bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Preparation of Modified Starch Nanoparticles from Beneng Taro (Xanthosoma undipes K. Koch) as Active Packaging Materials via Nanoprecipitation Method
Authors: Agustina Sri , Kenvisyah Zahran Hafid , Revianto Muhammad Hafidz , Azhari Fadila
Published: March 2022

Starch nanoparticles is one of the most recently developed starch products that have been used in plastic and food packaging applications. The aim of this study was to investigate the production of modified starch nanoparticles for active food packaging materials. Starch nanoparticles were fabricated via nanoprecipitation method and characterized by Particle Size Analyzer (PSA), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), and Ultraviolet (UV)-visible (UV-Vis) spectrophotometry. The modification process was conducted by adding lemongrass oil as active ingredient under rapid stirring. The result showed that modified starch nanoparticles exhibited spherical particles with a diameter of approximately 300-400 nm. The present method for modification of starch nanoparticles may provide an alternative approach to increase the usability of starch from Beneng Taro as local produce in Banten Province.
Characterization and Comparison of Various Lewis Acid Surfactant Combined Catalyst (LASC) and Their Potential for Polylactic Acid Synthesis by Polycondensation
Authors: Zuhdan Jayyid , Alifatul Aisyah , Hendrianie Nuniek , Ni'mah Hikmatun , Nurkhamidah Siti , Widjaja Tri
Published: March 2022

In Polylactic acid (PLA) production, there is a byproduct in the form of water, while Lewis acid catalysts such as Al(III), Ti(IV), and Sn(IV) which is commonly used for PLA production will be rapidly decomposed and deactivated by water. The aim for this research was to synthesize a Lewis acid water-tolerant catalyst called LASC (Lewis Acid Surfactant Combined Catalyst) by combining some Lewis metals with surfactant in the form of Sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) which will bind each other to become Fe(dodecyl sulfate)3 [Fe(DS)3], Al(dodecyl sulfate)3 [Al(DS)3], and Cu(dodecyl sulfate)2 [Cu(DS)2] and see their performance to the PLA production using polycondensation method. The catalyst was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), thermal analysis (thermogravimetry analysis (TGA)), and spectroscopic analysis (FTIR). While the yield to the PLA production was analyzed gravimetrically. In the LASC spectrum, there are shifts and separations in symmetric and asymmetric modes compared to SDS spectrum which can be related to the interaction of dodecyl sulfate anions with Lewis metals cations (Fe(III), Al(III), and Cu(II). The XRD analysis shows identical position of 2θ at ± 2.4° for SDS and LASC. The interplanar spacing (dhkl) by XRD at 2θ = ± 2.4° were 3.74 nm, 3.63 nm, and 3.7 nm for SDS, Al(DS)3, and Cu(DS)2, respectively. Except for Fe(DS)3, the interplanar spacing at d001 is so small and only can be seen on the graph at 2θ = 2.32°. This LASC also show a good performance with a yield of 52%wt with ±1.2 mL of water was evaporated in the dehydration process of PLA production. The activity of this catalyst can contribute to enhancing the knowledge and applications of Lewis acid-surfactant-combined catalysts for PLA production.
Interest in hearing loss in geriatric medicine: a survey of members of the Societa' Italiana Geriatria Ospedale e Territorio (SIGOT)
Authors: Fabbo Andrea , Veronese Nicola , Genovese Elisabetta , Mecocci Patrizia , Cella Alberto , Custodero Carlo , Ferrero Vittorio , Ragusa Francesco Saverio , Pilotto Alberto
Published: March 2022

Hearing loss is a common condition in older people. Increasing research has shown that this condition is associated with a higher risk of several health problems. The aim of this survey made among the members of the Societa' Italiana Geriatria Ospedale e Territorio (SIGOT) is to explore how far hearing loss is known in the Italian geriatric community and how to develop a collaboration with other services. A short survey (taking approximately 5 min to complete) was freely available on the SIGOT website and disseminated using social channels. The questionnaire was available during the whole year of 2021. The questionnaire specifically addressed general characteristics/ demographics, general attention to hearing loss problem in older people and relationships with the National Health System, and personal opinions regarding hearing loss. A total of 122 participants (mainly females and aging between 61-70 years) from all Italian Regions were included. The SIGOT members answered that they consider hearing loss as clinically relevant is always important (55.7%). Unfortunately, many members had not audiological centers or specialists available. Moreover, 38.5% of SIGOT members reported that the possibility of correction of hearing loss with prostheses or cochlear implants in older people is very good for older patients and that in 87.7% a significant improvement in quality of life was observed. The interest in hearing loss problems in older people perceived by the SIGOT members is elevated, but some barriers, particularly in the availability of other specialists and in the services given by National Health System are still very limited.
Reference penile size measurement and correlation with other anthropometric dimensions: a prospective study in 800 men
Authors: Solé Martina , González Ignacio Tobia , Compagnucci Martín , Colucci Guadalupe , Dalvit Marcos , Chiconi Bernardo , Layús Omar A , Gueglio Guillermo , Rey-Valzacchi Gastón
Published: March 2022

Virility and sexual pleasure have long been associated with penile size and this, in turn, has typically been linked to some anthropometric measurements, such as foot size or height, leading to various misconceptions from both men and women. Our intention is to estimate penile size parameters in Argentina and evaluate the correlation between penile size and certain anthropometric measurements. This is a cross-sectional, descriptive, multicenter, and observational study. Male patients who underwent a urological procedure were included in four hospitals located in different regions of the country. Different anthropometric measurements were obtained: height, weight, penile circumference, flaccid and stretched length, and foot length. A total of 800 patients were evaluated. Mean left foot was 26.4 cm. Mean flaccid penile length was 11.4 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 8–14) cm, and mean penile circumference was 10.1 (95% CI: 8–12) cm. Finally, mean stretched penis was 15.2 (95% CI: 11–18.5) cm. We can confirm that estimates of the average penile measurements in Argentina are flaccid penis length of 11.4 cm, penile circumference of 10.1 cm, and stretching the penis to the maximum in flaccidity of 15.2 cm. Correlations between flaccid penis length, stretched out, penile circumference, height, weight, and length of the left foot were evaluated, finding low or no correlation between those mentioned, except for flaccid and stretched length.
Long-term impact of testicular torsion and its salvage on semen parameters and gonadal function
Authors: Aggarwal Dharmender , Parmar Kalpesh , Sharma Aditya Prakash , Tyagi Shantanu , Kumar Santosh , Singh Shrawan Kumar , Gupta Swati
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Testicular torsion is a urological emergency, and long-term outcomes of testicular torsion on infertility, hormonal function, and salvaged testicular size are unclear.

Materials and Methods:

We conducted an ambispective, observational study from January 2014 to December 2019. Baseline demographics, time of presentation, clinical features, and management details of all the patients of testicular torsion were recorded from the database. All the patients were followed up in the outpatient clinic for testicular size, hormone levels, semen analysis, and erectile function.

Results:

Of 85 patients, only 67 could be contacted and included in the final analysis. Group 1(orchiectomy) comprised 44 patients, and Group 2(salvage) had 23 patients. Follow-up duration ranged from 2 to 6 years and mean follow-up was 42 ± 12 months. The median time to presentation was significantly higher in Group 1 (48 hours) as compared to Group 2 (12 hours). The rate of testicular salvage did not vary with age of the patients. Doppler ultrasonography of the scrotum detected 92.5% of all cases of torsion. Antisperm antibody levels were within normal range in all patients. Approximately 47% of patients in the salvage group developed testicular atrophy on follow-up. Serum testosterone level was significantly lower in Group 1 and the subset of patients with testicular atrophy. Rest of the hormonal parameters, semen analysis, and erectile function were comparable between two groups.

Conclusion:

The time between onset and presentation is an important contributing factor in guiding testicular salvage. Even after salvage, many testes may atrophy on follow-up. Orchiectomy and testicular atrophy in the long term have negative impact on serum testosterone. The patients should be counseled for a long-term follow-up for the risk of testicular atrophy and low testosterone levels.
Age estimation in Western Indian population by Cameriere's and Drusini's methods
Authors: Shah Palak H , Venkatesh Rashmi , More Chandramani B
Published: March 2022

Objectives:

The aim of the present study is to determine applicability of Cameriere's and Drusini's methods in Western Indian population.

Methodology:

Panoramic radiographs of total 300 Gujarati individuals, equally divided into four study groups were studied by two investigators. The pulp/tooth area ratio (AR) were calculated for maxillary and mandibular canines and tooth coronal indexes (TCI) i.e., the ratio between coronal pulp cavity height and crown height were calculated for mandibular premolars and first and second molars. The acquired data were subjected to correlation and regression analysis and also inter and intraobserver reliability was obtained for both the investigators.

Results:

The ARs and TCIs for all the respective teeth were significantly correlated with the age of the individuals. The individual regression formulae were derived for all the teeth and were then used separately to calculate the age. There was no statistically significant difference between the mean chronological age and mean calculated age for all the teeth.(P > 0.05). The mean absolute errors for all the teeth were <10 years.

Conclusion:

The findings of this study prove the applicability of Cameriere's and Drusini's age estimation methods for Western Indian population. However, the weak correlation coefficients suggest the need for further studies to get more accurate results.
Calcifying odontogenic cyst
Authors: Ahmad Syed Ansar , Popli Deepika Bablani , Sircar Keya , Hasan Shamimul
Published: March 2022

The aim of this clinical report is to document a rare and unusual case of calcifying odontogenic cyst (COC) in the maxillary anterior region in a 13-year-old girl.

A COC is an extremely uncommon developmental, odontogenic entity and accounts for 0.3%–0.8% of odontogenic cysts. The lesion presents as an array of varied radiographic and clinicopathological characteristics and biological attributes and exists in three histomorphologic patterns – benign cystic, solid (neoplastic) and aggressive (malignant) forms. Thus, several nomenclatures and classifications have been put forth to explain the nature of the clinical entity. However, ambiguities regarding the exact nature of the lesion still prevail. Due to nonspecific clinicoradiographic features, histopathological interpretation remains the key for diagnosis. We report an uncommon occurrence of COC in a 13-year-old female who reported to our Outpatient Department with an asymptomatic right midfacial swelling. The clinical and radiographic findings were suggestive of adenomatoid odontogenic tumor and dentigerous cyst. The decision to enucleate the lesion was considered, and histopathological features were compatible with the diagnosis of COC. Re-ossification with no recurrence was noticed after a 1-year follow-up. COC is an unusual developmental odontogenic cyst that clinically and radiologically simulates other more common jaw entities. Thorough knowledge of the bizarre presentation and biological attributes of such lesions are imperative for an early diagnosis and definitive treatment. Long-term follow-up is advocated to prevent recurrences.
Assessment of Functional and Esthetic Outcomes of External Approach Septorhinoplasty with Spreader Graft in North India
Authors: Ponnusamy Sabarirajan , Trehan Sandeep , Lade Himani , Bhardwaj Rohit
Published: March 2022

Introduction:

Rhinoplasty is one of the most commonly performed facial plastic surgeries. Esthetic rhinoplasty can be exclusively esthetic or for both functional and esthetic concerns combined. The spreader graft can be used as a spacer where a patient with nasal obstruction who is also having external nasal deformity can be benefitted in both the areas.

Objectives:

The objective is to assess the functional and esthetic outcomes pre- and post-operatively in patients undergoing external approach rhinoplasty with spreader grafting.

Methodology:

Thirty patients were included in the study. Internal valve collapse was confirmed by modified Cottle's maneuver and diagnostic nasal endoscopy. All surgeries were done using an external approach under general anesthesia. Pre- and post-operative nasal obstruction symptom evaluation (NOSE) and rhinoplasty outcome evaluation (ROE) score were taken.

Results:

The preoperative NOSE score average was 64.5. After 3 months of postoperative follow-up, the NOSE score reduced to a mean value of 11.83. The preoperative ROE score average was 6.73. Postoperative ROE score improved to a mean value of 18.83.

Conclusion:

Rhinoplasty is a delicate, skill demanding surgical procedure which, when done along with a spreader graft will be beneficial both functionally and cosmetically in patients with external nasal deformity with obstruction symptoms. Comparison of esthetic and functional results could be done further in future studies which will provide further inputs in the field of rhinoplasty.
Laser dazzler emitting three-colour radiation
Authors: Mlynczak Jaroslaw , Kopczynski Krzysztof , Włodarski Maksymilian , Kaliszewski Miron
Published: March 2022

The article presents a laser dazzle generating three overlapping laser beams of different colours and an analysis of the possibility of dazzling people with this radiation. The analysis took into account the eye’s photopic sensitivity and the additivity of the three radiation beams. Such analysis, to the knowledge of the authors, is presented for the first time. The possibility of dazzling for four different dazzle levels and three levels of ambient luminance was presented. It has been shown that in some conditions it is possible to damage the eye without causing the assumed dazzle effect. Full Text: PDF ReferencesJoint Non-Lethal Weapons Program, Non-Lethal Optical Distracters Fact Sheet, (2016). DirectLink https://www.faa.gov/about/initiatives/lasers/laws/ DirectLink N. Raoof, et al., "‘Toy’ laser macular burns in children", Eye 28, 231 (2014). CrossRef D. B. Gosling, J. B. O'Hagan, and F. M. Quhill, "Blue Laser Induced Retinal Injury in a Commercial Pilot at 1300 ft", Aerospace Medicine and Human Performance 87, 69 (2016). CrossRef J. Marshall, J. B. O'Hagan, and J. R. Tyrer, "Eye hazards of laser ‘pointers’ in perspective", Br. J. Ophthalmol. 100, 583 (2016). CrossRef N. Raoof, J. O'Hagan, N. Pawlowska, and F. Quhill, "Toy’ laser macular burns in children: 12-month update", Eye 30, 492 (2016). CrossRef S. Androudi and E. Papageorgiou, "Macular Hole from a Laser Pointer", New England Journal of Medicine 378, 2420 (2018) CrossRef J. E. Neffendorf, G. D. Hildebrand and S. M. Downes, "Handheld laser devices and laser-induced retinopathy (LIR) in children: an overview of the literature", Eye 33, 1203 (2019). CrossRef E. Linton, et al., "Retinal burns from laser pointers: a risk in children with behavioural problems", Eye 33, 492 (2019). CrossRef P. Dockrill, Science alert, (2020). DirectLink IEC 60825-1:2014, Safety of laser products - Part 1: Equipment classification and requirements (International Electrotechnical Commission 2014). DirectLink ANSI Z136.1-2014, American National Standard for Safe Use of Lasers (American National Standards Institute 2014). DirectLink C. A. Williamson and L. N. McLin, "Nominal ocular dazzle distance (NODD)", Appl. Opt. 54, 1564 (2015). CrossRef C. A. Williamson and L. N. McLin, "Determination of a laser eye dazzle safety framework", Journal of Laser Applications 30, 032010 (2018). CrossRef J. Mlynczak, K. Kopczynski, M. Kaliszewski, M. Wlodarski, "Estimation of nominal ocular hazard distance and nominal ocular dazzle distance for multibeam laser radiation", Applied Optics, 60(22), 6414-6421 (2021). CrossRef CVRL Database, CVRL functions, Luminous efficiency functions, 2-deg functions. DirectLink Peter Lennie, Joel Pokorny, and Vivianne C. Smith, "Luminance", Journal of the Optical Society of America A, 10 (6), 1283-1293, (1993) CrossRef H. Cai and T. Chung, "Evaluating discomfort glare from non-uniform electric light sources", Lighting Research & Technology, 45 (3), 267-294 (2012). CrossRef
Graphene-Molybdenum Disulphide Chitin Nanocomposite Based Passive Q-switcher
Authors: Mohd Halim Siti Nabilah , Sapingi Husni Hani Jameela , Mohamad Taib Mohamad Fariz , Ahmad Fauzan
Published: March 2022

A simple fabrication of graphene-MoS2 nanocomposite, as well as individual graphene and molybdenum disulphide (MoS2) film has been done through a liquid phase exfoliation method using chitin as a binder. All of the developed films are integrated as a passive Q-switcher in an Erbium doped fiber laser. The graphene-MoS2 nanocomposite based passive Q-switcher is generated by a pulsed fiber laser with the shortest width of 1.63 µs and the highest signal to noise ratio of 51.01 dB. The graphene-MoS2 nanocomposite films show a better saturable absorption response compared to an individual graphene-chitin and MoS2-chitin based passive Q-switcher. Full Text: PDF ReferencesB. Zhang et al., "Recent Progress in 2D Material-Based Saturable Absorbers for All Solid-State Pulsed Bulk Lasers", Laser Photon. Rev. 14(2), 1900240 (2020). CrossRef M. Zhang, H. Chen, J. Yin, J. Wang, P. Yan, "Recent development of saturable absorbers for ultrafast lasers [Invited]", Chinese Opt. Letters 19(8), 081405 (2021). CrossRef S.A. Hussain, "Beta rhythm events predict corticospinal motor output", Scientific Reports 9(1), 1 (2019). CrossRef B. Fu, Y. Hua, X. Xiao, H. Zhu, Z. Sun, C. Yang, "Broadband Graphene Saturable Absorber for Pulsed Fiber Lasers at 1, 1.5, and 2 μm", IEEE J. Selected Topics in Quant. Electron. 20(5), 411 (2014). CrossRef S.N.M. Halim, S.N.F. Zuikafly, M.F.M. Taib, F. Ahmad, "First Principles Study on Electronic and Optical Properties of Graphene/MoS2 for Optoelectronic Application", IEEE International Conference on Semiconductor Electronics (ICSE), 29-32, (2020), CrossRef Z. Wang, H. Mu, J. Yuan, C. Zhao, Q. Bao, H. Zhang, "Graphene-Bi2Te3 Heterostructure as Broadband Saturable Absorber for Ultra-Short Pulse Generation in Er-Doped and Yb-Doped Fiber Lasers", Quant. Electron. 23(1), 195 (2016). CrossRef E.P. Randviir, D.A. Brownson, C.E. Banks, "A decade of graphene research: production, applications and outlook", Materials Today 17(9), 426 (2014). CrossRef S.N.F. Zuikafly, N.F. Razak, R.M. Rosnan, S.W. Harun, F. Ahmad, "Graphene slurry based passive Q-switcher in erbium doped fiber laser", Bull. Electr. Engin. Informat. 8(4), 1351 (2019). CrossRef W.M.F.W. Nawawi, K.-Y. Lee, E. Kontturi, R.J. Murphy, A. Bismarck, "Chitin Nanopaper from Mushroom Extract: Natural Composite of Nanofibers and Glucan from a Single Biobased Source", ACS Sustainable Chem. Engin. 7(7), 6492 (2019). CrossRef
DNA Barcoding of Neolissochilus sumatranus and Tor douronensis to Support In Situ Conservation of Indonesian Mahseers
Authors: Larashati Sekar , Mayasari Novi , Fitriana Yuli S , Wahyudewantoro Gema , Widoretno Mey R , Widiyanto Tri
Published: March 2022

The fishes of genera Neolissochilus and Tor are locally known as Ikan Batak or ihan in North Sumatra. They are sacred and are usually served in Batak tribe traditional ceremonies. However, their population in the wild is declining because of habitat degradation, unwise exploitation, water pollution, and the introduction of invasive species. Therefore, suitable management is needed to maintain Ikan Batak's sustainability in their natural habitat, which can be conducted through in situ conservation. The habitat of Ikan Batak in the Bonan Dolok river of the Samosir Regency can potentially be developed as a conservation site. Information concerning this species in Bonan Dolok River is needed as a basis for effective in situ conservation management. Morphologically identified fish captured in Bonan Dolok River were validated using DNA barcoding of cytochrome oxidase I (COI) mitochondrial DNA segment. This study confirmed that Ikan Batak captured from Bonan Dolok River belongs to two genera, Neolissochilus and Tor. Furthermore, the phylogenetic tree construction using Maximum Likelihood showed that the specimens identified as N. sumatranus were identical to N. cf soroides, a species found in the Malaysian peninsula, Thailand, and Cambodia.
Metaphorische Kollokationen
Authors: Stojić Aneta , Košuta Nataša
Published: March 2022

Gegenstand dieses Beitrages sind metaphorische Kollokationen, die in der Kollokationsforschung als ein Typ von Kollokationen betrachtet werden und bei denen eine Konstituente eine übertragene Bedeutung aufweist. Im Rahmen des Forschungsprojektes „Metaphorische Kollokationen – syntagmatische Verbindungen zwischen Semantik und Pragmatik“, das von der Kroatischen Forschungsstiftung gefördert wird, werden Kollokationen im Kroatischen, Deutschen, Englischen und Italienischen mithilfe von SketchEngine aus großen digitalen Korpora für die jeweiligen Sprachen erhoben und manuell gesichtet, um metaphorische Kollokationen zu exzerpieren. Ziel des Forschungsprojektes ist es, die Metaphorisierungsprozesse in den metaphorischen Kollokationen zu beleuchten, um auf diese Weise mögliche Einblicke in Entstehungsprozesse von Kollokationen zu gewinnen und somit zum besseren Verständnis dieses lexikalisch-semantischen Phänomens beizutragen. Die bisherige semantische Analyse der Belege lässt darauf schließen, dass gerade die übertragene Bedeutung eines Bestandteiles der Kollokation die semantische Kohäsion zwischen den Bestandteilen gefestigt hat, was eine gewisse Selektionsbeschränkung zur Folge hat. Aus diesem semantischen Umstand ergeht die Tatsache, dass die Kollokation aus heutiger Perspektive als usuelle und relativ stabile Verbindung gilt. Diese semantischen Prozesse sollen im Beitrag anhand ausgewählter Beispiele aus dem Korpus illustriert werden, um Einblicke in die bisherige Korpusuntersuchung zu gewähren.
Capilarization Game Foster Childrens’s Cognitive and Language Abilities
Authors: Sholihah Dewi Fitriyatus , Bachtiar Syaiful Bachri  , Miftakhul Jannah
Published: March 2022

The purpose of the study was to analyze effect of capillary games foster children’s cognitive and language abilities. The research was conducted using a quasi-experimental design with a quantitative approach. The experimental design used was a nonequivalent control group design. The research study was situated in an Indonesian early childhood education institution  with a total of 30 children in the experimental group and 30 children in the control group. The data analysis technique in this study uses parametric statistics independent t test. The results showed that (1) there was an effect of capillary game foster children’s cognitiveve abilities, statistically the value of t = -4.382 with a significant level of p = 0.000 less than 5%; (2) there is an effect of the capillary game on childrens’s language abilities, statistically the value of t = -4.617 with a significant level of 0.000 less than 5%. Based  on  the  results  of  the  research  and  discussion,  it  can  be  concluded  that cappilarry games foster childrens’s cognitive and language abilities in an Indonesian early childhood education institution.Through from cappilarry games makes the childrens was recognice many color so the cognitive abilities can be foster. Another ability, cappilarry games make the childrens fluent to be telling stories so the language abilities can be foster. The practical implication in this research is that capillary games can be the foster children’s cognitive and language abilities.
Pityriasis Rosea After Pfizer-BioNTech Covid-19 Vaccine: A Case Report
Authors: AKYÖN Şeyma Handan , GENÇ Yeşer
Published: March 2022

After the pandemic started, vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 were developed and applied in a short time. Later, various side effects were reported during the use of these vaccines. Among the skin side effects, besides local skin reactions at the injection site, urticaria, maculopapular rash and pityriasis rosea-like reactions were observed. We presented a female case who developed pityriasis rosea after administering the 3rd dose of the Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine.
Meta-analysis of the effectiveness of histamine-2 receptor antagonists as prophylaxis for gastrointestinal bleeding in intensive care unit patients
Authors: Cokro Fonny , Sumartono Juliana
Published: March 2022

Background: The risk of upper gastrointestinal bleeding increases in critically ill patients admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU), with 50–77% mortality. Histamine-2 receptor antagonists (H2RAs) are frequently used to prevent gastrointestinal bleeding in ICU patients, but the tests on its effectiveness and safety are still conflicting.        
Objective: To determine the effectiveness and safety of H2RA in preventing gastrointestinal bleeding in ICU patients.    
Methods: Data on randomised controlled trials (RCTs) were collected from the MEDLINE database, ScienceDirect, ClinicalKey, and The Cochrane Library. Two investigators assessed the quality of the trials using the critical appraisal skills program (CASP) checklist for RCT studies, and fixed-effects meta-analysis was carried out using Review Manager software.        
Results: The 12 RCTs showed a reduced risk of gastrointestinal bleeding (RR = 0.40; 95% CI = 0.30 ‒ 0.53; I-square = 38%; p <0.00001) and a decreased number of patients requiring blood transfusion in H2RA group (RR = 0.44; 95% CI = 0.23 ‒ 0.82; I-square = 8%; p = 0.01), and these effects were significantly different from the placebo group. However, there was no significant difference in mortality between the two groups (RR = 0.99; 95% CI = 0.74 ‒ 1.33; I-square = 0%; p = 0.96). Regarding its safety, the administration of H2RAs did not affect the incidence of nosocomial pneumonia (RR = 1.13; 95% CI = 0.82 ‒ 1.55; I-square = 30%; p = 0.46). A sensitivity analysis with a random-effects model was also performed on eight articles with a low risk of bias. The statistical analyses of eight and 12 articles showed the same results—that H2RAs significantly reduced the risk of gastrointestinal bleeding.   
Conclusion: H2RA proves effective and safe in reducing the incidence of gastrointestinal bleeding, but not reducing the mortality in ICU patients.
Development and validation of dissolution testing of Flunarizine dihydrochloride in tablet dosage form
Authors: Yelli Fitra , Rivai Harrizul , Lucida Henny
Published: March 2022

Background: Flunarizine dihydrochloride is an antivertigo, antimigraine, and adjunctive therapy for epilepsy, available in Indonesia as tablets. However, the dissolution test for the tablet dosage forms is not yet available in the Pharmacopoeia.   
Objectives: To develop and validate the dissolution method of flunarizine dihydrochloride in tablets.   
Methods: The dissolution profiles of three products were determined using three media (HCl 0.1N, acetate buffer pH 4.5, and 0.2% Tween 80 solution); two apparatus (basket and paddle); at three agitation speeds (50, 75, and 100rpm). The amount of drug released per unit time was measured by a validated High Performance Liquid Chromatography system.  
Results: The method using a paddle apparatus at 50rpm in 900mL of 0.1N HCl medium was better hyperdiscriminating with a Q30 value ≥ 75% (p < 0.05). The selected method met the acceptance criteria in terms of precision, accuracy, and specificity.
Phytochemical screening and antidiabetic activities test of ethanol extract from Syzygium cumini L. seeds in male Wistar rats induced by alloxan
Authors: Puspitasari Lia , Dira Made Asmarani
Published: March 2022

Introduction: The ethanol extract of the jamblang fruit seed (Syzygium cumini L.) is known to have an antidiabetic effect and this is further confirmed by the high intensity of its α-amylase inhibitory effect.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the antidiabetic activity of jamblang fruit seed extract in reducing blood sugar levels.

Method: Phytochemical screening was carried out on the ethanol extract from jamblang fruit seeds. Twenty-eight male wistar rats were given alloxan to induce diabetes. The rats were divided into four groups: normal control, negative control (CMC-Na), positive control (Glibenclamide), and a group that was given ethanol extract of jamblang seeds. Measurement of blood glucose levels was carried out on day 0 and day 15.

Results: The phytochemical screening results show that the ethanolic extract of jamblang fruit seeds (Syzygium cumini L.) contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and polyphenols, as well as steroids and triterpenoids. The group being treated with ethanol extract from jamblang seeds showed decreased blood sugar levels on day 15, indicating the antidiabetic effectiveness of the extract.

Conclusion: Ethanol extract from jamblang seeds (Syzygium cumini) contains alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, polyphenols, steroids, and triterpenoids; and is able to reduce blood glucose levels of male wistar rats induced with alloxan.
Stevia rebaudiana as a nutraceutical for COVID-19 patients with no sugar diet during recovery and its nanoparticle application
Authors: Chabib Lutfi , Suryani Arman , Hakim Sherina Nabila Putri , Rizki Muhammad Ikhwan , Firmansyah Ferdy , Yulianto  , Romadhonsyah Fitra
Published: March 2022

Introduction: Some patients with comorbidity such as diabetes are at risk of worsening after being infected with the COVID-19 and they usually adjust their diet during the recovery process.   
Aim: To explore the use of Stevia rebaudiana leaves as a natural sweetener recommended for COVID-19 patients and the nanoparticle approach  of S. rebaudiana extract to improve the efficacy.   
Methods: Four electronic databases (Google Scholar, PubMed, Scopus, and ScienceDirect) were used  with specified inclusion and exclusion criteria set.   
Results: The glycosides produced by S. rebaudiana are 300 times sweeter than sucrose, low in calories, and can control blood sugar levels and increase insulin secretion. The application of nanoparticles in S. rebaudiana extract is a new step to maximise efficacy, increase stability and solubility.   
Conclusion: S. rebaudiana can be used as an alternative diet for COVID-19 diabetes patients. The application of the nanoparticles can increase the stability and solubility, thus improving the efficacy.
Study of potential interactions of oral antidiabetic drugs in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus with comorbidities: A retrospective study
Authors: Utami Primanitha Ria , Octavia Devi Ristian
Published: March 2022

Background: Diabetes mellitus (DM) has many complications, such as microvascular and macrovascular complications. Patients are given polypharmacy therapy to combat these issues, which can cause drug interactions. Oral antidiabetic drugs were chosen based on their risk profile. Risk assessment aided treatment intensity targeting. The number of drugs taken can increase the risk of drug interactions causing health issues.   
Objective: To identify potential drug interactions based on their severity (major, moderate and minor) and the mechanism of the drug interaction (pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics), in type two diabetes mellitus patients with comorbidities at the Lamongan Health Center.    
Methods: This was a cross-sectional study using medical records and patient prescriptions from October 2020 to June 2021 at Puskesmas (Primary Health Centers) Deket, Karanggeneng, and Babat. The data were descriptively analysed. Drug interactions were analysed using drugs.com and Stockley. Purposive sampling was used to select 194 patients for inclusion.    
Results: From October 2020 to June 2021, 110 out of 194 outpatients at Lamongan Regional Health Center had potential drug interactions (56.7 %). The most common type of drug interaction was of moderate severity, with 120 cases (93.0%), and the most common mechanism was pharmacodynamics (61.2%).   
Conclusion: Polypharmacy is a difficult problem to avoid, so drug therapy monitoring is required in diabetic patients to minimise unwanted effects. Preventing potential drug interactions requires a system for early detection of potential drug interactions that may occur in patient prescribing and maximising pharmaceutical care. This system would allow for the community to be more proactive in finding out about potential drug interactions.
Relationship between knowledge and attitude towards COVID-19 prevention behaviour among west jakarta residents
Authors: LÕ½kÐ°Ñ• Ð…tÐµfÐ°nÕ½Ñ• , Ramatillah Diana Laila , Jusnita Nina , FÐ°dhÑ–lla Ð…Ð°lÑ•Ð° , Aldi Yufri , Wahyuni Fatma Sri
Published: March 2022

Background: Over time, cases of COVID-19 have increased significantly; as of June 19, 2020, the total number of patients positive for COVID-19 in Cengkareng District, Indonesia, was 163 as behavioural efforts to prevent COVID-19 have not been carried out optimally by Cengkareng District residents.   
Objectives: This study aimed to determine the relationship between the level of knowledge and attitude of the community towards COVID-19 prevention behaviour.
Methods: This study was observational, prospective, with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of the residents of Cengkareng District (n=100) obtained by a purposive sampling technique. The data analysis was univariate and bivariate. Bivariate analysis used the Chi-square test.   
Results: The univariate analysis revealed that 62% of respondents had good knowledge of COVID-19 prevention, 55% had positive attitudes towards COVID-19 prevention, and 60% had good COVID-19 prevention behaviour. Bivariate analysis showed that men, women, and children were associated with a COVID-19 preventive behaviour (p<0.05). In Cengkareng District, West Jakarta, there was an association between population knowledge and COVID-19 prevention behaviour. To prevent the spread of COVID-19, health workers should promote the importance of COVID-19 prevention behaviours.
Effects of health supplement self-medication learning media on health student behaviours during the COVID-19 pandemic
Authors: Kurniawan Adin Hakim , Yusmaniar  , Safitri  , Nur Alvi
Published: March 2022

Background: Since the spread of the coronavirus disease (COVID-19), the misuse of health supplements during the pandemic has been very high. Knowledge and actions of supplement self-medication educational media ensure that students provide information on appropriate supplements to the larger community.
Aim: To determine the effects of various uses of health supplement self-medication learning media on the behaviour of health students based on the Health Belief Model.
Method: This quasi-experimental study used a pre-test and post-test control group design and enrolled 225 respondents selected by stratified random sampling. The statistical analysis used paired sample t-test.     
Results: There was a significant relationship between learning educational media and increased knowledge (p = 0.037). Educational media also greatly influenced perceived self-medication behaviour, namely susceptibility (p = 0.029), benefits (p = 0.014), and barriers (p = 0.028).
Conclusion: Health and life science students, including the bachelor of pharmacy students, developed other self-medication educational media that are applied and beneficial to the community.
Development of Sumbawa honey as tonic to stimulate stamina during the COVID-19 pandemic in West Nusa Tenggara
Authors: Nopitasari Baiq Leny , Akbar Shah Iqbal Ikraman , Wardani Alvi Kusuma
Published: March 2022

Introduction: COVID-19 is a disease caused by infection with a recent type of coronavirus called SARS-CoV-2. The positive cases of COVID-19 have been increasing, particularly in the West Nusa Tenggara region, Indonesia. COVID-19 is a self-limiting disease and can be overcome by the innate immune system of an otherwise healthy patient. Stamina is related to strength, and so is linked in many traditions to the immune response; Therefore, a method to increase immunity can be linked-to maintaining stamina. Sumbawa honey is a type of honey that is tremendously popular both locally within the island of Sumbawa and internationally, for its use as a stamina enhancer.  
Objective: This study examined the potential of Sumbawa honey as a tonic for improving stamina.       
Methods: This research was an experimental model with the natatory exhaustion method. The parameter measured was the fatigue time of the test animals. The greater the difference in fatigue time, the higher the tonic effect produced.     
Results: The results of the one-way ANOVA test display significant differences in all groups (p < 0.05). Sumbawa honey at a dose of 75g/70kgBW with a positive control group provided a significant difference in value (p = 0.017). It is expected that Sumbawa honey can be an alternative treatment, a traditional therapy, to help maintain a healthy body, particularly during the COVID-19 pandemic.       
Conclusion: Sumbawa honey has significant activity as a tonicum and the optimal dose of Sumbawa honey possessing an effect as a tonic is 75g/kgBW applied once a day.
Effects of a combination of Sauropus androgynus L. leaf and Zingiber Ottensii rhizome on fatty acid profile and liver damage in rats
Authors: Sulaeman Agus , Mardianni Annisa , Yuniarto Ary , Putra Masteria Yunovilsa , Bustanussalam  , Bayu Asep
Published: March 2022

Background: High fat and carbohydrate diets may lead to the malfunction of hepatic cells because of excessive lipolysis of fat tissues and the subsequent increase of free fatty acids in the liver. This is characterised by histological changes in the hepatic cells which then undergo necrosis. High fat and carbohydrate diets may also lead to gut microbiota dysbiosis. Objectives: This study aims to determine the effect of the combination of katuk leaf and black bangle rhizome on the short chain fatty acid (SCFA) profile and liver cell damage in rats induced by a high fat and carbohydrate diet. Methods: The research method used is a preventive experimental study in vivo. Four groups of test animals were distinguished into negative group, positive group, comparative group, and 15% combination test group, which was carried out for 21 days. Examined parameters were: SGPT (Serum Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase), SGOT (Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase), Triglyceride, and hepatic cells histopathology. The results were examined by SPSS and showed a significant difference (p < 0.05). Results: Parameter results showed the reduction of SGOT in the combination test group. The combination of katuk leaf and black bangle rhizome can increase acetic acid and lower the Manja Roenigk score, and it is possible to inhibit liver cell damage. Conclusion: The combination of katuk leaf (Sauropusxandrogynus L.Merr) and black bangle rhizome (Zingiber ottensii Val) may affect the SCFA levels and help lower the risk of liver cell damage.
HIGIENE DAS MÃOS CONTRA A COVID-19: UMA PROPOSTA DE SEQUÊNCIA DIDÁTICA COM ENFOQUE CTS PARA A PROMOÇÃO DA ALFABETIZAÇÃO CIENTÍFICA NA EDUCAÇÃO INFANTIL
Authors: Herter Cátia da Silva , Golle Diego Pascoal , Durigon Mariele Aline , Silva Luciana de Lurdes de Oliveira da
Published: March 2022

O trabalho relata uma proposta de sequência didática com enfoque na abordagem CTS, objetivando a alfabetização científica desde a Educação Infantil. Esta é de abordagem qualitativa, de cunho bibliográfico que visa contribuir para a formação crítica e cidadã a partir da temática da higienização das mãos para proteção da Covid-19. A proposta traz a questão da investigação, do debate, da exploração de materiais e da experimentação científica, de forma que o aluno construa conhecimentos, sendo protagonista no ensino-aprendizagem. Cabe ressaltar que a teorização e as práticas da sequência didática se destinam para turmas de jardim 1 – crianças pequenas de 4 a 5 anos e 11 meses.
Role of Education in a Developing Country like India
Authors: Apte Monica
Published: March 2022

Education and technology progress together made 42 percent contribution to growth in national product, this research explains the role played by skilled persons and technology in increasing the national product and ultimately in promoting economic growth. Expenditure on education is to be considered as an investment, like investment in physical capital because it increases productivity of the labour which contributes to growth of natural income of country. Educated workers get higher wages which benefit not only the individual but also to the society as a whole. Higher productivity leads to higher income, higher output and higher standard of living.
Soft Soil Treated with Waste Fluid Catalytic Cracking as a Sustainable Stabilizer Material
Authors: Al-Masoodi Zainab , Dulaimi Anmar , Jafer Hassnen , Al-Khafaji Zainab , Atherton William , Hussien Safa A.
Published: March 2022

This research aims to stabilize clayey soil utilizing fluid catalytic cracking with an unchangeable ordinary portland cement ratio of 3 percent. A soft clayey soil was blended with 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 percent of fluid catalytic cracking by the dry stabilized soil weight, the ordinary portland cement amount has been fixed at 3 percent. The adding of different FCC ratios impact cement stabilized soil evaluated based on the results of unconfined-compressive-strengths test that gained after curing for 7 and 28 days. It was noticeable from the results that the best combination is the combination of soil remedied with 3 percent of each cement and FCC in improving the compressive strengths from 249.80 to 806.20k Pa for the stabilized soil after curing for 28 days. The most highlighting soil binder combination was analyzed utilizing scanning electron microscopy. It was noticed from the scanning electron microscopy results; cementitious materials were produced after 7 days of curing and improved more after curing for eight days.
Immunomodulatory and Antioxidant Effects of Eugenol on Aluminium Chloride-Induced Neurotoxicity in Wistar Rats
Authors:   Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia, Mesole Samuel , Yusuf Uthman ,   Department of Human Anatomy, Mulungushi University, Livingstone, Zambia, Okpanachi Alfred ,   Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia, Godam Elvis ,   Department of Human Anatomy, Rivers State University, Port-Harcourt, Nigeria, Bumbangi Nsoni ,   Department of Disease Control and Prevention School of Medicine, Eden University, Lusaka, Zambia, Animoku Abdulrazak ,   Department of Human Anatomy, Kogi State University, Ayingba, Nigeria
Published: March 2022

Aluminium and its compounds when taken orally can have negative impacts on a variety of enzymes leading to neurotoxicity. Apurinic endonuclease 1 (APE-1), a protein that performs multiple functions, including deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) repair, is essential for cell survival. Thus, the determination of APE-1 with aluminium chloride (AlCl3) induced neuro-inflammation in Wistar rats was performed in this study. Wistar rats were divided into four groups, each with six animals. Group 1 received 100 mg/kg AlCl3 orally, Group 2 received 150 mg/kg eugenol, Group 3 received both 100 mg/kg AlCl3 and 150 mg/kg eugenol, and Group 4 received 0.8 ml/kg distilled water. Rats were euthanized after eight weeks, and brain tissues were homogenized and analysed. Oral administration of AlCl3 resulted in significant (p<0.01) decreased APE-1, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and amyloid beta-40 (Aβ-40), and significant (p<0.01) increased tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1 (IL-1), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), myeloperoxidase, and nitric oxide (NO). Co-administration of AlCl3 and eugenol significantly increased (p<0.01) APE-1, Aβ-40 and SOD, while significantly decreasing (p<0.01) TNF-α, IL-1, iNOS and MPO levels. Our findings suggest that eugenol, by targeting these most potent hallmarks of neurodegeneration could be an effective alternative in its treatment.
Cognitive, Anticholinesterase and Anti-Oxidative Potentials of Zingiber officinale Rhizome Extracts against Aluminium Chloride- Induced Neurotoxicity in Swiss Mice
Authors:   Department of Physiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Nigeria, Inwang Uduak , Davies Koofreh ,   Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria, Ita Sunday ,   Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria, Ekong Moses ,   Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria, Nwaji Azubuike ,   Department of Physiology, Alex Ekwueme Federal University, Ndufu Alike Ikwo, Nigeria, Asuquo Asuquo ,   Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria, Umoren Idorenyin ,   Department of Physiology, Faculty of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Uyo, Uyo, Nigeria
Published: March 2022

Aluminium neurotoxicity is implicated in Alzheimer's disease, which is marked by progressive memory loss, cognitive impairment and structural degeneration, leading to complete incapacitation. Formation of excess reactive oxygen species causes oxidative stress, which is the hallmark of aluminium toxicity. A quest to counteract these pathologies led to investigating Zingiber officinale (ZO) extracts on cognitive and anti-oxidative potentials against aluminium chloride (AlCl3)-induced neurotoxicity in Swiss mice. The oral lethal dose of ZO was estimated as 4,743 mg/kg. Forty-eight adult female Swiss mice of weight 21-27 g were then assigned to eight groups (n=6): Group 1 were the control (40 mL/kg distilled water), while groups 2-8 were respectively, administered AlCl3 (100 mg/kg) alone, and with Donepezil (2.5 mg/kg), ZO ethanol extract (474, 949 and 1,423 mg/kg), ZO dichloromethane (949 mg/kg), and ZO methanol (949 mg/kg) extracts for 21 days. The classic labyrinth test was carried out subsequently, the animals sacrificed, and their brain homogenized for biochemical assay. There was a significantly (p<0.05) increased latency to complete the labyrinth test by the AlCl3 group compared with the control. The ZO extracts treated groups had decreased latency to complete the labyrinth test, and these were significant (p<0.05) in the 949 and 1,423 mg/kg ethanol extract groups. Biochemically, AlCl3 significantly (p<0.05) elevated acetyl cholinesterase and malondialdehyde levels, while reducing superoxide dismutase activity: These adverse effects were reversed significantly (p<0.05) following treatment with extracts of ZO. In conclusion, ZO ethanol extract and its dichloromethane and methanol fractions improved cognitive activities, and possessed anticholinesterase, anti-oxidant and neuroprotective potentials.