bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Prepositional Dynamic Logic for Concurrent Programs
Authors: Nishimura Hirokazu
Published: January 2008

We give a nice Gentzen-type axiomatization of prepositional dynamic logic (PDL) with the shuffle operator α//β (cobegin...coend)
Euclidean Quantum Fields with Spin on an Indefinite Inner Product State Space
Authors: Ek Bengt
Published: January 2008

It is shown that for a Wightman quantum field theory with space inversion symmetry, the Wightman functions in Euclidean points can be obtained as certain linear combinations of vacuum expectation values of Euclidean fields, on a state space with an indefinite inner product. The coefficients of these linear combinations only depend on the transformation properties of the fields, not on their interactions. The use of an indefinite inner product enables us to keep the number of Euclidean fields the same as that of Wightman fields, except that in the case of hermitian fermion fields, the corresponding Euclidean fields are not hermitian. For free Dirac fields, the construction is exhibited explicitly and a Euclidean invariant Hilbert space metric on the state space, making the indefinite inner product continuous, is introduced.
Injective Envelopes of Operator Systems
Authors: Hamana Masamichi
Published: January 2008

We show the existence and uniqueness of a minimal injective operator system (resp. minimal unital
C
*-algebra) "containing" a given operator system.
V
, which will be called the injective (resp.
C
*-) envelope of
V
. This result can be applied to prove the existence of the Silov boundary in the sense of Arveson, which was left open in [1].
On an Application of the Averaging Method for Nonlinear Systems of Integro Differential Equations
Authors: Bainov D. D. , Sarafova G. H.
Published: January 2008

The present papei justifies a variant of the averaging method for a system of integro differential equations of a standard type, and finds an estimation for proximity of the solutions of the considered system and its averaged system.
Point Spectra of Non-Singular Flows
Authors: Osikawa Motosige
Published: January 2008

An example is given of a family of non-singular transformations whose point spectra are uncountable.
Global Solutions to the Initial Value Problem for the Nonlinear Boltzmann Equation
Authors: Nishida Takaaki , Imai Kazuo
Published: January 2008

The nonlinear Boltzmann equation in the rarefied gas dynamics is investigated for the gas molecules with the cut-off hard potential in the sense of Grad. The solution to the initial value problem is proved to exist uniquely in the large in time and to have the decay order of

(1 + t)^{–3/4}

as

t → + ∞

 for the small initial data in the space

H_{3,3}  ∩ L^1(x; L^2(v))

. The decay order is improved to 

(1 + t)^{–5/4}

by the additional assumptions on the initial data.
On a Fourier Expansion In Continuous Crossed Products
Authors: Takai Hiroshi
Published: January 2008

Let

(M, ℝ, α)

be a separable continuous

W^*

-dynamical system such that

M

is

ℝ

-finite.

Then any element in the crossed product

ℝ \otimes_α M

of

M

by

α

can be expressed as a vector valued tempered distribution

D^qT_η

which is a weak

{}^*

limit of

T_\xi

,

ξ \in K(ℝ; \mathfrak B)

in the dual space

S_U(ℝ; η)^*

of a generalized Schwartz space

S_U(ℝ; η)

, where

K(ℝ; \mathfrak B)

is the Tomita algebra corresponding to

ℝ \otimes_α M

.
Tensor Products and Approximation Problems of $C^*$-Algebras
Authors: Tomiyama Jun
Published: January 2008

For

C^*

-algebras

C

and

D

and their

C^*

-subalgebras

A

and

B

, it is shown with other related results that if all irreducible representations of

A

are finite dimensional with bounded degree then the family of product functionals in the minimal

C^*

-tensor product

C\otimes_\alpha D

determines completely the subalgebra

A\otimes_\alpha B

. Relations to Effros' recent work are also discussed.
Approximation of Exponential Function of a Matrix by Continued Fraction Expansion
Authors: Mori Masatake
Published: January 2008

A numerical method for high order approximation of

u(t) = \exp (tA)_{u_0}

, where

A

is an

N × N

matrix and

u_0

is an

N

 dimensional vector, based on the continued fraction expansion of

\exp z

is given. The approximants

H_k(z)

of the continued fraction expansion of

\exp z

are shown to satisfy

|H_k(z)| ≤ 1

for

\mathrm{Re} z ≤ 0

, which results in an unconditionally stable method when every eigenvalue of

A

lies in the left half-plane or on the imaginary axis.
Double Exponential Formulas for Numerical Integration
Authors: Takahasi Hidetosi , Mori Masatake
Published: January 2008

A family of numerical quadrature formulas is introduced by application of the trapezoidal rule to infinite integrals which result from the given integrals  

\int^b_a f(x)dx

by suitable variable transformations

x = \phi(u)

. These formulas are characterized by having double exponential asymptotic behavior of the integrands in the resulting infinite integrals as

u →± ∞

, and it is shown both analytically and numerically that such formulas are generally optimal with respect to the ecomony of the number of sampling points.
A Remark on an Infinite Tensor Product of von Neumann Algebras
Authors: Araki Huzihiro , Nakagami Yoshiomi
Published: January 2008

Let

H_{\mathfrak c}

be the incomplete infinite tensor product of Hilbert spaces

H_⍳

containing a product vector

\otimes x_⍳

, where

\mathfrak c

denotes the equivalence class of the

\mathfrak C_0

-sequence

\{x_⍳\}

. Let

E_{\mathfrak c}

be the projection on

H_{\mathfrak c}

in the complete infinite tensor product

H

of

H_⍳

. Let

\mathfrak R

be the von Neumann algebra on

H

generated by von Neumann algebra

\mathfrak R_⍳

on

H_⍳

and

E(\mathfrak c)

be the central support of

E_{\mathfrak c}

in

\mathfrak R'

. Two

\mathfrak C_0

-sequences

\{x_⍳\}

and

\{y_⍳\}

, and their equivalence classes

\mathfrak c

and

\mathfrak c'

, are defined to be

p

-equivalent if there exist partial isometries

p_⍳\in \mathfrak R'_⍳

such that

\{ x_⍳\}

and

\{p_⍳y_⍳\}

are equivalent and

p^*_⍳p_⍳y_⍳= y_⍳

. They are defined to be _

u

-equivalent if

p_⍳

can be chosen unitary. We prove that

E(\mathfrak c)

is the sum of

E_{\mathfrak c'}

with

\mathfrak c'

,

p

-equivalent to

\mathfrak c

. If the index set is countable,

p

-equivalence and

u

-equivalence coincide.
Factorizable Representation of Current Algebra
Authors: Araki Huzihiro
Published: January 2008

A notion of factorizable representation is defined and all factorizable representations of a commutative group of functions as well as those of the current commutation relations and canonical commutation relations are explicitly given in the continuous tensor product space (i.e. the Fock space). The formula for a state functional of a factorizable representation is a non-commutative extension of the Levy-Kinchin formula in probability theory. In the course of analysis, the most general form of a first order cocycle of any solvable group with values in a Hilbert space is determined. Non trivial cohomologies appear by two entirely different mechanism, namely a topological one on infinite dimensional space and an algebraic one on a finite dimensional space. The immaginary part of an inner product of such cocycle is a second order cocycle. The condition that it is a coboundary is discussed.
A Classification of Factors
Authors: Araki Huzihiro , Woods E. J.
Published: January 2008

A classification of factors is given. For every factor

M

we define an algebraic invariant

r_∞(M)

, called the asymptotic ratio set, which is a subset of the nonnegative real numbers. For factors which are tensor products of type

\mathrm I

factors, the set 

r_∞(M)

must be one of the following sets: (i) the empty set. (ii)

\{0\}

. (iii)

\{1\}

, (iv) a one-parameter family of sets 

\{0, x^n; n = 0, ±1, \ldots\}

,

0<x<1

, (v) all nonnegative reals, (vi)

\{0,1\}

. Case (i), (ii), (iii) occurs if and only if

M

is finite type

\mathrm I

,

\mathrm I_∞

hyperfinite type

\mathrm{II}_1

, respectively. Case (iv) contains one and only one isomorphic class for each

x

, and they are type

\mathrm{III}

. The examples treated by Powers belong to case (iv). Case (v) contains only one isomorphic class and it is type

\mathrm{III}

. Thus we have a complete classification of factors

M

which are tensor products of type

\mathrm I

factors, 

r_∞(M) ≠ \{0,1\}

. Case (vi) contains 

\mathrm {I}_∞ \otimes

hyperfinite 

\mathrm{II}_1

and also nondenumerably many type

\mathrm{III}

isomorphic classes.

Using the factors in the cases (ii), (iii), (iv) we define another algebraic invariant

ρ(M)

which is able to distinguish nondenumerably many classes in case (vi).
Complete Boolean algebras of type I factors
Authors: Araki Huzihiro , Woods E. J.
Published: January 2008

A partial classification into unitary equivalence classes of complete Boolean algebras of type I factors is given. Any complete atomic Boolean algebra of type I factors is unitarily equivalent to a discrete tensor product of type I factors. We establish a one-to-one correspondence between the unitary equivalence classes of complete nonatomic Boolean algebras of type I factors satisfying a certain condition, and the unitary equivalence classes of complete nonatomic Boolean algebras of projections. A continuous tensor product of Hilbert spaces is defined which is a generalization of the discrete infinite incomplete tensor product space defined by von Neumann. On a separable Hilbert space, any complete nonatomic Boolean algebra of type I factors satisfying the previously mentioned condition is unitarily equivalent to a continuous tensor product of type I factors. An application to the representations of the canonical commutation relations of quantum field theory is made.
Infinite dimensional Lapiacian and spherical harmonics
Authors: Umemura Yasuo , Kono Norio
Published: January 2008

The purpose of the present paper is to discuss the properties of the Gaussian measure and the Lapiacian operator in infinite dimensions as limits of finite dimensional analogues. In the limit of

n → ∞

, the uniform measure on the

n

-dimensional sphere, the spherical Laplacian operator, and Gegenbauer polynomials (spherical harmonics) tend respectively to an infinite dimensional Gaussian measure, the infinite dimensional Laplacian operator, and Hermite polynomials. We also discuss the addition formula and integral representation formula of Hermite polynomials in this limit procedure.
Marginal and conditional distributions of singular distributions
Authors: Harris Jr. W.A. , Helvig T.N.
Published: January 2008

This note derives marginal and conditional means and covariances when the joint distribution may be singular and discusses the resulting invariants.
On some integral formulae containing Bessel functions
Authors: Orihara Akio
Published: January 2008

So called Sounine's integral formula can be interpreted as follows [1]. Let Gn be n-dimensional Euclidean motion group and Tg be an irreducible unitary representaion of class 1. The group Gn contains the subgroup which is isomorphic to Gn–1. Being restricted to Gn–1, Tg is decomposed into irreducible representations of Gn–1. Using this decomposition, we can express the zonal spherical function of Gn by that of Gn–1. This expression is nothing but Sonnine's first integral formula. Sonnine's second integral formula can be proved in the same way.

On the other hand, the motion group of n-dimensional Lovachvsky space G (the Lorentz group) contains, as a subgroup, Gn–1. As in the previous case, restricting the irreducible representation of G to Gn–1 and decomposing it into irreducible factors, we can obtain an integral formula (6) involving Legendre and Bessel functions. In this sense, we may call the formula (6) an analogue to Sonnine's formula.

If we consider imaginary Lovachevsky space, we obtain analogous formula (7), (8).
A connection problem involving a logarithmic function
Authors: Okubo Kenjiro
Published: January 2008

A two points connection problem between two sets of fundamental solutions for a system of ordinary differential equations

tdX∕dt = (A+tB)X

is studied under the assumptions that the eigenvalues

λ_k

(

k=1, 2,\ldots, n)

of the diagonal matrix

B

satisfy

∣ λ_j − λ_k ∣ > ∣ λ_k ∣ > 0

, and that the matrix

A

has a pair of congruent eigenvalues. Connection coefficients are calculated by convergent series and error terms are reduced to be asymptotically zero.
Propagation at the Boundary and Reflection of Analytic Singularities of Solutions of Linear Partial Differential Equations I.
Authors: Schapira Pierre
Published: January 2008

We study, microlocally, the non elliptic boundary value problems, with the help of the sheaf

\mathscr C_{N/X}

of Kashiwara and Kawaï. A hypothesis of “N-regularity” verified by several classes of preudo-differential operators allows us to obtain a theorem of reflection of analytic singularities analogous to that of Lax and Nirenberg.
An Operator-theoretic Approach to Invariant Integrals on Quantum Homogeneous $\mathrm{SU}_{n,1}$-spaces
Authors: Kürsten Klaus-Detlef , Wagner Elmar
Published: January 2008

An operator-theoretic approach to invariant integrals on non-compact quantum spaces is introduced on the examples of quantum ball algebras. In order to describe an invariant integral, operator algebras are associated to the quantum space which allow an interpretation as “rapidly decreasing” functions and as functions with compact support. If an operator representation of a ﬁrst order diﬀerential calculus over the quantum space is known, then it can be extended to the operator algebras of integrable functions. The important feature of the approach is that these operator algebras are topological spaces in a natural way. For suitable representations and with respect to the bounded and weak operator topologies, it is shown that the algebra of functions with compact support is dense in the algebra of closeable operators used to deﬁne these algebras of functions and that the inﬁnitesimal action of the quantum symmetry group is continuous.
Mochizuki’s Crys-Stable Bundles: A Lexicon and Applications
Authors: Osserman Brian
Published: January 2008

Mochizuki’s work on torally crys-stable bundles [18] has extensive implications for the theory of logarithmic connections on vector bundles of rank 2 on curves, once the language is translated appropriately. We describe how to carry out this translation, and give two classes of applications: ﬁrst, one can conclude almost immediately certain results classifying Frobenius-unstable vector bundles on curves; and second, it follows from the results of [22] that one also obtains results on rational functions with prescribed ramiﬁcation in positive characteristic.
A Torres Condition for Twisted Alexander Polynomials
Authors: Morifuji Takayuki
Published: January 2008

As a generalization of a fundamental result about the Alexander polynomial of links, we give a description of a Torres condition for the twisted Alexander polynomial of links associated to a unimodular representation.
Motion of Nonadmissible Convex Polygons by Crystalline Curvature
Authors: Yazaki Shigetoshi
Published: January 2008

Behavior of convex solution polygons to a general crystalline motion is investigated. A polygon is called admissible if the set of its normal angles equals that of the Wulﬀ shape. We prove that if the initial polygon is not an admissible polygon, then all edges disappear simultaneously, or edge disappearing occurs at most ﬁnitely many instants and eventually a convex solution polygon becomes an admissible convex polygon. In the latter case, the normal angle of disappearing edge does not belong to the set of the normal angles of the Wulﬀ shape. We also show ﬁve typical examples of this motion.
The $\bar ∂$-theory for Inverse Problems Associated with Schrödinger Operators on Hyperbolic Spaces
Authors: Isozaki Hiroshi
Published: January 2008

An analogue of the Faddeev scattering amplitude is introduced for Schrödinger operators on hyperbolic spaces. It satisﬁes a

\bar ∂

-equation and enables us to derive an integral representation of the potential.
Classiﬁcation of Stokes Graphs of Second Order Fuchsian Diﬀerential Equations of Genus Two
Authors: Aoki Takashi , Iizuka Takayuki
Published: January 2008

Stokes curves of second order Fuchsian dfferential equations on the Riemann sphere with a large parameter form sphere graphs, which are called Stokes graphs. Topological classiﬁcation of Stokes graphs are given for the case where equations have ﬁve regular singular points. It is proved that there are exactly 25 degree sequences of sphere triangulations associated with Stokes graphs under suitable generic conditions.
Integration over Compact Quantum Groups
Authors: Banica Teodor , Collins Benoît
Published: January 2008

We ﬁnd a combinatorial formula for the Haar functional of the orthogonal and unitary quantum groups. As an application, we consider diagonal coeﬃcients of the fundamental representation, and we investigate their spectral measures.
Picard Groups of Some Local Categories
Authors: Kamiya Yousuke , Shimomura Katsumi
Published: January 2008

For each

p

-local spectrum

E

,

\mathcal L_E

denotes the full subcategory consisting of

E

-local spectra of the category of

p

-local spectra. The Picard group

\mathrm{Pic}(\mathcal L_E)

is the collection of isomorphism classes of invertible spectra in

\mathcal L_E

. If this is a set, it is a group with multiplication deﬁned by the smash product. We show that if a spectrum

E

satisﬁes a relation

\langle E\rangle ≥ \langle H \boldsymbol Z /p\rangle

of the Bousﬁeld classes, then

\mathrm{Pic}(\mathcal L_E) = \boldsymbol Z

. In particular,

\mathrm{Pic}(\mathcal L_E) = \boldsymbol Z

if

E

is connective.
Further Examples of Explicit Krein Representations of Certain Subordinators
Authors: Donati-Martin Catherine , Yor Marc
Published: January 2008

In a previous paper [1] we have shown that the gamma subordinators may be represented as inverse local times of certain diffusions. In the present paper, we give such representations for other subordinators whose Lévy densities are of the form
C
/sinh(
y
))γ}, $0 < γ < 2, and the more general family obtained from those by exponential tilting. These densities are closely linked with those of the inverse local times of the squared radial Ornstein-Uhlenbeck processes.
Explicit Constructions of Dense Common Hypercyclic Subspaces
Authors: Seoane-Sepulveda Juan B.
Published: January 2008

We give an explicit construction of a dense inﬁnite dimensional vector space of hypercyclic vectors for the weighted backward shift _T_λ (|λ| > 1). We also develop a technique to construct common hypercyclic vectors for countable families of these operators. The techniques developed here do not rely on the Baire category theorem or any kind of existence proof, as do most approaches to this problem.
Irrational Rotation of the Circle and the Binary Odometer are Finitarily Orbit Equivalent
Authors: Roychowdhury Mrinal Kanti
Published: January 2008

Two invertible dynamical systems

(X, \mathfrak A, µ, T )

and

(Y, \mathfrak B, ν, S)

, where

X, Y

are metrizable spaces and

T, S

are homeomorphisms on

X

and

Y

, are said to be
ﬁnitarily orbit equivalent
if there exists an invertible measure preserving mapping

\phi

from a subset

M

of

X

of measure one to a subset of

Y

of full measure such that

(i)

\phi |_M

is continuous in the relative topology on

M

and

\phi^{−1} |_{\phi(M)}

is continuous in the relative topology on

\phi(M)

,

(ii)

\phi(\mathrm{Orb}_T(x)) = \mathrm{Orb}_S\phi(x)

for

µ

-a.e.

x\in X

.

In this article a ﬁnitary orbit equivalence mapping has been constructed between an irrational rotation of the circle and the binary odometer.
Structure of Quasi-analytic Ultradistributions
Authors: Takiguchi Takashi
Published: January 2008

We study the structure of functions between distributions and hyperfunctions. The structure theorem is known for distributions, non-quasi-analytic ultradistributions and hyperfunctions. In this paper, we try to ﬁll the gap among them. We prove the structure theorem for quasi-analytic ultradistributions.
Modiﬁed Elastic Wave Equations on Riemannian and Kähler Manifolds
Authors: Yasutomi Yoshiyasu
Published: January 2008

We introduce some geometrically invariant systems of diﬀerential equations on any Riemannian manifolds and also on any Kähler manifolds, which are natural extena sions of the elastic wave equations on

ℝ^3

. Further we prove the local decomposition theorems of distribution solutions for those systems. In particular, the solutions of our systems on Kähler manifolds are decomposed into 4 solutions with different propagation speeds.
Diffusion and Elastic Equations on Networks
Authors: Chung Soon-Yeong , Chung Yun-Sung , Kim Jong-Ho
Published: January 2008

In this paper, we discuss discrete versions of the heat equations and the wave equations, which are called the
ω
-diffusion equations and the
ω
-elastic equations on graphs. After deriving some basic properties, we solve the
ω
-diffusion equations under (i) the condition that there is no boundary, (ii) the initial condition and (iii) the Dirichlet boundary condition. We also give some additional interesting properties on the
ω
-diffusion equations, such as the minimum and maximum principles, Huygens property and uniqueness via energy methods. Analogues of the
ω
-elastic equations on graphs are also discussed.
An Expression of Harmonic Vector Fields on Hyperbolic 3-Cone-Manifolds in Terms of Hypergeometric Functions
Authors: Fujii Michihiko , Ochiai Hiroyuki
Published: January 2008

Let

V

be a neighborhood of a singular locus of a hyperbolic 3-cone-manifold, which is a quotient space of the 3-dimensional hyperbolic space. In this paper we give an explicit expression of a harmonic vector ﬁeld

v

on the hyperbolic manifold

V

in terms of hypergeometric functions. The expression is obtained by solving a system of ordinary diﬀerential equations which is induced by separation of the variables in the vector-valued partial differential equation

(∆ + 4)τ = 0

, where

∆

is the Laplacian of

V

and

τ

is the dual 1-form of

v

. We transform this system of ordinary diﬀerential equations to single-component differential equations by elimination of unknown functions and solve these equations. The most important step in solving them consists of two parts, decomposing their differential operators into differential operators of the type appearing in Riemann’s

P

-equation in the ring of differential operators and then describing the projections to the components of this decomposition in terms of differential operators that are also of the type appearing in Riemann’s

P

-equation.
Convergent and Divergent Solutions of Singular Partial Differential Equations with Resonance or Small Denominators
Authors: Yoshino Masafumi
Published: January 2008

We show the solvability and nonsolvability of a singular nonlinear system of partial diﬀerential equations with resonance in a class of functions holomorphic in some neighborhood of the origin. These results are applied to the normal form theory of a singular vector ﬁeld.
Existence of Crystal Bases for Kirillov–Reshetikhin Modules of Type $D$
Authors: Okado Masato
Published: January 2008

We show that a crystal base exists for any Kirillov–Reshetikhin module of type

D_n^{(1)}

, generalizing the result of Kang et al. for the end nodes of the Dynkin diagram of

D_n

.
Scalar Conservation Laws with Vanishing and Highly Nonlinear Diffusive-Dispersive Terms
Authors: Fujino Naoki
Published: January 2008

We investigate the initial value problem for a scalar conservation law with highly nonlinear diffusive-dispersive terms:

u_t + f(u)_x = ε(u_x^{2ℓ −1})_x − δ(u_x^{2ℓ −1})_{xx}

(

ℓ ≥ 1

). In this paper, for a sequence of solutions to the equation with initial data, we give convergence results that a sequence converges to the unique entropy solution to the hyperbolic conservation law. In particular, our main theorem implies the results of Kondo–LeFloch [15] and Schonbek [26], furthermore makes up for insuﬃciency of the results in Fujino–Yamazaki [9] and LeFloch–Natalini [22]. Applying the technique of compensated compactness, the Young measure and the entropy measure-valued solutions as main tools, we establish the convergence property of the sequence. The ﬁnal step of our proof is to show that the measure-valued mapping associated to the sequence of solutions is reduced to an entropy solution and this step is mainly based on the approach of LeFloch–Natalini [22].
Inequalities for Some Functionals Associated with Bounded Linear Operators in Hilbert Spaces
Authors: Dragomir Sever S.
Published: January 2008

Some inequalities between the operator norm, numerical radius and the functionals

v_p

,

δ_p

deﬁned in terms of the real and imaginary part of

\langle Ax, x\rangle

,

x\in H

,

\Vert x \Vert = 1

are established. New upper bounds for the nonnegative quantity

\Vert A\Vert^2 − w^2 (A)

with

A\in B(H)

that complement some recent results of the author are given as well.
On Composition Ideals of Multilinear Mappings and Homogeneous Polynomials
Authors: Botelho Geraldo , Pellegrino Daniel , Rueda Pilar
Published: January 2008

Given an operator ideal

\mathcal I

, we study the multi-ideal

\mathcal I \circ \mathcal L

and the polynomial ideal

\mathcal I \circ \mathcal P

. The connection with the linearizations of these mappings on projective symmetric tensor products is investigated in detail. Applications to the ideals of strictly singular and absolutely summing linear operators are obtained.
Experience, Knowledge and Attitudes of Child Psychiatrists regarding Electroconvulsive Therapy in the Young
Authors: Walter Garry , Rey Joseph M. , Starling Jean
Published: January 2008

Objective: To ascertain the experience, knowledge and attitudes of Australian and New Zealand child psychiatrists in relation to electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in the young in order to determine whether they would be willing and able to provide an opinion if consulted about children or adolescents in whom ECT is proposed.

Method: A 28-item questionnaire was posted to all members of the Faculty of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry living in Australia or New Zealand.

Results: Eighty-three percent (n = 206) answered the questionnaire. Forty percent rated their knowledge about ECT in the young as nil or negligible. Having had patients treated with ECT was the best predictor of possessing some knowledge. Thirty-nine percent believed that ECT was unsafe in children compared to 17% for adolescents and 3% for adults. Almost all (92%) respondents believed child psychiatrists should be consulted in all cases of persons under 19 in whom ECT was recommended. The vast majority believed the Faculty or College should have guidelines relating to ECT use in this group and that it would be useful to have a national register of young persons treated with ECT.

Conclusions: Child and adolescent psychiatrists wish to be involved in the process of ECT treatment in young people. At the same time, there are gaps in their knowledge. This will need to be remedied, particularly if formal guidelines advocating their involvement are introduced.
A Profile of Children and Adolescents in a Psychiatric Unit: Multidomain Impairment and Research Implications
Authors: Paterson Roger , Bauer Peta , McDonald C. Ann , McDermott Brett
Published: January 2008

Objective: The scientific literature has not kept pace with the evolution of child and adolescent psychiatric inpatient units, including their nature, patient profile, philosophical orientation and efficacy. This study aims to establish a comprehensive, mul-timodal description of the population served by an inpatient psychiatric treatment facility for children and adolescents.

Method: A multidisciplinary assessment regime including psychiatric, medical, speech and language examination, observer rating and patient self-report of psy-chopathology was used to assess 58 consecutive patients over a 20-month period. Results: In addition to a prevalence of disruptive behaviour disorders of 67% and a high rate of comorbidity with other psychiatric conditions, a breadth of impairment was demonstrated in many areas. Significantly decreased measures of socialisation, communication, daily living skills, self-esteem, intelligence and physical health are reported. Moderate to severe language handicap was found in 40% of patients.

Conclusions: The inpatient population of children and adolescents exhibited not only a high rate of disruptive behaviour disorders, frequently cornorbid with other psychiatric conditions, but also high levels of physical, speech, language and living skills impairment. This finding supports the need for multimodal, multidisciplinary evaluation and treatment in this population. Outcome research evaluating treatment effectiveness must also account for the wide-ranging disabilities of these children and adolescents.
Who is a Heavy Service User? Preliminary Development of a Screening Instrument for Prospective Consumers of a Mobile Intensive Treatment Team
Authors: Abbott Suzie , Smith Suzanne , Clarke Robert , Curson Cathy , de Gomes Souza Janice , Heslop Karen , Trainer Elizabeth , Yellowlees Peter
Published: January 2008

Objective: The mobile intensive treatment team (MITT) of the Valley Integrated Adult Mental Health Service in Brisbane, Australia, aims to provide services in the community to people with severe and persistent mental illness who have traditionally been heavily reliant on inpatient services (i.e. heavy service users). The MITT screening instrument (MITTSI) was developed to provide an objective measure to appropriately identify patients for referral to the service.

Method: A literature review and a panel of multidisciplinary clinicians were consulted to identify a list of specific attributes that would assist in the detection of heavy service users. These attributes were then formulated into an easy-to-administer screening instrument entitled the MITTSI. The MITTSI was administered in an interview format to MITT case managers (intensive case management) and to case managers in standard case management with prospective MITT patients (prospective heavy service users).

Results: Analyses of the responses indicated support for the MITTSI as a valid screening instrument in identifying heavy service users and for determining appropriate patients for referral to the MITT.

Conclusion: The MITTSI is an easy-to-administer screening instrument which provides clear guidelines for inclusion and exclusion, and is an objective measure regarding the patients' urgency for referral to the MITT. Follow-up of the MIITSI within a broader, longer-term project will attempt to further refine the MITTSI and to further determine its validity. Outcomes will be published at a later stage.
How are Psychotic Symptoms Perceived? A Comparison between Patients, Relatives and the General Public
Authors: Chung K. F. , Chen Eric Y.H. , Lam Linda C.W. , Chen Ronald Y.L. , Chan Charlotte K.Y.
Published: January 2008

Objective: The aim of this study is to compare patients with schizophrenia with their relatives and the general public in their attitudes towards schizophrenic psychotic symptoms.

Method: We used a case vignette depicting a person with typical schizophrenic psychotic symptoms and compared the attitudes of 44 inpatients and 47 outpatients with schizophrenia, 48 of their relatives and 43 members of the general public. We also compared the attitudes of patients with schizophrenia to their own symptoms and the symptoms described in the vignette.

Results: Subjects from the general public tended not to recognise psychotic symptoms as features of mental illness and tended not to consider drug treatment and hospitalisation as required. Sex, education level as well as previous contact with the mentally ill were found to be significant determinants of attitude. The levels of symptom awareness in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives are higher but still relatively low. In addition, we found that patients with schizophrenia who correctly appraised psychotic symptoms in another person were also aware of their own mental symptoms and need of treatment.

Conclusions: The level of recognition of psychotic symptoms and awareness of a need for treatment are low in the general public, as well as in patients with schizophrenia and their relatives. These findings are discussed in relation to the assessment of insight in patients and a need for psycho educational programs for each group.
Continuing the Debate on a Separate Adolescent Psychiatry
Authors: Birleson Peter , Luk Ernest S.L.
Published: January 2008

Objective: This paper continues the debate, started by George Patton, that a separate adolescent psychiatry is required since many psychotic illnesses begin in late adolescence, and adolescent mental health needs have not been well met by child or adult psychiatry.

Method: Epidemiological studies are used to illustrate that there are many continuities, as well as discontinuities, in the natural history of psychiatric disorders throughout the life cycle. The paper comments on rational service planning, which requires data on the outcomes of different treatment approaches. It goes on to explore the implications of a separate adolescent psychiatry for service delivery, including how current service boundaries and the training of psychiatrists might need to change.

Results and Conclusions: An argument is mounted that psychiatrists should take a whole life perspective, rather than further fragment the specialty. In most Australian States, recent reviews of child and adolescent mental health services are likely to result in increased funding for services to adolescents. Adult psychiatry needs to attend more to the requirements of older adolescents, and greater collaboration is recommended between psychiatry services for children and adults. The authors argue for diversity of approaches, and consider that moves towards separate adolescent mental health services may not always be appropriate.
Sixty Years of Psychosurgery: Its Present Status and its Future
Authors: Sachdev Perminder , Sachdev Jagdeep
Published: January 2008

After its introduction 60 years ago, psychosurgery witnessed a remarkable rise followed by a decline. In the 1990s, it is a marginal treatment practised by a few psychiatrists in some specialised centres around the world. The psychiatric profession, however, continues to support it, and there is some evidence for a recent renewal of interest in the procedure. In this paper, the reasons for this reluctant acceptance of psychosurgery are examined, and the factors that are likely to determine its future are identified. The profession is urged to keep the interest in psychosurgery alive until further theoretical and empirical developments can either announce its death or lead to a resurgence of psychiatric neurosurgery in its present or modified form.
Predicting Intentions to Seek Help from Professional Mental Health Services
Authors: Bayer Jordana K. , Peay Marilyn Y.
Published: January 2008

Objective: This study investigates the factors related to the intention to seek professional help for psychological problems utilising Ajzen and Fishbein's theory of reasoned action [1,2]. Many of the variables identified in previous studies can be subsumed within this theory, which emphasises the importance of the subjective point of view of the individual.

Method: One hundred and forty-two patients waiting for consultations at a community based general practice completed a questionnaire designed to assess the components of this theory as they relate to seeking help from mental health professionals.

Results: The results of this study supported the prediction of the intention to seek help from a mental health professional from the variables ‘attitude toward the behaviour’ and ‘subjective norm’. However, personal attitudes toward seeking help were found to be more important than the approval or disapproval of significant others in predicting help-seeking intentions.

Conclusions: Overall, the findings indicate that a significant factor influencing people's decisions to utilise professional mental health services in Australia may be the belief that mental health professionals are not actually able to provide a great deal of help or support for people's difficulties.
Eosinophilia after Commencement of Clozapine Treatment
Authors: Chatterton Ray
Published: January 2008

Objective: While clozapine-associated agranulocytosis has received extensive attention, a number of recent publications have identified that the incidence of eosinophilia may also be of concern. This retrospective review identifies the incidence of eosinophilia within a group of people commencing clozapine at a large hospital in Australia.

Method: The pathology reports of all people (n = 160) who commenced clozapine within a 3.5–year period were retrospectively reviewed for incidences of eosinophilia. Results: The incidence of eosinophilia was identified as 13%, comprising 17 males and four females. All cases of eosinophilia developed within 4 weeks of commencing clozapine. One male reached a peak eosinophil level of 9 × 109/L, which resolved after clozapine was withdrawn. In all other cases, the eosinophilia resolved without intervention.

Conclusions: With a rate of eosinophilia at 13% in this population under review, and given that there have been reports of 25 cases of eosinophilic cardiomyopothy resulting in four deaths worldwide, clinicians should be alert to the incidence and sequelae of eosinophilia in people receiving clozapine treatment.
The Case for a Psychological Perspective on Late-Onset Psychosis
Authors: Hassett Anne
Published: January 2008

Objective:A conceptual framework is proposed for studying late-onset psychotic disorders. This incorporates developmental and psychological perspectives to complement the biological focus of most recent studies in this area.

Method:Studies of late-onset psychosis that focus on the specificity of neuroimaging abnormalities, family history and sensory deficits were reviewed. Aspects of the developmental and personality literature were then examined with the goal of ascertaining their relevance for the emergence of psychosis in late life. Possible future directions incorporating biological and psychological approaches are proposed.

Results:The biological abnormalities identified in studies of late-onset psychosis lack the specificity to stand alone as aetiological factors. Neuroimaging changes and sensory impairment are commonly found in study subjects; however, they also occur in elderly persons without psychiatric illness as well as in those with other late-onset psychiatric disorders. Perhaps it is more appropriate to regard these changes as conferring a vulnerability to psychosis in old age, but symptoms do not develop unless other risk factors, either longstanding or ageing-related, are also present. Developmental studies of late life that have used Erikson's concept of a final lifestage crisis of achieving ‘ego-integrity’, suggest that personality style may be influential in determining the negotiation of this last maturational task. Failure to do so results in ‘despair’, fragmentation of self-image and paranoid fears. To date, there has been little investigation of the relevance of these developmental and personality factors for the emergence of psychosis in old age.

Conclusions:If we are to advance our understanding of late-onset psychotic disorders, research in this area needs to move beyond the elusive search for specific biological markers. A model of causation that integrates the longitudinal perspective of lifestage tasks with personality and biological vulnerability factors provides a broad framework which protects against premature foreclosure on aetiological determinants.
The Ethics Committee of a Psychiatric College: Its Procedures and Themes
Authors: Pargiter Russell , Bloch Sidney
Published: January 2008

Objective:Ethics committees (ECs) of medical colleges and other medical associations have become part of their professional experience only in recent years. This is probably attributable to such factors as greater professional accountability and informed consumerism. Relatively little is known about the procedures and agendas of such committees. The aim of the present study was to examine the EC of the Royal Australian and New Zealand College of Psychiatrists, with respect to its practices, in order to learn how a medical college grapples with ethical concerns.

Methods:Two members of the College's EC, including its foundation chairman, assembled relevant documents, and subjected them to detailed scrutiny. Consensus was used, preceded by independent attempts at categorising these issues covering the period from the EC's inception in 1978 to June, 1995.

Results:Three hundred and sixty-seven issues were dealt with by the EC over a 17 year period, covering clinical practice, financial aspects, forensic psychiatry, teaching and research, liaison with other organisations and preparation of guidelines and a code of ethics.

Conclusions:An EC can play a vital role in advising its parent body and members in the ethics of day-to-day professional life as well as formulating (and revising) a code of ethics and supplementary ethical guidelines.
Psychiatric Morbidity in Australian Veterans of the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Somalia
Authors: Ward Warren
Published: January 2008

Objective: Since World War II, an increasing number of soldiers have been deployed in United Nations (UN) peacekeeping forces. However, little is known about the psychiatric impact of such deployments. The present study investigated the nature, prevalence, aetiology and natural history of psychiatric morbidity in Australian veterans of the United Nations peacekeeping force in Somalia.

Method: Fifteen months after their return from Somalia, 117 Somalian veterans completed the 28-item version of the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ-28), the Impact of Events Scale (IES), the Combat Exposure Scale (CES), and a checklist of posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, completed by veterans 12 months previously as part of an evaluation by the Department of Defence. Seventy-seven non-veteran controls also completed the GHQ-28.

Results: Veterans scored significantly higher on the GHQ-28 than controls. Twenty-four-point-eight per cent (24.8%) of veterans were GHQ cases (using 4/5 as a cut-off point) compared to 13.0% of controls. Psychiatric morbidity in veterans was associated with combat exposure and a past psychiatric history. Levels of morbidity reduced over time, although they remained substantial at 15 months following soldiers' return to Australia, with posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms being reported by approximately 20% of veterans.

Conclusions: At least one-fifth of Australian soldiers who served in Somalia had significant levels of psychiatric morbidity 15 months following their return. This was almost twice that of their non-veteran peers. Risk factors for the development of psychiatric morbidity included combat exposure and past psychiatric history. Levels of psychiatric morbidity were much higher than those reported in previous studies on UN soldiers.
Depression in Adults with Intellectual Disability. Part 1: A Review
Authors: Davis Julian P. , Judd Fiona K. , Herrman Helen
Published: January 2008

Objective: To examine the available literature regarding prevalence, clinical features and treatment of depression in adults with intellectual disability (ID).

Method: A review of standard texts of ID and available literature examining psychiatric problems of individuals with ID.

Results: Few methodologically sound studies of prevalence have been reported. The clinical features of depression in adults with ID appear to vary with level of disability; in those with higher levels of disability in particular, irritability and anger, self-injurious and aggressive behaviour, psychomotor change and loss of activities of daily living skills may be observed rather than ‘classic’ depressive symptoms. No systematic treatment studies have been reported; case reports support the efficacy of cognitive and behavioural strategies, antidepressants and electroconvulsive therapy.

Conclusions: Well designed studies to assess the prevalence and evaluate the treatment of depression in individuals with ID are urgently needed. Design of these studies will need to address the questions of reliability and validity of diagnosis in individuals with ID and examine the appropriateness of available diagnostic criteria.
Ocular Abnormalities in Chronic Schizophrenia: Clinical Implications
Authors: Smith Deidre , Pantelis Christos , McGrath John , Tangas Christine , Copolov David
Published: January 2008

Objective: As part of a randomised double-blind study of a new atypical antipsychotic we sought to determine both the levels of visual acuity and the occurrence of toxic side-effects in a group of patients treated for many years on a variety of antipsychotics.

Method: Twenty-three inpatients with a DSM-III-R diagnosis of chronic schizophrenia from two separate hospital locations who met the criteria for the double-blind trial were examined for ocular abnormalities at both baseline and at trial completion.

Results: At baseline a high prevalence of abnormalities was identified: 19 patients (82.6%) were found to have one or more ocular abnormalities, including lens opacities/cataracts and corneal pigmentation; three patients, with delusions related to the sun, were noted to have solar burns; a high proportion (almost 70%) of patients had untreated visual acuity problems. No further changes were observed at the follow-up examinations.

Conclusions: The possible causes of ocular disturbance in schizophrenia and the reasons for the relatively high ocular morbidity in this group are thought to result from both illness-related factors and the effects of antipsychotic medication. Causality is confounded by a number of issues such as the high prevalence of smoking, poor general health and the variety of antipsychotic medications used in the treatment of psychosis as well as substance abuse. The clinical implications are considered in this paper in relation to the move towards community-based psychiatric services.
The Assessment of Clinically Significant Change Using the Life Skills Profile
Authors: Trauer Tom , Duckmanton Robert A. , Chiu Edmond
Published: January 2008

Objective: In the context of the need to develop practical outcome measures, the present study aimed to assess the sensitivity of the Life Skills Profile (LSP) in terms of differences between hospital-based and community-based clients, and to assess the sensitivity of the LSP to changes over time. In this way, criteria could be established whereby the LSP could be used to determine appropriate changes in locus of care, both in terms of the ‘cut-off’ for hospital-based and community-based tenure, and the level of ‘clinically significant change’ in functioning.

Method: The LSP was administered at 3-monthly intervals to 200 clients of an area public mental health service with serious mental illness over a 21-month period. Locus of care (hospital or community) was noted at each administration.

Results: Clients in the community scored significantly better than those in hospital, however there was a great deal of overlap. Using hospital or community tenure as the variable of interest, a measure of reliable and clinically significant change over a 3-month period based on the LSP was developed. A total LSP score of 116.5 or above best discriminated clients in the community from those in hospital, and a difference of 18 points or more in two LSP obtained 3 months apart was unlikely to have arisen by chance. A simple, two-part criterion of significant change based on these results showed 89% accuracy in matching transition (or lack of transition) between hospital and community with changes in LSP scores.

Conclusions: The results need to be understood within the methodological limitations of the present study. The findings provide users of the LSP with guidelines for the interpretation of repeat assessments. This may encourage more services to use formal reassessment methods to monitor the progress of their clients.