bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Efeitos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos iniciais da perfusão hipotérmica intestinal in situ.: avaliação de um novo modelo canino de autotransplante intestinal
Authors: Cruz Junior Ruy Jorge , Correia Cristiano de Jesus , Figueiredo Luiz Francisco Poli de , Silva Maurício Rocha e
Published: November 2006

O transplante intestinal tem sido utilizado como uma alternativa promissora no tratamento da síndrome do intestino curto em pacientes adultos e pediátricos. Vários modelos experimentais foram desenvolvidos com a finalidade de testar diferentes soluções de preservação. No entanto são modelos complexos que levam, muitas vezes, um tempo prolongado para a sua realização. OBJETIVO: Neste estudo, desenvolvemos um modelo alternativo de autotransplante intestinal in situ analisando os efeitos hemodinâmicos e metabólicos iniciais da perfusão hipotérmica com solução de Ringer lactato. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados seis cães machos sem raça definida (22,8±1,4 Kg); as variáveis hemodinâmicas sistêmicas foram obtidas por meio de cateter arterial e pelo Swan-Ganz. A perfusão do trato gastrintestinal foi avaliada pela medida do fluxo sangüíneo da veia mesentérica superior (FSVMS, fluxômetro ultra-sônico), e através da medida do pCO2 intestinal (pCO2-int e pCO2-gap, tonometria a gás). Inicialmente realizamos a secção do jejuno proximal e íleo distal e isolamento dos vasos mesentéricos com fitas cardíacas, todo o tecido nervoso e linfático em torno do eixo vascular intestinal foi seccionado. O território mesentérico foi perfundido através da artéria mesentérica superior por 30 minutos com 1000 ml de Ringer lactato a 4ºC, e o efluente drenado através de uma pequena incisão na veia mesentérica superior. Os animais foram observados por 120 min após o inicio do período de reperfusão. Amostras de sangue foram obtidas da aorta abdominal, para análise gasométrica. RESULTADOS: A perfusão intestinal hipotérmica induziu uma redução do FSMVS apenas nos primeiros 30 min de reperfusão (587±70,9 para 398±102,8 ml/min) e um aumento do pCO2-gap (2±2,7 para 29,8±6 mmHg). Não foram observadas alterações significativas em relação a parâmetros hemodinâmicos e metabólicos sistêmicos (PAM, DC, pH, excesso de bases, hemoglobina) assim como na temperatura central. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de autotransplante intestinal é extremamente útil e de fácil execução, para a avaliação inicial de soluções de preservação e/ou drogas antioxidantes, comumente utilizadas no transplante de intestino.
Estudo morfológico das entero-anastomoses com suturas em pontos separados complementados com adesivo sintético ou biológico em coelho
Authors: Amaral Ademir Teixeira do , Taha Murched Omar , Fagundes Djalma José , Simões Manuel de Jesus , Novo Neil Ferreira , Juliano Yara
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Verificar a eficácia dos adesivos de fibrina e cianoacrilato como coadjunvantes nas anastomoses de intestino delgado de coelhos. MÉTODOS: Oitenta coelhos, linhagem Nova Zelândia, machos, adultos, foram submetidos a enterectomia de 3cm e enterorrafia e distribuídos em quatro grupos: Grupo A (dois pontos eqüidistantes); Grupo B (quatro pontos eqüidistantes); Grupo C (seis pontos eqüidistantes); Grupo D (oito pontos eqüidistantes). No 14º dia de observação, os animais foram submetidos a uma laparotomia mediana para estudo macroscópico da cavidade abdominal para identificação e avaliação de aderências, deiscências e/ou fístulas. O segmento intestinal anastomosado foi retirado e feito um molde de alginato para posterior avaliação do índice de estenose. As peças retiradas foram processadas para estudo histológico e avaliação de fibras colágenas, macrófagos, neovascularização e granuloma tipo corpo estranho. RESULTADOS: Não houve diferença significante na avaliação de deiscência e fístulas com os dois adesivos entre os quatros sub-grupos. A aderência ocorreu em maior número nos sub-grupos do adesivo sintético. O índice de estenose foi maior nos animais do adesivo sintético somente nos sub-grupos com dois e oito pontos. A análise histológica mostrou que em todos os parâmetros avaliados (macrófago, neovascularização e granuloma) não houve diferença significante entre os dois tipos de adesivos. Em relação a porcentagem de colágeno verificou-se que houve diferença significante somente no grupo B em que o adesivo sintético foi menor que o biológico. CONCLUSÃO: O adesivo biológico de fibrina mostra mais eficácia que o adesivo sintético como complemento de suturas nas anastomoses intestinais.
Modelo experimental de tumor na cavidade oral de ratos com carcinossarcoma de Walker 256
Authors: Alves Ana Paula Negreiros Nunes , Guedes Rafael Cardoso , Costa-Lotufo Letícia Veras , Moraes Maria Elisabete Amaral de , Pessoa Cláudia do Ó , Ferreira Francisco Valdeci Almeida , Moraes Manoel Odorico de
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um modelo experimental de desenvolvimento tumoral na cavidade oral de ratos, permitindo, assim, o estudo da osteólise induzida pelo tumor nos ossos do complexo maxilomandibular como também nas estruturas dentais, através da caracterização histomorfológica da reabsorção óssea e dentária. MÉTODOS: Uma suspensão de células tumorais (0,1mL) do Carcinossarcoma de Walker 256, na concentração de 10(6) células/mL foi implantado na cavidade alveolar de ratos previamente aberta por exodontia. Os animais foram observados durante 12 (doze) dias consecutivos para determinação da curva de peso corpóreo, sendo posteriormente sacrificados e as mandíbulas removidas para exames radiográfico e histológico. RESULTADOS: No exame radiográfico foi verificada área lítica, sem evidência de reparo, na região dos alvéolos. No exame microscópico foi identificada infiltração óssea, periférica e central, de pequenas células hipercromáticas e pleomórficas, com leve infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear associado e áreas de necrose. O índice de pega foi de 100%. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo animal de invasão óssea, do tumor de Walker na cavidade oral, possibilita a avaliação in vivo de drogas antitumorais e esquemas terapêuticos no tratamento do câncer bucal.
Percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy in porcines performed with standard medical instruments used in a general hospital routine
Authors: Nascimento Luiz Roberto do , Nascimento Caroline Moreira do , Camargos Fabiano Andrade , Grecco Eduardo Carlos
Published: November 2006

PURPOSE: To perform a endoscopic gastrostomy by the introducer method with routine instruments used in a general hospital, without special instruments or special kits. METHODS: This procedure was performed in pigs (Sus scrofa domesticus) under observation for seven days and then submitted to euthanasia.The technique was evaluated for macroscopic and histologic parameters. RESULTS: All animals had a good evolution without major complications. Some minor complications occurred like a rupture of Foley catheter balloon and subcutaneous space abscess. CONCLUSION: The percutaneous gastrostomy with routine general hospital instruments is successful performed, is safe,cheap and must be performed by skilled endoscopists.
Electric microcurrent in the restoration of the skin undergone a trichloroacetic acid peeling in rats
Authors: Santos Vilma Natividade Silva , Ferreira Lydia Masako , Horibe Edith Kawano , Duarte Ivone da Silva
Published: November 2006

PURPOSE: To investigate the influence of neuromuscular electric stimulation by microcurrent (MENS - Microcurrent Electric Neuromuscular Stimulation) in the restoration of the skin of rats undergone trichloroacetic acid (TCA). METHODS: Thirty-two hairless, male, adult rats were divided into two groups (with 16 animals each). In the Control Group (G1) the application of microcurrent was simulated 48 hours after the peeling. In the Experimental Group (G2) MENS was applied 48 hours after the TCA peeling, each 48 hours up to the Day 21, under the frequency of 0.5 Hz, intensity of 50mu A, and lasting 20 minutes. The area of the lesion was evaluated on Days 7, 14, and 21 after-peeling by the Paper Template Method, and on Day 21 the histological analysis was performed. RESULTS: On microscopy changes were seen in the fibroblasts amount and structure, and in the collagen of the experimental group, with statistically significant difference (p<0,01) CONCLUSION: MENS reduced the period of restoration of the area undergone TCA peeling in rats skin.
Quantificação de capilares no tecido muscular esquelético em animais com insuficiência arterial periférica induzida submetidos a treinamento de endurance
Authors: Carvalho Celina Cordeiro de , Moraes Sílvia Regina Arruda de , Chalegre Síntya Tertuliano , Tashiro Tetsuo
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar quantitativamente o tecido muscular esquelético de ratos com insuficiência arterial periférica induzida após treinamento de endurance. MÉTODOS: Os animais foram preparados cirurgicamente para a oclusão total da artéria femoral direita. Após o procedimento cirúrgico os ratos foram limitados a atividades na própria gaiola (sedentários, n = 10) ou submetidos a treinamento de endurance com ciclo ergômetro de forma contínua (treinados, n = 10), que consistia em caminhada 2x/dia (manhã e tarde) a 17 m/min, por 5 minutos, 5 dias/semana por 8 e 12 semanas. Os grupos foram subdivididos com seus respectivos grupos sedentários. A análise foi realizada pela observação histológica do músculo vasto medial direito após o período de teste. RESULTADOS: No grupo de animais treinados durante 8 semanas, o número médio de capilares no tecido muscular foi maior (5,2 ± 3,834) do que no grupo sedentário (0,6 ± 0,894). No grupo de animais treinados durante 12 semanas o número médio de capilares foi maior (6,8 ± 3,033) do que no grupo sedentário (3,0 ± 2,345). O número médio de capilares entre os grupos treinados de 12 e 8 semanas também foi maior no primeiro, entretanto, não estatisticamente significante. O número médio de capilares do grupo sedentário de 12 semanas foi maior (3,0 ± 2,345) do que no grupo de 8 semanas (0,6 ± 0,894). CONCLUSÃO: Em animais com insuficiência arterial periférica induzida submetidos a treinamento de endurance, há um processo de adaptação muscular com um aumento no número de capilares.
Estudo do reparo ósseo com matriz óssea bovina desvitalizada e calcitonina em ratos
Authors: Sassioto Maria Cristina Pita , Inouye Celso Massaschi , Aydos Ricardo Dutra , Figueiredo Arthur Silveira de , Pontes Elenir Rose Jardim Cury , Takita Luiz Carlos
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Estudar o efeito da calcitonina no reparo de defeito femoral preenchido com matriz óssea bovina desvitalizada. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e oito ratos Wistar, machos e adultos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupo com 24 animais. Defeitos femorais bilaterais, com 2mm de diâmetro, foram produzidos na diáfise femoral e preenchidos com matriz óssea bovina desvitalizada. O grupo experimento recebeu 0,05mL de calcitonina, intramuscular, no pós-operatório imediato; o grupo controle recebeu 0,05mL de cloreto de sódio 0,9%. Os animais foram sacrificados com 7, 14 e 21 dias e os fêmures submetidos a avaliação clínica, microscópica e histométrica. Foram utilizados os testes "t" de Student, Kruskal-Wallis e Mann-Whitney para a análise estatística dos resultados. RESULTADOS: Os resultados clínicos não mostraram diferença entre os grupos controle e experimento. Microscopicamente, os defeitos mostraram reação inflamatória e formação óssea ativa nas proximidades da matriz óssea bovina. A análise quantitativa mostrou maior formação óssea nas fases iniciais da osteogênese reparadora no grupo experimento (Z=4,82 e Z=4,43), sem diferenças em relação à reação inflamatória em ambos grupos. CONCLUSÃO: O uso de calcitonina em defeitos preenchidos com matriz óssea bovina desvitalizada estimula a neoformação óssea com 7 e 14 dias de pós-operatório, mas não diminui a reação inflamatória.
Quimioembolização transarterial hepática: modelo experimental de tumor em ratos
Authors: Zarur Jamil M. , Barreto Marjorie S. Façanha , Diogenes Clarissa Alencar , Nascimento Germana Lopes do , Moraes Manoel Odorico
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Estabelecer um modelo de tumor no fígado de ratos para estudo do comportamento tumoral e avaliar o uso da quimiembolização transarterial. MÉTODOS: Utilizou-se oitenta e oito ratos Wistar, fêmeas, adultos, pesando entre 175- 284 g . Realizado incisão abdominal de 3 cm e implantou-se o carcinossarcoma de Walker 256 no lóbulo esquerdo do fígado. Dividiu-se em três grupos que receberam respectivamente 100x 10³ , 200x 10³ e 300x 10³ células tumorais, avaliado a pega do tumor e a sobrevida. Em outro grupo de experimento com 39 animais inoculados com tumor de Walker foi avaliado a sobrevida dos animais após infusão do 5-Flourouracil (5-FU) por via intra-peritoneal e intra-arterial. RESULTADOS: O implante do carcinossarcoma de Walker no fígado de ratos apresentou desenvolvimento de 100 %, teve um crescimento rápido e desenvolvimento de metástases tardiamente, levando os animais ao óbito entre o sétimo e décimo quinto dia. A quimiembolização transarterial é possível de ser realizada experimentalmente. O uso do 5-FU aumentou a sobrevida em comparação ao grupo controle. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo de implante do tumor de Walker no fígado de ratos é eficiente, de fácil reprodutibilidade, e sobrevida média de 9,96±0.3 dias. A quimioterapia transarterial hepática pode ser realizada experimentalmente para avaliar diversas drogas.
Análise radiológica da veia cava caudal em ratos Wistar
Authors: Schmidt Luciano Rodrigues , Cardoso Edson José , Schmidt Rogério Rodrigues , Silva Carlos Alberto Justo e , d'Acampora Armando José
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Apresentar um método de estudo angiográfico da veia cava caudal em ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar machos, com peso entre 300 a 350 gramas. Os animais foram operados com anestesia geral, utilizando-se injeção intraperiotoneal da solução de Cloridrato Ketamina e Cloridrato de 2-(2,6- xilidino) -5,6- dihidro-4H-1,3-tiazina. O contraste iodado foi injetado na veia dorsal do pênis do rato, utilizando uma agulha de calibre 21 acoplada ao sistema Butterfly® de infusão. O método de cavografia foi testado, no 15º dia de pós-operatório, em três grupos de 6 animais. O Grupo I foi o controle. Nos grupos II e III os animais foram submetidos respectivamente à ligadura da veia cava caudal acima e abaixo da desembocadura das veias íleo-lombares. No grupo IV à ligadura da veia ilíaca direita. RESULTADOS: Os exames flebográficos realizados permitiram observar a anatomia e a perviedade das veias que formam o sistema cava, e a circulação colateral desenvolvida, de todos os animais estudados. CONCLUSÃO: A cavografia por via peniana, permite a visibilidade das vias ilíacas e cava caudal, bem como a circulação colateral desenvolvida, em ratos machos.
Conseqüências no crescimento de maxila e mandíbula de defeito ósseo cirúrgico no ramo da mandíbula de ratos
Authors: Rodrigues Lucimar , Miyazaki Luciane Toshie , Luz João Gualberto de Cerqueira
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Analisar as conseqüências no crescimento de maxila e mandíbula de defeito ósseo cirúrgico simulando fratura no ramo da mandíbula. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 25 ratos Wistar com um mês de idade. Sob anestesia geral e por meio de incisão submandibular. Foi realizada osteotomia vertical no ramo da mandíbula do lado direito com emprego de motor cirúrgico. Após período de dois meses os animais foram sacrificados, os tecidos moles retirados e as hemimandíbulas desarticuladas. Foram realizadas incidências radiográficas axiais para o crânio e laterais para as hemimandíbulas. A seguir, por intermédio de um sistema de computador foram obtidas medidas lineares da maxila e das hemimandíbulas. Foi empregado o teste "t" de Student para verificação da significância da diferença entre os lados experimental e controle. RESULTADOS: A diferença foi significante para a altura do ramo (p=0,010) e comprimento da mandíbula referente ao côndilo (p=0,015) e ao ângulo (p<0,001), não havendo diferença significante para as mensurações da maxila. CONCLUSÃO: As conseqüências do defeito ósseo cirúrgico experimental no ramo da mandíbula na fase de crescimento foram a diminuição da altura do ramo e do comprimento da mandíbula.
Avaliação metabólica das lesões de isquemia e reperfusão cerebrais após oclusão bilateral das artérias carótidas comuns: estudo experimental em ratos
Authors: Muniz Luiz Roberto Franklin , Faria Mário Henrique Girão , Vasconcelos Paulo Roberto Leitão de
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Caracterizar as alterações no metabolismo energético após isquemia/reperfusão cerebral através de um modelo experimental de isquemia global reversível por simples oclusão das artérias carótidas comuns (ACCs) em ratos da linhagem Wistar. MÉTODOS: Quarenta e oito ratos Wistar machos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos (C - Controle; T - Teste) e cada um deles redistribuídos em quatro tempos de estudos. Após oclusão bilateral das ACCs por 30min, permitiu-se reperfusão aos animais do grupo T nos tempos 0, 5, 10 e 15min. Foram coletadas amostras de tecido cerebral e sangue arterial sistêmico e quantificados os metabólitos D-glicose (GLI), piruvato (PRV), lactato (LCT) e adenosina trifosfato (ATP). RESULTADOS: Observou-se aumento nos níveis sangüíneos de GLI e PRV de, respectivamente, 85,00% (p<0,05) e 51,72% (p<0,01) aos 5min de reperfusão, refletindo uma resposta sistêmica à lesão isquêmica cerebral. O LCT cerebral manteve-se estável, apesar da redução de 52,66% (p<0,05) na concentração sanguínea aos 15min de reperfusão. As concentrações cerebrais de ATP caíram 85,40% (p<0,05) após isquemia, seguindo-se aumento de 3.033,40% (p<0,05) aos 5min de reperfusão, evidenciando a retomada da respiração celular via cadeia fosforilativa. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo experimental proposto produziu isquemia global transitória parcial, com repercussão sistêmica. As maiores alterações metabólicas foram verificadas após os primeiros minutos de reperfusão, tipificando a lesão de reperfusão. Tais constatações mostram sua utilidade como ferramenta no estudo da fisiopatologia e de recursos terapêuticos da doença cerebrovascular isquêmica.
Proposta de um novo modelo experimental de indução de doença inflamatória intestinal
Authors: Repka João Carlos Domingues , Caron Pedro Ernesto , Belila Rodrigo Theodoro , Antunes Michel Wentz , Campos Filho José Tárcio de , Bortolletto Juliano Valério
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as lesões intestinais em ratos imunizados com proteínas intestinais murinas. MÉTODOS: Preparou-se suspensão a 40% de cólon de ratos normais em PBS pH7,4, seguida de maceração, purificação, inativação e eletrofocalização de proteínas. Com esta suspensão 20 ratos Wistar foram imunizados conforme as seguintes fases: sensibilização via SC e IM com antígeno emulsificado em adjuvante completo de Freund. Reforços via IM com suspensão antigênica pura. Nesta fase foram pesquisados anticorpos séricos anti-tecido colônico por imunodifusão e face à positividade, dez ratos foram submetidos à avaliação histológica do cólon e em outros dez, inoculação via IP com suspensão antigênica pura. Após seis dias apresentaram: blefarite, diarréia, apatia, hematoquesia e então submetidos à coleta de amostras do cólon para avaliação histológica. RESULTADOS: A suspensão antigênica apresentou oito bandas de proteínas, entre 100 a 420 kD. Nas amostras de cólon observaram-se histologicamente perda de criptas, edema da camada sub-mucosa e inflamação aguda. CONCLUSÃO: Foi possível reproduzir doença inflamatória intestinal em ratos a partir de imunização com antígenos protéicos intestinais da própria espécie. A presença de anticorpos séricos anti-intestino foi relacionada com as alterações histológicas encontradas no cólon de ratos imunizados.
Modelo videolaparoscópico de condicionamento isquêmico do estômago em ratos
Authors: Leme Luís Fernando Paes , Montero Edna Frasson de Souza , Del Grande José Carlos , Rinaldis Alessandro de , Fagundes Djalma José
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a exeqüibilidade do condicionamento isquêmico por videolaparoscopia e o seu efeito funcional, na parede gástrica de ratos. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos machos, EPM-1 Wistar foram submetidos a desvascularização gástrica proximal, por videolaparoscopia, com pressão intra-abdominal de pneumoperitônio de 4mmHg através da colocação de três trocartes na parede abdominal. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos de 10 animais cada de acordo com a data de sacrifício, ou seja, 7 (G7) e 14 (G14) dias para avaliação da perfusão da parede gástrica com fluxometria por laser-Doppler antes da desvascularização, 10 minutos após e 7 ou 14 dias de acordo com o grupo a que pertenciam. RESULTADOS: A fluxometria revelou melhora progressiva da perfusão gástrica principalmente no G14, após a desvascularização. CONCLUSÕES: O modelo de condicionamento isquêmico do estômago é exeqüível por videolaparoscopia. O condicionamento isquêmico permite o restabelecimento da perfusão sangüínea na parede gástrica.
Prevalência de Helicobacter em cães oriundos do biotério central da Universidade Estadual de São Paulo (UNESP)-Botucatu
Authors: Souza Maria Lúcia de , Kobayasi Shoiti , Rodrigues Maria Aparecida Marchesan , Saad-Hossne Rogério , Naresse Luiz Eduardo
Published: November 2006

OBJETIVO: Investigar a incidência de Helicobacter sp em cães oriundos do biotério central da UNESP. MÉTODOS: Utilizamos 109 cães oriundos do Biotério Central da UNESP Campus de Botucatu verificando a presença do Helicobacter sp através do exame de histopatologia corado pelo método Giemsa, pelo teste rápido de urease (TRU) e a prevalência de Helicobacter pylori pelo teste sorológico imunocromatográfico. RESULTADOS: O resultado para a presença de Helicobacter foi de 99% pela histopatologia e pelo TRU e 78,8% de prevalência para a espécie H. pylori pelo teste sorológico. CONCLUSÃO: As formas encontradas pela microscopia de imersão foram contrárias ao resultado do teste sorológico, sendo visibilzado formas compatíveis com a espécie H. heilmannii na maioria das amostras, e uma segunda forma de Helicobacter com características morfológicas distintas do H. pylori encontrado em humanos.
Skeletal muscle ischemia and reperfusion in rats increase lipid peroxidation in rats
Authors: Piccinato Carlos Eli , De Domenico Jr Armando , Jordão Jr Alceu Afonso , Vannucchi Helio
Published: November 2006

PURPOSE: To determine the effects of 30 minutes of ischemia followed by 30 minutes of reperfusion in skeletal muscle of rats receiving three different diets (supplemented, normal and vitamin E deficient) on lipoperoxidation (LP). METHODS: LP measured by TBARS levels, and plasma and hepatic concentrations of vitamin E measured by HPLC. RESULTS: The deficient group presented higher lipoperoxidation levels in muscle compared to the control and supplemented groups. CONCLUSION: Supplementation with vitamin E decrease the free radicals production in ischemia/reperfusion in skeletal muscle of rats.
Dynamic Presurgical Nasal Remodeling in Patients with Unilateral and Bilateral Cleft Lip and Palate: Modification to the Original Technique
Authors: Bennun Ricardo D. , Figueroa Alvaro A.
Published: November 2006

Objective:

To present technical modifications to the original presurgical nasal remodeling appliance introduced in 1991. The purpose of the modifications is to improve the cleft nasal deformity before unilateral and bilateral cleft lip repair.

Method:

The principle behind this technique, known as dynamic presurgical nasal remodeling (DPNR), is the use of the force generated during suction and swallowing. A conventional intraoral plate is built with a nasal extension added to the labial vestibular flange. The nasal extension was modified and consists of three components. The palatal plate is left loose in the mouth to generate a discontinuous but controlled impact directed to the affected nasal structures during suction and swallowing. The principle aim of the DPNR technique in unilateral cases is to improve the deformation of nasal structures by straightening the columella, elevating the nasal tip, and remodeling the depressed cleft side alar cartilages. In bilateral cases, the aims are to elongate the columella and to obtain nasal tip projection.

Conclusions:

The modifications introduced in the appliance enhance the original DPNR technique and are effective in ameliorating the initial cleft nasal deformity. This facilitates primary surgical cleft lip and nose correction and improves surgical outcomes in patients with complete unilateral and bilateral cleft lip and palate.
Road user charging and taxation
Authors: Bayliss D.
Published: November 2006

Recent changes in road user taxation and the prospect of road pricing through Transportation Innovation Fund schemes make a review of road taxes and charges timely. The reasons for imposing charges on road users are examined and a regime comprising a set of charges for infrastructure provision and maintenance as well as relevant external costs of road use is proposed as an alternative to the present arrangements. Depending on the assumptions made about the nature and scale of external costs, road users would pay more than they do currently but less than if the 6% per annum fuel duty escalator had been maintained. The efficiency of the road system would be significantly improved and its externalities reduced. The operation of the scheme would be enabled by the creation of a regulated utility entity—a national roads agency—responsible for the main road system, but with other roads remaining the responsibility of local highway authorities.
Accident savings overvalued in road scheme appraisal
Authors: Metz D.
Published: November 2006

The value of accident savings is commonly an important element of the economic benefit of a road improvement scheme, as estimated by standard cost–benefit methodology. The other important economic benefit is supposed to be the value of travel time savings. However, average travel time has remained constant for many years, which suggests that in the long term the benefits of road improvements are taken in the form of additional access to more distant destinations at higher speeds, rather than in the form of time savings. Such additional travel will result in extra accidents, which are not adequately taken into account in conventional economic appraisal methodology. The value of such extra accidents has been estimated for a number of UK highway schemes. On average the value of these accidents exceeds the value of the accident savings claimed for the schemes. Road improvements designed to reduce accidents therefore need to avoid increasing traffic speeds.
Behaviour of coated low-quality aggregates in road pavements
Authors: Al Nageim H. , Robinson H.
Published: November 2006

This paper examines the properties of low-quality natural gravel and clay aggregates coated with a newly developed coating paste and tests the effects of including these materials in a road pavement mixture. The investigation was divided into two main areas of study: chemical and physical testing; and the testing of a road mixture containing the coated aggregates, namely a porous wearing road course. The chemical testing involved a regime to show the affinity between the coating paste, coated and uncoated aggregates and bitumen in terms of adsorption, and desorption in the presence of water. A porous wearing-course pavement-surfacing layer was chosen as a suitable road material for testing the effects of the surface-modified gravel and clay aggregates on a road material's behaviour under traffic loadings, as it is a stone-matrix-dependent mixture and is currently enjoying increased acceptance within Europe as a driver-friendly, high-quality surfacing material. Tests applied included all the common tests for demonstrating the advantageous properties of the coated aggregates, such as the shear box test, surface roughness, repeat load axial tests and repeat load indirect tensile tests. Observations made during the testing programme showed that the coated aggregates displayed an outstanding and useful improvement in their chemical and physical properties over uncoated aggregates in almost all the areas tested.
Road user charging trends in Asia
Authors: Kovacs A.
Published: November 2006

Studies and debates on the introduction of road user charging, on the definition of an EU-wide European Electronic Tolling Service, and on the interpretation of the European Commission's Electronic Fee Collection Directive are currently in high gear in several EU countries. The basis of this paper is to promote a better-informed consideration of these issues through expanding our geographic and historic perspectives. When following the ongoing debate surrounding road user charging issues, it might be considered that this is a recent European issue. The reality is very different, however, as some Asian countries have many years' experience of road user charging. There certainly could be something to learn from that accumulated knowledge. Through an overview of electronic tolling systems in Asia, the focus is set on possible lessons that these countries might provide for us.
Influence of price and income on rail travel in Ireland
Authors: Ahern A. , Anandarajah G.
Published: November 2006

There are many factors that influence demand for rail travel, including rail and road travel time, ticket costs, fuel costs and income. This paper empirically examines the influence of per capita GDP and rail fares on intercity rail journeys using cointegration and error correction techniques. The price and income elasticity of demand for rail-passenger transport is estimated. The findings of this study are that rail passenger demand is elastic with price in the long term, having a value of −1·08, but it is inelastic with income in both the long and short run. The study recommends that reducing intercity rail fares could be one of the tools used to increase the demand for intercity rail passenger transport. That is, reducing the ticket price by 1% will increase the per capita number of journeys by intercity rail by slightly more than 1% in the long term. However, the authors point out that additional research is required to examine the impacts of other factors on railway demand, such as travel times, GDP and cross-price elasticities.
Generalized models for prediction of pentachlorophenol adsorption by natural soils
Authors: Christodoulatos Christos , Mohiuddin Mohammed
Published: November 2006

Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an ionogenic substance for which soil adsorption is a function of soil characteristics, solution composition, and pH. Generalized sorption models are developed to predict the sorption of PCP by natural soils. The proposed models use easily measured system variables as predictors, to capture the effects of soil, solution, and solute properties on the overall sorption process. Although these empirical models do not provide a mechanistic explanation of the process, they clearly demonstrate and quantify the correlation between the process variables and can be adapted to modeling of subsurface transport of PCP and to the design of soil remediation technologies, such as soil washing and bioremediation. Soil properties, such as cation‐exchange capacity, particle size distribution, and organic carbon content, and soil‐solution properties, such as soil‐to‐solution ratio and pH, and the aqueous solubility of PCP were found to be good predictors of the partitioning of this compound between the solid and the aqueous phases. The methodology developed here can be used to derive generalized nonlinear or log‐linear models for other ionogenic substances for which the organic carbon‐normalized partition coefficient does not adequately describe sorption by natural soils.
A new distal arthrogryposis syndrome characterized by plantar flexion contractures
Authors: Stevenson D.A. , Swoboda K.J. , Sanders R.K. , Bamshad M.
Published: November 2006

The distal arthrogryposis (DA) syndromes are a distinct group of disorders characterized by contractures of two or more different body areas. More than a decade ago, we revised the classification of DAs and distinguished several new syndromes. This revision has facilitated the identification of five genes (i.e., TNNI2, TNNT3, MYH3, MYH8, and TPM2) that encode components of the contractile apparatus of fast‐twitch myofibers and cause DA syndromes. We now report on the phenotypic features of a novel DA disorder characterized primarily by plantar flexion contractures in a large five‐generation Utah family. Contractures of hips, elbows, wrists, and fingers were much milder though they varied in severity among affected individuals. All affected individuals had normal neurological examinations; electromyography and creatinine kinase levels were normal on selected individuals. We have tentatively labeled this condition distal arthrogryposis type 10 (DA10). © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Blepharophimosis, corneal vascularization, deafness, and acroosteolysis: A “new” syndrome?
Authors: Warburg Mette , Ullman Susanne , Jensen Hanne , Pedersen Hans , Kobayashi Takasi , Russell Bjørn , Tranebjaerg Lisbeth , Richard Gabriele , Brøndum‐Nielsen Karen
Published: November 2006

We report on a patient with blepharophimosis who after unsuccessful surgery developed progressive corneal vascularization. The patient had conductive hearing loss, acroosteolysis of the phalanges, arthropathy, loss of subcutaneous fat of the hands, feet and face, and oligospermia. He had had spontaneous pneumothorax four times. We have found no similar case reports in the literature and suggest that this is a new syndrome, which must be differentiated from hereditary mucoepithelial dysplasia, mandibuloacral dysplasia, keratitis‐ichthyosis‐deafness syndrome, Hajdu–Cheney syndrome, Penttinen syndrome, and mucopolysaccharidoses. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
The reusability of induced knowledge for the automatic semantic markup of taxonomic descriptions
Authors: Cui Hong , Heidorn P. Bryan
Published: November 2006

To automatically convert legacy data of taxonomic descriptions into extensible markup language (XML) format, the authors designed a machine‐learning‐based approach. In this project three corpora of taxonomic descriptions were selected to prove the hypothesis that domain knowledge and conventions automatically induced from some semistructured corpora (i.e., base corpora) are useful to improve the markup performance of other less‐structured, quite different corpora (i.e., evaluation corpora). The “structuredness” of the three corpora was carefully measured. Basing on the structuredness measures, two of the corpora were used as the base corpora and one as the evaluation corpus. Three series of experiments were carried out with the MARTT (markuper of taxonomic treatments) system the authors developed to evaluate the effectiveness of different methods of using the n‐gram semantic class association rules, the element relative position probabilities, and a combination of the two types of knowledge mined from the automatically marked‐up base corpora. The experimental results showed that the induced knowledge from the base corpora was more reliable than that learned from the training examples alone, and that the n‐gram semantic class association rules were effective in improving the markup performance, especially on the elements with sparse training examples. The authors also identify a number of challenges for any automatic markup system using taxonomic descriptions.
Differential expression of CaMK‐II genes during early zebrafish embryogenesis
Authors: Rothschild Sarah C. , Lister James A. , Tombes Robert M.
Published: November 2006

CaMK‐II is a highly conserved Ca2+/calmodulin‐dependent protein kinase expressed throughout the lifespan of all vertebrates. During early development, CaMK‐II regulates cell cycle progression and “non‐canonical” Wnt‐dependent convergent extension. In the zebrafish, Danio rerio, CaMK‐II activity rises within 2 hr after fertilization. At the time of somite formation, zygotic expression from six genes (camk2a1, camk2b1, camk2g1, camk2g2, camk2d1, camk2d2) results in a second phase of increased activity. Zebrafish CaMK‐II genes are 92–95% identical to their human counterparts in the non‐variable regions. During the first three days of development, alternative splicing yields at least 20 splice variants, many of which are unique. Whole‐mount in situ hybridization reveals that camk2g1 comprises the majority of maternal expression. All six genes are expressed strongly in ventral regions at the 18‐somite stage. Later, camk2a1 is expressed in anterior somites, heart, and then forebrain. Camk2b1 is expressed in somites, mid‐ and forebrain, gut, retina, and pectoral fins. Camk2g1 appears strongly along the midline and then in brain, gut, and pectoral fins. Camk2g2 is expressed early in the midbrain and trunk and exhibits the earliest retinal expression. Camk2d1 is elevated early at somite boundaries, then epidermal tissue, while camk2d2 is expressed in discrete anterior locations, steadily increasing along either side of the dorsal midline and then throughout the brain, including the retina. These findings reveal a complex pattern of CaMK‐II gene expression consistent with pleiotropic roles during development. Developmental Dynamics 236:295–305, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comparative analysis of Gata3 and Gata2 expression during chicken inner ear development
Authors: Lilleväli Kersti , Haugas Maarja , Pituello Fabienne , Salminen Marjo
Published: November 2006

The inner ear is a complex sensory organ with hearing and balance functions. Gata3 and Gata2 are expressed in the inner ear, and to gain more insight into their roles in otic development, we made a detailed expression analysis in chicken embryos. At early stages, their expression was highly overlapping. At later stages, Gata2 expression became prominent in vestibular and cochlear nonsensory epithelia. In contrast to Gata2, Gata3 was mainly expressed in the developing sensory epithelia, reflecting the importance of this factor in the sensory–neural development of the inner ear. While the later expression patterns of both Gata3 and Gata2 were highly conserved between chicken and mouse, important differences were observed especially with Gata3 during early otic development, providing indications of divergent molecular control during placode invagination in mice and chickens. We also found indications that the regulatory hierarchy observed in mouse, where Gata3 is upstream of Gata2 and Fgf10, could be conserved in chicken. Developmental Dynamics 236:306–313, 2007. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Phase II analysis of paclitaxel and capecitabine in the treatment of recurrent or disseminated squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region
Authors: Bentzen Jens D , Hansen Hanne Sand
Published: November 2006

Background.

The aim of this phase II study was to evaluate the antitumor activity and toxicity of a non‐platin–containing regimen with paclitaxel and capecitabine.

Methods.

Fifty patients with recurrent or disseminated squamous cell carcinoma were included in the study. The treatment consisted of paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 once every third week and capecitabine 825 mg/m2 per oral (p.o.) twice daily (bid) for 2 weeks.

Results.

The overall response rate according to the World Health Organization (WHO) criteria was 42%. Two patients had a complete response (CR), 19 patients had a partial response (PR), 14 patients had no change (NC), 12 patients had progressive disease (PD), and 3 patients were not evaluable (NE). The median survival time was 8 months. Toxicity was very moderate. Only 10% of 315 delivered treatments had to be given in reduced dose or postponed for a week or more.

Conclusions.

The toxicity was low and manageable. The overall response rate was comparable to the commonly used cisplatin/5‐fluorouracil regimen. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 2007
Tuning the optical properties of hyperbranched polymers through the modification of the end groups
Authors: Sun Minghao , Bo Zhishan
Published: November 2006

Dye‐capped, hyperbranched, conjugated polymers were prepared by the modification of the peripheral bromo end groups of the hyperbranched polymer core with a palladium‐catalyzed Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling reaction. The dye‐modified, hyperbranched polymers had high molecular weights and displayed good solubility in common organic solvents such as tetrahydrofuran, toluene, and chloroform. The structure of the dye‐modified, hyperbranched polymers was characterized by 1H and 13C NMR and elemental analysis. The thermal properties of five kinds of hyperbranched polymers were investigated with thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. The optical properties of the dye‐capped, hyperbranched polymers were investigated with ultraviolet‐absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. The hyperbranched structure could effectively reduce the aggregation of the peripheral dyes. The emission colors of the hyperbranched polymers could be easily tuned by end‐group modification. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part A: Polym Chem 45: 111–124, 2007
Dietary fish oil and vitamin E enhance doxorubicin effects in P388 tumor‐bearing mice
Authors: Liu Qi‐Yuan , Tan Benny K. H.
Published: November 2006

In this study, four kinds of rodent diets, CO, FO, CVe, and FVe, were sued by addition of canola oil, oil mixture (fish oil + canola oil), canola oil plus vitamin E, and oil mixture plus vitamin E, respectively, to a basic diet, AIN‐93G, to investigate the influence of dietary fish oil and vitamin E on doxorubicin (DOX) treatment in P388 ascitic mice. Animal life span (LS) and heart damage were recorded in mice fed the four different diets and treated with different doses of DOX. The optimal doses of DOX for antitumor effect as manifested by increased LS were 6.0 and 9.0 mg/kg. Both fish oil and vitamin E significantly enhanced this effect. On the other hand, DOX at 12.0 mg/kg induced severe heart damage, which was also significantly aggravated by both fish oil and vitamin E, as shown by both decreased LS and increased serum creatine phosphokinase activity. Fish oil and vitamin E appeared to enhance the antitumor effect of optimal doses of DOX but to aggravate cardiotoxicity owing to DOX overdose.
Lauric acid is desaturated to 12∶1n−3 by hepatocytes and rat liver homogenates
Authors: Legrand Philippe , Catheline Daniel , Rioux Vincent , Durand Georges
Published: November 2006

Lauric acid desaturation was investigated and described in liver homogenates and in cultured rat hepatocytes. The identification of the desaturated product of lauric acid has been performed using the oxidative cleavage method, and we showed that the obtained monoene was mainly 12∶1n−3. This result suggests that lauric acid desaturation could be the first step in the biosynthesis of α‐linolenic acid in animal cells.
Lipid, FA, and sterol composition of New Zealand green lipped mussel (Perna canaliculus) and tasmanian blue mussel (Mytilus edulis)
Authors: Murphy Karen J. , Mooney Ben D. , Mann Neil J. , Nichols Peter D. , Sinclair Andrew J.
Published: November 2006

The lipid, FA, and sterol composition of the New Zealand green lipped mussel (NZGLM, Perna canaliculus) and of the Tasmanian blue mussel (TBM, Mytilus edulis) were compared using TLC‐FID and GC‐MS. The respective mussel species were obtained from three different sites in both New Zealand (NZ) and Tasmania. Lipid class distribution of both mussel species was characterized by a high proportion of phospholipid (PL, 57–79%) and TG (10–25%), FFA (7–12%), and sterols (ST, 12–18%). The NZGLM had higher proportions of TG, FFA, and ST (P<0.01), whereas the TBM had a higher proportion of PL (P<0.01). There were higher proportions of total PUFA, saturated FA, n−3 FA, and hydroxy and nonmethyleneinterrupted FA (P<0.05) in the TBM compared with the NZGLM. The major FA in the NZGLM were 16∶0 (15–17%), 20∶5n‐3 (14–20%), and 22∶6n‐3 (11–17%). The same FA dominated lipids in the TBM, although there were significantly higher proportions of 16∶0 (P=0.000) and 22∶6 n−3 (P=0.003) and lower proportions of 20∶5n‐3 (P=0.0072) in the TBM. A novel PUFA, 28∶8n‐3, was detected in both mussels with higher amounts in the TBM, which probably reflects a greater dietary contribution of dinoflagellates for this species. Cholesterol was the dominant sterol in both mussels. Other major sterols included brassicasterol, 22‐methylcholesterol, trans‐22‐dehydrocholesterol, and desmosterol. There were significant differences (P<0.05) between the NZGLM and TBM for 12 of the 20 sterols measured. Six sterols showed significant site differences for the NZGLM, and 10 for the TBM. The differences in the FA and sterol composition between the two species may be due to the diet of the NZGLM being more diatom‐derived and the diet of the TBM having a greater dinoflagellate component.
Method for analysis of 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal with solid‐phase microextraction
Authors: Uchida Tatsuhiro , Gotoh Naohiro , Wada Shun
Published: November 2006

A simple analytical method for 4‐hydroxy‐2‐(E)‐nonenal (HNE) using solid‐phase microextraction (SPME) fiber was developed. HNE or the derivative of HNE formed by reaction with 2,4‐dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH) was extracted from the sample solution by immersing the SPME fiber into the solution, and the amount of HNE was quantified by HPLC. The extraction conditions of HNE and HNE‐DNPH were examined, using standard solutions, with respect to fiber coating, NaCl concentration, rate of stirring, adsorption temperature, and adsorption time. The recovery of HNE reached 80%, and the quantification limits of HNE and HNE‐DNPH using standard compounds were 14.1 pmol/10 mL and 486.5 fmol/10 mL, respectively. This method can be applied to the detection of HNE in oxidized oil or samples of porcine liver.
Positional distribution of FA in TAG of enzymatically modified borage and evening primrose oils
Authors: Namal Senanayake S. P. J. , Shahidi Freidoon
Published: November 2006

Stereospecific analysis was carried out to establish positional distribution of FA in the TAG of DHA, EPA, and (EPA+DHA)‐enriched oils. In this study, TAG of enzymatically modified oils were purified using a silicic acid column. The TAG were then subjected to positional distribution analysis using a modified procedure involving reductive cleavage with Grignard reagent. The results showed that in DHA‐enriched borage oil (BO), DHA was randomly distributed over the three positions of TAG, whereas γ‐linolenic acid (GLA) was mainly esterified at the sn‐2 and‐3 positions. In DHA‐enriched evening primrose oil (EPO), however, DHA and GLA were concentrated in the sn‐2 position. In EPA‐enriched BO, EPA was randomly distributed over the three positions of TAG, similar to that observed for DHA. In EPA‐enriched EPO, however, this FA was mainly located at the primary positions (sn‐1 and sn‐3) of TAG. In both oils, GLA was preferentially esterified at the sn‐2 position. In (EPA+DHA)‐enriched BO, EPA and DHA were mainly esterified at the sn‐1 and ‐3 positions of TAG, whereas GLA was mainly located at the sn‐2 position. In (EPA+DHA)‐enriched EPO, GLA was mainly located at the sn‐2 and‐3 positions; EPA was preferentially esterified at the sn‐1 and‐3 positions, and DHA was found mainly at the sn‐3 position.