bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Characterization of twist of fancy yarns using wavelet analysis of sensor signal
Authors: Süle Ihsan
Published: May 2020

Yarn twist variations may cause stripes in the direction of weft yarns or local defects on a fabric surface. Since fast Fourier transform and time analysis cannot directly detect local frequency variations of yarn signal and defect sensors are designed to detect the diameter decreases without considering frequency analysis, no data associated with twist-related frequency changes can be obtained when inspecting Chenille yarn (Cy) defects. This study proposes the prediction of twist level ( T) and twist variations ( ΔT) of Cy whose twist changes in accordance with the spatial period of pile density by using wavelet analysis, allowing localized frequency variations to be obtained. Complex-valued Paul wavelet was used to determine the ΔT of signals with small frequency fluctuations, while Morlet wavelet was addressed for signals with high frequency change. The relation of the signal frequency to the pile yarn density and, correspondingly, twist was modeled by equations. To prevent discontinuities in wavelet cross-spectrum (WCS), the twist simulation signal was generated by equalizing twist oscillation amplitudes without changing their phase. To compare ideal twist to the local twist, another simulation signal demonstrating the ideal twist at sample-specific frequency was generated. The WCS of the simulation signals allowing the segmentation of variation intervals was used for determining ΔT and yarn portions, where the twist is compatible with ideal twist, by establishing correlation between scales and twists. For yarn samples with various T and ΔT types, the T and ΔT results obtained by the proposed wavelet-based algorithm showed the mean absolute relative percentage errors of 1.617% and 37.062%, respectively.
Interventions for Pedohebephilic Arousal in Men Convicted for Sexual Offenses Against Children: A Meta-Analytic Review
Authors: Mcphail Ian V. , Olver Mark E.
Published: May 2020

Given the centrality of pedohebephilic interest in understanding sexual offending against children, several interventions have been developed to help men manage or inhibit their sexual arousal to children to reduce the intensity of their experience of such arousal. A meta-analytic review was conducted to examine the effectiveness of interventions for managing pedohebephilic arousal, as measured by phallometric testing. A systematic literature review identified 23 within-group design studies and 18 single-case design studies ( N = 1,071) for analysis. Behavioral and pharmacological interventions showed moderate to large effects for reducing pedohebephilic arousal. Moderator analyses suggest that men with high pretreatment pedohebephilic arousal showed the greatest reductions in arousal. Small effects were found for comprehensive treatment programs; none of the interventions had the effect of increasing sexual arousal to adults. These results support the effectiveness of behavioral and pharmacological interventions for managing pedohebephilic arousal in men convicted of sexual offenses against children.
Loneliness, social isolation, cardiovascular disease and mortality: a synthesis of the literature and conceptual framework
Authors: Hodgson Sam , Watts Isabella , Fraser Simon , Roderick Paul , Dambha-Miller Hajira
Published: May 2020

To conduct a systematic review and develop a conceptual framework on the mechanisms linking loneliness, social isolation, health outcomes and mortality. Electronic databases were systematically searched (PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus and EMBASE) from inception to October 2018 followed by manual searching to identify research on loneliness, social isolation and mortality in adults published in the English language. Articles were assessed for quality and synthesised into a conceptual framework using meta-ethnographical approaches. A total of 122 articles were included. These collated observational designs examining mediators and moderations of the association in addition to qualitative studies exploring potential mechanisms were included. A framework incorporating 18 discrete factors implicated in the association between loneliness, social isolation and mortality was developed. Factors were categorised into societal or individual, and sub-categorised into biological, behavioural and psychological. These findings emphasise the complex multidirectional relationship between loneliness, social isolation and mortality. Our conceptual framework may allow development of more holistic interventions, targeting many of the interdependent factors that contribute to poor outcomes for lonely and socially isolated people.
Hydrocarbon geochemistry and charging history of the deep tight sandstone reservoirs in the Dabei Gas Field, Kuqa Depression, Tarim Basin, NW China
Authors: Wei Qiang , Li Xianqing , Sun Kexin , Zhang Guangwu , Liang Wanle , Feng Songbao , Xiao Zhongyao
Published: May 2020

The geochemical feature and evolutionary history of hydrocarbons from the deep Cretaceous Bashijiqike (K1 bs) Formation tight sandstone reservoir in the Dabei Gas Field, Kuqa Depression were investigated using gas chromatography, gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, inclusions petrography and micro-thermometry, laser Raman spectroscopy, and quantitative grain fluorescence. The result indicates that natural gases from the deep sandstone reservoir are mainly composed of alkanes and belong to dry gases, of which methane accounts for 94.30–97.20% (avg. 95.64%), and ethane is 1.23–2.45% (avg. 1.95%). The stable carbon isotopic value of methane and ethane is −31.9‰ to −29.3‰ (avg. −30.3‰) and −24.2‰ to −19.4‰ (avg. −21.7‰), respectively, and this reflects the features of high-mature coal-derived gases. In addition, natural gases in the Dabei Gas Field have characteristics of coal-derived gases which were sourced from Jurassic coal measures. Oils in the Dabei Gas Field predominately originated from Triassic Huangshanjie (T3 h) Formation mudstones with some contributions from Jurassic coaly rocks. Petrological and micro-thermometry results of fluid inclusions suggest that the K1 bs Formation tight sandstone reservoirs have experienced two phases of hydrocarbons charge histories, namely “early oil and later gas.” The quantitative grain fluorescence analysis indicated that sandstone samples with quantitative grain fluorescence index value >5 and quantitative grain fluorescence-extraction intensity >40 pc in Wells DB101 and DB2 can be used as indicators for the paleo oil layers or the migration channels of later charged natural gas. The aforementioned analyses and burial and thermal histories of K1 bs sandstone reservoir demonstrated that oil charged at 10 Ma and natural gas charged at approximately 3 Ma in the study area. Furthermore, paleo-tectonic evolution enabled source rocks to mature and expel hydrocarbons, and the structurally related faults and traps provided pathways and places for hydrocarbon migration and accumulation.
Understanding in transition: The influence of becoming parents on empathic accuracy
Authors: Bornstein Jerica X. , Rafaeli Eshkol , Gleason Marci E.J.
Published: May 2020

Empathic accuracy (EA), the ability to understand a close other’s thoughts and feelings, is linked to relationship satisfaction. Yet, it is unclear whether stress interferes with relationship partners’ ability to be empathically accurate. The present study investigates whether a major life stressor, the transition to parenthood (TTP), interferes with EA between partners. In a daily diary study of 78 couples expecting their first child, couples reported on their own and their partners’ daily mood for 3 weeks during three separate time periods across the TTP: pregnancy, infancy, and toddlerhood. Both mothers and their partners demonstrated EA across the TTP. However, there was evidence that the transition interfered with EA: Partners’ ability to track mothers’ negative mood dropped significantly during infancy and remained low in toddlerhood, whereas mothers’ ability to track their partners’ positive mood dropped significantly in infancy and recovered in toddlerhood. This suggests that one way in which a major life stressor, in this case, the TTP, may interfere with relationship functioning is by decreasing couples’ understanding of each other’s mood states.
Investigating L2 writing processes across independent and integrated tasks: A mixed-methods study
Authors: Michel Marije , Révész Andrea , Lu Xiaojun , Kourtali Nektaria-Efstathia , Lee Minjin , Borges Lais
Published: May 2020

Most research into second language (L2) writing has focused on the products of writing tasks; much less empirical work has examined the behaviours in which L2 writers engage and the cognitive processes that underlie writing behaviours. We aimed to fill this gap by investigating the extent to which writing speed fluency, pausing, eye-gaze behaviours and the cognitive processes associated with pausing may vary across independent and integrated tasks throughout the whole, and at five different stages, of the writing process. Sixty L2 writers performed two independent and two integrated TOEFL iBT writing tasks counterbalanced across participants. While writing, we logged participants’ keystrokes and captured their eye-movements. Participants took part in a stimulated recall interview based on the last task they had completed. Mixed effects regressions and qualitative analyses revealed that, apart from source use on the integrated task, L2 writers engaged in similar writing behaviours and cognitive processes during the independent and integrated tasks. The integrated task, however, elicited more dynamic and varied behaviours and cognitive processes across writing stages. Adopting a mixed-methods approach enabled us to gain more complete and specific insights than using a single method.
Validation of the ‘paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prediction’ model in a UK extracorporeal membrane oxygenation centre
Authors: Kanthimathinathan Hari Krishnan , Webb Sarah , Ellis David , Farley Margaret , Jones Timothy J
Published: May 2020

Introduction:

There is a need for a universal risk-adjustment model that may be used regardless of the indication and nature of neonatal or paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support. The ‘paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prediction’ model appeared to be a promising candidate but required external validation.

Methods:

We performed a validation study using institutional database of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation patients (2008-2019). We used the published paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prediction score calculator to derive estimated mortality based on the model in this cohort of patients in our institutional database. We used standardized mortality ratio, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve and Hosmer-Lemeshow goodness-of-fit test in 10 deciles to assess model performance.

Results:

We analysed 154 extracorporeal membrane oxygenation episodes in 150 patients. About 53% of the patients were full term (age ⩽30 days and gestation at birth ⩾37 weeks) neonates. The commonest category of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation support was cardiac (42%). The overall in-paediatric intensive care unit mortality was 37% (57/154) and the in-hospital mortality was 42% (64/154). Distribution of estimated mortality risk was similar to the derivation study. The calculated standardized mortality ratio was 0.81 based on the paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prediction model of risk-adjustment. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.55 (0.45-0.64) and Hosmer-Lemeshow-test p value <0.001 was unable to support goodness-of-fit.

Conclusion:

This small single-centre study with a small number of events was unable to validate the paediatric extracorporeal membrane oxygenation prediction-model of risk-adjustment. Although this remains the most promising of all the available models, further validation in larger data sets and/or refinement may be required before widespread use.
Modified unicaval drainage in reoperative isolated tricuspid valve repair via totally thoracoscopic approach
Authors: He Biao-Chuan , Ke Ying-Jie , Zhou Kan , Chen Ze-Rui , Yang Jue , Li Xiao-Hong , Liu Gui-Qing , Guo Hui-Ming , Chen Ji-Mei , Zhuang Jian , Huang Huan-Lei
Published: May 2020

Aim:

The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility, safety, and clinical effect of modified unicaval drainage for thoracoscopic reoperative isolated tricuspid valve repair, compared with conventional bicaval drainage.

Methods:

A total of 45 consecutive cases of patients who underwent thoracoscopic reoperative isolated tricuspid valve repair on beating-heart were enrolled and divided into two groups according to the different venous drainage (Group A: modified unicaval drainage, Group B: conventional bicaval drainage). A retrospective analysis of perioperative data and clinical outcomes were performed and all the surviving cases were followed up. Re-evaluation of echocardiography and electrocardiogram was performed prior to discharge, and at first month, sixth month, and every year follow-up.

Results:

The overall postoperative 30-day mortality was 4.5% in Group A and 8.7% in Group B. The postoperative tricuspid valve regurgitation grade of both groups decreased significantly from preoperative regurgitation grade, p < 0.001, without intergroup significant difference, p = 0.815. Follow-up duration ranged from 6 to 38 months, there was one death at 24 months in Group A, and another at 9 months in Group B, respectively. Nobody from both groups experienced reintervention for residual tricuspid regurgitation. No significant difference could be identified about the incidence of postoperative morbidities and follow-up adverse events.

Conclusion:

Both strategies of caval venous drainage can provide satisfactory exposure for thoracoscopic reoperative isolated tricuspid valve repair and equivalent favorable postoperative outcome. And the modified unicaval drainage group may even preserve the anesthetic time and decrease the risk of iatrogenic jugular injury, achieving a more simplified procedure with better cosmetic outcome.
Theory of Mind in Adolescence: Developmental Change and Gender Differences
Authors: Stępień-Nycz Małgorzata , Bosacki Sandra , Białecka-Pikul Marta
Published: May 2020

The theory of mind (ToM) is the ability to understand mental states in others. The previous research has highlighted age- and language-dependent effects during childhood and provided inconsistent data regarding the role of gender. Notably, these variables were rarely studied simultaneously among adolescents. Accordingly, this short longitudinal study explored age and gender differences in advanced ToM among 233 13- and 16-year-old Polish adolescents. Controlling for language, results indicated that females outperformed males in advanced ToM measurement (Ambigous Stories task). No differences were revealed between younger and older adolescents over 18 months, although for the total sample, a small increase in the quality of ToM explanations was found. Implications for gender and developmentally sensitive measurements of advanced ToM are discussed.
Identification of microRNAs associated with the survival of patients with gallbladder carcinoma
Authors: Wang Jianguo , Jin Yuxia , Li Suping , Song Qinhao , Tang Ping
Published: May 2020

Objective

This study investigated micro (mi)RNAs associated with the survival of patients with gallbladder carcinoma (GBC).

Methods

miRNA expression profiling was carried out of 40 cancerous tissues from GBC patients with long-term (n = 20) and short-term (n = 20) survival and eight healthy gallbladder tissues from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. miRNAs dysregulated in GBC patients with long-term or short-term survival were identified using GEO2R and VennDiagram packages, and analyzed by miRNA target prediction tools and the clusterProfiler package.

Results

Compared with healthy gallbladder tissues, 104 and 124 miRNAs were dysregulated in cancerous tissues of GBC patients with long-term survival and short-term survival, respectively. Two miRNAs (hsa-miR-142-5p and hsa-miR-146b-5p) and 22 miRNAs (such as hsa-miR-30a-3p, hsa-miR-660-5p, and hsa-miR-338-3p) were exclusively dysregulated in GBC patients with long-term and short-term survival, respectively. Enrichment analysis revealed that miRNAs exclusively dysregulated in GBC patients with short-term survival were involved in 46 biological processes, 10 cellular components, 11 molecular functions, and 44 pathways such as morphogenesis of an epithelium, response to transforming growth factor beta, heterochromatin, and phosphatase binding.

Conclusion

This study not only identified some promising biomarkers for predicting survival in GBC patients, but also contributed to our understanding of the pathogenesis and prognosis of GBC.
Primary leiomyosarcoma of the uterine cervix: report of 4 cases, systematic review, and meta-analysis
Authors: Kiliç Cigdem , Yuksel Dilek , Cakir Caner , Turkmen Osman , Kimyon Comert Gunsu , Başaran Derman , Turan Taner
Published: May 2020

Background:

Primary cervical leiomyosarcomas (CLMS) constitute 21% of all cervical sarcomas. Because of their rarity, to our knowledge, fewer than 40 cases have been reported. The aim of this study is to evaluate the clinical and surgical–pathological features, prognosis, treatment options, and survival of primary CLMS.

Methods:

A systematic review of the medical literature was conducted to evaluate articles about primary CLMS. The literature was searched between 1959 and May 2019. On final evaluation, there were 29 articles (one consisted of 8 cases; one consisted of 3 cases) and 42 cases with the addition of our 4 cases.

Results:

Age (⩾48 versus ⩽47 years) (hazard ratio.HR], 4.528; 95% confidence interval.CI], 1.550–13.227; p=0.006) and mitoses count (<10/10 high-power field [HPF] versus ⩾10/10 HPF) (HR, 3.865; 95% CI, 1.046–14.278; p=0.043) are independent prognostic factors for recurrence and age (HR, 5.318; 95% CI, 1.671–16.920; p=0.005) and hysterectomy (performed versus not performed) (HR, 4.377; 95% CI, 1.341–14.283; p=0.014) are independent prognostic factors for death because of disease on multivariate analysis.

Conclusions:

Information on primary CLMS is sparse and obtained from rare case reports and case series. Hysterectomy must be the first choice of treatment in these patients according to our results on multivariate analysis. The type of hysterectomy does not have an effect on oncologic outcome. Radical hysterectomy is not obligatory and more data are needed to make more accurate conclusions.
Ibex-Associated Malignant Catarrhal Fever in Duikers (Cephalophus Spp)
Authors: Carvallo Francisco R. , Uzal Francisco A. , Moore Janet D. , Jackson Kenneth , Nyaoke Akinyi C. , Naples Lisa , Davis-Powell Jordan , Stadler Cynthia K. , Boren Brandon A. , Cunha Cristina , Li Hong , Pesavento Patricia A.
Published: May 2020

Eight duikers, representing 3 different species cohoused in a single zoological collection, died in a 10-month period. Black, red-flanked, and yellow-backed duikers were affected, appearing clinically with a combination of anorexia, diarrhea, ataxia, tremors, and/or stupor, followed by death within 72 hours of onset of clinical signs. Consistent gross findings were pulmonary ecchymoses (8/8), generalized lymphadenomegaly (6/8), ascites (5/8), and pleural effusion (4/8). Dense lymphocyte infiltrates and arteritis affected numerous tissues in most animals. Ibex-associated malignant catarrhal fever (MCF) viral DNA was detected in all cases by polymerase chain reaction and in situ hybridization. Identical ibex-MCF virus sequence was detected in spleen of a clinically healthy ibex ( Capra ibex) housed in a separate enclosure 35 meters away from the duikers.
Entrepreneurship and the fight against poverty in US cities
Authors: Lee Neil , Rodríguez-Pose Andrés
Published: May 2020

Entrepreneurship is often seen as the cure-all solution for poverty reduction. Proponents argue that it leads to job creation, higher incomes and lower poverty rates in the cities in which it occurs. Others argue that many entrepreneurs are actually creating low-productivity firms serving local markets. Yet, despite this debate, little research has considered the impact of entrepreneurship on poverty in cities. This paper addresses this gap using a panel of US cities for the period between 2005 and 2015. We hypothesize that the impact of entrepreneurship will depend on whether it is in tradeable sectors, so likely to have positive local multiplier effects, or non-tradeable sectors, which may saturate local markets. We find that entrepreneurship in tradeables reduces poverty and increases incomes for non-entrepreneurs, a result we confirm using an instrumental variable approach, taking the inheritance of entrepreneurial traits as the instruments. In contrast, while there are some economic benefits from non-tradeable entrepreneurship, we find these are not large enough to reduce poverty.
Visualization of Proximal and Distal Kaplan Fibers Using 3-Dimensional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Anatomic Dissection
Authors: Berthold Daniel P. , Willinger Lukas , Muench Lukas N. , Forkel Philipp , Schmitt Andreas , Woertler Klaus , Imhoff Andreas B. , Herbst Elmar
Published: May 2020

Background:

In current magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the knee, injuries to the anterolateral ligament complex (ALC) and the Kaplan fibers (KFs) are not routinely assessed. As ruptures of the KFs contribute to anterolateral rotatory instability in the anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knee, detecting these injuries on MRI may help surgeons to individualize treatment.

Purpose:

To visualize the KFs on 3-T MRI and to conduct a layer-by-layer dissection of the ALC.

Study Design:

Descriptive laboratory study.

Methods:

Ten fresh-frozen human cadaveric knees (mean ± SD age, 72 ± 8.5 years) without history of ligament injury were used in this study. Before layer-by-layer dissection of the ALC, MRI was performed to define the radiologic anatomy of the KFs. A coronal T1-weighted 3-dimensional turbo spin echo sequence and a transverse T2-weighted turbo spin echo sequence were obtained. Three-dimensional data sets were used for multiplanar reconstructions.

Results:

KFs were identified in 100% of cases on MRI and in anatomic dissection. The mean length of the proximal and distal KFs was 17.9 ± 3.6 mm and 12.4 ± 6.5 mm, respectively. On MRI, the distance from the lateral femoral epicondyle to the proximal KFs was 35.9 ± 6.9 mm and to the distal KFs, 16.6 ± 4.1 mm; in anatomic dissection, the distances were 41.4 ± 8.1 mm for proximal KFs and 28.2 ± 8.1 mm for distal KFs. The distance from the lateral joint line to the proximal KFs was 63.5 ± 7.6 mm and to the distal KFs, 45.3 ± 3.7 mm. Interobserver reliability for image analysis was excellent for all measurements.

Conclusion:

KFs can be consistently identified on MRI with use of 3-dimensional sequences. Subsequent anatomic dissection confirmed their close topography to the superior lateral genicular artery. For clinical implications, the integrity of the KFs should be routinely reviewed on MRI scans

Clinical Relevance:

As ruptures of the KFs contribute to anterolateral rotatory instability, accurate visualization of the KFs on MRI may facilitate surgical decision making for additional anterolateral procedures in the anterior cruciate ligament–deficient knee.
The effects of session frequency on group analytic psychotherapy process
Authors: Kasimatis Nikolaos , Moschonas Dimitrios , Papadakis Thalis
Published: May 2020

The study examined the effects of session frequency (fortnightly versus weekly) on specific group processes, i.e. group cohesiveness, group climate, and therapeutic alliance in a naturalistic setting. Results indicated that fortnightly frequency sessions were associated with significantly higher levels of engagement, conflict, as well as therapeutic alliance-task within long term group analytic groups, whereas levels of cohesiveness, therapeutic alliance-goal and therapeutic alliance-bond did not differ significantly. The findings suggest that fortnightly frequency sessions versus weekly, do not seem to endanger therapeutic processes, indicating the need for greater experimentation and research to be carried out with regards to the actual effects of session frequency on treatment process as well as outcome.
Examining the Factor Structure and Measurement Invariance of Test Emotions Across Testing Platform, Gender, and Time
Authors: Perkins Beth A. , Satkus Paulius , Finney Sara J.
Published: May 2020

Few studies have examined the psychometric properties of the test-related items from the Achievement Emotions Questionnaire (AEQ). Using a sample of 955 university students, we examined the factor structure of 12 emotion items measuring test-related anger, boredom, enjoyment, and pride. Results indicated the four emotions were distinct, allowing for further examination of measurement invariance of the items across testing platform (computer-based vs. pencil-paper test) and gender. Configural, metric, and scalar invariance was supported for testing platform and gender. Given interest in modeling change in emotions, we also examined whether the items were invariant across time by measuring emotions at 3 times during a test. Using a sample of 651 university students, configural, metric, and scalar invariance was supported across time. The findings provide important structural validity evidence for the item responses and support the comparison of emotions across testing platform, gender, and time.
Development and Validation of a Capacity for Wonder Scale for Use in Educational Settings
Authors: Geller Gail , Steinman Christopher , Caldwell Meredith , Goldberg Harry , Hanlon Caitlin , Wonnell Teresa , Merritt Maria W.
Published: May 2020

Experiences of wonder should be valued, protected, and promoted in academic settings. Identification of learning environments and interventions that cultivate students’ capacity for wonder (CfW) first requires a means to measure it. We used a mixed-methods approach to develop and validate a measure of CfW. In the qualitative component (Studies 1–3), we content analyzed open-ended descriptions of wonder (Study 1), interviewed people whom others identified as exemplifying CfW (Study 2), and conducted focus groups to review, for quality and consistency, and to establish face validity of, potential inventory items that capture wonder (Study 3). These items were then subjected to standard psychometric analyses in the quantitative component of our methods (Studies 4–6). In Study 4, exploratory factor analysis (EFA) revealed CfW may contain two subscales representing “Perspective Shifting” and “Emotional Reawakening.” In Study 5, confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) corroborated this two-factor structure in an independent sample and longitudinally across 17 months, establishing a final 10-item CfW scale; In Study 6, we assessed the scale’s discriminant and convergent validity. CfW was weakly to moderately correlated with theoretically related constructs of curiosity, tolerance for ambiguity, humility, and empathy. We conclude with a discussion of future directions and potential applications.
The Excitatory Effects of GABA within the Suprachiasmatic Nucleus: Regulation of Na-K-2Cl Cotransporters (NKCCs) by Environmental Lighting Conditions
Authors: McNeill John K. , Walton James C. , Ryu Vitaly , Albers H. Elliott
Published: May 2020

The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) contains a pacemaker that generates circadian rhythms and entrains them with the 24-h light-dark cycle (LD). The SCN is composed of 16,000 to 20,000 heterogeneous neurons in bilaterally paired nuclei. γ-amino butyric acid (GABA) is the primary neurochemical signal within the SCN and plays a key role in regulating circadian function. While GABA is the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter in the brain, there is now evidence that GABA can also exert excitatory effects in the adult brain. Cation chloride cotransporters determine the effects of GABA on chloride equilibrium, thereby determining whether GABA produces hyperpolarizing or depolarizing actions following activation of GABAA receptors. The activity of Na-K-2Cl cotransporter1 (NKCC1), the most prevalent chloride influx cotransporter isoform in the brain, plays a critical role in determining whether GABA has depolarizing effects. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that NKCC1 protein expression in the SCN is regulated by environmental lighting and displays daily and circadian changes in the intact circadian system of the Syrian hamster. In hamsters housed in constant light (LL), the overall NKCC1 immunoreactivity (NKCC1-ir) in the SCN was significantly greater than in hamsters housed in LD or constant darkness (DD), although NKCC1 protein levels in the SCN were not different between hamsters housed in LD and DD. In hamsters housed in LD cycles, no differences in NKCC1-ir within the SCN were observed over the 24-h cycle. NKCC1 protein in the SCN was found to vary significantly over the circadian cycle in hamsters housed in free-running conditions. Overall, NKCC1 protein was greater in the ventral SCN than in the dorsal SCN, although no significant differences were observed across lighting conditions or time of day in either subregion. These data support the hypothesis that NKCC1 protein expression can be regulated by environmental lighting and circadian mechanisms within the SCN.
Trends and Utilization of Inpatient Palliative Care Among Patients With Metastatic Bladder Cancer
Authors: Han Hedong , Yu Feifei , Wu Cheng , Dai Lihe , Ruan Yiming , Cao Yang , He Jia
Published: May 2020

Objective:

To explore the trends and utilization of palliative care (PC) service among inpatients with metastatic bladder cancer (MBC).

Methods:

A retrospective, cross-sectional analysis was performed using data from the 2003 to 2014 National Inpatient Sample. Palliative care was identified through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision code V66.7. Demographics, comorbidities, hospital characteristics, tumor-related, and treatment-related factors were compared between patients with and without PC. Multivariable logistic regression was used to explore predictors of PC use.

Results:

Among 131 852 patients with MBC, 13 224 (10.03%) received PC. Rate of PC increased from 2.49% in 2003 to 28.39% in 2014 ( P < .0001). Similarly, rate of PC in decedents increased from 7.02% in 2003 to 54.86% in 2014 ( P < .0001). Patients receiving PC were older, tendered to be white, had more comorbidities, and higher all-patient refined diagnosis-related group mortality risk. Predictors of PC included age (odds ratio [OR]: 1.02; 95% CI: 1.01-1.02; P < .0001), Medicaid (OR: 1.87; 95%.CI: 1.54-2.26; P < .0001), and private (OR: 1.61; 95% CI: 1.40-1.84; P < .0001) insurance, hospitals in the West (OR: 1.33; 95% CI: 1.10-1.61; P = .0032), and Mid-west (OR: 1.46; 95% CI: 1.22-1.75; P = .0032), major (OR: 1.32; 95% CI: 1.11-1.49; P < .0001), and extreme (OR: 2.37; 95% CI: 2.04-2.76; P < .0001) mortality risk. Chemotherapy and mechanical ventilation were related with lower odds of PC use. Palliative care predictors in the decedents were similar to those in overall patients with bladder cancer.

Conclusions:

Palliative care encounter in MBC shows an increasing trend. However, it still remains very low. Disparities in PC use covered age, insurance, and hospital characteristics among metastatic bladder cancer in the United States.
‘This Happens All the Time’: Organizations, Rationalization and Ethical Dilemmas in Engineering
Authors: Adams Tracey L
Published: May 2020

Given their positions of public trust, regulated professions are legally required to uphold ethical standards, and ensure that professional practice protects the public. Nonetheless, there is ample evidence that professionals do not always behave ethically. One proposed solution is greater organizational surveillance; however, research from a neo-Weberian perspective encourages scepticism about such arguments. Organizations may not only fail to stop professionals from violating ethical codes, but rationalizing organizations might actively encourage such violations in the name of efficiency. This article explores the impact of organizations and rationalization on professional misconduct through a mixed-methods study of professional engineers in Ontario, Canada. Findings suggest engineers are impacted by rationalization, and that those with less decision-making authority experience pressures discouraging practice in the public interest.
Chief Nurse Executives involuntary turnover in times of health care reforms: Findings from an interpretative phenomenology study
Authors: Persolja Melita , Marin Meri , Caporale Loretta , Odasmini Bruna , Scarsini Sara , Fiorella Viola , De Lucia Paola , Palese Alvisa
Published: May 2020

In recent years, due to several health care system reforms in different countries, an increased involuntary turnover rate of Chief Nurse Executives has been reported around the World. However, no data on their perceived experience of their dismissal have been documented up to now in the European context. Describing the experience of involuntarily dismissed Chief Nurse Executives was the main aim of this interpretative phenomenological study. Data were collected through face-to-face audiotaped interviews performed by involving a purposeful sample of 13 Chief Nurse Executives; data analysis was performed by using the QSR NVIVO 11 software. The Chief Nurse Executives’ experience of Being fired is characterized by three main themes: (1) “Health Care Institutions are places influenced by political turbulences”; (2) “My competence and presence in the arena is despised by a range of strategies”; and (3) “Transiting from darkness to light”. According to their experience, the reason for dismissal was due to changes in the political climate and the introduction of a new chief executive officer; moreover, Being fired caused a deep pain similar to that experienced during bereavement. In some socio-political contexts, the political climate can influence the role of a Chief Nurse Executive: political membership, whether implicit or explicit, is considered of great value. In other contexts, the Chief Nurse Executives’ value is based on professional competences and achieved outcomes. At times of changes in the political climate, the peculiarities of the specific socio-political context should be evaluated as to whether one should anticipate his/her resignation or not.
Effect of spark discharge energy scheduling on ignition under quiescent and flow conditions
Authors: Yang Zhenyi , Yu Xiao , Zhu Hua , Ting David S-K , Zheng Ming
Published: May 2020

The enhancement of the breakdown power during the spark discharge process has been proved to be beneficial for the flame kernel formation process under lean/diluted conditions. Such a strategy is realized by using a conventional transistor coil ignition system with an add-on capacitance in parallel to the spark plug gap in this paper. In practical application, the use of different ceramic material other than aluminum oxide can change the parasitic capacitance of the spark plug, achieving similar effect in terms of rescheduling the discharge energy released during the breakdown phase. Detailed research has been carried out to investigate the effect of the parallel capacitance and the cross flow velocity on the flame kernel formation and propagation process. With the increase in parallel capacitance, more spark energy is delivered during the breakdown phase, while less energy is released during the arc/glow phase. Shadowgraph images of the spark plasma reveal that the high-power spark discharge can generate a larger high-temperature area with enhanced electrically prompted turbulence under quiescent conditions, as compared with that using the conventional transistor coil ignition discharge strategy under the same condition. The breakdown enhanced turbulence of the high-power spark is proved to be beneficial for the flame kernel development, especially with the lean or exhaust gas recirculation diluted combustible mixtures, given that sufficient spark energy is available for the high-power spark strategy to successfully generate the breakdown event. The results of combustion tests under flow conditions reveal that the breakdown enhanced turbulence of the high-power spark tends to be overshadowed by the turbulence generated from the flow field, and both the increase in flow velocity and parallel capacitance contribute to the reduction in discharge duration of the arc/glow phase. Therefore, the benefits brought about by the high-power spark discharge tend to diminish with the intensification of flow velocity.
Influence of vaned diffuser on the potential effect of volute and stall inception of centrifugal compressor
Authors: Fu Li , Yang Ce , Zhang Hang , Bao Wenrui , Zhang Hanzhi
Published: May 2020

In the automotive turbochargers centrifugal compressor, the volute has a strong potential effect, leading to circumferential nonuniformity of the impeller flow field and compressor stall. In this study, full-annulus unsteady simulations for centrifugal compressors with vaned/vaneless diffusers are carried out. The influence of the diffuser vane on the potential effect of the volute and stall behavior of a centrifugal compressor is studied in detail. Based on the distribution of the casing static pressure, the formation mechanism of the circumferential distribution of static pressure and the reverse propagation process of pressure waves caused by pressure distortion are revealed. The results of this study show that the diffuser vanes can weaken the potential effect of the volute on the impeller flow field by reducing the degree of static pressure distortion. The number of static pressure peaks in the circumferential direction is related to the number of vanes/blades. The diffuser vanes can change the circumferential position of the stall inception, but cannot eliminate the “locking effect” of the volute tongue on the circumferential position of the stall. In other words, the circumferential position of the stall inception is still determined by the volute tongue for a centrifugal compressor with a vaned diffuser. Although the degree of circumferential static pressure distortion inside the impeller is reduced, the stable operating range of the compressor cannot be significantly widened by adjusting the stagger angle of the diffuser vane when the stall first occurs at the impeller inlet.
Numerical method for fatigue life of plane bolted joints under thermal load
Authors: You Ziyun , Fang Yu , Liu Xintian , Chen Tie , Li Wenjing , Wang Yansong
Published: May 2020

In fatigue test, the fatigue life of metal components is affected by many factors, such as test temperature, stress ratio and loading frequency. In order to study the influence of temperature on fatigue life of bolted joints, thermal stress and fast coefficient are introduced. A numerical method of fatigue crack initiation life is proposed based on Manson-Coffin strain fatigue formula. The crack initiation life of 2024 aluminum alloy at different temperatures can be obtained by this method, which provides a theoretical basis for the fatigue life prediction of metals. Then, the stress severity factor SSF is introduced to calculate fatigue life of plane bolted joints. The data obtained from the model show that the crack initiation life of aluminum alloy specimen decreases significantly with test temperature rises, the same as the fatigue life of bolted joints.
Crossover effects of ultrasound-guided percutaneous neuromodulation on contralateral hamstring flexibility
Authors: De-la-Cruz-Torres Blanca , Carrasco-Iglesias Carlos , Minaya-Muñoz Francisco , Romero-Morales Carlos
Published: May 2020

Background

Crossover effects refer to the responses of a non-exercised contralateral limb. There is evidence of this effect, as it relates to muscle fatigue, strength, and stretch, but not as it relates to neuromodulation.

Objectives

To compare the crossover effects of percutaneous neuromodulation (PNM) on hip range of motion (ROM), observed in a straight leg raise (SLR) test, in asymptomatic participants with bilateral reduced hamstring flexibility, versus the neurodynamic sciatic sliding technique, hamstring stretching and mechanical stimulation of the sciatic nerve using a needle (without electrical stimulation). To evaluate the tensiomyographic changes between the two lower limbs after these interventions.

Methods

80 participants with bilateral reduced hamstring flexibility were randomized into four groups: Stretching, Neurodynamic, PNM, and Needle groups. All interventions were performed on the right limb. Each participant’s leg was subjected to SLR testing and tensiomyography before and after the interventions.

Results

Each group improved their SLR values in the non-intervention limb compared to baseline values, but the PNM and Needle groups obtained higher values for the SLR test in the non-intervention limb compared with the Neurodynamic and Stretching groups. There were statistically significant differences for mean SLR measures between limbs pre- and post-intervention for all groups except the PNM group, suggesting crossover effects for PNM but not the other techniques studied. There were no differences in tensiomyographic assessments between groups or between sides, at baseline or upon completion of the study.

Conclusion

PNM produced benefits in the SLR test in the non-intervention limb and only 1.5 min was enough to obtain this effect. In addition, no technique interfered with muscle activation.
Economic evaluation alongside a randomised controlled trial to assess the effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy
Authors: Molassiotis Alex , Dawkins Bryony , Longo Roberta , Suen Lorna KP , Cheng Hui Lin , Mok Tony , Hulme Claire T , Yeo Winnie
Published: May 2020

Objective

To assess the cost-effectiveness of acupuncture in the management of chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN) in Hong Kong.

Methods

A within trial cost-utility analysis with the primary endpoint for the economic evaluation being the Quality Adjusted Life Year (QALY) and associated Incremental Cost Effectiveness Ratio (ICER) over 14 weeks of treatment. A secondary cost-effectiveness analysis was undertaken with the endpoint being change in pain as measured on the Brief Pain Inventory (BPI).

Results

Eighty-seven patients were randomised to acupuncture or usual care. Acupuncture resulted in significant improvements in pain intensity (8- and 14-week mean changes compared to usual care of −1.8 and −1.8, respectively), pain interference (8- and 14-week mean changes compared to usual care of −1.5 and −0.9, respectively) and indicators of quality of life and neurotoxicity-related symptoms. However, in the economic evaluation there was little difference in QALYs between the two arms (mean change 0.209 and 0.200 in the acupuncture and usual care arms, respectively). Also, costs yielded deterministic ICERs of HK$616,965.62, HK$824,083.44 and HK$540,727.56 per QALY gained from the health care provider perspective, the societal perspective and the patient perspective, respectively. These costs are significantly higher than the cost-effectiveness threshold of HK$180,450 that was used for the base case analysis.

Conclusion

While acupuncture can improve symptoms and quality of life indicators related to CIPN, it is unlikely to be a cost-effective treatment for CIPN-related pain in health care systems with limited resources.

Trial registration number

NCT02553863 (ClinicalTrials.gov) post-results.
Moral distress perspectives among interprofessional intensive care unit team members
Authors: Vincent Heather , Jones Deborah J , Engebretson Joan
Published: May 2020

Aim:

To examine interprofessional healthcare professionals’ perceptions of triggers and root causes of moral distress.

Design:

Qualitative description of open-text comments written on the Moral Distress Scale–Revised survey.

Methods:

A subset of interprofessional providers from a parent study provided open-text comments that originated from four areas of the Moral Distress Scale–Revised, including the margins of the 21-item questionnaire, the designated open-text section, shared perceptions of team communication and dynamics affecting moral distress, and the section addressing an intent to leave a clinical position because of moral distress. Open-text comments were captured, coded, and divided into meaning units and themes using systematic text condensation.

Participants:

Twenty-eight of the 223 parent study participants completing the Moral Distress Scale–Revised shared comments on situations contributing to moral distress.

Results:

All 28 participants working in the four medical center intensive care units reported feelings of moral distress. Feelings of moral distress were associated with professional anguish over patient care decisions, team, and system-level factors. Professional-level contributors reflected clinician concerns of continuing life support measures perceived not in the patient’s best interest. Team and unit-level factors were related to poor communication, bullying, and a lack of collegial collaboration. System-level factors included clinicians feeling unsupported by senior administration and institutional culpability as a result of healthcare processes and system constraints impeding reliable patient care delivery.

Ethical considerations:

Approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the University of Texas Health IRB and the organization in which the study was conducted.

Conclusion:

Moral distress was associated with feelings of anguish, professional intimidation, and organizational factors that impacted the delivery of ethically based patient care. Participants expressed a sense of awareness that they may experience ethical dilemmas as a consequence of the changing reality of providing healthcare within complex healthcare systems. Strategies to combat moral distress should target team and system interventions designed to improve interprofessional collaboration and support professional ethical values and moral commitments of all healthcare providers.
Intergenerational familial care: Shaping future care policies for older adults
Authors: Martani Andrea , Brunner Antonina , Wangmo Tenzin
Published: May 2020

An increasingly ageing society together with concerns about sustainability of old-age benefits call for reforming the care structure of many western welfare states. However, finding an acceptable balance between the formal care provided by institutions and informal care provided by family members is a delicate policy choice with profound ethical implications. In this respect, literature on intergenerational familial relationships can offer insights to inform policymaking in this field and help resolve the ethical concerns that excessive reliance on informal caregiving might entail. In this contribution, we start by presenting – with Switzerland as a case study – the challenges of the current care structure and illustrate some of the ethical issues that reshaping the balance between formal and informal care raises. We then review and analyse available theoretical literature on intergenerational familial relationships and present three dimensions that underpin such relationships: ethical, theoretical and practical. Based on our analysis, we provide two recommendations to inform policymaking on how to support care needs of the elderly and set an ethically acceptable balance between formal and informal care when familial generations are involved.