bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Differential periodontal temperature measurements in the assessment of periodontal disease activity: an experimental and clinical study
Authors: Lindskog S. , Blomlöf L. , Håkanson H.
Published: October 2007

The difference in surface temperatures between the bottom of periodontal pockets and the attached gingiva adjacent to the openings of the pockets were determined both in monkeys with experimental marginal periodontitis, and clinically in patients with marginal periodontitis. For this purpose a custommade, temperature‐measuring device was developed which enabled immediate recording of temperature differences as well as periodontal pocket depths, bleeding, and attachment levels. The measurements were performed periodically. The differential temperature measurements were correlated to change in periodontal attachment over time. It was shown that differential periodontal temperatures are well correlated to change in periodontal attachment over time. It was furthermore concluded that differential periodontal temperature measurements have the potential of serving as a predictor of activity of marginal periodontitis. However, more extensive data are required to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the method.
Short‐term effect of topical application of delmopinol on salivary microbiology, plaque, and gingivitis
Authors: Collaert Bruno , Attström Rolf , Edwardsson Stig , Hase Jan C. , Åström Mikael , Movert Rolf
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to test a possible dose‐response effect of topical application of delmopinol HC1 on the salivary microbiology, the healing of a pre‐established experimental gingivitis, plaque development, and supragingival plaque composition. Forty‐eight healthy subjects were enrolled in an oral hygiene program for 2 wk to upgrade their oral health. After professional tooth cleaning, they abstained from all oral hygiene, but applied 2 ml of a placebo with a soft paintbrush onto their teeth twice daily for 2 wk. At the end of this period, the subjects received tooth cleaning and were then assigned to three treatment groups of 16 individuals each. They applied 2 ml of 0.1%, 0.5%, and 1% delmopinol HC1, respectively, twice daily for the next 2 wk and refrained from all other oral hygiene procedures. At the end of the placebo and delmopinol HC1 treatment periods, (1) saliva samples were obtained and cultivated on a series of media, (2) the degree of gingivitis was measured with gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) and gingivitis index (GI), (3) the stainable buccal plaque extension was analyzed planimetrically, and (4) the bacterial morphotypes of plaque adjacent to the gingival margin were analyzed. No changes in the salivary microbiologic counts were detected. The amounts of GCF and GI were reduced in all delmopinol groups, as compared with placebo. Mean plaque extension was reduced by 16% for the 0.1%, 56% for the 0.5%, and 58% for the 1% delmopinol group. Cocci appeared to predominate in bacterial dental plaque when 0.5% and 1% delmopinol were used. The results indicate that short‐term use of delmopinol promotes the healing of pre‐established gingivitis, reduces plaque formation, and delays plaque maturation without detectable changes in the salivary microflora.
Effect of fluoride on the rate of dentin apposition and caries progression in young and old Wistar rats
Authors: Kortelainen Sinikka , Larmas Markku
Published: October 2007

The effect of fluoride in drinking water on the progression of dentinal caries and dentin apposition was studied separately in young and old Wistar rats. The animals were inoculated with Streptococcus sobrinus and fed ad libitum on a 43% sucrose diet and distilled water supplemented with 0, 1, or 19 ppm fluoride. After a 7‐wk (young) or 13‐wk (adult) cariogenic challenge, the areas of dentinal caries and dentin apposition were quantified after tetracycline staining. Fluoride in the drinking water reduced the progression of dentinal caries and the speed of dentin formation in the young animals but only the progression of dental caries in the adult ones. Both the progression of carious lesions in the dentin and the rate of dentin apposition were 10 times faster during primary dentinogenesis.
Triclosan‐containing mouthwashes—does the nature of the solvent influence their clinical effect?
Authors: Waaler Sonni Mette , Rolla Gunnar , Kjaerheim Vibeke
Published: October 2007

The effect of triclosan on plaque inhibition was studied with various solvents. Eight subjects used the solutions as moulhwashes twice daily for 4 days while refraining from any other form of oral hygiene. Bacteriologic tests were also done with the same solutions. The study showed that the nature of the substance used to dissolve triclosan may be of clinical significance. Solutions of triclosan in polyethylene glycol, glycerol, or 3% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) alone showed marked antiplaque effect. (The first two solutions both contained 1.5% SLS.) However, triclosan dissolved in Tween 80 had only a negligible clinical effect. In vitro experiment showed that antibacterial tests did not correlate well with clinical data. It is proposed that the nature of the micelles of the detergents which are used to dissolve iriclosan is of significant importance. Strongly charged micelles such as SLS show clinical effect, whereas less charged micelles of SLS/Tween 80 or uncharged micelles of Tween 80 alone appear not to have this effect.
Correlation between recordings obtained with a light‐intensity tester and degree of conversion of a light‐curing resin
Authors: Peutzfeldt Anne
Published: October 2007

The present study evaluated the ability of a light‐intensity tester (CL‐Tester) to predict the degree of conversion of a resin. A light‐curing resin was mixed from 25 mol‐% BISGMA and 75 mol‐% TEGDMA. The resin was cured with one of five different curing units whose light intensity varied from poor to very good when recorded with the CL‐Tester. The degree of conversion was found by determination of the number of remaining double bonds (RDB) from transmission infrared spectra of the resin. The five mean values of RDB varied with statistical significance. A significant linear correlation was found between recordings of the CL‐Tester and degree of conversion. It was concluded that the CL‐Tester was able to predict the degree of conversion to such a degree that it may be expected to constitute a useful means of regular control of curing units.
Mandibular premolar differentiation
Authors: Carlsen Ole , Alexandersen Verner
Published: October 2007

The authors present a method for differentiating between human mandibular premolars: P1 inf and P2 inf. The material with which the method was developed consisted of 260 stone casts. On these, both premolars were present and were intact on at least one side. The study models represented 131 girls and 129 boys, mean age 14.6 yr. In a comprehensive pilot project, a whole range of macromorphologic criteria was tested that, in various combinations, could be expected to be usable for differentiation between P1 inf and P2 inf. On the basis of the pilot study, the total variation was reduced to four criteria‐combinations, called types, which, in summary, can be characterized as the following: type 1: flattening of the mesiolingual part of the crown, no lingual lobe; type 2: at least one lingual lobe; type 3: lingual part of the crown symmetrically curved, no lingual lobe; type 4: other characteristics. After definition of the types, their occurrence on P1 inf and P2 inf was definitively registered. Observations were made with a stereomicroscope; 131 premolar pairs from the right side and 129 from the left were registered. Statistical tests showed that there was no significant difference in the distribution of types between variants from the right and left sides, or between girls and boys. These data were therefore pooled for P1 inf and P2 inf, respectively. A subsequent test revealed, as expected, a highly significant difference in the distribution of the four types among 1. and 2. premolar. For estimation of the degree of certainty when the types concerned were used for differentiation, 95% confidence limits were set up from the observed frequencies. Results of these statistical analyses can be described as follows: the probability that a mandibular premolar of type 1 was a 1. premolar was 0.96 (0.93–0.98), that a type 2 variant was a 2. premolar was 0.99 (0.96–1.00), that a type 3 variant was a 2. premolar was 0.79 (0.58–0.93), and that a type 4 variant was a 2. premolar was 0.92 (0.74–0.99). The target groups of this publication are clinical dentists, forensic odontologists, dental anthropologists, and dental morphologists.
Hypodontia in twins discordant or concordant for cleft lip and/or palate
Authors: Laatikainen Tuula , Ranta Reijo
Published: October 2007

The aims of this study were to determine the frequency of hypodontia of permanent teeth in twins discordant or concordant for clefts in each type of cleft, to determine the concordance of hypodontia in mono‐ and dizygotic twins, and to compare the findings with some earlier data. Thirty‐nine pairs of twins between 7 and 23 yr of age were investigated. Six of 13 monozygotic and 24/ 26 dizygotic pairs were discordant for clefts. Orthopantomograms of the dentition, treatment records, and anamnestic data were studied. Twenty‐three pairs of twins (59%) had at least one twin with hypodontia: 9/13 (69%) monozygotic and 14/26 (54%) dizygotic. The prevalence of hypodontia was 37% for monozygotic and 32.7% for dizygotic twins, 16.7% in the noncleft and cleft lip groups, 41.1% in the cleft palate group, and 64.3% in the cleft lip and palate group. All these were above the values observed earlier in the noncleft twins and in the Finnish normal and cleft group populations. Four of 13 pairs of monozygotic twins had no hypodontia, 8/9 pairs were discordant, and only 1/9 was concordant for hypodontia. The corresponding figures for the 26 dizygotic pairs were: 12/26, 11/14, and 3/14 pairs. Maxillary second premolars were the most frequently absent teeth, followed in order of frequency by the maxillary lateral incisors and the mandibular second premolars. Hence, for this sample of twins, the genetic component seems to be weak.
Isolation frequency and serotype distribution of mutans streptococci and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, and clinical periodontal status in Finnish and Vietnamese children
Authors: Hölttä Päivi , Alaluusua Satu , Saarela Maria , Asikainen Sirkka
Published: October 2007

The isolation frequency and serotype distribution of mutans streptococci and A. actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) were investigated in a group of Finnish (n=16) and Vietnamese (n=16) children, matched by sex, age, and caries status. In the Vietnamese children, the isolation frequencies were higher than in the Finnish children: 100%/62% for mutans streptococci and 78%/13% for A.a. Isolates (n=3–8) from plaque and saliva were serotyped by immunodiffusion technique using serotype‐specific antisera against serotypes c, e, f, d, and g for mutans streptococci and a, b, c, d, and e for A.a. The distribution of mutans streptococci serotypes in Finnish/Vietnamese children was: c 100%/50%; e 10%/31%; d 0%/56%; g 20%/38%. The frequency of plural serotypes was 30%/75%, respectively. In the Vietnamese group the serotype distribution of A.a. was: a 36%, b 27%, and c 63%; 45% of children carried two serotypes. One Finnish child harbored serotype a and one serotype b. The mean percentage of bleeding gingival sites was 7.4 in the Finnish and 15.1 in the Vietnamese group. Calculus and clinically deepened gingival pockets were more frequent findings in the Vietnamese children. The results indicate considerable differences in bacteriologic status and in clinical periodontal status between these Finnish and Vietnamese children.
Root surface texture after different scaling modalities
Authors: Jacobson Lars , Blomlöf Johan , Lindskog Sven
Published: October 2007

Root surface texture after scaling with hand instruments, ultrasonic scalers (Amdent 830 and Cavi‐Med 2000), and a sonic sealer (Titan‐S) was assessed in vitro. The experimental material consisted of 48 extracted human teeth divided into six groups. Root surface texture was assessed with scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Hand and sonic instrumentation produced large grooves and removed cementum evident at a magnification of ×70. while the root surface alterations after ultrasonic instrumentation were not detectable below a magnification of ×500. The working principle of each scaling instrument in relation to its effect on the root surface was discussed.
Use of a nonradioactive genetic probe identified, synthesized, and labeled in the polymerase chain reaction
Authors: Preus Hans R. , Russell Donald T.
Published: October 2007

This study introduces a strategy to identify and produce sequences useful as genetic markers, or native genetic probes for DNA‐DNA hybridization in bacterial strains where the genetics is not well described. Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) was used as an example. Fifty ng genomic DNA from A.a. ATCC 33384 and Haemophilus aphrophilus ATCC 33389 was amplified in a thermocycler using a single 10‐mer primer. The PCR products were separated by electrophoresis on a 1% submarine agarose gel containing ethidium bromide and visualized by UV illumination, and the strain‐specific amplitypes were compared. DNA from two bands, 0.9 and 4 kb, unique for the A.a. strain, was cut out, amplified under high stringency with the same primer and labeled by replacing 33.3 μM dTTP with digoxigenin‐labeled dUTP in the reaction mixture. The labeled probe was then repeatedly used for hybridization to DNA from various A.a., H. aphrophilus, and other bacterial strains of the Pasteurellaceae family. The results showed that the 0.9‐kb probe detected all A.a. tested, and distinguished it from other closely related bacterial species. We conclude that the described strategy is useful for identifying and selecting genetic sequences useful as genetic markers in A.a.
A one‐year clinical study of indirect and direct composite and ceramic inlays
Authors: Thordrup Marianne , Isidor Flemming , HörstedBindslev Preben
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical performance of four types of tooth‐colored inlays. The systems included 15 direct ceramic inlays (CEREC Vita‐Blocks), 15 direct composite inlays (Brilliant D.I., Coltène), 14 indirect ceramic inlays (Vita Dur N), and 14 indirect composite inlays (Estilux) in 37 patients. The inlays were evaluated clinically 1 wk (base line) and 6 and 12 months after cementation. The clinical assessments were supported by bitewing radiographs. One Vita Dur N inlay fractured after 1 yr of service, and one Brilliant D.I. inlay had to be replaced because of secondary caries. No apparent increase in plaque accumulation or gingival inflammation could be related to treatment with inlays. At base line and throughout the observation period, the Vita Dur N inlays received the highest ratings for morphology and color match. The Brilliant D.I. inlays showed the smoothest surface texture, whereas the Estilux inlays showed the roughest texture. After 6–12 months of observation, all types of inlays showed varying degrees of disintegration of the composite luting cement. Within the observation period, all inlay systems appeared to be clinically acceptable.
Mineral distribution in the enamel of teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta as determined by quantitative microradiography
Authors: Bäckman Birgitta , Angmar‐Månsson Birgit
Published: October 2007

The aim of the present investigation was to determine the mineral distribution in the enamel of teeth with amelogenesis imperfecta (AI) by quantitative microradiography. A further aim was to correlate the findings to clinical manifestations and inheritance patterns for AI. Included in the study were a total of 29 teeth with AI, 28 primary and one permanent, and seven unaffected teeth, five primary and two permanent. Quantitative microradiography was applied to sagittally ground sections. 70–90 μm, of the teeth. The mineral content of the enamel, expressed as percentage by volume, was lower in most of the teeth with AI than in the unaffected teeth. The largest range for the mineral distribution was found in the enamel of the variants clinically characterized by hypomineralization. These teeth showed a mineral distribution pattern that reflected an extremely low mineral content in the bulk of the enamel. In the AI teeth clinically characterized by hypoplasia, the mineral distribution pattern was similar to that of the unaffected teeth, although with larger local variations in mineral content. Apart from the teeth connected with X‐linked inheritance, no differences were found among teeth with similar clinical variants connected with different inheritance patterns.
Effects of aluminum (III) and fluoride on the demineralization of bovine enamel: a longitudinal microradiographic study
Authors: Höök Merete , Christoffersen Jørgen , Christoffersen Margaret R. , Leonardsen Erik S. , Rassing Margrethe R. , Rostrup Egill
Published: October 2007

Longitudinal microradiography has been used to determine inhibiting effects of aluminum (III), Al, and fluoride on mineral loss from slices of bovine enamel exposed to a demineralizing solution 4 h daily for 35 days. Inhibitor treatment was 5 min four times daily. For the remaining time, the samples were immersed in a neutral calcium phosphate solution which allowed neither remineralization nor demineralization. This study indicates that a 1‐mM (27 ppm) solution of Al in a 0.1‐M lactate solution, pH 5, has an inhibitory effect on the in vitro demineralization of bovine enamel. Application of this solution alternating with 20 mM (380 ppm) fluoride gave the same total inhibition as treatment with 20 mM fluoride alone.
Keratin staining pattern in clinically normal and diseased oral mucosa of lichen planus patients
Authors: Maeda Hatsuhiko , Reibel Jesper , Holmstrup Palle
Published: October 2007

The keratin pattern in oral epithelia is related to the type of terminal differentiation observed morphologically (keratinization/nonkeratinization) and to the presence or absence of epithelial dysplasia. Furthermore, it has been suggested recently that inflammatory phenomena influence the keratin expression in human gingiva. The aim of the present study was to describe the keratin pattern in oral lichen planus (OLP) lesions, which are well known to be characterized by hyperkeratinization and severe inflammatory changes, in order to elucidate the role of inflammation in keratin expression of oral epithelia. Tissue sections were stained with antikeratin antibodies directed to groups of keratins (AE1 and AE2) and to single keratin proteins (Nos. 5, 8, 13, and 19). The keratin pattern in OLP lesions differed in some respects from that of leukoplakias and frictional keratoses as characterized in previous studies. No consistent patterns for use in a diagnostic context were found. However, the changes in OLP lesions did not mimic those previously described in inflamed gingival specimens and in oral epithelial dysplasias. Thus, the results encourage further studies on the potential diagnostic use of keratin expression in premalignant oral lesions. Furthermore, the study suggests that the inflammatory reaction seen in OLP lesions does not influence keratin expression in a way comparable with the suggested influence of inflammation in gingival specimens.
Value of epicutaneous patch testing in patients with oral, mucosal lesions of lichenoid character
Authors: Skoglund Annika
Published: October 2007

The purpose of the present investigation was to determine, in patients with oral mucosal lesions of lichenoid character, whether it is possible with epicutaneous patch tests; to detect those who will react favorably to removal of amalgam. Of 48 patients, 19 (39.6%) showed positive patch test reactions to 1% mercury ammonium chloride, and 29 (60.4%) showed negative test results. The observation period varied from 3 months to 3 yr (mean value 1.5 yr). After treatment, 94.7% of the positive group and 86.2% of the negative group showed regression of lesions. Reactions exceeding the contact zone between amalgam restorations and lesions showed positive patch test results in 21% of the cases, as compared with 47% among those with lesions restricted to the contact areas; 85.7 and 93.9%, respectively, showed regression after removal of amalgam restorations. The results of the present study indicate that removal of amalgam usually affects the lesions favorably and that epicutaneous patch tests are of little prognostic value in patients with oral mucosal lesions of lichenoid character.
Salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, and yeast counts in 187 consecutive adult patients from Kuopio, Finland
Authors: Meurman J. H. , Rantonen Panu
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate salivary flow rate, buffering capacity, and yeast counts in all adult patients seeking dental treatment at the University Dental Clinic in Kuopio, Finland, during autumn 1992. Altogether, 187 consecutive patients over 20 yr old were included. Stimulated and unstimulated salivary flow rates were as follows: 1.8±0.9 ml/min; 0.6±0.4 ml/min in men, and 1.3±0.7 ml/min; 0.4±0.3 ml/min in women. A total of 103 patients used one or more systemic medications daily, mainly for cardiovascular disease (29.9%). The patients with medication had significantly lower flow rates than unmedicated subjects; in particular, in the older age group over 60 yr old. The medicated subjects also had significantly more often low buffering capacity values than the unmedicated ones (20% and 7%, respectively, with pH <4 in the Dentobuff score). Positive yeast counts were observed in 66% of men and 55% of women, and more often in medicated than in unmedicated subjects (63% and 57%, respectively, NS). The results emphasize the need to take patients' sex and systemic medication into account in all salivary diagnoses.
Effects of the β‐adrenoceptor antagonists atenolol and propranolol on human unstimulated whole saliva flow rate and protein composition
Authors: Nederfors Tommy , Dahlöf Carl , Twetman Svante
Published: October 2007

The effects of 1‐wk medication with two β‐adrenoceptor antagonists on unstimulated whole saliva flow rate and protein composition were evaluated in 11 healthy young men in a randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, crossover study. Unstimulated whole saliva was collected before each treatment period and then again after 7 days. The saliva was assessed for flow rate, total protein, and hexosamine and sialic acid concentrations and for amylase activity. No significant effect on saliva secretion rate was found. A statistically significant reduction of salivary total proteins was registered during atenolol medication. The amylase activity decreased significantly during treatment with both atenolol and propranolol. Significant changes of the calculated ratios of sialic acid/hexosamine and hexosamine/total protein indicated an alteration in glandular protein synthesis after atenolol treatment.
Disturbances of cementum formation induced by single injection of 1‐hydroxyethylidene‐1,1‐bisphosphonate (HEBP) in rats: light and scanning electron microscopic studies
Authors: Alatli‐Kut Idil , Hultenby Kjell , Hammarström Lars
Published: October 2007

With the rat molar as a model, evidence is presented that dentin mineralization influences formation of acellular cementum. Formation of acellular cementum did not occur on the surface of experimentally induced unmineralized dentin. Instead, an atypical hyperplastic cementum was formed. The disturbance in acellular cementum formalion was permanent
Oral hygiene in relation to caries development and immigrant status in infants and toddlers
Authors: Wendt Lill‐Kari , Hallonsten Anna‐Lena , Koch Goran , Birkhed Dowen
Published: October 2007

The purpose of this study was to describe oral hygiene factors in infants and toddlers living in Sweden with special reference to caries prevalence at 2 and 3 yr of age and to immigrant status. The study was designed as a prospective, longitudinal study starting with 671 children aged 1 yr. At 3 yr, all the children were invited to a further examination. A total of 298 children, randomly selected from the original group, were also examined at 2 yr. The accompanying parent was interviewed about the child's oral health habits. Children who were free of caries at 3 yr had had their teeth brushed more frequently at 1 and 2 yr of age, had used fluoride (F)‐toothpaste more often at 2 yr of age, and had a lower prevalence of visible plaque at 1 and 2 yr of age than children with caries. Immigrant children had had their teeth brushed less frequently, had used less F‐toothpaste, and had a higher prevalence of visible plaque at 1 yr of age than nonimmigrant children. Early establishment of good oral hygiene habits and regular use of F‐toothpaste seem to be important for achieving good oral health in pre‐schoolchildren.
Microradiography of the feline marginal periodontium with a microfocal high‐resolution x‐ray system
Authors: Eriksen Thomas , Koch Rainer , Nautrup Cordula Poulsen
Published: October 2007

The present paper is a cross‐sectional microradiographic study. Postmortem hemimandibles were radiographed with a microfocal high‐resolution method. Microradiographic appearances of the feline periodontium are described and discussed. Mean relative alveolar bone support in clinically and histologically normal cats was 46.9%. Site‐specific alveolar bone support (ABS) was calculated twice (blind). The 95% confidence limits of the method error for one observation were estimated. Differences between two site‐specific measurements did not exceed ±2.72%. Microfocal radiography yielded valuable additional information about the feline periodontium and made it possible clearly to identify important dental and periodontal structures such as the CEJ (cementoenamel junction) and the bottom of infrabony defects.
Comparison of three test methods used for the diagnosis of candidiasis
Authors: Skoglund Annika , Sunzel Bo , Lerner Ulf H.
Published: October 2007

A total of 266 specimens was taken from oral mucosa or dentures of 88 patients with suspected Candida‐infected oral mucosa. One‐third of the debris from each sample was cultured on Microstix‐Candida (C), strips, one‐third was cultured on Oricult‐N‐plates, and the rest was collected on glass plates and stained by the periodic acid‐Schiff (PAS) method. The PAS‐stained samples were analyzed under the light microscope for the presence of Candida hyphae. The other samples (Oricult‐N or Microstix‐C) were studied visually, according to the manufacturer's recommendation. PAS‐stained specimens showed significantly less often positive results than those of the two culture methods. These data suggest that oral candidiasis may be incorrectly diagnosed if based upon results obtained with the culture methods. It is also possible that the PAS‐staining method yielded false negative findings. This possibility should always be considered, especially if other findings and symptoms disagree with the test results obtained.
Clinical study of patients with burning mouth
Authors: Bergdahl Jan , Anneroth Göran , Anneroth Ingrid
Published: October 2007

Analysis and treatment of dental and medical factors that can cause burning mouth were performed in 25 consecutive patients according to a treatment protocol. The effect of the dental and medical treatment on the burning mouth was evaluated. The sick leave profile was presented. Apart from burning mouth symptoms, the patients reported several oral and general symptoms, such as gustatory changes, xerostomia, back and joint muscle pain, headache, and dizziness. The most common dental diagnoses were temporomandibular joint, masticatory, and tongue muscle dysfunction and lesions in the oral mucosa. The most common medical diagnoses were low serum iron and hypersensitive reaction to mercury. None of the patients tested exceeded the limit of 100 nmol Hg/l urine. Replacement of amalgam fillings was the most common dental therapy, followed by treatment of dysfunction in the masticatory system. Iron replacement was the most frequent medical treatment. The patients had over 50% more days per year sick leave than an age‐ and sex‐matched normal population. A follow‐up found that the burning mouth had disappeared in 32% of the patients. This study confirms the opinion that burning mouth is multicausal. Hypersensitive reaction to mercury was more frequent than expected, but replacement of amalgam fillings relieved burning mouth in only two of five such patients, and one of these two patients had hypersensitive reactions to both mercury and gold. One reason that so many patients continued to have burning mouth might have been neglect of dental, medical, or both diagnoses. Another reason might be that assessment of the psychologic status of the patients and psychologic treatment when indicated were not done.
Organic solvents and oils as vehicles for triclosan in mouthrinses: a clinical study
Authors: Kjærheim Vibeke , Waaler Sonni Mette , Rölla Gunnar
Published: October 2007

Previous experiments have shown that the nature of the detergents used in aqueous triclosan‐containing moulhrinses affects the plaque‐inhibiting effect of these mouthrinses, probably because of the properties of the micelles formed. It has also been shown that triclosan has a marked plaque‐inhibiting effect when dissolved in pure propylene glycol. The aim of the present study was to compare the clinical effect of triclosan dissolved in oils and in the pure solvents glycerol (GLY) and polyethylene glycol (PEG). A test panel of 12 volunteers rinsed with the allocated mouthrinses for 4 days in a double‐blind, crossover study. Three different oils were tested: olive oil, soy oil, and sunflower seed oil, as well as PEG and GLY. Triclosan was used in a 0.3% concentration to facilitate comparison with previous studies. However, only 0.15% triclosan was added to the GLY‐containing rinse (maximum soluble concentration). In addition, soy oil without triclosan was tried. The mean plaque score for water was 1.42±0.19; for olive oil, 1.08±0.34; for soy oil with triclosan, 0.95±0.35; for pure soy oil, 0.94±0.09; for sunflower seed oil, 1.19±0.19; for PEG, 1.04±0.22; and for GLY, 1.12±0.28. The results indicate that triclosan dissolved in oils loses its clinical effect. However, oils in themselves exhibit significant plaque inhibition. In vitro tests showed no antibacterial activity of triclosan dissolved in oils. Toothpastes and mouthrinses contain flavoring oils and occasionally also GLY and PEG. Such substances may well interfere with the clinical effect of triclosan in these products. This study shows that GLY and PEG are not well suited as vehicles for triclosan in dental products.
Effect of maxillary edentulousness on mandibular residual ridges
Authors: Klemetti Esa , Vainio Pauli
Published: October 2007

Bone mineral density (BMD) was measured in five different regions of the mandible of 77 postmenopausal women. These women were also classified according to the remaining, clinically determined alveolar height in the edentulous distal regions of the mandible. The duration of edentulousness in the maxilla and in the mandible was determined anamnestically. All subjects were edentulous in the maxilla, and 42 were also edentulous in the mandible. The other 35 women had teeth only in region d35‐d45. This study shows that after extraction of the last teeth in the mandible, the BMD of the cortical bone is not lowered, but that the BMD of the trabecular portion is lowered more by mechanical stress caused by the remaining natural teeth than by maxillary dentures. This feature becomes apparent when duration of edentulousness in the maxilla is compared with the BMD values of different regions in the mandible.
Influence of acid‐etched splinting methods on discoloration of dental enamel in four media: an in vitro study
Authors: Oikarinen Kyösti S. , Nieminen Timo M.
Published: October 2007

The aim of this in vitro study was to assess the staining of enamel in relation to fixation of luxated teeth. Color changes induced by chlorhexidine, red wine. tea, and coffee were detected with a Minolta Chroma Meter (CR‐121) after extracted teeth were treated to simulate construction of dental splinting. L*a*b* color readings were made before and after 7 days of incubation in the above‐mentioned media in teeth treated 1) by acid‐etching, 2) by acid‐etching followed by resin, 3) by resin and composite, 4) by Triad Gel. and 5) by Protemp. L* is an indicator of black (0) and white (100). The a* values relate to the red (+100) ‐green (−100) color axes, and the b* values to the yellow (+100) and blue (−100) axes. Untreated teeth served as controls. One‐way analysis of variance of mean L* values revealed no statistically significant differences in treatment. Discoloration was observed in all teeth, including the control ones. However, Protemp yielded the largest changes in mean L* values. Analysis of variance of mean L* values revealed statistically significant differences between incubation liquids because no increase in staining of enamel was noted after 7 days' incubation in chlorhexidine. Red wine increased the mean L* values more than coffee or tea. Changes in a*b* readings were toward red (+a*) after incubation in red wine, except in the case of teeth treated with resin. The color of all such teeth changed more toward yellow (+b*), because the resin used was yellow. No statistically significant difference was noted between the three pastes used for polishing. None of the pastes restored the enamel to the same color as before incubation.
Salivary lactobacilli explain dental caries better than salivary mutans streptococci in 4–5‐year‐old children
Authors: Granath Lars , Cleaton‐Jones Peter , Fatti L. Paul , Grossman Elly S.
Published: October 2007

The present comparative study was undertaken to determine which of the bacteria, lactobacilli (Ibc) and mutans streptococci (ms), in saliva better explains the variation of caries in 2728 South African 4–5‐yr‐old children. Caries was diagnosed according to WHO criteria. For Ibc, the Dentocult system was used. The number of ms in stimulated saliva was counted on MSB agar plates. For correction of confounding factors, data on the frequency of intake of sweets were derived from extensive interviews. Oral hygiene was determined according to the simplified debris index of Greene & Vermillion. Simple correlation analyses between dmfs and bacterial counts were done for the total material and for three caries intervals by calculating Spearman's and Pearson's coefficients of correlation. Multivariate regression analyses were done on all intervals to correct for the confounding effects of regular intake of sweets, presence of salivary ms or Ibc, and oral hygiene. Of the children, 68% had detectable Ibc in the saliva, and 74% had ms. Except for children with more than 6 dmfs, the explanatory values, i.e., percentage of variation in dmfs explained, were higher for Ibc than for ms. Before correction, the values for the total material were 15 vs 6%; for children with caries, 7 vs 5%; for those with 1–6 dmfs, 5 vs 0.4%; and for those with more than 6 dmfs, 0.3 vs 2%. All γ‐values were reduced after correction, indicating that the confounders explain some of the correlation between dmfs and bacterial count. As was the case before correction, the percentage of variation in dmfs explained by Ibc after correction was higher than that for ms, except for children with more than 6 dmfs. The results suggest that Ibc explain the variation in caries among preschool children better than ms, but the question of whether Ibc is a belter predictor remains.
Defluoridation of drinking water with pottery: effect of firing temperature
Authors: Hauge S. , Österberg R. , Bjorvatn K. , Selvig K. A.
Published: October 2007

Excessive fluoride (F) in drinking water should be removed, but simple, inexpensive methods of fluoride removal are not readily available. This study examines the F−‐binding capacity of clay and clayware, especially the effect of the firing temperature on the F−‐binding process. A series of pots were made from ordinary potter's clay and fired at 500–1000°C. Likewise, small clay bricks were fired and then crushed and sieved. NaF solutions containing 10 mg/l F− (10 ppm F−) were prepared. Suitable aliquots of the solutions were poured into clay pots or exposed to powdered clayware. Samples were taken at storage periods of 30 min to 20 days and analyzed for F− by ion‐selective electrodes. The rate and capacity of F−‐binding in the clayware varied with the firing temperature. Clay fired at approximately 600°C was most effective. Temperatures over 700°C caused a decline in F−‐binding, and pottery fired at 900°C and above seemed unable to remove F− from water. Pots fired at 500°C or less cracked in water. The findings indicate that clayware, fired at an optimal temperature, may be of practical value for partial defluoridation of drinking water.
Immunohistochemical study of neutrophil‐ and fibroblast‐type collagenases and stromelysin‐1 in adult periodontitis
Authors: Ingman Tuula , Sorsa Timo , Michaelis Jürgen , Konttinen Yrjö T.
Published: October 2007

Eight adult periodontitis (AP) patients were studied immunohistochemically to determine the presence of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) MMP‐1, MMP‐3, and MMP‐8 in the marginal gingival and gingival granulation tissue specimens obtained from periodontal flap surgery after scaling and root planing. Clinically healthy gingival tissue specimens obtained from impacted third‐molar extraction operations served as controls. MMP‐type‐specific antisera were applied by the avidin‐biotin‐peroxidase complex staining method. Moderate immunoreactivity for neutrophil collagenase (MMP‐8) was found both in the AP patients' marginal gingival connective tissue and in gingival granulation tissue specimens. Immunoreactivity for fibroblast‐type collagenase (MMP‐1) and stromelysin‐1 (MMP‐3) was detected only in the AP patients' gingival granulation tissue specimens. In the control specimens, no immunoreactivity for the MMPs could be detected. For the first time, this finding demonstrates immunohistochemically the presence of MMP‐8 in human inflamed gingiva in situ, and further highlights the importance of MMP‐8 in periodontal tissue destruction, evidently during the acute phase(s) of the disease. However, our results confirm and extend previous studies indicating that other types of MMPs from resident gingival cell sources also seem to participate in the chronic and destructive course of periodontal inflammation.
Root surface texture and early cell and tissue colonization after different etching modalities
Authors: Blomlöf Johan , Lindskog Sven
Published: October 2007

The purpose of the present study was to compare the texture of dentin surfaces after etching with citric and phosphoric acids as well as EDTA with respect to mode of application and exposure time, and to assess possible effects on early cell and tissue colonization. It was concluded that EDTA operating at neutral pH was able to selectively remove mineral from a dentin surface, exposing a collagenous matrix. This was in contrast to etching with citric and phosphoric acids, both of which operate at a low pH. They both appeared to remove not only the mineral component but also the collagenous matrix. EDTA‐treated dentin surfaces, compared to surfaces etched at low pH, appeared to be more inviting for cellular colonization and subsequent connective tissue formation. The reason for this may have been twofold: Dentin surfaces etched with an etching agent operating at neutral pH, as indicated above, retain more exposed collagen fibers than dentin surfaces etched at low pH. Furthermore, it can not be excluded that a low pH etching agent necrotized an area of the periodontal ligament in the immediate vicinity of the denuded dentin surfaces.
Susceptibility of Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus to antimicrobial agents after short‐term oral chlorhexidine treatments
Authors: Järvinen Helinä , Pienihäkkinen Kaisu , Huovinen Pentti , Tenovuo Jorma
Published: October 2007

Effects of three different types of short‐term applications (1–3 limes during 1 week) of chlorhexidine (1 or 40%) on the susceptibility of 863 clinical isolates of Streptococcus mutans and 53 isolates of Streptococcus sobrinus from 58 subjects were studied. Chlorhexidine‐resistant isolates were not found either before or after the treatment. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) to chlorhexidine of all isolates of S. mutans were ≤1 μg/ml, and of S. sobrinus≤2 μg/ ml. S. mutans and S. sobrinus were also susceptible to ampicillin, penicillin, cefuroxime, and tetracycline. In conclusion, different short‐term chlorhexidine regimens do not induce resistance in S. mutans or S. sobrinus and, furthermore, these species have so far retained their susceptibility to common antibiotics.
Effect of masticatory muscle fatigue on cranio‐vertical head posture and rest position of the mandible
Authors: Kiliaridis Stavros , Katsaros Christos , Karlsson Stig
Published: October 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate whether induced fatigue of the masticatory muscles had any influence on the head posture, and whether this influence is related to the rest position and the movement characteristics of the mandible. The sample consisted of 13 female individuals, aged 23–34 yr. For the evaluation of possible changes in the natural cranio‐vertical head posture, standardized facial profile photographs were used. Photographs were also used for the study of the facial characteristics. The freeway space and the opening and closing velocity of the mandibular displacement, as well as the duration of the masticatory cycles, were monitored with an optoelectronic method. A controlled dynamic fatigue was induced by a specially constructed spring‐loaded device placed in the premolar region. No significant changes in the mean cranio‐vertical postural position of the head were found during the various recording stages, while the freeway space was found to increase significantly after the fatigue test. No significant differences were observed concerning the average values of the mandibular movement characteristics. The analysis of the associations between the individual changes showed an increase in the freeway space after the fatigue test in the subjects which exhibited an increase in the duration of the masticatory cycle in that period. No significant associations could be found between the changes in the head posture and the mandibular movement characteristics. Also, no significant correlation could be found between the facial type of the subjects and the variables studied.
Localization of S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase in murine tissues by immunohistochemistry
Authors: Gritli‐Linde Amel , Holm Ingvar , Linde Anders
Published: October 2007

S‐adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (AdoMetDC), one of three key enzymes in polyamine biosynthesis, is present in minute concentrations in adult tissues, whereas increased AdoMetDC activity occurs in conjunction with differentiation and growth. The occurrence of AdoMetDC in tissues has earlier been studied by biochemical technique only. In this work, an antiserum against recombinant human AdoMetDC was used to investigate the localization of the enzyme in different mouse tissues. In all tissues studied, immunolabeling was seen in cytoplasm, while cell nuclei were negative. In the kidney, AdoMetDC immunoreactivity was confined to the inner part of the cortex; the outer part of the cortex and the medulla displayed only a weak AdoMetDC immunoreaction. In the cortex, renal tubules were strongly reactive, while renal corpuscules were weakly immunolabeled. In developing teeth, AdoMetDC immunoreactivity displayed a gradient of distribution, the immunolabeling intensity being increased from the cervical region to the tip of the cusps. In the incisor, post‐secretory ameloblasts were strongly labeled. In the oral mucosa, epithelial cells demonstrated stronger immunolabeling than did cells of the subjacent connective tissue. As for muscle cells, immunoreactive material was confined to the periphery of the fibers. In vitro, treatment with DL‐α‐difluoromethylornithine (DFMO) or methylglyoxal bis‐(guanylhydrazone) (MGBG) led to an increase in AdoMetDC. It can be concluded that antibodies to recombinant human AdoMetDC provide a tool for the immunohistochemical localization of AdoMetDC, and that the distribution of the enzyme in the tissues studied gives further support to the importance of polyamines in the development and functions of these organs.
Effect of sucrose and xylitol diets on dentin formation and caries in rat molars
Authors: Tjäderhane Leo , Bäckman Tuula , Larmas Markku
Published: October 2007

To investigate the effects of a high sucrose diet and xylitol on secondary dentinogenesis and dentinal caries, a part of the sucrose in a high‐cariogenic diet was replaced by xylitol. Fifty‐four 3‐wk‐old Wistar rats were labeled with tetracycline and divided into groups. One group received a high sucrose diet (43% sucrose). In two other groups 5% and 20% of the sucrose was replaced by xylitol. A control group received non‐cariogenic food. Six weeks later the mandibles were sectioned sagittally. Schiff staining was used to classify the caries, and the areas of dentin formed during the experiment and dentinal caries in first and second molars were measured planimetrically. The high sucrose diet reduced dentin formation of the molars, and this reduction was further increased by xylitol. Caries initiation and dentinal caries progression were significantly reduced by 20% xylitol, whereas only a slight reduction in caries progression was observed with 5% xylitol. Also, a negative correlation between the dentin formation and dentinal caries progression was observed in the high sucrose and 5% xylitol groups. In conclusion, xylitol together with high sucrose reduced dentin formation and dentinal caries progression, and the effect was dose‐dependent.
Inhibitory effect on S. mutans by fluoride‐treated conventional and resin‐reinforced glass ionomer cements
Authors: Seppä L , Korhonen A. , Nuutinen A.
Published: October 2007

The aim of the present study was to study the effect of fluoride gel treatment on fluoride release and inhibition of acid production of Streptococcus mutans by different glass ionomer cements. Test slabs of four glass ionomer materials were fitted into the bottom of a test tube. A layer of S. mutans cells was centrifuged onto the test slabs, and the specimens were incubated for 4 h in 1.7% sucrose solution. Incubations were made using fresh, aged (29 d), aged and F‐treated (1.25% F‐gel), and aged, F‐treated and aged samples (n= 15 per group). After each incubation, pH and F contents of the fluid phase were determined. The freshly mixed glass ionomer samples released large amounts of fluoride, and the pH fall in the fluid phase was significantly inhibited. For aged samples, the fluoride release decreased strongly and no inhibitory effect on acid production by S. mutans was seen. After application of fluoride gel, fluoride release and inhibitory effect were significantly higher than initially for all glass ionomer cements. In conclusion, all glass ionomer cements were able to take up fluoride and subsequently release it, which resulted in reestablishment of their antibacterial effect. The patterns of fluoride release and antibacterial action were virtually the same for conventional and resin‐reinforced glass ionomer cements.