bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Immobilization of decapod Crustacea for experimental procedures
Authors: Oswald R. L.
Published: May 2009

Although anaesthetic techniques are well established for most of the vertebrates, methods for the invertebrates are generally not well documented. The decapod Crustacea are widely used for neurophysiological studies involving the implant of chronic electrodes and other techniques. With sluggish species such asCancer pagurussome workers simply give the animal an object to grasp and perform their operations in the unanaesthetized condition. Others use hypothermia to immobilize their animals, although this may result in autotomy of appendages. Other methods include immersion in solutions of ethanol, magnesium salts (Pantin, 1946), or carbon dioxide. Conventional aquatic vertebrate anaesthetics such as MS-222 (Sandoz) are generally ineffective by immersion in decapods. This short investigation has set out to find out if a suitable anaesthetic drug is available for experimental work and for live dissections.
The relationship between maternal body size and clutch size, development time and egg mortality in Euchaeta norvegica (Copepoda: Calanoida) from Loch Etive, Scotland
Authors: Hopkins C. C. E.
Published: May 2009

Analyses of the relationship between the size and the number of eggs per female in various decapods, isopods, cumaceans and mysids were made by Jensen (1958) based upon personal research and information from available literature. Regression analyses indicated that the number of eggs per female is related to the cube of the body length.
The distribution, development and settlement of the sabellarian polychaete Lygdamis muratus (Allen) Near Plymouth
Authors: Wilson Douglas P.
Published: May 2009

In February 1965 larvae of Sabellaria spinulosa Leuckart removed from the plankton off Plymouth were reared for settlement experiments (Wilson, 1970b). Among the early stages in the rearing dishes there appeared several Sabellarian-type larvae which after a few days growth became conspicuous by their larger size, longer and straighter bristles, and by their general appearance being different from the more numerous Sabellaria larvae. It soon became apparent that they closely resembled a larva found in February 1927 which was described and illustrated many years ago (Wilson, 1929, p. 242, text figs. 4, 5), at which time it was attributed in all probability to Pallasia murata Allen, now Lygdamis muratus (Allen). Apart from two species of Sabellaria whose larvae were known, this was and still is the only other Sabellarian recorded from the coasts of Devon and Cornwall and adjacent offshore waters of the English Channel. In most years since 1965 varying numbers of this species of larva have been obtained in January and February, and have several times been reared through metamorphosis to early tube-building stages, these latter confirming by their distinctive characters that the above early attribution was correct. Work on a description of the development was begun but it was not until 1974, when work on colony formation of Sabellaria alveolata (L.) was virtually completed, that close attention could be given to it, and experiments on settlement carried out. In the meantime Bhaud (1969) had described and illustrated the development from larvae in winter plankton off Banyuls-sur-Mer, wrongly attributing them to Phalacrostemma cidariophilum Maranzella, while criticizing my identification of my 1927 larva.
Further Experiments on the Fertilization of a Sea Loch (Loch Craiglin). The Effect of Different Plant Nutrients on the Phytoplankton
Authors: Marshall S. M. , Orr A. P.
Published: May 2009

Loch Craiglin cannot be considered as merely an isolated basin of Loch Sween. Its shallowness, the great growth of vegetation round the shore and the fluctuations in salinity make it atypical. On the more complete isolation of the loch with the making of the dam, these conditions led to a lack of circulation, a consequent development of hydrogen sulphide in the deep water and very high pH values near the surface. One could not therefore expect the plankton to be very similar to that in the outside loch (see, however, Marshall, 1947). Unfortunately there are no records of seasonal variation before fertilization was begun. In spite of these drawbacks Loch Craiglin was a convenient and manageable area for small-scale experiments on fertilization.

The experiments may be divided into two groups, those which were not followed up in detail and those in which the plankton and hydrographic results were followed from day to day. The former, made during the earlier stages of the work, are mainly described in the previous papers and led to the conclusion that the richness in phytoplankton of Loch Craiglin in 1943 was probably caused to a large extent by fertilization. Those of the second group, described above, were made to test special points and different fertilizers. Two experiments made during the summer of 1944 had apparently no effect on the phytoplankton but a third in which a very large excess of fertilizer (ten times the normal quantity) was added, gave a good increase after an initial lag. At that time the attached algae were abundant and their needs apparently had to be satisfied before any nutrients could be used by the phytoplankton.

The remaining experiments, which were therefore made during the winter, showed that commercial ammonium sulphate, ammonium nitrate and monoammonium phosphate could replace the sodium nitrate and superphosphate used hitherto. Two further experiments in the following spring using ammonium chloride and urea did not, however, prove effective. All the salts used had been found in laboratory tests by Miss F. A. Stanbury to be suitable for diatom growth, and the reason for the failure of these two in the loch is unknown.

The utilization of the nutrients was extremely rapid even in winter but it is probable that their disappearance is not entirely caused by the phytoplankton or bottom-living algae but partly by adsorption on the bottom mud or by suspended matter. On one occasion it may have been caused by a serious fall in loch level.

The zooplankton which during the first year of fertilizations was richer in Loch Craiglin than in the outside loch diminished in the second year and remained poor thereafter in spite of, or perhaps because of, the intensive fertilizations. The dense phytoplankton and other vegetation raised the pH at times to levels dangerous to animal life.
The Ecology of the Amphipoda of the South of the Isle of Man
Authors: Jones N. S.
Published: May 2009

A survey was made during 1946 covering the Amphipoda of the south end of the Isle of Man from an ecological aspect. The object was to revise the records of the area and to obtain additional information about the habitats of the species found.

The area in which the survey took place was within a radius of 10 miles from Port Erin.

Various sorts of gear were used for collection offshore and it is concluded that the fine-meshed dredge is the most useful instrument for collecting amphipods.

A systematic treatment of the species found includes a summary of records regarding habitat for each species.

It is suggested that the Amphipoda may be of greater economic importance than has previously been realized.

A discussion of offshore, intertidal, and brackish-water habitats includes lists of the more important species obtained grouped according to type of ground and zonation with regard to tidal level and salinity. The importance of offshore species is assessed on a basis of the average number of individuals collected per haul.

Comparison of the zonation of littoral and estuarine species with that known from other areas reveals a general agreement.

The existence of more than one form of several species of the genusGammarusis discussed and it is suggested that they are in an active state of evolution.

I am indebted to Prof. J. H. Orton for encouragement and discussion, and to Mr G. M. Spooner for allowing me to read a proof of his recent paper.
Methods of Identification of the Larvae of Balanus Balanoides (L.), B. Crenatus Brug. And Verruca Stroemia O. F. Müller
Authors: Pyefinch K. A.
Published: May 2009

A description is given of characters which allow the larval stages of Balanus balanoides, B. crenatus and Verruca stroemia to be identified rapidly.

It is emphasized that the characters used in this method of identification are only valid for these three species inter se, further work on similar lines for other species may reveal difficulties not apparent in the present scheme.
The geographical and vertical distribution of British Limnoria [Crustacea: Isopoda]
Authors: Jones Leslie T.
Published: May 2009

There are three British species of the wood-boring isopod Limnoria. The boreal L. lignorum is found around all coasts, but is least common on the south and west coasts, where the temperate L. quadripunctata is dominant. The latter also occurs in the Isle of Man, Ireland and the Channel Isles, but has not been found on the east coast. The warm-water L. tripunctata is found only on the central south coast and in South Wales. Each species can survive at levels equivalent to 60-65 % exposure, but in mixed populations L. tripunctata dominates the upper level of Limnoria attack, L. quadripunctata dominates the middle zone and L. lignorum is found at the base of exposed piling or sublittorally.
The sulpholipids of plants II. The isolation of sulpholipid from green and brown Algae
Authors: Kennedy G. Y. , Collier Rosemary
Published: May 2009

The sulpholipid fractions of green and brown algae were isolated by column chromatography, but attempts to repeat the preparation on red algae and fungi by the same methods were unsuccessful.
Notes on the brackish-water and marine species of Tubificidae [Annelida,Oligochaeta]
Authors: Brinkhurst R. O.
Published: May 2009

A re-investigation of fresh material makes it necessary to create the new genus Thalassodrilus for T. prostatus (Knollner). Careful adherence to generic and specific criteria as detailed leads to the recognition of nineteen brackish-water and marine Tubificidae, and some dubious entities are also listed.
Feeding in some monogenean skin parasites: Entobdella soleae on solea solea and Acanthocotyle Sp. on Raia clavata
Authors: Kearn G. C.
Published: May 2009

Entobdella soleae, a monogenean skin parasite of the common sole was induced to feed on its host. The feeding organ (,pharynx-) is protruded during feeding and encloses a circular area of host skin. The gland cells in the feeding organ produce a proteolytic secretion which digests the epidermis of the fish. The liquid food is then pumped by the feeding organ into the intestinal diverticula, where it is absorbed.

Acanthocotyle sp. from the skin of an elasmobranch fish, Raia clavata, feeds on epidermis in the same way as Entobdella soleae. Observations on other skin and gill-parasitic monopisthocotylineans indicate that the majority of them are epidermis feeders, although there is evidence that some gill parasites, for example Amphibdella torpedinis, may feed on blood.

The evolution of parasitism in the Monogenea is tentatively attributed to the outstanding qualities offish epidermis as a food for a potential ectoparasite and in particular to its rapid rate of regeneration.
Size in relation to salinity in fossil and recent euryhaline ostracods
Authors: Barker Dennis
Published: May 2009

Variation in size of fossil euryhaline ostracods is discussed and compared to size variation in recent forms. The most likely cause of variation in size of euryhaline ostracods is variation in salinity. Similarities are indicated between Fabanella and Cyprideis species.
Microscopic Algae And Protozoa In The waters near Plymouth in August 1962
Authors: Lackey James B. , Lackey Elsie W.
Published: May 2009

Larger algae and protozoa plankton of inshore waters seem generally well known, except for a few groups of very small flagellates. The same statement cannot be made for the micro-organisms of the bottom sediment-water interfaces and intertidal sand. Many ecologists and physiologists would like to know more about what species and how many individuals can be expected in such locations as these.
The age and growth of the scallop, Pecten maximus (L.), in Manx waters
Authors: Mason James
Published: May 2009

Growth-rings on the shell of the scallop (Pecten maximus) are laid down annually, in spring, and so can be used to determine the age.

Scallops grow from spring to December, and cease growing in winter. The resumption of growth in the spring is marked by the appearance of the annual growth-ring at the edge of the shell.

The first year's growth is of one of two types. A few scallops have shells which show a large first year's growth, 28 mm or more wide, while the great majority have shells which show a small first year's growth, less than 28 mm wide. These two types probably depend on the two principal spawning periods of the scallop, most of the former arising from the spring spawning and most of the latter from the autumn one.

The growth curve of P. maximus is of a type characteristic of lamellibranch shells. The annual growth is greatest in the first two or three years of life, after which it decreases steadily.

Scallops grow more quickly in shallow water than in deeper water.

Possible causes of the annual cessation of growth are discussed.

A paucity of young scallops was noted in the dredge samples, as previous workers have reported. No reason can be given.
Spectral composition of the light of polynoid worms
Authors: Nicol J. A. C.
Published: May 2009

The spectral composition of the light of four species of polynoid worms has been measured, viz. Harmothoë longisetis, Gattyana cirrosa, Polynoë scolopendrina and Lagisca extenuata. The method involved the use of coloured spectral filters and two multiplier phototubes. The spectral emission curves of the four species are similar. They are asymmetrical in shape, prolonged towards longer wavelengths, with maxima at about 515 mμ (510–520 mμ.). Values for luminous efficiency are calculated (ratio of luminous flux to radiant flux); for human scotopic vision (λmax at 505 mμ), efficiency is 61%.
Notes on practical methods for the study of marine diatoms
Authors: Hart T. J.
Published: May 2009

In the study of marine diatoms examination of fresh material (or of wet mounts in some suitable preservative such as formalin-sea water) is essential, in addition to ‘permanent’ mounts of ‘cleaned’ frustules, because the violent cleaning process destroys many of the more delicate forms (e.g. the genus Guinardia). Conversely, it is not possible to see the fine details of skeletal structure, upon which the taxonomy of so many diatoms is based, while the organic contents of the cells are still present.
The occurrence ofIdotea metallicaBosc in British waters
Authors: Naylor E.
Published: May 2009

Idotea metallicaBosc occurs occasionally in plankton from waters off the west coast of Britain, but since it does not seem to be a British resident it was excluded from a recent review of the genusIdotea(Naylor, 1955 a). Accounts of the distribution of /.metallicaseldom distinguish between occasional records and resident breeding localities, and this note attempts to explain its occasional occurrence in Britain.
A new marine dinoflagellate: Exuviaella mariae-lebouriae n.sp
Authors: Parke Mary , Ballantine Dorothy
Published: May 2009

Cell ovoid to almost sphaeroidal in face view of right or left valve, lenticular to almost sphaeroidal in view showing junction of valves, in both views flagellar pole flattened, length (10) 14–17 (22), breadth (9) 11–15 (20), thickness (5) 6–8 (18) μ. Two valves of cellulose, each with a striated band at margin, band wider in larger cells, striations about 0–5 μ apart, remainder of valve surface with poroids, apparently in rows, 0–25μ apart, poroids 0.2–0.2 μ. diameter; right valve with shallow indentation, about 2 μ wide, at flagellar pole, usually lying to left of centre line; left valve with small projecting flange, about 2 μ wide, bearing flagellar pores and fitting into and over indentation on right valve; the two flagellar pores of unequal size, in apical view larger nearly triangular, smaller circular, in left valve view smaller pore to left of larger.
Distribution of intracellular solutes inArenicola marina(Polychaeta) equilibrated to diluted sea water
Authors: Freeman R. F. H. , Shuttleworth T. J.
Published: May 2009

Recent studies on the osmotic responses of marine invertebrates to dilution of the external medium have tended to emphasize the osmotic and ionic regulation at the intracellular level rather than at blood/body fluid level. Even in those invertebrates, principally euryhaline crustaceans, possessing osmoregulatory mechanisms which enable them to maintain concentrations of the blood above those of dilute media, the regulation is not perfect, and there is some lowering of the blood concentration below the level exhibited in full-strength sea water (Lockwood, 1962). This requires the establishment of a new osmotic equilibrium between the intracellular solutes and those of the blood. The nature of the intracellular osmotic constituents is, however, strikingly different from those of the blood, even in those invertebrates which are stenohaline and purely marine in their distribution (Robertson, 1961). The osmotic pressure of the blood is due almost entirely to the same inorganic electrolytes as are present in sea water, although the percentage contribution of the various ions may differ. On the other hand these inorganic ions account for only about one third to one half of the intracellular osmotic pressure. The remainder is accounted for by organic solutes, most particularly free amino acids.
The fishery for crawfish, Palinurus elephas, off the coast of Cornwall
Authors: Hepper B. T.
Published: May 2009

Off the coast of Cornwall from the Lizard Head to Padstow there has been, for many years, a small but locally important fishery for crawfish Palinurus elephas (Fabr.).

The fishermen had used pots and tangle nets up to the outbreak of the Second World War in 1939. From 1945 tangle nets had been little used and the fishery was pursued mainly by pot fishermen until the early 1960s when divers using self-contained under-water breathing apparatus began to collect crawfish. Tangle nets were re-introduced widely in the late 1960s.
Photosynthesis and respiration in the coralline algae, Clathromorphum circumscriptum and Corallina officinalis and the metabolic basis of calcification
Authors: Digby P. S. B.
Published: May 2009

Study of the pH relations of the coralline algae has shown that there is good reason to believe that calcification may be brought about by the development of alkalinity by the cells of the thallus, while a slightly acid reaction may be detected on occasion on the outer surface (Digby, 1977). The mechanism of calcification is obscure, but in general two types of action might be involved, direct chemical action and active transport. In direct chemical action a chain of reactions may occur in which the laws of chemical equivalence must be obeyed. Active transport involves complex metabolic processes which may be much more efficient in moving ions from one place to another, the utilization of one chemical equivalent of oxygen providing the energy to transport more than one equivalent of a particular substance.
An association between Exspina typica Lang (Tanaidacea) and deep-sea holothurians
Authors: H. Michael , D. S. M. Thurston , Billett-Al  , Hassack Elizabeth
Published: May 2009

First reports of the association between Exspina typica and three species of abyssal holothurian are presented. These records suggest that the association is a real one, and not an artefact of sampling, but throw no light on the nature of the association. The geographic and bathymetric distributions of E. typica are summarized, and the species is shown to be a widely distributed cold water stenotherm.
The site of development of the monogenean Calicotyle kröyeri, a parasite of rays
Authors: Kearn G. C.
Published: May 2009

It has been shown that the early development of the monogenean Calicotyle kröyeri takes place in the rectal gland of its hosts (various species of Raja). Adult parasites were found in the rectal gland as well as in the cloaca. The invasion route followed to the rectal gland remains unknown, in spite of a search for post-larvae in scrapings from the cloacal lining, rectal lining and ventral skin near the cloacal opening and in blood vessels leading to and from the rectal gland. The growth of the hamuli is described.
Aspects of the biology of Hoplostethus atlanticus and H. mediterraneus (Pisces: Berycomorphi) from the slopes of the rockall Trough and the Porcupine Sea Bight (north-eastern Atlantic)
Authors: Gordon J. D. M. , Duncan J. A. R.
Published: May 2009

Two berycomorph fishes, Hoplostethus atlanticus and H. mediterraneus, were captured by bottom trawls on the continental slopes to the west of the British Isles. H. atlanticus was seldom abundant and was distributed at a depth of about 1250 m both in the Rockall Trough and the Porcupine Sea Bight. H. mediterraneus was only present in the Porcupine Sea Bight and was moderately abundant at depths of about 750 m. Few juveniles of either species were captured and there was no evidence to suggest that H. atlanticus spawned in the area. Seasonal changes in the gonosomatic index of H. mediterraneus indicate that spawning occurs in the autumn and that the environmental conditions at this northern limit of its distribution may be unsuitable for larval or juvenile survival. Juvenile H. mediterraneus were relatively abundant in bottom trawls off West Africa. The diets of both species were broadly similar in that they preyed primarily on benthopelagic organisms, especially mysids, decapods, fish and cephalopods.
Embryonic respiration in the dogfish(Scyliorhinus caniculaL.)
Authors: Diez Jose Manuel , Davenport John
Published: May 2009

Dogfish eggs would appear to be eminently suitable for physiological study because of their large size, easy availability (egg laying seems to be continuous throughout the year except for a break during the autumn (Craik, 1978)); their long lasting development (between 240 and 300 days from laying to hatching (Foulley & Mellinger, 1980a)); the clear separation between yolk-sac and embryo, and the fact that eggs are normally laid in pairs (opening up the possibility of keeping one of them as control whilst experimenting upon the other).
The impact of a Gyrodinium aureolum bloom on inshore young fish populations
Authors: Potts G. W. , Edwards J. M.
Published: May 2009

Blooms of the dinoflagellate, Gyrodinium aureolum have been recorded on the coasts of Europe and are fully reviewed by Tangen (1977) and Boalch (1979). The significance of these blooms is considerable, and with the increase in the eutrophication of inshore waters they are now an important factor influencing the ecology of coastal waters (Boalch, 1984). Their numbers increase to concentrations in excess of five million cells per litre during warm, stable conditions resulting in the waters becoming a greenish-brown colour, ‘slimy’ and with a characteristic smell (Boalch, 1979; Jenkinson, 1986). At these concentrations there are reports that local fauna may be adversely affected and certain species will die.
The Irish species of Iphimedia Rathke (Amphipoda: Acanthonotozomatidae)
Authors: Myers A. A. , McGrath D. , Costello M. J.
Published: May 2009

Three genera of Acanthonotozomatidae have been recorded from the British Isles, Iphimedia, Panoploea and Odius. The latter genus is distinctive, but the former two differ from one another only in the relative development of the palp of maxilla 1, which is variable throughout the group. It is shorter than the outer plate in P. minuta and P. eblanae, a little shorter than the outer plate in I. vicina, equal in length to the outer plate in I. quasimodius and longer than the outer plate in I. obesa and I. serratipes. There appears, therefore, to be no good phylogenetic justification for separating the two genera, and following Ruffo & Schiecke (1979, 1982) the genus Panoploea is relegated to the synonymy of Iphimedia.
Effects of temperature and salinity on the growth and survival of the planktonic foraminiferGlobigerinoides sacculifer
Authors: Caron David A. , Faber Walter W. , Bé Allan W. H.
Published: May 2009

The geographic distributions of most surface-dwelling species of planktonic Foraminifera are now well-known (Bé, 1959, 1960, 1977; Bé & Hamlin, 1967; Bé, Vilks & Lott, 1971; Bé & Tolderlund, 1971; Tolderlund & Bé, 1971; Bé & Hutson, 1977). These distributions, established from species abundance in plankton net collections, have been used to correlate abundance with physical and chemical variables (primarily temperature and salinity) in an effort to establish the factors which control the geographic range of these shelled protists. Significant correlations have been derived from these comparisons and the temperature and salinity ‘limits’ and ‘optima’ of a number of species have been reported (e.g. Bé & Tolderlund, 1971).
Growth of the spinose planktonic foraminifer Orbulina universa in laboratory culture and the effect of temperature on life processes
Authors: Caron David A. , Faber Walter W. , Bé Allan W. H.
Published: May 2009

Orbulina universa d'Orbigny is a spinose planktonic foraminifer which occurs throughout surface waters of the tropical, subtropical and transition zones of the world ocean (Bé & Tolderlund, 1971). This species is unique among planktonic Foraminifera in that its life cycle is composed of two growth stages. The juvenile stage is a trochospiral form which is enclosed within a terminal spherical chamber in the adult stage. O. universa is relatively omnivorous, and consumes a variety of prey that range in size and quality from phytoplankton to copepods (Bé et al. 1977; Anderson et al. 1979; Spindler et al. 1984). In addition, each individual harbors several thousand zooxanthellae which presumably are an additional source of nutrition for the foraminifer (Be et al. 1977; Hemleben & Spindler, 1983; Spero & Parker, 1985).
Two new European species of Eulalia (Polychaeta: Phyllodocidae)
Authors: Pleijel Fredrik
Published: May 2009

A species of Eulalia, keying out as E. pusilla Örsted, 1843 in Fauvel (1923) and Hartmann-Schröder (1971), was collected at Plymouth in 1986. This species does not however agree with the original description, nor does it occur in the Danish waters from where E. pusilla was first described. The confusion apparently stems from Quatrefages (1865) and Saint-Joseph (1888) who both incorrectly applied Örsted's name to this more southerly species, the latter author providing the first accurate description.
Observations on the opisthobranch mollusc Acteon tornatilis (L.).
Authors: Fretter Vera , Graham Alastair
Published: May 2009

Acteon tornatilis is an opisthobranch mollusc which burrows in sand, using foot, labial and cephalic tentacles in the process. The last also help to exclude sand from the mantle cavity, which is extended into a caecum coiling alongside the visceral hump, presumably used for respiration but also for excretion. The main pallial water current is an exhalant one on the right.

The mantle skirt carries, on the left, numerous repugnatorial glands with toxic secretions.

Labial glands lie at the mouth and the buccal cavity contains jaws and a reduced buccal mass and radula. Into it open salivary glands the structure of which is like that of the pyramidellids. The oesophagus shows traces neither of glands nor of torsion whereas the stomach, though simplified, has resemblances to that of a prosobranch.

The reproductive system is shown to be different from previous descriptions. Male and female ducts are separate from the lower end of the little hermaphrodite duct. The former passes to a prostate from which a vas deferens leads to a large uninvaginable penis; the latter has associated albumen and mucous glands and there is a receptaculum seminis to the duct of which a ventral channel leads from the female aperture in the mantle cavity.Discussion of these aspects of the animal's structure confirms its position as the most primitive of the opisthobranchs.
The position of Pontophilus echinulatus (M. Sars) in the Crangonidae
Authors: Lebour Marie V.
Published: May 2009

On 26 November 1953 the new research ship Sarsia on her first cruise collected a number of Pontophilus echinulatus (M. Sars) (with an Agassiz trawl, depth 100 fm., La Chapelle, Bay of Biscay). Mr G. R. Forster, of the Plymouth Laboratory, noted that these did not fit into the key given by Kemp (1910) in that they have in the male a distinct appendix interna at the base of the four last pairs of pleopods, while in the female this is absent, the inner ramus being usually undivided, although occasionally an indistinct division can be made out. Otherwise they agree with Kemp's diagnosis.

Kemp (1910) notes M. Sars 1861 as authority, but this is only a preliminary description. In Sars (1868), given in Kemp's (1910) bibliography but not under the species, it is seen that he describes both male and female exactly as in the specimens from Sarsia, the male having a distinct appendix interna on the last four pairs of pleopods and an appendix masculina also on the second pair, the female pleopods having very short inner rami, except in the first which is long, and there is no appendix interna. Sars's figures of these limbs are very good. Kemp (1911) joins Philocheras with Pontophilus, and in this he is now followed by most authors.

Kemp (1916) reviewed the pleopods in the genus Pontophilus, as far as he could with the material he had in India, and he proposed certain groups according to the presence or absence of the appendix interna.
Protostyela heterobranchia n.gen., n.sp., a styelid ascidian from the scottish west coast
Authors: Millar R. H.
Published: May 2009

Protostyela heterobranchia n.gen. n.sp. is a compound styelid ascidian from Scottish waters. The branchial sac has three longitudinal bars on each side and no folds, and the stigmata are transverse. Both hermaphrodite and unisexual (male) gonads are present.
The breeding and development of the ascidian Pelonaia corrugata Forbes and Goodsir
Authors: Millar R. H.
Published: May 2009

Pelonaia corrugata in the Firth of Clyde breeds for only 2–4 weeks in January or February. The species is oviparous. Early cleavage is similar to that of other ascidians, but after gastrulation the embryo passes through a two-hemisphere stage. One of these hemispheres is endodermal. From the other hemisphere, which slowly envelops the endoderm, two ampullae grow and fix the embryo to the substratum. The young ascidian develops directly from this attached embryo, and the development is therefore anural. Elimination of the pelagic larval stage is regarded as an adaptation to the sand-dwelling habit of the adult, as it prevents dispersal to unsuitable habitats.
Innervation of an amphipod heart
Authors: Alexandrowicz J. S.
Published: May 2009

In the heart of Marinogammarus marinus three systems of nerve elements have been found, viz. (1) a local system consisting of a ganglionic trunk situated on the dorsal surface of the heart and sending branches to the muscle fibres, (2) two paired nerves, termed the 1st and 2nd cardiac nerves, connecting the local system with the central nervous system, and (3) nerves supplying the muscles of the arterial valves. It is assumed that the local system rules the beat of the heart and that the cardiac nerves have a regulating function.

Not directly connected with the heart, but having relation to the blood circulation are two sets of nerves: (1) nerves supplying the alary muscles, presumably regulating the pressure in the pericardial cavity, and (2) nerves spreading over the lateral wall of the pericardium in neuropile-like plexuses and supposed to have a neurosecretory function.

It is suggested that the centre controlling the blood circulation could be localized in the infraoesophageal ganglion.
A marine fungus Plectospira dubia n.sp. [Saprolegniaceae], infecting crustacean eggs and small Crustacea
Authors: Atkins D.
Published: May 2009

A marine fungus, Plectospira dubia n.sp., has been found infecting crustacean eggs and small Crustacea in the Plymouth Laboratory. It has the following characteristics: mycelium mostly intra-matrical, coarse, hyphae 50–100µ in diameter. Sporangia irregularly inflated, emptying by efferent hyphae of variable length and frequently of irregular diameter; sometimes proliferous; wall persistent. Zoospores dicystic and dimorphic, but the first swimming stage largely suppressed, the first zoospores mostly encysting within the sporangium after a short period of feeble activity, then swimming in the second stage. The first zoospores pyriform and flagellate (probably biflagellate): in the second motile stage laterally grooved with two laterally inserted flagella. First zoospores about 1oµ long, when encysted 7–8µ in diameter; in the second motile stage 11–12µ long, when encysted 6–7µ. in diameter. Gemmae numerous, spherical, up to 1OOµ. in diameter. Sexual organs so far unknown.
The Development of egg-membranes and egg attachment in the shore crab, Carcinus maenas, and some related decapods
Authors: Cheung T. S.
Published: May 2009

The classical problem of decapod egg-membrane formation and egg attachment was studied in Carcinus maenas, Homarus vulgaris, Nephrops norvegicus and Astacus pallipes. It was found that no fundamental difference existed in the membranes of the above species, and that some of the current views on the physiological processes involved were incorrect. The present study indicated that no externally deposited membranes have been formed around the egg at any stage. The outer-most membrane really consists of three layers which are histochemically distinct from one another and cannot be equated with epicuticle. The outermost layer (layer 1) of this membrane is derived from the vitslline membrane, the second layer (layer 2) is formed through solidification of a fluid exuded from the egg at spawning, and the third layer (layer 3) is formed by highly PAS-positive substance from the egg. It is suggested that the formation of this ‘trichromatic membrane’ is initiated by fertilization.
Centenary of the Journal
Authors: G. M. S.  , J. V. H.  , A. J. S.  , E. K. R.
Published: May 2009

The first number of the Journal-of the Marine Biological Association appeared in August 1887, during the final stages of the building of the Laboratory, while research was being carried out from rented rooms in the Barbican. To celebrate the centenary of this outstanding serial publication in marine science, and the centenary of the opening of the Laboratory in June next year, we are including in the present issue an updated account of the history of the Association, based on a version originally published in 1984 to celebrate the founding of the Association in March 1884. We are indebted to the Council of the Devonshire Association for the Advancement of Science for permission to reprint a substantial part of the text that appeared in their Transactions for 1984.
The effects of tributyltin (TBT) accumulation on adult dog-whelks, Nucella lapillus: long-term field and laboratory experiments
Authors: Bryan G. W. , Gibbs P. E. , Burt G. R. , Hummerstone L. G.
Published: May 2009

Populations of the gastropod, Nucella lapillus (L.), normally one of the commonest of rocky-shore macroinvertebrates, have recently suffered from declining numbers at many sites along the south coast of England. Bryan et al. (1986) showed that these declining populations exhibited a high degree of imposex (the induction of a penis and vas deferens in females) and that imposex was almost certainly caused by tributyltin (TBT) compounds leached from ships' antifouling paints. Evidence implicating TBT compounds in the development of imposex included: (1) a good relationship between the degree of imposex and the proximity of affected populations to harbours and marinas; (2) in Plymouth Sound, the degree of imposex increased dramatically between its discovery in 1969 (Blaber, 1970) and 1985, thus coinciding with the introduction and increasing usage of TBT-based paints; (3) tissue concentrations of tin as TBT increased consistently with the degree of imposex; (4) animals transplanted from a ‘clean’ area to a harbour site absorbed TBT and developed imposex; (5) preliminary experiments showed that imposex was induced by exposure to 20 ng/1 of tin as TBT leached from a TBT-based paint; (6) TBT is implicated in the induction of imposex in other stenoglossan gastropods including Nassarius obsoletus (Say) (Smith, 1981) and Ocenebra erinacea (L.) (Féral & Gall, 1982).
On the differences between the two ‘indicator’ species of chaetognath,Sagitta setosaandS. elegans
Authors: Bone Q. , Brownlee C. , Bryan G. W. , Burt G. R. , Dando P. R. , Liddicoat M. I. , Pulsford A. L. , Ryan K. P.
Published: May 2009

The suggestion that the two chaetognath speciesSagitta setosaandS. eleganswere ‘indicators’ of different water masses was first made by Meek (1928), working off Northumberland, and subsequently developed by Russell (1933, 1935, 1939) in his classical work on their distribution as indicators of ‘Channel’ and ‘Western’ water off Plymouth. The alternation in dominance of the two species during the well-known changes in the Western Channel off Plymouth during the past 60 years (which have been termed the ‘Russell’ cycle; Cushing & Dickson, 1976) have most recently been reviewed and discussed by Southward (1984).
Gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) in the common dogfishScyliorhinus caniculaL.: an ultrastructural study
Authors: Hart S. , Wrathmell A. B. , Harris J. E. , Doggett T. A.
Published: May 2009

An increasing interest has been generated in the potential use of oral vaccines in the prevention of diseases of farmed fish (Ellis, 1985; Manning & Tatner, 1985). As part of an investigation of the fate of ingested antigenic material in fish we have in previous studies (Hart, Wrathmell & Harris, 1986a,b) examined the ontogeny and morphology of GALT in the common dogfish at the light-microscopic level. GALT was shown to occupy three niches throughout the gut: as accumulations of leucocytes in the lamina propria and as individual cells in the lamina propria and epithelium.
The ultrastructure of the heart-body of the lugworm, Arenicola marina
Authors: Dales R. P. , Cummings M. O.
Published: May 2009

The gross anatomy of the heart-body of the lugworm Arenicola grubii Clap, was described by Gamble & Ashworth (1900) and Ashworth (1904) who noted that it was also well developed in A. ecaudata Johnston (Ashworth, 1904) but was absent in A. claparedii Levinsen and A. cristata Stimpson. These authors noticed that there was no trace of a heart-body in young specimens of A. marina (L.) but that it was recognisable in worms measuring 65 mm or more in length. In such worms the heart-body tissue was described as consisting of two simple layers. In larger worms the layers are invaded by tissue resembling the wall of the heart and are probably invaginations of it. Dissection does suggest that the heart-body which lies only within the ventricle, is indeed formed by invaginations from the wall of the heart.
Biologically active compounds in the sea
Authors: Johnston R.
Published: May 2009

The concept of external metabolites in the sea, which has received support from biological investigations, invites chemical corroboration which, until recently, has not been forthcoming. Separations of organic matter from filtered sea water using a variety of methods are reported and a preliminary assessment made. Organic residues obtained from different open sea sources by adsorption on carbon give rise to different paper chromatogram patterns. Certain organic components of a carbon adsorbate contain substances which affect the growth of a number of marine phytoplankton organisms. Further research is planned employing methods of isolation and chromatography of the dissolved organic matter from different sea waters and the assessment of biological activity of certain fractions by means of common marine organisms. Some aspects of the significance of biologically active compounds in the sea are mentioned.
The salp Ritteriella off the English coast—a correction
Authors: Fraser J. H.
Published: May 2009

In a recent short note in this Journal (Fraser, 1954) the occurrence was announced, off the entrance to the English Channel, of the solitary form of the salp Ritteriella picteti (Apstein), and seven aggregate forms of R. amboinensis (Apstein), taken by H.M.S. Challenger in 1953. The identification of the aggregate forms as R. amboinensis and not as R.pictetiv/as based, as then stated, on Thompson's (1948) description from a very young specimen of R. picteti which emphasized the similarity of its muscle arrangements to those of Salpa cylindrica and not to Ritteriella amboinensis.

Since this was written, Berner (1954) has described the aggregate form of R. picteti from good specimens found off the west coast of U.S.A., and he has shown that the musculature was in fact not like that of Salpa cylindrica but very similar to Ritteriella amboinensis. Differences were noted in the number of fibres constituting the various body muscles and in the number and arrangement of the oral muscles. A still more recent paper by Yount (1954) includes comparisons of the two forms, based on Berner's characters but also including differences in the length of the endostyle and in body shape (length of anterior and posterior processes, and degree of extension of the gut outside the rest of the body). Yount also goes into greater detail in describing the oral musculature in tie two species.

A re-examination of the specimens taken by H.M.S. Challenger shows them to be in fairly close agreement with both Berner's and Yount's descriptions of R. picteti, but with one or two small differences. The actual number of fibres in the muscles is rather smaller than given by Berner for R. picteti, though the precise figure is difficult to ascertain, and there is no median interruption of the first sphincter muscle in the upper lip which Berner believed to be characteristic, and which Yount accepted.
Carotenoid pigments in the optic cushion of Marthasterias glacialis (L.)
Authors: Millott Norman , Vevers H. G.
Published: May 2009

The optic cushion of Marthasterias glacialis is seen to contain yellowish orange and reddish orange pigments. The former occurs throughout the cushion, the latter is confined to the wall of the optic cups and a few scattered, irregular patches. Both pigments occur in the cytoplasm of long and narrow or irregular cells, some in the form of granules or vacuoles.

Optic cushions yield an orange extract in methanol which decomposes in light.

The behaviour of methanolic extracts after partitioning, saponification, chromatographic separation and spectrophotometric examination indicates the presence of β-carotene and esterified astaxanthin.

The significance of the results in relation to previous findings and their possible bearing on photoreception is discussed.
The growth rate of the Long Rough Dab Hippoglossoides platessoides (Fabr.)
Authors: Bagenal T. B.
Published: May 2009

The ages of 1426 female, and 135 male Long Rough Dabs have been determined from otolith readings. The females were found to live into their seventh year and reach 30.5 cm, compared with males that live to their fifth year and reach 19.0 cm in length. However, the mean increase in length per year for a given length, has been found to be the same. The growth of the females has been shown to fit the equation lt=26.437 (I—0.574t) and of the males lt=17.754 (I —0.585t). In the case of the females the observed and calculated values agree quite closely, but with the males there is a greater difference, and it is believed that the discrepancy is due to net selection. The suggestion is made that the calculated mean lengths for each age group are better estimates of those of the population than are the observed sample means. The two standard deviations limits can be estimated about the population means and the sample values are found to be within these limits.

Comparison with previous studies shows that the Clyde fish are smaller and shorter-lived than more northern specimens, though broadly speaking the rate of growth for comparable ages is not so dissimilar.
The feeding behaviour of starfish on Essex oyster beds
Authors: Hancock D. A.
Published: May 2009

Laboratory and field observations were made on the food and feeding of the starfish in relation to its role as a predator on oyster beds in the rivers of Essex, particularly in the river Crouch.

Asterias rubenswas found most likely to be associated with large numbers ofCrepidula, the most serious competitor of the oyster.

Laboratory experiments showed that althoughAsteriasoccasionally ate spat and adult oysters, the greater part of its food was made up of organisms which are competitors of the oyster. The smaller sizes ofAsteriasate large numbers of barnacles, with occasional spat of oysters andCrepidula. The larger occasionally ate oysters and oyster spat, but almost always exhibited a preference for mussels and, in the absence of these, forCrepidula, and sometimes even forUrosalpinx.

Some observations were made on the method and rate of feeding and distribution ofAsteriasandSolaster papposus, and certain aspects of the feeding behaviour of the stone crab,Hyas araneus.

It was concluded thatAsteriasis not such a serious enemy of the oyster as was previously supposed, and that under certain conditions, its presence may be beneficial to oyster culture.
The diet and feeding mechanism of Idotea
Authors: Naylor E.
Published: May 2009

Idotea feeds on large food masses. It is potentially an omnivorous scavenger, but each species may have a characteristic diet depending on the availability of food in its particular habitat.

The structure, topography and action of the mouthparts are described: spines on the maxillules and maxillipedes scrape the food material whilst the mandibles actually bite the food; toothed spines on the maxillules and mandibles push the food upwards to the molar processes of the mandibles; debris is brushed forwards between the lobes of the paragnath by setae on the inner endites of the maxillules, maxillae and maxillipedes; and spines on the maxillipedal palp, and on the first leg, comb the mouthparts.

The structure of the foregut resembles that of Asellus and Ligia.

The relation of the feeding mechanism to the functional evolution of the mouthparts of Peracarida as a whole is discussed.
Annual Variations in Length of Copepods in the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda
Authors: Deevey Georgiana B.
Published: May 2009

Measurements of cephalothorax length were made on the females of five species of oceanic copepods for the period from January 1958 through August 1959. The seasonal length variations of the three species of Pleuromamma (P. piseki, P. abdominalis and P. xiphias) followed the cycle in total phytoplankton. Significant positive correlations were obtained between the mean lengths of P. abdominalis and P. piseki and the mean quantity of phytoplankton of the month previous to sampling, but there was no correlation between length and temperature.

The seasonal length variations of females of Haloptilus longicornis and Lucicutia flavicornis differed in pattern from that of the Pleuromamma species and no correlation was found between their mean lengths and the annual cycles of phytoplankton or temperature. These species may feed selectively on some possibly unmeasured fraction of the plankton or on particulate organic matter.

Previous work has shown that in waters with a wide temperature range there is a high negative correlation between length and temperature and no correlation between length and phytoplankton. In other regions with an intermediate temperature range the sizes of successive generations of copepods are correlated to almost equal degree with the temperature and the quantity of phytoplankton available during growth. In the Sargasso Sea, where there is a narrow temperature range but a definite seasonal cycle in total phytoplankton, the length variations of the Pleuromamma species are correlated with the phytoplankton cycle and not with temperature.