bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Formulasi dan Uji Aktivitas Antibakteri Nanoemulsi Mouthwash Ekstrak Etanol Daun Jeringau (Acorus calamus Linn.)
Authors: Ayuningtyas Nurista Dida , Solichah Ayu Ina , Fadhilah Rizky Nur , Subekti Tri
Published: January 2023

Ekstrak daun jeringau telah diketahui mengandung flavonoid dan saponin serta berkhasiat antibakteri. Potensi tersebut dapat dikembangkan menjadi sediaan farmasi yang lebih praktis yaitu nanoemulsi mouthwash. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah memformulasikan komponen nanoemulsi dan uji aktivitas antibakteri pada formula nanoemulsi yang baik. Nanoemulsi dibuat menggunakan variasi IPM:Tween 80:Propilenglikol dengan perbandingan F1 (1:8:1); F2 (2,15:5,7:2,15); dan F3 (3,25:5,2:1,55). Pengujian nanoemulsi yaitu organoleptis, sentrifugasi, transmitan, pH, viskositas, dan bobot jenis. Formula terbaik dilanjutkan dengan pengujian ukuran partikel, zeta potensial dan aktivitas antibakteri metode disc diffusion. Pengujian organoleptis pada F1 dan 3 stabil selama 7 hari sediaan tetap jernih dan tidak mengalami pemisahan fase, sedangkan F2 terjadi creaming. Uji transmitan F1-3 96,8%+0,00; 95,9%+0,00; dan 96,73+0,06. pH F1-3 5,92+0,02; 5,89+0,01; dan 5,92+0,01. Viskositas F1-3 1,681 Cps +0,02; 1,460 Cps +0,01; dan 1,533 Cps+0,03. Bobot jenis F1-3 sebesar 1,030 g/mL; 1,026 g/mL; dan 1,026+ g/mL. F3 dipilih sebagai formula yang baik, hasil uji ukuran partikel 239,97+ 3,45 nm dan zeta potensial -30,5+1,11 mV. Nanoemulsi mouthwash ekstrak etanol daun jeringau 1% memiliki aktivitas antibakteri terhadap Streptococcus mutans dengan diameter daya hambat 30,33+0,58 mm yang hampir sama dengan diameter daya hambat Clindamysin sebagai kontrol positif sebesar 33+1,00 mm.
Leaf Extract Microencapsulation of Stevia rebaudiana Bert Using Inulin-Chitosan as Anti-Diabetes Diet
Authors: Mutmainah Mutmainah , Martono Yohanes , Puspitaningrum Ika , Kusmita Lia
Published: January 2023

Diabetes mellitus is a collection of symptoms that arise in someone who has increased blood glucose levels. The Stevia plant (Stevia rebaudiana Bert) contains a compound of diterpene glycosides as steviosida and rebaudiosida A. Purified extract of steviosida and rebaudiosida A is widely used as a sweetener for low calorie food and beverage products or as a sugar substitute for diabetics and has the effect of lowering blood sugar levels. This study aims to determine the antidiabetic effect of microencapsulated preparations of Stevia leaf extract (Stevia rebaudiana) with a combination of inulin chitosan encapsulation. Antidiabetic mellitus test was carried out in vivo using test animals of male white rats of Wistar strain. The inducing compound that can cause the condition of diabetes mellitus test animals is Aloxan with a dose of 150 mg / kg Body weight of rats. given intraperitoneally for one day, then the mice were allowed to stand for 3 days to reach a state of diabetes mellitus. Blood glucose levels of test animals were measured on days 1 (initial), 5 (induction) and 12 (treatment) to determine the initial blood glucose levels, after induction of alloxan and after administration of test compounds both CMC Na 0.5% , glibenclamide, and preparations microencapsulation of Stevia leaf extract at a dose of 100; 300; and 700 mg / kg body weight. The results were obtained after 7 days of treatment, it was seen that blood glucose levels in the CMC group remained high, while the Glibenclamid administration group, and the three dosages of microencapsulation preparations of Stevia leaf extract could reduce blood glucose levels. This can be seen from the statistical test that there is a significant difference (p
HPLC-HRESI-MSn Characterization of Polyphenolic Compounds in the Stem Bark of Chlorophora regia A. Chev (Moraceae)
Authors: Oppong-Kyekyeku James , Bekoe Samuel Oppong , Ekuadzi Edmund , Addotey John Nii Adotey , Asare-Nkansah Samuel
Published: January 2023

Isolation and identification of secondary metabolites from medicinal plants could be tedious and time consuming. Therefore, any technique that could be used to confirm the identity of medicinal plant constituents without isolating them will save time and resources. Chlorophora similar to many genera in the Moraceae family have been demonstrated to be rich sources of polyphenolic compounds with important biological activities. The current study was designed to employ HRESI-MSn analyses to qualitatively examine isolated polyphenolic compounds from the stem bark of Chlorophora regia. Based on the HRESI-MSn data obtained, the fragmentation patterns of the compounds under study will be proposed and could be used in their identification in a matrix. Five polyphenolic compounds were successfully isolated and purified using various chromatographic techniques including column chromatography, thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and preparative HPLC. The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated by in-depth analyses of their 1D and 2D NMR and mass spectroscopic data. HRESI-MS/MS was further used to characterize the isolated compounds. Five polyphenolic compounds including three Diels-Alder type adducts: sanggenon C, kuwanol E and chalcomoracin; two stilbene derivatives: chlorophorin and isochlorophorin were isolated from the stem bark. The tandem MS fragmentation patterns of the compounds in positive mode, were successfully proposed. The fragments obtained and proposed fragmentation patterns of the isolated compounds could be employed qualitatively in the identification of the studied polyphenolic compounds in a matrix.
Analisis Efek Samping Penggunaan Obat Antituberkulosis (OAT) di Instalasi Rawat Jalan RSD BLUD dr. H. Soemarno Sosroatmodjo Tanjung Selor
Authors: Maulitha Fridya , Fitriani Nurul , Rusli Rolan
Published: January 2023

Tuberkulosis Paru (TB) merupakan penyakit menular yang disebabkan oleh kuman mycobacterium tuberculosis. Penyakit ini diobati dengan Obat Antituberkulosis (OAT)  menggunakan obat kombinasi sehingga sebagian besar pasien mengalami efek samping. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian observasional analisis secara deskriptif dan analitik dengan pengambilan data secara prospektif menggunakan data rekam medik dan wawancara pada pasien. Tujuannya untuk mengetahui karakteristik pasien, mengetahui ketepatan obat pasien dan mengetahui efek samping yang terjadi pada pasien TB di instalasi rawat jalan RSD BLUD dr. H. Soemarno Sostroatmodjo Tanjung Selor. Hasil karakteristik pasien terbanyak yang didapatkan dari 26 responden yaitu pasien perempuan sebanyak 14 pasien (53,85%), mayoritas pasien pada rentang usia >46 tahun sebanyak 12 pasien (46,15%), pasien tidak bekerja sebanyak 15 pasien (57,70%), tahap pengobatan tertinggi pada tahap intensif 15 pasien (57,70%) dan hasil pemeriksaan terbanyak pada TCM+ 19 pasien (73,08%). Tingkat kepatuhan pasien tertinggi pada tingkat ”sedang” (73,08%). Angka kejadian Efek Samping yang terjadipada pasien yaitu air seni berwarna merah 96,63%, nafsu makan berkurang 74,51%, mual 57,43%, gatal pada kulit 22,59%, nyeri ulu hati 18,26%, muntah 16,34%, demam 7,68% dan gangguan keseimbangan 5,28%.
Uji Aktivitas Antioksidan Ekstrak Etanol Buah Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.)
Authors: Wati Elsa Akbar , Prasetya Fajar , Suparningtyas Juniza Firdha
Published: January 2023

Belimbing Wuluh (Averrhoa bilimbi L.) belongs to the Oxalidaceae family. The Bilimbi plant contains oxalate, phenol, flavonoid compounds which act as antioxidants and antibaterials. In previous studies Belimbing Wuluh has an antioxidant activity value of 91.89%. The fructus Bilimbi extracted by maceration method using 96% ethanol. The fructus Bilimbi purpose of this study was to determine the yield and the antioxidant activity of the ethanol extract from Bilimbi fructus this study resulted in a yield of 12% antioxidant activity tested by DPPH method (1,1 -diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) from the extract various concentrations five replications of 100 ppm, 150 ppm, 200 ppm, 250 ppm, and 300 ppm. Then absorbance was measuring by UV-Vis spectrophotometry with maximum wavelength 516 nm. The antioxidant activity result showed that the IC50 value was 78,313 µg/mL. this indicaticates that the fructus Bilimbi exctract has strong antioxidant activity because it has an IC50 value less than 50 – 100 µg/mL.
Efek Toksik Pemberian Ekstrak Etanol Daun Mekai (Albertisia papuana Becc.) Terhadap Mencit
Authors: Ubang Febrianto , Siregar Vita Olivia , Herman Herman
Published: January 2023

Daun mekai merupakan tanaman khas Kalimantan yang dimanfaatkan oleh masyarakat Dayak secara tradisional sebagai terapi untuk penyakit seperti hipertensi, stroke, kanker. Secara ilmiah daun mekai memiliki potensi sebagai anti plasmodium, antibakteri dan antifungi. Saat ini penelitian dan pengembangan daun mekai sebagai kandidat obat baru masih terus berlanjut. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efek toksik pemberian ekstrak etanol daun mekai berdasarkan kematian, tanda toksisitas, perubahan berat badan, dan indeks organ. Mencit dikelompokkan menjadi 5 kelompok yang terdiri dari 1 kelompok kontrol (NaCMC) dan 4 kelompok dosis ekstrak etanol daun mekai (5000, 10000, 15000, dan 30000 mg/KgBB). Masing-masing diamati dalam rentang waktu 30, 60, 120, 180, dan 240 menit setelah pemberian ekstrak etanol daun mekai. Pengamatan dilanjutkan hingga 14 hari untuk mengamati gejala toksik, perubahan berat badan dan kematian serta mencit dibedah setelah 14 hari untuk diamati organnya. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian efek toksik pemberian ekstrak etanol daun mekai memberikan pengaruh pada mencit uji berdasarkan tanda toksisitas, indeks organ dan kematian dengan nilai LD50 31,5723 g/KgBB namun tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap berat badan mencit.
Combatendo a desigualdade social diante da pandemia Covid-19: as ações de solidariedade do Movimentos dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra
Authors: Santos Raqueline da Silva , Theis Ivo Marcos , Schiochet Valmor
Published: January 2023

O presente artigo tem como objetivo central apresentar uma reflexão sobre a importância dos movimentos socioterritoriais frente às ações de combate à desigualdade social no período de pandemia (2020-2021). Neste sentido, o texto trata de um debate sobre a pandemia da Covid-19 e os impactos decorrentes na sociedade e discute sobre o surgimento do Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (MST), suas ações de solidariedade e o debate sobre o Plano de Reforma Agrária Popular. O estudo é finalizado com uma apresentação de dados, decorrentes do resultado de um questionário aplicado on-line sobre a visão da sociedade em torno do MST. Por fim, o artigo apresenta uma reflexão que evidencia o campesinato, o qual, apesar de toda subordinação que vem passando ao longo dos séculos e sofrendo com os impactos decorrentes do modelo de desenvolvimento do agronegócio, tem muito a contribuir com o desenvolvimento das regiões, quando vemos ações que pautam novas possibilidades de produzir, consumir e proteger a natureza, impulsionando a qualidade de vida no campo e na cidade.
Análisis comparado de las fuentes de renta de dos comunidades rurales en Paraguay y Colombia
Authors: Ospina Rengifo Lynda Mayerli , Molinas Bogado Leticia
Published: January 2023

Los modernos procesos generados por la agricultura comercial acaban influyendo en las pequeñas explotaciones, por esto, cuando no disponen de medios y recursos para adherirse a esta técnica, adoptan estrategias de sobrevivencia asociadas a otras actividades generadoras de ingresos, que pueden alcanzar una porción notable en su renta bruta. La venta de mano de obra, transferencias sociales y las acciones de autosuficiencia, cobran validez en relación a la agricultura. Este trabajo busca aportar una perspectiva sobre la polivalencia de los territorios rurales, la necesidad de asimilarlos como escenarios económicamente dinámicos, de valores intangibles, centrales para su reproducción social y producción sostenible. Mediante el análisis comparado de la composición y las fuentes de renta de dos comunidades rurales, ubicadas en Escobar, departamento de Paraguarí, Paraguay, y San Juan de Arama, departamento del Meta, Colombia. Para ello, además de revisión bibliográfica, se empleo toma de datos de campo a partir de un cuestionario, construido por el Grupo de Estudio y Pesquisa sobre Agricultura Familiar en América Latina de la Universidad Federal de Integración Latinoamericana. Algunos resultados indican existencia de 5 fuentes principales de ingresos, el alcance de las actividades no agrícolas y los ejercicios económicos negativos en las agriculturas de algunas familias.

Palabras clave: Fuentes de renda, agricultura familiar, comunidad rural.
O trabalho de mulheres assentadas da reforma agrária no contexto de uma agroindústria familiar
Authors: Do Nascimento Daniel , Silveira Jaqueline Patricia , Thomé da Cruz Fabiana
Published: January 2023

As atividades realizadas por mulheres no meio rural historicamente foram tratadas como trabalho ligado ao espaço reprodutivo, doméstico e de cuidado, mantendo-se na subalternidade e configurando-se como ajuda e sem direito a renda. O presente artigo, que tem por objetivo analisar dinâmicas de trabalho de mulheres assentadas da Reforma Agrária no ambiente de uma agroindústria familiar e no ambiente familiar, traz o estudo de caso da Agroindústria Mãos na Massa, localizada no Assentamento Sino, em Nova Santa Rita, Rio Grande do Sul. A pesquisa, de caráter qualitativo, gerou dados por meio de entrevistas realizadas entre maio de 2019 e janeiro de 2020. Os resultados permitem considerar que em decorrência da participação e do envolvimento das mulheres no processo de agroindustrialização foi possível construir nova racionalidade em relação ao trabalho das mulheres no campo, evidenciando potencialidades do trabalho coletivo, oportunizando novas relações sociais e apontando mudanças possíveis também em relação a unidade familiar, por meio do reconhecimento, valorização financeira e busca por equidade na divisão sexual do trabalho. Entretanto,  embora tenha havido importantes mudanças em relação à divisão sexual do trabalho, seguem presentes dinâmicas patriarcais queimplicam, entre outros aspectos, sobrecarga de trabalho para as mulheres.
COVID-19 e seu enfrentamento entre os residentes do Assentamento Mário Lago, Ribeirão Preto, estado de São Paulo
Authors: Santos Scarlet Feitosa , Zucoloto Miriane Lucindo , Caccia-Bava Maria do Carmo Gullaci Guimarães , Martinez Edson Zangiacomi
Published: January 2023

Objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a situação de saúde quanto à pandemia de COVID-19 e seu enfrentamento entre os residentes do Assentamento Mário Lago, pertencente ao Projeto de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (PDS) Fazenda da Barra e localizado em Ribeirão Preto, estado de São Paulo. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, descritivo, do tipo inquérito, com amostragem aleatória estratificada. Foram entrevistados 158 residentes, com idade entre 18 e 84 anos, entre 26 de outubro de 2021 e 28 de janeiro de 2022. Os resultados obtidos expõem uma situação de vulnerabilidade social da sua população, em que apenas 23,4% dos entrevistados chegaram ao ensino médio, e 95,6% possuem uma renda familiar de até três salários mínimos. Dentre os participantes do estudo, 17,1% tiveram resultado positivo para um teste de COVID-19, e 42,4% relataram que a pandemia diminuiu muito a renda das pessoas da casa, enquanto 3,8% ficaram sem renda. Para que as populações assentadas estejam mais bem preparadas para futuras crises como a provocada pela pandemia de COVID-19, é necessária a continuidade das ações já realizadas pelos movimentos sociais e populares do campo e assegurar a manutenção e o desenvolvimento das redes de suporte social.
Apresentação
Authors: Silveira Botta Ferrante Vera Lúcia , Andreatta Whitaker Dulce Consuelo , Carmona Duval Henrique
Published: January 2023

A esperança renasce! É um sentimento coletivo que nunca morre e nosso Retratos registra finalmente um momento dos mais importantes da história deste país.

A euforia toma conta das forças democráticas e traz alívio para todos que sofreram as agruras de um Estado de exceção que atingia principalmente os grupos vulneráveis – o campesinato entre eles. A solidariedade e a resistência daqueles que conseguiram evitar o pior será celebrada e ampliada....
الـــصورة الــبــيــانــيــة فــي شــعــر بــهــاء الــديــن زهــيــر
Authors: Khattab Israa Wajih
Published: January 2023

كان للشاعر بهاء الدين زهير مقدرة بلاغية جمة رفدت البلاغة العربية بروافد التقدم والتطور،                   فلم نبالغ إذ نعتنا البهاء بانه أعد البلاغة روح الأدب ، والأدب مادتها 0
        ويمكن القول ان دراسة نصوص البهاء الأدبية دراسة متمعنة اتاحت لنا التعرف على حقيقة الحياة التي يمثلها النص وذاتية منشئه ، فالنص الصادق الأصيل صورة حية لحياة قائله ومرآة لعواطفه وخلجاته النفسية ، وهو شاهد على حياة العصر في أدق تفصيلاتها ، ومن خلال دراسة أشعار البهاء ومقدرته البلاغية وتمكنه من اقتناص الصور البيانية نستطيع ان نتعرف على شخصيته الحقيقية ، ونطلع
على عواطفه النفسية وطرائق تفكيره ورقة ذوقه وتأثير البيئة المصرية التي ظهر أثرها واضحا في مقدرته الثقافية والأدبية  والبلاغية 0وتبين لنا أن الصور البيانية التي ضمنها البهاء في أشعاره أضفت الجرس الموسيقى على أشعار البهاء وكستها رونقا وإبداعا أعُجِب به كل من سمعه وحاول تقليده ولكنه بحق كان سهلا ممتنعا برقة اسلوبه وصعوبة تمثيله
تقدير حجم الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي البطيخة في قضاء القائم
Authors: Kuder Ahmed Eyada
Published: January 2023

يهدف البحث الى تقدير حجم الجريان السطحي لحوض وادي البطيخة، أحد الاحواض الموسمية الواقعة في هضبة الانبار الغربية والتي تصب في نهر الفرات تحديدا عند قرية سعدة احد القرى التابعة لقضاء القائم .  تم الاعتماد على تحليل البيانات الفضائية ونموذج الارتفاع الرقمي في دراسة العوامل الطبيعية للحوض، اما مايتعلق في تقدير حجم الجريان فقد استخدمت طريقة حفظ التربة الامريكية(SCS-CN) لتحديد نوع الترب ومعرفة قابليتها في حفظ الجريان السطحي، توصلت الدراسة الى وجود نوعين من التربة هما صنف (B,C)، اما الغطاء الارضي للمنطقة فتعددت الاستعمالات و بنسب مختلفة مثلت الاراضي الجرداء اعلى نسبة بمقدار (524 كم2)  في حين كان اقل استعمال من نصيب الاستعمال الزراعي والذي شغل مساحة (8كم2) والمحصورة ضمن منطقة المصب.
مكانة أهل الذمة في المجتمع الاندلسي من القرن الاول حتى القرن الخامس الهجريين ( المستعربين أنموذجاً )
Authors: Matloob Qabas Farouk Saleh
Published: January 2023

كما هو معلوم ومعروف لدى الباحثين والقراء إن ظهور الدولة وتكوينها كوحدة سياسية وإدارية واجتماعية صالحة للسكن والحياة ، مهما اختلف الزمان والمكان في ظهورها ونشأتها ، هو وجود مجموعات عرقية ودينية متعايشة ومتساكنة في داخلها ، وفقاً لنظم وقوانين ( الدستور ) مستقاة اما من الدين أو من الأعراف السياسية والاجتماعية او من كليهما . تحددها وتفرضها بطبيعة الحال الفئة الغالبة في الدولة والمسيطرة فيها ، أو يتم تحديدها عن طريق التوافق والإجماع عليها من الفئات المتعايشة مع بعضها البعض وفقاً لقانون التعايش السلمي والتسامح الديني . ووفقاً لهذا فمن الطبيعي في مثل هذا الوضع أن تتباين مساحات الحريات المتاحة للأفراد والجماعات المكونة للمجتمع لممارسة شعائرهم الدينية ، وأنشطتهم الاجتماعية ، وحصولهم على الامتيازات الاقتصادية والإدارية والاجتماعية والسياسية في الدولة . وذلك وفقاً للقرب أو البعد من المصدر الذي استُقيت منه تلك الأنظمة والقوانين ، والسلطة التي تقوم بتنفيذها أو فرضها ، ومدى تأثرها بالعالم المحيط بها ، واستعدادها للتعايش بسلام معه وتبادل المصالح بصورة معتدلة ، ورفض سياسة  الاستعداء على الآخرين ، والتقوقع على الذات وعدم الانفتاح على فئات المجتمع عامة ، وأن لا تكون هنالك تجاوزات من قبل الفئات المستفيدة أو المتضررة . ذلك ان التفاهم والانسجام والتسامح بين افراد المجتمع الواحد هو اساس نجاح الدول وازدهار المجتمعات وتقدمها . وقد ظلت الأندلس طيلة الحكم الاسلامي الذي استغرق ردحاً طويلاً من الزمن ( 92 _ 897 هـ / 711 _ 1492 م ) تشكل أنموذجاً راقياً للتسامح الديني ، والتعايش السلمي بين الشعوب والمواطنين من عرب وبربر ومستعربين ويهود ومولَّدين وصقالبة ، وغيرهم من الطوائف التي وفدت اليها من مختلف اصقاع العالم ، لتنصهر ضمن وحدة اجتماعية تميزت بخصائص حضارية راقية ، وانسجام اجتماعي ملحوظ ، وأهداف ومصالح مشتركة ، ومصير واحد . رغم ما كان يظهر أحياناً من نعرات التعصب المقيتة الشاذة ، التي لم تكن سوى استثناءات ونتوءات في تاريخ الأندلس الباهر المتمثل بالعدالة والمساواة ، والإنسانية الراقية ، وحوار الاديان المتمدن .
صَنَمُ مَناةٍ دِراسَةٌ تَحْقِيقِيةٌ فيِ مَاهيَّتِهِ
Authors: HAMAD SAFFA JASIM , SAUD ABDULLA ALI , AHMED MA’AMOON RASHEED
Published: January 2023

هذه الدراسة تدور حول (صنم مناة دراسة تحقيقية في ماهيته) وهي دراسة موجزة وفي نفس الوقت لها اهمية كبيرة ، إذ انها تسلط الضوء على صنم مهم من اصنام الجزيرة العربية والذي كان يُعبد في الجزيرة العربية عامة وفي قبائل خاصة، ونظرا لقدسيته عند مشركي العرب فقد جعلوا له طقوسا وشعائر تشابه مكة المكرمة بناء وطوافا وقدسية ، فضلا على العبادات الاخرى من ذبائح ونذور وخوف ومهابة التي يقومون بها لغرض تعظيم هذا الوثن، حتى جاءت اللحظة المناسبة التي امر فيها المصطفى الكريم عليه افضل الصلاة والسلام بتهديم هذا الوثن ، كل هذا ليعبد الله عز وجل وحده وتقام شعائر الاسلام العظيمة.
مستوى القوة الرياضية لدى طلبة مجال الرياضيات بكلية التربية – جامعة تعز
Authors: Sultan Al-Mikhlafi Abdul Salam Khaled , Abdullah Abdurab Sahar Saeed
Published: January 2023

هدف البحث الى معرفة مستوى القوة الرياضية لدى طلبة قسم معلم مجال الرياضيات بكلية التربية – جامعة تعز، اُستخدم المنهج الوصفي ، وتكونت عينة البحث من (154) طالبًا وطالبة من المستويات الاربعة في قسم مجال الرياضيات في الفصل الدراسي الثاني من العام الدراسي (2018-2019 م) ، ولتحقيق أهداف البحث والاجابة عن اسئلته اعد الباحثان اختبارا للقوة الرياضية وشمل بُعد العمليات : (التواصل - الترابط – الاستدلال) الرياضي وتكون من (25) سؤالا، تم التأكد من صدقه وثباته، وتم معالجة البيانات احصائيا بعد التطبيق باستخدام البرنامج الاحصائي SPSS)) ، واظهرت النتائج ان المتوسط الحسابي الكلي لأداء الطلبة عينة البحث في اختبار القوة الرياضية متدنِ وهو اقل من المتوسط الفرضي للدرجة الكلية، كما اظهرت النتائج وجود فروق دالة احصائيا عند مستوى دلالة (α = 0.05) في مستوى القوة الرياضية لدى طلبة مجال الرياضيات بكلية التربية– جامعة تعز تُعزى لمتغير المستوى الدراسي (الاول– الثاني- الثالث- الرابع) لصالح المستوى الرابع. وفي ضوء النتائج قدم الباحثان عددا من التوصيات والمقترحات.
اثر برنامج تربوي في تنمية الابداع الانفعالي لدى طالبات المرحلة الاعدادية
Authors: Mohammed Zubaida Abbas
Published: January 2023

يهدف البحث الحالي بناء برنامج تربوي  ومعرفة اثره في تنمية الابداع الانفعالي لدى طالبات المرحلة الاعدادية ، ولتحقيق اهداف البحث صاغت الباحثة فرضيتين صفريتين  واختيار تصميم المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة وتكافؤ المجموعتين ، وبناء مقياس الابداع الانفعالي الذي تكون من (60) فقرة ، تم استخراج صدقه وثباته وتمييز فقراته ، واستنادا الى مجالات المقياس قامت الباحثة ببناء برنامج تربوي لتنمية الابداع الانفعالي وقد تم التحقق من صدقه وصلاحيته من خلال عرضه على مجموعة من المحكمين من ذوي الاختصاص ، تكونت عينة البحث من (55) طالبة من طالبات الصف الخامس الادبي ، وبعد معالجة البيانات احصائياً باستخدام : ( معامل ارتباط بيرسون، الاختبار التائي لعينتين مترابطتين ، الاختبار التائي لعينتين مستقلتين ) ، اظهرت النتائج الاتي:-
- وجود فرق دال احصائياً في مستوى الابداع الانفعالي بين درجات الاختبارين القبلي والبعدي لدى طالبات المجموعة التجريبية ، ولصالح الاختبار البعدي .
- وجود فرق دال احصائيا بين المجموعتين التجريبية والضابطة في الاختبار البعدي لمقياس الابداع الانفعالي عند مستوى دلالة     (05, 0) ولصالح المجموعة التجريبية ، وفي ضوء ذلك صاغت الباحثة مجموعة من التوصيات والمقترحات .
التــوجه نحو الحياة وعــلاقته بانغلاق الهوية لدى طــلبة جامعه تكريـت
Authors: Ali Al-Jubori Mohamad Husain
Published: January 2023

هدف البحث الكشف عن التوجه نحو الحياة وعلاقته بانغلاق الهوية لدى طلبة جامعة تكريت وحسب متغيرات الجنس والتخصص .شمل مجتمع البحث طلبة المرحلة الثالثة في كليات جامعة تكريت ومن كلا الجنسين ومن التخصصات العلمية والانسانية للعام الدراسي (2019-2020) , من اجل تحقيق اهداف البحث قام الباحث ببناء مقياسين احدهما للتوجه نحو الحياة تكون بصورته النهائية من (34) فقرة , والثاني هو مقياس انغلاق الهوية والذي شمل (4) مجالات هي (الديني , السياسي , الاصدقاء , التعامل مع الجنس الاخر) بواقع (30) فقرة , علما ان كلا المقياسين كانا خماسيي البدائل , وتم التاكد من الخصائص السايكومترية لهما من صدق وتمييز وثبات , وقد بينت نتائج البحث ما يأتي : يـتمتع طــلبه الجامعة بمستــوى عالٍ مـن التــوجه نحو الحياة. عدم وجود فروق داله إحصائياً بيــن الذكور والإناث فـي هــويـه الذات والتــوجه نحو الحياة. يـتمتع طــلبه الجامعة بمستــوى مـنخفض مـن انغلاق الهوية. عدم وجود فروق داله إحصائياً بيــن الذكور والإناث فـي انغلاق الهوية. وجود عــلاقه سلبيـه بيــن التــوجه نحو الحياة وانغلاق الهوية , وفي ضوء نتائج البحث وضع الباحث مجموعة من الاستنتاجات والتوصيات والمقترحات .
التعليم المتمازج ودوره في تطوير الكفايات التكنولوجية لدى مدرسي اللغة العربية للمرحلة المتوسطة من وجهة نظرهم
Authors: Alhameedawi Salam Jameel Sagban , Al-Muslimawi Jawad Daya. Diwan
Published: January 2023

هدفت الدراسة الحالية التعرف على دور التعليم المتمازج  في تطوير الكفايات التكنولوجية لدى مدرسي اللغة العربية  للمرحلة المتوسطة من وجهة نظرهم . تم استعمال المنهج الوصفي التحليلي على عينة مكونة من (84) مدرس ومدرسة تابعين لمديرية التربية في مركز محافظة كربلاء. قام الباحثان بتطوير استبانة من خلال مراجعتهم لبعض الدراسات السابقة ذات الصلة بموضوع الدراسة وتوصلا من خلالها الى بناء (20) فقرة وعلى ضوئها تم توزيعها على العينة . تم استخدام المتوسطات الحسابية والانحرافات المعيارية وإختبار (T-test) في الحصول على النتائج . وقد اسفرت النتائج : إن دور التعلّم المتمازج في تطوير الكفايات لدى مدرسي اللغة العربية جاء بدرجة متوسط . ووجود أثر للجنس ولصالح الذكور . وعدم وجود أثر للمؤهل العلمي والخبرة التدريسية . وفي ضوء النتائج خرجت الدراسة بجملة من التوصيات والمقترحات .
Influencia de las percepciones y actitudes gerenciales en la oferta enoturística en empresas vitivinícolas
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (México), Meraz-Ruiz Lino , Olague Jose T. ,   Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (México), Pérez-Cruz Omar Alejandro
Published: January 2023

This article sets out to analyse the perceptions and attitudes of the managers of the wine and viticul‑ tural companies of the Guadalupe Valley (Mexico) regarding wine tourism activities, that has experienced steady growth in the northwest of the country wth the wine routes in Baja California. To this end, we used quantitative methods to construct and validate a measurement instrument to gauge levels of reliability based on three prem‑ ises: perceptions, attitudes and wine tourism activities. This was applied to a representative sample of 64 com‑ panies, using structural equations with partial least squares (PLS). As a result, it can be seen how managerial perceptions are competitively focused on perceived threats posed by new competitors and products, with attitudes centring on their client portfolio and employee productivity, and wine tourism activities of tastings and tours. Consequently, this research contributes to the scientific debate on the organisation and business management of the wine tourism sector, by highlighting the specific metrics of business competitiveness in SMEs.
Ventaja competitiva en hoteles boutique de Querétaro
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro (México)), Sánchez Aguirre Driselda Patricia
Published: January 2023

Boutique hotels have been a trend in the tourism industry since the 80. These in Mexico tend to be establishments with few rooms (mipymes) and with excellent services. They are organisations that face fierce competition, so identifying what makes them different can create added value. A content analysis of interviews conducted with managers and frontline employees in boutique hotels in Querétaro was carried out to identify, from the perspective of the informants, what the competitive advantage of the boutique segment is. It was found that human, technological and organisational resources, as well as the aesthetic experience, personalised atten‑ tion and the possibility of the guest taking home a tangible object that reminds him of his stay in the hotel, are factors associated with the competitive advantage of this type of organisation.
Eu ensino, tu ensinas? A experiência dos monitores no uso de metodologias ativas nas graduações em turismo e em hotelaria da Universidade Federal da Paraíba
Authors:   Universidade Federal da Paraíba (Brasil), Matias Esdras Matheus , Endres Ana Valéria ,   Universidade Federal da Paraíba (Barsil)
Published: January 2023

Monitoring projects at Higher Education Institutions attempt to contribute toward a better teaching‑learning process in that they provide for academic cooperation. Through active methodologies, where the teacher is no more the instigator of the content centraliser, but rather the student, this is quite possible. The aim of the study was to analyse how the active methodologies proposed by the Project “Active Methodologies in Tourism and Hospitality Graduation Courses”, at the UFPB have been accepted by student teachers, that is, course monitors. A questionnaire was applied to 27 monitors, from June through July, 2020. The research collected the ratio between monitors and students, between monitors and the course, between self‑managing career students and monitoring in the student’s reality. The conclusion is that active method‑ ologies with more dynamic teaching‑learning processes give better results. From the monitors’ perspectives, they are stimulating teaching practices which put the learning process in the hands of the students.
Gamalama Volcanic Soil Potency as a Low-cost adsorbent for Mercury Removal
Authors: Zam Zam. Z. , Baturante N.J. , Muin F. , Merlin M.
Published: January 2023

The increase in metal mining in the North Maluku region poses a threat of mercury pollution. In order to overcome this problem, a study was conducted on the utilization of Gamalama volcanic soil as a low-cost adsorbent for mercury removal. Gamalama is one of five active volcanoes in North Maluku, Indonesia, that have erupted hundreds of times and produced millions of tons of volcanic soil. Before being used as a mercury adsorbent, Gamalama volcanic soil was first activated using 2M HCl. The effect of activation was studied using FTIR and XRD spectroscopy. The activation treatment has an effect on decreasing the diffraction intensity of albite as a result of dealumination. Mercury adsorption was carried out by adding 20 grams of activated volcanic soil to 50 mL Hg2+ 5 ppm. The mixture was stirred with time variations of 10, 30, 60, 90 and 120 minutes. The highest percentage of mercury removal was 41.6% at a contact time of 120 minutes with an adsorbent mass of 40 mg. The adsorption process followed the pseudo-second-order kinetic model with the values of K2 and qe being 0.0451 and 3.212 respectively.
Thermodynamic Study on Ionization Constant (Ka) Values for Some Imines derived from p,o-Aminobenzaldehydes and Cinnaldehyde by Conductance Method supported by Theoretical Studies
Authors: Al-Dabbagh A.B. , Al-Khayat R.Z. , Al-Hamdany A.Y.
Published: January 2023

The synthesis of three imines derivatives from various aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes was achieved by standard methods. The main objective of the study was the estimation of Ka values for these imines using conductivity method in a range (293-333) K and to deal with thermodynamic parameters namely ΔG, ΔH, ΔS. The values of ionization constant of these imines under study were calculated. Based on AM1 and PM3 semiempirical methods, εHOMO, εLUMO, band gap Eg, hardeness η, chemical potential μ, softness S, electronegativity χ, elechtrophilicity ω and amount of charge transfer ΔN in electron volt (ev) for three imines derivatives.
A convenient route for the Synthesis of desfluoro impurity of Enzalutamide: a prostate cancer drug and its characterization
Authors: Gopa Sudheer Kumar Reddy , Brahman Pradeep Kumar , Mallu Usenireddy
Published: January 2023

The control of impurities plays a significant role for the production of high quality drug substance. In the present study, we reported a simple four step route for the synthesis of desfluoro impurity (4-(3-(4-cyano- 3(trifluoromethyl) phenyl dimethyl-2,4- dioxoimidazolidin-1-yl)-N-methyl benzamide) of enzalutamide drug with readily available raw materials and intermediate chemicals. The synthesised compound was characterized using FT-IR, NMR and mass spectral studies. Based on the spectral analysis, it was confirmed that the compound was pure with no other bye-products or side reactions formed in the synthesis route. The purity and quantity of the compound were further evaluated using HPLC analysis. Based on the HPLC analysis, it was confirmed that the compound is having a purity of 98.58 %. Hence it can be concluded that the proposed route of methodology produces highly pure compound that can be utilized as reference substance and are useful for quality control and the validation of the analytical method in the manufacture of enzalutamide.
Green synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Premna tomentosa leaf extract and its effective antibacterial activity
Authors: Hebron Kirubai Raj S.D. , Danie Kingsley J.
Published: January 2023

Green synthesis of silver nanoparticles was done at room temperature using Premna tomentosa leaf extract. Silver nanoparticle formation was preliminarily confirmed through UV Spectroscopy and characterized by FTIR, XRD, TEM and SEM. The λmax was observed at 424nm in UV spectroscopy results. The XRD and EDAX spectrum confirmed the presence of silver ions and the crystalline nature of synthesized silver nanoparticles. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were spherical, hexagonal and irregular in shape. FTIR results have revealed the functional groups present in the synthesized nanoparticles such as C-N stretch, N-O symmetric stretch, C-H stretch, N-H bend, C-H group, O-H stretch and H bond. TEM and SEM results showed a clear image of nanoparticles in the size range 100nm and 200nm. In the application part, we focused on the antibacterial activity of synthesized nanoparticles on six pathogens namely Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Proteus mirabilis. The maximum zone of inhibition was found in Vibrio parahaemolyticus followed by Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
Qualitative screening and Quantitative determination of secondary metabolites from different plant extracts of Solanum khasianum Clarke
Authors: Pavani Ch , Shasthree T.
Published: January 2023

The medicinal plants have gained significant importance in traditional medicine and pharmacy due to wide variety of curative properties. The medicinal properties of the plants rely on the presence of various phytoconstituents. The present study focused on screening of phytochemicals from different parts (leaf, stem, petiole, fruit and root) of Solanum khasianum using solvents with varying polarity like methanol, butanol, chloroform, acetonitrile and water. The qualitative screening of phytoconstituents showed the existence of alkaloids, flavonoids, phenols, tannins, steroids, saponins and absence of quinones in all 25 extracts tested. The quantitative determination showed that root extract contains considerable amounts of total flavonoids (214.74±0.45), total phenols (183.47±0.38), total alkaloids (132.46±0.28), total antioxidants (95.66±0.27), total tannins (14.66±0.07) whereas total saponins were present in high content in fruit methanolic extract (44.99±0.33). The presence of these phytoconstituents indicates the therapeutic potential of S. khasianum and scientifically validates the traditional use of this plant.
Microbial nano-based approach and its bio-medical applications
Authors: Padma K.R. , Don K.R. , Mrunalini Nunna Venkata
Published: January 2023

Research on nanoparticles (NPs) has many applications in a variety of scientific fields including medicine, agriculture, engineering, pharmacy and other professions. Nanomedicine is a rapidly developing field of study. However, the range of physical and chemical processes that nanoparticles (NPs) exhibited, led to their formation. These conventional technologies have a number of drawbacks including a high energy requirement, high costs and the release of very toxic effluents as a result of the use of hazardous chemical ingredients in the treatment process. However, due to their eco-friendly and cost-effective biological synthesis of nanoparticles, microbial flora has provided the most viable replacement platform in modern times. Microbial nanoparticle synthesis is thought of as a green chemistry technique that connects microbial biotechnology and nanotechnology. In this review, we have summarized the distinct microbearbitrated amalgamation of various nanoparticles along with their potential applications.
Implications of Glutathione-S-transferases in Mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway: Risk associated with anticancer drug resistance
Authors: Gupta Jeetendra Kumar
Published: January 2023

Anticancer drug resistance is a perilous glitch to accomplish alleviation of disease in patients with cancer. The setback of drug resistance in chemotherapy is a weighty snag of present time. Hassle of carcinoma has ability to develop resistance that arises due to certain alterations in drug targets. In the course of anticancer administrations, development of targeted therapies anticipates a new arena to subdue the drug resistance. Exalted levels of certain glutathione transferase isozymes have been identified with malign transformations as well as with anticancer drug resistance. Glutathione-S-transferases are a large group of phase-II detoxification enzymes which catalyse the conjugation of reduced glutathione to a broad range of exogenous as well as endogenous compounds. The enzymes of this family are divided into two distinct subgroups namely: cytosolic enzymes and membrane bound microsomal enzymes. Human cytosolic glutathione-S-transferases are extremely polymorphic in nature and exist in many forms such as mu, pi, alpha, theta, omega and zeta. Among these enzymes, mu and pi classes take part in regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway in directing cellular responses with apoptosis signal-regulating kinase and c-Jun Nterminal kinase 1 protein interactions. In normal condition, these two protein are mainly activated in response to cellular stress. The implications of glutathione S-transferase in development of anticancer drug resistance have been observed in two distinct ways. The first way is through direct detoxification mechanism while the second way deals with the action of glutathione S-transferase (mu and pi forms) as inhibitor to mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway.
In Children with 46, XY DSD; HCG Testing is not always the Best Answer for Testicular Function Assessment
Authors:   Associate Professor of Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes at Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt, D Khater , S Raafat ,   Associate Professor of Pediatric Endocrine and Diabetes at Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
Published: January 2023

Hormonal levels are the hallmark for the assessment of testicular function in XY DSD (Disorders of sex development). Traditionally, it has relied on testosterone level increment after hCG (human Chorionic Gonadotropin) stimulation testing. More recently role of Sertoli cell hormones is more emphasized. Objectives: Evaluating the role of serum anti-mullerian hormone and inhibin B on function of the pre-pubertal testis without the need for hCG stimulation test. Method: The study was conducted in the Endocrinology Clinic in Alexandria University Children’s Hospital. All patients who present with XY DSD were tested for Testosterone (T), Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH), Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH), inhibin B. All cases had hCG stimulation test. Results: The hCG stimulation test was done for 32 cases. There was significant positive correlation between serum testosterone levels before and after hCG stimulation test (p <0.001). Similarly, significant correlation was identified between basal AMH and testosterone increment after hCG stimulation (p <0.001) and between basal levels of AMH and inhibin (MCp= 0.025). Conclusion: Single measurement of basal AMH and/or inhibin B can detect the presence and function of testes by a reliable non-invasive way. Basal AMH assessment is an important tool to distinguish between cryptorchidism and anorchia. hCG test is needed in the work-up of patients with inconclusive results.
Micron-scale additive manufacturing of binary and ternary alloys by electrohydrodynamic redox 3D printing
Authors: Porenta Nikolaus , Nydegger Mirco , Menétrey Maxence , Hammadi Souzan , Reiser Alain , Spolenak Ralph
Published: January 2023

Across disciplines and length scales, alloying of metals is a common and necessary strategy to optimise materials performance. While the manufacturing of alloys in bulk and thin film form is well understood, the fabrication of alloyed 3D nanostructures with precise control over the composition remains a challenge. Herein, we demonstrate that electrohydrodynamic redox printing from mixed metal salt solutions is a versatile approach for the 3D nanofabrication of alloys. We propose that the droplet-by-droplet nature of the electrohydrodynamic redox printing process allows straightforward electroplating of alloys with composition solely controlled by the composition of the electrolyte solution, independent of the reduction potential of the involved cations. As a demonstration of the direct control of composition, we deposit binary and ternary alloys of Ag, Cu and Zn. TEM microstructure analysis indicates homogeneous alloying at the nanoscale and the formation of a metastable solid-solution phase for Ag-Cu and a two phase system for Ag-Cu-Zn alloys. The straightforward approach to alloying with an electrochemical technique promises novel opportunities for optimisation of properties of 3D nanofabricated metals.
Solid-state vibrational circular dichroism for pharmaceutical purposes
Authors: Kaminsky Jakub , Sklenář Adam , Růžičková Lucie , Bednárová Lucie , Pazderková Markéta , Chatziadi Argyro , Skořepová Eliška , Šoóš Miroslav
Published: January 2023

X-ray diffraction is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to determine the atomic and molecular structure of crystals. However, it is costly, sometimes time-consuming, and it requires a considerable degree of expertise. Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) spectroscopy overcomes these drawbacks while also being highly sensitive to small changes in conformation and molecular packing in the solid phase. Here, we investigate the ability of VCD to distinguish between different crystal forms of the same molecule (polymorphs) and, thereby, identify those with the greatest pharmaceutical potential. First, we developed a universal experimental approach for obtaining reliable and reproducible solid-phase VCD spectra. Using three amino acids (serine, alanine, tyrosine) and one hydroxy acid (tartaric acid) as model pharmaceutical ingredients we investigated an effect of various experimental conditions on resulting VCD spectra. Solid samples were prepared using two techniques: (i) suspension of each model compound in oil (mulling agent); (ii) mixture of the model compound and crystalline powder (matrix) compressed into a pellet. Additionally, to achieve artifact-free results with a maximal signal-to-noise ratio, the following experimental conditions were optimized: time of spectral acquisition (0.5‒3h), mulling agent (Nujol, fluorolube), pellet size (0.7 and 20 mm in diameter) and pellet matrix (KBr, KCl, CsI). Then, the optimized approach was successfully applied to distinguish three polymorphs of the antiviral drug sofosbuvir. Our results suggest that solid-state VCD represents a relatively rapid, cost-effective, and easy-to-use structural probe for the identification of crystal structures, with potential use in pharmaceutics.
Tracking C-H activation with orbital resolution
Authors: Jay Raphael , Banerjee Ambar , Leitner Torsten , Wang Ru-Pan , Harich Jessica , Stefanuik Robert , Wikmark Hampus , Coates Michael , Beale Emma , Kabanova Victoria , Kahraman Abdullah , Wach Anna , Ozerov Dmitry , Arrell Christopher , Johnson Philip , Borca Camelia , Cirelli Claudio , Bacellar Camila , Milne Christopher , Huse Nils , Smolentsev Grigory , Huthwelker Thomas , Odelius Michael , Wernet Philippe
Published: January 2023

The reactivity towards C-H bond activation of alkanes with transition metals is determined by the ability of the metal to donate and withdraw electron density in due proportion. Manipulating this reactivity in a controlled way is difficult, because the hypothesized metal-alkane charge-transfer interactions are challenging to access experimentally. Using time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy, we track the charge-transfer interactions in a C-H activating Rh complex and reveal changes in oxidation state as well as valence-orbital energies and character from femtosecond Rh-alkane bond formation to nanosecond C-H bond cleavage. Our X-ray spectroscopic signatures reflect how alkane-to- metal donation determines metal-alkane bond stability and how metal-to-alkane back-donation facilitates C-H bond cleavage by oxidative addition. The ability to dissect charge-transfer interactions on an orbital-level provides new opportunities for manipulating reactivity for C-H activation with transition metals.
Photo-redox Catalyzed C-S and C-C Bond Forming Cascade Cy-clization/Dearomatization of Biaryls: Sustainable Route to Func-tionalized Spirocyclohexa[5.5] and [4.5]trienones
Authors: Roy Barnali , Sarkar Debayan
Published: January 2023

An efficient approach towards photo-oxidative cascade cyclization reaction between biaryls and AgSCF3 or ArSSAr or Ar-SO2H or ArCOCO2H is reported to obtain structurally diverse SCF3 or SAr or SO2Ar or COAr containing spirotrienone using 0.1 mol% RFTA as a photocatalyst under visible light irradiation. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to confirm the final product. A series of control experiments, UV and fluorescence quenching study, radical inhibition experi-ments were performed to establish the reaction mechanism.
Modular Software for Generating and Modelling Diverse Polymer Databases
Authors: Santana-Bonilla Alejandro , Lopez-Rios De Castro Raquel , Sun Peike , Ziolek Robert , Lorenz Christian
Published: January 2023

Machine learning methods offer the opportunity to design new functional materials on an unprecedented scale however building the large, diverse databases of molecules on which to train such methods remains a daunting task. Automated computational chemistry modelling workflows are therefore becoming essential tools in this data-driven hunt for new materials with novel properties, since they offer a workflow by which to create and curate molecular databases without requiring significant levels of user input. This ensures well-founded concerns regarding data provenance, reproducibility and replicability are mitigated. We have developed a versatile and flexible software package, PySoftK (Python Soft Matter at King's College London), that provides flexible, automated computational workflows to create, model, and curate libraries of polymers with a minimal user intervention. PySoftK is available as an efficient, fully-tested, and easily installed Python package. Key features of the software include the wide range of different polymer topologies that can be automatically generated and fully parallelized library generation tools. It is anticipated that PySoftK will support the generation, modelling and curation of large polymer libraries to support functional materials discovery in nano- and bio-technology.
Lamp vs. Laser: A Visible Light Photoinitiator that Promotes Radical Polymerization at Low Intensities and Cationic Polymerization at High Intensities
Authors: Zeppuhar Andrea N. , Falvey Daniel E.
Published: January 2023

A visible light absorbing, anthraquinone derivative 1-tosyloxy-2-methoxy-9,10-anthraquinone (QT) mediates both cationic and radical polymerizations depending on the intensity of visible light used. A previous study showed that this initiator generates para-toluenesulfonic acid through a stepwise, two-photon excitation mechanism. Thus, under high intensity irradiation, QT generates acid in sufficient quantities to catalyze the cationic ring opening polymerization of lactones. However, under low intensity (lamp) conditions, the two-photon process is negligible, and QT photooxidizes DMSO, generating methyl radicals which initiate the RAFT polymerization of acrylates. This dual capability was utilized to switch between radical and cationic polymerizations to synthesize a copolymer using a one-pot procedure.