bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Comparison of neurotoxicity of different aggregated forms of Aβ40, Aβ42 and Aβ43 in cell cultures
Authors: Fu Lu , Sun Yao , Guo Yongqing , Chen Yan , Yu Bin , Zhang Haihong , Wu Jiaxin , Yu Xianghui , Kong Wei , Wu Hui
Published: February 2017

The abnormal deposition of amyloid‐β (Aβ) peptides in the brain is the main neuropathological hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Amyloid deposits are formed by a heterogeneous mixture of Aβ peptides, among which the most studied are Aβ40 and Aβ42. Aβ40 is abundantly produced in the human brain, but the level of Aβ42 is remarkably increased in the brain of AD patients. Aside from Aβ40 and Aβ42, recent data have raised the possibility that Aβ43 peptides may be instrumental in AD pathogenesis. Besides its length, whether the Aβ aggregated form accounts for the neurotoxicity is also particularly controversial. Aβ fibrils are generally considered as key pathogenic substances in AD pathogenesis. Nevertheless, recent data implicated soluble Aβ oligomers as the main cause of synaptic dysfunction and memory loss in AD. To further address this uncertainty, we analyzed the neurotoxicity of different Aβ species and Aβ forms at the cellular level. The results showed that Aβ42 could form oligomers significantly faster than Aβ40 and Aβ43 and Aβ42 oligomers showed the greatest level of neurotoxicity. Regardless of the length of Aβ peptides, Aβ oligomers induced significantly higher cytotoxicity compared with the other two Aβ forms. Surprisingly, the neurotoxicity of fibrils in PC12 cells was only marginally but not significantly stronger than monomers, contrary to previous reports. Altogether, our findings demonstrate the high pathogenicity of Aβ42 among the three Aβ species and support the idea that Aβ42 oligomers contribute to the pathological events leading to neurodegeneration in AD. Copyright © 2017 European Peptide Society and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controlled synthesis and characterization of multilayer graphene films on the C‐face of silicon carbide
Authors: Sharma Bharat , Schumann Timo , de Oliveira Myriano H. , Lopes J. Marcelo J.
Published: February 2017

Achieving the controlled and large‐area synthesis of multilayer graphene on SiC(000–1) surfaces is still an ongoing challenge. Here, we present systematical results on the growth of multilayer thick graphene films on the C‐face of SiC by employing an adaptation of the so‐called confinement controlled sublimation method. Practical features of the synthesis process, which are very important to attain reproducible data, are discussed in detail. The graphene films were characterized using atomic force microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The variation of the growth time allowed for the final average thickness of the graphene coverage to be varied. The synthesized multilayer graphene films offer high structural quality and are continuous over large areas. Strikingly, the results show that although the initial quality of the substrate surface does not impact the defect density in the graphene layers, it seems to directly affect the stacking arrangement of the adjacent graphene layers, which in turn, influence their electronic (de)coupling.
MRI guided focused ultrasound robotic system for animal experiments
Authors: Yiannakou Marinos , Menikou Georgios , Yiallouras Christos , Ioannides Cleanthis , Damianou Christakis
Published: February 2017

Background

In this paper an MRI‐guided focused ultrasound (MRgFUS) robotic system was developed that can be used for conducting experiments in small animals.The target for this robotic system regarding motion was to move a therapeutic ultrasound transducer in two Cartesian axes.

Methods

A single element spherically focused transducer of 3 cm diameter, focusing at 7 cm and operating at 0.4 MHz was used. The positioning device incorporates only MRI compatible materials. The propagation of ultrasound is a bottom to top approach. The 2‐D positioning device is controlled by custom‐made software and a custom‐made electronic system which controls the two piezoelectric motors.

Results

The system was tested successfully in agar/silica/evaporated milk phantom for various tasks (robot motion, MR compatibility, and MR thermometry). The robotic system is capable of moving the focused ultrasound transducer to perform MR‐guided focused ultrasound experiments in small animals.

Conclusions

This system has the potential to be deployed as a cost effective solution for performing experiments in small animals.
Physiological motion modeling for organ‐mounted robots
Authors: Wood Nathan A. , Schwartzman David , Zenati Marco A. , Riviere Cameron N.
Published: February 2017

Background

Organ‐mounted robots passively compensate heartbeat and respiratory motion. In model‐guided procedures, this motion can be a significant source of information that can be used to aid in localization or to add dynamic information to static preoperative maps.

Methods

Models for estimating periodic motion are proposed for both position and orientation. These models are then tested on animal data and optimal orders are identified. Finally, methods for online identification are demonstrated.

Results

Models using exponential coordinates and Euler‐angle parameterizations are as accurate as models using quaternion representations, yet require a quarter fewer parameters. Models which incorporate more than four cardiac or three respiration harmonics are no more accurate. Finally, online methods estimate model parameters as accurately as offline methods within three respiration cycles.

Conclusions

These methods provide a complete framework for accurately modelling the periodic deformation of points anywhere on the surface of the heart in a closed chest.
Generalized set‐theoretic unknown input observer for LPV systems with application to state estimation and robust fault detection
Authors: Xu Feng , Tan Junbo , Wang Xueqian , Puig Vicenç , Liang Bin , Yuan Bo , Liu Houde
Published: February 2017

This paper proposes to design an unknown input observer (UIO) for the linear‐parameter‐varying (LPV) system on the basis of the set theory, which is named as the set‐theoretic UIO (SUIO). The advantage of the SUIO consists in that it combines active and passive approaches to obtain robustness in state estimation (SE) and fault detection (FD). The active approach is based on the use of UIO to decouple unknown inputs, while the passive approach is based on the set theory to bound uncertain factors that cannot be actively decoupled. As a result, the effect of both unknown inputs (process disturbances, modeling errors, etc.) and measurement noises can be appropriately handled in the residual signals compared with the standard UIO‐based SE and FD approaches. The design of SUIO can overcome the limitations of the traditional UIO design conditions, which can significantly broaden the application of the UIO‐based SE and FD theory. Moreover, this paper proposes a generalized framework that can provide more flexibility in the design of SUIO guaranteeing their stability by means of a group of matrix inequalities. Because the LPV system uses a collection of online obtainable scheduling variables to embed nonlinearities, the design of SUIO for the LPV system can be used to address the SE and FD problems of nonlinear systems. At the end of this paper, two case studies are used to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed approach. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Progress Toward The Sustainable Development Goal on Poverty: Assessing The Effect of Income Growth on The Exit Time from Poverty in Benin
Authors: Alia Didier Yelognisse
Published: February 2017

There is a large and growing literature on the relation between economic growth and poverty reduction. The evidence points to a negative correlation between growth and poverty. However, many studies also find that growth does not mechanically reduce poverty, arguing that in many cases rapid economic growth has not necessarily been pro‐poor. This paper uses the concept of ‘exit time from poverty’ to assess the potential of economic growth to reduce poverty in Benin; thus accelerating the progress of the country toward the achievement of the sustainable development goal of eliminating poverty by 2030. It uses nationally representative household data covering the period 2009–2011 and analyses the impacts of various growth scenarios on poverty. The results show that, with a growth rate in income per capita of 4.2% per year, it will take between 7 and 10 years for the average poor household to escape from poverty. The paper also finds that stronger economic growth leads to shorter average time to exit from poverty. However, there is a lot of heterogeneity in the exit time from poverty, with various households' characteristics such as households' size and human capital being important determinants. Taken together, the results suggest that policies to accelerate poverty reduction should emphasize the development of human capital and ensure that growth is inclusive and pro‐poor. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Investigating the Influential Factors of Sustainable Supply Chain Management, Using Two Asian Countries as Examples
Authors: Kuo Tsai Chi , Chen Gary Yu‐Hsin , Hsiao Yu‐Lin , Dang Hanh T.H. , Chiu Ming‐Chuan , Hsu Chia‐Wei
Published: February 2017

Sustainable supply chain management (SSCM) is increasingly followed by academia and industry. Although some companies have shown their success in implementing SSCM practices, many are still hesitant – that is, certain challenges to SSCM operation still exist. The focus of this study was to identify the influential factors of SSCM practices from both the conceptual and practical perspectives. A verified SSCM questionnaire was conducted to investigate the differences of the influential factors between Taiwan and Vietnam, and to explore the regional phenomenon of SSCM implementation. The result could be used to support the argument of related literature that pressure, strategy, uncertainty, internal management and external management could be the influential factors of the success/failure of the SSCM adoption. Local practices of sustainability in Taiwan and Vietnam were addressed and discussed in this study. Future study might survey other Asian countries to examine the international difference. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Environmental Entrepreneurship and Interorganizational Arrangements: A Model of Social‐benefit Market Creation
Authors: Corbett Jacqueline , Montgomery A. Wren
Published: February 2017

Research summary

Social‐benefit markets, such as those for carbon trading, are becoming increasingly popular for combating complex social and environmental problems. However, their unique characteristics pose substantial challenges to market creation and require novel entrepreneurial approaches. Integrating the entrepreneurship literature with that of management information systems, we conceptualize social‐benefit markets as a new type of interorganizational arrangement and develop a model of social‐benefit market creation. First, we argue that a core entrepreneurial collective, comprising a plurality of actors from government, business, and social movements, is essential. Second, we elaborate a six‐phase process through which the interests of entrepreneurs are aligned and inscribed in a market artifact and the market is formed. The model is illustrated with reference to the Western Climate Initiative's carbon market creation efforts.

Managerial summary

Carbon markets have become a popular strategy for reducing greenhouse gas emissions, with similar market‐based solutions being proposed for other social and environmental challenges. We refer to these new structures as social‐benefit markets. Social‐benefit market creation is a complex undertaking that will require novel entrepreneurial approaches and new interorganizational information systems. In an effort to reduce some of this complexity, we propose a model to explain how entrepreneurs from government, business, and social movements must work collectively to build social‐benefit markets. We further elaborate a six‐phase process through which entrepreneurs are able to align their diverse interests and create a stable market artifact. For managers from all sectors, our work offers actionable guidance for forming collective ventures that deliver real social benefits. Copyright © 2017 Strategic Management Society
Semiparametric pseudoscore for regression with multidimensional but incompletely observed regressor
Authors: Hu Zonghui , Qin Jing , Follmann Dean
Published: February 2017

We study the regression fβ(Y|X,Z), where Y is the response,
is a vector of fully observed regressors and X is the regressor with incomplete observation. To handle missing data, maximum likelihood estimation via expectation‐maximisation (EM) is the most efficient but is sensitive to the specification of the distribution of X. Under a missing at random assumption, we propose an EM‐type estimation via a semiparametric pseudoscore. Like in EM, we derive the conditional expectation of the score function given Y and Z, or the mean score, over the incompletely observed units under a postulated distribution of X. Instead of directly using the ‘mean score’ in estimating equation, we use it as a working index to construct the semiparametric pseudoscore via nonparametric regression. Introduction of semiparametric pseudoscore into the EM framework reduces sensitivity to the specified distribution of X. It also avoids the curse of dimensionality when Z is multidimensional. The resulting regression estimator is more than doubly robust: it is consistent if either the pattern of missingness in X is correctly specified or the working index is appropriately, but not necessarily correctly, specified. It attains optimal efficiency when both conditions are satisfied. Numerical performance is explored by Monte Carlo simulations and a study on treating hepatitis C patients with HIV coinfection. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
A flexible and lightweight user‐demand DRM system for multimedia contents over multiple portable device platforms
Authors: Wu Eric Hsiaokuang , Chuang Shumin , Shih Chen‐Yen , Hsueh Hao‐Che , Huang Shih‐Syuan , Huang Hsiao‐Ping
Published: February 2017

With the rapid development of technology, digital multimedia has been widely utilized. Access of multimedia contents has become a daily routine. Although multimedia brings ease and convenience for content sharing, it also makes piracy more feasible. For example, it is easy to upload a copyrighted video to YouTube without the owners' permission. Authors and merchants are very much in need of protecting their intellectual property and commercial profits. Digital right management (DRM) systems are provided to fulfill this desire. DRM is a collection of techniques used to control access to copyrighted materials. Because current enterprise DRM solutions are not allowed for customized modification, they cannot fit in our considered scenario perfectly. As a result, we propose a secure DRM system with a design based on user demands, where a consumer can access contents only on authenticated devices until the authorization expires. Our DRM scheme involves a series of robust cryptosystems including AES, SHA‐256, and RSA. Applications as DRM agents are implemented on Windows, Mac OS, Android, and iOS platforms. Moreover, we modularized the DRM components for easy extension and integration. For better performance on low‐end devices, parameters of encryption are introduced, namely, the key size and the encryption density. We addressed the mask shift problem caused by random access and implemented the device identifier acquirement. The DRM system also proved to have high security and good performance in our analysis. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptional and Cell Cycle Alterations Mark Aging of Primary Human Adipose-Derived Stem Cells
Authors: Shan Xiaoyin , Roberts Cleresa , Kim Eun Ji , Brenner Ariana , Grant Gregory , Percec Ivona
Published: February 2017

Adult stem cells play a critical role in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and prevention of aging. While the regenerative potential of stem cells with low cellular turnover, such as adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs), is increasingly recognized, the study of chronological aging in ASCs is technically difficult and remains poorly understood. Here, we use our model of chronological aging in primary human ASCs to examine genome-wide transcriptional networks. We demonstrate first that the transcriptome of aging ASCs is distinctly more stable than that of age-matched fibroblasts, and further, that age-dependent modifications in cell cycle progression and translation initiation specifically characterize aging ASCs in conjunction with increased nascent protein synthesis and a distinctly shortened G1 phase. Our results reveal novel chronological aging mechanisms in ASCs that are inherently different from differentiated cells and that may reflect an organismal attempt to meet the increased demands of tissue and organ homeostasis during aging.
From curiosity to commodity: a review of the evolution of sachet drinking water in West Africa
Authors: Stoler Justin
Published: February 2017

The private sector continues to play an important role in filling local drinking water supply gaps across the Global South. In West Africa, a perfect storm of rapid population growth, infrastructure mismanagement, and globalization of consumer markets has resulted in the advent of an entire new industry around packaged water, primarily ‘sachet water’ sold in mechanically sealed plastic sleeves. Most local governments and international development agencies have historically perceived sachet water as a passing trend, but it has quickly become a primary drinking water source for the majority of households in many urban areas and continues to spread throughout the region and world. Sachet water is now an important component of regional water security, although with attendant issues related to governance, quality control, environmental pollution, and social justice. This paper reviews the seminal literature on sachet water in West Africa, with particular emphasis on Ghana and Nigeria, where most studies have focused. This review synthesizes governance issues, consumer and industry trends, and the latest on product quality in the literature from 2011 to 2016, with 2010 approximating an inflection point for the modernization of the industry. The ability of many West African nations to achieve universal access to safe drinking water may depend on their willingness to understand and incorporate the sachet water industry into an integrated drinking water platform. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1206. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1206

This article is categorized under:

Engineering Water > Planning Water

Engineering Water > Sustainable Engineering of Water

Human Water > Water Governance
Cover Image, Volume 4, Issue 2
Authors: Tipaldo Giuseppe , Allamano Paola
Published: February 2017

The cover image, by Giuseppe Tipaldo and Paola Allamano, is based on the Citizen science and community‐based rain monitoring initiatives: an interdisciplinary approach across sociology and water science, DOI: 10.1002/wat2.1200.

image
Inside Cover Image, Volume 6, Issue 2
Authors: Stower Matthew J. , Bertocchini Federica
Published: February 2017

The inside cover image, by Matthew J. Stower and Federica Bertocchini, is based on the Advanced Review The Evolution of amniote gastrulation: the blastopore‐primitive streak transition, DOI: 10.1002/wdev.262.

image
Toward modeling locomotion using electromyography‐informed 3D models: application to cerebral palsy
Authors: Sartori M. , Fernandez J. W. , Modenese L. , Carty C. P. , Barber L. A. , Oberhofer K. , Zhang J. , Handsfield G. G. , Stott N. S. , Besier T. F. , Farina D. , Lloyd D. G.
Published: February 2017

This position paper proposes a modeling pipeline to develop clinically relevant neuromusculoskeletal models to understand and treat complex neurological disorders. Although applicable to a variety of neurological conditions, we provide direct pipeline applicative examples in the context of cerebral palsy (CP). This paper highlights technologies in: (1) patient‐specific segmental rigid body models developed from magnetic resonance imaging for use in inverse kinematics and inverse dynamics pipelines; (2) efficient population‐based approaches to derive skeletal models and muscle origins/insertions that are useful for population statistics and consistent creation of continuum models; (3) continuum muscle descriptions to account for complex muscle architecture including spatially varying material properties with muscle wrapping; (4) muscle and tendon properties specific toCP; and (5) neural‐based electromyography‐informed methods for muscle force prediction. This represents a novel modeling pipeline that couples for the first time electromyography extracted features of disrupted neuromuscular behavior with advanced numerical methods for modelingCP‐specific musculoskeletal morphology and function. The translation of such pipeline to the clinical level will provide a new class of biomarkers that objectively describe the neuromusculoskeletal determinants of pathological locomotion and complement current clinical assessment techniques, which often rely on subjective judgment.WIREs Syst Biol Med2017, 9:e1368. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1368

This article is categorized under:

Analytical and Computational Methods > Computational Methods

Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Organ, Tissue, and Physiological Models
Unifying Differential Item Functioning in Factor Analysis for Categorical Data Under a Discretization of a Normal Variant
Authors: Chang Yu-Wei , Hsu Nan-Jung , Tsai Rung-Ching
Published: February 2017

The multiple-group categorical factor analysis (FA) model and the graded response model (GRM) are commonly used to examine polytomous items for differential item functioning to detect possible measurement bias in educational testing. In this study, the multiple-group categorical factor analysis model (MC-FA) and multiple-group normal-ogive GRM models are unified under the common framework of discretization of a normal variant. We rigorously justify a set of identified parameters and determine possible identifiability constraints necessary to make the parameters just-identified and estimable in the common framework of MC-FA. By doing so, the difference between categorical FA model and normal-ogive GRM is simply the use of two different sets of identifiability constraints, rather than the seeming distinction between categorical FA and GRM. Thus, we compare the performance on DIF assessment between the categorical FA and GRM approaches through simulation studies on the MC-FA models with their corresponding particular sets of identifiability constraints. Our results show that, under the scenarios with varying degrees of DIF for examinees of different ability levels, models with the GRM type of identifiability constraints generally perform better on DIF detection with a higher testing power. General guidelines regarding the choice of just-identified parameterization are also provided for practical use.
Impact of microwave-assisted enzymatic hydrolysis on functional and antioxidant properties of rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss by-products
Authors: Nguyen Elizabeth , Jones Owen , Kim Yuan H. Brad , San Martin-Gonzalez Fernanda , Liceaga Andrea M.
Published: February 2017

Fishery by-products can be better utilized following enzymatic hydrolysis treatment to produce fish protein hydrolysates (FPH) with potentially enhanced interface-stabilizing properties (e.g. functionality). The production of FPH could be accelerated through the application of rapid heating methods [e.g. microwave-assisted heating (MW)] rather than slower conventional heating (CH) treatments. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of microwave heating during enzymatic hydrolysis on the functionality and antioxidant properties of FPH. Trout by-products were hydrolyzed with Alcalase at an enzyme substrate ratio (E:S) of 0.5, 1.7, and 3.0% (w/v), respectively, for 3, 5 and 15 min using a microwave system (1200 W, 20% power with 50% duty cycle at 50–55 °C) and a conventional heating method (water bath at 50 °C). The degree of hydrolysis and protein solubility was higher (P < 0.05) for the MW-FPH than for the CH-FPH. MW-FPH at 5 min (0.5% E:S) demonstrated higher (P < 0.05) emulsifying activity and emulsion stability than CH-FPH with the same treatment. Foam capacity and stability were also greater (P < 0.05) for MW-FPH samples that were treated 15 min by microwave-assisted heating (0.5% E:S) when compared to CH. Overall, MW-FPH exhibited higher (P < 0.05) 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryhydrazyl and ferric ion reducing capacity than CH-FPH. We therefore conclude that microwave-assisted hydrolysis is an alternative method to produce FPH with improved solubility, emulsifying activity, foaming properties and antioxidant activity.
An approach to the research on ion and water properties in the interphase between the plasma membrane and bulk extracellular solution
Authors: Hibino Hiroshi , Takai Madoka , Noguchi Hidenori , Sawamura Seishiro , Takahashi Yasufumi , Sakai Hideki , Shiku Hitoshi
Published: February 2017

In vivo, cells are immersed in an extracellular solution that contains a variety of bioactive substances including ions and water. Classical electrophysiological analyses of epithelial cells in the stomach and small intestine have revealed that within a distance of several hundred micrometers above their apical plasma membrane, lies an extracellular layer that shows ion concentration gradients undetectable in the bulk phase. This “unstirred layer”, which contains stagnant solutes, may also exist between the bulk extracellular solution and membranes of other cells in an organism and may show different properties. On the other hand, an earlier study using a bacterial planar membrane indicated that H+ released from a transporter migrates in the horizontal direction along the membrane surface much faster than it diffuses vertically toward the extracellular space. This result implies that between the membrane surface and unstirred layer, there is a “nanointerface” that has unique ionic dynamics. Advanced technologies have revealed that the nanointerface on artificial membranes possibly harbors a highly ordered assembly of water molecules. In general, hydrogen bonds are involved in formation of the ordered water structure and can mediate rapid transfer of H+ between neighboring molecules. This description may match the phenomenon on the bacterial membrane. A recent study has suggested that water molecules in the nanointerface regulate the gating of K+ channels. Here, the region comprising the unstirred layer and nanointerface is defined as the interphase between the plasma membrane and bulk extracellular solution (iMES). This article briefly describes the physicochemical properties of ions and water in the iMES and their physiological significance. We also describe the methodologies that are currently used or will be applicable to the interphase research.
Construction of precise support vector machine based models for predicting promoter strength
Authors: Meng Hailin , Ma Yingfei , Mai Guoqin , Wang Yong , Liu Chenli
Published: February 2017

Background

The prediction of the prokaryotic promoter strength based on its sequence is of great importance not only in the fundamental research of life sciences but also in the applied aspect of synthetic biology. Much advance has been made to build quantitative models for strength prediction, especially the introduction of machine learning methods such as artificial neural network (ANN) has significantly improve the prediction accuracy. As one of the most important machine learning methods, support vector machine (SVM) is more powerful to learn knowledge from small sample dataset and thus supposed to work in this problem.

Methods

To confirm this, we constructed SVM based models to quantitatively predict the promoter strength. A library of 100 promoter sequences and strength values was randomly divided into two datasets, including a training set (≥10 sequences) for model training and a test set (≥10 sequences) for model test.

Results

The results indicate that the prediction performance increases with an increase of the size of training set, and the best performance was achieved at the size of 90 sequences. After optimization of the model parameters, a high‐performance model was finally trained, with a high squared correlation coefficient for fitting the training set (R2>0.99) and the test set (R2>0.98), both of which are better than that of ANN obtained by our previous work.

Conclusions

Our results demonstrate the SVM‐based models can be employed for the quantitative prediction of promoter strength.
Socioeconomic background and high school completion: Mediation by health and moderation by national context
Authors: Sznitman Sharon R. , Reisel Liza , Khurana Atika
Published: February 2017

This study uses longitudinal data from the Norwegian Health Study linked with registry data (n = 13262) and the U.S. National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (n = 3604) to examine (1) whether adolescent health mediates the well‐established relationship between socioeconomic background and successful high school completion, and (2) whether this mediated pathway of influence varies by national context. Adolescents from lower educated and lower income families reported poorer health, which negatively impacted their likelihood of graduating from high school. The partial mediational effect of adolescent health was stronger in the U.S. than in Norway. These results suggest that policies aimed at preventing high school dropout need to address adolescent health, in addition to the unequal opportunities derived from socioeconomic disadvantage.
Asystole in focal epilepsy complicating a traumatic subdural hematoma
Authors: Lau Yuk‐Ming , Lo Chi‐Hung , Lee Kathy Lai‐Fun , Lau Chu‐Pak
Published: February 2017

Ictal asystole due to sinus node suppression is a cause of sudden unexplained death in epilepsy. Here, for the first time, we describe a complete atrioventricular nodal block in a patient with non‐compressive traumatic subdural hematoma, who developed ictal asystole as a delayed presentation. A leadless VVI pacemaker (ventricular paced, ventricular sensed, and pacing inhibited in response to a sensed beat) was implanted as a preventive measure against seizure‐related heart block.
The realism that did not speak its name: E. H. Carr’s diplomatic histories of the twenty years’ crisis
Authors: Smith Keith
Published: February 2017

E. H. Carr was one of Europe’s pre-eminent thinkers in the field of international affairs. Yet his contribution to International Relations theory is continually questioned. Realists depict Carr as a quintessential realist; revisionists draw from his wider corpus to qualify his contribution. Although not inaccurate, the revisionist literature is incomplete as it neglects a number of Carr’s diplomatic histories. Refocusing on these, especially the manner in which traces of Ranke’s ‘the primacy of foreign affairs’ tradition is evident, this article points to a more conservative and less critical Carr. Utilising an interpretivist framework, this shift in traditions of thought is explained by the dilemmas Carr faced. Although works of history rather than theory, the article contends that Carr’s diplomatic histories remain relevant, particularly with regard to the embedded criticism ofrealpolitikthey contain. This realisation is made evident through a reading of Carr in parallel with the concept of tragedy.
The Arecibo Galaxy Environment Survey–Potential for finding Dark Galaxies and Results so far
Authors: Minchin R. F. , Auld R. , Cortese L. , Davies J. I. , Momjian E. , Taylor R. , Catinella B. , Henning P. , Linder S. , Muller E. , O'Neil K. , Rosenberg J. , Sabatini S. , Schneider S. E. , Stage M. , van Driel W. ,   the AGES team
Published: February 2017

Reproduction errors have occured in figures 1–4 of this paper, published in these proceedings, pages 112–119. The complete corrected paper is reproduced here for clarity.

Cambridge University Press apologise to the authors and readers for these errors.
Wundmanagement bei Kindern und Jugendlichen
Authors: Garcia Daniel
Published: February 2017

Zusammenfassung. Die Wundbehandlung oder der Wundschluss dient der Hämostase, der Infektprophylaxe, der Wiederaufnahme der Funktion sowie einem guten kosmetischen Resultat. Die Wundbehandlung bei Kindern unterscheidet sich in vielerlei Hinsicht von jener bei Erwachsenen. Die Behandlung der meisten Wunden erfordert eine Form von Anästhesie, und oft ist bei Kindern auch eine Sedation nötig, sei dies medikamentös oder nicht-medikamentös. Je sauberer und unkomplizierter die Wunde ist und je besser die Wundränder durchblutet sind, desto höher sind die Erfolgsaussichten auch bei späterem Wundschluss. Viele Wunden können mit Wundkleber adaptiert werden. Outcome und Komplikationsrate sind bei richtiger Indikation und Anwendung der Wundnaht ebenbürtig. Bei kleinen unkomplizierten Wundnähten kann nach 48 h Stunden bereits geduscht werden. Mit dem Baden soll in der Regel bis 24 h nach Fadenzug zugewartet werden. Die Narbe kann nach sechs bis acht Wochen progressiv röter und dicker werden und erreicht ihr endgültiges Aussehen erst ca. 18 Monate nach dem Unfall.
Grit, Basic Needs Satisfaction, and Subjective	Well-Being
Authors: Jin Borae , Kim Joohan
Published: February 2017

Abstract. In this study, we investigated how grit is related to the satisfaction of the basic needs and subjective well-being. Grit means dedication to long-term goals with enthusiasm, which is closely related to success in objective terms. Thus, we expected that grit would be positively related to satisfying the autonomy and competence needs, which would lead to greater subjective well-being (i.e., higher life satisfaction and lower depression). A survey of young adults (N = 455) revealed that grit is strongly related to both the autonomy and competence needs, and these needs mediated the effect of grit on subjective well-being. Grit, did not directly increase life satisfaction but weakly decreased depression. Further, the two basic needs played different roles in enhancing subjective well-being. Autonomy reduced depression, and competence increased life satisfaction.
The General Factor of Personality Is Stronger and More Strongly	Correlated With Cognitive Ability Under Instructed Faking
Authors: MacCann Carolyn , Pearce Nicola , Jiang Yixin
Published: February 2017

Abstract. A General Factor of Personality (GFP) can be derived by extracting one factor from a broad range of personality dimensions. Researchers are divided on whether the GFP represents social desirability or an evolved trait with survival value. The current paper tests a social desirability interpretation of the GFP by comparing one-factor models of the HEXACO under standard versus fake-good instructions (N = 185 undergraduates). Analyses include both principal components analyses (PCA) and a comparison of factorial invariance of a hierarchical one-factor model. Compared to standard instructions, fake-good instructions showed: (a) significantly higher correlations between domain scale scores for 10 of 15 cases; (b) significantly higher component loadings in the PCA; (c) significantly more variance explained by the GFP (in both principal components and invariance analyses); and (d) significantly higher correlations with a cognitive g factor derived from six indicators. Results support a social desirability interpretation of the GFP.
Clinical utility of the Revised International Staging System in unselected patients with newly diagnosed and relapsed multiple myeloma
Authors: Tandon N , Rajkumar S V , LaPlant B , Pettinger A , Lacy M Q , Dispenzieri A , Buadi F K , Gertz M A , Hayman S R , Leung N , Go R S , Dingli D , Kapoor P , Lin Y , Hwa Y L , Fonder A L , Hobbs M A , Zeldenrust S R , Lust J A , Gonsalves W I , Russell S J , Kumar S K
Published: February 2017

We analyzed the utility of Revised International staging system (RISS) in an unselected cohort of newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (NDMM; cohort 1), and relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM; cohort 2) patients. Cohort 1 included 1900 patients seen within 90 days of diagnosis, from 2005 to 2015, while cohort 2 had 887 patients enrolled in 23 clinical trials at Mayo Clinic. The overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS) was calculated from the time since diagnosis or trial registration. The median estimated follow up was 5 and 2.3 years for Cohorts 1 and 2, respectively. Among 1067 patients evaluable in Cohort 1, the median OS and PFS was 10 and 2.8 years for RISS stage I, 6 and 2.7 years for RISS stage II and 2.6 and 1.3 years for RISS stage III (P<0.0001). Among 456 patients evaluable in Cohort 2, the median OS and PFS was 4.3 and 1.1 years for RISS stage I, 2 and 0.5 years for RISS stage II and 0.8 and 0.2 years for RISS stage III (P<0.0001). In conclusions, RISS gives a better differentiation of NDMM as well as RRMM patients into three survival subgroups and should be used to stratify patients in future clinical trials.
A generalized quantitative antibody homeostasis model: regulation of B‐cell development by BCR saturation and novel insights into bone marrow function
Authors: Prechl József
Published: February 2017

In a pair of articles, we present a generalized quantitative model for the homeostatic function of clonal humoral immune system. In this first paper, we describe the cycles of B‐cell expansion and differentiation driven by B‐cell receptor engagement. The fate of a B cell is determined by the signals it receives via its antigen receptor at any point of its lifetime. We express BCR engagement as a function of apparent affinity and free antigen concentration, using the range of 10−14–10−3 m for both factors. We assume that for keeping their BCR responsive, B cells must maintain partial BCR saturation, which is a narrow region defined by [Ag]≈KD. To remain in this region, B cells respond to changes in [Ag] by proliferation or apoptosis and modulate KD by changing BCR structure. We apply this framework to various niches of B‐cell development such as the bone marrow, blood, lymphoid follicles and germinal centers. We propose that clustered B cells in the bone marrow and in follicles present antigen to surrounding B cells by exposing antigen captured on complement and Fc receptors. The model suggests that antigen‐dependent selection in the bone marrow results in (1) effector BI cells, which develop in blood as a consequence of the inexhaustible nature of soluble antigens, (2) memory cells that survive in antigen rich niches, identified as marginal zone B cells. Finally, the model implies that memory B cells could derive survival signals from abundant non‐cognate antigens.
Learning from data to design functional materials without inversion symmetry
Authors: Balachandran Prasanna V. , Young Joshua , Lookman Turab , Rondinelli James M.
Published: February 2017

Accelerating the search for functional materials is a challenging problem. Here we develop an informatics-guided ab initio approach to accelerate the design and discovery of noncentrosymmetric materials. The workflow integrates group theory, informatics and density-functional theory to uncover design guidelines for predicting noncentrosymmetric compounds, which we apply to layered Ruddlesden-Popper oxides. Group theory identifies how configurations of oxygen octahedral rotation patterns, ordered cation arrangements and their interplay break inversion symmetry, while informatics tools learn from available data to select candidate compositions that fulfil the group-theoretical postulates. Our key outcome is the identification of 242 compositions after screening ∼3,200 that show potential for noncentrosymmetric structures, a 25-fold increase in the projected number of known noncentrosymmetric Ruddlesden-Popper oxides. We validate our predictions for 19 compounds using phonon calculations, among which 17 have noncentrosymmetric ground states including two potential multiferroics. Our approach enables rational design of materials with targeted crystal symmetries and functionalities.
Supermode-density-wave-polariton condensation with a Bose–Einstein condensate in a multimode cavity
Authors: Kollár Alicia J. , Papageorge Alexander T. , Vaidya Varun D. , Guo Yudan , Keeling Jonathan , Lev Benjamin L.
Published: February 2017

Phase transitions, where observable properties of a many-body system change discontinuously, can occur in both open and closed systems. By placing cold atoms in optical cavities and inducing strong coupling between light and excitations of the atoms, one can experimentally study phase transitions of open quantum systems. Here we observe and study a non-equilibrium phase transition, the condensation of supermode-density-wave polaritons. These polaritons are formed from a superposition of cavity photon eigenmodes (a supermode), coupled to atomic density waves of a quantum gas. As the cavity supports multiple photon spatial modes and because the light–matter coupling can be comparable to the energy splitting of these modes, the composition of the supermode polariton is changed by the light–matter coupling on condensation. By demonstrating the ability to observe and understand density-wave-polariton condensation in the few-mode-degenerate cavity regime, our results show the potential to study similar questions in fully multimode cavities.
CX-5461 is a DNA G-quadruplex stabilizer with selective lethality in BRCA1/2 deficient tumours
Authors: Xu Hong , Di Antonio Marco , McKinney Steven , Mathew Veena , Ho Brandon , O’Neil Nigel J. , Santos Nancy Dos , Silvester Jennifer , Wei Vivien , Garcia Jessica , Kabeer Farhia , Lai Daniel , Soriano Priscilla , Banáth Judit , Chiu Derek S. , Yap Damian , Le Daniel D. , Ye Frank B. , Zhang Anni , Thu Kelsie , Soong John , Lin Shu-chuan , Tsai Angela Hsin Chin , Osako Tomo , Algara Teresa , Saunders Darren N. , Wong Jason , Xian Jian , Bally Marcel B. , Brenton James D. , Brown Grant W. , Shah Sohrab P. , Cescon David , Mak Tak W. , Caldas Carlos , Stirling Peter C. , Hieter Phil , Balasubramanian Shankar , Aparicio Samuel
Published: February 2017

G-quadruplex DNAs form four-stranded helical structures and are proposed to play key roles in different cellular processes. Targeting G-quadruplex DNAs for cancer treatment is a very promising prospect. Here, we show that CX-5461 is a G-quadruplex stabilizer, with specific toxicity against BRCA deficiencies in cancer cells and polyclonal patient-derived xenograft models, including tumours resistant to PARP inhibition. Exposure to CX-5461, and its related drug CX-3543, blocks replication forks and induces ssDNA gaps or breaks. The BRCA and NHEJ pathways are required for the repair of CX-5461 and CX-3543-induced DNA damage and failure to do so leads to lethality. These data strengthen the concept of G4 targeting as a therapeutic approach, specifically for targeting HR and NHEJ deficient cancers and other tumours deficient for DNA damage repair. CX-5461 is now in advanced phase I clinical trial for patients with BRCA1/2 deficient tumours (Canadian trial, NCT02719977, opened May 2016).
Local self-uniformity in photonic networks
Authors: Sellers Steven R. , Man Weining , Sahba Shervin , Florescu Marian
Published: February 2017

The interaction of a material with light is intimately related to its wavelength-scale structure. Simple connections between structure and optical response empower us with essential intuition to engineer complex optical functionalities. Here we develop local self-uniformity (LSU) as a measure of a random network’s internal structural similarity, ranking networks on a continuous scale from crystalline, through glassy intermediate states, to chaotic configurations. We demonstrate that complete photonic bandgap structures possess substantial LSU and validate LSU’s importance in gap formation through design of amorphous gyroid structures. Amorphous gyroid samples are fabricated via three-dimensional ceramic printing and the bandgaps experimentally verified. We explore also the wing-scale structuring in the butterfly Pseudolycaena marsyas and show that it possesses substantial amorphous gyroid character, demonstrating the subtle order achieved by evolutionary optimization and the possibility of an amorphous gyroid’s self-assembly.
MVP-mediated exosomal sorting of miR-193a promotes colon cancer progression
Authors: Teng Yun , Ren Yi , Hu Xin , Mu Jingyao , Samykutty Abhilash , Zhuang Xiaoying , Deng Zhongbin , Kumar Anil , Zhang Lifeng , Merchant Michael L. , Yan Jun , Miller Donald M. , Zhang Huang-Ge
Published: February 2017

Exosomes are emerging mediators of intercellular communication; whether the release of exosomes has an effect on the exosome donor cells in addition to the recipient cells has not been investigated to any extent. Here, we examine different exosomal miRNA expression profiles in primary mouse colon tumour, liver metastasis of colon cancer and naive colon tissues. In more advanced disease, higher levels of tumour suppressor miRNAs are encapsulated in the exosomes. miR-193a interacts with major vault protein (MVP). Knockout of MVP leads to miR-193a accumulation in the exosomal donor cells instead of exosomes, inhibiting tumour progression. Furthermore, miR-193a causes cell cycle G1 arrest and cell proliferation repression through targeting of Caprin1, which upregulates Ccnd2 and c-Myc. Human colon cancer patients with more advanced disease show higher levels of circulating exosomal miR-193a. In summary, our data demonstrate that MVP-mediated selective sorting of tumour suppressor miRNA into exosomes promotes tumour progression.
Wafer-scale two-dimensional semiconductors from printed oxide skin of liquid metals
Authors: Carey Benjamin J. , Ou Jian Zhen , Clark Rhiannon M. , Berean Kyle J. , Zavabeti Ali , Chesman Anthony S. R. , Russo Salvy P. , Lau Desmond W. M. , Xu Zai-Quan , Bao Qiaoliang , Kavehei Omid , Gibson Brant C. , Dickey Michael D. , Kaner Richard B. , Daeneke Torben , Kalantar-Zadeh Kourosh
Published: February 2017

A variety of deposition methods for two-dimensional crystals have been demonstrated; however, their wafer-scale deposition remains a challenge. Here we introduce a technique for depositing and patterning of wafer-scale two-dimensional metal chalcogenide compounds by transforming the native interfacial metal oxide layer of low melting point metal precursors (group III and IV) in liquid form. In an oxygen-containing atmosphere, these metals establish an atomically thin oxide layer in a self-limiting reaction. The layer increases the wettability of the liquid metal placed on oxygen-terminated substrates, leaving the thin oxide layer behind. In the case of liquid gallium, the oxide skin attaches exclusively to a substrate and is then sulfurized via a relatively low temperature process. By controlling the surface chemistry of the substrate, we produce large area two-dimensional semiconducting GaS of unit cell thickness (∼1.5 nm). The presented deposition and patterning method offers great commercial potential for wafer-scale processes.