bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Thomas James: The English Consul of Andalucia (1556-ca. 1613)
Authors: Loomie Albert J.
Published: May 2019

In the summer of 1601 the English ambassador in France, Sir Ralph Winwood, warned Sir Robert Cecil against a merchant named Thomas James, who was ‘a hard and desperate Ruffian, who hath lived in great inwardness with Persons the Jesuit’. To assist in his capture, should he arrive in England, Winwood identified him to be of ‘a convenient stature, red beard, of the age of forty-five years’, born in Staffordshire ‘in a town called Noyall’ but subsequently raised in London where he had been a merchant’s apprentice.

The ‘inwardness’ between this Englishman and the Jesuit excites curiosity in itself, but Thomas James deserves investigation in his own right since he exemplifies the major contribution of the resourceful English layman to the survival of the Catholic mission during the late Elizabethan and early Jacobean period. The access of Catholics to the Continent was contingent on the well-placed merchant who facilitated the arrivals and departures of students, priests and other persons in search of asylum. As will be seen, the full confidence of the highly respected Duke of Medina Sidonia in the ability of Thomas James was to provide the Englishman with a unique status in Andalucia.
Who Will do the Research and Teaching?
Authors: Klingman Glenn C.
Published: May 2019

I would like to start with a premise, then discuss a bit of history as it applies to agriculture and food production, then relate food production to a country's total economy, and lastly, relate the profession of a weed scientist to a country's capacity to produce food.

I have enjoyed close and direct association with four different Land Grant Colleges. At the fourth, I served 20 years on the staff and became 50 years of age, giving me the privilege of retiring. If my comments appear critical of Land Grant Colleges as recently administered, these comments are intended to serve as constructive criticism. Contributions of the Land Grant Colleges are basic to our total United States welfare. Our society and our way of life continue to need these contributions. Perhaps the goals and objectives should be changed, but the contributions are still strongly needed.
Ethylene, 2-Chloroethylphosphonic Acid, and Witchweed Germination
Authors: Egley G. H. , Dale J. E.
Published: May 2019

In laboratory studies, ethylene and an ethylene-releasing agent, 2-chloroethylphosphonic acid (hereinafter referred to as CEPA), stimulated germination of aged, pretreated but still dormant witchweed (Striga lutea Lour.) seed. Ethylene gas at 10−1 μl/L produced maximal (89 to 98%) seed germination. Witchweed seed also germinated when incubated directly in Eustis loamy sand treated with CEPA. A half-maximal response was obtained with 10 mg of CEPA per kg of soil. Vapors produced by apple (Pyrus malus L. Mill) slices, by an alkaline solution of CEPA, and by soil treated with CEPA also stimulated germination. Vapors from soil contained an inhibitor of the ethylene-induced seed germination. Exposure of the soil vapors to 20% potassium hydroxide removed the inhibitor. Germination studies with 10% carbon dioxide, carbon dioxide-free air, and ethylene indicated that carbon dioxide inhibited the ethylene-induced germination of witchweed seed.
Evaluation Technique for Preemergence Herbicides for Sugarcane
Authors: Hilton H. W. , Lawrence Edith
Published: May 2019

An 1130 IBM computer was used to process data from experimental plots to evaluate performance of preemergence herbicides in Hawaiian sugarcane fields (planted with varieties of four Saccharum spp.). The evaluation technique compares performance of experimental herbicides with the performance of three standard herbicides [2-(ethyl-amino)-4-(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (ametryne), 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine), and 3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea (diuron)] under a wide range of environmental conditions. Under most conditions the substituted triazine 2-(sec-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-methoxy-s-triazine (GS-14254) gave better total weed control without crop toxicity than any of the three standards, and was particularly well-suited to regions of high rainfall.
Effects of Nitralin and Chloroxuron Combination on Weeds and Soybeans
Authors: Johnson B. J.
Published: May 2019

Nitralin (4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline) controlled grasses and 3-[p-(p-chlorophenoxy)phenyl]-1,1-dimethylurea (chloroxuron) controlled broadleaf weeds in soybeans(Glycine max(L.) Merr.) as well singly as when combined. In 1 year out of 2, nitralin and chloroxuron in combination caused more plant injury than either herbicide alone. The combination of nitralin (0.56 or 0.84 kg/ha) with chloroxuron (1.68 kg/ha) reduced seed yields 37% from the value obtained with chloroxuron alone (1.68 kg/ha).
Absorption, Metabolism, and Translocation of 2,4-D by Honeyvine Milkweed
Authors: Coble H. D. , Slife F. W. , Butler H. S.
Published: May 2019

Absorption of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) by honeyvine milkweed [Ampelamus albidus(Nutt.) Britt.] was 7.2, 9.3, and 10.9% of the applied herbicide at 1, 4, and 8 days after treatment, respectively. Addition of 1.0% v/v Tween 80 to the treatments increased absorption to 55.8, 71.3, and 78.7% at the same sampling dates. Metabolic alteration of the herbicide occurred only in the aerial portions of the plant, and this was not great enough to be considered as a means of resistance. Translocation of 2,4-D into the roots was more closely related to new root growth than to the amount of top growth. Plants with six leaves and no new root growth did not translocate 2,4-D into the root zone. Plants with the same number of leaves but with an average of five and 20 new roots translocated 2.5 and 7.7%, respectively, of the applied herbicide to the roots.
Translocation and Degradation of Bromoxynil in a Resistant and a Susceptible Species
Authors: Schafer D. E. , Chilcote D. O.
Published: May 2019

The relation of translocation and degradation to selectivity of 3,5-dibromo-4-hydroxybenzonitrile (bromoxynil) in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L., var. Nugaines), a resistant species, and coast fiddleneck (Amsinckia intermedia Fisch. & Mey.), a susceptible species, was examined. Radioautographic and extraction analysis revealed that the label from 14C-bromoxynil was more mobile in coast fiddleneck than in wheat. Higher levels of soluble radioactivity were found in extracts of coast fiddleneck than wheat. Higher levels of insoluble label were found in tissue residues of wheat than coast fiddleneck. In both species, most of the activity remained in treated leaves. A high percentage of the soluble activity was attributed to 14C-bromoxynil in both wheat and coast fiddleneck. The evolution of 14CO2 by wheat treated with 14C-bromoxynil significantly exceeded that of coast fiddleneck. The difference in susceptibility between winter wheat and coast fiddleneck appears to be explained partly by differential translocation and degradation of bromoxynil.
Selective Action of Trifluralin for Control of Green Foxtail in Wheat
Authors: Rahman A. , Ashford R.
Published: May 2019

The selective action of α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) for the control of green foxtail(Setaria viridis(L.) Beauv.) in wheat(Triticum aestivumL.) was studied. Seedlings of both species, especially in the early stage of growth, were particularly susceptible to herbicide applied in the region of the coleoptile node. Selective control with trifluralin was possible, however, because of the morphological differences between the seedlings of the two species. Thus, the sensitive coleoptilar node area of green foxtail was located at a depth of less than 1 cm from the soil surface regardless of planting depth. The coleoptile node of wheat remained closely associated with the caryopsis. When a protective band of untreated soil was used to separate the caryopses from a 5-cm band of surface soil containing 1.12 ppmw of trifluralin, the shoot growth of wheat was normal. Much lower rates of trifluralin effectively controlled green foxtail, as surface or subsurface placement of a 1.3-cm layer of soil containing 1.12 ppmw of chemical above the foxtail caryopses completely inhibited shoot development. In addition to the differences in morphological development between the two species, the fact that green foxtail was considerably more susceptible to trifluralin than wheat was considered as an important factor contributing to the selective control.
Edaphic Factors Affecting the Activity of Terbutryn
Authors: Figuerola L. F. , Furtick W. R.
Published: May 2019

Injury from 2-(tert-butylamino)-4-(ethylamino)-6-(methylthio)-s-triazine (terbutryn) was greater on winter wheat(Triticum aestivunVill. ‘Host’) grown at high soil temperature than on that grown at low soil temperature. The injury was more severe when the herbicide was incorporated into the soil close to the root system. In postemergence applications 2-week-old plants were more susceptible to terbutryn injury than 4-week-old plants. High soil water content (75% to 100% of field capacity) favored the uptake of terbutryn through the root system. Terbutryn caused greatest damage under high transpiration rates and in sandy soils.
Uptake and Translocation of Foliarly-Applied Atrazine
Authors: Smith C. N. , Nalewaja John D.
Published: May 2019

Uptake of 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) as influenced by adjuvants to the treatment medium was studied using both excised leaf sections and leaves of intact plants. Uptake of the14C-atrazine label by yellow foxtail(Setaria glauca(L.) Beauv.) leaf sections was higher at 35 than at 5 C and at pH 3 and 9 than at 5 or 7. The rapid uptake of14C-atrazine label by corn(Zea maysL.) leaf sections was attributed to a high rate of atrazine metabolism. However, atrazine metabolism did not explain the greater uptake by common lambsquarters(Chenopodium albumL.) leaf sections than by yellow foxtail. Atrazine14C-label uptake by yellow foxtail leaf sections from exogenous solution was influenced by light, phospholipase D or water pretreatment, atrazine concentration, and oil. The14C-label of atrazine in the leaf distal to the treated spot was greater when the treatment contained an oil than when applied in only water even though the area of the spot was kept constant. Further, greater uptake of the label occurred at a high than at a low temperature regardless of the application medium.
Factors Affecting Johnsongrass Rhizome Production and Germination
Authors: McWhorter C. G.
Published: May 2019

Approximately 80% of the johnsongrass(Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) rhizomes produced in clay soil were in the top 7.5 cm, but 80% of the rhizomes in sandy loam occurred in the top 12.5 cm. Distribution of rhizomes within the top 20 cm of soil was more uniform in sandy loam than in clay; yet, 5% of the rhizomes produced in clay occurred deeper than 20 cm, but only 1% of the rhizomes in sandy loam occurred deeper than 20 cm. Incorporation ofa,a,a-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-/7-toluidine (trifluralin) in soil at 0.84 kg/ha reduced rhizome production approximately 50% throughout the soil profile but reduced rhizome production most in the top 6 cm. More plants emerged from rhizomes when planted in sandy loam than in clay. More plants emerged from short rhizomes (76 mm) than from long rhizomes (152 mm) when planted at depths to 7.6 cm, but the opposite trend was obtained when rhizomes were planted deeper. Percentage germination of rhizome buds increased as rhizomes were cut into smaller pieces. Exposure of rhizomes to temperatures of 50 to 60 C killed buds within 1 to 3 days. Rhizomes usually survived temperatures of −3 to −5 C for only a few hours.
Dynamics of an Ester of 2,4-D in Organs of Three Fish Species
Authors: Rodgers Charles A. , Stalling David L.
Published: May 2019

The uptake of 14C-labeled butoxyethanol ester of (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (BEE of 2,4-D) from water by three species of fed and fasted fish was studied. Fish were exposed to either 0.3 or 1.0 mg/L of herbicide for up to 168 hr. Combined residues of the 2,4-D ester and its metabolic products were determined radiometrically in eight tissues and organs. Extracts of these organs were examined by thin layer chromatography and autoradiography. Maximum residue concentrations were observed in most organs of fed fish within 1 to 2 hr of exposure, and within 1 to 8 hr of exposure for fasted fish. After maximum residue concentrations were reached, the herbicide and/or its metabolites were eliminated rapidly.
Differential Phytotoxicity of Trifluralin and Nitralin
Authors: Barrentine W. L. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

Comparative phytotoxicity ofα,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine (trifluralin) and 4-(methylsulfonyl)-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropylaniline (nitralin) on several plant species indicated trifluralin was more toxic than nitralin to the shoots while nitralin was more toxic than trifluralin to the roots. An E0concentration, defined as that concentration required to prevent seedling emergence, was established for trifluralin on nearly all species assayed. Nitralin did not prevent emergence of any species. Trifluralin was more toxic than nitralin to the shoots of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench, var. RS-610) and cucumber (Cucumis sativusL., var. Wis. SMR-15 and Pioneer) via shoot exposure. Nitralin was more toxic than trifluralin to the roots via root exposure. A comparison of the phytotoxicity through vapor activity showed trifluralin was much more toxic than nitralin.
Effects of Picloram on Mitochondrial Swelling and ATPase
Authors: Chang In-Kook , Foy Chester L.
Published: May 2019

Effects of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) on mitochondrial volume changes and ATPase activity were studied with isolated barley (Hordeum vulgareL., var. Wong) and safflower (Carthamus tinctoriusL., var. U. S. 10) mitochondria. Changes in mitochondrial volume and/or configuration of mitochondrial membranes were recorded in terms of changes in light scattering, which was expressed as absorbance. Picloram caused swelling of mitochondria previously contracted by ATP. Picloram-induced swelling was characterized by a later partial recovery of the mitochondria to a contracted state. Picloram did not affect succinate-induced contraction nor cause any additional swelling of the mitochondria in 0.3 M KCl medium. A high concentration (10−3M) of picloram enhanced the activity of ATPase by 31%. This result was consistent with an increased rate of picloram-induced swelling in mitochondria contracted earlier by ATP. The action of picloram apparently differs from that of known mitochondrial swelling agents.
A Carrier for Some Water-Soluble Herbicides
Authors: Shellhorn Samuel J. , Hull Herbert M.
Published: May 2019

A mixture of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol, phytobland oil, and water (50:25:15:10, v/v) proved to be outstandingly effective as a carrier for water-soluble formulations of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram), (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), and mixtures thereof. The carrier was selected after numerous experiments in which these and other adjuvants, used individually, gave at least some degree of herbicidal enhancement on velvet mesquite seedlings [Prosopis juliflora var. velutina (Woot.) Sarg.]. Maximum synergism between the carrier complex and herbicide occurred with the triethylamine salt of 2,4,5-T; relatively little influence on the butoxyethanol ester was observed. Picloram and 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) were intermediate in activity between the two phenoxy formulations.
Establishing Alfalfa on Dodder-Infested Soil
Authors: Dawson J. H.
Published: May 2019

Alfalfa (Medicago sativaL.) was killed or severely injured by parasitism from dodder (Cuscuta campestrisYunck. andC. indecoraChoisy) when seeded August 1 or earlier in soil containing dodder seed. Alfalfa seeded August 15 or September 2 escaped injury from dodder, and became well-established before winter. Isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham) applied at 6 lb/A the following April controlled dodder effectively and did not injure alfalfa. A preemergence application of dimethyl tetrachloroterephthalate (DCPA) at 10 lb/A, followed by sprinkler irrigation, controlled 98 to 100% of the dodder at each of six dates of seeding in each of 2 years. DCPA often injured alfalfa seedlings severely, but most of them recovered and grew satisfactorily.
A Small-Plot Sprayer
Authors: Turgeon A. J. , Meggitt W. F.
Published: May 2019

A belt-carried small-plot sprayer for field research work was constructed. Spray materials are prepared in 1-quart polypropylene bottles, and these are placed directly in the pressure canister of the sprayer for application. The system is charged by a CO2 pressure source and the spray applied through conventional booms.
Effects of 2,4-D on Metabolism of 14C-Glucose in Plant Tissues
Authors: Mostafa I. Y. , Fang S. C.
Published: May 2019

A time course study on the in vitro effect of 10–4 M (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) on the metabolism and incorporation of specific 14C-labeled glucose into pea (Pisum sativum L., var. Alaska) and corn (Zea mays L., var. Golden Cross) tissues showed a preferential release of C-1 as CO2 which was affected by 2,4-D. The glucuronic acid pathway was stimulated greatly in pea roots and slightly in corn stems; it was inhibited in corn roots. The pentose phosphate pathway was affected in an opposite pattern. The incorporation of both labeled carbon atoms into alcohol-insoluble residue was also affected by 2,4-D. The degree of effect, however, varied from pea to corn and from roots to stems. Analysis of the alcohol-soluble fraction revealed different effects of 2,4-D on labeling of some of the amino acids, an increase in fructose content, and an accumulation of malic acid.
Response of Soil Algae to Picloram-2,4-D Mixtures
Authors: Arvik J. H. , Willson D. L. , Darlington L. C.
Published: May 2019

The effects of an approximate 1:4 commercial mixture of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D) on a natural population of soil algae were studied at dosages of 0.28, 0.56, and 1.12 kg/ha of picloram. No change in the composition of the algal flora was noted over an 18-month period, regardless of dosage.In vitrostudies indicated that mixtures of picloram and 2,4-D inhibited growth ofChlorella vulgarisBeyer. at concentrations above 100 ppm, but concentrations above 250 ppm were needed for growth inhibition ofCylindrospermum licheniforme(Bory) Kuetz. orChlorococcumsp. Picloram alone inhibited all three algae at 50 ppm, while 2,4-D produced no inhibitory effects at concentrations less than 400 ppm.
Atrazine-Soil Organic Matter Interactions
Authors: Dunigan E. P. , McIntosh T. H.
Published: May 2019

Adsorption capacities of Walla Walla silt loam soil for 2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-s-triazine (atrazine) were determined after each extraction with ethyl ether, ethyl alcohol, and hot water. The results suggested that the ether and alcohol-extractable components of the soil organic matter, i.e. fats, oils, waxes, and resins, had a negligible capacity to adsorb atrazine but that hot-water-extractable materials, i.e. polysaccharides, had a small adsorptive capacity. of the compounds chosen to be representative of some soil organic matter components, polysaccharide types had low affinities, a protein and a nucleic acid had intermediate affinities, and humic acid, lignin, and quinizarin had high affinities for atrazine. Comparison of adsorption isotherms of atrazine to lignin and humic acid at 25 and 62 C suggested that a weak chemical bond may contribute to retention of the herbicide by soil organic matter. Nearly quantitative desorption of atrazine from native and calcium saturated soils was affected by repeated water extraction.
Effects of Herbicides on ATP Levels in Excised Soybean Hypocotyls
Authors: Gruenhagen R. D. , Moreland D. E.
Published: May 2019

Effects of 22 herbicides on the ATP content of excised soybean [Glycine max(L.) Merr., var. Lee] hypocotyls were determined and compared with interferences reported previously on RNA and protein syntheses. Herbicides that reduced ATP levels and inhibited RNA and protein syntheses were 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb), 4-hydroxy-3,5-diiodobenzonitrile (ioxynil), 3′,4′-dichloropropionanilide (propanil), isopropylm-chlorocarbanilate (chlorpropham), 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol (pyriclor), 2-chloro-N-isopropylacetanilide (propachlor), (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T), and (2,3,6-trichlorophenyl)acetic acid (fenac). No herbicide was found which reduced tissue ATP levels, but did not inhibit RNA and protein syntheses. The correlations established between tissue ATP levels and inhibition of RNA and protein syntheses suggested that interference with the production of energy, required to drive the biosynthetic reactions, could be the mechanism through which these herbicides expressed their effects.
Dissipation of Picloram from Vegetation of Semiarid Rangelands
Authors: Scifres C. J. , Hahn R. R. , Merkle M. G.
Published: May 2019

About 25 ppm of 4-amino-3,5,6-trichloropicolinic acid (picloram) usually were detected on grass, primarily buffalograss (Buchloe dactyloides(Nutt.) Engelm.) and blue grama (Bouteloua gracilisWilld.exHBK LagexGriffiths), immediately after application of 0.28 kg/ha picloram + 0.28 kg/ha (2,4,5-trichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4,5-T) in northwest Texas. Less than 1 ppm of picloram usually was detected in grass tissue 30 to 60 days after treatment. At one location, detectable picloram increased in grass tissue from 32 to 60 days after application. Increases of picloram in aerial grass tissue were attributed to root uptake during a flush of vegetative growth. Picloram dissipation from grasses was not affected by irrigation to runoff at 10, 20, or 30 days after application. Detectable picloram was reduced by 93% in herbaceous, broadleaf species by 30 days after application. Treated sand shinnery oak (Quercus havardiiRydb.) leaves at the soil surface caused a slight increase of picloram in surface litter.
Effect of Calcium Chloride on Prometryne and Fluometuron Adsorption in Soil
Authors: Abernathy J. R. , Davidson J. M.
Published: May 2019

The movement and adsorption of soil-applied14C-labeled 2,4-bis(isopropylamino)-6-(methylthio-s-triazine (prometryne) and 1,1-dimethyl-3-(a,a,a-trifluoro-m-tolyl)urea (fluometuron) in the presence of 0.01 and 0.5NCaCl2were studied. The soils were Ca++-saturated Eufaula loamy fine sand and Norge loam. In equilibrium adsorption studies, fluometuron adsorption was decreased and prometryne adsorption was increased by increasing the CaCl2concentration from 0.01 to 0.5N. The mobility of prometryne in the two water-saturated soils was decreased by an increase in CaCl2concentration. Fluometuron mobility was unchanged by the two CaCl2concentrations in Eufaula, but was greater in Norge at the higher CaCl2concentration. The adsorption of each herbicide in the flowing system was less than that predicted by the distribution coefficient. Differences in CaCl2concentration do not appear to influence the mobility of the two herbicides sufficiently at the soil-water flow rate used in this study to require changes in current field application practices.
Comparative Phytotoxicity Among Four Arsenical Herbicides
Authors: Sachs R. M. , Michael J. L.
Published: May 2019

Cacodylic acid (hydroxydimethylarsine oxide) was more phytotoxic than monsodium methanearsonate (MSMA), sodium arsenate, or sodium arsenite when foliarly-applied. MSMA was much more effective on dicotyledonous than on monocotyledonous species. Sodium arsenite and arsenate had little effect on grasses. A comparative study of absorption, transport, and metabolism in beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL. ‘Black Valentine’) revealed that cacodylic acid and MSMA were transported about equally from the leaves to the terminal bud and expanding leaves whereas negligible amounts of sodium arsenite and arsenate were translocated. The latter two compounds caused more rapid contact injury to the treated leaves than either organic arsenical. There was no indication that cacodylic acid or MSMA was demethylated to form inorganic arsenicals or reduced to trivalent arsenic compounds. Studies with14C-MSMA indicated that about 40% of the14C and arsenic recovered was bound rapidly to another molecule to form a ninhydrin-positive complex. In small amounts, arsenate combined with some component of plant tissues. Also, arsenite probably was oxidized to arsenate. In beans, root-applied sodium arsenite was more phytotoxic than sodium arsenate and both were much more phytotoxic than cacodylic acid and MSMA. Most differences in phytotoxicity could not be explained by differences in rates of absorption by bean roots. Arsenite caused considerable contact injury to the root system, probably accounting for its relatively great phytotoxicity. Both cacodylic acid and MSMA were more phytotoxic per mole of tissue arsenic when foliarly-applied than when root-applied.
Uptake, Translocation, and Degradation of Diphenamid in Plants
Authors: Bingham S. W. , Shaver Richard
Published: May 2019

The rate of uptake and translocation ofN,N-dimethyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (diphenamid-14C) varied among different species. Apoplastic translocation of diphenamid occurred rapidly in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill.) seedlings, intermediate in bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylonL. ‘328’) and slowly in winged euonymus [Euonymus alatus(Thunb.) Seib. ‘compacta’]. Diphenamid-14C was dealkylated to give N-methyl-2,2-diphenylacetamide (MDA) in both winged euonymus and tomato plants. After 8 days, approximately 60% of the benzene-extractable labeled compounds from both plants was MDA and 39% was diphenamid. However, less of the radioactive material in winged euonymus was extracted.
Mechanism of Intraspecific Selectivity of Cabbage to Nitrofen
Authors: Pereira J. Francisco , Splittstoesser Walter E. , Hopen Herbert J.
Published: May 2019

The plant characteristics which makes ‘Hybelle’ cabbage (Brassica oleraceavar.capitataL.) relatively tolerant while ‘Rio Verde’ is susceptible to the toxic action of 2,4-dichlorophenyl-p-nitrophenyl ether (nitrofen) were investigated. No differences between ‘Hybelle’ and ‘Rio Verde’ were found in growth rates, light or dark germination, or stomata density. Little xylem or phloem translocation of nitrofen-14C occurred. Disruption and removal of the cuticle of ‘Hybelle’ increased its susceptibility to nitrofen while ‘Rio Verde’ with more than normal wax deposition was tolerant. Plants with less cuticle were more susceptible, regardless of cultivar. ‘Hybelle’ had more wax per unit surface than ‘Rio Verde’ and wax deposition increased with leaf age. Both cultivars were equally tolerant to nitrofen when 6 weeks old. ‘Rio Verde’ leaves absorbed nitrofen-14C twice as fast as ‘Hybelle’ leaves. The results show that the mechanism of intraspecific selectivity of cabbage to nitrofen is dependent on the amount of cuticular wax on the leaves at the time of nitrofen application.
Stimulation of Witchweed Germination by Run-Off Water and Plant Tissues
Authors: Dale J. E. , Egley G. H.
Published: May 2019

Water from several bodies of surface water and sections from several plants were collected from eastern North Carolina and bioassayed for stimulation of witchweed (Striga luteaLour.) seed germination. Stimulatory activity was detected in water from 22 of 29 different ponds, streams, and lakes and in sections from 118 (57 families) of 163 plant species. Witchweed germination stimulants evidently occur widely in nature.
Selectivity of Dinoseb in an Isoparaffinic Oil Carrier
Authors: Burr R. J. , Warren G. F.
Published: May 2019

The relative susceptibility of 40 plant species to postemergence applications of 2-sec-butyl-4,6-dinitrophenol (dinoseb) in isoparaffinic oil was determined. Peanuts (Arachis hypogaeaL. ‘Holland Virginia 56R’), with an I50of greater than 2.24 kg/ha, were the most tolerant, and johnsongrass (Sorghum halepense(L.) Pers.) seedlings, with an I50of 0.011 kg/ha, were the most susceptible. This is greater than a 200-fold difference in susceptibility, due primarily to internal tolerance, because penetration differences were reduced with the isoparaffinic oil carrier. Legumes generally were the most tolerant, and grasses ranged from tolerant to the most susceptible. Several species, primarily grasses, showed greater than 25% inhibition of shoot fresh weight from the isoparaffinic oil carrier alone.
Field Bindweed Control with Dicamba and 2,4-D, and Crop Response to Chemical Residues
Authors: Schweizer E. E. , Swink J. F.
Published: May 2019

Under furrow irrigation, control of field bindweed (Convolvulus arvensisL.) was at least 90% where 4.5 and 6.7 kg/ha of 3,6-dichloro-o-anisic acid (dicamba) had been applied 1 year before. Dicamba at 2.2 kg/ha, mixtures of dicamba and (2,4-dichlorophenoxy)acetic acid (2,4-D), and 2,4-D alone were less effective. No herbicide treatment had eradicated field bindweed after 3 years, but the combined use of herbicides, tillage, and crop competition had suppressed the growth of field bindweed by 31 to 55%. Sugarbeet (Beta vulgarisL.) seedlings appeared normal where 2,4-D had been applied 8 months earlier, but over 90% of the seedlings were killed in plots treated with dicamba. Treatment with 2.2 kg/ha of 2,4-D and dicamba, singly or in combination, resulted in yields of grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench) significantly greater than yields from the untreated field bindweed check. The 4.5 and 6.7-kg/ha rates of dicamba still affected sugarbeets during the second year following treatment. Corn (Zea maysL.) production was not affected in the third year by any herbicide treatment. Dicamba, applied at 2.2, 4.5, and 6.7 kg/ha, persisted in the upper 15 cm of top soil for at least 12 months in amounts that were phytotoxic to field beans (Phaseolus vulgarisL.) and sugarbeets.
Amitrole Residues and Rate of Dissipation in Irrigation Water
Authors: Demint Robert J. , Frank Peter A. , Comes Richard D.
Published: May 2019

The maximum concentrations of 3-amino-s-triazole (amitrole) found in two flowing-water canals (1.13 and 0.65 cu m/sec) following treatment of a single ditchbank of each canal with 4.5 and 3.4 kg/ha of amitrole-ammonium thiocyanate (amitrole-T) were 31 and 43 ppb. Conjunctive treatment of both banks of another canal, prior to entry of water, resulted in a maximum of 98 ppb of amitrole upon turning 1.42 cu m/sec of water into the canal. Two hours after passage of the main body of amitrole-bearing water at the last sampling station on each canal, amitrole levels were down to approximately 1 ppb or less. The dissipation of amitrole in canals, for distances up to about 14.5 km, was a linear function of amitrole concentration and downstream flow. The rate of dissipation was fastest on a canal in which the herbicide was placed directly into the water (slope of 3.8), modest for a single bank treatment (slope of 2.7), and slowest where opposite banks of a canal were treated (slope of 1.8).
Inhibition of Photosynthesis by Pyriclor
Authors: Meikle R. W.
Published: May 2019

The effect of 2,3,5-trichloro-4-pyridinol (pyriclor) on some photochemical reactions that bring about the formation of assimilatory power—the generation of adenosine-5′-triphosphate (ATP) and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADHP2)–at the expense of radiant energy has been determined using isolated spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., var. Viroflay) chloroplasts. The assimilation of carbon dioxide and cyclic photophosphorylation catalyzed by riboflavin-5′-phosphate (FMN) both showed inhibition at a rather high level of the pyridinol. However, oxygen evolution and non-cyclic photophosphorylation were strongly inhibited. Evidence is presented to support the conclusion that the locus of attack is the oxygen-evolving system and/or Pigment System 2 of the photosynthetic apparatus.
LA POLITICA COMPARATA: PREMESSE E PROBLEMI
Authors: Sartori Giovanni
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

In un certo senso è vero che tutta la scienza politica sottintende, per quanto implicitamente, un quadro di riferimento comparato. Anche il politologo che esamina un caso singolo deve tener presente il cosiddetto contesto generale, o quantomeno dovrebbe tener presente altri casi. Altrimenti la sua analisi del caso singolo « esce di proporzione ». Senza dubbio è cosí. Ma questa è soltanto una verità banale.
LE CRISI DI SVILUPPO NELL'ESPERIENZA GIAPPONESE
Authors: Pasquino Gianfranco
Published: May 2019

Introduzione

Questa nota nasce dalla curiosità di esaminare nei particolari l'esperienza della modernizzazione in Giappone, e soprattutto di mettere in luce il modo in cui si sono presentate e sono state affrontate le crisi di sviluppo. Il Giappone costituisce un caso molto interessante e, presumibilmente, istruttivo. Esso è, a tutt'oggi, il solo paese non appartenente all'area occidentale e non facente parte della diaspora anglosassone (ad esclusione del complesso e indefinibile caso di Israele) ad avere raggiunto, secondo la maggior parte degli indici a nostra disposizione, una fase di modernizzazione socio-economica molto avanzata — anche se non priva di cospicui squilibri settoriali — e può altresí vantare una lunga serie di elezioni libere nel dopoguerra. Appare perciò utile indagare quali siano stati i contributi delle autorità politiche alla modernizzazione, quali siano i fattori culturali che hanno avuto maggior peso nella costruzione di un sistema moderno, e quali siano gli insegnamenti di carattere generale che si possono trarre dall'esperienza giapponese.
From Republic to Empire: Reflections on the Early Provincial Architecture of the Roman West
Authors: Ward-Perkins J. B.
Published: May 2019

Nobody who has worked in the field of late Republican and early Imperial Rome can fail to be aware how remarkably little archaeological evidence we have of any specifically Roman presence in the provinces of which Rome was in political and military control during the last century of the Republic. In the east, where she was faced with a civilization older and richer than her own, this is intelligible enough. But for the student of the spread of Roman institutions and ideas in the west the gap is embarrassing. In Roman Britain we have no difficulty whatever in identifying the Gallic precedents for the settlement that followed the Roman conquest. But what lay behind the Caesarian and Augustan settlement in Gaul itself? In terms of the recent history of the area it would be reasonable to expect that in the south, at any rate, it should have been rooted in local Republican Roman practice; and yet there is remarkably little evidence of any such roots in the surviving remains. Much the same is true of Spain and Africa. Why is this? Is it that the impact of the early Imperial settlement was so strong that it swept away all trace of what had gone before? Or is it simply that the Republican Roman presence in these territories was not of a character to leave any substantial mark on the archaeological record?
Olympiodorus of Thebes and the History of the West (A.D. 407–425)
Authors: Matthews J. F.
Published: May 2019

The varied talents of Olympiodorus of Thebes, which made him a significant personality of his own age, deserve also to have made him, more than he seems to have become, a figure of interest to students of his age. By origin and education, he represents the surviving vigour of the late ‘Hellenistic’ culture of the Roman empire; in his political services to the court of Constantinople, he can be recognized as the first of a distinctive profession—of Byzantine diplomats; as a man who travelled to Syene and the distant Blemmyeshe subscribes to a tradition of educated tourism reaching back to Herodotus; while in the inseparable company, which he kept for more than twenty years, of a pet parrot that could ‘dance, sing, call its owner's name, and do many other tricks’, Olympiodorus even cuts, to modern eyes, an eccentrically buccaneering figure. And above all, as a historian he claims a central place in a continuous tradition of Greek writing on Roman affairs—a tradition notoriously lacking in western historiography.
‘There is a shark coming, then there is a du-du-du-du-du…’: Mediating cultural tools in a Norwegian creative music-making project
Authors: Viig Tine Grieg
Published: May 2019

This article reports on a case study in a Norwegian primary school where nearly 50 fifth-grade pupils took part in a creative music-making project. Facilitated by two professional artists, they created an original piece of music and performed their composition for an audience at the end of the project week. A substantial part of the data consisted of recorded sounds, notations, transcribed interviews and documentations of the process of music composition from the first ideas to the final performance. The analysis was conducted from a sociocultural perspective with a special focus on the mediating tools used in the community of creative musical practice. The findings suggest that the cultural tools used in the project were dynamic and interactive, employed by both the facilitators and the participants. The mediating tools found in the creative music making make up a complex toolbox the participants share and develop, consisting of both psychological and material tools. There were three main categories of mediating tools identified. First, the use of symbolic signs, such as graphic notation, was important from the initial stages when the participants developed musical ideas to the final performance. Second, the actions and interactions of music making, such as conducting gestures shared and developed through the project, were both founded on traditional conductor signs but also transformed and adapted to new ways of mediating musical meaning in this particular project. Third, the participants worked with ‘creative reworkings’ of experiences in this project. Through the transformation of previous experiences into the creation of new musical material, important mediating tools were identified as experiences and meaning in the creative musical practice.
Imperialism in the city: war and the making of the municipal administration in the French Concession of Shanghai in the Taiping period, 1853–1862
Authors: Xu Chong
Published: May 2019

This article, based on western primary sources, seeks to investigate the relationship between western imperialism in China and the making of modern Chinese statecraft in urban form, focusing on the French perspective and on historical institutionalism. Both internal rebellions and western empires shaped modern Chinese cities. The Chinese response to western intervention is a more complicated story. Pace Paul Cohen, we do need to know about foreign activities in modern China – not as ‘impact-response’ and ‘tradition-modernity’ paradigms – but rather as part of local history, both in terms of local administration and urban landscape. Euro-American expansion and exploitation are not part of a unitary or totalizing enterprise, and warfare and Franco-British conflicts facilitated the making of modern municipal administration in the French Concession of Shanghai; on the other hand, Chinese forces indirectly shaped the structure of the institutions of imperialism, as well as pointing to divergent national approaches to imperialism.
Naturally Occurring Expressive Suppression is Associated with Lapses in Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Among Community-Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Suchy Yana , Niermeyer Madison A. , Franchow Emilie I. , Ziemnik Rosemary E.
Published: May 2019

Objectives: Expressive suppression (i.e., effortful regulation of overt affect) has a deleterious impact on executive functioning (EF). This relationship has potential ramifications for daily functioning, especially among older adults, because a close relationship exists between EF and functional independence. However, past research has not directly examined whether expressive suppression impacts instrumental activities of daily living (IADL). The present study examined this association among older adults. Methods: One hundred ten community-dwelling older adults completed a self-report measure of acute (past 24 hr) and chronic (past 2 weeks) expressive suppression, a timed test of IADL, and the Behavioral Dyscontrol Scale as a measure of EF. Results: High chronic expressive suppression was related to slow IADL performance beyond covariates (age, IQ, depression), but only for individuals with low EF. High acute expressive suppression was associated with lower accuracy on IADL tasks beyond covariates (IQ, depression), but this association was fully explained by EF. Conclusions: The current results suggest that expressive suppression is associated with less efficient and more error-prone IADL performance. EF fully accounted for the relationship between acute expressive suppression and IADL performance, showing that suppression is a risk factor for both poorer EF performance and functional lapses in daily life. Furthermore, individuals with weaker EF may be particularly vulnerable to the effect of chronic expressive suppression. (JINS, 2019, 25, 718–728)
The impact of drought on human capital in rural India
Authors: Joshi Kuhu
Published: May 2019

We study the impact of a severe drought on children's educational outcomes in rural Maharashtra, a state in central India. Using pooled cross section data on children's test scores, we employ a difference-in-differences methodology to estimate the impact. We find that the drought caused a decline of 4.14 per cent in math scores and 2.67 per cent in reading scores of affected children. We also study heterogeneity in the impact by gender, age, parents' schooling, and household wealth, finding evidence in support of an income effect whereby households with limited means to smooth consumption disinvest in their children in response to the drought.
Treats are a tool of the trade: an exploration of food treats among grandparents who provide informal childcare
Authors: Pankhurst Morgan , Mehta Kaye , Matwiejczyk Louisa , Moores Carly J , Prichard Ivanka , Mortimer Sandra , Bell Lucinda
Published: May 2019

Objective:

Globally, grandparents are the main informal childcare providers with one-quarter of children aged ≤5 years regularly cared for by grandparents in Australia, the UK and USA. Research is conflicting; many studies claim grandparents provide excessive amounts of discretionary foods (e.g. high in fat/sugar/sodium) while others suggest grandparents can positively influence children’s diet behaviours. The present study aimed to explore the meaning and role of food treats among grandparents who provide regular informal care of young grandchildren.

Design:

Qualitative methodology utilising a grounded theory approach. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and focus groups, then thematically analysed.

Setting:

Participants were recruited through libraries, churches and playgroups in South Australia.

Participants:

Grandparents (n 12) caring for grandchild/ren aged 1–5 years for 10 h/week or more.

Results:

Three themes emerged: (i) the functional role of treats (e.g. to reward good behaviour); (ii) grandparent role, responsibility and identity (e.g. the belief that grandparent and parent roles differ); and (iii) the rules regarding food treats (e.g. negotiating differences between own and parental rules). Grandparents favoured core-food over discretionary-food treats. They considered the risks (e.g. dental caries) and rewards (e.g. pleasure) of food treats and balanced their wishes with those of their grandchildren and parents.

Conclusions:

Food treats play an important role in the grandparent–grandchild relationship and are used judiciously by grandparents to differentiate their identity and relationship from parents and other family members. This research offers an alternative narrative to the dominant discourse regarding grandparents spoiling grandchildren with excessive amounts of discretionary foods.
Weight status, physical activity and eating habits of young adults in Midwest Brazil
Authors: Monteiro Luciana Zaranza , Varela Andrea Ramirez , Lira Bruno Alves de , Contiero Leonardo Chagas , Carneiro Maria de Lourdes Alves , Souza Priscila de , Nóbrega Juliana Oliveira de Toledo , Júnior Francelino Braga
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To assess weight status and eating habits of undergraduate university students in relation to gender and examine the relationships between weight status, physical activity and eating habits.

Design:

Cross-sectional study conducted between October 2016 and May 2017.

Setting:

Young adults in Midwest Brazil.

Participants:

Undergraduate university students (n 2163) majoring in health care.

Results:

Among 2163 students, 69·3 % were female, 65·4 % were aged 20–29 years, 66·8% consumed alcohol and 44·2% did not achieve more than 150 min of physical activity per week. We found significant differences in the consumption of beans (P < 0·04) and full-fat milk (P < 0·01) between women and men. Women also had more sedentary lifestyles (P < 0·01) and showed higher prevalence of overweight (33·8 %) and obesity (5·0 %) than men. Students who did not engage in physical activity were more overweight (P = 0·03), consumed more soft drinks (P < 0·01) and meat with excess fat (P = 0·01). There was a positive association between weight status and fruit (P = 0·02), salad (P < 0·01), greens/vegetables (P < 0·01) and beans (P < 0·01) intake.

Conclusions:

The low level of physical activity and unhealthy eating patterns reported by the study participants were inconsistent with the national recommendations for a healthy active lifestyle for adults and may contribute to the increasing rate of overweight and obesity in this population. A joint effort between universities and all relevant government agencies is needed to develop and promote school- and community-based interventions.
An update of the KIDMED questionnaire, a Mediterranean Diet Quality Index in children and adolescents
Authors: Altavilla Cesare , Caballero-Pérez Pablo
Published: May 2019

Objective:

The KIDMED questionnaire was published in 2004 to evaluate adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) in children and adolescents. In the last 14 years, several respected official dietetics and health organizations have recommended appropriate dietary habits, including eating whole grains and consuming whole fruit rather than fruit juice. We propose an update of the KIDMED questionnaire.

Design:

Based on the scientific evidence, the present commentary suggests some changes to the KIDMED questionnaire.

Results:

We suggest deleting ‘or fruit juice’ from the first question of the questionnaire, rewording the question as ‘Takes a fruit every day’, and assigning a positive value of +1. We suggest adding ‘whole-grain’ to the eighth question of the questionnaire, rewording the question as ‘Consumes whole-grain pasta or whole-grain rice almost every day (5 or more times per week)’, and assigning a positive value of +1. Further, we propose to add ‘whole cereals or whole grains’ to the ninth question of the questionnaire, reword the question as ‘Has whole cereals or whole grains (whole-meal bread, etc.) for breakfast’, and assign a positive value of +1.

Conclusions:

The present commentary examines some signs of a paradigm shift about fruit juice and whole grains after the development of the KIDMED questionnaire. The changes are of paramount importance in order to make the questionnaire an updated tool to evaluate adherence to the MD.