bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Spinel assemblages in lunar meteorites Graves Nunataks 06157 and Dhofar 1528: Implications for impact melting and equilibration in the Moon's upper mantle
Authors: Wittmann Axel , Korotev Randy L. , Jolliff Bradley L. , Carpenter Paul K.
Published: November 2018

Magnesium‐rich spinel assemblages occur in the two lunar vitric breccia meteorites—Dhofar (Dho) 1528 and Graves Nunataks (GRA) 06157. Dho 1528 contains up to ~0.7 mm cumulate Mg‐rich spinel crystals associated with Mg‐rich olivine, Mg‐ and Al‐rich pyroxene, plagioclase, and rare cordierite. Using thermodynamic calculations of these mineral assemblages, we constrain equilibration depths and discuss an origin of these lithologies in the upper mantle of the Moon. In contrast, small, 10 to 20 μm spinel phenocryst assemblages in glassy melt rock clasts in Dho 1528 and GRA 06157 formed from the impact melting of Mg‐rich rocks. Some of these spinel phenocrysts match compositional constraints for spinel associated with “pink spinel anorthosites” inferred from remote sensing data. However, such spinel phenocrysts in meteorites and Apollo samples are typically associated with significant amounts of olivine ± pyroxene that exceed the compositional constraints for pink spinel anorthosites. We conclude that the remotely sensed “pink spinel anorthosites” have not been observed in the collections of lunar rocks. Moreover, we discuss impact‐excavation scenarios for the spinel‐bearing assemblages in Dhofar 1528 and compare the bulk rock composition of Dho 1528 to strikingly similar compositions of Luna 20 samples that contain ejecta from the Crisium impact basin.
Microorganisms in the ticks Amblyomma dissimile Koch 1844 and Amblyomma rotundatum Koch 1844 collected from snakes in Brazil
Authors: Ogrzewalska M. , Machado C. , Rozental T. , Forneas D. , Cunha L. E. , de Lemos E. R. S.
Published: November 2018

Knowledge about ticks (Acari) and screening of ticks parasitizing various hosts are necessary to understand the epidemiology of tick‐borne pathogens. The objective of this study was to investigate tick infestations on snakes (Reptilia: Squamata: Serpentes) arriving at the serpentarium at the Institute Vital Brazil, Rio de Janeiro. Some of the identified ticks were individually tested for the presence of bacteria of the genera Rickettsia (Rickettsiales: Rickettsiaceae), Borrelia (Spirochaetales: Spirochaetaceae), Coxiella (Legionellales: Coxiellaceae), Bartonella (Rhizobiales: Bartonellaceae), Ehrlichia (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), Anaplasma (Rickettsiales: Anaplasmataceae), and Apicomplexa protozoa of the genera Babesia (Piroplasmida: Babesiidae) and Hepatozoon (Eucoccidiorida: Hepatozoidae). A total of 115 hard ticks (Ixodida: Ixodidae) were collected from 17 host individuals obtained from four Brazilian states. Two species of tick were identified: Amblyomma dissimile Koch 1844 (four larvae, 16 nymphs, 40 adults), and Amblyomma rotundatum Koch 1844 (12 nymphs, 43 adults). Rickettsia bellii was found in A. rotundatum and A. dissimile ticks and Rickettsia sp. strain Colombianensi, Anaplasma‐like and Hepatozoon sp. in A. dissimile ticks. Among the tested ticks, no DNA of Borrelia, Bartonella, Coxiella or Babesia was found. The present findings extend the geographic range of Rickettsia sp. strain Colombianensi in Brazil and provide novel tick–host associations.
BICELLULAR POLLEN 1 is a modulator of DNA replication and pollen development in Arabidopsis
Authors: Long Yan‐Ping , Xie Dong‐Jiang , Zhao Yan‐Yan , Shi Dong‐Qiao , Yang Wei‐Cai
Published: November 2018

During male gametogenesis in Arabidopsis, the haploid microspore undergoes an asymmetric division to produce a vegetative and a generative cell, the latter of which continues to divide symmetrically to form two sperms. This simple system couples cell cycle with cell fate specification.

Here we addressed the role of DNA replication in male gametogenesis using a mutant bicellular pollen 1 (bice1), which produces bicellular, rather than tricellular, pollen grains as in the wild‐type plant at anthesis.

The mutation prolonged DNA synthesis of the generative cell, which resulted in c. 40% of pollen grains arrested at the two‐nucleate stage. The extended S phase did not impact the cell fate of the generative cell as shown by cell‐specific markers. BICE1 encodes a plant homolog of human D123 protein that is required for G1 progression, but the underlying mechanism is unknown.

Here we showed that BICE1 interacts with MCM4 and MCM7 of the pre‐replication complex. Consistently, double mutations in BICE1 and MCM4, or MCM7, also led to bicellular pollen and condensed chromosomes. These suggest that BICE1 plays a role in modulating DNA replication via interaction with MCM4 and MCM7.
Comparative Mid‐term Follow‐up Study of Primary Total Hip Arthroplasty with Metal‐on‐metal and Metal‐on‐polyethylene Bearings
Authors: Li Zhi , Chen Zhe‐feng , Liu Jiu‐xiang , Liu Feng
Published: November 2018

Objective

To compare mid‐term clinical results of total hip arthroplasty (THA) with metal‐on‐metal (MoM) and metal‐on‐polyethylene (MoP) bearings and to evaluate the biological safety of the two kinds of prostheses.

Methods

Thirty‐two patients who received a primary THA with an MoM articulation between January 2008 and December 2010 were selected to form the MoM group retrospectively. The MoP group consisted of 32 patients who received a THA with an MoP prosthesis during the same period. Clinical assessments, imaging examinations, laboratory tests, and metal ion concentration detections were conducted on each patient. Another 32 healthy volunteers were recruited as the control group.

Results

Twenty‐seven patients in the MoM group and 28 patients in the MoP group completed the follow‐up, with a mean follow‐up time of 74.6 and 75.9 months, respectively. The mean Harris score at the latest follow‐up was 91.5 ± 5.1 in the MoM group versus 88.9 ± 4.0 in the MoP group (P = 0.22). The MoM group showed a better range of motion in flexion, abduction, and external rotation. Co and Cr levels in the MoM group were 2.5‐fold and 2.0‐fold of these in the MoP group. A mild change of liver function was observed in both groups, while the values of renal function and humoral immunity stayed static. Elevated proportions of Th1 and Th17 cells and decreased proportion of Th2 cells were observed in the MoM group. The occurrence rate of pseudotumors in the MoM and MoP groups was 40.74% ± 9.45% and 14.28% ± 6.61%, respectively (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

At the mid‐term follow‐up, clinical results were satisfied in both groups. MoM prosthesis could result in elevated serum metal ion levels and there is a higher risk of pseudotumor. Long follow‐up is needed to evaluate the safety of MoM prostheses.
Role of Parecoxib Sodium in the Multimodal Analgesia after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Double‐blinded Controlled Trial
Authors: Bian Yan‐yan , Wang Long‐chao , Qian Wen‐wei , Lin Jin , Jin Jin , Peng Hui‐ming , Weng Xi‐sheng
Published: November 2018

Objective

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is an established surgical technique and is the standard treatment for degenerative knee joint diseases. However, severe pain after TKA makes it difficult for many patients to perform early postoperative rehabilitation and functional exercise, which might result in subsequent unsatisfactory recovery of knee joint function and great reduction in patients’ satisfaction and quality of life. Orthopaedic surgeons have tried a large variety of analgesics and analgesic modes to relieve patients’ pain after TKA. There are many analgesic regimens available in clinical practice but all have some deficiencies. Parecoxib sodium, a highly selective inhibitor of cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2), can reduce the synthesis of peripheral prostaglandin to exert the effect of analgesia, and relieve inflammation and prevent central sensitization through inhibition of peripheral and central COX‐2 expression. In addition, it can be used as a preemptive analgesic without affecting platelet aggregation. However, there does seem to be conflicting evidence in the current research as to whether parecoxib sodium can be used successfully as a preemptive analgesic; the effect of preemptive analgesia with parecoxib sodium in multimodal analgesia is still controversial. This research investigated the effects of parecoxib sodium in a preemptive multimodal analgesic regimen.

Methods

Eighty‐eight patients were randomized into two groups. The experimental group received parecoxib (46 patients) and the control group received saline (42 patients), administered 30 min before the initiation of the surgical procedure. A patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) pump was applied within 48 h after surgery. The visual analogue scale (VAS), drug consumption through the PCA pump, use of salvaging analgesia, range of motion (ROM) of the knee joints, and postoperative complications were observed.

Results

The VAS score in the post‐anesthesia care unit (PACU) of the parecoxib group was significantly lower than that of the control group (P = 0.039). There was no significant difference in the demographic profiles, duration of operation, hemorrhage in surgery, postoperative hemorrhage, postoperative drainage, VAS at different time points, function of knee joints, length of hospital stay, use of salvaging analgesia, and postoperative drug consumption through the PCA between the two groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusion

In preemptive multimodal analgesia regimens, parecoxib sodium can significantly decrease the VAS score in the short term, relieve pain shortly after surgery, and does not increase the incidence of complications. Parecoxib sodium is a safe and effective drug in the perioperative analgesic management for TKA.
Skeletal microstructure of Stenopterygius quadriscissus (Reptilia, Ichthyosauria) from the Posidonienschiefer (Posidonia Shale, Lower Jurassic) of Germany
Authors: Anderson Katherine L. , Druckenmiller Patrick S. , Erickson Gregory M. , Maxwell Erin E.
Published: November 2018

Ichthyosaurians (Ichthyosauria) are a major clade of secondarily aquatic marine tetrapods that occupied several major predatory niches during the Mesozoic Era. Multiple lines of evidence including isotopic, body shape and swimming modality analyses suggest they exhibited elevated growth and metabolic rates, and body temperatures. However, applications of osteohistological methods to test hypotheses regarding their physiology are few. Previous studies focused on the humeri, vertebrae and ribs from a small number of taxa. Here, we use osteohistological methods to describe the bone microstructure of over 30 cranial and post‐cranial elements from a nearly complete, articulated individual of Stenopterygius quadriscissus from the Posidonienschiefer Formation (Posidonia Shale, Lower Jurassic) of Germany. The specimen shows highly vascularized primary bone and spongious secondary bone in its limbs, suggesting an overall shift to a lighter spongious‐structured skeleton was achieved through multiple developmental mechanisms. The modified perichondral ossification in elements of the limbs distal to the stylopodium informs our understanding of functional morphology, including hydrodynamic forces on the paddles. The ribs show variation in cortical thickness and trabecular organization along their length. Cyclical growth is inferred from changes in vascularization and osteocyte density as well as the presence of annuli in primary fibrolamellar bone. Cranial elements, due to their relative density and better preservation of growth marks, may prove to be of particular importance in future skeletochronological studies of post‐Triassic ichthyosaurians. We infer and corroborate hypotheses of elevated growth rates and metabolic rates in ichthyosaurians, and the potential for thermoregulation similar to extant homeothermic ectotherms.
Acetaminophen pharmacokinetics in severely obese adolescents and young adults
Authors: Hakim Mohammed , Anderson Brian J. , Walia Hina , Tumin Dmitry , Michalsky Marc P. , Syed Ahsan , Tobias Joseph D.
Published: November 2018

Background

Intravenous acetaminophen is commonly administered as an adjunctive to opioids during major surgical procedures, but neither the correct pharmacokinetic size descriptor nor the dose is certain in severely obese adolescents undergoing bariatric surgery.

Methods

Adolescents, 14‐20 years of age, with a body mass index (BMI) ≥95th percentile for age and sex or BMI ≥40 kg·m−2, presenting for laparoscopic or robotic assisted or vertical sleeve gastrectomy were administered intravenous acetaminophen (1000 mg) following completion of the surgical procedure. Venous blood was drawn for acetaminophen assay at eight time points, starting 15 minutes after completion of the infusion and up to 12 hours afterward. Time‐concentration data profiles were analyzed using nonlinear mixed effects models. Parameter estimates were scaled to a 70‐kg person using allometry. Normal fat mass was used to assess the impact of obesity on pharmacokinetic parameters.

Results

The study cohort comprised 11 female patients, age 17 SD 2 years with a weight of 125 SD 19 kg and a mean BMI of 46 SD 5 kg·m−2. The plasma acetaminophen serum concentration was 17 (SD 4) μg·mL−1 at 10‐20 minutes after completion of the infusion and 5 (SD 6) μg·mL−1 at 80‐100 minutes. A two‐compartment model, used to investigate pharmacokinetics, estimated clearance 10.6 (CV 72%) L·h·70 kg−1, intercompartment clearance 37.3 (CV 63%) L·h·70 kg−1, central volume of distribution 20.4 (CV 46%) L·70 kg−1, and peripheral volume of distribution 16.8 (CV 42%) L·70 kg−1. Clearance was best described using total body weight. Normal fat mass with a parameter that accounts for fat mass contribution (Ffat) of 0.88 best described volumes.

Conclusion

Current recommendations of acetaminophen to a maximum dose of 1000 mg resulted in serum concentrations below detection limits in all patients within 2 hours after administration. Dose is better predicted using total body mass with allometric scaling.
Analysis of 17 948 pediatric patients undergoing procedural sedation with a combination of intranasal dexmedetomidine and ketamine
Authors: Yang Fei , Liu Yang , Yu Qing , Li Shangyingying , Zhang Jin , Sun Mang , Liu Lu , Lei Yao , Tian Qing , Liu Hui , Tu Shengfen
Published: November 2018

Background

Intranasal procedural sedation using dexmedetomidine is well described in the literature. The combination of intranasal dexmedetomidine and ketamine is a novel approach for which there are little data on the rate of successful sedation or adverse events.

Objectives

The aim of this study is to evaluate the rate of successful sedation and adverse events of intranasal procedural sedation using a combination of dexmedetomidine and ketamine for diagnostic examination in children.

Methods

This was a retrospective study and data were collected after ethics approval. A total of 17 948 pediatric patients (7718 females, 10 230 males) in a tertiary hospital in China were evaluated. Patients received a combination of 2 μg kg−1 of dexmedetomidine and 1 mg kg−1 of ketamine intranasally for procedural sedation. The level of sedation and recovery was assessed by the Modified Observer Assessment of Alertness/Sedation scale and the Modified Aldrete Score.

Results

The rate of intranasal sedation success was 93% (16691/17948), intranasal sedation rescue was 1.8% (322/17948), and intranasal sedation failure was 5.2% (935/17948). Sedation success was defined as successful completed the diagnostic examination and obtained adequate diagnostic‐quality images and reports. Intranasal sedation success, rescue and failure were respectively defined as sedation success with intranasal a single dose, additional bolus dose and the need for intravenous (IV) medications/inhalation agents. Median sedation time was 62 min (interquartile range: 55‐70 min), median time for onset of sedation was 15 min (interquartile range: 15‐20 min), and median sedation recovery time was 45 min (interquartile range: 38‐53 min). Incidence of adverse events was low (0.58%; 105/17948), with major and minor adverse event being reported in 0.02% (4/17948) and 0.56% (101/17948) patients, respectively. Postoperative nausea and vomiting was the most common (0.3%; 53/17948) minor adverse event.

Conclusion

Procedural sedation using a combination of intranasal dexmedetomidine and ketamine is associated with acceptable effectiveness and low rates of adverse events.
3D Culture Models of Malignant Mesothelioma Reveal a Powerful Interplay Between Photodynamic Therapy and Kinase Suppression Offering Hope to Reduce Tumor Recurrence
Authors: Spring Bryan Q. , Kessel David
Published: November 2018

In this issue, Cramer et al. introduce 3D culture models of metastatic mesothelioma to investigate basic cancer biology and new combination therapies for combating this complex and lethal disease. The results suggest that erlotinib‐enhanced photodynamic therapy could further improve the efficacy of intraoperative light‐activation to mop up residual tumor deposits in the clinic following surgical removal of macroscopic mesothelioma metastases.
Using the crowd for business model innovation: the case of Digikala
Authors: Bagheri Seyed Kamran , Raoufi Parya , Samandar Ali Eshtehardi Mojgan , Shaverdy Saeed , Ramezani Akbarabad Bahram , Moghaddam Babak , Mardani Amirhosein
Published: November 2018

On November 15, 2015, Digikala, one of the largest online stores in the Middle East, launched its first‐ever crowdsourcing contest called ‘A glance at tomorrow’. What distinguishes this contest from common crowd‐based initiatives is that it was aimed at Business Model Innovation (BMI) rather than product and process innovation. Although using the crowd has proven to be an effective way for firms to boost their product and process innovation, its use for BMI is challenging. Based on real large‐scale data from the Digikala’s crowdsourcing contest, this research focuses on the application of crowd‐powered solutions in BMI, which has rarely been investigated previously. Our exploratory case study indicates that the crowd could contribute to the BMI process. Our findings point to a new form of ‘division of innovation labor’ in BMI. Contribution of the crowd in BMI is more likely to be relevant to Value Proposition and Value Delivery, while it might be less relevant to Value Capture and Value Creation. The results also support the notion that crowd‐contributor characteristics affect the quality of proposals for BMI. We argue that this line of research could help companies design and implement customized crowd‐based initiatives to better support their BMI process.
Inequality and Participative Democracy: A Self‐Reinforcing Mechanism
Authors: Theodossiou Ioannis , Zangelidis Alexandros
Published: November 2018

During the last three decades, a notable increase in economic inequality is observed, accompanied by a decline in people's engagement in politics and electoral participation. This is an unsatisfactory phenomenon as it undermines the legitimacy of democratic representation. This negative association is produced by a complex salient mechanism. This study aims at investigating this issue. Using data from a panel of 28 OECD and European countries, this paper identifies a two‐way causal relationship between inequality and political participation. The results show that greater income inequality alienates and discourages people from engaging with common affairs, thus leading to lower political participation. Yet, lower electoral participation leads towards a less equitable distribution of income. Hence, this study reveals a self‐reinforcing mechanism where the unequal distribution of income leads to political exclusion, which in turn leads to more inequality.
The ichnology of carbonate drifts
Authors: Reolid Jesús , Betzler Christian
Published: November 2018

Carbonate drifts have so far not been as intensely investigated as their siliciclastic equivalents, especially from an ichnological perspective. The aim of this work is therefore to provide an overview of the different bioturbation styles in carbonate drifts for ichnologists and sedimentologists working in such deposits. Different types of carbonate drifts from the Maldives were studied to address this objective. The cores recovered during International Ocean Discovery Program Expedition 359 were examined to provide the sedimentological and ichnological data for a detailed analysis of the ichnology of carbonate drifts. The ichnological characteristics of the Maldives drifts are compared to other carbonate drifts in order to discuss similarities and differences, and thus provide an overview of the general characteristics of carbonate drift ichnology. These drifts are located in the Santaren Channel which lines Great Bahama Bank, along the Marion Plateau in Australia, in the Limassol and Larnaca basins in Cyprus and in the Danish Basin in Denmark. The common characteristics of bioturbation in carbonate drifts are: (i) the complete bioturbation of the sediment with bioturbation indexes between four and six; (ii) the occurrence of distinctive trace fossils limited to facies contacts or condensed intervals; (iii) a typical ichnoassemblage consisting of Thalassinoides, Scolicia, Planolites, Zoophycos, Chondrites, Phycosiphon and Palaeophycus; (iv) the contiguous occurrence of ichnogenera from different tiers, with only Zoophycos and Chondrites as deep tiers; and (v) distinct infills of the traces including particulate organic matter, pyrite, silica and celestine. In addition, the main ichnofacies of carbonate drifts is the Zoophycos ichnofacies. Ichnofabrics grade from coarse‐grained and completely bioturbated to ichnofabrics with present to rare trace fossils and preserved sedimentary structures. The type and intensity of the bioturbation is controlled by the amount of organic matter and the oxygenation at the sea floor that is determined by the action of bottom currents and the sea‐level fluctuations affecting the carbonate factory in carbonate platforms bordering the basins where the carbonate drifts form. The study of the bioturbation in core and outcrop provides palaeoenvironmental information about carbonate‐drift deposits that complement the classical sedimentological data.
Co‐production in the epidemiological clinic: A decentred analysis of the tensions in community‐based, client‐facing risk work
Authors: Gale Nicola , Brown Patrick , Sidhu Manbinder
Published: November 2018

Public health policies to prevent disease within populations are giving rise to shifting patterns of healthcare delivery in the late modern era. There is an inherent tension in modern medicine between evidence‐based standardisation, on the one hand, and patient‐centred specificity on the other. This tension manifests in recent policy narratives regarding public health risk (which we have characterised in terms of the epidemiological clinic) and co‐production. Drawing on co‐produced data with health trainers (lay health workers tasked with supporting behavioural change in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease) in a deprived post‐industrial region of England, our decentred analysis focuses on three extended narratives from this data set. Our analysis builds on and develops emerging theories of risk work, informed by Habermas, and we explore the extent to which elite narratives of public health risk are resisted, absorbed, or bracketed off by client‐facing health workers—emphasising the heterogeneity of responses—and locate these responses within the context of the workers' employment conditions, their embodied experiences, and their wider beliefs and traditions. We argue that co‐production—albeit in a highly constrained form—is possible while delivering public health interventions. However, in the context of a community where health is so adversely affected by wider social problems and where task shifting has drawn lower status healthcare workers into these client‐facing roles, workers must find their own ways to negotiate and attempt to reconcile this context with the risk‐framed practices they are required to carry out.
Children against parents? The politics of intergenerational recalibration in Southern Europe
Authors: Natili Marcello , Jessoula Matteo
Published: November 2018

Traditionally, Southern European countries displayed remarkably elderly biased social policy arrangements. This article introduces the notion of intergenerational recalibration to capture reforms aimed at rebalancing the generational profile of Southern European welfare states via the expansion of family policy and social assistance schemes—both monetary benefits and care services—and retrenchment in the field of pensions. Then, it elaborates theoretically on the political dimension of this policy strategy, focusing on the implications of the peculiar combination of expansionary and retrenchment reforms, to advance the hypotheses that domestic politics would prevent the realization of such an agenda, whereas the latter would be favored by a major role of supranational actors, especially the European Union. To test these hypotheses, we systematically analyze policy trajectories in the field of pensions and social assistance in Italy and Spain between the mid‐1990s and 2016. This allows, first, to argue that investment in “pro‐children” measures has not adequately balanced the reduction of pro‐parents expenditure and, second, to question the idea that domestic political incentives to expand “pro‐children” policies are necessarily too weak as well as the “enabling” role of external pressures in pursuing intergenerational recalibration.
Earning Iowa: Local Newspapers and the Invisible Primary*
Authors: Darr Joshua P.
Published: November 2018

Objectives

Can presidential candidates influence their coverage in Iowa's smaller local newspapers? I extend the approach of previous research by examining the impact of campaign press releases on newspaper stories before the 2016 Iowa caucuses.

Methods

I coded the topic and tone of candidate press releases, and located “hits” in Iowa newspapers between September 2015 and January 2016 for the top two Democratic and Republican candidates.

Results

Press releases were used primarily for information dissemination in Iowa, while competitive messages decreased as a share of campaign communications. Small, weekly community newspapers hardly covered the campaign.

Conclusions

Newspapers in cities outside the state capital are ripe for campaign influence through the Associated Press and deserve more scrutiny, since their combined circulation rivals the largest state newspaper. Media–candidate relations are changing, but press releases remain a critical tool for campaigns to earn local coverage.
Evidence of Own‐Race Bias in Heisman Trophy Voting*
Authors: Kopkin Nolan
Published: November 2018

Objective

In this article, I test for evidence of own‐race bias in voting for the Heisman Trophy.

Methods

To study own‐race bias in Heisman Trophy voting, I use individual vote data from Heisman voters from 2002 to 2012 and an ordered probit model with controls for player and team performance that flexibly allows votes be affected by a player's race and racial match between player and voter.

Results

Estimates show nonblack voters are more likely to vote for nonblack players in absolute terms and compared with black voters assuming homogeneous voter preferences. Allowing preferences to vary by race, results show nonblack voters continue to be more likely to vote for nonblack players in absolute terms and are strongly suggestive of a larger relative bias in favor of nonblack players by nonblack voters as compared with black voters.

Conclusion

There is a racial component to Heisman Trophy voting and bias is large enough to affect official aggregate results. Racial bias may have affected the award's winner in multiple Heisman races between 2002 and 2012.
Which manufacturing industries and sectors are most vulnerable to Brexit?
Authors: Gasiorek Michael , Serwicka Ilona , Smith Alasdair
Published: November 2018

When the UK leaves the EU, trade arrangements between the UK and EU will change. Most of the options for future UK‐EU relationships currently under discussion imply increased trade barriers, which will reduce trade and also have effects on output and prices. In this paper, we use a multi‐market partial equilibrium model to analyse the vulnerability of 122 manufacturing industries to Brexit. In all five Brexit scenarios we model, there is an overall reduction in UK manufacturing output. Output grows in some industries but at the expense of higher consumer and intermediate goods prices. High tech and medium–high tech sectors are more at risk of a decline in domestic production than lower tech sectors. In most areas of the country, demand for high‐skilled workers falls more than for medium and low‐skilled workers.
Nitrate removal from water using zero‐valent aluminium
Authors: Esfahani Amirsalar R. , Datta Tania
Published: November 2018

Nitrate pollution in surface and groundwater is known to adversely affect human health, water quality and the health of aquatic ecosystems. Zero‐valent aluminium is a strong reductant for ions such as nitrate. In this study, its use in nitrate reduction efficiency was evaluated as a function of pH, aluminium dosage and aluminium particle size through a lab‐scale investigation. The most effective pH for complete nitrate removal, with an initial concentration of 14.0 ± 1.0 mg N/L, was found to be 13 ± 0.2. Under this condition, complete removal was achieved in 5 min, using aluminium particle size of 1–3 µm and aluminium‐to‐nitrate (NO3–‐N) ratio of 125. The 1–3 µm and 297–841 µm aluminium particles removed nitrate at a reaction rate constant (k) of 0.048 ± 0.017 (mg‐N/L)1.53/min and at 0.042 ± 0.014 (mg‐N/L)1.28/min, respectively. The use of smaller aluminium particles was found to be more effective for nitrate removal than large particles, and it was observed that for these particle sizes, aluminium dosages was less of a factor than any other experimental conditions evaluated.
Toward Feedback Control for Additive Manufacturing Processes Via Enriched Analytical Solutions
Authors: Steuben John C. , Birnbaum Andrew J. , Iliopoulos Athanasios P. , Michopoulos John G.
Published: November 2018

Additive manufacturing (AM) enables the fabrication of objects using successive additions of mass and energy. In this paper, we explore the use of analytic solutions to model the thermal aspects of AM, in an effort to achieve high computational performance and enable “in the loop” use for feedback control of AM processes. It is shown that the utility of existing analytical solutions is limited due to their underlying assumption of a homogeneous semi-infinite domain. These solutions must, therefore, be enriched from their exact form in order to capture the relevant thermal physics associated with AM processes. Such enrichments include the handling of strong nonlinear variations in material properties, finite nonconvex solution domains, behavior of heat sources very near boundaries, and mass accretion coupled to the thermal problem. The enriched analytic solution method (EASM) is shown to produce results equivalent to those of numerical methods, which require six orders of magnitude greater computational effort. It is also shown that the EASM's computational performance is sufficient to enable AM process feedback control.
A Charts-Based Approach to Estimate Disassembly Time: Hypothesis, Model and Validation
Authors: Hu Yang , Ameta Gaurav
Published: November 2018

The purpose of this research is to present a generic method to estimate product disassembly time at detail stage by utilizing Boothroyd and Dewhurst classification form. Disassembly time is critical in decision-making process of end-of-life (EOL) operations, such as reuse, recycling, and remanufacturing. Theoretical assembly time for a design can be estimated using well-established Boothroyd and Dewhurst's method, given an assembly sequence. This method breaks single component assembly time into acquisition time, manual time, and insertion time. However, in disassembly processes, component symmetry features are, in most cases, unnecessary. Based on this fact, a hypothesis is made that a component's disassembly time can be estimated by considering replacing time, part removal time, and elements of surrounding components, including visibility, accessibility, and any additional effort. Fastening component disassembly time can be estimated by replacement time and time consumed by thread number. An assembly model is designed to verify this hypothesis with a predefined disassembly sequence. Totally, 31 undergraduate students took part in the manual assembly and disassembly experiment. Difference between theoretical and manual assembly times was found to be 7.4% while the difference between theoretical and manual disassembly times was 2.4%. Statistical evaluation indicated that the theoretical disassembly time falls within manual disassembly time with 95% confidence interval. To further validate the methods, two case studies are carried out with distinct products under same experimental environment. The approach proposed in this study can estimate disassembly time of a product at detail design stage when disassembly sequence is provided. Future work will focus on automating this method while incorporating selective and destructive disassembly time estimations.
A Novel Electromagnetic Fixture for Incremental Sheet Metal Forming
Authors: Nirala Harish K. , Agrawal Anupam
Published: November 2018

Single-point incremental sheet forming (SPISF) is a promising die-less forming technique. It has a variety of applications in many industries, viz., automobile, aerospace, and bone transplants. In SPISF, a sheet of metal is deformed by using numerically controlled single-point, hemispherical end-shaped forming tool, which incrementally deforms the sheet with highly localized plastic deformation. SPISF is a flexible yet relatively slow process when compared with conventional forming techniques like deep drawing and spinning. Since the beginning of die-less forming technology, researchers are recommending it for small batch production system or for customized fabrication. Being a slow process, it still has not achieved wide industrial acceptability. Among several key parameters dictating the process speed, the sheet clamping mechanism is one of the significant parameters of SPISF. Clamping mechanism plays a vital role in its manufacturing lead time. However, research efforts in this direction have been largely neglected. In this investigation, to improve the process speed, a novel electromagnetic clamping mechanism for SPISF is proposed. Detailed numerical and experimental investigations have been carried out to set up its applicability for the SPISF process. From the available literature, it has been found that this type of clamping mechanism in SPISF has not been studied or investigated. The proposed electromagnetic clamping makes the process of sheet clamping faster and convenient, and provides one-click clamping solution. This concept can take the process of incremental sheet forming toward better industrial acceptability. Furthermore, SPISF of symmetric and asymmetric components is conducted to test the feasibility of the concept.
Dynamic Analysis of Planar Mechanisms With Fuzzy Joint Clearance and Random Geometry
Authors: Sun Dongyang , Shi Yan , Zhang Baoqiang
Published: November 2018

The dynamic characteristics of planar mechanisms with fuzzy joint clearance and random geometry are studied in this paper. The dynamics model for the mechanism is constructed by utilizing Baumgarte approach in which the clearance size is a fuzzy number, while the geometry parameters are assumed as random variables. A hybrid contact force model, which consists of the Lankarani–Nikravesh model, improved Winkler elastic foundation model and modified Coulomb friction force model, is applied to construct revolute clearance joint. In order to solve the dynamics model, two methodologies are developed: confidence region method for quantification of random and fuzzy uncertainties (CRMQRFU) and confidence region method with transformation method (CRMTM). In the CRMQRFU, fuzzy numbers are first decomposed into intervals under the given membership level. Then, a general framework is proposed for quantification of random and interval uncertainties in the mechanism. In the CRMTM, a transformation method is applied to transform intervals into deterministic arrays, while probability theory is used to obtain the confidence regions under the given fuzzy values. The confidence region, considering random and fuzzy uncertainties, is obtained by fuzzy set theory. Finally, two examples are used to demonstrate the validity and feasibility of these methods.
Improvement of Probabilistic Fracture Mechanics Analysis Code PASCAL-SP With Regardto PWSCC
Authors: Mano Akihiro , Yamaguchi Yoshihito , Katsuyama Jinya , Li Yinsheng
Published: November 2018

Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) analysis is expected to be a rational method for structural integrity assessment because it can consider the uncertainties of various influence factors and evaluate the quantitative values such as failure probability of a cracked component as the solution. In the Japan Atomic Energy Agency, a PFM analysis code PASCAL-SP has been developed for structural integrity assessment of piping welds in nuclear power plants (NPP). In the past few decades, a number of cracks due to primary water stress corrosion cracking (PWSCC) have been detected in nickel-based alloy welds in the primary piping of pressurized water reactors (PWRs). Thus, structural integrity assessments considering PWSCC have become important. In this study, PASCAL-SP was improved considering PWSCC by introducing several analytical functions such as the models for evaluation of crack initiation time, crack growth rate (CGR), and probability of crack detection. By using the improved version of PASCAL-SP, the failure probabilities of pipes with a circumferential crack or an axial crack due to PWSCC were numerically evaluated. Moreover, the influence of leak detection and nondestructive examination (NDE) on failure probabilities was detected. Based on the obtained numerical results, it was concluded that the improved version of PASCAL-SP is useful for evaluating the failure probability of a pipe considering PWSCC.
Analyses of the Associated Technical and Economic Risks of the Simple and Intercooled Brayton Helium Recuperated Gas Turbine Cycles for Generation IV Nuclear Power Plants
Authors: Gad-Briggs Arnold , Pilidis Pericles , Nikolaidis Theoklis
Published: November 2018

The simple cycle recuperated (SCR) and intercooled cycle recuperated (ICR) are highly efficient Brayton helium gas turbine cycles, designed for the gas-cooled fast reactor (GFR) and very-high-temperature reactor (VHTR) generation IV (Gen IV) nuclear power plants (NPPs). This paper documents risk analyses, which consider technical and economic aspects of the NPP. The sensitivity analyses are presented that interrogate the plant design, performance, and operational schedule and range from component efficiencies, system pressure losses, operating at varied power output due to short-term load-following or long-term reduced power operations to prioritize other sources such as renewables. The sensitivities of the economic and construction schedule are also considered in terms of the discount rates, capital and operational costs, and increased costs in decontamination and decommissioning (D&D) activity due to changes in the discount rates. This was made possible by using a tool designed for this study to demonstrate the effect on the “noncontingency” baseline levelized unit electricity cost (LUEC) of both cycles. The SCR with a cycle efficiency of 50% has a cheaper baseline LUEC of $58.41/MWh in comparison to the ICR (53% cycle efficiency), which has an LUEC of $58.70/MWh. However, the cost of the technical and economic risks is cheaper for the ICR resulting in a final LUEC of $70.45/MWh (ICR) in comparison to the SCR ($71.62/MWh) for the year 2020 prices.
Validation of Selected Cesar Friction Models of the ASTECV21 Code Based on Moby Dick Experiments
Authors: Gómez-García-Toraño I. , Laborde L.
Published: November 2018

In the event of a loss of integrity of the main coolant line, a large mass and energy release from the primary circuit to the containment is to be expected. The temporal evolution of such depressurization is mainly governed by the critical flow, whose correct prediction requires, in first place, a correct description of the different friction terms. Within this work, selected friction models of the CESAR module of the Accident Source Term Evaluation Code (ASTEC) V2.1 integral code are validated against data from the Moby Dick test facility. Simulations are launched using two different numerical schemes: on the one hand, the classical five equation (drift flux) approach, with one momentum conservation equation for an average fluid plus one algebraic equation on the drift between the gas and the liquid; on the other hand, the recently implemented six equation approach, where two differential equations are used to obtain the phase velocities. The main findings are listed hereafter: The use of five equations provides an adequate description of the pressure loss as long as the mass fluxes remain below 1.24 kg/cm2 s and the gas mass fractions below 5.93 × 10 − 4. Beyond those conditions, the hypotheses of the drift flux model are exceeded and the use of an additional momentum equation is required. The use of an additional momentum equation leads to a better agreement with the experimental data for a wider range of mass fluxes and gas mass fractions. However, the qualitative prediction for high gas mass fractions still shows some deviations due to the decrease of the regular friction term at the end of the test section.
Computational Fluid Dynamics Simulation of Flow-Mixing and Heat Transfer in 4 × 4 Rod Bundle With a Twist-Vane Spacer Grid
Authors: Kumawat Ganesh Lal , Kansal Anuj Kumar , Maheshwari Naresh Kumar , Sharma Avaneesh
Published: November 2018

The clearance between fuel rods is maintained by spacer grid or helical wire wrap. Thermal-hydraulic characteristics inside fuel rod bundle are strongly influenced by the spacer grid geometry and the bundle pitch-to-diameter (P/D) ratio. This includes the maximum fuel temperature, critical heat flux, as well as pressure drop through the fuel bundle. An understanding of the detailed structure of flow mixing and heat transfer in a fuel rod bundle geometry is therefore an important aspect of reactor core design, both in terms of the reactor's safe and reliable operation, and with regard to optimum power extraction. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations are performed to investigate isothermal turbulent flow mixing and heat transfer behavior in 4 × 4 rod bundle with twist-vane spacer grid with P/D ratio of 1.35. This work is carried out under International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) co-ordinated research project titled as “Application of Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Codes for Nuclear Power Plant Design.” CFD simulations are performed using open source CFD code OpenFOAM. Numerical results are compared with experimental data from Korea Atomic Energy Research Institute (KAERI) and found to be in good agreement.
Variation of Beremin Model Parameters With Temperature by Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Bhattacharyya K. , Acharyya S. , Dhar S. , Chattopadhyay J.
Published: November 2018

In this work, variation of the Beremin parameters with temperature for reactor pressure vessel material 20MnMoNi55 steel is studied. Beremin model is used, including the effect of plastic strain as originally formulated in the Beremin model. A set of six tests are performed at a temperature of −110 °C in order to determine reference temperature (T0) and master curve for the entire ductile-to-brittle transition (DBT) region as per the ASTM Standard E1921. Monte Carlo simulation is employed to produce a large number of 1 T three-point bending specimen (TPB) fracture toughness data randomly drawn from the scatter band obtained from the master curve, at different temperatures of interest in the brittle dominated portion of DBT region to determine Beremin model parameters variation with temperatures.
Finite Element Analysis of Composite Offshore Wind Turbine Blades Under Operating Conditions
Authors: Tarfaoui M. , Nachtane M. , Boudounit H.
Published: November 2018

World energy demand has increased immediately and is expected to continue to grow in the foreseeable future. Therefore, an overall change of energy consumption continuously from fossil fuels to renewable energy sources, and low service and maintenance price are the benefits of using renewable energies such as using wind turbines as an electricity generator. In this context, offshore wind power refers to the development of wind parks in bodies of water to produce electricity from wind. Better wind speeds are available offshore compared to on land, so offshore wind power's contribution in terms of electricity supplied is higher. However, these structures are very susceptible to degradation of their mechanical properties considering various hostile loads. The scope of this work is the study of the damage noticed in full-scale 48 m fiberglass composite blades for offshore wind turbine. In this paper, the most advanced features currently available in finite element (FE) abaqus/Implicit have been employed to simulate the response of blades for a sound knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the structures and then localize the susceptible sections.
Progress in metal organic cluster EUV photoresists
Authors: Sakai Kazunori , Xu Hong , Kosma Vasiliki , Giannelis Emmanuel P. , Ober Christopher K.
Published: November 2018

Most advanced microelectronic devices are made by using 193 nm immersion lithography systems, but it is difficult to follow the rapid development of semiconductors due to their approaching physical limits. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography which uses a shorter wavelength (i.e., 13.5 nm) light source can offer a way to print features under a 20 nm HP. EUV lithography requires photoresists that utilize EUV photons because photons generated by EUV exposure are fewer than photons generated by 193 nm light exposure. In this paper, our recent progress in metal oxide photoresist research will be discussed.
Analytical modeling of dissipative silencers
Authors: Venegas Rodolfo , Arenas Jorge P. , Boutin Claude
Published: November 2018

This paper applies ideas originally developed in the field of acoustics of multiscale porous media to the analytical modeling of dissipative silencers. Analytical models for the long-wavelength acoustical properties of different types of dissipative silencers, such as pod silencers, lined ducts, splitters, and bar silencers, are introduced in this work. Some of these models account for the possibility of using different porous materials in a given silencer. For instance, a model for a splitter silencer comprising baffles made of different porous materials is derived. Examples of the sound transmission behavior of the said types of silencers are presented to evidence that the dissipation of sound energy is largely influenced by pressure diffusion occurring in the porous constituents. The predictions of the analytical models are in good agreement with finite element calculations.
Priming the liver for a feast after famine
Authors: Wong Wei
Published: November 2018

Food perception activates a hypothalamus-to-liver pathway that prepares the liver for nutrient influx.
Emydomyces testavorans
, a New Genus and Species of Onygenalean Fungus Isolated from Shell Lesions of Freshwater Aquatic Turtles
Authors: Woodburn Daniel B. , Miller Andrew N. , Allender Matthew C. , Maddox Carol W. , Terio Karen A.
Published: November 2018

The fungal order
Onygenales
includes many pathogens of humans and animals, and recent studies have shown some onygenalean fungi to be significant emerging pathogens of reptiles. Although many of these fungi have similar morphological features in histologic tissue sections, recent molecular analyses have revealed a genetically complex and diverse group of reptile pathogens comprising several genera, most notably
Nannizziopsis
,
Ophidiomyces
, and
Paranannizziopsis
.