bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Moving Toward and Away From the World: Social Approach and Avoidance Trajectories in Anxious Solitary Youth
Authors: Gazelle Heidi , Rudolph Karen D.
Published: May 2004

This investigation tested the person‐by‐environment hypothesis that the joint influence of behavioral vulnerability (anxious solitude) and interpersonal adversity (peer exclusion) predicts heightened social avoidance and depression over time. The study assessed 519 fifth and sixth graders 3 times during 1 year. Teachers reported social behavior and peer exclusion; youth reported depression. As hypothesized, anxious solitary youth displayed maintenance or exacerbation of social avoidance and depression in the context of high exclusion, but increased social approach and less depression in the context of low exclusion. Some effects were moderated by sex. The interaction of behavioral vulnerability and peer exclusion was more consistently linked to adjustment changes in anxious solitary youth than in youth with other behavioral profiles.
Attachment Status in Children Prenatally Exposed to Cocaine and Other Substances
Authors: Seifer Ronald , LaGasse Linda L. , Lester Barry , Bauer Charles R. , Shankaran Seetha , Bada Henrietta S. , Wright Linda L. , Smeriglio Vincent L. , Liu Jing
Published: May 2004

Attachment status of children exposed in utero to cocaine, opiates, and other substances was examined at 18 months (n=860) and 36 months (n=732) corrected age. Children exposed to cocaine and opiates had slightly lower rates of attachment security (but not disorganization), and their insecurity was skewed toward ambivalent, rather than avoidant, strategies. Continued postnatal alcohol use was associated with higher rates of insecurity and disorganization at 18, but not 36, months of age. Stability of attachment across the 18‐month period was barely above chance expectation. Attachment status at 18 months was associated with child temperament and caregiver–child interaction; at 36 months, attachment was associated with child temperament, child behavior problems, and caregivers' parenting self‐esteem.
Parental Guidance in Preschoolers' Understanding of Spatial‐Graphic Representations
Authors: Szechter Lisa E. , Liben Lynn S.
Published: May 2004

This research was designed to observe whether parents guide their children's understanding of spatial‐graphic representations and, if so, to describe the quality of the strategies they use. Parents read a picture book to their preschoolers (3 or 5 years,N=31) and children completed spatial‐graphic comprehension tasks. Observational data revealed a range of creative behaviors used to address the book's spatial‐graphic challenges. The incidence and quality of parental spatial‐graphic behaviors were significantly related to 5‐year‐old children's performance on spatial‐graphic measures. These findings, as well as the paucity of parent attention to aesthetics or graphic production techniques, are discussed in relation to representational development and educational practice.
Development of Subordinate‐Level Categorization in 3‐ to 7‐Month‐Old Infants
Authors: Quinn Paul C.
Published: May 2004

Visual preference procedures were used to investigate development of perceptually based subordinate‐level categorization in 3‐ to 7‐month‐old infants. Experiments 1 and 2 demonstrated that 3‐ to 4‐month‐olds did not form category representations for photographic exemplars of subordinate‐level classes of cats and dogs (i.e., Siamese vs. Tabby, Beagle vs. Saint Bernard). Experiments 3 though 5 showed that 6‐ and 7‐month‐olds formed a category representation for Tabby that excluded Siamese and a category representation for Saint Bernard that excluded Beagle, but they did not form a category representation for Siamese that excluded Tabby or a category representation for Beagle that excluded Saint Bernard. The findings are consistent with a differentiation‐driven view of early perceptual category development from global to basic to subordinate levels.
The Strong African American Families Program: Translating Research Into Prevention Programming
Authors: Brody Gene H. , Murry Velma McBride , Gerrard Meg , Gibbons Frederick X. , Molgaard Virginia , McNair Lily , Brown Anita C. , Wills Thomas A. , Spoth Richard L. , Luo Zupei , Chen Yi‐fu , Neubaum‐Carlan Eileen
Published: May 2004

A randomized prevention trial contrasted families who took part in the Strong African American Families Program (SAAF), a preventive intervention for rural African American mothers and their 11‐year‐olds, with control families. SAAF is based on a contextual model positing that regulated, communicative parenting causes changes in factors protecting youths from early alcohol use and sexual activity. Parenting variables included involvement‐vigilance, racial socialization, communication about sex, and clear expectations for alcohol use. Youth protective factors included negative attitudes about early alcohol use and sexual activity, negative images of drinking youths, resistance efficacy, a goal‐directed future orientation, and acceptance of parental influence. Intervention‐induced changes in parenting mediated the effect of intervention group influences on changes in protective factors over a 7‐month period.
Should You Ask a Fisherman or a Biologist?: Developmental Shifts in Ways of Clustering Knowledge
Authors: Danovitch Judith H. , Keil Frank C.
Published: May 2004

Individuals can infer what others are likely to know by clustering knowledge according to common goals, common topics, or common underlying principles. Although young children are sensitive to underlying principles, that manner of clustering might not prevail when other viable means are presented. Two studies examined how a sample of 256 children at ages 5, 7, 9, and 11 decide how to generalize another person's knowledge when goals, topics, and principles are put in conflict. In both studies, younger children preferred generalizing according to goals and topics, whereas older children preferred clustering based on principles related to disciplines. The most naturalistic ways of envisioning how knowledge is clustered in the minds of others therefore seems to change significantly during the elementary school years.
African American Late Adolescents' Relationships With Parents: Developmental Transitions and Longitudinal Patterns
Authors: Smetana Judith G. , Metzger Aaron , Campione‐Barr Nicole
Published: May 2004

Five‐year longitudinal patterns and the influence of developmental transitions on 76 middle‐class African American late adolescents' (M=18.43 years) relationships with parents were examined. Late adolescents were closer to mothers than to fathers. Controlling for age, late adolescent females who had left home reported less negative relationships with mothers than did adolescents living at home or in transition to leaving home, and late adolescent females living at home reported more intense conflicts with parents 3 years earlier than did boys living at home and girls living away. Earlier attachment led to more attached and supportive relationships with both parents and less negative interactions with mothers in late adolescence. Stable father presence also influenced more positive relationships with fathers.
Out‐of‐School Care and Problem Behavior Trajectories Among Low‐Income Adolescents: Individual, Family, and Neighborhood Characteristics as Added Risks
Authors: Levine Coley Rebekah , Eileen Morris Jodi , Hernandez Daphne
Published: May 2004

Using a developmental systems approach, this study considered longitudinal links between adolescents' out‐of‐school care experiences and behavioral trajectories within a random sample of 819 adolescents ages 10 to 14 years at Wave 1 from low‐income, urban families. Multiple aspects of context were considered, including the location, supervision, and structure of adolescents' care arrangements, as well as parenting practices and perceived neighborhood environments. Regression models indicated that out‐of‐home care, whether supervised or unsupervised, showed modest longitudinal relations with heightened rates of delinquency, drug and alcohol use, and school problems. Out‐of‐home care was linked with particularly deleterious outcomes for adolescents with high earlier rates of behavior problems, low parental monitoring, and low perceived neighborhood collective efficacy.
Family Interdependence and Academic Adjustment in College: Youth From Immigrant and U.S.‐Born Families
Authors: Tseng Vivian
Published: May 2004

This study is an examination of family interdependence and its implications for academic adjustment among late adolescents and young adults in college (18 to 25 years). Survey data and university records were collected on 998 American youth with Asian Pacific, Latino, African/Afro‐Caribbean, and European backgrounds. Results indicate that Asian Pacific Americans placed more importance on family interdependence than did European Americans. Across all panethnic groups, youth with immigrant parents placed greater emphasis on family interdependence than did youth with U.S.‐born parents. The study distinguished between family interdependence attitudes and behaviors and found that they had counteracting influences on academic adjustment: Family obligation attitudes contributed to greater academic motivation among youth from immigrant as compared with U.S.‐born families, but greater behavioral demands detracted from achievement.
The Prospects for Prospect Theory: An Empirical Evaluation of International Relations Applications of Framing and Loss Aversion
Authors: Boettcher William A.
Published: May 2004

International relations theorists have tried to adapt prospect theory to make it relevant to the study of real‐world decision‐making and testable beyond the constraints of the laboratory. Three experiments with undergraduate samples were conducted in an effort to clarify the advantages and limitations of prospect theory as adapted to explain political behavior. The first experiment tested hypotheses regarding the impact of prospect framing on group polarization, but these were only weakly supported. The second and third experiments examined alternative adaptations of the concept of framing; the results suggest that the political science expansion of the concept of framing may, under certain conditions, produce clear and robust preference reversals.
Collective Action Meets Prospect Theory: An Application to Coalition Building in Chile, 1973–75
Authors: Fanis Maria
Published: May 2004

Expected utility theory explains collective action as an attempt by individuals to maximize their gains. In contrast, my application of prospect theory to collective action suggests that people are motivated to participate in collective action by a fear of loss. These alternative rationalities are considered in the context of the successful cooperative effort of four economic groups in Chile during 1973–75, the first years of the Pinochet military regime. In this case, the logic of prospect theory better captures how actors made decisions about whether or not to engage in collective action. Of the four groups that did join the 1973–75 economic coalition, only one (the mineowners) appears to have maximized its net asset level, as expected utility theory predicts. All four groups seem to have been motivated to cooperate because they found themselves in the domain of losses and expected that cooperation with other, even rival, economic groups might help them recoup their recent losses.
Deterrence, Compellence, and Prospect Theory
Authors: Schaub Gary
Published: May 2004

Deterrence and compellence couple demands for inaction and action, respectively, to a threat of sanctions. Conventional wisdom holds that deterrence requires less coercive effort than compellence, yet expected utility theory contradicts this claim. Only if exogenous factors affect these situations in a systematic and asymmetrical manner will the claim hold within expected utility theory. Prospect theory provides a systematic and endogenous account for this claim. Experimental findings suggest the degree of effort required to obtain compliance in comparable deterrence and compellence situations. Deterrence is “easier” than compellence, but this relationship is variable. Deterrence requires less effort than expected, and the relative effort it requires decreases substantially as the stakes demanded and costs threatened grow. Compellence requires more effort than expected, and the relative effort it requires decreases slightly as the stakes demanded and costs threatened grow.
Constructing the Citizen
Authors: Haste Helen
Published: May 2004

Discussions of citizenship and citizenship education have been conducted largely within the worldview of stable, Western societies and have been based on psychological models that emphasize individual cognition. The concepts of citizenship that evolved in this context have become taken for granted. But during the past decade, different concepts of citizenship have arisen from emergent democracies, from societies in transition, from the dissolution of the left‐right spectrum in Western society, and from a changing perspective in psychological theory that attends to language and to social and cultural context. These developments have implications for defining the goals of citizenship education and for formulating educational programs, particularly in relation to identity, positioning, narratives, and efficacy.
Impact of the Political Context on Foreign Policy Decision‐Making
Authors: Farnham Barbara
Published: May 2004

One of the most pressing concerns in the study of international relations today is to develop a systematic account of the impact of domestic politics on foreign policy. This paper argues that domestic politics frequently influences foreign policy through a process of decision‐making that grows out of the decision‐maker's awareness of the requirements for effective action in the political context. It is therefore necessary to develop a theory that can explain how the political context's characteristic features affect decision‐makers’ thinking. In attempting to combine insights culled from the literature on political decision‐making with psychological theories of decision‐making processes, this paper offers a first step toward such a theory.
Adolescents’ Political Socialization in Changing Contexts: An International Study in the Spirit of Nevitt Sanford
Authors: Torney‐Purta Judith
Published: May 2004

The recently completed IEA Civic Education Study collected data from 140,000 adolescent students in a total of 29 countries. A recent examination of the work of Nevitt Sanford shows that many aspects of the IEA Civic Education Study are parallel to methods and conclusions of his research from the 1950s through the 1970s and partake in the spirit of his work as well as extending it. These parallels include the use of a contextualized approach in the study of adolescents’ socialization and the value of studying groups with extreme response patterns.
Harun al‐Rashid and the Terrorists: Identity Concealed, Identity Revealed
Authors: Suedfeld Peter
Published: May 2004

The assumption of false identities is a frequent theme in history, fiction, and current events. Spies and criminals are among those who pretend to be other than they are, although the strategy is not restricted to them. Harun al‐Rashid, medieval Caliph of Baghdad, was described in the Thousand and One Nights as disguising himself in order to detect and punish evildoers. One distinctive feature of his adventures is that at some point he threw off the disguise and revealed his true identity. This paper recounts similar self‐exposures by spies and terrorists (including those of 9/11) in situations where such an act could spell disaster for them. It further explores a number of explanations for the “Harun al‐Rashid motive,” suggests a way to measure it, and discusses ways in which counterterrorism agencies could build upon it for their own purposes.
Avoidance of Phrasal Verbs: The Case of Chinese Learners of English
Authors: Liao Yan , Fukuya Yoshinori J.
Published: May 2004

This study investigates the avoidance of English phrasal verbs by Chinese learners. Six groups of Chinese learners (intermediate and advanced; a total of 70) took one of 3 tests (multiple‐choice, translation, or recall), which included literal and figurative phrasal verbs, while 15 native speakers took the multiple‐choice test. The results show that 3 factors (proficiency level, phrasal‐ verb type, and test type) affect learners’ avoidance of phrasal verbs. The authors speculate that the differences between first and second languages and the semantic difficulty of phrasal verbs may be reasons for the learners’ avoidance. Incorporating the findings of 3 previous studies, this study claims that learners’ phrasal‐verb avoidance behavior is a manifestation of interlanguage development.
The Definition and Measurement of L2 Explicit Knowledge
Authors: Ellis Rod
Published: May 2004

A number of theories of second language (L2) acquisition acknowledge a role for explicit L2 knowledge. However, the testing of these theories remains problematic because of the lack of a widely accepted means for measuring L2 explicit knowledge. This article seeks to address this lacuna by examining L2 explicit knowledge from two perspectives. First, it considers explicit knowledge as a construct. How can explicit knowledge be defined? How does it differ from other constructs such asL2 proficiencyandlanguage aptitude? Second, the article considers how L2 explicit knowledge can be measured. It critically reviews some of the ways in which explicit knowledge has been operationalized in second language acquisition research and discusses some of the instruments that have been used to measure L2 explicit knowledge. It concludes with some guidelines for investigating explicit knowledge as analyzed knowledge and as metalanguage.
Creativity and Narrative Task Performance: An Exploratory Study
Authors: Albert Ágnes , Kormos Judit
Published: May 2004

The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of creativity on performance in oral narrative tasks. Participants in the study were Hungarian learners whose creativity was measured with a standardized creativity test. We examined the relationships among 3 aspects of creativity—originality, flexibility, and creative fluency—and different measures of task performance. The findings suggest that the 3 components of creativity have a differential effect on the measures of task performance. Creative fluency was positively correlated with the quantity of talk. Originality was negatively related to the quantity of talk, and positive correlations were found between originality and the complexity of narratives. The magnitude of the correlations indicates that creativity affects participants’ output in narrative tasks only moderately.
Characterization of 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci in an endangered tropical tree Hopea bilitonensis (Dipterocarpaceae) in Peninsular Malaysia
Authors: Lee S. L. , Tani N. , Ng K. K. S. , Tsumura Y.
Published: May 2004

This study reports the isolation and characterization of 15 polymorphic microsatellite loci in an endangered tropical tree Hopea bilitonensis (Dipterocarpaceae). The primers were designed from a genomic library enriched for dinucleotide (CT) repeats and screened on 24 adult trees from a natural population. The number of alleles ranged from two to eight, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.042 to 1.000. These loci will allow mating system and population analyses to be carried out in this species.
Isolation and characterization of Brachymystax lenok microsatellite loci and cross‐species amplification in Hucho spp. and Parahucho perryi
Authors: Froufe E. , Sefc K. M. , Alexandrino P. , Weiss S.
Published: May 2004

We isolated and characterized eight polymorphic microsatellite markers for Brachymystax lenok (Pallas, 1773) from genomic libraries enriched for (GATA)n, (GACA)n and (ATG)n microsatellites. The number of alleles per locus ranged from two to 17. Heterozygosity ranged from 0.2 to 0.95. In addition, cross‐species amplification was successful for seven loci in Hucho hucho, eight in H. taimen and seven in Parahucho perryi.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the Caribbean gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae
Authors: Gutiérrez‐Rodríguez Carla , Lasker Howard R.
Published: May 2004

We report on the isolation and characterization of five polymorphic microsatellites in the gorgonian Pseudopterogorgia elisabethae from genomic DNA‐enriched libraries. Forty‐four microsatellites were screened from the libraries with the oligonucleotide probe (CA)12. Five of the screened microsatellites were polymorphic. The levels of polymorphism found in 50 genotyped individuals from a single population suggest that microsatellites are useful tools for the study of genetic variation in gorgonians. These are the first microsatellite loci reported from any gorgonian species.
Microsatellite DNA markers for parental assignment in hybrid striped bass (Morone saxatilis × Morone chrysops)
Authors: Ross Kirstin , Wang Xiaoxue , O'Malley Kathleen G. , Gatlin Delbert M. , Gold John R.
Published: May 2004

Development of nine polymorphic microsatellites from a genomic library of hybrid striped bass (female Morone chrysops × male Morone saxatilus) DNA is described. Breeding of hybrid striped bass for aquaculture is based largely on breeding wild fish. Molecular markers such as microsatellites will be useful tools for developing broodstock, estimating heritability for production traits, and selective breeding via marker‐assisted selection. The nine polymorphic microsatellites include six dinucleotide and three complex repeat motifs. The number of alleles detected among a sample of 10 individuals of each species was relatively low. All polymerase chain reaction primer pairs also amplified products in the sea bass Dicentrarchus labrax.
convert: A user‐friendly program to reformat diploid genotypic data for commonly used population genetic software packages
Authors: Glaubitz Jeffrey C.
Published: May 2004

convert is a user‐friendly, 32‐bit Windows program that facilitates ready transfer of codominant, diploid genotypic data amongst commonly used population genetic software packages. convert reads input files in its own ‘standard’ data format, easily produced from an excel file of diploid, codominant marker data, and can convert these to the input formats of the following programs: gda, genepop, arlequin, popgene, microsat, phylip, and structure. convert can also read input files in genepop format. In addition, convert can produce a summary table of allele frequencies in which private alleles and the sample sizes at each locus are indicated.
Characterization and PCR multiplexing of novel highly variable tetranucleotide Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) microsatellites
Authors: Paterson S. , Piertney S. B. , Knox D. , Gilbey J. , Verspoor E.
Published: May 2004

Seven novel and highly variable tetranucleotide microsatellite markers, and conditions for multiplexing and simultaneous genotyping six of these in a single run, are described for Atlantic salmon. These provide a highly informative and cost‐effective set of molecular markers for genetic studies on cultured and wild populations of the species. The primers sets showed cross‐species amplification of appropriately sized amplified products in a number of other salmonid species and suggests the primer sets may have wider application.
Isolation of polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite markers for the brown anole (Anolis sagrei)
Authors: Bardeleben Carolyne , Palchevskiy Vyacheslav , Calsbeek Ryan , Wayne Robert K.
Published: May 2004

Eleven polymorphic microsatellite markers have been developed for the brown anole,Anolis sagrei. The number of alleles range from five to 14 per locus with the observed heterozygosity ranging from 0.46 to 0.92. These markers will be useful for analysis of questions concerning population genetic structure and reproductive behaviour.
Simple‐sequence repeat (SSR) markers of Japanese plum (Prunus salicina Lindl.) are highly polymorphic and transferable to peach and almond
Authors: Mnejja M. , Garcia‐Mas J. , Howad W. , Badenes M. L. , Arús P.
Published: May 2004

Thirty‐five polymorphic microsatellites were developed using a CT/AG enriched genomic library of Japanese plum cv. Santa Rosa. Twenty‐seven of them detected a single locus and eight two or more loci. A high level of variability was observed in a set of eight cultivars for the 27 single‐locus microsatellites: 5.7 average number of alleles per locus; 73% mean observed heterozygosity and 74% discrimination power. Most SSRs were transferable to peach (85%) and almond (78%).
Polymorphic tetranucleotide microsatellite loci in the Hwamei (Garrulax canorus canorus) (Timaliidae)
Authors: Huang Yi‐Jiun , Chen Chienhsun , Li Shou‐Hsien
Published: May 2004

Eight polymorphic tetrarepeat (GATA)n, microsatellite loci were isolated from a babbler, Hwamei (Garrulax canorus canorus). We evaluated the polymorphism of these microsatellite loci by genotyping 36–48 individuals from the Asian mainland. The number of alleles for each locus ranged from eight to 29. The heterozygosity was between 0.587 and 0.978. Except for one locus, genotype frequencies of these microsatellites did not significantly deviate from the Hardy–Weinberg expectation. These markers should be useful for monitoring potential hybridization between different Hwamei subspecies and provide new insights into the mating system and geographical differentiation of these birds.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in the invasive Alliaria petiolata (Brassicaceae)
Authors: Durka W. , Bossdorf O. , Gautschi B.
Published: May 2004

Eight novel polymorphic microsatellite loci are presented for garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) a European herb that is a serious invader of North American deciduous forests. The microsatellites will be useful tools to analyse pathways of introduction of garlic mustard, as well as its evolutionary potential in the invasive range.
Trinucleotide microsatellite loci for the peppered moth (Biston betularia)
Authors: Daly D. , Waltham K. , Mulley J. , Watts P. C. , Rosin A. , Kemp S. J. , Saccheri I. J.
Published: May 2004

Fourteen polymorphic trinucleotide microsatellites were isolated in the peppered moth, Biston betularia, using an enrichment protocol. Moderate to high allelic diversity (three to 22 alleles per locus) was found in a sample from northern England. We are currently using these markers to study the population structure of B. betularia in northern England, where a cline for melanism still exists.
Single copy nuclear DNA markers characterized for comparative phylogeography in Australian wet tropics rainforest skinks
Authors: Dolman G. , Phillips B.
Published: May 2004

In order to investigate population history and demography in skinks endemic to the wet tropics of Australia, multiple nuclear DNA markers were sought. The utility of 72 primers (including 63 published intron‐spanning ‘CATS’ primers) was tested. Seven loci were characterized and shown to be single copy by single‐strand conformation polymorphism analysis. Primers to five nuclear loci were developed, four with utility in skinks and three with utility in frogs. These observations extend the available information on intron‐spanning primers for amphibians and reptiles.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in Amphitmetus transversus (Kolbe, 1897) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae)
Authors: Patt A. , Misof B. , Wagner T. H. , Naumann C. M.
Published: May 2004

We developed six microsatellite markers for Amphitmetus transversus (Kolbe, 1897) (Coleoptera, Curculionidae), a beetle widely distributed in the guineo‐congolian rainforests of east Africa. The numbers of alleles per locus range from three to eight, with a mean number of 4.6. They will be used for population genetic analysis. The ongoing study concentrates on the genetic differentiation and variability of isolated populations in the Kakamega Forest, a highly degraded and fragmented rainforest remnant in western Kenya.
phorest: a web‐based tool for comparative analyses of expressed sequence tag data
Authors: Ahren Dag , Troein Carl , Johansson Tomas , Tunlid Anders
Published: May 2004

Comparative analysis of expressed sequence tags is becoming an important tool in molecular ecology for comparing gene expression in organisms grown in certain environments. Additionally, expressed sequence tag database information can be used for the construction of DNA microarrays and for the detection of single nucleotide polymorphisms. For such applications, we present phorest, a web‐based tool for managing, analysing and comparing various collections of expressed sequence tags. It is written in PHP (PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) and runs on UNIX, Microsoft Windows and Macintosh (Mac OS X) platforms.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in red wood ants Formica (s. str.) spp. and the related genus Polyergus
Authors: Hasegawa Eisuke , Imai Shuichiro
Published: May 2004

Ants are interesting subjects for studies of evolution of altruism. We developed 13 microsatellite loci in a red wood ant Formica (s. str.) yessensis from random amplified polymorphic DNA fragments to study genetic structure within populations and colonies. Five loci bore two to five alleles in both F. (s. str.) yessensis and F. (s. str.) truncorum and two were also polymorphic in a related species, Polyergus samurai. Results suggest that the loci will be useful in evolutionary studies on Formica and Polyergus species.
Characterization of microsatellite markers in a threatened species, the White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa)
Authors: Iyengar A. , Stockwell C. A. , Layfield D. , Morin P. A.
Published: May 2004

We report the characterization of nine new microsatellite markers for a threatened species, the White Sands pupfish (Cyprinodon tularosa), using an enriched library method. These markers show moderate levels of variation (two to five alleles per locus) in the two native populations of this species and reveal substantial divergence between these two populations as indicated by a high percentage of private alleles. These markers will prove very useful in the conservation management of this rare species.
api‐calc 1.0: a computer program for calculating the average probability of identity allowing for substructure, inbreeding and the presence of close relatives
Authors: Ayres Karen L. , Overall Andrew D. J.
Published: May 2004

Individual identification via DNA profiling is important in molecular ecology, particularly in the case of noninvasive sampling. A key quantity in determining the number of loci required is the probability of identity (PIave), the probability of observing two copies of any profile in the population. Previously this has been calculated assuming no inbreeding or population structure. Here we introduce formulae that account for these factors, whilst also accounting for relatedness structure in the population. These formulae are implemented in api‐calc 1.0, which calculates PIave for either a specified value, or a range of values, for FIS and FST.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci from Helicoverpa armigera Hübner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Scott K. D. , Lange C. L. , Scott L. J. , Graham G. C.
Published: May 2004

Five microsatellite loci are presented for Helicoverpa armigera. These microsatellite loci were obtained through the construction of enriched libraries, overcoming previously reported difficulties with obtaining microsatellites from H. armigera and other Lepidoptera due to the low frequency of microsatellites in their genomes. The description of a further five microsatellite loci for H. armigera makes microsatellite based population genetics studies feasible.
Development of coral and zooxanthella‐specific microsatellites in three species of Pocillopora (Cnidaria, Scleractinia) from French Polynesia
Authors: Magalon Hélène , Samadi Sarah , Richard Murielle , Adjeroud Mehdi , Veuille Michel
Published: May 2004

Since the building of coral reefs results from the association of corals and zooxanthellae, their intracellular algal symbionts, genetic markers for both organisms are essential for studying the contribution of their respective dispersal to the resilience of endangered reef ecosystems. Very few microsatellites have been obtained in corals thus far. Here we report the successful cloning of six polymorphic microsatellites (allele number: 5–15) from Pocillopora verrucosa, P. meandrina and P. damicornis. Four of them amplified coral, and two amplified zooxanthella DNA.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite loci in Geum urbanum (Rosaceae) and their transferability within the genus Geum
Authors: Arens P. , Durka W. , Wernke‐Lenting J. H. , Smulders M. J. M.
Published: May 2004

Thirteen novel polymorphic microsatellite loci are presented for Geum urbanum (Rosaceae). The microsatellites will be useful tools to analyse the influence of landscape structure and land‐use intensity in agricultural landscapes on genetic diversity within and among populations of Geum urbanum. Transferability was tested in 19 other Geum species and two Waldsteinia species. In most species polymerase chain reaction (PCR) products of the expected range were obtained, therefore the markers reported here appear to be applicable across the whole genus.
Characterization of five microsatellite loci in the Pine Processionary Moth Thaumetopoea pityocampa (Lepidoptera Notodontidae Thaumetopoeinae)
Authors: Rousselet J. , Magnoux E. , Kerdelhué C.
Published: May 2004

Five microsatellite markers were developed for the lepidopteran species Thaumetopoea pityocampa using an enrichment protocol. All loci could be amplified with no evidence of null alleles and will be useful for population genetic studies. The number of alleles ranged from three to 12 for a population of 30 individuals. Observed heterozygosities ranged from 0.53 to 0.80. No significant heterozygote deficiency was detected. Four markers might be of interest for Th. wilkinsoni.
Development and characterization of microsatellite markers for the fungus Ceratocystis fimbriata
Authors: Steimel J. , Engelbrecht C. J. B. , Harrington T. C.
Published: May 2004

Ceratocystis fimbriata is a serious fungal pathogen on a wide range of plants, but many cryptic species within C. fimbriata are apparently host‐specialized. Anchor polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and simple sequence repeat (SSR) enriched libraries were used to develop 16 microsatellite markers for C. fimbriata. All markers were polymorphic when tested against isolates from four host‐specialized lineages of the pathogen. These markers will be valuable for phylogenetic and population genetic studies, as well as for tracking accidental introductions of host‐specialized forms of the pathogen.
Isolation of microsatellites in a parthenogenetic lizard Menetia greyii (Scincidae) and their utility in sexual species of the Menetia greyii complex
Authors: Gardner M. G. , Ottewell K. , Adams M.
Published: May 2004

Tetra and tri‐nucleotide microsatellite loci were isolated from a parthenogenetic form of the Australian lizard Menetia greyii, using an enrichment method with polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐based colony screening. Primers for 23 loci were designed and 11 of these loci amplified well in a panel of 10 parthenogenetic individuals from a single population. Seven loci were further characterized and six successfully amplified and were polymorphic in all five sexual species of the Menetia greyii complex they were tested in. These loci will be used to investigate the parental ancestry and clonal diversity of various parthenogenetic forms within the Menetia greyii species complex.
Isolation and characterization of 20 microsatellite loci for an important tropical tree Shorea leprosula (Dipterocarpaceae) and their applicability to S. parvifolia
Authors: Lee S. L. , Tani N. , Ng K. K. S. , Tsumura Y.
Published: May 2004

Shorea leprosula is an important timber tree in Southeast Asia. From a genomic library enriched for dinucleotide (CT) repeats, 20 polymorphic microsatellite markers were developed for this species. Polymorphism of these loci was evaluated in a sample of 24 adult individuals from a natural population. The number of alleles ranged from five to 15, and the observed heterozygosity ranged from 0.333 to 0.875. Probability of paternity exclusion, in the case where the mother is known, ranged from 0.285 to 0.784. These markers were also characterized for applicability in S. parvifolia; 16 loci were successfully cross‐amplified and showed high levels of polymorphism.
Polymorphic microsatellite loci from the red urchin, Strongylocentrotus franciscanus, with comments on heterozygote deficit
Authors: Mccartney Michael A. , Brayer Kathryn , Levitan Don R.
Published: May 2004

Strongylocentrotus sea urchins are common subjects for studies in developmental and cell biology, reproductive biology, ecology, and evolution. We report 14 microsatellite loci from the red urchin, S. franciscanus, isolated for the purpose of estimating paternal success of males in experimental group spawns. Most of these loci were found to be highly polymorphic in a population from British Columbia. A high frequency of null alleles appears responsible for heterozygote deficit at a majority of these loci, but if used with appropriate caution, these microsatellites should be effective markers for studies of Strongylocentrotus populations.
Characterization of nine microsatellite loci in Cynoglossum officinale (Boraginaceae)
Authors: Korbecka G. , Wolff K.
Published: May 2004

Cynoglossum officinale is a biennial plant pollinated by bumblebees. We developed microsatelllite loci in order to study the population genetic structure and effects of inbreeding in this species. In this paper, we describe nine polymorphic microsatellites for C. officinale. Between two and four alleles per locus were observed in a sample of 20 individuals from one population. Multiplexing allowed the seven most useful loci to be genotyped using three polymerase chain reaction (PCR) reactions.
Characterization of microsatellite loci in two primary parasitoids of the butterflyMelitaea cinxia,Cotesia melitaearumandHyposoter horticola(Hymenoptera)
Authors: Kankare Maaria , Jensen M. Kathleene , Kester Karen M. , Saccheri Ilik J.
Published: May 2004

Five polymorphic microsatellite loci were isolated fromCotesia melitaearum(Wilkinson) and three fromHyposoter horticola(Gravenhost). Both of these parasitic Hymenoptera use the butterflyMelitaea cinxia(Linnaeus) exclusively as their host in the Åland islands in SW Finland. Allelic diversity and heterozygosity were quantified in samples from the Åland islands and other localities around Europe. In addition, microsatellite loci forC. melitaearumwere tested in five otherCotesiaspecies:C. acuminata(Reinhard),C. bignellii(Marshall),C. congregata(Say),C. cynthiae(Nixon) andC. koebelei(Riley) from several different host species in Europe and Asia.
Eight highly polymorphic microsatellite markers for the army ant Eciton burchellii
Authors: Denny A. Jay , Franks Nigel R. , Edwards Keith J.
Published: May 2004

The army ant Eciton burchellii is a nomadic predator in the rain forests of Central and South America. Detailed work has documented many aspects of this species’ ecology, behaviour and life history. However, a detailed investigation into within colony relatedness structure requires the development of genetic tools. Here we present eight microsatellite markers with between nine and 25 alleles. For each loci there is close agreement between observed and expected heterozygosity.
Microsatellite loci from the five‐lined skink (Eumeces fasciatus)
Authors: Howes B. J. , Lee‐Yaw J. A. , Robertson A. V. , Bogart J. P. , Lougheed S. C.
Published: May 2004

The geographical range of the five‐lined skink is the most expansive of any eastern North American lizard, ranging from previously glaciated southern Canada southward to the Gulf of Mexico and from the Atlantic seaboard west to Texas and Minnesota. The most northerly populations occur in southern Ontario and are of conservation concern. We developed six polymorphic dinucleotide microsatellite loci to examine the genetic structure within and among Ontario's populations and to examine the intrapopulation levels of genetic diversity relative to more southern populations.
Polymorphic microsatellite markers for inferring diversity in wild and domesticated sugar beet (Beta vulgaris)
Authors: Richards Christopher M. , Brownson Mary , Mitchell Sharon E. , Kresovich Steve , Panella Lee
Published: May 2004

Eight microsatellite loci were characterized within two cultivated beet (Beta vulgaris ssp. vulgaris) accessions and one accession of the wild progenitor of domesticated sugar beet, Beta vulgaris ssp. maritima. Allele diversity was high, yielding two to 11 alleles per locus. Polymorphism information content (PIC) values obtained for these eight loci where also high and indicate the highly informative nature of the microsatellites presented here. These described markers add to a small set of publicly available microsatellite markers for beet and will be instrumental in identifying patterns of genetic diversity and origins of domestication.
Microsatellite markers for woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) and their amplification in other New World primates (Primates: Platyrrhini)
Authors: Di Fiore Anthony , Fleischer Robert C.
Published: May 2004

Seven polymorphic microsatellite loci were identified for woolly monkeys (Lagothrix lagotricha) from an ‘enriched’ genomic library. For a wild population of 66 animals, these markers averaged over 10 alleles per locus and provided a combined probability for excluding a random individual from parentage of over 98%. These loci were screened in up to 13 other genera of New World monkeys, and many were variable in multiple taxa. Few other platyrrhine‐specific microsatellite markers have been identified; thus, these loci should prove valuable for studying the population genetic structure and mating system not just of Lagothrix but also of other neotropical primates.
Isolation of polymorphic microsatellite loci in three phantom midge species of the genus Chaoborus (Diptera: Chaoboridae)
Authors: Berendonk T. U. , Evans T.
Published: May 2004

Because of its widespread distribution in lakes and ponds Chaoborus is of great interest to many freshwater ecologists. Interestingly some species are restricted to small fish‐less water bodies, whereas other species live mostly in large lakes. To eventually test the genetic and evolutionary implications of these different lifestyles we identified microsatellite loci in three species in this preliminary study: C. obscuripes, C. crystallinus and C. flavicans. Using a biotin/streptavidin capture technique of repetitive sequences in a 96 well format, we obtained microsatellite‐enriched genomic libraries for all three species and identified six polymorphic microsatellite markers for each species.
Nuclear microsatellite markers for the date palm (Phoenix dactyliferaL.): characterization and utility across the genusPhoenixand in other palm genera
Authors: Billotte N. , Marseillac N. , Brottier P. , Noyer J.‐L. , Jacquemoud‐Collet J.‐P. , Moreau C. , Couvreur T. , Chevallier M.‐H. , Pintaud J.‐C. , Risterucci A.‐M.
Published: May 2004

A (GA)nmicrosatellite‐enriched library was constructed and 16 nuclear simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci were characterized inPhoenix dactylifera. Across‐taxa amplification and genotyping tests showed the utility of most SSR markers in 11 otherPhoenixspecies and the transferability of some of them inElaeis guineensis, 11 species ofPritchardia,Pritchardiopsis jeanneneyiand six species ofAstrocaryum. The first to be published forP. dactylifera, these new SSR resources are available for cultivar identification, pedigree analysis, germplasm diversity as well as genetic mapping studies.
A new set of mono‐ and dinucleotide chloroplast microsatellites in Fagaceae
Authors: Sebastiani F. , Carnevale S. , Vendramin G. G.
Published: May 2004

A new set of 14 chloroplast microsatellites, represented by mono‐ and dinucleotide repeats, was optimized in the three main species of the Fagaceae (Castanea sativa, Fagus sylvatica and Quercus petraea). The intraspecific variation was tested in some natural populations. The polymorphic microsatellites displayed two or three variants. Conservation of the primer pairs was checked on an additional set of six species of the Fagaceae and on Fraxinus excelsior. All the primer pairs produced a fragment of the expected size in the Fagaceae species while no amplification was obtained with 36% of the primers in F. excelsior.
Universal primers for the amplification of chloroplast microsatellites in grasses (Poaceae)
Authors: Provan Jim , Biss Pamela M. , McMeel Darragh , Mathews Sarah
Published: May 2004

Attempts to design truly universal primers to amplify chloroplast microsatellites have met with limited success due to nonconservation of repeat loci across widely divergent taxa. We have used the complete chloroplast genome sequences of rice, maize and wheat to design five pairs of primers that amplify homologous mononucleotide repeats across the Poaceae (grasses). Sequencing confirmed conservation of repeat motifs across subfamilies and a preliminary study in Anthoxanthum odoratum revealed polymorphism at two loci with a haplotype diversity value of 0.495. These primers provide a valuable tool to study cytoplasmic diversity in this extensively studied and economically important range of taxa.
Isolation of 21 new polymorphic microsatellite loci in the phytopathogenic fungus Venturia inaequalis
Authors: Guérin Fabien , Franck Pierre , Loiseau Anne , Devaux Martine , Le Cam Bruno
Published: May 2004

Twenty‐one new polymorphic microsatellite markers were isolated in the phytopathogenic fungus Venturia inaequalis, the causal agent of apple scab. An enrichment protocol was used to isolate microsatellite loci and the level of polymorphism was assessed on 44 European isolates. All loci were polymorphic with an average of 9.1 alleles per locus (range 2–24). Tests of cross‐species amplifications suggest that at least some of these microsatellites could be used in different species, mainly Spilocaea pyracanthae and S. eriobotryae.
Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers in two basidiomycete species: Pleurotus eryngii and P. ferulae
Authors: Della Rosa V. , Cappuccio I. , Fanelli C. , Urbanelli S.
Published: May 2004

Six polymorphic microsatellite loci were developed for the closed basidiomycete species Pleurotus eryngii and P. ferulae using an enriched genomic library. The number of alleles per locus varied between two and eight and the expected heterozygosity ranged from 0.30 to 0.72 in P. eryngii and from 0.20 to 0.73 in P. ferulae. This enrichment technique is useful in those species where microsatellite loci are rare in the genome.
Ten polymorphic microsatellite DNA loci for paternity and population genetics analysis in the fen raft spider (Dolomedes plantarius)
Authors: Ji Ya‐Jie , Smith Helen , Zhang De‐Xing , Hewitt Godfrey M.
Published: May 2004

Ten polymorphic di‐ and trinucleotide microsatellite loci were developed in the fen raft spider Dolomedes plantarius from a partial phagemid genomic library enriched for microsatellite inserts. The expected heterozygosity at these loci ranges from 0.62 to 0.9, with the observed allele numbers varying from four to 15 in the 22 individuals tested. Average paternity exclusion probabilities ranged between 0.290 and 0.686. In combination, the 10 polymorphic loci elicit an exclusion probability of 0.999. The high level of polymorphism of these microsatellite loci makes them ideal genetic markers for paternity and population genetics analysis in this endangered species.
Development and characterization of microsatellites from Senegal sole (Solea senegalensis)
Authors: Porta J. , Alvarez M. C.
Published: May 2004

To assist in the domestication of the sole fish Solea senegalensis, 15 microsatellites were developed from its genome (13 di‐ and two trinucleotide). These loci, along with three from S. solea that cross‐amplified, were characterized on a sample of 20 individuals of S. senegalensis from a hatchery stock. All loci were polymorphic displaying from two to 15 alleles/locus (mean 6.5). The results obtained from the hatchery population screening indicate that they might be useful for studies of genetic structuring and/or kinship analysis in S. senegalensis.