bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ideals of Representation
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: February 2022

This chapter begins with the one chant of popular rebels that evoked ideology: cries of ‘Libertà’. These cries, however, had changed from the late Middle Ages, when labourers and artisans sought to be recognized as citizens and to extend their political franchise with rights of election to large legislative assemblies. By 1494, however, these chants often derived from elites in attempts to entice commoners to follow nobles, oligarchs, or even the pope (as with Julius II in Bologna in 1506) to acquire power or fortify their positions. Next, the chapter turns to revolts of democracy, highlighting key elements that can be seen in colonial revolts down the Dalmatian coast, as exemplified in Lesna’s revolts 1510–14, against the abuses of its nobility, which led its popolo gaining proportional representation in the island’s governing councils; in Genoa’s revolt of 1506–07, when its popolo secured three-quarters of elected seats in Genoa’s ruling council and elected a silk-worker as doge; in Perugia in 1535 against the rule of the papacy, resurrecting its medieval council of Five Hundred and then extending it to a new council of Six Hundred. These avenues of democratic practice included elections of leaders, podestà, gate guards, parish officers, and members to large legislative bodies and were buttressed by prior assemblies of workers, artisans, and shopkeepers, where they debated and promulgated new statutes, demanded that elite corruption be curtailed and that local statutes be respected.
Equality
Authors: Cohn, Jr. Samuel K.
Published: February 2022

This chapter begins by considering present-day definitions of democracy and reflecting on the ideals of popular rebels of the late Renaissance Italy. It adopts the model of the sociologist Juan Linz (1978) of democracy embracing two broad ideals: representation and equality. The chapter then turns to the work of Guido Alfani and Roberta Frigeni that has found notions of ‘equality’ as a human relationship extremely rare before the Enlightenment and ‘inequality’ not until the nineteenth century. From our book’s survey of chronicles and diplomatic dispatches, however, these words and their notions rest solidly in human relations and pertain to taxation, justice, and political representation. More strikingly, they fill collective supplications to the Grand duke, lodged by communal protesters in provincial towns and even villages in the 1540s. Rights for equality now justified appeals against elite fiscal exemptions, corruption, and unjust laws. Furthermore ‘plebes’, artisans, and villagers maintained that any realization of social and economic equality was possible only through the extension of their political representation and participation.
Dissenting Daughters
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C.
Published: February 2022

This book reveals that devout women made vital contributions to the spread and practice of the Reformed faith in the Dutch Republic in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. The six women at the heart of this study—Cornelia Teellinck, Susanna Teellinck, Anna Maria van Schurman, Sara Nevius, Cornelia Leydekker, and Henrica van Hoolwerff—were influential members of networks known for supporting a religious revival known as the Further Reformation. These women earned the support and appreciation of their religious leaders, friends, and relatives by seizing the tools offered by domestic religious study and worship, and forming alliances with prominent ministers including Willem Teellinck, Gijsbertus Voetius, Wilhelmus à Brakel, and Melchior Leydekker as well as with other well-connected, well-educated women. They deployed their talents to bolster the Dutch Reformed Church from 1572, the first year its members could publicly organize, to the death of this book’s last surviving subject Cornelia Leydekker in 1725. In return for their adoption of religious teachings that constricted them in many ways, they gained the authority to minister to their family members, their female friends, and a broader audience of men and women during domestic worship as well as through their written works. These “dissenting daughters” vehemently defended their faith—against Spanish and French Catholics, as well as their neighbors, politicians, and ministers within the Dutch Republic whom they judged to be lax and overly tolerant of sinful behavior, finding ways to flourish among the strictest orthodox believers within the Dutch Reformed Church.
Sara Nevius
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C.
Published: February 2022

This chapter features Sara Nevius (1632–1706), a prolific author who wrote prose meditations, poetry, and hymns. She led religious conventicles and helped usher in the second wave of the Further Reformation in her capacity as the Voetian minister à Brakel’s wife and as a daughter of a family dedicated to the ministry. This chapter reveals that Nevius’ meditations followed the example of two other ministers’ wives, Sara van der Mast (1620–49) and Elizabeth van den Heuvel (1638–?). This illuminates a trend in which ministers’ wives published meditations to model for others the domestic spiritual exercises that they believed helped one grow closer to God, and demonstrates the growing popularity of mysticism among Further Reformation supporters after 1650. Van Schurman helped foster mysticism as well, but her departure from the church in 1669 made those who remained orthodox look for other models. Nevius’ husband à Brakel posthumously published Nevius’ meditations in 1706 to fill this void. Although Nevius was not as learned or as internationally renowned as the latter, à Brakel confirmed Nevius’ claim that she was Jesus’ student, an accomplishment that he believed other men and women should try to emulate while detailing her ministry to communities in Friesland and Rotterdam.
Conclusion
Authors: Pipkin Amanda C.
Published: February 2022

The conclusion asserts that this book is a celebration of the wealth of evidence that reveals that contemporary members of the Dutch Reformed Church valued and relied upon devout Reformed women. Ministers and lay friends and family recruited them to nurture and teach children, to admonish wayward husbands and neighbors, to help finance church initiatives, to provide luxurious meeting spaces, and to author a broad range of devotional materials. They shared books and manuscripts with female friends and relatives, worshiped and studied alongside them at home, enjoyed their musical talents, and sometimes helped them publish their written works. Each one of the women featured in this book took advantage of familial and Reformed ministers’ support to build upon a long tradition of lay religious participation in religious reform in the Dutch Republic and flourished within the most conservative branch of the Reformed church.
Impurities and the growth of semiconductors
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: February 2022

All modern electronics and computers are based on semiconductor devices and they function because we have invested immense quantities of time, money and people trying to understand how a few parts per million of the atoms in a solid can totally change and control the electrical properties. The production challenges need immense precision, not only with the number of dopant impurities, but also in the way they are distributed and patterned into the semiconductor host. The basic concepts are simple, whereas the manufacturing is highly complex. The chapter offers simplistic views of how electrical properties are altered, and why it is essential to control the location of electrically active impurities. It is clear that there are many features which influence semiconductor performance but, conceptually, the underlying science is vastly simpler than the fabrication.
Chemistry and catalysis
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: February 2022

For over a century, trace impurities have been involved in the chemical industry to accelerate chemical processes, or to enable those that will not function under normal conditions of temperature and pressure. Industrial examples started using impurities (here called catalysts) to speed up the production of margarine and development of chemical dyes. The concept is so effective that it is totally widespread and, of the thousands of examples one can cite, virtually every step in the chemistry of oil refineries, to catalytic convertors that clean car exhaust systems. Catalysts are also key to life and substances but, in biology, they are termed enzymes (without them life would not exist). Such powerful chemistry has diversified across many topic areas and cited examples range from forensics to cleaning and nuclear reactors.
Medieval Architecture of Matter, Form, and Powers
Authors: Adams Marilyn McCord
Published: February 2022

Medieval Aristotelianism placed the fundamental powers of created things in the context of a metaphysics of substance that was also metaphysics of matter and form. Chapter 1 explores that context, largely with reference to works of Thomas Aquinas, Duns Scotus, and William Ockham. Following Aristotle, Aquinas tries to preserve the fundamentality of primary substance by insisting that it is naturally prior to its parts or constitutive principles of prime matter and substantial form. Scotus and Ockham disagree with Aquinas about the implications of Aristotelianism. They argue that because prime matter can exist without any of the substantial forms that inhere in it, prime matter and substantial form must be really distinct things, and that because the newly dead body is materially the same as the living body, the forms that structure the prime matter into a body must be distinct from the soul form.
Genuine Agency, Somehow Shared?
Authors: Adams Marilyn McCord
Published: February 2022

As in Chapter 7, the objects outsourced in this chapter are objects of willing and action or desire rather than of understanding and cognition. This chapter focuses, not as Chapter 7 did on a single philosophical theologian, but on seven of the leaders from beginning to end of the most celebrated period of medieval Latin theology, from the mid-12th century to the early 14th century: Peter Lombard, Bonaventure, Thomas Aquinas, Henry of Ghent, Godfrey of Fontaines, Duns Scotus, and William Ockham. The objects of willing and action most discussed were those believed to be involved in a loving and virtuous eternal life with God after death, and those involved in attaining those blessings.
The Withdrawal Agreement, Part Two
Authors: Meduna Michal , Simonsen Marie , Denman Daniel
Published: February 2022

Part Two of the Withdrawal Agreement consists of four Titles—on ‘General Provisions’; ‘Rights and Obligations’; ‘Coordination of Social Security Systems’, and ‘Other Provisions’. Title I sets out the general provisions, which are applicable to the whole of Part Two, with a few exceptions, in particular with regard to Title III. Title II is structured in three Chapters, on rights related to residence, residence documents, rights of workers and self-employed, and professional qualifications respectively. Title III has its own personal scope, as it reflects Union law on social security coordination, and applies to rights acquired in the past, independently of later rights of residence. Title IV includes rules on communication obligations, the duration of the protection afforded under Part Two, as well as on the right of Member States or of UK to take more favourable measures. In a nutshell, the Withdrawal Agreement protects EU citizens residing in the UK, and UK nationals residing in one of the 27 EU Member States at the end of the transition period, where such residence is in accordance with EU law on free movement. It also protects family members that are granted rights under EU law (current spouses and registered partners, parents, grandparents, children, grandchildren, and a person in an existing durable relationship), who do not yet live in the same host state as the Union citizen or the UK national, to join them in the future. Children are protected by the Withdrawal Agreement irrespective of whether they are born before or after the UK’s withdrawal, or whether they are born inside or outside the host state where the EU citizen or the UK national resides. The only exception concerns children born after the UK’s withdrawal and of whom a parent not covered by the Withdrawal Agreement has sole custody under the applicable family law.
The Withdrawal Agreement, Part Four
Authors: Dumitriu-Segnana Eusgenia
Published: February 2022

This chapter assesses Part Four of the Withdrawal Agreement, which deals with the transition (or implementation) period. The European Council (Article 50) Guidelines on Brexit negotiations of 15 December 2017, opened, on the European Union side, the possibility for a transition period that would create a bridge between the membership of the UK and the entry into force of the agreement governing the future relations between the EU and the UK, and therefore limit to the extent possible the disruptions during the timeframe when the agreement(s) on the future relationship are negotiated. They also defined the overall positions and principles that the EU would pursue throughout the negotiations in relation to the transition period. The UK’s approach to the legal text of the transition period was published on 21 February 2018, and the negotiations between the EU and the UK started on this Part immediately thereafter, with the objective to reach agreement before the March 2018 European Council. During the transition (or implementation) period, despite of the fact that the UK is no longer an EU member, it preserves the main rights, benefits, and obligations inherent to EU membership, the main exceptions being related to the participation in the work of the institutions, bodies, offices, and agencies of the EU.
The Withdrawal Agreement, Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland
Authors: Liefländer Thomas , Denman Daniel
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the Protocol on Ireland/Northern Ireland, which sets out detailed arrangements to address the unique challenges arising on the island of Ireland as a result of the United Kingdom’s withdrawal from the European Union. The challenges posed for the island of Ireland by the UK’s decision to withdraw from the EU are grounded in the geography and history of Ireland and the UK. In substance, the Protocol sets out detailed arrangements addressing rights of individuals in Northern Ireland; the Common Travel Area; matters related to customs and the movement of goods; the protection of the United Kingdom’s internal market; VAT and excise; the single electricity market; State aid; North –South cooperation; implementation, application, supervision, and enforcement; common and institutional provisions; as well as consent to the continued application of certain parts of the Protocol. The drafting of the Protocol often does not allow the reader of a given provision to understand immediately the precise legal effect of that provision. Rather, a detailed analysis of each provision within the context of the Protocol as well as the wider Withdrawal Agreement as a whole is required.
Democratization and Tax Innovation
Authors: Kato Junko , Toyofuku Miki
Published: February 2022

The chapter analyses the interaction of democratization and tax modernization over the long-run of history. It shows that democratization has stimulated the adoption of the personal income tax during the nineteenth and early twentieth century but the adoption of the VAT during the late twenty and early twenty-first century. Assuming that democracy is associated with a higher demand for public spending, it argues that the move towards (more) democracy tends to accelerate the introduction of the tax that is generally considered as the most potent revenue instrument at that particular point in historical time. This used to be the personal income tax in the past and is the VAT today.
Peter Mark Roget
Authors: Meurig Thomas John
Published: February 2022

Peter Mark Roget was appointed as a non-resident Fullerian Professor at the Royal Institution, at the same time as Michael Faraday was appointed resident Fullerian Professor in 1833. Roget was an accomplished physiologist and also a medical doctor, who played a leading role in the Royal Society as its Secretary. He is thorugh to have compiled his invaluable Thesaurus—the reverse of a dictionary—because of insomnia. And the Thesaurus has seldom been out of print since it first appeared, thanks to revisions of it carried out by his son and grandson. Many eminent scientists have occupied the Fullerian Professorship of Physiology, notably, Sir Peter Medawar and Sir Thomas Huxley (as well as his grandsons, Julian and Andrew Huxley). The contributions of these eminent physiologists are adumbrated in this chapter.
Unselfish Love
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

Having explored the nature of love, the present chapter endorses Kierkegaard’s conception of “work,” which refers to the way we should love. After all, possessing the capacity to love is not in itself sufficient for loving correctly. We often actuate this capacity poorly and fail to love as we should. The chapter focuses on selfishness, a failure to which romantic love is particularly susceptible. However, whereas Kierkegaard posits self-denial as a way of securing love against selfishness, the proposal here is that this alone is not enough to achieve loving correctly. Correct love can only be accomplished by what Kierkegaard presents as the double movement of faith. Explaining what it means to understand faith as a twofold attitude of denial and affirmation, the chapter suggests that for romantic love to be correct, it should not only be structured like faith but also be conditional on it.
Conclusion
Authors: Krishek Sharon
Published: February 2022

Returning to Zelda’s poem that was presented in the introduction to the book, and by this to the deeply intuitive conception of possessing a name, this chapter ties together the major themes developed in the book: the meaning and significance of being a self, that is, of being given a name—primarily by God, but no less importantly by one’s living in the world; the meaning and significance of possessing this name—one’s individual essence—in a state of potential that requires an actualization by virtue of worldly existence; and the crucial connection between becoming oneself—the self that God intends one to be—and loving, romantically, in a genuine, correct, way.
Taiwan Cinema as Soft Power
Authors: Lim Song Hwee
Published: February 2022

This book seeks to understand cinema as a form of soft-power tool. It proposes Taiwan as a prime example of cinema’s effect in assisting a small nation gain prominence on the international stage. It maps Taiwan’s cinematic output in the twenty-first century through the three keywords in the book’s subtitle—authorship, transnationality, historiography. Its object of analysis is the legacy of Taiwan New Cinema, a movement that began in the early 1980s and has had a lasting impact upon filmmakers and cinephiles worldwide for nearly 40 years. By examining case studies that include Hou Hsiao-hsien, Ang Lee, and Tsai Ming-liang, this book suggests that authorship is central to Taiwan cinema’s ability to transcend borders to the extent that the historiographical writing of Taiwan cinema has to be reimagined. It also looks at the scaling down of soft power from the global to the regional via a cultural imaginary called “little freshness,” which describes films and cultural products from Taiwan that have become hugely popular in China and Hong Kong. In presenting Taiwan cinema’s significance as a case of a small nation with enormous soft power, this book hopes to recast the terms and stakes of both cinema studies and soft power studies in academia.
Do Numbers Exist?
Authors: Maddy Penelope
Published: February 2022

This essay presents the second-philosophical view of arithmetic from Essay #9 to a beginning audience. That view ends with an account of the cognitive and conceptual basis for Peano Arithmetic. This essay addresses the further questions of ontology: do numbers exist?, is arithmetic the study of abstract objects, or is it an extremely useful, idealized theory that’s not literally true? Both options seem open to the Second Philosopher. The suggestion is that once the underlying second-philosophical facts are recognized, the situation can be described either way—with the terms ‘true’ and ‘exist’ or without—and that neither way of speaking comes in conflict with any fact of the matter.
Reconsidering World History
Authors: Táíwò Olúfẹ́mi O.
Published: February 2022

Chapter 2, “Reconsidering World History,” explains the global scale of the constructive view by examining how we got here. It argues that we now live in a social system that is as large as the globe, and that this system was built by the converging processes of trans-Atlantic slavery and colonialism, a concept identified as ‘global racial empire.’ We should understand this system as a system of distribution, explaining where social advantages and disadvantages are made and how much of each that different people and places get. Over time, advantages and disadvantages accumulate. Racial injustice can be understood as an unjust pattern of distribution and accumulation.
Liberation for Some
Authors: Niebur Louis
Published: February 2022

This chapter discusses gentrification in the Castro, which particularly affected the relationship between people of color and the largely white clones. Black clones tell their story of this time, and other criticisms of clone culture within gay activist circles are explored. Two nightclubs that opened in 1977—the I-Beam and Trocadero Transfer—were at the center of clone culture, and both were hubs of the sound. Finally, a history of gay house parties, describes the shift to Rod Roderick’s large, expensive San Francisco house parties and then Michael Maletta’s New York-style megaparties in the Bay, especially “Night Flight” in 1977. The next generation of "high-energy" parties began with David Bandy and Gary Roverana’s “Salute to the Men of San Francisco,” at the Galleria Design Center, formalizing and ritualizing dancing to the emerging San Francisco sound.
Starting a Company
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores why and how an academic becomes an entrepreneur by founding a company. The first step, establishing the company, is straightforward but thereafter a suite of decisions must be made and the researcher must adapt to a completely different environment. The founder must decide on their desired level of involvement, whether as CEO, CSO, or Board member, and those roles can change over time. A steep learning curve requires academics to acquire new skills, mindsets, and vocabulary. Business decisions predominate in the start-up environment, and timelines are accelerated. Start-ups can tap into numerous resources (collectively known as the entrepreneurial ecosystem), and special funding streams can help young companies enhance their value propositions. While the pathway to success is arduous and long, seeing your work become a product that sells in the marketplace is exhilirating.
The Equity Imperative
Authors: Schelhorn Jean E. , Herbers Joan M.
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the fact that commercialization presents additional challenges for individuals who are not stereotypical inventors—that is, who are not white/Asian men. In the United States, societal movements such as Black Lives Matters and the Women’s March are shining a light on structural inequities that disadvantage women and minorities. The world of commercialization is no different. This chapter briefly discusses the representation of women, black, Latinx, and indigenous inventors in academia and then delves into some causal factors that disadvantage women and minorities in tech transfer. A number of efforts are being made to redress the imbalance. For example, recommendations have been made for explicit language in tenure and promotion materials, which will encourage women and minority faculty to consider commercialization, and specialized institutional programs to address the gender gaps in commercialization.
Europe
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: February 2022

Anders Breivik’s 2011 terrorist attacks in Norway transformed the world of violent white supremacy. Breivik offered a model for others to follow, releasing a manifesto detailing the fantastical logic of his massacre and, with his bombing and particularly his systematic mass shooting, providing a style of attack for future shooters. Both before and after Breivik’s attacks, opposition in Europe to Muslim immigration grew, often exacerbated by jihadist terrorism in Europe and elsewhere in the world. White supremacists also made inroads into politics, with parties in Germany, Greece, France, and other countries espousing strongly antiimmigrant and anti-Muslim sentiment and, in some cases, having links to violent white supremacists. European countries became more aggressive in their efforts to counter white supremacist violence, but they still devoted relatively few resources to the problem, and uneven political support further complicated an effective response.
Terrorism in Real Time
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: February 2022

Social media has proven a boon for white supremacists and other terrorists, enabling them to recruit, direct operations, and spread their message. Brenton Tarrant livestreamed on Facebook his 2019 attacks on a mosque and an Islamic center in Christchurch, New Zealand, illustrating how terrorists are integrating social media into their operations. Social media companies initially did little to stop the exploitation of their platforms by terrorist and hate groups, but many major companies have become far more aggressive in recent years, deplatforming dangerous groups and individuals and blocking terrorist content. At the same time, social media companies face numerous technical problems that prevent them from taking stronger steps, and they are often sensitive to political criticism.
Fighting White Supremacy
Authors: Byman Daniel
Published: February 2022

Abstract: There are many ways to fight white supremacist violence, and if governments and civil society organizations work together, they can greatly reduce the danger of terrorism. Civil society organizations can identify extremists, sue them in court, and work to remove individuals from an extremist environment. Police and intelligence services can exploit the movement’s many vulnerabilities to monitor and disrupt their activities. Ensuring that the police themselves are not penetrated by white supremacists is essential. Given the international nature of the movement, international cooperation is also vital for coordinating the global response. Perhaps the most important step is that governments devote the resources and attention to the problem, as white supremacists have many vulnerabilities. This, in turn, requires political support, with parties with agendas that overlap with the white supremacists on issues such as immigration eschewing extreme rhetoric and firmly rejecting any calls for violence.
What is Orchestra Management?
Authors: Newton Travis
Published: February 2022

This chapter begins with a bit of background about the evolution of the modern symphony orchestra from its origins four hundred years ago to the present. The chapter then defines orchestra management, alongside a description of the various components thereof, including operations, personnel management, development, marketing, community engagement, financial management, artistic planning, and the role of the executive director . The chapter continues by discussing the way that orchestras are typically organized as not-for-profit entities. It then explores top-of-mind challenges and opportunities facing orchestras, including economics, relevance, and logistical concerns. Finally, the chapter utilizes established innovation theory to demonstrate how orchestras can undergo systematic, purposeful innovation.
Introduction
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

The introduction presents the main theses of the book and outlines its structure. The positive thesis is that computation is semantic in that it is always accompanied by representations. On the negative side, I suggest that three premises have stood in the way of an adequate account of physical computation: the logical dogma, which asserts that there is a strong linkage between the mathematical theories of computability and physical computation; the architectural dogma, which asserts that the difference between computing and non-computing physical systems has to do, at least in part, with a distinct architectural or functional profile, such as discreteness; and the substantivity premise, which imposes overly strong objectivity, naturalistic, and pancomputationalism-avoidant constraints.
Desiderata of a Theory of Computation
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

The chapter outlines the various demands that arise in a philosophical account of physical computation. It discusses two lists of desiderata put forward by Smith (1996, 2002) and Piccinini (2007, 2015), and argues that a key desideratum is to formulate classification criteria that distinguish computing from non-computing physical systems. It further suggests that the distinction between these criteria for distinguishing computing from non-computing systems (the-right-things-compute and the-wrong-things-don’t-compute) might differ from the criteria for classifying different kinds of computation. It also argues that we need not require substantive demands about the objectivity and the utility of computation in advance.
Conclusion
Authors: Shagrir Oron
Published: February 2022

The chapter recaps the proposed characterization of physical computation and outlines how this characterization squares with the desiderata of an account of computation. The account meets the desideratum of the-right-things-compute in that it deems smartphones, laptops, and robots, as well as natural cognitive and nervous systems, to be computing systems. It meets the desideratum of the-wrong-things-don’t-compute in that it deems stomachs, hurricanes, and rocks, for instance, to be non-computing systems. The proposed account meets a milder objectivity desideratum. It is consistent with the claims that the computational properties of some computing systems, such as brains, are entirely objective and that some computational properties of all computing systems are entirely objective (PO2). The account assigns a distinct feature to computational explanations, namely, modeling, and it emphasizes that the identity conditions that define types of computation (whose specification is the goal of the taxonomy desideratum) are different from those conditions that distinguish computation from non-computation. Finally, it is said how the account fares with Smith’s scope criteria.
The Challenge to State-Based Global Media Systems
Authors: Winkler Carol , El Damanhoury Kareem
Published: February 2022

Chapter 1 begins by profiling Ahmad Abousamra and Samir Khan, two young males born in the United States who emerged as major national security threats to their homeland by writing online publications in support of al-Qaeda and ISIS. Recognizing the opportunity that online environments open for extremist groups to reach global audiences, it itemizes the standard state-based rubrics for evaluating media systems, defines the rising phenomenon of proto-states, and explores why state-based models are insufficient, if not misguided, for understanding proto-state media systems. It then draws on theories of constitutive rhetoric and online networks to identify key foundations of an alternative, identity-based approach. It concludes by naming al-Qaeda and ISIS as case studies and by illustrating how both serve as exemplars of proto-states in the contemporary environment.
Transpatial Identity, Community-Building, and Proto-State Media Systems
Authors: Winkler Carol , El Damanhoury Kareem
Published: February 2022

Chapter 4 focuses on how and why al-Qaeda and ISIS infuse the narratives in their media products with spatial references. It begins by highlighting the need for the two proto-states to secure land to accommodate their communities—a matter that results in the simultaneous challenge of defining state sovereignty by negation and affirmation. It then shows how the two groups respond by utilizing patterned, transpatial scenic depictions to negate national identities and affirm their new global imaginaries. It reveals how the groups infuse both individual and group character depictions with transpatial meanings in ways that highlight and resolve ongoing, space-related controversies in line with proto-state interests. It concludes by assessing how al-Qaeda and ISIS develop the theme of spatial control to legitimize their group as the appropriate alternative to lead their envisioned collectives.
Between Fact and Fiction
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 8 explores the more and less serious conditions for an artist to turn the first subject of a painting into another subject. Why did Murger make Marcel paint a Red Sea Passage as the first image in a repetitive string of so many more political and social passages of liberation? Whence came the models for Marcel? One answer, the more familiar, uses facts of art-history; the other, less familiar, turns to a literary world of fiction, to find behind Murger’s story the most Parisian tellings of the Red Sea anecdote.
Bohemia-Bohemian-Bohème
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 10 explores the friction that makes and breaks the hyphens between Bohemia-Bohemian-Bohème. It begins and ends with the theological and secular winds that bring Shakespeare’s Winter’s Tale into deliberately enigmatic representations of la vie de bohème. A seascape helps then to remake a rural landscape into a cityscape of Paris in its embattled to-and-fro with London. With walking and wandering always at stake, the chapter investigates the many strains of wit in the painting of shoes.
Mastering the Cant in Cafés of Complaint
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Chapter 12 follows the rough and tumble baggage of a language carried along the geographical and existential roads of bohème. It traces the Egyptian-Gypsy-Bohemian language in an unease of confusion with the so-described secret slang of the Jews. It explores the gossip of gutter-sniping, banter, and slang evident in books of copie and the commonplace. Yet its main purpose is to observe the transfiguration of the cant of common words, the claimed mastery that turned the cant to a master-singing or to an art-speak for poetry, literature, song, music, opera, and painting. Watching the turns, it enters the café, vaudeville, and theater of spectacle in different countries until it reaches a high point of intoxication in a song sung for the Red Sea. It follows Moses, Marsyas, Momus, and Midas with an eye always to understanding Murger’s Marcel
Painter of Moods, Poverties, and Professions
Authors: Goehr Lydia
Published: February 2022

Part V brings everything back to London, to its age of analysis, reason, liberty, sense, and wit. It brings the transfiguration of the commonplace back to an aesthetic discourse that drove Danto two centuries later to the extremes of rage. Bringing the wit to the early transformations of the public sphere, it ends up in the most domesticated of spaces to find the first telling of the Red Sea anecdote. Chapter 18 focuses on two pictures by William Hogarth: The Enraged Musician and The Distrest Poet. There was meant to be a third, a painter in some sort of mood. The chapter reads the two pictures to speculate about the absent third. What it finds in the two images, it finds in all of Hogarth’s art: a wit of incongruity, ambiguity, and inversion. The wit supports a satire that, drawn loosely from virtue theory, addresses liberty and justice in a society of professions feared for their foreign taste and imposture.
Hume’s Anatomy of Virtue
Authors: Russell Paul
Published: February 2022

In his Treatise of Human Nature Hume makes clear that it is his aim to make moral philosophy more scientific and properly grounded on experience and observation. On the basis of the “experimental” approach he presents an anatomy of virtue, with a view to identifying and carefully delineating the true foundations of morality in human nature and correcting our practices in light of this. With this improvement in our understanding of the nature and basis of virtue, we can better appreciate the way in which virtue secures happiness for ourselves and others and may also avoid the distortions and corruptions of morality by religious superstition.
Where the Evidence Leads
Authors: Johansen Robert C.
Published: February 2022

This book develops an “empirical realist” theory to enable the United States to respond effectively to rising security threats and to seize new opportunities for global governance more successfully than have past policies. A synthesis of peace research and security studies shows that a global grand strategy for human security, with US national security folded into it, is likely to produce more security for the United States than a grand strategy for national security pursued as an end in itself. More security advantages are likely to result from maximizing the “causes” or correlates of peace than from maximizing US military power. Peace reigns when these correlates are present: All nations’ security fears are addressed; people can meet basic needs; nations enjoy reciprocal rights and duties; nations are treated equitably; nations’ and people’s lives are predictable because the international system is governed by the rule of law; and they participate in the decisions that affect their lives through fair representation in democratic global governing processes. This approach revolutionizes thinking about national security policy by transforming it into human security policy. Evidence suggests that the anarchic, militarized balance-of-power system can be gradually changed with help from enhanced international lawmaking and enforcing capacities. To promote change, concerned policymakers and citizens could withdraw their support from US policies that do not serve the common good and work to implement a global grand strategy for human security that would simultaneously serve US security interests and uphold the value of human dignity for all.
A Liturgical Use?
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

This chapter investigates some late attempts to revive the Italian Protestant Church of London made between 1690 and the first years of the eighteenth century by Benjamin Woodroffe, Ferdinando Cafarelli, and Laurentio Casotti. It was possibly at Casotti’s behest that the bookseller and printer Pierre de Varenne, a Huguenot who had taken refuge in England after the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes and had a shop at the sign of “Seneca’s Head, near Somerset House in the Strand,” reissued the unsold sheets of Brown’s edition with a different frontispiece in 1708. Casotti invited “all lovers of the Italian tongue” to his sermons, showing clearly how they were aimed more to an English audience who wanted to practice their Italian than to a congregation of Italian Protestant.
Anglicans, Episcopalians, and the Unification of Italy
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

In 1853, Rev. Frederick Meyrick promoted the creation of the Anglo-Continental Society with the aim of making the principles of the Church of England known to Catholic Europe through the publication and dissemination of Anglican theological books and treatises. From the beginning Italy was the main field of activity of this society, which, relying on the network of English chaplaincies, fostered the circulation of the Italian translations of the Book of Common Prayer in Italy. After 1870, the Anglo-Continental Society closely followed the developments of the Old Catholic movement in Italy and, between 1881 and 1903, promoted Enrico Campello’s National Catholic Church of Italy. One of the agents of the Anglo-Continental Society most active in Italy, the former Maltese Catholic priest Michel Angelo Camilleri, prepared a revision of the Italian Prayer Book, edited by the SPCK, that was published multiple times between 1861 and 1929.
Conclusion
Authors: Villani Stefano
Published: February 2022

The history of Italian translations of the Book of Common Prayer is a story of failure—or rather, of a series of interconnected failures that stretched over a period of almost three hundred years, starting from the failure of Wotton and Bedell’s seventeenth-century project to foster a schism in the Venetian Church. The subsequent failure of the Anglican missionary societies in their nineteenth-century project to support the transformation of the Catholic Church in accordance with the Anglican model erased the memory of these attempts. These events serve, however, as an exemplary illustration of the nature of English relations with Italy and the Catholic world in general.
Theory
Authors: Bulutgil H. Zeynep
Published: February 2022

The theory presented in this book first focuses on the emergence of secular movements and then turns to how and when they succeed. It argues that the emergence of printing as a capitalist enterprise and the variation in the extent and targets of repression within Europe contributed to the wide dissemination of secular ideas despite censorship. It then outlines a model of how this dissemination influenced the emergence and spread of secular political movements. On success, the theory stands on analytical and historical arguments. Analytically, it proposes that the more time the secular movements have to organize before the appearance of religious political movements, the easier it is for them to overcome their competitive disadvantage. Historically, it suggests that the timing and sequence of events delayed the emergence of religious political rivals for the first wave of secular movements, but that this period of delay was not available to later movements, decreasing their chances of success.
Facing Both Ways
Authors: Carver Mandy
Published: February 2022

This chapter draws on Basil Bernstein’s three pedagogic rights to interrogate a tertiary (university) music curriculum in South Africa. It begins by investigating the reasons for the opposing interpretations Bernstein’s ideas have received in music education scholarship. Next, it enlists Bernstein’s articulation of boundaries to suggest that boundary strength can enable or constrain access to music education as well as fluent control over abstract musical concepts. Ultimately, it suggests that foregrounding procedural, experiential understanding does not guarantee fluency with conceptual frameworks and argues that such fluency is the basis of critical musicality and democratic education.
A Divided World
Authors: Winter Tim
Published: February 2022

This chapter takes up the Silk Road’s emergence as a vehicle for diplomacy and cultural internationalism. Here, then, the discussion returns to Japan, and by focusing on the decades following World War II we see Japanese scholars use premodern histories of cultural transmission and connectivity as a platform for engaging with a UNESCO initiative designed to promote tolerance and mutual understanding. Some years later, the term becomes part of the branding for the first Olympic Games held in Asia, the 1964 Tokyo Olympics. Focusing on such events and diplomatic projects with China and the Soviet Union, the chapter explains how the Silk Road emerges as a vehicle for repairing Japan’s postwar reputation. It also traces the rise of “Silk Road fever” in Japan through to the late 1980s, led by those committed to internationalizing the country’s sense of collective identity.
Ouidius sapiens
Authors: Berno Francesca Romana
Published: February 2022

This chapter offers an analysis of the recurrences of sapio/sapiens in Ovid’s work, which present a wide range of meanings of this concept. First, the author focuses on the erotic works, where sapiens defines an artist, a specialist in the technai relating to love, someone who always knows what to do and what not to do to make girls fall in love. Another section is devoted to the Metamorphoses and Fasti. Here, the word sapiens is rare, and refers to people who are brilliant in rhetoric and in reaching their personal aims, even if not always frank and sincere: Brutus and Ulysses. Ulysses is a particularly relevant case because Ovid later compares himself to the Homeric hero and moreover the Stoics considered him an example of the wise man. The final section tackles the exile works: here, especially in the Tristia, sapiens is Socrates, another instance of the Stoic sage and a paradigm of sapientia in its widest sense. The conclusion summarizes the semantic evolution of the term sapiens in Ovid’s works, from a specific meaning linked to the idea of ars (erotic works), to a wider one linked to prudentia (long poems), to one applied to the effective philosopher (exile works). As for himself, Ovid identifies with the first, the one who sapienter amat, while, as far as the philosophical meaning is concerned, he either tries but fails to become a wise man or from the start declares his inability to do so.
Ovid’s imago mundi muliebris and the Makeup of the World in Ars amatoria 3.101–290
Authors: Maticic Del A.
Published: February 2022

Through a network of allusions to cosmological principles, mythological events, and Roman monuments, Ovid structures his guide to female bodily care and makeup in Book 3 of the Ars amatoria as an imago mundi, or a microcosmic description of the world similar to those found on divinely bestowed shields in epic. In doing so, Ovid invites us to think through the ramifications of developing a cosmetic cosmology for the mundus muliebris, or “women’s world,” as the female toilette is denoted in Roman literature. This irreverent experiment in gendered cosmopoiesis has important philosophical consequences. Such a cosm(et)ology transgresses the division between reality and representation that typically characterizes ekphrastic depictions of the cosmos. Indeed, Ovid’s imago mundi muliebris is not so much a copy of the world as a guidebook for how to “put on” the world in a community of other women doing the same thing. In this way, Ovid playfully co-opts Stoicizing notions of oikeiōsis: the practitioner of his ars is capable of coming to be at home in the cosmos from the comfort of her own boudoir.
Venus discors
Authors: Ham Charles
Published: February 2022

This chapter explores the philosophical background of the Muse Calliope’s song in Metamorphoses 5, specifically the song’s representation of the goddess Venus. It argues that, while Calliope’s song is in dialogue with Lucretius and Lucretius’ Empedocles, often through the intermediary of Virgil’s Georgics, the figure of Venus in the song is not simply a version of Empedoclean Philia/Aphrodite or of the Lucretian Venus, but instead is a chiefly discordant figure akin to Empedoclean Neikos or Strife. Whereas the Venus of the Lucretian proem is called upon to bring peace to the Roman world and Empedocles’ Aphrodite is ruler of a peaceful “Golden Age,” Calliope’s Venus is a discordant figure whose cosmic imperialism sets in motion a plot resulting in the end of a Golden Age-like eternal spring on Sicily and widespread destruction. Yet, in spite of this apparent contrast with its main philosophical source texts, the arc of Calliope’s song, from springtime abundance to death, mirrors in compressed form the “plot” of De rerum natura; and Calliope’s Venus, as a deity who is capable of both creation and destruction, ultimately resembles the similarly bifurcated Venus and natura of Lucretius’ poem. In addressing the themes of the Golden Age and the cycle of creation and destruction, Calliope’s song also enters into a broader cultural discourse concerning loss and the possibility of restoration under Augustus and invites its readers to consider the career of Augustus against the actions of his divine ancestress Venus.