bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Evolution of Binary Supermassive Black Holes in Rotating Nuclei
Authors: Rasskazov Alexander , Merritt David
Published: March 2017

The interaction of a binary supermassive black hole with stars in a galactic nucleus can result in changes to all the elements of the binary’s orbit, including the angles that define its orientation. If the nucleus is rotating, the orientation changes can be large, causing large changes in the binary’s orbital eccentricity as well. We present a general treatment of this problem based on the Fokker–Planck equation for f, defined as the probability distribution for the binary’s orbital elements. First- and second-order diffusion coefficients are derived for the orbital elements of the binary using numerical scattering experiments, and analytic approximations are presented for some of these coefficients. Solutions of the Fokker–Planck equation are then derived under various assumptions about the initial rotational state of the nucleus and the binary hardening rate. We find that the evolution of the orbital elements can become qualitatively different when we introduce nuclear rotation: (1) the orientation of the binary’s orbit evolves toward alignment with the plane of rotation of the nucleus and (2) binary orbital eccentricity decreases for aligned binaries and increases for counteraligned ones. We find that the diffusive (random-walk) component of a binary’s evolution is small in nuclei with non-negligible rotation, and we derive the time-evolution equations for the semimajor axis, eccentricity, and inclination in that approximation. The aforementioned effects could influence gravitational wave production as well as the relative orientation of host galaxies and radio jets.
A Nurse-Led Telehealth Program to Improve Emotional Health in Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Tietjen Kiira Maureen , Breitenstein Susan
Published: March 2017

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) have many barriers to health care and participate in less health promotion activities than the general population. The current feasibility project was a trial implementation of an existing telehealth promotion program within a community neurology clinic with a single MS provider. The program comprised an initial face-to-face meeting followed by five scheduled telephone calls over a 12-week period. Progress was facilitated through motivational interviewing techniques and performed by a MS–certified nurse working as a nurse navigator in the clinic. Of 10 participants, nine (90%) showed overall progress toward their goals over 12 weeks. Within limits of a feasibility pilot, the program showed positive patient outcomes and was well received by participants and not a burden to clinic staff. The delivery model eliminates many barriers to care and increases patient satisfaction with the clinic while keeping costs to the clinic low. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
,
55
(3), 31–37.]
Factors Associated With Psychotropic Medication Use in Individuals in Brazilian Primary Health Care Units: A Descriptive, Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Filho Paulo Celso Prado Telles , Borges Tatiana Longo , Pereira Assis do Carmo , Vedana Kelly Graziani Giacchero , Shasanmi Rebecca O. , Gimenes Fernanda Raphael Escobar , Miasso Adriana Inocenti
Published: March 2017

The current descriptive, cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the rate of psychotropic medication use and its association with sociodemographic factors, pharmacotherapy, health history, and presence of common mental disorders in individuals in Brazilian primary health care (PHC) units. A sample of 442 individuals was interviewed in 10 PHC units. Tools used included a structured questionnaire and the Self Reporting Questionnaire-20. The rate of psychotropic medication use was 38.7%. Demographic characteristics associated with psychotropic medication use were age 60 or older with common mental disorders and physical illness, a primary-level education or less, no occupation, and family income greater than three times the minimum wage. The strongest predictor of psychotropic medication use was monthly family income. The results highlight the need for interventions to improve patient outcomes. [
Journal of Psychosocial Nursing and Mental Health Services
,
55
(3), 38–45.]
Cyproheptadine: A Potentially Effective Treatment for Functional Gastrointestinal Disorders in Children
Authors: Krasaelap Amornluck , Madani Shailender
Published: March 2017

Functional gastrointestinal disorders (FGIDs) negatively affect children's quality of life and health care costs. It has been proposed that alteration of gut serotonin leads to gastrointestinal dysmotility, visceral hypersensitivity, altered gastrointestinal secretions, and brain-gut dysfunction. Cyproheptadine, a serotonin antagonist, has been shown to be a potentially effective and safe treatment option in children who meet the clinical criteria for FGIDs. Well-designed multicenter trials with long-term follow-up are needed to further investigate its efficacy. [Pediatr Ann. 2017;46(3):e120–e125.]
The Value of Sleep on Athletic Performance, Injury, and Recovery in the Young Athlete
Authors: Copenhaver Elizabeth A. , Diamond Alex B.
Published: March 2017

Adequate sleep can easily become compromised as student-athletes try to balance the multiple demands on their time. People with sleep deficiency are at increased risk for acute illnesses, traumatic sports injuries, and development of chronic diseases. Training sessions or competitions during extremely early or late hours can interfere with circadian and homeostatic rhythms. Adjusting the training schedule to improve sleep duration has a significantly positive impact on several aspects of athletic performance. Pediatricians should increase the time dedicated in well-child visits for sleep hygiene and evaluate for sleep disorders at all ages. Parents, coaching staff, teachers, and pediatricians should advocate for improved education on the importance of sleep during adolescence. Future sleep research specific to adolescent athletes can further delineate requirements specific to sport, gender, training times, and surrounding competitions.

[
Pediatr Ann
. 2017;46(3):e106–e111.]
Comparison of Mechanical Properties of Three Different Orthodontic Latex Elastic Bands Leached with NaOH Solution
Authors: Pureprasert Thipsupar , Anuwongnukroh Niwat , Dechkunakorn Surachai , Loykulanant Surapich , Kongkaew Chaveewan , Wichai Wassana
Published: March 2017

Orthodontic elastic bands made from natural rubber continue to be commonly used due to their favorable characteristics. However, there are concerns associated cytotoxicity due to harmful components released during conventional vulcanization (sulfur-based method). With the co-operation of The National Metal and Materials Technology Center (MTEC) and Faculty of Dentistry Mahidol University, a new method was introduced to reduce toxic components by leaching the orthodontic elastic bands with NaOH solution. The objective of this study was to evaluate the mechanical properties of Thai and commercial orthodontic elastic brands (Ormco and W&H) leached with NaOH solution. Three elastic brands (N =30, size 1⁄4 inch ,4.5 oz.) were tested for mechanical properties in terms of initial extension force, residual force, force loss, breaking strength and maximum displacement using a Universal Testing Machine. The results showed that force loss significantly decreased in Thai-LEACH and W&H-LEACH, whereas the values increased in Ormco-LEACH (P<0.05). The data exhibited a significantly decrease in breaking strength with Thai-LEACH and Ormco-LEACH, whereas all 3 brands revealed a significantly decrease in maximum displacement with the leaching process (P<0.05). In conclusion, leaching with NaOH solution is a new method, which can remove toxic components from orthodontic latex elastic bands. However, this process can affect their mechanical properties. Leached elastic bands from Thai had comparable properties with Ormco and have potential to be developed as a promising product.
Generation Efficiency of Tracking Type Floating PV Energy Generation Structure Using Fiber Reinforced Polymer Plastic (FRP) Members
Authors: Yoo Jong Ho , Kim Sun Hee , An Dong Jun , Choi Won Chang , Yoon Soon Jong
Published: March 2017

In this paper, the tracking type floating PV energy generation system is studied and developed to improve the generation efficiency. First of all, to find suitable material for members of floating type PV energy generation system, suitability analysis for several materials such as a steel, aluminum, polyethylene (PE), and fiber reinforced polymer plastic (FRP) is conducted. Then the design for tracking type floating PV energy generation system is also conducted. The tracking type floating PV energy generation system is designed, fabricated, and installed at Hapcheon dam, Korea. Finally, to estimate the energy generation efficiency of tracking type floating PV energy generation system, comparison with land fixed type PV energy generation system is performed. As a result of the comparison, it is confirmed that if the period of operating PV energy generation system is longer, the economic efficiency of tracking type will be higher than that of land fixed type.
A Study on the Magnesium Sulfate Resistance of Garnet Fiber Concrete
Authors: Lee Seung Jo , Park Jung Min
Published: March 2017

This study investigated the resistance of garnet fiber concrete (hereinafter, GFC) to magnesium sulfate. GFC was fabricated in various mix ratios using GA, nylon (Ny), polypropylene (PP), and others. Plain concrete without GA was also fabricated for comparison with GFC. The test pieces were soaked in 10% magnesium sulfate for up to 210 days to test their compressive strengths, sulfate deterioration factors (SDFs), and mass losses. It was observed from the test results that the compressive strength test pieces mixed with GA and Ny, which perform the pozzolanic reaction, had excellent performances under the influence of sulfate. The plain concrete underwent greater mass loss compared to the GFC test pieces. The test results showed that the GFC mixed with 10% GA and Ny was more resistant to magnesium sulfate than the GFC with PP.
The Effect of Re-Dispersible Polymer Powders on Cement-Based Self-Leveling Mortar
Authors: Sun Shi Bing , Li Jun Jie , Zhao Lun
Published: March 2017

The current paper experimentally investigated the effect of different kinds re-dispersible polymer powers (RPP) on cement-based self-leveling mortars. The construction operation of mortar and its mechanical property was tested in accordance with the standard JC/T 981-2005. Besides, the micro-structure surface of self-leveling mortar was characterized by means of SEM to reflect the microscopic mechanism of the performance. The results showed the dispersible polymer powders could significantly improve performance of fluidity, adhesion property and abrasion resistance on cement-based self-leveling mortar; Meanwhile, there is no bad impact on its compressive strength and flexural strength. This study has guiding significance for the construction and application of cement based self-leveling mortar.
Dielectric Properties of Pineapple Leaf Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Based Composites
Authors: Jayamani Elammaran , Soon Kok Heng , bin Bakri Muhammad Khusairy
Published: March 2017

The present study investigates the dielectric constant, loss factor and dissipation factor of pineapple leaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites as in function of fiber loading, fiber surface modification and frequency. The dielectric properties of the composites were measured using HP 16451 as the dielectric test fixture and was carried out on pineapple leaf fiber reinforced epoxy composites with varying fiber loading (5wt%, 10wt%, 15wt%, and 20wt%) and fiber subjected to sodium hydroxide treatment. It was observed that the dielectric properties of these composites were influenced by fiber loading and sodium hydroxide treatment. The dielectric constant increases with increase of fiber concentration and decrease with the increase of frequency in the case of all composites. It was also observed that the increase of dielectric constant with fiber loading was more significant at low frequency. Due to a reduction in the hydrophilic nature of pineapple leaf fiber brought about by sodium hydroxide treatment the dielectric properties of the composites was less than that of the untreated ones.
Influence of Asphalt Dust Waste Material in Mix Design for Self-Compacting Concrete
Authors: Shahidan Shahiron , Ismail Isham , Zulkarnaian Muhammad Shafiq Syazwan , Abd Rahman Norashidah
Published: March 2017

Various studies on concrete have been conducted to utilize waste materials from different industries to produce sustainable green concrete. Adding asphalt dust waste (ADW) as a filler in the development of self-compacting concrete (SCC) is one of the alternative solutions. SCC is a high workability concrete that can flow under its own weight without vibration process and flows with gravity effect. However, there is limited information on the effect of ADW in the development of SCC. Therefore, this study is conducted to investigate the use of ADW in SCC in order to maximize its benefits in improving the workability of SCC. This experimental study was done to examine the effects of water binder ratio and amount of superplasticizer (SP) on the rheological and mechanical properties of the developed SCC. The results showed that the increase of w/b ratio and amount of SP will also improve the workability of SCC. It was found that the suitable percentages of ADW as a concrete filler are between 30% to 50%. In conclusion, the results showed that the optimum percentage of ADW in SCC mix design was 40% with a w/b ratio of 0.3 and 2% SP which yielded a compressive strength of 40.8 MPa.
Modeling and Verification of Relaxation Behavior for Magnetorheological Elastomers with Applied Magnetic Field
Authors: Yu Guo Jun , Lin Xiao Guo , Guo Fei
Published: March 2017

In this paper, on the basis of the viscoelastic fractional derivative model, Mittag-Leffler function is applied to deduce the expression of stress relaxation modulus for magnetorheological elastomers according to its form and main properties. Furthermore, the relaxation modulus for polyurethane rubber matrix cured magnetorheological elastomers at different applied magnetic fields and shear strains is tested by rheometer. The results indicate that magnetorheological elastomers exhibit obvious relaxation behavior and the magnetic field strength and shear strain exert significant influence on the relaxation behavior: the relaxation modulus of magnetorheological elastomers increases with the magnetic field strength but decreases with the shear strain. Besides, the model agrees well with the experimental data which indicates that the model is suitable for characterization of relaxation behavior for magnetorheological elastomers.
Analysis of Research Trend of Composite Material Using CNT
Authors: Koo Young Duk , Jeong Dae Hyun
Published: March 2017

Carbon nanotube (CNT) is one of the filling materials used as a reinforcing material of composite material and it was discovered by Iijima in 1991. Graphite is made up of a multilayer structure of plate forming beehive-like hexagon rings of carbon elements. CNT is very small considering its1~3 mm of diameter, and its chemical stability and various excellent characteristics are attracting attention as a reinforcement of composite material. In this study, we conducted a bibliometrics analysis using research paper information to find the trend of research using CNT, which is being actively studied recently. The result of the analysis showed that CNT composite material is being studied mainly in China, USA, and Korea, and these countries have large amount of citation of the material. As for detailed research trend, more studies are actively carried out using epoxy as matrix material. The analysis also showed studies on weightlightening of material and CNT dispersion are being made the most actively. The value of this study can be found in providing useful information in establishing R&D strategy in related areas by monitoring the research trend.
Synthesis of Ti-Zr-V Non-Evaporable Getter Thin Films Grown on Al Alloy and CuCrZr Alloy
Authors: Wu Ling Hui , Cheng Chia Mu , Shueh Chin , Chan Che Kai , Chang Chin Chun , Perng Shen Yaw , Sheng I Ching
Published: March 2017

The Ti-Zr-V non-evaporable getter (NEG) films were grown on Aluminum (Al) alloy and CuCrZr alloy, which can be used to fabricate the vacuum chambers in the ultra-high vacuum status. The Al alloy and CuCrZr alloy samples with different surface roughness were prepared by the different manufacturing methods. We studied whether the behavior and the microstructure of the Ti-Zr-V getter films are influence by the surface roughness of the substrate. The surface morphologies of Ti-Zr-V NEG films appear distinct and the growth of the films follows the nature of the substrate surface. The Ti-Zr-V films have nanocrystalline structures and the grain sizes of the films become slightly larger with increasing the surface smoothness. In addition, it was found that the reduction of the Ti-Zr-V NEG films to the metallic state was affected by presence of surface defects on the films. The surface defects should result from the existence of micro-pores, pockmarks, and micro-cracks on the original substrate, which produced from the manufacturing process.
Alternative Additives for Improving the Functional Characteristics and Performance-Based Behavior of Asphalt Mixes in the Fine-Grained Active Filler Form
Authors: Valentová Tereza , Valentin Jan
Published: March 2017

Deterioration of asphalt pavements by water immersion and increased moisture content, presents one of the principal issues for pavement technologists. Especially if concentrating on initial phases of the life-cycle of a pavement. Water in the form of rain precipitation and natural air moisture can be harmful to the bonds between bitumen and aggregate particles, which occurs through the medium deteriorated adhesion on the interface of those phases, or the overall deterioration of the adhesion. Even if it might look at the first glance that bituminous binder creates perfectly impermeable layer of particular aggregate particles, in reality the bitumen film makes unstable coating of aggregates in unequal thicknesses and frequencies. Those weakened areas are far more susceptible to water and moisture affects, which enter the asphalt layer on the boundary of aggregates and bituminous binder. To improve the adhesion between bitumen and aggregates and to get in general better functional characteristics of asphalt mixtures large number of available additives exists in civil engineering. First group can be defined as additives which are added directly to the bituminous binder and provides a kind of bitumen modification. Second group includes mineral additives, which may partially or completely replaced fine-grained particles, normally in the form of filler. In this article the objective was set to qualify effect of mechanically activated microfiller originating from limestone by-products or from recycled concrete as a substitute to fine-grained active filler in asphalt mixtures. The research targeted to utilize waste materials and to contribute to the reduction of overall negative impacts to the environment.
The Dependence of Mold on the Relative Humidity in Different Types of Materials
Authors: Rácová Zuzana , Ryparová Pavla
Published: March 2017

Building materials commonly used in Central Europe across the material base tend to have problems with the occurrence of mold. This is not only an aesthetic issue, but attacked material loses its properties as strength and durability and there is also a deteriorationening in other properties. This paper is focused on the susceptibility of wood and gypsum based materials to the development of mold at different humidity. There were also studied mold species occurred in samples naturally. Significantly increased the growth of mold on the surface was observed with samples placed into 98 % relative humidity than samples at 80 % relative humidity. Predominant mold was found on the surface of samples of solid wood. The most observed species was Trichoderma viride on wood based materials.
Deposition of Tungsten-Doped V2O5 Thin Films on Non-Alkali Glass Substrate by RF Magnetron Sputtering for Thermal Insulation
Authors: Zhang Yue Fei , Hsu Chun Yao , Hu Chih Chung
Published: March 2017

The thermal insulation function of tungsten-doped vanadium dioxide (V2O5) thin films deposited on non-alkali glass substrate using RF magnetron sputtering was analyzed in this study. Grinded hot-dry V2O5 and tungsten powders, mixed in weight ratio of 98.1:1.9 or 97:3, were pressed at 800 psi for 10 min. These compounds were sintered at 550 or 600 °C for 8 hours, in oxygen gas environments (10 sccm and 0 sccm), to several W-doped V2O5 targets. The surface morphologies of these targets were analyzed by a SEM, and the crystal structure was characterized by a XRD. The experimental studies with reference to the thermal insulation property of V2O5 were conducted under various duration of deposition, substrate temperatures, rf powers and duration of annealing time. The influence of these factors was investigated using the Taguchi method, an orthogonal array L8. The results show that the targets contain a more homogenous structure and a larger grain size with higher oxygen gas flow rate. With a deposition-parameter combination of 60 min (duration of deposition), 300°C (substrate temperature), 150 W (rf power) and 60 min (duration of annealing time), the optimal thermal insulation temperature, 19.3°C, was observed.
Effect of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Mechanical Properties of Al-Modified Boron High Speed Steel
Authors: Ma Sheng Qiang , Xing Jian Dong , He Ya Ling , Li Ye Fei , Fu Han Guang , Huang Zhi Fu , Gao Yi Min
Published: March 2017

Boron-bearing high speed steels are widely used in roller materials because of their improved wear resistance and toughness. In present work, aluminum was added into boron high speed steel and the aging-hardening behavior and microstructures of tempered boron high speed steel at various tempering temperatures were investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and HR-150A Rockwell hardness tester. The results show that the bulk hardness of boron high speed steel gradually enhances with the increasing destabilized temperature. Aluminum addition cuts down the bulk hardness and delays the hardening process, thus leading to high the hardening value of boron high speed steel shifting to higher destabilized temperature. After tempering process, boron-bearing high speed steel displays precipitate-hardening behavior at the tempered temperature of about 520°C. The bulk hardness of boron-bearing high speed steel achieves 60.5 HRC as a maximum value when the aluminum addition is 0.6 wt.%. More aluminum addition can result in lower precipitate-hardening rate and bulk hardness. The microstructures of boron high speed steel tempered at 520°C consist of eutectic borides and tempered martensite dispersed a lot of secondary precipitates. XRD and TEM results indicate that the precipitate-hardening properties of boron high speed steel depend on precipitates and square degree of martensite
RETRACTED: The Study of Composition and Morphology of Pd-Ag Alloy Powders by Electrodeposition
Authors: Chu Chin Ming , Yang Shi Wen , Tsai Shen Li , Yang Wen Bing
Published: March 2017

Pd-Ag alloy powders were prepared on the stainless steel by DC electrodeposition. Cyclic voltammetry found the reduction potential of Pd, Ag and Pd-Ag. The composition and morphology of Pd-Ag were investigated by means of SEM, EDS.
Assessment effect of breast milk on diaper dermatitis
Authors: Seifi Bahar , Jalali Sheida , Heidari Mohammad
Published: March 2017

Diaper dermatitis is the most common dermatological disease of infancy, which occurs and caused by the combined effect of irritants such as diaper, urine and faces. In this study, we intend to evaluate the effect of breast milk on the healing of diaper dermatitis. This study was a clinical trial of 30 infants between 0-12 months of age that were suffering from diaper dermatitis and referred to the Health Centers in Tehran, Iran. The subjects were selected by open study. Infants were divided into two matched groups: case and control. Datagathering tools were the questionnaire that contained two parts: the demographic characteristics of infants and the status of care and condition of the lesion. Data analysis was performed using SPSS/18 software and Mann-Whitney and Chi-Square tests were used. The findings revealed a significant difference between the case and control groups in the number and lesion score of the rashes at the first and third day (P=0.013, P=0.005), these differences were more significant at the fifth day (P=0.004, P=0.001). Because of positive effects of breast milk on healing of diaper dermatitis, it is proposed that educational programs in health centers should be considered by health officials, and the managers would play a key role in increasing knowledge behavior changes in mothers.
Impact of a Food Safety Campaign on Streptococcus suis Infection in Humans in Thailand
Authors: Takeuchi Dan , Kerdsin Anusak , Akeda Yukihiro , Chiranairadul Piphat , Loetthong Phacharaphan , Tanburawong Nutchada , Areeratana Prasanee , Puangmali Panarat , Khamisara Kasean , Pinyo Wirasinee , Anukul Rapeepun , Samerchea Sutit , Lekhalula Punpong , Nakayama Tatsuya , Yamamoto Kouji , Hirose Masayo , Hamada Shigeyuki , Dejsirilert Surang , Oishi Kazunori
Published: March 2017

Streptococcus suis is an important zoonotic pathogen in swine and humans that causes sepsis and meningitis. Our previous study in Thailand showed that the prevalence of S. suis infection in humans, especially in northern areas of Thailand, and the transmission of the pathogen occurred mainly through the consumption of traditional raw pork products. Considering the high incidence proportion and mortality rate of the disease as an important public health problem, we implemented a food safety campaign in the Phayao Province in northern Thailand in 2011. We evaluated the effects of a food safety campaign by comparing the sociodemographic, clinical, and bacteriological characteristics of cases before and after the campaign. The follow-up study showed a marked decrease of the incidence proportion in the first 2 years, indicating the effectiveness of the campaign. In the third year, however, the incidence proportion slightly increased again, indicating the existence of deep-rooted cultural behaviors and the necessity of continuous public health intervention. Furthermore, epidemiological analysis of the cases made it possible to estimate the infectivity of the pathogen via the oral route of infection. In the present study, we showed the effectiveness of the food safety campaign for controlling the S. suis infection, and we present a role model public health intervention for prevalent areas affected by S. suis infection in humans.
Cost-Effectiveness Evaluation of a Novel Integrated Bite Case Management Program for the Control of Human Rabies, Haiti 2014–2015
Authors: Undurraga Eduardo A. , Meltzer Martin I. , Tran Cuc H. , Atkins Charisma Y. , Etheart Melissa D. , Millien Max F. , Adrien Paul , Wallace Ryan M.
Published: March 2017

Haiti has the highest burden of rabies in the Western hemisphere, with 130 estimated annual deaths. We present the cost-effectiveness evaluation of an integrated bite case management program combining community bite investigations and passive animal rabies surveillance, using a governmental perspective. The Haiti Animal Rabies Surveillance Program (HARSP) was first implemented in three communes of the West Department, Haiti. Our evaluation encompassed all individuals exposed to rabies in the study area (N = 2,289) in 2014–2015. Costs (2014 U.S. dollars) included diagnostic laboratory development, training of surveillance officers, operational costs, and postexposure prophylaxis (PEP). We used estimated deaths averted and years of life gained (YLG) from prevented rabies as health outcomes. HARSP had higher overall costs (range: $39,568–$80,290) than the no-bite-case-management (NBCM) scenario ($15,988–$26,976), partly from an increased number of bite victims receiving PEP. But HARSP had better health outcomes than NBCM, with estimated 11 additional annual averted deaths in 2014 and nine in 2015, and 654 additional YLG in 2014 and 535 in 2015. Overall, HARSP was more cost-effective (US$ per death averted) than NBCM (2014, HARSP: $2,891–$4,735, NBCM: $5,980–$8,453; 2015, HARSP: $3,534–$7,171, NBCM: $7,298–$12,284). HARSP offers an effective human rabies prevention solution for countries transitioning from reactive to preventive strategies, such as comprehensive dog vaccination.
MICROSCOPIC DETERMINATION OF INCLUSIONS IN STEELS
Authors:   Metals Technical Committee
Published: March 2017

This recommended microscopic practice for evaluating the inclusion content in steel has been developed as a practical method of quantitatively determining the degree of cleanliness of steel. This method has been established as a reasonable control for steel mill operations and acceptance for production manufacturing. It has been widely accepted for carbon and alloy steel bars, billets, and slabs. Exceptions are resulfurized grades which are outside the limits of these photomicrographs and the high carbon bearing quality steels which are generally classified using ASTM E 45-60T, Method A, Jernkontoret Charts.
SIRT1 gene polymorphisms associated with carcass traits in Luxi cattle
Authors: Liu Guifen , Zhao Hongbo , Tan Xiuwen , Cheng Haijian , You Wei , Wan Fachun , Liu Yifan , Song Enliang , Liu Xiaomu
Published: March 2017

Abstract. SIRT1 is the gene that codes for Sirtuin 1, an NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide)-dependent class III histone deacetylase. This gene plays a key role in adipose tissue and muscle development in animals. Chinese Luxi cattle (n  =  169) were selected to identify SIRT1 SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) and investigate the relationship of these SNPs with carcass traits. Five SNPs (g.-382G  >  A, g.-274C  >  G, g.17324T  >  C, g.17379A  >  G, and g.17491G  >  A) were identified by direct sequencing. SNPs g.-382G  >  A and g.-274C  >  G were located within the promoter region of this gene. SNP g.-382G  >  A was significantly associated with dressing percentage, meat percentage, and striploin and ribeye weights, and the g.-274C  >  G polymorphism had a strong effect on carcass, tenderloin, and high rib weights in Luxi cattle. These findings will provide possible clues for the biological roles of SIRT1 underlying beef cattle carcass traits.
Chemistry of Riming: The Retention of Organic and Inorganic Atmospheric Trace Constituents
Authors: Jost Alexander , Szakáll Miklós , Diehl Karoline , Mitra Subir K. , Borrmann Stephan
Published: March 2017

Abstract. During free fall in clouds ice hydrometeors such as snowflakes and ice particles grow effectively by riming, i.e., the accretion of supercooled droplets. Volatile atmospheric trace constituents dissolved in the supercooled droplets may remain in ice during freezing or may be released back to the gas phase. This process is quantified by retention coefficients. Once in the ice phase the trace constituents may be vertically redistributed by scavenging and subsequent precipitation or by evaporation of these ice hydrometeors at high altitudes. Retention coefficients of the most dominant carboxylic acids and aldehydes found in cloud water were investigated in the Mainz vertical wind tunnel under dry growth (surface temperature
Understanding the Primary Emissions and Secondary Formation of Gaseous Organic Acids in the Oil Sands Region of Alberta, Canada
Authors: Liggio John , Moussa Samar G. , Wentzell Jeremy , Darlington Andrea , Liu Peter , Leithead Amy , Hayden Katherine , O'Brien Jason , Mittermeier Richard L. , Staebler Ralf , Wolde Mengistu , Li Shao-Meng
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Organic acids are known to be emitted from combustion processes and are key photochemical products of biogenic and anthropogenic precursors. Despite their multiple environmental impacts, such as on acid deposition and human/ecosystem health, little is known regarding their emission magnitudes or detailed chemical formation mechanisms. In the current work, airborne measurements of 18 gas-phase low molecular weight organic acids were made in the summer of 2013 over the oil sands region of Alberta, Canada, an area of intense unconventional oil extraction. The data from these measurements were used in conjunction with emission retrieval algorithms to derive the total and speciated primary organic acid emission rates, as well as secondary formation rates downwind of oil sands operations. The results of the analysis indicate that approximately 12 tonnes day−1 of low molecular weight organic acids, dominated by C1–C5 acids, were emitted directly from off-road diesel vehicles within open pit mines. Although there are no specific reporting requirements for primary organic acids, the measured emissions were similar in magnitude to primary oxygenated hydrocarbon emissions measured previously (≈ 20 tonnes day−1), for which there are reporting thresholds. Conversely, photochemical production of gaseous organic acids significantly exceeded the primary sources, with formation rates up to ≈ 184 tonnes day−1 downwind of the oil sands facilities. The formation and evolution of organic acids from a Lagrangian flight were modeled with a box model, incorporating a detailed hydrocarbon reaction mechanism extracted from the Master Chemical Mechanism (v 3.3). Despite evidence of significant secondary organic acid formation, the explicit chemical box model largely underestimated their formation in the oil sands plumes, accounting for 39 %, 46 %, 26 % and 23 % of the measured formic, acetic, acrylic and propionic acids respectively, and with little contributions from biogenic VOC precursors. The model results, together with an examination of the carbon mass balance between the organic acids formed and the primary VOCs emitted from oils sands operations, suggest the existence of significant missing oil sands related secondary sources/precursor emissions and/or an incomplete mechanistic and quantitative understanding of how they are processed in the atmosphere.
AlpArray-Italy: Site description and noise characterization
Authors: Govoni Aladino , Bonatto Luciana , Capello Marco , Cavaliere Adriano , Chiarabba Claudio , D'Alema Ezio , Danesi Stefania , Lovati Sara , Margheriti Lucia , Massa Marco , Mazza Salvatore , Mazzarini Francesco , Monna Stephen , Moretti Milena , Nardi Anna , Piccinini Davide , Piromallo Claudia , Pondrelli Silvia , Salimbeni Simone , Serpelloni Enrico , Solarino Stefano , Vallocchia Massimiliano , Santulin Marco ,   the AlpArray Working Group
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Within the framework of the European collaborative research initiative AlpArray (http://www.alparray.ethz.ch), the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanolgia (INGV) deployed overall 20 broad-band seismic stations in Northern Italy and on two islands in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Capraia and Montecristo) during Fall-Winter 2015. The temporary deployment (16 stations) will run for two to three years and 4 INGV National Seismic Network accelerometric sites are now equipped with additional permanent broad-band sensors. The 16 temporary stations are equipped with REF TEK 130 digitizers and Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120 s sensors, a couple have Nanometrics Trillium 120P sensors and one a Streckeisen STS2. For each site we describe the settings and discuss the noise levels, the site effects and the preliminary sensitivity analysis.
Colloid-bound and dissolved phosphorus species in topsoil water extracts along a grassland transect from Cambisol to Stagnosol
Authors: Jiang Xiaoqian , Bol Roland , Cade-Menun Barbara J. , Nischwitz Volker , Willbold Sabine , Bauke Sara L. , Vereecken Harry , Amelung Wulf , Klumpp Erwin
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Phosphorus (P) species in colloidal and dissolved soil fractions may have different distributions. To understand which P species are potentially involved, we obtained water extracts from the surface soils of a gradient from Cambisol, Stagnic Cambisol to Stagnosol from temperate grassland in Germany. These were filtered to  <  450 nm, and divided into three procedurally defined fractions: small-sized colloids (20–450 nm), nano-sized colloids (1–20 nm), and dissolved P (<  1 nm), using asymmetric flow field-flow fractionation (AF4), as well as filtration for solution 31P-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy. The total P of soil water extracts increased in the order Cambisol  <  Stagnic Cambisol  <  Stagnosol due to increasing contributions from the dissolved P fraction. Associations of C–Fe/Al–PO43−/pyrophosphate were absent in nano-sized (1–20 nm) colloids from the Cambisol but not in the Stagnosol. The 31P-NMR results indicated that this was accompanied by elevated portions of organic P in the order Cambisol  >  Stagnic Cambisol  >  Stagnosol. Across all soil types, elevated proportions of inositol hexakisphosphate (IHP) species (e.g., myo-, scyllo- and D-chiro-IHP) were associated with soil mineral particles (i.e., bulk soil and small-sized soil colloids), whereas other orthophosphate monoesters and phosphonates were found in the dissolved P fraction. We conclude that P species composition varies among colloidal and dissolved soil fractions after characterization using advanced techniques, i.e., AF4 and NMR. Furthermore, stagnic properties affect P speciation and availability by potentially releasing dissolved inorganic and ester-bound P forms as well as nano-sized organic matter–Fe/Al–P colloids.
Diatoms as a paleoproductivity proxy in the NW Iberian coastal upwelling system (NE Atlantic)
Authors: Zúñiga Diana , Santos Celia , Froján María , Salgueiro Emilia , Rufino Marta M. , De la Granda Francisco , Figueiras Francisco G. , Castro Carmen G. , Abrantes Fátima
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The objective of the current work is to improve our understanding of how water column diatom's abundance and assemblage composition is seasonally transferred from the photic zone to seafloor sediments. To address this, we used a dataset derived from water column, sediment trap and surface sediment samples recovered in the NW Iberian coastal upwelling system. Diatom fluxes (2.2 (±5.6) 106 valves m−2 d−1) represented the majority of the siliceous microorganisms sinking out from the photic zone during all studied years and showed seasonal variability. Contrasting results between water column and sediment trap diatom abundances were found during downwelling periods, as shown by the unexpectedly high diatom export signals when diatom-derived primary production achieved their minimum levels. They were principally related to surface sediment remobilization and intense Minho and Douro river discharge that constitute an additional source of particulate matter to the inner continental shelf. In fact, contributions of allochthonous particles to the sinking material were confirmed by the significant increase of both benthic and freshwater diatoms in the sediment trap assemblage. In contrast, we found that most of the living diatom species blooming during highly productive upwelling periods were dissolved during sinking, and only those resistant to dissolution and the Chaetoceros and Leptocylindrus spp. resting spores were susceptible to being exported and buried. Furthermore, Chaetoceros spp. dominate during spring–early summer, when persistent northerly winds lead to the upwelling of nutrient-rich waters on the shelf, while Leptocylindrus spp. appear associated with late-summer upwelling relaxation, characterized by water column stratification and nutrient depletion. These findings evidence that the contributions of these diatom genera to the sediment's total marine diatom assemblage should allow for the reconstruction of different past upwelling regimes.
High-resolution regional modelling of natural and anthropogenic radiocarbon in the Mediterranean Sea
Authors: Ayache Mohamed , Dutay Jean-Claude , Mouchet Anne , Tisnérat-Laborde Nadine , Montagna Paolo , Tanhua Toste , Siani Giuseppe , Jean-Baptiste Philippe
Published: March 2017

Abstract. A high-resolution dynamical model (Nucleus for European Modelling of the Ocean, Mediterranean configuration – NEMO-MED12) was used to give the first simulation of the distribution of radiocarbon (14C) across the whole Mediterranean Sea. The simulation provides a descriptive overview of both the natural pre-bomb 14C and the entire anthropogenic radiocarbon transient generated by the atmospheric bomb tests performed in the 1950s and early 1960s. The simulation was run until 2011 to give the post-bomb distribution. The results are compared to available in situ measurements and proxy-based reconstructions. The radiocarbon simulation allows an additional and independent test of the dynamical model, NEMO-MED12, and its performance to produce the thermohaline circulation and deep-water ventilation. The model produces a generally realistic distribution of radiocarbon when compared with available in situ data. The results demonstrate the major influence of the flux of Atlantic water through the Strait of Gibraltar on the inter-basin natural radiocarbon distribution and characterize the ventilation of intermediate and deep water especially through the propagation of the anthropogenic radiocarbon signal. We explored the impact of the interannual variability on the radiocarbon distribution during the Eastern Mediterranean Transient (EMT) event. It reveals a significant increase in 14C concentration (by more than 60 ‰) in the Aegean deep water and at an intermediate level (value up to 10 ‰) in the western basin. The model shows that the EMT makes a major contribution to the accumulation of radiocarbon in the eastern Mediterranean deep waters.
Rainfall pattern greatly affects water use by Mongolian Scots pine on a sandy soil, in a semi-arid climate
Authors: Dang Hongzhong , Zhang Lizhen , Yang Wenbin , Feng Jinchao , Han Hui , Li Wei
Published: March 2017

Abstract. We report new information on tree water use by Mongolian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris var. mongolica) growing on a sandy soil, in a region characterised by an erratic rainfall pattern. Measurements were made over three successive years of contrasting annual rainfall – a wet year (2013), a dry year (2014), and a second dry year (2015). The result was the development of worsening levels of drought year by year. Over the three years, sap flux density (Js) was measured at individual tree level in up to 25 trees. The sap flux density values were up-scaled to estimate tree water use at plot level (Ts). Our measurements follow forest plot response to increasing levels of drought which developed over a three-year period as soil moisture conditions gradually worsened from wet, to moderate-drought, to severe-drought, to extreme-drought, in response to the dynamics of a variable rainfall pattern. Values of Ts did not exceed 3.03 mm day−1 (2013), 1.75 mm day−1 (2014) and 1.59 mm day−1 (2015) during the three growing seasons. Total annual stand transpiration over the same three years declined progressively from 290 mm (2013), to 182 mm (2014) and to 175 mm (2015). Satisfactory power-function relationships (R2 = 0.64) between daily Ts and the product of ET0 and the relative extractable soil water (REW) were found. This study helps elucidate the interplay between the effects of the atmosphere and soil moisture on tree water use. Tree water use responded to drought, with daily Ts values decreasing by 5–46 % in response to moderate drought, by 48–62 % in response to severe drought and by 65 % in response to extreme drought. Upon release of moderate drought by heavy rainfall in 2013, daily Ts recovered completely. However, under the severe and extreme droughts in the subsequent dry years, recovery of Ts following heavy rainfall was incomplete (57–58 %). Our results highlight the negative effects of water stress on the growth of mature forest trees, in a sandy soil, in a climate characterised by large intra- and inter-annual variances in rainfall. When the erratic rainfall and sandy soil were also coupled with a declining groundwater table, the result was tree water use fluctuated widely over quite short time scales (months or weeks). Overall, our findings account for the observed premature degradation of these MP plantations in terms of an eco-hydrological perspective.
Tune in on 11.57 µHz and listen to primary production
Authors: Cox Tom J. S. , van Beusekom Justus E. E. , Soetaert Karline
Published: March 2017

Abstract. In this manuscript we present an an elegant approach to reconstruct slowly varying GPP as a function of time, based on O2 time series. The approach, called complex demodulation, is based on on a direct analogy with amplitude modulated (AM) radio signals. The O2 concentrations oscillating at the diel frequency (or 11.57 μHz) can be seen as a carrier wave, while the time variation in the amplitude of this carrier wave is related to the time varying GPP. The relation follows from an analysis in the frequency domain of the governing equation of O2 dynamics. After the theoretical derivation, we assess the performance of the approach by applying it to 3 artificial O2 time series, generated with models representative for a well mixed vertical water column, a river and an estuary. These models are forced with hourly observed incident irradiance, resulting in a variblity of GPP on scales from hours to months. The dynamic build-up of algal biomass further increases the seasonality. Complex demodulation allows to reconstruct with great precision time varying GPP of the vertical water column and the river model. Surprisingly, it is possible to derive daily averaged GPP – complex demodulation thus reconstructs the amplitude of every single diel cycle. Also in estuaries time varying GPP can be reconstructed to a great extent. But there, the influence of the tides prevent achieving the same temporal resolution. In particular, the combination of horizontal O2 gradients with the O1 and Q1 harmonics in the tides, interferes with the complex demodulation procedure, and introduces spurious amplitude variation that can not be attributed to GPP. But also other tidal harmonics, in casu K1 and P1, introduce diel fluctuations that can not be distinguished from GPP. We demonstrate that these spurious effects also occur in real-world time series (Hörnum Tief, De). The spurious fluctuations introduced by O1 and Q1 can be removed to a large extent by increasing the averaging time to 15 days. As such, we demonstrate that a good estimate of the running 15 day average of GPP can be obtained in tidal systems. Apart from the direct merits to estimating GPP from O2 time series, the analysis in the frequency domain enhances our insights in O2 dynamics in tidal systems in general, and in the performance of O2 methods to estimate GPP in particular.