bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
THE IRRATIONALIST LIBERALISM OF
HIPPOLYTE TAINE
Authors: PITT ALAN
Published: July 2002

The critic and philosopher Hippolyte Taine is presented here as
one of the pioneers of
the theory of the unconscious in European social thought: a source of the
more explicit writings on
unconscious motivation in the works of Nietzsche, Pareto, and others. Preceding
forms of French
liberalism – particularly those of Guizot and Cousin – had
depended upon an underlying belief in a
number of ideas – in God, in our ability to understand his will,
and in reason. A representative regime
would be able to mobilize rationality in society and give it effective
sovereignty. Taine's life can be
interpreted as one of increasing conservatism, but it was consistent in
his rejection of such a conception
of rationality; first through his technical philosophy, then through the
discussion of psychological
motivation in mass political movements set out in the Origines de la
France contemporaine. It is
argued that such a rejection of rationalism was a crucial first step in
the elaboration of new forms of
liberalism – technocratic, welfarist, and economically individualist.
Taine's work represents the
passage from one type of liberal theory to another at a crucial moment
in French history, the
consolidation of universal male suffrage as a foundation of the Third Republic.
THE LABOUR PARTY AND THE
PARLIAMENTARY CAMPAIGN TO
ABOLISH THE MILITARY DEATH
PENALTY, 1919–1930
Authors: McHUGH JOHN
Published: July 2002

This is a study of a successful parliamentary campaign led throughout
the 1920s by a
small group of backbench Labour MPs aimed at abolishing the military death
penalty for the offences
of cowardice and desertion. It was sustained in the face of opposition
from the military establishment,
the Conservatives, and finally the House of Lords. The campaigners used
the opportunity afforded
by the requirement on government to pass, annually, an Army Bill, to challenge
the military
establishment's insistence that a capital penalty was essential to
the maintenance of army discipline.
Despite the unwillingness of the 1924 Labour government to confront the
military on this issue, the
reformers persevered, securing some minor, incremental reform before the
coming of the second Labour
government in 1929. The new government was prevailed upon by backbench
pressure to authorize a free
vote in the Commons which approved the abolition of the capital penalty
for cowardice and desertion
in the Army Act of 1930.
MUNICH, CARPATHO–UKRAINE, THE
‘VELVET REVOLUTION’, AND THE OCTOBER
REVOLUTION
Authors: TEICH MIKULÁš
Published: July 2002

Czechoslovakia between Stalin and Hitler: the diplomacy of Edvard
Beneš in the 1930s. By
I. Lukes. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996. Pp. xii+318. ISBN 0-1951-0267-3.
£22.50.

Carpatho–Ukraine in the twentieth century: a political and legal history.
By V. Shandor. Cambridge, MA: distributed by Harvard University Press for the Ukrainian
Research Institute, Harvard University, 1998. Pp. xvii+321. ISBN 0-9164A-5886-5. £21.95.

Czechoslovak national interests, Part I: A historical survey of Czechoslovak
national interests, Part II: Reflections on the demise of Czechoslovak communism.
By Oskar Krejčí. Boulder, CO: East
European Monographs, distributed by Columbia University Press, New York, 1996.
Pp. 193, 167. ISBN 0-8803-3343-X. £31.00
ALEXEI VASSILIEV, The History of Saudi Arabia (London: Saqi Press, 1998). Pp. 482. $69.95 cloth.
Authors: Fattah Hala
Published: July 2002

This is the most complete and perhaps the best treatment of the origins and development of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia yet to appear in the English language. No serious library can afford to pass it up. The author is a Russian scholar who was Middle East correspondent for Pravda for many years, as well as the director of the Institute for African Studies and member of the Russian Foreign Ministry's advisory group. His knowledge of languages is used to great advantage in the book, and his bibliography of Arabic, Turkish, Russian, English, and French works is an impressive contribution to the history of the Arabian Peninsula. Rare indeed is the scholor who has read, let alone been able to retrieve, the number of valuable local histories that Vassiliev has used for the book. Despite its overwhelming attention to detail, his history is written in a fluid and accessible style, holding the reader's attention till the last. The narrative never flags, even when the author reconstructs the minutiae of the almost daily battles between the armies of central, eastern, and western Arabia in great and absorbing detail. In fact, some sections make for riveting reading, especially those in the latter part of the book, when Ibn Saud faces off against the Ikhwan or browbeats both the internal and external opposition to create his own imprint on the Arabian Peninsula.
ELIZABETH SAVAGE, A Gateway to Hell, a Gateway to Paradise: The North African Response to the Arab Conquest, Studies in Late Antiquity and Early Islam, no. 7 (Princeton, N.J.: Darwin Press, 1997). $35 cloth.
Authors: Ibrahim Mahmood
Published: July 2002

It was only after Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan regained the Umayyad caliphate that concerted efforts were made to extend Umayyad sway into the Maghrib. These efforts turned into a wave of expansion that extended all the way into the 2nd century A.H./8th century A.D. and reached far into the Iberian Peninsula and across the Pyrenees. These efforts also constitute the history of the Maghrib, a history aptly described by the title of the book under review: A Gateway to Hell, a Gateway to Paradise. This title reflects the conflicted attitudes held by early Muslims regarding the region and its history. In the beginning, Umayyad policies were indeed contradictory. For example, Tariq ibn Ziyad, a Berber, could lead Muslims into the Iberian Peninsula, while up to a time Damascus considered Berbers legal booty.
OFRA BENGIO AND GABRIEL BEN-DOR, ED., Minorities and the State in the Arab World (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1999). Pp. 232. $49.95 cloth.
Authors: Mufti Malik
Published: July 2002

This book addresses an increasingly salient but still under-studied subject: the relationship between Arab states seeking to maintain and expand political hegemony over their populations and minority communities struggling to maintain their identities in the face of this centralizing and homogenizing thrust. Coming as it does at a time when the shifting balance between states and civil societies continues to dominate both the politics of the Arab world and the intellectual agenda of its students, this volume is a welcome addition to the literature on the region.
MICHAEL HERB, All in the Family: Absolutism, Revolution, and Democracy in the Middle Eastern Monarchies, SUNY Series in Middle Eastern Studies (Albany: State University of New York Press, 1999). Pp. 381. $75.50 cloth, $25.95 paper.
Authors: Greenwood Scott
Published: July 2002

With this book, Michael Herb makes a significant contribution to the debate on monarchism and its resiliency in the Middle East and North Africa. Relying on archival materials, a small number of interviews, and secondary literature, Herb compares the fortunes of twelve monarchies in the Middle East and North Africa and one monarchy in Afghanistan. By comparing the fate of eight successful monarchies with that of five failed monarchies, Herb seeks to understand which variable best accounts for the success of monarchical rule. A secondary task of the work is to evaluate the future of monarchical institutions in the Middle East and North Africa. Herb asks, “Is revolution—the destruction of these institutions—a necessary step toward political development in the region? Is it possible that political development can occur in the Middle East as it did in some places in Europe, through the adaptation and evolution of traditional institutions, rather than through their destruction?” (p. 256).
TECHNOLOGY AND AGRARIAN CHANGE People of the Plow: An Agricultural History of Ethiopia,

1800–1990. By JAMES C. MCCANN.

Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1995. Pp. xviii + 298.

£48.50 (ISBN 0-299-14610-3); £22.50, paperback

(ISBN 0-299-14614-6).
Authors: RAHMATO DESSALEGN
Published: July 2002

This book is a history of Ethiopian plough agriculture set

within the larger context of environmental history. The subject is

further examined through such key themes as demography, urbanization,

crop varieties and farm resources. The book is in two parts: Part I is

a broad narrative of what the author calls the ‘ox-plow

revolution’ and its social and economic consequences. Part II

consists of three well-chosen case studies, namely Ankober in northern

Ethiopia, a district which in the nineteenth century served as the

royal granary of the Shoan kingdom; Gera, an area located in the

forest zone in south-western Ethiopia; and Ada, the agricultural

backyard of the capital city, Addis Ababa.
Response of urinary and plasma purine derivatives to

various rates and infusion patterns of purines in

sheep nourished by intragastric infusion
Authors: CHEN X. B. , FUJIHARA T. , NAKAMURA K. , MAWUENYEGAH P. O. , FRANKLIN M. F. , KYLE D. J.
Published: July 2002

The effects of exogenous purine supply on plasma concentration
and

urinary excretion of purine

derivatives (PD), which include allantoin, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine,

were studied. Five

sheep, totally nourished by intragastric infusion of volatile fatty acids

and casein, were given an

abomasal infusion of a mixture of adenosine and guanosine at three levels

(5·0, 10·0 and

20·0 mmol/day) each in four infusion patterns (as one, two,
or

four 3-h infusion periods per day or

infused continuously, P1 to P4 respectively). Urine was collected hourly
over

24 h, and plasma

samples were collected hourly for 7 h from the start of purine infusion.
Both

the plasma concentration

of PD and its urinary excretion changed rapidly in response to the start

and termination of purine

infusion with a lag time of 2–3 h. Individual sheep differed

considerably in the relative proportions

of the different purine derivatives in the urine. The endogenous urinary

PD excretion averaged 176

(±S.E. 28) μmol/kg W0·75

per day. Daily PD excretion in urine increased with the amount of purine

infusion, but at each level the output decreased significantly in a

gradient from P1 to P4. The response

of total PD excretion (Y, mmol/day) to daily purine input

(X, mmol/day) was predictable and

followed the equation: Y=0·81

(±0·02)X+3·07(±0·81)

× (u e−0·27X/u

+1−u), where u is the

duration over which the daily input was infused expressed as a proportion
of

24 h. The recovery of

the infused purines averaged 81%. When the infusion was given continuously,

plasma PD

concentration was relatively stable and was linearly correlated with the

purine entry rate and daily

PD excretion in the urine. The estimated glomerular filtration rate

was 150 (±S.E. 16) litres/day and

the estimated tubular transport maximum was 2·6

(±S.E. 1·3) mmol/day. It is concluded that due
to

the rapidity in the response of plasma and urinary PD to

changes in the exogenous purine supply, spot

measurements of PD in urine or plasma can be of no value for the

estimation of exogenous purine

uptake unless the purine supply is relatively constant throughout the

day. Daily PD excretion in urine

related to the exogenous purine uptake in a predictable and reproduceable

manner and provides a

reliable index for the estimation of the exogenous purine uptake.
Biophysical interactions at the root–soil interface:

a review
Authors: YOUNG I. M.
Published: July 2002

Soil close to roots generally has chemical, physical

and biological properties which are significantly

different from those of soil located some distance

away (Jenny & Grossenbacher 1963; Hawes &

Pueppke 1986; Young 1995). The root–soil interface

is defined as soil near to or adhered to the root surface

to some small distance into the soil matrix. This

distance may vary between <1 mm and c. 10 mm.

Working definitions include rhizosphere, where ‘zones

of influence’ are inferred, and rhizosheath, when soil

adhered to the root is discussed. Most work carried

out at the root–soil interface has concentrated on

biological or chemical processes, due both to the fact

that the relevant techniques required to examine these

processes have been more advanced than the physical

techniques, and also because the farmer is generally

offered either biological or chemical solutions to his

everyday problems, as these are readily accessible,

easy to use and cheap. The main manipulation of soil

physical conditions occurs during cultivations, and

the addition or removal of water from the soil profile.

Intensive cultivations are a regular occurrence in

many farming systems, despite the potential drawbacks:

damage of the soil structure, leading to reduced

crop yields and an increased risk of erosion.

The main aim of this review is not to cover all the

complex issues related to the root–soil interface.

Instead, it concentrates on the biophysical processes

which, compared with conventional plant physiological and

soil microbiological research, have

attracted relatively limited attention (e.g. see Waisel

et al. 1996). The review examines small-scale

(μm-mm) interactions and, where possible, links their impact

to the larger scale. Three interacting areas are investigated:

the physical structure of the soil and root

growth, water dynamics and microbial dynamics.
Effects of late pregnancy and early lactation on renal
urea handling in Corriedale ewes
Authors: NDIBUALONJI B. B. , RODRIGUEZ M.-N. , DEHARENG D. , CIRIO A. , GODEAU J.-M.
Published: July 2002

The aim of the study was to investigate the changes in
renal function in late pregnant and early
lactating Corriedale ewes. Compared with the non-productive
state, plasma urea concentration was
increased by 67% during pregnancy, whereas it decreased by
36% during lactation. Urine flow, urea
clearance, renal plasma flow and glomerular filtration rate
were significantly reduced (P<0·05)
during both late pregnancy and early lactation. Filtered load
of urea and the amount of urea
eliminated were significantly reduced (P<0·05)
only in lactating ewes. No changes were noted in the
fractional excretion of urea, the filtration fraction and the
urine osmolality during both late
pregnancy and early lactation. It was concluded that, as in
other breeds, Corriedale ewes can adapt
to increased nitrogen requirements during late pregnancy,
and especially during early lactation, by
increasing the renal conservation of urea. Unlike other
breeds, however, Corriedale ewes restrict the
urine urea losses mainly by reducing renal plasma flow and
glomerular filtration rate, without any
modification of the tubular reabsorption of urea during
both late pregnancy and early lactation.
Effect of storage system and sprout removal on
post-harvest yam (Dioscorea spp.) fresh weight losses
Authors: GIRARDIN O. , NINDJIN C. , FARAH Z. , ESCHER F. , STAMP P. , OTOKORÉ D.
Published: July 2002

Two aspects of yam storage practice were tested from 1994 to 1995
in
central Côte d'Ivoire. The first
experiment compared the storage environment in pits or sheds with that

of the traditional yam open
barn method. The pits allowed the daily range of variation in temperature
to be reduced while
maintaining a high relative humidity (RH), whereas the temperature and

RH in the sheds were similar
to those of the yam barns. Differences in temperature and RH between
the storage systems had little
effect on the fresh weight losses of the tubers. The more effective
protection against solar radiation
and rain afforded by the sheds and pits reduced fresh weight losses in

D. cayenensis rotundata by 12%
over 6·5 months in comparison with the barns. The second experiment

tested the regular removal of
the sprouts. Sprout removal reduced fresh weight losses equally over
5 and 6 months' storage. The
reduction in fresh weight loss was 12% for cv. Gnan (D. cayenensis
rotundata)
during 6 months'
storage. Monthly sprout removal gave an equal benefit in pits, in sheds
and on yam barns. The
monthly cutting of sprouts at the base should be encouraged in places
where this is not already done.
The total loss is mainly determined by the growth of the sprouts and the

reduction in weight after
onset of sprouting, which are highly dependent on species and cultivar.

Bètè bètè yams had better
keeping qualities than all the other cultivars tested.
Proceedings of the Thirty-first Meeting of the
Agricultural Research Modellers' Group
Authors: FRANCE J. , CROMPTON L. A.
Published: July 2002

This group, which is concerned with the applications of mathematics to agricultural science, was formed in
1970 and has since met at approximately yearly intervals in London for one-day meetings. The thirty-first
meeting of the group, chaired by Professor M. Gill of NR International, Chatham, was held in the Kohn Centre
at the Royal Society, 6 Carlton House Terrace, London on Friday, 16 April 1999 when the following papers
were read.
“Confusion of Mind”: Colonial and Post-Colonial Discourses

about Frontier Encounters
Authors: JANIEWSKI DOLORES E.
Published: July 2002

An interpretation of frontier texts must respond to the demand
by Gesa
Mackenthun and other scholars that “empire be added to the study
of
American culture.” As written by authors like Frederick Jackson Turner,

who placed themselves on the colonizing side of the frontier, these texts

described the frontier as “the meeting point between savagery and

civilization” where European immigrants became “Americanized,
liberated,
and fused into a mixed race.” Here was forged a “composite

nationality for the American people.” Such texts with their understanding

of the “Indian frontier ” as a “consolidating agent in
our
history” which
developed “the stalwart and rugged qualities of the frontiersman,”
helped
to construct the American identity as the “imperial self” with
its
implicitly patriarchal, Eurocentric, and colonial assumptions. Describing

the frontier as a “military training school, keeping alive the power
of
resistance to aggression,” such texts failed to acknowledge the aggressive

acts that seized the land from its original inhabitants.
MIGRATION THROUGH SURNAMES IN CAMPOBASSO PROVINCE, ITALY
Authors: BIONDI G. , RASPE P. , MASCIE-TAYLOR C. G. N.
Published: July 2002

Data on grandparental surnames were obtained from schoolchildren in 22 communes from Campobasso Province, Italy (Molise Region). The distribution of surnames was shown to be almost exactly linear by a log2–log2 transformation, which justified the fitting of the data to Fisher’s logarithmic distribution. The values for ν were higher among women. When ν was standardized to minimize bias due to sample size, the value was one-third the estimate of migration from exogamy data. The higher values of ν for females indicate that there is greater mobility of female marriage partners than males.
NUTRITION, FERTILITY AND STEADY-STATE POPULATION DYNAMICS IN A PRE-INDUSTRIAL COMMUNITY IN PENRITH, NORTHERN ENGLAND
Authors: SCOTT SUSAN , DUNCAN C. J.
Published: July 2002

The effect of nutrition on fertility and its contribution thereby to population dynamics are assessed in three social groups (elite, tradesmen and subsistence) in a marginal, pre-industrial population in northern England. This community was particularly susceptible to fluctuations in the price of grains, which formed their basic foodstuff. The subsistence class, who formed the largest part of the population, had low levels of fertility and small family sizes, but women from all social groups had a characteristic and marked subfecundity in the early part of their reproductive lives. The health and nutrition of the mother during pregnancy was the most important factor in determining fertility and neonatal mortality. Inadequate nutrition had many subtle effects on reproduction which interacted to produce a complex web of events. A population boom occurred during the second half of the 18th century; fertility did not change but there was a marked improvement in infant mortality and it is suggested that the steadily improving nutritional standards of the population, particularly during crucial periods in pregnancy (i.e. the last trimester), probably made the biggest contribution to the improvement in infant mortality and so was probably the major factor in triggering the boom.
Integrity of the secretory epithelium of the lactating mouse
mammary gland during extended periods after suckling
Authors: TOLKUNOV YURI A. , MARKOV ALEXANDER G.
Published: July 2002

The transepithelial potential difference (TEPD) and resistance
(TER) in
the alveoli, and the pressure in the mammary gland were measured in lactating
mice
at different times after they had finished suckling their young. Oxytocin

administration caused a rise in TEPD, the amplitude of which decreased
with time
after cessation of the pups feeding. At 2·5 h after
cessation, oxytocin administration
caused a short-term decrease in TER, but at 5 h there was a two phase reaction:
a
fall in TER followed by a rise. At 20 h there was a one phase
reaction, a rise in TER.
TEPD in the mammary gland alveoli increased from its initial value
of 18±1 mV to
25±1 mV at 2·5 h, and thereafter fell to zero by 15 h
after suckling. The initial value
of TER, 114±1 kΩ, increased to 131±4 kΩ at
2·5 h and then decreased by 5 h after
suckling, but unlike TEPD it did not reach zero. These experiments show
that
extending the period after cessation of suckling does not cause a rise
in
intramammary pressure and that oxytocin injections cause a short-term rise
in milk
pressure. From these results, we propose a hypothesis of reducing ionic
concentration
gradients between intracellular fluid, cytoplasm of the secretory cell
and milk at
extended periods after cessation of suckling, starting at 2·5 h.
Single-step method for rapid detection of Brucella spp. in soft cheese
by gene-specific polymerase chain reaction
Authors: SERPE LUIGI , GALLO PASQUALE , FIDANZA NICOLETTA , SCARAMUZZO ALFREDO , FENIZIA DOMENICO
Published: July 2002

Brucellosis can be transmitted to man by direct contact with infected animals or
through contaminated meat, milk and dairy products (Nicoletti, 1989). The analysis
of Brucella spp. is carried out in the laboratory by microbiological or serological
assays (Alton et al. 1988). The first are more specific but are also time-consuming and
expose the analyst to the risk of infection (López-Merino, 1991). However, the latter
can result in false positives owing to cross reactivity with other Gram-negative
bacteria (Diaz-Aparicio et al. 1994). Because of these limitations, the amplification
in vitro of specific DNA regions by the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) could represent
a powerful tool for rapid and specific diagnostic analysis. In recent years, several
PCR methods have been developed to amplify specific DNA sequences of Brucella
strains (Herman & de Ridder, 1992; Romero et al. 1995;
Valentino et al. 1997). In addition, direct analysis of Brucella
in contaminated abortive tissues (Fekete et al. 1992), milk and blood
(Leal-Klevezas et al. 1995; Rijpens et al. 1996) has been
reported.

In this paper we describe a method for gene-specific PCR amplification of a 443
base pair (bp) fragment of Brucella DNA that belongs to a gene encoding for a 31 kDa
outer membrane protein. This protein (BCSP-31) is a membrane antigen characteristic
of the Brucella genus (Mayfield et al. 1988). The PCR method was developed
for the analysis of soft cheeses. We focused our attention on Mozzarella, Pecorino and
ricotta samples, because such products are not subjected to the natural microbial
autopurification process of maturing. They are widely consumed in Italy and a
relationship between infected foods and the areas where brucellosis is a human
zoonosis is a possibility.

The analysis was performed without purification of DNA from bacteria. Indeed,
after homogenization, the sample was subjected to thermal shock by freeze–thaw
cycles that lysed bacteria and solubilized nucleic acids for subsequent PCR
amplification. Amplified DNA fragments were separated by agarose gel electrophoresis
and visualized by ethidium bromide staining. Several brands of soft cheeses
and ricotta contaminated at different levels with Brucella cells were analysed by our
procedure to evaluate the detection sensitivity and the repeatability of the method.
Light sensitivity of two colorants for Cheddar cheese. Quantum
yields for photodegradation in an aqueous model system in relation
to light stability of cheese in illuminated display
Authors: PETERSEN MIKAEL , WIKING LARS , STAPELFELDT HENRIK
Published: July 2002

The light stabilities of two commercial colorants for Cheddar cheese, an
annatto extract and a β-carotene preparation, have been compared in a model
system and tested in industrial scale production. The apparent quantum yields for
photodegradation by monochromatic light were determined at 25 °C for solutions of
the colorants in air-saturated 10 mm-citric acid–disodium hydrogen phosphate buffer
containing 100 mg sodium caseinate/l at pH 5·2 and 5·4. Solutions of commercial
β-carotene were more photostable than solutions of annatto, and although the
quantum yields for photodegradation for both solutions depended significantly on
both pH and irradiation wavelength, exposure to u.v. light (313 and 366 nm) caused
more photobleaching than exposure to visible light (436 nm). The differences in
colour stability observed in the model system were verified by tristimulus colorimetry
during 9 weeks illuminated storage at 5 °C of Cheddar cheese produced from milk to
which had been added (per 1000 kg) 67 g β-carotene extract or 133 ml annatto.
Lucien Febvre, Ecclesiastical Historian?
Authors: BURKE PETER
Published: July 2002

Every ecclesiastical historian knows, or, dare I say, should know,
Lucien Febvre's incisive and polemical article, ‘Une question mal
posée’, first published in 1929, in which, beginning with a critique
of recent work on the origins of the Reformation, the author ended by
calling ecclesiastical history into question. The aim of this article is to
place this famous article in context by examining Febvre's main
contributions to the history of the Church, or as he preferred to say, the
history of religion. Lucien Febvre (1878–1956) was a prolific writer and,
although he has not been studied as intensively as his junior colleagues
Marc Bloch and Fernand Braudel, his scholarly work has often been
discussed. A bibliography published in 1990 listed 2,143 items either by
or about Febvre which had been published up to that time. Since the
history of religion was one of Febvre's main interests, it follows that this
article will have to be rigorously selective, discussing his major
contributions to the field together with a few studies of his achievement.

In order to give some sense of his intellectual development, Febvre's
books and articles on religious history will be discussed in chronological
order of publication, before any attempt at an assessment of his reception,
cool or warm, or the significance of his work. These books and articles
appeared in three clusters, published in 1901–11, 1925–30, and 1941–9
respectively.
Advection–dispersion mass transport associated with a non-aqueous-phase liquid pool
Authors: FYRILLAS MARIOS M.
Published: July 2002

The two-dimensional problem of advection–dispersion associated with a non-aqueous-phase liquid (NAPL) pool is addressed using the boundary element method. The
problem is appropriately posed with an inhomogeneous boundary condition taking
into consideration the presence of the pool and the impermeable layer. We derive a
Fredholm integral equation of the first kind for the concentration gradient along the
pool location and compute the average mass transfer coefficient numerically using
the boundary-element method. Numerical results are in agreement with asymptotic
analytical solutions obtained for the cases of small and large Péclet
number (Pex). The
asymptotic solution for small Pex, which is obtained by applying a novel perturbation
technique to the integral equation, is used to de-singularize the integral equation.
Results predicted by this analysis are in good agreement with experimentally determined
overall mass transfer coefficients.
Chaotic rotation of triaxial ellipsoids in simple shear flow
Authors: YARIN A. L. , GOTTLIEB O. , ROISMAN I. V.
Published: July 2002

Chaotic behaviour is found for sufficiently long triaxial ellipsoidal

non-Brownian

particles immersed in steady simple shear flow of a Newtonian fluid in
an inertialess

approximation. The result is first determined via numerical simulations.
An analytic

theory explaining the onset of chaotic rotation is then proposed.

The chaotic rotation

coexists with periodic and quasi-periodic motions. Quasi-periodic

motions are depicted

by regular closed loops and islands in the system Poincaré

map, whereas chaotic rotations form a stochastic layer.
Tertiary and quaternary solutions for plane Couette flow
Authors: CLEVER R. M. , BUSSE F. H.
Published: July 2002

The plane Couette system does not exhibit any secondary solutions

bifurcating from

the primary solution of constant shear. Since the work of Nagata (1990)
it has

been well known that three-dimensional steady solutions exist. Here the
manifold of

those steady solutions is explored in the parameter space of the problem
and their

instabilities are investigated. These instabilities usually lead to time-periodic

solutions whose properties do not differ much from those of the steady

solutions except that

the amplitude varies in time. In some cases travelling wave solutions which
are

asymmetric with respect to the midplane of the layer are found as quaternary
states

of flow. Similarities with longitudinal vortices recently observed in

experiments are discussed.
Nonlinear equilibration of a dynamo in a smooth helical flow
Authors: BASSOM ANDREW P. , GILBERT ANDREW D.
Published: July 2002

We investigate the nonlinear equilibration of magnetic

fields in a smooth helical flow

at large Reynolds number Re and magnetic Reynolds number

Rm with Re[Gt ]Rm[Gt ]1.

We start with a smooth spiral Couette flow driven by boundary conditions.
Such flows

act as dynamos, that is are unstable to growing magnetic fields; here we
disregard

purely hydrodynamic instabilities such as Taylor–Couette modes. The
dominant

feedback from a magnetic field mode is only on the mean flow and this yields

a simplified ‘mean-flow system’ consisting of

one magnetic mode and the mean

flow, which we solve numerically. We also obtain the asymptotic structure
of the

equilibrated fields for weakly and strongly nonlinear regimes.

In particular the field

tends to concentrate in a cylindrical shell where all stretching and

differential rotation

is suppressed by the Lorentz force, and the fluid is in

solid-body motion. This shell is

bounded by thin diffusive layers where the stretching that maintains

the field against diffusive decay is dominant.
A theoretical and experimental study of hyperbolic

and degenerate mixing regions in a chaotic Stokes flow
Authors: HACKBORN W. W. , ULUCAKLI M. E. , YUSTER T.
Published: July 2002

We examine the rotor–oscillator flow, a slow

viscous flow between long parallel plates

driven by the rotation of a slender cylinder (the rotor) and the

longitudinal oscillation

of one of the plates (the oscillator). For rotor locations of interest
to us,

this flow exhibits a hyperbolic mixing region, characterized by homoclinic

tangling associated

with a hyperbolic fixed point, and a degenerate mixing region, characterized
by

heteroclinic tangling associated with two degenerate fixed points on one
of the

boundary plates (normally the oscillator). These mixing regions are investigated
both

theoretically, by applying various dynamical tools to a mathematical

model of the flow,

and experimentally, by observing the advection of a passive tracer in a
specially

constructed apparatus. Although degenerate mixing regions have been largely
ignored

or undervalued in previous research on chaotic mixing, our results demonstrate
that

more mixing is associated with the degenerate mixing region than the hyperbolic
one

in many cases. We have also discovered a peculiar phenomenon, which we
call

Melnikov resonance, involving a rapid fluctuation in the

size of the hyperbolic mixing

region as the frequency of the oscillator is varied.
Analytical and numerical study of the nonlinear
interaction between a point vortex and a
wall-bounded shear layer
Authors: ATASSI OLIVER V.
Published: July 2002

The unsteady interaction between a vortex and a wall-bounded vorticity
layer is
studied as a model for transport and mixing between rotational and irrotational
flows.
The problem is formulated in terms of contour integrals and a kinematic
condition
along the interface which demarcates the vortical and potential regions.
Asymptotic
solutions are derived for linear, weakly nonlinear and nonlinear long-wave
approximations.
The solutions show that the initial process of ejection of vorticity into
the irrotational
flow occurs at a stationary point along the interface. A nonlinear model
is derived and
shows that such a stationary point is more likely to exist when the circulation

of the vortex is counter to the vorticity in the layer. A Lagrangian numerical
method
based on contour dynamics is then developed for the general nonlinear problem.
Two
sets of results are presented where for every initial height of the vortex
its magnitude
and sign are varied. In both sets, it is observed that when the magnitude
of the vortex
is held constant a much stronger interaction occurs when the sign of the
vortex circulation
is opposite to that of the vorticity in the layer. Moreover, when the horizontal

velocity of the vortex is close to the velocity of the interfacial waves
a strong nonlinear
interaction between the vortex and the layer ensues and results in the
ejection of thin
filaments of vorticity into the irrotational flow. In order to study the
dynamical consequences
of strong unsteady interaction, the wall pressure distribution is computed.
The
results indicate that a significant rise in the magnitude of the wall pressure
is associated
with ejection of vorticity from the wall. The present analysis confirms
that coherent
vortical structures in the outer layer of a turbulent boundary layer can
cause ejection
of concentrated wall-layer vorticity and explains how and when this process
occurs.
Effects of the Lewis number and radiative heat
loss on the bifurcation and
extinction of CH4/O2-N2-He flames
Authors: JU YIGUANG , GUO HONGSHENG , LIU FENGSHAN , MARUTA KAORU
Published: July 2002

Effects of the Lewis number and radiative heat loss on flame bifurcations
and extinction
of CH4/O2-N2-He flames are investigated
numerically with detailed chemistry.
Attention is paid to the interaction between radiation heat loss and the
Lewis number
effect. The Planck mean absorption coefficients of CO, CO2,
and H2O are calculated
using the statistical narrow-band model and compared with the data given
by Tien.
The use of Tien's Planck mean absorption coefficients overpredicts
radiative heat loss
by nearly 30 % in a counter flow configuration. The new Planck mean absorption

coefficients are then used to calculate the extinction limits of the planar
propagating
flame and the counterflow flame when the Lewis number changes from 0.967
to
1.8. The interaction between radiation heat loss and the Lewis number effect
greatly
enriches the phenomenon of flame bifurcation. The existence of multiple
flames is
shown to be a physically intrinsic phenomenon of radiating counterflow
flames. Eight
kinds of typical patterns of flame bifurcation are identified. The competition
between
radiation heat loss and the Lewis number effect results in two distinct
phenomena,
depending on if the Lewis number is greater or less than a critical value.
Comparisons
between the standard limits of the unstrained flames and the ammability
limits of
the counterflow flames indicate that the ammability limit of the counterflow
flame
is lower than the standard limit when the Lewis number is less than the
critical
value and is equal to the standard limit when the Lewis number is higher
than this
critical value. Finally, a G-shaped curve and a K-shaped curve which respectively

represent the ammable regions of the multiple flames for Lewis numbers
lower and
higher than the critical value are obtained. The G- and K-shaped curves
show a clear
relationship between the stretched counterflow flame and the unstrained
planar flame.
The present results provide a good explanation of the physics revealed
experimentally
in microgravity.
A note on nearly two-dimensional
weakly nonlinear instability of an incompressible free shear layer
Authors: MESSITER A. F. , DAVIS D.
Published: July 2002

The weakly nonlinear amplitude growth of slightly oblique instability waves in an
incompressible free shear layer is shown to be first influenced by three-dimensionality
in a limiting case for large Reynolds number when a particular order relationship is
chosen between the spanwise scale and the amplitude of the small disturbance. The
formulation resembles that for purely two-dimensional motion but includes the effect
of vortex stretching in the nonequilibrium, nonlinear, viscous critical layer.
Scattering and near-trapping of
water waves by axisymmetric topography
Authors: CHAMBERLAIN P. G. , PORTER D.
Published: July 2002

The scattering of plane surface water waves by both surface-piercing and submerged
axisymmetric bed formations has been investigated by a number of authors. We
extend previous contributions in two ways: we employ the recently derived modified
mild-slope equation to approximate the fluid motion and we consider arbitrary
axisymmetric topography, subject only to the restriction imposed by the mild-slope
approximation. We thereby derive a robust method for calculating the scattered
wave field for the small seabed slopes typical of most real situations and make a
contribution to the phenomena of near-resonance and near-trapping over submerged
axisymmetric shoals, which have previously been detected for only one idealized
bedform.
Capillary surfaces in an exotic container: results
from Space experiments
Authors: CONCUS PAUL , FINN ROBERT , WEISLOGEL MARK
Published: July 2002

Experimental results from the Interface Configuration Experiment (ICE) performed
aboard the Space Shuttle and the Mir Space Station are reported. The experiment
concerns fluid interfaces in certain ‘exotic’ containers in a low-gravity
environment. These containers are rotationally symmetric and have the property that for given
contact angle and liquid volume, a continuum of distinct rotationally symmetric
equilibrium configurations can appear, all of which have the same mechanical energy.
These symmetric equilibrium configurations are unstable, in that deformations that
are not rotationally symmetric can be shown mathematically to yield configurations
with lower energy. It is found experimentally, in confirmation of mathematical results
and of numerical computations, that distinct locally stable configurations can form
that are not rotationally symmetric and have differing dynamic characteristics. It is
found that this intriguing phenomenon of asymmetric local energy minimizers can
occur even if conditions for an exotic container are not entirely met.
A spatial analogue of transient growth in plane Couette flow
Authors: VANNESTE JACQUES
Published: July 2002

The linear response of an inviscid two-dimensional Couette flow disturbed by a
time-periodic forcing is studied under the assumption that the forcing is distributed
along a straight line. When the forcing is tilted against the shear, the disturbance
streamfunction and energy are shown to be locally amplified downstream of the
source before decaying at large distance. This spatially localized amplification is
interpreted as an analogue of the transient growth phenomenon studied in the context
of unforced intial-value problems. The self-consistency of the linear approximation
and the instability of the disturbance are also examined.
The Cuban Sugar Economy: Collapse, Reform and Prospects for

Recovery
Authors: POLLITT BRIAN H.
Published: July 2002

The collapse of Cuba's import-intensive sugar economy in

the 1990s is analysed in the context of the disintegration of COMECON

and of the USSR. Salient features of post-revolutionary cane farming

are contrasted with those of the 1950s. Falling production in the

1990s, and the main institutional responses to it, are compared with

those of the Great Depression of the 1930s. The analysis is

illustrated with primary data collected in fieldwork carried out in

1994 and before. The complexities of current ‘technical

regression’ from more to less import-intensive agricultural

practices are outlined and the impact of acute national investment

constraints upon the recovery prospects of the sugar economy are

appraised.
Extraction from make the claim constructions
Authors: KEARNS KATE
Published: July 2002

The sequence make the claim that S has certain
syntactic properties which indicate the
presence of some sort of complex predicate, previously suggested to be
a Light Verb
Construction (LVC) or a reanalysis of N and V to a complex V. I consider
and reject
both these proposals, and propose an alternative structure which is still
a type of
complex predicate. Adopting the Locality framework of Manzini (1992, 1994),
I show
that a syntactic account of extractions from make the claim follows
straightforwardly.
I also show that extraction from make the claim is distinct
from extraction from indefinites.
Working conditions and employee commitment in indigenous private
manufacturing firms in Nigeria: managing business organisations
for industrial development
Authors: Ukaegbu Chikwendu Christian
Published: July 2002

Investment in medium and large-scale manufacturing enterprises by Nigerian
entrepreneurs has continued to grow; but little is known about their
organisation and management in general, or the nature of working conditions
and employee commitment in particular. This study examines the
relationship between working conditions and employee commitment in
twenty indigenously owned private manufacturing firms in Igbo states of
southeastern Nigeria. The findings show that these firms have the potential
to contribute to the industrial future of the country. However, a substantial
number of their workers were dissatisfied with the extrinsic and equity factors
of their work, which are stronger predictors of employee commitment than
the intrinsic/responsibility component. To build a viable workforce for enterprise
success and industrial development, entrepreneurs should invest in the
long-term goals of their workers, and learn to balance their own interests
with those of their employees.
The Politics of Economic Policy-Making in Zimbabwe
Authors: JENKINS CAROLYN
Published: July 2002

There are two remarkable features of post-independence

economic policy-making in Zimbabwe: the very limited nature of the changes

made by the new government in 1980, and the complete reversal of

policy announced in 1990. It was surprising that a more radical

transformation had not been introduced soon after independence,

since this had been achieved by a civil war prompted not only by

the denial of even basic rights to the majority of the population, but

also by an extremely inequitable distribution of economic resources.

The volte-face in 1990 was also unexpected, because it required a

repudiation of governmental rhetoric at a time when the economy was

by no means in a state of crisis, even though under stress. This article

attempts to understand these policy shifts.
Sizing up the African state
Authors: Goldsmith Arthur A.
Published: July 2002

This paper reviews empirical evidence concerning government errors of
commission and omission in Africa. Seen in the context of international
comparisons, how do African states measure up in the defensive functions of
avoiding government excess? And how do they rate in the constructive functions
of supplying public goods in response to demands from society? Regarding
errors of commission, African states do not stand out as singularly
prone to spend large shares of GNP, to employ high ratios of the population
in bureaucratic jobs, or to own extensive state-owned enterprises. The data
on errors of omission are more equivocal. African states do too little to prevent
corruption, to protect civil and political rights, and to secure the legal
environment for business. Yet, other developing regions display many of the
same deficiencies. Overall, there is little empirical evidence of a sui generis
African state.
Reflection of an electromagnetic pulse incident on a magnetoactive nonlinear medium
Authors: SHOKRI B. , SOHBATZADEH F. , LATIFI H.
Published: July 2002

The effect of an external magnetic field Bext on the propagation of an
electromagnetic wave pulse incident on a nonlinear medium is studied. It is shown
that all the incident energy can be reflected in a large domain of Bext (self-screening),
if the incident wave is in pulsed form. Having a complicated behavior, the reflection
coefficient shows total transmission or self-screening in the intermediate range of
the external magnetic field.
Intrinsic modulational Alfvénic turbulence
Authors: de OLIVEIRA L. P. L. , RIZZATO F. B. , CHIAN A. C.-L.
Published: July 2002

The nonlinear dynamics of a finite-amplitude Alfvén wave
in a dispersive
modulational regime is analysed. Use is made of a conservative model to
show that
turbulence may arise via deterministic chaos. The behaviour of the system
is
studied as one varies the initial amplitude of the pump Alfvén wave,
the dispersion parameter and the plasma parameter β.
Direct antenna excitation of the shear Alfvén
wave at finite frequency in the boundary of a fusion plasma
Authors: BORG G. G.
Published: July 2002

The problem of direct excitation of the shear Alfvén wave
by antennas in
the boundary of a fusion plasma is considered. In the plasma
scrape-off layer the
physics of this wave is determined by finite electron inertia.
Expressions for
the wave electric and magnetic field are derived without any
assumption on the
smallness of the ratio of frequency to ion cyclotron frequency. It
is shown that
the shear Alfvén wave propagates as a guided beam along
the steady magnetic
field over a wide range of frequencies below the ion cyclotron
frequency, and is
predominantly excited by current elements parallel to the steady magnetic
field. A simple transmission-line analogy suggests that guidance of
the Alfvén
wave is also expected in the presence of strong plasma inhomogeneity.
Lagrangian and Hamiltonian aspects of wave
mixing in non-uniform media: waves on
strings and waves in gas dynamics
Authors: WEBB G. M. , BRIO M. , ZANK G. P.
Published: July 2002

Hamiltonian and Lagrangian perturbation theory is used to describe
linear wave
propagation in inhomogeneous media. In particular, the problems of wave
propagation
on an inhomogeneous string, and the propagation of sound waves and entropy

waves in gas dynamics in one Cartesian space dimension are investigated.
For the
case of wave propagation on an inhomogeneous heavy string, coupled evolution

equations are obtained describing the interaction of the backward and forward

waves via wave reflection off gradients in the string density. Similarly,
in the case
of gas dynamics the backward and forward sound waves and the entropy wave

interact with each other via gradients in the background flow. The wave
coupling
coefficients in the gas-dynamical case depend on the gradients of the Riemann
invariants
R± and entropy S of
the background flow. Coupled evolution equations
describing the interaction of the different wave modes are obtained by
exploiting
the Hamiltonian and Poisson-bracket structure of the governing equations.
Both
Lagrangian and Clebsch-variable formulations are used. The similarity of
the equations
to equations obtained by Heinemann and Olbert describing the propagation

of bidirectional Alfvén waves in the solar wind is pointed out.