bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mechanisms of the Sea–Air CO2 Flux Seasonal Cycle biases in CMIP5 Earth Systems Models in the Southern Ocean
Authors: Mongwe N. Precious , Vichi Marcello , Monteiro Pedro M. S.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. The Southern Ocean forms a key component of the global carbon cycle. Recent studies, however, show that CMIP5 Earth System Models (ESM) disagree on the representation of the seasonal cycle of the CO2 flux (FCO2) and compare poorly to observations in the Southern Ocean. This model-observations bias has important implications on the ability of ESMs to predict century scale CO2 sink and related climate feedbacks. In this study, we used a specialized diagnostic analysis on 10 CMIP5 models in the Southern Ocean to discriminate the role of the major drivers, namely the temperature control and the concentration of dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC). Our analysis shows that the FCO2 biases in CMIP5 models cluster in two major groups. Group A models (MPI-ESM-MR, NorESM2 and HadGEM-ES) are characterized by exaggerated primary production such that biologically driven DIC changes mainly regulate the seasonal cycle of FCO2. Group-B (CMCC-CESM, GFDL-ESM2M, IPSL-CM5A-MR, MRI-ESM, CanESM2, CNRS-CERFACS) overestimates the role of temperature and thus the change in CO2 solubility becomes a dominant driver of FCO2 variability. While CMIP5 models mostly show a singular dominant influence of these two extremes, observations show a modest influence of both, with a dominance of DIC regulation. We found that CMIP5 models overestimate cooling and warming rates during autumn and spring with respect to observations. Because of this, the role of solubility is overestimated, particularly during these seasons (autumn and spring) in group B models, to the extent of contradicting the biological CO2 uptake during spring. Group A does not show this solubility driven bias due to the overestimation of DIC draw down. This finding strongly implies that the inability of the CMIP5 ESMs to resolve CO2 biological uptake during spring might be crucially related to the sensitivity of the pCO2 to temperature in addition to underestimated biological CO2 uptake.
Mass imbalances in EPANET water-quality simulations
Authors: Davis Michael J. , Janke Robert , Taxon Thomas N.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. EPANET is widely employed to simulate water quality in water distribution systems. However, in general, the time-driven simulation approach used to determine concentrations of water-quality constituents provides accurate results only for short water-quality time steps. The use of an adequately short time step may not always be feasible. Overly long time steps can yield errors in concentration estimates and can result in situations in which constituent mass is not conserved. The absence of EPANET errors or warnings does not ensure conservation of mass. This paper provides examples illustrating mass imbalances and explains how such imbalances can occur. It also presents a preliminary event-driven approach that conserves mass with a water-quality time step that is as long as the hydraulic time step. Results obtained using the current approach converge, or tend to converge, to those obtained using the preliminary event-driven approach as the water-quality time step decreases. Improving the water-quality routing algorithm used in EPANET could eliminate mass imbalances and related errors in estimated concentrations. The results presented in this paper should be of value to those who perform water-quality simulations using EPANET or use the results of such simulations, including utility managers and engineers.
Climatology of Lyapunov exponents: the link between atmospheric rivers and large-scale mixing variability
Authors: Garaboa-Paz Daniel , Eiras-Barca Jorge , Pérez-Muñuzuri Vicente
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Large-scale tropospheric mixing and Lagrangian transport properties have been analyzed for the long-term period 1979–2014 in terms of the finite-time Lyapunov exponents (FTLEs). Wind field reanalyses from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts were used to calculate the Lagrangian trajectories of large ensembles of particles. Larger values of the interannual and intra-annual mixing variabilities highlight the El Niño Southern Oscillation, the storm track, or the Intertropical Convergence Zone among other large-scale structures. The mean baroclinic instability growth rate and the mean atmospheric river occurrence show large correlation values with the FTLE climatology as an indication of their influence on tropospheric mixing in the midlatitudes. As a case study, the role that land-falling atmospheric rivers have on large-scale tropospheric mixing and the precipitation rates observed in Saharan Morocco and the British Isles has been analyzed. The atmospheric river contribution to tropospheric mixing is found to decrease from 15 % in Saharan Morocco to less than 5 % for the UK and Ireland regions, in agreement with their contribution to precipitation that is 40 % larger in the former than in the latter region.
A first experience with a Smart bus for improving public transportation
Authors: Tostado R. , Rovirosa A. , Velázquez J. L. , Castillo E. , Cervantes O.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. An alternative to optimize transportation services in the city of Puebla is presented. Main problems tackled to provide advanced transport applications in a Smart City, are described and some available solutions in other countries are analyzed. As a case of study, the challenges for designing and developing a mobile application oriented to users of the buses provided by Universidad de las Américas Puebla (UDLAP) are presented. Users include students, as well as faculty members and administrative employees. The application provides an innovative way of tracking, in real time, movements of the UDLAP transportation buses through the city of Puebla in Mexico. Modeling and technical implementation solved problems are presented and future steps for extending those services to the city of Puebla are also suggested.
AN ANALYSIS OF CONTEXT-AWARE DATA MODELS FOR SMART CITIES: TOWARDS
FIWARE AND ETSI CIM EMERGING DATA MODEL
Authors: Jara A. J. , Bocchi Y. , Fernandez D. , Molina G. , Gomez A.
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Smart Cities requires the support of context-aware and enriched semantic descriptions to support a scalable and cross-domain development of smart applications. For example, nowadays general purpose sensors such as crowd monitoring (counting people in an area), environmental information (pollution, air quality, temperature, humidity, noise) etc. can be used in multiple solutions with different objectives. For that reason, a data model that offers advanced capabilities for the description of context is required. This paper presents an overview of the available technologies for this purpose and how it is being addressed by the Open and Agile Smart Cities principles and FIWARE platform through the data models defined by the ETSI ISG Context Information Management (ETSI CIM).
Tipping point analysis of ocean acoustic noise
Authors: Livina Valerie N. , Brouwer Albert , Harris Peter , Wang Lian , Sotirakopoulos Kostas , Robinson Stephen
Published: September 2017

Abstract. We apply tipping point analysis to a large record of ocean acoustic data to identify the main components of the acoustic dynamical system and study possible bifurcations and transitions of the system. The analysis is based on a statistical physics framework with stochastic modelling, where we represent the observed data as a composition of deterministic and stochastic components estimated from the data using time series techniques. We analyse long-term and seasonal trends, system states and acoustic fluctuations to reconstruct a one-dimensional stochastic equation to approximate the acoustic dynamical system. We apply potential analysis to acoustic fluctuations and detect several changes in the system states in the past 14 years. These are most likely caused by climatic phenomena. We analyse trends in sound pressure level within different frequency bands and hypothesise a possible anthropogenic impact on the acoustic environment. The tipping point analysis framework provides insight into the structure of the acoustic data and helps identify its dynamic phenomena, correctly reproducing the probability distribution and scaling properties (power-law correlations) of the time series.
Surface drifters in the German Bight: model validation considering windage and Stokes drift
Authors: Callies Ulrich , Groll Nikolaus , Horstmann Jochen , Kapitza Hartmut , Klein Holger , Maßmann Silvia , Schwichtenberg Fabian
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Six surface drifters (drogued at about 1 m depth) deployed in the inner German Bight (North Sea) were tracked for between 9 and 54 days. Corresponding simulations were conducted offline based on surface currents from two independent models (BSHcmod and TRIM). Inclusion of a direct wind drag (0.6 % of 10 m wind) was needed for successful simulations based on BSHcmod currents archived for a 5 m depth surface layer. Adding 50 % of surface Stokes drift simulated with a third-generation wave model (WAM) was tested as an alternative approach. Results resembled each other during most of the time. Successful simulations based on TRIM surface currents (1 m depth) suggest that both approaches were mainly needed to compensate insufficient vertical resolution of hydrodynamic currents. The study suggests that the main sources of simulation errors were inaccurate Eulerian currents and lacking representation of sub-grid-scale processes. Substantial model errors often occurred under low wind conditions. A lower limit of predictability (about 3–5 km day−1) was estimated from two drifters that were initially spaced 20 km apart but converged quickly and diverged again after having stayed at a distance of 2 km or less for about 10 days. In most cases, errors in simulated 25 h drifter displacements were of similar order of magnitude.
The Maddison Project: Historical GDP Estimates Worldwide
Authors: Manning Patrick
Published: September 2017

n/a
Efectos de las bases de conocimiento hipertextuales semánticamente estructuradas en las estructuras de conocimiento de los usuarios
Authors: H. Jonassen David
Published: September 2017

Algunos investigadores y diseñadores de hipertextos creen que las estructuras de información de los hipertextos deberían reflejar las estructuras de la memoria humana y que, al derivar empíricamente y cartografiar la estructura semántica de la información sobre el hipertexto, y al ilustrar explícitamente esa estructura en la interfaz hipertextual, se efectuarán mayores cambios en las estructuras de conocimiento de los usuarios (Jonassen, 1990, 1991b; Lambiotte et al., 1989; McAleese, 1990; McDonald, Paap y McDonald, 1990). Este capítulo presenta técnicas para averiguar la estructura del conocimiento de un experto y organizarla en un hipertexto. Después, se analizarán los resultados de una serie de estudios en curso que comprueban dichas ideas. Estos estudios muestran que el mero hecho de representar las estructuras de contenido en la interfaz no es suficiente para ayudar a los estudiantes a adquirir dicha estructura. Son la naturaleza de la tarea de procesamiento y los objetivos de aprendizaje al interactuar con un hipertexto los que en realidad determinan los efectos de su uso en las estructuras de conocimiento de los estudiantes.
Second order duality for mathematical programming involving n-set functions
Authors: Dasmahapatra Joydev , Padhan Saroj Kumar
Published: September 2017

The notion of second order convexity and its generalization for $n$-set functions are introduced. Mond-weir type second order duality is formulated for the general mathematical programming problems involving $n$-set functions, and proved desired duality theorems. Further, counterexamples are illustrated in support of the present investigation.
On the paranormed space $\mathcal{M}_{u}(t)$ of double sequences
Authors: Başar Feyzi , Çapan Hüsamettin
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we introduce the paranormed sequence space $\mathcal{M}_{u}(t)$ corresponding to the normed space $\mathcal{M}_{u}$ of bounded double sequences. We examine general topological properties of this space and determine its alpha-, beta- and gamma-duals. Furthermore, we characterize some classes of four-dimensional matrix transformations concerning this space and its dual spaces.
Polynomial affine translation surfaces in Euclidean 3-space
Authors: Gün Bozok Hülya , Ergüt Mahmut
Published: September 2017

In this paper we study the polynomial affine translation surfaces in E3with constant curvature. We derive some non-existence results for suchsurfaces. Several examples are also given by figures.
Game Options approach in bankruptcy triggering asset value
Authors: El hajaji Abdelmajid , Mokhlis Khalil , Hilal Khalid , Chadli Lalla Saadia
Published: September 2017

In this paper, we develop a new numerical method, game theory and option pricing to compute a bankruptcy triggering asset value. we will draw our attention to determining a the numerical asset value, or price of a share, at which a bankruptcy is triggered. This paper develops and analyze a cubic spline collocation method for approximating solutions of the problem. This method converges quadratically. In addition, this article also provides with a real-life case study of the investment bank, and the optimal bankruptcy strategy in this particular case. As we will observe, the bankruptcy trigger computed in this example could have served as a good guide for predicting fall of this investment bank.
Metadiscourse Markers in Pure Mathematics Textbooks
Authors: Banaruee Hassan , Mohammadian Amir , Zare-Behtash Esmail
Published: September 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate the use of metadiscourse markers in Mathematics textbooks. To achieve this objective, four chapters of A First Course in Abstract Algebra were selected for data collection. The results showed that interactive markers were more frequent than interactional markers. Among interactive markers, transitions were the most frequent. Logical, proof-based relationship among sentences in Mathematics textbooks is suggested to be the main reason behind the high frequency of transition markers. Endophorics and engagement markers existed in high frequency. Wide use of graphs, figures, charts, and tables are one of the main reasons for the presence of endophorics in Mathematics textbooks. Finally, low frequency of self-mentions and evidentials is another characteristic of Mathematics textbooks that distinguishes them from research articles. The study provides material developers effective implications to apply the metadiscoursal aspects of English in textbooks.
The Effects of University Environment Factors on Faculty Members’ Teaching Efficacy in Vietnam
Authors: Duong Minh-Quang
Published: September 2017

Teaching efficacy is a belief that instructors have in their own capacities to influence student engagement and learning. Most of the research conducted on teaching efficacy has focused on the elementary and secondary school teachers, even less is known about university faculty teaching efficacy in the countries like Vietnam. The purpose of this study was to investigate university faculty’s perceptions of teaching efficacy in Vietnam and the relationship of perceived university environment factors to faculty’ teaching efficacy was examined. A questionnaire measuring 27 items of six factors of teaching efficacy was distributed to 124 university faculty members in Vietnam. The results showed that the most faculty members were highly measured with their teaching efficacy and faculty members felt efficacious from the greatest to the least in the following dimensions: course design, class management, learning assessment, instructional strategy, technology usage, and interpersonal relation. In addition, university environment factors such as learning resources and organizational culture had significantly effects on faculty teaching efficacy. The study’s implications for university management were also discussed.
Peer buddy mentoring project for nurses’ career development
Authors: Luck Lauretta , Ng Chok Harrison , Wilkes Lesley
Published: September 2017

Objective: The aim of the paper is to describe the implementation of a peer buddy mentoring model to support the career development of Registered Nurses (RNs) seeking Clinical Nurse Specialist (CNS) positions.Methods: A qualitative survey design was used to collect data during the workshops, with follow-up semi-structured telephone or face-to-face interviews. Data were also collected via the researchers’ notes.Results: A total of 32 participants attended the program and 31 completed the surveys. The participants’ reported needing more support when applying for a CNS position. Despite these issues, the participants recommend the use of peer buddy mentoring as a motivational, supportive and instructive model.Conclusions: Peer buddy mentoring, and facilitated workshops, is a relatively low cost and effective strategy to support nurses aspiring to advance their careers. Participants valued the development of the peer buddy relationship and the mutual support and motivation it engendered.
Chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue: A report of two cases
Authors: Zaccarini Daniel J. , Badar Zain , Valente Alfredo L. , Roza Gustavo De la
Published: September 2017

Soft tissue chondroma is a benign cartilaginous neoplasm composed of cells with a chondroid phenotype. Chondromas of soft tissue can have variable histological appearances including deposition of calcium, histiocytic reaction, ossification, and myxoid change. One notable variation is the presence of histological features reminiscent of chondroblastoma of the bone, and the term used in this scenario is chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue. There have been fourteen previous case reports of chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue, predominantly in the hands; with one case being reported in the base of the skull. We report two cases of chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue occurring in the hand and foot. To the best of our knowledge this is the first reported case of chondroblastoma-like chondroma of soft tissue in the foot.
Criminal law sanctions and the Return Directive: the position of illegally staying third-country nationals in the European Union
Authors: Pahladsingh Aniel , Waasdorp Jim
Published: September 2017

Criminal law sanctions and the Return Directive: the position of illegally staying third-country nationals in the European Union

At EU level, the use of substantive criminal law as a response to illegal migration is materialised by both the EU legislator and the Member States individually. EU involvement in criminalizing illegal migration takes place in a twofold manner: directly, through harmonization of national legislations, and indirectly, through the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU). An example of the latter is the case law of the CJEU regarding criminal law sanctions for breaching an entry ban. In this article, we will analyse judgments of the CJEU in the light of crimmigration law and make a distinction between the Member States’ power to classify a breach of an entry ban as an offence and to lay down criminal law sanctions in national legislation, and their power to impose such sanctions.
OPTIMIZATION OF THE SOLAR COLLECTOR’S POSITION
Authors: Sydorchuk Bogdan , Naumchuk Oleksandr , Mazurek Paweł
Published: September 2017

: It is made the mathematic model of determining of the solar collector’s parameters, that allows to get its optimal values for any latitude at an any point of time. Also it is developed the computer model for determination of the daily influx of solar energy on the surface of the solar collector, which allows to determine its optimal position.
E-LABS – ADVANCED E-LEARNING
Authors: Nowak Jarosław , Pcian Mieczysław
Published: September 2017

The aim of this article is to describe the development of distance learning techniques which opened the possibilities of conducting laboratory activities. In effect there emerged e-labs used for practical activities in the form of e-learning. Laboratory devices are remotely controlled, their management is accomplished via the Internet. This article presents exemplary e-labs, where students participate in didactic activities, allowing university teachers to do research and perform experiments. Some of the presented e-labs can be used to conduct experiments for persons who are logged in as “visitor”.
SYSTEM FOR VEHICLE ROUTING PROBLEM ALGORITHMS ANALYSIS
Authors: Sztajerowski Wiktor , Ochelska-Mierzejewska Joanna , Kucharski Jacek
Published: September 2017

Paper concerns the software system supporting the analysis of different cases of solving VRP by various algorithms. VRP has been characterised and application structure has been presented. Illustrative experimental results show the usefulness of the system.
DEVELOPMENT OF THE INTERNET OF THINGS IN POLAND WITH SPECIAL CONSIDERATION OF THE SOCIETY’S AWARENESS OF THE IOT
Authors: Paszkiel Szczepan , Matusik Maciej
Published: September 2017

The article includes the description of the current development of the Internet of Things (IoT) in Poland with special consideration of the society’s awareness of the IoT. In the recent years, the Internet of Things has been gaining an increasing number of supporters. The interest in this topic of many corporations from the discipline of IT and state-of-the-art technologies is especially important in this scope. The market observation in the recent years has shown that the IoT may become a widespread technology in many homes, which is why it is important to build awareness of the IoT among the Poles. The conducted survey studies were aimed at verifying the current state of the Polish society’s knowledge about the IoT, which is presented in this article. The article also includes the description of possible future implementations of the IoT and characterisation of the correlation between the IoT and other rapidly developing technologies.
ANALYSIS OF APPLIED REFERENCE LEADS INFLUENCE ON AN EEG SPECTRUM
Authors: Plechawska-Wójcik Małgorzata , Wesołowska Kinga , Wawrzyk Martyna , Kaczorowska Monika , Tokovarov Mikhail
Published: September 2017

The article presents the analysis of various kinds of montage applied in the analysis of electroencephalographic data. The present study covers analysis of data obtained as a result of EEG examination of several persons with the age of 23–24 years. Every person has undergone an examination with appliance of 21 electrodes in accordance with classic EEG record method applying the 10–20 system. The examined persons were asked to perform the following activities: sitting steadily with opened eyes, sitting steadily with closed eyes as well as typical cognitive activity i.e. silent reading of given text. Every fragment has been subjected to initial data analysis (filtering, artifact correction) and used for spectral analysis afterwards. The whole analysis has been realized on the basis of four EEG montage examples (two bipolar and two monopolar). For each of them comparative analysis concerning the following points has been carried out: EEG spectra as well as other measures, such as activity maps, diffraction histograms for separate waves and spectrum charts for the selected electrodes.
PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS OF NATIVE AND CROSS-PLATFORM MOBILE APPLICATIONS
Authors: Grzmil Paweł , Skublewska-Paszkowska Maria , Łukasik Edyta , Smołka Jakub
Published: September 2017

This article presents the performance analysis of a cross-platform mobile application implemented with Xamarin and two native applications for Android and iOS platforms. The results concerning the time analysis for selected activities were compared in order to determine whether cross-platform tools are worth using in mobile application development. Native applications achieved better performance, however in some cases the cross-platform approach allows for significant development time reduction without deterioration in user experience.
SPRAWNOŚĆ KONWERSJI W LUMINOFORACH YAG:CE WSPÓŁPRACUJĄCYCH Z EMITERAMI PÓŁPRZEWODNIKOWYMI Z ZAKRESU UV-VIS
Authors: Prorok Mateusz
Published: September 2017

Powszechnie stosowana metoda emisji światła białego wykorzystująca technologię LED-ową opiera się na użyciu luminoforu oraz emitera półprzewodnikowego z zakresu długości fali 440–460 nm (barwa niebieska). W wyniku zjawiska fotoluminescencji luminofor oparty na krysztale YAG-u z domieszkami ceru emituje szerokie spektrum z zakresu widzialnego o barwie zielonożółtej. Promieniowanie będące wynikiem fotoluminescencji, mieszając się ze źródłem wymuszającym daje barwę białą o temperaturze barwowej zależnej od typu luminoforu. W artykule przeprowadzone zostały badania dotyczące zarówno sprawności konwersji samego luminoforu jak i odpowiedzi spektralnej na niededykowane wymuszenie zrealizowane emiterami półprzewodnikowymi.
KONCEPCJA SYSTEMU STEROWANIA HYBRYDOWĄ WYRZUTNIĄ ELEKTROMAGNETYCZNĄ PRZY ZASTOSOWANIU STEROWNIKA CZASU RZECZYWISTEGO
Authors: Makowski Tomasz
Published: September 2017

Artykuł przedstawia koncepcję zintegrowanego systemu sterowania hybrydową wyrzutnią elektromagnetyczną. Głównym elementem koncepcji systemu sterowania będzie sterownik czasu rzeczywistego CompactRIO-9022, który pełnić ma również funkcję kontrolno – pomiarową. System będzie połączony do sieci LAN umożliwiając tym samym zdalne sterowanie pracą wyrzutni. W publikacji opisano również sterownik CompactRIO-9022 wraz z kartami rozszerzeń oraz program LabView.
ROZWIĄZANIA KONSTRUKCYJNE MASZYN DO ODLEWANIA ROTACYJNEGO TWORZYW POLIMEROWYCH
Authors: Głogowska Karolina
Published: September 2017

Do produkcji wielkowymiarowych wytworów takich jak zbiorniki na wodę lub olej, pojemniki na odpady, przydomowe oczyszczalnie ścieków, kajaki, separatory, bariery drogowe i inne wykorzystuje się technologię odlewania rotacyjnego. To metoda produkcyjna, która umożliwia wyprodukowanie według podanej formy odlewniczej zarówno bardzo prostych, jak i wielce złożonych wyrobów z termoplastycznych tworzyw polimerowych. Odlewanie rotacyjne jest procesem przetwórczym, w którym wykorzystuje się siłę odśrodkową działającą na odlewane tworzywo, znajdujące się w gnieździe formującym formy odlewniczej. Podczas tego procesu załadowana tworzywem forma obraca się w różnych płaszczyznach, w efekcie czego ciekłe lub uplastycznione tworzywo jest równomiernie rozprowadzone po wszystkich ściankach gniazda formującego. W zaprezentowanych artykule scharakteryzowano proces, maszyny i urządzenia do formowania rotacyjnego tworzyw polimerowych. Omówiono wady i zalety tej metody przetwórczej.
Quality of Life in a mixed ethnic population after myocardial infarction
Authors: Webster Rosemary A. , Thompson David R. , Larkin Derek , Mayou Richard A. , Martin Colin R.
Published: September 2017

Background: Although South Asian people are a significant ethnic group at increased risk of coronary heart disease and high mortality rates and experience greater delays with respect to diagnosis, referral and treatment, comparatively little is known about their quality of life during recovery from a myocardial infarction. Objectives: We sought to determine and compare the impact of ethnicity on quality of life after myocardial infarction (MI) in a mixed ethnic population (South Asian and white people) in the UK.Methods: A 2x2 mixed-group design with repeated measures on the second factor. The independent variables were ethnic group (white/South Asian) and time since MI (2 weeks/3 months). The dependent variables were the subscale scores on the Short-Form 36-item health survey (SF-36) and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS).Results: At 2 weeks, significant differences were observed between groups on 5 of the 8 SF-36 subscale domain scores, with the white group reporting higher quality of life. Significant improvement in reported quality of life occurred in both groups over time on all domains of the SF-36, except bodily pain. There was a significantly greater improvement in favour of the white group for the role-physical domain. There was no significant difference between groups in terms of anxiety or depression at 2 weeks. Both groups showed a significant reduction in anxiety and depression by 3 months, but the degree of reduction was not significantly different between them. At 3 months, there was no significant difference between groups in terms of anxiety scores, but the South Asian group scored significantly higher on the depression scale.Conclusions: South Asian people have significantly poorer quality of life than white people after MI. While both groups showed improvement over time, South Asian people reported significantly less improvement in physical role function and were more depressed at 3 months. Identifying the factors accounting for such differences is important to develop models of care for delivering the most effective and culturally-sensitive interventions to this group.
Patient and clinician medication belief systems – multidimensional, dynamic and experiential
Authors: Miles Andrew , Asbridge Jonathan Elliot
Published: September 2017

In the current issue, we publish a paper focussing on medication beliefs in rheumatology - specifically if and to what extent, rheumatologists’ beliefs on medication use align with those of their patients.
The problem with explaining symptoms: The origin of biases in causal processing
Authors: Murphy Robin , Byrom Nicola , Msetfi Rachel M
Published: September 2017

Understanding causation is complex, especially where it involves ‘the person’. Advances in physiological, psychosocial understanding and associated health interventions have nevertheless been made despite this complexity, but often in the face of a weak comprehension of the actual causal framework of any particular disorder. One of the problems highlighted by the CauseHealth Initiative and the European Society for Person Centered Healthcare is that our tools (e.g., the Scientific Method, Evidence-Based Medicine, Randomised Controlled Trials) are disappointingly weak in comparison with the model of understanding to which we aspire. Research from experimental psychology highlights a further constraint to our understanding; all animals have evolved neural mechanisms that solve natural causation in a manner that is similar to the scientific method. Our behaviour and thinking suffers from the same weaknesses as our methods. We will discuss experiments that have been conducted to test causal perceptions and mental representations.  We address (1) a primary route for how causes are extracted from experience (2) the single cause bias and (3) representational complexity. These experiments have implications for both patient and practitioner as well as how they interact.  Not only is the world more complex than we generally tend to acknowledge, but we have evolved to think more simply than we might wish.
“End of Life Care for people with Dementia; A person-Centred Approach”, 2017 London, Jessica Kingsley Publishers, ISBN 978-1-84905-047-0 Laura Middleton, Jane Chatterjee, Sarah Russell and Murna Downs.
Authors: Lindsay Margot Elizabeth Virginia
Published: September 2017

no abstrct
Rehabilitation, not injury or treatment details, dominate proximal humeral fracture patient concerns: a thematic analysis
Authors: O'Hara Nathan N , Garibaldi Alisha , Sprague Sheila , Jackson Joshua , Kwok Alyson K , Beaton Dorcas E , Bhandari Mohit , Slobogean Gerard P
Published: September 2017

Background, objectives, and aims: To provide treatment using a patient-centered care model, the provider must understand the needs and wants of the patient and ensure the patient has access to appropriate and necessary health information. The objective of this study was to determine what information is most desired by proximal humeral fracture patients following their injury.Methods: This qualitative study enrolled patients aged 60 years or older presenting with a proximal humeral fracture. Semi-structured interviews were conducted within one-month of injury and at 6-months post-injury. The interviews were transcribed, coded and analyzed using thematic analysis.Results: Four themes (biomedical information, recovery, engagement opportunities and support available) emerged from the coded data. Within one-month post-injury, the most commonly identified themes were rehabilitation and support available. Six-months after the injury, the most commonly identified theme remained rehabilitation, while the second most frequently identified theme shifted to engagement opportunities. The biomedical information theme emerged infrequently at both interviews. Conclusions: Patient-centered care models for proximal humeral fracture patients could be improved by adapting to dynamic information concerns. While the effect of the injury on the patient’s rehabilitation remained the leading concern for the duration of the study period, secondary concerns did change over time. Providing germane information to patients at timely intervals supports patient-centered care, patient engagement and ultimately may improve patient care.
Why, in medicine, evidence is still more important than narratives or values? Or “The importance of being evident.”
Authors: Schulte Marie-Caroline
Published: September 2017

The importance of being evident is what counts for medicine. The diagnosis must be evident and the treatment must be based on evidence. If that evidence is and always must be based on statistics, as we have seen, it becomes questionable. Evidence is good when it is robust and when it fits the individual patient. Only then does evidence-based medicine (EBM), make sense and only then the patient can be sure to be treated in the best possible way. EBM, the movement of medicine that is strictly based on evidence which is judged in a hierarchical order, is under scrutiny and heavily criticised, chiefly because it has lost the patient out of its focus. Numbers are more important than the individual diagnosis and treatment is administered according to population-based statistics and not ‘made to order’. Although this criticism is very valid, the solution cannot be to simply replace EBM with something else, but the solution must be to still base medicine and medical treatment on the best available evidence we have, while putting the patient back into focus. In order to do so, it is important to topple evidence hierarchies, to divide EBM into research and practice and to acknowledge that sometimes the statistical best evidence is not the best evidential treatment for the actual patient.
Person-centered clinical practice guidelines
Authors: Price Amy
Published: September 2017

No abstract
Calculus in Your Career: Putting the “Relate” Back in Related Rates
Authors: Lommatsch Christina W.
Published: September 2017

Four components of a project (research, design, oral presentation, and technical report) teach students to interact better with the material and improve their technical communication skills.
Rethinking the Order of Operations (or What Is the Matter with Dear Aunt Sally?)
Authors: Taff Jason
Published: September 2017

Shortcomings in the traditional PEMDAS approach to teaching the order of operations suggest a classroom-tested alternative, suitable for advanced students, that conforms more closely to the intuitions of experienced practitioners of mathematics.
Solutions to the Equation [x]x = n
Authors: Peralta Lee Melvin
Published: September 2017

I came upon the following question (Posamentier and Salkind 1996) while looking for nonroutine problems to give to my first-year algebra students:
Concrete Problems
Authors: Metz James
Published: September 2017

A real-world problem explores how much concrete is needed for a city park.
The Legionella pneumophila effector Lpg1137 is a homologue of mitochondrial SLC25 carrier proteins, not of known serine proteases
Authors: Gradowski Marcin , Pawłowski Krzysztof
Published: September 2017

Many bacterial effector proteins that are delivered to host cells during infection are enzymes targeting host cell signalling. Recently, Legionella pneumophila effector Lpg1137 was experimentally characterised as a serine protease that cleaves human syntaxin 17. We present strong bioinformatic evidence that Lpg1137 is a homologue of mitochondrial carrier proteins and is not related to known serine proteases. We also discuss how this finding can be reconciled with the apparently contradictory experimental results.
Potential Health and Safety Concerns for Oil spill Responders Working in Proximity to Spills of Unconventional Crude Oil
Authors: Lambert P.G. , Goldthorp M. , Fieldhouse B. , Jones N. , Laforest S. , Mirnaghi F. , Brown C.E.
Published: September 2017

Abstract 2017-231

Health and safety (H&S) of on-site personnel is important to government and industry alike and applied throughout all response activities. Unconventional crude oil is transported throughout Canada by rail, road, marine and pipeline in increasing volumes. Environment and Climate Change Canada’s (ECCC) Emergencies Science and Technology (ESTS) has undertaken a three-year study that reviews H&S concerns and develop tools to address identified gaps for government personnel who are required to conduct their work in close proximity to unconventional diluted bitumen (dilbit) spills.

The literature search study of H&S issues assessed the chemical composition of two dilbit crude oils Access Western Blend and Cold Lake Bitumen, their fate and behavior during a spill and potential exposure pathways for on-site responders. Overall, it was noted that the characteristics relevant to H&S of unconventional crude oils can differ from those typical of conventional crude oils primarily as a result of the small molecular weight, volatile compounds in the condensate portion of dilbit. Evaporation of the dilbit could result in the rapid transfer of 12 to 16% by weight of the mass to air within the initial 6 hours of a spill. Consequently, there is a potential inhalation and contact threat to initial responders under certain significant spill scenarios. Recommendations for air monitoring instrumentation, chemical protective clothing, medical monitoring and decontamination protocols were put forth. The literature search study was followed by work to (1) undertake a task hazard analysis for ECCC personnel then develop safe work procedures; and (2) to update training guidance documents for on-site safety planning, including protective equipment and other tools for use by ECCC staff.
NDRG2 acts as a PERK co‐factor to facilitate PERK branch and ERS‐induced cell death
Authors: Zhang Mei , Liu Xiping , Wang Qinhao , Ru Yi , Xiong Xin , Wu Kaichun , Yao Libo , Li Xia
Published: September 2017

NDRG2, a newly identified tumor suppressor, is also responsive to various stresses, such as hypoxia and DNA damage. Here, we reported that in human hepatoma SK‐Hep‐1 and HepG2 cells, NDRG2 mRNA and protein levels were upregulated by different endoplasmic reticulum stress inducers including Tg, Tm, and DTT. Further, using NDRG2‐overexpressing hepatoma cell lines and Ndrg2KO mice liver tissues, we found that, among the three branches of unfolded protein response signaling, NDRG2 facilitates protein kinase RNA‐like ER kinase (PERK) pathway via interaction with PERK, enhancing its downstream ATF4 and CHOP. Functionally, NDRG2 promotes ERS‐induced apoptosis partially through ATF4 or CHOP. Thus, NDRG2 is a novel ERS‐responsive protein and acts as PERK co‐factor to facilitate PERK branch, thereby contributing to ERS‐induced apoptosis.
The Challenge of Atmospheric Data Assimilation on Mars
Authors: Navarro T. , Forget F. , Millour E. , Greybush S. J. , Kalnay E. , Miyoshi T.
Published: September 2017

Data assimilation is carried out for the Martian atmosphere with the Mars Climate Sounder (MCS) retrievals of temperature, dust, and ice. It is performed for the period Ls = 180° to Ls = 320° of Mars Year 29 with the Local Ensemble Transform Kalman Filter scheme and the Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (LMD) Mars Global Climate Model (GCM). In order to deal with the forcings of aerosols (dust and water ice) on atmospheric temperatures, a framework is given for multivariate analysis. It consists of assimilating a GCM variable with the help of another GCM variable that can be more easily related to an observation. Despite encouraging results with this method, data assimilation is found to be intrinsically different for Mars and more challenging, due to the Martian atmosphere being less chaotic and exhibiting more global features than on Earth. This is reflected in the three main issues met when achieving various data assimilation experiments: (1) temperature assimilation strongly forces the GCM away from its free‐running state, due to the difficulty of assimilating global atmospheric thermal tides; (2) because of model bias, assimilation of airborne dust is not able to reproduce the vertical diurnal variations of dust observed by MCS, and not present in the GCM; and (3) water ice clouds are nearly impossible to assimilate due to the difficulty to assimilate temperature to a sufficient precision. Overall, further improvements of Martian data assimilation would require an assimilation that goes beyond the local scale and more realism of the GCM, especially for aerosols and thermal tides.
Modeling Particle Acceleration and Transport at a 2‐D CME‐Driven Shock
Authors: Hu Junxiang , Li Gang , Ao Xianzhi , Zank Gary P. , Verkhoglyadova Olga
Published: September 2017

We extend our earlier Particle Acceleration and Transport in the Heliosphere (PATH) model to study particle acceleration and transport at a coronal mass ejection (CME)‐driven shock. We model the propagation of a CME‐driven shock in the ecliptic plane using the ZEUS‐3D code from 20 solar radii to 2 AU. As in the previous PATH model, the initiation of the CME‐driven shock is simplified and modeled as a disturbance at the inner boundary. Different from the earlier PATH model, the disturbance is now longitudinally dependent. Particles are accelerated at the 2‐D shock via the diffusive shock acceleration mechanism. The acceleration depends on both the parallel and perpendicular diffusion coefficients κ|| and κ⊥ and is therefore shock‐obliquity dependent. Following the procedure used in Li, Shalchi, et al. (), we obtain the particle injection energy, the maximum energy, and the accelerated particle spectra at the shock front. Once accelerated, particles diffuse and convect in the shock complex. The diffusion and convection of these particles are treated using a refined 2‐D shell model in an approach similar to Zank et al. (). When particles escape from the shock, they propagate along and across the interplanetary magnetic field. The propagation is modeled using a focused transport equation with the addition of perpendicular diffusion. We solve the transport equation using a backward stochastic differential equation method where adiabatic cooling, focusing, pitch angle scattering, and cross‐field diffusion effects are all included. Time intensity profiles and instantaneous particle spectra as well as particle pitch angle distributions are shown for two example CME shocks.
Energetic Proton Spectra Measured by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Summers Danny , Shi Run , Engebretson Mark J. , Oksavik Kjellmar , Manweiler Jerry W. , Mitchell Donald G.
Published: September 2017

We test the hypothesis that pitch angle scattering by electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves can limit ring current proton fluxes. For two chosen magnetic storms, during 17–20 March 2013 and 17–20 March 2015, we measure proton energy spectra in the region 3 ≤ L ≤ 6 using the RBSPICE‐B instrument on the Van Allen Probes. The most intense proton spectra are observed to occur during the recovery periods of the respective storms. Using proton precipitation data from the POES (NOAA and MetOp) spacecraft, we deduce that EMIC wave action was prevalent at the times and L‐shell locations of the most intense proton spectra. We calculate limiting ring current proton energy spectra from recently developed theory. Comparisons between the observed proton energy spectra and the theoretical limiting spectra show reasonable agreement. We conclude that the measurements of the most intense proton spectra are consistent with self‐limiting by EMIC wave scattering.
Ion Heating in the Martian Ionosphere
Authors: Fowler C. M. , Ergun R. E. , Andersson L. , Peterson W. K. , Hara T. , Mcfadden J. , Espley J. , Halekas J. , Mitchell D. L. , Mazelle C. , Jakosky B. M.
Published: September 2017

Energetic O+ and O
ions with energies of up to a few hundred eV are observed in the Martian ionosphere. Corresponding ion velocity distributions show ion conics, suggesting that the observed ion populations have been heated perpendicular to the local magnetic field before experiencing a magnetic mirror force. Magnetic field observations support these interpretations: wave power at the local O+ and O
gyrofrequencies in the spacecraft frame is observed coincident with the energetic ions, within an apparent magnetic field bottle‐like topology. Analysis of the observed ion conics leads to estimates of ion temperatures of 10–30 eV. We suggest that the ion populations are initially heated perpendicular to the local magnetic field by wave power propagating inward from the Mars‐solar wind interaction. The local magnetic field “balloons out” in response to these enhanced ion temperatures and pressures. The resultant magnetic field topology is bottle like; the transversely heated ions would subsequently experience a magnetic mirror force in the converging field regions, agreeing with the reported observations. Such strong heating events that significantly increase the ion temperature and pressure, thereby decreasing the net magnetic field, are rare and seem to occur under specific interplanetary magnetic field orientations. Events were observed to span the upper exobase region and just above, a region characterized by significant ion densities in an increasingly collisionless domain. Ion heating in this region has the potential to drive significant ion outflows, thus contributing to atmospheric loss from the planet.
Interactions of Estuarine Shoreline Infrastructure With Multiscale Sea Level Variability
Authors: Wang Ruo‐Qian , Herdman Liv M. , Erikson Li , Barnard Patrick , Hummel Michelle , Stacey Mark T.
Published: September 2017

Sea level rise increases the risk of storms and other short‐term water‐rise events, because it sets a higher water level such that coastal surges become more likely to overtop protections and cause floods. To protect coastal communities, it is necessary to understand the interaction among multiday and tidal sea level variabilities, coastal infrastructure, and sea level rise. We performed a series of numerical simulations for San Francisco Bay to examine two shoreline scenarios and a series of short‐term and long‐term sea level variations. The two shoreline configurations include the existing topography and a coherent full‐bay containment that follows the existing land boundary with an impermeable wall. The sea level variability consists of a half‐meter perturbation, with duration ranging from 2 days to permanent (i.e., sea level rise). The extent of coastal flooding was found to increase with the duration of the high‐water‐level event. The nonlinear interaction between these intermediate scale events and astronomical tidal forcing only contributes ∼1% of the tidal heights; at the same time, the tides are found to be a dominant factor in establishing the evolution and diffusion of multiday high water events. Establishing containment at existing shorelines can change the tidal height spectrum up to 5%, and the impact of this shoreline structure appears stronger in the low‐frequency range. To interpret the spatial and temporal variability at a wide range of frequencies, Optimal Dynamic Mode Decomposition is introduced to analyze the coastal processes and an inverse method is applied to determine the coefficients of a 1‐D diffusion wave model that quantify the impact of bottom roughness, tidal basin geometry, and shoreline configuration on the high water events.