bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SEEDS, PODS AND PETIOLE GLAND’S CHARACTERISTICS OF LEUCAENA SPP. ANALYTICAL STUDY (A)
Authors: Al-Bugg Younis Saied Hassan
Published: July 2020

Twenty-two species were extracted from the Leucaena Spp. Data were collected on their characteristics, which differed from each other and were classified accordingly. Statistical analysis revealed that there were many differences between species in some traits; each type is itself in other qualities. Therefore, we presented the qualities that need to be described in order to identify differences. The study included the qualities related to seeds, pods and petiole gland. The seeds were aligned in Pods in three forms, while the shape of the seed came in two types. Only two types of species differed in the status of the opening of the pod (dehiscence). As for the thickness of the wall of the Pods, the species varied greatly, and the highest was the Papery. The rate of openness of the Pods was very high at 90.9% for one margin. The partitioning between seeds within Pods did not register more than two types, and it tended to have no partition by 72.7%. Only two shapes were distinguished in terms of the clarity of the seed chamber on the surface of the pods and 16 times the uncertainty was repeated ( not partitioned ) , leaving 6 replicates of the possible type of clarity ( partitioned ) . The colors of Pods differed very much, and each type had its own color except for some exceptions. The most frequent color was (To Orange Brown) with five replicates and the color (Mid Orange Brown) four times and the remaining types remained independent of colors. There was a high correlation between seed and pods traits and in some cases reached 90% at the probability of 1%. The length of the seed ranged between 4.9 mm - 10.6 mm but distributed over all types of tree under study. Each seed type had a specific seed length. The correlation coefficient between seed width and seed length was high at a probability of 1% to 0.775. Seeds / Kg was varied even within one species and was between 8700 - 70000 seeds / kg. There were only two forms that showed the accompaniment of the gland on the throat while three forms of the gland type were recorded but the gland height had a variety of forms.
Interview with Isabelle Moeller: Ubiquitous and Positive Biometrics
Authors: Lodge Juliet , Nagel Dan
Published: July 2020

In this interview with Isabelle Moeller questions surrounding the responsible use and development of biometric apps are explored. The use of biometrics - originally to digitally represent and authenticate an identifiable characteristic of a product or a person - have become so wide spread that they are capable of facilitating ever greater continuous surveillance of the what, how, when and where of life. The more biometrical data of a user is collected, the more the integrity of the underlying e-identity is open to fraud and being invisibly compromised. Ethical reflection is long overdue but a prerequisite of minimizing risk to the autonomy of the human person as well as to the integrity of his digital persona.
Who are the citizens of the digital citizenship?
Authors: De Moraes João Antonio , De Andrade Eloísa Benvenutti
Published: July 2020

We live in the Digital Era, where national frontiers are vanishing. In light of cultural globalization and digital identity, a contemporary re-interpretation of classical notions like citizenship is imperative. What does it mean to be a citizen in the Digital Era? To whom can we assign digital citizenship status? In order to discuss these questions we introduce the notion of hybrid beings. Our hypothesis is that the dynamical feedback relation between the physical and digital individual’s experience promotes the embodiment of a hybrid identity from which the hybrid being emerges. It is important to stress that the hybrid identities of hybrid beings are not just alter egos or avatars created in the digital world, but that they express a new dynamic around the impossibility of distinguishing between “physical” and “digital” sides of an individuals’ actions. It is precisely because of a hybrid being’s participation in a merged physical/digital world that we believe the notion of hybrid beings is the most suitable paradigm to exemplify the role of the digital citizen and digital citizenship.
Access to Information is (Not) a Universal Right in Higher Education: Librarian Ethics and Advocacy
Authors: Bridges Laurie M , McElroy Kelly
Published: July 2020

As a profession, librarians have proclaimed an ethical duty to ensure access to information for all people. However, many barriers exist to fulfilling this duty, including varying levels of education and technology around the globe, the cost of obtaining research information, and the concentration of scholarly publishing in English. This article outlines these barriers, concluding with a call to action for librarians to advocate for multilingual Open Access, to foster international scholarly communities, and to champion Internet access for all.
Trolling the Global Citizen: The Deconstructive Ethics of the Digital Subject
Authors: Staunton Ben
Published: July 2020

This article compares two contemporary rhetorical figures: the ‘internet troll’, a name invoked to represent a variety of offensive and disturbing online discourse, and the narrator and main character of avant-garde English author Tom McCarthy’s debut novel Remainder (2005). By thinking about how these two figures relate to Levinas’ brand of deconstructive ethics, I attempt to develop an idea about how global communication technology (which is, including literature, an essential ingredient, inspiration and sometimes ‘form’ of the ‘global citizen’) bends our perception and performance of what is ethical. Both the troll and McCarthy’s narrator represent the necessity of understanding in a world caged in technical language describing itself. And at the same time, each figure will be shown to represent the motivating force of a global society that strives for total understanding: an absence of understanding, or in Levinasian terms, the face of the other.
Social Media and Algorithms: Configurations of the Lifeworld Colonization by New Media
Authors: Figueiredo Carlos , Bolaño César
Published: July 2020

Social media is a pervasive part of everyday life. That is, new media occupies more and more spaces in individuals’ lives both in intimate and work sphere. In addition, due to convergence, new media brought together interpersonal and mass communications in the same environment. This fact has caused a wide range of changes in cultural industries. One of the main changes brought about by social media in relation to the mass media is the construction of a flow of content, advertising and propaganda customized for each individual, and constructed from surveillance and control of individuals’ interactions in digital networks. For so doing, one element is central: Algorithms. It is not only by means of contents produced by cultural workers or amateurs that social media guarantees the life world colonization by the system, but mainly through the tracking of user interactions. That is possible thanks to the data gathering performed by algorithms. Therefore, social networks colonize the life world in a more constant and pervasive way than mass media, facilitating surveillance and social control that are vital for both, the digital conglomerates economic power and the state capacity to watch individuals, either to strengthen the sales effort or to ensure citizen vigilance.
Produção informacional na era do capitalismo neoliberal: uma crítica ética e dialética
Authors: Amorim. Bianca Rihan Pinheiro
Published: July 2020

This article discusses an ethical conception for informational production based on historical-dialectical materialism. Starting from the notion of ethics as a critical attitude towards hegemonic morality, we will make use of the categories of totality and historicity to formulate a critical argument for information submitted to the control of capital and as an instrument for the creation of a "morality" based on the values of the ruling class, both in the sphere of epistemological production, and in the economic and media spheres in times of neoliberal globalization. However, as a historical product, it also seems essential to present the information from the intervention of the human being in the world and, therefore, in permanent movement and dispute, being able to become an effective pillar for the ethical-political project of human emancipation, or the good in a universal sense of fact.
The Golem Allegories
Authors: Capeller Ivan
Published: July 2020

This is the first piece of a three-part article about the allegorical aspects of the legend of the Golem and its epistemological, political and ethical implications in our Internet plugged-in connected times. There are three sets of Golem allegories that may refer to questions relating either to language and knowledge, work and technique, or life and existence. The Golem allegories will be read through three major narratives that are also clearly or potentially allegorical: Walter Benjamin’s allegory of the chess player at the very beginning of his theses On the Concept of History, William Shakespeare’s last play The Tempest and James Cameron’s movie The Terminator. Each one of these narratives is going to be considered as a key allegory for a determinate aspect of the Golem, following a three-movement reading of the Golem legend that structures this very text as its logical outcome.
Unchain my heart and set me free: A new civil society library model.
Authors: Kelly Matthew
Published: July 2020

A new model of the public library is outlined that explicitly links it to its role in support of civil society. The model argues that the ongoing “chaining” of public libraries to direct government oversight and control is deleterious to their ability to actualize their potential. Collateral argument is made that that it is the civil society character rather than the simply free nature of these libraries which needs to be harnessed to help move the conceptualization of the sector away from a reactive model of client service toward a dynamic approach that integrates with the life experiences of clients.
Inequalities in digital memory: ethical and geographical aspects of web archiving
Authors: Rockembach Moisés
Published: July 2020

This paper approaches web archiving as preservation of digital memory and as a dynamic informational environment with complex problems of harvest, use, access and preservation. It uses a qualitative and exploratory-descriptive approach, identifying web archiving initiatives and promoting a reflection on the ways of defining web information collection, geographical gaps in web archiving and problems regarding uses and rights of this information. Whereas initiatives such as Internet Archive harvest a lot of information from across the web, an imbalance of digital memory exists where many countries do not possess their own web archiving initiatives, and therefore, coverage of information is unequally produced.
Comparison of histological changes of sensory neurons of Dorsal Root Ganglion of spinal nerve in different age groups in rabbits
Authors: Al-Okaili Ali Ghanim
Published: July 2020

The aim of the study is to compare the histological changes that occur in the sensory neurons of dorsal root ganglion at L6 and L7 levels of the spinal nerve in different age groups in rabbits. Fifteen rabbits were divided into three groups of equal number according to their age (weaning, maturation and adult). Dorsal root ganglion of spinal nerve at L6 and L7 levels were removed and examined histologically under light microscope. Comparison were made in diameters of neurons and their numbers in different age. The results showed a significant (P<0.05) decrease in the number of sensory neurons and a significant (P<0.05) increase in their diameters with advancing age. In conclusion, the structures of sensory neurons are altering by the age factors in which morphology, number, and color of neurons change also.
Evaluation of Sister Chromatid Exchanges and Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase Gene Mutation Assay in Peripheral Lymphocytes of Workers Exposed to Radiation at Al-Tuwaitha Site
Authors: Ali Abdulsahib K.
Published: July 2020

The present study aims at using the biological techniques in a genotoxicity assessment of low doses of radiation in samples of workers in Al-Tuwaitha site due to decommissioning to radioactive contamination as a result of work. This study included 50 male blood samples, aged 35 - 63 years as well as 35 blood samples from non-smokers and non-alcoholic as control group which included 25 male and 10 female aged 25 -57 years. The endpoints used were sister chromatid exchange (SCE) and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase (HPRT) mutation assay. The sister chromatid exchange in the human lymphocyte for radiation worker was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in the control group. While the results of mutation for HPRT were non-significant when compared with the control group. In conclusion, the results indicated the possibility of using the changes in sister chromatid exchange as useful biomarkers for the detection of human exposure to ionizing radiation. In conclusion, the increase frequencies of sister chromatid exchange in radiation workers indicate the cumulative effect of low-level chronic exposure to ionizing radiation.
The Cellular Immunoprotection of BALB/C mice vaccinated with Salt-Extractable Brucella abortus S19 antigens and Immunoadjuvant βeta-glucan challenged with Brucella abortus Virulent Strain
Authors: Mahdi Nidhal Raoof
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate the cellular immune responses of salt-Extractable Brucella abortus S19 antigens with immunoadjuvant soluble βeta-glucan in BALB/C mice later challenged with B. abortus virulent strain. The 0.72mg/ml of SEBA was used according to the results obtained from experiment to determine the macrophages Nitric oxide production and delayed type hypersensitivity test. One hundred BALB/C mice were divided into four groups. G1 were injected i.p with 0.2 ml of saline, G2 were vaccinated S.C with 0.1ml (108 CFU/mouse) of B. abortus S19, G3 were vaccinated i.p. with 0.2 ml of salt-Extractable Brucella abortus S19 antigens and G4 were vaccinated i.p. with 0.2 ml of salt-Extractable Brucella abortus S19 antigens and 0.2ml βeta glucan. At 27 days after immunization the delayed type hypersensitivity test was conducted with the significant (P<0.05) an increase in the foot pad thickness of the G4 as compared to G3, G2 and G1. At day 30 of immunization all remaining mice were i.p. challenged with 0.2ml of 1x104 CFU/ml B. abortus virulent strain. The log10 CFU/spleen count was demonstrated at day 7 and 14 after challenge; G2, G3 and G4 recorded low bacterial count with a significant difference (P<0.01) as compared to the control. In conclusion, this study indicated that immunized mice with salt-Extractable Brucella abortus S19 antigens and β-glucan were effective vaccine, the activated innate immunity was an important key to activate the protective Th1 responses through a significant decrease in the bacterial splenic count after challenge.
Effect of adding sunflower oil in the ration on some productive traits in Awassi ewes
Authors: AL-Mosawi Jassim E.
Published: July 2020

This study was designed to investigate the effects of the addition of different ratios of sunflower oil to the diet of Awasi ewes on the rumen fermentation and milk composition. It was conducted by using 12 Awassi ewes (2-3.5 years old) with average body weight 56.62 kg. The ewes were randomly divided into three groups. Each group had four ewes according to the age, body weight and milk yield. The ewe in each group received 1.4 kg/ dry matter for three rations consisting of barley, wheat bran, soybean meal and alfalfa hay. The first group was fed on control ration, while 2.5 and 5 % of sunflower oil were included in the rations of the second and third groups, respectively. The results showed that the treatments had no significant effect on the average body weight, milk production and milk composition (lactose, protein and SNF percentage). Milk Fat percentage was significantly (P<0.05) decreased in second and third groups (4.30 ±0.31 and 4.23 ±0.40) %, respectively as compared with the control group (5.89 ±0.53 %). The pH value of rumen liquor in hours (0 and 3) after feeding showed no significant differences between groups, also there were no significant differences in the volatile fatty acid and ammonia concentration in the rumen liquor in all groups, despite that the volatile fatty acid decreased insignificantly in all treated groups as compared with the control group after feeding. The blood parameters were not affected by the experimental treatments. These results indicated that the fermentation patterns were affected by the increased oil supplementation to the diet of ewes.
Diagnosis of Eimeria spp. in Capra ibex (local meriz goat)
Authors: Al-Bayati Saad M.
Published: July 2020

Out of 77 of local meriz goats (Capra ibex), 29 (37.67%) were diagnosed as infected with coccidia. The infection percentage was 22.08% in kids less than six months of age as compared with older age (15.59%). A moderate diarrhea was the only clinical sign which was observed in three infected kids (3.9%). Six Eimeria (E.) species were diagnosed, they were E.alijevi, E.christenseni, E.caprovina, E.minasensis, E.megaembryonica, E.ninakohlyakimovae. E.megaembryonica was suggested to be a new species as it has a bigger embryonic mass which could be depended as a new parameter for coccidia classification. The germinal disk with two layers was very clear and observed in pre-sporulation Oocyst of most diagnosed species. The last three criteria are new in their mentioning. Also, Pot. Dichromate with 5% concentration is essential for follow-up of sporulation process to prevent of high bio - pollutants of fecal samples but without any effects upon biological features of isolated coccidia species.
A comparative biomechanical study of repaired tendons wrapped with two biological matrices in Bucks
Authors: AL-Falahi N. H.
Published: July 2020

This study is planned to evaluate the efficacy of two biological matrices represented by autologous platelet rich fibrin matrix, as well as a cross linked decellularized caprine pericardial extracellular matrix on enhancing healing of the experimentally severed superficial digital flexor tendon in a goat model. It was carried out on 48 adult apparently healthy bucks, which were divided randomly into three equal groups. Under the effect of sedative and local ring block anesthesia, superficial digital flexor tendon was severed at the mid metacarpal region of the right forelimb. In the first control group, tenorrhaphy was performed and left without additives. While in the second group the tenorrhaphy site was wrapped with a previously prepared autologous platelet rich fibrin strips, as well as in the third group the tenorrhaphy site was wrapped with a cross linked decellularized pericardial extracellular matrix strip which was prepared from the whole fresh caprine pericardium obtained from the slaughter house. Both matrices were fixed in their position at the tenorrhaphy site by few interrupted stitches. The biomechanical evaluation of the operated tendon indicated an increase in tensile strength with time in all groups, but the comparisons among groups showed a significant (P≤0.05) increase at day 15 in both treated as compared to control animals. On day 45 the pericardial extracellular matrix group showed a significant increase in tensile strength as compared to platelet rich fibrin matrix and control groups, but at day 75 there were no differences among groups, at day 180 the pericardial extracellular matrix group showed a significant increase in the tensile strength as compared to platelet rich fibrin matrix and control groups. In conclusion, both biological matrices led to improvement in the biomechanical properties of the operated tendons with time.
Distribution of E.coli O157:H7 in fecal and urine samples of cattle
Authors: Al-Rudha Aseel M H
Published: July 2020

This study was designed to isolate of Enterohaemoragic E.coli O157:H7 from feces and urine in cattle. 175 samples (80 fecal and 95 urine) were collected to isolate EHEC O157:H7 during the period from March to June 2014 from Al- Hindia slaughter house from local breeding cattle, aged between 1-2 years and over 2 years, and the samples were subjected to culture on specific media Cefixime Tellurit- Sorbitol MacConkey agar at 37 ˚C for 18-24 hrs. then the isolates were identified by biochemical tests (Indol test, Potassium cyanid test) and seriologically by Latex Kit test. The results showed that 73(91.25%) out of 80 fecal samples and 39(41%) out of 95 urine samples were E.coli O157:H7 positive, the total of positive isolates were 64%. That reveals the important role of feces and urine samples to contaminate the environment and disseminate of infection.
Effect of molybdate and sulfate alone and in combination overload intake on copper outcome in mature male rat
Authors: Abbas Duraid A.
Published: July 2020

This study was designed to investigate the effect of molybdate and sulfate overload alone or in combination overload intake on copper outcome in mature male rats. Twenty eight adult male rats were housed and randomly divided into four equal groups and treated as follows for 60 days: control, groups (T1) rats received sodium molybdate 50 mg/kg B.W and (T2) rats of this group were given orally 500 mg/kg B.W of sodium sulfate. Animals in the (T3) group were given sodium molybdate and sodium sulfate in combination at half dose in comparison with T1 and T2 doses. The severity of toxic symptoms were more noticed at the end of experiment especially in T1 followed by T2, while T3 showed the least toxic symptoms, also the body weight change recorded weight loss during the experiment period at the same following order T1, T2 followed by T3 in comparison with control group that showed normal increase in weight. Biochemical results showed a significant decline in serum glutathione and an increase in serum creatinine, bilirubin and blood urea nitrogen at the same pattern in all treated groups positively proportional with the course of experiment. This was attributed to the recorded deficiency in serum copper that in consequence possibly induced anemia and oxidative changes in T1 and T2 groups, but the addition of sulfate to molybdate at half doses recorded less severity of copper deficiency signs and less toxic consequences indicating a sort of antagonistic effect
Treatment of pigeon (Columba livia domestica) infected with Hadjelia truncate by ethanolic suspension of Calvatia craniiformis in comparison with ivermectin
Authors: AL.Amery Amer M.A.
Published: July 2020

This study aimed at evaluating the efficacy of different concentrations of C. craniiformis mushroom suspension in pigeon flock infected by Hadjelia truncata worms in Diyala province in comparison with 0.1% ivermectin. Thirty pairs of pigeons were brought to the veterinary clinic with case history of progressive weight loss, weakness, and some birds have died suddenly. In the necropsy of 3 cases the gizzards contained some nematodes, located under the koilin layer of the gizzard, which was identified microscopically as Hadjelia truncata which was one of the important parasites of the digestive system of poultry. Three different concentrations of suspension were prepared from Calvatia craniiformis mushroom powder (0.25, 0.5 and 1mg\ml) and that tested for antiparasitic effect in comparison with ivermectin as common broad spectrum anthelimntics drug. All the concentrations of the suspension showed active effect against the parasites but, ivermectin showed a better effect.
Determination of reference values of some serum biochemical parameters of healthy Donkeys in Iraq
Authors: AL-Salmany Alaa K. M.
Published: July 2020

This study is conducted to establish the profile of some serum biochemicals which included creatinine, urea, glucose, total protein and albumin concentrations in 104 clinically normal donkeys (65 males and 39 females) aged 2-4 years. Animals were classified on the basis of age and sex, in Baghdad city/ Iraq. The Results showed that the, mean values ± standard error (SE) of serum creatinine and urea concentrations were as follows: Creatinine 65.55±2.01 µmol/L and urea 6.79±0.20 mmol/L, while serum concentrations of glucose, total protein and albumin were 54.7±3.09 g/dl, 123±14.3 and 3.4±0.08 mmol/L, respectively. Creatinine values showed a significant difference between 4 years and more than 4 years old subgroups. However, there were no differences in serum urea concentration between male and female and compared with biochemical ranges obtaining for another donkey breeds. This suggested that most biochemical values determined in this study serve as reference ranges for Iraqi donkey and could be used in health control and diagnosis of diseases. In conclusion a significant increase in serum creatinine was recorded at age 4 and more than 4 years as compares with serum urea and no differences in serum glucose, total protein and albumin.
Effect of salts addition of some organic acids on growth performance of Common Carp Juvenile Cyprinus carpio L.
Authors: Muhsan Ashwaq Muhan
Published: July 2020

This study was carried out in the laboratories of fish for 90 days in 16 glass aquaria (60 cm, 40 cm and 30 cm/70 L) to investigate the effect of some organic acids salts on some growth indices of common carp fish Cyprinus carpio L. A 128 fish were used with an average weight of (40.8±1) gm. and have been distributed on eight treatments with two replicate and eight fish for each replicate. Formulated eight diets that equally iso-nitrogenous (33.85%) and iso-caloric (1535.605 KJ/gm) were investigated. Organic acids salts (Sodium lactate, Sodium acetate and Sodiumformate) were supplemented singly (0.5% of each salts) and mixed to the experimental diets (0.25% of each salts). The statistical results showed that treatments T6 (0.25% sodium lactate + 0.25% sodium formate) had the best studied growth parameters at the level of P≤0.05 which clarified by weight gain (41.05±0.25 gm) and food conversion ratio (2.8±0.02).
Prevalence of microsporidiosis in human and cattle
Authors: E. Kadum N.
Published: July 2020

In order to identify microsporidia and other fungi  in  stool and  urine samples of human, and in fecal and milk samples of cattle, 100 stool samples with or without diarrhea and 50 urine samples, human fecal and urine samples were obtained from certain Baghdad hospitals and certain rural areas surroundings Baghdad city, in addition to 50 fecal and 56  milk samples  of cattle apparently healthy were collected  from Alshula Slaughter House and  directly from  anal of the animal field  of College of Veterinary Medicine/ Baghdad University. All samples were collected during six months from 1/10/2014 to 1/4/2015. Thin films were formed and stained by Webers Modified Trichrom stain and Modified Trichrom-Ryan Blue stain. The results showed that (23%) 23 out of 100 stool samples of human were positive for Microsporidia spp. and (16%) 8 out of 50 urine samples of human were positive for this fungus. While the result revealed (18%) 9 out of 50 fecal samples and (7.14%) 4 out of 56 milk samples of cattle were positive for Microsporidia spp. The result also explained that (25.3%) 19 cases of patients suffering from diarrhea expressed   Microsporidia spp. after the examination of 75 stool samples, while (16%) 4 persons without diarrhea showed positive Microspordia, through the examination of 25 stool samples. The study explains that the  Enterocytozoon bieneusi is a common species associated with human infection and  Encephalitozoon intestinalis is  a common Microsporidia associated with  cattle infection  whereas Encephalitozoon cuniculi is rarely identified in human  but recorded in cattle.
Experimental infection on the locally isolated avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus
Authors: Taha Zaid Haddam
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to evaluate virulence of local isolated avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus in experimentally infected chicken. Forty chickens 10 weeks old were used for the experimental infection with the locally isolated infectious laryngotracheitis virus. Chickens were divided into three groups, the first group consisted from 20 chickens infected with isolated infectious laryngotracheitis virus (2×104.16 TCID 50/50 µl) via eyes and mouth drops (one drop for each). The second group consisted of 10 chickens (non-infected) in contact with infected group inoculated with maintenance media (Minimum essential medium) on their eyes, to observe if the infected group can spread the virus. The third group consisted from 10 chickens (non-infected) were left as a control group separated from other groups, inoculated with maintenance media (Minimum essential medium) on their eyes. Clinical signs and mortality were examined daily up to 12 days post infection. The main clinical signs were depression coughing and gasping with mild conjunctivitis and no mortality. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) test was conducted on the collected sera of chickens before and after experimental infection with isolated virus. The results of ELISA test was negative for all groups of chickens before experiment  and positive results for infected group with titer approximately ranging from (2534-7910); Measure of central tendency and dispersion were used with mean (4874.75) and stander error (355.96\ 13.6%); while negative results for contact group and control group. Eighteen chickens (10 weeks old) separately were divided into three groups (infected, contact and control) treated as mention above  and were used   for histopathological examination; the chickens were killed, two in each group at 24 hr., 48 hr. and 72 hr. post infection. The histopathological changes on trachea and larynx were intracellur inclusion bodies formation detected at 72hr., post infection for infected group only.
Determination of lead concentration in water and in different organs of Carrasobarbus luteus and Cyprinus carpio Tigris River
Authors: Al-Rudainy1 Abdulmotalib J.
Published: July 2020

The present study was carried out during the period from November 2015 to April 2016 to determine the concentration of lead in Tigris River. A total of 75 fish of Hamri Carrasobarbus luteus and 82 specimen of common carp Cyprinus carpio were sampled at three different stations. Atomic absorption spectrometry is a technique for measuring quantities of Lead present in water and fish. The results showed that the mean concentration of lead in water more than in fish organs. Statistical analysis showed no significant differences in lead concentration between all stations. In C. luteus and C. carpio showed no significant differences in gills, muscles, liver and kidney between different length groups for each station. Length group 21- 30 cm at station 2 showed increasing differences compared with the same length group at station 1, Also C. carpio of Length group 31-40 cm at station 2 showed significantly  increasing (P≤0.05) compared with the same length group at station 1. The highest concentration of lead was recorded in studied organs of C. luteus at station1as the following sequence: Gills > kidney > liver > muscles, while station 2:  kidney > gills > liver > muscles, station 3 characterized as following sequence: Kidney > liver > gills > muscles. The highest concentration of lead was recorded in studied organs of C.carpio at station1as the following sequence: Gills > liver > muscles > kidney, while station 2:  Gills > kidney > liver > muscles, station 3 characterized looks like a sequence of station 1 as following: Gills > liver > muscles > kidney. In conclusion, the result of the present study approved the presence of lead in the water of Tigris River and fish living inside it. In addition, the mean concentration of lead in water was more than in fish organs. The results also reported that lead concentration was higher than the allowable WHO concentration.
Determination of insecticide Deltamethrin residues in local and imported raw milk samples collected from different animal's species and the effect of processing heat treatment on its content in milk
Authors: Al-Zahra Sara Ahmed Abd
Published: July 2020

A total of 163 milk samples (500 ml each) of cows, ewe, goats, buffaloes, camels were collected randomly at weekly intervals (10 samples/ week) from both Abu-Ghraib and Al-Fudhailiya villages and also for different local retail markets inside the Baghdad province and these samples were including milk of different animal species, milk cans, bulk milk tanks and imported Ultra-high temperature processing milk. Among the total milk samples only 138 milk samples were examined during two climatic periods where the first period was in summer that extended from the beginning of September to the end of October 2015 while the second period was in winter that extended from the beginning of January to the end of February 2016. Besides that, some of the selected positive samples for Deltametrin residues were subjected to one of the commercial heat treatments such as 63°C/30 min., 80°C/5 min. and 100°C/5 min. to evaluate the efficiency of heat exposure on the degradation of Deltametrin residues in milk. The results pointed out that milk samples containing the higher fat percentage exhibited significantly (P<0.05) the highest concentration of Deltametrin in summer (0.08ppm) than in winter (0.008 ppm) seasons. It was clearly obvious that the detectable concentrations of the Deltametrin were higher in buffalo's and ewe milk samples than those found in cows, goats and camels and such results could be attributed to the higher fat content of buffalos and ewes milk than the other animals as well as the lipophilic nature of the Deltamethrin. In other word, increased the fat percentages of milk was being associated with an increased level of Deltametrin residues due to the lipophilic nature of the Deltametrin pesticide. The current results revealed that milk samples that were collected from buffaloes, ewes and cows recorded significantly (P<0.05) the highest Deltametrin residues in summer season where their mean levels that exceeded the accepted MRLs of 0.05 ppm to milk samples of goats and camels that had significantly (P<0.05) the lowest mean levels of Deltametrin residues where their means levels were 0.038 and 0.032 ppm respectively. There was a significant (P<0.05) seasonal variation of the Deltametrin concentrations in milk samples for each animal species where all the milk samples that were collected from buffaloes, ewe, cows, goats and camels had significantly (P<0.05) higher mean levels of Deltametrin residues in summer season than in winter season, milk samples that were collected from milk cans (5, 25 and 50 kg) recorded significantly (P<0.05). The highest Deltametrin residues during the summer season in comparison to 10 tons bulk milk tank samples.
Investigation the polymorphism of gonadotropin releasing hormone receptor gene in Iraq sheep
Authors: Hasan AL-Mutar Hayder Abdul-Kareem
Published: July 2020

In the present study, the investigation includes the estrus activity after synchronization of estrus by using 20 mg impregnated sponges with Medroxy Progesterone Acetate for 12 days with 400 IU I/M injection of pregnant mare serum gonadotropin 24 hrs. before sponges withdrawal. All 30 Iraqi sheep's showed (100%) estrus after sponge withdrawal. Twin percentage 40% while single percentage 60%. The polymorphisms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene were analyzed as a genetic marker in 30 Iraqi sheep's. Two noticed genotypes (GA and GT), and single nucleotide polymorphisms in the exon2 region of gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene as genetic marker and correlated with high litter size after hormonal super ovulation response in sheep. The frequencies of alleles G,A and G,T in Iraqi ovine breeds were 0.50 and 0.50, respectively the outcomes revealed that GA, GT genotype was related with better litter-size in Iraqi ovine breeds. Therefore, these outcomes recommend that gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor gene is a powerful candidate gene that impacts litter-size in sheep.
Investigation of In-ovo cytogenetic effect of Levofloxacin
Authors: N. Marwa H.
Published: July 2020

This study was carried out to investigate the cytogenetic effect of Levofloxacin after In-ovo inoculation. Forty eight fertilized eggs were used, divided equally into eight groups and inoculated through shell puncture above air cell with materials in equestion  and incubated for two different periods three and seven days. They were assigned as group one and group two 10 µg Levofloxacin, group three and group four 20µg levofloxacin, group five and group six considered positive  control 0.05 µg Mitomycin-C, group seven and group eight (Phosphate Buffer Saline) considered negative control groups. All eggs from in-ovo experiments were subjected to cytogenetic tests, such as Mitotic Index, Replicative Index and Sister Chromatid exchange. Eighty fertilized eggs were handled with the same manner of in-ovo inoculation and used for calculation Hatchability index and weekly body weight. The results revealed significant (P˂0.05) increases in Mitotic Index and Replicative Index of all groups treated with levofloxacin compared to positive control, but there were significant (P˂0.05) decreases compared to control negative. There were no significant changes in Sister Chromatid exchange of all treated levofloxacin in–ovo. The hatchability index revealed significant (P˂0.05) decreases in group three which was inoculated 20 µg levofloxacin after three days of incubation compared to all Levofloxacin treated groups and both positive and negative control groups. In conclusion, levofloxacin in–ovo inoculation has no substantial cytogenetic effects.
Effect of adding Manganese chloride and Co-enzymes (α-lipoic acid and Q10) on post-cryopreservation semen quality characteristics of Holstein bulls
Authors: M. Eidan S.
Published: July 2020

This study was undertaken to explore the adding effect of manganese chloride (MnCl2), co-enzyme Q10 (Co-Q10) as well as α-lipoic acid to Tris extender on Freeze ability of Holstein bulls’ semen. This study was carried out at the department of artificial insemination at the Directorate of Animal Resource, Ministry of Agriculture in Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad for the duration from October\ 2013 to Jun\ 2014, including three experiments. Seven Holstein bulls of 3.5-4 years old were used in this study. Semen was collected via artificial vagina by one ejaculate/ bull/ week. The assessments were conducted for fresh semen, which was later pooled, equally divided for various treatments within each experiment, using Tris extender. In the first experiment, pooled semen was divided into three groups. First group was diluted with Tris only. Manganese chloride was added to Tris extender (0.7 mM) in the 2nd group while in 3rd group (0.9 mM) of the Manganese chloride was used. In the second experiment, semen was divided equally into three groups. The first group was considered as a control group diluted with Tris only. Co-enzyme Q10 was added to 2nd (0.2 mM) and 3rd groups (0.5 mM) treatments respectively. In the third experiment, semen was divided into three groups. The first group was diluted with Tris only (control group). While the 2nd and 3rd groups were added 0.5 and 1.0 mM α-lipoic acid respectively. The effect of these additions on Holstein bulls semen quality was studied during different periods (48 hours, one, two and three months post cryopreservation) for three experiments. The results revealed that the addition two levels of the MnCl2 (2nd and 3rd, experiment 1), Co- Q10  (2nd and 3rd, experiment 2) and α- lipoic acid (2nd and 3rd experiment 3) led to significant increases freezability as compared with control groups during all the experiment periods. In conclusion, the addition of MnCl2, Co-Q10 and α-lipoic acid led to improved post-cryopreservation semen quality of Holstein bulls. This will in turn enhance fertility rate of artificially-inseminated cows and owners economic income consequently.
Detection of antibiotic residues in locally raw milk by using high performance liquid chromatography at different seasons and the effect of heat treatment on their concentration
Authors: Al- kurashi Ahmed Salman Moqef
Published: July 2020

The aim of this study was to determine the level of antibiotics residues in the locally produced cows raw milk as well as to evaluate the effect of different commercial heat treated process on the level of antibiotics residues in milk. A total of 52 locally produced milk samples were collected from apparently healthy cows in AL-Fudhailia village, milk cans (50 Kg), bulk milk tanks (1, 5 and 10 tons) which belonged to the milk reception and collection centers and dairy plants in Baghdad were collected during beginning of December 2015 to the end of April 2016. Results revealed by using high performance liquid chromatography that there was a significant seasonal variation in the residual concentration of each detected antibiotic in milk samples, where it was found that all cow's milk samples had significantly higher concentrations of antibiotic residues in spring than in winter seasons. Generally by excluding both the season and the kind of antibiotic, it was found that milk samples that were collected from 50 Kg milk cans recorded significantly highest antibiotic residues followed by bulk milk tanks of 1 and 5 tons in comparison to 10 tons. Antibiotics recovery experiment was conducted by spiking the bovine milk samples with Known concentrations four ß-lactams (Benzylpencillin, Cloxacillin, Amoxcilin, Ampcilline) and other five detected antibiotics and then exposed to one of the three different commercial heat treatments. The results showed that the pasteurization process (63°C/30 min.) a slight inactivation of four ß-lactams and other five detected antibiotics, whereas 80°C/5 min. high degree of antimicrobial loss at the rate of 89% and 82%. However, boiling at 100°C/5 min, high degree of antimicrobial loss at the rate of 100% and 90% respectively.
Effect of frequent kidding on reproductive and productive traits in Shami goats
Authors: Raoof Salim Omar
Published: July 2020

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of frequent kidding on the reproductive and productive traits in Shami (Damascus) goats. The study was carried out in a commercial private farm at Qushtapa district in Erbil, Iraq. Sixty seven Shami goats were involved during the period from July/2013 to May /2016 for the three kidding seasons. The overall means of daily test milk production and seasonal milk production were 1.955 kg and 176.70, respectively. Frequent kidding significantly (P<0.05) affected daily test milk production and seasonal milk production. Total kids born in three kid crops system in two years (accelerating kidding) were 150 compared with75 kids in two kid crop (naturally annual mating system). The total milk production was 5.85 kg in the accelerating kidding system, compared with 4.056 kg achieved through the annual system.  Month of test, age of does, sex and type of birth and weight of does at kidding had exhibited significant effects on daily test milk production and seasonal milk production. Daily milk production was higher during the third month (2.004kg) compared with those obtained from the second (1.957 kg) and first (1.903 kg) months of test. Daily test milk production produced by does at about 5 years old was higher (2.079 kg) than that produced from younger goats (1.634 kg). Daily test milk production of does which gave males were higher (1.943kg), recorded significant at the level (P<0.01) than does which gave females (1.777kg). Does weighting over 60 kg at kidding produced 1.933 kg of milk compared with does weighting less than 50 kg (1.819 kg). Repeatability estimate obtained for daily test milk production was 0.64. It can be concluded that the performance of animals in the three kidding in two years of Shami goat was more beneficial for farmers and provided more milk and meat.
Anatomical and Morphological study of the Heart's Chambers and valves in Iraqi ducks Anser platyrhuncha
Authors: Hassan Mohammed Senna
Published: July 2020

Twenty Iraqi ducks hearts ( 10 male and 10 female ) have been  used for   demonstration  and illustration of heart's valves  and chambers  as well as  anatomical   and morphological site of view to explain what modifications had been take place for ducks heart  to perform  his normal life at the  circumstances  of  high  blood  pressure  and  pulse  rate. The heart  which has distinctly pointed  apex  was  built   in simple  manner located  in a transparent  taught  heart  pericardial  sac. It   was pyramidal in shape  externally  and  has a longitudinal  salcus  passing  to the  right  side, the  anterior of  the   heart  is  divided  into two  unequal  anterior  chamber  similar  to  those of mammalian  hear  .The heart valves are modified  in  order to  minimize  the  fraction  that occur as a result of  high  blood  pressure  and  pulse  rate  of  the  duck  heart , also  the  muscular  trabeculae   replace  the  chordate  tendineae  , which  were  present in the  mammalian    heart  in order to  minimize  the  fraction  resulting  from high  pulse  rate..
Electrocardiographic changes in awassi diarrheic suckling lambs in Iraq
Authors: . Alkhafaji Islam Jawad
Published: July 2020

This study was done to investigate the electrocardiographic changes in 90 diarrheic nursed Awassi lambs, in comparison with 10 clinically healthy lambs of the same breed. Their ages were ranged from 5 days to 2 months, in Karbala City-Iraq, from November 2015 to April 2016. The  diarrheic lambs showed significant (P≤0.05) decreased duration of  P-wave (0.039±0.0000001 ms and shorter QRS wave amplitudes 0.6 0±0.042 mV with  duration 0.041±0.0008 ms  , higher T wave amplitude and   duration (  0.25±0.034 mV  and 0.070±0.002 ms)  , prolonged QT (0.21±0.004 ms) but  ST-segment  ( 0.17±0.004 ms) were its observed  sinus arrhythmia with tachycardia in  lead-II  in diarrheic lambs were recorded  compared with  non-diarrheic lambs group which their QRS duration and amplitude were it was (0.04±0.000001ms and 0.65±0.026 mV ) , T waves duration and amplitude were (  0.076±0.004 ms and 0.21±0.012 mV  )   QT interval (0.20±0.011 ms) and ST-segment (  0.16±0.011 ms) .The morphological abnormal of ECG changes in diarrheic suckling lambs characterized by a widening or flattening, bifid(mitral) and pulmonale (tall) shape  of P wave, increased P-R interval, increased duration of QRS complex and QT-prolongation, ST-depression or elevation .Inverted or board (slurring) tall, symmetric, peaked shape of T waves. These abnormal shapes appeared alternately   in lead I, II, III, aVR, aVL and aVF. Conclusively the diarrheic lambs showed serious abnormal changes of electrocardiography..