bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Voluntary Social Work as a Paradox
Authors: la Cour Anders , Højlund Holger
Published: April 2008

This article is written as an invitation to sociologists to rethink the concept of voluntary social work. Rather than comprehensive theory, it is an essay seeking to explore new ways of perceiving voluntary social effort. Voluntary work has traditionally been defined according to whether or not the subject of the study is organized and unpaid. However, these formal measures overlook the fact that much voluntary work is provided by people who do not fit the categories, and they fail to recognize the special nature of voluntary social work. In this article, we employ the works of the German sociologist Niklas Luhmann to examine what happens when voluntary social work is constructed as a particular form of care work. In this perspective, all care work is formed in the context of opposing expectation structures, and voluntary work is no exception. On the one hand, we have the expectation structures of the persons involved in care; on the other, the expectations of the administrative system and the political, juridical and economic layers of organization. Our assertion is that voluntary social work is fundamentally paradoxical in nature, and is formed as an impossible compromise between interactional and organizational logic. The question is not how to resolve or dissolve this paradox, but how to render it productive as a certain tension in the opportunity for voluntary work. Before we elaborate this thesis further, however, we briefly outline the background of social work and the reason why, today, it is followed especially closely by the state. This means looking at the way in which the couplings between welfare practice and voluntary work have traditionally been defined. While the article refers only to Danish social policy, very similar tendencies can be observed in many other Western welfare societies (see, for example, Wolch, 1990; Smith and Lipsky, 1993; Eikaas, 2001; Lynn, 2002; Reisch and Sommerfeld, 2003).
Bone Mineral Density in Children Exposed to Chronic Glucocorticoid Therapy
Authors: Cohran Valeria C. , Griffiths Mark , Heubi James E.
Published: April 2008

The objective of this study was to determine the impact of glucocorticoid exposure on lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in children while concurrently measuring their calcium intake, serum 25-OH vitamin D levels, and physical activity. Forty-three patients (4-18 years) with renal glomerular diseases, dermatomyositis, inflammatory bowel disease, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, post—solid organ transplant, and Duchenne muscular dystrophy were studied. All received at least 5 mg per day of prednisone for more than 6 months. The mean BMD z score was 0 ± 0.2 (range, −3.8 to +3.3) with 2 patients (5%) having z scores less than −2. The mean daily calcium intake was 1147 ± 145 g, with 1 patient having hypovitaminosis D (<15 ng/mL). The mean physical activity level was 7.8 ± 0.8 h/wk. The small reductions in BMD observed in our population suggest that screening is likely not warranted in all children with chronic glucocorticoid exposure.
Validation of the Gifted Rating Scales–School Form in China
Authors: Huijun Li  , Pfeiffer Steven I. , Petscher Yaacov , Kumtepe Alper T. , Guofang Mo
Published: April 2008

The Gifted Rating Scales–School Form (GRS-S), a teacher-completed rating scale, is designed to identify five types of giftedness and motivation. This study examines the reliability and validity of a Chinese-translated version of the GRS-S with a sample of Chinese elementary and middle school students ( N = 499). The Chinese GRS-S was found to have high internal consistency. Results of the confirmatory factor analysis corroborated the six-factor solution of the original GRS-S. Comparison of the GRS-S scores and measures of academic performance provide preliminary support for the criterion validity of the Chinese-translated GRS-S. Significant age and gender differences on the Chinese GRS-S were found. Results provide preliminary support for the Chinese version of the GRS-S as a reliable and valid measure of giftedness for Chinese students.
A National View of Promising Programs and Practices for Culturally, Linguistically, and Ethnically Diverse Gifted and Talented Students
Authors: Briggs Christine J. , Reis Sally M. , Sullivan Erin E.
Published: April 2008

The low representation of culturally, linguistically, and ethnically diverse (CLED) and high-poverty students in gifted and talented programs has long been an area of concern. This qualitative study investigated methods to increase successful participation of CLED students in gifted programs across the nation. Twenty-five programs were selected for inclusion in the study. Of those, 7 programs were selected for in-depth site visits that included interviews with administrators and teachers, as well as observations. Data suggested five categories that contributed to the successful identification and participation of CLED students in gifted programs. These categories included modified identification procedures; program support systems, such as front-loading (identifying high-potential children and providing opportunities for advanced work prior to formal identification); selecting curriculum/instructional designs that enable CLED students to succeed; building parent/home connections; and using program evaluation practices designed to highlight avenues to CLED students' success.
Black Students and International Education
Authors: Penn Everette B. , Tanner Jennifer
Published: April 2008

Black students participate in international education or study abroad experiences far less than other college students. The reasons, as stated in previous literature, include choice of major, attrition rates, lower levels of social economic affluence, and the lack of encouragement and support. These conclusions were tested with a sample of Black high school graduates enrolled in a residential, summer college-preparatory program. Results contradicted previous findings and led to the creation of a model to increase Black students’ participation in international education through a service learning pedagogy using short, intensive study abroad experiences.
Something Wicked This Way Comes
Authors: Cureton Steven R.
Published: April 2008

Black Americans who exist outside of the American Dream have historically had a direct relationship with street revolutionaries and ghetto superstars more than the appointed Black leadership. Hence, it continues to be an unfair criticism for any “integrated” Black leader to suggest that another Black leader is not authentic enough to have universal appeal, particularly when there is a noticeable social distance between the majority of Black leaders (past and present) who emerge from the middle class and the Black underclass. The gang has traditionally been a significant socialization agent in gangland areas; thus, Black leadership should access the wisdom of the gang when looking for answers to the tough life course conditions of the urban underclass resident. This article provides a brief history about Black gangs in an attempt to provide some insight relative to just how significant the Black gang has been to the Black experience in America.
Diabetes Education Materials: Recommendations of Tribal Leaders, Indian Health Professionals, and American Indian Community Members
Authors: Roubideaux Yvette D. , Moore Kelly , Avery Charlene , Muneta Ben , Knight Margaret , Buchwald Dedra
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

The Association of American Indian Physicians, the only national organization of its kind, conducted a series of focus groups to gather input from tribal leaders, Indian health professionals, and American Indian community members to guide the development of culturally appropriate diabetes education materials for the National Diabetes Education Program.

METHODS

During the focus groups, participants shared their experiences with and recommendations for a variety of diabetes education materials.

RESULTS

Overall, 95% of participants expressed a strong preference for diabetes education materials relevant to their specific tribe or culture.

CONCLUSIONS

Recommendations from these focus groups were used to develop a national diabetes education campaign for American Indian communities.
Exercise Behavior in a Community Sample With Diabetes: Understanding the Determinants of Exercise Behavioral Change
Authors: Plotnikoff Ronald C. , Brez Sharon , Hotz Stephen B.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to investigate the factors associated with exercise behavior among adults with diabetes.

METHODS

Exercise behavior (stage of exercise readiness and energy expenditure) and potential determinants were measured on a subsample (n=46) of adults with type 1 or type 2 diabetes from a randomized population-based telephone survey. Participants were assessed at baseline and at a 6-month follow-up.

RESULTS

Sociodemographic and biomedical characteristics did not significantly differ between the stages of exercise behavior. Scores on the psychosocial constructs of self-efficacy, behavioral processes, self-concept, and social support were significantly higher for those in the action stage than those in the preaction stage of exercise readiness. Self-efficacy and behavioral process of change were significantly associated with energy expenditure; self-efficacy was the strongest predictor in the longitudinal analysis.

CONCLUSIONS

These findings may generate direction for theory development and guide health and medical practitioners when intervening on the specific constructs. Populationand community-based surveys have utility for assessing diabetes health-related behavior (eg, exercise behavior).
Telecommunication Support for Rural Women With Diabetes
Authors: Smith Lucretia , Weinert Clarann
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

The Women to Women Diabetes Project tested the use of telecommunication technology to deliver diabetes education and social support to rural women with diabetes. The aims were to (1) test the effects of the computer intervention in providing support, information, and education on selected outcomes, and (2) evaluate the women's attitudes toward and satisfaction with the intervention and the support provided.

METHODS

Thirty women were randomized into computer and noncomputer groups and participated for 10 months. For 5 months, one group participated in a self-help support and educational group via the computer; the other group continued to use their usual modes of support and communication. Psychosocial well-being scales were administered and attitudes were surveyed.

RESULTS

Improving health and higher educational levels positively influenced measures of social support and quality of life. Women who were married or who reported greater support had higher scores on the Personal Resource Questionnaire. The women expressed positive effects of the computer-based support group on their lives.

CONCLUSIONS

The intervention was enthusiastically accepted, and could be conducted effectively in isolated rural areas.
Self-Reported Factors That Affect Glycemic Control in College Students With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Ramchandani Neesha , Cantey-Kiser Jean M. , Alter Craig A. , Brink Stuart J. , Yeager Shelley D. , Tamborlane William V. , Chipkin Stuart R.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

This study examined the self-reported impact of different factors on the overall diabetes care of college students with type 1 diabetes.

METHODS

An 18-item questionnaire was mailed to 164 students with type 1 diabetes attending college away from home; results from 42 students fulfilled study criteria and were analyzed. Metabolic control was assessed by relative changes in glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels from medical records.

RESULTS

HbA1c levels did not change significantly between high school and college, yet most college students reported that diabetes was more difficult to manage in college. Commonly reported barriers to diabetes control included diet, irregular schedules, lack of parental involvement, peer pressure, drugs and alcohol, fear of hypoglycemia, and finances. Factors identified as improving diabetes control were an increased sense of responsibility, increased frequency of blood glucose testing, exercise, contact with healthcare providers, fear of hyperglycemia, and knowledge of the results of the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial. Many students reported testing their blood more frequently and taking more injections than in high school; most were on intensive insulin regimens.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite the perception that diabetes management was more difficult in college, metabolic control was maintained during college, possibly due to a more intensive treatment approach.
Correlates of Self-Efficacy in Diabetes Self-Care Among Hispanic Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Bernal Henrietta , Woolley Steve , Schensul Jean J. , Dickinson Jane K.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to examine factors associated with increased diabetes self-efficacy among insulin-requiring Hispanic adults with diabetes.

METHODS

A cross-sectional survey design was used to obtain self-reported data on a nonrandom sample of 97 insulin-requiring Hispanic adults with diabetes. The Insulin Management Diabetes Self Efficacy Scale (IMDSES) was translated into Spanish and administered with a demographic questionnaire by trained bilingual/bicultural interviewers in each respondent's own home. Factor analysis of the IMDSES revealed 4 subscales that corresponded with major diabetes self-care management behaviors.

RESULTS

Respondents gave low to average self-efficacy ratings on their ability to manage all aspects of their disease. Behaviors that required problem solving in changing circumstances received the lowest scores. Attending diabetes classes and having home nursing visits were associated with an increased sense of selfefficacy, particularly as it related to diet and insulin. Englishspeaking ability was associated with a general sense of selfefficacy in managing diabetes care.

CONCLUSIONS

The model tested was able to explain modest levels of selfefficacy, particularly in 2 of the most important diabetes management areas, insulin and diet management.
Long-Term Disease Management Needs of Southern African Americans With Diabetes
Authors: Anderson-Loftin Wanda , Moneyham Linda
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

this qualitative study explored the issues, concerns, and needs of low-income, southern African Americans in managing type 2 diabetes over time.

METHODS

Two focus groups (N=22) were conducted with the target population to collect data. Group sessions were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim. Content analysis was used to analyze the data.

RESULTS

The data revealed an overall theme of learning to live with diabetes, which consisted of 3 processes: (1) symptom management, (2) making healthy choices, and (3) emotional adjustment. This article focuses on the processes of symptom management and making healthy choices. Findings suggest that the sequential processes of symptom management and making healthy choices occurred over time primarily through experiential learning in this population and were influenced by social support, caring and collaborative provider-client relationships, and access to resources and culturally sensitive supportive services.

CONCLUSIONS

Experiential educational methods that incorporate social support and access to resources may be more appropriate than the traditional didactic method of teaching diabetes self-care.
The Effect of Diabetes Self-Management Education With Frequent Follow-Up on the Health Outcomes of African American Men
Authors: Hendricks Leo E. , Hendricks, Rosetta T.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

This study was conducted to determine whether objective clinical, patient performance, quality-of-life, and subjective outcomes are significantly different among African American men with type 2 diabetes who received follow-up at either monthly or 3-month intervals after participating in a structured diabetes self-management education program.

METHODS

Prior to the diabetes self-management education program, 30 African American men with type 2 diabetes were randomly assigned to 2 groups to receive telephone follow-up at either monthly or 3-month intervals over a 6-month period. Information obtained at follow-up contact included HbA1c level, perception of general health, and present diabetes knowledge. In addition, daily foot care, dietary, exercise, and medication compliance measures were assessed postprogram.

RESULTS

There were no significant differences between the participants who received follow-up at monthly and 3-month intervals on any measures of the selected clinical, patient performance, quality-of-life, and subjective outcomes.

CONCLUSIONS

This cross-sectional study showed that telephone follow-up at 3 month intervals following a structured program of diabetes self-management education may be just as effective in contributing to favorable diabetes health outcomes as monthly follow-up.
Adherence to 1997 Diabetes Screening Guidelines in a Large Ambulatory Clinic
Authors: Koll Elizabeth , Hewitt Jeanne Beauchamp
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

the purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the 1997 American Diabetes Association screening guidelines were being implemented by primary care providers.

METHODS

A retrospective health record review was undertaken in a large midwestern ambulatory care clinic. A master list was developed of clients aged 45 to 54 years who had been given a physical examination between January 1, 1998, and June 30, 1998. A total of 310 records were systematically selected and abstracted. Data were anaylzed using descriptive statistics.

RESULTS

Although all subjects met the age criterion by design, and a high percent were high risk, only 57.7% were screened for diabetes.

CONCLUSIONS

Adherence to the 1997 screening guidelines was inadequate in this practice setting; therefore the authors suggest replicating this study in other practice settings. Diabetes educators should continue to promote the practice of screening high-risk individuals of all ages.
The Conceptual Framework of the National Diabetes Education Outcomes System (NDEOS)
Authors: Peeples Malinda , Mulcahy Kathryn , Tomky Donna , Weaver Todd
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

this article describes the systems-based conceptual framework for the definition of diabetes education outcomes and the development of the National Diabetes Education Outcomes System (NDEOS).

METHODS

Development of the NDEOS was based on integrating diabetes education into the diabetes care system; identifying and tracking standardized learning, behavioral, and clinical outcomes measurements; and gathering data at the individual, program, and national levels. Each component was formulated based on available literature and through consensus with the American Association of Diabetes Educators (AADE) Outcomes Task Force and other multidisciplinary healthcare professionals.

RESULTS

Behavior change is the key outcome measurement for diabetes self-management education (DSME). In addition, diabetes educators should collect other immediate, intermediate, and long-term outcomes for monitoring the impact of DSME. The NDEOS system includes standardized data collection tools for the participant, the educator, and the program manager, and provides reports at the individual, program, and national levels.

CONCLUSIONS

By capturing outcomes data using valid, reliable, and evidence-based tools, the NDEOS strives to support diabetes educators and provide a uniform data set that can be used to influence public policy, support reimbursement negotiations, and assist researchers.
Heuristic Model Linking Contextual Processes to Self-Management in African American Adults With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Brody Gene H. , Jack Leonard , Murry Velma McBride , Landers-Potts Melissa , Liburd Leandris
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

This article examines the influence of various environmental factors on the diabetes self-care practices of African American adults with type 2 diabetes.

METHODS

A heuristic model was developed that considers how community barriers and supports, availability and use of insurance, diabetes education, medical provider-patient relationships, extended family processes, and psychological functioning may indirectly affect metabolic control through the patient's ability to regulate diabetes.

RESULTS

The proposed model offers a framework to demonstrate the complexity of diabetes management that may be unique to the African American experience.

CONCLUSIONS

A comprehensive view of the environmental context will lead to new and more effective approaches in diabetes education and counseling for African American adults with type 2 diabetes.
Peer Coaching: An Intervention for Individuals Struggling With Diabetes
Authors: Joseph Dayle Hunt , Griffin Martha , Hall Rosemary F. , Sullivan Elaine Doherty
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to determine the value of peer coaching and its influence on behavior change.

METHODS

Coaches who were known to be successfully managing their diabetes were paired with individuals who were struggling with behavior change associated with managing diabetes. The pairs were matched according to age, sex, and physical appearance. Coaches met initially with participants in a face-to-face meeting for 1 hour and talked with them once a week for 10 to 15 minutes for the next 8 weeks. The initial interview and subsequent phone conversations focused on the person's problems and efforts at behavior change.

RESULTS

At the end of the study, the pairs participated in a videotaped focus group to discuss their views on coaching and its influence on behavior change. Participants reported that coaching was personal, useful in disease management, and helpful in their quest to establish and adhere to routines of care. Participants also reported making progress toward changing their behavior related to diet, exercise, and blood glucose monitoring. Sustained behavior change was not measured.

CONCLUSIONS

Peer coaching appears to have merit as a viable, low-cost intervention with the potential of helping individuals with diabetes who need to change their behavior.
Drinking Perceptions and Management Strategies of College Students With Diabetes
Authors: Miller-Hagan Raelene S. , Janas Bernadette G.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

The purpose of this research was to explore how college students with diabetes perceive and manage alcohol consumption.

METHODS

Fifteen college students with diabetes attending a large northeastern university participated in a single semistructured interview that focused on the impact of starting college on diabetes management and situational obstacles to diet-related self-care. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using the constant comparative method of analysis.

RESULTS

Students perceived alcohol as a pervasive part of the university environment and felt strong peer pressure to drink in alcohol-related social situations. Students described 3 distinct drinking practices and identified factors that shaped decisions about drinking. Most students developed personal strategies to manage drinking, usually without guidance.

CONCLUSIONS

Some of the students' strategies appeared reasonable for avoiding adverse outcomes of drinking; however, other strategies may have increased their risk of hypoglycemia or poor glucose control. More research is needed to understand how students' management strategies influence diabetes control and to explore how education and counseling from healthcare providers can improve students' management of drinking.
Beliefs and Attitudes of African Americans With Type 2 Diabetes Toward Depression
Authors: Egede Leonard E.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

This qualitative study was conducted with African Americans with type 2 diabetes to explore beliefs and attitudes about depression.

METHODS

Twenty-five adults participated in 4 focus groups. The sessions were recorded, transcribed, and analyzed. The Health Belief Model was used as a theoretical framework for the design and analysis of the focus group data.

RESULTS

Five themes pertinent to depression management emerged: (1) There were misconceptions about the etiology of depression and individual vulnerability to depression. (2) Depression was perceived as severe. (3) Treatment was perceived as beneficial. (4) Stigma was a significant barrier to seeking treatment. (5) Cues to action did not appear to change beliefs.

CONCLUSIONS

Despite awareness about the severity of depression and benefits of treatment, several barriers and erroneous beliefs may interfere with the ability of African Americans with type 2 diabetes to seek and adhere to treatment for depression.
A Practical Model for Preventing Type 2 Diabetes in Minority Youth
Authors: Burnet Deborah , Plaut Andrea , Courtney Rachel , Chin Marshall H.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

This article proposes a model grounded in behavioral theory and empirical evidence for use when developing a program to prevent type 2 diabetes in highrisk minority youth.

METHODS

The model is based on key concepts of 4 behavioral theories: the Health Belief Model, Social Learning Theory, the Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Ecological Model. Determinants of behavior to target for change are selected based on their theoretical link to behavior change, their success in changing behavior in past programs, and through thorough formative research in the target community.

RESULTS

Diabetes prevention in children requires modifying a complex set of behavior patterns. Social norms and the environment are especially important in children in whom cognitive processes have not fully developed. Family and community involvement is essential for developing a health program and providing a supportive environment in which to change behavior and ongoing reinforcement to maintain behavior changes.

CONCLUSIONS

Behavioral theory informs the selection of factors to target in a behavioral intervention. Special considerations apply when working with children. A program to target risk must be based in behavioral theory, supported by practical data, and tailored to the needs and beliefs of the target community.
A Focus Group Study of Accessibility and Related Psychosocial Issues in Diabetes Education for People With Visual Impairment
Authors: Willams Ann S.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

This study was conducted to identify accessibility and related psychosocial issues in diabetes care and education for visually impaired adults who have diabetes.

METHODS

Two focus groups of adults with visual impairment and diabetes were conducted; data were recorded and analyzed.

RESULTS

The 3 main issues identified were lack of access to up-to-date diabetes information in an accessible format, lack of understanding by healthcare providers of the needs and competencies of people with both visual impairment and diabetes, and lack of access to nonvisual diabetes self-management equipment.

CONCLUSIONS

This study provides qualitative support for the view that visually impaired people in the United States may, as a group, be systematically excluded from receiving high quality diabetes care and education. Equal access to diabetes care and education for visually impaired people requires increased accessibility of diabetes care and education programs, and increased professional and public awareness that the diabetes programs are accessible. Some specific recommendations are to make all patient education materials available in low-vision/nonvisual formats and to teach all diabetes education professionals how to work effectively with visually impaired people.
A Randomized Pilot Study of improving Foot Care in Home Health Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Corbett Cynthia F.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

the purpose of this study was to test the effectiveness of an educational intervention to improve patients' foot care knowledge, self-efficacy, and self-care practices.

METHODS

A prospective, randomized, single center, 2-group design was used with a convenience sample of 40 home care patients from a Medicare-certified home health agency. Baseline measures of foot care knowledge, self-efficacy, and reported self-care practices were obtained at study entry and 6 weeks later to control for foot care interventions provided during routine home care services. After obtaining the 6-week baseline measures, patients who were randomized to the intervention group received individualized education about proper foot care. All patients were interviewed a third time 3 months after study entry to determine the effectiveness of the intervention.

RESULTS

The educational intervention improved patients' knowledge, confidence, and reported foot care behaviors.

CONCLUSIONS

A brief, individualized educational intervention about standard foot care topics improved patients' foot care knowledge and self-efficacy as well as reported self-care practices. Incorporating such interventions into routine home care services may enhance the quality of care and decrease the incidence of lower-extremity complications.
Measuring Perceptions of Diabetes-Related Concepts: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Fitzgerald James T. , Gruppen Larry D. , Wray Linda A. , Shay Barbara R. , Anderson Robert M.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

this pilot study explored health professionals' and patients' perceptions of diabetes through the development of the Diabetes Semantic Differential Scales (DSDS). These scales evaluate the meaning of diabetes-related concepts.

METHODS

Health professionals (n=39) attending a CME course completed the health professional version of the DSDS. Patients (n=70) completed the patient version of the DSDS.

RESULTS

The reliability of the DSDS was supported. The scale scores of health professionals, African American patients, and Caucasian patients, examined initially by one-way analyses of variance, showed significant differences among the groups for 4 of the 18 diabetes concepts. Effect sizes were also examined among these groups. For 7 concepts, there was a significant practical difference between the perceptions of the health professionals and the African American patients. For the Caucasian patients, differences were noted for 6 concepts.

CONCLUSIONS

There are 3 primary inferences from this pilot study. First, health professionals and patients are likely to hold different perceptions of key diabetes concepts. Second, the concepts on which professionals and patients differ are not always what one would expect. Third, health professionals should clarify patients' understanding of diabetes to minimize the potential for miscommunication.
Lessons Learned: Patient Strategies for a Type 2 Diabetes Intervention in a Primary Care Setting
Authors: Amthauer Hllarea , Gagilo Bridget , Glasgow Russell E. , Dortch Wendy , King Diane K.
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

this study reports on methods and strategies employed to increase participation rates in diabetes interventions and discusses the reach and representativeness of the Diabetes Priority Program.

METHODS

A passive mail-out procedure was used to contact patients of participating primary care physicians. Patients who did not return the refusal postcard were contacted. Several attempts were made to contact potential participants. Brochures, "wrong number" postcards, posters, and reports for clinic staff were strategies used to increase participation.

RESULTS

The recruitment process resulted in a participation rate of 83% among patients who were contacted and eligible. These participants appeared to be representative of both nonparticipants and persons with diabetes in Colorado. In contrast, a low percentage of primary care physicians, estimated at 3%, took part in the program despite efforts to make the program brief, nonintrusive, and compatible with usual care.

CONCLUSIONS

Recruitment is currently challenging and will become even more difficult with the privacy regulations that affect healthcare research and the public distrust of solicitations. To increase participation rates, it is important that the clinic staff promotes and supports the program, and that participant lists are accurate and adequate in size.
The Impact of Verbal Communication on Physician Prescribing Patterns in Hospitalized Patients With Diabetes
Authors: Martin Kay , Carter Loletta , Ballunas Donna , Sotoudeh Faranak , Moore Debbie , Westerflield Joanne
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

The purpose of this descriptive clinical research study was to identify which method of communication, verbal or written, has the greatest impact on physician adjustment of the antidiabetes medication regimen for hospitalized patients with hyperglycemia.

METHODS

The medical records for 1026 patients hospitalized with diabetes at a large, metropolitan, not-for-profit teaching hospital were reviewed by the diabetes inpatient clinicians to identify hyperglycemia and the potential need to initiate or adjust the antidiabetes medication regimen. The study evaluated the effectiveness of verbal versus written communication between the diabetes inpatient clinician and the physician regarding cases where the current antidiabetes medication regimen was not optimal.

RESULTS

Verbal interaction between the diabetes inpatient clinician and the physician resulted in a greater number of changes in the antidiabetes medication regimen.

CONCLUSIONS

Communication modality correlates with changes in antidiabetes medications prescribed by physicians and may be an effective tool to facilitate inpatient glycemic control.
Quality of Life in School-Aged Children With Type 1 Diabetes on Intensive Treatment and Their Parents
Authors: Whittemore Robin , Urban Andrea Dann , Tamboriane William V. , Grey Margaret
Published: April 2008

PURPOSE

The purpose of this study was to examine the child, parent, and family factors associated with quality of life and metabolic control in school-aged children with type 1 diabetes on intensive treatment.

METHODS

A cross-sectional analysis was performed of child, parent, and family psychosocial variables with child quality of life and metabolic control.

RESULTS

Families of school-aged children were able to intensively manage type 1 diabetes, achieve good metabolic control (<7.5%), experience good quality of life, and cope well with the demands of treatment. However, increased depressive symptoms were reported in the children (8%) and a parent (29%).

CONCLUSIONS

Most school-aged children and families in this sample coped well with the demands of intensive treatment. However, intensive psychosocial support may also be indicated because managing a complex chronic illness is stressful and potentially difficult for some families.
Self Blood Glucose Monitoring: An Update
Authors: McNeil LeAnn
Published: April 2008

The trend toward the use of self blood glucose monitoring (SBGM) can be at tributed to several factors. Changing attitudes toward healthcare show signs of moving from the traditional author itarian to a participative model in which health professionals and con sumers share decision making. Indica tions for its use have multiplied, as have the several methods of monitor ing. The newest products, Visidex, Glucoscan II, Glucometer, AccuChek bG, and blood-letting devices, are reviewed. Educator responsibilities are included.
Teaching Plan for Amputation
Authors: Plombon Marty
Published: April 2008

This teaching plan was designed at North Memorial Medical Center specifically for the person ex periencing above or below the knee amputation. Decreased anxiety, smooth hospitalization, and return to daily living is outlined in a step-by-step fashion and is facilitated by good pre- and postoperative care. The nurse must be constantly aware of the patient and the family's psychological needs and refer to the psychological learner outcomes frequently.
Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis as a Treatment For Diabetic Patients With End Stage Renal Disease
Authors: Goldberg J.P. , Contiguglia S.R. , Klein M. , Mishell J.
Published: April 2008

Continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) is becoming the treat ment of choice for many diabetics with end stage renal disease (ESRD). Hy pertension is better controlled, neu ropathy and vascular calcifications re mains stable or improve, and few dietary or fluid restrictions are necessary. It is estimated that about 20% of all patients with ESRD will be using CAPD by 1985.
Commonly Asked Questions About Pump Therapy
Authors: Weinrauch Sandy , Tomky Donna
Published: April 2008

Practical down-to-earth questions about the insulin pump are answered by two educators, one a social worker, the other a nurse practitioner. They have both been wearing a pump for two years.
Neuropathic Arthropathy: The Diabetic Charcot Foot
Authors: Frykberg Robert G.
Published: April 2008

Charcot's Joint, or neuropathic arthropathy, develops only in the presence of peripheral neuropathy (lack of pain), with the added factor of trauma. The primary problem is loss of joint sensation so joints can be sub jected to extreme and traumatic ranges of motion, causing destruction of both the joint and soft tissue. Pri mary treatment is abstinence from weight bearing which will prevent fur ther damage and allow healing.
Development of a Guide To Recommended Audiovisual Materials on Diabetes, 1983
Authors: Garman Louise W. , Lockwood Donna , Helms Brenda G. , Hiss Roland G.
Published: April 2008

The task of reviewing and critiquing the hundreds of audiovisual programs available for diabetes education is an exceedingly time consuming and tedious activity. To assist the many users of educational audiovisual materials the Outreach Core of the Michigan Diabetes Research and Training Center undertook the review and critique of these programs. Based on specified selection and review cri teria, 35 programs have been chosen for inclusion in a booklet entitled "Recommended Audiovisual Re sources for Diabetes Education. " This booklet is available to any diabetes educator upon request.
Unscientific and Opinionated Report on Meters
Authors: Biermann June , Toohey Barbara
Published: April 2008

There are currently three blood testing strips — Dex trostix, Chemstrips bG, and Glucoscan, and six meters — Glucometer, Betascan A, Accu-chek bG, Glucochek II, Glucokey, and Glucoscan II. Scientific comparative evalua tions are almost impossible to come by but here is a firsthand report from the Sugarfree Center.
Biostator Glucose Controller: A Building Block of the Future
Authors: Young Alma , Herf Steven
Published: April 2008

The Biostator Glucose Controller is a closed loop artificial pancreas system which delivers insulin or dextrose to an individual while providing continu ous monitoring of the blood glucose level. The Biostator requires only a small amount of venous blood which continuously flows through the machine to analyze blood glucose concentrations. The controller's feed back system provides a printed minute by minute account of blood glucose levels as well as noting the amount of insulin or dextrose required to normal ize the glucose concentration. By al lowing the patient to exercise, and by controlling meal times, an attempt is made to simulate the patient's normal daily routine while on the machine. Thus, the Biostator aids tremendously in planning an accurate and individ ualized medical regime for the person with Type I diabetes.
Diet Education for the Parents of a Young Child with Diabetes
Authors: Klein Bette Snow
Published: April 2008

A retrospective survey of a dietary education program was mailed to 23 families with IDDM children diagnosed under the age of five years. Of the 18 questionnaires returned, results showed that, once educated, the par ents of young diabetic children identi fied the majority of diet-related prob lems as: 1) managing the deviations of meal routines, 2) behavioral issues, 3) illness, and 4) special occasions.
The Pregnant Diabetic
Authors: Giordano Beverly P. , Gregg Rainwater Nancy
Published: April 2008

The American Association of Diabetes Educa tors combines a diversity of professions and practices in its membership. To focus on the spe cial contributions of each discipline a common diabetes management or educational problem will be addressed periodically, using a team ap proach.
A Team Approach to
Authors: Giordano Beverly P. , Rainwater Nancy Gregg
Published: April 2008

The American Association of Diabetes Educa tors combines a diversity of professions and practices in its membership. To focus on the spe cial contributions of each discipline a common diabetes management or educational problem will be addressed periodically, using u team app roach.
Is the Problem of Noncompliance All in Our Heads?
Authors: Anderson Robert M.
Published: April 2008

The problem of noncompliance has troubled diabetes educators for years. This paper will argue that the problem of noncompliance in diabetes is not so much a problem of patient behavior, but rather stems from the inadequacy of the traditional medical approach to care. The view of the patients' and practitioners' roles embodied in the traditional medical approach to treat ing disease is inappropriate in diabetes because of the self-care requirements. Diabetes requires a new way of con ceptualizing and implementing the patient/practitioner relationship such as the educational approach offered by counseling psychology. This ap proach would view noncompliance a communication problem and advo cate renegotiation of the treatment plan. The first step in successfully ap plying a new approach to relating to patients requires practitioners to examine and become aware of the as sumptions that currently influence their behavior with patients.
Carotid Artery Disease
Authors: Campbell David R.
Published: April 2008

Because macroangiopathy is a ma jor complication of diabetes, evalua tion of the carotid arteries for possible obstruction is of primary importance. Patients with transient ischemic at tacks, a precursor of strokes, are liable to have either a mechanical reduction of flow secondary to stenosis or a re lease of emboli from extracranial plaques. After a definitive diagnosis by angiogram, dissection of a tight lesion is indicated. Asymptomatic bruits should be evaluated by noninvasive techniques for possible prophylactic endarterectomy.
Diabetes Education in Chile
Authors: Saxl Eva R.
Published: April 2008

The growing international exposure of AADE has led to a variety of contri butions about diabetes education in other cultures. Those of greatest inter est will be passed on to our readers.
The Second Generation Sulfonylureas: Glipizide and Glyburide
Authors: Baker Danial E. , Campbell R. Keith
Published: April 2008

Glyburide and glipizide are approved by the FDA for treatment of symptomatic and asymp tomatic NIDDM patients in whom hyperglycemia cannot be satisfactorily controlled by diet and exercise. Pharmacology studies suggest that glyburide and glipizide sensitize the beta cells of the pancreas to release insulin only in the presence of elevated serum glucose levels. Long-term efficacy appears to depend on extrapancreatic effects, suppressing hepatic glucose production, and improved postreceptor insulin activity.
A Course for Babysitters of Children with IDDM
Authors: Albright Lauren , Charron-Prochownik Denise
Published: April 2008

Parents of children with insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) fre quently deny themselves social and recreational activities because they have no competent baby- sitter with whom to leave the child. This pilot pro gram was developed to train adolescents to care for children with IDDM. The program combines the American Red Cross baby-sitting course with additional training to meet the needs of children with IDDM. Although the program has not been formally evaluated, subjective response of participants has been positive.
The Stability of Chemstrip bG Used in Conjunction with AccuChek bG
Authors: Freeman Charlene
Published: April 2008

Reacted Chemstrip bGs were 1) stored in the original desiccated vial, 2) covered with white paper, or 3) left exposed on a counter, and were read at intervals of 10 hours, 1 day, 2, 3, 5, 7, 10, 14, and 21 days with AccuChek bG. Blank strips stored under the same conditions were used to calibrate the AccuChek bG. Blood glucose samples ranged from 60 to 400 mg/dl and read within 10 % of the original glucose con centration after 5 days. The strips remained within 79-100% of the initial value for 3 weeks, depending upon the blood glucose range. The find ings of this study are consistent with the manufacturer's claim that developed strips are stable for 7 days up to 320 mg/dl and for 4 days above 320 mg/dl when stored as recommended.
The Biggest Problem in Diabetes
Authors: Lockwood Donna , Frey Mary L. , Gladish Nancy A. , Hiss Roland G.
Published: April 2008

An assessment of the big gest problem in diabetes care from the viewpoint of 115 health care profes sionals and 428 diabetic patients was obtained. There was substantial agreement by health pro fessionals and patients alike that diet and diet- related issues constituted the most difficult problem faced by persons with diabetes and by health professionals caring for those persons. These find ings may be important in organizing diabetes patient education and in the selection of research efforts within the overall field of diabetes.
Factitious Hypoglycemia: Case Report
Authors: Giordano Beverly P. , Rainwater Nancy G.
Published: April 2008

In persons with diabetes, factitious disease may take the form of surreptitious insulin administration that causes unexplained hypo glycemia. Factitious disease is the desperate plea for help by a person who has been unable to devise a better solution for his or her emotional problems. This case report discusses a diabetic patient lost to factitious disease— in the hope that, in shar ing his story with other diabetes educators, some lives may be saved. A high index of suspicion should be maintained by the diabetes educator when he or she is asked to evaluate or reeducate a person with brittle diabetes or unexplained hypoglycemia.
CHID: An Automated Information Retrieval System
Authors: Ertwine Robyn , Jakubowski Beatrice
Published: April 2008

The Combined Health Information Database (CHID) is an automated information system designed for health care educators and other health professionals. It contains 20,000 references to jour nal articles, fact sheets, brochures, audiovisual materials, health program descriptions, and other health-related information. Topics include diabetes, arthritis, digestive diseas es, high blood pressure, and health promotion and health education. Access to this information is available nationwide through a subscription service. The information included in CHID can be searched and retrieved quickly by computer, and the results can be orga nized and prepared according to the specific needs of the user.
Behavioral Responses to Perceived Hypoglycemic symptoms
Authors: Gonder-Frederick Linda A. , Cox Daniel J.
Published: April 2008

This study examines the behavioral responses of IDDM patients to per ceived hypoglycemic symptoms. To determine whether or not patients used reflectance meters to confirm low blood glu cose (BG) levels before self-treatment, a survey was administered that asked participants to report their hypoglycemic symptoms, their confidence in ability to recognize hypogly cemia, and their first four actions after perceiving hypoglycemic symptoms. Of 79 respondents, the majority reported not using self-measurement to confirm low BG levels before taking action to raise those levels. Patients who reported more symp toms were more confident in their ability to recognize low BG levels.
Problems Perceived by Adults in Adhering to a Prescribed Diet
Authors: Daschner Barbara K.
Published: April 2008

Content analysis of inter views with 21 subjects regarding their adherence to prescribed diabetic diets showed the following problems in order of fre quency of mention: self- discipline, influence of other persons, impact of events, control of emo tions, lack of material resources, self-image, and time constraints.