bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Revegetation of earthen mounds along a topographic‐productivity gradient in a northern mixed prairie
Authors: Umbanhowar Charles E.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. The influence of productivity gradients on plant succession, richness, and community composition is the focus of much interest. Earthen mounds and other soil disturbances are a conspicuous feature of many temperate and semi‐temperate grasslands. The revegetation of artificial earthen mounds located at different positions along a topographic‐productivity gradient was studied in a North American northern mixedgrass prairie over a five year period. Relative stem density increased the most on mounds in low prairie (81% of off‐mound density in 1992), followed by mounds in middle (64%) and high prairie (38%). Species richness was significantly different between prairie types by the fifth year of the experiment, but there was not a strong correlation between species richness and stem density within prairie‐types. Composition on mounds reflected species composition in the surrounding off‐mound areas and only three species were sampled regularly in all three prairie types. Results of this experiment suggest that models and experiments attempting to relate productivity to species richness and composition should include a spatial component.
Factors associated with plant species richness in a coastal tall‐grass prairie
Authors: Grace James B. , Allain Larry , Allen Charles
Published: May 2006

Abstract. In this study we examine the factors associated with variations in species richness within a remnant tall‐grass prairie in order to gain insight into the relative importance of controlling variables. The study area was a small, isolated prairie surrounded by wetlands and located within the coastal prairie region, which occurs along the northwestern Gulf of Mexico coastal plain. Samples were taken along three transects that spanned the prairie. Parameters measured included micro‐elevation, soil characteristics, indications of recent disturbance, above‐ground biomass (including litter), light penetration through the plant canopy, and species richness. Species richness was found to correlate with micro‐elevation, certain soil parameters, and light penetration through the canopy, but not with above‐ground biomass. Structural equation analysis was used to assess the direct and indirect effects of micro‐elevation, soil properties, disturbance, and indicators of plant abundance on species richness. The results of this analysis showed that observed variations in species richness were primarily associated with variations in environmental effects (from soil and microtopography) and were largely unrelated to variations in measures of plant abundance (biomass and light penetration). These findings suggest that observed variations in species richness in this system primarily resulted from environmental effects on the species pool. These results fit with a growing body of information that suggests that environmental effects on species richness are of widespread importance.
Fire and seedling population dynamics in western Oregon prairies
Authors: Maret Mary P. , Wilson Mark V.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Through an experiment in three prairie vegetation types in western Oregon, USA the effect of prescribed fire on the timing and rates of seedling emergence and mortality was examined. Seeds of common exotic and native prairie species were sown into burned and unburned plots in late September, 1995. Emerged seedlings were censussed the following winter, early spring and late spring. Results indicated that spring population levels could not be forecast by fall seedling flushes, as winter survival was important in seedling establishment. The bulk of emergence for all grass and annual forb species occurred in the fall, followed by low to severe winter mortality. Perennial forbs were more variable in emergence times but, once emerged, perennial forb seedlings were likely to become established. Burning caused a statistically significant increase in seedling accumulation through emergence and survival in 11 of 23 cases. Burning improved seedling winter survival for most grass and short‐lived forb species and increased emergence of perennial forb species. These patterns were most conspicuous on the two sites dominated by exotic species, where burning significantly improved the accumulation of seedlings from most native species tested. Thus, prescribed burning might be a useful restoration tool in these communities. In contrast, two of the three species increased by burning in the native bunchgrass site were exotic pest plants, suggesting that fire should be prescribed with caution.
Relative importance of abiotic and land use factors in explaining variation in woody vegetation in a French rural landscape
Authors: Roche Ph. , Tatoni T. , Médail F.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. In a rural landscape, scale vegetation patterns of woody species are controlled by both abiotic and land use factors. The woody species composition in 126 sample plots was analysed and land use factors and some abiotic parameters were quantified using land register data. The relative importance of land use and abiotic factors was differentiated using a partial Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA); the influence of land use in neighbouring areas was explored by changing the scale of land use sampling.

The woody species composition appears to be controlled equally by land use and abiotic factors. The fraction of floristic variation in tree species composition explained by land use variables was 33.2 % in 1980 and 30.8 % in 1992, while abiotic variables accounted for 31.2 %. Part of the 17 % of the floristic variance explained is related to the surrounding land use. Thus, when the land use of the sampled plots and the surrounding land use are considered simultaneously, up to 36.9 % of the species variation may be explained. Partial CCA enabled us to quantify the respective proportion of floristic variance which could be explained by land use (36.9 %), abiotic variables alone (20.2 %), shared variance (12.0 %) and unexplained variance (31.2 %).

Our results indicated that a delayed effect of variation in land use on plant populations may exist. This delay may result either from population characteristics or from inadequate land use assessment.

This study indicates the need for simultaneously examining land use and abiotic patterns in ecological studies, as many Mediterranean‐type ecosystems have been shaped by these patterns.
The relationship between vegetation dynamics and water table in tropical dune slacks
Authors: Moreno‐Casasola P. , Vázquez G.
Published: May 2006

Abstract. Inundation of tropical dune slacks is an irregular phenomenon produced by consecutive years with high precipitation and also by intense tropical storms. Our hypothesis was that the distribution, structure and composition of vegetation in tropical dune slacks have changed over time as a result of various factors, principally their topographical position with respect to the water table, frequency and duration of inundation, and historical fluctuations in climate. We tested this hypothesis in two different slacks that represent the slack community at the study site. Inundation caused changes in species composition and distribution, as well as in vegetation structure. In one slack, inundation was considered as disturbance because its intensity increased when areas remained inundated for longer periods of time, causing death of vegetation cover and favouring invasion of more aggressive, secondary species (Pluchea odorata, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Panicum maximum). When inundation lasted less than three months, rhizomatous herbs remained (Cyperus articulatus, Lippia nodiflora, Hydrocotyle bonariensis) inhibiting the succession process. The results suggest that the different degrees of inundation and the irregular frequency and intensity of inundation in the slacks under study, have favoured different successional tendencies.
Theme and Style in Roman Historiography
Authors: McDonald A. H.
Published: May 2006

‘His combination of feeling for style with historical knowledge is still a challenge to any editor of an historical text’ (Momigliano on Justus Lipsius). It is a far cry from the scholarly humanism of the sixteenth century to the complex specialism of modern scholarship, but the overlapping results of detailed research begin to call for integration or, at least, some attempt to define them in a wider context. This paper, therefore, proposes a combined exercise in the study of Roman historiography, ranging from the historian's choice of theme through its literary composition to the quality of its ultimate effect—to relate (so to speak)res, ars, ingenium. The subject is large, but the argument involves mainly precise treatment of evidence at the critical points.
Caesar's Heritage: Hellenistic Kings and their Roman Equals
Authors: Rawson Elizabeth
Published: May 2006

In 44 B.C. Caesar, newly declareddictator perpetuo, told a crowd hailing him halfheartedly as king that they were mistaken: he was ‘not Rex but Caesar’; but he punished the tribunes who removed the diadems placed on his statues, and who arrested a man for putting them there. Not long after, at the Lupercalia, the consul Mark Antony thrice offered a diadem to Caesar, who was sitting, as Cicero, doubtless an eye-witness, describes him, ‘amictus toga purpurea, in sella aurea, coronatus’; Caesar refused it, sending it to Jupiter on the Capitol, and had inscribed in theFastia notice that he had been offered the diadempopuli iussu(which was certainly not true), but had not accepted it. But would he have accepted had the people been more enthusiastic ? Thus began a controversy as to Caesar's final intentions that has still not been resolved. I have no dogmatic answer to the question, and I do not wish to go through all the old arguments, though I would like to suggest that there is good contemporary evidence for believing that Caesar was willing to be worshipped as a god, but did not wish to take the name of king; and I would also like to suggest that there might have been more logic than appears at first sight in accepting a number of honours that suggested kingship (as well as divinity, which so often in the East went with it), and yet refusing the name. For on the usual interpretations of Caesar's last actions we are in a dilemma: if he simply wanted to avoid the name of king and the hatred which, as a practical proposition at least, it still aroused in Rome, then he did, or permitted, a lot of incredibly foolish things. On the other hand, if he simply wanted to take the title, he was, as events were to show, very shortsighted—and indeed some scholars have supposed him suffering from megalomania or senility.
ΣϒΝΤΕΛΕΙΑ ΤΙΡΩΝΩΝ
Authors: Rostovtseff M. T.
Published: May 2006

Modern inquiries into the history of the Roman army have elucidated the fact that there were two periods in the evolution of the Roman recruiting-system, whether of the Roman legions or of the auxiliary troops. The first period embraced the first two centuries of the Roman Empire, while the second began with Diocletian. The most characteristic features of the first period were as follows: recruiting of legions among the town population or territories attributed to a town; recruiting of auxiliary troops chiefly among the population of non-municipal territories; prevalence of the idea of conscription, which remained as a matter of fact chiefly theoretical as far as the legions were concerned, the latter consisting chiefly of volunteers; granting of Roman citizenship to soldiers who were serving in the legions at the moment of their being enrolled, and the receiving of Roman citizenship by the soldiers of auxiliary troops after the completion of their period of service; absence of any form of compulsion in the recruiting system. The second period presents entirely different features. The distinction between legions and auxiliary troops vanished almost completely, as both were recruited chiefly among the rural population; for the idea of conscription as the fulfilment of the duty of citizenship was substituted either the idea of military service for money, the idea of mercenary troops, or the idea of compulsory military service, this service being treated in the same way as the compulsory levying of taxes.
A Note on the Completeness of Kozen's Axiomatisation of the Propositional μ-Calculus
Authors: Walukiewicz Igor
Published: May 2006

The prepositional μ-calculus is an extension of the modal system K with a least fixpoint operator. Kozen posed a question about completeness of the axiomatisation of the logic which is a small extension of the axiomatisation of the modal system K. It is shown that this axiomatisation is complete.
Alonzo Church's Contributions to Philosophy and Intensional Logic
Authors: Anderson C. Anthony
Published: May 2006

§0. Alonzo Church's contributions to philosophy and to that most philosophical part of logic, intensional logic, are impressive indeed. He wrote relatively few papers actually devoted to specifically philosophical issues, as distinguished from related technical work in logic. Many of his contributions appear in reviews for The Journal of Symbolic Logic, and it can hardly be maintained that one finds there a “philosophical system”. But there occur a clearly articulated and powerful methodology, terse arguments, often of “crushing cogency”, and philosophical observations of the first importance.

Many of the less formal philosophical contributions center around questions concerning meaning, but there are important clarifications and insights into matters of the epistemology and ontology of the sciences, especially the formal sciences.

1.1. The logistic method. Church's writings on philosophical matters exhibit an unwavering commitment to what he called the “logistic method”. The term did not catch on and now one would just speak of “formalization”. The use of these ideas is now so common and familiar among logicians and logically-oriented philosophers that they are simply taken for granted. But they deserve to be celebrated and re-emphasized, for there are (still) philosophers who seriously underestimate and even consciously reject these techniques.
Definability, Automorphisms, and Dynamic Properties of Computably Enumerable Sets
Authors: Harrington Leo , Soare Robert I.
Published: May 2006

We announce and explain recent results on the computably enumerable (c.e.) sets, especially their definability properties (as sets in the spirit of Cantor), their automorphisms (in the spirit of Felix Klein's Erlanger Programm), their dynamic properties, expressed in terms of how quickly elements enter them relative to elements entering other sets, and the Martin Invariance Conjecture on their Turing degrees, i.e., their information content with respect to relative computability (Turing reducibility).
Definable Encodings in the Computably Enumerable Sets
Authors: Cholak Peter A. , Harrington Leo A.
Published: May 2006

The purpose of this communication is to announce some recent results on the computably enumerable sets. There are two disjoint sets of results; the first involves invariant classes and the second involves automorphisms of the computably enumerable sets. What these results have in common is that the guts of the proofs of these theorems uses a new form of definable coding for the computably enumerable sets.

We will work in the structure of the computably enumerable sets. The language is just inclusion, ⊆. This structure is called ε.

All sets will be computably enumerable non-computable sets and all degrees will be computably enumerable and non-computable, unless otherwise noted. Our notation and definitions are standard and follow Soare [1987]; however we will warm up with some definitions and notation issues so the reader need not consult Soare [1987]. Some historical remarks follow in Section 2.1 and throughout Section 3.

We will also consider the quotient structure ε modulo the ideal of finite sets, ε*. ε* is a definable quotient structure of ε since “Χ is finite” is definable in ε; “Χ is finite” iff all subsets of Χ are computable (it takes a little computability theory to show if Χ is infinite then Χ has an infinite non-computable subset). We use A* to denote the equivalent class of A under the ideal of finite sets.
Vase with representation of Herakles and Geras
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

In the Catalogue of Vases in the British Museum a red-figured amphora is described in the following terms:—

Cat. 864.—Amphora. Height 1 ft. in., red figures on black ground, outlines in black, inner markings faintly traced in red.

“1. Herakles pursuing the robber Cacus: the hero is bearded, the lion's skin covers his head and hangs down his back behind: in his left hand he holds his club: he stretches out his right hand towards the robber, who flies, looking back and stretching out both his hands towards him: the beard and hair of Cacus are white and squalid, drapery is twisted round his loins, but the figure has been retouched in these places, as has also the figure of Herakles: between them [Ch]armides Kalos; 2. rev. a youthful beardless figure clad in a mantle which envelops his head and arms: he leans on his staff.”—H.
Ancient Marbles in Great Britain: Supplement II
Authors: Michaelis Ad.
Published: May 2006

It is well-known that the antiquities of this Palace were sold by auction in 1882. In the sale catalogue, however, published by Messrs. Christie, Manson & Woods, no mention is made of nos. 1, 7, 8, 9 of my catalogue. All these being marble statues, I have little doubt that they have remained at the Palace, which is said to be still to-day richly furnished also with busts and other smaller antiquities. A few notes extracted from the sale catalogue will serve to supplement the notices given in my book. The kindness of my friend Mr. Scharf enables me to add the names of the buyers, and the prices as given in the priced catalogue. The woodcuts of the illustrated catalogue, which I have not seen, are said to be very poorly done; tracings of them lie before me.

No. 190 (no. 6 of my catalogue). Bust of Vespasian, of black basalt, with (modern ?) drapery of oriental alabaster. Woodcut. This bust, which was sold at the Strawberry Hill sale for £220 10s., fetched £336; T. Agnew & Son.

No. 191 (no. 4). Bust of Augustus, of antique Egyptian porphyry, with gilt ornaments. The woodcut shows the emperor crowned with a wreath, and clad in a breastplate (decorated with two pegasi flanking a central ornament), and an aegis below it, a mantle covering shoulders and part of the breast.
The Tomb of Porsenna
Authors: Fergusson James
Published: May 2006

There are few truths that are more forcibly impressed on the attention of any one engaged in restoring the lost monuments of antiquity than the painful one—that no form of written words is sufficient to convey a distinct idea of a building which has been destroyed. No adequate reproduction of its form can be made unless the words are accompanied by a diagram or drawing of some sort, or when these cannot be obtained, unless some sufficient remains of the building still exist to make its restoration possible, or if neither of these be attainable, unless it proves to be part of a known series—in other words, unless some edifices exist, either before or after it in date, so similar in form and purpose as to enable us from a study of their peculiarities to appreciate the meaning of the terms applied to the one we are attempting to restore.

The Temples of the Jews are a conspicuous illustration of this truth. Though so minutely described in the Bible or by Josephus, nothing can be more discrepant than the notions entertained by restorers of their forms and dimensions, and it is only very recently that we have begun to perceive that they form a part of a series (though it must be confessed not of familiar or well understood types), and that we begin to realize their forms with anything like distinctness. The Mausoleum at Halicarnassus, and the Temple of Diana at Ephesus, were important buildings of which we knew nothing till very recently, except from written descriptions; and nothing could be more various than the restorations that were proposed to reconcile their features with the verbal texts. Thanks to the excavations conducted by Messrs. Newton and Wood, we now know what the real appearances of these celebrated buildings were with sufficient exactness for all practical purposes.
Numismatic Commentary on Pausanias, III. Books IX. X., I. 1–38
Authors: Imhoof-Blumer F. , Gardner Percy
Published: May 2006

With this third part our Numismatic Commentary is completed. It consists of three sections:—

(1) Boeotia and Phocis (Paus. IX. X.)

(2) Athens (Paus. I. 1–38.)

(3) Supplement; containing coins of Peloponnesus omitted in parts I. and II. of the Commentary.

The Athenian section of the work involved great difficulties, especially in view of the fact that it was difficult to treat of the Athenian coins without reference to reliefs and other works of art of Athens. This difficulty the compilers have met as best they could: the Athenian coin-lists were drawn up in the first instance by the Swiss colleague.

Special thanks are due to Herr Arthur Loebbecke and Professor Rhousopoulos of Athens for most liberal envois of casts: also to Professor Michaelis for valuable hints and corrections in the Athenian section.
Itys and Aedon: a Panaitios Cylix
Authors: Harrison J. E.
Published: May 2006

The cylix which is the subject of the following paper has a double claim on the interest of archaeologists; first, it presents a peculiar, and—so far as at present known—for art a unique form of a familiar myth, the slaying of Itys; second, it is inscribed with the love name Panaitios, and therefore is readily classed with an already familiar group.

The vase in question is first reported by Dr. Helbig in the Bullettino, 1878, p. 204. It was found at Cervetri in the Boccanera excavations. It is now in the museum of Munich, and it is to the kindness of Professor Brunn that I owe the permission to publish the vase and the superintendence of the necessary drawings. A vase of so great interest could hardly have escaped publication but for the fact that it made its reappearance in the world saddled with what seems to me a mistaken interpretation. Dr. Helbig, without any hesitation, says (loc. cit.): ‘Una tazza … la quale nell’ interno rappresenta un mito molto raro cioè quello di Prokne ed Itys,' and cites as a parallel the well known Paris vase (Ann., 1863, tav. d'agg. C.) Dr. Klein, who had not seen the vase, describes from report (Meistersignaturen, p. 145): ‘Prokne im Begriffe dem auf einem Bette, u.s.w.’) My own view is that not Prokne, but her mythological prototype Aedon, the original nightingale, is represented, and that the vase-painter embodies the Homeric, not the later Attic form of the myth. The Munich cylix gives us the earlier (Aedon), the Paris cylix the later (Prokne) tradition. It is solely to draw attention to this point that the remarks that follow are addressed; the interesting question of the origin, development, and various transformations of the myth I reserve for a future occasion.
Vases from Calymnos and Carpathos
Authors: Paton W. R.
Published: May 2006

Of the vases figured on Pl. LXXXIII. nos. 1, 2, 4, and 5 come from the island of Calymnos. Nos. 1, 4, 5, and the large amphora of which a cut (Figs. 1, 2) is given below, belong to a series which has been described by Cecil Smith in the Classical Review, i. p. 80. The Bügelkanne (no. 2), was obtained by me subsequently, and was found on another site. The sponge-fishers of Calymnos have, by little and little in the last hundred years or so, come to regard the probability of invasion as more remote, and have consequently devoted their spare time and money to bringing their houses nearer the sea, until they have at length taken their lives in their hands and established themselves close to their native element. When Ross visited the island the only town was that which is still known as ‘ἡ χώρα.’ It is situated about two miles from the harbour and immediately underneath the still older medieval fortified town, now quite deserted. There is no evidence that there was an ancient city on this site, but the chief sanctuary of the island, the temple of Apollo, was in the immediate neighbourhood, on a ridge which overlooks two of the most productive valleys in this barren island. Most of the inhabitants have now moved down to the modern town which is close to the harbour and which bears the name of an ancient deme—Pothia. This name is probably genuine, as that tender regard for antiquity which finds a home for an outcast ancient name in the face of inseparable difficulties is not so developed here as in the kingdom of Greece.
Mythological Studies. I—The Three Daughters of Cecrops
Authors: Harrison Jane E.
Published: May 2006

Any one who investigates the mythology of Athens is confronted first and foremost by the figures of Cecrops and his daughters, Pandrosos, Herse, and Aglauros. Such shadowy personalities as Porphyrion, Kolanios, &c., are obvious interpolations from other local cults, and as such quâ Athens may be disregarded. In visiting the outlying demes Pausanias was told of other kings (P. i. 31, 5) who preceded Cecrops. Well and good for the demes, jealous of their local heroes and anxious to interpolate their names in the genealogical table of the pre-eminent Athens; but for Athens herself, and for the Athenian Apollodorus (Bibl. iii. 13, 8), it is with Cecrops the autochthon that the real live mythology of Athens begins—he is a person in art as well as in literary tradition. Above all, for our present purpose he has three famous daughters, whose personalities and activity are considerably more vital than that of their father.

In dealing with Athenian local cults (Mythology and Monuments of Ancient Athens, p. xxxiii.), and especially on examining the ceremony of the Hersephoria, I was constantly haunted by the conviction that behind the personalities of these three sisters more was hidden than came to light on the surface. Father and daughters alike seemed to me too personal—if I may be allowed a seeming contradiction—to be mere impersonations. Cecrops we are usually told is the eponymous of the Cecropidae; his three daughters some mythologists hold are impersonations of the dew, a view I hope I have shown is unsatisfactory, if not untenable (op. cit. p. xxxiv.), or else they were incarnations of certain attributes and aspects of Athene, bearing to her much the same relation as Erectheus to Poseidon. If so, these incarnations are very vivacious, and their activity is strangely independent and even adverse to that of the goddess herself. Such solutions somehow fail to carry conviction. The subject has been so long and so ably investigated that it is with considerable deference I offer for criticism a solution I believe to be wholly novel.
Vitruvius' Account of the Greek Stage
Authors: Dyer Louis
Published: May 2006

An interesting contrast may be drawn between the results obtained from the study of Vitruvius in the early years of the sixteenth century and the exposition of his meaning and text by the scholars of to-day. This contrast is almost always to the advantage of the latter-day scholars. Archaeology has done everything in recent times to clear up by consideration of existing monuments a host of difficulties not dreamed of in the days of the Renaissance, and archaeologists—so far as they are agreed as to the testimony of recent discoveries—have little or nothing to learn from remote predecessors. But a serious disagreement exists among them in regard to the stage of the Greek theatre. This want of agreement is reflected in the current interpretations of a difficult passage in Vitruvius. About this very passage the scholars of the early Renaissance were agreed, and since their explanation of it differs in some material respects from any now offered, it may be of some use to us to-day.

The Florentine Leo Battista Alberti reproduced the meaning of Vitruvius, without undertaking to construe his text, then very corrupt. In 1511 was printed the text of Vitruvius which, in spite of many subsequent labours, has bravely held its own up to the present day. This text we owe to Fra Giocondo, a Franciscan friar who was equally great as an inspiring teacher, a painstaking scholar, and a daring and original architect. The condition of the text in the three first editions was lamentable, as appears in the passage describing the Greek theatre which especially concerns the present inquiry.
Two Vases by Phintias
Authors: Jones H. Stuart
Published: May 2006

It was my intention to publish in the Journal of Hellenic Studies a cylix by Phintias in the Central Museum at Athens, together with the substance of a paper read at a meeting of the British Archaeological School in March of this year. Learning, however, that Dr. P. Hartwig was anxious to publish the cylix in his forthcoming Meisterschalen, I entered into correspondence with him, and by his kindness am enabled to publish in its place the well-known hydria in the British Museum (Klein, Meistersignaturen 3) and fragments of a stamnos in the possession of Dr. Friedrich Hauser, now at Stuttgart, whose kindness in furnishing me with drawings by his own hand I would gratefully acknowledge.

A.—The first vase to be discussed is the hydria in the British Museum (E 264) found at Vulci. The form is the older one with sharp divisions between neck, shoulder, and body, which is characteristic of b.f. hydriae, and disappears after the ‘severe’ period of r.f. vase-painting, shoulder and body passing into one and leaving only one field for decoration. On the inside of the lip, in front of the junction with the handle, are three round knobs suggesting pegs or nails. These are in this case painted purple, whereas usually when they appear they are varnished—cp. Petersburg 1, 337 and Berlin 1897 = Gerhard, A. V. 249, 250. The handles are left unvarnished, which is also comparatively uncommon. The main field of the vase is occupied by a scene, which if not of surpassing originality or interest, is at least unusual. Three naked ἔφηβοι, are represented in the act of carrying water from a fountain in hydriae which are of the same form as the vase itself, except that that which is carried by the second youth from the right on his shoulder is apparently of a more developed form, in which the sharp division between shoulder and body is given up. On the extreme right a stream of water issues from a lion's head of admirable execution, worthy to stand beside analogous portions of the work of Sosias and Peithinous, and a youth fills his hydria.
A Hermes in Ephesian Silver work on a Patera from Bernay in France
Authors: Waldstein C.
Published: May 2006

Upon examining the rich collection of silver vessels and statuettes discovered at Bernay in the Département de l'Eure now in the Cabinet des Médailles of the Bibliothèque Nationale at Paris, I came upon a silver patera (Pl. XXII.) with an emblema in the centre, upon which, in most delicate repoussé work, is the figure of a youthful Hermes, nude, with a chlamys hanging over his left shoulder and down by the side of his arm, a caduceus in his left hand and a purse in his right, in an attitude indicative of a slow walk, and with the head turned upwards.

The valuable discovery of this large collection of ancient silver was made on the 21st of March, 1830. A Norman peasant named Prosper Taurin, while ploughing his field situated in the hamlet Le Villeret, Commune de Berthouville, Arrondissement de Bernay, Département de l'Eure, came upon an obstacle which, instead of simply avoiding as his predecessors had done, he resolved to examine. Borrowing a pick from a labourer he removed what appeared to him to be a large pebble, but what in reality was a Roman tile. When this was removed he came upon over a hundred objects in silver which were deposited on some pieces of marl at a depth of six inches, weighing considerably over 50 lbs.
Marble Head of a Horse
Authors: Michaelis Ad.
Published: May 2006

The horse's head, two photographs of which appear on Pl. XXIV., was procured in the neighbourhood of Tarentum and presented to the British Museum by J. Reddie Anderson, Esq.

This presentation is a new and pleasing indication of the interest felt by private collectors in the British Museum, and of the increasing feeling that only in public collections can ancient monuments be protected from risk; a thesis which I have already had occasion in my Introduction to Ancient Marbles in Great Britain to maintain and to enforce by many sad instances.

I comply with the request of the Editors of this Journal in accompanying the photographs with a few remarks.

According to a note by Professor Percy Gardner, the quality of the marble is not very fine. The length of the head, from end of mane over forehead to lip, is 0·46 m., the height from bottom of cheek-bone to top of head 0·34 m. The lower lip is wanting, the ears have been broken.
Statuette of Athenè Parthenos
Authors: Newton C. T.
Published: May 2006

The recent discovery of a copy in marble of the chryselephantine statue of Athenè Parthenos, by Pheidias, has already led to the publication of several memoirs, the most recent of which by Michaelis has anticipated much that I had intended to say here. There are, however, certain points which seem to me still open to discussion. The statuette, as I have already stated in the Academy, is 1·05 metre, or rather more than 3 feet 4 inches high, inclusive of the base, and 93 centimeters without it. It represents the goddess armed with a helmet and aegis; her left hand rests on her shield set edgeways, her right hand advanced sustains a figure of Victory, her left leg is slightly bent, so that the weight of the body rests on the right leg. The goddess is clad in a talaric chiton, without sleeves, over which is an upper fold or garment falling in rich pteryges down the right side.
Notes and Rectifications, Pamphylian Inscription
Authors: Ramsay W. M.
Published: May 2006

In a paper ‘On some Pamphylian Inscriptions,’ published in the first volume of the Journal of Hellenic Studies, p. 242, my principal object was to establish the value of the symbols ψ and in those inscriptions. I was able to bring many analogies for the value assigned to ψ, viz. that of a palatal sibilant; but I could find no analogy outside of the Pamphylian inscriptions for the interpretation of as being in some cases equivalent to the English wu. At the time I did not notice that the Pamphylian explained as was suggested in my paper, afforded an exact parallel to a Naxian inscription, the interpretation given of which by Bentley was doubted by Kirchhoff, Griech. Alph. p. 73, solely because it was so singular. In the Naxian inscription the form [Τ]Ο ΑϜΥΤΟ is given by Bentley as equivalent in meaning and scansion to the Attic ταὐτοῦ; in other words ἀϜυτοῦ; is a dissyllable.
Remains of Archaic Temple of Artemis at Ephesus
Authors: Murray A. S.
Published: May 2006

When Mr. Wood in his patient and successful excavation of the temple of Artemis at Ephesus had got down to the natural soil, he observed a number of massive piers underneath the walls of the cella, or rather where the cella walls ought to have been. On the plan in his book he indicates these piers by dotted lines, supposing them to have been made to support the walls of a church built in late times after the temple had been destroyed. It may have been so. But there appears to be no other indication of such a church on the site. This much is certain, that in building these piers a free use had been made of the fragments lying at hand from the older temple which had been destroyed by fire on the night, as we are so often told, when Alexander was born. Fragments of the old frieze and cornice would build in like so many bricks, and give the piers that solidity which Mr. Wood could only break into, as he did reluctantly, by blasting. The result of the blasting was that he obtained a number of archaic fragments of sculpture and architecture which we have now to consider. That happened in 1874. Previously in 1872, he had found some fragments of the same archaic character, not built into piers but apparently loosely mixed with sculpture of a later age.
On a Bronze Leg from Italy
Authors: Murray A. S. , Poynter E. J.
Published: May 2006

Of the bronze fragment which forms the subject of Pl. LXIX., and which has been recently acquired for the British Museum, this only is certain: that it is the right leg of an armed figure in motion. With a few fragments of drapery it is, unfortunately, all that remains of a statue of heroic size: there is therefore ample room for speculation as to its subject and action. The leg is armed in a greave, and the pieces of drapery bordered with one of the forms of the Greek fret incised and originally inlaid with silver, must, from the character of the folds, have belonged to the skirt of a short chiton, such as was worn under armour. The figure was therefore that of a hero in full armour, and that it was in motion is sufficiently indicated by the fluttering movement of the pieces of drapery.

It will be well to introduce here some notes which Mr. Murray was kind enough to send to me, and which were a most valuable assistance to me in the preparation of this paper:—

I will offer one or two observations regarding the bronze leg recently acquired for the British Museum from M. Piot in Paris.
Two Vase Pictures of Sacrifices
Authors: Smith Cecil
Published: May 2006

I suppose it may be thought that some apology is due, firstly for introducing in this paper what appear to be merely the scattered remains of a painted vase, and secondly because part at least of the fragments on Plate I. have been published more than once, and are already well known. I shall hope to show that both apologies are needless: for one reason, these fragments are quite sufficient to suggest to us probably all the beautiful picture that the painter had in mind; and for another reason, because the portions added since the original publication entirely alter the character of the scene.

It is much to be regretted that fragments of painted vases have not always received due attention at the hands of archaeologists. Among the records of travel in Greece of the early part of this century we frequently meet with descriptions of sites which were covered with fragments of painted pottery: but it was comparatively rare to find students like Sir C. Newton, or, as in the present case, Mr. James Millingen, who took the trouble to collect and preserve the fragments themselves. Recent excavations, such as those at Tiryns and Naukratis, and more recently still on the Akropolis at Athens, have taught us how much is to be learnt from a study of these apparently insignificant potsherds. Even if they do not always, as here, combine to show us a finished picture, they often prove invaluable documents of the keramic history of the sites on which they were found.
Some Fragments of a Vase presumably by Euphronios
Authors: Harrison Jane E.
Published: May 2006

The fragments collected on Plate VI. were found in 1888 in the excavations on the Acropolis—near to the south wall beyond the stratum of poros débris. (). I am not able to offer a complete restoration of the design, nor to explain with certainty all details, but the extant fragments are of such great artistic and archaeological importance that it seems desirable to publish them at once, without waiting either for such explanation or for a detailed examination of the mythography involved.

I owe to the courtesy of M. Kabbadias permission to make the publication. The drawing is by M. Gilliéron, kindly supervised by Dr. Wolters, after I left Athens. To him is therefore due the present restored position of the fragments.

The vase was obviously a cylix, the designs of both interior and exterior being painted on a white ground. The necklet and bracelet of the female figure, the head-bands of both, and other portions in slight relief and now coloured red, once bore gilding. The subject and main outline of the—most important—interior design are happily clear. Orpheus (ΟΡΦΕϒ) to the right sinks on one knee to the ground; his left hand no doubt supported him.
Notes upon a Visit to Celaenae-Apamea
Authors: Hogarth D. G.
Published: May 2006

From Herodotus to John Cinnamus, almost every chronicler who has had occasion to mention Celaenae-Apamea, has paused in his narrative to remark the natural features of the place, and make a passing reference to its famous legend; it is the best described site in Phrygia, and among the most remarkable whether by reason of legend, history, or natural position. Here were localised the myths of Lityerses, and of Marsyas: here, according to the Sibyl, and probably to yet earlier tradition, the Ark of Noah first touched ground, and the coins of three emperors and a little ruined church on the summit of the Acropolis still commemorate this strange belief: the most important half-way station in western Asia Minor, it was the halting place of Xerxes, of the younger Cyrus, of Alexander the Great, of the Consul Manlius, of Cicero as pro-consul, of Manuel Comnenus, and many others, among whom in all probability was St. Paul. It was the capital of Phrygia, the chosen seat of the Great King, and the gate through which the traffic between the coast and Caesarea used to pass, and still passes; and when the Ottoman Railway Company complete their projected line, it may be once again second only to Smyrna as an emporium of trade.
The Hesperide of the Olympian Metope and a Marble Head at Madrid
Authors: Waldstein Charles
Published: May 2006

The marble head (Pl. XLV. 2) in the Museum of Madrid has elicited considerable notice, especially because of its peculiar style; and its attempted classification in this respect has produced much difference of opinion. Hübner, who first supposed it to be the head of Athene and then of an Aphrodite, thought that it must be a marble copy of a bronze original belonging to the age of Pheidias. Friedrichs considered it to belong to the type of Aphrodite heads, but did not feel in a position to assign to it a definite date. He says: ‘It decidedly gives the impression of an Hellenic work, but for the more exact dating we have no sound ground to go upon. We should only like to remark that it does not appear to us to be older than the fourth century, because it no longer contains traces of the severer style.’
On the Raft of Ulysses.—OD. V.
Authors: Warre Edmond
Published: May 2006

This was a raft, and not a boat, or even a rude imitation of a boat. Many of the difficulties connected with the well-known description of its construction in the fifth book of the Odyssey have been increased by the confusion of these ideas.

Homer, ‘qui nil molitur inepte,’ is evidently well acquainted with ships, and with a seafaring life, and all its technicalities. In this respect he differs from Hesiod, who (possibly glancing at the manifest σοφία about ships displayed by the older bard) expressly tells us that, unlike his father, he is

Εργ. 647.
Women in Ptolemaic Egypt
Authors: White Rachel Evelyn
Published: May 2006

Mr. Mahaffy in his preface to The Empire of the Ptolemies states among other problems raised by Ptolemaic history the following: ‘How far does the observation, that we only know of one crown-prince with a wife (Soter II.) account for the divorce of that wife after his accession, and for the other apparent heartlessnesses in Ptolemaic history? Is the hereditary title recognised in the princesses, which no doubt led to their marriages with their reigning brothers, a relic of Pharaonic ideas, or a mere imitation of the successful experiment of Philadelphus?’ This article is an attempt to show that the former hypothesis is the true one, and that the marriages of the Ptolemies were dictated by their policy of conciliation, and were based on deeply rooted native prejudices.
A Dedication to Artemis
Authors: Hill G. F.
Published: May 2006

The coin of Sicyon, of the obverse of which a drawing by Mr. F. Anderson (made over a photograph) is given here, has been twice published both times by Professor Percy Gardner.

The inscription on the obverse, which lends special interest to this piece, is unique among adscititious inscriptions upon Greek coins, not only in its elaborate character, but in the manner of its execution. Such inscriptions are in other cases graffiti, scratched with a point; this is pricked into the metal with a pointed instrument.
A Collection of Roman Sarcophagi at Clieveden
Authors: Robert C.
Published: May 2006

During my last visit to England, which was chiefly devoted to preparatory work for the forthcoming volume of my Corpus of Sarcophagi, Mr. Cecil Smith was kind enough to draw my attention to a small series of Roman sarcophagi which Mr. Astor has at Clieveden, and which, after the manner of Roman amateurs of the Renaissance, he has arranged in the garden of the property. As this important communication only reached me on the last day of my stay in London, and as it was impossible for me to delay my return to Germany, I was unfortunately obliged to abandon any idea of visiting Clieveden; but through the friendly intervention of Mr. Cecil Smith, and by the kindness of the owner, I was enabled to obtain excellent photographs which enable one with sufficient accuracy to form an opinion as to the style and condition of the originals. Mr. Cecil Smith further suggested that the Editors of this Journal would welcome a short notice of these interesting monuments in its pages: an honour for which I wish to express my warmest thanks. For the rest, I would ask that the following remarks be taken as an appendix to Michaelis' Ancient Marbles in Great Britain: in the case of the Theseus sarcophagus alone, which is in many respects peculiar, I have been obliged to go more into detail.
The Text of the Homeric Hymns. Part III
Authors: Allen Thomas W.
Published: May 2006

In the first two parts of this treatise, vol. xv. p. 136 sq. and 251 sq. I discussed the relation of the MSS. of the Homeric Hymns, and the history of the text so far as it could be inferred from them. Incidentally to this in Part II. a number of observations were offered on passages where the reading of the MSS. differed. I now, by way of completion, comment on lines where the MS. testimony is unanimous. My notes are critical, and do not aim at more than noticing passages where there is or has been doubt as to the reading or the sense. For historical and archaeological information I make constant reference to the excellent commentaries of Ilgen (1796), Baumeister (1860), and Gemoll (1886), to which, failing the discovery of new sources, it is unlikely that much will be added. Gemoll's book is particularly valuable for the care with which the literature is summarised. I refer also frequently to the latest text of the Hymns, published at Oxford in 1896, for which, as Mr. D. B. Monro has been kind enough to declare (Classical Review, Dec. 1896), I am mostly responsible.
Patrocles and the Oxo-Caspian Trade Route
Authors: Tarn W. W.
Published: May 2006

The statement is usually made, that Greek geographers between Herodotus and Ptolemy believed the Caspian to be an inlet of the Northern ocean; that the Greeks, from the time that they first knew of the Oxus, believed it to flow into the Caspian; and that raw silk and other articles of commerce were carried down the Oxus into the Caspian and thence in due course to the Black Sea.

Even before Alexander, perhaps as early as Herodotus, there was a vague notion that the Caspian was, or ought to be, connected with a circumfluent ocean, as the other large sheets of salt water then known were; but this notion did not take definite shape till after the only recorded navigation of that sea by Greeks; and it perhaps requires explanation, why a genuine voyage should have given definite shape to a false notion.