bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Effects of Railway Investments in a Polycentric City: A Comparison of Competitive and Segmented Land Markets
Authors: Debrezion Ghebreegziabiher , Pels Eric , Rietveld Piet
Published: August 2007

The paper analyzes the effect of railway investment on land prices and land use in a polycentric city under various regulatory regimes of land markets. The introduction of a fast mode of transport (train), accessible in discrete locations, leads to an increase in city size. The stations of the fast mode induce dense residential settlements in their vicinity. As a result, the average residential and commercial land rents increase in both competitive and segmented land-market situations, compared with the unimodal transport case. When rail investments serve only one particular centre, this leads to the growth of the advantaged centre at the expense of the other centre. An investment in the fast mode results in city growth and an increase in rent receipts. However, the effect of the investment for individual centres and their corresponding residential areas depends on the underlying land-market conditions. Restrictions on commercial land use lead to increases in commercial rents, but this is more than offset by the decrease in residential land rents.
Terry Lechler: The cytoskeleton is skin deep
Authors: LeBrasseur Nicole
Published: August 2007

If form is function, Terry Lechler thinks scientists should know more about how cells acquire their form. That's one reason he studies the cytoskeleton.
Src kinase activity and SH2 domain regulate the dynamics of Src association with lipid and protein targets
Authors: Shvartsman Dmitry E. , Donaldson John C. , Diaz Begoña , Gutman Orit , Martin G. Steven , Henis Yoav I.
Published: August 2007

Src functions depend on its association with the plasma membrane and with specific membrane-associated assemblies. Many aspects of these interactions are unclear. We investigated the functions of kinase, SH2, and SH3 domains in Src membrane interactions. We used FRAP beam-size analysis in live cells expressing a series of c-Src–GFP proteins with targeted mutations in specific domains together with biochemical experiments to determine whether the mutants can generate and bind to phosphotyrosyl proteins. Wild-type Src displays lipid-like membrane association, whereas constitutively active Src-Y527F interacts transiently with slower-diffusing membrane-associated proteins. These interactions require Src kinase activity and SH2 binding, but not SH3 binding. Furthermore, overexpression of paxillin, an Src substrate with a high cytoplasmic population, competes with membrane phosphotyrosyl protein targets for binding to activated Src. Our observations indicate that the interactions of Src with lipid and protein targets are dynamic and that the kinase and SH2 domain cooperate in the membrane targeting of Src.
A seamless trespass: germ cell migration across the seminiferous epithelium during spermatogenesis
Authors: Wang Claire Q.F. , Cheng C. Yan
Published: August 2007

During spermatogenesis, preleptotene spermatocytes traverse the blood–testis barrier (BTB) in the seminiferous epithelium, which is reminiscent of viral pathogens breaking through the tight junctions of host epithelial cells. The process also closely resembles the migration of leukocytes across endothelial tight junctions to reach inflammation sites. Cell adhesion molecules of the immunoglobulin superfamily (e.g., JAM/CAR/nectin) participate in germ cell migration by conferring transient adhesion between Sertoli and germ cells through homophilic and heterophilic interactions. The same molecules also comprise the junctional complexes at the BTB. Interestingly, JAM/CAR/nectin molecules mediate virus uptake and leukocyte transmigration in strikingly similar manners. It is likely that the strategy used by viruses and leukocytes to break through junctional barriers is used by germ cells to open up the inter–Sertoli cell junctions. In associating these diverse cellular events, we highlight the “guiding” role of JAM/CAR/nectin molecules for germ cell passage. Knowledge on viral invasion and leukocyte transmigration has also shed insights into germ cell movement during spermatogenesis.
Amyloid-specific fluorophores for the rapid, sensitive in situ detection of prion contamination on surgical instruments
Authors: Lipscomb I. P. , Hervé R. , Harris K. , Pinchin H. , Collin R. , Keevil C. W.
Published: August 2007

Prion diseases or transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (TSEs) are a group of rare, transmissible and fatal neurodegenerative diseases associated with the protein agent (PrPSc). As such, the sensitive and rapid detection of prion PrPSc amyloid on the surface of suspect surgical instruments is of great importance and may even allow remedial action to be taken prior to any further operative intervention and possible iatrogenic transmission. However, conventional PrPSc detection methodologies tend to rely on the inefficient and unreliable removal of suspect material from a surface using swabs or wipes prior to antibody analysis. Here we show how the combination of an advanced light microscope technique, episcopic differential interference contrast/epifluorescence (EDIC/EF) microscopy, and the application of β-amyloid fluorescent thiazole markers (thioflavin T, thioflavin S) can be used to detect, in situ, submicron (attomole) levels of prion protein amyloid contamination in brain and spleen sections, smears and homogenate on surgical stainless steel surfaces and surgical instruments. This technique, although not specific to an amyloid type, can be used to verify that surgical instruments are substantially free from prion amyloid protein soiling and hence reduce the risk of iatrogenic transmission.
Enterovirus surveillance reveals proposed new serotypes and provides new insight into enterovirus 5′-untranslated region evolution
Authors: Smura Teemu , Blomqvist Soile , Paananen Anja , Vuorinen Tytti , Sobotová Zdenka , Buboviča Veronika , Ivanova Olga , Hovi Tapani , Roivainen Merja
Published: August 2007

Human enteroviruses are currently grouped into five species Human enterovirus A (HEV-A), HEV-B, HEV-C, HEV-D and Poliovirus. During surveillance for enteroviruses serologically non-typable enterovirus strains were found from acute flaccid paralysis patients and healthy individuals. In this study, we report isolates of recently described enterovirus types EV76 and EV90 of HEV-A species and characterize two new enterovirus type candidates, EV96 and EV97, to species HEV-C and HEV-B, respectively. Analysis of partial 3D regions of EV96 strains revealed sequence divergence consistent with several recombination events between EV96, other HEV-C viruses and polioviruses. Phylogenetic analysis of all available 5′-untranslated region sequences of human entero- and rhinovirus prototype strains and 10 simian enterovirus strains suggested interspecies recombination involving this region.
Robust production of infectious viral particles in Huh-7 cells by introducing mutations in hepatitis C virus structural proteins
Authors: Delgrange David , Pillez André , Castelain Sandrine , Cocquerel Laurence , Rouillé Yves , Dubuisson Jean , Wakita Takaji , Duverlie Gilles , Wychowski Czeslaw
Published: August 2007

Recently, the characterization of a cell culture system allowing the amplification of an authentic virus, named hepatitis C virus cell culture (HCVcc), has been reported by several groups. To obtain higher HCV particle productions, we investigated the potential effect of some amino acid changes on the infectivity of the JFH-1 isolate. As a first approach, successive infections of naïve Huh-7 cells were performed until high viral titres were obtained, and mutations that appeared during this selection were identified by sequencing. Only one major modification, N534K, located in the E2 glycoprotein sequence was found. Interestingly, this mutation prevented core glycosylation of E2 site 6. In addition, JFH-1 generated with this modification facilitated the infection of Huh-7 cells. In a second approach to identify mutations favouring HCVcc infectivity, we exploited the observation that a chimeric virus containing the genotype 1a core protein in the context of JFH-1 background was more infectious than wild-type JFH-1 isolate. Sequence alignment between JFH-1 and our chimera, led us to identify two major positions, 172 and 173, which were not occupied by similar amino acids in these two viruses. Importantly, higher viral titres were obtained by introducing these residues in the context of wild-type JFH-1. Altogether, our data indicate that a more robust production of HCVcc particles can be obtained by introducing a few specific mutations in JFH-1 structural proteins.
Efficient infection of tree shrew (Tupaia belangeri) with hepatitis C virus grown in cell culture or from patient plasma
Authors: Xu Xinping , Chen Hongbo , Cao Xiaomei , Ben Kunlong
Published: August 2007

The generation of a new, cost-effective, non-primate, small-animal model would greatly facilitate research into hepatitis C virus (HCV) pathogenesis and the development of novel therapeutic and preventative technologies to control the increasing HCV threat to public health. Native HCV from patient plasma and HCV grown in cell culture (HCVcc) were used to inoculate adult tree shrews. Each animal was inoculated with one HCV genotype. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, HCV RNA and viral load were determined in the animals before and after inoculation. For native HCV, 16/18 inoculated tree shrews (89 %) became infected; 12/16 (75 %) of these animals became chronically infected, whilst infection was resolved in the remaining four (25 %). For HCVcc, infection occurred in 10/12 inoculated tree shrews (83 %) and chronic infection was observed in two of these animals. HCVcc from Huh7 cells showed a higher infectivity than that from HeLa cells. The animals inoculated with inadequate amounts of HCV were not infected in either native HCV or HCVcc experiments. Peak viral loads reached 103–105international units ml−1in chronically infected animals. ALT level changes reflected the normal fluctuation range in most animals. Thus, tree shrews without immunosuppression can be infected efficiently by native HCV and HCVcc when the animal is inoculated with an adequate amount of single-genotype HCV.
A comprehensive library of mutations of Epstein–Barr virus
Authors: Chiu Ya-Fang , Tung Chao-Ping , Lee Yu-Hisu , Wang Wen-Hung , Li Ching , Hung Jia-Yan , Wang Chen-Yu , Kawaguchi Yasushi , Liu Shih-Tung
Published: August 2007

A mutant library of 249 mutants with mutations that span the entire Epstein–Barr virus (EBV) genome was generated by transposition with EZ : : TN  and insertion with an apramycin resistance gene by a PCR-targeting method. This study also demonstrates the feasibility of generating deletions and site-specific mutations in the BRLF1 promoter on the EBV genome to determine the regions in the promoter that are crucial to transcription. Analysing BZLF1 and BRLF1 mutants by microarray analysis revealed that these two genes regulate the transcription of EBV lytic genes differently. A BZLF1 mutation affects global expression of EBV lytic genes; almost no lytic gene is expressed by the mutant after lytic induction. However, although a BRLF1 mutant still transcribes most lytic genes, the expression of these lytic genes is inefficient. Furthermore, this study shows that the proximal Zta-response element in the BRLF1 promoter is crucial to BRLF1 transcription from the EBV genome, despite the fact that another work demonstrated that this site was unimportant in transient transfection analysis. Furthermore, mutants with a mutation in BDLF1 and BORF1 cannot assemble viral capsids. Results of this study demonstrate the usefulness of a comprehensive mutant library in genetic analyses of EBV.
An activation-defective mutant of the human cytomegalovirus IE2p86 protein inhibits NF-κB-mediated stimulation of the human interleukin-6 promoter
Authors: Gealy Claire , Humphreys Christine , Dickinson Vicky , Stinski Mark , Caswell Richard
Published: August 2007

The IE2p86 protein of human cytomegalovirus is an essential activator of early- and late-phase viral gene expression. Whilst IE2p86 activates expression of a number of cellular genes, it also represses certain cellular genes, particularly those activated by nuclear factor κB (NF-κB). As the interleukin-6 (IL-6) promoter can be activated by both NF-κB and IE2p86, it was examined whether there is competition between these two factors. Here, it is reported that both wild-type and mutant IE2p86 can block activation of the IL-6 promoter in response to interleukin-1β. By using an artificial activator in which the activation domain of NF-κB is directed to the promoter by the GAL4 DNA-binding domain, it is shown that the mutant form of IE2p86 can inhibit NF-κB-mediated activation at a step subsequent to promoter recruitment. These data therefore suggest a novel mechanism for inhibition of NF-κB by IE2p86.
Effects of feline immunodeficiency virus on feline monocyte-derived dendritic cells infected by spinoculation
Authors: Freer G. , Matteucci D. , Mazzetti P. , Tarabella F. , Catalucci V. , Bendinelli M.
Published: August 2007

During type 1 human immunodeficiency virus infection, not only can dendritic cells (DCs) prime T cells against the virus, but they can also infect them in trans. Feline AIDS is caused by feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and is considered a model for the human illness because the two diseases have many features in common. Little is known about the interaction of feline DCs with FIV; therefore, this study attempts to tackle such an issue. Infection of feline monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs) was attempted by spinoculation with FIV strains Petaluma (FIV-Pet) and M2. FIV-Pet was released rapidly in the supernatants of both infected MDDCs and activated T cells after spinoculation. It is shown that FIV-Pet was produced by MDDCs by monitoring viral content in the supernatants of infected MDDCs, by intracellular staining for p25 and by showing its cytopathic effect. Although activated T cells were better substrates for FIV replication, leading to prolonged viral shedding, both immature MDDCs and MDDCs matured with lipopolysaccharide supported virus production, mostly during the first 2 days after infection. At later times, FIV induced syncytium formation by MDDCs. Concerning the FIV receptors, MDDCs were shown to be CD134-negative and CXCR4-positive, a phenotype compatible with permissiveness to FIV-Pet. These results also suggest that maturation is not hampered by FIV infection and that virus exposure itself does not induce MDDC maturation. It is also shown that infected MDDCs can infect activated PBMCs efficiently in trans. It is concluded that MDDCs can be infected by FIV, although infection does not appear to influence their functionality.
Functional consequences of attenuating mutations in the haemagglutinin–neuraminidase, fusion and polymerase proteins of a wild-type mumps virus strain
Authors: Malik Tahir , Wolbert Candie , Mauldin Jeremy , Sauder Christian , Carbone Kathryn M. , Rubin Steven A.
Published: August 2007

Wild-type mumps viruses (MuVs) are highly neurotropic and, prior to widespread vaccination programmes, were a major cause of viral meningitis and encephalitis in most developed countries. At present, there are no markers for virus attenuation, apart from the failure of a passaged isolate to produce clinical symptoms in vaccinees. Indeed, some MuV vaccines have retained residual neurovirulence properties and have caused aseptic meningitis in vaccinees. Three amino acid changes associated with the neuroattenuation of a wild-type MuV strain were identified previously. This study evaluated the impact of these changes on the function of the respective proteins. The data demonstrated that the Ser→Asp amino acid substitution at position 466 in the haemagglutinin–neuraminidase protein resulted in decreased receptor binding and neuraminidase activity, the Ala/Thr→Thr selection in the fusion protein resulted in decreased fusion activity, and the Ile→Val substitution in the polymerase resulted in increased replicative/transcriptional activity. These data suggest a polygenic component (i.e. specific and inter-related roles of these amino acid changes) to MuV neuroattenuation.
Sequence analysis of the equid herpesvirus 2 chemokine receptor homologues E1, ORF74 and E6 demonstrates high sequence divergence between field isolates
Authors: Sharp Emma L. , Farrell Helen E. , Borchers Kerstin , Holmes Edward C. , Davis-Poynter Nicholas J.
Published: August 2007

Equid herpesvirus 2 (EHV-2), in common with other members of the subfamilyGammaherpesvirinae, encodes homologues of cellular seven-transmembrane receptors (7TMR), namely open reading frames (ORFs) E1, 74 and E6, which each show some similarity to cellular chemokine receptors. Whereas ORF74 and E6 are members of gammaherpesvirus-conserved 7TMR gene families, E1 is currently unique to EHV-2. To investigate their genetic variability, EHV-2 7TMRs from a panel of equine gammaherpesvirus isolates were sequenced. A region of gB was sequenced to provide comparative sequence data. Phylogenetic analysis revealed six ‘genogroups’ for E1 and four for ORF74, which exhibited approximately 10–38 and 11–27 % amino acid difference between groups, respectively. In contrast, E6 was highly conserved, with two genogroups identified. The greatest variation was observed within the N-terminal domains and other extracellular regions. Nevertheless, analysis of the number of non-synonymous (dN) and synonymous (dS) substitutions per site generally supported the hypothesis that the 7TMRs are under negative selective pressure to retain functionally important residues, although some site-specific positive selection (dN>dS) was also observed. Collectively, these data are consistent with transmembrane and cytoplasmic domains being less tolerant of mutations with adverse effects upon function. Finally, there was no evidence for genetic linkage between the different gB, E1, ORF74 and E6 genotypes, suggesting frequent intergenic recombination between different EHV-2 strains.
Establishment of productively infected walleye dermal sarcoma explant cells
Authors: Rovnak Joel , Casey Rufina N. , Brewster Connie D. , Casey James W. , Quackenbush Sandra L.
Published: August 2007

Walleye dermal sarcoma virus (WDSV) is a complex retrovirus associated with dermal sarcomas in walleye fish. Virus expression is tightly regulated and limited to accessory gene transcripts throughout tumour development. During tumour regression, this regulation is lost and the replication of virus is greatly enhanced. Cultured walleye fibroblasts infected in vitro do not produce significant quantities of infectious virus. Tissue culture cells established by explantation of tumour cells were found to harbour WDSV provirus and to express accessory and structural proteins. The sequence of the provirus showed little variation from a previous WDSV isolate. Retroviral particles were isolated from supernatants from these cells and were able to transfer infection to uninfected walleye fibroblasts. In addition to the virus present in supernatants, much of the virus was cell associated and liberated only by sonication. This virus was found at internal cellular membranes, including mitochondria, and was infectious.
Analysis of the serological variability of Lettuce mosaic virus using monoclonal antibodies and surface plasmon resonance technology
Authors: Candresse Thierry , Lot Hervé , German-Retana Sylvie , Krause-Sakate Renate , Thomas John , Souche Sylvie , Delaunay Thierry , Lanneau Maryvonne , Le Gall Olivier
Published: August 2007

A panel of 19 monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) was used to study the immunological variability of Lettuce mosaic virus (LMV), a member of the genus Potyvirus, and to perform a first epitope characterization of this virus. Based on their specificity of recognition against a panel of 15 LMV isolates, the mAbs could be clustered in seven reactivity groups. Surface plasmon resonance analysis indicated the presence, on the LMV particles, of at least five independent recognition/binding regions, correlating with the seven mAbs reactivity groups. The results demonstrate that LMV shows significant serological variability and shed light on the LMV epitope structure. The various mAbs should prove a new and efficient tool for LMV diagnostic and field epidemiology studies.
Seeking after Theological Vision
Authors: D'Costa Gavin
Published: August 2007

Books reviewed in this article:

John Milbank, Catherine Pickstock and Graham Ward (eds), Radical Orthodoxy: A New Theology
In Search of Inclusivity
Authors: Bradstock Andrew
Published: August 2007

Book reviewed in this article:

Robert Wuthnow (ed.), The Encyclopedia of Politics and Religion
Recent Books in ≡ Islamic Studies
Authors: Thomas David
Published: August 2007

Books reviewed in this article:

N. Robinson, Islam: A Concise Introduction

J. Renard, Responses to 101 Questions on Islam

J. Bowker, What Muslims Believe

B. Abrahamov, Islamic Theology: Traditionalism and Rationalism

E. Sirriyeh, Sufis and Anti‐Sufis
Identification of TSH receptor mutations in three families with resistance to TSH
Authors: Tonacchera Massimo , Di Cosmo Caterina , De Marco Giuseppina , Agretti Patrizia , Banco Mariaelena , Perri Anna , Gianetti Elena , Montanelli Lucia , Vitti Paolo , Pinchera Aldo
Published: August 2007

Objective  Genetic analysis of the TSH receptor gene in seven subjects with subclinical hypothyroidism (SH), in whom the diagnosis of autoimmune thyroid disease had been excluded by laboratory and instrumental techniques currently available.

Patients  Three families where different members (2 children and 5 adults) affected by SH were studied.

Genetic analysis  Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral lymphocytes and the entire coding sequence of the TSHr gene was sequenced. pSVL‐TSHr construct harbouring a Q8fsX62 insertion was obtained by site‐directed mutagenesis. COS‐7 cells transfected with wild‐type and mutant receptor were used for binding studies, flow cytometry, and cyclic AMP (cAMP) determination.

Results  A four base pair (bp) duplication in position 41 (41TGCAins), leading to a premature stop of translation at codon 62 (Q8fsX62), was found to be heterozygous in the proband, the father and the sister in Family 1. In Family 2 the proband and the sister were heterozygous for the mutation D410N. In Family 3 the proband and the father were heterozygous for the mutation P162A. After transfection in COS‐7 cells, the mutant receptor Q8fsX62 displayed a low expression at the cell surface, and a reduced response to bovine TSH (bTSH) in terms of cAMP production.

Conclusions  We identified TSH receptor mutations in seven members of three families with subclinical hypothyroidism.
WHERE ARE THEY NOW?
Authors: Ayres Lewis
Published: August 2007

Justice and Only Justice: A Palestinian Theology of Liberation, Nairn S. Ateek
Silhouettes and Icons not Included
Authors: Bryan David
Published: August 2007

Jesus and the Victory of God, N. T. Wright
The Challenges and Responsibilifies of Contextual Theology
Authors: Vincent John
Published: August 2007

Reading from this Place: Social Location and Biblical Interpretation, Fernando F. Segovia and Mary Ann Tolbert (eds)

Local Theology: Church Community in Dialogue, John Reader

Models of Contextual Theology, Stephen B. Bevans
REVIEW
Authors: CARRIER DAVID
Published: August 2007

STEPHEN N. THOMAS, The fomal mechanics of mind
THE TRANSFIGURATION OF EVERYDAY LIFE
Authors: NUSSBAUM MARTHA
Published: August 2007

After more than forty years I still warmly recall the edifying conversations that I had in the episcopal palace in Bergamo with my revered bishop. Msgr. Radini Tedeschi. About the persons in the Vatican, from the Holy Father downwards, there was never an expression that was not respectful, no, never. But as for women or their shape or what concerned them, no word was ever spoken. It was as if there were no women in the world. This absolute silence, this lack of any familiarity with regard to the other sex, was one of the most powerful and profound lessons of my young life as a priest, and even today I thankfully keep the excellent and beneficial memory of that man who raised me in this discipline.

Spiritual Diary of John XXIII, quoted in Uta Ranke‐Heinemann, Eunuchs for the Kingdom of Heaven: the Catholic Church and Sexuality (1990)
SAME‐SEX RELATIONS AND THE LAW
Authors: SUNSTEIN CASS R.
Published: August 2007

Decisions of individuals relating to homosexual conduct have been subject to state intervention throughout the history of Western Civilization. Condemnation of those practices is firmly rooted in Judeo‐Christian moral and ethical standards˜. Blackstone described ‘the infamous crime against nature’ as an offense of ‘deeper malignity than rape’…
RELATIVISM AND NORMATIVE NONREALISM: BASING MORALITY ON RATIONALITY
Authors: CARSON THOMAS L. , MOSER PAUL K.
Published: August 2007

Normative nonrealism denies (a) that some things are good or bad or right or wrong independently of facts about the attitudes of moral agents, and (b) that attitude‐independent normative facts determine what is rational. An influential nonrealist approach to rationality comes from Richard Brandt's account of rationality in terms of “full information.” Using Brandt's account as illustrative, this paper identifies a serious problem for nonrealist normative theories based on theories of rationality. The paper argues that nonrealist accounts of rationality that oppose relativism cannot successfully handle the most serious threat from relativists: namely, a threat from a ‘Why care?’ open‐question argument that stems from the question why one should care about being rational in a certain respect or sense. The paper identifies the bearing of ‘Why care?’ questions on the conflict between internalism and externalism regarding practical reasons. The main lesson is that ‘Why care?’ questions wreak havoc for nonrelativist nonrealist approaches to rationality and reason‐based morality.
NATURALISM RADICALIZED*
Authors: RODRÍGUEZ‐ALCÁZAR JAVIER
Published: August 2007

In this paper I distinguish two ways of using the expression ‘epistemological naturalism’. In one sense, naturalism amounts to a denial that epistemology should be understood as a kind of first philosophy providing the foundations for science from outside. In a second sense, naturalism holds that human knowledge is a natural phenomenon and that epistemology should be seen as a chapter of natural science. Moreover, naturalism in this second sense usually incorporates some additional specifications that build up a very restrictive concept of science. Two different projects for naturalizing epistemology lie behind these two meanings of ‘naturalism’, and the two projects, although sometimes seen as complementary or even equivalent, are not necessarily so. After drawing this distinction, I set out the difficulties faced by those naturalistic stances that do not discriminate sharply enough or do not establish the appropriate hierarchical relationship between both projects. Finally, I argue for a conception of epistemology which is best described as a radical antilfoundntionnlism. This conception sticks to the requirements that follow from naturalism when understood in the first sense above, and takes the cluster of theses that give birth to the second as subsidiary and revisable.
HETEROLOGY: A POSTMODERN THEORY OF FOUNDATIONS
Authors: FAIRLAMB HORACE L.
Published: August 2007

Epistemology has traditionally sought to discover the foundations of knowledge. Recently, anti‐foundational philosophers have construed epistemo‐logy's failure to discover an ultimate ground to indicate the bankruptcy of foundational theory. On closer examination, however, the history of epistemology reveals the aim of foundational theory to be different both from the reductive ideal of its traditional defenders and from the unsystematic relativism that its recent critics offer instead. An alternative history of foundational theory reveals a progress toward multiple necessary foundations which is the task of epistemology to articulate.
CLASSICAL AMERICAN PRAGMATISM: THE OTHER NATURALISM
Authors: ROSENTHAL SANDRA B.
Published: August 2007

This essay compares and contrasts pragmatic naturalism with the more well known position of epistemological naturalism on several pivotal issues, in the process offering a pragmatic critique of the latter. It highlights their common rejection of both foundationalism and a priori methods and their positive claims that: what needs examination is not our concept of knowledge but knowledge itself; knowledge must be understood as tied to the world and as a natural phenomenon to be examined in its natural setting; the epistemic endeavor involves unifying its three traditional projects of giving an account of what knowledge is, explaining how knowledge is possible, and providing useful epistemic advice, thus involving normative considerations; and the method of gaining knowledge in general is continuous with the method of science. Yet, there are very great divergences between the two naturalisms concerning the answers offered, and these are explored and evaluated in the development of the essay.
THE FEMINIST AS OTHER1
Authors: BORDO SUSAN
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Over the last twenty‐five years, feminist theory has been at the forefront of cultural, disciplinary, and philosophical critique. Yet feminists continue to be represented as engaged in specialized projects of concern only to women or, at best, those interested in “gender issues.” I argue that this is not merely a bit of residual sexism, but a powerful conceptual map which keeps feminist scholarship, no matter how broad its concerns, located in the region of what Simone de Beauvoir called “the Other.” I expose, critique, and explore the consequences of this construction in several contemporary intellectual arenas.
FROM HUSSERL TO DE BEAUVOIR: GENDERING THE PERCEIVING SUBJECT1
Authors: BERGOFFEN DEBRA B.
Published: August 2007

Abstract: This paper breaks ranks with those philosophers and feminists who either ignore de Beauvoir or find her passé. It argues that de Beauvoir is fundamentally a philosopher; that one of her crucial contributions to philosophy was to identify the erotic as a philosophical category; and that we best understand de Beauvoir's place in the feminist and philosophical fields if we read her as a phenomenologist who reworks Husserl's theory of intentionality and who, in this reworking, steps out of Sartre's shadow to develop an ethic of erotic generosity. This argument depends on reading de Beauvoir's texts with an ear for her two voices. It develops the idea that de Beauvoir's muted voice, in speaking of the erotic, the gift and generosity, offers us a coherent and fruitful way of thinking through the questions of embodiment, the flesh, the other and the “we”.
THE HEIDEGGERIAN BIAS TOWARD DEATH: A CRITIQUE OF THE ROLE OF BEING‐TOWARDS‐DEATH IN THE DISCLOSURE OF HUMAN FINITUDE
Authors: MacAVOY LESLIE
Published: August 2007

Abstract:In this paper I take issue with Heidegger's use of the concept of death as a means of disclosing human finitude. I argue that Being‐towards‐death is inadequate to the disclosure of Dasein's thrownness which is necessary for the kind of authentic historizing that Heidegger describes and furthermore leads to a reading of authenticity which is preclusive of Being‐with‐Others, I suggest that this difficulty may be alleviated through increased attention to the opposite boundary of Dasein's existence, namely its birth. Although I do not pursue the project here of conducting a phenomenology of birth, I suggest some directions for proceeding with that task, and I illustrate that a greater emphasis on Dasein's beginning will increase the richness of our understanding of our Being‐with‐Others.
THE UNHOLY ALLIANCE OF SEX AND GENDER
Authors: FRIEDMAN MARILYN
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Several decades ago, feminists differentiated between the biologically given basis of sex identity (sex) and the socially constructed cultural practices anchored by sex identity (gender). In recent years, many feminists have challenged that distinction, arguing that biological sex is as much a social construct as are the practices comprising gender. I survey two examples from biological studies of sex identity that, by contrast (I maintain), warrant saving the concept of biologically given sex identity. The result is not antithetical to feminism, however, since these studies also suggest that sex identity proliferates beyond the rigid female/male dichotomy. If articulated carefully, this view can avoid metaphysically essentialist baggage while enriching feminist conceptions of sex identity.
ESSENCE AGAINST IDENTITY
Authors: BRENNAN TERESA
Published: August 2007

Abstract: This paper traces how the concern with political transformation is central both to arguments for and against essentialism. But while pro‐essential argumentation is concerned with identity, as a condition of change, anti‐essentialist reasoning sees change as dependent on the historical mutability of identity. Using Freud, this paper attempts to reconcile these positions through focusing first, on identification rather than identity; and second, on an unorthodox concept of essence, stressing its energetic commonality between beings.
SYMPOSIUM: A ROUNDTABLE ON FEMINISM AND PHILOSOPHY IN THE MID‐1990s: TAKING STOCK: INTRODUCTION
Authors: CALLAHAN JOAN
Published: August 2007

Abstract: Feminist philosophy emerged in earnest in the 1970s. With that emergence and the latest surge of the Women's Movement now a quarter of a century old and with the turn of the century approaching quickly, the Society for Philosophy and Public Affairs and the Pacific Society for Women in Philosophy invited a group of feminist philosophers to reflect on feminism and philosophy as we approach the millennium. A roundtable was held at the 1995 meeting of the Pacific Division of the American Philosophical Association, and much of the content of that session is included in this Symposium. The discussants include scholars with research interests across the traditional areas of philosophy (e.g., metaphysics and epistemology, ethics, social and political philosophy, history of philosophy, and philosophy of science), as well as not so traditional areas (e.g., lesbian philosophy). Each participant was asked to take ten minutes to focus on whatever she thought might be useful to discuss in a forum designed for taking stock of feminism and philosophy in the mid‐1990s. The contributors are Louise Antony, Joan Callahan (introduction), Claudia Card, Ruth Ginzberg, Martha Nussbaum, Naomi Scheman, Laurie Schrage, Nancy Tuana, Margaret Walker, and Charlotte Witt.
MODERN ARMS AND FREE MEN*
Authors: Sir Ian Jacob Major‐General
Published: August 2007

Education for Peace. By Herbert Read.

Portrait of a Genius, But…. By Richard Aldington.

Cambridge Planning Proposals: A Report to the Town and Country Planning Committee of the Cambridgeshire County Council. (2 vols.) By William Holford and H. Myles Wright.
The social culture of work: work, employment and unemployment as ways of life
Authors: Kumar Krishan
Published: August 2007

All labour is directed towards producing some effect. For though some exertions are taken merely for their own sake, as when a game is played for amusement, they are not counted as labour. We may define labour as any exertion of mind or body undergone partly or wholly with a view to some good other than the pleasure derived directly from the work.
Government and Higher Education
Authors: James Robert Rhodes
Published: August 2007

The so‐called ‘dialogue’ between Government and higher education is bedeviled with mutual incomprehension of the difficulties of the other, and in the case of many in higher education a failure to appreciate how and why the political climate has altered since the euphoria and expansion of the 1960s. Both sides are victims of changes in attitudes and expectations which many have not filly grasped, and there has been a persistent failure to pose, and attempt to answer, the vital question as to what higher education is really for. The author, a former Fellow of All Souls, Oxford, and Professorial Fellow of Sussex University, MP for Cambridge since 1976 and, between 1979 and December 1985, Liaison Officer for Higher and Further Education, has been in the unique position of being on both ‘sides’.
Overseas Students in the United Kingdom: Some Recent Developments
Authors: Williams Lynn
Published: August 2007

‘At last overseas students are being taken seriously rather than for granted’. This assessment by a THES leader writer (4 April 1986) is a fair reflection of how the attitudes of both Government and Britain's higher education institutions have changed over the last few years. Until relatively recently, overseas students were regarded as little we than a fact of life whose presence here was very largely a reflection of Britain's post‐imperial contacts and responsibilities. They occupied a far from central position either educationally or politically. Now, however, the overseas student question is firmly established on the political agenda und serous attempts are being made to develop coherent national and institutional policies. This paper casts some light on how this change has come about. It begins by outlining the ways in which British policy has evolved since about 1980 and goes on briefly to analyse recent trends in overseas student enrolment in this country.
Government Policy Towards Overseas Students: An International Perspective
Authors: Woodhall Maureen
Published: August 2007

There are now over one million foreign students studying in universities or colleges outside their own countries. The number of foreign students increased very rapidly in the 1970s and several host countries became concerned at the rising cost of subsidising students from abroad. Several countries, including Australia and Canada, as well as Britain, introduced differential fees for overseas students while other countries use quotas to regulate or restrict foreign student numbers. Other countries, notably Japan, have tried to increase recruitment of foreign students. This paper compares recent enrolment trends and developments in government policy towards foreign students in ten countries (Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, West Germany, India, Japan, Russia, United Kingdom and United States of America).
Making the Most of Overseas Students
Authors: Fenwick Keith
Published: August 2007

The educational case for overseas students has been put back on the agenda by present financial difficulties of higher education. Alternative and sometimes conflicting rhetorics of ‘interntationalism’ and ‘Third World modemisation’ now have to be re‐examined. The general case for overseas students stemming from liberal education principle can be supplemented by specification of a range of benefits they may bring. One condition of realising these benefits is systematic thinking and positive action in the institution; another, even more fundamental, is the integration of overseas student provision into an international education policy, and of that policy in the overall policy of the institution.
Salad Days without the Dressing? What British Higher and Further Education Institutions Can Do for Their Overseas Students
Authors: Niven Alastair
Published: August 2007

This article summarises the present status of overseas students in Britain. It then considers the responsibilities of the institutions towards them at various stages of the relationship: the quality of pre‐arrival and orientation information; guidance about immigration; accommodation needs; dealing with the most common problems ‐ loneliness and homesickness, finance, academic progress. It is suggested that overseas students should be seen as an asset and even a resource in the local community. Too often they are perceived as a passive entity but they are quickly waking up to their significance in the financial struture of higher education. Institutions which fail to recognise that they have considerable continuing obligations to the students they recruit from abroad will in the long run do no good to themselves or to the reputation of British higher education.
From Great Expectations to Bleak House
Authors: Silver Harold
Published: August 2007

The fortunes of higher education from the 1960s ‐ not a linear descent but a complex picture. How closely does the declining reputation of higher education at least in central government circles ‐ correlate with declining economic and technological performance, and how much has it been a product of other factors ‐ for example, binary policy or student radicalism? The article addresses these questions and other features of the loss of higher education's esteem across the two decades from the Robbins report to Sir Keith Joseph's Green Paper.
Le Roiest Mort; Vive le Quoi? Croham and the Death of the UGC
Authors: Moodie Graeme C.
Published: August 2007

The Croham report has its roots in the Jarratt report on university efficiency; its first fruit is the White Paper on Meeting the Challenge. Croham's message has been significantly transformed, and the last important vestiges of the classical UGC system removed. Detailed examination of both documents nevertheless suggests that not all virtue has gone from the system and that there might yet be hope that the more autocratic wedges inserted by the White Paper will not be driven home. In part this will depend on the universities themselves as well as on the UGC's successor.
Universities in Hard Times: Some Policy Implications and Managerial Guidelines
Authors: Sizer John
Published: August 2007

This paper arises from research project funded by the DES which was concerned primarily with the impacts of, and nine British universities' responses to, the UGC's grant letters for 1981–82, dated 1 July 1981. At a time when future funding of universities is under review and Vice‐Chancellors and Principals are faced with managing further financial reductions it considers some of the policy implications for the DES and UGC, provides guidelines drawn from experiences of managing significant financial reductions, and highlights the leadership and managerial roles of Vice‐Chancellors and Principals.
Recent Developments in the Funding of University Research
Authors: Clayton Keith M.
Published: August 2007

The UGC norm‐based allocation of 1986, the current proposals for the rationalisation of departments, and the proposals of the Advisory Board for the Research Councils (ABRC) for R, X and T class universities are assessed against the actual operations of productive science departments and their patterns of expenditure on research as revealed born a recent sample survey. It is concluded that the UGC's norm‐based allocation did not in any systematic way secure increases related to current research activity except for those cases where this came from the student number‐based teaching element. Only the creation of larger departments seems likely to increase research output, and often that will best be achieved by increases in student numbers and their associated funding. Institutions similar to T class universities can be achieved by encouraging the recruitment of students at the expense of the public sector, but the distribution between R and X class universities is unsustainable.
Trends in Funding Arrangements
Authors: Aitkin Don
Published: August 2007

In the mid‐1980s Australian higher education is experiencing a great change in the policy inspired by the Murray report of 1957 and the Martin report of 1964 which provided the main guidelines for policy during the next 20 years. It is particularly important that expenditure on research be given a much sharper focus and this paper examines some of the reasons for this claim and the background to the announcement in September 1987 of the establishment of an Australian Research Council as part of a single super Department of State, the Department of Employment, Education and Training.
The Access Course Route to Higher Education
Authors: Woodrow Maggie
Published: August 2007

Nowadays access has become probably the most fashionable word in the world of higher education. Its popularity owes much to demographic desperation, but something also to the success of Access entrants in higher education. In the current climate, Access Courses, so recently labelled a threat to quality, have apparently come in from the cold, and are now identified as one of, ‘three recognized routes to higher education’. Yet, by comparison with the other two routes (‘A’ levels and vocational qualifications) very little is known about these courses and Access students are still classified as ‘non‐standard’ entrants.

This paper offers a basic guide to Access Courses, predicts their future in a post‐Reform Bill world and considers whether the, present a lifeline or a threat to conventional departments, as the focus of debate begins to shift from the quality of the entrant to the quality of the higher education curriculum, and the question is not only who higher education is for but increasingly what is it for?
The Reform of French Higher Education, or the Ox and the Toad: A Fabulous Tale
Authors: Neave Guy
Published: August 2007

Over the past four years, France has been engaged in a massive reform of its higher education system, reshaping the structure and content of studies from undergraduate through to research degrees. It is commonly acknowledged, by Right as much by the Left, that France is not educating enough students at higher education level and that, if intentions are acts, then by the turn of the century, the size of the intake should rise by half again to around 2 million enrolments. This consensus, however, is fragile and limited. Whether it can hold together depends as much on the way complementary refines in the field of management and participation structures are carried out as upon the attitudes of deeply vested interests inside the university. In essence success of the technocratic consensus for growth remains hostage to the profound political divisions that are to be found inside that institution.
Research Performance Indicators Based on Peer Review: A Critical Analysis
Authors: Gillett Raphael
Published: August 2007

The validity of indices of departmental research performance based on three different types of peer review is critically examined. The three types of peer review under investigation are: journal peer review, grant‐giver peer review, and impressionistic peer review. It is shown that, of the indices considered, only those based on journal peer review constitute true performance indicators that are capable of yielding a reasonably valid measure of departmental performance. A basic requirement of a performance indicator is that it should relate output to input. None of the indices based on grant‐giver peer review or impressionistic peer review satisfies this criterion. They are therefore unable to provide the information that the UGC seeks to obtain in its 1989–90 evaluation, namely, an indication of the cost‐effectiveness of departmental research programmes. On both a priori and empirical grounds, indices based on grant‐giver peer review and impressionistic peer review are shown to yield unsatisfactory measures of departmental research performance. Fifteen serious defects are identified in indices based on grant‐giver peer review, and nine major flaws are highlighted in indices based on impressionistic peer review. Implications for the conduct of the UGC's 1989–90 evaluation are discussed.