bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Excitation—Emission Matrix Fluorescence Spectroscopy for Natural Organic Matter Characterization: A Quantitative Evaluation of Calibration and Spectral Correction Procedures
Authors: Holbrook R. David , DeRose Paul C. , Leigh Stefan D. , Rukhin Andrew L. , Heckert N. Alan
Published: July 2006

The influence of different data collection procedures and of wavelength-dependent instrumental biases on fluorescence excitation–emission matrix (EEM) spectral analysis of aqueous organic matter samples was investigated. Particular attention was given to fluorescence contours (spectral shape) and peak fluorescence intensities. Instrumental bias was evaluated by independently applying excitation and emission correction factors to the raw excitation and emission data, respectively. The peak fluorescence intensities of representative natural organic matter and tryptophan were significantly influenced by the application of excitation and emission spectral correction factors and by the manner in which the raw data was collected. Humification and fluorescence indices were also influenced by emission correction factors but were independent of reference (excitation) intensity normalization or correction. EEM surface contours were dependent on normalization of the fluorescence intensity to the reference intensity but were not influenced by either excitation or emission spectral correction factors. Authors should be explicit in how excitation and emission spectral correction procedures are implemented in their investigations, which will help to facilitate intra-laboratory comparisons and data sharing.
Direct Determination of Tellurium in Geological Samples by Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry Using Ethanol as a Matrix Modifier
Authors: Hu Zhaochu , Gao Shan , Günther Detlef , Hu Shenghong , Liu Xiaoming , Yuan Honglin
Published: July 2006

Direct determination of tellurium in geological samples by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) is often complicated by its low abundance, poor analytical sensitivity, and the presence of xenon interferences. Therefore, a simplified and rapid method for direct determination of nanogram levels of tellurium in geological samples using ICP-MS by reduction of interferences and improvement of sensitivity was developed. It is impossible to resolve 126Te and 128Te from isotope interferences of Xe even by currently available high-resolution magnetic mass spectrometry due to the extremely small mass difference (0.001–0.002 amu). However, the addition of 4% ethanol was found to suppress the interferences of Xe by a factor of 6 and increases the sensitivity of Te determination in ICP-MS by a factor of 3 relative to the values obtained in conventional 3% (v/v) HNO3 solution at the corresponding optimum operating conditions, respectively. The detection limits of 126Te and 128Te were reduced by a factor of 7.2 and 8.8, respectively, and the limit of quantitation (LOQ) for 126Te in the presence of 4% ethanol was 1.5 ng g−1 (the LOQ is expressed as the concentration in the solid samples, thereby taking into account the dilution factor of 1000). The agreement between the determined Te concentration values ( r = 0.998) in various geological samples ( n = 140) by using isotopes of 126Te and 128Te indicates negligible contributions of polyatomic interferences produced by the addition of ethanol at these m/z. The proposed method was successfully applied to the direct determination of nanogram levels of Te in a series of international geological reference materials.
Quantitative Analyses of Absorption-Sensitive Surface Plasmon Resonance Near-Infrared Spectra
Authors: Ikehata Akifumi , Itoh Tamitake , Ozaki Yukihiro
Published: July 2006

Surface plasmon resonance near-infrared (SPR-NIR) spectroscopy provides 10–100 times absorption enhancement compared with the absorption in the corresponding attenuated total reflection (ATR) NIR spectra. However, analysis of the enhanced SPR-NIR spectra is not straightforward because of the substantial contribution from SPR. This paper proposes two analysis methods for concentration-dependent changes of SPR-NIR spectra from a viewpoint of change in absorption intensity. One is based on rapid scans of the SPR-NIR spectra with a fixed incident angle, and the other is based on multi-angle sequential scans. A concentration of methanol in water has successfully been determined by both methods. From the measurement of the light intensity within an absorption band of water (5230–5120 cm−1) at a fixed incident angle, the concentration was calibrated to an accuracy of 0.02 wt. %. In the latter multi-angle method, it has been proved that computed bottom ridges of the envelope curve of the SPR-NIR spectra are not only enhanced 30 times compared with the corresponding ATR-NIR spectra, but are also equivalent to the conventional transmittance NIR spectra in quality. The bottom ridges allow us to analyze SPR-NIR spectra in the same manner as conventional spectral analyses based on Beer's law.
Sensitive Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry Method for Simultaneous Measurement of MDEA, MDMA, and Metabolites HMA, MDA, and HMMA in Human Urine
Authors: Pirnay Stephane O , Abraham Tsadik T , Huestis Marilyn A
Published: July 2006

Background: A sensitive gas chromatography-mass spectrometry method was developed and validated for the simultaneous measurement of MDEA, MDMA, and its metabolites, 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylamphetamine (MDEA), 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MDMA or Ecstasy), and its metabolites, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMA), 3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDA), and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyamphetamine (HMMA) in human urine.

Methods: We hydrolyzed 1 mL urine, fortified with MDMA-d5, MDA-d5, and MDEA-d6, with 100 μL of concentrated hydrochloric acid at 120 °C for 40 min, then added 100 μL 10 N sodium hydroxide and 3 mL phosphate buffer 0.1 N (pH 6.0) were added to hydrolyzed urine specimens before solid-phase extraction. After elution and evaporation, we derivatized extracts with heptafluorobutyric acid anhydride and analyzed with gas chromatography-mass spectrometry operated in EI-selected ion-monitoring mode.

Results: Limits of quantification were 25 μg/L for MDEA, MDMA, and its metabolites. Calibration curves were linear to 5000 μg/L for MDEA, MDMA, HMA, MDA, and HMMA, with a minimum r2 > 0.99. At 3 concentrations spanning the linear dynamic range of the assay, mean overall extraction efficiencies from urine were >85.5% for all compounds of interest. Intra- and interassay imprecisions, produced as CV, were <15% for all drugs at 30, 300, and 3000 μg/L.

Conclusions: This gas chromatography-mass spectrometry assay provides adequate sensitivity and performance characteristics for the simultaneous quantification of MDEA, MDMA, and its metabolites HMMA, MDA, and HMA in human urine. The method meets and exceeds the requirements of the proposed Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration’s guidelines for federal workplace drug testing of MDEA and MDMA in urine.
Retelling Salem stories: gender politics and witches in American culture
Authors: Gibson Marion
Published: July 2006

This article argues that representations of American witches have always been moulded by the cultural politics of their time, and have always challenged consensus. In particular, they have been shaped by authorial positioning in the debate between American conservatives and liberals,
especially in the area of gender politics. Examining closely the period from the Salem witch trials of 1692 to the present, the article identifies ways in which the empty signifier of the witch was filled with meanings by writers, dramatists and film-makers in order to bolster political positions
from anti-clericalism to anti-feminism. It asks whether the image of the witch is inherently repressive or whether it has proved possible to use it in a truly radical way.
De-esterification and sulfonation in spruce CTMP: Effects on pulp and paper properties
Authors: Konn Jonas , Vähäsalo Lari , Pranovich Andrey , Holmbom Bjarne
Published: July 2006

De-esterification and sulfonation reactions, which create new anionic groups in the middle lamella and primary wall layers, are the key chemical reactions in chemithermomechanical pulping. The effects of these reactions on the resulting fibre dimensions, refining energy demand, hand-sheet bulk and strength properties were assessed by laboratory-scale chemical pre-treatments and refining of Norway spruce chips. After pre-treatments with alkaline, sulfite, alkaline sulfite and alkaline peroxide liquors, a Wing defibrator-type batch refiner was used. The refining energy was measured. The degree of alkaline hydrolysis of acetyl and methyl ester groups in galactoglucomannans (GGMs) and pectins, and the degree of lignin sulfonation were determined. Hand-sheets were prepared and their physical properties were tested. The data were subjected to multivariate analysis and the order of significance of the chemical reactions towards pulp and paper properties was estimated. Chemical pre-treatments were found to increase the fibre length and the energy demand considerably. The fibre length and width after refining were strongly influenced by lignin sulfonation and pectin demethylation. GGM deacetylation had little influence on preserving the fibre dimensions in CTMP refining. The bulk, on the other hand, was highly influenced by GGM deacetylation. Peroxide reactions in alkaline peroxide treatments had no effect on the pulp and paper properties.
The nature of chromophores in high-extractives mechanical pulps: Western red cedar (Thuja plicata Donn) chemithermomechanical pulp (CTMP)
Authors: Keating Jeffrey , Johansson C. Ingemar , Saddler John N. , Beatson Rodger P.
Published: July 2006

The utilization of western red cedar mechanical pulp is limited by low brightness caused by a high chromophore content. In this paper we identify these chromophores and provide a possible mechanism for their formation during the mechanical pulping process. Diffuse reflectance ultraviolet (DRUV) and Fourier-transform infrared (DRIFT) spectra were recorded for western red cedar chemimechanical pulp treated with hydrogen peroxide, sodium borohydride and acetic anhydride. Treatment with hydrogen peroxide was conducted over different time periods. The spectra indicate that three carbonyl-containing chromophores contribute to light absorption in the visible region. Two conjugated ortho-quinones contributed most of the color. These quinones were formed by oxidation and polymerization of lignans during the refining process. The third chromophore was coniferaldehyde. There was a large initial time lag for the reaction of peroxide with coniferaldehyde relative to reaction time with the quinones. We ascribe this to differences in topochemistry. It was deduced that coniferaldehyde was mainly associated with lignin in the interior of the fiber wall, whereas the quinones were derived from lignans that had been deposited on the fiber surface. Identification of the three chromophores provides a basis for studies of the kinetics of brightening of western red cedar mechanical pulps.
On the relationship between fibre length, cellulose chain length and pulp viscosity of a softwood sulfite pulp
Authors: Lapierre Luc , Bouchard Jean , Berry Richard
Published: July 2006

Many chemical pulp mills use pulp viscosity as an indicator of pulp strength, and some mill customers stipulate a particular viscosity threshold for the delivered product. Nevertheless, the value of the viscosity-strength relationship is often questioned, particularly as it varies with the wood species and the pulping process. To provide some insight, the viscosity, degree of polymerisation and fibre length were measured for a bleached softwood sulfite pulp segregated into different fractions with respect to fibre length using a Bauer-McNett fractionator. It was demonstrated that fractions with a longer average fibre length also had a higher degree of polymerisation and higher viscosity. The cellulose chain length in chemical pulps is approximately three orders of magnitude shorter than the fibre length, and thus a relationship between these two properties should not be expected. The possible causes of the correlation between fibre length and viscosity are discussed. In this work, viscosity appears to be an indirect measurement of the average fibre length of a pulp, which would be the direct contributor to the strength of that pulp.
Effect of acetyl groups on enzymatic hydrolysis of cellulosic substrates
Authors: Pan Xuejun , Gilkes Neil , Saddler Jack N.
Published: July 2006

Evidence showed that acetyl groups introduced during acetic acid delignification was a primary cause of the poor enzymatic digestibility of acetic acid pulp. The inhibition by acetyl groups could be removed by saponification. Acetyl groups might inhibit the enzymes by interfering with the productive binding (hydrogen bonds) between cellulose and the catalytic domain of cellulases, by affecting the binding of CBD to cellulose, or by increasing the diameter of the cellulose chain.
NIR PLSR results obtained by calibration with noisy, low-precision reference values: Are the results acceptable?
Authors: Rodrigues José , Alves Ana , Pereira Helena , da Silva Perez Denilson , Chantre Guillaume , Schwanninger Manfred
Published: July 2006

Both spectral noise and reference method noise affect the accuracy and the precision NIR predicted values. The reference noise is often neglected, and the few reports dealing with it only consider random noise artificially added to the original sound reference data. A calibration for lignin content of maritime pine (Pinus pinaster Ait.) wood meal was developed, but due to low precision and accuracy in the reference data set, NIR partial least-squares regression (PLSR) yielded a slope of 0.51 and an intercept at 14% Klason lignin. We demonstrate with an independent data set for external validation, obtained with higher precision and accuracy, that the NIR PLSR model based on the noisy reference data led to better results. The slope of the correlation between predicted and reference values was 0.89 and the intercept was 3.9. Thus, the model performed much better than expected from the cross-validation results. The predictability can be explained by the facts that the loadings of the first principal component (PC) of the calibration and test samples are very similar and dominated by lignin-related bands, and that most of the variation in the test set can be explained by the first PC. This only explains why the Klason lignin content could be predicted with the model without giving many spectral outliers, but not the good result of the external validation. We show that the latter can be explained by the inverse calibration used for PLSR and that predicted values can be more accurate and precise than the reference values used for calibration.
Polycarboxylic acids as non-formaldehyde anti-swelling agents for wood
Authors: Bischof Vukusic Sandra , Katovic Drago , Schramm Christian , Trajkovic Jelena , Sefc Bogoslav
Published: July 2006

Wood specimens of fir (Abies alba Mill) and beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) were chemically modified using polycarboxylic acids (PCA), cured by convection heating or microwave treatment and analyzed by HPLC. A new non-formaldehyde cross-linking system was composed of citric acid (CA) and 1,2,3,4-butanetetracarboxylic acid (BTCA), which are representative polycarboxylic acids (PCAs). These reagents require phosphono-based catalysts, so a sodium hypophosphite (SHP) catalyst was used in this study. The effects of PCA treatment were compared with a previously introduced 1,3-dimethylol 4,5-dihydroxy ethylene urea (DMDHEU) treatment. The dimensional stability of the modified wood was determined in terms of the anti-swelling efficiency (ASE) using the water soak/oven dry method. The results revealed an improvement in ASE for wood modified with PCA compared to modification with DMDHEU. Qualitative and quantitative determinations of bound acids were performed by HPLC. Further intensification of the wood modification process and an increase in the quality of wood-based materials were achieved using microwave treatment. Among other benefits, the formation of cross-links between the wood and the reagent components led to an improvement in the tensile strength retention, particularly in combination with the microwave treatment.
Permeability changes in heartwood of Picea abies and Abies alba induced by incubation with Physisporinus vitreus
Authors: Schwarze Francis W.M.R. , Landmesser Helge , Zgraggen Bruno , Heeb Markus
Published: July 2006

The present study shows that isolates of P. vitreus have an extraordinary capacity to induce substantial permeability changes in heartwood of P. abies without causing significant losses in impact bending strength. The degradation of pit membranes by P. vitreus is an important aspect that could also have significant benefits in wood protection processes. Further studies are currently in progress with the objective of optimising the uniformity of wood colonisation and duration of incubation, so as to improve the permeability of water-borne wood preservatives or hydrophobic substances applied by brushing, dipping and impregnation.
Antioxidant activity of extracts from the bark of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray) Parl.
Authors: Gao Heng , Shupe Todd F. , Hse Chung Y. , Eberhardt Thomas L.
Published: July 2006

The bark of Chamaecyparis lawsoniana (A. Murray) Parl. was extracted with methanol and sequentially partitioned with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, n-butanol and deionized water. The antioxidant activities of the four extracts were evaluated using the DPPH• and ABTS+• methods. The total phenolic content of the extracts was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method and expressed as gallic acid equivalents (GAE). Butylated hydroxytoluene was used as a positive control in the radical-scavenging activity tests. All the bark extracts showed significant radical-scavenging activity. In the ABTS+• assay, n-butanol extracts exhibited the strongest radical-scavenging activity, followed by ethyl acetate, water, and n-hexane extracts. The greatest total phenolic content was 428.54 mg GAE per gram of dry extract and was detected in the n-butanol extract, followed by the ethyl acetate and n-hexane extracts. The antioxidant activities correlate with the amount of phenolics present in these extracts. The ethyl acetate and n-butanol extracts were rich in phenolics and may represent a good source of antioxidants.
How valid is single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) diagnosis for the individual risk assessment of breast cancer? / Welchen Stellenwert hat der diagnostische Einsatz von Einzelnukleotid-Polymorphismen (SNPs) bei der individuellen Risikoeinschätzung von Brustkrebs?
Authors: Tempfer Clemens B. , Hefler Lukas A. , Schneeberger Christian , Huber Johannes C.
Published: July 2006

The number of reports investigating disease susceptibility based on the carriage of low-penetrance, high-frequency single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has increased over the last years. Evidence is accumulating defining specific individual variations in breast cancer susceptibility. Genetic variations of the estradiol and xenobiotic metabolisms, as well as genes involved in cell cycle control, have been described as significant contributors to breast cancer susceptibility with variations depending on ethnic background and co-factors such as smoking and family history of breast cancer. In sum, the highest level of evidence to date linking SNPs and breast cancer comes from nested case-control studies within the prospective Nurses' Health Study. These data establish seven SNPs – hPRB +331 G/A, AR CAG repeat, CYP 19 TTTA(10), CYP 1A1 Msp I, VDR FOK1, XRCC1 Arg194Trp, and XRCC2 Arg188His – as small, but significant risk factors for spontaneous, non-hereditary breast cancer. In addition, meta-analysis of data in the literature established the TGFBR1*6A, the HRAS1, GSTP Ile105Val, and the GSTM1 SNPs as low-penetrance genetic risk factors for sporadic breast cancer. The clinical consequences of such a risk elevation may be a detailed instruction of the patient as to general measures of breast cancer prevention such as a low-fat diet, optimization of the BMI, physical exercise, avoidance of alcohol and long-term hormone replacement therapy (HRT), and participation in a breast cancer screening program between the age of 50 and 70 years. Specific surgical or drug interventions such as prophylactic mastectomy and oophorectomy or prophylactic intake of tamoxifen are not indicated based on SNP analysis at this time.
Kriterien für den Einsatz von Einzelnukleotidpolymorphismen (SNPs) in der medizinischen Routinediagnostik: Erarbeitung technischer und diagnostischer Empfehlungen / Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in routine diagnosis: technical and diagnostic recommendations
Authors: Klein Hanns-Georg , Funke Harald , Neumaier Michael , Langmann Thomas , Knabbe Cornelius , Cullen Paul
Published: July 2006

Nach Abschluss des Humanen Genomprojekts (www.sanger.ac.uk), dessen Ergebnisse derzeit die wichtigste Grundlage unseres Wissens über das menschliche Erbgut bilden, wurden international weitere Großprojekte initiiert, um zu einem besseren Verständnis von genetischer Variation und deren Bedeutung als Marker für Erkrankungen und Krankheitsdisposition zu gelangen. Zu diesen Großprojekten zählen das internationale SNP-Konsortium (www.snp.cshl.org), das HapMap-Projekt (www.hapmap.org) sowie das kürzlich begonnene Medical Sequencing Program (www.genome.gov/17516031). Parallel zu diesen systematischen Ansätzen der Genomforschung existiert eine nahezu unüberschaubare Anzahl von Fall-Kontroll-Studien, welche bei mehr oder weniger gut charakterisierten, kleineren und größeren Patientenkollektiven die Assoziation von Mutationen oder Polymorphismen mit mendelisch vererbten (monogenen) oder häufigen (multifaktoriellen) Erkrankungen untersuchen. Besonders Assoziationsstudien im Bereich der multifaktoriellen Erkrankungen, wie z.B. Diabetes, Bluthochdruck oder nicht-familiäre Tumorerkrankungen, kommen zum Teil zu sehr unterschiedlichen oder sogar widersprüchlichen Ergebnissen, weshalb der klinisch-diagnostische Wert der untersuchten genetischen Marker oft in Frage gestellt wird. Prospektive Studien, welche den prädiktiven Wert oder das absolute Risiko eines Markers untersucht haben, gibt es kaum. Dennoch kann die genetische Diagnostik auch bei multifaktoriellen Erkrankungen bereits heute sinnvoll eingesetzt werden, wie die Beispiele Faktor-V-Leiden im Zusammenhang mit tiefer Beinvenenthrombose oder der HFE-C282Y-Polymorphismus bei Hämochromatose Typ I zeigen. Ziel dieses Beitrags ist es, die Hintergründe der teilweise widersprüchlichen Datenlage zu beleuchten und Qualitätskriterien für den Einsatz von genetischen Markern bei der Diagnostik multifaktorieller Erkrankungen zu erarbeiten.
Laboratory network of excellence: enhancing patient safety and service effectiveness / Labor-Network of Excellence: bessere Sicherheit für Patienten und effektivere Labordienstleistungen
Authors: Plebani Mario , Ceriotti Ferruccio , Messeri Gianni , Ottomano Cosimo , Pansini Nicola , Bonini Pierangelo
Published: July 2006

Clinical laboratories have undergone major changes due to technological progress and economic pressure. While costs of laboratory testing continue to be the dominant issue within the healthcare service worldwide, quality, effectiveness and impact on outcomes are also emerging as critical value-added features. Five Italian laboratories are therefore promoting a network of excellence by investigating markers of effectiveness of laboratory services and sharing their experience of using them in clinical practice. In the present study we report preliminary data on indicators of quality in all phases of the so-called total testing process, the key to evaluating all phases of the total testing process, including the appropriateness of test requests and data interpretation. Initial findings in evaluating pre-analytical causes of specimen rejection in three different laboratories and the effects of introducing three laboratory clinical guidelines are reported. These data should stimulate debate in the scientific community and encourage more clinical laboratories to use the same indicators to improve clinical effectiveness and clinical outcomes within the healthcare service.
Verification of Strain Level Calculations in Nitinol Fatigue Resistance Predictions
Authors: Pike K
Published: July 2006

A method to confirm FEA strain level predictions was developed for small nitinol-compressive specimens by taking micron magnitude measurements from SEM images. The technique was used to confirm predictions of an earlier report of fatigue resistance.
The Flagbearers: Israeli Druze Women Challenge Traditional Gender Roles
Authors: Weiner‐Levy Naomi
Published: July 2006

This ethnographic study expands educational anthropologists' knowledge of the relationship between higher education and personal and social change in so‐called traditional societies. It describes transitions in the status of Druze women in Israel brought about by the first women from the community to obtain higher education, granting new insights into women's struggles for change. The study, conducted between 1998 and 2002, explores unique processes of change compatible with Druze tradition and culture initiated by these “first women,” who served as role models and struggled to pave the way for themselves and other women in the community. The findings challenge research literature that expresses disappointment with the activities and influence of educated Arab women after returning to their society, thus enriching working anthropological theories that concern the dynamics of social change brought about by educated women.
Publishing "Equinox": Broadening Notions of Urban Youth Development after School
Authors: Rubinstein‐Avila Eliane
Published: July 2006

This ethnographic, instrumental case study (Stake 2003) of an atypical youth apprenticeship draws on sociocultural and critical theoretical lenses. Findings reveal that during an eight‐month cycle, a paid apprenticeship provided a fertile context for 20 low‐income, ethnically diverse, older youths to explore, reflect upon, compose, photograph, and ultimately publish their communities and worlds. These findings point toward a potential to deepen and broaden the theoretical perspective through which mainstream youth development is conceived. The author argues that adults' guided participation and youths' systematic engagement with multimodal literacies as identity work is a successful recipe for promoting critical youth development'a notion of youth development that not only acknowledges but also encourages youths' reflection on the intersection of race, class, gender, and power.
Expanding the Dialogue: A Response to Bird and Godwin's "Film in the Undergraduate Anthropology Classroom"
Authors: Blum Denise
Published: July 2006

This article is a response to S. Elizabeth Bird and Jonathan P. Godwin's article "Film in the Undergraduate Anthropology Classroom: Applying Audience Response Research in Pedagogical Practice." The intention of my response is to expand the dialogue on film use to promote cultural understanding in university classes and campus‐wide. Through participant‐observation and the use of surveys over a two‐year period, I examine the transformation of participant viewers in various contexts, noting that by limiting our understanding of film to merely the transfer of information, we not only have a limited understanding of our viewers but also have ignored possible avenues for learning. My findings indicate that the "context" for film screening is dependent on the film, the instructor, the post‐screening discussant, and the viewers, can yield dramatic results in learning, depending on the ways in which each is engaged.
Susan Kent's Vision of a Genuinely Integrated Anthropology
Authors: Patterson Thomas C.
Published: July 2006

Susan Kent advocated an integrated, integrative, and integrating anthropology at a time when some practitioners championed fragmentation. Her anthropology was a critical, engaged one that recognized the importance of class structures constituted in economic terms and their articulation and interplay with socially and culturally constituted gender, ethnic, and racial hierarchies. This chapter explores how she conceptualized this integrated, critically engaged anthropology—theoretically, methodologically, and practically. It also explores how the traditional subfields were integrated into and constitutive of the larger whole.
Commonalities and Diversities in Contemporary Hunter‐Gatherers: From Settlement Archaeology to Development Ethnography
Authors: Lee Richard Borshay
Published: July 2006

This chapter presents an overview of 40 years of research on hunter‐gatherers and attempts to situate Susan Kent's oeuvre within this larger body of work. Some of the main contours of the economic, social, and political life and core ideologies of foraging peoples are outlined. Then the key debates around questions of the historical autonomy of hunter‐gatherers are explored along with Kent's position on these issues. All hunter‐gatherer groups have undergone a series of changes under the impact of states and markets and the processes of incorporation into the global system. While none have escaped the devastating effects of these impacts, strong evidence exists for the persistence of core values and institutions. Susan Kent's research, with her unique positioning in archaeology and development studies, influenced these debates in important ways.
A Tribute to Susan Kent's Ethnoarchaeological Studies on Mobility: Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Studies of Pastoral Nomads in Greece and Kazakhstan
Authors: Chang Claudia
Published: July 2006

Susan Kent began her career by examining the spatial layout of Navajo pastoral encampments. Later Kent undertook field research in southern Africa in order to examine the cross‐cultural variability of mobility strategies among contemporary foragers, farmers, and herders. I have also documented patterns of seasonal and periodic mobility among contemporary Greek village and transhumant pastoralists. These ethnographic insights on pastoral mobility have been applied to the study of prehistoric settlement patterns of Iron Age groups in Kazakhstan. This chapter highlights the differences and commonalities of mobility strategies used by both foraging and pastoral groups. From these disparate cases I emphasize how Kent and I examined the social uses of mobility among nomadic peoples.
Glufosinate Does Not Affect Floral Morphology and Pollen Viability in Glufosinate-Resistant Cotton
Authors: Thomas Walter E. , Pline Wendy A. , Wilcut John W. , Edmisten Keith L. , Wells Randy , Viator Ryan P. , Paulsgrove Mary D.
Published: July 2006

Studies were conducted to determine whether glufosinate treatments to glufosinate-resistant cotton caused changes in floral morphology, pollen viability, and seed set. Four glufosinate treatments were included: (1) glufosinate applied postemergence over the top (POST) at the four-leaf stage, (2) glufosinate applied POST at the eight-leaf stage, (3) the first two treatments sequentially, and (4) a POST application at the four-leaf stage followed by (fb) a postemergence-directed stem application (PDS) at the eight-leaf stage. Glufosinate was consistently applied at 0.49 kg ai/ha. A nontreated control was included. Glufosinate treatments did not affect stigma height, length of the staminal column, or pollen viability. However, the distance from the top anther to the tip of the stigma was less in plants treated with an eight-leaf POST treatment than in nontreated plants, although this difference is not likely to influence pollen deposition because in both cases anthers reached above the stigma tip. Plants receiving four-leaf POST fb eight-leaf PDS treatment with glufosinate had eight seeds per boll less than nontreated plants; however, the more rigorous four-leaf POST fb eight-leaf POST treatment did not differ from the nontreated in seeds per boll.
Detection of Phytotoxic Soil Residues of Hexazinone and Simazine by a Biological Test Using Lepidium sativum L. var. Cresson
Authors: Ortega Marta , Alonso-Prados José L. , Villarroya Mercedes , García-Baudín José M.
Published: July 2006

Current plant bioassays included in the guidelines for testing pesticides do not include the measurement of reproduction endpoints. A bioassay, based on reduction of flowering of cress was developed to detect soil residues of hexazinone and simazine at levels of 0.02 and 0.10 ppm, respectively. The endpoint used in the described bioassay is the percentage of plant viability that implies that the tested plants have reached the flowering stage. It was found that sensitivity of cress is lower in soils containing higher organic matter.
Spring Wheat, Canola, and Sunflower Response to Persian Darnel (Lolium persicum) Interference
Authors: Holman Johnathon D. , Bussan Alvin J. , Maxwell Bruce D. , Miller Perry R. , Mickelson James A.
Published: July 2006

Integrated weed management practices, such as crop rotation and increased seeding rates, potentially improve weed management. Yet, few studies compare competitive interactions of weeds with different crops. This research quantified the impact of Persian darnel on spring wheat, canola, and sunflower yield across different seeding rates. Increasing crop density increased yield when Persian darnel affected crop yield early in physiological development. Crop yield loss was estimated to reach 83, 70, and 57% for spring wheat, canola, and sunflower, respectively, at high Persian darnel densities. Persian darnel reduced spring wheat yield by limiting the number of tillers per plant and seed per tiller; reduced canola yield by limiting the number of branches per plant, pods per branch, and seed per pod; and reduced sunflower yield by limiting the number of seed per plant. Persian darnel affected crop growth early in physiological development, indicating that interspecific interference occurred early in the growing season. Cultural and resource management aimed at reducing Persian darnel impact on resource availability and crop yield components will reduce Persian darnel impact on crop yield.
Conventional Soybean Plant and Progeny Response to Glyphosate
Authors: Norsworthy Jason K.
Published: July 2006

Field studies were conducted to determine the sensitivity of conventional ‘Motte’ and ‘Pioneer 9831’ soybean to simulated glyphosate drift rates applied during vegetative and reproductive development and the effect of glyphosate on progeny. Glyphosate at 8, 84, and 420 g ae/ha was applied to soybean at the V3, V6, R2, and R5 growth stages. Glyphosate at 8 and 84 g/ha did not reduce soybean plant population, growth, or yield or cause deleterious effects on progeny, regardless of the growth stage at application. Soybean population, growth, and yield were reduced as much as 99 to 100% after application of 420 g/ha glyphosate at the V3 growth stage. Glyphosate at 420 g/ha applied at V6 was less detrimental to soybean compared with the V3 timing. Delaying the application of 420 g/ha glyphosate until R2 and R5 reduced soybean yields 22 to 49% and 43 to 44%, respectively. Soybean injury from 420 g/ha glyphosate was generally transient or less severe when applied at the V6 growth stage or later. However, 420 g/ha glyphosate at R5 (initial podfill) caused a 390 to 450 kg/ha yield reduction compared with the V6 application, which indicated greater soybean vulnerability to glyphosate drift during podfill than in the late-stage vegetative development. Although glyphosate at 420 g/ha was injurious to soybean, regardless of application timing, progeny was not affected.
Evaluation of Herbicides for Weed Control in Chicory (Cichorium intybus)
Authors: Wilson Robert G. , Smith John A. , Yonts C. Dean
Published: July 2006

Field trials were conducted in 1995 through 2002 to expand the development of chicory by determining the potential for tank mixtures of benefin, trifluralin, or pronamide applied preplant incorporated (PPI) and triflusulfuron methyl or imazamox postemergence (POST) for selective weed control in chicory. Lack of early-season weed control resulted in an 88% reduction in chicory root yield in 1995 to 1996 and an 85% reduction in 2001 to 2002 and demonstrated the susceptibility of chicory plants to early-season weed competition. In the first experiment, pronamide at 1.1 kg ai/ha PPI plus benefin at 1.3 kg ai/ha or trifluralin at 0.56 kg/ha were selective for chicory and controlled weed populations 90% on average with root yields that were 89% of the hand-weeded treatment. Triflusulfuron methyl POST at 17 g/ha caused early-season chicory injury. In the second experiment, trifluralin PPI at 0.56 kg/ha followed by imazamox POST at 36 g/ha controlled weeds 95% on average with a chicory root yield of 74 t/ha, which was 109% of the yield of the hand-weeded treatment.
Triazine-Resistant Common Lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) Control in Corn with Preemergence Herbicides
Authors: Chomas Andrew J. , Kells James J.
Published: July 2006

Triazine-resistant common lambsquarters (TR-CHEAL) is a widespread weed problem in the northcentral United States. Field studies were conducted from 1995 to 1997 to determine the efficacy and consistency of metolachlor, pendimethalin, and acetochlor applied preemergence (PRE) for control of TR-CHEAL in corn. Pendimethalin provided greater (98%) and more consistent control of TR-CHEAL than metolachlor (66%) or acetochlor (86%). Studies were conducted from 1998 to 2000 to examine the potential of isoxaflutole, flumetsulam, and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron for control of TR-CHEAL in corn. In 1999 and 2000, isoxaflutole (35 g ai/ha), flumetsulam (35 g ai/ ha), and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron (26 g ai/ha) provided 98% or greater control of TR-CHEAL. In 1998 when rainfall was limited after application, isoxaflutole (70 g ai/ha) and flumetsulam (70 g ai/ha) provided 65 and 55% control, respectively, and rimsulfuron plus thifensulfuron (26 g ai/ha) provided 55% control. Results indicate that control of TR-CHEAL with currently labeled PRE herbicides is possible.
Remote Sensing to Detect Herbicide Drift on Crops
Authors: Henry W. Brien , Shaw David R. , Reddy Kambham R. , Bruce Lori M. , Tamhankar Hrishikesh D.
Published: July 2006

Glyphosate and paraquat herbicide drift injury to crops may substantially reduce growth or yield. Determining the type and degree of injury is of importance to a producer. This research was conducted to determine whether remote sensing could be used to identify and quantify herbicide injury to crops. Soybean and corn plants were grown in 3.8-L pots to the five- to seven-leaf stage, at which time, applications of nonselective herbicides were made. Visual injury estimates were made, and hyperspectral reflectance data were recorded 1, 4, and 7 d after application (DAA). Several analysis techniques including multiple indices, signature amplitude (SA) with spectral bands as features, and wavelet analysis were used to distinguish between herbicide-treated and nontreated plants. Classification accuracy using SA analysis of paraquat injury on soybean was better than 75% for both 1/2- and 1/8× rates at 1, 4, and 7 DAA. Classification accuracy of paraquat injury on corn was better than 72% for the 1/2× rate at 1, 4, and 7 DAA. These data suggest that hyperspectral reflectance may be used to distinguish between healthy plants and injured plants to which herbicides have been applied; however, the classification accuracies remained at 75% or higher only when the higher rates of herbicide were applied. Applications of a 1/2× rate of glyphosate produced 55 to 81% soybean injury and 20 to 50% corn injury 4 and 7 DAA, respectively. However, using SA analysis, the moderately injured plants were indistinguishable from the uninjured controls, as represented by the low classification accuracies at the 1/8-, 1/32-, and 1/64× rates. The most promising technique for identifying drift injury was wavelet analysis, which successfully distinguished between corn plants treated with either the 1/8- or the 1/2× rates of paraquat compared with the nontreated corn plants better than 92% 1, 4, and 7 DAA. These analysis techniques, once tested and validated on field scale data, may help determine the extent and the degree of herbicide drift for making appropriate and, more importantly, timely management decisions.
Split Applications of Herbicides at Reduced Rates Can Effectively Control Wild Oat (Avena fatua) in Wheat
Authors: Lockhart Sam J. , Howatt Kirk A.
Published: July 2006

Split application of herbicides for wild oat control may minimize wild oat competition with wheat while reducing the number of wild oat seeds returned to the soil. Field experiments were conducted in 2000 and 2001 to evaluate the effects of CGA-184927, fenoxaprop-P, flucarbazone, and ICIA 0604 at labeled and reduced rates on wild oat control, wild oat seed rain, and wheat yield. Each herbicide was applied once at 25, 33, and 100% of the labeled rate at the two-leaf stage of wild oat or split applied at 50 and 66% of the full rate as two equal applications. Excellent full-season wild oat control was obtained with CGA-184927, flucarbazone, and ICIA 0604 applied twice at reduced rates. ICIA 0604 or CGA-184927 split applied at 25 and 33% rates (totaled 50 and 66% of the full rate) provided wild oat control equal to one application of labeled rates. Wild oat seed rain was similar among all herbicide treatments, except plots treated with fenoxaprop-P once at 25 and 33% rates where seed rain was higher and equal to 47% of untreated plots. Wheat yields and net returns were highest and similar after treatment with CGA-184927 or ICIA 0604 applied either once at the labeled rate or split applied at 25 or 33% rates.
Imazamox for Winter Annual Grass Control in Imidazolinone-Tolerant Winter Wheat
Authors: Geier Patrick W. , Stahlman Phillip W. , White Anthony D. , Miller Stephen D. , Alford Craig M. , Lyon Drew J.
Published: July 2006

Field experiments were conducted at five locations in Kansas, Nebraska, and Wyoming to determine the effects of imazamox rate and application timing on winter annual grass control and crop response in imidazolinone-tolerant winter wheat. Imazamox at 35, 44, or 53 g ai/ha applied early-fall postemergence (EFP), late-fall postemergence, early-spring postemergence (ESP), or late-spring postemergence (LSP) controlled jointed goatgrass at least 95% in all experiments. Feral rye control with imazamox was 95 to 99%, regardless of rate or application timing at Hays, KS, in 2001. Feral rye control at Sidney, NE, and Torrington, WY, was highest (78 to 85%) with imazamox at 44 or 53 g/ha. At Sidney and Torrington, feral rye control was greatest when imazamox was applied EFP. Imazamox stunted wheat <10% in two experiments at Torrington, but EFP or LSP herbicide treatments in the Sidney experiment and ESP or LSP treatments in two Hays experiments caused moderate (12 to 34%) wheat injury. Wheat injury increased as imazamox rate increased. Wheat receiving imazamox LSP yielded less grain than wheat treated at other application timings in each Hays experiment and at Sidney in 2001. No yield differences occurred in one Torrington experiment. However, yields generally decreased as imazamox application timing was delayed in the other Torrington experiment. Generally, imazamox applied in the fall provided the greatest weed control, caused the least wheat injury, and maximized wheat yield.
Economic Evaluation of Glyphosate-Resistant and Conventional Sugar Beet
Authors: Kniss Andrew R. , Wilson Robert G. , Martin Alex R. , Burgener Paul A. , Feuz Dillon M.
Published: July 2006

Field experiments were conducted near Scottsbluff, NE, in 2001 and 2002 to compare economic aspects of glyphosate applied to different glyphosate-resistant sugar beet cultivars with that of conventional herbicide programs applied to near-equivalent, non–glyphosate-resistant conventional cultivars. Glyphosate applied two or three times at 2-wk intervals, beginning when weeds were 10 cm tall, provided excellent weed control, yield, and net economic return regardless of the glyphosate-resistant sugar beet cultivar. All conventional herbicide treatments resulted in similar net economic returns. Although the conventional sugar beet cultivars ‘HM 1640’ and ‘Beta 4546’ responded similarly to herbicide treatments with respect to sucrose content, ‘Beta 4546RR’ produced roots with 1% more sucrose than ‘HM 1640RR’. When averaged over herbicide treatments, a producer planting Beta 4546RR could afford to pay US $185/ha more for glyphosate-resistant technology as could a producer planting HM 1640RR. When averaged over cultivars and herbicide treatments, it is estimated that a producer could afford to pay an additional US $385/ha for glyphosate-resistant technology without decreasing net return.
Glyphosate Efficacy on Velvetleaf Varies with Application Time of Day
Authors: Waltz Aaron L. , Martin Alex R. , Roeth Fred W. , Lindquist John L.
Published: July 2006

Field and growth chamber experiments determined the efficacy of temporal glyphosate applications on velvetleaf. Glyphosate was applied postemergence to velvetleaf periodically before and during light and after dark. In 1999, glyphosate at 840 g ae/ha applied before sunrise and after midday provided 54 and 100% velvetleaf control, respectively. In 2000, glyphosate at 840 g/ha applied before sunrise, midday, and after sunset provided 69, 100, and 37% velvetleaf control, respectively. In the growth chamber, glyphosate at 840 g/ha applied before or after light reduced velvetleaf biomass 15 to 20% or 32 to 47%, respectively, and reduced velvetleaf height 24% or 45 to 54%, respectively. Velvetleaf control was consistently greater with glyphosate applications during light compared with dark, regardless of constant air temperature and relative humidity (growth chamber), dew absence or presence (field and growth chamber), or leaf blade orientation (growth chamber) with natural light–dark movements or a fixed horizontal position.
Effects of Repeat Annual Applications of Dichlobenil on Weed Populations and Yield Components of Cranberry
Authors: Sandler Hilary A. , Mason Joanne , Autio Wesley R. , Bewick Thomas A.
Published: July 2006

To address grower concerns that repeated use of dichlobenil could negatively affect cranberry productivity, field studies were conducted at two commercial farms in either high weed density (HW) or low weed density (LW) areas. Data from 4 yr of repeat annual applications of 0, 1.8, and 4.5 kg ai/ha dichlobenil indicated minimal negative impact on cranberry vines. Herbicide application did not affect upright productivity, leaf biomass production, percent fruit set, or other yield parameters adversely; in addition, no improvement in these parameters was noted. Although the interaction of herbicide application with weed density on cranberry root length varied with sampling date, no consistent trend (adverse or positive) was seen. The presence of weeds, rather than herbicide application, was the important determinant of yield. Vines in LW areas produced more marketable fruit and had higher percentage of fruit set than vines growing in HW areas. Repeat annual applications of dichlobenil on commercial cranberry beds may be considered as part of a viable integrated weed management program with no adverse effect on crop growth or yield.
Response of Rice and Barnyardgrass (Echinochloa crus-galli) to Rates and Timings of Clomazone
Authors: Zhang Wei , Webster Eric P. , Blouin David C.
Published: July 2006

The response of rice and barnyardgrass to clomazone rates (0.22, 0.45, 0.67, 0.9, and 1.12 kg ai/ha) and application timings of preplant incorporated, preemergence (PRE), and delayed PRE (DPRE) were evaluated from 1997 to 1999. Rice bleaching at 14 d after planting (DAP) increased from 5 to 35% as the clomazone rate increased. At 14 and 49 DAP, barnyardgrass control decreased with clomazone at 0.22 kg/ha compared with control at higher rates. Clomazone at 0.22 kg/ha resulted in lower grain yield. Clomazone PRE caused less rice bleaching and lower grain yield compared with DPRE timings. These results indicate that initial bleaching by high clomazone rates may not translate into yield loss. Higher clomazone rates may increase rice yield by improving weed control.