bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Machine learning reveals the width of fault damage zones in northeast Sichuan Basin, China
Authors: Zhang Jingbo , Chen Sixian , Liao Zonghu
Published: March 2024

AbstractAccurate understanding and identification of faults architecture is crucial in seismic data interpretation and earthquake analysis, where fault slip surfaces may interact with damage rocks, forming damage zones with a width larger than hundred meters. We use machine learning (ML) to show 10 kinds of seismic attributes from a seismic survey could be applied in identification and quantification of fault damage zone in northeast Sichuan Basin, China. The results indicate: (1) Six seismic attributes provide highest contribution to the fault characterization, including root mean square amplitude attributes, azimuth angle attributes, reverse attributes, original attributes, chaotic body attributes and ant body attributes; (2) The application of SHAP (SHapley Additive exPlanations) algorithm improves the model's accuracy, as the loss value (Mean Square Error , MSE) of the test data is restored from 17.86% to 16.03%; (3) Width estimation from the kernel density estimation algorithm (KDE) show the fault damage zone ranges from 0.3 to 1.2 km. Our work provides new insights into the interpretation of fault architecture in the subsurface, and we argue the geometrical parameters of the fault damage zone is significant for understanding the evolution of fault and earthquake simulations.Keywords:  Fault damage zone; Seismic interpretation; Machine learning (ML); Geometrical parametersFigure1.The seismic attributes of the actual work area entered into the model and the model calculation results: (A) Original attributes of the work area. (B) Variance attribute of the work area. (C) Results calculated by the ML modelFigure2. Thermal diagram presents the structure of the fault damage zone: (A) A vertical line perpendicular to the fault orientation correction; (B) indicates the fault range with a thermal index greater than 1.572; (C) indicates a fault range with a thermal index greater than 2.065; (D) indicates a thermal index greater than 2.401 fault range. The width of the damage zone could be estimated by these figures. Figure3. Descriptive diagram of fault damage zone width. Fault_1 represents the direction of fault width with thermal index greater than 1.572; Fault_2 represents the direction of fault width with thermal index greater than 2.065; Fault_3 represents the fault width trend map with thermal index greater than 2.4
Strengthening of carbon and water cycle connection in response to rising aridity in India
Authors: Kashyap Rahul , Kuttippurath Jayanarayanan
Published: March 2024

AbstractClimate change, anthropogenic activities and frequent extreme events have caused significant changes in vegetation cover, photosynthetic activity, and productivity around the world in recent decades. At the same time, in the global warming scenario around 40% of land is experiencing moisture stress. India, is the second largest contributor to global greening, has an agrarian economy and lies in tropical region with higher carbon uptake potential. Henceforth, it is it is critical to investigate recent changes in carbon-water cycle interactions in India. However, the scarcity of data, the extensive computational requirements, and the complex biosphere-atmosphere-hydrosphere interactions make accurate monitoring difficult, particularly in India. We use remote sensing data, a suite of advanced statistical techniques, including machine learning algorithms like random forest and causal analysis, to determine recent changes in carbon-water cycle in India. Soil moisture (SM) has direct causal links with carbon use efficiency (CUE) and its drivers. SM also has the strongest control on the changes in photosynthetic activity, CUE and water use efficiency (WUE) in India during recent decades. However, there is rising aridity in terms of SM, Climatic Water Deficit (CWD) and Vapour Pressure Deficit (VPD) in India. There is a decline in photosynthetic activity (browning), decline in CUE and increase in WUE in response to rising aridity in regions of higher CUE (> 0.6) and WUE (> 1.2), like northeast, lower Indo-Gangetic Plain and South India. The efficient carbon sinks in India are weakening due to rising aridity, deforestation and extreme events in recent decades.  Our study reveals that the carbon-water cycle connection in India is strengthened in recent decades as a response to climate change and anthropogenic intrusions.KeywordsVegetation Dynamics; Carbon Use Efficiency (CUE); Water Use Efficiency (WUE); Aridity; Remote Sensing Big Data; Machine Learning 
Geostatistical Stochastic Simulation of Hydraulic Conductivity and  Groundwater Dynamics Interpretation in an Alluvial-Marine Sedimentary System: A Case Study in Beihai City, China
Authors: Gong Keyu , Wen Zhang , Li Qinghua , Zhu Qi
Published: March 2024

In the realm of scientific water supply and the vigilant monitoring of advancing marine geohazards, the importance of sustainable aquifer management in coastal cities cannot be overstated. Investigating aquifer heterogeneity and the characteristics of coastal groundwater fluctuations serves as an effective approach to unveil the dynamic nature of aquifers. In this study, we simulated discrete geological variables using SISIM and T-PROGS, leveraging data from 8629 sample points across 111 boreholes in Beihai city, southern China. The results demonstrate heightened accuracy in depicting both lateral sediment distribution driven by river dynamics and vertical processes governing hydraulic conductivity coefficients within the aquifer. Our analysis underscores effectiveness of SISIM in reducing initial data requirements without necessitating Gaussian transformation, ensuring broad applicability, while T-PROGS proves suitable in environments characterized by prevalent lateral accumulation. This study employed the fractal method and wavelet analysis to investigate coastal zone groundwater fluctuations. Daily groundwater fluctuations displayed a distinct periodic variation, indicating a biased stochastic traveling pattern and potential short-term predictability. Notably, time-frequency characteristics exhibited a strong correlation with tidal fluctuations at smaller scales (12-24 hours). Additionally, the study provides initial modeling insights into the impact of heterogeneity on groundwater fluctuations.
Numerical analysis of urban heat island in the coastal tropical desert city Doha, Qatar
Authors: Jayarajan Roshini Rajeswari , Fountoukis Christos , Siddique Azhar , Moosakutty Shamjad , Alfarra Mohammedrami , Ayoub Mohammed Ali
Published: March 2024

Qatar has witnessed substantial urbanization in recent years; the Doha metropolitan area grew by approximately a factor of 8 between 1984 and 2020, while bare land was reduced by more than 50%. Recent Climate projections mark the Middle East as a climate change hotspot, making it an ideal region for studying urbanization and its implications. The distribution of the Urban heat island effect and its modification with urbanization over the tropical desert city of Doha, Qatar is investigated using high-resolution Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF-ARW) model simulations. Two fair weather cases corresponding to the winter and summer seasons during 2022 are considered for analysis. Four sets of simulations are conducted by modifying the land use land cover (LULC) data and urban parameterization schemes keeping all other physics options and configuration constant. The study includes the recent 100m hybrid CGLC-MODIS-LCZ dataset (Hybrid-LCZ data), which includes the global map of Local Climate Zones (LCZ), for the first time in the region. The simulations are (1) Comparatively older LULC data corresponding to the year 2001 (hereafter MODIS), (2) the current extensive urban area corresponding to 2018 coupled with a single-layer urban canopy model (UCM) (hereafter LCZ-UCM), (3) hybrid LCZ data coupled with multilayer Building Environment Parametrization (BEP) (hereafter LCZ-BEP), and (4) hybrid LCZ coupled with Building energy model (BEM) (hereafter LCZ-BEM). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first numerical analysis of the UHI effect over this region that includes simulations with the local climate zones (LCZ). The results indicate the presence of strong UHI intensity with a maximum of 4.5˚C (6.5˚C) during the winter (Summer) period. During late night and early morning hours, the urban heat island (UHI) effect is strong and during daytime, a strong urban cool island (UCI) effect dominates the region. During the winter period, the intensity of UHI and UCI are controlled by the prevailing synoptic wind systems. The amplitude of the UHI and UCI trend is reduced by the prevailing North Westerly winds, while the moisture-rich South Westerly winds enhance it. However, during summer the surface representation along with local weather patterns modulates the intensity of the UCI and UHI. A consistent improvement in the simulated meteorological parameters is noted from the simulation with MODIS, UCM, BEP, and BEM during the summer season. The LCZ-BEM model accurately simulates the urban heat island intensity, temperature, and relative humidity with minimal deviation from observations. However, in winter as the synoptic features play a crucial role in the surface conditions all model experiments show similar performance in comparison to the observations.     
Future Orchard Expansion May Decrease Groundwater Recharge and Increase Nitrate Contamination in An Intensively Cultivated Loess Critical Zone
Authors: Niu Liantao , Jia Xiaoxu
Published: March 2024

Extensive cropland-to-orchard transition alters water flow and nitrate transport in the vadose zone (VZ) of the Earth’s Critical Zone (CZ), which may impact groundwater recharge and threaten future water quality from intensive nitrogen fertilizer application. Understanding the regional unsaturated water and nitrate fluxes and travel times in the deep VZ is crucial for the sustainable management of the groundwater system. Here, a regional-scale model was developed to estimate the recharge and nitrate transport in the cultivated loess CZ of China’s Guanzhong Plain (CGP), where cropland-to-orchard transition has been extensively promoted in the past few decades. Besides, uncertainties and sensitivities in estimated fluxes of water and nitrate induced by variations in soil hydraulic parameters (SHPs) were evaluated. A comparison between model simulations and observations at 12 sites exhibits good simulation performance. Comparing the measured SHPs, SHPs from Rosetta and Global SHPs products introduced 86.28% and 48.94% uncertainties in the simulation of nitrate leaching fluxes from cropland and orchard, respectively, as well as 44.76% uncertainties in the simulation of groundwater recharge fluxes from the orchard. Application over the CGP based on measured SHPs indicates that the central and eastern CGP were the hotspots for groundwater nitrate contamination. By comparing traditional cropland and orchard scenarios, simulations reveal that cropland-to-orchard transition results in a 39.3-fold increase in nitrate leaching fluxes and a 9.8% decrease in groundwater recharge fluxes. Modeled nitrate travel times through the deep VZ range between decades and centuries under both land use scenarios; however, the cropland-to-orchard transition would extend the time (~22.4 years) it takes for nitrate to reach the aquifer. Although cropland-to-orchard transition delays nitrate transport to the aquifer, the increased nitrate leaching flux will increase the risk of nitrate groundwater pollution, especially in areas with shallow VZs and coarse soil texture. This study provides valuable information for assessing the future vulnerability of groundwater resources under agricultural land use and management changes in the cultivated loess CZ.
Multiproxy investigation of secular changes in tectonic regimes and crustal recycling in Earth history
Authors: McKenzie N. Ryan , Liu Hangyu , Colleps Cody , Nordsvan Adam
Published: March 2024

Tectonic processes influence numerous biogeochemical cycles. Accordingly, the evolution of the continental curst and changes in tectonic styles are inherently linked with secular chages in Earth’s surface environment. Here we present multiproxy mineralogical and geochronologic data to evaluate compositional changes in the upper crust along with variations in tectonic regimes and crustal recycling.  Our data indicate transitions from dominantly mafic to volumetrically extensive felsic upper crust occurred from the Archean into the Paleoproterozoic, which corresponds with evidence for enhanced crustal reworking. That later Paleoproterozoic through the Mesoproterozoic is characterized by a general reduction in crustal recycling and assimilatory tectonics with relatively limited active crustal thickening. Finally, the Neoproterozoic–Phanerozoic represents an interval with of increased juvenile magmatism and extensional tectonics, corresponding with deep and steep subduction and slab-rollback. This leads to enhanced island arc and back-arc basin formation, and subsequent arc collision.  These major shifts in composition and tectonic regimes that broadly bookended the Proterozoic have profound effects on numerous biogeochemical cycles particularly carbon, oxygen, and phosphorous cycles, and are thus likely linked to changes in the oxidative state and climate of Earth’s surface system observed during these times.
Effects of Plant Growth-Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) on Saltwater Evaporation: A Case Study Using Bacillus Subtilis
Authors: Jin Yan , Yan Jing , Knight Bridget , Zheng Wenjuan
Published: March 2024

Plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are known for their ability to enhance plant tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses, including drought and salinity. Additionally, PGPR have been shown to mediate changes in physical properties and hydrological functions of soil. In previous studies, we demonstrated that Bacillus subtilis FB17 (trade name UD1022, a PGPR), could increase soil water retention, preserve continuity of the liquid phase in drying soils, and decrease evaporation. These effects are attributed to production of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), which are capable of mediating local/micro scale changes in water retention and flow dynamics in soil. We have since extended our study to investigate the potential influence of UD1022 on saltwater evaporation from sand. Specifically, we are comparing evaporation of saltwater, at concentrations 0 (pure water), 10 and 20 ppt, from UD1022-treated sand columns and controls (without treatment). Measurements include temporal changes in cumulative evaporation and evaporation rate, as well as recording surface salt precipitation patterns. Preliminary results from experiments with pure water and 20 ppt saltwater show significant differences in evaporation of pure water between the treated and control columns, however, treatment effects on the evaporation of 20-ppt saltwater were much less pronounced. A preliminary experiment evaluating effects of salt concentration on pellicle formation showed that biofilm formation was suppressed with increasing salinity, presumably, leading to the insignificant effect in reducing evaporation. Nevertheless, images from light and scanning electron microscopes show an earlier onset of salt precipitation on the surface of UD1022-treated sand than control sand, hinting on the potentially very complex interactions between UD1022 and salt precipitation and their effects on evaporation. Additional on-going experiments at lower salt concentrations will allow better mechanistic understanding on how PGPR may mediate changes in salt precipitation and saltwater evaporation in porous media.
Using Dynamic Topography and Seismic Tomography to explore the compensation of seafloor in oceanic and back-arc basins
Authors: Qiu Jialei , Padavini Nadia , Vannucchi Paola , Morgan Jason
Published: March 2024

Both dynamic topography and seismic tomography have played crucial roles in providing invaluable insights into the Earth's interior structure and geological processes. Here we explore to what degree dynamic topography within ocean and back-arc basins can be correlated with the upper mantle seismic structure that has been imaged in recent high-resolution global models.To explore the global ocean dynamic topography associated with subsurface mantle convection, we need to remove the influences of known contributing factors to seafloor relief such as the cooling of the ocean floor and the thickness of the ocean crust and sediments. We developed a series of scripts in PyGMT and MATLAB to do this, based on seafloor ages in GPLATES and sediment/crust information in CRUST1.0. With these corrections for near-surface structure, we obtained global average residual-depth values that serve as a basis for analyzing global subsurface structures linked to the asthenosphere and upper mantle, which we then compare to the vertically averaged shear-wave seismic structure above the transition zone. Our preliminary study highlights that the significant ~km-difference in dynamic topography between the Philippine back-arc basin and the Lau-Tonga backarc appear to be linked to a major difference in asthenosphere thickness and density beneath these two regions.
Box-Modelling of O3 and its sensitivity towards VOCs and NOx in Mexico City under altered emission conditions
Authors: Akther Tanzina , Rappenglueck Bernhard , Nelson Beth , Mayhew Alfred , Retama Armando , Rivera-Hernández Olivia
Published: March 2024

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) data and other inorganic pollutants, in conjunction with surface meteorological data and planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) were collected at an urban site in Mexico City continuously from 6 to 18 March 2016. The zero-dimensional chemical box model AtChem2 was employed to investigate the in situ O3 generation in Mexico City. This model incorporates a subset of the Master Chemical Mechanism (MCM v3.3.1). AtChem2 was constrained to 29 VOCs, NO, NO2, SO2, HONO, temperature, pressure, relative humidity, PBLH, and photolysis rates (JNO2 as J4 and JO1 as J1). The Tropospheric Ultraviolet (TUV) radiation model, version 5.3, was utilized to calculate the radiation propagation through the atmosphere and determine the photolysis rates of NO2 and O1 in Mexico City. A series of modeling scenarios were conducted to explore how O3 generation responds to variations in VOCs and NOx. VOCs and NOx mixing ratios were adjusted independently, multiplying their mixing ratios by values ranging from 0.1 to 2.0. This variation of VOCs and NOx resulted in distinct model scenarios, allowing us to assess the sensitivity of O3 generation. It revealed that at least this area in Mexico City falls into a NOx limited area with regard to ozone formation. When only NOx is reduced, significant reduction in O3 is observed. While government interventions in Mexico City over the past decades have successfully reduced primary pollutant emissions, still episodes with high O3 levels occur, which require reassessment of O3 abatement strategies.
A new Dataset for Belowground Urban Stormwater Networks over the U.S.
Authors: Li Hongyi , Eriget Seife , Chegini Taher , Bisht Gautam , Engwirda Darren , Feng Dongyu , Liao Chang , Tan Zeli , Xu Donghui , Zhou Tian , Leugn Ruby
Published: March 2024

Belowground urban stormwater network (BUSN) data are usually not available to the public at the regional or national scales, hindering predictive understanding of BUSN’s impacts on urban flooding under extreme climates. We derived a national BUSN dataset over the contiguous United States by leveraging a newly developed algorithm based on graph theory and extensively available information such as street networks, landuse, topography, etc. For the convenience of hydrologic modeling, the generated BUSN national dataset is available in a vector format and organized to the 12-digit Hydrologic Unit (HUC12) watersheds, the smallest hydrologic unit defined by the U.S. Geologic Survey. There are two categories of data included in this dataset: 1) network-level information, such as the spatial typology and connectivity between the stormwater pipes; 2) pipe-level information, such as pipe diameter, length, slope, and roughness. Data quality control is also performed to ensure the completeness of BUSN within each HUC12 watershed. We will also discuss the possible causes for the biases in the estimated BUSN, and briefly demonstrate using this dataset in an integrated urban-hydrologic modeling framework over the U.S. We suggest this dataset can be valuable for understanding and modeling urban flooding processes at regional and larger scales.
Should we worry about the massive increase of satellite reentry debris in the polar regions?
Authors: Megner Linda
Published: March 2024

During space reentry, satellites undergo ablation in the Mesosphere, leading to the dispersion of ablated material across the globe. The Mesospheric circulation efficiently concentrates this material into the polar winter stratosphere, from where its fate is not well known. Historically, the mass of satellite debris has been significantly smaller than that of naturally occurring meteoroids. The meteoric material also undergoes ablation and deposit similar material, which is transported to the poles and can be observed in Greenland ice cores. With the current exponential increase in the number of launched satellites, the mass of the satellite debris will go from negligible to surpassing the mass of natural meteoric material within the next few years. Here, the quantity and composition of material to be expected in the polar stratosphere the coming years are presented. The question is raised: What potential impacts will the drastic increase of satellite debris have on the polar atmosphere/cryosphere?
Exploring the effects of mineral dust acidification on oxidative potential and limiting nutrient solubility
Authors: Baccarini Andrea , Molina Carolina , Kaltsonoudis Christos , Seitanide Katerina , Georgopoulou Maria , Waseem Ali , Argyropoulou Georgia , Gonzalez-Romero Adolfo , Querol Xavier , Pérez García-Pando Carlos , Papoulis Dimitrios , Takahama Satoshi , Violaki Kalliopi , N. Pandis Spyros , Nenes Athanasios
Published: March 2024

Mineral dust aerosol particles are ubiquitous in the atmosphere; they contribute to more than half of the total atmospheric aerosol burden and have far-reaching impacts on biogeochemical cycles, air quality and Earth’s radiative budget. Much of the impact of dust is linked to its mild alkalinity and metal content, which directly influence atmospheric reactivity. However, metals and other trace nutrients (TN), such as phosphorous, are largely insoluble in freshly emitted dust and exhibit limited bioavailability for ecosystems upon deposition. The same metals can induce considerable oxidative stress upon inhalation, but mostly if in soluble form. Previous studies have found that atmospheric processing and, in particular, acidification of dust (caused by reactions with sulfuric, nitric, hydrochloric and organic acids) can promote TN solubility and increase the adverse health effects of population exposure to dust. Atmospheric processing also influences dust hygroscopicity and cloud-forming ability, directly affecting Earth’s radiative budget and deposition patterns.
Previous experiments investigating the effect of atmospheric processing on mineral dust properties were mainly conducted in bulk materials and samples. The dissolution kinetics of metals and TN remains poorly constrained under real atmospheric conditions. To address this issue, we have developed an atmospheric simulation chamber facility where mineral dust particles from a wide range of soils can be generated and aged by any mechanisms relevant to the atmosphere (e.g., acidification through photooxidation and/or nocturnal chemistry).
This study provides a detailed characterization of the chamber facility and explores how acidification alters the properties of mineral dust. In particular, we examine the effect of nitrate and sulfate aging on the solubility of TN and the oxidative potential (measured with a DTT assay) of the dust, under atmospherically relevant conditions. We conclude by relating these findings to field observations and discussing the implications for biogeochemical cycles and air quality.
A new technique of measuring sap flow that accurately measures a wide range of sap flow rates
Authors: s b Spandan , srinivasan Venketraman
Published: March 2024

Accurate estimation of sap flow is vital for plant models and significantly impacts existing management policies, particularly when scaling from the plant level to plot levels. The heat pulse method (HPM) is widely used for measuring sap flow in plants because of its added benefits compared to other traditional methods. In HPM, there are many approaches, all of which follow the Marshall theory. The existing HPM fails to measure a wide range of sap flow rates in a single approach. The literature suggests that those limitations may be because of factors such as wounding, sensor resolution, and others. However, these reasons apply only within specific heat pulse velocity ranges. These methods typically rely on 1-3 data points for sap flow estimation. In some methods, the data points for particular flow rates may be susceptible to noise, resulting errors in sap flow estimates. While a combination of different methods could potentially address this issue, they often require different probe configurations, additional probes, and complex switching algorithms. However, none of the existing techniques have successfully measured the full range of sap flow rates. In this study, we present a new approach capable of measuring a wide range of sap flow rates by minimizing the sum of square errors between modeled and observed temperature data points, utilizing 180 data points. Additionally, we demonstrate that the signal-to-noise ratio as an explanatory framework shows the limitations of existing methods within specific heat pulse velocity ranges. We show that the signal-to-noise ratio can be increased by utilizing all available data points. The Sum of Square Errors Minimization method can accurately measure a wide range of sap flow rates without the need to change probe configurations, contributing to improved scaling from plant level to plot levels.
Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes from drained and undrained peatland forests in the Baltic region.
Authors: Sardar Ali Muhammad Kamil , Schindler Thomas , Vahter Hanna , Kull Ain , Mander Ülo , Lazdiņš Andis , Līcīte Ieva , Bārdule Arta , Butlers Aldis , Čiuldienė Dovilė , Vigricas Egidijus , Jauhiainen Jyrki , Laiho Raija , Soosaar Kaido
Published: March 2024

Peatland ecosystem degradation and changes made in hydrology by artificial drainage may affect the biogeochemistry of peatlands and, together with projected global warming, may lead to significant changes in greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes. Drainage of peatlands increases organic matter's aerobic decomposition, changes native vegetation, and may decrease the storage of C. The vegetative characteristics of forest ecosystem types may change a net GHG sink peatland to a source in drained organic soils.However, soil CH4 and N2O fluxes in peatlands are spatially and temporally (interannual, seasonal) variable, and detailed data from drained nutrient-rich organic soils in the hemiboreal zone is lacking. We conducted a study spanned over two years comprising drained (n=18) and undrained (n=7) peatland forests with dominant tree species of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris), Norway spruce (Picea abies), birch (Betula sp.), and black alder (Alnus glutinosa) spread across Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania. Instantaneous fluxes of CH4 and N2O were measured monthly for the whole year using the manual static chamber method. Environmental parameters in soil, such as soil water level (WTL), moisture, and temperatures at depths (0-40 cm), were monitored continuously, and detailed soil chemical analyses were conducted. To constrain the factors regulating temporal fluxes of various environmental conditions and differentiate annual emissions between land use in the Baltic region.The results show that all drained forest soils were annual CH4 sinks (−37.0 ± 4.5 μg C m−‍2 h−‍1), while undrained forests were emitters on average 388.5 ± 142. Mean annual CH4 uptake is significantly higher in deep-drained soils −45.5 ± 3.6 μg C m−‍2 h−‍1 (WTL > −50cm) than in poorly drained soils (p
The GTM global probabilistic tsunami hazard model
Authors: Lorito Stefano , Romano Fabrizio , Volpe Manuela , Tonini Roberto , Cascone Valeria , Løvholt Finn , Gibbons Steven , Glimsdal Sylfest , Harbitz Carl , Bader Micheal , Gabriel Alice Agnes , Davies Gareth , Macias Jorge , Babeyko Andrey , Behrens Jörn , Johnson Kendra , Crowley Helen , Pagani Marco , Lanucara Piero
Published: March 2024

The EU ChEESE-2P project (Centre of Excellence for Exascale in Solid Earth, second Phase, https://cheese2.eu/) aims to developing Pilot Demonstrators (PD) in different areas of Solid Earth (SE) addressing 12 SE Exascale Computational Challenges. One of these is a new Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (PTHA) for earthquake-generated tsunamis at the global scale, in the framework of the GTM (Global Tsunami Model) initiative. The GTM PTHA model is meant to be an update of the previous one of its kind (Davies et al., 2018, Geological Society of London). The new model will present enhanced source variability (e.g. stochastic slip) and spatially higher resolution of the calculation points. “Capacity” simulations will involve on the order of several 100k unit sources, using grids with a 30 arc-sec resolution. The offshore simulations will require on the order of a few million GPU hrs. Inundation simulations for some pilot localities may need up to 5-10 million GPU hrs. They encompass tens of millions of global tsunami scenarios and create high-resolution inundation maps for 10-20 hotspot locations. The global and local models will be distributed through EPOS-TCS Tsunami, showcasing EuroHPC resource utilization for local hazard and risk analysis.Further than representing a new global reference hazard model, some tools will be provided to allow to:Take the global model as an input to perform local PTHA anywhere globally;
Recalculate the hazard using a custom source treatment, including probability, rates, fault data, and earthquake source models with dynamic and heterogeneous slip, using pre-calculated or on-the-fly HPC-based tsunami modelling with the Tsunami-HySEA GPU code;
Publish results via the EPOS-TCS Tsunami service delivery framework.
The GTM PTHA model and tools will be interoperable with the other seismic source models and risk calculation tools (e.g. OpenQuake), thus establishing a connection between the Global Tsunami Model (GTM) and Global Earthquake Model (GEM).We will also seek to establish compatibility and potential coupling with the Digital Twins from different EU projects (DT-GEO, DT-Ocean) towards DestinE.
Vesiculated basaltic enclave flotation as a mechanism of fluid pressure increase in magma chambers during silicic-basaltic magma mixing
Authors: Podladchikov Yury , Bindeman Ilya
Published: March 2024

We present undated results of a numerical model of pressure increase in a quasi-isochoric magma system due to the flotation of bubble-crystal clusters (vesicular mafic enclaves), that are common in silicic rocks that experience magma chamber refill by water and CO2-saturated basaltic magma. The model accounts for water solubility and diffusion and utilizes measured size distributions of mafic enclaves in volcanic and plutonic rocks around the world. These mafic enclaves have sizes ranging from (~1 to >30 cm), lognormal size distribution that we explain by flotation. They have lower densities (density difference =10-30%) than silicic hosts due to bubbles. The principal results of the model are: 1) enclaves are capable of rapid (days-months) flotation leading to pressurization of shallow magma chambers over cracking limit (100 MPa) using fluid rise mechanisms below; 2) The dynamics of pressure increase is strongly non-linear and is determined by the initial size distribution of enclaves, and other parameters; 3) Diffusion of water out of enclaves is slower than the rise time for most realistic viscosities of the silicic host melt. We consider cases when overpressuring causes density reversal due to solubility increase, and consider the role of convection. We present examples of high concentrations of enclaves within silicic domes that we explain by pre-eruption accumulation by flotation to the roof Bindeman I.N., Podladchikov Y.Y., Inclusions in volcanic rocks and a mechanism for triggering volcanic eruptions, Modern Geology, 19, 1-11, 1993.Steinberg, G.S., Steinberg, A.S., Merzhanov A.G., Fluid mechanism of pressure growth in volcanic (magmatic) systems, Modern Geology, 13, 257-265, 1989a.Steinberg, G.S., Steinberg, A.S., Merzhanov A.G., Fluid mechanism of pressure growth and the seismic regime of volcanous prior to eruption, Modern Geology, 13, 267-274, 1989b.Steinberg, G.S., Steinberg, A.S., Merzhanov A.G., Fluid mechanism of pressure rise in volcanic (magmatic) systems with mass exchange, Modern Geology, 13, 275-281, 1989c.
Reimagining Australia's mine waste: New resources, new challenges
Authors: Parbhakar-Fox Anita , Jackson Laura , Bhowany Kamini , Blannin Rosie , Gomes Allan , K'ng LeXi
Published: March 2024

Meeting the needs of the energy transition is a once-in-a-generation challenge like no other before. To meet the projected metal demand to support things, the global community will produce increased volumes of mine waste requiring best practice management. Mine waste is suspected to be a host of critical metals and minerals (i.e., cobalt, indium, REEs, Ga and Ge have typically been by-products since concentrating in waste streams). If identified as significant resources of critical metals, remining waste can support Australia’s effort to adopt circular economy principles, a notable socio-economic driver.Whilst this sounds relatively straightforward, practical investigations show this is anything but. From sampling to metal recovery, mine waste materials are complex and heterogenous originating, in some cases, from multiple ore sources, processed by different methods, and eventually subjected to weathering under changing climatic conditions. Therefore, multi-scale multidisciplinary characterisation is required to truly develop a valorisation process which not only recovers critical metals and minerals, but also substantially reduces any associated environmental legacy issues and mining footprints.    In collaboration with the QLD, NT, NSW and SA State Governments and Geoscience Australia mine waste (i.e., tailings, slag, waste rock and metallurgical residues) at historical and operational mines across the country have been sampled (n= 50 of 77: 2019-2024). Highlights so far include potential for Co resources in QLDs NW Minerals Province with metallurgical studies now being conducted to recover Co from pyrite.  Indium, hosted in a range of sulfides, sulfosalts and cassiterite has been recognised in greisen and VHMS mine waste, whilst Sb (and REE) enrichment has been identified in the sampled NT. New investigations are underway to better understand SAs waste with desktop studies suggesting Ni, REEs and Mn fertility.  Whilst these data will ultimately feed into the national Mine Waste Atlas being developed by Geoscience Australia, opportunities to manage the new waste streams are being explored. With new markets coming online seeking feedstocks which are more enviro-ethically sourced. However, the challenge remains, how to ensure policies are in place to support these activities, whilst ensuring that the right technologies to support valorisation are accessible. As global communities align to tackle these hurdles, mine waste transformation looks certain to be the business model of the future.   
Modeling Study of Phytoplankton Responses in Lake Michigan to a Changing Climate
Authors: Xue Pengfei , Zhou Xing , Rowe Mark , Alsip Peter , Bunnell David , Höök Tomas , Gardner Spencer , Rutherford Edward , Collingsworth Paris
Published: March 2024

Physical factors such as water temperature, water column mixing, and light are crucial for the phytoplankton abundance and primary production in Lake Michigan. The potential impacts of climate change on these factors could significantly affect the dynamics of Lake Michigan's phytoplankton. In this study, we employed an integrated modeling framework to project the impact of climate change. This framework included a two-way coupled 3D lake-ice–climate system (GLARM), a hydrodynamic model (FVCOM), and a nutrient-phytoplankton-zooplankton-detritus (NPZD) model, further enhanced by a compartment representing the invasive quagga mussel (Dreissena rostriformis bugensis). Our approach encompassed historical simulations for the period 2005–2014, as well as two sets of future projections for the mid-21st century (2041–2049) and the late 21st century (2091–2099), utilizing the Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) 8.5 scenario. Our findings indicate that changes in water temperature and water column mixing significantly influence the seasonal patterns of phytoplankton abundance and primary production. These changes notably alter the timing and magnitude of the winter-spring phytoplankton bloom and the depth of the chlorophyll layer. Furthermore, the model predicts an increase in primary production under the projected climate scenarios, with significant variations in both spatial and seasonal patterns.
Magnetosheath turbulence and intermittency at Venus, Earth and Mars observed during space weather events
Authors: Echim Marius M. , Rodriguez Luciano , Lapenta Giovanni , Shukhobodskaia Daria , Aravindakshan Harikrishnan , Teodorescu Eliza , Munteanu Costel
Published: March 2024

We investigate the effects of space weather events on the properties of turbulence and intermittency detected in the magnetosheath of Venus and Mars and compare with properties detected  in the Earth’s magnetosheath when impacted by the same interplanetary event. We select two Interplanetary Coronal Mass Ejection (ICME) events in 2012 which hit Venus and Earth and one ICME in 2018 which hit Earth and Mars. We use magnetic field and plasma data  provided by Venus Express, Cluster, MMS and MAVEN on which we apply a full set of analysis methods including computation of  Power Spectral Density (PSD), Probability Density Functions (PDFs) and the flatness. We compare the spectral index and the intermittent range of scales (where we observe scale dependent/increasing flatness) obtained for the non-magnetized planets with the same turbulence descriptors obtained for the Earth. We also compare planetary magnetosheath turbulence and intermittency  properties observed during space weather events with quiet times results, for each planetary system.
Fine mapping of crop patterns in the North China Plain from 2013 ‒ 2022
Authors: Dong Liang , Long Di , Zhang Caijin , Cui Yingjie , Scanlon Bridget R.
Published: March 2024

A nuanced understanding of crop patterns is pivotal for accurate crop yield and irrigation water use calculations, holding profound implications for national food security and sustainable environmental development. In the water-scarce North China Plain (NCP), where agricultural intensity faces challenges due to groundwater suppression and ecological restoration, this study employs random forest classification on Sentinel-2 Multispectral Instrument (MSI) and Landsat 8 Operational Land Imagery (OLI) time series to reveal the spatial and temporal dynamics of crop patterns from 2013 to 2022. Our classification, featuring a finer scheme (nine categories), higher spatial resolution (10/30 m), and extensive field sampling points, aligns well with China's statistical yearbooks. The annual mapping exposes a shift towards economic forests, mainly from other food crops, across all NCP provinces. Distinct spatial patterns emerge, with wheat-maize rotation decreasing at higher latitudes, countered by an increase in single maize and economic forests. Despite these shifts, wheat-maize rotation remains dominant, and seasonal fallow is concentrated in regions with poor irrigation, notably in groundwater funnel areas. Overall, our crop pattern mapping provides a robust dataset for water conservation and land management, contributing to regional resilience planning.
Lithosphere thinning and welding by Reunion Hotspot: impingement timing, transitional state and dynamics of Deccan Volcanic Province. 
Authors: Dey Siddharth , Talukdar Debojit , Ghosh Avisekh , Bhagat Amarjeet , Kumar Chiluvuru , Mohanty Manoranjan , Raul Ashish
Published: March 2024

During the late Cretaceous period of 130-65 Ma, Indian subcontinent experienced three major mantle plume events that affected the western Indian shield significantly. Two alkaline complexes in the Deccan Volcanic Province: Sarnu-Dandali Alkaline Complex (SDAC) and Mer-Mundwara Alkaline Complex (MMAC) served as prominent witnesses to those recurrent impingement episodes. Despite their chronological and spatial proximity, they demonstrate distinct evolutionary signatures which are ascertained through multidisciplinary approaches encompassing structural geology, magma chamber dynamics, and seismic velocity structure. We report significantly high erupted magma volume,depth of dike emplacement, radial and tangential stress at the magma chambers in MMAC than those in SDAC. Using inversion results of surface wave dispersion data, while we propose Moho depth of ~50 km in both the complexes, the Lithosphere Asthenosphere boundary (LAB) is speculated at a depth of ~70 km beneath SDAC, and ~140 km beneath MMAC. An anomalous high velocity anomaly lies immediately beneath the LAB at SDAC, while it is absent beneath MMAC. Amalgamting the evidences, we propose that, a) SDAC and MMAC clearly delineate the boundary of lithospheric thinning induced by the Reunion plume at 65±2 Ma, where SDAC lies within the thinned zone, and MMAC lies just outside of it; b) the contrasting geometry and geology are the results of disposition of the fracture pattern and volume of the magmatic outpour; c) high velocity body beneath SDAC at LAB depth is remnant of late stage magmatic underplating caused by the Reunion Plume. We conjecture that terminal underplating was caused due to the rapid drift of the Indian plate by dragging the remnants of the plume material during post-Deccan period.
 Predicting Electrical Resistivity in Hydrothermal and Natural Degassing Geological Systems through petrophysical and thermodynamic data: a machine learning approach
Authors: Carbonari Rolando , Salone Rosanna , Di Maio Rosa
Published: March 2024

Hydrothermal and natural degassing geological systems present various hazards. Monitoring them is crucial to understanding their behavior, assessing risks comprehensively, and mitigating potential impacts on both the environment and human safety. Electrical resistivity, which is closely related to water content, gas content, and fluid temperature, is a key parameter for studying these systems. However, existing mathematical relationships, such as Archie's law, have limitations, particularly in their applicability to a wide range of petrophysical and thermodynamic properties. Linking the observed variations in measured resistivity to variations in the dynamics of the hydrothermal or natural degassing system under investigation is not straightforward. The aim of this study is to establish a numerical relationship between petrophysical and thermodynamic input variables and resistivity data obtained from geoelectrical field surveys. This numerical relationship could predict changes in the electrical resistivity distribution based on variations in simulated petrophysical and thermodynamic values over time. Comparison between predicted and field resistivity data would ultimately validate the current dynamic state of the system, providing a powerful monitoring tool. To this end, two 3D petrophysical and thermodynamic numerical models for two natural degassing systems were constructed by 3D electrical resistivity tomography surveys using constraints derived from different types of data (e.g., geological, geochemical and/or hydrogeological data). The models were validated through the comparison of predicted temperature, pressure, and gas flow distributions with field survey data. We then trained a Random Forest algorithm to predict the resistivity values for each cell of the models using the petrophysical and thermodynamic parameters of each cell as input and the field resistivity values as the target variable. The results obtained for both models on the test data demonstrate the effectiveness of the Random Forest algorithm in successfully predicting resistivity values. This predictive capability, which allows adjustments to the system’s petrophysical and thermodynamic parameters until the predicted resistivity aligns with newly observed values, could shed light on the ongoing dynamics within the system, thereby enhancing its understanding through geophysical monitoring. The developed methodology could be a powerful addition to resistivity monitoring in active geological systems.  
Relative significance of CO2 and silica on talc formation at slab-mantle interface: Insights from experiments on metasomatic boundary
Authors: Okino Shunya , Okamoto Atsushi , Kita Yukiko , Sawa Sando , Muto Jun
Published: March 2024

It is thought that the supply of Si-rich fluid from subducting slab results in the formation of talc, a mantle mineral lowest frictional coefficient, at the slab-mantle interface. In contrast, the exhumed metamorphic belts often contain serpentinite bodies with extensive carbonate veins accompanying with talc. Recent experiments showed that the interaction of mantle rocks and CO2 fluids rapidly produces the carbonate+quartz and carbonate+talc assemblage (Sieber et al., 2018). However, it is not well understood whether silica or CO2 contributes more significantly to talc formation at the mantle wedge condition. In this study, we conducted a new type of experiments on the metasomatic reactions at slab-mantle interface at the mantle wedge condition to evaluate the role of CO2 fluid relative to silica fluid on the formation of talc.A Griggs-type piston cylinder apparatus was used for experiments on metasomatic reactions at the crust-mantle boundaries at 500°C, 1 GPa. We prepared the three layers of core samples; pelitic schist (the Sanbagawa belt, Japan) or quartzite was sandwiched between harzburgite (Horoman peridotite, dry mantle) and serpentinite (Mikabu belt, wet matle). Two types of fluids were introduced: pure H2O fluid and H2O-CO2 fluid. The latter produced by the decomposition of Oxalic Acid Dihydrate (OAD). We maintained 4wt% H2O and set the XCO2 = 0.2 for the H2O-CO2 experiments.In all conditions, the alteration more proceeded in the mantle rocks (harzburgite or serpentinite) than on the crust side. In the experiment with H2O, talc was formed both in harzburgite and serpentinite at the contact with crustal rocks. In the pelitic schist at the contact with ultramafic rocks, albite was selectively replaced by Mg smectite, whereas in the quartzite, a small amount of talc was formed, indicating that counter diffusion of Si from crust to mantle, and Mg from mantle to crust. In the experiments with H2O-CO2 fluids, talc was formed with magnesite both in harzburgite and serpentinite with intense fracturing. The rough mass balance calculations reveal that the amount of talc in the ultramafic rocks can be explained solely by the reaction with CO2-fluid, even if quartz-bearing rocks existed at the contact.These experimental results suggest that talc formation at the slab-mantle interface is greatly enhanced by the infiltration of CO2 fluids, at least, at the mantle wedge corner of the warm subduction zone, where the P-T conditions are similar to those of our experiments. In addition, not only silica but also other elements such as Mg and Al move significantly, which contributes to the various metasomatic reactions. Such heterogeneous metasomatic reactions could produce the rheological heterogeneities of the mantle wedge rheology at the slab-mantle interfaces, and may explain a wide spectrum of the slow slip events observed at the mantle wedge corner.