bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Novel Single Puncture Approach for Simplicity
3 Sacral Plexus Radiofrequency Ablation:
Technical Note
Authors: Gilligan Christopher J.
Published: February 2021

Radiofrequency (RF) ablation of the lateral sacral plexus has been used for the treatment of
sacroiliac joint pain including as an adjunct to other palliative therapies for the treatment of
painful osseous metastasis. The treatment goal is targeted ablation of the dorsal lateral branches
of S1-S4. Though several techniques have been described, the Simplicity III (Neurotherm,
Middleton, MA) system allows for ablation to be achieved with a single RF probe by utilizing
a multi-electrode curved RF probe to create a continuous ablation line across all sacral nerves.
In the standard approach, there is sequential introduction of a spinal needle along the desired
ablation tract for local anesthesia followed by separate placement of the ablation probe. Though
fluoroscopic guidance is utilized, multiple needle passes increase the risk of complication such
as bowel perforation or probe insertion through a neural foramen. It may also extend procedure
time and increase radiation dose.
We illustrate a technique for Simplicity III RF ablation of the dorsal sacral plexus using
a modified Seldinger approach for treatment of a patient with sacroiliac joint pain due to
osseous renal cell carcinoma metastasis. The desired ablation tract is initially anesthetized via
a hollow micropuncture needle. The needle is then exchanged for a peelaway sheath. The
RF probe is inserted through the peelaway sheath thus ensuring the probe is placed precisely
along the previously anesthetized tract allowing the procedure to be completed using a single
percutaneous puncture.
We believe that this approach decreases the risks of bowel perforation, patient discomfort as a
result of multiple percutaneous punctures, and procedure time.
Key words: Simplicity 3, sacral plexus ablation, image-guided approach, modified Seldinger,
chronic sacral pain, thin wall introducer needle
Facetoplasty Using Radiofrequency
Thermocoagulation for Facet Joint Hypertrophy
Authors: Jo Daehyun
Published: February 2021

Lumbar spinal stenosis is one of most common pathologic conditions affecting the lumbar
spine. Pain and/or disability in the low back and lower extremities with or without neurogenic
claudication may occur as a result of compression of dural sac contents or nerve roots in
the narrowed space. Bulging and protrusion, facet joint hypertrophy, and disc herniation
combined with osteophytes and arthritic changes of facet joints can be the cause of lumbar
spinal stenosis. Medical/interventional treatment may be considered as an initial treatment for
patients with mild symptoms of lumbar spinal stenosis. Surgery is usually considered when
medical/interventional treatment has failed. Even though surgery has been considered to be
the definitive treatment for spinal stenosis conventionally, it has potential problems including
general anesthesia related complications and failed back surgery syndrome. For that reason,
minimally invasive techniques such as percutaneous endoscopic lumbar discectomy (PELD),
epiduroscopic laser neural decompression (ELND), and nucleoplasty with radiofrequency have
been developed as alternatives to surgery.
The authors present a case of treating lumbar spinal stenosis by using radiofrequency
thermocoagulation. Radiofrequency therapy is used for spinal pain, usually in forms of
neurotomy or nucleoplasty. The patient in this case had leg pain with neurogenic claudication
caused by lumbar spinal stenosis from facet joint hypertrophy. His pain did not respond to
conservative treatment including epidural steroid injection, but he didn’t want to get surgery. As
an alternative to surgery, we applied radiofrequency thermocoagulation with high temperatures
of electrode to the hypertrophied facet joint for the decompressing of the spinal nerve and the
patient’s pain was improved without any complications after the treatment.
Key words: Low back pain, neurogenic claudication, lumbar spinal stenosis, facet joint
hypertrophy, radiofrequency thermocoagulation, minimally invasive technique
Evaluation of Somatosensory Evoked Potential
and Pain Rating Index in a Patient with Spinal
Cord Injury Accepted Cell Therapy
Authors: An Yihua
Published: February 2021

Spinal cord injury (SCI) causes a high incidence of motor and sensory dysfunctions
accompanied with neuropathic pain. No effective treatment is available. Both somatosensory
evoked potential (SSEP) and neuropathic pain (NPP) are transmitted via myelinated large
diameter fibers of deep sensory pathways. Here we aimed to evaluate whether SSEP can
consistently and objectively assess transmission of deep sensory pathways, and to examine
the effects of umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell (UCMSC) transplantation on SSEP
and NPP as assessed by the pain rating index (PRI) in a patient with a 2-year history of
complete cervical SCI. We demonstrate that SSEP can directly reflect physiological function
of myelinated large fibers in deep sensory pathway transmission (NPP is also transmitted
by the same pathway). One year after UCMSC transplantation, the SSEP parameter, PRI,
and clinical presentations of NPP significantly improved.
Key words: Spinal cord, neuropathic pain, somatosensory evoked potential, umbilical
cord mesenchymal stem cells
Is Genicular Nerve Radiofrequency Ablation
Safe? A Literature Review and Anatomical
Study
Authors: Le Phuong Uyen
Published: February 2021

Genicular nerve radiofrequency ablation (RFA) has recently gained popularity as an
intervention for chronic knee pain in patients who have failed other conservative or
surgical treatments. Long-term efficacy and adverse events are still largely unknown.
Under fluoroscopic guidance, thermal RFA targets the lateral superior, medial superior,
and medial inferior genicular nerves, which run in close proximity to the genicular
arteries that play a crucial role in supplying the distal femur, knee joint, meniscus,
and patella. RFA targets nerves by relying on bony landmarks, but fails to provide
visualization of vascular structures. Although vascular injuries after genicular nerve
RFA have not been reported, genicular vascular complications are well documented in
the surgical literature. This article describes the anatomy, including detailed cadaveric
dissections and schematic drawings, of the genicular neurovascular bundle. The
present investigation also included a comprehensive literature review of genicular
vascular injuries involving those arteries which lie near the targets of genicular nerve
RFA. These adverse vascular events are documented in the literature as case reports.
Of the 27 cases analyzed, 25.9% (7/27) involved the lateral superior genicular artery,
40.7% (11/27) involved the medial superior genicular artery, and 33.3% (9/27)
involved the medial inferior genicular artery. Most often, these vascular injuries result
in the formation of pseudoaneurysm, arteriovenous fistula (AVF), hemarthrosis, and/
or osteonecrosis of the patella. Although rare, these complications carry significant
morbidities. Based on the detailed dissections and review of the literature, our
investigation suggests that vascular injury is a possible risk of genicular RFA. Lastly,
recommendations are offered to minimize potential iatrogenic complications.
Key words: Genicular nerve, genicular artery, radiofrequency ablation, genicular
vascular injury, knee osteoarthritis, patella injury
A Preliminary Survey Examining Predictors
of Burnout in Pain Medicine Physicians in the
United States
Authors: Kroll Henry
Published: February 2021

Background: Burnout is a prolonged response to chronic emotional and interpersonal
stressors on the job, defined by 3 dimensions: exhaustion, depersonalization, and reduced
personal accomplishment. While there is a growing body of research on burnout in physicians,
there is a dearth of literature on burnout in pain medicine physicians.
Objective: This study aimed to determine the incidence of burnout amongst pain medicine
physicians and whether there are sociodemographic or psychological demand characteristics of
the job setting that predict burnout in pain medicine physicians.
Study Design and Setting: Cross-section survey of pain medicine physicians across the
United States.
Methods: Pain medicine physicians were asked questions on sociodemographics and
professional characteristics and measures of decisional authority, psychological job demands,
job insecurity, perceived coworker support, and job dissatisfaction.
Results: Two hundred seven pain medicine physicians’ responses were analyzed, 60.4%
reported high emotional exhaustion, 35.7% reported high depersonalization, and 19.3%
reported low personal accomplishment. Greater psychological job demands and greater
job dissatisfaction predicted greater emotional exhaustion. Younger age and greater job
dissatisfaction predicted higher depersonalization. Lastly, lower coworker support and greater
job dissatisfaction predicted lower personal accomplishment. There were no statistical violations
of assumptions or collinearity.
Limitations: Low response rate and potential for response bias limit generalizability of the
study.
Conclusion(s): Pain medicine physicians in the United States reported high levels of emotional
exhaustion, often considered the most taxing aspect of burnout. Job dissatisfaction appeared
to be the leading agent in the development of all 3 components of burnout in pain medicine
physicians in the United States.
Key words: Burnout, pain medicine physicians, job dissatisfaction, decisional authority,
psychological job demands
ОБЩАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА СЛОВООБРАЗОВАТЕЛЬНОГО ГНЕЗДА С ВЕРШИНОЙ ЛЮБИТЬ
Authors: KHASANOV Eldar
Published: February 2021

Статья посвящена детальному описанию словообразовательного гнезда с вершиной любить по словообразовательному словарю современного русского языка А. Н. Тихонова. Рассматривается не только структура словообразовательного гнезда, но и лексические значения данного глагола и образованных от него производных. Дается характеристика некоторых производных на разных ступенях деривации, что в свою очередь позволяет сделать вывод о том, что, отдаляясь от вершины, производные теряют первичное лексическое значение и приобретают совершенно новые. Словообразовательный анализ гнезда, представленный в данной статье, показал, что в нем задействованы все имеющиеся способы образования новых слов, а самым частотным является суффиксальный. Статья будет полезна для широкого круга исследователей, занимающихся вопросами лингвистики в целом и словообразования в частности, а описанные нами данные могут быть использованы при подготовке учебно-методических пособий по лексике и словообразованию русского языка.
ANALISIS KEPUTUSAN PEMBELIAN MAKANAN KHAS DAERAH DITINJAU DARI PENGARUH WORD OF MOUTH DAN KUALITAS PRODUK SERTA DAMPAKNYA PADA LOYALITAS PELANGGAN
Authors: Thalib Supriadi , Setiarini Setiarini , Ardianto Yuli
Published: February 2021

Purpose- This study analyzes the effect of word of mouth, product quality on consumer purchasing decisions, and simultaneously analyzes purchasing decisions, word of mouth, and product quality on customer loyalty.

Design/methodology/approach- Data were collected from 150 respondents from 3 (three) areas Jakarta, Depok, and Bogor. Data analysis techniques using Path Analysis.

Findings- word of mouth and product quality have a positive effect on purchasing decisions, as well as simultaneous purchasing decisions, word of mouth affects customer loyalty but not product quality. Product quality does not affect loyalty consumption of local specialties in the city of Bogor-Depok

Implications-Local culinary SMEs are advised to maintain consumer satisfaction by interacting with them to create a positive impression. Consumers who have a positive impression will provide the word of mouth so as to increase purchasing decisions and customer loyaltyKeywords: Word of Mouth, Quality Product, Purchasing Decision, Loyalty
Segunda ola del COVID-19: Otra vez desarmados
Authors: Bisso-Andrade Aland
Published: February 2021

La pandemia de Influenza de 1918 dejó el mensaje que una segunda ola es peor que la primera. En la actual pandemia no podría ser la excepción. Los políticos y el ciudadano común, en esencia, siguen siendo los mismos.
Mulher, Mãe, Professora e Pesquisadora em Tempos de Pandemia: mas, esta história nem sempre foi assim...
Authors: Abreu Bianca de Macedo
Published: February 2021

Neste trabalho trataremos da multiplicidade do ser mulher e da diversidade de funções desempenhadas por ela em seu cotidiano em tempos de pandemia, da rotina alterada e intensificada da mulher como mãe, companheira, dona de casa, profissional, estudante e pesquisadora. À luz de Boaventura, abordaremos a invisibilidade do vírus, as mudanças e situação da mulher ainda como uma classe discriminada, à margem da sociedade. Com base nos princípios de Foucault, falaremos desta relação de poder e saber, desta batalhada independência e respeito, que ainda estão em processo, mas com avanços ao longo do tempo. Portanto, este texto tem a centralidade na mulher, valorizando sua história de luta por igualdade social que permite reconhecimento dos diversos papéis concomitantes exercidos por ela nos dias atuais, ecoando sua voz nas casas, famílias, trabalhos e até em cargos de maior poder de um país. A principal contribuição desse texto é evidenciar a força da mulher em diferentes espaços de participação na sociedade.
THE NATURE OF COMPLEMENTARITY PRINCIPLE IN INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL COURT
Authors:   Baku State University, Ziyat Ahmadov Farid
Published: February 2021

The principle of complementarity is central to the practice of the International Criminal Court. As the working principle of the International Criminal Court is based on the principle of complementarity, there is a constant need for scientific research and suggestions in this area. The article reflects the concept of the principle of complementarity, its legal basis and its place in the practice of the court. Key words: principle, complementarity, legal basis juricdiction, relationship, positive complementarity
A Comparison between Barkley Behavioral Therapy, Minuchin Structural Family Therapy and Neuro-feedback on Anxiety among children suffering from Attention Deficit – Hyperactivity Disorder
Authors:   Allameh Tabatabai University (İran, Tehran), Mirza Hasanvand Baqer , Javadi Tarziloo Kiyan Gholam ,   Baku State University, Mostafa Khiri Mahbube ,   İran, Tehran
Published: February 2021

Background & objective: Due to the consequences of attention deficit - hyperactivity disorder, various therapy approach have been formed. This research aimed to investigate a comparative study between Barkley behavioral therapy, Minuchin structural family therapy and neuro-feedback on anxiety among children suffering from attention deficit – hyperactivity disorder. Methods: This study was a quasi - experimental pretest-posttest with a control group. The study population consisted of all primary school student in Karaj in 2018. By using cluster sampling method, 400 students selected and screening conducted for hyperactivity and anxiety. The sample consisted of 40 (10 for each group) students and their mothers were selected by as an available and randomly recruits to each of groups. Instruments for gathering data were semi-structured diagnostic interview (K-SADS), short diagnostic scale for hyperactivity and attention deficit disorder (Caners, 1999) and multidimensional child anxiety scale (March et al., 1997). Then, the participants in the experimental groups (Three groups) participated in Barkley behavioral therapy (9 sessions of 90 min), Minuchin structural family therapy (8 sessions of 90 min) and neuro-feedback (25 sessions of 30 min), while the control group did not receive any intervention. Then, the data were analyzed using SPSS.v21 software and statistical tests such as MANCOVA and ANCOVA. Data analysig was performed with SPSS.v16 and significant levels of all tests set on 0.05. Results: The results indicate that Barkley behavioral therapy, Minuchin structural family therapy and neuro-feedback have significant impact on anxiety among children suffering from attention deficit – hyperactivity disorder, generally (P < 0.01). Furthermore, post-hoc test revealed that the efficacy of therapies on anxiety of experiment groups is different (P < 0.01). Three months follow-up results represent resistance of therapies (P > 0.01). Conclusion: So, using of these therapies for reduction of anxiety among children suffering from attention deficit – hyperactivity disorder. Key words: Barkley behavioral therapy, Minuchin structural family therapy, neuro-feedback, anxiety, attention deficit – hyperactivity disorder
The concept of vitagen education and the holographic approach to education
Authors:   Azərbaycan Dövlət Pedaqoji Universiteti, Shikhbala Malikov Malik
Published: February 2021

The article discusses the issue of cooperation "teacher-student" The author says that this is a reality that arises, however, not by itself, not spontaneously, but according to the strict laws of a pedagogically organized process, taking into account the age and capabilities of students. He comes to the conclusion that cooperation between teacher and student is possible and necessary on a moral and psychological level. However, even at the functional level, regardless of the age of the students, it can "grow flesh" in the framework of the usual pedagogical process Key words: Vitagenic education, life experience, assessment, differentiation, design, holography, hologram, holographic approach, vitagenic projection, constructive projection, vitagenic information
Raport preliminar asupra experimentelor arheologice desfășurate la Beclean – Băile Figa jud. Bistrița-Năsăud, 2017 – 2018. Utilizarea ”troacelor” și instalațiilor din lemn în procesul de extragere și exploatare a surselor de sare, slatină și nămol sărat (I) / Preliminary report on the archaeological experiments in Beclean – BăileFiga, BistrițaNăsăud county, 2017-2018. The use of troughs and wooden installations for the saline resources, brine and salty mud extraction and exploitation (I)
Authors: DAN Buzea
Published: February 2021

Several hypotheses regarding the variety of functions fulfilled by the seven wooden troughs found until now in the prehistoric salt mines at Băile Figa, Bistrița-Năsaud County, Romania and dated in the Bronze Age, have been advanced. However, until now, no valid and convincing arguments in favour of a functional system in which troughs could be understood as part of the rock salt and brine extraction and/or exploitation processes, have been presented. Even if their connection with the salt areas is indubitable, because they were usually discovered in secondary contexts, their exact application was not immediately apparent.
The hypothesis according to which the troughs were used as part of a system meant to direct streams of water to aid in the piercing of salt rocks, belongs to E. Preissig, who developed it in 1877. Although partly agreed by researchers up until 2010. It was our experiment in 2010 that clearly proved the efficiency of the troughs system in perforating salt rocks by fresh water. Between 2017–2018, more archaeological experiments were completed within the project EthnosalRo3 in the site of Beclean - Băile Figa. They have proven that the wooded troughs and structures, utensils and tools associated to them, are effective for: rock salt extraction, brine evaporation (brine evaporation in troughs is possible using hot stones), salt mud filtering. During the experiments we used three precise replicas of the wooden troughs found in Băile Figa (one small and two large), worked by specialized craftsmen from the exact tree species as the originals. Several positions and heights were tested, as well as the application of throughs in individual or group arrangements. Chemical analyses of the brine obtained in different times and ways are provided.
Um Exercício de Priorização e Busca por Consenso Usando Planos de Ação Nacional para a Conservação de Espécies Ameaçadas no Brasil
Authors: Souza Emanuelle Cordeiro de Azevedo , Bernard Enrico
Published: February 2021

Diante da urgência e de múltiplos alvos para a conservação da biodiversidade, e a escassez de recursos financeiros e vontade política, é importante o consenso sobre quais ações devem ser prioritárias. Técnicas multicritérios podem contribuir para a melhoria do processo de priorização em conservação e diferentes iniciativas e abordagens poderiam se beneficiar de seu uso. Apresentamos aqui um exercício de priorização e busca de consenso a partir da utilização de uma técnica multicritério para ranquear os objetivos propostos por três planos de ação nacional no Brasil (PANs). Esse ranqueamento permitiu: 1) comparar se a ordenação das ações nesses PAN corresponde às ações consideradas prioritárias pelo público que elaborou este documento; 2) identificar idiossincrasias entre o que diz um documento oficial de política pública e o que pensam as pessoas responsáveis pela execução dessas ações; e 3) identificar ações prioritárias comuns a mais de um plano – e que podem otimizar o processo de conservação da biodiversidade. Houve falta de congruência entre os objetivos ordenados nos planos de ação e o
ranking
de prioridades feito pelos especialistas que elaboraram estes mesmos planos. Um conjunto de objetivos comuns foi identificado como prioridade em mais um plano de ação. Entretanto, nem sempre estes objetivos comuns foram prioritários em seus respectivos planos de ação. Alertamos que a falta de congruência observada pode comprometer a execução de alguns dos objetivos gerais, prejudicando ou até inviabilizando a conservação das espécies-alvo desses
Clinical and morphological aspects of the LPR-associated cancer of the larynx
Authors: Zabolotny Dmitry I. , Sulaeva Oksana N. , Kizim Yaroslav V.
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck, including laryngeal cancer, rank sixth in prevalence according to world statistics from developed countries. The role of laryngopharyngeal reflux as one of the risk factors for the development of laryngeal cancer remains controversial and needs further study.
Objective: To analyze and compare clinical manifestations and morphological data in patients with laryngeal cancer T1-2N0M0 with LPR.
Materials and methods: 87 patients with laryngeal cancer of the I-II stage T1-2N0M0. For the purpose of screening diagnostics of LPR, modified visualanalogue scales RSI and RFS were used,24-hour pH-monitoring was performed. To conduct a histopathological study, samples of surgical material were selected from 8 patients with laryngeal cancer of the I-II stage T1-2N0M0 with LPR; 8 patients with laryngeal cancer – without LPR and 8 patients with benign neoplasms of the larynx with LPR.
Results: When analyzing the results of the examination, the RSI index exceeded “9” in 39 (44.8%) patients.
According to 24-hour pH monitoring, the presence of LPR was diagnosed in 32 (36.8%) examined patients with morphologically verified squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx, which made up the study group. In 6 (75.0%) patients from the comparison group, areas covered by stratified squamous epithelium were determined within the mucous membrane, in 5 (62.5%) patients, transition zones containing both stratified squamous and single-layered multilayer ciliated were determined epithelium. The nature and intensity of lymphohistiocytic infiltration was more expressed in patients with associated LPR.
CHOLANGITIS AS A SYSTEMIC MANIFESTATION OF ACUTE BILIARY INFECTION
Authors: Nekludov A. O. , Klosova M. O. , Volchenko O. V. , Goloborodko M. M. , Korolevska A. Yu.
Published: February 2021

The main causes of cholangitis are hypertension in the biliary ducts and infection. In order to determine the place of the infectious factor in the acute cholangitis development, a retrospective and prospective analysis of case histories of 176 patients with choledocholithiasis and manifestations of acute and chronic cholangitis was performed. Bile from the common bile duct in the patients with obstruction of the biliary tract was studied. In the patients with mechanical jaundice without and with cholangitis, the intraductal pressure in the common bile duct averaged 227.3±26.1 mm of water column, in the patients without signs of cholangitis that was 97.5±8.3 mm of water column. With mechanical jaundice without acute cholangitis, it was slightly elevated if compared to normal. This suggests that the increase in pressure in the bile ducts in acute cholangitis is not influenced by the fact of obstruction of the biliary tract, and the development of the inflammatory process in them. In the patients with cholangitis, the initial values of the number of colonizing units were much higher than in "pure" choledocholithiasis. After endoscopic papillosphincterotomy in the patients with vivid clinical cholangitis, in whom decompression was achieved, in the control study, this value decreased by 100−500 times, which was accompanied by clinical improvement. According to the results of the study, it was noted that in the patients with a manifested clinic sign of cholangitis there is a significant decrease in the number of colonizing units on the third day after endoscopic papillosphincterotomy. At the stone stuck in a papilla the choledoch turns into so−called analog of an abscess. The opening of the papilla provides a free passage of the contents of the choledochus (i.e. pus) into the duodenum, so there is an almost instant therapeutic effect. The increase in pressure in the bile ducts in acute cholangitis is influenced by the development of an inflammatory process, which indicates the manifestations of biliary infection. The presented research has a prospective character and needs further development. Key words: cholangitis, biliary infection, intraductal pressure, bile.
A Descriptive Study to Assess the Knowledge Regarding Hand Hygiene among Students of Selected Nursing College in Ludhiana, Punjab
Authors: Supreet Rupam
Published: February 2021

Introduction: Hand hygiene is defined as any method that removes or destroys micro-organism on hands.It is well-documented that the most important measure for preventing the spread of pathogens is effectivehandwashing.Aims: To assess the knowledge regarding hand hygiene among students of selected nursing college and toseek the knowledge score with selected demographic variables.Material and Method: An descriptive research approach was used to assess the knowledge regardinghand hygiene. Convenient sampling technique was used to select 60 nursing students. A self structuredquestionnaire method was used to assess the knowledge of students regarding hand hygiene.Conclusion: Based on the findings of the study it can be concluded that 35% of nursing students havemoderately adequate knowledge and 65% of students have inadequate knowledge regarding hand hygiene.
COVID-19 REVIEW ON THE PHARMACOLOGY OF THE DRUGS USED FOR COVID-19 OUTBREAK
Authors: Ul ain Noor
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE:

The recent global health threat is the outbreak of a viral infectious disease caused by SARS-COV2 (Severe acute respiratory syndrome-corona virus). The origin of this outbreak is from the animal market in Wuhan, China. So, it is considered as zoonotic in origin as its mode of transmission is from animals to human. This outbreak is similar to previous outbreaks of coronavirus like SARS-COV (Severe Acute Respiratory syndrome) and MERS-COV (Middle East Respiratory Syndrome). Until now different pharmacological drugs have been used to mitigate the symptoms of the COVID-19 throughout the world. There is no specific medication prescribed as the treatment of this disease. However, pharmacological drugs and immune boosting dietary therapies have been proved effective in treatment strategies.

METHODOLOGY:

The latest epidemiological articles, research articles, review articles, WHO guidelines and news proceedings are selected in this review. Articles were searched under the keyword search of COVID-19, drugs for COVID-19, latest COVID-19 research, surveys for covid-19. PubMed, Lancet, Elsevier, BMJ and CDC were used to accumulate the latest findings.

RESULTS:

There is no vaccine or other proper treatment available for this infectious disease but the symptomatic treatment is usually given to the infected person as the use of certain pharmacological as well as traditional drugs are given to reduce the symptoms associated with this disease. Furthermore, COVID-19 serious patients on ventilator are treated with the plasma therapy as with the antibiotics from the plasma of recovered patients is also in use to reduce mortality rate.

 CONCLUSION:

To prevent this infectious disease it is important to avoid the person-to-person transmission which is mainly via coughing, sneezing, droplets of the respiration, direct contact with the infected person. So, the social distancing and self-quarantine is preferred to avoid the spread of this infectious disease. The drugs which are commonly used to reduce or eliminate the symptoms of COVID-19 are Paracetamol, Aspirin/Loprin, Dabigatran, Azithromycin, Famotidine, Ipratopium bromide, Dexamethasone,Tocilizumab, and Moxifloxacin. These drugs have been practiced by the practitioners to treat the symptoms of covid-19. However no pertinent drug has been approved as a cure of covid-19.
ASSESSMENT OF MEAN DISTANCE BETWEEN CENTRAL INCISOR AND INCISIVE PAPILLA WITH RESPECT TO STANDARDIZED ARCH FORM IN DENTATE SUBJECTS
Authors: Ussamah Waheed Jatala  , Anam Fayyaz Bashir  , Nazia Yazdanie
Published: February 2021

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: Edentulous patients require accurate positioning of artificial maxillary anterior teeth in complete dentures to recover the esthetic and phonetic characteristics. This positioning is guided by measuring distance between central incisor (CI) and incisive papilla (IP) in dentate subjects which varies according to the ovoid, square and tapered maxillary arch forms.

Objectives: 1- To determine the frequency of three different arch forms in dentate patients;

2- To assess the mean distance between central incisor and incisive papilla in each of the three maxillary arch forms.

METHODOLOGY: 130 cases were selected by non-probability consecutive sampling, which included both genders and age range of 20-40 years. Impressions of maxillary arches were recorded and their casts photocopied. Arch form template was used to standardize the assessment of arch forms by best-fit method on the photocopies. The distance between mesio-incisal edge of CI and posterior border of IP was measured with digital verniercalipers (SparkFun,Colorado).

RESULTS: Out of 130 subjects, 54 males and 76 females were present. The ovoid arch form was the most frequent form recorded at 67% (n=87) while the tapered arch was the least at 14% (n=18). The overall mean distance between central incisor (CI) and incisive papilla (IP) was 11.34mm (7.58mm - 16.45mm). The mean distance was the highest for ovoid arch form (11.58mm) and lowest for square (10.49) with a statistically significant difference (p=0.016) between the two arch forms.

CONCLUSION: The ovoid arch was the most frequent arch form found in dentate subjects. The mean distance recorded was highest for ovoid arch followed by tapering arch and least for square arches.
CLINICAL AND HISTOPATHOLOGICAL CORRELATION IN TUBERCULOSIS OF SPINE BIOPSIES
Authors: Amin Muhammad Shahbaz , Seema Butt  , Abdullah Shahbaz  , Majid Zaheer  , Ashfaq Ahmed  , Shazia Nilofer Ibnerasa
Published: February 2021

ABSTRACT:

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE: The tuberculosis (TB) of the spine is causing permanent deformities since long time. Earliest most possible accurate diagnosis is required to treat either TB or to exclude other lesions to avoid permanent disability.

METHODOLOGY:

This is a descriptive study conducted at pathology department of Lahore Medical & Dental College (LM&DC), Lahore from January 2017 to December 2019. All the spine biopsies received in Pathology department were included in the study irrespective of age and sex. Each biopsy was grossly and microscopically examined and reported by a histopathologist.

RESULTS:

Out of 386 specimens received, 189 (48.9%) were clinically diagnosed as tuberculosis. Out of these 189 cases, 127 were confirmed on histopathological examination showing clinicopathological correlations in 67.19 % of cases. The rest 62 (32.80%) of the cases were reported as chronic non specific inflammation (38), degenerative changes (11), metastatic tumor (04), and atypical cell infiltrate (02), plasma cell neoplasm (01), Non Hodgkin Lymphoma (01) and other lesions (05) which all were benign. Out of the total 386 spine biopsies, 154 (39.89 %) were histopathologically proven for tuberculosis.  From these 154 histologically proven cases, 127 were clinically suspected cases of Tuberculosis. No clinical diagnosis was provided in 02 patients. The rest of 25 patients were clinically labeled as pathological lesion without specific diagnosis.

CONCLUSION:

Histopathology should be considered as the most reliable tool for spinal tuberculosis to minimize permanent disability associated with wrong management based on potentially erroneous clinical diagnosis.
A 112-es segélyhívó magyarországi bevezetése I.
Authors: Csomós István , Molnár Katalin
Published: February 2021

The authors provide an overview of the implementation process of the unified emergency number in Hungary.
IS HIGHER GOVERNMENT EFFICIENCY BRINGING ABOUT HIGHER INNOVATION?
Authors: Wen Jun , Deng Peidong , Zhang Qianxiao , Chang Chun-Ping
Published: February 2021

This research analyzes the impact of government effectiveness on innovation by using unbalanced panel data from the World Bank on 166 countries spanning 1996 to 2018. We analyze the impact of government efficiency on innovation through various panel fixed-effects models, while incorporating control variables such as GDP, education, and industrial structure into the analysis framework. The empirical results conclude that, in our selected countries, government efficiency has a significantly positive impact on innovation output and more importantly verify the positive impact from the improvement of bureaucracy quality on innovation. The evidence again shows the positive impacts of government efficiency on innovation output by addressing endogenous and robustness checking via the series of methods. Furthermore, the heterogeneity and mechanism of this relationship would be explored. Therefore, the research results provide an alternative method for national governments to promote innovation output by improving government effectiveness.
Understanding the Impacts of Stellar Companions on Planet Formation and Evolution: A Survey of Stellar and Planetary Companions within 25 pc
Authors: Hirsch Lea A. , Rosenthal Lee , Fulton Benjamin J. , Howard Andrew W. , Ciardi David R. , Marcy Geoffrey W. , Nielsen Eric , Petigura Erik A. , de Rosa Robert J. , Isaacson Howard , Weiss Lauren M. , Sinukoff Evan , Macintosh Bruce
Published: February 2021

We explore the impact of outer stellar companions on the occurrence rate of giant planets detected with radial velocities. We searched for stellar and planetary companions to a volume-limited sample of solar-type stars within 25 pc. Using adaptive optics imaging observations from the Lick 3 m and Palomar 200″ Telescopes, we characterized the multiplicity of our sample stars, down to the bottom of the main sequence. With these data, we confirm field star multiplicity statistics from previous surveys. We additionally combined three decades of radial velocity (RV) data from the California Planet Search with newly collected RV data from Keck/HIRES and the Automated Planet Finder/Levy Spectrometer to search for planetary companions in these same systems. Using an updated catalog of both stellar and planetary companions, as well as detailed injection/recovery tests to determine our sensitivity and completeness, we measured the occurrence rate of planets among the single- and multiple-star systems. We found that planets with masses in the range of 0.1–10 M
J and with semimajor axes of 0.1–10 au have an occurrence rate of

planets per star when they orbit single stars and an occurrence rate of 0.12 ± 0.04 planets per star when they orbit a star in a binary system. Breaking the sample down by the binary separation, we found that only one planet-hosting binary system had a binary separation <100 au, and none had a separation <50 au. These numbers yielded planet occurrence rates of

planets per star for binaries with separation a

B
> 100 au and

planets per star for binaries with separation a

B
< 100 au. The similarity in the planet occurrence rate around single stars and wide primaries implies that wide binary systems should actually host more planets than single-star systems, since they have more potential host stars. We estimated a system-wide planet occurrence rate of 0.3 planets per wide binary system for binaries with separations a

B
> 100 au. Finally, we found evidence that giant planets in binary systems have a different semimajor-axis distribution than their counterparts in single-star systems. The planets in the single-star sample had a significantly higher occurrence rate outside of 1 au than inside 1 au by nearly 4σ, in line with expectations that giant planets are most common near the snow line. However, the planets in the wide binary systems did not follow this distribution, but rather had equivalent occurrence rates interior and exterior to 1 au. This may point to binary-mediated planet migration acting on our sample, even in binaries wider than 100 au.
Searching for Active Low-mass Stars in the CMa Star-forming Region: Multi-band Photometry with T80S
Authors: Gregorio-Hetem J. , Navarete F. , Hetem A. , Santos-Silva T. , Galli P. A. B. , Fernandes B. , Montmerle T. , Jatenco-Pereira V. , Fernandes M. Borges , Perottoni H. D. , Schoenell W. , Ribeiro T. , Kanaan A.
Published: February 2021

An exotic environment surrounds the young stellar groups associated with the Canis Major (CMa) OB1/R1 region, which probably was formed under feedback from at least three supernova events having occurred a few million years ago. We use astrometric data from the Gaia-DR2 to confirm the membership of the stars in CMa R1, based on proper motion and parallax, which revealed 514 new members and candidates. The mean age of 5 Myr estimated from the color–magnitude diagram characterizes the sources as likely pre-main-sequence candidates. In total, a sample of 694 stars detected with the T80-South telescope was analyzed according to different color–color diagrams, which were compared with theoretical colors from evolutionary models, aiming to reveal the objects that exhibit color excess due to accretion processes. Accretion and magnetic activity were also explored on the basis of empirical flux–flux relation, such as F
660 and F
861 that are related to Hα and Ca ii triplet emission, respectively. A low fraction (∼3 percent) of the sample have Hα excess and other colors expected for stars exhibiting chromospheric activity. The number of Class I and Class II objects, identified by the infrared (Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer) colors, indicates a disk fraction of ∼6 percent, which is lower than that expected for stellar clusters with a similar age. Such a large sample of objects associated with CMa R1 without evidences of circumstellar accretion can be interpreted as a lack of disk-bearing stars, unusual for young star-forming regions. However, this may be explained as the result of supernova events.
Detectability of Optical Transients with Timescales of Subseconds
Authors: Arimatsu Ko , Tsumura Kohji , Usui Fumihiko , Ootsubo Takafumi , Watanabe Jun-ichi
Published: February 2021

We search for optical transient sources with durations of ∼0.1 to ∼1.3 s using a data set obtained in the Organized Autotelescopes for Serendipitous Event Survey (OASES) observation campaign. Since the OASES observations were carried out using two independent wide-field and high-cadence observation systems monitored the same field simultaneously, the obtained data set provides a unique opportunity to develop a robust detection method for subsecond optical transients. In the data set of a selected field around the ecliptic and the Galactic plane, we find no astronomical event candidate that satisfies our detection criteria. From the nondetection result, we derive an upper limit on the event rate of subsecond transients around the ecliptic and the Galactic plane for the first time, obtaining ∼0.090 and ∼0.38 hr−1 deg−2 for m = 12 and 13 Vmag, respectively. In addition, future prospects of the subsecond-scale transient event surveys are discussed.
Observational Evidence for Rotational Desorption of Complex Molecules by Radiative Torques from Orion BN/KL
Authors: Tram Le Ngoc , Lee Hyeseung , Hoang Thiem , Michail Joseph M. , Chuss David T. , Nickerson Sarah , Rangwala Naseem , Reach William T.
Published: February 2021

Complex organic molecules (COMs) are believed to form in the ice mantle of dust grains and are released to the gas by thermal sublimation when grain mantles are heated to temperatures of

T

d

≳
100

K

. However, some COMs are detected in regions with temperatures below 100 K. Recently, a new mechanism of rotational desorption due to centrifugal stress induced by radiative torques (RATs) was proposed by Hoang & Tram (2020) that can desorb COMs at low temperatures. In this paper, we report observational evidence for rotational desorption of COMs toward the nearest massive star-forming region, Orion BN/KL. We compare the abundance of three representative COMs that have very high binding energy computed by the rotational desorption mechanism with observations by ALMA, and demonstrate that the rotational desorption mechanism can explain the existence of such COMs. We also analyze the polarization data from SOFIA/HAWC+ and JCMT/SCUBA-2 and find that the polarization degree at far-infrared/submillimeter decreases with increasing the grain temperature for

T

d

≳
71

K

. This is consistent with the theoretical prediction using the RAT alignment theory and Radiative Torque Disruption mechanism. Such an anticorrelation between dust polarization and dust temperature supports the rotational disruption as well as rotational desorption mechanism of COMs induced by RATs.
PSR J0437-4715: The Argentine Institute of Radioastronomy 2019–2020 Observational Campaign
Authors: Sosa Fiscella V. , Palacio S. del , Combi L. , Lousto C. O. , Combi J. A. , Gancio G. , García F. , Gutiérrez E. , Hauscarriaga F. , Kornecki P. , Armengol F. G. López , Mancuso G. C. , Müller A. L. , Bunzel A. Simaz
Published: February 2021

We present the first-year data set of high-cadence, long-duration observations of the bright millisecond pulsar J0437−4715 obtained in the Argentine Institute of Radioastronomy (IAR). Using two single-dish 30 m radio antennas, we gather more than 700 hr of good-quality data with timing precision better than 1 μs. We characterize the white and red timing noise in IAR’s observations, we quantify the effects of scintillation, and we perform single-pulsar searches of continuous gravitational waves, setting constraints in the nHz–μHz frequency range. We demonstrate IAR’s potential for performing pulsar monitoring in the 1.4 GHz radio band for long periods of time with a daily cadence. In particular, we conclude that the ongoing observational campaign of the millisecond pulsar J0437−4715 can contribute to increase the sensitivity of the existing pulsar-timing arrays.
The Kiloparsec-scale Fe Ka Emission in the Compton-thin Seyfert 2 Galaxy NGC 4388 Resolved by Chandra
Authors: Yi Huili , Wang Junfeng , Shu Xinwen , Fabbiano Giuseppina , Pappalardo Cirino , Wang Chen , Yu Hanbo
Published: February 2021

We present imaging and spectral analysis of the combined ∼48 ks Chandra observations of Seyfert 2 galaxy NGC 4388. Compared with previous studies, three prominent extended X-ray structures around the nucleus on a kiloparsec-scale are well imaged, allowing an in-depth spatially resolved study. Both the extended hard continuum (4–6 keV) and the Fe Kα line (6.2–6.7 keV) show similar morphology, consistent with a scenario where the ionizing emission from the nucleus is reprocessed by circumnuclear cold gas, resulting in a weak reflection continuum and an associated neutral Fe Kα line. This has been seen in other Compton-thick active galactic nuclei (AGN), but NGC 4388 is one of the rare cases with a lower column density (N
H < 1.25 × 1024 cm−2) along the line of sight. Significant differences in equivalent width of the Fe Kα emission line (up to a factor of 3) are found for the nuclear and extended regions. Such a difference could be ascribed to different column densities or scattering angles with respect to the line of sight, rather than variations in iron abundances. The northeast and west extended structures appear to be aligned with the larger-scale galactic disk and dust lane in the HST V − H color map, and are located at the peak of molecular gas distribution. The morphology of remaining extended features likely traces edges of a known radio jet, indicating that the outflow at the kiloparsec-scale may have compressed the interstellar gas and produced clumps working as the reflector to enhance line emission. In addition, using [O iv] emission as a proxy of the AGN intrinsic luminosity, we find that both of the extended Fe Kα emission and reflection continuum are linearly correlated with the [O iv] luminosity, which indicates a connection between the central AGN and the extended emission.
Are the Brightest Coronal Loops Always Rooted in Mixed-polarity Magnetic Flux?
Authors: Tiwari Sanjiv K. , Evans Caroline L. , Panesar Navdeep K. , Prasad Avijeet , Moore Ronald L.
Published: February 2021

A recent study demonstrated that freedom of convection and strength of magnetic field in the photospheric feet of active-region (AR) coronal loops, together, can engender or quench heating in them. Other studies stress that magnetic flux cancellation at the loop-feet potentially drives heating in loops. We follow 24 hr movies of a bipolar AR, using extreme ultraviolet images from the Atmospheric Imaging Assembly/Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) and line-of-sight (LOS) magnetograms from the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI)/SDO, to examine magnetic polarities at the feet of 23 of the brightest coronal loops. We derived Fe xviii emission (hot-94) images (using the Warren et al. method) to select the hottest/brightest loops, and confirm their footpoint locations via non-force-free field extrapolations. From 6″ × 6″ boxes centered at each loop foot in LOS magnetograms we find that ∼40% of the loops have both feet in unipolar flux, and ∼60% of the loops have at least one foot in mixed-polarity flux. The loops with both feet unipolar are ∼15% shorter lived on average than the loops having mixed-polarity foot-point flux, but their peak-intensity averages are equal. The presence of mixed-polarity magnetic flux in at least one foot in the majority of the loops suggests that flux cancellation at the footpoints may drive most of the heating. But the absence of mixed-polarity magnetic flux (to the detection limit of HMI) in ∼40% of the loops suggests that flux cancellation may not be necessary to drive heating in coronal loops—magnetoconvection and field strength at both loop feet possibly drive much of the heating, even in the cases where a loop foot presents mixed-polarity magnetic flux.