bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A new large philisid (Mammalia, Chiroptera, Vespertilionoidea) from the late Early Eocene of Chambi, Tunisia
Authors: RAVEL ANTHONY , MARIVAUX LAURENT , TABUCE RODOLPHE , BEN HAJ ALI MUSTAPHA , ESSID EL MABROUK , VIANEY‐LIAUD MONIQUE
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Among the new dental remains from the late Early Eocene of Chambi (Kasserine area, Tunisia) is a large‐sized upper molar of a new bat species, Witwatia sigei nov. sp. (Chiroptera, Vespertilionoidea, Philisidae), described herein. The locality of Chambi has revealed evidence for an early appearance of two modern microchiropteran superfamilies in Africa: Dizzya exsultans, a Philisidae, which is considered to be an archaic Vespertilionoidea, and an indeterminate Rhinolophoidea. In addition to D. exsultans, the new species, W. sigei, is the second representative of the Philisidae in this locality. W. sigei extends back to the late Early Eocene the occurrence of the genus Witwatia, which was previously only reported from the early Late Eocene of the Fayum (BQ‐2, Egypt). By analogy with the largest extant microbats, the large size of Witwatia suggests a tendency to the opportunistic diet of this taxon, thereby contrasting with the strict insectivory characterizing primitive bats found in other continents in the same epoch.
The fossil record of Glypturus Stimpson, 1866 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Axiidea, Callianassidae) revisited, with notes on palaeoecology and palaeobiogeography
Authors: HYŽNÝ MATÚŠ , MÜLLER PÁL
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  The fossil record of the callianassid genus Glypturus (Decapoda, Axiidea) is re‐evaluated. Our systematic revision, both of extant and fossil taxa, is based on major cheliped morphology only, thus providing an important impetus for palaeontological studies. Both spination and tuberculation of chelipeds are herein considered of great taxonomic importance. Presence of spines on the upper margins of the merus and propodus and the lower margin of the carpus are significant for generic assignment, whereas the extent of tuberculation on lateral surfaces of the propodus is important for assignment at the species level. Altogether, four extant and six exclusively fossil species of Glypturus are recognized. Several extinct callianassid taxa are now transferred to the genus, namely Callianassa berryi, Callianassa fraasi, Callianassa munieri, Callianassa pugnax and Callianassaspinosa; Callianassa pseudofraasi is considered a junior synonym of C. fraasi. Based on a comparison of ecological preferences of extant representatives, the presence of Glypturus in the fossil record is considered to be linked with tropical to subtropical, nearshore carbonate environments of normal salinity. We argue that Glypturus is of Tethyan origin, with a stratigraphical range going as far back as the Eocene. Since then, the genus migrated both westwards and eastwards, establishing present‐day communities in the western Atlantic and Indo‐West Pacific which both comprise several distinct species. In the presumed area of origin, the genus does no longer occur today. The exlusively fossil (middle Eocene) genus Eoglypturus from Italy is considered closely related to Glypturus and is thus assigned to the subfamily Callichirinae as well.
Decapod Crustacea from the Agrio Formation (Lower Cretaceous) of the Neuquén Basin, Argentina
Authors: AGUIRRE‐URRETA BEATRIZ , LAZO DARÍO G. , RAWSON PETER F.
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Two species of decapod crustacean are recorded from the Agua de la Mula Member of the Agrio Formation (Upper Hauterivian – Lower Barremian) of the Neuquén Basin of west‐central Argentina, namely Astacodes falcifer Bell and a new species of Palaeohomarus, P. pacificus. The preservation of the specimens is exceptional, some showing delicate compound eyes and a stridulatory apparatus, features rarely found in fossil forms. Many specimens are preserved articulated inside calcareous nodules, within dark‐grey shales. The lobster‐bearing sediments accumulated in a low‐energy marine environment and diagenetic mineralization occurred very rapidly, prior to significant decay, thus allowing exceptional preservation of specimens. Palaeohomarus was a rare genus in the Cretaceous with a palaeogeographic distribution restricted to the Mediterranean Tethys, the eastern USA and Madagascar, while Astacodes falcifer has been recorded only from Speeton (eastern England) and Neuquén.
A new homosporous, arborescent lycopsid from the Middle Devonian of Xinjiang, Northwest China
Authors: XU HONG‐HE , WANG YI , WANG QI
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  A new arborescent lycopsid, Hoxtolgaya robusta gen. et sp. nov., is described from the Middle Devonian of Xinjiang, Northwest China. It has stems up to 90 mm wide with fusiform leaf bases and long linear microphylls. Sporophylls are not aggregated into strobili and are isomorphic, with sporangia homosporous and bearing Acinosporites‐type microspores. A syndrome of characters in Hoxtolgaya, including the arborescence and the homospory, implies that the arborescent habit is not necessarily correlated with the heterospory in the early evolution of arborescent lycopsids. Homosporous, arborescent lycopsids probably represent one of the transient forms between the Devonian herbaceous protolepidodendrids and the Devonian–Carboniferous heterosporous arborescent lycopsids.
The expression of calretinin and cytokeratins in canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma and oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Fulton A. , Arzi B. , Murphy B. , Naydan D. K. , Verstraete F. J. M.
Published: September 2012

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and canine acanthomatous ameloblastoma (CAA) represent two epithelium‐derived neoplasms that affect the oral cavity of dogs. The expression of cytokeratins (CKs) and calretinin has been previously established in the canine tooth bud and odontogenic tumours. The aim of this study was to characterize the CK and calretinin expression profile of OSCC in comparison to CAA and canine tooth bud tissues. Samples from 15 OSCC and 15 CAA cases, as well as 6 tooth buds and 2 normal gingival tissues were examined. OSCC CK expression was consistent with the CK expression profile of CAA and canine tooth bud tissue. Calretinin was positively expressed in 10 of 15 OSCC cases, with 5 cases demonstrating high staining intensity. Only 2 of 15 CAA cases demonstrated mild‐moderate staining intensity. The statistically significant difference in staining pattern and intensity of calretinin in OSCC and CAA can help distinguish between these two tumour types.
Lidar Strip Adjustment with Automatically Reconstructed Roof Shapes
Authors: Rentsch Matthias , Krzystek Peter
Published: September 2012

In recent years, the performance of lidar systems has steadily improved due to an increase in the achievable point density. The main error sources affecting the quality of lidar‐derived secondary products such as digital terrain models (DTMs) and digital surface models (DSMs) are the result of systematic errors coming from insufficient boresight calibration. The effects of boresight misalignments are visually recognised as discrepancies of the laser point clouds at selected objects (such as building roofs) in overlapping areas of neighbouring lidar strips. In this work, a strip adjustment method is presented that corrects the systematic errors of the laser point cloud using five strip parameters (three shifts plus two angular corrections for heading and roll). The strip adjustment procedure uses 2D and 3D tie elements and takes advantage of a new 3D measurement technique applied to building roofs. The strip adjustment method is applied to three different datasets, consisting of conventional first/last pulse and full‐waveform data. The results show that systematic discrepancies are typical for datasets that have already been processed by the flight companies. These errors can be reduced by more than 70% by applying the new strip adjustment approach. Preliminary investigations indicate that a higher laser point density and the inclusion of intensity and pulse width within full‐waveform lidar data lead to better results.
Public and Private Worlds? Social History, Gender and Space
Authors: Williamson Fiona
Published: September 2012

Michael McKeon’s The Secret History of Domesticity is an important contribution to cultural and literary history, exploring how concepts of public and private evolved. His quest to uncover the ‘division of knowledge’ takes the reader on a journey through the low and high culture of literary genre, the history of print, art, architecture, entertainment, politics and social theory. This essay compares McKeon’s reading of public and private in light of the recent ‘spatial turn’ in social and gender history. The ‘spatial turn’ offers a close lens into the lived experience of past peoples in the same way that McKeon claims to recover the tacit knowledge embedded in the consciousness of past societies. The difference between the approaches is less about their conclusions, but their sources and methodology. Taken together they offer something that each alone cannot, a broad portrayal of a society from above and below, from the past and the present. In which case, there can be great value in placing cultural readings of the past, like Secret History, alongside social methodologies to draw together the experiences of people at all levels of society. In this article, I therefore argue for the inclusion of these contrasting and complimentary approaches to concepts of public and private within the framework of debate for Secret History.
Resolution and Recurrence of Vitiligo Following Excision of Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Authors: Workman Meredith , Sawan Kamal , El Amm Christian
Published: September 2012

Abstract:  Vitiligo associated with halo congenital melanocytic nevus (CMN) is rare. There are limited reports in the literature, especially with regard to CMN excision. We present the case of a 5‐year‐old girl who presented with vitiligo of the periorbital and axillary regions and halo formation around CMN of the buttock. The lesion was excised, and all areas of vitiligo improved, but 18 months postoperatively, a halo of depigmentation appeared around the excision scar and later in the periorbital and axillary regions. In review of literature, there is only one report of excision of halo CMN and resultant improvement of vitiligo. Although initial resolution of vitiligo in this case was promising, the recurrence indicates that this complex process is not reliably controlled with excision of the inciting lesion.
Intracranial evaluation of the epileptogenic zone in regional infrasylvian polymicrogyria
Authors: Ramantani Georgia , Koessler Laurent , Colnat‐Coulbois Sophie , Vignal Jean‐Pierre , Isnard Jean , Catenoix Hélène , Jonas Jacques , Zentner Josef , Schulze‐Bonhage Andreas , Maillard Louis Georges
Published: September 2012

Purpose:  To define the relationship between the epileptogenic zone and the polymicrogyric area using intracranial electroencephalography (EEG) recordings in patients with structural epilepsy associated with regional infrasylvian polymicrogyria (PMG).

Methods:  We retrospectively reviewed the medical charts, scalp, and intracranial video‐EEG recordings, neuroimaging findings, and neuropsychological evaluations of four patients with refractory temporal lobe epilepsy related to PMG who consequently underwent resective surgery.

Key Findings:  High‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed temporal lobe PMG in all cases, accompanied by hippocampal malrotation and closed lip schizencephaly in 3/4 cases, respectively. In intracranial recordings, interictal spike activity was localized within the PMG in only 2/4 and within the amygdala, hippocampus, and entorhinal cortex in all cases. In the first patient, two epileptogenic networks coexisted: the prevailing network initially involved the mesial temporal structures with spread to the anterior PMG; the secondary network successively involved the anterior part of the PMG and later the mesial temporal structures. In the second patient, the epileptogenic network was limited to the mesial temporal structures, fully sparing the PMG. In the third patient, the epileptogenic network first involved the mesial temporal structures and later the PMG. Conversely, in the last case, part of the PMG harbored an epileptogenic network that propagated to the mesial temporal structures. Consistent with these findings a favorable outcome (Engel class I in three of four patients; Engel class II in one of four) at last follow‐up was obtained by a resection involving parts of the PMG cortex in three of four and anteromesial temporal lobe structures in another three of four cases.

Significance:  Infrasylvian PMG displays a heterogeneous epileptogenicity and is occasionally and partially involved in the epileptogenic zone that commonly includes the mesial temporal structures. Our results highlight the intricate interrelations between the MRI‐detectable lesion and the epileptogenic zone as delineated by intracranial recordings. Seizure freedom can be accomplished as a result of a meticulous intracranial study guiding a tailored resection that may spare part of the PMG.
Natural Direct and Indirect Effects on the Exposed: Effect Decomposition under Weaker Assumptions
Authors: Vansteelandt Stijn , VanderWeele Tyler J.
Published: September 2012

SummaryWe define natural direct and indirect effects on the exposed. We show that these allow for effect decomposition under weaker identification conditions than population natural direct and indirect effects. When no confounders of the mediator‐outcome association are affected by the exposure, identification is possible under essentially the same conditions as for controlled direct effects. Otherwise, identification is still possible with additional knowledge on a nonidentifiable selection‐bias function which measures the dependence of the mediator effect on the observed exposure within confounder levels, and which evaluates to zero in a large class of realistic data‐generating mechanisms. We argue that natural direct and indirect effects on the exposed are of intrinsic interest in various applications. We moreover show that they coincide with the corresponding population natural direct and indirect effects when the exposure is randomly assigned. In such settings, our results are thus also of relevance for assessing population natural direct and indirect effects in the presence of exposure‐induced mediator‐outcome confounding, which existing methodology has not been able to address.
The Effects of Parental Education and Family Income on Mother–Child Relationships, Father–Child Relationships, and Family Environments in the People's Republic of China
Authors: Zhang Xiao
Published: September 2012

Using a cross‐sectional design with 407 Chinese children aged 3–5 years and their parents, this study examined the effects of socioeconomic status, specifically parents' education and family income, on the children's mother–child relationships, father–child relationships, and the social environment in their families. The results indicated that income negatively predicted conflict in father–child relationships and positively predicted family active‐recreational environments. Income also positively predicted family cohesion among girls but not boys. Maternal education negatively predicted conflict in mother–child relationships and positively predicted closeness in mother–child and father–child relationships, family cohesion, and the intellectual‐cultural and active‐recreational environments in the family. Paternal education positively predicted family cohesion and intellectual‐cultural and active‐recreational environments. Income was found to partially mediate the effects of both maternal and paternal education on family active‐recreational environments. Findings are discussed in the frameworks of the family stress model and the family investment model.
The Relationship Between Nurses’ Perception of Work Environment and Patient Satisfaction in Adult Critical Care
Authors: Boev Christine
Published: September 2012

Background: Patient satisfaction in critical care is rarely measured yet has a major impact on hospital reimbursement. The critical care setting is characterized by high patient acuity and a fast‐paced work environment. Nurses’ perception of work environment in relation to various patient outcomes including patient satisfaction has not been explored exclusively in critical care.

Objectives: (a) Examine patient's perception of nursing care associated with their hospitalization in the intensive care unit. (b) Describe nurses’ perception of work environment within a defined sample of adult critical care units, using the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index (PES‐NWI). (c) Explore the relationships between nurses’ perception of work environment and patient satisfaction in adult critical care.

Methods: This study used existing data to address the study aims. Unit‐level comparisons were examined using analysis of variance. The final aim was examined using multilevel modeling for longitudinal data.

Results: Patients were very satisfied with their hospitalization (4.48 out of 5.0). Significant differences were noted among all unit level comparisons (p < .001). Nurses also reported moderate satisfaction with work environment as measured by the PES‐NWI, with perception of the role of their nurse manager receiving the highest scores. Perception of nurse manager leadership and ability was significantly related to patient satisfaction (p= .018). Favorable perception of the nurse manager was associated with a .424 point increase in patient satisfaction.

Conclusions: This study offers preliminary support for the relationship between nurses’ perception of work environment and patient satisfaction in critical care. It also highlights the pivotal role of the nurse manager in both nurse and patient satisfaction.

Clinical Relevance: This study examines two important aspects that are both relevant and important to clinical nursing. The first aspect is the healthy work environment. Multiple studies have linked the nursing work environment to patient outcomes and this is an area that deserves further attention. The second aspect, patient satisfaction, is now associated with hospital reimbursement. The relationship between the nursing work environment and patient satisfaction highlights an important link to improving patient care.
Art and Ambiguity: An Extended Review of Border Zones at the Museum of Anthropology, British Columbia
Authors: Fuglerud Øivind
Published: September 2012

In the last decade, an emphasis on aesthetics has become a prominent strategy for ethnographic museums that try to sever their connections to a history of colonialism and to overcome the dilemmas and difficulties involved in representing societies and cultures that are different from their own. Implicitly, and sometimes explicitly, aesthetics and art are projected as being intuitively understandable—a common ground where the politics of representation can be avoided. This article reviews the exhibition entitled Border Zones: New Art Across Cultures, which is a temporary exhibition that, following a lengthy rebuilding period, opened at the Museum of Anthropology (MoA) in Vancouver in 2010. In this article, I attempt to situate the exhibition within the MoA's own “exhibitionary narrative” and within a landscape of contemporary art. I argue that Border Zones represents a continuity with the MoA's permanent exhibitions but question the extent to which it lives up to the MoA's own vision of “multiversity” or a critical museology based on the need to deconstruct the pretensions of Western science. [ethnographic museums, aesthetics, primitivism, Museum of Anthropology at the University of British Columbia]
(Ba1+xTiO3)–(Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3) Lead‐Free, Positive Temperature Coefficient of Resistivity Ceramics: PTC Behavior and Atomic Level Microstructures
Authors: Kaneko Yasushi , Azough Feridoon , Kida Toshiki , Ito Kentaro , Shimada Takeshi , Minemura Tetsuroh , Schaffer Bernhard , Freer Robert
Published: September 2012

Positive temperature coefficient of resistivity (PTCR) ceramics of 0.912(Ba1+xTiO3)–0.088(Bi0.5Na0.5TiO3) (BT–BNT) (x = −0.03 to 0.03) were prepared using the mixed oxide route and sintered at 1340°C for 4 h. Products were predominantly single phase with a tetragonal structure and grains in 2–6 μm size containing 90° ferroelectric domains. Samples with Ti/Ba > 1 contained second‐phase Ba6Ti17O40. HRTEM and aberration‐corrected Z‐contrast high angle annular dark field scanning transmission electron microscopy (HAADF‐STEM) suggested that the dopants, Bi and Na, occupy the Ba site of the perovskite lattice, and revealed the presence of dissociated dislocations in x = −0.03 and x = 0.00 materials. The interval between two partial dislocations was 1.9–3.4 nm, yielding stacking fault energies of 363–649 mJ/m2. The PTCR behavior of the ceramics increased with Ti/Ba content, reaching a maximum of six decades change in resistivity for x = −0.03. The anomalous increase in resistivity depends critically on stoichiometry, increasing with the Ti/Ba ratio; this in turn is directly correlated with an increase in the amount of second‐phase Ba6Ti17O40, an increase in the stacking fault energy, and an increase in the tilt angle of the grain boundaries.
Manuka honey‐impregnated dressings in the treatment of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers
Authors: Kamaratos Alexandros V. , Tzirogiannis Konstantinos N. , Iraklianou Stella A. , Panoutsopoulos Georgios I. , Kanellos Ilias E. , Melidonis Andreas I.
Published: September 2012

In this study, we investigate the effect of manuka honey‐impregnated dressings (MHID) on the healing of neuropathic diabetic foot ulcers (NDFU). A total of 63 Caucasians, type 2 diabetic patients followed up in the diabetic foot outpatient clinic comprised the study population. Patients were randomised in two groups as follows: group I patients were treated with MHID and group II patients were treated with conventional dressings (CD). The patients were followed up on a weekly basis for 16 weeks. Mean healing time was 31 ± 4 days in group I versus 43 ± 3 days in group II (P < 0·05). In group I patients 78·13% of ulcers became sterile during the first week versus 35·5% in group II patients; the corresponding percentages for weeks 2, 4 and 6 were 15·62% versus 38·7%, 6·25% versus 12·9% and 0% versus 12·9% respectively. The percent of ulcers healed did not differ significantly between groups (97% for MHID and 90% for CD). MHID represent an effective treatment for NDFU leading to a significant reduction in the time of healing and rapid disinfection of ulcers.
Rater Cognition: Implications for Validity
Authors: Bejar Issac I.
Published: September 2012

The scoring process is critical in the validation of tests that rely on constructed responses. Documenting that readers carry out the scoring in ways consistent with the construct and measurement goals is an important aspect of score validity. In this article, rater cognition is approached as a source of support for a validity argument for scores based on constructed responses, whether such scores are to be used on their own or as the basis for other scoring processes, for example, automated scoring.
Symbolic Politics and Policy Feedback: The United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees and American Refugee Policy in the Cold War
Authors: Hamlin Rebecca , Wolgin Philip E.
Published: September 2012

Immigration scholars routinely overlook the 1968 U.S. Senate ratification of the United Nations Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees, an international treaty defining a refugee in ideologically neutral terms. They dismiss this moment as symbolic because U.S. law continued to define a refugee as someone fleeing communism until the passage of the 1980 Refugee Act. We use archival documents, interview data, and court cases to argue that legal and bureaucratic mobilization by refugee advocates throughout the 1970s drew on the Protocol, achieving incremental policy change even before 1980, and ultimately shaped the provisions of the Refugee Act itself.
Migration and Citizenship Law in Spain: Path-dependency and Policy Change in a Recent Country of Immigration
Authors: Martín-Pérez Alberto , Moreno-Fuentes Francisco Javier
Published: September 2012

This article analyzes the links between migratory processes and the evolution of nationality legislation in Spain. We argue that this case challenges the theoretical models that link immigration to liberalizing reforms in citizenship law. Despite large-scale immigration experienced over the last two decades, Spanish nationality law has remained strongly focused on keeping ties with Spanish communities abroad. To account for the high degree of stability of Spanish citizenship law we structure our analysis along three basic lines: the historical conceptions derived from Spain's past as a colonial power, as well as its tradition as a country of emigration; the lack of incentives for political actors to introduce the reform of citizenship law in the political agenda; and the strategies adopted by those political actors in relation to the politicization of immigration.
Social Contacts and the Economic Performance of Immigrants: A Panel Study of Immigrants in Germany
Authors: Kanas Agnieszka , Chiswick Barry R. , van der Lippe Tanja , van Tubergen Frank
Published: September 2012

Using data from the German Socio-Economic Panel, we examined the impact of social contacts on immigrant occupational status and income. In addition to general social contacts, we also analyzed the effects of bonding (i.e., co-ethnic) and bridging (i.e., inter-ethnic) ties on economic outcomes. Results show that general social contacts have a positive effect on the occupational status and, in particular, annual income of immigrants. We also find that bridging ties with Germans lead to higher occupational status, but not to increased income. These effects remain visible even when social contacts are measured (at least) 1 year prior to the economic outcomes, as well as when earlier investments in German human capital are considered. Finally, we show that co-ethnic concentration in the region of residence weakly affects economic returns to German language proficiency and schooling.
Immigrant Incorporation in American Cities: Contextual Determinants of Irish, German, and British Intermarriage in 1880
Authors: Logan John R. , Shin Hyoung-jin
Published: September 2012

This study adds to a growing body of research on the contextual determinants of marriage choice and provides new information on ethnic intermarriage in the late 19th century. Census microdata for 66 major cities in 1880 are used to estimate a multilevel model of assortative mating of Irish, German, and British immigrants. Results demonstrate that marital choices made by individuals are significantly affected by the local urban context where they live. In addition, the very large disparity in endogamy between the British and other groups can mainly be attributed to the smaller size of the British population in these cities.
Restricted Theological Voluntarism
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: September 2012

In addressing objections to the theological voluntarist program, the consensus response by defenders of theological voluntarism has been to affirm a restricted theological voluntarism on which some, but not all, important normative statuses are to be explained by immediate appeal to the divine will. The aim of this article is to assess the merits and demerits of this restricted view. While affirming the restricted view does free theological voluntarism from certain objections, it comes at the cost of committing the theological voluntarist to the view that no theses about the divine nature itself could alone be sufficient to motivate a theological voluntarist thesis about any normative status. And when we examine the case for a theological voluntarist account of any particular normative status – say, rightness, or obligatoriness – there are severe difficulties with that case as it stands. It is thus unclear whether the theological voluntarist program of providing good reasons to affirm a voluntarist explanation of non‐trivially‐theistic normative statuses has borne fruit.
Mass Terms
Authors: Gillon Brendan S.
Published: September 2012

English common nouns, like nouns in many other languages, can be distinguished into count nouns and mass nouns. This article sets out the basic morpho‐syntactic and semantic facts pertaining to these two classes of English nouns. In addition, it summarizes and critically discusses the various theories of the semantics of such nouns.
Movement patterns of Antillean manatees in Chetumal Bay (Mexico) and coastal Belize: A challenge for regional conservation
Authors: Castelblanco‐Martínez D. N. , Padilla‐Saldívar J. , Hernández‐Arana H. A. , Slone D. H. , Reid J. P. , Morales‐Vela B.
Published: September 2012

Information from 15 satellite‐tracked Antillean manatees (Trichechus manatus manatus) was analyzed in order to assess individual movements, home ranges, and high‐use areas for conservation decisions. Manatees were captured in Chetumal Bay, Mexico, and tagged with Argos‐monitored satellite transmitters. Location of the manatees and physical characteristics were assessed to describe habitat properties. Most manatees traveled to freshwater sources. The Maximum Area Size (MAS) for each manatee was determined using the observation‐area method. Additional kernel densities of 95% home range and 50% Center of Activity (COA) were also calculated, with manatees having 1–3 COAs. Manatees exhibited two different movement patterns: remaining in Chetumal Bay, and long‐distance (up to 240 km in 89 d). The residence time in Chetumal Bay was higher for females (89.6% of time) than for males (72.0%), but the daily travel rate (0.4–0.5 km/d) was similar for both sexes. Most of the COAs fell within Natural Protected Areas (NPA). However, manatees also travel for long distances into unprotected areas, where they face uncontrolled boat traffic, fishing activities, and habitat loss. Conservation of movement corridors may promote long‐distance movements and facilitate genetic exchange.
Plant mitochondrial genome peculiarities evolving in the earliest vascular plant lineages
Authors: KNOOP Volker
Published: September 2012

In plants, the mitochondrial DNA has evolved in peculiar ways. Simple circular mitochondrial genomes found in most other eukaryotic lineages have expanded tremendously in size. Mitochondrial DNAs in some flowering plants may in fact be larger than genomes of free‐living bacteria. Introns, retrotransposons, pseudogene fragments, and promiscuous DNA copied from the chloroplast or nuclear genome contribute to the size expansion but most intergenic DNA remains unaccounted for so far. Additionally, frequent recombination results in heterogeneous pools of coexisting, subgenomic mtDNA molecules in angiosperms. In contrast, the mitochondrial DNAs of bryophytes, the extant representatives of very early splits in plant phylogeny, are more conservative in structural evolution and seem to be devoid of active recombination. However, whereas mitochondrial introns are highly conserved among seed plants (spermatophytes), not a single one of more than 80 different introns in bryophyte mtDNAs is conserved among the three divisions, liverworts, mosses, and hornworts. Lycophytes are now unequivocally identified as living representatives of the earliest vascular plant branch in a crucial phylogenetic position between bryophytes and later diversifying tracheophytes including spermatophytes. Very recently, mtDNAs have become available for the three orders of extant lycophytes—Isoetales, Selaginellales, and Lycopodiales. As I will discuss here, the lycophyte mtDNAs not only show a surprising diversity of features but also previously unseen novelties of plant mitochondrial DNA evolution. The transition from a gametophyte‐dominated bryophyte lifestyle to a sporophyte‐dominated vascular plant lifestyle apparently gave rise to several peculiar independent changes in plant chondrome evolution.
Nature of fatigue moderates depressive symptoms and anxiety in sarcoidosis
Authors: de Kleijn Willemien P. E. , Drent Marjolein , De Vries Jolanda
Published: September 2012

Objectives

Fatigue, depressive symptoms, and anxiety are frequently reported in sarcoidosis. However, the relationship between these debilitating symptoms is unclear. Therefore, the purpose of this prospective follow‐up study was to identify the prevalence of depressive symptoms and anxiety in sarcoidosis patients, stratified for the nature of fatigue. In addition, we examined whether depressive symptoms and anxiety predicted fatigue.

Design

This is a prospective follow‐up study.

Methods

Sarcoidosis outpatients (n = 274) were included. Clinical data were obtained from medical records. At baseline, patients completed the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), the Center for Epidemiological Studies‐Depression Scale (CES‐D), and the State and Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI). After 6, 12, and 18 months patients completed the FAS again.

Results

Concomitant fatigue (FAS > 21) and high‐trait anxiety (STAI > 40) was frequently reported (35–36%). The combination of fatigue and high levels of depressive symptoms (CES‐D > 16) was reported in 43–46%. Combined high‐trait anxiety and high levels of depressive symptoms were reported in 31% of the patients. These percentages were higher in patients with all day fatigue, compared with patients with intermittent, or mild fatigue. Both anxiety and depressive symptoms were significant predictors of high fatigue scores.

Conclusions

Nature of fatigue moderates the relationships between fatigue and anxiety and fatigue and depressive symptoms in sarcoidosis. Hence, beside fatigue, depressive symptoms and anxiety should be an integral part of the multidisciplinary management of sarcoidosis patients.

Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject? Fatigue is a frequently reported symptom in sarcoidosis. Symptoms such as depressive symptoms and anxiety are also prevalent in sarcoidosis. However, the relationships between these symptoms are still unclear and require more research.

What does this study add? This paper shows that fatigue is often accompanied by depressive symptoms and anxiety, although these symptoms are not fully overlapping. In addition, depressive symptoms and anxiety predict fatigue after follow‐up. Fatigue, depressive symptoms and anxiety are most strongly correlated in patients with All Day Fatigue, which indicate that these patients may benefit from psychological interventions in the management of fatigue.
Evaluating a visual timeline methodology for appraisal and coping research
Authors: Mazzetti Angela , Blenkinsopp John
Published: September 2012

Theoretical models of stress have become increasingly sophisticated, recognizing the importance of context and history, yet the principal data‐gathering method used by researchers remains the self‐report questionnaire, a method which is conspicuously ill suited to obtaining data which would allow for exploration of these factors. In this article, we explore the use of visual methods as an alternative to traditional methods, presenting the findings of a study designed to test the utility of a visual timeline technique. A key contribution of this article is the application of an alternative technique for researching stress appraisal and coping. The technique conferred a number of benefits that may not have been provided by more conventional approaches, making it a suitable basis for the exploration of stress appraisal and coping. A further contribution is the identification of a straightforward process for analysing the visual data produced.

Practitioner Points

Understanding appraisal and coping in terms of history and context is crucial to the design of effective stress interventions.

The visual timeline method offers practitioners an alternative way of gathering data to inform the design of appropriate interventions.

It may be especially useful in working with individuals and organizations coping with change: the method was positively evaluated by participants, who found the experience enjoyable and beneficial, so it may elicit more engagement than traditional methods for gauging employee responses to change, such as attitude surveys.
Cryptic diversity of the ‘cosmopolitan’ harpacticoid copepod Nannopus palustris: genetic and morphological evidence
Authors: Garlitska Lesya , Neretina Tatyana , Schepetov Dimitry , Mugue Nikolai , De Troch Marleen , Baguley Jeffrey G. , Azovsky Andrey
Published: September 2012

Nannopus palustris Brady, 1880 is a free‐living widely distributed harpacticoid copepod, which has been formerly assumed to be a single, cosmopolitan but highly variable species. We compared several geographically distant N. palustris populations in terms of their morphology and genetics. Populations from the White Sea (WS), the North Sea (NS), the Black Sea (BS) and two sympatric morphs from South Carolina, USA (SC notched and SC straight morphs), were considered. The NS, BS and to a lesser extent SC notched specimens were morphologically similar and partly coincided to the ‘canonical’ description of the species. By contrast, WS population showed remarkable anatomical and morphometric peculiarities that correspond to some earlier descriptions. Genetic analyses of mitochondrial (cytochrome b) and nuclear (28S rDNA) genes demonstrated the significant distinctness among WS, both SC and (NS+BS) populations, the latter two being genetically indistinguishable. Concordance between mitochondrial and nuclear gene trees and morphological data supports that N. palustris is in fact composed of several pseudo‐sibling species, which are genetically and morphologically divergent. Neither correlation between genetic divergence and geographical distance nor significant intrapopulation diversity was found for these species. Taxonomic status, distribution and phylogenetic relationships of the species within the Nannopus genus need to be reconsidered. A further subdivision of species complexes might have important implications for the analysis of biodiversity of benthic copepods and consequently for the interpretation of their (species‐specific) ecological function.
Comparison of buccal and nasal dexmedetomidine premedication for pediatric patients
Authors: Cimen Z. Serhan , Hanci Ayse , Sivrikaya G. Ulufer , Kilinc Leyla T. , Erol Melahat K.
Published: September 2012

Background

Alpha‐2 adrenergic agonists are used to premedicate pediatric patients to reduce separation anxiety and achieve calm induction. The clinical effects of clonidine are similar whether via the oral or nasal route. However, oral dexmedetomidine is not preferred because of its poor bioavailability. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of nasal versus buccal dexmedetomidine used for premedication in children.

Methods

Sixty‐two patients, aged 2–6 years, undergoing minor elective surgery were randomly assigned to two groups to receive dexmedetomidine, either 1 μg·kg−1 buccally (group B) or 1 μg·kg−1 intranasally (group N) for premedication 45 min before the induction of anesthesia. Heart rate, peripheral oxygen saturation, and respiratory rate were measured before and every 10 min after administering dexmedetomidine in all children. Level of sedation was assessed every 10 min until transport to operating room. Drug acceptance, parental separation, and face mask acceptance scores were recorded.

Results

There was no significant difference between the two groups in patient characteristics, nor was there any significant difference between the two groups in heart rate, respiratory rate, or SpO2 values at all times after premedication. Levels of sedation, parental separation, and mask acceptance scores were significantly higher in group N than in group B at the various times.

Conclusions

These results suggest that intranasal administration of 1 μg·kg−1 dexmedetomidine is more effective than buccal administration of 1 μg·kg−1 dexmedetomidine for premedication in children.
Incomplete transfer of accessory loci influencing SbMATE expression underlies genetic background effects for aluminum tolerance in sorghum
Authors: Melo Janaina O. , Lana Ubiraci G. P. , Piñeros Miguel A. , Alves Vera M. C. , Guimarães Claudia T. , Liu Jiping , Zheng Yi , Zhong Silin , Fei Zhangjun , Maron Lyza G. , Schaffert Robert E. , Kochian Leon V. , Magalhaes Jurandir V.
Published: September 2012

Impaired root development caused by aluminum (Al) toxicity is a major cause of grain yield reduction in crops cultivated on acid soils, which are widespread worldwide. In sorghum, the major Al‐tolerance locus, AltSB, is due to the function of SbMATE, which is an Al‐activated root citrate transporter. Here we performed a molecular and physiological characterization of various AltSB donors and near‐isogenic lines harboring various AltSB alleles. We observed a partial transfer of Al tolerance from the parents to the near‐isogenic lines that was consistent across donor alleles, emphasizing the occurrence of strong genetic background effects related to AltSB. This reduction in tolerance was variable, with a 20% reduction being observed when highly Al‐tolerant lines were the AltSB donors, and a reduction as great as 70% when other AltSB alleles were introgressed. This reduction in Al tolerance was closely correlated with a reduction in SbMATE expression in near‐isogenic lines, suggesting incomplete transfer of loci acting in trans on SbMATE. Nevertheless, AltSB alleles from the highly Al‐tolerant sources SC283 and SC566 were found to retain high SbMATE expression, presumably via elements present within or near the AltSB locus, resulting in significant transfer of the Al‐tolerance phenotype to the derived near‐isogenic lines. Allelic effects could not be explained by coding region polymorphisms, although occasional mutations may affect Al tolerance. Finally, we report on the extensive occurrence of alternative splicing for SbMATE, which may be an important component regulating SbMATE expression in sorghum by means of the nonsense‐mediated RNA decay pathway.
Compensatory vasodilatation during hypoxic exercise: mechanisms responsible for matching oxygen supply to demand
Authors: Casey Darren P. , Joyner Michael J.
Published: September 2012

Abstract  Hypoxia can have profound influences on the circulation. In humans, acute exposure to moderate hypoxia has been demonstrated to result in vasodilatation in the coronary, cerebral, splanchnic and skeletal muscle vascular beds. The combination of submaximal exercise and hypoxia produces a ‘compensatory’ vasodilatation and augmented blood flow in contracting skeletal muscles relative to the same level of exercise under normoxic conditions. This augmented vasodilatation exceeds that predicted by a simple sum of the individual dilator responses to hypoxia alone and normoxic exercise. Additionally, this enhanced hypoxic exercise hyperaemia is proportional to the hypoxia‐induced fall in arterial oxygen (O2) content, thus preserving muscle O2 delivery and ensuring it is matched to demand. Several vasodilator pathways have been proposed and examined as likely regulators of skeletal muscle blood flow in response to changes in arterial O2 content. The purpose of this review is to put into context the present evidence regarding mechanisms responsible for the compensatory vasodilatation observed during hypoxic exercise in humans. Along these lines, this review will highlight the interactions between various local metabolic and endothelial derived substances that influence vascular tone during hypoxic exercise.
Intrinsic excitability of CA1 pyramidal neurones from the rat dorsal and ventral hippocampus
Authors: Dougherty Kelly A. , Islam Tasnim , Johnston Daniel
Published: September 2012

Key points

The dorsal (DHC) and ventral (VHC) regions of the rodent hippocampus are anatomically, behaviourally, and biochemically distinct.

The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurones from these regions however, have not been fully characterized.

In this study, we found that VHC neurones were intrinsically more excitable than DHC neurones.

The difference in intrinsic excitability stems from a higher input resistance (Rin) and more depolarized resting membrane potential observed in the soma and apical dendrite of VHC neurones.

Morphological analysis of reconstructed neurones revealed significantly more dendritic surface area for DHC than VHC neurones.

Simulations using morphologically realistic passive models indicate that morphological differences could, in principle, underlie somatic but not dendritic differences in Rin.

Abstract  The hippocampus has a central role in learning and memory. Although once considered a relatively homogenous structure along the longitudinal axis, it has become clear that the rodent hippocampus can be anatomically and functionally divided into a dorsal component generally associated with spatial navigation, and a ventral component primarily associated with non‐spatial functions that involve an emotional component. The ventral hippocampus (VHC) is also more sensitive to epileptogenic stimuli than the dorsal hippocampus (DHC), and seizures tend to originate in the VHC before spreading to other brain regions. Although synaptic and biochemical differences in DHC and VHC have been investigated, the intrinsic excitability of individual neurones from the DHC and VHC has received surprisingly little attention. In this study, we have characterized the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurones from the DHC and the VHC using the whole‐cell current‐clamp method. Our results demonstrate that somatic current injections of equal magnitude elicit significantly more action potentials in VHC neurones than DHC neurones, and that this difference stems from the more depolarized resting membrane potential (RMP; Δ7 mV) and higher input resistance (Rin; Δ46 MΩ measured from RMP) observed in VHC neurones. These differences in RMP and Rin were also observed in dendritic whole‐cell current‐clamp recordings. Furthermore, morphological reconstructions of individual neurones revealed significant differences in the dendritic branching pattern between DHC and VHC neurones that could, in principle, contribute to the lower somatic Rin of DHC neurones. Together, our results highlight significant differences in the intrinsic electrophysiological properties of CA1 pyramidal neurones across the longitudinal hippocampal axis, and suggest that VHC neurones are intrinsically more excitable than DHC neurones. This difference is likely to predispose the VHC to hyperexcitability.
Thinking like a physicist: A multi-semester case study of junior-level electricity and magnetism
Authors: Chasteen Stephanie V. , Pollock Steven J. , Pepper Rachel E. , Perkins Katherine K.
Published: September 2012

Physics faculty agree on many of the skills and habits of mind they expect physics students to acquire by the end of their degree, including mathematical sophistication, problem-solving expertise, and an ability to work independently and become expert learners. What is less clear is how these outcomes are best achieved within the context of upper-division courses. Focusing on one key course in the career of an undergraduate major—junior-level Electricity & Magnetism (E&M)—we have investigated this critical question over the course of 4 years and across multiple universities and instructors. With the aim of educating our majors based on a more complete understanding of the cognitive and conceptual challenges of upper-division courses, we transformed junior-level E&M using results and theory from education research. We present the process and content of the transformation and several measures of its success. Students and instructors enjoyed the new course materials. Students in courses using the new materials outperformed those in traditional lecture-based courses on a conceptual assessment and on some aspects of problem-solving, though not calculational skill. These results suggest that using student-centered methods at the upper-division can improve outcomes for many students.