bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
“A Negro Who Sings German Lieder Jeopardizes German Culture”
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on Black musicians under the shadow of Nazism. It cites how Black classical musicians are proof of German music's transformative powers. However, the other side of the argument defended German music against outsiders. By the late 1930s, a majority of Black musicians had fled Central Europe and those who remained fronted persecution, violence, and death. The universality of German music was used to explain why someone should or should not be permitted to perform the music of Bach, Beethoven, and Brahms. However, the supposed universalizing processes died when Black classical musicians could no longer be protected from white violence.
Conclusion
Authors: Thurman Kira
Published: July 2022

This chapter shares the concluding remarks on Black people's relationship to German music. The chapter acknowledges how it tried to unearth hidden racial logic and the presence of Black people on German stages. German music's supposed universality became part of Germany's strategies of rehabilitation and renewal of soldiers. Black performances of German music have routinely exposed the music's political, national, and racial affiliations, despite its claims of universalism. The chapter notes how Black Germans have historically taken the brunt of the violent process of aural bifurcation between Blackness and whiteness in German history. It insists that Black people have been part of musical history all along.
Left in the Center
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This book shows the surprising relationship between Democratic socialism and mainstream American politics. Beginning in 1944 and lasting until 2002, the Liberal Party offered voters an ideological seal of approval and played the role of strategic kingmaker in the electoral politics of New York State. The party helped elect presidents, governors, senators, and mayors, and its platform reflected its founders' social democratic principles. In practical politics, the Liberal Party's power resided in its capacity to steer votes to preferred Democrats or Republicans with a reasonable chance of victory. This uneasy balance between principle and pragmatism, which ultimately proved impossible to maintain, is at the heart of the dramatic political story presented in the book. The Liberal Party, the longest-lived of New York's small parties, began as a means for anti-Communist social democrats to have an impact on the politics and policy of New York City, Albany, and Washington, DC. It provided a political voice for labor activists, independent liberals, and pragmatic social democrats. Although the party devolved into what some saw as a cynical patronage machine, it remained a model for third-party power and for New York's influential Conservative and, later, the Working Families parties. With an active period ranging from the successful senatorial career of Jacob Javits to the mayoralties of John Lindsay and Rudy Giuliani, the Liberal Party effectively shaped the politics and policy of New York. The practical gains and political cost of that complicated trade-off is at the heart of the book.
Introduction
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter provides an overview of the Liberal Party of New York State. This story of political rise and fall has much to say about both the meaning and the shifting fortunes of American liberalism in the second half of the twentieth century. The Liberal Party and the larger current it represented synthesized Liberal and radical traditions. With no explicit mention of socialism, they called more vaguely for “social justice,” “industrial” or “economic democracy,” a politics of “social responsibility,” or even a “cooperative commonwealth.” American social democracy was stronger in some parts of the country than others, and New York was one of its bastions. In its heyday, New York social democracy sought to provide the city's working-class citizens with a decent standard of living through an expansion of the public and cooperative spheres, social welfare programs, and regulation of private enterprise. New York's social democracy had national implications, informing such initiatives as the 1949 Housing Act.
Liberal Crusades and Backroom Deals
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter evaluates how, after Rudolph Halley's exciting election to the citywide post of city council president in 1951, the liberal rank and file was eager for another crusade in the mayoral election of 1953. The leadership, as usual, was not too sure, and looked to fuse with one of the major parties. But when no deal was forthcoming, the rank and file got what it wanted, and Halley ran another independent campaign, this time for mayor. In that election, however, the candidacy of the liberal Democrat Robert Wagner made it difficult for the Liberals to make a clear case that set them apart from the progressive wings of the other parties. This question continued to be a vexing one in subsequent elections, as the Liberals also sometimes found themselves in cahoots even with their ostensible enemies in Tammany Hall. In the meantime, however, they helped elect a governor and continued to play a role in national politics.
New Frontiers
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter assesses how, at the beginning of the 1960s, the Liberal Party was at the height of its influence, punching above its weight in presidential elections and playing a leading role in rebranding Mayor Robert Wagner as a reformer. It stuck to its traditional social democratic stance. But both the demography and the politics of New York were changing around it, and the party had difficulty adjusting itself to the new realities. Not only was its accustomed base shrinking, but it faced rivals on the left in the Reform Democrats, and on the right in the form of a new Conservative Party, modeled explicitly on the Liberals but ready to battle it for Row C on the ballot. For a time, however, the dangers facing the party were obscured by its successes. Going into the 1960 presidential election, Liberal sentiment was divided between Adlai Stevenson, making his third run for the office, and senators John F. Kennedy and Hubert Humphrey. Once Kennedy won his party's nomination, the Liberals worked hard on his behalf in New York.
Liberal Victory and Liberalism in Turmoil
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter addresses how the Liberal Party suffered from the general crisis of liberalism in the 1960s, as issues such as the Vietnam War, African American militancy, and cultural change came to define the political debate and divided liberals among themselves and from their base. Many Americans came to associate liberalism with a whole catalog of ills linked to a decline of common moral values. Most ominously for the party, Jewish liberalism frayed around the edges, as some in the community began to question what they saw as liberal neglect of Jewish interests in an exaggerated concern for the civil rights of others. While Jews did not repudiate liberalism to the extent some others did, many concurred with other white ethnics that Black equality was moving “too fast.” They adopted a defensive posture and many turned their backs on the liberalism they had once supported.
The End of the Rose Era
Authors: Soyer Daniel
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores how, entering the 1970s, following John Lindsay's reelection, the Liberal Party remained influential. Politicians still beat their paths to the party's door to appeal for its support, and in 1974 the Liberals helped elect a governor. And the party still endorsed a progressive program. But at other times, the Liberal Party seemed a hollow shell, held together by the constant machinations of its de facto leader, vice chair Alex Rose. Moreover, the party seemed like nothing but the kind of political machine that it professed to despise, and Rose seemed like nothing but an old-fashioned boss. And there were times that even Rose's supposed political genius could not carry the Liberals to electoral victory. Nevertheless, when Rose died at the end of 1976, the party lost both its connection to its ideological origins and its chief political asset.
Andrei Bitov
Authors: Vergara José
Published: July 2022

This chapter displays how the younger Andrei Bitov recognized that Soviet policies disrupted literature's natural progression, resulting in a sense of belatedness for his “post-” generation: post-Stalin, post-Thaw, and newly postmodern. The Joycean intertext in Bitov's celebrated novel Pushkin House (Pushkinskii dom, 1964–71) spotlights the sources of the author's anxiety of influence and the character arc of his protagonist, Leva Odoevtsev. The latter attempts to rewrite his past by proposing alternative father figures but falters due to a distorted historical perspective. The chapter then demonstrates how Bitov uses his novel, and its extended conversation with Ulysses, to show how a writer can escape the self-imposed limitations that come with comparing himself with predecessors, even while taking joy in quoting from past works, including those of James Joyce. Through the responsible comparative readings, the chapter reveals how the combination of Bitov's circle and the accumulated effect of these various overt and covert allusions suggests a major response to Joyce.
Mikhail Shishkin
Authors: Vergara José
Published: July 2022

This chapter analyzes how Russian writers fit into history after the fall of the Soviet Union. For Mikhail Shishkin, this reckoning—an awareness of how Russian culture had fallen behind the times—presented both a shock and an opportunity. The chapter then emphasizes that Shishkin's third novel, Maidenhair, which blends characters, plotlines, and time frames almost indiscriminately, is read in the context of James Joyce's innovations in both Ulysses and Finnegans Wake. Shishkin's Maidenhair takes yet another path in its response to Stephen Dedalus's “Scylla and Charybdis” theory. To be sure, he remains just as fascinated and engaged with the literary word as a world-building tool. But in his response to Joyce, a new element, namely, an effort to merge traditions and to reintegrate Russian literature into world culture after the Soviet experiment, emerges. The chapter aims to show the interconnectedness of seemingly disparate cultures and traditions and to give Russian letters equal footing on the world stage after the catastrophic Soviet era.
Introduction
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter focuses on how Harry Garfield became an active Wilsonian internationalist. Williamstown became the most important American counterpart to internationalist havens such as Geneva or The Hague after liberal internationalists inspired by Woodrow Wilson's vision were figuring out how to move forward after the United States Senate's decisive rejection of the League of Nations. The chapter expounds on the close relationship between Garfield and Wilson and the construction of the Institute of Politics (IOP). Additionally, the IOP was noteworthy for the connections it fostered between academic specialists and policymakers. The chapter mentions the vital role Garfield and the IOP played in the growth of liberal internationalism in America following the Second World War.
Lost Visions
Authors: McAllister James
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the closure of the Institute of Politics (IOP). In the 1932 IOP session, Harry Garfield announced that the Institute would no longer hold sessions unless a permanent financial endowment was raised. Even then, any future IOP was said to be organized with a different model. The Great Depression made it impossible for Garfield to raise the money necessary for a permanent endowment. After the announcement, Garfield received numerous expressions of gratitude for the work of the Institute and detailed proposals for improvement instead of speculative offers of financial support. The chapter expounds on the life and death of Garfield, who accepted his Wilsonian idealism that was not particularly relevant to the world.
Introduction
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This introductory chapter shows how nationalism, religion, antisemitism, and anticommunism fueled Romania’s “holy war” from 1941 to 1944. Romanian soldiers believed they participated in a just war against Soviet aggression. Indeed, shared antisemitism, anticommunism, and to a much lesser extent anti-Slavism, bound Romania to Nazi Germany. So much so that the Romanian Army closely collaborated with the German Army in Adolf Hitler’s “war of annihilation.” While anti-Slav racism was less prevalent than in the German Army, the Romanian Army was anxious to take vengeance on Jews in eastern Romania, whom it accused of treachery, and it was more than willing to back the S.S. in implementing the “Final Solution” in the Soviet Union. Romania’s holy war consisted of two interlinked campaigns: fighting on the front, and slaughtering Jews and communists in the rear. The same ideology that justified sacrifice in battle also predisposed Romanian soldiers toward genocide against Jews.
1941: Holy War and Holocaust
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This chapter argues that when faith in victory was highest in summer and fall 1941, the Romanian Army perpetrated the most atrocities against Jews. Soldiers commit two varieties of atrocity, either “hot-blooded” or “cold-blooded.” A hot-blooded atrocity occurs when soldiers come under fire, especially if they suffer casualties, triggering a primal reaction of fear and anger resulting in the criminal murder of civilians or prisoners of war. In 1941, the myth of Jewish betrayal in 1940 contributed to a paranoia among Romanian soldiers of guerrillas—the franc-tireurs (literally “free shooter”)—lurking in the rear. As a consequence, Romanian troops targeted alleged Jewish communists for reprisals after losing comrades or experiencing a defeat. A cold-blooded atrocity results from a policy to brutalize and kill those who resist the occupier, in order to deter others or any who were members of a group deemed a threat by the occupier.
Epilogue
Authors: Harward Grant T.
Published: July 2022

This concluding chapter explains how Romania switched sides in late summer 1944 and reluctantly fought alongside the Soviet Union until the end of the war in spring 1945. Romania had delayed negotiating an armistice for as long as possible, in part because the Antonescu regime feared that if it tried, Nazi Germany would occupy the country and replace the government with a Legionary puppet regime, but primarily because most Romanians abhorred the idea of the U.S.S.R. seizing control of their homeland. Indeed, Romania’s alliance with the U.S.S.R. against Nazi Germany proved unpopular. Furthermore, Nazi Germany, while initially cordial regarding the divorce, eventually attempted to attack its erstwhile ally. To conclude, the chapter reflects on Romania’s holy war as well as the nation’s high body count on the eastern front during the Second World War.
Introduction
Authors: Thomas Roger K.
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces Nomura Bōtō, a loyalist nun from Fukuoka who left a substantial corpus of poetry and prose writings and played a role in shaping the events in northern Kyushu and western Honshu. The chapter expounds on the rise of waka, which is a legacy of an age prior to foreign influences. Moreover, Bōtō's experiences illustrate the traditional poetry genre, class structure, and changing role of women in late Tokugawa Japan alongside the chiliastic atmosphere in some sectors of Bakumatsu society. The chapter also notes the Japanese concept of millenarianism wherein the user attempts to incongruously impose Western concepts.
Loyalist
Authors: Thomas Roger K.
Published: July 2022

This chapter tackles the loyalist side of Nomura Bōtō. The imperial family and what it represented came to define the contours of much political discourse during the Bakumatsu period. The growing social consciousness of the loyalist movement displayed characteristics of being progressive. The chapter explains the principles and paradoxes of loyalism in Bakumatsu Japan and Fukuoka. It also includes Bōtō's shift to activism following her return from the capital and the influence of Hirano Kuniomi. Bōtō's letters to the capital show her increasing concern for the loyalist cause. Her political and social vision was in complete accord with the most radical of the loyalists.
Diaries
Authors: Thomas Roger K.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the diaries that Nomura Bōtō wrote. Sasaki Nobutsuna gives praises to Bōtō's work in line with his compilation. Accusations rose of Sasaki cleaning up and editing Bōtō's literary work with regards to the unflattering description of her illness. However, the doubts were dropped since Bōtō had copies for public consumption. The chapter mentions how the construction of a diary differs whether it is intended for an audience. It includes excerpts of Bōtō's travel accounts. Bōtō's longest and best-known diary is Counting Dreams, which covers her views about the activity of diary keeping and journal writing. Her struggles of shifting between the styles of classicism and politicization had been apparent in the collection as well.
Legacy
Authors: Thomas Roger K.
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the legacy Nomura Bōtō left. Bōtō was initially portrayed as a mother of the loyalists or a valiant woman. However, Ogawa Sumako raised an argument on how the new age sparked a tendency to edit the history of Bakumatsu into the history of Restoration. Bōtō was then included in the pantheon of heroines in the Imperial Restoration. The historiography in the early years of Meiji was marked by the progressivism of the so-called enlightenment thought. Bōtō's martial spirit is always balanced with virtues considered feminine. The chapter highlights the significance of Bōtō's figure as a loyalist during and after the war.
Conclusion
Authors: Thomas Roger K.
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the tendency of disciplinary divisions to narrow the views and importance of figures while using Nomura Bōtō as a reference. It mentions how Bōtō's life is illustrative of Bakumatsu's society and culture. The Bakumatsu period saw the weakening of the waka establishment in line with the decentralization of literary activity. Moreover, the Bakumatsu period witnessed the breakdown of class boundaries and gender roles in society. The chapter also addresses the chiliastic atmosphere being solved through class fluidity and the millenarian worldview. It uses the life of Shibue Io as an example of the aforementioned changes. The chapter then explains how liminality could help understand Bōtō's mature vision.
Honorable Self and Villainous Other
Authors: Harrisville David A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter displays an overview of the Wehrmacht's moral value systems, including both Nazi morality and more traditional values. It presents a new perspective by focusing not only on their significance for soldiers' motivations but also how ethical principles were deployed on both the institutional and individual levels to construct an “honorable” self-image that eased complicity in the Vernichtungskrieg and influenced how the army was viewed by the German public. As it outlines the rhetorical construction of decency, the chapter pays particular attention to exploring the wide range of value systems in the Wehrmacht and their relationship to Nazi morality. It challenges the notion that the military had completely discarded all reference to pre-Nazi norms before or during Barbarossa and demonstrates instead that traditional beliefs about right and wrong continued to impact the army's rhetoric and actions even as the influence of Nazi ideology intensified. The chapter argues that it was the military's ability to maintain at least the trappings of legality—to give soldiers and their relatives a reason to believe in their own decency, by whatever standards they defined it—that continued to inspire men of all backgrounds to pursue Nazi goals, goals that seemed all the more appealing when translated into the familiar language of good and evil.
Rationalizing Atrocities
Authors: Harrisville David A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks at how soldiers wrote about crimes they attributed to their enemies and violations committed by their own side, with an emphasis on the year 1941, when these subjects were most strongly present in their writings. It argues that soldiers frequently turned to a series of moral rationalizations, rather than ideology alone, to justify their actions and defend their image to their readers. Together with their superiors, they simultaneously accused their enemies of flagrant breaches of international law. Studying how German soldiers depicted their own atrocities, the chapter provides us with a better understanding of the relationship between front and home front, above all how men in the field wielded the power of the pen to alter the interpretive framework within which recipients viewed the war, even at the point where their self-image was most vulnerable. The chapter helps address the question of how much the German public knew of the Holocaust and the Wehrmacht's murderous activities in the East, a subject that has long been of interest to historians.
The “Crusaders”
Authors: Harrisville David A.
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on the role of religion in the Wehrmacht. It adopts a more wholistic approach to the history of religion in the Wehrmacht during the USSR campaign, one that takes account of the attitudes of soldiers of both confessions; the impressions of chaplains, propagandists, and military commanders; and the influence of German church leaders and the Nazi ruling class. The chapter also describes how soldiers clad themselves in the mantle of religious piety and, with the backing of the churches and the tacit support of Nazi leaders, framed the war as a crusade against “godless” communism. Soldiers and chaplains paired this rhetoric with a number of dramatic gestures, including the reopening of Soviet churches, which allowed them to imagine themselves as saviors returning religious freedom to a persecuted populace. The chapter shows that religion, in fact, played a major role in the experience of ordinary combatants and became an important element in the army's efforts to employ traditional values to cast itself as a morally worthy organization pursuing a noble goal.
Who Sings?
Authors: Nono Grace
Published: July 2022

This chapter is an ethnography of full-fledged, Agusan-Manobo woman baylan (ritual specialist) Lordina “Undin” Potenciano and young woman baylan novice Robilyn Coguit. There are also important contributions from ex-baylan Agusan-Manobo pastor Jose Havana and his wife and fellow pastor, Florencia. The chapter weaves the baylan's and baylan novice's embodied voices with the Agusan-Manobo peoples' larger histories and variegated responses to colonization, missionization, internal colonialism, formal education, modern medicine, development, armed conflict, and human–spirit relations. By focusing on the baylan's ritual and nonritual voices in song and speech, the chapter contests the longstanding construction of the babaylan as incarcerated in the silent pasts, bringing to the fore ritual specialists' historical agency and Native theories of voice, listening, and translation. The chapter is based on interviews and ritual participation in La Paz and Bunawan in Agusan del Sur, and in Quezon City and Tondo in Metro Manila.
Shifting Voices and Malleable Bodies
Authors: Nono Grace
Published: July 2022

This chapter focuses on T'boli woman tau m'ton bu (someone who sees, ritual specialist) and singer Mendung Sabal, with important contributions to the text by Mendung's cousin, Myrna Pula. It introduces intersectional analysis to a T'boli epic song accused of promoting women's subjugation. It also complicates gender complementarity, feminist associations of the babaylan with women's high status, and individualist understandings of women's power. Next, the chapter looks into the experiences of two contemporary Blaan female to male transgender nungaru (persons who know), putting these in conversation with currently circulating theories of gender and sexuality. This chapter is on interviews and participation in gatherings in Lake Sebu, South Cotabato; Malungon, Sarangani; Bunawan, Agusan del Sur; and Quezon City, Metro Manila.
Song Travels
Authors: Nono Grace
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores two generations of Ifugao mumbaki (ritual specialists) in the persons of Philippines-based male mumbaki Bruno “Buwaya” Tindongan and his son, transnational male mumbaki Mamerto “Lagitan” Tindongan. It also carries important contributions to the text by baki followers, allies, and detractors in the Philippines and in the United States, among them Lagitan's neo-shaman teachers and associates and other Filipino Americans. The chapter contests the discursive confinement of the babaylan in ancestral homelands, emphasizing a Native ritual specialist's multiple emplacements. It also complicates portrayals of land-based ritual specialists as uncolonized and nonmodern. The chapter draws on interviews and ritual participation in Banaue, Ifugao; Bunawan, Agusan del Sur; Quezon City, Metro Manila; Athens, Ohio; Los Angeles, California; Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Queens, New York; Wallingford, Connecticut; and Ontario, Canada.
Friedrich List’s Idiosyncratic Synthesis
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses Friedrich List's idiosyncratic synthesis. While embracing the ideas of economic liberalism, List's 1841 book was a new version of neomercantilist ideology that soon attracted supporters around the world. Similar to Alexander Hamilton, List prioritized the cultivation of national independence due to the concern of the conflictual nature of international relations. He also lists numerous reasons why local manufacturing would boost a country's wealth, which includes the economic costs of relying on unstable foreign markets for agricultural exports and the economic gains of a more diversified economy comprising both industrial and agricultural activity. The chapter also expounds on List's case for strategic trade protectionism.
The Global Influence and Adaptation of Carey’s Ideas
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the global influence and adaptation of Henry Carey's ideology. It clarifies Carey's ideas are less studied compared to Friedrich List, despite playing an important role in building support for protectionism in numerous countries after the mid-nineteenth-century highpoint of enthusiasm for free trade across the world, especially in the United States and Germany. Until some Republicans began to express support for a more offensive style of neomercantilism similar to List's, Carey's ideas continued to be the main intellectual defense of the US trade protectionism. In Germany, List's infant-industry case had lost its relevance as the industry had become more advanced. Thus, support for protectionism grew in Germany.
Local Origins in Japan
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter notes the local origins of neomercantilism in Japan. The historical roots of East Asian neomercantilism are often linked to the importation of Western neomercantilist ideas to Japan after the Meiji Restoration. Many East Asian pioneers of neomercantilist thought were more inspired by local and regional mercantilist traditions than by engagement with the ideas of Western neomercantilists such as Friedrich List and Henry Carey. Most of the Japanese neomercantilist ideology in the Meiji period is built on mercantilist thought from Tokugawa Japan and older Chinese mercantilist ideas. The chapter explores the neomercantilism ideologies of Ōkubo Toshimichi, Fukuzawa Yukichi, and Maeda Masana in the early Meiji years.
Practitioners in Egypt, Poland, and Latin America
Authors: Helleiner Eric
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into neomercantilist ideas in Egypt, Poland, and Latin America in the pre-1939 era. In Egypt, Muhammad Ali introduced the most ambitious neomercantilist policies anywhere in the world during that time. Ali transformed Egypt into a major economic and military power in its region through a series of subimperial reforms. Xawery Drucki-Lubecki, on the other hand, pursued bold neomercantilist policies of the modern industrial economy when he was finance minister of Poland in 1820. The chapter also discusses the neomercantilist policies and policymakers in Latin America. It highlights the diverse origins of neomercantilist ideology beyond the Listian intellectual world.
The Gathering Storm
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter describes the time when Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev became a serving diplomat attached to the Russian Embassy to the Sublime Porte in Constantinople. This life was hugely more to his liking than his time in Petersburg. The sights and sounds of this new world stimulated Leontiev's aesthetic sensibilities to an extraordinary degree. In addition, the chapter shows how the repeated clashes between Leontiev's “extensive” personality and the restraints of his environment in Russia reinforced a deep cleavage in his psyche with which he had difficulty coping. His life in the East thus offered the opportunity of resolving these conflicts, at least to some extent. These inner conflicts also found literary expression in the cycle of short stories Leontiev wrote building on his experiences of life in the Ottoman lands, a series of well-observed psychological sketches which appeared under the collective title Scenes from the Life of Christians in Turkey.
Desperate Times
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter follows Leontiev's life during the 1860s, including his waning career in the East as well as his increasingly difficult familial life. By this time the evidence suggests that the attempt to live by aesthetic values alone was foundering. Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev had come to feel the need for a moral framework capable of comprehending the disillusionment that lurks behind any cult of beauty and strength in a capricious and uncertain world. His chosen escape would eventually be the adoption of a severe and uncompromising version of Orthodox Christianity. Before that, however, he would make one last and desperate attempt to achieve a synthesis of the aesthetic and the ethical, of duty and desire, which might provide some firm footing in the treacherous morass that his existence had become.
Russians, Greeks, and Slavs
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter turns to the critical watershed in Leontiev's life: his existential crisis on his sickbed in Salonika. Following his physical recovery and what he styled his “inner rebirth” and “violent conversion to personal Orthodoxy,” Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev spent a year in the Orthodox monastic community on Mount Athos seeking ordination as a monk. As he was aware, this was a particularly bad moment for a serving Russian diplomat to be there. This was because it was at the height of a passionate religious dispute between the Greeks and Bulgars, which meant that his presence on the Holy Mountain was bound to be interpreted by the former as Pan-Slavist intrigue. Indeed, it caused a furore in the Greek Press in Constantinople.
Blood Is Not Enough
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores Leontiev's Byzantinism and Slavdom (2020) together with another book about the same subject, Nikolai Yakovlevich Danilevsky's Russia and Europe (1871). The principal aim of Russia and Europe is, as its subtitle suggests, an examination of the Slavic World's Political and Cultural Relations with the Germano-Roman West. Like Leontiev, Danilevsky expounds a fully fledged historicist view of human social and political development from the time of the ancient Greeks and Egyptians to the unification of Germany by Bismarck. At least at one level, that of style and readability, it would be hard to imagine two books ostensibly about the same subject as dissimilar as these two works. Nonetheless, it has to be said that there is little in Leontiev's theories of the state and historical development, and in his attitude toward the West, which is not foreshadowed in Russia and Europe.
The Beginning of Wisdom
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter is an overview of Leontiev's religious views. It reveals the components of his vision of the future of mankind gradually falling into place. Here, the spiritual crisis of 1871 in Salonika and the flight to Athos marked the end of Leontiev's attempt to live according to the dictates of his aesthetic worldview. What he now styled his “beautiful but vaguely pantheistic mirage” of a life based on the creation and contemplation of the beautiful and on the search for self-fulfillment in external things had proven unsustainable in the face of imminent annihilation. Something more durable was needed; something that might outlive the flesh. The last twenty years of his life, following this “inner rebirth,” would be characterized by an attempt to live according to the dictates of an Orthodox Christianity of a severely ascetic and mystical temper.
The Feudalism of the Future
Authors: Cronin Glenn
Published: July 2022

This chapter examines the ultimate evolution of Leontiev's socio-political and religious ideas. These in particular unfolded under the influence of a towering figure in late nineteenth-century Russian thought, the philosopher and theologian Vladimir Solovyev. Although Konstantin Nikolaevich Leontiev and Solovyev had met as early as February 1878, the first sign of Solovyev exerting a direct influence on Leontiev's ideas comes in the third of the latter's Letters on Eastern Affairs of 1882. Leontiev's specific debt to Solovyev in this Letter is for his support of the necessity of a hierarchy in the church as a reflection of God's heavenly hierarchy. More generally though, in the period up to the mid-1880s, Leontiev seems to have been attracted by Solovyev's critique of “abstract” Western philosophical systems and his theoretical subordination of philosophy to theology in such works as his Critique of Abstract Principles and Religious Foundations of Life.
Unaccompanied Children and Unfit Mothers
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the tragedy of unaccompanied children and unfit mothers following the war. During this period, children robbed of their mothers became the most poignant symbol of the cruelties of war. The International Refugee Organization (IRO) filed a story about a family in the Beth Bialek displaced persons camp which aimed to humanize the refugee problem and to attract organizations or individuals to sponsor families. Alongside the publicity, IRO desks were flooded with adoption offers by American and British couples. However, child welfare workers were shocked to discover that many children alleged to be illegitimate offspring of forced laborers were in fact kidnapped children.
The Children Left Behind
Authors: Balint Ruth
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the tragic dilemma faced by families with disabled children whose applications for resettlement out of the displaced persons camps in Allied-occupied Europe were rejected. The policies and practices of immigration by resettlement nations were vital in these decisions. Democracies excluded a long list of undesirables, such as people with mental or physical disabilities. Migration policies hinted at nationalist eugenics based on the “fit” body is central to the administration of displaced persons medicine. The voices of disabled children's families are only glimpsed through the bureaucratic machinery. The chapter notes the limits of the new humanitarianism that made the unity of the family its cornerstone.
Introduction
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter introduces rating agencies. It clarifies that rating agencies are not financial institutions. Rating agencies played a big role in the lowering cost of debt financing which challenged the traditional role of banks. On the other hand, the financial crisis that started in 2007 remains an enigma as rating agencies became key players in the germination of the financial crisis. The agencies deliver impartial information and judgments on the likely repayment of securities in the future. The chapter explains how the book looks into different views on what happened with the financial crisis in 2007. It lists the contributions of rating agencies, such as the incorporation of future events and rating claims on the flow of mortgage funds.
The Agencies and Financial Innovation
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the financial innovation of rating agencies. The agencies were founded following the 1907 crash and matured during the Great Depression in the 1930s. In 2007, discussions of what became known as the global financial crisis revolved around new securities referred to collectively as structured finance. The chapter regards structured finance as a promise to repay the lender or investor. Securitization involved several different institutions buying and selling financial assets from each other, which is supported by probity and creditworthiness. Rating agencies have been viewed on Wall Street as reluctant to anticipate changes in credit quality. The chapter also tackled the concept of repurchase agreements.
Aftermath
Authors: Sinclair Timothy J.
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the survival of agencies. Moody's, S&P, and Fitch remain highly profitable and key institutions in the capital markets. Rating agencies purport to solve an information issue in disintermediated capital markets. The persistence of an existing system in the absence of compelling reasons for change can explain its continued operation. The continued dominance of the Big Three reflects their survival and the reality that some judgments have more weight than others in the capital markets. Moreover, the chapter explains the European sovereign debt crisis that followed the market meltdown had put down the uncertainties against rating agencies.
Subjugated Knowledge
Authors: Lowrey Sassafras
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the work addressing the homelessness of LGBTQ youth. Feminists are not always popular in the workplace as it has sparked conflict with the management, who were uncomfortable talking with people whom they perceived as difficult or challenging. The top-down approach to youth work was ineffective since it eroded trust with the youth. People in management positions were attached to the idea that adults knew better than their younger colleagues. Feminist theory and queer theory became a way to name experiences, not just as an individual but as part of a larger community and culture. The chapter notes how cisgender gay men were systemically prioritized on leadership teams, despite being in queer organizations.
“Woman, You Are the One Doing It Wrong”
Authors: Ramos-Jaimes Laura
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the decolonial conceptualization of Colombian working-class femininity. Best-selling authors acknowledge that patriarchy and sexism are structural issues for women in the workplace. The matter raises the issue that it does not correspond with Colombian conditions and colonial legacy which is gendered, racist, classist, and overtly violent. Colombian paradoxes make sense in line with patriarchy and colonial history which survives through acute inequality, methodical violence, the virtual absence of Black people in elite universities, and the absence of Indigenous people in white-collar jobs. Moreover, working-class femininity in Colombia is the result of a gendered colonial trauma that characterizes the process of criollización.
How to Market Anticapitalist Feminism
Authors: Medina Alissa
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses the online socialist agenda of marketing anticapitalist feminism. It introduces the Fembot magazine which embodied an anticapitalist, antipatriarchy and anti-white supremacist mindset marketed to women and nonbinary individuals. The magazine also criticizes magazines capitalizing on women's insecurities. Capitalist feminism is the rampant misuse of feminism masked as inclusion for profit. Moreover, gender is a critical lens for analyzing oppression, which needed the integration of the voices of antiracist, LGBTQ, and global women's rights activists. The chapter explains how Fembot used digital marketing tactics via memes and Twitter as the virality of the internet produces a cesspool of content, spam, and Trump-era propaganda.
The Perils of Perfection Feminism
Authors: Newman Stephanie
Published: July 2022

This chapter cites the perils of perfection feminism. Writing on Glass is an online media platform aiming to make the feminist theory more accessible, then, later on, helping other women build businesses. The platform tried to void corporate feminism wherein products and services to women were not benefiting women's rights. However, in late 2018, the business imploded alongside Feminist Incubator as the owner became reliant on male clients and his fiance's income after serving numerous people for little money. According to Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, the pursuit of perfection is immature as it is the extreme idea of purity within feminism. The passion for feminism is largely in line with resilience than perfection.
Letter to a White Supremacist
Authors: Tsai Addie
Published: July 2022

This chapter explores the concept of white supremacy apparent in the education sector. It is an open letter to the white supremacist in a class allegedly threatened in a Texan classroom by a queer, nonbinary, Asian teacher. The student's communications over social media were threatening which was exacerbated by a lack of attention from the involved institution. The chapter highlights the teacher's vulnerability due to white supremacy and the rising number of school shootings and terrorism across the United States. The pedagogical attention to social justice only seemed to serve as a provocation for the fidelity to homophobia and racism.
Praise to Our School We Love So Dear—or Maybe Not
Authors: Zablotsky Hayley
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the status quo and safe spaces in high school. Gender is a performative act that is repeated, ritualized, and public which is apparent among high school students. School is one of the most influential agents of socialization, especially since faculty members are expected to perpetuate the assumed gender norms. Students are not equipped to challenge the status quo, and they are not encouraged to ever question authority. The chapter notes the tragic balance between keeping a job and making a safe space away from gender roles. It highlights the difficulty of implementing ideals due to the magnitude of tradition and status quo.
Where Are the Queer Politics?
Authors: Naimi Samuel
Published: July 2022

This chapter expounds on the concept of queer politics in line with the ＃MeToo movement, Robin Wright, and celebrity PR work. Due to the virality of Me Too across social media platforms such as Facebook, contentious issues of sexual harassment and sexual assault gained more central standing in mainstream discourse as survivors publicly came forward about their experiences with sexual violence. Wright's overall handling of Kevin Spacey's accusations of sexual assault contrasted with the feminist foundation. The chapter includes the painful incapacity to use fame for positive changes. However, the issue also highlighted the gender pay gap in Hollywood.
The Immanence of Social Media Labor?
Authors: Ferdowsi Sadaf
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the struggle of finding a feminist space in social media. It uses the studies of Susan Gal and Iris Marion Young as references for the matter of building perspective on gender and space. Social media as a space operates similarly to the home as it can be a crucial zone for connection, self-expression, and resistance but can also incite violence. On the other hand, overemphasis on construction was linked to gender dynamics wherein women's work is always undervalued in patriarchal spaces. Research has found that the majority of social media labor is conducted by women while being underpaid work.
Finding “the Trouble with Normal” in Journalism
Authors: Cromidas Rachel
Published: July 2022

This chapter explains the boundaries in journalism. Sexuality is regarded as organized into systems of power, which reward and encourage some individuals and activities while punishing and suppressing others. In social theory, one of the queer culture's greatest contributions to modern life is the discovery of having intimacy and casualness simultaneously. Sexism and favoritism are expected in traditional legacy newsrooms. The media of today seemed to rehash the same narrative of cis straight-appearing monogamous couples. The chapter shares the story of a journalist struggling with her identity before sharing her story of being an intersectional feminist, as a queer woman, and as a journalist to Buzzfeed.
“No Place to Be, Except with Each Other”
Authors: Gattuso Reina
Published: July 2022

This chapter discusses how women's studies helped the understanding of unionization. Gender studies have also enabled an understanding of the media industry's peculiar economy of feeling. Online media runs on undercompensated and precarious labor of interns, subminimum-wage contractors, and contract workers. The voracity of the online news cycle produces an atmosphere of constant productivity, driven by an endless desire for clicks. The growth of both informality and leftist politics in the United States has impacted journalism largely as it resulted in the unprecedented unionization of freelancers. The chapter clarifies that being unionized is the feeling of the feminine friendship of queer people and women instead of white patriarchy.
Working-Class Agency in Place
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter explicates the working-class culture. Cross-class interpretation is highly complex, especially when class lines are more clearly marked by education. A significant part of the professional middle class's class formation involved contrasting its culture with an amoral-ruling class and a passively manipulable working class. The chapter also tackles consumerism. The working-class life amidst the era of the Glorious Thirty was broadly characterized by routine seeking. The chapter highlights the value of a working class seeking not to abolish capitalism to achieve a classless society but instead simply using organized collective action to demand and achieve more. Moreover, it notes the necessity of democratic socialism, which is not too different from capitalism.
“At Least We Ought to Be Able To”
Authors: Metzgar Jack
Published: July 2022

This chapter looks into the nostalgia of the Glorious Thirty. It starts with the power of nostalgia and the way it fades through time. Glorious Thirty was believed to be an economic miracle that far exceeded reasonable expectations since it was the result of the convergence of an extraordinary set of economic circumstances. The reasons for the growing inequality of income and wealth are complex, highly contested, and, politically charged. The chapter notes the mainstream, dominant culture should recognize that there is an alternative class culture that it dominates unintentionally. It also includes how Glorious Thirty's reputation of steady across-the-board increases in discretionary income and time, instead of taken-for-granted racism and sexism.