bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Hospice Medication Cost Study
Authors: Arnold Carol M. , Cummings Kate
Published: March 2007

Hospice organizations struggle to provide quality services within the parameters of decreasing per diem rates. So as to avoid a reduction in direct patient care, this organization chose to evaluate one of its highest indirect costs-medications. As a result of benchmarking on a national basis with other similar sized hospices, they identified that their prescription costs per patient per month were significantly higher. Using formulary information shared by other hospices and their benchmark vendor, this hospice was able to save money on prescription costs while continuing to provide the same amount of care and services without a detrimental effect on either the hospice or the patient.
Walking the Pathway to Outcome Measurement
Authors: Hahn Joyce
Published: March 2007

The pairing of a clinical pathway with an outcome measurement tool provides the home care agency not only with the analysis to redefine "best practice" standards for patient populations but also with a concept of cost containment. In today's health care market place of limited dollars, the consistent ongoing measurement of care delivery provides the data to confirm program effectiveness while demonstrating quality care, cost savings, and positive care outcomes for payors, physicians, referral sources, and patients.
Linking Organizational and Field-Level Analyses
Authors: Hoffman Andrew J.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the diffusion of corporate environmental practice in the context of field-level dynamics. It builds a conceptual model that makes links among (a) the complex constituency of the institutional field driving environmental concerns, (b) the multiple cultural frames that emerge from that constituency, and (c) the corresponding structural and cultural routines that become enacted within firms. It offers contributions for research in the domains of both environmental practice and institutional theory. For environmental practice, this article attends to the genesis and diffusion of environmental practice by going beyond the individual organization level. For institutional theory, the implications of this model allow for more sophisticated notions of isomorphism and resistance to change. Inertia, traditionally a phenomenon attributed to the field, can be the result of organization-level dynamics that resist change. The article concludes with ideas for future research.
SUVs and the Greening of Ford
Authors: Luke Timothy W.
Published: March 2007

The Ford Motor Company is a transnational automobile manufacturer and a contemporary cultural icon with immense and far-reaching effects on economy, ecology, and society. As it has been throughout its history, Ford today is often in the public spotlight. Its recent move toward more ecological and sustainable practices, one of the more remarkable developments in business management in decades, has begun to remake Ford’s image. As this cultural critique shows, however, the continued production of SUVs, a highly profitable but possibly anti-ecological pursuit, is not the only contradiction in Ford’s quest to reinvent itself as a green business leader. Its core belief (that the world can and should accommodate the desires of mobile consumers, most of whom are both auto enthusiasts and environmentalists) serves as a severely limiting condition. Ford’s innovations are noteworthy, but its approach falls short of what is needed from big business to help create a more ecological society.
The Crisis of Feudalism
Authors: Moore Jason W.
Published: March 2007

Environmental historymayhelp explain feudalism’s demise and capitalism’s ascent in the 16th century. Medieval Europe was riven by profound socio-ecological contradictions. Feudalism’s environmental degradation pivoted on the lord-peasant relationship, which limited the possibilities for reinvestment in the land. Consequently, feudalism exhausted the soil and the labor power from which it derived revenues, rendering the population vulnerable to disease. The Black Death decisivelyaltered labor-land ratios in favor of western Europe’s peasantry. This new balance of class forces eliminated the possibility of feudal restoration and led the states, landlords, and merchants to favor geographical expansion—an external rather than internal spatial fix to feudal crisis. This external fix, beginning in the Atlantic world, had capitalist commodityproduction and exchange inscribed within it. Capitalism differed radicallyfrom feudalism in that where earlier ecological crises had been local, capitalism globalized them. From this standpoint, the origins of capitalism mayshed light on today’s ecological crises.
Interpreting the Challenger disaster: communication under conditions of risk and liability
Authors: Browning Larry D.
Published: March 2007

This research is a case study of the events following the Challenger accident and focuses on the way in which members of NASA before the accident and the Presidential Commission following the accident acted in ways to protect the survival of NASA as a viable agency. The central theme of the strategies of protection was to localize the blame to individuals at lower levels in NASA and to fix blame on a communications failure (a technical problem) rather than blaming the leadership of NASA (an institutional problem). In its conclusion the article addresses the issues involved in crossing entrepreneurial cultures that include risk and high technology with bureaucratic cultures that are safe and procedural.
An analytic approach to planning the response to technological disasters
Authors: Harrald John R. , Wallace William A.
Published: March 2007

Major natural or accidental catastrophes are perhaps the most unstructured processes with which organizations must deal. Emergency management agen cies historically have been controlled by individuals who rely on experience in delivering the services they manage. However, the rapidly rising costs of emer gency services coupled with increasing constraints on all public budgets have forced many public managers to shift their attention from an exclusive focus on effectiveness to one that weighs efficiency as well. The authors develop a model to aid in planning responses to technological disasters such as releases of hazardous substances. They apply the model to chemical spills in New York Harbor.
Campaigns, skirmishes and battles: anti-nuclear movements in the USA, France and West Germany
Authors: Rucht Dieter
Published: March 2007

Rucht, D., 1990. Campaigns, skirmishes and battles: anti-nuclear movements in the USA, France and West Germany. Industrial Crisis Quarterly, 4: 193-222.

Probably never before in history has the introduction of a new technology induced such widespread and tenacious opposition as nuclear power. This pa per offers a comparative analysis of the struggles over nuclear power in the western democracies of the USA, France and West Germany during the past two decades. It describes the courses, strategies, organizations, action reper toires and outcomes of these struggles. It pays particular attention to an in terpretive concept which focuses on political opportunity structures, and ar gues that this concept, in its present form, is too simplistic to adequately explain the diversity of oppositional movement actors, strategies and action reper toires. Suggestions are offered for developing a more complex analytical concept.
Avoiding NIMBY Gridlock: Community Stewardship and Social Learning
Authors: Black Michael , Siroky Steven
Published: March 2007

This essay examines the NIMBY phenomenon, its social roots, and the resulting gridlock that has imperiled hazardous waste remediation efforts. Through a discussion of current technocratic practices, we present the need for a more comprehensive "social learning" strategy that places afflicted host communities at the political nucleus of site remediation efforts. We stress the centrality of meaningful, educational dialogue between communities, public agencies entrusted with overseeing cleanups, and business vendors selected to accomplish site remediations, where technological means are deliberately subordinated to respecting community norms.
Incident Reviews in High-Hazard Industries: Sense Making and Learning Under Ambiguity and Accountability
Authors: Carroll John S.
Published: March 2007

Learning from practical experience is of greater importance in more complex work environments. In high-hazard industries, complexity, tight coupling, and invisibility make safe operation and learning from experience particularly difficult. There is growing recognition that further improvement is needed and that it will require more than incremental improvement and exchange of "best practices." This arti cle describes how organization members make sense of practical expe rience in one high-hazard industry—nuclear power—and how their sense-making affects their decisions and actions. The author discusses four factors that can limit the effectiveness of the interpretive process: root cause seduction, sharp-end focus, solution-driven search, and account acceptability. He then examines the impact that myopic inter pretations can have on operating performance by placing incident reviews within the organizational learning process, and he closes with suggestions for a cross-disciplinary research agenda.
The Business of Soil Fertility
Authors: Shulman Stuart W.
Published: March 2007

During the Progressive era, an urban-agrarian wing of the conservation movement made soil fertility a highly salient issue in the press. This article examines the extent and causes of a convergence of urban-agrarian concern between 1907 and 1916, which was one of the first sustainable agriculture policy networks in United States history. Businessmen and journalists helped put soil fertility on the national policy agenda. Existing institutions, such as the United States Department of Agriculture, were not considered adequate guardians of the food supply for an expanding industrial nation. Urban agrarians financed and managed soil fertility propaganda and agrarian legislative campaigns based on the recognition that existing institutions lacked the resources necessary to convert traditional farmers to the emerging scientific, soil-preserving paradigm. In an era punctuated by debate over the rising cost of living, the new agriculture was known to many in the movement simply as “businesslike” farming.
Technology for a Sustainable Environmentm
Authors: Tonn Bruce E.
Published: March 2007

Although there is debate about its precise definition, the concept of sustainability will certainly be a priority for both human and technological development in the future. Broad social trends indicate that people want more control over their lives and will apply pressure through democratic institutions to achieve a more sustainable, reenvironmentalized society. Public works officials will be deeply involved in meeting the demands of this evolution. Many of the new, smaller scale technologies required will initially need to coexist with existing technologies traditionally under the purview of public works departments, placing pressure on practitioners to be both current and flexible. Although there will be some dislocation, the challenge of meeting a sustainable future need not be inconsistent with fundamental public works values.
Managing the Cleanup of the Nuclear Weapons Complex
Authors: Rahm Dianne
Published: March 2007

Drawing on data gathered from personal interviews conducted at multiple sites within the U.S. nuclear weapons complex, this article explores four key factors that affect site progress toward coming into environmental compliance. These factors are (a) the degree of environmental difficulty, (b) stakeholder relationships, (c) organizational transformation, and (d) politics. The Fernald, Ohio, site is then presented as a case that reveals the importance of these factors in explaining a site’s successful progress toward environmental compliance. There are two outstanding features of the Fernald cleanup effort: (a) the extent to which the site has been able to work effectively with stakeholders and (b) the comprehensiveness of the site’s successful organizational transformation.
Managing Scientific and Technical Personnel
Authors: O’leary Rosemary
Published: March 2007

This article begins by explaining the importance to managers of nurturing better work environments and interprofessional relations among scientific and technical personnel. Next, general personality traits of scientific and technical staff are culled from the literature. Third, the various literatures about how scientific and technical personnel say they want to be managed are highlighted. Then, this analysis is supplemented with findings gleaned from 21 in-depth interviews with environmental managers, scientists, and technicians who similarly assess this relationship. The discrepancy between conventional managerial principles and these perceptions is emphasized and its implications evaluated. Finally, general lessons learned from the analyses are presented, and proactive guidelines for managers are provided.
Recycling Policy and Performance
Authors: Folz David H.
Published: March 2007

This panel study examines trends in recycling participation, diversion, and costs among a national sample of municipal programs in 1989 and 1996 and identifies the recycling policies associated with changes in performance. This study finds that local recycling officials made recycling performance comparisons with other jurisdictions and engaged in a rational process of policy experimentation to fine-tune the performance of their programs during the 1990s. The policies that distinguished higher performing recycling efforts included mandatory recycling, curbside collection and free recycling bins, operating composting programs, and banning disposal of yard wastes. Recycling participation increased about 36% to a mean level of 73% by 1996. Diversion increased by 111% to a mean level of 33% by 1996. The total costs for recycling programs rose an average of 220%, but many cities with curbside collection also improved efficiency to the point where unit recycling costs were competitive with the costs of solid waste collection and disposal.
Visions of Gender and Third-Party Reactions to Homicide Offenders
Authors: JURIK NANCY C. , SILVERSTEIN MARTIN
Published: March 2007

Using an experimental narrative approach, this study examines the effect of victim-offender gender on reactions to homicide offenders in domestic and bar situations. Quantitative findings suggest that respondents viewed a woman who killed a man in a bar as less guilty than offenders in some other gender-combination conditions. However, there was no statistically significant difference in the guilt assessment assigned to a woman who killed a man or to a man who killed a woman in a bar. Yet, in open-ended comments, respondents consistently described the men, whether defendants or victims, involved in fights with women in the bar in a highly negative manner. The other experiment revealed no significant differences in reactions to women and men who killed spouses at home. Our findings offer some support for both equality and leniency perspectives depending on the exact nature and gender combination of the homicide situation.
Welfare, Workfare, and Pareto Optimality
Authors: Peterson George E.
Published: March 2007

A number of recent papers have argued that social transfers may be necessary to secure Pareto optimality, if there is utility interdependence between potential donors and potential recipients. This paper establishes the types of welfare support plans that would be Pareto-optimal on different assumptions about the nature of utility interdependence. In particular, it identifies the assumptions about utility interdependence that are required to make Pareto-optimal plans out of a negative income or wage subsidy. The paper derives an expression for society's group rate of substitution between a recipient's income and leisure, which is shown to be instrumental in analyzing the Pareto optimality of proposed welfare plans.
Comments: Taxation of Foreign Firms: a Note on Karageorgas's Requirements for Horizontal Equity
Authors: Krzyzaniak Marian
Published: March 2007

The commentator finds Karageorgas's requirements not stringent enough. They are based only on legal aspects of the problem. Considering incidence aspects of taxation of multinationals one would have to add many more conditons. One may, therefore, doubt if equitable taxation of multinationals is possible.
The Incidence of Automobile Pollution Control
Authors: Asch Peter , Seneca Joseph J.
Published: March 2007

The incidence of a vehicle tax to reduce automobile pollution is examined over all affected groups: consumers, stockholders, pollution sufferers, and government expenditure beneficiaries. Gains and losses are estimated under alter native assumptions about industry pricing. The net effect of the tax is regressive if government expenditure benefits are distributed neutrally. Under different expenditure assumptions the tax effect becomes progressive, but the results suggest that a tax on emissions rather than vehicles may be more equitable as well as more efficient.
Taxes and the Two-Earner Family: Impact On the Work Decision
Authors: Leuthold Jane H.
Published: March 2007

Data from the National Longitudinal Survey for 1970 are used to provide some new empirical estimates of the effect of changes in the marginal rates of income and payroll taxation on the hours worked by two-earner families. A family labor supply madel incorporating tax and nontax parameters is estimated using Aitken's generalized least squares estimator for seemingly unrelated equations. The results of the study show that the tax structure is a significant factor in the work decision of the two-earner family and that changes in the marginal rate of tax can be expected to cause a realignment of work responsibilities within the family.
On the Excess Burden of Tax Evasion
Authors: Yitzhaki Shlomo
Published: March 2007

A simple model of tax evasion is presented leading to the following conclusions: (1) Tax evasion is a function of, inter alia, the marginal tax rate only if the probability of being caught is a function of undeclared income; (2) Tax evasion introduces uncertainty, which causes a utility loss. An example is presented showing that the excess burdens of tax evasion and the income tax are sometimes additive. Thus ignoring the excess burden of tax evasion will usually lead to underestimation of the total excess burden of a tax.
A Comparative Analysis of Tax Progressivity in the United States: a Reexamination
Authors: Kiefer Donald W.
Published: March 2007

This article reexamines the measures of tax progressivity in the fifty states derived Abstract by Greene and Balkan (1987) and finds them to be substantially in error. Recalcu lated progressivity indexes provided in this article exhibit far less deviation than the indexes published by Greene and Balkan.
A Time-Series Analysis of the Relationship Between Government Expenditure and Gdp in Canada
Authors: Afxentiou Panayiotis C. , Serletis Apostolos
Published: March 2007

The objective of this article is to test statistically in the Granger-Sims sense for the existence of causality between government expenditure and gross domestic product (GDP) in Canada over the period 1947 to 1986. From a brief examination of the prevalent theories of government growth, Wagner's law emerges as the most comprehensive hypothesis and is subsequently subjected to causality tests. Unequivocally, Wagner's law is rejected, but the reverse causality, which runs from government spending to GDP, is rejected as well, thus contradicting the claims of effective fiscal activism that emanate from the Keynesian paradigm. These results are indicative of the complexity of forces that influence government behavior and should be viewed not negatively, but rather as a challenge for more imaginative future research in this highly important area.
An Economic Investigation of Interstate Variation in Legislative Turnover
Authors: Greene Kenneth V.
Published: March 2007

The explanations of turnover in legislatures developed by political scientists are combined with an economic cartel model of the organization of legislatures to explain interstate variation in turnover in the period 1972-1986. Few robustly significant determinants are found and the results question the applicability of the theory of industrial organization to this area of political organization.
Do Benefit and Equal Absolute Sacrifice Rules Really Lead To Different Taxation Levels?
Authors: Burgat Paul , Jeanrenaud Claude
Published: March 2007

The benefit and ability to pay principles of public finance are generally presented as two different concepts of fiscal equity. Redistributive taxes are generally based on the ability to pay principle. The authors show that in the case of pure public goods, under specific conditions, the benefit and the equal absolute sacrifice rules lead to very similar taxation levels. Therefore the choice of taxation rules is of secondary importance. By contrast, the value of the elasticity of marginal income utility plays a primary role.
Tax Evasion and Monopoly Output Decisions: Note
Authors: Yaniv Gideon
Published: March 2007

This note readdresses the issue of monopoly profit tax evasion and its output decisions recently reexamined in this journal by Wang (1990) under the assumption that the probability of detection and the penalty rate increase with the amount of understated profit. The note shows that contrary to Wang's allegation, the separabil ity of the monopolist's output decision from its tax evasion behavior (obtained by Wang and Conant, 1988, under the assumption that the probability of detection and the penalty rate are exogenously fixed) still holds under his more realistic assump tions. Consequently, profit taxes are still neutral with respect to the monopolist's profit-ntaximizing output.
Solution Structure of Taxol Determined Using a Novel Feedback-Scaling Procedure for Noe-Restrained Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Cachau Raul E. , Gussio Rick , Beutler John A. , Chmurny Gwendolyn N. , Hilton Bruce D. , Muschik Gary M. , Erickson John W.
Published: March 2007

The increasing availability of high-performance com puters makes it possible to treat larger systems in shorter computing times. However, a more challeng ing aspect of the availability of larger and faster com puters is the exploration of alternative algorithms. This is especially important in view of new computer archi tectures. In this work we describe a novel technique for feedback-scaling individual NOE distance restraints during molecular-dynamics-simulated annealing ex periments.
Performance Modeling for High-Order Finite Difference Methods On the Connection Machine Cm-2
Authors: Chang Yu-Chung , Chan Tony F.
Published: March 2007

This paper is concerned with modeling the perfor mance of high-order finite-difference schemes for hy perbolic problems on the Connection Machine CM-2. Specifically, we would like to determine whether the higher communication cost of higher-order methods makes them less favorable in a parallel setting than in a sequential setting. Since most difference methods are implemented using the cshift operator, we first de rive a timing model for it in CM-Fortran under the new slicewise compiler model. This model is then used to predict the performance of the difference methods with different orders applied to the 2D Bürgers' equa tions. In addition, we study the effect of varying differ ent machine performance parameters, such as the communication time and floating-point operation time, as well as problem parameters such as mesh size. Our analysis and numerical results indicate that among high-order finite difference methods, the fourth-order one is the most efficient method in that it achieves a moderate error tolerance (a few percent) with least running time.
Characterization of I/o rEquirements in a Massively Parallel Shelf Sea Model
Authors: Lockey P. , Proctor R. , James I.D.
Published: March 2007

It is now recognized that a high level of I/O performance is crucial in making effective use of parallel machines for many scientific application codes. This paper considers the I/O requirements in one particular scientific application area: three-dimensional modeling of continental shelf sea regions. The authors identify some of the scientific aims that drive the model development, and the consequent impact on the I/O needs. As a case study, the authors take a parallel production code running a simulation of the North Sea on a Cray T3D platform and investigate the I/O performance in dealing with the dominant I/O component: dumping of results data to disk. To place the performance issues in a more general framework, the authors construct a simple theoretical model of I/O requirements, and use this to probe the impact of available I/O performance on current and proposed scientific objectives.
Configuring Service Operations in Accordance with Customer Needs and Preferences
Authors: Verma Rohit , Thompson Gary M. , Louviere Jordan J.
Published: March 2007

This study presents an approach for effective service operations management by integrating market-based objectives and operating decisions of managers. This approach is based on constructs from operations management, econometrics, and marketing and can be used by managers to make better decisions about product/service design and positioning services according to market needs. Empirical data for this study were collected from the pizza delivery industry in a large metropolitan area in the western United States. Pizza delivery profiles were experimentally designed based on seven attributes: promised delivery time, actual delivery time, pizza variety, pizza temperature, money-back guarantee, price, and discount. An econometric procedure known as probabilistic discrete choice analysis was used to identify the customer pizza choice patterns and managers’ perceptions of customer choice patterns. The results show how customers trade off among different attributes when choosing a pizza delivery company. Managers can use this information to position their operations according to customer needs.
What Drives Customer Loyalty with Complaint Resolution?
Authors: Andreassen Tor Wallin
Published: March 2007

Even though customer satisfaction and loyalty have been studied at length, few if any studies have focused on antecedents to customer loyalty for dissatisfied complaining customers. In this article, a theoretical model focusing on negative affect, satisfaction with complaint resolution, and corporate image as antecedents to customer loyalty is proposed and tested empirically. First, satisfaction with complaint resolution has a positive impact on customer loyalty. Complaint resolution is thus an important element of the company’s customer retention strategy. Second, negative affect caused by the initial service failure has a negative impact on satisfaction with complaint resolution and customer loyalty. From this finding, one can imply that the customer starts the resolution process from a deficit. Finally, corporate image has a positive impact on customer loyalty. Thus, corporate image plays a role not only in attracting new customers but also in retaining existing dissatisfied customers.
Real Men or Real Teachers?
Authors: SARGENT PAUL
Published: March 2007

In this study, the author used ethnographic and focus group interviews to examine the lived experiences of men who teach in the primary grades. Several themes arose from the men's narratives. First, the men are under closer scrutiny than their women peers regarding contact with the children. Second, there is considerable ambiguity regarding the kind of “male role model” the men feel they are expected to portray. Third, there is a sexual division of labor that reinforces the image of men as having different teaching styles than women teachers. In response to the cumulative effects of these phenomena, the men must adopt compensatory behaviors causing them to unintentionally reproduce traditional forms of masculinity.
“A Higher Power to Feel”
Authors: CARROLL BRET E.
Published: March 2007

This article examines the relationship among gender identity, spirituality, and emotion and addresses the largely unexamined subject of male grief in Victorian America by analyzing the way in which mid—nineteenth-century Spiritualist men deployed grief in their narratives of religious redemption. Participating in a broader cultural conversation about gender in the Victorian middle class, these men suggested that grief and Spiritualist commitment would counteract the repressive effects of the market revolution and the ideology of domesticity on male identity—and reinforce male power—by encouraging an emotionally expressive and domestically engaged style of manhood. Spiritualist men publicly presented their private experiences of introspective “grief work” to do the “cultural work” of shaping a conception of masculinity suitable to a rising Victorian middle class.
Boys and Girls Come Out to Play
Authors: EPSTEIN DEBBIE , KEHILY MARY , Mac an GHAILL MAÍRTIN , REDMAN PETER
Published: March 2007

This article is based on the ethnographic study of children's play at break time in two contrasting primary schools in north London. Play in the two schools was differently gendered, at least partly because of the different organization of the playground. The article will argue that children will use the means available to them to construct gender in their playgrounds and that this will frequently involve the reproduction of hegemonic cultural identities and relations of power. However, the article will go on to argue that local interventions at the level of the individual school can and do bring into question such identities and power relations, in the process making available to children ways of being that are more open to possibility and difference.
Puerto Rican Men and the Struggle for Place in the United States
Authors: WEIS LOIS , CENTRIE CRAIG , VALENTIN-JUARBE JUAN , FINE MICHELLE
Published: March 2007

This article explores the construction of masculinity among poor and working-class Puerto Rican men on the mainland, filling a distinct gap in both the literatures on Puerto Ricans' and men's studies. Based on extensive interviews with a group of Puerto Rican men, the authors focus on the ways in which these men are staking out their identity on the mainland, as well as the social context in which this identity construction is taking place. It is argued that an affirmation of cultural citizenship is wrapped around notions of patriarchal authority and that a screaming to be heard “as a man” on the mainland exists within a context in which these men are stripped of all the costumes and accoutrements that enable “men to be men.” The subject of domestic violence is also probed.
Destabilizing the Fixed
Authors: CONWAY-LONG DON
Published: March 2007

Using the critical framework of Cornwall and Lindisfarne in Dislocating Masculinities, The author reviews recent ethnographies focusing on masculinities, taking as given the need to question established categories of understanding gender, sex, and sexuality. Examining Derné's Culture in Action, a study of upper-class men in Banaras, India, and Moodie and Ndatshe's Going for Gold, an analysis of South African miners, The author discusses the ways that change, contingency, negotiation, and struggle are brought into ethnographies on men and masculinities.
Style or Substance
Authors: GODENZI ALBERTO
Published: March 2007

The need for insights into how men could support the creation of feminist realities sometimes pushes into the background a deeper analysis of how men support the maintenance of the status quo. Given that most people live in genderized societies, every man reacts to challenges of the existing order of the sexes. This article categorizes the different responses men give to women's demands. Passive blocking and active aggressive techniques are well-known reactions of every dominant group. A third response set— associative techniques—includes shows of goodwill or harmonizing; special attention is given to the technique of self-presentation. By this, men try to manage the impression they make on women. It is shown that men's control over women can be very subtle and their potential for assimilation large. For the development of antisexist masculinities, it is essential to know the traps men might fall into or might construct on their way to new shores of manhood.
Semi-Empirical Model of Heat Transfer in Dry Mineral Fiber Insulations
Authors: Bomberg M. , Klarsfeld S.
Published: March 2007

A semi-empirical model for calculating heat transfer in dry mineral fiber in sulations takes into account parameters that characterize both the structure of the fibrous material and the boundary conditions in standard laboratory testing. It permits adjustment of experimental data for changes in specimen density or thickness, mean temperature or temperature gradient, i.e., all the uncertainties involved in sampling and testing procedures.
Error Analysis for the National Bureau of Standards 1016 mm Guarded Hot Plate*
Authors: Rennex B.
Published: March 2007

An error analysis is given for the 1-meter Guarded Hot Plate at the National Bureau of Standards. This apparatus is used to measure the thermal resistance of insulation materials. The individual contributions to uncertainty in thermal resistance are discussed in detail. The total uncertainty is estimated to be less than 0.5 percent at sample thicknesses up to 150 mm (6 inches) and less than 1 percent at a thickness of 300 mm (12 inches).
Heat-Transport and Solar Transmission Through Windows with Low-Emitting Coatings
Authors: Karlsson B. , Karlsson T. , Ribbing C.-G.
Published: March 2007

The thermal performance of a double glazed window with a low emitting coating is studied. Three types ot coatings are considered: single noble metal- films ; noble metal-based triple-layers ZnS/M/ZnS; and sprayed SnO2-films.

The quantities calculated are the total heat-flow, the U1-value, and the pane- temperatures. Calculations are made both tor night-time and for daytime with varying solar radiation-intensity. Different semi-empirical expressions tor the convective transter give essentially the same results.

Particular attention is given to the net effect of absorption in the coating. It is found that with the coating on the inner pane, about 70 percent of the absorbed solar energy is effectively transferred as heat into the room.

In an overall comparison with strong insolation considered, the SnO2-films show the best properties even if the triple-layers have higher solar transmission.
Transient Conductive and Radiative Heat Transfer through a Porous Layer with One Boundary Subject to a Time-Varying Temperature Condition
Authors: Tong T.W. , Hou Y.M. , Yarbrough D.W. , Mcelroy D.L.
Published: March 2007

This paper reports the results of an analysis on transient heat transfer through a layer of porous material subject to a time-varying temperature boundary condition. The purpose of the analysis was to study the radiation effect on transient heat transfer through porous building materials such as thermal insulations. The physical situation considered was that of a planar porous material with one boundary held at a fixed temperature and the other subjected to a cyclic temperature with a 24-hour period. Two heat transfer models were used in the analysis. They were (1) a purely conductive model which accounted for radiation through the use of an apparent thermal con ductivity, (2) a combined conductive and radiative model which included the two- flux equations to account for radiation in a more rigorous manner. The governing equations were solved numerically using a finite-difference approximation. The ac cumulated heat flows at both boundaries of the porous material were obtained. Ef fects due to parameters such as the boundary emissivities and the extinction coeffi cient of the porous material were illustrated. The results predicted by the two heat transfer models were compared.
Influence of the Structural Characteristics of Fibrous Heat Insulators upon Their Properties of Moisture Transfer
Authors: Cid J. , Crausse P.
Published: March 2007

Glass fiber insulant is a medium which can be deformed when loaded. Moisture transfer can occur in it. An experimental installation has been de signed in order to determine the water content and the deformation. The basic idea is the principle of attenuation of two radioactive emissions As a first approach, the measures have been carried out with media held rigidly. They show how the fiber di ameter and nominal density act upon the coefficients of moisture transfer and the properties of capillarity of glass fiber insulant
Low Density Rigid Foam without the Use of CFCs
Authors: Krueger D.C. , Christman D.L. , Hass J.D. , Reichel C.J.
Published: March 2007

BASF Corporation has been very active in the evaluation of alter native blowing agents for rigid urethane foams. Previous papers have reported the status of the two major candidates to replace CFC-11 in urethane formulations, HCFC-141b, and HCFC-123. While both these materials are workable technical re placements, they are not fully available commercially and won't be until 1992, or 1993.
A Field Study of the Fire Resistance Characteristics of Aged Loose-Fill Insulations: An Update
Authors: Dowds T.J. , Infante L.J. , Pentz E.
Published: March 2007

Fire resistance is an important attribute of any loose-fill insulation. Current requirements only test these characteristics prior to installation in the house. The effects of aging on these characteristics have just recently been investigated. This paper reports the results of fire resistance testing on loose-fill insulation samples that have been installed in attics for a minimum of two years. Cellulose, fiberglass and rockwool insulations were sampled from attics in different areas of the country. Smoldering combustion and critical radiant flux testing were performed on all samples. Results are presented and compared to similar published papers in vestigating the effects of aging on loose-fill insulation.
The Simulated Impact of Climate on the Drying Times of a Wetted Low-Slope Roof System
Authors: Desjarlais A.O. , Kyle D.M. , Christian J.E.
Published: March 2007

The 1991 National Roofing Contractors Association Annual Roof ing Survey predicts increases in recover, the reroofing practice of installing a new roof over an existing failed roof. For 1992, the survey estimates that $5¼ billion will be spent on recover. Market trends suggest that recover will become an increasingly more popular option in reroofing. The most controversial aspect of recover pertains to the presence of water in the failed roof. For recover to be a viable reroofing option, this water must have a means of escaping the roof system; entrapped water in the roof would lead to the eventual mechanical failure of the deck and fasteners The rate that water can be driven from a roof system will dictate whether recover can be con sidered as a reroofing option for that system
Predicting Field Thermal Performance of a Modified Resol Foam from Laboratory Data
Authors: Bomberg Mark
Published: March 2007

With safety testing of new blowing agents being near completion and new types of thermal insulating foams entering the market, predicting the long- term thermal performance of these foams becomes important. In this respect, the ex perience gained under a 1987-1988 project on CFC blown, modified resol foams may prove invaluable as predictions derived four years ago can now be compared with data obtained on material exposed on experimental roofs

This comparison indicates that the prediction of long-term thermal performance based on the initial thermal resistance determined on full thickness specimens com bined with the effect of aging determined on thin layers agreed with results obtained on the foam aged under field conditions
A Comparative Test Method to Determine Thermal Resistance under Field Conditions
Authors: Bomberg M.T. , Muzychka Y.S. , Stevens D.G. , Kumaran M.K.
Published: March 2007

This paper presents the development and application of a test method to determine thermal resistance of a material under transient conditions. The method consists of testing two material slabs placed in contact with one another, one of them being a reference material with known dependence of thermal conductivity and heat capacity on temperature and the other being a test specimen whose thermal proper ties are to be determined.

Thermocouples are placed on each surface of the standard and reference materials to measure temperatures during a transient heat transport process. These tempera tures are used as the boundary conditions in a series of calculations. First, the heat flux across the contact surface between the reference and the test specimen is calculated using a numerical algorithm to solve the heat transfer equation through the reference material. Then, imposing the requirement of heat flux continuity at the contact surface, corresponding values of thermal conductivity and heat capacity of the test specimen are calculated with an iterative technique. These calculations, done as a function of time, result in a set of thermal properties of the test specimen for the range of boundary conditions imposed during the transient process.

This method can be used under transient conditions of either laboratory or field testing. Of particular interest is its application to examine effects of aging (effect of time) and weathering (effect of time and environmental conditions) on thermally in sulating foams. For instance, in this research, the reference and tested specimens are placed in an exposure box representing a conventional roofing assembly and the change in the thermal properties of the test specimens is determined.
Aging of Thin-Slices of PIR Foams Manufactured with Alternative Blowing Agents
Authors: Booth J.R. , Graves R.S. , Yarbrough D.W.
Published: March 2007

Chlorofluorocarbon compounds (CFCs) have historically been used to achieve superior thermal performance in closed-cell polymeric foams. The de terioration (aging) of thermal performance during the influx of gaseous components from the atmosphere, and the efflux of the insulating blowing agents usually takes place over a period of many years.

The realization that atmospheric emissions of CFCs were having a detrimental effect on the environment increased the need for reliable and timely methods for the evaluation and selection of alternative insulating blowing agents for polymeric foam insulations. Accelerated aging at elevated temperatures has been suggested, but this method has practical limitations and often provides unreliable results.

Thin-slice aging of closed-cell core at room temperature has achieved meaningful accelerations. In this paper, techniques which allow the required evaluation times to be reduced to acceptable values, without reduction of reliability will be discussed.

A polyurethane modified isocyanurate (PIR) slabstock foam containing CFC-11, produced for a Joint Industry and Government Study was thin sliced to 1.3, 2.5 and 5.1 mm, and aged (at room temperature) for four months. Apparent thermal conduc tivities, k, were measured with a 100 × 100 mm heat flow meter (HFM) apparatus at Granville Research Center. The results were compared with k for slices of 10, 19 and 33 mm thickness of the same foam measured over a three-year period at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL).

The results confirm that (very) thin-slice accelerated aging can, in a timely manner, produce reliable parameters describing the long-term aging performance of closed- cell polymeric foams manufactured with alternative blowing agents.
Hygrothermal Performance of Protected Membrane Roof Systems: Part 2: Experimental Verification
Authors: Hens H.
Published: March 2007

In a previous paper by the same author [1], a simplified analysis of the heat and moisture response of protected membrane roofs (PMR) was discussed. The analysis included a Δ U-correction to the thermal transmission coefficient U of the equivalent, conventional roof to account for the effects of percolation, evapora tion, and butt joint losses between the insulation boards. This second paper presents experimental results.

The hygrothermal performances of five Protected Membrane Roof systems (PMR) were monitored to a varying degree of completeness for a number of years in the period between 1981-1992. The systems included extruded polystyrene boards, mineral fibre boards, a composite foam-concrete board manufactured with expanded polystyrene, and a composite foam-concrete board manufactured with extruded polystyrene.

The monitoring indicated that the heat and moisture response of a protected mem brane roof is substantially reduced when ponding water is present either below or above the insulation. The reduction increases when the vapour diffusion resistance of the insulation material is low. Both conclusions supported the Δ U-correction, derived from the simple model. They have prompted changes in the design of PMRs and modifications to the corresponding design rules.
Introduction of a New Crossover Radius for Radial Heat Conduction, Part I: Cylindrical Systems
Authors: Kulkarni M.R.
Published: March 2007

Use of the critical radius for radial heat conduction in thermal insu lation systems has been widely reported in the literature. When it is desirable to in crease heat dissipation, this critical radius can be used in a definitive manner to maxi mize the heat dissipation. However, if it is desirable to decrease heat gain or heat loss, the critical radius only serves as a necessary condition, but it is not sufficient. To ad dress design of such thermal systems, a new crossover radius is introduced. A cross over radius is a radius greater than the critical radius and is defined such that the heat transfer with the corresponding amount of insulating material is equal to that of the bare thermal system. In order to make effective use of insulation (to prevent heat loss or heat gain) the outside radius of the insulated pipe must correspond to values greater than the crossover radius. In Part I cylindrical systems are considered while spherical systems are considered in Part II.
Evaluation and State Budget Crises: Observations from Wisconsin, Massachusetts, and Virginia
Authors: Johnson Paul L.
Published: March 2007

Interviewees should be persons who are important stakeholders for evaluations and those with views of general interest to practicing evaluators. Interviewers and inter viewees may be one person or several (i.e., one person may interview one individual or a panel of individuals, a panel of interviewers may interview one or more inter viewees, and so on). Paul Johnson, of the U.S. Public Health Service, is coordinat ing this section. Suggestions for interviewees and interviewers should be sent to Paul at 740-G Humphrey Bldg., 200 Independence Ave., S.W., Washington. DC 20201.
Book Reviews : Fourth Generation Evaluation by Egon Guba and Yvonne Lincoln. Newburg Park, CA: Sage, 1989, 294 pp
Authors: Reed Michael C.
Published: March 2007

Books applicable to the broadfield of program evaluation are reviewed. Books may be reviewed singly or in groups to illuminate similarities and differences in intent, philosophy, and usefulness. Persons with suggestions of books to be reviewed or those who wish to submit a review should contact Dr. Byron R. Burnham, Evaluation Specialist (Cooperative Extension Service, Utah State University, Logan, UT 84322- 4900 ; phone: 801-750-1637) for specific instructions. In general, a review of an individual book should not exceed four double-spaced typewritten pages; groups of books may require additional length.