bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Scheduling and Sequencing Arrivals to an Appointment System
Authors: Vanden Bosch Peter M. , Dietz Dennis C.
Published: March 2007

The authors develop methods for optimally scheduling and sequencing customer arrivals to a single-server appointment system. Customers are characterized by probabilistic service times with distinct distributions, and the server works according to a first-come, first-served discipline. A customer may fail to show for an appointment with known probability, but all arriving customers are assumed to be punctual. Costs are incurred at a specified rate per unit time that each customer waits for service, and an additional cost is incurred for every unit of time that the server operates beyond a scheduled closing time. The objective is to minimize the combined costs of customer waiting and server overtime. Possible applications include scheduling surgeons to operating suites, scheduling military aircraft to training ranges, and scheduling service activities for telecommunication technicians.
The Impact of Long-Term Client Relationships on the Performance of Business Service Firms
Authors: Kumar Piyush
Published: March 2007

In this article, the author empirically examines the impact of long-term client relationships on the performance of business service firms. On the basis of the information contained in the Compustat and Compact Disclosure sets of databases, he finds that, over the long run, relationship-oriented business service firms achieve higher returns on their investments than do transaction-oriented firms. Importantly, the findings suggest that, unlike relationship-oriented suppliers of business goods such as component parts, long-term client relationships do not improve the productivity of relationship-oriented service firms. However, such relationships help business service firms to resist price pressures from their customers and add more value to their services over time.
Personality, Character, and Self-Expression
Authors: WINTER THOMAS
Published: March 2007

Historians have largely neglected to explore the ways in which emerging constructions of middle-class manhood were contingent on defining and structuring class difference. Using the YMCA's efforts with railroad and industrial workers from the 1870s to the end of World War I as a case study, the author argues that definitions of class difference were an integral part to new articulations of middle-class manhood. YMCA officials hoped that workingmen would abstain from political radicalism and industrial unrest once they adopted an ideal of Christian manhood. Bringing an ideal of Christian manhood to the workers, the YMCA presumed, could engender a workforce that would set examples of sacrifice and service and exude goodwill and selflessness. While YMCA officials took part in the remaking of middle-class men's notions about the meaning of manhood, they also constructed and affirmed class differences through their cultural practices.
“How Can She Claim Equal Rights When She Doesn't Have to Do as Many Push-Ups as I Do?”
Authors: COHN CAROL
Published: March 2007

The public arguments for and against women in the military and in combat are numerous, well-worn, and readily accessible in congressional testimony, books, and articles. But the laundry list of arguments does not necessarily tell us much about how military men actually make sense to themselves of their own experiences and opinions, or the ways that they frame their feelings about the issue. Drawing on in-depth interviews with military officers, this article describes and analyzes a dominant form in which male officers frame their opposition to women in the military, the “PT (physical training) protest,” a variant of “standards discourse.” Having different physical training standards for men and women is seen as special treatment for women, lowering standards for women, and/or evidence that women cannot cut it in the military. Although standards discourse invokes an apparently “objective” and neutral ideology that links equal status with same standards, the author shows that the discursive context in which male officers utter the PT protest reveals strong feelings of loss and anger about changes in the way the organization is gendered.
Critical Studies on Men in Ten European Countries
Authors: HEARN JEFF , PRINGLE KEITH , MÜLLER URSULA , OLEKSY ELZBIETA , LATTU EMMI , CHERNOVA JANNA , FERGUSON HARRY , HOLTER ØYSTEIN GULLVÅG , KOLGA VOLDEMAR , NOVIKOVA IRINA , VENTIMIGLIA CARMINE , OLSVIK EIVIND , TALLBERG TEEMU
Published: March 2007

This article is one the work of The European Research Network on Men in Europe project “The Social Problem and Societal Problematization of Men and Masculinities” (2000-2003), funded by the European Commission. The Network comprises women and men researchers with range of disciplinary backgrounds from Estonia, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Norway, Poland, the Russian Federation, and the United Kingdom. The Network's initial focus is on men's relations to home and work, social exclusion, violences, and health. Some of findings on the Network's second phase of work, namely the review of statistical sources on men's practices in the ten countries, are presented. This is the second of four articles reviewing critical studies on men in the ten countries through different methods and approaches.
Displaying the Phallus
Authors: KIBBY MARJORIE , COSTELLO BRIGID
Published: March 2007

On adult video-conferencing sites, men present sexualized bodies as objects of the gaze through an interactive medium that enables, while it limits, the possibility of the passive and the feminine. Within this unstable subject/object framework, the men construct a masculine subjectivity and a male sexual identity. Male sexuality, through the medium of CU-SeeMe, is both an affirmational community performance and an individual erotic display. These sites combine established conventions of film and the evolving practices of electronic chat to produce new discourses of male sexual display.
Relative Flammability and Toxicity of Thermal Insulation
Authors: Hilado Carlos J. , Huttlinger Patricia A.
Published: March 2007

Relative flammability and relative toxicity data are presented for 30 samples of thermal insulation materials. A com promise between flammability and toxicity appears to be neither inherent nor necessary in selection of materials. Cellulosic and synthetic materials appear to represent significantly different combinations of flammability and toxicity hazards, and therefore require different approaches when planning and designing applica tions. Polyurethane rigid foam seemed to be significantly less toxic and slightly less flammable than wood under these particu lar test conditions.
Effects of Thermal Insulation On the Dynamics of an Occupied Space in a Building System
Authors: Mehta D. Paul
Published: March 2007

A mathematical model which describes the dynamic interactions of thermal insulation with the other components in a building system is presented in this paper.
Effect of the Adverse Press On the Insulation Industry
Authors: Timm William , Smith Patti M.
Published: March 2007

The insulation industry is in the midst of a great depression; all manufacturers sales have shown sharp declines. Some manufacturers have gotten out of the insula tion business, while others have gone bankrupt. The number of installation contractors still in business has been reduced to only a small fraction of the number of contractors in business a year ago.
Thermal Behaviour of Composite Walls Under Solar Irradiation and Internal Intermittent Heating
Authors: Faggiani S. , Galbiati P. , Tuoni G.
Published: March 2007

The problem of the room temperature oscillation under intermittent heating and solar irradiation is analyzed for two types of walls which have the same thermal conductance and different heat capacities. The yearly time- dependence of the sol-air external temperature is simulated by means of a Fourier's expansion, the coefficients of which are linear functions of time. In this way the analysis deals with the yearly transient state. The calculations show that the amplitude of the room temperature oscillations is markedly smaller, and nearly independent of the beginning instant of heating, in the case of walls having larger heat capacities.

The effects of lack of solar irradiation or intermittent heating are also studied.
Moisture Gain of Spray-Applied Insulations and Its Effect on Effective Thermal Conductivity - Part II
Authors: Benner Steve M. , Modi Debendra K.
Published: March 2007

In the first part of this study, published in the April 1985 issue of the Journal of Thermal Insulation, the moisture gain of spray-applied fiberglass and cellulose insula tions were experimentally determined for exposure conditions of 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% relative humidity and 20 and 27 C° temperature difference. In addition, the effect of the moisture gain on the effective thermal conductivity was measured using heat flow sensors and thermocouples. In the second part of this study, a computer model was developed to simulate the moisture gain and its effect on the heat transfer. Vapor and liquid transfer were incorporated by the use of diffusional equations, and condensation/evaporation was estimated by vapor pressure-temperature relation ships. A magnitude and parameter study found that the main transport parameters were the vapor diffusivity and the evaporation coefficient. By varying these parameters within acceptable limits, the moisture gain and effective thermal conduc tivity of the fiberglass were reproduced by the program.
Heat Transfer in a Wet Porous Thermal Insulation in a Flat Roof
Authors: Hedlin C.P.
Published: March 2007

Glass fiber insulation specimens with moisture contents ranging from 0 to 15 % by volume were placed on the roof of an outdoor test facility. Heat flow measurements were made, using heat flux transducers at all seasons of the year. Outdoor tempera tures ranged from about -40° to +35°C.

Thermal conductances for the wet insulations increase sharply in warm weather when swings in outdoor temperature cause daily reversals in the temperature gradi ent in the insulations. This is attributed to evaporation-condensation cycles in which water vapor is transferred back and forth in the insulation, carrying latent heat. In the analysis, the heat flux was regarded as comprising two components—a sensible heat component and a latent heat component.

The results of the measurements were used to develop relationships, involving transfer coefficients, to express the heat flux in terms of temperature and water vapor pressures.

Daily average heat fluxes were found for a summer period for a dry insulation specimen and specimens containing 1, 9 and 15% moisture (volume). The differ ence in heat flux was substantially the same for all of the wet specimens. For each wet insulation, the heat flux was about three times as large as it was for the dry specimen.
The Role of Barriers in Reducing the Aging of Foam Panels
Authors: Glicksman Leon R.
Published: March 2007

Although most closed cell foams incorporate barriers at the surface, most of these barriers have been found to do little, if anything, to improve the long term performance of foams The cause of the barrier failures will be explained in terms of the author's previous research.

The advantage of properly applied barriers can be shown by use of the MIT aging model along with measured values of diffusion coefficients. The model shows that the time averaged insulation performance can be substantially enhanced by use of proper use of barriers. For example, a foam panel filled with CO2 having proper bar riers on the top and bottom surface has an equivalent average R-value over the time span of decades when compared to a CFC filled panel without facers.

Means to measure the performance of a barrier when applied to a foam panel m- clude a qualitative dye technique. The dye technique allows the existence of open pathways at the interface of a foam and barrier to be easily visualized. Early test work with the dye technique indicates that many barrier/foam combinations give poor per formance even when the barrier is impermeable.

Experimental means to quantitatively measure barrier-foam behavior are needed to determine the potential of new barrier foam combinations and allow the long term performance to be predicted without the need for long term aging tests. A new mea surement technique involves the use of transient tests of a foam sample with a barrier applied from the production process. The comparison of the experimental transient performance with the barrier in place and the transient performance of a similar un faced foam will allow the barrier performance to be calculated using the transient analysis applied to the test data. The quantitative results of the barrier performance will allow the long term aging of a foam sample protected by barriers to be accurately predicted.

The barrier characteristics of dense foam polymer material at the surface of the foam give a moderate improvement in aging. Imperfect barriers, e.g., with some pin holes, will give reasonable performance if properly applied to the foam.
Influence of Architectural Details on the Overall Thermal Performance of Residential Wall Systems
Authors: Kosny J. , Desjarlais A.O.
Published: March 2007

Predicted heat losses through building walls are typically based on measurements of the wall system clear wall area using test methods such as ASTM C 236 or are calculated by one of the procedures recommended in the ASHRAE Handbook of Fundamentals that often are carried out for the clear wall area exclu sively. In this paper, the phrase "clear wall area" is defined as the part of the wall system that is free of thermal anomalies due to building envelope subsystems, or thermally unaffected by intersections with other surfaces of the building envelope. These experiments or calculations normally do not include the effects of building en velope subsystems such as corners, window and door openings, and structural joints with roofs, floors, ceilings, and other walls. These details represent completely different constructions; it is apparent that the thermal properties measured or calculated for the clear wall area may not adequately represent the total wall system thermal performance. Factors that would impact the ability of today's standard prac tice to accurately predict the total wall system thermal performance are the accuracy of the calculation methods, the amount of the total wall area that is clear wall, and the quantity and thermal performance of the various wall system details.

Based on 3-D finite difference computer modelling, the thermal performance of several typical wall systems including various system details have been analyzed, and the overall wall system thermal performance for a typical single-story ranch house has been determined. These data are compared to typical experimental and analytical techniques to ascertain their precision in predicting the overall wall system perfor mance.
Passive Resonance Roof Moisture Detector
Authors: Yankielun Norbert E. , Flanders Stephen N.
Published: March 2007

A new, simple, and inexpensive prototype moisture sensor (patent pending) has been developed and tested in a small mockup of a low-sloped roof. The sensor comprises an inductor and a moisture-sensitive capacitor; it reqmres neither batteries nor wire connections. It is intended to be placed at locations within low- sloped roofs that might become wet from a leak, and remain operational for the life of the roof and automatically reset if the roof becomes dry again. The moisture state of the sensor can be detected by a simple electronic circuit that is passed within 30 cm of the sensor. Preliminary tests have been performed that indicate the potential for electromagnetically and remotely polling the sensor to determine moisture state. Further instrumentation to poll remotely the assemblage of sensors to detect the presence of some that are wet has been proposed and the principle tested; however, a practical implementation has not yet been developed.
Evaluation Consulting
Authors: Scriven Michael
Published: March 2007

Essays, opinions, and professional judgments are welcome in this section of EP.Forum articles speak to and about the philosophical and ethical dilemmas of our profession. Authors are invited to express their views to encourage constructive dialogue centered on issues. To keep the dialogue substantive, other articles motivated by previousForum presentations should have independent titles and themes. Items labeled "Comments on ... " and "Rejoinder to ... " will not be pubished inForum— such responses are welcome and encouraged in the InResponse section of EP. Standard citations and reference lists should acknowledge and identify earlier contributions and viewpoints. Manuscripts should not exceed 10 double-spaced typewritten pages.
Conducting Ethical Evaluations with Disadvantaged and Minority Target Groups
Authors: English Brian
Published: March 2007

In certain circumstances, the evaluation of programs designed to serve disadvantaged and minority target groups may actually be threatening to stakeholders in those groups. When such threats are real, participation by these target groups in the evaluation may cause undue personal stress or not serve their best interests. An important question therefore is what can be done to address the ethical dilemma that arises when participation by these target groups in the evaluation may put them in jeopardy? The present paper examines the issues involved in addressing this question, particularly the roles English that key stakeholders play throughout the evaluation process. Specifically, it is argued that involvement by these target groups in all phases of an evaluation as 'co-operative partners,' and not just at the stage of collecting data as 'bystanders,' is one way of addressing the dilemma that emerges when evaluators cannot guarantee that participation will not be threatening.
By Whose Standards? Reflections on Empow erment Evaluation and Grassroots Groups
Authors: Lackey Jill Florence , Moberg D. Paul , Balistrieri Matt
Published: March 2007

Our recent work with grassroots organizations raises several questions about empowerment evaluation. Critics have focused on concerns such as lack of rigor and objectivity, but few have addressed deeper philosophical issues. One of these issues centers on evaluation standards. Empowered program stakeholders who set the research agenda in the empowerment model may have different ideas from those of the professional evaluator about the structure of inquiry and the use of evaluation. In some cases, the evaluator may question the ethics underlying their choices. One critical issue is
Community Variables in Community Policing
Authors: Duffee David E. , Fluellen Reginald , Renauer Brian C.
Published: March 2007

Current thinking on community policing suffers from not specifying a plausible connection between policing structures and priorities and sustained neighborhood improvement. Presently, we have no way of knowing whether community policing helps or harms neighborhood civic efficacy, neighborhood participation, and other related processes that sustain neighborhoods. This article identifies seven dimensions that are commonly identified with strong neighborhoods in the urban political sociology, community organiza tion, and neighborhood social movement literatures. It examines the relevance of community policing to those neighborhood strengthening processes and explores the difficulties in developing appropriate indicators of policing influence on neighborhood development.
Law Enforcement Departments as Learning Organizations: Argyris's Theory as a Framework for Implementing Community-Oriented Policing
Authors: Alarid Leanne Fiftal
Published: March 2007

Over the past 45 years, Argyris contributed significantly to human relations and organizational learning theory by recognizing the power of individuals to induce change within their work environment. Through an interdisciplinary approach to effective problem solving using double-loop learning, Argyris believed that individuals and organizations could eventually overcome defensive reasoning. A sample of Argyris's books and articles were compared by content analysis to explore two theoretical issues-personality within the organization and organizational leaming-for use as a framework for police agencies implementing department-wide community policing.
To Acquiesce or Rebel: Predicting Citizen Compliance with Police Requests
Authors: Mccluskey John D. , Mastrofski Stephen D. , Parks Roger B.
Published: March 2007

This article explores a variety of predictors of citizens' compliance with police requests to cease misbehavior. Where possible, the authors attempt to closely replicate the 1996 model formulated by Mastrofski, Snipes, and Supina to explain citizen compliance in Richmond, Virginia. Data on police-citizen encounters (N = 989) are drawn from the Project on Policing Neighbor hoods, conducted in Indianapolis, Indiana, and St. Petersburg, Florida. The analysis indicates that a variety of legitimating factors influence compliance; however, the model's overall explanatory power is weaker than expected.
Behavioral Effects of Transient Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Briones Tess L. , Therrien Barbara
Published: March 2007

CA1 neurons in the hippocampus, a brain structure involved in learning and memory, are selectively vulnerable to ischemic effects. In this study, the authors examined if duration of ischemia is directly related to extent of CA1 damage and degree of spatial learning deficit. Adult female Wistar rats received either 5-min or 10-min ischemia or sham surgery. Following recovery, rats were tested in the Morris water maze. Histological analysis showed moderate cell loss in CA1 (31%) and CA3 (12%) and minimal cell loss in CA2 (4%) with 5-min ischemia. Increased cell loss was seen in CA1 (68%), CA2 (16%), and CA3 (23%) with 10-min ischemia. Behavioral testing revealed that animals with 10-min ischemia have greater spatial learning deficits and they remain impaired across the test days compared to the 5-min ischemic group. Furthermore, degree of CA1 cell loss accounted for approximately 45% of the variance in spatial learning deficits in the ischemic group. The authors conclude that cell loss is largely confined to CA1 region in rats who received 5 and 10 min of ischemia and that increased ischemic duration results in persistent learning deficits in female rats; also, the degree of behavioral impairment is related to extent of CA1 cell loss.
The Natriuretic Peptides: Physiology and Role in Left-Ventricular Dysfunction
Authors: Kim Shann D. , Piano Mariann R.
Published: March 2007

The natriuretic peptides (NPs), atrial natriuretic peptide, and brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) have been shown to have important roles in fluid volume homeostasis and blood pressure regulation. In addition, plasma NP levels are elevated in a number of cardiac pathologies and have been used as biochemical markers of left-ventricular dysfunction (LVD) in small-and large-scale clinical studies. In this review, the authors describe NP physiology and summarize the findings of selected studies that have examined the reliability and feasibility of NP measurement in LVD. In particular, BNP is proposed to be a biochemical marker that may provide a useful and inexpensive screening test of LVD. In addition, the authors discuss possible roles of the NPs in the etiology and progression of LVD. The findings of these studies suggest that the NPs may directly contribute to cardiac pathophysiology and LVD progression.
Docosahexaenoic Acid-Induced Vasorelaxation in Hypertensive Rats: Mechanisms of Action
Authors: Engler Mary B. , Engler Marguerite M.
Published: March 2007

The authors investigated the vasorelaxant properties of the omega-3 fatty acid, docosahexaenoic (DHA, 22:6n-3), and the possible involvement of endothelium-derived nitric oxide, prostanoids, opening of K+ channels, and/or modulation of calcium-mediated events. Isolated aorta from male spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR) (age 16-17 weeks) were used to measure isometric tension. DHA-induced (1-100 mol/l) relaxation was examined following contraction to norepinephrine (NE) (10– 6 mol/l) or high-K+ (80 mmol/l) solution in the presence and absence of various inhibitors and calcium-containing solution. DHA acid induced a significant vasorelaxant effect in both NE and high-K+-induced contracted SHR aortic rings, although DHA relaxations were greater in high-K+-induced contracted rings. In the absence of extracellular calcium, DHA (5-30 mol/l) inhibited the initial phasic and sustained components of NE-induced contraction under different conditions. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis by N•-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (100 mol/l) had no effect on DHA relaxations; however, indomethacin or nifedipine caused significant inhibition at• 30 mol/l DHA. The K+ channel blocker, glibenclamide, but not tetraethyl-ammonium, also had an inhibitory effect on DHA-induced relaxation. These results indicate that DHA’s vasorelaxant actions in SHR aorta are independent of endothelium-derived nitric oxide; however, at DHA concentrations• 30 mol/l, vasodilatory prostanoids that activate AT Psensitive K+ channels (KATP) may be involved. At lower concentrations, DHA-induced relaxation appears to be attributed to modulation of intracellular Ca2+release and L-type Ca2+channels in vascular smooth muscle cells. The vasorelaxant properties of DHA may contribute, in part, to the blood pressure–lowering effect of dietary fish oil in this hypertensive model.
Effect of Genetic Obesity on Thermoregulatory Activity Responses to Inversion of the Light/Dark Cycle
Authors: Jarosz Patricia A. , Lennie Terry A. , Rowsey Pamela J. , Metzger Bonnie L.
Published: March 2007

In this pilot work, the authors compared the circadian rhythm responses of 3-month-old female fatty Zucker rats with those of lean Zucker rats and Sprague-Dawley rats to reversal of the light/dark (LD) cycle. Core temperature and spontaneous cage activity were continuously monitored by implanted microtelemetry devices prior to and for 5 days following complete LD cycle reversal. By the 5th day after LD reversal, temperature rhythm nadir had phase-advanced 10.5 hours in the lean Zucker rats, 10.8 hours in the Sprague-Dawley rats, and only 3.8 hours in the fatty Zucker rats. Similarly, total activity increased in lean Zucker rats and Sprague-Dawley rats after LD reversal but declined in the fatty Zucker rat during the same time. Results of this study show that obese Zucker rats displayed an impaired ability to reentrain circadian rhythms for temperature and activity when compared to lean Zucker rats and Sprague-Dawley rats. These findings suggest that dysfunction in the circadian pacemaker previously shown to manifest itself by 43 weeks of age in fatty Zucker rats may already be present at 3 months of age and suggest that altered thermoregulation may play a role in the development of obesity in this animal model of genetic obesity.
Effects of Exercise Conditioning on Thermoregulatory Response to Anticholinesterase Insecticide Toxicity
Authors: Rowsey Pamela J. , Metzger Bonnie L. , Gordon Christopher J.
Published: March 2007

Chronic exercise conditioning has been shown to alter basal thermoregulatory processes (change in thermoregulatory set point) as well as the response to infectious fever. Chlorpyrifos (CHP), an organophosphate insecticide, also affects thermoregulation, causing an acute period of hypothermia followed by a delayed fever. This study examined whether chronic exercise training in the rat alters the thermoregulatory response to CHP. Core temperature and motor activity were monitored by radiotelemetry in female Sprague-Dawley rats housed individually at an ambient temperature of 22 °C. The rats were either given continuous access to running wheels or housed in standard cages without wheels. The exercise group ran predominately at night. After 8 weeks, the rats were gavaged with corn oil or 15 mg/kg CHP. CHP induced a transient hypothermic response followed by a delayed fever, beginning 1 day after exposure. Relative to controls, Tc decreases were not significantly different between the exercise (1.6 °C) group and the sedentary (0.5 °C) group given CHP. The sedentary and exercise group administered CHP developed a fever the day after CHP treatment. The fever response was greater in the sedentary group and persisted for approximately 3 days postinjection. Fever of the exercise group persisted for just one-half of 1 day after CHP. It is well known that chronic exercise training improves aerobic capacity; however, trained rats were not protected from the hypothermic effects of CHP. Training did ameliorate the febrile effects of CHP. Thus, exercise training may afford protection to the toxic effects of organophosphate insecticides.
Insulin Increases Sodium (Na+) Channel Density in A6 Epithelia: Implications for Expression of Hypertension
Authors: Baxendale-Cox Lynn M. , Duncan Randall L.
Published: March 2007

Essential or primary hypertension is a multifactorial disease that is expressed as a result of complex interactions between genes and environmental influences. Several mutations in many different proteins are associated with expression of hypertension, including abnormalities in the epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) found in absorptive organs (i.e., distal colon, distal tubule of the nephron). Some of these mutations result in structural and/or functional alterations in ENaC-mediated Na+ entry in epithelia responsible for fluid and electrolyte balance and are associated with expression of hypertension. Studies support the notion that there is a link between ENaC and hypertension of both the monogenic (single gene mutation) and primary or essential type (a multifactorial disease). Alterations of other aspects of the environment of absorptive cells (e.g., hyperinsulinemia, hyperaldosteronemia, high plasma cortisol, high plasma Na+) have also been shown to elicit hyperabsorption of Na+ via ENaC and therefore could contribute significantly to expression of hypertension in people with intermediate phenotypes. This article describes an initial study in which the effects of an environmental factor, extracellular levels of insulin, on ENaC were examined in a normal kidney cell model. Electrophysiologic techniques revealed that ENaC density rapidly increased in response to addition of insulin to the basolateral bath. This autoregulatory recruitment of Na+ total channel density masked a slight decrease in open channel probability. Insulin’s effect on ENaC function and implications on fluid and electrolyte balance and expression of primary hypertension is discussed.
Dehydration: Biological Considerations, Age-Related Changes, and Risk Factors in Older Adults
Authors: Sheehy Christine M. , Perry Patsy A. , Cromwell Sandra L.
Published: March 2007

Maintenance of water balance is essential to normal physiologic function and vigorous aging. Older adults, however, frequently experience alterations in fluid homeostasis, which result in dehydration. This article describes the physiology of water balance, age-related changes that influence fluid regulation, and associated risk factors for dehydration in older adults. Fluid hygiene is an important health promotion activity for this age group, but when efforts to prevent imbalance are unsuccessful, early identification and intervention to correct problems should be done to minimize adverse consequences. Although much is known about fluid homeostasis, dehydration, and contributory factors in the aging process, water disorders remain prevalent in this group. A great deal of work is still needed to determine “best practices” and creative clinical interventions to support adequate fluid intake behaviors. Both quality management programs and research studies provide avenues for systematic evaluation.
Aux Coins Des Rues
Authors: Hubay Davey
Published: March 2007

It seems impossible to me that one could have a completely ordinary temperament if one had been raised along the quais of Paris, across from the Louvre and the Tuileries, close to the Palais Mazarin, and facing the glorious river Seine that flows between the towers large and small and the spires of old Paris. There, from the rue Guénégaud to the rue du Bac, bookstores, antique shops, and print-sellers spread out a lavish display of the most beautiful forms of art and the most surprising tokens of the past. Every storefront, in its peculiar charm and amusing disorder, is a seduction for the eyes and mind. The passer-by who knows how to see always takes away from them some idea, like a bird flying away with a bit of straw for its nest. Because there are trees along with books, and women walking by, it is the most beautiful spot in the world.

Anatole France, Le Livre de mon ami (1885)

In both kinds of streets one should exercise special care to keep the lowest part of the gutters clear, so that waters from rain and household use, as well as from washing the roadway, will flow easily into the sewer.

Baron Georges-Eugène Haussmann, Mémoires (1893)

But as man withdraws from the photographic image, the exhibition value for the first time shows its superiority to the ritual value. To have pinpointed this new stage constitutes the incomparable significance of Atget, who, around 1900, took photographs of deserted Paris streets. It has quite justly been said of him that he photographed them like scenes of crime. The scene of a crime, too, is deserted: it is photographed for the purpose of establishing evidence.

Walter Benjamin,

The Work of Art in the Age

of Mechanical Reproduction (1936)

Their story begins on ground level, with footsteps. They are myriad, but do not compose a series. They cannot be counted because each unit has a qualitative character: a style of tactile apprehension and kinesthetic appropriation. Their swarming mass is an innumerable collection of singularities. Their intertwined paths give shape to spaces. They weave places together. In that respect, pedestrian movements form one of these “real systems whose existence in fact makes up the city” (Charles Alexander). They are not localized, it is rather they that spatialize.

Michel de Certeau, The Practice of Everyday Life (1984)
Allegory, Stereotype, and the Local Mode of Construction
Authors: Mookerjea Sourayan
Published: March 2007

This article studies the imaginary geography of Canadian filmmaker Atom Egoyan's film Calendar and articulates the difference between the film's reflexive narrative concept of global flows and representational concepts of the social sciences. The film tells the story of a couple who travels to Armenia to photograph churches. The story's compelling visibility arises from the difference between a familiar first-world space and that exotic other space of rural Armenia. Calendar is also an exploration of identity, memory, and communication-image technology, and its figuration of these themes must take the place of what the film needs to represent but cannot do so positively: the difference between overdevelopment and underdevelopment. Having to invent some way of representing this difference is the film's narrative form problem for which Calendar' s allegory is its filmic solution. The allegory depends on a “stereotype montage” and provides cultural studies a model for critical self-reflexivity.
What is it to be Critical?
Authors: Mingers John
Published: March 2007

Developing our students' abilities to be critical is important but what does it mean to be critical? Is it just the cognitive skills of critical thinking or should it involve more radical re-examination of management knowledge and practice from a Foucauldian or Habermasian perspective? This article addresses the issue of what it is to be critical by reflecting on the development of an innovative core course for final year management students concerned with critical management issues. The first section outlines the specific educational context and the structure of the course as a whole. Then the article explains the underlying theoretical framework that was developed which identified four aspects of being critical-scepticism towards rhetoric, tradition, authority, and objectivity. The teaching material associated with this part of the course is discussed next. This looks at two real situations, one the debacle of the Taurus stock exchange system, and the other an ongoing legal case concerning racial discrimination that is being documented on the web. The article concludes with a more theoretical discussion of the relation between this particular course and critical management more generally.
Changing Views on Diversity Management
Authors: Lorbiecki Anna
Published: March 2007

This article sketches out the ways in which responses to diversity have changed over time. Using the schema of Dass and Parker there is a sense of movement across their four perspectives: resistance; discrimination and fairness; access and legitimacy; and learning, in which each perspective attempts to deal with the inadequacies of its predecessor. Although the learning perspective has the potential to develop a `better' understanding of difference, in which the work gets diversified, not just the people, it suffers from political naively. It needs to recognize the political and social dimensions of difference, rather than setting them aside, if it is to realize its potential. Key Words: difference; discrimination; diversity; learning; management; perspectives;politics
Quiet Progress: Needs Analysis as an Intervention into the Training System
Authors: Snell Robin
Published: March 2007

Robin Snell's paper examines the pressures on a central training function in a large organisation to conform to things that by means of its work it wishes to change. It provides a case study of how the occasion of a needs analysis for a new programme was used to develop the difficult interface between the line and development functions. A subjective assessment is given concerning how the quiet struggle is progressing. Above all, the message is that the shape of development interventions is as much a product of political forces as it is about how best to help people learn.
Assessment Techniques: A Review
Authors: Goodge Peter , Griffiths Peter
Published: March 2007

To say that accurate assessment is a fundamental prerequisite to selection, training or development is perhaps obvious. However, the role of assessment has often been understated in the past. Part of the problem is that assessment methods are not easy to compare and evaluate.

This paper addresses itself to this issue, in it the authors look at three assessment techniques; namely psychological tests, assessment centres and 'biodata', and compare them in terms of the information they provide, their accuracy and ease of implementation.
Ethical Dilemmas in Organisation and Management Development
Authors: Beeby Michael , Broussine Michael , Guerrier Yvonne
Published: March 2007

In the latest book about college lecturer Henry Wilt, Wilt has a part-time job teaching American servicemen at a nuclear missile base.
Energy and Disillusionment: A Personal Development Exercise
Authors: Callender Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper builds on Julia Davies' and Robin Snell's research into disillusionment to provide a tentative framework for considering the relationship between energy, disillusionment and motivation. The author suggests some practical exercises and processes which can be used to test out the assumptions made in the framework. The author is currently using these and similar exercises in his personal development consultancy work and he would welcome feedback on this article.
The Process of Management Education
Authors: Smith A. J. , Smith I. G.
Published: March 2007

This paper focuses on the long-term monitoring and evaluation of a management development programme. Specifically concerned with the evaluation of the case study as a learning method, the paper discusses the problems involved in the long-term evaluation of outcomes and briefly outlines the preceding two stages. The authors devise an innovative approach to outcomes evaluation based on the Critical Incident and Life History methods, and discuss their research results. Finally, the authors consider the benefits of the approach and its future use in long-term evaluation.
The Making' of the `Competent' Manager
Authors: Brewis Joanna
Published: March 2007

This paper examines one component of competency-based management education-Personal Effectiveness (PE), a unit taught on the Certificate in Management. The Certificate is part of a three-tier system of UK management education (Certificate in Management-Diploma in Management Studies Master of Business Administration). PE concentrates on developing the 13 Management Charter Initiative competencies.

A conventional reading of PE is that the competencies it develops are indispensable for competent management. However the Foucauldian analysis deployed here argues that PE's developmental ethos simultaneously renders it governmental. The paper argues that PE acts on individuals in such a way as to constitute them as self-regulating subjects, unquestioningly striving to become so-called competent managers.

It is this efficiency of modern forms of government which Foucault finds problematic, the fact that such programmes do not leave individuals room to question the ways in which they think and behave. Having attempted to explain how it is that PE works, the conclusion of the paper argues for a reworking of the content and delivery of the unit.
The Place of Faith in Management Learning
Authors: Simpson Peter
Published: March 2007

This paper is an exploration of the place of faith in management learning. The popular myth that faith is merely a retreat from reality is tempered with the argument that faith can sometimes be an effective means of engaging with the risks and politics of managerial activity in a manner that may promote learning. Such faith is based on enduring values, commitment, and a willingness to engage in a struggle for power. In conclusion it is suggested that the link between faith and learning may be significant but is far from straightforward.
Corporate Environmentalism
Authors: Banerjee Subhabrata Bobby
Published: March 2007

An increasingly large number of organizations are attempting to integrate environmental issues with their corporate strategies. Tougher regulatory forces and increasing public environmental concern have led to the development of environmental strategies by some firms. This paper discusses the process of corporate environmental learning whereby organizations learn to integrate environmental issues with their business strategies. Using the theoretical framework of organizational learning, the paper examines the different ways organizations can learn to respond to environmental issues, the inputs to the learning process and the possible consequences of their actions.
Using Narrative Fiction within Management Education
Authors: Cohen Claire
Published: March 2007

The use of fiction in management education, as described in recent management publications, implies the employment of a `common-sense' model of reading and interpretation. If fiction is not to be employed merely as the expression of what can be perceived as an outmoded desire for certainties and consistency and rules, management education needs to reject this model and seek how individual expression and interpretation may be accommodated within a flexible and open teaching framework. The analysis of fiction within management education offers the possibility of exploring a form of literary criticism that may support a management education that (among other attributes) questions its own content and context. In this paper the author describes some of her own uses of fiction within the management classroom and concludes that the management educator needs to employ a bold and imaginative approach to `literary criticism' with students, if the use of fiction is to be fully exploited.
Action Research: Rethinking Lewin
Authors: Dickens Linda , Watkins Karen
Published: March 2007

Fifty years after Kurt Lewin invented the idea of action research, action research remains an umbrella term for a host of activities intended to foster change on the group, organizational, and even societal levels. This article explores both historical and contemporary definitions of action research and describes the process and goals of action research. Located in the tradition of Lewin, organizational action research involves cross-functional teams who address deep-rooted organizational issues through recurring cycles of action and reflection. A case example of an action research project involving two teams in a high technology corporation depicts the process in action.
What can an Apple Learn from an Orange? Or: What do Companies Use Benchmarking for?
Authors: Walgenbach Peter , Hegele Cornelia
Published: March 2007

The inflation of new management concepts in recent years has triggered a discussion that these concepts should be seen as `management fashions'. Often linked to this perspective is the notion that these concepts are used as rhetorical means to legitimize the organization, and that they remain decoupled from work activities. Subsequently, empirical studies focus on the diffusion of a new management concept or the intensity with which a new concept is discussed in the literature. A systematic analysis of the contents and the conceptual elements of the new concepts, and a systematic comparison of old and new approaches are rarely undertaken. To avoid a lop-sided view of new management concepts, we argue that the discussion of `management fashions' requires an analysis of the core ideas underlying a new concept as well as systematic comparisons of old and newer approaches. Benchmarking (BM) as a new `management fashion' is used as an example to show what such an analysis could look like. An explanation for the upswing of BM will be presented, wherein BM is seen as a continuation of Taylor's concept of scientific management. An analysis of the core elements of BM shows why it is an attractive instrument for management. However, this analysis does not entirely explain the increasing spread of the concept. It is not clear as to what motivates the industry's best to offer themselves as a benchmark for others, and further explanation for this will be given. From a managerial perspective, BM is a method for emulating price and quality competition, as well as increasing employee motivation and performance.
Civilizing and Informalizing: Organizations in an Eliasian Context
Authors: Van Iterson Ad , Mastenbroek Willem , Soeters Joseph
Published: March 2007

In this paper, we argue that an Eliasian approach is significant because of its long-term study of social processes and its attempt to show the intricate connection between macro-societal developments, such as state formation, and micro-level changes in manners, morals and mentalities. The paper illustrates the relevance of this perspective for organization studies through a discussion of one `nation-specific' and one `overarching' trend in the western civilizing process. The nation-specific trend relates to the value contrast between French civilization and German Kultur, and its impact upon national industrialization and organizational behaviour. The overarching trend relates to `informalization' processes and their effect on organizational integration and emotion codes at work.
Managing with Modernity
Authors: Townley Barbara
Published: March 2007

This article critiques an increasingly abstract management that is being advocated in organizations. It locates the foundations of an abstract management in what Foucault and others have identified as the epistemic foundations of modernity. Using the example of a strategic performance management system it shows how these systems have such epistemic assumptions as their foundations. The article concludes by considering the role of practical reason in guiding management practice.