bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Introduction
Authors: Han Paul K.J.
Published: July 2021

Chapter 1 introduces the topic of medical uncertainty and discusses its importance in human life. It argues that medical uncertainty is a critically important but historically neglected experience of both clinicians and patients, and that the COVID-19 pandemic and other recent events have raised the need to better understand and manage this uncertainty. The chapter makes the case for the value of a conceptual framework in helping clinicians and patients to better understand, manage, and ultimately tolerate the uncertainties they experience and provides an overview of the book. A conceptual framework alone cannot change reality, the chapter argues, but it can help clinicians and patients to adapt to it.
Secretly Together
Authors: Hernández Gloria Maité
Published: July 2021

The last comparative chapter attends to the poetic imagery of merging used to describe the meeting of the divine lover and the beloveds. The first section, “Together,” examines how the Amada and her lover drink together and how the gopīs dance with Kṛṣṇa by the Yamunā River. The main question of the theological commentaries is how much the divine and his lovers actually turn into each other, and how this manages to occur even as a gap is retained for the sake of the enjoyment and for allowing the love to flow between them. The second section, “Secretly,” dwells on the secret of how God loves and is loved, as disguised in the intricate metaphors of the poetry. The commentaries on both sides resort to the theopoetic strategy of constructing metaphorical layers that simultaneously reveal and occlude the meaning of God’s love.
Conclusions
Authors: Hernández Gloria Maité
Published: July 2021

The last chapter explores some insights taken from the comparisons as they address questions crucial to modern readers and humanity scholars. John of the Cross and the Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava theologians had in mind an “ideal reader” who would invest all her emotions and intellect into the act of reading. For John, this is a reader who knows how to “savor” the text and the “divine truths” contained within it. The Gauḍīya Vaiṣṇava theologians envision a reader who reads “with the heart,” a sahṛdaya. Although these expectations may differ from those of modern readers who approach these texts through a comparative theopoetic lens, we can still ask what the qualities of a modern “ideal reader” are. What could today’s scholars and teachers learn from these Early Modern ways of reading and teaching how to read? And how might their practices of theopoetic impact the way we read and compare texts?
Emotion
Authors: Bachleda Sarah , Soroka Stuart
Published: July 2021

This chapter considers why (and how) emotions matter in news content. Based on an automated content analysis of the New York Times from 1980 to the present, the authors suggest that expressed emotion is a regular feature of news coverage. This has both positive and negative consequences. On the one hand, past work suggests that expressed emotion increases reader attentiveness. On the other hand, some research suggests that engagement with current affairs might be impeded by the prevalence of negative emotions (especially anxiety and anger). The truth is probably somewhere in between: there is some ‘ideal’ amount of emotionality in news content that increases engagement without passing the point at which emotional intensity is counterproductive.
Language and Categorization
Authors: Hichy Zira , Marco Graziella Di
Published: July 2021

This chapter is focussed on linguistic bias in intergroup relations. It is based on the linguistic intergroup bias model, according to which people use different words for describing people and their behaviour on the basis of group membership. In particular, they attribute positive behaviours of ingroup members and negative behaviours of outgroup members to stable enduring characteristics, while attributing negative behaviours of ingroup members and positive behaviours of outgroup members to transitory characteristics dependent on situation or context. This kind of linguistic bias may occur not only in informal communication but also in the mass media, where it can reinforce positive or negative social stereotypes without viewers or readers necessarily being aware how this process is taking place. The chapter concludes that recognizing and limiting the use of such biased language is an important component in producing quality journalism.
Purpose and Career Goals
Authors: Madrazo Vanessa L. , Mariano Jenni Menon
Published: July 2021

Purpose in life can provide the context through which emerging adults transition into the workplace. According to researchers, career exploration is typical as an individual moves from emerging adulthood into full adulthood. This chapter examined a small sample of emerging adults to assess purposeful work trajectories during emerging adulthood. Six participants were intentionally selected from a larger sample that was collected by researchers at Stanford University (N = 270). Eighty-three percent of participants were female, the sample was ethnically diverse, and all participants were from California. Analysis of change in regards to purposeful work yielded one case of growth, four cases of stability, and one case of decline. Furthermore, cases of stability varied by cohort, purpose form type, or other variables, thus indicating purpose diversity in the sample. Limitations and suggestions for future study are discussed.
Policies to Enhance Transition to Work
Authors: Godden Lorraine , DeLuca Christopher
Published: July 2021

This chapter highlights the continued struggles faced by Canadian youth in their transition from school to work. In July 2016 the unemployment rate for youth (aged 15–24) in Canada stood at 13.3% compared to the general unemployment rate of 6.9%. Many young people under the age of 30 who are employed are working in increasingly precarious conditions (e.g., temporary, contract, part-time, or low paid) or nonpermanent jobs. In this chapter, the authors focus particularly upon recent secondary school-based policy developments in Canada aimed at enhancing the transition from school to work for youth. They specifically focus our analysis on the country’s most populous province, Ontario, and demonstrate how the policy context in Ontario has prompted several initiatives and programs to support youth in transition from school to meaningful work.
School Experiences and Postschool Pathways in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Smyth Emer , McCoy Selina
Published: July 2021

This chapter draws on a mixed methods longitudinal study of a cohort of young adults in Ireland who were followed from their entry to secondary education to their outcomes three to four years after completing upper secondary education. In keeping with previous international research, the study findings show that the main pathways taken by young people reflect their gender, social class background, and academic performance. However, the analyses go further than previous work by indicating the way in which the nature of postschool transitions are firmly embedded in earlier school experiences. In particular, the chapter contributes to the ongoing debate on the effects of school composition to show that school social mix has a very significant impact on postschool outcomes, with those who attended middle-class schools having particularly high levels of participation in higher education. This is consistent with higher education assuming a ‘taken for granted’ quality in middle-class schools. In contrast, young people who had attended working-class schools are much more likely than those in middle-class or socially mixed schools to enter the labor market directly upon leaving school, even taking account of their exam grades. School climate plays an important role, with negative relations with teachers serving to discourage young people from remaining on in any form of education/training. The chapter concludes by highlighting the implications of the findings for our understanding of youth transitions and for policy designed to improve equity of outcomes.
Supporting the School-to-Work Transition for Young Adults Formerly in Care
Authors: King Rachel , Arsenault Chelsea , Larsen Denise
Published: July 2021

This chapter on supporting the school-to-work transition for young adults formerly in care provides hope-informed interventions for increasing resilience for youth who have aged out of government care. Because these youth face unique challenges, success in the school-to-work transition can constitute a resilient outcome. This chapter discusses the particular barriers faced by young adults formerly in care as well as summarizing the literature on how helping professionals can best intervene. Specifically, the authors look at hope theory and how it can provide a practical and effective framework for intervening in the face of uncertain outcomes to promote resilience and flourishing. They then outline specific interventions as informed by research and best practice.
University-to-Work Transition for Emerging Adult International Students in Canada
Authors: Popadiuk Natalee , Arthur Nancy
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores the contextual layers associated with emerging adult international students during their university-to-work transition. First, the authors examine the term, emerging adulthood, to consider the relevance for use with international students. Next, they discuss cultural identity development theories that can be applied to international students. Included is a look at how popular dualistic theories that position Western cultures as primarily individualistic and Eastern cultures as collectivist may be no longer relevant. Further, they explore theories that provide evidence that social identity is fluid and contingent on comparisons to both in-groups and out-groups. Thus, each time an international student finds themselves in a new context with different people, they need to renegotiate their identities and their sense of belonging. In this exploration, the authors also delve into how social capital theory—the benefit one derives from belonging to social groups, networks, or institutions—may be conceptualized with international students, and they show how social support and social capital are closely intertwined. In discussing the importance of personal ties, such as family and friends, they explore the nuances of local and home support. Regarding institutional support, they discuss the critical importance of university faculty and supervisors in becoming a new source of social capital and in creating new bridging relationships and social networks in the destination country. Through our examination of international students’ university-to-career transition, the authors broaden and deepen the current understanding by unpacking the contextual layers of emerging adulthood, identity development, social relationships, and social capital.
Requisite Metamorphoses
Authors: Halstead Tammy J.
Published: July 2021

Emerging adults who are at the intersection of college and work face a complex and challenging transition. In addition to finding employment, graduates seek to define and explore long-term career paths, form personal and professional identities, develop new support systems, and learn the mores and culture of the new environment of work. They approach these challenges while also moving through emerging adulthood, a development phase that precedes the feeling of being fully adult. In short, a successful college-to-work transition requires graduates to move through a series of metamorphoses. This chapter explores these metamorphoses and the experiences of graduates who are experiencing them. It also suggests ways colleges and universities can support the needs of their students and graduates and things emerging adults can do themselves to foster their successful metamorphoses.
A New Adulthood
Authors: Wyn Johanna , Woodman Dan
Published: July 2021

This chapter takes a critical lens to the field of youth transitions. The authors argue that the concept of youth as a period of transition has tended to ossify around school-to-work trajectories, obscuring the significance of other life spheres, such as leisure, friendship, and culture. Although youth transitions scholars can, and indeed are, beginning to account for a wider variety of transitions and do attempt to interrogate the impact of class, gender, and race on transition outcomes, the concept of transitions to adulthood underestimates the historically specific nature of youth, and adulthood, and is ill-suited to identifying the life course effects of youth experience. The authors draw on examples from their longitudinal research on two generations of young Australians to introduce a social generational framework that highlights the changing nature of youth and adulthood, as the stalwarts of transition patterns (education into work) are disrupted by trends toward lifelong learning and precarious work. The current generation of young Australians, like their counterparts in many other countries, have to navigate new transition regimes that involve a considerable investment of time and money in education. Yet globally competitive labor markets mean that the pay-off for education is often difficult to attain. These conditions, the authors argue, create a “new adulthood,” which is an outcome of a generational accommodation to the changing rules of the game of transition from education to work. They use this concept to move debate beyond claims that youth is simply an extended transition before adult status is reached.
Saving the News
Authors: Minow Martha
Published: July 2021

This book argues that US democracy presumes a news industry but that industry currently is failing. It focuses on the contributions of digital platforms and legal rules to the current situation and on the government's responsibilities for alleviating the problem. As the book shows, the First Amendment of the US Constitution assumes the existence and durability of a private industry. Despite some concerns that government action now is not permitted, nothing in the Constitution forecloses government action to regulate concentrated economic power, to require disclosure of who is financing communications, or to support news initiatives where there are market failures. Moreover, the federal government always been involved in shaping the media environment; it has contributed financial resources, laws, and regulations to develop and shape media in the United States. The government has subsidized development of the internet and crafted legal immunities for digital platforms; the government has crafted the direction and contours of America's media ecosystem. The shift of people’s attention to media platforms that borrow news stories without paying for them and spread misinformation jeopardizes journalism, reliable news sources, and the very respect for truth-telling. To maintain government accountability and inform a public as required in a democracy, The book outlines an array of reforms, including a new fairness doctrine, regulating digital platforms as public utilities, using antitrust authority to regulate the media, policing fraud, and more robust funding of public media. As the text stresses, such reforms are not merely plausible ideas; they are the kinds of initiatives needed if the First Amendment guarantee of freedom of the press continues to hold meaning in the twenty-first century.
Introduction
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P.
Published: July 2021

John Selden was a role model for John Milton, who called him “the chief of learned men reputed in this Land.” But one was primarily a scholar, the other a poet-polemicist, and although they both supported the reform of English family law and the parliamentary side in the civil war, their approaches differ. Milton was more impetuous and daring, Selden more circumspect, always adjusting his discourse to fit his audience, whether in Parliament, at table among friends, or in his scholarship. This introduces the important presence of Jewish law, ignored by editors, in Selden’s Table Talk, and it analyzes Selden’s use of rhetoric to prepare the readers of De Jure Naturali to acknowledge the validity of that law.
Conclusion
Authors: Rosenblatt Jason P.
Published: July 2021

This draws conclusions based on John Selden’s acceptance of the Talmud as an authoritative source. His many references to Jewish ancestral custom and opinion reveal his understanding that ancient Talmudic traditions exist independent of the Bible, and of course these include the Adamic/Noachide laws. Despite its dubious historicity, Selden accepts the tradition of a seamless transmission of judicial authority in both sacred and civil issues from Moses to the time of the synedrion, which he regards as a model for Parliament. He regards the sages of the Talmud as legal scholars rather than as religious figures. In the fierce debates in the Westminster Assembly over Deuteronomy 17:8–10, the Presbyterians read the text literally, which gave priority in adjudication to the clergy, while Erastians like Selden followed the rabbinic interpretation, which favored those who were skilled in the law. The conclusion tries to explain why both Selden and Milton (at least in his divorce treatises and in the middle books of Paradise Lost) relied on simile and analogy rather than metaphor and typology. Milton would have found everything he needed to create the laws of paradise in Selden’s De Jure Naturali et Gentium , with its thousands of marginal references and its method of giving a fair hearing to all opinions.
Application of Inherent Dignity to the Abolition with Support Model
Authors: Wilson Kay
Published: July 2021

This chapter argues that inherent dignity is more than an abstract concept and must be understood within its social and political context. It applies the concept of inherent dignity in the disability context and to the Abolition with Support model. I argue that dignity is relevant to mental health in two ways. First, it relates to the loss of dignity that persons with mental impairment may experience by reason of their impairment itself and secondly by the way in which persons with mental impairment have historically been treated by the mental health system and society more generally. I consider the meaning of autonomy and the tensions between the concepts of dignity and autonomy. I argue that the meaning of dignity is wider than the legal recognition of autonomy. On a balanced and holistic reading of the CRPD which gives effect to all human rights, dignity may at times be given priority over autonomy, which could provide a human rights justification for limited detention and psychiatric treatment, rather than the abolition of mental health law. Nonetheless, the loss of dignity that is caused by the mental health system must also be addressed and provides a strong basis for significant systemic and legal reform.
The Moscos
Authors: Mérand Frédéric
Published: July 2021

In this chapter, I explain what a Commission cabinet is and how it works, focusing on the informal aspects, internal tensions, and relations with the external world (member states, journalists, Parliament, Council). The atmosphere and culture of the Berlaymont, the seat of the European Commission where they work in Brussels, is described in ethnographic detail. It is an opportunity to introduce members of the Moscovici cabinet, who belong to two groups: the Parisians and the Brussels people. They have all agreed that their real names are used in the story. The chapter also explains the book’s ethnographic approach and its limits.
Facing Varoufakis
Authors: Mérand Frédéric
Published: July 2021

The threat of Grexit was the first crisis Moscovici and his staff had to handle during their term of office. Highly critical of the commissioner who was his counterpart in Brussels, former Greek minister Yanis Varoufakis has become the most influential commentator on this period. This first of two chapters dealing with Greece shows the other side of his story: how Moscovici and his staff tried—but failed—to find common ground at a challenging time, when they had just moved in the Berlaymont building in the winter of 2015.
Internal Party Democracy in Tanzania
Authors: Babeiya Edwin
Published: July 2021

This chapter discusses the state of intraparty democracy in Tanzania. It traces the functioning and management of political parties since the country restored plural politics in 1992 by looking at both the ruling party and the opposition. Intraparty democracy is conceived of in this chapter as a key ingredient in ensuring social stability and harmony as well as the development of political parties. The chapter shows that intraparty democracy across all political parties is limited but that the situation is more disappointing in the case of the opposition. Using the two yardsticks of elections and decision-making, it maintains that limited internal party democracy can be attributed to several factors, including the undue influence of party founders, the dysfunctional nature of party structures, and the limited voice that ordinary members have as a result of their persistent disempowerment by senior leadership. Other factors include the influence of clientelistic networks and the weaknesses of oversight bodies and the legal framework. Against this backdrop, the chapter argues that making progress in promoting intraparty democracy would require a number of interventions. Among them are building the capacity of political parties and reviewing the legal framework so as to increase the rights and protection of members. The chapter also recommends actions to ensure greater representation of special groups—such as women and persons with disabilities—in decision-making, and suggests that civic education be provided to ordinary members of political parties to improve their ability to hold leadership to account.
Nigeria in Search of a Credible Electoral Administration
Authors: Suberu Rotimi T
Published: July 2021

Recent elections in Nigeria have produced conflicting and ambiguous assessments regarding the quality, integrity and credibility of the country’s electoral governance. On one hand, widespread domestic and international criticisms of the farcical 2007 elections provoked remarkable constitutional, statutory, and administrative proposals, programmes, and policies for reforming Nigeria’s electoral processes. Those reforms led to electoral cycles that observers adjudged to be comparatively competitive, broadly acceptable, and generally indicative of a shift away from the country’s extended history of electoral maladministration, corruption, and chicanery. On the other hand, credible reports emphasize the persistence of significant levels of fraud, violence, and disorganization in Nigerian elections. This chapter shows that these contradictory outcomes and dual perspectives are consistent with the partial and incomplete nature of recent electoral reforms in Nigeria. Those reforms have extended the autonomy of the country’s election management commission, without guaranteeing the agency’s effective political insulation or addressing broader and deeper weaknesses in the country’s electoral landscape. Nigeria resembles a classic hybrid regime with increasingly competitive electoral contests that, however, continue to witness undemocratic levels of manipulation, corruption, and violence. More extensive reforms, along the lines proposed by a major official electoral reform committee, would have produced more substantial improvements in electoral integrity and quality.
The 1860s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott
Published: July 2021

During the 1860s, Twain worked as a journalist in Virginia City, Nevada, and San Francisco and traveled to Europe and the Middle East (most notably Palestine) on an excursion with a group of Americans, which enabled him to write his best-selling Innocents Abroad. Twain met Olivia (Livy) Langdon through her brother, a fellow traveler. His courtship of the religiously devout Livy prompted Twain to reassess his relationship with God and his understanding of Christianity, prayer, and Providence and to declare himself to be a Christian. During this decade, Twain developed friendships with several ministers, battled depression, and struggled to determine his vocation. He also strove to adopt Eastern mores and conventional ethical practices and reinvent himself as a Christian husband who could provide financial security and spiritual guidance for his family. Scholars debate whether his conversion was genuine, self-deluded, or fabricated to please his future wife and her parents.
The 1880s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott
Published: July 2021

The 1880s were a productive decade for Twain as four of his books—The Prince and the Pauper (1881), Life on the Mississippi (1883), Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1885), and A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court (1889)—were published. Huckleberry Finn is replete with religious themes. During the 1880s, Twain promoted social reform through his writing, speaking, and activities in Hartford and condemned racial discrimination. Although he did not share all their theological convictions, Twain applauded and supported the efforts of Social Gospelers to curb industrial ills, decrease poverty, and assist immigrants. Twain especially strove to improve politics, reduce racism, and improve the opportunities and status of women, and he denounced materialism, avarice, and fraudulent business practices.
The 1900s
Authors: Smith Gary Scott
Published: July 2021

During the final decade of his life, Twain received several devastating blows—the death of his beloved wife in 1904, the death of his daughter Jean in 1909, and his own declining health. These and other problems have led some scholars to portray him as a bitter, cynical, disillusioned codger who was hamstrung by his misfortunes and angry as his creative powers diminished and his health deteriorated. This, they say, led him to repudiate Christianity, adopt a deterministic worldview, and savagely rail against an implacable, depraved God, a hypocritical, heartless Christianity and the damned human race. Twain’s writings during his final decade allegedly displayed his relentless despair as he embraced social and spiritual nihilism. At the same time, his criticisms of various groups including missionaries, villains, especially Russian Czar Nicholas II and Belgian King Leopold II, and several ideologies—militarism, imperialism, anti-Semitism—became increasingly caustic.
Sovereignty, Subjectivity, Denial
Authors: Mnatsakanyan Tatevik
Published: July 2021

This chapter uses the case of the Armenian genocide as a via media for exploring a wider theoretical and political concern, namely, what can genocide and genocide denial reveal about ‘sovereignty’, ‘subjectivity’, and ‘violence’, and thereby, about postgenocide and possibilities for resistance. It suggests that denials should be examined in close relationship with the unfolding of the genocide. This claim is pursued via a two-pronged framework, conjunctural and relational, inviting attention to heterogeneous and contradictory forces in a historical conjuncture, and to the relational production of political processes. The analysis shows that denials were not only integral to, but generative of, the Armenian genocide. The implications of the argument for postgenocide—the state of the political in Turkey today—are that without treating denials as generative it is futile to attempt to understand postgenocide denials, and begin to imagine alternatives to current politics.
Remembering
Authors: Craik Fergus I. M.
Published: July 2021

This chapter makes the case for understanding memory in terms of qualitatively different codes represented by active processes, as opposed to such memory systems as episodic and semantic memory. A distinction is made between primary memory (PM), viewed as active conscious processing, and secondary memory (SM), viewed as the long-term representations of events and knowledge. The notion that PM involves attention paid to the information held in mind is discussed in light of current views of working memory. SM is described in terms of a hierarchically organized set of analytic representations running from specific episodes to context-free knowledge, as an alternative description to Tulving’s account in terms of separate episodic and semantic systems. The role of the external context in supporting retrieval is emphasized, and also the role of executive processes in enabling self-initiated activities when such environmental support is absent. Following previous researchers, the chapter endorses the notion of remembering as a set of active analytic operations, and stresses the similarity between the processes of perceiving and remembering. These ideas are illustrated by empirical examples.
Spinoza and the Freedom of Philosophizing
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: July 2021

In the seventeenth century, a new kind of public sphere emerged in the Dutch Republic. Courtly structures of political advice made room for new, republican forms of public consultation between the sovereign powers and the general citizenry. Missing, however, were guidelines for how and when to address questions of public import, how to shape citizens sufficiently unprejudiced and in possession of their own free judgment to speak up for themselves in public deliberations, and how to ensure that citizens would candidly engage in public speech with the best interest of the republic in mind, and not simply pursue their private advantage with deception and flattery. This book argues that Spinoza’s freedom of philosophizing and the systematic theory he developed to defend it in his 1670 Tractatus theologico-politicus were conceived to provide just such guidelines. It shows how he understood the freedom of philosophizing as a collective style of reasoning and argument based on mutual teaching and advising, providing a model for the public sphere in a free republic. The book studies the conditions under which Spinoza believed such a public sphere of free philosophizing would flourish, including democratic-republican realignment of the structures of political counsel and sovereign command, popular reform of civic education and instruction in the arts and sciences, establishment of a national religion allowing better regulation of a multi-religious society, and the teaching of theological and political doctrines of universal faith and social contract designed to promote the practice of true religion and prevent citizens from persecuting each other.
Authority
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: July 2021

Who has the authority to give brotherly advice and what kind of authority does such advice come with? In order to answer these questions, one must reconstruct Spinoza’s understanding of authoritas which takes many forms, including prophetic, Scriptural, private, public, divine, and priestly authority. The specific authority associated with free philosophizing is, however, an “authority to teach and advise.” This authority belongs to all human beings as an inalienable natural right. It is, moreover, a private authority which is exercised in relation to others and therefore also has a public dimension. It is shown how the association of free philosophizing with such natural authority to teach and advise sets it apart from a mere legal permission to speak one’s mind. Finally, the chapter discusses Spinoza’s conception of “violent rule,” defined as any political attempt to deprive citizens of their inalienable natural right to teach and advise.
Foundations II
Authors: Lærke Mogens
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores Spinoza’s doctrine of the social contract and his understanding of natural law and natural right. Contrasting his views with those of Hobbes, it interprets the social contract not as a logical, historical, or causal account of the state’s foundations, but as a fictive narrative, grounded entirely in the imagination, that citizens in a free republic must embrace in order to prevent mutual persecution and ensure collective security. It also argues how such a reading of the social contract can help resolve fundamental tensions between the Tractatus theologico-politicus and the later Tractatus politicus that until now have been most convincingly explained in terms of a fundamental theoretical evolution between Spinoza’s two political treatises.
Before the Ink Dries
Authors: Greig Matilda
Published: July 2021

Peninsular War veterans often faced a difficult transition back into civilian society after the conflict, receiving inadequate pay and little official commemoration. This led to a common fear, expressed explicitly in their memoirs, that their stories had not been and would not be properly told. This chapter demonstrates that many soldiers-turned-authors deliberately used their autobiographies to take issue with the academic, historical record of the war. It reveals that, in Spain, the first official history of the Peninsular War was written by a group of veterans, who helped to choose the Spanish name for the conflict: la Guerra de la Independencia. It then shows how veterans’ memoirs contributed to the creation of distinct national narratives of the war in Spain, Britain, and France, examining different representations of the ‘Other’, depictions of the guerrilla war and its leaders, and praise or criticism for the regular army.
The Myth of the Accidental Author
Authors: Greig Matilda
Published: July 2021

This chapter explores the concept of soldiers as professional authors, confronting the enduring myth of ‘accidental’ military autobiography. In their prefaces, veterans of the Peninsular War frequently confessed their astonishment at having produced long, descriptive memoirs, professing not to have the slightest literary talent nor education, nor the least authorial ambition, claims that have largely been taken at face value by historians. Using evidence from publishers’ archives, this chapter reveals the immense editing, publishing, and marketing activity that in fact underlay the facade of the simple soldier’s tale. It shows the authors of many Peninsular War memoirs to have been actively involved in the publication of their books, knowledgeable about the industry, and eager for success in the literary rather than military world, raising questions for future historians about the tension between ‘authentic’ eyewitness testimony and edited accounts.
Scribblomania
Authors: Greig Matilda
Published: July 2021

The end of the Napoleonic Wars coincided with a phenomenal rise in the number and variety of war memoirs being written by veterans of all ranks, yet historians have mostly argued that these books made little impact on the general reading public. This chapter overturns that idea. It uses research into publishers’ archives, library catalogues, and later editions of Peninsular War memoirs to demonstrate that these soldiers’ tales sold well, made significant profits for their editors and publishers, and became increasingly imitated and parodied as the nineteenth century went on (including by Sherlock Holmes author Arthur Conan Doyle). It argues that these books should be seen as part of a commercial genre of war writing, with the curated representations of conflict they contained being deliberately marketed to different readers via cheap or luxury editions, illustrations, and decorative bindings.
Editors and Afterlives
Authors: Greig Matilda
Published: July 2021

This chapter reveals the complex afterlives of Peninsular War memoirs, many of which outlived their authors and continued to be published and re-published in different formats over the long nineteenth century. It considers the many different groups of people involved behind the scenes in the production of a Napoleonic military memoir: family members, especially women; editors; publishers; indexers; printers; illustrators; archivists; lawyers; even luxury booksellers. It shows in detail the alterations that were made to veterans’ autobiographies over time, from omitting or adding sections of text to changing the title, inserting portraits of the author, or commissioning artist’s impressions of his battles. Along the way, some war memoirs underwent an almost total transformation, becoming dry family biographies, ‘boy’s own’ adventure stories, regimental histories, consumer objects, or, in the decades before the First World War in Britain and France, tools for national military education, targeted to children.
Introduction
Authors: Rau Jochen
Published: July 2021

The quantum realm exhibits phenomena that run counter to conventional logic. This chapter discusses the evidence from a particularly simple class of experiments: measurements or combinations of measurements which each have only two possible outcomes. It reviews the classical notions of logic and pins down where exactly they fail in the quantum realm. In particular, it highlights the importance of the order in which measurements are performed. The experimental evidence also calls for a critical review of the rules of probability theory. For these, too, this chapter identifies those which continue to hold in the quantum realm and those which need to be modi ed. Moreover, it introduces the pivotal concept of a ‘state’.
Probability in Hilbert Space
Authors: Rau Jochen
Published: July 2021

This chapter introduces the mathematical framework, basic rules, and some key results of quantum theory. After a succinct overview of linear algebra and an introduction to complex Hilbert space, it investigates the correspondence between subspaces of Hilbert space and propositions, their logical structure, and how the pertinent probabilities are calculated. It discusses the mathematical representation of states, observables, and transformations, as well as the rules for calculating expectation values and uncertainties, and for updating states after a measurement. Particular attention is paid to two-level systems, or ‘qubits’, and the connection is made with experimental evidence about binary measurements. The properties of composite systems are discussed in detail, notably the phenomenon of entanglement. The chapter concludes with an investigation of conceptual issues regarding realism, non-contextuality, and locality, as well as the classical limit.
The Colombian Model of Structural Socio-economic Rights Remedies
Authors: Landau David
Published: July 2021

This chapter offers an empirical analysis of the Colombian Constitutional Court's experience with structural injunctions, which is one of its greatest and most distinctive achievements. It argues that the approach towards socio-economic rights adjudication should be assertive, while avoiding the complete encroachment on the legislative and executive branches. The influence of political context and cost highlights a key point: the Colombian model should best be viewed as an invitation for further development and guided experimentation, rather than as a fixed formula for success. The chapter then argues that the Colombian Court should seek ways to develop different types of monitoring mechanisms that are less expensive and that respond to variations in political context. Constitutional experimentalism is the key to this approach. Economic and institutional constraints should be considered when deciding how courts should intervene to secure socio-economic rights.
The Inter-Institutional Dimension of the Fundamental Rights RevolutionThe Colombian–American Implications of the Franco-European Experience
Authors: Lasser Mitchel
Published: July 2021

This chapter offers a comparative study between the judiciaries of France/Europe and Colombia/Latin America, in the context of the 'fundamental rights revolution'. After explaining the Franco-European system of interaction, it assesses what this analysis may suggest regarding the elaboration of human rights jurisprudence in Colombia and other Latin American countries that operate under the Inter-American Human Rights System. Whereas Colombia has distinct 'judicial hierarchies' (Constitutional Court, Supreme Court, and State Council), there is only one court at the international level: The Inter-American Court of Human Rights (ICtHR). This is one of the key differentiators with the European system, where there is an institutional competition in the fundamental rights front between the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) and the European Court of Justice (ECJ). Therefore, the differences amongst the systems affect the circulation and intensification of fundamental rights in the Latin American context.
Jus ad vim
Authors: Brunstetter Daniel R.
Published: July 2021

Jus ad vim is the set of moral principles governing the decision to use limited force. This chapter interrogates the moral permissions and restraints of these principles by recalibrating the traditional jus ad bellum criteria (just cause, last resort, proportionality, probability of success, right intention, and legitimate authority) and delineating the novel probability of escalation principle. The chapter begins with an illustration of just cause for vim, which is more permissive than for bellum, meaning there are more moral reasons to use limited force than to go to war. The concern that this view of just cause would lower the threshold for violence too far is called the permissiveness critique. The remainder of the chapter charts a course of restraint ad vim. Recalibrating last resort yields the moral independence thesis, the view that acts of limited force should not be conceived as part of the actions leading to war but rather should be thought of as an alternative set of options, while the Rubicon assessment is the deliberation process to discern what level of force is justified. The restrictive core of jus ad vim lies in satisfying a new criterion—the probability of escalation principle, which blends elements of the jus ad bellum proportionality and probability of success criteria to conceive the risks of using limited force. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how right intention and legitimate authority can be reinterpreted in a limited force context to curtail acting too easily on just cause.
The Soviet Doctrine on the Right to Self-Determination Revisited
Authors: Socher Johannes
Published: July 2021

This chapter provides a critical rereading of the history of self-determination by revisiting the Soviet Union’s contribution to its evolution from a political principle to an international legal right. It argues that the history of the right to self-determination as a concept of international law starts with the Russian Revolution and not with Wilson’s famous Fourteen Points. Moreover, it highlights that the Soviet Union was the decisive force behind the codification of the right to self-determination in international legal instruments following the Second World War, while at the same time it modified or even perverted its meaning and content in its sphere of influence, most notoriously through the later so-called Brezhnev Doctrine. A discussion on how self-determination was theorized and debated in Soviet international law scholarship up until the collapse of the Soviet Union completes the picture.
Russia, the Right to Self-Determination and Sovereignty
Authors: Socher Johannes
Published: July 2021

Chapter 2 is the first of three chapters analysing Russia’s post-Soviet state practice with regard to the right to self-determination in the territory of the former Soviet Union. It shows that for situations inside the Russian Federation, the Russian constitutional order acknowledges the right of peoples to self-determination, albeit strictly within its territorial boundaries and with a sometimes unusual or even flawed argumentation. In the Russian Constitution, the right of peoples to self-determination appears in two central provisions, but unlike its Soviet predecessors, it does not recognize a constitutional right of secession. Furthermore, the right to self-determination of a single ethnic group in Russia is said to be always trumped by Russia’s state sovereignty and territorial unity. Consequently, a right of secession is also dismissed in Russian constitutional doctrine. Two case studies on the conflicts over Chechnya and Tatarstan confirm this general assessment. In both cases, the Russian Constitutional Court discussed the relationship between the right to self-determination and Russia’s territorial integrity in two separate court decisions, and in both instances arrived at the conclusion that international law does not provide for a right of secession.
Where It All Began
Authors: Wampler Brian , McNulty Stephanie , Touchton Michael
Published: July 2021

Latin America is PB’s birthplace and the region where it was first widely adopted. PB currently exists in almost every country of this region of the world. This chapter documents PB development in Brazil, its spread from Brazil to other countries as well as PB’s transformation since the 1990s, when it changed from a social justice program to a policy tool that promotes citizen empowerment and community mobilization. Latin America also led the way with the first mandated programs, as Peru’s national government was the first country in the world to require that all subnational governments adopt PB. Latin American PB programs are among the most studied in the world, which means that solid research findings identify when and where PB produces significant social and political change. Most importantly, there are many comparative, longitudinal, and large-N studies from Brazil that demonstrate that PB is generating positive change. But, research on other countries, such as Peru and Mexico, suggest that PB’s impact is much weaker in those countries. The chapter provides a summary of the rich body of evidence that has emerged since 1989, and describes PB in Brazil, Peru, El Salvador, and Mexico.
Convincing others that they are competing: the case of schools
Authors: Bomark Niklas , Edlund Peter , Arora-Jonsson Stefan
Published: July 2021

The past decades have seen numerous attempts to introduce competition into new sectors of society, but we still know little about the processes by which competition is realized in a new setting. We study three decades of organizational efforts of a Swedish municipality that sought to introduce competition for students among its upper secondary schools following a national reform in the early 1990s. Our study shows that declaring competition was far from sufficient for its realization; the path to competition was lined with hesitation, uncertainty, and a rich variety of organizational challenges to be overcome. One particularly vexing challenge was to convince the principals of the schools that they should view each other as competitors for students. Our findings contribute to previous literature by demonstrating that competition need not be a prerequisite for choice; that several organizers of competition may operate at once; and, more generally, that competition is introduced through stepwise, piecemeal processes.
Constructing competition for status: sports and higher education
Authors: Brunsson Nils , Wedlin Linda
Published: July 2021

The likelihood and forms of competition for status—or any other good—are dependent on how the good is allocated in society, and such allocation may, in turn, be strongly influenced by organizational efforts. We discuss the ways by which status allocation is organized in the fields of sports and higher education and analyse how and why certain forms of organization aid in constructing competition. Using the case of higher education, we show how actorhood, relationships, and status scarcity have been organized for a specific entity, the university. We argue that desire for status is more difficult to create by organizational efforts, and such desire may be difficult to justify within an organization. We end the chapter by discussing strategies for organizations competing for status and the risks that such strategies involve.