bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Addressing Methodological Challenges in Follow-Up RCTs During the COVID-19 Pandemic: The Impact of the Good Behavior Game and MyTeachingPartner™ on Teacher Burnout and Self-Efficacy
Authors: Budavari Alexa C. , McDaniel Heather L. , Morgan-López Antonio A. , Musci Rashelle J. , Downer Jason T. , Ialongo Nicholas S. , Bradshaw Catherine P.
Published: January 2025

Retention of early career teachers is a critical issue in education, with burnout and self-efficacy serving as important precursors to teachers leaving the field. An integration of the PAX Good Behavior Game (GBG; Barrish et al., 1969) and MyTeachingPartner (MTP; Allen et al., 2015) was tested in a randomized controlled trial (RCT) to investigate whether the combined programs would improve long-term outcomes for early career teachers. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a higher proportion of missing data and attrition in follow-up data collection than otherwise would have been expected. The current paper focused specifically on intervention impacts on teacher-reported burnout and self-efficacy through the COVID-19 pandemic and explored various approaches for addressing missing data as an illustrative example for other researchers who may similarly have faced missing data challenges due to the pandemic. Participants included in the original trial were N = 188 early career teachers (grades K-3) who were randomly assigned to either the intervention (i.e., GBG + MTP; n = 94 teachers) or control condition (n = 94) and provided baseline data. Specifically, teachers reported on their burnout and self-efficacy at pre-intervention (Fall), post-intervention (Spring), 1-year post intervention (in Fall and Spring), COVID Year 1 (Spring 2021), and COVID Year 2 (Spring 2022). We conducted a series of outcomes analyses under varying missing data assumptions (i.e., MCAR, MAR, NMAR). There were mixed findings (i.e., both null and beneficial) regarding GBG + MTP impacts on burnout, which varied across missing data assumptions; however, there were no GBG + MTP impacts on self-efficacy. This study may also provide insight for other researchers encountering similar challenges when analyzing follow-up data collected during the COVID-19 pandemic, as we highlight pros and cons of several different approaches for modeling missing data related to attrition due to the COVID-19 pandemic and related school closures.
Effect of in vitro exposure of first-line antiretrovirals on healthy human spermatozoa on kinematics and motility
Authors: Pinto Sohan Zane , Aneck-Hahn Natalie
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Contemporary antiretroviral (ARV) medications are used by millions of men for HIV treatment worldwide. Limited data exist on their direct effect on sperm motility. This pilot study hypothesizes that in vitro exposure to ARVs will reduce sperm kinematic and motility parameter values.

Methods

This laboratory-based experimental study analyzed sperm motility and kinematics after exposure to the ARVs Dolutegravir, Tenofovir, and Emtricitabine, individually and in combination. Each participant (n = 23) served as their experimental control. The Microptic SCA® Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) system, Barcelona, Spain was used to generate quantitative data on sperm motility and the kinematics Straight-line velocity (VSL), Straightness index (STR), Linearity Index (LIN), Beat cross frequency (BCF), and the oscillation index (WOB).

Results

VSL, STR, LIN, and WOB of the non-progressive (grade c) spermatozoa were significantly decreased after ARV treatment. BCF of the medium velocity progressive sperm population (grade b) was significantly increased 90 min after exposure in the Tenofovir arm, and a significant decrease in the proportion of grade b spermatozoa was recorded at 90 min in all the antiretroviral arms when compared to the control arm. No impaired sperm motility was observed within the first 30 min of exposure.

Conclusion

Pharmacovigilance is a healthcare emergency as the fast-changing world of newer drugs leaves clinicians vulnerable. They must prescribe drugs whose long-term somatic and germline adverse effects are not fully understood. Guidelines and drugs are changing faster than we can monitor for side effects. Despite Dolutegravir being the only mainstream integrase inhibitor first-line ARV in South Africa for five years, its replacement, Cabotegravir, is already being launched. More research in this field is required, especially for commonly prescribed drugs. This preliminary pilot study concludes that the current first-line ARVs used by HIV patients and HIV-negative patients on pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) can alter sperm motility and kinematics. Further research with a larger sample size is warranted to quantify its impact on human fertility, addressing the limitations of this study, before a comprehensive conclusion of the effects of ARVs on human male fertility can be drawn. Of particular importance would be to study the impact of ARVs on reactive oxygen species levels in semen and sperm DNA fragmentation.
Deep learning-based software engineering: progress, challenges, and opportunities
Authors: Chen Xiangping , Hu Xing , Huang Yuan , Jiang He , Ji Weixing , Jiang Yanjie , Jiang Yanyan , Liu Bo , Liu Hui , Li Xiaochen , Lian Xiaoli , Meng Guozhu , Peng Xin , Sun Hailong , Shi Lin , Wang Bo , Wang Chong , Wang Jiayi , Wang Tiantian , Xuan Jifeng , Xia Xin , Yang Yibiao , Yang Yixin , Zhang Li , Zhou Yuming , Zhang Lu
Published: January 2025

Researchers have recently achieved significant advances in deep learning techniques, which in turn has substantially advanced other research disciplines, such as natural language processing, image processing, speech recognition, and software engineering. Various deep learning techniques have been successfully employed to facilitate software engineering tasks, including code generation, software refactoring, and fault localization. Many studies have also been presented in top conferences and journals, demonstrating the applications of deep learning techniques in resolving various software engineering tasks. However, although several surveys have provided overall pictures of the application of deep learning techniques in software engineering, they focus more on learning techniques, that is, what kind of deep learning techniques are employed and how deep models are trained or fine-tuned for software engineering tasks. We still lack surveys explaining the advances of subareas in software engineering driven by deep learning techniques, as well as challenges and opportunities in each subarea. To this end, in this study, we present the first task-oriented survey on deep learning-based software engineering. It covers twelve major software engineering subareas significantly impacted by deep learning techniques. Such subareas spread out through the whole lifecycle of software development and maintenance, including requirements engineering, software development, testing, maintenance, and developer collaboration. As we believe that deep learning may provide an opportunity to revolutionize the whole discipline of software engineering, providing one survey covering as many subareas as possible in software engineering can help future research push forward the frontier of deep learning-based software engineering more systematically. For each of the selected subareas, we highlight the major advances achieved by applying deep learning techniques with pointers to the available datasets in such a subarea. We also discuss the challenges and opportunities concerning each of the surveyed software engineering subareas.
Modeling of Industrial Electric Arcs Using Different Plasma Gas Compositions
Authors: Haraldsson Hákon Valur , Reynolds Quinn , Tesfahunegn Yonatan A. , Saevarsdottir Gudrun
Published: January 2025

Electric arcs are an important heat source in submerged arc furnaces that are used in the pyrometallurgical production of silicon. They are therefore of great interest to study so that the production process can be improved and made more efficient. Modeling of industrial arcs is a multiphysics problem that involves simultaneously solving several coupled physical phenomena, such as electromagnetics, fluid dynamics, and heat transfer, including radiative heat transfer from the plasma arc. Coupling fluid dynamics and electromagnetics is known as Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD). Two MHD model implementations developed by the authors are used to simulate alternating current arcs with different plasma gas compositions. The thermophysical properties of each composition are calculated using specialized code as well as gathered from literature. We investigate the dependence of the results on both the MHD model used and the input plasma data for three argon data sets and compare the results to data obtained from laboratory experiments. Finally, we investigate furnace conditions using different ratios of SiO to CO gases.
Implementation Strategies and Ergonomic Factors in Robot-assisted Microsurgery
Authors: Struebing F. , Gazyakan E. , Bigdeli A. K. , Vollbach F. H. , Weigel J. , Kneser U. , Boecker A.
Published: January 2025

Robot-assisted surgery represents a significant innovation in reconstructive microsurgery, providing enhanced precision and reduced surgeon fatigue. This study examines the integration of robotic assistance in a series of 85 consecutive robot-assisted microsurgical (RAMS) operations. It aims to evaluate changes in the integration of RAMS during the implementation phase in a single institution. The study utilized a prospective database encompassing all robot-assisted microsurgical cases using the Symani surgical system from February until December 2023. A total of 85 robot-assisted operations were analyzed, showing a broad application across various types of reconstructive needs, predominantly in lower extremity repairs (n = 41). There were 68 free flap reconstructions (80.0%), ten nerve transfers (11.8%), four targeted muscle reinnervations (TMR; 4.7%), two lymphovenous anastomoses (2.4%) and one arterial reconstruction. The adoption of both traditional and digital exoscopic magnification systems was optimized for each surgical context. The operating room setup and infrastructural challenges for the different anatomic regions are presented. The introduction of robot-assisted surgery entailed overcoming challenges such as adapting to the lack of haptic feedback and navigating ergonomic constraints. Despite these hurdles, including higher operational costs and increased surgery durations, the precision and ergonomic benefits offered by robotic systems may be substantial. Potential solutions and tips to improve the operating times include frequent cleaning of the instruments, active surgical assistance, and rigorous presurgical planning of the logistical setup in the operating room. We showed that there is a preference for the utilization of digital exoscopes over conventional microscopes in RAMS, despite requiring more time per stitch when using the exoscope.
Flow-Based Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Patency Metrics: Uncertainty Quantification Simulations to Guide Development
Authors: Drost Sita , Drost Cornelis J.
Published: January 2025

Purpose

Over time, transit time flow measurement (TTFM) has proven itself as a simple and effective tool for intra-operative evaluation of coronary artery bypass grafts (CABGs). However, metrics used to screen for possible technical error show considerable spread, preventing the definition of sharp cut-off values to distinguish between patent, questionable, and failed grafts. The simulation study presented in this paper aims to quantify this uncertainty for commonly used patency metrics, and to identify the most important physiological parameters influencing it.

Methods

Uncertainty quantification was performed on a realistic multiscale numerical model of the coronary circulation, guided by Morris screening sensitivity analysis of a simpler, lumped-parameter model. Simulation results were qualitatively verified against results of a recent clinical study.

Results

Correspondence with clinical study data is reasonable, especially considering that the model was not fitted in any way. Stenosis severity was confirmed to be an influential parameter. However, also cardiac period and graft diameter were observed to be important, particularly for mean flow rate and pulsatility index.

Conclusion

Metrics quantifying the flow waveform’s diastolic dominance show the highest sensitivity to graft stenosis, and seem to be least affected by autoregulation. Among these, the novel diastolic resistance index shows the strongest sensitivity to stenosis severity.

Significance

The approach used in this study is expected to benefit the development of improved patency metrics, by allowing medical engineers to include sensitivity and uncertainty in assessing, in-silico, the potential of novel metrics, thus enabling them to provide better guidance in the design of clinical studies.
High Performance Circularly Polarized Quad-Elements for 5G Wireless Communications
Authors: Nawar Rehab I. , Abdelhady Abdelhady M. , Hassan Ashraf Y.
Published: January 2025

This article presents a broadband circularly polarized four-port multiple-input–multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with high isolation is presented in this article. The proposed MIMO antenna consists of four octal-shaped monopole antennas with common ground is realized and fabricated on FR-4 (εr = 4.3) substrate with a thickness of 1.6 mm and a size of 140 mm × 140 mm. Measurement results of the presented MIMO antenna show  features of a wide impedance bandwidth (IBW) of 139.39% (2–11.2 GHz) and  a 3-dB axial ratio bandwidth (ARBW) of 91.95% (2.25–6.4 GHz) with simple and economical fabrication. Additionally, the investigated MIMO antenna has high isolation (S21 < -21.8 dB) and a peak gain of 7.88 dBi within the ultra-wideband (UWB) spectrum. It is a promising candidate for UWB MIMO communication systems and 5G wireless communications.
Humanitarianism and the Sendai Framework: A 10-Year Review of Converging and Diverging Paths
Authors: Mena Rodrigo
Published: January 2025

Humanitarian action and disaster risk reduction are essential in addressing global vulnerability to disasters and crises. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 (SFDRR), adopted in 2015, has garnered significant attention for its role in fostering disaster risk reduction. The role the SFDRR plays vis-à-vis humanitarian action represents a crucial space where policies, practices, and priorities (could) converge and diverge. Understanding the dynamics of this SFDRR-humanitarian action relationship is essential for advancing both disaster risk reduction and humanitarian goals. This article comprehensively examines this relationship since the adoption of the SFDRR. Employing a multimethod approach, including a systematic literature review, mapping exercise, and expert interviews, the study identified key themes and challenges in integrating the SFDRR within humanitarian action. Findings indicate that while SFDRR references are prevalent in post-disaster discussions, their full integration into humanitarian strategies remains nascent. Notably, advancements in anticipatory humanitarian action represent primary arenas for SFDRR integration within humanitarianism. The role of the International Disaster Response Law in bridging SFDRR and humanitarianism also emerged as an important finding. The study also underscored blurred distinctions between humanitarianism and disaster-related actions, highlighting the limited systemic integration of the SFDRR by traditional humanitarian actors. Moving forward, the study advocates for improved collaboration between humanitarian and disaster management sectors to strengthen disaster prevention, response, and mitigation. By examining the relationship between SFDRR objectives and modern humanitarian practices, this research aims to enhance disaster preparedness, response, and recovery strategies, alongside other crisis management approaches.
Sex Differences in the Incidence of Sudden Cardiac Arrest/Death in Competitive Athletes: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Li Lingxia , Le Douairon Lahaye Solène , Ding Shuzhe , Schnell Frédéric
Published: January 2025

Background

Although many studies have demonstrated a lower incidence of sudden cardiac arrest or death (SCA/D) in female athletes than in male, there is limited understanding of the specific underlying causes.

Objective

This systematic review aimed to assess the disparities in SCA/D incidence between male and female competitive athletes and explore the associated etiologies.

Methods

A comprehensive search was conducted for retrospective and prospective studies examining SCA/D incidence in male and female athletes. Incidence and incidence rate ratios (IRRs) according to sex were evaluated.

Results

Among the 16 studies analyzed, 1797 cases of SCA/D were observed; 1578 occurred in males (87.81%). Ages ranged from adolescent to adult. The incidence was 1.42/100,000 athlete-years (AY) in males (95% CI 0.97–2.09), and 0.32/100,000 AY in females (95% CI 0.17–0.59), resulting in an IRR of 5.55. When considering athletes aged ≤ 35 years, the incidence was 1.46/100,000 AY in males (95% CI 0.91–2.34) and 0.30/100,000 AY in females (95% CI 0.14–0.66), with an IRR of 5.47. The IRR was 5.13 (95% CI 3.94–6.67) for the most recent studies with athletes enrolled only after the year 2000, versus 6.02 (95% CI 4.59–7.90) for the remaining studies covering all observed years. Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) was the predominant cause among males (45.12%), while congenital coronary anomalies were more prevalent in females (33.04%).

Conclusion

The incidence of SCA/D in females was approximately 6 times lower than in males, with sex differences also in the leading causes of SCA/D. Understanding these discrepancies could lead to targeted strategies for the prevention of SCD in athletes.

Registration number

(PROSPERO 2023 CRD42023432022)/05.07.2023.
Prediction models for sarcopenia risk in dialysis patients: a systematic review and critical appraisal
Authors: Hou Zhuoer , Li Xiaoyan , Yang Lili , Liu Ting , Lv Hangpeng , Sun Qiuhua
Published: January 2025

Background

Many studies have developed or validated predictive models to estimate the risk of sarcopenia in dialysis patients, but the quality of model development and the applicability of the models remain unclear.

Objective

To systematically review and critically evaluate currently available predictive models for sarcopenia in dialysis patients.

Methods

We systematically searched five databases until March 2024. Observational studies that developed or validated predictive models or scoring systems for sarcopenia in dialysis patients were considered eligible. We included studies of adults (≥ 18 years of age) on dialysis and excluded studies that did not validate the predictive model. Data extraction was performed independently by two authors using a standardized data extraction table based on a checklist of key assessments and data extraction for systematic evaluation of predictive modeling research. The quality of the model was assessed using the Predictive Model Risk of Bias Assessment Tool.

Results

Of the 104,454 studies screened, 13 studies described 13 predictive models. The incidence of sarcopenia in dialysis patients ranged from 6.6 to 34.4%. The most commonly used predictors were age and body mass index. In the derivation set, the reported area under the curve or C-statistic is between 0.81 and 0.95. The area under the curve reported by the external validation set is between 0.78 and 0.93. All studies had a high risk of bias, mainly due to poor reporting in the outcome and the analysis domains, and three studies had a high risk of bias in terms of applicability.

Conclusion

Future research should focus on validating and improving existing predictive models or developing new models using rigorous methods.
Intergenerational cooperation and co-creation in public space design assisted by Virtual Reality (VR) environments
Authors: Ng Provides , Zhu Shutong , Li Yuechun , van Ameijde Jeroen
Published: January 2025

The world's ageing population presents both challenges and new opportunities for urban design, particularly in high-density cities like Hong Kong. This study investigates intergenerational cooperation in the co-design of urban public spaces, assisted by Virtual Reality (VR) environments. Through a series of workshops inviting youth, university students, middle-aged adults, and older residents to work in small teams, we documented their interactive behaviours and observed how the involvement of different age groups may influence the cooperative process and design outcomes, especially when VR tools were involved. Our findings shed light on several key aspects. First, how work engagement levels differ based on highly-, moderately-, and non- intergenerational groups. Second, observable patterns of common task-role distribution between age groups within a self-organised collaborative process. Thirdly, the various types of social participation, from cooperative, associative to solitary, emerged as a consequence of such interactions. Finally, from the co-created public space designs, any transformational and transactional values that arise were discussed. The study contributes to ways in facilitating more age-friendly approaches in urban design, especially in face of digital transition, and highlights the importance of intergenerational cooperation in design processes so as to create more inclusive environments.
Optimization of dust suppressant preparation using agricultural and forestry waste straw through response surface methodology
Authors: Zhang Huan , Xu Yong , Chen Lei , He Wenting , Wang Xi , Fan Yujie , Zhao Fuchao , Cheng Yilang , Zhang Yingda
Published: January 2025

In order to control urban dust pollution and to improve the utilization of agricultural and forestry straw solid waste, this paper prepared an environmentally friendly dust suppressant with plant straw using nine different types of waste straw as raw materials with environmentally friendly additives. By the single factor experiment, the composition of each component reagent and the effect of mass concentration on its properties under single factor were determined. Multi-factor interaction tests were designed by response surface method. Three independent variables including wheat straw based superabsorbent polymers (SAP), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC10S) and octyl glucopyranoside (APG0810) were selected. Viscosity (Y1), anti-evaporation rate (Y2) and surface tension (Y3) were determined as response values. Meanwhile, the functional relationship between the fitting factors and the response values is established by regression analysis. The results showed that the predicted values are in good agreement with the experimental values. The plant straw-based dust suppressant with 1.93% SAP, 0.10% HEC10S and 0.80% APG0810 exhibited good bonding performance, wettability and anti-evaporation rate.
Metaphysics of Causation
Authors: Kistler Max
Published: January 2025

This Element presents the main attempts to account for causation as a metaphysical concept, in terms of 1) regularities and laws of nature, 2) conditional probabilities and Bayes nets, 3) necessitation between universals and causal powers, 4) counterfactual dependence, 5) interventions and causal models, and 6) processes and mechanisms. None of these accounts can provide a complete reductive analysis. However, some provide the means to distinguish several useful concepts of causation, such as total cause, contributing cause, direct and indirect cause, and actual cause. Moreover, some of these accounts can be construed so as to complement each other. The last part presents some contemporary debates: on the relation between grounding and causation, eliminativism with respect to causation in physics, the challenge against 'downward' causation from the Closure and Exclusion principles, robust and proportional causation, and degrees of causation. This title is also available as Open Access on Cambridge Core.
Advancing workforce development and scientific collaboration: A novel resource for biostatistical education
Authors: Slade Emily , Jurkovitz Claudine T. , Messinger Shari , Oster Robert A. , Pomann Gina-Maria , Taylor Sandra L. , Brearley Ann M.
Published: January 2025

A clinical and translational scientist (CTS) often seeks to increase their knowledge of statistical topics to effectively conduct biomedical research studies. A common method for obtaining this knowledge is through existing online educational materials that are suggested by a biostatistical collaborator or identified by the CTS. However, the volume of available educational materials on diverse statistical topics makes the task of identifying high-quality educational resources at an appropriate level challenging and time consuming for CTSs and collaborative biostatisticians. In response to these challenges, the Biostats4You website was created, where existing online educational materials for a variety of statistical topics are vetted to identify those most appropriate for CTSs. In this manuscript, we describe the resource review process, provide information about statistical topics and resources currently available, and make recommendations for how CTSs and collaborative biostatisticians can utilize the Biostats4You website to improve training, mentoring, and collaborative research practices.
Impact of Hurricanes and Floodings on Mental Health Outcomes Within the United States: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Miller Vanessa E. , Fitch Kate Vinita , Swilley-Martinez Monica E. , Agha Erum , Alam Ishrat Z. , Kavee Andrew L. , Cooper Toska , Gaynes Bradley N. , Carey Timothy S. , Goldston David B. , Ranapurwala Shabbar I. , Pence Brian W.
Published: January 2025

Objective

Given the US population concentration near coastal areas and increased flooding due to climate change, public health professionals must recognize the psychological burden resulting from exposure to natural hazards.

Methods

We performed a systematic search of databases to identify articles with a clearly defined comparison group consisting of either pre-exposure measurements in a disaster-exposed population or disaster-unexposed controls, and assessment of mental health, including but not limited to, depression, post-traumatic stress (PTS), and anxiety.

Results

Twenty-five studies, with a combined total of n =616 657 people were included in a systematic review, and 11 studies with a total of 2012 people were included in a meta-analysis of 3 mental health outcomes. Meta-analytic findings included a positive association between disaster exposure and PTS (n = 5, g = 0.44, 95% CI 0.04, 0.85), as well as depression (n = 9, g = 0.28, 95% CI 0.04, 0.53), and no meaningful effect size in studies assessing anxiety (n = 6, g = 0.05 95% CI −0.30, 0.19).

Conclusions

Hurricanes and flooding were consistently associated with increased depression and PTS in studies with comparison groups representing individuals unaffected by hazards.
Spatial analysis of tails of air pollution PDFs in Europe
Authors: He Hankun , Schäfer Benjamin , Beck Christian
Published: January 2025

Outdoor air pollution is estimated to cause a huge number of premature deaths worldwide. It catalyzes many diseases on a variety of time scales, and it has a detrimental effect on the environment. In light of these impacts, it is necessary to obtain a better understanding of the dynamics and statistics of measured air pollution concentrations, including temporal fluctuations of observed concentrations and spatial heterogeneities. Here, we present an extensive analysis for measured data from Europe. The observed probability density functions (PDFs) of air pollution concentrations depend very much on the spatial location and the pollutant substance. We analyze a large number of time series data from 3544 different European monitoring sites and show that the PDFs of nitric oxide (

$ NO $

), nitrogen dioxide (

$ {NO}_2 $

), and particulate matter (

$ {PM}_{10} $

and

$ {PM}_{2.5} $

) concentrations generically exhibit heavy tails. These are asymptotically well approximated by

$ q $

-exponential distributions with a given entropic index

$ q $

and width parameter

$ \lambda $

. We observe that the power-law parameter

$ q $

and the width parameter

$ \lambda $

vary widely for the different spatial locations. We present the results of our data analysis in the form of a map that shows which parameters

$ q $

and

$ \lambda $

are most relevant in a given region. A variety of interesting spatial patterns is observed that correlate to the properties of the geographical region. We also present results on typical time scales associated with the dynamical behavior.
Localization in the random XXZ quantum spin chain
Authors: Elgart Alexander , Klein Abel
Published: January 2025

We study the many-body localization (MBL) properties of the Heisenberg XXZ spin-

$\frac 12$

chain in a random magnetic field. We prove that the system exhibits localization in any given energy interval at the bottom of the spectrum in a nontrivial region of the parameter space. This region, which includes weak interaction and strong disorder regimes, is independent of the size of the system and depends only on the energy interval. Our approach is based on the reformulation of the localization problem as an expression of quasi-locality for functions of the random many-body XXZ Hamiltonian. This allows us to extend the fractional moment method for proving localization, previously derived in a single-particle localization context, to the many-body setting.
Differences in severity of depression symptoms in overweight, obese and normal weight Palestinian children and adolescents
Authors: Agbaria Hadeel , Mahamid Fayez , Bdier Dana
Published: January 2025

Obesity is related to a wide variety of medical and psychological comorbidities which has short- and long-term effects on children’s mental health. One of the most significant ones is depression. Thus, the current study utilized a descriptive methodology to explore the differences in depressive symptoms among overweight, obese, and normal-weight Palestinian children and adolescents. Data was collected from 270 Palestinian children and adolescents, aged (9–16) years: 85 with normal weight, 95 with over-weight and 90 obese. Findings showed that participants who are over-weight or obese exhibited more depressive symptoms than those with a normal weight. These findings showed that Palestinian children and adolescents who are over-weight or obese do experience depression and thus interventions should take this into account. In particular, it seems that over-weight boys or adolescents need more direct help in losing weight while obese children and adolescents who feel more helpless about their weight need serious psychological interventions. it is critical to offer psychological treatment as part of any weight loss intervention program for children and adolescents. Especially as these adolescents’ families might encourage them to avoid seeking professional help and deal with the problem in the family.
No prediction without prevention: A global qualitative study of attitudes toward using a prediction tool for risk of developing depression during adolescence
Authors: Kohrt Brandon A. , Wahid Syed Shabab , Ottman Katherine , Burgess Abigail , Viduani Anna , Martini Thais , Benetti Silvia , Momodu Olufisayo , Bohara Jyoti , Neupane Vibha , Gautam Kamal , Adewuya Abiodun , Mondelli Valeria , Kieling Christian , Fisher Helen L.
Published: January 2025

Given the rate of advancement in predictive psychiatry, there is a threat that it outpaces public and professional willingness for use in clinical care and public health. Prediction tools in psychiatry estimate the risk of future development of mental health conditions. Prediction tools used with young populations have the potential to reduce the worldwide burden of depression. However, little is known globally about adolescents’ and other stakeholders’ attitudes toward use of depression prediction tools. To address this, key informant interviews and focus group discussions were conducted in Brazil, Nepal, Nigeria and the United Kingdom with 23 adolescents, 45 parents, 47 teachers, 48 health-care practitioners and 78 other stakeholders (total sample = 241) to assess attitudes toward using a depression prediction risk calculator based on the Identifying Depression Early in Adolescence Risk Score. Three attributes were identified for an acceptable depression prediction tool: it should be understandable, confidential and actionable. Understandability includes depression literacy and differentiating between having a condition versus risk of a condition. Confidentiality concerns are disclosing risk and impeding educational and occupational opportunities. Prediction results must also be actionable through prevention services for high-risk adolescents. Six recommendations are provided to guide research on attitudes and preparedness for implementing prediction tools.
Temporal waveform denoising using deep learning for injection laser systems of inertial confinement fusion high-power laser facilities
Authors: Chen Wei , Lu Xinghua , Fan Wei , Wang Xiaochao
Published: January 2025

For the pulse shaping system of the SG-II-up facility, we propose a U-shaped convolutional neural network that integrates multi-scale feature extraction capabilities, an attention mechanism and long short-term memory units, which effectively facilitates real-time denoising of diverse shaping pulses. We train the model using simulated datasets and evaluate it on both the simulated and experimental temporal waveforms. During the evaluation of simulated waveforms, we achieve high-precision denoising, resulting in great performance for temporal waveforms with frequency modulation-to-amplitude modulation conversion (FM-to-AM) exceeding 50%, exceedingly high contrast of over 300:1 and multi-step structures. The errors are less than 1% for both root mean square error and contrast, and there is a remarkable improvement in the signal-to-noise ratio by over 50%. During the evaluation of experimental waveforms, the model can obtain different denoised waveforms with contrast greater than 200:1. The stability of the model is verified using temporal waveforms with identical pulse widths and contrast, ensuring that while achieving smooth temporal profiles, the intricate details of the signals are preserved. The results demonstrate that the denoising model, trained utilizing the simulation dataset, is capable of efficiently processing complex temporal waveforms in real-time for experiments and mitigating the influence of electronic noise and FM-to-AM on the time–power curve.
Inverse Leidenfrost impacting drops
Authors: Isukwem Kindness , Charles Carole-Ann , Phou Ty , Ramos Laurence , Ligoure Christian , Hachem Elie , Pereira Anselmo
Published: January 2025

We investigate the spreading of falling ambient-temperature Newtonian drops after their normal impact on a quartz plate covered with a thin layer of liquid nitrogen. As a drop expands, liquid nitrogen evaporates, generating a vapour film that maintains the drop in levitation. Consequently, the latter spreads in inverse Leidenfrost conditions. Three drop-spreading regimes are observed: (i) inertio-capillary, (ii) inertio-viscous, and (iii) inertio-viscous-capillary. In the first regime, although the drop expansion is essentially driven by a competition between inertial and capillary stresses, it is also affected by viscous effects emerging from the vapour film, which ultimately favours the development of a shear flow within the drop. Interestingly, vapour film effects become marginal in both the second and third regimes, allowing the drop to undergo biaxial extension primarily. More specifically, in the inertio-viscous scenario, the expansion is driven by the balance between inertial and biaxial extensional viscous stresses in the drop. Finally, inertia, capillarity and drop viscosity are all relevant in the third regime. These physical mechanisms are underlined through a mixed approach combining experiments with multiphase three-dimensional numerical simulations in light of spreading dynamics analyses, energy transfer and scaling laws. Our results are rationalized in a two-dimensional diagram linking the drops’ maximum expansion and spreading time with the observed spreading regimes through a single dimensionless parameter given by the square root of the capillary number (the ratio of the viscous stress to the capillary stress).
Interpretation of the amplitude modulation coefficient and a new transport-based coefficient
Authors: Cui G. , Jacobi I.
Published: January 2025

The amplitude modulation coefficient,

$R$

, that is widely used to characterize nonlinear interactions between large- and small-scale motions in wall-bounded turbulence is not compatible with detecting the convective nonlinearity of the Navier–Stokes equations. Through a spectral decomposition of

$R$

and a simplified model of triadic convective interactions, we show that

$R$

suppresses the signature of convective scale interactions, but is strongly influenced by linear interactions between large-scale motions and the background mean flow. We propose an additional coefficient that is specifically designed for the detection of convective nonlinearities, and we show how this new coefficient,

$R_T$

, quantifies the turbulent kinetic energy transport involved in turbulent scale interactions and reveals a classical energy cascade across widely separated scales.
Structure of mushy layers grown from perfectly and imperfectly conducting boundaries. Part 2. Onset of convection
Authors: Hitchen Joseph R. , Wells Andrew J.
Published: January 2025

We study linear convective instability in a mushy layer formed by solidification of a binary alloy, cooled by either an isothermal perfectly conducting boundary or an imperfectly conducting boundary where the surface temperature depends linearly on the surface heat flux. A companion paper (Hitchen & Wells, J. Fluid Mech., 2025, in press) showed how thermal and salinity conditions impact mush structure. We here quantify the impact on convective instability, described by a Rayleigh number characterising the ratio of buoyancy to dissipative mechanisms. Two limits emerge for a perfectly conducting boundary. When the salinity-dependent freezing-point depression is large versus the temperature difference across the mush, convection penetrates throughout the depth of a high-porosity mush. The other limit, which we will call the Stefan limit, has small freezing-point depression and inhibits convection, which localises at onset to a high-porosity boundary layer near the mush–liquid interface. Scaling arguments characterise variation of the critical Rayleigh number and wavenumber based on the potential energy contained in order-one aspect ratio convective cells over the high-porosity regions. The Stefan number characterises the ratio of latent and sensible heats, and has moderate impact on stability via modification of the background temperature and porosity. For imperfectly conducting boundaries, the changing surface temperature causes stability to decrease over time in the limit of large freezing-point depression, but in the Stefan limit combines with the decreasing porosity to yield non-monotonic variation of the critical Rayleigh number. We discuss the implications for convection in growing sea ice.
A psychological contract perspective of supervisors’ satisfaction with employees
Authors: Darden Tanja R. , Brekashvili Paata , Schurer Lambert Lisa , Currie Ryan , Hardt Greg Falcon
Published: January 2025

The focus of job satisfaction literature remains on the subordinate even though supervisors are responsible for evaluating employee performance, determining employee pay, raises, promotions, growth opportunities, etc., all of which impact employees’ subsequent performance that contributes (or not) to organizational success. Using a psychological contracts lens, we develop and test theoretical arguments predicting supervisors’ response to contributions is not uniformly positive depending on the type and amount of contribution involved. Across two studies, we ask supervisors to evaluate subordinates’ delivered contributions relative to promised contributions. Our results challenge the assumption that supervisors always desire larger amounts of work from their subordinates; excess contributions were associated with lower supervisors’ satisfaction with subordinates for some types of contributions. The results imply that subordinates’ contributions of work to supervisors may influence supervisors’ satisfaction with subordinates perhaps affecting their performance reviews and career opportunities.
Plasma equilibrium in diamagnetic trap with neutral beam injection
Authors: Khristo Mikhail S. , Beklemishev Alexei D.
Published: January 2025

This paper presents a theoretical model of plasma equilibrium in the diamagnetic confinement mode in an axisymmetric mirror device with neutral beam injection. The hot ionic component is described within the framework of the kinetic theory, since the Larmor radius of the injected ions appears to be comparable to or even larger than the characteristic scale of the magnetic field inhomogeneity. The electron drag of the hot ions is taken into account, while the angular scattering of the hot ions due to Coulomb collisions is neglected. The background warm plasma, on the contrary, is considered to be in local thermal equilibrium, i.e. has a Maxwellian distribution function and is described in terms of magnetohydrodynamics. The density of the hot ions is assumed to be negligible compared with that of the warm plasma. Both the conventional gas-dynamic loss and the non-adiabatic loss specific to the diamagnetic confinement mode are taken into account. In this work, we do not consider the effects of the warm plasma rotation as well as the inhomogeneity of the electrostatic potential. A self-consistent theoretical model of the plasma equilibrium is constructed. In the case of the cylindrical bubble, this model is reduced to a simpler one. The numerical solutions in the limit of a thin transition layer of the diamagnetic bubble are found. Examples of the equilibria corresponding to the gas-dynamic multiple-mirror trap device are considered.
Contextual learning and retention of phrasal verbs
Authors: Tadayonifar Mojtaba , Elgort Irina , Siyanova-Chanturia Anna
Published: January 2025

A common way of acquiring multiword expressions is through language input, such as during reading and listening. However, this type of learning is slow. Identifying approaches that optimize learning from input, therefore, is an important language-learning endeavor. In the present study, 85 learners of English as a foreign language read short texts with 42 figurative English phrasal verbs, repeated three times. In a counterbalanced design, we manipulated access to definitions (before text, after text, no definition) and typographic enhancement (with bolding, without bolding). The learning was measured by immediate and delayed gap-fill and meaning generation posttests. All posttests showed that learning with definitions was better than without, and that access to definitions after reading was more beneficial than before reading. Typographic enhancement effectively promoted contextual learning of phrasal verbs and increased the learning advantage associated with presenting definitions after reading.
Against the Phrase “Aggressive Care”
Authors: Bibler Trevor M.
Published: January 2025

Language is the primary technology clinical ethicists use as they offer guidance about norms. Like any other piece of technology, to use the technology well requires attention, intention, skill, and knowledge. Word choice becomes a matter of professional practice. The Brief Report offers clinical ethicists several reasons for rejecting the phrase “aggressive care.” Instead, ethicists should consider replacing “aggressive care” with the adjacent concept of a “recovery-focused path.” The virtues of this neologism include: the opportunity to set aside the emotion of “aggression,” the phrase’s accuracy when capturing the intention of the patient or their representative, and an unappreciated rhetorical force—and transparent logic—that arises when the patient’s recovery is unlikely.
CBT-E following discontinued FBT for adolescents with eating disorders: time for a more individual approach?
Authors: Wilson Daniel R , Withington Tania , Dalle Grave Riccardo , Dalton Melanie
Published: January 2025

Family-based treatment (FBT) has proven efficacy among adolescents with eating disorders (ED). However, it is not effective or suitable for all young people and their families, which makes alternative treatments important. This is the first pilot study to compare the relative effectiveness of manualised enhanced cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT-E) among a transdiagnostic eating disorder sample of adolescents for whom CBT-E was their first ED treatment (n=42), and a group who had previously started FBT which had been discontinued without full recovery (n=27). Participants (n=69) aged 13–17 with an eating disorder completed manualised CBT-E. Outcome measures included body mass index (BMI) centile, ED psychopathology and clinical impairment. Across the cohort, results showed improvements across ED psychopathology, clinical impairment and BMI centile. The effect of the intervention on ED psychopathology and clinical impairment did not vary between groups, nor did attrition rates. There was a difference between the groups on BMI centile, with those who had previously been treated with FBT showing no change in BMI centile, whereas those with no previous FBT increased BMI at post-treatment. Implications from this research suggest that CBT-E is a viable promising alternative and could be offered among those for whom FBT has not achieved full recovery.

Key learning aims

(1)

Delivering CBT-E to adolescents with eating disorders who have previously engaged in FBT but have not achieved full recovery is a promising subsequent treatment option.

(2)

CBT-E was similarly completed and displayed similar overall group reductions in eating disorder symptoms in those who had discontinued FBT without full recovery compared with those who had not previously engaged with FBT.

(3)

Results suggest that CBT-E could be offered when FBT has not achieved full recovery, although more research is required to understand optimal timings of treatment transition in such instances.
Improving Test Reviews With Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses
Authors: Elosua Paula , Hernandez Ana , Abad Francisco J.
Published: January 2025

Abstract: The purpose of evaluating psychological and educational tests and disseminating test review reports is to enhance the use of tests and professional practice. There are several test review protocols and models in various countries designed to assess the quality of commercial tests, but non-commercialized tests are still yet to be evaluated thoroughly. This study indicates significant progress in test evaluations with systematic reviewing and meta-analyses, focusing on tests published in scientific journals and other channels. Our approach combines test review protocols, such as the Spanish model, with systematic reviewing and meta-analyses to evaluate non-commercial tests, such as the Generalized Problematic Internet Use Scale-2. We explore the advantages of this integrated approach and propose modifications to the test review protocol to accommodate the unique characteristics of noncommercial tests. This document also discusses the differences between international and national reviews, highlighting the importance of local norms from a practitioner’s perspective.