bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Pyrimethanil: Between efficient fungicide against Aspergillus rot on cherry tomato and cytotoxic agent on human cell lines
Authors: Aleksić Milena , Stanisavljević Danijela , Smiljković Marija , Vasiljević Perica , Stevanović Milena , Soković Marina , Stojković Dejan
Published: July 2019

Pyrimethanil, a synthetic fungicide widely used for the treatment of pre‐ and postharvest fungal diseases on different agricultural crops, was explored for its antifungal activity on different fungal strains. The effect of pyrimethanil on fungal ergosterol was tested by using Aspergillus niger as a model organism. Furthermore, it was investigated, if pyrimethanil can effectively reduce the appearance of Aspergillus rot in wounded cherry tomato fruits. The fungicide cytotoxic effect on different human cell lines was evaluated. In addition, its influence on cell proliferation was studied. A. niger was the most resistant fungal strain (MFC 1.88 μg μL−1) to the effect of pyrimethanil. Addition of ergosterol doubled the MFC on A. niger, indicating that the compound might interfere with ergosterol, main sterol of fungal cell membrane. Disease incidence of A. niger in wounded cherry tomato fruits was not detected with pyrimethanil treatment of 0.75 mg/wound. Some cytotoxic effects of pyrimethanil on human cell lines were recorded already at 50 ng μL−1, while the expression of Ki67 marker of proliferation was decreased with 150 ng μL−1. These results altogether indicate that pyrimethanil is effective in reducing various fungal pathogens, but further use of this fungicide should be reevaluated because of its cytotoxicity.
Early termination of resuscitation in in‐hospital cardiac arrest and impact to the outcome calculations
Authors: Loisa Eetu , Setälä Piritta , Hoppu Sanna , Tirkkonen Joonas
Published: July 2019

Background

Some in‐hospital resuscitation attempts are assessed futile and terminated early on. We hypothesized that if these cases are reported separately, the true outcome of in‐hospital cardiac arrest is better reflected.

Methods

We conducted a 3‐year prospective observational Utstein‐style study in Tampere, Finland. All adult in‐hospital cardiac arrests outside critical care areas attended by hospital's rapid response team were included. Resuscitation attempts that were terminated within 10 minutes were considered early terminations.

Results

The cohort consisted of 199 in‐hospital cardiac arrest patients. Twenty‐seven (14%) resuscitation attempts were terminated early due to the presumed futility of the attempt with median resuscitation duration of 5 (4, 7) minutes. These cases and the 172 patients with full resuscitation attempt were of comparable age, sex and comorbidity. Early terminated resuscitation attempts were more often unwitnessed (63% vs. 10%, P < .001) with initial non‐shockable rhythm (100% vs. 80%, P = .006) when compared with full attempts. The most frequently reported reasons for termination decisions were non‐witnessed arrest presenting asystole as initial rhythm and severe acute illness. The hospital survival with good neurological outcome and 1‐year survival were 30% and 25% for the whole cohort, and 34% and 29% when early terminated resuscitation attempts were excluded.

Conclusion

One‐seventh of resuscitation attempts were terminated early on due to presumed futility of the attempt. Short‐ and long‐term outcomes were 5% and 4% better when early terminated attempts were excluded from the outcome analyses. We believe that in‐hospital cardiac arrest outcome is not as poor as repeatedly presented in the literature.
Pharmacotherapy for methamphetamine/amphetamine use disorder—a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Chan Brian , Freeman Michele , Kondo Karli , Ayers Chelsea , Montgomery Jessica , Paynter Robin , Kansagara Devan
Published: July 2019

Aims

Addiction to methamphetamine/amphetamine (MA/A) is a major public health problem. Currently there are no pharmacotherapies for MA/A use disorder that have been approved for use by the US Food and Drug Administration or the European Medicines Agency. We reviewed the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for MA/A use disorder to assess the quality, publication bias and overall strength of the evidence.

Methods

Systematic review and meta‐analysis. We searched multiple data sources (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Cochrane Library) to April 2019 for systematic reviews (SRs) and randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Included studies recruited adults who had MA/A use disorder; sample sizes ranged from 19 to 229 participants. Outcomes of interest were abstinence, defined as 3 or more consecutive weeks with negative urine drug screens (UDS); overall use, analyzed as the proportion of MA/A negative UDS specimens; and treatment retention. One SR of pharmacotherapies for MA/A use disorder and 17 additional RCTs met our inclusion criteria encompassing 17 different drugs (antidepressants, antipsychotics, psychostimulants, anticonvulsants and opioid antagonists). We combined the findings of trials with comparable interventions and outcome measures in random‐effects meta‐analyses. We assessed quality, publication bias and the strength of evidence for each outcome using standardized criteria.

Results

There was low‐strength evidence from two RCTs that methylphenidate may reduce MA/A use: 6.5 versus 2.8% MA/A‐negative UDS in one study (n = 34, P = 0.008) and 23 versus 16% in another study (n = 54, P = 0.047). Antidepressants as a class had no statistically significant effect on abstinence or retention on the basis of moderate strength evidence. Studies of anticonvulsants, antipsychotics (aripiprazole), opioid antagonists (naltrexone), varenicline and atomoxetine provided either low‐strength or insufficient evidence of no effect on the outcomes of interest. Many of the studies had high or unclear risk of bias.

Conclusions

On the basis of low‐ to moderate‐strength evidence, most medications evaluated for methamphetamine/amphetamine use disorder have not shown a statistically significant benefit. However, there is low‐strength evidence that methylphenidate may reduce use.
Effects of exotic guava (Psidium guajavaL.) invasion on soil properties in Limpopo, South Africa
Authors: Ruwanza Sheunesu , Dondofema Farai
Published: July 2019

Many studies in South Africa have examined the impacts of alien plants on ecosystems, but none have assessed the impact of guava (Psidium guajavaL.) invasion on soil properties. In this study, soils underneath guava‐invaded sites were assessed to determine if they had different soil physico‐chemical properties (pH, P, C, N, Na, K, Ca, Mg, moisture, penetration resistance, infiltration and water repellency) as compared to soils underneath uninvaded sites. Comparisons were made from three different sites over three autumn months. Results show that soil pH was significantly (p < 0.005) higher underneath uninvaded than guava‐invaded sites. Soil P was three times higher underneath guava‐invaded as compared to invaded sites. The soils collected underneath guava‐invaded sites had a significantly (p < 0.001) higher moisture content and were less compact but more repellent than soils from the uninvaded sites. Infiltration rate was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in the uninvaded than the guava‐invaded sites. The study concludes that guava invasion alters some soil properties, thus creating favourable conditions for its growth and making it potentially more invasive. From a management standpoint, guava removal is encouraged; however, given guava's socio‐economic importance more research on cost and benefits is required.
A Retrospective Study of Multi‐agent Chemotherapy including either Cyclophosphamide or Lomustine as Initial Therapy for Canine High‐grade T‐cell Lymphoma (2011‐2017)
Authors: Elliott J , Baines S
Published: July 2019

Multi‐agent chemotherapy (vincristine, epirubicin and prednisolone) including either cyclophosphamide (CEOP) or lomustine (LEOP) was given as first‐line chemotherapy to treatment‐naïve canine lymphoma patients with measurable, high grade T‐cell lymphoma (HGTCL). All patients responded to either CEOP or LEOP. Toxicity was typical of multi‐agent chemotherapy protocols and 25% of dogs receiving lomustine exhibited mild‐to‐moderate ALT elevation and 29% grade 3 or 4 neutropenia. Median progression‐free survival (100 versus 269 days) and overall survival (155 versus 327 days) were significantly higher in patients receiving LEOP compared to CEOP. Overall survival was improved for patients receiving LEOP compared to those receiving CEOP followed by lomustine‐based rescue therapy. The results of this retrospective study support further evaluation of lomustine as part of first‐line, multi‐agent therapy for patients with HGTCL.
Pharmacological inhibition of Hippo pathway, with the novel kinase inhibitor XMU‐MP‐1, protects the heart against adverse effects during pressure overload
Authors: Triastuti Efta , Nugroho Ardiansah Bayu , Zi Min , Prehar Sukhpal , Kohar Yulia Suciati , Bui Thuy Anh , Stafford Nicholas , Cartwright Elizabeth J. , Abraham Sabu , Oceandy Delvac
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose

The Hippo pathway has emerged as a potential therapeutic target to control pathological cardiac remodelling. The core components of the Hippo pathway, mammalian Ste‐20 like kinase 1 (Mst1) and mammalian Ste‐20 like kinase 2 (Mst2), modulate cardiac hypertrophy, apoptosis, and fibrosis. Here, we study the effects of pharmacological inhibition of Mst1/2 using a novel inhibitor XMU‐MP‐1 in controlling the adverse effects of pressure overload‐induced hypertrophy.

Experimental Approach

We used cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes (NRCM) and C57Bl/6 mice with transverse aortic constriction (TAC) as in vitro and in vivo models, respectively, to test the effects of XMU‐MP‐1 treatment. We used luciferase reporter assays, western blots and immunofluorescence assays in vitro, with echocardiography, qRT‐PCR and immunohistochemical methods in vivo.

Key Results

XMU‐MP‐1 treatment significantly increased activity of the Hippo pathway effector yes‐associated protein and inhibited phenylephrine‐induced hypertrophy in NRCM. XMU‐MP‐1 improved cardiomyocyte survival and reduced apoptosis following oxidative stress. In vivo, mice 3 weeks after TAC, were treated with XMU‐MP‐1 (1 mg·kg−1) every alternate day for 10 further days. XMU‐MP‐1‐treated mice showed better cardiac contractility than vehicle‐treated mice. Cardiomyocyte cross‐sectional size and expression of the hypertrophic marker, brain natriuretic peptide, were reduced in XMU‐MP‐1‐treated mice. Improved heart function in XMU‐MP‐1‐treated mice with TAC, was accompanied by fewer TUNEL positive cardiomyocytes and lower levels of fibrosis, suggesting inhibition of cardiomyocyte apoptosis and decreased fibrosis.

Conclusions and Implications

The Hippo pathway inhibitor, XMU‐MP‐1, reduced cellular hypertrophy and improved survival in cultured cardiomyocytes and, in vivo, preserved cardiac function following pressure overload.
The novel cannabinoid CB1 receptor agonist AM11101 increases food intake in female rats
Authors: Ogden Sean B. , Malamas Michael S. , Makriyannis Alexandros , Eckel Lisa A.
Published: July 2019

Background and Purpose

Δ9‐tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) acts via cannabinoid CB1 receptors to increase feeding. Here, we assessed the orexigenic effect of AM11101, a novel CB1 receptor agonist designed to have a more favourable pharmacodynamic profile than THC.

Experimental Approach

The acute, orexigenic effects of AM11101 and THC were compared in female rats. Food intake and meal patterns were also examined following once daily treatment with AM11101 and THC for 7 days.

Key Results

AM11101 (0.01–0.1 mg·kg−1) increased food intake during the first hour following both acute and chronic treatments in pre‐fed and freely feeding animals. This orexigenic effect persisted for up to 4 hr, with no compensatory decrease in feeding during the subsequent 4–22 hr. THC (1 mg·kg−1) increased 1‐hr food intake in pre‐fed animals, but was less reliable than AM11101 in increasing 1‐hr food intake in freely feeding animals following both acute and chronic administration. The orexigenic effect of both compounds was due to an increase in meal size, not meal number.

Conclusions and Implications

Our study provides the first demonstration that AM11101 increases short‐term food intake via a selective increase in meal size. AM11101 promotes a more reliable orexigenic effect than THC in freely feeding animals, with no subsequent compensatory decrease in feeding. AM11101 may offer a greater efficacy than THC and its congeners in stimulating food intake in underweight clinical populations.
‘Actually There is a Brain in There’: Uncovering Complexity in Pathways Through Education for Young Adults Who Have Been in Care
Authors: Hanrahan Fidelma , Boddy Janet , Owen Charlie
Published: July 2019

Internationally, research has highlighted disruption to the educational trajectories of young people in care, documenting concern about upheaval and poor educational outcomes. We present findings from English data arising from qualitative longitudinal research with care experienced people (16–32 years) who were also in education, employment or training. The analysis extends understanding of the experiences of those who achieve educational ‘success’, including those who followed non‐linear trajectories. The need for a flexible education system, and leaving care entitlements, which take into account the disruption experienced by young people in care and the consequent possibility of delayed educational pathways, is discussed.
Ex situ collections and their potential for the restoration of extinct plants
Authors: Abeli Thomas , Dalrymple Sarah , Godefroid Sandrine , Mondoni Andrea , Müller Jonas V. , Rossi Graziano , Orsenigo Simone
Published: July 2019

The alarming current and predicted species extinction rates have galvanized conservationists in their efforts to avoid future biodiversity losses, but for species extinct in the wild, few options exist. We posed the questions, can these species be restored, and, if so, what role can ex situ plant collections (i.e., botanic gardens, germplasm banks, herbaria) play in the recovery of plant genetic diversity? We reviewed the relevant literature to assess the feasibility of recovering lost plant genetic diversity with using ex situ material and the probability of survival of subsequent translocations. Thirteen attempts to recover species extinct in the wild were found, most of which used material preserved in botanic gardens (12) and seed banks (2). One case of a locally extirpated population was recovered from herbarium material. Eight (60%) of these cases were successful or partially successful translocations of the focal species or population; the other 5 failed or it was too early to determine the outcome. Limiting factors of the use of ex situ source material for the restoration of plant genetic diversity in the wild include the scarcity of source material, low viability and reduced longevity of the material, low genetic variation, lack of evolution (especially for material stored in germplasm banks and herbaria), and socioeconomic factors. However, modern collecting practices present opportunities for plant conservation, such as improved collecting protocols and improved cultivation and storage conditions. Our findings suggest that all types of ex situ collections may contribute effectively to plant species conservation if their use is informed by a thorough understanding of the aforementioned problems. We conclude that the recovery of plant species currently classified as extinct in the wild is not 100% successful, and the possibility of successful reintroduction should not be used to justify insufficient in situ conservation.
The Controllability Hypothesis: Near‐miss effect points to common neurological machinery in posterior parietal cortex for controllable objects and concepts
Authors: Kruse Imogen
Published: July 2019

In this paper, I postulate that the processing of concepts which are deemed controllable is rooted in neurological machinery located in the posterior parietal cortex specialised for the processing of objects which are immediately actionable because they are within reach. This is demonstrated with reference to the near‐miss effect in gambling behaviour, where it is argued that the configurative proximity of the near‐miss outcome to the win outcome creates the impression that the win outcome is ‘almost within reach’ or controllable. The perceived realisability of the desired outcome increases subjective reward probability and the associated expected action value, which impacts decision‐making and behaviour. When extended to substance addiction, this novel hypothesis adds fresh insight into understanding the motivational effects associated with cue exposure and opportunity for drug‐taking. Moreover, by postulating that a perception of control can be generated to minimise unpleasant affective states, it can also reconcile contrasting models of decision‐making and provide a neurological explanation for the efficacy of mindfulness‐based techniques in treating addictions. With reference to the previously hypothesised link between the self and control, these ideas can provide an explanation for the increased subjective value of self‐associated concepts in the ‘endowment effect’, as well as a neurological correlate for the concept of the ‘narrative self’. This paper therefore provides an innovative and unifying perspective for the study and treatment of behavioural and substance addictions as well as contributing to our neurological understanding of philosophical approaches to the self.
The pharmacokinetics of oral carbamazepine in rats dosed using an automated drug delivery system
Authors: Hill A. Cameron , Rower Joseph E. , White H. Steve
Published: July 2019

Objective

Pharmacokinetics (PK) of antiseizure drugs differ considerably between rats and humans. Rodents require larger and more frequent doses to maintain therapeutic drug levels. This study uses the antiseizure drug (ASD) carbamazepine (CBZ) to validate the application of a previously described automated drug delivery system for delivering chronic oral medication to rats.

Methods

Treatment‐naive, male Sprague‐Dawley rats were treated with oral CBZ, 75 mg/kg every 6 hours for 10 days, via the automated feeder. Blood samples were collected on day 0 (acute), day 2 (steady‐state), and day 9 (chronic) and used to measure plasma CBZ and carbamazepine‐10,11‐epoxide (CBZ‐E) concentrations via high‐performance liquid chromatography. The PK of CBZ and CBZ‐E were modeled using Monolix v2018R1. The acute and chronic tolerability of CBZ was evaluated using the open field test.

Results

CBZ and CBZ‐E concentrations were best described by a one‐compartment parent‐metabolite model with first‐order absorption and elimination kinetics. Observed and predicted CBZ concentrations were maintained within the therapeutic window (4‐12 μg/mL) for the duration of the study. There was no change in open‐field test activity following acute or chronic oral dosing of 75 mg/kg CBZ compared to a pretreatment baseline (P > 0.4).

Significance

Oral administration of CBZ dosed q.i.d. in rats using an automated drug delivery system results in therapeutic concentrations of CBZ and its active metabolite. This study represents the first PK validation for this previously described preclinical drug delivery system.
Targeting the complexity of Src signalling in the tumour microenvironment of pancreatic cancer: from mechanism to therapy
Authors: Parkin Ashleigh , Man Jennifer , Timpson Paul , Pajic Marina
Published: July 2019

Pancreatic cancer, a disease with extremely poor prognosis, has been notoriously resistant to virtually all forms of treatment. The dynamic crosstalk that occurs between tumour cells and the surrounding stroma, frequently mediated by intricate Src/FAK signalling, is increasingly recognised as a key player in pancreatic tumourigenesis, disease progression and therapeutic resistance. These important cues are fundamental for defining the invasive potential of pancreatic tumours, and several components of the Src and downstream effector signalling have been proposed as potent anticancer therapeutic targets. Consequently, numerous agents that block this complex network are being extensively investigated as potential antiinvasive and antimetastatic therapeutic agents for this disease. In this review, we will discuss the latest evidence of Src signalling in PDAC progression, fibrotic response and resistance to therapy. We will examine future opportunities for the development and implementation of more effective combination regimens, targeting key components of the oncogenic Src signalling axis, and in the context of a precision medicine‐guided approach.
Identification of two dihydrodipicolinate synthase isoforms from Pseudomonas aeruginosa that differ in allosteric regulation
Authors: Impey Rachael E. , Panjikar Santosh , Hall Cody J. , Bock Lucy J. , Sutton J. Mark , Perugini Matthew A. , Soares da Costa Tatiana P.
Published: July 2019

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the leading causes of nosocomial infections, accounting for 10% of all hospital‐acquired infections. Current antibiotics against P. aeruginosa are becoming increasingly ineffective due to the exponential rise in drug resistance. Thus, there is an urgent need to validate and characterize novel drug targets to guide the development of new classes of antibiotics against this pathogen. One such target is the diaminopimelate (DAP) pathway, which is responsible for the biosynthesis of bacterial cell wall and protein building blocks, namely meso‐DAP and lysine. The rate‐limiting step of this pathway is catalysed by the enzyme dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS), typically encoded for in bacteria by a single dapA gene. Here, we show that P. aeruginosa encodes two functional DHDPS enzymes, PaDHDPS1 and PaDHDPS2. Although these isoforms have similar catalytic activities (kcat = 29 s−1 and 44 s−1 for PaDHDPS1 and PaDHDPS2, respectively), they are differentially allosterically regulated by lysine, with only PaDHDPS2 showing inhibition by the end product of the DAP pathway (IC50 = 130 μm). The differences in allostery are attributed to a single amino acid difference in the allosteric binding pocket at position 56. This is the first example of a bacterium that contains multiple bona fide DHDPS enzymes, which differ in allosteric regulation. We speculate that the presence of the two isoforms allows an increase in the metabolic flux through the DAP pathway when required in this clinically important pathogen.

Databases

PDB ID: 6P90.
Salvage of exhausted neck access using a novel inside‐out device in dialysis‐dependent patients
Authors: Quek Lawrence Han Hwee , Tan Tracy Suet Mun , Tan Glenn Wei Leong , Pua Uei
Published: July 2019

Chronic central venous occlusion represents a challenge for upper body central dialysis access for both surgical and endovascular interventions. The Surfacer (Surfacer Inside‐Out Access Catheter System) is a novel technique that offers a device‐based solution over various physician‐modified techniques in salvaging exhausted right‐sided neck veins for catheter placement. We report a retrospective series of four cases in which this system is used to gain upper body venous access from a single center in Singapore. This report seeks to integrate the understanding of the technical aspects of a new inside‐out device and its utility in recanalization of occluded right‐sided neck veins as it relates to Asian patients.
CGRP and Brain Functioning: Cautions for Migraine Treatment
Authors: Borkum Jonathan M.
Published: July 2019

Background

Calcitonin gene‐related peptide has emerged as a therapeutic target in migraine. Monoclonal antibodies and small molecule receptor antagonists (gepants) directed against CGRP have been approved or are in Phase II or III clinical trials. For monitoring the long‐term safety of these drugs, it is helpful to consider the role of CGRP in brain functioning.

Methods

Qualitative review of the preclinical literature on CGRP in brain physiology and pathophysiology.

Results

Within the brain, CGRP is upregulated by stresses such as ischemia, injury, hyperthermia, and seizure, and activates neuroprotective processes. Thus, CGRP buffers intracellular calcium, triggers antiapoptotic signaling, upregulates a number of neurotrophins (including insulin‐like growth factor‐1/IGF‐1, basic fibroblast growth factor/bFGF, and nerve growth factor/NGF), reduces brain edema, and likely increases antioxidant defenses. When released outside the blood‐brain barrier, CGRP likely protects the endothelium, upregulates growth factor signaling from the endothelium to the brain parenchyma, strengthens the blood‐brain barrier, protects the immune privilege of the brain by inhibiting the movement of neutrophils and monocytes, and facilitates neurogenesis and angiogenesis at stem cell niches.

Conclusions

CGRP participates in a wide range of neuroprotective processes. In theory, migraineurs with comorbid brain pathology might be at increased risk from CGRP inhibition. However, the extent of compensating processes is unknown and will determine whether these risks materialize in practice.
Aerobic industrial processing of Empeltre cv. natural black olives and product characterisation
Authors: Medina Eduardo , García‐García Pedro , Romero Concepción , de Castro Antonio , Brenes Manuel
Published: July 2019

The fermentation of natural black olives is currently carried out under anaerobic conditions. This work investigates the aerobic fermentation of this product in tanks containing 16 000 kg of Empeltre olives during two seasons. The microorganisms in brines were yeasts in all cases, whereas lactic acid bacteria growth was only observed in some tanks. Consequently, the pH during fermentation was in most cases higher than recommended 4.3 units. However, the Empeltre olive brines displayed bactericidal effect against Salmonella enterica, Sthapylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Listeria monocytogenes, with a 5 log population drop in one or 24 h depending on the brine age so that these olive brines are a harsh environment for the growth of these pathogens. It was found HyEDA as the major phenolic compound in both brine and olive pulp at the beginning of fermentation that slowly hydrolysed into hydroxytyrosol that reached a concentration up to 1500 mg kg−1.
Effect of micronised oat bran by ultrafine grinding on dietary fibre, texture and rheological characteristic of soft cheese
Authors: Xue Xiuheng , Wang Juhua , Li Shaohua , Zhang Xiuxiu , Dong Jinhua , Gui Lin , Chang Qianqian
Published: July 2019

The purpose of this research was to study the effect of micronised oat bran on dietary fibre, textural and rheological of soft cheese. The soft cheese was processed by using the different particle size oat bran as fibre supplement, and its dietary fibre content, rheological and textural properties were determined. The results show that the micronised oat bran with 5–30 μm particle size was prepared by ultrafine grinding and passed through 60–400 mesh sieves. The soluble dietary fibre content in micronised oat bran soft cheeses was higher than that of the control (untreated oat bran soft cheeses; P < 0.05), with a maximum of 2.65 g per 100 g cheeses when oat bran was ultrafine crushed and passed through 300 mesh sieves, while the content of insoluble dietary fibre was lower than that of the control (P < 0.05). The micronised oat bran soft cheese in fermentation is a typical non‐newtonian fluid. G′, G″ and apparent viscosity of soft cheeses were increased with the reduction of oat bran particle size. The chewiness and springiness of micronised soft cheeses were increased with the reduction of oat bran particle size, and were higher than that of the control (P < 0.05). The hardness and cohesiveness of micronised soft cheese were decreased with the reduction of oat bran particle size, the hardness was lower, but the cohesiveness of micronised soft cheese was higher than that of the control (P < 0.05). The 1% micronised oat bran can obtain better processing characteristics and overall acceptability for cheese products.
Secondary traumatic stress among emergency nurses: Prevalence, predictors, and consequences
Authors: Ratrout Hamza Fathi , Hamdan‐Mansour Ayman M.
Published: July 2019

Background

Nurses working in emergency units are in direct contact with traumatic events. Trauma effects do not solely affect patients and their caregivers and, rather, extend to secondarily influence nurses themselves. Secondary exposure to trauma may result in symptoms similar to symptoms experienced by the patient themselves. No previous study investigated the secondary traumatic stress among emergency nurses in Jordan.

Purpose

To identify prevalence, predictors, and consequences of secondary traumatic stress among nurses working in emergency departments.

Method

A descriptive correlation design was utilized to collect data using self‐report questionnaires from 202 nurses working at eight emergency departments in Jordan.

Findings

The study revealed that almost half of the sample reported high to severe levels of secondary traumatic stress. The analyses showed that nurses who demonstrated lower empathy (P = .016) and greater coping capacity (P < .001) tended to develop more secondary traumatic stress. Organizational factors were not significant predictors of secondary traumatic stress.

Conclusion

A significant proportion of emergency nurses suffer secondary traumatic stress that is found also to be associated with psychical factors. Emergency nurses need to consider the consequences of secondary traumatic stress on their health and quality of care provided.
Economic policy uncertainty and stock market liquidity: Evidence from G7 countries
Authors: Dash Saumya Ranjan , Maitra Debasish , Debata Byomakesh , Mahakud Jitendra
Published: July 2019

In the aftermath of the 2007–2008 global financial crisis, there were heightened concerns among the market participants and policymakers on the potential adverse effects of economic policies on stock market liquidity. This paper examines the causality and co‐movement between economic policy uncertainties and stock market liquidity using monthly data from G7 countries. Our empirical analysis considers wavelet coherence and wavelet phase angle tests. Linear and nonlinear causality test results suggest that a causal relationship exists between economic policy uncertainty and stock market liquidity. Moreover, stock market illiquidity varies with the uncertainty but in the same direction while liquidity co‐moves in the opposite direction. In times of economic turmoil or crises, the relationship between policy uncertainty and illiquidity becomes stronger, and illiquidity leads economic policy uncertainty. Overall, our findings indicate that the leading indicator property of (il)liquidity is useful for providing economic information and thereby to manage market conditions and investor expectations.
Pressure‐guided second‐generation cryoballoon pulmonary vein isolation: Prospective comparison of the procedural and clinical outcomes with the conventional strategy
Authors: Hasegawa Kanae , Miyazaki Shinsuke , Kaseno Kenichi , Hisazaki Kaori , Amaya Naoki , Miyahara Kosuke , Aiki Takahiro , Ishikawa Eri , Mukai Moe , Matsui Akira , Aoyama Daisetsu , Shiomi Yuichiro , Tama Naoto , Ikeda Hiroyuki , Fukuoka Yoshitomo , Morishita Tetsuji , Ishida Kentaro , Uzui Hiroyasu , Tada Hiroshi
Published: July 2019

Background: The utility of pressure waveform analyses to assess pulmonary vein (PV) occlusions has been reported in cryoballoon PV isolation (CB‐PVI) using first‐generation CBs. This prospective randomized study compared the procedural and clinical outcomes of pressure‐guided and conventional CB‐PVI.

Methods and Results: Sixty patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation underwent CB‐PVI with 28‐mm second‐generation CBs. PV occlusions were assessed either by real‐time pressure waveforms without contrast utilization (pressure‐guided group) or contrast injections (conventional group) and randomly assigned. Before the randomization, 24 patients underwent pressure‐guided CB‐PVIs. In the derivation study, a vein occlusion was obtained in 88/96 (91.7%) PVs among which 86 (97.7%) were successfully isolated by the application. In the validation study, the nadir balloon temperature and total freezing time did not significantly differ per PV between the two groups. The positive predictive value of the vein occlusion for predicting successful acute isolations was similar (93 of 103 [90.2%] and 89 of 98 [90.8%] PVs; P = 1.000), but the negative predictive value was significantly higher in pressure‐guided than angiographical occlusions (14 of 17 [82.3%] vs 7 of 22 [31.8%]; P = .003). Both the procedure (57.7 ± 14.2 vs 62.6 ± 15.8 minutes; P = .526) and fluoroscopic times (16.3 ± 6.4 vs 20.1 ± 6.1; P = .732) were similar between the two groups, however, the fluoroscopy dose (130.6 ± 97.7 vs 353.2 ± 231.4 mGy; P < .001) and contrast volume used (0 vs 17.5 ± 7.7 mL; P < .001) were significantly smaller in the pressure‐guided than conventional group. During 27.8 (5‐39) months of follow‐up, the single procedure arrhythmia freedom was similar between the two groups (P = .438).

Conclusions: Pressure‐guided second‐generation CB‐PVIs were similarly effective and as safe as conventional CB‐PVIs. This technique required no contrast utilization and significantly reduced radiation exposure more than conventional CB‐PVIs.
Predicting 3‐month risk for adolescent suicide attempts among pediatric emergency department patients
Authors: King Cheryl A. , Grupp‐Phelan Jacqueline , Brent David , Dean J. Michael , Webb Michael , Bridge Jeffrey A. , Spirito Anthony , Chernick Lauren S. , Mahabee‐Gittens E. Melinda , Mistry Rakesh D. , Rea Margaret , Keller Allison , Rogers Alexander , Shenoi Rohit , Cwik Mary , Busby Danielle R. , Casper T. Charles ,   the Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network
Published: July 2019

Background

The incidence of adolescent suicide is rising in the United States, yet we have limited information regarding short‐term prediction of suicide attempts. Our aim was to identify predictors of suicide attempts within 3‐months of an emergency department (ED) visit.

Methods

Adolescents, ages 12–17, seeking health care at 13 pediatric EDs (Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network) and one Indian Health Service Hospital in the United States were consecutively recruited. Among 10,664 approached patients, 6,448 (60%) were enrolled and completed a suicide risk survey. A subset of participants (n = 2,897) was assigned to a 3‐month telephone follow‐up, and 2,104 participants completed this follow‐up (73% retention). Our primary outcome was a suicide attempt between the ED visit and 3‐month follow‐up.

Results

One hundred four adolescents (4.9%) made a suicide attempt between enrollment and 3‐month follow‐up. A large number of baseline predictors of suicide attempt were identified in bivariate analyses. The final multivariable model for the full sample included the presence of suicidal ideation during the past week, lifetime severity of suicidal ideation, lifetime history of suicidal behavior, and school connectedness. For the subgroup of adolescents who did not report recent suicidal ideation at baseline, the final model included only lifetime severity of suicidal ideation and social connectedness. Among males, the final model included only lifetime severity of suicidal ideation and past week suicidal ideation. For females, the final model included past week suicidal ideation, lifetime severity of suicidal ideation, number of past‐year nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) incidents, and social connectedness.

Conclusions

Results indicate that the key risk factors for adolescent suicide attempts differ for subgroups of adolescents defined by sex and whether or not they report recent suicidal thoughts. Results also point to the importance of school and social connectedness as protective factors against suicide attempts.
Unconditional and conditional monetary incentives to increase response to mailed questionnaires: A randomized controlled study within a trial (SWAT)
Authors: Young Ben , Bedford Laura , das Nair Roshan , Gallant Stephanie , Littleford Roberta , Robertson John F.R. , Schembri Stuart , Sullivan Frank M. , Vedhara Kavita , Kendrick Denise ,   in collaboration with the ECLS study team
Published: July 2019

Rationale, aims, and objectives

High response rates to research questionnaires can help to ensure results are more representative of the population studied and provide increased statistical power, on which the study may have been predicated. Improving speed and quality of response can reduce costs.

Method

We conducted a randomized study within a trial (SWAT) to assess questionnaire response rates, reminders sent, and data completeness with unconditional compared with conditional monetary incentives. Eligible individuals were mailed a series of psychological questionnaires as a follow‐up to a baseline host trial questionnaire. Half received a £5 gift voucher with questionnaires (unconditional), and half were promised the voucher after returning questionnaires (conditional).

Results

Of 1079 individuals, response rates to the first follow‐up questionnaire were 94.2% and 91.7% in the unconditional and conditional monetary incentive groups, respectively (OR 1.78; 95% CI, 0.85‐3.72). There were significantly greater odds of returning repeat questionnaires in the unconditional group at 6 months (OR 2.97; 95% CI, 1.01‐8.71; .047) but not at 12 months (OR 1.12; 95% CI, 0.44‐2.85). Incentive condition had no impact at any time point on the proportion of sent questionnaires that needed reminders. Odds of incomplete questionnaires were significantly greater at 3 months in the unconditional compared with the conditional incentive group (OR 2.45; 95% CI, 1.32‐4.55; .004).

Conclusions

Unconditional monetary incentives can produce a transitory greater likelihood of mailed questionnaire response in a clinical trial participant group, consistent with the direction of effect in other settings. However, this could have been a chance finding. The use of multiple strategies to promote response may have created a ceiling effect. This strategy has potential to reduce administrative and postage costs, weighed against the cost of incentives used, but could risk compromising the completeness of data.
Observations of two deep‐sea chimaeroids in Icelandic waters
Authors: Jakobsdóttir Klara B. , Jónasson Jónas P. , Burgos Julian M. , Pálsson Jónbjörn
Published: July 2019

Long‐term survey time series repeated occurrence of the deep‐sea chimaeroid species small‐eyed rabbitfish Hydrolagus affinis and large‐eyed rabbitfish H. mirabilis have been observed at same but few locations in Icelandic waters over 23 years. For H. affinis the catch at one specific station has consisted almost exclusively of mature males over the time period. Identification of potential aggregation locations is of vital importance to natural resource management because such aggregation may render these species vulnerable to potential fishing activities.
Ventromedial hypothalamus glucose‐inhibited neurones: A role in glucose and energy homeostasis?
Authors: Hirschberg Pamela R. , Sarkar Pallabi , Teegala Suraj B. , Routh Vanessa H.
Published: July 2019

The ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) plays a complex role in glucose and energy homeostasis. The VMH is necessary for the counter‐regulatory response to hypoglycaemia (CRR) that increases hepatic gluconeogenesis to restore euglycaemia. On the other hand, the VMH also restrains hepatic glucose production during euglycaemia and stimulates peripheral glucose uptake. The VMH is also important for the ability of oestrogen to increase energy expenditure. This latter function is mediated by VMH modulation of the lateral/perifornical hypothalamic area (lateral/perifornical hypothalamus) orexin neurones. Activation of VMH AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) is necessary for the CRR. By contrast, VMH AMPK inhibition favours decreased basal glucose levels and is required for oestrogen to increase energy expenditure. Specialised VMH glucose‐sensing neurones confer the ability to sense and respond to changes in blood glucose levels. Glucose‐excited (GE) neurones increase and glucose‐inhibited (GI) neurones decrease their activity as glucose levels rise. VMH GI neurones, in particular, appear to be important in the CRR, although a role for GE neurones cannot be discounted. AMPK mediates glucose sensing in VMH GI neurones suggesting that, although activation of these neurones is important for the CRR, it is necessary to silence them to lower basal glucose levels and enable oestrogen to increase energy expenditure. In support of this, we found that oestrogen reduces activation of VMH GI neurones in low glucose by inhibiting AMPK. In this review, we present the evidence underlying the role of the VMH in glucose and energy homeostasis. We then discuss the role of VMH glucose‐sensing neurones in mediating these effects, with a strong emphasis on oestrogenic regulation of glucose sensing and how this may affect glucose and energy homeostasis.
Impact of Structured Nurse Leader Rounds on Satisfaction With Nursing Care Among Patients With Cancer
Authors: Ayaad Omar , Alloubani Aladeen , Al‐rafaay Muna , Arideh Amer , Abualeish Musttsem , Akhu‐Zaheya Laila
Published: July 2019

Background

The patient satisfaction rate is considered a challenge for nurse leaders, especially among patients with cancer, due to the complexity of the disease, diagnostic procedures, and treatment.

Aim

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of structured nurse leader rounds (NLRs) on satisfaction with nursing care among patients with cancer. Moreover, we assessed the relationship among NLRs, patient satisfaction, and demographical variables.

Methods

A two‐group posttest design was used in four adult inpatient oncology units in a specialized oncology center. A stratified random sampling technique was utilized to select 169 patients for the experimental group (80 patients) and control group (89 patients). Structured leader rounds were conducted by nurse leaders using a scripted nurse leader tool to standardize the rounds in the experimental group, while the unstructured leader round was conducted in the control group. Patient satisfaction was measured using the Patient Satisfaction with Nursing Care Quality Questionnaire.

Results

The findings revealed that there was a significant difference in total score of patients’ satisfaction between study groups (t = −9.213, p > .001). Conversely, the structured leader round has a significant impact on the patient’s experience with nurse concern and caring (t = −2.054, p = .042).

Conclusions

Adoption of a structured NLR has a significant impact on improving patient satisfaction in an oncology setting where patients receive care from many disciplines, such as surgical, medical, radiotherapy, and radiology.

Clinical Relevance

Efficient structured NLRs of nursing professionals are important for enhancing the quality of nursing care and patient satisfaction.
Transport stress induces pig jejunum tissue oxidative damage and results in autophagy/mitophagy activation
Authors: He Yulong , Sang Zhan , Zhuo Yisha , Wang Xueyi , Guo Zeheng , He Lihua , Zeng Cuiping , Dai Hanchuan
Published: July 2019

Pig transportation is associated with intestinal oxidative stress and results in destruction of intestinal integrity. Autophagy has been contributed to maintain cell homeostasis under stresses. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of transport stress on morphology, intestinal mucosal barrier and autophagy/mitophagy levels in pig jejunum. A total of 16 finishing pigs were randomly divided into two groups. The control group was directly transported to the slaughterhouse and rested for 24 hr. The experimental groups were transported for 5 hr and slaughtered immediately. The results showed that transportation induced obvious stress responses with morphological and histological damage in jejunum accompanying with an elevated level of malondialdehyde (MDA; p < .05), endotoxin (LPS; p < .05), lactic dehydrogenase (LDH; p < .05) and a decreased level of serum superoxide dismutase (SOD; p < .05). Also, hemeoxy genase 1 (HO‐1; p < .01) as well as tight junction protein (claudin‐1 [p < .001], occludin [p < .05] and zonula occludens 1 [ZO‐1; p < 0.05]) levels were attenuated in jejunum tissue, and NADPH oxidase 1 (NOX1; p < .01) mRNA expression was up‐regulated. Further research indicated that transport stress could induce autophagy through increasing microtubule‐associated protein light chain 3 (LC3; p < .05) and autophagy‐related gene 5 (ATG5; p < .01) levels and suppressing p62 expression. Additionally, transport stress increased the protein levels of PTEN‐induced putative kinase 1 (PINK1; p < .05) and Parkin (p < .05) which was associated with mitophagy. In conclusions, transport stress could induce the destruction of intestinal integrity and involve in the intestinal mucosal barrier oxidative damage, and also contribute to activation of autophagy/mitophagy.
A thorough psychometric comparison between Athens Insomnia Scale and Insomnia Severity Index among patients with advanced cancer
Authors: Lin Chung‐Ying , Cheng Andy S. K. , Nejati Babak , Imani Vida , Ulander Martin , Browall Maria , Griffiths Mark D. , Broström Anders , Pakpour Amir H.
Published: July 2019

For patients with cancer, sleep disturbance is commonplace. Using classical test theory and Rasch analyses, the present study compared two commonly used psychometric instruments for insomnia – Athens Insomnia Scale and Insomnia Severity Index – among patients with advanced cancer. Through convenience sampling, patients with cancer at stage III or IV (n = 573; 326 males; mean age = 61.3 years; SD = 10.7) from eight oncology units of university hospitals in Iran participated in the study. All the participants completed the Athens Insomnia Scale, Insomnia Severity Index, Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Health Questionnaire‐12, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index. Additionally, 433 participants wore an Actigraph device for two continuous weekdays. Classical test theory and Rasch analysis both supported the construct validity for Athens Insomnia Scale (factor loadings from confirmatory factor analysis = 0.61–0.87; test–retest reliability = 0.72–0.82; infit mean square = 0.81–1.17; outfit MnSq = 0.79–1.14) and for Insomnia Severity Index (factor loadings from confirmatory factor analysis = 0.61–0.81; test–retest reliability = 0.72–0.82; infit mean square = 0.72–1.14; outfit mean square = 0.76–1.11). Both Athens Insomnia Scale and Insomnia Severity Index had significant associations with Edmonton Symptom Assessment Scale, Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale, General Health Questionnaire‐12, Epworth Sleepiness Scale and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, as well as having good sensitivity and specificity. Significant differences in the actigraphy measure were found between insomniacs and non‐insomniacs based on Athens Insomnia Scale or Insomnia Severity Index score. With promising results, healthcare providers can use either Athens Insomnia Scale or Insomnia Severity Index to understand the insomnia of patients with advanced cancer.