bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PROBABILISTIC BEHAVIOR OF JOINT FORCES IN MECHANISMS
Authors: Harl Boštjan , Kegl Marko , Gubeljak Nenad , Dinevski Dejan
Published: February 2020

This paper discusses the influence of the clearance in joints on the joint reaction forces in mechanisms. By using mathematical programing, the optimal parameters of kinematic chains can be efficiently obtained by using the deterministic approach. However, the situation becomes more sophisticated if random effects of tolerances of the arm lengths and the random pin positions have to be considered. In this work the influence of clearances on joint forces is calculated by using the Taylor approximation and the Monte Carlo method. Using the two methods was necessary, because the Taylor approximation usually yields satisfying results only for small values of clearances and for this reason it makes sense to compute the required quantities also by another independent method. The implementation of the model is illustrated with two examples. The first example considers a closed loop chain, representing a four-bar mechanism being an actual part of a hydraulic support, employed in mining industry. The hydraulic support must fulfill some requirements so it’s very important to have influence of clearances on joint forces in control. The second example considers joint reaction forces of car wiper mechanism. It will be shown, that the clearance in joints have some influence on the joint reaction forces.
REHABILITATION AND LOAD TESTING OF A BRIDGE
Authors: Alani Kawan G. , Ahmed Abdullah S.
Published: February 2020

Al-Fatha Bridge is constructed on Tigris River at Baiji town, about 220 km north of Baghdad. Beside its main purpose of connecting the main highway west of Tigris River with the Kirkuk city, its deck structure is purposely designed to carry pipes conveying crude oil from Kirkuk oil fields to Baiji refinery and to the oil exporting network of the country. During the war on Iraq in spring 2003, the bridge was subjected to an air strike. In addition to the damages caused by the impact and explosion of the munitions, the great fire of the crude oil erupted and lasted several days caused much heavier damages in different parts of the structure. The parts of the bridge damaged beyond repair, were replaced, while the parts which were found to have sufficient structural integrity were repaired. This paper addresses the repair and testing of the most affected span exposed to fire. The efficiency of the repair work had been evaluated by carrying out a load test on the above mentioned span. The deflection at different stages of loading were recorded at specified points and compared with theoretical results. Good agreement was obtained between the theoretical and measured deflections, which prove the adequacy of the repair work. This paper introduces briefly an assessment of damages of the bridge, the rehabilitation work, analysis and load test results.
DESIGN OF MOLTEN SALT SHELLS FOR USE IN ENERGY STORAGE AT SOLAR POWER PLANTS
Authors: Ladkany Samaan G. , Culbreth William G. , Loyd Nathan
Published: February 2020

Design of a steel tank for the storage of excess energy from thermal solar power plants using molten salts (MS) at 580°C is presented. Energy can be stored up to a week in large containers to generate eight hours of electricity for use at night or to reduce weather related fluctuation at solar thermal energy plants. Our research supported by Office of Naval Research (ONR) presents a detailed design of a cylindrical shell for the storage of high temperature molten salts. The storage shell consists of an inner stainless steel layer designed to resist corrosion and an external steel structural layer to contain the large pressures resulting from the molten salt. The cylindrical tank is 54 feet (16.459 meters) high and has an 80 feet (48.768 meters) diameter, with the salt level at a height of 42 feet (12.802 meters). Given the heat of the molten salt and the size of the tank, the design includes a flat shell cover supported on stainless steel columns and a semispherical utility access dome at the center. Considerations are made for the reduction of strength of steel at elevated temperatures. Layers of external insulation materials are used to reduce heat loss in the storage shell. The design presents a posttensioned concrete foundation analysis for the storage tank, which sits on a layer of sand to allow for thermal expansion.
El logro de los aprendizajes en matemáticas en PISA, ENLACE y PLANEA en adolescentes mexicanos. Un análisis retrospectivo
Authors: Osuna Lever Cecilia , Díaz López Karla María
Published: February 2020

En el presente artículo se ofrece un análisis histórico del nivel de logro de aprendizaje en matemáticas en adolescentes mexicanos de 15 años que cursan último año de secundaria. El análisis se focaliza en los resultados de las pruebas PISA, ENLACE y PLANEA en el logro de la competencia matemática para ese nivel, dada la relevancia de ésta asignatura en el desarrollo de competencias útiles para generar tecnología, de cara a la 4ta Revolución Industrial.  A nivel internacional, los resultados de la prueba PISA dan cuenta de la importante distancia que existe entre los adolescentes evaluados de los países punteros (sobre todo los asiáticos), en comparación con los adolescentes mexicanos. Es innegable el rotundo fracaso que enfrenta el sistema educativo nacional en cuanto al logro de los aprendizajes en matemáticas en tercer grado de secundaria, ya que los resultados se han mantenido en los niveles más bajos de la escala, por más de diez años tanto en PISA como en las pruebas nacionales (ENLACE y PLANEA), estas últimas además están alineadas al currículo, lo que refleja que no se están alcanzando los aprendizajes planeados. Estos resultados reflejan las grandes carencias que tendrán nuestros jóvenes en el futuro y los escasos conocimientos con los que los estamos equipando para trabajar en un contexto globalizado y para competir con los ciudadanos de las grandes potencias mundiales. Gobiernos que, por cierto, dedican un alto presupuesto de su Producto Interno Bruto a la educación, lo que a su vez se traduce en una inserción desventajosa al mundo del trabajo y en los espacios de participación social, así como en limitadas oportunidades para proseguir con su educación formal. El logro de los aprendizajes en matemáticas es la gran asignatura pendiente en la agenda de política educativa mexicana.
Math and science outcomes for students of teachers from standard and alternative pathways in Texas
Authors: Marder Michael , David Bernard , Hamrock Caitlin
Published: February 2020

Texas provides a unique opportunity to examine teachers without standard university preparation, for it prepares more teachers through alternative pathways than any other state. We find two advantages for mathematics and science teachers prepared in the standard way. First, since 2008 they have been staying in the classroom longer than those who pursued alternative routes. Second, we analyze student performance on Algebra 1 and Biology exams over the period 2012-2018. Algebra I students with experienced teachers from standard programs gain .03 to .05 in standard deviation units compared to students whose teachers were alternatively prepared. For Biology students there are fewer statistically significant differences, although when differences exist they almost all favor standard programs. These effects are difficult to measure in part because teachers are not assigned to teach courses with high-stakes exams at random. Nevertheless, we find strong evidence in Algebra I that students learn more when their teachers have standard preparation. In Biology there is also evidence but less compelling. Thus, we recommend that all states bolster traditional university-based teacher certification, that Texas not take drastic action to curtail alternative certification, and that other states not allow it to grow too quickly.
DETERMINANTS OF DISTRICTS/CITIES EDUCATION ATTAINMENT INEQUALITY IN EAST JAVA PROVINCE DURING 2014-2016
Authors: Adiningtyas Agustina Puspitasari , Budyanra Budyanra
Published: February 2020

High school enrollment rate can reduce educational inequality. However, East Java Province which has a high school enrollment rate, education inequality is also high. Using data from the National Socioeconomic Survey (Susenas) from 2014 to 2016 and publications from several institutes, this research aims to find out the determinants of districts/cities education inequality in East Java in 2014-2016. The inferential analysis uses panel data regression with the random effect model (REM). The results show that the significant variables increasing the education inequality are the percentage of poor population and percentage of married young women, while the significant variables decreasing the education inequality are Gross Domestic Regional Product (GDRP) growth, the percentage of household head educated minimum secondary level, and teacher-school ratio on the secondary level. There are no significant effects of government spending on education inequality.
DAMPAK PENERAPAN INDONESIA - JAPAN ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT (IJEPA) TERHADAP NILAI EKSPOR IMPOR INDONESIA
Authors: Sitepu Jesica
Published: February 2020

This study aims to analyze the impact of the IJEPA agreement on bilateral trade (export - import) of Indonesia with Japan using 20 main commodities of trade according to the 2 digit HS code in the period 2001-2018 with the Random Effect Model (REM) estimation model. This study also analyzes whether GDP, population, and the real exchange rate of Indonesia - Japan has an influence on the development of Indonesia's export and import values.          The analysis showed that both before and after the enactment of IJEPA cooperation did not have a significant effect on the value of exports from Indonesia - Japan. The variable GDP, population, and the real exchange rate have a significant effect on exports and imports. Therefore, the government of Indonesia and Japan can review the IJEPA agreement in order to increase the benefits of IJEPA.
ANALISIS DAMPAK BAURAN KEBIJAKAN MONETER DAN MAKROPRUDENSIAL TERHADAP STABILITAS HARGA DAN STABILITAS SISTEM KEUANGAN DI INDONESIA
Authors: Hidayati Nisaulfathona , Sugiyanto FX
Published: February 2020

The financial crisis that has happened has changed the perspective of the central banks in the world, including Indonesia in viewing that financial system stability is also important in addition to price stability. In achieving this goal, Bank Indonesia formulated a policy namely the Bank Indonesia Policy Mix which is the integration of monetary and macroprudential policies.This research aims to analyze the impact of the monetary and macroprudential policy mix on price stability and financial system stability in Indonesia. The analysis method applied in this study is Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) and Granger Causality. The results of the study show that both monetary and macroprudential policies can achieve price stability. In achieving financial system stability, monetary policy instruments take longer than macroprudential policies. The monetary and macroprudential policy mix instruments can reduce inflation volatility and exchange rate volatility so as to encourage price stability and financial system stability.
Analisis pengaruh growth terhadap profit pada perusahaan manufaktur terbuka di Indonesia: Analisis model panel data dinamis
Authors: Prakasa Aditya Guntur
Published: February 2020

Growth will affect profitability of a firm. There is ongoing debate about how growth will affect profit both theoritically and empirical results. Classical hypothesis predict growth will affect profit positively. Growth can improve firm profitability because the effect from economies of scale and the learning curve effect that makes the production process and the cost of production become more efficient. Behavioral hypothesis predict growth will affect profit negatively because of principal agent problem, managerial constraints, penrose effect or diseconomies of scale. The objective of this study is to examine the effect of growth to profit based on the argument between Classical hypothesis and behavioral hypothesis.                   This study used dynamics panel data with generalized method of moments (GMM) as estimator. This study observed 82 publicly listed manufacturing firm in Indonesia consist of nine periods from 2009 to 2018 resulting in 656 observations. Empirical result shows that growth will affect profit negatively. Thus, prove the behavioral hypothesis that predict negative influence of growth to profit.
PENDAKIAN DI JAWA TENGAH : MOTIVASI EKOWISATA DAN PERILAKU WISATAWAN
Authors: Sabila Fadlilaili Whahda , Purwanti Evi Yulia
Published: February 2020

High interest in hiking is influenced by tourist behavior, so that it will potentially increase negative impact due to tourist activities in vulnerable areas. Tourist behavior in decision making can be estimated through the demand side of hiking. This research aims to analyze the factors that influence number of individual visits to the hiking sites in Central Java. The result showed seven variables influence the number of individual visits to hiking sites, those are physical motivation, landscape value, natural value, tourist facilities, accessibility, travel cost, and other tourism site. In the development of mountain-based tourism should pay attention to the alignment of tourism aspects and ecotourism principles.
Analisis Pengaruh Variasi Lebar Kompartemen Samping terhadap Damage Stability pada Kapal Small Open Deck Ro-Ro Passenger
Authors: Manik Parlindungan , Abdurrofi Arnan , Kiryanto K. , Adietya Berlian Arswendo
Published: February 2020

Angkutan penumpang di perairan Indonesia masih didominasi oleh kapal Ro-Ro berukuran (GT) kecil dengan ciri memiliki geladak kendaraan terbuka dan tidak kedap air atau dikenal dengan kapal small open deck ro-ro passanger (sodropax). Selain itu, keberadaan freeboard yang rendah turut memperburuk karakteristik stabilitasnya, sehingga masih banyak kapal sodropax yang belum memenuhi kriteria intact dan damage stability. Disamping itu tingkat kecelakaan kapal terus meningkat setiap tahunnya dan menelan korban jiwa yang tidak sedikit. Memvariasikan kompartemen samping dikenal mampu meningkatkan karakteristik damage stability pada kapal penumpang, namun belum ada penelitian terbaru mengenai aplikasinya pada kapal tipe sodropax. Penelitian ini pun dilakukan untuk melihat pengaruh perubahan rasio lebar kompartemen samping terhadap nilai damage stability sehingga mampu memenuhi kriteria SOLAS. Perhitungan equilibrium menggunakan metode lost buoyancy dengan pendekatan kebocoran probabilistik yaitu menganalisis semua kemungkinan kebocoran pada kapal serta kemungkinannya untuk bertahan pada kebocoran tersebut. Variasi kompartemen samping diterapkan pada 3 kapal Ro-ro penumpang berukuran 500, 600, dan 750 GT. Hasilnya, kapal dengan kompartemen samping pada rasio lebar B/5 mampu meningkatkan karakteristik damage stability sebesar 7% terhadap desain awal dan 14,2% terhadap desain kapal tanpa kompartemen samping, namun terdapat satu kapal yang masih belum memenuhi kriteria SOLAS Chapter II-1 Part B tentang Subdivision and Stability.
Simulasi CFD pada Kapal Planing Hull
Authors: Samuel Samuel , Trimulyono Andi , Santosa Ari Wibawa Budi
Published: February 2020

Akurasi dalam memprediksi hambatan kapal adalah salah satu aspek penting dalam mendesain lambung kapal. Secara umum, hambatan kapal dengan type planing lebih rumit daripada type displacement. Planing hull memiliki karakteristik unik seperti trim, heave, hard-chine, Froude number tinggi dan dead-rise angle. Gaya hidrodinamik pada planing hull lebih dominan daripada gaya hidrostatik. Analisis numerik menggunakan Finite Volume Method (FVM) dipilih untuk menyelesaikan masalah hidrodinamik. Dalam penelitian ini, persamaan (RANS Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes) digunakan untuk menggambarkan model turbulensi dengan k-ε. Secara umum, pemodelan Volume of Fluid (VOF) menggunakan aliran multiphase Euler yang diasumsikan air dan udara sebagai phase. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk memperkenalkan perhitungan kapal type planing hull untuk memprediksi hambatan kapal dan seakeeping. Studi validasi ini dilakukan dengan menggunakan eksperimen Fridsma hullform. Hasil pada penelitian ini menunjukkan bahwa simulasi numerik pada jenis planing hull dapat diprediksi dengan akurasi yang cukup baik.
IDENTIFIKASI INDEKS KENYAMANAN KOTA YOGYAKARTA BERDASARKAN KRITERIA CULTURAL HERITAGE
Authors: Kurniati Ayu Candra , Fanani Fahril
Published: February 2020

The ideal city planning, in fact is the combination between livable and sustainable city, where the city is able to maintain the quality of life in the present as well as the future, furthermore it generates a comfortable atmosphere for a place to live as seen from many aspects.  Yogyakarta is one of the livable cities in Indonesia with the highest index score, 68.14% for social life and 70.89% for the preservation of cultural heritage building. Considering the mission of Yogyakarta which is to enhance cultural quality and strengthen morality, behavior and cultural value of the community, it is considerable to conduct a research regarding to livable city index in Yogyakarta based on the criteria of cultural heritage.   Furthermore, this research used scoring dichotomy data as a methodology with variables: the changes in building's form and function, the ownership status and the usage of cultural heritage building, as well as the amount of cultural heritage buildings that have been demolished and/or in the process of demolition. The results show the highest livable index for preservation of cultural heritage building is in cultural preservation area Kotagede (41.77%), followed by Kraton (20.66%), Malioboro (14.06%), Pakualaman (13.21%) and the least is Kotabaru (10.03%). Kotagede has the highest livable index due to the amount of cultural heritage building compared to other preservation areas. From the total percentage, 42.9% of the buildings are in the original form, 30% have its function changed, 70% are in personal ownership, 21.6% are in group/association, and 45.5% are not demolished. The conclusion of this study is that the existence of cultural heritage building in the city will increase the value of environmental identity which is resembles the character of the area and the community within
MENEMUKAN KEMBALI PEMBARUAN PERKOTAAN BERBASIS PENGEMBANGAN MASYARAKAT: STUDI PENANGANAN PEMUKIMAN KUMUH DI PERKOTAAN INDONESIA
Authors: Taufiq Muhammad , Indradjati Petrus Natalivan , Suhirman Suhirman , Kombaitan Benedictus
Published: February 2020

The urban renewal concept is one of the city development policies approaches. It promotes profit optimization in urban areas. However, this is done by eroding existing slums and ending with injustice for the community. For this reason, city development policies need to direct urban renewal implementation based on community development. The question arises whether urban renewal needs to be applied for urban areas in Indonesia, whether urban renewal brings certain benefits in achieving a more humane society development and its limits. This article aims to provide a theoretical understanding of the considerations and implications for its application through illustrative case studies from several major cities in Indonesia. This study evaluates urban renewal ideas from a community development viewpoint, through descriptive, evaluative analysis and literature. Study results show that urban renewal is necessary for cities in Indonesia in terms of policies that make the city center become a more competitive business area and generate maximum urban profits through tax revenues. On the other hand, this is done to beautify the city's face, which will automatically improve community development in cities and suburbs. Local wisdom in the context of a city's development policy choice base is a limitation for its implementation optimality.
LIVELIHOOD MASYARAKAT KAMPUNG PELANGI, GUNUNG BRINTIK, KOTA SEMARANG MELALUI PENDEKATAN SUSTAINABLE URBAN LIVELIHOOD (SUL)
Authors: Suryani Tia Adelia , Winarso Haryo
Published: February 2020

The rapid growth of the population of Semarang City and the limited land for settlements resulted in the emergence of illegal slums. One of the government's efforts to revitalize the slum area by coloring Gunung Brintik village area which became known as Kampung Pelangi. Some slum revitalization programs in other countries have not succeeded in increasing residents’ livelihood. The purpose of this study was to examine the success of the government in improving the livelihood of Kampung Pelangi in Semarang City, through the Sustainable Urban Livelihood (SUL) approach with quantitative descriptive methods and scoring analysis techniques. The study was conducted at two different times; before the implementation of the Semarang City Government program (in 2016) and after the implementation (in 2018). As a control, Kampung Pandean was chosen because it had similar conditions but did not get any program from the government. The results showed that there was a change in the livelihood of the population in Kampung Pelangi include the quality of human capital, natural capital, social capital, and physical capital, while the condition of Kampung Pandean does not show any changes during 2016-2018. This change is not due to coloring but due to improvements in physical conditions.
Super Learner for Survival Data Prediction
Authors: Golmakani Marzieh K. , Polley Eric C.
Published: February 2020

Survival analysis is a widely used method to establish a connection between a time to event outcome and a set of potential covariates. Accurately predicting the time of an event of interest is of primary importance in survival analysis. Many different algorithms have been proposed for survival prediction. However, for a given prediction problem it is rarely, if ever, possible to know in advance which algorithm will perform the best. In this paper we propose two algorithms for constructing super learners in survival data prediction where the individual algorithms are based on proportional hazards. A super learner is a flexible approach to statistical learning that finds the best weighted ensemble of the individual algorithms. Finding the optimal combination of the individual algorithms through minimizing cross-validated risk controls for over-fitting of the final ensemble learner. Candidate algorithms may range from a basic Cox model to tree-based machine learning algorithms, assuming all candidate algorithms are based on the proportional hazards framework. The ensemble weights are estimated by minimizing the cross-validated negative log partial likelihood. We compare the performance of the proposed super learners with existing models through extensive simulation studies. In all simulation scenarios, the proposed super learners are either the best fit or near the best fit. The performances of the newly proposed algorithms are also demonstrated with clinical data examples.
Aiming Higher: Advancing Public Social Insurance for Longterm Care to Meet the Global Aging Challenge Comment on "Financing Long-term Care: Lessons From Japan"
Authors: Feng Zhanlian , Glinskaya Elena
Published: February 2020

Globally, aging populations are driving the demand for long-term care (LTC) services for a growing number of older people with disabilities or chronic illnesses. A key challenge for policy-makers in all countries is to find a comprehensive solution to financing LTC services to make them widely accessible, affordable, and equitable for all in need. In this commentary, we make a case for LTC policy-makers and reformers across countries to take a long-term vision toward establishing a public, mandatory social insurance model of LTC financing. We first take a hard look at the LTC financing problems and the limitations of existing financing options. We then argue for a public social insurance approach to LTC financing and offer insights into several top-level insurance design features that are key to successful implementation of a public social insurance model, building on the experiences and lessons learned from Japan and other countries that have already "gotten there." We conclude with additional thoughts on the future of public LTC insurance in a global context, including the prospect of spreading this model to middle-income countries.
Characterizing the Validity and Real-World Utility of Health Technology Assessments in Healthcare: Future Directions Comment on "Problems and Promises of Health Technologies: The Role of Early Health Economic Modelling"
Authors: Zawadzki Nadine K. , Hay Joel W.
Published: February 2020

With their article, Grutters et al raise an important question: What do successful health technology assessments (HTAs) look like, and what is their real-world utility in decision-making? While many HTAs are published in peer-reviewed journals, many are considered proprietary and their attributes remain confidential, limiting researchers’ ability to answer these questions. Models for economic evaluations like cost-effectiveness analyses (CEAs) synthesize a wide range of evidence, are often statistically and mathematically sophisticated, and require untestable assumptions. As such, there is nearly universal agreement among researchers that enhancing transparency is an important issue in health economic modeling. However, the definition of transparency and guidelines for its implementation vary. Model registration combined with a linked database of model-based economic evaluations has been proposed as a solution, whereby registered models and their accompanying technical and nontechnical documentation are sourced into a single publicly-available repository, ideally in a standardized format to ensure consistent and complete representation of features, code, data sources, results, validation exercises, and policy recommendations. When such a repository is ultimately created, modelers will not have to reinvent the wheel for every new drug launched or new treatment pathway. These more open and transparent approaches will have substantial implications for model accuracy, reliability, and validity, improving trust and acceptance by healthcare decision-makers.
Early Health Economic Modelling – Optimizing Development for Medical Device Developers? Comment on "Problems and Promises of Health Technologies: The Role of Early Health Economic Modeling"
Authors: Teljeur Conor , Ryan Máirín
Published: February 2020

Abstract This commentary considers the positive and negative consequences of early economic modelling and explores potential future directions. Early economic modelling offers device manufacturers an opportunity to assess the potential value of an innovation at an early stage of development. Early modelling can direct resources into potentially viable technologies and reduce investment in technologies with limited prospect of value. However, it is unclear whether early modelling is sufficiently specific to identify innovations with low value. It may be that early modelling is more useful for directing data gathering to reduce decision uncertainty. Early modelling is of primary benefit to the manufacturer and may have both positive and negative consequences for reimbursement processes that should be considered
Re-imagining Research: A Bold Call, but Bold Enough? Comment on "Experience of Health Leadership in Partnering with University-Based Researchers in Canada: A Call to ‘Re-Imagine’ Research"
Authors: Holmes Bev J.
Published: February 2020

Many articles over the last two decades have enumerated barriers to and facilitators for evidence use in health systems. Bowen et al’s article "Response to Experience of Health Leadership in Partnering with University-Based Researchers: A Call to ‘Re-imagine Research’" furthers the debate by focusing on an under-explored research area (health system design and health service organization) with an under-studied stakeholder group (health system leaders), by undertaking a broad program of research on partnerships, and, based on participant responses, by calling for re-imagining of research itself. In response to the claim that the research community is not providing expertise to this pressing issue in the health system, I provide four high level reasons: partnerships mean different things to different people, our language does not reflect the reality we want, our health systems have yet to fully embrace evidence use, and complexity is easier to talk about than act within. Bowen et al’s study, and their broader program of research, is well-placed to explore these issues further, helping identify appropriate researcher-health system leader partnership models for various health system change projects. Given the positive shifts identified in this study, and the knowledge that participants demonstrate about what needs to change, the time is right for bold action, re-imagining not only research, but healthcare, such that the production and use of evidence for better health is embraced and supported.
The Challenge of Sustaining Long-term Care in Aging Societies: Lessons From Japan and Spain Comment on "Financing Long-term Care: Lessons From Japan"
Authors: Del Pozo-Rubio Raúl , Jiménez-Rubio Dolores
Published: February 2020

This article compares the provision of long-term care (LTC) in Japan and Spain, two countries with similar demographic structures but which address the provision of LTCs in very different ways. Both countries provide universal LTC. However, Japan has developed a generous benefit package of formal services for dependents to alleviate the care burden on the family, but provides no cash benefits. In Spain, on the other hand, cash allowances are the norm rather than the exception in the practical implementation of LTC services. After discussing the necessary delineation of LTC in response to future sociodemographic challenges, we discuss LTC system characteristics and the recent cost containment reforms implemented in Japan and Spain. Finally, we consider the lessons that may be drawn from each country’s experience and the reforms that must be undertaken in order ensure the sustainability of LTC provision in other countries with incipient or more developed LTC systems. In addition, since Japan and Spain are both faced with challenging demographic projections, it is important for each country to learn from the other’s initiatives and reforms.
The Proportion of Female Physician Links With Advanced Educational Opportunity for Female and by Female
Authors: Senoo Yuki , Takita Morihito , Ozaki Akihiko , Kami Masahiro
Published: February 2020

Background: The overall proportion of female physician is increasing worldwide. However, its ratio exhibits a substantial diversity among each member country of Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). This study aimed to reveal the social factors of countries associated with the percentage of female physicians. Methods: We retrieved the percentage of female physicians and social characteristic which may affect the ratio of female physicians of 36 OECD countries in 2016 or nearest year from the World Bank Open Data. Multivariate regression analysis was performed after univariate evaluations with Spearman’s coefficient to explore correlation of social variables with the proportion of female physicians. Results: The percentages of female adolescents who dropped out of school before lower secondary school, female population that attained or completed Master’s or equivalent degree, female labour force, and female academic staff in tertiary education showed statistically significant correlation with proportion of female physicians (Spearman coefficient = -0.527, 0.585, 0.501, and 0.499; P=.01, .001, .002, and .008). Female’s educational attainment at least Master’s or equivalent and that of female academic staff at tertiary education were selected after multivariate analysis. Conclusion: Our study revealed the relationships between advanced education opportunity and female participation in academic positions with the percentage of female physicians. Our research is limited in the difficulty to evaluate physicians’ working hours in spite of its possible effect. Further studies with qualitative assessment are warranted to explore the detail reasons to cause gender gap in physician
Building Research Capacity for Impact in Applied Health Services Research Partnerships Comment on "Experience of Health Leadership in Partnering With University-Based Researchers in Canada – A Call to "Re-imagine" Research"
Authors: Cooke Jo
Published: February 2020

Bowen and colleagues ask us to re-imagine how to conduct research in academic-practice partnerships, and to develop capacity in the applied research and health workforce to do this. This commentary reinforces their messages, and describes a framework of research capacity development for impact (RCDi) which emphasizes active and continuous experiential learning within research partnerships. The RCDi framework includes the need to focus on multiple levels in the collaboration architecture, and describes principles of working that aims to increase impact on services, and learning opportunities for all partners.
Advancing Health Services Collaborative and Partnership Research Comment on "Experience of Health Leadership in Partnering with University-Based Researchers in Canada – A Call to ‘Re-imagine’ Research"
Authors: Nyström Monica E. , Strehlenert Helena
Published: February 2020

Bowen et al highlight the trend towards partnership research to address the complex challenges currently facing healthcare systems and organizations world-wide. They focus on important strategic actors in partner organizations and their experiences, views and advice for sustainable collaboration, within a Canadian context. The authors call for a multi-system change to provide better conditions for research partnerships. They highlight needs to re-imagine research, to move beyond an ‘acute care’ and clinical focus in research, to re-think research funding, and to improve the academic preparation for research partnerships. In this commentary we provide input to the discussion on practical guidance for those involved in research partnerships based on our partnership experiences from ten research projects conducted within the Swedish healthcare system since 2007. We also highlight areas that need attention in future research in order to learn from approaches used for collaborative and partnership research.
The Potential for Early Health Economic Modelling in Health Technology Assessment and Reimbursement DecisionMaking Comment on "Problems and Promises of Health Technologies: The Role of Early Health Economic Modeling"
Authors: Kim Hansoo , Goodall Stephen , Liew Danny
Published: February 2020

Grutters et al recently investigated the role of early health economic modelling of health technologies by undertaking a secondary analysis of health economic modelling assessments performed by their group. Our commentary offers a broad perspective on the potential utility of early health economic modelling to inform health technology assessment (HTA) and decision-making around reimbursement of new health technologies. Further we provide several examples to compliment Grutters and colleagues’ observations.
The Challenges of Canadian Pharmacare Are More Complicated Than Acknowledged Comment on "Pharmacare in Canada"
Authors: Acri née Lybecker Kristina M. L.
Published: February 2020

This commentary considers two editorial pieces, written by Hajizadeh and Edmonds, and Lewis, which address universal pharmacare in Canada. The pieces focus on the social inequities of the existing system and the challenges of successful implementation. After identifying the significant strengths of both articles, this commentary then delves into the reasons why universal pharmacare may not be the solution, and identifies numerous thorny issues that will complicate the implementation of such a publicly funded program. Both discussions point to the need for caution and transparency going forward.
Neural Correlates of Strategy Switching in the Macaque Orbital Prefrontal Cortex
Authors: Fascianelli Valeria , Ferrucci Lorenzo , Tsujimoto Satoshi , Genovesio Aldo
Published: February 2020

We can adapt flexibly to environment changes and search for the most appropriate rule to a context. The orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo) has been associated with decision making, rule generation and maintenance, and more generally has been considered important for behavioral flexibility. To better understand the neural mechanisms underlying the flexible behavior, we studied the ability to generate a switching signal in monkey PFo when a strategy is changed. In the strategy task, we used a visual cue to instruct two male rhesus monkeys either to repeat their most recent choice (i.e., stay strategy) or to change it (i.e., shift strategy). To identify the strategy switching-related signal, we compared nonswitch and switch trials, which cued the same or a different strategy from the previous trial, respectively. We found that the switching-related signal emerged during the cue presentation and it was combined with the strategy signal in a subpopulation of cells. Moreover, the error analysis showed that the activity of the switch-related cells reflected whether the monkeys erroneously switched or not the strategy, rather than what was required for that trial. The function of the switching signal could be to prompt the use of different strategies when older strategies are no longer appropriate, conferring the ability to adapt flexibly to environmental changes. In our task, the switching signal might contribute to the implementation of the strategy cued, overcoming potential interference effects from the strategy previously cued. Our results support the idea that ascribes to PFo an important role for behavioral flexibility.

SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe can flexibly adapt our behavior to a changing environment. One of the prefrontal areas traditionally associated with the ability to adapt to new contingencies is the orbital prefrontal cortex (PFo). We analyzed the switching related activity using a strategy task in which two rhesus monkeys were instructed by a visual cue either to repeat or change their most recent choice, respectively using a stay or a shift strategy. We found that PFo neurons were modulated by the strategy switching signal, pointing to the importance of PFo in behavioral flexibility by generating control over the switching of strategies.
Соціальне проектування як один із прогресивних засобів подолання проблем молодих сімей у Івано-Франківській області
Authors: Mykhaylyshyn Galyna , Dovga Myroslava
Published: February 2020

В процесі суспільних змін відбулося погіршення соціокультурних умов життєдіяльності різних категорій осіб (в нашому випадку молодих сімей), що спричинило низку невирішених соціальних проблем. Адже, однією із важливих проблем є низький рівень правових знань молодих людей, що проявляються у неготовності до побудови та спільного сімейного життя. Тому робота з молодими сім’ями має бути спрямована на аналіз, прогноз та надання правової допомоги шляхом навчання, інформування та консультування з питань прав, обов’язків та відповідальності членів молодих сімей у різних видах діяльності, знайомство з пільгами, законодавчими і нормативними документами тощо. Саме така діяльність сприятиме зміцненню статусу молодої сім’ї, підвищить її соціальну значущість у суспільстві, що позитивно позначиться на підвищенні народжуваності та добробуту молодих сімей і зменшення кількості розлучених молодих сімей (413 молодих сімей із 590 сімей загалом за статистичними даними Головного територіального управління Юстиції в Івано-Франківській області управління державної реєстрації відділу РАЦСу у 2018 р.). Для вирішення низки проблем молодих сімей, які виникли в результаті цих змін нами розкрито суть та особливості соціального проектування, проаналізовано та показано важливість соціального проекту для подолання проблем молодих сімей на основі чітко зазначених статистичних даних з відділу РАЦСу Івано-Франківської області. Розглянуто різні концептуальні положення поняття соціального проектування та соціального проекту і запропоновано їх авторські визначення. Також розроблено соціальний проект для подолання проблем молодих сімей у Івано-Франківській області шляхом створення Мобільної групи з надання соціально-правової та психологічної допомоги молодій сім’ї.
Пастирська педагогіка: потреба суспільства
Authors: Mukan Nataliia , Blavt Oksana
Published: February 2020

У статті розглянуто питання доцільності пастирської педагогіки. За результатами аналізу установлено, що такий вид педагогіки підтримує суспільство й вважається, що держава повинна бути зацікавленою у педагогічній пастирології і всіляко підтримувати її функціонування. Метою дослідження є визначення засад пастирської педагогіки, розкриття та обґрунтування її основних компонентів. Узагальнено базові основи, на яких ґрунтується пастирська педагогіка. Запропоновано дефініцію пастирської педагогіки. Виокремлено та обґрунтовано її компоненти: онтологізація, деонтологізація, етизація, культурологізація, соціалізація, олюднення людини. Установлена доцільність запровадження пастирської педагогіки у дошкільних, шкільних та закладах вищої освіти, як інноваційної програмної технології.
Соціальне здоров’я студентів вищих медичних навчальних закладів
Authors: Boichuk-Tovsta Oxana
Published: February 2020

Стаття присвячена питанням соціального здоров’я студентів-медиків. Соціальне здоров’я розглянуто з позиції культури здоров’я студентів, з міждисциплінарного характеру тощо. Розв’язання питань здоров’я вимагає врахування цілого ряду чинників, до яких належать правові, сімейні, освітньо-виховні,, медичні, юридичні, культурологічні, екологічні.
Діяльнісний підхід у професійній підготовці майбутніх педагогів до творчої художньо-конструктивної діяльності з дітьми дошкільного віку
Authors: Boryn Galyna
Published: February 2020

У статті проаналізовано актуальні погляди на професійну підготовку майбутніх педагогів дошкільних закладів освіти. Виокремлено основні напрями удосконалення підготовки студентів спеціальності “Дошкільна освіта” в контексті художньо-конструктивної діяльності вихованців. Охарактеризовано особливості художньо-конструктивної діяльності дітей дошкільного віку та окреслено зміст та напрями підготовки майбутніх педагогів в означеному напрямі на основі діяльнісного підходу.
Mummy Stories
Authors: Piombino-Mascali Dario
Published: February 2020

This article represents a summary of the author’s past 12 years of research on several mummy sets. As mummy studies expand as a sub-specialty of biological anthropology, it is important to highlight the significant contribution that the study of preserved remains can provide to both archaeology and history.
KEANEKARAGAMAN JAMUR MAKROSKOPIS DI BEBERAPA HABITAT KAWASAN TAMAN NASIONAL BALURAN
Authors: Wati Ratna , Noverita Noverita , Setia Tatang Mitra
Published: February 2020

AbstrakJamur merupakan komponen dasar yang sangat penting dalam suatu ekosistem. Taman Nasional Baluran merupakan salah satu ekosistem dengan beberapa tipe habitat yang mendukung pertumbuhan jamur. Kawasan ini memiliki keanekaragaman jamur yang belum banyak dieksplorasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui komposisi, keanekaragaman jenis dan potensi jamur makroskopis di lima tipe habitat di kawasan Taman Nasional Baluran. Penelitian dilakukan pada tipe habitat hutan primer perbukitan, hutan primer dataran rendah, hutan evergreen, hutan musim dan hutan jati pada bulan Maret 2013. Metode yang digunakan adalah petak kuadrat yang berukuran 10 x 10 m pada jalur dengan interval 50 m sebanyak 20 plot pada masing-masing tipe habitat. Jumlah jenis jamur makroskopis yang ditemukan adalah sebanyak 152 jenis, 37 marga dan 25 suku. Masing-masing lokasi memiliki kesamaan jenis yang berbeda. Indeks keanekaragaman termasuk kategori rendah. Pada hutan primer perbukitan sebesar 2,154; hutan primer dataran rendah sebesar 2,144; hutan jati sebesar 2,423; hutan musim sebesar 1,375; dan evergreen sebesar 1,063. Terdapat perbedaan jenis jamur makroskopis yang mendominasi setiap habitat. Pada penelitian ini ditemukan jamur makroskopis berpotensi dekomposer, mikoriza, obat dan pangan. Hasil penelitian diharapkan para pihak dapat menjaga kawasan untuk mempertahankan keanekaragaman hayati khususnya jamur makroskopis sehingga dapat dilakukan penelitian lebih lanjut serta dapat dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat sekitar.Abstract The fungus is a basic component that is very important in the forest ecosystem. Baluran National Park is one of the ecosystems with several types of habitats, which supports the growth of fungus. This area has a diversity of macrofungi that has not been much explored. The purpose of this study was to determine the composition, diversity and potential of macrofungi in five habitat types in Baluran National Park area.The study was conducted on habitat types of hills hilly primary forest, primary forest of lowland, evergreen forest, forest season and jati forests in March 2013.The method used is the swath of squares measuring 10 x 10 m on track, with an interval of 50 m, as many as 20 plots in each habitat type. Number of species of macrofungi found as many as 152 species, 37 genera and 25 familiy. Each location has a different kind of similarity. The diversity index is categorized as low. hills hilly primary forest amounted to 2.154, primary forest of lowland amounted to 2.144, jati forest of 2.423, seasons forest of 1.375 and evergreen of 1.063. There are different types of macrofungi that dominate in every habitat. In this study found macroscopic fungi potentially as decomposers, mycorrhizae, medicinal and food. From the research result expected the management of Baluran National Park can maintain the area to protect biodiversity in particular macrofungi so that it can be further research and can be used by the local community.
KARAKTERISASI DAN IDENTIFIKASI BAKTERI RIZOSFER TANAMAN SAWIT JAMBI
Authors: Khairani Khairani , Aini Fitratul , Riany Hesti
Published: February 2020

AbstrakBakteri rizosfer adalah bakteri yang terdapat pada daerah perakaran tanaman yang diketahui memiliki keanekaragaman tinggi. Bakteri rizosfer memiliki berbagai peran seperti menyediakan nutrisi bagi tanaman, melindungi tanaman dari infeksi bakteri patogen, menghasilkan hormon pertumbuhan seperti indol acetic acid, pelarut fosfat, pengikat nitrogen, dan lain-lain. Dengan berbagai kemampuan dan peran tersebut, maka perlu eksplorasi bakteri rizosfer tanaman sawit khususnya di daerah perkebunan agar diketahui kelompok bakteri rizosfer, sehingga dapat dimanfaatkan secara optimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kelompok dan keragaman bakteri rizosfer pada tanaman sawit yang berumur 8, 11, dan 14 tahun. Penelitian dilakukan dengan pendekatan konvensional dengan karakterisasi morfologi dan uji biokimia. Dari umur-umur tersebut, didapatkan 18 isolat yang terdiri dari 11 genus, yaitu Bacillus, Azospirillum, Actinobacillus, Xanthobacter, Enterococcus, Paenibacillus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, dan Streptococcus. Bakteri rizosfer tanaman sawit memiliki keragaman genus yang sama pada umur 8, 11, dan 14 tahun. Genus bakteri yang didapatkan dapat dimanfaatkan sebagai PGPR (Plant Promoting Rhizobacteria).Abstract Rhizosphere bacteria are bacteria found in root areas. Rhizosphere bacteria have various roles such as providing nutrients for plants, protecting plants from infection pathogenic bacteria, producing growth hormones such as indol acetic acid, phosphate solvents, nitrogen binders, and others. By having these various abilities and roles, it is necessary to explore the bacteria of oil palm plants, especially in the plantation areas so that the group of rhizosphere bacteria can be identified and then utilized optimally. This study aims to determine the group and diversity of rhizosphere bacteria in oil palm plants that are 8, 11, and 14 years old. The research was conducted conventionally by observing morphological and biochemical characterization. At those ages, 18 isolates were consisting of 11 genera, namely Bacillus, Azospirillum, Actinobacillus, Xanthobacter, Enterococcus, Paenibacillus, Klebsiella, Pseudomonas, Arthrobacter, Micrococcus, and Streptococcus through conventional methods. Rhizosphere bacteria in oil palm plants have the same genus diversity at the ages of 8, 11, and 14 years. The bacterial genus obtained can be used as PGPR (Plant Promoting Rhizobacteria).