bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Role of Catalyst Support's Physicochemical Properties on Catalytic Transfer Hydrogenation over Palladium Catalysts
Authors: Fraga Gabriel , Santos Mirella S. , Konarova Muxina , Hasan M. D. , Laycock Bronwyn , Batalha Nuno , Pratt Steven
Published: October 2021

Catalytic transfer hydrogenation (CTH) is a promising reaction for valorisation of bio‐based feedstocks via hydrogenation without needing to use H2. Unlike standard hydrogenation, CTH occurs via dehydrogenation (DHD) of a hydrogen donor (H‐donor) and hydrogenation (HYD) of a substrate. Therefore, the “ideal” CTH catalyst must balance the catalysis of both reactions to maximize the hydrogen transfer between H‐donor and substrate with minimal H2 loss to gas (high atom efficiency). Additionally, the H‐donor must be highly stable to prevent secondary reactions with the substrate.

Herein we study the impact of the catalyst's properties on CTH of guaiacol using bicyclohexyl, a liquid organic hydrogen carrier, as a H‐donor. The reaction was promoted by palladium dispersed on three typical support materials (γ‐Al2O3, MgO, and SiO2). The performance of these catalysts in the conversion of bicyclohexyl and guaiacol was evaluated, allowing to estimate the H‐transfer efficiency, as well as the potential for recycling the spent H‐donor (bicyclohexyl). The apparent activation energies for DHD of bicyclohexyl and HYD of guaiacol revealed that slow DHD combined with fast HYD, as is the case with Pd/MgO, favours hydrogen transfer efficiency and selectivity towards hydrogenated products. In addition, an investigation of the DHD of bicyclohexyl and HYD of guaiacol independently showed that the affinity between the organic molecules and the support significantly impacts CTH. Indeed, Pd/SiO2 was highly active for both reactions individually and almost inactive for CTH. Consequently, these findings highlight the importance of the interaction between solvent‐substrate‐support in designing catalysts for transfer hydrogenation.
A chemometrician's guide to transfer learning
Authors: Nikzad‐Langerodi Ramin , Andries Erik
Published: October 2021

Transfer learning (TL), the sub‐discipline of machine learning devoted to learning from different domains, has gained increasing attention over the past decade. With the current contribution, we aim at giving a concise overview on theory, concepts, and applications of TL from a chemometrician's perspective and draw some connections to previous work on calibration model updating/adaptation and calibration transfer. Furthermore, we provide a demonstration of the application of TL in analytical chemistry and discuss the benefits and challenges associate with its use for real‐world problems. We conclude the paper by discussing some open problems and by contemplating on future research directions.
Peristaltic activity of thermally radiative magneto‐nanofluid with electroosmosis and entropy analysis
Authors: Sridhar V. , Ramesh K.
Published: October 2021

The importance of gold and silver nanoparticles in the blood flow has immense applications in biomedicine for the treatment of cancer disease and wound treatment due to their large atomic number and antimicrobial property. The current study deals with the magnetohydrodynamic and electroosmotic radiative peristaltic Jeffrey nanofluid (blood–silver/gold) flow with the effect of slip and convective boundary conditions in the nonsymmetric vertical channel. The nondimensional governing equations have been solved analytically and the exact solutions have been presented for velocity, temperature, shear stress, trapping, entropy generation, pressure gradient and heat transfer coefficient. The pictorial representations have been prepared for the flow quantities with respect to fluid flow parameters of interest. It is noticed from the current study that the gold‐based nanofluids exhibit higher velocity than silver‐based nanofluids. Enhancement of thermal radiation decreases the total entropy generation. The size of the tapered bolus decreases with the enhancement of magnetic field strength. The present model is applicable in designing pharmacodynamic pumps and drug delivery systems.
Impact of Covid‐19 on the therapeutic plasma exchange service within the South East Asian region: Consensus recommendations and global perspectives
Authors: Viswanathan Shanthi , Hiew Fu Liong , Siritho Sasitorn , Apiwattanakul Metha , Tan Kevin , Quek Amy M. L. , Estiasari Riwanti , Remli Rabani , Bhaskar Shalini , Islam Badrul M. , Aye Seinn Mya Mya , Ohnmar Ohnmar , Umapathi Thirugnanam , Keosodsay Say Say , Hoang Nghia T. T. , Yeo Tianrong , Pasco Paul M.
Published: October 2021

Introduction

Therapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) for neuroimmunological disorders has played an increasingly important role within the Southeast Asian (SEA) region. The South East Asian Therapeutic Plasma exchange Consortium (SEATPEC) was formed in 2018 to promote education and research on TPE within the region. The advent of the Covid‐19 pandemic has produced challenges for the development and expansion of this service.

Methodology

A qualitative and semi‐quantitative questionnaire‐based survey was conducted by SEATPEC member countries from January to June 2020 (Phase 1) and then from July 2020 to January 2021 in (Phase 2) to assess the impact of Covid‐19 on regional TPE.

Objectives

The study's main objectives were to explore the challenges experienced and adaptations/adjustments taken by SEATPEC countries in order to continue safe and efficient TPE during the Covid‐19 pandemic.

Results

The pandemic was found to disrupt the delivery of TPE services in all SEATPEC countries. Contributing factors were multifactorial due to overstretched medical services, staff shortages, quarantines and redeployments, fear of acquiring Covid‐19, movement restriction orders, and patient's psychological fear of attending hospitals/testing for Covid‐19. All SEATPEC countries practiced careful stratification of cases for TPE (electives vs emergencies, Covid‐19 vs non‐Covid‐19 cases). SEATPEC countries had to modify TPE treatment protocols to include careful preprocedure screening of patient's for Covid‐19, use of personal protective equipment (PPE) and post‐TPE sanitization of machines and TPE suites.

Conclusion

Based on the responses of the survey, SEATPEC countries produced a consensus statement with five recommendations for safe and effective TPE within the region.
Evaluation of Pulmonary Hypertension Using 4D Flow MRI
Authors: Cerne John W. , Pathrose Ashitha , Gordon Daniel Z. , Sarnari Roberto , Veer Manik , Blaisdell Julie , Allen Bradley D. , Avery Ryan , Markl Michael , Ragin Ann , Carr James C.
Published: October 2021

Background

Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is becoming an alternative to right heart catheterization (RHC) for evaluating pulmonary hypertension (PH). A need exists to further evaluate cardiac MRI's ability to characterize PH.

Purpose

To evaluate the potential for four‐dimensional (4D) flow MRI‐derived pulmonary artery velocities to characterize PH.

Study Type

Prospective case–control.

Population

Fifty‐four PH patients (56% female); 25 controls (36% female).

Field Strength/Sequence

1.5 T; gradient recalled echo 4D flow and balanced steady‐state free precession cardiac cine.

Assessment

RHC was used to derive patients' pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR). 4D flow measured blood velocities at the main, left, and right pulmonary arteries (MPA, LPA, and RPA); cine measured ejection fraction, end diastolic, and end systolic volumes (EF, EDV, and ESV). EDV and ESV were normalized (indexed) to body surface area (ESVI and EDVI). Parameters were evaluated between, and within, PH subgroups: pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH); PH due to left heart disease (PH‐LHD)/chronic lung disease (PH‐CLD)/or chronic thrombo‐emboli (CTE‐PH).

Statistical Tests

Analysis of variance and Kruskal–Wallis tests compared parameters between subgroups. Pearson's r assessed velocity, PVR, and volume correlations. Significance definition: P < 0.05.

Results

PAH peak and mean velocities were significantly lower than in controls at the LPA (36 ± 12 cm/second and 20 ± 4 cm/second vs. 59 ± 15 cm/second and 32 ± 9 cm/second). At the RPA, mean velocities were significantly lower in PAH vs. controls (27 ± 6 cm/second vs. 40 ± 9 cm/second). Peak velocities significantly correlated with right ventricular EF at the MPA (r = 0.286), RPA (r = 0.400), and LPA (r = 0.401). Peak velocity significantly correlated with right ventricular ESVI at the RPA (r = −0.355) and LPA (r = −0.316). Significant correlations between peak velocities and PVR were moderate at the LPA in PAH (r = −0.641) and in PH‐LHD (r = −0.606) patients, and at the MPA in PH‐CLD (r = −0.728). CTE‐PH showed non‐significant correlations between peak velocity and PVR at all locations.

Data Conclusion

Preliminary findings suggest 4D flow can identify PAH and track PVR changes.

Level of Evidence

1

Technical Efficacy

Stage 5
Fingerprint combining with quantitative analysis of multi‐components by single marker for quality control of Chenxiang Huaqi tablets
Authors: Zhang Rui‐teng , Qing Wang‐wang , Yang Lin , Zou Jia‐jia , Shi Yu‐tao , Xu Xiao‐li , He Dan
Published: October 2021

Background

Chenxiang Huaqi tablets (CXHQTs) are a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) commonly used to treat stomach‐related diseases. Currently, the ministerial standards do not provide detailed guidance and regulations on the content determination of CXHQTs, and the reported studies only use individual active components as indicators for determining effective ingredients.

Objective

The present study aimed to propose a methodology for quality control of CXHQTs based on high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting combined with the quantitative analysis of multi‐components by single marker (QAMS) method.

Methods

HPLC method was used to determine seven active ingredients and performed fingerprint analysis of CXHQTs. To further process chemometric assessment, technical analysis‐model including similarity analysis (SA), hierarchical clustering analysis (HCA), principal components analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS‐DA) was set up to differentiate and classify the 20 batches of samples.

Results

After comparing the results of QAMS method with the external standard method (ESM), we found there is no significant difference. Besides, the fingerprint of CXHQT was also established.

Conclusion

HPLC fingerprint combined with the QAMS could be an efficient and selective analysis technique to achieve a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of executing quality processes.
Nutritional status significantly affects toxicological endpoints in the CDC bottle bioassay
Authors: Norris Edmund J , Bloomquist Jeffrey R
Published: October 2021

BACKGROUND

The CDC Bottle Bioassay serves as an inexpensive and effective way to screen field‐caught mosquitoes against a wide variety of insecticidal active ingredients and commercial formulations, with the goal of detecting resistant individuals. For this study, we assessed how sucrose‐water (10% w/v) feeding status impacted the response of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes to select insecticides.

RESULTS

Starvation for 24 or 48 h decreased permethrin and malathion mean survival time by about 40%, with little difference in the two starvation times. Similar findings were also observed in a pyrethroid‐resistant Puerto Rico strain challenged with permethrin, but these effects were less pronounced. To test the impact of mosquito weight, we measured weight under different 48‐h nutritional conditions and found that sugar‐water‐fed and sugar‐only‐fed individuals were approximately the same weight (ANOVA, Bonferroni post‐test P value >0.999) and that individuals fed water only were considerably lighter than either sugar‐water‐fed (ANOVA, Bonferroni post‐test P value = 0.034) or sugar‐only‐fed individuals (ANOVA, Bonferroni post‐test P value = 0.027) but equal in weight to starved mosquitoes (ANOVA, Bonferroni post‐test P value >0.99). Of the nutritional challenges, water‐only‐fed mosquitoes were the most insecticide tolerant (ANOVA, Bonferroni post‐test P values to all other treatments <0.01).

CONCLUSIONS

The results indicate insect nutritional status is an important experimental variable, particularly the hydration status of mosquitoes shortly before insecticide exposure. Moreover, as significant differences were observed between starved and component‐fed (water, sugar, or sugar and water) mosquitoes in a pyrethroid‐resistant strain, some caution is appropriate when interpreting resistance/susceptibility diagnoses with this bioassay. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
Pneumonia rebound after stopping steroid in a patient with COVID‐19: A case report
Authors: Chen Po‐Hao , Cheng Chun‐Yuan , Li Li‐Fu , Yu Chung‐Chieh
Published: October 2021

Patients with severe coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) can develop a systemic inflammatory response that can lead to lung injury and multisystem organ dysfunction. The current treatment guideline recommends the use of corticosteroids in patients who require supplemental oxygen or are mechanically ventilated. This study reports a patient with severe COVID‐19 pneumonia. Initially, the patient was treated with dexamethasone for 10 days and remdesivir for 5 days. There was clinical improvement following the treatments. However, on day 15, the patient experienced rebound pneumonia and clinical deterioration. His clinical condition improved until dexamethasone was re‐administered. This case demonstrates the rebound phenomenon after the steroid was discontinued. The duration and timing of steroids are crucial to reduce the risk of prolonged systemic inflammation and rebound pneumonia.
CCAKESC: Chaotic map‐based construction of a new authenticated key exchange protocol for satellite communication
Authors: Kumar Uddeshaya , Garg Manish
Published: October 2021

Recently, many authentication schemes were proposed by researchers in the satellite communication environment. Unfortunately, several types of security flaws occur in relative works (Qi et al., 2019; Xu, 2019; Liu et al., 2017; Altaf et al., 2020), such as off‐line guessing attacks, smart card stolen attacks and replay attacks. In this paper, we proposed a secure authentication technique based on chaotic maps to solve these drawbacks. To establish the security of the proposed scheme, we employ formal proof under the random oracle model. In addition, an informal study with various security properties is provided to augment the security characteristics. Furthermore, we compare our protocol to several current schemes and demonstrate that our plan meets the security criteria while being cost‐effective. As a result, it is more suited to the satellite communication environment.
A Fluorescent Probe Based on Polyethyleneimine Protected Copper Nanoclusters for the Assay of Tetracycline Hydrochloride and Vitamin B12
Authors: Yu Weihua , Qin Yongjun , Fan Yucong , Wang Zhonghua , Cheng Zhengjun
Published: October 2021

A water‐soluble and polyethyleneimine protected copper nanoclusters (CuNCs@PEI) was prepared by one‐step ultraviolet radiation (UVI) combined with microwave heating (MWH) method, and the influence of different energy suppliers on the CuNCs@PEI luminescence performance was investigated in detail. The as‐prepared CuNCs@PEI could be used as a viable fluorescent probe for sensitive and selective mensurating TCH (tetracycline hydrochloride)/VB12 (vitamin B12) with a linear response in the range of 0.33–66.67/0.33‐53.33 μmol L−1, and corresponding limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) were calculated to be 55.50/56.34 and 184.82/187.61 nmol L−1. The fluorescence (FL) quenching of CuNCs@PEI by TCH/VB12 came from the combination of FRET (Förster resonance energy transfer) and IFE (inner filter effect). Moreover, the probe was successfully extended to the assays of TCH in veterinary powder or TCH tablets and VB12 in oral liquid or VB12 tablets with satisfactory results compared to the standard HPLC method. Besides, the CuNCs@PEI probe exhibited a good temperature sensing.
A Convenient Method for α‐Chlorination of 1,3‐Diketones and β‐Keto Esters with DMSO or Ph2SO/(COCl)2
Authors: Xi Zeyu , Liu Yuanjian , Wang Hao , Guan Di , Liu Yongguo , Sun Baoguo , Tian Hongyu , Liang Sen
Published: October 2021

It has been found that the monochlorination of most of 1,3‐diketones and β‐ketoesters under investigation can be achieved using DMSO or Ph2SO/(COCl)2 at −20∼0 °C in moderate to high yields. The 1,3‐diketones, which enol forms are stabilized by an intramolecular hydrogen bond, bulky β‐ketoesters, and α‐monoalkylated 1,3‐dicarbonyls undergo chlorination well with DMSO/(COCl)2, whereas the chlorination of the less bulky β‐ketoesters needs Ph2SO/(COCl)2 instead. The chlorodimethylsulfonium salt or chlorodiphenylsulfonium salt generated by the reaction of DMSO or Ph2SO with (COCl)2 is proposed as a Cl+ source for chlorination, which provides a convenient access to the monochlorination of 1,3‐dicarbonyls.
Hydrophobically Modified Alginate Derivatives via the Ugi Multicomponent Reaction for the Development of Hydrophobic Pharmaceutical Formulations
Authors: Wen Yanshi , Chen Xiuqiong , Liu Zhaowen , Zhu Qingmei , Li Zhengyue , He Guoqing , Yan Huiqiong , Lin Qiang
Published: October 2021

In this work, the hydrophobically modified alginate derivative (HMAD) was synthesized by using sodium alginate, cyclohexyl isocyanide, octylamine and propionaldehyde instead of formaldehyde, based on previous explorations of the Ugi reaction for the modification of alginate. Experimental results revealed that the successful grafting of the hydrophobic chains onto the alginate molecular backbone via the Ugi reaction had weakened and destroyed the intramolecular hydrogen bonds, thus enhancing the molecular flexibility of alginate, which endowed the HMAD with good amphiphilic property with the critical aggregation concentration (CAC) of 0.44 g/L. Moreover, the resultant HMAD could form the stable self‐aggregated micelles with the spherical shape due to the intra or intermolecular hydrophobic associations. Its average hydrodynamic diameter and zeta potential were 458 nm (PDI=0.26) and −61.4 mV, respectively, which was able to achieve the loading and sustained‐release of hydrophobic ibuprofen. Meanwhile, HMAD had no significant cytotoxicity to the murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells. Based on the above merits, the synthesized HMAD could exhibit great potential for the development of hydrophobic pharmaceutical formulations.
Functional neurorehabilitation in a dog with acute non‐compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion
Authors: de Oliveira Miranda Daniela Beatriz , Neves Rocha Martins Ângela Paula , Diniz Renata
Published: October 2021

In this case report, the functional neurorehabilitation protocol used to treat a non‐ambulatory dog with a presumptive acute non‐compressive nucleus pulposus extrusion (ANNPE) in C4–C5 spinal cord segment, of traumatic aetiology, is described.

The protocol was divided into three phases with different primary aims: pain and muscle hypertonicity management (Phase I), skill acquisition and proprioceptive enhancement (Phase II), and enhanced motor control, strength and endurance training (Phase III). The clinical presentation dictated the time frame for each phase. The expected outcome of the protocol was to increase the dog's quality of life and return ambulatory functionality. The treatment persisted for 210 days, nevertheless after roughly 60 days, the dog became ambulatory. Currently, there is no evidence of sequelae from this injury.

This approach may shed light on an effective rehabilitation protocol of these injuries in dogs. Clinicians may consider the neurorehabilitation treatment priority to achieve maximal functional recovery.
Talking Different Languages of Value
Authors: Oman Susan
Published: October 2021

Cultural advocacy communicates the values of the cultural sector, often relying on economic valuations, which can feel like a different language. This chapter ‘follows the data’ in a valuation of the culture–well-being relationship. It contextualises why the research was commissioned and the data’s origins: how they were collected, as well as the processes and decisions made in analysing the data. The chapter follows the findings in two ways: discovering changed meanings, when reproduced in media reporting; and discovering different findings, when reproduced by another researcher. The chapter’s step-by-step approach opens the black box of these data processes, asking if data used like this can beimpartial. Are there limits to how they progress understanding of well-being in social and cultural policy?
What Is “Education”?
Authors: Chazan Barry
Published: October 2021

Analytic philosophy of education focuses on clarifying such key terms as: “education”, “aims”, “goals”, “objectives”, “overt curriculum”, “covert curriculum”, “null curriculum”, “pedagogical content knowledge”. The understanding of these and other concepts is critical to enable contemporary education to be regarded as a truly professional domain.
Slow-Goldstone mode generated by order from quantum disorder and its experimental detection
Authors: Sun Fadi , Ye Jinwu
Published: October 2021

Abstract

The order from quantum disorders (OFQD) phenomenon is well-known and ubiquitous in particle physics and frustrated magnetic systems. Typically, OFQD transfers a spurious Goldstone mode into a pseudo-Goldstone mode with a tiny gap. Here, we report an opposite phenomenon: OFQD transfers a spurious quadratic mode into a true linear Goldstone mode with a very small velocity (named slow-Goldstone mode). This new phenomenon is demonstrated in an interacting bosonic system subjected to an Abelian flux. We develop a new and systematic OFQD analysis to determine the true quantum ground state and the whole excitation spectrum. In the weak-coupling limit, the superfluid ground state has a 4-sublattice 90° coplanar spin structure, which supports 4 linear Goldstone modes with 3 different velocities. One of which is generated by the OFQD is much softer than the other 3 Goldstone modes, so it can be easily detected in the cold atom or photonic experiments. In the strong-coupling limit, the ferromagnetic Mott ground state with a true quadratic Goldstone mode. We speculate that there could be some topological phases intervening between the two symmetry broken states. These novel phenomena may be observed in the current cold-atom or photonic experiments subjected to an Abelian flux at the weak coupling limit where the heatings may be well under control. Possible connections to Coleman-Weinberg potential in particle physics, 1/N expansion of Sachdev-Ye-Kitaev models and zero temperature quantum black hole entropy are outlined.
Beeinflussung der psychosozialen Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen durch das Tragen von Gesichtsmasken im öffentlichen Raum zur Prävention von Infektionskrankheiten: Ein systematischer Review
Authors: Freiberg Alice , Horvath Katy , Hahne Taurai Monalisa , Drössler Stephanie , Kämpf Daniel , Spura Anke , Buhs Bernhard , Reibling Nadine , De Bock Freia , Apfelbacher Christian , Seidler Andreas
Published: October 2021

Hintergrund

Zur Prävention tröpfchenübertragener Infektionskrankheiten wird das Tragen einer Maske im öffentlichen Raum unter bestimmten Bedingungen empfohlen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Ziel war, über eine sensitive Literatursuche möglichst alle deutsch- und englischsprachigen Forschungsergebnisse aus begutachteten Fachzeitschriftenartikeln zu den Auswirkungen des Masketragens zur Prävention von Infektionen auf die psychosoziale Entwicklung von Kindern und Jugendlichen zusammenzutragen.

Methoden

Es wurde ein systematischer Review unter Berücksichtigung verschiedener Studiendesigns durchgeführt (Suchzeitraum bis einschließlich 12.07.2021). Das Verzerrungsrisiko der Studien wurde mit einem Risk-of-Bias-Verfahren ermittelt. Es fand eine deskriptiv-narrative Ergebnissynthese statt.

Ergebnisse

Es wurden 13 Studien eingeschlossen, wobei das Gesamtverzerrungsrisiko in allen Primärstudien als hoch eingeschätzt wurde. Es gibt Hinweise aus Befragungsstudien, dass die Fähigkeit zum Lesen der Mimik von Kindern/Jugendlichen und/oder ihren Betreuer:innen im (Vor‑)Schulsetting durch das Masketragen als beeinträchtigt erlebt wird, die durch mehrere Experimentalstudien bestätigt wurden. 2 Studien berichteten über psychische Symptome wie Ängste oder Stresserleben sowie Konzentrations- und Lernschwierigkeiten durch das Masketragen während der COVID-19-Pandemie. Eine Studie während der SARS-Pandemie 2002/2003 untersuchte mündliche Prüfungsleistungen in Englisch als Fremdsprache und zeigte keinen Unterschied zwischen den Bedingungen „Maske“ versus „keine Maske“.

Diskussion

Zu den Auswirkungen des Masketragens auf verschiedene Entwicklungsbereiche von Kindern und Jugendlichen lassen sich basierend auf der unzureichenden Studienlage nur wenige Erkenntnisse ableiten. Es fehlen Forschungsdaten zu den Folgen für die Endpunkte psychische Entwicklung, Sprachentwicklung, sozioemotionale Entwicklung, soziales Verhalten, Schulerfolg und Teilhabe. Weitere qualitative Studien und epidemiologische Studien sind unbedingt nötig.
Changes in physico-mechanical properties of water caltrop fruit (Trapa natans L.) during the drying process
Authors: Toma Cezary , Kukliński Mariusz , Dajdok Zygmunt
Published: October 2021

The cosmopolitan water caltrop plant (Trapa natans L.) produces nuts, which in the maturing process develop very hard pericarps. This hardness, together with structure and shape (external spikes) of pericarp and seed, and the water contained in the fruit are responsible for their mechanical properties. This study determined the force needed to break Trapa natans nuts at various drying stages, with tests having been carried out at weekly intervals until the fruit dried completely. The amount of force necessary for cracking nuts at each of the 6 drying stages was determined, as well as the work of crushing calculated until the greatest compressive force (crushing force) was reached. The force needed to rupture the hydrated fruit in the horizontal plane was higher than that necessary for the rupture of dried fruit. The experiment showed that the maximum force needed to crush the fruit was 828.7 N and occurred when crushing the fruit after 2 weeks of drying, while the largest calculated crushing work was 2185.5 mJ for the same fruit. Other strength parameters were introduced to characterize mechanical properties of water caltrop in a more extensive scope. These are hardness defined as a ratio of compressive force increment to strain increment, specific crushing energy defined as a ratio of crushing work to water caltrop’s mass, and unit crashing force defined as a ratio of crushing force to caltrop’s thickness. All these parameters reached their highest mean values for pericarps after 2 weeks of desiccation. Mass measurements were also applied in modelling the desiccation process by the exponential function. The very dense pericarp material, after reaching maturity, slightly changes during drying. It can be used industrially as an extremely durable and biodegradable biological material. Results also suggest that the great evolutionary success of the species may result from the ability of the pericarp to protect its seeds, leading to the spread of this species in aquatic environments.
Efficient well placement optimization under uncertainty using a virtual drilling procedure
Authors: Kristoffersen Brage S. , Silva Thiago L. , Bellout Mathias C. , Berg Carl Fredrik
Published: October 2021

An Automatic Well Planner (AWP) is used to efficiently adjust pre-determined well paths to honor near-well properties and increase overall production. AWP replicates modern geosteering decision-making where adjustments to pre-programmed well paths are driven by continuous integration of data obtained from logging-while-drilling and look-ahead technology. In this work, AWP is combined into a robust optimization scheme to develop trajectories that follow reservoir properties in a more realistic manner compared to common well representations for optimization purposes. Core AWP operation relies on an artificial neural network coupled with a geology-based feedback mechanism. Specifically, for each well path candidate obtained from an outer-loop optimization procedure, AWP customizes trajectories according to the particular geological near-well properties of each realization in an ensemble of models. While well placement searches typically rely on linear well path representations, AWP develops customized trajectories by moving sequentially from heel to the toe. Analog to realistic drilling operations, AWP determines subsequent trajectory points by efficiently processing neighboring geological information. Studies are performed using the Olympus ensemble. AWP and the two derivative-free algorithms used in this work, Asynchronous Parallel Pattern Search (APPS) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), are implemented using NTNU’s open-source optimization framework FieldOpt. Results show that, with both APPS and PSO, the AWP solutions outperform the solutions obtained with a straight-line parameterization in all the three tested well placement optimization scenarios, which varied from the simplest scenario with a sole producer in a single-realization environment to a scenario with the full ensemble and multiple producers.
Inuit and Local Knowledge on the Marine Ecosystem in Ilulissat Icefjord, Greenland
Authors: Schiøtt Sascha , Tejsner Pelle , Rysgaard Søren
Published: October 2021

The interview survey conducted in Ilulissat, Ilimanaq, and Qasigiannguit in Greenland during March–April 2019 showed that the local fishers are changing fishing strategies and adapting to a changing environment caused by climate change. The main fjord of Ilulissat Icefjord is usually filled with icebergs year-round, making it impossible to navigate. Currently, there are more ice clearing events in Ilulissat Icefjord during the winter than previously. The traditional pattern of going fishing using dogsled is changing and fishing from boats occurs, whenever the main fjord clears of ice. The poorer sea ice conditions in the southern branch of the fjord system, combined with the fact that it is increasingly challenging to reach fishing sites, have resulted in fishers from Qasigiannguit not going to the Icefjord as much as they used to. Ilulissat Icefjord is by any means considered important fishing and hunting ground by locals, as both Greenland halibut and ringed seals are known to be of larger size inside the fjord system, when compared to those caught in Disco Bay. The locals use Ilulissat Icefjord during a limited period of the year, and the fjord is therefore said to be protected from overexploitation. They observe the immediate effects of climate change from changes in the ice conditions, a change in the fjord's accessibility, and the occurrence of Atlantic cod, which were not present in the fjord system in such numbers before.
Intestinal Protein Characterisation of SARS-CoV-2 Entry Molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) and Fatal COVID-19 Infection
Authors: McAllister Milly J. , Kirkwood Kathryn , Chuah Shaun C. , Thompson Emily J. , Cartwright Jennifer A. , Russell Clark D. , Dorward David A. , Lucas Christopher D. , Ho Gwo-tzer
Published: October 2021

Abstract—

The coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 contributes to morbidity and mortality mainly as a result of immune-pathology in the lungs. Recent data has shown multi-system involvement with widespread viral tropism. Here we present a detailed intestinal protein characterisation of SARS-Cov-2 entry molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease ([IBD]; ulcerative colitis [UC] and Crohn’s disease [CD]) with age- and sex-matched non-IBD controls, and in those with fatal COVID-19 infection. In our dataset, ACE2 and TMPRSS2 displayed a membrane enterocyte staining in the ileum (due to presence of brush border/microvilli) in contrast to a cytoplasmic pattern in the colon. We also showed a high ACE2/low TMPRSS2 expression pattern in the ileum with a reverse trend in the colon. In UC, colonic ACE2 and TMPRSS2 are cytoplasmic in nature, with significantly higher ACE2 staining intensity compared to non-IBD controls. In inflamed and unaffected IBD mucosa, ileal and colonic enterocyte ACE2 and TMPRSS2 expressions are not modified in the histologic presence of inflammation. We observed immune cells within the lamina propria that expressed ACE2 and TMPRSS2, at higher frequencies in IBD when compared to non-IBD controls. These were identified as plasma cells with multiple myeloma oncogene 1/interferon regulatory factor 4 (MUM1/IRF4) expression. We further analysed the gut histology of six fatal COVID-19 cases, with no difference in colonic and ileal ACE2/TMRPSS2 staining (compared to non-IBD controls) and identified ACE2 + lamina propria plasma cells. Of interest, in this COVID-19 cohort, there was no histologic evidence gut inflammation despite known evidence of viral tropism within the enterocytes. Our data provides evidence for tissue expression of entry molecules ACE2 and TMPRSS2 including a close apposition to plasma cells — both pointing towards a role of the gut in the antecedent immune response to SARS-CoV-2 infection.
Empathy and Cognitive Processing as Factors Determining the Consequences of Secondary Exposure to Trauma Among Roman Catholic Clergymen
Authors: Juczyński Zygfryd , Ogińska-Bulik Nina , Binnebesel Józef
Published: October 2021

By helping individuals after traumatic experiences, the helper is also exposed to the consequences of trauma. The aim of this study was to determine the predictors of consequences of secondary exposure to trauma among clergymen and therapists (N = 140) helping victims of trauma in Poland. Symptoms of secondary traumatic stress (STS) were identified in 22.9% of the clergymen and 8.6% of therapists, and secondary posttraumatic growth (SPTG) in 61.4% of the clergymen and 42.9% of therapists. STS and SPTG predictors were identified based on regression models. In the case of clergymen, regret is a determinant of STS, and positive cognitive restructuring of SPTG. Research findings highlight the need to increase awareness of exposure to secondary trauma among the clergy, and for them to acquire greater skills for coping with stress.
Supporting Student System Modelling Practice Through Curriculum and Technology Design
Authors: Bielik Tom , Stephens Lynn , McIntyre Cynthia , Damelin Daniel , Krajcik Joseph S.
Published: October 2021

Developing and using models to make sense of phenomena or to design solutions to problems is a key science and engineering practice. Classroom use of technology-based tools can promote the development of students’ modelling practice, systems thinking, and causal reasoning by providing opportunities to develop and use models to explore phenomena. In previous work, we presented four aspects of system modelling that emerged during our development and initial testing of an online system modelling tool. In this study, we provide an in-depth examination and detailed evidence of 10th grade students engaging in those four aspects during a classroom enactment of a system modelling unit. We look at the choices students made when constructing their models, whether they described evidence and reasoning for those choices, and whether they described the behavior of their models in connection with model usefulness in explaining and making predictions about the phenomena of interest. We conclude with a set of recommendations for designing curricular materials that leverage digital tools to facilitate the iterative constructing, using, evaluating, and revising of models.
Building geopolymers for CuHe part I: thermal properties of raw materials as precursors for geopolymers
Authors: Pulidori Elena , Lluveras-Tenorio Anna , Carosi Rita , Bernazzani Luca , Duce Celia , Pagnotta Stefano , Lezzerini Marco , Barone Germana , Mazzoleni Paolo , Tiné Maria Rosaria
Published: October 2021

This paper presents the results obtained from the thermal analysis of a set of geomaterials (clays, pyroclastic materials, and industrial recycled materials) to be used as raw materials for the synthesis of geopolymers, specifically designed for the conservation of Cultural Heritage (CH) buildings, particularly in seismic hazard zones such as Sicily. X-ray diffraction and gas volumetric analysis (calcimetry) were applied to this set of raw materials in order to characterize the materials from the chemical and structural point of view. Thermogravimetric analysis (TG), TG coupled to Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (TG-FTIR), and differential scanning calorimetry were used to characterize their thermal behavior. The statistical treatment of the thermogravimetric data by principal component analysis and hierarchical clustering analysis highlights the direct relation between the thermal data and the material composition that will be exploited for the selection of the best materials to obtain geopolymers specifically designed for the conservation of CH buildings.
A Method to Measure the Diffusion Coefficient in Liquids
Authors: Hamada Mayumi , de Anna Pietro
Published: October 2021

Molecular diffusion in liquids is a key process in numerous systems: it is often the reaction rate limiting factor in biological or chemical reaction. Molecular diffusion has been recognized as the ultimate mechanism by which substances concentration get homogenized and, thus, their mixing and dilution occur. Here, we propose a novel method to directly measure the diffusion coefficientDof solutes or suspensions in liquids. Differently from current methods, as Dynamic Light Scattering or Fluorescent Correlation Spectroscopy, our method does not rely on previous knowledge on the fluid or tracer properties, but it is based on directly measuring the concentration spatial profile of a considered tracer with optical techniques within a diffusion chamber. We test this novel method on a sample of mono-dispersed suspension of spherical colloids for which an estimate forDcan be made based on Einstein–Stokes relation. We, then, use this technique to measure the diffusion coefficient of a non-spherical tracer. We further quantify mixing of the considered tracers in the confined domain of the diffusion chamber: we show that, since diffusion-limited mixing (quantified in terms of the dilution index) in a confined space happens faster than un-confined domain, the finite size of the diffusion chamber must be taken into account to properly estimateDand the tracer mixing degree.
Risk, Responsibility, Rudeness, and Rules: The Loneliness of the Social Distance Warrior
Authors: Shaw David M.
Published: October 2021

We have a responsibility to obey COVID-19 rules, in order to minimize risk. Yet it is still seen as rude to challenge people who do not respect those rules, when in fact the opposite is true; it is rude to increase risk to others. In this paper I analyse the relationship between risk, responsibility, and rudeness by analysing the evolution of the main governmental slogans and rules and explore the complex relationship between simplicity, safety, and perceived fairness of these rules, and how these features in turn influence the extent to which we act responsibly. I begin by exploring the relationship between rudeness and risk in our interactions about coronavirus, before going on to analyse the importance of clear rules in minimizing tension between us, illustrating the argument with various slogans including “stay at home,” “stay alert,” and the now infamous “rule of six,” which is actually at least three different rules. Ultimately, we are faced with a paradox: people annoyed about complex/unfair rules are less likely to obey them, even if that means rules will apply for longer and even though it was noncompliance with earlier simpler rules that means new rules are necessary. And if rules make less or no sense it is harder to try to get people to follow them in your own capacity as a citizen; it is hard to police rules that are seen as arbitrary or unfair.
Biodegradation and Photodegradation of Vegetation-Derived Dissolved Organic Matter in Tidal Marsh Ecosystems
Authors: Shelton Sydney , Neale Patrick , Pinsonneault Andrew , Tzortziou Maria
Published: October 2021

Tidal wetlands are a significant source of dissolved organic matter (DOM) to coastal ecosystems, which impacts nutrient cycling, light exposure, carbon dynamics, phytoplankton activity, microbial growth, and ecosystem productivity. There is a wide variety of research on the properties and sources of DOM; however, little is known about the characteristics and degradation of DOM specifically sourced from tidal wetland plants. By conducting microbial and combined UV exposure and microbial incubation experiments of leachates from fresh and senescent plants in Chesapeake Bay wetlands, it was demonstrated that senescent material leached more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) than fresh material (77.9 ± 54.3 vs 21.6 ± 11.8 mg DOC L−1, respectively). Degradation followed an exponential decay pattern, and the senescent material averaged 50.5 ± 9.45% biodegradable DOC (%BDOC), or the loss of DOC due to microbial degradation. In comparison, the fresh material averaged a greater %BDOC (72.6 ± 19.2%). Percent remaining of absorbance (83.3 ± 26.7% for fresh, 90.1 ± 10.8% for senescent) was greater than percent remaining DOC, indicating that colored DOM is less bioavailable than non-colored material. Concentrations of DOC leached, %BDOC, and SUVA280 varied between species, indicating that the species composition of the marsh likely impacts the quantity and quality of exported DOC. Comparing the UV + microbial to the microbial only incubations did not reveal any clear effects on %BDOC but UV exposure enhanced loss of absorbance during subsequent dark incubation. These results demonstrate the impacts of senescence on the quality and concentration of DOM leached from tidal wetland plants, and that microbes combined with UV impact the degradation of this DOM differently from microbes alone.
What is a data model?
Authors: Antoniou Antonis
Published: October 2021

Many decades ago Patrick Suppes argued rather convincingly that theoretical hypotheses are not confronted with the direct, raw results of an experiment, rather, they are typically compared with models of data. What exactly is a data model however? And how do the interactions of particles at the subatomic scale give rise to the huge volumes of data that are then moulded into a polished data model? The aim of this paper is to answer these questions by presenting a detailed case study of the construction of data models at the LHCb for testing Lepton Flavour Universality in rare decays of B-mesons. The close examination of the scientific practice at the LHCb leads to the following four main conclusions: (i) raw data in their pure form are practically useless for the comparison of experimental results with theory, and processed data are in some cases epistemically more reliable, (ii) real and simulated data are involved in the co-production of the final data model and cannot be easily distinguished, (iii) theory-ladenness emerges at three different levels depending on the scope and the purpose for which background theory guides the overall experimental process and (iv) the overall process of acquiring and analysing data in high energy physics is too complicated to be fully captured by a generic methodological description of the experimental practice.
Assessment of water availability vulnerability in the Cerrado
Authors: Althoff Daniel , Rodrigues Lineu Neiva , da Silva Demetrius David
Published: October 2021

Many basins in the Cerrado biome already face increases in water disputes caused by agricultural expansion without long-term planning and monitoring of natural resources. The amount and timing of water availability are crucial for the socioeconomic development of agricultural activities and climate change resilience enhancement in the Cerrado. This study relied on a dataset developed for the Cerrado to characterize its climate and current water availability status. Different climate indices and hydrological signatures were adopted to describe the energy and water budget, climate seasonality, flow magnitude, flow dynamics, and average duration of low-flow events. Risk analysis was carried out to classify the monthly risk severity and identify periods and regions under a higher pressure regarding water availability in the Cerrado. Overall, the water availability is higher in the western and southern regions and lower in the eastern and northern regions, which experience a transition to a humid and semiarid climate, respectively. The water resources in the Cerrado occur under the highest pressure in September and October. We also identified regions with the potential to increase sustainable water use. These regions exhibit a low ratio between the flow equal to or exceeded 95% of the time and the mean flow (Q95/Q), which indicates that sustainable water use may be improved with techniques related to flow regularization and rainwater/runoff harvesting.
LncRNA USP30-AS1 promotes the survival of acute myeloid leukemia cells by cis-regulating USP30 and ANKRD13A
Authors: Zhou Wei , Xu Shilin , Deng Tingfen , Zhou Ruiqing , Wang Caixia
Published: October 2021

Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a malignant tumor derived from leukemia stem cells, with complicated pathogenesis. LncRNAs play an important role in tumors genesis and progression. According to results from bioinformatics analysis, lncRNA USP30-AS1 is highly expressed in AML and both the high expression of USP30-AS1 and low methylation level at Cg03124318 locus ofUSP30-AS1gene promoter are associated with poor prognosis of AML. This study knocked down and overexpressed USP30-AS1 to determine the roles in AML cell lines. High-throughput sequencing was performed to explore the genes regulated by USP30-AS1. Results showed that USP30-AS1 promoted AML cell viability and inhibited apoptosis. Genes regulated by USP30-AS1 are mainly related to genetic regulation and immune system. Among them,USP30andANKRD13Agenes are close toUSP30-AS1gene in chromosome. Knockdown of USP30, but not ANKRD13A, abolished the cancer-promoting effects of USP30-AS1. ANKRD13A recognizes Lys-63-linked polyubiquitin chain in HLA-I. USP30-AS1 induced HLA-I internalization from the cell membrane by up-regulating ANKRD13A, which might induce the immune escape of AML cells. ChIP analysis revealed that the regulatory effects of USP30-AS1 on USP30 and ANKRD13A are associated with H3K4me3 and H3K27Ac. In summary, USP30-AS1 probably promotes AML cell survival bycis-regulating USP30 and ANKRD13A.
Parentification in Polish Adolescents: a Prevalence Study
Authors: Borchet Judyta , Hooper Lisa M. , Tomek Sara , Schneider Wei S. , Dębski Maciej
Published: October 2021

This study investigated the prevalence of parentification in a nationwide cross-sectional study. There wereN = 47,984 Polish adolescents aged 12–21 (M = 15.60;SD = 1.98; female 52.7%, male 47.3%). The results indicated that more adolescents experienced emotional parentification (toward parents 35.9%; toward siblings 25.2%) as compared to instrumental parentification (toward parents 7.2%; toward siblings 15.5%), which is noteworthy, since emotional parentification is the most detrimental form of parentification in USA samples. Overall, 15.5% of the participants reported a sense of injustice related to their family caregiving roles and 61.2% reported satisfaction related to their family caregiving roles. The results are important given the dearth of prevalence studies.
Generic properties of homeomorphisms preserving a given dynamical simplex
Authors: MELLERAY JULIEN
Published: October 2021

Given a dynamical simplex K on a Cantor space X, we consider the set
$G_K^*$
of all homeomorphisms of X which preserve all elements of K and have no non-trivial clopen invariant subset. Generalizing a theorem of Yingst, we prove that for a generic element g of
$G_K^*$
the set of invariant measures of g is equal to K. We also investigate when there exists a generic conjugacy class in
$G_K^*$
and prove that this happens exactly when K has only one element, which is the unique invariant measure associated to some odometer; and that in that case the conjugacy class of this odometer is generic in
$G_K^*$
.