bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Active Ageing and education in mid and later life
Authors: DAVEY JUDITH A.
Published: July 2002

Demographic change means not only that there will be a larger number of very old people in the future, but also that the median age of the population is moving upwards. At the same time, technological, economic and political change has destabilised labour markets. In the face of growing unemployment, and influenced by early retirement policies in some countries, labour market attachment for people in mid and later life, especially men, has been falling. Increasing costs of supporting ‘non-productive’ mid-lifers and looming skill and labour shortages have now led to the promotion of Active Ageing policies. Education for people in mid and later life is central to this approach. A study of almost 1,000 students aged 40 years and over at the Victoria University of Wellington, New Zealand, reveals patterns of educational involvement, motives and outcomes, and shows the extent of up-skilling which is taking place. This example illustrates prospects for and challenges to the role of education as part of an Active Ageing approach.
Parallel kinematic machine design with kinetostatic model
Authors: Zhang Dan , Gosselin Clément M.
Published: July 2002

In this paper, a new method – named lumped kinetostatic modeling – to analyze the effect of the link flexibility on the mechanism's stiffness
is provided. A new type of mechanism whose degree of freedom (dof) is dependent on a passive constraining leg connecting the base and the platform is introduced and analyzed. With the proposed kinetostatic model, a significant effect of the link flexibility on the mechanism's precision has been demonstrated. The influence of the change in structure parameters, including material properties, on the system behavior is discussed. In the paper, the geometric model of this kind of mechanism is first introduced. Then, a lumped kinetostatic model is proposed in order to account for joint and link compliances; some results and design guidelines are obtained. Finally, the optimization of the precision is addressed using a genetic algorithm.
A non-contact end-effector for the handling of garments
Authors: Ozcelik Babur , Erzincanli Fehmi
Published: July 2002

In order to handle a material with either a delicate surface or an air permeable structure, a novel nozzle was designed and developed. This nozzle utilises the phenomena of the radial air outflow. It is envisaged that this new nozzle will handle materials by eliminating surface marking and air permeable structure problems.
Book Review
Authors: Andrew Alex M.
Published: July 2002

KNOWLEDGE IN ACTION: LOGICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR SPECIFYING AND IMPLEMENTING DYNAMICAL SYSTEMS, by Raymond Reiter, MIT Press, Cambridge, Mass., 2001, xx + 424 pp., ISBN 0-262-18218-l (Hardback, £34.50)
Language diversity and international communication
Authors: Salverda Reinier
Published: July 2002

Some reflections on why English is necessary but not enough.

On 11 May 2001, as part of the EU-Japan Friendship Week, and on the occasion of the European Year of Languages, a one-day symposium on ‘The Future of Linguistic Diversity’ was held at the Japan Foundation in Tokyo: see ET67, Jul 01. In his contribution to this symposium, Professor Reinier Salverda of University College London (as the representative of the Netherlands) discussed how it may be possible to work towards successful international communication in a world that is nonetheless marked by great diversity of language. The following adapted and extended version of his EYL presentation discusses both multilingualism today and the view that English, while necessary in global terms, is hardly enough.
Responses of three sympatric snake species to tropical seasonality in northern Australia
Authors: Brown Gregory P. , Shine Richard , Madsen Thomas
Published: July 2002

In the Australian wet–dry tropics, temperatures are high year-round but rainfall is concentrated in a 4-mo wet season. Regular nightly surveys in the Fogg Dam Nature Reserve provided data on temporal (monthly, seasonal) variation in biological attributes of three snake species: water pythons (Liasis fuscus, Pythonidae), keelbacks (Tropidonophis mairii, Colubridae) and slatey-grey snakes (Stegonotus cucullatus, Colubridae). Adults of all three taxa were encountered more frequently during the dry season than the wet season, whereas juveniles were more commonly encountered in the wet season. The sex ratio among adult snakes also shifted seasonally, but in different ways in different species. These sex-ratio shifts probably reflect reproductive activity (mate-searching by males, oviposition migrations by females) and were accompanied by increased encounter rates. Feeding rates and body condition of keelbacks (a frog specialist) were highest during the wet season when frogs were most abundant. Rats migrated away from Fogg Dam during the wet season, and most pythons (rat specialists) left this area to follow their prey. The pythons that remained at Fogg Dam exhibited low feeding rates and poor body condition. Slatey-grey snakes (a generalist predator) showed less seasonal variation in feeding rates or body condition. Our data show that tropical seasonality induces strong fluctuations in many attributes of snake populations, and that patterns of response differ both among and within species.
Learning to construct verbs in Navajo and Quechua
Authors: COURTNEY ELLEN H. , SAVILLE-TROIKE MURIEL
Published: July 2002

Navajo and Quechua, both languages with a highly complex morphology, provide intriguing insights into the acquisition of inflectional systems. The development of the verb in the two languages is especially interesting, since the morphology encodes diverse grammatical notions, with the complex verb often constituting the entire sentence. While the verb complex in Navajo is stem-final, with prefixes appended to the stem in a rigid sequence, Quechua verbs are assembled entirely through suffixation, with some variation in affix ordering.

We explore issues relevant to the acquisition of verb morphology by children learning Navajo and Quechua as their first language. Our study presents naturalistic speech samples produced by five Navajo children, aged 1;1 to 4;7, and by four Quechua-speaking children, aged 2;0 to 3;5. We centre our analysis on the role of phonological criteria in segmentation of verb stems and affixes, the production of amalgams, the problem of homophony, and the significance of distributional learning and semantic criteria in the development of the verb template. The phenomena observed in our data are discussed in light of several proposals, especially those of Peters, Pinker, Slobin, and Hyams.
Relevance and early word learning
Authors: AKHTAR NAMEERA
Published: July 2002

Several theorists have proposed that children may interpret an ambiguous word by attending to the dimension that is most relevant in the immediate discourse context. The current study offers a direct test of this hypothesis. Children aged 2;6 and 3;4 (N = 24 in each group) were presented with a novel object with an unusual shape and texture and were told ‘This is a dacky one’. In the Shape-Relevant condition, two other objects' shapes were described before the target object was labelled (‘This is a round one; this is a square one’). In the Texture-Relevant condition, two preceding objects' textures were described (‘This is a smooth one; this is a fuzzy one’). Subsequent comprehension tests indicated that, in extending the novel adjective to other exemplars, children attended to the dimension that was most relevant to the preceding discourse context.
Proof of Lorch's conjecture on ultraspherical polynomials
Authors: IMHOF LORENS A.
Published: July 2002

We use a Volterra integral equation to derive lower bounds for the local maxima of
|un(θ)| = (sin θ)λ|P(λ)n(cos θ)|, where P(λ)n (·) is the nth ultraspherical polynomial with
parameter 0 < λ < 1. Moreover, inequalities for the critical points and inequalities
between the extrema of un(θ) and un−1(θ) are obtained. The results are applied to
show that, for every λ, the maxima of (n+λ)1−λ|un(θ)| form a strictly increasing
sequence. This establishes a conjecture of Lorch [12, 13].
Marcinkiewicz integral operators on product domains
Authors: RIM KYUNG SOO
Published: July 2002

With the cancellation property of the bounded kernel, we prove that the
generalized Marcinkiewicz integral operator is bounded on L2 (ℝn×ℝm) for all dimensions
n, m.
Navigating Between Anchored Ships and Manoeuvering Difficulty
Authors: Usui Hideo
Published: July 2002

When anchorages are arranged in a harbour, the manoeuvering difficulty of a ship navigating between anchored ships should be considered. However, until now, nobody has researched how to design the arrangement of anchorages from the viewpoint of manoeuvering difficulty. In this paper, the relationship between the arrangement of anchorages and manoeuvering difficulty is systematically analysed by applying the Environmental Stress Model to the problems of a ship navigating between anchored ships. Based on this analysis, a method of designing the arrangement of anchorages is considered that ensures manoeuvering difficulty is at an acceptable level for mariners. The distance needed between the anchored ships has been proposed to accord with the length of the navigating ship and the mean length of anchored ships.
Ionospheric Correction for GPS Tracking of LEO Satellites
Authors: Montenbruck Oliver , Gill Eberhard
Published: July 2002

This paper describes an ionospheric correction technique for single frequency GPS measurements from satellites in low Earth orbit. The fractional total electron content (TEC) above the receiver altitude is obtained from global TEC maps of the International GPS Service network and an altitude dependent scale factor. By choosing a suitable effective height of the residual ionosphere, the resulting path delay for positive elevations is then computed from a thin layer approximation. The scale factor can be predicted from the assumption of a Chapman profile for the altitude variation of the electron density or adjusted as a free parameter in the processing of an extended set of single frequency measurements. The suitability of the proposed model is assessed by comparison with flight data from the Champ satellite that orbits the Earth at an altitude of 450 km. For the given test case, a 90% correction of the ionospheric error is achieved in a reduced dynamic orbit determination based on single frequency C/A-code measurements.
On the origin of faeces: morphological versus molecular methods for surveying rare carnivores from their scats
Authors: Davison Angus , Birks Johnny D. S. , Brookes Rachael C. , Braithwaite Tony C. , Messenger John E.
Published: July 2002

Charismatic mammals remain a linchpin in attracting publicity and funds for the conservation of native habitats and organisms. Unfortunately, the same animals are frequently scarce and difficult to survey. For many, confirming their presence through faecal surveys is the only cost‐effective approach. Here we show that, contrary to received opinion, expert naturalists fail reliably to distinguish pine marten Martes martes faeces (‘scats’) from those of foxes Vulpes vulpes. Moreover, their judgement fails completely when the animals and their scats are at their most scarce. This unexpected result from such a well‐studied species has important implications for the monitoring of endangered mammals. We recommend that in the future, a multi‐evidence approach should be adopted to monitor elusive mammals, involving DNA methods, cast hair identification, camera traps, and non‐leading ‘sighting’ questionaires. For national surveys, it may soon become cost‐effective to screen large numbers of samples using microarray technology.
Re‐evaluation of the Taiwanese white‐toothed shrew, Crocidura tadae Tokuda and Kano, 1936 (Insectivora: Soricidae) from Taiwan and two offshore islands
Authors: Fang Yin‐Ping , Lee Ling‐Ling
Published: July 2002

Crocidura tadae was first reported as a new species from Orchid Island by Tokuda & Kano (1936). However, both C. tadae and C. kurodai from Taiwan were considered as subspecies of C. horsfieldii by subsequent researchers. In the present study, the karyotypic and morphological differences among the potential C. tadae specimens from Taiwan main island and two offshore islands (Orchid Island and Green Island) were examined. The results revealed that there is no significant difference in the karyotypes of these shrews but that their karyotype is different from that of other Crocidura species. Therefore, the Tadae's shrew C. tadae Tokuda & Kano, 1936 should be a valid species. Furthermore, morphological variation in 25 external and cranial characters of 106 specimens were analysed using univariate statistics, and eight selected characters were used for multivariate analyses. Univariate statistical comparisons of the three insular samples revealed that shrews of the Green Island population were the largest in most measurements of characters and shrews of the Orchid Island population were the smallest. Multivariate analysis differentiated the Taiwan samples from the other two insular samples. Therefore, three subspecies of C. tadae are recognized: C. t. tadae (Orchid Island); C. t. kurodai (Taiwan) and C. t. lutaoensis subsp. nov (Green Island).
Timing of breeding, productivity and survival of long‐tailed bats Chalinolobus tuberculatus (Chiroptera: Vespertilionidae) in cold‐temperate rainforest in New Zealand
Authors: O'Donnell Colin F. J.
Published: July 2002

Breeding of the threatened long‐tailed bat Chalinolobus tuberculatus was studied over seven summers, 1993–2000, in temperate rainforest, Fiordland, New Zealand. Reproductive history of 789 marked bats from three social groups was investigated. Seventy per cent of births occurred over a 10‐day period in mid‐December. Young began flying at 5–6 weeks and nipples of reproductive females were regressing 2 weeks later. Sex ratio at birth was equal. Lactation coincided with highest annual air temperatures and peak abundance of flying invertebrates. Date of first birth varied by 4 days annually, but date of first flight varied by 17 days. Males had distended cauda epididymides at 1 year old (mean±SE = 1.63±0.16 years) and epididymal distension peaked in early autumn. Females first gave birth at 2–3 years of age (2.33±0.08 years). The short, highly synchronous breeding season, birth of single young, early mating in autumn, and late age of female sexual maturity compared to similar‐sized vespertilionids, may be related to low food availability and unpredictable cold‐temperate weather conditions. Annual productivity did not differ among groups but probability of survival of juveniles varied from 0.26 to 0.88 and was inversely proportional to size of natal group. Variability in breeding parameters was unrelated to climate or body condition of bats. The group with highest survival rates contained reproductive females and juveniles with significantly higher body condition. Differences in roost site or food quality within the home range of each group, varying genetic quality of members of the groups, or density‐dependent mechanisms, may explain differential survival, but these hypotheses require investigation. A population crash and poor productivity in 1996 coincided with an irruption in the numbers of stoats Mustela erminea implying that predation by introduced animals can cause periodic population crashes. These results should be used to examine implications of these hypotheses on the long‐term viability of Chalinolobus populations.
Head bobbing and the movement of the centre of gravity in walking pigeons (Columba livia)
Authors: Fujita Masaki
Published: July 2002

The head bobbing of a walking bird is considered as an optokinetic response, but the question of why head bobbing is synchronized with leg movement is not clear. It is possible that head bobbing also has biomechanical correlation with leg movement at least during walking. Movement of the centre of gravity (COG) along the sagittal axis was estimated in pigeons Columba livia from carcasses and motion analysis from video films of walking. Although it was ascertained that the head thrust observed in the double support phase helps to shift the COG over the supporting foot around the beginning of the single support phase, its effect was very small. The hold phase showed correlation with the COG positioning over the supporting foot in the single support phase. Stabilization of the eyes during the single support phase may be significant for the control of balance.
The odour of pyrazine increases the egg mass of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus L.)
Authors: Barnea Anat , Rothschild Miriam
Published: July 2002

Forty leghorn chickens at the commencement of egg laying, were divided into two groups, each with 10 females and 10 males. One group was exposed to the odour of synthetic pyrazine (2‐methoxy‐3‐isobutylpyrazine) for 16 weeks while the other acted as a control. During the first 4 weeks the hens exposed to pyrazine odour laid significantly fewer eggs (unfertilized) than the controls, but thereafter both groups laid a similar number. Mean egg mass of the pyrazine exposed hens was significantly (P= 0.012) greater (5.5%) than that of the control group. No significant difference was found in body mass or eggshell thickness. Similarly, there were no consistent significant differences between groups in oestrogen and testosterone concentrations in the blood of females and males, respectively. No pyrazine could be detected in cloacal extracts. The experiment shows that an external odour can affect the internal reproductive system of the chicken. It is suggested that the pyrazine‐engendered increase in egg mass involves neuroendocrine regulation within the hypothalamus rather than hormonal interactions ‘downstream’ of the brain.
Reshaping Rural Culture? The Church of England and Hiring Fairs in the East Riding of Yorkshire c. 1850–80
Authors: MOSES GARY
Published: July 2002

A previous article in Rural History entitled ‘“Rustic and Rude”: Hiring Fairs and their Critics in East Yorkshire c. 1850–75’, examined a critique of hiring fairs and farm service mounted by the Church of England in the East Riding of Yorkshire during the mid-Victorian period. This discussion builds upon that article by offering a more detailed examination of the actual attempts to reform and abolish hiring fairs that emanated from that critique. The article examines three stages of reform and abolition stretching over the mid-Victorian period: a first stage that centred upon imposing a system of hiring based upon written characters; a second stage that focussed upon imposing segregated hiring for male and female servants, and a final abolitionist stage. The campaign's tactics and the various measures deployed against hiring fairs during each stage are detailed and their level of success evaluated and explained. The broader motivations of the campaign and the manner in which they signified deeper Church anxieties about the nature of the rural social order are also discussed in a concluding evaluation of the campaign's impact.
Abstracts
Authors: Rashed Roshdi
Published: July 2002

Among the phenomena examined in the Meteorologica, some, although they are sublunar, are too distant to be accessible to direct study. To remedy this situation, it was necessary to develop procedures and methods which could allow observation, and above all the geometrical control of observations. The eventual result of this research was to detach the phenomenon under consideration from meteorology, and to insert it within optics or astronomy. Abū Sahl al-Qūhī (second half of the tenth century), composed a treatise on shooting stars in which he carries out such an insertion. In a second treatise, he deals with another type of observation, intended to measure maritime, terrestrial, and celestial surfaces. Here, the author studies al-Qūhī's contribution and gives the editio princeps of these two treatises, as well as their translation.
Deux éditions récentes de textes d'astronomie arabe
Authors: MORELON RÉGIS
Published: July 2002

Na[sdotu]īr al-Dīn al-[Tdotu]ūsī, Memoir on Astronomy (al-Tadhkira fī ‘ilm al-hay’a, Edited with Introduction, Translation and Commentary by F.J. Ragep, 2 vols., XV + 656 + XV pp., figs., index. New York - Berlin - Heidelberg..., Springer Verlag, 1993 (Sources in the History of Mathematics and Physical Sciences, 12).

[Sdotu]adr al-Sharī‘a. An Islamic Response to Greek Astronomy: Kitāb Ta‘dīl Hay’at al-Aflāk of [sdotu]adr al-Sharīa, Edited with Translation and Commentary by Ahmad S. Dallal, X + 461 pp., figs., index. Leiden - New York - Köln, E.J. Brill, 1995 (Islamic Philosophy, Theology & Science, Texts and Studies, vol. 23).
Al-Māhānī's Commentary on the Concept of Ratio
Authors: Vahabzadeh Bijan
Published: July 2002

The mathematician al-Māhānī (9th century AD) is the author of one of the first commentaries on the fifth Book of Euclid's Elements which have been handed down to us. In this commentary, al-Māhānī intends to justify Definitions V. 5 and V. 7 of the Elements, which deal with the identity of ratios and with greater ratio, by starting from an anthyphairetic conception of ratio, and by proving the equivalence of the Euclidean and the anthyphairetic points of view. We will try in this paper to describe in detail the content of al-Māhānī's commentary, basing ourselves on a thorough examination of most of the extant manuscripts of the Arabic text. The reader will also find in the appendices a mathematical commentary, an English translation, and a critical edition of al-Māhānī's commentary.
Resistance, reluctance and radicalism: A study of staff reaction to
the adoption of CALL/C&IT in modern languages departments
Authors: GILLESPIE JOHN H. , BARR J. DAVID
Published: July 2002

This paper examines staff reaction towards the use of Computer Assisted Language
Learning (CALL) and Communications and Information Technology (C&IT) in language learning and teaching.
It considers the attitudes of colleagues in three different universities, two in the UK and one in Canada.
Our findings suggest that staff in these three locations are not resistant to the use of computer technology
in learning and teaching but rather that any hesitations they have are due to a range of different factors
of a practical kind, ranging from time pressures to course relevance. We found that staff in one institution
are clearly more enthusiastic about using CALL and C&IT than colleagues in the other two, but that they
were also widely welcomed in the latter. One of the main reasons for this has been the creation of common
learning environments on the Web. In addition, findings show that staff already convinced of the benefits
that CALL and C&IT bring to the teaching and learning experience (radicals) have a role in encouraging
their less enthusiastic colleagues to begin using this form of technology. However, we found that the majority
of colleagues are not radicals, but pragmatists, and are willing to make use of CALL and C&IT provided
that the benefits are clearly guaranteed. There remains a small minority of conservatives. No suggestions
are made as to how to deal with them.
The Great Bustard Otis tarda population in Morocco 1998–2001
Authors: Hellmich Joachim , Idaghdour Youssef
Published: July 2002

The Moroccan population of Great Bustard Otis tarda was surveyed in the four years 1998–2001. Highest numbers were counted in December 1998 (21 males, 62–65 females, four first-year males: total c. 90) and March 2001 (15 males, 60–66 females, four first-year males: total 75–81). Combining enquiry results from local people with these data, the population size for spring is estimated at 92–111 individuals, and 117–133 for winter. Reproduction is confirmed. Threats to the population include illegal hunting, habitat loss through agricultural intensification (irrigation, use of pesticides) and infrastructural changes (construction of a motorway and a powerplant), disturbance, and accidents at powerlines and antennas. Several conservation measures are suggested: cease hunting; maximize the attention given to display sites; encourage villagers to carry out “Great Bustard-friendly” land use and adapt animal stocks to the carrying capacity of their regions; clarify the situation of genetic exchange between Spanish and Moroccan populations; study movements between the Moroccan sites; monitor the size and trends of the most important subpopulations; and conduct education campaigns in schools and increase public awareness among adults.
Population sizes and the status of endemic and restricted-range bird
species on Sangihe Island, Indonesia
Authors: Riley Jon
Published: July 2002

The island of Sangihe, Indonesia, was visited in 1998–99 with the
aim of producing population estimates of the island's endemic and other
restricted-range bird species, some of which were poorly known and thought
to be at risk of extinction due to habitat change. The study focused on the
last remaining patch of primary forest, on Mount
Sahendaruman in southern Sangihe, home to three critically endangered
endemic species: Cerulean Paradise-flycatcher Eutrichomyias
rowleyi, Sangihe Shrike-thrush Colluricincla sanghirensis,
and Sangihe White-eye Zosterops nehrkorni. Population densities
were estimated from primary forest and secondary habitats across Sangihe to
assess species dependency on primary habitat. Twenty of 24
restricted-range, globally threatened or endemic taxa were recorded and
density estimates were calculated for 15 of these. The endemic Red-and-blue
Lory Eos histrio is extinct on Sangihe as a result of lowland
forest loss. Six species (Nicobar Pigeon Caloenas nicobarica,
Sulawesi Dwarf Kingfisher Ceyx fallax, Golden Bulbul Ixos
affinis, E. rowleyi, C. sanghirensis, and Z. nehrkorni) were
either not recorded or have very
small populations and are critically endangered on Sangihe; two species of
Tanygnathus parrot are also facing local extinction on the island.
The major threat to all these species is the destruction of primary forest;
larger species are also threatened by hunting. The remaining endemic and
restricted-range species (Blue-tailed Imperial Pigeon Ducula
concinna, Sangihe Hanging-parrot Loriculus catamene, Sangihe
Scops-owl Otus collari, Lilac-cheeked Kingfisher Cittura
cyanotis and Elegant Sunbird Aethopyga duyvenbodei) were more
widespread and occurred in secondary habitats. I recommend that L.
catamene and A. duyvenbodei, currently treated as globally
endangered, be reclassified as near-threatened and vulnerable respectively because of their large populations
and tolerance of disturbed habitats. Species with wide global ranges that
are represented by endemic subspecies have the greatest tolerance for
disturbed habitat. The widespread deforestation of Sangihe has had serious
consequences for many bird species and today the island supports the most
threatened assemblage of single-island endemic species in Indonesia.
Species-specific research to determine the status and ecology of E.
rowleyi, C. sanghirensis and Z. nehrkorni, and monitoring of
the Sahendaruman forest are desperately needed as a basis for future
conservation efforts.
Hypergraph construction and its application to the static analysis of concurrent systems
Authors: KÖNIG BARBARA
Published: July 2002

We define a construction operation on hypergraphs based on a colimit and show that its
expressiveness is equal to the graph expressions of Bauderon and Courcelle. We also
demonstrate that by closing a set of rewrite rules under graph construction we obtain a
notion of rewriting equivalent to the double-pushout approach of Ehrig. The usefulness of
our approach for the compositional modelling of concurrent systems is then demonstrated
by giving a semantics of process graphs (corresponding to a process calculus with mobility)
and of Petri nets. We introduce on the basis if a hypergraph construction, a method for the
static analysis of process graphs, related to type systems.
A NEW ENDEMIC SPECIES OF BEGONIA (BEGONIACEAE) FROM THE SOCOTRA ARCHIPELAGO
Authors: HUGHES M. , MILLER A. G.
Published: July 2002

The new species Begonia samhaensis, in section Peltaugustia (Warb.) Barkley, is described from the island of Samha in the Socotra archipelago. It differs from the only other species in the section, B. socotrana Hook.f., in a number of gross morphological characters and is likely to be a relict taxon rather than the result of more recent dispersal and divergence. A revision of sect. Peltaugustia is presented. Detailed surveys have been carried out on both species. The new species has a restricted distribution and a total population of fewer than 1000 individuals, and is recommended to be placed in the IUCN category VU D1, 2. Begonia socotrana has been found in new sites, and is locally common in parts of its range. Its current placing in the IUCN ‘Vulnerable’ category is considered to be unwarranted, and it is recommended that the species should be listed as ‘Least Concern’.
The Goodness of Strangers: Help to Escaped Russian Slave Labourers in Occupied Jersey, 1942–1945
Authors: Willmot Louise
Published: July 2002

Between 1942 and 1945, 5,300 Organisation Todt workers were brought to Jersey to build the defensive fortifications ordered by Hitler. A small number of Russian slave labourers escaped from island camps and were sheltered by Jersey residents until the liberation. The article describes the activities of these helpers and the rudimentary network of safe houses they created, as well as comparing their motives with those of the rescuers of Jews in occupied Europe. It ends by outlining reasons for the neglect of this episode of British wartime history and suggests the adoption of a comparative approach as the best way towards an understanding of the possibilities and limitations of resistance in the Channel Islands.
Thyroid disorders in pregnancy
Authors: Alexander C , Greer IA
Published: July 2002

Thyroid disorders are common in young women and are, therefore, amongst the commonest endocrine disorders to be encountered in pregnancy. Pregnancy outcomes for mother and fetus are usually good, but assessment and monitoring are required, often in conjunction with an endocrinologist, and, occasionally, serious complications are encountered.
Bovine abnormal preimplantation embryos: analysis of segregated cells occurring in the subzonal space and/or blastocoele cavity for their nuclear morphology and persistence of RNA synthesis
Authors: Pivko J. , Grafanau P. , Kubovičová E.
Published: July 2002

Bovine embryos in the early blastocyst/blastocyst stage were analysed by [5-3H]uridine labelling followed by electron microscopic autoradiography. In normal control embryos an intact zona pellucida, evenly developed blastomeres and a transparent perivitelline space were seen. In this group, the blastomeres of the trophoblast and embryoblast showed high homogeneous labelling localised in the nucleoplasm and even more intense labelling in the nucleolus. On the contrary, in addition to evident cytoplasmic disintegration, a clearly different labelling pattern and a low labelling intensity were observed in the nuclei of the segregated cells in the subzonal space and in those free in the blastocoele cavity. A typical nuclear morphological feature of these blastomeres was chromatin marginalisation, similar to that observed in embryos treated with actinomycin D for transcription inhibition. It is concluded that the segregated cells are arrested in their further differentiation.
In vitro production of cattle-water buffalo (Bos taurus - Bubalus bubalis) hybrid embryos
Authors: Kochhar H.P.S. , Appa Rao K.B.C. , Luciano A.M. , Totey S.M. , Gandolfi F. , Basrur P.K. , King W.A.
Published: July 2002

Interspecific hybrid embryos are useful models for the study of maternal-fetal interactions, transmission pattern of species-specific markers and parental contributions to growth and developmental potential of pre-attachment embryos. In an attempt to investigate the possibility of producing hybrid embryos
of domestic cattle (Bos taurus) and water buffalo (Bubalus bubalis), cattle oocytes were exposed to buffalo sperm and buffalo oocytes were exposed to cattle sperm and the cleavage rate and the post-fertilisation features of hybrid embryos up to the blastocyst stage were compared with those of buffalo and cattle embryos. The cleavage rate in buffalo oocytes exposed to cattle sperm was low (40.8%), with only 8.8% of these hybrid embryos reaching the blastocyst stage. Cattle oocytes exposed to buffalo sperm showed 86.3% cleavage, while 25.9% of these attained the blastocyst stage. The speed of development of both types of hybrids was intermediate between that of cattle and buffalo embryos, with hatching occurring on day 7.5 in hybrid embryos, day 8-9 in cattle and day 7 in buffalo. The proportions of cells contributing to the trophectoderm and the inner cell mass were closer to those of the maternal species in both types of hybrid embryos. Our results indicate that cattle-water buffalo hybrid embryos produced using interspecies gametes are capable of developing to advanced blastocyst stages and that their in vitro fate, and developmental potential, are influenced by the origin of the oocyte.
The big ears of radio astronomy
Authors: GRAHAM - SMITH FRANCIS
Published: July 2002

The special value of radio astronomy lies in the probing of extreme conditions in the universe, including the highest energies and the lowest temperatures. Radio waves can penetrate clouds of gas and dust to reveal objects in the universe and, in particular, in our Galaxy that cannot be seen by visible light. To achieve the highest resolution, radio telescopes in widely separate parts of our globe combine their reception to produce a synthesized image. This is a splendid example of international collaboration. Among the images visualized are pulsars, derived from the remnants of supernovae explosions, and quasar sources powered by black holes.
ANASYG/PRESYG, Météo‐France's new graphical summary of the synoptic situation
Authors: Santurette Patrick , Joly Alain
Published: July 2002

Météo‐France is preparing the implementation of a revised graphical summary of the synoptic situation. This graphical product has been developed since 1993 as, as far as possible, an extension of the existing framework published by WMO. Graphics remain the best way to convey rapidly a lot of information. However, the existing graphical language for meteorology has seldom changed over the years, while our dynamical understanding has improved. Its current use is in fact poorer than the one allowed by the WMO reference definition. In an attempt to overcome these drawbacks, a richer graphical language is proposed. Its goal is to show and, often, to explain areas of synoptic weather activity in the initial spirit of the Norwegian method, since it has been so successful in shaping modern operational meteorology. However, it takes into account the present understanding of cyclogenesis and large‐scale dynamics: the actual and potential baroclinic interactions replace the polar front concept. Dynamical meteorology also provides rather precise guidance for structuring and preparing the summary. The proposed code is described and explained. Examples are shown, with most cases taken from the recent FASTEX (Fronts and Atlantic Storm‐Track Experiment) project. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Multi‐sensor synthesis of the mesoscale structure of a cold‐air comma cloud system
Authors: Browning K A , Panagi P , Dicks E M
Published: July 2002

A multiscale study of a cold‐air comma cloud that produced an area of heavy rain and locally severe weather has been undertaken by synthesising data from a research microwave Doppler radar and VHF and UHF Doppler wind profilers, along with routinely available radar‐network, satellite, in situ and mesoscale‐model data. The rain area was generated in the exit region of an upper‐level jet characterised by laminated velocity perturbations. Some of the perturbations were attributable to inertia‐gravity wave activity. The rain area itself is shown to have been composed of a well‐organised set of mesoscale rainbands each being due to a mixture of upright and slantwise convection. The existence of the multiple rainbands may have been related to the multi‐layered atmospheric structure upwind. Each of the rainbands had cold‐frontal and warm‐frontal portions, so as to form a series of mini warm sectors stacked along the axis of the comma cloud at roughly 70 km intervals. The multiple rainbands were accompanied by multiple fingers of overrunning low‐θw air from part of a dry intrusion originating from just below a major tropopause fold. The fold contained an intense potential‐vorticity maximum which appeared to be the focus of the overall system. The operational mesoscale version of the Met. Office's Unified Model, with its 12 km grid, is shown to have resolved many but not all of the key features of the rainbands. It is suggested that further improvements in very‐short‐range forecasting of important local detail could be achieved by further increasing its resolution and assimilating more mesoscale observational data. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysing effects of meteorological variables on weather codes by logistic regression
Authors: Merenti‐Välimäki Hanna‐Leena , Laininen Pertti
Published: July 2002

The qualitative parameters describing present weather are particularly difficult to automate. The weather types which create most of these difficulties are known, but little attention has been given to investigating the reasons for disagreements between the primary reference, the professional observer and an automated instrument. This paper provides a method –multiple logistic regression –to compare the WMO present weather codes detected by a professional observer and an automated system. A new approach is introduced to explain the errors relative to the official weather variables. Many weather periods have been analysed, but here results are presented for a snow period with slight and very slight precipitation. The best predictive variables were the dew point temperature, wind direction, relative humidity and visibility. The catalyst for this study was the need for better quality control and for tools to enable the development and the manufacture of better instruments and systems to detect present weather. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society
Contextually appropriate reference generation
Authors: YÜKSEL ÖZGÜR , BOZSAHIN CEM
Published: July 2002

We describe a system for contextually appropriate anaphor and pronoun generation for
Turkish. It uses binding theory and centering theory to model local and nonlocal references.
We describe the rules for Turkish, and their computational treatment. A cascaded method for
anaphor and pronoun generation is proposed for handling pro-drop and discourse constraints
on pronominalization. The system has been tested as a stand-alone nominal expression
generator, and also as a reference planning component of a transfer-based MT system.
Implications of a dynamic target of greenhouse gases emission reduction: the case of Argentina
Authors: Barros Vincente , Grand Mariana Conte
Published: July 2002

The purpose of this paper is to discuss the greenhouse gases (GHG) emission target adopted by Argentina. It contains a summary of the process that led to the formulation of the emission target, including GHG inventories, macroeconomic and sectoral projections, and mitigation options. Fixed and dynamic indexes such as the Carbon Intensity Index are discussed, concluding that the latter is not appropriate for most developing countries. This is the case, in particular, for countries whose GHG emissions are not solely dependent on GDP growth, but also on other variables, such as international prices and market conditions for their agricultural products. The index recommended for Argentina was based on the square root of GDP. It went a step further by producing, for the chosen level of reduction, not only a positive relation between GDP and allowable emissions, but also a relation of the same sign between GDP and emission reductions.
A superficial approach to shopping?
A superficial approach to shopping?
Authors: Herzberg Henry
Published: July 2002

As an architect involved in the
design of many shopping centres in
the UK and Europe over the past 25
years, I feel moved to respond to the
interview with Rem Koolhaas in
your last issue (arq 5/3). Regrettably,
as I write, the Harvard Design School
Guide to Shopping is not yet available:
I can therefore only comment on
the interview.
The state of the history of the English language: a map of the past and road to the future?
Authors: Fitzmaurice Susan M.
Published: July 2002

Roger Lass (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. III: 1476–1776. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. Pp. xvii + 771, and Suzanne Romaine (ed.), The Cambridge history of the English language, vol. IV: 1776–1997. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998. Pp. xix + 783.
Upper House Elections in Japan and the Power of the ‘Organized Vote’
Authors: Köllner Patrick
Published: July 2002

Vote mobilization qua local and national organizations has played an important role in postwar Japanese elections for both Houses of Parliament. However, while there is an abundant literature on personal support organizations (kôenkai) of individual politicians in the Lower House, the role of national organizations for vote mobilization in Upper House elections has so far received only scant attention. The phenomenon of the ‘organized vote’ in postwar Upper House elections in Japan raises a number of questions. How important has it been in terms of voting behavior? What are the factors underlying organized voting? And how has the electoral clout of national organizations changed over time? This article tries to make a modest contribution to the debate on ‘organized voting’. In particular, it addresses the proposition that the ability of national interest groups to mobilize votes has declined significantly. The main empirical point of reference in this article are the 2001 Upper House elections.
Globalisation, Competitiveness, and the Social Democratic Model
Authors: Huber Evelyne , Stephens John D.
Published: July 2002

For a long time, the discussion about the impact of economic globalisation on the full employment/generous welfare state policies pursued by social democratic governments was characterised by doom and gloom. Glib neo-liberal arguments about the impossibility of maintaining social democratic policies, that were presumably hindering competitiveness through excessive wages and taxes in the new international environment were difficult to counter, because social democrats could not resort to an equally elaborate and internally consistent economic doctrine that could substitute for evidence, and the evidence was not yet in to counter these arguments on empirical grounds. Recently, careful and comprehensive comparative studies have provided evidence that, despite undeniable problems posed by economic internationalisation, social democratic welfare states and employment regimes have proven to be highly resilient (Scharpf and Schmidt, 2000; Huber and Stephens, 2001). Indeed, some kinds of traditional social democratic policy, such as an emphasis on labour mobilisation through active labour market policy and social services that make it possible to combine labour force participation with raising children, and an emphasis on human capital formation have facilitated adaptation to the new economic conditions. Moreover, newly available data on skill distribution (OECD/HRDC, 2000) and income distribution (LIS) suggest that the egalitarian thrust characteristic of social democratic policy has made an important contribution to raising literacy skills at the bottom, which in turn facilitates the integration of the entire labour force into productive activities that are competitive in high-quality markets.
Evidence-Based Health Care: Benefits and Barriers
Authors: Oliver Adam , McDaid David
Published: July 2002

The evidence-based policy approach – the view that social policy ought to be based upon supporting evidence that the policy works (and why it works) – is currently in vogue. In this article we reflect upon one aspect of the evidence-based approach: the use of quantitative evidence in health care decision-making. In particular, we discuss both the potential usefulness of quantitative evidence in this context, and the barriers to the appropriate use of such evidence at the decision-making level.
Deafness resulting from mutations in the GJB2 (connexin 26) gene in Brazilian patients
Authors: Oliveira CA , Maciel‐Guerra AT , Sartorato EL
Published: July 2002

Congenital deafness occurs in approximately 1 in 1000 live births. In developed countries about 60% of hearing loss is genetic. However, in Brazil most cases of hearing loss are due to environmental factors, such as congenital infections (mainly rubella), perinatal anoxia, kernicterus and meningitis. Recently, it has been demonstrated that the GJB2 gene is a major gene underlying congenital sensorial deafness. Mutations in this gene cause 10–20% of all genetic sensory hearing loss. One specific mutation, 35delG, accounts for the majority of mutant alleles. The extent of the hearing impairment varies from mild/moderate to profound, even within the patients homozygous for the common 35delG mutation. There may also be progression with age. Mutation analysis in the GJB2 gene was performed on 36 families (group A) presenting with at least one individual with non‐syndromic deafness (NSD). An unselected series of 26 deaf individuals referred by other services where the environmental factors were not completely excluded was also part of the study (group B).

Mutations in the GJB2 gene were found in 22% (eight patients) of the families tested in group A, and 11.5% (three patients) of individuals within group B. This finding should facilitate diagnosis of congenital deafness and allow early treatment of the affected subjects.
A patient homozygous for the SCA6 gene with retinitis pigmentosa
Authors: Fukutake T , Kamitsukasa I , Arai K , Hattori T , Nakajima T
Published: July 2002

The present authors studied a 55‐year‐old‐patient homozygous for the SCA6 gene who experienced frequent attacks of positional vertigo at 37 years of age with subsequent staggering gait and night blindness. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP), as well as cerebellar ataxia and vertical antidirectional nystagmus, were detected. The subject's parents were first cousins, and two of his three male cousins, whose parents were also first cousins, had RP without ataxia or nystagmus. The numbers of CAG repeats in the expanded alleles of the SCA6 gene found by molecular analysis were 21 and 21. The genetic results were negative for SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA7 and dentatorubral pallidoluysian atrophy. The retinal degeneration in this patient is most likely to be secondary to a genetic disorder of autosomal or X‐linked recessive inheritance rather than SCA6. Other reported cases of patients homozygous for the SCA6 gene are also reviewed.