bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Catalytic effect of nano-thick gold electrodes on p-doping of diselenides during annealing process
Authors: Wang Yan , Sun Yang , Liu Jing
Published: January 2025

Two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) show great promise for developing the next generation of electronic and optoelectronic devices. However, most TMDs have n-type or n-dominant bipolar characteristics, and this severely limits their potential for being designed as multi-functional heterostructures. Recently, thermal annealing has been reported as an easy means of p-doping TMDs, but the mechanism remains ambiguous, thereby preventing reliable outcomes and it becoming a mature doping technology for TMDs. Here, the mechanism of thermal annealing for p-doping a 2D selenide is investigated thoroughly, revealing the key role of the catalytic effect of nano-thick gold electrodes in achieving p-doping. As an example, 2D SnSe2 with a fairly high electron density of ∼1018 cm−3 is used, and its electrical performance is greatly enhanced after thermal annealing when 30-nm-thick gold electrodes are deposited. The results of performing XPS and Auger electron spectroscopy on samples before and after annealing show that the p-doping effect is due to the oxidation of selenide atoms, during which the gold acts as a critical catalytic element. This method is also shown to be valid for other 2D selenides including WSe2 and MoSe2, and the present findings offer new avenues for enriching the electrical properties of 2D selenides by means of annealing.
Stability of Riemann solutions to the isentropic Chaplygin gas equations with time-dependent external force
Authors: Zhang Yu , Cui Mengqi , Zhang Yanyan
Published: January 2025

The structural stability of Riemann solutions to the one-dimensional isentropic Chaplygin gas equations with time-dependent external force is studied. First, the Riemann problem with initial data of two piecewise constant states is solved and the Riemann solutions containing contact discontinuities and delta shock waves are obtained. Then, we perturb the Riemann initial data by taking three piecewise constant states and construct the global solutions. By letting the perturbed parameter ɛ tend to zero, we show that there is no mass concentration even if the initial perturbed density depends on ɛ, which means that the Riemann solutions are stable under the local small perturbation of the initial data.
Enhancing entangled two-photon absorption of Nile Red via temperature-controlled SPDC
Authors: Krstić Aleksa , Gäbler Tobias Bernd , Jain Nitish , Then Patrick , Gili Valerio Flavio , Saravi Sina , Setzpfandt Frank , Eggeling Christian , Gräfe Markus
Published: January 2025

Entangled two-photon absorption can enable linear scaling of fluorescence emission with the excitation power. In comparison with classical two-photon absorption with quadratic scaling, this can allow fluorescence imaging or photolithography with a high axial resolution at minimal exposure intensities. However, most experimental studies on two-photon absorption were not able to show an unambiguous proof of fluorescence emission driven by entangled photon pairs. Meanwhile, existing theoretical models struggle to accurately predict the entangled two-photon absorption behavior of chemically complex dyes. In this paper, we introduce an approach to simulate entangled two-photon absorption in common fluorescence dyes considering their chemical properties. Our theoretical model allows a deeper understanding of experimental results and thus the occurrence of entangled two-photon absorption. In particular, we found a remarkable dependency of the absorption probability on the phase-matching temperature of the nonlinear material. Furthermore, we compared the results of our theoretical approach to experimental data for Nile Red.
Enhanced perovskite crystallinity via short-term ultraviolet irradiation
Authors: Xu Tian , Yin Qianliu , Chen Yanbin , Liu Yutian , Wang Jiuchuan , Xu Meifeng
Published: January 2025

Despite the recent rapid development in the organic–inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the crystalline stability of the perovskite (PVK) material, particularly of the MAPbI3, remains a significant impediment to PSC applications. We proposed that short-term ultraviolet (UV) irradiation under air conditions can stabilize the PVK phase and increases the film crystallinity. Detailed investigations indicated that the electrons can be released from the bridging hydroxyls (OHB) bonds under UV irradiation to generate a small amount of active oxygen (O2−) on the TiO2 film surface, forming stable Pb–O bonds and α phase PVK. A 25% increases in photovoltaic conversion efficiency with a considerable stability, and the device maintains over 90% efficiency after 400 h of storage in N2. This study provides a simple and effective method to produce efficient and stable PSC devices at low cost.
Deep learning for quantitative dynamic fragmentation analysis
Authors: Cazares Erwin , Schuster Brian E.
Published: January 2025

We have developed an image-based convolutional neural network that is applicable for quantitative time-resolved measurements of the fragmentation behavior of opaque brittle materials using ultra-high speed optical imaging. This model extends previous work on the U-net model. Here we trained binary-, three-, and five-class models using supervised learning on experimentally measured dynamic fracture experiments on various opaque structural ceramic materials that were adhered on transparent polymer (polycarbonate or acrylic) backing materials. Full details of the experimental investigations are outside the scope of this manuscript, but briefly, several different ceramics were loaded using spatially and time-varying mechanical loads to induce inelastic deformation and fracture processes that were recorded at frequencies as high as 5 MHz using high-speed optical imaging. These experiments provided a rich and diverse dataset that includes many of the common fracture modes found in static and dynamic fractures, including cone cracking, median cracking, comminution, and combined complex failure modes that involve effectively simultaneous activation and propagation of multiple fragmentation modes. While the training data presented here were obtained from dynamic fragmentation experiments, this study is applicable to static loading of these materials as the crack speeds are on the order of 1–10 km/s regardless of the loading rate. We believe the methodologies presented here will be useful in quantifying the failure processes in structural materials for protection applications and can be used for direct validation of engineering models used in design.
Bernoulli trial under subsystem restarts: Two competing searchers looking for a target
Authors: Singh R. K. , Metzler R. , Sandev T.
Published: January 2025

We study a pair of independent searchers competing for a target under restarts and find that introduction of restarts tends to enhance the search efficiency of an already efficient searcher. As a result, the difference between the search probabilities of the individual searchers increases when the system is subject to restarts. This result holds true independent of the identity of individual searchers or the specific details of the distribution of restart times. However, when only one of a pair of searchers is subject to restarts while the other evolves in an unperturbed manner, a concept termed as subsystem restarts, we find that the search probability exhibits a nonmonotonic dependence on the restart rate. We also study the mean search time for a pair of run and tumble and Brownian searchers when only the run and tumble particle is subject to restarts. We find that, analogous to restarting the whole system, the mean search time exhibits a nonmonotonic dependence on restart rates.
Discovering stochastic basin stability from data in a Filippov competition system with threshold control
Authors: Zhang Hongxia , Zhou Biliu , Feng Xiaomei , Fu Rui , Liu Luorong
Published: January 2025

The existing research studies on the basin stability of stochastic systems typically focus on smooth systems, or the attraction basins are pre-defined as easily solvable regular basins. In this work, we introduce a new framework to discover the basin stability from state time series in the non-smooth stochastic competition system under threshold control. Specifically, we approximate the drift and diffusion with threshold control parameters by an extended Kramers–Moyal expansion with initial state partitioning. Then, we calculate the first transition probability of irregular attraction basins by applying a difference scheme and smooth approximation methods for the system. Numerical simulations of the original system validate the accuracy of the identified drift and diffusion terms, as well as the smooth approximation. Our findings reveal that threshold control modifies the influence of environmental noise on the system basin stability.
Numerical modeling of ultrasound propagation in the inner ear for sonoporation-mediated drug delivery
Authors: Micaletti Fabrice , Bakhos David , Escoffre Jean-Michel , Li Dapeng , Bouakaz Ayache , Fouan Damien
Published: January 2025

To date, no treatment has been developed for targeted delivery to the inner ear (IE). Sonoporation, a promising drug delivery method, increases the permeability of round window membranes (RWMs), enhancing drug diffusion to the IE. A dedicated ultrasound protocol is essential to treat IE pathologies in combination with sonoporation. In situ acoustic pressure (AP) measurements cannot be used for RWM sonoporation because of the heterogeneous anatomy of the temporal bone. This study aimed to model ultrasound propagation in the IE to ensure adequate AP for RWM sonoporation. The impact of the position of the ultrasound probe relative to the RWM on AP as well as potential temperature increases caused by tissue/ultrasound interaction were investigated. Using MATLAB®, a surgical procedure was simulated based on the computed tomography scans of sheep heads (14 IEs). An ultrasound probe (12.7 mm in diameter, 1 MHz) with a degassed water-filled adapter was placed in front of the RWM. Mechanical properties, such as tissue density, sound speed, and ultrasound attenuation, were computed. Ultrasound propagation was simulated using k-wave. Standing waves can double the AP locally; however, the final AP is comparable to a free water field map when accounting for microbubble-induced attenuation. The angle and distance of the probe relative to the RWM have minimal effect on the AP; the main effect is caused by centering the probe on the RWM. No significant thermal elevation was observed. The developed computational model paves the way for designing an optimal and safe ultrasound protocol for sonoporation-mediated drug delivery into the IE.
Quantum Diffie–Hellman key exchange
Authors: Nikolopoulos Georgios M.
Published: January 2025

The Diffie–Hellman key exchange plays a crucial role in conventional cryptography, as it allows two legitimate users to establish a common, usually ephemeral, secret key. Its security relies on the discrete-logarithm problem, which is considered to be a mathematical one-way function, while the final key is formed by random independent actions of the two users. In the present work we investigate the extension of Diffie–Hellman key exchange to the quantum setting, where the two legitimate users exchange independent random quantum states. The proposed protocol relies on the bijective mapping of integers onto a set of symmetric coherent states, and we investigate the regime of parameters for which the map behaves as a quantum one-way function. Its security is analyzed in the framework of minimum-error-discrimination and photon-number-splitting attacks, while its performance and the challenges in a possible realization are also discussed.
The orientational structure of a model patchy particle fluid: Simulations, integral equations, density functional theory, and machine learning
Authors: Simon Alessandro , Belloni Luc , Borgis Daniel , Oettel Martin
Published: January 2025

We investigate the orientational properties of a homogeneous and inhomogeneous tetrahedral four-patch fluid (Bol–Kern–Frenkel model). Using integral equations, either (i) HNC or (ii) a modified HNC scheme with a simulation input, the full orientational dependence of pair and direct correlation functions is determined. Density functionals for the inhomogeneous problem are constructed via two different methods. The first, molecular density functional theory, utilizes the full direct correlation function and an isotropic hard-sphere bridge functional. The second method, a machine learning approach, uses a decomposition of the functional into an isotropic reference part and a mean-field orientational part, where both parts are improved by machine learning techniques. A comparison with the simulation data at hard walls and around hard tracers shows a similar performance of the two functionals. Machine learning strategies are discussed to eliminate residual differences, with the goal of obtaining machine-learning enhanced functionals for the general anisotropic fluid.
Dynamic response of a semi-submersible floating wind turbine-point absorption wave energy hybrid energy system under rated and extreme conditions
Authors: Hua Hongchang , Zhang Yuquan , Qin Zhansheng , Yang Yang , Fernandez-Rodriguez Emmanuel
Published: January 2025

In this paper, the response of a semi-submersible offshore wind turbine, combined with an absorbing wave energy converter (WEC), is analyzed within the FAST to AQWA coupling framework after single mooring line (ML) failure, under rated and extreme (1 in 10 years wind and wave) conditions. Comparisons are made among the six-degree of motions of the platform, power output, and tensions of the unbroken MLs. With upwind mooring line, the hybrid system suffers the most: surge up to 3.3 times the rotor diameter (D) due to the large hub forces and turbine power reduction by 80%, owing to the pitch response of the platform in both rated and extreme conditions; more likelihood of fatigue in unbroken ML under extreme conditions. Regardless of the failure line condition, the mean tension of the unbroken MLs reduces at the expense of larger motions, compared to a non-faulty line condition. The shutdown measures can reduce significantly the tensions in the MLs at rated conditions, owing to turbine larger influence on the platform than WEC, higher motion response and damping processes. The effect of the WEC on the platform is mainly reflected in heave and roll, providing more stability than in a stand-alone floating turbine case. During extreme conditions, the turbine shuts down, and thus, the response is more attributed to the drift of the platform rather than turbine or WEC operation. On a wider level, research is also needed to determine the response in simultaneously ML failures and misaligned operating flows.
How the goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) adapts to isolated island: from the perspective of habitat and food
Authors: Wang Yuan , Yuan Peng , Liu Chao , Yang Ying , Yang Wenbin , Zhang Dazhi , Yang Guijun
Published: January 2025

Context Wild ungulates are an important component of natural ecosystems and one of the most important ecological groups of grassland ecosystems. The goitered gazelle (Gazella subgutturosa) is a species widely distributed in arid and semi-arid desert regions and is listed on the IUCN Red List (2016) as a threatened, vulnerable species at high risk for extinction in the wild. Goitered gazelle often lives in vast habitats; however, it is not yet clear how they adapt to isolated ‘islands’. Aims We selected an international nature reserve in the arid region of central Ningxia, China, as our study area, trying to understand how the goitered gazelle adapts to this microenvironment from the perspectives of habitat and diet. Methods We employed the optimized maximum entropy model and DNA metabarcoding to investigate the species’ suitable habitat distribution and feeding habits. Key results The results showed that the MaxEnt model performed well, with an area under curve value of 0.896 and a true skill statistic value of 0.704 for predicting the species distribution. Suitable habitats accounted for 80.9% of the total area of the reserve. Annual mean temperature, and elevation, together with the distance from water source were the critical factors that affected the goitered gazelle distribution range. Sequencing analysis indicated that among the 35 fecal samples collected, there were 18 plant families, and 21 genera annotated. The bulk food of goitered gazelle was Fabaceae and Rosaceae. Conclusions Water sources and altitude significantly influenced the distribution of the goitered gazelle. Trnl, as a DNA barcode, holds potential in the dietary analysis of goitered gazelles and can serve as a complement to traditional research methods. Implications This study confirmed the reliability of the optimized maximum entropy model for predicting suitable habitats at a small scale, and it is the first to apply DNA metabarcoding technology to the dietary analysis of the goitered gazelle. We also have more knowledge about how the goitered gazelle adapts to the isolated island habitat, laying the foundation for better protection of this species in the future.
Creation in the semantics of verbs and constructions
Authors: Lopes Amaral Luana
Published: January 2025

Creation verbs are traditionally divided into at least two classes: verbs of creation of an entity and verbs of
image creation. Such classification analyses face two important problems: how to account for the common creation semantics and how
to explain the behavior of verbs which can describe either type of creation. Assuming a cognitive-semantic approach and based on
Brazilian Portuguese data, this paper proposes that types of creation are different construals of a unified creation event,
represented as a frame-based causal chain. Thus, the common creation semantics is defined as a causal chain, which is evoked by
creation verbs in general, and the distinct properties of different classes of creation verbs follow from profiling of specific
parts of that frame via argument structure constructions. Some creation verbs are lexically constrained as to how they construe
the creation event, but others have the potential to construe the event in different ways.
Event-based time in Polish culture and language
Authors: Góral Michal Stanislaw , Guerra de La Torre Juana Teresa
Published: January 2025

This paper deals with a corpus study of event-based time
concepts. Here we investigate their use in time reckoning practices in modern
Polish culture and language. The results presented here are based on a
cognitive-conceptual and linguistic analysis of the Polish National Linguistic Corpus (NKJP). These results
suggest that Polish has rich inventories of lexical and phrasal expressions for
event-based time intervals based on environmental and celestial indices and
social norms that have not previously been described from a cognitive,
anthropological, and cultural perspective. Event-based time intervals found in
domains of times of day and night, are here presented.

We hypothesize that even when the Polish language employs
conventional metric (calendar and clock) time units, the hybrid blends of
day/night cycle and cardinal directions (north, south, east, west) could reveal
an emergent form of time conceptualization. This conceptual and cultural
hybridization is still common among the users of the Polish language and is
indicative of complexity and dynamism in body-environment interactions. This
interaction is schematized in twofold conceptual constructions of event-based
and metric time, blending processes that may generate more creative enactions as
an alternative to the mechanical 24-hour system.
“What are you talking about? That is not true” — Men’s and women’s disagreements in English and Italian
interactions
Authors: Napoli Vittorio
Published: January 2025

The present research aims to uncover cross-linguistic differences (involving British English and Italian), as well
as cross-gender differences (men and women) concerning use and preference of strategies and pragmatic modification, in verbal
disagreements. The analysis of spontaneous conversations from the Spoken BNC2014 corpus (McEnery et al. 2017), for the English sample, and from the KIParla corpus (Goria
and Mauri 2018), for the Italian sample, has brought to light divergences in the realization of disagreements, both at
the cross-linguistic and at the cross-gender level. Methodologically speaking, models of analysis used for past empirical studies
(Muntigl and Turnbull 1998; Rees-Miller
2000; Johnson 2006; Paramasivam
2007) were drawn from for the annotation and codification of strategies and pragmatic modifiers. Results obtained from
quantitative analyses are explained in the light of previous research findings, although the latter are partially disconfirmed and
thus call for further future investigations.
Loan words can cause intercultural miscommunication
Authors: Habib Sandy
Published: January 2025

This paper explores the semantics and pragmatics of the Hebrew word shahid (שהיד). Because this word was borrowed from Arabic, its meaning is
compared to that of Arabic shahīd (شهيد) ‘roughly, martyr.’ Using corpus analysis and the Natural Semantic Metalanguage (NSM) method, the
meaning of the Hebrew loan word is explicated, and its explication is compared to that of Arabic shahīd. The two
explications demonstrate that the differences between the two words are greater than the similarities. Consequently, when Israeli
Jews and Israeli Arabs use the words interchangeably, intercultural miscommunication is highly likely to occur.
Impersonal expressions in Texas Spanish
Authors: Milner Allison
Published: January 2025

Impersonal expressions in Spanish are expressed in various
forms, including use of impersonal se or with the indefinite
uno and a third-person verb conjugation. Other forms of
expression are becoming more frequent in both monolingual and bilingual contexts
(Hurtado 2015; Guirado 2011; Morales 1995). The current study analyzes the forms of
impersonal expression in three generations of eighteen total Spanish speakers in
Texas. The pragmatic functions of first-person plural and second-person singular
forms are analyzed based on their use for generalization, focalized
generalization, speaker concealment, or inclusive defocalization (Pulido Astorga and Rivadeneira Valenzuela
2017). Results demonstrate the wide usage of various reference
impersonals, signaling deictic extension (Fernández 2008). Furthermore, complementary distribution of forms
across discursive function was identified, demonstrating the need for a
comprehensive consideration at the discourse-pragmatic level for all reference
impersonal forms. This study represents an initial step in the pragmatic
consideration of impersonal expressions in US Spanish.
Marcas de flexión verbal en español
Authors: Martínez-Martínez Inmaculada , Ueda Hiroto
Published: January 2025

En este estudio, llevamos a cabo una caracterización de la flexión verbal en español basándonos en los análisis de
frecuencia del corpus PRESEEA-Santander. A partir de la comparación, principalmente con Bull (1947) y Juilland y Chang-Rodríguez (1964), nuestro objetivo es doble: en primer lugar, conocer las frecuencias de
modo y tiempo junto a persona y número; en segundo lugar, observar las grandes diferencias de frecuencia entre las categorías
gramaticales, a la vez que establecemos el grado de marcación gramatical. Llevamos a cabo, así, una caracterización de la flexión
verbal en términos de frecuencia y marcación, acotada en un corpus oral. Los resultados apuntan al avance teórico en la estructura
de la morfología verbal, donde parece existir una realidad bastante distinta a la trazada hasta el momento; se propone, por
último, el uso del grado de marcación como herramienta útil para conocer la marca lingüística desde el punto de vista
cuantitativo.
Understanding Reservoirs of Multi-Host Pathogens: A One Health Approach to Rabies in Tanzania
Authors: Hayes Sarah , Lushasi Kennedy , Changalucha Joel , Czupryna Anna , Ferguson Elaine , Lankester Felix , Lugelo Ahmed , Sambo Maganga , Sikana Lwitiko , A. Donnelly Christl , Hampson Katie
Published: January 2025

Rabies virus is a multi-host zoonotic pathogen that is endemic across large parts of sub-Saharan Africa. This case study reports a One Health approach to rabies in Tanzania which highlights the value of multi-sectoral collaboration and illustrates the importance of understanding the reservoir dynamics of multi-host pathogens when targeting interventions. As part of our research, we have established contact tracing for rabies in Tanzania. This involves identifying patients presenting with animal-bite injuries and investigating the animals responsible for the bites. Through contact tracing, we identify the owners of biting animals, ascertain the rabies status of these animals, and identify additional bite victims who have not presented to healthcare centres. Domestic dog vaccination is a key component of current rabies control programmes as domestic dogs are responsible for most human rabies exposures across Africa. However, in some areas, rabies transmission also occurs within wildlife populations. For example, in the Lindi and Mtwara regions of southern Tanzania, jackals represent an unusually high proportion of animal rabies cases. Maintenance of rabies virus within wildlife populations can have implications for control strategies centred around domestic dog vaccination. Throughout this case study, we illustrate the use of multiple data sources to identify the role of domestic dogs and wildlife in rabies transmission in the Lindi and Mtwara regions of southern Tanzania and compare this to the island of Pemba where domestic dog cases dominate. We highlight how domestic dog vaccination plays a vital role in controlling rabies in these two areas with very different disease ecology.

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© The Authors 2025
Gravitational waves induced by scalar perturbations with a broken power-law peak
Authors: Li Chong-Zhi , Yuan Chen , Huang Qing-Guo
Published: January 2025

We give an analytical approximation for the energy spectrum of the scalar-induced gravitational waves (SIGWs) generated by a broken power-law power spectrum, and find that both the asymptotic power-law tails and the intermediate peak contribute distinct features to the SIGW spectrum. Moreover, the broken power-law power spectrum has abundant near-peak features and our results can be used as a near-peak approximation that covers a wide range of models. Our analytical approximation is useful in the rapid generation of the SIGW energy spectrum, which is beneficial for gravitational wave data analysis.
Probing dark energy using anisotropies in the clustering of post-EoR H i distribution
Authors: Dash Chandrachud B.V. , Sarkar Tapomoy Guha
Published: January 2025

We propose an anisotropy quantifier of the H i 21-cm signal traditionally used to clock the astrophysics of the reionization era as a post-reionization dark energy diagnostic. We find that the anisotropy probe can be measured at SNR ∼ 10 in both auto-correlation and in cross-correlation with the Ly-α forest over a wide z and k-range. We propose to use the BAO signature on the anisotropy signal to measure ( H(z), DA
(z)). Subsequently, we put constraints on a dark energy model involving a negative cosmological constant on top of a quintessence scalar field and find that such a model is consistent with futuristic observations.
Probing dark relativistic species and their interactions with dark matter through CMB and 21 cm surveys
Authors: Plombat Hugo , Simon Théo , Flitter Jordan , Poulin Vivian
Published: January 2025

We investigate the sensitivity of the 21 cm power spectrum from cosmic dawn and the epoch of reionization to models of free-streaming dark radiation (parameterized through N
eff) and interacting dark radiation-dark matter models (DM-DR). The latter models have gained attention for their potential in addressing recent cosmological tensions and structure formation challenges.
We perform a Fisher matrix analysis under different assumptions regarding the astrophysical modeling, and forecast the sensitivity of HERA observations, combined with CMB data from Planck and the Simons Observatory (SO), to N
eff and DM-DR interaction modeled using the ETHOS framework assuming a constant scattering rate between the two components.
Most importantly, we find that 21 cm observations can improve the sensitivity to the DM-DR interaction rate by up to four order of magnitude compared to Planck and SO. Conversely, in the limit of low interaction rate (which asymptotically matches N
eff), CMB data dominates the constraining power, but the inclusion of HERA data can provide a ∼ 20% improvement in sensitivity over CMB data alone.
Moreover, we find that HERA observations will be able to probe a region of the DM-DR interaction parameter space which is promising to explain the weak lensing amplitude `S
8' tension. Our results demonstrate the complementarity of 21 cm and CMB data in exploring dark sector interactions.
Analytic results in aligned axion inflation
Authors: Greco Federico , Peloso Marco
Published: January 2025

The original model of axion natural inflation produces a tensor-to-scalar ratio above the
experimental limit. Aligned axion inflation admits inflationary trajectories that originate near a
saddle point of the two-field potential, and terminate due to the instability of the orthogonal
direction. The phenomenology of these solutions is within the current constraints, and a range of
parameters will be probed by the next stage CMB experiments. We provide the analytic solution for
these trajectories and very compact analytic expressions for the associated phenomenology. For
parameters leading to the observed value for the scalar spectral tilt the extension of the
inflationary trajectory is sub-Planckian. However, one eigenvalue of the axion kinetic matrix (in
the basis that diagonalizes the potential) is trans-Planckian. Finally, we discuss the
post-inflationary evolution after the instability. In some cases, the fields reach a second
inflationary valley, connected to a minimum. Multiple stages of inflation might be a more general
occurrence in multiple-field inflationary models with trajectories starting next to
critical points.
Commissioning of the MIRAC-5 Mid-infrared Instrument on the MMT
Authors: Bowens Rory , Leisenring Jarron , Meyer Michael R. , Tobin Taylor L. , Miller Alyssa L. , Monnier John D. , Viges Eric , Hoffmann Bill , Montoya Manny , Durney Olivier , West Grant , Morzinski Katie , Forrest William , McMurtry Craig
Published: January 2025

We present results from commissioning observations of the mid-IR instrument, MIRAC-5, on the 6.5 m MMT telescope. MIRAC-5 is a novel ground-based instrument that utilizes a state-of-the-art GeoSnap (2–13 µm) HgCdTe detector with adaptive optics support from MAPS to study protoplanetary disks, wide-orbit brown dwarfs, planetary companions in the contrast-limit, and a wide range of other astrophysical objects. We have used MIRAC-5 on six engineering observing runs, improving its performance and defining operating procedures. We characterize key aspects of MIRAC-5's performance, including verification that the total telescope, atmosphere, instrument, and detector throughput is approximately 10%. Following a planned dichroic upgrade, the system will have a throughput of 20% and background limiting magnitudes (for SNR = 5 and 8 hr exposure times) of 18.0, 15.6, and 12.6 for the L’, M’, and N’ filters, respectively. The detector pixels experience 1/f noise but, if the astrophysical scene is properly modulated via chopping and nodding sequences, it is less than 10% the Poisson noise from the observed background in an 85 Hz frame. We achieve close to diffraction-limited performance in the N-band and all bands are expected to reach diffraction-limited performance following the adaptive optics system commissioning. We also present an exposure time calculator calibrated to the on-sky results. In its current state, MIRAC-5 will be capable of achieving several scientific objectives including the observation of warm wide-orbit companions. Once the adaptive optics is commissioned and a coronagraph installed in 2025, MIRAC-5 will have contrast-limited performance comparable to JWST, opening new and complementary science investigations for close-in companions.
Insights to unusual antiferromagnetic behavior and exchange coupling interactions in Mn23C6
Authors: Yu Ze-Kun , Zhou Chao , Bao Kuo , Wang Zhao-Qing , Li En-Xuan , Zhu Jin-Ming , Qin Yuan , Meng Yu-Han , Zhu Pin-Wen , Tao Qiang , Cui Tian
Published: January 2025

We report the structural, mechanical and electromagnetic properties of the intermetallic compound Mn23C6. The bulk Mn23C6 sample had been synthesized using high temperature high pressure quenching method (HTHPQM), and investigated in detail by X-ray diffraction, electron microscope, magnetization and electrical resistivity measurements, etc. First-principles calculation based on Density Functional Theory ab intio simulation was carried out to calculate the bonding and electromagnetic properties of Mn23C6. Based on our experimental and simulated results, the Mn23C6 in this work is single phase of a faced-centered cubic structure with space group Fm-3m (No. 225). Determined by SEM and TEM, the bulk sample consists of monocrystal Mn23C6 crystals with 2-15 μm grain sizes, it is the quick quenching method in synthesizing process that brings such small crystal grain size. Archimedes method shows its density is 7.14 g/cm3, 95.74 % of its theoretically calculated density 7.458 g/cm3. Owing to the abundant Mn 3d electrons and a framework of strongly linked Mn atoms in Mn23C6, the electrical conductivity is up to 8.47×10-4 Ω·m, which shows that Mn23C6 is a good conductor. Our magnetic susceptibility analyses reveal there is a magnetization peak observed in M-T curve at 104 K, combined with the M-H curve and Curie-Weiss law, this peak usually means the transformation between paramagnetic and antiferromagnetic. To get an insight into the mechanism of the magnetic phase transition, we calculated the magnetic properties, and the results show that different with normal antiferromagnetic, the magnetic orders in Mn23C6 consist of three parts, the direct ferromagnetic and antiferromagnetic exchange coupling interactions between Mn atoms, and the indirect antiferromagnetic super-exchange interaction between Mn and C atoms. Therefore, we reveal that the Mn23C6 is a complex magnetic competition system including different magnetic orders and interactions, instead of the normal long-range antiferromagnetic order.
Impact of message fatigue and Individual behavioral responses on epidemiological spread in temporal simplicial networks
Authors: Fan Xiao-Nan , You Xue-mei
Published: January 2025

Health information spreads rapidly, which can effectively control epidemics. However, the swift dissemination of information also has potential negative impacts, increasingly attracting attention. Message fatigue refers to the psychological response characterized by feelings of boredom and anxiety that occur after receiving an excessive amount of similar information. This phenomenon can alter individual behaviors related to epidemic prevention. Additionally, recent studies indicate that pairwise interactions alone are insufficient to describe complex social transmission processes, and higher-order structures representing group interactions are crucial. To address this, we develop a novel epidemic model that investigates the interactions between information, behavioral responses, and epidemics. Our model incorporates the impact of message fatigue on the entire transmission system. The information layer is modeled using a static simplicial network to capture group interactions, while the disease layer uses a time-varying network based on activity-driven model with attractiveness to represent the self-protection behaviors of susceptible individuals and self-isolation behaviors of infected individuals. We theoretically describe the co-evolution equations using the microscopic Markov chain approach (MMCA) and get the epidemic threshold. Experimental results show that while the negative impact of message fatigue on epidemic transmission is limited, it significantly weakens the group interactions depicted by higher-order structures. Individual behavioral responses strongly inhibit the epidemic. We simulations using the Monte Carlo (MC) method demonstrate that greater intensity in these responses leads to clustering of susceptible individuals in the disease layer. Finally, we applied the proposed model to real networks to verify its reliability. In summary, our research results enhance the understanding of the information-epidemic coupling dynamics, and we expect to provide valuable guidance for managing future emerging epidemics.
HGCAL SiPM-on-tile full-stack integration with the Serenity Phase-2 DAQ hardware
Authors: Hummer F. ,   the CMS collaboration
Published: January 2025

For the upcoming high-luminosity LHC, the endcap calorimeters of the CMS experiment will be replaced by the high granularity calorimeter (HGCAL), a sampling calorimeter using both silicon and scintillator as active materials in different regions depending on the radiation dose. This contribution describes the integration details of the scintillator-based front-end into the readout chain of HGCAL.
A prototype of the SiPM-on-tile readout chain was successfully operated in two recent beam tests at CERN SPS, demonstrating stable operation in a 3 T magnetic field and synchronization of sensor modules across different optical links.
For the first time, both the silicon and SiPM-on-tile sensors of HGCAL are integrated into a single system utilizing a Serenity-Z FPGA card. Coarse event data which would be used for trigger logic are read out synchronously for both sensor types and across multiple layers.
3D integration of pixel readout chips using Through-Silicon-Vias
Authors: Diaz Francisco Piernas , Alozy Jerome , Al-Tawil Sara , Buytaert Jan , Campbell Michael , Fritzsch Thomas , Kloukinas Kostas , Kovacs Mark Istvan , Cudie Xavier Llopart , Barreto Pinto Mateus Vicente , Wyllie Ken
Published: January 2025

Particle tracking and imaging detectors are becoming increasingly complex, driven by demands for densely integrated functionality and maximal sensitive area. These challenging requirements can be met using 3D interconnect techniques widely used in industry. In this paper, we present the results of an evaluation of the 3D Through-Silicon-Via (TSV) technology, using the Timepix4 integrated circuit as a test-vehicle. We will present the concepts for 3D integration and test results from TSV-processed chips bonded to custom-designed circuit boards conceived as proofs-of-principle for future detector modules.
Production testing of the COLUTA ADC ASIC for the ATLAS HL-LHC Liquid Argon calorimeter readout
Authors: Panchal D. , Andeen T.
Published: January 2025

The COLUTA (COLumbia-University of Texas at Austin) ASIC is an 8-channel, 15-bit, 40 million samples per second (MSPS), analog-to-digital (ADC) converter designed for the high-luminosity LHC (HL-LHC) upgrade of the Liquid Argon (LAr) calorimeter readout electronics. The production version of the ADC meets and exceeds the specifications for the analog performance and the HL-LHC radiation tolerance.
Radiation tolerance test procedure and the results of the irradiation test on pre-production lot chips will be discussed. The production testing will be performed by a custom-designed robotic test setup which will test 80,000 chips required for the upgrade. The chip performance results, and the chip quality information are stored in a local and centralized database.
Results from robotic chip-testing of the production lots will be described, along with the yields of the chips which meet the specifications for the upgrade.
EMCI-EMP: developments and experience with the novel detector control solution
Authors: Ecker D. , Dubru P. , Foged S. , Kanellos N. , Moschovakos P. , Ryjov V. , Schlenker S.
Published: January 2025

The Embedded Monitoring and Control Interface (EMCI) and Embedded Monitoring Processor (EMP) system is a state-of-the-art solution developed for the Detector Control System (DCS) upgrade in the ATLAS experiment. The EMCI serves as a radiation-tolerant interface for control and monitoring data of the detector Front-End electronics. The EMP, a multi-processing System on Chip (MPSoC) platform, serves as the interface between the EMCIs and the Back-End of the DCS, providing centralized data handling and monitoring capabilities. The firmware and software ecosystem includes the EMP operating system (epos), dedicated firmware IP blocks, associated software libraries, and OPC UA based middleware applications. This paper focuses on the ongoing hardware verification and development of the firmware and software infrastructure for the EMCI-EMP system.
Segmenting spatter particles on additively manufactured surfaces using deep learning
Authors: Ng Hwee Ping , Chan Qijian , Tan Zheng Jie , Ssebaggala Ronnie , Lifton Joseph John
Published: January 2025

Metal additively manufactured (AM) surfaces do not exhibit the same surface features as machined surfaces. Rather than cutting marks, the additive surface may display surface features such as spatter particles, weld tracks, cracks, and surface breaking pores. These features are not well described by surface height parameters that were developed for machined surfaces. Therefore, an AM specific surface characterisation approach is required; feature based surface characterisation is a promising approach, but it requires surface features to be manually segmented which is a subjective process. In this work, a U-Net spatter particle segmentation algorithm is developed that removes the subjectivity of manual surface feature segmentation. A U-Net model is trained to segment spatter particles from optical measurements of 20 different metal AM samples. The performance of the U-Net segmentation algorithm is compared to segmenting the spatter particles using manual thresholding. The results show that the U-Net segmentation approach outperforms manual segmentations for 2 of 3 test samples considered. It is found that for 2 of 3 samples, the U-Net segmentation algorithm detects spatter particles that are missed by the manual segmentation approach. It is concluded that further training of the U-Net approach is required before it can fully supersede manual segmentation. In the future, it may be possible to replace human operators that subjectively segment surface features with robust machine learning-based surface feature segmentation algorithms. This novel application of U-Net for AM surface feature segmentation has the potential to automate surface characterisation for metal AM process optimisation, and for quality control in production environments.
Antonio Vivaldi, Oboe Sonata in C Minor, RV 53 (c. 1720)
Authors: Lewis Nora Anderson
Published: January 2025

This chapter offers historical context and musical analysis of Antonio Vivaldi’s Oboe Sonata in C Minor, RV 53. As the foremost Italian composer of his generation, Vivaldi’s innovative style and orchestration laid the foundation for the mature Baroque concerto. Born in Venice in 1678, Vivaldi’s journey began as a virtuoso violinist, later expanding into composition. The sonata reflects his time at the Pio Ospedale della Pietà, an orphanage where he served as a violin teacher and house priest. Composed for the highly skilled figlie di coro, female musicians in the orphanage, this work exemplifies Vivaldi’s prolific output during this period. The sonata’s historical significance lies in its blurring of boundaries between church and chamber sonatas, characteristic of the Italian Baroque era. Moreover, its exploration of diverse tempos, harmonic shifts, and innovative use of the oboe as a solo instrument highlights Vivaldi’s experimental and influential approach to composition.
Tomaso Albinoni, Concerto in D Minor, Op. 9, No. 2 (c. 1722)
Authors: Lewis Nora Anderson
Published: January 2025

This chapter examines the historical context and offers musical analysis of Tomaso Albinoni’s oboe concerto, Op. 9, No. 2. Albinoni, born in Venice, Italy, pursued music despite his family’s successful paper merchant business. He opted to be a dilettante, publishing music for connoisseurs and music lovers rather than seeking appointments in the church or court. The oboe concertos of Albinoni’s Concerti a cinque, Op. 7 and Op. 9, showcase his unique approach to composition. Drawing on his training as a singer, Albinoni aimed to evoke a vocal quality through the oboe, resulting in idiomatic and intimate chamber music. This chapter also explores the Venetian solo concerto style, with its ritornello format, brilliant solo parts, and expressive elements. The musical analysis assesses structural characteristics such as the interplay between the solo oboe and ensemble, melodic development, and textural shifts. Notably, Albinoni’s music gained popularity in Germany and influenced composers including Handel.
Georg Philipp Telemann, Partita 5, from Kleine Cammer-Music (TWV 41:e1) (1716)
Authors: Lewis Nora Anderson
Published: January 2025

This chapter features Georg Philipp Telemann’s Partita 5 (TWV 41:e1) from Kleine Cammer-Music (1716) and discusses the historical context of Telemann’s chamber music. This music experienced renewed interest by the Early Music Movement in the 1980s, despite having been previously overshadowed by his contemporary, J.S. Bach, whose contrapuntal complexity was preferred over Telemann’s melodic galant approach. Discussion of Telemann’s life, musical precocity, and education, highlights his familiarity with and fondness for the oboe. Telemann’s influential four-decade career in Hamburg, his contributions to the city’s musical life, his collaboration with oboists, particularly Michael Böhm, and his successful music-publishing business are also explored. Each movement is analyzed to reveal the composition’s stylistic characteristics, such as its lyrical and imitative elements, rhythmic nuances, and stylized dance movements. Overall, Telemann’s instrumental writing and progressive choice to compose for the oboe demonstrate his mastery of this early eighteenth-century musical idiom.
Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach, Oboe Sonata in G Minor, H 549, Wq 135 (before 1735)
Authors: Lewis Nora Anderson
Published: January 2025

This chapter explores the historical context and musical analysis of Carl Philipp Emanuel Bach’s Oboe Sonata in G Minor, H 549, Wq 135. C.P.E. Bach, the second surviving son of Johann Sebastian Bach, was a prolific composer and influential figure in the transition from Baroque to Classical style. Born in Weimar, Germany, he later became Court Harpsichordist in Berlin under King Frederick II and authored a significant treatise on performance practice. Composed during his teenage years in Leipzig and influenced by his father, this sonata exemplifies C.P.E. Bach’s mastery of the emerging German galant style. The first movement, Adagio, showcases dramatic and dissonant vocal qualities, Lombardic rhythms, and expressive recitative-like sections. Contrasting with it, the Allegro second movement features sonata form characteristics, offering harmonic clarity and respite. The final movement, Vivace, in simple triple meter with binary forms, includes a Minuet and variations with syncopation that echo the preceding movements.