mean ratings on the transformational factors were more highly correlated than those on the transactional factors with perceived leader's effectiveness and job satisfaction. The discrepancy scores between the ratings of real and ideal leaders were negatively correlated with the measures of effectiveness and satisfaction. In addition, the ratings of ideal leader showed that managers in this study preferred working with leaders who are more transformational than transactional.
Assessing Spouses' Perceptions of Gottman's Temporal Form in Marital Conflict
Authors: Eggeman Kenneth , Moxley Virginia , Schumm Walter R.
Published: September 2011

Gottman (1982) has developed a model of marital interaction and conflict that involves distinct ways in which distressed and nondistressed couples attempt to resolve disagreements over three sequential stages, a pattern Gottman identifies as temporal form. To determine whether married couples might recognize the elements of each stage in their own relationship, scales for assessing each stage of conflict were developed. The scales appear to have excellent internal consistency reliability and to differentiate distressed and nondistressed couples as expected from Gottman's proposals. Further research on the validity of the scales, using larger samples and behavioral observations is recommended.
Neuropsychological Function and Psychopathology in Epilepsy
Authors: Hermann Bruce P.
Published: September 2011

Moehle, Bolter, and Long in 1984 did not replicate Hermann's 1981 finding of a relationship between psychopathology and the extent of deficits in neuropsychological functioning in patients with epilepsy. This note reviews additional studies on the relationship between psychopathology and neuropsychological function and interprets their findings in relation to the discussion and conclusions of Moehle, et al. The weight of the evidence supports the notion of an over-all relationship between deficits in neuropsychological function and psychopathology in epilepsy but further study is required.
Comparison of the Stanford-Binet with the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised: Preliminary Report
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Schmitz Stephen P. , Corgiat Mark D.
Published: September 2011

Mean WAIS-R IQ was 13.80 points lower than the mean Stanford-Binet IQ for 15 adults tested by 15 graduate students in clinical psychology. This finding was discussed in the context of studies which show WAIS-R IQ to be appreciably lower than WAIS IQ.
Shifts in Sex-Role after a Decade of Cultural Change
Authors: Pedersen Darhl M. , Bond Barbara L.
Published: September 2011

Traits and behaviors shift with cultural changes. During the past decade substantial changes have occurred in our society in the definition of appropriate sex-role behaviors. Consequently, a shift toward more androgynous sex-role behaviors, especially by individuals in their formative years, would be expected. The Bem Sex-role Inventory was administered to 98 women and 113 men at Brigham Young University and to 38 women and 84 men at the University of Tulsa. t tests between corresponding mean scores for the two universities were nonsignificant indicating the equivalence of those two samples of contemporary students. However, as expected, t tests showed that current students differed significantly from students a decade ago in that their scores represented an increase in androgynous sex-roles.
Sexual and Premarital Attitudes of Iranian College Students
Authors: Shapurian Reza , Hojat Mohammadreza
Published: September 2011

To study the similarities as well as differences in the sexual and premarital attitudes of the younger Iranian men and women and Western students, a Persian revision of the attitude inventory used by Schofield was given to a sample of Iranian college students (199 men and 193 women) prior to the onset of Islamic revolution in this country. Present findings confirm, as expected, similarities on some dimensions as well as differences on others between Iranian men and women and between Iranian and British samples in Schofield's study. Iranian men and women differed significantly on their attitudes towards premarital sex for men as indicated by a higher percentage of women who agreed on premarital sex for male peers but not for Iranian women. The Iranian sample compared with their British peers represented more conservative sexual and more traditional premarital attitudes as indicated by a higher proportion of agree-responses to statements such as a bad reputation would result from premarital sex for women or sexual freedom leads to trouble. A double standard of sexual morality was found among Iranian subjects, virginity was given a high value, and loyalty to the family was considered important.
The ‘Barnum Effect’ in Personality Assessment: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Dickson D. H. , Kelly I. W.
Published: September 2011

This review summarizes to date the research on the Barnum effect, the tendency for people to accept vague, ambiguous, and general statements as descriptive of their unique personalities. Studies examined address interpretation variables of the Barnum profiles in regard to generality and supposed relevance of the interpretation, favorability of interpretation, type of assessment procedure, and origin and format of interpretation. Also the role of personal factors such as characteristics of the subject and test administrator are examined. It is concluded that the level of acceptance of Barnum profiles depends on the relevance and favorability of the profile and to some extent on the type of assessment utilized. Directions for research on the Barnum effect are provided.
Dependent Attachment: B-4 Children in the Strange Situation
Authors: Van Ijzendoorn M. H. , Goossens F. A. , Kroonenberg P. M. , Tavecchio L. W. C.
Published: September 2011

Over the past 15 years the status of the B4 category in Ainsworth's classification system for the Strange Situation has remained unclear, especially as regards the question whether it belongs to the B or the C category. As 22 of a sample of 136 Dutch children were classified as B4, their behavior could be analysed in some detail. This resulted in a characterization of B4-children whom we propose to call ‘dependency attached’. The borderline status or hybrid character of the group was confirmed as the B4-children have ‘many reactions similar to those of C-children but differ from them in showing less resistant behavior.
Relationship of Trait Anxiety to Self-Esteem of Children in Grades 4, 5, and 6
Authors: Dorr Darwin , Pozner Robert , Stephens Jane
Published: September 2011

This study compared the relation of trait anxiety as measured by the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children and self-esteem as measured by Coopersmith's Self-esteem Inventory in independent samples of children in Grades 4, 5, and 6. Pearson correlations were, respectively, -.51, -.62, and -.71. The differences in correlations between the highest and lowest grades were statistically significant. While trait anxiety and self-esteem summed scores covary robustly, factor analytic studies showed that the two dimensions are largely independent.
Intimacy as a Variable in Lecture-Format Courses
Authors: Meredith Gerald M.
Published: September 2011

This study reported ratings of intimacy collected over five semesters from 49,127 students in 2,166 classes. The best predictors of intimacy were instructors' encouragement of discussion, size of class, and observed format; R = .72.
Adaptors, Innovators, and Paradigm Consistency
Authors: Kirton Michael
Published: September 2011

562 subjects completed a test battery containing scales of Dogmatism, Inflexibility, Conservatism, and Intolerance of Ambiguity from which internal consistency coefficients were calculated. Adaption-Innovation theory suggests that (a) adaptors would be more concerned with consistency than innovators, (b) adaptors would be likely to choose and adhere to one of two specific strategies to help achieve high consistency, and (c) innovators would be more likely to switch between alternative strategies. Internal reliability coefficients of the responses of adaptors and innovators test by test and by whole battery are in accord with these predictions.
Periodicity as a Principle of Organization in Behavior
Authors: Akyürek Aladin
Published: September 2011

A proposal is outlined to provide a quantitative descriptive research frame for analyzing the organization of spontaneous behavior in autistic children within and across natural settings such as home, school, daycare centre, and playground. A number of research questions are formulated and appropriate analyses are suggested. In particular the project aimed to detect periodicities in behavior, guided probably by “clock-like” processes as have been found in the field of biological rhythms. A database has to be created by observing and notating a sufficient number of samples of behavior drawn from various settings in which the autistic children happen to live. Contrived settings may also be used;
Sleep in Industrialized Settings in the Northern Hemisphere
Authors: Webb Wilse B.
Published: September 2011

Daily time-budget activity reports on more than 30,000 individuals in urban-industrial sites in 11 countries have been published. This is an analysis of the data on sleep patterns. The amount of sleep on weekdays by men and women did not differ. On days off the amount of sleep increased by about 90 minutes with the females obtaining significantly less sleep. About 2% of the employed men and women slept less than 5 hours and about 5% slept more than 10 hours on week days. There were significant country and site effects. These data indicate a common sleep demand averaging about 8 hours. This demand, however, shows wide individual differences and is responsive to site and employment conditions.
Psychometric Characteristics of a Persian Version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire
Authors: Shapurian Reza , Hojat Mohammadreza
Published: September 2011

A Persian version of the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire was filled out by 232 Iranian students (156 men, 76 women) who were studying in American universities (Group I), and 305 (168 men, 137 women) Iranian students who were studying in Iranian universities (Group II). Data were analyzed for each group independently. Descriptive data and other correlational findings were similar in both groups. Significant correlations were found between scores on each item of the questionnaire with the total scores of their respective scales. Estimates of internal consistency (alpha reliability) were above .80 for the Extraversion and Neuroticism scales in both groups. These estimates were .69 and .53 for Psychoticism, and .74 and .70 for the Lie scale in Groups I and II, respectively. Test-retest reliabilities were .81, .79, .79, and .84 for Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism, and Lie scales, respectively. Significant correlations between scores on Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism with conceptually related measures (depression, anxiety, loneliness, and self-esteem) provided evidence for the construct validity of these scales. Further findings were described to support psychometric characteristics of the scales, particularly Extraversion and Neuroticism.
Reliability of Score Differences on the Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of Intelligence
Authors: Feingold Alan
Published: September 2011

In this analysis data from the WPPSI manual were examined to determine the reliability of the Verbal IQ-Performance IQ differential ( r = .81), of the differences between subtest scores (r̄ = .69), and of the differences between subtest scores and IQs (r̄ = .72). These findings indicated that WPPSI score differences were more reliable (because intercorrelations among scores were lower) than corresponding differences on the other Wechsler scales.
Why Do They Call Them “IQ Tests”?
Authors: Tallent Norman
Published: September 2011

Psychological tests, in general, measure defined characteristics of people. It is unclear from the terminology, however, whether “IQ tests” measure a characteristic called intelligence or, going with the logic of the expression, measure a score (or index) called an intelligence quotient. We submit that instruments which are so labeled are misnamed and misused also when those who apply them do so basically to gain an IQ to the neglect of the important features of intellectual functioning that can be gained from a test of intelligence. The nonprofessional who has a personal or occupational interest in the assessment of intelligence should be made aware of the potential contributions of intelligence tests and the proper role of IQ.
Use of Bayesian Inference in Decision Making in an Institution or Residential Treatment Center, a Clinical Note
Authors: Irwin Jack M.
Published: September 2011

This clinical note or reminder indicates how Bayesian inference can aid decision making in an institution. Key references are given.
Psychology of the Scientist: LIV. Permission to Excel: A Preliminary Report of Influences on Eminent Women Psychologists
Authors: Stevens Gwendolyn , Gardner Sheldon
Published: September 2011

A questionnaire was completed by 87 eminent women psychologists. They were asked to list the three people and three works which were most important and influential to them. It was found that the sources of influence for women are different from those listed by men in similar studies. For example, 20% of the women respondents noted that a family member was influential. They also reported fewer books and with greater diversity than men do. Further research on the socialization of women who choose a professional career is necessary.
A Technique for Eliciting Personal Constructs Change
Authors: Chambers William V. , Graves Peter
Published: September 2011

This study describes a technique for studying personal construct change in the laboratory. Subjects were asked to write essays either on their parents' similarities or differences. Similarity essays, as opposed to differences essays, led to perceptions of the parents as more similar, according to a repertory grid assessment.
Use of Forms C and D of the California Achievement Test as Equivalent Forms
Authors: Kippel Gary M.
Published: September 2011

Parallel forms of the California Achievement Test were administered in counterbalanced order to 109 students in Grade 4 and 77 in Grade 7. Grade 4 scores for Forms C and D were similar; however, for Grade 7 scores on the two test forms were significantly different. Caution was recommended in their use as parallel test forms.
Personal and Group Estimates of the Kirton Inventory Scores
Authors: Kirton M. J. , McCarthy R. M.
Published: September 2011

63 subjects were asked to estimate personal scores and scores of others on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory after hearing a lecture on the theory. The close correlations between estimated and actual scores have useful implications as well as adding to the convergent validity of the inventory.
Employees' Responses to Participation in an in-House Continuing Education Program: An Exploratory Study
Authors: De Meuse Kenneth P.
Published: September 2011

The present study examined the effects of perceived managerial support, self-ratings of support, and two conceptually relevant demographic variables on employees' participation in an in-house continuing education program. A sample of 163 participating and 128 nonparticipating employees was randomly selected from an organization with an in-house continuing education program in operation for five years. The results indicated that participation was largely related to self-rated attitudes of support such as the program's perceived effectiveness, its familiarity, and personal values regarding in-house continuing education. As hypothesized, the effects of perceived managerial support for the continuing education program were much greater for newcomers (employees with three or less years company service) than more tenured employees. Contrary to what was predicted, perceived managerial support had very little relation to participation whatsoever for established employees. The findings were discussed in terms of the literature on organizational socialization. It was recommended that psychologists direct more research attention to the growing problem of work-force obsolescence facing organizations today.
Relationship of Locus of Control, Cognitive Style, Anxiety, and Academic Achievement of a Group of Malaysian Primary School Children
Authors: Ismail Maznah , Kong Ng Wai
Published: September 2011

Using 375 primary school children, the study examined the relationship of locus of control, cognitive style, anxiety, and academic achievement while partialling out general intellectual ability. The results indicated that locus of control, cognitive style, and anxiety were correlated significantly with academic achievement. Regression analyses showed that even with the presence of general intellectual ability, locus of control was a significant predictor of academic achievement, followed by state-anxiety, cognitive style, and trait-anxiety.