bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Assessment of the impact of digitalization on the socio-economic development of the country
Authors: Bykova Margarita , Grachev Sergey , Donichev Oleg
Published: December 2021

This article is devoted to the analysis of the impact of digital transformation processes on the socio-economic development of the country. To study the driving forces of development of the economy of the Russian Federation, a three-factor Cobb-Douglas function was constructed that was modified considering the factor of influence of digitalization on the GDP. Modern trends in the field of competition between cheap, but low-skilled labor, and expensive highly qualified labor, determine the need for analytical studies in the field of changing the existing factors of labor in the process of digital transformation. A special role in construction of a model that reflects the influence of various factors of changes within the framework of the sixth technology revolution is given to assessing the significance of the parameters under study in recent times. Wherein, special attention is focused on the need for further study of time lags reflecting the maximum return on use of labor, capital and digital resources.
The research tree of the innovation ecosystems
Authors: Chelak Igor
Published: December 2021

Innovative ecosystems continue to expand in the socio-economic sphere. The relevance and timeliness of the topic of ecosystems, insufficient elaboration of theoretical issues, incomplete methodological validity, high practical significance of the problems of management of the development of innovative ecosystems led to the choice of the purpose of this work: the development of a tree of research of innovative ecosystems. On the basis of the Schumpeter approach to innovation as the fundamental conditions of entrepreneurial activity, a hierarchy of scientific developments concerning the understanding of the essence of ecosystems and their models is built. The conceptual foundations of the ecosystem approach, universal ecosystem models and the typology of stakeholder configurations of the considered type of communities are highlighted.
Institutions of social control in the Russian Federation: subjectivity case
Authors: Isacov Alexander , Nikitina Alena
Published: December 2021

The article examines the analysis of the institution of social control in the Russian Federation and its subjectivity. The relevance of the study is due to the conceptual diversity and lack of scientific consensus regarding the concept of “social control”. Also, this consensus is absent regarding other related concepts, which include “public control”, “civil control”, “people’s control” and others. To solve this problem, a group of domestic sources that define these concepts are analyzed. It also analyzes the legal acts regulating social control in Russia. The role of the Public Chamber and the analysis of current scientific approaches to its consideration are considered in a separate block. In conclusion, it is concluded that there is a fundamental contradiction between expert assessments and the current legislative framework. This leads to the fact that civil initiatives in the field of social control can only be implemented in the forms proposed by the state.
Developing the intellectual and social capital of universities for sustainable development: innovative competence of the teacher and knowledge management
Authors: Mynbayeva Aigerim , Spankulova Lazat
Published: December 2021

Intellectual and social capital is becoming an important economic resource for the development of an organization and a country. Universities that represent education, science and innovation are increasingly focusing on improving the intellectual and social capital of workers and organizations. The purpose of the article is to identify the features of the increment of the innovative potential of the university for the development of the intellectual and social capital of the organization as an economic resource for the sustainable development of the university in the era of the Internet and the knowledge society. The study found that in order to increase the intellectual and social capital of an organization, it is necessary to create a special innovative environment for interaction, discussions and trainings at the interdepartmental and interfaculty level of staff and students. The development of the intellectual potential of employees can be ensured through the improvement of the innovative competence of teachers and students. This competence is proposed to include information on knowledge management, knowledge flows, diffusion of innovations,etc. Innovation competence will help to give not only a certain economic effect through the creation of new innovative products or educational services based on cooperation of scientists from different directions, but also strengthen the professional pedagogical competence of teachers.
Some aspects of the insolvency of a citizen as a participant in family legal relations
Authors: Efimtseva Tatiana , Zaika Evgeniya , Husainova Anna
Published: December 2021

This article is devoted to the problems of bankruptcy of citizens who are in family legal relations. The problems in this area are due to the fact that most bankruptcy procedures against citizens end with the sale of the debtor’s property, which leads to the fact that the persons involved in this case pursue various, sometimes directly opposite, goals. After all, if a citizen has insufficient funds and other property to settle obligations, the property interests of his creditors competing for the distribution of the bankruptcy estate among them are affected. On the contrary, its beneficiaries are interested in preserving the property of a bankrupt citizen, which inevitably entails the likelihood of various kinds of abuses aimed at creating the appearance of civil and family relations that did not exist in reality.
Arzt/Ärztin – Patient/Patientin – Beziehung bei Angst- und Paniksymptomatik
Authors: Hasiba Barbara
Published: December 2021

Erleben Patienten Angst oder Panik, sind Ärztinnen und Ärzte oft ihre ersten Ansprechpartner. Diese den Patienten innewohnende Angst oder Panik hat einen bedeutenden Einfluss auf die Beziehung und das ärztliche Gespräch. Gleichzeitig beeinflussen die entsprechenden (Vor-) Annahmen und daraus folgende Interventionen dieses erste Gespräch. Zusätzlich zum Wissen um Grundlagen und dynamische Prozesse können klärende Fragen helfen, gemeinsam geeignete Handlungsmöglichkeiten zu generieren. Diese Fragen sollten den Fokus darauf richten, wer oder was involviert werden kann, eine angemessene Lösung zu finden.
Mobbing unter Klinikärztinnen und
-ärzten
Authors: Beschoner Petra , Jerg-Bretzke Lucia , Braun Maxi , Schönfeldt-Lecuona Carlos , Rottler Edit , Brück Aniela , Steiner Laurenz , Kempf Maximilian Johannes , von Wietersheim Jörn
Published: December 2021

Ziel der Studie Mobbing am Arbeitsplatz gilt als interpersoneller
Stressfaktor. Beruflicher Stress und mentale Gesundheit bei Ärztinnen
und Ärzten rücken zunehmend in den Fokus der
Öffentlichkeit. Inwiefern Mobbing dabei eine Rolle spielt ist noch kaum
untersucht. Die Studie soll daher Daten zu Prävalenz von Mobbing unter
KlinikärztInnen in Deutschland und möglichen
Zusammenhängen mit beruflichem Stress und mentaler Gesundheit
liefern.

Methoden Im Rahmen zweier Querschnittstudien wurden 692
KlinikärztInnen des Fachgebietes Psychiatrie/Psychotherapie
(P/PT) und 667 KlinikärztInnen der Intensivmedizin (IM) auf
Kongressen befragt. Zum Einsatz kamen standardisierte Fragebögen zu
Mobbingerfahrung, Berufsstress und mentaler Gesundheit (Einzelitem aus dem
COPSOQ, BDI-II, ERI, MBI).

Ergebnisse Mobbing erlebten 4,6% (N=61) der Befragten. In
der Tendenz sind IM und Frauen häufiger betroffen (nicht signifikant)
und es zeigten sich Korrelationen mit Berufsstress (ERI), Overcommitment (OC),
Emotionaler Erschöpfung (MBI) und Depressivität (BDI-II).

Schlussfolgerung Unsere Daten an einer großen Kohorte von
Ärztinnen und Ärzten in Fachgebieten mit unterschiedlichem
Belastungsprofil zeigen, dass ein nicht unerheblicher Anteil von Mobbing
betroffen ist und Mobbing in Zusammenhang mit dem Erleben von Berufsstress sowie
Beeinträchtigungen der mentalen Gesundheit stehen. Daraus lassen sich
Implikationen zu institutionellen und individuellen Präventions- und
Unterstützungsangeboten ableiten.
Digitale Gesundheitskompetenz der Bevölkerung in Deutschland:
Ergebnisse des HLS-GER 2
Authors: Schaeffer Doris , Gille Svea , Berens Eva-Maria , Griese Lennert , Klinger Julia , Vogt Dominique , Hurrelmann Klaus
Published: December 2021

Ziel Durch die Digitalisierung gewinnen digitale Informationen zum Thema
Gesundheit zunehmend an Bedeutung. Neben vielfältigen Chancen bringt
diese Entwicklung auch Herausforderungen mit sich, denn mit dem wachsenden
Angebot steigt zugleich der Bedarf an digitaler Gesundheitskompetenz (DGK). Im
nachfolgenden Beitrag werden das Ausmaß der DGK in der
Bevölkerung in Deutschland, zentrale Determinanten der DGK und Folgen
für die Nutzung digitaler gesundheitsbezogener Informationsangebote
analysiert.

Methodik Die Analyse basiert auf Daten des zweiten Health Literacy Survey
Germany (HLS-GER 2), bestehend aus einer repräsentativen Stichprobe mit
n=2151. Die Erfassung der DGK, der Determinanten sowie der Nutzung
digitaler gesundheitsbezogener Informationsangebote erfolgte mit einem im Rahmen
der internationalen Vergleichsstudie HLS19 erarbeiteten Fragebogens.
Es wurden bivariate und multivariate Analysen durchgeführt.

Ergebnisse Insgesamt verfügen 75,8% der
Bevölkerung über eine geringe DGK. Vor allem geringe literale
Fähigkeiten, ein höheres Alter, eine niedrige Bildung sowie ein
niedriger Sozialstatus gehen mit einer geringen DGK einher. Die multivariate
Analyse weist zudem auf einen starken Zusammenhang zwischen DGK und allgemeiner
Gesundheitskompetenz (GK) hin. Geringe DGK ist folgenreich und führt zu
einer geringeren Nutzung digitaler gesundheitsbezogener
Informationsangebote.

Schlussfolgerung Die Ergebnisse unterstreichen die Wichtigkeit der
Förderung von DGK der Bevölkerung und besonders von Gruppen mit
geringer DGK. Entsprechende Bemühungen sollten die allgemeine GK
einbeziehen, denn sie steht in engem Zusammenhang mit der DGK. Auch um die noch
geringe Nutzung digitaler Informationsangebote in Deutschland zu erhöhen
und generell, um der zunehmenden Digitalisierung des Gesundheitswesens zu
entsprechen, stellt die Stärkung der DGK eine gesellschaftlich wichtige
Aufgabe dar.
Endoscopic transcecal appendectomy: a new endotherapy for appendiceal orifice lesions
Authors: Guo Linjie , Ye Liansong , Feng Yilong , Bethge Johannes , Yang Juliana , Schreiber Stefan , Hu Bing
Published: December 2021

Background Endoscopic transcecal appendectomy (ETA) has been reported as a minimally invasive alternative procedure for lesions involving the appendiceal orifice. The aim of this case series study was to evaluate the feasibility, safety, and effectiveness of ETA for lesions at the appendiceal orifice.

Methods This retrospective study included consecutive patients with appendiceal orifice lesions who underwent ETA between December 2018 and March 2021. The primary outcome was technical success. The secondary outcomes included postoperative adverse events, postoperative hospital stay, and recurrence.

Results 13 patients with appendiceal orifice lesions underwent ETA during the study period. The median lesion size was 20 mm (range 8–50). Lesions morphologies were polypoid lesions (n = 5), laterally spreading tumors (n = 4), and submucosal lesions (n = 4). Technical success with complete resection was achieved in all 13 cases. There were no postoperative bleeding, perforation, or intra-abdominal abscess. The median length of hospital stay after ETA was 8 days (range 6–18). There was no tumor recurrence during a median follow-up of 17 months (range 1–28).

Conclusions ETA is feasible, safe, and effective for complete resection of appendiceal orifice lesions. Larger, multicenter, prospective studies are needed to further assess this technique.
Hybrid argon plasma coagulation-assisted endoscopic mucosal resection for large sessile colon polyps to reduce local recurrence: a prospective pilot study
Authors: Motz Victoria L. , Lester Courtney , Moyer Matthew T. , Maranki Jennifer L. , Levenick John M.
Published: December 2021

Background Endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) of large, sessile colon polyps often results in incomplete resection with subsequent recurrence. The aim of this prospective pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of a novel technique, hybrid argon plasma coagulation-assisted EMR (hAPC-EMR), to remove large, sessile polyps.

Methods 40 eligible patients underwent hAPC-EMR for the removal of one or more nonpedunculated colon polyps ≥ 20 mm. Participants were contacted 30 days post-procedure to assess for adverse events and were recommended to return for a surveillance colonoscopy at 6 months to assess for local recurrence.

Results At the time writing, 32 patients with 35 polyps (median size 27 mm; interquartile range 14.5 mm) resected by hAPC-EMR had undergone the 6-month follow-up colonoscopy. Recurrence rate was 0 % (95 % confidence interval [CI] 0–0) at follow-up. Post-polypectomy bleeding was experienced by three patients (7.5 %; 95 %CI 0.00–0.15), and no patients developed post-polypectomy syndrome.

Conclusion These preliminary results showed 0 % local recurrence rate at 6 months and demonstrated the safety profile of hAPC-EMR. A large, randomized, controlled trial is required to confirm these results.
Hyperphosphatämische familiäre tumorale Kalzinose bei zwei Geschwistern
Authors: Rietschel Christoph , Bolz Hanno , Gradhand Elise , Latta Kay
Published: December 2021

Wir berichten über 2 Geschwister mit hyperphosphatämischer familiärer tumoraler Kalzinose (HFTC). Die Symptomatik dieser sehr seltenen autosomal rezessiven Erkrankung kann Grund für eine Vorstellung beim Kinderrheumatologen sein. Patienten mit HFTC entwickeln ektope Kalzifikationen im periartikulären Subkutangewebe mit teilweise erheblicher funktioneller Beeinträchtigung. Häufig liegt außerdem eine diaphysäre Hyperostose langer Röhrenknochen mit starken lokalen Schmerzen vor. Radiologisch kann dabei an eine Osteomyelitis oder einen malignen Knochenprozess gedacht werden. Die Erkrankung beruht auf Mutationen in den Genen FGF23, GALNT3 oder KL. Dies führt zu einer beeinträchtigten Funktion von FGF23 in der Niere, mit dem Ergebnis einer Hyperphosphatämie und eines erhöhten Kalzium-Phosphat-Produktes. Zur Behandlung werden phosphatarme Diät und Phosphatbinder sowie Azetazolamid und Probenecid mit sehr variablem und oft unzureichendem Ergebnis eingesetzt. Der Einsatz von Calcitonin als mögliche therapeutische Option wird diskutiert. Die Behandlung von HFTC ist eine Herausforderung, zukünftige Konzepte könnten den Einsatz von rekombinantem FGF23 oder anderer Rezeptoragonisten beinhalten.
Die Erfassung des allgemeinen familiären Funktionsniveaus:
Psychometrische Evaluation der deutschen Version der Brief Assessment of Family
Functioning Scale
Authors: Spitzer Carsten , Lübke Laura , Göbel Philipp , Müller Sascha , Krogmann Diana , Brähler Elmar , Reis Olaf , Lincke Lena , Kölch Michael
Published: December 2021

Die Funktionalität des Systems Familie spielt nicht nur in der
Entwicklungspsychologie und Familienforschung, sondern auch bei vielen
körperlichen Erkrankungen und psychischen Störungen eine
zentrale Rolle. Trotz dieser hohen Relevanz existieren nur sehr wenige
ultra-kurze, d. h. anwendungsökonomische
Selbstbeurteilungsverfahren, die das allgemeine familiäre
Funktionsniveau abbilden. Diese Lücke schließt die Brief
Assessment of Family Functioning Scale (BAFFS), die aus drei Items der General
Functioning Scale des international weit verbreiteten Family Assessment Device
besteht. In dieser Studie wurde die deutsche Version der BAFFS erstmals an einer
großen und repräsentativen
Allgemeinbevölkerungsstichprobe (n=2463) psychometrisch
evaluiert. Mittels Multigruppen-konfirmatorischen Faktorenanalysen konnte starke
Messinvarianz für relevante Teilstichproben (Frauen vs. Männer;
Probanden in Partnerschaften mit vs. ohne Kinder) bei guter Modellpassung
gezeigt werden. Obwohl eines der drei Items, welches als einziges negativ
formuliert ist, ungenügende psychometrische Itemkennwerte aufwies, lag
die interne Konsistenz bei Cronbachs α=0,71. Als Hinweis auf
eine adäquate Konstruktvalidität fanden sich hypothesenkonform
Assoziationen des familiären Funktionsniveaus mit dem
sozioökonomischen Status sowie mit aktueller Depressivität und
Ängstlichkeit. Trotz ausstehender Anwendungserfahrungen und
psychometrischer Analysen der Kurzskala Allgemeines Familiäres
Funktionsniveau (KSAFF) als der deutschen Version der BAFFS in relevanten
Zielgruppen und bei Patienten in Klinik und Forschung, kann das mit drei Items
sehr anwendungsökonomische Verfahren zur orientierenden Erfassung des
allgemeinen familiären Funktionsniveaus empfohlen werden, zumal es in
der Allgemeinbevölkerung mit einigen Einschränkungen akzeptable
bis gute psychometrische Kennwerte zeigte.
Focal fatty sparing as an indicator of higher-grade fatty liver assessed by attenuation imaging: a prospective clinical study in NAFLD population
Authors: Miller Elisabeth , Schmidberger Julian , Kratzer Wolfgang
Published: December 2021

Background As part of a prospective clinical study, the degree of
hepatic fatty degeneration was quantified in a patient population with nonalcoholic fatty
liver disease and sonographically diagnosed with hepatic steatosis using attenuation
imaging.

Methods A total of 113 patients with hepatic steatosis were
examined, of whom 35 showed focal fatty sparing. Patients with the condition after right
nephrectomy, other known liver diseases, and relevant alcohol consumption were excluded from
the evaluation. B-scan sonography and sonographic quantification of steatosis content using
attenuation imaging (Aplio i800 Canon Medical Systems) were performed. Attenuation imaging is
a new ultrasound-based measurement technique that allows objective detection and
quantification of hepatic steatosis.

Results The prevalence of focal fatty sparing was 31.0% in the
patient population examined. Patients with focal fatty sparing showed a statistically
significantly higher attenuation coefficient in contrast to patients without focal fatty
sparing (0.79 ± 0.10 vs. 0.66 ± 0.09 dB/cm/MHz, p < 0.0001).

Conclusion Detection of focal fatty sparing is associated with an
increased attenuation coefficient and is thus an expression of higher-grade hepatic fatty
degeneration. Patients with focal fatty sparing are more often male and have a higher BMI and
a larger liver than patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease without focal fatty
sparing.
Understanding Pattern Hair Loss—Hair Biology Impacted by Genes, Androgens, Prostaglandins and Epigenetic Factors
Authors: Trüeb Ralph M.
Published: December 2021

Pattern hair loss (PHL) is the most frequent cause of hair loss in men and women, accounting for 65% of consultations in a hair referral center. PHL is understood to represent a hereditary, age-dependent progressive thinning of the scalp hair, which follows distinct clinical patterns with notable differences depending on sex and age of onset. Clinical and investigative advances have helped us to understand some of the pathogenic steps, leading to PHL. Besides genetic factors and peculiarities of androgen metabolism, additional pathogenic factors that are suspected include microbiomata, oxidative stress, and microinflammation. While further suspects are likely to be exposed, individual diversity of causal agents, as well as of the sequence of events, or combined factors, must be kept in mind. A large number of therapeutic molecules claimed to be active and patented in this field, and their limited efficacy in offering a definitive cure of PHL confirm the complexity of PHL. The aim of therapy is to retard progression of hair thinning and increase hair coverage of the scalp. As yet, two FDA-approved drugs are available for this purpose, oral finasteride, and topical solution of minoxidil. Variations in posology and formulation allow for an enhancement of patient comfort and treatment efficacy. Antiandrogen treatments in women with normal androgen levels have questionable efficacy while having health risks.
Free Medial Femoral Condyle Flap for Reconstruction of Scaphoid Nonunion: A Systematic Review
Authors: Zhou Kiane J. , Graham David J. , Stewart David , Lawson Richard D. , Sivakumar Brahman S.
Published: December 2021

Background The free medial femoral condyle (MFC) bone flap is an attractive option for reconstruction of scaphoid nonunion utilizing vascularized bone to augment bony healing, especially in cases of failed prior treatment or osteonecrosis. This review aims to determine the role and reliability of the free MFC flap for treatment of scaphoid nonunion.

Methods A search of electronic databases was performed according to Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles examining free MFC bone flaps for treatment of scaphoid nonunion were included for analysis. Outcomes of interest included flap failure, postoperative union rate, time to union, carpal indices, functional outcomes, and complications.

Results Twelve articles met the inclusion criteria. A total of 262 patients underwent free MFC flaps for treatment of scaphoid nonunion. The most common site of nonunion was the proximal pole of the scaphoid with 47% of patients receiving prior attempts at operative management. Overall bony union rate was 93.4% with a mean time to union of 15.6 weeks. There were no flap failures reported. Improvements in carpal indices including scapholunate (p < 0.0004), radiolunate (p < 0.004), lateral interscaphoid angles (p < 0.035), and revised carpal ratio height (p < 0.024) were seen postoperatively. Visual analog scale improved postoperatively from 6.5 to 2.3 (p < 0.015). Postoperative complications were observed in 69 cases (26.3%), with 27 patients (10.3%) requiring further operative intervention. However, no major donor or recipient site morbidity was appreciated.

Conclusion MFC flaps provide a highly versatile and reliable option for reconstruction of scaphoid nonunion with excellent bony union rates and acceptable complication rates. The present literature suggests that MFC reconstruction of scaphoid nonunion restores radiocarpal anatomy and improves wrist function without causing significant donor or recipient site morbidity.
Beyond single crystals: Imaging rubrene polymorphism across crystalline batches through lattice phonon Raman microscopy
Authors: Clapham Margaret L. , Leighton Ryan E. , Douglas Christopher J. , Frontiera Renee R.
Published: December 2021

Polymorphism is an issue troubling numerous scientific fields. A phenomenon where molecules can arrange in different orientations in a crystal lattice, polymorphism in the field of organic photovoltaic materials can dramatically change electronic properties of these materials. Rubrene is a benchmark photovoltaic material showing high carrier mobility in only one of its three polymorphs. To use rubrene in devices, it is important to quantify the polymorph distribution arising from a particular crystal growth method. However, current methods for characterizing polymorphism are either destructive or inefficient for batch scale characterization. Lattice phonon Raman spectroscopy has the ability to distinguish between polymorphs based on low frequency intermolecular vibrations. We present here the addition of microscopy to lattice phonon Raman spectroscopy, which allows us to not only characterize polymorphs efficiently and nondestructively through Raman spectroscopy but also concurrently gain information on the size and morphology of the polymorphs. We provide examples for how this technique can be used to perform large, batch scale polymorph characterization for crystals grown from solution and physical vapor transport. We end with a case study showing how Raman microscopy can be used to efficiently optimize a green crystal growth method, selecting for large orthorhombic crystals desired for rubrene electronic device applications.
Dual-energy x-ray computed tomography study based on CsI:Tl and LYSO:Ce scintillator combination
Authors: Xia Xiaoqin , Hu Xiaodong , Zou Jing
Published: December 2021

Dual-energy computed tomography (CT) provides a better material classification capability than traditional CT. A scintillator is an essential component that determines the optical resolution, detective quantum efficiency, and energy separation of the dual-layer dual-energy CT system. In this paper, we propose a new dual-layer scintillator combination composed of CsI:Tl and LYSO:Ce for dual-energy CT imaging. The x-ray attenuation physical process of CsI:Tl and LYSO:Ce combination is simulated on Geant4. The energy distribution and luminescence of different thicknesses of the scintillator combination are investigated by simulation experiments. Then, the optimal thicknesses of the combination are designed based on simulation results. Furthermore, a dual-layer dual-energy CT system using the scintillator combination is built, and practical dual-energy imaging experiments are implemented in the system. Simulation results indicate that the CsI:Tl and LYSO:Ce combination can effectively realize dual-energy detection. The optimal thickness is 100 μm for CsI:Tl and 500 μm for LYSO:Ce. Practical experiments show that the dual-energy CT system using the CsI:Tl and LYSO:Ce combination has low noise. Materials of the metal mixture sample and the igneous rock sample are correctly separated using the dual-energy data obtained by the CsI:Tl and LYSO:Ce combination. Therefore, the CsI:Tl and LYSO:Ce combination is expected to be used in dual-energy CT imaging studies of complex materials, such as metals, bones, and rocks.
Perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with multi-interface free layer
Authors: Khanal Pravin , Zhou Bowei , Andrade Magda , Dang Yanliu , Davydov Albert , Habiboglu Ali , Saidian Jonah , Laurie Adam , Wang Jian-Ping , Gopman Daniel B , Wang Weigang
Published: December 2021

Future generations of magnetic random access memory demand magnetic tunnel junctions that can provide simultaneously high magnetoresistance, strong retention, low switching energy, and small cell size below 10 nm. Here, we study perpendicular magnetic tunnel junctions with composite free layers, where multiple ferromagnet/nonmagnet interfaces can contribute to the thermal stability. Different nonmagnetic materials (MgO, Ta, and Mo) have been employed as the coupling layers in these multi-interface free layers. The evolution of junction properties under different annealing conditions is investigated. A strong dependence of the tunneling magnetoresistance on the thickness of the first CoFeB layer has been observed. In junctions where Mo and MgO are used as coupling layers, a large tunneling magnetoresistance above 200% has been achieved after 400 °C annealing.
Characterizing microscale energy transport in materials with transient grating spectroscopy
Authors: Choudhry Usama , Kim Taeyong , Adams Melanie , Ranasinghe Jeewan , Yang Runqing , Liao Bolin
Published: December 2021

Microscale energy transport processes are crucial in microelectronics, energy-harvesting devices, and emerging quantum materials. To study these processes, methods that can probe transport with conveniently tunable length scales are highly desirable. Transient grating spectroscopy (TGS) is such a tool that can monitor microscale energy transport processes associated with various fundamental energy carriers including electrons, phonons, and spins. Having been developed and applied for a long time in the chemistry community, TGS has regained popularity recently in studying different transport regimes in solid-state materials. In this Tutorial, we provide an in-depth discussion of the operational principle and instrumentation details of a modern heterodyne TGS configuration from a practitioner’s point of view. We further review recent applications of TGS in characterizing microscale transport of heat, charge, spin, and acoustic waves, with an emphasis on thermal transport.
Measuring the carrier diffusion length in quantum dot films using graphene as photocarrier density probe
Authors: Ahn Seungbae , Vazquez-Mena Oscar
Published: December 2021

The diffusion length of quantum dot (QD) films is a critical parameter to improve the performance of QD-based optoelectronic devices. The dot-to-dot hopping transport mechanism results in shorter diffusion lengths compared to bulk solids. Herein, we present an experimental method to measure the diffusion length in PbS QD films using single layer graphene as a charge collector to monitor the density of photogenerated carriers. By producing devices with different thicknesses, we can construct light absorption and photocarrier density profiles, allowing extracting light penetration depths and carrier diffusion lengths for electrons and holes. We realized devices with small (size: ∼2.5 nm) and large (size: ∼4.8 nm) QDs, and use λ = 532 nm and λ = 635 nm wavelength illumination. For small QDs, we obtain diffusion lengths of 180 nm for holes and 500 nm for electrons. For large QDs, we obtain diffusion lengths of 120 nm for holes and 150 nm for electrons. Our results show that films made of small QD films have longer diffusion lengths for holes and electrons. We also observe that wavelength illumination may have a small effect, with electrons showing a diffusion length of 500 and 420 nm under λ = 532 nm and λ = 635 nm illumination, respectively, which may be due to increased interactions between photocarriers for longer wavelengths with deeper penetration depths. Our results demonstrate an effective technique to calculate diffusion lengths of photogenerated electrons and holes and indicate that not only QD size but also wavelength illumination can play important roles in the diffusion and electrical transport of photocarriers in QD films.
Detecting fatigue in aluminum alloys based on internal friction measurement using an electromechanical impedance method
Authors: Tang Jihua , Xie Mingyu , Li Faxin
Published: December 2021

Detecting mechanical fatigue of metallic components is always a challenge in industries. In this work, we proposed to monitor the low-cycle fatigue of a 6061 aluminum alloy based on internal friction (IF) measurement, which is realized by a quantitative electromechanical impedance (Q-EMI) method using a small piezoelectric wafer bonded on the specimen. Large stress amplitude (230 MPa) was employed in the testing; thus, the fatigue life can always be below 105 cycles. It was found that except for the initial testing stage, the IF always increases steadily with the increasing fatigue cycles. Before the fatigue failure, the IF can reach 2.5–3.4 times the initial value, which is thought to be caused by the micro-cracks forming and growing. In comparison, the resonance frequency of the specimen just drops by about 2% compared with the initial value. Finally, a fatigue criterion based on IF measurement is suggested for aluminum alloys and it can also be extended to other metals.
Numerical simulation of the flow around a square cylinder under plasma actuator control
Authors: Zhu Zihao , Fradera-Soler Pau , Jo William , Liu Feng
Published: December 2021

Navier–Stokes computations are performed, and detailed results are documented on the vortex shedding, lift and drag fluctuations, and their spectra for flow past a square cylinder with the Reynolds number ranging from 1 to 300. A body force model for the dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma actuator is used in the Navier–Stokes computations to study the effectiveness of flow control by a pair of the DBD actuators. Three installation configurations of the actuators are investigated. The effects of the actuator location, actuator input power, and the flow Reynolds number are studied. In the first case, two actuators have been installed on the top and bottom of the cylinder. In the second case, two actuators are installed on the front surface. In the last case, two actuators are installed on the rear surface. It is discovered that the best flow control effect is achieved in the last case. Both the unsteady vortex shedding and the average drag can be significantly reduced by the plasma actuators. Under best conditions, the vortex shedding in the wake can be completely suppressed.
Facile equilibration of well-entangled semiflexible bead–spring polymer melts
Authors: Dietz Joseph D. , Hoy Robert S.
Published: December 2021

The widely used double-bridging hybrid (DBH) method for equilibrating simulated entangled polymer melts [Auhl et al., J. Chem. Phys. 119, 12718–12728 (2003)] loses its effectiveness as chain stiffness increases into the semiflexible regime because the energy barriers associated with double-bridging Monte Carlo moves become prohibitively high. Here we overcome this issue by combining DBH with the use of core-softened pair potentials. This reduces the energy barriers substantially, allowing us to equilibrate melts with N ≃ 40Ne and chain stiffnesses all the way up to the isotropic–nematic transition using simulations of no more than 100 × 106 time steps. For semiflexible chains, our method is several times faster than the standard DBH; we exploit this speedup to develop improved expressions for Kremer–Grest melts’ chain-stiffness-dependent Kuhn length ℓK and entanglement length Ne.
Mg doping and diffusion in (010) β-Ga2O3 films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Mauze Akhil , Zhang Yuewei , Itoh Takeki , Mates Thomas E. , Peelaers Hartwin , Van de Walle Chris G. , Speck James S.
Published: December 2021

In this work, we report the growth of Mg-doped (010) β-Ga2O3 via plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Mg concentrations from 2 × 1016 to 8 × 1020 cm−3 with sharp doping profiles were realized. The Mg doping incorporation in β-Ga2O3 showed little dependence on the growth temperature and Ga:O flux ratio. Annealing at temperatures from 925 to 1050 °C resulted in significant diffusion, thus limiting the application of Mg-doped β-Ga2O3 to lower temperature growth techniques and processing. Mg accumulation near the sample surface after diffusion gives insight into the rich point–defect interaction that may play an important role in Mg diffusion.
Reduced bandwidth Compton photons from a laser-plasma accelerator using tailored plasma channels
Authors: Grote D. P. , Friedman A. , Geddes C. G. R. , Lehe R. , Benedetti C. , Ostermayr T. M. , Tsai H.-E. , Vay J.-L. , Schroeder C. B. , Esarey E.
Published: December 2021

It has been demonstrated experimentally that laser plasma accelerators can produce multi-100 MeV electron bunches with a few percent energy spread, and from these electrons, multi-MeV quasi-monoenergetic photons have been demonstrated based on Compton up-scattering from a counter-propagating laser. This offers the potential of a high-quality, narrow-bandwidth, compact, photon source with broad application. The bandwidth of the resulting photons depends directly on the distribution of the electron bunch and is limited, in particular, by the bunch divergence (i.e., the spread in transverse velocity angle). At the same time, the ability to decelerate electrons after scattering is important to source deployment. We describe a series of plasma structures that expand and then collimate the electron bunch, reducing its divergence and thus reducing the bandwidth of the scattered photons while enabling both high performance scattering and deceleration. These plasma structures are demonstrated in simulations of the accelerator system, showing the potential to reach few-percent photon spread which is important for applications using nuclear resonance fluorescence.
Interfacial water asymmetry at ideal electrochemical interfaces
Authors: Shandilya Abhishek , Schwarz Kathleen , Sundararaman Ravishankar
Published: December 2021

Controlling electrochemical reactivity requires a detailed understanding of the charging behavior and thermodynamics of the electrochemical interface. Experiments can independently probe the overall charge response of the electrochemical double layer by capacitance measurements and the thermodynamics of the inner layer with potential of maximum entropy measurements. Relating these properties by computational modeling of the electrochemical interface has so far been challenging due to the low accuracy of classical molecular dynamics (MD) for capacitance and the limited time and length scales of ab initio MD. Here, we combine large ensembles of long-time-scale classical MD simulations with charge response from electronic density functional theory to predict the potential-dependent capacitance of a family of ideal aqueous electrochemical interfaces with different peak capacitances. We show that while the potential of maximum capacitance varies, this entire family exhibits an electrode charge of maximum capacitance (CMC) between −2.9 and −2.2 μC/cm2, regardless of the details in the electronic response. Simulated heating of the same interfaces reveals that the entropy peaks at a charge of maximum entropy (CME) of −5.1 ± 0.6 μC/cm2, in agreement with experimental findings for metallic electrodes. The CME and CMC both indicate asymmetric response of interfacial water that is stronger for negatively charged electrodes, while the difference between CME and CMC illustrates the richness in behavior of even the ideal electrochemical interface.
Path-integral calculation of the third dielectric virial coefficient of noble gases
Authors: Garberoglio Giovanni , Harvey Allan H. , Jeziorski Bogumił
Published: December 2021

We present a rigorous framework for fully quantum calculation of the third dielectric virial coefficient Cɛ(T) of noble gases, including exchange effects. The quantum effects are taken into account with the path-integral Monte Carlo method. Calculations employing state-of-the-art pair and three-body potentials and pair polarizabilities yield results generally consistent with the few scattered experimental data available for helium, neon, and argon, but rigorous calculations with well-described uncertainties will require the development of surfaces for the three-body nonadditive polarizability and the three-body dipole moment. The framework, developed here for the first time, will enable new approaches to primary temperature and pressure metrology based on first-principles calculations of gas properties.
Breakthrough instruments and products: Laser light tunable across the visible up to mid-infrared: Novel turnkey cw OPO with efficiency-optimized design
Authors: Sperling Jaroslaw , Schubert Maik-Hendrik , Wenderoth Marius , Hens Korbinian
Published: December 2021

Offering unique wavelength versatility, continuous-wave optical parametric oscillators (cw OPOs) are appealing sources of widely tunable laser light. Due to technical challenges, however, practical tunable cw OPO devices have so far been mostly limited either to near-infrared wavelength coverage or to maximum optical output powers in the 100 mW range—or both. We present a novel cw OPO design achieving output powers at the Watt-level throughout the very wide 500–765 nm gap-free tuning range in the visible and coverage of up to 3540 nm in the infrared spectral range. The system layout and its wavelength tuning options are tailored, in particular, to fundamental experiments in quantum and nanophotonics research as well as to applied holography.
Implementation of evidence-based nutritional management in primary health care settings: a systematic scoping review
Authors: de Oliveira Nara Letícia Zandonadi , Peduzzi Marina , Agreli Heloise Lima Fernandes , dos Santos Matsumoto Karen
Published: December 2021

Scientific evidence is used to inform clinical nutritional guidelines in order to prevent diseases and promote health. However, little is known about the process of implementing evidence-based clinical nutritional guidelines in health services. This scoping review aims to map the steps in the implementation of evidence-based nutritional management within primary health care, as well as the facilitators and barriers to implementation. Electronic databases and the grey literature were searched for original studies on the implementation of evidence-based dietary recommendations and/or nutritional counselling in primary health care settings conducted by health practitioners. Studies were selected by independent reviewers. Extracted data were analysed and grouped into thematic categories and are presented in a narrative synthesis. In all, 26 studies were included. A review of the studies demonstrated four steps in the process of implementing evidence-based nutritional management in primary care: (1) acknowledging health needs in the catchment area and determining the characteristics of services and health professionals; (2) developing continuing education aimed at practitioners; (3) integrating nutritional management into interprofessional practice; and (4) adapting the interventions using a patient-centred care approach. The predominant facilitators were providers’ pre-intervention training and the provision of support materials. Barriers included time constraints, a lack of resources and an incompatibility of the interventions with living conditions and patients’ health needs.
Combinations of slow-translating codon clusters can increase mRNA half-life in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Sharma Ajeet K. , Venezian Johannes , Shiber Ayala , Kramer Günter , Bukau Bernd , O’Brien Edward P.
Published: December 2021

Significance

The rate of messenger RNA (mRNA) degradation influences the amount of protein produced from a gene. Ribosome queues at slow-translating codons promote mRNA degradation by recruiting ribosome-associated quality control machinery. The influence of multiple slow-codon clusters on mRNA half-lives is unknown, despite the majority of transcripts being composed of such clusters. Here, we find that the slow-codon cluster nearest to the start codon is the primary determinant of mRNA half-life and that introducing a second slow-codon cluster near the start codon can increase mRNA half-life by suppressing ribosome queues at subsequent slow-codon clusters along the transcript. Thus, slow codon clusters have synergistic effects on mRNA half-lives, and our modeling approach provides a framework for understanding differential degradation rates between transcripts.
Triple oxygen isotope constraints on atmospheric O
2
and biological productivity during the mid-Proterozoic
Authors: Liu Peng , Liu Jingjun , Ji Aoshuang , Reinhard Christopher T. , Planavsky Noah J. , Babikov Dmitri , Najjar Raymond G. , Kasting James F.
Published: December 2021

Significance

Constraining the abundance of molecular oxygen (O
2
) in Earth’s atmosphere over time is a problem of central importance for understanding the evolution of complex life. Here, we refine previous analyses of the rare oxygen isotope composition of sedimentary sulfates to develop improved estimates of atmospheric O
2
during Earth’s mid-Proterozoic era. Previous analyses of these data had predicted O
2
concentrations well below 1% present atmospheric level. Our new calculations suggest that this value is closer to a lower limit on atmospheric oxygen partial pressure unless the climate was warmed significantly by biogenic methane. The calculations also show that marine productivity cannot be reliably estimated from these data because of the slow rate of transfer of O
2
across the air–sea interface.
Magnetoelastic standing waves induced in UO
2
by microsecond magnetic field pulses
Authors: Schönemann Rico , Rodriguez George , Rickel Dwight , Balakirev Fedor , McDonald Ross D. , Evans Jordan A. , Maiorov Boris , Paillard Charles , Bellaiche Laurent , Stier Andreas V. , Salamon Myron B. , Gofryk Krzysztof , Jaime Marcelo
Published: December 2021

Significance

UO
2
is of particular interest due to its use as a nuclear fuel, its unusually poor thermal conductivity, and its uniquely strong magnetoelastic properties characterized by a linear coupling between strain and magnetization. We clearly observe mechanical standing waves and elastic resonances in a single crystal, induced by microsecond magnetic field pulses. The phase and amplitude of the mechanical resonances are modulated by the piezomagnetic switching behavior, offering a sensitive probe for otherwise hard to detect magnetic dynamics in UO
2
. We highlight the importance of magnetic domains in the attenuation of the mechanical resonances and the robustness of the antiferromagnetic state in UO
2
against externally applied magnetic fields to 150 T.
Tissue compartmentalization enablesSalmonellapersistence during chemotherapy
Authors: Li Jiagui , Claudi Beatrice , Fanous Joseph , Chicherova Natalia , Cianfanelli Francesca Romana , Campbell Robert A. A. , Bumann Dirk
Published: December 2021

Significance

Some infections are exceedingly difficult to cure, even with adequate antimicrobial chemotherapy. How pathogens can survive exposure to antimicrobials in tissues remains poorly understood. Using three-dimensional whole-organ tomography, we show thatSalmonellacolonization of the mouse spleen is uneven. LowSalmonelladensity in the white pulp triggers only limited local infiltration by inflammatory cells that are crucial for supporting antimicrobialSalmonellaclearance. Inflammatory cell density declines further during treatment in response to recedingSalmonellaloads, resulting in insufficient support for clearance and eradication failure. However, sustaining inflammation during antimicrobial chemotherapy enables effective clearance. Our findings identify heterogeneous host–pathogen interactions in compartmentalized tissues as a main mechanism underlying the antibiotic persistence ofSalmonella.
Invasion genomics uncover contrasting scenarios of genetic diversity in a widespread marine invader
Authors: Jaspers Cornelia , Ehrlich Moritz , Pujolar José Martin , Künzel Sven , Bayer Till , Limborg Morten T. , Lombard Fabien , Browne William E. , Stefanova Kremena , Reusch Thorsten B. H.
Published: December 2021

Significance

A central goal in invasion genomics is to identify and determine the mechanisms that underlie the successful colonization, establishment, and subsequent range expansion of invasive populations of nonindigenous species. Using a whole-genome approach, we evaluate the importance of genetic diversity for the successful establishment of nonindigenous species. Our study shows that genetic diversity per se is not the major factor driving invasions, since we observed all possible scenarios with invasive populations showing reduced, similar but also increased, genetic diversity relative to the native population. Using coalescent methods, we reconstruct the demographic history of the invasion and infer the source population of each invasion event, which shows that propagule pressure and multiple introductions play an important role in determining invasion success.
Estudiantes de ELE en el ámbito universitario de la Economía
Authors: Pérez Cañizares Pilar , Martínez Martínez Inmaculada , Schnitzer Johannes
Published: December 2021

Con el objetivo de crear en los estudiantes de español de la Universidad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales de Viena
(Wirtschaftsuniversität Wien) una conciencia sobre sus preferencias y modos de aprender y promover así su autonomía, se
realizó un estudio para establecer sus perfiles de aprendizaje. Para ello, se adaptó al alemán el cuestionario CHAEA (Alonso et al., 1994) y se diseñó una encuesta digital. Tras una fase de pilotaje, un panel de cinco
expertos revisó la traducción al alemán. En la recogida de datos se consiguió una muestra altamente significativa: 198 de un total de 744
estudiantes (26,6%). Los resultados muestran que entre los estudiantes de empresariales predominan básicamente dos perfiles de aprendizaje
opuestos: la correlación de los estilos reflexivo-teórico y la correlación activo-pragmático. Esta dicotomía contrasta con los resultados de
otras poblaciones y apunta a que los aprendientes podrían obtener beneficio de cualquier situación de aprendizaje, puesto que poseen
estrategias de todos los estilos de aprendizaje.