bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Medical grounds for suspending the professional licence of physicians and dentists by Regional Medical Councils between 1990 and 2014
Authors: Kordel Piotr , Kokociński Maciej , Kordel Krzysztof , Krajewski Romuald
Published: November 2020

Cel pracy

Celem badania było określenie przyczyn zdrowotnych, które spowodowały zawieszenie lub ograniczenie prawa wykonywania zawodu lekarzom i lekarzom dentystom oraz możliwości powrotu do pracy po okresie zawieszenia.

Metoda

Podstawą analizy była dokumentacja okręgowych rejestrów lekarzy dotycząca postępowania w przedmiocie niezdolności lekarza do wykonywania zawodu albo ograniczenia w wykonywaniu określonych czynności medycznych w latach 1990 – 2014

Wyniki

Najczęstszą przyczyną zawieszenia lub ograniczenia PWZ lekarza albo lekarza dentysty było uzależnienie od substancji psychoaktywnej (54,1%). Nie było zależności między rozpoznaniem skutkującym zawieszeniem albo ograniczeniem PWZ a płcią oraz zawodem (lekarz/lekarz dentysta). Wśród osób w wieku 42-57 i 58-67 lat u ponad 60% przyczyną podjęcia uchwały było uzależnienie od substancji psychoaktywnych, podczas gdy wśród osób w wieku poniżej 41 lat nie było ani jednego takiego przypadku. Wśród osób powyżej 67. roku życia uzależnienie było powodem 37,5% uchwał. Wśród lekarzy posiadających specjalność zabiegową częściej niż wśród lekarzy specjalizacji niezabiegowych przyczyną zawieszenia lub ograniczenia PWZ było uzależnienie od substancji psychoaktywnych (76,5% vs 46,9%, p<0,05). Lekarze uzależnieni częściej wracali do wykonywania zawodu (57,5%) niż lekarze cierpiący na inne schorzenia (20,5%, p<0,05).

Wnioski

Najczęstszą przyczyną zawieszenia albo ograniczenia PWZ z powodów zdrowotnych jest uzależnienie od substancji psychoaktywnych. Liczba uchwał wydaje się niewielka w stosunku do liczby lekarzy i lekarzy dentystów wykonujących zawód i wskazuje, że potrzebne są zarówno działania w zakresie profilaktyki uzależnień, w szczególności wśród lekarzy posiadających specjalizacje zabiegowe, jak i usprawnienie procedur zgłaszania zastrzeżeń co do zdrowia lekarzy i lekarzy dentystów oraz oceny zdolności do wykonywania zawodu w przypadku osób, które same nie podejmują leczenia.
“Retirement at 67” – Findings on the Employment Situation of Older Female Workers
Authors: Zimmer Barbara , Leve Verena , Naegele Gerhard
Published: November 2020

The Age Limit Adjustment Act, which was adopted in 2007, constitutes a climax in the developments of a paradigm shift in pension policy towards remaining at work for longer. This development entails profound changes and restrictions on benefits for assured persons. In future, many of the insurable employed will not receive a pension without incurring deductions until they reach the age of 67. Both employers and employees are faced with new challenges if they wish to avoid pension reductions in the event of an early retirement and consequently possible precarious incomes at old age. Especially women need particular support in this regard, given that in structural terms, they are in a weaker position on the labour market.Against this background, a representative nationwide survey of 1,800 female workers born between 1947 and 1964 was commissioned by the New Quality of Work Initiative (INQA) and conducted by the Institute of Gerontology at the Technical University of Dortmund in cooperation with TNS Infratest in 2007. These cohorts are to be affected by the increase of the age limit from 2012 onwards. In addition to structural data, this survey studied the respondents’ assessment of their current ability to work and to continue to work until reaching the standard age limit. Further, the survey explored specific working conditions and strains of work. The results show that more than 40 % of the female respondents are sceptical about the conditions of being able to continue their current work until reaching their statutory age limit. The only moderate to poor workability and the consequential danger of having to leave work result e.g. from work-related strains which accumulate in certain sectors and professional groups. The creation of appropriate jobs for older workers as well as the implementation of a staff policy in companies, which is sensitive to demographic developments and individual circumstances, can contribute to maintaining and nurturing the workability.
Activities in Retirement: Individual Experience of Silver Work
Authors: Maxin Leena , Deller Jürgen
Published: November 2020

One consequence of demographic change is a longer average remaining lifetime after retirement. Many people, however, remain able and willing to continue work after reaching the statutory retirement age. Given the predicted shortage of skilled workers in the future, post-retirement activities have the potential to contribute to both organisations and society. This article elaborates the prerequisites for productivity in retirement age and the changed nature of retirement at present.It also quantifies the extent to which activities are continued at retirement age. Paid employment still occurs beyond the applicable retirement age, whereby with increasing age, self-employed persons and assistant family members make up the lion’s share of the statistics. An empirical study shows the concrete situation of active retirees and the prerequisites for post-retirement activities. At the explorative level, individual experiences of the transition into retirement, the reasons for and the framework of post-retirement activities, motivational factors in job design, and physical and intellectual demands before and after retirement are characterised. The qualitative data indicate that retirement entails changes towards more flexible structures in everyday life. Decisive reasons for taking up post-retirement activities are the desire to help, pass on knowledge or remain active; personal development and contact with others; and gaining appreciation and recognition. Flexible job design and freedom to make decisions constitute major elements in shaping post-retirement working activities. Offering autonomy, skill variety, and task significance is important for the design of post-retirement activities. The paper closes with identifying relevant research fields and the concrete need to take action at individual,  organisational, and societal levels. All in all, the transition from working life to retirement should be made flexible enough to do greater justice to the realities of life.
On Developments in the Mean Joint Lifetimes of Three- and Four-Generation Families in Western and Eastern Germany – A model Calculation
Authors: Grünheid Evelyn , Scharein Manfred Georg
Published: November 2020

This article tackles the question of how, on the one hand, the high life expectancy and, on the other, the increasing age of mothers at childbirth will impact the joint lifetime of three and four generations and will develop in future. To this end, indicators are derived from the official data on mortality and fertility for the mean joint lifetimes of three- and four-generation families. Because of the complicated data available, the investigation will be restricted to the female succession of generations, and here to an observation of the first-born child in each case. The indicators act as model calculations, which is why they serve above all to indicate (future) developments in mean joint lifetimes. The indicators are calculated for the average jointly-spent lifetime of three-generation families for the period from 1990 to 2060, and of four-generation families for the period from 2010 to 2060. The result of the calculations for Western Germany show an increase in the jointly-spent lifetime of three generations of up to roughly 35 years in 2000, after which that the figure falls continually to a value of roughly 30 years. A similarly developing trend emerges for four generations, but this is delayed by roughly 30 years towards the future, and reaches the highest value around 2030 to 2040, at roughly seven to ten years. For Eastern Germany, with its even younger age of women at childbirth in both the past and in the present, the maximum jointly-spent life years of three generations at the beginning of the observation period (roughly around 1990) is almost 40 years, after which this indicator falls continuously. The indicator of the average jointly-spent years of four-generation families, by contrast, probably reaches a maximum around 2020, with a value of 12 to 14 years. Also after this, one may anticipate a reduction in the joint lifetimes of four-generation families in Eastern Germany. All in all, the trends of the indicators denote that one may not necessarily conclude from the longer life expectancy that the generations will have a longer joint lifetime, nor that the number of four-generation families will increase. Rather, the three-generation family also appears to remain the decisive generational composition of families in this century.
More Power, Less Sympathy
The Response of IGOs in Western Europe to Unwanted Migration during Economic Crises Compared

Authors: Glynn Irial
Published: November 2020

This article chronicles the influence of intergovernmental organisations (IGOs) over unwanted migration in Western Europe since the 1930s. It pays particular attention to what occurred during times of economic crisis, especially the Great Depression in the 1930s, the recession-hit 1970s and early 1980s, and the current global financial difficulties. The IGOs under consideration are the League of Nations during the 1930s and the European Commission from the 1970s onwards. The European Commission’s ability to influence West European states’ policies on unwanted migration has grown considerably since the League of Nations’ unsuccessful attempts in the 1930s, especially in the lead-up to the current economic crisis. This increase in power has been offset, however, by a decrease in the European Commission’s sympathy as Brussels increasingly regards unwanted migration as a security and justice issue rather than as a social and cultural one in a move that bears close resemblance to the stance of West European states.
The Effects of Voluntary Return Programmes on Migration Flows in the Context of the 1973/74 and 2008/09 Economic Crises
Authors: Plewa Piotr
Published: November 2020

The article analyses Spain’s voluntary return policies, including the programme instituted specifically to assist migrants affected by the 2008/09 crisis. Voluntary return policies were implemented in Europe in the context of the 1973/4 crisis. Just like the Western European programmes of the 1970s and the 1980s, the current Spanish voluntary return policies also only elicited the cooperation of small numbers of migrants and countries of origin. The article recommends four broader policy measures to tackle the emerging trend whereby a considerable proportion of migrants will stay in Spain rather than repatriate.
The German Generations and Gender Survey: Some Critical Reflections on the Validity of Fertility Histories
Authors: Kreyenfeld Michaela , Hornung Anne , Kubisch Karolin
Published: November 2020

This paper validates the fertility histories of the German Generations and Gender Survey (GGS). Focusing on the cohorts 1930-69 of West German women, the total number of children, the parity distribution and the parity progression ratios are compared to external sources. One major result from this validation is that the German GGS understates the fertility for the older cohorts and overstates it for the younger ones. We presume that two mechanisms are responsible for this pattern in the German GGS: On the one hand, children who have left parental home are underreported in the retrospective fertility histories. On the other hand, women with small children are easier to reach by the interviewer. These two mechanisms taken together produce too low numbers of children for the older and too high ones for the younger cohorts. Extending the validation to marital histories has revealed a similar bias. Our general conclusion from this investigation is that the German GGS may not be used for statistical analyses of cohort fertility and marriage trends. For subsequent surveys, we suggest integrating simple control questions in questionnaires with complex retrospective fertility and union histories.
Geographical Mobility and Family Life: Comparing Generations from a Life Course Perspective
Authors: Wall Karin , Aboim Sofia , Ramos Vasco , Nunes Cátia
Published: November 2020

Geographical mobility is a well-established trend in European societies, and social theorists have put forward the hypothesis that mobility patterns have an impact on family trajectories and on their processes of pluralisation and individualisation. Using a life course perspective, the main aim of this article is to provide evidence of the impact of geographical mobility on family life in Portuguese society. The mobility and family trajectories of three different generations in their early adulthood are analysed, with results pointing to a diversity of trajectories as well as to relevant connections between mobility variables and family trajectories. The article draws on data from a national survey on life trajectories conducted in 2010 on a representative sample of men and women (n=1,500) from three generations (born between 1935 and 1940; 1950 and 1955; and 1970 and 1975; n=500 per generation). Based on sequence and cluster analyses, we were able to identify seven patterns of mobility trajectories and four main types of family trajectories across the three generations. These reflect not only the biographies of individuals within our sample, but also the geographical and family changes that have been taking place in Portugal over the past few decades. Drawing on multinomial regression analysis, the article seeks to disentangle the complex linkages between mobility and family trajectories. To this end, we adopted a double angle approach by linking these two variables as predictors of each other alongside other key socio-demographic variables and life course events. The main findings reveal that geographical mobility is a significant predictor of family trajectories, even if its effects are dualistic: Mobility may work as a facilitator of standardised family trajectories (early transition to parenthood, for example), but it also predicts a higher probability of “non-linear” family trajectories. On the other hand, family trajectories are weak predictors of mobility trajectories. The latter are predicted by variables that reflect structural constraints, such as unemployment, but gender and generation effects also play an important role and provide evidence that mobility trajectories are anchored in specific historic and social contexts. Finally, we were also able to link geographical mobility to individualisation processes by examining its impact upon specific life course events related to family and gender relations.
Reversing Early Retirement in Advanced Welfare Economies
A Paradigm Shift to Overcome Push and Pull Factors

Authors: Ebbinghaus Bernhard , Hofäcker Dirk
Published: November 2020

Recent reform efforts of advanced welfare states have attempted to reverse trends in early retirement and increase the statutory retirement age. This paradigm shift often occurred against the protest of unions, firms and their employees. As a consequence of expanding welfare states and as response to economic challenges since the 1970s early exit from work has become a widespread practice. Early retirement has been part of Continental Europe’s welfare without work problem, while the Scandinavian welfare states, the Anglophone liberal economies and the Japanese welfare society were able to maintain higher levels of employment for older workers. Since the 1990s, an international consensus to reverse early exit from work emerged among international organisations and national policy experts. Based on a comparative historical analysis of selected OECD countries, this study analyses the cross-national variations in the institutionalisation of early exit regimes and its recent reversal using macro-indictors on early exit trends and stylised information on institutional arrangements. Comparing the interaction of social policy and economic institutions, it reviews the cross-national differences in welfare state “pull” and economic “push” factors that have contributed to early exit from work and discusses the likely impact of welfare retrenchment and assesses the importance of “retention” factors such as activation policies for decreasing early exit from work.
Theoretische Erklärungen der zunehmenden Kinderlosigkeit – Divergierende Ansätze und das Integrationspotenzial der Frame-Selektions-Theorie
Authors: Eckhard Jan
Published: November 2020

Zur Erklärung des seit den 1960er Jahren in zahlreichen europäischen Ländern stattfindenden Anstiegs der Kinderlosigkeit wird in der Forschung einerseits auf soziokulturelle Wandlungsprozesse, andererseits auf gewachsene Kosten einer Familiengründung verwiesen. Es fehlt jedoch eine übergreifende Theorie, die beide Ursachenkomplexe in ihrem Zusammenwirken erfassen kann. Der vorliegende Beitrag erörtert die Möglichkeiten eines entsprechenden integrativen Erklärungsmodells. Vorgeschlagen wird ein Modell auf der Grundlage der Frame-Selektions-Theorie. Das Modell bezieht sich auf Entscheidungssituationen in Paarbeziehungen und thematisiert die Wechselwirkung zwischen sozio-kulturellen Leitbildern und strukturellen Anreizen. Die resultierende Hypothese, dass Anreizeffekte auf die Familiengründung von der situativen Kompatibilität einer auf Familie verweisenden Partnerschaftsdeutung abhängig sind, wird anschließend einer ersten empirischen Prüfung auf der Grundlage des Familiensurvey-Panels unterzogen.
Linguistic and Neighbourhood Integration among Highly-skilled Migrants – A Quantitative Analysis Using the Example of Foreign University Staff Members in Aachen, Bonn and Cologne
Authors: Imani Daniela , Nipper Josef , Thieme Günter
Published: November 2020

Integration issues among highly-skilled migrants were long considered rather irrelevant, a view being based on the image of a transnational, highly mobile elite that easily gets along at different workplaces during their respective duration of stay. Recent studies, however, indicate the heterogeneity of the group, for example with regard to vocational situation as well as migration trajectories. Accordingly, questions about their integration in the respective host society gain importance. Therefore, this article deals with integration processes of highly-skilled migrants in Germany. Based on a standardised survey (n=553) of foreign academics at the universities in Aachen, Bonn and Cologne, we examine aspects of the cultural and social dimension of integration processes in this group. In order to operationalise cultural integration, we chose linguistic competence indicators and social integration is operationalised using variables related to neighbourhood relationships. The study was primarily conducted using a cluster analysis.With regard to their linguistic skills, the respondents can be divided into five clusters. The members of the first two clusters assess their language proficiency as above the mean, while the members of the last two clusters assess their language skills as distinctly lower than average. With regard to neighbourhood relationships, we identified six clusters that again differ in the assessment of their neighbourhood contacts. However, no linear-hierarchical composition is apparent in the neighbourhood integration clusters as was for the linguistic clusters. Furthermore, we examined the reciprocal effects between linguistic competence and neighbourhood relationships and the influences of selected predictor variables on these two dimensions. There is a highly significant correlation between linguistic competence and the neighbourhood situation. The correlation between linguistic competence and neighbourhood situation and a series of predictor variables such as nationality, academic discipline, family and household structures and duration of stay is also highly significant. We can also assume that some of these correlations, such as the latter, are reciprocal.
The Economic Lifecycle by Gender – Results Combining Monetary and Time Use Estimates
Authors: Kluge Fanny A.
Published: November 2020

In recent decades, we have witnessed profound changes in family size and structure. While marriage rates and the number of children have declined in most industrialised countries, female labour force participation rates have risen significantly. However, while the working hours and wages of women have increased, we continue to observe huge discrepancies in market production by gender in Germany. This results in considerable differences in the economic lifecycle of men and women. The differences diminish if we take unpaid household production, consumption, and caring into account. We find that, after applying this comprehensive approach, the female lifecycle resembles male consumption, income, and transfer patterns. These findings are interesting in the light of future demographic changes, as they suggest that the explicit policy aim of increasing female labour force participation could place constraints on the currently observed division of labour in the market and in the household.
Could Immigration Prevent Population Decline? The Demographic Prospects of Germany Revisited
Authors: Weber Hannes
Published: November 2020

Germany has a record of more than 40 years of below-replacement fertility and annual death surplus. Hence, it is commonly accepted that Germany’s population will decline considerably in the coming decades. Recent increases in immigration may, however, challenge the official long-term demographic projections for Germany. This paper assesses the impact of a permanent higher-than-expected level of net immigration to Germany as in the past three years on the projections for population, age structure and ethnic makeup by mid-century.

The paper adds a higher immigration variant to the Federal Statistical Office’s latest Coordinated Population Projection and two variants of a (a) constant or (b) decreasing fertility rate among migrant women. It can be shown that with permanent net migration as high as in recent years (around 300,000 per annum), Germany’s population would not significantly decrease in the coming decades but would rather remain at 80 million until 2050. On the other hand, the sharp rise in the old-age dependency ratio is only mildly weakened by increased immigration rates. This issue is therefore probably best addressed by other (or additional) means. The increase in retirees will level off after 2035 in any case. The ethnic makeup of society would be affected to a greater degree than its age composition: The share of first- and second-generation immigrants among the total population is projected to rise to about 35 percent in this scenario (and to above 40 percent if the third generation is also counted).
The Impact of Union Dissolution and Divorce on Adolescents’ and Adults’ Relationships with their Parents
Authors: Arránz Becker Oliver
Published: November 2020

Using data of the German Family Panel pairfam, this article examines whether relationship-related transitions among adolescents and adults – separations with or without subsequent new relationships and transitions from being single to a relationship – impact different aspects of their relationship with their parents (contact frequency, intimacy, and conflict). Several competing hypotheses are tested. The resource hypothesis, following a supply-side argumentation, posits that relationships generate resources (i.e. social capital) that facilitate exchange with parents; relationship breakup implies resource deprivation and produces strain, which adversely affects the parent-child relationship (spillover hypothesis). According to the demand-based compensation hypothesis, horizontal relationships and vertical intergenerational relations are substitutively associated with each other; hence, exchanges between generations should be strongest when children are not involved in romantic relationships. The analyses yield evidence in line with both the compensation hypothesis (particularly among adolescents) and the spillover hypothesis (among adults). The effects are largely gender neutral.
Fertility and Family Policies in Central and Eastern Europe after 1990
Authors: Frejka Tomas , Gietel-Basten Stuart
Published: November 2020

This paper examines fertility and family policies in 15 Central and East European (CEE) countries to establish firstly, likely directions of cohort fertility trends for the coming decade; and secondly, to provide an overview and analysis of family policies in CEE countries, and to assess their impact on cohort fertility trends. Demographic analysis suggests that the cohort fertility decline of the 1960s cohorts is likely to continue at least among the 1970s birth cohorts; stagnation cannot be ruled out. Births that were postponed by women born in the 1970s were not being replaced in sufficient numbers for cohort fertility to increase in the foreseeable future, and shares of low parity women (childless and one child) were larger than shares of high parity women among the late 1960s cohorts than in older cohorts. Also, childbearing postponement which started in the 1990s is reflected in dramatic changes of childbearing age patterns. As period fertility rates have been increasing in the late 2000s throughout the region an impression of a fertility recovery has been created, however the findings of this project indicate that no such widespread childbearing recovery is underway.For the first time ever an overview and analysis of CEE family policies is conceptualized in this paper. It demonstrates that fertility trends and family policies are a matter of serious concern throughout the region. The following family policy types have been identified: comprehensive family policy model; pro-natalist policies model; temporary male bread-winner model; and conventional family policies model. The majority of family policies in CEE countries suffer from a variety of shortcomings that impede them from generating enhanced family welfare and from providing conditions for cohort fertility to increase. The likely further decline of cohort fertility, or its stagnation, may entail long-term demographic as well as other societal consequences, such as continuous declines in total population numbers, changes in age structures, as well as implications for health and social security costs.
Life Expectancy in Germany Based on the 2011 Census: Was the Healthy Migrant Effect Merely an Artefact?
Authors: Zur Nieden Felix , Sommer Bettina
Published: November 2020

The Federal Statistical Office’s 2010/12 general life table is the first to provide results on life expectancy based on census data for reunified Germany. This article therefore examines the question of how the revisions of the population figures from the 2011 census affected the measured life expectancy. To do so, we analysed both the official life tables based on the old intercensal population updates before the census and those based on the population data from the 2011 census. The method used to calculate the census-adjusted 2010/12 general life table was also transferred to separate life tables drawn up for the German and the foreign population. In this way, findings on the so-called “healthy migrant effect” can be discussed, ruling out possible errors in the intercensal population updates. These errors had previously been cited as the main causes for a distinctly longer life expectancy among the foreign population compared with the German population. As expected, a census-based calculation for the total population and for the German population resulted in only minor revisions to the life expectancy figures. The use of the census results does, however, distinctly alter the life expectancy of foreign women and men. An advantage of over 5 years in life expectancy at birth, measured on the basis of the old population data, needs to be revised to about 2.9 years for men and 2.1 years for women based on the 2011 census. The healthy migrant effect therefore cannot be traced back solely to data artefacts from the old intercensal population updates – even with revised data, the foreign population shows marked survival advantages.
Later Life Moves and Movers in Germany: An Expanded Typology
Authors: Winke Tim
Published: November 2020

In times of ageing baby boomer cohorts and increasing regional disparities, residential choice in later life is important regarding family relations and the provision of social services. In this study, a new typology of later life moves is developed based on observed patterns and characteristics of residential changes. For this purpose, the German Socio-Economic Panel data has been linked to uniquely detailed neighbourhood information to study how aspects of both later life movers and moves are structured. The results suggest four types of moves, namely: residential improvement, family, residential adaptation and care moves. The typology expands rigid classifications based on age, health status or distance moved, and highlights intergenerational family ties, housing concerns and fragmented forms of partnership as key aspects. Family moves to one’s children are associated with the existence of grandchildren, showing that elderly people take on roles as both care-takers and care-providers. The residential consequences of being widowed or divorced are socially stratified and can lead to residential and economic instability.
Analysing Changes in Discursive Constructions of Rural Areas in the Context of Demographic Change. Towards Counterpoints in the Dominant Discourse on “Dying Villages”
Authors: Christmann Gabriela B.
Published: November 2020

Empirically, this article is based on a research project on rural municipalities in structurally weak regions of Germany suffering from demographic change and attempting to find ways out of their crisis situation through novel approaches in community development. The example of the village of Treptitz in Saxony, which was investigated using an ethnographic discourse analysis, demonstrated that a small-scale discourse (of restricted spatial range) developed in the context of its innovative sewage works and biogas project. There, commonly shared knowledge could establish a context in which the village is considered an ingenious, socially intact, resolute and thus vibrant village; a village that actively pursues its prospects for the future. This small-scale discourse defies the wider demographic discourse, which, as the article shows, focuses primarily on “dying villages.”For the conceptualisation of the empirical observations, the article is based on the assumption that it is in communications and in public discourses – in particular specific recurrent contents on rural areas and demographic change – that specific knowledge elements and reality constructions of rural areas emerge and stabilise within society. This assumption includes the idea that when the content of public discourses on rural areas change, for example through small-scale discursive counterpoints, it is possible for new knowledge elements and new constructions of reality to develop. Against this background, the approach of a (new) discursive construction of spaces is selected as theoretical starting point for the analysis. By referring to the communicative-constructivism approach and by integrating the sociology of knowledge approach to discourse, it is perfectly suited for theoretically spelling out changing discursive constructions of rural areas in the context of demographic change.
On the Regional Rootedness of Population Mobility and Environmental Change
Authors: Hillmann Felicitas , Spaan Ernst
Published: November 2020

This article argues that the interplay of changing environmental conditions in the wake of climate change and dynamic migration systems will lead to even more clearly articulated new regional formations. The way regions perceive the risks of climate change, how they cope with and adapt to these risks and their constitution as resilient entities determines the way migration and mobility take place. We focus on the regional dimensions of climate change and broader related developmental trends such as urbanisation and will highlight this nexus for coastal regions. We present two regional case studies, Keta in Ghana and Semarang in Indonesia. Both cities have experienced floods and related environmental risks throughout their histories. The contrasting analysis of the two cases illustrates that similar environmental challenges may have very different effects on the migratory patterns.
Einfluss regionaler Faktoren auf die Kohortenfertilität: Neue Schätzwerte auf Kreisebene in Deutschland
Authors: Bujard Martin , Scheller Melanie
Published: November 2020

Betrachtungen des regionalen Kontexts haben eine lange Tradition in der Fertilitätsforschung. Allerdings liegen für Deutschland kreisspezifische Fertilitätsdaten bisher lediglich für die zusammengefasste Geburtenziffer (TFR) vor, nicht jedoch zur endgültigen Kinderzahl (Kohortenfertilität, CTFR). Auf Basis von Zensus 2011 und Geburtenstatistik werden Schätzwerte für die CTFR auf Kreisebene generiert und Einflussfaktoren ihrer Variation analysiert.

Zunächst wird die CTFR der Geburtskohorten 1969-72 für alle 402 Kreise berechnet. Die geschätzte CTFR variiert erheblich zwischen den Kreisen bei einer Spannbreite von 1,05 bis 2,01. Sie unterscheidet sich deutlich von den bekannten Werten der TFR. Diese Unterschiede beruhen hauptsächlich auf Verzerrungen durch die Timing-Komponente der TFR, die in Ostdeutschland, bei Universitätsstädten und im Stadt-Land-Vergleich auffällig sind. Daher ermöglichen die geschätzten CTFR-Werte einen weitaus besseren Einblick in regionale Fertilitätsunterschiede.

Im zweiten Schritt werden die Unterschiede der neu gewonnenen CTFR auf Kreisebene mittels linearer Regressionen analysiert. Die drei Kompositionseffekte geringe Akademikerinnenquote, hoher Katholiken- und hoher Migrantenanteil tragen signifikant zu einer höheren CTFR in westdeutschen Kreisen bei. Allerdings spielen regionale Opportunitäten ebenfalls eine wichtige Rolle: Eine geringe Bevölkerungsdichte, das Angebot relativ großer Wohnungen und ein Männerüberschuss sind deutlich mit höherer Fertilität assoziiert, ebenso ökonomische Faktoren wie traditionelle Wirtschaftsstruktur und niedrige Arbeitslosigkeit. Insgesamt zeigen die Analysen, dass regionale Faktoren einen hohen Einfluss auf die Fertilität haben.
What about the Urban Periphery? The Effects of the Urban Renaissance in the Mersey Belt
Authors: Dembski Sebastian , Schulze Bäing Andreas , Sykes Olivier
Published: November 2020

Cities in the UK have undergone an urban renaissance since the late 1990s, when New Labour started an initiative of the same name. However, the effects of urban growth have been limited mainly to the cores of second-tier cities, creating new challenges in the urban fringe of city regions and for cities outside the major agglomerations. In this article, we examine the process of reurbanisation in the Manchester and Liverpool city regions and to take a closer look at on one of the local authorities in the fringe of these city regions which is trying to grapple with the challenges posed by a new urban age. We find increasing evidence that places in the spatial in-between of urban regions face particular challenges as a result of the urban renaissance, with the already problematic areas requiring increased attention to avoid structural urban problems similar to that of the inner urban areas in the past.  * This article belongs to a special issue on reurbanisation
Adjusting Inter-censal Population Estimates for Germany 1987-2011: Approaches and Impact on Demographic Indicators
Authors: Klüsener Sebastian , Grigoriev Pavel , Scholz Rembrandt D. , Jdanov Dmitri A.
Published: November 2020

To derive reliable demographic indicators, appropriate data on population exposures are needed. Access to such data is becoming increasingly challenging in many countries due to factors such as the growing diversity of international migration patterns and the trend towards replacing full censuses with register-based censuses. Germany represents a particularly challenging case in this respect. Before Germany implemented its first register-based census in 2011, the country had not conducted a census for more than two decades. This census revealed that the number of people living in Germany in 2011 was about 1.5 million lower than the previous official post-censal population estimates for that year indicated. It is likely that a large portion of this discrepancy had existed for quite some time prior to 2011. Due to the long inter-censal period, the Federal Statistical Office of Germany decided not to produce backward-adjusted population estimates by single-year ages and sex for the whole period. The main aim of this paper is thus to make such detailed adjusted inter-censal population estimates available. While we have to take the peculiarities of the German case into account, our evaluation of different strategies offers important insights for developing a generalised methodology to adjust inter-censal population estimates for globalised countries that face challenges in ensuring the proper registration of migration events. We discuss four alternative approaches for deriving adjusted inter-censal population estimates. The results suggest that even for a rather complicated case like Germany, a relatively simple approach seems to work reasonably well. Finally, we demonstrate to what extent the implemented adjustments affect mortality indicators. The adjusted inter-censal population estimates for Germany and its federal states are provided in the online data appendix.
Diversity and conservation of bats in a private protected area of southern México
Authors: Rafael Villegas-Patraca , Muñoz-Jiménez Oscar , Aguilar-López José Luis
Published: November 2020

Los inventarios de especies representan el primer paso para el estudio de la diversidad biológica. Alcanzar inventarios completos de murciélagos requiere el empleo de diversos métodos de muestreo. Los inventarios de especies son particularmente importantes en zonas con escasa o nula información biológica. En este trabajo se actualiza el inventario de especies de murciélagos del Área Privada Protegida conocida como Parque Ecológico Jaguaroundi (de aquí en adelante PEJ, por su acrónimo) localizada en el sur de Veracruz. El muestreo para este estudio se realizó entre agosto y noviembre de 2015, empleando dos métodos (redes de niebla y detectores ultrasónicos). Se registraron 33 especies de murciélagos, 23 especies con redes de niebla (20 registradas solo con este método) y 13 especies con detectores ultrasónicos (10 registradas solo con este método). Se registraron 23 especies en selva, 20 especies fueron encontradas en bosques secundarios y 17 especies en áreas cercanas a cuerpos de agua. En total, el PEJ alberga 34 especies de murciélagos incluyendo registros previos y nuevos. Tres de estas especies (Lophostoma brasiliense, Myotis albescens and M. nigricans) están incluidas en la Norma Oficial Mexicana (NOM-059-SEMARNAT 2010) y una especie (Peromyotis subflavus) en la Lista Roja de la IUCN. Este inventario actualizado de los murciélagos del PEJ representa un aporte significativo al conocimiento de la diversidad de murciélagos en el sur de Veracruz, así como del papel de conservación de las Áreas Protegidas Privadas en México.
The association between hope and quality of life in haemodialysis patients
Authors: Alshraifeen Ali , Al-Rawashdeh Sami , Herth Kaye , Alnuaimi Karimeh , Alzoubi Fatmeh , Khraim Fadi , Ashour Ala
Published: November 2020

Background:

Hope is important for patients with end-stage renal disease receiving haemodialysis (HD) and hope is associated with quality of life (QoL). Studies examining hope among the HD population are limited and, as far as the authors know, have not been undertaken in Jordan.

Aims:

To examine levels of hope and QoL and to examine the association between hope and QoL in HD patients in Jordan.

Methods:

A cross-sectional design was used. A convenience sample of 202 patients from six different dialysis centres was recruited. The World Health Organization QOL-BREF and the Herth Hope Index were used.

Findings:

Moderate levels of hope (M=32.3±4.1) were reported. Respondents reported low mean scores for the physical domain of QoL (M=48.3±21.1) but not for the psychological and social relationship domains. Higher hope scores were associated with better QoL.

Conclusion:

The findings suggest a positive relationship between the level of hope and QoL in people receiving HD. Encouraging hope while caring for HD patients in clinical settings may improve their QoL. Understanding the relationship between hope and QoL may help healthcare providers to improve the quality of care for patients and their families.
Chemical composition and rumen fermentation profile of mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) from West Sumatra, Indonesia
Authors: Jamarun Novirman , Pazla Roni , ARIEF Arief , Jayanegara Anuraga , Gusri Yanti
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Jamarun N, Pazla R, Arief, Jayanegara A, Yanti G. 2020. Chemical composition and rumen fermentation profile of mangrove leaves (Avicennia marina) from West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5230-5236. This study aimed to determine the potential of mangrove leaves of Avicennia marina for ruminant animal feed. Laboratory tests were carried out on A. marina with three replicates. Parameters measured were proximate and fiber contents, rumen fluid profile (pH, NH3 and VFA), digestibility of nutrients (DM, Ash, CP, CF, NDF, ADF, cellulose, and hemicellulose), macro and micro mineral contents, and phytochemical compounds. The results showed the nutritional content of A. marina were CP 13.37%; Ash 7.17%; lignin 7.34%; TDN 79%, rumen fluid profile is in reasonable condition, digestibility of food substances is more than 50%, rich in macro and micro minerals and contains phytochemical compounds such as phenols, steroids, triterpenoids, and tannins. Macro and micro minerals content of Ca 0.38%, Na 0.20%, Mg 0.20%, K 0.48%, P 0.51%, S 0.01%, Cl 1.03%, Fe 388 ppm, Zn 164 ppm, Mn 211 ppm, and Cu 128 ppm. This research concludes that A. marina is very potential to be used as a ruminant animal feed.
Fluorescent pseudomonads from plant rhizosphere as biological agent to control white root disease and growth-promoting on rubber plants
Authors: MARWAN HUSDA , Mulyati Sri , Sarman S , Hayati Islah
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Marwan H, Mulyati S, Sarman S, Hayati I. 2020. Fluorescent pseudomonads from plant rhizosphere as biological agents to control white root disease and growth-promoting on rubber plants. Biodiversitas 21: 5338-5343. White root disease (Rigidoporus lignosus) is a serious problem of rubber plantation in Indonesia, including in Sumatera. The fungal infection is often difficult to detect, infection develops rapidly and can cause plant death if left untreated since the early stage, and thus using biological agents might be an efficient way to overcome the disease. This research was aimed to explore fluorescent pseudomonads from rubber plant rhizosphere that can inhibit the growth of the fungal pathogen, characterize fluorescent pseudomonads isolated as biological control agent and plant growth promoter, and apply the isolate to rubber plants to control the disease and growth of plants. Twelve out of the 76 fluorescent pseudomonads isolated from several rhizospheres of rubber plants were found to be antagonistic to white root fungi. Fluorescent pseudomonads have various characteristics such as chitinolytic activity, phosphate solvent, and nitrogen fixation. The application of the antagonistic isolates on rubber seedlings was able to increase growth and suppress the colonization of R. lignosus on rubber plant roots.
Antibacterial activity of endophytic fungi in Pometia pinnata against Staphylococcus aureus and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Setyaningsih Ratna , Ari Susilowati  , Prasetyani Dina
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Endophytic fungi associated with medicinal plants are able to produce bioactive compounds which potentially contain medicinal ingredients. Matoa (Pometia pinnata J. R. Forst & G. Forst) is one of Indonesian medicinal plants. This research aims to test antibacterial activities of ethyl acetate extract of matoa’s endophytic fungi to Staphylococcus aureus and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and also identify isolates having high antibacterial activity. Initial test on antibacterial activity was conducted by using paper disc diffusion, while advanced test was conducted by determining minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). The fungi were identified in morphological and molecular manner with amplification and sequencing of ITS region. Bacterial cells exposed to the extract were observed by using scanning electron microscope (SEM). Isolate AM72 was found out to have the highest antibacterial activity compared to other 12 isolates tested, with inhibition zone diameter of 31.57 mm to S. aureus and 22.87 mm to MRSA. Isolate AM72 was identified as Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Isolate BMB identified as Aspergillus oryzae produced inhibition zone with 21.96 mm diameter to S. aureus and 21.50 mm diameter to MRSA. Advanced test to isolate AM72 gave the same MIC results to S. aureus and MRSA of 1.56%. Antibacterial compound produced by isolate AM72 were found out to be able to damage bacterial cell walls.

Keywords: Antibacterial, Endohpytic Fungi, Matoa, S. aureus, MRSA
Short Communication: Morphology and genetic characteristics of potential citrus rootstock in Indonesia
Authors: Yulianti Farida , ADIREDJO AFIFUDDIN  LATIF , SOETOPO LITA , ASHARI SUMERU
Published: November 2020

Abstract. Yulianti F, Adiredjo AL, Soetopo L, Ashari S. 2020. Short Communication: Morphology and genetic characteristics of potential citrus rootstock in Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 5514-5520. Study on variability among the citrus rootstock genotypes is very important to classify and utilize citrus germplasm resources. The genetic variability would greatly assist the breeders in genotypes identification to develop database and maintain the germplasm repositories in Indonesia. It would also be helpful for stakeholders to choose the right rootstock. The aim of the study was to identify the morphology and genetic variability among three potential citrus rootstocks in Indonesia. Morphological and molecular techniques were used to characterize three citrus rootstocks potential in Indonesia. Characteristics of plant, leaves, flowers, fruits, seeds, and genomic DNA polymorphisms were used to characterize three potential citrus rootstocks (Japansche citroen (JC), Citrumelo and Kanci).  Morphological characterizations were based on Descriptors for Citrus (IPGRI 1999). Genetic variabilities were conducted using seven specific markers for biotic and abiotic stresses (VP, CMA, PIP1a, PIP1b, PIP2, osmotin, and Y65). The important characters of citrus rootstock for growers were tree shape, tree growth habit, number of seed, seed polyembryony, and tolerance to biotic and abiotic stresses. JC has spheroid tree shape with spreading growth habit, while Citrumelo and Kanci have ellipsoid tree shape with erect growth habit. These characters may influence scion vigor and size. All of rootstocks observed have high number of seed and polyembryony. These rootstocks amplified PIPs and osmotin markers and could not amplify VP, CMA, and Y65 marker. These plants thought to have the characteristic of tolerance to drought stress with formation of aquaporin and osmotin but susceptible to salinity and Citrus tristeza virus.