bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Glomales, Zygomycota) of the Bledowska Desert, Poland
Authors: Błaszkowski Janusz , Tadych Mariusz , Madej Tadeusz
Published: April 2013

The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF; Glomales, Zygomycetes) associated with plants growing in sand dune soils of the Blędowska Desert, Poland, was investigated in 1995-1997. A total of 134 mixtures of soils and roots were sampled. The mixtures represented 26 plant species in 14 families and one unrecognized plant. Spores of AMF were found in 118 soil-root mixtures. The AMF spore populations comprised 20 described species of the genera Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora, as well as two undescribed morphospecies of the genus Glomus. The AMF most frequently occurring in the field-collected soils were members of the genus Scutellospora The AMF spore populations comprised 20 described species in the genera Acaulospora, Gigaspora, Glomus and Scutellospora, as well as two undescribed morpho-species of the genus Glomus. The fungal species most frequently and numerously found was Scutellospora armeniaca. The fungi relatively frequently present also were A. rugosa, A. lacunosa, G. aggregatum, an undescribed Glomus 142 and Sc. dipurpurescens. The overall spore abundance of AMF averaged 69.1 and ranged from 0 to 837 in 100 g dry soil. The highest abundance of spores occurred among roots of the families Cupressaceae, followed by the Rosaceae, Asteraceae and Poaceae. Of the plant species investigated two and more times, most spores harboured Juniperus communis. The overall average species richness was 2.4 and ranged from 0 to 6 in 100 g dry soil. Of the plant species sampled at lest two times, the highest average species diversity was found in the root zone of Salix arenaria. The plant species that hosted the highest overall number of species of AMF was Festuca rubra. Trap pot cultures with soilroot mixtures collected in 1997 revealed 10 species of AMF that were not found in field soils sampled in the same year. This suggests that a great part of AMF of Błędowska Desert is represented by rarely or non-sporulating species.
Ontogenesis of the Potamogeton flower and fruitlet in SEM research
Authors: Toma Cezary
Published: April 2013

The morphological development of fruitlets representing the four sections of the genus Potamogeton was investigated. Evident morphological differences in the course of the development of fruitlets between the species studied were found. They concern: a) size, shape and outline of carpels and fruitlets, b) individual rate of fruitlet development, c) angle arrangement of the fruitlets, and d) structure of the basal and the apical parts of the fruitlets. Acropetal initiating of the floral primordia was found, as well as the fact that the fruitlet surfaces are very variable and thus useless for taxonomical purposes.
Mycorrhizal status of plants in two successional stages on spoil heaps from fireloam mining in Lower Silesia (SW Poland)
Authors: Kasowska Dorota
Published: April 2013

The mycorrhizal status of two plant communities representing an initial stage (1-2 year-old) and a 8-9-year-old stage of succession on spoil heaps from fireloam mining in Lower Silesia, Poland, was determined. In the initial stage, the mycorrhizal structures were not observed in 39% of the investigated species; they were members of the Polygonaceae, Chenopodiaceae and Poaceae families. The relative cover of non-mycorrhizal plants exceeded 50% and the major role was played by the Polygonum aviculare population, which predominated the whole community. Mycorrhizal species (arbuscular mycorrhizae) contributed to 61 % of the composition of the initial phyto-coenosis. The most numerous taxa were those with 20-40% of the root length colonized, with a small number of arbuscules (0.2-3.1% of the root length containig arbuscules) and no vesicles. In the advanced stage of succession, mycorrhizal plants definitely dominated and the major role was played by the Tussilago farfara population. Compared with the initial stage, the later one also harboured more plants with mycorrhizas occupied >40% of the root length, as well as containing numerous arbuscules (>20% of the root length) and vesicles. The non-mycorrhizal species, i.e., Equisetum arvense and Poa compressa, represented 11 % o': the community composition and their relative cover amounted to 3%. Despite the relatively frequent occurrence of the arbuscular mycorrhizae in the initial stage of succession, the qualitative properties of the colonization indicated a low effectiveness of symbiosis. This could be caused by the lack of adaptation of the fungal symbiont to the edaphic conditions which were changed after disturbance.
Umbilicaria aprina Nyl. - a new lichen species from central Europe
Authors: Krzewicka Beata , Osyczka Piotr
Published: April 2013

During field studies carried out in the Tatra Mountains (Western Carpathians, Poland) three localities of Umbilicaria aprina Nyl. were found. This is the first note about this taxon in Central Europe.
Induction of shoot buds, multiplication and plantlet formation in seedling explants of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) cv. Bryza in vitro
Authors: Gatz Andrzej
Published: April 2013

In vitro shoot bud induction and multiplication as well as plantlets formation from different parts of 21-d old seedlings (shoot tip, cotyledonary node, distal part of cotyledon, acropetal section of hypocotyl) of Capsicum annuum L., cv. Bryza were compared. During 4 weeks of primary explant culture on initiation media, first shoot bud primordia appeared; they reminded leaf primordia and subsequently some of them underwent enlargement, some developed into leaves and leaf-like structures (mainly on cotyledon explants). The highest number of shoot bud primordia was noted on cotyledonary node explants, but they were smaller than those on the remaining types of the explants. The best response of shoot regeneration showed cotyledon explants on which most of shoot buds were formed in each from four treated passages. From shoot buds on elongation media after 4 weeks of culture rooted rosettes of leaves were achieved, and the extension of the culture time to eight weeks without subculture caused that the rosettes developed into plantlets. Throughout four successive passages plantlets were obtained from cotyledon and shoot tip explants.
Mitotic activity and changes in DNA content during Zea mays L. endosperm development
Authors: Kuran Hanna , Marciniak Kazimierz
Published: April 2013

Mitotic activity and nuclear DNA content in endosperm of Zea mays cv. Złota Karłowa were examined. DNA content was cytophotometrically measured on squashed preparations after Feulgen procedure. Mitotic activity in endosperm was determined till the stage when embryo sack reached 4.5 mm in length. Some of mitotic figures show multiplied DNA content. Endosperm nuclei have various DNA contents which increase throughout endosperm development. DNA content enhancement indicates endoreduplication in progress. Some nuclei with high DNA content display changes in chromatin structure, which are expressed by the presence of strands and aggregates of chromatin characterised by high staining intensity. A conclusion has been drawn that mitotic divisions and the endoreduplication phase of nuclear DNA may occur simultaneously and dominate one over another at different phases of endosperm development.
Influence of some new aminophosphonates on electrical properties and stability of plasma membranes of plant cells
Authors: Sarapuk Janusz , Bielecki Krzysztof , Trela Zenon
Published: April 2013

The effect of new aminophosphonates, synthesized for potential agricultural application, on membrane potential and electrical conductance of internodal cells of Nitellopsis obtusa and their efficiency in modifying the properties of cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv "Wisconsin") cotyledon membranes was studied. They differed in substituents at the carbon and phosphorus atoms. It was found that the organophosphorous compounds caused depolarization of the membrane resting potential and increased electrical conductance of alga membranes. They also influenced chlorophyll content and efflux of electrolytes from cucumber cotyledons. The most significant effects were observed for the compound with iso-propyl substituents at the P atom. In contrast, the weakest modifier of the studied compounds was the one having phenolic substituents at that atom. The observed changes are most probably the result of direct interaction of aminophosphonates with the lipid phase of the plasma membrane and the induced structural changes in it.
Phylogenetic studies of liverworts from the genus Pellia using a new type of a molecular marker
Authors: Pacak Andrzej , Fiedorow Paweł , Szweykowska-Kulińska Zofia
Published: April 2013

In order to analyse taxonomically liverworts from the genus Pellia a new type of molecular marker was applied using two kinds of primers. The first one is a typical RAPD primer whereas the second one is a universal primer whose nucleotide sequence is based on a consensus sequence common to all tRNA molecules. Using these markers phenetic and phylogenetic trees were constructed for all the species of the genus Pellia, using the liver-wort species Aneura pinguisas the outgroup. Additionally, it was demonstrated that the allopolyploidal species P. borealis, which originated as a result of the hybridization of two parent species: P. epiphylla-species S and P. epiphylla-species N, is more closely related to P. epiphylla-species N. This is because both: mitochondria and chloroplasts in P. borealis are from P. epiphylla-species N.
Heavy metal binding properties of Pinus sylvestris mycorrhizas from industrial wastes
Authors: Turnau Katarzyna , Mleczko Piotr , Blaudez Damien , Chalot Michel , Botton Bernard
Published: April 2013

Mycorrhizas of Pinus sylvestris, collected from zinc wastes in Poland and France were investigated using transmission electron microscope (TEM) and scanning electron microscope (SEM) equipped with energy dispersion spectroscopy (EDS) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). At both sites, mycorrhizas of Hebeloma were the most frequent, however, they were often characterised by a sparse or only locally developed fungal mantle. Mycorrhizas formed by suilloid fungi were much less frequent, and usually produced a clearly defined fungal mantle characterised by abundant formation of pigments and crystals covering the hyphae of the outer mantle. These two groups of mycorrhizas differed in their heavy metal binding properties. A biofiltering effect of Pb and Zn by the fungal mantle was observed only in the case of suilloid mycorrhizas, which represented up to 10% of the total number of mycorrhizas. No statistical differences between the mantle, the cortical cell walls and the vascular tissue were demonstrated in mycorrhizas formed by other fungi dominating on industrial wastes. In the case of Hebeloma and Inocybe, however, elements such as Cu and Cd were present in higher amounts in the extra-matrical mycelium, whereas no or only low amounts of these elements were detected within fungal mantles, mainly in mycorrhizas from the French waste. Analysis of the root systems has shown relatively high percentage of nonmycorrhizal short roots, suggesting the inhibition of mycorrhiza formation or a decreased number of mycorrhizal propagules. The role of dead roots and mycorrhizas in biosorption and immobilization of heavy metals was discussed.
Biochemical activity of di- and polyamines in the green alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck (Chlorophyceae)
Authors: Czerpak Romuald , Bajguz Andrzej , Piotrowska Alicja , Dobrogowska Renata , Matejczyk Marzena , Wiesławski Wojciech
Published: April 2013

This study concerns on the influence of diamines (agmatine, putrescine) and polyamines (spermine, spermidine) upon the growth and the content of chlorophyll a and b, monosaccharides and proteins in the cells of alga Chlorella vulgaris Beijerinck (Chlorophyceae). In the experiments agmatine, putrescine, spermine and spermidine in the range of concentrations 10-6-10-3 M were used. At the concentration 10-3 M and the 1st day of cultivation, they have a toxic effect on growth of the algae. It was found that di- and polyamines used within the range of concentration 10-6-10-4 M stimulate the growth and the contents of analysed biochemical parameters in the cells of C. vulgaris. The most stimulating influence on metabolism of the alga was demonstrated by spermidine and putrescine at concentration of 10-4 M. Agmatine and spermine were characterised by a lower biological activity than spermidine and putrescine demonstrated the most stimulating influence.
The distribution of Montia fontana L. (Portulacaceae) in Poland
Authors: Sotek Zofia , Popiela Agnieszka , Kwiatkowski Paweł
Published: April 2013

The distribution of Montia fontana L. in Poland is described, based on accessible data. Maps showing the distribution of M. fontana agg., subsp. amporitana, subsp. chondrosperma are presented, as well as lists of localities with brief descriptions of taxonomic characteristics of the subspecies and their habitats.
Morphological variability of Juniperus phoenicea (Cupressaceae) from three distant localities on Iberian Peninsula
Authors: Mazur Małgorzata , Boratyńska Krystyna , Marcysiak Katarzyna , Gómez Daniel , Tomaszewski Dominik , Didukh Yakiv Petrovich , Boratyński Adam
Published: April 2013

The aim of the present study was biometrical comparison of three Iberian populations of Juniperus phoenicea, represented by the subsp. turbinata and subsp. phoenicea. Eight features of the cones and seeds, two of the shoots and leaves were studied.

The biometrical analysis of three distant populations of J. phoenicea shows great taxonomic distances among them. Two of them, representatives of J. phoenicea subsp. turbinata, are closer related each other than to the third, which represents J. phoenicea subsp. phoenicea. These results confirm the genetic differentiation of the taxons and also the biochemical and morphologic division of them. Nevertheless, the distances between particular populations are so great that more resemble the distances between species than between subspecies.
Cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides in Mexican wild lupin seeds
Authors: Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka I. , Gracia-Lopez Pedro Macedonio , Gulewicz Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

Ten to 16 ethanol-soluble carbohydrate components were identified in the seeds of six Mexican wild lupins. The analysed carbohydrates included: monosaccharides, disaccharides, cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols and raffinose family oligosaccharides. Stachyose and sucrose were the main carbohydrate component in the Lupinus montanus, L. rotundiflorus, L. exaltatus, L. mexicanus and L. elegans seeds. Only trace quantities of verbascose were detected in Lupinus mexicanus seeds. The analysed seeds accumulated 38 to 78 mg/g d.m. carbohydrates. The raffinose family oligosaccharides constituted 41 to 85.2% of the identified carbohydrate component pool. The analysed Lupinus seeds contained 3 to 8 unidentified carbohydrate components.
Diatoms of the genus Gomphonema Ehr. (Bacillariophyceae) from a karstic stream in the Krakowsko-Częstochowska Upland
Authors: Wojtal Agata
Published: April 2013

This paper presents the results of a floristic study focusing on taxa representing the genus Gomphonema in Kobylanka stream, situated ca 30 km NW of Kraków. Species belonging to the genus Gomphonema Ehr. were very frequently observed diatom taxa in the material studied. Amongst 272 diatom taxa recorded in the studied material, 13 belong to this genus. Some of them are widespread and often found in Poland; others such as Gomphonema micropus Kutz. and G. sarcophagus Greg. are rarely or for the first time reported from the Kraków-Częstochowa Upland. G. brebissonii Reichardt, G. lagerheimii A. Cl. and G. parallelistriatum Lange-Bert. and Reichardt are new to the Polish flora.

Identification of the diatom flora was based on light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Morphological characters and dimensions of frustules were measured for all taxa reported. Ecological requirements, remarks on distribution, and photographic documentation are also given.
Some interesting colourless euglenophytes found in Southern Poland
Authors: Cabała Jolanta
Published: April 2013

This study present 9 species of colourless euglenoid flagellates found in a small peat bog in Budzyń, a village north-west of Cracow, which belongs to the Małopolska Upland (Southern Poland). This threatened peat bog is covered with rubble brought from neighbouring Cracow. Only ca 30% of its area is relatively little influenced by human activity. Many of the present species are rarely and infrequently reported from nature. Three species, including Rhabdomonas incurva Fresenius, Entosiphon obliąuum Klebs, E. ovatum Stokes, and one variety Menoidium pellucidum Perty var. gracile (Playfair) Popova have been recorded for the first time from Poland. Three species Astasia dangeardii Lemmermann var. dangeardii, Rhabdomonas costata (Korsikov) Pringsheim and Entosiphon sulcatum (Dujardin) Stein var. sulcatum Stein are new for the flora of Cracow-Częstochowa Upland. The remaining taxa: Menoidium pellucidum Perty var. pellucidum and M. tortuosum (Stokes) Senn var. tortuosum are very rarely recorded from Poland. For each species illustrations, taxonomic information and biogeographical data are given.
Changes of ultrastructure and cytoplasmic free calcium in Gladiolus x hybridus Van Houtte roots infected by aster yellows phytoplasma
Authors: Rudzińska-Langwald Anna , Kamińska Maria
Published: April 2013

Roots of Gladiolus x hybridus Van Houtte plants infected with aster yellows phytoplasma were examined. The infected plants had a reduced root system in comparison to control plants. Their roots were thinner and the stele organisation was changed. Phytoplasmas were present in sieve tubes, companion cells and phloem parenchyma cells of the infected plant roots. Free calcium ions were localized in the cells of infected plants. Cells of the stele of infected roots, especially these infected with phytoplasmas, showed an increase of calcium antimonite deposits in theirs protoplasts. Also the number of calcium antimonite deposits increased in sieve tubes of infected roots. The deposits were present on plasma membrane, around the sieve tube plate and also in the lumen of the sieve tube. The increase of free calcium ions in sieve tubes did not cause the occlusion of sieve tube pores. Companion cells and some parenchyma cells with phytoplasmas did not react to phytoplasma infection with an increase of Ca2+ ions in protoplast. The parenchyma cells showing signs of degeneration reacted with high increase of calcium ions. The Ca2+ ions were present mainly in cytoplasm of infected parenchyma cells. There were calcium antimonite deposits in infected plant roots xylem elements and in intracellular spaces of cortex parenchyma. Such deposits were not present in control plants.
Organogenesis and long-term micropropagatlon of Polish pea cultivars
Authors: Pniewski Tomasz , Wachowiak Joanna , Kapusta Józef , Legocki Andrzej B.
Published: April 2013

The complete protocol for regeneration and long-term micropropagation of several Polish cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L.) has been elaborated. The shoots were the most likely regenerated via de novo organogenesis. The adventitious buds formed in callus derived from cotyledons tissue adjacent to the axillary meristems of immature embryos. All cultivars' calli regenerated several shoots per explant on the MS medium supplemented with B5 vitamins and 4.5 mgl-1 of BAP, however some differences in regeneration capacity among cultivars were observed. The plantlets were subsequently micropropagated with slightly higher efficiency and preserving a good viability over the long-term culture on a medium containing 2.0 mgl-1 than one with 4.5 mgl-1 of BAP. The additional step of the pre-conditioning culture of multiplicated shoots on a medium with very low BAP concentration i.e. 0.02 mgl-1 was applied and appeared to be beneficial before rooting in vitro or grafting. The modified MS-derived medium with the half-strength of MS macroelements but with the full original dose of calcium and supplemented with B5 vitamins and 1.0 mgl-1 of NAA was developed for effective rooting. The shoots were also sufficiently transferred into ex vitro conditions using grafting. The majority of the regenerated plants had adapted to in vivo conditions in a greenhouse and subsequently has set seeds. The presented protocol provides relatively efficient rate of de novo pea regeneration and would be useful for Agrobacterium-mediated transformation purposes.
The influence of PPM upon the sterility of the in vitro cultures in European beech (Fagus sylvatica L)
Authors: Kraj Wojciech , Dolnicki Adam
Published: April 2013

Investigations were conducted on the strongly infested by microbes embryos isolated from seed stratified in non-sterile conditions or from tree buds. The results showed, that PPM (Plant Preservative Mixture, produced by Plant Cell Technology, Inc.) was very useful for increasing the percentage of sterile cultures disinfected in a 5% solution of NaOCl. The best way of applying PPM turned out to be adding the substance directly to the growing medium. At the concentration of 2 or 4 cm3 x dm-3 of PPM there was an 30% increase in percentage of sterile of in vitro cultures developed from embryos and 70-80% of cultures developed from buds, as compared with the control without PPM. At the range of concentrations employed in this study, no negative effects of PPM upon the development and growth of callus were observed.
Habitat and growth conditions of the rare Potamogeton hybrids: P. x sparganifolius Least. ex Fr. and P. x nericius Hagstr. in the Drawieński National Park
Authors: Kraska Marek , Piotrowicz Ryszard , Kujawa-Pawlaczyk Jolanta
Published: April 2013

The two pondweed taxa, new for the Polish flora, were found in the Drawa River in the Drawieński National Park (north-western Poland). Patches of P. x sparganiifolius started about 400 m below the mouth of the left-bank tributary, the Korytnica River, and ended about 5.5 km further downstream. The population colonized mainly a sandy substrate with varied particle size, moderately deep water, and moderate water flow rate. The patches were very dense and composed nearly exclusively of P. x sparganiifolius. They occurred mainly in the main current of the Drawa, and were up to several dozen metres long. By contrast, P. x nericius was found only in a small creek with stagnant water, at the edge of a patch dominated by P. x sparganiifolius, on a substrate composed of mud and sand, at the depth of 40-60 cm.
Tamarix duezenlii (Tamaricaceae) - a species new to science from southern Turkey
Authors: Çakan Halil , Zieliński Jerzy
Published: April 2013

Tamarix duezenlii, belonging to Tamarix L. ser. Leptostachyae (Bunge) Baum, is described as a species new to science. It is related to T. hispida Willd. and T. arborea (Sieber ex Ehrenb.) Bunge. From the former species it differs by its dense inflorescences, white petals and paralophic disc; from the latter by a shrubby habit, elliptic petals and calyx abruptly narrowed at the base. The species occurs in saline areas of the Cukurova Deltas at the mouths of the Seyhan and Ceyhan rivers in southern Turkey.
Ascocoryne turficola (Fungi, Ascomycetes), a species new to Poland
Authors: Stasińska Małgorzata , Sotek Zofia
Published: April 2013

Ascocoryne turficola, one of the rarest fungi in Europe, has been recorded for the first time in Poland. Its distribution presented on the map, ecological notes and morphology of ascocarps are based on the authors' own material.
Habitat differentiation of the Myriophyllum altemiflorum and Littorella uniflora phytocoenoses in Poland
Authors: Kłosowski Stanisław , Szańkowski Marcin
Published: April 2013

The present study showed the ecological differentiation of phytocoenoses dominated either by Myriophyllum alterniflorum or by Littorella uniflora, which in Poland are classified within the Myriophylletum alterniflori or Myriophyllo-Littorelletum association. The properties which best differentiated the waters of the above types of phytocoenoses were calcium and factors associated with the carbonate complex (pH, electrolytic conductivity, total and carbonate hardness), and pH in the case of substrates. The most distinct differences in the habitats were found between the phytocoenoses dominated by L. uniflora from the Pomeranian Lobelia lakes and those dominated by M. alterniflorum from the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District, in which other species from the Littorelletea uniflorae class were absent. The L. uniflora phytocoenoses are associated with soft waters poor in Ca2+ and with the lowest values of pH, electrolytic conductivity, dissolved organic matter (COD-KMnO4) and dissolved SiO2. The substrates they inhabit are mineral and more acidic. By contrast, the values of the above-mentioned properties are considerably higher in the case of the phytocoenoses from the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District. The habitats of the M. alterniflorum phytocoenoses from the Pomeranian Lobelia lakes occupy an intermediate position and are more similar to those of M. alterniflorum from the Łęczna-Włodawa Lake District. The results obtained in this study suggest that the phytocoenoses of L. uniflora and M. alterniflorum should not be included in the same association. Further studies are, therefore, necessary to resolve this problem. The comparative analysis of the present ecological findings and data obtained from other regions of Europe show that in Poland the phytocoenoses dominated either by L. uniflora or by M. alterniflorum, in which the contribution of Littorelletea uniflorae species is appreciable, are clearly associated with soft waters and their habitats are representative of the Littorelletea uniflorae class. The massive development of the phytocoenoses with both L. uniflora and M. alterniflorum in the Lobelia lakes is not always indicative of the increase in water hardness and euthrophication of waters typical of the communities of the Littorelletea uniflorae class. The M. alterniflorum dominated phytocoenoses without other Littorelletea species could be good indicators of the above processes taking place in such water ecosystems.
Bryoria forsteri (Lichenized Ascomycotina), a new species from Antarctica
Authors: Olech Maria , Bystrek Jan
Published: April 2013

Bryoria forsteri Olech and Bystr. is described as new to science. The species is endemic to Antarctica and differs from its nearest relative Bryoria chalybeiformis (L.) Brodo and D. Hawksw. in the lack of soralia; lack of proper pseudocyphellae; absence of fumarprotocetraric acid; in the different structure of the cortex and by having another kind of photobiont.
Pollen morphology of genus Rubus L. Part III. Studies on the Malesian species of subgenera Chamaebatus L. and Idaeobatus L.
Authors: Tomlik-Wyremblewska Anna , Van der Ham Raymond W.J.M. , Kosiński Piotr
Published: April 2013

The results of pollen morphology of Malesian Rubus species are presented. The pollen samples represented 2 subgenera; 2 species of subgenus Chamaebatus (R. calycinus, R. pectinellus) and 13 species of subgenus Idaeobatus (R. acuminatissimus, R. alpestris, R. archboldianus, R. chrysogaeus, R. copelandii, R. ellipticus, R. ferdinandi-muelleri, R. fraxinifolius, R. niveus, R. lorentzianus, R. macgregorii, R. montis-wilhelmi, R. papuanus). The examination of these species has been made by SEM for the first time and also by LM. Detailed descriptions of the pollen grains are given. As in the majority of Rubus species, pollen grains of both subgenera are isopolar and trizonocolporate. The pollen grains were small for some species of the subgenus Idaeobatus only, medium for both subgenera: Chamaebatus and Idaeobatus. The thickest exine was observed among the species of subgenus Chamaebatus and in R. macgregorii of subgenus Idaeobatus. The ornamentation of the studied pollen has shown a great variability. Except for the typical striate ornamentation of the genus, rugulate (R. archboldianus), striatescabrate (R. lorentzianus) and striate-rugulate (R. macgregorii) ornamentation has been observed.

New Guinean morphologically similar pinnate Rubus ferdinandi-muelleri, R. montis-wilhelmi, R. papuanus, have pollen with specific type of striate pattern, which is characterised by relatively high muri with variable thickness and lumina filled with granules. Some of their muri resemble baculae typical only for R. chamaemorus. The pollen morphology analysis leads to the conclusion that Rubus montis-wilhelmi and R. papuanus of subgenus Idaeobatus are the closest related species and morphologically very close to R. ferdinandi-muelleri. Since Focke placed the latter species in section Pungentes of the subgenus Idaeobatus, and the two first species were unknown to him - the authors suggest to include them into this section.

Despite of the different origin and various types of leaves R. chrysogaeus, R. acuminatissimus and R. niveus have shown similarities in pollen morphology and are grouped together. On the basis of the same criteria, R. copelandii, R. ellipticus and R. fraxinifolius could have been grouped together, as well as R. alpestris and R. macgregorii. Trifoliolate R. archboldianus and R. lorentzianus have not shown similarities of pollen ornamentation to each other and to the previous mentioned species.
Distribution and habitat conditions of the phytocoenoses of Sphagnum denticulatum Bridel and Warnstorfia exannulata (B., S. and G.) Loeske in Polish Lobelia lakes
Authors: Szańkowski Marcin , Kłosowski Stanisław
Published: April 2013

Phytosociological and habitat studies of Sphagnum denticulatum and Warnstorfia exannulata phytocoenoses from Polish Lobelia lakes have been conducted. The present results were compared with data on Isoetes lacustris community. It is demonstrated that both communities of mosses are distinct with respect to their floristic composition. Moreover, they differ significantly from the patches of I. lacustris with regard to many properties of water and substrates. The phytocoenoses of S. denticulatum are associated with softer waters, poorer in Ca2+, Na+, NH4+ and dissolved organic matter, but richer in total Fe than those of I. lacustris. They are also distinguished by lower values of electrolytic conductivity. The substrates they inhabit are more strongly hydrated and richer in organic matter, total N, dissolved SiO2, Ca2+ and Na+, but poorer in PO43-. The W. exannulata phytocoenoses are also confined to softer waters with lower Ca2+, NH4+ and dissolved organic matter contents than those of I. lacustris. Their substrates are more strongly hydrated and have higher contents of organic matter, total N and Na+ but lower amounts of PO43-. In addition the waters of W. exannulata phytocoenoses are characterized by higher pH values and lower concentration of dissolved SiO2. The substrates are less acidic and richer in NO3-, but poorer in total Fe. The differences between the habitats of the S. denticulatum and W. exannulata phytocoenoses are also distinct. The former inhabit more acidic waters, richer in dissolved SiO2 and total Fe, but with lower values of electrolytic conductivity and concentration of Na+. Their substrates are distinguished by higher contents of organic matter and Ca2+, as well as by lower amount of NO3-. In view of the fact that the above phytocoenoses of mosses are distinct with respect to their floristic composition and are associated with specific habitats in which they form dense mats close to the bottom of the lake, they should be classified as distinct associations (Sphagnetum denticulati and Warnstorfietum exannulatae) in the system of aquatic communities (Class: Utricularietea intermedio-minoris).
Effect of exogenous abscisic acid on accumulation of raffinose family oligosaccharides and galactosyl cyclitols in tiny vetch seeds (Vicia hirsuta [L.] S.F. Gray)
Authors: Lahuta Lesław B. , Górecki Ryszard J. , Gojło Ewa , Horbowicz Marcin
Published: April 2013

The role of the abscisic acid (ABA) in biosynthesis of raffinose family oligosaccharides (RFOs) and galactosyl cyclitols (Gal-C) in tiny vetch (Vicia hirsuta [L.] S.F. Gray) seeds was investigated. The ABA was applied through incubation of seed at various stage of its development. The level of RFOs and Gal-C was determined in seed maturing on plant and in seed maturing in vitro. In early stages of V. hirsuta seed development, the ABA activated the biosynthesis of galactinol, although the level of arisen galactinol quickly declined. In the later stages of V. hirsuta seed development ABA had stimulatory effect of RFOs and Gal-C biosynthesis. Influence of ABA on biosynthesis of a-galactosides in Vicia hirsuta seed seems to be dependent on abscisic acid concentration. Low concentration of ABA had stimulatory effect on a-galactosides biosynthesis, but high concentration of ABA inhibited the process.
SEM and stereoscope microscope observations on the seeds of the Polish species of the genus Sorbus L. (Rosaceae)
Authors: Maciejewska-Rutkowska Irmina , Bednorz Leszek
Published: April 2013

This paper presents the results of the study on seed morphology of five Polish species of the genus Sorbus L. (S. aria (L.) Crantz, S. aucuparia L. Emend. Hedl., S. chamaemespilus (L.) Crantz, S. intermedia (Ehrh.) Pers. and S. torminalis (L.) Crantz). Observations and measurements were carried out with stereoscope and scanning microscopes. Four types of seed microsculpture were distinguished on the ground of SEM observations. The key to determine Polish species, based on morphological characters of seeds is given too.
Chlorodiscus natans Peter. & Hans. (Chlorophyceae) from a mesotrophic peat bog in Lower Silesia (South-Western Poland)
Authors: Matula Jan
Published: April 2013

The paper concerns a very rare and poorly known species of green alga Chlorodiscus natans Petersen & Hansen, discovered in the peat bog "Brzeźnik" near Bolesławiec (Poland). This is the second stand so far discovered in the world. The collected material allowed complementing the knowledge on organization of colonies, morphology and way of hair development. The remaining features, particularly the structure of the cell, are in concordance with the hitherto diagnosis of that species. The paper presents problems connected with the taxonomic affiliation of the species and describes the ecological conditions of habitats occupied by this alga.
Chemical properties and similarity of habitats of Utricularia species in Lower Silesia, Poland
Authors: Kosiba Piotr
Published: April 2013

The study object consisted of 28 microhabitats of five Utricularia species localized in the Province of Lower Silesia, Poland. The aim of the study was to analyse the chemical properties of water and to present the differentiation of microhabitats in respect of their chemism, i.e., whether there are differences between the microhabitats, and which of the Utricularia species show the highest tolerance to the chemical properties of water. Analysed were the contents of NO-2, NO-3, NH+4, PO-24, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2, Na+, Fe+3, SO-24, total hardness of water, organic substance, pH and trophicity of water. The differentiation of microhabitats of Utricularia intermedia and U. minor appeared to be small, but much higher in case of U. vulgaris, U. australis and U. ochroleuca. The similarity of microhabitats has been determined by cluster analysis. The tree plot showed the least similarity of U. minor and U. intermedia, which occupy an extreme position in relation to microhabitats of the remaining species. Such a grouping suggests that this species is clearly distinct because of its connection with water properties.
Patterns of seedling recruitment in experimental gaps on mosaic vegetation of abandoned meadows
Authors: Borkowska Lidia
Published: April 2013

The paper presents results of a study on the response of species growing in experimental gaps in the patches dominated by Carex acutiformis, C. cespitosa and Salix cinerea. The study was performed in a meadow area subjected to the process of succession in the Reski Range in the Białowieski National Park. Four patterns of seedlings recruitment in the experimental gaps were distinguished: pattern I - great number of seedlings with high richness of species, pattern II - great number of seedlings with low richness of species, pattern III - low number of seedlings with great richness of species and pattern IV - low number of seedlings with low richness of species.
Acclimation of poplar trees to heavy metals in polluted habitats: l. Carbohydrate metabolism in fine roots of Populus deltoides
Authors: Lorenc-Plucińska Gabriela , Stobrawa Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

Concentrations of total nonstructural carbohydrates (TNC), soluble carbohydrates, starch, sucrose, glucose, fructose, raffinose, galactose, stachyose, mannitol and specific activities of soluble acid (AI) and neutral (NI) invertases, sucrose synthase (SuSy), hexokinase (HK), fructokinase (FK), glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) and glucose 6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) were analyzed in fine roots of Populus deltoides Bartr. ex Marsh growing at a polluted site (near copper smelters) and a control site (free from heavy pollution). Also chemical properties of the soil from both sites were assessed. In comparison with the control, fine roots from the polluted site contained greater concentrations of TNC, soluble sugars, starch and sucrose but less hexoses, so they had higher values of sucrolysis index (sucrose/hexoses). The activity of AI, NI and SuSy declined insignificantly, while specific activities of HK, FK, GAPDH and G6PDH were significantly inhibited. The results suggest that a long-term heavy metal stress leads to an accumulation of carbohydrates and altering activities of glycolysis and the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway in fine roots.
Dicranochaete quadriseta (Korš). Nov. and Pop. from an oligominerotrophic peat bog in Lower Silesia (South-Western Poland)
Authors: Matuła Jan
Published: April 2013

Dicranochaete quadriseta (Korš.) Nov. and Pop. was collected during investigations of algae from mountain peat bogs of the Sudeten Mts (Poland). The paper describes the morphology, taxanomy, geographical distribution and ecological conditions of this species. This very rare species was found in an oligominerotrophic peat bog called "Topieliska-Zieleniec" near Duszniki (Orlickie Mts).
Typha laxmannii Lepech. the new, expansive kenophyte in Poland: Distribution and taxonomy
Authors: Nikel Agnieszka , Bróż Edward , Czylok Andrzej , Michalewska Agnieszka , Baryła Janusz , Nobis Marcin , Piwowarczyk Renata , Poloczek Agnieszka
Published: April 2013

The paper provides data on a new antropophyte species - Typha laxmannii Lepech. which spreads throughout Poland as a hemiagriophyte. Its present distribution in Poland is given on a cartogramme map in a 10×10 km square grid and its geographic element, population numbers and notes on habitats are provided. An identification key to 5 species of the Typha genus, two native, one new which is the topic of this paper, and two which can be expected to be discovered in Poland.
Species richness and diversity related to anthropogenic soil disturbance in abandoned meadows in the Bieszczady Mts. (Eastern Carpathians)
Authors: Korzeniak Joanna
Published: April 2013

The study was focused on soil factors influencing species richness and diversity after disturbance of the substrate followed by abandonment. Two types of disturbances in the past were considered: the removal of trees and shrubs with the resulting major destruction of soils, and deep ploughing. As a control meadows not covered by any management schemes for 50 years were studied. The topsoil stripping resulted in decrease of potassium, nitrogen and organic carbon contents, while deep ploughing caused less radical effects. Simultaneously, disturbances of the soil delayed the course of succession, and brought increase in species. The most species-rich are ploughed meadows. No differences in terms of species diversity, domination and evenness between the forms of disturbances were identified. However, there were groups of species indicative for soil disturbances. Analysis of the relationships between vegetation differentiation and the properties of soil suggests that available phosphorus may affect species richness and diversity in mountain meadows.
Effect of ecological factors on the zonation of wetland vegetation
Authors: Hrivnák Richard
Published: April 2013

The influence of some ecological factors to aquatic and marsh vegetation was studied during 1998-2000. Three basic vegetation units (Caricetum buekii, Typhetum latifoliae and Ceratophylletum submersi) and three transitional communities were defined in the belt transect, which was established along the moisture gradient. The content of available soil nutrients in individual vegetation types differed only in case of the Ceratophyllum submersum community, where a higher magnesium and nitrogen content accumulated due to specific environmental conditions. Water and marsh vegetation is usually characterised by a pronounced spatial and temporal dynamics. In the studied area, its zonation was dependent from the terrain morphology, and both depth and duration of floods. The fluctuation of ground and surface water table during a three-year period caused changes in the occurrence and cover of several species (e.g. Carex buekii, Typha latifolia, aquatic macrophytes). Pronounced changes in the cover of some species occurred even within a single vegetation season due to the long-term sink of water table below the ground surface.
Morphologlcal and anatomical structure of generative organs of Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica (lljin) Soó at the SEM level
Authors: Idzikowska Krystyna
Published: April 2013

The morphology and anatomy of generative organs of Salsola kali ssp. ruthenica was examined in detail using the light (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The whole flowers, fruits and their parts (pistil, stamens, sepals, embryo, seed) were observed in different developmental stages. In the first stage (June), flower buds were closed. In the second stage (August), flowers were ready for pollination/fertilization. In the third stage (September), fruits were mature. Additionally, the anatomical and morphological structure of sepals was observed by means of LM and SEM. Thanks to the transverse and longitudinal semi-sections through sepals, the first phase of wing formation was recorded by SEM. The appearance of stomata in the epidermal cells of sepals above the forming wings was very interesting, too. The stomata were observed also in mature fruits.
The effect of dissolved organic carbon on pelagial and near-sediment water traits in lakes
Authors: Banaś Krzysztof
Published: April 2013

The effect of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) on the environmental conditions of macrophytes has been studied in 35 lakes divided into soft- and hardwater: oligohumic (<4.0 mg C dm-3), α-mesohumic (4.0-8.0 mg C dm-3), β-mesohumic (8.1-16.0 mg C dm-3) and polihumic (>16.0 mg C dm-3). The optimum environmental conditions for macrophytes have been found in oligohumic lakes, characterised by low water colour and its good transparency. In soft- and hardwater lakes increasing concentration of DOC is accompanied with an increase in the colour (r=0.95), while the visibility decreases. With increasing DOC in the near-sediment layer the pH values decrease while the concentration of nitrogen increases and the concentration of phosphorus slightly increases. In hardwater lakes with increasing DOC concentration, the redox potential, conductivity, total hardness and calcium concentration in the near-sediment water decrease, whereas the content of CO2 remains at a very low level.
Phytoplasma detection in rose shoots propagated in vitro
Authors: Kamińska Maria , Podwyszyńska Małgorzata , Śliwa Hanna
Published: April 2013

The results of PCR examination indicated that during two years of tissue culture at standard conditions, on the medium with BAP 1 mg l-1 and continuous temperature of 20oC, phytoplasma could be detected in diseased plants of rose cv Sacha and Jazz. In the second year of micropropagation phytoplasma detection rate in tissues of infected roses increased and was relatively higher than in the first one. To test whether phytoplasmas are sensitive to temperature and light intensity, phytoplasma-affected micropropagated rose plants were grown on medium with BAP 1.0 or 0.5 mg l-1 and at the temperature of 4, 15, 20 or 25oC in darkness or in the light. PCR analysis indicated that phytoplasma detection was not effected by these conditions during 4 weeks of culturing. However, phytoplasma was not detectable in rose plants after 8 weeks culturing on the same medium without transplanting. Micropropagated rose shoots maintained on medium with Gentamycin or Baytril at the concentration of 25.0 or 50.0 mg l-1 had reduced growth and were chlorotic. However, no direct effect of applied antibiotics on phytoplasma detection was evidenced.
Cream-coloured and green-coloured lines of the nonmorphogenic callus of Plantago asiatica L. - ultrastructure analysis
Authors: Andrzejewska-Golec Emilia , Makowczyńska Joanna , Marek Krystyna
Published: April 2013

The ultrastructure of two lines of nonmorphogenic Plantago asiatica callus was compared. The ultrastructure of most organelles of cream-coloured and green-coloured lines of these callus lines was similar. Among the plastides no difference in prevalence and composition of proplastides and amyloplasts was observed. The main difference lies in the presence of chlororoplasts in green callus. The phenomena of vacuolisation and tracheogenesis in both lines were found.
Carbohydrates in Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica
Authors: Piotrowicz-Cieślak Agnieszka I. , Giełwanowska Irena , Bochenek Anna , Loro Paweł , Górecki Ryszard J.
Published: April 2013

Eight to nineteen ethanol-soluble carbohydrate components were identified in vegetative tissues of Colobanthus quitensis and Deschampsia antarctica. The analysed carbohydrates included: monosaccharides, cyclitols, galactosyl cyclitols, raffinose family oligosaccharides, lichnose family oligosaccharides, kestose family oligosaccharides. The analysed vegetative tissues accumulated from 447 to 139 mg/g d.m. soluble carbohydrates in Colobanthus quitensis, Deschampsia antarctica respectively. The raffinose family oligosaccharides constituted 53.3% in Colobanthus quitensis of the identified soluble carbohydrate component pool. Vegetative tissues accumulated starch in Colobanthus quitensis 20.6 mg/g d.m. and 261.6 mg/g d.m. in Deschampsia antarctica. Anatomical and ultrastructural observations of vegetative part of Colobanthus quitensis and Deschmpsia antarctica revealed the presence of various ergastic materials in intercellular spaces, cell walls and protoplasts. Various parts of these plants contain insoluble, PAS positive polysaccharides in intercellular spaces and in cell walls. Chloroplasts of analysed tissues contained starch. Less starch was visible in young, growing parts of shoots of Colobanthus quitensis and Deschmpsia antarctica, more starch appears in mature, differentiated parts.
Comparative study of phenolic acids from underground parts of Rheum palmatum L., R. rhaponticum L. and R. undulatum L.
Authors: Smolarz Helena Danuta , Medyńska Ewa
Published: April 2013

In three species of Rheum L. genus growing in Poland the composition of phenolic acids was determined. By 2D-TLC method the following acids were identified: ellagic, chlorogenic, gallic, protocatechuic, homoprotocatechuic, caffeic, α-resorcilic, p-hydroxyphenylacetic, p-hydroxybenzoic, p-coumaric, syringic, vanillic and ferulic. There are no substantial qualitative differences among the complex of phenolic acids in the investigated species. The RP-HPLC method was used for quanitative determination of phenolic acids. The amount of individual phenolic acids ranged between 2.2 µg/g and 147.8 µg/g in air-dry rhizome. The content of ferulic acid is the highest in all the examined cases. The total amount of the tested phenolic acids in Rheum undulatum L., R. palmatum L., and R. raponticum L. was respectively 346.4 µg/g, 229.8 µg/g, and 195 µg/g.