bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
GPCR expression in tissues and cells: Are the optimal receptors being used as drug targets?
Authors: Insel PA , Snead A , Murray F , Zhang L , Yokouchi H , Katakia T , Kwon O , Dimucci D , Wilderman A
Published: April 2011

G‐protein‐coupled receptors [GPCRs, also known as 7‐transmembrane (7‐TM) receptors] comprise the largest family of membrane receptors in humans and other species and, in addition, represent the greatest number of current drug targets. In this article, we review methods to define GPCR expression and data indicating that individual cells express >100 different GPCRs. Results from studies that have quantified expression of these receptors lead us to conclude that the optimal GPCRs may not be currently used as therapeutic targets. We propose that studies of GPCR expression in individual cells will likely reveal new insights regarding cellular physiology and therapeutic approaches. Findings that define and characterize the most highly expressed GPCRs thus have important potential in terms of identifying new drug targets and novel therapies directed at a wide range of clinical disorders.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on the Molecular Pharmacology of G Protein‐Coupled Receptors (GPCRs). To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2012.165.issue‐6. To view the 2010 themed section on the same topic visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.2010.159.issue‐5/issuetoc
Mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters: from endogenous substrates to pathology and clinical significance
Authors: Kemp Stephan , Theodoulou Frederica L , Wanders Ronald JA
Published: April 2011

Peroxisomes are indispensable organelles in higher eukaryotes. They are essential for a number of important metabolic pathways, including fatty acid α‐ and β‐oxidation, and biosynthesis of etherphospholipids and bile acids. However, the peroxisomal membrane forms an impermeable barrier to these metabolites. Therefore, peroxisomes need specific transporter proteins to transfer these metabolites across their membranes. The mammalian peroxisomal membrane harbours three ATP‐binding cassette (ABC) transporters. In recent years, significant progress has been made in unravelling the functions of these ABC transporters. There is ample evidence that they are involved in the transport of very long‐chain fatty acids, pristanic acid, di‐ and trihydroxycholestanoic acid, dicarboxylic acids and tetracosahexaenoic acid (C24:6ω3). Surprisingly, only one disease is associated with a deficiency of a peroxisomal ABC transporter. Mutations in the ABCD1 gene encoding the peroxisomal ABC transporter adrenoleukodystrophy protein are the cause for X‐linked adrenoleukodystrophy, an inherited metabolic storage disorder. This review describes the current state of knowledge on the mammalian peroxisomal ABC transporters with a particular focus on their function in metabolite transport.

LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Transporters. To view the other articles in this section visit http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/bph.2011.164.issue‐7
Intrathecal neuromedin U induces biphasic effects on sympathetic vasomotor tone, increases respiratory drive and attenuates sympathetic reflexes in rat
Authors: Rahman AA , Shahid IZ , Pilowsky PM
Published: April 2011

BACKGROUND Neuromedin U (NMU) is a brain–gut peptide that plays regulatory roles in feeding, anxiety, smooth muscle contraction, blood flow, pain and adrenocortical function via two receptors, the NMU receptor 1 and NMU receptor 2. NMU has several known functions in the periphery, but its role in central cardiorespiratory regulation remains poorly understood.

EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Experiments were conducted on urethane‐anaesthetized, vagotomized and artificially ventilated male Sprague–Dawley rats (n= 42) to determine if NMU modulates sympathetic vasomotor output at the spinal level or modulates baro‐, chemo‐ and somato‐sympathetic reflexes.

KEY RESULTS Intrathecal (i.t.) injections of NMU (2.5–20 nmol) caused a dose‐dependent biphasic response, initially a brief period of hypertension and sympatho‐excitation followed by prolonged hypotension and sympatho‐inhibition. Peak excitatory as well as inhibitory responses were observed at 20 nmol. NMU (20 nmol) initially increased mean arterial pressure and splanchnic sympathetic nerve activity by 24 mmHg and 27% and then reduced these by 37 mmHg and 47%, respectively. NMU also dose‐dependently increased respiratory drive, as indicated by a rise in phrenic nerve amplitude, an increase in neural minute ventilation and a shortening of the inspiratory period. Both sympatho‐excitatory peaks of the somato‐sympathetic reflex were abolished by i.t. NMU. Pressor, sympatho‐excitatory and tachycardiac responses to chemoreceptor activation (100% N2) were blocked or significantly reduced following i.t. NMU. NMU also reduced barosensitivity.

CONCLUSIONS The data demonstrate that NMU, acting in the spinal cord, differentially contributes to the control of sympathetic tone and adaptive sympathetic reflexes.
Effect of Test Environment and Microstructure on the Flexural Strength of Dental Porcelains
Authors: Rosa Vinicius , Cesar Paulo Francisco , Pereira Carlos Felipe Sarmento , Pinto Marcelo M. , Yoshimura Humberto N.
Published: April 2011

Purpose: The objective of this study was to verify the influence of test environment on the flexural strength of dental porcelains with distinct microstructures.

Material and Methods: Disk‐shaped specimens from three dental porcelains with distinct leucite content (VM: zero; CE: 12; NS: 22 vol%) were manufactured and tested for biaxial flexural strength in air and immersed in artificial saliva. The results were analyzed by means of two‐way ANOVA and Tukey‘s test (α= 0.05).

Results: The flexural strength (MPa) obtained for ambient air and artificial saliva environments, respectively, were: 110.0 ± 16.0 and 81.5 ± 10.8 for VM; 51.9 ± 4.0 and 42.0 ± 4.7 for CE; 72.0 ± 11.5 and 63.6 ± 5.8 for NS. A numerical decrease in the mean flexural strength was observed for all groups when specimens were tested under artificial saliva; however, the difference was only statistically significant for VM.

Conclusions: The results indicate that the effect of water immersion on the flexural strength of dental porcelains varies according to their leucite content, as only the material without leucite in its microstructure (VM) showed significant strength degradation when tested under water.
Who Do Heterodox Economists Think They Are?1
Authors: MEARMAN ANDREW
Published: April 2011

Abstract

This paper attempts to engage with the established debate on the nature of heterodox economics. However, it starts from the position that previous attempts to classify and identify heterodox economics have been biased towards a priori definition. The paper aims to inform the discussion of the nature of heterodoxy with some empirical analysis. The paper examines survey data collected from a small/medium‐sized sample of AHE members on the core concepts in economics. The paper applies factor analysis to the data. It also applies principles of biological taxonomy, and thence cluster analysis to the problem. The paper finds that within the self‐identified community of self‐identified heterodox economists there is little agreement as to whether members are pluralist, or what their attitude is to the mainstream. Indeed, there is little agreement on any core concepts or principles. The paper argues that there is little structure to heterodox economics beyond that provided by pre‐existing (or constituent) schools of thought. Based on this study, heterodox economics appears a complex web of interacting individuals and as a group is a fuzzy set. These results would lead us to question further strict distinctions between heterodox, mainstream and pluralist economists.
Social Ecological Economics: Understanding the Past to See the Future
Authors: SPASH CLIVE L.
Published: April 2011

Abstract

The attempt to provide insight into the interactions between the economy and the environment has been an on‐going struggle for many decades. The rise of Ecological Economics can be seen as a positive step towards integrating social and natural science understanding by a movement that aims to go beyond the confines of mainstream economics towards a progressive political economy of the environment. However, this vision has not been shared by all those who have associated themselves with Ecological Economics and there has been conflict. An historical analysis is presented that shows the role of mainstream theory in delimiting the field of environmental research. The argument is put forward that rather than employing a purely mechanistic objective empirical methodology there is a need for an integrating interdisciplinarity heterodox economic approach. In order to distinguish this approach—from the more mainstream multidisciplinary linking of unreconstituted ecological and economic models—the name Social Ecological Economics is put forward as expressing the essential socio‐economic character of the needed work ahead.
On Norms: A Typology with Discussion
Authors: INTERIS MATTHEW
Published: April 2011

Abstract

There is a lack of consensus in the literature, spanning multiple fields, on what exactly a norm is and furthermore on the characteristics differentiating types of norms. This paper provides definitions and a simple typology of norms with a focus on useful, objective distinctions. It is hoped that such a typology will add to the scientific rigor of communication, modeling, and clarity of thought on norms within economics and possibly other disciplines. The viability of “more complete” typologies, which often suffer from a lack of clear criteria for differentiating types of norms, is questioned. Two main properties of a norm are emphasized: (1) whether or not the behavior is simply what is done or whether it is what one should do, and (2) the source of sanctions for violating a norm, whether oneself, others, both or neither.
Would You Barter with God? Why Holy Debts and Not Profane Markets Created Money
Authors: SEMENOVA ALLA
Published: April 2011

Abstract

Attempting to revitalize the substantive approach to economics in the tradition of K. Polanyi, this paper revives the neglected substantive theory of money's origins by Bernhard Laum and thus disputes the formal approaches that see the origins of money in the context of trade. A wide range of evidence, from archeological to etymological, is utilized to demonstrate that relations between men and God, carried out through the intermediary of state‐religious authorities, played a causal role in the genesis of the ox‐unit of value and account, and, further, in the origins of money, and, subsequently, coinage. The substantive state‐religious approach presented in this paper is also compared and contrasted to the Chartalist perspective on money's origins. It is concluded that the substantive approach presented in this paper differs from the more formal approaches (e.g., Metallism) because it does not rely upon a projection of modern institutions and habits of thought (e.g., a medium of exchange; monetary taxation) into ancient societies.
Morgenstern's Forgotten Contribution: A Stab to the Heart of Modern Economics
Authors: BAGUS PHILIPP
Published: April 2011

Abstract

In contrast to physics, there is no estimate of statistical error within economics in spite of Oskar Morgenstern's book On the Accuracy of Economic Observation. The problem of error in economic observations is still a widely neglected problem. The various sources of error that come into play in the social sciences suggest that the error in economic observations is substantial. As the error might be substantial, this paper argues that the usefulness of econometrics becomes questionable.
Diminishing Willingness to Pay per Quality‐Adjusted Life Year: Valuing Acute Foodborne Illness
Authors: Haninger Kevin , Hammitt James K.
Published: April 2011

We design and conduct a stated‐preference survey to estimate willingness to pay (WTP) to reduce foodborne risk of acute illness and to test whether WTP is proportional to the corresponding gain in expected quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs). If QALYs measure utility for health, then economic theory requires WTP to be nearly proportional to changes in both health quality and duration of illness and WTP could be estimated by multiplying the expected change in QALYs by an appropriate monetary value. WTP is elicited using double‐bounded, dichotomous‐choice questions in which respondents (randomly selected from the U.S. general adult population, n = 2,858) decide whether to purchase a more expensive food to reduce the risk of foodborne illness. Health risks vary by baseline probability of illness, reduction in probability, duration and severity of illness, and conditional probability of mortality. The expected gain in QALYs is calculated using respondent‐assessed decrements in health‐related quality of life if ill combined with the duration of illness and reduction in probability specified in the survey. We find sharply diminishing marginal WTP for severity and duration of illness prevented. Our results suggest that individuals do not have a constant rate of WTP per QALY, which implies that WTP cannot be accurately estimated by multiplying the change in QALYs by an appropriate monetary value.
Comparison and Validation of Statistical Methods for Predicting Power Outage Durations in the Event of Hurricanes
Authors: Nateghi Roshanak , Guikema Seth D. , Quiring Steven M.
Published: April 2011

This article compares statistical methods for modeling power outage durations during hurricanes and examines the predictive accuracy of these methods. Being able to make accurate predictions of power outage durations is valuable because the information can be used by utility companies to plan their restoration efforts more efficiently. This information can also help inform customers and public agencies of the expected outage times, enabling better collective response planning, and coordination of restoration efforts for other critical infrastructures that depend on electricity. In the long run, outage duration estimates for future storm scenarios may help utilities and public agencies better allocate risk management resources to balance the disruption from hurricanes with the cost of hardening power systems. We compare the out‐of‐sample predictive accuracy of five distinct statistical models for estimating power outage duration times caused by Hurricane Ivan in 2004. The methods compared include both regression models (accelerated failure time (AFT) and Cox proportional hazard models (Cox PH)) and data mining techniques (regression trees, Bayesian additive regression trees (BART), and multivariate additive regression splines). We then validate our models against two other hurricanes. Our results indicate that BART yields the best prediction accuracy and that it is possible to predict outage durations with reasonable accuracy.
Nuclear Power‐Related Facilities and Neighboring Land Price: A Case Study on the Mutsu‐Ogawara Region, Japan
Authors: Yamane Fumihiro , Ohgaki Hideaki , Asano Kota
Published: April 2011

From the perspective of risk, nuclear‐power‐related facilities (NPRFs) are often regarded as locally undesirable land use. However, construction of NPRFs contributes to social infrastructural improvement and job creation in the host communities. This raises a question: How large are these positive and negative effects? To approach this question from an economic viewpoint, we estimated the hedonic land price function for the Mutsu‐Ogawara region of Japan from 1976 to 2004 and analyzed year‐by‐year fluctuations in land prices around the NPRFs located there. Land prices increased gradually in the neighborhood of the nuclear fuel cycle facilities (NFCFs) in Rokkasho Village, except for some falling (i) from 1982 to 1983 (the first official announcement of the project of construction came in 1983), (ii) from 1987 to 1988 (in 1988, the construction began and opposition movements against the project reached their peak), and (iii) from 1998 to 1999 (the pilot carry‐in of spent fuels into the reprocessing plant began in 1998). Land prices around the Higashidori Nuclear Power Plant decreased during the period 1981–1982, when the Tohoku Electric Power Corp. and Tokyo Electric Power Corp. announced their joint construction plan. On the other hand, we obtained some results, even though not significant, indicating that land prices around Ohminato and Sekinehama harbors changed with the arrival and departure of the nuclear ship Mutsu, which suffered a radiation leak in 1974.
Left Atrial Mechanical Responses to Right Ventricular Pacing in Heart Failure Patients: Implications for Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: SANAGALA THRIVENI , JOHNSTON SAMUEL L. , GROOT GLORIA D. , RHINE DAVID K. , VARMA NIRAJ
Published: April 2011

Left Atrial Function During Right Ventricular Pacing. Background: RV pacing (RVP), even with preserved atrioventricular (AV) synchrony, may lead to left atrial (LA) enlargement and atrial fibrillation. However, inciting events are unknown. We hypothesized that RVP acutely impairs LA function by mechanisms affecting atrial contraction and/or ventricular diastole. Methods: LA function in ICD patients (n = 31, LVEF ≤ 40%) and controls (n = 14, LVEF > 50%) was contrasted between intrinsic conduction versus RVP during asynchronous (ICD, n = 17, control, n = 7), and synchronous (ICD, n = 14, control, n = 14) pacing at long (LAVd, 107 ±16 ms) and short (SAVd, 31 ± 5 ms) AV delays. LA maximal volume (LAMax), minimal volume (LAMin), and emptying fraction {LAEmF = (LAMax–LAMin)/LAMax} were measured echocardiographically. Six‐segment mean mitral annular tissue doppler E′ (global E′) assessed diastolic recoil during baseline and LAVd. Results: In the ICD group, LAMin increased by 42% (P < 0.0009) during VVI, by 31% (P = 0.0002) during SAVd, and by 17% (P < 0.0007) during LAVd. LAEmF decreased by 44% (P < 0.0008), 27% (P < 0.0001), and by 15% (P = 0.003) during VVI, SAVd, and LAVd respectively. LAMax was unaltered. Global E′ was reduced by 12%. In control, LAMin increased and LAEmF decreased significantly during VVI (82 and 58%) and SAVd (46 and 41%), but not during LAVd. Conclusion: In patients with LV dysfunction, RVP acutely impaired LA emptying, and increased minimal volume, most prominently when atrial contraction was impeded (VVI, DDD‐SAVd) but also when completed (DDD‐LAVd), indicating impaired diastolic recoil as an important mechanism. When LV function was normal, similar changes were present when atrial filling is impeded (VVI, SAVd), but not when completed (LAVd). (J Cardiovasc Electrophysiol, Vol. 22, pp. 866‐874, August 2011)
Single Step Growth and Characterization of Zinc Oxide, Tin Oxide, and Composite (ZnxSn1−xOy) Nanoplate and Nanocolumn Electrodes
Authors: Dharmadasa Ruvini , Tahir Asif A. , Wijayantha K. G. Upul
Published: April 2011

The demand for nanostructured metal oxide electrodes in optoelectronic devices requires investigation of simple and scalable deposition processes. In this study we demonstrate the flexibility of aerosol‐assisted chemical vapor deposition to fabricate single and mixed oxide electrodes. The composition, structure, and morphology can easily be controlled by varying the Zn:Sn ratio of the precursor solution. X‐ray diffractometric analysis proved that the structure and composition were strongly dependent on the Zn concentration in the precursor. ZnO, SnO2, and a range of ZnO/SnO2composite electrodes were fabricated by gradually decreasing the Zn content in the precursor solution. A diverse range of nanostructures were also created as the Zn:Sn ratio was varied. The morphology of the electrodes changed from nanoparticles, to nanoplates and nanocolumns with the change in the Zn:Sn ratio. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy confirmed the high optical absorption of the materials in the UV region. It was found that by controlling the Zn:Sn ratio of the precursor, the optical properties of the electrodes could be finely tuned between the bandgap (Eg) of ZnO (Eg∼3.31 eV) and SnO2(Eg∼3.55 eV).
Dispersion of Aqueous Alumina Suspensions with Biodegradable Polymers
Authors: Xiao Chunxia , Chen Han , Yu Xiaolin , Gao Lei , Guo Lucun
Published: April 2011

Polyaspartic acid (PASP) and polyepoxysuccinic acid (PESA) were proved to be strong biodegradable candidates to replace traditional ceramic dispersant polyacrylic acid (PAA) as evidenced by rheological measurements. At low dosages (0.2 wt%), alumina suspensions with PAA were completely flocculated, while those with PESA as dispersant obtained good dispersion, and exhibited much lower viscosity than those with PASP. With further small addition of citric acid (CA), dispersion of alumina suspensions was greatly enhanced than those with single dispersant PASP or PESA. Combination of PASP/PESA–CA as ceramic dispersant is effective in dispersing aqueous alumina suspensions until high solid loading.
Low‐Frequency Electrophoretic Deposition of ZnO Nanoparticles: Effect of Organic Medium on Deposition Pattern
Authors: Ghashghaie Sasan , Marzbanrad Ehsan , Raissi Dehkordi Babak
Published: April 2011

In present study, using coplanar gold electrodes, the effect of two organic media, acetone and isopropanol, on the low‐frequency electrophoretic deposition pattern of ZnO nanoparticles at 1 Hz was investigated. Optical and scanning electron microscopy indicate the formation of microcracks across the layer deposited in acetone. In contrast, the alternating electrophoretic deposition of ZnO nanoparticles from an isopropanol‐based suspension lead to the formation of a uniform deposit connecting the two electrode edges. This evident difference in deposition pattern was attributed to suspension parameters such as viscosity, conductivity, particle size distribution, and diffusion coefficient.
Facing the Abyss: Hans Urs von Balthasar's Reading of Anxiety
Authors: Cirelli Anthony
Published: April 2011

At the heart of Hans Urs von Balthasar's oeuvre is his preoccupation with the encounter between finite human freedom and infinite divine freedom. While Balthasar's many interpreters have assayed the meaning and implications of this preoccupation, little attention has been given to his consideration of the experiential dimension of the encounter, especially the psychological implications. This essay will address such implications by relating the experience of the encounter to the particular psychological phenomenon of anxiety. It is my conviction that Balthasar clearly identified a correlation between the increasing presence of existential anxiety in modernity with the failure of modern persons to understand rightly the encounter between God and the person. Balthasar's assessment of the relationship between the encounter and anxiety provides his readers with a stimulating and original reading that complements, indeed completes, the philosophical renderings of anxiety provided by his contemporaries. Since the phenomenon of anxiety has not abated, a retrieval of Balthasar's work on the subject is both warranted and timely.
The Shape of the History of the Eucharist
Authors: O'Donoghue Neil Xavier
Published: April 2011

Many authors are hesitant to speak of the Eucharist in the pre-Nicene period and some modern scholarship has attempted to cast doubt on the traditional view that Christ instituted the Eucharist at the Last Supper. This article examines contemporary liturgical studies on the early history of the Eucharist. In light of this it proposes that the traditional view is still the only possibility for an authentic Catholic theology and that liturgical history is, in fact, part of the discipline of Church history that cannot be confused with secular methods of the historical sciences. In this sense, the history of the Eucharist and its later developments must be studied in a manner that acknowledges Providence and the work of the Holy Spirit in the history of the Church. In particular the crystallization of the early “shape” of the liturgy must be understood to be a fundamental element of the divine institution of the Church and not merely a chance selection of one tradition of Eucharistic worship from many equally valid options.
The Impact of OAB on Sexual Health in Men and Women: Results from EpiLUTS
Authors: Coyne Karin S. , Sexton Chris C. , Thompson Christine , Kopp Zoe S. , Milsom Ian , Kaplan Steven A.
Published: April 2011

Introduction

Prior research suggests that overactive bladder (OAB) is common and adversely affects sexuality in both men and women. However, more data are needed from population-based studies to evaluate the impact OAB on sexual health.

Aim

To describe sexual health outcomes in men and women with continent and incontinent OAB (C-OAB, I-OAB) compared to those with no/minimal urinary symptoms (NMS) and to evaluate correlates of decreased sexual activity and enjoyment in men and women, and correlates of erectile dysfunction (ED), ejaculatory dysfunction (EjD), and premature ejaculation (PE) in men.

Methods

A cross-sectional, population-representative survey was conducted via the Internet in the United Kingdom, Sweden, and United States. OAB was assessed via a questionnaire based on current International Continence Society definitions. Descriptive statistics were used to compare outcomes for those with I-OAB, C-OAB and NMS, and logistic regressions were used to evaluate predictors of sexual functioning.

Main Outcome Measures

Participants responding to the sexual health portion of the survey were asked questions about sexual activity and satisfaction. Other outcomes included two domains from the Abbreviated Sexual Function Questionnaire, the erectile function domain of the International Index of Erectile Function, and questions assessing EjD and PE.

Results

Survey response was 59.2%; 6,326 men and 8,085 women participated in the sexual health portion of the survey. Across outcomes, I-OAB and C-OAB were associated with worse sexual health as compared to those with NMS. Logistic regressions showed that those with I-OAB and C-OAB were significantly (P <0.0001) more likely to report diminished sexual activity and enjoyment of sex. I-OAB and C-OAB were also significant predictors of ED and EjD in men, but not PE.

Conclusions

The impact of OAB is evident across domains of sexual health in both men and women. Sexual health should be assessed in men and women presenting with OAB.
Sexual Functioning in Women Using Levonorgestrel-Releasing Intrauterine Systems as Compared to Copper Intrauterine Devices
Authors: Enzlin Paul , Weyers Steven , Janssens Dirk , Poppe Willy , Eelen Christa , Pazmany Els , Elaut Els , Amy Jean-Jacques
Published: April 2011

Introduction

There has been little research published on the impact of intrauterine contraceptive (IUC) methods on sexual functioning.

Aims

This study aimed: (i) to assess different aspects of sexual functioning, including the prevalence of sexual dysfunction in women using a levonorgestrel intrauterine system (LNG-IUS); (ii) to compare this prevalence with that among copper-releasing intrauterine device (Cu-IUD) users; and (iii) to identify the relationship between psychological variables and sexual functioning in women using one of the aforementioned IUCs.

Methods

In a multicenter cross-sectional study, 845 women with an IUC were invited to fill out a questionnaire. The latter was returned by 402 (48%) of them: 353 women were LNG-IUS users (88%) and 49 were Cu-IUD users (12%). The questions asked pertained to depression, well-being, marital relation quality, and sexual functioning.

Main Outcome Measures

Sexual functioning was measured with the Short Sexual Functioning Scale.

Results

One-third of LNG-IUS users (33%) reported a sexual dysfunction. Of those, 20% reported an increased sexual desire, 25% a decreased sexual desire, 5% arousal problems, and 8% orgasm problems. Women using a LNG-IUS did not differ significantly in distribution, type, or prevalence (32.9% vs. 36.7%) of sexual dysfunction, nor in depressive symptoms (Beck Depression Inventory score; 4.7 vs. 3.9; P = 0.33), general well-being (WHO-5 well-being scale score; 16.8 vs. 17.7; P = 0.170), or partner relationship quality (Dyadic Adjustment Scale score; 107 vs. 108; P = 0.74) compared to Cu-IUD users. Overall, the perceived influence of IUCs on sexual functioning was in the lower range and did not differentiate LNG-IUS greatly from Cu-IUD-users.

Conclusion

Women using a LNG-IUS do not differ from those wearing a Cu-IUD with regard to psychological and sexual functioning. The perceived impact of IUD use on sexuality should not be overestimated.
Penile Prosthesis Surgery in Patients with Corporal Fibrosis: A State of the Art Review
Authors: Martínez-Salamanca Juan I. , Mueller Alexander , Moncada Ignacio , Carballido Joaquin , Mulhall John P.
Published: April 2011

Introduction

Penile prosthesis has become one of the most accepted treatment options in patients who do not respond to conservative medical therapies (oral or intracavernous injections). When penile fibrosis is present, this surgery becomes a real surgical challenge even for a skillful surgeon.

Aim

The aim of this study was to review latest techniques to implant a penile prosthesis in patients with corporal fibrosis.

Methods

We performed a systematic search in the following databases: PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, SCOPUS, and Science Citation Index without any date limits for the terms: “penile prosthesis,”“penile fibrosis,”“impotence,”“fibrosis,”“cavernotomes,”“downsized prosthesis cylinders,”“patient satisfaction,”“penile graft,” and “vascular graft.”

Main Outcome Measure

We reported in each technique and series data regarding penile size, complication rate, infection rate, technical pitfalls and details, use of additional surgical tools or implanted material (grafts, etc.), patients' satisfaction, and overall success rate.

Results

When penile corporal fibrosis is present, this surgery becomes a real surgical challenge even for a skillful surgeon. Over the years, multiple surgical approaches have been suggested to facilitate implantation in this difficult situation. Traditional approaches include the resection of scar tissue, performing extensive corporotomies and the eventually use of grafts to cover the corporal gap. Outcomes can be improved combining the use of techniques for scar incision (extensive wide excision, multiple incisions minimizing excision, corporal counter incisions, corporal excavation technique or Shaeer's technique) and cavernotomes and downsized prosthesis. Surgical strategies like upsizing prosthesis, suspensory ligament release or scrotoplasty must be kept in mind to utilize in this special scenario.

Conclusions

Penile prosthesis in a patient with severe corporal fibrosis remains a surgical challenge. There are several techniques and surgical strategies that an implant surgeon should know and manage to minimize complications and improve outcomes.
Traction Therapy for Men with Shortened Penis Prior to Penile Prosthesis Implantation: A Pilot Study
Authors: Levine Laurence A. , Rybak James
Published: April 2011

Introduction

Loss of penile length after penile prosthesis implantation is one of the most common complaints. There is no recognized reliable technique to gain length once the device is placed.

Aims

This noncontrolled pilot study was designed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of external penile traction therapy in men with a shortened penis used before inflatable prosthesis implantation.

Methods

Ten men with drug refractory erectile dysfunction and a complaint of a shorter penis as a result of radical prostatectomy in four, prior prosthesis explantation in four, and Peyronie's disease in two were entered into this trial. External penile traction was applied for 2–4 hours daily for 2–4 months prior to prosthesis surgery.

Main Outcome Measures

Baseline stretched penile length (SPL) was compared with post-traction SPL and postimplant inflated erect length. A non-validated questionnaire assessed patient satisfaction.

Results

All men completed the protocol. Daily average device use was 2–4 hours and for up to 4 months. No man had measured or perceived length loss after inflatable penile prosthesis placement. Seventy percent had measured erect length gain compared with baseline pre-traction SPL up to 1.5 cm. There were no adverse events.

Conclusion

External traction therapy appears to result in a preservation of penile length, as no man had measured or perceived length loss following prosthesis placement, but in fact, a small length gain was noted in 70% of the subjects with no adverse events. The protocol is tedious and requires compliance to be effective. External traction therapy prior to inflatable penile prosthesis placement appears to preserve and possibly result in increased post-prosthesis implant erect length.
Effect of Dietary Vitamin E Supplementation and Refrigerated Storage on Quality of Rainbow Trout Fillets
Authors: Kamireddy N. , Jittinandana S. , Kenney P.B. , Slider S.D. , Kiser R.A. , Mazik P.M. , Hankins J.A.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Rainbow trout were fed a low vitamin E (200 mg/kg; LVE) or a high vitamin E (5000 mg/kg; HVE) diet for 9 wk to characterize the effect of vitamin E supplementation at 5000 mg/kg on fillet quality. Fish were sampled at 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, and 9 wk of the trial. Fillets were stored at 2 °C for 0, 7, and 14 d, and analyzed for pH, psychrotrophic counts, color, cook yield, shear force, crude fat and moisture content, α‐tocopherol, fatty acid composition, and lipid oxidation. There was a significant feeding duration by fillet storage time interaction for psychrotrophic counts, crude fat content, cook yield, and shear force. Fillet L* value was not affected by diet, feeding duration or storage time. Fillet a* was lowest at 14‐d storage, and b* values increased with fillet storage time. High vitamin E diet increased fillet α‐tocopherol from 33 to 155 mg/kg. High vitamin E decreased palmitic acid and increased linoleic acid and omega‐6 fatty acids. Feeding through 9 wk increased the relative proportions of unsaturated, polyunsaturated, and omega‐3 fatty acids, and decreased saturated and omega‐6 fatty acids. At 0‐d storage, HVE diet did not affect thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances (TBARS) at any sampling week, and fasted fish generated fewer TBARS compared to non‐fasted fish.

Practical Application:  Preharvest, dietary manipulation increases vitamin E in trout fillets and affects fatty acid composition. Storage stability depends on careful handling.
Yogurt Can Beneficially Affect Blood Contributors of Cardiovascular Health Status in Hypertensive Rats
Authors: Ramchandran Lata , Shah Nagendra P.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Cardiovascular disease is the single leading cause of death in the world and elevated blood pressure is one of the major independent risk factors. Angiotensin‐I‐converting enzyme‐inhibitors have received considerable attention for their effectiveness in both the prevention and the treatment of hypertension. To confirm the antihypertensive effect, the influence of yogurt‐ and probiotic yogurt‐based diets on the weight gain, serum lipid profile, and blood pressure (BP) were investigated in spontaneously hypertensive rats (14 wk old). A total of 3 dietary treatments were fed for 8 wk: skim milk diet (Feed‐C), skim milk diet supplemented with freeze dried low fat yogurt (Feed‐Y), and with freeze dried low‐fat probiotic yogurt (Feed‐PY). The total weight gain for the 8‐wk period was maximum in rats fed Feed‐C (90 g) followed by those fed Feed‐PY (85.7 g) and Feed‐Y (78.7 g), indicating that the overall weight gains were lesser (statistically non‐significant) in the groups fed yogurt containing diets. At the end of the feeding period the reduction in systolic BP of rats fed Feed‐Y was 3.7% (–9.5 mm Hg) and 2.7% (–6.4 mm Hg) in those fed Feed‐PY while reduction in diastolic BP was 30% (–9.4 mm Hg) and 44% (–13.8 mm Hg), respectively, in comparison to those fed Feed‐C. The levels of total cholesterol and low density lipoprotein‐cholesterol of rats fed the supplemented diets were lower than those fed Feed‐C while no changes in the levels of high density lipoprotein‐cholesterol were observed. It was concluded that feeding diets supplemented with yogurts exhibited antihypertensive and hypocholesterolemic effects in spontaneously hypertensive rats.
Expanded Functionality of Modified Whey Protein Dispersions after Transglutaminase Catalysis
Authors: Clare Debra A. , Daubert Christopher R.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The functionality of whey dispersions, prepared with a modified whey protein concentrate (mWPC) ingredient, was significantly altered after cross‐linking with microbial transglutaminase (TGase) upon pH adjustment to 8. Test TGase–mWPC solutions, pH 8, gelled faster than control mWPC dispersions, as measured in real time; whereas, the gelling temperature of pretreated TGase–mWPC samples (37 °C, 2.5 h) increased from 67.8 to 74.8 °C with a minimal change in gel strength. Prolonged prior incubation with the enzyme (37 °C, 20 h) raised the gel strength in both control mWPC and TGase–mWPC dispersions, though these values were approximately 2.7 times lower in TGase–mWPC samples. Furthermore, the gelling temperature was raised by 9 °C after extensive polymerization. The water holding capacity was not impacted by enzymatic processing while emulsions prepared with TGase–mWPC dispersions proved very stable with no evidence of phase separation during storage at room temperature for 1 mo. Moreover, the apparent viscosity of TGase–mWPC emulsions exhibited a 10‐fold increase compared to nonenzyme‐treated mWPC samples. The particle size was nearly 11 μm in covalently linked TGase–mWPC test fractions compared with 8 μm in nonpolymerized mWPC dispersions. Ultimately, the functional characteristics of TGase–mWPC ingredients may be designed to deliver superior performance, especially with regard to improving heat and emulsion stability.
Effect of Thermal and High‐Pressure Processing on the Nutritional Value and Quality Attributes of a Nectarine Purée with Industrial Origin during the Refrigerated Storage
Authors: García‐Parra Jesús , González‐Cebrino Francisco , Delgado Jonathan , Lozano Mercedes , Hernández Teresa , Ramírez Rosario
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  The application of hydrostatic high pressure on an industrial line of nectarine (Prunus persica L.) purées was assessed in comparison with the traditional thermal treatment of pasteurization. Changes after thermal processing (85 °C, 5 min) and after high‐pressure processing (HPP: 450 or 600 MPa for 5 or 10 min) and during the refrigerated storage (60 d) of an industrially produced nectarine purée were evaluated. Conventional heat pasteurization as well as HPP showed similar microorganisms’ inactivation and maintained the microbial stability of purées until the end of the refrigerated storage (60 d). In general, thermally treated purée and HP‐treated purée at 600 MPa showed more intense color changes after processing than the other treatment. In addition, thermally treated purée showed more intense color changes during storage than HPP. The highest carotenoids extractability was found in those purées treated at the lowest high‐pressure‐treatment intensity and holding time (450 MPa/5 min), but at the end of the storage (day 60), no differences in individual or total carotenoid levels were found between the purées. HPP at 600 MPa/10 min showed the highest polyphenols content after the treatment and during the storage. At day 0, significantly higher values were found of total antioxidant activity in purée HP‐treated at 450 MPa/10 min than in untreated purée; while at the end of the storage, HP‐treated purée at 600 MPa/10 min had the highest antioxidant activity. Hydrostatic high‐pressure application in the industrial line of nectarine purée presented some advantages compared to the thermal treatment; however, some of the changes found were lessen during the storage period. In addition, more studies need to be carried out for HP‐treatment intensity optimization.

Practical Application:  High‐pressure processing can be an alternative to solve the seasonal accumulation of fruits in the market for the production of better quality food products. However, for the introduction of a new technology, some advantages above the traditional one need to be studied. Few studies have evaluated the application of high‐pressure processing in fruit at industrial conditions.
Fish Protein Decreases Serum Cholesterol in Rats by Inhibition of Cholesterol and Bile Acid Absorption
Authors: Hosomi Ryota , Fukunaga Kenji , Arai Hirofumi , Kanda Seiji , Nishiyama Toshimasa , Yoshida Munehiro
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Fish protein has been shown to decrease serum cholesterol content by inhibiting absorption of cholesterol and bile acid in laboratory animals, though the mechanism underlying this effect is not yet fully understood. The purpose of this study was to elucidate the mechanism underlying the inhibition of cholesterol and bile acid absorption following fish protein intake. Male Wistar rats were divided into 2 dietary groups of 7 rats each, 1 group receiving a diet consisting of 20% casein and the other receiving a diet consisting of 10% casein and 10% fish protein. Both experimental diets also contained 0.5% cholesterol and 0.1% sodium cholate. After the rats had been on their respective diets for 4 wk, their serum and liver cholesterol contents and fecal cholesterol, bile acid, and nitrogen excretion contents were measured. Fish protein consumption decreased serum and liver cholesterol content and increased fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion and simultaneously increased fecal nitrogen excretion. In addition, fish protein hydrolyzate prepared by in vitro digestion had lower micellar solubility of cholesterol and higher binding capacity for bile acids compared with casein hydrolyzate. These results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of fish protein is mediated by increased fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion, which is due to the digestion products of fish protein having reduced micellar solubility of cholesterol and increased bile acid binding capacity.

Practical Application:  Fish protein decreased serum and liver cholesterol content and increased fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion and simultaneously increased fecal nitrogen excretion. In addition, fish protein hydrolyzate prepared by in vitro digestion had lower micellar solubility of cholesterol and higher binding capacity for bile acids compared with casein hydrolyzate. These results suggest that the hypocholesterolemic effect of fish protein is mediated by increased fecal cholesterol and bile acid excretion, which is due to the reduced micellar solubility of cholesterol and increased bile acid binding capacity of the digestion products of fish protein. Fish protein intake is effective for improving blood cholesterol level and may have a beneficial effect for hypercholesterolemia patients. We conclude that a highly functional alternative diet could be recommended for such patients as a means of promoting health, based on the results of this study.
Genotypic Variation and Relationships between Quality Traits and Trace Elements in Traditional and Improved Rice (Oryza sativa L.) Genotypes
Authors: Anandan A. , Rajiv G. , Eswaran R. , Prakash M.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  In this study, we assessed the extent of genotypic differences among rice genotypes for grain size, milling quality, cooking properties, protein, and the mineral contents of Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu in unpolished rice varieties. Further, relationship among grain quality traits and mineral contents was determined. The results showed that the visible difference could be found in the mineral contents among rice genotypes studied. The contents of Fe and Zn in traditional genotypes were significantly higher than those of improved cultivars. There was a negative correlation between grain yield and mineral contents. However, Fe, Zn, Mn, and Cu contents appeared to be positively correlated. The relationships between mineral element contents and cooking quality traits viz., kernel length after cooking and kernel linear elongation ratio were positively correlated, indicated the role of micronutrients in cooking quality traits. Both Fe and Cu contents were correlated positively and significantly with head rice recovery. The eigen values of 1st 6 principal components (PC) were > 1.0. The present study suggests that breeding for high minerals will be probably realistic.

Practical Application:  The identified micronutrient rich rice genotypes could be used among malnourished children to improve their health. Further, it could be utilized to identify QTLs for iron, zinc, manganese, and copper elements.
Use of Mucor miehei Lipase to Improve Functional Properties of Yolk‐Contaminated Egg Whites
Authors: Macherey Laura N. , Conforti Frank D. , Eigel III William , O’Keefe Sean F.
Published: April 2011

Abstract:  Egg yolk contamination of egg whites continues to be a serious problem in the egg industry. The ability of egg whites to form stable and voluminous foams is greatly inhibited by yolk contamination, even at very low levels, between 0.01% and 0.2% w/w yolk in white. Experiments were conducted to determine if Mucor miehei lipase could regenerate the functional properties of yolk‐contaminated egg whites. Lipase from M. miehei and colipase from porcine pancreas were added to yolk‐contaminated (0.2%, w/w) egg white samples to hydrolyze triglycerides originating from egg yolk. Enzymatic hydrolysis of triacylglycerols was confirmed using thin‐layer chromatography. Treatment of yolk‐contaminated samples with lipase and colipase yielded significant (P < 0.05) improvements in a number of the functional properties, including the final foam volume, foam capacity, and foaming power. These functional properties showed complete restoration to control levels. However, foam stability and foam drainage levels were not statistically different from yolk‐contaminated samples that had not been enzymatically treated. Enzyme‐treated yolk‐contaminated egg whites were also tested in angel food cakes. Enzyme‐treated, yolk‐contaminated egg whites performed similarly to non‐yolk‐contaminated control, and much better than yolk‐contaminated sample in angel food cakes. The results show that most negative effects of yolk contamination can be reversed by treatment with Mucor miehei lipase and colipase.

Practical Application:  The negative effects of egg yolk contamination in egg whites on the functional properties foam volume, foam capacity, and foaming power can be reversed by treatment with Mucor miehei lipase and porcine colipase. Improvement is also seen in angel food cakes prepared with contaminated egg whites treated with lipase and colipase.