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Skrifter udgivet af Grundtvig-Selskabet
Authors: Michelsen William , Pedersen Kim Arne , Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

Works published by the Grundtvig Society
Grundtvig og Rødding Højskole
Authors: Lyby Thorkild C.
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig and the Folk High School at RøddingBy Thorkild LybyIn his book Vision og Virkeliggørelse (Vision and Fulfilment) Helge Grell has advanced the argument that Grundtvig had reservations about Rødding Folk High School, because it identified itself with the national struggle to such an extent that it did not fully practice Grundtvig’s original folk high school ideas.Against this view, the present article claims that it is impossible to disqualify Rødding as non-Grundtvigian. Following a discussion of what it takes for a folk high school to be called Grundtvigian, the article gives an outline of the history of Rødding up to the 1864 war which necessitated the transfer to Askov. The emphasis is on the attitudes of successive principals, predominantly, however, that of Christian Flor. Not only was he the driving force behind the establishment of the high school, but was its leader himself in 1845-46, and, as chairman of the Board of Governors and later the Committee, continued to exert a decisive influence on its affairs until it was closed down.It is argued that Flor was entirely a Grundtvig disciple, and that his only wish was to translate Grundtvig’s folk high school ideas into practice. It is true that Rødding was also intended as a school with a role to play in the national struggle, but in the circumstances this should not disqualify it as Grundtvigian since Grundtvig’s cultural struggle at the time must necessarily take the form of a national struggle. It is pointed out, moreover, that to the various principals the cultural view was more important than the national - if it is at all possible to distinguish between them.Another thing is that Grundtvig’s attitude to Rødding was ambiguous. He expressed delight at its establishment and welcomed it without reservations, and later too there is evidence of a sympathetic interest in it. On the other hand, there is also evidence of a strange indifference, as it appears for example from the fact that he never visited the school in spite of repeated invitations. No doubt, the reason is that he had envisaged his ideas about the education of the people to be realized through the great, state-supported high school at Sorø, which he had dreamed about since his youth, and which had very nearly become a reality in 1847-48. Only gradually did he realize that it was through the many smaller schools modelled on Rødding that his ideas were to attain their great importance.
Opposition ved forsvarshandlingen af Bent Christensens disputats: Omkring Grundtvigs Vidskab
Authors: Jørgensen Theodor
Published: September 2020

From the Public Defence of Bent Christensen’s Dissertation for the Doctorate, »About Grundtvig ’s Vidskab«By Theodor JørgensenBy way of introduction, the thesis of the dissertation is briefly presented, viz. that, according to Grundtvig, the commitment to life inherent in the Christian faith has a cognitive aspect which he develops in a universal-historical vidskab view, but which he later abandons - if not in principle, at least in reality - in favour of a concentration on his church programme on one hand and his programme for the enlightenment of the people on the other. According to Bent Christensen, the reason was of an apologetic and strategic character in that Grundtvig wanted to overcome the isolation in which he found himself in his relations with his age in his first long phase of work.This thesis is partially contested in the article. As an objective reason for this development it is pointed out that Grundtvig recognized the unattainableness of a united Christian culture and prepared himself for the pluralism of modernity. This rendered it necessary to seek out the possibility for interaction between people with different opinions in essential areas of popular life as well as Christian life. This is why the idea of freedom plays an increasingly important role for Grundtvig. His thinking moves more and more in an elliptic direction with the universal and the local or particular as the two focal points. It is true that the two focal points are sometimes brought into relation with each other by means of the notion of the Chosen People, in which there is an inherent danger of an ethnocentric nationalism which Grundtvig does not always escape. The article further points to the necessity of a study of Grundtvig’s attitude to the theories of science of his age. An immanent interpretation such as that presented in Bent Christensen’s dissertation is not sufficient.
Canada og Grundtvig
Authors: Thirslund Dorte
Published: September 2020

Canada and GrundtvigReviewed by Dorte Thirslund
Helge Grell in memoriam
Authors: Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

In Memory of Helge Grell, 1925 - 2000By Jens Holger SchjørringHelge Grell’s life coincided with some decisive events in the history of research on Grundtvig and Grundtvig’s importance in theology and in the religious and national life in Denmark.When Grell took holy orders in 1940, the year of the occupation of the country by the German Wehrmacht, the depression and confusion over the loss of national independence led many Danes to search for a mobilization of new resources in the Danish people to avoid an internal breakdown. This found expression for example through De danske Ungdomsforeninger (Danish Youth Associations), a particular manifestation being Hal Koch’s famous lectures on Grundtvig and his work for Dansk Ungdomssamvirke (Federation of Danish Youth Associations). In the post-war years the discussion turning on Kaj Thaning’s interpretation of Grundtvig was the point of departure for much debate on the Grundtvigian heritage and in a wider sense the situation of the Danish national church. There was, in particular, Thaning’s protest against tendencies to allow a »pilgrim myth« to determine the understanding of the relationship between created human life and Christianity. Against this Thaning would stress the intrinsic value of created life with his programmatic emphasis on »Man first...«.The last decades of the twentieth century saw, with increasing strength, endeavours being made to apply an international perspective to the interpretation of Grundtvig.Helge Grell lived through all these phases, briefly outlined above, and each one of them came to determine in different ways his work as clergyman, as teacher in many different contexts, as lecturer in Grundtvig circles and participant in their activities, and as Grundtvig scholar. When Helge Grell’s life is considered within such an extensive framework, it becomes apparent that his many activities share an inner coherence. In retrospect, one senses an arch spanning the different aspects of his lifework and combining his practical activity with his work as a Grundtvig scholar. Likewise, when viewed in that light, there is an impressive unity in the books that Grell managed to finish in the last decades of his life, dealing partly with the relation between creator spirit and the spirit of the people, partly with Grundtvig’s travels to England and their significance, and finally with Grundtvig’s folk high school ideas and their realization after Grundtvig’s death.
Grundtvigs oplysningstanker - om at knytte bånd og løse knuder
Authors: Korsgaard Ove
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig's Educational Ideas - On tying bonds and cutting knotsBy Ove KorsgaardFormer reseach into Grundtvig’s ideas has concentrated mostly on his pedagogical ideas and the folk high school. A third category must be added - Grundtvig’s ideas regarding enlightenment.These ideas can be understood only in the light of the main complex of problems which occupied Grundtvig throughout his entire life, namely the question: What does it imply to be a human being, a human being in society and a human being in the world? The assignment is to »develop a complete enlightenment of man«, and »human life through thousands of years«. Grundtvig wanted to establish a school system based upon two columns: the people and mankind - a folk high school and a university.We now live in the era of the school - resulting in an individualization of man which may become dangerous if there is no agreement on »the common good«. Only true enlightenment will result in the triad between the individual, the people and mankind. The folk high school was to enlighten the people. The university was to be »a spiritual workshop«, striving towards a universal understanding and towards clarification. Grundtvig’s university was never established.However, in this time of globalization the need for research into Grundtvig’s ideas of enlightenment is as great as ever.
Forord
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming , Michelsen William , Pedersen Kim Arne , Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

PrefaceBy the editors
Naar Skyggen er ligest...
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming
Published: September 2020

»When the Shadow comes nearest..« By Flemming Lundgreen-NielsenThis small contribution deals with two intricate lines from stanza 5 of Grundtvig’s 1824 poem .The Land of the Living.. They are usually taken to mean that when likeness in the shape of shadows comes nearest the real thing, the little ones observing them weep, because in human poetry and arts which strive to reflect eternity similarity is not and can never be identity. Chr. Thodberg has repeatedly since 1971 suggested a different understanding of the lines to the effect that »ligest« (i.e. .most similar to.) may be interpreted as »most vertical«, referring to the shrinkage or entire disappearance of shadows at noon, when the sun reaches zenith. Thodberg departs from an off-hand commentary by Grundtvig about this natural fact in a sermon delivered on 27 March 1823. The author tries to demonstrate that Grundtvig's varying usage of theword shadow (»Skygge«) both before and after 1824 makes it impossible to arrive at an unambiguous determination regarding the word in the said lines. Furthermore, the superlative degree »ligest« meaning »most vertical« neither seems to have been recorded in the language of Grundtvig and his contemporaries nor in older periods.Contrarily, »ligest« meaning »most similar to« can be found in ancient Danish proverbs which Grundtvig studied extensively from 1816 and until he edited and published a collection of them in 1845, and it can also be located in contemporary literature. Returning from there to the meaning of shadow, the author by means of quotes from Grundtvig’s brief but precise historical evaluations of Plato and his philosophy (in 1812 and 1833) is inclined to support the traditional interpretation that the shadows making little ones weep originate in the famous cave metaphor in the fifth book of Plato’s dialogue The Republic. Finally, two other details deriving from Grundtvig’s studies of Danish proverbs in the Peder Syv edition (1688) are mentioned to throw light on a couple of nebulous expressions in two other lyrical poems by him.
Nedfarten til dødsriget
Authors: Balling Jakob
Published: September 2020

The Descent into HellBy Jakob BallingThis article - originally a paper, read at the Grundtvig Academy's conference on Grundtvig and the Figurative Arts in November 2000 - presents an interpretative sketch of the uses made of the descensus motif from the beginning, via the ‘Gospel of Nicodemus’, ancient and medieval liturgical and liturgico-dramatic texts, and Luther, to Grundtvig. Throughout, the main emphasis of the discussion is laid on the way in which the texts express and expound the notions of coherence between creation and salvation and of past history being actualized or re-enacted in the present. - By way of conclusion, the story is, consequently, maintained to communicate a vast complex of central tenets of the Christian faith.
Fortegnelse over forfatternes adresser
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming , Michelsen William , Pedersen Kim Arne , Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

List of authors' adresses
A letter home: Grundtvig in Cambridge to his wife Lise, June 1831
Authors: Bradley S. A. J.
Published: September 2020

A letter home: from Grundtvig in Cambridge to his wife Lise, June 183 [Et brev hjem fra Grundtvig i Cambridge til sin hustru Lise, juni 1831]Af S. A. J. BradleyDet har længe været en ortodoksi i grundtvigforskeres opfattelse, at Grs mission med at studere angelsaksiske håndskrifter under Englandsrejserne 1829-1831 blev fortrængt af hans reaktion ved mødet med det samtidige England. Men inden for grundtvigforskningen har man - med nogle få fremtrædende undtagelser - i nogen grad overset den angelsaksiske kulturelle arv, som Gr blev optaget af, da han i 1815 i forbindelse med sin fortolkning af Beowulf lærte sig at læse angelsaksisk. En mere omfattende forståelse af, hvad Gr stiftede bekendtskab med i mødet med disse håndskrifter - og med tidligere forskeres udgaver af de angelsaksiske tekster - kan således komme til at medføre en revurdering i den vanlige redegørelse af Grs intellektuelle og åndelige udvikling i perioden, der kulminerede med udgivelsen af Nordens Mythologi (1832). Ganske vist viser Grs breve fra England hans skarpe iagttagelse af englændernes livsform, deres institutioner og samfundsforhold; men brevene dokumenterer og bekræfter samtidig hans vedblivende interesse for håndskriftarven fra Nordens tidligste kristelige kultur.Her vises i engelsk oversættelse et brev afsendt af Gr i juni 1831 fra Cambridge til hjemmet. Det er et uddrag fra en brevantologi (oversat ved Helene Felter og S. A. J. Bradley; delvis baseret på N. F. S. Grundtvigs Breve til hans Hustru under Englandsrejseme 1829-1831. Udgivne af deres Børnebørn, København 1920), der er under udarbejdelse af the English Translation Project, Center for Grundtvig Studier, Århus Universitet. Formålet med dette projekt er at gøre Grs forfatterskab mere tilgængeligt i den engelsktalende verden. De mest betydningsfulde værker vil blive udgivet i engelsk oversættelse. Projektets første fase er treårig og ledes af Jens Holger Schjørring (Århus Universitet) og S. A. J. Bradley (University of York) i samarbejde med Kim Ame Pedersen (Århus Universitet) og A. M. Allchin (University of Bangor). Første bind, der forventes udgivet af Århus Universitetsforlag i september 2003, bliver en kommenteret antologi af Grs erindringer og erindringer om Gr. Senere kommer flere bind, som illustrerer Grs engagement i Beowulf og Nordens mytologi, hans skrifter om skole og skolevæsen, og en række udvalgte salmer og prædikener.Brevet fra Cambridge omhandler primært de venskaber, Gr etablerede blandt den »lille Kreds af kyndige, venlige, christelig tænkende Præster og Professorer, hos hvem jeg gaaer ind og ud« og hans store glæde over den adgang, han fik til Universitets fremragende angelsaksiske håndskriftsamlinger.
The Land of the Living. An English translation of Grundtvig's »De Levendes Land«
Authors: Bradley S. A. J.
Published: September 2020

Grundtvigs De Levendes Land. En engelsk oversættelseAf S.A. J. Bradley
Rettelse til Grundtvig Studier 2000
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming , Michelsen William , Bradley S. A. J. , Pedersen Kim Arne , Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

Corrections to Grundtvig Studies 2000
Skrifter udgivet af Grundtvig-Selskabet
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming , Michelsen William , Bradley S. A. J. , Pedersen Kim Arne , Schjørring Jens Holger
Published: September 2020

Works published by the Grundtvig Society
An Englishman in Vartov Church, 1872
Authors: Bradley S. A. J.
Published: September 2020

An Englishman in Vartov Church, 1872[En englander i Vartov Kirke, 1872]Af S. A. J. BradleyEdmund Gosse, Two Visits to Denmark 1872, 1874 (London, 1911), Ch. V, 78-87.Englanderen Sir Edmund Gosse (1849-1928) var i sin samtid en fremtrædende og indflydelsesrig litterar skikkelse, hvis fortjeneste det var at formidle nordisk litteratur, især forfatteren Henrik Ibsens forfatterskab, hvoraf han oversatte enkelte værker, til den engelsksprogede verden.Som ung mand besøgte Gosse Danmark to gange. Under sine besøg i København i 1872 boede han hos Holmens provst (senere biskop) Bruun Juul Fog og dennes ugifte søster Aline. Hans beretning om disse besøg blev Forst offentliggjort flere ar efter, at besøgene havde fundet sted, hvorfor man af denne og andre årsager ma modtage detaljerne med nogen forsigtighed.Men Gosses beretning er skrevet i en forfriskende selvstændig and, balancerende mellem beundring og kritik, og pa trods af dens mangler er hans impressionistiske beretning af atmosfæren i Vartov kirke i Grundtvigs sidste tid et vigtigt vidnesbyrd.Norden havde pa denne tid ikke nogen mere ekstraordinær personlighed end Grundtvig, siger Gosse, og han giver en kortfattet beretning af Grundtvigs modige og stadige kamp for kirkens frihed. Hans succes, siger Gosse, er bevist i grundtvigianismens udbredelse og i oprettelse af folkehøjskoler.Overrasket over at opdage, at Grundtvig stadig levede og prædikede, besluttede Gosse, at han matte tage ind til Vartov og hore Grundtvig prædike. Skønt Fog - som Clausen og Martensen - gennem hele livet havde varet modstander af Grundtvig, besluttede han at gore Gosse følgeskab.Gosse giver en detaljeret beskrivelse af stemningen i den fyldte kirke, mens man ventede pa Grundtvigs ankomst. Han beskriver den livlige salmesang - “højt og hurtigt i et Staccato af Skjaldens egen Opfindelse” - så forskellig fra den langsomme made som den gang gjaldt i folkekirken. Så gjorde Grundtvig en brat og påfaldende entre. For Gosse at se, var han en utrolig gammel mand, der mere lignede en norsk trold; og med en stemme, der lod som kom den fra en kalder under hans fødder. Efter at have gået rundt blandt den mere eller mindre ekstatiske menighed og modtaget deres hyldest, besteg Grundtvig prædikestolen og prædikede med en dyb, og svigtende, stemme. Hans prædiken, siger Gosse, “advarede os mod falske ånder, og bod os at prøve enhver ånd, om de var af Gud”. Grundtvig mindede da snarere Gosse om en gammel druide. Gosse er taknemmelig for, at han fik denne mulighed for at se og hore Grundtvig, som døde kun en måned senere.
Guds frie nåde, troens frie gensvar: Frelsens betingelser hos N. F. S. Grundtvig og John Wesley
Authors: Gregersen Niels Henrik
Published: September 2020

Guds frie nåde, troens frie gensvar: Frelsens betingelser hos N. F. S. Grundtvig og John Wesley[Free Divine Grace andfree Response o f Faith: Conditionalist Motives in N. F. S. Grundtvig and John Wesley]By Niels Henrik GregersenThe essay aims to point out common theological grounds between John Wesley (1703-1791) and N. F. S. Grundtvig (1783-1872). It is argued, first, that Wesley and Grundtvig share the same problem of how to reformulate the Reformation insight in God’s unconditional justification in a context of modernity, in which human freedom is seen as essential also in spiritual matters. It is furthermore argued that Wesley and Grundtvig concur in criticizing the Augustinian-Reformed doctrine of double predestination. Both argue that grace is for all humankind, but grace is not an irresistible force that captivates the human mind. Grace, rather, is a divine self-offering that stimulates the sinner to give a positive response to God’s free offer. Due to his Arminian allegiance, Wesley was an outspoken conditionalist, who explicitly criticized Augustine, Luther, and Calvin. Grundtvig’s critique of Augustine and Luther, by contrast, was mostly of a more indirect nature and couched in his independent use of the Augustinian motifs of grace. The most important difference between Wesley and Grundtvig, however, is that whereas Wesley develops an expanded notion of prevenient grace, Grundtvig expands the traditional notion of creation and imago dei. According to Grundtvig’s doctrine of baptism (central to his so-called Church View), the invitation by Christ to become baptized puts the requirement on the old human being (who is not yet baptized by the Holy Spirit) that he or she must renounce the Devil and embrace the truth of God. Grundtvig’s rich doctrine of imago dei and divine providence can thus be seen as a functional equivalent to Wesley’s doctrine of prevenient grace. Grundtvig, however, never shared Wesley’s view of the possibility of a Christian perfection. Instead, Grundtvig developed a theory of the possibility of a post-mortal conversion (cf. 1 Pet 3). This eschatological vision has the same universal scope as Wesley’s doctrine of prevenient grace, but involves a temporal relaxation as compared with Wesley’s evangelicalism.The common ground between Grundtvig and Wesley casts a new light on the very structure of Grundtvig’s theology. Grundtvig’s “Church View” should not be understood as a precursor to 20th century dialectical theology. Divine action, according to Grundtvig, is certainly primary to human activity, but it is not unilateral. The baptismal covenant between God and the human person involves an “agreement”, or contract, between two parties, God and humanity. God offers His divine grace, but human beings should themselves accept grace in order to be part of salvation. This important motif is reflected in Grundtvig’s doctrinal writings, especially in his doctrine of baptism; however, conditionalist motifs can also be found in his hymns and sermons.
Grundtvig-Selskabet af 8. september 1947: Årsberetning 2003
Authors: Balslev-Clausen Peter
Published: September 2020

Report on the Grundtvig Society's companyBy Peter Balslev-Clausen
Ebbe Kløvedal Reich in memoriam
Authors: Christensen Johs. H.
Published: September 2020

In memory of Ebbe Kløvedal ReichBy Johs. H. Christensen
Friheden og ligheden
Authors: Møller Jes Fabricius
Published: September 2020

Freedom and equalityBy Jes Fabricius Møller
Om Gud først og sidst
Authors: Kelstrup Erik
Published: September 2020

About God first and lastBy Erik Kelstrup
Skrifter udgivet af Grundtvig-Selskabet
Authors: Schjørring Jens Holger , Bradley S. A. J. , Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming , Pedersen Kim Arne
Published: September 2020

Works published by the Grundtvig Society
The physical culture academy: People’s education through sport in Denmark
Authors: Eichberg Henning
Published: September 2020

The physical culture academy: People’s education through sport in Denmark[Kropshøjskolens vej: Folkelig oplysning gennem idræt i Danmark]Af Henning EichbergI undervisningssituationen, der karakteriserer formal undervisning, sporger læreren ned til eleven eller professoren ned til den studerende, og eleven eller den studerende retter ryg og svarer. Svaret tjener til at sortere eleverne efter deres præstation. Folkelig oplysning som en dialogisk og mimetisk praksis er et alternativ til denne autoritære vej.Den undgår eksamen, karakterer og andre former for objektivering oppefra og ned. Dette har speciel betydning for idrætten. Hvis menneskets kropslige bevægelse ikke er tingsliggjort for at placere personens præstation pa en rangskala, idrætten bliver noget andet -men hvad?Artiklen giver et historisk overblik over de danske folkehøjskolers pædagogik i relation til idræt og bevægelseskultur, fra Grundtvig’s pædagogiske ideer over højskolernes såvel som den folkelige gymnastiks rødder i 1800-tallets sociale bevægelser hen til 1900-tallets specialiseringsprocesser. Efter fritidssamfundets udbredelse, græsrodsbevægelsernes oprør og højskolens integration i velfærdssystemet fulgte højskolens aktuelle krise.Gennem kropskulturens integration i den folkelige oplysnings praksis blev gymnastik og idræt omformet fra autoritære disciplineringsformer til praktikker af personlig udvikling, socialt mode og eksistentielt indlæring. Denne transformation afslørede nye muligheder for kropskulturel udfoldelse bade i den non-formale undervisning og i det civile samfund. Demokrati fik en dybere mening som kropsligt demokrati, men det kan aldrig tages for givet og sikret.Kropsligt demokrati forbliver altid en åben proces - lige som højskolens placering mellem staten, markedet og det civile samfund.
En Grundtvig-salme teologisk fortolket
Authors: Jørgensen Theodor
Published: September 2020

En Grundtvig-salme teologisk fortolket[A hymn by Grundtvig interpreted theologically]By Theodor JørgensenWithout a theological and dogmatic reading of Grundtvig’s hymns an interpretation of them would be incomplete. The point is demonstrated by a dogmatic reading of Grundtvig’s Christmas hymn “Welcome again God’s little angels” (“Velkommen igjen, Guds Engle smaa”).
Mennesket i verden - som brud
Authors: Heggem Synnøve Sakura
Published: September 2020

Mennesket i verden - som brud[Human being - as bride]By Synnøve Sakura HeggemGrundtvig’s distinctive renewal and continuation of a traditional briderhetoric as a means of expressing his perception of mankind’s position in the world lends itself, as here, to an evaluation in terms of gendered discourse. We meet the bride-figure with many varying faces: the Nordic goddess Freja in the role of bride of Christ; the young singing bride; the old bride; the bride as a microcosm relative to others and the world; as man and as priest in a concrete church-political sermon; as mother, daughter and sister; and not least as the Daughter of God.Grundtvig attributes to her certain traits of weakness but no unworthy qualities - first and foremost because the bride is a desirable and loving creature; secondly because Grundtvig challenges both bride and bridegroom alike, in his rhetoric about the human being in the world.In the struggle against evil in the world and within the human creature, Grundtvig constantly claims the necessity of concentrating upon goodness, truth and beauty in humanity. Only in light of the loving and beloved human being, can evildoing be discovered and to some extent healed. This viewpoint shapes a bride-rhetoric of a specific humane and Christian character.
Grundtvig-litteratur 1950. En bibliografisk oversigt
Authors: Johansen Steen
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig literature 1950. A bibliographical overviewBy Steen Johansen
N. F. S. Grundtvigs foredrag i Danske Samfund 21. september 1841
Authors: Overgaard Ulrik
Published: September 2020

N. F. S. Grundtvigs foredrag i Danske Samfund 21. september 1841[N. F. S. Grundtvig's lecture to the Danske Samfund on 21 September 1841]By Ulrik OvergaardThe contemporary school system is the topic of Grundtvig’s lecture to the Danske Samfund on 21 September 1841. Grundtvig emphasises in the first place the necessity of compulsory school attendance (introduced in Denmark in 1814). He argues, though, that poor schools are much worse than none and that the number of bad schools is disturbingly high. Grundtvig then gives the definition of a good school: In a fine school the teachers should be vivid and engaged people, and the teaching methods should encourage the children to learn how to live a useful, wise and enjoyable life. Unfortunately, the contemporary schools do not fulfil this goal. On the contrary, the methods are characterised by punishments and rote learning, i.e. the teaching is dead. The only exceptions are the few schools where the schoolmaster himself is a living human being who wants to talk with the pupils and respect their opinions.
Andragogy and N. F. S. Grundtvig: A critical link
Authors: Warren Clay
Published: September 2020

Andragogy and N. F. S. Grundtvig: A Critical Link[Andragogik og N. F. S. Grundtvig: en kritisk vurdering]Af Clay WarrenI udforskningen af spørgsmålet: Hvordan har N. F. S. Grundtvigs filosofi om livslang læring påvirket den amerikanske forskning i voksenuddannelse? opsummerer forfatteren de største amerikanske pædagogiske tænkeres syn på voksenuddannelse og på Grundtvigs pædagogiske filosofi. På denne baggrund kontrolleres den amerikanske andragogiske tradition for anerkendelse af Grundtvigs betydning på området, og det konkluderes, at selvom Grundtvigs levende ord har haft stor indflydelse på forskere som E. C. Lindeman, som igen har overført denne arv til efterfølgende voksenundervisere, og selvom amerikanske voksenunderviseres andragogiske grundantagelser derfor stort set afspejler Grundtvigs syn på voksenundervisning, er Grundtvigs pædagogiske forfatterskab i al væsentlighed forblevet ulæst og ukendt i Amerika.
Regner Birkelund, Frihed til fælles bedste: En oppositionel stemme fra fortiden
Authors: Koch Carl Henrik
Published: September 2020

Regner Birkelund, Freedom for the common good: an oppositional voice from the pastReviewed by Carl Henrik Koch
An American Perspective of the Impact of N. F. S. Grundtvig’s Educational Ideas on People and Enlightenment. Summary Observations at the Launch of The School for Life
Authors: Warren Clay
Published: September 2020

An American Perspective of the Impact ofN. F. S. Grundtvig’s Educational Ideas on People and Enlightenment: Summary Observations at the Launch of The School for Life[Et amerikansk perspektiv på indvirkningen fra N. F. S. Grundtvigs pædagogiske ideer om folkelighed og oplysning: kortfattede betragtninger ved udgivelsen af The School for Life]Af Clay WarrenIndledende fastslås det, at Grundtvigs pædagogiske skrifter ikke er blevet læst og studeret af amerikanske forskere og specialister i voksenuddannelse til trods for hans ubestridelige indflydelse og indvirkning på feltet og slet ikke er blevet kritisk drøftet eller passende anerkendt ved relevant citering. Denne påstand kan udvides til at omfatte andre engelsksprogede specialister i livslang læring.Dog må det indrømmes, at når det gælder engelsksprogede sekundære kilder (<omhandlende Grundtvig med det sigte at “at udbrede hans budskab”) så vel som fremstillinger med fokus på de af Grundtvigs skoletanker, der er ført ud i praksis, forholder det sig anderledes, hvad der let og hurtigt kan påvises ved et blik på den stadige strøm af publikationer herom. Men netop fordi livslang læring lige nu bliver ivrigt og varmt modtaget overalt i verden, og fordi Grundtvigs behandling af emnet præges af en usædvanlig kraftig og vedvarende argumentation for, at et kortere eller længere ophold på en folkehøjskole – en ’’Skole for Livet” - skulle stå alle mennesker åbent, burde et fyldigt og autoritativt udvalg af Grundtvigs skoleskrifter beregnet på engelsksprogede læsere for længst være offentliggjort. Udgivelsen The School for Life (2011) tilfredsstiller dette behov, også selv om der kan påpeges en håndfuld oversættelses og forståelsesproblemer, som forskere, der søger at gengive de æstetiske og retoriske træk i Grundtvigs brede prosa og særegne lyriske diktion på et andet sprog end dansk, uvægerligt stilles over for. Bidraget slutter med en anbefaling til engelsksprogede læsere om at drage al mulig nytte af at have faet mulighed for i enkeltheder at opdage - og det endda med Grundtvigs egne ord - hvorfor og hvorledes oplysningsvirksomhed skal afpasses til dem, der søger den, og ikke omvendt.
The International Dissemination of Grundtvig’s Educational Ideas. I: Motivation and Interpretation
Authors: Bugge K. E.
Published: September 2020

The International Dissemination of Grundtvig ’s Educational Ideas: I: Motivation and Interpretation[Den internationale udbredelse af Grundtvigs uddannnels es tanker: I: Motivation og forståelse]Af K. E. BuggeI vore dage har Grundtvigs høj skoletanke bredt sig til en lang række lande uden for Danmark. I bidraget rettes opmærksomheden mod den forståelse af Grundtvigs tanker, der har været den motiverende drivkraft i denne udbredelse.Tre faser kan iagttages, idet man kan lægge vægt på udvikling af henholdsvis landbrug, menneskeligt potentiale eller social-politisk retfærdighed. Der er her tale om de overordnede motiver, der dog i praksis ofte forbindes med hinanden. Til belysning af disse faser fremdrages eksempler fra Nordamerika, Afrika, Bangladesh og England. Det viser sig, at Rider Haggard, forfatteren til den i sin tid så berømte eventyrroman Kong Salomons Miner, har spillet en hidtil ukendt rolle i udviklingen.
- Verdenskrøniken 1812 som verdenslitteraturhistorie
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming
Published: September 2020

Verdenskrøniken 1812 som verdenslitteraturhistorie[The World Chronicle 1812 as a history of world literature]By Flemming Lundgreen-NielsenHidden in Grundtvig’s World Chronicle, 1812, is a history of world literature, infact the first published attempt of its kind written in Danish by a single scholar.This easily escapes attention as Grundtvig’s numerous paragraphs on poetry andliterary history are not marked typographically. This paper examines and discusses his most important statements chronologically. Even if Grundtvig’s brief portrayals of poets often describe a short bloom followed by rapid decay and an inevitable fall, he ends in foreseeing a renewal of Nordic literature led by Steffens, Oehlenschläger and himself. Thus Grundtvig, as early as 1812, introduces the Danish romantic breakthrough (1802 onwards) as a poetological paradigm which otherwise is first acknowledged by literary historians writing in the 1870s, ‘80s and ‘90s. Grundtvig’s survey of world literature has been overshadowed by more conspicuous and provocative qualities of his text but deserves a sober-minded consideration.
Tine Reeh: Kristendom, historie, demokrati. Hal Koch 1932-1945
Authors: Pedersen Kim Arne
Published: September 2020

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Forfatteroversigt. Navne og kontaktoplysninger for bidragyderne
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming , Holm Anders
Published: September 2020

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A Few Words about the Recently Published Anglo-Saxon Poem, the First Edition of Beowulf.
Authors: Busbee Mark Bradshaw
Published: September 2020

Translated and Annotated
The Genesis of a Poem
Authors: Bugge K. E.
Published: September 2020

Tilblivelsen af et digtI sit store digt I Kveld blev der banket paa Helvedes Port beskriver GrundtvigJesu nedfart til de dødes rige. Digtet, der for første gang blev trykt i1837, har i perioder været genstand for intensiv forskning. Det er fastslået,at både kirkefaderen Irenæus og den angelsaksiske digter Cædmon heltafgørende har inspireret tilblivelsen. Ikke desto mindre tilbagestår spørgsmåletom, hvornår og under hvilke nærmere omstændigheder digtet erskrevet.Grundtvig har kendt nedfartsmotivet i 1. Peters brev kap. 3 allerede frasin barndom og ungdom. I de tidlige år synes motivet dog ikke at havegjort særligt indtryk på ham. I 1815-17 stifter Grundtvig under sine tidligsteangelsaksiske studier bekendtskab med Cædmons bibelparafrase, somhan vurderer positivt, men med kritiske forbehold. Først i årene 1823-24udvikler han under påvirkning fra Irenæus en entydig positiv holdningover for dette led af den apostolske trosbekendelse.Under sine Englandsrejser i 1829-31 studerer Grundtvig bl.a. manuskripternetil Cædmons behandling af nedfarten. Atter hjemme i Danmarkbliver Grundtvig hurtigt optaget af arbejdet med Nordens mytologiog verdenshistorien. Endvidere engagerer han sig i den offentlige debat omforholdet mellem stat og kirke. Først i 1835 påbegyndes arbejdet med densalmeudgave, han for år tilbage havde lovet vennen Gunni Busck. Selv omde angelsaksiske studier kommer noget på afstand under disse mangfoldigetiltag, blev Grundtvig i årene 1831-35 gang på gang mindet om nedfartsmotivet.I den offentlige debat blev netop nedfarten ofte inddraget ide gudelige forsamlingers opposition mod statskirken og dens præster. Idenne debat spillede ugeskriftet Nordisk Kirke-Tidende en fremtrædenderolle. Tidsskriftet redigeredes af Grundtvigs medkæmper Jacob ChristianLindberg, og Grundtvig bidrog med digte og artikler. Lindbergs udførligstebidrag, der er en artikelserie på 80 spalter, omhandler netop nedfarten.Artiklen kom i 1835.I de første måneder af 1836 ligger arbejdet med salmerne stille. I januarer Grundtvig dybt deprimeret. I februar-marts melder en ny inspirationsig, og Grundtvig skriver sit første større højskoleskrift, Det Danske Fiir-Kløver. I den situation har han ikke tid til at digte salmer. Arbejdet med“Fiir-Kløveret” har imidlertid bibragt Grundtvig en optimisme, der i tidenefter påske inspirerer ham til at genoptage salmearbejdet i sidste halvdelaf april. Torsdag d. 12.5 1836 prædiker han på Kristi himmelfartsdag.I denne prædiken foretager han en udførlig kombination af Jesu nedfartog himmelfart. I Kveld er derfor sandsynligvis på denne baggrund digteti første halvdel af maj 1836. Det påvises, at andre tilblivelsesperioder i1836-37 ikke er sandsynlige.
Den generøse ortodoksi
Authors: Jørgensen Theodor
Published: September 2020

Niels Henrik Gregersen: Den generøse ortodoksi: Konflikt og kontinuitet i kristendommen, København, Eksistensen, 2015, 523 sider, 299 kr.
N.F.S. Grundtvig:
Authors: Holm Jette
Published: September 2020

Tekstkritisk og kommenteret udgave
Anmeldelser: Paradisskyggen
Authors: Pedersen Kim Arne
Published: September 2020

Birgitte Stoklund Larsen: Paradisskyggen. Med Grundtvig i kærlighed og krise. KristeligtDagblads Forlag, København 2015, 192 sider.
Grundtvig-litteratur 2015-2018.
Authors: Jørgensen Aage
Published: September 2020

En bibliografi
Anmeldelser: Nyaars-Morgen – genudgivet
Authors: Jørgensen Aage
Published: September 2020

N.F.S. Grundtvig: Nyaars-Morgen. Et Rim. Tekstudgivelse, efterskrift og noterved Steen Tullberg. Det danske Sprog- og Litteraturselskab/Gyldendal, 2018,266 sider, 200 kroner.
Anmeldelser: Grundtvig og kvækerne
Authors: Møller Jes Fabricius
Published: September 2020

Niels Kjær (2016), Grundtvig og kvækerne, Books on Demand, 56 sider, 120 kr.
En udeladelse
Authors: Lundgreen-Nielsen Flemming
Published: September 2020

Grundtvigs Nordens Mythologi eller Sindbilled-Sprog historisk-poetisk udvikletog oplyst, 1832 – et afgjort hovedværk i forfatterskabet – læses nokindtil nu helst i Holger Begtrups udgave i Nik. Fred. Sev. Grundtvigs UdvalgteSkrifter, V, 1907. Originaltrykket i antikva af hele teksten fra 1832ligger komplet affotograferet flere steder på internettet og kan snart ogsåventes digitalt fra Grundtvig Centeret i Vartov under Aarhus Universitetforsynet med data, indledning og kommentarer.
Anmeldelser: Bibeloversættelse som selvhjælp
Authors: Høgenhaven Jesper
Published: September 2020

Jette Holm, Helge Kjær Nielsen og Ruth Østerby: Nypagts-Bogen. Grundtvigsnytestamentlige oversættelser. Skrifter udgivet af Grundtvig-Selskabet XLI, Fønix2018: Palmeserien 11, 288 sider, 250 kr.
The latest publications in the Grundtvig Society Series
Authors: Studier Grundtvig
Published: September 2020

The Grundtvig Society Series
Grundtvig og teatret endnu engang
Authors: Johansen Steen
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig and the Theatre Once More. Supplementary Comments on “Grundtvig-Studier”, P. 100—102. By Steen Johansen, M. A.. We already know (see “Grundtvig-Studier”, 1950, P. 100—102) that Grundtvig during his students days, 1800—1803, twice appeared as an amateur actor, and appeared on one of these occasions, into the bargain, in a piece written by himself. Now it turns out that soon after taking the examination for his degree in theology (in October, 1803) Grundtvig also appeared on yet another occasion as an actor, in the private theatrical society, “Borups Selskab”. It is the historian Fr. Barfod who gives this information in an out-of-the-way passage in one of his writings dating from 1842. An investigation of the records of this theatrical society which have been preserved has, however, failed to confirm Barfods statement, which, nevertheless, is undoubtedly reliable. The date can be established as Dec. 7th-, 1803, and the play, as Barfod quite correctly states, was “Gulddaasen” ( “The Golden Box”) by Chr. Olufsen.
Grundvig-litteratur 1953. En bibliografisk oversigt
Authors: Johansen Steen
Published: September 2020

Grundtvig literature 1953. A bibliographical overviewBy Steen Johansen
De levendes land
Authors: Skautrup Peter
Published: September 2020

Land of the living
Ernst J. Borup: Minderige steder i Grundtvigs liv
Authors: Høirup Henning
Published: September 2020

Ernst J. Borup: Sites in Grundtvig's life rich in memories.By Henning Høirup
C. V. A. Ruth: Valgmenighedspræsten Anders Nørgaard, liv, kamp og tro
Authors: Høirup Henning
Published: September 2020

C. V. A. Ruth: Prist of congregation Anders Nørgaard, Life, Struggle and FaithBy Henning Høirup
Pilate as the Legal ‘Other’ in the N-Town Cycle Passion Plays
Authors: Wiącek Tomasz
Published: September 2020

In the late medieval N-Town Cycle Passion Plays, the trial of Jesus is presented in the context of a medieval courtroom, where Jesus is brought by Annas and Cayphas to be judged by Pontius Pilate. However, while the priests through abuses of the legal procedures attempt to ensure Jesus’s demise, Pilate opposes their intent by remaining true to his judicial duties, which presents him as a lonely Other in the presented world of legal misconduct. This paper explores the concept of otherness in a legal context of the plays, as well as the legal and social significance of Pilate’s actions.
Relativiser Alternation and Relative Clause Complexity: Insights from Nigerian and American Varieties
Authors: Akinlotan Mayowa
Published: September 2020

Idiosyncrasies and peculiarities distinguishing new Englishes from the established ones are often identified and measured by examining the extent to which structural choices and patterns vary across the board. The competition between relativisers wh- and that in the construction of relative clause, which itself is a structurally complex-versus-simple construction site, allows for showing the extent to which choice of a relativiser relates to the construction of a complex or simple relative clause, given different factors. On the other hand, such investigation can also shed some light on the extent to which structural com- plexity characterises new varieties of English. Relying on 628 relative clauses drawn from written academic corpus, the study shows that WH-relativiser is preferred to THAT-relativiser by the Nigerian speakers, and vice versa by the American speakers. It is also found that WH-relative clause is more likely to be complex-structured while THAT-relative clause is more likely to be simple-structured. Among eight factors tested for independent effects, the factors representing relativiser posterior syntactic form, syntactic function, and syntactic positioning of the relative clause appeared to be strong predictors of where we might (not) find a certain relativiser and whether a complex or simple relative clause will emerge.
A Corpus-based Study on Question Tags in ELF. An Attempt to Determine an Emergent Construction
Authors: Watkowska Dorota
Published: September 2020

Recent research on English as a Lingua Franca (henceforth ELF) has indicated that ELF can be analyzed in accordance with the main principles of the Construction Grammar approach (Pirc 2013). Admittedly, while the majority of studies have been devoted to its creative and unpredictable character, little attention has been paid to how ELF can be conceptualized if its emergent elements are treated as constructions. Thus, the present paper conducts a corpus- based study on the Question Tag Construction (henceforth the QTxC) in ELF with a view to indicating in what way the QTxC can be determined. With the support of the VOICE and BNC corpora, the performed analysis has shown that the analyzed realizations of the QTxC in ELF, while having formal properties that deviate from the norms of English, can also be characterized as exhibiting various sub-types of the prototypical function of the QTxC.
Development of a camera trap for perching dragonflies: a new tool for freshwater environmental assessment
Authors: Yoshioka Akira , Shimizu Akira , Oguma Hiroyuki , Kumada Nao , Fukasawa Keita , Jingu Shoma , Kadoya Taku
Published: September 2020

Although dragonflies are excellent environmental indicators for monitoring terrestrial water ecosystems, automatic monitoring techniques using digital tools are limited. We designed a novel camera trapping system with an original dragonfly detector based on the hypothesis that perching dragonflies can be automatically detected using inexpensive and energy-saving photosensors built in a perch-like structure. A trial version of the camera trap was developed and evaluated in a case study targeting red dragonflies (Sympetrum spp.) in Japan. During an approximately 2-month period, the detector successfully detected Sympetrum dragonflies while using extremely low power consumption (less than 5 mW). Furthermore, a short-term field experiment using time-lapse cameras for validation at three locations indicated that the detection accuracy was sufficient for practical applications. The frequency of false positive detection ranged from 17 to 51 over an approximately 2-day period. The detection sensitivities were 0.67 and 1.0 at two locations, where a time-lapse camera confirmed that Sympetrum dragonflies perched on the trap more than once. However, the correspondence between the detection frequency by the camera trap and the abundance of Sympetrum dragonflies determined by field observations conducted in parallel was low when the dragonfly density was relatively high. Despite the potential for improvements in our camera trap and its application to the quantitative monitoring of dragonflies, the low cost and low power consumption of the detector make it a promising tool.
Потеря гетерозиготности и онкогенез, "Природа"
Authors: Воропаева Елена Николаевна , Поспелова Татьяна Ивановна , Воевода Михаил Иванович , Максимов Владимир Николаевич
Published: September 2020

Утрата части генетической информации - трагическое событие в жизни эукариотической клетки. Степень его опасности зависит от того, на какой стадии индивидуального развития организма (онтогенеза) оно произошло, а также генного состава и размера утраченного участка. Так, потери (делеции) участков хромосом в период развития эмбриона становятся причиной его гибели либо приводят к рождению детей с наследственными синдромами нарушения развития, а при утрате целой неполовой хромосомы (моносомии) эмбрион и вовсе не может начать развиваться. Позднее, на любом из последующих этапов онтогенеза, также может происходить утрата части генетической информации в отдельных клетках организма, которая сопровождается потерей гетерозиготности. Под этим понимают уменьшение изменчивости в участках генома, для которых исходно был характерен полиморфизм. Такая нестабильность генома лежит в основе опухолевой прогрессии - генетически закрепленного, наследуемого опухолевой клеткой и необратимого изменения одного или нескольких ее свойств. Важно понимать, что, однажды возникнув, генетическая нестабильность склонна прогрессировать: на первых этапах опухолевого роста медленно, а затем быстро нарастая. На тканевом, органном и организменном уровне это сопровождается увеличением степени злокачественности опухоли. Общим свойством большого числа новообразований является потеря гетерозиготности в гене ТР53, который называют «дирижером ансамбля генов» противоопухолевой защиты организма.
Космогенные сферулы в океане, "Природа"
Authors: Савельева Ольга Леонидовна , Савельев Дмитрий Павлович , Москалёва Светлана Васильевна
Published: September 2020

В атмосферу Земли ежедневно поступают тонны, а по некоторым оценкам, десятки и даже сотни тонн космического вещества. Большую его часть составляют микроскопические объекты. Значительная их часть нагревается и плавится во время прохождения через атмосферу что приводит к образованию космогенных шариков (сферул) с характерными, иногда очень красивыми структурами. Во время экспедиции корвета «Чел-ленджер» 1872-1876 гг похожие шарики были обнаружены в глубоководных железомарганцевых конкрециях, а также во вмещающей их красной глине. С этого времени многие исследования были посвящены сферулам из глубоководных океанских осадков, Fe-Mn-конкреций и корок. Внутренние области океанов удалены от источников техногенного заражения, и при правильной подготовке проб исследователь может быть уверен, что такие шарики - природные. Космогенные сферулы могут служить одним из источников платиноидов в глубоководных отложениях.