bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Looking
Authors: Gordon Robert S C
Published: November 2023

Again and again, in reading Levi’s work, we find ourselves turning back to its founding text, Sequesto e un uomo, and indeed to the first, stark pages of that text where the seeds of so much of his later work are sown. The first three chapters of the book, ‘Il viaggio’, ‘Sul fondo’, and ‘Iniziazione’ (I. 7-35), offer founding ‘lessons’ in physical violence and humiliation related with especial acuity and intensity; and alongside the fear and confusion of entering the univers concentrationnaire come founding moments in the denial of the ethical. In this transition towards horror, subsequently echoed and extended in the remainder of the book, the denial of one element of human interaction emerges as a devastating means of depersonalization, as the core of the camps’ ‘antiethics’: the excruciating refusal to answer the questions or even to return the look of the newcomer on the part of the SS, the Kapos, the other prisoners, and the rest.
Overt Fictionalization And Some Theories Of Narrative
Authors: Paver Chloe E M
Published: November 2023

This first chapter is concerned with establishing a theoretical framework for the comparative analysis which follows, and poses the question: how far can theories of narrative help us to categorize and understand the technique of overt fictionalization? Three of the most influential narratologists writing in German since the War are Eberhard Lämmert, Kate Hamburger, and Franz Stanzel. There are few studies of the postwar German novel which do not cite at least two of this trio in their bibliography, and many such studies make explicit use of the narratological categories established by the three theorists. It seems appropriate, therefore, to begin with a look at their theories. I examine them in the order Lämmert—Hamburger—Stanzel, since this order corresponds to the increasing sophistication of the theories.
Uwe Johnson: Das Dritte Buch Über Achim
Authors: Paver Chloe E M
Published: November 2023

When his first novel, Ingrid Babendererde(published post humously in r 985), was rejected by East German publishers, Uwe Johnson moved to West Berlin to secure the publication of his second novel, Mutma Bungen über Jakob( r 9 59). In this novel the reader is invited to unravel the mystery of the central character’s death with the help of statements from witnesses, whose evidence sometimes conflicts. McHale would classify it as a typical modernist text because it employs both multiple perspectives (which are juxtaposed in such a way as to highlight the limitations of each character’s knowledge) and elements borrowed from detective fiction. Moreover, the complex form of MutmajJungenensures that problems associated with the accessibility and reliability of knowledge are passed on to the reader.
Jurek Becker: Jakob Der lügner
Authors: Paver Chloe E M
Published: November 2023

Unlike Johnson, Frisch, and Wolf, who were already established writers by the I96os, Jurek Becker, an East German writer of Polish: Jewish origin, was still a novice at this time. His literary début, the novel Jakobde Lügnerwas published to great acclaim in I969, at a time when the controversy over Christa T. was still raging. Indeed, for the critic Volker Hage, looking back after the Wende, these two novels together mark a watershed in the development of GDR literature and can be credited with having made West German critics take GDR writing seriously.
Symbolist Beginnings
Authors: Mcguinness Patrick
Published: November 2023

In his essay-cum-manifesto ‘I Gather the Limbs of Osiris’ (1911-12), Ezra Pound declared: ‘Interesting works of art are of two sorts, the “symptomatic” and the “donative”.’ In ‘symptomatic’ works, he claimed, ‘we find a reflection of tendencies and modes of the time. [… ] They are what one might have expected in such and such a year and place’. ‘But the “donative” author’, he continues, seems to draw down into the art something which was not in the art of his predecessors. If he also draw from the air about him, he draws latent forces, or things present but unnoticed, or things perhaps taken for granted but never examined.
Maeterlinck, Mallarmé, and Symbolist Dramatic Theory
Authors: Mcguinness Patrick
Published: November 2023

It may be true to say that an instinctive malaise and a deep¬ rooted sense of unease await us when we go to any theatrical performance. [… ] Is it perhaps the fear of an intermediary world to which none of our manifest or secret senses correspond? It is not yet art but it is no longer an ordinary act of life, and the spectator is unable to see the links between this intermediary world and the eternal worlds.
Theatre and the Invisible Principle: Pelléas et Mélisande
Authors: Mcguinness Patrick
Published: November 2023

Pelléas et Melisande, published in 1892 and first performed on 17 May 1893, remains Maeterlinck’s best-known play. Its premiére-the first of one of his own works that Maeterlinck attended-inaugurated the Théatre de L’CEuvre, and was directed by Lugné-Poe and Camille Mauclair (who, with Maeterlinck, also designed the costumes), with set design by the painter Paul Vogler and music by Gabriel Fabre.
The Fecund Interval:‘Le Tragique quotidien’
Authors: Mcguinness Patrick
Published: November 2023

There is a tragic of the everyday which is more real, more profound, and more reflective of our true being than the tragedy of great adventures. It is easy to sense it, but it is difficult to show it, because this essential tragedy is not simply material or psychological.
Urban Time: The Reproduction of Space?
Authors: Gallagher Mary
Published: November 2023

In Tristes tropiques Levi-Strauss recalls the mischievous description of America as bypassing civilization in its race from savagery to decadence and from newness to decrepitude, although he himself reserves this description for the cities of the New World.Refining this view, the Canadian writer Pierre Nepveu contrasts the cities of the American north with the paradigmatic city of the southern hemisphere, ‘ville du sud, sublime et tragique magma, space de decomposition qui fournitun merveilleux creuset aux metaphores organiques et aux hyperboles flamboyants’ (a ‘magma no less tragic than sublime, a space of decomposition that provides a wonderful crucible of organic metaphors and flamboyant hyper bole’), and instances Emile Ollivier’s Port-au-Prince as just such a frenzied site of premature blight.3 Although similar in many
Africa, a Critical Displacement: Between Authenticity and Ambivalence
Authors: Gallagher Mary
Published: November 2023

Is Africa still accorded a place of honour in French Caribbean writ ing after I950? Is it still claimed as an extension of Caribbean iden tity, serving as a distant continental backdrop, a vital, alternative hinterland? Does it afford a sense of continuity or of tension or ambivalence? To what extent is Africa viewed as ‘other’, to what extent as an inherent part of the Caribbean constitution? Is the continent embraced in its contemporary and multifarious reality, or is it instead romanticized or mythologized, reduced, or even rejected? And how did the relation to Africa evolve over the second half of the twentieth century?
Introduction
Authors: O’beirne Emer
Published: November 2023

Few living writers can embody as well as does Nathalie Sarraute the evolution of French literature, specifically (though not solely) of the novel, across the whole of the twentieth century. Born in 1900, she is as old as the century itself and has been writing for a full two-thirds of it (she began her first collection of short prose texts, Tropismes, in 1932 and published her latest work, Ouvrez, in 1997).
The Writing Self: Irony and Authority
Authors: O’beirne Emer
Published: November 2023

We saw in the last chapter that dialogic fiction has much in common with irony. Not only do both involve the representation of discourses, but both also make evident the limitations of the discourses they represent. The diversity of discourses in a dialogic text emphasizes the limits of each monologic perspective but also shows how these limits are transcended through dialogic interaction.
The self and language: Authenticity and convention
Authors: O’beirne Emer
Published: November 2023

Tune t’aimes pas, written immediately after Erifance and published in 1989, shares with it the structure of a fragmented authorial voice engaged in internal dialogue. The authorial status of the dialoguing self is less explicit than in Erifance where the autobiographical project emphasized the identity of narrated, narrating, and writing selves; none the less, Sarraute’s conversations with Simone Benmussa while Tu ne t’aimes pas was being written show her affinity to its ‘nous’ in terms of both the general lack of a unitary sense of self, and the particular experiences that plurality of voices describes, such as the death of its partner (see ITP122; Sarraute 1987a: 151-6).
Educating Tat’yana, Schooling Evgeny: Propaganda for Manners and Moral Education, 1760–1830
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: November 2023

‘Polite society is more or less the same all over Europe,’ Élisabeth Vigée Le Brun wrote in the 1830s, after decades of travel that had taken her to Britain and Russia, as well as Italy, Switzerland, and France.1 This sense of unity through civility is also asserted in one of the most splendid tributes to a Russian aristocrat ever written, Pushkin’s epistle ‘To a Grandee’ (1830).2
‘The Personal Does Not Exist’: Advising the Early Soviet Mass Reader, 1917–1953
Authors: Kelly Catriona
Published: November 2023

In Soviet literature and film of the 1930s and 1940s, representatives of the partiinaya znat’ (Party aristocracy) figured commonly enough. But the deepest and most striking portrayal of the pampered upper echelons of the Party hierarchy during the Stalin era is to be found in a historical novel written more than ten years after the dictator’s death, Solzhenitsyn’s The First Circle. One of the three central figures in the narrative, the diplomat Innokenty Volodin, is a high-ranking Soviet diplomat who inhabits a closed world of enclosed information, dynastic marriages, and long stays in Paris.
Editions Of Molinet’S Poetry
Authors: Armstrong Adrian
Published: November 2023

Yet it is uncertain how far Molinet exploited the medium to his own advantage. Not until over twenty years after his death was a substantial collection of his poetry published; this anthology, Les Faictz et dictz, appeared three times in Paris between 1531 and 1540. Editions of single Molinet poems are quite numerous, but are mostly unattributed, suggesting that they were published without Molinet’s involvement. However, Jean de Liège printed three editions during Molinet’s lifetime in Valenciennes; since Molinet lived in this town, it has been considered likely that he co- operated in these editions’ publication.
Manuscripts Of Lemaire’S Poetry
Authors: Armstrong Adrian
Published: November 2023

Though his career partly overlapped with Molinet’s, Jean Lemaire de Belges belonged to a younger generation of poets, to whom printing was more familiar and who were apt to exploit the new medium. Accordingly, printing plays a greater role in transmitting his works than it did for Molinet; indeed, as I discuss in the next chapter, Lemaire apparently participated in publication on several occasions. Yet his work also survives in numerous manuscripts. Several of these exhibit features which, in con- junction, suggest they were probably presentation manuscripts: they are of high material quality (written on parchment, illustrated, or both), and transmit pieces by Lemaire in versions which pre-date their printed redactions, or which were never printed in the sixteenth century.
Introduction
Authors: Perriam Chris
Published: November 2023

The question of how far we can apply such a term as ‘star’ to actors in a relatively small and only intermittently global market such as that of Spanish cinema must be considered an open one, although, obviously, one of my intentions in this book is at least to half close it. The useful Diccionario de las estrellas cinematográficas españolas de los años noventa (Clemente 1998) (Dictionary of Spanish Film Stars of the 1990s) lists thirty-nine contemporary male stars, their names culled from magazine polls, awards, and nominations in the main Spanish festivals and ceremonies.
Imanol Arias (b. 1956)
Authors: Perriam Chris
Published: November 2023

Imanol Arias is described in Cinerama’s ‘Diccionario de actores’ (1995/6) as ‘el galán más reputado de su generatión’ (the best regarded lead male of his generation), has appeared in some thirty feature films to date, and has an ongoing (if up and down) career in theatre (having joined the Centro Drámatico National in his early twenties, encouraged by its director Adolfo Marsillach), and in mass audience television drama series stretching from Anillos de oro (Gold Rings) (TVE 1983) to Querido maestro (Dear Teacher: third series, Tele 5 1998) and Dime que me quieres (Tell Me You Love Me) (Antena 3:2001). In part because of his presence on television, in part because of the gossip-magazine appeal of his long relationship (from 1984) to actress and broadcaster Pastora Vega and their family life (González and Pasquím 1990), of the actors discussed in this book Arias has the second most extensive press coverage (with Antonio Banderas a clear first, but with relatively little on the Spanish period).
Antonio Banderas (b. 1960)
Authors: Perriam Chris
Published: November 2023

With his move to Los Angeles in 1991 and the shooting of The Mambo Kings (Arnold Glimcher), a shift into English-speaking roles, and his assumption into the hyperbolic imaginary of US show business, Antonio Banderas began for a time to be the most famous of twentiethcentury Spanish actors. Simultaneously he became no longer Spanish but ‘Hispanic’. Interview with a Vampire (Neil Jordan, 1993) denationalized Banderas and translated his adventurous representations of sexuality and his prior associations with contemporary Spanish drug, crime, and youth culture, into a higher perversity.
Carmelo Gómez (b. 1962)
Authors: Perriam Chris
Published: November 2023

It is tempting to begin by suggesting that Carmelo Gómez is arguably the closest of the actors under discussion to the classic model as interpreted by Walker (1970: 362) of the leading man ‘repeating his personality in film after film’. He appears, in many roles, to line up with an older type of Hollywood star, a 1930s hero, in whom the combined impression of ‘still waters [and] deep roots’ (300) offered a manly and reassuring route to emotional identification with a perceived national destiny, who offered women a fantasy man ideal for his reliability rather than his capacity to thrill and to hurt, and offered men a fantasy role model.
Javier Bardem (b. 1969)
Authors: Perriam Chris
Published: November 2023

Of the actors I am concerned with it is Javier Bardem who most often is discussed explicitly in terms of masculinity, being represented at the popular end of the film publications market within Spain as, in the first part of his career, brutally attractive, full of morbo (another variant of that perverse sex appeal attributed to and refuted by Banderas), and as the archetypal and (comically) shameless macho. He has been seen from outside in middle- to highbrow commentaries—often with considerable but revealing inaccuracy—as epitomizing not only a general set of Spanish masculinities but a geographically non-defined machismo. This is an interpretation due in part to the relative unfamiliarity of non-Spanish audiences with a change of emphasis in the actor’s projected self-image and in the roles taken up.
Early Pomest’ e Grants as a Historical Source
Authors: Ostrowski Donald
Published: November 2023

Pomest’e is a prominent type of landholding in the history of Russia, but its own early history is little known or understood. This has been due in part to the scarcity of source evidence and in part to the tendency of historians to speculate in the absence of that evidence. Nonetheless, an unstudied body of source evidence exists in the form of grand-princely pomest’ e grants. Indeed, we have more such grants than was thought because a number of them had been misclassified as judicial immunities by the editors who published them. These early pomest’ e grants provide a significantly different picture of the initial development of pomest’ e from that represented in the historiography thus far.
The Grand Tour (II): Holland—France—Switzerland—Bavaria (1765–1766)
Authors: Zaslaw Neal
Published: November 2023

Writing from London, Leopold Mozart informed his correspondents the Hagenauers, ‘We shall not go to Holland, that I can assure everyone’, and ‘The Dutch Envoy in London several times begged me to visit the Prince of Orange at the Hague, but I let this go in by one ear and out by the other’.1 Leopold had plans to bring his family home by way of Paris, Milan, and Venice, but then in late July 1765 (as he later wrote), at the beginning of the return journey when they were near Canterbury, something happened to change his mind:
Strangers in Paradise: Dutchmen in Venice in 1525
Authors: Fenlon Iain
Published: November 2023

The prologue to Chaucer’s great unfinished epic presents a strong impression of the pilgrimage as a common experience, a ‘concise portrait of an entire nation, high and low, old and young, male and female, lay and clerical, learned and ignorant, rogue and righteous, land and sea, town and country’. Similarly, while the characters who participate in Chaucer’s journey to the shrine of St Thomas Becket are drawn from all orders and conditions of society, the tales that they tell, some drawn from contemporaries, others from antiquity or from the East, are a gentle reminder of the breadth of European experience and imagination, and of the intrusion of distinctly secular elements into what was conceived of as an essentially spiritual enterprise.
Lepanto: Music, Ceremony, and Celebration in Counter-Reformation Rome
Authors: Fenlon Iain
Published: November 2023

The victory of the Holy League against the Turkish fleet at Lepanto took place on 7 October 1571, a date that was to be permanently inscribed in the calendar of Christian celebration as one of the most momentous events in the seemingly endless struggle against the Ottoman Empire. Writers since Voltaire have contributed to an almost unanimous ironic chorus describing the victory as an empty one, a great spectacle that led nowhere as Fernand Braudel described it, yet whatever the judgements of history, the authentic period voice should not be forgotten. For many contemporaries the victory at Lepanto marked a decisive turning point in the fortunes of Christendom, a critical moment of enormous psychological importance in a historic struggle whose roots spread far beyond the immediate events that had inaugurated the War of Cyprus.
Preparations for a Princess: Florence 1588–1589
Authors: Fenlon Iain
Published: November 2023

For the intermedio tradition, as for so many aspects of the evolution of a sixteenth-century state rhetoric in Tuscany, it was Duke Cosimo I and the artists in his service who established the grammar. The Medici exploitation of this particular form of cultural politics reached new heights in 1589,when not only were the intermedi themselves produced on four occasions, but they were also described in great detail in Bastiano de’ Rossi’s Descrizione, while the sets were commemorated in a set of engravings, one for each intermedio, some of which were produced in presentation copies, presumably for some of the more important guests present, and were personalized by the addition of individual coats of arms (Pl. 10.1).
Comedy, Tragicomedy, and Comédie-Ballet
Authors: Powell John S
Published: November 2023

Changes in the fundamental nature of dramatic literature brought about a redefinition of the purpose of music and dance in French theatre in the early seventeenth century. As a new generation of professional actors began to focus attention on the external aspects of plays, they replaced the semi-dramatized poetic tragedies of Montchrestien’s generation with more spectacular kinds of dramas intended not merely to be read, but to be acted out on-stage. Performing conditions in the public theatres—with spectators sitting on-stage, a continual hubbub coming from the crowd standing in the parterre, and soldiers maintaining order and expelling gatecrashers—militated against a dramatic action conveyed solely through spoken language. To overcome a multitude of distractions, playwrights devised a new kind of drama that would engulf the spectator in a total atmosphere of theatre. Fast-moving plots diversified with secondary episodes, colourful characters arrayed in sumptuous costumes, painted scenery depicting several locales at once on-stage, mechanical devices, lighting and sound effects, and musical set pieces all served to help the actors hold their audience’s fragile attention.
John Ella and the Making of the Musical Union
Authors: Bashford Christina
Published: November 2023

It has become a commonplace that London witnessed a huge expansion in its concert life during the nineteenth century. The accepted picture is of an ever-growing metropolis, an increasing number and range of concerts, widening social access to events, and a diversification of listening publics, all of them characterized by an almost unquenchable thirst for music.
Significant Lapses of Speech: rhymes and reasons in Joyce's prose
Authors: Piette Adam
Published: November 2023

The toilet-humour of this delinquent exile shows just how far his tongue has fallen from his accusers’ clean speech in the very act of articulating his angry multi-national linguistic manceuvre against the pure English tongue. That project relies on the rhymes in his book (‘reams’ as rhymes and paper) standing to reason. By this is meant an indivisible complex of sound and sense that reason will judge as making sound sense. This entailed a move out of English into other languages, other layers of historically significant sounds (‘multaphoniaksically’), to reconstitute prelapsarian Babel before the babble set in. This mighty mission is ignored by his accusers however. All they remember is his dirty habits, his falls from grace. Rebuking the elders later in the book, Shem-Shaun as Yawn complains: ‘I brought you from the loups of Lazary and you have remembered my lapsus langways’. (484. 25)
Beckett’s Prose Rhymes: remembering, companionability, self-accompaniment
Authors: Piette Adam
Published: November 2023

Magessa O’Reilly, discussing the different versions of ‘Texte pourrien XIII’, noted that the echo system of the text had discernible purposes: ‘Les mots répétés prennent immanquablement l’aspect de mots clés’, she writes. She notices, too, revising choices that confirm a 12-run when Beckett replaces the ‘au fond des’ of the Disque vert version with ‘parmi’:
On the Borders of Middle English Dream Visions
Authors: Brown Peter
Published: November 2023

There is an extraordinary concentration of English dream visions in the second half of the fourteenth century. Of the thirty or so major English poems composed between 1350 and 1400, no fewer than a third are dream visions while others, such as Gower’s Confessio Amantis and the Canterbury Tales, have strong links with the genre. Poets of the alliterative revival, including their chief representatives, Langland and the Pearl-poet, no less than Chaucer, regarded the dream vision as an essential medium for what they had to say. Why should this have been so? What did the genre offer to poets that they found particularly useful and attractive? It cannot have been novelty.
Interpreting Dreams: Reflections on Freud, Milton, and Chaucer
Authors: Aers David
Published: November 2023

There is now available a substantial scholarly literature on medieval dream theory and literary dream visions, some of it combining extremely skilful analysis of texts with admirable reconstructions of relevant cultural and philosophic histories. The concerns of the present essay, however, are somewhat marginal to the preoccupations of this scholarship. They are reflections on forms of power and the roles of gender in the interpretation of dreams, and it is hoped that they might encourage work along some of the lines sketched out here.
Self as Narrative
Authors: Worthington Kim L
Published: November 2023

Remembrance and self-reflection are narrative acts in which we create, rather than simply retrieve, our personal pasts and hence our conceptions of who we are. Self as Narrative considers the human capacity to evaluate, modify, and move between a plurality of communal and communicative contexts in the creation of meaningful narratives of selfhood.
Introduction
Authors: Worthington Kim L
Published: November 2023

By lifting the ego out of its immediate entanglement in the world and by thematizing the subject of thought itself, Descartes established the apodictic certainty of self as a result of the clarity and the distinctness with which it perceives itself.
‘The Death of the Sun’: Victorian Solar Physics and Solar Myth
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: November 2023

Many Victorians, including Darwin himself, were disturbed by the apparent contradiction between the ̒progressive̓ implications of evolutionary theory and the emphasis in the physics of Helmholtz and Thomson on the ageing of the sun, which would eventually make the world too cold for life. Physics, mytho-graphy, and the ordinary fear of death converged in late-nineteenth-century imaginations. Such condensations form most readily at a point of contradiction.
The Reader’s Wager: Lots, Sorts, and Futures
Authors: Beer Gillian
Published: November 2023

Reading Peter Carey’s novel, Oscar and Lucinda (1988), provoked me to think about the fascination with gambling in the late nineteenth century, both in society and fiction. It made me also pursue the question of the reader’s wager.
Counterfeiters, Lollards, and Lancastrian Unease
Authors: Strohm Paul
Published: November 2023

Arrested in 1419 on suspicion of counterfeiting and other treasonous offences, William Carsewell confected a remarkable confession that drew upon some of the most sensational materials of his day. The purpose of his confession was to secure for himself the role of king’s approver or ‘probator dominiregis’, and to seek his own exoneration by giving evidence leading to the conviction of his confederates. A successful approver’s confession had to establish grounds for conviction, meeting several standards along the way: it had to incriminate the approver himself as well as his several confederates; to reveal their guilt of felony or other substantial crimes; and to weave a supportive narrative rich in persuasive detail. Carsewell delivers handsomely, offering a narrative that invites shocked attention to its cast of conniving counterfeiters, insurrectionary traitors, and blasphemous Lollards. Imaginatively reprocessing these seemingly disparate activities, it reveals their communality as threats to Lancastrian repose.
Ageism: Leland, Bale, and the Laborious Start of English Literary History, I35O-I55O
Authors: Simpson James
Published: November 2023

‘The Renaissance invented the Middle Ages in order to define itself; the Enlightenment perpetuated them in order to admire itself; and the Romantics revived them in order to escape from themselves.’1 Brian Stock’s wonderfully pithy epigram must of course simplify, but one source of its potency is its implicit point that many cultural movements in the West, since the fourteenth century, generate themselves by contrast or identification with ‘The Middle Ages’. This essay focuses on a founding moment of one area of ‘Medieval Studies’, the study (in the sixteenth century) of ‘literary’ writing of the period 1350 to 1550 in Britain (regardless of language).
Twice a Man
Authors: Donaldson Ian
Published: November 2023

Early in 1638, six months after the death of Ben Jonson, a volume of verses to his memory was published in London under the editor ship of his old friend Bryan Duppa, then Bishop of Chichester. The volume bore a suitably learned title: Jonsonus Virbius, Or, The Memorie of Ben: Johnson Revived by the Friends of the Muses. Virbius was the name given to Theseus’ son Hippolytus, who was torn to pieces by his own stampeding horses on the seashore after re jecting the advances of his stepmother Phaedra, and then miracu lously restored to life by Aesculapius, god of medicine, at the request of the goddess Diana. The name means literally ‘twice a man’. According to John Aubrey, the title was the brainwave of Lucius Cary, Lord Falkland, who was himself (oddly enough) to be trampled to death by horses at the Battle of Newbury just a few years later.1 Though Jonson had met his end in an altogether less dramatic style than either Hippolytus or Lucius Cary, expiring gently at an ad vanced age after many years of illness, the title suggested that he somehow needed now to be put together again, Revived by the Friends of the Muses. Like the many scholars and critics that were to follow them down the centuries, this pioneer band of Jonsonian ad mirers set out to collect the literary pieces, to reconstruct the bio graphical subject, to give Ben Jonson another life, making him in some mysterious manner twice a man.
Janson’s Magic Houses
Authors: Donaldson Ian
Published: November 2023

Jonson more than once compared the art of writing with that of building. A writer, he declared, arranges words within a sentence in much the same way that a builder brings stones together to form a wall. ‘The congruent, and harmonious fitting of parts in a sentence, hath almost the fastning, and force of knitting, and connexion’, Jonson wrote in Discoveries (1976-80), ‘As in stones well squar’d, which will rise strong a great way without mortar.’ What a writer finally created was an object like a house. Its various parts should be

so joyn’d, and knitt together, as nothing in the structure can be chang’d, or taken away, without impairing, or troubling the whole; of which there is a proportionate magnitude in the members. As for example; if a man would build a house, he would first appoint a place to build it in, which he would define within certaine bounds: So in the Constitution of a Poeme, the Action is aym’d at by the Poet, which answers Place in a building; and that Action hath his largenesse, compasse, and proportion. (Discoveries, 2683-91)
The Story of Charis
Authors: Donaldson Ian
Published: November 2023

‘A Celebration of Charis in Ten Lyric Pieces’ (The Under wood, 2) is one of the most attractive and seemingly most accessible of all Ben Jonson’s poetic works. Subtle, humorous, enchanting, these often admired lyrics appear at a casual reading to present few problems of exegesis or interpretation. Yet the sequence has pro voked sharply divergent readings over recent years. There is continu ing disagreement amongst critics about its tone and seriousness, about the contexts-intellectual, historical, and literary-within which it may need to be understood, and even about the main out lines of the narrative which these seemingly simple lyrics unfold.
Musical Settings & Dramatic Adaptations
Authors: Peterson William S
Published: November 2023

THIS category of material is so abundant that the following list is of neccessity selective; it is mainly restricted to songs that were published, broadcast, or recorded during Betjeman’s lifetime, though I should mention briefly three important dramatic adaptations after 1984: ( a ) In 1994 a play by Nigel Hawthorne entitled Late-Flowering Lust , based loosely on Betjeman’s poems, was broadcast on television by Channel 4 (see Television , below, 8 May 1994). ( b ) An attempt to create a musical based on his life—by Mike Read in 1998—proved to be abortive, though it received a certain amount of press coverage (see, for example, Rupert Radcliffe-Genge, ‘Get Ready for Betjemania— Thanks to an Unlikely Double Act: The Lady and the dj’, Mail on Sunday , 12 January 1986, p. 9), and in the Duncan Andrews collection there is a synopsis of the musical (which was never staged).
A Sixth Sense
Authors: McDonald Peter
Published: November 2023

In 1992 a project headed by Professor Torkel Opsahl listened in to what people living in Northern Ireland had to say about the conflict which had been in progress there for well over twenty years. The report of this independent commission (Initiative ‘92) was published in 1993, the result of a series of public hearings and written and oral submissions from over 3,000 contributors. One section of the report, ‘Culture and Identity’, opens with the following paragraph:
The Fate of Identity: John Hewitt, W: R. Rodgers, and Louis MacNeice
Authors: McDonald Peter
Published: November 2023

The brief foreword to John Hewitt’s Collected Poems 1932-1967 (1968) covers more ground than is usual for such preliminaries: along with the customary obligations of acknowledgement, its four short paragraphs map out in miniature a journey that the book itself will go on to describe. Central to this piece is the modest adequacy of Hewitt’s description of himself—’by birth an Irishman of Planter stock, by profession an art gallery man, politically a man of the Left’1—which properly owns up to and helps to account for the first-person voice so prominent in the poems.
Michael Langley’s Homes
Authors: McDonald Peter
Published: November 2023

Michael Longley’s position in relation to the other Northern Irish poets of his generation makes for an interesting (and perhaps a complicated) situation. Born in the same year as Seamus Heaney, and a little older than Derek Mahon, Longley found himself, as an established poet in the 1970s, one of the writers who seemed, to journalistic and much critical opinion at least, in some sense a group of poets of the Troubles. To read Longley’s volume of 1973, An Exploded View, such a grouping seems not to have been entirely a journalistic fabrication or convenience; dedicated to ‘Derek, Seamus and Jimmy’ (James Simmons), and containing verse-letters to each of these poets (as well as one to all three together), the book is secure in its contemporary allegiances. Longley’s dedicatory verses speak from a dilemma, but it is a dilemma confidently shared:
God, Gulliver, and Genocide
Authors: Rawson Claude
Published: November 2023

Towards the end of Gulliver’s Travels the Houyhnhnm Grand Assembly holds a debate, reverted to every four years, on the only subject that ever comes up before it. The Houyhnhnms have no word for opinion or for lying, because there is only one truth (IV. viii. 270, 267; iv. 240). So there is never anything to debate, except the single recurrent question, ‘Whether the Yahoos should be exterminated from the Face of the Earth’ (IV. ix. 271). For some reason, they have never settled this matter, though they once thinned out the Yahoo population, which threatened ‘to over-run and infest the whole Nation’. They ‘inclosed the whole Herd’, and killed all the older Yahoos, keeping only ‘two young Ones in a Kennel’ for the use of each Houyhnhnm.
Introduction: ‘Kiss the book’
Authors: Marx Steven
Published: November 2023

‘Kiss the book’, slurs Stefano, the shipwrecked butler, in Act 2, Scene 2 of The Tempest. Spectators see him sharing a swig of wine from his homemade bark bottle with the drunken savage, Caliban. The words that he travesties with the language of the tavern originate in the house of worship, where they refer to a loving connection between a reader and a text. ‘The book’, in English, signifies only one book, the Bible.
‘Within a Foot of the Extreme Verge’: The Book of Job and King Lear
Authors: Marx Steven
Published: November 2023

Out in the weather a naked old man howls. Fallen from eminence, betrayed by his loved ones, crazed with illness and grief, he shakes a fist at the sky. To a reader of Shakespeare and of the Bible, he seems familiar. But is it Lear or is it Job? Jan Kott called King Lear a ‘new Book of Job’.’ The two works recall one another not only through verbal echoes, thematic parallels, and similarities in plot, but also through their remarkable intensity. To read either is, in the words of John Keats, ‘to burn through ... the fierce dispute I Between damnation and impassioned clay’.2 Both works attract superlatives. Stephen Mitchell, a recent translator, calls the Book of Job ‘the greatest Jewish work of art’. Coleridge called King Lear ‘the most tremendous effort of Shakespeare the poet’,4 and Harold Bloom commented that ‘Like King Lear, which is manifestly influenced by it, the Book of Job touches the limits of literature and perhaps transcends them.’
Dangerous Conceits’ and ‘Proofs of Holy Writ’: Allusion in The Merchant of Venice and Paul’s Letter to the Romans
Authors: Marx Steven
Published: November 2023

The Merchant of  Venice was written about eight years before Measure far Measure, during the reign of King James’s predecessor, Queen Elizabeth. However, in the First Folio’s collection of Shakespeare’s plays, it is situated among the comedies, several plays after Measure far Measure. Likewise, though Paul’s epistles were written a generation before the four gospels and the Acts of the Apostles, which recorded the events in Jesus’ and Paul’s lives, those letters were positioned after the first five books by the editors of the New Testament. Paul’s epistle to the Romans explores the relationship between Jews and Christians in the course of a theological reflection on the significance of events recorded in the Hebrew Bible and later in the four gospels.
Conspiracy: Restraint of Trade
Authors: Orth John V
Published: November 2023

Conspiracy is an old crime; whatever it means exactly, it goes far back to the early days of the common law. ‘Restraint of trade’, on the other hand, is not so old. Originally, it was used to describe certain illegal agreements: contracts (or covenants) in restraint of trade. At first, it had nothing to do with labour: it was an affair of masters rather than men. Nor was criminal law originally implicated. Usually a sale of property was involved; a master baker conveyed his bakehouse, for example, and covenanted not to compete with the buyer. The legal question was whether such an agreement in restraint of trade was lawful, in the sense of being enforceable by the buyer in court. Early in the eighteenth century the judges held that it was, if it was reasonable.2 With the expansion of criminal conspiracy, the usage developed of summarizing the illegal purposes-originally, prejudice to masters or men, or, in time, to the public generally-as restraints of trade.
Directors’ Fiduciary Duties and Individual Shareholders
Authors: Davies Paul L
Published: November 2023

The articles of association of companies whose directors and shareholders are not congruent groups, necessarily confer a wide range of discretionary powers upon the directors and senior managers of the company. This chapter, and its companions in this section of the book, are concerned with various aspects of the question of what role the law relating to the exercise of those discretionary powers plays in rendering directors and senior management accountable. To whom do the lines of accountability run in the law’s eyes? How rigorous is the scrutiny that the law enforces? How easy is it to invoke the legal process if a breach of duty is thought to have been committed? These are the questions to which courts and commentators have addressed themselves when considering the law relating to directors’ duties, and this chapter will examine some aspects of that debate.
Jews: The Controversy Over Religious Methods of Slaughter
Authors: Poulter Sebastian
Published: November 2023

It seems probable that there were a few Jews in Britain in Roman times, but the earliest establishment of Jewish communities here occurred in the wake of the Norman Conquest. French Jews crossed the Channel to operate as financiers and moneylenders in England and they played an important role not only as bankers to the Crown but also in expanding and developing an unsophisticated economy. As usurers, they attracted considerable popular hostility and regularly needed royal protection.
Hindus: A Dispute about Worship at a Temple
Authors: Poulter Sebastian
Published: November 2023

There have been Hindus living in England for at least two hundred years. During the eighteenth century British families who were returning from India developed a practice of bringing their domestic servants with them. The custom seems to have been initiated by the higher officials of the British East India Company, but the trend soon extended far more widely. In addition, Indian sailors known as Lascars, who were employed by the Company on its ships, naturally came ashore at several British ports and some of these remained here permanently.
The Institutional Investor —Investment From M&G’S Viewpoint
Authors: Linaker Paddy
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this paper is to present the view of an institutional investor on how we see our duties and responsibilities to our customers, be they policy-holders, unit-holders, or pensioners, and to the community at large. If the private sector is to flourish and compete internationally, one very necessary requirement is for a situation of trust to exist between the owners (shareholders) and management (boards) of companies, and it is up to both to see that this position of mutual confidence is established and maintained. If it is to be maintained, then it has to be worked on by both. In addition to the provision of periodic statutory information, most UK companies are today making a great effort to keep their large investors in the picture through regular meetings with top management-chairmen and chief executives these days work hard to keep us informed, and most institutional investors welcome this.
The Awa Case: Non Executive Directors, Audi1,Ors, And Corporate Governance Issues In Court
Authors: Stapledon G P
Published: November 2023

The decision of Rogers C.J. in the Commercial Division of the Supreme Court of New South Wales in AW A Ltd. v. DanielsI could hardly have been more timely. In the midst of the lively corporate governance debate in the UK and the US (which incidentally also has been taking place in Australia2), we have a case dealing with issues such as the role of auditors and non executive directors, and indeed at last recognising that the governance structures of large public companies are not as simplistic as the structure envisaged in the companies legislation and statutory model articles of association. This chapter comprises an analysis of those aspects of AW A which concern corporate governance.
An Overview of Recent Developments and Future Prospects in Australia (With Some Reference to New Zealand and Asia)
Authors: Harmer* Ron
Published: November 2023

By sheer good fortune the commencement of this conference coincides with the coming into force of substantial reforms to Australian corporate insolvency law. That confluence of events in the northern and southern hemispheres makes this conference, for me, a most momentous occasion.
The Position of Creditors in the Distribution of Insolvent Estates: Consensual Secured Creditors in Japan
Authors: Hasebe Yukiko
Published: November 2023

The purpose of this paper is to describe the present attitude of Japanese law towards consensual secured creditors in the context of corporate insolvency. The main topic is the recent development of consensual security interests in Japanese law. More and more non-statutory security interests have been invented in practice and authorized by case law. This has facilitated corporate finance and has probably contributed to the development of Japan’s economy. On the other hand, unsecured creditors are deprived of corporate assets that would otherwise be available for distribution in insolvency. If the reader finds in this summary problems which are familiar in his or her jurisdiction, this should come as no surprise.
Harmonization of Jurisdictional and Recognitional Rules: The Istanbul Convention and the Draft EEC Convention
Authors: Fletcher Ian F
Published: November 2023

Since the medieval period in Europe, at the very latest, the phenomenon of cross border insolvency has been an aspect of commercial experience posing special challenges for lawyers and courts alike. Although the magnitude and frequency of the more celebrated international insolvencies of recent years may have exceeded previous historic levels, we should not overlook the continental scale of the economic shockwaves caused by such former calamities as the failure of the Ammanati Banking House of Pistoia in 1302, which furnishes a poignant reminder that today’s problems are anything but new and that the quest for appropriate international arrangements for dealing with them is already some seven centuries old.
Multinational Bank Insolvencies: The United States and BCCI
Authors: Scott Hal S
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses some important issues raised by the manner in which the United States dealt with the liquidation of BCCI, a $10 billion bank that operated in sixty nine countries at the time of its closure on 5 July 1991.
Introduction
Authors: Marceau Gabrielle
Published: November 2023

In this book the legitimacy of anti-dumping measures in free-trade areas is discussed. Economists argue that, generally, anti-dumping actions restrict and distort competition. In political terms, anti-dumping measures are biased in favour of a privileged interest-group: the producers. Legally, they infringe the obligation of National Treatment contained in the GATT and NAFTA. Within regional groupings anti-dumping measures contradict the guidelines of Article XXIV(8)(b) of the GATT. At the same time, they are an exclusive exercise of sovereignty and would seem to protect statehood and arguably other national interests of the importing state. The traditional economic rationale for anti-dumping measures has been the threat of international predation. A pragmatic analysis of the situation led to a somewhat different assessment. With the great increase in transnational commerce, domestic economic policies, laws, and business practices have gained an important extra-territorial impact. In the absence of any international agreement as to which domestic policies and business practices constitute restrictions of trade, anti-dumping laws have evolved as strategic tools to counteract the effects of domestic structural differences and other non-tariff barriers between commercial partners. While anti dumping actions may, indeed, protect statehood, in practice, anti-dumping laws effectively stop the entry of many otherwise reasonably priced imports from exporters incapable of predation.
The International Control of Business Practices other than Dumping
Authors: Marceau Gabrielle
Published: November 2023

Chapter 2 focuses on international legal instruments which aim at regulating restrictive practices of enterprises other than dumping. States have addressed the problem of restrictive business practices from three different angles and there are two types of international instruments. Some instruments are directly applicable to firms while others are exclusively addressed to states. The three approaches to restrictive business practices are outlined in the following paragraphs. First, states have attempted a few times to co-ordinate actions against international cartels and detrimental business practices. Proposals have varied from an international jurisdiction, where central actions would be institutionalized, to modest promises of exchange of non-confidential information, and co-operative consultations. These arrangements exist in bilateral, regional, and world-wide instruments. Multilateral instruments and their application in bilateral agreements will be discussed in this chapter. Specific arrangements contained in free-trade areas and other regional integration agreements will be studied in Chapter 6.