bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Culture on Girl Child Education in Central Pokot Sub County, Kenya
Authors: Andiema Nelly C
Published: February 2021

Cultural practices such as Female Genital Mutilation, early child marriages and patriarchy have been on the rise in West Pokot despite interventions by government and non-state actors over the years. These outdated cultural practices have hindered the progress of girls academically. It is vital to educate the girl-child in society. However, teenage pregnancy gets girls at the wrong time when they are still in schools and this affects their education very much and eventually ends up ruining their future. This paper looks at how various cultural practices have affected girl child education in West Pokot County, Kenya. The study was conducted in Central Pokot Sub County primary schools targeting 12 headteachers and 120 teachers. The respondents were selected through purposive and simple random sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires and interview schedules. Data collected were analysed using percentages and frequencies. The results of the study showed that the status of girl-child education was low. Cultural factors like; early marriages, female genital mutilation, child labour, widowhood practices and taboos influenced girl-child education. The study found out those cultural factors in the study area affected girl-child education negatively as it slowed down their transition, academic performance and also the acquisition of knowledge required at the basic education level. The study recommends that the government should take legal action against parents who take their girl-children for FGM and early marriages; there is a need for awareness on the importance of girl child education, provision of scholarships for girls at basic and tertiary level and introduction of guidance and counselling sessions in schools.
EFFICACY OF SELECTIVE ALPHA-1 RECEPTOR BLOCKERS (TAMSULOSIN) IN FACILITATING THE PASSAGE OF RENAL STONES AFTER EXTRACORPOREAL SHOCK WAVE LITHOTRIPSY
Authors: Dr. Nauman Khalid  , Aijaz Hussain Memon  , Wasim Sarwar Bhatti  , Hanan Noor  , Muhammad Waqas Iqbal  , Muhammad Sohail
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Urinary system stone disease is a common entity. Small renal stones are preferably treated using Extracarporeal Shock Wave Lithotripsy (ESWL) technique. Passage of stone fragments result in pain, hematuria and urinary tract obstruction. This can be avoided by the use selective α-1 receptor antagonists like Tamsulosin. However, their efficacy remains a matter of debate. In this study the role of selective α-1 blocker was evaluated in facilitating spontaneous expulsion of renal stone fragments after ESWL. The objective of our study was to find out the Efficacy of Tamsulosin (Selective α-1 blocker) in facilitating the transit of stone fragments (4-7mm) after ESWL. Follow up X-ray KUB was used to confirm the stone clearance. Efficacy was measured in terms of stone expulsion rate.

METHODOLOGY: It was randomized controlled trial including 150 patients coming to outpatient department of Urology Lahore General Hospital, Lahore from January 25, 2010­ to July 25, 2010. Total 150 patients with renal stones broken down into fragments (4-7mm) after ESWL were enrolled using non-probability purposive sampling technique. Patients were categorized into group A and B. Patients of group A received cap. Tamsulosin 0.4mg along with Tab. Diclofenac sodium 50mg. Whereas, patients belonging to group B received only diclofenac sodium 50 mg twice daily. Patients underwent ESWL every three weeks, in case of non-fragmentation, to the maximum of 4 sessions. All the patients were followed with X Ray KUB for stone clearance. The data of all patients was incorporated into pre designed Performa. Statistical evaluation of clinical variables done in terms of efficacy i.e. stone clearance.

RESULTS: Stone clearance rate of patients in group A was 86.6% as compared to only 76% in group B. Usage of selective α-1 blockers in group A enhanced the stone clearance rate as compared to group B. However this difference was statistically insignificant (p-value-0.094).

CONCLUSION: There was increased stone clearance in alpha one blocker group but not statistically significant. Further studies with larger sample size are required to evaluate the role of Selective α-1 blockers (Tamsulosin) after ESWL.
DIFFERENCES AMONG THE PERCEPTIONS OF ORTHODONTISTS, PROSTHODONTISTS AND CONSERVATIVE DENTISTRY SPECIALISTS REGARDING BUCCAL CORRIDOR WIDTHS
Authors: Muhammad Azeem  , Ali Raza  , Rashid Mahmood  , Erum Behroz
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: To find out the optimal ranges of smile attractiveness on basis of different amounts of buccal corridor widths, as judged by Pakistani orthodontists, prosthodontists and conservative dentistry specialists (CDS).

METHODOLOGY: Present cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2016 to June 2017. The anterior smiling image of a female model was edited to be converted to 10 images displaying different amounts of buccal corridor width. After informed consent from the subject, different buccal corridors widths images were created at following widths: 0%, 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10%, 12%, 14%, 16%, and 18%. This was followed by measurement of smile attractiveness of these 10 images on a visual analogue scale by 30 evaluators in three groups. Group 1 consisted of 10 CDS, group 2 consisted of 10 prosthodontists and group 3 consisted of 10 orthodontists. The data was collected and scores of smile attractiveness were presented in form of mean and standard deviation for each group. The differences in the three groups regarding perception of smile attractiveness were found out using ANOVA test and Turkey’s post-hoc test was used for multiple comparisons.

RESULTS: For group 1, the highest scoring was obtained by image showing 10% buccal corridor width. In group 2, the highest score was by image showing 14% buccal corridor width, whereas in group 3, the highest scoring was showing 12% buccal corridor width. The differences found were statistically insignificant.

CONCLUSION: Dental specialty does not affect perception of smile attractiveness. Buccal corridor width greater than 14% should be avoided.
Preparation of chemical waste germanium concentrates for disposal
Authors:   Institute of Metallurgy of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tanutrov Igor N. , Sviridova Marina N. ,   Institute of Metallurgy of Ural Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences
Published: February 2021

The composition of waste from chemical processing of germanium concentrates (WCGC) is characterized by the presence of germanium compounds insoluble in acids, as well as significant amounts of toxic impurities. The main phase components are calcium sulfate dihydrate and four-water calcium hypochlorite. Thermographic research on heating samples of WCGC at 200 оС in the air found that their heat treatment is accompanied by two endothermic effects corresponding to two successive stages of dehydration at exposure from the beginning of heat treatment to 30 minutes with the removal of free moisture and from 30 to 90 minutes with the removal of 1.5 water molecules from gypsum and 4 water molecules – from calcium hypochlorite. X-ray phase analysis revealed that the heat-treated samples form calcium sulfate hemihydrate and dehydrated calcium hypochlorite. The presence of these compounds gives a strengthening effect when moistened due to the re-formation of crystallohydpates. In laboratory conditions, options for pelletizing pre-crushed mixtures of heat-treated WCGC and coke using pelletizing and briquetting methods have been tested. The humidity, density, bulk weight and strength of pellets and briquettes for compression and impact were determined immediately after pelletizing, seven-hour exposure and drying at 105 оС. The research results confirm the possibility of obtaining a material suitable for effective utilization of waste from chemical processing of germanium concentrates.
Synthesis of 3-arylisoxazoles and their sulfamide derivatives
Authors:   Yaroslavl State  Pedagogical University Named after K.D. Ushinsky, Komshina Ljudmila A. , Маrtazova Valentina V. ,   Yaroslavl State  Pedagogical University Named after K.D. Ushinsky, Proskurina Irina K. ,   Yaroslavl State  Pedagogical University Named after K.D. Ushinsky, Korsakov Mikhail K. ,   Yaroslavl State  Pedagogical University Named after K.D. Ushinsky, Коtov Аlexandr D. ,   Yaroslavl State  Pedagogical University Named after K.D. Ushinsky
Published: February 2021

Great interest in binuclear aromatic systems containing an isoxazole ring and a sulfamide group is due to the effect of two pharmacophore groups at once on the biological activity of these compounds. This article is devoted to the development of a method for the synthesis of 3-arylisoxazole-containing compounds and their sulfamide derivatives from simple and accessible products of organic synthesis. The target products of the developed multistage schemes are derivatives of various bicyclic systems containing an isoxazole ring and a second aromatic ring associated with a sulfofragment. The synthesis of 3-aryl-5-acylaminoisoxazoles was carried out by sequential conversion of methyl esters of aromatic carboxylic acids into the corresponding nitriles by reaction with acetonitrile in the presence of sodium hydride in dioxane. At the next stage, the nitriles reacted with hydroxylamine in an aqueous solution of sodium hydroxide to form the corresponding bicyclic amines, which were then acylated in acetonitrile with acetic acid chloride in the presence of pyridine. The total yields of 3-aryl-5-N-acylaminoisoxazoles were at least 60%. It was found that the sulfonylchlorination of 3-aryl-5-N-acylamino derivatives of isoxazole, depending on the experimental conditions and the structure of the starting substrates, forms both mono- and disulfochlorides. The regioselectivity of the sulfochlorination reaction of the synthesized bicyclic systems was proved by 1H NMR spectroscopy. The influence of various factors on the course of the sulfochlorination reaction of the synthesized bicyclic systems was studied. The dependence of the direction of the electrophilic attack on the structure of the compounds and on the conditions of the experiment was established. As a result of the performed research, both mono and disulfochlorination products were obtained. With an increase in the reaction time, the disulfonylchlorination product accumulates and the deacylation reaction proceeds in parallel. Convincing proof of the structure of all synthesized compounds has been carried out using a complex of modern methods of physical and chemical analysis.
Synthesis of 5-aryl-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxypropyl)-4-(furyl-2-carbonyl)- 3-pyrrolin-2-ones and 5-aryl-3-hydroxy-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)- 4-(furyl-2-carbonyl)-3-pyrrolin-2-ones
Authors:   Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, Rubtsova Daria D. , Bobyleva Alexandra A. ,   Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, Lezhnina Daria D. ,   Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, Polikarpova Sofia V. ,   Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, Rozhkova Polina A. ,   Perm State Academy of Pharmacy, Gein Vladimir L. ,   Perm State Academy of Pharmacy
Published: February 2021

In this work, pyrrolidin-2-ones and their derivatives are considered as a promising class of non-aromatic heterocyclic compounds. Their structure is found in the nuclei of many natural products and biologically active molecules. In pharmacy the possibility of introducing various substituents into the nucleus of pyrrolidin-2-ones is a great importance for the synthesis of new medicinal molecules with improved biological activity. Nowadays the synthesis of new active compounds by introducing various substituents at the C1-, C4- and C5-position of 3-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-one has been little studied and it is of great interest to study the conditions of their synthesis, chemical properties and biological activity. In this research work the corresponding 5-aryl-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxypropyl)-4-(furyl-2-carbonyl)-3-pyrrolin-2-ones and 5-aryl-3-hydroxy-1-(3-hydroxypropyl)-4-(furyl-2-carbonyl)-3-pyrrolin-2-ones were synthesized by the reaction of methyl ester of furyl-2-carbonylpyruvic acid with a mixture of aromatic aldehyde and 1-amino-2-hydroxypropane or 3-amino 1-hydroxypropane when heated in dioxane. The results of the study of the structure of the new synthesized compounds are presented. The structure was proved using 1H NMR spectroscopy and IR spectrometry. It was shown that the IR spectra of the compounds contain bands of the corresponding stretching vibrations of the alcoholic hydroxyl group, enol hydroxyl, amide and ketone groups. In the 1H NMR spectra of the compounds, along with the signals of aromatic protons in the C5 substituent and related groups, characteristic peaks are observed, indicating the formation of the corresponding derivatives of 3-hydroxy-3-pyrrolin-2-ones. It was noted that in the case of the synthesis of 5-aryl-3-hydroxy-1-(2-hydroxypropyl)-4-(furyl-2-carbonyl)-3-pyrrolin-2-ones, the signal of the methine proton at the C5 position of the heterocycle is cleaved in 1H NMR spectra compounds as a result of the appearance of a second chiral center in the 2-hydroxypropyl radical. Elemental analysis was performed for the synthesized compounds.
Equilibrium constants of the sorption of pyridinecarboxylic acids by polystyrene type sulfocationite
Authors:   Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Ostapova Elena V. , Lyrschikov Sergey Yu. ,   Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry, Altshuler Heinrich N. ,   Federal Research Center of Coal and Coal Chemistry
Published: February 2021

The processes of sorption of pyridine-3-carboxylic (nicotinic) and pyridine-4-carboxylic (isonicotinic) acids by sulfonic acid cation exchangers of the polystyrene type (CU-2-4 and CU-2-8) from aqueous solutions with different pH values were studied. Analysis of the FTIR spectra of isonicotinic acid, isonicotinic acid sulfate, and CU-2-8 sulfonic cation exchanger filled with isonicotinic acid showed that pyridinecarboxylic acid is in the protonated form in the polymer phase. Experimental data of the equilibrium distribution of acids in the aqueous solution-cation exchange system have been obtained. The values of the equilibrium constants for ion exchange and ligand sorption processes involving various forms of pyridinecarboxylic acid, sulfonic cation exchanger, and protons were calculated. The equilibrium constants for the ion exchange of sulfocationite protons by pyridinecarboxylic acid cations from solution are in the range 3.3-4.4. The selectivity of sulfonic cation exchangers to cations increases in the sequences proton < nicotinic acid cation < isonicotinic acid cation. The values of the equilibrium constant for ligand sorption of molecules are 195-220 dm3/mol for isonicotinic acid and reach 320-330 dm3/mol for nicotinic acid, i.e. the sorption activity of the H-form of the cation exchanger is higher in relation to nicotinic acid molecules. A change in the amount of a crosslinking agent (from 4% to 8% divinylbenzene) in a polystyrene type sulfonic cation exchanger does not significantly affect its sorption activity towards pyridinecarboxylic acids.
ПРАГМАТИЧЕСКИЕ АСПЕКТЫ ПЕРЕВОДА ИДИОМ В ПОЛИТИЧЕСКОМ ДИСКУРСЕ (НА МАТЕРИАЛЕ ВЫСТУПЛЕНИЙ В. В. ПУТИНА И ИХ ПЕРЕВОДА НА КИТАЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК)
Authors: CHANG Juı-cheng
Published: February 2021

В. В. Путин часто в своей речи прибегает к тем или иным языковым средствам, одними из которых являются идиомы, с целью оказать определенное воздействие на слушателей. В статье главное внимание уделяется изучению фразеологизмов-идиом, использованных в обращениях В. В. Путина к россиянам в связи с главными событиями 2020 года (с пандемией коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 и Всероссийским голосованием по поправкам в Конституцию РФ, прошедшим с 25 июня по 1 июля 2020 года), в прагматическом и переводоведческом аспектах. Актуальность работы обусловлена тем, что, во-первых, ни одного такого исследования пока не проведено; во-вторых, проблема перевода фразеологизмов-идиом, которые используются в речи российских политических деятелей, на китайский язык недостаточно изучена. Материалом для анализа послужили обращения В. В. Путина к россиянам и реально выполненные переводы обращений политика в китайских СМИ. Цель исследования состоит в выявлении того, с какой прагматической целью использовал В. В. Путин в своей речи фразеологизмы-идиомы, а также насколько их перевод на китайский язык может обеспечить равенство коммуникативного эффекта. В статье анализируются особенности использования фразеологизмов-идиом в речи российского президента, изучается роль «фоновых знаний» в процессе перевода, а также рассматриваются способы перевода фразеологизмов-идиом и проблема передачи их прагматических значений в переводе на китайский язык.
Speciális nyomozási tevékenységek az Európai Unió tagállamaiban
Authors: Nyeste Péter
Published: February 2021

The author provides an overview of the regulations concerning special investigations in the EU.
OPTIMAL CHOICE OF STONE DISEASE’ SURGICAL TREATMENT IN PATIENTS SUFFERED PROSTATE CANCER: RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS
Authors: Sorokin N. I. , Pshikhachev A. M. , Zhumataev M. B. , Mikheev K. V. , Akopyan G. N. , Shpot E. V. , Kadrev A. V. , Dzitiev V. K. , Kamalov D. M. , Chalyy M. E. , Kamalov A. A.
Published: February 2021

There are patients suffered prostate cancer and diagnosed with stone disease in urological centres. These cases represent non-standard issue of choosing the optimal surgical treatment. Currently clinical recommendations haven’t described the particular answer for this answer yet. There is also lack of information published in literature foсused on the issue.

Aim of the study was to determine the optimal choice of surgical treatment for patients diagnosed with stone disease and prostate cancer.

Materials and methods: Retrospective study of patients diagnosed with prostate cancer and stone disease for the period from 2006 to 2019 was performed. Among 2047 in-patient cases of prostate cancer 71 patients with stone disease were included.

Results: 49 of 71 (69%) patients diagnosed with stone disease had indications for surgical treatment at the moment of hospitalisation. Stages of prostate cancer in this group were T1-T2 (91,7%) and T3(8,3%). 25 patients (51%) had kidney stone disease, 23 patients (47%) – ureter stone disease and only 1 patient – kidney and ureter stone disease. 37 patients (75%) presented complains related to stone disease, other cases (25%) were asymptomatic. Surgical treatment of stone disease primarily was performed in the majority of cases (72,2%). Surgical treatment of prostate cancer subsequently included radical prostatectomy in most cases 7 (86,1%). Simultaneous surgical treatment of both diseases haven’t performed in this study.

Conclusion: The main factors influencing the decision making of optimal surgical treatment for this group of patients were clinical presentation and group of prostate cancer risk.
REAL CLINICAL PRACTICE OF POSTPARTUM ANAL INCONTINENCE TREATMENT IN RUSSI
Authors: Garmanova T. N. , Markaryan D. R. , Kazachenko E. A. , Agapov M. A. , Kakotkin V. V. , Lukyanov A. M.
Published: February 2021

Aim: To evaluate the medical care quality provided to patients with fecal incontinence in practice; to investigate the patient care effectiveness; to identify the problems the patient and the doctor are faced during the postpartum anal incontinence (AI) treatment.

Methods: A questionnaire for surgeons was created using Google forms. It includes 22 questions about medical characteristics of patients with AI, used diagnostic methods, and treatment results. The answers were analyzed and presented as histograms.

Results: Totally 134 (17.4%) questionnaires were completed from September to November 2020. Labor was the most common AI cause (74.4%). The median age was 20-40 years, 37% of patients was >40 years, 8% – >60 years. The most common complaints were incontinence (70%) and decreased life quality (72%). Rectovaginal fistulas were diagnosed in 28% of cases. The sphincter complex lesion size, age and anorectal manometry results determined the treatment strategy. Only 8.8% of surgeons suggested sacral neurostimulation in case of the other methods inefficiency. Up to 16.7% of patients were offered to create stoma as the final treatment method.

Discussion: Our study is the first major survey for proctologists and surgeons in Russia, assessing the medical care of patients with postpartum AI. The results indicate insufficient attention to this problem; it requires educational and organizational solutions. Regional or federal centers where obstetrician and surgeons can work cooperatively could be extremely helpful to provide appropriate medical care to these patients and to improve the treatment quality for women with postpartum AI.
THE SENSE OF ENTRANCE TO A PLACE IN KASHAN HISTORICAL HOUSES
Authors: Danaeinia Ahmad
Published: February 2021

The sense of place is like a mental perception of people individuals and the conscious feeling of the environment and the entrance as important signs cause the formation of mental image and the continuity of sense of belonging to the place in people. The character that the entrance takes is an important factor for the connection between inside and outside the building. The research question is what are the criteria for recognizing entrance architecture? And how have these criteria been able to improve the continuity of the sense of belonging to the place in the inhabitants of the historical context of Kashan? In the architecture of Kashan’s houses, entrance space as a conceptual element has high importance and reflects the architectural, cultural, and social values. This important element, which is based on behavioral patterns, has lost its identity today and has been reduced scale to a separating outside from inside. Studies show that integration and integrity, the radius of vision, and visual depth are three important indices designed based on them. This research through case study and using Depth map software has examined these characteristics at the entrance of nine historical houses in Kashan. The results show that the design of these entrances has the highest degree of coherence and a maximum radius of view and due to high visual depth have high privacy.
Modeling of the ALMA HL Tau Polarization by Mixture of Grain Alignment and Self-scattering
Authors: Mori Tomohiro , Kataoka Akimasa
Published: February 2021

Dust polarization at (sub)millimeter wavelengths has been observed for many protoplanetary disks. Theoretically, multiple origins potentially contribute to the polarized emission but it is still uncertain what mechanism is dominant in disk millimeter polarization. To quantitatively address the origin, we perform radiative transfer calculations of the mixture of alignment and self-scattering-induced polarization to reproduce the 3.1 mm polarization of the HL Tau disk, which shows azimuthal pattern in polarization vectors. We find that a mixture of the grain alignment and self-scattering is essential to reproduce the HL Tau 3.1 mm polarization properties. Our model shows that the polarization of the HL Tau at 3.1 mm can be decomposed to be the combination of the self-scattering parallel to the minor axis and the alignment-induced polarization parallel to the major axis, with the orders of  ∼ 0.5% fraction for each component. This slightly eases the tight constraints on the grain size of ∼ 70 μm to be  ∼ 130 μm in the previous studies but further modeling is needed. In addition, the grain alignment model requires effectively prolate grains but the physics to reproduce it in protoplanetary disks is still a mystery.
Modeling Type Ic Supernovae with tardis: Hidden Helium in SN 1994I?
Authors: Williamson Marc , Kerzendorf Wolfgang , Modjaz Maryam
Published: February 2021

Supernovae (SNe) with photospheric spectra devoid of hydrogen and helium features are generally classified as SNe Ic. However, there is ongoing debate as to whether helium can be hidden in the ejecta of SNe Ic (that is, helium is present in the ejecta, but produces no obvious features in the spectra). We present the first application of the fast, 1D radiative transfer code tardis to an SN Ic, and we investigate the question of how much helium can be hidden in the outer layers of the SN Ic ejecta. We generate tardis models for the nearby, well-observed, and extensively modeled SN Ic 1994I, and we perform a code comparison to a different, well-established Monte Carlo based radiation transfer code. The code comparison shows that tardis produces consistent synthetic spectra for identical ejecta models of SN 1994I. In addition, we perform a systematic experiment of adding outer He shells of varying masses to our SN 1994I models. We find that an outer He shell of only 0.05M
⊙ produces strong optical and near-infrared (NIR) He spectral features for SN 1994I which are not present in observations, thus indicating that the SN 1994I ejecta is almost fully He deficient compared to the He masses of typical He-rich SN progenitors. Finally we show that the He i
λ20851 line pseudo-equivalent width of our modeled spectra for SN 1994I could be used to infer the outer He shell mass which suggests that NIR spectral follow-up of SNe Ic will be critical for addressing the hidden helium question for a statistical sample of SNe Ic.
The Complex Nature of Magnetic Element Transport in the Quiet Sun: The Multiscaling Character
Authors: Giannattasio Fabio , Consolini Giuseppe
Published: February 2021

In recent studies the dynamic properties of small-scale magnetic fields (magnetic elements [MEs]) in the quiet Sun were used to investigate peculiar features of turbulent convection and get insights on the characteristic spatial and temporal scales of evolution of magnetic fields, from granular to supergranular. The aim of this work is to extend previous studies and show that the displacement of MEs is compatible with a multiscaling behavior consistent with a Lévy motion. We tracked over 120,000 MEs in an unprecedented and uninterrupted set of high-resolution magnetograms acquired by the Hinode mission and targeted at quiet-Sun regions in the disk center, and we applied the multifractal diffusion entropy analysis to investigate the multiscaling character of ME transport in the quiet Sun. We found that the displacement of MEs in the quiet Sun exhibits a complex multiscaling behavior that cannot be described by a unique scaling law, as scaling exponents change with the scale considered. This result adds important physical constraints on turbulent convection and diffusion of MEs in the quiet Sun that future models need to account for.
Heavy Elements Unveil the Non-primordial Origin of the Giant H I Ring in Leo
Authors: Corbelli Edvige , Cresci Giovanni , Mannucci Filippo , Thilker David , Venturi Giacomo
Published: February 2021

The origin and fate of the most extended extragalactic neutral cloud known in the local universe, the Leo ring, is still debated 38 yr after its discovery. Its existence is alternatively attributed to leftover primordial gas with some low level of metal pollution versus enriched gas stripped during a galaxy−galaxy encounter. Taking advantage of Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer operating at the Very Large Telescope, we performed optical integral field spectroscopy of three H I clumps in the Leo ring where ultraviolet continuum emission has been found. We detected, for the first time, ionized hydrogen in the ring and identify four nebular regions powered by massive stars. These nebulae show several metal lines ([O III], [N II], [S II]) that allowed reliable measures of metallicities, found to be close to or above the solar value (0.8 ≤ Z/Z
⊙ ≤ 1.4). Given the faintness of the diffuse stellar counterparts, less than 3% of the observed heavy elements could have been produced locally in the main body of the ring and not much more than 15% in the H I clump toward M96. This inference, and the chemical homogeneity among the regions, convincingly demonstrates that the gas in the ring is not primordial, but has been pre-enriched in a galaxy disk, then later removed and shaped by tidal forces and it is forming a sparse population of stars.
Diagnosing a Solar Flaring Core with Bidirectional Quasi-periodic Fast Propagating Magnetoacoustic Waves
Authors: Miao Yuhu , Li Dong , Yuan Ding , Jiang Chaowei , Elmhamdi Abouazza , Zhao Mingyu , Anfinogentov Sergey
Published: February 2021

Quasi-periodic fast propagating (QFP) waves are often excited by solar flares, and could be trapped in the coronal structure with low Alfvén speed, so they could be used as a tool for diagnosing both the flaring core and magnetic waveguide. As the periodicity of a QFP wave could originate from a periodic source or be dispersively waveguided, it is a key parameter for diagnosing the flaring core and waveguide. In this paper, we study two QFP waves excited by a Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite-class C1.3 solar flare occurring at active region NOAA 12734 on 2019 March 8. Two QFP waves were guided by two oppositely oriented coronal funnels. The periods of two QFP waves were identical and were roughly equal to the period of the oscillatory signal in the X-ray and 17 GHz radio emission released by the flaring core. It is very likely that the two QFP waves could be periodically excited by the flaring core. Many features of this QFP wave event are consistent with the magnetic tuning fork model. We also investigated the seismological application with QFP waves, and found that the magnetic field inferred with magnetohydrodynamic seismology was consistent with that obtained in the magnetic extrapolation model. Our study suggests that the QFP wave is a good tool for diagnosing both the flaring core and the magnetic waveguide.
Measuring the Hubble Constant with GW190521 as an Eccentric black hole Merger and Its Potential Electromagnetic Counterpart
Authors: Gayathri V. , Healy J. , Lange J. , O’Brien B. , Szczepanczyk M. , Bartos I. , Campanelli M. , Klimenko S. , Lousto C. O. , O’Shaughnessy R.
Published: February 2021

Gravitational-wave observations can be used to accurately measure the Hubble constant H
0 and could help understand the present discrepancy between constraints from Type Ia supernovae and the cosmic microwave background. Neutron star mergers are primarily used for this purpose as their electromagnetic emission can be used to greatly reduce measurement uncertainties. Here we quantify the implied H
0 using the recently observed black hole merger GW190521 and its candidate electromagnetic counterpart found by ZTF using a highly eccentric explanation of the properties of GW190521. As the electromagnetic association is currently uncertain, our main goal here is to determine the effect of eccentricity on the estimated H
0. We obtain

km s−1 Mpc−1. Our results indicate that future H
0 computations using black hole mergers will need to account for possible eccentricity. For extreme cases, the orbital velocity of binaries in active galactic nucleus disks can represent a significant systematic uncertainty.
A Multi-band Forced-photometry Catalog in the ELAIS-S1 Field
Authors: Zou Fan , Brandt W. N. , Lacy Mark , Ni Qingling , Nyland Kristina , Yang Guang , Bauer Franz E. , Covone Giovanni , Grado Aniello , Napolitano Nicola R. , Paolillo Maurizio , Radovich Mario , Spavone Marilena , Vaccari Mattia
Published: February 2021

The ELAIS-S1 field will be an Legacy Survey of Space and Time Deep Drilling field, and it also has extensive multiwavelength coverage. To improve the utility of the existing data, we use The Tractor to perform forced-photometry measurements in this field. We compile data in 16 bands from the DeepDrill, VIDEO, DES, ESIS, and VOICE surveys. Using a priori information from the high-resolution fiducial images in VIDEO, we model the images in other bands and generate a forced-photometry catalog. This technique enables consistency throughout different surveys, deblends sources from low-resolution images, extends photometric measurements to a fainter magnitude regime, and improves photometric-redshift estimates. Our catalog contains over 0.8 million sources covering a 3.4 deg2 area in the VIDEO footprint and is available at 10.5281/zenodo.4540178.
Impact of the manufacturing technique on the dissolution-enhancement functionality of PEG4000 in Cilostazol tablets
Authors: Sawafta Obada , Alhadid Sonia , Abu Awwad Izz Aldeen , Migdadi Eman , Aljaberi Ahmad
Published: February 2021

Cilostazol was selected as poorly-soluble model drug to investigate the impact of the manufacturing method on the excipient functionality of PEG4000 at various levels. Powder blends were prepared by direct compression (DC), wet granulation (WG) and hot-melt extrusion (HME). Characteristics of these blends and their compressed tablets were investigated by standard techniques. Solid-state characterization was carried out using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). While DC trials were found with no significant differences, WG and HME showed contrasting enhancement and retardation effects regarding the dissolution profile of Cilostazol tablets depending on the level of PEG4000 incorporated. The optimal enhancement of dissolution was obtained at 10% w/w PEG4000 for tablets prepared by HME. DSC analysis indicated that no solid solutions were formed at such low levels of PEG4000during processing by either manufacturing techniques. Consequently, the wetting functionality and dissolution enhancement of PEG4000 was revealed to be level- and manufacturing method dependent.
The deep-sea pennatulacean genus Porcupinella – with the description of a new species from Tasmania (Anthozoa, Octocorallia, Chunellidae)
Authors: Williams Gary C.
Published: February 2021

The recently described deep-sea pennatulacean genusPorcupinellawas previously known only by the type species,Porcupinella profundafrom the equatorial eastern Atlantic to the eastern North Atlantic Ocean. New data is provided on morphology, distribution, bathymetry, and related taxa. A second species is added here as well – a new species is described from the Tasman Sea in the southwestern Pacific. The new species,Porcupinella tasmanica, is distinguished fromP. profundaby its distinctive hook-shaped growth form, laterally compressed dorsal keel, and differing regions that are occupied by siphonozooids. A key to the species of the deep-sea pennatulacean family Chunellidae is included based on comparative morphology.
TRIM28 Expression on Dendritic Cells Prevents Excessive T Cell Priming by Silencing Endogenous Retrovirus
Authors: Chikuma Shunsuke , Yamanaka Soichiro , Nakagawa So , Ueda Mahoko Takahashi , Hayabuchi Hodaka , Tokifuji Yukiko , Kanayama Masashi , Okamura Tadashi , Arase Hisashi , Yoshimura Akihiko
Published: February 2021

Acquired immune reaction is initiated by dendritic cells (DCs), which present Ags to a few naive Ag-specific T cells. Deregulation of gene expression in DCs may alter the outcome of the immune response toward immunodeficiency and/or autoimmune diseases. Expression of TRIM28, a nuclear protein that mediates gene silencing through heterochromatin, decreased in DCs from old mice, suggesting alteration of gene regulation. Mice specifically lacking TRIM28 in DCs show increased DC population in the spleen and enhanced T cell priming toward inflammatory effector T cells, leading to acceleration and exacerbation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. TRIM28-deficient DCs were found to ectopically transcribe endogenous retrovirus (ERV) elements. Combined genome-wide analysis revealed a strong colocalization among the decreased repressive histone mark H3K9me3-transcribed ERV elements and the derepressed host genes that were related to inflammation in TRIM28-deficient DCs. This suggests that TRIM28 occupancy of ERV elements critically represses expression of proximal inflammatory genes on the genome. We propose that gene silencing through repressive histone modification by TRIM28 plays a role in maintaining the integrity of precise gene regulation in DCs, which prevents aberrant T cell priming to inflammatory effector T cells.
Atrial septal aneurysm in Sub-Saharan Africa: From an asymptomatic incidental echocardiographic finding to a potential cause of cardio embolic stroke
Authors: Anakwue Raphael , Anakwue Angel-Mary
Published: February 2021

Atrial Septal Aneurysm (ASA) is an abnormality of the interatrial septum that has continued to generate interest because of its rarity, asymptomatic presentation and possibility to cause cardioembolic stroke. There are many published accounts of atrial septal aneurysm in USA, Europe and Asia but very few published reports from sub-Saharan Africa. Our first case is a 48 years old female patient with type 1 ASA presented as an incidental finding during echocardiographic investigative procedures for other cardiac diagnosis. The second case is a 58 years old female with type 2L ASA, who presented with transient loss of consciousness lasting for 5 minutes. Our third case is a 25 years old male with type 5 ASA with heart failure who presented with exertional dyspnoea for 3 years. In this presentation, we ask questions about the reason for rare presentations and or publications of atrial septal aneurysm from Africa. We also re-examined the different associations of ASA as well as clinical presentations. ASA is an often asymptomatic but treatable cause of cardiovascular disease that includes cardioembolic stroke. A high index of suspicion is required to make the diagnosis during routine trans thoracic echocardiography and the availability of transesophageal echocardiography will definitely improve diagnosis and management of cases in sub-Saharan Africa.
Overview of COVID-19 patients treated in University Hospital Split, Croatia - specifics related to patients age
Authors: Cavar Marija , Budimir Mrsic Danijela , Luetic Ante , Perkovic Tabak Lara , Petricevic Mate , Dolic Kresimir
Published: February 2021

Different aspects of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) infection have been widely investigated since the onset of a pandemic in December 2019. Several studies investigated differences in disease development and presentation compared to patient characteristics. In this paper we present an overview of the first COVID-19 pandemic wave in Dalmatia, Croatia with specifics related to patients’ age. Demographic, clinical and radiological data from hospitalized COVID-19 positive patients in the Clinical Hospital Split over a three-month period were collected and analyzed. Subgrouping and additional analysis were performed: Octogenarians vs Non-octogenarians, and senior residence vs nonsenior residence. 160 COVID-19 positive patients were enrolled. Of those, 61% were females. Median age was 78. More than a half of all patients were senior residents. No differences in final outcome were observed comparing specific medicament treatment. Among Octogenarians group, there were more asymptomatic cases, and higher mortality rate. Some differences in radiological presentation were also observed. Senior COVID-19 positive patients are more often asymptomatic but with higher mortality rates. More attention should be paid to early detection on COVID-19 infection in the senior population.
Association Between Previous Concussion Education and Concussion Care-Seeking Outcomes Among National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Student-Athletes
Authors: Callahan Christine E. , Kay Melissa C. , Kerr Zachary Y. , Hinson Madison T. , Linnan Laura A. , Hennink-Kaminski Heidi , Gildner Paula , Marshall Stephen W. , Houston Megan N. , Cameron Kenneth L. , Register-Mihalik Johna
Published: February 2021

Context

Limited data exist concerning differences in concussion-education exposure and how education exposures relate to care seeking and symptom disclosure, specifically by National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I student-athletes.

Objective

To investigate demographic characteristics associated with concussion-education exposure and examine whether overall education exposure (yes versus no) and education-source exposure number (multiple sources versus a single source) affect concussion care-seeking and disclosure factors in Division I student-athletes.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Classroom or online survey.

Patients or Other Participants

Division I student-athletes (n = 341).

Main Outcome Measure(s)

Frequencies and proportions were computed for sex, race, school year, sport, and concussion history across concussion-education groups. Prevalence ratios (PRs) and 95% CIs were calculated to quantify the associations between student-athlete characteristics and (1) overall concussion-education exposure and (2) source-exposure number. Separate multivariable linear regression models estimated adjusted mean differences (MDs) and 95% CIs, which allowed us to assess differences in concussion knowledge, attitudes, and perceived social norms relative to concussion-education exposure and exposure to multiple sources. Separate multivariable binomial regression models were performed to estimate adjusted PRs and 95% CIs in order to evaluate associations of intention, perceived control, and care-seeking or disclosure behaviors and overall concussion-education exposure and exposure to multiple sources. All models controlled for sex, sport, and concussion history.

Results

Overall, 276 (80.9%) participants reported previous concussion education, with 179 (64.9%) being exposed to multiple sources. Student-athletes who participated in a contact sport (adjusted PR = 1.24; 95% CI = 1.06, 1.44) and those who had a concussion history (adjusted PR = 1.19; 95% CI = 1.09, 1.31) had higher prevalences of concussion-education exposure. Females had a lower prevalence of reporting multiple sources (adjusted PR = 0.82; 95% CI = 0.68, 0.99). Overall concussion-education exposure was significantly associated with more favorable perceived social norms surrounding concussion care seeking (adjusted MD = 1.37; 95% CI = 0.13, 2.61).

Conclusions

These findings highlighted the potential differences in overall concussion-education exposure and provide clinicians with information on groups who may benefit from additional targeted education.
The Role Mentoring Plays in the Transition to Practice of Newly Credentialed Athletic Trainers
Authors: Walker Stacy E. , Singe Stephanie Mazerolle , Cavallario Julie M.
Published: February 2021

Context

Mentoring has been identified as an important method of supporting newly credentialed athletic trainers (ATs) during their transition to practice. Gaining a better understanding of this relationship could provide valuable insights that may assist employers and professional programs in developing a plan to better facilitate the transition.

Objective

To examine which aspects of the mentoring relationship provided the most benefit during the transition to practice of newly certified ATs.

Design

Qualitative study.

Setting

Individual phone interviews.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 13 ATs who graduated from a professional master's program, were certified from February through July 2016, and obtained employment from July through August 2016 participated in this study (6 women, 7 men; age = 26 ± 3 years; work settings included professional sports, college, secondary and middle school, and clinic). Data saturation guided the number of participants.

Data Collection and Analysis

Phone interviews using a semistructured interview guide were conducted at 3, 8, and 12 months of work experience. Data were analyzed using a constant comparative approach. Credibility was established via investigator triangulation, peer debriefing, and member checks.

Results

Participants recognized the mentoring relationship as a foundational aspect of the transition to practice. Mentors should be available by phone, email, or text to answer questions, provide feedback, or discuss ideas. Respondents wanted honest feedback, even when that feedback was constructively critical. Feedback was sought regarding topics such as patient care, communication, and networking. Participants needed reassurance and support from their mentors to help validate and improve their self-confidence.

Conclusions

Newly credentialed ATs should seek mentors who will be available to communicate in various ways and will provide regular and constructive feedback. Future researchers should investigate how mentoring relationships influence other aspects of the transition to practice, such as patient care, overall job performance, turnover, and satisfaction.
Employability in Academe for Athletic Trainers With the Doctor of Athletic Training Degree
Authors: Van Lunen Bonnie L. , Clines Stephanie H. , Reems Tyler , Eberman Lindsey E. , Hankemeier Dorice A. , Welch Bacon Cailee E.
Published: February 2021

Context

The doctor of athletic training (DAT) degree has recently been introduced into academe. Limited literature exists regarding how individuals with this degree can become part of an athletic training faculty.

Objective

To identify department chairs' perceptions of the DAT degree and determine whether they viewed the degree as viable when hiring new faculty within a postbaccalaureate professional athletic training program.

Design

Cross-sectional study.

Setting

Online survey instrument.

Patients or Other Participants

A total of 376 department chairs who had oversight of Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education athletic training programs were invited to participate. Of these, 190 individuals (50.5%) accessed the survey, and 151 of the 190 department chairs (79.5%) completed all parts of the survey.

Main Outcome Measure(s)

A web-based survey instrument consisted of several demographic questions and 4-point Likert-scale items related to perceptions of the DAT degree. Independent variables were degree qualifications, advanced degree requirements, institutional control, student enrollment, current faculty with a clinical doctorate, and institutional degree-granting classification. The dependent variables were the department chairs' responses to the survey items.

Results

More than 80% of department chairs were moderately or extremely familiar with the concept of an advanced practice doctoral degree, and 64% believed it would be extremely to moderately beneficial to hire someone with this degree in the athletic training program. Furthermore, 67% of department chairs were very likely or likely to hire someone with a DAT degree and expected they would do so in the next 5 years. Characteristics associated with higher perception scores were lower institutional student enrollment, having more current faculty with an advanced practice doctoral degree, and a lower institutional degree-granting classification.

Conclusions

Department chairs recognized the DAT degree as a viable degree qualification for teaching in professional athletic training programs. Future researchers should examine the need for athletic trainers with the DAT degree in clinical practice settings.