bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sustainability of Agricultural Production in Communal Areas of Zimbabwe: Case of Chionekano Communal Lands
Authors:   Bindura University of Science Education, Gadzirayi Christopher , Whande S.I ,   Schools and Colleges Permaculture Program, Mutandwa E ,   Bindura University of Science Education
Published: October 2021

In Sub-Saharan Africa, at least 70% of the population lives in rural communal areas where they make a living out of subsistence farming. The sector continues to seek for donor support to improve their farming activities with little attention being paid to viability and sustainability of their production systems. There is also sketchy location- specific empirical evidence from research showing sustainability of communal farming practices. The broad objective of this study was therefore to evaluate the sustainability of agricultural production in communally owned farming areas. Agricultural sustainability was conceptualized in terms of biological productivity, economic viability, and reduction of production risk, environmental protection and social acceptability. Primary and secondary data were collected using a structured questionnaire. Information on socio-economic characteristics, production patterns and their environmental implications, constraints and opportunities for achieving sustainability were elicited from respondents. A total of 498 households were interviewed through a census. Respondents were drawn from a cross-section of the community made up of male, female, and childheaded households from Chionekano communal farming area in Zimbabwe. The area is characterized by average annual rainfall of 600 mm, temperature range of 15-25 0 C, sparse vegetation cover and soils of less than 1% organic matter. The results revealed that the agricultural production system was below par due to degraded soil conditions which resulted in low crop yields, low returns from the livestock sector due to high incidences of stock thefts and deteriorating veld condition. Access to financial support was limited due to lack of collateral and high production risk where farmers’ production is solely based on natural and unreliable rainfall patterns and therefore unsustainable. Strategies to improve food security should receive priority to support sustainable resource management, increase access to finance and suitable inputs on credit to be worked out and soil fertility conservation to be exercised with particular focus on organic farming. Emphasis should be placed on environmental management training, production monitoring and offer financial support schemes at concessionary interest rates to spruce up their production to breakeven levels.
Nutritional Status of Maize Fermented Meal By Fortification With Bambara-Nut
Authors:   Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Mbata Theodore , Ikenebomeh M.J ,   University of Benin, Ahonkhai I ,   University of Benin
Published: October 2021

Studies were conducted to develop an appropriate household/small scale enterprise level technique for the production of bambara-nut-fortified fermented maize dough or meal by comparing different treatments, processing methods and fortification levels. The effect of fortification of maize base d traditional foods with legume protein, bambara-nut at 0%. 10% and 20% replacement levels, on the rate of fermentation and organoleptic product quality were investigated . Sensory characteristics, amino acid pattern, proximate composition (moisture, protein, fat, ash, carbohydrate) pH, titratable acidity and rheological properties (pasting temperature, peak viscosity, viscosity at 95 o C and 95 o C hold and viscosity at 50 o C) were used as the indices of quality. The results obtained showed that Bambara-nut addition caused only minimal changes in the proximate composition with the exception of protein content, which increased remarkably from 10.1% to 16.4% and 10.1% to 16.2% with 20% bambara-nut addition respectively for boiled and raw bambara-nut fortified fermented maize dough. The product pH decreased with concomitant increase in moisture, fat, ash and titratable acidity with increasing bambara- nut addition. A significant improvement was also achieved in the lysine and tryptophan pattern of the fortified dough compared to the unfortified lot. However, boiling bambara-nut for 20 min before incorporation into the maize for milling and fermentation imparted a desirable flavour. This results showed that the most appropriate technique for the production of bambara- fortified high protein fermented maize dough has been suggested to involve incorporation of boiled whole bambara-nut in soaked maize before milling and fermentation for improved sensory characteristics, enhanced nutritive value and optimal functional properties. Little or no changes in the pasting viscosity characteristics occurred in raw bambara-nut fortified fermented maize dough. Organoleptic evaluation revealed that the foods were well accepted. Based on the findings of the study, the application of Bambara-nut fortification to traditional foods suggests a viable option of promoting the nutritional quality of African maize – based traditional foods with acceptable rheological and cooking qualities.
The Diversity of Cultivated African Leafy Vegetables in Three Communities in Western Kenya
Authors:   Maseno University, Abukutsa-Onyango Mary
Published: October 2021

High poverty levels in western Kenya that are manifested in malnutrition and poor health prevail yet the region is endowed with high agricultural biodiversity like African Leafy Vegetables (ALVs). The vegetables have high micronutrient content, medicinal properties, several agronomic advantages and economic value yet their potential in alleviating poverty and ensuring household food and nutrition security in the rural areas has not been exploited. Despite all the above advantages, these vegetables have been neglected and face several constraints hampering optimal production such that if the situation is left unchecked it may result in loss of this biodiversity. It is because of this that a study was conducted with the objectives of documenting the diversity of African Leafy Vegetables and to collect indigenous knowledge on production, agronomic and cultural practices in three communities of Western Kenya. A survey was conducted between January 2002 and March, 2003, in six districts in Western and Nyanza provinces representing the Luhya, Luo and Kisii communities. A structured questionnaire was administered to eighty purposively sampled respondents distributed in the ratio of 30:20:30 for Luhya, Luo and Kisii communities respectively. One focus group discussions per community was held and two key informants per community were interviewed. Over 90% of the respondents indicated that there was an increase in the cultivation of African Leafy Vegetables. Ten African Leafy Vegetables were found in the three communities representing eight botanic families. All the communities cultivated the ALVs at a subsistence level in home gardens, with organic sources of manure and under an intercrop system. Broadcasting was practiced by 20%, 40% and 60% of the respondents from the Luhya, Luo and Kisii communities respectively. Harvesting was done by first uprooting at thinning then ratooning. The major constraints facing production of African Leafy Vegetables included lack of quality seed, pests and diseases, drought, poor marketing strategies and lack of technical packages. In conclusion, the study showed that all the three communities studied had a high diversity of cultivated African Leafy Vegetables covering eight botanic families; respondents in all the communities cultivate African leafy vegetable in a subsistence, home gardening, intercrop system where the use of chemical fertilizers and chemicals was minimal and the major constraints of production of African Leafy Vegetables included, poor quality seed, drought and poor marketing systems and infrastructure. The identified species should be promoted and improved as commercial crops.
Dede Korkut Kitabı’nın Dresden Nüshası ile Türkistan/Türkmen Sahra Yazmasının Bilgisayar Destekli Benzerlik Karşılaştırması
Authors: TAHİROĞLU B. Tahir , AKALIN Şükrü Haluk
Published: October 2021

Dede Korkut Kitabı tarihsel dönemleri bakımından Türk yazı dilinin en önemli eserleri arasında yer almaktadır. Eski Anadolu Türkçesinin yazı dili özellikleri başta olmak üzere döneme ait kültürel birçok ögenin de yer aldığı eserin Dresden ve Vatikan nüshaları üzerinde dilsel özellikleri bakımından birçok çalışma yapılmış ve önemli bilgiler elde edilmiştir. 2019’da bulunan ve Türkistan/Türkmen Sahra yazması olarak adlandırılan eser, bilim dünyasında heyecan yaratmış ve bu metnin çeviri yazıları yayımlanarak metinle ilgili çalışmalar başlamıştır. Bu çalışmada hesaplamalı yöntemler kullanılarak iki metin arasındaki benzerlik oranının çıkarılması amaçlanmıştır. Çalışmanın amacı doğrultusunda Dresden nüshası temel alınarak yeni bulunan yazma arasında elde edilen benzerlik oranları kosinüs için %39, TF-IDF için %28 ve Jaccard içinse %65, %44, %3 ve %1 biçiminde hesaplanmıştır. Bulunan bu oranlara göre iki nüsha arasında biçimsel olarak benzerliğin düşük olduğu gözlenmiştir. Bu bulgular ışığında yeni bulunan yazmanın Dresden nüshasından farklı söz varlığı özellikleri gösterdiği söylenebilir.
Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides and Menelaos Shaping the Significance of Electra Myth: A Dialogue Between Arts
Authors: GOLBAN Tatiana , KARAÇOBAN Atanas
Published: October 2021

The present study focuses on the tragic heroine, Electra, who rose to prominence in the Athenian dramas of the fifth-century BC, particularly in Aeschylus’s Choephori, Sophocles’s Electra and Euripides’s Electra, but this enigmatic figure continued to stir the imagination of the artists of the subsequent generations to the extent of making its presence memorable not only in literary texts but also in visual arts and music. This paper attempts to reveal the ways in which Electra myth has delighted and inspired various artists by stressing out the peculiarities of this myth that never seems to go out of fashion. It can also be observed that Electra’s figure, even sculpted in marble severity, continues to arouse both pity and admiration in her quest and demand for justice as well as her attempts to re-establish the religious, moral and societal values.
Klasik Bir Edebî Romanda Nesne Adlarında Kullanılan Göstergelerin Yorumlanması
Authors: YILMAZ Selim , KILIÇ Mine
Published: October 2021

Bu makalede klasik bir edebî romanda geçen nesne adlarında kullanılan dilsel göstergeler dilbilimsel açıdan yorumlanmaya çalışılacaktır. Araştırmanın bütüncesi 19. yüzyıl Fransız Edebiyatı yazarlarından Emile Zola’nın “Claude’un İtirafları” başlıklı klasik eseridir. Tek bir yazar ve onun sadece bir romanı üzerinde çalışılacağından bu makale uygulamalı dilbilim alanında bir durum çalışması olarak değerlendirilmelidir, dolayısıyla sözce ve gösterge yorumlarında genelleştirici değerlendirmelerden uzak durulacaktır. Burada temel amaç, edebî romanda nesne adlarının sınıflandırılması, dilsel göstergeler aracılığıyla yorumlanması ve böylece nesne ile insan zihni, bilinci ve ruhsal durumu arasındaki bağlantının irdelenmesidir. Çalışmanın kuramsal altyapısını Sassure’ün temelini attığı Genel Dilbilimin omurgası olan “dil–söz” ikili terimi bağlamında “Gösterge Dizgesi” ve “Sözceleme” kuramı oluştururken, metodoloji olarak da günümüz dilbiliminde kullanılan “Söylem Çözümlemesi” yöntemi izlenecektir. Metindilbilimi alanına kısa bir giriş yaptıktan sonra ilgili romandan seçilen çeşitli sözce örnekleri nesne kullanımı bakımından sınıflandırılacak ve bu sözcelerde nesneye bağlanarak ona nitelik kazandıran farklı dilsel göstergelerin değer ve işlevleri mercek altına alınacaktır.
Süleyman Hakîm Ata’dan Seyyid Nigârî’ye Ahmet Yesevî Geleneğinin Devamı Yahut İki Beytin İzinde
Authors: BAYRAM Parvana
Published: October 2021

Ahmet Yesevî’nin öğrencisi olan Süleyman Hakîm Ata (doğ.1091/92-öl.1186)’nın Türkistan topraklarının İslamiyet’i tanıyıp kabullenmesinde önemli bir yeri olmuştur. Onun, “Barça Yahşı Men Yaman/Barça Buğday Men Saman” ve “Her Geçeni Hızır Bil/Her Geceni Kadir Bil” dizeleri birer vecize gibi asırlardır dilden dile dolaşarak günümüze kadar ulaşmıştır. Hakîm Ata’nın “Barça Yahşı Men Yaman/Barça Buğday Men Saman” dizesi Türk İslam tasavvufunda en büyük düşman olan nefsin, benliğin yerilmesi için önemli bir vasıta olmuştur. “Her Geçeni Hızır Bil/Her Geceni Kadir Bil” dizesi ise bir Müslümanın nasıl yaşaması gerektiğini göstermesi ve hayata bakış açısını şekillendirmesi açısından önem arz etmektedir. Çalışmada, Ahmet Yesevî’nin öğrencilerinden olan Süleyman Hakîm Ata’ya atfedilen iki beytin 12. yüzyıldan 19. yüzyıla uzanan serüveni, Nakşî-Yesevî çizgisinin edebiyattaki yansımaları ve Seyyid Nigârî divanındaki iki terciibentten hareketle bu şiirlerin günümüz insanına verebileceği mesajlar üzerinde durulacaktır.
La Place de la Traduction Automatique dans l'Enseignement de la Traduction
Authors: ASLAN Erdinç
Published: October 2021

Les développements rapides de la traduction automatique ces dernières années ont considérablement affecté le domaine de la traduction. Les nouvelles méthodes qui sont appliquées ont fourni des améliorations significatives dans la qualité de la traduction. D’une part cette situation a fait de la traduction automatique d’un domaine sur lequel les grandes entreprises se concentrent et réalisent des investissements importants, et par conséquent, elle a augmenté la part de marché de la traduction automatique dans le secteur, et d’autre part elle l'a rendu populaire en permettant aux gens de s'intéresser à la traduction automatique. Malgré cela, la mesure dans laquelle ces développements peuvent être reflétés dans le programme d'enseignement de la traduction est discutée par les enseignants en traduction. Cette étude se concentre sur la place de la traduction automatique dans l'enseignement de la traduction et examine comment ces systèmes peuvent être reflétés dans le programme d'enseignement de la traduction.
The Revolution of 1917 and the Civil War in the Tambov region: state and research prospects. Part 1. On the problems of conceptualization, methodology and methods of studying the history of the Civil War in the Tambov Governorate
Authors: Dyachkov Vladimir L.
Published: October 2021

The first part of this study examines the evolution and the current state of conceptualization and historiography of the “Antonovschina”, identifies the factors of the newest methodological and cognitive crisis in the study of the Civil War in Russia as a whole and its individual key, significant phenomena. In the second part of the study, proceeding from the principle of historicism, we propose our own conceptualization of the Civil War and the Tambov peasant uprisings as its “green” components, proceeding from the understanding of social history as a movement of a socio-natural hierarchical system that regulated the life of populations of any level. Civil War is presented as a rhythmic part of the phase of suppression of an overpopulated population by a complex of endogenous and exogenous factors of long (28-year, 112-year) natural-demographic cycles. The definitions of specific phenomena (“female attacks”, “demographic bag”, “Kotovsk case”, etc.), opened with the help of electronic databases (ED) in long continuous lines of socio-graphic information, are given. A method of marking the cyclic movement of different forms and channels of social aggression (activity) is proposed. The mechanism and manifestations of the work of the regulating socio-natural cycles are shown in tables and figures.
Participation of front-line soldiers in the pogroms of landlord estates in the Tambov Governorate in the first months of 1918
Authors: Averin Nikita V.
Published: October 2021

On the basis of various materials, we describe the process of pogroming landlord estates in the Tambov Governorate in the first months of 1918, the role of front-line soldiers in this process. The collapse of the army, the withdrawal of Russia from the First World War, the weakening and collapse of the old state, the unresolved agrarian issue, pushed the peasants to solve the problem of land shortages by force. The agrarian riots of 1917, often instigated by deserters, were a very serious problem for the Provisional Government. In addition, the very phenomenon of the revolution, partly provoked by the lack of land, war and poor living conditions for servicemen, forced them to resort to violent actions. The events in the Tambov village in the first months of 1918 were a continuation of the next stage of the agrarian revolution, which began in 1917. Another surge in the pogrom movement was associated with the massive return from the front of soldiers called up from the ranks of the peasants. The “democratic organs” of the province, which remained in the leadership of the region until March 1918, tried to resist the pogroms, but did not have the strength to do so. The Bolsheviks who came to power in early 1918 could not resolutely suppress the pogroms, for they had to rely on former soldiers as allies in the struggle for Soviet power in the countryside.
Historical development of the state policy of Russia in the sphere of increasing the well-being of the population
Authors: Klimonova Anastasiia N.
Published: October 2021

The work is devoted to the study of the state policy of Russia in the field of improving the welfare of the population, changes in its influence on the welfare of the country’s population in different periods of history. We consider various interpretations of the concept of welfare, their changes in the course of history. We conclude that the state policy to ensure and improve the well-being of the population was constantly subject to transformation and reorientation depending on the level of society development, the nature of social relations, the political system, the state system, the priority of external and internal problems. It is determined that in the population welfare system a special place is occupied by the income category, as one of the indicators characterizing the quantitative aspect of the population’s welfare. The nature of state policy in different periods had a direct impact on the situation in the sphere of the population’s well-being. Particular attention is paid to the fact that a sharp change in the state policy in the field of population welfare from the command-administrative methods of the Soviet period to the almost complete “withdrawal” of the state from the social sphere in the 1990s, caused a noticeable decline in welfare, especially the incomes of most of the population of Russia, the negative consequences of radical political changes are felt in early 21st century.
The accession of the Second Republic of Austria to the UN after the end of World War II (1955)
Authors: Kozyakova Nataliya S.
Published: October 2021

We examine the problems that occupied the main place in Austria’s foreign policy in the mid-1950s of 20th century and characterized its role in international relations during the specified period. The role of Austria in the international arena has increased the country’s entry into the path of neutrality. It also opened up wide opportunities for it to participate in the activities of vari-ous international organizations extensively. Using the method of source analysis, the active partic-ipation of Austria in the work of the UN is considered, its authority and support for the sufficient work of this organization, which allowed it to be elected for three years as a member of the main body of the UN – a member of the Economic and Social Council in 1963 and 1976, in 1973 and 1974 – a member of the UN security, and in 1972 it became a permanent member of the UN Security Council. According to Austria’s first statement to the Security Council, the country planned to provide the widest possible extent of its impartial services to the UN’s main political body, using the wide opportunities given to it by its independence and neutrality. Having analyzed the main directions and aspects of Austrian foreign policy in the second half of the twentieth century, we conclude that, having adopted a justified course in foreign policy in 1955, based on permanent neutrality, the Second Austrian Republic further has provided the guarantee and basis of its independence.
Genesis, essence and structure of pedagogical technology “Cooperative learning”
Authors: Khmarenko Nikita I.
Published: October 2021

The emergence of pedagogical technologies and their mass introduction dates back to the 1960s. Reformation of the American and European schools was provoked by reinterpretation of the learning goals. However, the historical roots of some pedagogical technologies are much older than studies of J. Carroll and D. Bruner – renowned authorities in this area of research. One of these technologies is cooperative learning. Initially recognized as a key component of humanistic pedagogy of J. Dewey, this technology has been further developed in works of many Soviet and foreign scholars. In the 1920s, the works by J. Dewey had a serious impact on the reformation of the Soviet education system, which aimed to educate the entire population of the Soviet Union. However, for some reasons, the gradual introduction of cooperative learning into learning process took a break in the 1930s. Since the late 1990s, a serious pedagogical crisis has emerged in the Russian Federation, which cannot be mended by traditional education system; it encourages many teachers to look at the well-studied pedagogical technologies from a different perspective. Today the social order sets new requirements concerning a major breakthrough in training a person. Teamwork and analytical thinking skills, the ability to lifelong self-education and self-develop-ment require fundamental changes in the traditional education system. At the same time, for the successful implementation of pedagogical technology, it is necessary to resolve a number of issues related to the essence of the concept of cooperative learning and the definition of components. Research relevance is indicated, the historical roots and essence of the concept of pedagogical technology of cooperative learning are determined, examples of the practical application of models of this pedagogical technology are exemplified.
A weboldalak értékelési szempontrendszerének vizsgálata
Authors: Harsányi Dávid , Ilyésné Molnár Emese , Zarándné Vámosi Kornélia
Published: October 2021

A cégek online jelenlétének jelentős üzleti szerepe ellenére a kis- és középvállalkozások (kkv-k) egy része nem rendelkezik honlappal, illetve az annak kialakításához, szakmai megítéléséhez szükséges ismeretekkel. Ehhez nyújt segítséget számukra egy korábban összeállított, 100 pontos értékelési rendszer, amelynek módszertani vizsgálata és tesztelése jelen tanulmány célja. A szerzők mintegy 150 kkv-honlap pontszámait vizsgálják, melyek 3-3 „átlagos” felhasználó értékeléséből adódnak. Elemzésük megerősíti, hogy az általuk végzett felmérésben használt kérdőív webanalitikai szakmai tudás nélkül is kitölthető, és megbízható eredményt ad. A lekérdezést egy 3 fokú Likert-skála szolgálta, amely, amellett, hogy lehetőséget nyújt a megfelelő differenciálásra, kellően egyszerűvé is teszi a válaszadást. A szerzők szerint ugyanakkor érdemes megvizsgálni a kérdőív kérdéseit az esetleges duplikációk elkerülése érdekében. Az értékelési rendszer által a szakmailag kevésbé felkészült vállalkozások is objektív visszajelzést kaphatnak az internetes megjelenésükről, ami segítséget jelenthet a weboldalaik kialakításában és tesztelésében.
Schluss mit dem Klischee vom draufgängerischen Kriegsreporter : Arbeitsbedingungen deutschsprachiger Journalisten während der Kriege im ehemaligen Jugoslawien
Authors: Kalich Marie-Kristin
Published: October 2021

In der vorliegenden Arbeit werden journalistische Arbeitsbedingungen während der Kriege im auseinanderbrechenden Jugoslawien untersucht. Anhand von Experteninterviews mit deutschsprachigen Journalistinnen und Journalisten, die in den 1990er Jahren in den Kriegsgebieten tätig waren, wird rückblickend analysiert, wie sie den vielfältigen Herausforderungen begegneten. Wie waren die Arbeitsbedingungen während der Kriege? Welche Konsequenzen wurden daraus gezogen? Inwiefern haben die dramatischen Erfahrungen die weitere Arbeit geprägt? Darüber hinaus erfolgt eine Charakterisierung und Typisierung der Berichterstattenden auf dem Balkan. Mythen und Klischees, die sich um den Beruf reihen, werden auf den Prüfstand gestellt. Im Weiteren wird der Umgang mit der Komplexität vor Ort und der journalistischen Norm der Objektivität in der Berichterstattung untersucht. Die zeitliche Distanz ermöglicht es, die einstigen Erlebnisse zu reflektieren. Um diese Einsichten zu gewinnen, wurden zehn Journalistinnen und Journalisten aus Presse und Rundfunk interviewt.
Disproof of the Riemann Hypothesis
Authors: Vega Frank
Published: October 2021

We define the function $\upsilon(x) = \frac{3 \times \log x + 5}{8 \times \pi \times \sqrt{x} + 1.2 \times \log x + 2} + \frac{\log x}{\log (x + C \times \sqrt{x} \times \log \log \log x)} - 1$ for some positive constant $C$ independent of $x$. We prove that the Riemann hypothesis is false when there exists some number $y \geq 13.1$ such that for all $x \geq y$ the inequality $\upsilon(x) \leq 0$ is always satisfied. We know that the function $\upsilon(x)$ is monotonically decreasing for all sufficiently large numbers $x \geq 13.1$. Hence, it is enough to find a value of $y \geq 13.1$ such that $\upsilon(y) \leq 0$ since for all $x \geq y$ we would have that $\upsilon(x) \leq \upsilon(y) \leq 0$. Using the tool $\textit{gp}$ from the project PARI/GP, we note that $\upsilon(100!) \approx \textit{-2.938735877055718770 E-39} < 0$ for all $C \geq \frac{1}{1000000!}$. In this way, we claim that the Riemann hypothesis could be false.
Sağlık Harcamalarının Ekonomik Büyüme Üzerine Etkisi: Türkiye Üzerine Araştırma
Authors: ALBAYRAK Serap , ÖZTÜRK İlhan
Published: October 2021

Günümüzde hem ulusal hem de uluslararası çapta ekonomik büyüme gündemde önemli derecede yer almaktadır. Sağlık ekonomisi kapsamında yapılan sağlık harcamaları ise toplumsal düzeni ve refah seviyesini etkileyen faktörler arasında yer almaktadır. Ekonomik kalkınmanın önemli göstergelerinden biri olan sağlık harcamaları, her ülkenin kalkınma düzeyine göre farklılık göstermektedir. Kalkınma düzeyi yüksek olan ülkeler aynı seviyede sağlık ve eğitim harcamaları yapmaktadırlar. Bu sayede ekonomik kalkınma toplumun sağlık seviyesini artıran bir etken haline gelmiştir. Türkiye’deki sağlık harcamalarının seyrine bakıldığında ekonomik büyüme üzerine etkisinin ne yönde ve hangi oranda olduğunu inceleyen bu çalışmanın önemini göstermektedir. Bu çalışmanın amacı 1988-2017 yılları arasında Türkiye’deki sağlık harcamaları ile ekonomik büyüme arasındaki kısa ve uzun dönem etkilerini incelemektir. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre hem kısa dönemde hem de uzun dönemde reel sağlık harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerinde pozitif ama küçük bir etkiye sahip olduğu gözlemlenmiştir.
Juridical Review on Restrictions of Internet Access by Governments in Human Rights Perspective (Case Study of Jakarta Administrative Court Decision Number: 230/G/TF/2019/PTUN-JKT)
Authors: Anggraini Okviani Assa , Rosnawati Emy
Published: October 2021

This study aims to find out whether the judge's decision number 230/G/TF/2019/PTUN-JKT is in accordance with human rights regulations and also to find out whether internet access rights are part of human rights. The research method that the author uses is a normative juridical approach using a case approach or commonly known as the case approach. The conclusion of this study explains that internet access rights are part of Human Rights (HAM) because they both contain elements of freedom of expression and seek, convey and receive information without any restrictions. If there is a policy that limits internet access rights, then the policy is the same as limiting Human Rights and the policy can be said to be a violation of Human Rights. In decision number 230/G/TF/2019/PTUN-JKT, the Panel of Judges concluded that the actions of the defendants constituted a limitation on Human Rights (HAM) and that the action contained legal void so that the Panel of Judges decided that the action was against the law.
The ichnospecies Linichnus bromleyi on a Miocene baleen whale radius preserving multiple shark bite-shake traces suggests scavenging
Authors: Godfrey Stephen J. , Lowry Annie J.
Published: October 2021

An isolated Miocene baleen whale left radius was marked repeatedly by shark bite-shake traces. The radius probably derives from the Plum Point Member of the Calvert Formation, Calvert Cliffs, Calvert County, Maryland, U.S.A. At least three successive bite-shake traces, made by multiple teeth, marking the radius are attributed to the trace fossil Linichnus bromleyi. These bite-shake trace consisting of shallow, thin arching gouges on a radius, likely indicates scavenging rather than active predation. The most likely means of producing the bundle of L. bromleyi within each of the three sets of traces would be through repeated biting as the shark re-positioned the prey in its mouth or, perhaps, by a shark species with multiple functional teeth within its tooth row. If the bite traces were produced by a non-serrated tooth (as they appear to have been), then the most likely candidate would be Carcharodon hastalis.
Study of the Efficiency of Gel and Polymer-Stabilized Foam Systems for Gas Shut-Off in Horizontal Wells
Authors: Zvada Maiia Vladimirovna , Belovus Pavel Nikolaevich , Sergeev Evgeny Ivanovich , Glavnov Nikolay Grigorevich , Varfolomeev Mikhail Alekseevich , Saifullin Emil Rinatovich
Published: October 2021

This article describes the assessment of effectiveness of gel and foaming agents for gas shut-off treatments in horizontal wells. The research is carried out through the implementation of a complex of special laboratory studies and analysis of the results using numerical modeling methods.

A list of necessary laboratory experiments to minimize risks when carrying out work to limit gas inflow has been formulated, and approaches to carrying it out have been described. The program includes: free volume studies, filtration on linear and parallel core models. The results confirm the importance of studying not only the agent's physical characteristics at the reservoir conditions, but their interaction with reservoir fluids.

The influence of different agents on the mobility of gas and oil was assessed as a result of linear core flooding experiments. In addition, the filtration tests on parallel cores were carried out aimed to determining the saturation selectivity.

The series of numerical calculations was performed for the subsequent determination of the technological and economic effects of the treatment with gas blockers.
Planning of Pilot Injection of Surfactant-Polymer Composition to Improve Oil Recovery from Carbonate Reservoir of Kharyaga Oilfield and Evaluation of the Results
Authors: Trushin Yuri Mikhailovich , Aleshchenko Anton Sergeevich , Zoshchenko Oleg Nikolaevich , Arsamakov Mark Suleimanovich , Tkachev Ivan Vasilevich , Kruglov Dmitry Sergeevich , Kornilov Alexey Viktorovich , Batrshin Denis Radikovich
Published: October 2021

The paper considers the use of a surfactant-polymer composition for the mobilization of light paraffinic oil from the D3-III carbonate reservoir at a reservoir temperature of 62°C, as well as the results of its tests in field conditions. Earlier, the composition showed its effectiveness on model carbonate cores with salinity from current (50-80 g/l) to reservoir (up to 170 g/l), in the presence of surfactants, type III microemulsions according to Winsor with oil were obtained.

Based on the results of the filtration experiments performed on our own core from the productive formation D3-III, an increase in the displacement efficiency of surfactant-polymer compositions compared to water was obtained 11–14% (with a total surfactant concentration of 1%), irreversible surfactant losses in water-saturated rock–up to 0, 38 mg/g.

Displacement efficiency after water and surfactant-polymer composition flooding was also estimated in the field conditions using SWCTT; its results were interpreted by various methods (analytical, in a hydrodynamic simulator), and also compared with laboratory results.

Within a single-well tracer test, an assessment of the residual saturation after water filtration and injection of a surfactant-polymer composition was carried out under the following conditions: the target research radius is 3.5 m; porosity 10%, effective reservoir thickness 38 m. Based on the results of SWCTT, an increase in the displacement efficiency of 16.7% was obtained in comparison with water displacement (total surfactant concentration 1%) using an analytical method of interpretation. The adaptation of the SWCTT results on the hydrodynamic model was carried out, the most influencing parameters on the quality of adaptation were determined.

The selection and justification of a pilot area for a multi-well pilot project was carried out, a sector hydrodynamic model of the site was built, and calculations were made to assess additional oil production.
A Comprehensive Project of Thermal, Gas and Chemical EOR Method Application for Bazhenov Shale Formation
Authors: Ushakova Alexandra , Mukhina Elena , Scerbacova Alexandra , Turakhanov Aman , Bakulin Denis , Cheremisin Alexey , Kasyanenko Anton
Published: October 2021

The article describes the development aimed at a comprehensive study for enhanced oil recovery methods (EOR) of the Bazhenov shale oil formation. Potentially effective technologies for low-permeable reservoirs are under consideration: injection of associated petroleum gas in the mode of miscible displacement to recover light oil; injection of the surfactants water solutions, to separate sorbed hydrocarbons from the rock and change core wettability; and heating technologies to convert solid hydrocarbons into liquid and gaseous, and recover.

The project explore potentially effective EOR technologies and their influence on the various types of hydrocarbons of the shale Bazhenov formation: mobile oil in closed pores, sorbed and solid (kerogen) hydrocarbons. Experimental studies were carried out: the selection of the gases composition, the selection of surfactant compositions, the study of the possibility of thermal exposure by over-heated water injection. The project is currently at the stage of determining the effectiveness of each method, selecting a technology for specific field conditions and identifying which hydrocarbon resources each method is aimed at extracting.
Calculation of Graded Viscosity Banks Profile on the Rear End of the Polymer Slug
Authors: Tikhomirov Sergey , Bakharev Fedor , Groman Andrey , Kalyuzhnyuk Alexander , Petrova Yulia , Enin Aleksanr , Kalinin Konstantin , Rastegaev Nikita
Published: October 2021

One of the motivations for EOR methods is the possible instability of the front between phases with high contrast of mobility. Highly viscous polymer slug partially solves the problem by stabilizing the front between water and oil. During further water displacement viscous fingers might appear on the rear end of the slug, and their breakthrough might reduce the oil recovery factor. In the paper we study the size of the mixing zone on the rear end of the slug and further the development of the graded viscosity banks technology (GVB or tapering) to reduce the volume of used polymer without loss of effectiveness.
Injection of Low-Salinity Water as an Integral Part of Enhanced Oil Recovery Programmes for Carbonate Formations of the Central-Khoreiver Uplift Oilfields
Authors: Kornilov Alexey Viktorovich , Tkachev Ivan Vasilievich , Fomkin Artem Vacheevich , Petrakov Andrey Mikhailovich , Batrshin Denis Radikovich , Fursov Grigory Aleksandrovich , Ponomarenko Denis Mikhailovich , Fedorchenko Gennadiy Dmitrievich , Sansiev Geroge Vladimirovih
Published: October 2021

The paper describes the process of evaluation of low salinity water composition to improve the development of hydrophobic carbonate formations of Central-Khoreiver Uplift (CKU) fields with relatively high oil viscosity (5-15 mPa·s) and average formation temperature 70°C. The sources of low salinity water were determined, prospective composition for water injection were analyzed. The efficiency of oil displacement by formation water and low salinity water are observed during the spontaneous imbibition experiments and coreflood tests to compare the efficiency of formation and low salinity water. The expected incremental displacement efficiency for the target carbonate formations can vary widely, from 1 to 10%.

Linear models of the completed coreflood tests and a sector hydrodynamic model of the prospective trial injection are built, considering the basic chemical processes while mixing different types of water. We also review the prospects of joint application of low salinity water injection and chemical EOR methods.
High Density Foamed Cement Application for Channeling and Behind-the-Casing Flows Minimization in the Production Zone
Authors: Fomenkov Alexey Vladimirovich , Pinigin Ilya Igorevich , Tsibulsky Mikhail Alexandrovich , Terentyev Dmitry Yurievich , Fedyanin Artem Alexandrovich
Published: October 2021

This article describes the application of relatively high-density foamed cement for cementing wells in the Volga and Urals region. Good cementing practices with high density or conventional density cement slurry is required to ensure mud displacement in fluid saturated intervals of reservoir formations (Benge et al; 1982). With this requirement met, the cement column should circumferentially cover the annulus at this very interval which is exposed to the highest loads. However, due to limited physical and mechanical properties of conventional cement slurries in both liquid and solid state, in certain cases conventional slurries do not solve the problems encountered by the Customer, namely elimination of annular flow between the casing and cement sheath. High-density foamed cement is considered as an improved alternative to conventional cement slurries, and results in a high quality and durable sealing of gas and oil saturated production zones for the life of the well.

Proprietary software and process equipment are used for the mixing of the foamed cement slurry with a variety of foaming properties. This process enables the use of a base cement slurry with higher density (up to 2.1 g/cm3) for delivering foamed cement slurries in a wide range of densities. To avoid possible cross flows behind the casing, pilot tests were conducted, where a conventional cement slurry (1.80–1.90 g/cm3) was replaced with a high-density foamed cement slurry with equivalent density with a foam quality of approx. 10% making the cement sheath elastic with improved adhesion to both the casing string and the formation (Spaulding et al; 2018). Pilot tests, incorporating the cementing of several production casings, were conducted where only foamed cement slurries with various foam quality were used in the entire cementing interval. No conventional (non-foamed) cement systems were used in these cases.
Quantification of the Loss Conduit Aperture During Lost Circulation in Fractured Carbonates
Authors: Ruzhnikov Alexey , Johnson Ashley
Published: October 2021

Fractured carbonate formations around the world are prone to lost circulation that not only affects the well construction process but creating a longtime effect on the wellbore integrity. Despite multiple attempts to cure them the success rate is usually low. This manuscript is aiming to provide a new vision on the reason of lost circulation across carbonates.

To have better understanding of the complete losses across the fractured carbonates the series of studies were initiated. At first to understand the strength of the loss zone the fracture closing pressure was evaluated via study of the fluid level in the annulus and back-calculation of the drilling fluid density effect on it. Secondary, the rock properties across the loss circulation zones were studied by using the microresistivity images, dip data, and imaging of fluid-saturated porous media. At last, the trial tests with different treatment materials were performed to evaluate the effect of it on curing the losses.

The results of the studies brought new information and explained some previous unknowns. The formation strength across lost circulation zone was measured and it was confirmed to remain constant despite other changes of the well conduction parameters. It was also confirmed that the carbonates are naturally highly fractured having over 900 fractures along the wellbore. The lost circulation zone was characterized, and it was confirmed that the losses were not related to the fractures but rather to the karst, dissolution and to mega-fractures. The size and dip of the fractures were identified, and it was proven the possibility to treat them with conventional materials. However, the size of identified mega-fractures and karst zones exceed the fractures by 100 times in true vertical depth, and in horizontal wells the difference is thousands times due to measured depth. This new information explains the previous unsuccessful attempts with the conventional lost circulation materials. Further based on the newly available information the mathematic description of the lost circulation zones was provided.
The First Multilateral Well in Eastern Siberia on the Separated Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Gataullin Ruslan Fanisovich , Ter-Saakov Stanislav Evgen’evich , Nikulin Evgenij Vladimirovich , Stifeev Dmitriy Pavlovich , Filatov Alexey Vyacheslavovich
Published: October 2021

This article describes engineering and technology solutions developed to successfully construct unconventional and unique horizontal well at the field of Eastern Siberia targeted to two isolated formations with an option to shut-off top Botuobinsky horizon after gas breakthrough and produce oil from underlying Ulakhansky bed further on. As oil-water contact in the lower part of Ulakhansky horizon makes fracturing the well inexpedient, multi hole drilling technology was implemented enabling drainage of the reserves that are far from the main borehole.

The main objective of this well is to deplete Botuobinsky horizon subsequently shutting it off and continuing to recover petroleum reserves from Ulakhansky pay zone. Constructing such well is cost-effective, as it requires drilling only one intermediate casing interval instead of two.

Accumulated experience of drilling and completing multi hole wells was used to ensure successful well construction; also, geological and stratigraphic data as well as possible complications while drilling Botuobunsky and Ulakhansky formations were analyzed in-depth.

The following appliances were selected to meet the objective:

– Bottom-hole equipment enabling drilling abrasive formations under conditions of high vibrations; – Special line of drill bits to ensure high ROP and successful sidetracking without additional tripping; – RSS with 152.4 mm drill bit.

The goal set by the operating company was achieved through multi-faceted approach to performing the task, efficient cooperation of engineering technical services and continuous monitoring of output data while drilling. All that combined delivered the results listed below:

– Sidetracks were carried out in an open horizontal hole without cement plugs and additional tripping for drill bit or BHA. – Minimized bottom-hole equipment failures under condition of increased high-frequency vibrations from bit while drilling hard formations due to implementation of modular PDM with data-transmitting channel. – Minimized bottom-hole equipment failures under condition of increased low-frequency vibrations from drill string with Hard Bending due to improved BHA design and optimized drilling parameters selection. – Liner was effectively run to Botuobinsky and Ulakhansky reservoirs with an option to shut-off the former after depletion and gas breakthrough.

This well is the first one targeted at two isolated formations in East Siberia.
A Set of Solutions to Reduce the Water Cut in Well Production
Authors: Isaev Anatoliy Andreevich , Takhautdinov Rustem Shafagatovich , Malykhin Vladimir Ivanovich , Sharifullin Almaz Amirzyanovich
Published: October 2021

This paper presents a set of activities to reduce water cut and develop a technical solution to measure water cut:

measurement of watercut, flow rates and gas-oil ratio of a well output using a mobile unit. tracer tests and conformance control operations - watercut of reacting wells within Bashkirian stage decreased by 16,6% after those operations were performed. water flow control, flow deviation and remedying production casing damages made it possible to reduce extraction of produced water and, accordingly, the cost of oil production. development of Liquid Phase Separation Device enabled alternate delivery of oil and water to the intake of downhole pump.
Prospects of Electric Drilling for the Development of Well Construction Technologies
Authors: Perelman Oleg Mikhailovich , Fadeikin Aleksandr Sergeevich , Gelfgat Mikhail Yakovlevich , Geraskin Aleksandr Sergeevich , Emirov Ziyadhan Abdusalamovich
Published: October 2021

The purpose of this work is to analyze the prospects for efficiency increasing of high-tech wells construction using a drilling complex based on downhole permanent magnet motor.

For the first time, the article provides information about new drilling complex. Considered technology could provide a breakthrough in drilling high-tech wells. This technology combines advantages of drill string with electric wire and an ideal downhole motor with a wide rotational speed range, regardless of the type and flow rate of circulating agent.

The article provides a brief comparative analysis of electrodrilling implementation results "generation 70s", the composition of new electric drilling complex and its difference from the previous one are considered in details. Complex meets the requirements of high-tech wells construction and allows automating drilling process using ultra-high-speed bi-directional data transmission channel and quickly assessing the parameters of drilling regime and direction of drilling, characteristics of rocks, pressure and temperature distribution along the wellbore. Permanent magnet motor ensures optimum drilling parameters for rock destruction at the bottomhole, regardless of the well profile and the type of circulating agent, including managed pressured drilling. Effectiveness of accidents prevention and mitigation is increased.

Authors propose to discuss the prospects of electrodrilling technology using downhole permanent magnet motor, which is currently at TRL-3 level, to assess and specify adopted concept of electrical drilling complex development.
Development and Implementation of the Technology of a Mobile Gas-Lift Complex For Transferring Wells of the Block-Conductor of the Field Named After Yu. Korchagin For Artificial Lift
Authors: Zavyalov Alexsandr , Yazykov Ivan , Nukhaev Marat , Rymarenko Konstantin , Grishenko Sergey , Golubtsov Alexsandr , Aitkaliev Galymzhan , Kabanov Vasilii
Published: October 2021

This paper is aimed at the mobile gas-lift unit installation workup to shift the wells of the conductor platform of the Yu. Korchagin field to mechanized extraction instead of constructing a gas lift pipeline. The paper presents all the stages of this technology implementation, from conceptual design, engineering calculations, to the economic feasibility study, implementation and operation of this unit.

During the operation of the wells of the conductor platform at the Yu. Korchagin field, the following problem occurred: a gas-lift gas pipeline was not constructed from the offshore ice-resistant fixed platform to the conductor platform, as they wanted to shift the wells to the mechanized extraction method (artificial lift). An alternative option to provide gas-lift gas to the wells of the conductor platform is to install a mobile gas-lift unit directly on an unmanned platform.

This mobile gas-lift unit will be a compact separator of a gas-liquid mixture from a donor well, and it will pipe a separated gas-lift gas supply system with control and flow metering sets into the production wells. This system enables a shift of the wells of an unmanned conductor platform to a compressor-less gas-lift operation and a remote regulation of production and control over the wells operation.