bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A refinement of the emission data for Kola Peninsula based on inverse dispersion modelling
Authors: Prank M. , Sofiev M. , Denier van der Gon H. A. C. , Kaasik M. , Ruuskanen T. M. , Kukkonen J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The study reviews the emission estimates of sulphur oxides (SOx) and primary particulate matter (PM) from the major industrial sources of Kola Peninsula. Analysis of the disagreements between the existing emission inventories for the Kola region combined with forward and inverse ensemble dispersion modelling, analysis of observation time-series and model-measurement comparison showed that the emission of the Nikel metallurgy plant was missing or strongly under-estimated in the major European emission inventories, such as EMEP, EDGAR, TNO-GEMS, and PAREST-MEGAPOLI. In some cases it was misplaced or mis-attributed to other sources of the region. A more consistent inventory of the anthropogenic emissions of SOx and PM has been compiled for the Peninsula, compared with the existing estimates and verified by means of dispersion modelling. In particular, the SILAM model simulations for 2003 and 2006 with the revised emission data showed much smaller under-estimation of SO2 concentrations at 8 Finnish and Norwegian observational stations. For the nearest site to the plant the 10-fold underestimation turned to a 1.5-fold over-prediction. Temporal correlation improved more moderately (up to 45% for concentrations, up to 3 times for deposition). The study demonstrates the value of a combined usage of forward and inverse ensemble modelling for source apportionment in case of limited observational data.
Atmospheric lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials of trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene in a three-dimensional model
Authors: Patten K. O. , Wuebbles D. J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The chloroalkenes trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropylene (tCFP) and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene (tDCE) have been proposed as candidate replacements for other compounds in current use that cause concerns regarding potential environmental effects including destruction of stratospheric ozone. Because tCFP and tDCE contain chlorine atoms, the effects of these short-lived compounds on stratospheric ozone must be established. In this study, we derive the atmospheric lifetimes and Ozone Depletion Potentials (ODPs) for tCFP and for tDCE assuming emissions from land surfaces at latitudes 30° N to 60° N using the MOZART 3 three-dimensional model of atmospheric chemistry and physics. 53% of the ozone loss due to tCFP and 98% of the ozone loss due to tDCE take place in the troposphere, rather than in the stratosphere as generally expected from longer-lived chlorocarbons. The atmospheric lifetime of tCFP against chemical reaction is 40.4 days, and its ODP is quite small at 0.00034. The tDCE atmospheric lifetime is 12.7 days, and its ODP is 0.00024, which is the lowest ODP found for any chlorocarbon we have studied. Our study suggests that chlorine from tCFP and tDCE are unlikely to affect ozone at quantities likely to be emitted to the atmosphere.
Aerosol plume transport and transformation in high spectral resolution lidar measurements and WRF-Flexpart simulations during the MILAGRO Field Campaign
Authors: de Foy B. , Burton S. P. , Ferrare R. A. , Hostetler C. A. , Hair J. W. , Wiedinmyer C. , Molina L. T.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The Mexico City Metropolitan Area (MCMA) experiences high loadings of atmospheric aerosols from anthropogenic sources, biomass burning and wind-blown dust. This paper uses a combination of measurements and numerical simulations to identify different plumes affecting the basin and to characterize transformation inside the plumes. The airborne High Spectral Resolution Lidar measures extinction coefficients and extinction to backscatter ratio at 532 nm, and backscatter coefficients and depolarization ratios at 532 and 1064 nm. These can be used to identify aerosol types. The measurement curtains are compared with particle trajectory simulations using WRF-Flexpart for different source groups. The good correspondence between measurements and simulations suggests that the aerosol transport is sufficiently well characterized by the models to estimate aerosol types and ages. Plumes in the basin undergo complex transport, and are frequently mixed together. Urban aerosols are readily identifiable by their low depolarization ratios and high lidar ratios, and dust by the opposite properties. Fresh biomass burning plumes have very low depolarization ratios which increase rapidly with age. This rapid transformation is consistent with the presence of atmospheric tar balls in the fresh plumes.
Performance of a corona ion source for measurement of sulfuric acid by chemical ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Kürten A. , Rondo L. , Ehrhart S. , Curtius J.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The performance of an ion source based on corona discharge has been studied. This source is used for the detection of gaseous sulfuric acid by chemical ionization mass spectrometry (CIMS) through the reaction of NO3– ions with H2SO4. The ion source is operated under atmospheric pressure and its design is similar to the one of a radioactive (Americium 241) ion source which has been used previously. Our results show that the detection limit for the corona ion source is sufficiently good for most applications. For an integration time of one minute it is ~6 × 104 molecules of H2SO4 per cm3. In addition, only a small cross-sensitivity to SO2 has been observed for concentrations as high as 1 ppmv in the sample gas. This low sensitivity to SO2 is achieved even without the addition of an OH scavenger. When comparing the new corona ion source with the americium ion source for the same provided H2SO4 concentration, both ion sources yield almost identical values. These features make the corona ion source investigated here favorable over the more commonly used radioactive ion sources for most applications where H2SO4 is measured by CIMS.
Estimates of eddy turbulence consistent with seasonal variations of atomic oxygen and its possible role in the seasonal cycle of mesopause temperature
Authors: Vlasov M. N. , Kelley M. C.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. According to current understanding, adiabatic cooling and heating induced by the meridional circulation driven by gravity waves is the major process for the cold summer and warm winter polar upper mesosphere. However, our calculations show that the upward/downward motion needed for adiabatic cooling/heating of the summer/winter polar mesopause simultaneously induces a seasonal variation in both the O maximum density and the altitude of the [O] peak that is opposite to the observed variables generalized by the MSISE-90 model. It is usually accepted that eddy turbulence can produce the [O] seasonal variations. Using this approach, we can infer the eddy diffusion coefficient for the different seasons. Taking these results and experimental data on the eddy diffusion coefficient, we consider in detail and estimate the heating and cooling caused by eddy turbulence in the summer and winter polar upper mesosphere. The seasonal variations of these processes are similar to the seasonal variations of the temperature and mesopause. These results lead to the conclusion that heating/cooling by eddy turbulence is an important component in the energy budget and that adiabatic cooling/heating induced by upward/downward motion cannot dominate in the mesopause region. Our study shows that the impact of the dynamic process, induced by gravity waves, on [O] distributions must be included in models of thermal balance in the upper mesosphere and lower thermosphere (MLT) for a consistent description because (a) the [O] distribution is very sensitive to dynamic processes, and (b) atomic oxygen plays a very important role in chemical heating and infrared cooling in the MLT. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to consider this aspect of the problem.
Optimizing models of the North Atlantic spring bloom using physical, chemical and bio-optical observations from a Lagrangian float
Authors: Bagniewski W. , Fennel K. , Perry M. J. , D'Asaro E. A.
Published: November 2010

Abstract. The North Atlantic spring bloom is one of the main events that lead to carbon export to the deep ocean and drive oceanic uptake of CO2 from the atmosphere. Here we use a suite of physical, bio-optical and chemical measurements made during the 2008 spring bloom to optimize and compare three different models of biological carbon export. The observations are from a Lagrangian float that operated south of Iceland from early April to late June, and were calibrated with ship-based measurements. The simplest model is representative of typical NPZD models used for the North Atlantic, while the most complex model explicitly includes diatoms and the formation of fast sinking diatom aggregates and cysts under silicate limitation. We carried out a variational optimization and error analysis for the biological parameters of all three models, and compared their ability to replicate the observations. The observations were sufficient to constrain most phytoplankton-related model parameters to accuracies of better than 15%. However, the lack of zooplankton observations leads to large uncertainties in model parameters for grazing. The simulated vertical carbon flux at 100 m depth is similar between models and agrees well with available observations, but at 600 m the simulated flux is much larger for the model with diatom aggregation. While none of the models can be formally rejected based on their misfit with the available observations, the model that includes export by diatom aggregation has slightly better fit to the observations and more accurately represents the mechanisms and timing of carbon export based on observations not included in the optimization. Thus models that accurately simulate the upper 100 m do not necessarily accurately simulate export to deeper depths.
Suspension Polymerizations Processes
Authors: Pinto Martina C. C. , Dutra Luciana , Lima Rafael C. , Santos Jorge G. F. , Machado Fabricio , Pinto José Carlos
Published: May 2024

The production of polymer particles through suspension polymerization still attracts the attention of academia and industry, resulting in many papers and patents published every year about this theme. Suspension polymerization processes are extensively used because of their many competitive advantages, including the easy separation of the polymer particles, easy removal of the heat of reaction, easy temperature control, and low levels of impurities and additives in the final polymer resin. For this reason, such processes are suitable for production of polymer resins intended for many distinct applications, including biotechnological, medical, and dental applications. In this context, the main objective of the article is to discuss the fundamental aspects of suspension polymerization processes, focusing on the effects of the main process variables on the performance of suspension polymerizations and highlighting new suspension technologies, such as suspension polycondensations, controlled suspension reactions, and continuous operations.
Interpenetrating Polymer Networks for Water Treatment and Electromagnetic Interference Shielding
Authors: Islam Sk Safikul , Dutta Soumi , Bose Suryasarathi
Published: May 2024

Interpenetrating polymer networks (IPNs) are a polymer consisting of two or more polymer networks exhibiting a certain degree of molecular‐scale interlacing within the matrix but not covalently bonded. The network structure cannot be separated without breaking chemical bonds. This unique structure results in synergistic combinations of mechanical, thermal, chemical, and other properties. The synthesis of IPNs can be achieved through simultaneous or sequential polymerization processes, exploiting the compatibility of polymer precursors to establish an interlocking network. The wide‐ranging applications of IPNs across various sectors, including water filtration, electromagnetic interference shielding (8.2–12.4 GHz), biomaterials, coatings, adhesives, drug delivery, and electronics. The synthesis and formation of IPNs require an understanding of polymer chemistry, physics, and engineering principles. Tailoring IPNs for specific applications demands the careful design of polymer precursors and cross‐linking techniques. In recent times, ongoing research on IPN deals with synthetic methodologies, structure–property relationships, and its applications. On the other hand, IPNs serve as a bridge between conventional polymer materials and advanced multifunctional systems. This article provides a glimpse into the fascinating world of IPNs, stimulating further exploration and innovation in materials science and engineering. Within this framework, our discussions have involved various IPNs and their practical implementations in the field of water treatment and EMI shielding applications.
Interface Engineering of Mo‐doped Ni2P/FexP‐V Multiheterostructure for Efficient Dual‐pH Hydrogen Evolution and Overall Water Splitting
Authors: Xu Xiaohu , Guo Kaiwei , Sun Jikai , Yu Xinyue , Miao Xiangyang , Lu Wenbo , Jiao Lifang
Published: May 2024

Developing highly effective transition metal‐based bifunctional electrocatalysts remains a tremendously challenging task for large‐scale overall water splitting. Herein, a multiheterostructured Mo‐doped Ni2P/FexP electrocatalyst on NiFe foam with P vacancy (denoted as Mo─Ni2P/FexP‐V/NFF) is developed to serve as an efficient dual‐pH electrocatalyst. Due to the synergistic effect of multiple strategies (heteroatom doping, heterointerface, and P vacancy), the Mo─Ni2P/FexP‐V/NFF possesses remarkable hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalytic activity in alkaline/acidic and excellent oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in alkaline media, along with encouraging durability. The mechanisms of improved electrocatalytic activity combining multicharacterizations and density functional theory (DFT) calculations are elucidated. Specifically, X‐ray absorption fine structure experimental analysis confirms that the Mo doping can optimize the electronic structure of electrocatalyst. In situ Raman spectroscopy demonstrates that the evolved oxyhydroxides are the real active substances for the OER. DFT calculations reveal that the conductivity of as‐prepared samples can be enhanced through multiple strategy synergy. Moreover, in the HER process, multiple strategies can not only reduce the hydrogen binding energy to near zero but also enhance the H2O dissociation and *OH desorption. In the OER process, DFT calculations also verify that Mo doping and interface engineering can optimize the adsorption of the rate‐determining step, achieving the lowest theoretical overpotential.
Neutral Cyanine: Ultra‐Stable NIR‐II Merocyanines for Highly Efficient Bioimaging and Tumor‐Targeted Phototheranostics
Authors: Wan Yingpeng , Chen Weilong , Liu Ying , Lee Ka‐Wai , Gao Yijian , Zhang Di , Li Yuqing , Huang Zhongming , Luo Jingdong , Lee Chun‐Sing , Li Shengliang
Published: May 2024

Fluorescence imaging (FLI)‐guided phototheranostics using emission from the second near‐infrared (NIR‐II) window show significant potential for cancer diagnosis and treatment. Clinical imaging‐used polymethine ionic indocyanine green (ICG) dye is widely adopted for NIR fluorescence imaging‐guided photothermal therapy (PTT) research due to its exceptional photophysical properties. However, ICG has limitations such as poor photostability, low photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE), short‐wavelength emission peak, and liver‐targeting issues, which restrict its wider use. In this study, two ionic ICG derivatives are transformed into neutral merocyanines (mCy) to achieve much‐enhanced performance for NIR‐II cancer phototheranostics. Initial designs of two ionic dyes show similar drawbacks as ICG in terms of poor photostability and low photothermal performance. One of the modified neutral molecules, mCy890, shows significantly improved stability, an emission peak over 1000 nm, and a high photothermal PCE of 51%, all considerably outperform ICG. In vivo studies demonstrate that nanoparticles of the mCy890 can effectively accumulate at the tumor sites for cancer photothermal therapy guided by NIR‐II fluorescence imaging. This research provides valuable insights into the development of neutral merocyanines for enhanced cancer phototheranostics.
Parametric Optothermal Modulation of Carbon Nanooscillator Decorated with Mie Resonant Silicon Particle
Authors: Nadoyan Irina V. , Solomonov Nikita A. , Novikova Kristina N. , Pavlov Alexander V. , Sharov Vladislav A. , Mozharov Alexey M. , Permyakov Dmitry V. , Shkoldin Vitalii A. , Kislov Denis A. , Shalin Alexander S. , Golubok Alexander O. , Petrov Mikhail I. , Mukhin Ivan S.
Published: May 2024

Nanomechanical resonators provide a versatile platform for nanoscale mass sensing and force microscopy, as well as for enhancing light‐matter interaction offering unique functionality for optomechanical applications. In this way, discovering new approaches for coupling light with the mechanical degrees of freedom opens the strong desire paths for further developing of nanomechanical technology. Here, the parametric optothermal modulation of hybrid nanomechanical systems consisting of carbon nanowire with a silicon nanoparticle on its top, is reported. The mechanism of the modulation is based on the periodic optical heating of the nanowire and further modulation of the elasticity parameters. Utilizing the silicon nanoparticle provides additional functionality owing to optical absorption enhanced with Mie resonance and the unique feature of optical Raman thermometry enabling optical monitoring of local temperature. It is shown that the parametric mechanism of modulation allows for a significant increase of the optomechanical coupling strength.
High‐Quality Micropattern Printing by Complex‐Amplitude Modulation Holographic Femtosecond Laser
Authors: Li Taoyong , Jiang Lan , Wang Zhipeng , Yi Peng , Li Min , Zhang Leyi , Li Xibiao , Li Luqi , Huang Lingling , Wang Zhi , Zhang Xiangyu , Wang Andong , Li Jiafang , Li Xiaowei
Published: May 2024

Holographic femtosecond laser printing technology is widely used in the fabrication of micropatterns because of its high efficiency and flexibility. However, speckle noise and energy fluctuations limit the quality of the printed structure. In this study, an improved complex‐amplitude modulation holographic femtosecond laser printing method for high‐quality micropattern fabrication is proposed. The holographic light field is divided into a signal area and a surrounding noise area. To improve laser uniformity, phase modulation is applied in the signal region to eliminate the speckle noise caused by unconstrained phase interference, and weighted amplitude modulation is introduced in the signal area to improve the calculation accuracy. To precisely control laser energy density, weighted energy efficiency modulation is introduced in the noise region to disperse the energy that exceeds the material damage threshold. Under the synergistic control of laser uniformity and energy density, high‐quality micro‐pattern structures are printed efficiently. A high‐quality millimeter‐sized multifocal zone plate with micron accuracy is fabricated with the splicing printing method, demonstrating the potential of micropattern processing and the fabrication of functional devices such as binary optics.
Multiband Omnidirectional Invisibility Cloak
Authors: Hu Xiaojun , Luo Yu , Wang Jie , Tang Jingxin , Gao Yuan , Ren Jianhua , Yu Huilong , Zhang Jingjing , Ye Dexin
Published: May 2024

Transformation optics (TO) provides a powerful tool to manipulate electromagnetic waves, enabling the design of invisibility cloaks, which can render objects invisible. Despite many years of research, however, invisibility cloaks experimentally realized thus far can only operate at a single frequency. The narrow bandwidth significantly restricts the practical applications of invisibility cloaks and other TO devices. Here, a general design strategy is proposed to realize a multiband anisotropic metamaterial characterized by two principal permittivity components, i.e., one infinite and the other spatially gradient. Through a proper transformation and combination of such metamaterials, an omnidirectional invisibility cloak is experimentally implemented, which is impedance‐matched to free space at multiple frequencies. Both far‐field numerical simulations and near‐field experimental mappings confirm that this cloak can successfully suppress scattering from multiple large‐scale objects simultaneously at 5 and 10 GHz. The design strategy and corresponding practical realization bring multiband transformation optical devices one step closer to reality.
Beyond job‐search theory: A value pluralist approach to conditionality in Australian employment services
Authors: Casey Simone
Published: May 2024

This article examines the contested impact of financial sanctions on Australian employment services, with government evaluation relying on job‐search theory to justify sanctions while research from sociological and psychological perspectives suggests they exacerbate labour market disadvantages and poverty. The division in perspectives reflects both methodological differences and ethical stances within scholarship. Welfare conditionality scholars propose value pluralism as an approach to reach consensus on shared policy goals across disciplines. This article engages in a simulation of the value plural approach to identify evidence gaps in the research and evaluation of sanctions and conditionality in employment services. The article identifies a research and evaluation agenda for conditionality policy, emphasising the importance of reaching a consensus to advance ethically robust policy.
Pharmacokinetic and oral bioavailability study of schaftoside in rats
Authors: Lin Yuan , Wang Hongqiang , Xu Shihui , Liu Chang , Zhang Chengzhong
Published: May 2024

A simple and sensitive LC–tandem mass spectrometry method was established and validated for the determination of schaftoside in rat plasma. After prepared by protein precipitation with acetonitrile, schaftoside and internal standard were separated on a Waters HSS T3 column using acetonitrile containing 0.1% formic acid and 0.1% formic acid in water as the mobile phase by gradient elution. The method showed excellent linearity over the range of 0.5–500 ng/mL with acceptable intra‐ and inter‐day precision, accuracy, matrix effect, and recovery. The stability assay indicated that schaftoside was stable during the sample acquisition, preparation, and storage. The method was applied to a pharmacokinetic study of schaftoside in rats. The result suggested that after intravenous administration at a dose of 1 mg/kg, schaftoside was quickly eliminated from the plasma with an elimination half‐life of 0.58 h. After oral administration at doses of 5, 10, and 20 mg/kg, schaftoside was quickly absorbed into the plasma and reached the peak concentration (Cmax) of 45.1–104.99 ng/mL at 0.67–1.17 h. The increase of exposure (area under the curve) was linear with the increase of dose. The oral bioavailability was 0.42%–0.71% in the range of 5–20 mg/kg.
The effect of liver metastases on clinical efficacy of first‐line programmed death‐1 inhibitor plus chemotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma: A post hoc analysis of ASTRUM‐007 and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gao Jing , Song Yan , Kou Xiaoge , Tan Zhenbo , Zhang Shu , Sun Meili , Zhou Jin , Fan Min , Zhang Ming , Song Yongxiang , Li Suyi , Yuan Yuan , Zhuang Wu , Zhang Jingdong , Zhang Li , Jiang Hao , Gu Kangsheng , Ye Huangyang , Ke Ying , Qi Xiao , Wang Qingyu , Zhu Jun , Huang Jing
Published: May 2024

Objective

To explore the efficacy of serplulimab plus chemotherapy in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) patients with liver metastases.

Methods

A post hoc exploratory analysis of ASTRUM‐007 study was performed, focusing on the association between the liver metastases status and the clinical outcomes. A systematic literature search of electronic databases was conducted to identify eligible randomized controlled trials for the meta‐analysis. Study‐level pooled analyses of hazard ratios (HRs) for PFS according to liver metastases were performed.

Results

The post hoc analysis of ASTRUM‐007 showed that although patients with liver metastases had a worse prognosis comparing with the non‐liver metastases patients in both treatment arms (serplulimab plus chemotherapy arm: median PFS, 5.7 vs. 6.6 months, HR 1.57 [95% CI, 1.15–2.13]; median OS, 13.7 vs. 15.3 months, HR 1.48 [95% CI, 1.09–1.98]; placebo plus chemotherapy arm: median PFS, 4.3 vs. 5.5 months, HR 1.58 [95% CI, 1.01–2.39]; median OS, 10.3 vs. 11.2 months, HR 1.32 [95% CI, 0.84–2.00]), OS and PFS benefits derived from serplulimab plus chemotherapy versus placebo plus chemotherapy in this study were observed in both patients with liver metastases (HR of PFS: 0.60; 95% CI, 0.37–0.97; HR of OS: 0.68; 95% CI, 0.43–1.11) and the non‐liver metastases patients (HR of PFS: 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49–0.80; HR of OS: 0.69; 95% CI, 0.55–0.87) with similar magnitude. Three randomized controlled trials were included in the meta‐analysis. Pooled HRs demonstrated that the addition of anti‐PD‐1 antibodies significantly improved PFS compared to chemotherapy alone regardless of liver metastases status.

Conclusions

This study reveals that the presence of liver metastases is a poor prognostic factor but does not affect the improvements in both PFS and OS brought by adding PD‐1 blockade to chemotherapy in ESCC patients. Predictive biomarkers for survival in these patients warrant further investigation.
Parathyroidectomy for solitary parathyroid adenoma via trans‐areola single site endoscopic approach: Results of a case‐match study
Authors: Zhan Ling , Ding Hao , Zhao Qiwu , Liu Jinyue , Liang Juyong , Xuan Ming , Kuang Jie , Yan Jiqi , Chen Lingxie , Cai Wei , Qiu Weihua
Published: May 2024

Background

This study aimed to establish the standardized procedure of trans‐areola single site endoscopic parathyroidectomy (TASSEP), and to compare the performance of TASSEP with that of conventional open parathyroidectomy (COP).

Methods

This study enrolled 40 patients with primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) who underwent TASSEP, and included 40 of 176 PHPT patients who underwent COP based on propensity score matching. The retrospective analysis was conducted based on prospectively collected data. Perioperative outcomes, including surgical profile, surgical burden and cosmetic results and follow‐up were reported. The learning curve was described using a cumulative sum (CUSUM) analysis.

Results

40 TASSEPs were completed successfully without conversions or severe complications. There was no statistically significant difference in operation time between TASSEP and COP groups (80.83 ± 11.95 vs. 76.95 ± 7.30 min, p = 0.084). Experience of 17 cases was necessitated to reach the learning curve of TASSEP. Postoperative pain score and traumatic index (C‐reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate) in TASSEP were apparently lower than those in COP group (p < 0.05). During the proliferation and stabilization phases, TASSEP was associated with significantly better incision recovery and cosmetic scores. Postoperative serum calcium and PTH levels throughout the follow‐up period indicated satisfactory surgical qualities in both groups.

Conclusion

Based on precise preoperative localization and intraoperative planning facilitated by three‐dimensional (3D) virtual modeling, TASSEP can be feasibly performed on selected patients with satisfactory success rates and low complication rates, providing preferable cosmetic results and alleviating the surgical burden to a certain extent.
Does Harsh Parenting Really Harm? A Systematic Review of Studies in China
Authors: Zhang Yiran , Moon Deborah , Zhang Ketian , Yi Yuqing
Published: May 2024

China has a high prevalence of child maltreatment and a culture accepting of harsh parenting with no consensus regarding its adverse outcomes. The current study seeks to address this issue by synthesising the effects of harsh parenting on the socio‐emotional outcomes of Chinese children and youths through a systematic review of relevant literature. A systematic search was conducted to collect articles published from 1991 to 2021 based on the PRISMA guidelines. This study captured the bivariate relationships between harsh parenting and the socio‐emotional outcomes of children and youths between the ages of 6–17. Forty‐five studies met the inclusion criteria. Three domains of socio‐emotional outcomes, including internalising problems, externalising problems, and social outcomes were identified. Studies consistently reported evidence of the significant association between harsh parenting and various externalising problems. However, mixed results were found regarding the association between harsh parenting and internalising problems. No study examined the physical health outcomes. More research is needed to further clarify the relationship between harsh parenting and internalising problems as well as health outcomes.
Homochiral and Heterochiral Self‐Sorting Assemblies of Antiaromatic Ni(II) Norcorrole Dimers
Authors: Liu Si‐Yu , Li Sha , Ukai Shusaku , Nozawa Ryo , Fukui Norihito , Sugimori Ryota , Kishi Ryohei , Shinokubo Hiroshi
Published: May 2024

Recently, π–π stacked antiaromatic π‐systems have received considerable attention because they can exhibit stacked‐ring aromaticity due to substantial intermolecular orbital interactions. Here, we report three antiaromatic norcorrole dimers that self‐assemble to form supramolecular architectures through chiral self‐sorting. A 2,2’‐linked norcorrole dimer with 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl groups forms a π‐stacked dimer both in solid and solution states via homochiral self‐sorting. Its association constant in solution is (3.6±1.7)×105 M−1 at 20 °C. In the solid state, 3,3’‐linked norcorrole dimers with 3,5‐di‐tert‐butylphenyl and phenyl groups afford macrocyclic and helical supramolecular assemblies via heterochiral and homochiral self‐sorting, respectively. Notably, the subtle modification in the substituent resulted in a complete change in the structure of the aggregates and the chiral self‐sorting mode. The present findings demonstrate that structural manipulation in antiaromatic monomer units leads to the formation of various supramolecular assemblies on the basis of the attractive interactions between antiaromatic π‐systems.
Unravelling the Mechanism of CO2 Activation: Insights Into Metal‐Metal Cooperativity and Spin‐Orbit Coupling with {3d–4f} Catalysts
Authors: Dua Purva , Sen Asmita , Rajaraman Gopalan
Published: May 2024

Converting CO2 into useful chemicals using metal catalysts is a significant challenge in chemistry. Among the various catalysts reported, transition metal lanthanide hybrid {3d–4f} complexes stand out for their superior efficiency and site selectivity. However, unlike transition metal catalysts, understanding the origin of this efficiency in lanthanides poses a challenge due to their orbital degeneracy, rendering the application of DFT methods ineffective. In this study, we employed a combination of density functional theory (DFT) and ab initio CASSCF/RASSI‐SO calculations to explore the mechanism of CO2 conversion to cyclic carbonate using a 3d–4f heterometallic catalyst for the first time. This work unveils the importance of 3d and 4f metal cooperativity and the role of individual spin‐orbit states in dictating the overall efficiency of the catalyst.
Improved Access to Potent Anticancer Tubulysins and Linker‐Functionalized Payloads Via an All‐On‐Resin Strategy
Authors: Ricardo Manuel G. , Llanes Dayma , Rennert Robert , Jänicke Paul , Rivera Daniel G. , Wessjohann Ludger A.
Published: May 2024

Tubulysins are among the most recent antimitotic compounds to enter into antibody/peptide‐drug conjugate (ADC/PDC) development. Thus far, the design of the most promising tubulysin payloads relied on simplifying their structures, e. g., by using small tertiary amide N‐substituents (Me, Et, Pr) on the tubuvaline residue. Cumbersome solution‐phase approaches are typically used for both syntheses and functionalization with cleavable linkers. p‐Aminobenzyl quaternary ammonium (PABQ) linkers were a remarkable advancement for targeted delivery, but the procedures to incorporate them into tubulysins are only of moderate efficiency. Here we describe a novel all‐on‐resin strategy permitting a loss‐free resin linkage and an improved access to super potent tubulysin analogs showing close resemblance to the natural compounds. For the first time, a protocol enables the integration of on‐resin tubulysin derivatization with, e. g., a maleimido‐Val‐Cit‐PABQ linker, which is a notable progress for the payload‐PABQ‐linker technology. The strategy also allows tubulysin diversification of the internal amide N‐substituent, thus enabling to screen a tubulysin library for the discovery of new potent analogs. This work provides ADC/PDC developers with new tools for both rapid access to new derivatives and easier linker‐attachment and functionalization.
Ein Bitterstoff für die Verdauung – und die Nerven
Authors: Fischer‐Henningsen Doris
Published: May 2024

Benediktenkraut ist bereits seit Jahrhunderten als Heilpflanze bekannt, die vor allem bei Verdauungsbeschwerden Linderung verschafft. Diese Wirkung geht auf die in der Pflanze enthaltenen Bitterstoffe zurück. Für den Hauptwirkstoff Cnicin berichten Kölner Forscher nun über eine ganz neue Indikation: Er fördert das Wachstum von Axonen, den Fortsätzen von Nervenzellen.
Acute treatment of migraine in children aged 6−11: Real‐world analysis of remote electrical neuromodulation (REN)
Authors: Werner Klaus , Gerson Trevor , Stark‐Inbar Alit , Shmuely Sharon , Ironi Alon , Szperka Christina L. , Hershey Andrew D.
Published: May 2024

Objectives

Migraine is a prevalent neurological disorder severely impacting children and adolescents, yet only one pharmacological treatment is approved for ages 6−12 years. Remote electrical neuromodulation (REN) is a nonpharmacological, prescribed, wearable device cleared by the Food and Drug Administration for acute and/or preventive treatment of migraine with or without aura in patients 12 years and older. This study evaluates REN's safety and efficacy in ages 6−11 years.

Methods

Prospective acute treatment of migraine data were collected through the REN device (Nerivio) smartphone application. Endpoints were device safety (primary); consistent treatment efficacy (headache pain, functional disability, associated migraine symptoms), and REN‐medication combinations 2 h post‐treatment.

Results

Children (n = 293), median age 11 years (interquartile range = 9−11), 73.7% girls, conducted 5493 REN treatments. No adverse events were reported. Efficacy in at least 50% of REN treatments was calculated from all patients who voluntarily reported pain levels, symptoms, and/or disability at treatment onset and at 2 h post‐treatment, with 72.2% (13/18) of patients reporting pain relief, 36.0% (9/25) pain freedom, 83.3% (15/18) functional disability relief, and 38.9% (7/18) functional disability freedom. Migraine‐associated symptoms disappeared in at least 50% of REN treatments in 70.0% (7/10) of patients for nausea/vomiting, 50.0% (4/8) phonophobia, and 22.2% (2/9) photophobia; 63.6% (7/11) reported freedom from at least one associated symptom. REN was used as a standalone treatment, with over‐the‐counter medications, and with prescribed headache medications in 45.4%, 34.4%, and 20.9% of treatments, respectively.

Interpretation

REN may serve as a safe and efficacious acute treatment of migraine for children. Providers and families seeking a safe, effective, pill‐ and needle‐free treatment option for children suffering from migraine may consider REN.
Self‐Compassion and Self‐Forgiveness in Alcohol Risk, Treatment and Recovery: A Systematic Review
Authors: Berg Sophia J. , Zaso Michelle J. , Biehler Kaitlyn M. , Read Jennifer P.
Published: May 2024

Introduction

Self‐compassion and self‐forgiveness are two self‐focused, positive coping approaches that may reduce risk of problem drinking and/or aid in treatment/recovery from alcohol use disorder. The present systematic review aimed to evaluate support for the unique and complementary roles of self‐compassion and self‐forgiveness in alcohol outcomes.

Methods

A systematic literature search yielded 18 studies examining self‐compassion, 18 studies examining self‐forgiveness and 1 study examining both constructs in alcohol outcomes.

Results

Findings suggest greater self‐compassion and self‐forgiveness relate to lower likelihood of problem drinking. Self‐forgiveness was considerably more researched in treatment/recovery outcomes than self‐compassion; self‐forgiveness‐based interventions appear able to improve drinking‐adjacent outcomes, and self‐forgiveness may increase across various alcohol treatments. Finally, research suggests that associations of self‐compassion and/or self‐forgiveness with alcohol outcomes could be driven by numerous factors, including coping‐motivated drinking, depression, psychache, social support perceptions, mental health status and/or psychiatric distress.

Conclusions

Self‐compassion and self‐forgiveness both appear protective against harmful alcohol outcomes. Nevertheless, many questions remain about the role of self‐forgiveness and, particularly, self‐compassion in alcohol treatment and recovery outcomes. Future research should examine whether targeted interventions and/or adjunctive therapeutic supports designed to increase self‐compassion or self‐forgiveness can reduce alcohol use disorder symptoms to facilitate alcohol treatment and recovery success.
Interventions Targeting Negative Mental Imagery in Social Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis of Characteristics and Outcomes
Authors: Thunnissen Marjolein R. , de Jong Peter J. , Rijkeboer Marleen M. , Voncken Marisol J. , Nauta Maaike H.
Published: May 2024

Psychological treatment for social anxiety disorder (SAD) has been found to be less effective than for other anxiety disorders. Targeting the vivid and distressing negative mental images typically experienced by individuals with social anxiety could possibly enhance treatment effectiveness. To provide both clinicians and researchers with an overview of current applications, this systematic review and meta‐analysis aimed to evaluate the possibilities and effects of imagery‐based interventions that explicitly target negative images in (sub)clinical social anxiety. Based on a prespecified literature search, we included 21 studies, of which 12 studies included individuals with a clinical diagnosis of SAD. Imagery interventions (k = 28 intervention groups; only in adults) generally lasted one or two sessions and mostly used imagery rescripting with negative memories. Others used eye movement desensitization and reprocessing and imagery exposure with diverse intrusive images. Noncontrolled effects on social anxiety, imagery distress and imagery vividness were mostly large or medium. Meta‐analyses with studies with control groups resulted in significant medium controlled effects on social anxiety (d = −0.50, k = 10) and imagery distress (d = −0.64, k = 8) and a nonsignificant effect on imagery vividness. Significant controlled effects were most evident in individuals with clinically diagnosed versus subclinical social anxiety. Overall, findings suggest promising effects of sessions targeting negative mental images. Limitations of the included studies and the analyses need to be considered. Future research should examine the addition to current SAD treatments and determine the relevance of specific imagery interventions. Studies involving children and adolescents are warranted.
Rictor/mTORC2 signalling contributes to renal vascular endothelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition and renal allograft interstitial fibrosis by regulating BNIP3‐mediated mitophagy
Authors: Feng Dengyuan , Gui Zeping , Xu Zhen , Zhang Jianjian , Ni Bin , Wang Zijie , Liu Jiawen , Fei Shuang , Chen Hao , Sun Li , Gu Min , Tan Ruoyun
Published: May 2024

Background

Renal allograft interstitial fibrosis/tubular atrophy (IF/TA) constitutes the principal histopathological characteristic of chronic allograft dysfunction (CAD) in kidney‐transplanted patients. While renal vascular endothelial‐mesenchymal transition (EndMT) has been verified as an important contributing factor to IF/TA in CAD patients, its underlying mechanisms remain obscure. Through single‐cell transcriptomic analysis, we identified Rictor as a potential pivotal mediator for EndMT. This investigation sought to elucidate the role of Rictor/mTORC2 signalling in the pathogenesis of renal allograft interstitial fibrosis and the associated mechanisms.

Methods

The influence of the Rictor/mTOR2 pathway on renal vascular EndMT and renal allograft fibrosis was investigated by cell experiments and Rictor depletion in renal allogeneic transplantation mice models. Subsequently, a series of assays were conducted to explore the underlying mechanisms of the enhanced mitophagy and the ameliorated EndMT resulting from Rictor knockout.

Results

Our findings revealed a significant activation of the Rictor/mTORC2 signalling in CAD patients and allogeneic kidney transplanted mice. The suppression of Rictor/mTORC2 signalling alleviated TNFα‐induced EndMT in HUVECs. Moreover, Rictor knockout in endothelial cells remarkably ameliorated renal vascular EndMT and allograft interstitial fibrosis in allogeneic kidney transplanted mice. Mechanistically, Rictor knockout resulted in an augmented BNIP3‐mediated mitophagy in endothelial cells. Furthermore, Rictor/mTORC2 facilitated the MARCH5‐mediated degradation of BNIP3 at the K130 site through K48‐linked ubiquitination, thereby regulating mitophagy activity. Subsequent experiments also demonstrated that BNIP3 knockdown nearly reversed the enhanced mitophagy and mitigated EndMT and allograft interstitial fibrosis induced by Rictor knockout.

Conclusions

Consequently, our study underscores Rictor/mTORC2 signalling as a critical mediator of renal vascular EndMT and allograft interstitial fibrosis progression, exerting its impact through regulating BNIP3‐mediated mitophagy. This insight unveils a potential therapeutic target for mitigating renal allograft interstitial fibrosis.
Riparian woody plant communities in the Romanian Carpathians: Species diversity and community structure of Salix and Hippophaë communities
Authors: Bita‐Nicolae Claudia , Florescu Larisa I. , Purice Dorina , Kaya Ozkan
Published: May 2024

Riparian woody plant communities, including shrubs and trees, are essential for maintaining biodiversity, protecting against floods, reducing erosion, and transporting nutrients. However, these habitats are greatly threatened by human activities, particularly agricultural land acquisition, and the introduction of invasive species. This study examined species diversity and interspecific association in riparian woody plant communities along rivers in the Romanian Carpathians. The study focused on communities of Salix purpurea, S. alba, and Hippophaë rhamnoides in mountain regions, with varying sampling efforts at different sites for each species. A total of 174 plant species were found, predominantly herbaceous (77.9%), followed by trees (11.6%) and shrubs (10.5%). While S. alba and S. purpurea communities show high species richness and abundance, S. alba has slightly higher diversity (H′ ≈ 2.23, SD = 0.28) than S. purpurea (H′ ≈ 1.69, SD = 0.42). Contrarily, significant differences exist between H. rhamnoides and S. alba communities in species richness (p = .007) and Shannon diversity (p = .004). PCA analysis elaborated on distinct distribution patterns of plant associations within habitats S. purpurea community, H. rhamnoides community, and S. alba community. Four invasive species (Oenothera biennis L. and Oxalis stricta L. in S. alba communities, Reynoutria sachalinensis Nakai in both S. purpurea and H. rhamnoides communities, and Erigeron canadensis L. in H. rhamnoides communities) were identified, as requiring conservation efforts. Hemicryptophytes dominate species richness, while microphanerophytes and megaphanerophytes significantly contribute to plant abundance. H. rhamnoides formed Hippophaë rhamnoides dunes (2160) Natura 2000 habitat, while S. alba created galleries within the 92A0 Salix alba and Populus alba habitat. In conclusion, the findings from this study highlight the importance of preserving riparian habitats because their value goes beyond local or regional considerations and extends to the global scale due to their unique characteristics.
Influences of ski‐runs, meadow management and climate on the occupancy of reptiles and amphibians in a high‐altitude environment of Italy
Authors: Chiacchio Michele , Rödder Dennis , Henle Klaus , Grimm‐Seyfarth Annegret
Published: May 2024

Alpine ecosystems harbour a rich and highly specialised biodiversity, which is particularly susceptible to anthropogenic disturbances such as habitat loss and fragmentation as well as to climate change. Combined with other forms of land‐use conversion, construction and maintenance of ski resorts can have severe consequences on alpine biodiversity. In this study, we show how one amphibian and two reptile species, namely Rana temporaria, Zootoca vivipara and Vipera berus, respond to such impacts by means of a multi‐season occupancy analysis. We found all three species both in and outside ski‐runs, showing that these habitats do not necessarily preclude their occurrence. Contrarily, this is influenced more by microhabitat availability, such as ground vegetation, humid areas and rock cover, rather than by macro‐characteristics like elevation or habitat type. Moreover, we found a climatic influence on the year‐to‐year occupancy change of the species, with activity‐month conditions being more relevant than overwintering ones. Our results demonstrate how, in the specific case of reptiles and amphibians, ski resorts do not necessarily limit species' occurrence and that a mild series of management actions might secure the species' persistence in the area.
A comparison of the sampling effectiveness of acoustic recorder, camera trap and point count methods in sampling nocturnal birds in Afrotropical landscapes
Authors: Joel Yitmwa Hope , Iniunam Iniunam Aniefiok , Dami Danjuma Filibus , Ottosson Ulf , Chaskda Adams Adamanyiwa
Published: May 2024

Conservation decisions for bird diversity in the Afrotropics are often based on ecological studies utilizing diurnal bird species likely owing to difficulties associated with sampling nocturnal birds. It is therefore important to compare the sampling effectiveness of some of the available techniques that can be used in nocturnal bird surveys to guide future long‐term survey efforts. Thus, we compared the sampling effectiveness of point count, acoustic recorder and camera trap for estimating nocturnal bird species richness and also across habitat types. We surveyed 20 points that were spaced at least 500 m apart in November and December 2021 in the Amurum Forest Reserve and its surroundings in Jos‐Nigeria. At each point, we used two camera traps, one at the ground and the other at 2.0 m. We also used one acoustic recorder as well as a 15‐min point count during each survey at each point. We encountered 11 nocturnal bird species, primarily nightjars but also owls. While we did not encounter any species with the camera traps, all 11 species were recorded using the acoustic recorder. All species except for Ketupa lacteaus were recorded in point count. Eight species were recorded in the gallery, seven in rocky and nine in savannah. Species richness and estimation using the acoustic recorder and point count were similar across habitat types. We conclude that either point count or acoustic recorders are useful for nocturnal bird surveys in Afrotropical environments. However, the choice of methods should be based on the research questions as some questions may be better answered by a specific method or even a combination of both.