bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bond graph and finite element analyses of temperature distribution in a hot rolling process: A comparative study
Authors: Pal S. K. , Talamantes-Silva J , Linkens D. A. , Howard I. C.
Published: July 2007

During the process of hot rolling, a metal is given its final shape by plastically deforming the original stock. This paper shows how variables, specifically the temperature, at each point in the deformation zone can be modelled using a multielement bond graph approach. Low-carbon steel has been considered and the modelling is described for single-pass hot rolling. Surface and centre temperature distributions are shown, and simulation results are found to be in good agreement between the two modelling techniques of bond graphs and finite element analysis.
Robust electrohydraulic force control
Authors: Plummer A. R.
Published: July 2007

Electrohydraulic actuators are used where a combination of high speed and high force is required. Controller design to give high-performance position servosystems is often straightforward. However, force control with electrohydraulic actuators is usually much more difficult, as the load dynamics radically affect the closed-loop performance. In this paper, a design method for a force controller is proposed which is insensitive to the load dynamics. Not only does this controller avoid the need for re-tuning for loads exhibiting a wide range of dynamic behaviour, but the tracking and disturbance responses are much higher than a conventional controller would provide. The controller design takes account of stability robustness and noise sensitivity. A detailed case study concerning the emulation of aerodynamic forces in a Formula One car test rig is presented, including experimental results.
Mechanical testing of wood-glass composite mast sections
Authors: Flannigan A , Offord S J J , Orr S W , Wheel M A
Published: July 2007

Glass fibre-sheathed wood cored composite materials may offer a lightweight, stiff alternative to carbon fibre for manufacturing masts for sailing dinghies. However, at present, very little data quantifying the mechanical response of these materials when loaded is available. Before manufacturing a prototype mast from these materials, it is necessary to acquire such data and determine how the various fabrication parameters influence the behaviour of these materials when loaded. To address this need, a series of wood-glass composite tubular structures representative of typical mast sections were constructed and loaded in a suitable testing machine. This paper reports the results of these tests and discusses how the parameters investigated influence the stiffness and strength of the structures. The results provide useful data on which to base the design of prototype masts.
Comparison of simulated radiances, Jacobians and linear error analysis for the Microwave Humidity Sounder and the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐B
Authors: Kleespies Thomas J. , Watts Philip
Published: July 2007

The Microwave Humidity Sounder (MHS) has scan characteristics similar to those of the Advanced Microwave Sounding Unit‐B (AMSU‐B). However, its radiometric characteristics are somewhat different, for two channels in particular. Both of these channels have more attenuation with the MHS than the AMSU‐B. Linear error analysis suggests that the improved noise characteristics of the MHS will let it have slightly lower errors than the AMSU‐B. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Influence of May Atlantic Ocean initial conditions on the subsequent North Atlantic winter climate
Authors: Iwi A. M. , Sutton R. T. , Norton W. A.
Published: July 2007

Analyses of observational data have suggested a link between late spring/summer conditions in the North Atlantic Ocean and atmospheric conditions over the same region in the subsequent winter. This link, and its potential value for seasonal forecasting, is investigated using a coupled climate model, HadCM3. It is found that there is memory of ocean conditions from May through to the following winter, but that the model's sea‐surface‐temperature (SST) anomalies are too weak in the tropics in winter, partly because they are damped too strongly by comparison with observations and partly because of errors in the model SST anomalies in May, particularly in the east Atlantic where the mixed layer is found to be too deep. It is hypothesized that poor agreement between the winter atmospheric signals in the model and in observations is a consequence of the insufficient tropical SST anomalies. Nevertheless, it is demonstrated that, for suitable initial conditions, seasonal forecasts from 1 May could provide useful information about North Atlantic climate the following winter. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Cloud‐resolving simulations of intense tropical Hector thunderstorms: Implications for aerosol–cloud interactions
Authors: Connolly P. J. , Choularton T. W. , Gallagher M. W. , Bower K. N. , Flynn M. J. , Whiteway J. A.
Published: July 2007

The Hector thunderstorm is studied with a numerical cloud‐resolving model. Special attention is given to modelling the mixed‐phase and glaciated cloud microphysical processes (along with the implications of aerosols) and their influence on the resulting microphysical and dynamical storm structure. Radiative impacts are also calculated. Simulations are performed for a typical storm case from the EMERALD‐II convective cloud experiment in November and December 2002.

It is found that, for intense thunderstorms, aerosol indirect effects are generally modified from recently proposed theoretical considerations. Specifically, the proposed ‘glaciation’ indirect effect, resulting from increasing ice nuclei concentrations, is small for intense convection. More importantly, increasing ice number concentrations results in a ‘collection’ indirect effect (where aggregation and accretion processes lead to precipitation) rather than the ‘glaciation’, Bergeron–Findeisen process. There is a ‘thermodynamic’ indirect effect for Hector, as increasing the cloud droplet number concentration from maritime to continental values resulted in a suppression of the heterogeneous freezing process. However, for extreme continental cases, liquid and raindrop freezing by collection processes acquires higher importance; hence there is an optimal value for strong cumulonimbus development. The ‘glaciation’ indirect effect is found to be similar to increasing the rate of ice production by the Hallett–Mossop process. Another aspect of this study shows that there is a significant impact of microphysics on cloud dynamics, and so studying aerosol–cloud effects must also consider dynamical feedback, a strong component of which arises from the latent heat released during homogeneous freezing.

The important indirect effects may be well described by recent theory for smaller, more common stratiform and cumulus clouds; however, in the tropics, the importance of Hector‐type storms cannot be ignored as they, and other similar storms, provide a mechanism for the production of widespread cirrus and the release of a large amount of precipitation. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Use of potential vorticity for incremental data assimilation
Authors: Wlasak M. , Nichols N. K. , Roulstone I.
Published: July 2007

Decomposing the mass and wind fields in a data assimilation scheme into balanced and unbalanced flow is part of the process of defining a covariance model. It is not uncommon to assume that the dynamic balanced part of the flow is approximated solely by the rotational part of the wind, which is obtained from a Helmholtz decomposition of the horizontal momentum (with an associated balanced pressure being diagnostically inferred from a balance equation, for example). The unbalanced flow is then represented by the divergence and the residual unbalanced pressure. The assumption that the rotational part of the momentum is a good approximation to the total balanced flow is only valid in certain regimes. We propose a new approach that incorporates flow regime dependence, where we assume that the balanced part of the flow is approximated instead by a linearized potential vorticity increment. We show the benefit of such a formulation in the context of shallow‐water equations defined on a hemisphere. Copyright © 2006 Royal Meteorological Society
Analysis of the response to orographic forcing of a time‐staggered semi‐Lagrangian discretization of the rotating shallow‐water equations
Authors: Staniforth Andrew , Wood Nigel
Published: July 2007

A recently proposed time‐staggered semi‐Lagrangian discretization of the unforced rotating shallow‐water equations is extended to include orographic forcing. Linear analysis shows that, as for traditional semi‐implicit semi‐Lagrangian schemes, it is also susceptible to spurious orographic resonance for large Courant numbers. A solution is proposed which, as shown by further linear analysis, addresses spurious orographic resonance whilst also maintaining computational stability. © Crown copyright, 2006. Royal Meteorological Society
Observations on the natural history of massive lumbar disc herniation
Authors: Cribb G. L. , Jaffray D. C. , Cassar-Pullicino V. N.
Published: July 2007

We have treated 15 patients with massive lumbar disc herniations non-operatively. Repeat MR scanning after a mean 24 months (5 to 56) showed a dramatic resolution of the herniation in 14 patients. No patient developed a cauda equina syndrome.

We suggest that this condition may be more benign than previously thought.
The posterior cruciate ligament-preserving total knee replacement: do we ‘preserve’ it?
Authors: Shannon F. J. , Cronin J. J. , Cleary M. S. , Eustace S. J. , O’Byrne J. M.
Published: July 2007

Our aims were to map the tibial footprint of the posterior cruciate ligament (PCL) using MRI in patients undergoing PCL-preserving total knee replacement, and to document the disruption of this footprint as a result of the tibial cut. In 26 consecutive patients plain radiography and MRI of the knee were performed pre-operatively, and plain radiography post-operatively.

The lower margin of the PCL footprint was located a mean of 1 mm (−10 to 8) above the upper aspect of the fibular head. The mean surface area was 83 mm2 (49 to 142). One-third of patients (8 of 22) had tibial cuts made below the lowest aspect of the PCL footprint (complete removal) and one-third (9 of 22) had cuts extending into the footprint (partial removal). The remaining patients (5 of 22) had footprints unaffected by the cuts, keeping them intact.

Our study highlights the wide variation in the location of the tibial PCL footprint when referenced against the fibula. Proximal tibial cuts using conventional jigs resulted in the removal of a significant portion, if not all of the PCL footprint in most of the patients in our study. Our findings suggest that when performing PCL-retaining total knee replacement the tibial attachment of the PCL is often removed.
Fracture of the lateral process of the talus in snowboarders
Authors: von Knoch F. , Reckord U. , von Knoch M. , Sommer C.
Published: July 2007

We investigated the clinical and radiological outcome after unilateral fracture of the lateral process of the talus in 23 snowboarders with a mean follow-up of 3.5 years (12 to 76 months). In this consecutive cohort study both operative and non-operative cases were considered.

The mean American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society hindfoot score was 94 (82 to 100). The non-operative group of seven with a minimally-displaced fracture scored higher (98 points) than the operative group of 16 with displaced or unstable fractures (93 points). In 88% of operative cases, significant concomitant hindfoot injuries were found at operation. All but eight (35%) patients (six operative and two non-operative) regained their pre-injury level of sporting activity. Subtalar osteoarthritis was present in nine (45%) of the 20 patients available for radiological review, including one late-diagnosed non-operative case and eight operative cases with associated injuries or fracture comminution.

The outcome after fracture of the lateral process of the talus in snowboarders is favourable provided an early diagnosis is made and adequate treatment, which is related to the degree of displacement and associated injuries, is undertaken.
Assessing Hydrosystem Influence on Delayed Mortality of Snake River Stream-Type Chinook Salmon
Authors: Schaller Howard A. , Petrosky Charles E.
Published: July 2007

Snake River stream-type Chinook salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha exhibited substantial delayed mortality despite recent improvements in oceanic and climatic conditions. These salmon declined sharply with the completion of the Columbia River hydrosystem in addition to other anthropogenic impacts and changes in oceanic conditions. Previous analytical approaches have compared management options for halting the population decline. The predicted benefits of these options on salmon recovery hinged on whether the source of the mortality that takes place in the estuary and during early ocean residence is related to earlier hydrosystem experience during downstream migration (i.e., delayed hydrosystem mortality). We analyzed the spatial and temporal patterns of mortality for Chinook salmon populations to determine whether delayed mortality for the Snake River populations decreased during the recent period of favorable oceanic and climatic conditions. We found that Snake River stream-type Chinook salmon populations continued to exhibit survival patterns similar to those of their downriver counterparts but survived only one-fourth to one-third as well. The hypothesis that delayed mortality decreased and became negligible with more favorable oceanic conditions appears inconsistent with the patterns we observed for the common year effect and our estimates of delayed mortality of in-river migrants. A plausible explanation for this persistent pattern of delayed mortality for Snake River populations is that it is related to the construction and operation of the hydrosystem.
Introduced Species: What Species Do You Have and How Do You Know?
Authors: Courtenay Walter R.
Published: July 2007

The introduction of fishes, whether of foreign origin or from one part of North America to another, has been part of fisheries management for much of the past century, some introductions dating well back into the nineteenth century. Federal, state, and provincial agencies, along with aquaculture facilities and private aquarists, have all played important roles in this history. In recent decades there have been many unauthorized introductions via a rapidly increasing number of pathways, some of which are difficult to control. One very large problem in dealing with introduced fish is the inability of many fishery biologists and managers to identify native fishes in their jurisdictions, recognize introduced species, and appreciate the management problems that might result. Proper management cannot be done by those who have little knowledge of systematic ichthyology and who are thus unable to identify the fishes they are dealing with, be they native or introduced. I suggest a solution to some of these problems and recommend a curriculum change to better train future fishery biologists and managers.
Exploring Links between Systematics and Fisheries Management
Authors: Stauffer Jay R. , Kocovsky Patrick M.
Published: July 2007

We argue that the sustainable management of fisheries resources depends on an understanding of the taxonomy and systematics of fish. Toward this end, it is necessary for fisheries managers to understand and apply the various species concepts that have been developed by taxonomists and evolutionary biologists and to decide, based on a philosophical position, what is necessary and sufficient for a taxon to be recognized as a distinct species. If species are viewed as ontological individuals and as such exist in nature, then it makes sense for managers to develop strategies to sustain and manipulate given populations to achieve management goals. In this series of papers, the authors explore species concepts with respect to fish and demonstrate the value of understanding species concepts, systematics, and taxonomy in addressing modern fisheries management problems.
Statistical Projection of Clinical Subsample Estimates to a Survey Population
Authors: LaVange Lisa M. , Koch Gary G.
Published: July 2007

Background: The goal of public health research often involves estimating clinical outcomes for a broad target population. The gold standard for the basis of such inference is a nationally representative survey that includes a clinical component. The cost of this gold standard can be prohibitive, and alternative approaches are needed. We propose a statistical methodology for projecting estimates from a clinical subsample to a larger survey population that has utility in periodontal research.

Methods: The statistical methodology consists of fitting prediction models to clinical outcome variables that are available only for a subset of the survey population. Variables measured on the larger survey population are included in the model as predictors. The resulting prediction equations are applied to the entire survey population to produce estimates of prevalence for the clinical outcomes of interest. Methods for computing variance estimates for the model‐based predictions also are proposed.

Results: This projection methodology was developed originally for use with a nationally representative sample of the veteran population in the United States as part of the National Vietnam Veterans Readjustment Study. Details of the projection methodology and illustration of its use are provided. Issues associated with the application of this methodology to periodontal research are discussed.

Conclusions: The proposed projection methodology supports valid inference about clinical outcomes to a broad population using data from a more narrowly defined clinical subsample. This approach is useful in addressing important public health questions until such time as a nationally representative clinical study can be undertaken.
The Five-Factor Model of Personality, Subjective Well-Being, and Social Adaptation: Generalizability to the Spanish Context
Authors: Ruiz Victor M.
Published: July 2007

The relationships between the five-factor model of personality, subjective well-being, and social adaptation were examined in two Spanish groups, one of 112 undergraduate students and one of 177 participants from the general population. Analyses showed a clear pattern of low but positive associations among scores on well-being, social adaptation, and four of the five factors of personality (Extraversion, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Emotional Stability), very similar to those obtained by previous research in the American context.
The Tripartite Nature of the University Press
Authors: Horowitz Irving Louis
Published: July 2007

Irving Louis Horowitz's article is based on a dinner address delivered before the 1979 annual meeting of the Association of American University Presses in Salt Lake City, Utah, on the general theme of ‘The Environment of Scholarly Publishing.’ The article contains a preface written by the author in 2007.
Pharmacological degradation of ATR induces antiproliferative DNA replication stress in leukemic cells
Authors: Kansy Anita G. , Ashry Ramy , Mustafa Al‐Hassan M. , Alfayomy Abdallah M. , Radsak Markus P. , Zeyn Yanira , Bros Matthias , Sippl Wolfgang , Krämer Oliver H.
Published: March 2024

Mammalian cells replicate ~ 3 × 109 base pairs per cell cycle. One of the key molecules that slows down the cell cycle and prevents excessive DNA damage upon DNA replication stress is the checkpoint kinase ataxia‐telangiectasia‐and‐RAD3‐related (ATR). Proteolysis‐targeting‐chimeras (PROTACs) are an innovative pharmacological invention to molecularly dissect, biologically understand, and therapeutically assess catalytic and non‐catalytic functions of enzymes. This work defines the first‐in‐class ATR PROTAC, Abd110/Ramotac‐1. It is derived from the ATR inhibitor VE‐821 and recruits the E3 ubiquitin‐ligase component cereblon to ATR. Abd110 eliminates ATR rapidly in human leukemic cells. This mechanism provokes DNA replication catastrophe and augments anti‐leukemic effects of the clinically used ribonucleotide reductase‐2 inhibitor hydroxyurea. Moreover, Abd110 is more effective than VE‐821 against human primary leukemic cells but spares normal primary immune cells. CRISPR‐Cas9 screens show that ATR is a dependency factor in 116 myeloid and lymphoid leukemia cells. Treatment of wild‐type but not of cereblon knockout cells with Abd110 stalls their proliferation which verifies that ATR elimination is the primary mechanism of Abd110. Altogether, our findings demonstrate specific anti‐leukemic effects of an ATR PROTAC.
Minimally invasive biopsy‐based diagnostics in support of precision cancer medicine
Authors: Franzén Bo , Auer Gert , Lewensohn Rolf
Published: March 2024

Precision cancer medicine (PCM) to support the treatment of solid tumors requires minimally invasive diagnostics. Here, we describe the development of fine‐needle aspiration biopsy‐based (FNA) molecular cytology which will be increasingly important in diagnostics and adaptive treatment. We provide support for FNA‐based molecular cytology having a significant potential to replace core needle biopsy (CNB) as a patient‐friendly potent technique for tumor sampling for various tumor types. This is not only because CNB is a more traumatic procedure and may be associated with more complications compared to FNA‐based sampling, but also due to the recently developed molecular methods used with FNA. Recent studies show that image‐guided FNA in combination with ultrasensitive molecular methods also offers opportunities for characterization of the tumor microenvironment which can aid therapeutic decisions. Here we provide arguments for an increased implementation of molecular FNA‐based sampling as a patient‐friendly diagnostic method, which may, due to its repeatability, facilitate regular sampling that is needed during different treatment lines, to provide tumor information, supporting treatment decisions, shortening lead times in healthcare, and benefit healthcare economics.
Engineering AI for provable retention of objectives over time
Authors: Fasoro Adeniyi
Published: March 2024

I argue that ensuring artificial intelligence (AI) retains alignment with human values over time is critical yet understudied. Most research focuses on static alignment, neglecting crucial retention dynamics enabling stability during learning and autonomy. This paper elucidates limitations constraining provable retention, arguing key gaps include formalizing dynamics, transparency of advanced systems, participatory scaling, and risks of uncontrolled recursive self‐improvement. I synthesize technical and ethical perspectives into a conceptual framework grounded in control theory and philosophy to analyze dynamics. I argue priorities should shift towards capability modulation, participatory design, and advanced modeling to verify enduring alignment. Overall, I argue that realizing AI safely aligned throughout its lifetime necessitates translating principles into formal methods, demonstrations, and systems integrating technical and humanistic rigor.
SUD records and the machinery of care denial in the new era of relaxed privacy rights
Authors: Stauffer William
Published: March 2024

As noted by this recent opinion piece published by The New York Times, “Denying Your Health Care Is Big Business in America,” the process of prior authorization has been around for decades, but has only recently been weaponized by insurers to maximize profits and reduce the provision of health care services. The piece documents people going blind, becoming paralyzed or dying when necessary health care procedures are denied. Around 80% of the time, patients simply give up. Medical care offices have hired huge staffs to battle prior authorization denials. One of the focuses of the piece is on efforts to make prior authorization for medical care by for‐profit companies illegal. It is stalled in Congress.
White House proposed FY 2025 budget would increase MH BG $35 million, keep SUPTRS BG level
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: March 2024

On March 11, the White House released the proposed budget for fiscal year (FY) 2025, which begins Oct. 1, 2024. The proposal includes a 10% set‐aside in the Substance Use Prevention, Treatment, and Recovery Services (SUPTRS) Block Grant, which is funded at just over $2 billion, level with FY 2023, the most recent year for which final numbers are available. The Community Mental Health Services Block Grant would receive $1.043 billion in the proposed budget, a $35 million increase compared to FY 2023. The budget request (the White House asks Congress to fund programs) includes a proposal in which the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration would use HIV instead of AIDS to calculate the set‐aside in the SUPTRS BG. The State Opioid Response (SOR) grant would receive $1.595 billion, an increase of more than $20 million compared to FY 2023. Among other programs included in the White House request: Strategic Prevention Framework–Partnerships for Success at $135.5 million, level compared to FY 2023; Medication‐Assisted Treatment for Prescription Drug and Opioid Addiction at $111 million, level compared to FY 2023; Drug Courts at $74 million, level compared to FY 2023; Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment grants at $33.8 million, level compared to FY 2023; and Pregnant and Postpartum Women care at $43,931,000, an additional $39 million compared to FY 2023).
SAMHSA announces $6 million to promote integrating primary and behavioral health care
Authors: Knopf Alison
Published: March 2024

It's not just about integrating mental health and substance use (commonly referred to as “behavioral health”) anymore. The federal government for some time has been promoting merging these with primary care; in other words, giving primary care providers the job of treating mental illness and substance use disorders. Last week, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) announced the availability of $6 million, to be given to three awardees, for coming up with ways to integrate primary and behavioral health care. “The purpose of this program is to: (a) promote full integration and collaboration in clinical practices between physical and behavioral health care; (b) support the improvement of integrated care models for physical and behavioral health care to improve overall wellness and physical health status; and (c) promote the implementation and improvement of bidirectional integrated care services, including evidence‐based or evidence‐informed screening, assessment, diagnosis, prevention, treatment and recovery services for mental and substance use disorders and co‐occurring physical health conditions and chronic diseases through integrated care.” Applications are due May 20. For more information, go to https://www.samhsa.gov/sites/default/files/grants/pdf/fy‐2024‐pipbhc‐states‐sm‐24‐003.pdf.
Exploring the NRF2‐TP53 Signaling Network Through Machine Learning and Pan‐Cancer Analysis: Identifying Potential targets for Cancer Prognosis Related to Oxidative Stress
Authors: Cao Yuchen , Fu Ao , Liu Chunjun
Published: March 2024

Oxidative stress (OXS) is closely related to tumor prognosis and immune response, while TP53 integrated with NRF2 is closely associated with the regulation of cancer‐related OXS. Hence, constructing a TP53‐NRF2 integrated OXS signature of pan‐cancer is essential in predicting survival prognosis and facilitating cancer drug treatment. The pan‐cancer analysis acquired the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) transcriptome sequencing data from UCSC Xena, which consisted of 33 cancer types (n = 10 440). The Random Forest, Lasso regression, and Cox regression analyses are used to construct an OXS score based on 25 OXS genes. Following this, based on the OXS signature, patients are categorized into low‐ and high‐risk groups. The disparities between the two cohorts regarding survival prognosis, immune infiltration, and drug sensitivity are delved deeply. The expression level of genes is confirmed using immunohistochemistry. The prognosis of pan‐cancer patients is adequately predicted by the OXS signature with the assistance of the machine‐learning algorithm. A highly accurate nomogram is developed by combining the OXS signature and clinical features. The presence of immune cells indicated that the OXS signature can be associated with the critical pathways of immunotherapy for all types of cancer, and BCL2 showed promising results. Distinct inter‐group differences are observed in the OXS signature for frequently utilized antineoplastic medications in clinical settings, including first‐line drugs suggested in the guidelines. In summary, by conducting a thorough analysis of OXS genes, a new model based on OXSscore is successfully developed. This model can predict the clinical prognosis and drug sensitivity of pan‐cancer with high accuracy. Potential stars in the field of cancer‐related anti‐OXS may include drugs that target BCL2.
Evolution Behavior of Shear Band in Al‐0.5Mg‐0.4Si‐0.1Cu Alloy during Hot Compression Process
Authors: Wang Jiangbo , Ding Jian , Yi Hui , Xin Wei , Dai Jiahang , Wang Yao , Xia Xingchuan
Published: March 2024

To clarify the evolution behavior of shear bands in Al‐0.5Mg‐0.4Si‐0.1Cu alloy under high‐temperature conditions, isothermal compression tests are carried out under 400, 450, and 500 °C with 50% compression at a strain rate of 1 s−1. Through electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD), Schmid factors are mainly distributed between 0.395 and 0.495, making lattices easy to rotate and shear bands formed. The shear band, a local plastic deformation structure, has a significant impact on the dynamic recrystallization and preferred orientation of grains. Through the recrystallization distribution maps, subgrains absorb a large amount of dislocations, which increases the grains’ orientation difference, resulting in the formation of recrystallized grains with high‐angle grain boundaries. In addition, bulging grain boundaries promote the formation of new nuclei. The newly formed nuclei will generate and grow by absorption of dislocations, which is the feature of discontinuous dynamic recrystallization. These two phenomena are further confirmed by transmission electron microscope tests. Finally, R‐Cube textures mainly form in shear bands at 400 °C, while in the matrix, E‐textures mainly form at 400 and 450 °C, and R‐Goss textures are rotated to form at 500 °C, which is confirmed by EBSD test results.
Near‐Infrared Light‐Driving Organic Photothermal Agents with an 88.9% Photothermal Conversion Efficiency for Image‐Guided Synergistic Phototherapy
Authors: Zhao Xilin , Sun Mengxin , Cao Xiaohan , Xu Jiashuai , Li Xiaoyu , Zhao Xiaowei , Lu Hongguang
Published: March 2024

Photothermal agents (PTAs) with desirable near‐infrared (NIR) absorption and excellent photothermal conversion efficiency (PCE) are ideal candidates for cancer treatment. However, numerous PTAs still require high‐intensity and long‐duration laser irradiation to completely ablate the tumor during the photothermal therapy (PTT) process, resulting in light damage to healthy skin and tissue as well as limiting their biomedical applications. Integrating intense NIR absorption and high PCE into a single small‐molecule PTA is an important prerequisite for realizing efficient PTT, but is a serious challenge. Herein, a series of donor–acceptor type PTAs (CC1 to NC4) are designed through a molecular engineering strategy. Theoretical calculations and experimental results show that the NIR absorption and photothermal effect from CC1 to NC4 are significantly enhanced as expected. Notably, NC4 nanoparticles exhibit intense NIR absorption, superhigh PCE of up to 88.9% for PTT, photoacoustic imaging and photothermal imaging, and effective reactive oxygen species generation for photodynamic therapy (PDT). The superior PTT/PDT synergistic phototherapeutic efficacy is well demonstrated by the complete elimination of tumor in vivo upon one‐time, low‐intensity, and short‐duration laser irradiation (808 nm, 330 mW cm−2, and 3 min). This work provides a valuable guideline for rational design of PTAs for cancer phototherapy.
Giant Modulation of Refractive Index from Picoscale Atomic Displacements
Authors: Zhao Boyang , Ren Guodong , Mei Hongyan , Wu Vincent C. , Singh Shantanu , Jung Gwan Yeong , Chen Huandong , Giovine Raynald , Niu Shanyuan , Thind Arashdeep S. , Salman Jad , Settineri Nick S. , Chakoumakos Bryan C. , Manley Michael E. , Hermann Raphael P. , Lupini Andrew R. , Chi Miaofang , Hachtel Jordan A. , Simonov Arkadiy , Teat Simon J. , Clément Raphaële J. , Kats Mikhail A. , Ravichandran Jayakanth , Mishra Rohan
Published: March 2024

It is shown that structural disorder—in the form of anisotropic, picoscale atomic displacements—modulates the refractive index tensor and results in the giant optical anisotropy observed in BaTiS3, a quasi‐1D hexagonal chalcogenide. Single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies reveal the presence of antipolar displacements of Ti atoms within adjacent TiS6 chains along the c‐axis, and threefold degenerate Ti displacements in the a–b plane. 47/49Ti solid‐state NMR provides additional evidence for those Ti displacements in the form of a three‐horned NMR lineshape resulting from a low symmetry local environment around Ti atoms. Scanning transmission electron microscopy is used to directly observe the globally disordered Ti a–b plane displacements and find them to be ordered locally over a few unit cells. First‐principles calculations show that the Ti a–b plane displacements selectively reduce the refractive index along the ab‐plane, while having minimal impact on the refractive index along the chain direction, thus resulting in a giant enhancement in the optical anisotropy. By showing a strong connection between structural disorder with picoscale displacements and the optical response in BaTiS3, this study opens a pathway for designing optical materials with high refractive index and functionalities such as large optical anisotropy and nonlinearity.
Neutrophil Membrane‐Camouflaged Polyprodrug Nanomedicine for Inflammation Suppression in Ischemic Stroke Therapy
Authors: Zhao Ya , Li Qian , Niu Jingyan , Guo Erliang , Zhao Chenchen , Zhang Jian , Liu Xue , Wang Lihua , Rao Lang , Chen Xiaoyuan , Yang Kuikun
Published: March 2024

Neuroinflammation has emerged as a major concern in ischemic stroke therapy because it exacebates neurological dysfunction and suppresses neurological recovery after ischemia/reperfusion. Fingolimod hydrochloride (FTY720) is an FDA‐approved anti‐inflammatory drug which exhibits potential neuroprotective effects in ischemic brain parenchyma. However, delivering a sufficient amount of FTY720 through the blood–brain barrier into brain lesions without inducing severe cardiovascular side effects remains challenging. Here, a neutrophil membrane‐camouflaged polyprodrug nanomedicine that can migrate into ischemic brain tissues and in situ release FTY720 in response to elevated levels of reactive oxygen species. This nanomedicine delivers 15.2‐fold more FTY720 into the ischemic brain and significantly reduces the risk of cardiotoxicity and infection compared with intravenously administered free drug. In addition, single‐cell RNA‐sequencing analysis identifies that the nanomedicine attenuates poststroke inflammation by reprogramming microglia toward anti‐inflammatory phenotypes, which is realized via modulating Cebpb‐regulated activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes and secretion of CXCL2 chemokine. This study offers new insights into the design and fabrication of polyprodrug nanomedicines for effective suppression of inflammation in ischemic stroke therapy.
A Comprehensive Strategy Based on High Clinical Translational Nanosystem for Programmable Immunotherapy of Triple Negative Breast Cancer
Authors: Meng Meng , Wu Jiayan , Feng Yuanji , Lin Lin , Chen Jie , Pang Xuan , Li Yanhui , Hao Kai , Tian Huayu , Chen Xuesi
Published: March 2024

Triple negative breast cancer (TNBCs), known as an immunologically cold tumor, is difficult to completely eliminate with existing monotherapies, let alone metastasis and recurrence. It is urgent to design a rational combination of multiple therapies to programmatically reconstitute tumor microenvironment (TME) and reverse the immune “cold” into “hot” inflammatory tumors to improve the therapeutic effect. Hence, in this work, a multifunctional nanosystem (FeSH NPs) that integrates metal‐polyphenol coordination complex as a photothermal agent and polyphenol, salvianolic acid B (SAB) as immunomodulator is designed and fabricated for synergistic photothermal‐immunotherapy of TNBCs combined with anti‐PD‐L1 antibody. Guided by photothermal/photoacoustic dual‐mode imaging, photothermal therapy (PTT) caused by FeSH NPs induces immunogenic cell death (ICD) under 808 nm laser irradiation. Subsequently, the loaded SAB is released with the addition of deferoxamine mesylate (DFO) to remodel TME, specifically TGF‐β inhibition and PD‐L1 upregulation, and eliminate the primary tumors. The combination of PTT and TME reprogramming by FeSH NPs further synergizes with anti‐PD‐L1 antibody to eradicate recurrence and inhibit metastasis of TNBCs concurrently. Given the biosafety of FeSH NPs throughout the lifecycle, this work provides a protocol with high clinical translational promise for comprehensive programmed therapeutics of immunologically cold tumors TNBCs.
Fast and Slow‐Twitch Actuation via Twisted Liquid Crystal Elastomer Fibers
Authors: Escobar Melvin Colorado , White Timothy J.
Published: March 2024

The performance of robotic systems can benefit from low‐density material actuators that emulate muscle typology (e.g., fast and slow twitch) of natural systems. Recent reports detail the thermomechanical, chemical, electrical, and pneumatic response of twisted and coiled fibers. The geometrical constraints imparted on typically commodity materials realize distinguished stimuli‐induced actuation including low density, high force, and moderate stroke. Here, actuators are prepared by twisting fibers composed of liquid crystal elastomers (LCEs). The actuators combine the inherent stimuli‐response of LCEs with the geometrical constraints of twisted fiber actuators to dramatically increase the deformation rate, specific work, and achievable force output. In some geometries, the thermomechanical response of the LCE exhibits a pseudo‐first‐order transition.
Stabilizing Solid Electrolyte Interphase on Liquid Metal Via Dynamic Hydrogel‐Derived Carbon Framework Encapsulation
Authors: Zhang Hanning , Zhang Wei , Luo Dan , Zhang Siyu , Kong Lingqiao , Xia Huan , Xie Qian , Xu Gang , Chen Zhongwei , Sun Zhengming
Published: March 2024

Eutectic gallium–indium liquid metal (EGaIn‐LM), with a considerable capacity and unique self‐healing properties derived from its intrinsic liquid nature, gains tremendous attention for lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs) anode. However, the fluidity of the LM can trigger continuous consumption of the electrolyte, and its liquid–solid transition during the lithiation/de‐lithiation process may result in the rupture of the solid electrolyte interface (SEI). Herein, LM is employed as an initiator to in situ assemble the 3D hydrogel for dynamically encapsulating itself; the LM nanoparticles can be homogeneously confined within the hydrogel‐derived carbon framework (HDC) after calcination. Such design effectively alleviates the volume expansion of LM and facilitates electron transportation, resulting in a superior rate capability and long‐term cyclability. Further, the “dual‐layer” SEI structure and its key components, including the robust LiF outer layer and corrosion‐resistant and ionic conductive LiGaOx inner layer are revealed, confirming the involvement of LM in the formation of SEI, as well as the important role of carbon framework in reducing interfacial side reactions and SEI decomposition. This work provides a distinct perspective for the formation, structural evolution, and composition of SEI at the liquid/solid interface, and demonstrates an effective strategy to construct a reliable matrix for stabilizing the SEI.
Divergent Synthesis of Di‐ and Mono‐Alkylated Indoles via Tunable Iron‐Catalyzed Hydroarylation of Styrenes
Authors: Miao Le‐Wei , Chen Peng , Hu Meng‐Xue , Yin Jin , Du Hongying , Jiang Yi‐Jun
Published: March 2024

We report an iron‐catalyzed divergent synthesis of alkylated indoles based on precise control of the activation sites on indoles through the selection of catalysts. Using indoles and styrenes as starting materials, 3,5‐di‐alkylated indoles could be prepared selectively and directly for the first time by treating with a catalytic amount of Fe(OTf)3 and 3‐alkylated indoles were achieved exclusively by adding a catalytic amount of γ‐cyclodextrin as the cocatalyst with Fe(OTf)3. This simple method was demonstrated with 52 examples with high yields and broad functional group compatibilities.
Triboelectric Nanogenerator‐Enabled Digital Twins in Civil Engineering Infrastructure 4.0: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Pang Yafeng , He Tianyiyi , Liu Shuainian , Zhu Xingyi , Lee Chengkuo
Published: March 2024

The emergence of digital twins has ushered in a new era in civil engineering with a focus on achieving sustainable energy supply, real‐time sensing, and rapid warning systems. These key development goals mean the arrival of Civil Engineering 4.0.The advent of triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) demonstrates the feasibility of energy harvesting and self‐powered sensing. This review aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of the fundamental elements comprising civil infrastructure, encompassing various structures such as buildings, pavements, rail tracks, bridges, tunnels, and ports. First, an elaboration is provided on smart engineering structures with digital twins. Following that, the paper examines the impact of using TENG‐enabled strategies on smart civil infrastructure through the integration of materials and structures. The various infrastructures provided by TENGs have been analyzed to identify the key research interest. These areas encompass a wide range of civil infrastructure characteristics, including safety, efficiency, energy conservation, and other related themes. The challenges and future perspectives of TENG‐enabled smart civil infrastructure are briefly discussed in the final section. In conclusion, it is conceivable that in the near future, there will be a proliferation of smart civil infrastructure accompanied by sustainable and comprehensive smart services.
Circular RNA Gtdc1 Protects Against Offspring Osteoarthritis Induced by Prenatal Prednisone Exposure by Regulating SRSF1‐Fn1 Signaling
Authors: Liu Liang , Hong Yuntian , Ma Chi , Zhang Fan , Li Qingxian , Li Bin , He Hangyuan , Zhu Jiayong , Wang Hui , Chen Liaobin
Published: March 2024

Chondrodysplasia is closely associated with low birth weight and increased susceptibility to osteoarthritis in adulthood. Prenatal prednisone exposure (PPE) can cause low birth weight; however, its effect on offspring cartilage development remains unexplored. Herein, rats are administered clinical doses of prednisone intragastrically on gestational days (GDs) 0–20 and underwent long‐distance running during postnatal weeks (PWs) 24–28. Knee cartilage is assayed for quality and related index changes on GD20, PW12, and PW28. In vitro experiments are performed to elucidate the mechanism. PPE decreased cartilage proliferation and matrix synthesis, causing offspring chondrodysplasia. Following long‐distance running, the PPE group exhibited more typical osteoarthritis‐like changes. Molecular analysis revealed that PPE caused cartilage circRNomics imbalance in which circGtdc1 decreased most significantly and persisted postnatally. Mechanistically, prednisolone reduced circGtdc1 expression and binding with Srsf1 to promote degradation of Srsf1 via K48‐linked polyubiquitination. This further inhibited the formation of EDA/B+Fn1 and activation of PI3K/AKT and TGFβ pathways, reducing chondrocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis. Finally, intra‐articular injection of offspring with AAV‐circGtdc1 ameliorated PPE‐induced chondrodysplasia, but this effect is reversed by Srsf1 knockout. Altogether, this study confirms that PPE causes chondrodysplasia and susceptibility to osteoarthritis by altering the circGtdc1‐Srsf1‐Fn1 axis; in vivo, overexpression of circGtdc1 can represent an effective intervention target for ameliorating PPE‐induced chondrodysplasia.
Collective Cell Radial Ordered Migration in Spatial Confinement
Authors: Dong Hao , Hu Fen , Ma Xuehe , Yang Jianyu , Pan Leiting , Xu Jingjun
Published: March 2024

Collective cells, a typical active matter system, exhibit complex coordinated behaviors fundamental for various developmental and physiological processes. The present work discovers a collective radial ordered migration behavior of NIH3T3 fibroblasts that depends on persistent top‐down regulation with 2D spatial confinement. Remarkably, individual cells move in a weak‐oriented, diffusive‐like rather than strong‐oriented ballistic manner. Despite this, the collective movement is spatiotemporal heterogeneous and radial ordering at supracellular scale, manifesting as a radial ordered wavefront originated from the boundary and propagated toward the center of pattern. Combining bottom‐up cell‐to‐extracellular matrix (ECM) interaction strategy, numerical simulations based on a developed mechanical model well reproduce and explain above observations. The model further predicts the independence of geometric features on this ordering behavior, which is validated by experiments. These results together indicate such radial ordered collective migration is ascribed to the couple of top‐down regulation with spatial restriction and bottom‐up cellular endogenous nature.
Single‐Component Electroactive Polymer Architectures for Non‐Enzymatic Glucose Sensing
Authors: Kousseff Christina J. , Wustoni Shofarul , Silva Raphaela K. S. , Lifer Ariel , Savva Achilleas , Frey Gitti L. , Inal Sahika , Nielsen Christian B.
Published: March 2024

Organic mixed ionic‐electronic conductors (OMIECs) have emerged as promising materials for biological sensing, owing to their electrochemical activity, stability in an aqueous environment, and biocompatibility. Yet, OMIEC‐based sensors rely predominantly on the use of composite matrices to enable stimuli‐responsive functionality, which can exhibit issues with intercomponent interfacing. In this study, an approach is presented for non‐enzymatic glucose detection by harnessing a newly synthesized functionalized monomer, EDOT‐PBA. This monomer integrates electrically conducting and receptor moieties within a single organic component, obviating the need for complex composite preparation. By engineering the conditions for electrodeposition, two distinct polymer film architectures are developed: pristine PEDOT‐PBA and molecularly imprinted PEDOT‐PBA. Both architectures demonstrated proficient glucose binding and signal transduction capabilities. Notably, the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) architecture demonstrated faster stabilization upon glucose uptake while it also enabled a lower limit of detection, lower standard deviation, and a broader linear range in the sensor output signal compared to its non‐imprinted counterpart. This material design not only provides a robust and efficient platform for glucose detection but also offers a blueprint for developing selective sensors for a diverse array of target molecules, by tuning the receptor units correspondingly.