bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mathematical Logic
Authors: Johnston William , McAllister Alex M
Published: November 2023

The formal study of logic is ancient, going back to at least the fourth century b.c.e., when Aristotle and his Greek compatriots sought to identify those forms of human reasoning that are correct (or valid) and those that are not. Our motivation is similar. In this text, we explore diverse areas of mathematics, identify new mathematical objects, investigate the relationships among them, and develop algorithms to facilitate their study. In short, we pursue mathematical truth. But more than just the “what” of mathematical truth, we seek the “why” of mathematical truth. We develop an ability to understand and prove theoretical mathematical results, including those that derive the computational tools so useful in applied mathematics. Successful insight into this theory of mathematics is essentially dependent on the use of correct reasoning.

And so our study of mathematical logic has two goals. The first is the study of logic for its own sake, as a field of mathematics with interesting objects, algorithms, and insights. The second goal is the study of logic as a tool and a language for understanding legitimate forms of human reasoning; in this way, logic will facilitate our study of the theory of mathematics in many different settings.
Understanding Mood Disorders: Depression and Bipolar Illness
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine
Published: November 2023

There are two major categories of mood disorders (also sometimes referred to as “affective” disorders): (1) depression, which includes major depression, dysthymia, depressive disorder not otherwise specified, bipolar depression, and depression caused by a medical condition or substance abuse; and (2) bipolar disorder, which includes mania (with or without depression), hypomania, cyclothymia, and bipolar disorder not otherwise specified. Some people have symptoms of both a bipolar and a depressive disorder at the same time, a condition referred to as a “mixed state.” Clearly, mood disorders come in many different varieties, and each case is different in some ways.
The Recovery Process for Addiction and Mood Disorders
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine
Published: November 2023

Recovery is the process of managing your addiction and mood disorder and making changes in your life.1 Recovery requires hard work, discipline, a commitment to change, and a willingness to address both of your disorders. Getting sober from alcohol or other drugs is one of your first recovery tasks. If you can’t quit on your own, or if you relapse after short periods of abstinence, you may need to be detoxified or attend a structured substance abuse or dual-diagnosis treatment program to break the cycle of addiction. Abstinence is recommended because continued substance use can have a negative effect on your mood disorder and your motivation and can give an “incorrect” reading of the level of some antidepressant medications in your bloodstream. You also have to stabilize the acute symptoms of your mood disorder, such as mania, depression, or suicidality. Otherwise, it will be harder to stop using substances.
Managing Feelings
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine
Published: November 2023

Managing emotions or feelings is a very important part of recovery from an addiction, a mood disorder, or dual disorders. Three major issues are related to managing feelings in recovery: (1) identifying or being aware of your various moods or feeling states; (2) managing and expressing your feelings appropriately; and (3) coping with feelings so that you don’t use alcohol or drugs or engage in behaviors that are harmful. There are times when feeling bad is a sign of progress. For example, feeling sadness related to problems in your family relationships caused by your dual disorders is often a necessary part of recovery. The critical issue is how you manage your feelings. In this chapter, I discuss feelings that you may need to address in your recovery.
Building a Support System
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine
Published: November 2023

Recovery is a “we” program in which you are encouraged to seek support from other people for help with cravings to use, ups and downs of recovery, unpleasant feelings, relapse warning signs, and other problems.–5 You can ask the people in your network for emotional support when you feel upset. Or you can ask for help with practical matters, such as a ride to a meeting or moving furniture. However, if you ask someone for help with a problem, then reject the ideas given to you, they may be reluctant to help you in the future.
Strategies for Self-Improvement
Authors: Daley Dennis C , Douaihy Antoine
Published: November 2023

The way in which you think about yourself and the world affects your feelings and behaviors. You can talk yourself into feeling miserable, anxious, depressed, and bored. These feelings can lead to using alcohol and drugs, getting involved in unhealthy relationships, withdrawing from other people due to depression, or avoiding people or situations because of anxiety or fear.
Numerical Summaries of Data
Authors: Wilcox Rand R
Published: November 2023

To help motivate this chapter, imagine a study done on the effects of a drug designed to lower cholesterol levels. The study begins by measuring the cholesterol level of 171 participants and then measuring each participant’s cholesterol level after one month on the drug. Table 2.1 shows the change between the two measurements. The first entry is ‘23 indicating that the cholesterol level of this particular individual decreased by 23 units. Further imagine that a placebo is given to 176 participants resulting in the changes in cholesterol shown in table 2.2. Although we have information on the effect of the drug, there is the practical problem of conveying this information in a useful manner. Simply looking at the values, it is difficult determining how the experimental drug compares to the placebo.
Categorical Data
Authors: Wilcox Rand R
Published: November 2023

This chapter covers some basic methods for analyzing categorical data. Categorical data simply means that observations belong to two or more groups. The simplest case is the binomial distribution, which was introduced in chapter 4. For this special situation, there are only two categories usually called success and failure. Contingency tables, also introduced in chapter 4, are used to summarize categorical data and represent a generalization of the binomial to more than two groups. The main goal here is to describe some additional methods for analyzing such data.
Evolution, Behavior, and Cognition: A Primer
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

Thanks to the admonitions of writers like Hodos and Campbell (1969) and Beach (1950), comparative psychologists have largely stopped interpreting species differences in terms of the scala naturae. Arguably, however, more sophisticated evolutionary thinking has yet to take its place (Papini 2002). This chapter introduces contemporary approaches to studying evolution and adaptation. It begins with an overview of ways to test hypotheses about adaptive value and then sketches the ways in which information about present-day species is used to learn about phylogeny, or patterns of descent. Section 2.3 introduces a framework for thinking about how evolution shapes behavior and summarizes some of the challenges in testing comparative hypotheses about cognition. Major trends in vertebrate brain evolution, summarized in Section 2.4.1, might be expected to provide some clues about cognitive differences among major groups of animals. Indeed, some hypotheses about the causes of brain evolution are hypotheses about what brains and parts of brains allow animals to do in foraging and social life. Research on the relationship between food storing and hippocampus size in birds (Section 2.4.2) is an example of research connecting the evolution of a brain part with ecology. The debate it has occasioned about the relationship between functions and mechanisms of cognition and the brain is evaluated in the final part of the chapter.
Social Learning
Authors: Shettleworth Sara J
Published: November 2023

In the past 50 years or so, forests of Jerusalem pine have been planted in Israel. Here black rats occupy the niche occupied by squirrels in other parts of the world, making their nests in the trees and eating pine seeds. Jerusalem pine seeds are protected by tough overlapping scales tightly wrapped around the central core of the pine cone. To obtain them efficiently, rats must strip the scales off the cones from bottom to top in a spiral pattern (Figure 13.1). Black rats do not learn by themselves to extract the seeds in this way, nor do isolated young rats, but young rats growing up in the pine forests do develop efficient stripping (Terkel 1995). White-crowned sparrows (Zonotrichia leucophrys) are small songbirds, widely distributed in North America. Although they are a single species from Atlantic to Pacific, the songs sung by males during the breeding season vary from one region to another. In California, for example, there is a recognizable Berkeley dialect and a Sunset Beach dialect less than 20 miles away (Marler and Tamura 1964).
Ontological Fear and Anxiety in the Theater of Beckett, Betsuyaku, and Pinter
Authors: Tanaka Mariko Hori
Published: November 2023

In Happy Days, Julie Campbell writes, “Beckett encourages us to face our fears: our fears of death, of life, of suffering, of all those things we repress and deny in ourselves” (171). Although Winnie makes efforts to hide her anxieties and offer optimistic words to herself and her husband, she conveys a lurking fear of the time when “words fail” (147) and there is “nothing more to say” (152). Her fear of silence evokes similar fears in the audience.
The Origins of Conditioned Taste Aversion Learning: A Historical Analysis
Authors: Freeman Kevin B , Riley Anthony L
Published: November 2023

In describing the history of any phenomenon, one difficulty is determining the extent of the analysis. That is, given that history covers considerable ground (i.e., from then to now), the point where one is talking of the past versus the present is somewhat blurred. In the present chapter, we have traced what we see as the beginnings of the phenomenon of conditioned taste aversion (CTA) learning. In so doing, our focus is on its origins and the immediate impact of and reaction to the introduction of the phenomenon to the field. From these beginnings, research on aversion learning has been extensive and has taken many routes, from attempts to reinforce its apparent adaptive nature to empirical demonstrations of the conditions under which such learning occurred to its use as a clinical tool (see Riley & Freeman, 2004). These latter issues bring us to the immediate present which is the focus of the remainder of the current book. Although some of the history we are describing is certainly familiar to some (especially those who were part of its development), it is likely new to many. Seeing CTAs in the context of its origins may give some insight into how it came about, what it meant to those investigating this rather unique form of learning, and how it set the stage for the voluminous efforts that followed.
Molecular Mechanisms of Taste Learning in the Insular Cortex and Amygdala
Authors: Barki-Harrington Liza , Belelovsky Katya , Doron Guy , Rosenblum Kobi
Published: November 2023

On the assumption that taste learning and conditioned taste aversion (CTA) are not different from any other known forms of learning and memory, and given that the brain loci involved are known, one would look at the cellular (electro-physiological) and molecular/biochemical levels of analysis in order to understand the biological processes underlying taste and CTA learning.
A Complex Case
Authors: Bush Shane S
Published: November 2023

Although some very complex and ethically challenging situations involve only one clinical conflict that pits two ethical principles against each other, some situations, as illustrated by case 13.1, involve a host of ethical conflicts or violations, some of which are immediately evident and others that are more subtle. In situations in which multiple ethical problems exist, the most obvious problems are not necessarily the most egregious. Subtle problems, because they may be overlooked among the more obvious ones, may go unaddressed, with harmful results, for longer periods of time. Therefore, when confronted with ethical problems in their own practices or the practices of colleagues, neuropsychologists should carefully examine the surrounding circumstances for additional contributing problems that should also be addressed.
Challenges in Defining and Diagnosing MTBI
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

It is now widely recognized that one of the great challenges facing clinicians in the diagnosis of MTBI is establishing a minimum threshold for injury and classifying the gradient of acute TBI injury severity along the traditional continuum from mild to moderate to severe. Ultimately, accurate diagnosis of injury severity would both drive injury management techniques during the acute postinjury phase and be predictive of recovery and outcome further out from injury. A growing body of literature, however, suggests that while these tenets may apply in moderate to severe forms of TBI, they do not map onto MTBI. In fact, the body of work on MTBI over the past decade suggests that MTBI may be a different animal all together from moderate and severe TBI (summarized in table 3.1). These important distinctions that place MTBI in a category by itself set the stage for reframing our understanding of MTBI and our approach to diagnosis and treatment of postconcussion syndrome (PCS), which are the driving forces behind this book.
Influence of Acute Injury Characteristics on Recovery
Authors: Mccrea Michael A
Published: November 2023

As noted in part one, there has historically been great emphasis placed on acute injury characteristics in defining and grading the severity of TBI. The assumption that unconsciousness, for example, is an essential characteristic of MTBI has been perpetuated throughout the medical literature over the past several decades. Even today, modern-day medical textbooks still cite unconsciousness as a defining characteristic essential to the diagnosis of concussion or MTBI.
Personality Assessment in Treatment Planning
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

The establishment of frank and honest communication is one of the most important early goals of psychotherapy. Indeed, the most prominent challenge in the early stages of treatment is to develop a comfortable relationship that allows disclosure. In this volume, the authors show that objectively interpreted personality measures can be applied in psychotherapeutic assessments to facilitate an understanding of the patient and a thriving treatment program. Successful psychotherapy depends upon an early understanding of the patient's problems and personality and the establishment of attainable treatment goals. The extensive accumulated base of knowledge about personality and its maladjustment has become crucial when making treatment decisions about individuals in psychotherapy, and the field of personality assessment provides both methods and substantive information to support treatment-oriented evaluation. The MMPI has a long tradition of providing personality information about clients in mental health settings since the 1940s. James Butcher participated in the creation of the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2) in 1989, which has continued to be one of the most commonly used personality tests in clinical evaluation. Over a thousand studies have been conducted on the effectiveness of the MMPI in treatment related assessments. Here, Butcher and co-author Julia Perry explore the MMPI-2 as well as a new assessment tool, the Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory (BTPI). In using psychological evaluation techniques for treatment planning, many clinicians incorporate information from a broad base of instruments-clinical interview, projective testing, behavioral data, and personal history-and do not rely on data from a single source. Therefore, while this volume focuses on the use of the MMPI-2 and the BTPI in treatment planning, it will provide a context not to the exclusion of other measures.
The Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory (BTPI)
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

The Butcher Treatment Planning Inventory or BTPI (Butcher, 2005) is an objective personality and symptom questionnaire that is considerably newer than the MMPI and MMPI-2. Another difference is that the BTPI was created specifically for use in psychological treatment planning, which sets it apart not only from the MMPI-2 but also from many of the assessment measures that are employed for this purpose. Its three sets of scales assess overall profile validity and degree of cooperation with the assessment process, interpersonal and related factors that affect treatment progress, and current psychological symptoms. It is intended to be used at several possible points during the course of therapy. At the outset of intervention, its data provide a means of assessing the therapy climate and gauging factors that are likely to facilitate and impede psychotherapy progress.
Providing the Client Feedback with the MMPI-2
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

This chapter addresses the interrelated topics of the client’s “need to know” and the therapist’s “need to provide” pertinent personality information to the client in the early stages of treatment. A number of topics are addressed, beginning with the client’s need to have objectively based information about himself or herself. Second, a viewpoint detailing the therapist’s duty to provide psychological test feedback to potential or ongoing therapy clients is covered. Next, a description and illustration of a method for conducting test feedback sessions using the MMPI-2 or BTPI with clients will be described. And, finally, some of the pitfalls and limitations in the feedback process of which the therapist-diagnostician needs to be aware will be detailed.
Postscript: Objective Personality in Psychological Treatment
Authors: Butcher James N , Perry Julia N
Published: November 2023

Patients in psychological treatment usually expect a high level of expertise and understanding from their therapist, not simply a sympathetic listener. They anticipate that the therapist will be competent to evaluate their problems in a nonjudgmental way and will employ objective, scientific means of helping them resolve their problems. Furthermore, when people go to a psychotherapist, they anticipate that the therapist will provide them with more information and insight into their problems than they can get from a friend or relative.
A Farewell to Geopolitics
Authors: Van Evera Stephen
Published: November 2023

What grand strategy should the United States adopt in the post-9/11 era? The balance-of-power concerns that shaped U.S. grand strategy from 1917 to 1991 have faded sharply. The nuclear revolution has made conquest among great powers impossible. As a result, other great powers now pose far less threat to U.S. national security than they did in the past. At the same time a grave new threat to the security of all major powers has arisen: terrorism with weapons of mass destruction (WMDs). This threat stems from two phenomena: the spread of WMD materials and technology and the rise of terrorist groups that aspire to mass killing. Threats to the global commons, especially global warming and threats to global public health, also seem increasingly serious.
End of Dreams, Return of History
Authors: Kagan Robert
Published: November 2023

The world has become normal again. The years immediately following the end of the cold war offered a tantalizing glimpse at the possibility of a new kind of international order, with nations growing together or disappearing altogether, ideological conflicts melting away, cultures intermingling, and increasingly free commerce and communications. But that was a mirage, the hopeful anticipation of a liberal, democratic world that wanted to believe the end of the cold war did not just end one strategic and ideological conflict but all strategic and ideological conflict. People and their leaders longed for “a world transformed.” Today the nations of the West still cling to that vision. Evidence to the contrary—the turn toward autocracy in Russia or the growing military ambitions of China—is either dismissed as temporary aberrations or denied entirely.
A Shackled Hegemon
Authors: Eichengreen Barry , Irwin Douglas A
Published: November 2023

In many areas of foreign policy, the Bush doctrine marks a break with the approaches of earlier administrations. At first glance this seems true of the Bush administration’s foreign economic policy, as well. President Bush and his advisers brought to Washington a powerful ideology, that of limited government, to inform and shape policy decisions. This noninterventionist, free-market approach had led candidate Bush to campaign as a supporter of free trade. It led his inner circle to conclude that intervening in the foreign exchange market, however acceptable for Europe or Japan, was inappropriate for the United States. Bush and his advisers opposed using government influence and taxpayer money to intervene in emerging markets suffering financial crises. They were skeptical that government largesse could be an agent of change in less developed countries.
Neural Coding of Pleasure: “Rose-tinted Glasses” of the Ventral Pallidum
Authors: Aldridge J Wayne , Berridge Kent C
Published: November 2023

Pleasure is not a sensation. What is it then? Nico Frijda’s answer in the “pleasure questions” section of this book (which he suggested a number of years ago) epitomizes an emerging consensus among many psychologists and neuroscientists (Frijda, Chapter 6, this book). He notes that pleasure “is a ‘pleasantness gloss’ added to whatever is pleasant.
A Homomorphism
Authors: Bloch William Goldbloom
Published: November 2023

The time has come to return to the first person singular voice. I’ve done my best, up to this chapter, to restrict myself to excavating, extending, enlarging, and explaining mathematical ideas which naturally arise from the story. But now, after scanning critical reviews and interpretations of coded meanings of the story, I find I have another reading to add to the existing constellation: a homomorphism between the structures of two different ideas.
Basic methods
Authors: Ghergu Marius , Rădulescu Vicenţiu D
Published: November 2023

The main purpose of nonlinear analysis is to study and describe various material systems arising in mathematical physics and other applied sciences. The language of nonlinear analysis is very close to that of functional analysis and partial differential equations. This chapter deals with some general features about the qualitative analysis of nonlinear elliptic partial differential equations. The main issues we raise in what follows concern the existence and uniqueness of the solution. The existence of solutions is essential for a prescribed model to make sense. The uniqueness of the solution is a natural requirement for many problems. In some cases, uniqueness becomes a difficult question, but related interesting questions concern multiplicity of solutions, as well as the existence of maximal or minimal solutions. That is why monotonicity properties, described by means of comparison principles, play a central role in this chapter and throughout the book.
How To Use This Book
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

This guide includes all living species of native mammals south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, Mexico, through the Mexican states of Chiapas, Tabasco, Campeche, Quintana Roo, and Yucatán, and all Central American countries: Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Plate 50). This region comprises most of the Neotropical Zoogeographic Realm of Middle America, which also extends northward up both coasts of Mexico and southward into South America along the Pacific Slope of northern Colombia and northwest Ecuador. Marine mammals found in the waters surrounding Central America and southeastern Mexico and most islands associated with these countries are also included. Isla del Coco, Costa Rica, is not included. Non-native mammals that may form feral populations are not included, with the exception of three widespread introduced rodents: the house rats and house mouse.
Armadillos Order Cingulata, Family Dasypodidae
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

Armadillos were included in the same order with anteaters and sloths, but are now treated as a separate order (Gardner, 2005). There are 9 genera and about 21 species of armadillos, most of which are restricted to South America. Two species occur in Central America and SE Mexico. Armadillos are covered on the upper surface by bony armor. The shell, or carapace, covers the body and has moveable plates in the middle that allow the animal to bend. Scales, or scutes, also cover the top of the head, legs, and in some species, the tail. The shape of the scutes is characteristic for each genus. The soft, pink belly may be nearly naked or lightly furred. The feet are equipped with long, broad claws for digging. There are 7–10 undifferentiated, peglike teeth on each side of the upper and lower jaws.
Bats Order Chiroptera
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

With about 1,100 species worldwide, the diversity of bats is second only to that of ro- dents. Bats are more diverse in tropical than in temperate zones, and the Neotropics con- tain more species of bats than equivalent areas in the Paleotropics. There are 9 families, 67 genera, and about 144 species of bats in SE Mexico and Central America. More than 100 species of bats are known from Costa Rica, which has a land mass of 50,700 km2. In this small country, one can encounter about 10% of all the species of bats in the world. Bats are divided into two suborders, Megachiroptera, the Old World fruit bats or flying foxes, and the cosmopolitan Microchiroptera. Names of the suborders are misleading because there is considerable overlap in size between them, although the largest bat spe- cies are megachiropterans and the smallest are microchiropterans. In the New World, all bats belong to the Microchiroptera.
Manatees And Dugongs Order Sirenia, Family Trichechidae
Authors: Reid Fiona A
Published: November 2023

There are 2 families of sirenians: the Trichechidae, with 3 species, one of which oc- curs in Central America, and the Dugongidae, with a single species found only in the Old World. These aquatic mammals are rotund, with bulbous, bristly noses, forelimbs modified into flippers, and horizontally flattened tails. They are placid herbivores that methodically browse on aquatic vegetation in shallow waters of rivers, estuaries, and coasts.
James Baldwin as Religious Writer
Authors: Hardy III Clarence E
Published: November 2023

Just a few years before his death, in an essay that introduced his most important nonfiction in The Price of the Ticket (1985), James Baldwin remembered how he “got started” as a writer. His three years in Harlem’s Pentecostal churches and his brief career as a teenage preacher had indelibly shaped his memories of a tumultuous adolescence and defined his first steps into adulthood as he struggled to launch his writing career. “Indeed, my departure from the pulpit,” Baldwin recalled, “and my leaving home were almost simultaneous” (xvi).
James Baldwin and Sexuality
Authors: Joyce Justin A , McBride Dwight A
Published: November 2023

In the first epigraph above, culled from James Baldwin’s essay “Here be Dragons,” Baldwin’s prophetic force comes through not only in his satirical description of an omitted American past, but also in his critical dismantling of a national mythology of masculinity. Baldwin provides more than just a trenchant criticism of the violence done in the name of the American ideal of masculinity, he analyzes the dichotomies that have had to be erected in order to preserve such a “flaccid” conception. His brief listing of the antithetical roles necessary to play out the drama of American masculinity captures the force and history of the ideal: cowboy ≠ Indian, good guys ≠ bad guys, punks ≠ studs, tough guys ≠ softies, butch ≠ faggot, and finally black ≠ white. Such formulas, for Baldwin, can only stifle growth; these limited positions and oppositional roles can only result in the continual infantilization of national character.
Before Sudoku
Authors: Block Seymour S , Tavares Santiago A
Published: November 2023

Sudoku has become a vastly popular and even addictive game. But fans may not know that Sudoku is a recent offshoot of the venerable Magic Square, which dates back over 4,000 years to ancient China, where it was literally considered magical. Indeed, Magic Squares have fascinated centuries of mystics, astrologers, and some of the world’s most brilliant thinkers, including Ben Franklin. In Sudoku and Magic Squares, Seymour Block and Santiago Tavares offer a crystal clear and engaging tour tour of Magic Squares, tracing their footsteps through through ancient and medieval history and illuminating their uses in art and design, statistics and electronics. The book provides a delightful account of a mind-boggling variety of magical squares, ranging from simple 3 x 3 and squares, to magic cubes, magic circles, magic pyramids, and even “the Beastly Magical Square,” whose magic sum is 666. Of course, the authors also cover Sudoku, describing how the game became a world-wide phenomenon and revealing various strategies for solving the puzzles. And along the way, the book offers readers many fascinating facts--for instance, Sudoku was invented in 1979 by an American architect living in Indianapolis and was originally called Number Place. Oddly enough, though the puzzle is known around the world by its Japanese name (which means “single numbers”), many Japanese still call it Number Place. We also learn that in a 4 x 4 magic square, there are 880 different solutions that will yield the magic sum of 34--a surprisingly large number until you remember that there are over 2.6 trillion possible combinations. Filled with lots of original puzzles for gamers to solve, Sudoku and Magic Squares is an entertaining book that will delight anyone who loves a challenge, including all fans of Sudoku.
The Case for Cost-Benefit Analysis
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Domestic issues are back on the table. After the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001, the nation’s attention was focused almost entirely overseas—to issues of terrorism, war, and foreign policy. The administration of President George W. Bush has aggressively argued that the nation is engaged in a “war on terror.” The Iraq war and ensuing occupation and civil conflict further relegated domestic issues to the back burner. Security was on people’s minds in the 2004 presidential election, and opposition to the Iraq war helped propel Democratic majorities to the House of Representatives and the Senate in 2006. However, domestic issues can remain dormant for only so long, and there has been a resurgence of concern over traditional bread-and-butter domestic issues like health care, job creation, education, and environmental protection.
Missed Opportunities
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Although the hostility of proregulatory groups toward cost-benefit analysis is understandable, it has led to some extremely negative consequences. Chief among these is the failure of these groups to develop a positive vision of cost-benefit analysis, so that when they regained access to the White House, they had little to contribute to the reform of cost-benefit analysis that was needed. The result is that an important opportunity to counter the antiregulatory point of view was lost and many of the antiregulatory biases adopted during the Reagan and Bush administrations were left in place. Meanwhile, conservative antiregulatory thinkers did not suffer the same paralysis. They continued to produce a steady stream of theoretical and empirical work about cost-benefit analysis and federal regulation. They also took advantage of the alternative power base that came into Congress in the 1994 elections and were well positioned to immediately move forward with their agenda when George W. Bush walked into the White House in 2001.
Fallacy 3: Older People Are Less Valuable
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Regulations save lives. When decisionmakers ask whether a particular regulation is justified, they are often swayed by the number of lives it saves. How they measure the benefit of a saved life, then, is critical. The standard way to measure the benefit of a saved life is to look at people’s willingness to pay to avoid health and safety risks, which is then used to estimate the value of a statistical life. Recently there have been efforts to substitute the value of life-years for the value of statistical life. Use of life-years, however, leads to the third fallacy in cost-benefit analysis—that older people are less valuable than younger people, in proportion to their life expectancies. Under the life-years methodology, because younger people will on average lose more life years when they die, their lives are assigned a much greater value—the life of a 40-year-old is seven times more valuable than that of a 70-year-old. This outcome is both inconsistent with economic theory and flatly contradicted by empirical data on how people value risk.
The Sum of All the Fallacies
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

This Part has described eight fallacies of cost-benefit analysis. Each of these fallacies, individually, would bias the technique against regulation—together they amount to a virtual Berlin Wall blocking good regulations.
Regulatory Hurdles
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Part II, “Eight Fallacies of Cost-Benefit Analysis,” detailed fallacies of cost-benefit analysis that have become prominent, in part, because for the past three decades the conversation about how cost-benefit analysis should be conducted has been dominated by antiregulatory interest groups. These fallacies bias cost-benefit analysis against regulation. In order for cost-benefit analysis to serve as a neutral tool of policy analysis, and accurately identify wealth-maximizing regulations, these fallacies need to be eliminated. Proregulatory interest groups, as well as informed citizens, can use these chapters as the foundation of an agenda for reforming the methodology of cost-benefit analysis, in order to reclaim it for the benefit of the general public rather than for the narrow purposes of antiregulatory interests.
Rethinking OIRA
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

The current institutions of regulatory review were constructed based on a flawed theory of the systematically overregulating agency. A new system, which reflects the reality that agencies will both over- and underregulate, is needed. To start, the idea of central review of regulations need not be scrapped. Although the current system is biased against regulation, there are ways to reform it so that it can lead to a more rational system of regulation, without unfairly and unwisely hindering agencies.
Balancing the Scales
Authors: Revesz Richard l. , Livermore Michael A
Published: November 2023

Courts must also take steps to take the antiregulatory bias out of judicial review. Hopefully, a recent decision in the Supreme Court presages greater openness to review of regulatory inaction, but many other steps are necessary to balance the scales of judicial review.
How Fantasy Becomes Reality: Seeing Through Media Influence
Authors: Dill Karen E
Published: November 2023

It's a common belief that the stories we encounter through mass media--whether in video games, action movies, or political comedy skits on Saturday Night Live--are just entertaining fantasies that have no tangible impact on our everyday lives, attitudes, and choices. Not so, says Karen Dill in this lively and provocative book. As much as we may want to deny it, the images, sounds, and narratives that bombard us daily have ample power to alter our realities. Dill, the author of the single-most-cited study on the effects of video-game violence, draws on extensive research in social psychology to show not only the myriad ways--for good and ill--that media influence us, but also why we resist believing they do. Vibrantly written and packed with eye-opening examples from everyday life, her wide-ranging analysis encompasses everything from gender and racial stereotyping to social identity, domestic violence, and presidential politics. She discusses the ways that super-thin models and actresses have altered women's self-images, dissects the manipulative strategies of advertising aimed at children and medical consumers, and explains how the "fake news" of The Daily Show and The Colbert Report may offer more authentic and incisive coverage than the cable channels and network newscasts. She also assesses the growing importance of "new media" like text-messaging, blogs, and Facebook in how we communicate and process information. In a media-saturated society, Dill argues, understanding precisely how these powerful forces affect us and learning how to deal with them are vital to the very way we function as citizens. How Fantasy Becomes Reality shows what we can do to move from the passenger's seat to the driver's seat as media consumers.
Typing Politics
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

The power of political blogs in American politics is now evident to anyone who follows it. In Typing Politics, Richard Davis provides a comprehensive yet concise assessment of the growing role played by political blogs and their relationship with the mainstream media. Through a detailed content analysis of the most popular political blogs--Daily Kos, Instapundit, Michelle Malkin, and Wonkette--he shows the degree to which blogs influence the traditional news media. Specifically, he compares the content of these blogs to four leading newspapers noted for their political coverage: The Washington Post, The New York Times, The Wall Street Journal, and The Washington Times. He explains how political journalists at these papers use blogs to inform their reportage and analyzes general attitudes about the role of blogs in journalism. Drawing on a national survey of political blog readers, Davis concludes with a novel assessment of the blog audience. Compact, accessible, and well-researched, Typing Politics will be an invaluable contribution to the literature on a phenomenon that has reshaped the landscape of political communication.
Agenda Setting
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

On September 26, 2006, President George W. Bush signed a bill that created a searchable database of federal grants and contracts designed for citizens, groups, and the press to track federal spending. The bill seemed unremarkable except that it was strongly opposed by two senior senators who did not want public disclosure of the pork barrel projects they supported. They placed a secret hold on the bill to prevent a vote. Other members of Congress found it difficult to press these more senior members.

Then several political bloggers joined the battle. Glenn Reynolds, N. Z. Bear, and others used their blogs to urge readers to contact their senators and see who was blocking the bill. One congressional aide admitted, “Bloggers mobilized Congress, Congress did not mobilize bloggers.”

Under scrutiny from blogs and their audiences, the two senators relinquished their hold. Congress passed the bill, and the White House even acknowledged the role of bloggers by inviting several to join the bill-signing ceremony. This was a first. Bloggers were gaining official recognition for setting the agenda and helping to shape legislation.

Two years earlier, in July 2004, a newly formed group called Swift Boat Veterans for Truth began running ads attacking Senator John Kerry’s war record. Kerry’s presidential campaign initially ignored the ads, which were designed to undermine his claims to heroism. The news media followed suit. But the blogosphere aired the charges extensively. Eventually the traditional media could not ignore the story any longer and by August began to cover the charges. The Kerry campaign went on the defensive.
Inside the Blogs
Authors: Davis Richard
Published: November 2023

From the thoughtful to the bombastic to the sarcastic, blog content, even within the political blogosphere, spans a wide range of approaches to political discussion. Some bloggers seem to be policy wonks offering up detailed policy treatises, while others are gossipmongers interested in passing on the latest salacious rumor. Yet despite the type of content, the mode of communication is surprisingly standard, even among the influentials. All center their writing on the post. The post, a discrete entry usually identified by date and time, is the basic contained unit of blogging. Like a diary entry, it is delineated by a historical point and space separating it from the next post. Bloggers uniformly use the post as the form of blogging.

Political communication scholars only recently have begun to analyze political blog content. Kaye Trammell examined a random sample of political posts of forty-six celebrity blogs over ten months. The focus of Michael Keren’s research was one political blogger’s posts over a five-year period. Svetlana V. Kulikova and David D. Perlmutter analyzed blog posts of a samizdat blog in Kyrgyzstan during the “Tulip Revolution” that led to the overthrow of the government in 2005, and Antoinette Pole analyzed the role of blog content in mobilizing readers. Susan C. Herring and others conducted a longitudinal analysis of blogs to determine change over time in such features as length of posts, number of links, and the type of sources linked to.3 For this book, blog posts on seven national influential political blogs were examined over a one-month period to determine the nature of blog content. These blog posts were analyzed both quantitatively and qualitatively. (For a fuller description of methodology, see the appendix.)
Substance Abuse Etiological Considerations
Authors: Pihl Robert O
Published: November 2023

The medical historian Osler wrote, “the only characteristic that distinguishes man from other animals is his propensity to take drugs” (in Bean, 1951). Given current knowledge, Osler might add that there are exceptions to this statement and also that the propensity to “do drugs” is as old as human behavior. In the fi rst instance, animal behaviorists have commonly observed various species ingesting substances for both medicinal and seemingly recreational purposes. Intoxicated behavior is seen in most animals, from elephants to the catnip-consuming pet (Siegal, 1989).
Sexual Dysfunctions
Authors: Strassberg Donald S , Perelman Michael A
Published: November 2023

Sexual dysfunctions, conditions that impair the desire or ability to achieve sexual satisfaction, are among the most prevalent of the distressing emotional and behavioral problems facing mental health professionals and other clinicians. The National Health and Social Life Survey (NHSLS; Laumann, Gagnon, Michael, & Michaels, 1994; Laumann, Paik, & Rosen, 1999) reported a prevalence rate for all sexual disorders of 31% for men and 43% for women.
Meditation
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

To help us advance our practice of Stoicism, Seneca advises that we periodically meditate on the events of daily living, how we responded to these events, and how, in accordance with Stoic principles, we should have responded to them.
On Becoming a Stoic
Authors: Irvine William B
Published: November 2023

Practicing Stoicism won’t be easy. It will take effort, for example, to practice negative visualization, and practicing selfdenial will take more effort still. It will take both effort and willpower to abandon our old goals, such as the attainment of fame and fortune, and replace them with a new goal, namely, the attainment of tranquility.
A Historical Commentary On Arrian’S History Of Alexander
Authors: Bosworth A B
Published: November 2023

This, the second volume of a magisterial commentary on the work of the historian Arrian, deals in depth with a crucial period (329-326 BC) of the reign of Alexander the Great. It discusses some of the earliest datable evidence for the history of Central Asia and Pakistan, and analyses Alexander's views of sovereignty and divinity. Professor Bosworth is the leading authority on Arrian, and his commentary should become a classic work of reference for historians.
Religion, Law, And Power
Authors: Connolly S J
Published: November 2023

This is a study of religion, politics, and society in a period of great significance in modern Irish history. The late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries saw the consolidation of the power of the Protestant landed class, the enactment of penal laws against Catholics, and constitutional conflicts that forced Irish Protestants to redefine their ideas of national identity. S. J. Connolly's scholarly and wide-ranging study examines these developments and sets them in their historical context. The Ireland that emerges from his lucid and penetrating analysis was essentially a part of ancien régime Europe: a pre-industrialized society, in which social order depended less on a ramshackle apparatus of coercion than on complex structures of deference and mutual accommodation, along with the absence of credible challengers to the dominance of a landed élite; in which the ties of patronage and clientship were often more important than horizontal bonds of shared economic or social position; and in which religion remained a central part of personal and political motivation.
A Floating Commonwealth
Authors: Harvie Christopher
Published: November 2023

Christopher Harvie offers a new portrait of society and identity in high industrial Britain by focusing on the sea as connector, not barrier. Atlantic and ‘inland sea’ together, Harvie argues, created a ‘floating commonwealth’ of port cities and their hinterlands whose interaction, both with one another and with nationalist and imperial politics, created an intense political and cultural synergy. At a technical level, this produced the freight steamer and the efficient types of railways which opened up the developing world, as well as the institutions of international finance and communications in the age of ‘telegrams and anger’. And ultimately, the resources of the Atlantic cities, their shipyards and works, enabled Britain to win withstand the test of the First World War. Meanwhile, as Harvie shows, the continuous attempt to make sense of an ever-changing material reality also stimulated the discourses on which social criticism and literary modernism were based, from Carlyle to James Joyce - although the ultimate outcome, of slump and emigration, would leave enduring problems in the years to come.
The Beach and Nearshore Zones
Authors: Trenhaile A S
Published: November 2023

About one-fifth of the world’s coasts consists of sandy beaches backed by beach ridges, dunes, or barriers (Bird 1985b). Beaches develop wherever there is available sediment and a suitable site for its accumulation. They are the most widely distributed coastal depositional features, and one of the most dynamic.