bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
War, Crisis, and the Stabilization of the Liberal Order
Authors: Luebbert Gregory m.
Published: November 2023

The most important fact to be explained about these interwar societies is their essential continuity as liberal political economies at a time when the rest of Europe was in a state of upheaval. These liberal orders had five interrelated, fundamental features that distinguished them from those societies that became social democratic or fascist. The essence of these features was that they remained market-oriented, middle-class dominated democracies. In the first place, in contrast to societies that became fascist dictatorships, competitive democratic politics survived the interwar crises.
Accretion And Core Formation In The Earth: Evidence From Siderophile Elements
Authors: Newsom H E
Published: November 2023

Several theories for accretion and core formation in the Earth are evaluated based on the depletions of siderophile elements. Because no theory successfully predicts the abundances of every element, the identification of key elements that do not fit a particular theory based on current assumptions is of great importance. These key elements require extra effort in the future to determine, for example, if their estimated mantle abundances are incorrect, or if their partition coefficients are especially sensitive to pressure. The model calculations include estimates of the uncertainties in the observed depletions as well as partition coefficients. The simplest model is the equilibrium S-rich core formation model. The calculated mantle depletions are least consistent with the observed depletions for V, w; Ni, Ge, and Au. Calculated abundances for the inefficient core formation theory best match the observed depletions with the assumption that approximately 2.5 wt.% S-rich metallic liquid and 0.04 wt.% solid metal are left behind in the mantle after core formation, and the metal and sulfide are subsequently oxidized and incorporated into mantle silicates. Key discrepancies remain for this theory, with inconsistencies between the calculated and observed abundances of V, Ge, and Au. The current calculations for the heterogeneous accretion model require that segregation of solid metal ceased after approximately 90% to 95% of the Earth had accreted. The calculations for W are now consistent with the new abundance data for the depletion of W. For the heterogeneous accretion theory, discrepancies still exist between the actual and calculated abundances of Ga and Ge. The calculated depletions of As and Sb are too great for S-rich core formation and heterogeneous accretion; however, their partition coefficients are not adequately constrained. A clear choice for the most successful theory is still not evident, although future investigations of the key elements identified in this study may establish a preference.
Genetic Inferences from Epidemiologic Investigations
Authors: Hanis Craig L
Published: November 2023

Genetic epidemiology is a rapidly burgeoning field focusing on the distribution of disease in families and the impact of inherited disease in populations (Morton, 1982). While there is fruitful ground for collaboration between epidemiologists and geneticists (Neel et al., 1965), there seems to be an unbalanced contribution to the field from genetics (Khoury et al., 1986). Furthermore, while genetic epidemiology encompasses inherited disease in populations, emphasis has been on disease in collections of relatives. This emphasis has led to the development of increasingly complex, sometimes elegant, analytical methods for pedigree data that are often perceived as genetic epidemiology rather than its tools. Partially explaining this trend is the desire to find well-behaved biological and statistical models that explain the observed patterns of disease. Unfortunately, biological and statistical order come at the expense of the level of inference. For example, there is immense interest and discussion of the genetic epidemiology of coronary heart disease in the population, but nearly all analyses relate to risk factors such as the lipids, lipoproteins, and apolipoproteins (see Bock and Collins, 1987; Rao et al., 1984; Sing and Skolnick, 1979). It is also axiomatic that the clearer the statistical story, the more restricted is the population of inference.
Application of Our Understanding of Genetic Variation in Native North America
Authors: Szathmary Emöke J E
Published: November 2023

What are important risk factors for the development of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) by Native Americans? The most likely response would have two components: one focusing on obesity, the other, on the amount of Amerindian ancestry. The higher the proportion of genes of Amerindian origin in a population, the greater the prevalence of NIDDM (Brosseau et al., 1979; Chakraborty et al., 1986; Gardner et al., 1984; Lee et al., 1985). The longer the duration of obesity in an individual (Knowler et al., 1981; Pettitt et al., 1983), or the type of obesity-for example, upper body fatness rather than just a generalized excess adiposity (Lee et al., 1985; Szathmary and Holt, 1983)-the more likely that an adult will develop diabetes. The organizing theory behind these observations is that in Indians (Knowler et al., 1983; Weiss et al., 1984) natural selection has favoured the spread of “thrifty genes” (Neel, 1962, 1982), postulated to be advantageous under conditions of alternating feast and famine but deleterious in times of continuous and ample food supply. Accordingly, NIDDM occurs in genetically susceptible individuals whose lifestyle differs radically from those of their ancestors. Because obesity is believed to have been a rare condition until recently, the NIDDM phenotype either did not emerge in the past, or emerged so rarely that the disease remained virtually unknown among Native Americans until the 1940s (West, 1974, 1978).
Stability
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A
Published: November 2023

The concept of stability was introduced in Chapter 3 as part of our discus­ sion of Rayleigh convection. It is in general only meaningful to discuss the stability of a known stationary state of a system; the state will be unstable if some perturbation to it amplifies with time. In the case of convection between parallel plates, instability occurs if the temperature difference be­ tween the plates is sufficiently large.
Observed Characteristics Of Nonprecipitating Cumuli
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A
Published: November 2023

The parcel models of convection discussed in the previous chapters paint a very simple picture of a convective cloud as a plume of air rising from a thin boundary layer near the surface. Real clouds do not fit this simple picture at all. Here we review what is known about the kinematic and thermodynamic structure of nonprecipitating convective clouds; the characteristics of precipitating convective clouds, which are in many ways quite different, are described in Chapter 9.
Slantwise Convection
Authors: Emanuel Kerry A
Published: November 2023

Until now, we have regarded convection as motions arising from an unstable distribution of mass in the vertical direction, with “vertical” meaning along the direction of the gravitational acceleration. On a rotating planet, such as the earth, a more precise definition entails the centrifugal as well as gravitational acceleration, so that “vertical” really means along the direction of effective gravity, which is defined to be the sum of the gravitational and centrifugal acceleration vectors.
The Military Remapping of America
Authors: Markusen Ann , Hall Peter , Campbell Scott , Deitrick Sabina
Published: November 2023

The gunbelt is a major-the major-phenomenon in the contemporary economic map of America. It consists of a new set of industrial locales that contain a wholly new set of industries and firms whose major preoccupation has been producing high-tech weaponry for the cold war. It is unprecedented in modern world history; no other Western industrial nation has seen so much of its leading-edge industrial capacity located, in so extraordinarily short a time, so far from the original centers of commerce and production.
Introduction
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S
Published: November 2023

The Vietnam war was not an issue in the 1964 presidential campaign. Four years later, public opposition to his handling of that war prompted Lyndon Johnson’s decision to withdraw from the presidential race. In 1976 few in the audience could identify Ayatollah Khomeini; yet in 1980, his holding of U.S. hostages cast a shadow over the campaign.
The Contributions of American Debate, 1770-1920
Authors: Jamieson Kathleen Hall , Birdsell David S
Published: November 2023

Prominent Americans have ascribed various benefits to debate. Thomas Jefferson named “free argument and debate” the “natural weapons” of truth, “errors ceasing to be dangerous when it is per mitted freely to contradict them.”1 Woodrow Wilson believed that debate discouraged demagoguery. In Britain, he observed, debate had produced decades of leaders, but few demagogues.
Russian to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A
Published: November 2023

This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
Spanish to English
Authors: Olea Ricardo A
Published: November 2023

This volume provides a comprehensive collection of definitions of geostatistical terms. There are more than 600 entries at varying levels of complexity to assist readers with different backgrounds. Cross-references make the book easily accessible to students, engineers, and others concerned with the meaning of terms found in geostatistical research and practice. Lists of equivalent terms in Chinese, French, German, Greek, Portuguese, Russian, and Spanish are included.
DNA Sequencing: Strategy and Methods to Directly Sequence Large DNA Molecules
Authors: Slightom Jerry L , Siemieniak David R , Sieu Leang C
Published: November 2023

The goal of the Human Genome Initiative, to produce the complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of human and other organisms, will require the development of rapid and efficient methods for obtaining nu-cleotide sequences. Thus, improvements in present sequencing methods are of great interest and importance if we hope to sequence the 3 x 109 base pair (bp) human genome. Presently, two methods exist for obtaining nucleotide sequences, the enzymatic method developed by Sanger et al.
What Is Missing in the Metaphor of Scaffolding?
Authors: Stone C Addison
Published: November 2023

In 1976, Wood, Bruner, and Ross (1976) introduced the term scaffolding in the context of an analysis of adult-child interaction. They used the term as a metaphor for the process by which an adult assists a child to carry out a task beyond the child’s capability as an individual agent.
Sex Differences
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

As with lateralization, the investigation of sex differences is plagued with problems of understanding and presents many unanswered questions. Is sex a categorical variable with mutually exclusive categories? Have any sex differences in the underlying neural substrate been found? Have neural sex differences in any way been related to psychological (dis)abilities, and how? Finally, how do neural and behavioral sex-related differences arise in development?Sex-related differences that change during development have to be discrimi nated from more static sex-related differences in the adult. Reviews by Bradshaw and Nettleton (1983), Bryden (1982), Kimura (1987), Kolb and Wishaw (1990), and McGlone (1980) present the current understanding of sex differences in the neuropsychological abilities of the adult and child. This section is concerned only with sex differences as they arise in early pre- and postnatal development; sex related changes that occur during or after puberty are not discussed.At first glance neuropsychological differences between the sexes during de velopment seem easy and convenient to study: groups of subjects of each sex can be compared by looking at their chromosomes, their brains, and their performance on specific behavioral tasks. However, such a comparative approach, although sometimes valuable, tends to focus attention away from determining the mechanisms for these differences. It must be kept in mind that there is typically more individual variation within a sex than between sexes.
Learning Disorders
Authors: Spreen Otfried , Risser Anthony H , Edgell Dorothy
Published: November 2023

Like all children, those with a history of neurological problems must face the challenge of school. For some, school entry may need to be delayed beyond the normal period because of hospitalization or remedial needs; for others, schooling may be limited to classes with learning assistance, special education classes, or special schools. What constitutes school readiness in children has been a long standing topic of concern among educators and child psychologists. In his discussion of psychobiological influences on school readiness, Kohen-Raz (1977) outlined three aspects: (1) intellectual maturity sufficient to handle the first grade curriculum; (2) emotional emancipation from parents, leading to an in creased openness to interact with agents outside the family; and (3) control over affect and impulsiveness to the extent that the frustrations and demands of school can be handled. The child is considered prepared for school if these three conditions are met between the age of 5 to 7 years.
The Role of Inflection in Scandinavian Syntax
Authors: Holmberg Anders , Platzack Christer
Published: November 2023

In this book, Holmberg and Platzack present a theory of the role which subject-verb agreement and case morphology play in syntax. Their theory is based mainly on a detailed comparison and inflectional properties in the various Scandinavian languages, although many other languages are discussed as well. The theoretical issues discussed include abstract vs. morphological case, functional heads, verb-second, null subjects and other empty categories, pronouns and clitics, various impersonal constructions, long distance reflexives, and the double object construction. Probably the most detailed and comprehensive study to date of the interplay of case, subject-verb agreement, and other grammatical properties in the syntax of related languages, this book offers important insights for professional linguists and students with an interest in generative grammar, typology/comparative grammar, or Scandinavian and Germanic languages.
Collapse and the Art of Diplomacy
Authors: Mayers David
Published: November 2023

The history of the decline and fall of the Soviet empire will one day produce its own Edward Gibbon. This second historian might (reasonably) be convinced by this observation from his predecessor: “There is nothing more contrary to nature than the attempt to hold in obedience distant provinces.” George Kennan certainly approved of Gibbon’s insight, especially as it anchored his ideas about containing the USSR. Broader interpretations will place the Soviet empire in the context of European disorder since 1789 and its varieties of brutality. The essential problem arose from the European decision to break with traditional metaphysical moorings. Idolatry of state power resulted. The intellectual and spiritual aridity of this situation ulti-mately caused the Soviet edifice to collapse. Moreover, as a second Gibbon might prefer to emphasize, the vengeful national idea that had already scattered into oblivion those empires that the USSR most closely resembled could be stayed only temporarily. The ramshackle, multiethnic, multireligous Habsburg and Ottoman empires vanished at precisely the moment when Lenin secured for Bolshevism the czarist patrimony of diverse lands and peoples. The subsequent arrangement was makeshift. It depended for decades on police power and vague promises of a bright future, but eventually imploded. The empire that John Quincy Adams had first visited broke into its national component parts during the ambassadorship of Jack Matlock. His successor, Robert Strauss, arrived in a Moscow that was no longer communist or the heart of a confident imperium. In this connection, Gibbon’s words also resonate: “The decline was the natural and inevitable effect of immoderate greatness.... The causes of destruction multiplied with the extent of conquest.”2
The Biopsychology of Mood and Arousal
Authors: Thayer Robert E
Published: November 2023

This book explores the interplay between physiological and psychological states in light of increasing evidence that they exert subtle, long-term influences not only on mood, but also perception, judgement, and cognitive processes in general; these, in turn, affect behaviour. Drawing on his own data from subjective assessments of mood and research by others, the author addresses questions such as what determines a person ‘s mood and its changes; what is the relationship between mood and sugar snacking, smoking, coffee drinking, late-night worry, depression, and insomnia; what effect do exercise, time of day, nutrition, and sleep have on mood. This book will be of interest to researchers in personality, clinical, and physiological psychology and to laypersons interested in the topic.
Natural Hybridization in Louisiana Irises: Genetic Variation and Ecological Determinants
Authors: Arnold Michael L , Bennett Bobby D
Published: November 2023

Early studies of natural hybridization were traditionally directed either toward understanding species relationships based on the pattern and extent of natural hybridization or toward understanding the process of hybridization itself, often as a means for unraveling the component parts of speciation (e.g., Wiegand, 1935; Anderson and Stebbins, 1954). Rather than being mutually exclusive, these approaches have been complementary and have led to a greater understanding of both species relationships and the dynamics of hybridization. Many studies concerned with inferring evolutionary process from patterns of natural hybridization have relied on previous, systematic studies to provide the framework on which to evaluate alternate evolutionary hypotheses (e.g., Aesculus: Hardin, 1957; dePamphilis and Wyatt, 1989; Helianthus: Heiser, 1951; Rieseberg et al., 1990a; Iris: Riley, 1938; Anderson, 1949; Arnold et al., 1990a). The reverse relation between these two approaches, in studies of natural hybridization, is also apparent. Thus observations of hybrid genotypes and clinal variation (Huxley, 1938; Endler, 1977) have led to identification and characterization of previously unrecognized taxa (e.g., Uroderma: Baker et al., 1975; Baker, 1981; Greenbaum, 1981; Geomys: Pembleton and Baker, 1978; Baker et al., 1989; Caledia: Shaw et al., 1980).
After the Ice: Parallelus Meets Erythropus in the Pyrenees
Authors: Hewitt Godfrey M
Published: November 2023

The Pleistocene Ice Ages greatly modified the geographic distributions of most organ isms, with changes in distributions particularly marked in the temperate regions, including Europe and North America for which we have a growing amount of info mation. At the last glacial maximum in western Europe (18,000-20,000 BP) the Arctic ice sheet extended down across England and North Germany, with separate ice sheets on the Alps, Pyrenees, and other high mountains scattered across from Iberia to Transylvania. There was tundra vegetation in France and largely treeless steppe over much of Spain and southern Europe (Huntley and Birks, 1983; Huntley, 1988). Today in western Europe tundra conditions are found only in northern Norway and the Kola Peninsula in northwestern Russia.
Hybridization and Hybrid Zones in Pocket Gophers (Rodentia, Geomyidae)
Authors: Patton James L
Published: November 2023

Studies of hybrid zones of pocket gophers of the genera Thomomys and Geomys are among the earliest of such endeavors with mammals. It is particularly true for analyses employing relatively sophisticated methodologies to identify individuals of mixed ancestry and to examine the nature of hybridization from genetic and ecological per spectives. Thaeler ‘s (1968a) analysis of three zones of hybridization between taxa of Thomomys in California based on multivariate morphometry illustrated that hybrids could be identified by their morphological intermediacy, and that qualitative differences existed in the extent of hybridization in different contact populations despite similarities in local ecology and zone widths. Patton was the first to use both chromosomal (Patton and Dingman, 1968; Patton, 1973) and allozymic markers (Patton et al., 1972) as genetic tools to define the nature and extent of hybridization in another Thomomys zone in southern Arizona. He and his coworkers showed that F1 hybrids could be differentiated from subsequent filial or backcross individuals, and that the genetic composition of hybrid populations gave direct evidence about hybrid fitness.
Concepts of Human Memory
Authors: Tulving Endel
Published: November 2023

Scientific study of human memory has been proceeding apace for over a hundred years. Original experiments on normal memory by Ebbinghaus, early clinical observations of pathological memory by Korsakoff, and pioneering studies of conditioning and learning in animals by Pavlov and Thorndike laid the foundations of a science of memory that has been expanding ever since and that now has branched out in many directions. Today, learning and memory are explored at several levels of analysis in different organisms from a number of complementary perspectives.
Levels of selection among interactors
Authors: Williams George C
Published: November 2023

Natural selection must always act on physical entities (interactors) that vary in aptitude for reproduction, either because they differ in the machinery of reproduction or in that of survival and resource capture on which reproduction depends. It is also necessary that there be what Darwin (1859, Chapter 4) called ‘the strong principle of inheritance’, so that events in the material domain can influence the codical record. Offspring must tend to resemble their own parents more than those of other offspring. Whenever these conditions are found there will be natural selection. Wherever they are found to great degree: inheritance strong enough, differences in fitness great enough, competing alternatives numerous enough, selection may produce noteworthy cumulative effects. To Darwin and most of his immediate and later followers, the physical entities of interest for the theory of natural selection were discrete individual organisms.
Some recent issues
Authors: Williams George C
Published: November 2023

In this chapter I discuss five miscellaneous issues on which I believe my opinions to be a minority view among contemporary biologists: the lek paradox, the female pheromone fallacy, Schreckstoff, the helpful stress effect, and abuses of the species concept. My model for this and the final two chapters is Darwin’s (1859) Chapter 6 (Difficulties of the Theory’) and Chapter 7 (Miscellaneous Objections to the Theory of Natural Selection’). With hindsight we can see that Darwin’s chapters successfully surmounted most of the difficulties and answered most of the objections. I expect no comparable success, but hope that I can at least convince some others that evolutionary biology today, no less than in Darwin’s time, faces some serious anomalies and conceptual challenges.
Stasis
Authors: Williams George C
Published: November 2023

Critics of the theory of natural selection since its first announcement have attacked it with a time-shortage argument. How could one really believe that accidental variations could combine to produce anything as complex as an amoeba, let alone a human being, in even the most liberal estimate of the duration of the Earth’s history? The critics offer such analogies as: how long would you have to wait for a monkey playing with a typewriter to produce a perfect copy of Hamlet’s soliloquy? They thus show how totally they have failed to understand the logical structure of the theory. They fail to see the elementary distinction between evolution by the survival of the fittest, and spontaneous generation followed by survival or extinction. This folly misleads not only the untutored, but can be found in the publications of supposedly expert scholars. Waddington (1953) provides one example, the book Mathematical Challenges to the neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution (Moorhead and Kaplan 1985) several others.
The Person-Environment Relationship, Motivation, and Coping
Authors: Lazarus Richard S
Published: November 2023

Two kinds of relationships may be distinguished. In the first, we think of a relatively stable arrangement between a person and the environment. Marriage is such a relationship at a societal or sociological level, but at the psychological level, we think of stable mutual affection or resentment as relational. The second kind of relationship consists of relatively unstable or transient arrangements that are in flux from one moment to another; with the flux come changes in the emotional state. Here, too, there are societal or sociological versions - as in the playing of social roles that may change from context to context- and psychological versions-as when attitudes change, making for altered appraisals that transform the consequent emotions.
Introduction:Where Judicial Politics Are Legislative Politics
Authors: Stone Alec
Published: November 2023

“If we allow the Constitutional Council’s jurisprudence to develop as it has recently,” the French minister of justice complained, “we will find ourselves in a situation where the governments of tomorrow . . . will no longer have anything to do.”1 Albin Chalandon’s voice was only one in a chorus of protests orchestrated by the majority during the 1986 parliamentary sessions and directed at the French constitutional court. The view, expressed as forcefully on the Right as on the Left in the 1980s, holds that policymakers are in danger of losing their power to legislate, power being restricted by a constantly expanding spiral of constitutional constraint, jurisprudential precedent, and legal debate.
Publius’s Liberalism and Civic Virtue
Authors: Sinopoli Richard C
Published: November 2023

This sir, is my great objection to the Constitution, that there is no true responsibility-and that the preservation of liberty depends on the single chance of men being virtuous enough to make laws to punish themselves. -Patrick Henry, The Virginia Ratifying Convention Ambition must be made to counteract ambition.... It may be a reflection on human nature that such devices should be necessary to control the abuses of government. But what is government itself but the greatest of all reflections on human nature? -James Madison, Federalist 51 Patrick Henry’s “great objection to the Constitution”1 is fascinating on a number of counts. Supporters of the Constitution2 are derided for their facile faith that the virtue of those in power is a sufficient safeguard of liberty. It is an objection he turns to time and again. Thus, he informs his fellow convention delegates that “notwithstanding what gentlemen say of our representatives, I dread the depravity of human nature,” wishing to protect against it “by proper checks.” He “will never depend on so slender a protection as the possibility of being represented by virtuous men.”3 Moreover, “all checks founded on anything but self-love will not avail” to protect liberties.
Responsive Regulation
Authors: Ayres Ian , Braithwaite John
Published: November 2023

Drawing extensively on empirical studies from the US, UK, Australia, and New Zealand, John Braithwaite and Ian Ayres offer an well-argued addition to the comparative literature on government regulation. In an effort to transcend the ongoing debate between those who favour strong state regulation and those who call for deregulation, they argue that regulation does not have to proceed with an adversarial tone, nor does it have to be `soft’ or `hard’ to be effective.
Outward Movement
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

The signals division was an outgrowth of the growing complexity of military communications during the course of the long war. As this function became increasingly important, specialized units were formed to provide it. The Hanover regiment (Nachrichten Abteilung 10)that Hans Krebs entered had only recently been established, and a new barracks had been built for it. He found himself, therefore, in exceptionally comfortable living conditions for a trainee.’ Plunged immediately into the routines of basic training, Hans learned how to dress properly in his uniform, to drill, to fire a carbine, to fit himself into a rigid system of discipline, and to take orders. Each day he attended lessons in communication skills. He learned Morse code and used it to send messages by telegraph.
Moves Toward Autonomy
Authors: Holmes Frederic Lawrence
Published: November 2023

In his quest for a clinical position with research opportunities Hans Krebs faced multiple obstacles in early 1930. Not only would his Jewish background count against him, but he was seeking to launch his career in the midst of a deepening economic crisis that was causing widespread unemployment in Germany and threatening to bankrupt the government. The clinics to which he applied for assistantships had many applications for few positions. Moreover, although his 4 years with Warburg had given him an exceptional scientific experience, it had left him in an unfavorable position to compete for medical posts.
A Christian Perspective on Political Thought
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles
Published: November 2023

Evangelical scholar Stephen Mott seeks to advance the role of biblical and theological values in the political lives of individual Christians and the public discourse of American society. Pointing to the research of Robert Bellah et al., Mott argues that Americans want to make choices in terms of a general standard of right and wrong, but tend to lack a sound objective foundation for such values. As Bellah has proposed, Christian biblical and theological tradition are important resources for the construction of such a much needed foundation. Mott’s endeavour is the formulation of a Christian political theory that can supply the norms essential to the informed evaluation of political choices. In contrast to recent Christian writings on politics that stress the social scientific evidence, Mott here draws primarily on theological and biblical sources. From this perspective he discusses such topics as power, human nature, the nature of group life, justics, government and time. Significant attention is also given to questions of property and freedom. Although deeply influenced by the writings of Reinhold Niebuhr, Mott brings a more biblical and evangelical perspective to the consideration of these issues. In the second part of the book Mott goes on to apply his normative theory to an evaluation of specific political ideologies, including traditional conservatism, liberalism, laissez-faire capitalism, Marxist socialism, socialism, and fascism.
Doing Human Nature Justice
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles
Published: November 2023

Reflecting upon politics as a Christian requires a theological and ethical understanding of the basic dynamics of life as they relate to politics. In the first chapter we encountered power, which involves fundamental aspects of society and the individual. Now we focus more broadly on the nature of human life. Human nature provides the roots of political thought. On one hand there is the objective reality of what human beings actually do have in common-biologically, psychologically, and socially. On the other hand, there are the various perceptions that people have of what that reality is, as well as the differing expectations for life that they relate to these ideas.
Unfolding the Possibilities of Humanness: Marxist Socialism
Authors: Mott Stephen Charles
Published: November 2023

Karl Marx in his Critique of the Gotha Program in describing the standard of justice [das Recht] states that the goal is to bring society to a point where “the narrow horizon of bourgeois right [can] be crossed in its entirety and society [can] inscribe on its banners: ‘From each according to his ability, to each according to his needs!’” This central theme of Marxism is taken from the New Testament. In both contexts the concern is the highest standard for human relationships in material things.
Inventing the Field: Michael Faraday and the Creative “Engineering” of Electromagnetic Field Theory
Authors: Tweney Ryan d.
Published: November 2023

It is a given tenet of folk wisdom that engineering and science are separate endeavors, dependent on each other but driven by inherently different needs and methods. Both fields, however, are seen as dependent (to greater or lesser degree) on certain creative geniuses for their greatest achievements. In the popular view, Edison and Einstein are both geniuses, more alike in this than different in their goals. Einstein “invents” the theory of relativity just as Edison invents the phonograph-by a spectacular leap of insight. In the right frame of mind, any attempt to understand such incidents of insight can be seen as misguided. Creativity is a special term, used only when something surpasses understanding: if it’s analyzable then it ain’t creative, and if it’s creative then it ain’t analyzable.
Fine Structure Of The Neuron
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

All neurons in the central nervous system, the various sensory organs, and the autonomic system have an exceedingly thin envelope, the fundamental, limiting, or plasma membrane. In addition, neurons of the autonomic and spinal ganglia are invested with a second, very different covering, the connective tissue endothelial capsule, which is a feature characteristic of only these particular cell types. We must therefore examine two kinds of membrane or covering associated with neurons, The Plasma Membrane. Most authorities deny the existence of such a membrane, claiming that neurons in the gray matter are merely naked aggregates of cellular organelles whose irregular outlines reflect the absence of an envelope, reminiscent of what has been claimed for white blood cells, This claim is unfounded; there is no doubt whatsoever that the neuron has a membrane. If one examines the perimeter of a neuron closely with a powerful objective (a 1.30 or 1.45 apochromat), a limiting zone is in fact observed; this zone looks like the thin coating that several authors have noted around the axon, rather than a clear membrane.
The Spinal Cord
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

We have now reviewed the most important features of cell types that form neural tissue. Our next task will be to consider the special area dealing with the organs formed by these cells, which are referred to as neural centers. All neural centers consist of two tissues or substances that differ in appearance and color; one is referred to as white matter and the other as gray matter. White matter is made up of myelinated axons and glial cells with lengthy processes, whereas gray matter consists of neurons that are intermingled to a greater or lesser extent with nerve fibers and glial cells having rather shorter processes.
The Medulla
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

The spinal bulb, also known as the medulla oblongata, is a cone-shaped thickening lying just rostral to the spinal cord and just caudal to the pons and cerebellum, partly within the cranial cavity. Its rostral border is formed by the caudal end of the pons, whereas its caudal border is indicated by the exit point of the first pair of cervical spinal nerves. The medulla is really just an expanded part of the spinal cord because, like the spinal cord, it gives rise to sensory and motor roots, has white matter arranged around the periphery, and has regions of gray matter forming dorsal and ventral horns. However, these various components have undergone displacements and distortions, so that the medulla has acquired its own distinctive morphology. Before undertaking a detailed account of these internal modifications, we should consider briefly the surface features of this organ. To facilitate the description, we shall view the medulla as a pyramid, with a quadrilateral base that lies rostrally and four surfaces (one ventral, two lateral, and one dorsal).
The Abducens Or Vlth Cranial Nerve
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Nucleus of Origin. The abducens (or lateral extraocular) nerve ends in the lateral rectus muscle of the eye and arises in a nucleus that lies in the most dorsal part of the medial or white reticular formation of the medulla, immediately ventral to the ascending limb and genu of the facial nerve. Modern histologists invariably have confirmed this origin, which had been determined earlier by Deiters, Stieda, Krause, Laura, and others. The location and arrangement of neurons giving rise to the abducens nerve are illustrated in Figs. 371 and 375. The cell mass that they form is triangular in small mammals and oval in humans; it is bounded dorsally by the genu of the facial nerve and crossed vestibular pathways, medially by the medial longitudinal fascicle and parts of the medial reticular formation, and laterally by part of the transverse limb of the facial nerve. There is no clear boundary ventrally because neurons of the abducens nucleus intermingle with longitudinal bundles and neurons of the reticular formation in this region. In certain mammals, such as the rabbit and mouse, the ventral tip of the nucleus extends for a short distance into the root fibers of the abducens nerve itself; thus a number of displaced neurons may be observed ventral to the main body of the nucleus. Within the nucleus, tiny bundles of longitudinal fibers are obvious between the cells.
Intrinsic Pathways And Nuclei Of The Medulla
Authors: Cajal S Ramón Y , Azoulay DR L , swanson Neely , Swanson larry W
Published: November 2023

Central Somatosensory Pathway or Medial Lemniscus. We have dealt repeatedly with the origin and course of the second-order somatosensory pathway. Recall that this fiber system arises in the dorsal column nuclei; decussates with its counterpart from the opposite side of the medulla ventral to the central canal, just rostral to the pyramidal decussation; and then ascends in a region of the medial or white reticular formation between the inferior olives (Fig. 284S and the following figures, especially 286C and 289D). After continuing on through the pons, where it forms a transverse band in ventral parts of the reticular formation, the medial lemniscus finally reaches the thalamus.
Adolescent Health Promotion: Rationale, Goals, and Objectives
Authors: Millstein Susan G , Petersen, Anne C , Nightingale Elena 0.
Published: November 2023

What is health promotion? The term generates different meanings, depending on one’s point of view. Whose health are we promoting? Who is defining the construct of health? What is this individual’s disciplinary perspective? What is the historical context in which the definition emerges? Examining historical changes in how health has been conceptualized provides an illustration of the diversity of views about health. The ancient Chinese viewed health as a state of dynamic balance between interrelated biological, psychosocial, and environmental components. Illness occurred when imbalances existed. These imbalances could be caused by factors such as diet and exercise or by disharmonies in family relations. This “ecological” definition of health and illness was later expressed by Hippocrates, whose views formed the basis for much of Western medical science. With the exception of the Early Middle Ages, the model for medical thinking reflected an ecological perspective that considered the human organism within its social and environmental contexts (Noack, 1987).
The Influence of Economic Factors on Health-Related Behaviors in Adolescents
Authors: Klerman Lorraine V
Published: November 2023

The health of the poor is generally worse than the health of the nonpoor, regardless of age, but poverty is only one of the many factors that affect health status. Genetic endowment, perinatal conditions, the physical and social environments, and medical care are a few others. Poverty appears to influence health both by increasing the likelihood of these factors causing health problems and by influencing health­ related behaviors. This chapter will not explore all the ways that poverty can impact adolescent health; instead, it will focus on the behaviors of poor adolescents that are likely to compromise their health, such as smoking or using drugs, and on those that are likely to enhance their health, such as using contraceptives or seeking medical care.
A View of Health from the Adolescent’s Perspective
Authors: Millstein Susan G
Published: November 2023

Many authors, including those in this book, have suggested that more attention be paid to the phenomenological aspects of adolescent health and development. Such an approach would examine health from the adolescent’s perspective, exploring the meaning of health to the adolescent, motivations for health-related behaviors, how health communications are interpreted and acted on, and how health behaviors are experienced. This type of research inquiry is customary in disciplines such as anthropology and education but is infrequently employed as a scientific tool in psychology or medicine. There are, however, compelling arguments for extending our research on adolescent health issues to include phenomenological inquiries.
The Psychology of Psychoanalysis: Freud and Little Hans
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

Psychoanalysis gains its insight and formulates its laws regarding behavior by detailed analysis of the individual case rather than by statistical measure of groups. By referring to psychoanalysis as a myth, Ienlarge its importance to human beings, for it is by myths that we con duct our lives. These myths are about the nature of good and evil; about what is appropriate and what is not; about what gives pain and what pleasure; and about the probable outcomes of our actions.
Human and Ape Communication: Washoe koko, and Nim
Authors: Candland Douglas Keith
Published: November 2023

Born In West Africa, most probably in September 1965, a female chimpanzee was destined to arrive in Reno, Nevada, on June 21, 1966. There she would learn to use one language of the deaf, American Sign Language (ASL), with the hope that she might communicate to human beings, and that human beings might communicate to her. The idea can be traced to Pepys in the seventeenth century and the first execution of it to Itard in the eighteenth. It may be recalled that Itard and Victor had their first meeting in the Luxembourg Gardens, the Paris park from which the Institute for the Deaf may be seen, a place from which Itard developed a means to communicate with the nonhearing. The notion that the noncommunicating person can be taught was developed further by the work of Samuel Howe with Laura Bridgman and, later, by Lubbock and the dog, Van.
Little Tranquilizing Pills
Authors: Young Louise B
Published: November 2023

In response to requests for information concerning the design of high-voltage equipment and its environmental impa<2t, power company officials offer opinions and what Rachel Carson called “little tranquilizing pills of half-truth.” “We urgently need an end to these assurances,” she said, “to the sugar coating of unpalatable facts. It is the public that is being asked to assume the risks….
The Book Peddler and Literary Disseminationi
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

Prior to the emergence of a reliable national transportation system in the middle of the nineteenth century, book distribution fell largely to itinerant “hawkers and walkers.” These peddlers would set out with a cart and horse, their books sometimes exhibited in a square cabinet in the rear. Moving up and down the roads of early America, they constantly turned over their stock through barter and commonly settled their innkeeper’s bill with books. They are seldom depicted using water transportation, perhaps because its public nature detracts from their image of heroic self-reliance.
The Transportation Revolution and Book Distribution
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

The transportation revolution had two stages that affected literary dissemination in distinct ways. As the last chapter showed, the earliest developments in road and water shipment little advanced the national circulation of literature. Books continued to go along many of the same avenues, in a similar tenuous manner (in conformity to the local agrarian rhythm), as they had in the days of the colonial peddlers. But the second stage of internal improvements, dominated by rail, achieved an unprecendented constancy of communications throughout the country. Railroads would particularly encourage the emergence of a modem commission relationship between central publisher and local bookseller.
The Railroad, the Community, and the Book
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

The completion of the northeastern rail network in the 1850s held great significance for the history of the American reading public. As the previous chapter discussed, railroads opened a national mass market for books and assured easy distribution of literature from publishers in New York, Philadelphia, and Boston. In the first of these cities particularly, American book production centralized, largely at the expense of smaller literary centers scattered across America.
Gender and Boundlessness in Reading Patterns
Authors: Zboray Ronald J
Published: November 2023

Fragmentation affected not only antebellum institutions but the state of knowledge as well. The systematizing and over particularity in the culture of the period thus seem to be more or less formal responses to this underlying perception of epistemological chaos. The question, however, remains: How did this boundlessness play upon common readers? Did they individually experience the feeling of fragmentation in the culture? Or did they on their own, despite stochastic institutions, preserve their internal sense of order?
A Deeper Unity: Some Feyerabendian Themes in Neurocomputational Form
Authors: Churchland Paul M
Published: November 2023

By the late sixties, every good materialist expected that epistemological theory would one day make explanatory contact, perhaps even a reductive contact, with a proper theory brain function. Not even the most optimistic of us, however, expected this to happen in less than fifty years, and most would have guessed a great deal longer. And yet the time has arrived. Experimental neuroscience has revealed enough of the brain’s microphysical organization, and mathematical analysis and computer simulation have revealed enough of its functional significance, that we can now address epistemological issues directly. Indeed, we are in a position to reconstruct, in neurocomputational terms, issues in the philosophy of science specifically. This is my aim in what follows. A general accounting of the significance of neural network theory for the philosophy of science has been published elsewhere (Churchland 1989a, 1989b). My aim here is to focus more particularly on five theses central to the philosophy of Paul Feyerabend.