bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A randomized controlled trial of an appearance‐focused intervention to prevent skin cancer
Authors: Hillhouse Joel , Turrisi Rob , Stapleton Jerod , Robinson June
Published: October 2008

BACKGROUND.

Skin cancer represents a significant health threat with over 1.3 million diagnoses, 8000 melanoma deaths, and more than $1 billion spent annually for skin cancer healthcare in the US. Despite findings from laboratory, case‐control, and prospective studies that indicate a link between youthful indoor tanning (IT) and skin cancer, IT is increasing among US youth. Appearance‐focused interventions represent a promising method to counteract these trends.

METHODS.

A total of 430 female indoor tanners were randomized into intervention or no intervention control conditions. Intervention participants received an appearance‐focused booklet based on decision‐theoretical models of health behavior. Outcome variables included self‐reports of IT behavior and intentions, as well as measures of cognitive mediating variables.

RESULTS.

Normative increases in springtime IT rates were significantly lower (ie, over 35%) at 6‐month follow‐up in intervention versus control participants with similar reductions in future intentions. Mediation analyses revealed 6 cognitive variables (IT attitudes, fashion attitudes, perceived susceptibility to skin cancer and skin damage, subjective norms, and image norms) that significantly mediated change in IT behavior.

CONCLUSIONS.

The appearance‐focused intervention demonstrated strong effects on IT behavior and intentions in young indoor tanners. Appearance‐focused approaches to skin cancer prevention need to present alternative behaviors as well as alter IT attitudes. Mediational results provide guides for strengthening future appearance‐focused interventions directed at behaviors that increase risk of skin cancer. Cancer 2008. © 2008 American Cancer Society.
Video‐based analysis for facial skin appearance with automatic face tracking
Authors: Makino Takao , Takase Koichi , Tsumura Norimichi , Nakaguchi Toshiya , Miyake Yoichi
Published: October 2008

In this article, a video‐based analysis for facial skin appearance with an automatic face tracking technique is proposed. The change of skin appearance under various illuminations is observed by illuminating the face from various light source positions, and the changes in facial appearance are recorded as a video stream during this measurement. The recorded video stream is then analyzed to obtain the bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) at each position of the facial skin. Automatic face tracking is necessary to compensate the facial movement in order to obtain an accurate BRDF measurement at each position. Since conventional face tracking techniques cannot be used for a face illuminated from various light source positions, a new face tracking technique that is robust to the various face shadings has been developed. Experimental studies show the effectiveness of both the proposed video‐based analysis technique and the automatic face tracking technique. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 477–484, 2008
Color mixing and color separation of pigments with concentration prediction
Authors: Koirala Pesal , Hauta‐Kasari Markku , Martinkauppi Birgitta , Hiltunen Jouni
Published: October 2008

In this study, we propose a color mixing and color separation method for opaque surface made of the pigments dispersed in filling materials. The method is based on Kubelka–Munk model. Eleven different pigments with seven different concentrations have been used as training sets. The amount of concentration of each pigment in the mixture is estimated from the training sets by using the least‐square pseudo‐inverse calculation. The result depends on the number and type of pigments selected for calculation. At most we can select all pigments. The combinations resulted with negative concentrations or unusual high concentrations are discarded from the list of candidate combination. The optimal pigment's set and its concentrations are estimated by minimizing the reflectance difference of given reflectance and predicted reflectance. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 461–469, 2008
Representation and estimation of spectral reflectances using projection on PCA and wavelet bases
Authors: Mansouri Alamin , Sliwa Tadeusz , Hardeberg Jon Y. , Voisin Yvon
Published: October 2008

In this article, we deal with the problem of spectral reflectance function representation and estimation in the context of multispectral imaging. Because the reconstruction of such functions is an inverse problem, slight variations in input data completely skew the expected results. Therefore, stabilizing the reconstruction process is necessary. To do this, we propose to use wavelets as basis functions, and we compare those with Fourier and PCA bases. We present the idea and compare these three methods, which belong to the class of linear models. The PCA method is training‐set dependent and confirms its robustness when applied to reflectance estimation of the training sets. Fourier and wavelet bases allow good generalization; an advantage of wavelets is that they avoid boundary artifacts. The results are evaluated with the commonly used goodness‐of‐fit coefficient (GFC), and the reliability of the use of wavelets is proved. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 485–493, 2008
Perceptual evaluation of color gamut mapping algorithms
Authors: Dugay Fabienne , Farup Ivar , Hardeberg Jon Y.
Published: October 2008

The recommendation of the CIE has been followed as closely as possible to evaluate the accuracy of five color gamut mapping algorithms (GMAs)—two nonspatial and three spatial algorithms—by psychophysical experiments with 20 test images, 20 observers, one test done on paper and a second one on display. Even though the results do not show any overall “winner,” one GMA is definitely perceived as not accurate. The importance of a high number of test images to obtain robust evaluation is underlined by the high variability of the results depending on the test images. Significant correlations between the percentage of out‐of‐gamut pixels, the number of distinguishable pairs of GMAs, and the perceived difficulty to distinguish them have been found. The type of observers is also important. The experts, who prefer a spatial GMA, show a stronger consensus and look especially for a good rendering of details, whereas the nonexperts hardly make a difference between the GMAs. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 470–476, 2008
Recent developments in ICC color management
Authors: Green Phil , Holm Jack , Li William
Published: October 2008

The ICC profile format specifies the widely used ICC color profile for transforming color data between different devices and color spaces. Ambiguities in the previous version were resolved in the v4 specification, which also introduced a perceptual reference medium to provide a well‐defined intermediate gamut as a target for gamut mapping and re‐rendering between source and destination data. Since the first publication of the v4 specification, there have been a number of important amendments, which collectively move the ICC color management architecture further away from its original static processing model to a more dynamic and flexibly programmable one. With the new colorimetric intent image state tag, it is possible to identify transforms which are suitable for images in an input‐referred image state and which need to be processed accordingly. ICC also provides an on‐line profile registry now, a permanent repository of profiles for standard printing conditions. The registry supports both manual selection and automated download of profiles. The floating‐point device encoding range amendment introduces support for floating point data, but also introduces a new and potentially more extensible form of color transform, known as multiprocessing elements. In the future these may be extended to provide a range of color processing capabilities that are not currently available. This is an important component of the smart and programmable CMM concept, in which the color matching module uses data in the profile as well as rules and other information to construct the most suitable transform for the image, workflow, and user preference. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 444–448, 2008
Transformation of primaries using four chromaticity points and their maps
Authors: Brill Michael H.
Published: October 2008

This note describes several approaches to transforming primaries using four chromaticity points and their maps. The motivation is an exercise described by Wold (Die Farbe 1999/2000;45:99–117). Whereas, several approaches to the problem depend on the points corresponding to the primaries themselves, and on whether the old primaries are specified in the new system or vice versa. This note presents an approach that will work for a general (nonsingular) set of four reference chromaticity points and their maps. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 33, 506–509, 2008
Exaggerated grain growth in bixbyite via fast diffusion along planar defects
Authors: Kleebe H.‐J. , Lauterbach S.
Published: October 2008

Naturally occurring bixbyite single crystals from the Maynard claim at Thomas Mountain Range in Utah, USA, show pronounced grain growth, when compared to bixbyite crystals from other locations in close vicinity. These enlarged single crystals reveal characteristic linear surface features, which were initially interpreted as twin boundaries. HRTEM studies in conjunction with EDS analysis and electron diffraction, however, confirmed that these features originate from thin interlayers of braunite, Mn7SiO12, epitaxially grown within the host crystal. A model for the observed exaggerated grain growth is presented, which is based on the assumption that fast diffusion occurs along the braunite/bixbyite phase boundaries in three dimensions and, more importantly, promote nucleation at surface edges. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Single crystal growth of Al13Co4 and Al13Fe4 from Al‐rich solutions by the Czochralski method
Authors: Gille P. , Bauer B.
Published: October 2008

Czochralski growth of large metallic alloy single crystals of Al13Co4 and Al13Fe4 from Al‐rich solutions has been demonstrated for the first time. A detailed description of all decisive steps of the growth procedure is given with particular emphasis to seeding from a native phase as well as spontaneous nucleation if no seed crystal from a preceding experiment is available. Czochralski growth in a high‐temperature solution system requires much lower pulling rates compared to typical growth experiments from the melt and a time‐dependent temperature program to compensate the change of the liquidus temperature that results from the permanently increasing Al content of the liquid phase. With a given amount of the initial melt, the size of the Al13Co4 crystals is limited by the rather narrow temperature range of the Al13Co4 primary crystallization window, followed by Al9Co2 phase crystallization. In the Al‐Fe system, despite the huge temperature range of equilibrium between Al13Fe4 and its Al‐rich melt, Czochralski growth of Al13Fe4 is restricted to higher temperatures due to the limited solubility that leads to mother liquid inclusions even at extremely low pulling rates. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Imidazolium based ionic liquid crystals: structure, photophysical and thermal behaviour of [Cnmim]Br·xH2O (n = 12, 14; x=0, 1)
Authors: Getsis A. , Mudring A.‐V.
Published: October 2008

The long chain imidazolium halides [Cnmim]Br·xH2O (n = 10, 12; x = 0, 1) have been synthesized and their structural and thermal behaviour together with their photophysical properties characterized. X‐ray structure analyses of the monohydrates ([C12mim]Br·H2O: triclinic, P1, no. 2, Z = 2, Pearson code aP112, a = 550.0(5) pm, b = 779.4(5) pm, c = 2296.1(5) pm, α = 81.89(5)°, β = 83.76(5)°, γ = 78.102(5)°, 3523 unique reflections with Io > 2σ(Io), R1 = 0.0263, wR2 = 0.0652, GooF = 1.037, T = 263(2) K; [C14mim]Br•H2O: triclinic, P1, no. 2, Z = 12, Pearson code aP11, a = 549.86(8) pm, 782.09(13) pm, c = 2511.3(4) pm, α = 94.86(2)°, β = 94.39(2)°, γ = 101.83(2)°, 2063 unique reflections with Io > 2σ(Io), R1 = 0.0429, wR2 = 0.0690, GooF = 0.770, T = 293(2) K) show for both compounds similar bilayered structures. Sheets composed of hydrophilic structure regions constituted by positively charged imidazolium head groups, bromide anions and hydrogen bonded water alternate with hydrophobic areas formed by interdigitated long alkyl chains belonging to imidazolium cations with different orientation. Combined differential scanning calorimetry and polarizing optical microscopy shows that the monohydrates as well as the anhydrous imidazolium salts are thermotropic liquid crystals which adopt smectic mesophases. The mesophase region is larger in case of the monohydrates when compared to the anhydrous compounds indicating that water obviously stabilizes the mesophase. All compounds show an intense whitish photoluminescence with short lived (1π←1π*) and long lived (1π←3π*) transitions. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Syntheses, structures, and electrochemistry of a dinuclear compound and a mononuclear–mononuclear cocrystalline compound of uranyl(VI)
Authors: Fleck M. , Hazra S. , Majumder S. , Mohanta S.
Published: October 2008

Syntheses, structures, and electrochemistry of a dialkoxo‐bridged diuranyl(VI) compound [(UO2)2(L1)2(dimethylformamide)2] (1) and a mononuclear–mononuclear cocrystalline compound [(UO2)(L2)(H2O)⊂(H2O)]·[(UO2)(L2)(H2O)] (2) derived from Schiff base ligands are reported (H2L1 = Schiff base ligand obtained on condensation of 3‐ethoxysalicylaldehyde with 2‐aminoethanol; H2L2 = N,N ′‐o ‐phenylenebis(3‐ethoxysalicylaldimine)). The compounds 1 and 2 crystallize in the space groups P 21/c and P 1, respectively. Compound 1 is a dialkoxo‐bridged dinuclear compound of uranium(VI) containing two deprotonated ligands, [L]2–, two dimethylformamide (dmf) molecules and two UO22+ centers. Three C–H···O type hydrogen bonds involving one uranyl oxygen, two dmf hydrogens, and the imine hydrogen link the dinuclear units into a two‐dimensional network. Compound 2 is a cocrystal of two mononuclear units, [(UO2)(L2)(H2O)⊂(H2O)] (unit 1) and [(UO2)(L2)(H2O)] (unit 2). In unit 1, the non‐coordinated water molecule forms hydrogen bonds with oxygens of phenoxo, ethoxy, and coordinated water molecules resulting in the formation of an inclusion product. The overall supramolecular structure of compound 2 is one‐dimensional and consists of interlinked self‐assembled dimeric unit of unit 1 and unit 2. Cyclic voltammetric measurements reveal that the uranium(VI) center in [(UO2)2(L1)2(dimethylformamide)2] (1) is reduced quasireversibly at E1/2 = –773 mV with ΔEP = 121 mV, while the metal center in [(UO2)(L2)(H2O)⊂(H2O)]·[(UO2)(L2)(H2O)] (2) is reduced reversibly with E1/2 = –765 mV with ΔEP = 68 mV. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Molecular iodine catenation in the anionic chains [Pd2I6(I2)]2–
Authors: Walbaum C. , Pantenburg I. , Meyer G.
Published: October 2008

In the easily accessible salt [(H5O2)(db24c8)]2[Pd2I6(I2)], iodine molecules are catenated in linear anionic chains […I2PdI2PdI2…I–I…]2– which are separated by bulky cations consisting of two (H5O2)+ cations sequestered in dibenzo‐24‐crown‐8 (db24c8) molecules. The new compound is obtained as black single crystals (triclinic, P1, a = 1001.8(2), b = 1185.8(2), c = 1503.7(3) pm, α = 102.97(1), β = 107.65(1), γ = 90.85(1)°, V = 1652.3(5) 106·pm3, Z = 1) from a moist 1:1 dichloromethane/ethanol solution of PdCl2, iodine and db24c8. (© 2008 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Antagonists of CD117 (cKit) signaling inhibit mast cell accumulation in healing skin wounds
Authors: Zoog Stephen J. , Itano Andrea , Trueblood Esther , Pacheco Efrain , Zhou Lei , Zhang Xuxia , Ferbas John , Ng Gordon Y. , Juan Gloria
Published: October 2008

Mast cells (MCs) have important functional roles in leukocyte recruitment, pain, and wound healing, and increased tissue resident MC function has been associated with several fibrotic diseases. Consequently, the study of MCs in situ can be a direct approach to studying the pharmacodynamic impact of MC‐directed therapeutics in tissues. Here we describe an automated laser scanning cytometry assay that was used to characterize the kinetics of MC accumulation in healing skin wounds and to study the effect of inhibiting CD117 (cKit) signaling. The number of tryptase‐positive MCs approximately doubled 14 days after cutaneous injury in nonhuman primates. Treatment of animals with anti‐CD117 or imatinib mesylate (Gleevec®) reduced MC accumulation at the edge of healing wounds in mice and nonhuman primates, respectively. In translating this MC assay to become a biomarker for human studies, no differences in dermal MC numbers were evident between genders, ages or body mass index from 20 healthy donors. These data suggest that skin is a practical and useful tissue for tracking pharmacodynamic effects of MC‐directed therapies. © 2008 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Risk quantification for ANN based short‐term load forecasting
Authors: Iwashita Daisuke , Mori Hiroyuki
Published: October 2008

A new risk assessment method for short‐term load forecasting is proposed. The proposed method makes use of an artificial neural network (ANN) to forecast one‐step‐ahead daily maximum loads and evaluate uncertainty of load forecasting. With ANN as the model, the radial basis function (RBF) network is employed to forecast loads due to its good performance. Sufficient realistic pseudo‐scenarios are required to carry out quantitative risk analysis. The multivariate normal distribution with the correlation between input variables is used to give more realistic results to ANN. In addition, the method of moment matching is used to improve the accuracy of the multivariate normal distribution. The peak over threshold (POT) approach is used to evaluate risk that exceeds the upper bounds of generation capacity. The proposed method is successfully applied to real data of daily maximum load forecasting. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(2): 54– 62, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20464
High‐sensitivity PEA system with dual‐polarity pulse generator
Authors: Matsui Kohei , Tanaka Yasuhiro , Takada Tatsuo , Fukao Tadashi , Maeno Takashi
Published: October 2008

The pulsed electroacoustic (PEA) method has been widely used to observe space charge distributions in various solid dielectric materials. The sensitivity of the conventional PEA system is around 1C/m3. When the charge density is less than 1C/m3, however, it is difficult to obtain an accurate result because the signal due to the Maxwell stress becomes comparable with the signal to be measured. The Maxwell stress is generated by applying the pulsed electric field to the dielectrics, and independent from the existence of either induced charges by DC bias voltage or internal charges. In order to eliminate the influence of the Maxwell stress, we have developed a new PEA system with a dual‐polarity pulse generator. The system allows measurement space at a charge density of around 0.03C/m3. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electr Eng Jpn, 166(2): 1– 7, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/eej.20496
Unusual Magnetism of an Unsymmetrical Trinickel Chain
Authors: Cotton F. Albert , Murillo Carlos A. , Wang Qingsheng , Young Mark D.
Published: October 2008

An extended metal atom chain (EMAC) compound with an unsymmetrical trinickel core and the formula [Ni3(dpa)4(CH3CN)](PF6)2·2CH2Cl2 (1·2CH2Cl2, dpa is the anion of 2,2′‐dipyridylamine) has the central Ni atom in an essentially square‐planar configuration. Besides having four equatorial nitrogen atoms, the two terminal metal centers have axial interactions that are notably different with one having a strongly bound acetonitrile molecule with a Ni(3)–N(3) distance of 2.108(5) Å while the other unit has a very weak interaction with an axial PF6 anion [Ni(1)···F(1) separation of 2.690 Å]. In these outer units, the Ni(3) atom is pulled out of the idealized plane of the four equatorial nitrogen atoms by 0.239 Å, while in the one with an axial PF6 anion the metal atom is pulled from the plane of the equatorial nitrogen atoms by only 0.097 Å. In 1 there are two unpaired electrons and an S = 1 state prevails from ca. 25 to 300 K. This magnetic behavior differs considerably from that of symmetrical trinickel EMACs with two strongly pyramidal terminal nickel atoms. A discussion of the effect of various axial ligands on the geometry of the terminal nickel atoms is provided. (© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
Acetolysis of 6‐Deoxysugar Disaccharide Building Blocks: exo versus endo Activation
Authors: Cirillo Luigi , Bedini Emiliano , Parrilli Michelangelo
Published: October 2008

Two different protocols for the mild and selective acetolysis of 6‐deoxysugar methyl disaccharides under thermodynamic or kinetic control have been developed. The structures of the disaccharides obtained depend on the protocol used and, in the kinetically controlled cases, on the 6‐deoxysugar configuration and protecting group pattern too. The behavior of 6‐deoxyhexose oligosaccharides of different series (rhamno, quinovo, and fuco) under these two reaction conditions has been studied and rationalized based on the competition between exo versus endo oxygen activation in the acetolysis mechanism.(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
A Suzuki Cross‐Coupling and Intramolecular Aza‐Michael Addition Reaction Sequence Towards the Synthesis of 1,10b‐epi‐7‐Deoxypancratistatins and Their Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Pandey Ganesh , Balakrishnan Madhesan , Swaroop Pandrangi Siva
Published: October 2008

The development of an efficient approach to the construction of a phenanthridone is described. The convergent strategy commences with the preparation of Suzuki cross‐coupling reaction precursors, arylboronic acid 12 and α‐iodo enone 19, from piperonylamine (9) and (–)‐D‐quinic acid (10), respectively. The coupling of 12 and 19 followed by a key intramolecular aza‐Michael addition produced phenanthridone 21 featuring a cis‐fused B–C ring junction. The syntheses of compounds 25 and 26, both of which are C‐1 and C‐10b epimers of the naturally occurring potent antitumor agent 7‐deoxypancratistatin (2), from 21 are elaborated in detail in this paper. The cytotoxicities of 25 and 26 were evaluated against three different cancer cell lines. Compound 26 served as a moderate growth inhibitor of THP‐1 monocytic cells (GI50 = 14.5 μg/mL).(© Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 69451 Weinheim, Germany, 2008)
An approach to remove alpha amylase for proteomic analysis of low abundance biomarkers in human saliva
Authors: Deutsch Omer , Fleissig Yoram , Zaks Batia , Krief Guy , Aframian Doron J. , Palmon Aaron
Published: October 2008

Proteomic characterization of human whole saliva for the identification of disease‐specific biomarkers is guaranteed to be an easy‐to‐use and powerful diagnostic tool for defining the onset, progression and prognosis of human systemic diseases and, in particular, oral diseases. The high abundance of proteins, mainly alpha amylase, hampers the detection of low abundant proteins appearing in the disease state and therefore should be removed. In the present study a 2‐DE was used to analyze human whole saliva following the removal of alpha amylase by affinity adsorption to potato starch. After alpha amylase removal whole saliva was analyzed by SDS‐PAGE showing at least sixfold removal efficiency and by an alpha amylase activity assay showing 97% reduced activity. MS identification of the captured alpha amylase after elution demonstrated specific removal; 2‐DE analysis showed the selective removal of alpha amylase and consequently increased gel resolution. MS identification of protein spots in the 60 kDa area revealed 15 proteins, which were masked before alpha amylase removal. In conclusion, treatment of human whole saliva with an alpha amylase removal device increases gel resolution and enables a higher protein sample for analysis.
Collapse of a nonductile concrete frame: Shaking table tests
Authors: Wu Chiun‐lin , Kuo Wu‐Wei , Yang Yuan‐Sen , Hwang Shyh‐Jiann , Elwood Kenneth J. , Loh Chin‐Hsiung , Moehle Jack P.
Published: October 2008

Post‐earthquake reconnaissance has reported the vulnerability of older reinforced concrete (RC) columns lacking details for ductile response. Research was undertaken to investigate the full‐range structural hysteretic behavior of older RC columns. A two‐dimensional specimen frame, composed of nonductile and ductile columns to allow for load redistribution, was subjected to a unidirectional base motion on a shaking table until global collapse was observed. The test demonstrates two types of column failure, including flexure‐shear and pure flexural failure. Test data are compared with various simplified assessment models commonly used by practicing engineers and researchers to identify older buildings that are at high risk of structural collapse during severe earthquake events. Comparison suggests that ASCE/SEI 41‐06 produces very conservative estimates on load–deformation relations of flexure‐shear columns, while the recently proposed ASCE/SEI 41‐06 update imposes significant modifications on the predictive curve, so that improved accuracy has been achieved. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Analysis of partial discharge by Wavelet–Hilbert transform
Authors: Sarikhani Ali , Reihani Ehsan , Nabizadeh Nooshin , Hooshmand Ali , Davodi Moez
Published: October 2008

Time‐frequency and time‐scale transforms are one of the powerful mathematical methods for feature extraction of non‐stationary signals such as partial discharge (PD) signals. Modified Fourier‐based transforms and Wavelet transforms are well known among them. PD signals can be analyzed by these influential methods but normally with some serious limitations and inadequacies. This paper proposes a new approach based on Wavelet–Hilbert transform for the analysis of electrical PD signals. The mathematical model of a Wavelet–Hilbert transform is described. Contemplating of natural behavior of PD, that is, stochastic and non‐stationary an artificial multi‐source of PD is simulated in a Detail model of an HV power transformer winding. The PD signal is measured at the bushing terminal of the faulty model, and then it is analyzed. The analyzed PD signal by the proposed method shows great advantages over the Fourier based algorithms. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Encapsulation and release of menthol. Part 2: direct monitoring of l‐menthol release from spray‐dried powders made with OSAn‐substituted dextrins and gum acacia
Authors: Mortenson Michael A. , Reineccius Gary A.
Published: October 2008

The objective of this research was to use dynamic real‐time analysis to determine how carrier material affects menthol release characteristics from various spray‐dried powders. Dynamic menthol release profiles were obtained from spray‐dried powders as a function of time (0–60 min) and 90% relative humidity (RH) by interfacing a dynamic vapour sorption device to a proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer. The menthol release profile varied greatly with carrier material. Increased octenyl succinic anhydride (OSAn) substitution (up to 3% treatment level) of the carrier material resulted in a significantly greater, but not earlier, burst of menthol release. For most samples, the characteristic burst of menthol was followed by a decrease in release, which was attributed to an observed matrix collapse. Moisture uptake rates of the powders were related to corresponding menthol release rates. As OSAn substitution increased for gum acacia (Acacia seyal), a trend of increased moisture uptake rate with menthol release rate was evident. However, for the dextrins, the moisture uptake rate had no influence on the rate of menthol release. Also, static headspace was used to determine how increased OSAn substitution affects menthol release from aqueous mixtures of dissolved carrier material and menthol. The increased hydrophobicity of the OSAn groups did not affect the volatility of menthol, therefore interactions between OSAn groups and menthol should not affect dynamic menthol release. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lactones 31. Synthetic odoriferous unsaturated γ‐lactones
Authors: Obara Robert , Szumny Antoni , Wzorek Alicja , Szmigiel‐Pieczewska Maia , Białońska Agata , Ciunik Zbigniew , Wawrzeńczyk Czesław
Published: October 2008

Starting from γ, δ‐unsaturated terpenoid acids, the corresponding δ‐iodo‐γ‐lactones and γ‐iodo‐δ‐lactones were obtained. Dehydrohalogenation of δ‐iodo‐γ‐lactones with DBU gave unsaturated γ‐lactones with an exocyclic or alkyl chain double bond. Both types of double bonds possessed the E configuration. The composition of product mixture of dehydrohalogenation strongly depended on the conditions (solvent, temperature) of the process. Odour evaluation of the lactones obtained showed that lactones with two double bonds in the molecule (
11 and
12) possess intensive, well‐marked, fresh mushroom odours. Lactones with one double bond and one methyl group at C‐4 (
5a,
6a,
6b and
5d,
6d,
6e) are characterized, in general, by milky, coconut and creamy odours with different notes. Lactones with two methyl groups at C‐4 possess herbal (
5c,
5f) or woody (
6c) odours. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils and extracts of rosinweed (Silphium trifoliatum and Silphium integrifolium) plants used by the American Indians
Authors: Kowalski Radosław
Published: October 2008

This paper presents a comparison of the chemical composition and biological activity of the volatile fraction (essential oil solution) of rhizomes of two plant species, Silphium trifoliatum L. and Silphium integrifolium Michx., and the respective soft ethanol and chloroform extracts; 51 components were identified in the extracts and oils (the main constituents of the oils were modhephene, α‐isocomene, allo‐aromadendr‐9‐ene, 7α‐H‐silphiperfol‐5‐ene, 7β‐H‐silphiperfol‐5‐ene and germacrene D). The studied initial essential oil solutions contained 336 mg/ml (S. trifoliatum) and 406 mg/ml (S. integrifolium) of volatile substances. The soft extracts contained between 15.84 mg/ml (ethanol extract, S. trifoliatum) and 35.65 mg/ml (ethanol extract, S. integrifolium) of substances identified with GC–MS. Additionally, the analysed soft extracts contained flavonoids, o‐dihydroxyphenoles and glycoside‐bonded triterpenic acids (oleanolic and ursolic acid). Antimicrobial tests were performed on two bacterial reference strains (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) and two fungal reference strains (Candida albicans and Malassezia pachydermatis). The highest level of activity was displayed by essential oils, i.e. fractions rich in volatile components. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantitative analysis of essential oils: a complex task
Authors: Bicchi Carlo , Liberto Erica , Matteodo Maura , Sgorbini Barbara , Mondello Luigi , Zellner Barbara d'Acampora , Costa Rosaria , Rubiolo Patrizia
Published: October 2008

This article provides a critical overview of current methods to quantify essential oil components. The fields of application and limits of the most popular approaches, in particular relative percentage abundance, normalized percentage abundance, concentration and true amount determination via calibration curves, are discussed in detail. A specific paragraph is dedicated to the correct use of the most widely used detectors and to analyte response factors. A set of applications for each approach is also included to illustrate the considerations. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Collocated discrete least squares meshless (CDLSM) method for the solution of transient and steady‐state hyperbolic problems
Authors: Afshar M. H. , Lashckarbolok M. , Shobeyri G.
Published: October 2008

A collocated discrete least squares meshless method for the solution of the transient and steady‐state hyperbolic problems is presented in this paper. The method is based on minimizing the sum of the squared residuals of the governing differential equation at some points chosen in the problem domain as collocation points. The collocation points are generally different from nodal points, which are used to discretize the problem domain. A moving least squares method is employed to construct the shape functions at nodal points. The coefficient matrix is symmetric and positive definite even for non‐symmetric hyperbolic differential equations and can be solved efficiently with iterative methods. The proposed method is a truly meshless method and does not require numerical integration. Advantages of the collocation points are shown to be threefold: First, the collocation points are shown to be responsible for stabilizing the method in particular when problems with shocked solution are attempted. Second, the collocation points are also shown to improve the accuracy of the solution even for problems with smooth solutions. Third, the collocation points are shown to contribute to the efficiency of the method when solving steady‐state problems via faster convergence of the resulting algorithm. The ability of the method and in particular the effect of collocation points are tested against a series of one‐dimensional transient and steady‐state benchmark examples from the literature and the results are presented. A sensitivity analysis is also carried out to investigate the effect of the base polynomials on the accuracy and convergence characteristics of the method in solving steady‐state problems. The results show the ability of the proposed method to accurately solve difficult hyperbolic problems considered. The method is also shown to be particularly stable for problems with shocked solution due to the inherent stabilizing mechanism of the method. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Covert preleukemia driven by MLL gene fusion
Authors: Zuna Jan , Burjanivova Tatiana , Mejstrikova Ester , Zemanova Zuzana , Muzikova Katerina , Meyer Claus , Horsley Sharon W. , Kearney Lyndal , Colman Susan , Ptoszkova Hana , Marschalek Rolf , Hrusak Ondrej , Stary Jan , Greaves Mel , Trka Jan
Published: October 2008

Acute leukemia is considered to be a two‐ or multiple‐step process. Although there is a considerable knowledge regarding the character of the “first hit,” the nature of the “second hit” remains unanswered in most of the cases including leukemias with MLL gene rearrangement. We demonstrate here a striking sequence of events, which include a covert, protracted preleukemic phase characterized by a dominant MLL/FOXO3A clone with intact myeloid differentiation and the subsequent acquisition of a secondary genetic abnormality, leading to overt lymphoblastic leukemia. Backtracking of the secondary acute lymphoblastic leukemia (sALL) with the MLL rearrangement showed no blasts in the bone marrow (BM) during the protracted preleukemic phase. However, at the same time (more than 1 year before the sALL diagnosis) the MLL/FOXO3A was present in up to 90% of BM cells including myeloid lineage, suggesting that the fusion arose in a multipotent progenitor. To identify potential “second hit” precipitating sALL we compared DNA in preleukemic versus fully leukemic samples. The analysis revealed a 10 Mb gain on 19q13.32 in the sALL, absent in the preleukemic specimen. These data provide insight into the dynamics of leukemogenesis in secondary leukemia with MLL rearrangement. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
An educative support group for female family caregivers: impact on caregivers psychological distress and patient's neuropsychiatry symptoms
Authors: Javadpour Ali , Ahmadzadeh Laaya , Bahredar Mohammad Jafar
Published: October 2008

Background

In developing world most patients with dementia live in the community. And female family caregivers are the primary source to delivering care to patients. Educating and supporting the careers may reduce psychological distress and the challenging behavior as well.

Methods

We run a non pharmacological intervention focusing on education regarding dementia, behavioral problems and interactive self support group. Twenty nine female family caregivers were assigned and divided in two groups of 15 and 14. Two hours weekly sessions were conducted for 8 weeks. Baseline and outcome measures were assessed using neuropsychiatry Inventory (NPI), general health questionnaire and perceived stress scale (PSS).

Results

Initial co relational analysis demonstrated a significant correlation between GHQ and total NPI scores but not for PSS. Paired sample test revealed significant change from baseline and at the end in both GHQ score and neuropsychiatry symptoms.

Conclusion

This study supports the use of a non‐pharmacologic intervention focusing on education in a feasible and cost benefit setting for dementia caregivers. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Numerical simulation of asymmetrical flow and heat transfer behind a hill in shear flows
Authors: Yanaoka Hideki , Inamura Takao , Suenaga Yosuke , Sugimoto Daisuke , Kobayashi Yasuo
Published: October 2008

Three‐dimensional numerical simulations of asymmetrical flows and heat transfer around a hill in shear flows were performed. When shear velocity distributions are introduced at the inlet, a vortex pair is formed asymmetrically to the spanwise direction behind the hill. Further, an asymmetrical hairpin vortex is periodically generated downstream. The leg of the asymmetrical hairpin vortex on the high‐speed side collapses first. Further downstream, the asymmetrical hairpin vortex breaks down earlier than the symmetrical hairpin vortex, and streamwise vortices appear on the high‐speed side. These streamwise vortices increase the heat transfer downstream. In contrast, no hairpin vortex appears in the case of a strong shear velocity distribution, but instead a streamwise vortex appears. The heat transfer decreases downstream since the turbulence generated by streamwise vortices is weak. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Heat Trans Asian Res; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/htj.20223
Characterization of a subpopulation of colon cancer cells with stem cell‐like properties
Authors: Chu Peter , Clanton Dana J. , Snipas Tracey S. , Lee Julia , Mitchell Eric , Nguyen Mai‐Lan , Hare Eric , Peach Robert J.
Published: October 2008

The biology of the normal colonic mucosa suggests that colon cancer originates from normal colon stem cells. CD44 cancer stem cells have been identified in breast and prostate cancer, and we therefore examined whether CD44 similarly identified colon cancer stem cells. Initial assays found CD44hi colon tumor cells to have enhanced soft agar colony‐forming ability. Subsequently, CD44hi cells isolated from 4 primary colon adenocarcinoma xenografts were found to be highly tumorigenic in immune deficient mice. CD44hi cells consistently formed tumors with 1,000 cells, and in multiple experiments, as few as 10 and 100 CD44hi cells formed tumors in 7/10 and 21/28 mice, respectively. In contrast, CD44− colon tumor cells were either nontumorigenic or 10–50‐fold less tumorigenic. CD44hi cells could be serially passaged up to 4 times in vivo, suggesting self‐renewal capacity, and formed tumors that recapitulated the heterogeneity of the original patient tumor. CD44hi cells were significantly enriched for nuclear activated β‐catenin, a key element in normal stem/progenitor cells and in early colon tumor progression. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling studies indicated that CD44hi cells divide slowly relative to the CD44− cells, suggesting their tumorigenicity is not simply due to faster proliferation. Aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH) sort further increased the tumorigenicity of CD44hi cells from 2/2 patient tumors, but CD133 tumor cells in our hands did not have increased tumorigenicity. Our observations indicate that CD44 is a marker of stem‐like cells in colon cancer, and support the use of additional markers to further purify colon cancer stem cells. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Effect of α‐tocopherol, N‐acetylcysteine and omeprazole on esophageal adenocarcinoma formation in a rat surgical model
Authors: Hao Jing , Zhang Bin , Liu Ba , Lee Maojung , Hao Xingpei , Reuhl Kenneth R. , Chen Xiaoxin , Yang Chung S.
Published: October 2008

We previously demonstrated that oxidative stress subsequent to gastroesophageal reflux is an important driving force of esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) formation in the esophagogastroduodenal anastomosis (EGDA) rat model. This study investigated the possible tumor inhibitory effects of 2 antioxidants, α‐tocopherol (389 and 778 ppm), N‐acetylcysteine (NAC, 500 and 1,000 ppm), and their combination (389 and 500 ppm, respectively), as well as an antacid therapeutic agent, omeprazole (1,400 ppm). The rats were fed experimental diets 2 weeks after EGDA. All the animals were sacrificed 40 weeks after EGDA and the esophagi were harvested for histopathological examination. α‐Tocopherol dose‐dependently decreased the incidence of EAC (p = 0.03), with 778 ppm α‐tocopherol reducing the incidence of EAC to 59% (16/27) in comparison with 84% (26/31) in the control group (p = 0.04). Supplementation of α‐tocopherol also increased the serum concentration of α‐tocopherol. NAC at 500 and 1,000 ppm did not significantly decrease EAC incidence; however, the combination of α‐tocopherol 389 ppm and NAC 500 ppm significantly reduced the incidence of EAC to 55% (15/27) (p = 0.02). α‐Tocopherol alone or in combination with NAC significantly reduced the number of infiltrating cells positively stained for 4‐hydroxynonenal. Omeprazole showed only a slight nonsignificant inhibitory effect at the dose given. Our results suggest that supplementation with α‐tocopherol inhibits the development of EAC in the rat EGDA model and similar inhibitory effect can be achieved when a lower dose of α‐tocopherol is used in combination with NAC. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Natural killer cell‐mediated lysis of freshly isolated human tumor cells
Authors: Carlsten Mattias , Malmberg Karl‐Johan , Ljunggren Hans‐Gustaf
Published: October 2008

Studies on interactions between natural killer (NK) cells and freshly isolated human tumor cells are still relatively scarce. With respect to the understanding of NK cell interactions with human tumors in vivo, and attempts to better predict the outcome of NK cell‐mediated adoptive immunotherapy, such studies merit further attention. They may provide information that is not readily evident through studies of human tumor cell lines established through long‐term culturing in vitro. The latter undergo several changes and adaptations to their environment, many of which may affect interactions with NK cells. Studies of NK cell interactions with freshly explanted human tumors, however, are cumbersome for several reasons including; often poor accessibility of human tumor material per se, difficulties in sample processing and contamination of tumors with nontumor cells, spontaneous apoptosis of tumor cells, as well as methodological challenges in assessing tumor cell lysis following interactions with NK cells. Here, we review the current knowledge on NK cell interaction with freshly isolated human tumors. © 2008 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Tin triggers suicidal death of erythrocytes
Authors: Nguyen Tan Thanh , Föller Michael , Lang Florian
Published: October 2008

Suicidal erythrocyte death or eryptosis is characterized by cell shrinkage and cell membrane scrambling with phosphatidylserine (PS) exposure at the erythrocyte surface. Triggers of eryptosis include increase in cytosolic Ca2+ activity, formation of ceramide and energy depletion. Excessive eryptosis contributes to several anemic conditions. Intoxication with inorganic tin(II) may lead to anemia. The present study therefore explored whether tin influences eryptosis. To this end, erythrocytic phosphatidylserine exposure was estimated from annexin V‐binding, cell volume from forward scatter, cytosolic Ca2+ activity from Fluo3 fluorescence, ceramide formation from binding of fluorescent antibodies and cytosolic ATP utilizing a luciferin–luciferase assay kit. Under control conditions, eryptosis was observed in less than 5% of the erythrocytes. Exposure to tin (1–100 µm) significantly increased the percentage of PS‐exposing erythrocytes and decreased cell volume. The effect was paralleled by an increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration, ceramide formation and a decrease of intracellular ATP concentration. In conclusion, tin triggers eryptosis, an effect at least partially due to Ca2+ entry, ceramide formation and ATP depletion. The effect could contribute to tin‐induced anemia. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inter‐laboratory comparisons of assessment of the allergenic potential of proteins in mice
Authors: Herouet‐Guicheney C. , Aldemir H. , Bars R. , de Barbeyrac D. , Kennel P. , Rouquié D. , Stahl B. U. , Kimber I. , Dearman R. J.
Published: October 2008

Assessment of the potential allergenicity of novel proteins, including those expressed in genetically modified plants, is an important issue. In previous studies, we have shown that the IgE measurement induced by systemic exposure of BALB/c mice to a range of proteins correlates broadly with what is known of their allergenic potential in humans. The approach used a homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (PCA) assay that reflects IgE‐dependent biological activity and is of sufficient sensitivity to detect IgE production in the absence of adjuvant. In previous studies, the immunization phase was conducted independently in two separate facilities, and the subsequent analytical work (PCA) conducted in a single facility. The purpose here was to further evaluate the transferability of this approach. To this end, BALB/c mice were exposed to a range of doses of peanut agglutinin or ovalbumin, allergenic proteins of peanut and hen's egg, respectively, in two independent laboratories. Serial doubling dilutions of serum pooled for each treatment group were analyzed for specific IgE. At higher doses of allergen very similar, or identical, IgE titers were achieved in both laboratories, although at lower doses, responses were somewhat more variable. These data demonstrate that, although technically demanding, the measurement of protein allergen‐induced IgE antibody production in mice using PCA is relatively robust and is transferable and reproducible between laboratories. This approach may provide a useful tool for the safety assessment of novel proteins and suggests that continued evaluation of the approach with a wider range of protein allergens and non‐sensitising proteins is justified. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.