bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intensity of Induced Earthquakes in Northeast British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Babaie Mahani Alireza , Venables Stuart , Kao Honn , Visser Ryan , Gaucher Michelle , Dokht Ramin M. H. , Johnson Jeff
Published: May 2021

The damage potential of induced earthquakes associated with fluid injection is a major concern in hydrocarbon resource development. An important source of data for the assessment of damage is macroseismic intensity perceived by people and structures. In the Western Canada Sedimentary Basin (WCSB) where the occurrence of seismicity is mostly related to oil and gas activities, the collection of intensity data is incomplete. In this study, we present a comprehensive dataset gathered by the BC Oil and Gas Commission in the period 2016–2020. We assign intensities to individual felt reports according to the modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) scale and associate each MMI value to an earthquake. The isoseismal map of the largest earthquake in the Septimus region of northeast British Columbia is also provided using the compiled intensity dataset complemented with data from the U.S. Geological Survey and Natural Resources Canada “Did You Feel It?” systems along with the intensities converted from ground-motion amplitudes. We consider an approximate 10 km radius around the mainshock of 30 November 2018 earthquake with moment magnitude of 4.6 to be the meizoseismal area based on maximum intensities of 4–5. We also investigate the distance decay of intensity for shallow induced earthquakes in comparison with deeper natural events with the same magnitudes. Although intensities from shallow earthquakes (depth≤5  km) can be higher than deep events (depth≥10  km) at close distances (10–15 km), they tend to decrease abruptly at greater distances to become lower than deep events. The localization of large intensities from induced earthquakes within the meizoseismal area warrants special attention in future resource developments and call for systematic intensity data collection in the WCSB.
The future development of the metropolitan area surrounding San Francisco Bay1
Authors: Lee Charles H.
Published: May 2021

Author's Abstract

The purpose of this paper is to picture the essential facts and problems relating to the present and future metropolitan area of San Francisco Bay, and to outline what might be done to reduce future hazards to life and property from earthquake and earthquake fires.

The conclusion is reached that the future metropolitan area will include the region immediately tributary to San Francisco, within an average radius of forty miles from the Ferry Building at San Francisco, and embracing fifty-four per cent of the nine Bay counties. The included land which will be capable of intensive development covers 876,300 acres.

The ultimate population of this area will be between 5,000,000 and 6,000,000, and the true value of all taxable property at least $12,000,000,000, of which fifty per cent will be more or less destructible. The future metropolitan area will include an eleven-fold greater land area than at present, a fourfold increase in population, and a sixfold growth in value of all property.

A limiting feature in the attainment of this population will be water supply. The future demand will be at least 1,075 million gallons daily, of which 250 million gallons may be developed from local sources. Of the latter quantity, 100 million gallons daily have already been developed. To meet future demands, outside sources must be brought in equivalent to the full development proposed for the Hetch Hetchy, Mokelumne, and Eel River Projects. The Sacramento-San Joaquin River at the head of the Bay may also be drawn upon.

Systematic establishment of open spaces in the form of broad thoroughfares, highways, parks, public grounds, etc., to act as fire-breaks and places of refuge for the inhabitants. Preservation of an adequate and efficient ferry system in conjunction with trans-Bay bridges or tubes when built. Revision or adoption of building codes designed to promote earthquake-proof construction and use of fire-resistant building materials. Adoption of a definite program to be followed by electric and gas utilities at the occurrence of an earthquake, to reduce fire hazard from these sources. Increasing the amount of local storage capacity in the water distribution systems of different communities so as to provide a reserve for domestic and fire use in case of serious interruption in supply mains. Utilizing all feasible reservoir sites in the Bay region for reserve storage, and as far as possible interconnecting all reservoirs and distribution systems, with the ultimate aim of completely circling the Bay with transmission pipe line or conduit capable of drawing water from any major reservoirs in case of emergency. Establishment of a plan of organization, both local and general, for handling the water problems of the future metropolitan area.
Nature of certain discontinuities in the earth
Authors: Daly Reginald A.
Published: May 2021

Four different kinds of experimental evidence suggest that the seismically effective compressibility of a rock is of the order of one-fifth less than its compressibility as determined by the high-pressure method. Additional, specially designed experiments to test this idea are urgently needed. As it stands, the tentative conclusion implies that the crystalline Sial of a continental block is essentially granitic down to a depth not far from thirty kilometers. Below that shell a second shell of granodiorite or quartz diorite is indicated. At the depth of about forty-five kilometers is a major discontinuity, which, interpreted on the same basis, represents the interface between the second shell and crystalline basalt, or gabbro. According to Gutenberg's hypothesis, this third shell contacts with a fourth, underlying shell of vitreous basalt, the thickness of which is not now to be readily determined from the wave-velocities in depth. So far as seismological evidence goes, that thickness may possibly approach 1,200 kilometers. A shell of either crystalline or vitreous peridotite near the earth's surface is not suggested by the wave-velocities. The master discontinuity at the depth of 2,900 kilometers seems capable of at least two different explanations.
On the question of dispersion in the first preliminary seismic waves1
Authors: Sommer H. Henrietta
Published: May 2021

By use of the Byerly-Jeffreys travel-time curve for P, and Geiger's method of least-squares adjustment, the epicenter of the Alaskan earthquake of October 24, 1927, was placed at

5 7 ° 26 ' ± 5 0 ' N . 13 7 ° 03 ' ± 1 9 ' W .

and the time of occurrence was placed at 15h 59m 55s ± 2s, G.M.C.T.

A second solution was obtained using Mohorovičić's multiple travel-time curves for P. The co-ordinates of the epicenter were the same as those given above, but the time of occurrence was found to be 16h00m, G.M.C.T.

It has been held by some seismologists that anomalous dispersion can be observed in the first preliminary waves; i.e., that shorter periods travel faster than long ones. Investigations of periods were made with a view to testing this hypothesis, with the following results:

The general conclusion is that observation of periods gives no evidence for dispersion in waves of longitudinal type.

It is shown that, if dispersion did exist, the travel time of the beginning would be a continuous function of epicentral distance, and, therefore, Mohorovičić's curves are not evidence for dispersion. The observations of the epicentral distances at which P2, P1, and Pn are most frequently recorded first are contrary to dispersion.

In the Alaskan earthquake the distribution of first motion (condensation or rarefaction) is very complicated. Dispersion offers no explanation for this fact, and it is believed that complex movements at the source are responsible for the observed distribution.
On supposed discontinuities in the mantle of the Earth
Authors: Gutenberg B. , Richter C. F.
Published: May 2021

Investigations of the Mexican shocks of January 2, 15, and 17, 1931, as recorded at stations in California have shown that the travel-time curve of the P-waves at distances between 9° and 15° is nearly a straight line. At these distances the amplitudes of the P-waves are very small, as is to be expected from theory. At greater distances dt/dΔ decreases, and the amplitudes are larger. The data are not sufficient to decide whether the changes are abrupt or not. No S-waves could be found between 9° and 15°. The calculated velocities of the P-waves are near 8.2 kilometers per second at depths between 40 and 100 kilometers, increasing slightly with greater depths. It is possible that the velocity decreases very slightly at some depths between 40 and 80 kilometers, but there is no sign of any discontinuity at depths between 40 and more than 500 kilometers. The S-waves seem to be affected a little more at depths between 40 and 100 kilometers than the P-waves. It is not impossible that at some depth between 40 and 80 kilometers there is a transition from the crystalline to the glassy state.
The Cedar Mountain, Nevada, earthquake of December 20, 1932*
Authors: Gianella Vincent P. , Callaghan Eugene
Published: May 2021

The Cedar Mountain, Nevada, earthquake took place at about 10h 10m 04s p.m., December 20, 1932. It was preceded by a foreshock noted locally and followed by thousands of aftershocks, which were reported as still continuing in January 1934. No lives were lost and there was very little damage.

The earthquake originated in southwest central Nevada, east of Mina. A belt of rifts or faults in echelon lies in the valley between Gabbs Valley Range and Pilot Mountains on the west and Cedar Mountain and Paradise Range on the east. The length of this belt is thirty-eight miles in a northwesterly direction, and the width ranges from four to nine miles. The rifts consist of zones of fissures which commonly reveal vertical displacement and in a number of places show horizontal displacement. The length of the rifts ranges from a few hundred feet to nearly four miles, and the width may be as much as 400 feet. The actual as well as indicated horizontal displacement is represented by a relative southward movement of the east side of each rift. The echelon pattern of the rifts within the rift area indicates that the relative movement of the adjoining mountain masses is the same. The direction of relative horizontal movement corresponds to that along the east front of the Sierra Nevada at Owens Valley and on the San Andreas rift.
The Central California earthquakes of May 16, 1933, and June 7, 1934
Authors: Byerly Perry , Wilson James T.
Published: May 2021

Isoseismalsare drawn and field intensities listed for the Niles earthquake of May 16, 1933. The epicenter is placed at 37° 38′ N, 121° 57′ W. Isoseismals are drawn and field intensities listed for the Parkfield earthquakes of June 7, 1934. The epicenter of the shock at 8h 48mp.m. (P.S.T.) is placed at 35° 56′ N, 120° 29′ W. The epicenter of the shock at 8h 30m is placed about 4 km. north of this. Travel-time curves are drawn for each of these three shocks. It is shown that the Owens Valley stations, Tinemaha and Haiwee, did not record the normal P (v = 8.0 km/sec., ca.) for any of these earthquakes. It is concluded that there exists some barrier to these waves under the Great Valley of California (or possibly under the Sierra), which prevents their observation at stations so close to the valley as Tinemaha and Haiwee when the source is in the Coast Range region. The interpretation of the data of difficult, but there is some evidence for identifying P waves traveling through three successive layers of the earth's crust. A tentative computation of this structure is made.
Velocity of P waves in the earth calculated from the Macelwane P curve, 1933*
Authors: Dahm Cornelius G.
Published: May 2021

The Macelwane P curve is based on the data of the Tango, Hawke Bay, and Long Beach earthquakes, all of 10–12 km. focal depth. This curve was modified and adjusted to fit a spheroid of 6355 km. radius, the outer part of which has the same properties as those immediately under the Mohorovičić discontinuity in Japan. The original and the adjusted P curve are given as well as the velocity-depth and depth-distance data obtained by applying the Herglotz-Wiechert method to the adjusted P curve. The inversion and slight decrease of the velocity-depth function at 2730 km. depth are discussed and the continued validity of the Herglotz-Wiechert method under those circumstances is shown.
Elasticity and internal friction in a long column of granite*
Authors: Birch Francis , Bancroft Dennison
Published: May 2021

The forced resonant vibrations of a long column of Quincy granite have been studied with the object of discovering the effect of frequency upon the velocities of elastic waves. Longitudinal, flexural, and torsional modes were used, covering the frequency range 140-4500 cycles per second. For these frequencies the velocities were independent of frequency to within 1 per cent or less. The internal friction was also roughly independent of frequency, with Q = 150. The damping of seismic waves is considered with reference to these results.
Tsunamis and earthquakes*
Authors: Gutenberg B.
Published: May 2021

Tsunamis (“tidal waves,” “maremotos”) may be produced by submarine volcanic eruptions, submarine slides started by earthquakes, submarine faulting, and atmospheric conditions. The hypothesis that at least some of the largest tsunamis have been produced by submarine slides with earthquake waves as a trigger force has been advanced by a notable number of those seismologists who have studied tsunamis. The macroseismic as well as the microseismic data of the Atacama earthquake of November 11, 1922, indicate clearly that the fault movement occurred inland; the tsunamis originated from a submarine slide near a relatively feebly shaken stretch of the coast where the surface slopes steeply to a considerable depth. On gently sloping coasts, such as those of California, large tsunamis are rare and the relatively small tsunamis there are probably produced by faulting at the bottom of the ocean.
New evidence for a change in physical conditions at depths near 100 kilometers*
Authors: Gutenberg B. , Richter Charles F.
Published: May 2021

Seismograms of South American earthquakes at depths down to 260 km. recorded at Huancayo, Peru, are used to confirm and extend the conclusion that a slight decrease in the velocity of longitudinal waves occurs at a depth of about 80 km.
The Chelmsford, Massachusetts, earthquake of June 23, 1938*
Authors: Linehan Daniel
Published: May 2021

The Chelmsford earthquake of June 23, 1938, occurred at 03h 57m 56s.5 G.C.T. The epicentral determination made by the writer of this article is 71° 25′ W, 42° 37′ N. The distance-arcual intersection occurs at the southernmost tip of an ellipse of greatest intensity, and this may be due to the fact that all three stations employed in the determination were to the south and west of the area, or that structural conditions elongated the greatest intensity area. The major axis of the ellipse does coincide with the strike of the geologic structure in this area. The greatest intensity given by the writer is IV on the Rossi-Forel Scale.
The problem of the earth's density variation*
Authors: Bullen K. E.
Published: May 2021

The present paper examines the problem of the earth's density variation and includes a quantitative discussion of the errors likely to be involved. Figures are given for the density distribution of the earth's outer mantle, and it is shown that all these are probably accurate within about 0.05 gm/cm.3 On the figures presented, the density in the earth's mantle ranges from 3.32 gm/cm.3 at the base of the crustal layers to 5.68 gm/cm.3 at the base of the mantle. The mean density of the central core is shown to be 10.7 gm/cm.3 within an error of order 0.1 gm/cm.3 Application of equations derived by Birch from Murnaghan's theory of finite strain indicates agreement with the density figures found, but it is to be noted that the rigidity of the lower portion of the earth's mantle appears to increase more slowly with increase of depth than would be consistent with the equations of Birch. Values which are expected to need very little future amendment are also given for the pressure and gravitational attraction within the earth's mantle.
Periodicity of deep-focus earthquakes*
Authors: McMurry Howard
Published: May 2021

Summary and Conclusions

Data were assembled of about 320 earthquakes, including nearly all those available for which the determinations of epicentral location, time of occurrence, and focal depth were considered reliable. They were analyzed collectively and in selected geographical groups by the method of periodogram analysis which appeared most suitable. Tests were made on periods of 6, 12, and 14 months and for correlation with twice the lunar and solar hour angles. None of the results could be interpreted as other than accidental. However, the Japanese group gave a slight indication of a correlation with twice the solar hour angle, and the South American earthquakes with twice the lunar hour angle. Many additional data must first be accumulated and tested before any special significance can be attached to these results.

The manner whereby small fluctuations in stress might be expected to determine the exact time of occurrence of an earthquake was reviewed. A study was then made of three possible sources of such trigger stresses which could be effective at great depth, namely, tidal stresses in the solid earth, stresses due to changes in sea level, and stresses due to variations in barometric pressure. Tidal stresses alone were considered in detail.

It was concluded that tidal stress variations approximate harmonic changes sufficiently well to warrant a search for lunar hour angle correlations by the methods of periodogram analysis, but they are nevertheless too irregular to make the statistical results of such studies valuable in supplying information concerning the mechanics and environment of deep-seated earthquakes. Periodicity investigations of this type, even if successful, can be expected to do little more than indicate the causes which can influence earthquake occurrence times.

The importance of other agencies in causing stress variations within the earth was studied. It was concluded that oceanic tidal loads, and to a much less degree erratic barometric fluctuations, are capable of producing stress changes comparable with those due to tides in the earth. The stresses from the earth tides in general dominate the others, although the effect of ocean tidal loading may be of primary importance under special circumstances. The irregularity of both ocean loads and barometric pressure fluctuations renders them unsuitable subjects for study.

For the reasons given, the only stress changes that appear to warrant study with reference to their effect on earthquakes are those due to earth tides.

The best chance of finding a definite correlation world be from a study of data of a large number of earthquakes which had occurred within relatively small regions, as only then is it justifiable to assume that all the earthquakes had been similarly affected by the triggering stress. Data at present available are far from sufficient to provide a satisfactory basis for such a study.
A contribution to the seismic history of Missouri*
Authors: Heinrich Ross R.
Published: May 2021

The status of Missouri as a state which contains active seismic areas has been a subject for speculation ever since the New Madrid earthquakes of 1811 and 1812. Local seismic research, however, was slow in starting, owing principally to the lack of available instruments to supply data sufficiently accurate for detailed work.

Two events which gave great impetus to the progress of Missouri earthquake study were, first, the installation of the seismograph at St. Louis University in 1909, and second, the inauguration of the definite regional study plan which was proposed by Father Macelwane in 1925. The various stages in the development of regional earthquake study in Missouri have influenced the availability of data on the historical sequence of Missouri earthquakes.

This paper, which is offered as a contribution to the seismic history of Missouri, reflects somewhat the growth of interest in local tremors. This growth, as shown by the increase in sources of data in the more recent years, is emphasized in order to avoid the misleading interpretation that the seismicity of Missouri is increasing. It is shown that although tabulation of the earthquakes, recorded by years, showed an increase in the yearly average from 0.6 in 1911 to 4.0 for the years 1930-1939, the latter figure seems the more nearly correct, and the former may be somewhat low owing to the incomplete data for the first half century following the New Madrid disaster.

The earthquakes which have been felt in Missouri or which may possibly have been felt are listed by years, together with as many of the pertinent details as are available or space permits. By an examination of this list of shocks it can be seen that most of the earthquakes which have been felt in Missouri originate in more or less definite seismic districts. Six such districts are suggested for Missouri and they are called because of their locations the New Madrid, St. Marys, St. Louis, Hannibal, Springfield, and Northwestern Missouri seismic districts. Some of the earthquakes which have been felt in Missouri have apparently originated from seismic areas outside of the state boundaries. Four of these out-of-state areas are recognized, namely, the Centralia and Harrisburg districts in Illinois, the Anna, Ohio, region, and the Kansas-Nebraska Nemaha belt.

It is shown that nearly 85 per cent of all the seismic activity of Missouri origin comes from two seismic areas: about 60 per cent from the New Madrid area, and about 25 per cent from the St. Marys fault region. A tabulation of the earthquakes by intensities indicates that most of the earthquakes of strong intensities also seem to come from the southeastern Mossouri area although only about 7 ½ per cent of the total of earthquakes recorded since 1816 have been strong enough to endanger life.
On the estimation of focal depth from macroseismic data*
Authors: Blake Archie
Published: May 2021

It has long been known that deep earthquakes are felt more widely, for a given epicentral intensity, than shallow. Several attempts have been made to express this tendency in precise form for the estimation of focal depth. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the shortcomings of the formulas that have been tried and certain ways in which they may be improved. It is noteworthy that while the inverse square of the distance of the observer from the earthquake focus is insufficient to account for the falling off of the intensity, the introduction of an absorption coefficient is not a satisfactory method of dealing with the lack.
On dispersion of Rayleigh waves from the North Pacific earthquake of November 10, 1938*
Authors: De Lisle J. F.
Published: May 2021

Rayleigh waves from the North Pacific earthquake of November 10, 1938, have been investigated in different azimuths for dispersion. Using dispersion curves of Jeffreys based on the hypothetical structure of a single crustal layer, the average thickness of this layer along great circle paths from Bering Sea to each observatory has been calculated. The values found give a comparison between Pacific and continental crustal structure which affords confirmation of other evidence on this point.
Earthquakes and disturbances to leveling in the Imperial Valley, 1930-1931*
Authors: Wood Harry O.
Published: May 2021

Comparison in 1931 of the findings of field investigation in 1930 of the earthquakes of February 25 and March 1 of that year in the Imperial Valley, California, with disturbances to leveling found in the 1931 retracement of precise leveling surveyed in 1926-1927, and 1928, by the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey led to the conclusion that there was no discernible correlation except in one instance, and that doubtful.

Occurrence of the 1940 earthquake with disclosure of a surface fault offset necessitates review and reconsideration. The revised conclusion is that two of the disturbances to leveling found in 1931 may probably be correlated with activity on this fault zone, but that the disturbances are quite as likely due to secondary effects caused by shaking as to primary surface warping or tilting and probably more so.

The necessity of frequently repeated precise surveys is emphasized.
Colisión de derechos en pandemia. Derecho a la salud y límites a la acción estatal
Authors: Alé María Cristina
Published: May 2021

En contextos de epidemias/pandemias, la salud es un derecho fundamental y es entendido como derecho-núcleo que funciona como eje articulador desde y hacia dónde se dirigen las acciones de los órganos de gobierno, primariamente, y de los demás actores públicos y privados, secundariamente. La potestad del Estado de invocar legítimamente la protección de la salud colectiva como causa de restricción de ciertos derechos y libertades producirá inevitablemente un conflicto en el ejercicio de otros derechos fundamentales. Así, el objetivo del presente trabajo busca analizar estas dinámicas de colisión. Con este propósito, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica de diversas fuentes, un exhaustivo análisis e identificación de la normativa internacional aplicable, así como del alcance de los principios jurídicos relevantes y de los contenidos mínimos inderogables de los derechos y libertades que puedan presentarse en disputa ante la preponderancia de unos sobre otros, utilizando de base el método documental con un enfoque cualitativo. Se concluye, que en el desarrollo de una epidemia/pandemia, cuanto más amenazada se encuentra la salud colectiva y los demás derechos estrechamente vinculados, mayor será el rol del Estado en la consecución de sus obligaciones de hacer manifestadas en sus decisiones políticas y políticas públicas. El Estado —en tanto ente garante y servidor del respeto y realización de los derechos y libertades fundamentales— deberá armonizar aquellos que estén en conflicto con una mirada a corto, mediano y largo plazo y siempre direccionado por el principio de proporcionalidad, en consonancia con los límites constitucionales y convencionales.
Un estira y afloja: La definición de las reglas para la libre expresión en las plataformas de redes sociales
Authors: Cetina Presuel Rodrigo
Published: May 2021

Este trabajo estudia la regulación de la libre expresión en las redes sociales para evidenciar que existen dos tendencias encontradas. Una tendencia judicial en la Unión Europea (UE) que busca que las leyes locales sobre libertad de expresión se apliquen más allá de su jurisdicción original para así proteger más efectivamente los derechos de sus gobernados. Otra tendencia, contradictoria, también dentro de la UE, consiste en adoptar leyes que delegan la función de moderar la libertad de expresión online a las plataformas de redes sociales. Esto revela que las mismas plataformas buscan fomentar esta tendencia adoptando esquemas privados de resolución de conflictos relativos a la moderación de contenidos para legitimar sus reglas privadas y probar que son garantía suficiente para los derechos fundamentales, y evitar esfuerzos gubernamentales de adopción de regulación más estricta. Metodológicamente, el trabajo estudia ejemplos extraídos del actuar del Tribunal de Justicia de la Unión Europea, de esfuerzos legislativos de la UE, y del Facebook Oversight Board. El objetivo es analizar dichas tendencias para resaltar sus consecuencias negativas. La principal contribución del trabajo es evidenciar que estas tendencias resultan en un beneficio únicamente para las plataformas de redes sociales, que ven reforzada su posición para regular la libertad de expresión en internet a través de sus propias reglas privadas y unilaterales y para beneficio de sus intereses comerciales. Como argumentamos en nuestras conclusiones, esto va en detrimento de la libertad de expresión, que se ve sometido a reglas estándar y a una falsa universalización de este derecho.
Approach Paper: Evaluation of IDB's Grant Facility for Haiti
Authors: Linares Ana Maria , Clevy Eliane , Fraga Federico , Infanzón Michelle , Vargas Lucero , Villarraga Maria Camila , de Catheu Juana , Presciuttini Gabriel , Putic Melanie , Barcellos Andreia
Published: May 2021

This document defines the approach of the Office of Evaluation and Oversight (OVE) to evaluate the Grant Facility (GRF) for Haiti. It outlines the evaluation's objectives, scope, evaluation questions, and methodology that OVE will apply to conduct the evaluation. OVE included this corporate evaluation in its 2020-2021 work program at the IDB and IDB Invest Boards' request. It focuses on the ten years of Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) Group activity in Haiti using GRF resources, from January 1st, 2011--the start of IDB's formal commitment to transfer US$200 million per year to the GRF earmarked for Haiti-- to December 31st, 2020.
¿Prohibición constitucional para que el Ecuador pacte arbitraje internacional en materia comercial y de inversión? Una nueva mirada al artículo 422 de la Constitución
Authors: Palacios Abad Xavier
Published: May 2021

Durante estos más de diez años de vigencia del texto constitucional, el artículo 422 de la Constitución (en adelante “CRE”) ha sido objeto de varias interpretaciones, muchas de ellas disímiles y opuestas entre sí.[1] La pregunta que gira alrededor de esta norma es cuál es el alcance de la prohibición contenida en ella, principalmente sobre la posibilidad de que el Estado acuda a arbitraje internacional en controversias contractuales o comerciales y de inversión. Este artículo buscará determinar cuál es el alcance de esta prohibición constitucional y si esta incluye o no a los Tratados Bilaterales de Inversión (en adelante “TBI”).

 

Para analizar aquello, en un primer momento, nos referiremos al contenido del artículo 422 de la CRE y, acto seguido, realizaremos una interpretación de la norma desde tres ópticas: desde un ámbito sistemático y literal, y también en base a una interpretación pro derechos. Una vez hecho este análisis, concluiremos que la prohibición del artículo 422 no alcanza a los TBI, y, además, es una prohibición de fuente u origen del arbitraje, es decir, no incluye un nuevo concepto de materia no transigible.

 

[1] Ver. Amicus Curiae presentados por Alberto Acosta y el Instituto Ecuatoriano de Arbitraje dentro del caso No. 0002-18-IC.
An Effective Collaborative User Model Using Hybrid Clustering Recommendation Methods
Authors: Najafabadi Maryam Khanian , Mohamed Azlinah , Nair Madhavan A/L Balan , Tabibian Sayed Mojtaba
Published: May 2021

Collaborative Filtering (CF) has been known as the most successful recommendation technique in which recommendations are made based on the past rating records from like-minded users. Significant growth of users and items have negatively affected the efficiency of CF and pose key issues related to computational aspects and the quality of recommendation such as high dimensionality and data sparsity. In this study, a hybrid method was proposed and was capable to solve the mentioned problems using a neighborhood selection process for each user through two clustering algorithms which were item-based k-means clustering and user-based Fuzzy Clustering. Item-based k-means clustering was applied because of its advantages in computational time and hence it is able to address the high dimensionality issues. To create user groups and find the correlation between users, we employed the user-based Fuzzy Clustering and it has not yet been used in user-based CF clustering. This clustering can calculate the degree of membership among users into set of clustered items. Furthermore, a new similarity metric was designed to compute the similarity value among users with affecting the output of user-based Fuzzy Clustering. This metric is an alternative to the basic similarity metrics in CF and it has been proven to provide high-quality recommendations and a noticeable improvement on the accuracy of recommendations to the users. The proposed method has been evaluated using two benchmark datasets, MovieLens and LastFM in order to make a comparison with the existing recommendation methods.
Evolutionary Algorithms for Real Time Engineering Problems: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Kumar Devineni Gireesh , Ganesh Aman , Bhoopal Neerudi , Saravanan Sankaranarayanan , Prameela Madala , Dsnmrao  , Kasireddy Idamakanti
Published: May 2021

This paper presents a variety of contemporary optimization techniques inspired by the real life in nature. Optimization reveals substantial developments in computing systems as well as has come to be the most encouraging strategy for several design applications. The study is conducted on single-objective, multi-objective, and hybrid optimization strategies. These optimization schemes will be of excellent help to organizations to identify optimum criteria and to improve process as well as product high quality. For selected optimization strategies, the process of formulating the objective function/stiffness function for a minimal issue exists. Over the last few years, the most combinatoric problems of all traditional optimization approaches were solved by using metaheuristic algorithms to have optimal solutions for real-time applications. This paper discussed some of the important and feasible optimization scheme and the related algorithms and approaches.
Secured Data Transmission with Integrated Fault Reduction Scheduling in Cloud Computing
Authors: Sheetal Annabathula Phani , Lalitha Giddaluru , Gopi Arepalli Peda , Narayana Vejendla Lakshman
Published: May 2021

Cloud computing offers end users a scalable and cost-effective way to access multi-platform data. While the Cloud Storage features endorse it, resource loss is also likely. A fault-tolerant mechanism is therefore required to achieve uninterrupted cloud service performances. The two widely used defect-tolerant mechanisms are task relocation and replication. But the replication approach leads to enormous overhead storage and computing as the number of tasks gradually increases. When a large number of defects occur, it creates more overhead storage and time complexity depending on task criticalities. An Integrated Fault Reduction Scheduling (IFRS) cloud computing model is used to resolve these problems. The probability of failure of a VM is calculated by finding the previous failures and active executions in this model. Then a fault-related adaptive recovery timer is retained, modified depending on the fault type. Experimental findings showed that IFRS reached 67% lower storage costs and 24% less response time when comparing with the current technique for sensitive tasks.
An Efficient Data Mining Technique for Structural Strength Monitoring System
Authors: Rao Moram Vishnu Vardhana , Chaparala Aparna
Published: May 2021

A fundamental target of strength monitoring frameworks for different structures is to analyze the condition of the structure and to assess its conceivable danger and furthermore to investigation, identification, and characterization of danger in complex structures is a critical part of auxiliary strength checking. The capacities are browsed as lexicon of time-recurrence movement and scaled variants of a basic Gaussian hypothesis work. This word reference is likewise adjusted to utilize genuine estimated information. Characterization is then accomplished by coordinating the removed damage includes in the time-frequency. In this paper, we utilize our model to assess our information mining approach for the fault checking. The balanced scratch-off and high-pass sifting strategies are consolidated adequately to take care of basic issues in numerical reconciliation signs gathered from sensors are disintegrated into direct blends of very confined Gaussian capacities utilizing the coordinating significance decay calculation. The combination exactness is enhanced and contrasted with former numerical integrators. Rough set analysis uses only internal knowledge and does not rely on prior model assumption as fuzzy set methods or probabilistic models do. In this manuscript a novel hybrid algorithm combining the features of Rough set Support vector machine (Rs-SVM) classified structures and Rough set Artificial Neural Network (Rs-ANN) classified structures are used. At long last the vertices of the structure of different types are connected and analysed by the Hybrid algorithm and furthermore to additionally enhance order execution, the data gathered from numerous sensors is incorporated utilizing a Bayesian sensor combination approach.
Common Perceptions of the Interests of Employers, Workers, and the Government to Prevent Mass Layoffs During the Covid-19 Pandemic
Authors: Zulkarnaen Ahmad Hunaeni
Published: May 2021

Since the outbreak of the first case of the Covid-19 coronavirus infection in early March 2020 to break the chain of spread, the government has taken a policy by limiting community activities that have an impact on economic and business training to reduce losses, business actors have made efficiency, among others by laying off workers or Even carrying out mass layoffs of employment, the role of all parties concerned in HI (employers, workers, or government) is needed to prevent or reduce mass layoffs and employers to reduce losses can still carry out efficiency. This study aims to analyze the shared perceptions of employers, workers, and the government to prevent mass layoffs in Indonesia. The method used in this research is a descriptive analysis using a normative juridical approach. This study concludes that in the perspective of interests, each party has different interests, namely the interests of employers to make efficiency to reduce losses, the interests of workers do not occur mass layoffs, the presence of Collective Labor Agreement (PKB) among them is to integrate and coordinate these different interests. So as not or to minimize the conflict between interests. for this reason, PKB must protect the interests of all parties in HI by limiting the interests of the parties in HI, namely, on the one hand, the PKB must safeguard the interests of employers in carrying out efficiency to reduce losses, on the other hand, PKB must protect the interests of workers, so that mass layoffs do not occur. Employers to make efficiency can only be done by limiting or reducing the interests of workers 'rights both in terms of labour legislation and terms of employment, and PKB also limits employers' interests to reduce workers' rights, namely reducing the rights of these workers. This can only be done as long as the entrepreneur has suffered losses for 3 (three) consecutive years as evidenced by a financial audit from a public accountant, the government's interest, in this case, the institution responsible for the human resources sector for strength in the legality aspect, can ratify the PKB. Therefore, from a systems perspective, all parties with interest in HI have a very close attachment and synergize with one another in harmonizing the implementation of HI (industrial peace) in the end during the Covid-19 pandemic through PKB can create a shared perception between the interests of entrepreneurs, workers and government
«Lighting price» of cucumber yield in the winter-spring turnover of greenhouses
Authors: Kurepin A. V. , Pershin A. F. , Shevkunov V. N.
Published: May 2021

Relevance. Among the main factors that determine the productivity of vegetable yields in protected ground, the main one is light. For the formation of 1 kg/m2 of cucumber fruits with a length of 18-22 cm, on average about 3500-4000 J/cm2 of solar radiation is required. In the winter-spring cycle, in the absence of artificial lighting in greenhouses, there is an unevenness of scattered solar radiation and a general shortage of incoming light energy. At the same time, the amount of total solar radiation required for the formation of a 1 kg of fruit ("lighting price") is not the same for different hybrids. To increase the profitability of production in the winter-spring turnover in greenhouses that are not equipped with artificial lighting, it is necessary to choose hybrids with the lowest "lighting price" of the crop, that is, hybrids that use less light energy to form a 1 kg of fruit.

The purpose of the study: evaluation of F1 hybrids of cucumber on the basis of resistance to lack of lighting by comparing their "lighting price" of the crop: how much energy is spent on the formation of 1 kg of marketable products.

Methods. The research was carried out at the variety testing site in the Crimean breeding Center of the Scientific Research Institute of Vegetable Crop Selection "Gavrish", in the conditions of winter-spring turnover, in greenhouses not equipped with artificial lighting. We tested seven medium-fruited (18-22 cm) spined-fruited cucumber hybrids recommended for growing in winter-spring turnover.

Results. The analysis of the data on the input of solar radiation and the formation of a standard yield showed that there is a direct relationship between the amount of incoming light and the level of productivity. The period of conversion of the received solar energy into the fruit harvest varied during the growing season from 14 to 8 days, depending on the degree of plant development. The "lighting price" of the crop was not the same for different hybrids: the hybrids tested in the experiment spent an average of 2900 J/cm2 per 1 kg of product, which is 18% more efficient than for standard greenhouse cucumbers.
Trends and prospects for the development of the irrigation and drainage complex of the Slavsky district of the Kaliningrad region
Authors: Spirin Yu. A. , Puntusov V. G.
Published: May 2021

Relevance. The development of the reclamation complex in the Kaliningrad region is one of the key tasks in achieving food security and improving the well-being of the region. In recent years, this issue has been highly relevant due to a number of geopolitical events. An important role in the agriculture of the region is played by the municipal district "Slavsky urban district" located mostly on polder lands with high potential fertility. A number of reasons led to the fact that the main part of drainage reclamation systems was deployed on this territory, which, if properly operated, are capable of leveling almost all the consequences of climatic phenomena that are difficult for agriculture. Despite the importance of this issue, the technical state and development of the amelioration complex have recently been given active attention.

Purpose of work. Consider current trends and prospects for the development of the irrigation and drainage complex of the Slavsky region.

Material and methods. To achieve this goal, stock materials of the Kaliningradmeliovodkhoz Administration and information from the Unified Information System in the field of procurement were analyzed.

Results and conclusions. It can be concluded from the work that the technical condition of the reclamation systems is still unsatisfactory. The positive trends in land reclamation issues have increased significantly at the moment, which has increased the prospects for changing the situation for the better. Ideally, an increase in today's subsidies by 2-2.5 times is required, with the transition to the following investment ratio: 70% - for network operation, and 30% - for network reconstruction. It is also necessary to implement a number of socio-political decisions.
Mycoparasitic antagonism of a Trichoderma harzianum strain isolated from banana plants in Oaxaca, Mexico
Authors: Sánchez-Espinosa Ana Claudia , Villarruel-Ordaz José Luis , Maldonado Bonilla Luis David
Published: May 2021

Bananas are important crops in developing countries with tropical climate. In Mexico, the banana production has increased, and it must be guaranteed. The Panama disease, caused by the fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense threatens the current banana production, for what is necessary to implement methods to protect this crop. Fungi from genus Trichoderma are natural residents of the rhizosphere. This genus comprises mycoparasite species used to control diseases caused by phytopathogenic fungi, and also benefit plant development. In this report, we present data of the identification and characterization of the novel strain Trichoderma harzianum M110 that displays antagonism and biocontrol potential in laboratory conditions. Exploration of the rhizosphere and the endophytic microbial communities might help to identify microbes adapted to banana plants that can be incorporated in organic biological control formulations that ensure production of Fusarium-free plants and healthy fruits with export quality.
Crystallization of simonkolleite (Zn5Cl2(OH)8 ∙ H2O) in powder samples prepared for mineral composition analysis by quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD)
Authors:   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy, Zagórska Urszula , Kowalska Sylwia ,   Instytut Nafty i Gazu – Państwowy Instytut Badawczy
Published: May 2021

The analysis of mineralogical composition by quantitative X-ray diffraction (QXRD) is one of the standard research methods used in hydrocarbon exploration. In order to improve it and to obtain better results, the methodology of quantitative analysis used at Well Logging Department is being periodically (more or less) modified. After the introduction of the improvements, comparative analyses were performed on archival samples. Reflections from an unidentified phase which did not occur in the tested Rotliegend sandstone samples were noticed on X-ray diffractograms of archival samples. Reflections of a mineral called simonkolleite were identified in the X-ray diffraction database. Chemically it is a hydrated zinc chloride of the formula: Zn5Cl2(OH)8 × H2O. Analysis of the composition of samples in which simonkolleite crystallised, indicated that the mineral is being formed in the result of the slow reaction of zinc oxide with halite (NaCl) and water vapour. An attempt was made to determine the influence of the presence of this mineral on the results of the quantitative analysis of mineralogical composition. The above methodology was applied on a group of ten samples. The results of the quantitative analysis conducted for archival samples stored with added zincite standard containing simonkolleite and for new, freshly grinded (without artifact) samples were compared. The comparison of the obtained results showed a slight influence of this mineral on the quantitative composition of the remaining components. The difference between the results usually did not exceed the method error. At the same time a significant difference in the calculated content of the internal standard was noted – on average 1% less in archival than in new samples. This shows that the reaction occurring in the archival samples will affect the evaluation of the quality of the obtained quantitative analysis, at the same time excluding the possibility of determining the rock’s amorphous substance content with the internal standard method.
Zaposleni kot deležniki v družbeni odgovornosti organizacij
Authors: Lambić Ana , Arh Patrik , Arh Evelin , Marič Miha
Published: May 2021

Successful organizations, both in Slovenia and around the world, are aware of the importance of their stakeholders - all their employees, business partners, customers, society, environment, etc.; consequently, we increasingly encounter the concept of corporate social responsibility. It can be defined as a concept where organizations behave responsibly in everyday business processes and decisions, and where organizations develop a strategy for responsible treatment of employees, suppliers, customers, shareholders, and other stakeholders. Employees in the company are one of the most important stakeholders in the organization, so it is crucial to determine the impact of corporate social responsibility on employees, e.g., perception of the organization, satisfaction, belonging, reputation of the individual, etc. The purpose of this paper is to research the relationship between corporate social responsibility and employees. For the purposes of the research, we used a critical review of secondary sources of literature and based on the synthesis method, we presented our findings. Based on what we have found, we studied the relationship and the impact of corporate social responsibility on employees.