bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A PSA for Radiologists: Pictorial Review of Incidentalomas on Prostate Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Ho Amanzo A. , Khara S. Sejal , Ferguson David J. , Mohammed Mohammed F. , Chang Silvia D. , Harris Alison C.
Published: March 2019

Multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the prostate is a powerful and increasingly utilized imaging study for the diagnosis, staging, and surveillance of prostate cancer. With greater adoption by clinicians, it is becoming more common for incidental findings to be first detected on prostate MRI. Inadequate description of clinically significant findings may not prompt appropriate patient management, while over-reporting of indolent findings comes at increased patient anxiety, cost of workup, and iatrogenic risk. This review article aims to improve awareness, review pathophysiology, and present key imaging features of incidental findings seen on prostate MRI, ranging from common to rare and from benign to clinically significant.
Screening Sensitivity According to Breast Cancer Location
Authors: Théberge Isabelle , Guertin Marie-Hélène , Vandal Nathalie , Côté Gary , Dufresne Michel-Pierre , Pelletier Éric , Brisson Jacques
Published: March 2019

Purpose

To examine the relation between breast cancer location and screening mammogram sensitivity, and assess whether this association is modified by body mass index (BMI) or breast density.

Methods

This study is based on all interval cancers (n = 481) and a random sample of screen-detected cancers (n = 481) diagnosed in Quebec Breast Cancer Screening Program participants in 2007. Film-screening mammograms, diagnostic mammograms, and ultrasound reports (when available) were requested for these cases. The breast cancer was then localised in mediolateral oblique (MLO) and craniocaudal (CC) projections of the breast by 1 experienced radiologist. The association between cancer location and screening sensitivity was assessed by logistic regression. Adjusted sensitivity and sensitivity ratios were obtained by marginal standardisation.

Results

A total of 369 screen-detected and 268 interval cancers could be localised in MLO and/or CC projections. The 2-year sensitivity reached 68%. Overall, sensitivity was not statistically associated with location of the cancer. However, sensitivity seems lower in MLO posterior inferior area for women with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2 compared to sensitivity in central area for women with lower BMI (adjusted sensitivity ratio: 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.17–0.98). Lower sensitivity was also observed in subareolar areas for women with breast density ≥ 50% compared to the central areas for women with lower breast density (for MLO and CC projections, adjusted sensitivity ratio and 95% CI of, respectively, 0.54 [0.13–0.96] and 0.46 [0.01–0.93]).

Conclusions

Screening sensitivity seems lower in MLO posterior inferior area in women with higher BMI and in subareolar areas in women with higher breast density. When interpreting screening mammograms, radiologists need to pay special attention to these areas.
Community-acquired urinary tract infections in children
Authors: Hameed Tahir , Nafeesah Abdullah Al , Chishti Syed , Shaalan Mohammed Al , Fakeeh Khaled Al
Published: March 2019

Objective

The aim of the present study was to investigate the bacterial pathogens and their resistance patterns in children presenting with their first admission for a urinary tract infection (UTI) in a large tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was conducted of pediatric patients 0–14 years of age who were admitted for their first community-acquired UTI in a large tertiary care center in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. The review covered a 6-year period (2006–2012).

Results

Data were obtained from 202 children, of which 162 (80.2%) were female. The most frequently isolated uropathogens were Escherichia coli (75.7%), followed by Klebsiella pneumoniae (9.4%), Pseudomonas aeruginosa (5.9%) and Enterococcus species (3.5%). Sixteen (7.9%) isolates were ESBLs. Among all uropathogens, 68% were resistant to ampicillin, 54% resistant to co-trimoxazole, and 30% resistant/intermediate sensitivity to amoxicillin/clavulinic acid. Overall, there was a low resistance rate to cefotaxime (4.4%).

Conclusion

E. coli is the predominant uropathogen causing UTIs in children, yet there is a high rate of multidrug-resistant organisms. For children admitted for a community-acquired UTI, a third-generation cephalosporin remains an appropriate empiric antibiotic. Our study and the work of others emphasize the importance of choosing empiric antibiotics for pediatric UTIs based on local resistance patterns.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers of neurodegeneration, synaptic integrity, and astroglial activation across the clinical Alzheimer's disease spectrum
Authors: Bos Isabelle , Vos Stephanie , Verhey Frans , Scheltens Philip , Teunissen Charlotte , Engelborghs Sebastiaan , Sleegers Kristel , Frisoni Giovanni , Blin Olivier , Richardson Jill C. , Bordet Régis , Tsolaki Magda , Popp Julius , Peyratout Gwendoline , Martinez‐Lage Pablo , Tainta Mikel , Lleó Alberto , Johannsen Peter , Freund‐Levi Yvonne , Frölich Lutz , Vandenberghe Rik , Westwood Sarah , Dobricic Valerija , Barkhof Frederik , Legido‐Quigley Cristina , Bertram Lars , Lovestone Simon , Streffer Johannes , Andreasson Ulf , Blennow Kaj , Zetterberg Henrik , Visser Pieter Jelle
Published: March 2019

Introduction

We investigated relations between amyloid‐β (Aβ) status, apolipoprotein E (APOE) ε4, and cognition, with cerebrospinal fluid markers of neurogranin (Ng), neurofilament light (NFL), YKL‐40, and total tau (T‐tau).

Methods

We included 770 individuals with normal cognition, mild cognitive impairment, and Alzheimer's disease (AD)‐type dementia from the EMIF‐AD Multimodal Biomarker Discovery study. We tested the association of Ng, NFL, YKL‐40, and T‐tau with Aβ status (Aβ− vs. Aβ+), clinical diagnosis APOE ε4 carriership, baseline cognition, and change in cognition.

Results

Ng and T‐tau distinguished between Aβ+ from Aβ− individuals in each clinical group, whereas NFL and YKL‐40 were associated with Aβ+ in nondemented individuals only. APOE ε4 carriership did not influence NFL, Ng, and YKL‐40 in Aβ+ individuals. NFL was the best predictor of cognitive decline in Aβ+ individuals across the cognitive spectrum.

Discussion

Axonal degeneration, synaptic dysfunction, astroglial activation, and altered tau metabolism are involved already in preclinical AD. NFL may be a useful prognostic marker.
Rock Climbing Injuries Treated in US Emergency Departments, 2008–2016
Authors: Buzzacott Peter , Schöffl Isabelle , Chimiak James , Schöffl Volker
Published: March 2019

Introduction

Previous research identified a trend for increasing numbers of injuries sustained while rock climbing. This study investigates whether that trend continued and describes characteristics of climbing injuries.

Methods

The National Electronic Injury Surveillance System registry was searched for rock climbing injuries in US emergency departments in 2008 through 2016 among patients aged ≥7 y. Variables included each patient's age, diagnosis, injured body part, mechanism of injury, and disposition. Injuries were graded using International Mountaineering and Climbing Federation injury grades. National estimates were generated using sample weighting.

Results

An estimated 34,785 rock climbing injuries were seen in emergency departments nationally, a mean of 3816 per year (SD 854). The median age of injured climbers was 24 y (range 7–77), with those aged 20 to 39 y accounting for 60% and males for 66%, respectively. Fractures (27%) and sprains and strains (26%) were the most common types of injuries. The most frequently injured body parts were lower extremities (47%), followed by upper extremities (25%). The most commonly fractured body part (27%) was the ankle. The knee and lower leg accounted for 42% of all lacerations and were 5.8 times as likely as lacerations to other body parts. Falls were the most common mechanism, accounting for 60% of all injuries.

Conclusions

This study reports continued increase in annual numbers of climbing injuries. Whether this is based on a higher injury rate or on a higher number of climbers overall cannot be stated with certainty because no denominator is presented to estimate the injury rate among climbers.
Nudging and educating: bounded axiological rationality in behavioral insights
Authors: HORTAL ALEJANDRO
Published: March 2019

While it is broadly accepted that individuals are boundedly rational, the meaning of these boundaries and what to do about them has generated a debate between two different views: one that defendsnudgingas the best possible way to improve the outcome of people's decision and one that criticizes their use. This debate occurs at an instrumental level, conceiving decisions under a goal-oriented perspective. I propose that adding the role of values (axiological rationality) to the discussion can shed new light, not only on this debate, but also on nudges themselves, clarifying and enriching some arguments in the discussion about autonomy and efficiency. This approach will not only be more comprehensive, but it will also increase the effectiveness of nudges by tackling the different components of our rationality. Nudges should not only be goal-oriented; they should also be educational. Non-educational nudges should be used in conjunction with educational interventions. I will illustrate my position with two examples: vaccination policies and nudges in the use of seatbelts.
The Parliament of Empire: Charles Bonney's American Vision
Authors: Hulsether Lucia
Published: March 2019

This article places the World's Parliament of Religions in its social-political milieu of Gilded Age Chicago. It takes up the Parliament not to rehash arguments that scholars have made about its particular performance of religion but, rather, to locate its pluralist production in finer-grained material expenditures and extractions that made it possible. It tells this story through an examination of the Parliament's organizer, Charles Carroll Bonney. Employed as a federal judge in Chicago, Bonney's life reflects the coterminous boundaries of capital, state-building, and aspirations for the reconciliation of human conflict through multireligious unity. His tenure as the organizer of the Parliament, and as the President of the World Congress Auxiliary of which it was a part, was riddled by raging conflict with Chicago's union leaders, who saw the events as an indirect attack on the city's labor movement. To analyze the Parliament in light of these factors is to begin to understand the history of American religious pluralism as constituted by—and, thus, inextricable from—histories of labor, capital, and the state.
Grothendieck Ring of Varieties with Actions of Finite Groups
Authors: Gusein-Zade S.M. , Luengo I. , Melle-Hernández A.
Published: March 2019

We define a Grothendieck ring of varieties with actions of finite groups and show that the orbifold Euler characteristic and the Euler characteristics of higher orders can be defined as homomorphisms from this ring to the ring of integers. We describe two natural λ-structures on the ring and the corresponding power structures over it and show that one of these power structures is effective. We define a Grothendieck ring of varieties with equivariant vector bundles and show that the generalized (‘motivic’) Euler characteristics of higher orders can be defined as homomorphisms from this ring to the Grothendieck ring of varieties extended by powers of the class of the complex affine line. We give an analogue of the Macdonald type formula for the generating series of the generalized higher-order Euler characteristics of wreath products.
Shawi (Chayahuita)
Authors: Rojas-Berscia Luis Miguel , Napurí Andrés , Wang Lei
Published: March 2019

Shawi1is the language of the indigenous Shawi/Chayahuita people in Northwestern Amazonia, Peru. It belongs to the Kawapanan language family, together with its moribund sister language, Shiwilu. It is spoken by about 21,000 speakers (see Rojas-Berscia 2013) in the provinces of Alto Amazonas and Datem del Marañón in the region of Loreto and in the northern part of the region of San Martín, being one of the most vital languages in the country (see Figure 1).2Although Shawi groups in the Upper Amazon were contacted by Jesuit missionaries during colonial times, the maintenance of their customs and language is striking. To date, most Shawi children are monolingual and have their first contact with Spanish at school. Yet, due to globalisation and the construction of highways by the Peruvian government, many Shawi villages are progressively westernising. This may result in the imminent loss of their indigenous culture and language.
The mediating role of depression in pathways linking positive and negative symptoms in schizophrenia. A longitudinal analysis using latent variable structural equation modelling
Authors: Carrà Giuseppe , Crocamo Cristina , Bartoli Francesco , Angermeyer Matthias , Brugha Traolach , Toumi Mondher , Bebbington Paul
Published: March 2019

Background

The interaction between positive, negative and depressive symptoms experienced by people with schizophrenia is complex. We used longitudinal data to test the hypothesis that depressive symptoms mediate the links between positive and negative symptoms.

Methods

We analyzed data from the European Schizophrenia Cohort, randomly sampled from outpatient services in France, Germany and the UK (N = 1208). Initial measures were repeated after 6 and 12 months. Depressive symptoms were identified using the Calgary Depression Scale for Schizophrenia (CDSS), while positive and negative symptoms were assessed with the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS). Latent variable structural equation modelling was used to investigate the mediating role of depression assessed at 6 months in relation to the longitudinal association between positive symptoms at baseline and negative symptoms at 12 months.

Results

We found longitudinal associations between positive symptoms at baseline and negative symptoms at 12 months, as well as between both of these and CDSS levels at 6 months. However depression did not mediate the longitudinal association between PANSS scores; all the effect was direct.

Conclusions

Our findings are incompatible with a mediating function for depression on the pathway from positive to negative symptoms, at least on this timescale. The role of depression in schizophrenic disorders remains a challenge for categorical and hierarchical diagnostic systems alike. Future research should analyze specific domains of both depressive and negative symptoms (e.g. motivational and hedonic impairments). The clinical management of negative symptoms using antidepressant treatments may need to be reconsidered.
Bringing Legal Education to the Canadian Arctic: the Development of the Akitsiraq Law School and the Challenges for Providing Library Services to a Non-traditional Law School
Authors: Ableson Serena
Published: March 2019

In the Canadian Arctic on the southwestern tip of Baffin Island, there is a sacred meeting place marked by a ring of massive stones, “some weighing up to a ton, standing on end and arranged in a near perfect circle.” This place is called Akitsirqavik [cited as Akitsiraq] and for generations, this is the spot where people gathered for celebrations, games, feasts, and is the place where the Inuit Great Council met to discuss conflicts in their community and to agree upon solutions to these disputes. The last known Inuit traditional trial, a murder trial, occurred here in 1924. Akitsiraq means “to strike out, [to] render justice.”
Speeding Up the International Community's Response Time in Addressing Acts of Genocide: Deferring to the Judgment of Nongovernmental Organizations
Authors: Kagan Joshua M.
Published: March 2019

Although the United Nations’ 1948 Genocide Convention was a well-intentioned step toward ending genocide, acts of genocide have continued since its ratification. This paper suggests that because genocide is widely considered to be the most horrific of all crimes, the leaders of the international community owe it to their constituents to put some teeth in the Genocide Convention by increasing the speed with which acts of genocide are identified and eradicated. In order to speed up the international community's response time in stopping existing situations of genocide, this paper asserts that certain specified international human rights non-governmental organizations (NGOs) should be given the designated role of identifying genocide and related acts. Such a designation would then initiate, within the U.N. system itself, appropriate action to stop these genocidal acts.

This paper examines the relevant statutory provisions and precedents for significant NGO involvement within the United Nations (UN) system. I also discuss several practical concerns associated with granting deference to NGOs and evaluate the degree to which such concerns may be refutable or compelling. This paper explores the moral and pragmatic values of creating a new system to identify cases of genocide, in the hope that the “never again” mentality that permeated the original drafting of the Genocide Convention can finally be given some force.
GlobaLex: A Unique and Valuable Tool for Foreign, Comparative, and International Law Research
Authors: Kuehl Heidi Frostestad
Published: March 2019

How do I find Romanian statutes and cases in English? How might I better understand treaty research and use of travaux préparatoires, find available online and print resources for international agreements, and obtain a cogent overview of this topic? What sources might be helpful for researching religious legal systems, such as Hindu, Buddhist, or Islamic law? Where can I find a description of the legal system of Belarus? As U.S. law schools are becoming increasingly global in their scope and preparation of students and LLM programs abound, law librarians will more frequently encounter foreign, comparative, and international law reference questions like the above. In addition, if a reference librarian does not have a background or exposure to foreign, comparative, and international research or if there isn't a foreign and international law librarian at the institution, reliance on available online reference sources, such as research guides, and traditional reference works in foreign and international law will be essential. One excellent online resource that provides research guidance in the areas of foreign, comparative, and international law and has an authoritative and fascinating portal of research articles is GlobaLex.
International Transitional Administration: The United Nations in East Timor, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Eastern Slavonia, and Kosovo – A Bibliography
Authors: DiFelice Beth
Published: March 2019

Between 1995 and 1999, the United Nations established transitional administrations over four war-torn territories – East Timor, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Eastern Slavonia, and Kosovo. These transitional civil administrations began as part of a peace agreement and have or will end with either independence of the territory, as with East Timor, or the reuniting of a war-torn state, as with Eastern Slavonia's return to Croatia. As of this writing, the United Nations’ mission in Kosovo has not ended.
Civil Society's Involvement in Post-Conflict Peacebuilding
Authors: Parver Corrine , Wolf Rebecca
Published: March 2019

War is a way of life – in some parts of the world it is an ongoing struggle with no end in sight. Years of perpetual conflict have adversely affected the way in which political, socio-economic, and cultural components of society have developed. Indeed, armed conflict negatively affects all aspects of society: not only does it destroy buildings and societies, but it also leaves surviving individuals and communities with deep wounds that can last a lifetime.
On Law and the Transition to Market: The Case of Egypt
Authors: Abu-Odeh Lama
Published: March 2019

On the eve of independence from European colonialism, Egypt, like most other developing countries, undertook the project of de-linking itself from colonial economy through initiating domestic industrialization. The economic project known as Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI) was designed to liberate Egypt from raw commodity production, agricultural and mineral, servicing its previous colonial master Great Britain. The engine of development would be an expanding public sector with nationalization and socialism as leitmotif. In re-orienting the economy towards industrial production, it was hoped that the terms of trade with the international economy for Egypt would significantly improve, leading thereby to an improvement in the living standards of its population.
Adding Fuel to the Fire: Justifying Iraq's Media Incitement Laws
Authors: Smith Erica
Published: March 2019

With its improving stability and approaching independence, Iraq must decide a centuries-old question: which is more important, liberty or security? This Article addresses this question in the realm of Iraq's freedoms of the press.
Digital Divide or Unequal Exchange? How the Northern Intellectual Property Rights Regime Threatens the South
Authors: Darch Colin
Published: March 2019

This conference of law librarians is convened around the theme of “New Rights — New Laws.” I want to argue that, with regard to information, while there are new laws aplenty, there are in fact no new rights. Worse, we are presently witnessing a steady erosion of even the existing public rights of access to and use of information content, whether of a legal nature or not. In fact, there is mounting evidence that the idea of the public domain itself is under serious attack both as a concept and as a collection of practices. The global privatization of cultural and intellectual content in ways unimaginable only a few decades ago is actively threatening the established structures of scholarly communication, to the increasing disadvantage of the less-developed South. Intellectual property (IP) rights are being extended into new areas, as the patent system, for example, expands into biotechnology, agriculture and medicine, while copyright, patent and trade secret protection is claimed even for computer software, mathematical algorithms, and business methods. IP protection is under discussion for indigenous knowledge, and not necessarily for altruistic reasons. And as the useful shelf life of such content shortens, the protection afforded to it lengthens disproportionately in a disturbing pattern that nearly always favors rights holders and their claims above even the most rudimentary forms of public good.
A summary of recent constitutional reform in the United Kingdom
Authors: Dingle Lesley , Miller Bradley
Published: March 2019

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland consists of four countries: England, Northern Ireland, Scotland and Wales. Legislative competence for the UK resides in the Westminster Parliament, but there are three legal systems (England and Wales, Northern Ireland, and Scotland) with separate courts and legal professions. These legal systems have a unified final court of appeal in the House of Lords. The Isle of Man, and the two Channel Islands (Guernsey and Jersey) are not part of the UK, but possessions of the crown. Although their citizens are subject to the British Nationality Act 1981, the islands have their own legal systems. They are represented by the UK government for the purposes of international relations, but are not formal members of the European Union.
The Judicial System of Estonia and European Union Law
Authors: Laffranque Julia
Published: March 2019

Estonia employs a civil law system and follows the legal traditions of continental Europe – there is a distinction between public and private law. The main source of law is written (statutory) law. Case law has no precedent value. However, the decisions of the Estonian Supreme Court are used as a subsidiary source of law in interpreting and founding the general principles of law. This followsexpressis verbisfrom the Estonian Code of Criminal Procedure, which states in article 2 subsection 4 that the decisions of the Supreme Court in issues which are not regulated by other sources of criminal procedural law but which arise in the application of law are also sources of criminal procedure law. And they arede factoin other areas of law: private law, in particular administrative law, as well. Thus one could say that step-by-step the judgments of the Supreme Court gain more and more importance in shaping the legal system and legal order of Estonia.
Cultural Competence and the Legal Profession: An Annotated Bibliography of Materials Published Between 2000 and 2011
Authors: Demers Annette
Published: March 2019

“…it is both impressive and effective to understand the culture in which you are doing business and demonstrating that understanding to clients. ‘There are cultural sensitivities even when you are dealing domestically,’ said Neena Gupta, a partner with Gowlings in Waterloo who heads up the firm's India Practice Group. Such cultural skills – speaking another language, being familiar with another culture, having lived outside Canada – while often acknowledged as softer skills are still seen as an enhancement to core legal skills. “We are conscious of the fact that a candidate with linguistic ability and global awareness does bring something to the table that others do not,” said Gupta. That something is very good for the business of law.”
Codification of Private International Law: Efforts in the Netherlands, Book 10 Civil Code†††
Authors: (Teun) Antoon , Struycken V. M.
Published: March 2019

Law does not have its intended effect if people do not know the law. Law should be known by the people who derive rights and obligations from it. Chaotic law, though known by the people, does not have its intended effect either. To be respected, law should at least be logical and consistent, and not prompt chicaneries. Law is what courts say the law is. Courts have to decide case by case. Their judgments express what the law is in the case submitted. The people involved and other interested people will know what the court has decided.
The Interwoven Fabric of Anglo-American Law: A Bibliographic View from Alabama† ††
Authors: Pruitt Paul
Published: March 2019

Our topic is the impact of English common law on American law. Our thesis is that the impact was considerable, mutual, and long-running; also that it will be possible to demonstrate the connectedness of Anglo and American variants chiefly by using bibliographic methods. For this purpose, we shall make use of the collections of the Bounds Law Library of the University of Alabama—though the collections of many well-established state law schools would equally suffice. In addition, we can call upon the vast amount of bibliographic information available online through WorldCat and related databases.
2011 IALL Conference Report: The 30th Annual Course on International Law and Legal Information; Dynamics of Malaysian Law in the Global World†
Authors: Bakar Yusrina Abu
Published: March 2019

Back in January 2008 I was asked by the Chief Librarian of the International Islamic University Malaysia Library (IIUM Library) to head the Law Information Section of the Library. Up to that year, which was my twelfth year as a librarian, law had been one of the subjects that I had avoided learning. I knew the complexity and specialization of the subjects and its multitude of collections. I felt that if I did not use the subject on a regular basis, I would easily forget what I learned. Even though skeptical of my own ability to head the department, I took the job to challenge myself, to learn more about the subject and above all to prove to myself how wrong I was about the subject.
Bibliographic Guide to the Legal Aspects of International
Finance
Authors: Smolka-Day Maria I.
Published: March 2019

International finance is a fast growing and constantly changing area of
economic activity. Along with permanent improvements in traditional
financial instruments, totally new markets and products such as Eurocurrency
markets of Eurobonds have been developed during recent decades. Legal
aspects of international finance touch upon so many different problems that
only a few of them can be covered in this guide and only in an introductory
manner. The guide is not intended as a complete bilbiography but as a
selection of some important or representative, general materials in English.
The emphasis is on recent publications, which can easily lead to older and
more extensive studies.
United Nations Decade of International Law
Authors: Schaaf Robert W.
Published: March 2019

With the world's attention focused on the Persian Gulf crisis during the latter part of 1990 and the important part played in the situation by the United Nations Security Council, the 45th session of the UN General Assembly received very little attention in the press. In general, however, this post-Cold War session was considered a success, with an unprecedented number of resolutions adopted by consensus. As usual there were numerous resolutions of interest to the legal community.
The United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet – Developments and Challenges
Authors: Kohona Palitha T.B.
Published: March 2019

TheUnited Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet (UNTC)now contains, in addition to the major documents, theUnited Nations Treaty Series (UNTS)and theMultilateral Treaties Deposited with the Secretary-General, the texts of treaties recently deposited with the Secretary-General in the authentic languages, the titles of all treaties deposited with Secretary-General in the six official languages, depositary notifications issued by the Secretary-General in his capacity as depositary of multilateral treaties, documentation compiled in connection with three special treaty events held in 2000 and 2001 by the United Nations, theSummary of Practice of the Secretary-General as Depositary of Multilateral Treaties, theTreaty Handbook, information on treaty related technical assistance provided by the Treaty Section of the United Nations and photographs taken at treaty ceremonies in chronological order. Many of these documents were added to theUNTCover the last two years.
Academic Law Library Collections in Africa Comparative Notes on Nigeria and South Africa
Authors: Dina Yemisi
Published: March 2019

The law library is an essential service in the functioning of an academic library. Unlike other disciplines where the library is just one of a number of supporting overhead services provided to enable the researcher and student to do their work, the law library is like a laboratory, thus making it an essential service to legal research.
European Integration: History and Perspectives Report from a Colloquium Retracing the Evolution of the European Union
Authors: Haider Inger Eriksson
Published: March 2019

Fifty years ago, in the aftermath of the Second World War, Europe lay in ruins. What could be done to put an end to its belligerent past? Robert Schuman, then French Foreign Minister, envisioned that the European nations pool their resources together and unite their sovereign states, creating a unique form of political and economic union to be governed by supranational institutions. In the words of Jean Monnet: “Nothing can be achieved without institutions.” These ideas were the origins of the European Union.
Commonwealth Caribbean Legal Materials: A Select Subject Bibliography
Authors: Brathwaite Joan A.
Published: March 2019

This Bibliography draws together materials authored or edited by librarians and members of the legal community in the Commonwealth Caribbean and further afield. It was compiled as part of a research study onThe Provision of Legal Information in the Commonwealth Caribbean, in an effort to bring together and disseminate a listing of materials, particularly those on the legal information and the various laws and legal systems of the Caribbean.
Where to Begin … When You Don't Know How to Start Tips for Researching UN Legal Materials
Authors: Andersen Maureen Ratynski
Published: March 2019

Working with United Nations documentation can be challenging. For starters, titles of documents are generic. In general, it's a good idea to have a basic sense of how the Organization is structured and its reporting system. (For example, the Commission on Human Rights reports to the Economic and Social Council, the International Law Commission to the General Assembly.) Many tools are available to help in this regard but perhaps the most useful is United Nations Documentation: Research Guide, which is an excellent starting point for neophytes but also has features for advanced researchers which enable them to further hone their skills.
Canadian Constitutional Law: Presentation to the Annual Conference of International Association of Law Libraries
Authors: Hogg Peter W.
Published: March 2019

When I was asked to give this talk it occurred to me that it might be interesting to think aloud about some of the changes in constitutional law—and in writing about constitutional law—that have occurred since I came to Canada. I am a New Zealander by birth, but I was teaching at the Faculty of Law of Monash University in Melbourne, Australia, when I came to the Osgoode Hall Law School on a one-year visit in the summer of 1970. During that visiting year, the faculty decided to offer me a permanent appointment. This was done over the objection of one of my colleagues, R. J. Gray, who claimed that my lectures would require simultaneous translation, and that I would not meet the height requirements for Canadian citizenship. Anyway I was persuaded to stay (and three years later I became a Canadian citizen).
Globalizing the U.S. Law School Curriculum: How Should Legal Educators Respond?
Authors: Ali Farida
Published: March 2019

This article examines the implications of globalization for legal practice, law students, and law school curricula. It opens with a review of the impact of globalization on the legal profession, together with an overview of the benefits and challenges that come with globalizing legal education. The article then examines the current state of U.S. legal education by identifying some of the schools that have expressed or demonstrated a commitment to providing a global legal education, and surveying the types of reforms that these schools have adopted in order to meet this objective. The article considers schools’ attitudes to and choice of reforms in light of the view that the typical new American lawyer is inadequately prepared to practice law in today's global legal order, in which he or she is increasingly likely to be called upon to resolve legal issues of a transnational nature. Preparing students to practice law in a globalized society, the article contends, should therefore be a key objective for American legal educators. With this goal in mind, the article examines the current program at Northwestern University School of Law as a case study and offers recommendations that can help to achieve the goal of globalizing legal education while responding to the needs and concerns of today's law students and future legal practitioners.
Brief History of the Ethiopian Legal Systems - Past and Present
Authors: Beru Tsegaye
Published: March 2019

As a country, Ethiopia needs no introduction. Its three thousand years of history has been told and documented by many who lived in and traveled to Ethiopia The discovery of Lucy, the 3.2 million years old hominid, iconic fossil in the Afar region of Ethiopia in 1974, attests to the fact that Ethiopia is indeed one of the oldest nations in the world. The origin of the northern Ethiopian Empire, is chronicled in the legendary story of Cush, the son of Ham and the founder of the Axumite Kingdom, who gave the name Ethiopis to the area surrounding Axum and later to his son. Ethiopia is thus derived from it which in Greek means land of the burnt or black faces.
The International Information Consultant: A Primer on Avoiding Potholes, Perils, and Pitfalls
Authors: Lemmer Catherine
Published: March 2019

Consultants are retained to assist libraries in identifying, designing, and implementing solutions to a wide variety of strategic, management, operational, and human resources issues. The goal of the library-consultant relationship is to improve the operations of the organization. Although often unrecognized as such, law librarians are natural consultants. Librarians are problem solvers, and as such develop and use many of the same skills as consultants in their everyday roles in the law library.

For those versatile librarians skilled in change management and interested in pursuing these challenging professional opportunities, this article discusses best practices for library consultants and provides advice on how to avoid pitfalls in the context of an international case study. Part I of the article provides an introduction to professional consulting. Part II discusses the author's case study, a six-month fellowship with the Legal Resources Centre of South Africa. Part III then concludes the article with an articulation of the skills and talents exhibited by successful consultants to enable interested readers to better understand if consulting is an opportunity matched to their professional interests and skills.
100 Years Ago: A Bibliographical Calendar of Diplomacy and International Law: In the Years 1914 and 1915
Authors: Schwietzke Joachim , Macalister-Smith Peter
Published: March 2019

This Bibliographical Calendar focuses on a general armed conflict within Europe that spread to most parts of the world. It started during the second decade of the twentieth century. In this context the present Calendar offers an overview of the chronology leading up to the First World War. It is also a documented survey of official transactions relating to the World War with particular attention to the sources of record. The main focus of the work is on diplomatic acts of the belligerent and neutral parties that accompanied the military dimension of the conflict.

The Calendar assumes the form of a compilation of related kinds of information situated between a bibliography and a repertory, with the aim of elucidating the course of World War One from the perspectives of international law and diplomacy.
The Conception of Law and Legal Research
Authors: Bailone Matías
Published: March 2019

The area of Research at the Research Institute and Foreign Reference of the Supreme Court of Justice has developed two scientific research programs during the past five years which we want to mention and comment on briefly. Both investigations were proposed, directed and supervised by Dr. Eugenio Raul Zaffaroni, one of the Supreme Court Justices on whom the whole structure depends.
Transitional (In)Justice: An Exploration of Blanket Amnesties and the Remaining Controversies Around the Spanish Transition to Democracy
Authors: García Alexandra
Published: March 2019

“Blanket amnesties” have generally been declared to be incompatible with international law due to the fact that they shield perpetrators of serious crimes from accountability as well as conflict with established principles regarding the applicability of statutory limitations to certain criminal offenses. The repeal of theFull StopandDue Obediencelaws in Argentina set a crucial precedent in the process toward the abrogation of legislation leading to impunity for those responsible for grave violations ofjus cogens.Additionally, permitting the prosecutions of Nazi officers Klaus Barbie and Erich Priebke in Europe confirmed the customary principle of the non-applicability of statutory limitations to crimes against humanity. However, for nearly 40 years, Spain's amnesty legislation continues to preclude any investigation or prosecution of the crimes committed during the civil war (1936–1939) and the Francoist regime (1939–1975). Spain's 1977 Amnesty Act has been widely characterized as a blanket amnesty and remains in force today despite allegations of noncompliance with international law and numerous requests from United Nations bodies to repeal it. This article explores the history of Spain's 1977 Amnesty Act, compares and contrasts it with other nations with similar amnesties, and makes the case that a successful transition from an authoritarian regime to a peaceful democracy is feasible without the use of overly broad “blanket” amnesties.
The Status of U.S. Copyright Relations with Taiwan
Authors: Yambrusic Edward S.
Published: March 2019

The United States of America and the Republic of China (hereafter “ROC”) have maintained copyright relations pursuant to the 1948 Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Navigation, signed at Nonking November 4, 1946. Article IX of the treaty guaranteed, inter alia,

effective protection in the enjoyment of rights with respect to [the contracting parties'] literary and artistic works, upon compliance with the applicable laws and regulations, if any, respecting registration and other formalities which are or may thereafter be enforced by the constituted authorities; unauthorized reproduction, sale, diffusion or use of such literary and artistic works shall be prohibited, and effective remedy therefore, shall be provided by civil action.
Prevention of Child Abuse in Switzerland: Statutes and Court Decisions
Authors: Buzescu Petru
Published: March 2019

The general protection of a child's interests and the prevention of child abuse are intertwined areas of concern for Swiss lawmakers. They have been thoroughly dealt with in both civil and criminal legislation.
Soviet Laws Translated into the English Language: A Bibliographic List Through December 31, 1984
Authors: Brannon Jeanna A. , Kavass Igor I.
Published: March 2019

The purpose of this paper is to provide a checklist of Soviet Normative Acts available in English translations. This list is intended for use in conjunction with a checklist by William E. Butler found at 23 American Journal of Comparative Law 530 (1975). The majority of the legislation included in this bibliography was enacted after Butler's publication in 1975. Included also are acts that were already cited by Butler but have appeared again in new English language books.
The Artist's Case for Droit Moral and Droit de Suite Continues
Authors: Shaffer Roberta I.
Published: March 2019

In September 1986, Senator Edward Kennedy of Massachusetts sponsored a bill, “The Visual Artists Rights Amendment of 1986” which was not unlike many others that had been introduced into the United States Congress in recent years. ft proposed toexpand the Copyright Act of 1976 by granting artists certain control over their works beyond that currently secured under Copyright, contract or tort protections, as well as the ability to share in the proceeds of future (secondary) sales of the work. Although the bill never saw the light of legislative action, the issues it addressed are very much in the forefront of current art and law concerns.
Human Rights Protection Under the Council of Europe - The System and its Documentation
Authors: Schaffer Ellen G.
Published: March 2019

In the aftermath of the Second World War, Western Europe moved to create an organization that would unite the countries of Europe. One of the Council of Europe's (COE) principal goals was to establish and safeguard the fundamental human and political rights of its peoples. Following in the spirit of the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the members drafted the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms, better known as the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR).
The Swedish Institution of Justice Ombudsman
Authors: Nozari Fariborz
Published: March 2019

I. The Institution of Justice Ombudsman has its origian in Sweden. The term “ombudsman” in Swedish means a representative or an agent. In practice the Justice Ombudsman has come to be described as the protector of people's rights and the watchman over central and local administrations and courts. He is the commissioner of justice, elected by the Parliament to ensure that the laws of the country are properly observed by the State and local authorities.
An Outline of the Catalan Forced Share System
Authors: Anderson Miriam
Published: March 2019

It has been held that the traditional Catalan design of the legitime or forced share is, together with the testator's freedom and closely linked to it, the main distinguishing feature of the Catalan law of succession. And this is even more the case since the 2008 reform, by which Book IV of the Catalan Civil Code (hereinafter, CCCat) was enacted, and other traditional principles of Catalan succession were severely eroded.
Conflicting Norms, Values, and Interests: A Perspective from Legal Academia
Authors: Oeter Stefan
Published: March 2019

The analytical tension between legal norms, moral values, and national interests seems no uncharted territory in political science, but has found very little interest in legal academia. For lawyers, moral values and national interests are largely “unknowns,” dealt with by other disciplines. Looking a bit deeper, the picture becomes more nuanced, however. As part of a roundtable on “Balancing Legal Norms, Moral Values, and National Interests,” this essay argues that norms, values, and interests are not different universes of legal normativity, morality, and specific interests, but are interrelated concepts. Values clearly influence norms and often underpin them, while seemingly concrete norms (rules) are themselves often fragile constructs trying to balance competing interests. Value systems are quite diverse within societies, and this is even truer for interests; each society is a dynamic system of social interaction where conflicting interests are constantly playing out. In a way, underlying conflicts of values and interests are constantly being renegotiated in the legal system, with the norms enshrined in the text of statutes and treaties serving to constitute transitory reference points.
Determinants of antibiotic prescribing for upper respiratory tract infections in an emergency department with good primary care access: a qualitative analysis
Authors: Chan Y. Y. , Bin Ibrahim M. A. , Wong C. M. , Ooi C. K. , Chow A.
Published: March 2019

Upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) account for substantial attendances at emergency departments (EDs). There is a need to elucidate determinants of antibiotic prescribing in time-strapped EDs – popular choices for primary care despite highly accessible primary care clinics. Semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with purposively sampled physicians (n = 9) in an adult ED in Singapore. All interviews were analysed using thematic analysis and further interpreted using the Social Ecological Model to explain prescribing determinants. Themes included: (1) reliance on clinical knowledge and judgement, (2) patient-related factors, (3) patient–physician relationship factors, (4) perceived practice norms, (5) policies and treatment guidelines and (6) patient education and awareness. The physicians relied strongly on their clinical knowledge and judgement in managing URTI cases and seldom interfered with their peers’ clinical decisions. Despite departmental norms of not prescribing antibiotics for URTIs, physicians would prescribe antibiotics when faced with uncertainty in patients’ diagnoses, treating immunocompromised or older patients with comorbidities, and for patients demanding antibiotics, especially under time constraints. Participants had a preference for antibiotic prescribing guidelines based on local epidemiology, but viewed hospital policies on prescribing as a hindrance to clinical judgement. Participants highlighted the need for more public education and awareness on the appropriate use of antibiotics and management of URTIs. Organisational practice norms strongly influenced antibiotic prescribing decisions by physicians, who can be swayed by time pressures and patient demands. Clinical decision support tools, hospital guidelines and patient education targeting at individual, interpersonal and community levels could reduce unnecessary antibiotic use.