bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Russia: Limping Along Towards American Democracy?
Authors: Rutland Peter
Published: October 2003

Questions the extent to which post‐communist Russia has indeed become a democracy. It examines the problems of Russian democracy in different areas such as elections, separation of powers, judicial system, freedom of press, respect for human rights, and development of civil society. It concludes that Russia has not been well served by efforts to transplant the American‐style democracy without taking into account local circumstances and conditions.
Three Frameworks in Search of a Policy: US Democracy Promotion in Asia‐Pacific
Authors: Inoguchi Takashi
Published: October 2003

The author argues that in order to understand the impact of US democracy promotion efforts it is vital to examine what he terms the three different ‘frameworks’ that now shape the American outlook of the world: the Westphalian, the anti‐Utopian, and the Philadelphian. All three coexist in a very uneasy way and compete with each other to determine US foreign policy in Asia‐Pacific. He looks at the cases of China, Japan, and Cambodia.
The Impasse of Third World Democratization: Africa Revisited
Authors: Sørensen Georg
Published: October 2003

Argues that although many Third World countries have experienced democratic openings, a large part of them are stuck in the initial phases of a democratic transition. International actors have contributed to this outcome in the following ways: (1) failing to appreciate the role of nationalism and political community; (2) overemphasizing economic and political liberalism; (3) supporting elite‐dominated democracies. It explores the connection between democratization and state strength, citing examples of transitions in Africa.
The Cost of Incorporation: Labor Institutions, Industrial Restructuring, and New Trade Union Strategies in India and Pakistan
Authors: Candland Christopher
Published: October 2003

In India, an impressive labour movement based on political unionism developed and exercised some influence over economic policy. In Pakistan, an assertive and often militant workers’ movement emerged, was severely repressed, and exercised little influence over economic policy. The paper assesses the ability of trade unions in each country to oppose recent economic reforms, specifically the privatization efforts of each government. The capacity to oppose industrial restructuring is traced to the differing structure of labour institutions, specifically trade union relationships with political parties and workers’ representation in trade unions. In conclusion, the paper draws from a debate within the Indian trade union movement concerning the limitations of political unionism and the need for new union strategies. It suggests that a new unionism, with wider networks among other social organizations and deeper roots in local communities, must also include a new political dimension.
Globalization, Social Partnership, and Industrial Relations in Ireland
Authors: Doherty Eileen M.
Published: October 2003

During the post‐war period, Irish labour unions have been characterized by fragmentation at the local level (with multiple unions competing for members, industrial unrest at the local level, and tensions between unions), but centralization at the national level. Labour unions have been clustered into large umbrella organizations, and the country has had a strong history of corporatism in industrial relations. The three stages of “globalization” in Ireland—the decision to embrace an open economic policy in the 1950s, Ireland's 1973 entry into the EEC, and the deepening of European integration in the 1980s and 1990s—have generated continuous pressures on Ireland to embrace new strategies to accommodate the pressures of market forces. Ireland's response to ‘globalization’ has not involved a disintegration of corporatist bargains or the weakening of unions, but rather a renewed focus on social partnership and consensus policy making in which unions have played a distinct role. The result of this social partnership has been impressive growth rates since 1987, but a lingering problem of structural unemployment. To address this issue, Dublin has committed itself to the continuation and strengthening of corporatist bargaining, but with an increased emphasis on addressing the problem of social exclusion. It remains to be seen whether social partnership mechanisms can effectively address the problems associated with long‐term unemployment and social exclusion, or whether Ireland is evolving toward a bifurcated economy, characterized by expanding jobs for skilled workers, but declining prospects for less‐educated workers.
Globalization and the Paradigm Shift in Japanese Industrial Relations
Authors: Weathers Charles
Published: October 2003

Contemporary Japan is perhaps the ultimate product of ‘globalization’ in many respects. Forcibly opened to the world by the Western powers in the 1850s, the country has since focused its energies on achieving the greatest possible level of economic development. As a result, the union movement historically has been divided between a right wing, which advocates full cooperation with management and a left wing demanding more resources for social needs and programs. While unions on the right have long dominated organized labour's agenda, even these unions agreed by the 1980s that the labour movement had done too little to improve working conditions and living standards. However, the early 1990s saw the onset of a severe recession and ‘globalization’ (alternatively, a new ‘era of super‐competition’), prompting both businesses and the right‐wing unions to seek comprehensive deregulation of employment systems, against the faltering opposition of the left. As Japan shifts from its ‘paradigm’ of an industrial relations rooted in mass production and ‘lifetime employment’ to a more flexible, high tech–based economy, unions are emphasizing new strategies for protecting jobs in their own industries, and the labour movement's influence over general working conditions has been further eroded. Post‐war Japan's second ‘paradigm shift’ suggests that there are important limits to convergence, as unions spurn the social provisions of the EC, and cooperate with business to nurture Asia as an allied production base for Japan. In addition, those who regarded the Japanese employment system during the 1970s and 1980s as a ‘model’ for organizing cooperative industrial relations in industrializing societies have to confront the fact that the model itself is now in flux.
Privatization, Labor Politics, and the Firm in Post‐Soviet Russia: Non‐market Norms, Market Institutions, and the Soviet Legacy
Authors: Sil Rudra
Published: October 2003

While the attempt to integrate the Russian economy into global capitalism has produced several market‐oriented economic institutions that formally appear to converge with those in the advanced industrial West, ‘globalization’ has had far less of an impact on the prevalent norms and attitudes of key economic factors at the local and regional level where many of the most successful enterprises are focusing their energies. This chapter may be summarized in terms of three tentative claims designed primarily to raise some questions concerning the prevailing assumptions concerning the nature and direction of the post‐Soviet transformation. First, the privatization program and other market‐oriented reforms under Yeltsin, while certainly ushering in a new set of institutions in the post‐Soviet era, do not represent a steady, unidirectional process of change leading towards the integration of Russia into the global economy and society. Second, the framework of ‘globalization’ works even less to capture the transformation of industrial relations in the post‐Soviet period, as evident in the failed attempt to develop a tripartite corporatist framework for bargaining on key issues, and in the increasing evidence of bilateral dealings and alliances between pro‐ and anti‐reform segments that cut across the business/labour divide and contact between government officials and the most influential trade unions and business associations across different regions. And finally, while the old system of industrial relations may not be much in evidence today, a substantial number of industrialists and Russian workers appear to be responding to the transformation of the post‐Soviet economy by focusing on regionally based, enterprise‐level survival strategies nested in informal ‘moral’ understandings that emerged in the context of enterprise paternalism in the Soviet era and that continue to survive within the context of new economic institutions.
Globalization in One Country: East Germany Between Moral Economy and Political Economy
Authors: Kopstein Jeffrey
Published: October 2003

Examines one effect of globalization on labour in the case of unified Germany: the rise of a new particularism. A number of scholars have started to speak of the new divide between eastern and western Germany in terms of ethnicity. As useful as this analogy is, however, it has the disadvantage of being just that—an analogy. Seen differently, the source of the new cultural divide in Germany is the conflict between two very different, historically shaped moral economies. Despite Stalinist misdevelopment, the economy of the communist East, through everyday labour practices, inculcated a set of egalitarian economic values. For political reasons, the unification strategy after 1991 did not challenge these values but accommodated them. Such a strategy thus guaranteed the persistence and even growth of regional identities in post‐unification Germany. The new particularism in other locales, therefore, may stem from the clash not only of ‘civilizations’ (Huntington), but also, rather more prosaically, from the conflict between dominant labour and leisure practices, of notions of what is properly commodified and what is best put outside of markets—practices that are being challenged by global markets, and the diffusion of tastes, values, and institutions.
Corporatist Renaissance in Post‐communist Central Europe?
Authors: Orenstein Mitchell A. , Hale Lisa E.
Published: October 2003

While global trends have forced labour into retreat in most countries, in post‐communist Europe, the dramatic opening to world markets in 1989 was achieved through a political breakthrough in which organized labour played a major role. Whereas trade unions under communism acted as ‘transmission belts to the working class for state policy and ideology, post‐communist governments needed to develop new roles for resurgent trade unions in a democratic society. In Poland, the post‐communist government juggled a number of different objectives in the reformation of labour market institutions. On the one hand, democratic consolidation demanded that trade unions be constituted as independent social and political forces that would support the new regime. On the other hand, liberalization demanded that trade unions moderate their wage demands so as not to foster runaway inflation. In addition, since trade unions remained the only major civil society organization with significant roots in the working class, trade unions immediately became important partners in any new political coalition. Corporatism, as advocated by the International Labour Organization office in the region, provided a compelling answer to many of these demands. This chapter argues that in Poland, the need to institutionalize a role for trade unions in the emerging democratic society led to a genuinely corporatist forum for indicative negotiation over wages, and the development of progressive social policy. Popular disillusion with structural economic reforms led to corporatist ‘pacts’ negotiated, first, by Solidarity leaders, and then, by the former communists who came to power in 1993. Finally, in 1995, to initiate a Polish tripartite council for social bargaining, using a comparison between Poland and the Czech Republic, the chapter concludes that globalization has strengthened trade unions and the pressures for including them in new forms of corporatist intermediation in post‐communist Europe. While these institutions suffer many of the same problems evident in the developed West, corporatism has become part of the institutional framework of post‐communism and appears to be here to stay.
Frege on Apriority
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: October 2003

In his contribution, Burge contrasts the use Kant and Frege make of the a priori in their work. Burge argues that for Kant, the conscious states of pure intuition are states that entitle a subject to make judgements of geometrical principles and provide a justification that is independent of perceptual experience. This conception Burge contrasts with Frege's philosophical explication of the a priori in The Foundation of Arithmetic.
Rationalism, Empiricism, and the A Priori
Authors: Cassam Quassim
Published: October 2003

Quassim Cassam investigates the relation between a priori truths on the one hand and rationalist and empiricist positions on the other. He argues that we obtain a clearer understanding of the distinction between rationalism and empiricism as well as a more refined conception of a priori truths if we do not regard the question of whether there exist such truths as the dividing line, but rather concentrate on the different explanations with those respective positions for the existence of such truths.
A Priori Knowledge Revisited
Authors: Kitcher Philip
Published: October 2003

Philip Kitcher defends his rejection of the thesis that mathematical knowledge is possible if such knowledge is a priori against a number of objections. His main line of argument is to suggest a property that follows deductively from apriority, and then to argue that propositions cannot possess such a property.
Naturalism and the A Priori
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: October 2003

Penelope Maddy investigates the concept of the a priori in the context of contemporary scientific naturalism, arguing that a naturalistic account of the growth of scientific knowledge refutes the suggestion that there are a priori truths. Maddy notes the importance of Kant's conception of the a priori to her naturalism, and works out the differences and similarities between Quine's and her (Quinean) naturalism.
Apriority as an Evaluative Notion
Authors: Field Hartry
Published: October 2003

Hartry Field argues that meaning‐based approaches to explaining the apriority of certain propositions fail to succeed in their endeavour. He suggests that adopting what one calls a ‘non‐factualist’ view of justification itself removes the mystery of the apriority of such propositions, and sketches what such a view of justification involves.
Stipulation, Meaning, and Apriority
Authors: Horwich Paul
Published: October 2003

Paul Horwich attacks meaning‐based approaches to a priori justification and puts forward a view that explains apriority in terms of innateness and psychological indispensability. He concludes that while our practice of designating certain basic a priori beliefs as justified cannot be given epistemic support, it can be described and explained.
A Priori Rules: Wittgenstein on the Normativity of Logic
Authors: Railton Peter
Published: October 2003

Peter Railton explores a non‐meaning‐based approach to explaining the possibility of a priori knowledge, suggesting that we regard apparently a priori principles as rules, regulative of certain practices. Railton goes on to use this idea as a foundation of comparison with Wittgenstein's views in the first part of his Philosophical Investigations.
Apriority and Existence
Authors: Yablo Stephen
Published: October 2003

Stephen Yablo, rejecting meaning‐based approaches to apriority explanation, explores the suggestion that the apriority of existence claims within the abstract sciences might be attributable to their metaphorical nature. To this end, Yablo argues that the abstract sciences show that the theory of understanding is not the only epistemological resource open to defenders of the a priori.
Knowledge of Logic
Authors: Boghossian Paul
Published: October 2003

Paul Boghossian defends a meaning‐based approach to the apriority of the propositions of logic. His model is based on the idea that the logical constants are implicitly defined by some of the axioms and inference rules in which they are involved, thereby offering an alternative to those theories that deny that grasp of meaning can contribute to the explanation of a thinker's entitlement to a particular type of transition or belief.
Explaining the A Priori: The Programme of Moderate Rationalism
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: October 2003

Christopher Peacocke investigates the question of how we should conceive of the relations between understanding and the a priori, thereby forming the basis on which the dispute between meaning‐based and non‐meaning‐based approaches to explanations of the possibility of a priori propositions could be settled. To this end, Peacocke suggests a programme for moderate rationalists.
Implicit Definition and the A Priori
Authors: Hale Bob , Wright Crispin
Published: October 2003

Bob Hale and Crispin Wright hold a meaning‐based approach to the explanation of a priori propositions. In their contribution, they develop the model of implicit definition, also suggested by Boghossian in this collection, and in particular, investigate its explanatory potential with regard to some cases of a priori knowledge.
Representation, Scepticism, and the A Priori
Authors: Jackson Frank
Published: October 2003

Frank Jackson investigates the theoretical commitments of certain stances about semantics as far as they shed light on the dispute between meaning‐based and non‐meaning‐based approaches to explaining apriority. Jackson argues generally that anyone who agrees that sentences have representational content and who is not a sceptic should accept that there are a priori truths that outrun the logical truths.
The Status of Logic
Authors: Shapiro Stewart
Published: October 2003

It seems that if a thinker in an argument arrives at an empirical conclusion, then some of the belief‐formation or reasoning principles she employs must be a priori if the reasoning is to be knowledgeable. Stewart Shapiro accepts this claim, and investigates the way in which the basic principles of logic must have an a priori status if the process of empirical confirmation of propositions reasoning that involves such principles of logic is to make sense.
Transcendental Philosophy and A Priori Knowledge: A Neo‐Kantian Perspective
Authors: Friedman Michael
Published: October 2003

It seems that if a thinker in an argument arrives at an empirical conclusion, then some of the belief‐formation or reasoning principles she employs must be a priori if the reasoning is to be knowledgeable. Michael Friedman investigates the existence of empirically defeasible a priori warrants, focussing on the principles that are constitutive of the spatio‐temporal framework within which a particular scientific theory is formulated.
Externalism and Armchair Knowledge
Authors: Davies Martin
Published: October 2003

Martin Davies explores a solution to a reductio ad absurdum argument template, one instance of which has the conclusion that we can know the proposition ‘someone has interacted with water’ a priori. Davies argues that there are limitations on the transmission of warrant across a priori entailments, limitations that instances of such an argument template necessarily flout.
Externalism and A Priori Knowledge of Empricial Facts
Authors: Brewer Bill
Published: October 2003

Bill Brewer explores a solution to a reductio ad absurdum argument template, one instance of which has the conclusion that we can know the proposition ‘someone has interacted with water’ a priori. Brewer holds that empirical knowledge of water is required for a thinker to possess the concept ‘water’ in the first place, so this knowledge cannot be said to be derived a priori by means of the argument.
The Psychophysical Nexus
Authors: Nagel Thomas
Published: October 2003

Thomas Nagel investigates the status of a priori knowledge in the context of the mind‐body problem. A priori reflection on the concepts of mental and physical properties seems to show that mental state and event types could not be identical with physical state event types. Nagel wishes to block the conclusion that it really does show this because he finds the resultant property dualism profoundly unsatisfactory.
Conscious Attitudes, Attention, and Self‐Knowledge
Authors: Peacocke Christopher
Published: October 2003

The paper argues that our self‐ascription of occurent psychological attitudes is consciously based. It rejects the trichotomy that considers self‐knowledge to be accounted for, by observation, by inference, or by nothing. Instead, conscious attitudes provide the thinker with a reason for self‐ascribing an attitude to the content that occurs to the thinker, when in possession of the relevant concepts. Developing this account for the case of belief, a conscious belief is shown to provide the thinker with a reason to self‐ascribe to it because of the role such states play in the possession conditions for the concept of belief. The conscious attitudes appealed to in the account must be characterized independently of their self‐ascription, and a number of rival accounts of consciousness are rejected. In addition, the paper examines the relations between consciouness and attention by exploring the notion of a conscious thought as occupying the thinker's attention.
An Eye Directed Outward
Authors: Martin M. G. F.
Published: October 2003

The paper is a response to Peacocke's chapter. It begins by exploring and recasting his distinction between objects of attention and occupying attention. It goes on to consider cases of self‐ascription based on conscious episodes that are not authoritative, thereby suggesting that Peacocke's treatment needs a way to characterize the kinds of conscious thought, which can provide a rational basis for authoritative self‐ascription. One such kind of case is where knowledge of one's belief arises from one's apparent knowledge of how matters stand in the world. This raises a puzzle as to how directing our attention outward at the world should be to give rise to the knowledge of our own minds, and it is argued that Peacocke's possession‐conditions account of self‐ascription does nothing to solve it.
Externalism and Authoritative Self‐Knowledge
Authors: Macdonald Cynthia
Published: October 2003

This paper defends a qualified observational model of authoritative self‐knowledge, which centres on two features of ordinarily observable characteristics that help explain a subject's direct awareness of them. The first is that they are basic, in that one does not have to know of any underlying fact in virtue of which they apply when they do; and the second is that it is generally necessary and sufficient for the application of such a characteristic that it seems to a normal observer, in normal circumstances, that it does apply. The view is defended against two well‐known misgivings about modelling such knowledge on observation: first, that there is a telling structural disanalogy, since observation normally involves three components, namely, the item perceived, an intermediary, non‐conceptual sensation state, and a judgement grounded in that sensation state, whereas self‐knowledge of an intentional state apparently involves analogues of the first and third components only, namely, a first‐order content‐bearing state and the second‐order state that it validates; and second that, whereas the relations between a perceptual state and the item perceived are causal and contingent, those between first‐ and corresponding second‐order intentional states are in general non‐contingent, and so not merely causal.
Self‐Knowledge: Special Access Versus Artefact of Grammar—A Dichotomy Rejected
Authors: Fricker Elizabeth
Published: October 2003

The paper examines a dichotomy between special access accounts of authoritative self‐knowledge and constitutive accounts that treat such authority as a feature of the ‘grammar’ of self‐ascriptions, and concludes that it is a false one. Firstly, special access theories are shown to include not just Cartesian views but also a number of different kinds of accounts of the nature of mental states and our self‐knowledge of them. One group comprises functionalist accounts—special access theories, which involve non‐Cartesian conceptions of the individuation of conditions of mental states, and need make no play with any form of ‘inner perception’. Secondly, it is argued that there is space for intermediate theories according to which ‘grammar’ and empirical regularities collaborate inextricably to hold our actual mental state concepts together, and play a joint role in explaining the reliability of our basic self‐ascriptions of mental states. Finally, it is shown that all viable concepts of mental states, which can be competently self‐ascribed in a non‐inferential way, must be multi‐criterial concepts and not wholly fixed by ‘grammar’.
Self‐Knowledge and Resentment
Authors: Bilgrami Akeel
Published: October 2003

The paper pursues the question: what makes self‐knowledge of our intentional states special, what makes it different from other kinds of knowledge? It does so by contrasting a ’constitutive’ view of self‐knowledge with a perceptual model of self‐knowledge, and claims that if the former can be shown to be plausible, that will establish the special character of self‐knowledge. It then follows Crispin Wright in setting up a biconditional, which links the first‐order and second‐order intentional states as a prima facie mark of the constitutive view of self‐knowledge. In the rest of the paper, however, a quite different understanding of the biconditional is provided from the one in Crispin Wright's work. The biconditional is given support by a normative conception of agency owing to Strawson's conception of freedom, and a normative conception of intentionality. The overarching claim of the paper is that the special character of self‐knowledge is of a piece with the special nature of the agent's or first person point of view, and at bottom, both self‐knowledge and the point of view of agency are of a piece with the irreducibility of norms and values to states of nature, as natural sciences study them.
Reason and the First Person
Authors: Burge Tyler
Published: October 2003

The first part of the paper focuses on the role played in thought and action by possession of the first‐person concept. It is argued that only one who possesses the I concept is in a position to fully articulate certain fundamental, a priori aspects of the concept of reason. A full understanding of the concept of reason requires being inclined to be affected or immediately motivated by reasons—to form, change or confirm beliefs or other attitudes in accordance with them—when those reasons apply to one's own attitudes. The cases where rational evaluations of acts and attitudes rationally motivate immediate implementation of the evaluations to shape the acts and attitudes are distinguished from cases where they do not, by the use of the first‐person concept to mark those acts and attitudes as one's own. The second part of the paper examines asymmetries between self‐knowledge and knowledge of other minds. The usual view that self‐knowledge has an immediate and a priori warrant, whereas knowledge of others’ minds rests on observation and inference is disputed. A sketch is given of knowledge of other minds that can be non‐inferential and can rest on an intellectual, non‐perceptual entitlement. When one seemingly understands an utterance in interlocution, one is a priori prima facie entitled to suppose that it comes from a rational source, and because knowledge of other minds can be immediate and epistemically grounded in intellectual, non‐empirical entitlements, it is distinguished from self‐knowledge not by being necessarily inferential or by being necessarily grounded in perception, but by being in some known contrast with thought known as one's own.
Externalism, Twin Earth, and Self‐Knowledge
Authors: McLaughlin Brian P. , Tye Michael
Published: October 2003

The paper defends the view that privileged access to our thoughts is compatible with content externalism against the charge, levelled by Michael McKinsey, Jessica Brown, and Paul Boghossian, that the combination of privileged access to thoughts and content externalism leads to absurd consequences about what can be known about the environment independently of empirical investigation.
Externalism, Architecturalism, and Epistemic Warrant
Authors: Davies Martin
Published: October 2003

Externalism about some mental property, M, is the thesis that whether a person has M conceptually depends, in part, on the person's environment. Architecturalism about M is the thesis that whether a person has M conceptually depends, in part, on the person's internal cognitive architecture. I consider a number of arguments of the form (MC):(1) I have mental property M;(2) If I have mental property M, then I meet condition C; Therefore, (3) I meet condition C . . . 

These arguments are potentially problematic to the extent that premise (1) can be known with first‐person authority and premise (2) can be known by way of a philosophical argument for an externalist or architecturalist thesis. For, in that case, knowledge of both premises can be had without rising from the armchair, and there is a transparently valid argument from these premises to the conclusion (3). Yet it is intuitively implausible that I have a non‐empirical route to substantive knowledge about my environment or about my cognitive architecture.

I suggest that we can avoid this problem of armchair knowledge if we allow that there are principles that limit the transmission of epistemic warrant from the premises to the conclusion of even palpably valid arguments.
First‐Person Authority and the Internal Reality of Beliefs
Authors: Raffman Diana
Published: October 2003

The paper is a response to Davies, arguing that he misdiagnoses the difficulties with the architecturalist and externalist arguments he targets. Whether or not there are independent grounds for the principles limiting the transfer of epistemic warrant across known entailments, the problem with both types of argument is that they equivocate. It is shown that, in each case, if the premise (1) I have mental property M, expresses something about which the subject is non‐empirically authoritative, it should be viewed as empty of subtantial empirical content; whereas if premise (2) If I have mental property M, then I meet condition C, expresses something knowable a priori, then since its consequent involves substantial empirical content, so must the antecedent. Hence, the modus ponens step is flawed because of equivocation.
The Simple Theory of Colour and the Transparency of Sense Experience
Authors: Edwards Jim
Published: October 2003

An argument is offered that externalism can compromise the first‐person transparency of mental contents. The premises are John McDowell's view that experience is passively structured by concepts, and the Simple Theory of Colour advocated by John Campbell, according to which those properties that are the actual semantic values of colour concepts are just as they appear to normal observers under standard conditions. An example is offered to suggest that it must be an epistemic possibility that the semantic values of such concepts, as externally determined, are not the properties the Simple Theory takes them to be. The possibility highlights a mismatch between the properties that the colour concepts present as their semantic values and their actual, externally determined semantic values. Such a mismatch is shown to induce an incoherence into colour concepts leaving them unfit passively to structure our colour experience. Under such circumstances, it would not be transparent to a subject on the basis of colour experience, whether those experiences are conceptually structured by concepts answering to the Simple Theory, or precisely what content they carry.
On Knowing One's Own Language
Authors: Smith Barry C.
Published: October 2003

The problem of self‐knowledge is examined and the linguistic strategy for tackling it is explored. The strategy attempts—as in Davidson's and Wright's discussions of self‐knowledge—to ground knowledge of one's mind on knowledge of what one means in speaking one's mind. If knowing what one is saying in speaking a language is to provide a means of knowing one's own mind, it cannot simply be a part of it. But if no account of knowledge of what one means is offered, there will be a lacuna in the strategy. The paper considers what form a full account should take, and argues that it will have to combine first‐personal, third‐personal and sub‐personal elements of our knowledge of language. All three elements are necessary to explicate what is made available in, and expressed by, instances of disquotational knowledge, such as ‘Snow is white’ means that snow is white.. Immediate and authoritative knowledge of which sentences are grammatical depends on the internal workings of the language faculty and their impact on the conscious experience of the speaker, but immediate and authoritative knowledge of word meaning is not solely a matter internal to the speaker. Knowledge of word meaning is knowledge of public norms that govern our use of words, which introduce third‐personal standards into our first‐personal use. It is argued that our knowledge of word meaning is immediately authoritative about objective standards governing the proper use of our words, and so the authority attaching to these disquotational pronouncements is substantial and not merely an artefact of disquotation. Without an account of that knowledge the lacuna in the linguistic strategy remains.
On Knowing One's Own Language
Authors: Higginbotham James
Published: October 2003

The paper challenges Smith's contention that disquotational knowledge amounts to substantial knowledge, arguing that nothing more than such knowledge, thinly conceived, is needed to account for first‐personal knowledge of one's meanings. However, a distinction is offered between the kind of authority that attaches to disquotational claims and that which attaches to our intuitive judgements about what we mean. The latter may fall short of genuine knowledge while still involving entitlement and a presumption of correctness. Each species of authority is assessed with respect to issues in Smith's paper, and the view is defended that neither species is threatened by externalism. The extent of our linguistic knowledge is further explored with respect to a particular range of linguistic data.
Why Revolutions Happen
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

The study of the great revolutions of the past shows that they occur in countries that encounter fundamental challenges, which may be a consequence of local or of global processes, to which their institutional structures and the psychological outlook of the populations have rendered them unable to adapt themselves in the time available. This incapacity to adapt manifests itself in a progressive narrowing of remedial options that might, were the state stronger, produce sufficiently robust policies to remove the internal constraints that impede the adaptation required. The result is a sequence of fragmentation and breakdown processes, which the state is increasingly powerless to resist.
Revolutions and Economic Growth: General Approach
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

This chapter examines the role of economic modernization as a principle generator of the challenges that, if not adequately addressed by the state, lead to pre‐revolutionary conditions and thence to revolution itself. It examines the historical record of economic modernization in this context, and reviews the theoretical literature on the processes involved. In the Russian case, the Soviet system proved unable to master the economic development that it had itself unleashed, or to remove the internal constraints on adaptation that it had itself established.
The Revolutionary Process
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

This chapter analyses the English Civil War, the French Revolution, and the Bolshevik Revolution to throw light on the theoretical factors relating to their social and political dynamics in effecting a transfer of power. This covers not just the weakness of the ancien régime in resisting the forces of revolution, but also that of the revolutionary forces in determining the optimal machinery of government for the post‐revolutionary state. This latter weakness can produce undesirable institutional legacies requiring decades to be dismantled.
The Revolutionary Process in Contemporary Russia
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

This chapter analyses the course of the Russian revolution, which brought about the collapse of communism, in order to define its generic theoretical features. Its purpose is to define the ‘revolutionary curve’ that defines its internal logic of events. It also clarifies three specific features: first, the evolution from ‘reform from above’ to ‘revolution from above’ effected during the Gorbachev era; second, the reasons for the general absence of mass violent action and of revolutionary terror; third, the marked unwillingness of the protagonists to admit the revolutionary character of the changes they were pushing forward. The chapter concludes with a brief prognosis for Russia's current post‐revolutionary situation under President Putin.
The Leaders of the Contemporary Russian Revolution Speak . . .
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

This chapter presents an assessment, based on interviews with its leading protagonists (Gorbachev, Yakovlev, Gaidar, Burbulis), of the assumptions, objectives, and implementation of the reform policies of the perestroyka era. All the interviewees exhibited a sense that they were helping to introduce an era of more rational and stable government.
The Economic Cycle of Revolution
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

This chapter provides a theory of the economic cycle, which drives full‐scale revolutions (as opposed to mere crises), which involves the interactions of three basic factors—changes in the structure of demand, the logic of government, and changes in transaction costs. It explains how each of these factors contributes to the various phases of the cycle, and provides historical examples of their operation.
The Economic Cycle of Revolution in Russia
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

This chapter applies the theoretical model developed in the preceding chapter to the collapse of the post‐communist Russian economy during the 1990s.
Economic Problems of Revolution
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

Revolutions are not simply political processes that tend towards economic outcomes, but contain their own economic logic. This chapter examines the role of finance and budgeting in a revolution, and explains how the changing balance between growing resource needs and shrinking resource availability, plus the tendency to misuse monetary mechanisms for political advantage, decrease the ability of an ancien régime to survive.
The Russian Experience: Theoretical Interpretations
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

This chapter speculates on how the theory of revolution might develop further, in the light of the experiences of post‐communist Russia. This means regarding the Russian example, not as a case study of the theoretical model, but as the occasion for a revision of that model. If it emerges that revolution is not solely a phenomenon of pre‐industrial, underdeveloped countries, then the features peculiar to such countries (such as low levels of literacy and general culture) cannot be regarded as universal features of revolutionary change in a theory of revolution. The most important problem in this regard is the place of violence as a necessary element of revolution, which has now come into serious question. Other theoretical issues involve spontaneity of action, the role of mass movements, and changes in concepts of property rights.
Marx's Theory of Revolution and the Revolutions of the Twentieth Century
Authors: Mau Vladimir , Starodubrovskaya Irina
Published: October 2003

This chapter explores the debate over whether and how far the collapse of communism, far from signifying the defeat of Marxism, actually proved the correctness of the diagnosis of the revolutionary process that Marx advanced in Das Kapital. The debate essentially involves a conflict between different interpretations of what Marx was saying, and a useful case study of such conflict can be found in analysis of developments in Germany in the inter‐war period—in the collapse of the Weimar republic and the inception of the Nazi era. Applying the Marxist model to the case of post‐communist Russia, it becomes clear that his methodological approach retains much of its relevance—not in respect of his theory of class struggle, but in his conception of the effects of the inability of a society to adapt itself to a changing social, political, and economic environment, and the characteristics of the ideological crisis to which such incapacity gives rise.
Musical Works
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: October 2003

Musical works can be for live performance, for studio performance, or for playback, not performance. The ‘thinner’ the work, the less the work determines details of its accurate instances, but even the ‘thickest’ of works for performance leave their performers with considerable scope for interpretation. These ways of describing musical works, unlike ones considering them as classes, types, or kinds, provide an ontology reflecting factors that are significant to the way composers, performers, and listeners understand and discharge their socio‐musical roles.
Elements of Musical Works
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: October 2003

Not all musical works have sound structures organized to the same hierarchical level (for instance, some lack tonality and themes) and many aspects of higher musical structure resist reduction to lower levels. Also, there is more to most musical works than their sound‐structure. Some of a piece's identifying features depend on the musico‐historical setting in which it is created, so that composers at an historical or cultural remove from each other specify different works even if they prescribe otherwise identical sound structures. For instance, the socio‐musical conventions obtaining at the time of the work's composition settle whether a particular instrumentation is mandated, or recommended only. I call this view ‘ontological contextualism.’
Performances
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: October 2003

Three conditions are necessary for a performance of a work and together are sufficient: (1) the performance matches the work's content, more or less; (2) the performers intend to follow most of the instructions specifying the work, whoever wrote them; and (3) a robust causal chain runs from the performance to the work's creation. Live performances are individuated not solely in terms of the spatio‐temporal unity of the playing event, but also with respect to the performing group involved. Studio performances, by contrast, are identified with the simulated or virtual performances encoded on a master, or its clones.
Authenticity in Western Classical Music
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: October 2003

Authenticity is integral to the enterprise that takes the delivery of the composer's work as its goal. In such cases, authenticity is an ontological requirement, not an interpretative option, though any performance recognizable as of a given work will be minimally authentic. Whether a performance must comply with the composer's instrumentation, phrasing, tempo, and dynamics depends on whether these features are work‐determinative for the musical tradition within which the work was created. Practical considerations, recently entrenched traditions, and the possibility that performers can take for granted the audience's prior familiarity with orthodox readings might count against the pursuit of ideal authenticity, but the territory to be explored in an interpretation should lie nearer the ideal than the minimum end of the spectrum along which authenticity is measured.
Authenticity and Non‐Western Music
Authors: Davies Stephen
Published: October 2003

Performances of non‐Western music can be assessed for their authenticity as an expression of the society's historically important musical traditions, repertoires, and practices. Doing so does not presuppose that musical traditions must be old, static, and free of foreign influences. Judgements of authenticity must be carefully indexed to the times and contexts that are being compared and should come from within the culture or be informed by its views. We could not expect to understand their views, though, unless we learn the conventions of their musical repertoires, styles, and genres, the characteristics of the instruments they employ, the technical and other demands imposed on the performer, and the functions that music fills in their lives. As a case study, musicians from Bali were interviewed about whether playing for tourists degrades their music.
Political Institutions
Authors: Colomer Josep M.
Published: October 2003

The more complex the political institutions, the more stable and socially efficient the outcomes will be. This book develops an extensive analysis of this relationship. The discussion is theoretical, historical, and comparative. Concepts, questions, and insights are based on social choice theory, while an empirical focus is cast on about 40 countries and a few international organizations from late medieval times to the present. Political institutions are conceived here as the formal rules of the game, especially with respect to the following issues: who can vote, how votes are counted, and what is voted for. Complexity signifies that multiple winners exist, as in plural electorates created by broad voting rights, in multi‐party systems based upon electoral systems of proportional representation, and in frameworks of division of powers between the executive and the legislative or between the central government and noncentral units. The efficiency of outcomes is evaluated for its social utility, which is to say, the aggregation of individuals’ utility that is obtained with the satisfaction of their preferences. This is a book that emphasizes the advantages of median voter's cabinets and presidents, divided government, and federalism. Pluralistic democratic institutions are judged to be better than alternative formulas for their higher capacity of producing socially satisfactory results.
Politics and Social Choice
Authors: Colomer Josep M.
Published: October 2003

Social choice theory helps to design a research strategy. Three institutional variables producing different degrees of stability and different amounts of social utility are: (1) the dispersion of voters’ preferences, corresponding to simple and complex electorates; (2) the inclusiveness of different voting and electoral rules; and (3) the number of issue dimensions in single and separate elections, corresponding to schemes of unity and division of powers.
How Votes Are Counted
Authors: Colomer Josep M.
Published: October 2003

Voting rules producing a single absolute winner include unanimity, majority, and plurality rules. Multiple winners are created, in contrast, by electoral systems of proportional representation and further multi‐party coalition formation. Different electoral rules are evaluated for the frequency with which they produce winners, corresponding to the median voter's preference.
What Is Voted for
Authors: Colomer Josep M.
Published: October 2003

Unified government exists when a single party has a majority in the Assembly and forms the Cabinet in a parliamentary regime, or when the party of the popularly elected executive President has a majority in the Assembly in a presidential or semi‐presidential regime. Congruence or cooperation between the executive and the legislative tend to produce more socially satisfactory policy outcomes.