bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Non‐target risk assessment of Bt crops – Cry protein uptake by aphids
Authors: Romeis J. , Meissle M.
Published: June 2010

One of the main concerns regarding the use of insect‐resistant transgenic crops is their potential detrimental effect on non‐target organisms that fulfil important ecological functions. The potential effects on desirable non‐target organisms are thus assessed as part of the environmental risk assessment prior to the commercial release of any novel transgenic crop. Aphids are abundant herbivores in most crops and are attacked by a range of specialist predators and parasitoids. We here show that aphids do not ingest considerable amounts of insecticidal proteins when feeding on Bt‐transgenic crops. We argue that occasional reports of low concentrations of Bt Cry proteins in aphids can be explained by contamination of the samples. Consequently, antagonists that are specifically or predominantly attacking aphids are unlikely to be at risk because of limited exposure. Studies to support the environmental risk assessment should thus focus on species that are more likely to be exposed to the insecticidal compounds.
Adverse effects of isotretinoin: A retrospective review of 1743 patients started on isotretinoin
Authors: Rademaker Marius
Published: June 2010

Background/Objectives:  Isotretinoin has revolutionized the management of acne vulgaris. However, concerns continue regarding the adverse effect profile of isotretinoin. This study aims to review the adverse effects experienced by patients started on isotretinoin by a single dermatologist.

Methods:  Retrospective chart review of 1743 patients started on isotretinoin for various dermatological conditions over a 6‐year period. Details of the dose of isotretinoin used, concomitant medications, adverse effects and outcome were recorded.

Results:  One‐fifth (18.5%) of patients reported no adverse effects during the study period. Cheilitis was the most commonly reported adverse effect, affecting 78% of users, followed by eczema and tiredness, seen in 12% each. However, these were clearly dose‐dependent, as the group treated with doses of isotretinoin under 0.25 mg/kg/day only reported cheilitis in 47%, eczema in 7% and tiredness in 5%, compared with 96%, 16% and 18%, respectively, in those treated with more than 0.75 mg/gm/day. Twenty‐four patients (1.4%) stopped isotretinoin because of adverse effects; a further three patients complained of severe adverse effects on at least one occasion, but continued taking the medication. The adverse effect(s) that led to patients stopping isotretinoin were cheilitis (22 patients), mood change (13), tiredness (12), eczema (6) and pregnancy (2). There were no reported instances of suicidal ideation or attempted suicide.

Conclusions:  Other than the two oral contraceptive failures, there were no serious adverse events recorded during this review period. Isotretinoin is a very effective medication with a low adverse‐effect profile when used at lower doses.
Mycobacterium abscessus infection complicating a professional tattoo
Authors: Ricciardo Bernadette , Weedon David , Butler Gregory
Published: June 2010

A healthy 23‐year‐old man presented with a tender papular eruption confined to the grey pigment of a recently acquired professional tattoo. Atypical mycobacterial infection was suspected and culture of a tissue specimen grew Mycobacterium abscessus. He was successfully treated with minocycline and subsequently, clarithromycin. We present a brief review of M. abscessus infection, with a particular focus on its role in nosocomial infections and in the post‐tattoo setting.
Lack of therapeutic effects of gabexate mesilate on the hepatic encephalopathy in rats with acute and chronic hepatic failure
Authors: Hsu Chia‐Yang , Lee Fa‐Yauh , Huo Teh‐Ia , Chan Cho‐Yu , Huang Hui‐Chun , Lin Han‐Chih , Chang Ching‐Chih , Teng Tzu‐Hua , Wang Sun‐Sang , Lee Shou‐Dong
Published: June 2010

Background and Aim: Inflammation plays a pivotal role in liver injury. Gabexate mesilate (GM, a protease inhibitor) inhibits inflammation by blocking various serine proteases. This study examined the effects of GM on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with acute and chronic liver failure.

Methods: Acute and chronic liver failure (cirrhosis) were induced by intraperitoneal TAA administration (350 mg/kg/day for 3 days) and common bile duct ligation, respectively, in male Sprague‐Dawley rats. Rats were randomized to receive either GM (50 mg/10 mL/kg) or saline intraperitoneally for 5 days. Severity of encephalopathy was assessed by the Opto‐Varimex animal activity meter and hemodynamic parameters, mean arterial pressure and portal pressure, were measured (only in chronic liver failure rats). Plasma levels of liver biochemistry, ammonia, nitrate/nitrite, interleukins (IL) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α were determined.

Results: In rats with acute liver failure, GM treatment significantly decreased the plasma levels of alanine aminotransferase (P = 0.02), but no significant difference of motor activity, plasma levels of ammonia, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10 and TNF‐α or survival was found. In chronic liver failure rats, GM significantly lowered the plasma TNF‐α levels (P = 0.04). However, there was no significant difference of motor activity, other biochemical tests or survival found. GM‐treated chronic liver failure rats had higher portal pressure (P = 0.04) but similar mean arterial pressure in comparison with saline‐treated rats.

Conclusions: Chronic GM treatment does not have a major effect on hepatic encephalopathy in rats with TAA‐induced acute liver failure and rats with chronic liver failure induced by common bile duct ligation.
HFE genotyping: Maximising the value for hemochromatosis patients and families
Authors: Bassett Mark L
Published: June 2010

See article in J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol. 2010; 25: 1295–1298
Ulceration and antihypertensive use are risk factors for infection after skin lesion excision
Authors: Penington Anthony
Published: June 2010

Background:  A prospective audit was performed of wound complications of skin lesion excision in a private practice setting.

Methods:  For 924 consecutive skin lesion excisions performed by a single surgeon, information was collected on tumour size and site, closure method and on risk factors of age, known diabetes, use of steroids, antihypertensives or anticoagulants and ulceration of the lesion. Patients were given written instructions to wet the wound in the shower after one or two days. A wound ‘infection’ event was recorded if the wound appeared inflamed or if the patient had been treated with antibiotics by any practitioner. Wound bleeding was recorded if the patient returned or attended elsewhere for management of bleeding.

Results:  Sixty‐seven wounds (7.25%) met the broad definition of ‘infection’ and 18 (1.9%) wounds suffered bleeding. Ulceration (odds ratio (OR) 3.15, P= 0.008) and use of antihypertensives (OR 2.5, P= 0.006) were independent risk factors for infection along with site and closure method. The patients who did not wet their wounds post‐operatively were also at an increased risk of infection (OR 2.1, P= 0.018). Aspirin caused a slight, non‐statistically significant increase in bleeding rate, and warfarin caused a larger, but still not statistically significant, increase in bleeding. Use of other anticoagulants caused a significant increase in bleeding (OR 10.9, P= 0.006).

Conclusion:  Ulceration of the skin lesion and use of antihypertensives are significant risk factors for wound infection. Wetting surgical wounds with clean tap water does not increase, and may even reduce, wound infection rate.
A randomized trial evaluating a cognitive simulator for laparoscopic appendectomy
Authors: Loveday Benjamin P. T. , Oosthuizen George V. , Diener B. Scott , Windsor John A.
Published: June 2010

Background:  The Integrated Cognitive Simulator (ICS) is a software application that integrates text, anatomy, video and simulation for training clinical procedures. The aim of this randomized controlled trial was to determine the usability of the ICS laparoscopic appendectomy module, and to determine its effectiveness in training the cognitive skills required for the procedure.

Methods:  Junior surgical trainees were randomized into control and intervention groups. The latter had access to the ICS. Participants had three assessments: a pre‐study questionnaire to determine demographics, 20 multiple choice questions to assess procedural knowledge (training effectiveness) after 2 weeks, and a questionnaire to assess usability after 4 months.

Results:  Fifty‐eight trainees were randomized. The overall response rate was 57%. The median scores for interface, functionality, usefulness and likelihood of utilization (usability) were 5/7 or higher. In the multiple choice questions (training effectiveness), first‐year trainees in the intervention group scored higher than the control group (14.9 versus 12.1, P= 0.04), but second‐year trainees did not. Use of the ICS did not alter the participants' perceived need for intra‐operative guidance.

Conclusions:  The ICS is considered highly usable by trainees. The ICS is effective for training cognitive skills for laparoscopic appendectomy among first‐year surgical trainees. Training cognitive skills alone does not increase confidence in the ability to perform motor tasks.
A systematic review of dermal fillers for age‐related lines and wrinkles
Authors: Sturm Lana P. , Cooter Rodney D. , Mutimer Keith L. , Graham John C. , Maddern Guy J.
Published: June 2010

Background:  Dermal fillers are gaining popularity for rapid aesthetic improvement. Long‐term efficacy and safety have not been well documented. The aim of this systematic review was to assess the safety and efficacy of injectable dermal fillers compared with other facial augmentation techniques for the management of age‐related lines and wrinkles.

Methods:  Studies including patients receiving injectable semi‐permanent or permanent dermal fillers for age‐related lines and wrinkles were included in this review. Efficacy outcomes (including changes in skin thickness and patient satisfaction) and safety outcomes (including mortality, lumps and infections) were examined.

Results:  Three randomized control trials and six case series were included. Permanent and semi‐permanent dermal fillers improved subjective ratings of appearance and resulted in higher patient satisfaction than temporary fillers. Long‐term efficacy appeared good in the few studies that reported it. Short‐term safety appeared favourable. Lumps were reported in all but one study but received little follow‐up. Long‐term safety data were limited.

Conclusions:  The treatment of age‐related lines and wrinkles with permanent and semi‐permanent dermal fillers is more efficacious compared with temporary fillers in those studies that compared them. Case series evidence suggests that these fillers achieve their objective, which is to decrease the visible effects of age‐related changes. These fillers appear at least as safe as temporary fillers in the short term in those studies that compared them. Long‐term safety could not be determined.
Effects of central administration of insulin or l‐NMMA on rat skeletal muscle microvascular perfusion
Authors: Bradley E. A. , Willson K. J. , Choi‐Lundberg D. , Clark M. G. , Rattigan S.
Published: June 2010

Aim: Intracerebroventricular (ICV) administration of a nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibitor to rats has been reported to raise blood pressure (BP) and cause insulin resistance, suggestive of a central effect of insulin that is NO dependent. Herein we test whether ICV insulin has peripheral haemodynamic and metabolic effects and whether peripheral effects of systemic insulin are affected by the ICV administration of the NOS inhibitor NG‐methyl‐l‐arginine (l‐NMMA).

Methods: Anaesthetized rats were fitted with an ICV cannula for insulin, artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) or l‐NMMA infusion. Rats receiving ICV l‐NMMA (500 µg) underwent systemic insulin clamp (10 mU/min/kg) or saline treatment for 70 min and were compared with animals receiving an equal amount of l‐NMMA infused systemically.

Results: ICV aCSF or insulin (135 mU/min/kg brain) for 70 min or systemic l‐NMMA (500 µg) had no effect on BP, heart rate (HR), femoral blood flow (FBF), glucose infusion rate, muscle 2‐deoxyglucose uptake, microvascular perfusion or plasma insulin. However, ICV l‐NMMA reduced systemic insulin‐mediated increases in FBF (2.05 ± 0.08 to 1.55 ± 0.15 ml/min), 2‐deoxyglucose uptake (17.7 ± 0.15 to 10.0 ± 0.03 µg/g/min) and microvascular perfusion (10.5 ± 0.5 to 6.6 ± 1.1 mol/min) (each mean ± SE, p < 0.05); plasma insulin, HR and BP were unaffected.

Conclusions: Central insulin administration had no effect on skeletal muscle haemodynamics or glucose metabolism. However, systemic insulin‐mediated increases in limb blood flow, muscle microvascular perfusion and glucose uptake may be regulated by a central pathway that is NO dependent.
Melanin and melanogenesis in adipose tissue: possible mechanisms for abating oxidative stress and inflammation?
Authors: Page S. , Chandhoke V. , Baranova A.
Published: June 2010

Obesity has become a worldwide epidemic and can lead to multiple chronic diseases. Adipose tissue is increasingly thought to play an active role in obesity‐related pathologies such as insulin resistance and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease. Obesity has been strongly associated with systemic inflammation and, to a lesser degree, with oxidative stress, although the causal relationships among these factors are unclear. A recent study demonstrating an expression of the components of the melanogenic pathway and the presence of melanin in visceral adipose has raised questions regarding the possible role of melanogenesis in adipose tissue. As this study also found larger amounts of melanin in the adipose tissue of obese patients relative to lean ones, we hypothesize that melanin, a pigment known for its antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties, may scavenge reactive oxygen species and abate oxidative stress and inflammation in adipose tissue. This review considers the evidence to support such a hypothesis, and speculates on the role of melanin within adipocytes. Furthermore, we consider whether the α‐melanocyte‐stimulating hormone or its synthetic analogues could be used to stimulate melanin production in adipocytes, should the hypothesis be supported in future experiments.
Antecedents of Shareholder Activism in Target Firms: Evidence from a Multi‐Country Study
Authors: Judge William Q. , Gaur Ajai , Muller‐Kahle Maureen I.
Published: June 2010

Manuscript Type: Empirical

Research Question/Issue: This study seeks to better understand the antecedents of shareholder activism targeted at firms located in three common law countries (i.e., USA, UK, and Australia) and three civil law countries (Japan, Germany, and South Korea) during the 2003–07 time period.

Research Findings/Insights: Our findings suggest that the antecedents of shareholder activism vary by the motivation of the activist. We demonstrate that activists target firms with two motives (a) to improve the financial performance, and (b) to improve the social performance of the firm. With respect to the target firm level antecedents, we find that firm size is unrelated to financial activism, but positively related to social activism; ownership concentration is negatively related to both financial and social activism; and prior profitability is negatively related to financial activism, but positively related to social activism. Further, these relationships in the case of financial activism are generally stronger in common law legal systems, whereas those in the case of social activism are generally stronger in environments with a greater level of income inequality.

Theoretical/Academic Implications: Our findings suggest that future research should differentiate between the motivations of the activism event. Further, we find that while agency logic works well for financial activism, institutional theory provides stronger explanations for social activism. Overall, we demonstrate the complementary nature of these two theories in explaining shareholder activism.

Practitioner/Policy Implications: We found that the “exposure” to shareholder activism varies by the motivation of the activist, and the nature of the firm and its national context. An understanding of these issues would help firms develop proper response strategies to activism events.
Improving Russian Justice with Foreign Assistance: Model Courts and the Tactical Approach
Authors: SOLOMON JR. PETER H.
Published: June 2010

This article argues that as an interactive, tactical approach to sharing good practices, model courts represent an especially fruitful vehicle for accomplishing judicial reform. This contention is illustrated with an assessment of Canadian and American judicial reform projects in Russia in creating model district courts and diffusing their experience to other courts throughout the country. Mechanisms of diffusion included both a new curriculum for the training of court staff and new instructions for case management, as well as the indirect spread of concepts and practices through social learning. The article goes on to explore the reasons for the success of these projects and the conditions under which the tactical approach is most appropriate.
Perceived Internet health literacy of HIV‐positive people through the provision of a computer and Internet health education intervention
Authors: Robinson Christie , Graham Joy
Published: June 2010

Objective:  The objective of this study was to assess perceived Internet health literacy of HIV‐positive people before and after an Internet health information educational intervention.

Methods:  We developed a 50‐min educational intervention on basic computer skills and online health information evaluation. We administered a demographic survey and a validated health literacy survey (eHEALS) at baseline, immediately after, and 3 months the class. Changes in scores between the surveys were analysed.

Results:  Eighteen HIV‐positive participants were included in the final analysis. Before the intervention, most respondents’ assessment of their ability to access Internet health information was unfavourable. Post‐intervention, the majority of respondents agreed or strongly agreed they were able to access and identify Internet health information resources. The increase in self‐assessed skill level was statistically significant for all eight items eHEALS (P < 0.05). Scores for the 3‐month follow‐up survey remained higher than pre‐intervention scores for most items.

Conclusions:  Providing an interdisciplinary brief introductory Internet health information educational intervention HIV‐positive people with baseline low perceived Internet health literacy significantly improves confidence in finding and using Internet health information resources. Studies with larger numbers of participants should be undertaken to determine if brief interventions improve self‐care, patient outcomes and use of emergency services.
Disadvantage across the Generations: What Do We Know about Social and Economic Mobility in Australia?*
Authors: COBB‐CLARK DEBORAH
Published: June 2010

This paper begins by considering the Australian evidence on intergenerational social and economic mobility in the context of the international literature. Recent evidence from the Youth in Focus project is used to highlight the effects of growing up in socio‐economic disadvantage on a range of outcomes for young Australians.
Can Agitated Behavior of Nursing Home Residents with Dementia Be Prevented with the Use of Standardized Stimuli?
Authors: Cohen‐Mansfield Jiska , Marx Marcia S. , Dakheel‐Ali Maha , Regier Natalie G. , Thein Khin , Freedman Laurence
Published: June 2010

OBJECTIVES: To assess the relative effect of different types of stimuli on agitated behaviors of nursing home residents with dementia.

DESIGN: Repeated‐measures design with randomized assignment of conditions.

SETTING: Seven Maryland nursing homes.

PARTICIPANTS: One hundred eleven nursing home residents with a diagnosis of dementia who exhibited agitation.

INTERVENTION: Different types of stimuli (music, social stimuli, simulated social stimuli, and individualized stimuli based on the person's self‐identity) were presented.

MEASUREMENTS: Agitation was directly observed and recorded using the Agitation Behavior Mapping Instrument.

RESULTS: All stimulus categories were associated with significantly less physical agitation than baseline observations, and all except for manipulative stimuli were associated with significantly less total agitation. Live social stimuli were associated with less agitation than music, self‐identity, work, simulated social, and manipulative stimulus categories. Task and reading stimulus categories were each associated with significantly less agitation than work, simulated social, and manipulative stimulus categories. Music and self‐identity stimuli were associated with less agitation than simulated social and manipulative stimuli.

CONCLUSION: Providing stimuli offers a proactive approach to preventing agitation in persons with dementia, with live social stimuli being the most successful.
Enhanced classification of Chagas serologic results and epidemiologic characteristics of seropositive donors at three large blood centers in Brazil
Authors: Sabino Ester C. , Salles Nanci A. , Sarr Moussa , Barreto Angela M. , Oikawa Marcio , Oliveira Cláudia D. , Leao Silvana C. , Carneiro‐Proietti Anna B. , Custer Brian , Busch Michael P. ,   NHLBI Retrovirus Epidemiology Donor Study‐II (REDS‐II), International Component
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: A major problem in Chagas disease donor screening is the high frequency of samples with inconclusive results. The objective of this study was to describe patterns of serologic results among donors to the three Brazilian REDS‐II blood centers and correlate with epidemiologic characteristics.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: The centers screened donor samples with one Trypanosoma cruzi lysate enzyme immunoassay (EIA). EIA‐reactive samples were tested with a second lysate EIA, a recombinant‐antigen based EIA, and an immunfluorescence assay. Based on the serologic results, samples were classified as confirmed positive (CP), probable positive (PP), possible other parasitic infection (POPI), and false positive (FP).

RESULTS: In 2007 to 2008, a total of 877 of 615,433 donations were discarded due to Chagas assay reactivity. The prevalences (95% confidence intervals [CIs]) among first‐time donors for CP, PP, POPI, and FP patterns were 114 (99‐129), 26 (19‐34), 10 (5‐14), and 96 (82‐110) per 100,000 donations, respectively. CP and PP had similar patterns of prevalence when analyzed by age, sex, education, and location, suggesting that PP cases represent true T. cruzi infections; in contrast the demographics of donors with POPI were distinct and likely unrelated to Chagas disease. No CP cases were detected among 218,514 repeat donors followed for a total of 718,187 person‐years.

CONCLUSION: We have proposed a classification algorithm that may have practical importance for donor counseling and epidemiologic analyses of T. cruzi–seroreactive donors. The absence of incident T. cruzi infections is reassuring with respect to risk of window phase infections within Brazil and travel‐related infections in nonendemic countries such as the United States.
Relapsing or refractory idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura‐hemolytic uremic syndrome: the role of rituximab
Authors: Caramazza Domenica , Quintini Gerlando , Abbene Ignazio , Malato Alessandra , Saccullo Giorgia , Coco Lucio Lo , Di Trapani Rosa , Palazzolo Roberto , Barone Rita , Mazzola Giuseppina , Rizzo Sergio , Ragonese Paolo , Aridon Paolo , Abbadessa Vincenzo , Siragusa Sergio
Published: June 2010

Idiopathic thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura–hemolytic uremic syndrome (TTP‐HUS) is a rare disease responsive to treatment with plasma exchange (PE) but with a high percentage of relapse or refractory patients. A severe deficiency of ADAMTS‐13 (<5% of normal activity), congenital or caused by an autoantibody, may be specific for TTP and it has been proposed that severe ADAMTS‐13 deficiency now defines TTP. B cells play a key role in both the development and the perpetuation of autoimmunity, suggesting that B‐cell depletion could be a valuable treatment approach for patients with idiopathic TTP‐HUS. This review of the literature focuses on the role of rituximab, a chimeric monoclonal antibody directed against CD20 antigen expressed by B lymphocytes, in patients with relapsing or refractory TTP‐HUS with or without ADAMTS‐13 deficiency, suggesting that rituximab may produce clinical remission in a significant proportion of patients. Rituximab therapy reduces plasma requirement and avoids complications related to salvage‐immunosuppressive therapy. In conclusion, rituximab provides an effective, well‐tolerated, and safe treatment option for patients with idiopathic TTP‐HUS, thus giving an alternative approach to the current treatment based on PE.
A novel RHCE*ce 48C, 733G allele with Nucleotide 941C in Exon 7 encodes an altered red blood cell e antigen
Authors: Hue‐Roye Kim , Hipsky Christine Halter , Velliquette Randall W. , Fuchisawa Akiko , Lomas‐Francis Christine , Hoppe Carolyn , Reid Marion E.
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: Several RHCE*ce alleles have in common a 733C>G (Leu245Val) change. Some encode an altered expression of e on red blood cells (RBCs) and individuals with such RBCs can make e‐like alloantibodies. The identification of an apparent anti‐hrB in the serum of an E−e+ African American patient prompted us to analyze her DNA, which revealed a novel RHCE*ce allele. We also screened blood samples from African Americans to determine the frequency of the novel allele.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: Hemagglutination tests and molecular analyses were performed by standard procedures.

RESULTS: Analysis of the proband's DNA revealed RHCE*ce 48C/C, 733G/G, 941T/C, and 1006G/T. Of 272 samples from African Americans, 257 were RHCE*941T/T (wild type), and 15 (6%) were RHCE*941T/C. Of these 15, 14 were RHCE*ce/ce, 10 with 733C/G and four with 733G/G, and one was RHCE*ce/cE, 733C/G. Cloning experiments confirmed the Nucleotide 941 change and showed that 48C, 733G, 941C, and 1006T were carried on the same allele. RBCs from the 15 samples carrying the RHCE*941C variant typed V/VS+ and hrB+W.

CONCLUSION: This study identifies a novel allele, RHCE*ce 48C, 733G, 941C, 1006T which is predicted to encode 16Cys, 245Val, 314Ala, and 336CyS and was shown to encode c, V/VS, and an altered expression of e and hrB antigens. The clinical significance of the antibody found in the proband is not established because E+e− RBC components were transfused to the patient. The novel RHCE*ce 48C, 733G, 941C, 1006T allele was present in 5.5% of samples from African Americans and thus, in this small cohort, it had a frequency of 0.028.
Expanded evaluation of blood donors in the United States for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 non‐B subtypes and antiretroviral drug–resistant strains: 2005 through 2007
Authors: Brennan Catherine A. , Yamaguchi Julie , Devare Sushil G. , Foster Greg A. , Stramer Susan L.
Published: June 2010

BACKGROUND: In a previous study of 66 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected US blood donors from 1999 to 2005, HIV‐1 non‐B and antiretroviral drug–resistant strains accounted for 4.7 and 6.5% of HIV infections, respectively. This study was expanded to include an additional 11 recently acquired infections and 197 established infections collected from January 2005 through December 2007.

STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS: HIV‐infected donors were detected using FDA‐licensed assays. Drug resistance profiles for protease and reverse transcriptase (RT) genes were determined using a genotyping system (ViroSeq, Celera Diagnostics); genetic subtype was determined by phylogenetic analysis of these sequences.

RESULTS: Drug resistance profiles were obtained for 203 of 208 specimens; 9.9% had mutations that confer drug resistance. Ten showed resistance to a single drug class: nine to nonnucleoside RT inhibitors (NNRTIs) and one to nucleoside RT inhibitors (NRTIs). Eight showed two drug class resistance: five NRTI plus NNRTI, two NRTI plus protease inhibitor (PI), and one NNRTI plus PI. Two showed three drug class resistance. Non‐B strains were identified in 2.5% of donors and consisted of subtypes A1 and D, CRF02_AG, CRF43‐02G, and URF_BF.

CONCLUSIONS: Data from this and the previous study show that antiretroviral drug–resistant HIV‐1 is present in 9.1% of HIV‐infected donors from 1999 through 2007; 9.3% of established infections and 6.9% of recent infections. Diverse HIV‐1 non‐B strains presently account for 3.0% of HIV infections in US donors.
Rites to Reform: The Cultural Production of the Reformer in Urban Schools
Authors: Yang K. Wayne
Published: June 2010

As neoliberal reformers are appointed to manage the “crisis” of U.S. public schools, their power has become a pressing reality for grassroots movements in education. I examine how the Small Schools movement in Oakland, California—just as the school district fell under state administrative control—employed rites of passage to socialize a grassroots identity: the reform officer. These rites represent a form of grassroots cultural power that disrupts the conditions of neoliberal domination. [neoliberalism, school reform, counterhegemony, community organizing, cultural production]
Language and Literacy Planning and Local Contexts: The Case of a Rarámuri Community
Authors: Paciotto Carla
Published: June 2010

On the basis of a ten‐month ethnography of a Rarámuri school and community, this article contributes to the understanding of the role of sociolinguistic and socioeconomic contexts in creating Indigenous‐language maintenance programs. Employing concepts of micro‐ and macrolevel variables in language endangerment and language vitality scales, it provides an example of how these variables should inform language and literacy planning (LLP). It also discusses how LLP for Indigenous communities needs to embrace a biocultural diversity perspective. [Rarámuri, Tarahumara, language maintenance and shift, language policy and planning, bilingual education, indigenous education, Mexico]
Mechanical anchorage and peri‐implant bone formation of surface‐modified zirconia in minipigs
Authors: Schliephake Henning , Hefti Thomas , Schlottig Falko , Gédet Philippe , Staedt Henning
Published: June 2010

Schliephake H, Hefti T, Schlottig F, Gédet P, Staedt H. Mechanical anchorage and peri‐implant bone formation of surface‐modified zirconia in minipigs. J Clin Periodontol 2010; 37: 818–828. doi: 10.1111/j.1600‐051X.2010.01549.

Aim: To test the hypothesis that peri‐implant bone formation and mechanical stability of surface‐modified zirconia and titanium implants are equivalent.

Materials and Methods: Twelve minipigs received three types of implants on either side of the mandible 8 weeks after removal of all pre‐molar teeth: (i) a zirconia implant with a sandblasted surface; (ii) a zirconia implants with a sandblasted and etched surface; and (iii) a titanium implant with a sandblasted and acid‐etched surface that served as a control. Removal torque and peri‐implant bone regeneration were evaluated in six animals each after 4 and 13 weeks.

Results: The titanium surface was significantly rougher than both tested zirconia surfaces. Mean bone to implant contact (BIC) did not differ significantly between the three implant types after 4 weeks but was significantly higher for titanium compared with both zirconia implants after 13 weeks (p<0.05). Bone volume density (BVD) did not differ significantly at any interval. Removal torque was significantly higher for titanium compared with both zirconia surfaces after 4 and 13 weeks (p<0.001). The sandblasted and etched zirconia surface showed a significantly higher removal torque after 4 weeks compared with sandblasted zirconia (p<0.05); this difference levelled out after 13 weeks.

Conclusions: It is concluded that all implants achieved osseointegration with similar degrees of BIC and BVD; however, titanium implants showed a higher resistance to removal torque, probably due to higher surface roughness.
A spot test for detection of cobalt release – early experience and findings
Authors: Thyssen Jacob P. , Menné Torkil , Johansen Jeanne D. , Lidén Carola , Julander Anneli , Møller Per , Jellesen Morten S.
Published: June 2010

Background: It is often difficult to establish clinical relevance of metal exposure in cobalt‐allergic patients. Dermatologists and patients may incorrectly assume that many metallic items release cobalt at levels that may cause cobalt dermatitis. Cobalt‐allergic patients may be unaware that they are exposed to cobalt from handling work items, causing hand dermatitis.

Objectives: To present early findings with a newly developed cobalt spot test.

Methods and Results: A cobalt spot test based on disodium‐1‐nitroso‐2‐naphthol‐3,6‐disulfonate was able to identify cobalt release at 8.3 ppm. The test may also be used as a gel test if combined with an agar preparation. We found no false‐positive reactions when testing metals and alloys known not to contain cobalt. However, one cobalt‐containing alloy, which elicited cobalt dermatitis in cobalt‐allergic patients, was negative upon cobalt gel testing.

Conclusions: The cobalt test detects amounts of cobalt release that approximate the elicitation concentration seen in cobalt‐allergic patients. It may serve as a useful tool in dermatology offices and workplaces.
Oxidation of melatonin and its catabolites, N1‐acetyl‐N 2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine and N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine, by activated leukocytes
Authors: Silva Sueli O. , Rodrigues Maria R. , Carvalho Sandra R. Q. , Catalani Luiz H. , Campa Ana , Ximenes Valdecir F.
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  N
1‐acetyl‐N2‐formyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AFMK) and N1‐acetyl‐5‐methoxykynuramine (AMK), two melatonin catabolites, have been described as potent antioxidants. We aimed to follow the kinetics of AFMK and AMK formation when melatonin is oxidized by phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated leukocytes. An HPLC‐based method was used for AFMK and AMK determination in neutrophil and peripheral blood mononuclear cell cultures supernatants. Samples were separated isocratically on a C18 reverse‐phase column using acetonitrile/H2O (25:75) as the mobile phase. AFMK was detected by fluorescence (excitation 340 nm and emission 460 nm) and AMK by UV‐VIS absorbance (254 nm). Activation of neutrophils and mononuclear cells with PMA produces larger amounts of AFMK than activation with LPS, probably due to the lower levels of reactive oxygen species formation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) degranulation that occurs when cells are stimulated with LPS. The concentration of AMK found in the supernatant was about 5–10% (from 18‐hr cultures) compared with AFMK. This result may reflect its reactivity. Indeed AMK, but not AFMK, is easily oxidized by activated neutrophils in a MPO and hydrogen peroxide‐dependent reaction. In conclusion, we defined a simple procedure for the determination of AFMK and AMK in biological samples and demonstrated the capacity of leukocytes to oxidize melatonin and AMK.
The circadian rhythm of melatonin modulates the severity of caerulein‐induced pancreatitis in the rat
Authors: Jaworek Jolanta , Konturek Stanisław J. , Tomaszewska Romana , Leja‐Szpak Anna , Bonior Joanna , Nawrot Katarzyna , Palonek Magdalena , Stachura Jerzy. , Pawlik Wiesław W
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  Melatonin, an antioxidant, protects the pancreas against acute inflammation but, although this indole is released mainly at night, no study has been undertaken to determine circadian changes of plasma melatonin levels and the severity of acute pancreatitis. The aims of this study were: (a) to compare the severity of caerulein‐induced pancreatitis (CIP) produced in the rat during the day and at the night, and (b) to assess the changes of plasma melatonin level and the activity of an antioxidative enzyme; superoxide dismutase (SOD), in the pancreas subjected to CIP during the day time and at night without or with administration of exogenous melatonin or its precursor; l‐tryptophan. Rats were kept in 12 hr light/dark cycle. CIP was induced by subcutaneous infusion of caerulein (5 μg/kg/hr for 5 hr). Melatonin (5 or 25 mg/kg) or l‐tryptophan (50 or 250 mg/kg) was given intraperitoneally 30 min prior to the start of CIP. CIP induced during the day time was confirmed by histological examination and manifested by pancreatic edema, and rises of amylase and lipase plasma activities (by 400 and 500%, respectively), whereas pancreatic SOD, pancreatic blood flow (PBF) and oxygen consumption by pancreatic tissue (VO2) were decreased by 70, 40 and 45%, respectively, as compared with the appropriate controls. All morphological and biochemical parameters of CIP induced at night were significantly less severe, compared with those recorded during the light phase. Plasma melatonin immunoreactivity was significantly higher during the night, than during the day, especially following administration of melatonin or its precursor, which reversed all manifestations of CIP. In conclusion, a circadian rhythm modulates the severity of CIP with a decrease of pancreatitis severity during the night compared with that at the day time and this may be due to the increased plasma level of melatonin and higher activity of SOD in the pancreas.
Intracellular second messengers involved in melatonin signal transduction in chicken splenocytes in vitro
Authors: Markowska Magdalena , Mrozkowiak Anna , Pawlak Joanna , Skwarło‐Sońta Krystyna
Published: June 2010

Abstract:  The pineal hormone melatonin exhibits immunomodulatory activity well documented in mammals and birds. The mechanism of melatonin action within the immune system is, however, poorly understood. In mammalian immune cells in vitro, melatonin acts mainly as an antiapoptotic, oncostatic and antiproliferative agent, and these effects are exerted via specific receptors or are related to its free radical scavenging activity. In previous studies we have found that in short‐term chicken splenocyte cultures in vitro melatonin stimulated basil proliferation and inhibited that stimulated with phytohemagglutinin, a T‐cell mitogen. This paper is devoted to the involvement of membrane receptors, previously characterised by us as MT2 (Mel1b) and Mel1c subtypes, in the above mentioned melatonin effects in chicken splenocyte cultures. For this purpose, in present study a nonselective melatonin receptor antagonist, luzindole, and the selective MT2 blocker, 4P‐PDOT, were used. The effect of melatonin on second messengers, cyclic adenosine‐3′,5′‐monophosphate (cAMP) and inositol‐1,4,5‐trisphosphate (IP3), involved in the regulation of proliferation, was examined. We have found that the stimulation of proliferation occurs via Mel1c receptor and is associated with the changes in intracellular second messengers concentration: a decrease in cAMP and an increase in IP3. In contrast, in mitogen‐activated splenocytes, melatonin‐induced inhibition of proliferation is mediated by MT2 receptors and is related to cAMP accumulation, as well as a decrease in IP3. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that the stimulatory and inhibitory effect of melatonin on chicken splenocytes in vitro, dependent on the magnitude of cell stimulation, resulted from two different subtypes of membrane receptors.
TOWARD THE DIFFERENTIATION OF HIGH‐CONFLICT FAMILIES: AN ANALYSIS OF SOCIAL SCIENCE RESEARCH AND CANADIAN CASE LAW
Authors: Birnbaum Rachel , Bala Nicholas
Published: June 2010

Social science research and the courts have begun to recognize the special challenges posed by “high‐conflict” separations for children and the justice system. The use of “high conflict” terminology by social science researchers and the courts has increased dramatically over the past decade. This is an important development, but the term is often used vaguely and to characterize very different types of cases. An analysis of Canadian case law reveals that some judges are starting to differentiate between various degrees and types of high conflict. Often this judicial differentiation is implicit and occurs without full articulation of the factors that are taken into account in applying different remedies. There is a need for the development of more refined, explicit analytical concepts for the identification and differentiation of various types of high conflict cases. Empirically driven social science research can assist mental health professionals, lawyers and the courts in better understanding these cases and providing the most appropriate interventions. As a tentative scheme for differentiating cases, we propose distinguishing between high conflict cases where there is: (1) poor communication; (2) domestic violence; and (3) alienation. Further, there must be a differentiation between cases where one parent is a primary instigator for the conflict or abuse, and those where both parents bear significant responsibility.
SURROGACY IN JAPAN: LEGAL IMPLICATIONS FOR PARENTAGE AND CITIZENSHIP
Authors: De Alcantara Marcelo
Published: June 2010

Japan has not yet regulated assisted reproductive technology by law. This lack of rules and regulations leaves to the courts the solution of numerous controversies, and puts patients in a situation of considerable uncertainty about their rights. First, the article uses a Supreme Court case on foreign surrogacy to discuss how courts should decide when there is a conflict between existing laws and the best interest of the child. Then, after describing the current situation and trends of surrogacy in Japan, the article examines a potential problem of coherence in prohibiting surrogacy and at the same time allowing adoption by the intended parents.
CYBER‐ABUSE—A NEW WORLDWIDE THREAT TO CHILDREN'S RIGHTS
Authors: Altobelli Tom
Published: June 2010

Cyberspace is a new frontier for both international and domestic family law. On the one hand, it presents great opportunities for society and, on the other, great dangers particularly for children. This paper explores a number of issues from a domestic and international family law perspective. These issues include:

What is cyberspace, how has it emerged, and where is it likely to go?

What are the potential dangers for children that arise from children's engagement with cyberspace?

What is the nature and extent of domestic and international family laws that protect children from the dangers of cyberspace?

What are some of the present and emerging policy issues that impact on these matters?

Cyber‐abuse is a term that encompasses a wide range of aggressive online activities.
UNTIL DEATH DO US PART? WHY COURTS SHOULD EXPAND PRENUPTIAL AGREEMENTS TO INCLUDE TEN‐YEAR MARRIAGES
Authors: Campanaro Janine
Published: June 2010

It has become apparent that marriage, while still strongly valued by society and government, has become less appealing to Americans as a whole. The changes taking place in society, whether economic or moral, have resulted in married couples becoming the minority in the United States. This decrease demonstrates that there is a need for reform, and that couples need to be provided with new options that will incentivize them to choose this union over cohabitation. This Note will discuss how expanding prenuptial agreements to allow couples to contract to the length of their marriage may help to accomplish that goal. This expansion will give couples the ability to tailor their relationship to fit their individual expectations and quell the reservations commonly associated with formalized relationships. Furthermore, such an expansion would be consistent with current law regulating premarital agreements and would still allow state governments to remain involved in regulation, making it less drastic of a reform than privatization.
Semi‐Structured Interviewing in Practice‐Close Research
Authors: Baumbusch Jennifer
Published: June 2010

Jennifer Baumbusch
 
Column Editor: Lauren Clark

Scientific Inquiry provides a forum to facilitate the ongoing process of questioning and evaluating practice, presents informed practice based on available data, and innovates new practices through research and experimental learning.
Caring for the Child With an Autism Spectrum Disorder in the Acute Care Setting
Authors: Scarpinato Nina , Bradley Jana , Kurbjun Kay , Bateman Xenia , Holtzer Brenda , Ely Beth
Published: June 2010

PURPOSE.  This article explores the challenges that patients with autistic spectrum disorders (ASDs) face when hospitalized and provides assessment strategies and plan‐of‐care suggestions for nursing caregivers.

CONCLUSIONS.  With a high prevalence rate of medical comorbidities among this population, such as gastrointestinal complaints and seizures, nurses are likely to care for hospitalized patients with an ASD.

PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS.  For a child with an ASD, hospitalization can be an overwhelming sensory and cognitive experience. Nurses equipped with an understanding of the unique needs of a child with ASD can tailor the plan of care to reduce patient and family anxiety, optimize treatment goals, and reduce the stress of hospitalization.
Detection, distribution and control of Potato mop‐top virus, a soil‐borne virus, in northern Europe
Authors: Santala J. , Samuilova O. , Hannukkala A. , Latvala S. , Kortemaa H. , Beuch U. , Kvarnheden A. , Persson P. , Topp K. , Ørstad K. , Spetz C. , Nielsen S.L. , Kirk H.G. , Budziszewska M. , Wieczorek P. , Obrępalska‐Stęplowska A. , Pospieszny H. , Kryszczuk A. , Sztangret‐Wiśniewska J. , Yin Z. , Chrzanowska M. , Zimnoch‐Guzowska E. , Jackeviciene E. , Taluntytė L. , Pūpola N. , Mihailova J. , Lielmane I. , Järvekülg L. , Kotkas K. , Rogozina E. , Sozonov A. , Tikhonovich I. , Horn P. , Broer I. , Kuusiene S. , Staniulis J. , Uth J.G. , Adam G. , Valkonen J.P.T.
Published: June 2010

Potato mop‐top virus (PMTV; genus Pomovirus; family Virgaviridae) is transmitted by the soil‐borne Spongospora subterranea f.sp. subterranea, a protoctist that causes powdery scab on potato. PMTV is distributed widely in the potato growing areas in South and North America, Japan and northwestern Europe. This article reviews the current knowledge on detection, distribution and control of PMTV with focus on the Baltic Sea region. Since the 1980s, PMTV has caused great economic losses to potato production in the Nordic countries (Norway, Sweden, Denmark and Finland), but its occurrence in other countries of the Baltic Sea region remained unknown. To fill this knowledge gap, harmonised sampling and virus detection procedures including bioassays and serological and molecular methods were employed by 21 research institutions to detect PMTV in potato tubers and soil samples in 2005–2008. Potato growing areas were widely contaminated with PMTV in the Nordic countries. Only the main seed potato production area in northern Sweden and the High Grade seed potato production zone in Finland were negative for PMTV. Intensive and systematic surveys in Poland in 2004–2008 found no evidence of PMTV, except a single PMTV‐infected tuber detected in 2008. Surveys in the Baltic countries (Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia) and northwestern Russia (Leningrad province) were negative for PMTV, except infection of minitubers in a screenhouse in Latvia in 2005. Varying percentages of tubers expressing spraing symptoms in Sweden, Norway, Denmark and Poland were infected with Tobacco rattle virus, and bioassays indicated similar results for Russia. Incidence of symptomless infections with PMTV was high in tubers of many potato cultivars. Here, we discuss the contrasting patterns of distribution of PMTV in the Baltic Sea region, factors playing a role in dispersal and establishment of PMTV in new fields and means for controlling PMTV and its spread to new areas. We emphasise the use of the current virus‐specific methods for the detection of PMTV in symptomless potato tubers and the high risks of disseminating PMTV to new fields and areas in viruliferous resting spores of S. subterranea in the soil adhering to seed tubers. PMTV‐resistant potato cultivars will provide the only sustainable means for preventing yield losses in the infested fields and the prospects of resistance breeding are summarised.