bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
5‐Hydroxytryptophan (5‐HTP) in Down's Syndrome
Authors: Partington M. W. , MacDonald M. R. A. , Tu J. B.
Published: July 2010

A short controlled trial of the effects of 5‐ydroxytryptophan on the motor behaviour and neurological status of retarded children with and without Down's syndrome was carried out: no effects could be demonstrated. No changes were found in the levels of total 5‐hydroxyindoles and 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid in CSF. There were slight and probably insignificant changes in whole blood serotonin levels, but marked increases in the levels of total 5‐hydroxyindoles in whole blood and in the urinary excretion of 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid.

Effets du 5‐hydroxytryptophan dans le mongolisme: Etude pilote

Un court essai, contrôlé des effets du 5‐ydroxytryptophan sur le comportement moteur et l'état neurologique d'enfants retardés avec et sans mongolisme a été entrepris: aucun effet n'a pu être démontré. Il n' a été noté aucune modification dans le taux sanguin de sérotonine, aucune modification dans le LCR du taux des 5‐hydroxyindoles totaux ou d'acide 5‐hydroxyindole acetique, mais un accroissement important du taux des 5‐hydroxyindoles totaux dans le sang et l'excrétion urinaire de l'acide 5‐hydroxyindole ont pu être démontrés.

Die Auswirkungen des 5‐Hydroxytryptophan beim Mongoloismus: Eine Voruntersuchung

Eine kurze kontrollierte Untersuchung über die Auswirkungen des 5‐Hydroxytryptophan auf die motorischen Gewohnheiten und den neurologischen Status von zurückgebliebenen Kindern mit und ohne Mongoloismus wurde durchgeführt: Es konnten keine solchen Auswirkungen festgestellt werden. Die Serotoninspiegel im Blut sowie auch die Gesamt‐5‐Hydroxyindole und 5‐Hydroxyindolessigsäure in der CSF waren nicht verandert, aber im Blut waren die Gesamt‐5‐Hydroxyindole deutlich erhöht, ebenso auch die Ausscheidung von 5‐Hydroxyindolessigsäure im Urin.

Los efectos del 5‐hidroxitríptófano en el Síndrome de Down: Estudio piloto

Se ha realizado un corto ensayo controlado de los efectos del 5‐hidroxitríptófano en el comportamiento motor y status neurológico de niños retardados con y sin síndrome de Down. No pudo demostrarse ningún efecto. No se encontró ningún cambio en los niveles de serotonina en sangre total ni de los 5‐hidroxi‐indoles totales o ácido hidroxi‐indol en el LCR pero se demostraron aumentos marcados en los niveles de 5‐hidroxi‐indoles totales en sangre total así como en la excretión urinaria del ácido 5‐hidroxi‐indol‐acético.
Urinary 4‐Hydroxy‐3‐Methoxymandelic Acid (HMMA) Excretion in Infants with Spina Bifida
Authors: BARSON A. J. , HODGE J. S.
Published: July 2010

The urinary excretion of 4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxymandelic acid (HMMA) in hydrocephalic infants with spina bifida below one year of age was approximately double that measured in normal infants and spina bifida infants without hydrocephalus, the differences in the mean values being highly significant (p < 0.001). Children over one year of age with well‐controlled hydrocephalus had normal urinary levels of HMMA. It is suggested that a raised urinary HMMA content is a consequence of a persistently elevated intracranial pressure, which is reversible, and not necessarily a direct reflection of spina bifida or of an enlarged head circumference.

L'excrétion urinaire de I'HMMA chez l'enfant hydrocéphale de moins d'un an porteur d'un spina bifida est apparue environ double de celle qui a été mesurée chez l'enfant normal ou chez l'enfant porteur de spina bifida sans hydrocéphalic; la différence entre les moyennes est hautement significative. Les enfants de plus d'un an avec hydrocéphalic bien stabilisée ont des taux urinaires de HMMA normaux. Il est suggéré que l'élévation de la concentration urinaire du HMMA est une conséquence de l'élévation persistante de la pression intra‐crânienne, qu'elle est réversible et pas nécessairement la traduction directe d'un spina bifida ou d'un tour de tête élargi.

Die Ausscheidung der 4‐Hydroxy‐3‐Methoxy‐Mandelsáure (HMMA) im Urin war bei Kindern mit Spina bifida und Hydrocephalus unter einem Jahr ungefáhr doppelt so hoch wie bei normalen Kindern und bei Kindern mit Spina bifida ohne Hydrocephalus, wobei die Unterschiede zwischen den Mittelwerten hoch signifilcant waren. Kinder über ein Jahr mit gut kontrolliertem Hydrocephalus hatten normale HMMA‐Spiegel im Urin. Es wird angenommen, daß ein erhöhter HMMA‐Gehalt im Urin eine Folge des ständig erhöhten intracraniellen Druckes ist, der jedoch reversibel ist und nicht unbedingt eine direkte Folge der Spina bifida oder eines erhohten Schädelumfanges darstellt.

La excreción urinaria de ácido 4‐hidroxi‐3‐metoximandélico (HMMA) en lactantes hidrocefálicos con espina bifida de menos de un año de edad fué aproximadamente el doble de las cifras encontradas en Iactantes normales o con espina bifida sin hidrocefalia, siendo las diferencias en los valores medios altamente significativas. Los niños de màs de un año con hidrocefalia bien controlada tenian un nivel urinario normal de HMMA. Se sugiere que una excreción urinaria elevada de HMMA es una consecuencia de una hipertensión endo‐craneana elevada, la cual es reversible, y no es necesariamente un reflejo directo de la espina bifida o de un aumento del perimetro craneano.
A Study of the Renal Tract from Birth in Children with Myelomeningocele
Authors: THOMAS MARGARET , HOPKINS JILL M.
Published: July 2010

A prospective study of the renal tract in children with myelomeningocele showed a high incidence of urinary tract pathology. By the age of 2 years, 50 per cent had bacteruria, 88 per cent had abnormal cystograms and 25 per cent had hydronephrosis despite vigorous antibiotic therapy. Infections of the renal parenchyma can be distinguished by the 0 antibody titre and should be treated until the titre falls to normal, which may take many months.

Eine Untersuchung des Harntraktes bei Kindern mit Myelomeningocele von Geburt an

Eine prospektive Untersuchung des Harntraktes bei Kindern mit Myelomeningocele zeigte eine große Häufigkeit pathologischer Veranderungen des Harntraktes. Mit zwei Jahren hatten 50 Prozent eine Bakteriurie, 88 Prozent abnorme Cystogramme und 25 Prozent hatten eine Hydronephrose trotz starker antibiotischer Therapie. Infektionen des Nierenparenchyms können durch den O Antikörper‐Titer erkannt werden und sollten behandelt werden, bis der Titer wieder normal ist, was sich über viele Monate erstrecken kann.

Estudio del tracto urinario a partir del nacimiento en niños con mielomeningocele

Un estudio prospectivo del tracto renal en niños con mielomeningocele mostró una alta incidencia de tractos urinarios patológicos. A la edad de dos años el 50 por ciento tenían bacteriuria, 88 por ciento tenían cistogramas anormales y 23 por ciento tenían hidronefrosis, a pesar de una terapéutica antibiótica vigorosa. Las infecciones del parénquima renal pueden ser distinguidas por el título de anticuerpos O, y deben ser tratadas hasta que el titulo se normalice, lo cual puede durar muchos meses.
Experience with Ventriculo‐peritoneal Shunts
Authors: VILLANI R. , PAOLETTI P. , GAINI S. M.
Published: July 2010

The authors report their experience with the use of ventriculo‐peritoneal shunts with Pudenz valves in the treatment of 47 cases of hydrocephalus of various pathogeneses. A definite improvement was attained in two‐thirds of the cases, and the causes and treatment of complications in the remaining one‐third are discussed.

Les auteurs presentent leur expérience dans l'application de la dérivation ventriculopéritonéale avec valve de Pudenz‐Raimondi utilisée dans 47 cas d'hydrocéphalie de différente origine. Le contrôle à distance révèle une remarquable amélioration de 2/3 des malades opérés. Les auteurs concluent avec une analyse des causes de complication.

Die Autoren beschreibsn Ihre Erfahrung in der Anwendung der ventriculo‐peritonealen Derivationen mit Pudenz‐Raimondi‐Ventil auf 47 Patienten mit Hydrocephalus von verschiedener Pathogenesis. Nachkontrollen beweisen die Verbesserung in 2/3 der Patienten. Schliesslich untersuchen die Autoren die Gründe von Komplikationen.

Los Autores refieren la experiencia de 47 casos de hidrocéfalo de diversa patogénesis tratados con una derivación ventriculo‐peritoneal con la válvula de Pudenz‐Raimondi. En los sucesivos controles a distancia los 2/3 de los pacientes han obtenido ventaja con dicha derivación. Son además discutidas las causas de las complicaciones.
A New Graphic Method for the Evaluation of Sexual Maturity in Girls
Authors: Wolañski Napoleon , Pyzuk Mira
Published: July 2010

This new graphic method for the evaluation of sexual maturity in girls is based on the study of 650 urban and 469 rural girls in Poland. A system of centile grids and graphs is presented which permits individual assessment of various stages of sexual development.

Nouvelle méthode graphique d̂évaluation de la maturité sexuelle

Cette nouvelle méthode graphique pour evolution de la maturité sexuelle des filles est basée sur 'etude de 650 cas urbains et 469 cas ruraux en Pologne. Un système de table en centiles et de graphiques est présenté; il permet une appréciation individuelle à différents moments du développement sexuel.

Eine neue graphische Methode zur Bestimmung der sexuellen Reife

Diese neue graphische Methode zur Bestimmung dqr sexuellen Reife bei Mädchen basiert auf der Untersuchung von 650 städtischen und 469 Mädchen vom Land in Polen. Es wird ein System von Millimetergittern und Tabellen vorgelegt, welches eine individuelle Bestimmung in den verschiedenen Stadien sexueller Reife erlaubt.

Un nuevo meétodo gráfico para evaluur la maduración sexual

Este nuevo método gráfico para la evaluación de la madurez sexual en niñas se basa en un estudio de 650 niñas de ciudad y 469 niñas del campo en Polonia. Se presenta un sistema de centiles y gráficos que permite la evaluación individual en diversos estadios del desarrollo sexual.
Sociogenetic Brain Damage
Authors: Montagu Ashley
Published: July 2010

The author cites the evidence for brain damage resulting from malnutrition and an impoverished environment, and discusses their effects on the development of intelligence.

Lésions cérébrales d̂origine sociale

L'auteur rapporte la mise en évidence de lésions cérébrales venant de la mal‐nutrition et d̂un environnement apauvri; il discute ces effets sur le développement de 'intelligence.

Hirnschädigung durch gesellschaftliche Einfüsse

Der Autor führt die Hinweise einer Hirnschädigung durch Unterernährung und armselige Umgebung an und diskutiert deren Einflüsse auf die Entwicklung der Intelligenz.

Lesión cerebral sociogénetica

El autor cita la evidencia de lesión cerebral con resultado de malnutrición y de pobreza ambiental y discute sus efectos sobre el desarrollo de la inteligencia.
Vein of Galen Malformation with Atypical Manifestations: a Case Report
Authors: Kalyanaraman K. , Jagannathan K. , Ramamurthi B.
Published: July 2010

A 6‐year‐old child is described with an aneurysm of the vein of Galen, diagnosed by carotid angiography. The unusual manifestation of alternating hemiparesis was associated with fever on one occasion and with anaphylactic reaction to ATS injection on the other.

The probable pathogenesis of the atypical manifestations is discussed, and a plea is made for more frequent angiography in children so that uncommon vascular lesions can be diagnosed early.

Malformation de la veine de Galien avec manifestations atypiques: Etude d̂un cas

Les auteurs décrivent le cas d̂un enfant de 6 ans, porteur d̂un avévrisme de la veine de Galien, diagnostiqué par angiographic carotidienne. Une manifestation inhabituelle d̂hémiparésie alternante associée à de la fièvre en une occasion et à une réaction anaphylactique à 'injection d̂A. T. S. à un autre moment est soulignée.

La pathogénie probable de ces manifestations atypiques est discutée et il est demandé de pratiquer plus souvent une angiographie chez 'enfant pour le diagnostic précoce de lésions vasculaires inhabituelles.

Miβibildung der Galen' schen Vene mit atypischen Manifestationen: Bericht über einen Fall

Es wird über ein 6 Jahre altes Kind mit einem Aneurysma der Galen' schen Vene berichtet, das durch eine Carotisangiographie diagnostiziert wurde. Die ungewöhnliche Symptomatik einer alternierenden Hemiparese, in einem Falle nach ATS‐Injektion mit Fieber, in einem anderen Falle mit einer anaphylaktischen Reaktion wird dargelegt.

Die wahrscheinliche Pathogenese dieser atypischen Manifestationen wird diskutiert und häufigere Angiographien bei Kindern werden empfohlen, um ungewöhnliche Gefäßämiß‐bildungen früh zu erkennen.

Malformatión de la vena de Galeno con manifestaciones atípicas: Aportación de un caso

Se describe un niño de 6 años con aneurisma de la vena de Galeno diagnosticado por angiografía carotídea. Se indica la manifestación no usual de hemiparesia alternante asociada a fiebre en una ocasión y con reacción anafiláctica a la inyección de ATS en otra.

Se discute la probable patogenia de las manifestaciones típicas y se insiste en que deben hacerse angiografías más frecuentes en niños de forma que las lesiones vasculares no corrientes puedan ser diagnosticadas prontamente.
The Use of Thermography in Familial Congenital Horner's Syndrome
Authors: Mellor David H. , Richardson Joyce E. , Watmough David
Published: July 2010

This paper reports congenital Horner's syndrome affecting a two‐year‐old boy and his father. The presenting concern was of excessive sweating over one side of the face. Both were found to have ptosis and miosis on the other side. Their symptom of unequal sweating was not due to hyperhidrosis on the side of which they complained, but to anhidrosis on the opposite side of their faces. The father had heterochromia iridis but the son's eyes were both blue and of equal colour. Available evidence suggests that familial congenital Horner's syndrome is inherited as an autosomal dominant with irregular penetrance. Thermography showed much higher thermal radiation from the anhidrotic side of their faces. This method provided a very satisfactory test of autonomic function and may be of value in other similar situations.

Syndrome de Horner congénital familial

Cette étude rapporte l'existence d'un syndrome de Horner chez un garçon de deux ans et chez son père. Les troubles motivants un avis étaient une sudation exagérée sur une moitié de la figure. Les deux sujets examinés présentaient un ptosis et un myosis sur le côté opposé de la face. La sudation inégale n'était pas liée à une hyperhydrose sur le côté indiqué mais à une anhydrose du côté opposé. Le père présentait une hétérochromie iridienne tandis que les deux yeux du fils étaient bleus et de couleur égale. Des faits analysés suggèrent que le syndrome de Horner congenital familial est liéà un géne dominant autosomique de pénétrance irrégulière. La thermographie utilisée dans les deux cas a montré une radiation thermique plus élevée sur les côtés anhydrotiques de la face. Cette derniére méthode fournit un test très satisfaisant des fonctions autonomes et peut être de grande valeur dans d'autres situations identiques.

ZUSAMMENFASSUN

Familiäres angeborenes Horner Syndrom

Diese Arbeit berichtet über ein angeborenes Horner Syndrom bei einem 2 Jahre alten Jungen und seinem Vater. Die Patienten klagten über ungewöhnlich starke Schweißneigung einer Gesichtshälfte. Beide hatten eine Ptosis und Miosis des anderen Auges. Die ungleiche Schweißneigung war nicht durch eine Hyperhidrose auf der betroffenen Seite sondern durch Anhidrose auf der anderen Seite bedingt. Der Vater hatte eine Heterochromia iridis, die Augenfarbe des Jungen jedoch war gleichmäßig blau. Vorliegende Befunde sprechen dafür, daß das angeborene Horner Syndrom autosomal dominant mit unterschiedlicher Penetranz vererbt wird. Thermographische Untersuchungen bei diesen beiden Patienten haben eine höhere thermische Strahlung auf der Gesichtsseite mit der verminderten Schweißneigung ergeben. Diese Methode lieferte eine sehr zufriedenstellende Überprüfung der autonomen Funktionen und kann in ähnlichen Situationen von Wert sein.
Neurological Involvement in the Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz Syndrome: Clinical and Neuropathological Findings
Authors: Garcia Carlos A. , McGarry Paul A. , Voirol Michel , Duncan Caroline
Published: July 2010

Two patients with the Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz syndrome were examined clinically and at autopsy. In addition to the features characteristic of the syndrome, there was evidence in both patients of significant developmental anomalies at all levels of the central nervous system, but mainly affecting the cerebral and cerebellar cortex. Both patients were microcephalic and one had anomalies of the carotid artery. Examination of samples of peripheral nerves, autonomic structures and skeletal muscles revealed no significant abnormalities. These findings appear to be important features of the syndrome which have not been emphasized previously.

Implication neurologique dans le syndrome de Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz; données cliniques et neuropathologiques

Deux malades présentant un syndrome de Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz ont été examinés cliniquement et à l'autopsie. En plus des manifestions habituelles du syndrome, il a été observé chez les deux sujets des anomalies de développement significatives à tous les niveaux du système nerveux central mais principalement au niveau des cortex cérébraux et cérébelleux. Les deux malades étaient microcéphales et l'un d'entre eux présentait des anomalies de la carotide. L'examen d'échantillons de nerfs périphériques du système autonome et des muscles squelettiques n'a pas révélé d'anomalies significatives. Ces données ajoutent à ce syndrome des caractéristiques sur lesquelles l'accent n'avait pas encore été mis.

ZUSAMMENFASSUN

Neurologische Beteiligung beim Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz Syndrom: klinische und neuropathologische Befunde

Es wurden 2 Patienten mit einem Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz Syndrom zunächst klinisch und später bei der Autopsie untersucht. Außer den für dieses Syndrom charakteristischen Merkmalen fand man bei beiden Patienten signifikante Entwicklungsanomalien im gesamten ZNS, hauptsächlich jedoch im cerebralen und cerebellaren Cortex. Beide Patienten waren mikrocephal und einer hatte Anomalien der A. carotis. Die Untersuchung der peripheren Nerven, der autonomen Strukturen und Skelettmuskeln ergab keine eindeutigen Anomalien. Diese Befunde sprechen wichtige Merkmale dieses Syndroms an, die früher noch nicht hervorgehoben wurden.

Afectación neurológica en el sïndrome de Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz. Hallazgos clïnicos y neuropatológicos

Dos pacientes con el síndrome de Smith‐Lemli‐Opitz fueron examinados desde el punto de vista clínico y con autopsia. Además de los rasgos característicos del síndrome, había evidencia en ambos pacientes de anomalías significativas del desarrollo en todos los niveles del SNC, pero afectando sobre todo el córtex cerebral y cerebeloso. Ambos pacientes eran microcefálicos y uno tenía anomalías en la arteria carótida. El examen de muestras de nervios periféricos, estructuras autónomas y músculos esqueléticos no mostraron anomalías significativas. Estos hallazgos aparecen como rasgos importantes del síndrome, que no habían sido citados anteriormente.
Perfusion Between the Lateral Ventricles in the Study of Experimental Hydrocephalus
Authors: WELCH KEASLEY , McLENNAN JAMES E. , EISENBERG HOWARD M.
Published: July 2010

Much of what is accepted about the pathophysiology of hydrocephalus is dependent upon the results of experiments in which perfusion is carried out between the lateral ventricles. Superficially, the method seems to be merely a technical variation of ventriculo‐cisternal perfusion, but in fact it involves new and incorrect assumptions about the system under study. Valid results are obtained by the method only when absorption is zero.

Perfusion entre les ventricules latéraux dans l'hydrocéphalie expérimentale

Beaucoup de ce que l'on connait et croit sur la physiopathologie de l'hydrocéphalie dépend du résultat d'expériences dans lesquelles une perfusion entre les ventricules latéraux est effectuée. Superficiellement, la méthode semble une variation technique de la perfusion ventriculo‐cisternale, mais en fait, elle entraine des affirmations nouvelles et incorrectes sur le système étudié. Des résultats valides ne peuvent être obtenus par cette méthode qu'en cas d'absorption nulle.

Perfusion zwischen den Seitenventrikeln in einer Studie des experimentellen Hydrocephalus

Vieles dessen, was über die Pathophysiologie des Hydrocephalus gelehrt und geglaubt wird, ist abhängig von den Ergebnissen der Experimente, in denen eine Perfusion zwischen den Seitenventrikeln durchgeführt wurde. Oberflächlich gesehen scheint diese Methode einfach eine technische Variante der ventriculo‐cisternalen Perfusion zu sein, tatsächlich aber bringt sie neue und unrichtige Annahmen über das System mit sich während der Studie. Verwertbare Ergebnisse erhält man mit dieser Methode nur, wenn die Absorption null ist.

Perfusión entre los ventriculos laterales en el estudio de la hidrocefalia experimental

Mucho de lo que se enseña y se cree acerca de la fisiopatologia de la hidrocefalia depende de los resultados de las experiencias en las que se realiza una perfusión entre los ventriculos. laterales. Superficialmente el método parece ser meramente una variación técnica de la perfusión ventrículo‐cisternal, pero de hecho incluye nuevas e incorrectas opiniones sobre el sistema estudiado. Los resultados válidos con este método se obtienen únicamente si la absorción es nula.
The Etiology of Cerebral Palsy in Pre‐term Infants
Authors: Churchill John A. , Masland Richard L. , Naylor Alfred A. , Ashworth Margaret R.
Published: July 2010

In a group of 856 babies who weighed 2.0kg or less at birth, 44 were found to have spastic diplegia when examined at one year of age. Of the 856 babies, 199 had gestations of 36 weeks or more and none of these were spastic. This suggests that short gestation rather than low birthweight is a determinant of spastic diplegic cerebral palsy. Of the 44 affected infants, seven had been delivered before term by caesarean section, compared with two in the control group. Of the many variables studied, the only statistically significant finding was low hematocrit in babies with spastic diplegia, which supports the theory that spastic diplegia may be associated with intracranial hemorrhage.

Sur un groupe de 856 nourrissons pesant 2kg ou moins à la naissance 44 ont présenté lors de l'examen à l'âge d'un an une forme diplégique spastique d'infirmité motrice cérébrale (sdcp). Sur les 856 nourrissons, 199 ont eu une durée de gestation de 36 semaines ou plus, et aucun d'entre eux n'étaient spastiques. Ceci suggère qu'une grossesse courte est beaucoup plus déterminante qu'un poids de naissance faible dans la survenue de la sdcp. Sur les 44 enfants attaints, 7 sont nés prématurément par césarienne, compares aux 2 cas du groupe contrôle. Parmi les très nombreuses variables étudiées, la seule découverte statistiquement significative a été le taux bas d'hématocrite chez les nourrissons avec sdcp, ce qui favorise la théorie que la sdcp peut être associée à une hémorragie intra‐cránienne.

44 Kinder einer Gruppe von 856 Babies mit einem Gebursgewicht von 2kg oder weniger zeigten eine Cerebralparese in Form einer spastischen Diplegie (sdcp) bei der Untersuchung im Alter von einem Jahr. Von den 856 Babies hatten 199 ein Gestationsalter von 36 Wochen oder mehr, und keines dieser Kinder war spastisch. Dies weist darauf hin, daß eine kurze Gestation mehr als ein niedriges Geburtsgewicht ein bestimmender Faktor für die sdcp ist. Sieben der 44 betroffenen Kinder waren vorzeitig durch Sectio geboren worden, im Vergleich zur nur zwei in der Kontrollgruppe. Von den vielen untersuchten Parametern war der einzig statistisch signifikante Befund der niedrige Hämatokrit der Babies mit sdcp, der die Théorie unterstützt, daß die sdcp mit intracraniellen Hämorrhagien verbunden sein kann.

En un grupo de 856 niños con un peso de 2kg o menos al nacer, se halló que 44 tenían una paralisis cerebral dipléjica espástica (pcde) cuando fueron examinados al año de edad. De los 856 niños, 199 tenían gestaciones de 36 semanas o más y ninguno de ellos era espástico. Esto sugiere que una gestación corta, más que un bajo peso al nacer, constituye el déterminante de la pcde. De los 44 niños afectos 7 habían nacido prematuramente por cesárea en comparación con dos del grupo control. De las muchas variables estudiadas el único hallazgo estadísticamente significativo era un hematocrito bajo en los niños con pcde, lo que habla en favor de la teoría de que la pcde puede estar asociada con hemorragia intracraneana.
‘Premature’ Infants: the Relation of Dental Abnormalities to Neurological and Psychometric Status at Age Two Years*
Authors: Rosenstein Solomon N.
Published: July 2010

A double‐blind evaluation study was undertaken of 66 two‐year‐old survivors of pre‐term birth who had bsen on one of two anti‐bacterial regimens during the first five days of life. A series of eight examinations was performed. Findings were designated ‘normal’ or ‘abnormal’. The dental abnormality was enamel aplasia of primary teeth, the neurological abnormality was definite or suspected evidence of neurological deficit, and the psychometric abnormality was borderline or poorer performance on psychometric testing. The results of these examinations showed that dental abnormality at two years was significantly correlated with neurological and psychometric abnormalities.

An 66 zwei Jahre alien ehemaligen Frühgeborenen wurde ein Doppelblindversuch durchgeführt. Sie waren während der ersten 5 Lebenstage nach zwei verschiedenen antibakteriellen Behandlungsplänen betreut worden. Es wurden acht Untersuchungen durchgeführt und die Befunde als normal oder abnorm bezeichnet. Die Zahnanomalie bestand in einer Schmelzaplasie der ersten Zähne, die Auffälligkeiten hinsichtlich der Neurologie waren ein absoluter Hinweis oder der starke Verdacht auf neurologische Ausfälle, der pathologische Refund der psychometrischen Untersuchungen bestand in Testergebnissen an der unteren Grenze der Norm oder schlechter.

Die Ergebnisse zeigten, daß eine signifikante Korrelation zwischen Zahnanomalien und neurologischen und psychometrischen Anomalien besteht.
What Is Normal Distance Vision at Five to Seven Years?
Authors: Sheridan Mary D.
Published: July 2010

Of 100 school children aged five to seven years tested with the stycar material at 20ft (6 metres) at eye level in good light, the normal distance visual acuity of the great majority (83) was found to be 6/4.5 in each eye. It is therefore suggested that visual acuity of 6/9, even when occurring in only one eye, should be regarded as sub‐optimal distance vision requiring careful follow‐up or, in some cases, immediate referral to a consultant ophthalmologist.

Parmi cent écoliers de 5 à 7 ans, examines avec le materiel stycarà 20 pieds (6 metres) à hauteur d'oeil et sous bon éclairage, l'acuité visuelle normale à distance de la grande majorité (83) a été de 6/4, 5 pour les deux yeux. Il est de ce fait suggéré qu'une acuité visuelle de 6/9, même si elle survient sur un seul oeil, doit être considérée comme une vision à distance sous‐optimale nécessitant une surveillance soigneuse ou dans quelques cas une consultation immediate en ophtalmologie.

Bei hundert Schulkindern im Alter zwischen 5 und 7 Jahren wurde die normale Entfer‐nungssehschärfe mit dem stycar Satz auf 20 Fuß (6m) in Augenhöhe bei guter Beleuchtung getestet und betrug bei den meisten 6/4.5 (für beide Augen). Es wird daher empfohlen, daß eine Sehschärfe von 6/9, selbst wenn sie nur an einem Auge festgestellt wird, als nicht optimale Entfernungssehschärfe anzusehen ist und einer sorgfältigen weiteren Kontrolle bedarf, oder in einigen Fallen sofort einem Augenarzt überwiesen werden sollte.

De 100 escolares de 5 a 7 años, examinados con el material stycar a 20 pies (6 metros) a nivel de los ojos y con buena luz, se hallo que la agudeza visual a distancia normal en la mayor parte de los casos (83) era de 6/4,5 (en ambos ojos). De ahi se sugiere que la agudeza visual de 6/9, incluso si se da en un solo ojo, debe ser considerada como una vision distante subóptima, requiriéndose una observación posterior cuidadosa, o bien en algunos casos el envio inmediato del niño al oftalmólogo.
Improving attitudes towards children with disabilities in a school context: a cluster randomized intervention study
Authors: GODEAU EMMANUELLE , VIGNES CÉLINE , SENTENAC MARIANE , EHLINGER VIRGINIE , NAVARRO FÉLIX , GRANDJEAN HÉLÈNE , ARNAUD CATHERINE
Published: July 2010

Aim  Although inclusive education of disabled children is now an accepted practice, it is often challenged by negative peer attitudes. We undertook an interventional study aimed at improving students’ attitudes towards their disabled peers.

Method  The participants were students from the 7th grade of twelve paired schools (1509 students from 62 classes; age 12–13y), randomly allocated to an intervention group (205 males, 285 females) or a control group (132 males, 165 females). The intervention consisted of a mandatory comprehensive educational project on disability. The Chedoke‐McMaster Attitudes Towards Children with Handicaps Scale (CATCH) was used to assess children’s attitudes before (T0) and after (T1) intervention. The hierarchical structure of the data was taken into account by adjusting standard deviations and using linear multilevel models.

Results  Seven hundred and eighty‐four students had at least one score on the three domains (cognitive, affective, behavioural) of the CATCH at T0 and T1. The final scores were higher than baseline scores (total scores, intervention group: baseline score 25.6 (SD=5.4), final score 26.8 (5.9), p<0.001; Control group: baseline 25.2 (5.4), final 26.0 (5.7), p<0.009) with no significant difference between the intervention and control groups. Individual score changes over time were associated with baseline score (p<0.001 for total and all sub‐scores). Lower improvement in attitudes was found in students from schools with special units for their peers with cognitive impairment for total (p=0.013), affective (p<0.001), and behavioural (p=0.001) scores, while higher improvement existed for the cognitive domain (p=0.029).

Interpretation  Although we found no effect of our intervention, we found an improvement in attitudes in the intervention and control groups that could be a result of the nature of the scales and questionnaires the students had to complete before the intervention.
Chemical and electrophoretic properties of Holstein cow milk as affected by somatic cell count
Authors: MOSLEHISHAD MARYAM , EZZATPANAH HAMID , AMINAFSHAR MEHDI
Published: July 2010

Chemical and electrophoretic properties of raw milk samples with different somatic cell counts (SCCs)(<200 000, 200 000–800 000 and >800 000 cells/mL) were determined. Milk was analysed for fat, lactose, total nitrogen (TN), non‐casein nitrogen (NCN), ratio of casein nitrogen to total nitrogen (CN/TN), pH, titratable acidity (TA), solid‐non‐fat (SNF), total solid (TS), the amount of αs‐casein and β‐casein. Milk SCC had no significant effect (P ≥ 0.05) on fat and TN. An increase in the SCC resulted in an increase in pH and NCN content, and a significant decrease in lactose, TA, SNF, CN/TN, αs‐casein and β‐casein. Milk quality of Holstein dairy cattle deteriorate due to higher proteolytic activity associated with high SCC.
Has publication of the results of the ORACLE Children Study changed practice in the UK?
Authors: Kenyon S , Pike K , Jones D , Brocklehurst P , Marlow N , Salt A , Taylor D
Published: July 2010

Please cite this paper as: Kenyon S, Pike K, Jones D, Brocklehurst P, Marlow N, Salt A, Taylor D. Has publication of the results of the ORACLE Children Study changed practice in the UK? BJOG 2010;117:1344–1349.

Objective  To investigate whether publication of the results of the ORACLE Children’s Study, a 7‐year follow‐up of the ORACLE trial, changed practice with regard to the routine prescription of antibiotics to women with preterm rupture of membranes or spontaneous preterm labour (intact membranes).

Design  A comparative questionnaire survey of clinical practice in November 2007 (before publication) and March 2009 (after publication).

Population  Lead obstetricians for labour wards of all maternity units in the UK.

Methods  Self‐administered questionnaires requested information about the routine prescription of antibiotics to women with either preterm rupture of membranes or spontaneous preterm labour (intact membranes).

Main outcome measures  Change in practice for prescription of antibiotics.

Results  The response rate was 166/214 (78%) in 2007 and 158/209 (76%) in 2009. In total, 120 maternity units responded on both occasions. For women with preterm rupture of membranes, 162/214 (98%) in 2007 and 151/158 (96%) in 2009 maternity units reported that they prescribed antibiotics, with the majority using erythromycin (98%). For women with spontaneous preterm labour (intact membranes), 35/166 (21%) in 2007 and 25/158 (16%) in 2009 maternity units reported that they routinely prescribed antibiotics. The findings from units who responded on both occasions are similar.

Conclusions  There has been little change in the reported prescription of antibiotics to women with either preterm rupture of membranes or spontaneous preterm labour following publication of the ORACLE Children’s Study. This suggests that current practice may require updated guidance.
The effect of aminosulfonate buffers on the light responses and intracellular pH of goldfish retinal horizontal cells
Authors: Trenholm Stuart , Baldridge William H.
Published: July 2010

J. Neurochem. (2010) 115, 102–111.

Retinal horizontal cell feedback acts as a gain control at the first synapse in the visual system and generates center‐surround receptive fields in the outer retina. One model of feedback proposes that elevation of protons in the photoreceptor synaptic cleft produces feedback. Most evidence supporting the proton model has depended on the effect of proton buffers, in particular aminosulfonates, but these agents could potentially have effects other than external pH regulation. We therefore determined if the effects of aminosulfonates on horizontal cell rollback, an indicator of feedback, were consistent with external proton buffering. Intracellular recording from horizontal cells in isolated goldfish retina revealed that rollback was blocked only by aminosulfonates with an acid dissociation constant suited for buffering at the pH (7.5) of the Ringer’s solution. In isolated goldfish horizontal cells, aminosulfonates, even those that did not block rollback, altered intracellular pH. This suggests that the effect of aminosulfonates on rollback is not because of changing intracellular pH. Measures of both intracellular and extracellular pH revealed that treatment with either glutamate or kainate resulted in acidification. As glutamate produced both internal and external acidification, intracellular and extracellular horizontal cell pH would be expected to increase in response to light, a change consistent with the proton model of feedback.
BIODIVERSITY RESEARCH: When is a species really extinct? Testing extinction inference from a sighting record to inform conservation assessment
Authors: Collen Ben , Purvis Andy , Mace Georgina M.
Published: July 2010

Aim The global extinction of a species typically represents the end point in a series of population extinctions, during which unique evolutionary history is lost at every stage. Insight into the process of extinction can provide the means to identify species at high risk, but the number of extinctions being identified languishes far behind true totals. More proactive ways of inferring extinction from limited data are required.

Location Historic sightings, collections and specimen data from Australia and Asia.

Method We used a technique called optimal linear estimation to analyse the sightings record of mammal and bird species of varying ecology, life history and population demography. The mammal species chosen were all considered regionally extinct in the literature, while the bird species chosen had all been highlighted as candidates for the new IUCN Red List category flag: Critically Endangered (Possibly Extinct).

Results Nine of the ten mammal species were predicted to be probably extinct, but only two with 95% certainty. Seven of the ten bird species were predicted to be probably extinct, four with 95% certainty.

Main conclusions Superficially, determining whether a species is extinct might seem a simple task, whereby we either find a species extant, or it is extinct. In reality, however, the task is much more complex. Techniques such as optimal linear estimation, in combination with other data sources, and knowledge of recording effort, may prove useful in inferring extinction across a variety of taxa but should not be used in isolation.
Testing via news videos: an exploratory study
Authors: Jing Zhang
Published: July 2010

This case study investigated five test‐takers' use of news videos in a listening‐to‐summarize task, and the extent to which the different strategies they employed in processing the visual and the audio elements of the videos affected their performance. It reports the significant features of the visual and audio elements that the test‐takers made use of, and the interaction between these elements and test‐takers' personal characteristics and summarization performance. Data was collected via verbal reports and follow‐up interviews. A discussion of the findings follows in connection with the use of videos in testing and teaching listening comprehension skills, and suggestions for future research are made.
A comparison of the foreign language learning motivation of Hungarian dyslexic and non‐dyslexic students
Authors: Kormos Judit , Csizér Kata
Published: July 2010

In this research we surveyed the language learning motivation of Hungarian learners of English and German with and without dyslexia. The results of the questionnaire study that altogether involved 1,182 participants indicate that for most learner groups the best direct predictor of how much effort they were willing to invest in language learning was their image of themselves as language learners. Dyslexic language learners were found to have significantly less favorable motivational characteristics than their non‐dyslexic peers, which was apparent in language learning self‐concepts, attitudes, and motivated behavior. The pedagogical implications of these findings are also discussed.

In dieser Studie untersuchten wir die Fremdsprachlernmotivation von 1182 ungarischen Deutsch‐ und Englischlernern, von denen ein Teil an Dyslexie leidet. Die Ergebnisse der Fragebogenstudie zeigen, dass das Selbstbild der Teilnehmer als Sprachlerner fuer die Mehrzahl der Forschungsteilnehmergruppen die beste Vorhersage ueber das Mass der Anstregungen, die sie fuer das Erlernen der Fremdsprache auf sich nehmen wuerden, zuliess. Die Studie ergab, dass an Dyslexie leidende Sprachlerner signifikant weniger positive Motivationscharakteristiken haben als gleichaltrige Teilnehmer, die nicht an Dyslexie leiden. Dies zeigte sich im Sprachenlernen hinsichtlich des Selbstkonzepts, der Einstellungen und des motivierten Verhaltens. Die paedagogischen Implikationen dieser Ergebnisse werden auch diskutiert.
Identity construction in ELF contexts: a case study of Finnish engineering students working in Germany
Authors: Virkkula Tiina , Nikula Tarja
Published: July 2010

This paper explores connections between identity and language use in lingua franca contexts by investigating identity construction among Finnish users of English as revealed in interviews conducted both before and after a period spent in Germany. The focus is on the users' own stories of their language use and learning, and on the discursive construction of identities. The study draws on poststructuralist theories of identity construction, combining them with research that focuses on language learners' identity construction or on identity issues in contexts with English as a lingua franca. This paper illustrates how language users actively draw on different discourses in constructing their identities as foreign language users.

Artikkelissa tarkastellaan identiteetin ja kielen käytön suhdetta tilanteissa, joissa englantia käytetään lingua francana. Identiteetin rakentumista tutkitaan haastattelemalla suomalaisia englannin kielen käyttäjiä sekä ennen heidän muutaman kuukauden mittaista oleskeluaan Saksassa että sen jälkeen. Tavoitteena on tarkastella kielenkäyttäjien omia käsityksiä kielenkäytöstä ja kielen oppimisesta sekä diskursiivista identiteettien rakentumista. Tutkimus pohjautuu poststrukturalistisiin teorioihin identiteettien rakentumisesta. Niitä yhdistetään tutkimuksiin, joissa käsitellään kielenoppijoiden identiteettityötä tai englannin kieltä lingua francana. Artikkeli osoittaa, että kielen käyttäjät ammentavat aktiivisesti erilaisista diskursseista rakentaessaan identiteettejään vieraan kielen käyttäjinä.
Relationships between contraction properties of knee extensor muscles and fasting IGF‐1 and adipocytokines in physically active postmenopausal women
Authors: Jürimäe Toivo , Pääsuke Mati , Kums Tatjana , Gapeyeva Helena , Ereline Jaan , Saar Meeli , Jürimäe Jaak
Published: July 2010

The aim of this cross‐sectional study was to find possible relationships between insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1), adipocytokines (leptin and adiponectin) and twitch contraction (TC) characteristics of the knee extensor (KE) muscles in healthy physically active postmenopausal women (n = 28, 64–78 years old). We hypothesized that IGF‐1 is related at least to isometric TC peak torque (Pt) as the highest value of isometric torque production and maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) torque, and there will not be any relationships between TC characteristics and leptin and adiponectin. During the measurement of MVC torque and twitch contractile properties of KE muscles, the subjects sat in a custom‐made dynamometric chair with the knee and hip angles equal to 90° and 100°, respectively. To assess the contractile properties of the KE muscles, electrically evoked isometric twitch was elicited by percutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. Serum leptin, adiponectin, IGF‐1, insulin‐like growth factor–binding protein‐3 (IGFBP‐3) and insulin were determined. There were a very few significant relationships between the measured muscle contractile parameters and fasting blood hormones. TC Pt correlated significantly with IGFBP‐3 (r = 0·652, P = 0·001) and insulin (r = 0·495, P = 0·007). In conclusion, this study suggests that only TC peak torque correlated positively with serum fasting IGFBP‐3 and insulin concentration. Adipocytokines leptin and adiponectin not correlated significantly with measured strength parameters in physically active postmenopausal women.
Shoulder function after latissimus dorsi transfer in breast reconstruction
Authors: Forthomme B. , Heymans O. , Jacquemin D. , Klinkenberg S. , Hoffmann S. , Grandjean F. X. , Crielaard J. M. , Croisier J. L.
Published: July 2010

Background/Aims:  Latissimus dorsi (LD) transfer in the case of breast reconstruction remains frequently used because this muscle provides a good size source of tissue in reconstructive surgery. Given that, the consequences of the LD removal on shoulder function and the actual loss of maximal strength developed must be investigated.

Methods:  Twenty women (50 ± 7·5 years old) were evaluated before surgery, 3 and 6 months after an unilateral transfer of a pedicle flap of LD muscle used for breast reconstruction. Women performed a bilateral shoulder isokinetic assessment [for the internal rotators (IRs) and external rotators and for the abductor and adductor (ADD) muscles] allowing the establishment of bilateral muscular deficit status and the study of agonist/antagonist muscle ratios. The algofunctional and clinical status of the shoulders was analysed by the means of Constant score and specific shoulder clinical tests. The women did not perform any specific strengthening of muscle shoulder after surgery.

Results:  The isokinetic assessment showed a muscle weakness 3 and 6 months after LD transfer, mainly on the ADDs (33 ± 9% at 6 months) and on the IRs (16 ± 11% at 6 months). The Constant score significantly decreased after surgery on the operated shoulder. Women with a Constant score impairment showed pain during specific shoulder clinical tests. We also found a correlation between Constant score impairment and internal rotators weakness or rotator muscle imbalance.

Conclusion:  Given those results, we could advocate a specific shoulder strengthening after LD transfer, focused mainly on the IRs and ADDs.
Effect of Residual Stress on the Mechanical Behaviour of Microswitches at Pull‐In
Authors: Somà A. , De Pasquale G. , Brusa E. , Ballestra A.
Published: July 2010

Abstract:  Out‐of‐plane bending tests on microswitches are performed and some numerical models proposed by the authors are applied in this study. It is known that, when electric field excites microcantilever and double clamped microbeam bending out of the wafer plane, very often residual strain and stress, respectively, occur. Microswitch mechanical behaviour is consequently affected. Pull‐in voltage, at which the electrostatic force prevails on the elastic restoring force, significantly changes. To effectively model this microsystem initial strain and stress must be evaluated. In particular, initial curvature due to the microfabrication process has to be introduced into the numerical model of microcantilever, while, in double clamped microbeams, the pre‐loading tensile stress has to be added. Geometrical non‐linearity sometimes occurs, for large displacement in cantilevers and because of the axial‐flexural coupling in microbridges. In this paper the finite element method (FEM) approaches proposed by the authors are applied to include both the geometrical and electromechanical non‐linearities and to evaluate the residual stress in microswitches. A reverse analysis is implemented. Axial pre‐stress is computed by means of the measured value of pull‐in voltage. Some preliminary criteria to correlate the residual stress occurring and the microfabrication process are even drawn. Microdevice location on the wafer plane and residual effects of microfabrication are found interdepending, although a statistic analysis of the whole problem could not yet be completed.
Predicting mobilization of suspended sediments and phosphorus from soil properties: a case study from the north west Po valley, Piemonte, Italy
Authors: Borda T. , Withers P. J. A. , Sacco D. , Zavattaro L. , Barberis E.
Published: July 2010

Pedotransfer functions are useful for helping environmental agencies to identify soils vulnerable to both total suspended sediment (TSS) and phosphorus (P) mobilization and transport in storm runoff in order to establish strategies to control eutrophication. The DESPRAL test was applied to 90 different and representative agricultural soils of the Piemonte region in the west Po valley, Italy, to investigate the relationships between soil properties and potential TSS and P mobilization in land runoff. Sixty six percent of the variance in TSS is explained by clay, silt and Olsen P content using a multiple regression. Particulate P (PP) was the dominant fraction [89% of total P (TP)] dispersed by the test. The P enrichment of the dispersed particles is strongly related to the amount of TSS and soil clay content according to an exponential function, with a threshold of 20% clay below which sediment P content and PER (P enrichment ratio) increased. The ratio of PP to TSS is also significantly related to the P concentration of soil clay content (r2 = 0.69). The soluble reactive P (RP) fraction could be estimated by soil Olsen P (r2 = 0.74). Whilst the study suggests some key relationships between soil properties and potential mobilization of sediment and soluble P from cultivated soils of the Piemonte region, soil properties could not be used to estimate the amount of TP or particulate P dispersed by the test. Identification of the risk of TSS, PP and TP transfer within individual fields cannot simply rely on pedotransfer functions but must take account of local site conditions, crop cover and variable management.