bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evaluación electroquímica de soldaduras en tubos capilares de Incoloy 825.
Authors: Rodríguez-Yáñez Javier E. , Saborío-Leiva Ericka , Mora-Montoya Daniel
Published: October 2016

La recuperación de los capilares de Incoloy 825 utilizados en pozos geotérmicos ácidos, por medio de soldadura orbital autógena, se evalúa en este estudio desde el punto de vista de su resistencia a la corrosión, en las condiciones de uso. El análisis se realiza por medio de técnicas electroquímicas básicas.
Se comparan los capilares soldados, con y sin tratamientos térmicos, respecto a capilares nuevos y usados.
La evaluación electroquímica indica la posibilidad de utilizar los capilares soldados de Incoloy 825 con tratamiento térmico para los pozos geotérmicos ácidos, desde el punto de vista de la resistencia a la corrosión.
Guadua bamboo In pedestrian bridges
Authors: Carmiol-Umaña Virginia
Published: October 2016

When discussing pedestrian bridges, it is always useful to consider the latest work done in Colombia. These innovative constructions not only make it possible to cross rivers and roads, but also show how competitive this material is in ecological engineering. The spread of this type of construction throughout the country indicates that Guadua bamboo is already a part of Colombian culture, and that its fresh style is no longer associated only with poverty and social improvement projects. Furthermore, it shows that this material is a perfectly feasible option for a country such as ours, which is exposed to landslides, flooding and earthquakes. 

Although pedestrian bridges were initially built to shorten distances and overcome natural barriers, during the last several decades they have also become necessary to safeguard pedestrians who have to walk in areas of very high urban growth. However, in spite of the existence of alternative solutions to the same problem, almost all such solutions are postponed, in that they normally involve a State investment. 

This article addresses a construction technique which originated in South American indigenous populations. Although it was forgotten by several generations, this technique, which has been updated, has multiple benefits. By injecting concrete in bamboo internodes it is possible to build structures that are in harmony with current needs, as well as bridges with more lighting Most importantly, this makes low-impact construction accessible to small communities or private businesses with limited resources. 
Crop and food development through modern biotechnology techniques in Central America Development of food crops through the use of modern biotechnology techniques in Central America
Authors: Garro-Monge Giovanni
Published: October 2016

In the last decade, the adoption of Genetically Modified Crops (GMC) has increased in scale worldwide. The total area planted with biotechnological crops reached 365 million acres in 2010, while the number of farmers around the world who decided to produce crops with this technology increased as well. 

At a regional level there have been different responses from government agencies, which have formulated rules and regulations in keeping with the realities of these countries. In Central America, the countries that are most involved in the development and cultivation of food biotechnology techniques are Guatemala (papaya), Honduras (beans and maize), and Costa Rica (cotton, soybean and pineapple). At a global level, the latter two were among the 29 countries with the most GMO crops in 2010. Some countries of the region have also implemented governmental regulatory structures through technical committees on Biosafety. 

The most important characteristics of these crops in terms of trade continue to be the provision of herbicide tolerance or pest resistance. However, the introduction of new modified products with good prospects in the market is also noteworthy. 

These experiences with cultivation and Biosafety regulation at a regional level could lead to successful and progressive development of agricultural and food biotechnologies in the near future. 
Estrategia basada en el aprendizaje de máquina para tratar con conjuntos de datos no etiquetados usando conjuntos aproximados y/o ganancia de información
Authors: Calvo-Valverde Luis Alexánder
Published: October 2016

Hoy en día se recogen datos de muy diversa índole y a un bajo costo, como no se había visto antes en la historia de la humanidad; por ejemplo, sensores que registran datos a cada minuto, páginas web que almacenan todas las acciones que realiza el usuario, supermercados que guardan todo lo que sus clientes compran y en qué momento lo hacen. Pero estas grandes bases de datos presentan un gran reto a sus propietarios ¿Cómo sacarles provecho?, ¿cómo convertir datos en información para la toma de decisiones? 

Este artículo presenta una estrategia basada en el aprendizaje de máquina para tratar con conjuntos de datos no etiquetados utilizando conjuntos aproximados y/o ganancia de información. Se propone una estrategia para agrupar los datos utilizando k-means, considerando cuánta información aporta un atributo (ganancia de información), además de poder seleccionar cuáles atributos son realmente indispensables para clasificar nuevos datos y cuáles son dispensables (conjuntos aproximados), lo cual es muy beneficioso pues permite tomar decisiones en menor tiempo. 
Análisis de un modelo SIS para el estudio de la dinámica de propagación de la enfermedad al aplicar medidas de control
Authors: Alpízar-Brenes Geisel Yajaira
Published: October 2016

En este artículo se analiza un modelo discreto metapoblacional SIS para determinar los parámetros que se pueden controlar y representen la aplicación de alguna medida de control, con el objetivo de estudiar su impacto en la dinámica de la enfermedad. Una vez definidos los parámetros controlables, se simulan casos específicos que se asemejen a diferentes escenarios que se pueden presentar en la vida real. 
Identificación de abejas sin aguijón (Apidae: Meliponini) a partir de la clasificación de los descriptores SIFT de una imagen del ala derecha anterior
Authors: Figueroa-Mata Geovanni , Prendas-Rojas Juan Pablo , Ramírez-Bogantes Melvin , Aguilar-Monge Ingrid , Herrera-González Eduardo , Travieso-González Carlos Manuel
Published: October 2016

Se ha comprobado que la información morfométrica de un ala se puede usar para identificar la especie de algunos insectos, incluidas las abejas. En el presente trabajo se utiliza la información contenida en la fotografía de un ala para discriminar la especie de abejas nativas costarricenses sin aguijón. El método propuesto es un algoritmo discriminador basado en la clasificación de los descriptores SIFT de los puntos clave de la imagen del ala anterior derecha. Los especímenes usados en la investigación se recolectaron directamente de los nidos en diferentes zonas geográficas de Costa Rica y corresponden a 18 especies de 10 géneros. El algoritmo fue validado con 436 imágenes de alas con un resultado de 81% de éxito en la discriminación por género y de 76% a nivel de especie. 
Movimiento de centroides y transferencias: alternativas para construir vecinos en sobrecalentamiento simulado
Authors: Chavarría-Molina Jeffry , Fallas-Monge Juan José
Published: October 2016

En este artículo se comparan dos estrategias alternativas para la generación de vecinos en el algoritmo de sobrecalentamiento simulado. La primera corresponde a la transferencia de objetos de una clase a otra. La segunda, realiza el movimiento de individuos artificiales (llamados centroides) que representan a las clases. La comparación se realizó en el contexto del problema de optimización combinatoria de clasificación de datos cuantitativos. Este problema fue planteado como una minimización de W(P), que representa la inercia intraclases como función de una partición P. Finalmente, esto permitió comparar el rendimiento de los algoritmos en diversos conjuntos de datos. 
Aislamiento de esporas y evaluación de métodos de inoculación en la producción de micorrizas en cultivos trampa.
Authors: Aguilar-Ulloa Wendy , Arce-Acuña Priscilla , Galiano-Murillo Fiorella , Torres-Cruz Terry J.
Published: October 2016

Los microorganismos del suelo desempeñan un importante papel en la agricultura; entre ellos están las micorrizas que generan una gran cantidad de beneficios para las plantas. En la presente investigación se tomaron muestras de suelo y raíz de plantas de vainica; se aislaron esporas por el método de tamizado y decantación; se realizó conteo de esporas y tinción de raíces y luego se determinó el porcentaje de colonización. Además, se inocularon 15 macetas con cada uno de los diferentes tratamientos (esporas, suelo y raíces) y se sembraron semillas de frijol en cada una. Luego de un mes, se midió la longitud de la raíz y el tallo de todos los tratamientos. Además, para determinar el desarrollo del inóculo en cada tratamiento se precisó la cantidad de esporas producidas y el nivel de colonización de las raíces. La longitud del tallo y de la raíz de las plantas evaluadas no presentó diferencias estadísticamente significativas entre los distintos tratamientos. El método de inoculación con esporas presentó el mayor porcentaje de micorrización. Los métodos de inoculación que favorecieron más la producción de estructuras reproductivas fueron los tratados con las esporas aisladas y los tratados con raíces; de igual forma, ambos presentaron la mayor cantidad de esporas germinadas. Para cultivos como frijol o vainica, se recomienda utilizar como inóculo las raíces de plantas infectadas.
Antagonismo de Trichoderma sp. ante el patógeno Stromatinia cepivora en el cultivo de cebolla.
Authors: Rivera-Méndez William , Meneses-Montero Karla , Zúniga-Vega Claudia , Brenes-Madriz Jaime A.
Published: October 2016

En Costa Rica, el cultivo de cebolla (Allium cepa) es una importante fuente de recursos para los pequeños y medianos agricultores. La pudrición blanca provocada por el hongo Stromatinia cepivora es una enfermedad importante del cultivo a nivel mundial y en Costa Rica específicamente en la provincia de Cartago (Granados, 2005, 2013; Metcalf et al., 2004). El manejo de S. cepivora no es fácil, ya que existen pocos cultivares comerciales resistentes y pocos fungicidas para combatirlo, estos factores hacen que el control biológico sea una opción contra la pudrición blanca. Trichoderma sp es un género de hongos que incluye especies utilizadas como agentes de control biológico.
El objetivo de esta investigación consistió en evaluar el antagonismo de aislamientos de Trichoderma sp. provenientes de zonas productoras de cebolla de Cartago con respecto a S. cepivora. Se realizaron estudios de aislamiento y caracterización de S. cepivora y Trichoderma sp. a partir de bulbos con síntomas de la enfermedad. Posteriormente, se desarrollaron pruebas de antagonismo in vitro e in vivo para mostrar la efectividad de las cepas escogidas. La cepa identificada como T. asperellum resultó ser antagónica con respecto a S. cepivora, tanto en pruebas in vitro como en el campo. Esta efectividad estuvo determinada por la interacción de una cepa específica del antagonista frente a un aislamiento del patógeno. Para la aplicación de esta estrategia de manejo es necesario insistir ante los agricultores en la importancia que tienen las medidas que permiten la reducción de los niveles del inóculo, factor fundamental para obtener buenos rendimientos en los cultivos.
Control biológico del hongo Sclerotium cepivorum utilizando Trichoderma asperellum en el cultivo del ajo en Costa Rica.
Authors: Rivera-Méndez William , Zúñiga-Vega Claudia , Brenes-Madriz Jaime
Published: October 2016

En este trabajo se evaluó la efectividad del hongo antagonista Trichoderma asperellum, previamente aislado e identificado, para el control del agente causante de la pudrición blanca del ajo y la cebolla, Sclerotium cepivorum. Para ello se realizaron ensayos de campo en seis parcelas experimentales cultivadas con ajo, donde se determinó el inóculo inicial de cada parcela. Posteriormente se aplicaron dos tratamientos distintos, uno basado en una suspensión de esporas de T. asperellum a una concentración de 1,0X105 /ml. El otro fue el control químico tradicional usado por los productores, basado en una mezcla en partes iguales de oxicloruro de cobre (61,1%), Ftalamida- Carboxin-Captan (40%), Ziram (76%) y Tebuconazole (25%). Se evaluó la concentración de los esclerocios cada 30 días; además se registró la mortalidad total en cada tratamiento y parcela. Luego del análisis de datos, el hongo antagonista mostró una eficacia similar a la de los agroquímicos usados. Además, se confirmó la importancia que tiene la cuantificación del inóculo inicial sobre el desarrollo de la enfermedad y la mortalidad asociada.
Identificación y caracterización molecular del hongo causante de la pudrición blanca en Allium cepa, en Llano Grande de Cartago, Costa Rica.
Authors: Aguilar-Ulloa Wendy , Arce-Acuña Priscilla , Rivera-Méndez William
Published: October 2016

La cebolla (Allium cepa L.) es un cultivo de importancia de Costa Rica, tanto para el consumo nacional como internacional. En este cultivo se presentan pérdidas económicas debido a enfermedades producidas por patógenos como la pudrición blanca, que afecta directamente el bulbo y representa una gran amenaza para la agricultura, por tener la capacidad de perdurar hasta 20 años en el suelo. El objetivo general de esta investigación consistió en hacer el diagnóstico microbiológico y molecular de un patógeno causante de pudrición blanca en cebolla cultivada en Varillal de Llano Grande, en la provincia de Cartago, Costa Rica, mediante el aislamiento y cultivo de esclerocios. Con esta metodología se logró el aislamiento e identificación del patógeno causante de la pudrición blanca en la cebolla y se determinó que, de manera microscópica, es similar a Stromatinia cepivorum ya que desarrolla esclerocios y presenta hifas con estructuras en forma de clamps, sin embargo, mediante el análisis molecular se logró identificar como Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, otro patógeno causante de esta enfermedad.
Aislamiento, identificación y patogenicidad de Hirsutella en Planococcus citri.
Authors: Quesada-Sojo Kevin Asdrúbal , Rivera-Méndez William
Published: October 2016

Las especies de hongos pertenecientes al género Hirsutella son capaces de infectar y parasitar gran variedad de invertebrados. Planococcus citri es una peste polífaga importante en diversos cultivos. El objetivo de este proyecto fue aislar, identificar y determinar la patogenicidad de Hirsutella sobre individuos adultos de P. citri a partir de muestras de campo. El micelio se produjo en medio sólido PDA acidificado al 2%, que cubrió la placa a los 11 días de haber sido cultivado. Se preparó una solución conidiógena a partir del micelio producido y se asperjó sobre individuos adultos de P. citri para determinar los porcentajes de patogenicidad de las cepas aisladas; estos fueron: 90%, 78,6% y 90,9% a los seis días de haberse iniciado el bioensayo de patogenicidad, lo que confirma las cualidades biocontroladoras del género Hirsutella para su utilización en el manejo tanto de P. citri como de otras plagas importantes agronómicamente.
THE EFFECT OF HEATING ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF RICE BRAND OIL
Authors: Indrasari S. Dewi , Koswara Sutrisno , Muchtadi Deddy , Nagara L. Mulyati
Published: October 2016

Rice bran oil has a potential in lowering blood cholesterol. The oil content extracted from rice bran isa influenced by several factors such as raw material and processing method. This research was conducted to study the effect of heating on the physicochemical characteristics of rice bran oil. The study was carried out at the Food Technology and Nutrition Laboratory and Biotechnological Science Laboratory of the Inter University Center, Bogor Agricultural University, from February to MAy 1997. Bran used was from IR64 rice variety obtained from a local milling rice in Tambak Dahan, Binong-Subang, West Java. Rice bran was subjected to different period of heating (0, 15 and 30 minutes) at 121oC by using an autoclave, then the oil was extraxted by using hexane solvent followed by standard processing at room temperature (28-30oC) and 40oC for two hours. The parameters observed were oil content and its quality such as saponification, iodine, acid, peroxide, tiobarbituric acid, and triglyceric acid values as well as oil color. The results showed that oil extracted from rice bran was high, ranging from 9.65 to 11.02%. Heating (sterilizing) of the rice bran for 15 and 30 minutes at 120oC proir to extraction increased the oil content. The Quality of rice bran oil extracted met the standard of AOAC.
WATERMELON MOSAIC VIRUS OF PUMPKIN (Cucurbita maxima) FROM SULAWESI: IDENTIFICATION, TRANSMISSION, AND HOST RANGE
Authors: Wakmana Wasmo , Kontong M.S. , Teakle D.S. , Persley D.M.
Published: October 2016

A mosaic disease of pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) was spread widely in Sulawesi. Since the virus had not yet been identified, a study was conducted to identify the disease through mechanical inoculation, aphid vector transmission, host range, and electron microscopic test. Crude sap of infected pumpkin leaf samples was rubbed on the cotyledons of healthy pumpkin seedlings for mechanical inoculation. For insect transmission, five infective aphids were infected per seedling. Seedlings of eleven different species were inoculated mechanically for host range test. Clarified sap was examined under the electron microscope. Seeds of two pumpkin fruits from two different infected plants were planted and observed for disease transmission up to one-month old seedlings. The mosaic disease was transmitted mechanically from crude sap of different leaf samples to healthy pumpkin seedlings showing mosaic symptoms. The virus also infected eight cucurbits, i.e., cucumber (Cucumis sativus), green melon (Cucumis melo), orange/rock melon (C. melo), zucchini (Cucurbita pepo), pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima), water melon (Citrulus vulgaris), Bennicosa hispida, and blewah (Cucurbita sp.). Aphids  transmitted the disease from one to other pumpkin seedlings. The virus was not transmitted by seed. The mosaic disease of pumpkin at Maros, South Sulawesi, was associated with flexious particles of approximately 750 nm length, possibly a potyvirus, such as water melon mosaic virus rather than papaya ringspot virus or zucchini yellow mosaic virus.
BIOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF THE ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDIZATION BETWEEN Pangasius djambal BLEEKER, 1846 AND Pangasianodon hypophthalmus SAUVAGE, 1878
Authors: Gustiano Rudhy
Published: October 2016

It is really important, since the possible use of these pangasiid hybrids in aquaculture faces the problem of potential impact on wild population. Therefore, it is urgently needed to provide quick identification tools in the field. This study investigated morphological characters of Pangasius djambal and Pangasianodon hypophthalmus and their hybrids. A detailed morphological analysis using 32 morphometric measurements and five meristic counts was done on the hybridization of P. djambal and P. hypophthalmus. Morphometric analysis and meristic counts showed that the reciprocal hybrids have intermediate characters except for gill raker number in which lower than that of parental species. In general, the hybrids have tendency to be like P. hypophthalmus rather than P. djambal. The only typical character of P. djambal appeared on hybrids is teeth shape, both vomerine and palatine. It is clearly defined that the true hybrids have seven pelvic fin rays.
EFFECT OF BIO FERTILIZER ON MATURE OIL PALM IN NORTH SUMATRA AND RIAU
Authors: Adiwiganda Y Taryo , Tarigan Balaman , Purba Berani
Published: October 2016

Chemical fertilizers have routinely been applied at oil palm plantations to maintain soil fertility. Due to the increase of chemical fertilizer prices, some efforts have been done at such as to reduce cost and increase efficiency in chemical fertilizer application at oil palm plantations include the use of bio fertilizer (BF). The objective of experiment was to evaluate the effect of reducing oil palm standard dosage of chemical fertilizers combined with BF on mature oil palm yield. The experiment was carried out in 2002-2003 covering an area of 4367 ha at PTPN IV in North Sumatra and of 515.58 ha at PTPN V in Riau. The planting material was Dura x Pasifera variety and planted in 1980-1995. A randomized block design was used having three fertilizer treatments: (A) 100% chemical fertilizer (normal dosage), (B) 75% chemical fertilizer + BF, and (C) 50% chemical fertilizer + BF. The replications at PTPN IV and V were 11 and 7, respectively. The BF was applied firstly in May 2002. Dosage of BF was 250 g tree-1 yr-1. The BF was given in pockets with four pockets per palm tree. The parameters observed were fresh fruit bunch (FFB) weight, average of bunch weight, and average of bunch number. Results of the experiments showed that palm yield treated with 75% chemical fertilizer + BF and 50% chemical fertilizer + BF were both not significantly different with palm yield treated with 100% chemical fertilizer. The application of 75% chemical fertilizer + BF and 50% chemical fertilizer + BF gave benefit of Rp509,093 and Rp1,231,535 ha-1 yr-1, respectively. Technically, nutrients given as chemical fertilizers using combination of 75% chemical fertilizer + BF are still higher than the nutrients transported into 26 tons palm FFB ha-1 yr-1. Fertilizer treatment combination of 50% chemical fertilizer + BF will technically be safe only for palm yield of <16 tons palm FFB ha-1 yr-1, since nutrients given as fertilizer are still higher than those transported into the palm yield.
HYPOGLYCEMIC ACTIVITY OF SOME INDONESIAN RICE VARIETIES AND THEIR PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES
Authors: Widowati Sri , Astawan Made , Muchtadi Deddy , Wresdiyati Tutik
Published: October 2016

Diabetes mellitus is a spectrum of inherited and acquired disorders characterized by elevating blood glucose levels. Diabetes is an abnormal carbohydrate metabolism, therefore, diet therapy for diabetics plays a key role in the management of the disease. Most Indonesian people consume rice as source of energy and protein. Generally, diabetics consume very limited rice because they believe that rice is the one of hyperglycemic food, even though different rice varieties have large range of glycemic index. The study aimed to evaluate hypoglycemic properties by using rat assay and chemical characteristics of 10 Indonesian rice varieties, i.e. Pandan Wangi, Rojolele, Bengawan Solo, Cenana Bali, Memberamo, Celebes, Ciherang, Batang Piaman, Cisokan, and Lusi. Taj Mahal, an herbal ponni imported rice, was used as a comparison. Male Sprague Dawley rats (150- 200 g body weight) were used for hypoglycemic assay. The rats were fasted overnight before the blood glucose was measured in the morning. The rats were then feed with 4.5 g rice per kg body weight by oral administration, followed by 1 ml of 10% glucose solution in the next 30 minutes. The blood glucose was measured for the next 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. Changes in blood glucose concentrations (mg dl-1) before and after the oral administrations were calculated for each rice variety tested. Results showed that Cisokan and Batang Piaman were categorized as low glycemic responses and Ciherang as high glycemic response, while the other varieties (Memberamo, Cenana Bali, Lusi, Bengawan Solo, Pandan Wangi, Celebes, and Rojo Lele) showed moderate glycemic responses. As the best hypoglycemic activity, Cisokan contained high amylose (27.6%), fat (0.87%), total dietary fiber (6.24%), resistant starch (2.02%), and lowest starch digestibility (52.2%), which are ideal for diabetic’s consumption. Ciherang as the worst hypoglycemic activity had low resistant starch (1.78%), low total dietary fiber (4.52%), and medium amylose (23.0%). This study implies that Cisokan variety is suitable for diabetic’s consumption.
SOIL PROPERTIES OF THE ALLUVIAL PLAIN AND ITS POTENTIAL USE FOR AGRICULTURE IN DONGGALA REGION, CENTRAL SULAWESI
Authors: Al-Jabri M.
Published: October 2016

Agricultural lands of Donggala region are extensively distributed in alluvial plain. However, information on soil properties and fertility constraints has not been known in detail. An investigation of soil resources was conducted in September 2003 and December 2004 to characterize surface soil properties of alluvial plain and to evaluate soil fertility constraints. For this study, 55 representative soil profiles consisting of 187 soil samples were selected for physical, chemical, and mineralogical analyses. The soil profiles were classified as soil groups of Ustifluvents, Haplustepts, Eutrudepts, and Endoaquepts. All the soil physical and chemical data were calculated as weighted average based on top 30 cm soil layer analyses. The results showed that soil texture ranged from sandy loam to loam. In ustic moisture regime, the average pH was neutral (7.0-7.2), but in udic moisture regime it was slightly acid (5.5-6.2). In all soil groups, the organic carbon content was very low to low (0.58-1.44%), P retention was very low (3-18%), and soil cation exchange capacity (CEC) was very low to low (9-14 cmol(+) kg-1). In contrast, all the soil groups showed very high content of potential phosphate (81- 118 mg P2O5 100 g-1) and potassium (338-475 mg K2O 100 g-1), but the available phosphate and potassium were 16-47 mg kg-1 P and 0.18-0.35 cmol(+) kg-1, respectively, which were considered to be low to medium range. The very high P2O5 and K2O were probably derived from weathered mica-schist and granite rocks, but low exchangeable K was probably due to K fixation. The sand mineral fraction was composed of relatively high (> 20%) weatherable minerals of acid parent materials, such as orthoclase and sanidine, while the clay mineral was composed of smectite and illite. The low soil-CEC, low organic matter, and exchangeable K contents were the main soil fertility constraints. Therefore, soil management should be directed to organic matter application to increase soil carbon content, CEC, and nutrient availability. Fertilizer recommendation for wetland rice and several upland crops is suggested based on the soil properties.
CHANGES OF SUCROSE CONTENT AND INVERTASE ACTIVITY DURING SUGARCANE STEM STORAGE
Authors: Siswoyo Tri Agus , Oktavianawati Ika , Djenal Djenal , Sugiharto Bambang , Murdiyanto Untung
Published: October 2016

Invertases (beta-D-fructofuranosidase, E.C. 3.2.1.26) are the key enzymes involved in sucrose metabolism in sugarcane plants. They are highly correlated with sucrose and reducing sugar contents during plant growth. The sugarcane plants have two kinds of invertases, namely neutral invertase (NI) and acid invertase (AI). They have different function in sucrose accumulation. The research aimed to study the role of AI and NI in accumulation of reducing sugar during storage of sugarcane stems. Plant materials of 18-month-old field grown sugarcane of the commercial variety R-579 (wet-land) and M 442-51 (dry-land) were used. Three internodes were sampled to represent immature (internode 1-8/F1), maturing (internode 9-16/F2), and mature (internode 17-24/F3) stem tissues. All tissues were stored for 0-9 days at room temperature (28-32oC) and each day, the sample
was extracted to determine invertase activity, total soluble protein, and sugar contents. This observation was valid for invertase activity expressed on a protein basis. At the initiate
harvested (0-3 days), NI had a higher specific activity than AI in the sucrose-accumulating region of the sugarcane stems. Negative significant correlation was found between NI specific activity and sucrose accumulation (r2 = 0.41, P < 0.05). AI showed a higher specific activity after 4 days harvested and had negative correlation with sucrose accumulation (r2 = 0.40, P < 0.05). These results showed that NI could be more  responsible in sucrose hydrolisis than AI at early storage of sugarcane stems.
APPLICATION OF FRUIT BAGGING, SANITATION, AND YELLOW STICKY TRAP TO CONTROL THRIPS ON MANGOSTEEN
Authors: Affandi Affandi , Emilda D. , A.S M. Jawal
Published: October 2016

Scars on mangosteen fruits caused by thrips are the most prominent constraint in Indonesian export of mangosteen. Most of the exported mangosteen are rejected due to scar appearance. This research aimed to study the effects of fruit bagging, sanitation, and sticky trap application on the scar intensity on mangosteen. The research was conducted at a farmer's polycultured mangosteen orchard in Lima Puluh Kota, West Sumatra, Indonesia from September 2006 to February 2007. The mangosteen trees were cultured with cacao and coconut. To study the effects of bagging on the number of scars, the fruits were individually bagged at different time points starting from the time of calyx falling down (0) followed at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 weeks later. Each treatment was replicated six times. The experiment of sanitation (SNT) and yellow fluorescent sticky trap (YST) application was designed in a completely randomized design with six replications, except for the control which was replicated only three times. Four treatments studied were SNT, YST, combination of SNT+YST, and control. The sanitation was applied by removing all weeds under the canopy of mangosteen trees followed with soil tillage and fogging. The sticky trap was nailed on woody sticks and placed on 3 m above the ground at four different positions around the tree canopy. Parameters observed were the percentage and intensity
of scars and number of thrips caught on the sticky traps. The results showed that application of early bagging, SNT, YST, and SNT+YST were effective to reduce intensity and percentage of scars. However, combination of SNT+YST demonstrated the best results in reducing the intensity and percentage of scars by 32.14% and 42.82%, respectively. Combination of SNT+YST also drastically decreased thrips population as indicated by the
low number of thrips catched after five biweekly observations. Since the fifth observation, the thrips population was low (less than 5 thrips catched per sticky trap) and far below the economic threshold. The present study implies the importance of early fruit bagging, sanitation, and sticky trap application in protecting mangosteen fruits from scars.
PEMETAAN KONDISI PERPUSTAKAAN DIGITAL UK/UPT BADAN LITBANG PERTANIAN
Authors: Rufaidah Vivit Wardah
Published: October 2016

Pengkajian bertujuan untuk mengetahui perkembangan perpustakaan digital di UK/UPT lingkup Badan Litbang Pertanian. Pengkajian dilakukan dengan menggunakan metode survei. Pengumpulan data dilakukan pada bulan Mei-Juni 2012 melalui wawancara dan e-mail terhadap responden sebanyak 157 pengguna dan 35 pustakawan dari 16 perpustakaan. Variabel yang diamati adalah karakteristik pengguna dan pustakawan, kondisi sumber daya manusia perpustakaan, sumber daya informasi, dan sarana prasarana perpustakaan. Hasil kajian menunjukkan bahwa ketersediaan koleksi di perpustakaan UK/UPT lingkup Badan Litbang Pertanian baik koleksi tercetak maupun elektronis cukup positif, hanya koleksi peraturan perundangan dan peta yang ketersediaannya kurang positif. Hampir semua perpustakaan telah menggunakan aplikasi berbasis teknologi informasi. Sebanyak 38,71% perpustakaan telah menggunakan kombinasi WinIsis, IGLOO dan Buku tamu Bibliotheca. Aplikasi teknologi informasi telah dimanfaatkan dalam kegiatan administrasi, pengolahan dan layanan perpustakaan. Sumber daya manusia perpustakaan lingkup Badan Litbang pertanian dari segi jumlah dan kompetensi dinilai masih kurang. Lokasi/letak gedung/ruang perpustakaan bervariasi, sebagian besar terletak di belakang kantor atau di lantai atas gedung instansi induk. Ruangan perpustakaan kurang nyaman, penerangan kurang baik, sirkulasi udara kurang baik dan kurang aman. Penataan ruang perpustakaan berdasarkan fungsinya belum optimal. Anggaran perpustakaan lingkup Badan Litbang Pertanian bervariasi. Anggaran perpustakaan dialokasikan berturut-turut untuk pengembangan sumber daya manusia, pengadaan koleksi, dan pengolahan bahan pustaka. Perpustakaan digital di UK/UPT lingkup Badan Litbang Pertanian telah dimanfaatkan, namum belum optimal. Sebagian besar pengguna adalah peneliti, penyuluh dan pejabat struktural. Frekuensi kunjungan pengguna ke perpustakaan masih rendah, sebagian besar berkunjung 4-6 kali per bulan dengan waktu kunjungan kurang dari 2 jam (68,15%). Koleksi yang dimanfaatkan pengguna sebagian besar adalah majalah/jurnal, buku tercetak, dan buku elektronik, sedangkan penggunaan jurnal elektronik online dan offline masih sedikit (8,57%). Layanan informasi yang paling banyak dimanfaatkan adalah kombinasi layanan elektronik dan manual. Ketersediaan jaringan internet, kecepatan akses internet, ketersediaan komputer untuk penelusuran dan OPAC, serta kemudahan download informasi di perpustakaan cukup baik dengan kisaran 48,12% - 66, 67%. Untuk pengembangan perpustakaan digital lingkup Badan Litbang Pertanian perlu dilakukan upaya-upaya dalam hal peningkatan sumber daya manusia baik kuantitas maupun kualitas, pengembangan koleksi perpustakaan yang mutakhir, penambahan sarana dan prasarana, serta peningkatan anggaran khusus perpustakaan.
ANALISIS KEPUASAN PEMUSTAKA TERHADAP LAYANAN SIRKULASI DI PERPUSTAKAAN SEKOLAH MENENGAH KEJURUAN-PERTANIAN PEMBANGUNAN (SMK-PP) NEGERI KUPANG
Authors: Widaryono Widaryono
Published: October 2016

Perpustakaan merupakan unit pelayanan jasa nirlaba yang berorientasi kepada pemustaka. Untuk itu perpustakaan dituntut untuk memberikan layanan yang baik, cepat dan tepat yang akan berujung kepada kepuasan pemustaka. Hal tersebut merupakan salah satu tolok ukur keberhasilan dalam mengelola perpustakaan. Pengkajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kualitas penyelenggaraan pelayanan publik yang telah dilaksanakan oleh bagian layanan sirkulasi di perpustakaan SMK-PP Negeri Kupang. Pengkajian dilaksanakan di perpustakaan SMK-PP Negeri Kupang dengan metode survei pada 1 Maret - 30 Agustus 2014 dengan sampel sebanyak 150 responden yang diambil secara accidental sampling. Instrumen pengkajian yang dijadikan sebagai sarana pengumpulan data adalah kuesioner yang berisi pernyataan mengenai 14 indikator pelayanan publik. Metode analisis data yang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah berdasarkan Peraturan Menteri Pertanian No.78/Permentan/OT.140/8/2013 tentang Pedoman Pengukuran Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat di Lingkungan Kementerian Pertanian. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan terdapat 3 unsur mutu pelayanan yang mendapat nilai lebih dari 3,26 atau sangat baik meliputi unsur kedisiplinan pelaksana/petugas pelayanan, kepastian jadwal pelayanan serta keamanan pelayanan. Sebelas indikator lainnya menunjukkan mutu pelayanan baik, dengan nilai mutu pelayanan rata-rata di atas 3,10. Berdasarkan analisis data, secara keseluruhan pelayanan publik yang diselenggarakan oleh bagian layanan sirkulasi  di perpustakaan SMK-PP Negeri Kupang mempunyai nilai indeks 79,725 atau mutu pelayanan B, dengan tingkat kualitas pelayanan baik.
KETERPAKAIAN DAN RELEVANSI JURNAL PENELITIAN PERTANIAN TANAMAN PANGAN SEBAGAI RUJUKAN KARYA TULIS PENELITI PADA JURNAL ILMIAH TERAKREDITASI
Authors: Wilis Jelita
Published: October 2016

Lembaga Ilmu Pengetahuan Indonesia (LIPI) terus berupaya meningkatkan kualitas jurnal ilmiah antara lain melalui penilaian akreditasi. Salah satu persyaratan akreditasi jurnal ilmiah adalah penggunaan sumber acuan primer yang relevan dan baru. Pengkajian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui (1) keterpakaian Jurnal Penelitian Pertanian (JPP) Tanaman Pangan sebagai rujukan KTI yang terbit dalam jurnal ilmiah primer terakreditasi lingkup Badan Litbang Pertanian, dan (2) relevansi topik rujukan dengan topik KTI tersebut. Pengkajian dilaksanakan pada bulan Mei - Juni 2015 di Perpustakaan Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan Tanaman Pangan, Bogor. Hasil pengkajian menunjukkan JPP Tanaman Pangan digunakan sebagai rujukan oleh peneliti dalam KTI yang dipublikasikan. Masing-masing satu KTI yang terbit pada Indonesian Journal of Agricultural Science, Jurnal Penelitian Pascapanen Pertanian, dan Jurnal Pengkajian dan Pengembangan Teknologi Pertanian menggunakan JPP Tanaman Pangan sebagai rujukan. Pada Buletin Plasma Nutfah, penggunaan JPP Tanaman Pangan sebagai rujukan KTI relatif intens, yakni empat rujukan dari tiga KTI. Pada JPP Tanaman Pangan sendiri, pemakaian JPP Tanaman Pangan sebagai rujukan KTI lebih banyak, yaitu lima rujukan dari empat KTI. Secara umum, KTI yang diterbitkan pada beberapa jurnal ilmiah primer lingkup Badan Litbang Pertanian sudah merujuk literatur yang relevan. JPP Tanaman Pangan adalah salah satu sumber rujukan yang relevan bagi KTI yang diterbitkan dalam jurnal ilmiah terakreditasi yang dikaji.
Producing-Gas/Oil-Ratio Behavior of Multifractured Horizontal Wells in Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Jones R. Steven
Published: October 2016

Horizontal wells with hydraulic fractures in tight oil reservoirs show producing-gas/oil-ratio (GOR) behavior that is very different from conventional, higher-permeability reservoirs. This paper explains the reasons for the observed behavior by use of reservoir simulation, with field examples from the STACK and SCOOP plays of the Anadarko Basin in central Oklahoma.

A framework for interpreting observed GOR behavior in tight black-oil reservoirs is modeled after the following stages in a well's history. Some stages may not be visible because of the degree of undersaturation, flowing-bottomhole-pressure schedule, finite-conductivity fractures, and duration of the transient-flow period.

Stage 1: Early GOR is constant at the initial solution GOR (Rsi) while bottomhole flowing pressure is above the bubblepoint. Stage 2: A rise in GOR as bottomhole flowing pressure declines to less than the bubblepoint. Stage 3: The transient GOR “plateau”, which is characteristic of transient linear flow. Stage 4: A continuous rise in GOR during boundary-dominated flow.

Fundamental differences between linear and radial flow, which cause the dependence of GOR on flowing bottomhole pressure, are explained by use of simulation. During transient linear flow, the GOR response to changes in flowing bottomhole pressure is independent of permeability for infinite-conductivity fractures, but not for finite-conductivity fractures.

Several practical observations are made. Knowing Rsi and the transient-GOR-plateau level in an area can help one interpret where a well is in its GOR history. Rate-transient-analysis (RTA) diagnostic plots are altered by rising GOR, and sometimes show an early unit slope. During boundary-dominated flow, GOR is more a function of cumulative production than of time; wells with closer fracture spacing have a faster GOR rise with time, but also recover oil more quickly. If compound linear flow develops, GOR can decline late in the well life. The Meramec and Woodford formations in STACK can be history matched without invoking a suppressed bubblepoint caused by pore-proximity effects. The critical gas saturation in the Meramec appears to be in the range of 0–5%.

Technical contributions include a framework for interpreting GOR behavior over well life; the effect of changing bottomhole flowing pressure on GOR; the effect of fracture spacing, conductivity, and half-length on GOR; and the effect of GOR on RTA diagnostic plots.
Using Stage‐Dependent Temperature Parameters to Improve Phenological Model Prediction Accuracy in Rice Models
Authors: Sharifi Hussain , Hijmans Robert J. , Hill James E. , Linquist Bruce A.
Published: October 2016

Crop phenology models that use constant temperature parameters across developmental stages may be less accurate and have temperature‐dependent systematic prediction error (bias). Using the DD10 model, we evaluated default and optimized (DD_Opt) temperature parameters using data from seven California rice (Oryza sativa L.) cultivars grown in six locations over 3 yr (2012–2014). Furthermore, we evaluated the effect of using stage‐dependent temperature parameters on model performance using two‐ and three‐stage optimization approaches. Optimized temperature parameters, or DD_Opt (RMSE: 2.3–5.4 d), performed better than DD10 (RMSE: 2.9–7.3 d). A temperature sensitivity analysis indicated that the time from planting to panicle initiation was most sensitive to temperature (every 1°C increase decreased days to panicle initiation by 1.8 d) while time from heading to R7 (marked by the appearance of one yellow hull on the main stem panicle) was not affected by temperature. Optimized temperature parameters varied between stages, with base temperature decreasing and optimum temperature increasing with plant development. Compared to the DD_Opt, two‐stage optimization (planting–heading and heading–R7) reduced the RMSE by 0.8 d and the systematic error by 0.6 d °C−1. Three‐stage optimization (planting–panicle initiation, panicle initiation–heading, and heading–R7) further reduced RMSE by 1.1 d and systematic error by 1.4 d °C−1 for preheading. These results demonstrate the importance of using stage‐dependent parameters to improve accuracy of phenological models, which may be important when models are used to study the crop response to climate change, field management options, ecosystem productivity, breeding, and yield gap analysis.
Selectivity and Fate of Monosodium Methylarsenate in Bermudagrass, Centipedegrass, and Seashore Paspalum
Authors: Yu Jialin , McCullough Patrick E. , Czarnota Mark A.
Published: October 2016

Centipedegrass [Eremochloa ophiuroides (Munro) Hack.] and seashore paspalum (Paspalum vaginatum Sw.) can be weedy species with other turfgrasses. Monosodium methylarsenate (MSMA) selectively controls these grasses in polyculture with tolerant species such as bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.], but the mechanisms of selectivity are not well understood. The objectives of this research were to investigate the efficacy and behavior of MSMA in bermudagrass, centipedegrass, and seashore paspalum. In greenhouse experiments, the hierarchical rank of injury ranges for species from high to low was centipedegrass > seashore paspalum > bermudagrass. Monosodium methylarsenate reduced dry shoot biomass of centipedegrass and seashore paspalum six and three times greater than bermudagrass after 4 wk, respectively. The hierarchical rank of lipid peroxidation after MSMA treatments, as measured by malondialdehyde (MDA) content, from high to low was centipedegrass > seashore paspalum > bermudagrass. Grasses reached peak foliar absorption of 14C‐MSMA at 1 d after treatment (DAT), but differences among species were not detected. There was no metabolism of 14C‐MSMA in any species at 1, 3, or 7 DAT, suggesting MSMA could remain bioavailable in clippings of tolerant and susceptible grasses. Overall, the selectivity of MSMA in warm‐season turfgrasses is associated with differential levels of lipid peroxidation.
Microbiological Products for Control of Microdochium nivale on Golf Greens
Authors: Aamlid Trygve S. , Espevig Tatsiana , Tronsmo Arne
Published: October 2016

Microdochium nivale (Fries) Samuels & Hallett is an important turfgrass pathogen on golf courses. Our objective was to evaluate Gliocladium catenulatum Gilman & Abbott and/or Streptomyces species for biological control of M. nivale on golf greens. The microbial agents were tested relative to fungicides and an untreated control in vitro and in five field trials from 2011 to 2014. G. catenulatum (Turf G+/WPG, Verdera OY, Finland) was applied from October to December and in March–April, while Streptomyces species (Turf S+/WPS, same manufacturer) was applied from May to October, both at four week intervals. In vitro, Streptomyces species suppressed the growth of M. nivale at 6 and 16°C, while G. catenulatum suppressed growth of M. nivale at 16°C only. In contrast, neither product, nor their combination, had any consistent effect in the field trials. A statistically significant reduction in Microdochium patch (from 3 to 2% of plot area) was seen in a trial on a green dominated by Festuca rubra L., but this reduction was deemed to be of little practical interest to the greenkeeper. Despite multiple applications over 3 yr to build up an antagonistic microflora, only fungicides reduced M. nivale significantly on greens dominated by Poa annua L. or Agrostis capillaris L., which generally had more disease. In conclusion, this research showed no potential of G. catenulatum or Streptomyces species to replace fungicides for control of M. nivale on northern‐latitude golf greens.
Ribosomal RNA Internal Transcribed Regions Identify Possible Misidentification or Mislabeling among Trifolium (Clover) Specimens from Germplasm Collections
Authors: Jreisat Christina S. , Laten Howard M.
Published: October 2016

Accurate identification and labeling of plant germplasm is essential for creating new hybrids with enhanced agronomic characteristics and for basic genetic and evolutionary studies. Expert collectors and seed banks do their best to attain high levels of accuracy and reliability, but errors are inevitable. During the course of a study of clover (Trifolium) transposable elements, we obtained DNA sequence results that led us to question the species designation of some accessions. By sequencing the internal transcribed spacer regions of the nuclear ribosomal RNA gene, we show that 4 of the 13 specimens we obtained appear to have been mislabeled or misidentified.
Instrumentos de gestão ambiental em municípios do semiárido brasileiro
Authors: Rodrigues Cecília Barreto , Oliveira Marcio Regys Rabelo de , Lima Patrícia Verônica Pinheiro Sales , Casimiro Filho Francisco
Published: October 2016

O objetivo deste estudo é analisar o nível de implementação de instrumentos de gestão ambiental nos municípios do Semiárido Brasileiro (SAB). Para tanto foi adotado como estimativa um índice agregado de gestão ambiental (IGA), construído a partir de indicadores disponibilizados pelo Instituto de Geografia e Estatística do Brasil (IBGE). Em seguida os municípios foram agrupados em três classes segundo semelhanças quanto ao IGA. Os resultados mostraram que há um nível muito baixo de implementação de instrumentos de gestão ambiental, o que reduz a capacidade do município de preservar, conservar e recuperar os recursos naturais locais em atendimento às demandas da população.
Diagnóstico ambiental e caracterização morfométrica das Microbacias Hidrográficas de Pedro do Rosário, Amazônia Maranhense (Brasil)
Authors: Pereira Paulo Roberto Mendes , Rodrigues Taíssa Carolina Silva , Viegas Josué Carvalho
Published: October 2016

A delimitação dos sistemas ambientais e sua vulnerabilidade à degradação permitem um diagnóstico socioambiental perante as diversas pressões exercidas sobre um território. Contribui-se dessa forma ao ordenamento territorial, possibilitando identificar locais onde essas pressões exercidas têm potencial para causar uma maior degradação ambiental. Por isso a presente pesquisa objetiva-se analisar os sistemas ambientais, sua vulnerabilidade à degradação em face ao uso da terra, nos municípios do Baixo Jaguaribe do Estado do Ceará, através de técnicas de geotecnologias. Partiu-se dos estudos sistêmicos e integrador dos conhecimentos, que viabilizou as análises de interrelações de causa e efeito, definindo a sensibilidade e a resistência do ambiente em face ao uso da terra. Dos resultados obtidos, observou-se de forma geral, que dentre os seis sistemas ambientais delimitados para o Baixo Jaguaribe, a planície litorânea foi o sistema ambiental mais instável com vulnerabilidade alta à ocupação, abrangendo mais da metade de toda a área, enquanto que o sistema ambiental dos tabuleiros pré-litorâneos apresentou-se estável em condições de equilíbrio natural com vulnerabilidade baixa à ocupação demonstrando potencialidade para a expansão urbana. Destaca-se, não obstante, que há necessidade de continuidade das pesquisas o que permitirá resultados mais profícuos na realização do ordenamento territorial.