bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Conocimientos de Biología al terminar el curso de orientación universitaria
Authors: García Barquero P. , Nieda Juana , Aguirre de Carcer I.
Published: June 2021

The levels of performance in a twofold Criterion Referenced Test covering different objectives of 12th grade biology contents is used to evaluate that curriculum. The test was taken by two samples of first year college students. Two analyses of variance were conducted: one between levels of performance on the test (number of criteria passed) and grades on the Spanish Biology Entrance examination test; the other between performance on the test and grades in first year General Biology, to explore both causes and consequences of entering university studies with those levels of performance.
Historia y Enseñanza de la Astronomía II. La posición de los cuerpos celestes
Authors: Ten A. E. , Monrós M. A.
Published: June 2021

In the following pages we continue the study of an ensamble of astronomical instruments utilized from early times, which still help us to complete an elementary knowledge of the position of the objects constituting the celestial sphere and their motions. Special emphasis has been given to their pedagogical implications.
Errores conceptuales en Biología. La fotosíntesis de las plantas verdes
Authors: Astudillo Pombo H. , Gené A.
Published: June 2021

This paper tries to point out the existence of conceptual errors in the learning of photosynthesis. They seem to arise from the same sources as those present in more deeply studied fields, such as mechanics.
Carácter general de la ley de Ahrrenius
Authors: Merino de la Fuente J. , Diego Beade A. M. de
Published: June 2021

In this paper we emphasize the general character of the Arrhenius Law showing its resemblance with the evaporation of liquids and the thermoionic effect laws and, generally, to the whole phenomena such as to perform the statistic thermodynamics laws.
Mitarbeitermotivation in der öffentlichen Verwaltung
Authors: Jopp Jonas , Rölle Daniel
Published: June 2021

Neben dem prognostizierten - teilweise schon vorhandenen - Personalmangel im öffentlichen Dienst Deutschlands besteht eine weitere Herausforderung darin, den vorhandenen Beschäftigten eine motivationsfördernde Arbeitsumgebung zu bieten, in der sie sich engagiert den vielfältigen Aufgaben des öffentlichen Dienstes widmen und die Leistungsfähigkeit der öffentlichen Verwaltung sicherstellen können. Wichtig ist es deshalb, Erkenntnisse bezüglich der Mitarbeitermotivation im öffentlichen Dienst und ihrer Einflussfaktoren zu gewinnen, um herauszufinden, wie ein Arbeitsumfeld gestaltet werden kann, das die Mitarbeitermotivation im öffentlichen Dienst fördert. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht die Mitarbeitermotivation in der Kommunalverwaltung der rheinland-pfälzischen Stadt Worms auf der Basis des Konzepts der Public Service Motivation (PSM) nach Perry und Wise. Neben der Übertragung auf den deutschen Verwaltungskontext wird die PSM auch konzeptionell erweitert.
Wahrnehmung von Qualität in der Arbeitgeberberatung der Bundesagentur für Arbeit
Authors: Moritz Ruth
Published: June 2021

Die Beratung von Arbeitgebern gehört zu den gesetzlich vorgesehenen Aufgaben der Bundesagentur für Arbeit. Dieser Aufsatz diskutiert die Frage, wie es möglich ist, ein über die Kundenwahrnehmung hinausgehendes, differenzierteres Bild der Qualität der Arbeitgeberberatung zu gewinnen und prüft anhand einer empirischen Untersuchung die Möglichkeiten und Grenzen einer Einbindung der Perspektive der Beraterinnen und Berater. Dabei zeigt sich, dass die befragten Beraterinnen und Berater ganz überwiegend in der Lage sind, ihre Beratungsqualität differenziert zu berichten. Es wäre deshalb denkbar, die Beratungsqualität in der Arbeitgeberberatung künftig zumindest zweidimensional zu betrachten. Um zu verstehen, wie die Selbstwahrnehmung der Beratungsqualität entsteht, wird mithilfe von Regressionsanalysen versucht, Einflussfaktoren zu identifizieren. Dabei zeigen sich die Selbsteinschätzung des Fachwissens sowie die Erfüllung durch den Aufgabenbereich als wichtige Prädiktoren.
The Measurement Handicapping System of USYRU
Authors: Strohmeier Daniel D.
Published: June 2021

In 1976 the United States Yacht Racing Union mandated a new handicapping system for offshore sailing yachts. The purpose was to provide equitable racing among yachts of diverse designs, a feature not possible under the existing International Offshore Rule. Making full use of the Pratt Project for sailing yacht research at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, USYRU evolved the Measurement Handicap System, in which ratings are expressed, not in linear measure as in past rules, but in predicted speeds on various points of sailing and in different wind velocities. The MHS was first used in the 1978 Bermuda Race. A feature of MHS is a set of regulations to require adequate cruising accommodations.
Photographic Essay: Ship Training on the Tall Ship GAZELA PRIMEIRO
Authors: Roewe George J.
Published: June 2021

The Gazela Primeiro, an 1883 Portugese fishing vessel, is owned by the Philadelphia Maritime Museum and is being used as a living museum, allowing modern day sailors to experience yesteryears' sailing life. The Gazela winters in Portland, Maine and sails each year with a complement of 40. The author shows and tells of shipboard life and the trip from Portland to Norfolk visiting ports along the way. The officers and training crew are Maine windjammers teaching Naval Sea Cadets from Philadelphia and Kansas City how to "let go and haul" while tacking ship. In three weeks, the crew experiences weather that goes from force 8 to a three day calm; she's greeted by a one fire boat salute in New York City's Harbor and is narrowly missed by a modern day cargo ship. Excitement, thrill, and hardships are packed into this three weeks aboard the Gazela Primeiro.
Kinetics in Small Boat Racing
Authors: Smith Peter G. , Cook William E.
Published: June 2021

In the early 1960’s, new techniques involving body movements and rapid, repeated trimming of the sails were developed in order to sail a small boat faster than ever before. Because these kinetic techniques drove a boat measurably faster, their use rapidly spread from class to class amongst the top competitors. In the attempt to try to stop small boat sailing from turning into a strictly athletic contest, the International Yacht Racing union introduced a rule in 1965 governing the use of Kinetics.

Since then, newer techniques have been developed that are not covered by the previous rule. Because these new methods are substantially faster, many top competitors are increasing their winning margins, the fleet is often forced to use kinetics in order to keep up. As a result of their rapidly spreading use, the TYRU has readdressed itself to this problem and has drafted a new proposal. Hopefully, this new rule, if adopted, will clearly define when the present techniques may be used and yet still allow for future developments in kinetic techniques.
Construction Design Approach for Contemporary Yacht Hulls
Authors: Bowles Russell
Published: June 2021

My first impression of the widely accepted rules for sizing structural members in the construction of sailing yachts was that it was the world of empirical mystery that arrived at structural solutions that would survive most normal events through sheer quantity of structure. Nevin's rules, Herreshoff's rules, Lloyds' rules all offered quick and useful solutions for sizing structural members for the style of yacht and materials available at the time the rules were created. Applied to the current popular style of relatively light displacement, fin keel/spade rudder cruising or racing yacht these rules gave solutions that were often clumsy and quite obviously well outside the range of interpolation intended for the rules.

The approach our office has taken to structures is based on Lloyds, and more recently the ABS Guide, heavily influenced by firsthand experience on boats over a lot of heavy air ocean racing, and colored to some degree by my training as a Civil Engineer.

As a starting point we sought to determine actual loadings that occur on a hull and then organise a structure capable of resisting these loads with whatever factors of safety are appropriate. Other influencing factors such as the nature of the load, resiliance and stiffness of the material, and type of structure should all be accounted for in determining scantlings.

Basing our philosophy on the engineering logic of load x how safe x to last how long = structure we have outlined in the following our approach which we are filling out and refining in the process of conducting our business. We have tailored this approach to sailing yachts in the medium to light displacement range with fin keels, spade rudders, with or without partial skeg. Any application outside this style must be done with care - less witchcraft, more science.
Selection Criteria For Plastics Used in Through­Hull Fittings
Authors: Harris Fraser , Leyden Jerry J.
Published: June 2021

The growing use of various plastics used in fittings for modern yachts has been of increasing concern to marine surveyors and yacht owners alike. Al though desirable from a cost and corrosion resistance standpoint compared to bronze, the selection of suitable materials is confusing and complex. Based on consideration of appropriate properties, viable choices should be limited to fiberglass reinforced nylons, acetals and PBT' s.
CHANGES IN THE COMMUNITY HEATING SHARE. INFLUENCE OF COEFFICIENTS ON THE NEW QUOTES
Authors: GONZALEZ FIGUEIRA GERARDO , Vidal Feal Cesar Andrés , VIDAL ABAD ALEJANDRO
Published: June 2021

ABSTRACT
In the next months the heating and D.H.W cost sharing criteria must be modified in many pre-existing buildings. A special case is the buildings with vertical pipelines, for these buildings the recognized form of the rule for the cost sharing is to install “allocators” or “calorimeters" in each heater. In this article a review of the percentages and coefficients adopted in other countries of the union is made and their influence is analyzed. Variants are proposed to calculate and apply the correction factors.A simple procedure is proposed to estimate consumption and new quotes, using a spreadsheet. The main conclusion is that only after a detailed study can a solution be reached that can be assumed by the majority of the community members.

Keywords: Efficient buildings, Community heating. Cost Sharind, Estimates fees.
L’économie sociale et solidaire et l’inscription territoriale des problèmes publics : émergence et enjeux d’un pôle territorial de coopération économique
Authors: Itçaina1 Xabier
Published: June 2021

L’économie sociale et solidaire (ESS) joue un rôle central dans l’inscription territoriale des problèmes publics, comme en témoigne en France le cas des pôles territoriaux de coopération économique (PTCE). Loin de se limiter à une addition de statuts entrepreneuriaux, l’ESS ambitionne ici de nourrir les modèles de développement territorial. À ce titre, le PTCE Sud Aquitaine, basé à Tarnos (Landes), associe une vingtaine de structures de l’ESS, collectivités et acteurs privés marchands dans une démarche de coopération territoriale. La constitution du PTCE témoigne d’un registre de construction et de traitement discret et confiné des problèmes publics territoriaux. Les problèmes publics y font l’objet d’un travail politique permanent de la part des acteurs. Ce travail politique vise d’abord à construire comme convergents des problèmes publics initialement distincts et sectoriels (emploi des jeunes, développement social et économique, équilibre entre économie productive et économie résidentielle, égalité entre les femmes et les hommes, création d’activités, circuits courts territoriaux, agriculture paysanne et alimentation) pour les fusionner dans un même projet territorial. Il entend ensuite harmoniser des constructions de problèmes publics distinctes selon les territoires engagés dans la coopération. Ces portages de problèmes publics peuvent s’agréger de façon vertueuse, ils peuvent aussi donner lieu à d’éventuelles tensions au moment de les hiérarchiser.
ECONOMIC BURDEN OF A NEGLECTED TROPICAL DIS-EASE IN AFRICA: THE CASE OF HUMAN AFRICAN TRYP-ANOSOMIASIS
Authors: Afolabi Ibikunle Joseph Afolabi Ibikunle
Published: June 2021

Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) are a category of diseases that cause severe infection to over one billion people worldwide. They impact the world’s poorest people, decrease the quality of life and productivity of employees, hinder physical and cognitive growth, contribute to maternal and child disease and even death. Despite the risks, they are overshadowed by the efforts to fight HIV/AIDS, malaria and tuberculosis, and considered to be “other diseases” that are not really catered for. Hence, this paper analyzed the economic burden of neglected tropical diseases in Africa from 2000 to 2018. Data used were Gross Domestic Product (GDP), human African trypanosomiasis reported cases, current health spending, net official development assistance, consumer price index and exchange rate. The second-generation econometric methods were employed: cross sectional dependence, slope homogeneity, Westerlund cointegration, Pesaran and Smith MG, Pesaran CCEMG and Eberhardt and Teal AMG estimation. Findings confirm the following: first, cross-sectional dependence and slope heterogeneity exist among African countries; second, there is a long run relationship between GDP and NTDs; third, NTDs impacted negatively and significantly GDP, therefore, they stand as a serious detriment to economic growth in Africa. The study suggested that governments in Africa should raise funds to eradicate NTDs and provide an improvement of the environmental conditions that lead to their spread, such as clean water, enhanced sanitation initiatives and vector control.
INVESTIGATING THE EFFECTIVENESS OF STERILIZATION POLICY IN CONTROLLING MONEY SUPPLY AND CAPITAL INFLOWS IN NIGERIA
Authors: Grujić Miloš , Šikman Mile
Published: June 2021

Money laundering, in its almost 90-year-long history, has attracted the attention of the scientific, professional, but also the general public. Throughout the entire period, the manifestations of this criminal phenomenon, its typology, etiological factors, etc., have changed, but the essence has remained the same: the transformation of illegally acquired money into legal financial flows. Emerging markets are particularly burdened, which is the subject of this paper: identifying, monitoring and proving the process of money laundering with the aim to reduce it in developing countries. In addition, what can be observed in these markets is that money laundering operations are mainly related to those activities where most of the payments are made in cash. Their specificity, that is, the basic motive for execution, is not just a profit, but the aspiration to introduce “dirty” money into legal flows. The aim of this paper is to use the method of description to explain and describe scientifically the money laundering process and to combat this phenomenon with a focus on the characteristics of the money laundering process. In addition, the paper describes the models and weaknesses of this process, while at the same time it respects the standards and specifics of business operations in emerging markets. The result of the paper is that it provides an overview of money laundering in the 21st century in small and open economies, including proposals to prevent and combat this negative phenomenon.
Working together
Authors: Odongo Regan , Çakır Tunahan
Published: June 2021

Heart attacks have a ripple effect on how other organs exchange biomolecules that help the heart respond to injury.
Macular Pigment Optical Density and its Determinants among Adults: ACross-sectional Study
Authors: Goyal Pooja , Singh Mitasha , Vashishth Shashi , Jayeria Satish
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Interplay exists between the risk factors of Age-related Macular Degeneration (AMD) and the factors influencing Macular Pigment Optical Density (MPOD) level. Early diagnosis and antioxidants supplementation is the only intervention which may possibly slow down the macular degeneration. Aim: To measure MPOD and study the possible risk factors associated with subnormal MPOD among adults patients attending Outpatient Department (OPD). Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients aged 20 years and above who visited Ophthalmology OPD in a tertiary care centre during the month of August (between 1st to 31st) 2018. Only those having Best-Corrected Visual Acuity (BCVA) better than 6/60 were enrolled for the study. MPOD was measured using a macular densitometer (Macular Matrics II, USA). Patients found to have subnormal MPOD further underwent Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) and fundus. Fischer’s-exact and Chi-Square tests were applied wherever applicable; differences were considered to be statistically significant at p-value <0.05. Results: A total of 82 patients participated in the present study. Total of 45.1% participants were found to have subnormal MPOD using macular densitometer. Prevalence was least among <30 years of age (nil) and maximum after 50 years (58.8%) (p<0.05). Trends revealed that subnormal MPOD was more frequent among smokers (p=0.13), vegetarians (p=0.38) and those who were malnourished (under or over weight) (p=0.15), though not found to be statistically significant.Non-modifiable risk factors, an inverse relationship was observed between age and MPOD levels. Conclusion: The study noted associations between subnormal MPOD and multiple risk factors, several of which are modifiable factors. These modifiable risk factors included smoking and malnourishment.
Risk of COVID-19 among Spectacles Wearing Population of Northern India
Authors: Saxena Amit Kumar
Published: June 2021

Introduction: Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) spread mainly through respiratory droplets and contact routes. Long-term use of spectacles may prevent repeated touching and rubbing of the eyes. Aim: To know the association between infection with SARS-CoV-2 and wearing of spectacles. Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in which 304 patients of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) were selected. Their spectacles wearing behaviour were assessed through a questionnaire. Spectacles wearing behaviour of general population were obtained from older studies (for comparison). Risk of COVID-19 was calculated in long-term spectacles wearers as well as in persons not using spectacles. Chi-Square test was used for statistical analysis. Results: In this study, total 58 patients showed the behaviour of using spectacles continuously during day time and always on outdoor activities. The risk of COVID-19 was found 0.48 in spectacles wearing population as compared to 1.35 in population not using spectacles. The calculated Risk Ratio (RR) was 0.36. It indicates that the risk of COVID-19 was 2-3 times less in spectacles wearing population than the population not using spectacles. The protective effectiveness of the spectacles was found statistically significant (p-value=0.00113). Conclusion: The present study showed that the risk of COVID-19 was about 2-3 times less in spectacles wearing population than the population not wearing those. The nasolacrimal duct may be a route of virus transmission from conjunctival sac to the nasopharynx.
Assessment of Health Risk of Daily Fluoride Intake of Some Selected Dentifrices used in Port Harcourt, Nigeria
Authors: Tonubari Kpalap, Pretty , Samuel Bartimaeus, Ebirien-Agana , Holy Brown,
Published: June 2021

Background: Several dentifrices are marketed and used by individuals for the purposes of cleaning and maintaining the aesthetic and health of the teeth, promote oral hygiene and aid in removal of dental plaque and food materials from the teeth. This study was thus designed to assess the pH and fluoride concentrations in selected dentifrices and the possible health risks associated with daily fluoride intake of these selected dentifrices used in Port Harcourt, Nigeria.

Materials and Methods: This study estimated the pH and fluoride concentration of the different dentifrices by the pH meter and Ion Selective Electrode method. In addition, the Daily fluoride intake (DFI), Chronic daily intake (CDI) and Hazard quotient (HQ) for the different dentifrices to assess the risk of fluoride intake was calculated.

Results: From the result of this study, it was noticed that only one dentifrice, chewing stick (Massularia acuminate) has a pH (6.8) that conform to the recommended pH range (6.0-7.5) by NAFDAC while the other dentifrices have a pH value (7.6-10.1) that was higher than the pH range recommended by NAFDAC. For the fluoride concentration, it was observed that some of the dentifrices like Dr. Agnes Nwanmma dental powder (440 ppm), Dr. White dental powder (480 ppm) and Eradental powder (760 ppm) have low fluoride concentration when compared with the fluoride standard concentration stipulated by SON/ NAFDAC (825-1250 ppm) while the other dentifrices showed fluoride concentration within the range stipulated by stipulated by SON/ NAFDAC but they were below the fluoride concentrations stated on their different labels. The DFI of the dentifrices was within the range (53.86-131.58 mg/day), CDI (0.744-1.8275 mg/kg/day and the HQ (12.27-30.46).

Conclusion: Although the fluoride concentrations of the dentifrices were within the normal range as stipulated by NAFDAC and SON, the observation of HQ > 1 in all the dentifrices implied that dentifrices commonly used in Nigeria may pose health risk to the consumers.
Influence of Water Regime and Fertilization on the Vegetative Parameters of Two Varieties of Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench, Malvacea) in the Daloa Region, Côte d’Ivoire
Authors: Martine Beugré Manéhonon , N’Guessan Kouame , Jacob Kouassi N’dri , Leatitia Kouamé Ahou , Justin Kouadio Yatty
Published: June 2021

This study aims to evaluate the effect of water stress and organo-mineral fertilization on the morphological parameters of two varieties of okra.  The treatments used (fertilizers) are: T0 (controls without amendment), T1 (4 kg chicken manure), T2 (4 kg sawdust, T3 (1 kg NPK 15-15-13 fertilizer). Three (3) types of water regimes were applied, R3 (watering 3 times per week), R5 (watering 5 times per week), and R7 (watering 7 times per week). The results obtained in terms of fertilizers applied to the soil did not show any significant influence on plant growth (p> 0.05). As for the other results, they showed that 100% of the parameters studied were influenced by the variety effect, while 33% were influenced by the watering frequency effect. Four parameters were influenced by the interaction between variety and frequency of watering, which shows that the variety used and frequency of watering play an important role in okra production. Both the organic and mineral fertilizers applied to the soil showed no significant effect on the measured parameters, which could be as a result of non-decomposition of organic matter and insufficiency in the amount of mineral fertilizers required to supply the plant needs.
Innate Recognition and Signaling during Times of Pandemic and Beyond from Intensive Care Perspective
Authors: Frisancho-Kiss Sylvia
Published: June 2021

The systemic inflammatory response (SIRS) underlies the majority of intensive care-related conditions. Depending on the origin it may become a governing force of organ dysfunctions. The immune response therefore may be a contemptuous reaction. While necessary for viral, or bacterial elimination, clearance of debris, and regeneration, when dysregulated, overpowering, or chronically ongoing, it may lead to significant collateral damage, organ failure, and autoimmunity. Understanding the immune response in specific complex situations, monitoring, and targeted influencing may become a future step in intensive care management. Toll-like receptor four (TLR4) is a representative innate immune receptor with authoritative downstream signaling and regulatory functions. The following review aims to bridge the logics of innate immune recognition, signaling, and influence on intensive care-related acute conditions by TLR4. We demonstrate that overwhelming innate immune response can be blunted, skewed, and consequently, adaptive immunity positively influenced, but such an approach must be careful and targeted for specific situations optimally under comprehensive immune monitoring. The unanswered questions of the field, as well as possible caveats of such novel approaches, are mapped through discussing in vitro and animal models, human trials.
Scientific Basis and Geophysical Consequences of Geomagnetic Reversals and Excursions: A Fundamental Statement
Authors: Herndon J. Marvin
Published: June 2021

Convection in Earth’s georeactor sub-shell is responsible for generating the geomagnetic field and for maintaining the critical balances necessary for stable sub-core nuclear fission. External factors capable of disrupting sub-shell convection are trauma at Earth’s surface, for example by meteorite impact, and electrical energy transfer via Faraday’s electromagnetic induction into the georeactor by changes in the solar wind or in the magnetospheric ring current. Reduced sub-shell convection not only leads to decreased geomagnetic field intensity, but to increased uranium settling out into the sub-core where it undergoes uncontrolled nuclear fission until sub-shell convection is reestablished. Periods of uncontrolled georeactor nuclear fission are responsible for causing geophysical phenomena at Earth’s surface that are associated with geomagnetic reversals and excursions. Anticipated consequences of sub-shell convection collapse include increases in volcanic activity, increases in the number and intensity of earthquakes, warming of the oceans, and diminishment of atmospheric convection resulting in global warming at the surface. The most worrisome potentiality is triggering the eruption of the Yellowstone super-volcano. Changes in solar wind flux, too small to cause geomagnetic field collapse, however, may cause increases in earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The understanding described here potentially provides a basis for the development of earthquake and volcanic eruption prediction methodologies.
Protocol - Assessment about Knowledge of Panchakarma in Asha Workers and their Sensitization with Panchakarma Module in Wardha Taluka
Authors: Chaple Jagruti N. , Sawarkar Punam
Published: June 2021

Background: A village level community health worker " Accredited Social Health Activist " (ASHA)’acts as a bridge between community & health care facilities. The ASHA workers act as catalysts in promoting various programmes of the foundation and encourage people to avail the available benefits.

Aim and objectives: To study the assessment about Knowledge of Panchakarma in ASHA Workers & Sensitization to them with Panchakarma module in Wardha taluka Objectives are 1.To design Panchakarma questionnaire module and then to assess the existing knowledge and awareness in ASHA Workers of Wardha Taluka. 2.To sensitize ASHA Workers about Panchakarma procedures with the help of demonstration videos and lectures ,then post test and compare pre & post assessment score about Knowledge and awareness about                 Panchakarma.

Methodology: The study will be Interventional study. Permission will be taken from the institutional ethical committee. Data will be collected in Wardha taluka by Pre and Post test interview of ASHA. All the subjects will be personally interviewed on the basis of questionnaire .Questionnaires administered by an interviewer are used to survey socio demographic factors, Knowledge, awareness and attitudes regarding Ayurveda (AYUSH Programme) . Before taking the Pre test the verbal consent of the subject will be taken.

Results: ASHA will be as a facilitator for promoting awareness in the community about Panchakarma.

Conclusion: Conclusion will be on the basis of observation and analyzed data.
Innovative Leadership of Principals in the Implementation of Senior High School Program in Philippines
Authors: Ortega Elpidio Mabali , Palarisan Novie John B.
Published: June 2021

This sequential explanatory mixed methods research design aimed to explore the innovative leadership practices of principals in the implementation of Senior High School Program in the Division of Davao del Sur. Using purposive sampling, ten (10) secondary school heads answered the validated and tried interview guide which results were coded, interpreted, and clustered into leadership, individual attributes, psychological climate for innovation and influence to the stakeholders based on the theory, Determining Individual Innovative Behavior: A Hypothetical Model by Scot and Bruce (1994). Thereafter, an eighty-one (81) item initial survey questionnaire was developed and by complete enumeration, it was administered to two hundred (200) Senior High School teacher-respondents. Using Exploratory Factor Analysis, seventy (70) item survey questionnaire on principals’ innovative leadership practices was developed and generated three (3) components which included leadership, individual attributes, and psychological climate for innovation. The developed survey questionnaire was subjected to internal consistency reliability test in which the computed Cronbach’s Alpha value was 0.989 which means that the over-all reliability of it was excellent. Based on the findings, it was recommended that school heads need tos focus on setting goals and plans, equip themselves with the basic skills, plan and develop effective strategies, coordinate, communicate and empower stakeholders, analyze the educational pattern and meet, cope up and sustain the needs of the school in all aspects.
Cocrystals, Coamorphous Phases and Coordination Complexes of γ‐ andε‐Lactams
Authors: Hall Amy V. , Chambers Luke I. , Musa Osama M. , Steed Jonathan W.
Published: June 2021

The strongly interacting lactam functional group in both γ‐ and ε‐lactams makes them of considerable interest in the formation of multicomponent solids including a hugely diverse range of cocrystals, coordination complexes with lactam ligands and coamorphous phases. This chapter reviews both crystalline and amorphous multicomponent materials based on small‐molecule mono‐ and bislactams with a focus on the interactions between the lactam component and the molecules or ions with which it binds. The lactam amide group is a highly polar organic functional group, and the property dominates much of the chemistry and applications of lactam derivatives. N‐Methyl pyrrolidone is an important industrial substance and is produced on a 20 000‐30 000‐ton scale annually by ester‐to‐amide conversion, treating butyrolactone with methylamine. The chapter deals with molecular cocrystals of the systems while looks at their properties as ligands for metal ion complexation within the context of metal coordination by polyvinylpyrrolidone in particular.
Selective Ion Permeation through Stabilized Metal–Phenolic Grafted Graphene Oxide Membranes
Authors: Soyekwo Faizal , Liu Changkun , Huang Wei , Wen Hao
Published: June 2021

The structural stability and high permeability of 2D materials‐based membranes are key research interests for separation membranes. However, the instability of their microstructures due to the aqueous‐induced swelling phenomenon affects their performance. It is highly desirable to explore anti‐swelling approaches able to mitigate this challenge as well as develop 2D lamellar membranes with ion selective capabilities beyond the limits based on size exclusion mechanism. Herein, graphene oxide (GO) laminate membranes covalently anchored and intercalated with metal‐phenolic networks display suppressed swelling durability and resist delamination in aqueous media. The resultant Fe@TA‐GO membrane with confined d‐spacing boasts high water fluxes of up to 15.0 L m−2 h−1 under osmotic pressure (2 m sucrose). Furthermore, the permeation tests reveal that the interaction between the metal ions and the immobilized cation–ligand molecules influences the ion permeances through the functionalized GO membranes conducing to fast ion permeation rates with ion diffusion permselectivity as well as effective selective separation of organic contaminants. These results will help advance the applications of GO membranes for challenging ion separations related to sustainable resource recovery and environmental remediation of organic dye and metal ion contaminated wastewaters.
Assessing legacy effects of a 12‐year irrigated cropping systems study with a post‐hoc bioassay
Authors: Larney Francis J. , Pearson Drusilla C. , Blackshaw Robert E. , Lupwayi Newton Z.
Published: June 2021

A healthy soil resource is vital to the continued success of irrigated agriculture in southern Alberta. A 12‐yr (2000–2011) irrigated cropping systems study was followed with a dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) field bioassay in 2012, to assess legacy effects of preceding management. Specifically, a comparison of conventional (CONV) and conservation (CONS) management (reduced tillage, cover crops, compost addition, narrow‐row dry bean) legacies was sought. However, rotational legacies such as preceding phase, length, preceding crop, and interval since previous dry bean were also assessed by the fully phased experimental setup. Only 1 of 18 possible soil management contrasts (CONV vs. CONS, 2000–2011) was significant for the dry bean bioassay in 2012, despite overwhelming evidence of improved soil health (microbial biomass C and β‐glucosidase activity) under CONS management. Monoculture wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) from 2000 to 2011 led to 2 d earlier maturity and higher disease incidence in bioassay dry bean. With wheat as a preceding crop, bioassay dry bean was significantly shorter (4 cm), earlier maturing (2 d), and lower yielding (by 21–35%) than with dry bean, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.), or sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) as preceding crops, largely due to volunteer wheat competition. Significantly enhanced bioassay yields (9–13%) with shorter intervals since previous dry bean demonstrated a “legume effect.” Overall, the dry bean bioassay was less effective at assessing soil management legacies (CONV vs. CONS) than rotational legacies such as preceding crop or interval since previous dry bean.
Preliminary crop coefficients for late planted short‐season soybean: Texas High Plains
Authors: Marek Gary W. , Evett Steven R. , Colaizzi Paul D. , Brauer David K.
Published: June 2021

Having similar profit potential but roughly half of the water requirements of corn (Zea mays L.), cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) has become an attractive crop in the Southern High Plains (SHP) where groundwater levels and well capacities continue to decline. However, unpredictable and erratic precipitation often results in conditions either too wet or too dry for ideal germination. Coupled with a relatively short planting window for adequate heat unit accumulation and the threat of severe weather events, cotton crops can fail, leaving limited options for producers wanting to plant a second summer crop. One option is short‐season soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.]. However, limited data on crop water use (evapotranspiration, ET), crop coefficient (Kc), and yield exist for late‐planted soybean in the semiarid SHP. After unseasonably wet conditions in May 2019, a short‐season soybean variety was planted on 13 June in irrigated weighing lysimeter fields at the USDA‐ARS Conservation and Production Research Laboratory at Bushland, TX. Results showed profitable yields (4,786–4,996 kg ha–1), and although maximum daily Kc values were not different than published values, season length was 24–29 d shorter than for soybean planted in mid‐May. Seasonal water use was less than that of archived data using earlier planting dates in 2 of 3 yr, although those studies used different varieties. Crop coefficient functions using both short and tall standardized reference ET values are presented for sprinkler and subsurface drip irrigation systems. Although these data are useful to producers in the SHP, additional data are needed to develop Kc functions that better characterize interannual variations in weather.
Scale‐up economics for cultured meat
Authors: Humbird David
Published: June 2021

This analysis examines the potential of “cultured meat” products made from edible animal cell culture to measurably displace the global consumption of conventional meat. Recognizing that the scalability of such products must in turn depend on the scale and process intensity of animal cell production, this study draws on technoeconomic analysis perspectives in industrial fermentation and upstream biopharmaceuticals to assess the extent to which animal cell culture could be scaled like a fermentation process. Low growth rate, metabolic inefficiency, catabolite inhibition, and shear‐induced cell damage will all limit practical bioreactor volume and attainable cell density. Equipment and facilities with adequate microbial contamination safeguards have high capital costs. The projected costs of suitably pure amino acids and protein growth factors are also high. The replacement of amino‐acid media with plant protein hydrolysates is discussed and requires further study. Capital‐ and operating‐cost analyses of conceptual cell‐mass production facilities indicate economics that would likely preclude the affordability of their products as food. The analysis concludes that metabolic efficiency enhancements and the development of low‐cost media from plant hydrolysates are both necessary but insufficient conditions for displacement of conventional meat by cultured meat.
Cooperative Ligands in Dissolution of Gold
Authors: Heliövaara Eeva , Liljeqvist Henri , Muuronen Mikko , Eronen Aleksi , Moslova Karina , Repo Timo
Published: June 2021

Invited for the cover of this issue is the group of Timo Repo at the University of Helsinki. The image depicts a ligand‐exchange reaction as a battle between hummingbirds and golden birds, which represent two different thiol ligands. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.202101028
Synthesis and Characterization of TiC Nanofibers Obtained via a Modified Carbothermal Process
Authors: Tsai Chung‐Ying , Mondal Kanchan
Published: June 2021

A simple method for synthesis of titanium carbide (TiC) nanofibers by a modified carbothermal reduction of electrospun titanium‐based fibers is reported. The effect of synthesis steps on the final product is discussed. Continuous TiC fibers synthesized have a smooth surface morphology, with average diameter of 148 nm and length in the centimeter range. X‐ray diffraction and high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy analysis results indicate that the fibers consist of TiC of high purity. Impact of heat treatment on the morphology and chemical and crystalline composition of the product is also investigated. Based on the experimental evidence, it is hypothesized that the carbothermal reduction of calcined electrospun fibers with precoated carbon proceeds through diffusion‐limited shrinking core pathway while that of the as‐spun fibers follows the reaction‐limited solution precipitation mechanism. The TiC nanofibers also show superior sintering properties by increasing theoretical density of hot pressed TiB2 from 94.5% of theoretical density to 97.9% of theoretical density. When sintered with ceria, it improves the conductivity of the ceria by 18.29 times as compared to 2.94 times by TiC nanoparticles at 800 °C. The TiC nanofibers show metallic behavior as well as potential for application as electrochemical double layer capacitor supercapacitors.
Numerical investigation of skin and subcutaneous tissue thermal injury during elevated heating
Authors: Oguntala George , Sobamowo Gbeminiyi , Hu Yim‐Fun
Published: June 2021

This paper presents the non‐Fourier bioheat transfer prediction methodology of human skin to determine skin burn injury with non‐ideal properties of tissue, metabolism and blood perfusion. The dual‐phase lag bioheat transfer model with the inclusion of evaporation is developed for the triple‐layer skin tissues. The developed models are solved numerically using Galerkin's finite element method. Parametric studies on the effects of skin tissue properties, initial temperature, blood perfusion rate and heat transfer parameters for the thermal response and exposure time of the layers of the skin tissue are carried out. The results of the investigation are compared with experimental results in the literature. The study demonstrates that the initial tissue temperature, the thermal conductivity of the epidermis and dermis, relaxation and thermalisation time and convective heat transfer coefficient are critical parameters to examine skin burn injury threshold. The study also shows that thermal conductivity and the blood perfusion rate exhibits negligible effects on the burn injury threshold. The objective of the present study is to support the accurate quantification and assessment of skin burn injury for reliable experimentation, design and optimisation of thermal therapy delivery.
Comparing the ignition and burning hazards of sugar‐cane bagasse and hemp epoxy composites
Authors: Basnayake Asanka P. , Hidalgo Juan P. , Heitzmann Michael T.
Published: June 2021

The feasibility of using sugar‐cane bagasse as a reinforcement for natural fiber composites and the performance of these composites under fire conditions was investigated. Plies were manufactured using a process, which involved alkali‐treating bagasse, blending, pressing, and drying. Soaking durations of 30 minutes and 24 hours were compared. Composites were then made with these plies using a light resin transfer molding process. The composites were characterized and compared to a commercial hemp fabric using thermogravimetric analysis for thermal stability and char yield, isotropic hot disc method for thermal conductivity and specific heat capacity, and cone calorimeter for flammability. The investigation found that bagasse plies could be successfully used in composite manufacture, but posed a greater ignition hazard, and a comparable burning behavior hazard to the commercial product when tested at a radiant heat flux of 35 kW/m2. Thirty minutes treating resulted in a ply, which resulted in a char yield of 28%. Although in the composite form, there were no significant differences between all sample groups. With regards to ignition, the hemp composite had the latest time‐to‐ignition of 137 seconds. Comparison of the thermal properties to the ignition times showed that higher values of thermal properties resulted in later ignition times. The composite with the 30‐minute treated bagasse had a total heat release of 159 MJ/m2 and average heat release rate of 263 kW/m2, while the peak heat release rate was lower for the 24‐hour treated bagasse at 537 kW/m2. Overall, no significant differences in the two treatment durations were observed.
Validating muscle mass cutoffs of four international sarcopenia‐working groups in Japanese people using DXA and BIA
Authors: Yamada Yosuke , Yamada Minoru , Yoshida Tsukasa , Miyachi Motohiko , Arai Hidenori
Published: June 2021

Background

The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 recommended the use of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) to assess appendicular lean mass (ALM). AWGS, European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People 2 (EWGSOP2), Foundation for the National Institutes of Health Sarcopenia Project (FNIH), and International Working Group on Sarcopenia (IWGS) reported different cutoff values for sarcopenia. We aimed to validate these cutoff values in a Japanese population using DXA and two different devices of segmental multi‐frequency BIA (MF‐BIA).

Methods

We examined the data of Japanese individuals aged 18–86 years using the DXA (n = 756) and two 8‐electrode MF‐BIA devices (InBody and TANITA MC) (n = 1884). To validate these cutoff values, we used a population aged 18–40 years, and calculated the 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of [mean−2SD].

Results

In DXA, the 95%CIs of [mean−2SD] for ALM/Ht2 were 5.2–5.8 and 6.6–7.3 kg/m2 in women and men, respectively. The AWGS (<5.4 in women and <7.0 in men), and IWGS (≤5.67 in women and ≤7.23 in men) cutoffs were acceptable. Regarding TANITA MC, the 95%CIs of [mean−2SD] for ALM/Ht2 were 5.6–6.0 and 6.9–7.4 kg/m2 in women and men, respectively. The AWGS (<5.7 in women and <7.0 in men), EWGSOP2 (<6.0 in women and <7.0 in men), and IWGS cutoffs were acceptable. Regarding InBody, the 95%CIs of [mean−2SD] for ALM/Ht2 were 4.8–5.2 and 6.4–6.8 kg/m2 in young women and men, respectively. All cutoff values were too high compared to those measured by InBody. InBody and TANITA MC were highly correlated (P < 0.001), but the values by InBody were significantly lower than those by TANITA MC or DXA. Using Yamada's equation for InBody raw data, the AWGS, EWGSOP2, or IWGS cutoffs were acceptable. The BMI‐adjusted muscle mass cutoff values were <0.60 and <0.82 m2 in women and men, respectively. We also obtained the 20th percentile in older adult population (ALM/Ht2, <6.2 in women and <7.5 in men for TANITA MC; <5.4 in women and <7.0 in men for InBody).

Conclusions

The AWGS and IWGS cutoffs were valid for DXA, and the AWGS, IWGS, and EWGSOP2 cutoffs were valid for TANITA MC in Japanese population. Because the prevalence of sarcopenia is too low particularly in women when using those criteria, the 20th percentile might be a good alternative criteria. If the ALM original InBody values are used, the cutoffs should be <5.0 kg/m2 in women and <6.6 kg/m2 in men.
In‐hospital mortality in SARS‐CoV‐2 stratified by serum 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D levels: A retrospective study
Authors: Al‐Jarallah Mohammed , Rajan Rajesh , Dashti Raja , Al Saber Ahmad , Pan Jiazhu , Zhanna Kobalava D. , Abdelnaby Hassan , Aboelhassan Wael , Almutairi Farah , Abdullah Mohammed , Alotaibi Naser , Al Saleh Mohammad , Al Nasrallah Noor , Al‐Bader Bader , Malhas Haya , Ramadhan Maryam , Hamza Mahdy , Brady Peter A. , Al‐Zakwani Ibrahim , Alroomi Moudhi
Published: June 2021

This study is done to estimаte in‐hоsрitаl mоrtаlity in раtients with severe асute resрirаtоry syndrоme соrоnаvirus 2 (SАRS‐СоV‐2) strаtified by Vitamin‐D (Vit‐D) levels. Раtients were strаtified ассоrding tо by serum 25‐hydroxy‐vitamin D (25(OH)Vit‐D) levels intо twо grоuрs, that is, 25(OH)Vit‐D less thаn 40 nmol/L аnd 25(OH)Vit‐D greаter thаn 40 nmol/L. А tоtаl оf 231 раtients were inсluded. Оf these, 120 (50.2%) оf the раtients hаd 25(OH)Vit‐D levels greаter thаn 40 nmol/L. The meаn аge wаs 49 ± 17 yeаrs, аnd 67% оf the раtients were mаles. The mediаn length оf оverаll hоsрitаl stаy wаs 18 [6; 53] dаys. The remаining 119 (49.8%) раtients hаd а 25(OH)Vit‐D less thаn 40 nmol/L. Vitamin D levels were seen as deficient in 63% of patients, insufficient in 25% and normal in 12%. Оverаll mоrtаlity wаs 17 раtients (7.1%) but statistically not signifiсаnt among the grоuрs (p = 0.986). The Kарlаn–Meier survivаl аnаlysis shоwed no significance based on an alpha of 0.05, LL = 0.36, df = 1, p = 0.548, indicating Vitamin_D_Levels was not able to adequately predict the hazard of Mortality. In this study, serum 25(OH)Vit‐D levels were found have no significance in terms of predicting the in‐hоsрitаl mortality in раtients with SАRS‐СоV‐2.