bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Root canal cleaning with different reciprocating and rotary instrumentation systems
Authors: İnce Yusufoğlu Selen , Arı Aydınbelge Hale
Published: May 2019

Aim: The purpose of the present study was to compare the cleaning effectiveness of two reciprocating single-file systems with ProTaper Next and ProTaper Universal rotary instruments during the preparation of single-rooted extracted teeth.

Methodology: Sixty freshly extracted single-rooted human teeth were randomly divided into 4 groups (n=15). In group 1, root canals were prepared with ProTaper Universal, in group 2, they were prepared with ProTaper Next, in group 3, they were prepared with WaveOne and in group 4, root canals prepared with Reciproc systems. Canals were prepared to the following apical sizes: ProTaper Universal F3, ProTaper Next X3, WaveOne Primary and Reciproc 25. The irrigant in all groups was 2ml 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) solution, the final irrigation after preparation all groups was 2ml NaOCl, 2ml EDTA and 2ml saline solution. The roots were split longitudinally into halves and the canals examined using a scanning electron microscope. The presence of a debris and smear layer was recorded at the coronal, middle and the apical thirds of root canals using a five-step scoring scale. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests.

Results: All groups showed more efficient smear layer and debris removal coronally than in the middle and apical regions, whereas the mean total debris score and the mean smear layer score in all groups were less in the WaveOne and the Reciproc groups.

Conclusions: Under the conditions of this study, for root canal cleanliness Reciproc and WaveOne may be preferred rather than ProTaperUniversal and ProTaperNext.

 

How to cite this article: İnce Yusufoğlu S, Arı Aydınbelge H. Root canal cleaning with different reciprocating and rotary instrumentation systems. Int Dent Res 2019;9(1):1-8.

 

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
The knowledge, attitude and practices of Turkish general dentists on dental x-rays in pregnant women
Authors: Temur Katibe Tuğçe , Temur İsa , Hatipoğlu Ömer
Published: May 2019

Aim: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the knowledge, attitude and practices of the general dental dentists working in Turkey on the dental x-rays in pregnant women; and to develop awareness for the purpose of not delaying their dental treatments.

Methodology: The questionnaire that was used in the study was applied to 270 dental dentists who worked in Turkey in electronic medium. The questionnaire consisted of 2 sections each of which had 11 questions. In the first section, the demographical data were questioned. In the second section, there were questions to determine the knowledge, attitude and practices of the dentists on x-ray in pregnant women. The questionnaires that were completed were examined and analyzed statistically by using the results and the Chi-Square Test and the Chi-Square Test. Data analysis was performed by using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 23.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL, the USA).

Results: A total of 71.1% of the dental practitioners who participated in the study stated that they did not request radiography from pregnant women. A total of 62.2% of the dental dentists stated that they preferred the 2nd Trimester for requesting radiography. A total of 38.9% of the general dentists who participated in the study stated that the diagnostic radiographies used in dentistry caused anomalies in the fetus, 18.9% stated that they did not have any information.

Conclusion: Further training courses must be planned to increase and update the awareness of the dental dentists on the precautions and procedures for radiography practice in pregnant women; and brochures must be prepared for pregnant women to provide information about this subject. Also, dental dentists and obstetricians should work in agreement about dental procedures in pregnancy and diagnostic radiography in terms of its being safe when necessary.

 

How to cite this article: Temur KT, Temur İ, Hatipoğlu Ö.  The knowledge, attitude and practices of Turkish general dentists on dental x-rays in pregnant women. Int Dent Res 2019;9(1):9-15. 

 

Linguistic Revision: The English in this manuscript has been checked by at least two professional editors, both native speakers of English.
Environmentally Evaluated New HPLC/UV Method for the Simultaneous Determination of Acesulfame-K, Butylated Hydroxytoluene, and Aspartame and Its Degradant in Chewing Gum
Authors: Zamzam Nada S. , Abdel Rahman Mona H. , Abdel Ghani Maha F.
Published: May 2019

Background: Acesulfame-K (ACE), butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), and aspartame (ASP) are a common combination of food additives added to chewing gums. The abuse of these additives results in severe adverse health effects; however, they are still extensively used owing to their
high performance and low cost. Objective: The development and optimization of a simple, cheap, sensitive, and eco-friendly HPLC/UV method for the simultaneous determination of ASP, ACE, and BHT along with aspartame degradation product phenylalanine (PHEN) in chewing gum. Methods:
The method was optimized using a 5 μm C18 column and an eluent consisting of methanol and 0.1 M phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) according to a suitable gradient elution program. Simple sample preparation, consisting of dilution, homogenization, and sonication followed by centrifugation and filtration,
was optimized and used for the extraction of chewing gum. The greenness of the method was evaluated. Results: The proposed method exhibited excellent linearity (R2 > 0.9996), low LOQ (0.08–0.95 μg/mL), and recoveries between 85.3 and 98.83% with relative
SD (RSD) ≤ 2.7%. High resolution was obtained with <25 min run times with excellent precision (RSD: 0.28–1.33%). This method was successfully applied for the simultaneous determination of ACE, ASP, and BHT in commercial chewing gum; PHEN was not detected. Furthermore, our method
is considered to be environmentally acceptable. Conclusions: The results demonstrate that the developed method can be used to detect ACE, BHT, ASP, and PHEN in chewing gum. Highlights: A new sensitive, green HPLC/UV method is developed to be used as a minimal-cost routine analysis
procedure for commercial chewing gum.
Simultaneous Direct Analysis of Aflatoxins and Ochratoxin A in Cereals and Their Processed Products by Ultra-High Performance Liquid Chromatography with Fluorescence Detection
Authors: Dhanshetty Manisha , Banerjee Kaushik
Published: May 2019

Background: Mycotoxins such as aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) can pose severe health hazards because of their toxicity. Given a wide range of food matrices susceptible to fungal infections and possible cooccurrence of mycotoxins at different concentrations, validated
multimycotoxin and multimatrix methods are strongly warranted. Objective: The aim of this research was to develop a simple and fast ultra-high performance LC (UHPLC) fluorescence detection (FLD)–based method to simultaneously determine AFs (B1, G1, B2, and G2) and OTA and, furthermore,
to carry out single-laboratory validation in a range of cereals and processed product matrices. Methods: The sample preparation involved homogenization and extraction with methanol–water (80 + 20). For cleanup, an aliquot (3 mL) was diluted with phosphate-buffered saline, loaded
on an immunoaffinity column (AFLAOCHRA PREP®), and eluted with methanol (1 mL). The cleaned extract was diluted with 0.2% acetic acid (at a 1:1 ratio) before injection into an ultra-high performance liquid chromatograph. To perform simultaneous analysis of AFs and OTA, the FLD
program was developed by switching the excitation wavelength in a single chromatographic run. Results: The method provided LOQs of 0.25 and 1 ng/g for AFs and OTA, respectively, without involving any derivatization. In rice, the recoveries of AFs ranged from 84 to 106%, whereas OTA
had a recovery above 72%, with the repeatability relative SDs <12% for both analytes. The method was successfully applied to a range of naturally contaminated market samples. Conclusions: The method is suitable for regulatory testing because of its significant time and cost effectiveness
and sensitivity in compliance with the regulatory maximum levels. Highlights: The study achieves high-throughput analysis of AFs and OTA in raw and processed cereals using simultaneous extraction, cleanup, and UHPLC-FLD. Method sensitivity complies with the regulatory maximum levels.
Single-laboratory validation results meet analytical QC requirements.
Prospective validation of quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) for mortality among patients with infection admitted to an emergency department
Authors: Abdullah Osama Bin
Published: May 2019

Background: Only few prospective studies have evaluated the new quick Sequential (Sepsis-Related) Organ Failure Assessment (qSOFA) score in emergency department (ED) settings. The aim of this study was to determine the prognostic value of qSOFA compared to systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) in predicting 28-day mortality of infected patients admitted to an ED.  

Methods: A prospective observational cohort study of all adult (≥18 years) infected patients admitted to the ED of Slagelse Hospital during 01.10.2017 to 31.03.2018. All patients with suspected or documented infection on arrival to the ED, and treated with antibiotics, were included. Admission variables included in the SIRS- and qSOFA criteria were prospectively obtained from triage forms. Information regarding 28-day mortality was obtained from the Danish Civil Registration System. The diagnostic performance of qSOFA and SIRS score for predicting 28-day mortality was assessed by analyses of sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and area under the receiver operating curve (AUC) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results: A total of 2,168 patients (47.42% male) were included. A total of 181 (8.35%) met at least two qSOFA criteria, and 1,046 (48.25%) met at least two SIRS criteria on admission. The overall 28-day mortality was 7.47% (95% CI 6.40-8.66%). Unadjusted odds ratio of qSOFA and SIRS for 28-day mortality was 2.93 (95% CI 1.92-4.47) vs 1.27 (95% CI 0.92-1.74), respectively. A qSOFA score of at least two for predicting 28-day mortality had a sensitivity of 19.10% (95% CI 13.40-26.00%), a specificity of 92.50% (95% CI 91.30-93.60%), a PPV and NPV of 17.10% (95% CI 11.90-23.40%) and 93.40% (95% CI 92.20-94.50%), respectively. A SIRS score of at least two for predicting 28-day mortality had a sensitivity of 53.70 (95% CI 45.70-61.60%), a specificity of 52.20% (95% CI 50.00-54.40%), a PPV and NPV of 8.32% (95% CI 6.72-10.20%) and 93.30% (95% CI 91.70-94.70%), respectively. The AUC for qSOFA and SIRS was 0.56 (95% CI 0.53-0.59) vs 0.53 (95% CI 0.49-0.57).  

Conclusion: Use of qSOFA had improved specificity, but with poor sensitivity, in predicting in 28-day mortality. qSOFA and SIRS showed similar discrimination potential for mortality.
Atrial fibrillation and infection among acute patients in the Emergency Department: a multicentre cohort study of one-year stroke risk
Authors: Hansen Tobias
Published: May 2019

Background: Patients with infection presenting with new-onset atrial fibrillation (AF) are frequent in emergency departments (ED). Also, this combination could be associated to increased risk of stroke, and some patients might therefore benefit from thromboprophylaxis. Our aim was to describe the prognosis for concomitant infection and new-onset AF at ED arrival.

Methods: Cohort study of patients presenting in one of four Danish or Swedish EDs. Odense University Hospital and Hospital of South West Jutland, Denmark, from March 13thof 2013 - April 30thof 2014 or the ED at Skåne University Hospital and the ED at Helsingborg Hospital, Sweden, from January 1 2010 - December 31 2014. AF was identified by electronic ECG records and, manually validated with high agreement (kappa 0.86 (95% CI, 0.782 - 0.947), positive predictive value 95% (95% CI, 81.8 - 99.3)). Infection was identified using discharge diagnosis. Patients were followed from hospital admission until a diagnosis of ischemic stroke, death or 365 days after ED contact, whichever came first. Primary outcome was 1-year stroke risk for patients with infection and new-onset AF, and for patients with infection and preexisting AF, compared to patients with infection without AF. Outcomes were calculated as hazard ratios (HR). 

Results: Some 111,448 patients (median age 64, 49.5 % male) were included and 13,949 (12.5%) had an infection. Of these 1,078 (7.7%) had new-onset AF and 884 (6.3%) had preexisting AF (474 (53.6%) was not in a current oral anticoagulation therapy (OAC)).  One-year stroke risk, after adjusting for sex and age, was 1.1 (95%CI, 0.7 – 1.7) in patients with infection and new-onset AF. Patients with infection and preexisting AF not receiving OAC had an adjusted one-year stroke risk of 2.1 (95%CI, 1.4 – 3.2) and patients receiving OAC it was 1.6 (95%CI, 1.0 – 2.5), compared to patients with infection but no AF.

Conclusion: ED patients with infection and new-onset AF had a similar 1-year stroke risk as patients with infection and no AF. Patients with infection and preexisting AF show an increased 1-year stroke risk with or without OAC therapy.
Can follow-up by the Acute Team contribute to reduce the number of hospitalizations based on preventable diagnoses?
Authors: Bertram Pia Bang , Hjørringgaard Louise , Eskerod Caroline Boje
Published: May 2019

Background: In 2017, 2829 hospitalizations were based on preventable diagnoses in the municipality of Aarhus, Denmark.  Even though the Acute Team provides emergency examination visits and hereby contributes to early intervention and thus reduces the number of hospitalizations based on preventable diagnoses in the municipality of Aarhus, Denmark, we found that citizens were hospitalized even after this intervention.  Our hypothesis was that a systematic follow-up of all emergency examination visits provided by the Acute Team could reduce the number of hospitalizations based on preventable diagnoses.

Methods: A systematic follow-up of all emergency examination visits provided by the Acute Team from January 2018 to March 2018 was initiated by telephone interviews or follow-up visits.  Subsequently, a comparative study was made based on reviews of the citizens’ health care records. In this study records from January 2017 to March 2017, where no follow-up was initiated, were compared with records from the follow-up period.  The citizens’ health care records were reviewed to find out whether the citizens were hospitalized within 7 days after the emergency examination visits or not, and if the hospitalization was based on a preventable diagnosis. In this process the definition of preventable diagnoses made by the National Board of Health, Denmark, was used [1].  

Results: 294 emergency examination visits were made from January 2017 to March 2017. Of these, 30 led to hospitalizations based on preventable diagnoses, i.e. a hospitalization rate of 10.2%.  433 emergency examination visits were made in the period January 2018 to March 2018. Of these, 17 led to hospitalizations based on preventable diagnoses, i.e. a hospitalization rate of 3.9%. By comparing the data from 2017 and 2018 a reduction of 6.3% was found, which indicates that 27 hospitalizations were prevented.  

Conclusions: Our findings indicate that Acute Team´s systematic follow-up of emergency examination visits can contribute to reduce the number of hospitalizations based on preventable diagnoses. Such follow-up may benefit early municipal intervention by detecting early symptoms of illness.
Scheduled care – as a way of caring. A phenomenological study of being cared for when suffering from alcohol use disorders
Authors: Bové Hanne Mørkenborg
Published: May 2019

Excessive alcohol consumption is health damaging and is also recognized as one of the major avoidable health risk factors. Alcohol use disorders are classified among one of the most harmful, debilitating disease categories and patients are frequent visitors in the emergency departments. The meeting between patient and healthcarer is considered contradictory and characterized by dilemmas and arbitrariness. Furthermore, this patient group differs from the regular patient. They are often characterized by very complex health pictures and chaotic social problems spawned by turbulent lifestyles. However, the experience of a hospitalization from a patient perspective is sparsely documented in a scientific context. The aim of this study was to elucidate the lived experience of how patients with alcohol use disorders experience being cared for when admitted to acute medical units.  

The data set consists of 15 in-depth interviews with patients suffering from alcohol use disorders admitted to an acute medical unit. The study is anchored in the phenomenological philosophy and the methodology applied is a descriptive phenomenological method as defined by Dahlberg. The intention is to identify and understand the essences, patterns, and structures of the lived experience of being cared for when hospitalized and suffering from alcohol use disorders. Data has been analysed according to the guidelines in Reflective Lifeworld Research, given by Dahlberg.

Being cared for was experienced as a two-staged process that changed throughout the hospitalization from an experience of scheduled care experienced as caring to an experience of scheduled care experienced as non-caring. Four constituents further described the variable experiences: being in a safe haven, sharing a tacit but mutual goal, being in a chaotic space, and being on your own.

The study showed that patients suffering from alcohol use disorders call for an intentional and distinctive attentiveness from the carers throughout their hospitalization. Being both seen and met in an authentic presence by carers was a powerful tool that helped ease the hospitalization. Likewise the absence of the authentic presence during the second stage may have hindered the carers notice and respond to a transfer of attention within the patients, and thus adapting the care provided.
Characteristics of citizens with repeated calls within 48 hours to the Medical helpline 1813
Authors: Blakø Mitti
Published: May 2019

Background: In the Capital Region of Denmark, the Medical helpline 1813 is integrated in the Emergency Medical Services, where citizens are triaged to receive face-to-face consultation (e.g. emergency department) or telephone consultation. Approximately 4,0 % of the calls received are repeated calls < 48 hours, representing citizens with progression in symptoms or an unmet need for help during the initial call, witch potentially may lead to delay in triage to face-to-face consultation, examination and treatment.  We aimed to identify differences in sociodemographic and health related characteristics between citizens performing single calls compared to citizens performing repeated calls < 48 hours.

Methods: The authors used data from the prospective observational Degree-of-worry study, conducted from the Medical Helpline 1813 from 18 January - 9 February 2017, including citizens performing single calls (n=11.131) and citizens performing repeated calls (n=464), defined by < 48 hours between calls. Information on callers were collected from the Medical Helpline electronic records, Statistic Denmark Registers and the National Patient Register. Self-reported characteristics as self-rated health (SRH scale 1-5) and Degree of worry concerning the actual situation (DOW on scale 1-3) were collected at the initial call. The authors performed logistic regression analyses, calculating Odds Ratio (OR) and 95% Confidence Intervals (CI).

Results: Seven variables were significantly associated with repeated callers: Age > 65 OR=1.58 (95% CI=1.18-2.10), immigrants OR=1.41 (95% CI=1.03-1.93), annual income in highest quartiles OR=0.69 (95% CI=0.54-0.89), high DOW OR=1.33 (95% CI=1.06-1.66), pore SRH OR=1.64 (95% CI=1.21-2.21) and > 2 comorbidities OR=1.66 (95% CI=1.26-2.19). Gender and time of call were not significantly associated with repeated callers. The significant association remained in analyses adjusted for age and gender. In the mutual adjusted analyzes the disproportions decreases. 

Conclusion: Results identify disproportions between repeated callers and single callers in characteristics related to age, immigrants, income, comorbidities and the self-rated variables SRH and DOW. This indicates that these characteristics potentially could be determinants for a delay in a face-to-face examination and treatment for citizens performing repeated calls. However, these disproportions are decreased in the mutual adjusted analyzes, indicating that sociodemographic and health related characteristics have a reinforcing effect.
Trigger team activation for acute patients in a level 1 emergency hospital
Authors: Posth Stefan
Published: May 2019

Background: Emergency patients with suspected time dependent diseases are met by specialized trigger teams upon arrival at the hospital. These teams have an important function in stabilizing and treating patients. Knowledge of how often the different trigger teams are activated in combination with description of the patients and their prognosis can help qualify decisions in emergency medicine planning.

Objectives: To describe frequency, patient characteristics and 7-day mortality for all adult patients (≥18 years) managed by the orthopedic, medical, neurological thrombolysis or primary percutaneous coronary intervention for ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) trigger teams at Odense University Hospital (OUH).

Methods: All patients met by a specialized trigger team at arrival to OUH between 1 November, 2012 and 30 September, 2015 were included. Data on g demographics, etiology and 7-day mortality will be presented descriptively. The number of trigger team activations per 100,000 person years in the background population, with varying catchment areas, will be presented.

Results: During the 35 observation months, there were 8,072 trigger team activations for adult patients at arrival to OUH (mean 7.6) per day.  A trigger team was activated daily 1.3 times for trauma, 2.7 times for medicine, 1.5 times for thrombolysis, and 2.1 times for STEMI, or 161, 340, 72 and 64 activations per 100,000 person years, respectively. Mean age was 47 for trauma, and approximately 67 for the other teams. Some 72% of trauma and STEMI patients were male with 55% for medical and thrombolysis patients. Mean length of stay was 3-4 days for all groups. The 7-day mortality was 10% (95% CI 9-12) for trauma, 16% (95% CI 14-17)   for medicine, 3% (95% CI 3-4) for thrombolysis and 6% (95% CI 5-7) for STEMI.

Conclusions: The volume of trigger team activation varied in both frequency and per 100,000 person years with activation of the medical teams being most frequent. Likewise, patients treated by the medical trigger team had the highest mortality, followed by trauma while patients activating the STEMI team showed the lowest mortality.
Prehospital infection control and prevention in Denmark: A nationwide cross-sectional study on guideline adherence and microbial contamination of surfaces
Authors: Vikke Heidi Storm
Published: May 2019

Background: Prehospital acute care and treatment have become more complex, and while invasive procedures are standard procedures, focus on infection control and prevention is scarce. We aimed to evaluate guideline adherence, microbial contamination, and associated risk factors.

Methods: In a nationwide cross-sectional study, we evaluated guideline adherence to thorough cleaning (TC) once a day, and moderate cleaning (MC) in-between patient courses. Microbial contamination on hand-touch sites (HTS) and provider-related sites (PRS) was assessed by total aerobic colony forming units (CFU) and presence of selected pathogens, using swab and agar imprints. Also, microbial contamination was assessed in relation to potential risk factors.

Results: 80 ambulances and coherent EMS providers were enrolled. Adherence to guidelines regarding TC was 35%, but regarding MC it was 100%. In total, 129 (27%) of 480 HTS presented a total CFU > 2.5/cm2 and/or pathogenic growth, indicating hygiene failures. The prevalence of selected pathogens on HTS was: S. aureus 7%; Enterococcus 3% and Enterobacteriaceae 1%. Total CFU on the PRS ranged from 0-250/cm2, and the prevalence of pathogens was 18% (S. aureus 15%, Enterococcus 3% and Enterobacteriaceae 0.3%). Methicillin-resistant S. aureus was found in one sample, and Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus in two. No Enterobacteriaceae with extended-spectrum beta-lactamases were recorded.

Conclusion: Guideline adherence was suboptimal, and many HTS did not comply fully with proposed standards for cleanliness. Pathogens were demonstrated on both HTS and PRS, indicating that the EMS may be a source of infection in hospitalized patients. Moreover, cleaning effort and time appears associated with microbial contamination, but a comprehensive investigation of risk factors is needed.
Sacrifice, Politics and Animal Imagery in the Oresteia
Authors: Kanellakis Dimitrios
Published: May 2019

In this paper I explore how sacrifice and politics, two central aspects of the Oresteia, are presented through animal imagery and how they are indissolubly linked. In the first section I discuss how the animal imagery attributed to Cassandra constructs a semantic parallelism between her and Iphigenia, the two of them being the only innocent victims in the bloody circle of this trilogy. In the second section I examine how animals are linked to governments and how the quantitative, temporal, and spatial arrangement of animal imagery reveals their sequence.
Datalogisk tænkning og teknologiforståelse i folkeskolen tur-retur
Authors: Caeli Elisa Nadire , Bundsgaard Jeppe
Published: May 2019

I denne artikel undersøges fagområderne datalogisk tænkning (computational thinking) og teknologiforståelse i et historisk perspektiv. Artiklen formidler og analyserer den uddannelsesmæssige udvikling på området siden 1960'erne og op til i dag, hvor der op gennem 1970’erne og 1980’erne blev gennemført en række forsøg med faget datalære. Faget havde blandt andet teknologikritik og datalogisk problemløsning i fokus og minder på mange måder om det nye nutidige forsøgsfag teknologiforståelse. Formålet med artiklen er på denne baggrund at præsentere historien og diskutere, hvordan erfaringer og dyrt betalte lærepenge på området kan inspirere os i dag.Artiklen præsenterer periodens begivenheder kronologisk. Metodisk er udvalgt empirisk materiale, der vedrører tiltag inden for og diskussioner om datalogi samt digital teknologi på grundskoleområdet. På baggrund af analyserne artiklen igennem identificeres afslutningsvist fire perioder fra 1966 og frem til i dag, der kan skabe overblik over tendenser og forskellige tiders centrale initiativer og diskussioner.
L’arrêt Maribro : un changement de cap de la Cour d’appel
Authors: D’Aoust Claude
Published: May 2019

Dans ce commentaire, l’auteur analyse un arrêt de la Cour d’appel, confirmant la décision de la Cour supérieure, et qui renverse un arrêt de principe datant de 1978. En reconnaissant la compétence arbitrale pour juger du renvoi pour « fausses déclarations à l’embauchage », notre Cour d’appel s’aligne sur l’approche des provinces de common law.

La Cour supérieure en avait fait un cas d’espèce, s’appuyant sur le libellé de la clause conventionnelle applicable. Mais en un second temps (et en obiter), l’honorable juge Lévesque généralisait sa motivation dans la foulée de la jurisprudence récente de la Cour suprême du Canada sur la doctrine de la déférence judiciaire envers les tribunaux administratifs.

Mais la Cour d’appel attaque plutôt le problème de plein fouet, affirmant que l’ancienne règle n’est plus adéquate, à la lumière des directives de la Cour suprême. Après une revue de la jurisprudence, la Cour déclare qu’en présence d’une convention collective, il n’y a plus d’entente individuelle qui tienne et donc que l’arbitre, ex post factum a compétence pour juger de la validité de la formation du contrat individuel de travail initial qui avait placé le salarié sous l’empire de la convention collective.

Bien que cette approche ne soit pas nouvelle, il est à se demander s’il était nécessaire, voire opportun, d’aller jusque là pour disposer du litige. Car en mettant le point final à la discussion sur la coexistence du contrat individuel et de la convention collective, la Cour a peut-être ouvert une boîte de Pandore. En effet, le droit disciplinaire et non disciplinaire du travail fait constamment appel aux droits et obligations nés du contrat individuel de travail, le plus souvent implicitement. Le contrat de travail évanoui, par quoi le remplacera-t-on ?

L’auteur est d’avis que la jurisprudence et la doctrine construites à ce jour prendront le Orelais. Les règles subsisteront; le fondement et l’explication devront en être raffermis à partir de l’acquis du passé. Il est également à prévoir que les chefs d’entreprises seront plus enclins à édicter ou négocier des règlements intérieurs mieux structurés que la plupart de ceux qu’on rencontre de nos jours.
La création de l’hypothèque immobilière conventionnelle
Authors: Poudrier-LeBel Louise
Published: May 2019

La propriété immobilière est recherchée pour la valeur de garantie qu’elle accorde à un créancier sous forme d’une hypothèque immobilière conventionnelle. Une approche comparative des systèmes de droit qui nous sont familiers permet les rapprochements suivants : le droit français transforma l’hypothèque générale et secrète en une sûreté spéciale et publique; la common law effectue plutôt un transfert du titre soumis à un droit de rachat; le droit québécois, d’abord semblable au droit français de la même époque, fit de nombreux emprunts au droit anglais, principalement l’exigence de la publicité. De plus, les droits accordés conventionnellement au créancier, spécialement la clause de dation en paiement, s’inspirent plus de la conception anglaise.

La réforme du droit québécois maintient les règles de fond et de forme que nous connaissons, en les adaptant aux réalités modernes sauf quant au caractère solennel du contrat.
Les origines intellectuelles et les caractéristiques institutionnelles et axiologiques du droit matrimonial occidental moderne
Authors: Dufour Alfred
Published: May 2019

Engagées sous l’égide laïque et démocratique, les principales réformes du Droit matrimonial occidental contemporain, qui visent à l’universalisation des principes de liberté, d’égalité et de réalisation de soi dans le domaine de la famille, ne sont pas l’expression privilégiée et exclusive d’un XXe siècle à l’avant-garde ou à la dérive. Elles s’inscrivent d’abord, quant à leurs origines intellectuelles, dans un processus général de laïcisation de la pensée et de la société politique occidentale. Celui-ci s’amorce dès le XIVe siècle de façon convergente dans la Scolastique tardive, dans la doctrine jusnaturaliste et dans la canonistique moderne avec l’affirmation de la compétence exclusive du pouvoir civil en matière matrimoniale, la dissociation dans le mariage du contrat et du sacrement, enfin la spiritualisation du pouvoir de l’Église et la cléricalisation de la sacramentalité du mariage. Mais les réformes contemporaines du Droit du mariage s’enracinent plus immédiatement, quant à leurs caractéristiques institutionnelles et axiologiques, dans la doctrine rationaliste du Droit naturel du Siècle des Lumières et dans les nombreux projets de la Révolution française, « matrice du Droit occidental moderne », qui en inspirent, non seulement le contractualisme, l’égalitarisme et l’eudémonisme foncier, mais en déterminent encore l’irréversible affranchissement par rapport à l’ordre biologique.
Some Evidence of a New International Economic Order in Place
Authors: Marceau Gabrielle
Published: May 2019

In the course of a meeting held in La Malbaie (Québec, Canada) on August 5th to 7th, 1990, thirty european, north-american and african jurists and economists exchanged ideas on the evolution of international economic law.

This first colloquium organised by the SDIE (Canada) in cooperation with the SDIE (France) covered historical, theorical, practical and ethical aspects of this sector of law which covers the organisation of trade and production, monetary and financial relations, international trade law, resources management and environmental protection.

The present document reproduces the texts submitted by the speakers in their original language. The first two papers aim at giving a general perspective of the variables of International Economic Law. The following papers focus on specific areas of international economic law where changes are taking place.
Les rapports difficiles entre la liberté d’expression et ses limites raisonnables
Authors: de Montigny Yves
Published: May 2019

L’auteur passe en revue la jurisprudence de la Cour suprême en matière de liberté d’expression depuis l’entrée en vigueur de la Charte et constate que l’on n’a pas craint d’élargir considérablement la portée de ce concept. Cet activisme judiciaire repose néanmoins sur des fondements théoriques fragiles et empreints de contradictions. Une analyse serrée de certaines décisions permet d’abord de constater que l’article 2b) de la Charte ne protège pas toutes les activités expressives sans égard à leur contenu; d’autre part, il n’est pas tout à fait exact de prétendre que la raisonnabilité d’une restriction à cette liberté fondamentale doit s’apprécier sans égard au type de discours en cause. En conclusion, l’auteur propose de départager les arguments qui tiennent à la nature même de l’expression de ceux qui s’analysent en termes de justification en s’appuyant sur un principe qui colle davantage au texte et à la structure de la Charte.
Constitution and Family in the United States
Authors: Anderson Carl A.
Published: May 2019

Decisions of the United States Supreme Court beginning with Griswold v. Connecticut (1965) have transformed family law in the United States. By characterizing the right to marry as a fundamental constitutional right and procreative decision-making as both a fundamental liberty interest and privacy right, the Court has “deregulated” the institutions of marriage and family.

During this same period the Court’s approach to legal questions involving the rights of non-marital cohabitating couples as well as individual procreative decision-making has tended to blur legal distinctions between the family based upon marriage and other living arrangements. The widespread adoption of mutual consent and/or marital breakdown as grounds for the dissolution of marriage in the United States has significantly altered the social dynamics of marriage and further reduces distinctions between marriage and other living arrangements.

However, recent decisions by the Court in Hardwick, Michael H., and Webster point to a change of direction in the Court’s view of privacy which may signal a willingness to tolerate greater community involvement in establishing protective regulation of the institutions of marriage and the family based upon it. The Court also appears to be in the process of significantly narrowing the constitutionally recognized right of privacy when viewed as a zone of autonomous decision-making for the individual or non-marital couple.
La propriété : la perception au figuré d’un droit pourtant bien réel
Authors: Goulet Jean
Published: May 2019

L’auteur nous présente deux ouvrages qui analysent la propriété d’un point de vue historique d’où ressortent des notions non pas juridiques, mais plutôt culturelles et philosophiques. Le premier de ces ouvrages, Au propre et au figuré : histoire de la propriété, de Jacques Attali, constitue une réflexion sur le phénomène de la propriété et sur la raison d’être de cette institution. L’auteur nous y fait découvrir un aspect déconcertant de la propriété par sa relation avec l’homme et la mort. Par le deuxième ouvrage, Pourquoi la propriété, d’Henri Lepage, l’auteur montre plutôt la légitimité et le rôle créateur de richesses de la propriété. C’est donc sous un éclairage « économique » et s’apparentant parfois au droit naturel que la propriété y est alors présentée. Le droit moderne s’inspire t-il de ces différentes notions de la propriété ? Dans la dernière partie de son exposé l’auteur s’interroge ainsi sur le sort que les règles de notre droit réservent à la propriété en examinant tour à tour la position du législateur international (par le biais des conventions et traités internationaux) et celles du législateur constituant, tant canadien que québécois. Il appert alors que le droit de propriété moderne n’est plus un droit absolu, non plus d’ailleurs qu’un droit fondamental.
Aspects conceptuels et juridiques du « droit de propriété »
Authors: Boudreau-Ouellet Andréa
Published: May 2019

Le terme « propriété » fait appel à une certaine notion générale familière à la plupart des sociétés contemporaines. Toutefois, les concepts de « propriété » et de « propriété privée » n’ont pas la même définition technique d’un système juridique à un autre. En effet, pour certains le droit de propriété est un droit naturel, tandis que pour d’autres, ce droit est une simple institution juridique. De plus, là où ces notions diffèrent vraiment dépendant des sociétés, c’est au niveau de l’approche que l’on a adoptée relativement à l’élaboration et à l’application des différentes règles qui régissent le droit de propriété. Pour nous, juristes canadiens, cette dichotomie redouble d’importance et d’intérêt en vue de la coexistence de deux systèmes juridiques différents : le droit civil et la common law.

L’auteur s’attarde donc à nous faire état des différences au niveau de la définition et au niveau de l’approche vis-à-vis l’élaboration des règles relatives au droit de propriété, tout en mettant l’emphase sur les notions anglo-saxonnes (common law) de ce droit. En premier lieu, l’article dévoile l’importante distinction en common law entre les « biens réels » et les « biens personnels », qui est entièrement étrangère à l’interprétation civiliste. Ceci implique, sur le plan pratique, des inconsistances et des contradictions entre les deux systèmes lors de la transmission de la propriété des biens entre vifs et au décès, par exemple. En second lieu l’auteur démontre que les droits de propriété en common law peuvent être fragmentés en divers intérêts, et que le propriétaire a donc une plus grande flexibilité pour diriger le destin de ses biens pendant de très longues périodes de temps. Cette caractéristique propre à la common law, nous vient par l’entremise des doctrines des tenures et domaines du Moyen Âge et du système féodal anglais.
Comments on the Influence of Canon Law on the Common Law Legal Tradition
Authors: Martínez-Torrón Javier , Hernández Lorraine
Published: May 2019

In this paper, the author questions the conventional view that the civil law and common law traditions are radically different in their reception of Roman Law. He argues that Roman Law concepts, mediated by canon law, exerted a considerable influence over the common law. He identifies a number of channels through which this influence has shaped common law concepts. Thus, canonical equitas probably served as a model for the equitable rules bases on good faith. Although common law evolved in a distinctive way, because of procedural considerations, its evolutionary path had already been followed by that of canon law.
Réforme fiscale : quel rôle pour les modèles d’équilibre général calculable?
Authors: Lemelin André , Savard Luc
Published: May 2019

Dans cet article, nous présentons les deux outils les plus utilisés pour analyser l’impact de réformes fiscales à savoir le coût marginal des fonds publics (CMFP) en équilibre partiel et les modèles d’équilibre général calculable (MEGC). Nous nous attardons ensuite aux MEGC et nous discutons leurs forces et faiblesses comme outils d’analyse économique. Puis, nous examinons quels comportements d’agents économiques sont principalement affectés par des réformes fiscales et comment ils peuvent être pris en compte dans les MEGC. Finalement, nous passons en revue un échantillon d’applications de modèles EGC appliqués à l’évaluation de l’impact de réformes fiscales sur l’efficacité et l’équité. Nous concluons avec quelques remarques sur la pertinence de la littérature quant aux politiques et nous formulons des recommandations sur la façon d’utiliser les modèles EGC pour apporter une contribution valide aux débats autour de réformes fiscales.
Assessment of the Political Risk in a Country: a Practitioner’s View
Authors: Arrieta Padilla Carlos Gustavo
Published: May 2019

Political risk is inherent to foreign investment. It stems from either the government's or the political regime's instability, or restrictive and compelling governmental policies. To cope with this risk, two complementary instruments are used: risk assessment and deterrent measures.

Taking into consideration South America, the author explains how the political risk assessment is realized through risks indexes, public or corporate: each carries its own criteria as shown here by the analysis of General Motors and Union Carbide methods of assessment.

The author then discusses the means available to the investor to forecast and minimize the negative effects of the actualization of a political risk. He identifies two main categories of deterrent measures: business oriented strategies carried out by the investor or legal techniques of protection. Among the latter, the author analyses the stabilization and internationalization clauses; the security offered by certain bilateral or multilateral treaties to foreign investment; the guarantees agreed upon by organizations such as the Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency; the transfer of domicile of legal entities.
L’injonction, voie d’exécution forcée des obligations de faire
Authors: Prujiner Alain
Published: May 2019

Les circonstances historiques de l’introduction de l’injonction en droit québécois en ont rendu l’usage difficile comme voie d’exécution forcée des obligations de faire à cause de l’influence pertubatrice des règles de common law. Il s’agit cependant de la seule procédure générale dont les juges disposent à cette fin. L’exécution en nature, pourtant prévue par le Code civil, n’a donc pu s’imposer que très partiellement. Les tribunaux ont cependant commencé à se dégager des approches restrictives antérieures en accordant des injonctions obligeant à respecter des engagements commerciaux complexes. Mais l’interférence des règles anglaises persiste et rend difficile la création d’une jurisprudence claire. Pour y parvenir, il est proposé de dissocier l’injonction de l’outrage au tribunal qui pourrait être remplacé par une sanction civile. La spécificité de l’injonction québécoise comme procédure d’exécution forcée serait alors plus affirmée.
The Dichotomy between Family Law and Family Crises on Marriage Breakdown
Authors: Payne Julien D.
Published: May 2019

The following analysis focuses on three crises of marriage breakdown: the emotional crisis; the economic crisis; and the parenting crisis. The response of lawyers and of legal processes to these three crises that so frequently interact with each other is examined with a view to providing a broader perspective of family conflict resolution.
Max Weber and the Problem of a ‘Successful Peace’
Authors: Bruhns Hinnerk , Kirkbright Suzanne
Published: May 2019

“How can we think of peace? And when?”, Max Weber asks in a letter to Ferdinand Tönnies, in 14 October 1914. This article focuses on the concept of “successful” peace, the decisive concept for Weber’s ideas about the “way out of the war” that the author refined between 1914–1918 in his speeches, texts and letters. For Weber, a successful peace depended not only on the foreign policy dimension but even more on important inner reforms and a fundamental reorganisation of the German Reich. Analysing Weber’s “ideas of 1918” – radically opposed to the well-known “ideas of 1914” – this paper focuses on three aspects: (1) nation and state citizens (2) Prussia, (3) German tradition, history and political culture, before outlining, at the end, Weber’s ideas about the European post-war order.
Vilfredo Pareto. History, his history
Authors: Toscano Mario Aldo , Santini-Parducci Chiara
Published: May 2019

Pareto biographical and intellectual experience offers a privileged point of
view on First World War. His life work, Treatise on General Sociology, was
published in 1916 by Barbera Publisher in Florence. It is through the conceptual tools
contained in this work that he deciphers the ongoing conflict. His interpretative method is
based on the distinction between residues and derivations. The firsts are
the real motifs that determinate actions, the seconds are false explanations men create to
justify their behaviour. War is a conflict between residues and more specifically between
two residues: the persistence of aggregates – a conservative residue, politically
represented by Germans and Central Powers – and the instinct for combinations – typical of
innovators, represented by the Allies. Post war disorder cannot last and be tolerated by any
stable social system. Pareto in a first moment is sceptical toward Fascism but he was
fascinated by Mussolini’s personality later, when he recognises him as the only man capable
to re-establish social order in a country out of control. Pareto’s support to Fascism is
ultimately a support to a realistic principle able to use Machiavelli methods to beat all
fractions that without a political synthesis can threat the social life of a
country.
War, Culture and Lebensreform. Germany’s way to itself? A few considerations on Simmel’s war writings
Authors: Portioli Claudia
Published: May 2019

The paper explores Simmel’s writings explicitly dedicated to the war and uses them as sources for investigating the underlying social and cultural context with which Simmel interacted. In particular, it takes into account possible links between Simmel’s considerations on the relationship between war and the crises of modern culture and the multifaceted life-reform movements developed in pre-war Germany. The latter movements, which arose in the last decades of the 19thcentury, expressed a critical reaction to the negative characteristics of modern German society and a search for alternative lifestyles. The paper also investigates the sense of a few inconsistencies found when comparing specific passages that Simmel wrote on the same topics during the war. In the second part, the author considers how the development of Simmel’s narrative on the war affects several key elements of his thought such as qualitative individualism, subjective culture, identity and/or the issue of a new order of values. The author suggests that all these elements become part of an intertwined tissue of arguments which delineate Simmel’s attempt, as an individual, to react to a widespread cultural and spiritual distress.
Le prix du risque
Authors: Beaulieu Marie-Claude
Published: May 2019

Dans cet article, j’exploite l’approche développée par Beaulieu, Dufour et Khalaf (2013, 2017) pour montrer comment une méthode robuste aux problèmes d’identification et correcte en échantillons finis peut être utilisée afin d’identifier les facteurs à incorporer dans un modèle d’évaluation d’actifs dans le but de mieux estimer le prix du risque. En fait, lorsque l’incertitude entourant les paramètres du modèle du calcul du prix du risque est importante, elle peut changer de façon significative les décisions d’investissement et de financement. L’approche développée par Beaulieu, Dufour et Khalaf (2013, 2017) permet d’établir conjointement si un modèle est rejeté ou non et s’il est identifié ou non. Trois cadres d’analyse mesurant le prix du risque sont comparés.