bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nanoparticles as Drug Delivery Systems in Cancer Medicine: Emphasis on RNAi-Containing Nanoliposomes
Authors: Díaz Mónica , Vivas-Mejia Pablo
Published: November 2013

Nanomedicine is a growing research field dealing with the creation and manipulation of materials at a nanometer scale for the better treatment, diagnosis and imaging of diseases. In cancer medicine, the use of nanoparticles as drug delivery systems has advanced the bioavailability, in vivo stability, intestinal absorption, solubility, sustained and targeted delivery, and therapeutic effectiveness of several anticancer agents. The expansion of novel nanoparticles for drug delivery is an exciting and challenging research filed, in particular for the delivery of emerging cancer therapies, including small interference RNA (siRNA) and microRNA (miRNAs)-based molecules. In this review, we focus on the currently available drug delivery systems for anticancer agents. In addition, we will discuss the promising use of nanoparticles for novel cancer treatment strategies.
Evaluation of ALOS PALSAR Imagery for Burned Area Mapping in Greece Using Object-Based Classification
Authors: Polychronaki Anastasia , Gitas Ioannis , Veraverbeke Sander , Debien Annekatrien
Published: November 2013

In this work, the potential of Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) imagery to map burned areas was evaluated in two study areas in Greece. For this purpose, we developed an object-based classification scheme to map the fire-disturbed areas using the PALSAR imagery acquired before and shortly after fire events. The advantage of employing an object-based approach was not only the use of the temporal variation of the backscatter coefficient, but also the incorporation in the classification of topological features, such as neighbor objects, and class related features, such as objects classified as burned. The classification scheme resulted in mapping the burned areas with satisfactory results: 0.71 and 0.82 probabilities of detection for the two study areas. Our investigation revealed that the pre-fire vegetation conditions and fire severity should be taken in consideration when mapping burned areas using PALSAR in Mediterranean regions. Overall, findings suggest that the developed scheme could be applied for rapid burned area assessment, especially to areas where cloud cover and fire smoke inhibit accurate mapping of burned areas when optical data are used.
Polarimetric Parameters for Growing Stock Volume Estimation Using ALOS PALSAR L-Band Data over Siberian Forests
Authors: Chowdhury Tanvir , Thiel Christian , Schmullius Christiane , Stelmaszczuk-Górska Martyna
Published: November 2013

In order to assess the potentiality of ALOS L-band fully polarimetric radar data for forestry applications, we investigated a four-component decomposition method to characterize the polarization response of Siberian forest. The decomposition powers of surface scattering, double-bounce and volume scattering, derived with and without rotation of coherency matrix, were compared with Growing Stock Volume (GSV). To compensate for topographic effects an adaptive rotation of the coherency matrix was accomplished. After the rotation, the correlation between GSV and double-bounce increased significantly. Volume scattering remained same and the surface scattering power decreased slightly. The volume scattering power and double-bounce power increased as the GSV increased, whereas the surface scattering power decreased. In sparse forest, at unfrozen conditions the surface scattering was higher than volume scattering, while volume scattering was dominant in dense forest. The scenario was different at frozen conditions for dense forest where the surface scattering was higher than volume scattering. Moreover, a slight impact of tree species on polarimetric decomposition powers has been observed. Larch was differed from aspen, birch and pine by +2 dB surface scattering power and also by −1.5 dB and −1.2 dB volume scattering power and double-bounce scattering power respectively at unfrozen conditions.
Direct electrophilic N-trifluoromethylthiolation of amines with trifluoromethanesulfenamide
Authors: Alazet Sébastien , Ollivier Kevin , Billard Thierry
Published: November 2013

The CF3SN moiety is a substituent with interesting properties. However, there is no easy synthetic access to molecules bearing this group. The trifluoromethanesulfenamide is a new reagent for the electrophilic trifluoromethylthiolation which reacts easily with amines to obtain trifluoromethylsulfanylamines with good yields.
Argeologie van homofobie: Boustene van mag
Authors: Le Roux Mark , Dreyer Yolanda
Published: November 2013

Archaeology of homophobia: Building blocks of power. The article investigates present-day discourses which demonstrate coercive power with regard to sexuality according to which people are attributed an identity. Such hegemony restricts existential authenticity. The article shows that, although sexual minorities could have public rights according to constitutional law, they still experience marginalisation because of victimisation on account of a heteronormative societal discourse. The article consists of an introductory section in which Michel Foucault’s notion of ‘the archaeology of knowledge’ is used to explore levels of perceptions in society which illustrate perceptions and ideas on homophobia. The first section focuses on the phenomenon of stigmatisation. The second section describes the process of stereotyping taboos that result in the phenomenon of internalised homophobia. The article concludes with a deconstruction of homophobia by emphasising the recognition of the Other by means of a contradiscourse to heteronormativity.
Simultaneous Determination of Amlodipine Besylate and Atorvastatin Calcium in Binary Mixture by Spectrofluorimetry and HPLC Coupled with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Moussa Bahia A. , El-Zaher Asmaa A. , Mahrouse Marianne A. , Ahmed Maha S.
Published: November 2013

Caduet tablets are novel prescription drug that combines amlodipine besylate (AM) with atorvastatin calcium (AT). A spectrofluorimetric and an HPLC-fluorescence detection methods were developed for simultaneous determination of both drugs in tablets. In the spectrofluorimetric method, native fluorescence of AM and AT were measured in methanol at 442 and 369 nm upon excitation at 361 and 274 nm, respectively. The emission spectrum of each drug reveals zero value at the emission wavelength of the other drug, thus allowing their simultaneous determination without interference. In the HPLC method, separation of AM and AT was achieved within 8 minutes on a C18column using acetonitrile:phosphate buffer (0.015 M, pH 3) (45:55, v/v) as the mobile phase. Fluorescence detection was carried out using excitation wavelengths 361 and 274 nm and emission wavelengths 442 and 378 nm for AM and AT, respectively. Excellent linearity was observed. Careful validation proved advantages of the new methods: high sensitivity, accuracy, selectivity and suitability for quality control laboratories.
Deployment of a dynamic penetrometer from manned submersibles for fine‐scale geomorphology studies
Authors: Stark Nina , Le Dantec Nicolas , Corella Juan Pablo , Barry David Andrew , Lemmin Ulrich , Girardclos Stéphanie , Kopf Achim
Published: November 2013

Dynamic penetrometers reveal information about seafloor strength, stratification, stability, and sediment remobilization. However, positioning is often limited to a range of meters making it difficult to target small‐scale geomorphologic features. Deployments from submersed vessels (manned or remotely operated) can extend the possibilities of in situ geotechnical surveying in areas of complex bathymetry. The lightweight dynamic penetrometer Nimrod was modified to enable its deployment from the MIR submersibles, and was deployed during two dives in the Rhône Delta and Vidy Bay (both Lake Geneva). In the Rhône Delta, five positions at the floor/levee complex of a submarine canyon were sampled with ~1 m spacing, with good reproducibility of the results. In Vidy Bay, so‐called pillow‐hollow structures on the lake bottom with dimensions of about 50 cm were targeted. At both sites, the penetrometer was released from a height of about 1‐2 m above the lake bottom using the starboard robotic arm of the MIRs leading to impact velocities of ~ 3 m s−1. The probe reached penetration depths of up to 80 cm with maximum decelerations of up to 2.9 g. Stratification in the deceleration versus penetration depth profiles hinted at recent sediment remobilization processes. Pressure transducer results of the probe were suitable to determine water depth, and estimate trends of excess pore pressure. This article describes the modification of the dynamic penetrometer Nimrod for deployments from the MIR submersibles, assesses the deployment performance, validates the results, and gives an outlook on the application of this technique and the results.
Identification and quantification of toxic and nontoxic strains of the harmful dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense using fluorescence in situ hybridization and flow cytometry
Authors: Eckford‐Soper Lisa K. , Davidson Keith , Bresnan Eileen
Published: November 2013

The co‐occurrence of morphologically identical toxic and nontoxic ribotypes of the biotoxin producing marine dinoflagellate Alexandrium tamarense presents a significant problem for its identification and enumeration, particularly in a regulatory monitoring context. To address this, we have developed a fluorescence in situ hybridization‐flow cytometry (FISH‐FC)—based method of cell identification and enumeration. This employed the taxa specific oligonucleotide probes TamToxC and TamA to fluorescently label (with the fluorochromes CY.3 and FITC) Group I (toxic) and Group III (nontoxic) A. tamarense ribotypes, respectively. Detection was by fluorescence activated flow cytometric analysis. The FISH‐FC method allowed effective discrimination between laboratory cultures of Group I and Group III ribotypes, with toxic and nontoxic cells creating distinct, easily identifiable, clusters in a flow cytometer bi‐plot of side scatter (SSC) versus the green (FL1) fluorescence detection channel. Comparison of estimates of cell abundance obtained by the FISH‐FC technique with those obtained by microscopy (Sedgwick Rafter technique) showed no statistically significant difference across a range of concentrations. Subsequently, the methodology was successfully applied on natural seawater samples, spiked with known concentrations of toxic and nontoxic A. tamarense cells at environmentally relevant concentrations.
Evaluation of using unfiltered seawater for underway measurement of dimethyl sulfide in the ocean by online mass spectrometry
Authors: Omori Yuko , Tanimoto Hiroshi , Inomata Satoshi , Kameyama Sohiko , Takao Shintaro , Suzuki Koji
Published: November 2013

New, highly time‐resolved techniques for measuring dimethyl sulfide (DMS) concentrations in seawater provide the opportunity to greatly increase the size of the DMS concentration database. However, lack of community‐ level quality control raises concerns about the quality of data obtained by these new techniques and their consistency with data obtained by existing techniques. One of the concerns is that the new techniques use a continuous flow of unfiltered seawater as a sample. Phytoplankton in unfiltered seawater might produce DMS in the sample, resulting in inaccurate DMS concentrations. Here, in our equilibrator inlet—proton transfer reaction—mass spectrometry technique, unfiltered seawater is continuously supplied to the equilibrator, and dissolved DMS is extracted into a bubbling gas and detected by the mass spectrometry. To investigate the possible artifact from using unfiltered seawater and the magnitude of its effects, we conducted laboratory experiments in a closed system at equilibrium, focusing on the effects of sample filtration and gas bubbling on the temporal variation of DMS concentrations in coastal seawater samples dominated by diatoms. With N2 as the bubbling gas, DMS concentration increased with time in unfiltered seawater but not in filtered seawater. DMS concentration increased when unfiltered seawater was bubbled with N2 but not when it was bubbled with air, and the increase occurred just after dissolved O2 was depleted in the seawater in the equilibrator. These results indicate that O2 depletion artificially increased DMS concentrations in unfiltered seawater bubbled with N2. This artifact could be avoided by maintaining aerobic conditions in the equilibrator.
The variability of methane, nitrous oxide and sulfur hexafluoride in Northeast India
Authors: Ganesan A. L. , Chatterjee A. , Prinn R. G. , Harth C. M. , Salameh P. K. , Manning A. J. , Hall B. D. , Mühle J. , Meredith L. K. , Weiss R. F. , O'Doherty S. , Young D.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. High-frequency atmospheric measurements of methane (CH4), nitrous oxide (N2O) and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) from Darjeeling, India are presented from December 2011 (CH4)/March 2012 (N2O and SF6) through February 2013. These measurements were made on a gas chromatograph equipped with a flame ionization detector and electron capture detector, and were calibrated on the Tohoku University, the Scripps Institution of Oceanography (SIO)-98 and SIO-2005 scales for CH4, N2O and SF6, respectively. The observations show large variability and frequent pollution events in CH4 and N2O mole fractions, suggesting significant sources in the regions sampled by Darjeeling throughout the year. By contrast, SF6 mole fractions show little variability and only occasional pollution episodes, likely due to weak sources in the region. Simulations using the Numerical Atmospheric dispersion Modelling Environment (NAME) particle dispersion model suggest that many of the enhancements in the three gases result from the transport of pollutants from the densely populated Indo-Gangetic Plains of India to Darjeeling. The meteorology of the region varies considerably throughout the year from Himalayan flows in the winter to the strong south Asian summer monsoon. The model is consistent in simulating a diurnal cycle in CH4 and N2O mole fractions that is present during the winter but absent in the summer and suggests that the signals measured at Darjeeling are dominated by large-scale (~100 km) flows rather than local (<10 km) flows.
Estimating the volcanic emission rate and atmospheric lifetime of SO2 from space: a case study for Kīlauea volcano, Hawai'i
Authors: Beirle S. , Hörmann C. , Penning de Vries M. , Dörner S. , Kern C. , Wagner T.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. We present an analysis of SO2 column densities derived from GOME-2 satellite measurements for the Kīlauea volcano (Hawai'i) for 2007–2012. During a period of enhanced degassing activity in March–November 2008, monthly mean SO2 emission rates and effective SO2 lifetimes are determined simultaneously from the observed downwind plume evolution and ECMWF wind fields, without further model input. Kīlauea is particularly suited for quantitative investigations from satellite observations owing to the absence of interfering sources, the clearly defined downwind plumes caused by steady trade winds, and generally low cloud fractions. For March–November 2008, the effective SO2 lifetime is 1–2 days, and Kīlauea SO2 emission rates are 9–21 kt day−1, which is about 3 times higher than initially reported from ground-based monitoring systems.
Comparison of sporadic sodium layer characteristics observed at different time resolutions
Authors: Liu Y. J. , Clemesha B. R. , Wang J. H. , Cheng X. W.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Sporadic sodium (Nas) layers, occurring in roughly the same height range as ionospheric sporadic-E layers, were first detected by lidar some 30 yr ago. Nas layers have a typical thickness of a few hundred meters to a few km, with peak atom concentrations several times that of the background layer. Despite a great deal of excellent work over the past decades, the source of Nas layers is still not altogether clear, partly as a result of our incomplete knowledge of Nas layer characteristics. In this paper we concentrate on some typical case studies chosen from the ~127 h of sporadic sodium layer observations made at a time resolution of 1.5 s at Yanqing (115.97° E, 40.47° N), Beijing, China. This is a much better time resolution than what has been employed in most earlier measurements. The results show that the Nas layer peak heights are dispersed at slightly different although adjacent heights. When averaged over several minutes, as has been the case with most earlier measurements, the height scatter results in an apparent layer thickness of a few km. We conclude, therefore, that these dispersed peaks at different but adjacent heights constitute the 5 min Nas layer. Similar to the observations of sporadic-E-ion (Es) layers and meteor rate, we observe quasi-periodic fluctuations on a timescale on the order of several minutes in the peak height and the peak density of sporadic layers, which is a universal feature but concealed by the lower temporal resolution previously adopted. Spatially localized multiple scatterers and multiple thin layers with similar apparent movement in Nas layers are also found. We discuss the possible formation mechanism by the direct deposition of large swarms of micrometeoroids and demonstrate a typical example of meteor trails evolving into a Nas layer, which suggests that this mechanism might indeed occur.
Accelerated microbial-induced CaCO3 precipitation in a defined co-culture of ureolytic and non-ureolytic bacteria
Authors: Gat D. , Tsesarsky M. , Shamir D. , Ronen Z.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Microbial-induced CaCO3 precipitation (MICP) is an innovative technique that harnesses bacterial activity for the modification of the physical properties of soils. Since stimulation of MICP by urea hydrolysis in natural soils is likely to be affected by interactions between ureolytic and non-ureolytic bacteria, we designed an experiment to examine the interactions between ureolytic and non-ureolytic bacteria and the effect of these interactions on MICP. An artificial groundwater-based rich medium was inoculated with two model species of bacteria, the ureolytic species Sporosarcina pasteurii and the non-ureolytic species Bacillus subtilis. The control treatment was inoculated with a pure culture of S. pasteurii. The following parameters were monitored during the course of the experiment: optical density, pH, and the evolution of ammonium, dissolved calcium, and dissolved inorganic carbon. The results showed that dissolved calcium was precipitated as CaCO3 faster in the mixed culture than in the control, despite less favorable chemical conditions in the mixed culture, i.e., lower pH and lower CO32− concentration. B. subtilis exhibited a considerably higher growth rate than S. pasteurii, resulting in higher density of bacterial cells in the mixed culture. We suggest that the presence of the non-ureolytic bacterial species, B. subtilis, accelerated the MICP process, via the supply of nucleation sites in the form of non-ureolytic bacterial cells.
Plankton community response to Saharan dust fertilization in subtropical waters off the Canary Islands
Authors: Franchy G. , Ojeda A. , López-Cancio J. , Hernández-León S.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. The plankton community response to natural fertilization caused by the Saharan dust was studied in the Canary Islands waters during winter–spring 2010. For this, a weekly sampling was carried out to characterize the pico-, nano- and microplankton communities. During this period several dust events were identified from atmospheric suspended matter and metal composition. Temperatures above 19 °C in the mixed layer, high stratification and a very low concentration of chlorophyll a, indicated the absence of the characteristic late winter bloom during this year. However, relatively high primary production rates were measured, probably fuelled by nutrient release from the deposited atmospheric dust. In fact, this winter–spring was one of the most intense dust periods during the last years and Saharan dust events were identified in every month. The effect of the Saharan dust over the plankton community mainly consisted in the enhancement of primary producers, mostly diatoms, and the increase of the mesozooplankton stock, whereas cyanobacteria and autotrophic picoeukaryotes were negatively affected. These results suggest that the Saharan dust deposition would be partly fuelling the primary production in these oligotrophic waters of the northeast Atlantic, and could be especially significant during stratified periods, when the atmospheric dust would be the most important nutrient source.
Are vegetation-specific model parameters required for estimating gross primary production?
Authors: Yuan W. , Liu S. , Cai W. , Dong W. , Chen J. , Arain A. , Blanken P. D. , Cescatti A. , Wohlfahrt G. , Georgiadis T. , Genesio L. , Gianelle D. , Grelle A. , Kiely G. , Knohl A. , Liu D. , Marek M. , Merbold L. , Montagnani L. , Panferov O. , Peltoniemi M. , Rambal S. , Raschi A. , Varlagin A. , Xia J.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Models of gross primary production (GPP) are currently parameterized with vegetation-specific parameter sets and therefore require accurate information on the distribution of vegetation to drive them. Can this parameterization scheme be replaced with a vegetation-invariant set of parameter that can maintain or increase model applicability by reducing errors introduced from the uncertainty of land cover classification? Based on the measurements of ecosystem carbon fluxes from 150 globally distributed sites in a range of vegetation types, we examined the predictive capacity of seven light use efficiency (LUE) models. Two model experiments were conducted: (i) a constant set of parameters for various vegetation types and (ii) vegetation-specific parameters. The results showed no significant differences in model performances to simulate GPP while using both sets of parameters. These results indicate that a universal set of parameters, which is independent of vegetation cover type and characteristics can be adopted in prevalent LUE models. Availability of this well tested and universal set of parameters would help to improve the accuracy and applicability of LUE models in various biomes and geographic regions.
Modeling glacier melt and runoff in a high-altitude headwater catchment in the Cordillera Real, Andes
Authors: Kinouchi T. , Liu T. , Mendoza J. , Asaoka Y.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. Runoff from catchments with partial glacier cover is an integrated process of glacier melt, snowmelt, and surface and subsurface runoff of meltwater and rain from glacierized and non-glacierized areas. Additionally, inherent characteristics of the tropical Andes such as large meteorological variability, high elevation and steep slopes, hydrological effects of wetlands and lakes, and rapid glacier retreat make it difficult to model glacio-hydrological responses under changing climate. In this study, we developed a semi-distributed conceptual model applicable to partially glacierized catchments in the tropical Andes that considers all of these aspects, and we applied the model to the Huayna Potosi West headwater catchment in the Cordillera Real, Bolivia. Based on the latest 2 yr dataset of meteorological and hydrological monitoring, we showed the spatial and temporal variability of air temperature and precipitation in the region, and the dataset was used to calibrate model parameters and validate the performance of the daily runoff simulation. Variations in the simulated streamflow agreed well with the observed seasonal and temporal variations, and the result also showed that uncertainty pertaining to the spatial and temporal variations in air temperature and precipitation as well as the retarding effect of a wetland and lake strongly affected the runoff hydrograph. The simulated runoff components indicated that runoff from glacier melt occurs mainly in the initial period of the wet season, from October to early December, and in the late period of the wet season, March and April, although the runoff is relatively small in the latter period. Between these two periods in the wet season, major runoff components were estimated to be subsurface runoff in the non-glacierized area and surface runoff due to snowmelt. Given the future meteorological conditions based on the observational data and a predictive general circulation model output, the model quantified the long-term changes in runoff, glacierized area, and cumulative glacier and snow mass balance. The glacier retreat is estimated to continue to 2050, with the magnitude of area decrease and negative cumulative mass balance depending on the increasing temperature trend used. For higher temperature trends, in particular, greater seasonal variation in runoff and larger contributions from subsurface runoff and surface runoff by rainfall were simulated to occur in the wet season, but the change in annual total runoff between the present and 2050 was not significant. These results suggest that it is important to consider how to best adapt to greater seasonal runoff variations in terms of water availability in the downstream region.
Early 21st century climatology of snow cover for the western river basins of the Indus River System
Authors: Hasson S. , Lucarini V. , Khan M. R. , Petitta M. , Bolch T. , Gioli G.
Published: November 2013

Abstract. In this paper we assess the snow cover and its dynamics for the western river basins of the Indus River System (IRS) and their sub-basins located in Afghanistan, China, India and Pakistan for the period 2001–2012. Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectro-radiometer (MODIS) daily snow products from Terra (MOD) and Aqua (MYD) have been first improved and then analysed on seasonal and annual basis against different topographic parameters (aspect, elevation and slope). Our applied cloud filtering technique has reduced the cloud cover from 37% (MOD) and 43% (MYD) to 7%, thus improving snow cover estimates from 7% (MOD) and 5% (MYD) to 14% for the area of interest (AOI) during the validation period (2004). Our results show a decreasing tendency for the annual average snow cover for the westerlies-influenced basins (Upper Indus Basin, Astore, Hunza, Shigar, Shyok) and an increasing tendency for the monsoon-influenced basins (Jhelum, Kabul, Swat and Gilgit). Regarding the seasonal snow cover, decrease during winter and autumn and increase during spring and summer has been found, which is consistent with the observed cooling and warming trends during the respective seasons. Sub-basins at relatively higher latitude/altitude show higher variability than basins at lower latitude/mid-altitude. Northeastern and northwestern aspects feature larger snow cover. The mean regional snow line altitude (SLA) zones range between 3000 and 5000 m a.s.l. for all basins. Our analysis provides an indication of a decrease in the regional SLA zone, thus indicating a change in the water resources of the studied basins, particularly for the Upper Indus Basin (UIB). Such results are consistent with the observed hydro-climate data, recently collected local perceptions and glacier mass balances for the investigated period. Moreover, our analysis suggests some potential for the seasonal stream flow forecast as a significant negative correlation has been detected for the inter-annual variability of winter snow cover and value of the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index of the previous autumn.
Oedipal Complexes Freud and Artemidorus
Authors: Sick David H.
Published: November 2013

Sigmund Freud and the second-century CE dream interpreter Artemidorus of Daldis displayed a certain degree of respect for their patients or clients. This shared attitude was supported by a similar commitment to empiricism. Their similar methods in dealing with patients draw attention to their basic differences in understanding dreams in general and in interpreting incestuous dreams specifically. Freud and Artemidorus stand at variance in their interpretation of such dreams because they had different notions of the individual. For Freud, humans were defined by their biological history as animals. For Artemidorus, humans were defined by their roles in society. As a result, Freud believed the Oedipal complex to be nearly universal but represented cryptically in dreams, but Artemidorus found numerous direct examples of incestuous dreams that were to be interpreted according to the context of the dreamer's social position.
De la subjetivación a la apropiación. Aportes del psicoanálisis a los problemas del aprender
Authors: Palma Evelyn , Tapia Silvia
Published: November 2013

El presente artículo dará cuenta de una breve revisión conceptual del problema del aprendizaje desde la teoría psicoanalítica a partir de las dificultades que los sujetos presentan en éste. Para tal efecto, se revisan autores postfreudianos que enmarcan su labor de investigación y escritura en torno a problemáticas vinculadas a lo educativo.
Competencias profesionales del psicólogo educacional: una tarea asociativa
Authors: Juliá María Teresa
Published: November 2013

Se presenta las reflexiones iniciales de un proyecto de innovación académica orientado hacia un currículum basado en el desarrollo de competencias en el proceso de formación de profesionales psicólogos de la Red Psicología del Consorcio de Universidades del Estado de Chile. En particular, se analiza la necesidad de definir las competencias en psicología educacional. Luego de revisar algunas concepciones internacionales sobre las competencias profesionales en el ámbito de la psicología educacional, se analiza la necesidad de abordar, en un contexto de cooperación interuniversitaria, en red, las necesidades y los niveles de formación por ciclos, discutiendo en torno a la formación "generalista" y especializada para dar respuestas a las necesidades del área de la educación.
Las dificultades del psicólogo educacional en el asesoramiento a instituciones educativas
Authors: Asesoría Psicosocial Equipo
Published: November 2013

El siguiente artículo pretende revisar la experiencia de asesoramiento psicosocial realizada por la Universidad de Chile y enmarcada dentro de la implementación de la asesoría al Programa Liceo para Todos que impulsara el MINEDUC dentro de las políticas de apoyo a los establecimientos de Enseñanza Media más vulnerables del país en el periódo 2001-2005. Se centra la discusión en los elementos políticos, teóricos y técnicos a considerar y que inciden directamente en la labor de los psicólogos educacionales en su trabajo en escuelas focalizadas.
Conocimientos educativos vernáculos para la innovación curricular en contexto mapuche
Authors: Quilaqueo Daniel , Quintriqueo Segundo
Published: November 2013

Este artículo aborda el problema relacionado con la formación de futuros profesores de origen mapuche y no mapuche, para atender procesos educativos en escuelas situadas en comunidades y en los nuevos contextos mapuches del medio urbano. La propuesta se hace desde un enfoque intercultural respondiendo a la necesidad de innovación curricular por parte del Ministerio de Educación y a la necesidad de desarrollo educacional exigida por las familias para mejorar la calidad de la educación. El objetivo es develar las principales categorías de conocimiento educativo mapuche para fundamentar propuestas curriculares y describir los principios para la formación de personas desde el kimeltuwün (proceso educativo mapuche).Los resultados revelan los principales componentes de los saberes educativos que exponen los kimches (sabios), mostrando una lógica de educación mapuche que provee de significado a los elementos culturales propios y ajenos mediante una modalidad de apropiación cultural para la innovación curricular intercultural.
Las nuevas formas de prejuicio y sus instrumentos de medida
Authors: Cárdenas Manuel , Music Andrés , Contreras Paula , Yeomans Hans , Calderón Carlos
Published: November 2013

El objetivo principal de esta investigación fue comprobar si las Escalas de Prejuicio sutil y Manifiesto (Pettigrew & Meettens, 1995) resultaban válidas psicométricamente para la detección de actitudes prejuiciosas en nuestro país. Para ello hemos seleccionado a dos grupos sociales objeto de prejuicio y que tienen una presencia significativa en nuestra región: inmigrantes bolivianos y etnias originarias. La muestra se compuso de 324 estudiantes de último año de Enseñanza Media, pertenecientes a diversos centro educacionales tanto públicos como privados de la ciudad de Antofagasta. Los resultados obtenidos en el análisis de datos indican que sería una escala confiable para medir el prejuicio hacia los exogrupos evaluados. Además, se encuentran diferencias significativas entre los sujetos que puntúan alto y bajo en las diferentes escalas para la mayor parte de las variables analizadas y que se han utilizado como indicadores de validez. De este modo, las escalas serían un buen instrumento para evaluar en nuestro contexto las nuevas formas de expresión del prejuicio.
El testimonio como discurso en el juicio oral
Authors: Retamal Sofía
Published: November 2013

En el presente texto se discuten algunos de los resultados de una investigación en torno al discurso testimonial, obtenidos mediante el análisis discursivo de testimonios naturalmente emitidos en juicios orales del nuevo sistema procesal penal chileno y de entrevistas semiestructuradas efectuadas a personas algún tiempo después de su testificación. En la investigación referida se describió, mediante un análisis de la subjetividad en la enumeración y de los repertorios interpretativos de quienes fueron testigos, una discursividad constituida en consideración a las condiciones pragmáticas del enunciado. Esta contribución complementa el enfoque tradicional sobre el testimonio que se centra en procesos psicológicos de recuerdo y distorsión de memoria.
Representaciones sociales de psicólogos sobre el consumo de drogas, consumidores y tratamientos "El juicio psicológico"
Authors: Gaete Tomás
Published: November 2013

La presente investigación pretende aportar al conocimiento y entendimiento de las drogodependencias a través de un análisis descriptivo de las representaciones sociales que psicólogos insertos en programas de prevención, tratamiento y rehabilitación portan sobre el consumo de drogas, implicando también las representaciones que configuran del sujeto adicto y de los tratamientos de drogas. El problema es que la drogadicción se ha tornado una cuestión no sólo de salud mental, sino también un asunto de seguridad ciudadana, dándole al drogadicto una connotación doble: la de enfermo y la de delincuente. Esta arbitrario cultural del adicto no puede ser ajeno al contexto terapéutico, por lo que es posible que las prácticas de prevención, tratamiento y rehabilitación ejecutadas por psicólogos, respondan a este modo social de representarse al sujeto adicto.
Restaurant Consumption as an Economic Indicator
Authors: Velkoski Aleksandar M.
Published: November 2013

This study investigates the relationship between restaurant consumption and aggregate macroeconomic activity in the USA. Using a set of 2005 chained US dollar quarterly same store sales data for restaurant consumption from Q1 2007 through Q1 2012, it empirically examines whether restaurant consumption is an aggregate macroeconomic indicator. Two categories of restaurant consumption are examined: non-incentivized spend and incentivized spend. Aggregate macroeconomic activity is measured by gross domestic product. Non-incentivized spend is found to be a procyclical coincident indicator of aggregate macroeconomic activity in the USA. Coincident indicators are comprehensive measures of economic performance that help to confirm whether a nation is prosperous or depressed. The study found no relationship between incentivized spend and aggregate macroeconomic activity.
Music, Health, and Socio-Economic Status: A Perspective on Urban Poverty in Canada
Authors: Harrison Klisala
Published: November 2013

In socio-economically depressed urban areas, many musical programmes and projects are offered to the poor for free by community organizations, non-governmental and governmental organizations, and arts businesses, with funding from corporations, private foundations, churches, donations, governments, and concert tickets. In poor urban areas in Canada and other nation states with decaying systems of social welfare, or in non-welfare states, music making, music classes, music therapy, and musical performances including theatre, dance, and multimedia are activities within a larger series of services and goods offered by the organizations and institutions, and directed towards the well-being and survival of the poor. There are also musical rehearsals and performances that pay the poor. Such music projects’ day-to-day functionings, which are still in the early stages of being documented (Araújo 2008; Harrison 2008; Tan 2008), variously address the social deprivations that have come to define poverty, such as lack of health, livelihood sustainability, or social inclusion.
Of Lack and Loss: Assessing Cultural and Musical Poverty in Uttarakhand
Authors: Fiol Stefan
Published: November 2013

I define cultural poverty as the absence or reduction of the means to express culture; and culture, in turn, consists of the shared habits of thought, feeling, and action that bind individuals to social collectives. Any absence or reduction of the means to musical expression may be termed musical poverty, which is a subset of cultural poverty. What does it mean for an individual or a social group to not have or to lose the ability for musical expression? Consider the case of the Mughal emperor Aurangzeb who famously prohibited musical performance throughout his empire in 1668. Or consider the frequent bans on musical expression by the Taliban in Afghanistan over the past two decades (Baily 2009), and more recently by Islamic extremists in northern Mali. It is possible that such official prohibitions led to an overall loss of musical expression in their respective societies, but it is difficult to know this for certain. Baily suggests that censorship in Afghanistan led to increases in piracy and clandestine musical performance (ibid.). But even if we are willing to accept the possibility of an overall decline in musical forms of expression, how can we know whether this was not compensated in other, non-musical forms of cultural expression?
A Common Motivation—a Specific Style for Each Culture: Towards a Comparison of Wedding Rituals in Morocco
Authors: Olsen Miriam Rovsing
Published: November 2013

The focus of this paper is to proceed from melodic procedures to an analytical model for the comparison of rural wedding rituals in Morocco through their songs. The area of concern, however, could be extended to a much larger geographical area, encompassing not only North Africa but also the Middle East, where similar kinds of songs are found. However, in this larger area, it is rather classical urban music—developed in vocal and instrumental suite forms such as the Maghribinubaor the Mashreki Syrianwasla—that is usually compared, while rural music has tended to be ignored in such a comparative perspective. It has been frequently pointed out (Merriam 1982; Nettl 2005:60–73; McLean 2006:314–21) that since the orientation of comparative musicology as well as Alan Lomax's well-known method of cantometrics (1968, 1976), comparative research in ethnomusicology has been rather neglected during the last few decades. This is due to the conviction that musical forms or systems should not be compared since they are socially- and culturally-bound, and thus meanings are not necessarily comparable. Anthropologists however, have had different kinds of debates on anthropological phenomena linked to music. Important documentation from sociologists, anthropologists, or language specialists provides rich ethnographic detail and reveals great local variety (see, e.g., Westermarck 1914; Louis 1979; Laoust and Lefébure 1993). It supplies recurrent evidence about wedding ceremonies and festivities in which hundreds of people gather for several days. Yet despite the fact that music fills these events in important ways, discussion of this music has most often been absent or minimal. This has led to interpretations focusing on general anthropological concerns. Among the most significant examples are concepts of purification or protection from harm, suggested as common features in wedding rituals studied by Westermarck. As noted by Hassan Rachik (2012:103–4), however, this conceals the local variety of rituals. At a descriptive level, such indifference to music has led to the confusion of ritual with other marital events, such as engagements or various contractual aspects. By focusing in this paper on the ritual performance itself, I shall draw attention to the potential of studying music in these celebrations. This means a shift in focus to components such as structure, temporality, performing places and actions, and an approach to ritual “from within” and outwards (Jankowsky 2010:25–26).
Music and Dance as Export and Import: A Case Study of Japan in Europe, and Hawai'i in Japan
Authors: Kaeppler Adrienne L.
Published: November 2013

This essay explores music/dance as a cultural export and import, and how it may be changed and interpreted/reinterpreted by the exporter and importer, using Japan as a case study. Although I am a Pacific anthropologist, I have studied a variety of Asian musics and dances, as well as Pacific ones. I started my studies of Japanese music and dance forms in Hawai'i and extended them in Japan, especially my studies of gagaku, bugaku, and kagura. I also studied Hawaiian music and dance with some of the most knowledgeable and venerated Hawaiian teachers. But along the way, I stopped my earlier studies of violin, piano, voice, and ballet/modern dance to concentrate on what might be considered “exotic.” In this essay, I combine my interest in Japanese and Hawaiian musics/dances with my interest in concepts of “the exotic.”
Musical Movement: Towards a Common Term for Music and Dance
Authors: Torp Jörgen
Published: November 2013

What is music? In my view, this is the most basic question in all musicologies, be it the so-called systematic and comparative musicology (according to Guido Adler's founding article of 1885), the historical musicology of “Western art music,” ethnomusicology, or other existing as well as possible musicologies, as far as they are oriented towards a generalizable term such as the term “music” is.
Reframing the “Universality” of International Law in a Globalizing World
Authors: al Attar Mohsen
Published: November 2013

In this essay, I highlight the historical use of notions of universality and objectivity in international law to advance First World economic interests, primarily through the codification of conditions that sustain ongoing Third World dispossession. I argue that these interests have taken on a transnational character and are being pursued through an elaborate network of meta-regulatory regimes beneficial to an emergent transnational capitalist class. These regimes are used to diffuse neoliberal economic reform on a global scale, resulting in the embedding of various neoliberal precepts both in legal machinery and in social meaning. Finally, I suggest that while instances of resistance are observable, critical international legal jurists appear ambivalent in their efforts at crafting proposals for reform of the global legal order. While some champion a type of global legal pluralism that would recognize the legitimacy of lawmaking as executed by non-institutional actors, many remain perplexed as to how we might reconcile the pursuit of a universally and objectively just order in a pluralist, subjective, and highly stratified world. I conclude by applying Nancy Fraser’s “political dimension of justice” to conceptualize and structure more representative participatory transnational lawmaking processes, the kind that would promote both parity of participation and actor subjectivity, and possibly further the cause of global justice.
Unauthorized Dispositions of Trust Property: Tracing in Quebec Law
Authors: Smith Lionel
Published: November 2013

The trustee of a Quebec trust is an administrator of the property of others, with full administration. As such, he holds a wide range of powers over the trust property; typically, his powers will exceed his authority, in the sense that it will be possible for him to make unlawful dispositions of the trust property. In such a case, he will be liable of course, but sometimes, particularly if the trustee is insolvent or absent, it will be important to understand the effects of the unauthorized dispositions on the trust property. For example, it may be possible for beneficiaries or other interested parties to annul a disposition of trust property; in this way, the property may be restored to the trust patrimony. Somewhat more difficult is the case in which the trustee has improperly disposed of trust property in exchange for some other property, in an attempt to misappropriate trust assets and turn them to his own benefit. If it is not possible to annul the disposition, might it be possible to claim that the proceeds of this unauthorized disposition are themselves held in trust? This paper examines the extent to which the idea of real subrogation can be used to protect the trust patrimony. Although the Supreme Court of Canada has suggested that Quebec law does not have a general principle of real subrogation, the author argues that this principle has a role to play in protecting universalities of law and that it can appropriately be invoked in the context of unauthorized dispositions of trust property.
Justifying Fiduciary Duties
Authors: Miller Paul B.
Published: November 2013

Fiduciary duties are critical to the integrity of a remarkable variety of relationships, including those between trustee and beneficiary, director and corporation, agent and principal, lawyer and client, doctor and patient, parent and child, and guardian and ward. Notwithstanding their variety, all fiduciary relationships are presumed to enjoy common characteristics and to attract a core set of demanding legal duties, most notably a duty of loyalty. Surprisingly, however, the justification for fiduciary duties is an enigma in private law theory. It is unclear what makes a relationship fiduciary and why fiduciary relationships attract fiduciary duties. This article takes up the enigma. It assesses leading reductivist and instrumentalist analyses of the justification for fiduciary duties. Finding them wanting, it offers an alternative account of the juridical justification for fiduciary duties. The author contends that the fiduciary relationship is a distinctive kind of legal relationship in which one person (the fiduciary) exercises power over practical interests of another (the beneficiary). Fiduciary power is a form of authority derived from the legal capacity of the beneficiary or a benefactor. The duty of loyalty is justified on the basis that it secures the exclusivity of the beneficiary’s claim over fiduciary power so understood.
La primauté du droit, l’égalité devant la loi et autres « principes non écrits de notre constitution »
Authors: Lussier Sylvain
Published: November 2013

Le système juridique canadien repose sur le principe fondamental de la primauté du droit. La notion de primauté du droit est conçue comme un principe constitutionnel exerçant une contrainte effective sur l’action gouvernementale indépendamment de l’existence d’une disposition législative ou constitutionnelle formelle explicite. Son importance figure au premier plan de plusieurs décisions canadiennes, dont le célèbre arrêt Roncarelli c Duplessis, où la Cour suprême du Canada a reconnu qu’un membre du gouvernement pouvait être tenu personnellement responsable de certains actes accomplis dans l’exercice de ses fonctions. C’est donc dans ce contexte que la thématique « égalité de tous sous la loi » trouve toute son importance. Elle exige que toute communauté politique adhérant à l’idéal d’un État de droit s’interroge sur les rôles légitimes respectifs du législateur, du pouvoir exécutif et des instances judiciaires.