bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of Thickness and Sputtering Pressure on Electrical Resistivity and Elastic Wave Propagation in Oriented Columnar Tungsten Thin Films
Authors: Chargui Asma , El Beainou Raya , Mosset Alexis , Euphrasie Sébastien , Potin Valérie , Vairac Pascal , Martin Nicolas
Published: January 2020

Tungsten films were prepared by DC magnetron sputtering using glancing angle deposition with a constant deposition angle α = 80°. A first series of films was obtained at a constant pressure of 4.0 × 10−3 mbar with the films’ thickness increasing from 50 to 1000 nm. A second series was produced with a constant thickness of 400 nm, whereas the pressure was gradually changed from 2.5 × 10−3 to 15 × 10−3 mbar. The A15 β phase exhibiting a poor crystallinity was favored at high pressure and for the thinner films, whereas the bcc α phase prevailed at low pressure and for the thicker ones. The tilt angle of the columnar microstructure and fanning of their cross-section were tuned as a function of the pressure and film thickness. Electrical resistivity and surface elastic wave velocity exhibited the highest anisotropic behaviors for the thickest films and the lowest pressure. These asymmetric electrical and elastic properties were directly connected to the anisotropic structural characteristics of tungsten films. They became particularly significant for thicknesses higher than 450 nm and when sputtered particles were mainly ballistic (low pressures). Electronic transport properties, as well as elastic wave propagation, are discussed considering the porous architecture changes vs. film thickness and pressure.
Atomic-Scale Friction on Monovacancy-Defective Graphene and Single-Layer Molybdenum-Disulfide by Numerical Analysis
Authors: Pang Haosheng , Wang Hongfa , Li Minglin , Gao Chenghui
Published: January 2020

Using numerical simulations, we study the atomic-scale frictional behaviors of monovacancy-defective graphene and single-layer molybdenum-disulfide (SLMoS2) based on the classical Prandtl–Tomlinson (PT) model with a modified interaction potential considering the Schwoebel–Ehrlich barrier. Due to the presence of a monovacancy defect on the surface, the frictional forces were significantly enhanced. The effects of the PT model parameters on the frictional properties of monovacancy-defective graphene and SLMoS2 were analyzed, and it showed that the spring constant of the pulling spring cx is the most influential parameter on the stick–slip motion in the vicinity of the vacancy defect. Besides, monovacancy-defective SLMoS2 is found to be more sensitive to the stick–slip motion at the vacancy defect site than monovacancy-defective graphene, which can be attributed to the complicated three-layer-sandwiched atomic structure of SLMoS2. The result suggests that the soft tip with a small spring constant can be an ideal candidate for the observation of stick–slip behaviors of the monovacancy-defective surface. This study can fill the gap in atomic-scale friction experiments and molecular dynamics simulations of 2D materials with vacancy-related defects.
Artificial 2D van der Waals Synapse Devices via Interfacial Engineering for Neuromorphic Systems
Authors: Park Woojin , Jang Hye Yeon , Nam Jae Hyeon , Kwon Jung-Dae , Cho Byungjin , Kim Yonghun
Published: January 2020

Despite extensive investigations of a wide variety of artificial synapse devices aimed at realizing a neuromorphic hardware system, the identification of a physical parameter that modulates synaptic plasticity is still required. In this context, a novel two-dimensional architecture consisting of a NbSe2/WSe2/Nb2O5 heterostructure placed on an SiO2/p+ Si substrate was designed to overcome the limitations of the conventional silicon-based complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology. NbSe2, WSe2, and Nb2O5 were used as the metal electrode, active channel, and conductance-modulating layer, respectively. Interestingly, it was found that the post-synaptic current was successfully modulated by the thickness of the interlayer Nb2O5, with a thicker interlayer inducing a higher synapse spike current and a stronger interaction in the sequential pulse mode. Introduction of the Nb2O5 interlayer can facilitate the realization of reliable and controllable synaptic devices for brain-inspired integrated neuromorphic systems.
Intracellular Antioxidant Activity of Biocompatible Citrate-Capped Palladium Nanozymes
Authors: Moglianetti Mauro , Pedone Deborah , Udayan Gayatri , Retta Saverio Francesco , Debellis Doriana , Marotta Roberto , Turco Antonio , Rella Simona , Malitesta Cosimino , Bonacucina Giulia , De Luca Elisa , Pompa Pier Paolo
Published: January 2020

A method for the aqueous synthesis of stable and biocompatible citrate-coated palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) in the size range comparable to natural enzymes (4–8 nm) has been developed. The toxicological profile of PdNPs was assessed by different assays on several cell lines demonstrating their safety in vitro also at high particle concentrations. To elucidate their cellular fate upon uptake, the localization of PdNPs was analyzed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). Moreover, crucial information about their intracellular stability and oxidation state was obtained by Sputtering-Enabled Intracellular X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (SEI-XPS). TEM/XPS results showed significant stability of PdNPs in the cellular environment, an important feature for their biocompatibility and potential for biomedical applications. On the catalytic side, these PdNPs exhibited strong and broad antioxidant activities, being able to mimic the three main antioxidant cellular enzymes, i.e., peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase. Remarkably, using an experimental model of a human oxidative stress-related disease, we demonstrated the effectiveness of PdNPs as antioxidant nanozymes within the cellular environment, showing that they are able to completely re-establish the physiological Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels in highly compromised intracellular redox conditions.
Effect of a Supplementation with Two Quelites on Urinary Excretion of Arsenic in Adolescents Exposed to Water Contaminated with the Metalloid in a Community in the State of Guanajuato, Mexico
Authors: Santiago-Saenz Yair Olovaldo , Monroy-Torres Rebeca , Rocha-Amador Diana Olivia , Hernández-Fuentes Alma Delia
Published: January 2020

Quelites are Mexican wild plants, reported as excellent sources of nutritional compounds such as amino acids (serine, glycine, and cysteine), minerals (Mg, Fe, and Zn), and phytochemicals, as phenolic acids (chlorogenic acid) and flavonoids (phloridzin and naringenin); on the other hand, high biological activity has been shown in these compounds. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of a supplementation with two endemic quelites of Mexico (Chenopodium berlandieri L. and Portulaca Oleracea L.); in addition to supplementation, a nutritional intervention was performed; the biomarkers of hemoglobin (Hb), urinary malondialdehyde (UMDA), and urinary arsenic (UAs) were measured in adolescents exposed to arsenic. A clinical intervention study was conducted in 27 adolescents ages 11 to 12 years for 4 weeks. Weekly anthropometric and dietary evaluations were carried out, as well as the concentration of Hb; the UMDA and UAs were performed by plate-based colorimetric measurement and atomic absorption spectrophotometry with the hydrides generation system, respectively. The results showed that UMDA concentrations had a significant improvement in the supplemented group (SG) vs. control group (CG) (SG = 1.59 ± 0.89 µM/g creatinine vs. CG = 2.90 ± 0.56 µM/g creatinine) in the second week of intervention; on the other hand, the supplemented group showed an increase in Hb levels (15.12 ± 0.99 g/dL) in the same week; finally after the second week, an increase in UAs levels was observed significantly compared to the baseline value (Baseline: 56.85; Week 2: 2.02 µg/g creatinine). Therefore, the results show that the mixture of quelites (a rich source of phytochemicals and nutrients) improved hemoglobin and UMDA levels, and urinary arsenic excretion from the second week in the exposed population.
Can Milk Affect Recovery from Simulated Team-Sport Match Play?
Authors: Rankin Paula , Callanan Danielle , O’Brien Kevin , Davison Gareth , Stevenson Emma J. , Cockburn Emma
Published: January 2020

This study investigated the effects of cow’s milk on recovery from repeated simulated team games (STGs) in females. Twenty female team-sport athletes completed an STG circuit (2x ~ 30 min, with 10 min ‘half-time’). Measures of muscle function, soreness and tiredness, symptoms of stress and serum markers of muscle damage and oxidative stress were determined pre- and 24 h, 48 h, 72 h and 96 h following the circuit. At 48 h, a second STG was completed. Sprint performance (5 m, 15 m), lap time, countermovement jump (CMJ), heart rate and RPE were recorded during each STG. Immediately following each STG, participants consumed either 500 mL of cow’s milk (MILK) or 500 mL of an energy-matched carbohydrate (CHO) solution. Compared to CHO, MILK had a beneficial effect in attenuating losses in peak torque for knee extension (60°/s) (likely; effect size (ES) = 0.26 to 0.28) knee flexion (60°/s) (likely; ES = 0.45 to 0.61). A benefit for MILK was observed for 5 m sprint (possible-likely; ES = 0.40 to 0.58), 10 m sprint (likely; ES = 0.30 to 0.53) and symptoms of stress (likely–very likely, small). Mostly unclear outcomes for other variables were observed. For STG variables, trivial (HR, CMJ) and unclear (5 m sprint, 15 m sprint, lap-time, RPE) outcomes were recorded. In conclusion, the consumption of 500 mL of milk attenuated losses in muscle function and perceptions of stress following repeated simulated team-sports games. However, further investigation is warranted to determine whether MILK can influence subsequent team-sport performance.
Energy Restriction and Colorectal Cancer: A Call for Additional Research
Authors: Castejón Maria , Plaza Adrian , Martinez-Romero Jorge , Fernandez-Marcos Pablo Jose , de Cabo Rafael , Diaz-Ruiz Alberto
Published: January 2020

Colorectal cancer has the second highest cancer-related mortality rate, with an estimated 881,000 deaths worldwide in 2018. The urgent need to reduce the incidence and mortality rate requires innovative strategies to improve prevention, early diagnosis, prognostic biomarkers, and treatment effectiveness. Caloric restriction (CR) is known as the most robust nutritional intervention that extends lifespan and delays the progression of age-related diseases, with remarkable results for cancer protection. Other forms of energy restriction, such as periodic fasting, intermittent fasting, or fasting-mimicking diets, with or without reduction of total calorie intake, recapitulate the effects of chronic CR and confer a wide range of beneficial effects towards health and survival, including anti-cancer properties. In this review, the known molecular, cellular, and organismal effects of energy restriction in oncology will be discussed. Energy-restriction-based strategies implemented in colorectal models and clinical trials will be also revised. While energy restriction constitutes a promising intervention for the prevention and treatment of several malignant neoplasms, further investigations are essential to dissect the interplay between fundamental aspects of energy intake, such as feeding patterns, fasting length, or diet composition, with all of them influencing health and disease or cancer effects. Currently, effectiveness, safety, and practicability of different forms of fasting to fight cancer, particularly colorectal cancer, should still be contemplated with caution.
Effectiveness of Interventions for Managing Acute Malnutrition in Children under Five Years of Age in Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Das Jai K. , Salam Rehana A. , Saeed Marwah , Kazmi Faheem Ali , Bhutta Zulfiqar A.
Published: January 2020

Childhood malnutrition is a major public health concern, as it is associated with significant short- and long-term morbidity and mortality. The objective of this review was to comprehensively review the evidence for the management of severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) according to the current World Health Organization (WHO) protocol using facility- and community-based approaches, as well as the effectiveness of ready-to-use therapeutic food (RUTF), ready-to-use supplementary food (RUSF), prophylactic antibiotic use, and vitamin A supplementation. We searched relevant electronic databases until 11 February 2019, and performed a meta-analysis. This review summarizes findings from a total of 42 studies (48 papers), including 35,017 children. Limited data show some benefit of integrated community-based screening, identification, and management of SAM and MAM on improving recovery rate. Facility-based screening and management of uncomplicated SAM has no effect on recovery and mortality, while the effect of therapeutic milk F100 for SAM is comparable to RUTF for weight gain and mortality. Local food and whey RUSF are comparable to standard RUSF for recovery rate and weight gain in MAM, while standard RUSF has additional benefits to CSB. Prophylactic antibiotic administration in uncomplicated SAM improves recovery rate and probably improves weight gain and reduces mortality. Limited data suggest that high-dose vitamin A supplementation is comparable with low-dose vitamin A supplementation for weight gain and mortality among children with SAM.
Resveratrol and the Interaction between Gut Microbiota and Arterial Remodelling
Authors: Man Andy W.C. , Li Huige , Xia Ning
Published: January 2020

Arterial remodelling refers to the alteration in the structure of blood vessel that contributes to the progression of hypertension and other cardiovascular complications. Arterial remodelling is orchestrated by the crosstalk between the endothelium and vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Vascular inflammation participates in arterial remodelling. Resveratrol is a natural polyphenol that possesses anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory properties and has beneficial effects in both the endothelium and VSMC. Resveratrol has been studied for the protective effects in arterial remodelling and gut microbiota, respectively. Gut microbiota plays a critical role in the immune system and inflammatory processes. Gut microbiota may also regulate vascular remodelling in cardiovascular complications via affecting endothelium function and VSMC proliferation. Currently, there is new evidence showing that gut microbiota regulate the proliferation of VSMC and the formation of neointimal hyperplasia in response to injury. The change in population of the gut microbiota, as well as their metabolites (e.g., short-chain fatty acids) could critically contribute to VSMC proliferation, cell cycle progression, and migration. Recent studies have provided strong evidence that correlate the effects of resveratrol in arterial remodelling and gut microbiota. This review aims to summarize recent findings on the resveratrol effects on cardiovascular complications focusing on arterial remodelling and discuss the possible interactions of resveratrol and the gut microbiota that modulate arterial remodelling.
How Consumers in the UK and Spain Value the Coexistence of the Claims Low Fat, Local, Organic and Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions
Authors: Akaichi Faical , Revoredo Giha Cesar , Glenk Klaus , Gil Jose Maria
Published: January 2020

This study investigates the substitution and complementary effects for beef mince attributes drawing on data from large choice experiments conducted in the UK and Spain. In both countries, consumers were found to be willing to pay a price premium for the individual use of the labels “Low Fat” (UK: €3.41, Spain: €1.94), “Moderate Fat” (UK: €2.23, Spain: €1.57), “Local” (UK: €1.54, Spain: €1.61), “National” (UK: €1.33, Spain: €1.37), “Organic” (UK: €1.02, Spain: €1.09) and “Low Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHG)” (UK: €2.05, Spain: €0.96). The results showed that consumers in both countries do not treat desirable food attributes as unrelated. In particular, consumers in Spain are willing to pay a price premium for the use of the labels “Local”, “Organic” and “Low GHG” on beef mince that is also labelled as having low or moderate fat content. By contrast, consumers in the UK were found to discount the coexistence of the labels “Low Fat” and “Organic”, “Low Fat” and “Low GHG” and “Moderate Fat” and “Low GHG”. The results, however, suggest that in the UK the demand for beef mince with moderate (low) fat content can be increased if it is also labelled as “Organic” or “Low GHG” (“Local”).
Dietary Patterns of Greek Adults and Their Associations with Serum Vitamin D Levels and Heel Quantitative Ultrasound Parameters for Bone Health
Authors: Grigoriou Effimia , Trovas George , Papaioannou Nikolaos , Dontas Ismene , Makris Konstantinos , Apostolou-Karampelis Konstantinos , Dedoussis George
Published: January 2020

The aim of this study is to investigate the dietary patterns which indicate the nutritional habits of Greek adults and their effects on serum 25(OH)D levels and quantitative ultrasound (QUS) parameters for bone health. This study is part of OSTEOS, an observational cross-sectional study. In total, 741 adults from rural and urban areas throughout Greece were recruited. A validated food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used for assessment of the population’s dietary habits. Serum 25(OH)D was measured by enzyme immunoassay; QUS parameters were assessed with an Achilles device. Principal component analysis (PCA) was carried out for dietary pattern determination, and univariate analysis of variance was used for the assessment of 25(OH)D, broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA), speed of sound (SOS), and stiffness index (SI) determinants. Six dietary patterns explain 52.2% of the variability of Greek adults’ nutritional habits. The ‘vegetables–fruit’ dietary pattern explains the biggest rate of variability. Determinants of serum 25(OH)D are body mass index (BMI), elderly status, summer sun exposure, organized physical activity, a ‘healthy’ pattern in winter months, and adherence to a ‘sweet’ pattern. Determinants of QUS parameters are age, BMI, sedentary time, organized physical activity participation, and adherence to a ‘healthy’ pattern.
Red for “Stop”: “Traffic-Light” Nutrition Labels Decrease Unhealthy Food Choices by Increasing Activity and Connectivity in the Frontal Lobe
Authors: Zhang Xuemeng , Liu Yong , Gu Yan , Wang Shaorui , Chen Hong
Published: January 2020

Food labels comprise a national health-intervention policy that informs consumers of food-product nutritional value. Previous evidence has indicated that, compared to a purely numeric guideline-daily-amount label, a traffic-light-inspired, color-coded label more effectively conveys the nutritional level and increases the selection of healthier products. Therefore, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to assess the mechanism whereby traffic-light and guideline-daily-amount labels influence food-related decision-making. Forty-four female dieters (age, mean = 20.0, standard deviation = 1.45 years) were recruited to participate in a food-choice task; healthy or unhealthy food options were presented with color-coded traffic-light or purely numeric guideline-daily-amount labels, and the participants were asked to state their preference. We found that, compared with the guideline-daily-amount label, a salient, red traffic-light label potentially reduced unhealthy food-related decision-making and activated the superior medial frontal gyrus and the supplementary motor area, which are implicated in the execution of responses and motor inhibition. For the same stimulus contrast, we also found increased activation in the anterior cingulate cortex, which is associated with salient information monitoring. Finally, we found stronger functional connectivity between the anterior cingulate cortex and inhibitory regions (inferior and middle frontal gyri) under red-traffic-light than under guideline-daily-amount label conditions. These results suggest that traffic-light-inspired labels may be a more effective means of public-policy intervention than are numeric labels conveying guideline daily amounts.
The Mediterranean Diet is Associated with an Improved Quality of Life in Adults with Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Granado-Casas Minerva , Martin Mariona , Martínez-Alonso Montserrat , Alcubierre Nuria , Hernández Marta , Alonso Núria , Castelblanco Esmeralda , Mauricio Didac
Published: January 2020

This study aimed to assess the potential association between dietary patterns (i.e., the Mediterranean Diet (MedDiet) and healthy eating) and patient-reported quality of life (QoL) and treatment satisfaction (TS) in adults with type 1 diabetes (T1D). A food frequency questionnaire, the Audit of Diabetes-Dependent Quality of Life (ADDQoL-19), and the Diabetes Treatment Satisfaction Questionnaire-status version (DTSQ-s) were administered via personal interviews to 258 participants with T1D. Multivariable analysis showed that a moderate or high adherence to the MedDiet was associated with greater diabetes-specific QoL (β = 0.32, 95% CI = 0.03; 0.61; p = 0.029). None of the dietary quality indexes (i.e., the alternate Mediterranean Diet Score (aMED) and the alternate Healthy Eating Index (aHEI)) were associated with the overall TS. However, the aHEI was positively associated with the specific items of TS “convenience” and “flexibility” (β = 0.03, 95% CI = 0.00; 0.06; p = 0.042 and β = 0.04; 95% CI = 0.01; 0.06; p = 0.011, respectively). On the other hand, the aHEI was negatively associated with the dimension “recommend to others” (β = −0.5, 95% CI = −0.99; −0.02; p = 0.042). In conclusion, a moderate and high adherence to the MedDiet was associated with greater QoL. Although neither aMED nor aHEI were associated with the overall TS, some specific items were positively (i.e., “convenience”, “flexibility”) or negatively (“recommend to others”) related to the aHEI. Further research is needed to assess how to improve medical nutrition therapy and its impact on patient-reported outcomes in people with T1D.
The Evolving Microbiome from Pregnancy to Early Infancy: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Mesa María Dolores , Loureiro Begoña , Iglesia Iris , Fernandez Gonzalez Sergi , Llurba Olivé Elisa , García Algar Oscar , Solana María José , Cabero Perez Mª Jesús , Sainz Talia , Martinez Leopoldo , Escuder-Vieco Diana , Parra-Llorca Anna , Sánchez-Campillo María , Rodriguez Martinez Gerardo , Gómez Roig Dolores , Perez Gruz Myriam , Andreu-Fernández Vicente , Clotet Jordi , Sailer Sebastian , Iglesias-Platas Isabel , López-Herce Jesús , Aras Rosa , Pallás-Alonso Carmen , de Pipaon Miguel Saenz , Vento Máximo , Gormaz María , Larqué Daza Elvira , Calvo Cristina , Cabañas Fernando
Published: January 2020

Pregnancy induces a number of immunological, hormonal, and metabolic changes that are necessary for the mother to adapt her body to this new physiological situation. The microbiome of the mother, the placenta and the fetus influence the fetus growth and undoubtedly plays a major role in the adequate development of the newborn infant. Hence, the microbiome modulates the inflammatory mechanisms related to physiological and pathological processes that are involved in the perinatal progress through different mechanisms. The present review summarizes the actual knowledge related to physiological changes in the microbiota occurring in the mother, the fetus, and the child, both during neonatal period and beyond. In addition, we approach some specific pathological situations during the perinatal periods, as well as the influence of the type of delivery and feeding.
Alpha-Linolenic Acid-Enriched Butter Promotes Fatty Acid Remodeling and Thermogenic Activation in the Brown Adipose Tissue
Authors: You Mikyoung , Fan Rong , Kim Judy , Shin Seung-Ho , Chung Soonkyu
Published: January 2020

Supplementation with n-3 long-chain (LC) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) is known to promote thermogenesis via the activation of brown adipose tissue (BAT). Agricultural products that are biofortified with α-linolenic acid (ALA), the precursor of n-3 LC PUFA, have been launched to the market, but their impact on BAT function is unknown. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of ALA-biofortified butter on lipid metabolism and thermogenic functions in the BAT. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet containing ALA-biofortified butter (n3Bu, 45% calorie from fat) for ten weeks in comparison with the isocaloric high-fat diets prepared from conventional butter or margarine. The intake of n3Bu significantly reduced the whitening of BAT and increased the thermogenesis in response to acute-cold treatment. Also, n3Bu supplementation is linked with the remodeling of BAT by promoting bioconversion into n-3 LC PUFA, FA elongation and desaturation, and mitochondrial biogenesis. Taken together, our results support that ALA-biofortified butter is a novel source of n-3 PUFA, which potentiates the BAT thermogenic function.
A Gluten Reduction Is the Patients’ Choice for a Dietary ‘Bottom Up’ Approach in IBS—A Comment on “A 5Ad Dietary Protocol for Functional Bowel Disorders” Nutrients 2019, 11, 1938
Authors: Shaw Christian Charles , Buckle Rachel Louise , Rej Anupam , Trott Nick , Aziz Imran , Sanders David Surendran
Published: January 2020

We read the article by Ibrahim and Stribling [...]
Calculation of Acceleration Effects Using the Zubarev Density Operator
Authors: Prokhorov Georgy , Teryaev Oleg , Zakharov Valentin
Published: January 2020

The relativistic form of the Zubarev density operator can be used to study quantum effects associated with acceleration of the medium. In particular, it was recently shown that the calculation of perturbative corrections in acceleration based on the Zubarev density operator makes it possible to show the existence of the Unruh effect. In this paper, we present the details of the calculation of quantum correlators arising in the fourth order of the perturbation theory needed to demonstrate the Unruh effect. Expressions for the quantum corrections for massive fermions are also obtained.
The Cell-Cycle Regulatory Protein p21CIP1/WAF1 Is Required for Cytolethal Distending Toxin (Cdt)-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Shenker Bruce J. , Walker Lisa M. , Zekavat Ali , Weiss Robert H. , Boesze-Battaglia Kathleen
Published: January 2020

The Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) induces lymphocytes to undergo cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis; toxicity is dependent upon the active Cdt subunit, CdtB. We now demonstrate that p21CIP1/WAF1 is critical to Cdt-induced apoptosis. Cdt induces increases in the levels of p21CIP1/WAF1 in lymphoid cell lines, Jurkat and MyLa, and in primary human lymphocytes. These increases were dependent upon CdtB’s ability to function as a phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3,4,5-triphosphate (PIP3) phosphatase. It is noteworthy that Cdt-induced increases in the levels of p21CIP1/WAF1 were accompanied by a significant decline in the levels of phosphorylated p21CIP1/WAF1. The significance of Cdt-induced p21CIP1/WAF1 increase was assessed by preventing these changes with a two-pronged approach; pre-incubation with the novel p21CIP1/WAF1 inhibitor, UC2288, and development of a p21CIP1/WAF1-deficient cell line (Jurkatp21−) using clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/cas9 gene editing. UC2288 blocked toxin-induced increases in p21CIP1/WAF1, and JurkatWT cells treated with this inhibitor exhibited reduced susceptibility to Cdt-induced apoptosis. Likewise, Jurkatp21− cells failed to undergo toxin-induced apoptosis. The linkage between Cdt, p21CIP1/WAF1, and apoptosis was further established by demonstrating that Cdt-induced increases in levels of the pro-apoptotic proteins Bid, Bax, and Bak were dependent upon p21CIP1/WAF1 as these changes were not observed in Jurkatp21− cells. Finally, we determined that the p21CIP1/WAF1 increases were dependent upon toxin-induced increases in the level and activity of the chaperone heat shock protein (HSP) 90. We propose that p21CIP1/WAF1 plays a key pro-apoptotic role in mediating Cdt-induced toxicity.
Analysis of Porcine Pro- and Anti-Inflammatory Cytokine Induction by S. suis In Vivo and In Vitro
Authors: Hohnstein Florian S. , Meurer Marita , de Buhr Nicole , von Köckritz-Blickwede Maren , Baums Christoph G. , Alber Gottfried , Schütze Nicole
Published: January 2020

Weaning piglets are susceptible to the invasive Streptococcus (S.) suis infection, which can result in septicemia. The aim of this study was to investigate the cytokine profile induced upon S. suis infection of blood, to determine the cellular sources of those cytokines, and to study the potential effects of the induced cytokines on bacterial killing. We measured TNF-α, IL-6, IFN-γ, IL-17A and IL-10 after an experimental intravenous infection with S. suis serotype 2 in vivo, and analyzed whole blood, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) and separated leukocytes to identify the cytokine-producing cell type(s). In addition, we used a reconstituted whole blood assay to investigate the effect of TNF-α on bacterial killing in the presence of different S. suis-specific IgG levels. An increase in IL-6 and IL-10, but not in IFN-γ or IL-17A, was observed in two of three piglets with pronounced bacteremia 16 to 20 h after infection, but not in piglets with controlled bacteremia. Our results confirmed previous findings that S. suis induces TNF-α and IL-6 and could demonstrate that TNF-α is produced by monocytes in vitro. We further found that IL-10 induction resulted in reduced secretion of TNF-α and IL-6. Rapid induction of TNF-α was, however, not crucial for in vitro bacterial killing, not even in the absence of specific IgG.
ASA Suppresses PGE2 in Plasma and Melanocytic Nevi of Human Subjects at Increased Risk for Melanoma
Authors: Varedi Amir , Rahman Hafeez , Kumar Dileep , Catrow Jonathan L. , Cox James E. , Liu Tong , Florell Scott R. , Boucher Kenneth M. , Okwundu Nwanneka , Burnett William J. , VanBrocklin Matthew W. , Grossman Douglas
Published: January 2020

Potential anti-inflammatory and anticarcinogenic effects of aspirin (ASA) may be suitable for melanoma chemoprevention, but defining biomarkers in relevant target tissues is prerequisite to performing randomized controlled chemoprevention trials. We conducted open-label studies with ASA in 53 human subjects with melanocytic nevi at increased risk for melanoma. In a pilot study, 12 subjects received a single dose (325 mg) of ASA; metabolites salicylate, salicylurate, and gentisic acid were detected in plasma after 4–8 h, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was suppressed in both plasma and nevi for up to 24 h. Subsequently, 41 subjects received either 325 or 81 mg ASA (nonrandomized) daily for one week. ASA metabolites were consistently detected in plasma and nevi, and PGE2 levels were significantly reduced in both plasma and nevi. Subchronic ASA dosing did not affect 5” adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation in nevi or leukocyte subsets in peripheral blood, although metabolomic and cytokine profiling of plasma revealed significant decreases in various (non-ASA-derived) metabolites and inflammatory cytokines. In summary, short courses of daily ASA reduce plasma and nevus PGE2 and some metabolites and cytokines in plasma of human subjects at increased risk for melanoma. PGE2 may be a useful biomarker in blood and nevi for prospective melanoma chemoprevention studies with ASA.
Spatial Distribution of (R)-salbutamol in Rat Brain Following Nasal and Intravenous Administration Using DESI-MS
Authors: Zhang Rui , Wu Jie , Liu Siyu , Deng LiangJun , Hu Junhua , Chen Xi , Tan Wen
Published: January 2020

Recent studies have shown that β2-Adrenoreceptor is a regulator of the a-synuclein gene driving risk of Parkinson’s disease. The β2-AR agonist (R)-salbutamol, eutomer of rac-salbutamol, may hold therapeutic potential for Parkinson’s disease (PD) following nasal administration. In this study, we use desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI-MS) to analyze spatial distribution of (R)-salbutamol in rat brain following nasal and intravenous administration. Here, we report that (R)-salbutamol efficiently deliver to the brain and had more drug dosage exposure in rat’s brain through nasal route administration than that of intravenous route administration. In conclusion, administering (R)-salbutamol through nasal route of administration may hold advantages in improving spatial distribution and increased exposure of drug in brain.
Amphiphilic Polypeptides for VEGF siRNA Delivery into Retinal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Osipova Olga , Sharoyko Vladimir , Zashikhina Natalia , Zakharova Natalya , Tennikova Tatiana , Urtti Arto , Korzhikova-Vlakh Evgenia
Published: January 2020

Polyethyleneimine, poly-L-lysine, chitosan and some others cationic polymers have been thoroughly studied as nucleic acid delivery systems in gene therapy. However, the drug release from these systems proceeds at a very low rate due to extremely high binding between a carrier and gene material. To reduce these interactions and to enhance drug release, we developed a set of amphiphilic polypeptides containing positively and negatively charged amino acids as well as a hydrophobic one. The copolymers obtained were characterized by size-exclusion chromatography, static light scattering, HPLC amino acid analysis and 1HNMR spectroscopy. All copolymers formed particles due to a self-assembly in aqueous media. Depending on polypeptide composition, the formation of particles with hydrodynamic diameters from 180 to 900 nm was observed. Stability of polymer particles, loading and release efficiency were carefully studied. Cellular uptake of the particles was efficient and their cytotoxicity was negligible. The application of polymer carriers, containing siRNA, to vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF-A165) silencing of ARPE-19 cells was successful. The gene silencing was confirmed by suppression of both messenger RNA and protein expression.
Pharmacist–Physician Collaboration to Improve the Accuracy of Medication Information in Electronic Medical Discharge Summaries: Effectiveness and Sustainability
Authors: Elliott Rohan A. , Tan Yixin , Chan Vincent , Richardson Belinda , Tanner Francine , Dorevitch Michael I.
Published: January 2020

Inaccurate or missing medication information in medical discharge summaries is a widespread and intractable problem. This study evaluated the effectiveness and sustainability of an intervention in which ward-based hospital pharmacists reviewed, contributed and verified medication information in electronic discharge summaries (EDSs) in collaboration with physicians. Retrospective audits of randomly selected EDSs were conducted on seven wards at a major public hospital before and after implementation of the intervention and repeated two years later on four wards where the intervention was incorporated into usual pharmacist care. EDSs for 265 patients (prescribed a median of nine discharge medications) were assessed across the three time points. Pharmacists verified the EDSs for 47% patients in the first post-intervention audit and 68% patients in the second post-intervention audit. Following the intervention, the proportion of patients with one or more clinically significant discharge medication list discrepancy fell from 40/93 (43%) to 14/92 (15%), p < 0.001. The proportion of clinically significant medication changes stated in the EDSs increased from 222/417 (53%) to 296/366 (81%), p < 0.001, and the proportion both stated and explained increased from 206/417 (49%) to 245/366 (67%), p < 0.001. Significant improvements were still evident after two years. Pharmacists spent a median of 5 (range 2–16) minutes per patient contributing to EDSs. Logistics, timing and pharmacist workload were barriers to delivering the intervention. Additional staff resources is needed to enable pharmacists to consistently deliver this effective intervention.
Insight into Hyper-Branched Aluminum Phosphonate in Combination with Multiple Phosphorus Synergies for Fire-Safe Epoxy Resin Composites
Authors: Yuan Yao , Yu Bin , Shi Yongqian , Mao Long , Xie Jianda , Pan Haifeng , Liu Yuejun , Wang Wei
Published: January 2020

Epoxy resin (EP) has widespread applications in thermosetting materials with great versatility and desirable properties such as high electrical resistivity and satisfactory mechanical properties. At present, 9,10-Dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene-10-oxide (DOPO) is widely applied to EP matrix for high flame resistance. Nevertheless, EP/DOPO composites acquire highly toxic decomposition products and smoke particles produced during combustion due to the gaseous fire-inhibition mechanism, which will be a major problem. To address this concern, an effective hyper-branched aluminum phosphonate (AHPP) was rationally designed and then coupled with DOPO into EP matrix to fabricate the fire-safe epoxy resin composites. On the basis of the results, significant increment in limiting oxygen index value (an achievement of 32% from 23.5% for pristine EP) and reduction in peak heat release rate and total heat release (59.4% and 45.6%) with the DOPO/AHPP ratio of 2:1 were recorded. During the cone calorimeter test, both the smoke production and total CO yield of EP-4 composite with the DOPO/AHPP ratio of 1:2 were dramatically decreased by 42.7% and 53.6%, which was mainly associated with the excellent catalytic carbonization of AHPP submicro-particles for EP composite. Future applications of submicro-scaled flame-retardant with various phosphorus oxidation states will have good prospects for development.
Comparative Studies on Polyurethane Composites Filled with Polyaniline and Graphene for DLP-Type 3D Printing
Authors: Joo Hyeonseo , Cho Sunghun
Published: January 2020

Digital light processing (DLP)-type 3D printing ensures several advantages, such as an easy solution process, a short printing time, high-quality printing, and selective light curing. Furthermore, polyurethane (PU) is among the promising candidates for 3D printing because of its wide range of applications. This work reports comparative studies on the fabrication and optimization of PU composites using a polyaniline (PANI) nanomaterial and a graphene sheet (GS) for DLP-type 3D printing. The morphologies and dispersion of the printed PU composites were studied by field emission scanning electron microscope (FE-SEM) images. Bonding structures in the PU composites were investigated by Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy. As-prepared PU/PANI and PU/GS composites with different filler contents were successfully printed into sculptures with different sizes and shapes. The PU/PANI and PU/GS composites exhibit the improved sheet resistance, which is up to 8.57 × 104 times (1.19 × 106 ohm/sq) lower and 1.27 × 105 times (8.05 × 105 ohm/sq) lower, respectively, than the pristine PU (1.02 × 1011 ohm/sq). Moreover, the PU/PANI and PU/GS composites demonstrate 1.41 times (44.5 MPa) higher and 2.19 times (69.3 MPa) higher tensile strengths compared with the pristine PU (31.6 MPa). This work suggests the potential uses of highly conductive PU composites for DLP-type 3D printing.
The Influence of Kaolin Clay on the Mechanical Properties and Structure of Thermoplastic Starch Films
Authors: Kwaśniewska Anita , Chocyk Dariusz , Gładyszewski Grzegorz , Borc Jarosław , Świetlicki Michał , Gładyszewska Bożena
Published: January 2020

The aim of study was to investigate the influence of kaolin on the physical properties and utility of film produced from native starch. The work involved measurements of strength, structure, and thermal properties. The films were prepared by the casting method. Composite films with 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% kaolin additives were examined. Measurements of mechanical properties were carried out using the uniaxial tensile test, the nanoindentation test, and nanoscratching. Surface properties were examined by atomic force microscopy and contact angle measurements. Structure was determined by the X-ray diffraction method, and thermal properties were determined by differential scanning calorimetry. A significant influence of kaolin on the strength parameters and thermal and barrier properties of composite films was found. An increase in kaolin content reduced the tensile strength, Young’s modulus, and Poisson’s ratio. Structural analysis showed a partial intercalation and the layered arrangement of kaolin particles. Kaolin additives increased the barrier properties of water vapor in composite films of about 9%. Biopolymer modification by nanoclay reduced the thermal stability of composite films by 7% and could accelerate the biodegradation process. Increasing the concentration of kaolin in the biopolymer matrix led to heightened surface roughness (approximately 64%) and wettability of the surfaces of the film composites of 58%.
A New Filler for Epoxy Resin: Study on the Properties of Graphite Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4) Reinforced Epoxy Resin Composites
Authors: Wang Tingting , Song Bo , Wang Li
Published: January 2020

In this study, graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) as a novel filler was used for fabricating epoxy nanocomposites. The static mechanical, dynamic thermal-mechanical properties and thermostability of as-prepared g-C3N4/epoxy nanocomposites were significantly ameliorated compared with that of the pure epoxy matrix. The tensile modulus and flexural modulus of g-C3N4/epoxy nanocomposites increased by 31.81% and 28.28%, respectively. Meanwhile, the tensile and flexural strength was also improved by 16.02% and 12.67%, respectively. The g-C3N4/epoxy nanocomposites exhibited an increased storage modulus and glass transition temperature. The markedly improved mechanical and viscoelasticity properties were attributed to the stronger interfacial interaction caused by enlarged contact area and increased chemical bonding, and enhanced mechanical interlocking on the interface. The loss factor of epoxy nanocomposites also raised by 40% due to the comprehensive effect of frication caused by the relative slip between nanosheets, micro-constrained layer damping structure and the reversible cycle of breakage and re-established of the hydrogen bond. Meanwhile, the 10% weightlessness temperature (Tinitial), semi weightlessness temperature (Thalf) of g-C3N4/epoxy nanocomposites have increased by about 15 °C and 14 °C, respectively.
Computer Simulation of Partial Discharges in Voids inside Epoxy Resins Using Three-Capacitance and Analytical Models
Authors: Rodríguez-Serna Johnatan M. , Albarracín-Sánchez Ricardo , Dong Ming , Ren Ming
Published: January 2020

Epoxy resin is one of the most common polymers used as part of the insulation system in key electrical assets such as power transformers and hydrogenerators. Thus, it is necessary to know their main characteristics and to evaluate their condition when subjected to High Voltage (HV). A brief review of epoxy resins’ applications as insulating materials is made, their main characteristics as insulating media are given, the improvements with nano-fillers are summarized and the main electric properties required for Partial Discharges (PD) modelling are listed. In addition, the theoretical background and state-of-the-art of the three-capacitance and analytical models for simulating PD in solid dielectrics, such as epoxy resins, are reviewed in detail. Besides, their main advantages and disadvantages are presented, some critical arguments to the modelling procedure and assumptions are made and some improvements are proposed, taking into account conclusions made from other authors using models related to the PD development process. Finally, a case study was simulated using a modified three-capacitance model and the analytical model. The PD rate, q-φ-n diagrams and the minimum, mean and maximum PD electric charge are compared with measurements reported in the literature. Simulation results are in reasonable agreement with measured values. Capacitance models can be implemented in general purpose electric circuit simulation packages; however, its simulation is computationally expensive. Additional to this, although the modified three-capacitance model is not as accurate as finite elements or analytical models, results are also in agreement with real data.
Insight into the Intermolecular Interaction and Free Radical Polymerizability of Methacrylates in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide
Authors: Li Rui-Qing , Wang Ming-Xi , Zhang Qi-Yu , Chen Jian-Gang , Wang Kuan , Zhang Xiao-Yong , Shen Shukun , Liu Zhao-Tie , Liu Zhong-Wen , Jiang Jinqiang
Published: January 2020

High pressure in situ Fourier transfer infrared/near infrared technology (HP FTIR/NIR) along with theoretical calculation of density functional theory (DFT) method was employed. The solvation behaviors and the free radical homopolymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA), methacrylate acid (MAA), trifluoromethyl methacrylate (MTFMA) and trifluoromethyl methacrylate acid (TFMAA) in scCO2 were systematically investigated. Interestingly, the previously proposed mechanism of intermolecular-interaction dynamically-induced solvation effect (IDISE) of monomer in scCO2 is expected to be well verified/corroborated in view that the predicted solubility order of the monomers in scCO2 via DFT calculation is ideally consistent with that observed via HP FTIR/NIR. It is shown that MMA and MAA can be easily polymerized, while the free radical polymerizability of MTFMA is considerably poor and TFMAA cannot be polymerized via the free radical initiators. The α trifluoromethyl group (–CF3) may effectively enhance the intermolecular hydrogen bonding and restrain the diffusion of the monomer in scCO2. More importantly, the strong electron-withdrawing inductive effect of –CF3 to C=C may distinctly decrease the atomic charge of the carbon atom in the methylene (=CH2). These two factors are believed to be predominantly responsible for the significant decline of the free radical polymerizability of MTFMA and the other alkyl 2-trifluoromethacrylates in scCO2.
Preparation of Fly Ash/Epoxy Composites and Its Effects on Mechanical Properties
Authors: Sim Jeesoo , Kang Youngjeong , Kim Byung Joo , Park Yong Ho , Lee Young Cheol
Published: January 2020

In this research, a fly ash/epoxy composite was fabricated using fly ash filler classified as industrial waste. The behavior of its mechanical properties was investigated by changing the volume of fly ash to 10, 30 and 50 vol.%. To determine the influence of particle size on the mechanical properties, we used two different sizes of the fly ash, which were separated by sieving to less than 90 μm and 53 μm. To optimize fabrication conditions, the viscosity of the fly ash/epoxy slurry was measured at various temperatures with different fly ash volume fractions. In terms of mechanical properties, tensile strength increased as the amount of fly ash increased, up to a critical point. On the other hand, the compression strength of the composite increased continuously as the amount of fly ash increased. Finally, the fracture surfaces were characterized and correlated with the mechanical properties.
Selective and Colorimetric Detection of p-Nitrophenol Based on Inverse Opal Polymeric Photonic Crystals
Authors: Li Lu , Meng Tiantian , Zhang Wanbin , Su Ying , Wei Juan , Shi Xinwei , Zhang Guanghua
Published: January 2020

The detection of p-nitrophenol (PNP) is of great significance for assessment of environment pollution and potential health risks. In this study, based on inverse opal polymeric photonic crystals (IOPPCs), a selective and visual sensor for high-performance PNP detection is developed. Due to their unique optical properties, IOPPCs report events by change of color, which can easily be observed by the naked eye. Hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) was selected as the functional monomer with which to fabricate the IOPPCs. By precisely adjusting the molar ratio between the functional monomer and the crosslinker, the sensors were only able to be sensitive to a specific solution, thus realizing the visual, selective, and semi-quantitative detection of PNP. When the sensors were immersed in different concentrations of PNP solution, their Bragg diffraction wavelengths showed different redshifts. The color of the IOPPCs changed from green to red as the peak shift of Bragg diffraction occurred. In addition, the IOPPCs displayed good interference immunity and reusability.