bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Fractal Dimensions Analysis of Urban Agglomeration at Road Intersections in Metropolitan Malang Raya
Authors: Afrianto Firman
Published: June 2023

The agglomeration review is mostly carried out by identifying the physical and economic dispersal processes of the two growth poles. Many researchers conclude on the result of agglomeration rather than the process nor the forecasts. This study tries to examine the process of urban agglomeration in the metropolitan city of Malang. This is done by combining city fractal theory and urban percolation. The DBSCAN clustering approach at the intersection is used to identify the agglomeration process between the growth poles. While Minkowski’s Dimensional theory is used to identify the fractals that occur. The calculation results show that the maximum Minkowski dimension distribution figure is 200m. It indicates the fractals that occur in the road network data. The DBSCAN clustering modeling at 200m has a strong correlation with the number of light intensity values in the 2021 nighttime light satellite imagery. On the other hand, modeling at 250m to 350m provides an overview of the future agglomeration. This research can be the basis for urban planners to analyze the agglomeration process and predict the future.
The correlation between the city bus accessibility and transit ridership in Surabaya City, Indonesia
Authors: Handayeni K D M E , Firmansyah F , Fathoni S
Published: June 2023

Suroboyo Bus and Trans Semanggi Suroboyo are public modes in Surabaya City, should be one way to serve city mobility in high number. However, the load factor of the city bus is below 50%. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the provision of public transportation, such as the city bus accessibility. This study uses the Public Transport Accessibility Levels (PTAL) method to analyze the city bus accessibility. The analysis result shows that most of the city bus accessibility levels are in the very poor category. This means that the city bus system could cover the city area at low level. Following that, the relationship between the accessibility level and the transit ridership is analyzed using correlation analysis. The results show that there are a significant correlation between the variable number of passengers and the bus stop accessibility index; frequency with the purpose of travel; accessibility index with the distance variable (distance of the departure stop from the origin location; distance of the destination stop to the destination location; distance traveled from the departure stop to the destination stop and total mileage); the frequency with the socioeconomic variables (age; average monthly income and driving license ownership). Based on these results, some recommendations are proposed to increase the accessibility level for influencing the demand of city bus.
Recent progress of organ-on-a-chip towards cardiovascular diseases: advanced design, fabrication, and applications
Authors: Wu Hanbai , Shi Shuo , Liu Yi , Zhang Qiang , Lam Raymond H W , Lim Chwee Teck , Hu Jinlian
Published: June 2023

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) are a major cause of death worldwide, leading to increased medical care costs. To turn the scale, it is essential to acquire a more in-depth and comprehensive understanding of CVDs and thus formulate more efficient and reliable treatments. Over the last decade, tremendous effort has been made to develop microfluidic systems to recapitulate native cardiovascular environments because of their unique advantages over conventional 2D culture systems and animal models such as high reproductivity, physiological relevance, and good controllability. These novel microfluidic systems could be extensively adopted for natural organ simulation, disease modeling, drug screening, disease diagnosis and therapy. Here, a brief review of the innovative designs of microfluidic devices for CVDs research is presented, with specific discussions on material selection, critical physiological and physical considerations. In addition, we elaborate on various biomedical applications of these microfluidic systems such as blood-vessel-on-a-chip and heart-on-a-chip, which are conducive to the investigation of the underlying mechanisms of CVDs. This review also provides systematic guidance on the construction of next-generation microfluidic systems for diagnosis and treatment of CVDs. Finally, the challenges and future directions in this field are highlighted and discussed.
Roadmap on nonlinear optics–focus on Chinese research
Authors: Ren Mengxin , Xu Jingjun , Lan Pengfei , Lu Peixiang , Li Zhi-Yuan , Hong Li-Hong , Wang Yulei , Bai Zhenxu , Lv Zhiwei , Zhou Zhi-Yuan , Shi Bao-Sen , Zhang Yong , Zhu Shining , Xiao Min , Aya Satoshi , Lu Yan-qing , Fan Huixin , Luo Min , Ye Ning , Sun Zeyuan , Liu Wei-Tao , Wu Shiwei , Li Qingyun , Hu Hui , Zheng Yuanlin , Chen Xianfeng , Hu Xiaoyong , Tian Chuanshan , Hu Zixian , Li Guixin , Hu Yi , Huang Kun , Zeng Heping , Li Zhen-Ze , Sun Hong-Bo , Dong Lei , Li Runfeng , Yang Wenkai , Shi Kebin
Published: June 2023

In nonlinear optical systems, the optical superposition principle breaks down. The system’s response (including electric polarization, current density, etc) is not proportional to the stimulus it receives. Over the past half century, nonlinear optics has grown from an individual frequency doubling experiment into a broad academic field. The nonlinear optics has not only brought new physics and phenomena, but also has become an enabling technology for numerous areas that are vital to our lives, such as communications, health, advanced manufacturing, et al. This Roadmap surveys some of the recent emerging fields of the nonlinear optics, with a special attention to studies in China. Each section provides an overview of the current and future challenges within a part of the field, highlighting the most exciting opportunities for future research and developments.
Ceramic particles reinforced copper matrix composites manufactured by advanced powder metallurgy: preparation, performance, and mechanisms
Authors: Yan Yi-Fan , Kou Shu-Qing , Yang Hong-Yu , Shu Shi-Li , Qiu Feng , Jiang Qi-Chuan , Zhang Lai-Chang
Published: June 2023

Highlights

The progress of advanced powder metallurgy techniques for manufacturing copper matrix composites and their advantages are reviewed.

Influence mechanisms of ceramic particles on mechanical and thermophysical properties of composites are analyzed.

The content, size, morphology and interfacial bonding of particles directly determine the comprehensive performance of composites.

Research limitations and future perspectives of ceramic particles reinforced copper matrix composites are outlined.
3D positioning and autofocus of the particle field based on the depth-from-defocus method and the deep networks
Authors: Zhang Xiaolei , Dong Zhao , Wang Huaying , Sha Xiaohui , Wang Wenjian , Su Xinyu , Hu Zhengsheng , Yang Shaokai
Published: June 2023

Accurate three-dimensional positioning of particles is a critical task in microscopic particle research, with one of the main challenges being the measurement of particle depths. In this paper, we propose a method for detecting particle depths from their blurred images using the depth-from-defocus technique and a deep neural network-based object detection framework called you-only-look-once. Our method provides simultaneous lateral position information for the particles and has been tested and evaluated on various samples, including synthetic particles, polystyrene particles, blood cells, and plankton, even in a noise-filled environment. We achieved autofocus for target particles in different depths using generative adversarial networks, obtaining clear-focused images. Our algorithm can process a single multi-target image in 0.008 s, allowing real-time application. Our proposed method provides new opportunities for particle field research.
Safety and Efficacy of Outpatient Drainless Abdominoplasty: A Single-Surgeon Experience of 454 Consecutive Patients
Authors: Paranzino Alisha B , Sims Jason , Kirn David S
Published: June 2023

Background

The incidence of seroma after abdominoplasty is accepted as approximately 10% (with a range) in the literature. Progressive tension sutures (PTS) have arisen as a means of reducing seroma, however there are conflicting data regarding their efficacy.

Objectives

The primary aim of this study was to describe the incidence of postabdominoplasty seroma in the setting of drainless abdominoplasty with PTS.

Methods

A retrospective chart review was performed of all abdominoplasties (n = 454) during a 20-year period. At approximately the halfway point of this time frame, the abdominoplasty technique was changed from the use of 2 drains to the use of PTS without drains. Additionally, pulsed electromagnetic field therapy (PEMF) and liposomal bupivacaine (Exparel, Pacira Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Parsippany, NJ) were added as pain control adjuncts.

Results

There were 194 patients in the drain group and 260 patients in the PTS/no drains group. The group without drains contained a significantly higher proportion of massive weight loss patients (4.1% vs 9.2%, P = .041). The majority of the group without drains underwent outpatient surgery (89.7% vs 98.8%, P < .001). The overall complication rate was significantly lower in the no drains group (31.4% vs 13.8%, P < .001). The incidence of seroma was dramatically reduced in the group without drains (24.7% vs 0.0%, P < .001).

Conclusions

PTS are highly effective in preventing seroma and can be safely employed as an alternative to drains in abdominoplasty. PEMF may play a role in seroma prevention and is also helpful for pain control. With these techniques to mitigate complications and minimize postoperative pain, abdominoplasty can be performed safely and effectively in a purely outpatient setting.

Level of Evidence: 3
Impact of Obesity on Outcomes of Prepectoral vs Subpectoral Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Asaad Malke , Hassan Abbas M , Morris Natalie , Kumar Saloni , Liu Jun , Butler Charles E , Selber Jesse C
Published: June 2023

Background

The impact of obesity on outcomes of prepectoral vs subpectoral implant–based reconstruction (IBR) is not well-established.

Objectives

The goal of this study was to assess the surgical and patient-reported outcomes of prepectoral vs subpectoral IBR. The authors hypothesized that obese patients would have similar outcomes regardless of device plane.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective review of obese patients who underwent 2-stage IBR from January 2017 to December 2019. The primary endpoint was the occurrence of any breast-related complication; the secondary endpoint was device explantation.

Results

The authors identified a total of 284 reconstructions (184 prepectoral, 100 subpectoral) in 209 patients. Subpectoral reconstruction demonstrated higher rates of overall complications (50% vs 37%, P = .047) and device explantation (25% vs 12.5%, P = .008) than prepectoral reconstruction. In multivariable regression, subpectoral reconstruction was associated with higher risk of infection (hazard ratio [HR], 1.65; P = .022) and device explantation (HR, 1.97; P = .034). Subgroup analyses demonstrated significantly higher rates of complications and explantation in the subpectoral group in those with a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 35 and BMI ≥40. The authors found no significant differences in mean scores for satisfaction with the breast (41.57 ± 13.19 vs 45.50 ± 11.91, P = .469), psychosocial well-being (39.43 ± 11.23 vs 39.30 ± 12.49, P = .915), and sexual well-being (17.17 ± 7.83 vs 17.0 ± 9.03, P = .931) between subpectoral and prepectoral reconstruction.

Conclusions

Prepectoral reconstruction was associated with significantly decreased overall complications, infections, and device explantation in obese patients compared with subpectoral reconstruction. Prepectoral reconstruction provides superior outcomes to subpectoral reconstruction with comparable patient-reported outcomes.

Level of Evidence: 4
Existential Ethics: Thinking Hard About Lawyer Responsibility for Clients’ Environmental Harms
Authors: Vaughan Steven
Published: June 2023

This paper challenges the conventional understanding among many legal ethicists that environmental harm can be a necessary, if regrettable, collateral effect of lawyerly work. It argues that lawyers sometimes do things that cost society too much and that legal ethics (being the rules of ethical conduct set out by regulators of lawyers and broader theories of ‘good’ lawyering) has the potential to act as a mediator on lawyers’ environmental harm-causing action. The paper begins by examining lawyers’ formal rules of professional conduct in England & Wales, showing how those rules require lawyers to provide active counselling to clients but do not fully address clients’ legally permissible choices that may result in environmental harm. The paper then turns to theories of legal ethics that go beyond these baseline rules. Here, I argue that the dominant ‘Standard Conception’ of lawyers as neutral technicians is not only implausible in the context of environmental law but also fundamentally incomplete. The paper also considers the ethical implications of a lawyer’s initial decision to represent a client. The commonly held belief that ‘Everyone deserves legal advice’ often masks a simple ethical choice, where lawyers prioritise commercial concerns over environmental considerations, unburdened by more complex ethical constraints. However, this rationalisation rests on unsound premises and frequently clashes with lawyers’ personal moral boundaries; a problem I label ‘Meatloaf Lawyering’. Ultimately, I argue that lawyers have significant ethical agency and that their professional obligations do not impede (and sometimes require) an active, ethically responsible stance towards environmental harms.
Dis-Oriented Desires and Angela Carter’s Intersectionality: Nationalism, Masochism, and the Search for “the Other’s Otherness”
Authors: Uematsu Nozomi , Barai Aneesh
Published: June 2023

This article examines Carter’s portrayal of the intersections of race, gender, and nationalism through imagery drawn from the nationalist tales Momotaro (Peach Boy) and through figuration of the lion and the unicorn in her writing during and after staying in Japan. Analyzing Miss Z and Fireworks, we argue that Carter’s depictions of fantastical creatures reveal a proto-intersectional awareness of complex power interconnections between race and gender, specifically in relation to ideas of whiteness and masochism. Like her contemporary Taeko Kono, Carter critiques men’s masochism and theorizes a type of feminine masochism. Carter grows in awareness of both racial politics (whiteness) and masochism in Japanese culture and attempts to grasp the “essence of the other’s otherness” therein. In doing so, she conceptualizes intersectional power relations of gender and race.
Comparison between ticagrelor and clopidogrel in myocardial infarction patients with high bleeding risk
Authors: Tjerkaski Jonathan , Jernberg Tomas , Alfredsson Joakim , Erlinge David , James Stefan , Lindahl Bertil , Mohammad Moman Aladdin , Omerovic Elmir , Venetsanos Dimitrios , Szummer Karolina
Published: June 2023

Aims

Ticagrelor is associated with a lower risk of ischemic events than clopidogrel. However, it is uncertain whether the benefits of more intensive anti-ischemic therapy outweigh the risks of major bleeding in patients who have a high bleeding risk (HBR). Therefore, this study compared ticagrelor and clopidogrel in myocardial infarction (MI) patients with HBR.

Methods and results

This study included all patients enrolled in the SWEDEHEART registry who were discharged with dual antiplatelet therapy using ticagrelor or clopidogrel following MI between 2010 and 2017. High bleeding risk was defined as a PRECISE-DAPT score ≥25. Information on ischemic events, major bleeding, and mortality was obtained from national registries, with 365 days of follow-up. Additional outcomes include major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), a composite of MI, stroke and all-cause mortality, and net adverse clinical events (NACE), a composite of MACE and bleeding. This study included 25 042 HBR patients, of whom 11 848 were treated with ticagrelor. Ticagrelor was associated with a lower risk of MI, stroke, and MACE, but a higher risk of bleeding compared to clopidogrel. There were no significant differences in mortality and NACE. Additionally, when examining the relationship between antiplatelet therapy and bleeding risk in 69 040 MI patients, we found no statistically significant interactions between the PRECISE-DAPT score and treatment effect.

Conclusions

We observed no difference in NACE when comparing ticagrelor and clopidogrel in HBR patients. Moreover, we found no statistically significant interactions between bleeding risk and the comparative effectiveness of clopidogrel and ticagrelor in a larger population of MI patients.
Short-duration head-up tilt test potentiated with sublingual nitroglycerin in suspected vasovagal syncope: the fast Italian protocol
Authors: Russo Vincenzo , Parente Erika , Tomaino Marco , Comune Angelo , Sabatini Antonella , Laezza Nunzia , Carretta Domenico , Nigro Gerardo , Rago Anna , Golino Paolo , Brignole Michele
Published: June 2023

Background

The traditional nitroglycerin (NTG) head-up tilt test (HUTT) is time-consuming and the test duration is a barrier to widespread utilization in clinical practice. It was hypothesized that a short-duration protocol is not inferior to the traditional protocol regarding the positivity rate and has a similar distribution of hemodynamic response.

Methods and results

Patients undergoing HUTT were randomized 1:1 to a 10 min passive phase plus a 10 min 0.3 mg NTG if the passive phase was negative (Fast) or to a 20 min passive phase plus a 15 min 0.3 mg NTG if the passive phase was negative (Traditional). A sample size of 277 patients for each group achieved 80% power to detect an expected difference of 0% with a non-inferiority margin of -10% using a one-sided t-test and assuming a significant level alpha of 0.025. A total of 554 consecutive patients (mean age 46.6 ± 19.3 years, 47.6% males) undergoing HUTT for suspected vasovagal syncope were randomly assigned to the Fast (n = 277) or Traditional (n = 277) protocol. A positive response was defined as the induction of syncope in presence of hypotension/bradycardia, and was observed in 167 (60.3%) patients with Fast and in 162 (58.5%) patients with the Traditional protocol. There was a trend of lesser vasodepressor response (14.8% Fast vs. 20.6% Traditional) which was significant during the passive phase (P = 0.01).

Conclusion

The diagnostic value of the Fast HUTT protocol is similar to that of the Traditional protocol and therefore the Fast protocol can be used instead of the Traditional protocol.
COVID-19 vaccination-related myocarditis: a Korean nationwide study
Authors: Cho Jae Yeong , Kim Kye Hun , Lee Nuri , Cho Soo Hyeon , Kim Seung Yun , Kim Eun Kyoung , Park Jae-Hyeong , Choi Eui-Young , Choi Jin-Oh , Park Hyukjin , Kim Hyung Yoon , Yoon Hyun Ju , Ahn Youngkeun , Jeong Myung Ho , Cho Jeong Gwan
Published: June 2023

Aims

A comprehensive nationwide study on the incidence and outcomes of COVID-19 vaccination-related myocarditis (VRM) is in need.

Methods and results

Among 44 276 704 individuals with at least 1 dose of COVID-19 vaccination, the incidence and clinical courses of VRM cases confirmed by the Expert Adjudication Committee of the Korea Disease Control and Prevention Agency were analyzed. COVID-19 VRM was confirmed in 480 cases (1.08 cases per 100 000 persons). Vaccination-related myocarditis incidence was significantly higher in men than in women (1.35 vs. 0.82 per 100 000 persons, P < 0.001) and in mRNA vaccines than in other vaccines (1.46 vs. 0.14 per 100 000 persons, P < 0.001). Vaccination-related myocarditis incidence was highest in males between the ages of 12 and 17 years (5.29 cases per 100 000 persons) and lowest in females over 70 years (0.16 cases per 100 000 persons). Severe VRM was identified in 95 cases (19.8% of total VRM, 0.22 per 100 000 vaccinated persons), 85 intensive care unit admission (17.7%), 36 fulminant myocarditis (7.5%), 21 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation therapy (4.4%), 21 deaths (4.4%), and 1 heart transplantation (0.2%). Eight out of 21 deaths were sudden cardiac death (SCD) attributable to VRM proved by an autopsy, and all cases of SCD attributable to VRM were aged under 45 years and received mRNA vaccines.

Conclusion

Although COVID-19 VRM was rare and showed relatively favorable clinical courses, severe VRM was found in 19.8% of all VRM cases. Moreover, SCD should be closely monitored as a potentially fatal complication of COVID-19 vaccination.
Body Cell Mass to Fat-Free Mass Ratio and Extra- to Intracellular Water Ratio Are Related to Maximal Oxygen Uptake
Authors: Yamada Yosuke , Yoshida Tsukasa , Murakami Haruka , Gando Yuko , Kawakami Ryoko , Ohno Harumi , Tanisawa Kumpei , Konishi Kana , Tripette Julien , Kondo Emi , Nakagata Takashi , Nanri Hinako , Miyachi Motohiko
Published: June 2023

Fat-free mass (FFM) is a heterogeneous compartment comprising body cell mass (BCM), intracellular water (ICW), extracellular solids, and extracellular water (ECW). The BCM/FFM and ECW/ICW ratios vary among individuals and decrease with age. This study aimed to determine whether BCM/FFM and ECW/ICW ratios are predictors of maximal oxygen uptake (V̇̇O2peak) independently of age, sex, and objectively measured physical activity (PA). A total of 115 Japanese males and females, aged 55.3 ± 8.0 years (mean ± standard deviation), were included in the study. Anthropometry, explosive leg muscle power, and V̇̇O2peak were measured, and BCM, FFM, ICW, and ECW were estimated. Step count and PA were objectively measured using a triaxial accelerometer. Blood flow volume was assessed using ultrasonography. BCM and ICW were negatively correlated with age, whereas FFM and ECW were not significantly correlated with age. FFM, ICW/ECW, BCM/FFM, step counts, moderate and vigorous PA, and leg muscle power were positively correlated with V̇̇O2peak, even after adjusting for age and sex (p < .05). Multiple regression analysis indicated that either BCM/FFM or ECW/ICW, leg power, and objectively measured PA were associated with V̇̇O2peak independent of age, sex, and FFM. Blood flow volume was significantly correlated with ECW (p < .05), but not with BCM. The BCM/FFM and ECW/ICW ratios were significant predictors of V̇̇O2peak, independent of age, sex, FFM, leg power, and objectively measured PA.
“They Did Not Know What They Were Doing”: Climate Change and Intergenerational Compassion
Authors: Roy Senjooti , Ayalon Liat
Published: June 2023

Background and Objectives

Compassion is described as an affective experience arising from witnessing the undeserved suffering of another that propels one to provide protection and cooperation. Climate change is often associated with “underserved suffering,” especially of younger and future generations. Consequently, contemporary climate discourse has expressed hostility toward older generations for inflicting such suffering. Studies on intergenerational relations within the context of climate change agree that intergenerational solidarity, rather than conflict, is necessary for effective climate action. Because compassion is instrumental to solidarity, in this study, we explore intergenerational climate-related expressions of compassion leading to intergenerational solidarity.

Research Design and Methods

We interviewed 16 climate activists from 8 countries (aged 16–76 years) to understand how they view climate responsibility. Thematic analysis was undertaken to create and explore themes related to intergenerational compassion and solidarity.

Results

Compassion flowed in both directions: from younger to older generations in the form of forgiveness, empathy, and understanding, and from older to younger generations through advocacy, lifestyle changes, and transmission of knowledge and skills. All participants emphasized solutions over accusations. Areas of focus varied between industrialized and developing countries. Cultural factors played an essential role in intergenerational perceptions.

Discussion and Implications

Climate change can be a polarizing issue with older adults fielding accusations and younger people facing criticism for demanding climate action. Examples of intergenerational compassion can counter ageism, reshape climate narratives, encourage intergenerational cooperation, harness the skills of different generations, and create a sustainable world for all ages.
A Phase I Study of Ex Vivo Expanded Allogeneic Bone Marrow–Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells for the Treatment of Pediatric Perianal Fistulizing Crohn’s Disease
Authors: Lightner Amy L , Otero-Pineiro Ana , Reese Jane , Ream Justin , Nachand Douglas , Adams Ashley C , VanDenBossche Alexandra , Kurowski Jacob A
Published: June 2023

Background

Perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease is notoriously difficult to treat. Recent studies of mesenchymal stem cells have demonstrated safety and efficacy of this novel treatment approach. However, no studies to date have included pediatric patients. We sought to determine safety and efficacy of mesenchymal stem cells for pediatric perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease.

Methods

This was a phase I clinical trial to evaluate safety and feasibility of mesenchymal stem cells in pediatric perianal Crohn’s patients 13 to 17 years of age. At the time of an exam under anesthesia, following curettage of the fistula tract and closure of the internal opening with absorbable suture, 75 million mesenchymal stem cells were administered with a 22-gauge needle. This was repeated at 3 months if complete clinical and radiographic healing were not achieved. Adverse and serious adverse events at were measured at postprocedure day 1, week 2, week 6, month 3, month 6, and month 12. Clinical healing, radiographic healing per magnetic resonance imaging, and patient-reported outcomes were measured at the same time points.

Results

Seven pediatric patients were enrolled and treated (6 male; median age of 16.7 years). There were no adverse or serious adverse events related to the investigational product or injection procedure. At 6 months, 83% had complete clinical and radiographic healing. The perianal Crohn’s Disease Activity Index, Wexner incontinence score, and Van Assche score had all decreased at 6 months.

Conclusions

Bone marrow–derived mesenchymal stem cells offer a safe, and likely effective, treatment approach for pediatric perianal fistulizing Crohn’s disease.
Association of Deforestation With Severe Fever With Thrombocytopenia Syndrome
Authors: Nam Hee-kyoung , Min Kyung-Duk , Jo Suyoung , Cho Sung-il
Published: June 2023

Background

Severe fever with thrombocytopenia syndrome (SFTS) virus was first isolated in China in 2009 and has since spread to several Asian countries. SFTS is closely related to environmental factors that accelerate vector growth. We evaluated the associations of SFTS and deforestation with environmental variables.

Methods

For this observational study, we generated multiple Poisson models using national SFTS outbreak data (2013–2018) and official environmental data for Korea. We included established risk factors as variables. Deforestation was used as the main variable. All variables were analyzed according to their spatial characteristics using the R-INLA package.

Results

SFTS cases increased over time and peaked in 2017, at 272, followed by a decrease in 2018. Disease mapping showed a high incidence of SFTS nationwide, with particular risks in Gangwon and Gyeonggi Provinces in the north, and Jeju in the south of South Korea. Deforestation was significantly associated with a higher risk of SFTS in the final model (relative risk, 1.751 [95% confidence interval, 1.125–2.743]).

Conclusions

SFTS outbreaks are associated with deforestation. Therefore, deforestation in Gyeonggi, Gangwon, and Jeju provinces of South Korea needs to be considered in vector-control strategies and active surveillance of SFTS occurrence.
Subgrouping in a ‘dialect continuum’: A Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the Mixtecan language family
Authors: Auderset Sandra , Greenhill Simon J , DiCanio Christian T , Campbell Eric W
Published: June 2023

Subgrouping language varieties within dialect continua poses challenges for the application of the comparative method of historical linguistics, and similar claims have been made for the use of Bayesian phylogenetic methods. In this article, we present the first Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of the Mixtecan language family of southern Mexico and show that the method produces valuable results and new insights with respect to subgrouping beyond what the comparative method and dialect geography have provided. Our findings reveal potential new subgroups that should be further investigated. We show that some unexpected groupings raise important questions for phylogenetics and historical linguistics about the effects of different methods of primary data gathering and organization that should be considered when interpreting subgrouping results.
Spatially resolved self-consistent spectral modelling of jellyfish galaxies from MUSE with FADO: trends with mass and stripping intensity
Authors: Azevedo Gabriel M , Chies-Santos Ana L , Riffel Rogério , Gomes Jean M , Lassen Augusto E , Benedetti João P V , S. de Souza Rafael , Xu Quanfeng
Published: June 2023

We present a spatially resolved stellar population analysis of 61 jellyfish galaxies and 47 control galaxies observed with ESO/MUSE attempting to understand the general trends of the stellar populations as a function of the stripping intensity and mass. This is the public sample from the GASP programme, with 0.01 < z < 0.15 and 8.9 < log (M⋆/M⊙) < 12.0. We apply the spectral population synthesis code fado to fit self-consistently both the stellar and nebular contributions to the spectra of the sources. We present 2D morphological maps for mean stellar ages, metallicities, gas-phase oxygen abundances, and star formation rates for the galaxies with Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (inla), which is efficient in reconstructing spatial data of extended sources. We find that ‘extreme stripping’ and ‘stripping’ galaxies are typically younger than the other types. Regarding stellar and nebular metallicities, the ‘stripping’ and ‘control passive’ galaxies are the most metal-poor. Based on the phase space for jellyfish cluster members we find trends in ages, metallicities, and abundances with different regions of the diagram. We also compute radial profiles for the same quantities. We find that both the stripping and the stellar masses seem to influence the profiles, and we see differences between various groups and distinct mass bins. The radial profiles for different mass bins present relations already shown in the literature for undisturbed galaxies, i.e. profiles of ages and metallicities tend to increase with mass. However, beyond ∼0.75 effective radius, the ages of the most massive galaxies become similar to or lower than the ages of the lower mass ones.
Cas1–Cas2 physically and functionally interacts with DnaK to modulate CRISPR Adaptation
Authors: Killelea Tom , Dimude Juachi U , He Liu , Stewart Alison L , Kemm Fiona E , Radovčić Marin , Ivančić-Baće Ivana , Rudolph Christian J , Bolt Edward L
Published: June 2023

Prokaryotic Cas1–Cas2 protein complexes generate adaptive immunity to mobile genetic elements (MGEs), by capture and integration of MGE DNA in to CRISPR sites. De novo immunity relies on naive adaptation—Cas1–Cas2 targeting of MGE DNA without the aid of pre-existing immunity ‘interference’ complexes—by mechanisms that are not clear. Using E. coli we show that the chaperone DnaK inhibits DNA binding and integration by Cas1–Cas2, and inhibits naive adaptation in cells that results from chromosomal self-targeting. Inhibition of naive adaptation was reversed by deleting DnaK from cells, by mutation of the DnaK substrate binding domain, and by expression of an MGE (phage λ) protein. We also imaged fluorescently labelled Cas1 in living cells, observing that Cas1 foci depend on active DNA replication, and are much increased in frequency in cells lacking DnaK. We discuss a model in which DnaK provides a mechanism for restraining naive adaptation from DNA self-targeting, until DnaK is triggered to release Cas1–Cas2 to target MGE DNA.
Typhoid Control in an Era of Antimicrobial Resistance: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Vanderslott Samantha , Kumar Supriya , Adu-Sarkodie Yaw , Qadri Firdausi , Zellweger Raphaël M
Published: June 2023

Historically, typhoid control has been achieved with water and sanitation interventions. Today, in an era of rising antimicrobial resistance (AMR), two World Health Organization-prequalified vaccines are available to accelerate control in the shorter term. Meanwhile, water and sanitation interventions could be implemented in the longer term to sustainably prevent typhoid in low- and middle-income countries. This article first approaches typhoid control from a historical perspective, subsequently presents how vaccination could complement water and sanitation activities, and finally discusses the challenges and opportunities for impactful control of typhoid infection. It also addresses data blind spots and knowledge gaps to focus on for typhoid control and to ultimately progress towards elimination. This article presents a synthesis of discussions held in December 2021 during a roundtable session at the “12th International Conference on Typhoid and Other Invasive Salmonelloses”.
Impact of pod and seed photosynthesis on seed filling and canopy carbon gain in soybean
Authors: Cho Young B , Stutz Samantha S , Jones Sarah I , Wang Yu , Pelech Elena A , Ort Donald R
Published: June 2023

There is a limited understanding of the carbon assimilation capacity of nonfoliar green tissues and its impact on yield and seed quality since most photosynthesis research focuses on leaf photosynthesis. In this study, we investigate the photosynthetic efficiency of soybean (Glycine max) pods and seeds in a field setting and evaluate its effect on mature seed weight and composition. We demonstrate that soybean pod and seed photosynthesis contributes 13% to 14% of the mature seed weight. Carbon assimilation by soybean pod and seed photosynthesis can compensate for 81% of carbon loss through the respiration of the same tissues, and our model predicts that soybean pod and seed photosynthesis contributes up to 9% of the total daily carbon gain of the canopy. Chlorophyll fluorescence (CF) shows that the operating efficiency of photosystem II in immature soybean seeds peaks at the 10 to 100 mg seed weight stage, while that of immature pods peaks at the 75 to 100 mg stage. This study provides quantitative information about the efficiency of soybean pod and seed photosynthesis during tissue development and its impact on yield.
Biaxial stretching of polytetrafluoroethylene in industrial scale to fabricate medical ePTFE membrane with node-fibril microstructure
Authors: Wang Gang , Feng Yusheng , Gao Caiyun , Zhang Xu , Wang Qunsong , Zhang Jie , Zhang Hongjie , Wu Yongqiang , Li Xin , Wang Lin , Fu Ye , Yu Xiaoye , Zhang Deyuan , Liu Jianxiong , Ding Jiandong
Published: June 2023

Expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) is promising in biomedical fields such as covered stents and plastic surgery owing to its excellent biocompatibility and mechanical properties. However, ePTFE material prepared by the traditional biaxial stretching process is with thicker middle and thinner sides due to the bowing effect, which poses a major problem in industrial-scale fabrication. To solve this problem, we design an olive-shaped winding roller to provide the middle part of the ePTFE tape with a greater longitudinal stretching amplitude than the two sides, so as to make up for the excessive longitudinal retraction tendency of the middle part when it is transversely stretched. The as-fabricated ePTFE membrane has, as designed, uniform thickness and node-fibril microstructure. In addition, we examine the effects of mass ratio of lubricant to PTFE powder, biaxial stretching ratio and sintering temperature on the performance of the resultant ePTFE membranes. Particularly, the relation between the internal microstructure of the ePTFE membrane and its mechanical properties is revealed. Besides stable mechanical properties, the sintered ePTFE membrane exhibits satisfactory biological properties. We make a series of biological assessments including in vitro hemolysis, coagulation, bacterial reverse mutation and in vivo thrombosis, intracutaneous reactivity test, pyrogen test and subchronic systemic toxicity test; all of the results meet the relevant international standards. The muscle implantation of the sintered ePTFE membrane into rabbits indicates acceptable inflammatory reactions of our sintered ePTFE membrane fabricated on industrial scale. Such a medical-grade raw material with the unique physical form and condensed-state microstructure is expected to afford an inert biomaterial potentially for stent-graft membrane.
The forms of societal interaction in the social sciences, humanities and arts: Below the tip of the iceberg
Authors: Giménez-Toledo Elea , Olmos-Peñuela Julia , Castro-Martínez Elena , Perruchas François
Published: June 2023

Science policymakers are devoting increasing attention to enhancing the social valorization of scientific knowledge. Since 2010, several international evaluation initiatives have been implemented to assess knowledge transfer and exchange practices and the societal impacts of research. Analysis of these initiatives would allow investigation of the different knowledge transfer and exchange channels and their effects on society and how their effects could be evaluated and boosted. The present study analyses the transfer sexenio programme, which is a first (pilot) assessment that was conducted in Spain to evaluate the engagement of individual researchers in knowledge transfer to and knowledge exchange with non-academic stakeholders, including professionals and society at large. The breadth of the information and supporting documentation available (more than 16,000 applications and 81,000 contributions) allows an exploration of knowledge valorization practices in terms of the transfer forms used and the researchers involved—distinguishing between the Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) and Social Sciences, Humanities and Arts (SSHA) areas. By focusing on SSHA fields, we explore knowledge dissemination via enlightenment or professional outputs. We conduct quantitative and qualitative analysis which provide a more comprehensive overview of knowledge transfer practices in Spain in the SSHA field, in particular, and has implications for future assessment exercises.
Due Reparation. Honour Disputes in Biomedical Sciences in Buenos Aires, 1870–1940
Authors: Souza Pablo Andrés
Published: June 2023

This manuscript focuses on the incidents, trials at courts of honour and duels involving important figures at the University of Buenos Aires School of Medical Sciences, which ruptured the peaceful surface of this institution in order to protect epistemic practices and settings. The existence in itself of the honour culture in the Buenos Aires aristocratic elite is, perhaps, as curious as its use by distinguished local doctors with the purpose of resolving disputes caused by clashing interests—which were related to their profession and experimental work. The conflicts discussed here shed light on a classic issue in the social history of science, technology and medicine: the collective bargaining of credibility in matters personal, professional and research-related.
“Four Legs of a Table”: Building a Stable Foundation and Systematic Approach to Diagnosing Peripheral Nerve Disorders
Authors: Wu Kitty Y. , Spinner Robert J.
Published: June 2023

Management of patients with peripheral nerve disorders is multifaceted and complex; however, it fundamentally hinges upon first correctly localizing the problem. Peripheral nerve disorders may include injury, entrapment, inflammation, tumor, and pain. Differentiating a peripheral nerve condition from one that originates from the spinal or intracranial level is crucial to guiding proper management. A systematic and targeted approach to each patient is required for diagnosis. A comprehensive work-up includes: 1) detailed patient history; 2) thorough physical examination; 3) review of electrodiagnostic studies; and 4) incorporation of diagnostic imaging and (image-guided) diagnostic nerve blocks. Analogous to the “4 legs of a table,” the more findings in each domain that support the same diagnosis, the more certain the diagnosis and more stable the table (Figure 1). We present this framework as a tool for the localization, diagnosis, and treatment of all peripheral nerve issues.
Association between hemoglobin glycation index and 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events: the REACTION cohort study
Authors: Wang Yuhan , Liu Hongzhou , Hu Xiaodong , Wang Anping , Wang Anning , Kang Shaoyang , Zhang Lingjing , Gu Weijun , Dou Jingtao , Mu Yiming , Chen Kang , Wang Weiqing , Lyu Zhaohui
Published: June 2023

Background:

The hemoglobin glycation index (HGI) was developed to quantify glucose metabolism and individual differences and proved to be a robust measure of individual glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) bias. Here, we aimed to explore the relationship between different HGIs and the risk of 5-year major adverse cardiovascular events (MACEs) by performing a large multicenter cohort study in China.

Methods:

A total of 9791 subjects from the Risk Evaluation of Cancers in Chinese Diabetic Individuals: a Longitudinal Study (the REACTION study) were divided into five subgroups (Q1–Q5) with the HGI quantiles (≤5th, >5th and ≤33.3th, >33.3th and ≤66.7th, >66.7th and ≤95th, and >95th percentile). A multivariate logistic regression model constructed by the restricted cubic spline method was used to evaluate the relationship between the HGI and the 5-year MACE risk. Subgroup analysis between the HGI and covariates were explored to detect differences among the five subgroups.

Results:

The total 5-year MACE rate in the nationwide cohort was 6.87% (673/9791). Restricted cubic spline analysis suggested a U-shaped correlation between the HGI values and MACE risk after adjustment for cardiovascular risk factors (χ
2 = 29.5, P <0.001). After adjustment for potential confounders, subjects with HGIs ≤–0.75 or >0.82 showed odds ratios (ORs) for MACE of 1.471 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.027–2.069) and 2.222 (95% CI, 1.641–3.026) compared to subjects with HGIs of >–0.75 and ≤–0.20. In the subgroup with non-coronary heart disease, the risk of MACE was significantly higher in subjects with HGIs ≤–0.75 (OR, 1.540 [1.039–2.234]; P = 0.027) and >0.82 (OR, 2.022 [1.392–2.890]; P <0.001) compared to those with HGIs of ≤–0.75 or >0.82 after adjustment for potential confounders.

Conclusions:

We found a U-shaped correlation between the HGI values and the risk of 5-year MACE. Both low and high HGIs were associated with an increased risk of MACE. Therefore, the HGI may predict the 5-year MACE risk.
Development of screening assays for use of broadly neutralizing antibodies in people with HIV
Authors: Lynch Rebecca M. , Bar Katharine J.
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review

Treatment with combinations of complementary broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) has increased the proportion of participants for whom bnAbs can maintain virus suppression upon cessation of antiretroviral therapy (ART). There remains, however, a population of trial participants who experience virus rebound despite high plasma concentrations of bnAbs. Thus, baseline resistance remains a critical barrier to the efficacy of bnAbs for use in the treatment and cure of HIV, and the development of a screening assay to guide bnAb selection is a high priority.

Recent findings

There are two conceptual approaches to assess the putative rebound-competent HIV-1 reservoir for bnAb sensitivity: to assess neutralization sensitivity of reactivated virus in outgrowth assays and sequence-based approaches that include a selection for intact genomes and assessment of known resistance mutations within the env gene. Currently, the only phenotypic assay for bnAb screening that is clinical laboratory improvement amendments certified (CLIA certified) and available for clinical trial use is Monogram Biosciences’ PhenoSense HIV Neutralizing Antibody Assay.

Several new approaches for screening are currently under development and future screening methods must address three issues. First, complete sampling of the reservoir may be impossible, and determination of the relevance of partial sampling is needed. Second, multiple lines of evidence indicate that in vitro neutralization measures are at least one correlate of in vivo bnAb activity that should be included in screening, but more research is needed on how to use in vitro neutralization assays and other measures of antibody functions and measures of other antibody features. Third, the feasibility of screening assays must be a priority. A feasible, predictive bnAb screening assay will remain relevant until a time when bnAb combinations are substantially more broad and potent.
Broadly neutralizing antibodies and long-acting antiretroviral drugs as treatments for HIV
Authors: Kuritzkes Daniel R.
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review

To discuss progress and challenges in the development of antiretroviral regimens that combine broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) and long-acting (LA) small-molecule antiretroviral drugs (ARVs).

Recent findings

Data are extremely limited, with results from only a single phase 1a clinical trial reported to date. That study, a combination of lenacapavir plus the bNAbs teropavimab and zinlirvimab, maintained viral suppression over 26 weeks in 18 of 20 participants. A second pilot study, ACTG A5357, which tests the safety and virologic efficacy of the combination of LA injectable cabotegravir with the bNAb VRC07-523LS is fully enrolled; results are expected in the second half of 2023.

The development of regimens that combine bNAbs and LA ARVs has been challenging. Both agents need similar half-lives in order to harmonize dosing schedules. In addition, the need to perform bNAb susceptibility testing to assure activity of the bNAb in order to protect against the risk of developing resistance to the LA ARV has slowed enrollment into trials and poses substantial logistical challenges to widespread adoption of these combinations should they prove safe and effective. Improvements in manufacture that reduce the cost of goods and advances in delivery systems are needed to ensure equitable access to these regimens.
Perioperative visits in minimally invasive gynecologic surgery
Authors: Ingraham Caitlin , Makai Gretchen
Published: June 2023

Purpose of review

Perioperative visits for gynecologic surgery patients have traditionally included in-person examinations and counseling, but the advent of telemedicine has prompted clinicians to consider varying approaches to perioperative care. We aim to educate readers on the optimal setting and context of perioperative visits and provide insight from our experience to optimize care.

Recent findings

The widespread adoption of telemedicine and a focus on equity and access has prompted gynecologic surgeons to reconsider traditional preoperative and postoperative visits.

This review summarizes evidence for new approaches to perioperative care for minimally invasive gynecologic surgery, including transition to telemedicine for preoperative and postoperative care, adjuvant tools for perioperative counseling, and the value of in-person visits for preoperative planning.