bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bestrophin 2: An anion channel associated with neurogenesis in chemosensory systems
Authors: Klimmeck Daniel , Daiber Philipp C. , Brühl Anja , Baumann Arnd , Frings Stephan , Möhrlen Frank
Published: April 2009

The chemosensory neuroepithelia of the vertebrate olfactory system share a life‐long ability to regenerate. Novel neurons proliferate from basal stem cells that continuously replace old or damaged sensory neurons. The sensory neurons of the mouse and rat olfactory system specifically express bestrophin 2, a member of the bestrophin family of calcium‐activated chloride channels. This channel was recently proposed to operate as a transduction channel in olfactory sensory cilia. We raised a polyclonal antibody against bestrophin 2 and characterized the expression pattern of this protein in the mouse main olfactory epithelium, septal organ of Masera, and vomeronasal organ. Comparison with the maturation markers growth‐associated protein 43 and olfactory marker protein revealed that bestrophin 2 was expressed in developing sensory neurons of all chemosensory neuroepithelia, but was restricted to proximal cilia in mature sensory neurons. Our results suggest that bestrophin 2 plays a critical role during differentiation and growth of axons and cilia. In mature olfactory receptor neurons, it appears to support growth and function of sensory cilia. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:585–599, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evolutionary significance of delayed neurogenesis in the core versus shell auditory areas of Mus musculus
Authors: Zeng Shao‐Ju , Lin Yu‐Tao , Tian Cui‐Ping , Song Kui‐Jin , Zhang Xin‐Wen , Zuo Ming‐Xue
Published: April 2009

Early comparative embryogenesis can reflect the organization and evolutionary origins of brain areas. Neurogenesis in the auditory areas of sauropsids displays a clear core‐to‐shell distinction, but it remains unclear in mammals. To address this issue, [3H]‐thymidine was injected into pregnant mice on consecutive embryonic (E) days (E10–E19) to date neuronal birthdays. Immunohistochemistry for substance P, calbindin, and parvalbumin was conducted to distinguish the core and shell auditory regions. The results showed that: 1) cell generation began at E13 in the external or dorsal nucleus of the inferior colliculus (IC), but it did not start in the caudomedial portion of the central nucleus of IC, and significantly fewer cells were produced in the medial and rostromedial portions of the central nucleus of IC; 2) cells were generated at E11 in the dorsal and medial divisions of the medial geniculate complex (MGd and MGm, respectively), whereas cell generation was absent in the medial and rostromedial portions of the ventral medial geniculate complex (MGv), and fewer cells were produced in the caudomedial portion of MGv; 3) in the telencephalic auditory cortex, cells were produced at E11 or E12 in layer I and the subplate, which receive projections from the MGd and MGm. However, cell generation occurred at E13–E18 in layers II–VI, including the area receiving projections from the MGv. The core‐to‐shell distinction of neurogenesis is thus present in the mesencephalic to telencephalic auditory areas in the mouse. This distinction of neurogenesis is discussed from an evolutionary perspective. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:600–613, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Collateral projections of neurons in laminae I, III, and IV of rat spinal cord to thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter, and lateral parabrachial area
Authors: Al‐Khater Khulood M. , Todd Andrew J.
Published: April 2009

Projection neurons in lamina I, together with those in laminae III–IV that express the neurokinin 1 receptor (NK1r), form a major route through which nociceptive information reaches the brain. Axons of these cells innervate various targets, including thalamus, periaqueductal gray matter (PAG), and lateral parabrachial area (LPb), and many cells project to more than one target. The aims of this study were to quantify projections from cervical enlargement to PAG and LPb, to determine the proportion of spinothalamic neurons at lumbar and cervical levels that were labelled from PAG and LPb, and to investigate morphological differences between projection populations. The C7 segment contained fewer lamina I spinoparabrachial cells than L4, but a similar number of spino‐PAG cells. Virtually all spinothalamic lamina I neurons at both levels were labelled from LPb and between one‐third and one‐half from PAG. This suggests that significant numbers project to all three targets. Spinothalamic lamina I neurons differed from those labelled only from LPb in that they were generally larger, were more often multipolar, and (in cervical enlargement) had stronger NK1r immunoreactivity. Most lamina III/IV NK1r cells at both levels projected to LPb, but few were labelled from PAG. The great majority of these cells in C7 and over one‐fourth of those in L4 were spinothalamic, and at each level some projected to both thalamus and LPb. These results confirm that neurons in these laminae have extensive collateral projections and suggest that different neuronal subpopulations in lamina I have characteristic patterns of supraspinal projection. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:629–646, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Quantitative morphometry of electrophysiologically identified CA3b interneurons reveals robust local geometry and distinct cell classes
Authors: Ascoli Giorgio A. , Brown Kerry M. , Calixto Eduardo , Card J. Patrick , Galván E.J. , Perez‐Rosello T. , Barrionuevo Germán
Published: April 2009

The morphological and electrophysiological diversity of inhibitory cells in hippocampal area CA3 may underlie specific computational roles and is not yet fully elucidated. In particular, interneurons with somata in strata radiatum (R) and lacunosum‐moleculare (L‐M) receive converging stimulation from the dentate gyrus and entorhinal cortex as well as within CA3. Although these cells express different forms of synaptic plasticity, their axonal trees and connectivity are still largely unknown. We investigated the branching and spatial patterns, plus the membrane and synaptic properties, of rat CA3b R and L‐M interneurons digitally reconstructed after intracellular labeling. We found considerable variability within but no difference between the two layers, and no correlation between morphological and biophysical properties. Nevertheless, two cell types were identified based on the number of dendritic bifurcations, with significantly different anatomical and electrophysiological features. Axons generally branched an order of magnitude more than dendrites. However, interneurons on both sides of the R/L‐M boundary revealed surprisingly modular axodendritic arborizations with consistently uniform local branch geometry. Both axons and dendrites followed a lamellar organization, and axons displayed a spatial preference toward the fissure. Moreover, only a small fraction of the axonal arbor extended to the outer portion of the invaded volume, and tended to return toward the proximal region. In contrast, dendritic trees demonstrated more limited but isotropic volume occupancy. These results suggest a role of predominantly local feedforward and lateral inhibitory control for both R and L‐M interneurons. Such a role may be essential to balance the extensive recurrent excitation of area CA3 underlying hippocampal autoassociative memory function. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:677–695, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Long‐term survival of olfactory sensory neurons after target depletion
Authors: Sultan‐Styne Krista , Toledo Rafael , Walker Christine , Kallkopf Anna , Ribak Charles E. , Guthrie Kathleen M.
Published: April 2009

Life‐long addition and elimination of neurons within the adult olfactory epithelium and olfactory bulb allows for adaptive structural responses to sensory experience, learning, and recovery after injury. The interdependence of the two structures is highlighted by the shortened life span of sensory neurons deprived of bulb contact, and has prompted the hypothesis that trophic cues from the bulb contribute to their survival. The specific identity and source of these signals remain unknown. To investigate the potential role of target neurons in this support, we employed a neurotoxic lesion to selectively remove them while preserving the remaining nerve projection pathway, and examined the dynamics of sensory neuron proliferation and survival. Pulse‐labeling of progenitors with bromodeoxyuridine showed that, as with surgical bulb removal, increased apoptosis in the epithelium triggered accelerated production of new neurons after chemical depletion of target cells. Rather than undergoing premature death, a large subpopulation of these neurons survived long term. The combination of increased proliferation and extended survival resulted in essentially normal numbers of new sensory neurons surviving for as long as 5 weeks, with an accompanying restoration of olfactory marker protein expression. Changes in neurotrophic factor expression levels as measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q‐PCR), and in bulb cell populations, including the addition of new neurons generated in the subventricular zone, were observed in the injured bulb. These data indicate that olfactory sensory neurons can adapt to reductions in their normal target field by obtaining sufficient support from remaining or alternative cell sources to survive and maintain their projections. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:696–710, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Drosophila serotonergic varicosities are not distributed in a regular manner
Authors: Chen John , Condron Barry G.
Published: April 2009

Neurons of the brain form complex tree‐like structures that are critical for function. Here we examine the spatial pattern of serotonergic varicosities, the synaptic sites of serotonin release in the central nervous system (CNS). These varicosities are thought to form largely nonjunctional‐type connections that partition in a grid‐like manner in order to distribute evenly the neuromodulatory neurotransmitter serotonin. We describe the neuropil distribution of serotonergic varicosities in the brain and ventral nerve cord (VNC) of the larval Drosophila CNS. In the brain, we find evidence for avoidance between varicosities at distances lower than 1.75 μm. However, in the VNC, we find a clustered distribution. A similar clustered pattern is found in the Xenopus brain. This pattern produces many varicosities that are clustered together but also includes some varicosities that are very isolated. These isolated varicosities are not found along particular topological sections of the neurite tree or in particular locations in the CNS. In addition, the pattern breaks down when serotonergic branches of adjacent segments invade each other's territory. The pattern is similar to those described by a power law. J. Comp. Neurol. 515:441–453, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
High‐order TVB discretizations in time using Richardson's extrapolation
Authors: Amat S. , Busquier S. , Gómez M. A. , Manzano F.
Published: April 2009

Richardson's extrapolation is applied to total variation diminishing (TVD) Runge–Kutta schemes in order to improve their accuracy without doubling their computational cost as classical high‐order (more than three) TVD schemes. The obtained schemes preserve the total variation bounded (TVB) property. Since the extrapolation is performed with schemes that are really TVD, a stable behavior is expected. Using also TVB schemes in space, some numerical experiments showing good performances of the proposed schemes are presented. Up to our knowledge, it is the first time that extrapolation procedures are used in this way. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ab Initio Kinetics for Decomposition/Isomerization Reactions of C2H5O Radicals
Authors: Xu Zhen Feng , Xu Kun , Lin Ming Chang
Published: April 2009

Radical reactions: The ground‐state potential energy surface of the C2H5O system is investigated by ab initio methods using optimized geometries. The rate constants for the unimolecular isomerization and decomposition reactions of the three isomeric radicals (see picture) are calculated by microcanonical transition‐state theory at 200–3000 K, varying the pressures of the diluents.

magnified image

The ground‐state potential energy surface of the C2H5O system, including the decomposition and isomerization of the ethoxy (CH3CH2O), 1‐hydroxyethyl (CH3CHOH), and 2‐hydroxyethyl (CH2CH2OH) radicals, is computed by the modified Gaussian‐2 (G2M) and CCSD(T)/6‐311+G(3df,2p) methods by using the geometries optimized at the B3LYP/6‐311+G(3df,2p) level of theory. These detailed reaction pathways are used to calculate the rate constants for the unimolecular isomerization and decomposition reactions of the three radicals by the microcanonical transition‐state theory and Rice–Ramsperger–Kassel–Marcus (RRKM) theory in the temperature range of 200–3000 K at varying pressures of He and other diluents. The predicted rate constants are in reasonable agreement with the available experimental data. In addition, the predicted heats of formation of the three isomeric radicals are compared with available experimental and theoretical values.
Proton Transfer in the Complex H3N⋅⋅⋅HCl Catalyzed by Encapsulation into a C60 Cage
Authors: Ma Fang , Li Zhi‐Ru , Xu Hong‐Liang , Li Zong‐Jun , Wu Di , Li Ze‐Sheng , Gu Feng Long
Published: April 2009

Caged up: In contrast to acid–base behavior in solution, single molecules of NH3 and HCl do not react to form the ion pair NH4+Cl− in isolation. Proton transfer occurs in the complex H3N⋅⋅⋅HCl inside the C60 cage, to form the ion pair NH4+Cl− under the catalytic action of C60 (see picture).

magnified image

We report proton transfer in the complex H3N⋅⋅⋅HCl to form the ion pair NH4+Cl−, which is favored inside the C60 cage according to quantum chemical calculations. The results show that the NH4+Cl−@C60 is stable with an interaction energy of −2.78 kcal mol−1. Compared with the complex H3N⋅⋅⋅HCl without proton transfer, it is found that the C60 cage plays the role of a catalyst for proton transfer. In NH4+Cl−@C60 a negative charge area in the C60 cage is near the cation NH4+ whereas a positive charge area is near the anion Cl−. Also, a confinement effect of the C60 cage is noticed, as the endohedral structure of NH4+Cl− is more compact than the structure of NH4+Cl− in the gas‐phase complex. These findings indicate that the catalysis by the C60 cage comes from two effects: 1) electrostatic inducement between the C60 cage and endohedral molecules and 2) the confinement effect that compresses endohedral molecular structures inside the C60 cage. In the infrared spectrum, it is found that the confinement effect of the cage can cause large blue shifts of the N–H stretching vibrations in NH4+Cl−@C60 compared with those in the NH4+Cl−⋅⋅⋅H2O complex.
CDK9/cyclin complexes modulate endoderm induction by direct interaction with Mix.3/mixer
Authors: Zhu Haiqing , Doherty Joanne R. , Kuliyev Emin , Mead Paul E.
Published: April 2009

Mix‐related homeodomain proteins are involved in endoderm formation in the early vertebrate embryo. We used a yeast two‐hybrid screen to identify proteins that interact with Mix.3/mixer to regulate endoderm induction. We demonstrate that cyclin‐dependent kinase 9 (CDK9) interacts with the carboxyl terminal domain of Mix.3. CDK9 is the catalytic subunit of the PTEF‐b transcription elongation complex that phosphorylates the C‐terminal domain of RNA polymerase II to promote efficient elongation of nascent transcripts. Using whole embryo transcription reporter and animal pole explant assays, we show that Mix.3 activity is regulated by CDK9/cyclin complexes. Co‐expression of cyclin T2 and cyclin K had different effects on Mix.3 transcriptional activity and endoderm induction. Our data suggest that binding of CDK9, and the recruitment of different cyclin partners, can modulate the endoderm‐inducing activity of Mix.3 during embryonic development. Developmental Dynamics 238:1346–1357, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Evidence for a conserved role of retinoic acid in urodele amphibian meiosis onset
Authors: Wallacides Angelina , Chesnel Amand , Chardard Dominique , Flament Stéphane , Dumond Hélène
Published: April 2009

Pleurodeles waltl is a urodele amphibian displaying a ZZ/ZW genetic mode of sex determination. Gonad differentiation can later be modulated by hormone treatment. To investigate germ cell differentiation, we analyzed the expression of the meiosis marker PwDmc1 and show that germ cells enter meiosis in late larval life in females, and 2 months after metamorphosis in males. Organotypic cultures of gonad–mesonephros complexes demonstrated that retinoic acid triggers meiosis entry in P. waltl. In vivo analyses of both PwRaldh2 and PwCyp26b1 expressions, the enzymes required for RA synthesis and degradation respectively, indicate that meiosis onset depends on PwCyp26b1 repression in the gonad during normal or steroid‐induced sex‐reversed development. Taken together, our results show that RA‐dependent meiosis entry could be a conserved mechanism of germ cell differentiation in vertebrates and provide evidence for crosstalk between steroid and RA signaling in the course of sex differentiation. Developmental Dynamics 238:1389–1398, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
FGF signaling is essential for ophthalmic trigeminal placode cell delamination and differentiation
Authors: Lassiter Rhonda N.T. , Reynolds Stephanie B. , Marin Kristopher D. , Mayo Tyler F. , Stark Michael R.
Published: April 2009

The ophthalmic trigeminal (opV) placode gives rise exclusively to sensory neurons of the peripheral nervous system, providing an advantageous model for understanding neurogenesis. The signaling pathways governing opV placode development have only recently begun to be elucidated. Here, we investigate the fibroblast growth factor receptor‐4 (FGFR4), an opV expressed gene, to examine if and how FGF signaling regulates opV placode development. After inhibiting FGFR4, Pax3+ opV placode cells failed to delaminate from the ectoderm and did not contribute to the opV ganglion. Blocking FGF signaling also led to a loss of the early and late neuronal differentiation markers Ngn2, Islet‐1, NeuN, and Neurofilament. In addition, without FGF signaling, cells that stalled in the ectoderm lost their opV placode‐specific identity by down‐regulating Pax3. We conclude that FGF signaling, through FGFR4, is necessary for delamination and differentiation of opV placode cells. Developmental Dynamics 238:1073–1082, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Thermal properties of conduction current and carrier behavior in an organic electroluminescent device
Authors: Minagawa Masahiro , Shinbo Kazunari , Kato Keizo , Kaneko Futao
Published: April 2009

Organic electroluminescent device (OLED) was fabricated using a vacuum evaporation method and thermal properties were investigated. The OLED has an indium tin oxide (ITO)/N,N′‐diphenyl‐N,N′‐bis(3‐methylphenyl)‐1,1′‐biphenyl‐4,4′‐diamine (TPD)/tris(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq)/lithium fluoride (LiF)/aluminum (Al) structure. An electron‐dominant device of Al/Alq/LiF/Al structure, or a hole‐dominant device of ITO/TPD/Al structure was also fabricated in order to study the carrier behavior in the OLEDs. The current density versus voltage (J–V) properties with various thickness of organic layers were investigated in both electron‐ and hole‐dominant devices, and the thermal dependence of J–V properties was observed in the devices. At room temperature, conductions in a wide current region were considered to be due to space‐charge‐limited current for all of the devices. Especially for the Al/Alq/LiF/Al device and the OLED, $J \propto V^{m+1}$ relationships were observed across a wide current region. At low temperature, tunnel currents were estimated for the ITO/TPD/Al device. For the Al/Alq/LiF/Al device and the OLED, $J \infty V^{m+1}$ relationships were observed across a wide current region at low temperature. © 2009 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Electron Comm Jpn, 92(3): 24–31, 2009; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/ecj.10048
Electrocatalytic Oxidation and Determination of Sulfite with a Novel Copper‐Cobalt Hexacyanoferrate Modified Carbon Paste Electrode
Authors: Siroueinejad Arash , Abbaspour Abdolkarim , Shamsipur Mojtaba
Published: April 2009

The electrocatalytic oxidation of sulfite has been studied at a stable electroactive thin film of copper‐cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CuCoHCF) hybrid electrodeposited on a carbon paste electrode (ECMCPE). A linear range of 5 μM to 5 mM of sulfite, with an experimental detection limit of 1 μM, was obtained using the cyclic voltammetric method. The oxidation of sulfite showed no significant fouling effect on the modified electrode surface at sulfite concentrations below 5 mM. The proposed modified electrode exhibited several attractive features, including simple preparation, fast response, good stability and repeatability, and could be applied to sulfite determination in real samples.
Aptamer‐Based Label‐Free Immunosensors Using Carbon Nanotube Field‐Effect Transistors
Authors: Maehashi Kenzo , Matsumoto Kazuhiko , Takamura Yuzuru , Tamiya Eiichi
Published: April 2009

Aptamer‐based label‐free immunosensors were fabricated for immunoglobulin E (IgE) detection using carbon nanotube field‐effect transistors (CNTFETs). Aptamers are artificial oligonucleotides and thus are smaller than the Debye length. After aptamers were covalently immobilized on CNT channels, the electrical properties of the CNTFETs were monitored in real time. Introduction of IgE at various concentrations caused a sharp decrease in the source‐drain current and gradual saturation at lower currents. From the measurement of the dependence of CNTFET electrical properties on IgE concentration, the dissociation constant between aptamer and IgE reactions was estimated to be 1.9×10−9 M using the Langmuir adsorption isotherm.
A simulation tool for designing nutrient monitoring programmes for eutrophication assessments
Authors: Heffernan Janet , Barry Jon , Devlin Michelle , Fryer Rob
Published: April 2009

This paper describes a simulation tool to aid the design of nutrient monitoring programmes in coastal waters. The tool is developed by using time series of water quality data from a Smart Buoy, an in situ monitoring device. The tool models the seasonality and temporal dependence in the data and then filters out these features to leave a white noise series. New data sets are then simulated by sampling from the white noise series and re‐introducing the modelled seasonality and temporal dependence. Simulating many independent realisations allows us to study the performance of different monitoring designs and assessment methods. We illustrate the approach using total oxidised nitrogen (TOxN) and chlorophyll data from Liverpool Bay, U.K. We consider assessments of whether the underlying mean concentrations of these water quality variables are sufficiently low; i.e. below specified assessment concentrations. We show that for TOxN, even when mean concentrations are at background, daily data from a Smart Buoy or multi‐annual sampling from a research vessel would be needed to obtain adequate power. Copyright © 2009 Crown Copyright
A screen for cognitive assessments for patients with vascular cognitive impairment no dementia
Authors: Zhou Aihong , Jia Jianping
Published: April 2009

Objective

To screen for cognitive assessment for patients with vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) no dementia (V‐CIND) from a set of cognitive measures.

Methods

Extensive neuropsychological tests covering five cognitive domains were performed on 80 V‐CIND patients and 80 normal controls. The impaired domains in V‐CIND were determined and the most discriminating tests were selected to form a comprehensive assessment. The discriminating validity of the individual tests and the comprehensive assessment were explored.

Results

Compared with the control group, five cognitive domains were all impaired in V‐CIND group. World Health Organization‐University of California‐Los Angeles Auditory Verbal Learning Test (WHO‐UCLA AVLT) immediate recall, Semantic Category Verbal Fluency Test (animal), Chinese version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Test (WAIS‐RC) Digit Symbol Subtest, and Block Design Subtest were finally selected to form a comprehensive assessment tool, which achieved a sensitivity of 92.5% and a specificity of 98.8% in differentiating V‐CIND patients from normal controls. Even in the subjects with Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE) scores of 28 or above, high discriminative validity was also obtained.

Conclusions

Our study revealed a multiple domain cognitive deficit in V‐CIND patients. The comprehensive assessment tapping memory, executive functions, mental processing speed, and visuoconstructive skill may be potentially useful for an overall cognitive evaluation for V‐CIND. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Practical suggestions on how to differentiate dementia with Lewy bodies from Alzheimer's disease with common cognitive tests
Authors: Palmqvist Sebastian , Hansson Oskar , Minthon Lennart , Londos Elisabet
Published: April 2009

Objective

Dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second most common neurodegenerative dementia, but it is often underdiagnosed and mistaken for Alzheimer's disease (AD) with sometimes lethal consequences. Over 35 studies have established the differences between DLB and AD in neuropsychological tests, but none have provided easy interpretations of common tests suitable for the clinician. The aim of this study was to suggest practical interpretations of the Mini‐Mental State Examination (MMSE), clock drawing, and cube‐copying to identify DLB and differentiate it from AD.

Methods

Thirty‐three DLB patients were matched according to gender, MMSE, and age with 66 AD patients. The median MMSE score was 24. Easy interpretations of the tests, including the MMSE orientation subscore, were sought for.

Results

The identified criteria to separate DLB from AD were (1) the MMSE orientation score × 3 ≥ the total MMSE score, (2) an impaired clock drawing, and (3) a non‐3D cube‐copying. If (1) was fulfilled, the sensitivity and specificity were 100 and 57% in patients with MMSE 21–27. If (1) and (2) were fulfilled in patients with MMSE 21–27, the sensitivity and specificity were 93 and 70%. If at least two of the three criteria were fulfilled, the sensitivity was 85%, and the specificity 75% regardless of MMSE score.

Conclusion

If the orientation score × 3 ≥ the total MMSE score together with an impaired clock drawing and possibly a non‐3D cube‐copying, the patient should be thoroughly investigated according to the DLB consensus criteria. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cortical neuronal loss and hippocampal sclerosis are not detected by voxel‐based morphometry in individual epilepsy surgery patients
Authors: Eriksson Sofia H. , Thom Maria , Symms Mark R. , Focke Niels K. , Martinian Lillian , Sisodiya Sanjay M. , Duncan John S.
Published: April 2009

Voxel‐based morphometry (VBM) has detected differences between brains of groups of patients with epilepsy and controls, but the sensitivity for detecting subtle pathological changes in single subjects has not been established. The aim of the study was to test the sensitivity of VBM using statistical parametric mapping (SPM5) to detect hippocampal sclerosis (HS) and cortical neuronal loss in individual patients. T1‐weighted volumetric 1.5 T MR images from 13 patients with HS and laminar cortical neuronal loss were segmented, normalised and smoothed using SPM5. Both modulated and non‐modulated analyses were performed. Comparisons of one control subject against the rest (n = 23) were first performed to ascertain the smoothing level with the lowest number of SPM changes in controls. Each patient was then compared against the whole control group. The lowest number of SPM changes in control subjects was found at a smoothing level of 10 mm full width half maximum for modulated and non‐modulated data. In the patient group, no SPM abnormalities were found in the affected temporal lobe or hippocampus at this smoothing level. At lower smoothing levels there were numerous SPM findings in controls and patients. VBM did not detect any abnormalities associated with either laminar cortical neuronal loss or HS. This may be due to normalisation and smoothing of images and low statistical power in areas with larger inter‐individual differences. This suggests that the methodology may currently not be suitable to detect particular occult abnormalities possibly associated with seizure onset zone in individual epilepsy patients with unremarkable standard structural MRI. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Detection of differential speech‐specific processes in the temporal lobe using fMRI and a dynamic “sound morphing” technique
Authors: Specht Karsten , Osnes Berge , Hugdahl Kenneth
Published: April 2009

Contrary to the classical view, recent neuroimaging studies claim that phonological processing, as part of auditory speech perception, is subserved by both the left and right temporal lobes and not the left temporal lobe alone. This study seeks to explore whether there are variations in the lateralization of response to verbal and nonverbal sounds by varying spectral complexity of those sounds. White noise was gradually transformed into either speech or music sounds using a “sound morphing” procedure. The stimuli were presented in an event‐related design and the evoked brain responses were measured using fMRI. The results demonstrated that the left temporal lobe was predominantly sensitive to gradual manipulation of the speech sounds while the right temporal lobe responded to all sounds and manipulations. This effect was especially pronounced within the middle region of the left superior temporal sulcus (mid‐STS). This area could be further subdivided into a more posterior area, which showed a linear response to the manipulation of speech sounds, and an anteriorly adjacent area which showed the strongest interaction between the speech and music sound manipulations. Such a differential and selective response was not seen in other brain areas and not when the sound “morphed” into a music stimulus. This gives further experimental evidence for the assumption of a posterior‐anterior processing stream in the left temporal lobe. In addition, the present findings support the notion that the left mid STS area is more sensitive to speech signals compared to the right homologue. Hum Brain Mapp, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Comovements and heterogeneity in the euro area analyzed in a non‐stationary dynamic factor model
Authors: Eickmeier Sandra
Published: April 2009

This paper establishes stylized facts on comovements and heterogeneity of individual euro area countries' output and price developments in the past two decades. For this purpose, a non‐stationary structural dynamic factor model is fitted to a large dataset of euro area macroeconomic variables. The main results are as follows. Both common factors and idiosyncratic components are important in explaining individual countries' output and price developments in the euro area and are also both very persistent. Idiosyncratic shocks and adjustments to these shocks are mainly responsible for cross‐country heterogeneity. The asymmetric transmission of common shocks plays a minor role. Finally, there is no strong evidence that some common shocks lead to greater heterogeneity than others. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rapamycin selectively reduces the association of transcripts containing complex 5′ UTRs with ribosomes in C4‐2B prostate cancer cells
Authors: Opdenaker Lynn M. , Farach‐Carson Mary C.
Published: April 2009

mTOR pathway inhibitors, specifically rapamycin and its derivatives, are promising therapeutics that targets downstream pathways including protein translation. We examined the effects of a series of inhibitors targeting various pathways on ribosomal polysome distribution, overall translation rates, and translation of specific mRNAs in the bone derived prostate cancer cell line, C4‐2B. Treatment with either rapamycin, PD98059 or LY294002 failed to change the distribution of polysomes in sucrose gradients. Although no change in the accumulation of heavy polysomes was observed, there was an overall decrease in the rate of translation caused by treatment with rapamycin or LY294002. Inhibiting the MAPK pathway with PD98059 decreased overall translation by 20%, but had no effect on mRNAs containing a 5′ terminal oligopyrimidine tract (TOP) sequences or those with complex 5′ UTRs. In contrast, treatment with rapamycin for 24 h reduced overall translation by approximately 45% and affected the translation of mRNAs with complex 5′ UTRs, specifically VEGF and HIF1α. After 24 h, LY294002 treatment alone decreased overall translation by 60%, more than was observed with rapamycin. Although LY294002 and similar inhibitors are effective at blocking prostate cancer cell growth, they act upstream of AKT and PTEN and cancer cells can find a way to bypass this inhibition. Thus, we propose that inhibiting downstream targets such as mTOR or targets of mTOR will provide rational approaches to developing new combination therapies focused on reducing growth of prostate cancer after arrival in the bone environment. J. Cell. Biochem. 107: 473–481, 2009. © 2009 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Synthesis of N‐methyl‐3‐aza[10] paracyclophane: A rigid analog of phenethylamine
Authors: Wu Geng‐Shuen , Martinelli I. C. , Btanton C. Dewitt , Cox Richard H.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of N‐methyl‐3‐aza[10]paracyclophane is reported which represents the first example of this ring system being formed via an acyloin reaction. This 3‐aza[10]paraeyclophane ring system behaves physiochemically inbetween the normal [9]‐ and [10]paracyclophane ring systems. Reductive desulfurization of N‐methyl‐3‐aza[10]paracyclophane‐6‐ethylene thioketal in ethanol provides a small amount of the title compound and an unexpected, ring‐opened product, N‐ethyl‐N‐methyl‐p‐heptylphenethylamine. A possible mechanism for the ring‐opening process is suggested.
General synthesis of: 5‐substituted‐3‐acyl‐4‐carbethoxypyrazoles 3,6‐subslituted‐5‐carbethoxy‐4(h)pyridazinones and 3,7‐substitutedpyrazoio[3,4‐d] pyridazine‐4(5h)ones via reactions between 2‐hydroxy, methoxy, and acetoxy‐3(2h)furanones and hydrazine
Authors: Suzanne  , Gelin RenÉ
Published: April 2009

Synthesis of substituted 3‐acyl‐4‐carbethoxypyrazoles, 5‐earbethoxy‐4(1H)pyridazinones and pyrazolo[3,4‐d]pyridazine‐4(5H)ones is described. They involve the reaction of the 2,5‐substituted‐4‐earbelhoxy‐2‐hydroxy, methoxy and acetoxy‐3(2H)furanones with hydrazine hydrate. The reaction was found to be dependent on the hydroxy, methoxy or acetoxy substituents of these furanones and proceeds with ring opening followed by cy clisation. Pyrazoles were formed with hydroxy or methoxy substituents while pyridazinones are afforded with acetoxy group. The pyrazoles so formed were readily converted to pyrazolo[3,4‐d] pyridazinones by condensation with excess hydrazine.
A mew method of synthesis of 1,2,3,4‐telrahydro‐5H‐5‐oxo‐1,4‐benzodiazepines
Authors: Corral Carlos , Madroñcro Iiamón , Vrga Salvador
Published: April 2009

A new one‐step facile method for the synthesis of 1,12,3,4‐tetrahydro5H‐5‐oxo‐1,4‐benzo‐diuzepines is described. The method involves the addition of methyl anlhranilates to elhyl‐enimine followed by intramolecular cyclizalion of the resulting intermediate compounds. Another attempted method starting from β‐anilinoethylisocyanales is also described.
Some reactions of 5h‐indeno[2,1‐b ]pyrylium, thiopyrylium and pyridinium derivatives
Authors: Van Allan J. A. , Reynolds G. A.
Published: April 2009

The reactions of 5H‐indeno[2,1‐b]pyrylium, thiopyrylium and pyridinium derivatives with aldehydes and 2,6‐diphenyl‐4H‐pyran‐4‐one are described. The products obtained from the pyrylium salt and piperidine as well as the Vilsmeier reagent are reported.
A facile synthesis of 2‐aminothiazolo[5,4‐b]‐ and 2‐aminothiazolo[4,5‐c] pyridines
Authors: Aitland Henry W. , Molander Gary A.
Published: April 2009

The hydrochlorides of the title compounds are obtained in moderate yields by refluxing 2‐chloro‐3‐aminopyridine or 3‐amino‐4‐chloropyridine, respectively, with an alkyl. Aralkyl‐, or aryl isothiocyanate in absolute ethanol solution. A proof is presented that the 2‐aminothiazolopyridine hydrochloride and not the isomeric o‐chloropyridylthiourea is the product of this reaction. The free‐bases may be obtained from the hydrochlorides with aqueous sodium bicarbonate. A mechanism for the formation of the thiazole ring is briefly considered. The interactions of 2‐chloro‐3‐aminopyridine with l‐substituted‐5‐mereapto‐1H‐tetrazoles are also described.
Pyrimidine derivatives and related compounds VI. A novel synthesis of 3,5‐diacetamidopyrazole and of 2‐aminopyrazolo [1,5‐α] pyrimidines
Authors: Fanagdi Mohamed Hilmy , Kandeel Ezzat Mohamed , Zayed Ezzat Mohamed , Kandil Zaghtoul Flshahat
Published: April 2009

3,5‐Diaeetamidopyrazole (2) could be prepared via arylazo group decoupling from 3,5‐diamino‐4‐arylazopyrazoles (1a‐c) by the action of acetic acid‐sulfuric acid mixture. Arylazo group removal could also be effected when 2‐amino‐5‐melhyl‐7‐oxo‐6,7‐dihydro‐3‐phenylazopyrazolo‐[1,5‐α]pyrimidine (5) was similarly treated. The 2‐aminopyrazolo[1,5‐α]pyrimridine derivative was obtained in this case. On the other hand, under the same experimental conditions compounds 7a‐c and 8 were recovered almost unaffected. The mechanism of the reaction is discussed.
Diazepines II. A new synthesis of 4h‐pyrrolo[ 1,2‐α] ‐[1,41] benzodiazepine
Authors: Kayama Yasutaka , Hara Takeshi , Itoh Kazuhiko , Sunami Tamiko
Published: April 2009

A convenient synthesis of a 4H‐pyrroIo[1,2‐α][1,4 ]benzodiazepine is described. 2,5‐Di‐methoxy‐2‐melhyl‐5‐phthalimidomethyltetrahydrofuran (3) was prepared starting from 2‐methyl‐5‐phthalimidomelhylfuran (1). The condensation of 2‐amino‐5‐chlorobenzophcnone with 3 to give 5‐chloro‐2‐(2‐methyl‐5‐phthalimidomethylpyrro]‐1‐yl)benzophenone (4), the treatment of which with hydrazine hydrate afforded 8‐chloro‐1‐methyl‐4H‐pyrrolo[1,2‐α] [1,4]benzodiazepine (5).
β‐substitution of simple pyrroles in metal‐assisted reactions with kthyl diazoacetate
Authors: Maryanoff Bruce E.
Published: April 2009

The reaction of N‐methylpyrrole with ethyl diazoaeelate, assisted by copper bronze or copper powder, as described previously by a number of researchers, produces not only ethyl N‐melhylpyrrole‐2‐acetate (3), but also heretofore unrecognized ethyl N‐melhylpyrrole‐3‐acetate (4); the ratio of 3/4 was ca. 84/16. Promotion of this reaction with other transition metal catalysts furnished differing proportions of 3 and 4, indicating that the metal is intimately involved in the substitution process. Certain agents, notably cupric fluoborate, cupric trifluoromelhylsullonate, palladous acetate, and (π‐C3H5 PdCI)2, were particularly active in this reaction and gave β‐substi‐lulion to the extent of ca. 35‐45%. Other pyrrole compounds, namely 1,2‐dimethylpyrrole, 1,3‐dimethylpyrrole, 3, and pyrrole, were also found (in preliminary work) to undergo β‐substi‐tution in their reaction with copper carbenoids.
A comparison of two methods for the preparation of 3‐Deazapurine ribonucleosides
Authors: Montgomery John A. , Shortnacy Anita T. , Clayton Sarah D.
Published: April 2009

The reaction of the trimethylsilyl derivative of 4,6‐dichloroimidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine with 2,3,5‐tri‐O‐benzoyl‐D‐ribofuranosyl bromide gave four nucleosides‐the α‐ and β‐anomers of the 1‐isomer and the α‐ and β‐anomers of the 3‐isomer (3.9:2.7:1.5:1). In contrast, the fusion reaction of 4,6‐dichloroimidazo[4,5‐c ]pyridine with 1,2,3,5‐tetra‐O‐acetyl‐β‐D‐ribofuranose gave a high yield of the 1‐β‐isomer, which was converted to the known 3‐deazaadenosine (4‐amino‐l‐β‐D‐ribofuranosylimidazo[4,5‐c]pyridine).
Ion radicals. 40. Formation of 10‐phenylphenothiazine 5‐oxide and Nitro‐10‐phenylphenolhiazirie 5‐oxides by reaction of 10‐phenylphcnolhiazine cation radical perchlorate with nitrite ion
Authors: Bandlish Baldev K. , Kim Kyongtae , Shine Henry J.
Published: April 2009

The reaction of 10‐phenylphenolhiazine cation radical (1) with nitrite ion leads not only to 10‐phenylphenothiazine 5‐oxide (2) but also to 3‐nitro‐10‐phenylphenothiazinc 5,5‐dioxide (4), and two dinitro‐10‐phenylphenolhia/.ine 5‐oxidcs (5 and 6). The products (3‐6) appear to he formed from the nitration of 2 by nitrogen dioxide, the nitrogen dioxide arising from the reaction of nitric oxide (formed along with 2 when 1 reacts with nitrite anion) and oxygen.
N‐trimethylsilylpyrroles as dienes in the synthesis of 1,4‐dihydronaphthalen‐1,4‐imines and isoindoles
Authors: Anderson P. S. , Christy M. E. , Engelhardt E. L. , Lundell G. F. , Ponticello C. S.
Published: April 2009

A convenient, general synthetic method for 1,4‐dihydronaphthaIen‐1,4‐imines via the Diels‐Alder addition of benzyne to N‐trimethylsilylpyrrole is described. The N‐trimethylsilyl protecting group protected the product from secondary benzyne reactions and was easily removed. The use of a 1,3‐dipolar reagent to convert 1,4‐dihydronaphthalen‐1,4‐imines to isoindoles via a retro‐Diels‐Alder sequence is illustrated.
Reactions with heterocyclic diazonium salts: New routes for the synthesis of pyrazolo[1,5‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazoles and pyrazolo[1,5‐c]‐as‐triazines
Authors: Elnagdi Mohamed Hilmy , Elmoghayar Mohamed Riffat Hamza , Kandeel Ezzat Mohamed , Ibrahim Mohamed Kamal Ahmed
Published: April 2009

3‐Phenylpyrazole‐5‐(liazonium chloride (1) couples with α‐chloro derivatives of acetylacetone, ethyl acetoacetate and aceto‐o‐anisidine to yield the corresponding pyrazole‐5‐yl hydrazonyl chloride derivatives 2a‐c. Compounds 2a,b were cyclised to yield either the pyrazolo[1,5‐c]‐1,2,4‐triazole derivatives 3a,b or the pyrazolo[1,5‐c]‐as‐triazines 4a,b depending on the applied reaction conditions. Compound 2c cyclised only into 3c under different cyclization conditions. The pyrazolo[1,5‐c]‐as‐triazine derivatives 4c‐e could be prepared via condensation of 2a with potassium cyanide. Compound 2d reacted with aromatic thioles and with sodium benzene‐sulphonate to yield the pyrazolo[1,5‐c]‐as‐triazine derivatives 6a‐d. Compound 1 reacted with activated double bond systems to yield pyrazolo[1,5‐c]‐as‐triazines 8a,b and 9.
Mass spectral fragmentation pattern of 2,2′‐bipyridyls. Part VII 2,2′‐dithiodipyridine
Authors: Keats N. G. , Summers L. A.
Published: April 2009

The mass spectral fragmentation of 2,2′ ‐dithiodipyridine involves loss of the elements S, SH and S2 from the molecular ion in addition to rupture of the central bonds. Molecular rearrangements accompany the disintegration.
The reaction of 2‐acetoacetamidopyridines with phosgene. A route to novel 3‐Acetyl‐2‐chloro‐4H‐pyrido[ 1,2‐a] pyrimidin‐4‐ones
Authors: Yale Harry L. , Spitzmiller E. R.
Published: April 2009

2‐(Acetoacetamido)pyridine, 1, and its 5‐methyl derivative, 2, with phosgene, gave 3‐acetyl‐2‐chloro‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]pyrimidin‐4‐one, 5, and 3‐acetyl‐2‐chloro‐7‐methyl‐4H‐pyrido[1,2‐a]‐pyrimidin‐4‐one, 6, respectively. The structures of these compounds followed from their elemental analyses, and interpretations of their uv, ir, pmr, and X‐ray spectra. An alternative route to 5 and 6, which sought first to react 1 and 2 with methyl ‐ and benzyl chloroformates, was unsuccessful, and led, instead, to elimination of the acetoacetyl group with concomitant formation of the carbamate derivatives, 10 and 11.
Thermal 1,3‐aroyl migration in 1 (α‐aroyloxyarylideneamino) −1,2,3‐triazoles
Authors: Alexandrou N. E. , Hadjiantoniou C. P.
Published: April 2009

Kinetic studies on the thermal rearrangement of the 1‐(α‐aroyloxyarylideneamino)‐4,5‐di‐methyl‐1,2,3‐triazoles (II) to the corresponding diaroylimides (III) have shown that the 1,3‐aroyl migration from oxygen to nitrogen proceeds in a concerted way and the isomerization reaction can be described as an [1,3] sigmatropic aroyl shift.
Attack of S‐ vs N‐Nucleophiles on 2‐halomethylquinazoline 3‐Oxides
Authors: Broadbent H. Smith , Anderson Richard C. , Kuchar Marvin C. J.
Published: April 2009

A comparison is made of thiols with amines in their mode of reaction with different substituted 2‐halomethylquinazoline 3‐oxides. Whereas the reaction of some amines (particularly small primary ones), as has long been known, leads to ring‐enlarging rearrangement under certain conditions, all thiol nucleophiles we have observed, ranging from small to large, lead without rearrangement to direct benzylic substitution only. Preformed aminomethylquinazoline 3‐oxides are shown not to rearrange to the corresponding 1,4‐benzodiazepine 4‐oxides. The mechanistic implications of these and other observations are discussed. Data on over forty new compounds are presented.
Chemistry of thienopyridines. XXV. Comparative mass spectra of some amino and acylamino derivatives
Authors: Klemm L. H. , Barnish I. T. , Mccoy D. R.
Published: April 2009

Electron‐impact mass spectral fragmentation patterns are reported for various aminothieno‐pyridines (TPNH2) and aeylaminothtenopyridines. The molecular ion TPNH2+ shows loss of atomic hydrogen, hydrogen cyanide and both thioformyl radical and cation. TPNH2+ is the most abundant ion in the spectrum of each acylamino compound investigated. A semiquanti‐tative mass spectrum of the amine TPNH2 can be obtained by deletion of selected peaks (for the acetylium and molecular ions) from the observed mass spectrum of the A‐acetyl derivative.
New synthesis of octahydro‐2‐methyl‐2H‐pyrazino[1,2‐a]pyrazine
Authors: Beim Howard J. , Day Allan R.
Published: April 2009

A new method has been developed for the synthesis of octahydro‐2‐methyl‐2H‐pyrazino‐[1,2‐a]pyrazine. 2‐Benzylaminoethanol was the starting material.
A general synthesis of 2,5‐diaryl‐4‐chloro (or bromo)oxazoles
Authors: Davis Michael , Lakhan Ram , Ternai Bela
Published: April 2009

Reaction between acyleyanides (ArCOCN) and aldehydes (ArCHO) in the presence of ether and hydrogen chloride (or hydrogen bromide) gives good yields of 2,5‐diaryl‐4‐chloro (or bromo)oxazoles (2).
Structural reassignment of the dehydration product of 2′‐Hydroxywarfarin
Authors: Porter William H. , Trager William F.
Published: April 2009

The base catalyzed condensation reaction between 4‐hydroxycoumarin and o‐hydroxybenzal‐acetone yields 6‐methyl‐6,12‐methano‐6H,12H,13H‐[1]benzopyran[4,3‐d][1,3]benzodioxocin‐13‐one as the product rather than 6‐oxo‐7‐(2‐oxopropyl)‐6H, 7H‐[1]benzopyrano[4,3‐b][1]‐benzopyran as had been previously postulated.
Reactions of nitrenes with strained olefins. Nitrene additions to the bicyclo[2.2.1]hept‐2‐ene system
Authors: Meyer C. Richard , Rao Nancy A.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of two examples of the 3‐azatricyclo[3.2.1.02,4] octane ring system is described. The product azabicycles are obtained in low yields and are stable in refluxing chlorobenzene. The lead tetraacetate oxidation of 3‐amino‐2‐methvl‐4‐quinazoIone leads to high yields of the deaminated compound.
Some reactions of 1,3,5‐Triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane and its 7‐Oxide
Authors: Siele V. I.
Published: April 2009

The synthesis of 1,3,5,7‐triazaphosphocine and 1,3,7‐triaza‐5‐phosphabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane derivatives via nitration, nitrosation and acetylation of 1,3,5‐triaza‐7‐phosphaadamantane and its 7‐oxide is reported. A comparison of the reactions of the triazaphosphaadamantane with the analogous reactions of hexamine is made.
Intramolecular nucleophilic cyclization of a carboxylic acid hydrazide under mild acid conditions
Authors: Martin Gary E. , Munson James W.
Published: April 2009

Phthaloyl‐2′‐nitrophenylhydrazide undergoes ring closure involving nucleophilic attack of the hydrazide on the carboxylic acid in dilute aqueous acid solution to form the corresponding N‐substituted phthalimide. Structure of the resulting phthalimide was unequivocally confirmed by 13C‐nmr.
Dye‐sensitized photooxidation of chlorpromazine
Authors: Rosenthal I. , Bercovici T. , Frimer A.
Published: April 2009

Chlorpromazine efficently quenches singlet oxygen (1O2) with a kq= 3.5 × 107M−1s−1.

The major result of the chemical interaction between these two species is the cleavage of theN‐side chain.