bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Current applications of mathematical models of the interstitial cells of Cajal in the gastrointestinal tract
Authors: Mah Sue Ann , Avci Recep , Cheng Leo K , Du Peng
Published: October 2020

The interstitial cells of Cajal (ICC) form interconnected networks throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. ICC act as the pacemaker cells that initiate the rhythmic bioelectrical slow waves and intermediary between the GI musculature and nerves, both of which are critical to GI motility. Disruptions to the number of ICC and the integrity of ICC networks have been identified as a key pathophysiological mechanism in a number of clinically challenging GI disorders. The current analyses of ICC generally rely on either functional recordings taken directly from excised tissue or morphological analysis based on images of labeled ICC, where the structural‐functional relationship is investigated in an associative manner rather than mechanistically. On the other hand, computational physiology has played a significant role in facilitating our understanding of a number of physiological systems in both health and disease, and investigations in the GI field are beginning to incorporate several mathematical models of the ICC. The main aim of this review is to present the major modeling advances in GI electrophysiology, in order to introduce a multi‐scale framework for mathematically quantifying the functional consequences of ICC degradation at both cellular and tissue scales. The outcomes will inform future investigators utilizing modeling techniques in their studies.

This article is categorized under:

Metabolic Diseases > Computational Models
Synthesis and Structural Investigation of a Complete Series of Brightly Colored Alkali Metal 1,3‐Dimethylviolurates
Authors: Lorenz Volker , Liebing Phil , Hilfert Liane , Schröder Lea , Edelmann Frank T.
Published: October 2020

A complete series of alkali metal 1,3‐dimethylviolurates M(Me2Vio) was synthesized and fully characterized. The title compounds M(Me2Vio)(H2O) [M = Li (3), Na (4)], K(Me2Vio)(H2O)0.5 (5) and M(Me2Vio) [M = Rb (6), Cs (7)] were prepared by neutralizing 1,3‐dimethylvioluric acid (= HMe2Vio; 2) with 1 equiv. of the corresponding metal hydroxides MOH. The resulting salts exhibit striking colors ranging from orange‐red (3) through purple (4, 5) to bright blue (6, 7). In contrast to the monohydrate 4, the classical synthesis of sodium 1,3‐dimethylviolurate from 1,3‐dimethylbarbituric acid and NaNO2 afforded the purple trihydrate Na(Me2Vio)(H2O)3 (4a). All new compounds have been fully characterized by their IR and NMR (1H, 13C) spectra as well as elemental analyses. X‐ray crystal structure determination revealed that the title compounds exist as one‐ (Li, Na), two‐ (K, Cs), or three‐dimensional (Rb) coordination polymers in the solid state.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in France
Authors: Isidro Lola , Math Antoine
Published: October 2020

After a long judicial fight between the 1970s and the late 1990s leading to the abolition of the condition of nationality that excluded foreigners from non-contributory benefits, and in a context of publicly debated restrictive immigration policies, other restrictive conditions were either reinforced or introduced in order to curb access to social protection for foreigners in France. A new condition of regularity for the access of foreigners to most social protection schemes was introduced and/or extended, especially since 1993. In a growing xenophobic context, restrictions were presented as a means to deter immigration and save the Welfare State placed under strong budgetary constraints. The classical condition of residence was also reactivated in a way to place more restrictions. New requirements, such as a condition of anteriority of presence and a condition of anteriority (seniority) of regular residence, were developed to exclude more non-EU migrants, despite their regular situation.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Greece
Authors: Marini Fotini
Published: October 2020

The 2008 financial crisis has brought Greece in a constrictive situation, given that the country lacked a comprehensive social safety net, the national social protection model was strongly fragmented and public spending focused on civil servants salaries and state pensions. Almost a decade afterwards, the reform of the social security system continues with suffocating fiscal constraints exercising a decisive influence on policy options. In this challenging context, Greece constitutes a unique case for discussing the complexities of the link between migration and social protection during austerity times. The debate on the access of migrants to social security benefits is both interesting and sensitive, in view of the fact that the equal treatment of European Union (EU) and non-EU migrants is subject to controversial discussions about benefit tourism and its potential risks for the sustainability of an already fragile social security regime.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Austria
Authors: Riedel Monika , Chmielowski Andreas
Published: October 2020

The Austrian social security system covers a broad range of social risks, most of them via a compulsory social insurance system that usually ties eligibility to current or former legal employment. Nationality is of minor importance once legal employment has been achieved and, for tax-financed benefits like child benefits and minimum-income guarantee, legal residence in Austria can be proven. With almost one of five employees in Austria being foreign-born, Austria ranks high in terms of foreign participation on the labour market. While reforms under the previous Government were aimed at restricting migrants’ access to (full) benefits, it is open if the coalition formed in January 2020 will pursue a more moderate path in this regard.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in the Netherlands
Authors: Pennings Frans
Published: October 2020

As a general rule, persons (both EU citizens and third-country nationals) working in the Netherlands are treated in the same way for social security as resident Dutch nationals (however, for certain categories such as posted workers, different rules apply). Migrants who are not working, but live in the Netherlands have restricted access to social assistance benefits, although after five years of residence they are treated the same as Dutch nationals. Export of benefits within the EU is regulated by the EU coordination rules on social security. Export of benefits outside the EU is governed by bilateral agreements.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Portugal
Authors: da Costa Cabral Nazaré
Published: October 2020

This chapter starts by discussing the Portuguese Social Security system and how it has evolved since the establishment of the democratic regime in 1974. This is in fact a heterodox system – included in the so-called Mediterranean model of social protection – with elements both from the Bismarckian and Beveridgean models. Next, the chapter examines the main features of migration movements in Portugal (emigration and immigration) and analyses social security regimes applying to foreign citizens (both from EU or third countries) in order to identify potential differences when compared with the regimes applicable to national citizens.
Migrants’ Access to Social Protection in Bulgaria
Authors: Vankova Zvezda , Draganov Dragomir Kolev
Published: October 2020

This chapter aims to discuss the link between migration and welfare in Bulgaria. Firstly, it presents the main characteristics of the Bulgarian welfare system and discusses access to social benefits for resident and non-resident nationals, and resident non-nationals. Secondly, it examines Bulgaria’s migration history and key migration policy developments. Finally, the chapter provides a detailed analysis of access to social benefits of these different groups across five policy areas – unemployment, health care, family benefits, pensions, and guaranteed minimum resources – and the links to Bulgaria’s migration policy.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Irish Citizens Abroad
Authors: Hickman Mary J.
Published: October 2020

This chapter will show that Irish policies for citizens abroad are characterized by an intention to maximise the usefulness of the diaspora for Irish national interests and by a commitment to address the welfare, cultural and other needs of the Irish abroad and strengthen links between Ireland and its diaspora. The chapter addresses the main demographic characteristics of the Irish diaspora, the chief structures and policies of the Irish Government’s engagement with its diaspora and examines the social protection policies that include the Irish abroad, indicating the main principles that underpin this aspect of engagement with the diaspora. Finally, some of the ways in which Irish diaspora policies are changing are noted.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Maltese Citizens Abroad
Authors: Briffa Hillary , Baldacchino Alessandra
Published: October 2020

This chapter assesses the social protection policies enacted by the Maltese government to support Maltese citizens living abroad. First, the current status of the Maltese diaspora and their engagement with the homeland is contextualized, and key infrastructure and policies outlined. In the Maltese legal system, there is no domestic law granting the right to consular or diplomatic protection, however this is offered as a matter of practice based on respect for the fundamental rights of the individual. The strength of historic ties with the destination countries of Maltese emigrants is mainly reflected in the number of Reciprocal Agreements signed between Malta and partner countries. An overview of these formal treaties and their assured benefits is provided. Thereafter, five areas of concern for the social security needs of Maltese diaspora are addressed: unemployment, healthcare, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship. The chapter concludes by acknowledging the communication initiatives between the Maltese government and its citizens abroad; however, it recognises that there is still a long way to go in terms of ensuring democratic participation of citizens in elections. Throughout, the evidence has been compiled primarily as a result of consultation with primary source material, as well as interviews with a range of experts within relevant Maltese governmental bodies.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Slovak Citizens Abroad
Authors: Vašečka Michal , Žúborová Viera
Published: October 2020

This chapter provides an overview of Slovak diaspora policies with a focus on social protection. It shows that the country’s diaspora policies have focused on educational and cultural engagement of ethnically defined Slovak nationals residing abroad, with a goal of improving knowledge of the national culture and language of citizens abroad.
Diaspora Policies, Consular Services and Social Protection for Cypriot Citizens Abroad
Authors: Konstantinidou Angeliki
Published: October 2020

The diaspora policies that Cyprus has implemented have been largely overlooked in the literature and in empirical studies. While several pieces of work have explored Cypriots abroad, there are no systematic studies that delve into the diaspora policies that the Cypriot government has put forward for non-resident nationals. Hence, this chapter aims to discuss the diaspora engagement policies that Cyprus implements at the economic, political, and socio-cultural levels, as well as to explain the Cypriot diaspora engagement based on the particular historical and political context of the country and the characteristics of its diaspora. In addition, the chapter sheds light on the niche area of social protection policies towards the Cypriot diaspora, with a particular focus on the policy areas of unemployment, health care, pensions, family-related benefits, and economic hardship.
Shackles and Chains: Some Concluding Thoughts
Authors: Hilton Claire
Published: October 2020

Many of the themes running through this book have parallels today, associated with stigma, austerity, deaths from preventable causes, and under-provision of services from which mentally unwell people could benefit. Metaphorical shackles and chains link then and now. At the beginning of the war, speculation and hope that victory would be within easy reach informed asylum planning. Decisions justifiable on that basis, but without compensatory adjustments later in the war, created harsher asylum regimes. Public support and special provision for mentally disturbed soldiers was heartening, but it highlighted the undignified standards of care provided for mentally disturbed civilians. Despite the problems in the asylums, there were also many dedicated and kind staff. Kindness was assumed so it was not noteworthy: it usually only came to light incidental to some other matter.
Modeling Cardiac Mechanics on a Sub-Cellular Scale
Authors: Telle Åshild , Wall Samuel T. , Sundnes Joakim
Published: October 2020

We aim to extend existing models of single-cell mechanics to theEMIframework, to define spatially resolved mechanical models of cardiac myocytes embedded in a passive extracellular space. The models introduced here will be pure mechanics models employing fairly simple constitutive laws for active and passive mechanics. Future extensions of the models may include a coupling to the electrophysiology and electro-diffusion models described in the other chapters, to study the impact of spatially heterogeneous ion concentrations on the cell and tissue mechanics.
Renormalization of Galilean electrodynamics
Authors: Chapman Shira , Di Pietro Lorenzo , Grosvenor Kevin T. , Yan Ziqi
Published: October 2020

Abstract

We study the quantum properties of a Galilean-invariant abelian gauge theory coupled to a Schrödinger scalar in 2+1 dimensions. At the classical level, the theory with minimal coupling is obtained from a null-reduction of relativistic Maxwell theory coupled to a complex scalar field in 3+1 dimensions and is closely related to the Galilean electromagnetism of Le-Bellac and Lévy-Leblond. Due to the presence of a dimensionless, gauge-invariant scalar field in the Galilean multiplet of the gauge-field, we find that at the quantum level an infinite number of couplings is generated. We explain how to handle the quantum corrections systematically using the background field method. Due to a non-renormalization theorem, the beta function of the gauge coupling is found to vanish to all orders in perturbation theory, leading to a continuous family of fixed points where the non-relativistic conformal symmetry is preserved.
Cornering (quasi) degenerate neutrinos with cosmology
Authors: Lattanzi Massimiliano , Gerbino Martina , Freese Katherine , Kane Gordon , Valle José W. F.
Published: October 2020

Abstract

In light of the improved sensitivities of cosmological observations, we examine the status of quasi-degenerate neutrino mass scenarios. Within the simplest extension of the standard cosmological model with massive neutrinos, we find that quasi-degenerate neutrinos are severely constrained by present cosmological data and neutrino oscillation experiments. We find that Planck 2018 observations of cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies disfavour quasi-degenerate neutrino masses at 2.4 Gaussian σ’s, while adding baryon acoustic oscillations (BAO) data brings the rejection to 5.9σ’s. The highest statistical significance with which one would be able to rule out quasi-degeneracy would arise if the sum of neutrino masses is ∑mv = 60 meV (the minimum allowed by neutrino oscillation experiments); indeed a sensitivity of 15 meV, as expected from a combination of future cosmological probes, would further improve the rejection level up to 17σ. We discuss the robustness of these projections with respect to assumptions on the underlying cosmological model, and also compare them with bounds from β decay endpoint and neutrinoless double beta decay studies.
On the Jensen convex and Jensen concave envelopes of means
Authors: Páles Zsolt , Pasteczka Paweł
Published: October 2020

In recent papers, the convexity of quasiarithmetic means was characterized under twice differentiability assumptions. One of the main goals of this paper is to show that the convexity or concavity of a quasiarithmetic mean implies the twice continuous differentiability of its generator. As a consequence of this result, we can characterize those quasiarithmetic means which admit a lower convex and upper concave quasiarithmetic envelope.
Krankenhausmedizinische Interventionen in der neurologischen Anschlussrehabilitation
Authors: Knecht Stefan , Jalali Venus Koushk , Schmidt-Wilcke Tobias , Studer Bettina
Published: October 2020

Behandlungen in einem Krankenhaus unterscheiden sich von Behandlungen in einer Rehabilitationsklinik rechtlich dadurch, dass den Patienten im Krankenhaus jederzeitige Hilfe durch Ärzte und anderes qualifiziertes Personal zur Verfügung stehen muss – in der Rehabilitationsklinik hingegen nicht. Seit der Abfassung der zugehörigen Sozialgesetze vor über 30 Jahren werden mehr akutmedizinische Interventionen durchgeführt und die Zahl der Älteren in der Bevölkerung hat zugenommen. Infolgedessen sind Patienten heute älter und multimorbider und dadurch komplikationsgefährdeter. Dies gilt insbesondere für die postakute neurologische Versorgung. Deswegen sind die ursprünglichen Rahmenkonzepte für neurologische Rehabilitationsbehandlung fragwürdig geworden. Wir untersuchten daher prospektiv, wie häufig Patienten in der neurologischen Anschlussrehabilitation akute Komplikationen entwickelten und sofortiger Hilfe durch qualifiziertes Personal bedurften. Wir fanden unter 759 innerhalb einer sechsmonatigen Beobachtungsperiode behandelten Patienten 602 krankenhausmedizinische Komplikationen (Stürze, akute Harnwegsinfekte, Fieber anderer Art, Clostridium-difficile-Diarrhöen, Pneumonien, respiratorische Insuffizienz, Septitiden, epileptische Anfälle und Herzrhythmusstörungen). Insgesamt musste so in der untersuchten Einrichtung im Mittel mehr als dreimal pro Tag akutmedizinisch interveniert werden. Wir schlussfolgern, dass neurologische Anschlussrehabilitation dem bisherigen sozialgesetzlichen Rahmen entwachsen ist und Krankenhausbehandlung umfasst.
The transformation to a circular economy: framing an evolutionary view
Authors: Chizaryfard Armaghan , Trucco Paolo , Nuur Cali
Published: October 2020

The notion of the circular economy (CE) has recently been put forth as a strategy to mitigate climate change. It has gained attention in policy circles and in the engineering and natural science literature. In contrast to the linear model of production, use and disposal, the point of departure for the CE is the creation and sustention of a regenerative system with the goal of minimising resource inputs and emissions. However, although the emerging literature has discussed the ongoing transition process towards the CE, mainly from an ecological perspective, the underlying mechanisms of industrial change including structural tensions have not been discussed. Responding to this gap in the literature, the aim of this paper is to discuss CE as an evolutionary process and to propose a conceptual framework that builds on a development block approach.
Bounds for monetary-unit sampling in auditing: an adjusted empirical likelihood approach
Authors: Berger Yves G. , Chiodini Paola M. , Zenga Mariangela
Published: October 2020

It is common practice for auditors to verify only a sample of recorded values to estimate the total error amount. Monetary-unit sampling is often used to over-sample large valued items which may be overstated. The aim is to compute an upper confidence bound for the total errors amount. Naïve bounds based on the central limit theorem are not suitable, because the distribution of errors are often very skewed. Auditors frequently use the Stringer bound which known to be too conservative. We propose to use weighted empirical likelihood bounds for Monetary-unit sampling. The approach proposed is different from mainstream empirical likelihood. A Monte–Carlo simulation study highlights the advantage of the proposed approach over the Stringer bound.
Profile of SARS-CoV-2
Authors: Heinz Franz X. , Stiasny Karin
Published: October 2020

The recent emergence of a new coronavirus (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus‑2, SARS-CoV-2) that is transmitted efficiently among humans and can result in serious disease and/or death has become a global threat to public health and economy. In this article, we describe some of the most important characteristics of this new virus (including gaps in our understanding) and provide a perspective of ongoing activities for developing virus-specific countermeasures, such as vaccines and antiviral drugs.
Deep brain stimulation electrodes may rotate after implantation—an animal study
Authors: Rau Alexander , Urbach H. , Coenen V. A. , Egger K. , Reinacher P. C.
Published: October 2020

Directional deep brain stimulation (dDBS) electrodes allow to steer the electrical field in a specific direction. When implanted with torque, they may rotate for a certain time after implantation. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether and to which degree leads rotate in the first 24 h after implantation using a sheep brain model. dDBS electrodes were implanted in 14 sheep heads and 3D rotational fluoroscopy (3D-RF) scans were acquired to visualize the orientation of the electrode leads. Electrode leads were clockwise rotated just above the burr holes (180° n = 6, 360° n = 6, 2 controls) and 3D-RF scans were again acquired after 3, 6, 13, 17, and 24 h, respectively. One hundred eighty degree rotated electrodes showed an initial rotation of 83.5° (range: 35.4°–128.3°) and a rotation of 114.0° (range: 57°–162°) after 24 h. With 360° torsion, mean initial rotation was 201° (range: 3.3°–321.4°) and mean rotation after 24 h 215.7° (range 31.9°–334.7°), respectively. Direct postoperative imaging may not be accurate for determining the rotation of dDBS electrodes if torque is present.
Can supplementary pollen feeding reduce varroa mite and virus levels and improve honey bee colony survival?
Authors: DeGrandi-Hoffman Gloria , Corby-Harris Vanessa , Chen Yanping , Graham Henry , Chambers Mona , Watkins deJong Emily , Ziolkowski Nicholas , Kang Yun , Gage Stephanie , Deeter Megan , Simone-Finstrom Michael , de Guzman Lilia
Published: October 2020

Varroa destructor is an ectoparasitic mite of immature and adult honey bees that can transmit several single-stranded RNA viruses to its host. Varroa reproduce in brood cells, and mite populations increase as colonies produce brood in spring and summer. Mite numbers also can sharply rise, particularly in the fall, by the migration of varroa into hives on foragers. Colonies with high levels of varroa and viruses often die over the winter. Feeding colonies pollen might keep virus levels low and improve survival because of the positive effects of pollen on immunity and colony growth. We compared varroa and virus levels and overwinter survival in colonies with (fed) and without (unfed) supplemental pollen. We also measured the frequency of capturing foragers with mites (FWM) at colony entrances to determine its relationship to varroa and virus levels. Colonies fed supplemental pollen were larger than unfed colonies and survived longer. Varroa populations and levels of Deformed wing virus (DWV) rose throughout the season, and were similar between fed and unfed colonies. The growth of varroa populations was correlated with FWM in fed and unfed colonies, and significantly affected DWV levels. Increasing frequencies of FWM and the effects on varroa populations might reduce the positive influence of supplemental pollen on immune function. However, pollen feeding can stimulate colony growth and this can improve colony survival.
The Manifold Of Variations: hazard assessment of short-term impactors
Authors: Del Vigna Alessio
Published: October 2020

When an asteroid has a few observations over a short time span the information contained in the observational arc could be so little that a full orbit determination may be not possible. One of the methods developed in recent years to overcome this problem is based on the systematic ranging and combined with the Admissible Region theory to constrain the poorly-determined topocentric range and range-rate. The result is a set of orbits compatible with the observations, the Manifold Of Variations, a two-dimensional compact manifold parametrised over the Admissible Region. Such a set of orbits represents the asteroid confidence region and is used for short-term hazard predictions. In this paper we present the Manifold Of Variations method and make a detailed analysis of the related probabilistic formalism.
In-situ TEM annealing of amorphous Fe-24at.%W coatings and the effect of crystallization on hardness
Authors: Mulone Antonio , Ennen Inga , Hütten Andreas , Klement Uta
Published: October 2020

This paper describes the crystallization which occurs upon annealing of an amorphous Fe-24at.%W coatings, electrodeposited from a glycolate-citrate plating bath. A combination of Differential Scanning Calorimetry and in-situ Transmission Electron Microscopy annealing is used to study the onset of crystallization of the amorphous coating. The in-situ TEM analyses reveal the formation of first crystallites after annealing at 400 °C for 30 min. Upon a temperature increase to 500–600 °C, the crystallites develop into Fe-rich nanocrystals with ~ 40 nm grain size. The nanocrystals are dispersed in the remaining amorphous Fe-W matrix, which results in the formation of a mixed nanocrystalline-amorphous structure. The observed crystallization can be held responsible for the increase in the hardness obtained upon annealing of Fe-24at.%W coatings. In fact, the hardness of the as-deposited material increases from 11 to 13 GPa after annealing at 400 °C, and it reaches the maximum value of 16.5 GPa after annealing at 600 °C.
Alpha protons as NMR probes in deuterated proteins
Authors: Movellan Kumar Tekwani , Najbauer Eszter E. , Pratihar Supriya , Salvi Michele , Giller Karin , Becker Stefan , Andreas Loren B.
Published: October 2020

We describe a new labeling method that allows for full protonation at the backbone Hα position, maintaining protein side chains with a high level of deuteration. We refer to the method as alpha proton exchange by transamination (α-PET) since it relies on transaminase activity demonstrated here usingEscherichia coliexpression. We show that α-PET labeling is particularly useful in improving structural characterization of solid proteins by introduction of an additional proton reporter, while eliminating many strong dipolar couplings. The approach benefits from the high sensitivity associated with 1.3 mm samples, more abundant information including Hα resonances, and the narrow proton linewidths encountered for highly deuterated proteins. The labeling strategy solves amide proton exchange problems commonly encountered for membrane proteins when using perdeuteration and backexchange protocols, allowing access to alpha and all amide protons including those in exchange-protected regions. The incorporation of Hα protons provides new insights, as the close Hα–Hα and Hα–HNcontacts present in β-sheets become accessible, improving the chance to determine the protein structure as compared with HN–HNcontacts alone. Protonation of the Hα position higher than 90% is achieved for Ile, Leu, Phe, Tyr, Met, Val, Ala, Gln, Asn, Thr, Ser, Glu, Asp even though LAAO is only active at this degree for Ile, Leu, Phe, Tyr, Trp, Met. Additionally, the glycine methylene carbon is labeled preferentially with a single deuteron, allowing stereospecific assignment of glycine alpha protons. In solution, we show that the high deuteration level dramatically reduces R2relaxation rates, which is beneficial for the study of large proteins and protein dynamics. We demonstrate the method using two model systems, as well as a 32 kDa membrane protein, hVDAC1, showing the applicability of the method to study membrane proteins.
Generalized absolute values, ideals and homomorphisms in mixed lattice groups
Authors: Eriksson Sirkka-Liisa , Jokela Jani , Paunonen Lassi
Published: October 2020

A mixed lattice group is a generalization of a lattice ordered group. The theory of mixed lattice semigroups dates back to the 1970s, but the corresponding theory for groups and vector spaces has been relatively unexplored. In this paper we investigate the basic structure of mixed lattice groups, and study how some of the fundamental concepts in Riesz spaces and lattice ordered groups, such as the absolute value and other related ideas, can be extended to mixed lattice groups and mixed lattice vector spaces. We also investigate ideals and study the properties of mixed lattice group homomorphisms and quotient groups. Most of the results in this paper have their analogues in the theory of Riesz spaces.
The essential indexical research program
Authors: Morgan Daniel
Published: October 2020

The ways of thinking of things associated with a few indexical expressions—e.g. ‘I’, ‘now’, ‘that’—have a special role in the causation of action. They have a role not had by, for example, the guise associated with the ‘Superman’, or the guise associated with any other proper name. So, at least, an orthodox view about action—often associated with the phrase ‘essential indexical’—has it. Recently, this view has come under scrutiny. An increasing number of philosophers think it is a myth. In this paper, I do two things. First, I argue that the orthodox view really is an insight, not a myth. Second, I offer an explanation of why it is that the insight holds.
Borrowing matter and pattern in morphology. An overview
Authors: Gardani Francesco
Published: October 2020

Morphological inventories and structures of languages in contact can converge by means of either increasing formal similarity (MAT borrowing), or structural congruence (PAT borrowing), or a combination of both (MAT&PAT borrowing). In order to understand whether and how these borrowing types covary with specific grammatical features and modules of grammar, I propose a typology of MAT and PAT borrowing that distinguishes between functional and realization levels and covers all areas of grammar that can be affected by borrowing. I exemplify selected subtypes of borrowing with a number of crosslinguistic cases focusing on morphology and morphosyntax.
Wie setzen sich angehende Lehrkräfte mit pädagogischen Situationen auseinander? Eine Analyse von Argumentationsstrukturen und genutzten Informationen
Authors: Trempler Kati , Hartmann Ulrike
Published: October 2020

Die kritische Auseinandersetzung mit pädagogischen Situationen ist eine bildungsrelevante Fähigkeit, die Lehrkräfte ihren Schülerinnen und Schülern vermitteln und die sie selbst im Sinne einer evidenzorientierten Praxis nutzen sollten, um ihre eigenen Entscheidungen in Bezug auf ihr professionelles Handeln zu begründen. Kritisches Denken zeigt sich in der Fähigkeit zu argumentieren und in der Art der genutzten Informationen (z. B. wissenschaftliches Wissen, Erfahrungen). Die Wahrnehmung, Darstellung und argumentative Abwägung verschiedener Positionen und Informationen weist insbesondere auf kritische Denkprozesse hin. In der vorliegenden Studie stellen wir daher die Fragen, (1) ob Lehramtsstudierende bei der schriftlichen und individuellen Auseinandersetzung mit pädagogischen Situationen argumentieren und wenn ja, welche Struktur diese Argumentationen aufweisen, (2) welche Informationen sie bei der Auseinandersetzung mit pädagogischen Situationen nutzen und (3) in welchem Zusammenhang genutzte Informationen mit der Argumentationsstruktur stehen. Wir analysierten 87 schriftliche Auseinandersetzungen von Studierenden im Master of Education, in denen sie eine schulische Situation auswählen, beschreiben und erklären sollten, und werteten diese Einträge mit einem qualitativ-quantifizierenden Vorgehen aus. Es wurden die Argumentationsstruktur (non-argumentation, einseitige Argumentation, zweiseitige Argumentation) sowie die Informationsintegration (intern, extern, intern und extern) mit einem eigens entwickelten Kodierschema untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass Lehramtsstudierende vor allem einseitig argumentieren; ein Viertel der Studierenden integriert verschiedene Positionen im Sinne einer zweiseitigen Argumentation. Zudem nutzen Studierende bei der schriftlichen Auseinandersetzung größtenteils externe Informationen (z. B. Lehrbücher). Die Fähigkeit zweiseitig zu argumentieren steht darüber hinaus in Zusammenhang mit der Informationsintegration. Die Ergebnisse werden kritisch in Hinblick auf die Konsequenzen für die Lehrerbildung diskutiert.
The influence of environmental factors on species composition and distribution in a community forest in Northern Thailand
Authors: Thammanu Siriluck , Marod Dokrak , Han Hee , Bhusal Narayan , Asanok Lamthai , Ketdee Pipat , Gaewsingha Noppakoon , Lee Seunghyun , Chung Joosang
Published: October 2020

Understanding the environmental factors that influence tree species composition is essential for successful management of biodiversity and sustainable use of community forest resources. This study aims to assess tree species composition and distribution in the deciduous Ban Mae Chiang Rai Lum Community Forest in Northern Thailand and to analyze the influence of environmental factors on tree biodiversity in the forest. We conducted a stratified systematic sampling of the forest’s total area of 3925 ha, and twenty-five 0.16 ha survey plots were established in three different stands of the deciduous forests to estimate and characterize the difference in biological diversity among the stands. Canonical correspondence analysis (CCA) was used to investigate the environment factors affecting such differences in biodiversity of the stands. The results showed a high diversity of trees in the forest as 197 species, 144 genera, and 62 plant families were recorded. The CCA ordination identified the environmental factors—the most important of which were elevation, distance to streams, soil moisture, organic matter, and distance to communities—that significantly influenced the diversity and distribution of tree species (p < 0.05) in the community forest. Our findings indicate that the implementation of drought reduction measures such as building check dams, fire protection, and monitoring community forest-product usage would be recommended to further biodiversity conservation and the sustainable use of community forest resources.
How Exactly Did the Nose Get That Long? A Critical Rethinking of the Pinocchio Effect and How Shape Changes Relate to Landmarks
Authors: Klingenberg Christian Peter
Published: October 2020

The Pinocchio effect has long been discussed in the literature on geometric morphometrics. It denotes the observation that Procrustes superimposition tends to distribute shape changes over many landmarks, even though a different superimposition may exist for the same landmark configurations that concentrates changes in just one or a few landmarks. This is widely seen as a flaw of Procrustes methods. Visualizations illustrating the Pinocchio effect use a comparison of the same pair of shapes superimposed in two different ways: in a resistant-fit superimposition that concentrates the shape difference in just one or a few landmarks, and in Procrustes superimposition, which distributes differences over most or all landmarks. Because these superimpositions differ only in the non-shape aspects of size, position and orientation, they are equivalent from the perspective of shape analysis. Simulation studies of the Pinocchio effect usually generate data, either single pairs or larger samples of landmark configurations, in a particular superimposition so that differences occur mostly or exclusively at just one or a few landmarks, but no steps are taken to remove variation from size, position and orientation. When these configurations are then compared with Procrustes-superimposed data, differences appear and are attributed to the Pinocchio effect. Overall, it is ironic that all manifestations of the Pinocchio effect in one way or another rely on differences in the non-shape properties of position and orientation. Rigorous thinking about shape variation and careful choice of visualization methods can prevent confusion over this issue.
Thermodynamic analysis of steam reforming of glycerol for hydrogen production at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Ismaila Ammaru , Chen Xueli , Gao Xin , Fan Xiaolei
Published: October 2020

Thermodynamic chemical equilibrium analysis of steam reforming of glycerol (SRG) for selective hydrogen production was performed based on the Gibbs free energy minimisation method. The ideal SRG reaction (C3H8O3+ 3H2O → 3CO2+7H2) and a comprehensive set of side reactions during SRG are considered for the formation of a wide range of products. Specifically, this work focused on the analysis of formation of CO2, CO and CH4 in the gas phase and determination of the carbon free region in SRG under the conditions at atmospheric pressure, 600 K–1100 K and 1.013 × 105–1.013 × 106 Pa with the steam-to-glycerol feed ratios (SGFR) of 1:5–10. The reaction conditions which favoured SRG for H2 production with minimum coke formation were identifies as: atmospheric pressure, temperatures of 900 K–1050 K and SGFR of 10:1. The influence of using the inert carrier gas (i.e., N2) in SRG was studied as well at atmospheric pressure. Although the presence of N2 in the stream decreased the partial pressure of reactants, it was beneficial to improve the equilibrium yield of H2. Under both conditions of SRG (with/without inert gas), the CH4 production is minimised, and carbon formation was thermodynamically unfavoured at steam rich conditions of SGFR > 5:1.
Anti-inflammatory Effects and Mechanisms of Rhein, an Anthraquinone Compound, and Its Applications in Treating Arthritis: A Review
Authors: Wang Hongjuan , Yang Dezhi , Li Li , Yang Shiying , Du Guanhua , Lu Yang
Published: October 2020

Inflammation is a defensive response of living tissues to damaging agents, which exists in two forms, acute inflammation and chronic inflammation, and chronic inflammation is closely related to arthritis. Currently, the commonly prescribed anti-inflammatory medications are greatly limited by high incidence of gastrointestinal erosions in the clinical applications. Rhein, a bioactive constituent of anthraquinone, exhibits excellent anti-inflammatory activities and therapeutic effects on arthritis with less gastrointestinal damages. Although there are numbers of studies on anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of rhein in the last few decades, to the best of our knowledge, only a few review articles pay attention to the interactive relationships of rhein on multiple inflammatory signaling pathways and cellular processes from a comprehensive perspective. Herein, we summarized anti-inflammatory effects and mechanisms of rhein and its practical applications in the treatment of arthritis, thereby providing a reference for its basic researches and clinical applications.
Spatiotemporal Trend Analysis of Precipitation Extremes in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam During 1980–2017
Authors: Quan Nguyen Trong , Khoi Dao Nguyen , Hoan Nguyen Xuan , Phung Nguyen Ky , Dang Thanh Duc
Published: October 2020

In this study, the spatiotemporal variability of trends in extreme precipitation events in Ho Chi Minh City during the period 1980–2017 was analyzed based on several core extreme precipitation indices (Rx1day, Rx5day, CDD, CWD, R20mm, R25mm, R95p, and SDII). The non-parametric Mann–Kendall and Sen’s slope methods were used to compute the statistical strength, stability, and magnitude of trends in annual rainfall, as well as the extreme precipitation indices. We found that 64% of the stations had statistically significant upward trends in yearly rainfall, with high magnitudes frequently observed in the northern and southern regions of the city. For the extreme precipitation indices, only SDII and R25mm showed dominantly significant trends. Additionally, there were increasing trends in the frequency and duration at the southern and central regions of the city during the study period. Furthermore, El Niño-Southern Oscillation and Pacific Decadal Oscillation positively correlated with the duration and negatively correlated with the intensity and frequency of extreme precipitation. Thus, water management plans should be adjusted appropriately to reduce the severe impacts of precipitation extremes on communities and ecosystems.
Participatory Mapping and Visualization of Local Knowledge: An Example from Eberbach, Germany
Authors: Klonner Carolin , Usón Tomás J. , Aeschbach Nicole , Höfle Bernhard
Published: October 2020

A rise in the number of flood-affected people and areas has increased the interest in new methods and concepts that account for this change. Citizens are integrated into disaster risk reduction processes through participatory approaches and can provide valuable up-to-date local knowledge. During a field study in Eberbach (Baden–Wuerttemberg, Germany) sketch maps and questionnaires were used to capture local knowledge about flooding. Based on a previous study on urban flooding in Santiago de Chile, the tools were adapted and applied to river flooding in the city of Eberbach, which is regularly flooded by the Neckar River, a major river in southwest Germany. The empirical database of the study comprises 40 participants in the study area and 40 in a control area. Half of the participants in each group are residents and half are pedestrians. Purposive sampling was used, and the questionnaires aimed to gather demographic information and explore what factors, such as property, influence the risk perception of the study participants. The results show that residents identify a larger spatial area as at risk than pedestrians, and owning property leads to higher risk awareness. The flood type influenced the choice of the base maps for the sketch maps. For river flooding, one map with an overview of the area was sufficient, while for urban flooding a second map with more details of the area also enables the marking of small streets. The information gathered can complement authoritative data such as from flood models. This participatory approach also increases the communication and trust between local governments, researchers, and citizens.
Komorbiditäten bei Cushing-Syndrom – sind mit der Grunderkrankung auch die Folgeerkrankungen geheilt?
Authors: Schernthaner-Reiter Marie Helene , Vila Greisa
Published: October 2020

Das Cushing-Syndrom (CS) ist mit einer Vielzahl an Komorbiditäten assoziiert, die oft auch nach Krankheitsremission persistieren. Diese Komorbiditäten sind die Hauptursache für das erhöhte kardiovaskuläre Risiko und die hohe Mortalitätsrate, nicht nur bei aktiver Erkrankung, sondern auch nach Heilung. Die medizinische Versorgung der Patienten mit CS sollte nicht nur die Therapie der Hypercortisolämie zum Ziel haben, sondern auch eine lebenslange Diagnose und Therapie aller CS-assoziierten Komorbiditäten beinhalten.
Sporotrichosis in Mexico
Authors: Toriello Conchita , Brunner-Mendoza Carolina , Ruiz-Baca Estela , Duarte-Escalante Esperanza , Pérez-Mejía Amelia , del Rocío Reyes-Montes María
Published: October 2020

Sporotrichosis is an endemic mycosis caused by the species of theSporothrixgenus, and it is considered one of the most frequent subcutaneous mycoses in Mexico. This mycosis has become a relevant fungal infection in the last two decades. Today, much is known of its epidemiology and distribution, and its taxonomy has undergone revisions. New clinical species have been identified and classified through molecular tools, and they now includeSporothrix schenckii sensu stricto,Sporothrix brasiliensis,Sporothrix globosa, andSporothrix luriei. In this article, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis. The results show that the most common clinical presentation of sporotrichosis in Mexico is the lymphocutaneous form, with a higher incidence in the 0–15 age range, mainly in males, and for which trauma with plants is the most frequent source of infection. In Mexico, the laboratory diagnosis of sporotrichosis is mainly carried out using conventional methods, but in recent years, several researchers have used molecular methods to identify theSporothrixspecies. The treatment of choice depends mainly on the clinical form of the disease, the host’s immunological status, and the species ofSporothrixinvolved. Despite the significance of this mycosis in Mexico, public information about sporotrichosis is scarce, and it is not considered reportable according to Mexico’s epidemiological national system, the “Sistema Nacional de Vigilancia Epidemiológica.” Due to the lack of data in Mexico regarding the epidemiology of this disease, we present a systematic review of sporotrichosis in Mexico, between 1914 and 2019, that analyzes its epidemiology, geographic distribution, and diagnosis.
Inter-organisational patent opposition network: how companies form adversarial relationships
Authors: Kito Tomomi , Moriya Nagi , Yamanoi Junichi
Published: October 2020

Much of the research on networks using patent data focuses on citations and the collaboration networks of inventors, hence regarding patents as a positive sign of invention. However, patenting is, most importantly, a strategic action used by companies to compete with each other. This study sheds light on inter-organisational adversarial relationships in patenting for the first time. We constructed and analysed the network of companies connected via patent opposition relationships that occurred between 1980 and 2018. A majority of the companies are directly or indirectly connected to each other and hence form the largest connected component. We found that, in the network, many companies disapprove patents in various industrial sectors as well as those owned by foreign companies. The network exhibits heavy-tailed, power-law-like degree distribution, and assortative mixing. We further investigated the dynamics of the formation of this network by conducting a temporal network motif analysis, with patent co-ownership among the companies being considered. By regarding opposition as a negative relationship and patent co-ownership as a positive relationship, we analysed where collaboration may occur in the opposition network and how such positive relationships would interact with negative relationships. The results identified the structurally imbalanced triadic motifs and the temporal patterns of the occurrence of triads formed by a mixture of positive and negative relationships. Our findings suggest that the mechanisms of the emergence of the inter-organisational adversarial relationships may differ from those of other types of negative relationships, hence necessitating further research.