bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Responsibility
Authors: Krasny Marianne E.
Published: September 2023

This chapter revisits the question of individual and corporate responsibility, this time from the perspective of philosophy. It shares how the work of two feminist philosophers, Iris Marion Young, who is known for her social connection model of responsibility, and Robin Zheng, who looked at responsibility through the notion of “role-ideals” has helped the author to sort out questions of where his responsibility lies in the struggle for climate justice and hopefully can help the reader do the same. As the chapter argues, arguments about who is to blame and who is responsible for the climate crisis, and what that means for responsible actors going forward, can occupy a lot of mental energy. The chapter stresses that these two powerful thinkers have pondered and debated questions of blame and personal responsibility for years, and their writings can help us sort out ways to move forward in the climate crisis. Regardless of Young and Zheng's mix of terms and approaches, they both would agree on one thing: forward-looking responsibility. The chapter then focuses on identifying who is responsible to take action moving forward rather than looking backward at who caused the crisis. They might ask, regardless of who is to blame, what good does blaming do to solve the climate crisis?
When Town Hall Becomes Battlefield
Authors: Hughes Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains how experienced leaders handle contentious meetings with grace. Public meetings are held for several different reasons, such as asking for feedback or addressing concerns. Regardless of the meeting's purpose, people who show up for the meeting care about the discussion. The chapter explores some possible solutions since public meetings rarely go to plan, referencing the factor of people in meetings. It considers approaches like the World Café Method or the Open Space Method to get concerned people talking with one another to find common ground or come up with novel solutions if they are open to trying a different approach and listening to what others are saying.
Getting the Word Out
Authors: Hughes Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2023

This chapter notes how to use skills to mobilize people to action and other ways to get support for the cause more broadly. It considers using the repeat-why technique to figure out the right thing to do before taking action. Moreover, leaders must be able to tailor messages and deliver them to specific audiences since some people are more important to a campaign than others. The chapter explores some outreach strategies like community and special-interest groups, living-room meetings, special outreach events, opinion letters, memos, press releases, petitions, and the Internet. It then highlights the importance of letting people know they matter.
Fundraising, Proposal Writing, and More
Authors: Hughes Jeffrey W.
Published: September 2023

This chapter highlights the importance of raising money for the cause. It clarifies that asking for money for the cause does not equate to begging, citing that changing the mindset about asking for money is the first essential part of becoming a successful fundraiser. The main sources of money are private individuals, philanthropic organizations (foundations), businesses, and government agencies. The chapter notes the responsibility of fundraisers to convince business people that their business will profit from making a gift by getting favorable publicity at little cost. Meanwhile, receiving grants is the main way to obtain money from foundations and government agencies. The chapter also mentions the art of grantsmanship.
Introduction
Authors: Kalashnikov Antony
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the displacement of utopian hopes by the fantasy of an enduring Soviet nation, secured and embodied in the succession of remembering generations. It illustrates that the Soviet state's extravagant program of monument construction harnessed and institutionalized the widely shared desire to be remembered. It also explains how the construction of monuments for posterity assuaged popular anxieties within the context of a modern temporal order that is severely strained by declining confidence in a better future. The chapter provides a background of the expansion of the monument-building agenda to include the design of civil constructions, infrastructure, and urban spaces, all of which were expected to stand as testaments to the era. It investigates the monument-building drive inspired by the Palace of the Soviets competition that displaced a decade of state-supported avant-garde experiments.
Historicist Aesthetics
Authors: Kalashnikov Antony
Published: September 2023

This chapter reviews the compositional solutions that pushed the style of Soviet architecture in a decidedly traditionalist direction. It describes the Stalinist architects that selected supposedly timeless historical styles to ensure that their monuments remained understandable to posterity, rather than to evoke a glorious past or an eternal, totalitarian status quo. It also details how the Stalinist architects employed time-tested materials, architectonic forms, and decorative mediums to ensure the monuments' physical durability. The chapter examines that logic reflected transnational trends wherein interwar architects in both fascist and liberal democratic contexts gravitated toward historicist aesthetics. It looks at the concern of the Stalinist regime about how posterity would distinguish stylized Stalinist monuments from their historical models, and whether Stalinist monuments would remain attractive and relevant.
The Cultural Foundations of Stalinist Monument Building
Authors: Kalashnikov Antony
Published: September 2023

This chapter investigates the cultural impulse to self-commemoration and demonstrates how its materialization in prospective monuments undergirded the fantasy of an enduring national collective, whose links were to be forged through intergenerational memory. It highlights how that fantasy responded to the anxieties induced by the extreme social dislocations accompanying rapid modernization and the devastating experience of the Great Patriotic War. It also mentions the Stalinist nation's identity that would be secured and stabilized through an intergenerational chain of memory, in which the commemoration of the past and the immortalization of the present would play vital roles. The chapter looks at alternative vision of the future of the Stalinist regime that galvanized the impulse to self-commemoration and ultimately created the context for the regime's sudden turn to monument building. It reviews neo-totalitarian accounts that liken the Stalinist monument-building program to that of its political cousins, most notably Nazi Germany.
Family Trees and the Tree of Life
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains that taxonomy is a system of categories that people use to organize their understanding of a particular body of knowledge and considers the practice of ranking biological classification as one of humanity's most essential cultural pursuits. It describes human beings as the planet's uncontested master classifiers due to their ability to classify things, which is one of humanity's great evolutionary differentiators. The chapter also discusses the capacity for classification that springs from two basic cognitive capabilities: binary discrimination and lateralization of the human brain. The chapter then explores the ability to contrast degrees of sameness and difference that provides the conceptual foundation for hierarchical thinking. It looks at the cognitive makeup of humans that drive them to categorize the natural world in hierarchical terms.
The Ice Age Information Explosion
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter demonstrates how mainstream culture harbors a vague prejudice against people who do not know how to write, which results in failure to appreciate the richness and complexity of nonliterate cultures and what they can teach about the way minds work. The chapter talks about preliterate societies exhibiting complex cultural behaviors and making innovative use of symbolic information technologies to record, store, and distribute shared knowledge. It also explores human mythologies that are rife with explanations for the emergence of symbolic thought. The chapter details that the arrival of symbolic expression coincided with a period of rapid climate change, starting about forty-five thousand years ago when the last great Ice Age sent glaciers out across much of the earth's surface. It recounts how symbols emerged after Ice Age humans came in from the cold and started working together.
Illuminating the Dark Age
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts the collapse of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, in which Europe lost thousands of texts that were considered the intellectual foundation of the Pax Romana. The chapter describes the re-emergence of smaller close-knit societies that closely resembled the earlier tribal chiefdoms of old during the Dark Ages. It also talks about how the invention of the codex book transformed the manuscript from a cumbersome mnemonic aid to a readily accessible information storehouse, ushering in random access as a whole new way of reading. The chapter highlights the introduction of the new random-access form of writing to the Irish, a previously illiterate tribal society, sparking a collision of cultures that yielded dazzling literary by-products. It investigates how Ireland became a literary research and development laboratory populated by talented scribes that worked together in an environment largely insulated from the continental ravages of the Dark Ages.
A Steam Engine of the Mind
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses the technology of the printing press that transformed the social and political worlds of medieval Europe. It highlights that the Gutenberg revolution destabilized the old feudal and religious hierarchies of the Middle Ages, enabling a growing class of literate Europeans to forge new social bonds that culminated the cultural transformations of the Renaissance. The chapter traces popular literature, which made its way out of the cloisters during the late Middle Ages, illuminating the deeper trajectory of the Gutenberg revolution. The chapter mentions that the Physiologus or bestiary, became the most popular nonbiblical manuscript in the late twelfth century as it consists of simple verse descriptions of animals that tried to explain basic points of Christian doctrine. The popular demand for copies of the bestiary fueled the development of inventive reproduction techniques in the monastic scriptoria that allowed written works to reach wider audiences.
The Astral Power Station
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter recounts the invention of the so-called theater of memory in the 1500s, which was a contraption that houses a complicated apparatus that opened and closed windows to reveal words and images printed inside. The chapter considers the theater, which was invented by Giulio Camillo, as the perfect metaphor for a dawning era of post-Renaissance information technology. It also talks about pioneering thinkers who experimented with new ways of structuring access to human knowledge after being freed of the intellectual confines of the monastic system. The chapter highlights the art of memory, which offered monks a powerful tool for harnessing their physical and spatial memory as a means for internalizing God's word. It points out how the art of memory relies on two essential facilities: networks, which is the ability to relate one concept to another, and hierarchies, which is the ability to arrange spatial memories into nested categories.
The Encyclopedic Revolution
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter discusses Europe's scholarly publishing boom with the rise of Renaissance secular scholarship and the emergence of the scientific method. It highlights that the encyclopedia represented a major innovation and a new literary technology that promised to help readers cope with a surging tide of new information. It also describes the Gunaikeion, a protoencyclopedia by English playwright Thomas Heywood that purported to catalog all available information about women. The chapter explains how Heywood's notion of a book foreshadowed the self-organizing information ecosystem of the World Wide Web, which seemed to resist categorization. It mentions Denis Diderot, a Frenchman who adopted Francis Bacon's classification as the foundation for his monumental Encyclopédie ou dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers.
The Moose That Roared
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter explains how the decomposing moose Thomas Jefferson placed at the entrance of his Paris hotel marked his entry into a taxonomic feud that would shape the trajectory of worldwide information systems for centuries to come. It considers the eighteenth century as a period of intense research and discovery in the natural world, highlighting the spread of printing and the rise of the scientific method that fueled a boom in scholarly publishing. The chapter explains that Carl Linnaeus's Systema naturae articulated a system for classifying living things and turned on a nested hierarchy that consisted of top-level kingdoms. It includes George Louis LeClerc, also known as the Comte de Buffon, who eschewed strict hierarchies in favor of a natural system more reflective of God's will and believed that humans' propensity for classifying the natural world stemmed from the inherent inadequacy of human perception.
The Industrial Library
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter details the proliferation of the card catalog, an apparatus that became a fixture in library reading rooms. It considers the image of catalogs colliding as an apt metaphor for the bibliographical boom that swept the library world. It also explores how the Industrial Revolution transformed the economy of the written word as steam-driven mechanical presses powered the rise of great publishing houses that catered to the growing market of newly literate readers. The chapter highlights the industrialization of the printing press and the rise of the growing literate populace that exerted severe pressures on formerly placid institutions of libraries. It recounts the effects of industrialization during the progression of the nineteenth century, which transformed the enterprise of the library from a bookman's craft into a bibliographical assembly line.
Memories of the Future
Authors: Wright Alex
Published: September 2023

This chapter points out how the present world stands at a precipice between the near-limitless capacity of computer networks and the real physical limits of human comprehension. It discusses that digital technology fueled an unprecedented surge of individual expression. It also describes the legions of social media posters, bloggers, artists, politicians, journalists, and everyday citizens that took advantage of the Internet's ease of communication, emphasizing the rise of vast populist networks that threaten the power of old institutional hierarchies. The chapter cites Malcolm Gladwell's The Tipping Point and James Surowiecki's The Wisdom of Crowds, which suggest a growing faith in an emergent order guided by an elite class of philosophers and by the will of the people. It reviews the explosive growth of social media platforms that ushered an unprecedented era of human creativity and knowledge production, including unintended consequences such as misinformation, surveillance capitalism, and the rise of a new political tribalism.
Purpose and Overview
Authors: Avila Maria
Published: September 2023

This chapter shares parts of the author's story to illustrate the origins of her leadership and social justice interest, as well as her civically engaged scholarship and methodology. It explains how the author's story honors the teachings of the Cree Elders of starting every project and meeting by acknowledging their purpose, their place of knowing, and who they are. It also highlights the approach to building collective leadership and relational power to create change, which is the core of the author's training in the Industrial Areas Foundation's (IAF) model of organizing. The chapter shows how the author used the IAF model to guide her work at the Occidental's Center for Community Based Learning and throughout her doctoral and postdoctoral research. It discusses the inclusion of relationships across generations and with living and non-living things as a radical departure from contemporary concepts that focus primarily on leadership.
Integrating Civic Engagement into General Education at California State University, Dominguez Hills
Authors: Vieira Philip A. , Deng Xuefei , Seiwert Gabrielle
Published: September 2023

This chapter talks about the research-in-action Faculty Learning Community (FLC) that focused on integrating civic engagement (CE) into general education (GE) courses at California State University, Dominguez Hills (CSUDH). It illustrates the use of a collective leadership model in a genuine partnership between stakeholders from the community and the university, providing an example for how to create room for culture change within the campus community. It also mentions the diverse group of individual team members that made up the backbone of the FCL project, including their unique backgrounds and areas of expertise in tackling a common goal together. The chapter highlights how the project serves as a model for how to implement collective leadership with multiple stakeholders in higher education. It details how the institutional culture at CSUDH borrowed from common systems that impact how the faculty communicates and accomplishes goals.
Afterword
Authors: Avila Maria , Rivera Aixle Aman , Perez Joanna B. , Knoerr Alan P. , Chai Kathleen Tornow , Vieira Philip A.
Published: September 2023

This chapter looks at challenges of the overlapping crises of COVID-19 and the resulting economic fallout, climate destruction, and long-overdue racial reckoning that have shone a light on the fractured and unhealthy relationships between people and institutions that govern their lives. The chapter provides valuable insights for those who are looking for co-conspirators to create institutions and communities where everyone can thrive. It also reviews narratives that provide a sense of the commitment of time and other resources that build a trusting community. The chapter considers the importance of building the skills of a group of community-engaged professionals to examine their aspirations for their workplaces, their communities, and the world. It discusses the process of discernment about personal stories, values, and lived experiences that is part of defining self-interest in the community organizing model.
Introduction
Authors: Ranganathan Malini , Pike David L. , Doshi Sapana
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides a background about stories of corruption and stories of rapid urban change that are mutually constituted, including the unequal ways in which stories are crafted, disseminated, and heard by different people and in different places. It finds corruption as an omnipresent and opportunistic discourse often wielded by moralizing elites who are themselves under scrutiny for nefarious land and real estate deals. It also questions why particular condemnations of corruption become hegemonic at particular historical moments. The chapter considers corruption stories as idioms for understanding, experiencing, and acting upon injustice and inequality in global cities. It focuses on Indian cities where caste operates as a central organizing structure of power and inequality that shapes every domain of social, spatial, cultural, political, and economic life.
Multistory Building
Authors: Ranganathan Malini , Pike David L. , Doshi Sapana
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the middle-class publics associated with corruption emplotted in the mundane multistory apartment building. It studies a multistory building topos that conjures an older form of urbanity and middle-class gentility. It also describes the “one-man army” waging self-righteous struggles against rapacious real estate redevelopment that personifies middle-class respectability politics that are politically liberal and Gandhian to the core. The chapter reviews existing ethics for ordinary urban dwellers that are gray rather than liberal and the multistory building that tells how the middle class can hardly claim the moral high ground. It then discusses ethnographic and literary analysis showing the slum-dwelling poor and middle-class publics that practice gray ethics and reveals them to be complicit in real estate corruption rather than outside of it.
Periphery
Authors: Ranganathan Malini , Pike David L. , Doshi Sapana
Published: September 2023

This chapter is devoted to the outlaw publics called forth by land grabs set at the urban periphery. It draws on fantastical and ordinary corruption plots set at the frontiers of the city, which brings to life land mafias, vigilantes, and rowdies who are imagined to practice an unabashedly gray ethics in confronting and participating in real estate corruption. It also explores how the periphery affords direct representation of the predations of late capitalism as a topos. The chapter argues that, as a topos steeped in the affect of the “wild west” and its reckless frontiers of capitalism, the periphery's corruption plots bring into view the underside of the state that thrive on and are hamstrung by conflict and informality. It then examines the shifting and equivocal borders fringing cities as both untapped frontiers ripe with investment potential and rapidly changing landscapes of vernacular semirural life.
Infrastructure
Authors: Ranganathan Malini , Pike David L. , Doshi Sapana
Published: September 2023

This chapter studies the biopolitical publics afforded by life-providing circulatory urban infrastructures. It describes the life-and-death consequences of shoddily constructed and undermaintained infrastructure that emplot sensational tales of corruption featuring criminal neglect, resource siphoning, and reckless cost-cutting measures on the part of public officials. It also covers the contamination of water, the collapse of a road or bridge, and the massive pile-up of trash or sewage that expose government and engineering malpractice. The chapter argues that the work of corruption narratives in infrastructure networks is to voice incompatible truths on differing ethical frameworks. It discusses the liberal desire for a world in which everything works and in which sudden technological breakdown is seen as a travesty of the liberal promise and the gray ethics acknowledging the inevitability of corruption.
Counterfeiting Reality
Authors: Coutin Susan Bibler , Yngvesson Barbara
Published: September 2023

This chapter provides examples of certain issues of dislocation, violence, and irreality. It turns to two cases: one a class action brought by the American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) against U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE) in 2018, the other a formal petition filed with the Riksdag (Swedish parliament) by the Association of Ethiopian and Eritrean Adoptees (AEF) in Stockholm in 2018. At issue in the first case was ICE officials' widespread practice of separating undocumented children and parents so that the latter could be prosecuted for entering the United States without authorization or detained while their immigration cases were pending. In the second case, the AEF called for the implementation of stringent policies in Sweden and in the nations from which Sweden receives children in adoption. This was to ensure the preservation of all possible information regarding why a decision was made to place a child in international adoption rather than in the custody of relatives or adoptive parents in the country of birth.
Schrödinger’s Cat
Authors: Coutin Susan Bibler , Yngvesson Barbara
Published: September 2023

This chapter takes up “the middle” in order to consider the multiple locations and temporalities of both ethnography and law. In so doing, the chapter seeks an alternative to the seemingly dichotomous possibilities that ethnography and law either discover or invent/construct social reality. The notion of discovery characterizes positivist notions of empiricism, whereas the notion of invention, that ethnographies are in some sense fictions or constructions that can be read alongside other cultural products, grew out of critiques of positivism developed during the 1980s. Instead of revisiting such debates to take one side or the other, the chapter suggests that law and ethnography both discover and invent in that legal and ethnographic accounts retroactively instantiate realities that potentially existed all along. Such realities open up the middle that is “missed” when the media, law, or ethnography focus on what can be described as “the outside and making assumptions about who we are.”
Introduction
Authors: Luttig Matthew D.
Published: September 2023

This chapter explores the question on whether the characterization of Democrats and Republicans is fair as they perceive members of the other party as more closed-minded than their fellow co-partisans. The chapter investigates the relationship between closed minds and partisan identity. It also aims to determine if it is accurate to say that modern partisans are, in some sense, psychologically closed. The chapter examines whether people who are psychologically closed are more intensely partisan than people who are psychologically open. It focuses on the construct of partisanship, considering partisanship as one of the primary ways in which Americans today are politically divided and as a social identity rather than a reflection of ideological orientations or policy preferences.
Opening the Closed Mind?
Authors: Luttig Matthew D.
Published: September 2023

This chapter illustrates how political campaigns increase group-centric partisanship in part by making the public more politically attentive. The chapter incorporates recent research within political psychology on the importance of political attention as a moderator of the link between personality and politics. It also emphasizes how closure would increase expressions of partisan group-centrism more among the politically interested than among the detached. The chapter conceptualizes partisan group-centrism as a social identity and uses Henri Tajfel's definition of social identity as composed of cognitive self-categorization, emotions, and values to identify measures of the group-centric partisanship construct. It suggests that there should be a reconsideration of the relationship between closed minds and the partisan divide in US society.
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn’s One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich at Home and Abroad
Authors: Klots Yasha
Published: September 2023

This chapter situates the success of One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich vis-à-vis the shared failure of other gulag narratives to see the light of day in Russia around the same time. Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's breakthrough in the official Soviet press not only “emancipated” many other manuscripts on the subject, whether written before or after Ivan Denisovich, but also precluded them from being published at home. They were thus forced out of the official literary field first into the underground at home and eventually abroad, to tamizdat. The incontestable achievement of Solzhenitsyn, who managed to reach out to the general Soviet reader but did not have the means to tell the whole truth about the camps, was largely shaped by his text's ostensible conformity to socialist realism and Soviet mythology on the whole. Here, the key to the feat of Ivan Denisovich lay not in its subject matter, as was customary to think, but in its social and allegorical orchestration, as well as in the author's and his advocates' failsafe strategy to make the novella publishable, and the publication possible.
Anna Akhmatova’s Requiem and the Thaw
Authors: Klots Yasha
Published: September 2023

This chapter studies Anna Akhmatova's Requiem, which was among the clandestine manuscripts emancipated by Solzhenitsyn in 1962. Akhmatova was the last living poet of the Silver Age, while the vast majority of representatives of bygone Russian culture either found themselves in exile or were annihilated in some way by the regime at home. Comprising texts written years and decades apart and only much later brought together under one cover, Requiem was “woven” from the “poor words” of those whose lives and names were forever lost. Indeed, both at home and abroad Requiem was read, above all, as an act of witness-bearing and a testimony to the victims of Stalinism and the gulag, rather than as a work of literature. Yet Akhmatova's way of speaking about the gulag and its victims in Requiem clashed with the émigrés' expectations of her as a Silver Age poet they remembered and worshiped.
Epilogue
Authors: Klots Yasha
Published: September 2023

This concluding chapter traces the evolution of tamizdat throughout the decades. It argues that, as a literary practice and political institution of the late-Soviet era, tamizdat may have begun in earnest only during the trial of Soviet critic Andrei Sinyavsky and the translator Yuly Daniel, for publishing their fiction abroad under the pen names Abram Tertz and Nikolai Arzhak. This trial was significant, because for the first time since the 1920s the emphasis was shifted from ideology to style and geography was endowed with a creative function. Moreover, the chapter shows how the tamizdat project of Tertz and Arzhak revealed an alternative way to deterritorialize truth and authenticate it through border crossing: fantastic realism. Finally, the chapter reflects on the enduring significance of tamizdat given Putin's war in Ukraine as well as the crackdown on the liberal opposition and the freedom of speech in Russia since at least 2014, all of which seems to have brought the Cold War and tamizdat back to reality.
Reconciliation by Stealth
Authors: Kostovicova Denisa
Published: September 2023

This book advances a novel approach to evaluating the effects of transitional justice in postconflict societies. Through an examination of the Balkan conflicts, the book asks what happens when former adversaries discuss legacies of violence and atrocity, and whether it is possible to do so without further deepening animosities. The book shifts our attention from what people say about war crimes, to how they deliberate past wrongs. Bringing together theories of democratic deliberation and peacebuilding, the book demonstrates how people from opposing ethnic groups reconcile through reasoned, respectful, and empathetic deliberation about a difficult legacy. It finds that expression of ethnic difference plays a role in good-quality deliberation across ethnic lines, while revealed intraethnic divisions help deliberators expand moral horizons previously narrowed by conflict. In the process, people forge bonds of solidarity and offset divisive identity politics that bears upon their deliberations. The book shows us the importance of theoretical and methodological innovation in capturing how transitional justice can promote reconciliation, and points to the untapped potential of deliberative problem-solving to repair relationships fractured by conflict.
Quantifying Discourse in Transitional Justice
Authors: Kostovicova Denisa
Published: September 2023

This chapter presents the empirical strategy for studying reconciliation by measuring the quality of deliberation in RECOM's discussions about war crimes across ethnic lines. As the chapter emphasizes, empirically establishing the quality of deliberation allows us to assess how speakers engage with each other. It also discusses how the measurement instrument has been refined in order to capture the deliberativeness of discourse in postconflict societies. The chapter then introduces the corpus comprised of the transcripts of the RECOM consultations in the Balkans. It reviews the Discourse Quality Index (DQI), which is the measurement instrument that captures the deliberative quality of discourse, and the creation of the Discourse Quality Index for the Study of Transitional Justice (DQITJ), to evaluate the quality of cross-ethnic communication after a conflict. The chapter outlines the research design for the quantitative leg of this research, including the discussion of the textual data, sampling, and coding of 1,211 speech acts. It then examines the deliberativeness of discourse based on the observed prevalence of deliberative virtues in the RECOM consultations.
Words of Reason and Talk of Pain
Authors: Kostovicova Denisa
Published: September 2023

This chapter stresses that ethnic identities matter during deliberation. It assesses the relationship between quality deliberation and three factors: ethnically polarizing issues in discussions about justice for war crimes; different types of ethnic divisions corresponding to various conflict dynamics; and the permeation of ethnic identity in discourse as manifested in its linguistic features. The chapter begins by illustrating what good-quality deliberation about mass violence looks like by analyzing an excerpt from the RECOM corpus. It then discusses predictors of good-quality deliberation and presents the findings. As the chapter shows, ethnically polarizing issues pertaining to redress for mass violence, ethnic diversity of discussions, and expressions of subjectivity in ethnic terms increase the quality of deliberation. The chapter underlines that these insights provide evidence that a discussion about justice for war crimes, the most divisive issue in divided societies, is compatible with a deliberative mode of communication. Finally, the chapter considers how the overlooked ethnic dimension of deliberative discourse in divided societies challenges conventional wisdom in scholarship on deliberation that holds that benefits of deliberation in divided societies accrue primarily from nonethnic, that is human rights-oriented, discourse.
Unfriendly to Liberty
Authors: Minty Christopher F.
Published: September 2023

This book explores the origins of loyalism in New York City between 1768 and 1776, and it revises our understanding of the coming of the American Revolution. Through detailed analyses of those who became loyalists, the book argues that would-be loyalists came together long before Lexington and Concord to form an organized, politically motivated, and inclusive political group that was centered around the DeLancey faction. Following the DeLanceys' election to the New York Assembly in 1768, these men, elite and nonelite, championed an inclusive political economy that advanced the public good, and they strongly protested Parliament's reorientation of the British Empire. For New York loyalists, it was local politics, factions, institutions, and behaviors that governed their political activities in the build up to the American Revolution. By focusing on political culture, organization, and patterns of allegiance, the book shows how the contending allegiances of loyalists and patriots were all but locked in place by 1775 when British troops marched out of Boston to seize caches of weapons in neighboring villages. Indeed, local political alignments that were formed in the imperial crises of the 1760s and 1770s provided a critical platform for the divide between loyalists and patriots in New York City. Political and social disputes coming out of the Seven Years' War, more than republican radicalization in the 1770s, forged the united force that would make New York City a center of loyalism throughout the American Revolution.
The Minions of Tyranny and Despotism
Authors: Minty Christopher F.
Published: September 2023

This chapter evaluates how the DeLanceys governed in the assembly after the 1769 elections. It examines how they tried to maintain support considering fresh opposition and politically naïve governing as New Yorkers increasingly believed that Parliament was exerting undue control over their lives. The DeLanceys' political rise in 1760s Manhattan was driven by and dependent on their inclusion of non-elites in the political economic process, and their focus on financial stability was a form of economic reductionism. Their mistake challenged their political ascendancy, as some New Yorkers saw them as somewhat Manichean. One person confronted them head on, Alexander McDougall. McDougall's opposition to the DeLanceys presented New Yorkers with a competing political economy. Like many other radicals, he vehemently opposed Parliament's reorientation of the British imperial state.
Liberty and No Importation
Authors: Minty Christopher F.
Published: September 2023

This chapter begins by exploring the citywide debates over the Townshend Acts and nonimportation. It shows how the DeLanceys and Alexander McDougall held competing political economies and interpretations of how New York City fitted into the British Empire. For many, McDougall represented political liberty and the city's freedom as he continued to advocate for colonial autonomy. He, like many others, including the DeLanceys, sought the repeal of the Townshend Acts. The chapter then explores the practical consequences of political mobilization, using three DeLanceyites' networks to demonstrate how their associationism dramatically influenced whom they interacted with and how often. It presents how the DeLanceys coalesced into an inward-looking association that was composed of politically like-minded individuals.
The Mob Begin to Think and Reason
Authors: Minty Christopher F.
Published: September 2023

This chapter focuses on the Tea Act of 1773 and its impact on popular politics in Manhattan. The chapter demonstrates how the legislation brought Alexander McDougall and his supporters back into the popular political sphere. To show their opposition to the Tea Act, the McDougallites authored a series of essays that were published in newspapers and as broadsides in which they argued that the Tea Act threatened colonists' liberties because it gave the East India Company a monopoly in the tea trade. By arguing that the act threatened the public welfare, the McDougallites articulated a refreshed iteration of their political economy. They also criticized the DeLanceys' political economy, showing that economic advancement did not always advance or even protect the public good. The chapter then looks at the Boston Port Act, the Coercive Acts, and the Committee of Fifty-One.
Oscillations and Incongruities
Authors: Ong Andrew
Published: September 2023

This chapter covers the logic of authority and political culture up to Wa Region's political relations with China, Myanmar, and other Ethnic Armed Organizations (EAOs) counterparts. It examines tactical dissonance first through these oscillations of political relations. The tenuous solidarities between the EAOs were part of a long history of intermittent and capricious relations in Myanmar. The chapter explores the contemporary political relations and juxtapositions between the United Wa State Army (UWSA) and Tatmadaw. It elaborates on the formation of the Federal Political Negotiation and Consultative Committee (FPNCC) which called for a high degree of autonomy for ethnic states in a federal system.
Frontier Accumulations
Authors: Ong Andrew
Published: September 2023

This chapter tackles borderland figures and types of accumulation that depend on cross-border movement. It explains that the Wa Region remained a largely cash-based economy, so it is primarily constituted by accumulation and capital flows. Despite the image of disorder, the frontier has a culture and norms of its own, a mix of daring, spectacle, and vigilance. The chapter considers that the five types of accumulation here take place through fraud, logistics, and the creation of spectacles. It expounds on the dual nature of relational autonomy that drew from capital and flows and is anchored in economic networks and institutional appearances.
Gestures of Governance
Authors: Ong Andrew
Published: September 2023

This chapter notes the notion of governance remaining at the level of gesture. It focuses on the incongruities between the logic of governance in the Wa Region and the logic of governance espoused by the model of the developmental state. The logic of governance in the Wa Region is deeply intertwined with the local political culture and logic of authority that emphasize the social value of autonomy. The chapter considers the striking parallels between contemporary good governance criticisms and patronizing colonial attitudes of the past. It then looks into the spectacles of reform that involve some aspects of the governance of the United Wa State Army (UWSA), which is concerned with its role in narcotics production.
“Fifth Walk”—Happiness
Authors: Pangle Thomas L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter investigates the Fifth Walk in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Reveries, which is related to the preceding as a kind of dialectical rebound from virtue to happiness. In this Fifth Walk, the eclipse of happiness has ended, though the eclipse of the philosophical perspective continues. It describes an unphilosophical thinking that is illuminated by the glowing golden memory of a peak time of happiness, a dozen years previously. The chapter talks about the Solitary Walker, who never mentions the conscience, nor moral virtue, nor truthfulness and justice as virtues. In stylistic contrast with the Fourth Walk, this Fifth Walk is short, lyrical, and rhapsodic, and seems to be a peak execution of the central of the five aims laid out in the First Walk.
“Sixth Walk”—Goodness versus Virtue
Authors: Pangle Thomas L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter investigates the Sixth Walk in Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Reveries, which has the Solitary Walker treat the third pillar of his moral thought. It highlights goodness as a decided contrast with virtue and as emphatically a source of another, different version of true happiness. It also discusses the reiteration of the Solitary Walker that is in stronger terms than ever of his apologia about not being engaged in doing good for others, which he now declares to constitute the truest happiness. The chapter points out how the Solitary Walker prompts readers to join or to imitate him by undertaking one's own self-analyses. It tells what happened to the Solitary Walker on the previous day's walk that initiated the self-analytical reflection that follows.
“9” and “10”—The Solitary Walker’s “Truly Loving Heart”
Authors: Pangle Thomas L.
Published: September 2023

This chapter constitutes a dialectical compensation, covering an extended apologia wherein Jean-Jacques Rousseau strives to leave his readers with the strong closing impression of the Solitary Walker's essentially loving, convivial nature. It stresses the seeming impossibility of any attainment of happiness for humans on the earth. It also draws an emphatically communal lesson as regards the goal that people should replace, or at least eclipse, the pursuit of happiness with a pursuit of contentment of spirit. The chapter explores how the Solitary Walker confronts what he imagines, in his paranoid persecution complex, to be a nasty and hurtful, public accusation. The Solitary Walker concludes Rousseau's The Reveries with a recording of a sweet conversation with his soul.
Introduction
Authors: Tang Beibei
Published: September 2023

This introductory chapter provides an overview of urban neighborhood governance in China. Since the 2000s, China's development of a market economy and urbanization of the countryside have profoundly transformed the ways through which the Chinese party-state reaches, responds to, and interacts with its citizens. Overall, with the demise of the public sector's control of urban housing, different types of urban residential communities associated with the economic means of their residents have become the common scenario in Chinese urban life since the late 1990s. Chinese grassroots governance, in turn, has experienced unprecedented changes in institutional setting, personnel structure, work tasks, and governance dynamics. During this process, urban neighborhoods have gradually become the cornerstone for new state–society relations and the most influential and basic government unit. Focusing on new trends of neighborhood governance in urban China, this book introduces the thesis of hybrid authoritarianism to illustrate how and to what extent important social and political mechanisms play out through everyday politics and generate public support for the Chinese party-state at the grassroots level. It also explores what impacts these mechanisms have on Chinese political life in general.
Khmer Nationalist
Authors: Jagel Matthew
Published: September 2023

This book is a political history of Cambodia from World War II until 1975, examining the central role of Sõn Ngc Thành. It is a story of nationalistic independence movements, political intrigue, coup attempts, war, and American intelligence. The rise of Cambodian nationalism, the brief period of Japanese dominance, the fight for independence from France, and the establishment of ties with the United States that kept Norodom Sihanouk on edge until his downfall—in all of these, as the book shows, Thành was fundamental. The book reveals how Cambodian nationalism grew during the twilight of French colonialism and faced new geopolitical challenges during the Cold War. Thành's story brings greater understanding to the end of French colonialism in Cambodia, nationalism in post-colonial societies, Cold War realities for countries caught between competing powers, and how the United States responded while the Vietnam War intensified.
The First Independence, 1908–1945
Authors: Jagel Matthew
Published: September 2023

This chapter briefly discusses the history of nationalist resistance to occupying French forces in Cambodia. These instances were sporadic and generally insignificant in reaching the broader collective thought of Cambodians to spur them on to nationalistic confrontation. It was not until Sõn Ngc Thành came of age during the interwar years in France that he developed his earliest political motivations that would carry him on to great highs and lows for the remainder of his life. By the late 1930s, Thành began to affect the national conscious through the political newspaper Nagaravatta. During World War II, the conquering Japanese sheltered Thành after a number of his followers were arrested during a protest he organized. He was hidden in Japan for two years, after which he returned to Cambodia to enter the government and was soon appointed prime minister. Following Japan's defeat in the war, France regained control of its territory, and Thành was sacked. His influence, however, was instrumental in creating the political base to begin to challenge French hegemony.
Lost in the Wilderness, 1955–1959
Authors: Jagel Matthew
Published: September 2023

This chapter follows Norodom Sihanouk's push to marginalize his political opponents and Sõn Ngc Thành loyalists in Phnom Penh. Thành saw his support dwindle as he lived in self-imposed exile on the Thai border. By the end of the 1950s, he had founded the Khmer Serei to begin armed dissent against Sihanouk's regime. The governments in Thailand and South Vietnam assisted him, which brought him closer to the Americans, who had grown weary of Sihanouk's grandstanding and neutralist Cold War foreign policy. Also during this period, a pattern began to emerge that would repeat itself for more than a decade. In the mid-1950s, Cambodia remained on the periphery for most American officials. As the decade moved on and Thành solidified his relationships with Thailand and South Vietnam, American diplomats in the region by and large began to pay more attention to Cambodia, in the process developing a rather incongruous policy toward Cambodia. However, this helped to bolster Thành's aspirations and worked to isolate Cambodia from both its neighbors and the United States.