bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Continental Shelf Delimitation Beyond 200 Nautical Miles
Authors: Liao Xuexia
Published: October 2021

The Continental Shelf Delimitation Beyond 200 Nautical Miles provides an up-to-date and informed analysis of the now fast developing, yet confusing, field of the law of maritime delimitation. It examines the procedural matters in relation to the competence of international courts and tribunals in the light of the institutional framework of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and discusses the methodological questions arising out of the delimitation process. The book engages with the key concepts of maritime entitlement, delineation and delimitation with a view to developing a coherent and consistent approach to the delimitation of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles. Essentially, it argues that the delimitation of the continental shelf will be unified with existing maritime delimitation, and a common approach to maritime boundary-making within and beyond 200 nautical miles is likely to emerge.
Advanced Mechanics of Solids
Authors: Schmerr Jr. Lester W.
Published: October 2021

Build on the foundations of elementary mechanics of materials texts with this modern textbook that covers the analysis of stresses and strains in elastic bodies. Discover how all analyses of stress and strain are based on the four pillars of equilibrium, compatibility, stress-strain relations, and boundary conditions. These four principles are discussed and provide a bridge between elementary analyses and more detailed treatments with the theory of elasticity. Using MATLAB® extensively throughout, the author considers three-dimensional stress, strain and stress-strain relations in detail with matrix-vector relations. Based on classroom-proven material, this valuable resource provides a unified approach useful for advanced undergraduate students and graduate students, practicing engineers, and researchers.
The Law of Armed Conflict
Authors: Solis Gary D.
Published: October 2021

Newly revised and updated, The Law of Armed Conflict, introduces students to the law of war in an age of terrorism. What law of armed conflict (LOAC) or its civilian counterpart, international humanitarian law (IHL), applies in a particular armed conflict? Are terrorists bound by that law? What constitutes a war crime? What (or who) is a lawful target and how are targeting decisions made? What are 'rules of engagement' and who formulates them? How can an autonomous weapon system be bound by the law of armed conflict? Why were the Guantánamo military commissions a failure? Featuring new chapters, this book takes students through these topics and more, employing real-world examples and legal opinions from the US and abroad. From Nuremberg to 9/11, from courts-martial to the US Supreme Court, from the nineteenth century to the twenty-first, the law of war is explained, interpreted, and applied with clarity and depth.
The Global Evolution of Foreign Relations Law
Authors: Cope Kevin L. , Verdier Pierre-Hugues , Versteeg Mila
Published: October 2021

The constitutional rules that govern how states engage with international law have profound implications for foreign affairs, yet we lack comprehensive data on the choices countries make and their motivations. We draw on an original dataset that covers 108 countries over a nearly two-hundred-year period to map countries’ foreign relations law choices and trace their evolution. We find that legal origins and colonial legacies continue to account for most foreign relations law choices. A small number of models emerged in the nineteenth and early twentieth century in Western Europe, subsequently spread through colonial channels, and usually survived decolonization. Departures from received models are rare and usually associated with major political shifts. Prominent political science accounts that emphasize how states design their foreign relations law strategically to enhance their international credibility or entrench democracy or human rights appear to have limited explanatory power over the bulk of foreign relations law today.
Digital Racial Borders
Authors: Achiume E. Tendayi
Published: October 2021

It is the core and intended function of borders to discriminate. Descriptively, their purpose is to differentiate or distinguish among different categories of persons, sorting those who may enter and belong from those who may not. But it is also a core function of modern borders to discriminate in the normatively prejudicial sense—they allocate fundamental human rights differentially on the basis of race, gender, class, national origin, sexual orientation, and disability status, among others. In this essay, I briefly sketch what I have described elsewhere as the contemporary system of racial borders: border regimes that variously allocate and curtail mobility and migration on a racial basis, largely relying upon facially race neutral mechanisms. Second, I reflect on the increasing prevalence of digital technologies in border regimes and their enforcement, with an emphasis on their racial implications, drawing from my recent report to the UN General Assembly on racial discrimination in digital border enforcement. The contribution of this essay is thus to reflect on the co-constituting and mutually reinforcing effects of racial borders and digital borders, which require specific attention together as digital racial borders.
When Is Immigration Selection Discriminatory?
Authors: Orgad Liav
Published: October 2021

Managing global migration is one of the most pressing issues of our time. Traditionally, international law has not generally regulated immigration and citizenship law; it defers to state authority in setting up rules and procedures for entry into the territory and citizenry. The lack of clear regulation—and a commonly accepted methodology on how to evaluate discriminatory borders—creates acute problems in terms of protecting human rights, promoting state interests, and setting up international cooperation. Against this background, this essay offers a legal framework to examine when borders are discriminatory. It includes a three-step process that examines the goals, criteria, and means of immigration and citizenship selection. With almost 300 million international immigrants worldwide living outside their country of origin in 2020, developing such a framework has become an urgent need.
Feminist Epistemology and Business Ethics
Authors: Kaufmann Lauren
Published: October 2021

Neoclassical economics has become the predominant school of economic thought, influencing scholarship on management, organizations, and business ethics. However, many feminist economists challenge the individualist and positivist foundations of neoclassical economic epistemology, arguing instead that purportedly gender-neutral and value-free methods routinely and systematically leave out and undervalue women. Extending this proposition, this article introduces the epistemic foundations of feminist economics and illustrates how they can produce novel insights relevant for business ethics. In particular, by examining economic phenomena from the point of view of the people they affect, feminist economic epistemology is able to elucidate the ways in which power asymmetries and gender norms that constitute the social world can be reflected in business practices. I apply this methodological insight to three case studies of global supply chains to challenge the neoclassical assertion that including women in labor markets necessarily catalyzes gender equality.
Exploring barriers for the use of FEA-based variation simulation in industrial development practice
Authors: Nerenst Tim Brix , Ebro Martin , Nielsen Morten , Eifler Tobias , Nielsen Kim Lau
Published: October 2021

Over the last decades, finite element analysis (FEA) has become a standard tool in industrial product development, allowing for virtual analysis of designs, quick turnaround times and prompt implementation of results. Although academic research also provides numerous approaches for evaluating a product’s robustness towards geometrical, material and load variations based on FEA analyses, this, however, stands in striking contrast to the limited use of these FEA-based variation simulations in industry. In order to bridge the existing gap between academic research and industrial application, this paper explores the barriers that limit the adoption of FEA-based variation simulation. The investigation is based on interviews with five lead engineers, followed by a case study that details the underlying technical challenges and allows for some initial suggestions for future solutions. The case study involves a sterile canister with seven geometrical variables. The design objective is to ensure sufficient sealing within the range of expected probabilistic variation. The combined study details the identified main barriers for a wider application, that is, the lack of robust CAD, practical guidelines to select an efficient design of experiments for design purposes, and the complexity of the automated processes. From a technical perspective, the case study results in estimations for main and interaction effects, an accurate metamodel and Monte Carlo simulations of 100,000 samples providing the design engineer with more detailed and actionable insights on the performance of the product compared with the traditional nominal or best/worst case simulations.
Factors Influencing Teacher Efficacy in Inclusive Education
Authors: Baş Gökhan
Published: October 2021

The present research attempted to examine the relative importance of student-related and school-related factors in accounting for teacher efficacy in inclusive education. The research adopted a predictive research design, and the sample of the research consisted of teachers (N = 292) working in public middle schools in the province of Niğde in the Central Anatolia Region of Turkey. To determine the factors influencing teacher efficacy in inclusive education, Teacher Demographic Information Questionnaire and Teacher Efficacy for Inclusive Practices scale were used. In the research, multiple regression analysis was conducted to examine how well each set of independent variables — student-related factors and school-related factors — predicted teacher efficacy in inclusive education. According to the findings, student-related and school-related factors significantly influence teacher efficacy in inclusive education. Regarding the student-related factors, parental involvement, among other variables, was the most substantial predictor of teacher efficacy in inclusive education. Also, in terms of school-related factors, class size was the most substantial predictor of teacher efficacy in inclusive education.
Violence, Memory, and History: Geoffrey of Monmouth and Kazuo Ishiguro’sThe Buried Giant
Authors: Brent Jonathan
Published: October 2021

Kazuo Ishiguro has suggested that his work of medieval fantasy,The Buried Giant(2015), draws on a “quasi-historical” King Arthur, in contrast to the Arthur of legend. This article reads Ishiguro’s novel against the medieval work that codified the notion of an historical King Arthur, Geoffrey of Monmouth’sHistory of the Kings of Britain(c. 1139). Geoffrey’sHistoryoffered a largely fictive account of the British past that became the most successful historiographical phenomenon of the English Middle Ages.The Buried Giantoffers an interrogation of memory that calls such “useful” constructions of history into question. The novel deploys material deriving from Geoffrey’s work while laying bear its methodology; the two texts speak to each other in ways sometimes complementary, sometimes deconstructive. That Ishiguro’s critique can be applied to Geoffrey’sHistorypoints to recurrent strategies of history-making, past and present, whereby violence serves as a mechanism for the creation of historical form.
Lp-trace-free generalized Korn inequalities for incompatible tensor fields in three space dimensions
Authors: Lewintan Peter , Neff Patrizio
Published: October 2021

For$1< p<\infty$we prove an$L^{p}$-version of the generalized trace-free Korn inequality for incompatible tensor fields$P$in$W^{1,p}_0(\operatorname {Curl}; \Omega ,\mathbb {R}^{3\times 3})$. More precisely, let$\Omega \subset \mathbb {R}^{3}$be a bounded Lipschitz domain. Then there exists a constant$c>0$such that\[ \lVert{ P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}\leq c\,\left(\lVert{\operatorname{dev} \operatorname{sym} P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})} + \lVert{ \operatorname{dev} \operatorname{Curl} P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}\right) \]holds for all tensor fields$P\in W^{1,p}_0(\operatorname {Curl}; \Omega ,\mathbb {R}^{3\times 3})$, i.e., for all$P\in W^{1,p} (\operatorname {Curl}; \Omega ,\mathbb {R}^{3\times 3})$with vanishing tangential trace$P\times \nu =0$on$\partial \Omega$where$\nu$denotes the outward unit normal vector field to$\partial \Omega$and$\operatorname {dev} P : = P -\frac 13 \operatorname {tr}(P) {\cdot } {\mathbb {1}}$denotes the deviatoric (trace-free) part of$P$. We also show the norm equivalence\begin{align*} &\lVert{ P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}+\lVert{ \operatorname{Curl} P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}\\ &\quad\leq c\,\left(\lVert{P}\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})} + \lVert{ \operatorname{dev} \operatorname{Curl} P }\rVert_{L^{p}(\Omega,\mathbb{R}^{3\times 3})}\right) \end{align*}for tensor fields$P\in W^{1,p}(\operatorname {Curl}; \Omega ,\mathbb {R}^{3\times 3})$. These estimates also hold true for tensor fields with vanishing tangential trace only on a relatively open (non-empty) subset$\Gamma \subseteq \partial \Omega$of the boundary.
Topological volumes of fibrations: a note on open covers
Authors: Löh Clara , Moraschini Marco
Published: October 2021

We establish a straightforward estimate for the number of open sets with fundamental group constraints needed to cover the total space of fibrations. This leads to vanishing results for simplicial volume and minimal volume entropy, e.g., for certain mapping tori.
R.A. Fisher, eugenics, and the campaign for family allowances in interwar Britain
Authors: Aylward Alex
Published: October 2021

Ronald Aylmer Fisher (1890–1962) is today remembered as a giant of twentieth-century statistics, genetics and evolutionary theory. Alongside his influential scientific contributions, he was also, throughout the interwar years, a prominent figure within Britain's eugenics movement. This essay provides a close examination of his eugenical ideas and activities, focusing particularly upon his energetic advocacy of family allowances, which he hoped would boost eugenic births within the more ‘desirable’ middle and upper classes. Fisher's proposals, which were grounded in his distinctive explanation for the decay of civilizations throughout human history, enjoyed support from some influential figures in Britain's Eugenics Society and beyond. The ultimate failure of his campaign, though, highlights tensions both between the eugenics and family allowances movements, and within the eugenics movement itself. I show how these social and political movements represented a crucial but heretofore overlooked context for the reception of Fisher's evolutionary masterwork of 1930, The Genetical Theory of Natural Selection, with its notorious closing chapters on the causes and cures of national and racial decline.
Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat: a novel predictor for the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Feng Yifei , Yang Xingjin , Li Yang , Wu Yuying , Han Minghui , Qie Ranran , Huang Shengbing , Wu Xiaoyan , Zhang Yanyan , Zhang Jinli , Hu Huifang , Yuan Lijun , Li Tianze , Liu Dechen , Hu Fulan , Zhang Ming , Zeng Yunhong , Luo Xinping , Lu Jie , Sun Liang , Hu Dongsheng , Zhao Yang
Published: October 2021

To investigate the association between the Metabolic Score for Visceral Fat (METS-VF) and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and compare the predictive value of the METS-VF for T2DM incidence with other obesity indices in Chinese people. A total of 12 237 non-T2DM participants aged over 18 years from the Rural Chinese Cohort Study of 2007–2008 were included at baseline and followed up during 2013–2014. The cox proportional hazards regression was used to calculate hazard ratios (HR) and 95 % CI for the association between baseline METS-VF and T2DM risk. Restricted cubic splines were used to model the association between METS-VF and T2DM risk. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) analysis was used to evaluate the ability of METS-VF to predict T2DM incidence. During a median follow-up of 6·01 (95 % CI 5·09, 6·06) years, 837 cases developed T2DM. After adjusting for potential confounding factors, the adjusted HR for the highest v. lowest METS-VF quartile was 5·97 (95 % CI 4·28, 8·32), with a per 1-sd increase in METS-VF positively associated with T2DM risk. Positive associations were also found in the sensitivity and subgroup analyses, respectively. A significant nonlinear dose–response association was observed between METS-VF and T2DM risk for all participants (Pnonlinearity = 0·0347). Finally, the AUC value of METS-VF for predicting T2DM was largest among six indices. The METS-VF may be a reliable and applicable predictor of T2DM incidence in Chinese people regardless of sex, age or BMI.
A syntactically-driven approach to indefiniteness, specificity and anti-specificity in Romance
Authors: ESPINAL M. TERESA , CYRINO SONIA
Published: October 2021

In this paper we present an original approach to analyze the compositionality of indefinite expressions in Romance by investigating the relevance of their syntactic distribution in relation to their meaning. This approach has the advantage of allowing us to explore the question of how syntactic structure can determine the meaning of different forms of indefiniteness. To that end, we postulate a common derivation for bare plurals, bare mass anddephrases, whereby an abstract operatordeis adjoined to definite determiners and shifts entities into property-type expressions. Quantificational specificity is proposed to be derived from a syntactic structure in which weak quantifiers select for indefinitede-phrases, no matter whetherdeis overt at Spell-Out or not; these quantifiers turn properties into generalized quantifiers. The anti-specificity meaning of some indefinites is derived by adjoining in the syntactic structure an abstract operatoralgthat encodes the speaker’s epistemic state of ignorance to a quantifier encoded for specificity, and it turns a generalized quantifier into a modified generalized quantifier. The paper also brings some general predictions on how indefiniteness is expressed in Romance, as it provides extensive support from five Romance languages: Brazilian Portuguese, Catalan, French, Italian and Spanish.
Fish, n-3 fatty acids, cognition and dementia risk: not just a fishy tale
Authors: Saleh Rasha N. M. , Minihane Anne Marie
Published: October 2021

With growing and ageing populations, the incidence of dementia is expected to triple globally by 2050. In the absence of effective drugs to treat or reverse the syndrome, dietary approaches which prevent or delay disease onset have considerable population health potential. Prospective epidemiological studies and mechanistic insight from experimental models strongly support a positive effect of a high fish and long chain n-3 fatty acid (EPA and DHA) intake on a range of cognitive outcomes and dementia risk, with effect sizes equivalent to several years of ageing between the highest and lowest consumers. As reviewed here, an effect of EPA and DHA on neuroinflammation and oxylipin production is likely to in part mediate the neurophysiological benefits. However, randomised controlled trials (RCTs) with EPA and DHA supplementation have produced mixed findings. Insight into the likely modulators of response to intervention and factors which should be considered for future RCTs are given. Furthermore, the impact of APOE genotype on disease risk and response to EPA and DHA supplementation is summarised. The prevalence of dementia is several-fold higher in APOE4 females (about 13% Caucasian populations) relative to the general population, who are emerging as a subgroup who may particularly benefit from DHA intervention, prior to the development of significant pathology.
EFFICIENCY, LEGITIMACY, AND THE ADMINISTRATIVE STATE
Authors: DeCanio Samuel
Published: October 2021

This essay examines certain epistemic problems facing administrative states’ efforts to draft efficient regulations for their societies. I argue that a basic feature of the administrative state’s authority, namely its monopoly over the production of legally binding rules for all members of a geographically defined society, creates epistemic problems that impede efficient rule-making. Specifically, the administrative state’s monopoly over the production of legally binding rules prevents multiple public policies from being simultaneously implemented and compared. The resulting singularity of administrative states’ regulatory decisions prevents observation of the counterfactual effects of policies that were possible but which were not implemented. The absence of observable policy counterfactuals frustrates efforts to assess the efficiency of administrative states’ decisions, as it is impossible to determine whether different policies would have generated greater benefits at lower cost than the policy the state implemented. As these epistemic problems are derived from the singularity of administrative states’ decisions, they exist independently of principal agent problems, suboptimal incentives, or the preferences and capabilities of administrative personnel.
An update on the sum-product problem
Authors: RUDNEV MISHA , STEVENS SOPHIE
Published: October 2021

We improve the best known sum-product estimates over the reals. We prove that
\[\max(|A+A|,|A+A|)\geq |A|^{\frac{4}{3} + \frac{2}{1167} - o(1)}\,,\]
for a finite
$A\subset \mathbb {R}$
, following a streamlining of the arguments of Solymosi, Konyagin and Shkredov. We include several new observations to our techniques.

Furthermore,
\[|AA+AA|\geq |A|^{\frac{127}{80} - o(1)}\,.\]
Besides, for a convex set A we show that
\[|A+A|\geq |A|^{\frac{30}{19}-o(1)}\,.\]
This paper is largely self-contained.
Effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccine in preventing infection and disease severity: a case-control study from an Eastern State of India
Authors: Singh Chandramani , Naik Bijaya Nanda , Pandey Sanjay , Biswas Bijit , Pati Binod Kumar , Verma Manisha , Singh Prabhat Kumar
Published: October 2021

Effectiveness of corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) vaccines used in India is unexplored and need to be substantiated. The present case-control study was planned to elicit the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines in preventing infection and disease severity in the general population of Bihar, India. This case-control study was conducted among people aged ≥45 years during April to June 2021. The cases were the COVID-19 patients admitted or visited All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Patna, Bihar, India, and were contacted directly. The controls were the individuals tested negative for severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS CoV-2) at the Virology laboratory, AIIMS-Patna and contacted telephonically for collection of relevant information. The vaccine effectiveness (VE) was calculated by using the formula (VE = 1 – odds ratio). The adjusted VE for partial and full vaccination were estimated to be 52.0% (95% confidence interval (CI) 39.0–63.0%) and 83.0% (95% CI 73.0–89.0%) respectively for preventing SARS CoV-2 infection. The sub-group analyses of the cases have shown that the length of hospital stays (LOS) (partially vaccinated: 9 days vs. unvaccinated: 12 days; P = 0.028) and the severity of the disease (fully vaccinated: 30.3% vs. partially vaccinated: 51.3% and unvaccinated: 54.1%; P = 0.035) were significantly low among vaccinated compared to unvaccinated individuals. To conclude, four out of every five fully vaccinated individuals are estimated to be protected from contracting SARS CoV-2 infection. Vaccination lowered LOS and chances of development of severe disease.
On Time and Other Things: Some Cartesian Dichotomies in Antarctica
Authors: Hissa Sarah de Barros Viana
Published: October 2021

Antarctica differs from all other regions in the world, not only from its unique geography, but also in the way humans understand it and have incorporated it into global relations. Considering Antarctica's distinctive landscapes and human relations, this paper discusses aspects of how time is humanly perceived in Antarctica. Basing on elements from different human occupations, nineteenth-century sailor-hunters and current incursions, this discussion approximates different historical groups in their experiences of Antarctica, connecting their personal lives, past and present. Meanwhile, also put into issue are the dualities that separate nature and culture, physical and relative time, and past and present, as well as the related notions of time in itself, perceived time speed and internal time consciousness.
Hybrid stenting of the arterial duct with carotid cutdown and flip technique: immediate and early results
Authors: Sen Supratim , Pradhan Priya , Jain Sneha , Trivedi Dipesh , Kaushik Pradeep
Published: October 2021

Stenting of the arterial duct (PDA) has become a standard palliation for ductal-dependent pulmonary circulation. Carotid arterial access provides a direct route for stenting vertical ducts. We evaluated our early results of hybrid ductal stenting via surgical carotid cutdown.

Methods and results:

In this retrospective single centre cohort study, hybrid PDA stenting was attempted in 11 patients with “flip technique”, between January 2020 and February 2021, and was successful in 10. Median age was 29 days (interquartile range 17.5–87) and mean weight 3.37 ± 1.23 kg. Mean fluoroscopy time was 13.58 ± 5.35 minutes, mean procedure time was 48.50 ± 22.5 minutes, and mean radiation dose was 1719.5 ± 1217.6 mGycm2. Mean time for cutdown was 9.9 ± 2.4 minutes and for haemostasis and suturing was 25.3 ± 11.0 minutes. Median duration of ventilation post-stenting was 26 hours (interquartile range 21–43.75). The median ICU stay post-procedure was 5 days (interquartile range 4–7.25) and mean hospital stay was 12 ± 6.3 days. On early follow-up, carotid patency was confirmed in all patients with colour Doppler, with no intravascular thrombi, narrowing, haematomas, or aneurysms noted. There were no complications secondary to vascular access. There was one early mortality, 27 days post-stenting, which was unrelated to the procedure.

Conclusion:

This study adds to the limited literature on ductal stenting with carotid access and the flip technique. In our early experience, the hybrid carotid approach is an attractive alternative to percutaneous carotid puncture and has simplified a complex and challenging intervention, with good outcomes.
Opioid Attack and the Implications for Counter-Terrorism Medicine
Authors: Tin Derrick , Kallenborn Zachary , Hart Alexander , Hertelendy Attila J. , Ciottone Gregory R.
Published: October 2021

While the opioid epidemic engulfing the United States and the globe is well-documented, the potential use of powerful fentanyl derivatives as a weapon of terror is increasingly a concern. Carfentanyl, a powerful and deadly fentanyl derivative, is seeing a surge in popularity as an illegal street drug, and there is increasing congressional interest surrounding the classification of opioid derivatives under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) given their potential to cause harm. The combination of the potency of opioid derivatives along with the ease of accessibility poses a potential risk of the use of these deadly agents as chemical weapons, particularly by terrorist organizations. Disaster Medicine specialists in recent years have established a sub-specialty in Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) to address and research the unique terrorism-related issues relating to mitigation, preparedness, and response measures to asymmetric, multi-modality terrorist attacks.
Ptychography Reduces Spectral Distortions Intrinsic to Conventional Zone-Plate-Based X-Ray Spectromicroscopy
Authors: Marcus Matthew A , Shapiro David A , Yu Young-Sang
Published: October 2021

Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy is a powerful method for mapping chemical phases in nano-materials. The point spread function (PSF) of a conventional zone-plate-based microscope limits the achievable spatial resolution and also results in spatially resolved spectra that do not accurately reflect the spatial heterogeneity of the samples when the scale of the detail approaches the probe size. X-ray ptychography, a coherent-scattering-based imaging scheme that effectively removes the probe from the image data, returns accurate spectra from regions smaller than the probe size. We show through simulation how the long tails on the PSF of an x-ray optic can cause spectral distortion near a boundary between two spectrally distinct regions. The resulting apparent point spectra can appear mixed, with the species on one side of the boundary seeming to be present on the other even at a distance from the boundary equal to several times the spatial resolution. We further demonstrate the effect experimentally and show that ptychographic microscopy can return the expected spectra from a model system, whereas conventional microscopy does not.
Flexible STEM with Simultaneous Phase and Depth Contrast
Authors: Seifer Shahar , Houben Lothar , Elbaum Michael
Published: October 2021

Recent advances in scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) have rekindled interest in multi-channel detectors and prompted the exploration of unconventional scan patterns. These emerging needs are not yet addressed by standard commercial hardware. The system described here incorporates a flexible scan generator that enables exploration of low-acceleration scan patterns, while data are recorded by a scalable eight-channel array of nonmultiplexed analog-to-digital converters. System integration with SerialEM provides a flexible route for automated acquisition protocols including tomography. Using a solid-state quadrant detector with additional annular rings, we explore the generation and detection of various STEM contrast modes. Through-focus bright-field scans relate to phase contrast, similarly to wide-field TEM. More strikingly, comparing images acquired from different off-axis detector elements reveals lateral shifts dependent on defocus. Compensation of this parallax effect leads to decomposition of integrated differential phase contrast (iDPC) to separable contributions relating to projected electric potential and to defocus. Thus, a single scan provides both a computationally refocused phase contrast image and a second image in which the signed intensity, bright or dark, represents the degree of defocus.
Does country of resettlement influence the risk of suicide in refugees? A case-control study in Sweden and Norway
Authors: Amin R. , Mittendorfer-Rutz E. , Mehlum L. , Runeson B. , Helgesson M. , Tinghög P. , Björkenstam E. , Holmes E. A. , Qin P.
Published: October 2021

Aims

Little is known regarding how the risk of suicide in refugees relates to their host country. Specifically, to what extent inter-country differences in structural factors between the host countries may explain the association between refugee status and subsequent suicide is lacking in previous literature. We aimed to investigate (1) the risk of suicide in refugees resident in Sweden and Norway, in general, and according to their sex, age, region/country of birth and duration of residence, compared with the risk of suicide in the respective majority host population; (2) if factors related to socio-demographics, labour market marginalisation (LMM) and healthcare use might explain the risk of suicide in refugees differently in host countries.

Methods

Using a nested case-control design, each case who died by suicide between the age of 18 and 64 years during 1998 and 2018 (17 572 and 9443 cases in Sweden and Norway, respectively) was matched with up to 20 controls from the general population, by sex and age. Multivariate-adjusted conditional logistic regression models yielding adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were used to test the association between refugee status and suicide. Separate models were controlled for factors related to socio-demographics, previous LMM and healthcare use. Analyses were also stratified by sex and age groups, by refugees' region/country of birth and duration of residence in the host country.

Results

The aORs for suicide in refugees in Sweden and Norway were 0.5 (95% CI 0.5–0.6) and 0.3 (95% CI 0.3–0.4), compared with the Swedish-born and Norwegian-born individuals, respectively. Stratification by region/country of birth showed similar statistically significant lower odds for most refugee groups in both host countries except for refugees from Eritrea (aOR 1.0, 95% CI 0.7–1.6) in Sweden. The risk of suicide did not vary much across refugee groups by their duration of residence, sex and age except for younger refugees aged 18–24 who did not have a statistically significant relative difference in suicide risk than their respective host country peers. Factors related to socio-demographics, LMM and healthcare use had only a marginal influence on the studied associations in both countries.

Conclusions

Refugees in Sweden and Norway had almost similar suicide mortality advantages compared with the Swedish-born and Norwegian-born population, respectively. These findings may suggest that resiliency and culture/religion-bound attitudes towards suicidal behaviour in refugees could be more influential for their suicide risk after resettlement than other post-migration environmental and structural factors in the host country.
Are Politicians More Responsive Towards Men’s or Women’s Service Delivery Requests? A Survey Experiment with Ugandan Politicians
Authors: Kim SangEun , Michelitch Kristin
Published: October 2021

This study examines whether politicians exhibit gender bias in responsiveness to constituents’ requests for public service delivery improvements in Uganda. We leverage an in-person survey experiment conducted with 333 subnational politicians, of which one-third are elected to women’s reserved seats. Politicians hear two constituents request improvements in staff absenteeism in their local school and health clinic and must decide how to allocate a fixed (hypothetical) budget between the two improvements. The voices of the citizens are randomly assigned to be (1) male-school, female-health or (2) female-school, male-health. We find no evidence of gender bias toward men versus women, or toward same-gender constituents. This study expands on the mixed results of prior studies examining gender bias in politician responsiveness (typically over email) by adding a critical new case: a low-income context with women’s reserved seats.
Active Fire Dynamics in the Amazon: New Perspectives From High‐Resolution Satellite Observations
Authors: Xu Wenxuan , Liu Yongxue , Veraverbeke Sander , Wu Wei , Dong Yanzhu , Lu Wanyun
Published: October 2021

The Amazon region is expected to become an amplified fire‐prone system, but the mechanism of fire occurrence is not fully understood. Here, we employed more than 300,000 Sentinel‐2 images acquired during 2016–2019 and compiled a high‐resolution inventory of active fires (AFs) over the Amazon. We found that the fire activities in the Amazon in 2019 did not stand out compared with those in 2017 as a whole. However, the number of fires increased in 2019 in the absence of an exceptional drought, suggesting increased human disturbance in the Amazon. The high‐resolution AF inventory further demonstrated that over 90% of detected AFs were associated with humans clearing deforested fields on forest fringes for agricultural land expansion. Additionally, our inventory indicated that satellite sensors with coarser spatial resolution could miss considerable small fires, especially at the sensitive agriculture–forest interface, which therefore should be targeted as a priority conservation area.
Remote Sensing Characterization of Mountain Excavation and City Construction in Loess Plateau
Authors: Hu Xie , Xue Liang , Yu Yongtang , Guo Songfeng , Cui Yifei , Li Yao , Qi Shengwen
Published: October 2021

The demand for land exploitation to accommodate increasing population in metropolis is escalating worldwide. The unprecedented Mountain Excavation and City Construction project in the hilly gully Loess Plateau of China is a crustal surgery to seek the balance between urbanization and sustainability in the forerunner Yan'an city. Here, we rely on multisource remote sensing imagery to characterize the contemporary anthropogenic modification of the loess landscape. The topography has been reshaped with ±80‐m elevation changes and 1.28 × 108‐m3 mass transfer by 2015. The subsidence rates at up to ∼70 mm/year during 2014–2020 are proportional to the amount of the filling mass, which is expected to reach stabilization by 2030. Hundreds‐of‐kilopascal stress changes are distributed in the shallow zone due to the mass transfer. Continuous monitoring is an integral part of hazard mitigation in this naturally landslide hazard‐prone loess environment.
Machine Learning Prediction of Storm‐Time High‐Latitude Ionospheric Irregularities From GNSS‐Derived ROTI Maps
Authors: Liu Lei , Morton Y. Jade , Liu Yunxiang
Published: October 2021

This study presents an image‐based convolutional long short‐term memory (convLSTM) machine learning algorithm to predict storm‐time ionospheric irregularities. Unlike existing methods that are either focused on irregularities at individual locations or treat the irregularity prediction as a classification problem, the convLSTM‐based architecture forecasts an entire regions' ionospheric irregularity occurrence and intensity values. We implemented the convLSTM‐based model with a custom‐designed loss function (convLSTM‐Lc) that includes a dynamic penalty on the difference between the truth and the predicted rate of total electron content index (ROTI) maps. The convLSTM‐Lc is trained with real ROTI data collected during January 1–August 7, 2015 from ∼550 global navigation satellite system receivers located in (45°–90°N, 0°–180°W). Test results show that the convLSTM‐Lc algorithm can forecast irregularity structures more accurately than a convLSTM model that implements conventional loss functions. The model also outperforms the convLSTM‐L1, convLSTM‐L2, and persistence models according to statistical classification metrics with a lead time of up to 60 min.
Tropical Cyclone Winds and Inflow Angle Asymmetry From SAR Imagery
Authors: Zhang Guosheng , Li Xiaofeng , Perrie William , Zhang Jun A.
Published: October 2021

This study developed a morphological model for Tropical Cyclone (TC) wind and inflow angle asymmetry based on sea surface wind fields derived from spaceborne synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images. The model extracts the standard TC morphological information (center, intensity, and radius of the maximum wind) and decomposes the SAR‐derived winds into vortex rotation winds and motion vector, making the reconstruction of the entire TC structure reliable, even in areas not mapped by SAR. The derived wind speeds and inflow angles are verified with aircraft measurements by stepped‐frequency microwave radiometer and dropsondes, obtaining root‐mean‐square errors of 4.32 m/s and 16.04°, respectively. A systematic analysis of 130 SAR TCs images, collected by RADARSAT‐2 and SENTINEL‐1, reveals that the model can capture the main asymmetrical TC structure. Both TC asymmetry and eye size decrease as TC intensity increases.
Residence Time and Transformation of Warm Circumpolar Deep Water on the Antarctic Continental Shelf
Authors: Tamsitt V. , England M. H. , Rintoul S. R. , Morrison A. K.
Published: October 2021

Inflow of warm modified Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) onto the Antarctic continental shelf and into ice shelf cavities is a key driver of Antarctic ice shelf mass loss. While recent research has advanced understanding of CDW heat transport onto the continental shelf, the fate of CDW on the shelf is less understood. Here, we use Lagrangian particle tracking in an ocean‐sea ice model without ice shelf cavities to map the residence time of CDW on the Antarctic continental shelf. Mean residence times vary from 1 month in the East Antarctic to 1 year in the West Antarctic. In regions of dense water formation, transformation of CDW on the shelf limits access of CDW to ice shelves, despite strong onshore CDW heat transport. Elsewhere transformation of CDW on the shelf is weak, implying that temperature on the shelf is limited by heat transport onto the shelf or the offshore heat reservoir.
A Statistical Model of Vorticity in the Polar Ionosphere and Implications for Extreme Values
Authors: Chisham G. , Freeman M. P.
Published: October 2021

Measurements of vorticity in the Earth's ionosphere enable the characterization of turbulent structure in the ionospheric plasma flow and how it varies spatially in relation to large‐scale magnetic field‐aligned current (FAC) systems. We have determined the spatial variation of the probability density function (PDF) of ionospheric vorticity measurements made by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) across the northern polar ionosphere for the 6‐year interval 2000–2005 inclusive. These PDFs are highly leptokurtic, with heavy tails, and are well‐modeled by Tsallis q‐exponential probability distributions. The parameters of the model q‐exponential distributions have been determined using maximum likelihood estimation, resulting in a statistical model of ionospheric vorticity that covers the polar ionosphere. The spatial variation of the model parameters is highly variable, with the shape and scale of the model distributions varying systematically in relation to the well‐known FAC regions, showing that FACs have a major influence on the character of ionospheric plasma vorticity. From the model distributions, we estimate the probability of observing extreme vorticity values with the SuperDARN radars (beyond thresholds of 5, 10, 20, and 40 mHz) across the northern polar ionosphere.
Surface‐Layer Wind Shear and Momentum Transport From Clear‐Sky to Cloudy Weather Regimes Over Land
Authors: Koning A. M. , Nuijens L. , Bosveld F. C. , Siebesma A. P. , van Dorp P. A. , Jonker H. J. J.
Published: October 2021

This study investigates how wind shear and momentum fluxes in the surface‐ and boundary layer vary across wind and cloud regimes. We use a 9‐year‐long data set from the Cabauw observatory complemented by (8.2 × 8.2 ) daily Large Eddy Simulation (LES) hindcasts. An automated algorithm classifies observed and simulated days into different cloud regimes: (a) clear‐sky days, (b) days with shallow convective clouds rooted in the surface layer, with two ranges of cloud cover, and (c) non‐convective cloud days. Categorized days in observations and LES do not always match, particularly the number of non‐convective cloud days are underestimated in the LES, which likes to develop convection. However, the climatology and diurnal cycle of winds for each regime are very similar in LES and observations, strengthening our confidence in LES’ skill to reproduce certain clouds for certain atmospheric states. Along‐wind momentum flux profiles are similar across all regimes, but large cloud cover (convective and non‐convective) days have larger total momentum flux distributed over a deeper layer, with up to 30% of the surface flux still present near cloud base. The clear‐sky and especially shallow cumulus regime with low cloud cover have notably larger crosswind momentum fluxes in the boundary layer. Surface‐layer wind shear at daytime is smallest in the shallow cumulus regimes, having deeper boundary layers and a steady increase in surface layer wind speed during daytime. Compared to clear‐sky days at a similar stability, convective cloud regimes have smaller surface‐layer wind shear and larger surface friction than estimated by Monin‐Obukhov Similarity Theory.
Scaling Relationship Between the Wavelength of Longitudinal Ridges and the Thickness of Long Runout Landslides on the Moon
Authors: Magnarini G. , Mitchell T. M. , Grindrod P. M. , Schmitt H. H. , Petro N. E.
Published: October 2021

The formation mechanism of longitudinal ridges in long runout landslides has been proposed to require ice and/or clay minerals, as low friction materials would allow the spreading of the deposit, causing the development of longitudinal ridges by tensile deformation of the slide. The necessity of ice in the formation of longitudinal ridges has been challenged by the finding that the wavelength of longitudinal ridges is 2–3 times the thickness of the deposit in both ice‐free laboratory experiments on rapid granular flows and in a martian and terrestrial long runout landslide, suggesting a scale‐ and environment‐independent mechanism. We conduct morphometric analysis of the longitudinal ridges in two landslides on the Moon, considered ice‐free throughout its geological history: the Tsiolkovskiy crater landslide, and the Light Mantle avalanche in Taurus‐Littrow Valley. We show that Tsiolkovskiy crater landslide exhibits a scaling relationship between the wavelength of its longitudinal ridges and the thickness of its deposit that is consistent with previous studies, supporting the idea that ice is not a necessary condition for the development of longitudinal ridges. As the Tsiolkovskiy crater landslide is laterally confined, it demonstrates that neither the development of longitudinal ridges nor the occurrence of the scaling relationship between the wavelength of the ridges and the thickness of the deposit depend on the lateral spreading of the deposit. Finally, we use the Light Mantle to test the use of the scaling relationship as a tool to estimate the thickness of the deposit when classical geomorphological methods are not applicable.
A Multi‐Phase Heat Transfer Model for Water Infiltration Into Frozen Soil
Authors: Heinze T.
Published: October 2021

In many regions, water infiltration into frozen soil is a critical process. Frozen soil is known to have a substantially reduced infiltration capacity, resulting in surface water runoff. This surface runoff is often associated with erosive behavior posing a potential natural hazard as it facilitates snow avalanches and debris flow, especially in springtime when rainfall and snowmelt coincide. As infiltration capacity depends on the ice content within the porous soil, thermal and hydraulic processes are strongly coupled. The involved phases during water infiltration into frozen soil are initially not in a local thermal equilibrium as the infiltrated water is warmer than the frozen soil. The duration of the temperature differences is yet to be determined. To adequately describe this thermal state, a local thermal non‐equilibrium (LTNE) model needs to be applied, which accounts for separate phase temperatures and describes the heat transfer between the phases explicitly. While LTNE models are common in more simple setups of saturated porous media flow, in this work, a multi‐phase LTNE model for water infiltration into a partly saturated, frozen soil is presented. All required parameters, such as heat transfer area and heat transfer coefficient are discussed and derived based on a capillary tube model. The theoretical model is implemented into a numerical model and compared to experimental data available from literature. Substantial differences of up to C between phase temperatures during freezing and melting are observed after hours of infiltration and are especially pronounced around the freezing front.