bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pension Insurance as a Topical Direction of Life Insurance Development in the Current Context
Authors: Bakhmatov Sergey , Borodavko Lyubov , Semenova Yekaterina
Published: December 2020

The pension insurance system, that includes mandatory and voluntary instruments, stands out as a basics of financial security of the social society. The balanced structure of the system of voluntary and compulsory insurance allows to ensure a high social protection degree for citizens of retirement age. This circumstance stands out as a major argument in favor of taking measures by the government and the insurers community aimed at promoting voluntary pension insurance as a significant direction for the life insurance development. All this explains the relevance of research in this field of insurance. The article examines the role of voluntary pension insurance as a topical direction developing life insurance in general. It presents the main problems of the current system of compulsory pension insurance which can be solved only by adequate development of the voluntary form of pension insurance. It specifies the advantages of development and use of products of this insurance type for the government, insurers and policyholders. It brings forth practical examples and calculations that demonstrate the relevance of concluding the contract of voluntary pension insurance for individuals in the current context.
Growth of Energy Efficiency is the Road to Sustainable Development of Economy of Russias Eastern Regions
Authors: Saneev Boris , Sokolov Alexander , Muzychuk Svetlana , Muzychuk Roman
Published: December 2020

The Russian fuel-energy complex (FEC) is the basis without normal functioning of which the sustainable development of economy is made impossible; especially impressive it is revealed in the east of the country where the FEC sectors contribute most significantly to the industrial production. Besides, the diversification of the export flows of the fuel and energy resources (FER) considerably increases the role of the eastern direction in Russias economic policy. All this determines the topicality of studying the processes of FEC development in the eastern regions (Siberia and the Far East) using mathematical modelling. The purpose of investigation is to carry out an energy-economic analysis, identification of FEC development problems in the eastern regions and specifying the main ways to overcome them. The research methods are system analysis, economic and mathematic modelling and indicative methods. Results of the study: on the basis of the available statistic information the fuel-energy balances (FEB) of the Russias eastern regions have been developed, an analysis of the FEC current state has been made, the main problems of its development have been identified, the most important factors that impact the energy efficiency of economy have been determined, using the model tools the long-term FEC development forecast has been carried out. The conclusions: the current state of the eastern regions FEC allow to provide the economy with necessary quantity of FER, yet the problems exist that limit the FEC development which can hinder the economy to develop massively. It is necessary to implement the measures that provide the energy efficiency in all spheres of economic activity, as well as to change the structure of the FEB in Russias eastern regions in the direction of more rational use of the fuel and energy resources ( FER) and to scale up the introduction of of technological innovations, all this will allow to increase the energy efficiency of the economy.
Tariff Policy in Hydropower and Its Impact on the Economy of Tajikistan
Authors: Shupletsov Alexander , Burakov Valery , Buriev Firdavs
Published: December 2020

The current energy policy in Tajikistan is to increase the production of electricity, to maximize the benefits from the existing hydropower potential in the coming years and to meet the growing needs of the population and enterprises of the country. In addition, in the near future, after the construction of the Rogun and Sangtuda HPPs, the Government of the Republic plans to export excess electricity to neighboring countries. In Tajikistan, the use of all types of energy resources will contribute to the development of the economy, but the most feasible and sustainable renewable energy is hydropower, which will ensure the highest socio-economic well-being in the country. This article analyzes the role of hydroenergetics in the system of economic relations of Tajikistan. It carries out an analysis of the tariff policy impact in the field of Tajikistan hydropower complex on the main socio-economic processes of the state. It develops regression models within the framework of the dependence of the governmental economy on the changes in the tariff policy structure in the hydropower complex.
Legal Regulation of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Khisamova Zarina , Begishev Ildar
Published: December 2020

In today's digital space, the use of artificial intelligence (hereinafter-AI) and the development of intelligent technologies are extremely important and relevant. Over the past few years, there have been attempts to regulate AI, both in Russia and in other countries of the world. Among the currently existing approaches, the most optimal one is the creation of a separate legal regulation mechanism that creates a clear delineation of areas of responsibility between developers and users of systems with AI and the technology itself. A separate direction should be the introduction of uniform for all developers and users of ethical principles for systems with AI. The most optimal in this aspect is the approach implemented in the framework of Asilomar principles. In these circumstances, the appeal to the problem of legal regulation of AI becomes more relevant than ever. This article presents the results of a detailed analysis of existing approaches to the legal regulation of AI.
Informal Education in Process of Studying Foreign Languages and Types of Tasks that Aim Students at Working Independently in Terms of Informal Education
Authors: Liskina Tamara , Bludov Vasiliy , Onoshko Olga
Published: December 2020

The article reflects the specificity of organizing informal education in training students in a language university and master degree students in an economic university, enrolled in international programs, as well as the significance of conscious independent work and self-education as an integral component of informal education functioning. An important component is students motivation and their methodological readiness for independent learning a foreign language. The authors offer for consideration three types of students guiding to self-learning in terms of informal context in the process of formal educational process and provide a typology of tasks illustrating the direct, indirect and hidden guiding of students to their independent work.
General Traits and Features of Present-Day National Human Rights Institutions
Authors: Levchenko Irina
Published: December 2020

The article reflects the historical features of the process of emergence and establishment of national human rights institutions (NHRIs). Performing human rights functions by non-governmental bodies and organizations is of great importance for progressive development of the civil society and the state. Human rights are a limitation of political power and act as a means of monitoring its implementation. The author investigates both foreign and domestic experience of development and performance of NHRIs. Attention is drawn to the activities of ombudsmen in modern countries related to due course of law and the strengthening of the legal framework in the activities of the executive, extrajudicial control. Analysis of the NHRI performance allows to reveal their common and specific features. The NHGIs are an important additional (subsidiary) mechanism of legal support, not substituting but acting along with the parliamentary, judicial, administrative and other forms of control existing in the state. Their main task is to protect the rights of citizens. The article carries out a comparative analysis of the regulatory and legal support of the NHRIs, notes the need for international cooperation and exchange of experience. It makes a conclusion that legislative support of the NHRI performance contributes to the development of democratic processes related to the implementation of human and civil rights and freedoms.
Features of Mental States at Different Levels of Teachers Emotional Burnout
Authors: Kozhevina Anna , Dubrovina Svetlana
Published: December 2020

The article studies the features of mental states of teachers with different severity of emotional burnout. It reveals that the teachers with the formed syndrome of emotional burnout have a reduced emotional background. It is expressed in deformation of relations with other people against the background of a negative assessment of themselves, their professional achievements and successes. In the group of teachers with emotional burnout syndrome, who find in the stage of formation, asthenic conditions prevail. The article marks in a greater degree a sense of frustration, observes the states of powerlessness, anguish, sadness, sorrow. Also equally expressed are the states of tension, anxiety and dissatisfaction with themselves, a passive attitude to life, characteristic is a larger involvement of resources and emotional tension. The main causes of emotional discomfort are problems with subordinates. The teachers with undeveloped emotional burnout syndrome have an active, optimistic attitude to the life situation, confidence in their abilities and capabilities, predominance of the positive emotional tone, calm flow of emotional processes, high emotional stability, effectiveness of еру mental self-regulation, behavior and activity.
FEATURES OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC COMMUNITIES OF MOUNTAIN WATER CURRENTS OF THE NORTHERN MACROSLOPE OF THE KHAMAR-DABAN RIDGE (EASTERN SIBERIA)
Authors:   Baikal Museum of the IRC SB RAS (pos. Listvyanka, Irkutsk region, Russia), Eropova I.O. ,   Irkutsk State University (Irkutsk, Russia), Takhteev V.V. ,   Baikal Museum of the IRC SB RAS (pos. Listvyanka, Irkutsk region, Russia) ; Irkutsk State University (Irkutsk, Russia), Rozhkova N.A. ,   Limnological Institute SB RAS (Irkutsk, Russia), Khadeeva E.R. ,   Institute of Geography. V.B. Sochava SB RAS (Irkutsk, Russia)
Published: December 2020

The distribution of zoobenthos communities in six small mountain streams of the northern macroslope of the Khamar-Daban Ridge in the district between the Baikalsk city and the village Murino was investigated. There are 16 taxonomic groups registered in the communities. The dominant groups are most often Oligochaeta, Chironomidae (larvae and pupae), endemic Amphipoda, larvae of Trichoptera and Planariidae. The largest macrozoobenthos biomass was observed in ripal zone of the streams on heavily silted grounds, and the smallest – on sandy grounds with an admixture of silt and detritus at the fairly fast flow.
GALL-FORMING ARTHROPODS IN GREEN AREAS OF TOMSK
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Konusova O.L. , Korneev E.A. ,   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Shchepetkina S.A. ,   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation)
Published: December 2020

In the green spaces of Tomsk, 28 species of gall-forming arthropods associated with 17 species of woody and shrubby plants were identified.
MORPHOLOGY OF THE RADULA OF SOME SIBERIAN REPRESENTATIVES OF THE BITHYNIIDAE FAMILY (MOLLUSCA: GASTROPODA)
Authors:   State natural reserve", Kuzmenkin D.V. ,   Tigireksky",   (Barnaul, Russia)
Published: December 2020

Light microscopy was used to study the morphology of the radula of four nominal species of the Bithyniidae family living in Siberia: Boreoelona contortrix, B. sibirica, Opisthorchophorus baudonianus, O. troschelii. A significant difference in the structure of radula B. contortrix from the other three species is noted.
COMPOSITION OF WEEVIL AMBER FAUNAS (CURCULIONOIDEA) IN THE EOCENE OF EUROPE
Authors:   Institute of Systematic and Ecology of Animals, SB RAS (Novosibirsk, Russia), Legalov A.A.
Published: December 2020

The analysis of the structure of the weevil fauna from the Eocene amber of Europe is given. 143 species from eight families are discovered. The differences between the faunas of the early and the middle Eocene amber are shown.
NIGHT MIGRATION COMPLEX OF ENDEMIC AMFIPOD AS AN INDICATOR OF ENVIRONMENTAL STATE BAIKAL LAKE
Authors:   Irkutsk State University (Irkutsk, Russia), Takhteev V.V. ,   Baikal Museum of the Irkutsk Scientific Center SB RAS (pos. Listvyanka, Russia), Batranin D.A. ,   Irkutsk State University (Irkutsk, Russia), Eropova I.O. ,   Irkutsk State University (Irkutsk, Russia); Baikal Museum of the Irkutsk Scientific Center SB RAS (pos. Listvyanka, Russia), Govorukhina E.B. ,   Irkutsk State University (Irkutsk, Russia), Didorenko S.I. ,   Baikal Museum of the Irkutsk Scientific Center SB RAS (pos. Listvyanka, Russia)
Published: December 2020

With the ongoing anthropogenic eutrophication of the Lake Baikal there is an increase in the abundance not only of aquatic vegetation, but also organismsconsumers. As consumers of vegetable detritus are crustaceans – amphipods, which, by eating detritus, partially reduce the pollution of the lake with rotting organic matter. A significant increase in their number is evidenced by the increase in the abundance of amphipods in the nocturnal migratory complex in the coastal pelagic zone.
FUNCTIONAL ACTIVITY OF HEMOCYTES OF PULMONARY MOLLUSCS
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University (St. Petersburg, Russia), Tokmakova A.S. , Prokhorova E.E. ,   Herzen State Pedagogical University (St. Petersburg, Russia), Serebryakova M.K. ,   Herzen State Pedagogical University (St. Petersburg, Russia), Ataev G.L. ,   Herzen State Pedagogical University (St. Petersburg, Russia)
Published: December 2020

Hemocytes, the cell of the hemolymph, play a key role in the immune response of pulmonate molluscs to various pathogens including trematode infection. The number of hemocytes is known to increase after immunization but the mechanism of their multiplication remains debatable. In this work we studied the functional and proliferative activity of hemocytes in two species of pulmonate molluscs: Biomphalaria glabrata, Planorbarius corneus. ImageStream technique was used for the study of the hemocyte populations of these molluscan species for the first time. The hemocytes of all the studied species were represented by two main types, granular cells and hyalinocytes. Microscopic and flow-cytometric study of the hemocytes with the use of EdU revealed some EdU-positive cells. However, the analysis of the cell cycle of the hemocytes showed that the amount of DNA in these cells was not increased.
GENETIC IMPROVEMENT OF HONEY BEES FOR KEEPING IN EXTREMAL CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
Authors:   Ufa Scientific Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics (Ufa, Russia), Ilyasov R.A. ,   Incheon National University (Yeonsu-gu, Songdo-dong, Incheon, Korea), Nikolenko A.G. ,   Ufa Scientific Center, Institute of Biochemistry and Genetics (Ufa, Russia), Kwon H.W. ,   Incheon National University (Yeonsu-gu, Songdo-dong, Incheon, Korea)
Published: December 2020

Genetic improvement of honey bee populations based on molecular genetics features is faster and precision in comparison with morphometry and behavior-based methods. We developed the method based on nine nuclear microsatellite loci that allow a selection of most adaptive honey bee colonies by genetically defined features. Our study the heterozygosity of the dark European bee A. m. mellifera inhabiting the extremely cold region of the Ural Mountains to provide a marker-assisted selection for revealing the high adapted to extremely cold climate honey bee population can be applied for markerassisted selection of honey bees adapted to beekeeping in extremal climatic conditions.
REPRODUCTION MECHANISM OF MOTHER SPOROCYSTS SCHISTOSOMA MANSONI
Authors:   Herzen State Pedagogical University (St. Petersburg, Russia), Ataev G.L. , Tokmakova A.S. ,   Herzen State Pedagogical University (St. Petersburg, Russia)
Published: December 2020

histological and electron microscopic investigations were performed of the development of generative elements of Schistosoma mansoni mother sporocysts (MS). On average 20 germinal cells (GC) are found in miracidium. After metamorphosis of miracidium into sporocysts GC grow and on the 3d day start to divide thus forming first embryos of daughter sporocysts. During the same time germinal masses start to form in the subtegumental body area of MS. At this point proliferation of undifferentiated cells (UC) occurs only in the germinal masses. Here also a part of UC differentiates into GC. These cells form sporocystoid embryos. Therefore, the formation of generative elements into S. mansoni MS occurs in two stages. The primaries GC are formed in the process of the miracidium development into the egg, but secondary GC forming into germinal masses of MS.
PATHOGENIC POTENTIAL OF ENTOMOPATHOGENIC FUNGI OF THE GENUS LECANICILLIUM AGAINST HEMIPTERA
Authors:   All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (St. Petersburg), Cherepanova M.A. , Mitina G.V. ,   All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (St. Petersburg), Choglokova A.A. ,   All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection (St. Petersburg)
Published: December 2020

The virulence of the species of the entomopathogenic fungi Lecanicillium psalliotae (strain Vl 78), L. dimorphum (Vl 79) and L. pissodis (ARSEF 8057) against bean aphid Megoura viciae Buckt and greenhouse whitefly Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood has been compared with the virulence of well-studied species L. muscarium (Vl 21, Vl 72), L. lecanii (Vl 5), L. longisporum (Vl 13). Species L. longisporum (Vl 13), L. muscarium (Vl 72), L. psalliotae (Vl 78) had a virulence of more than 80% against bean aphid, other strains showed the virulence less than 60%. All strains except L. longisporum (Vl 13) had a high virulence about 75–100% against the greenhouse whitefly. As appeared, the species L. psalliotae (Vl 78) has the perspectives against the both insect species. Its virulence corresponds to the similar level of mortality caused by the well-studied species L. muscarium.
SPECIES COMPOSITION OF NEMATODES ON MALARIA MOSQUITOES OF THE TOMSK REGION
Authors:   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation), Fedorova V.S. , Burlak V.A. ,   Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS (Novosibirsk, Russia), Artemov G.N. ,   Tomsk State University (Tomsk, Russian Federation); Institute of Cytology and Genetics SB RAS (Novosibirsk, Russia)
Published: December 2020

The species composition of nematodes and their vectors were analyzed in the Tomsk region. It has been shown that all three species of malaria mosquitoes, Anopheles messeae s.s., An. daciae and An. beklemishevi, can transmit Dirofilaria repens in 89% of confirmed cases. The species-specific infection of the intermediate host with dirofilarias depends on the geographical location.
SURVIVAL OF MIGRATORY LOCUST AT DIFFERENT KEEPING CONDITIONS
Authors:   All-Russian research Institute for plant protection, Saint Petersburg (Pushkin, Russia), Gerus A.B. , Tokarev Y.S. ,   All-Russian research Institute for plant protection, Saint Petersburg (Pushkin, Russia), Lednev G.R. ,   All-Russian research Institute for plant protection, Saint Petersburg (Pushkin, Russia), Levchenko M.B. ,   All-Russian research Institute for plant protection, Saint Petersburg (Pushkin, Russia), Pogrebnyak S.M. ,   All-Russian research Institute for plant protection, Saint Petersburg (Pushkin, Russia), Gerus E.Yu. ,   All-Russian research Institute for plant protection, Saint Petersburg (Pushkin, Russia)
Published: December 2020

In this article we studied the conditions for keeping two species of gregarious locusts: the African migratory locust (Locusta migratoria migratorioides) and the Asian migratory locust (Locusta migratoria migratoria) in open and shaded areas. Based on the data obtained, it is shown that the survival rate of insects of the non-diapausal subspecies was higher in comparison with the obligate monovoltine.
The effect of students' developing their own digital games on their academic achievement and attitudes towards for English lessons
Authors: KABAK Kadir , KORUCU Agah Tuğrul
Published: December 2020

The impact of developing technologies is also observed in educational environments where many digital content-based applications are used. When the studies conducted are examined, it is seen that the applications where digital content is presented to students constitute the majority. However, considering the 21st century skills, more is needed to give students high-level experiences. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of innovative application, which is applied by the students developing their own digital content within the English course, on their academic achievements, attitudes towards English lessons and attitudes towards computer-aided teaching. The study was carried out at the secondary school level. In the experimental group, a game-based application was made with Scratch, a block-based programming tool within the scope of English lessons. The control group continued its technology-supported education with its current technological infrastructure (interactive board with fiber internet access). The mixed method research design was used in the study. The academic achievement test developed for two different units as the quantitative data collection tool by the researcher, the Attitude Scale for Elementary English Lesson Developed by Baş (2012), and the Computer Assisted Instruction Evaluation Scale developed by Dinçer and Doğanay (2016) were used. In addition, semi-structured interview form was used as a qualitative data collection tool. As a result of the research, significant differences were seen in the academic success values of the experimental group, where innovative application was performed. When students' attitudes towards English lesson and their attitudes towards computer-aided education are examined, meaningful results are obtained in favor of the experimental group. As a result, the findings showed that, with the necessary preparations, the innovative application used in this study can benefit students' academic achievements, their attitudes towards English lessons and their attitudes towards computer-aided teaching.
The instructional design of ethnoscience-based inquiry learning for scientific explanation about Taxus sumatrana as cancer medication
Authors: SUDARMİN Sudarmin , DİLİAROSTA Skunda , PUJİASTUTİ Rr. Sri Endang , JUMİNİ Sri , TRİ PRASETYA Agung
Published: December 2020

The ethnoscience approach is carried out by integrating local wisdom culture in science learning. The Minang community believes that the Taxus sumatrana plant is a cancer drug. But they have not been able to explain its benefits conceptually based on scientific inquiry with relevant references. This study aims to solve these problems through (1) designing ethnoscience-based inquiry learning to study the bioactivity of Taxus sumatrana; and (2) describe scientific experiments on plants as cancer drugs. This research includes qualitative research to reconstruct scientific explanations based on local wisdom. The data were obtained through observations at the research location regarding community local wisdom and laboratory activities including isolation, phytochemical identification, and chemical structure testing using Perkin Elmer 100 FT-IR spectroscopy. All data obtained were analyzed and corroborated by various relevant sources. The results of the analysis concluded that the appropriate learning design was an integrated model; and secondary metabolites found in the bark and leaves of Taxus sumatrana were tested using water, ethanol, ethanol + n-hexane, and ethanol + benzene as solvents, including terpenoids, alkaloids, terpenoids, steroids, phenolics, and saponins. The results showed that Taxus sumatrana can act as an anticancer because in the experimental laboratory it is known that terpenoids as taxols, phenolics, and other oxygenated metabolites which have the potential to be anticancer
KARAY TÜRKLERİNİN YAKARI METİNLERİNDE KUDÜS
Authors: ŞAYHAN Fatih
Published: December 2020

Hazar kağanlığının kalıntısı oldukları düşünülen ve M.S. IX. yüzyılda Museviliğin Karaizm mezhebini kabul etmiş olan Karay Türkleri, bugün başta Kırım, Litvanya ve Polonya olmak üzere Mısır, İsrail, Amerika, İsviçre, Fransa, İngiltere, Belçika, Kuzey Afrika, İspanya, İran, Ermenistan, Kafkasya, Güney Rusya ve İstanbul’da dağınık topluluklar halinde yaşamaktadır. UNESCO’nun, siyasi, coğrafi, dini, ekonomik ve sosyolojik sebeplerden dolayı nüfusları azalan, dilleri ve kültürlerini kaybetme tehlikesiyle karşı karşıya kalan Karay Türklerinin dilini “Tehlike Altındaki Diller” listesine almasından sonra bilim âlemi Karay Türkleriyle ilgilenmeye başlamış ve kültür bilimciler ve dilbilimciler tarafından Karay Türklerini konu alan çalışmalar yapılmıştır. Karay Türkleri, inanç gereği yazılı metinlerini Arami ve İbrani harfleriyle yazmıştır. Söz konusu metinler, içlerinde yaşam karşısındaki duruşlarını da sergiledikleri yakarı metinlerinin yanı sıra kültürün aktarıcısı olan şiirsel ve yazınsal anlatıları da içlerinde barındıran “mecuma” adını verdikleri mecmualardır. Karay Türkleri, dini anlamda Karaizm mezhebi öğretileri gereğince yalnızca yazılı Tevrat’ı esas almışlar ve Talmut’u ve Haham hukukunu kabul etmemişlerdir. Bu bakımdan Tevrat’ın öğretilerinden hareketle kendilerine inanç boyutlu bir varlık alanı kurmuşlardır. Bu bağlamda Karay Türklerinin yakarı metinlerinin başında “Yalvarmalık”, ““Karay Duaları” ve İbrani harfleriyle yazılmış olan “Çakun Lahaş” gelmektedir. Çakun Lahaş adlı yakarı metni, çeviri yazı esasına dayanarak tarafımızdan İbrani harflerinden Latin harflerine aktarılmıştır. Söz konusu metinlerde “Kudüs”, “kutsal mabed” göndermeleriyle birlikte “beyt mikdaş”, “aziz mikdaş”, “Sion” ve “Jerusalayim/Yeruşalaim” olarak geçmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Karay Türklerine ait Çakun Lahaş ve Yalvarmalık metinlerinden hareket ile Kudüs’ün Karay Türkleri için tarihsel önemi ve inanç boyutundaki yeri vurgulanacak ve Kudüs’ün dinler tarihi üzerindeki değerler dizgesi itibariyle anlamsal göndermeleri semiyotik bağlamda incelenecektir.
Live Cell Quantification using Image Analysis v1
Authors: Song Minjung
Published: December 2020

Purpose This protocol describes image-based quantification of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs), which could be adapted for other cell populations that grow in a monolayer. It utilises a membrane-bound stain and requires a high-content imaging system such as a PerkinElmer Oprea Phenix or similar and downstream image analysis pipelines. The suggested dye labels live cells, fluoresces in far red, and shows no evidence of toxicity in hPSCs. This protocol is useful in situations where cell quantification by manual or automated counting becomes rate-limiting, such as when multiple lines are grown for high-throughput differentiation experiments on different genetic backgrounds, or for survival or morphology-based screens in systems where cells have clearly defined cell borders.
DA TUTELA DO MEIO AMBIENTE: A DESPROPORCIONALIDADE NA APLICAÇÃO DAS SANÇÕES
Authors: França Matos Raimundo Giovanni , Oliveira Leite Darla Emily
Published: December 2020

O meio ambiente é tutelado pela Constituição Federal de 1988, em seu art. 225, sendo aquele bem de uso coletivo. É imprescindível sua proteção, que é considerado direito fundamental, vez que garantido as atuais e futuras gerações. É papel do Estado, por meio de iniciativas que levem em consideração o princípio da prevenção, buscar a harmonia, equilíbrio e saúde do meio ambiente, e por conseguinte da coletividade. A Lei nº 9.605/1998, que dispõe sobre os crimes ambientais e as sanções penais e administrativas, foi um marco do Direito Ambiental. No entanto, a discussão sobre a efetividade e proporcionalidade na aplicação das penas é inevitável, vislumbrando os casos de impunidade frente aos principais crimes ambientais registrados. Há de se questionar sobre a necessária reforma a ser realizada no que tange a legislação ambiental pátria.
BACIA DE EVAPOTRANSPIRAÇÃO - UMA TECNOLOGIA ALTERNATIVA PARA COLETA E TRATAMENTO DE ESGOTO DOMÉSTICO.
Authors: Gomes José Romário Soares , Capitó Aline Cerqueira Paranhos , Júnior Ismar Macário Pinto , Da Silva Djair Felix
Published: December 2020

A Bacia de Evapotranspiração é uma tecnologia proposta por permacultores para reuso domiciliar das águas negras, um sistema engenhoso capaz de tratar esgoto e produzir vida sem gerar emissão de efluentes ao invés de livrar-se do esgoto lançando-o dentro da terra, podendo contaminar o solo e alcançar o lençol freático, como nos sumidouros. A partir disto, o presente trabalho busca, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica, estudar as principais características, mecanismos de funcionamento e efetividade da Bacia de Evapotranspiração para coleta e tratamento das águas negras. Os resultados apontam que a tecnologia é uma ótima alternativa para o tratamento deste tipo de esgoto, com ótima eficiência e a baixo custo, sem emissão de efluentes ou mal odores, além de garantir a produção de frutos que podem ser consumidos por humanos e reutilizar materiais descartados na construção da estrutura.
Clinical features of secondary acute myeloid leukemia in children
Authors: Makhacheva F. A. , Valiev T. T.
Published: December 2020

Background. Secondary malignancies in pediatric cancer survivors is an actual problem in modern oncopediatry. Alkylating agents and topoisomerase II inhibitors used for primary tumors treatment, induce secondary acute myeloid leukemia (sAML), which treatment results are unsatisfactory.

Objective. By predicating on literature and own data to evaluate clinical and biologic features and therapeutic potential of pediatric sAML.

Materials and methods. Six patients (age 7–16 years) with sAML were enrolled the study from June 1998 to December 2016. Follow up until September 2020. Primary tumors, which therapy could induce sAML were acute lymphoblastic leukemia, Burkitt lymphoma, germ cell tumor, osteosarcoma, nephroblastoma.

Results and conclusion. From 6 patients, included in the study, 2 are alive (+58 and +67 months after allogenic stem cell transplantation), that match global data. Fludarabine-containing regimens and allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant could be a method of choice for this unfavorable group of patients.
The efficacy and safety of nusinersen within the expanded access program in Russia
Authors: Artemieva S. B. , Kuzenkova L. M. , Ilyina E. S. , Kursakova Yu. A. , Kolpakchi L. M. , Sapego E. Yu. , Golenko A. A. , Popovich S. G. , Parshin D. V. , Shidlovskaya O. A. , Papina Yu. O. , Monakhova A. V. , Vlodavets D. V.
Published: December 2020

Introduction.Spinal muscular atrophy is a severe neuromuscular disease characterized by rapid progression of muscle weakness and earlydeath. Pathogenetic therapy with nusinersen can significantly change the course of the disease and enable the patient to acquire new skills.The study of the efficacy and safety of nusinersen therapy in patients with type 1 spinal muscular atrophy should be continued.Theaim of the studywas to assess the safety and efficacy of nusinersen therapy in patients with type 1 spinal muscular atrophy for 6 monthsas part of an expanded access program at federal and regional healthcare facilities.Materials and methods.Patients with type 1 spinal muscular atrophy received nusinersen therapy under the expanded access program(NCT02865109). Patients were evaluated before starting treatment and 6 months after starting treatment. Overall motor development andmotor function was assessed using the Hammersmith Infant Neurological Status Scale Part 2 and the Philadelphia Pediatric Hospital Neonatal Motor Scale.Results.41 children aged 6 to 38 months received nusinersen therapy between July 2019 and March 2020. At the time of analysis, all patients were alive and continued treatment. The average improvement on the Hammersmith Hospital Neurological Status Scale was 3.7 pointsafter 6 months of therapy compared to baseline (n = 39, p <0.001). The mean improvement on the Children’s Hospital of PhiladelphiaScale for the Diagnosis of Motor Function in Newborns was 9.8 after 6 months of therapy from baseline (n = 30, p <0.001).Conclusion.The efficacy and safety of nusinersen have been demonstrated in real clinical practice in Russia in the treatment of early-onsetspinal muscular atrophy.
POSTMODERNITY, SEXUALITIES AND CULTURE: FEMINIST SCRIPTS AND GENDER POP-ICONS (Review of the book: Gaga Feminism. Sex, Gender, and The End of Normal. J. Jack Halberstam. Boston : Beacon Press, 2013. 157 p.)
Authors: Vlasova Tetiana
Published: December 2020

Lady Gaga as a postmodern cultural icon manipulating with images and symbols has created in her “performances” a kind of new “post”-postmodern feminism, in which she followed the line of feminine anarchists – in politics, arts and culture. “Gaga ideology”, which in fact “embraces a void”, nowadays is vividly presented across alternative forms of popular culture with the subsequent great impact on the generation of millennials.
SOME ASPECTS OF BEE POPULATION PRESERVATION
Authors: Krampuža Ilga
Published: December 2020

Destructive influence of pesticides on bee population, as well as on people and the environment has been analysed in the research paper.  The aim of the paper is to define topical issues, which have to be solved in order to protect bee population and offer the solutions for bee protection against using of chemicals. The issues of bee population protection have been examined in the context of people and environment protection by the assistance of the systematic method. The comparative method serves in order to view the hazard of bee population in different countries. The development of the normative acts, which regulate bee protection from the impact of pesticides has been discussed by the assistance of the historical method. The following hypothesis has been put forward: the protection of bee population is possible via improvement of the normative legal framework, which refers to the usage of pesticides. The novelty of the research is the offer of   a normative act amendment, which would provide the   checking of pesticide usage in municipalities.
THE IMPACT OF THE LABOUR TAX BURDEN ON THE LIVING STANDARD OF THE INHABITANTS OF LATVIA
Authors: Jersova Anastasija , Kotāne Inta
Published: December 2020

The standard of living of the inhabitants of Latvia, especially in the context of material well-being or disposable income, is a guarantee that the inhabitants will be able to meet their basic needs, which are important for ensuring an adequate standard of living. Inhabitants ensure their material well-being mainly by working and receiving a net salary, which is paid after the calculation and deduction of labour taxes. However, the state is essentially the same inhabitant, which has its own basic needs, the financing of which requires income, which is mainly obtained after the collection of certain taxes, which accordingly reduces material well-being or disposable income of the inhabitants which is an essential component of the standard of living.The goal of the research: to investigate the impact of the labour taxes on the standard of living of the inhabitants of Latvia. The research uses general scientific research methods: the method of monographic or descriptive research, the comparative analysis method, an expert   survey, data grouping, and the graphical method. Authors of the paper believe that employees employed in Latvia should be encouraged to use the possibilities of gross salary relief, thus promoting the growth of their net salary. In order to raise the living standards of the inhabitants in the short and long term, the government of Latvia and local governments must emphasize their attention to the growth of the national economy. The government of Latvia and local governments must implement measures aimed at raising the long-term living standards of the population and gaining material benefits in the future.
ANALYSIS OF ICT COMPANIES’ NEEDS FOR THE ENHANCEMENT OF ICT HIGHER EDUCATION AT MASTER LEVEL: THE CASE OF KAZAKHSTAN
Authors: Ahrens Andreas , Zascerinska Jelena , Amanzholova Saule , Zakirova Gulnara , Aļeksejeva Ludmila
Published: December 2020

The correspondence between ICT master programmes and requirements of ICT companies is shaped via needs analysis. The research aim: The aim of the present article is to analyse the empirical results of the study of needs of ICT companies, underpinning the elaboration of implications on ICT master programmes. The primary methods used: Exploratory research has been implemented within the present work. The representatives of four ICT companies, namely CISCO, KAIB, Kaspersky Lab and Soft Com, took part in the focus group interview organised at International Information Technology University, Almaty, Kazakhstan, in October 2019. A brief description of the main research results: The theoretical findings of the present research allow concluding that ICT companies and the universities belong to the local or regional community. The structuring content analysis allows identifying the areas of universities-companies cooperation, namely academic staff training, students’ training, provision of universities with modern equipment, joint elaboration of the content of ICT master programmes, organisation of joint laboratories including virtual laboratories, ensuring practice and internships for students, etc. The summarising content analysis highlights the need in cooperation between universities and companies to strengthen the sustainable development of the digital economy in the region. The novelty of the present work is formulated in the implications on ICT master programmes. Directions of further research are formulated.
TRENDS AND THE IMPLICATIONS OF CHANGE IN PUBLIC DEBT IN LATVIA
Authors: Apeināne Aiga , Zvaigzne Anda
Published: December 2020

An analysis of various research papers reveals that an increase in public debt has helped nations to restart economic growth; therefore, the research on public debt is still urgent and relevant.The aim of the present research is to examine trends and the implications of change in the public debt of Latvia.The research results revealed that over a ten-year period (2009-2018), the government budget of Latvia had a surplus only in one year (2016), which was due to the fact that the growth rate of budgetary revenues exceeded that of the national economy. The research results also revealed that public debt explicitly had more negative than positive implications. The positive implications involve increases in income for the population (interest payments on debt securities) and revenue for the government budget (to cover expenditures). The negative implications of public debt for the national economy mostly involve a potential downgrade of the country’s credit rating, which could lead to difficulties in raising funds during a crisis.The research employed the following methods: monographic, induction and deduction, graphical, comparison, a sociological research method – expert surveying – and statistical analysis.
COVID- 19 PANDEMIC IMPACT ON FREE ZONES
Authors: Ezmale Sandra
Published: December 2020

COVID-19 pandemic has an impact on global economic activity, but the negative effects vary from country to country. The key factors determining the depth of the impact are the economic situation at the beginning of 2020, the features of the economic structure and the fiscal capacity of governments to help citizens, businesses and the economy as a whole. Free zones and special economic zones are historically perceived as places that, to some extent, protect investors from unpredictability and act as places where the weak business environment is mitigated. The article investigates the impact of pandemic COVID - 19 on the world's economic situation and free zones, as well as free zones forecasts on the economic recovery. The objective of the article – to analyse the impact of pandemic COVID-19 on the world free zones performance and global economic situation. Within the framework of the study has been characterised the impact of pandemic COVID - 19 on the world's economic situation, described the extent and nature of the COVID- 19 pandemic impacts on performance in the Free Zones, as well as has been described the impact of pandemic COVID 19 on the operation of free-zone enterprises in Latvia by analysing the example of Rezekne's special economic zone.The descriptive methods, document analysis, comparative analysis was used in the study, survey.
STAFF MOTIVATION PROBLEMS IN SMALL ENTERPRISES
Authors: Arbidane Iluta , Arbidāns Dairis , Višķers Ēvalds , Graudiņa Iveta
Published: December 2020

One of the challenges a company manager constantly faces  is employee motivation. According to the authors' empirical experience, in small enterprises, an entrepreneur often has limited opportunities to hire a large number of employees, so the existing ones have to perform not only direct job responsibilities within their position or profession, but also other additional duties. The aim of the research is to study the problems and opportunities of employees motivation in small enterprises. Two surveys were conducted to achieve the aim. The survey of entrepreneurs examines the motivation of employees from the point of view of entrepreneurs, while the second survey examines the opinion of employees on motivation in small enterprises. As a result, the motivators are ranked from both points of view and compared.
KARAÇAM ODUNUNUN FİZİKSEL ÖZELLİKLERİ ÜZERİNE FARKLI ATMOSFERLERDE UYGULANAN ISIL İŞLEMİN ETKİSİ
Authors: BAL Bekir Cihad
Published: December 2020

Masif odunun, diğer mühendislik malzemeleri ile kıyaslandığında, yenilenebilir bir malzeme olması, kolay işlenebilmesi, ucuz olması, yoğunluğuna göre mekanik özelliklerinin yüksek olması gibi üstün özellikleri bulunmaktadır. Ancak, biyolojik dayanıklılığı düşüktür ve rutubet alıp verdiğinde daralıp genişlemesi istenmeyen özelliklerindendir. Bu istenmeyen özelliklerini iyileştirmek için değişik metotlar geliştirilmiştir. Isıl işlem metodu bu metotlardan birisidir. Isıl işlem uygulaması, sıcak buhar, sıcak yağ, vakum veya azot gazı atmosferinde uygulanmaktadır. Bu çalışmada, azot gazı, vakum ve hava atmosferlerinde yapılan ısıl işlemin karaçam odununun bazı fiziksel özellikleri üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Test örneklerinin ağırlık kaybı, tam kuru yoğunluk, denge rutubeti yüzdesi, genişleme yüzdeleri ve su alma yüzdeleri belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen verilere göre; sıcaklık arttıkça, ağırlık kaybının arttığı, genişleme ve su almanın azaldığı belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca, hava atmosferinde yapılan ısıl işlem sonuçları ile kıyaslandığında, azot gazı atmosferinde yapılan ısıl işlem sonucunda ağırlık kaybının daha az olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
SYNTHESIS OF TITANIUM DIOXIDE (TİO2)
Authors: GÖÇER Serdar , ZAİMOGLU Zeynep , CIRIK Kevser
Published: December 2020

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) is regarded as an environmentally friendly, easy-to-synthesis, stable and inexpensive catalyst, often as a mildly active catalyst for environmental improvement purposes such as water treatment. In this study, TiO2 was synthesized and characterized using X-Ray diffraction instrument (XRD) to determine the crystal structures, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), equipped with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), BET analysis to determine particles size, and FT-IR analysis to determine bonds TiO2. Results show that while the presence of TiO2 nanoparticles at 25o, 38o, 48o at 2θ peaks was detected, TiO was detected at 65o and 70o peaks. According to the results of EDX analysis; Ti, O, Au, and C elements are detected. According to FT-IR analysis, the peak formed at 450 cm-1 shows the presence of TiO2. According to BET analysis; the surface region of TiO2 was identified as 65 m2/g which was significantly higher than that of commercial TiO2 (40 m2/g). The results show that it is acceptable to achieve TiO2 at decrease temperatures according to those used in the literature. Additionally, the characterization of synthesized TiO2 at room temperature is similar compared to the results obtained from previous study results that has been conducted under high temperatures (>400Co).
«WHITHER, THEN, ARE YOU SPEEDING, O RUSSIA OF MINE?» :
WHAT DO SCIENTISTS THINK ABOUT
THE NEW SYSTEM OF THEIR LABOR EVALUATION IN RUSSIA
Authors: Karelin Dmitrii Vasil'evich , Glagolev Mikhail V. , Sabrekov Aleksandr F.
Published: December 2020

This discussion paper is timed to the implementation of a new ranking system for assessing the scientific activities of RAS institutes in Russian Federation. Just as the scientific community was divided into supporters and opponents of this system, in the same way, enemies and followers of this system appeared in the editorial board of our journal. The positions of the first were voiced by D.V. Karelin, second - M.V. Glagolev. A.F. Sabrekov made an attempt to compare the declared arguments and formulate the outcome of the discussion.

The article discusses the issues of the funding sufficiency for Russian science, the contribution of Russian scientists to the total number of publications around the world, the salaries of scientists and funding for research through grants, the work of various systems for evaluating the work of scientists adopted both in universities and academic institutions, the impact of this systems for the development of Russian scientific journals, the functioning of the modern scientific process, etc. Various administrative solutions of the accumulated problems are proposed by both sides in the discussion. Particular examples illustrate how the effectiveness of scientists actually varies and how the activity of female scientists differs from male scientists in Russia.

It is concluded that the entire architecture of the system, including the managing of scientific journals, and the distribution policy of salaries and grants, and the work effectiveness assessment both for institutions and individual scientists, should be self-consistent. Multidirectional changes in the elements of the system separate from each other lead to disappointment of scientists in the government policy and Russian science at all, and, as a result, the emigration of talented young scientists.
Insecticidal Efficacy of Native Diatomaceous Earth against Potato Tuber Moth, [Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)], Pupae
Authors: ATAY Turgut , ALKAN Mustafa , ERTÜRK Sait
Published: December 2020

In this study, the insecticidal activity of native diatomaceous earth (DE) Turco004 was tested against pupae of the Potato tuber moth, [Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae)] in laboratory conditions. In the bioassays were used dust formulation and applied four concentrations (2.5, 5, 10 and 20g/m2) of DE. Pupa weights and the number of adults emerging from the pupae were recorded after 24, 48, 72, 96, 120, 144 and 168 hours of diatomaceous earth exposure. It was concluded that the weights of the pupae are significantly affected depending on exposure time. In addition, pupal eclosion was prevented, and no adult emergency was observed at all concentration applied. The data obtained revealed that the native diatom soil Turco004 may have a potential in the control of P. operculella at all applied doses.