bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
PERFORMANCE OF CHROM AGAR MEDIUM AND CONVENTIONAL METHODS FOR DETECTION OF METHICILLIN RESISTANT STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS.
Authors: Patil Nilima R
Published: April 2017

Background:- Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) are responsible for hospital and community acquired infections. There are many laboratory methods for detection of MRSA. Chromogenic media have been used for the last few years for the quick detection of MRSA. Objective:- Aim of this study was to compare the performance of   conventional methods and chromogenic media for the detection of MRSA in a tertiary care hospital. Material and method: - 200 consecutive isolates of S. aureus confirmed by conventional methods, collected in a tertiary care hospital were used for this study. Cefoxitin and oxacillin disc diffusion test used as conventional methods and Chromogenic media i.e. oxacillin resistant screen agar base (ORSAB) was used for detection of methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus. All confirmed MRSA were checked by gold standard mecA base PCR method. Result: - Out of 200 isolates of Staphylococcus aureus, 50,52 and 47 strains were MRSA by Cefoxitin disc diffusion method, oxacillin disc diffusion method and oxacillin resistant screen agar base (ORSAB)  method respectively. Specificity was 100%, 98.66%, 98.66% by Cefoxitin disc diffusion, oxacillin disc diffusion and ORSAB method respectively. Conclusion: - In conclusion, cefoxitin disc diffusion was the best for the phenotypic detection of MRSA because their sensitivity and specificity were better than oxacillin and ORSAB.
ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY OF AQUEOUS GARLIC EXTRACT ON BETA-LACTAMASE PRODUCING ACINETOBACTER ISOLATES FROM SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE INFECTIONS
Authors: Shah Pratibha Jinesh
Published: April 2017

Objective: The present study evaluates the antibacterial effect of aqueous garlic extract (AGE) on beta-lactamase producing Acinetobacter strains isolated from skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs).Methods: A total of 41 non-duplicate strains of Acinetobacter isolated from SSTIs specimens were tested for their antibiotic susceptibility pattern by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method. Ceftazidime-resistant Acinetobacter strains were screened for beta-lactamase production by Phenotypic confirmatory disc diffusion test (PCDDT) and E-test. Antibacterial activity of AGE was examined by the disc diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of AGE and Cefotaxime was determined by the agar dilution technique. The combined activity of AGE and Cefotaxime was evaluated by calculating the fractional inhibitory concentration (FIC) index by the checkerboard method.Results: 21 Acinetobacter strains were confirmed to be beta-lactamase producers, out of which 6 were Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL) producers, 3 were Ambler Class C (AmpC) and 12 were multiple beta-lactamase producers. AGE exhibited significant antibacterial activity as the observed zones of inhibition ranged from 18 - 31 mm against the test strains. The MIC of AGE was in the range of 0.5% - 2% (2.5 mg/ml – 10 mg/ml) with a mean of 0.86% (4.28 mg/ml). 11 test strains showed synergism, 5 strains exhibited additive and indifferent effect, each. By HPLC analysis the concentration of allicin was found to be 0.20, expressed as percentage w/w.Conclusion: It can be stated that aqueous garlic extract might have therapeutic value against beta-lactamase producing Acinetobacter isolates from SSTIs.
PRAMIPEXOLE DIHYDROCHLORIDE LOADED MPEGPCL NANOSUSPENSION BY MODIFIED NANOPRECIPITATION: IN VITRO AND IN VIVO EVALUATION
Authors: Sundaram Soma
Published: April 2017

AbstractAim and Objectives The present study was carried out to show the potential neuroprotective effects in both invitro and invivo pramipexole dihydrochloride nanosuspension for the treatment in Parkinson’s disease.Materials and Methods: Nanosuspension of pramipexole dihydrochloride was prepared with MPEG-PCL and Pluronic F68 by the process of modified nanoprecipitation technique with different concentrations of MPEG-PCL. The particle size, zeta potential, SEM, TEM and invitro dug release where performed. The cell viability study was performed by using SH-SY5Y cells. Further the formulation is evaluated for its antioxidant potential against rotenone induced neuronal damage in Wister rats such as enzymatic, non enzymatic antioxidants and histopathological evaluation.Result and Discussion: The nanoformulation shows least particle size of 143 nm and maximum zeta potential value 33.4 mv with 88.53% entrapment efficiency were observed with PMPNP 2 formulation. The SEM, TEM and invitro dug release of PMPNP 2 were shows spherical shape with controlled release when compared to other formulations. Further the MTT assay were performed by using SH-SY5Y cells which shows more than 50 % cell viability with 50 µl of PPMNP 2 nanoformulation. Further the antioxidant potential done in rotenone induced neuronal damage in Wister rats. The results showed elevation in the levels of enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants compared with neuronal toxic group. Further nanoformulation group showed decrease in levels of LPO which correlates with histopathological architecture.Conclusion: Our study concluded that nanoformulation showed better protective potential in both invitro and invivo compare to free drug for the treatment in Parkinson’s disease.Keywords: Pramipexoledihydrochloride; MPEG-PCL; SH-SY5Y cells; Nanoprecipitation; Parkinson’s disease.
PHYTOCONSTITUENTS FROM RICHARDIA SCABRA L. AND ITS BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITIES
Authors: Kathirvel Poonkodi
Published: April 2017

Objective: The present chemical investigation is carried out for the isolation of active phytoconstituents from Richardia scabra Linn belongs to Rubiaceae family.Methods:  Air dried plant material was macerated with petroleum ether and defatted plant was introduced in Soxhlet apparatus with methanol. Both extracts were subjected to column chromatography for isolation of active chemicals.Result: Two novel coumarins from the methanol extract and one fatty acid from the petroleum ether extract were isolated from Richardia. Oleic acid, heraclenin and isopsoralen were isolated for the  first time in the genus Richardia. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of the heraclenin was evaluated with HeLa cell line and cell cycle arrest by Fluorescent assisted cell sorting analysis.Conclusion: The result revealed that the heraclenin has potent cytotoxicity with the IC50 value was 46.09µg/ml and it induced cell cycle arrest in G0/G1 phase about (51.2%), S phase (30.2) and resulted in a decline in the percentage of G2-M phase.Keywords: cell cycle, cytotoxicity, Heraclenin, isopsoralen, Oleic acid,   Richardia scabra
DOES PROVIDING FREE ANTI-RETROVIRAL THERAPY ENSURE OPTIMAL ADHERENCE AMONG PEOPLE LIVING WITH HIV / AIDS?
Authors: Mallya Sneha Deepak , Kamath Veena Ganesh , Nair Suma , Kamath Asha
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroduction/Back ground: Availability of Anti-Retroviral Therapy (ART) has revolutionalised the management of Human Immunodeficiency Virus /Acquired Immuno Deficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and improved the survival of those infected with the virus. However, adherence to therapy is a prerequisite for treatment success and preventing drug resistance. Aim: The present study was carried out with the aim of determining the level of adherence and factors affecting it among patients receiving free ART. Methods: A cross sectional study design was adopted and 320 HIV positive patients receiving free ART from a district hospital in Udupi were interviewed using a semi-structured questionnaire. Adherence to ART >95% of the prescribed medication was used as the cut off for deciding on the treatment adherence. Results: An encouragingly high 96.9% of the individuals were adherent to the medication over the past month. However, 41.8% of the participants reported to have ever missed doses of ART. On univariate analysis, having ever consumed alcohol, absence of side effects such as fatigue and tingling/numbness, having a feeling of sadness and sleep disturbances, being on Efavirenz based regimen, non-disclosure HIV status, being unsure of continuing lifelong treatment were significantly associated with non-adherence (p<0.05).Conclusion: Although non adherence was of concern among a small proportion of participants, a large number of them reported to have ever missed doses of ART.  This finding suggests that adherence rate may be lower over longer periods of time. Hence, periodic assessments may address patient specific barriers and help to improve the adherence rate among this population.
BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM : HISTORY AND RECENT DEVELOPMENTS
Authors: L Arun
Published: April 2017

Abstract                   Of the various routes of drug delivery, the oral route is most ancient as well as preferred by the patient being convenient to take. However, peroral administration of drugs has short comings such as hepatic first-pass metabolism and enzymatic degradation within the GI-tract which comprehend a hindrance to the absorption of peptides and protein group of drug. The drug absorption takesplace faster as it is in contact with the absorption surface. The drug delivery system helps the drug to remain at the same place of application longer for once or twice daily dosing. For some drugs alternate way of administration results in novel methods of action as opposed to the above said procedure. The characteristics of the oral mucosa as well as physicochemical properties of the drug poses as a hindrance to the oral mucosal administration of some drugs. Commercial availability of drug is restricted, although most of the drugs are qualitatively assessed for oral transmucosal delivery. The clinical benefit produced by an oral transmucosal dosage form is good eventhough the production of this dosage form is expensive. Transmucosal products are the recent drug delivery strategies. Delivery through transmucosal benefits the absorption four times than that of skin. Considering the availability of products, only some drugs are used for oral transmucosal delivery. So new drugs have to be processed and developed inorder to meet the limited transmucosal drug delivery. Present paper intends to emphasis the importance of oral transmucosal drug delivery and also highlights on the latest advancement in the field.
EFFECTIVENESS OF HANDS OFF VERSUS HANDS ON TECHNIQUES ON PERINEAL TRAUMA AND PERINEAL PAIN AMONG PARTURIENT MOTHERS
Authors: Bhaskaran Jayabharathi
Published: April 2017

Background:  Labor is the process by which the fetus and the placenta leave the uterus. Delivery can occur in two ways, vaginally or by a cesarean delivery. The majority of women who have a vaginal birth will sustain perineal trauma from a spontaneous perineal tear or episiotomy or both.Aim: This study aims to assess the effectiveness of hands off versus hands on techniques on perineal trauma and perineal pain among parturient mothers in selected hospitals, Kerala.Methods: The research design adopted in this study was true experimental post test only design. The study was conducted in 3 hospitals at Kerala such as Karothukuzhiyil hospital Pvt, Lakshmi hospital Pvt and Carmal hospital Pvt. Sample size was computed by power analysis based on the previous studies and it would be a total of 90 samples, with 30 parturient mothers in each groups. Simple random sampling technique (Lottery method) was adopted for the selection of parturient mothers into the study. Perineal trauma was assessed by the scale given by Royal College of Obstetrics and Gynaecology (RCOG), 2001, and visual analogue scale (Combined numerical and categorical pain scale) was used to assess the perineal pain of parturient mothers.Results:  The results showed that, there was extremely significant difference found in perineal trauma and perineal pain of parturient mothers between study group I and study II at  p=0.000 level. The mean scores of study group I was lesser than the mean scores of study group II. Conclusion: Different perineal techniques and interventions such as hands on technique, hands off technique, perineal massage, warm compresses etc can be widely used by midwives and birth attendants to prevent perineal trauma during labour.  Key words:  hands off  technique, hands on technique, perineal trauma and perineal pain
Antiplatelet therapy and exodontia: far away from a definite conclusion
Authors: Karimi-sari Hamidreza , Rezaee-zavareh Mohammad Saeid
Published: April 2017

Dear Editor;We read a review article about antiplatelet therapy and dental management in your journal (1). Kumar concluded that patients taking dual antiplatelet therapy has an increased risk for post-operative bleeding complications.The focus question of this article contains many other smeller questions. We recently answered one of these questions in our study; one tooth extraction is safe in patients taking aspirin and clopidogrel during one year after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with stenting (2). But many questions remained without answer. Is two teeth extraction safe in these patients? What about more than two teeth extraction or in patients taking other antiplatelet drugs for other indications? What about other dental interventions? For answering each of these specific questions we need to design a prospective original study, with enough sample size, and comparing the results with a matched control group.Also there are many confounders for bleeding after exodontia (e.g. dentist's skill, type of antiplatelet drug and its manufacturing company, indication and duration of taking antiplatelet therapy, number and kind of extracted teeth, and dentist's skill) (2, 3). Controlling these confounders needs prospective studies focusing on specific group of patients. For example, patients taking unique dose and type of antiplatelet drug for a unique indication and duration, undergoing unique dental intervention by unique dentist. Then this result could be compared with a group of healthy subjects undergoing same dental intervention by the same dentist. So we do not have enough evidences to make a definite conclusion about what we should do in case of dental intervention for patients taking antiplatelet therapy.
Comparison of Induction Therapy Using Antithymocyte Globulin and Using Basiliximab for Live Donor Kidney Transplant Recipients: A Single Centre Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Patel Sanket , Gohel Dr. Kalpesh , Patel Dr. Bharat
Published: April 2017

Objective: Acute rejections (AR) have a negative impact on long-term graft survival and are the major predictor of chronic rejection. Induction therapy is used to reduce AR and prevent delayed graft function (DGF). Antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and basiliximab are mainly used for this purpose. In this prospective, cohort study, we analysed and compared the safety and efficacy of ATG and basiliximab in induction therapy for live donor kidney transplant recipients.Methods: Graft survival, AR-free survival, renal function, DGF and tolerability were compared in patients who underwent live-donor transplantation between January 2014 and August 2014 at Muljibhai Patel Urological Hospital, Nadiad, Gujarat, India.Results and Discussion: A total of 85 live-donor kidney transplant recipients who enrolled were followed up for 12 mo. The incidence of AR was greater in the basiliximab group, as compared with the ATG group (25.6% versus 7.1%, p <0.05). The incidence of antibody treated AR was also greater (18.6% versus 2.4 %, p < 0.05). Patient survival rate and graft survival rate were 95.2% and 92.9% in the ATG group, respectively, compared with 90.4%and 90.7% in the basiliximab group, respectively. The incidence of adverse events was higher in the ATG group compared with the basiliximab group (71.4% versus 48.3%, p<0.05).Conclusion: The incidence of AR and antibody-treated AR was significantly higher in the basiliximab group than in the ATG cohort. However, ATG was associated with significantly higher incidence of adverse events and leucopenia than basiliximab. Both the strategies were achieved similar patient and graft survival.
STUDY OF THERMAL INTERACTION OF CELL-PHONE RADIATIONS WITHIN HUMAN HEAD TISSUES
Authors: Basandrai Deepak
Published: April 2017

In the present investigation, a theoretical model based on Maxwell equations, microscopic form of ohm’s law and Joules law of heating effect is proposed for the study of penetration depth, attenuation coefficient and specific absorption rate (SAR) with varying distance between the source of radiation and exposed human head tissues (skin, fat, brain and bone). In addition, corresponding temperature increase inside these various human head tissues is also calculated. Results of present study indicate that the temperature rise in human tissue depends upon specific absorption rate and the duration for which human body is actually exposed to GSM radiations.  By assuming the distance of 1cm and exposure time of 5 minutes, the highest SAR was estimated to be 1681.7 W/Kg for the brain tissue at 900 MHz and 4038.5 W/Kg for 1800 MHz. Maximum skin depth and attenuation coefficient was found to be in the case of fat and brain tissue, respectively amongst rest head tissues. The corresponding highest temperature rise for the brain tissue was calculated to be 2.31K at 900 MHz and 5.54K at 1800 MHz frequencies.
DEVELOPMENT OF ANALYTICAL METHOD FOR IDENTIFICATION OF SIBUTRAMINE HCL IN TRADITIONAL MEDICINE USING SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION – HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Kamardi Tarita
Published: April 2017

Object: The purpose of this study is to develop a rapid and sensitive method for identifying sibutramine HCl. Methods: Reversed phase solid phase extraction (SPE) method with Hydrophilic-Lipophilic Balance (HLB) cartridge was selected to be developed and optimized. Optimization was done by optimizing solvent in sample preparation and rinse solvent in washing step. The extract of SPE was injected into reversed phase HPLC with C18 column with PDA detector. Furthermore, the optimized results was validated which included specificity and determination of the detection limit. Validated analytical method was used to analyze sibutramine HCl qualitatively in slimming herbal medicine which was obtained from the market. Results: Analysis method optimization results showed that the optimum sample solvent to extract sibutramine HCl in solid phase extraction was 3% orthophosphoric acid. Then it was shaken for 30 min and filtered, the filtrate was put in SPE cartridge that had been conditioned using ethanol and water. After rinsing with NH4OH solution in water and NH4OH solution in 80% ethanol, the analyte was eluted with acetonitrile. Identification of sibutramine HCl was done by HPLC at wavelength 254 nm. Sibutramine HCl gave maximum wavelength at 222 nm. Sibutramine HCl calibration curve gave quite linear results in the range from 0.10 to 0.50 mg/ml with R2 = 0.9966. The detection limit of this assay was 2.326 µg/ml. Specificity of this method is quite good. Simulation sample gave resolution for diethylpropion 2.415; sibutramine HCl 2.877 and amphetamine sulfate 5.673.This methods recovery was 38.0 to 45.0 %. Conclusion: This study showed faster and specific method for identifying sibutramine HCl in traditional medicine. Keywords: sibutramine HCl, solid phase extraction, HLB, slimming herbal medicine, HPLC
RESTORATION OF MEMORY AND ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ACTIVITY BY MICHELIA CHAMPACA IN CHRONICALLY NOISE STRESSED WISTAR ALBINO RATS
Authors: S Malathi
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective:The ability of an organism to adapt to aversive stressful situations or life challenging circumstances is very crucial to its state of health and survival. However, breakdown in adaptation due to persistent uncontrollable stress, leads to impairment of bodily functions and onset of a variety of pathological disorders especially memory decline. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of Michelia champaca(M.champaca) a potent antioxidant on chronic noise stress induced memory impairment in rats. Methods: Male wistar albino rats were used in this study. Animals were exposed to noise for 30 consecutive days (4hrs/day) before testing for memory. Thereafter, the plasma corticosterone level and acetylcholinesterase activity were estimated in the three discrete regions of the brain homogenate using spectrophotometer. Result:Our results showed that M.champaca prevented memory impairment and suppressed corticosterone concentrations induced by chronic noise stress. Moreover it also decreased brain acetylcholinesterase activity when compared with chronic stress group (p < 0.05). Conclusions:These findings suggest that M.champaca attenuates memory deficits induced by chronic noise stress in albino rats and may be useful therapeutically for stress-related cognitive dysfunctions. The reduction in the levels of serum corticosterone and inhibition of cholinesterase enzyme might be contributing significantly to the positive effect of M.champaca on memory in rats exposed to chronic noise stress.Keywords: M.champaca, memory, corticosterone, chronic noise stress, acetylcholinesterase activity, Eight-arm radial maze.
KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDE AND PRACTICE ON ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY FOR PAEDIATRIC PATIENTS AMONG UNDERGRADUATE DENTAL STUDENTS- A QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
Authors: George Sosa , Ganapathy Dhanraj , Pillai Shruti
Published: April 2017

Objective:The objective of this study is to understand the knowledge, attitude and practice on antibiotic therapy for paediatric patients among dental students.Methods:A self-administrated questionnaire containing both open ended and closed ended questions was given to 100 participants. Questions were regarding the conditions for which they routinely prescribe antibiotics, commonly prescribed antibiotics, its dosage adjustments and form, duration of administration etc. The data was compiled and analysed.Results:Amoxicillin was found to be the most commonly prescribed antibiotic by the students followed by metronidazole. 14% of the students prescribe half the adult dose invariably for all paediatric patients, whereas 74% of them make their prescriptions based on the child’s weight. 78% of the students reported that they are unsure about the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the antibiotics they are prescribing. 34% of the students reported that their knowledge on antibiotic therapy for paediatric patients is inadequate.Conclusion:Self-evaluation by the students and results of the survey suggest that the knowledge on antibiotic therapy for paediatric patients is inadequate among dental students. There should be more emphasis on antibiotic therapy in the curriculum of undergraduate dental students.
ANTHOCYANIN PROFILE AND ITS ANTIOXIDANT ACTIVITY OF WIDELY USED FRUITS, VEGETABLES, AND FLOWERS IN THAILAND
Authors: Chaiyasut Chaiyavat , Sivamaruthi Bhagavathi Sundaram , Pengkumsri Noppawat , Sirilun Sasithorn , Peerajan Sartjin , Chaiyasut Khontaros , Kesika Periyanaina
Published: April 2017

Objective: Anthocyanins are the water-soluble pigments most commonly present in flowers, fruits, and vegetables. Anthocyanins have been reported for is antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial properties and other health benefits in human. This study was performed to extract and determine the anthocyanin and to access the antioxidant properties of the most commonly used fruits, vegetables and flowers in Thailand.Methods: Extraction of anthocyanin and its aglycones from the selected samples and determination of anthocyanin and anthocyanidins using reversed-phase HPLC analysis. Determination of total antioxidant ability using ABTS, DPPH and FRAP assay.Results: Maximum distribution of tested anthocyanin and anthocyanidin contents was observed in the extracts of Jambolan plum, Ceylon Spinach, Purple Sweet Potato, Purple Lettuce followed by common plum and Red dragon fruit. The extracts of Ma-Kiang, Purple Eggplant, Red Grape, and Purple Lettuce showed the maximum amount of cyanidin 3-glucoside, delphinidin 3-glucoside, peonidin 3-glucoside, and malvidin 3-glucoside, respectively. Likewise, the maximum concentration of cyanidin, delphinidin, peonidin, and malvidin were found in Common plum, Red Khae, Red Cabbage, and Purple Lettuce, respectively. Ma-Kiang extract exhibited the maximum antioxidant activity followed by Red Cabbage, Common Plum, and Purple Eggplant extract compared to the other extracts.Conclusion: The present study, primarily profiled the anthocyanin content of selected fruits, vegetables, and flowers. Among the tested samples, Ma-Kiang extract showed the high cyanidin 3-glucoside content and antioxidant activity. Further, detailed study on the content of anthocyanins at different climate and geographical conditions and other factors are necessary to develop nutraceutical or cosmetic product with a functional ingredient.Keywords: Anthocyanin, Anthocyanidin, Antioxidant activity.
IN-VITRO ANTIOXIDANT AND IN-VIVO HEPATO PROTECTIVE ACTIVITY OF ETHANOL EXTRACTS FROM THE BARK OF SHOREA ROBUSTA (DIPTEROCARPACEAE) AGAINST CARBON TETRA CHLORIDE INDUCED LIVER TOXICITY IN RATS
Authors: Biswas Diptanu
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT: The study is designed for the evaluation of in-vivo Hepato protective and in-vitro Anti oxidant activity of ethanol extracts from the bark of Shorea robusta (Dipterocarpaceae) by CCl4 induced hepatotoxicity in rats. Ethanol extracts from the bark Shorea robusta (EESR) was evaluated for hepatoprotective activity in rats by inducing liver damage by CCl4. The anti oxidant activity of EESR was assayed by various in-vitro antioxidant methods and activities were compared to standard ascorbic acid. Ethanol extracts at an oral dose 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg exhibited a significant (*p<0.005) protective effects by lowering the level of SGOT, SGPT, ALP, Serum bilirubin, total cholesterol and increasing the level of total proteins as compared to Silymarin (50mg/kg) used as positive control. The extracts exhibit significant anti oxidant activity in various in vitro anti oxidant models.  From these studies we are concluding that, the ethanolic extracts of S.robusta have potent hepatoprotective effects and have anti oxidant properties, hence can be used as a natural product against liver damage.KEY WORDS: Anti oxidant, Carbon tetra chloride,  Hepatoprotective,  Shorea robusta
IDENTIFICATION OF POTENTIAL INHIBITORS FOR LOWERING CHOLESTEROL LEVEL BY INHIBITING PCSK9
Authors: Suganya Rathi
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective: PCSK9 has medical significance in lowering cholesterol levels. Inhibitors target and inactivate PCSK9 in the liver. Knocking out PCSK9 (proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin 9) reduces the amount of harmful LDL cholesterol circulating in the bloodstream. There are two known inhibitors for treating the cardiovascular disease “Arilocumab” and “Evalocumab”. However there are many side-effects. The current study is to identify natural and synthetic inhibitor using the pharmacophoric feature of the known inhibitor and validating the short listed candidates using Molecular dynamics and ADMET properties.Methods: Known inhibitors for the PCSK9 Protein were taken from the BINDING DATABASE. Molecular docking was performed for the known inhibitors with the PCSK9 protein. After docking the best inhibitor was selected and the docking result was then imported to find the pharmacophoric features.Results: The pharmacophore model was generated with 3 features containing  1 hydrogen bond acceptor(A),1 Hydrogen bond donor(B) and 1 Aromatic ring. The constructed e-pharmacophore model was screened with more than 20000 natural compounds. 5 compounds were short listed. Among them ZINC85625485 has  glide  score  of  -13.03  kcal/mol  with  glide  energy  was  -57.62 kcal/mol and ZINC85625406 has glide score of -8.1kcal/mol with glide energy was -39.33kcal/mol were taken as the best Hits.Conclusion: PCSK9 is known to be a therapeutic agent as it controls the plasma LDL cholesterol levels by posttranslational regulation of the LDL receptor. Therefore, up-regulation of PCSk9 can lead to elevated cholesterol level in such case inhibition of PCSK9 will be a effective remedy. In this study already known inhibitors were taken and pharmacophore feature was generated. Zinc database was screened to find out novel compounds with similar pharmacophore features that can act as potentially active compound against PCSK9. ZINC85625485 and ZINC85625406 were short listed as lead compounds with Molecular dynamics simulation and checking the ADMET properties. Keywords: PCSK9, Docking, ADMET, Molecular Dynamics.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEM CONTAINING COMBINATION OF GLIPIZIDE AND METFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE
Authors: Peter Vidya
Published: April 2017

The purpose of gastro-retentive drug delivery systems was special focus on the principle mechanism of floatation to achieve gastric retention. The objective is to develop a gastro-retentive drug delivery system of Glipizide and Metformine hydrochloride is to overcome the biggest problem in oral drug delivery is low and erratic drug bioavailability. Glipizide and Metformine hydrochloride are used for the treatment of diabetes mellitus. Seven formulations containing retardant material and alkalizing agent were prepared with solubilizing agent in different ratio. The ability of various polymers to retain the drug when used in different concentrations was investigated. It was found that sodium bicarbonate reacts with HCl and produce CO2 which creates pores in tablet and elevates swelling by wetting polymer. So it helps in maintaining the buoyancy. The release rate could be modified by varying the polymer ratio, concentration of alkalizing and solubilizing agent. The prepared tablets were evaluated for general appearance, content uniformity, hardness, friability, buoyancy and in vitro dissolution studies.
PATTERN OF SELF MEDICATION AND DRUGS USE BEHAVIOR AMONG UNDERGRADUATE STUDENTS OF MEDICAL AND NON MEDICAL COLLEGES IN A CITY OF NORTH EAST INDIA- A COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Dutta Sarmistha
Published: April 2017

Objective- The present study was undertaken   to assess and compare  the practice  of self medication and drug use behavior  among  undergraduate students of medical and non-medical colleges in a city in North-East  India. Method- A cross sectional questionnaire based study was conducted among 300 undergraduate students each of medical and non medical colleges of  Guwahati city of Assam after taking informed consent . Approval of  Institutional  Ethical Committee was taken prior to the commencement of the study. Data was collected with a prevalidated questionnaire related to various aspects like class of drugs used for self medication, conditions for which self medication may be employed and their knowledge, attitude and practice of self medication etc. Statistical analysis  of the data was done. Result- In our study,71% of medical students and 63% of non medical students practiced self medication which was statistically significant. The most common drugs for self medication  were analgesics and anti pyretics. Both medical and non medical students considered non severity of illnesses and quick relief from symptoms as the major reasons for self medication. The major information source for most of medical students  who practiced self-medication were textbooks and package inserts. Medical students prefer Allopathic system of medicine and Non medical students are more inclined towards Ayurvedic system.Conclusion- Practice, Knowledge and Awareness about self medication is significantly more in medical students in comparison to non medical students which can be attributed to their medical knowledge.Keywords- Self medication, Questionnaire, Package inserts, Allopathic, Awareness,  Pharmacy.
Interdisciplinary approach for full mouth rehabilitation: A Case Report
Authors: Zaid Jeaidi Al
Published: April 2017

The demand for esthetic dentistry is ever increasing. A beautiful smile is considered as a symbol of health and vitality is now looked upon as a status symbol. Discoloration of the front tooth may severely affect the confidence of the patient. The use of dental implant presents a conservative and esthetic method of replacing missing teeth. Bleaching is recommended as a minimal invasive and cost effective approach to change the color of the teeth. This case reports the step by step procedure for full mouth rehabilitation of an esthetically demanding patient.Keywords: Bleaching, Composites, Esthetics, Implant, Root canal treatment.
Pattern of medication use among elderly patients attending medicine department in a tertiary care hospital in India
Authors: Burla Swathi
Published: April 2017

Objective: The present study was aimed to assess the drug prescribing pattern and analyze the prescribing pattern using Beers criteria among elderly patients aged over 60 years Materials and Methods: The present study was a prospective observational study conducted in the outpatient department of general medicine in a tertiary care hospital for the duration of three months. Institutional ethics committee approval was taken prior to initiation of the study. Written informed consent was taken from each study subject. A total of 287 subjects who were aged more than 60 years recruited into the study. The data was collected in a pre structured case record form. Subjects’ demographic details, medical conditions and drugs included in prescription their dose; frequency and duration were noted in case record form. Results: Among 287 subjects 91.64% subjects belonged to 61-70years age group, remaining 8.36% subjects were >71year older and 57.14% were males and 42.86% were females. Hypertension was the most common cause of attending hospital followed by diabetes mellitus, CNS disorders, respiratory, cardiovascular disorders other than hypertension and infectious diseases. A total of 1574 formulations containing 1669 active ingredients and 90 FDCs were prescribed. And only 152 formulations were prescribed from outside hospital formulary. The average number of drugs per prescription was 5.48±2.00. Among the individual drugs vitamin B complex was the most commonly prescribed drug Conclusion:  There is need for more rational prescribing and to form guidelines for safe and effective use of medicines in elderly patients.
TRANSCRIPTOME ANALYSIS OF MRNA EXPRESSION PROFILING TO PREDICT POTENTIAL BIOMARKERS INDUCED IN BREAST CANCER-BRCA1
Authors: J Reshma Jacob
Published: April 2017

Objective: Breast cancer is most common cancer type to women with 5, 00,000 deaths in every year worldwide. The purpose of the present study is to predict the somatic variants and copy number variants present in BRCA1 genes using 6 paired samples of the glandular tissues.Methods: In this context DNA sequencing technology is advanced method used to identify biomarkers that helps patients to have treatment.Results: From whole genome sequence several gene mutations are predicted using Annovar and snpEff tools from GATK tool kit and classified only non-synonymous SNVs from all datasets and predicted the 28 novel genes that significantly associated with breast cancer.Conclusion: Results are classified with both breast cells and breast cancer cells, identified 13 genes which are most commonly expressed and is further used for molecular diagnostics.
PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING AND EVALUATION OF IN-VITRO ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF DROSERA SPATULATA VAR BAKOENSIS- AN INDIGENOUS CARNIVOROUS PLANT AGAINST RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIOUS MICROBES.
Authors: Tulasi Chidepudi D S L N
Published: April 2017

Objective: In the present study, the phytochemical constituents of Drosera spatulata, have been evaluated and antimicrobial activity was screened against respiratory tract infectious microbes.Methods: The phytochemicals present in Drosera spatulata by qualitative phytochemical assays and the antimicrobial activity along with MIC, MBC and BIC were determined against S. aureus, Klebsiella pneumonia and S.Pneumonia the causative organisms of pulmonary infections, mainly effects the nasal pharynx, trachea, and lungs as well as Aspergillus niger.Results: Aqueous, ethanol, methanol extracts of thick roots, open flower and hair of Drosera spatulata var bakoensis against this pathogenic bacteria and fungi showed high zone of inhibition which estimated by disc-diffusion method as well as minimum inhibition concentration manifestation by the broth microdilution assay followed MBC and BIC. The values of MIC, MBC and BIC obtained were between 0.3-0.9, 0.36-2.25, 0.12 - 0.37 mg/mL. The results revealed that the plant extracts of Drosera spatulata var bakoensis have high potential even at low concentrations values against bacteria and fungi cultures and this results validated by the presence of high amounts of alkaloids, quinones, anthraquinones, flavonoids in the plant extracts. Conclusion: In the present study, the results showed the presence of high amounts of alkaloids, flavonoids, quninoes, anthraquinones, terpinoids in Drasera spatulata plant.  In the antibacterial and antifungal activity, the ethanol and methanol extracts significantly showed the activity against the tested respiratory disease causing bacteria and antifungal properties with zone of inhibition showed more than aqueous extracts at very low concentrations
Production of tetanus toxin by using media substantially free from meat and blood
Authors: Chawla Dr. Anil Kumar , Das Chandrani , Singh Paramdeep , Tiwari Mansha , Chaudhary Dr. Seema
Published: April 2017

The present study was to redesign the conventional Mueller and Miller medium to produce tetanus toxin from Clostridium tetani. Meat based ingredients (such as Bovine Heart/ Brain/ Liver Infusion) were replaced with vegetable peptone & alternate casein hydrolysate and scaled up from 100mL to 1000mL. Modified Mueller and Miller Medium containing vegetable peptone (substitute of BHI) and alternate casein hydrolysate were used for production and scale -up of tetanus toxin. Detoxification of tetanus toxin was carried out by using formaldehyde to produce tetanus toxoid. Purification of tetanus toxoid was achieved by fractional precipitation. It was found that under optimum conditions, use of meat free media leads to production of tetanus toxin with equal limes flocculation (Lf) titer and high antigenic content at par with conventional meat based media without any post vaccination infections. The yield of toxin was improved during scale-up of the process. The present study provides a method for growth of Clostridium tetani that maximizes tetanus toxin production without any use of animal-derived components.
THES STUDY OF ETHANOLIC EXTRACT OF BINAHONG LEAVES (ANREDERA CORDIFOLIA (TEN.) STEENIS) AND MULBERRY LEAVES (MORUS NIGRA L.) IN COMBINATION ON HYPERLIPIDEMIC INDUCED RATS
Authors: Sukandar Elin Yulinah , Safitri Dewi , Aini Nisrina Nur
Published: April 2017

Objective: This study aimed to determine antihyperlipidemic activity of binahong leaves and murbey leaves extracts in combination.Methods: A total of 28 rats were divided into seven groups: normal, control, simvastatin 3.6 mg/kg bw, binahong leaves extract 100 mg/kg bw (B100), mulberry leaves extract 200 mg/kg bw (M200), combination of binahong extract 50 mg/kg and mulberry 100 mg/kg (B50+M100), and combination of binahong extract 100 mg/kg bw and mulberry 200 mg/kg bw (B100+M200). Hyperlipidemia was induced by giving rats a high fat diet along with cholesterol (200 mg/kg), cholic acid (0.2% of chow), and propylthiouracil (10 mg/kg bw) for 30 days orally. Then, for the next 14 days, all groups except the control were given the tested substances. Measurement of lipid profile was performed immediately after induction (T0), seven and fourteen days after treatment (T7 and T14, respectively).Results: There were significant differences on a group of M200, B50+M100, and B100+M200 compared to the control group at T14, with the value 33.68%, 34.39 %, and 44.81% (in reduction of total cholesterol) and 36.86%, 37.16%, and 49.99% (in reduction of triglyceride).Conclusion: Group of M200, B50+M100, and B100+M200 reduced total cholesterol and triglyceride level remarkably at day 14. The combination of both extract (B100+M200) considerably shows better activity than either binahong extract or mulberry extract.
TYPE OF ARTICLE: ORIGINAL ARTICLE ROLE OF CYTOKERATIN BIOMARKERS IN BREAST CARCINOMA
Authors: Yadav Ritu
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT:Objective:Breast cancer comprises different biological subtypes having varied spectrum of clinical and pathological features with different prognostic and therapeutic implications. This study aimed at the identification of patients on the basis of cancer biomarkers and various clinicopathological parameters.Methods: Fresh paraffin embedded tissue block sample of three hundred fifty patients of breast carcinoma were collected during 2011-2014, from the Pathology department, Pt. B.D Sharma University of Heath Sciences Rohtak, Haryana and studied in detail to determine the correlation between hormone receptor status /cytokeratin (CK) expression along with clinicopathologicalfactors.Theimmunohistochemical assay of three hundred fifty patients of breast cancer was performed.Maximum number of patients (35%) were found in the age group of <40 years. Most of the patients were observed with the grade I (59%), tumor size 2-4.9cm (45%), <4 positive lymph node status for metastasis andinfiltrate ductal carcinoma type (93%).Triple positive and triple negative breast cancer types were studiedto identify the basal and luminal phenotypes on the basis of markers CK5, 14 and CK8/18 expression.Results:The expression of CK5 &14 was found to be significantly associated with tumor grade (P=0.001 and P=0.0001), tumor size (P= 0.001) respectively.Whereas CK8/18 expression did not reveal any significant association with tumor grade,size, lymph node status and histological type of breast carcinoma.Conclusion:In conclusion the prognostic and therapeutic value of research work would be examined and validated further on larger number of samples.Keywords: Breast carcinoma, biomarkers, clinicopathological factors, Cytokeratin, hormone receptor
Studies on Formulation and Evaluation of Ethyl Cellulose Based Extended Release Metformin Hydrochloride Matrix Tablets
Authors: Kaliyan Sundaramoorthy
Published: April 2017

Monolithic matrix tablets of metformin hydrochloride were formulated as extended release tablets by employing ethyl cellulose polymer and the extended release characterization of the formulated tablets was investigated.  Extended release matrix tablets containing 500 mg metformin hydrochloride were developed by changing concentration of drug :  polymer (EC) in the ratio of 5:1, 5:2, 5:3 and 5:4 by direct compression.  Formulations were optimized based on the acceptable tablet properties invitro and invivo drug release.  The resulting formulations produced robust tablets with optimum hardness, weight variation, drug content and low friability.  The result of invitro and invivo drug release studies indicated that formulation (drug:polymer =5:3), is the most successful of the study and exhibited constant and extended release of metformin hydrochloride 99-100.5% release at the end of 10 h compared with reference standard.  Further, the formulation F3 was subjected to exposure at room and accelerated condition to stability studies.  A decrease in release of the drug was observed on increasing polymer ratio at certain level.  Before tablet compression, the resulting formulation blends were evaluated for angle of repose, bulk density, % porosity, % compressibility index and drug polymer compatibility study of drug and excipients.  The t25, t50 and t90 drug release values was calculated from selected formulation F3 on every month of stability studies and comparision of both room and accelerated condition by statistical t-test, there is no difference between storage temperature. The formulation F3 was showed similar invitro and invivo drug release when compared to marketed sustained release tablet (F5M).
SEPARATION AND DETERMINATION OF THE R-ISOMER OF ETODOLAC IN A BULK DRUG SUBSTANCE BY NORMAL-PHASE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: Lawande Appasaheb Bajirao
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT Objective:  The objective of the this work is to develop and validate a novel, simple,rapid and reliable analytical method for separation and determination of R-isomer impurity in Etodolac bulk drug material by normal-phase high-performance liquid chromatography as per International Conference on Harmonization guidelines. Methods: The Etodolac R- isomer and S-isomer were separated on a Chiralcel OD-H (150 x 4.0 mm, 5 micron) column by using Ethanol : n-Hexane:Trifluoroacetic acid (50:50:0.1 v/v.) mobile phase with equipped detector at wavelength 225 nm and 25 °C column oven temperature. The resolution between R-isomer and S-isomer were more than two recorded on chromatogram. The specified method was developed and validated for various parameters like reproducibility, limit of detection, limit of quantification, linearity and range, robustness, solution stability and mobile phase stability according to the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) guidelines.  Results: Linearity were found for Etodolac R-isomer over the concentration range of 600–6000 ng/ml, with the linear regression (Correlation coefficient R = 0.998) and proved to be robust. Limit of detection and limit of quantification of Etodolac R-isomer was found to be 200 and 600 ng/ml. The retention time of R-isomer was considered to be 2.8 min. The percentage recovery of Etodolac R-isomer has been ranged from 97.0 to 102.0 in bulk drug material sample. The proposed analytical method has been found to be suitable, precise,reliable and accurate for the separation and quantitative determination of Etodolac R-isomer in bulk drug sample.                                                                                                                   Conclusion: A novel, speedy, accurate, precise, reliable and rugged analytical method has been developed and validated for normal phase high performance liquid chromatography to determine R-isomer impurity in Etodolac bulk drugs material as per ICH guideline. Keywords: Etodolac, HPLC, Known Impurity. Normal Phase, Validation.
ASSESSMENT OF LEFT ATRIAL FUNCTION IN PATIENTS WITHMITRAL VALVE DISEASES
Authors: N Karthikrao
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjective:To observe and assess left atrial (LA) function by observing the differences in conventional Doppler echo parameters of left ventricular inflow, Left atrial appendage, among patients with mitral valve disease.Methods: Forty three mitral valve disease subjects appearing consecutively for echocardiogram (ECHO) test at the cardiology department in a tertiary care hospital were recruited into the study as per the pre-set inclusion and exclusion criteria. The data from the ECHO was pooled using Microsoft excel and analyzed using SPSS software by application of appropriate statistical tests.Results:Of the 43 objects, 39 had MS, 3 had MR and 2 of them were found to have both MS and MR. The major presenting symptom as observed in 33 subjects, was dyspnea. LA maximum volume was found to be 91±59 ml and minimum was 66±51 ml. Left atrial expansion index was 128±91. Left atrial active emptying fraction was 29±13 and passive emptying fraction was 31±15. No significant change in LA global strain among groups with MR and without MR was observed. Further, no significant difference was observed in left atrial indices like left atrial emptying fraction, left atrial passive emptying fraction, atrial fraction, Left atrial expansion index among   groups having MR and no MR.Conclusion:LA contractile, reservoir and conduit function was significantly reduced in mitral valve diseases due to increased hemodynamic load. No significant difference was noted in global LA strain irrespective of MS or MR.Key Words: Valvular disease; Left atria; Strain; Contractile function