bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Role of the Pediatrician in Rural Emergency Medical Services for Children
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON PEDIATRIC EMERGENCY MEDICINE, Moore Brian , Sapien Robert , Shaw Kathy , Ackerman Alice , Fein Joel A. , Fitzmaurice Laura S. , Frush Karen S. , Fuchs Susan , Hampers Louis C. , Moore Brian , O’Malley Patricia J. , Wright Joseph L. , Yamamoto Loren G.
Published: October 2012

In rural America, pediatricians can play a key role in the development, implementation, and ongoing supervision of emergency medical services for children (EMSC). Pediatricians may represent the only source of pediatric expertise for a large region and are a vital resource for rural physicians (eg, general and family practice, emergency medicine) and other rural health care professionals (physician assistants, nurse practitioners, and emergency medical technicians), providing education about management and prevention of pediatric illness and injury; appropriate equipment for the acutely ill or injured child; and acute, chronic, and rehabilitative care. In addition to providing clinical expertise, the pediatrician may be involved in quality assurance, clinical protocol development, and advocacy, and may serve as a liaison between emergency medical services and other entities working with children (eg, school nurses, child care centers, athletic programs, and programs for children with special health care needs).
Instrument-Based Pediatric Vision Screening Policy Statement
Authors:   AMERICAN ACADEMY OF PEDIATRICS Section on Ophthalmology and,   Committee on Practice and Ambulatory Medicine,   AMERICAN ACADEMY OF OPHTHALMOLOGY,   AMERICAN ASSOCIATION FOR PEDIATRIC OPHTHALMOLOGY AND STRABISMUS,   AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF CERTIFIED ORTHOPTISTS
Published: October 2012

A policy statement describing the use of automated vision screening technology (instrument-based vision screening) is presented. Screening for amblyogenic refractive error with instrument-based screening is not dependent on behavioral responses of children, as when visual acuity is measured. Instrument-based screening is quick, requires minimal cooperation of the child, and is especially useful in the preverbal, preliterate, or developmentally delayed child. Children younger than 4 years can benefit from instrument-based screening, and visual acuity testing can be used reliably in older children. Adoption of this new technology is highly dependent on third-party payment policies, which could present a significant barrier to adoption.
Standards for Health Information Technology to Ensure Adolescent Privacy
Authors:   COMMITTEE ON ADOLESCENCE,   COUNCIL ON CLINICAL AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY, Blythe Margaret J. , Adelman William P. , Breuner Cora C. , Levine David A. , Marcell Arik V. , Murray Pamela J. , O’Brien Rebecca F. , Del Beccaro Mark A. , Schneider Joseph H. , Weinberg Stuart T. , Alexander Gregg M. , Drummond Willa Hendricks , Francis Anne B. , Handler Eric G. , Johnson Timothy D. , Kim George R. , Leu Michael , Tham Eric , Zuckerman Aland E.
Published: October 2012

This Policy Statement was reaffirmed December 2018 and December 2021.

Privacy and security of health information is a basic expectation of patients. Despite the existence of federal and state laws safeguarding the privacy of health information, health information systems currently lack the capability to allow for protection of this information for minors. This policy statement reviews the challenges to privacy for adolescents posed by commercial health information technology systems and recommends basic principles for ideal electronic health record systems. This policy statement has been endorsed by the Society for Adolescent Health and Medicine.
Use of Subepithelial Connective Tissue Graft as a Biological Barrier: A Human Clinical and Histologic Case Report
Authors: Santagata Mario , Guariniello Luigi , Prisco Rosario V. E , Tartaro Gianpaolo , D'Amato Salvatore
Published: October 2012

The aim of the present study was to develop a method to study the healing process after gingival grafting and to observe the histologic results after use of the modified edentulous ridge expansion technique. A 47-year-old nonsmoking woman with a noncontributory past medical history affected by edentulism associated with a horizontal alveolar ridge defect was referred to the authors for surgical correction of the deficit to improve implant support and the final esthetics of an implant-borne prosthesis. At the 4-month follow-up visit, a biopsy was performed by a punch technique in the same sites of healing abutment connection. The tissue was elevated from the attached gingival. Clinically, the grafted tissues seemed to be attached to the bone surfaces. The histologic findings revealed dense grafted tissues, providing long-term stability to the area. No ligament or bone, characteristic for periodontal regeneration, were observed. The presence of thick attached keratinized tissue around implants may constitute a protective factor against marginal inflammation or trauma.
A Two-Stage Surgical Approach to the Treatment of Severe Peri-Implant Defect: A 30-Month Clinical Follow-Up Report
Authors: Kim Jong-Eun , Kim Ha-Young , Huh Jung-Bo , Lee Jeong-Yol , Shin Sang-Wan
Published: October 2012

With the advance of dental implant technology and the consequential increase in its success rate, the implant has become a highly predictable treatment method. Despite this, related complications are on the rise, with peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis being the most commonly observed. As in the case of conventional periodontitis, many patients experience peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. In this case presentation, extensive bone loss occurred around the implant due to peri-implantitis, and the infection was first treated by applying chlorhexidine-soaked gauze and topical antibiotics. Then the guided bone regeneration procedure was performed using a bovine bone material and a collagen membrane, which resulted in the recovery of the lesion. With follow-ups of the healing process for 30 months, a successful outcome was observed that is reported herein.
Psicoterapia breve pais-bebê: revisando a literatura
Authors: Prado Luiz Carlos , Gomes Aline Grill , Frizzo Giana Bitencourt , Santos Cristiane A dos , Schwenberger Daniela Delias de Souza , Lopes Rita Sobreira , Piccinini Cesar Augusto
Published: October 2012

Este artigo apresenta uma revisão da literatura a respeito da psicoterapia breve pais-bebê. Inicialmente são apresentados aspectos históricos, desde o surgimento da psicoterapia breve, passando pelas formulações teóricas que enfatizaram a importância das relações iniciais pais-bebê até a constituição do campo da psicoterapia breve pais-bebê propriamente dita. Constata-se que várias abordagens compõem o panorama atual das psicoterapias pais-bebê, as quais apresentam uma ampla diversidade de referenciais teóricos e técnicos. Foram também revisados, em particular, estudos empíricos sobre a utilização dessa abordagem no contexto da depressão materna. Por fim, apresentam-se os procedimentos utilizados pelos autores deste artigo em uma pesquisa em andamento envolvendo o atendimento psicoterápico breve pais-bebê em famílias com mães deprimidas. Essa abordagem tem se mostrado efetiva na promoção de um melhor relacionamento mãe-pai-bebê na presença sintomas depressivos da mãe.
Maternidade no contexto do HIV/AIDS: gestação e terceiro mês de vida do bebê
Authors: Faria Evelise Rigoni de , Piccinini Cesar Augusto
Published: October 2012

Este estudo buscou investigar, em mães primíparas portadoras do HIV/AIDS, percepções e sentimentos sobre maternidade, desenvolvimento do bebê e relação mãe-bebê, na gestação e no terceiro mês de vida do bebê. Participaram cinco mães soropositivas com idade entre 19 e 37 anos. Utilizaram-se entrevistas para investigar diversos aspectos da gestação e da maternidade. As respostas foram examinadas por análise de conteúdo qualitativa com base em três categorias: vivência da maternidade; desenvolvimento do bebê; relação mãe-bebê. As mães relataram preocupação com a possível infecção do bebê, medo do preconceito e frustração pela não amamentação. Prevaleceram, entretanto, satisfações com a maternidade, com a interação mãe-bebê e com o desenvolvimento infantil. Os resultados revelaram que o HIV/AIDS não tem necessariamente um impacto negativo para a maternidade e para a relação mãe-bebê, principalmente quando há presença de apoio familiar, relacionamento positivo com a figura materna e acesso o tratamento especializado. Discute-se a importância de intervenções psicológicas diante da ansiedade associada ao HIV/AIDS na gestação e maternidade.
Influence of epoxy type in concrete beams strengthened with fibre-reinforced polymer
Authors: Andrade Jairo José de Oliveira
Published: October 2012

An evaluation to verify the effect of the epoxy resin type in the durability of reinforced concrete beams strengthened with carbon-fibre-reinforced polymer was performed in order to assess which is more efficient. The performance of these specimens was assessed by evaluating the flexural capacity and load–deflection relationships of the beams after placing them in different environments, directly or indirectly, with simulated field conditions for a specified period of time. The specimens were exposed to four environmental conditions: a controlled laboratory environment, outside environment (direct exposure to field conditions), wet–dry in normal water environment and wet–dry saline (sodium chloride) water environment. The specimens of different wet–dry environments were exposed to a time cycle of 2 weeks inside the solution and 2 weeks outside the solution. The tests were carried out after 4 and 6 months of exposure to different environmental conditions. An analysis of variance was performed with the results of the beam's rupture tests in order to assess the influence of the exposure conditions and the epoxy resin type in the beam's rupture load.
Road network topology vulnerability analysis and application
Authors: Tu Yingfei , Yang Chao , Chen Xiaohong
Published: October 2012

The performance degradation of a road network is determined by the network's vulnerability to incidents. When some links become unavailable after incidents, the connectivity of the network may be destroyed. As the connectivity of the network is always determined by its topological structure, the vulnerability of the road network topology structure was investigated. A vector-formed index was proposed to quantify the network's topology vulnerability. This index could be used to compare different networks, so it could become a useful tool for planners in comparing and selecting schemes. The value of the cardinality of the vector indicates the number of link sets, whose unavailability could destroy the connectivity of the network. A greater value indicates a more vulnerable network. Based on the network's topology vulnerability index, the criticality index of links can also be calculated. A larger criticality index for a link means a more critical link. Therefore, identifying critical links in a network is important for planning, and more emergency reaction resources should be allocated to these critical links. The result of a trial network shows the monotonicity of a link's criticality and a network's topology vulnerability. The Shanghai freeway network was tested as an application example. Its topology vulnerability was evaluated, all links were ranked, and the construction sequence of three planning schemes was proposed. Finally a discussion about the theory and application is presented.
Threat or treat: the role of fish exudates in the growth and life history of Daphnia
Authors: Maszczyk Piotr , Bartosiewicz Maciej
Published: October 2012

In kairomone studies, it is often implicitly assumed that the only effect of predator exudates on their prey is to trigger anti‐predator defenses. However, chemicals originating from fish activity may also fertilize the environment and enhance the growth of zooplankton prey by increasing bacterial food availability. It is necessary to separate these two effects in order to examine the adaptive significance of zooplankton anti‐predation defenses and the ability of the prey to benefit from fish‐related food.

Here, we have employed differential filtration of media to permit assessment of these two effects on growth rate and life history adjustments in two Daphnia species that differ in body size and the ability to collect small particles (greater in small‐bodied D. cucullata than in larger D. hyalina). Filters of three mesh sizes were employed: 2 μm (most bacteria pass, but detritus is retained), 0.45 μm (standard) and 0.20 μm (most bacteria and detritus retained).

The concentration of kairomones in the fish medium was assumed to be unaffected by filtration. However, the abundance of bacteria in the fish and no‐fish media was dependent on the filter mesh size. This influenced the food level and its impact on Daphnia growth rate and life history. The effect of fish‐related bacterial food was greater under low than under high algal food conditions (0.1 and 1.0 mg C/L) and more significant in D. cucullata.

Use of media with a diminished bacterial abundance revealed the effect of kairomones alone as (1) reduced growth rate, size at reproduction, number of pre‐adult instars, age at maturation, level of the integrated egg and body lipids, egg volume, and (2) increased number of eggs per clutch vs. body length. These effects were equally strong in both species, despite differences in body size, and were greater at the higher algal food concentration. The findings of this study indicate the need to re‐analyze and possibly revise the results of previous kairomone studies, especially those using media filtered through mesh sizes coarser than 0.2 μm that were performed under limiting algal food conditions or with species particularly able to benefit from bacterial food.
Reconsidering “Special Needs” Populations During a Disaster
Authors: Lavin Roberta Proffitt , Schemmel-Rettenmeier Lisa , Frommelt-Kuhle Molly
Published: October 2012

Meeting the “special needs” of at-risk populations affected by disasters is of the utmost importance. In the United States, there are 54 million people who fit into the special needs category who are defined as handicapped, disabled, vulnerable, challenged, or having special needs. The paramount importance for the special needs population is maintaining human dignity throughout the disaster management cycle. Government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and advocacy organizations have all worked together to attempt to address and ensure that the needs of all individuals are addressed throughout the disaster cycle. Each provider and emergency responder should be familiar with the Americans with Disabilities Act requirements, but this alone does not begin to address the needs of children, the elderly, or other individuals and their special needs. There are multiple theoretical frameworks that may be useful, but the most human approach may be to consider needs based on Maslow's hierarchy of needs.
The Role of Technology and Informatics in Disaster Planning and Response
Authors: Weiner Elizabeth , Slepski Lynn A.
Published: October 2012

It is clear that technology and informatics are becoming increasingly important in disasters and humanitarian response. Technology is a critical tool to recording, analyzing, and predicting trends in data that could not be achieved prior to its implementation. Informatics is the translation of this data into information, knowledge, and wisdom. Combining technology and informatics applications with response efforts has resulted in various enhanced biosurveillance efforts, advanced communications, and information management during disasters. Although these efforts have been well described in the literature, research on the impact of technology and informatics during these efforts has been limited. As a result, this chapter will provide an overview of these technology and informatics solutions and present suggestions for further research in an era when disaster and humanitarian response efforts continue to increase as well. A literature search was performed using PubMed search tools with the National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) terms of “disasters,” “disaster planning,” “disaster medicine,” “technology,” “informatics,” and “research.” Search limitations were set for 5 years and in English. Because of the limited number of research articles in this field, the MeSH term research was deleted.
International Disaster Humanitarian Assistance for Nurses
Authors: Stevermer Andrew C.
Published: October 2012

Nurses participate in humanitarian assistance following disasters throughout the world. Many have limited training or experience in this type of humanitarian aid. This chapter provides an overview and foundation of international humanitarian assistance for nurses to build upon to strengthen their participation in and contribution to these efforts. There is a growing sophistication and coordination of humanitarian assistance across many organizations and governments. This chapter reviews the research and resources that promote nurse participation in international disaster humanitarian assistance.
Scaled Solutions to Coupled Soil‐Water Flow and Solute Transport during the Redistribution Process
Authors: Sadeghi Morteza , Jones Scott B.
Published: October 2012

A recently developed method for scaling Richards' equation during soil‐water redistribution was extended here to derive invariant solutions for solute transport for a range of soils and initial conditions. Any arbitrary model for hydraulic properties can be used in Richards' equation. A transport model including both terms of convection and diffusion/dispersion is considered where the soil–solute reactions described by a linear sorption isotherm are considered. To evaluate the proposed method, Hydrus‐1D simulations were used to solve the water flow and solute transport equations for various soil textures and initial conditions. The resulting soil water content and solute concentrations profiles were scaled using the proposed method. The scaled results were nearly invariant for loam to clay soil textures and for a variety of initial conditions. The invariance of the scaled results implies a robust approach to scaling water flow and solute transport during the redistribution process and readily produces approximate solutions of the highly nonlinear governing equations.
New Chemical and Biological Aspects of S-Nitrosothiols
Authors: Wang K. , Zhang W. , Xian M. , Hou Y. C. , Chen X. C , Cheng J. P. , Wang P. G.
Published: October 2012

Nitric oxide (NO) possesses many physiological effects and S-nitrosothiols have been identified in a variety of tissues exhibiting many NO-like activities. This review focuses on the latest discoveries pertaining to the biological functions of S-nitrosothiols and the recent research progress in the chemical properties and biomedical applications of RSNOs.
Effects on Haemostasis Variables by Second and Third Generation Combined Oral Contraceptives A Review of Directly Comparative Studies
Authors: Kluft C.
Published: October 2012

Previous reports and reviews indicate differences in effects of second and third generation combined oral contraceptives (COCs) on haemostasis variables. This review analyses directly comparative studies on such effects. From the literature, 17 longitudinal comparative studies with parallel groups were retrieved, containing data on comparisons between COCs containing levonorgestrel (second generation COCs) and COCs containing desogestrel, gestodene or norgestimate (third generation COCs) with 30-35 mg ethinylestradiol. Six or more comparisons were available only for fibrinogen, platelet count, antithrombin III, factor VII, factor VIII and factor X. The comparisons reveal a consistently larger increase in factor VII with the third generation COCs compared to the second generation COCs. The effects on factor VII do not coincide in these comparative studies with effects on factor X and prothrombin, rendering a specific sensitivity of the vitamin K-dependent mechanisms for progestogens unlikely. Fibrinogen effects tend to be different for the different progestogens, suggesting a progestogen-specific dependence. Trends in antithrombin III are towards more reduction for the third generation COCs, but the effects are very minor. The effects on factor V suggest a possible progestogen specificity, which may be relevant to explain the difference in APC-resistance between second and third generation of COCs. In general, direct comparisons of effects of different types of COCs on haemostatic variables are available for only a very few factors, which hampers the drawing of general conclusions with respect to haemostatic consequences.
Estrogen Receptors alpha and beeta Two Receptors of a Kind
Authors: Dechering Koen , Boersma Christine , Mosselman Sietse
Published: October 2012

Ever since the discovery of estradiol and the elucidation of its chemical structure, there has been a great deal of interest in its mechanism of action and its potential therapeutic value. It is now well established that estrogens have many different functions in many different cell-types. With respect to the potential use of estrogens as therapeutics, there is an interest in controlling reproductive function, bone metabolism, cardiovascular disease, as well as in the prevention of hot flushes, mood changes and Alzheimers disease. For over a decade, it was believed that estrogens signal through a a single estrogen receptor, now referred to as ER alpha, which belongs to a family of ligand-activated transcription factors. More recently, however, a second estrogen receptor ERb was identified. The current review describes similarities as well as differences between these two distinct estrogen receptors. Both ER alpha and ER beeta bind 17beeta-estradiol with high affinity and they bind to classical estrogen response elements in a similar if not identical fashion. However, there are also major differences between ER alpha and ERbeeta for instance with respect to their tissue distribution, the phenotype of the corresponding knock-out mice and their transcriptional activities. It is anticipated that a better understanding of these two receptors will eventually lead to more selective ways of modulating physiological processes which are influenced by estrogens. For this purpose, the development of ERa and ERb specific ligands, both agonists as well as antagonists, will be of great importance.
Rapid Non-genomic Vasodilator Actions of Oestrogens and Sex Steroids
Authors: Ruehlmann Dietrich O. , Mann Giovanni E.
Published: October 2012

There is now convincing experimental evidence documenting acute and transient actions of steroid hormones in the vasculature. Steroids can rapidly activate signalling cascades within endothelial and smooth muscle cells that seem to bypass the classical, genomic receptor. Activation of these signalling cascades, involving alterations in intracellular Ca2 and MAPK activity, leads to changes in membrane potential and/or Ca2 fluxes through L-type channels. In addition to stimulating NO production acutely in endothelial cells, chronic exposure to 17b-oestradiol may activate expression of eNOS via a genomic receptor(s).
Orally Active Peptidomimetic RGD Analogs that are Glycoprotein IIb/IIIa Antagonists
Authors: Wang W. , Borchardt R. T. , Wang B.
Published: October 2012

AbstractPeptidomimetic RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) analogs, which bind to glycoprotein (GP) IIb/IIIa on the surface of activated platelets, have been shown to inhibit platelet aggregation. Consequently, such RGD analogs can be used for the treatment of unstable angina pectoris and myocardial infarction. However, the low oral bioavailability for this class of compounds has been hindering their clinical development. Although many factors affect the oral activity of a drug, the limited membrane permeability of RGD analogs due to charge and high polarity is thought to be a major factor leading to the low oral activity of such compounds. Another factor is the metabolic lability of some such RGD analogs in the presence of proteases and peptidases. During the last 5 years, major progress has been made in the development of orally active RGD analogs. To improve the metabolic stability of RGD analogs, N-alkylation and C-terminal modification methods have been used successfully. To improve the membrane permeability of RGD analogs, two major strategies have been used. The first one is the strategy of prodrug. Along this line, simple ester prodrugs, double prodrugs, triple prodrugs, and cyclic prodrugs have been prepared with improved membrane permeability and oral activity. The second approach used is the de novo design of centrally constrained RGD analogs with improved oral bioavailability while maintaining the desired potency against GP IIb/IIIa. The lessons learned from the modification of RGD analogs could also help the future design of other peptidomimetic drugs with improved oral bioavailability.
Enaminones-Versatile Therapeutic Pharmacophores. Further Advances
Authors: Eddington N. D. , Cox D. S. , Roberts R. R. , Stables J. P. , Powell C. B. , Scott K. R.
Published: October 2012

Enaminones, enamines of ß-dicarbonyl compounds, have been know for many years. In our initial account (Current Med. Chem. 1994, 1, 159-175), we reported on the anticonvulsant activity of a series of enaminones, notably methyl 4-[(p-chlorophenyl)amino]-6-methyl- 2-oxo-cyclohex-3-en-1-oate, 9a (R=CH 3 , R 1 =4-Cl), which, in animal tests, compared favorably to phenytoin and carbamazepine. Since that time, further research in our laboratory and other laboratories have expanded the therapeutic potential of these compounds. In addition to new anticonvulsant derivatives, we have uncovered a novel brain transport mechanism for the enaminones and developed a preliminary regression model for further synthetic direction. These topics will each be presented and elaborated.
Gossypol Prototype of Inhibitors Targeted to Dinucleotide Folds
Authors: Vander Jagt David L. , Deck Lorraine M. , Royer Robert E.
Published: October 2012

Gossypol, a disesquiterpene from cottonseed, exhibits multiple biological properties, including male antifertility activity and anticancer activity. Gossypol also inhibits the growth of numerous parasitic organisms and shows antiviral activity against a number of enveloped viruses, including the AIDS virus. Derivatives of gossypol, in which the aldehyde functional groups that contribute to toxicity have been modified, retain or even show enhanced biological activity. Ring substituted 2,3-dihydroxy- 1-naphthoic acids, which are structural analogs of gossypol, share with gossypol the ability to complex with dehydrogenases at the dinucleotide fold (Rossmann fold) with selectivity, suggesting that gossypol may be considered the prototype of a new class of drugs targeted to dehydrogenases. Most of the biological activities of gossypol and related compounds may result from inhibition of dehydrogenases.
Quantitative Structure - Activity Relationship (QSAR) Studies on Non Steroidal Anti-Inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
Authors: Hadjipavlou-Litina Dimitra
Published: October 2012

Different chemical structures have been found to possess different anti-inflammatory activities. Inflammation is a normal and essential response to any noxious stimulus which threatens the host and may vary from a localized response to a more generalized one. In view of the complexity and multitude of biochemical factors involved in inflammatory events, few general correlations of chemical structures and physicochemical properties with biological activities would be expected. Nevertheless some general features seem to be commonly associated with a large number of active drugs. However, these main features are not sufficient, but they could reflect certain physicochemical requirements for in vivo efficacy. QSAR is a useful means for maximizing the potency of a new lead compound. In the lead optimization phase of the synthetic project various QSAR procedures with the aid of computer-technology have been proposed. Among them, the classical Hansch approach has been widely used leading to quite a few successful examples. In the QSAR approaches, the prescription to optimise the lead structure is inferred from mathematical equations correlating variations in the potency of a certain biological activity with physicochemical and structural descriptors among congeneric molecules. The QSAR procedures are based on physical organic concepts and involve calculational operations. In the last years, quantum-chemical descriptors have been used in QSAR studies, because of the large physical information content encoded in many of the descriptors. Several anti-inflammatory receptor site models have been proposed. Since inflammation is a complex phenomenon involving interrelationships between humoral and cellular reactions through a number of inflammatory mediators, there is not much evidence on QSAR studies. Several QSAR studies have been reported obtaining only partial results. It was found that substituents which contribute to the high lipophilicity, were favourable to the activity. Substituents of short length (H, CH 3 ) have also a favourable effect. Satisfactory relationships between the in vivo activities and deprotonation energies, the HOMO energies and lipophilicities were found.
Detection and Occurrence of Indicator Organisms and Pathogens
Authors: Bhaduri Prianca , Stedtfeld Robert D. , Srinivasan Sangeetha , Kostic Tanja , Herzog Amanda B. , Kronlein Maggie R. , Stedtfeld Tiffany , Liu Yen‐Cheng , Hashsham Syed A.
Published: October 2012

This review summarizes key studies published in 2011 related to the detection and occurrence of fecal indicators and pathogens. The first section is a summary of the key findings and developments in detection methods for fecal indicators using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), microarrays, label‐free detection methods, isothermal amplification methods, immunoassays, microfluidics, and also advances in sample processing. The second section focuses on key studies in microbial source tracking (MST) and includes genotypic and phenotypic methods. The third section deals with studies on the occurrence, persistence and transport of conventional and alternative indicators.
Activated Sludge and Other Suspended Culture Processes
Authors: Jahan Kauser , Hoque Shamia , Ahmed Tariq
Published: October 2012

A review of the literature published in 2011 on topics related to activated sludge and other aerobic suspended growth processes is presented. The review encompasses modeling, nutrient removal, system design and operation, oxygen transfer and solids separation. Two topics that have seen an increase in activity compared to historical reviews are membrane bioreactors and fate and occurrence of hormones and pharmaceuticals, which are referred to as microconstituents following current WEF terminology. Microconstituents as they relate to suspended growth reactors are covered in this review, while membrane bioreactors are reviewed in another section in this journal. Other subsections from the Treatment Systems section that might also be related to this section include: Wastewater Collection Systems; Biological Fixed Film Systems; and Modeling, Instrumentation, Automation, and Optimization of Wastewater Treatment Facilities.  Many of the subsections in the Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants sections could also have some overlap with this section.
Membrane Processes
Authors: Pellegrin Marie‐Laure , Greiner Anthony D. , Aguinaldo Jorge , Diamond Jason , Gluck Steve , Burbano Marie Sedran , Arabi Sara , Wert Jason , McCandless Robert , Padhye Lokesh P. , Shoaf Robert
Published: October 2012

This review, for literature published in 2011, contains information related to membrane processes for municipal and industrial applications. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following topics: pretreatment, membrane bioreactor (MBR) configuration, design, nutrient removal, operation, industrial treatment, fixed film and anaerobic membrane systems, reuse, microconstituents removal, membrane technology advances, membrane fouling, and modeling.  Other sub‐sections of the Treatment Systems section that might relate to this literature review include: Biological Fixed‐Film Systems, Activated Sludge and Other Aerobic Suspended Culture Processes, Anaerobic Processes, Water Reclamation and Reuse. The following sections might also have related information on membrane processes: Industrial Wastes, Hazardous Wastes, and Fate and Effects of Pollutants.
Disinfection and Antimicrobial Processes
Authors: Kuo Jeff , Chan Tat‐Fu
Published: October 2012

A review of the literature published in 2011 on topics related to disinfection and antimicrobial processes for water and wastewater. This review is divided into the following sections: general, disinfection methods, disinfection chemistry, analytical methods, disinfection byproducts, distribution network, and biosolids.
Water Reclamation and Reuse
Authors: McVicar Monica , Anderson Lindsay , Zevenhuizen Emily , Mackie A.L. , Walsh M.E. , Gagnon G.A.
Published: October 2012

A review of the literature published in 2011 on topics relating to water reclamation and reuse is presented. This review is divided into the following sections: (1) General: extent of reuse, research needs, guidelines and monitoring, and health effects, (2) Treatment technologies: integrated process design, membrane treatment, membrane bioreactors, electrocoagulation, ion exchange and adsorption, wetlands, managed aquifer recharge, and (3) Planning and Management: public acceptance and education, economics/pricing, water quality planning and management and project/case studies. It can be seen from this review that treatment technology research has mainly focused on membranes and other innovative technologies.
Automotive Wastes
Authors: Kindzierski Warren B. , Small Christina C. , Fang Yi , Bari Md. Aynul , Hashisho Zaher
Published: October 2012

A review of the literature published in 2011 on topics relating to automotive wastes is presented. This includes solid wastes from automotive bodies, tires, vehicular emissions and their influence to air and soil contamination, as well as the impact of alternative fuels. Potential toxicological and health risks associated with automotive wastes are also reviewed.
Food‐Processing Wastes
Authors: Frenkel Val S. , Cummings Gregg , Tang Walter Z. , Maillacheruvu Krishnanand Y.
Published: October 2012

Literature published in 2011 and early 2012 related to food processing wastes treatment for industrial applications is reviewed. This review is a subsection of the Treatment Systems section of the annual Water Environment Federation literature review and covers the following food processing industries and applications: general, meat and poultry, fruits and vegetables, dairy and beverage, and anaerobic treatment of food wastes.
Textiles
Authors: Chiavola Agostina
Published: October 2012

A review of the literature published in 2011 on the various treatments applied to textile wastewater is presented. This review is divided into the following sections based on the class of treatment: physico‐chemical processes, biological processes, combined processes and others.
Sustainable Bioenergy from Biofuel‐derived Residues
Authors: Takara Devin , Nitayavardhana Saoharit , Munasinghe Pradeep , Surendra K.C. , Khanal Samir Kumar
Published: October 2012

A review of publications encompassing bioenergy from residues of biofuel industries is presented here. Articles are within two years of 2012 and incorporate the topics of advanced biofuels and bioproducts for current and future biorefineries.
Contaminated Aquatic Sediments
Authors: Jaglal Kendrick
Published: October 2012

A review of the literature published in print and/or online in 2011 on subjects relating to the assessment, evaluation and remediation of contaminated aquatic sediments is presented. The review is divided into the following sections: policy, methodology, chemical distribution, fate and transport, bioavailability, bioaccumulation, toxicity, risk assessment and remediation.
Groundwater Quality
Authors: Hua Bin , Yang John , Deng Baolin
Published: October 2012

Papers reviewed herein present a general overview of groundwater quality around the world in 2011. These include groundwater quality survey and assessment in urban and rural areas, and the impacts of land uses on groundwater quality, with a focus on groundwater contamination, pollution prevention, and remediation.
Effects of Pollution on Freshwater Organisms
Authors: Harmon S. Michele , Wiley Faith E.
Published: October 2012

This review includes works published in the general scientific literature during 2011 on the effects of anthropogenic pollutants on freshwater organisms. It begins with a section on research reviews. This is followed by reviews of research categorized in sections to reflect the pollutant class. These sections include wastewater, textile industry pollution, stormwater and non‐point source pollution, nutrients, botanical extracts, surfactants, metals, perchlorate, persistent organic pollutants, pharmaceuticals, endocrine disruptors, antimicrobials, pesticides, petroleum hydrocarbons and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ionic liquids, and nanomaterials. The final section includes works describing innovations in the field of freshwater pollution research.
Emerging Pollutants – Part II: Treatment
Authors: Bell Katherine Y. , Bandy Jeff , Beck Sara , Keen Olya , Kolankowsky Nicole , Parker Austa Marie , Linden Karl
Published: October 2012

This literature review summarizes publications appearing in 2011 on water and wastewater research pertaining to chemical or biological emerging pollutants. Part I: Occurrence, Fate, and Transport (the companion to this review) includes discussion of occurrence of emerging pollutants, sources of emerging pollutants, fate and transport of emerging pollutants in the environment, monitoring approaches, modeling, and regulatory discussions. Part II: Treatment (this review) includes discussion of various water and wastewater treatment technologies on emerging pollutants.
Analytical Methods for Pesticide Residues
Authors: Liang H. C. , Hay Michael T. , Drake Meneghetti Abbey M.
Published: October 2012

A review of literature published in 2011 on analytical methods for pesticides are presented here in six sections: extraction methods, chromatographic or mass spectrometric techniques, spectrophotometric techniques, fluorescence methods, biochemical assays and immunoassays, and review articles. Because many of the research studies in the cited publications utilized more than one analytical method, the different sections should not be thought of as being mutually exclusive.
Measuring the osteochondral connection of the femoral head and neck in patients with impingement femoroacetabulare by determining the angle of two alpha in lateral and anteroposterior hip radiographic images
Authors: Andjelkovic Zoran , Mladenovic Desimir
Published: October 2012

Background/Aim. Femoroacetabular impingement, a pathophysiological mechanism
of small morphological changes of the hip leads to early arthritic changes.
The aim of this study was to present a simple method for the quantification
of femoral head and neck junction in patients with cam form of
femoroacetabular impingement, in standardized anteroposterior and profile
DUNN 90 radiograms of the hips. Methods. In standardized anteroposterior and
profile DUNN 90 images of the hips we determined the angle of 2 alpha,
defined by our own original method. We tested 141 hips in 81 patients without
clinical signs of femoroacetabular impingement, and 153 hips in 76 patients
with clinically clear signs of femoroacetabular impingement. Results. The
value of the angle 2 alpha in anteroposterior hip radiograms was on average
113.7? for the patients with clinical symptoms of impingement, and 84.2? for
the control group of patients (p ? 0.0001), and in DUNN 90 profile
radiography of the hip, the value of 2 alpha angle in the patients group was
97.2?, and 74.6? in the control group (p ? 0.0001). The proposed method of
determining the angle 2 alpha showed a high level sensitivity (97.8%) and
specificity (98.7) and positive predictive value (98.6%). It was false
positive in only 1.3%, and false negative in 2.12% of patients. Conclusion.
Using standardized anteroposterior and profile radiographs of the hips, and
without determination of femoral neck axis in patients with femoroacetabular
impingement with the cam effect at the junction of the femoral head and neck,
we proposed the method of measuring joint abnormalities of femoral head and
neck junction, very capable to predict the disease development in an
asymptomatic risk group of patients and high sensitive in the diagnosis of
the disease in the group of patients.
Sclerosing mesenteritis as a rare cause of upper ileus
Authors: Bezmarevic Mihailo , Mirkovic Darko , Perisic Nenad , Cerovic Snezana , Panisic Marina , Mickovic Sasa , Tufegdzic Ivana , Mitrovic Jelena , Djordjevic Zoran
Published: October 2012

Introduction. Sclerosing mesenteritis is a rare pathological entity
characterized by non-specific tumor-like expansion in mesentery. Accurate
diagnosis of this disease is rarely made preoperatively. Surgery takes place
in diagnosis, as well in treatment of the disease. We presented a case of
sclerosing mesenteritis that affected the final portions of duodenum and
initial part of jejunum with clinical picture of upper gastrointestinal
obstruction. Case report. A 46-year-old man without previous medical history
was presented with vomiting and loss of weight in the last 6 months. Due to
suspicion of parapancreatic tumor by CT examination and clinical presentation
of the disease, the patient underwent laparotomy. A mass infiltrated
mesenteric root, initial part of superior mesenteric artery, the fourth
duodenum portion and the ligament of Treitz, while the stomach and duodenum
were dilatated. The intraoperative biopsy indicated a benign process. The
mass was reduced with desobstruction of the duodenum. Definitively,
histopathological finding showed fibromatosis in different phases of
activity. Postoperative course passed without complications. The patient
continued to receive an immunosuppressive drug therapy. After a 6-month
treatment the patient showed no gastrointestinal problems. Conclusion.
Sclerosing mesenteritis that affects the duodenum and the proximal part of
the jejunum with subacute upper gastrointestinal obstruction is an extremely
rare condition. In the presented case a surgical procedure was necessary for
marking the diagnosis and treatment as well.
Oxime and atropine failure to prevent intermediate syndrome development in acute organophosphate poisoning
Authors: Vucinic Slavica , Antonijevic Biljana , Ilic Nela , Ilic Tihomir
Published: October 2012

Introduction. Intermediate syndrome (IMS) was described a few decades ago,
however, there is still a controversy regarding its exact etiology, risk
factors, diagnostic parameters and required therapy. Considering that acute
poisonings are treated in different types of medical institutions this
serious complication of organophosphate insecticide (OPI) poisoning is
frequently overlooked. The aim of this paper was to present a case of IMS in
organophosphate poisoning, which, we believe, provides additional data on the
use of oxime or atropine. Case report. After a well-resolved cholinergic
crisis, the patient developed clinical presentation of IMS within the first
72 h from deliberate malathion ingestion. The signs of IMS were weakness of
proximal limb muscles and muscles innervated by motor cranial nerves,
followed by the weakness of respiratory muscles and serious respiratory
insufficiency. Malathion and its active metabolite were confirmed by
analytical procedure (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry). Pralidoxime
methylsulphate, adiministered as a continuous infusion until day 8 (total
dose 38.4 g), and atropine until the day 10 (total dose 922 mg) did not
prevent the development of IMS, hence the mechanical ventilation that was
stopped after 27 h had to be continued until the day 10. Conclusion.
Continuous pralidoxime methylsulphate infusion with atropine did not prevent
the development of IMS, most likely due to the delayed treatment and
insufficient oxime dose but also because of chemical structure and
lipophilicity of ingested OPI. A prolonged intensive care monitoring and
respiratory care are the key management for the intermediate syndrome.
The Effects of Clients' Controversial Activities on Audit Pricing
Authors: Koh Kevin , Tong Yen H.
Published: October 2012

We examine the effects of clients' involvement in controversial corporate activities on audit pricing. Clients' involvement in controversial activities raises concerns about management integrity and ethics. Moreover, clients involved in such activities are perceived to have higher risk of adverse financial performance. As a result, there is greater potential for financial misstatement, which increases the auditor's perceived business risk. We hypothesize that, given the higher perceived business risk, auditors charge higher fees to clients engaged in controversial activities. Using a unique dataset from Kinder, Lydenberg, and Domini, we identify clients that engage in controversial activities related to consumers, employees, the community, and the environment. Consistent with our hypothesis, we find that clients involved in controversial corporate activities pay higher audit fees compared to clients not involved in such activities.
Modeling the Antecedents of Preferences for Incomplete Contracts in Bilateral Trade: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Miller Fabienne , Denison Christine A. , Matuszewski Linda J.
Published: October 2012

Contracts constitute an important control mechanism. Their design is influenced by the preferences of the contracting parties, in addition to firm-level economic transaction costs. This study conducts an experiment to explore the antecedents of preferences for a less complete contract in a trade setting. Results from an experiment indicate that the preference for a more complete versus a less complete contract depends on the perceived riskiness of the incomplete contract, which is influenced by the perceived bargaining power and fairness preferences (namely, distributive and procedural fairness preferences) of the contracting parties. In other words, we find evidence that suggests that choosing the completeness of a contract is a form of risk-taking, and that the preference for a more incomplete contract is influenced by perceived power and fairness preferences.
Two-year Clinical Performance of Self-etching Adhesive Systems in Composite Restorations of Anterior Teeth
Authors: Barcellos DC , Batista GR , Silva MA , Pleffken PR , Rangel PM , Fernandes VVB , Di Nicoló R , Torres CRG
Published: October 2012

Objective

The aim of this study was to evaluate the two-year clinical performance of Class III, IV, and V composite restorations using a two-step etch-and-rinse adhesive system (2-ERA) and three one-step self-etching adhesive systems (1-SEAs).

Material and Methods

Two hundred Class III, IV, and V composite restorations were placed into 50 patients. Each patient received four composite restorations (Amaris, Voco), and these restorations were bonded with one of three 1-SEAs (Futurabond M, Voco; Clearfil S3 Bond, Kuraray; and Optibond All-in-One, Kerr) or one 2-ERA (Adper Single Bond 2/3M ESPE). The four adhesive systems were evaluated at baseline and after 24 months using the following criteria: restoration retention, marginal integrity, marginal discoloration, caries occurrence, postoperative sensitivity and preservation of tooth vitality. After two years, 162 restorations were evaluated in 41 patients. Data were analyzed using the χ2 test (p<0.05).

Results

There were no statistically significant differences between the 2-ERA and the 1-SEAs regarding the evaluated parameters (p>0.05).

Conclusion

The 1-SEAs showed good clinical performance at the end of 24 months.