bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ossification sequence polymorphism and sexual dimorphism in skeletal development
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Rohmann Christabel G. , Blumenthal Thomas
Published: August 2005

Ossification sequence polymorphism and sexual dimorphism are prevalent in the postnatal skeletal development of the hand, foot, elbow, knee, shoulder and pelvis. For some ossification polymorphisms the sex‐discriminatory efficiency is greater than 70%. Current evidence, including population comparisons, and children with kwashiorkor and marasmus, favors a genetical explanation for common sequence polymorphisms. However, ossification sequence polymorphism is more clearly defined in later‐developing children, where the appearance of ossification centers is distributed among a larger number of radiographic class intervals. This observation may explain the apparent relationship between ossification sequence polymophism and developmental delay or retardation.
Cephalometric comparison of Indian and English facial profiles
Authors: Iyer V. S. , Lutz W.
Published: August 2005

Cephalometric measurements on 50 English and 50 Indian adults, equally divided as regards sex, were compared for sex and group difference. Evaluation of the average measurements indicated that the female facial size was generally smaller than the male: the Indian face was not prognathic but was smaller and had smaller facial and gonial angles, and the lower incisor was proclined as compared with the English face. A statistical analysis using the Generalized T2‐test and Discriminatory Analysis brought out these differences very convincingly, and with nearly 80% accuracy it was possible to classify the individuals to their correct sex and Indian or English group. Incidentally it was found that the Sella Nasion Plane, Maxillary Plane and Frankfort Plane are all equally suitable for assessing the upper incisor inclination.
Eruption of deciduous teeth among Bengalee children
Authors: Banerjee Papia , Mukherjee Sunetra
Published: August 2005

The eruption time of deciduous teeth of the Bengalee children was noted and compared with the published material from other countries. It has been seen that the onset of eruption in the Bengalee children is appreciably late compared with the others (Japanese, Korean, American and Whites).
The conference on standardization of anthropometric techniques and terminology (a report)
Authors: Hertzberg H. T. E.
Published: August 2005

The conference, attended by anthropologists, engineers, dental and medical researchers, physical educationists and statisticians, took place on 28–30 March 1967 in the Aerospace Medical Research Laboratories, Wright‐Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio. The ultimate purpose was to improve the comparability of anthropometric data from all workers, by establishing standards for the many new dimensions required in engineering anthropology, and by developing a terminology that reconciles the new standards with previous usages. In this effort, the group selected a list of dimensions (though with dissent on type and number) recommended as a minimum for all human biological surveys; and they chose from previous usage a terminological structure whose form, content and mode of presentation they recommended as standard practice by all anthropometrists. Both official and dissenting lists are presented, and the terminological structure is described, with examples.

Despite solid progress toward a standardized technology encompassing both classical and modern practices, the conference left numerous points of technique or terminology unsettled, some of which are briefly described. Hence future meetings appear necessary, perhaps annually, until such remaining problems can be resolved.
The African custom of tooth mutilation in America
Authors: Stewart T. D. , Groome John R.
Published: August 2005

A broad historical sketch of tooth mutilation stresses the role of Negro slaves in introducing the African custom into America, and the possibility of filling in gaps in our knowledge along this line from recovered skeletal remains.

As an example of what can be learned, a skeleton found recently in Grenada, West Indies, is described as that of a male Negro, with a West African type of dental mutilation. The individual represented is shown to have been around 35–40 years of age, below average in size, with bandy legs, signs of mild deficency disease, and a variety of dental and periodontal diseases. Geographical and historical factors are reviewed in an effort to decide whether or not he was one of the original slaves or a descendant of a slave. The authors conclude that the circumstances of the find warrant the belief that he had been born in Africa and received his mutilation there.

An earlier report of another such find in Barbados, and the mention of a subsequent find in St. Croix, suggest that a more intensive search for Negro remains in the West Indies would prove fruitful.
Vertebral arch defects in the lumbar vertebrae of pre‐historic American Eskimos. A study of skeletons in the American Museum of Natural History, chieely from Point Hope, Alaska
Authors: Lester Charles W. , Shapiro Harry L.
Published: August 2005

The incidence of lumbar vertebral arch defects was studied in 295 Eskimo skeletons now in the American Museum of Natural History, New York, which were obtained from adjacent burial grounds at Point Hope, Alaska. One burial ground containing 47 skeletons was used by the Ipiutak at about the start of the Christian era. The other burial ground was used by the Tigara a thousand years later and contained 248 skeletons. The lesion is a separation of the vertebral arch from the vertebral body. It usually involves the fifth lumbar vertebra but may involve others and more than one. The present incidence in the United States is about 7%. Among the Tigara the incidence was 45% and more than twice that of the Ipiutak, 21%. The youngest case was in a child of five and the deformity was uncommon before adult life. The incidence and extent of the lesion increased with age suggesting an hereditary weakness as an etiological factor. No other etiological factor could be determined although several were considered. The clinical disability could not be determined but it seemed to have no effect on longevity.
Coronal breadth of human primary anterior teeth
Authors: Meredith Howard V. , Knott Virginia B.
Published: August 2005

Original data for mesiodistal diameter of deciduous anterior teeth on 180 White children show: (1) mean size is smallest for the lower central incisor and largest for the upper canine, (2) means from combining widths on the left anterior teeth of each arch are larger in the maxilla than the mandible by 4.0 mm, (3) individual differences for widths of the upper central and lateral incisors extend from one child with these teeth of similar size to another child with the central incisor larger than the lateral by 2.3 mm, and (4) anterior tooth correlations are positive, varying from r = 0.4 for upper canine width with width of lower central incisor, to r = 0.8 for combined widths of left anterior teeth in the maxilla with combined widths of their antagonists.

Comparative findings are drawn from investigations on Australian aborigines, South African Bushmen, Liberian Negroes, Tristan da Cunha islanders, Japanese, Japanese‐Negro admixtures, Japanese‐White admixtures, White groups living in several parts of Europe, and North American Whites. Among these ethnic groups, Australian aborigines have the largest deciduous anterior teeth. Composite means on each sex for North American Whites show boys to have slightly larger anterior deciduous teeth than girls.
Anthropometric studies of the long bones of the “shell mound” Indians
Authors: Graham Tom M. , Yarbrough James D.
Published: August 2005

The “shell mound” Indians exhibit both sexual and bilateral variations in comparative long bone lengths. Mean long bone lengths are shortest in the Indian group when compared to those reported for both Caucasians and Negroes. The radiohumeral and humero‐femoral indices of the “shell mound” Indians are higher than those reported for either Caucasians or Negroes. There is a relatively high degree of anterior‐posterior curvature of the femur in the Indian group when compared to the femora of Caucasian and Negroes. There is apparently no correlation between maximum femoral length and trochanter length in comparing right and left sides in either sex.

The collo‐diaphyseal angles are greater on the average on the left side in both sexes. The femora of male “shell mound” Indians exhibits greater average collo‐diaphyseal angles than do the femora of male Caucasians.
Measurement of localized bone growth employing natural markers
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , Hempy Harry O. , Schwager Patricia M.
Published: August 2005

Transverse lines on the distal tibia, transiently present in 90% of boys and girls, afford the possibility of measuring localized bone growth, proximal and distal, epiphyseal and diaphyseal, and their relative and shifting contributions to total bone growth in children followed in longitudinal fashion.
Growth of the human mandibular angular process: A functional cranial analysis
Authors: Moss Melvin L. , Simon Mark R.
Published: August 2005

The angular process of the human mandible alters its inclination with age, changing from a medial to a lateral flare during the transition from the neonatal to the adult stages. The morphological change in this mandibular skeletal unit is shown to be associated with a change in orientation of a portion of the related functional matrix, the masseter muscle. This change to an oblique line of action from an originally vertical one is associated with an increase in the functional movement of protraction at the temporo‐mandibular joint. No other physiological parameters of muscle function seemingly are associated with this skeletal alteration. The processes of interaction between the functional matrix and its related skeletal are as yet unknown.
Problems and methods in the genetics of primitive groups
Authors: Morton Newton E.
Published: August 2005

Primitive populations seem favorable for studies of genetic structure, especially of isolation by distance in an array of subpopulations. Recent developments in this field are discussed, using pairs of phenotypes, inbreeding coefficients in pedigrees, isonymy, gene frequencies, and even anthropometrics. Of methods to study selection, only specific disease associations appear applicable to primitive populations. Inbreeding and outcrossing effects demand greater precision than has yet been attained in primitive groups. Some of the stated objectives of international biological programs lie far beyond the scope of present methodology.
A note on the fragmentary sterkfontein scapula
Authors: Oxnard Charles E.
Published: August 2005

Certain features of the Sterkfontein scapular fragment have been examined in the light of available data relating to the form of the scapula in primates. One suggestion currently in the literature, that this fragment is relatively less specialized than the corresponding region of the gibbon and chimpanzee (being more like some extant monkeys), may not be justified.
The pelvis in the bipedalism of primates
Authors: Snell C. A. R. D. , Donhuysen H. W. A.
Published: August 2005

The pelvis in the “Normalstellung” tends in man to tilt backwards. In primates, the pelvis shows a marked tendency to tilt into quadruped posture. In both the bodyweight intensifies those tendencies. Consequently, assuming erect posture and maintaining bipedal balance encounter, in primates, constant resistance from pelvis and bodyweight.

In gibbons and ponginae loss of the tail, lengthening of the sacrum and broadening of the ilium combined with a pronounced development of the sacro‐tuberous ligament furnish the gluteal muscles with a more powerful reflectory moment on pelvis and body. Moreover, the development of a short head of the femoral bicipital muscle, made the hip‐joint to a greater degree independent of the knee‐joint. Thus, maintenance of bipedal balance is better developed in gibbons and ponginae than in monkeys.

In man broadening of the sacrum altered the position of the acetabulum. Together with ensuing changes of the ilium and the ischium this brought about in the pelvis a balance relationship so that the bodyweight not only causes no resistance to standing upright but even facilitates it.

The essence of bipedalism, however, is not only the capacity to rise upright and to stand, but also to walk, that is, to keep the body balanced in the frontal plane on one leg. It is the ventralwards broadening of the ilium, and the sidewards bend of its middle segment, that allow, the strongest part of, the gluteus medius (and minimus) to produce a powerful abducent moment on the pelvis. The lack of a corresponding osteomuscular structure in monkeys as well as in gibbon and ponginae compels these primates to move faster and run straddle‐legged, in a more or less forward‐bending posture.

Lastly it is found that in gibbons and ponginae, not only is the ilium markedly broadened laterally, but also that its sacral part is turned completely sidewards. This indicates that bipedalism in man has developed along quite other lines than in gibbons and ponginae.
Primate evolution—A method of investigation
Authors: Oxnard Charles E.
Published: August 2005

The discoveries of fossil primate postcranial remains has led in recent years to somewhat greater weight being placed upon background studies of the postcranial skeleton of extant forms. Such researches are subject more than most to problems of determination of variation, of meagre materials, and of behavioral implications. Strictness in the formulation of hypotheses, originality in the approach to primary data, and the use of computational and mensurational methods in analysis and interpretation, suggest some of the ways of overcoming such difficulties.
Bilateral “molarization” of teeth erupted in the region of the second mandibular premolars
Authors: Hermel Joseph , Yardeni Jacob , Haas Nicu
Published: August 2005

A very large tooth, found in the region of the second mandibular premolar, in a subject, Jewish immigrant from Iraq, is in all likelihood an expression of a familial trait of disturbances in genesis of the shape of dental buds. The appearance of any primitive realization in this case can be conceivable and it was discussed.
The skin of primates. XL. The skin of the cottontop pinché Saguinus (=Oedipomidas) oedipus
Authors: Perkins Edwin M.
Published: August 2005

The skin of Saguinus (= Oedipomidas) oedipus Linnaeus, is basically similar to that of the red‐mantled tamarin, Saguinus (= Tamarinus) fuscicollis Spix; it has several peculiarities: (1) a circumscribed tuft of vibrissae on the ulnar aspect of the wrist; (2) an accumulation of apocrine glands over the sternum; and (3) an extensive posterior abdominal field of gigantic sebaceous glands admixed with large apocrine glands, better developed in the female. The epidermis, dermis, hair follicles, sebaceous ducts, and apocrine excretory ducts are all heavily pigmented. Hairs are arranged in linear perfect sets; the epithelial sac of quiescent follicles is devoid of glycogen and phosphorylase. Eccrine sweat glands are restricted to the volar friction surfaces and contain no glycogen. Only the coiled excretory ducts of the eccrine glands contain phosphorylase. All cutaneous nerve fibers are more reactive for acetylthan butyrylcholinesterase.
The relation of canine size to pattern and extent of attrition in baboons
Authors: Smith Patricia
Published: August 2005

For most genera of animals the association between dental morphology and diet is such that inferences concerning the diet can be made on the basis of the dentition alone. The canine is the one tooth that appears exempt from such generalisation and exhibits a wide range of variability of size and shape in all groups. In order to determine the effect of dimorphism of the canine on the dental apparatus, male and female specimens of Theropithecus and Papio baboons were examined. Occlusal relationships and dental pathology for 21 Theropithecus and 40 Papio skulls were recorded, and crown height measurements obtained for maxillary incisors, buccal and lingual molar cusps. Attrition was the most common and severe cause of abscess formation in older animals: the pattern of attrition differed in adult males and females, the latter showing more wear of the incisor and lingual molar cusps. Partial correlations for incisor, buccal and lingual molar cuspal crown height show a significant correlation between incisor and lingual cusp attrition in juveniles of both sexes and adult females (p < 0.01). Adult males show no correlation of attrition. It is proposed that the correlation of incisor and lingual molar cusp attrition is associated with anterior‐posterior grinding movements, such as take place during incision, that the large canine present in the male limits such movements, the sharp blade‐like canine being employed as a cutting tool. This use of the canine by reducing functional demands on other teeth, prolongs the utility of the dental apparatus, and hence the lifespan of its possessor.
Lesions of the frontal bone in American Indians
Authors: Stewart T. D. , Quade Lawrence G.
Published: August 2005

Over 1,400 adult skulls from archeological sites along the Atlantic Seaboard, in the Midwest and in the Southwest were examined for frontal lesions. A late prehistoric site in Delaware yielded the highest frequency. Next was a late prehistoric site in Illinois, but here the high frequency may reflect in part the collector's special interest in bone pathology. By contrast, the historic and early prehistoric sites yielded the lowest frequencies.

Like Hooton and Snow, the only previous American investigators who have recorded frontal lesions in detail, the present authors agree that most of the occurrences in skulls from Archaic and early Pueblo sites are due to trauma. However, in the other groups studied most of the lesions appear to be inflammatory and to have a rather constant location on the frontal. Some are accompanied by lesions on the parietals and on certain long bones. After healing bone remodelling gradually eliminates much of the original disfigurement. Examples of lesions in different stages are illustrated.

The appearance of some of the inflammatory lesions suggests syphilis, but satisfactory proof of this is not yet forthcoming. Hopefully, these findings will rekindle interest in the problem and stimulate further efforts to reach correct diagnoses.
The A‐B‐O blood groups of baboons
Authors: Wiener Alexander S. , Moor‐Jankowski J.
Published: August 2005

A new series of 188 baboons, Papio papio, Senegal, have been tested for the human type A‐B‐O groups with the following results: 2 group O, 27 group A, 93 group B and 66 group AB. This distribution fits the Hardy‐Weinberg formula perfectly, using the allele frequencies O = 10.3%, A = 29.0%, and B = 60.8%. Up to date, five series of baboons comprising a total of 684 animals have been tested for their A‐B‐O groups. On these 684 baboons, from three different species, only three belonged to group O. Nevertheless, there is convincing indirect evidence that in most of the baboon species tested so far the frequency of gene O is about 10%. There are significant differences in the distribution of the blood groups in the various baboon species, comparable to the differences in racial distribution of the A‐B‐O blood groups in man, e.g., the frequency of gene A ranges from 18.2% in Papio ursinus, South Africa, to 48.3% in Papio cynocephalus.

The usefulness of the methods of population genetics, viz, allele frequency analysis, for studies of blood groups in primates is demonstrated. The differences and similarities between the A‐B‐O blood groups in man and baboons are discussed.
The genetic‐determination of ossification sequence polymorphism
Authors: Hertzog Keith P. , Falkner Frank , Garn Stanley M.
Published: August 2005

Serial hand‐wrist x‐rays of 81 pairs of twins were examined to investigate the genetics of ossification sequence polymorphism. Discordance in ossification sequence was 3.5 times more common between like‐sex dizygotic twins than between monozygotic twins, with the difference being significant at the 0.01 level of confidence. These findings support the contention that the major part of variation in ossification sequence is genetically determined.
Artificial interproximal grooving of the teeth in American Indians
Authors: Ubelaker Douglas H. , Phenice T. W. , Bass William M.
Published: August 2005

Artificial grooves about 2 mm in width have been observed on the cervical region of teeth of American Indian populations which come from widespread localities and which extend through considerable time depth. The grooves appear to have been made ante‐mortem and to show a close relationship with interproximal caries and peridontal bone resorption. It is conjectured that the grooves represent efforts of a therapeutic or, at least, palliative nature.
Hemoglobins, haptoglobins, and transferrins in indigenous populations of Kenya
Authors: Buettner‐Janusch John , Buettner‐Janusch Vina
Published: August 2005

Hemoglobin, haptoglobin, and transferrin phenotypes were determined by means of starch‐gel electrophoresis for a sample of 226 Kenya hospital patients. Allele frequencies were: HbβS=0.081; Hp1=0.057; TfD=0.038. Hemoglobin S was the only aberrant hemoglobin found in this sample. Transferrins C and D were the only transferrins found. Hemoglobin and transferrin phenotypes were also determined for a sample of 201 newborn Kenya infants. One of these infants had hemoglobins F, S, and C, eight had hemoglobins A, F, and S, and the remainder had hemoglobins A and F. Transferrins C, B, and D were found in this sample. Allele frequencies were: TfB=0.008; TfD=0.019.
Frequency of forks in epidermal‐ridge minutiae in the finger print
Authors: Okajima M.
Published: August 2005

The frequency of minutia types was studied in finger prints of 77 males and 82 females. Dermal ridges were clearly printed by a revised method for this purpose.

The fork index, which represents the frequency of forks in minutiae, is higher in females for each finger than in males. It differs on each finger, i.e., low on the digit I, high on the digits, III, IV and V, and intermediate on the digit II. The mean of the index for each finger distributes from about 15 to 24. Bilateral difference is not evident. The correlation coefficient between right and left hands ranges from 0.52 to 0.79. Forks appear more frequently in ulnar loops than in whorls. It is revealed that the occurrence of forks differs in dermal regions.
Associations between the rates of elongation of the short bones of the hand
Authors: Roche Alexander F. , Hermann Rochelle F.
Published: August 2005

Data from serial radiographs of 40 children were used to study the rates of total, diaphyseal and epiphyseal elongation of the bones of the hand from 3–13 years. Communality indices were calculated from complete correlation matrices for each sex. These indices tended to be lower for boys than girls. Communality indices for distal phalanges were lower than for the other bones and those for epiphyseal elongation were lower than those for total or diaphyseal elongation. Correlations between groups of bones in their rates of elongation were higher in rows of bones than in rays. There were statistically significant neighborhood effects and a slight tendency to marginal effects in the correlations between rates of elongation in rows of bones; neither of these effects was present in rays.
Variability of postnatal ossification timing and evidence for a “dosage” effect
Authors: Garn Stanley M. , McCreery Lawrence D.
Published: August 2005

Although absolute variability in postnatal ossification timing is generally larger in boys than in girls, relative, conception‐corrected variability is significantly larger in girls, suggestive of a “dosage” effect and consistent with the hypothesis of partial X‐linkage. These findings, together with the excess of sister‐sister over brother‐brother timing similarities are inconsistent with the hypothesis of selective inactivation of either the paternal or the maternal X chromosome.
Sole dermatoglyphics of XYY patients
Authors: Mavalwala J. , Thompson H. , Parker C. , Wilson G.
Published: August 2005

The low incidence of a tibial loop in the distal hypothenar area of the sole is suggested as a diagnostic feature for XYY patients. No other prepubertal feature is on record.
Biphalangia of the lateral toes. A study on the incidence in a Swedish population together with some observations on digital sesamoid bones in the foot
Authors: Sandström Björn , Hedman Gunnar
Published: August 2005

The incidence of a two‐phalangeal fifth toe in a Swedish population has been investigated in a series of 496 persons.

The incidence is about 35% without significant differences between sexes or between age groups. The figure coincides with that found in studies on German, English and Danish populations but differs from that of American and that of Japanese populations. It is concluded that the cause of this anomaly is genetic and that the two‐phalangeal fifth toe may be an important parameter in racial studies and for the identification of an individual. Each phalanx in the two‐phalangeal toe is on the average almost 5 mm longer than its counterpart in the three‐phalangeal variety, resulting in the paradoxic fact that the three‐phalangeal toe is shorter on the average than the two‐phalangeal one.

The numbers of sesamoid bones in various locations of the toes are presented.
Comparison of the mortality profiles of Archaic, Middle Woodland, and Middle Mississippian skeletal populations
Authors: Blakely Robert L.
Published: August 2005

Mortality profiles were constructed for four American Indian skeletal populations for the purpose of comparing the frequencies of deaths at given ages between and within the populations. An interpretation of the differential mortality frequencies is then possible. Selected for study were the Archaic population from Indian Knoll, Kentucky, an Illinois Archaic series and a Middle Woodland Hopewellian population, both from the Klunk Mounds in southwestern Illinois, and a Middle Mississippian population from Dickson Mounds, Illinois.

It was found that in the Archaic populations there were significantly higher percentages of deaths throughout the first three decades than among either the Hopewell or Middle Mississippian populations. Although the mortality profiles of the latter two groups more closely approximated each other, the average age at death was greater for the Hopewellian population. Suggested are different behavioral adjustments to stress.

However, with a few notable exceptions, the fluctuations in the frequencies of death follow similar profiles in the mortality curves, indicating that common to all four populations were certain ages at which time death was more likely to occur. Various interpretations are offered to explain these periods of greater mortality.
Bipedal behavior and the emergence of erect posture in man
Authors: Sigmon B. A.
Published: August 2005

Bipedal behavior is present to some degree in most of the higher primates. Field studies of living pongids have shown that an upright stance and various types and degrees of bipedal progression are not uncommon and are thus presumably advantageous. Bipedal behavior similar to that in living pongids could also have been, and probably was, present in pre‐hominids.

As the environment of the pre‐hominids changed, the increased use of bipedalism was of survival value. That is, it was a behavioral response to environmental circumstances and not just a random event. Once bipedal behavior became habitual, it formed part of a pattern of natural selection which shaped a physical type adapted for erect, bipedal posture.
Adaptive growth changes of the gonial region in Macaca mulatta
Authors: Michejda Maria , Weinstein Sam
Published: August 2005

An experimental study of functional and adaptive growth changes of the gonial region associated with removal of all anterior teeth is being carried out through the life span of the Macaca mulatta monkeys. Radiographic cephalometry, using metallic implants as consistent points of reference and histological methods using in vivo tetracycline bone labeling, are the principal experimental techniques in the study. The present paper covers the results obtained from the longitudinal observations of the infant group from two to 24 months of age.

The angular measurements of the gonial angle, linear measurements of the horizontal and vertical rates of growth in the gonial region were made in experimental and control groups. The data obtained from the angular measurements showed negative regression trends in both groups. The data from linear measurements of horizontal and vertical rate of growth exhibited positive linear regression trends with age.

The histological findings, however, indicate differences between the two groups. Sections from the control group show some bone apposition in the gonial region, while experimental animals show extensive resorption. The results of this study show the inadequacy of standard anthropometric methods in the determination of adaptive growth changes of the gonial region at that early age.
The mixed cell agglutination method for typing mummified human tissue
Authors: Lippold Lois K.
Published: August 2005

A, B, and O(H) antigens have been demonstrated in mummified epidermal tissue by means of the mixed agglutination method. This mixed erythrocyte‐epidermal cell agglutination is possible since both cell types possess a common antigen.

Tissue samples derived from prehistoric aboriginal populations of the Aleutian Islands, the Southwestern United States and Peru and Chile were subjected to testing using this technique. The continuity in ABO type between these aboriginal specimens and those of living populations is remarkable. A, B, AB and O(H) types were found to be represented in the 30 Aleut specimens while the Southwestern United States materials revealed just antigens A and O. Only the O antigen was recorded from specimens from Peru and Chile.
Spontaneous cleft lip and palate in a living nonhuman primate, Macaca mulatta
Authors: Swindler Daris R. , Merrill O. Monte
Published: August 2005

A description of the first known cleft lip and palate in a living nonhuman primate is presented. The palatal defect extends from the uvula to the incisive foramen where it passes to the right side to continue through the alveolus between the right lateral incisor and canine teeth. The cleft is similar to the complete unilateral cleft found in man.
A method for estimation of cranial capacity from cephalometric roentgenograms
Authors: Haack Donald C. , Meihoff Edward C.
Published: August 2005

A method of estimating cranial capacity of either living subjects or cadavers or dry skulls has been developed and tested. This method requires a lateral and a frontal (A‐P) cephalogram. The area of the projection of the cranial cavity on the lateral cephalogram, AL, is determined by use of a planimeter and the breadth, b, is determined by direct measurement of its projection on the frontal cephalogram. These data are applied to a formula, V = KALb, where K is a constant which has been determined by tests of a similar population of skulls of known volume. Ten or 12 skulls should be sufficient for the purpose of determining K. The method is simple and direct, and offers accuracy and reliability as good or better than the best methods presently employed.
Progesterone values in monkeys near term
Authors: MacDonald Gordon J. , Yoshinaga Koji , Greep Roy O.
Published: August 2005

The serum progesterone of peripheral, ovarian, uterine and umbilical blood from six Macaca mulatta and two M. fascicularis was determined by radioimmunoassay in late pregnancy. Peripheral progesterone values fell to lower levels the day after delivery, a decrease indicating placental progesterone secretion. The concentration of progesterone in the ovarian vein associated with the presence of a corpus luteum was greater than that in the contralateral vein, a difference denoting active progesterone secretion by the corpus luteum. In most cases the uterine vein on the side associated with the placement of the primary and secondary placentae contained more progesterone than its opposite counterpart, a condition that suggests some synthesis of progesterone by the placenta. The umbilical vein/artery progesterone ratio showed fetal metabolism of this steroid and also greater metabolism of progesterone by the female fetus. The progesterone concentration in the ovarian vein associated with the corpus luteum in mothers who bore female fetuses was greater than that of the same vein in those mothers who bore male fetuses. Peripheral progesterone levels were high the day before cesarean section and fell to lower levels the day after delivery. The decline was more rapid in mothers who bore male fetuses.
Oral implantology and oral carcinogenesis in primates
Authors: Hamner James E.
Published: August 2005

The projection of basic clinical research into practical application for the patient's benefit is one of the prime goals of biomedical research. The non‐human primate, by its close proximity to man, affords an ideal experimental model to meet the needs of such scientific research.

Our dentally orientated investigations have encompassed the fields of oral implantology and oral carcinogenesis. The former has delved into reimplantation of natural teeth and implantation of a variety of artificial substances such as: plastics, ceramics, and pyrolite carbons, which have been utilized for bone and/or tooth replacement in a variety of forms.

The chemical carcinogenesis research effort has been directed toward identifying the carcinogenic substance in betel quid chewing, which is thought to be a major cause of the high incidence of oral cancer in India.
Gastric emptying time and absorption of simple and complex carbohydrates in Macaca mulatta
Authors: White William J. , Lang C. Max , Markle William H.
Published: August 2005

Recent studies of nonhuman primates have shown that the amount and type of dietary carbohydrate influences the development of atherosclerotic lesions. In an effort to examine the gastrointestinal handling of simple and complex carbohydrates, measurements of gastric emptying times and uptake of C14 labeled carbohydrates were made for six female Macaca mulatta.

A significantly smaller volume of sucrose solutions remained in the stomach after 60 minutes than solutions containing an equal amount by weight of dextrin. Similarly, when solutions of equal osmotic pressures but unequal weights of sucrose and dextrin were used, a significantly smaller volume of the sucrose solution remained in the stomach after 60 minutes. These findings are consistent with the idea that breakdown of dextrin by pancreatic amylase results in an increase in osmotic pressure of the intestinal contents and a slowing of gastric emptying. No significant differences in the levels of glucose or total C14 labeled carbohydrates were found in the peripheral blood following ingestion of C14 labeled sucrose or dextrin. This finding suggests that although an initial difference in the rate of gastric emptying of these carbohydrates exists, other factors, such as the rate of production and activity of pancreatic amylase, activity of intestinal disaccharidases, and intestinal mucosal transport, tend to equalize the rate of absorption of these sugars.
Visual sensitivity in the squirrel monkey
Authors: Jacobs Gerald H.
Published: August 2005

Several indices of visual sensitivity have been obtained from behavioral experiments conducted on the squirrel monkey (Saimiri sciureus). In this species, the photopic spectral sensitivity functions determined by increment‐threshold and flicker discrimination procedures are substantially different; the involvement of two different neural processes in the two tasks is suggested. When tested similarly, the thresholds for rod and cone‐based vision are not substantially different for squirrel monkeys and humans; however, above cone threshold, for a 500 nm test light, increment threshold is some 0.3 to 0.4 log10 units higher for the squirrel monkey. Rod saturation has also been demonstrated to occur in the squirrel monkey.
Efferent connections of area 17 in Galago
Authors: Tigges J. , Tigges Margarete , Kalaha Cathy S.
Published: August 2005

Lesions were made in dorsal area 17 of ten Galago. Subsequently degenerating efferent fibers were traced to their termination sites with the Fink‐Heimer silver impregnation method. The supragranular layers of area 17 send a strong projection onto the underlying layer V and onto the ipsilateral area 18. Area MT, the superior colliculus, the pulvinar, and the pons also receive a projection from the ipsilateral area 17.
Observations on spontaneous pathological lesions in Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus)
Authors: Weber H. W. , Greeff M. J.
Published: August 2005

Some pathological findings made in more than 3000 autopsies on Chacma baboons (Papio ursinus) are reviewed. Diarrhea is frequent among newcomers in the Primate Colony at the University of Stellenbosch and is possibly related to the stress of adaptation to captivity. Strict control of the water balance of sick animals prevents losses. In 63% of diarrheic baboons cortical adrenal necroses were found. About 10% of the autopsied baboons had a cardiomyopathy. In 50% of the baboons with necrotizing cardiomyopathy adrenal cortical necroses were found. In contrast to man, the Chacma baboon deposits inhaled inert dust in small granulomata similar to early cellular lesions of silicosis. Pyelonephritis unrelated to experimental procedures was found in 0.3%. Six cases of chronic glomerulonephritis were encountered. The inclusion of the lower parathyroids in the thyroid must be considered as a normal finding in Chacma baboons; thymic inclusions in the thyroid are more common than in man. On the whole, there are only minor differences in pathological reactions between Chacma baboon and man, but the former is much less resistant to stress than the latter.
Tumors in nonhuman primates: Observations during a six‐year period in the Yerkes Primate center colony
Authors: McClure Harold M.
Published: August 2005

Tumors were observed in nine of 1,066 nonhuman primates submitted for postmortem examination during a six‐year period at the Yerkes Primate Center. Six of these animals had malignant tumors, and one animal had two primary malignancies. Nonhuman primates with tumors included rhesus, squirrel, and pigtail monkeys. Tumors observed included a sarcoma of the stomach, a sarcoma of the thigh, a malignant lymphoma, a glioblastoma of the cerebrum, two renal cell carcinomas, a carcinoma of the endometrium, and three uterine leiomyomas. Two monkeys in the colony presently have malignant tumors, one a testicular seminoma, and the other an abdominal adenocarcinoma, probably of ovarian origin. Electron microscopy revealed virus‐like particles in specimens from the thigh sarcoma. The only tumors observed in any of the great ape species during this period have been two surgically removed benign tumors in chimpanzees, a subcutaneous lipoma and a hemangioma of the skin.
Cardiac allograft pathology in rhesus monkeys
Authors: Hollander C. F.
Published: August 2005

Orthotopic, allogeneic heart transplantations were performed in 26 randomly selected rhesus monkeys to study the effect of immunosuppressive treatment on survival and cardiac morphology. The histological picture of the acute and chronically rejected hearts was similar to that described for acute and chronic cardiac allograft rejection in man. As seems to be the case in man, an obliterative arteritis of the coronary arteries appears to be the limiting factor in cardiac allograft survival in the rhesus monkey. Immunosuppressive treatment with either Imuran and ALS or Imuran, ALS, and Prednisone could not prevent the occurrence of obliterative arteritis of the coronary arteries. Contrary to the observation in man, no atherosclerotic changes were found in the affected parts of the coronary arteries or in the non‐diseased parts.
Herpesvirus simiae infection in Macaca radiata
Authors: España Carlos
Published: August 2005

Forty of 79 bonnet macaques (Macaca radiata) housed in an outdoor structure became infected with a respiratory disease, and 16 died. The most conspicuous lesions were those of hemorrhagic interstitial lobar pneumonia and focal hepatic necrosis with monocytic infiltration and eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. A virus, in high titer, was obtained from the lung and liver of two fatal cases (107 TCID50 × gram of tissue) by inoculating tissue homogenates in primary vervet monkey kidney, BSC‐1, and MA104 cell cultures. The cytopathic effect was identical with that induced by Herpesvirus simiae in the same cell cultures. Similar cellular changes were seen in LLC‐MK2 cell cultures. Infected cells contained eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions, and intranuclear herpes‐like virus particles were seen by electron microscopy. The virus could not be passed serially in mice by the intracerebral route of inoculation. Bonnet monkeys (herpes antibody‐free), inoculated intravenously with the virus, developed vesicular lesions on the arms, face, hands, and soles of the feet; and the virus was recovered from the vesicular fluid. All lesions disappeared within three weeks after inoculation, and the animals later recovered. On the basis of host range, cytopathic effect, electron microscopy, mouse susceptibility, and the results of neutralization tests in tissue cultures, the virus was identified as Herpesvirus simiae.
An experimental study of vocal communication between mother and infant monkeys (Macaca nemestrina)
Authors: Simons Ronald C. , Bielert Craig F.
Published: August 2005

Vocal communication was studied in six feral‐born mother monkeys (Macaca nemestrina) and their three‐ to four‐month‐old infants in tests which employed two sound‐shielded rooms equipped with microphones and speakers. The mothers' locomotor activity levels were measured as activity counts, and vocalizations of mothers and infants were recorded under three conditions: mothers in two‐way auditory communication with their own infants, in two‐way auditory communication with other infants of matched sex and age, and without communication. Mothers' vocalizations and activity counts during auditory access were correlated with the number of infants' vocalizations in the same tests. Mothers' activity counts were higher with auditory access to an infant. However, neither activity counts nor vocalizations of mothers differed when in communication with their own infants from the same measures when in communication with matched infants. Neither mothers nor infants vocalized differently, either qualitatively or quantitatively, in the three conditions.
Tactile communication among free‐ranging langurs
Authors: Weber Inge
Published: August 2005

Tactile behavior of Indian langurs was studied in the field and analyzed in the context of the complex process of communication; thus the character of the interactions created, defined, and modified by individual tactile behavior is emphasized. In the total process of communication, tactile contact is the most intimate, since only it requires the renunciation of individual space. This paper interprets the various forms of tactile communication in different social structures among langur populations and includes grooming, touching the other's shoulder or loins or root of tail, embracing, lip contact, greeting ceremonies, and specific sequences of these elements. The functions of these behaviors are discussed, specifically in terms of group composition, of the individual's role and position within a group, and of specific group situations.
Herpesvirus saimiri antigens and virus recovery from cultured cells and antibody levels and virus isolations from squirrel monkeys
Authors: Rabin Harvey , Pearson Gary , Klein George , Ablashi Dharam , Wallen William , Cicmanec John
Published: August 2005

In cultures of vero cells infected with a low multiplicity of Herpesvirus saimiri (HVS), the development of internal antigen, as demonstrated by indirect immunofluorescence, was detected early and preceded the release of infectious virus. Membrane antigen, determined on unfixed cells, developed shortly thereafter. A positive correlation was found between the percentage of antigen‐positive cells and the amount of recoverable infectious virus in cocultivation cultures of cells of a low virus‐producing line of HVS‐induced tumor and vero cells. Cytosine arabinoside (araC) prevented the development of infectious HVS, typical internal antigen, and membrane antigen when vero cells were treated with the drug two hours after virus inoculation. Another type of internal antigen appearing predominantly in the nucleus was demonstrable in infected but araC‐treated vero cells. The presence of antibody to this antigen was rare in naturally‐infected squirrel monkeys. Colony‐housed squirrel monkeys showed a high frequency of antibody to HVS internal antigen produced in infected vero cells in the absence of araC, and evidence for seroconversion in some of these monkeys was obtained. Virus was isolated from lymphocytes of six of seven squirrel monkeys tested.
Labor and delivery behavior in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Brandt E. M. , Mitchell G.
Published: August 2005

The present report is a description of 14 rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta) births, five of which have been filmed in 16 mm colored silent film. All of the females shown in the film are feral, but descriptions of births in laboratory females are also included in the report. Time of delivery, observational techniques, signs of labor, differences with parity, and behaviors of both mothers and infants are included. A brief description of a few feet of film of a breech birth is also presented. The behaviors of adult males, who were sometimes present during delivery, are described.

The characteristic labor posture is the squat, although some females crouch or lie down. Other birth behaviors are reaching back, licking, and stretching. Primiparous mothers generally have longer and more difficult deliveries and often appear to be nervous or clumsy shortly after the birth. The infant's behavior varies with its health; the present report describes the behavior of five infants. The behavior of adult males who witness births is variable, ranging from intense curiosity to aggression.
The social behavior of adult male‐infant pairs of rhesus macaques in a laboratory environment
Authors: Redican W. K. , Mitchell G.
Published: August 2005

Adult males in nonhuman primate societies exhibit a wide range of behaviors toward immature members of their social group, ranging from virtually continuous nurturance to systematic infanticide. Among macaques, rhesus monkey males in the wild display perhaps the least degree of paternalistic behavior toward conspecific infants. But adult male‐infant rhesus attachments have not as yet been explored in a controlled longitudinal study, even though the mother‐infant bond has received careful attention for several decades.

In the present study two pairs of adult male and infant rhesus macaques were housed together without the mother for a period of at least seven months. To minimize the probability of physical harm to the infants, one adult male was present at the birth of the infant with whom it was paired and the other was visually familiarized with the infant for several weeks before being paired with it. Both pairs have shown much less ventral‐ventral contact than mother‐infant pairs and the infants have rarely attempted to gain nipple contact. The female infant now initiates and maintains ventral‐ventral contact much more frequently than the male infant in spite of the higher degree of aggression directed toward her by the male. The adults frequently groom their infants and exhibit varying degrees of both tolerance and aggression. Rough‐and‐tumble play appeared quite early in both pairs and is much more vigorous than mother‐infant play. Recently the male‐male pair has exhibited reciprocal mounting and thrusting.

Comparisons are made with data obtained in an earlier study of mother‐infant pairs conducted under nearly identical experimental circumstances. The effects of separating the adult males and infants at seven months are also described.