bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Educational Achievement
Authors: Grauer Robert
Published: May 2005

Much has been said about what affects the scholastic performance of a child, but little has been done to analytically model it Data from 130 Long Island, N.Y., school districts are analyzed to determine if and how educational progress can be predicted. Both social and economic indices are used in developing a multi-response system to forecast student achievement. The sub-systems under consideration are the elementary, junior and senior high schools.
Altruism: Reflections on a Neglected Aspect in Death Studies
Authors: Jankofsky Klaus P. , Stuecher Uwe H.
Published: May 2005

Growing out of the authors' previous studies of death (Jankofsky's in literature and in historical documents primarily of the medieval period, and Stuecher's of clinical experiences with terminally ill children and adolescents), this cooperative interdisciplinary article identifies and discusses altruism as a basic trait of human character and behavior and explores its possible implications for the dying person. Altruism can be studied as a phenomenon which is like the “good death/bad death” topos of medieval chroniclers, thus permitting comparative evaluations over long periods of time and in different socioeconomic and political structures. As a trait observable in both the daily realities of a modern hospital setting and in the literary-aesthetic representation of human society and its values in medieval and modern literature, altruism is a part of the infinite variety of humanity's perceptions, activities, and experiences that make up the mosaic of life and death.
Standardizing Procedures for Collecting, Submitting, Recording, and Reporting Radiocarbon Samples
Authors: Kra Renee
Published: May 2005

A new radiocarbon sample record form has been compiled for consensus among radiocarbon daters and users. The form is designed to obtain comprehensive standardized documentation of radiocarbon dates for reporting and disseminating valuable data. This method of reporting 14C dates will help resolve problems which include: 1) publication of all dated samples, 2) selection of significant samples, 3) interpretation of data, 4) recognition of problematic dates, 5) maintenance of an active archive of 14C dates, and 6) implementation of an international retrieval system for dates.
“I Wish he had Died in the War”: Suicide Survivors—The Israeli Case
Authors: Avrami Shirley
Published: May 2005

This article presents the findings of a study on the impact of parental suicide on the surviving children, undertaken in Israel in 1999 by a researcher who is herself a survivor of parental suicide. The method employed was qualitative and in-depth interviews which were analyzed inductively. It was found that parental suicide is a significant event with lasting effects on the children. At the same time, survivors strive to overcome its impact by regaining control over their lives as adults. It was found that the manner in which suicide is perceived by its survivors must be viewed within the Israeli social context as it relates to the specific manner in which death and bereavement are dealt with within that society.
Training Family Practice Residents in Psychiatry: An Ambulatory Care Training Model
Authors: Matorin Anu A. , Ruiz Pedro
Published: May 2005

Objective:

To demonstrate the importance of providing psychiatric training to primary care practitioners in ambulatory care settings. Additionally, to describe the model used for this purpose in the Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences of the University of Texas Medical School at Houston in order to further stimulate educational opportunities on this topic.

Method:

A review of the psychiatric curriculum offered to family practice residents during their PGY-2 year one-month rotation in psychiatry at the University of Texas Mental Sciences Institute is provided. Emphasis is given to key areas of the curriculum such as: knowledge, skills, and attitude development. Special focus on the clinical and educational experiences is also offered for the purpose of providing unique perspectives about the curriculum methodology.

Results:

The careful assessment of the feedback obtained from the family practice residents who were exposed to this ambulatory training model demonstrates that this type of setting was satisfactory for the teaching of psychiatry to primary care residents.

Conclusions:

Primary care residents have always treated a large number of psychiatric patients. Given the current status of our health care system, primary care practitioners should have even a greater role in the future delivery of psychiatric services. In this article, we offer a model of training for primary care residents in psychiatry, which emphasize cost-effectiveness, high quality of care, and ambulatory care settings.
Repeated Suicide Attempts by the Intravenous Injection of Elemental Mercury
Authors: Giombetti Robert J. , Rosen David H. , Kuczmierczyk Andrzej R. , Marsh David O.
Published: May 2005

The case of a patient who repeatedly injected himself intravenously with elementary mercury in suicide attempts is presented and the toxicological effects of this chemical form and route of exposure of mercury are examined. A review of the literature reveals that elemental mercury, when injected as opposed to inhaled, causes few of the effects typical of mercurialism; pleuritic chest pain was frequently reported, whereas renal and central nervous system involvement were less common. Evidence of premorbid psychiatric disturbances was found in ten of fourteen non-cardiac catheterization exposures to intravenous elemental mercury. Findings in our patient were consistent with these observations. One additional and noteworthy finding in our case was that documented deposits of elemental mercury in the right parietal lobe of the brain did not correlate with any specific deficits on neuropsychological testing. Consultation-liaison psychiatry plays an important role in the treatment and care of these complex patients.
The Anatomy of a Problematic Emotion—The Conceptualization and Measurement of the Experience of Pity
Authors: Florian Victor , Mikulincer Mario , Hirschberger Gilad
Published: May 2005

The current series of studies attempts to conceptualize and empirically assess the experience of pity. Study 1 attempted to extract the basic components of pity using a phenomenological approach and to construct relevant self-report scales (the Pity Experience Inventories—PEIs). Studies 2–4 examined the association of the PEIs with other well-validated constructs—value orientation, sense of personal control, attachment style, and caregiving orientation—in order to provide initial construct validation for the uncovered structure of pity. Findings indicated that the pity experience consisted of three patterns of cognitions, feelings, motivations, and behaviors, ranging along the passive-active and prosocial-egocentric dimensions: compassionate caring, passive identification, and false superiority. In addition, each pattern was associated with relevant psychological constructs. Findings were discussed in light of recent theories of emotions.
Cost-Effectiveness of Providing Mental Health Services: The Offset Effect
Authors: Shemo John P. D.
Published: May 2005

An offset effect occurs when the provision of one type of service leads to a reduction in the use of other related services. This article examines the offset which occurs in medical utilization when mental health services are appropriately provided, especially within prepaid group health care settings. While no study in this area is free of methodologic flaws, the weight of the evidence strongly suggests that, within such settings, the provision of psychiatric input not only provides a service which is indispensible to the concept of comprehensive health care, but also is affordable, in part because of the realization of offset effects.
Technological Preparedness among Entering Freshmen: The Role of Race, Class, and Gender
Authors: Sax Linda J. , Ceja Miguel , Teranishi Robert T.
Published: May 2005

Increasingly, colleges and universities expect technological proficiency among their incoming students. Using data from a nationwide survey of college freshmen, this study demonstrates that students' level of technological preparedness varies by such key factors as race, class, gender, and academic background. Further, racial/ethnic differences in experience with technology persist despite controls for key explanatory variables including parental income, parental education, and high school type. Institutional awareness of these inequities is critical at a time when colleges and universities are rapidly incorporating computers into nearly all aspects of the college experience, including admissions, the curriculum, class registration, and student life in general. We suggest that these pre-college disparities in the use of electronic mail and the Internet, if not attended to, may seriously compromise some students' ability to navigate through and benefit from college.
Cognitive Changes during the Menstrual Cycle
Authors: Kirstein Larry , Rosenberg Gary , Smith Harry
Published: May 2005

A predominantly non-student group of sixty-five women volunteers, screened for medication use, prospectively completed the Moos Menstrual Distress Questionnaire (MDQ) and the Temporal Disorganization Scale (TDS) weekly for one month along with a daily calendar of menstrual status. Data analysis revealed that TDS, concentration disturbances, negative affect, pain and water retention were rated as higher premenstrually and menstrually. Women dichotomized into groups based on high and low premenstrual TDS scores demonstrated different symptom patterns across the menstrual cycle. For the high premenstrual TDS group, concentration, behavioral change, negative affect and pain were all rated highest premenstrually; for the low premenstrual TDS group the TDS score was rated highest menstrually. The relevance of these findings to literature reports of associations between psychopathology and menstrual cycle phase are discussed.
Plow Zones and Predictability: Sesquinary Context in New England Prehistoric Sites
Authors: Hoffman Curtiss
Published: May 2005

Archaeologists tend to regard plow zones of sites as having minimal importance for interpretive purposes. The present study describes three prehistoric sites in Massachusetts at which plow zone data—particularly in the lower 5 cm—can be shown to have predicted reliably the undisturbed subsoil contexts beneath. A hypothesis is offered as to what conditions allow maximum predictability of primary contexts from plow zones. It is suggested that archaeologists carefully consider the plowing history of the sites they test, since certain types of plowing will result in less extreme dispersal of subsoil-derived cultural materials. This has obvious implications for cultural resource management studies, as well as for pure research.
The Health Care Workforce in Los Angeles County and New York City: A Comparison and Analysis
Authors: Berliner Howard S. , Kovner Christine T. , Reimers Cordelia
Published: May 2005

New York City and Los Angeles County have the largest health systems in the United States, but they differ significantly in structure. This study compares and analyzes the structural and workforce differences between the two. The health system in New York City is centered around its large hospitals, and as a result New York employs many more health workers than Los Angeles County, where the health system is centered around physician groups. Health care is a significant contributor to the economy of both areas, but a larger contributor to the economy in New York City.
Evaluating Programmed Biology Instruction and Coordinated Laboratory Studies
Authors: Wright Mary Franklin , Llewellyn Gerald C.
Published: May 2005

Three basic programmed booklets from a series of biology topics were evaluated with “high performance” and “average” tenth grade biology students in a suburban high school. Programmed materials were used to begin the fall session. Individual and independent student activity was coordinated concurrently with small group-working units used for laboratory exercises. Both groups progressed satisfactorily with above average success associated directly with the student's ability to accept responsibility. All students showed progress in accepting responsibility. It also appeared that this approach provides a challenge to both groups tested and can be customized readily to be beneficial to most students with average ability.
AI in Reverse: Computer Tools That Turn Cognitive
Authors: Salomon Gavriel
Published: May 2005

This article posits artificial intelligence (AI), as applied in instruction, is a more efficient means to old ends and that newer ends can be thought of. In particular, it is argued on the basis of some past research and on the basis of a Vygotskian view, that intelligent computer tools can not only simulate human cognition but, given specific conditions, humans can simulate computer's intelligence. That is, learners can internalize computers' intelligent tools and use them as cognitive ones. Internalization is discussed in terms of cognitive reconstruction of cultural artifacts of particular characteristics — tool-like nature, relative novelty of function, compatibility with learners' schemata, and most importantly — explicitness of operation. The article also discusses learning conditions that might facilitate the process of tool internalization, particularly “high road” learning whereby learners are intentionally mindful of a tool's mode of operation and logic. A preliminary study is briefly described showing that children are capable of internalizing the metacognitive guidance provided by a semi-intelligent Reading Aid and that they show evidence of internalizing the tool's “intelligence” thereby manifesting improved reading comprehension as well as improved essay writing. Four fundamental questions are raised for future research as well as questions of ethics.
Health Service Planning in a British New Town
Authors: Reid John J. A. , Gooding Dulcie G.
Published: May 2005

The initial postwar development of new towns in Britain took place at a time when the present British National Health Service was in its infancy, and few attempts were made to integrate health service planning into the overall planning process. The more recent new towns have been the object of better social planning and, at the same time, the National Health Service has been substantially unified, at first functionally and, in 1974, administratively. In consequence, attempts have been made to use the opportunities which such towns present for planning health services in a comprehensive and integrated manner. The evolution of a planning and implementation structure for health services in Milton Keynes, a new town with a target population of 250,000, is described, together with some of the implications for the administratively unified National Health Service which came into being in 1974.
A Nation in Pain: Why the Hiv/Aids Epidemic is Out of Control in Zimbabwe
Authors: Sibanda Amson
Published: May 2005

There has been a dramatic increase in the number of people living with HIV and the number who have died of AIDS-related diseases in Zimbabwe since the early 1990s. This increase has caused shock waves and panic in Zimbabwe and in the entire southern African region. Understanding the factors that have given rise to and sustained patterns of sexual behavior that allow HIV to be transmitted easily and quickly among the general populace is of paramount importance if HIV/AIDS prevention campaigns are to be better formulated and to be effective in this part of sub-Saharan Africa. This article makes a contribution to those studies that seek to examine socioeconomic, cultural, political, and psychological factors determining high-risk sexual behaviors leading to heterosexual HIV infection in the African context. The author contends that the focus of HIV/AIDS prevention programs should be on a myriad of socioeconomic, cultural, political, and behavioral factors instead of just on women and prostitutes–groups that have the least negotiating power within the context of sex and reproduction in a patriarchal society such as Zimbabwe. The author also points out many important areas that have been omitted in the study of HIV transmission and AIDS in Africa.
Left and Right in Leonardo's Drawings of Faces
Authors: Benjafield John , Segalowitz Sidney J.
Published: May 2005

Previous research has disclosed a relationship between the side of the face depicted by a painter and the nature of the person portrayed. For example, the left side of the face is more likely to be drawn if the sitter is female, while the right side is more likely to be drawn if the sitter is male. In an experiment that controlled for the side of the face being shown and its direction relative to the sitter, subjects were asked to rate eight of Leonardo da Vinci's drawings of faces on a representative sample of Semantic Differential dimensions. Drawings depicting the right side of the face were judged more Potent and Active than drawings depicting the left side of the face, independently of the direction of gaze relative to the subject. These findings were interpreted as suggesting that when Leonardo, and perhaps other artists as well, wanted to depict a strong, active profile, they tended to draw the right side of the face.
The Wittrock Excavations: Implications for the Study of Culture Process within the Initial Variant of the Middle Missouri Tradition
Authors: Anderson Duane C.
Published: May 2005

The Wittrock National Historic Landmark site is a fortified Mill Creek village in northwest Iowa. Although it has been excavated on four occasions, detailed reports on the two most extensive projects have only recently been made available. The purpose of this article is to utilize data derived from the Wittrock site to inform models of Mill Creek midden formation and Mill Creek culture process recently proposed by Anderson (1985a; 1985b). The article concludes that 1) the Wittrock midden resulted from the “banked house” method of trash dispersal; 2) a series of changes are warranted in Anderson's model of Mill Creek culture process; and 3) the Mill Creek model has a bearing on our understanding of the entire Initial Variant of the Middle Missouri Tradition.
Proposed Guideline for Writing to Convey Factual Information
Authors: Sawyer Thomas M.
Published: May 2005

The guidelines for the curriculum in English published by the National Council of the Teachers of English (NCTE) and the International Reading Association have been criticized by a number of publications. A new guideline—for writing to convey factual information only—is proposed.
Strategies for Programming Instruction in High School: Program Completion vs. Program Generation
Authors: Van Merriënboer Jeroen J. G.
Published: May 2005

In an introductory programming course, the differential effects on learning outcomes were studied for an experimental instructional strategy that emphasized the modification and extension of existing programs ( completion strategy) and a traditional strategy that emphasized the design and coding of new programs ( generation strategy). Two matched groups of twenty-eight and twenty-nine high school students from grades ten through twelve volunteered for participation in a ten-lesson programming course using a small subset of the structured programming language COMAL-80. After the course, the completion group was superior to the generation group in measures concerning the construction of programs; furthermore, it was characterized by a lower mortality. The data indicated that the completion strategy facilitated the use of templates; however, this does not necessarily seem to imply that the students actually understood the working of those templates, because no differences occurred in the ability to interpret programs. In the conclusion, the completion strategy is considered to be a good alternative to more traditional strategies and recommendations are made for further improvements.
Why are the Many Poor?
Authors: Townsend Peter
Published: May 2005

In this article the author restates the same arguments put forward in the first Fabian Tract of 1884 entitled Why Are the Many Poor? Today, mass poverty is still the central problem facing the British nation and all nations. The only long-term remedy is to restrict the power and wealth of the rich, to dismantle the present structures of social privilege, and to build social institutions based on fair allocation of wealth and on social equality. The public debate of one hundred years ago on the connections between poverty and wealth is revived in this article.
Managed Competition: An Analysis of Consumer Concerns
Authors:   The Working Group on Managed Competition, Shearer Gail
Published: May 2005

Advocates for health care reform (representing a broad range of constituencies) raise serious concerns about the ability of managed competition to meet the health care needs of the American people. Similarities in managed competition proposals include establishment of a collective purchasing authority, creation of health plans, standardization of rules and requirements, and limitation on tax subsidies. Managed competition proposals vary as to whether they call for true universality, meaningful cost containment, and fair financing. The article raises questions about managed competition, including the technical feasibility; the link to employment; the role for insurance companies; severing the link between insurance and income, age, or health status; comprehensive benefits; cost containment; the role for managed care; universality of coverage; and the role for insurance companies to make treatment decisions.
Considering Environmental Factors in Community Health Needs Assessments
Authors: Hughes J. Martin , Howze Elizabeth Harper
Published: May 2005

An examination of environmental factors as they relate to disease etiology, health status, and quality of life is an important component of any community health needs assessment. In many of the coalfield communities of Appalachia, the dust generated from strip and long-wall mining is pervasive, diminishing the quality of life there. In addition, the mountainous terrain constrains many residents to live immediately adjacent to unpaved public roads which are also used for hauling coal. This study was prompted by concern about potential public health threat to residents living along unpaved coal haul roads posed by sustained high levels of dust exposure. Respirable dust concentrations (PM-10) were measured periodically over nine months along both paved and unpaved segments of a public road used for hauling coal. On the paved road segment, dust levels remained within safe limits. On the unpaved road segment, dust levels often exceeded EPA standards, creating a public health risk. Recommendations for behavioral and non-behavioral strategies to reduce community health risk associated with environmental exposures are discussed.
An Exponential Teaching Model for Education Cablevision with Implications for an Advanced Degree Program in Applied Learning Systems
Authors: Zink J.
Published: May 2005

The design and implementation of a cablevision delivered course on Grand Opera is described. The unique aspect of this project is that both the viewers and the production teams experienced active learning situations. Various feedback mechanisms (e.g., quiz questions) are used to involve viewers. The production teams were mainly made up of students at William Paterson College who had the opportunity to participate in a real production as part of their training. The term “exponential teaching” is coined to describe this phenomenon of constructing an educational delivery system which is in itself another learning experience for a different group of students.
The Death Anxiety of Gays
Authors: Templer Donald I. , Veleber Dave , Lovito Miriam , Testa John A. , Knippers Chris
Published: May 2005

Gay persons obtained Death Anxiety Scale score means similiar to those in predominantly heterosexual populations in addition to exhibiting the same lack of relationship between death anxiety and age ordinarily found among heterosexuals. The death anxiety resemblance of gay lovers who live together is analogous to the previously reported heterosexual husband-wife death anxiety resemblance. However, male and female gays had almost identical Death Anxiety Scale means. This contrasts to heterosexual populations, in which females consistently have higher scores than males.
Pharmaceutical Promotion in Canada: Convince Them or Confuse Them
Authors: Lexchin Joel
Published: May 2005

Currently, drug companies are spending in excess of $200 million annually on promoting their products to Canadian physicians. Although the industry has adopted a voluntary code of advertising practice, this has not prevented gross excesses in all forms of pharmaceutical promotion: drug-company sponsored continuing medical education, and promotion through the public media, detailers, direct mail, sampling, and journal advertising. Not only does advertising add to the cost of drugs, but physicians' reliance on information conveyed through advertising leads to poor prescribing and consequently to significant adverse health effects for patients. Reforms of promotional practices are possible, but the initiative is unlikely to come from either the medical profession or the government. Pressure applied through an emerging grass-roots movement is the best hope for change.
Coronary Artery Bypass Operation: Psychological and Medical Problems
Authors: Abram Harry S.
Published: May 2005

A patient who had undergone two coronary artery bypass procedures is interviewed and discussed with respect to his adaptation to the operation and his illness. The complex biochemical, social and psychological interactions, often overlooked when proposing this operation as a life-saving procedure to patients, are emphasized. This patient's difficulty in adapting demonstrates how threatening such an illness can be to a person who is hard-driving, success-oriented and self-sufficient. An attempt is made to set up a rehabilitation program in which the patient is allowed as much independence and activity as possible in order to encourage an image of physical strength and prowess and to restore self-esteem.
Economic Development and Population Growth
Authors: Spengler Joseph J.
Published: May 2005

Population growth has unfavorable consequences for economic transformation in much of the developing world. In this article characteristics of developing countries and their prospects for economic change are described. The impact of population growth on social and age structure, resource use, physical environment, spatial distribution, and occupational opportunity are discussed.
Sexual Behavior and AIDS in Sociocultural Perspective
Authors: Coimbra Carlos E. A. , Torabi Mohammad R.
Published: May 2005

AIDS, its cause, effect, and possible cure, has become a complex sociopsychological issue with ramifications extending far beyond the purely medical sphere. Spreading rapidly, with a higher incidence rate recorded among young people, the disease transcended the biomedical sphere, presenting sociocultural and psychological ramifications that go beyond its physical impact. With a higher incidence rate among male homosexuals, the epidemic raises morally sensitive questions which further confuse an already clouded picture. Current knowledge on the sexual transmission of AIDS and the role of male homosexuality demonstrates the need for more serious research into the various social and cultural aspects of homosexuality itself. To this end, medical anthropology may provide important information to those dealing with educational and preventive programs for the general population, as well as those in high risk groups for acquiring the disease.
Effects of the Federal Risk Reduction Grants on State Health Education Units
Authors: Bond Bobbette A. , Steckler Allan
Published: May 2005

Beginning in 1979, the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) awarded risk reduction grants to health education units in state health departments. One of CDC's main policy objectives was to use the risk reduction grants to strengthen those state-level health education units. The present study had two purposes: 1) investigate the impact of the risk reduction grants on the organization, structure, and function of state health education units; and 2) identify factors associated with program success and failure. Twelve state health education units were selected and interviews were conducted with the risk reduction program coordinators in each. Results indicated that in some states the risk reduction grants helped health education units adopt a health promotion philosophy and provided a framework for a more distinct health education program identity and purpose. The most important factor associated with risk reduction program success was support of the philosophy of health promotion by high-level health department administrators. In some states the risk reduction program was placed in a chronic disease unit rather than the health education unit. Program guidance from CDC was inconsistent and led to confusion among program coordinators and wide variations in implementation.
The Proprietarization of Health Care and the Underdevelopment of the Public Sector
Authors: Whiteis David , Salmon J. Warren
Published: May 2005

Failure of hospitals in urban areas is a well documented, spreading phenomenon that is resulting in decreased care for the medically indigent. As financial conditions force greater closures and cutbacks among providers, this dismantling of institutions that have historically served the unfortunate deepens the crisis in access to medical care. In this article, pressure on private health care institutions to adhere to a more bottom-line approach is viewed in the light of an overall attempt by government to divert public capital into private sector coffers, a trend that is particularly significant because of the ongoing concentration and centralization within the delivery system. Set in a historical analysis of the corporatization of health care, a case is made to reveal the underdevelopment of public hospitals, certain urban voluntary institutions, and community-based clinics, i.e., those institutions left to serve the most needy, in the face of rampant financial success by proprietary providers catering to a middle-class clientele requiring less intensity of care.
Mood Disorders Associated with Acoustic Neuromas
Authors: Kalayam Balu , Young Robert C. , Tsuboyama Gabriel K.
Published: May 2005

Objective:

The primary purpose of this article is the presentation of three cases of manic and mixed states associated with an acoustic neuroma, and review of the literature on psychiatric symptoms accompanied by the tumor.

Methods:

The cases were identified from 830 consecutive inpatient psychiatric admissions over age fifty-five years. Patients were assessed using a Structured Clinical Interview (SCID-R), and met DSM-III-R criteria for the diagnosis of bipolar disorder. The psychopathology seen in acoustic neuroma patients and the pathophysiologic mechanisms proposed to explain them are reviewed.

Results:

The cases we report differ from other cases in the literature in that psychiatric symptoms began pre-operatively and remained for long periods post-operatively. The psychiatric signs and symptoms reported in acoustic neuroma patients are usually described as transient, and these include mood changes, agitation, persecutory delusions, hallucinations, and memory loss and confusional episodes. The disruption of brainstem structures including the auditory pathways, the cerebellum and the ascending reticular system may contribute to mood changes. Systematic studies are necessary to examine their relationship. Although psychological reactions attributable to surgery and facial paralysis may serve as contributory factors the evidence for their role was not striking in the cases we report.
The AI Microscope Learning Environment
Authors: Itoga Stephen Y. , Bridges Kent , Frederick Lawrence , Uyeda Richard I.
Published: May 2005

High-end scientific workstations and personal computers were combined to develop introductory tutoring modules in biology. Using UNIX, X Windows, PROLOG, and C, a laboratory exercise on leaf anatomy was created. The simulation, analysis, and advising activities were implemented in separate hardware and software environments. New tutoring metaphors for science laboratories give diagnostic help, situation-sensitive textual advice, and spoken information.
The Cognitive Structure Underlying Heroin-Injecting Behaviour
Authors: Finnigan Frances
Published: May 2005

An important objective in the field of drug education is the development of successful intervention programs to deter or reduce use. A vital step in this procedure is the identification of the critical elements that will induce and maintain behavior change. The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the Theory of Reasoned Action can be used to identify these factors. Data were gathered from a sample of current heroin injectors and the cognitive structure underlying drug use investigated. The findings are discussed with regard to intervention programs aimed at modifying or reducing drug injecting behavior.
The European Computer Driving License: A Model for Teacher Education
Authors: Fisher Mercedes , Solliday-McRoy Cindy
Published: May 2005

This article describes how, by the year 2000, all employees and teachers in the European school system will be offered an opportunity to improve their skills in computing and networking—The European Computer Driving License (ECDL). The examples describe the seven course modules, assessments, and effective teaching, and learning skills of educational technologies. Analysis of the design and implementation underscores the importance of technology training for teacher preparation. The course modules provide insight into which technology skills should take priority in instructional design and suggest curriculum changes needed for the future. The ECDL provides an excellent framework for future instructional design and implementation for teacher preparation within the United States.
Psychoimmunology and Rheumatoid Arthritis: Concepts and Methodologies
Authors: McFarlane Alexander C. , Brooks Peter M.
Published: May 2005

The recent growth of knowledge about the immune-neuroendocrine network has important implications for future research into psychosomatic hypotheses about the aetiology of rheumatoid arthritis. The available evidence suggests that three phases of the aetiological process in rheumatoid arthritis need to be considered separately because of the different role that psychological and social variables may play at different points of the disease. These are the loss of immunological tolerance, the onset of joint inflammation and the long-term disease course. It is suggested that future studies will need to be prospective, include multiple sampling techniques and comparisons within patient groups if they are to elucidate the precise role of psychoneuroimmunological factors in rheumatoid arthritis.
Spatial Abilities and Reading Deficits in Visual Art Students
Authors: Winner Ellen , Casey M. Beth , Dasilva Dan , Hayes Ron
Published: May 2005

This study investigated the hypothesis that artists are characterized both by strengths in spatial visualization and problems in reading. In addition, we investigated whether such a profile is most likely to describe nonright-handed artists. A test of spatial visualization ability and a self-report questionnaire assessing reading problems were administered to students majoring in the visual arts. Art students were compared to those majoring in other spatial fields (mathematics and science) and to those majoring in verbal fields that do not call for spatial skill (humanities and social sciences). While both art and mathematics/science students excelled in spatial visualization relative to those in verbal fields, the mathematics/science students outperformed the art students. Nonright-handers did not differ from right-handers in spatial ability. However, it was the nonright-handers among the artists who were most likely to report reading difficulties. Results suggest that individuals choose spatial fields because they possess the relevant spatial visualization abilities; however, nonright-handed individuals with reading difficulties may also go into art in part by default, to avoid fields which require extensive reading and writing.
From Focus Groups to Workshops: Developing a Culturally Appropriate Cervical Cancer Prevention Intervention for Rural Latinas
Authors: Wilcher Rose A. , Gilbert Lisa K. , Siano Cara S. , Arredondo Elva M.
Published: May 2005

Latinas in the United States are disproportionately affected by cervical cancer, a disease that can be prevented, detected, and treated. As the U.S. Latino population continues to grow, the need for effective, culturally appropriate programmatic efforts for preventing cervical cancer among this population is heightened. To improve timely Pap screening and follow-up care among low-income, rural Latinas, formative research was conducted with this population and used to inform the development of a community-based intervention. Focus groups were held with twenty-seven Latinas in a rural North Carolina county to assess knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors regarding cervical cancer prevention. Findings indicate that respondents were familiar with the importance of Pap screening; however, they were less knowledgeable about cervical cancer and perceived susceptibility was low. Factors related to Pap screening behavior included embarrassment, social support, partner influence, economics, patient-provider interactions, and reliance on clinic interpreters. The findings were used to tailor educational workshops to the cervical cancer prevention needs of low-income rural Latinas.
The Speech Community in Technical Communication
Authors: Thompson Isabelle
Published: May 2005

One approach to exploring context in technical communication is through the speech community. Composed of people who share the means and the need to communicate with each other, the speech community is essentially a social entity, its boundaries determined by feelings of commonality among the community's members. In considering the communication that occurs in a speech community, this article asks two general questions. First, what is the relationship among language, culture, and thought? Second, what knowledge is needed for effective communication? Answering the first question requires an exploration of the Whorfian hypothesis as it may apply to technical communication, while answering the second requires an expansion of Chomsky's grammatical competence to include language function and use and a broadening of Flower and Hayes's investigations of cognitive structures beyond the isolated experimental situation into the community.
Impact Evaluation of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE)
Authors: Becker Harold K. , Agopian Michael W. , Yeh Sandy
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to assess the impact of Drug Abuse Resistance Education (DARE) on fifth-grade students in the Long Beach Unified School District in Long Beach, California. The research suggests that DARE does not significantly change the amount of drug use, which is minimal at the fifth grade level. In general, children receiving DARE during the study period maintained existing levels of drug abuse.

Approximately 3,000 students participated in the study. A pretest and posttest self-report survey was utilized during the Fall 1989 semester for experimental and control groups.

As DARE programs gain popularity in other school districts, school administrators need more information on the program to decide if DARE should be presented in their schools. Administrative decision-making must consider program effectiveness and curriculum time constraints.
The Class Analysis of Poverty: A Response to Tony Novak
Authors: Wright Erik Olin
Published: May 2005

In responding to Tony Novak's criticisms of his earlier article “The Class Analysis of Poverty,” the author makes four principal points. First, contrary to Novak's views, a class analysis of poverty should define poverty in terms of both income-poverty and asset-poverty. Second, while Novak is correct that the term “underclass” often has a pejorative meaning, it remains an important concept for identifying segments of the population that are deeply oppressed economically, but not exploited. Third, the concepts of class analysis must be elaborated at a variety of levels of abstraction, not simply the highest level of the pure “mode of production,” as is implied by Novak's arguments. Finally, class analysis must acknowledge and conceptualize the specific forms of complexity of contemporary class structures, which is impossible if it restricts its class concepts to a simple polarized notion.
Agents, Engines, Traffic, Objects and Illusions: Paradigms of Computer Science
Authors: Johnson Gerald J.
Published: May 2005

It has been shown that the language of some scientific disciplines is highly metaphorical, but there is probably no field that uses metaphor quite as pervasively and idiosyncratically as does computer science. One senses that this phenomenon results from a need to compensate for the exceedingly abstract nature of the discipline. The central metaphors do not exist singly. They exist in groups or families, suggesting a deep influence on the way people in computer science write and talk. Such a cluster of deep metaphors can be thought of as a paradigm of the discipline, a set of eyeglasses through which we see our world. This article examines some essential paradigms of computer science. These paradigms are so much a part of the way we think about and talk about computers that it is difficult to imagine computer discourse without them.
The Concern and Contribution of the World Bank in Population Planning
Authors: Kanagaratnam Kandiah
Published: May 2005

The World Bank shares the widespread conviction that high population growth rates present a long-term threat to world viability and interfere with present efforts to improve standards of living. In trying to do something about the problem the Bank is moving on three fronts: increasing world awareness of the problems created by surging population growth; focusing the attention of national leaders on the demographic situation of their countries; assisting countries which want Bank assistance in building institutions and programs that will enable them to influence the growth of their populations.
Computer Assisted Evaluation a Case Study
Authors: Spero Samuel
Published: May 2005

A computer based system for the evaluation of instructional strategies and student performance is described. The system provides the teacher with student scores and statistical information. The system also provides comments for students. The system assumes a one-hour turn around time for processing. The hardware includes a Bell and Howell Mark Document Reader and a General Electric Terminet 1200 Printer. These units are connected by telephone to a remote processor.
Subjects and Accomplices: Regulation and the Ethics of Cigarette Advertising
Authors: Cutler Tony , Nye David
Published: May 2005

In debates on the regulation of cigarette advertising, opposition to regulation is based on a perceived threat to individual autonomy and choice. Advocates of regulation have sought to combat such arguments by focusing on the unique characteristics of tobacco: the absence of a “safe” level of consumption; that the habit is often acquired by children or young persons; that smokers are unaware of the extent of the risks involved; and that smoking is “addictive.” The authors discuss the implications of these characteristics for regulation and the difficulties with such arguments. The focus on characteristics of the product means that little attention is given to the implications of the content and techniques of advertising. The dominant forms of cigarette advertising involve the communication of little product information and the use of persuasive mechanisms of which the consumer is either unaware or not fully aware. The authors explore the implications of such advertising strategies for regulation and public policy.
The Stream of Consciousness: VIII. James's Ejective Consciousness (First Part)
Authors: Natsoulas Thomas
Published: May 2005

The present series concerning the stream of consciousness continues with two articles that examine James's conception of “ejective” consciousness in The Principles. During certain altered states, and perhaps at other times as well, mental-occurrence instances take place that are not part of the individual's original stream of consciousness. Usually, if not always, such “split-off” mental-occurrence instances comprise a second stream, which, according to James, is no less conscious and personal than the original stream is. However, the durational components of the second stream are distinct from nonconscious mental occurrences. Whereas James argues against the existence of nonconscious mental occurrences, of which there can be no inner awareness by definition, James does countenance a second stream of consciousness, of which the first stream can have only inferential knowledge, and vice versa. Both streams include inner awareness of their own basic durational components.
Ambulatory Patients with Medical and Psychiatric Illness: Care in a Special Medical Clinic
Authors: Hossenlopp Claire M. , Holland Jimmie
Published: May 2005

Patients who have both medical and psychiatric illnesses often present very difficult diagnostic and treatment problems. Cross referrals by the two or more specialties necessarily involved in their management are often perceived by these patients as rejection and not only may induce in them feelings of frustration, helplessness and anger, but may also lead to a worsening of their medical and psychiatric symptomatology. This paper describes the organization and operation of a comprehensive clinic, staffed by both internists and psychiatrists, designed to provide total care for these patients. The patient population comprises patients with independent or unrelated medical and psychiatric illnesses, patients with interdependent medical and psychiatric symptoms, patients with reactive psychological problems and patients with somatizations as an expression of psychological conflicts. Case reports illustrate the approach used in patient management and some of the encouraging results that can be achieved at such a clinic. The special nature of the clinic presented a challenge to the physician's traditional role and required careful attention to specific aspects of the doctor-patient relationship, which are briefly discussed.
On the Meter and Prosody of French 12-Syllable Verse
Authors: Dominicy Marc
Published: May 2005

This article provides the reader with a survey of the basic metrical and prosodic properties of the French classical and post-classical 12-syllable alexandrine line. It is argued that these features can be captured within a neo-Jakobsonian framework which maintains a clear distinction between linguistic and non-linguistic parallelisms. Metrical equivalence is accounted for by positing abstract “line designs” that are linked to “line instances” by a set of “matching rules.” The versification of Racine, Hugo, and late Nineteenth-century poets of the Parnassian and post-Parnassian generations is studied in some details. This makes it possible to evaluate the adequacy of recent theorizing by Benoit de Cornulier and Paul Verluyten.