bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design of Optically Controlled Reversible NOT Gate Using Micro Ring Resonators
Authors: Mandal Dhoumendra
Published: February 2023

Micro Ring Resonator (MRR) is a successful micro-device with the help of which different types of optical logic gates, logic processors, arithmetic units, etc. can be designed and integrated easily into the modern high-speed communication network. In this article, at first, the author has explained the switching mechanism of MRR and then designed an optically controlled Feynman gate (i.e. reversible controlled-Not gate) using MRRs. The switching mechanism of MRR is reliable and the switching speed of MRR is very fast. The change the resonance condition of MRR can occur when the ring is exposed in the optical pump beam with high intensity. The logic processors using Reversible Logic gates are more acceptable due to their data recovery capability and low power consumption. The designed circuit of optically controlled NOT Gate is testified with the MATLAB simulation results. To fulfil the demand for an ultra-high-speed network, the development of high speed optical logic processors is the primary requisite and this scheme will be very helpful for developing such elements.
Influence Of Critical Beam Power On Propagation Dynamics Of q-Gaussian Laser Beams In Isotropic Collisional Plasma
Authors: Khandale K Y , Takale P T , Patil S S , Urunkar T U , Valkunde A T , Patil S D , Takale M V
Published: February 2023

In current work, the beam-width parameter (BWP) equation is reduced to two variables such as q and critical beam power (p
0) which govern the propagation dynamics and intervals of critical beam power p
0 of a q-Gaussian laser beam have been investigated. The non-linear dependence of dielectric function in collisional plasma used herein is primarily because of heterogeneous heating of carriers along the wavefront of the laser beam. The influence of intervals of p
0 is further used to explore propagation dynamics of q-Gaussian laser beam in isotropic, homogeneous and collisional plasma has been studied. The Akhmanov’s parabolic equation approach under WKB (Wentzel-Kramers-Brillouin) and paraxial approximations are used in current work. The results have been found reasonably interesting which are revealed graphically and discussed.
Identification of Microplastics Using a Custom Built Micro-Raman Spectrometer
Authors: Unnimaya S , Mithun N , Lukose Jijo , Nair Manju P , Gopinath Anu , Chidangil Santhosh
Published: February 2023

Microplastics are plastic particles less than 5 mm in size but larger than 0.1 µm. Widespread microplastic pollution in aquatic and terrestrial environment is raising serious concern globally due to its detrimental impacts on living beings. This urge for the necessity of a sensitive analytical tool, which can facilitate reliable identification of microplastics. Micro-Raman spectroscopy enables molecular level structural details of samples and thus highly preferable for the identification of microplastics in water. Besides being a non-destructive technique enabling fast analysis, this technique requires minimal/no sample preparation. The present work demonstrates the performance of a custom built Micro-Raman spectrometer for the discrimination of various microplastics in water based samples. Micro- Raman analysis have been found quite successful in the identification of Polystyrene (PS), Polyethylene terephthalate (PET), High Density Poly ethylene (HDPE), Low Density Poly ethylene (LDPE) etc. The Micro-Raman spectral data have been capable enough for the discrimination of high-density polyethylene (HDPE,> 0.940 g/cm3) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE,< 0.930 g/cm3) microplastics, especially due to the variations in the C-H stretching vibrations (2825-2970 cm−1). The ratio of intensities of asymmetric CH2 stretching mode (2879 cm−1) and the symmetric CH2 stretching mode (2847 cm−1) are found to be higher for HDPE with respect to LDPE. Moreover, intensity variations were also observed for the antisymmetric and symmetric C-C stretching bands present at 1059 cm−1 and 1126 cm−1 respectively. The band at 1167 cm−1 arising from CH vibration have also shown an intensity enhancement in HDPE samples.
H-Polarised EM-Wave Transport in Polymeric-Chalcogenide Columnar Photonic Materials
Authors: Bihari Narendra , Srivastava Ankita , Chourasia Nitesh K. , Chourasia Ritesh Kumar
Published: February 2023

The propagation of H-polarized electromagnetic (EM) waves in polymeric (PEI)-chalcogenide (As2Se3) photonic materials (PCCPM) has been theoretically optimized and investigated in the current work. We used the Transfer Matrix Technique (TMT) and Hankel Realism (HR) in columnar coordinates to show numerical findings for the unit columnar junction and columnar slab for both polymeric (low refractive index) and chalcogenide (high refractive index) materials composed at least loss wavelength window (632.8 nm). The optical transmittance with wavelength for both materials for the cylindrical unitary slab displays oscillating and non-oscillating signatures, indicating that the starting radius has a significant impact on the transmittance at a constant slab width. The oscillatory transmittance becomes squizzing when the starting radius is increased. Furthermore, for smaller modal numbers, optical transmittance is an oscillatory function of slab thickness, and for (m=4), it becomes minimum and flat. These scientific breakthroughs pave the door for a variety of photonic devices and sensor applications.
Fabrication of Near Ultraviolet Photodetector using α-Fe2O3 Thin FilmSynthesized via Spray Coating Technique
Authors: Kaawash N. M. S. , Halge D I , Narwade V N , Dadge J W , Bogle K A
Published: February 2023

A UV photodetector was created using a spray-deposited α-Fe2O3 thin film on a glass substrate at 160 °C. The film’s thickness was approximately 110 nm. With a near UV light at a wavelength of 340 nm and an intensity of 140 µW/cm2, the photosensitivity of an individual α-Fe2O3 thin film photodetector was greater than 40%. An individual α-Fe2O3 thin film-based photodetector’s rapid photoresponse time of 1.6 ms and responsivity of ~ 1 mA/W can be attributed to the band gap and chemisorption of oxygen on the film’s surface. The photodetectors’ simple, low-cost, and large-scale fabrication demonstrates the fabrication of a stable, reversible, and rapid photo-responsive photodetector for near UV wavelength.
Indium Antimonide Based Terahertz Plasmonic Ring Resonator Filter
Authors: Thomas Sherin , Satyanarayan M.N.
Published: February 2023

This paper proposes a tunable filter composed of a semiconductor-insulator-semiconductor (SIS) waveguide with a ring resonator at terahertz(THz) frequency. The two-dimensional study of the proposed structure has been done using the finite element method. It is observed that the device can be used for filtering THz frequency within the range of 0.4 THz to 0.9 THz by varying the structural parameters. The simulated structure is a promising candidate for an integrated optical circuit and terahertz devices as a filter. The results of the simulations are discussed in detail.
Linear SV Plot Ananlysis in Steady State and Transient State to Explore Fluorescence Quenching of Coumarin Derivative by Aniline
Authors: Bhavya P. , Melavanki Raveendra , Revathi V. , Kusanur Raviraj
Published: February 2023

Static and transient state analysis related to fluorescence quenching of heterocyclic compound namely 3-Hydroxy-3-[2-oxo-2-(3-oxo-3H-benzo[f]chromen-2-yl)-ethyl]-1,3-dihydro-indol-2-one [3HBCD] in Toluene (nonpolar) and Butanol (polar protic) reveals the play of material diffusion in quenching mechanism. Time resolved method is used in Toluene a nonpolar solvent to further support the theory of material diffusion. Aniline is used as quencher to carry out the quenching studies. In both steady and transient state linear SV plots are observed with intercept ≈ 1. Correlation in the activation energy in both study state and transient state (Ea and E’a) suggests efficient quenching. Also calculated values of p (or p’) and the activation energies points that material diffusion has predominant role in quenching. This study help engineer the structure of new family of coumarin drugs with selective sensitivity which is of utmost importance in the field of chemistry and pharmaceutical industry.
Investigations Towards the Measurement of Displacement using Lateral Shearing Interferometry and Fourier Fringe Analysis Technique
Authors: Disawal Reena , Thakur Mahendra S , Tiwari Sadhana , Jain Aabha
Published: February 2023

In the present communication we report the measurement of small displacement of reflecting surface (plane mirror) using wedge plate lateral shearing interferometry. With the help of simple mathematical analysis relation between specimen displacement and difference phase is undertaken. Fourier based fringe analysis technique is used for determination of difference phase. Theoretical and experimental investigations are carried out to check the sensitivity of the technique. The detailed discussion regarding sources of errors and uncertainty analysis is also incorporated and the expanded uncertainty is found to be ±0.00236mm. The technique is simple and can be used in industry environment.
Detection of Vitiligo Using Optical Sensor Based on 2-D Photonic Crystals
Authors: Mankotia Amit , Shukla Anil Kumar
Published: February 2023

This structure proposes the creation of the optical biosensor that can be used to detect vitiligo caused to pigment loss. For accomplishing this, a pair of 2-D photonic crystal structures, such as the K3 and K7 resonators, are examined. The study of both resonator structures is succeeded using (FDTD) Finite Difference Time Domain. The Lumerical simulation tool is used to model these structures in the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD). The subsequent optical properties of different pigmentation in human skin are investigated, and the refractive indexes information are entered into Lumerical (FDTD) to find variations in the refractive indexes of several pigments that produce vitiligo.
Terahertz Wave Propagation Characteristics in Graded Teflon Based Solid-Core Photonic Crystal Fibre
Authors: Dash Shikhar , Mathur Varun , Pandey Nilesh , Sinha Ravindra K.
Published: February 2023

In the past few years, photonic crystal fibre (PCF) in the Terahertz spectrum is drawing significant attention because of its multifaceted applications in high-speed data communication, spectroscopy, sensing, etc. The proposed PCF structure is based on a Teflon solid core surrounded by porous cladding. Teflon has been used as a background material because of its high flexibility and the possibility of making longer PCFs, which is capable of guiding waves in the THz region. The porous cladding consists of circular air-holes positioned hexagonally whose diameters increase with each subsequent layer keeping the pitch constant thus providing a graded-index profile. The diameters of air holes in each hexagonal layer are 1 mm, 1.2 mm and 1.5 mm respectively, maintaining a constant pitch of 2mm and a perfectly matched layer (PML) thickness of 3mm. We have examined the transmission characteristics of the proposed profile in the frequency range of 0.8 THz to 2.5 THz. The modal solution of the profile is solved using the Finite Element Method based on COMSOL Multiphysics version 5.5. Using the graded-index profile, we have obtained a large effective modal area of around 5.6 mm2 at 1 THz and a low confinement loss of 2.25 × 10−4 dB/km at the same frequency. Due to this large effective modal area, we get higher damage threshold and weaker non-linear effects, making it suitable for high power applications.
Study of radiation power spectra in the 1-D photonic periodic dielectric structure
Authors: Rajeev  , Gulia Annu , Priyanka  , Beig M.T. , Sharma Bhoopesh , Sharma Yogesh
Published: February 2023

We explored the thermal power radiation spectrum ρ (ω, T) of electromagnetic radiation in a 1D photonic periodic structure combining Si and Sio2 with truncated Sio2 media and an absorbing substrate. A theoretical model based on a transfer matrix for both normal and oblique incidence angles together with Kirchhoff’s second rule is used to predict the thermal radiation power spectrum. In order to study the radiation spectra, we used the TE and TM modes with truncation parameters and incidence angles in the mid, left, and right gap frequencies, which correspond to the mid, left, and right mid-gap temperatures. Layers nA&nB are A and B’s indices are considered to be constant and controlled in these modes.
Study of Chromatic Dispersion in Single-Mode Optical Fiber
Authors: Yadgeer Saniya Anjum , Ray S. , Joglekar P.V.
Published: February 2023

In the optical communication system, optical fibers are used to transmit information in a long-haul communication system at a very high speed. However, attenuation causes loss in signal transmission. Chromatic dispersion is an ultimate limiting factor for attenuation in high-speed long-distance communication. The chromatic dispersion causes a broadening of the incident pulse while traversing along the fiber length. This broadening reduces the information-carrying capacity of the transmitted signal. Chromatic dispersion is caused by material and waveguide dispersion. We used COMSOL Multiphysics to evaluate chromatic dispersion for the different refractive indexes of silica glass by varying wavelengths from 1300 (nm) to 1600 (nm). We have modelled a 2D optical fiber using the Electromagnetic Wave, Frequency Domain. The effective mode index was computed using Mode Analysis and total dispersion is calculated theoretically. The computed values of chromatic dispersion are within 7% of theoretical values.
Temperature effects on soliton pairs in novel photorefractive crystals having both the linear and quadratic electro-optic effects
Authors: Deshmukh Anshuja , Kale Mayuri , Kulkarni Sachin , Katti Aavishkar
Published: February 2023

We investigate and formulate a detailed theory studying the temperature effects on bright-dark optical spatial soliton pair in the novel photorefractive crystals having both the nonlinearities i.e., the quadratic and linear electro-optic effects. The coupled modified Nonlinear Schrodinger (NLS) equations is solved exactly to obtain analytical solutions for both the components. There are few physical factors which are dependent on the temperature: the dielectric constant, dark irradiance and the diffusion current. We consider the variation of dielectric constant and dark irradiance to study the effect on the nonlinearity. Various FWHM curves are plotted which give us an idea of the self trapping nonlinearity’s dependence on the temperature
Vector Magnetic Field Sensing at Tiny Angles Through a Nanofluid Functionalized Ultrathin Taper Interferometer
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Khamari Subodh , Baac Hyoungwon , Jha Rajan
Published: February 2023

Aiming at the requirement of high precision and long life in tasks of mechanical and navigation industries, a highly sensitive and compact, magnetorheological fluid film-suspended nonadiabatic biconical tapered optical fiber interferometer-based vector magnetometer has been proposed and demonstrated in the manuscript. The reported magnetometer keeps the ability to detect the strength of the magnetic field and its direction in the 3D plane concurrently. Magnetically regulated effective index amendment is used to stimulate the higher order modes propagating in the cladding region of the ultrathin biconical fiber interferometer. Hence, the detection principle of the sensor depends on the changes in the effective indices of higher-order excited modes with respect to the applied magnetic field. The proposed magnetometer detects slight angular variations of -2° to +2° in the magnetic field over a broad range from 0 mT to 567 mT by using the azimuth-dependent anisotropic distribution of nanoparticles in the vicinity of the fiber-optic sensor arm. The reported sensor offers to its angular sensitivities of ~ ∓14.68 pm/mT, and ~ ∓11.79 pm/mT at minor inclinations of ∓1° and ∓2° whereas having its maximum sensitivity of ~ 16.48 pm/mT at 0°.
A review on phase change materials: Development, Types, and Applications
Authors: Panchamiya Vrajesh P , Kuchimanchi Amulya , Kulkarni Kaustubh G , Havaldar Sanjay N
Published: February 2023

Heat-storage materials that can be used to transition from one phase to another are known as phase change materials (PCM). This review article aims to highlight the history, iterations, and future value-adding of PCM in the sciences and engineering industries. This study discusses the many types of phase transition materials, as well as their encapsulations and applications. The study also includes findings from many experiments conducted around the world in order to offer a complete picture of overall advancement in the field of PCM.
The effect of deposition cycles on structural, morphological, optical and gas detection properties of Mg doped ZnO thin films
Authors: Abood N T , Sable P , Yassen J , Dharne G
Published: February 2023

In this study, Mg doped ZnO thin films were successfully prepared using the modified SILAR approach throughout various numbers of deposition cycles. XRD data shows the prepared films have a ZnO wurtzite hexagonal structure. The crystalline size and crystallinity were found to be increased by increasing the number of deposition cycles. FESEM showed there are nanoparticles and nanorods on the surface, with random distribution in the case of the sample synthesized with 30 cycles, while the agglomeration of nanoparticles to form a maize-like structure and flower-like morphology was predominant in the case of the sample with 40 cycles. The UV-VIS transmittance spectra showed a decrease in transmittance by increasing the number of deposition cycles, and the increment of energy band gap by increasing the number of deposition cycles was found. The response of the samples towards NO2 gas at 200 °C operating temperature was found to be enhanced in the case of the sample prepared at 40 cycles as compared to the sample prepared at 30 cycles.
Dielectric and Complex Impedance Spectroscopic studies of Microwave synthesized Cupric Oxide nanoparticles
Authors: Bhalerao-Panajkar Rohini S.
Published: February 2023

Hexamethylenetetramine (HMT) capped CuO nanoparticles were synthesized by microwave assisted technique. X-ray diffraction analysis confirms the formation of monoclinic single phase of the synthesized particles. The nature of ligand bonding and an estimate of the ligand molecules on the surface of CuO particles were obtained from Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy and Thermogravimetric analysis, respectively. Hysteresis measurements performed at 10 and 300 K show both the core-shell nature and the impact of the ligand. Dielectric measurements were performed with a temperature variation of 10 to 325 K and a frequency variation over 126 kHz to 949 kHz range. Broad relaxation peaks, reduction of dielectric constant with size and the presence of anomalies at slight variance to the magnetic transitions observed in bulk material, show signatures of the impact of ligand. Impedance spectroscopic (IS) analysis shows the room temperature impedance to be dominated by grain boundaries and reveals core-shell type of behaviour with conducting grains and insulating grain boundaries. A schematic is proposed with the grain consisting of the ligand capped CuO clusters separated by interfaces/grain boundaries.
Quantifying Effects Of Final State Interactions On Pion Production In DUNE Using Monte Carlo Event Generators
Authors: Sharma H R , Nagu S , Singh J , Singh R B
Published: February 2023

The analysis of pion production in neutrino-nucleus scattering is crucial to quantify the effect of final state interactions (FSI) in the energy regime of DUNE and other long-baseline neutrino experiments since FSI modify the number of pions that emerge in the final state as compared to the number of pions produced in the initial (primary) state. Not only the number of pions but also their charge gets changed due to the prevailing FSI effects. In the present work, we will study the effect of FSI on pions after their production at the initial neutrino-nucleus interaction vertex using two different Monte Carlo (MC) simulation tools viz. GENIE (version: 3.0.6) and NuWro (version: 19.2.2). Considering the DUNE experimental set-up, we observe pion production in νµ
and 40
Ar nucleus interactions for an event sample of 1 million for each generator. We find that there are some differences in the pion number observed in the primary and final states of two generators and that the differences are above statistical fluctuations. We observe that GENIE (version: 3.0.6) is more responsive (less transparent) to absorption and charge exchange processes as compared to NuWro (version: 19.2.2).
Synthesis and Micro hardness Studies of Polymer Nanocomposites of ZnS with PVK
Authors: Nagwanshi Durgesh Nandini
Published: February 2023

The synthesis and microhardness studies of ZnS with PVK ((Poly N-Vinylcarbazole) nanocomposites are presented. The thin films was form with different loding of ZnS in PVK using chemical rout method and characterized them SEM (Scanning Electron microscope), XRD (X-ray diffraction), AFM (Atomic Force Microscope) and study their mechanical properties. XRD shows ZnS have cubic nanocrystals structure, with particle size about 3 to 12 nm. Broadening of line shows the formation of amorphous compound. The SEM, AFM images reveal clustering of particles within 10 to 100 nm. These three studies reveal the particle size respectively increases with ZnS loading in the PVK. The microhardness study on pure PVK and ZnS with PVK nanocomposites helps us to understand the modification in properties due to inter- and intra- molecular interactions. It is seen that ZnS with PVK nanocomposites exhibit lower value of microhardness as compare to pure PVK and minimum for highest loading (50% ZnS) of ZnS in PVK. For each ZnS loading at first, the microhardness increases with the load and after that, beyond particular load, it obtain a saturated value, so it can be say the samples are fully strain-hardened at this load. The micro hardness also corresponds to frictional force. With increasing load the coefficient of friction decreases and the frictional force increases linearly with the increasing load. Therefore, the change in Vickers hardness number (Hv) is curvilinear with load.
Mixed Organic Halide Perovskite Energy Harvester for Solar Cells
Authors: Mydhili B , Albert Ancy , Sreekala C O
Published: February 2023

Organic- inorganic hybrid perovskite shows promising properties such as optical, electrical, and magnetic. To address issues in the standard methylammonium lead iodide perovskite such as toxicity and stability, lead was replaced with Cu in metal ion part and iodine replaced by chlorine in the anionic position. In this work, methyl ammonium copper chloride (MA2CuCl4) and phenyl ethyl ammonium copper chloride (PEA2CuCl4) were synthesised. Optical and structural property variations of solution obtained by mixing MA2CuCl4 and PEA2CuCl4 in 1:1 ratio was studied. Methylammonium lead iodide has a wide range of applications, particularly in solar cells and photovoltaic systems. Phenylethyl ammonium copper chloride material exhibits both ferroelectric and ferromagnetic properties. Methylammonium copper chloride is hygroscopic and unstable. To increase the stability of the material the organic part can be replaced with higher-order functional groups. Phenylethyl ammonium copper chloride is found to be thermally stable and has more moisture resistance ability compared to methyl ammonium copper chloride. From angle of efficiency, methyl ammonium copper chloride possessed higher performance than phenylethyl ammonium copper chloride, particularly in the field of solar cell perovskites. Uv-vis spectroscopy, FE-SEM, XRD, FTIR characterizations were done.
The Al3+ doped modified ZnO sensor material: Fabrication, characterization and gas sensing characteristics of some environmental pollutant and greenhouse gases
Authors: Ingale Raju Shivaji , Bhimrao koli Prashant , Shinde Sachin Girdhar , Khamkar Kashmiri A. , Ahire Satish Arvind , Patil Ishwar Jadhav
Published: February 2023

The current study examines the gas sensing properties of the fabricated material Al3+ modified ZnO. The material was fabricated by using co-precipitation technique. Here, sodium hydroxide was used as precipitating material to precipitate zinc as zinc hydroxide to convert it finally into ZnO. The insitu doping method was adapted to doped aluminum through ZnO lattice. The material was characterized by means of several characterization techniques. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) instrument utilized for structural investigation of the prepared material. The mean particle size estimated 28 nm using the Debye-Scherer equation. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was utilized for surface and topographic properties of the prepared material, while energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDX) was utilized to get atomic weight percentage of elements. The ultra violet diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV-DRS) was used to find the energy band gap of modified ZnO. The hexagonal crystal lattice of the materials was confirmed from transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. Thick films of Al3+ doped ZnO made using a screen printing technology. The developed thick film sensor of Al3+ doped ZnO was utilized to sense certain harmful gases such as toluene vapors (TV), LPG, petrol vapors, CO2 and CO. The material showed considerable response for CO and LPG at 500 ppm gas concentration with 85.20% and 76.23% gas response at 90°C and 120°C respectively. The other gas sensing characteristics of the materials was also examined for the fabricated Al3+ doped ZnO sensor such as response and recovery, reusability, ppm variation and gas response. From overall study it was observed that fabricated sensor Al3+ doped ZnO is reliable, and very rapid to detect the carbon monoxide vapors and liquefied petroleum gas vapors (LPG) at moderately high temperature and low gas concentration. The built sensor’s gas sensing mechanism was assessed to detect CO and LPG.
Effect of Finite Ion Larmor Radius (FLR) Corrections on Thermal Instability of Rotating Radiative Porous Astrophysical Plasma in Interstellar Medium (ISM)
Authors: Kaothekar Sachin , Mishra Sarvesh , Phadke Sushil
Published: February 2023

Infinite homogeneous plasma’s thermal instability has been studied in relation to finite ion Larmor radius (FLR) corrections, rotation, and porosity, as well as the impacts of radiative heat-loss function and thermal conductivity. With the aid of a normal mode analysis framework and the necessary difficulty-appropriate linearized perturbation equations, a universal dispersion relation is investigated. For the propagation of transverse waves, this dispersion relationship further condenses for rotation axes parallel to and at right angles to the magnetic field. It is proven that the presence of rotation, porosity, thermal conductivity, and radiative heat-loss function altered the thermal instability criterion. To show how different parameters affect the rate at which the thermal instability grows, numerical calculations have been carried out. We discover that rotation, FLR corrections, and medium porosity stabilised the growth rate of the thermal system in the transverse mode of propagation. The conclusion of this research states that the rotation, porosity, and FLR corrections have an impact on the configuration of dense molecular clouds and star formation.
High-pressure equations of state and elastic properties of the hcp-Iron
Authors: Singh S. P. , Singh Jeet , Sharma Jitendra , Ram Jagjivan
Published: February 2023

The present study deals with the elastic properties at different pressure of hcp-iron have been carried out. By exerting pressure on the cubic body of n-th power of edge length, we have used a new equation of state based on Eulerian finite theory. We have computed the bulk modulus and their pressure derivative from this formulated equation of state. The results from the proposed equation of state (EOS) show the better agreement with available experimental data. Thus, the derived expressions are able to predict the elastic properties of hcp-iron under high pressures.
Effects of Co-60 gamma radiation on the characteristics of red, green, and blue LEDs
Authors: Dhavale S B , Patil A B , Mathakari N L
Published: February 2023

Red, Green and Blue LEDs are irradiated by Co-60 gamma radiation at the doses ranging from 1.8 kGy to 172.8 kGy. Effects of these radiation doses on the I-V and Intensity-Power characteristics of RGB LEDs are examined. I-V characteristics shows only marginal variations, however, significant reduction in output intensity is observed at the maximum dose level of 172.8 kGy. We attribute this optical intensity degradation to radiation induced decrease in the minority carrier lifetime, displacement damage and radiation induced defects
Results from the HEPD-01 detector on board the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES)
Authors: Follega F.M.
Published: February 2023

CSES (China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite) is a sophisticated multi-channel space observatory to study the Earth and its surrounding layers. It was launched on February 2nd, 2018, on a Sun-Synchronous orbit at an altitude of 500 km. The High Energy Particle Detector (HEPD-01) is one of the main contributions of the CSES-Limadou collaboration to the mission with the goal of measuring 3-100 MeV electrons and 30-300 MeV protons, also extending to heavier nuclei. The instrument is quite compact (40.36 cm x 53.00 cm x 38.15 cm) and it is composed of a tracking system, a trigger made by a segmented layer of plastic scintillator, a calorimeter made by a tower of plastic scintillators and an array of LYSO cubes and a veto system. With its large field of view (±60°) it is capable to collect sufficient statistics to provide new and competitive measurements concerning a quite rich scientific program: the study of the radiation present in the ionospheric-magnetospheric environment, searching for transient phenomena correlated to seismic events, monitoring the solar activity, the flux of the low energy cosmic rays and studying the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA). In this paper we provide a synthetic description of the detector and of the main scientific results obtained on the measurement of the properties of low energy charged particles.
The AugerPrime upgrade of the Pierre Auger Observatory
Authors: Suomijärvi T.
Published: February 2023

Operating since 2004, the Pierre Auger Observatory has yielded several important results. The suppression of the flux around 5×1019eV is now confirmed without any doubt, a large-scale dipole anisotropy has been found for energies above 8×1018eV, as well as an indication for some intermediate-scale anisotropy at the highest energies. Furthermore, strong limits have been placed on ultra-high-energy photons and neutrinos. In order to elucidate the origin of the flux suppression at the highest energies and search for composition-enhanced anisotropies, the Auger Collaboration is currently upgrading the Observatory. In the framework of the upgrade, called AugerPrime, the array of 1660 water-Cherenkov detectors is equipped with plastic scintillators, allowing us to enhance the composition sensitivity. The station electronics is also upgraded, including better timing with up-to-date GPS receivers, higher sampling frequency, and increased dynamic range. Currently, more than 40% of the surface detectors have been upgraded, and the commissioning studies are well advanced. In this paper, the design of the AugerPrime surface detectors will be presented, and the performance obtained from the analysis of the first data will be discussed.
Observational constraints on accelerators of ultra-high energy cosmic rays
Authors: Marafico Sullivan , Biteau Jonathan , Condorelli Antonio , Deligny Olivier , Luce Quentin
Published: February 2023

We explore two generic hypotheses for tracing the sources of ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) in the Universe: star formation rate density or stellar mass density. For each scenario, we infer a set of constraints for the emission mechanisms in the accelerators, for their energetics and for the abundances of elements at escape from their environments. From these constraints, we generate sky maps above 40 EeV expected from a catalog that comprises 410,761 galaxies out to 350 Mpc and provides a near-infrared flux-limited sample to map both stellar mass and star formation rate over the full sky. Considering a scenario of intermittent sources hosted in every galaxy, we show that the main features observed in arrival directions of UHECRs can in turn constrain the burst rate of the sources provided that magnetic-horizon effects are at play in clusters of galaxies.
Highlights from the Large High-Altitude Air-Shower Observatory (LHAASO)
Authors: Volpe Domenico della
Published: February 2023

Since July 2021, LHAASO is fully operational and collecting data. The Nature paper in 2021, revealing 12 VHE new sources, was just the start of LHAASO science, revealing the huge scientific potential of this experiment. LHAASO opened the multi-TeV era in γ-ray astronomy and cosmic ray physics. Many analysis efforts in different areas are ongoing in different areas and several results are already published. In this contribution, we will show some highlights from LHAASO science together with the status of calibrations and performances achieved.
Recent results from the HAWC experiment
Authors: Tibolla Omar
Published: February 2023

The High Altitude Water Cherenkov (HAWC) Observatory is a wide field of view experiment comprised of an array of 300 water Cherenkov detectors to study transient and steady emission of TeV gamma rays. HAWC can detect gamma rays up to very high energies of several hundreds TeV. HAWC also plays a significant role as a survey instrument, since it can continuously observe 2/3 of the sky every 24 hours. Hence, many new TeV gamma-ray emitters are detected and known TeV gamma-ray sources can be studied in more detail and up to higher energies with HAWC. Some highlights of the first seven years of operation of the full array are presented, with particular emphasis to the most recent results.
Science with the Fermi Large Area Telescope
Authors: Serini Davide
Published: February 2023

The Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope started its science operations in August 2008. The Large Area Telescope (LAT) is the main instrument onboard Fermi. It is an imaging, wide field-of-view pair conversion telescope able to detect photons in the energy range from about 20 MeV up to the TeV region and it is still in excellent operating conditions after 14 years of observation. The Fermi-LAT is providing an increasingly detailed portrait of the Universe’s most extraordinary phenomena and plays a crucial role in the era of multi-messenger astrophysics. A selection of the most relevant scientific results obtained by the Fermi LAT telescope and some implications from indirect searches for dark matter will be presented.
The prototype Schwarzschild Couder Telescope: a Medium-Sized Telescope for the Cherenkov Telescope Array
Authors: Pantaleo Francesca Romana
Published: February 2023

The Schwarzschild Couder Telescope (SCT) is a dual mirror Medium-Sized telescope proposed for the Cherenkov Telescope Array (CTA), the next-generation very-high energy (from about 20 GeV to 300 TeV) gamma-rays observatory. The SCT design consists of a dual-mirror optics and a high-resolution camera with a field of view (FoV) of 8°, which will allow exceptional performance in terms of angular resolution and background rejection. A prototype telescope (pSCT) has been installed and is operating at the Fred Lawrence Whipple Observatory (FLWO) in Arizona, USA. Its camera is partially equipped with silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) matrices and covers a FoV of 2.7°. The pSCT has recently successfully detected the Crab Nebula with a statistical significance of 8.6 standard deviations. The upgrade of the pSCT focal plane is now ongoing, aimed to equip the full camera with upgraded sensors and electronics, enhancing the telescope field of view from the current 2.7° to the final 8°. An overview of the pSCT project and obtained results will be given, together with the camera upgrade status and expected performance.
Very high energy sky monitoring with the Southern Wide-field Gamma-ray Observatory
Authors: La Mura G , Barres de Almeida U , Longo F
Published: February 2023

The Southern Wide-field Gamma-ray Observatory (SWGO) is the proposal for a new ground-based γ-ray instrument in the Southern Hemisphere, which will use an array of water-Cherenkov based particle detectors to provide continuous monitoring and regular scanning of a large portion of the sky at the very- and ultra-high-energies (VHE and UHE, respectively). At the low energy side, SWGO aims to push the observational range of wide-field ground-based γ-ray facilities down to a few hundred GeV, thus bridging the gap between space and ground-based facilities in the monitoring of the VHE sky. In the high energy domain, on the contrary, it will benefit from the optimal coverage of the Galactic Plane to map the distribution of UHE sources in the inner parts of the Galactic disk and close to the Galactic Center, leading to an extraordinary improvement in our ability to identify their most likely counterparts. In this contribution, we describe the concept of SWGO and its potential to constrain the physics of VHE emission and particle acceleration in γ-ray sources powered by relativistic jets and energetic shocks. We finally discuss its role within the global network of multi-messenger facilities.
Surveying the MeV gamma-ray sky with AMEGO-X
Authors: Fleischhack Henrike
Published: February 2023

Recent detections of gravitational wave signals and neutrinos from gamma-ray sources have ushered in the era of multi-messenger astronomy, while highlighting the importance of gamma-ray observations for this emerging field. AMEGO-X, the All-sky Medium Energy Gamma-Ray Observatory eXplorer, is an MeV gamma-ray instrument proposed to the 2021 call for medium-sized explorer missions. AMEGO-X will survey the sky in the energy range from 100 keV to 1 GeV with unprecedented sensitivity, as well as detecting and localizing transient events such as gamma-ray bursts and magnetar activity down to 25 keV. AMEGO-X will detect gamma-ray photons both via Compton interactions and pair production processes, bridging the “sensitivity gap” between hard X-rays and high-energy gamma rays. AMEGO-X will provide important contributions to multi-messenger science and time-domain gamma-ray astronomy, studying e.g. high-redshift blazars, which are probable sources of astrophysical neutrinos, and gamma-ray bursts. I will present an overview of the instrument and anticipated science program.
Overview of the results from the ANTARES neutrino telescope
Authors: Fusco Luigi Antonio
Published: February 2023

The ANTARES neutrino telescope took high-quality data for over 15 years, starting in 2007 and ending its operations in 2022. During this period, it was the most sensitive detector for cosmic neutrino fluxes from the Southern Sky below 100 TeV, where significant neutrino emissions induced by galactic cosmic rays are expected. In addition, it showed the great potential of under-water neutrino telescopes in various searches involving atmospheric neutrinos and neutrinos from dark matter annihilation and/or decays. This contribution provides an overview of the results achieved over these 15 years and an outlook concerning what is still to come once the analysis of its data will be finalised.
Supernova’s neutrino detection at the Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory
Authors: Lombardo C.
Published: February 2023

The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) will be the largest ever built liquid scintillator detector for neutrino physics. JUNO is a 20 kton liquid scintillator detector, equipped with 20012 large PMTs and 25600 small PMTs. It will be sensitive to various neutrino sources and will give a unique contribution to the observation of the all-flavor neutrino flux from a Galactic core collapse supernova (CCSN). JUNO can detects neutrinos emitted by the next CCSN neutrinos through several interactions, among which inverse beta decay, elastic scattering on electron and proton can providing information of energy spectra of all flavors. Furthermore, JUNO will be able to provide an alert during the pre-SN phase. In this manuscript, the observatory detectors and its capability to detect CCSN neutrinos will be presented.
Characterisation of an improved 3” Hamamatsu photomultiplier for the KM3NeT Neutrino Telescope
Authors: Simonelli Andreino , Mollo Carlos M. , Migliozzi Pasquale
Published: February 2023

The Hamamatsu R14374-02 3-inch photomultiplier tube is an improved version of the previous R12199-02 model. It will be used for the completion of the KM3NeT neutrino telescope. Five hundred photomultipliers have been characterized for dark count rate, timing spread, and spurious pulses. The quantum efficiency, the gain and the peak-to-valley ratio have also been measured for a sub-sample of two hundred PMTs in order to determine parameter values needed as input to numerical simulations of the detector.
The Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network: a Summary
Authors: Ayala Solares Hugo A.
Published: February 2023

The Astrophysical Multimessenger Observatory Network (AMON) aims to connect the world’s leading high-energy and multimessenger observatories. AMON’s objective are to evoke the discovery of new multimessenger phenomena, exploit these phenomena as tools for fundamental physics and astrophysics, and explore archival datasets in search of multimessenger activity. Present projects include distributing low-latency multimessenger alerts from the Neutrino-Electromagnetic (NuEM) channel, as well as distrubting alerts from individual detectors including IceCube and HAWC. Looking ahead, AMON will continue providing useful real-time analyses of a wide variety of high-energy and multimessenger data streams, including coincidences between gravitational-wave data and gamma-ray data. It will also start using the SCiMMA-standard cyberinfrastructure, and keep strengthening its ties with the theoretical and time domain astrophysics communities.
Multi-messenger implications of the Pierre Auger Observatory measurements
Authors: Novotný Vladimír
Published: February 2023

The Pierre Auger Observatory is not only the world’s largest cosmic-ray observatory, but also an efficient detector of cosmic particles other than nuclei. Using its enormous exposure, the Observatory is a competitive player in searches for ultra-high energy neutrinos, photons, and even particles that could be predicted by theories beyond the standard model of particle physics. We present our recent results of such searches, targeting both the diffuse fluxes of particles and specific transient events. Special attention is given to the potential of the Observatory to support or constrain the observations of the ANITA experiment interpreted as upward-going air showers. The search for correlations of arrival directions of ultra-high energy cosmic rays measured by the Pierre Auger Observatory and the Telescope Array with high-energy neutrinos detected by IceCube and ANTARES experiments is also discussed.
Gamma Rays and Neutrinos from the Galactic Plane at the PeV frontier
Authors: Luque Pedro De La Torre , Gaggero Daniele , Grasso Dario , Marinelli Antonio
Published: February 2023

The Tibet ASγ experiment recently reported the observation of a diffuse gamma-ray emission from the Galactic plane with energy up to the PeV. This finding seems to be confirmed by LHAASO preliminary results. Both measurements provide the first evidence of a diffuse gamma-ray emission throughout the Galaxy up to such high energies. These results have relevant implications for neutrino astronomy since they strengthen the expectation that a neutrino diffuse emission from the Galactic plane could soon be discovered by IceCube and KM3NeT. To explore this possibility we use physically motivated numerical models which reasonably describe the observed gamma-ray diffuse emission angular distribution and spectral energy distribution from few GeV up to the PeV under the hypothesis that is mostly originated by the cosmic ray population of the Galaxy. We will discuss the possible detectability of the associated neutrino emission and the valuable implications it may have for understanding the origin and propagation of cosmic rays.
The targeted search for gravitational waves from known pulsars
Authors: D’Onofrio Luca
Published: February 2023

In this paper, I review the latest results by the LIGO-Virgo-Kagra Collaboration for the targeted search of continuous gravitational waves (CWs) from 236 pulsars. First, I present an overview of the types of the CW search. Then, I show the results obtained using data from the third observing run of LIGO and Virgo detectors combined with data from the second observing run. No evidence of gravitational waves has been found but it is possible to set upper limits on the CW amplitude and on the pulsar ellipticity at 95% confidence level. 23 of the analyzed pulsars have strain amplitudes that are lower than the limits calculated from their electromagnetically measured spin-down rates.
MoCRiL: Pacini’s experiment in a modern and educational way
Authors: Liguori D. , Passarelli D. , Schioppa M.
Published: February 2023

The MoCRiL (Measurements of Cosmic Rays in Lake) project has re-proposed, in an educational way and using modern measuring instruments, Domenico Pacini’s experiment for determining the origin of the natural ionizing radiation that surrounds us in any instant. The students of 4 different schools from Calabria Region with the collaboration of the INFN researchers (OCRA collaboration of Cosenza [1]) and of the Physics department of UNICAL, performed the measurement of the ionizing particle rate at different depths in the waters of the Arvo Lake in the Sila plateau (1300 m asl). The aim of this project is to let students know and understand the often very difficult way that leads to scientific discovery, sharing ideas and results with other students, from different years and schools, and with teachers and researchers.
Analyzing cosmic-ray muons in the experimental paths of the “Mathematical High School” Project
Authors: Aramo C. , Colalillo R. , Tortoriello F.S. , Veronesi I.
Published: February 2023

The Mathematical High School (MHS) Project is a research project involving 160 high schools and 26 Italian universities in which experimental research paths are deepened to explore mathematics as a universal language and as a link between the various areas of both humanistic and scientific knowledge. These activities are developed with the collaboration of internationally recognized research institutions. In particular, in the MHS schools, the research group of the Mathematics Department of the University of Salerno in collaboration with INFN (National Institute of Nuclear Physics) Naples division, offers laboratory activities of data analysis on cosmic rays. Students, guided by the researchers, use the CRC (Cosmic Rays Cube), a portable muon detector, to carry out an experimental activity, from the data taking to the analysis. They study what cosmic rays are, where they come from and, in particular, the characteristics of comic-ray muons produced in the Earth atmosphere. Mathematics becomes the instrument to interpret data collected by the detector, measure the muon flux and reconstruct their direction. Using dedicated software, students experience the activity of the researchers. Working in team, they deal with high-profile scientific issues usually not developed in the curricular educational paths.