bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessing Intervention Efficacy: An Example Based on Change Profiles of Unprotected Sex among Drug Users
Authors: Beardsley Mark , Goldstein Marjorie F. , Deren Sherry , Tortu Stephanie
Published: November 2015

Over 700 active drug users recruited in East Harlem, New York City, to participate in an AIDS prevention project were interviewed on two occasions, 6 months apart, to assess changes in HIV-related risk behaviors. This paper presents an example of a method for analyzing patterns of risk behavior change over time as a means of comparing the effectiveness of two interventions. Results described in this paper focus on the number of unprotected sex acts reported in the 30 days prior to each interview and reflect five distinct patterns of risk level over time (i.e., a decrease, an increase, remaining at low risk, remaining at high risk, or no sexual activity at either time). Bivariate and multivariate analyses indicated that (1) compared to persons at high levels of unprotected sex at follow-up (time 2), those who remained at a low level or decreased were more likely to be HIV positive; and (2) age, living alone, and having a stable source of income were also significant predictors of risk pattern. Risk pattern was not associated with type of risk reduction intervention (standard or enhanced) or with drug treatment (yes or no) between baseline and follow-up. Implications of the findings were discussed with respect to (a) the assessment of efficacy of AIDS prevention interventions and (b) the analysis of risk behavior changes over time.
Defunding the Poor: The Impact of Lost access to Subsidized Methadone Maintenance Treatment on Women Injection Drug Users
Authors: Knight Kelly R. , Rosenbaum Marsha , Kelley Margaret S. , Irwin Jeanette , Washburn Allyson , Wenger Lynn
Published: November 2015

Qualitative data from women defunded from a subsidized methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) program were analyzed to determine the impact of defunding on the women and their dependents. Women attested to the efficacy of MMT in creating a stable environment in which their illicit drug use was eliminated or controlled; they were able to decrease their participation in illicit activities and pursue further employment and educational goals. When defunding occurred women employed a variety of strategies including family borrowing, welfare funds, and illicit activities to remain on private MMT programs. The result of these payment strategies was often a premature detoxification from MMT due to unpaid clinic bills. Many women returned to heroin use to alleviate withdrawal symptoms from methadone detoxification. This return to heroin use was also accompanied by increased illicit activities. Defunded women reported severe emotional and financial destabilization as a result of lost access to subsidized methadone maintenance treatment.
Epidemiology of HIV in Intravenous Drug Users and Public Health Policy in Germany
Authors: Pant Anand , Soellner Renate
Published: November 2015

The paper assesses AIDS and drug policy development in Germany between 1982 and 1996 and relates it to the development of epidemiological research in HIV among injecting drug users (IDUs). In a historical review, this paper outlines how results of epidemiological HIV surveillance studies among IDUs and public health responses were mutually dependent. The authors argue that a specific development in HIV policy encouraged a confounding of basic methodological concepts (validity and precision) in epidemiological research, which in turn led to misinterpretation of available data on seroprevalence trends in Germany. In order to overcome methodological shortcomings under given legal and practical restrictions, pragmatic approaches to increase validity of seroprevalence and risk factor estimations are discussed.
High HIV Seroprevalence Epidemics among Injecting Drug Users; New York City and Bangkok
Authors: Des Jarlais Don C. , Choopanya Kachit , Vanichseni Suphak , Friedmann Patricia , Raktham Suwanee , Friedman Samuel R.
Published: November 2015

New York City, U.S.A., and Bangkok, Thailand, experienced two of the most important HIV epidemics among injecting drug users (IDUs) in the world. The epidemic in New York was the first, and by far the largest, HIV epidemic among IDUs. The Bangkok epidemic was notable both for the rapidity of HIV transmission among IDUs and for demonstrating that HIV transmission could occur among IDUs in developing countries. Rapid HIV transmission among IDUs in both cities was followed by large-scale behavior change and stabilization of HIV seroprevalence at high levels. The stabilization of seroprevalence includes unacceptably high rates of continued HIV seroconversions—estimated to be 4 per 100 person-years at risk or greater in both cities. Recent additional HIV prevention efforts in both cities—long-term methadone maintenance treatment in Bangkok and legal access to sterile injection equipment in New York—indicate possibilities for father reducing HIV transmission among IDUs in the two cities.
Options for Recovery: Promoting Perinatal Drug and Alcohol Recovery, Child Health, and Family Stability
Authors: Brindis Claire , Berkowitz Gale , Clayson Zoe
Published: November 2015

The perceived magnitude of perinatal chemical dependency in California was the impetus for an interagency partnership within the California Health and Welfare Agency called Options for Recovery (OFR). It offered alcohol and drug treatment and recovery, case management, and recruitment and training of foster parents and relative caregivers to chemically dependent pregnant and parenting women. A 3-year, multi-method evaluation was conducted that included quantitative analyses of secondary data sources, semi-structured interviews with staff and clients, self-administered surveys of staff and clients, client focus groups, and child developmental assessments. Findings indicate that to achieve success, programs structured on the OFR model must recruit chemically dependent women early in their pregnancies, provide mechanisms for retention, offer a continuum of treatment modalities within the service system, make available a comprehensive array of ancillary services, and be responsive to the social, cultural, and familial context within which these women live.
Crime Victimization among Injection Drug Users
Authors: McElrath Karen , Chitwood Dale D. , Comerford Mary
Published: November 2015

This study uses routine activity theory to examine violent and property crime victimization among a sample of 308 injection drug users (IDUs). We estimate prevalence rates and identify factors that contribute to the victimization of IDUs. The findings suggest that victimization rates of IDUs were much higher than rates found for the general urban population. Generally, crime involvement did not contribute significantly to victimization risk. Use of crack-cocaine increased the likelihood of property crime victimization whereas heroin use decreased the probability of both violent and property crime victimization. Other drug lifestyle activities (i.e., waiting in uncomfortable situations to buy drugs) also affected victimization risk Finally, the results suggest that victimization differed by age and by gender, despite controls for drug use and drug lifestyle activities. Explanations for these results are offered.
Situational or Generalized Violence in Drug Dealing Networks
Authors: Sommers Ira , Baskin Deborah R.
Published: November 2015

It has been contended that women's participation in drug markets has had a tremendous impact on female involvement in nondrug crimes, especially such violent offenses as robbery and assault. Systemic violence in drug selling, however, may be spuriously related to other etiological factors in violence and crime commission, rather than a function of social processes unique to drug selling. Violence within and apart from the context of drug dealing is compared for women involved in various types of drug distribution activities. Life history interviews were conducted with 156 female drug sellers from two New York City neighborhoods. The findings suggest that violence among drug sellers, including females, appears to reflect the concurrence of two processes: the self-selection of people who routinely use violence in their broader social and economic interactions, and the neighborhood itself, in which violence is taught, practiced, and maintained as a way of negotiating the social realities of street and domestic life.
The Effect of Home Environment on Adolescent Substance Use and Depressive Symptoms
Authors: Su S. Susan , Hoffmann John P. , Gerstein Dean R. , Johnson Robert A.
Published: November 2015

We used data from the screening phase and first two waves of a panel study to compare the home environments of families with a substance-abusing parent, families with a depressed parent, and families in a comparison group. We diagnosed substance use disorder and affective disorder by administering the Structural Clinical Interview for the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (third edition, revised) to each participating parent. The data suggest that families in which parents display a substance use disorder are very similar to those in which parents suffer from affective disorder, in terms of negative life events and lower family cohesion. The results of structural equation modeling indicate that parental substance use disorder and parental affective disorder influence adolescent substance use and depressive symptoms. In addition, parental substance use disorder has a direct influence on adolescent substance use at the time the first-wave data were collected, but this effect does not persist over time.
Race and Ethnic Differences in Adolescent Drug Use: The Impact of Family Structure and the Quantity and Quality of Parental Interaction
Authors: Amey Cheryl H. , Albrecht Stan L.
Published: November 2015

Curbing adolescent substance abuse is a national priority in the United States. To effectively allocate resources it is imperative that antecedents and correlates of drug use across diverse populations be understood. Racial and ethnic differences in drug use have yet to be explained. Because family characteristics are known to vary across race/ethnic groups, and prior research suggests a connection between family characteristics and adolescent drug use, this study investigates the impact of family on race/ethnic differences in drug use. Using data from a national household survey, we found that although socioeconomic and demographic characteristics alone explained drug use differences between Latinos and non-Latino whites, the differences between Black and white adolescents could not be explained by either structural or functional differences in the family. Furthermore, it appears that the single-parent Black family provides a greater protection against drug use than does the two-biological-parent Black family. Our findings suggest that the development of policy based on a knowledge of correlates of substance use within the white community may be both inefficient and ineffective when applied to minority communities.
Differential Susceptibility to Comorbid Drug Abuse and Violence
Authors: Fishbein Diana H.
Published: November 2015

Although many psychoactive substances have been associated with violent behavior, only a subgroup manifests excessively aggressive behavior when sober or intoxicated. Theories to explain addictive behaviors in general may directly relate to the specific proclivity to exhibit excessive aggression in this subset of users. Certain personality traits and cognitive deficits coexist in individuals prone to both drug abuse and violence, suggesting a common origin. Because these excessive and compulsive behaviors have been linked with aberrations in the metabolism and activity of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin, their origins may be partly genetic or biological. Alterations in neurotransmitter function influence activities within the brain's reward center to perturb nervous system arousal levels, thereby increasing stimulation-seeking behaviors. Manifestations of these neurobiological aberrations can be measured in physiological and biochemical processes that serve to mediate these behavioral and psychological outcomes.
Patterns of Drug Escalation among Philadelphia Arrestees: An Assessment of the Gateway Theory
Authors: Kane Robert J. , Yacoubian George S.
Published: November 2015

Ephemeral stages in the use of licit and illicit substances have been documented for several decades. Sophisticated analyses have repeatedly demonstrated that “gateway” substances, such as alcohol and tobacco, emphasize early roles in a drug-using pathway. Adolescents are unlikely to use marijuana without first using alcohol and tobacco, and will not use more serious drugs, such as cocaine and heroin, without first using marijuana. To date, however, most research has focused on non-deviant populations. In the current analysis, non-recursive path models are estimated on a population of 1,252 adult Philadelphia arrestees surveyed through the Arrestee Drug Abuse Monitoring (ADAM) Program. Analyses confirm patterns of drug escalation among arrestees with “soft,” “alternative,”and “hard” central nervous system (CNS) modifying drugs. Generalizability and intervention strategies are discussed.
Investigation of Cigarette Smokers Who Quit without Treatment
Authors: Stewart Chris
Published: November 2015

This study investigates the phenomenon of spontaneous recovery through qualitative methodology. The Development Research Model, as introduced by James Spradley (1979) was employed with a sample of people who quit smoking without the aid of formal treatment. This technique examines the language used by informants to describe the experience of quitting. The results report that many of the informants used multiple techniques. Also of importance is the finding that the majority of the informants had relapsed and used the experience as motivation to continue trying to quite smoking. It was also found that many individuals experienced vivid dreams about smoking while undergoing the cessation process. Several important factors about the decision to quit are discussed as well as the treatment implications.
Estimation of the Prevalence of Substance Use Problems among Nurses Using Capture-Recapture Methods
Authors: Trinkoff Alison M. , Zhou Qiuping , Storr Carla L.
Published: November 2015

This study estimated the lifetime prevalence of substance use problems among registered nurses using capture-recapture methods with two separate items indicating a history of substance use problems from the same questionnaire. Capture-recapture methods yielded an estimate of 6.4 percent of nurses with a history of substance use problems, a 22 percent increase in the estimate from the data as collected. Among respondents indicating no history of problems, a substantial number reported substance use behavior that was as high as those in the reported problem group, suggesting that the estimate of additional unreported cases (from capture-recapture) is plausible. This estimate should be valuable for planning preventive initiatives for nurses, and the methodology should invite further consideration of multiple measures of a variable as sources to estimate prevalence using capture-recapture methods.
Examiner Masking in Research on the Effects of Prenatal Cocaine Exposure
Authors: Eyler Fonda Davis , Behnke Marylou , Stewart Nanci , Wobie Kathleen
Published: November 2015

Masking evaluators is a complex process, calling upon the creativity of scientific investigators and the unrelenting attention of project directors and data collectors. This article reviews research supporting the importance of masking to reduce the effects on outcome of evaluator bias, especially given the evidence of strongly held beliefs about the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure. We discuss the particular difficulty of totally masking examiners who are blind to drug status yet aware of the nature of the study, given an association of drug use and sociodemographic and lifestyle conditions that evaluators may know or observe. Finally we suggest techniques that may be used to facilitate masking. As part of a longitudinal study of the effects of prenatal cocaine exposure, we asked blinded evaluators, after completing the Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale, to guess whether or not they thought each infant had been cocaine-exposed. The 276 infants were evaluated at birth in a research room without their parents so that the only information available to examiners was what could be observed about the infant. Those infants whom examiners guessed to be cocaine-exposed were significantly smaller by birthweight, were more likely to be black, and had poorer Brazelton performance. The guesses were correct slightly more often than chance (56 percent; p = .050) because of an actual, though weak, relationship between size and performance. In short, the guesses of examiners demonstrated a bias about the relationship of poorer performance and cocaine exposure, supporting the critical importance of our efforts to maintain masking in evaluations.
Dope Sniffers in New York City: An Ethnography of Heroin Markets and Patterns of Use
Authors: Andrade Xavier , Sifaneck Stephen J. , Neaigus Alan
Published: November 2015

This article examines the use patterns of non-injecting heroin users (NIUs) or ‘dope sniffers’ and their relationship to the heroin markets on the Lower East Side of New York City. The study is based on ethnographic research with 23 NIUs during 1996 and 1997. The paper ethnographically explores 1) the shifting dynamics of the retail heroin markets on the Lower East Side, 2) how these market conditions affected non-injecting heroin users' routes of administration and patterns of use, and 3) the ways in which NIUs adapt to illegal heroin markets experiencing increased levels of repression and enforcement.
Matching Rhetoric to Dollars: Twenty-Five Years of Federal Drug Strategies and Drug Budgets
Authors: Carnevale John , Murphy Patrick
Published: November 2015

This paper examines the drug policy priorities of the federal government as expressed in the collection of drug strategies produced since 1973. It compares rhetorical emphases with the reported budgeted amounts for Federal programs. The paper finds that, in general, the priorities expressed in the strategies match the relative distribution of supply and demand reduction resources. Recent attempts by the Office of National Drug Control Policy (ONDCP) to increase spending on drug treatment in the 1990s stand out as an exception, however. The factors accounting for the difficulty ONDCP encounters in realizing its budget goals include (1) the cross-cutting nature of the drug budget, (2) the fact that earlier legislative decisions “front-loaded” the drug budget with law enforcement programs, and (3) the fragmented nature of the Federal budget process. This paper concludes that if legislators want to hold ONDCP responsible for the outcomes of Federal anti-drug programs, they should provide the Office with discretionary control over marginal resources, an authority the Drug Czar currently does not have.
Smart Policies for Smart Products and Ecodrugs?
Authors: Riper Heleen , de Kort Marcel
Published: November 2015

During the second half of the 1990s, the use of hallucinogenic mushrooms and other ‘natural’ products have gained popularity in the Netherlands and elsewhere. This demand was met with a quick response from commercial markets. One component of this trend was the opening of smart shops – venues selling legal and predominantly ‘natural’ products. In this article the demand and supply side as well as the applicable law and regulatory strategies concerning this new trend are explored. The issues discussed include the following: what are smart shops and what products do they offer; and what are the health and social risks involved in the use of these products? Following this, current Dutch policy strategy with regard to this new trend is described. The current approach is based on the interface between drug policy, public health, consumer protection and pharmaceutical policy. This approach is based on the outcome of a health and social risks assessment by the Working Party on Smart Shops (1998) which concluded that these shops and their products do not currently pose major health or social risks. Nevertheless, the emergence of this new trend was thought to require the development of a policy that is based on reliable information, innovative prevention attempts and close monitoring. Whether this tolerant policy will continue much longer is now at issue, however, for a proposed scheduling of hallucinogenic mushrooms on the Opium Act in the near future could, if implemented, bring about significant change.
High-density Hapten Labeling and HRP Conjugation of Oligonucleotides for Use as In Situ Hybridization Probes to Detect mRNA Targets in Cells and Tissues
Authors: Luehrsen Kenneth R. , Davidson Scott , Ji Lee Yun , Rouhani Riaz , Soleimani Ali , Raich Teresa , Cain Carol A. , Collarini Ellen J. , Yamanishi Douglas T. , Pearson Jennifer , Magee Kerry , Madlansacay Mary Rose , Bodepudi Veeraiah , Davoudzadeh David , Schueler Paula A. , Mahoney Walt
Published: November 2015

Oligonucleotides that carry a detectable label can be used to probe for mRNA targets in in situ hybridization experiments. Oligonucleotide probes (OPs) have several advantages over cDNA probes and riboprobes. These include the easy synthesis of large quantities of probe, superior penetration of probe into cells and tissues, and the ability to design gene- or allele-specific probes. One significant disadvantage of OPs is poor sensitivity, in part due to the constraints of adding and subsequently detecting multiple labels per oligonucleotide. In this study, we compared OPs labeled with multiple detectable haptens (such as biotin, digoxigenin, or fluorescein) to those directly conjugated with horseradish peroxidase (HRP). We used branching phosphoramidites to add from two to 64 haptens per OP and show that in cells, 16-32 haptens per OP give the best detection sensitivity for mRNA targets. OPs were also made by directly conjugating the same oligonucleotide sequences to HRP. In general, the HRP-conjugated OPs were more sensitive than the multihapten versions of the same sequence. Both probe designs work well both on cells and on formaldehyde-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues. We also show that a cocktail of OPs further increases sensitivity and that OPs can be designed to detect specific members of a gene family. This work demonstrates that multihapten-labeled and HRP-conjugated OPs are sensitive and specific and can make superior in situ hybridization probes for both research and diagnostic applications.
Early Identification of Reading Failure: A Comparison of Two Screening Tests and Teacher Forecasts
Authors: Kapelis Lia
Published: November 2015

A measure and comparison of the predictive validity of two screening tests and teachers' forecasts were made for predicting first-year reading performance. The Meeting Street School Screening Test and Slingerland's Pre-reading Screening Procedures were administered two weeks after the beginning of school. Teachers' judgments of expected end-of-year reading achievement were obtained after six weeks of instruction. All three screening devices significantly predicted end-of-year reading achievement. Combining whole tests and parts of tests resulted in more accurate predictions than when individual predictors were used. The best predictor combinations explained variations in reading achievement scores in the range of 50–60%.
Admission and Follow-up Status of Reading Disabled Children Referred to a Medical Clinic
Authors: Gottesman Ruth , Belmont Ira , Kaminer Ruth
Published: November 2015

Fifty-eight reading disabled children referred to a medical clinic for developmentally disabled children were examined on admission and after 3 to 5 years of special educational intervention. As a group, the children showed minimal gains in reading, remaining among the poorest readers for age. However, one-third of the children (mainly the older ones) made sufficient progress which, while slowly achieved, resulted in a minimal degree of functional reading. A high proportion of the children were diagnosed as having neurologic and/or psychiatric disorders which were unrelated to the level of reading failure found within the group. The findings suggested that such children are not representative of the general population of poor readers in the community and that throughout their schooling they require special educational methods, other than reading, for the acquisition of subject matter.
Initial Reading Instruction: Phonemes, Syllables, or Ideographs?
Authors: Harrigan John E.
Published: November 2015

In an experiment similar to that of Rozin's (1971), Chinese ideographs were taught to a group of American children having great difficulty learning to read English by the phonemic approach. The quick and sure learning of the ideographs suggests we should explore less abstract, less phonemic approaches to the initial phase of teaching reading in the hope of facilitating early learning. Because English is mapped through syllable sounds, a syllable introduction is suggested as the best initial step, later introducing phonemes as syllable building blocks.
The Use of Selected Perceptual Tests in Differentiating between Normal and Learning Disabled Children
Authors: Larsen Stephen C. , Rogers Dorothy , Sowell Virginia
Published: November 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the diagnostic usefulness of some commonly used tests of “perceptual functioning.” Thirty normal and 59 learning disabled children were administered the Auditory and Visual Sequential Memory and Sound Blending subtests of the Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities, the Wepman Auditory Discrimination Test and the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test. Statistical analyses were computed to determine if there were differences in performance on the tests between the normal and learning disabled children. It was found that only the Bender Visual-Motor Gestalt Test differentiated the two groups. The authors caution that continued use of these tests for purposes of diagnosis and placement should be carefully considered until additional research becomes available.
The Psychologist-Educator Views the Relationship of Vision to Reading and Related Learning Disabilities
Authors: Abrams Jules C.
Published: November 2015

The role of visual problems in learning disability has been a source of considerable controversy for many years. One major issue in the continuing argument is the frequent confusion of labels and concepts in the visual field. It is important to view vision as a psychophysiologic mechanism and to differentiate it from a mechanistic orientation emphasizing the eyes. Most visual problems related to learning disability represent a breakdown in the ability of the eyes to function in an harmonious fashion, that is, some interference in binocular function. While visual defects should not be confused with defects in visual perception, the identification and treatment of visual problems is an important element in the diagnosis and remediation of learning disabilities.
The Early Childhood Song Books of Eleanor Smith: Their Affinity with the Philosophy of Friedrich Froebel
Authors: Alper Clifford D.
Published: November 2015

Eleanor Smith (1858–1942), known as an outstanding composer of children's songs, was perhaps the most significant musician to embrace the philosophy of Friedrich Froebel. In the prefaces to her books Smith acknowledged her indebtedness to Froebelian theory, and her work was consistently tied to his education concepts. Smith integrated Froebel's theories into her compositions, particularly her Songs for Little Children, Part I (1887) and Part II (1894), and Songs of a Little Child's Day (1910). This combination of philosophy and music composition results in quality song materials that still find their way into recently published song books. Smith's success in music education was due largely to the actualizing influence of Froebel, who would have applauded her unique contribution.
What Supervision?
Authors: Gragg Margaret , Wey Herbert
Published: November 2015

Mrs. Gragg and Mr. Wey, of the Appalachian State Teachers College staff, raise again an old question and report the results of their investigation among young teachers whose first interest is constructive assistance in their efforts to establish themselves in the profession.
Prediction of Word-Recognition Thresholds on the Basis of Stimulus-Parameters
Authors: Riegel Klaus F. , Riegel Ruth M.
Published: November 2015

The effect of stimulus-parameters on word-recognition thresholds was investigated. Fifty words were tachistoscopically administered to 24 subjects with an average age of 16 4 years. Of the 40 parameters analyzed, the following were the best predictors of the thresholds and were included in a multiple regression equation: (a) Classification of words into concrete nouns vs. all others; (b) Classification of words with vs. without prefixes; (c) Logarithms of word-frequencies; (d) Number of letters.

The multiple correlation (0 74) and the correlation with the logarithms of word-frequencies (-0 50) are surprisingly low.

The correlations could be raised considerably if counts of children's rather than adult's language were used. Based on this finding and the high correlation between thresholds and our classification of concrete nouns and other words, it was concluded that recognition of words is to a greater degree dependent on the frequency with which subjects had prior experiences with objects (or perceptual images) rather than on the frequency with which subjects had perceived or used the names attached to them.
Language and Intellectual Modifications Associated with Right Cerebral Damage
Authors: Eisenson Jon
Published: November 2015

The paper describes the investigation of some modifications of language and intellectual functions associated with damage to the right cerebral hemisphere. A group of subjects with right cerebral damage was asked to complete a series of widely-varying verbal tests designed to assess their ability to deal with various linguistic tasks. On comparing the results with those for a matched, non-damaged control group, it was found that the experimental subjects performed less proficiently than those in the control group. Linguistic and intellectual modifications became more apparent when abstract concepts were involved and it is concluded that, contrary to most previously published observations, the right cerebral hemisphere is important for high-level language functioning.
Bodily Movement: A Choral Aid
Authors: Hartman Bill
Published: November 2015

“Dance in all its forms cannot be excluded from the curriculum of all noble education: dancing with the feet, with ideas, with words, and, need I add that one must also be able to dance with the pen?”
The Optimum Twist Factor for Jute Yarns of Various Sizes and Fiber Qualities, and Tex-Tenacity Relations at Different Twist Factors
Authors: Bandyopadhyay S. B.
Published: November 2015

The optimum twist factor of jute yarns has been found to lie between 24 and 26 tex-tpc units (✓tex × turns per cm), irrespective of yarn size and fiber quality. For the same fiber and twist factor, yarn tenacity is practically steady above 300 tex but diminishes rapidly below that level of thickness.
Molecular Structure and Chlorine Stability in Cotton Finishes
Authors: Shippee F. B. , Gagliardi D. D.
Published: November 2015

The effect of various chlorinating and storage conditions on the chloramide formation and decomposition of a series of nitrogenous cotton finishing agents is described. The relation between molecular structure of the agent and its chlorine uptake and release is discussed. The rate of chlorine loss in chlorinated fabrics is related to the structure of the agent and the chlorination conditions used.
Some Problems in Melt Spinning Processes: Part I: Method for Estimating the Tension Acting on a Fiber
Authors: Manabe Tomonobu
Published: November 2015

A method for estimating the tension acting on a fiber being produced in a melt spinning process is proposed. This method is available whenever a cool airstream is used. Under suitable conditions, the tension is estimated to be

T = 4 Q2/πd2ρ

where T is the tension (dynes); Q is the mass extruded through a spinneret orifice in unit time (g/sec); d is the diameter of the melt fiber ( cm); and ρ is the density of the fiber (g/cm3).
Studies in Mothproofing: Part I: Relation between Content of Mothproofing Agents and Durability of Moth Resistance in Woolen Fabrics Following Washing and Dry Gleaning
Authors: Kuwana Zyuiti , Nakamura Sigeko , Sugiyama Hirosi
Published: November 2015

With Mitin- and Eulan U33-treated woolen fabrics, decreases in the content of the proofing agent and increases in the amount of damage through washing and dry cleaning are fairly low, while with dieldrin, such changes are considerable. The agent–content and feeding–damage relations, before and after washing or dry cleaning, are expressed by a single curve with Mitin and Eulan U33, but with dieldrin, the results of washing and dry cleaning follow different courses. This discrepancy is interpreted as the result of deposition of dieldrin in two ways on the fabrics, one unstable and effective in proofing, and the other rather stable but less effective.
Solution Spinning from a Mixed Polymer System; A Multivariable Study
Authors: Morbey G. K. , Whitwell J. G.
Published: November 2015

Variations in properties of fibers produced under varying levels of composition, of spinning variables, and of drawing variables have been studied. The fibers were a mixture of polyacrylonitrile and cellulose acetate, spun from dimethylformamide. Responses measured were primarily tensile properties but fragmentary results from x-ray diffraction measurements are also available.

The five mechanical properties are described as empirical functions of fiber composition, spinning solution concentration, spinneret hole size, coagulating bath medium and temperature, depth of coagulating bath, drawing medium and temperature, rate of draw, and draw ratio. A statistical design of experiments assured independence of the estimates of the various coefficients in these functions. The five mechanical responses are denier, modulus, tenacity, ultimate elongation, and energy to break.

The effect of interactions between certain pairs of the variables are shown to be important and, in many instances, more enlightening than the effects of the variables acting alone. While the latter (main effects) can frequently be predicted, the interaction effects are much less susceptible to prediction and provide, therefore, a deeper insight into the physical process than would be obtained without them.
The Forces and Kinetics of Supercontraction of Keratin Fibers in 9 M LiCl
Authors: Rebenfeld L. , Weigmann H. D. , Dansizer G. J.
Published: November 2015

The supercontraction in 9 M LiCl of human hair, kid mohair, a non-crimp coarse wool, and a fine, high-crimp wool was studied as a function of time. The fibers were held under constant length, and the forces generated were measured. The kinetics of the process was studied at three different temperatures, and activation energies were evaluated using the Arrhenius law. The maximum stresses of supercontraction were recorded and compared with the breaking stresses of these fibers at 70° F and 65% RH. It was observed that kid mohair and the coarse wool were quite similar in showing high reaction rate constants, low activation energies, and high supercontraction forces. Human hair was the slowest of the four fiber types and required the highest activation energy. The fine, high-crimp wool was intermediate in most parameters.
Heating, Cleaning, and Mechanical Processing Effects on Cottons; Part III: Fiber Properties and Spinning Behavior
Authors: Grant James N. , Kingsbery Emery G. , Tsoi Ruby H. , Griffin A. Clyde
Published: November 2015

The fiber properties and processing behavior of gin-dried cottons were determined on Deltapine 15 cotton from the Mississippi Delta area. Several comparisons were made of hand-harvested and machine-havested cottons. Growth conditions had an important influence on the short-fiber content and spinning properties. High short-fiber contents in ginned lint persisted after processing into card sliver. Examination of fibers from length arrays indicated a preferential breakage of fine and immature fibers during ginning and cleaning. At spindle speeds that cause a large number of ends to break, the number of breaks during each hour was related to the running hour of the doff. The spread in number of breaks per doff decreased as number of end breaks decreased. End breakage in spinning increased with gin drying for hand-harvested cotton, but had a minimum at an intermediate drying level for machine-harvested cotton. Yarn grade and strength for both types of harvesting decreased with gin drying. Overdried lint from center segments of bales when processed without preconditioning had higher end breakages than lint from the outer segments.
Warm, Lofty Cotton Fabrics—Some Exploratory Studies
Authors: Krasny John F. , Getchell Nelson F. , Tovey Henry
Published: November 2015

The present paper is a progress report on work aimed at the development of warm, lofty cotton fabrics. This work has two major technical objectives: the development of new methods of producing loft in cotton fabrics and the development of treatments for setting cotton fabrics in the lofty configuration.

Yarns spun on the woolen system had slightly more loft but much less strength than yarns spun on the cotton system. Loft was introduced into yarns by tensionless mercerization; this effect was increased by using blends of fibers differing in shrinkage characteristics. Other yarn lofting methods found effective were ultrasonic vibration and formation of gas bubbles inside yarns.

Fabric lofting methods investigated included napping, needling, tumbling, compacting, and ultrasonic vibration. Needling of certain fabrics increased the loft and permitted a much wider variation in appearance than napping. Obtaining loft by needling batts to the surface of fabrics or by joining two fabrics by needling a batt between them gave particularly promising results.

The loft of cotton blankets, rugs, and experimental lofted fabrics was set with chemical systems ordinarily used to obtain wash-and-wear effects. When the resin was applied by padding, the fabrics had to be lofted after padding and before curing to overcome the flattening effect of squeezing.
Stress-Strain Relationships in Yarns Subjected to Rapid Impact Loading: Part X: Stress-Strain Curves Obtained by Impacts with Rifle Bullets
Authors: Smith Jack C. , Fenstermaker Carl A. , Shouse Paul J.
Published: November 2015

When a yarn is struck transversely, a V-shaped wave of transverse motion is caused to spread outwards at a velocity Ū depending upon the impact velocity V. In this research data on Ū vs V for impact velocities between 10 m/sec and 700 m/sec are analyzed to determine stress-strain behavior in high-tenacity nylon and polyester yarns. The data are obtained by shooting rifle bullets at a yarn and recording the resulting configurations by microflash photography. A strain-rate-independent theory for transverse impact behavior is used to calculate stress-strain data.

It was found that the time required to break a yarn depended upon the impact velocity. Nylon yarns broke 10 μsec after impact at 650 m/sec with a calculated breaking strain of 10.0% and tenacity of 77 g/tex. At 495 m/sec velocity the yarn broke within 100 μsec at 7.4% strain and 52 g/tex tenacity. The corresponding values in polyester yarn were, for a 10-μsec break, 620 m/sec, 10.5%, and 67 g/tex; for a 100-μsec break, 420 m/sec, 6.5%, and 40 g/tex.
Growth Rings in Cotton
Authors: Berriman L. P. , Benedict Harris M.
Published: November 2015

Letters to the Editor are brief communications intended to provide prompt publication of significant research results and to permit an exchange of views on papers previously published in the Journal. Letters are not submitted to formal review, and the authors assume full responsibility for information given or opinion expressed.
Cross-Linking of Wool Keratin By Bifunctional Aldehydes
Authors: Di Modica G. , Marzona M.
Published: November 2015

Treatment of wool fabrics with mono- and bifunctional aldehydes was followed by determinations of amino acid composition, NH2-group content, solubility in alkali, acids, and urea-bisulfite, affinity toward acid dye, and physico-mechanical properties. Differences were observed in the properties of treated and untreated fabrics. These differences are related to cross-linking between polypeptide chains of keratin.
Relationships between Hygral Expansion, Relaxation Shrinkage, and Extensibility in Woven Wool Fabrics
Authors: Cookson P. G.
Published: November 2015

If a wool fabric is restrained during drying, as in tentering, there is a close relationship between the relaxation shrinkage that is induced and the hygral expansion. A high correlation also exists between the hygral expansion and extensibility of relaxed fabrics. For conventional woven fabrics, this relationship is independent of fabric structure and the finishing routine used. Separate relationships for warp and weft directions exist between extensibility (of relaxed fabric) and relaxation shrinkage in commercial fabrics. The difference in extensibility (at 500 gf/cm) for a relaxed fabric, and the corresponding unrelaxed fabric, is related to the relaxation shrinkage in the unrelaxed fabric.
Heat and Water Vapor Transport in Fabrics under Ventilated Conditions
Authors: Lamb George E. R.
Published: November 2015

An expression derived by Take-uchi for the heat transfer coefficient of a fabric exposed to an air stream has been shown to apply (with suitable modification) to the transfer of water vapor through the fabric under the same conditions of ventilation. Experimental and calculated values of the moisture transfer coefficient agree fairly well.
A New Approach to the Study of Textile Dyeing Properties with Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Ladisch Christine M. , Yang Yiqi
Published: November 2015

Direct dye adsorption isotherms have been obtained using a rolled cotton fabric stationary phase in a liquid chromatography column. Both frontal analysis and minor disturbance methods were tested. The minor disturbance method was not useful due to the slow rate of dye equilibration relative to the velocity of the pulse of dye passed through the fabric column. In comparison, the frontal analysis technique gave results similar to those obtained with standard equilibrium adsorption measurements in a beaker. This method permits determination of whole fabric dye sorption using liquid chromatography instrumentation in a manner that yields facile and quantitative measures of dye compatibility, as described in Part II of this paper.
Fabric-Evoked Prickle
Authors: Naylor G. R. S. , Veitch C. J. , Mayfield R. J. , Kettlewell R.
Published: November 2015

A simple subjective test method is described to evaluate the prickliness of fabric samples, and its reproducibility and consistency are assessed. The test is used to evaluate the prickliness of a set of wool knitted samples covering a range of fiber diameters. The finer (19 micron) wool samples are nonprickly, and prickle increases as the mean fiber diameter increases. Reducing fiber/fiber friction with silicones reduces prickle, suggesting that a reduction of fiber/fiber friction is an important mechanism in antiprickle treatments.
In Vivo Cutaneous Response to Fabric Part V: Effect of Fiber Type and Fabric Moisture Content on Stratum Corneum Hydration
Authors: Hatch Kathryn L. , Markee Nancy L. , Prato Harriet H. , Zeronian S. Haig , Maibach Howard I. , Kuehl Robert O. , Axelson Rick D.
Published: November 2015

Fabric placed over human skin may change the stratum corneum (SC) hydration level, an important phenomenon because increases in normal levels of SC hydration pose potential health problems. The skin becomes more susceptible to abrasive damage, increases in permeability, and is more prone to microbial growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of fiber type and fabric moisture content on SC hydration. Using three similarly constructed knit fabrics, six fabric type/moisture content combinations were selected for the tests. Using an occluded plastic dome, fabric samples were placed on both “normal” and “hydrated” volar forearm skin of subjects for a specified time period, then removed. Two minutes after removal, evaporative water loss and skin temperature were measured. The design of the study was a randomized complete block with all possible treatment combinations applied to each subject. Data were analyzed using analyses of variance on the linear and quadratic coefficients of best fit lines and Bonferroni t tests.

For “normal” skin, SC hydration generally increased as fabric moisture content increased. The SC was significantly drier after being in contact with cotton fabric at regain than at the two moisture content levels above regain, and also under polyester fabric. For hydrated skin, the hydration state was significantly lower under the cotton fabric at regain than at 38.6% moisture content and at saturation, but was not significantly different under the polyester fabric at regain and at saturation.
Modifying Nylon 6 by Treating with Dichlorobenzenesulfonyl Chloride
Authors: El-Garf S. A. , El-Kemry S. M.
Published: November 2015

Sulfonation of nylon 6 fibers by 2,5 dichlorobenzenesulfonyl chloride (dbsc) has a great effect on the heat and chemical stability of the fibers. Sulfur content, carbon residue, degree of crimp, and solubility in formic acid are all determined, the effects of dbsc concentration, reaction temperature, and reaction time are studied. Increasing dbsc concentration and temperature are more effective at increasing the sulfur content in modified fibers than increasing reaction time. The best results are obtained with a dbsc concentration of 25% and a reaction temperature of 115°C for 4 hours. At these conditions, the modified fibers have 4.9% sulfur content, 26.4% carbon residue, 97.5% degree of crimp, and lose solubility in formic acid, concentrated mineral acids, and aqua regia. They do not burn when put in direct flames, but glow and char without losing fiber form. No melting occurs at up to 1000°C, and the activation energy of decomposition is 194 kJ/mole compared to 46 kJ/mole for the unmodified fibers. Strength properties decrease.
Simulation of Procedures to Avoid Set Marks in Weaving Caused by Relaxation
Authors: Vangheluwe Lieven , Kiekens Paul
Published: November 2015

Relaxation of warp yarns and fabric is one of the causes of set marks (starting places) in weaving. Loom manufacturers have developed experimental procedures to diminish these set marks, and this paper describes mathematical simulations of several such procedures. The simulations use a previously developed model for the viscoelastic behavior of warp yarn and cloth and for the cloth fell position. The aim of the paper is to provide a scientific background for anti-set mark procedures.
Measuring Fiber Orientation in Nonwovens Part III: Fourier Transform
Authors: Pourdeyhimi B. , Dent R. , Davis H.
Published: November 2015

This paper addresses the development of an image analysis technique using the Fourier transform of the image to evaluate orientation in a fibrous assembly. The algorithms are evaluated using simulated images presented in Part I of the series. The results are compared with those for the tracking method presented in Part II.
Evaluation of Carpet Appearance Loss: Structural Factors
Authors: Presley Ann Beth
Published: November 2015

Changes in carpet appearance brought about by the mechanics of wear may be evaluated with respect to changes in heterogeneous image properties, e.g., periodicity. This paper discusses changes brought about in texture periodicity and compares the results with subjective human evaluation. The influences of structural variables on performance are measured using these techniques.