bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Historical Explanation and the Event: Reflections on the Limits of Contextualization
Authors: Jay Martin
Published: February 2012

Contextualization has become the reigning shibboleth of historical analysis, especially for intellectual and cultural history. Although acknowledging the achievements of the Cambridge School of historians, led by Quentin Skinner, who have done so much to promote awareness of the need to situate texts in their original illocutionary contexts, this essays explores two critical responses. The first focuses on challenges to contemporary historians to establish the relevant explanatory contexts without bringing to bear current perspectives and knowledge of developments after the original period. The second turns to the events themselves and draws on recent French theory, in particular the phenomenological work of Claude Romano, to question whether all historical phenomena can be understood by situating them in their generative contexts.
A Proto-Oceanic Passive? Evidence from Bola and Natügu
Authors: van den Berg René , Boerger Brenda H.
Published: February 2012

Though morphological passives are said to be rare in Oceanic languages, we report on such passives in Bola (Western Oceanic), spoken in Papua New Guinea, and Natügu (Temotu Oceanic), spoken in the Solomon Islands. These languages have passive morphemes that are cognate with Proto–Malayo-Polynesian (PMP) *-in- both in form and function, which leads us to conclude that a morphological passive should be reconstructed for Proto-Oceanic (POC).
Interrupted Transmission and Rule Loss in Māori: The Case of ka
Authors: Harlow Ray , Bauer Winifred , Maclagan Margaret , Watson Catherine , Keegan Peter , King Jeanette
Published: February 2012

The Māori tense/aspect marker ka has historically two allomorphs: one, /ka:/, which is used when the rest of the verb phrase consists of only two morae, and the other, /ka/, for longer phrases. Recordings of native speakers born toward the end of the nineteenth century show that this distribution was at that time observed with a high degree of consistency. However, more recent speaker groups show variable behavior in this respect, with modern younger speakers tending to show abandonment of the allomorphy in favor of consistent use of the short form. This shift is attributable both to a proportional increase in the use of longer phrases over the same period and to the decreasing use of Māori generally, so that opportunities to acquire the inherited rule have diminished considerably.
A Discourse Explanation of the Transitivity Phenomena in Kavalan, Squliq, and Tsou
Authors: Huang Shuanfan , Tanangkingsing Michael
Published: February 2012

In this study, we investigate the discourse-functional properties of the extended intransitive clause (EIC) in relation to other clause types in three Formosan languages: Tsou, Kavalan, and Squliq. We offer evidence, based on tracking behavior of NPs, to show that case-marking in EICs is motivated by a core/oblique distinction, and that the core/oblique distinction arises in a systematic way from recurrent patterns in discourse. The referents of the oblique-marked argument nominals in EICs in these languages are shown to be consistently much less likely to be tracked or to be continuous than either the nominative or the ergative argument of a nonactor voice clause. The data derived from investigating the tracking behavior of noun phrases suggest that the validity of a grammatical transitive/intransitive distinction in these languages is quite robust, and that the distinction can best be correctly discerned by examining the functioning of various argument nominals in discourse.
Exploring Mood in Neverver
Authors: Barbour Julie
Published: February 2012

In a preverbal position, all clauses in the Neverver language of Malakula Island (Vanuatu) are either unmarked, or carry the morpheme m - prefixed to the verb. In this paper, I explore the distribution of unmarked and m - marked clauses, examining a number of semantic and grammatical contexts. I seek to establish whether the choice of using an unmarked clause or an m - marked clause is driven by the temporal location of the situation expressed in the clause, or by the status of that situation in reality. In doing so, I aim to test my earlier analysis of Neverver as being a mood language. The results, however, are divided, with temporal location appearing to be more salient in some contexts, and reality status appearing to be more salient in others. Relying predominantly on evidence from a variety of subordinate clause types, I maintain that Neverver is indeed a mood language, although an interpretation of the same morphological category as grammatical tense is certainly plausible in some contexts.
Languages in Contact: An Exploration of Stability and Change in the Solomon Islands
Authors: Terrill Angela
Published: February 2012

The Papuan-Oceanic world has long been considered a hotbed of contact-induced linguistic change, and there have been a number of studies of deep linguistic influence between Papuan and Oceanic languages (like those by Thurston and Ross). This paper assesses the degree and type of contact-induced language change in the Solomon Islands, between the four Papuan languages—Bilua (spoken on Vella Lavella, Western Province), Touo (spoken on southern Rendova, Western Province), Savosavo (spoken on Savo Island, Central Province), and Lavukaleve (spoken in the Russell Islands, Central Province)—and their Oceanic neighbors. First, a claim is made for a degree of cultural homogeneity for Papuan and Oceanic-speaking populations within the Solomons. Second, lexical and grammatical borrowing are considered in turn, in an attempt to identify which elements in each of the four Papuan languages may have an origin in Oceanic languages—and indeed which elements in Oceanic languages may have their origin in Papuan languages. Finally, an assessment is made of the degrees of stability versus change in the Papuan and Oceanic languages of the Solomon Islands.
Javanese - aké and - akən : A Short History
Authors: Adelaar Alexander
Published: February 2012

Evidence from various Javanese dialects is presented to show that the standard Javanese transitive suffixes - aké and - akən have only recently become part of the Javanese morpheme inventory. They have replaced an earlier transitive suffix *-(ʔ)ən, which is still reflected in Tengger Javanese and in marginal positions in standard Javanese.

The acquisition of - aké and - akən in standard Javanese happened independently of the acquisition of - akən in Old Javanese. This allows a different perspective on the position of Old Javanese in the classification of Javanese dialects: it is most likely not a direct predecessor of standard Javanese.

The spread of - akən to Javanese and other languages is an areal feature. The replacement of *-(ʔ)ən by - akən may have been motivated by a need to reduce the high functional load of *-(ʔ)ən. The form - aké is tentatively explained as a low register back-formation from - akən .
Languages and Genes Attest Different Histories in Island Southeast Asia
Authors: Donohue Mark , Denham Tim
Published: February 2012

Recent work on autosomal DNA genetic variation across Southeast Asia suggests that genetic diversity largely reflects Pleistocene colonization by modern humans, and was not influenced to any significant degree by major cultural and linguistic changes during the mid to late Holocene (roughly, from ~5,000 years ago to the present). These results seemingly show that the spread of Austronesian languages across Island Southeast Asia was not associated with population movements that were significant enough to affect the overall phylogeny of the autosomal DNA tree. Consequently, the spread of genes is not significantly linked to the spread of languages in Island Southeast Asia; each represents different processes of different antiquity.
Evasion and the Unsaid in Kazuo Ishiguro's A Pale View of Hills
Authors: Eckert Ken
Published: February 2012

Kazuo Ishiguro’s A Pale View of Hills (1982) has been described as having a culturally Japanese location and setting, reflected in its stylized narrative subtlety and indistinctness. However, the functional stage of the novel is not a physical place but rather the recollections and thought processes of the protagonist, Etsuko, as she attempts to come to an understanding regarding her daughter Keiko’s suicide. The historical fact of the atomic bombing of Nagasaki and its repercussions for the city and the nation both ground and symbolize Etsuko’s thoughts, her acts of repression and evasion in response to her submerged sense of personal guilt for Keiko’s death through her emigration and remarriage. Ishiguro evokes Etsuko’s inner life through narrative, characterization, and imagery, particularly that of living space. In Etsuko’s memories of Nagasaki, repression is seen at the level of the community of survivors, in interpersonal relationships, and in Etsuko’s cognitive actions of recollection and representation, which often indicate symbolic interconnections or meaningful lacunae caused by psychological repression. While criticism has tended to focus on how Etsuko’s unreliable narration affects the “truth” of the story, the narrative focuses on the ways in which Etsuko’s mental processes reflect a conflict between desire, evasion, and resolution.
Compassionate Use: A Story of Ethics and Science in the Development of a New Drug
Authors: Buhles William C.
Published: February 2012

This history chronicles the unusual development of the antiviral drug ganciclovir. The first compound with activity against human cytomegalovirus (CMV), ganciclovir was so clearly efficacious that a placebo-controlled clinical trial could not ethically be done, and the FDA rejected the first application to market the drug. Used to treat a blinding eye infection in patients with AIDS, the story of ganciclovir paralleled the spread of the AIDS epidemic. Both ganciclovir and AIDS caught the federal government off guard. Caught in a Catch-22 situation, the pharmaceutical company developing ganciclovir gave the drug away free for five years under compassionate use guidelines. The problems encountered in the development of ganciclovir provide guidance on how future drugs to treat life-threatening diseases can be developed.
The Two (Institutional) Cultures: A Consideration of Structural Barriers to Interdisciplinarity
Authors: Kahn Jonathan
Published: February 2012

C. P. Snow’s famous Two Cultures essay has become a foil for decades of discussions over the relation between science and the humanities. The problem of the “two cultures” is often framed in terms of how the particular epistemological claims or general intellectual orientations of particular individuals on either side of this purported divide obstruct interdisciplinary dialogue or cooperation. This formulation, however, fails to consider the institutional frameworks within which such debates occur. This article examines the broader structural constraints that provide incentives, erect barriers, or otherwise shape the potential for interdisciplinary research and practice, with particular attention to work involving the life sciences. It argues that in order to understand the nature and scope of the problems facing interdisciplinary work, we must focus on the institutional constraints that shape how individuals frame questions, pursue investigations, develop careers, and collaborate.
Is Cystic Fibrosis Genetic Medicine’s Canary?
Authors: Lindee Susan , Mueller Rebecca
Published: February 2012

In 1989 the gene that causes cystic fibrosis (CF) was identified in a search accompanied by intense anticipation that the gene, once discovered, would lead rapidly to gene therapy. Many hoped that the disease would effectively disappear. Those affected were going to inhale vectors packed with functioning genes, which would go immediately to work in the lungs. It was a bewitching image, repeatedly invoked in both scientific and popular texts. Gene therapy clinical trials were carried out with a range of strategies and occasionally success seemed close, but by 1996 the idea that gene therapy for CF would quickly provide a cure was being abandoned by the communities engaged with treatment and research. While conventional wisdom holds that the death of Jesse Gelsinger in an unrelated gene therapy trial in 1999 produced new skepticism about gene therapy, the CF story suggests a different trajectory, and some different lessons. This article considers the rise and fall of gene therapy for CF and suggests that CF may provide a particularly compelling case study of a failed genomic technology, perhaps even of a medical “canary.” The story of CF might be a kind of warning to us that genetic medicine may create as many problems as it solves, and that moving forward constructively with these techniques and practices requires many kinds of right information, not just about biology, but also about values, priorities, market forces, uncertainty, and consumer choice.
Of Sad and Wished-For Years: Elizabeth Barrett Browning's Lifelong Illness
Authors: Buchanan Anne , Weiss Ellen Buchanan
Published: February 2012

The Victorian poet Elizabeth Barrett Browning suffered for most of her life from an illness that her physicians were never able to diagnose, and that Barrett Browning scholars and others have tried to diagnose since her death in 1861. Many suggestions have been offered, but none has been convincing. By happenstance, my daughter was reading the correspondence of Elizabeth and Robert Browning not long ago, and she recognized the symptoms described as those of the rare muscle-weakening disorder she herself has, hypokalemic periodic paralysis (HKPP). The evidence from Barrett Browning's letters and the diary she kept when she was 25 strongly suggest she too had HKPP.
The Reproduction of the Klamath Basin: Struggle for Water in a Changing Landscape
Authors: Jenkins Jeffrey S.
Published: February 2012

The Klamath River flows through southern Oregon and northern California, from the Upper Klamath Basin (UKB) to the Lower Klamath Basin (LKB), and exits to the Pacific Ocean. I show how the livelihoods in these two sub-Basins have competed for water resources to produce a Klamath Basin that is markedly different from the way it was when Fremont surveyed the land in the mid-1800s. The Klamath Basin has been further produced through reallocation of lands from native peoples to settlers, and subsequent labor unrest by migrant farm labor. The livelihoods of UKB potato farming, LKB tribal fishing, and commercial fisheries at the mouth of the Pacific continue to compete over water. However, this allocation of water to UKB crops led to lower water levels in the Klamath River that decimated the LKB salmon run. The decision on water allocation was disconnected between local decision-making and federal mandate and was no doubt influenced by the demand for crops outside the Basin. This competition is further driven by the demand for electricity: the Klamath River hosts four hydroelectric dams owned by PacifiCorp. These dams have physically disassociated the livelihoods of people between the LKB and UKB, the latter of which lies above the dams and no longer receives salmon runs. The announcement of the 2010 Klamath Hydroelectric Settlement Agreement shows that the landscape will further be reproduced by being deconstructed by the removal of four dams in 2020.
World Population, 1970–2009: A Perspective on Nearly Four Decades of Growth
Authors: Peters Gary
Published: February 2012

This review article provides one professional geographer's view of some of the major dilemmas that population growth has created for us during the past four decades. During that time, Earth's population grew by just over three billion, a number that is nearly ten times the current population of the United States. Arguably, that growth has come with some price tags that we've not yet reckoned with, from rapid depletion of oil and other energy resources to environmental degradation and atmospheric changes that are likely to worsen in the decades ahead. In trying to look at views of population growth and increasing affluence from different perspectives, it seems clear to me that there is growing evidence that in the long run the ecologists are going to be right and the economists wrong. Earth cannot sustain a growing population of ever-wealthier people living on a planet that has a finite supply of resources, and the twenty-first century is going to be the proving ground for this proposition. It would be prudent for us to consider various ways to slow population and economic growth so that we can bring our population into a closer balance with Earth's carrying capacity for our species.
The Dao of Politics: Li (Rituals/Rites) and Laws as Pragmatic Tools of Government
Authors: Tan Sor-hoon
Published: February 2012

In the history of Chinese thought, Confucianism is often contrasted with Legalism in terms of the former’s emphasis on li (ritual or rite) and the latter’s emphasis on fa (laws). However, others have argued that the Confucian li have served some of the same purposes as laws in the Western world. This article shows that through an overlap between Dewey’s concept of custom and the Confucian notion of li, and Dewey’s understanding of the relationship between custom and law, Dewey’s pragmatism could engage Confucian philosophy on the key questions of what kind of tools will achieve good government. It argues that pragmatically rituals and laws are complementary tools of government, but the perceived differences between them reveal important insights regarding coercion and moral transformation in relation to good government. Dewey’s insistence that the rational and aesthetic should not be separated in any satisfactory experience provides the basis for an argument that the aesthetic emphasis of li complements the rational emphasis of laws, and a balance between the two is required to achieve Deweyan democracy as a way of life, in which aesthetic elements of culture will be as important as the rational structure of a political system.
Wuwei and Flow: Comparative Reflections on Spirituality, Transcendence, and Skill in the Zhuangzi
Authors: Barrett Nathaniel F.
Published: February 2012

Much of recent scholarship on the Zhuangzi has focused on the distinctive picture of spiritual fulfillment offered by its various "knack" stories. These stories describe a special kind of skillful action marked by fine-tuned responsiveness, non-deliberative spontaneity, effortlessness, and enjoyment. Scholars agree that the Zhuangzian theme of effortless action, or wuwei , indicates an intimate relationship between spiritual satisfaction and skill. However, this emerging consensus has so far failed to produce a clear analysis of the transcendence of wuwei with respect to everyday instances of skillful spontaneity. This essay attempts to clarify the issue of transcendence by using the psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi's theory of flow as a reference point. While flow may not provide a comprehensive theory of wuwei spirituality, it sharpens our thinking about the various kinds of transcendence that wuwei might entail. A comparison between wuwei and flow also helps to clarify more general questions about spirituality and its alleged separation from religious belief in the modern world.
Philosophy, Biography, and Anecdote: On the Portrait of Sun Wu
Authors: Galvany Albert
Published: February 2012

This is an attempt to demonstrate that in early China anecdotes and biographical scenes are not to be despised in philosophical examination but, on the contrary, merit close attention. By analyzing the encounter between the monarch Helü of the state of Wu and the celebrated strategist Sun Wu, as it is described in various ancient written sources, an attempt will be made to show that this event, far from being a trivial story, concentrates and explains some of the most important ideas to be found in the work traditionally credited to the latter, The Art of War , as well as in other military treatises of the time.
'An Engine Which the World Sees Nothing Of': Revealing Dissent Under Charles I's 'Personal Rule'
Authors: van Duinen Jared
Published: February 2012

In 2000, Jonathan Scott characterized the years of Charles's personal rule by the term the 'peace of silence'. By this he meant that the seeming peace and quiescence of the 1630s was chiefly due to the silencing of dissent. For much of the twentieth century, this 'peace of silence' could be found reflected in the historiography of early Stuart England. Even when the personal rule received its first full-length study - Kevin Sharpe's 1992 The Personal Rule of Charles I - the story of dissent in the 1630s remained largely underexplored. In order to uncover the covert and diffused nature of dissident thought under Charles's personal rule, it is necessary for research to adopt a commensurately localized or decentred frame of reference.Work which has done this has often revealed previously obscured veins of dissent.A future direction for studies of dissident thought and action in the 1630s could lie in network analysis and, in particular, the examination of puritan networks of association.
"Strange Fevers, Burning Within": The Neurology of Winesburg, Ohio
Authors: Yerkes Andrew Corey
Published: February 2012

Sherwood Anderson's Winesburg, Ohio , a modernist collection of interconnected short stories that critics dismissed as Freudian primitivism, is actually an insightful meditation on the emotional basis of consciousness. Grotesque characters, resembling subcortical brain regions, interact with protagonist George Willard, the town reporter, in ways that reproduce the interactions of the hindbrain and limbic system with the neocortex. Interpreting Winesburg as neurological allegory foregrounds its thematic inquiry into the status of biological determinism during the heyday of modernism and social constructivism. Such an approach reveals the common ground, as well as the differences, between psychoanalytic and neurological explanations of consciousness.
Receptivity to Library Involvement in Scientific Data Curation: A Case Study at the University of Colorado Boulder
Authors: Lage Kathryn , Losoff Barbara , Maness Jack
Published: February 2012

Increasingly libraries are expected to play a role in scientific data curation initiatives, i.e., “the management and preservation of digital data over the long-term.” This case study offers a novel approach for identifying researchers who are receptive toward library involvement in data curation. The authors interviewed researchers at the University of Colorado Boulder and, after analysis, created eight design “personas.” Each persona represents an aggregation of researcher attributes and can be used to target strategic relationships for nascent or emerging data management initiatives. These personas are applicable to any academic library seeking to provide data curation support.
Modeling Prenatal Son Preference: Some New Perspectives from China
Authors: Eklund Lisa
Published: February 2012

China has since the mid-1980s witnessed an increasing trend in sex ratio at birth (SRB) imbalance. While the literature agrees that SRB is caused by parents' need to have a son, it is not clear if an increase in SRB reflects an increase in son preference. This study aims at bridging this gap by developing a model to estimate prenatal son preference based on SRB and total fertility rates (TFR). Data on SRB and TFR from China are applied to the model. The results show that since the mid-1980s, prenatal son preference has fluctuated, and trends in SRB and prenatal son preference by province and by rural, township and urban areas sometimes diverge. In order to interpret these results, changing trends in prenatal son preference is discussed in relation to social change in China. The study draws conclusions at two levels. First of all, theoretically, it concludes that increased SRB does not have to signify increasing prenatal son preference when fertility rates fall. Secondly, it concludes that in China, the process of socioeconomic development has diverging impact on son preference, weakening it in some instances, while reinforcing it in others. Modeling son preference as suggested is useful for posing relevant questions with regard to how and why son preference changes. It also has important implications for where, if and how interventions that address skewed SRB should be planned.
Ageing at Work: Between Changing Social Policy Patterns and Reorganization of Working Times
Authors: Burnay Nathalie
Published: February 2012

The employment rate of older workers in Belgium is low, compared to other European countries. For some years now, international organizations have been concerned about the viability of pension systems and their ability to achieve their objectives. In Belgium, as in the European Union, the government introduced (at the beginning of 2000) a series of measures aimed at encouraging older people to remain in or to re-enter the labour market. The aim of this paper is to show how transformations of public policy as regards retirement are contrary to both individuals' aspirations and changing professional constraints. The low employment rate of older workers is explained by public policy initiatives of the State at a given time and by the situation of individuals. Early retirement from the labour market is analysed using data from a more micro-sociological perspective, that is, either a desire to leave professional life to pursue other aspirations or other projects outside the professional sphere, or because of deteriorating working conditions in their professional life. This paper clearly shows how reducing working time at the end of a career can be an interesting alternative to the policies that are currently in force.
An Uneasy Peace: Barack Obama's Nobel Peace Prize Lecture
Authors: Terrill Robert E.
Published: February 2012

An unexpected Nobel Peace Prize placed Barack Obama in a difficult position. He was, after all, commander-in-chief of a military currently engaged in two wars, one of which many felt was unjustified. The doubled rhetoric through which Obama managed this situation forecast the strategy he deploys in his Nobel Lecture itself: he invites his audience to attend to war and peace neither as wicked nor ideal but as realistic, interdependent, and indeed comparable modes of human interaction. The result is that war and peace are held in a delicate balance through the force of a somewhat vaguely articulated moral compass.
What Does It Mean to Be Accountable?: Dimensions and Implications of Higher Education's Public Accountability
Authors: Zumeta William M.
Published: February 2012

This ASHE presidential address considers the meaning of higher education's public accountability in the U.S. context. American higher education has always been publicly accountable in some sense, but the forms and expectations associated with accountability have changed significantly from colonial times to the present. The address traces the reasons, building on the basic idea that accountability expectations are a social and political construction, and, consequently, bound to change with the times. Currently, much is expected from higher education while resources are in short supply. An argument is made here that contemporary higher education might well receive more resources from citizens and governments if its priorities were better aligned with those of these supporters and if its performance were more transparently reported. The need for a broader venue than presently exists for interaction about such matters is also discussed.
Building a Multicontextual Model of Latino College Enrollment: Student, School, and State-Level Effects
Authors: Nuñez Anne-Marie , Kim Dongbin
Published: February 2012

Latinos’ college enrollment rates, particularly in four-year institutions, have not kept pace with their population growth in the United States. Using three-level hierarchical generalized linear modeling, this study analyzes data from the Educational Longitudinal Study (ELS) to examine the influence of high school and state contexts, in addition to student characteristics, on Latino students’ enrollment in four-year institutions. Results suggest that academic preparation, navigation of financial aid, levels of school resources, and teacher quality are among the important areas to target to promote Latino four-year college enrollment.
Teaching Chicana/o Literature in Community College with Ana Castillo's So Far from God
Authors: Martínez Danizete
Published: February 2012

This article explores the importance of teaching ethnic literature at community colleges, and considers the social importance of Ana Castillo's So Far From God (1993) to Southwest learners. In a time when minority education programs are being threatened by budget cuts and are rapidly being displaced/replaced by more fiscally "lucrative" certificates and departments, Castillo's novel demonstrates the contemporary relevance and cultural currency of traditional folklore to small communities.
From Body Composition to Body Revision in First-Year Composition Classroomss
Authors: Harris-Moore Deborah
Published: February 2012

The field of writing and rhetoric has, for a long time, been engaged in pedagogical practices that reject the ancient link between mind and body as a matter of legacy; even the terms writing and rhetoric are often, like mind and body, considered separate fields in the academy. This article argues that in composition class, where students are introduced to academic discourse, analysis, and research methods, the body can serve as a starting point for discussing various critical topics relevant to every student in the class. In the curricular space of a first-year composition class, instructors have the freedom to focus more generally on bodies as an analytic category instead of as highly specialized categories of identity, which serves as a less threatening and equally effective approach for many students. Bodies naturally initiate discussions of multiple identities, and a body-focused composition classroom enhances the freshman composition project of preparing students for the critical thinking and writing required by other disciplines.
Desperately Seeking Radha: Renoir's The River and Its Reincarnation
Authors: Golsan Katherine
Published: February 2012

Jean Renoir's The River , based on Rumer Godden's novel by the same title, was the first Technicolor film made in India. This article traces the evolution of the project from Godden's novel, through an earlier draft entitled Big River , to the final film version. This development suggests that the late inclusion of the Indian Barata Natyam dancer Rhada Sri Ram dramatically changed the final film version, particularly in terms of the cultural content. Her role prompted major revisions in the script and facilitated a shift away from an earlier colonialist perspective towards the acknowledgement of India as a place independent of the West. Renoir was so taken with Radha that he planned to make another film with her. In an examination of a previously unknown draft scenario for a second film in India, this essay concludes with a speculation as to why Renoir failed in his attempt to "reincarnate" both Radha and India in another film.
Renoir's Paris: The City as Film Set
Authors: Harris Sue
Published: February 2012

This article accounts for the recurrent attention to Paris as a setting and site of narrative meaning in the films of Jean Renoir. It argues that the visual representation of the city is a complex element of Renoir's work, and analyses this in terms of a productive tension offered between authenticity and mythology in films from the full spectrum of the director's career. It proposes that the seeds of a dualistic approach to the representation of the city are sown in the silent productions of his early career, and that this is consolidated and extended as his career develops. It concludes that Paris is a privileged narrative space in Renoir's films, replete with prior meaning and comprehensible at a profoundly moral, as well as visual, level.
Defoe, Unigenitus , and the “Catholic” Crusoe
Authors: Traver John C.
Published: February 2012

Daniel Defoe’s sequel The Farther Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (1719) undermines the habitual identification of Crusoe’s religious experience with Protestant spirituality. This article contextualizes Defoe’s positive portrayal of French Catholicism within the contemporary debate surrounding the papal bull Unigenitus Dei Filius (1713) and the persecution of the French Jansenist clergy. As proponents of religious tolerance, Jansenists represented the possibility of achieving a broader Christian unity despite England’s own Bangorian controversy. Crusoe’s contradictory impulses between conflict and consensus embody Britain’s own religious ambivalences, demonstrating the vulnerability of traditional Christian values such as love and mercy in light of more compelling forces such as sectarian violence.
The Intuitions of Analogy in Erasmus Darwin’s Poetics
Authors: Griffiths Devin S.
Published: February 2012

Erasmus Darwin’s Botanic Garden (1789–91) notoriously synthesizes scientific knowledge, poetry, and radical politics. The poem illustrates Darwin’s theorization of analogy in Zoonomia (1794–96) as a complex mental faculty that underwrites the coherence of experience and sensation. This facultative analogy is Darwin’s answer to empirical skepticism, and it forces a critical reevaluation of his poetics, one that situates The Botanic Garden squarely within the tradition of Romantic naturalism and indicates his influence upon nineteenth-century comparative history and science.
Morality's Ugly Implications in Oscar Wilde's Fairy Tales
Authors: Jones Justin T.
Published: February 2012

In Oscar Wilde's two volumes of fairy tales, "The Happy Prince" and Other Tales (1888) and A House of Pomegranates (1891), many central characters meet with premature death or physical disfigurement after learning a bourgeois moral lesson. In an attempt to explain this unconventional phenomenon in the fairy tale tradition, this essay examines Wilde's stories through the lens of his aesthetic ideology and demonstrates how the superficial morality of the Victorian bourgeoisie corrodes each tale's aesthetic integrity, causing the characters to either deny morality outright, assume the guise of Christian philanthropy, or die as the result of their moral reformation.
England's Amphitruo before Dryden: The Varied Pleasures of Plautus's Template
Authors: Hardin Richard F.
Published: February 2012

Plautus's Amphitruo exemplifies remarkably the process whereby, over a period of millennia, old texts enter into new ones. In the Renaissance, with its reference to "tragicomedy," the play contributed to the wide European interest in the possibilities of mixing dramatic genres. In England this developed into a mingling of comic, romantic, and mystical strands of drama perfected in Shakespeare's Cymbeline . Other texts discussed are the anonymous Jack Jugeler and Birth of Hercules , and Thomas Heywood's Silver Age, as well as the little-known "supplement" to Plautus's play. This was a sizeable addition to the defective text of Amphitruo in Latin written by an unknown fifteenth-century author, found in many editions of Plautus, and enhancing the play's central concern with identity.
Toward a Phonetic Representation of Hand Configuration: The Fingers
Authors: Johnson Robert E. , Liddell Scott K.
Published: February 2012

In this article we describe a componential, articulatory approach to the phonetic description of the configuration of the four fingers. Abandoning the traditional holistic, perceptual approach, we propose a system of notational devices and distinctive features for the description of the four fingers proper (index, middle, ring, and pinky). Specifically, we suggest that the configuration of the fingers is best understood as a componential combination of the positions of each of the three joints of each finger.
Money as Icon
Authors: Konings Martijn
Published: February 2012

This essay develops a particular perspective on the nature of the modern financial imaginary. Recent debates of money have emphasized its dual (both universal and particular) character but have been unable to convincingly articulate the nature of this duality. The argument put forward here suggests that we should take the intractability of the question “what is money?” as an important clue to the paradoxical nature of our financial experience. The paper pursues the point by considering money as an iconic sign and uses this as a point of entry into an analysis of its semiotic structure. Money is revealed to be a form of “mediated immediacy”, a sign that is capable of direct signification owing to the way its metaphors and mediations have become entrenched in the background of our subjectivity and come to constitute a particular kind of belief. The article then proceeds to a discussion that pursues the implications of this semiotic analysis for the psychological structure of our modern financial experience, arguing that our faith in money involves an experience of it as both traumatic and redemptive. Our paradoxically constructive responses to the anxiety engendered by money are central to modern capitalist governmentality.
The Complex Environmental Legacy of the Automobile Shredder
Authors: Zimring Carl A.
Published: February 2012

The automobile shredder originated in Texas scrapyards in the 1950s and became one of the most important tools of scrap recycling industries in the second half of the twentieth century. A technological response to the accumulation of disposed automobiles in postwar America, the shredder was lauded by engineers, environmental groups, and industry alike for efficiently reclaiming ferrous scrap metal for industry while simultaneously reducing visible blight from automobile graveyards. One unintended consequence of shredder use, however, was the creation of toxic Automobile Shredder Residue (ASR). This waste exposed operators to substantial legal and economic costs by the 1990s as regulations passed after the shredders’ invention made operators potentially responsible parties for ASR. The history of the shredder is a case study in the complex interactions of technology, environment, and the law, and illuminates present difficulties managing the wastes resulting from complex consumer products.
"If I was not in prison, I would not be famous": Discipline, Choreography, and Mimicry in the Philippines
Authors: Perillo J. Lorenzo
Published: February 2012

In 2007, 1,500 inmates in the Cebu Provincial Detention and Rehabilitation Center (CPDRC) went "viral" with their online rendition of Michael Jackson's music video Thriller . Representing an exercise program aimed at building teamwork and reducing gang activity through dance, the CPDRC version circulated as performance-based proof of prisoner rehabilitation. Central to the production's worldwide popularity are narratives of discipline, colonial choreography, and the gender and sexual alterity of Wenjiel Resane, the cross-dressed leading lady. By situating these components in relation to the African American original, the actions of the prison administrators, and ideologies of Filipino mimicry, this essay examines how choreographic practices fundamentally influence the social construction of Otherness. As part of a history of intercultural performances that naturalize racial inequalities through stereotypes, the CPDRC's Thriller offers insight into both the traditions of colonialism and the powers of today's global social media.
Making the most of 'nothing': astro-tourism, the Sublime, and the Karoo as a 'space destination'
Authors: Ingle Mark
Published: February 2012

In recent years perceptions of South Africa's arid Karoo have been radically transformed. Whereas the Karoo was once regarded as a desolate wasteland, it is now being punted as a positively trendy region, both to live in and to explore. Many enterprising niche tourism operators have positioned themselves to profit from this phenomenon. This article briefly articulates the concept of 'the Sublime' and shows how the nexus of cognitive associations suggested by 'space' and 'nothingness' is being harnessed to rebrand the Karoo as a dynamic and desirable destination. The paper also reflects on how these developments might redound to the benefit of local communities and flags some of the tensions occasioned by the intrusion of tourism into a relatively undeveloped region.
Urban governance transformations and the first two years of the N2 Gateway project in Cape Town
Authors: Millstein Marianne
Published: February 2012

South African cities regularly experience service delivery protests, which often target local governments who are blamed for non-delivery and non-participation. The legitimacy crisis of local democracy can be understood in the context of broader urban governance transformations since 1994, with implications for city governments’ ability to deliver services and realise participatory governance. This paper explores the initial phase of the N2 Gateway project from 2004 to 2006 as a case study of the politics of urban governance in Cape Town As a centralised and politically driven project, the experiences from the first phase of N2 Gateway shows how local actors were sidelined and how narrow participatory mechanisms failed to engage local government actors and community interests, contributing to a local politicisation of exclusion and allocation.
Transcending bureaucracy: state transformation in the age of the manager
Authors: Chipkin Ivor
Published: February 2012

Since 1994, South Africa’s first democratic election, the public service and the state in general has been the object of numerous interventions to “transform” it. Transformation has referred to four principle initiatives. It has included measures to (1) integrate the diverse governments and administrations of the apartheid period into a single public service. Much attention has been paid to (2) changing the direction of public spending to focus on, for the first time, the majority Black population. There have also been important efforts to (3) change the demographic character of the public service, to make it more representative of the composition of South Africa’s population. This paper focuses on a fourth element of ‘transformation’, one that has included measures to ‘de-bureacucratise’ the public service in South Africa.
Women's representation in Government: quotas, substantive equality and self interested politicians
Authors: Gouws Amanda
Published: February 2012

South Africa now has 45 per cent women in parliament due to the 50 per cent quota accepted by the ANC before 2009 election. Quotas are now globally used to get more women into government but it begs the question whether larger numbers of women in government contribute to policy influence that will benefit all women. This article grapples with this issue by looking at what we can learn from comparative studies. I then apply a theoretical framework developed by Mona Lena Krook that includes the following aspects to explain the successes or failures of quotas to make a difference: Actors that campaigned for the quotas, motivations in the campaigns, the context in which the quotas were introduced and the normative institutions supporting quotas. I conclude by arguing that one of the underlying assumptions of quotas is that ‘women are virtues and will support other women'. We need to shift this thinking to an understanding that women are self interested individuals just like men and I illustrate this with women parliamentarians belonging to the ANC Women's League.
Minding the gap: attitudes toward affirmative action in South Africa
Authors: Roberts Benjamin , Weir-Smith Gina , Reddy Vasu
Published: February 2012

Since its introduction, affirmative action has become an increasingly controversial policy to address labour market inequalities in South Africa. Yet, in spite of this public debate, nationally representative, empirical research on patterns of opposition to and support for the redress policy remains relatively circumscribed. In this article, attitudinal data collected over the past decade is employed to examine the factors that influence these perceptions, and the extent to which they have been changing. The results reveal that attitudes to race- and gender-based affirmative action in employment have been favourable on aggregate over the last decade. The specified beneficiary of affirmative action appears to matter, with more positive evaluations evident when the policies target women and disabled persons than when racial disadvantage is targeted. Furthermore, while there is a broad-based, resolute belief in racial equality in principle, there is less agreement on the implementation of particular redress policies. Affirmative action for instance enjoys less support than compensatory policies or those focused on addressing class-based disadvantage. An element of self-interest appears to be informing evaluations among designated beneficiary groups, with black respondents more inclined than other population groups to support race-based affirmative action and women more partial to gender-based affirmative action than men. While the beneficiaries of affirmative action have typically been the better educated and skilled among the designated groups, highest support for this policy is reported by the more marginalized and vulnerable who are least likely to have personally benefitted from affirmative action implementation to date. This support may reflect a sense of collective self-interest or possibly an expectation that this redress policy will bring benefits in the future. Finally, views on whether affirmative action is producing a more skilled workforce and socially cohesive society are again broadly positive, though the profile of those believing in such outcomes deviates somewhat from those supporting affirmative action generally. In this instance, those least likely to have gained from affirmative action in practice are those least confident in the policy’s outcomes, possibly due to a gap between perceived performance of affirmative action policy and expected benefits.
Multiple Identification Foci and Their Countervailing Effects on Salespeople's Negative Headquarters Stereotypes
Authors: Wieseke Jan , Kraus Florian , Ahearne Michael , Mikolon Sven
Published: February 2012

Using a large-scale, multilevel data set, this study introduces to the sales management literature the concept of sales representatives' headquarters stereotypes as a negative outcome of social identification. The results suggest that work team identification fosters headquarters stereotyping more strongly when organizational identification is low than when it is high. Salespeople's physical distance from their corporate headquarters increases work team identification and decreases organizational identification. Competitive intensity, as an external threat to salespeople's social identity, strengthens stereotyping and social identification. In addition to important theoretical implications, this research also provides crucial insights for managers. Headquarters stereotypes are critically important because they can have harmful consequences for sales performance and customer satisfaction. Key managerial implications are that managers should foster organizational identification and that using different compensation systems does not remedy the negative effects of stereotypes.
How Disgust Enhances the Effectiveness of Fear Appeals
Authors: Morales Andrea C. , Wu Eugenia C. , Fitzsimons Gavan J.
Published: February 2012

The current research explores the role of disgust in enhancing compliance with fear appeals. Despite its frequent use in advertising and prevalence in consumer settings, little is known about the specific role that disgust plays in persuasion. This article explores the unique characteristics of disgust and examines its distinctive effect on persuasion. The results across a series of four studies demonstrate that adding disgust to a fear appeal appreciably enhances message persuasion and compliance beyond that of appeals that elicit only fear. Importantly, the results trace the persuasive effects of disgust to its strong and immediate avoidance reaction.