bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effect Of Problem Based Solving Strategy Towards Students’ Speaking Skill
Authors: Terasne Terasne , Setianingsih Tri
Published: July 2020

This research was aimed to find out the effect of Problem Based Solving (PBS) Strategy toward students’ speaking skill at SMPN 4 Praya Barat Daya. The kind of this research was a Quasi-experimental research. The samples divided into two classes were: experimental group consist of 27 students and control group consist of 27 students. They were chosen by using Cluster Random sampling technique. The method was non-equivalent control group design. The technique of data collection used pre-test and post-test. The instrument to get students’ score by oral test in the form of speaking test. Then the data was obtained by using t-test formula, The data was analyzed through descriptive analysis and inferential statistic, it shows that value of t-test was 2.409, the mean score of experimental group 86.96 and the mean score of control group was 58.81.Than t-test was higher than t-table with significant level was 0.05 (1.675) with DF was 52. It can be concludes that the used Problem Solving has positive effect towards students’ speaking skill at SMPN 4 Praya Barat Daya , it means the alternative hypothesis was accepted.
Pengaruh Teknik Assertive Training Terhadap Penyesuaian Diri Siswa di SMAS Darul Hikmah Mataram
Authors: Syarafuddin M , Yuliastri Yuliastri
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of assertive training techniques on the adaptation of class X students at SMAS Darul Hikmah Mataram. This research method uses experiments. The population in this study were all students of class X SMAS Darul Hikmah Mataram, amounting to 16 students. In this study using purposive sampling to determine the sample and produced 6 students to study who experienced low adjustment. Data collection techniques using questionnaires, observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques using statistical analysis with the t-test formula. In accordance with the results of the calculation of tcount obtained from the results of the study showed 12,156. While the t-test value in the table with db (N-1) = 6-1 = 5 with a significance level of 0.05 or 5% = 2.015. So the results obtained in this study are greater than t table (12,156> 2,015), thus the conclusion obtained in this study is that there is an influence of assertive training techniques on the adjustment of class X students in SMAS Darul Hikmah Mataram.
Implementasi Aplikasi Penilaian Autentik Berbasis Excel oleh Guru dalam Pembelajaran di SMP Negeri 2 Kayangan
Authors: Iswantari Indah
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this research is to find out the implementation of authentic excel-based assessment by teachers in learning at SMP Negeri 2 Kayangan. The research method used was descriptive research with 17 subjects. The research instrument used was the monev sheet (monitoring and evaluation). While the data analysis techniques of this study used descriptive qualitative analysis techniques. The results of this study indicate that teachers of SMP Negeri 2 Kayangan have been able to implement authentic based excel assessments very well in their learning. The results of the Monitoring and Evaluation carried out showed that the majority of teachers received a score of 4 (very good) in each assessment indicator.
Meningkatkan Aktivitas Belajar Peserta Didik pada Mata Pelajaran PAI dan Budi Pekerti Melalui Pembelajaran Kooperatif Model Mind Mapping dalam Bentuk Peta Konsep Kreatif di SMP Negeri 1 Pemenang
Authors: Mulyani Nuning
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study is to improve student learning activities through cooperative learning Mind Mapping models in the form of creative concept maps. This research method uses classroom action research. The subjects of this study were students of class VII.2 students of SMPN 1 Pemenang with a total of 17 people. This research instrument uses observation. Research data analysis techniques using qualitative and quantitative descriptive analysis. The results of this study indicate that an increase in student learning activities is an average of 12.06 obtained from the average activity of students in the first cycle was 69.06 and then increased in the second cycle to 81.17. So it can be concluded that (1) The application of Mind Mapping learning models in the form of creative concept maps is one of the best alternatives in PAI and Budi Pekerti learning, (2) The application of Mind Mapping learning models in the form of creative concept maps can create participatory and multi-directional learning , (3) Through the application of Mind Mapping learning methods in the form of creative concept maps can increase the learning activities of students. The results also showed changes in classroom atmosphere that tended to be democratic and changes in teacher attitudes to care more about the atmosphere of learning in the classroom.
Implementasi Pendidikan Masyarakat Melalui Pemberdayaan Perempuan Berbasis Life Skill Education
Authors: Tamba Wayan , Rizka M A , Andriani Ika
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation of community education through empowering women based on life skills education in sewing at the Modes Kartini institution. This research method uses descriptive method with a qualitative approach. The method of determining research subjects using purposive sampling. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, documentation. Analysis of research data using interactive analysis which includes data collection, data presentation, data reduction, drawing conclusions. The results of this study are the implementation of community education through the empowerment of women based on life skill education in sewing in the Modes Kartini Institute which has been carried out smoothly according to program technical guidelines. The impact of the program is that it can improve welfare, provide expertise and skills to women to be able to become entrepreneurs and improve the family economy.
Long term effects of withholding phosphate application on North Island hill country: Te Kuiti
Authors: O'Connor M.B. , Smart C.E. , Ledgard S.F.
Published: July 2020

A farmlet grazing trial at the Te Kuiti Research Area (20 km south of Te Kuiti) began in April 1983 to study the effects on production of reducing or withholding fertiliser over a 6-year period. The effects of withholding fertiliser are considered in this paper. The soils on which the trial was conducted are Mahoenui or Mangatea silt loams typical of 1.3 million ha of North Island hill country. Applications of 250 kg/ha/annum of superphosphate had been applied for 10 years before the trial began, leading to Olsen P tests of 14. In spite of moderate soil test levels, declines in both animal and pasture production where fertiliser was withheld were evident from year 2. By years 3-4 onwards, production declines of some 20-30% were evident. Effects on pasture composition where fertiliser was withheld were evident, with less white clover and more moss and weeds. No noticeable increase in scrub weeds or brush weeds occurred. Maintaining a high stocking rate (or stock pressure) was considered a dominant factor in this regard. Keywords grazing trial, fertiliser, hill country, phosphate, animal production, pasture production
Effects of climate warming on the distribution of C4 grasses in New Zealand
Authors: Field T.R.O. , Forde M.B.
Published: July 2020

Data from pasture and roadside surveys and from an appeal to the public were used to assess whether recent climate warming has increased the spread of C4 grasses. Because of differences in date of introduction, saturation of existing range, ability to spread by seed, frost tolerance, and soil and moisture requirements, each species studied had a different potential increase in response to higher temperatures. Also spread could be exhibited as greater abundance within existing range as well as increase in geographical range. The strongest evidence that could be construed as an effect of climate warming was an increase of about 1.5" latitude in the area of 40% pasture occurrence of paspalum in the last 10-12 years. In the same period both carpet grass and knot-root bristle grass also greatly increased their impact. Most of the species studied (including the annual summer grass) underwent an explosive increase in the last 2-3 years after several particularly mild winters and warm summers. C4 species will probably be an increasing feature of pastures and lawns in future, and this should be accommodated by appropriate management and the introduction of improved pasture and amenity cultivars of this type. Keywords C4 grasses, climate change, paspalum, pasture survey
Ragwort control with herbicides and fertilisers: first year's results
Authors: Rahman A. , Thompson A. , Nicholson K.S.
Published: July 2020

Several combinations of N, P and K fertilisers and the herbicides 2,4-D or glyphosate were tested in conjunction with conservation tillage for ragwort (Senecio jacobaea) control in a low fertility hill country pasture. The trial started in March 1988 and assessments have been made for 12 months. Results so far have shown that development of a dense competitive sward by adequate fertiliser is essential to miuimise the ragwort infestation. The combination of 2,4-D and phosphate fertiliser resulted in the best sward composition and growth, and allowed the least re-invasion of ragwort into the pasture. Keywords Senecio jacobaea, 2,4-D, glyphosate, fertilisers, NPK, chemical control, herbicides, dairy pastures, pasture renovation
Weed seed contamination in white clover seedlots
Authors: Rowarth J.S. , Johnson A.A. , Clifford P.T.P. , Rolston M.P.
Published: July 2020

Weed seeds are the major reason for white clover (Trifolium repens) seedlots being downgraded or rejected from certification. The occurrence of weed species in 537 white clover seedlots tested at the Official Seed Testing Station, Palmerston North, was analysed. The most commonly occurring species were field madder (Sherardia arvensis), chickweed (Stellaria media), fathen (Chenopodium album), sheep's sorrel (Rumex acetosella) and scarlet pimpernel (Anagaflis arvensis). The percentage occurrence of four specified undesirable weeds including Californian thistle (Cirsium arvense) and dodder (Cuscuta epithymum) are reported, and the implications of seed contamination are discussed. Keywords: white clover, contamination, weed seeds
A seed dresser's perspective of seed production
Authors: Mccaw Peter
Published: July 2020

The objective is to optimise financial return to the seed grower by saving the maximum amount of seed at the highest possible quality standards. It is possible to always achieve the highest grades by dressing* a line very hard and discarding a large proportion of the sample, with a loss of potential value to the grower. It is also possible to take out too little of the empty seed and weeds, with a consequential loss of value to the grower which may equal that of the first instance. The trick is'to achieve a balance wherein all possible good seed is saved while the required standards for that type of seed are still met.
Growth rates and relationships between weather and growth rates for lucerne (Medicago sativa L.) in Canterbury and the Rotorua-Taupo region
Authors: Baars J.A. , Douglas J.A. , Knight T. , Janson C.G.
Published: July 2020

Two experiments were conducted to study the weekly and seasonal growth rates of lucerne in Canterbury (Winchmore) and the Rotorua- Taupo area (Wairakei). One of the, main objectives was to measure more accurately the weekly growth rates of lucerne, rather than the rates measured from final yields under a hay type regime, and relate them to weather factors over time. Weekly growth rates of lucerne were assessed from sequential cutting over S-week periods, followed by rapid grazing. After defoliation with sheep, the sequential cutting was repeated at a new site to avoid any interaction from repeat samplings of the previously measured areas. 'Wairau' lucerne was used but after the second year of the irrigated experiment at Winchmore 'Saranac' was used. Lucerne growth curves with and without irrigation in Canterbury and without irrigation in the Rotorua-Taupo area were constructed. During periods of rapid production lucerne growth rates were linear for up to 5 weeks. Daily growth rates of up to 185 kg DM/ha were recorded on both sites. These trials suggested that ceiling yields can reach 8500 kg DM/harvest. The main determinants of the amount of lucerne available at a particular time were the time of the year and length of regrowth period. Lucerne yields can be predicted from evaporation data and age of regrowth. Keywords: lucerne, growth curves, seasonal growth rates, weather, regressions
Spring and summer and wool growth pasture feeding and ewe reproduction
Authors: Thompson K.F. , Sedcole J.R. , O'Connell D. , Geenty K.G. , Sykes A.R.
Published: July 2020

Effects of pasture feeding level during lactation and over summer on ewe wool growth and ovulation rate were assessed in 1983-84 and 1984-85. Two levels of pasture feeding (lactation high and lactation low) from parturition to weaning (10 weeks) produced 8 to 10 kg liveweight difference in ewe liveweight at weaning. Groups (n = 40) were offered pasture allowances of 0.8, 1, 1.4, 2 or 5 kg DM/ewe/day from weaning until after the third synchronzied oestrus in April. Ewes on the lower allowances tended to reach a stable liveweight and those on 5 kg DM/ewe/day gained throughout. Other groups were offered low allowances during summer and then 5 kg DM/ewe/day after the first recorded oestrus. Mean dates for synchronised oestrus were 2 March, 19 March and 5 April. Ovulation rate increased by 0.15 corpora-lutea/ewe ovulating at each successive oestrus, and increased by 0.047 corpora lutes/ewe ovulating for each kg increase in liveweight at oestrus. These effects accounted for 77% of the variation in ovulation rate between treatments across years. The effects of flushing, lactation or summer liveweight change were small and generally non-significant. Lactation feeding affected wool growth during lactation as well and had carryover effects through the summer when lactation low ewes grew 10% less wool irrespective of the level of summer feeding. Keywords ewe, wool growth, ovulation rate, lactation, summer feeding, liveweight, flushing
Effect of pasture composition on lime and phosphorus responses on a dryland soil
Authors: Edmeades D.C. , Wheeler D.M. , Rys G. , Smith N.
Published: July 2020

A field trial was conducted on a yellow-grey earth in the Hawke's Bay (mean annual rainfall 875 mm) over a period of 5 years to measure the effects of lime applications (0, 5, 10 t/ha) on soils high (50 kg P/ha applied annually) or low (5 kg P/ha applied annually) in phosphorus (P). The average annual pasture production on this dryland soil in the absence of applied lime or P was 5060 kg DM/ha (range 3861-6024). The botanical composition of the pasture was variable, average annual legume composition (4/o on DM basis) ranging from 3 to 42%. The predominant. legume was subterranean clover (Trifolium subterranean) with white clover (Trifolium repens) making a small contribution in some years. In the first two years after application responses to lime were large (lo-20%), due entirely to liming stimulating the grass component of the pasture, and consistent with liming enhancing the rate of net mineralisation of soil organic nitrogen (N). In years three and-four-the-dominant treatment effect was to P applications (130% increase in total pasture production), which stimulated legume growth initially, but subsequently increased grass growth. In the fifth year no significant responses to lime or P were observed. The seasonal pattern of pasture responses to either lime or P was related to pasture botanical composition. The size of the annual total DM pasture responses to P was positively related to the legume content of the pasture. Conversely the lime responses were negatively related to pasture legume content. These results suggest that pasture botanical composition could be used to improve the ability to predict lime and P responses based on soil nutrient levels. This may be important where pasture botanical composition is extremely variable over time. Keywords fertiliser, lime, pasture, pasture composition, phosphorus, soil acidity
Effects of grazing animals on the plant availability of sulphur fertilisers in grazed pastures
Authors: Goh K.M. , Nguyen'J M.L.
Published: July 2020

Most field trials conducted in New Zealand for assessing pasture plant sulphur (S) requirements use the mowing and clipping return technique without the inclusion of grazing animals. A rotational grazing experiment and a field plot trial were conducted on a Templeton silt loam soil (Udic Ustochrept) in Canterbury using radioactive S35-labelled fertilisers to examine the effects of grazed sheep on the plant availability and cycling of applied S fertilisers. An additional plot trial was conducted to determine leaching losses of S35-labelled urine applied to pastures. The results obtained showed that maximum 3sS concentration in pastures treated with elemental S occurred 3 months earlier in the grazed trials compared with that of ungrazed plots. This increased herbage S was also reflected in the wool 35S of ewes which grazed the pastures. In addition, the amount of residual elemental S remaining in the soil after 3 months of its application was significantly lower in grazed than in ungrazed pastures. These results suggest that grazing animals enhanced the plant availability of elemental S probably because of the effects of animal trampling and the return of animal faeces. It was also found that about 36-44% of the applied 35S fertilisers and up to 68% of the applied urinary s35 were not recovered in the soil within one growing season in the field. __ Thus grazing animals enhanced not only the availability of elemental S, but were also responsible for substantial losses of S from pastures through animal excreta. The present data suggest that field trial results obtained from mowing plot trials without the inclusion of grazing animals are unlikely to assess adequately the plant availability of elemental S. Keywords sulphur, nutrient cycling, urine, sulphur leaching, recovery, fertiliser, elemental sulphur, oxidation, sheep grazing, mowing, grazing
Seasonal and fertiliser effects on microbial phosphorus and nitrogen in soils under pasture
Authors: Perrott K.W. , Sarathchandra S.U.
Published: July 2020

Significant quantities of phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) are present in the soil microbes compared with pasture requirements for these nutrients. Seasonal and fertiliser effects on microbial P and N were investigated in a controlled environment (CE) experiment, two field trials and a glasshouse trial. In the CE experiment there was a basic seasonal pattern of storage of P and N by the microbial biomass over "winter" and release of these nutrients in "spring". Climatic variations affected this pattern in the field trials. Withholding fertiliser did not affect soil microbial P and N in the field trials, despite a decline in pasture production of up to 20%. Soil microbial P and N did decline in the glasshouse trial, in which a much larger drop in herbage production (X30%) was induced by nutrient deficiency. Keywords soil microbial biomass, microbial phosphorus, microbial nitrogen, seasonal effects, withholding fertiliser, plant nutrients
Development of sunny-facing high country using different forms of sulphur fertiliser
Authors: Craighead M.D. , Burgess W.B. , Clark S.A. , Duffy R.G.
Published: July 2020

Different forms and rates of sulphur (S) fertiliser were examined for developing oversown tussock in sunny-lying South Island high country. Sulphur significantly increased dry matter (DM) production (p = 0.0001). Soluble forms of S were most effective in the first year, and lasted 15-18 months. Sulphur bentonite prills took 6 months to be effective, but over time the higher rate (56 kg S/ha) was one of the better treatments. Elemental S on its own was ineffective even after 3 years. The combination of soluble sulphate and finely divided elemental S (56 kg S/ha as sulphur super extra) was the most effective treatment. In the first 2 years alsike clover was the most dominant pasture species. Native grasses became dominant in the third year. After retopdressing at the beginning of year 4, pasture production again improved, particularly in those treatments containing only soluble forms of S. White clover was the dominant pasture species in the fourth year. Sulphur significantly increased soil-available nitrogen levels (p = 0.0001). Keywords development, sunny hill country, sulphate sulphur, elemental sulphur, sulphur super extra, sulphur bentonite prills, available nitrogen
Impacts of management on leaching of nitrate from pastures
Authors: Brock J.L. , Ball P.R. , Carran R.A.
Published: July 2020

Clover-based grasslands as used in New Zealand, while considered "clean" relative to grasslands farmed intensively with fertiliser nitrogen (N), are nevertheless polluting. Recent measurements of nitrate-N down the soil profile below heavily stocked (22.5 ee/ha) pastures grazed by sheep, have shown that leaching losses under set stocking are 2-3 times those from rotational grazing (37 vs 16 kg N/ha/yr). As the input of N, its storage, and outgoings in animal products are similar in both systems, this indicates that considerably more urinary N is being lost to the aerial environment from rotationally grazed pastures, with nitrate leaching being the main avenue of loss under set stocking. Differences in sward structure are suggested as the major factor. Lower nitrate leaching from cocksfoot vs ryegrass-based pastures are thought to be associated with lower herbage quality factors reducing urinary N formation. While grazing management will not greatly influence total N losses to the environrnent, it can mfluence the avenues by which N enters the wider environment. Aquatically sensitive catchments may be better protected from leaching of nitrate by modification of the grazing management approaches. Keywords pasture management, nitrate leaching, ammonia volatilisation, pasture structure, herbage quality, groundwater pollution
Productivity and water use of lucerne and two lucerne-grass mixtures in Canterbury
Authors: Mckenzie B.A. , Gyamtsho P. , Lucas R.J.
Published: July 2020

The long term trial, on a Templeton fine sandy loam, is a factorial combination of 3 pasture swards (pure WL320 lucerne, lucerne-'Grasslands Matua' prairie grass and lucerne-'Grasslands Maru' phalaris) and 2 grazing durations (long and short). The 0.04ha plots were sown in November 1986 with lucerne drilled across the grass rows. For the water use study, in 1988-89, 8 m* mini plots of pure lucerne, lucerne-phalaris, and lucerne-prairie in deep or shallow soil were selected. Pure lucerne plots produced annual dry matter (DM) yields of 12700 kg/ha, lucerne-phalaris 11600 and lucerne-prairie 10400. Deep soils had higher production (12600 kg/ha) than did shallow soils (10900 kg/ha). The lucerne-phalaris mixture had about 75-95% lucerne, while lucerne in the lucerne-prairie mixture ranged from 25% in winter to 65% in summer. The lucerne-prairie plots with deep soils had at last 60% lucerne while shallow soils had as little as 25%. Mean water use efficiency (WUE) was 25, 22 and 20 kg DM/ha/mm for pure lucerne, lucern-ephalaris and lucetne-prairie, respectively. Shallow soils had WUE of 21 kg DM/ha/mm H,O and deep soils 24 kg DM/ha/mm. Soil water extraction 'patterns differed little in shallow soils, but in deep soils pure lucerne extracted water to at least 100 cm while lucerne-phalaris and lucerne-prairie extracted soil moisture down to about 80 cm. Lucerne and phalaris roots were both found down to 90 cm and from O-20 cm most of the root mass was lucerne. With the lucerne-prairie mixture from O-20 cm, root mass was about 50% for each species and lucerne root mass was significantly reduced below 50 cm. Keywords: lucerne, alfalfa, prairie grass, lucerne-grass mixtures, water use, yield, roots, Medicago saliva, Bromus willdenowii, Phalaris aquatica
'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue seed production: research and practice
Authors: Hare M.D. , Rolston M.P. , Archie W.J. , Mckenzie J.
Published: July 2020

Seed yields of 'Grasslands Roa' tall fescue (Festuca arundinacea Schreb.) have ranged from 200 to 1450 kg/ha, with some hand harvested research plots producing 3600 kg/ha. Better management has increased seed yields, i.e., growing seed crops on deep, moistureretentive soils, lenient autumn and winter grazing, closing by late winter (mid July), applying 120 kg N/ha and careful harvesting techniques. Time of sowing, undersowing with barley crops, weed control and plant growth regulators are also discussed. Keywords tall fescue, seed production, Festuca arundinacea, 'Grasslands Roa'
Browntop seed production: Past, present and future
Authors: Guy B.R. , Archie W.J. , Rowarth J.S.
Published: July 2020

A survey of 'Grassland Egmont' browntop (Agrostis capillaris syn. A. tenuis) seed yields (1987-1989 incl.) showed a range in production from 0 to over 400 kg/ha, with a relatively low average yield (107-147 kg/ha). In order to elucidate the problems associated with growing Egmont for seed, crops on 23 farms were monitored during the 1989/90 growing season. Trends on yield data were then analysed according to precipitation (rainfall or irrigation) and soil type. Precipitation was found to be the major factor in limiting seed yields. With this information, refinements were developed to present management systems including fertiliser application, weed control, irrigation and harvest and post-harvest management. Keywords: browntop, seed production, irrigation, 'Grasslands Egmont'
Chicory seed production: research and practice
Authors: Hare M.D. , Rowarth J.S. , Archie W.J. , Rolston M.P. , Guy B.R.
Published: July 2020

'Grasslands Puna' chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) has been harvested for seed in New Zealand since 1984. Seed yields have ranged from 0 to over 700 kg/ha with an average yield of around 200 kg/ha. Data from Manawatu and Canterbury trials were combined with information gained from monitoring 25 Puna seed crops in Canterbury. Results from work on establishment, time of closing, seed development, response to nitrogen, herbicide tolerance and methods of harvesting are reported, and differences between Manawatu and Canterbury in terms of management of Puna seed crops are highlighted. Keywords: chicory, seed production
White clover soil seed loads: effect on requirements and resultant success of cultivar-change crops
Authors: Clifford P.T.P. , Baird I.J. , Grbavac N. , Sparks G.A.
Published: July 2020

A study was done at Canterbury Agriculture and Science Centre, Lincoln, New Zealand, to equate volunteer white clover plant establishment with the decay of the soil seed burden over time. A 5 season break without clover sowings, if coupled with either annual cultivation or herbicide removal of establishing volunteer plants, reduced contamination potential below that desired to meet certification requirements for first-generation seed crops. 'Buried-seed counts' taken after the last deep cultivation for the change crop should be in the O-3 seeds per 50 cores range for breeders' and basic crops and 4-6 per 50 cores for first-generation crops. Sowings to produce breeders' and basic seed must be in 45-cm row spacings to facilitate inter-row herbicide elimination of volunteers. Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries Seed Testing Station data on 705 potential change crop sites over 5 seasons, indicated that for breeders basic and first generation, only 31% and 50% of paddocks respectively fell within these ranges, justifying the continued use of this measure as an indicator of potential for success. For the 1989-90 season, 17% of the 182 first-year autumn-sown cultivar-change certification entries were withdrawn because of poor establishment and/or weed problems, 3% for wrong sowing methods obviating inspection a n d 5 % w e r e r e j e c t e d b e c a u s e o f contamination. Currently, the major limitation to growing high yielding white clover change crops, particularly of small-leaved cultivars, is in making seed multipliers aware of available technology. Keywords: white clover, contamination, buried seed, volunteer plants, certification
Effects of drilling depth on seedling growth of seven dryland pasture species
Authors: Woodman R.F. , Doney R.J. , Allan B.E.
Published: July 2020

The effects of sowing depth on the seedling growth of three dryland pasture grasses and five legumes from an on-farm trial in the Hakataramea 'Valley, South Canterbury was examined. The drill was set to sow seed at depths of 10 mm, 20 mm, or 30 mm depending upon species, but in practice a wide range of drilling depths occurred. Seedling growth was highly correlated with sowing depth for the majority of species. The level of dependence of seedling growth upon sowing depth for the species examined was as follows: Tetra alsike >> Cascade birdsfoot trefoil = Kara cocksfoot > Hakari brome = Dryland birdsfoot trefoil = Redquin red clover > > WL 320 lucerne = Maru phalaris. In general, seedling growth was good from sowing depths of less than 12.5 mm and extremely poor from depths greater than 25 mm. A prediction of the relationship for these species on the basis of seed weight was not possible. Keywords sowing depth, pasture species, dryland species, seedling growth, hypocotyl length, epicotyl length
Forage shrubs for the South Island dry hill country: 1. A triplex halimus L. (Mediterranean saltbush)
Authors: Wills B.J. , Begg J.S.C. , Brosnan M.
Published: July 2020

As an essential ingredient in the development of the South Island's dry hill country, shrubs have a vital role in the amelioration of extreme climatic effects, gully erosion control and in the provision of stock forage. Trials have been conducted in the South Island over the past 20 years, culminating in the establishment of farm scale plantings of Atriplex halimus (Mediterranean saltbush) on "Riverside" (Mike Brosnan), Hakataramea, in 1985. Some 20+ ha of saltbush "forage banks" now exist on this property. The selection of Atriplex species adapted to the dry, cold hill country in the South Island is briefly described together with establishment and grazing management techniques appropriate to farm scale plantings of forage banks. These have been developed on exposed, sunny faces which, in the past, were low priority areas for pastoral development. The climatic adaptability, the preferred soil types and nutrient status, the management and the conservation values of Atriplex halimus as a forage plant are discussed. This is directed at stimulating further integration of forage banks into farming systems appropriate to semi-arid conditions. Planting normally unproductive dryland site with forage shrubs, in combination with other drought tolerant pasture plants, is seen as an important step in the development of successful farming strategy suited to these environments. The positive and practical results realised to date at Riverside need to be developed on other South Island dryland properties as a means of expanding shrub forage bank plantings over a wider range of climate and soil types in New Zealand. Keywords Atriplex halimus, Mediterranean saltbush, forage banks, nutrition, grazing and economic analyses, semi-arid climate
Implications of ceasing annual superphosphate topdressing applications on pasture production
Authors: Mcbride Sd , Nguyen M.L. , Rickard D.S.
Published: July 2020

Two field-plot trials were superimposed on irrigated, sheep-grazed pastures on Lismore stony silt loam in Canterbury to investigate residual effects of previous superphosphate applications on dry matter (DM) production and herbage composition. Residual effect of phosphorus (P) in superphosphate was shown to depend upon previous application rate and number of years of superphosphate application. In contrast, residual effect of sulphur (S) in superphosphate was independent of previous application rate if superphosphate had been applied for 25 years at rates at or above the S maintenance rate. Previous applications of superphosphate at the annual rate of 376 kg/ha for 6 years failed to safeguard pasture against yield reduction even in the first year after superphosphate was discontinued. This reduction was attributed equally to both P and S deficiencies. Residual values of both P and S were more substantial in areas where superphosphate had been-applied-at--the-higher rate of 564 kg/ha for 6 years. However, these residual values were also short-lived and DM production declined by 13% in the second year after the cessation of superphosphate application. Different patterns of residual values of superphosphate were recorded on areas where superphosphate had been applied over a longer term of 25 years. Where superphosphate had been applied annually at 188 kg/ha, DM production fell by 10% in the first year after topdressing ceased. This reduction was due entirely to P deficiency affecting clover growth, while S deficiency - in both grass and clover - was not observed until the third year after topdressing ceased. On areas where superphosphate had been applied at a higher rate of 376 kg/ha for a similar period of 25 years, DM production did not decline until the second year. This initial decline was attributed to S deficiency in clover while P deficiency in grass and clover was not apparent until the 4th year after the cessation of superphosphate application. The results were used in a simple model that uses previous topdressing history to predict yield reductions if topdressing is withheld. Keywords residual effects, phosphorus, sulphur, irrigated pasture
Pastoral fallow for improving low fertility hill country pastures
Authors: Mackay A.D. , Budding P.J. , Ross D.J. , Tatez K.R. , Orchard V.A. , Hart P.B.S. , Kettles H.A.
Published: July 2020

The effect of a pastoral fallow (the 'spelling' of a pasture from early spring (September) to autumn (April/May)), with or without added fertiliser, on pasture and legume growth rates, total pasture biomass accumulation, nitrogen fixation, and on soil carbon and nitrogen cycling in the year of the fallow, and in the year after thef allow, wa sevaluated on 55ha of moderate to steep~low fertility, summermoist hill country at Ballantrae, DSIR Grasslands Hill Country Research Station. The major effect was to open the sward, increase individual plant size, vigour and rooting depth, increase the presence and vigour of white clover by creating new niches for growth, and improve N fixation by legumes in the year after the fallow only. The data on soil C and N dynamics are consistent with the concept of fallowing adding a pool of potentially available N to the soil. The benefits of a fallow for moist hill country and other pastoral farming systems are discussed. Keywords pastoral fallow, hill pastures, nitrogen, legume growth
Comparison of a herbal ley with a ryegrass-white clover pasture and pure ryegrass sward receiving fertiliser nitrogen
Authors: Ruz-Jerez B.E. , Ball P.Roger , White R.E. , Gregg P.E.H.
Published: July 2020

This paper compares a herbal ley (of particular interest to farmers involved in the 'organic' branch of agriculture) with a conventional pasture (ryegrass-white clover) and a more intensive system (pure ryegrass receiving 400 kg fertiliser N/ha/yr) in a study lasting 2 years. The herbal ley seeds mixture was prepared following the pioneering ideas of Robert Elliot in his "Clifton ~~ ~~~~~Park"mixture,-whichbasically-included~a-group of 'non-aggressive' grasses, forage legumes and herbs. Pasture production (average of 2 years) from Herbal ley was 15 t DM/ha/yr, representing approximately 90% of the yield from the intensively managed pure ryegrass pasture receiving 400 kg N/ ha&r and some 2530% more than from ryegrassclover. A major feature of the herbal ley was substantialproductionduringlate.springandsummer, when chicory (the most dominant herb), and red clover and white clover made a major contribution to herbage yield. In winter the total yield was similar tothatI?omthegrass-cloverpasture.L.egumecontent was 23 and 3 1% (averaged over the year) for Grassclover and Herbal ley pastures respectively. In spite of this difference, symbiotic N fixation was similar. So fixation efficiency on a legume yield basis was 50.3 and 3 1.6 kg N fixed/t legume DM harvested, respectively. These results could reflect a different pattern of utilisation of soil N, as a consequence of the different botanical composition of the swards. In summary, the performance of the herbal ley offers the promise of an alternative, 'specialist' pasture and would be highly beneficial if quality feed is required in summer. Keywords herbal ley, biological fertility, nitrogen, symbiotic nitrogen fixation, pasture mixtures
Maori land utilisation
Authors: Hall Alistair M.
Published: July 2020

The Maori land resource in the Bay of Plenty district is variously defined as to area and undefined as to land use. A general resumé of Maoti land title and tenure is given and procedures on succession commented on. Two statutory avenues which may assist utilisation, the establishment of trusts under section 438 of the Maori Affairs Act, and the establishment of Maori Incorporations, are discussed. Lending for development on the security of Maori land was largely the preserve of the now defunct Maori Affairs Department. No commercial organisation has emerged to undertake this role and development of Maori land on any appreciable scale is now likely to cease. Keywords Maori land, legislation, succession, utilisation, mortgages.
Evaluation of elite white clover germplasm under rotational cattle and sheep grazing
Authors: Caradus J.R.
Published: July 2020

Four white clover (Trifolium repens L.) cultivars, 4 pre-release cultivars and 24 breeding lines were evaluated in small plots in mixed species swards under rotational cattle and sheep grazing for 2 years. There was no significant stock class x line interaction for proportion of clover in the sward. There was no evidence that medium- and smallleaved types yielded better under sheep grazing while larger-leaved types yielded better under cattle grazing. Lines with the highest clover content tended to be large leaved and upright irrespective of stock class. They also had moderate to high stolon growing point densities. Breeding programmes have developed lines with high stolon growing point densities, ensuring vegetative persistence, while still maintaining a high proportion of clover in the sward. These pre-release cultivars and breeding lines gave significantly better clover contents than existing cultivars. Keywords cultivars, selections, plant habit, cyanogenesis, stolon growing point density, clover content, cattle grazing, sheep grazing
Breeding for resistance to facial eczema in dairy cattle
Authors: Morris C.A. , Towers N.R. , Tempero H.J.
Published: July 2020

Facial eczema (FE) is a disease of grazing ruminants caused by ingesting spores of the fungus Pithomyces chartarum. The spores contain a toxic compound, sporidesmin, which causes liver injury, sensitivity to sunlight and reduced performance in susceptible dairy cattle. The extent of production losses is summarised. Research at Ruakura has demonstrated that the resistance of animals to FE is inherited, with a heritability estimate of 0.31 in dairy cattle. Genetic progress in dairy cattle could bc achieved by progeny testing young bulls, and selecting for use as sires those with the most resistant progeny. However, work over the last decade in sheep at Ruakura has demonstrated the success of selection based on performance testing (i.e. dosing potential sires themselves and using those that are most resistant to the challenge). In January 1990 we began to develop a performance test for use in the preliminary screening of young dairy bulls for FE resistance. The details of these tests are described. Keywords facial eczema, dairy cattle, performance testing, production loss
Model Determinasi Minat Beriwirausaha Mahasiswa
Authors: Fatimah Siska Ernawati , Purdianto Ario
Published: July 2020

Abstract: One of the highest unemployment rates in Indonesia is educated unemployment which is derived from college graduates. One of the problems of undergraduate graduates in Indonesia is graduates who are not fully absorbed by the availability of employment. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of entrepreneurial knowledge and entrepreneurial motivation on entrepreneurial interest in students. The research method used is a quantitative method. The population in this study is the final year students at the Faculty of Economics, University of Swadaya Gunung Jati. The number of samples in this study were 85 respondents. Data collection using a questionnaire instrument. Data analysis using multiple regression models with the help of the SPSS application. The research findings show that entrepreneurial knowledge and entrepreneurial motivation have a positive and significant influence on entrepreneurial interest. Future studies are expected to be able to examine more factors that influence entrepreneurial interests that are not examined in this study. Keyword : entrepreneurship knowledge; entrepreneurship motivation; entrepreneurial interest. Abstrak : Angka pengangguran di Indonesia yang tinggi salah satunya adalah pengangguran terdidik yaitu berasal dari lulusan perguruan tinggi. Salah satu permsalahan lulusan sarjana di Indonesia adalah lulusan yang tidak terserap seluruhnya oleh ketersediaan lapangan kerja.  Tujuan penelitian ini untuk menguji pengaruh pengetahuan wirausaha dan motivasi wirausaha terhadap minat wirausaha pada mahasiswa. Metode riset yang digunakan adalah metode kuantitatif. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah mahasiswa tingkat akhir pada fakultas Ekonomi Universitas Swadaya Gunung Jati. Jumlah sampel dalam penelitian ini sebanak 85 responden. Penarikan data menggunakan instrumen kuesioner. Analisis data menggunakan model regresi ganda dengan bantuan aplikasi SPSS. Temuan penelitian menunjukan bahwa pengetahuan wirausaha dan motivasi wirausaha memiliki pengaruh positif dan signifkan terhadap minat wirausaha. Penelitian selanjutnya diharapkan mampu meneliti lebih banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi minat wirausaha yang tidak diteliti pada penelitian ini. Kata Kunci : Pengetahuan Berwirusaha; Motivasi Berwirausaha; Minat Berwirausaha.
Struktur Kepemilikan, Profitabilitas, dan Nilai Perusahaan: Mediasi Kebijakan Deviden
Authors: Rahmawati Christina Heti Tri
Published: July 2020

Abstract. This research aims to investigate the influence of insider and institutional ownership, profitability towards firm value through dividend payout ratio as the intervening variable. The research method was quantitative research. The samples employed were the manufacturing companies registered in Indonesia Stock Exchange 2016-2018. The statistic method was analyzed by path analysis. The results of this research showed that insider ownership brought significant negative influence towards the firm value; the profitability brought significant positive influence towards the firm value and the dividend payout ratio brought significant positive influence towards the firm value. The intervening testing results proved the dividend payout did not intervene in the influence of the insider and institutional ownership towards the firm value, and the dividend intervened in the influence of profitability towards the firm value. The research implication for investors includes the drastic increase in profit and benefits. Meanwhile, for companies, they could enhance the insider share ownership and performance to earn optimum profitability and dividend that could boost the firm’s value and grab more investors. Keywords: Insider Ownership; Institutional Ownership; Profitability; Firm Value; Dividend Payout Ratio. Abstrak. Penelitian ini bertujuan menguji pengaruh kepemilikan manajerial, kepemilikan institusional dan profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan melalui kebijakan deviden sebagai variabel mediasi. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah penelitian kuantitatif. Sampel yang digunakan adalah perusahaan manufaktur yang terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia tahun 2016-2018. Metode statistik untuk menguji hipotesis menggunakan analisis jalur. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan kepemilikan manajerial berpengaruh negatif signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan; profitabilitas dan kebijakan deviden berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan serta kebijakan deviden berpengaruh positif signifikan terhadap nilai perusahaan. Sedangkan hasil uji mediasinya membuktikan kebijakan deviden tidak memediasi pengaruh kepemilikan manajerial dan kepemilikan institusional terhadap nilai perusahaan;serta kebijakan deviden memediasi pengaruh profitabilitas terhadap nilai perusahaan. Implikasi penelitian ini bagi investor dapat memilih perusahaan dengan tingkat laba yang tinggi sehingga menerima keuntungan tinggi. Sedangkan bagi perusahaan dapat meningkatkan kepemilikan saham manajerial dankinerja perusahaan agar menghasilkan profitabilitas yang optimal serta dividen yang tinggi, sehingga meningkatkan nilai perusahaan dan menarik investor. Kata kunci: Kepemilikan Manajerial; Kepemilikan Institusional;Profitabilitas; Nilai Perusahaan; Kebijakan Deviden.
Inhibition of Autism Spectrum Disorder Associated Bacteria and C. difficile by Polyols
Authors: Cannon ML , Merchant M , Kabat W , Unruh B , Ramones A
Published: July 2020

Objectives: To determine the effectiveness of erythritol and xylitol in the inhibition of gut bacteria possibly associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and Clostridium difficile Infection (CDI).
Methods: Seven bacterial strains associated with ASD, or with CDI and a control probiotic were tested for polyol inhibitory activity: Clostridium histolyticum, Bacteroides vulgatus, Bifidobacterium longham, and two strains each of Clostridium bolteae and difficile. Each strain was grown in brain heart infusion/sucrose media with polyol concentrations varying from 0% to 15% for erythritol and 0% -30 % for xylitol. Growth of Clostridium histolyticum and Bifidobacterium longham was measured after 24 hours while all other strains were evaluated at 48 hours to permit additional growth. Optical density was measured using a spectrophotometer and the plates were read at 620 nm.
Results: All strains had results indicating polyol inhibition of growth. Clostridium histolyticum (Chis), Bifidobacterium longham (Blof), and both Clostridium bolteae (Cbol) strains showed reduced growth with increasing polyol concentration with an inflection point of about 4% for both xylitol and erythritol (complete or near complete inhibition relative to control wells). Bacteroides vulgatus (Bvul) grew very lightly in the BHI/sucrose. This strain has visible growth but very low OD values. Inhibition of growth with increasing polyol concentrations was observed but assessing the polyol inhibition break point was difficult with this strain.
Conclusions: Xylitol and erythritol at sufficient concentrations were able to inhibit the growth of bacterial strains that have been associated with the development of Autism Spectrum Disorder in recently published studies.