bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A neuronal device for the control of multi-step computations
Authors: Zylberberg Ariel D , Paz Luciano , Roelfsema Pieter R , Dehaene Stanislas , Sigman Mariano
Published: August 2013

We describe the operation of a neuronal device which embodies the computational principles of the `paper-and-pencil' machine envisioned by Alan Turing. The network is based on principles of cortical organization. We develop a plausible solution to implement pointers and investigate how neuronal circuits may instantiate the basic operations involved in assigning a value to a variable (i.e., x=5), in determining whether two variables have the same value and in retrieving the value of a given variable to be accessible to other nodes of the network. We exemplify the collective function of the network in simplified arithmetic and problem solving (blocks-world) tasks. Received: 14 June 2013,  Accepted: 9 July 2013; Edited by: G. B. Mindlin; DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4279/PIP.050006Cite as: A Zylberberg, L Paz, P R Roelfsema, S Dehaene, M Sigman, Papers in Physics 5, 050006 (2013)
Development of Perinatal Medicine in Different Geographic Areas
Authors: Carrera José M
Published: August 2013

An overview is given of the evolution of perinatal medicine from its origin to its current state. Emphasis is placed on the birth of this new discipline in Europe and the USA, as well as on the contributions made to it by different countries. The main protagonists of subsequent changes are highlighted, as are the advances made in perinatal technology. To do so, the evolution and difficulties in introducing modern perinatal medicine are discussed. To conclude, current maternal, perinatal and infant mortality rates are compared with past figures.

How to cite this article

Carrera JM. Development of Perinatal Medicine in Different Geographic Areas. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(2):113-127.
Application of KANET in Special Cases: Part I
Authors: Antsaklis Aris , Papantoniou Nicolaos
Published: August 2013

The detection of neurological impairment during fetal life has been a great challenge in perinatal medicine for many years. Evolution of ultrasound technology has allowed a more detailed examination of the fetal nervous system and earlier detection of central nervous system (CNS) abnormalities. However, overdiagnosis of CNS malformations or variations can be quite confusing from time to time, as we cannot always be sure how these may affect the fetus and as a result we cannot always advise adequately the parents of the affected fetuses about the prognosis. Defining normal and abnormal fetal neurological function in utero in order to better predict which fetuses are at risk for adverse neurological outcome could assist with the evaluation of the fetal outcome. Four-dimensional (4D) ultrasound has been used for the assessment of normal neurobehavioral development and has identified characteristics of the fetus that could predict neurological developmental dysfunction. Kurjak antenatal neurodevelopmental test (KANET) is a method that has been shown to offer great advantages for the assessment of fetal neurobehavior, and the findings of KANET have been verified in many studies with postnatal assessments. We present a series of cases where KANET could better improve the evaluation of the prognosis that was made based on ultrasound findings.

How to cite this article

Antsaklis P, Antsaklis A, Papantoniou N, Kurjak A. Application of KANET in Special Cases: Part I. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(2):200-207.
The End of Amniocentesis? From TriTest to PrenaTestTM
Authors: Borruto Franco , Treisser Alain , Abdelkrim Skander Ben , Comparetto Ciro
Published: August 2013

Purpose

The rapid development in molecular biological technologies makes it possible to screen and to diagnosis thousands of genetic conditions, mutations and also predispositions to chronic diseases or traits, either prenatally or after birth. Clinical application of noninvasive prenatal diagnosis (NIPD) using fetal deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in maternal plasma has become a reality. We review the latest developments in screening and diagnosis of chromosomal diseases and a new noninvasive method of prenatal diagnosis.

Materials and methods

PrenaTest™ (LifeCodexx AG, Konstanz, Germany, patented and licensed by Sequenom Inc., San Diego, California, USA) is a molecular genetic test that can detect fetal trisomy 21 with a high precision level from maternal blood using new generation multiplex genome sequencing techniques. The test is based on the analysis of extracellular fetal DNA measured in the blood of pregnant women: Cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA).

Results

In the case of trisomy 21, there were found 105 specific fragments of chromosome 21, 15 of fetal origin and 90 of maternal origin. The validity of PrenaTest™ has been demonstrated by many tests (427 cases), and the sensitivity was 95%, with a false negative rate of 5% and a specificity of 99.5%. Anyway, an additional ultrasound can always be performed to assess fetal morphology.

Conclusion

The arrival of the molecular genetic era also leads to many new ethical, social and medicolegal problems and dilemmas that obstetricians will have to face in the near future. There is an urgent need for the development of a new model for provision of genetic screening and diagnosis.

How to cite this article

Borruto F, Treisser A, Abdelkrim SB, Comparetto C. The End of Amniocentesis? From TriTest to PrenaTestTM. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2013;7(2):213-218.
Long-range transport of giant particles in Asian dust identified by physical, mineralogical, and meteorological analysis
Authors: Jeong G. Y. , Kim J. Y. , Seo J. , Kim G. M. , Jin H. C. , Chun Y.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Giant particles transported over long distances are generally of limited concern in atmospheric studies due to their low number concentrations in mineral dust and possible local origin. However, they can play an important role in regional circulation of earth materials due to their enormous volume concentration. Asian dust laden with giant particles was observed in Korea on 31 March 2012, after a migration of about 2000 km across the Yellow Sea from the Gobi Desert. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) revealed that 20% of the particles exceeded 10 μm in equivalent sphere diameter, with a maximum of 60 μm. The median diameter from the number distribution was 5.7 μm, which was larger than the diameters recorded of 2.5 and 2.9 μm in Asian dust storms in 2010 and 2011, respectively, and was consistent with independent optical particle counter data. Giant particles (> 10 μm) contributed about 89% of the volume of the dust in the 2012 storm. Illite-smectite series clay minerals were the major mineral group followed by quartz, plagioclase, K-feldspar, and calcite. The total phyllosilicate content was ~ 52%. The direct long-range transport of giant particles was confirmed by calcite nanofibers closely associated with clays in a submicron scale identified by high-resolution SEM and transmission electron microscopy. Since giant particles consisted of clay agglomerates and clay-coated quartz, feldspars, and micas, the mineral composition varied little throughout the fine (< 5 μm), coarse (5–10 μm), giant-S (10–20 μm), and giant-L (> 20 μm) size bins. Analysis of the synoptic conditions of the 2012 dust event and its migration indicated that the mid-tropospheric strong wind belt directly stretching to Korea induced rapid transport of the dust, delivering giant particles. Giant dust particles with high settling velocity would be the major input into the terrestrial and marine sedimentary and ecological systems of East Asia and the western Pacific. Analysis of ancient aeolian deposits in Korea suggested the common deposition of giant particles from Asian dust through the late Quaternary period. The roles of giant particles should be reviewed with regard to regional circulation of mineral particles and nutrients.
The vague volcano-seismic clock of the South American Pacific margin
Authors: Scalera G.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. During his trip on the Beagle, Charles Darwin wrote about the eruptions associated with the Concepción earthquake of 1835. A later survey by Lorenzo Casertano, following the great 1960 Chilean earthquake, identified some unclear evidence of a link between eruptions and the seismic event, although some reservations were also raised. Using data available in 2006 in the Smithsonian Institution Catalogue of volcanic eruptions, Scalera revealed grounded evidence that South-American Wadati-Benioff zone earthquakes of magnitudes greater than 8.4 are associated with an increased rate of volcanic eruptions, but it was still impossible to determine a causal link between the two phenomena. An average return period of about 50 yr was deducible from the data for the time window 1800–1999. After 2006, the Smithsonian Institution's effort to improve our knowledge of this region has greatly increased the completeness of the catalogue, adding the eruptions from the 2000–2010 interval, together with 50 % more new entries in the list of Andean volcanoes. The great Chilean Maule earthquake of 27 February 2010 (M=8.8), occurring exactly five decades after the 1960 event, provided an occasion to reanalyse this updated database. The results suggest a preferential causal eruptions-earthquake relationship, but additional future volcano-seismic events should be studied to arrive at a definitive conclusion, within the perspective of using this phenomenon for Civil Protection. The possible correlation of South American volcano-seismic events with the Markowitz oscillation of the Polar Motion is another good reason for trying to establish an integrated geodynamic explanation.
Stack emission monitoring using non-dispersive infrared spectroscopy with an optimized nonlinear absorption cross interference correction algorithm
Authors: Sun Y. W. , Liu C. , Chan K. L. , Xie P. H. , Liu W. Q. , Zeng Y. , Wang S. M. , Huang S. H. , Chen J. , Wang Y. P. , Si F. Q.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In this paper, we present an optimized analysis algorithm for non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) to in situ monitor stack emissions. The proposed algorithm simultaneously compensates for nonlinear absorption and cross interference among different gases. We present a mathematical derivation for the measurement error caused by variations in interference coefficients when nonlinear absorption occurs. The proposed algorithm is derived from a classical one and uses interference functions to quantify cross interference. The interference functions vary proportionally with the nonlinear absorption. Thus, interference coefficients among different gases can be modeled by the interference functions whether gases are characterized by linear or nonlinear absorption. In this study, the simultaneous analysis of two components (CO2 and CO) serves as an example for the validation of the proposed algorithm. The interference functions in this case can be obtained by least-squares fitting with third-order polynomials. Experiments show that the results of cross interference correction are improved significantly by utilizing the fitted interference functions when nonlinear absorptions occur. The dynamic measurement ranges of CO2 and CO are improved by about a factor of 1.8 and 3.5, respectively. A commercial analyzer with high accuracy was used to validate the CO and CO2 measurements derived from the NDIR analyzer prototype in which the new algorithm was embedded. The comparison of the two analyzers show that the prototype works well both within the linear and nonlinear ranges.
Does the Fukushima NPP disaster affect the caesium activity of North Atlantic Ocean fish?
Authors: Kanisch G. , Aust M.-O.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Fillet samples of marine fish collected from the East/West Greenland currents (GC) and from the Baltic Sea (BS) have been investigated by gamma-ray spectrometry within the regular German monitoring programme. In samples of the second half of 2011, 134Cs traces have been detected that are suggested to originate from the Fukushima fallout that was deposited in March/April 2011 over the northern North Atlantic and accumulated by fish. The radionuclide 134Cs (half-life 2 yr) was indeed detected with quite small activities at about 0.0036 Bq kg−1 w.w. Existing box models describing the transport of Cs within seawater boxes of the northeast Atlantic allowed for estimation of 134Cs contributions from other sources, i.e. from the Chernobyl fallout and from discharges by the two major European nuclear reprocessing plants; both were negligible around Greenland, while for the Chernobyl fallout a small 134Cs background contribution to BS fish was estimated. Model results confirmed the level of 134C measured in BS fish and showed its maximum to have occurred in winter 2011/2012 followed by a continuous decrease. It was also determined that 134Cs activity, but not that of 134Cs, showed a significant negative correlation with sampling depth (150–400 m) of GC fish; this strengthens our Fukushima fallout assumption. As a result, the Fukushima fallout in these sea areas only marginally enhanced (GC: 4%; BS: 0.1%) pre-Fukushima levels of individual dose rates received by human fish consumers; the addition was around 0.001 μSv following the consumption of 10 kg of fish per year, which is not expected to cause concern according to present guidelines for radiation protection.
Modeling the effects of organic nitrogen uptake by plants on the carbon cycling of boreal ecosystems
Authors: Zhu Q. , Zhuang Q.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Boreal forest and tundra are the major ecosystems in the northern high latitudes in which a large amount of carbon is stored. These ecosystems are nitrogen-limited due to slow mineralization rate of the soil organic nitrogen. Recently, abundant field studies have found that organic nitrogen is another important nitrogen supply for boreal ecosystems. In this study, we incorporated a mechanism that allowed boreal plants to uptake small molecular amino acids into a process-based biogeochemical model, the Terrestrial Ecosystem Model (TEM), to evaluate the impact of organic nitrogen uptake on ecosystem carbon cycling. The new version of the model was evaluated at both boreal forest and tundra sites. We found that the modeled organic nitrogen uptake accounted for 36–87% of total nitrogen uptake by plants in tundra ecosystems and 26–50% for boreal forests, suggesting that tundra ecosystem might have more relied on the organic form of nitrogen than boreal forests. The simulated monthly gross ecosystem production (GPP) and net ecosystem production (NEP) tended to be larger with the new version of the model since the plant uptake of organic nitrogen alleviated the soil nitrogen limitation especially during the growing season. The sensitivity study indicated that the most important factors controlling the plant uptake of organic nitrogen were the maximum root uptake rate (Imax) and the radius of the root (r0) in our model. The model uncertainty due to uncertain parameters associated with organic nitrogen uptake at tundra ecosystem was larger than at boreal forest ecosystems. This study suggests that considering the organic nitrogen uptake by plants is important to boreal ecosystem carbon modeling.
Qualitative and quantitative reconstruction of surface water characteristics and recent hydrographic changes in the Trondheimsfjord, central Norway
Authors: Milzer G. , Giraudeau J. , Schmidt S. , Eynaud F. , Faust J.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In the present study we investigate dinocyst assemblages in the Trondheimsfjord over the last 25 to 50 yr from three well-dated multi-cores (210Pb and 137Cs) retrieved along the fjord axis. The downcore distribution of the cysts is discussed in view of changes of the key surface water parameters sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) and sea-surface salinities (SSSs) monitored in the fjord, as well as river discharges. We examine the impact of the North Atlantic Oscillation pattern and of waste water supply from the local industry and agriculture on the fjord ecological state and hence dinocyst species diversity. Our results show that dinocyst production and diversity in the fjord is not evidently affected by human-induced eutrophication. Instead the assemblages appear to be mainly controlled by the NAO-related changes in physico-chemical characteristics of the surface mixed layer. Still, discharges of major rivers were modulated, since 1985 by the implementation of hydropower plants which certainly influences the freshwater and nutrient supply into the fjord. The impact, however, is variable according to the local geographical setting, and barely differentiated from natural changes in river run off. We ultimately test the use of the modern analogue technique (MAT) for the reconstruction of winter and summer SSTs and SSSs and annual primary productivity (PP) in this particular fjord setting. The reconstructed data are compared with time-series of SSTs and SSSs measured at 10 m water depth, as well as with mean annual PPs along the Norwegian coast and within Scandinavian fjords. The reconstructions are in general good agreement with the instrumental measurements and observations from other fjords. Major deviations can be addressed to peculiarities in the assemblages linked to the particular fjord setting and the related hydrological structure.
Late Pliocene and early Pleistocene environments of the north-eastern Russian Arctic inferred from the Lake El'gygytgyn pollen record
Authors: Andreev A. A. , Tarasov P. E. , Wennrich V. , Raschke E. , Herzschuh U. , Nowaczyk N. R. , Brigham-Grette J. , Melles M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. The 318 m thick lacustrine sediment record in Lake El'gygytgyn, northeastern Russian Arctic cored by the international El'gygytgyn Drilling Project provides unique opportunities allowing the time-continuous reconstruction of the regional paleoenvironmental history for the past 3.6 Myr. Pollen studies of the lower 216 m of the lacustrine sediments show their value as an excellent archive of vegetation and climate changes during the Late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene. About 3.50–3.35 Myr BP the vegetation at Lake El'gygytgyn, in nowadays tundra area, was dominated by spruce-larch-fir-hemlock forests. After ca. 3.4 Myr BP dark coniferous taxa gradually disappeared. A very pronounced environmental changes took place at ca. 3.305–3.275 Myr BP, corresponding with the Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) M2, when treeless tundra- and steppe-like habitats became dominant in the regional vegetation. Climate conditions were similar to those of Late Pleistocene cold intervals. Numerous coprophilous fungi spores identified in the pollen samples suggest the presence of grazing animals around the lake. Following the MIS M2 event, larch-pine forests with some spruce mostly dominated in the area until ca. 2.6 Myr BP, interrupted by colder and drier intervals ca. 3.04–3.02, 2.93–2.91, and 2.725–2.695 Myr BP. At the beginning of the Pleistocene, ca. 2.6 Myr BP, noticeable climatic deterioration occurred. Forested habitats changed to predominantly treeless and shrubby environments, which reflect a relatively cold and dry climate. Revealed peaks in green algae colonies (Botryococcus) around 2.53, 2.45, 2.320–2.305 and 2.175–2.150 Myr BP suggest a spread of shallow water environments. Few intervals (i.e. 2.55–2.53, ca. 2.37, and 2.35–2.32 Myr BP) with a higher presence of coniferous taxa (mostly pine and larch) document some relatively short-term climate ameliorations.
The instability of diffusive convection and its implication for the thermohaline staircases in the deep Arctic Ocean
Authors: Zhou S.-Q. , Qu L. , Lu Y.-Z. , Song X.-L.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. In the present study, the classical description of diffusive convection is updated to interpret the instability of diffusive interfaces and the dynamical evolution of the bottom layer in the deep Arctic Ocean. In the new consideration of convective instability, both the background salinity stratification and rotation are involved. The critical Rayleigh number of diffusive convection is found to vary from 103 to 1011 in the deep Arctic Ocean as well as in other oceans and lakes. In such a wide range of conditions, the interface-induced thermal Rayleigh number is indicated to be consistent with the critical Rayleigh number of diffusive convection. In most regions, background salinity stratification is found to be the main hindrance to the occurrence of convecting layers. With the new parameterization, it is predicted that the maximum thickness of the bottom layer is 1051 m, which is close to the observed value of 929 m. And the evolution time of the bottom layer is predicted to be of the same order as that based on 14C isolation age estimation.
Glacier changes in the Karakoram region mapped by multi-mission satellite imagery
Authors: Rankl M. , Vijay S. , Kienholz C. , Braun M.
Published: August 2013

Abstract. Glaciers in the Karakoram region are known to show stable and advancing terminus positions or surging behavior, which contrasts the worldwide retreat of many mountain glaciers. The present study uses Landsat imagery to derive an updated and extended glacier inventory. Surging and advancing glaciers and their annual termini position changes are mapped in addition. Out of 1334 glaciers, 134 show advancing or surging behavior, with a marked increase since 2000. The length distribution of surging glaciers differs significantly from non-surging glaciers. More than 50% of the advancing/surging glaciers are shorter than 10 km. Besides a regional spatial coverage of ice dynamics, high-resolution SAR data allows to investigate very small and comparably fast flowing glaciers (up to 1.8 m day−1). Such data enables mapping of temporal changes of ice dynamics of individual small surging or advancing glaciers. In a further case study, glacier volume changes of three glaciers around Braldu Glacier are quantified during a surge event comparing digital elevation models from the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) and the new TerraSAR-X add-on for Digital Elevation Measurement (TanDEM-X) Mission. We recommend regular acquisitions of high resolution (bi-static) SAR satellite data and further exploitation of the archives in order to generate an improved database for monitoring changes, and to at least partially compensate for the lack of in-situ and long-term climatological measurements in the Karakoram region.
Características do atendimento pré-natal na Rede Básica de Saúde
Authors: Costa Christina Souto Cavalcante , Vila Vanessa De Carvalho , Rodrigues Flávia Melo , Martins Cleusa Alves , Pinho Lícia Maria Oliveira
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.15635 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.15635 RESUMO O objetivo deste survey descritivo-exploratório foi analisar as características do atendimento pré-natal na rede de atenção básica à saúde. Os dados foram coletados por meio de entrevista estruturada e submetidos à análise estatística descritiva. Os resultados evidenciaram inadequações relacionadas ao início tardio do pré-natal, à realização da ultrassonografia e à baixa participação em atividades educativas. O índice de Kessner modificado por Takeda indicou baixo nível de adequação do pré-natal (35%). Identificou-se a necessidade de promover intervenções em saúde para melhorar o acesso precoce das gestantes ao pré-natal e monitorar o cumprimento dos protocolos assistenciais preconizados para garantir uma prática segura de cuidados à saúde durante a gestação, parto e puerpério. Descritores: Cuidado Pré-Natal; Enfermagem Obstétrica; Saúde da Mulher.
Promoção de saúde nas escolas na perspectiva de professores do ensino fundamental
Authors: Costa Gabriela Maria Cavalcanti , Cavalcanti Vagner Martins , Barbosa Mayara Lima , Celino Suely Deysny de Matos , França Inácia Sátiro Xavier de , Sousa Francisco Stélio de
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.15769 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.15769 RESUMO Para caracterizar atividades de Promoção da Saúde desenvolvidas pelos professores do ensino fundamental de três escolas públicas na Paraíba, realizou-se estudo descritivo, de natureza qualitativa, desenvolvido em 2010. Foram entrevistados 32 professores. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de conteúdo e agrupados em categorias temáticas. Emergiram as seguintes categorias: conhecimentos teóricos acerca da promoção da saúde e a prática da promoção da saúde nas escolas, esta segunda ainda encampou as subcategorias: o planejamento das ações de promoção da saúde nas escolas, ações escolares de promoção da saúde, avaliação escolar das ações de promoção da saúde e expectativas dos professores para a execução de ações de promoção da saúde. Dessa forma, a promoção da saúde precisa ser abordada de forma transversal, integrada e intersetorial, com diálogo entre educação e saúde, compondo redes de compromisso e co-responsabilidade para a mobilização de ações. O enfermeiro precisa participar da rede social de apoio. Descritores: Enfermagem; Promoção da Saúde; Saúde Escolar.
Percepção dos docentes sobre o preparo dos graduandos de enfermagem para cuidar do paciente com dor*
Authors: Romanek Flávia Alves Ribeiro Monclùs , Avelar Maria do Carmo Querido
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.16732 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.16732 RESUMO O ensino sobre o gerenciamento da dor pela Enfermagem deve ser prioridade nos cursos de graduação. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a percepção dos docentes sobre o preparo dos graduandos de Enfermagem para cuidar do paciente com dor. Trata-se de uma pesquisa descritiva e qualitativa desenvolvida em uma universidade no Município de Mogi das Cruzes. Os participantes foram 10 enfermeiros docentes que lecionaram Disciplinas de Enfermagem no ano de 2010. Utilizou-se como método a análise de conteúdo. Emergiram as categorias: O gerenciamento da dor como abordagem de Disciplinas específicas; O (des) preparo do aluno da graduação para cuidar do paciente com dor; Competências associadas ao ensino da dor. O estudo mostra a necessidade de direcionamento de esforços voltados ao desenvolvimento do processo de ensino e aprendizagem com vistas à inserção do cuidado ao paciente com dor no currículo do curso de graduação em Enfermagem de forma holística. Descritores: Dor; Ensino Superior; Enfermagem.
Seguimento do pré-termo no primeiro ano de vida após alta hospitalar: avaliando o crescimento pondoestatural
Authors: Viera Claudia Silveira , Rech Raquel , Oliveira Beatriz Rosana Gonçalves de , Maraschin Maristela Salete
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.17427 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.17247. RESUMO A avaliação da saúde da criança se dá pelo acompanhamento do crescimento e desenvolvimento infantil. Desta forma, ressalta-se a importância de conhecer como ocorre o crescimento de crianças nascidas prematuramente e que permaneceram hospitalizadas. Objetivou-se descrever o padrão de crescimento dos prematuros acompanhados no ambulatório de enfermagem durante o primeiro ano após a alta hospitalar. Estudo quantitativo, descritivo e retrospectivo, que analisou dados pela estatística descritiva com uso do Programa R. Integraram o estudo 25 prematuros, acompanhados no ambulatório de seguimento do prematuro de um hospital escola do Paraná, de outubro de 2009 a setembro de 2010. O perímetro cefálico mostrou melhor perfil de crescimento, com catch up precoce, seguido de aumento discreto no peso e comprimento. Identificando o crescimento pondoestatural após a alta hospitalar, propicia-se subsídios para aprimorar a assistência à saúde desse grupo, direcionando ações ao seu crescimento saudável e minimizando possíveis sequelas. Descritores: Continuidade da Assistência ao Paciente; Prematuro; Crescimento; Unidades de Terapia Intensiva Neonatal; Enfermagem Pediátrica.
Características de usuários frequentes de serviços de urgência: revisão integrativa
Authors: Acosta Aline Marques , Lima Maria Alice Dias da Silva
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.17526 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.17526 RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar e analisar a produção de conhecimento sobre as características dos usuários frequentes dos serviços de urgência. Realizou-se uma revisão integrativa, com busca nas bases de dados Science Direct, Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL), Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online (MEDLINE), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS) e Scientific Electronic Library Online (SCIELO). Foram selecionados 26 artigos que atenderam aos critérios de inclusão. Evidenciou-se que, de modo geral, usuários frequentes têm mais chances de ser do sexo feminino, ter idade entre 30 e 65 anos e ser desempregado. São geralmente socioeconomicamente mais vulneráveis e apresentam problemas de saúde precários, utilizando, dessa forma, frequentemente outros serviços de saúde. Destaca-se a falta de estudos sobre o tema no âmbito nacional, como também a escassez de literatura internacional com evidências fortes. Descritores: Enfermagem em Emergência; Serviços Médicos de Emergência; Serviço Hospitalar de Emergência.
Sentimentos de pais de crianças acidentadas em automóveis sem uso de assento de segurança infantil
Authors: Ferreira Rosangela Martins , Carvalho Maria Dalva De Barros
Published: August 2013

doi: 10.5216/ree.v15i2.18111 - http://dx.doi.org/10.5216/ree.v15i2.18111. RESUMO Os acidentes se configuram em um problema de saúde pública no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi compreender a experiência de pais de crianças vítimas de acidentes automobilísticos sem a utilização de Assento de Segurança Infantil (ASI) ocorridos em Londrina, Paraná, de 2008 a 2011. Estudo exploratório de abordagem qualitativa. Os participantes foram 17 pais de crianças de zero a oito anos, atendidas pelo Sistema Integrado de Atendimento ao Trauma de Emergência (SIATE) e encaminhadas a hospitais. A análise dos dados se deu através da análise de conteúdo, resultando em duas categorias: Acidente de trânsito: quem está a salvo?; Sentimentos no momento do acidente. Concluiu-se que as pessoas não acreditam que acidentes possam acontecer consigo ou com pessoas próximas. Sentimentos de nervosismo são os observados no momento do acidente. A educação se mostra como ponto de partida para o uso do ASI, daí a importância do enfermeiro como profissional educador. Descritores: Assentos de Segurança Infantil; Acidentes de Trânsito; Enfermagem; Criança.
ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITES BASED ON NANOSPHERICAL PARTICLES AND CARBON NANOTUBES: A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Bokobza Liliane
Published: August 2013

The reinforcement of elastomeric materials by addition of mineral fillers represents one of the most important aspects in the field of rubber science and technology. The improvement in mechanical properties arises from hydrodynamic effects depending mainly on the amount of filler and the aspect ratio of the particles and also on polymer–filler interactions depending on the surface characteristics of the filler particles and the chemical nature of the polymer. The past few years have seen the extensive use of nanometer-scale particles of different morphologies on account of the small size of the filler and the corresponding increase in the surface area that allow a considerable increase in mechanical properties even at very low filler loading. Among these nanoparticles, spherical particles (such as silica or titania) generated in situ by the sol-gel process and carbon nanotubes are typical examples of materials used as a nanosize reinforcing additive. Specific features of filled elastomers are discussed through the existing literature and through results of the author's research based on poly(dimethylsiloxane) filled with spherical silica or titania particles and on styrene–butadiene rubber filled with multiwall carbon nanotubes. The reinforcing ability of each type of filler is discussed in terms of morphology, state of dispersion (investigated by transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, small-angle neutron scattering), and mechanical and electrical properties. In addition, the use of molecular spectroscopies provides valuable information on the polymer–filler interface. Spherical silica and titania spherical particles are shown to exhibit two distinct morphologies, two different polymer–filler interfaces that influence the mechanical properties of the resulting materials. The superiority of carbon nanotubes over carbon black for mechanical reinforcement and electrical conduction is mainly attributed to their large aspect ratio rather than to strong polymer–filler interactions. The use of hybrid fillers (carbon nanotubes in addition to carbon black or silica, for example) has been shown to give promising results by promoting an enhancement of mechanical and electrical properties with regard to each single filler.
ELASTOMER COMPOSITES BASED ON CARBON NANOTUBES AND IONIC LIQUID
Authors: Subramaniam Kalaivani , Das Amit , Stöckelhuber Klaus Werner , Heinrich Gert
Published: August 2013

Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are known for excellent electrical conductivity and high elastic modulus. But difficulties arise in realizing their potential in matrices due to their existence in the form of aggregates or agglomerates. A simplified mixing technique using ionic liquid (IL) was developed to improve the dispersion of CNTs in elastomers. At first, CNTs were modified using an IL, 1-butyl-3-methyl-imidazolium-bis-(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)-imide in a mortar and pestle, and later, the modified tubes were incorporated into elastomers using a two-roll mill. The effect of modified tubes and IL on polar polychloroprene and nonpolar solution styrene butadiene rubber is studied. Enhanced dispersion and networking of CNTs can be achieved using this technique, based on which highly conducting composites were developed. Moreover, the composites with modified CNTs exhibited higher mechanical properties (tensile modulus, hardness) and thermal stability than the composites with unmodified CNTs. ILs are also found to have multifunctional roles (as antioxidants, as coupling agents) in the composites. The applications of composites with a particular focus on actuators and sensors are also discussed.
MOLECULAR MODELING OF THERMAL AND MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF ELASTOMERS: A REVIEW
Authors: Jha Kshitij C. , Tsige Mesfin
Published: August 2013

Elastomers have varied applications from adhesives, sealants, encapsulants, and coatings to specialty usage in electronics, aviation, optical, and communications industries due to their high structural stability. In addition, more and more biological applications of elastomeric compounds are gaining ground, particularly in mimetic architecture. Modeling and simulation provide tools by which the interactions leading to various structure–property relationships can be explored at the micro level. An understanding of these processes could cut down on the extensive and expensive trial-and-error experiments as well as provide a benchmark for material design. This review article explores the work done by different groups, especially at the molecular level, to model the properties of both thermoplastic and thermoset elastomers. Each presents its own challenges and solutions: from microphase separation to network building and force field parameterization. The results of these modeling efforts along with the challenges are presented in this review work.
Doer and Deed: Responses to Acampora and Anderson
Authors: Pippin Robert
Published: August 2013

Under the press of questions and comments by Christa Davis Acampora and R. Lanier Anderson, I attempt here to clarify the understanding of human agency that I attribute to Nietzsche in my book, Nietzsche, Psychology, and First Philosophy. A central issue concerns what Nietzsche means in Genealogy I:13, in his famous “lightning-flash” metaphor. I argue that the task posed to us by this passage is to understand it in a way that is consistent with Nietzsche's genealogies and critiques, all of which involve psychological explanations, and so suggest a psychological model of motivated agency, consistent with what appears to be GM I:13's denial of the basic presupposition of the notion of agency: a distinction between the doer, as instigator of the bodily movement, and the deed. Against objections, I defend the claim that Nietzsche proposes an “expressivist” account that preserves the notion of agency.
Valuation and the Will to Power: Nietzsche's Ethics with Ontology
Authors: Rydenfelt Henrik
Published: August 2013

Nietzsche's texts invite perplexing questions about the justification and objectivity of his ethical views. According to the interpretation suggested here, Nietzsche does not advance a substantive (first-order) normative ethics, but proposes, based on his ontological idea of will to power, an instrumentalist theory of (second-order) value. He is not a realist about value—according to him, nothing is intrinsically valuable. However, things, actions, beliefs, and values can be evaluated with reference to their capacities in serving our fundamental quest for power. The central advantage of this interpretation against competing readings is that it attempts to make sense of how an “objective” (r)evaluation fits together with antirealism or nihilism about value, including how the “ethics” of will to power is to be understood alongside the metaphysical and ethical doctrine of eternal recurrence.
Orchestral Metaphysics: The Birth of Tragedy between Drama, Opera, and Philosophy
Authors: Mulhall Stephen
Published: August 2013

This article argues that Nietzsche's Birth of Tragedy is an attempt to forge a mode of discourse that draws equally upon the resources of tragic drama, opera, and philosophy, and thereby attempts to disclose their internal relatedness, in order both to exemplify and to enable the attainment of a nonelitist species of perfectionism—one that has both an individual and a cultural dimension (with the latter finding expression in a willingness to question and reconfigure existing boundaries between the moral, the political, and the aesthetic domains, among others). The article thereby contributes to an interpretative tradition initiated in recent work by James Conant and Stanley Cavell, by extending its range of textual application.
Nietzsche and Lamarckism
Authors: Schacht Richard
Published: August 2013

Nietzsche considered it to be important for philosophers to be scientifically informed in their philosophical thinking. I suggest that this conviction led him to embrace a biological idea that seemed at the time to be scientifically sound but subsequently turned out not to be. (He then compounded the problem by making much of what he took to be its social and political implications.) I refer to the now-discredited (Lamarckian) idea that it is possible for characteristics acquired by individual creatures of some type (through intensive application, however prompted) to be biologically transmitted in some degree to their progeny. I make my case for this reading of him by drawing attention to a variety of texts that would seem to commit him to this idea, and I consider how we might best deal with and even benefit interpretively from recognizing this to have been an instance of his having gone astray.
One Hundred Twenty-Two Years Later: Reassessing the Nietzsche-Darwin Relationship
Authors: Johnson Dirk R.
Published: August 2013

Nietzsche's perspective on Darwin and Darwinism has received increased scrutiny in recent years, a reflection of the fact that scholars have sensed that the Nietzsche-Darwin connection has not been adequately assessed and that their relationship might be more significant than has been previously assumed. Renewed interest in Nietzsche's alleged naturalism has also focused attention on that scientific paradigm, which best reflects the triumph of the naturalist perspective in the modern era, namely Darwinism. But while numerous studies have pointed to the overlap and shared concerns of both thinkers, no one has systematically interpreted Nietzsche's reception of Darwin as a fundamental antagonism, one that had emerged from an initial sympathy to the Darwinian approach in the early years and ended in a foundational critique. By examining Nietzsche in this way, one can appreciate Nietzsche's critique of Darwinism as one significant component of his larger assault on contemporary culture and decadence, which became his central concern in his final works.
Darwin and Nietzsche: Selection, Evolution, and Morality
Authors: Wilson Catherine
Published: August 2013

This article discusses Nietzsche's interpretation of Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection and the basis for his rejection of the major elements of Darwin's overall scheme on observational grounds. Nietzsche's further opposition to the attempt of Darwin and many of his followers to reconcile the “struggle for existence” with Christian ethics is the subject of the second half of the essay.
Stealing Is Not Gross: Language Distinguishes Visceral Disgust From Moral Violations
Authors: Herz Rachel S. , Hinds Alden
Published: August 2013

The similarity between moral and visceral disgust is a current topic of debate. One method of investigating this issue has been to examine the use of language. Prior work has shown that the words disgust and anger are often used interchangeably to describe offense toward immoral behavior involving harm (autonomy violations), whereas "grossed out" is reserved for viscerally repulsive stimuli. Based on these findings we developed a questionnaire and tested 126 undergraduates for how they used the words disgusted, angry, grossed out, and morally right or morally wrong to rate various responses toward ethics of autonomy social situations. We found that grossed out was least endorsed for these transgressions and that ratings on this measure did not correspond to ratings of moral wrongness. Moreover, individual differences in visceral disgust sensitivity had no association with participants’ evaluations or use of any of the descriptors. By contrast, ratings for angry and disgusted were equivalently and highly endorsed for autonomy violations, and the ratings given with these descriptors also corresponded to the ratings given for moral wrongness. These findings add to growing evidence that moral disgust is not visceral (gross) but rather appears to be representative of anger even though autonomy violations are often labeled as "disgusting."
Nostalgia: Retreat or Support in Difficult Times?
Authors: Batcho Krystine Irene
Published: August 2013

The relationship between nostalgia and coping during difficult times was explored in 2 empirical studies. In the first, 80 undergraduates, 60 women and 20 men, completed the Nostalgia Inventory, a measure of nostalgia proneness, the COPE Inventory, a dispositional measure of strategies for coping with stressful events, and the Childhood Survey, a survey of impressions of childhood experiences. Nostalgia proneness correlated with use of adaptive coping, including emotional social support, expressing emotions, turning to religion, and suppressing competing activities, and did not correlate with escapist or avoidance strategies, including denial, behavioral disengagement, and substance abuse. Nostalgia proneness was related positively to favorable emotional and behavioral childhood experiences and did not correlate with adverse experiences. Favorable impressions of childhood correlated positively with adaptive coping strategies and inversely with dysfunctional ones, whereas unfavorable childhood experiences correlated positively with dysfunctional coping. Regression analyses suggested that the relationship between nostalgia proneness and certain coping strategies may be mediated in part by childhood experiences. In a second study, 100 undergraduates, 86 women and 14 men, completed the Nostalgia Inventory, recalled autobiographical memories that illustrated how childhood is either special or similar to their present life, and rated their likely use of strategies in dealing with 2 hypothetical problems. Nostalgia proneness correlated with emotional and instrumental social coping and with the goal-directed strategies of planning, taking action, and positive reframing. Further research is recommended to explore the role of childhood memories in coping and to identify mechanisms that mediate the relationship between nostalgia and coping.
Hostage/Crisis Negotiations: Lessons Learned from the Bad, the Mad, and the Sad
Authors: Mijares Tom
Published: August 2013

Letter to the Editor
Bio-écologie des diatomées épilithiques de la rivière Mfoundi (Yaoundé, Cameroun) : diversité, distribution spatiale et influence des pollutions organiques
Authors: Menye Daniel Ébang , Zébazé Togouet Serge Hubert , Menbohan Samuel Foto , Kemka Norbert , Nola Moïse , Boutin Claude , Nguetsop Victor François , Djaouda Moussa , Njiné Thomas
Published: August 2013

Sont considérés dans cette étude, l’impact des rejets polluants d’origines urbaine et industrielle sur la qualité des eaux du Mfoundi, l’abondance, la richesse spécifique et la structure des communautés diatomiques qui peuplent ce cours d’eau. Le calcul du pourcentage de taxons tolérants à la pollution organique a permis d’évaluer la réponse de ces algues à l’enrichissement du milieu en matières organiques. Les analyses physico-chimiques des eaux mettent en évidence l’existence d’un gradient de pollution croissant de l’amont à l’aval de la rivière. Le cours supérieur présente des eaux turbides avec des teneurs élevées de matières en suspension. Les cours moyen et inférieur sont fortement contaminés par les matières organiques qu’apportent les eaux usées domestiques et les effluents industriels qu’ils reçoivent. Au total, 237 taxons de diatomées épilithiques, majoritairement cosmopolites, appartenant à 39 genres répartis dans 25 familles, ont été inventoriés. Le développement dans le cours supérieur du Mfoundi de taxons tels que Gomphonema parvulum (Kützing) Kützing et variétés, Gomphonema gracile Ehrenberg et Navicula radiosa Kützing, est associé essentiellement à la turbidité des eaux de ce tronçon. La distribution de Nitzschia palea (Kützing) W. Smith, Navicula geoppertiana (Bleisch) Grunow, Navicula mutica Kützing et Pinnularia subcapitata Gregory dans les cours moyen et inférieur est étroitement liée à la charge organique et la forte minéralisation des eaux. N. palea est l’espèce la plus abondante dans les stations Mf5 (66 %) et Mf6 (53 %), indiquant une importante pollution organique de ces sites sous l’effet des rejets des industries brassicoles et vinicoles opérant dans leur voisinage. La variation spatiale de la diversité spécifique n’a pas souligné toute l’ampleur de l’altération de la qualité des eaux; toutefois, l’analyse du pourcentage de taxons polluo-tolérants révèle que les apports graduels en nutriments et en matières organiques dans les cours moyen et inférieur contribuent à l’eutrophisation progressive de ces secteurs. Il est montré que les diatomées épilithiques sont sensibles à la variation de la qualité de l’eau du Mfoundi, et peuvent être utilisées comme bioindicateurs de l’état de santé des cours d’eau urbains du Cameroun.