bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MoS2 Nanosheets Supported on 3D Graphene Aerogel as a Highly Efficient Catalyst for Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Zhao Yufei , Xie Xiuqiang , Zhang Jinqiang , Liu Hao , Ahn Hyo‐Jun , Sun Kening , Wang Guoxiu
Published: September 2015

The development of efficient catalysts for electrochemical hydrogen evolution is essential for energy conversion technologies. Molybdenum disulfide (MoS2) has emerged as a promising electrocatalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction, and its performance greatly depends on its exposed edge sites and conductivity. Layered MoS2 nanosheets supported on a 3D graphene aerogel network (GA‐MoS2) exhibit significant catalytic activity in hydrogen evolution. The GA‐MoS2 composite displays a unique 3D architecture with large active surface areas, leading to high catalytic performance with low overpotential, high current density, and good stability.
Asymmetric Synthesis of Furo[3,4‐b]indoles by Catalytic [3+2] Cycloaddition of Indoles with Epoxides
Authors: Chen Weiliang , Xia Yong , Lin Lili , Yuan Xiao , Guo Songsong , Liu Xiaohua , Feng Xiaoming
Published: September 2015

A highly efficient N,N′‐dioxide–NiII catalyst system for the catalytic [3+2] cycloaddition of indoles with epoxides through CC cleavage of oxiranes was accomplished under mild conditions. It provided a promising approach for chiral furo[3,4‐b]indoles in up to 98 % yield with up to 91 % enantiomeric excess (ee) and >95:5 diastereomeric ratio (d.r.).
From Saturated BN Compounds to Isoelectronic BN/CC Counterparts: An Insight from Computational Perspective
Authors: Sagan Filip , Piękoś Łukasz , Andrzejak Marcin , Mitoraj Mariusz Paweł
Published: September 2015

In the present study, the inorganic analogues of alkanes as well as their isoelectronic BN/CC counterparts that bridge the gap between organic and inorganic chemistry are comparatively studied on the grounds of static DFT and Car–Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations. The BN/CC butanes CH3CH2BH2NH3, BH3CH2NH2CH3, and NH3CH2BH2CH3 were considered and compared with their isoelectronic counterparts NH3BH2NH2BH3 and CH3CH2CH2CH3. In addition, systematical replacement of the NH2BH2 fragment by the isoelectronic CH2CH2 moiety is studied in the molecules H3N(NH2BH2)3–m(CH2CH2)mBH3 (for m=0, 1, 2, or 3) and H3N(NH2BH2)2–m(CH2CH2)mBH3 (for m=0, 1, or 2). The DFT and Car–Parrinello simulations show that the isosteres of the BN/CC butanes CH3CH2BH2NH3, BH3CH2NH2CH3, and NH3CH2BH2CH3 and of larger oligomers of the type (BN)k(CC)l where k≥l are stable compounds. The BN/CC butane H3NCH2CH2BH3 spontaneously produces molecular hydrogen at room temperature. The reaction, prompted by very strong dihydrogen bonding NH⋅⋅⋅HB, undergoes through the neutral, hypervalent, pentacoordinated boron dihydrogen complex RBH2(H2) [R=(CH2CH2)nNH2]. The calculations suggest that such intermediate and the other BN/CC butanes CH3CH2BH2NH3, BH3CH2NH2CH3, and NH3CH2BH2CH3 as well as larger BN/CC oligomers are viable experimentally. A simple recipe for the synthesis of CH3CH2BH2NH3 is proposed. The strength of the dihydrogen bonding appeared to be crucial for the overall stability of the saturated BN/CC derivatives.
Tetrazolylhydrazides as Selective Fragment‐Like Inhibitors of the JumonjiC‐Domain‐Containing Histone Demethylase KDM4A
Authors: Rüger Nicole , Roatsch Martin , Emmrich Thomas , Franz Henriette , Schüle Roland , Jung Manfred , Link Andreas
Published: September 2015

The JumonjiC‐domain‐containing histone demethylase 2A (JMJD2A, KDM4A) is a key player in the epigenetic regulation of gene expression. Previous publications have shown that both elevated and lowered enzyme levels are associated with certain types of cancer, and therefore the definite role of KDM4A in oncogenesis remains elusive. To identify a novel molecular starting point with favorable physicochemical properties for the investigation of the physiological role of KDM4A, we screened a number of molecules bearing an iron‐chelating moiety by using two independent assays. In this way, we were able to identify 2‐(1H‐tetrazol‐5‐yl)acetohydrazide as a novel fragment‐like lead structure with low relative molecular mass (Mr=142 Da), low complexity, and an IC50 value of 46.6 μm in a formaldehyde dehydrogenase (FDH)‐coupled assay and 2.4 μm in an antibody‐based assay. Despite its small size, relative selectivity against two other demethylases could be demonstrated for this compound. This is the first example of a tetrazole group as a warhead in JMJD demethylases.
Multislice localized parallel excitation for EPI applications in humans
Authors: Kokorin Denis , Haas Martin , Buchenau Stefanie , Dragonu Iulius , Brinkmann Inge , Hennig Jürgen , Zaitsev Maxim
Published: September 2015

In this work, the opportunities and challenges for the use of parallel transmission in combination with 2D RF pulses designed on EPI‐based excitation trajectories for diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI) with reduced FOV are presented and analyzed in detail. The use of localized excitation allows for shortening of the EPI read‐out, which is especially important for EPI applications outside of the brain. DWI is chosen as a practically important and relevant example demonstrating the key aspects of 2D spatial selection. The properties of accelerated pulses are explored experimentally in phantoms for two different schemes, in which the thickness of the excited limited slices is encoded either along the frequency or phase encoding directions of the excitation trajectory. The feasibility of application of parallel transmission for MR imaging in humans is analyzed based on several pilot experiments. Although the parallel transmission acceleration is demonstrated to work in some examples in the spinal cord and abdomen, the results also uncover a number of challenges. Nonetheless, the reduction of FOV in the phase encoding direction of the read‐out train along with the associated substantial shortening of the minimum echo train length and reduction of geometric distortions motivates further search for an advantageous use of the parallel transmit technology in EPI applications. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Concepts Magn Reson Part B (Magn Reson Engineering) 45B: 153–173, 2015
Myelin and oligodendrocyte development in the canine spinal cord
Authors: Mayer Joshua A. , Figari Carlos , Radcliff Abigail B. , Mckee Camille , Duncan Ian D.
Published: September 2015

We studied the developmental pattern of oligodendrocyte differentiation and myelin formation in the fetal canine spinal cord from E40 to P0. The pattern of development matches what has been described in the spinal cord of humans, rodents, and many other species. Oligodendrocytes were first found at E40, close to the central canal, with their spread in a tangential manner to the ventral and then lateral columns. Myelin development followed the same pattern but was not seen until E46. A clear subpial zone lacking glial cells and myelin was seen in the lateral column in early development, suggesting that there may also be a radial component of migration of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs) from a ventral site. This spatial–temporal developmental pattern seen in wild type matches a delay in myelination of the superficial tracts of the spinal cord seen in a canine myelin mutant, suggesting that the mutation prevents the distribution and differentiation of OPCs at an early, but narrow, window of time during fetal development. J. Comp. Neurol. 524:930–939, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A Discussion on the Activity Origin in Metal‐Free Nitrogen‐Doped Carbons For Oxygen Reduction Reaction and their Mechanisms
Authors: Wu Kuang‐Hsu , Wang Da‐Wei , Su Dang‐Sheng , Gentle Ian R.
Published: September 2015

The origin of oxygen reduction reaction activity in metal‐free N‐doped carbons has been a stimulating, yet unsolved issue for the rational design of cost‐effective electrocatalysts for fuel cells and metal–air batteries. At present, there are several inconsistent opinions on the materials chemistry and the mechanism of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performed on this type of materials. This article provides a brief review of the current understanding of ORR processes and the history of electrocatalyst development. With special attention, the focus of the discussion is on the major contentions of the current opinions towards metal‐free N‐doped carbon chemistry and the arguments for the probable ORR mechanisms. By clarifying the fundamental aspects of each opinion, a converging consensus on N‐doped carbon electrocatalysts can be established and thus facilitate the substantial development of large‐capacity energy devices.
Oxidation of Aliphatic Alcohols by Using Precious Metals Supported on Hydrotalcite under Solvent‐ and Base‐Free Conditions
Authors: He Yufei , Feng Junting , Brett Gemma L. , Liu Yanan , Miedziak Peter J. , Edwards Jennifer K. , Knight David W. , Li Dianqing , Hutchings Graham J.
Published: September 2015

Precious metal nanoparticles supported on magnesium–aluminum hydrotalcite (HT), TiO2, and MgO were prepared by sol immobilization and assessed for the catalytic oxidation of octanol, which is a relatively unreactive aliphatic alcohol, with molecular oxygen as the oxidant under solvent‐ and base‐free conditions. Compared with the TiO2‐ and MgO‐supported catalysts, platinum HT gave the highest activity and selectivity towards the aldehyde. The turnover number achieved for the platinum HT catalyst was >3700 after 180 min under mild reaction conditions. Moreover, the results for the oxidation of different substrates indicate that a specific interaction of octanal with the platinum HT catalyst could lead to deactivation of the catalyst.
Porosity–Acidity Interplay in Hierarchical ZSM‐5 Zeolites for Pyrolysis Oil Valorization to Aromatics
Authors: Puértolas Begoña , Veses Alberto , Callén Maria Soledad , Mitchell Sharon , García Tomás , Pérez‐Ramírez Javier
Published: September 2015

The properties of crude bio‐oils attained by the pyrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass can be greatly enhanced by means of catalytic upgrading. Here, we demonstrate an efficient process concept coupling the production of pyrolysis oil from pine wood with a consecutive catalytic upgrading step over hierarchically structured ZSM‐5 zeolites to attain aromatic‐rich bio‐oils. The selective upgrading of these complex mixtures is shown to be tightly connected to the extent of mesopore development and the density of Brønsted acid sites at the mesopore surface. A full product analysis enables elucidation of the impact of mesopore introduction and the acidic properties on the complex reaction network. The preferential occurrence of decarbonylation reactions in hierarchical zeolites versus dehydration transformations in the bulk counterparts is believed to be decisive in promoting increased aromatics formation.
Improvement of Energy Capacity with Vitamin C Treated Dual‐Layered Graphene–Sulfur Cathodes in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Kim Jin Won , Ocon Joey D. , Kim Ho‐Sung , Lee Jaeyoung
Published: September 2015

Invited for this month′s cover is the groups of Prof. Dr. Jaeyoung Lee at the Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology in South Korea. The image shows that Vitamin C can be used to effectively improve the performance of lithium–sulfur batteries. The Full Paper itself is available at 10.1002/cssc.201500111.
A two‐stage epidemiological study of eating disorders and muscle dysmorphia in male university students inBuenosAires
Authors: Compte Emilio J. , Sepulveda Ana R. , Torrente Fernando
Published: September 2015

Objective

Studies using traditional screening instruments tend to report a lower prevalence of eating disorders (EDs) in men than is observed in women. It is therefore unclear whether such instruments are valid for the assessment of ED in males. Lack of a formal diagnostic definition of muscle dysmorphia syndrome (MD) makes it difficult to identify men at risk. The study aimed to assess the prevalence of ED and MD in male university students of Buenos Aires.

Method

A cross‐sectional, two‐stage, representative survey was of 472 male students from six different schools in Buenos Aires, mostly aged between 18 and 28 years. The first stage involved administration of self‐report questionnaires (Eating Attitude Test‐26; scores ≥15 indicate “at risk” status). In Stage 2 students at risk of developing EDs were evaluated with a clinical interview, the Eating Disorder Examination (EDE; 12th edition). Two control students were interviewed for every at risk student.

Results

The prevalence of EDs among university male students was 1.9% (n =9). All participants with an ED presented with illness classified as eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS). Using the Drive for Muscularity Scale (DMS) with a 52‐point threshold we identified possible MD in 6.99% (n =33) of the sample.

Discussion

The prevalence of ED detected in this study is comparable with previous findings in male populations, and below that observed in female populations. However, the prevalence of possible cases of MD resembles the total rate of EDs in women. Characteristics associated with EDs and MD in men are also discussed. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. (Int J Eat Disord 2015; 48:1092–1101).
Effect of ocean acidification on growth and otolith condition of juvenile scup, Stenotomus chrysops
Authors: Perry Dean M. , Redman Dylan H. , Widman James C. , Meseck Shannon , King Andrew , Pereira Jose J.
Published: September 2015

Increasing amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) from human industrial activities are causing changes in global ocean carbonate chemistry, resulting in a reduction in pH, a process termed “ocean acidification.” It is important to determine which species are sensitive to elevated levels of CO2 because of potential impacts to ecosystems, marine resources, biodiversity, food webs, populations, and effects on economies. Previous studies with marine fish have documented that exposure to elevated levels of CO2 caused increased growth and larger otoliths in some species. This study was conducted to determine whether the elevated partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) would have an effect on growth, otolith (ear bone) condition, survival, or the skeleton of juvenile scup, Stenotomus chrysops, a species that supports both important commercial and recreational fisheries. Elevated levels of pCO2 (1200–2600 μatm) had no statistically significant effect on growth, survival, or otolith condition after 8 weeks of rearing. Field data show that in Long Island Sound, where scup spawn, in situ levels of pCO2 are already at levels ranging from 689 to 1828 μatm due to primary productivity, microbial activity, and anthropogenic inputs. These results demonstrate that ocean acidification is not likely to cause adverse effects on the growth and survivability of every species of marine fish. X‐ray analysis of the fish revealed a slightly higher incidence of hyperossification in the vertebrae of a few scup from the highest treatments compared to fish from the control treatments. Our results show that juvenile scup are tolerant to increases in seawater pCO2, possibly due to conditions this species encounters in their naturally variable environment and their well‐developed pH control mechanisms.
Multiple introductions from multiple sources: invasion patterns for an important Eucalyptus leaf pathogen
Authors: Taole Matsepo , Bihon Wubetu , Wingfield Brenda D. , Wingfield Michael J. , Burgess Treena I.
Published: September 2015

Many population studies on invasive plant pathogens are undertaken without knowing the center of origin of the pathogen. Most leaf pathogens of Eucalyptus originate in Australia and consequently with indigenous populations available, and it is possible to study the pathways of invasion. Teratosphaeria suttonii is a commonly occurring leaf pathogen of Eucalyptus species, naturally distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of eastern Australia where it is regarded as a minor pathogen infecting older leaves; however, repeated infections, especially in exotic plantations, can result in severe defoliation and tree deaths. Nine polymorphic microsatellite markers were used to assess the genetic structure of 11 populations of T. suttonii of which four where from within its native range in eastern Australia and the remaining seven from exotic Eucalyptus plantations. Indigenous populations exhibited high allele and haplotype diversity, predominantly clonal reproduction, high population differentiation, and low gene flow. The diversity of the invasive populations varied widely, but in general, the younger the plantation industry in a country or region, the lower the diversity of T. suttonii. Historical gene flow was from Australia, and while self‐recruitment was dominant in all populations, there was evidence for contemporary gene flow, with South Africa being the most common source and Uruguay the most common sink population. This points distinctly to human activities underlying long‐distance spread of this pathogen, and it highlights lessons to be learned regarding quarantine.
Photoredox Properties of Homoleptic d6 Metal Complexes with the Electron‐Rich 4,4′,5,5′‐Tetramethoxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine Ligand
Authors: Büldt Laura A. , Prescimone Alessandro , Neuburger Markus , Wenger Oliver S.
Published: September 2015

A synthetic procedure leading to 4,4′,5,5′‐tetramethoxy‐2,2′‐bipyridine [(MeO)4bpy] was developed, and the first three metal complexes with this ligand were synthesized. A few ligand precursor compounds, the final ligand, and its homoleptic iron(II) complex were characterized structurally by X‐ray diffraction. The combination of cyclic voltammetry, optical absorption, luminescence, and transient absorption spectroscopy provided detailed insight into the electronic structure of the entire series of homoleptic FeII, RuII, and OsII complexes. The ruthenium(II) complex is a more potent photoreductant than the [Ru(bpy)3]2+ parent compound by approximately 0.4 V as confirmed by 3MLCT excited‐state quenching experiments with a relatively mild oxidant, 1‐chloro‐4‐nitrobenzene. In the presence of methanesulfonic acid in CH3CN, the photoexcited [Ru{(MeO)4bpy}3]2+ complex is able to undergo proton‐coupled electron transfer (PCET) with acetophenone to yield a ketyl radical. Chemically robust and potent photoreductants are of interest for the phototriggering of electron‐transfer reactions, for example, in photoredox catalysis, in dye‐sensitized solar cells, in fundamental studies of (proton‐coupled) electron transfer, or for the generation of solvated electrons.
Probing the Limits of Tetraazamacrocycle‐Glyoxal Condensates as Bidentate Ligands for Cu2+
Authors: Won Paul D. , Funwie Neil L. , Birdsong Orry C. , Obali Aslihan Yilmaz , Burke Benjamin P. , McRobbie Graeme , Greenman Peter , Prior Timothy J. , Archibald Stephen J. , Hubin Timothy J.
Published: September 2015

Tetracyclic bisaminals formed by condensation of tetraazamacrocycles and glyoxal have rarely been utilized as ligands for transition metal ions. Five novel Cu2+ complexes are presented to expand this set. Glyoxal derivatives of pyruvic aldehyde and butanedione were expected to further rigidify the bisaminal skeleton because of the steric requirements of the methyl groups, while the previously unutilized homocyclam was expected to increase flexibility due to the presence of a seven‐membered ring. Additionally, a nitrato complex was prepared to examine the effect of more bulky monodentate ligands on the bisaminal framework. The new complexes showed similar four‐coordination of Cu2+, but with significant changes in coordination geometry caused by substitution of the glyoxal bridge by one or two methyl groups. The homocyclam derivative produced a completely different coordination mode due to the flexibility of the larger macrocycle ring. Both structural and electronic properties were affected by the use of nitrato in place of the typical chlorido monodentate ligands. Overall, the electronic properties (magnetic moment, electronic spectra, and cyclic voltammetry) were only subtly affected. However, larger changes were observed when the larger homocyclam macrocycle was used or the nitrato anion was used in place of the chlorido ligand to complete the coordination. Additionally, the recently published geometric index τδ was evaluated by using this series of closely related Cu2+ complexes.
New Life for Diazoacetonitrile (N2CHCN): in situ Generation and Practical Synthesis of CN‐Pyrazoles
Authors: Mykhailiuk Pavel K.
Published: September 2015

Explosive diazoacetonitrile (N2CHCN) was generated in situ and used in the practical synthesis of agrochemistry‐related CN‐pyrazoles. In situ generated N2CHCN is much safer than the individual reagent. The developed method is, therefore, expected to make this reagent as useful in chemistry as ethyl diazoacetate (N2CHCO2Et).
Providing the Psychosocial Benefits of Mentoring to Women in STEM:CareerWISE as an Online Solution
Authors: Dawson Amy E. , Bernstein Bianca L. , Bekki Jennifer M.
Published: September 2015

This chapter outlines the psychosocial aspects of mentoring that help women combat the barriers they commonly face in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (STEM). The authors describe theCareerWISE online resilience training and how it can address the shortage of effective mentors and role models who have been shown to increase the persistence of women in STEM fields.
Adjuvant chemoradiotherapy versus with radiotherapy alone for locally advanced salivary gland carcinoma among older patients
Authors: Tanvetyanon Tawee , Fisher Kate , Caudell Jimmy , Otto Kristen , Padhya Tapan , Trotti Andy
Published: September 2015

Background

The majority of patients with locally advanced salivary gland carcinoma will die of the disease even after curative surgery. Few studies on adjuvant therapy have been conducted. In this study, we compared adjuvant chemoradiotherapy (CRT) with adjuvant radiotherapy among the older patient population.

Methods

Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER)‐Medicare database (1992–2009) was analyzed. Eligible cases were those receiving curative surgery followed by adjuvant therapy. Outcomes were overall survival and toxicity.

Results

Analyses included 741 patients: 641 patients (86.5%) received adjuvant radiotherapy and 100 (13.5%) received adjuvant CRT. The median overall survival was 41.0 months with adjuvant radiotherapy and 24 months with CRT. Both multivariable and propensity score‐adjusted analyses indicated that adjuvant CRT was associated with an increased mortality (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.39; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.07–1.79 and HR: 1.49; 95% CI: 1.14–1.94, respectively). Toxicity rates were significantly higher in the CRT group.

Conclusion

Treatment with adjuvant CRT was associated with an increased mortality and toxicity when compared to adjuvant radiotherapy alone. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 863–870, 2016
Impact of selective neck dissection on chronic dysphagia after chemo‐intensity‐modulated radiotherapy for oropharyngeal carcinoma
Authors: Hutcheson Katherine A. , Abualsamh Amal R. , Sosa Alejandro , Weber Randal S. , Beadle Beth M. , Sturgis Erich M. , Lewin Jan S.
Published: September 2015

Background

Conflicting results are reported regarding the impact of neck dissection on radiation‐associated dysphagia. The purpose of this study was to reexamine this question specific to oropharyngeal intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT).

Methods

Three hundred forty‐nine patients with oropharyngeal cancer treated with bilateral IMRT with systemic therapy (induction and/or concurrent) were reviewed. Chronic dysphagia was defined by aspiration, stricture, pneumonia, and/or gastrostomy dependence ≥12 months post‐IMRT.

Results

Selective neck dissection was performed after IMRT in 75 patients (21%). Overall, 41 patients (12%) developed chronic dysphagia. Neck dissection did not increase the rate of chronic dysphagia (9% neck dissection; 12% no neck dissection; p = .464) or gastrostomy duration (p = .482). On multivariate analysis, age (odds ratio [OR] per 5‐year = 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.04–1.51), baseline abnormal diet (OR = 2.78; 95% CI = 1.31–5.88), and IMRT dose (OR per 5‐Gy = 5.11; 95% CI = 1.77–14.81) significantly predicted dysphagia.

Conclusion

In the setting of selective neck dissection for residual adenopathy after IMRT, neck dissection did not impact dysphagia. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: 886–893, 2016
Novel biodegradable calcium phosphate/polymer composite coating with adjustable mechanical properties formed by hydrothermal process for corrosion protection of magnesium substrate
Authors: Kaabi Falahieh Asl Sara , Nemeth Sandor , Tan Ming Jen
Published: September 2015

Ceramic type coatings on metallic implants, such as calcium phosphate (Ca‐P), are generally stiff and brittle, potentially leading to the early failure of the bone–implant interface. To reduce material brittleness, polyacrylic acid and carboxymethyl cellulose were used in this study to deposit two types of novel Ca‐P/polymer composite coatings on AZ31 magnesium alloy using a one‐step hydrothermal process. X‐ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy showed that the deposited Ca‐P crystal phase and morphology could be controlled by the type and concentration of polymer used. Incorporation of polymer in the Ca‐P coatings reduced the coating elastic modulus bringing it close to that of magnesium and that of human bone. Nanoindentation test results revealed significantly decreased cracking tendency with the incorporation of polymer in the Ca‐P coating. Apart from mechanical improvements, the protective composite layers had also enhanced the corrosion resistance of the substrate by a factor of 1000 which is sufficient for implant application. Cell proliferation studies indicated that the composite coatings induced better cell attachment compared with the purely inorganic Ca‐P coating, confirming that the obtained composite materials could be promising candidates for surface protection of magnesium for implant application with the multiple functions of corrosion protection, interfacial stress reduction, and cell attachment/cell growth promotion. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1643–1657, 2016.
Impact of light intensity on the polymerization kinetics and network structure of model hydrophobic and hydrophilic methacrylate based dental adhesive resin
Authors: Abedin Farhana , Ye Qiang , Camarda Kyle , Spencer Paulette
Published: September 2015

The impact of light intensity on the degree of conversion (DC), rate of polymerization and network structure was investigated for hydrophobic and hydrophilic dental adhesive resins. Two and three component photoinitiating (PI) systems were used in this study. Low light intensities had a negative impact on the polymerization efficiency for the hydrophilic resin with 2 component PI system. Incorporation of iodonium salt in the hydrophilic resin significantly improved the polymerization efficiency of the HEMA/BisGMA system and led to a substantial DC, even at low light intensities. The results suggested that shorter polymer chains were formed in the presence of iodonium salt. It appears that there is little or no impact of light intensity on the polymer structure of the 2 component PI system. Light intensity has subtle impact on the polymer structure of the 3 component PI system. In the case of the hydrophobic resin, the polymer is so highly cross‐linked that the presence of shorter chains for the 3 component PI system does not cause a decrease in the glass transition temperature (Tg) when compared to the 2 component PI system. For the hydrophilic resin, the presence of shorter polymer chains in the 3 component PI system reduces the Tg when compared with the corresponding 2 component PI system. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 104B: 1666–1678, 2016.
Green Synthesis of Spiro[indoline‐3,4′‐pyrazolo[3,4‐b][1,6]naphthyridine]‐2,5′(1′H)‐diones Catalyzed by TsOH in Ionic Liquids
Authors: Feng Bin‐Bin , Jin Rong‐Zhang , Zhang Mei‐Mei , Wang Xiang‐Shan
Published: September 2015

A three‐component reaction of isatin, 3‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐1H‐pyrazol‐5‐amine, and piperidine‐2,4‐dione was treated in ionic liquids catalyzed by TsOH and provided an efficient and green method for the synthesis of spiro[indoline‐3,4′‐pyrazolo[3, 4‐b][1,6]naphthyridine]‐2,5′(1′H)‐dione derivatives in high yields.
Phaeochromocytomas and Paragangliomas: A difference in disease behaviour and clinical outcomes
Authors: Ezzat Abdel‐Aziz Tarek , Prete Francesco , Conway Gerard , Gaze Mark , Bomanji Jamshed , Bouloux Pierre , Khoo Bernard , Caplin Martyn , Mushtaq Imran , Smart James , Kurzawinski Tom R.
Published: September 2015

Background

Phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas arise from the same chromaffin cell, but evidence suggests they do not represent a single clinical entity. The aim of this study was to compare clinical presentations, outcomes of surgical and oncological treatments and survival in patients with phaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas.

Methods

A retrospective review was undertaken of all patients treated for these conditions at our centre between 1983 and 2012.

Results

One hundred and six patients (88 adults, 18 children) with phaeochromocytoma (n = 83) or paraganglioma (n = 23) were studied. Catecholamine symptoms and incidentalomas were the main presentations in phaeochromocytoma patients (67% and 17%) respectively, but in those with paragangliomas pain (39%) was more common (P < 0.001). More paragangliomas were malignant (14/23 vs 9/83, P < 0.0001), larger (9.17 ± 4.95 cm vs. 5.8 ± 3.44 cm, P = 0.001) and had a higher rate of conversion to open surgery (P = <0.01), more R2 resections, more postoperative complications and a longer hospital stay (P = 0.014). MIBG uptake in malignant paragangliomas was lower than in malignant phaeochromocytomas (36% vs. 100%, P = 0.002) and disease stabilisation was achieved in 29% and 86% of patients respectively. 90Y‐DOTA‐octreotate had a 78% response rate in malignant paragangliomas.

Conclusion

The clinical differences between paragangliomas and phaeochromocytomas support the view that they should be considered as separate clinical entities. J. Surg. Oncol. 2015; 112:486–491. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The role of ecophysiological and behavioral traits in structuring the zooplankton assemblage in a deep, oligotrophic, tropical lake
Authors: Ciros‐Pérez Jorge , Ortega‐Mayagoitia Elizabeth , Alcocer Javier
Published: September 2015

Zooplankton inhabiting deep, oligotrophic, tropical lakes must cope with scenarios where the combination of resource limitation, high visual‐predation risk, UV‐induced damage and seasonal development of anoxic waters, entail particular challenges for organisms, uncommon in temperate environments. We assessed the diel vertical migration—DVM—(UV/predation‐avoidance strategy), numerical response, and starvation resistance (physiological strategies to cope with food scarcity) of the copepodLeptodiaptomus garciaiand the rotifersHexarthra jenkinaeandBrachionussp. “Mexico,” which constitute the zooplankton assemblage of Alchichica, a high‐altitude, deep, oligotrophic, hyposaline, warm‐monomictic lake located in Mexico.L. garciaifollowed the normal pattern of DVM in all seasons; with organisms concentrated ≈ 20 m deeper than the depth of 1% photosynthetically active radiation at mid‐day, with evasion from the planktivorePoblana alchichicaas the most probable driver. However, copepods could not evade the euphotic zone owing to the anoxic conditions of the hypolimnion during the well‐established stratification period. Rotifers did not migrate vertically. The dominance of copepods throughout the year can be explained by their low food threshold, high proportion of usable reserves and the lowest rate of mass loss at food deprivation. Contrastingly, rotifers are scarce and intermittent due to frequent resource limitation and because they lose mass at higher rates. However, they are able to suddenly increase due to their high growth rates. We demonstrated that the interaction between environmental constraints and the specific combinations of traits can explain zooplankton structure in the lake. This study enlightens the necessity to improve current limnological models with data from tropical lakes.
Neuropathology of α‐synuclein propagation and braak hypothesis
Authors: McCann Heather , Cartwright Heidi , Halliday Glenda M.
Published: September 2015

Parkinson's disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder with multiple factors contributing to increasing severity of pathology in specific brain regions. The Braak hypothesis of Lewy pathology progression in Parkinson's disease proposes a systematic spread of α‐synuclein that can be staged, with the later stages correlating with clinical aspects of the disease. The spread of pathology through the different stages suggests progression, a theory that has proven correct from evidence of pathology in healthy neurons grafted into the brains of patients with Parkinson's disease. Progression of pathology occurs on a number of levels, within a cell, between nearby cells, and then over longer distances throughout the brain, and evidence using prion proteins suggests two dissociable mechanisms—intracellular toxicity versus a nontoxic infectious mechanism for propagation. In Parkinson's disease, intracellular changes associated with mitochondria and lysosome dysfunction appear important for α‐synuclein propagation, with high stress conditions favoring mitochondrial cell death mechanisms. Functional neurons appear necessary for propagation. Unconventional exocytosis releases α‐synuclein under stress conditions, and endocytic uptake occurs in nearby cells. This cell‐to‐cell transmission of α‐synuclein has been recapitulated in both cell culture and animal models, but the timeframe of transmission is considerably shorter than that observed in transplanted neurons. The time course of Lewy pathology formation in patients is consistent with the long time course observed in grafted neurons, and the restricted neuronal loss in Parkinson's disease is potentially important for the propagation of α‐synuclein through relatively intact circuits. © 2015 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Some notes on split Newton iterative algorithm
Authors: Li Dongfang , Qin Hongyu , Cheng Xiujun , Wu Fengyan
Published: September 2015

In this study, a parameterized split Newton method is derived by using the accelerating technique. Convergence and error estimates of the method are obtained. In practical application, the proposed method can give a better result in view of computational CPU time. Numerical examples on several partial differential equations are shown to illustrate our findings. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
G protein coupled receptor 18: A potential role for endocannabinoid signaling in metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Rajaraman Gayathri , Simcocks Anna , Hryciw Deanne H. , Hutchinson Dana S. , McAinch Andrew J.
Published: September 2015

Endocannabinoids are products of dietary fatty acids that are modulated by an alteration in food intake levels. Overweight and obese individuals have substantially higher circulating levels of the arachidonic acid derived endocannabinoids, anandamide and 2‐arachidonoyl glycerol, and show an altered pattern of cannabinoid receptor expression. These cannabinoid receptors are part of a large family of G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). GPCRs are major therapeutic targets for various diseases within the cardiovascular, neurological, gastrointestinal, and endocrine systems, as well as metabolic disorders such as obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Obesity is considered a state of chronic low‐grade inflammation elicited by an immunological response. Interestingly, the newly deorphanized GPCR (GPR18), which is considered to be a putative cannabinoid receptor, is proposed to have an immunological function. In this review, the current scientific knowledge on GPR18 is explored including its localization, signaling pathways, and pharmacology. Importantly, the involvement of nutritional factors and potential dietary regulation of GPR18 and its (patho)physiological roles are described. Further research on this receptor and its regulation will enable a better understanding of the complex mechanisms of GPR18 and its potential as a novel therapeutic target for treating metabolic disorders.
Analysis of Racial and Ethnic Disparities as Possible Risk Factors for Development of Incontinence by Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Bliss Donna Z. , Gurvich Olga V. , Savik Kay , Eberly Lynn E. , Harms Susan , Wyman Jean F. , Mueller Christine , Garrard Judith , Virnig Beth
Published: September 2015

Incontinence is a common health problem among nursing home (NH) residents. Differences between black and white NH residents in incontinence prevalence have been reported. Although reducing health disparities is a principal objective of the national health care agenda, little is known about disparities in incidence of new incontinence in NHs. The purpose of this study was to assess whether there were racial/ethnic disparities in the time to development of incontinence in adults over age 65 who had been continent on NH admission. If no racial or ethnic disparities in time to incontinence were found, other predictors of time to incontinence would be explored. Three national databases were sources of data on 42,693 adults over 65 admitted to 446 for‐profit NHs in a national chain. Multi‐level predictors of time to any type of incontinence were analyzed, using Cox proportional hazards regression for white Non‐Hispanic NH admissions and the Peters‐Belson method for minority NH admissions: American Indians/Alaskan Natives, Asians/Pacific Islanders, Black non‐Hispanics, and Hispanics. No racial/ethnic disparities in time to incontinence were found. Approximately 30% of all racial/ethnic groups had developed incontinence by 6 months. Those who developed incontinence sooner were older and had greater deficits in activities of daily living (ADL) and cognition. Results were consistent with past evidence and suggest that interventions to maintain continence from the time of admission should be applied across racial/ethnic groups. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Effects of an obesity intervention program on cognitive function in children: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Huang Tao , Larsen Kristian Traberg , Jepsen Jens Richardt Møllegaard , Møller Niels Christian , Thorsen Anne Kær , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Andersen Lars Bo
Published: September 2015

Objective

Adiposity may be associated with poorer cognitive function in children. The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of an obesity intervention on cognitive function in children.

Methods

One hundred and fifteen children were randomly allocated to either the Day Camp Intervention Arm (DCIA) or the Standard Intervention Arm (SIA). Children in the DCIA participated in a 6‐week day camp intervention and a subsequent 46‐week family‐based intervention. The camp intervention mainly consisted of physical exercise and health classes. The SIA was offered one weekly physical exercise session for 6 weeks and one educational meeting. Anthropometrics and cognitive function were measured at baseline, 6 weeks, and 52 weeks.

Results

At 6 weeks, the improvement in visuospatial construction skills was larger in the DCIA than the SIA (standardized mean difference, 0.47, 95% CI, 0.08 to 0.86, P = 0.02). At 52 weeks, the improvements in emotional control (standardized mean difference, −0.42, 95% CI, −0.68 to −0.16, P = 0.002) and monitoring (standardized mean difference, −0.32, 95% CI, −0.63 to −0.02, P = 0.04) were larger in the DCIA than the SIA. No group differences were observed in changes in other cognitive outcomes.

Conclusions

The obesity intervention may benefit emotional control, monitoring, and visuospatial construction skills in children.
Electrosynthesis of ambipolar electrochromic polymer films from anthraquinone–triarylamine hybrids
Authors: Hsiao Sheng‐Huei , Lin Jhe‐Yong
Published: September 2015

Two ester derivatives featuring anthraquinone as an interior core and terminal electroactive triphenylamine or carbazole groups were prepared by the condensation of 2,6‐dihydroxyanthraquinone with 4‐(diphenylamino)benzoyl chloride and 4‐(9H‐carbazol‐9‐yl)benzoyl chloride, respectively. The electrochemistry and electropolymerization of these monomers were investigated. The polymeric films were built onto ITO/glass surface by repetitive cyclic voltammetry scanning of the monomer solutions containing an electrolyte. The electrogenerated polymer films exhibited reversible electrochemical processes and strong color changes upon electro‐oxidation or electro‐reduction, which can be switched by potential modulation. The remarkable electrochromic behavior of the film was clearly interpreted on the basis of spectroelectrochemical studies, and the electrochromic stability was evaluated by the electrochromic switching studies. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2016, 54, 644–655
Inflammation and its genesis in cystic fibrosis
Authors: Nichols David P. , Chmiel James F.
Published: September 2015

The host inflammatory response in cystic fibrosis (CF) lung disease has long been recognized as a central pathological feature and an important therapeutic target. Indeed, many believe that bronchiectasis results largely from the oxidative and proteolytic damage comprised within an exuberant airway inflammatory response that is dominated by neutrophils. In this review, we address the longstanding argument of whether or not the inflammatory response is directly attributable to impairment of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator or only secondary to airway obstruction and chronic bacterial infection and challenge the importance of this distinction in the context of therapy. We also review the centrality of neutrophils in CF lung pathophysiology and highlight more recent data that suggest the importance of other cell types and signaling beyond NF‐κB activation. We discuss how protease and redox imbalance are critical factors in CF airway inflammation and end by reviewing some of the more promising therapeutic approaches now under development. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:S39–S56. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Tackling the increasing complexity of CF care
Authors: Sawicki Gregory S. , Goss Christopher H.
Published: September 2015

Health outcomes for individuals with cystic fibrosis (CF) have dramatically improved in parallel with better organization of clinical care systems, evolution of novel therapeutics, and improvements in diagnosis and screening for CF and CF‐related complications. In parallel with these advances has come an increasing complexity and burden of care, leading to challenges with adherence to treatment regimens. As novel therapeutics continue to be developed and introduced to the CF care regimen, there are clear opportunities to refine and personalize care. This can be done by adding comparative effectiveness research to the CF clinical research paradigm and integrating novel technologies in drug delivery and remote monitoring that can facilitate adherence but also reduce the burden of treatment while maintaining efficacy. This review highlights both the challenges of the increasingly complex treatment regimens in CF and the opportunities to advance care by addressing adherence, implementation science, comparative effectiveness, and integration of novel technologies in CF care. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:S74–S79. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
CFTR, bicarbonate, and the pathophysiology of cystic fibrosis
Authors: Borowitz Drucy
Published: September 2015

The gene that encodes for the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator protein (CFTR) was identified in 1989, yet major pathophysiologic questions remain unanswered. There is emerging evidence that CFTR is a bicarbonate channel, a driver of chloride‐bicarbonate exchange and through its action on local pH, a regulator of other ion channels and of proteins that function optimally in a neutral environment. In both the respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts, bicarbonate drives ionic content and fluid on epithelial surfaces, allows mucins to unfold and become slippery, and contributes to innate immunity. In the GI tract bicarbonate neutralizes gastric acid to support digestion and absorption. When CFTR is dysfunctional, lack of bicarbonate secretion disrupts these normal processes and thus leads directly to the clinical symptoms and signs of CF. This article synthesizes evidence from cell, animal, and human investigations that support these concepts. Bicarbonate secretion does not seem to be the same in all tissues and varies with physiologic demand. Thus, tissue type and whether conditions are baseline or stimulated needs to be taken into account when evaluating the evidence concerning the role of bicarbonate in the pathophysiology of CF as a regulator of local pH. Basic and applied research that focuses on the role of CFTR‐mediated bicarbonate secretion helps explain many of the diverse clinical manifestations that are CF. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2015; 50:2S4–S30. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Small‐Scale Safety Testing of Ammonium Nitrate and Mixtures
Authors: Preston Daniel N. , Brown Geoffrey W. , Sandstrom Mary M. , Pollard Colin J. , Warner Kirstin F. , Remmers Daniel L. , Phillips Jason J. , Shelley Timothy J. , Reyes Jose A. , Hsu Peter C. , Reynolds John G.
Published: September 2015

Ammonium nitrate (AN), gunpowder (GP), and an ammonium nitrate gunpowder mixture (AN/GP) were studied for impact sensitivity by four laboratories using the drop hammer apparatus. Bruceton and Neyer methods were used as experimental protocols and for data reduction. The results are presented as 50 % probability of reaction (DH50). For AN, the DH50 values are widely varied among the participants, from sensitive to completely insensitive (limit of the equipment), with no real correlation among results. GP and the AN/GP mixture exhibited much more sensitivity overall and were in some cases within statistical values extrapolated from previous studies of RDX. The variability in results for the AN data is attributed to the difficulty in determining a positive reaction event for AN, as detailed by Neyer experiments and photography during positive reactions. Variability in results for the GP and AN/GP mixtures is attributed to equipment environment and detection criteria. This work was performed by the Integrated Data Collection Analysis (IDCA) program, a multi‐laboratory effort to standardize safety testing of improvised or homemade explosives funded by the Department of Homeland Security.