bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mortality in Adult-Onset Autoimmune Diabetes Is Associated With Poor Glycemic Control
Authors: Olsson Lisa , Grill Valdemar , Midthjell Kristian , Ahlbom Anders , Andersson Tomas , Carlsson Sofia
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

Knowledge on mortality in autoimmune diabetes with adult onset is limited. We compared mortality in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes and type 2 diabetes, taking into account metabolic risk factors, HbA1c, lifestyle, and socioeconomic factors.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Participants of the population-based HUNT2 Study (second survey of the Norwegian HelseUndersøkelsen i Nord-Trøndelag Study; n = 64,264) were followed up prospectively for mortality in the Cause of Death Registry (1995–2009). Diabetes with onset ≥35 years was classified as autoimmune diabetes in adults if anti-GAD was positive (n = 208) and as type 2 diabetes if anti-GAD was negative (n = 2,425). Hazard ratios (HRs) of mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD), and ischemic heart disease (IHD) were calculated using the Cox proportional hazards model.

RESULTS

Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome was lower in autoimmune diabetes than in type 2 diabetes (55 vs. 77%, P < 0.001). Still, autoimmune diabetes was associated with an increased risks of mortality from all-causes (HR 1.55 [95% CI 1.25–1.92]), CVD (1.87 [1.40–2.48]), and IHD (2.39 [1.57–3.64]), equally high as in type 2 diabetes in analyses where individuals without diabetes were used as the reference group. The increased risk was not explained by overweight, lifestyle, socioeconomic position, or presence of the metabolic syndrome. Excess mortality was primarily observed in individuals with elevated HbA1c.

CONCLUSIONS

Mortality in autoimmune diabetes was as high as in type 2 diabetes, despite a more favorable baseline metabolic risk profile. Excess risk was associated with poor glycemic control. The results from this study, the largest so far on mortality in autoimmune diabetes in adults, underscore the importance of optimal treatment modalities to improve survival in adult-onset autoimmune diabetes.
Body Composition Is the Main Determinant for the Difference in Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology Between Japanese and Caucasians
Authors: Møller Jonas B. , Pedersen Maria , Tanaka Haruhiko , Ohsugi Mitsuru , Overgaard Rune V. , Lynge Jan , Almind Katrine , Vasconcelos Nina-Maria , Poulsen Pernille , Keller Charlotte , Ueki Kohjiro , Ingwersen Steen H. , Pedersen Bente K. , Kadowaki Takashi
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

This cross-sectional clinical study compared the pathophysiology of type 2 diabetes in Japanese and Caucasians and investigated the role of demographic, genetic, and lifestyle-related risk factors for insulin resistance and β-cell response.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 120 Japanese and 150 Caucasians were enrolled to obtain comparable distributions of high/low BMI values across glucose tolerance states (normal glucose tolerance, impaired glucose tolerance, and type 2 diabetes), which were assessed by oral glucose tolerance tests. BMI in the two cohorts was distributed around the two regional cutoff values for obesity.

RESULTS

Insulin sensitivity was higher in Japanese compared with Caucasians, as indicated by the homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance and Matsuda indices, whereas β-cell response was higher in Caucasians, as measured by homeostatic model assessment of β-cell function, the insulinogenic indices, and insulin secretion ratios. Disposition indices were similar for Japanese and Caucasians at all glucose tolerance states, indicating similar β-cell response relative to the degree of insulin resistance. The main determinants for differences in metabolic indices were measures of body composition, such as BMI and distribution of adipose tissue. Differences in β-cell response between Japanese and Caucasians were not statistically significant following adjustment by differences in BMI.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed similar disposition indices in Japanese and Caucasians and that the major part of the differences in insulin sensitivity and β-cell response between Japanese and Caucasians can be explained by differences in body composition.
Vitamin C Further Improves the Protective Effect of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 on Acute Hypoglycemia-Induced Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, and Endothelial Dysfunction in Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ceriello Antonio , Novials Anna , Ortega Emilio , Canivell Silvia , La Sala Lucia , Pujadas Gemma , Bucciarelli Loredana , Rondinelli Maurizio , Genovese Stefano
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

To test the hypothesis that acute hypoglycemia induces endothelial dysfunction and inflammation through the generation of an oxidative stress. Moreover, to test if the antioxidant vitamin C can further improve the protective effects of glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) on endothelial dysfunction and inflammation during hypoglycemia in type 1diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

A total of 20 type 1 diabetic patients underwent four experiments: a period of 2 h of acute hypoglycemia with or without infusion of GLP-1 or vitamin C or both. At baseline, after 1 and 2 h, glycemia, plasma nitrotyrosine, plasma 8-iso prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a), soluble intracellular adhesion molecule-1a (sICAM-1a), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and flow-mediated vasodilation were measured. At 2 h of hypoglycemia, flow-mediated vasodilation significantly decreased, while sICAM-1, 8-iso-PGF2a, nitrotyrosine, and IL-6 significantly increased. The simultaneous infusion of GLP-1 or vitamin C significantly attenuated all of these phenomena. Vitamin C was more effective. When GLP-1 and vitamin C were infused simultaneously, the deleterious effect of hypoglycemia was almost completely counterbalanced.

RESULTS

At 2 h of hypoglycemia, flow-mediated vasodilation significantly decreased, while sICAM-1, 8-iso-PGF2a, nitrotyrosine, and IL-6 significantly increased. The simultaneous infusion of GLP-1 or vitamin C significantly attenuated all of these phenomena. Vitamin C was more effective. When GLP-1 and vitamin C were infused simultaneously, the deleterious effect of hypoglycemia was almost completely counterbalanced.

CONCLUSIONS

This study shows that vitamin C infusion, during induced acute hypoglycemia, reduces the generation of oxidative stress and inflammation, improving endothelial dysfunction, in type 1 diabetes. Furthermore, the data support a protective effect of GLP-1 during acute hypoglycemia, but also suggest the presence of an endothelial resistance to the action of GLP-1, reasonably mediated by oxidative stress.
Targeting Inflammation Using Salsalate in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Effects on Flow-Mediated Dilation (TINSAL-FMD)
Authors: Goldfine Allison B. , Buck J. Stewart , Desouza Cyrus , Fonseca Vivian , Chen Yii-Der Ida , Shoelson Steven E. , Jablonski Kathleen A. , Creager Mark A. ,   for the TINSAL-FMD (Targeting Inflammation Using Salsalate in Type 2 Diabetes–Flow-Mediated Dilation) Ancillary Study Team
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

To test whether inhibiting inflammation with salsalate improves endothelial function in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We conducted an ancillary study to the National Institutes of Health–sponsored, multicenter, randomized, double-masked, placebo-controlled trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of salsalate in targeting inflammation to improve glycemia in patients with T2D. Flow-mediated, endothelium-dependent dilation (FMD) and endothelium-independent, nitroglycerin-mediated dilation (NMD) of the brachial artery were assessed at baseline and 3 and 6 months following randomization to either salsalate 3.5 g/day or placebo. The primary end point was change in FMD at 6 months.

RESULTS

A total of 88 participants were enrolled in the study, and data after randomization were available for 75. Patients in the treatment and control groups had similar ages (56 years), BMI (33 kg/m2), sex (64% male), ethnicity, current treatment, and baseline HbA1c (7.7% [61 mmol/mol]). In patients treated with salsalate versus placebo, HbA1c was reduced by 0.46% (5.0 mmol/mol; P < 0.001), fasting glucose by 16.1 mg/dL (P < 0.001), and white blood cell count by 430 cells/µL (P < 0.02). There was no difference in the mean change in either FMD (0.70% [95% CI −0.86 to 2.25%]; P = 0.38) or NMD (−0.59% [95% CI −2.70 to 1.51%]; P = 0.57) between the groups treated with salsalate and placebo at 6 months. Total and LDL cholesterol were 11 and 16 mg/dL higher, respectively, and urinary albumin was 2.0 µg/mg creatinine higher in the patients treated with salsalate compared with those treated with placebo (all P < 0.009).

CONCLUSIONS

Salsalate does not change FMD in peripheral conduit arteries in patients with T2D despite lowering HbA1c. This finding suggests that salsalate does not have an effect on vascular inflammation, inflammation does not cause endothelial dysfunction in T2D, or confounding effects of salsalate mitigate favorable effects on endothelial function.
The Association Between Dietary Flavonoid and Lignan Intakes and Incident Type 2 Diabetes in European Populations
Authors: Zamora-Ros Raul , Forouhi Nita G. , Sharp Stephen J. , González Carlos A. , Buijsse Brian , Guevara Marcela , van der Schouw Yvonne T. , Amiano Pilar , Boeing Heiner , Bredsdorff Lea , Clavel-Chapelon Françoise , Fagherazzi Guy , Feskens Edith J. , Franks Paul W. , Grioni Sara , Katzke Verena , Key Timothy J. , Khaw Kay-Tee , Kühn Tilman , Masala Giovanna , Mattiello Amalia , Molina-Montes Esther , Nilsson Peter M. , Overvad Kim , Perquier Florence , Quirós J. Ramón , Romieu Isabelle , Sacerdote Carlotta , Scalbert Augustin , Schulze Matthias , Slimani Nadia , Spijkerman Annemieke M.W. , Tjonneland Anne , Tormo Maria Jose , Tumino Rosario , van der A Daphne L. , Langenberg Claudia , Riboli Elio , Wareham Nicholas J.
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

To study the association between dietary flavonoid and lignan intakes, and the risk of development of type 2 diabetes among European populations.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

The European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-InterAct case-cohort study included 12,403 incident type 2 diabetes cases and a stratified subcohort of 16,154 participants from among 340,234 participants with 3.99 million person-years of follow-up in eight European countries. At baseline, country-specific validated dietary questionnaires were used. A flavonoid and lignan food composition database was developed from the Phenol-Explorer, the U.K. Food Standards Agency, and the U.S. Department of Agriculture databases. Hazard ratios (HRs) from country-specific Prentice-weighted Cox regression models were pooled using random-effects meta-analysis.

RESULTS

In multivariable models, a trend for an inverse association between total flavonoid intake and type 2 diabetes was observed (HR for the highest vs. the lowest quintile, 0.90 [95% CI 0.77–1.04]; P valuetrend = 0.040), but not with lignans (HR 0.88 [95% CI 0.72–1.07]; P valuetrend = 0.119). Among flavonoid subclasses, flavonols (HR 0.81 [95% CI 0.69–0.95]; P valuetrend = 0.020) and flavanols (HR 0.82 [95% CI 0.68–0.99]; P valuetrend = 0.012), including flavan-3-ol monomers (HR 0.73 [95% CI 0.57–0.93]; P valuetrend = 0.029), were associated with a significantly reduced hazard of diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Prospective findings in this large European cohort demonstrate inverse associations between flavonoids, particularly flavanols and flavonols, and incident type 2 diabetes. This suggests a potential protective role of eating a diet rich in flavonoids, a dietary pattern based on plant-based foods, in the prevention of type 2 diabetes.
Restoration of Self-Awareness of Hypoglycemia in Adults With Long-Standing Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Leelarathna Lalantha , Little Stuart A. , Walkinshaw Emma , Tan Horng Kai , Lubina-Solomon Alexandra , Kumareswaran Kavita , Lane Annette P. , Chadwick Thomas , Marshall Sally M. , Speight Jane , Flanagan Daniel , Heller Simon R. , Shaw James A.M. , Evans Mark L.
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

Impaired awareness of hypoglycemia (IAH) and defective counterregulation significantly increase severe hypoglycemia risk in type 1 diabetes (T1D). We evaluated restoration of IAH/defective counterregulation by a treatment strategy targeted at hypoglycemia avoidance in adults with T1D with IAH (Gold score ≥4) participating in the U.K.-based multicenter HypoCOMPaSS randomized controlled trial.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

Eighteen subjects with T1D and IAH (mean ± SD age 50 ± 9 years, T1D duration 35 ± 10 years, HbA1c 8.1 ± 1.0% [65 ± 10.9 mmol/mol]) underwent stepped hyperinsulinemic-hypoglycemic clamp studies before and after a 6-month intervention. The intervention comprised the HypoCOMPaSS education tool in all and randomized allocation, in a 2 × 2 factorial study design, to multiple daily insulin analog injections or continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion therapy and conventional glucose monitoring or real-time continuous glucose monitoring. Symptoms, cognitive function, and counterregulatory hormones were measured at each glucose plateau (5.0, 3.8, 3.4, 2.8, and 2.4 mmol/L), with each step lasting 40 min with subjects kept blinded to their actual glucose value throughout clamp studies.

RESULTS

After intervention, glucose concentrations at which subjects first felt hypoglycemic increased (mean ± SE from 2.6 ± 0.1 to 3.1 ± 0.2 mmol/L, P = 0.02), and symptom and plasma metanephrine responses to hypoglycemia were higher (median area under curve for symptoms, 580 [interquartile range {IQR} 420–780] vs. 710 [460–1,260], P = 0.02; metanephrine, 2,412 [−3,026 to 7,279] vs. 5,180 [−771 to 11,513], P = 0.01). Glycemic threshold for deterioration of cognitive function measured by four-choice reaction time was unchanged, while the color-word Stroop test showed a degree of adaptation.

CONCLUSIONS

Even in long-standing T1D, IAH and defective counterregulation may be improved by a clinical strategy aimed at hypoglycemia avoidance.
HbA1c and Coronary Heart Disease Risk Among Diabetic Patients
Authors: Zhao Wenhui , Katzmarzyk Peter T. , Horswell Ronald , Wang Yujie , Johnson Jolene , Hu Gang
Published: October 2013

OBJECTIVE

Clinical trials to date have not provided definitive evidence regarding the effects of glucose lowering with coronary heart disease (CHD) risk among diabetic patients.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS

We prospectively investigated the association of HbA1c at baseline and during follow-up with CHD risk among 17,510 African American and 12,592 white patients with type 2 diabetes.

RESULTS

During a mean follow-up of 6.0 years, 7,258 incident CHD cases were identified. The multivariable-adjusted hazard ratios of CHD associated with different levels of HbA1c at baseline (<6.0 [reference group], 6.0–6.9, 7.0–7.9, 8.0–8.9, 9.0–9.9, 10.0–10.9, and ≥11.0%) were 1.00, 1.07 (95% CI 0.97–1.18), 1.16 (1.04–1.31), 1.15 (1.01–1.32), 1.26 (1.09–1.45), 1.27 (1.09–1.48), and 1.24 (1.10–1.40) (P trend = 0.002) for African Americans and 1.00, 1.04 (0.94–1.14), 1.15 (1.03–1.28), 1.29 (1.13–1.46), 1.41 (1.22–1.62), 1.34 (1.14–1.57), and 1.44 (1.26–1.65) (P trend <0.001) for white patients, respectively. The graded association of HbA1c during follow-up with CHD risk was observed among both African American and white diabetic patients (all P trend <0.001). Each one percentage increase of HbA1c was associated with a greater increase in CHD risk in white versus African American diabetic patients. When stratified by sex, age, smoking status, use of glucose-lowering agents, and income, this graded association of HbA1c with CHD was still present.

CONCLUSIONS

The current study in a low-income population suggests a graded positive association between HbA1c at baseline and during follow-up with the risk of CHD among both African American and white diabetic patients with low socioeconomic status.
Practical Use of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy in Primary Care
Authors: Reid Timothy S.
Published: October 2013

IN BRIEF

The glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonist class of medications has distinct benefits and limitations that provide an opportunity to individualize the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Many strategies can be used to improve patient acceptance of and self-management with a GLP-1 receptor agonist.
Trace fossils from the Lower Muschelkalk of Raciborowice Górne (North Sudetic Synclinorium, SW Poland) and their palaeoenvironmental interpretation
Authors: Chrząstek Alina
Published: October 2013

The following trace fossils have been recognised in the Lower Muschelkalk of Raciborowice Gorne (North Sudetic Synclinorium, SW Poland): Archaeonassa fossulata, Balanoglossites triadicus, ?Gastrochaenolites isp., Lockeia isp., Palaeophycus tubularis, Palaeophycus isp., ?Planolites beverleyensis, P. montanus, Planolites isp., ?Protovirgularia isp., Rhizocorallium commune var. auriforme, R. commune var. irregulare, R. jenense, Skolithos linearis, Thalassinoides suevicus and Trypanites weisei. Coprolites and an unidentified trace fossil A are also described. The trace fossils allow the discrimination of five ichnoassociations in the Raciborowice Gorne section: (IA 1) Rhizocorallium- Pholeus, (IA 2) Rhizocorallium-Palaeophycus, (IA 3) Thalassinoides, (IA 4) Trypanites-Balanoglossites and (IA 5) Planolites-Palaeophycus. The Lower Muschelkalk succession was deposited on a shallow carbonate ramp affected by frequent storms. Deposition commenced with sedimentation in a restricted lagoon on the inner ramp with a short episode of sabkha formation. It continued on the middle and outer ramp and then on a skeletal shoal of the outer ramp and in an open basin. Ichnoassociation IA 5 is related to a maximum transgression that commenced with the deposition of the Spiriferina Bed and which probably marked the opening of the Silesian-Moravian Gate. The basin underwent two shallowing episodes, as evidenced by ichnoassociations IA 3-IA 4, resulting in the formation of hardgrounds. Bathymetric changes in the Raciborowice Gorne section correspond well with a general transgressive trend in the Germanic Basin.
Radiocarbon ages of bones from Vistulian (Weichselian) cave deposits in Poland and their stratigraphy
Authors: Lorenc Michał
Published: October 2013

Twenty-six bone samples from cave sediments mainly of Vistulian (Weichselian) age were radiocarbon (AMS) dated. The material comes from seven localities in the Krakow-Częstochowa Upland and in Podhale (southern Poland). These are: the Komarowa Cave, the Deszczowa Cave, the Upper Rock Shelter of the Deszczowa Cave, the cave in Dziadowa Skała, the Sąspowska Zachodnia Cave, the Mamutowa Cave and the Obłazowa Cave. The obtained radiocarbon ages of most of the samples differs from their stratigraphy as formerly proposed. The reasons for this discrepancy are discussed. Also examined were the radiocarbon ages of bones from other caves in the study area. Most of the dated bones are shown to have come from relatively short time periods. The existing data on radiocarbon age of bones from Vistulian cave deposits of the Krakow-Częstochowa Upland and Podhale are summarized.
Fractional-order models of the supercapacitors in the form of RC ladder networks
Authors: Mitkowski W. , Skruch P.
Published: October 2013

In the paper, mathematical models of the supercapacitors are investigated. The models are based on electrical circuits in the form of RC ladder networks. The elementary cell of the network may consist of resistances and capacitances that are connected in series or parallel. The dynamic behavior of the circuit is described using fractional-order differential equations and its properties are analyzed. The identification procedure with quadratic performance index is performed in time domain to identify the parameters of the supercapacitor models. The results of numerical simulations are compared with the results measured experimentally in the physical system. In addition, an example from the automotive industry is used for an experimental evaluation of the theoretical analysis and to present a perspective on the applicability of the approach for other industrial projects.
Study on carbon dioxide thermodynamic behavior for the purpose of shale rock fracturing
Authors: Niezgoda T. , Miedzińska D. , Małek E. , Kędzierski P. , Sławiński G.
Published: October 2013

The possibility of using CO2 to fracturing a shale rock has been presented in the paper. The described innovative method which allows for the efficient extraction of shale gas and carbon dioxide storage in a shale rock was developed in Department of Mechanics and Applied Computer Science at the Military University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland. Firstly, the method was verified on the base of analytical and experimental research. In the next stage of the method verification carbon dioxide thermodynamic behavior was studied. The growth in pressure of drop of CO2 heated in a closed volume was numerically tested. The research confirmed the efficiency of the use of carbon dioxide as a medium for fracturing of rocks. The usage of liquid CO2 can be alternative for hydraulic fracturing and is safe for the environment.
Particle swarm optimization of an iterative learning controller for the single-phase inverter with sinusoidal output voltage waveform
Authors: Ufnalski B. , Grzesiak L.M. , Gałkowski K.
Published: October 2013

This paper presents the application of a particle swarm optimization (PSO) to determine iterative learning control (ILC) law gains for an inverter with an LC output filter. Available analytical tuning methods derived for a given type of ILC law are not very straightforward if additional performance requirements of the closed-loop system have to be met. These requirements usually concern the dynamics of a response to a reference signal, the dynamics of a disturbance rejection, the immunity against expected level of system and measurement noise, the robustness to anticipated variations of parameters, etc. An evolutionary optimization approach based on the swarm intelligence is proposed here. It is shown that in the case of the ILC applied to the LC filter, a cost function based on mean squares can produce satisfactory tuning effects. The efficacy of the procedure is illustrated by performing the optimization for various noise levels and various requested dynamics.
Dynamics simulation studies on the electric city car with an electromechanical differential and the rear wheels drive
Authors: Kozłowski M. , Choromański W.
Published: October 2013

Here we present one of the more complex models for studying the stability of driving an electric car with electromechanical differential systems. The purpose of simulation is to choose a structure of the control system for a velocity control on driven wheels (an algorithm of a differential) most appropriate for the driver. This type of goal is particularly important in the case of a disabled driver sitting in a wheelchair. The modeling takes into account both the mechanical and electric structure of the vehicle, and finally the human element - a simple model of human impact on the steer by a wire system. Modeling and simulation have used MBS package (SimMechanics). The results of the simulation have showed the best algorithms of an electromechanical differential for the velocity control of rear drive wheels: with setting a velocity difference or with an average velocity controller in the point A of the centre of a car front axle.
Fixed final time and free final state optimal control problem for fractional dynamic systems – linear quadratic discrete-time case
Authors: Dzieliński A. , Czyronis P.M.
Published: October 2013

The optimization problem for fractional discrete-time systems with a quadratic performance index has been formulated and solved. The case of fixed final time and a free final state has been considered. A method for numerical computation of optimization problems has been presented. The presented method is a generalization of the well-known method for discrete-time systems of integer order. The efficiency of the method has been demonstrated on numerical examples and illustrated by graphs. Graphs also show the differences between the fractional and classical (standard) systems theory. Results for other cases of the fractional system order (coefficient ) and not illustrated with numerical examples have been obtained through a computer algorithm written for this purpose.
Equivalent circuits for averaged description of DC-DC switch-mode power converters based on separation of variables approach
Authors: Janke W.
Published: October 2013

Large-signal and small-signal averaged models of basic switch-mode DC-DC power converters: BUCK (step-down) and BOOST (step-up) are presented. Models are derived with the separation of variables approach and have the form of equivalent circuits, suitable for a circuit simulation. Apart from equivalent circuits, small-signal transmittances of converters for CCM and DCM modes are discussed. Parasitic resistances of all components of converters are taken into account. A few examples of simulations and measurement results of selected converter characteristics are also presented. It is shown, that neglecting parasitic resistances (often met in works of other authors) may lead to serious errors in an averaged description of converters.
Effects of internal and external attentional foci on motor skill learning: testing the automation hypothesis
Authors: Oliveira Thiago A.C. , Denardi Renata A. , Tani Go , Corrêa Umberto C.
Published: October 2013

Purpose

This study investigated if (1) the beneficial effects of an external focus of attention on learning a motor skill were influenced by an internal focus of attention provided at initial instruction (2) or by an internal focus of attention at the early stage of the acquisition phase and (3) their relation to the automation hypothesis.

Methods

Three separate experiments were performed with 168 college students on the acquisition, transfer, and retention of a golf-putting task.

Results

In conjunction, the results of the three experiments pointed to the positive effects of an internal attention of focus instructions followed by an external attentional focus on motor learning.

Conclusions

These results support the development of an alternative hypothesis on the effects of attentional focus on motor skill acquisition.
A Polish adaptation of Leadership Scale for Sports – a questionnaire examining coaching behavior
Authors: Wałach-Biśta Zuzanna
Published: October 2013

Purpose

The main purpose of this study was the development of a Polish version of the scale developed by P. Chelladurai and S. Saleh for examining coaching behavior (the Leadership Scale for Sports; LSS).

Methods

The Polish version was constructed in two stages. In the first stage, the psychometric equivalence of the Polish translation was estimated by providing a Polish/English version of the questionnaire to a bilingual sample. Following verification of the psychometric properties of the experimental version and the adding of additional items to the scale, a second stage of analysis was performed using additional samples to assess the reliability and validity of the new scale. In total, 560 university physical education students, 180 athletes, and 75 coaches were recruited to participate in the study. The final version was deemed a reliable and valid reproduction of the LSS, consisting of 40 items representing five dimensions measuring coaching behavior.

Results

Measures of reliability (internal consistency using Cronbach’s alpha and test-retest reliability) as well as validity (exploratory factory analysis with principal component analysis) of the final version of the Polish adaptation of the Leadership Scale for Sports were found to be satisfactory. It was determined that the Polish adaptation of the LSS is characterized by good psychometric properties and can be widely used in the sports environment.

Conclusions

The Polish adaptation of the LSS reflects the five-factor structure of the original scale, closely reproducing the dimensions of training and instruction, democratic behavior, autocratic behavior, social support, and positive feedback. It can be used both for the measurement athletes’ preferences for coaching behavior and for assessing coaching behavior as observed by athletes.
Evolutionary Algorithm for Calculating Available Transfer Capability
Authors: Šošić Darko , Škokljev Ivan
Published: October 2013

The paper presents an evolutionary algorithm for calculating available transfer capability (ATC). ATC is a measure of the transfer capability remaining in the physical transmission network for further commercial activity over and above already committed uses. In this paper, MATLAB software is used to determine the ATC between any bus in deregulated power systems without violating system constraints such as thermal, voltage, and stability constraints. The algorithm is applied on IEEE 5 bus system and on IEEE 30 bus system.
A Comparative Analysis of Three Monocular Passive Ranging Methods on Real Infrared Sequences
Authors: Bondžulić Boban P. , Mitrović Srđan T. , Barbarić Žarko P. , Andrić Milenko S.
Published: October 2013

Three monocular passive ranging methods are analyzed and tested on the real infrared sequences. The first method exploits scale changes of an object in successive frames, while other two use Beer-Lambert’s Law. Ranging methods are evaluated by comparing with simultaneously obtained reference data at the test site. Research is addressed on scenarios where multiple sensor views or active measurements are not possible. The results show that these methods for range estimation can provide the fidelity required for object tracking. Maximum values of relative distance estimation errors in near-ideal conditions are less than 8%.
An Application of Artificial Neural Network to Compute the Resonant Frequency of E–Shaped Compact Microstrip Antennas
Authors: Akdagli Ali , Toktas Abdurrahim , Kayabasi Ahmet , Develi Ibrahim
Published: October 2013

An application of artificial neural network (ANN) based on multilayer perceptrons (MLP) to compute the resonant frequency of E-shaped compact microstrip antennas (ECMAs) is presented in this paper. The resonant frequencies of 144 ECMAs with different dimensions and electrical parameters were firstly determined by using IE3D(tm) software based on the method of moments (MoM), then the ANN model for computing the resonant frequency was built by considering the simulation data. The parameters and respective resonant frequency values of 130 simulated ECMAs were employed for training and the remaining 14 ECMAs were used for testing the model. The computed resonant frequencies for training and testing by ANN were obtained with the average percentage errors (APE) of 0.257% and 0.523%, respectively. The validity and accuracy of the present approach was verified on the measurement results of an ECMA fabricated in this study. Furthermore, the effects of the slots loading method over the resonant frequency were investigated to explain the relationship between the slots and resonant frequency.
Oral cavity and oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma in young adults: a review of the literature
Authors: Majchrzak Ewa , Szybiak Bartosz , Wegner Anna , Pienkowski Piotr , Pazdrowski Jakub , Luczewski Lukasz , Sowka Marcin , Golusinski Pawel , Malicki Julian , Golusinski Wojciech
Published: October 2013

Background. Head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) is a disease of middle-aged to elderly adults. However, an increased incidence of HNSCC in young people under 45 years of age has been reported recently. In the present review, we focused on the epidemiology and aetiology of HNSCC in adults under 45 years of age.

Methods. We reviewed literature related to HNSCC in adult patients less than 45 years of age and discussed current treatment options and prognosis.

Results. HNSCC in young adults is associated with a higher incidence rate in nonsmokers, lower female-to-male ratio, a higher percentage of oral cavity and oropharynx tumours, and fewer second primary tumours. However, aside from traditional risk factors of tobacco and alcohol exposure, the causes of these cancers in young adults remain unclear. Agents that might contribute to risk include infection with high-risk human papillomavirus subtypes as well as genetic factors or immunodeficiency status. The expected increase in incidence and mortality of the young with HNSCC may become a major public health concern if current trends persist, particularly lifestyle habits that may contribute to this disease.

Conclusions. Given the younger age and potential long-term adverse sequelae of traditional HNSCC treatments, young adults should be treated on a case-by-case basis and post-therapy quality of life must be considered in any treatment-decision making process.
Soil Characteristics in Moist Tropical Forest of Sunsari District, Nepal
Authors: Gautam Tilak Prasad , Mandal Tej Narayan
Published: October 2013

The physico-chemical properties of soils of tropical moist forest (Charkoshe jungle) in Sunsari district of eastern Nepal were analyzed. The samples were collected during summer season from three depths: upper (0-15 cm), middle (15-30 cm) and deep (30-45 cm). They were analyzed for texture, pH, moisture, water holding capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen, organic matter and microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen. The forest soil of upper and middle layers was loamy whereas that of deep layer was sandy loam. The pH value was lower (5.6) in upper layer than in the deep layer (6.6). The moisture content, water holding capacity, organic carbon, total nitrogen and organic matter were higher in upper layer and decreased with increasing depth. The higher level of soil nutrients in upper layer was due partly to reduction in the loss of top soil and partly to the increased supply of nutrients from the decomposed form of litter and fine roots of the forest plants. The average value of microbial biomass carbon in the soil was 676.6 μg g-¹and microbial biomass nitrogen was 59.0 μg g-¹. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 35-40 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8876
Effect of Different Media on in vitro Seed Germination and Seedling Development of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw.
Authors: Pradhan Shreeti , Regmi Tripti , Parmar Gaurav , Pant Bijaya
Published: October 2013

A comparative study on in vitro seed germination and seedling development of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw., an epiphytic medicinal orchid, was carried out on four different conditions of Murashige and Skoog (MS) and Knudson (KC) medium viz. full, ½. ¼ strength and medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l BAP (benzyl amino purine) and 0.5mg/l NAA (Naphthalene acetic acid). Varied response in terms of seed germination, protocorm formation and seedling development was observed on two different media. Medium supplemented with hormones favored optimum condition for the germination (approx. 90%) of seeds followed by full, ½ and ¼ strength on both MS & KC media. MS medium supplemented with 0.5mg/l BAP and 0.5mg/l NAA showed comparatively better response within 7 weeks of culture than other conditions of MS medium as well as KC medium. Based upon the results, it was found that MS medium was more effective than KC medium for germination, protocorm and plantlet formation. The present study has provided useful information that the high concentration of nutrient compounds supplemented with hormones are required for earlier in-vitro germination and plantlet development from immature seeds of C. aloifolium. It could be an important protocol to conserve this important orchid species by establishing an efficient in vitro regeneration system using immature seed culture. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 51-56 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8878
Isolation of Gallic Acid and Estimation of Total Phenolic Content in Some Medicinal Plants and Their Antioxidant Activity
Authors: Genwali Giri R , Acharya Padam P , Rajbhandari Meena
Published: October 2013

Gallic acid was isolated from ethylacetate soluble portion of the methanol extract of fruit pulp of Terminalia chebula and characterized by comparing the melting point, Rf values, UV and IR spectra with authentic gallic acid. Quantitative determination of phenolics from different extracts of medicinal herbs such as Adhatoda vasica Nees, Bergenia ciliata (Haw) Sternb, Phyllanthus emblica Linnaeus, Terminalia bellirica (Gaerth) Roxb, Terminalia chebula Retzius and Vitex negundo Linnaeus which are commonly used as home herbal remedies for the primary health care was carried out using Folin-Ciocalteu colorimetric method. Gallic acid was used as the standard for the estimation of phenolics. All the investigated plant extracts contained high amount of phenolics but the highest amount was detected in 70% acetone extract of B. ciliata (357.08 mg GAE/g sample) and the lowest amount was detected in 50% aqueous methanol extract of T. bellirica (108.69 mg GAE/g sample). The antioxidant activity of selected extracts was determined by 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The extract having the highest phenolic content showed the lowest IC50 demonstrating the positive correlation between radical scavenging activity and total phenolic content. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 95-102 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8928
Groundwater Extraction: Implications on Local Water Security of Peri-urban Area of Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Sada Rajesh , Shrestha Anushiya , Karki Kanchan , Shukla Ashutosh
Published: October 2013

The rapid and haphazard urbanization in Kathmandu valley and expansion of built-up area to the peripheral rural landscapes has resulted to formation of peri- urban areas which are now transforming into urban form. This paper examines how the increasing urban water demand has put unprecedented pressure on groundwater sources in the peri-urban areas of Kathmandu valley. Based on the semi-structured interviews with local people, focus group discussions and key informants interviews, the study found that water security at Jhaukhel is closely associated with groundwater and the dependency of local people on it has increased over the years. The implications of the groundwater extraction coupled with sand mining in the area have been manifested in the form of declining groundwater table and drying of traditional water sources. Despite the growing awareness among the local people on the consequences of depleting groundwater table, in absence of strict regulatory mechanism, the exploitation of groundwater has been adding threat to the local eco-hydrology of the area and subjecting the local community to water insecurity. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 121-128 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8932
Assessment of River Water Intrusion at the Periphery of Bagmati River in Kathmandu Valley
Authors: Gautam Ramesh , Shrestha Jaya Krishna , Shrestha Gyan Kumar Chhipi
Published: October 2013

The present study was carried out to find out the possible impact of Bagmati river water on its nearby ground water resource within Kathmandu valley (KV). For this, five sampling stations were selected viz. Gokarna, Tilganga, Sankhamul, Teku and Sundarighat . From each station, one river water sample and six ground water samples from both sides of the river were taken on proportion basis by dividing the strata lying within 50 m, 50-100 m and 100-150 m distance from the river collected. River water analysis showed that it was less polluted during winter season as compared to other seasons and got severely degraded as it entered to the urban core. Regression analysis showed that the mean value of ground water parameters like pH, conductivity, chlorides, free carbon dioxide, alkalinity, hardness, nitrate, ammonia, iron, and ortho-phosphate were decreased from within 50 m to 50-100 m, and 100-150 m distance from the river bank. Microbial analysis of ground water showed that 88% of the samples were contaminated with fecal matter. So the ground water along Bagmati river should could not be used as consumptive purposes without treatment. The finding showed that the ground water was more contaminated along the river banks and towards the urban corridor than the upstream parts which might be due to intrusion of nearby polluted river water. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 137-146 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8934
Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern of Escherichia coli Isolated from Uninary Tract Infected Patients Attending Bir Hospital
Authors: Sharma Amit Raj , Bhatta Dwij Raj , Shrestha Jyotsna , Banjara Megha Raj
Published: October 2013

Correction: on 23/08/2014, the spelling of 'Uninary' in the title was changed to 'Urinary'.Antibiotic resistance among uropathogens is emerging public health problem. This study was done for assessing antibiotic and multidrug resistance (MDR) patterns of Escherichia coli at Bir Hospital, Kathmandu, among suspected urinary tract infection (UTI) patients from January to March, 2011. Altogether, 739 urine samples were analysed by semi-quantitative culture method and uropathogens were identified by conventional methods. E. coli was tested (109 samples) for antimicrobial susceptibility by Kirby Bauer disc diffusion method as per Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Out of 739 samples, 27.3% gave significant growth of E. coli while 3.1% and 29.2% samples gave mixed and non-significant growth respectively. E. coli was found to be most predominant isolate (54.0%) followed by coagulase negative Staphylococci (CoNS) (21.3%) and Enterococcus spp. (7.3%). Nitrofurantoin was found to be the most effective antibiotic followed by ciprofloxacin and ofloxacin while cephalexin was least effective. Out of 109 E. coli isolates, 90.8% were MDR strains and most of the isolates had a very high multiple antibiotic resistance (MAR) index, suggesting the origin of the isolates to be of high antibiotic usage. E. coli showed higher rate of resistance towards commonly used oral antibiotics. However, nitrofurantoin is still active against organisms. Thus, nitrofurantoin could be the choice for empirical therapy of UTI. Nepal Journal of Science and Technology Vol. 14, No. 1 (2013) 177-184 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v14i1.8938
Editorial Vol.3(2)
Authors: Jan Chowdhury Moin
Published: October 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v3i2.16599 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.3(2) 2013
Invitation
Authors: Kabir Md Jahangir , Jan Chowdhury Moin
Published: October 2013

DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v3i2.16600 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.3(2) 2013
The Patterns of Oral Diseases among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Patients Attending at National Healthcare Network (NHN) Mirpur Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Authors: Mahmud SZ , Mustakim A , Taleb A
Published: October 2013

Background: The term diabetes mellitus describes a group of disorders characterized by elevated levels of glucose in the blood and abnormalities of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism. A number of oral diseases and disorders are associated with diabetes mellitus and, gingivitis and periodontitis have been identified as possible risk factors for poor metabolic control in subjects with diabetes. Objective: To assess oral diseases in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and controls who attended at National Healthcare Network (NHN), Mirpur Centre, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Materials & Methods: A total of 100 subjects - 47 diabetics and 53 non-diabetics fulfilled the eligibility criteria were selected consecutively. Pretested semi-structured interviewer administered questionnaire and check list were utilized to assess the main objective of the study. Cross tabulations and associations were found out by using Chi-square Test  Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used for data analysis. Results: The cases were relatively older than the controls with mean age of the subjects in case group being significantly higher than that in the control group (p < 0.001), but the groups were not statistically different in terms of sex (p = 0.194). More than two-thirds (68.1%) of the cases and 52.8% of the controls exhibited burning mouth syndrome (p = 0.120). Candidiasis and dental caries were associated, more than in case control group (p = 0.020 and p < 0.001 respectively). Gingivitis was found significantly higher in case group compared to control group (78.7% vs. 37.7%, p < 0.001). In the case group, nearly half (48.9%) had periodontitis, 29.8% alveolar bone loss and 27.7% collagen metabolism, as opposed to none in the control group (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Oral diseases are multi-factorial and the factors responsible for these diseases are preventable. Dentists must be familiar with techniques to diagnose, treat and prevent oral diseases in patients with diabetes. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v3i2.16602 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.3(2) 2013: 5-11
Knowledge on the Effects of Drug Abuse among the Students In A Selected High School In Dhaka City
Authors: Zaman MS , Almajidi WA , Hurunnaher Dr
Published: October 2013

This was a cross-sectional study carried out among 120 students of National Ideal School in Dhaka city during September2012 to November2012. The objective of the study was to assess the level of knowledge about the effect of drug abuse. Students were selected by purposive sampling technique. A pretested semi structured questionnaire was used and data were collected by self-administered method. Analysed by computer program SPSS. On analyses, the students were found to have very poor knowledge regarding the causes of drug abuse, 50% stated about unemployment, 48% stated about drug abuse friend, and 39% due to illiteracy. About the type of various drugs- 74% mentioned the name of Heroin, 73% Phensidyle, 48% cigarette and 31% stated the name of Ganja. Knowledge about various diseases- 80% mentioned death, 63% said hepatitis-B, 34% stated stroke. Regarding the social effect- 45% stated about increased fatehood, 34% about increased dacoity, 27% mentioned about increased crime. Knowledge about the familial effect, 67% mentioned about familial disturbance, 53% about waste of money. Knowledge regarding the health effect, 46% mentioned about red eyes, 36% mentioned about vertigo, 48.% mentioned about malnutrition, 39% about damage of other organ. Knowledge about the mental effect, 56% mentioned about become angry, 54% about abnormal behaviour. 69% of the respondents said about the consequences of drug abuse, is unusual death, 58% through out of family, 30% damage of other organ. From above data the overall knowledge scoring was, poor knowledge 84.2%, average knowledge 15.8% and no good knowledge were scored by the students. It may be concluded that the secondary school students have poor knowledge about the effect of drug abuse. Therefore heath education program in the school on drug abuse should be arranged from the secondary school level. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjdre.v3i2.16603 Bangladesh Journal of Dental Research & Education Vol.3(2) 2013: 12-18