bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Engineered Formation-Damage-Control Drill-In Fluid Technology for Deep-Fractured Tight-Sandstone Oil Reservoir in Northern Tarim Basin
Authors: Lin Chong , Kang Yili , Xu Chengyuan , You Lijun , Zhang Zhen , Tan Qigui
Published: November 2019

Conventional drill-in fluid commonly induces formation damage during the drill-in process in deep-fractured tight reservoirs, which results in severe well-production decline. It is mainly attributed to the inadequate understanding of multiscale damage mechanisms, unique engineering, and geological conditions of these reservoirs. To fill this gap, an engineered formation-damage-control (FDC) drill-in-fluid technology is developed for a representative deep-fractured reservoir in China. Petrology, petrophysics, and well-history data are summarized to analyze the reservoir engineering and geological properties and the potential formation-damage factors. Drill-in-fluid-induced damage is experimentally evaluated on both matrix and fracture core samples at 130°C. Additionally, drill-in-fluid invasion depth is quantitatively evaluated using a mathematical model. The multiscale mechanisms of drill-in-fluid-induced formation damage are revealed to design the FDC drill-in-fluid technology. The optimized drill-in fluid is engineered by a specific assembly of acid-soluble-fiber bridging particles, filling particles, and an oil-soluble temporary-plugging agent. The effectiveness of the engineered FDC drill-in fluid is validated by laboratory experiment comprising basic-parameter tests and evaluation of FDC performance. Successful field application of the engineered FDC drill-in fluid in Tarim Basin is also discussed.
Pioneer Field Pilot of Optimal Reservoir Management in Campos Basin
Authors: Oliveira Diego Felipe Barbosa de , Pereira Diogo Ferreira Alves , Silveira Gustavo E. , Melo Pedro Andrade Lima Sá de
Published: November 2019

Reservoir management in offshore fields is a challenging task, particularly for mature fields because of a typical excessive production of water and/or gas. Because of several constraints on facilities capacity, an assisted reservoir management process can deliver solutions to optimally operate offshore fields, seeking to increase oil production with better assessment of water and gas production and injection. Optimal reservoir management (ORM) can be applied aiming at maximizing reservoir performance and to deliver well controls applicable to field operations. In this work, we implemented an assisted optimization procedure to maximize overall oil production for a field offshore Brazil in Campos Basin.

We applied our ORM technique in an important field offshore Brazil, where cumulative oil production is maximized by optimally controlling water rates through injection wells. Injection rates can vary with time, honoring operational requirements of smoothness. Geomechanical limits on injection pressures are considered to avoid loss of rock integrity, and platform constraints on overall production and injection are imposed at all times. Our approach deals with reservoir uncertainties described within a large set of calibrated simulation models to decide on optimal injection rates, taking into account possible risks.

The model-based ORM under uncertainty that we developed showed gains in total oil production over 20 years of operation up to 7.2% with respect to the base strategy currently applied. On average, results show an increase of near 4% in oil production, with concomitant reduction in total water production and in overall water injection.

To guarantee that the gains forecast by our study are feasible, a pilot test in the actual field has been implemented to verify the consistency between modeling and reality (data observation). We have chosen an area in the field to proceed with the optimal injection control pilot, aiming to check the quality of the uncertain models in comparison to the observed data in practice. The pilot area has been selected on the basis of aspects related to geological description, connectivity expected in the reservoir, and operational constraints. The results of 8 months of the pilot show clear coherence between models and reality that is well within the uncertainty range accepted at the reservoir of interest.

To the best of our knowledge, it is the first time that an offshore field is actually operated on the basis of a set of controls obtained through an assisted ORM procedure, although it was performed at a pilot scale. Results suggest robust benefits under reservoir-uncertainties consideration, and large-scale application will take place soon, but that is outside the scope of this work. The pilot provided more confidence in field applications, leading to a broader perspective for full-field implementations.
Correlate of Post-natal care utilization in rural Ethiopia: An evidence from Secondary data analysis of Ethiopian Demographic Health survey 2016.
Authors: Abebe REKIKU Fikre , Negash Berhan Tsegaye , bogale Zelalem Tenaw , Beru wegene Jemebere , Molla Getnet Kassahun
Published: November 2019

Abstract
Background: Postnatalcareutilizationis the most neglected care in Ethiopian,despite a large proportion of maternal and neonatal deaths occurs during postnatal period. Evidence suggested that utilization of postnatal care averts major complications of the fetus and mother.But,proportion of rular women utilization of postnatal care is low in Ethiopia. Information about prevalence and factors which determine utilization of postnatal care utlization in rular women in Ethiopia is mandatory for policy making, and program design to enhance its utilization.
Objective: Theobjective of this study was to determine the prevalence of utilization of postnatal care and to identify its determinant factorsamong rural women who gave birth in the past five yearsbefore Ethiopian demographic health survey, in 2016.
Method: This study utilized data from Ethiopian demographic health survey2016 for analysis. It is a national two stage, cross sectional study. It analyzed data for rural women who gave birth at least one time in the past five year before data survey time. Logistic regression was applied to identify explanatory variables associated with outcome variable. Adjusted odds ratio with 95% confidence interval was computed and P-value< 0.05 was considered as statistically significant.
Result:The prevalenceof postnatal care utilizationamong rural women was 11.4%.Place of delivery[AOR=4.3, 95%CI, 1.4-5.2], ANCvisit [AOR=2.1, 95%CI, 1.1-3.9] and Women in the richest wealth quintile [AOR=2.97, 95%CI, 1.9-4.5] were factors associated with postnatal care service utilization among rural women in Ethiopia in 2016.
Conclusion and recommendation: This study showed that prevalence of postnatal care utlization was low. Being in richest wealth quintile, history of ANC vist and place of delivery were positive predictors of postnatal care utlization among rural women. Regardless of proven strategies utilized to maximize utilization of postnatal care utlization by the government of Ethiopia, this study showed that prevalence is low in rural areas. Therefore, community awareness creation, increasing institutional coverage by expanding maternity waiting area and besides, the government should design and implement income increasing package among rural women.
Immunosuppressive Therapy for Restenosis Prevention after Coronary Bare-Metal Stent Implantation -A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Dai Yun-Lang , Zhou Jing , Jiang Yu-Feng , Hu Sheng-Da , He Yong-Ming
Published: November 2019

Background: Previous studies revealed controversial results regarding the prevention of in-stent restenosis after coronary bare-metal stents (BMS) placement with systemic administration of immunosuppressive drugs. We therefore conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the role played by immunosuppressive therapy (IST) in reducing both in-stent restenosis and adverse clinical events after BMS implantation. Methods: We searched PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases for randomized, controlled studies that investigated the therapeutic effects of IST after BMS insertions. Endpoints assessed were: (1) angiographic restenosis by the end of at least 6 months of follow-up; (2) target vessel revascularization (TVR); and (3) risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE). MACE was defined as death, myocardial infarction and TVR. Results: Nine randomized, controlled trials including 1576 patients (mean age 62 years; follow-up of 6-12 months) were included in this analysis. Meta-analysis showed periprocedural IST + BMS significantly reduced in-stent restenosis as compared to BMS alone (RR: 0.59 [0.39-0.90], P = 0.01). In particular, IST reduced restenosis in high-risk patients (defined as patients with mean reference diameter < 3.0 mm or high periprocedural C-reactive protein level) (RR: 0.34 [0.15,0.74], P = 0.006) rather than in low-risk patients ( P for interaction = 0.06). Similarly, IST also reduced the risk of MACE (RR: 0.63 [0.50-0.80], P < 0.01) and TVR (RR: 0.57 [0.33-0.97], P = 0.04). Conclusions: Periprocedural IST reduces the risk of angiographic restenosis, TVR and MACE in patients with BMS implantation. The advantage of IST is driven mainly by a lower risk of in-stent restenosis in high-risk patients. Key words: immunosuppressive therapy, restenosis, bare-metal stents , meta-analysis
Clinical and Economic Impact of Intensive Care Unit-Acquired Bloodstream Infections in Taiwan: A nationwide population-based retrospective cohort study
Authors: Wang Yung-Chih , Shih Shu-Man , Chen Yung-Tai , Hsiung Chao A. , Kuo Shu-Chen
Published: November 2019

Background: To estimate the clinical and economic impact of intensive care unit-acquired bloodstream infections in Taiwan.
Methods: The first episodes of intensive care unit-acquired bloodstream infections in patients ≥ 20 years of age in the Taiwanese population were identified in the National Health Insurance Research Database and in the Taiwan Nosocomial Infections Surveillance (2007-2015) dataset. Propensity score-matching (1:2) of demographic data, comorbidities, and disease severity was performed to select a comparison cohort from a pool of intensive care unit patients without intensive care unit-acquired infections from the same datasets.
Results: After matching, the in-hospital mortality of 14,369 patients with intensive care unit-acquired bloodstream infections was 44.38%, compared to 33.50% for 28,738 intensive care unit patients without bloodstream infections. The 14-day mortality rate was also higher in the bloodstream infections cohort (4,367, 30.39% vs. 6,860 deaths, 23.87%, respectively; p < 0.001). Furthermore, the patients with intensive care unit-acquired bloodstream infections had a prolonged length of hospitalization after their index date (18 [IQR 7–39] vs. 10 days [IQR 4–21], respectively; p < 0.001) and a higher healthcare cost (16,086 [IQR 9,706–26,131] vs. 10,731 US dollars [IQR 6,375–16,910], respectively; p < 0.001). The excessive hospital stay and healthcare cost per case were 12.77 days and 7,646 US dollars, respectively. Similar results were observed in subgroup analyses of various World Health Organization’s priority pathogens and Candida spp.
Conclusions: Intensive care unit-acquired bloodstream infections in critically ill patients were associated with increased mortality, longer hospital stays, and higher healthcare costs.
Inhibition of PAR1 attenuates meningeal macrophage activation and vascular inflammation in a rat model of thrombin-induced hydrocephalus
Authors: Hao Xiaodi , Ye Xianghua , Shen Dan , Le Chensheng , Tong Lusha , Gao Feng
Published: November 2019

Background and Purpose— Our previous studies demonstrated that intraventricular injection of thrombin could induce hydrocephalus. The inflammation of subarachnoid space plays a key role in hydrocephalus. As thrombin, inducing coagulation, could contribute to inflammation, its effects on subarachnoid space have not been well studied. Macrophagic dysfunction may contribute to this course. However, the mechanisms that how thrombin affects macrophage in subarachnoid space have not been illustrated. Our aim was to explore the possible role that macrophage played in thrombin-induced meningeal inflammation, and to furtherly understand its contribution during thrombin-induced hydrocephalus. Methods— There were two parts in this study. Firstly, rats had an intraventricular injection of saline or thrombin. Secondly, rats received thrombin injection with vehicle or PAR1 antagonist treatment. Immunofluorescence staining was applied to observe the activation of meningeal macrophage and the expression of NeuN in the cortex. Meanwhile, the expression of intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM1) in meningeal vessels were tested to detect the vascular inflammation. Western blot was applied to measure the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β and IFNγ). Results— Our results demonstrated that intraventricular injection of thrombin caused significant activation of meningeal macrophages, vascular inflammation, and neuron loss. Inhibition of PAR1 pathway attenuated the M1 polarization of meningeal macrophage, reduced the inflammatory infiltrations and prevented the neuron loss, as well as hydrocephalus after thrombin injection. Conclusions— Clinically available PAR1 antagonists may offer a novel therapeutic approach candidate for the prevention or the management of inflammation in hemorrhage-induced hydrocephalus.
Innate Phagocytosis and P2X7 Receptor Function: a Comparison of Endophthalmitis Patients and Population Controls
Authors: Hurley Andrew , Dawkins Rosie Claire Hewitt , Huang Xin , Gu Baijun , Allen Penelope
Published: November 2019

Background Endophthalmitis is an uncommon and serious intraocular infection. Endophthalmitis most commonly follows on from cataract surgery or intravitreal injections. The rate of endophthalmitis has fallen in recent years with improved surgical techniques, and infection control. However, despite all precautions, cases of endophthalmitis continue to present. It is possible that poor intraocular immune function makes some patients susceptible to endophthalmitis. We propose that innate phagocytic function is one determinant of the development of endophthalmitis. In order to investigate this, we measured the innate phagocytic function and P2X7 receptor function acutely and at intervals through convalesence for patients who developed endophthalmitis, and compared it with the function of a published population control group.Methods Patients presented to a tertiary eye hospital emergency department with acute endophthalmitis. Informed consent was obtained, and peripheral blood taken. Innate phagocytosis of ethidium and fluorescent latex beads was then quantified using a validated flow cytometric-method at the Florey Institute. Patients had repeat bloods taken at 1 week and 3 months after recruitment.Results P2X7 receptor function was significantly reduced in the endophthalmitis cohort compared to controls. P2X7 function improved through convalescence as patients recovered from endophthalmitis but did not improve to the level of controls. Phagocytic function was reduced in the endophthalmitis cohort compared to controls at all time points. There was no improvement in phagocytic function observed as patients recovered from endophthalmitis.Conclusions The data from this study showed greatly lowered phagocytic function and P2X7 function in patients who developed endophthalmitis, as compared to population controls. This important finding may allow us to predict susceptibility or guide future therapeutics through enhancement of innate phagocytic function.
A mixed-methods evaluation of a cluster randomized controlled trial on simulation-based low-dose, high-frequency plus mobile mentoring training versus traditional group-based training of health workers in Ebonyi and Kogi States, Nigeria
Authors: UGWA EMMANUEL , Kabue Mark , Otolorin Emmanuel , Yenokyan Gayane , Oniyire Adetiloye , Orji Bright , Okoli Ugo , Enne Joseph , Alobo Gabriel , Olisaekee Gladys , Adebayo Oluwatobi , Oduenyi Chioma , Aledare Adekunle , Onwe Boniface , Ishola Gbenga
Published: November 2019

Background: There are few studies from low- and middle-income countries on learning outcomes among health workers who have been trained on day of birth care using onsite, simulation-based, low-dose, high frequency (LDHF) training plus mobile (m) mentoring. The aim of this study was to compare their knowledge and skills competencies with those of health workers trained using the traditional offsite, group-based training (TRAD) approach in Kogi and Ebonyi states, Nigeria, over a 12-month period.

Methods: We conducted a prospective cluster randomized controlled trial, enrolling 299 health workers in 60 health facilities in Kogi and Ebonyi states, randomized to either LDHF/m-mentoring (intervention, n=30 facilities) or traditional group-based training (TRAD, n=30 facilities) control arm. Health workers in both arms received basic emergency obstetric and newborn care training with simulated practice using anatomic models and role-plays. The control arm participants were trained offsite while the intervention arm were trained onsite where they work. Mentorship was done through telephone calls and reminder text messages. The multiple choice questions and objective structured clinical examinations mean scores were compared; p-value <0.05 was considered statistically significant. Qualitative data were collected and analyzed along themes of interest.

Results: The mean knowledge scores between the two arms at months 3 and 12 post-training were equally high; no statistically significant differences. Both arms showed improvements in composite scores for assessed BEmONC clinical skills from around 30% at baseline to 75% and above at endline (p <0.05). Overall, the observed improvement and retention of skills was higher in intervention arm compared to the control arm at 12 months post-training, (p<0.05). Some LDHF/m-mentoring approach trainees reported that mentors’ support improved their acquisition and maintenance of knowledge and skills, which may have led to reductions in maternal and newborn deaths in their facilities.

Conclusion: The LDHF/m-mentoring intervention is more effective than TRAD approach in improving health workers’ skills acquisition and retention. Health care managers should have the option to select the LDHF/m-mentoring learning approach, depending on their country’s priorities or context, as it ensures health workers remain in their place of work during training events thus less disruption to service delivery.
Stworzenie i ewolucja – dwa „puzzle” chrześcijańskiego światopoglądu
Authors: Napadło Marcin
Published: November 2019

Problem relacji między religią i nauką, rozumiany jako relacja między doktryną chrześcijańską i naukami przyrodniczymi, jest dzisiaj powszechnie znany i dyskutowany. Artykuł podejmuje bardzo praktyczne zagadnienie, jakim jest formowanie oraz rewidowanie światopoglądu chrześcijańskiego w kontekście spotkania się w człowieku religijnym dwóch wielkich idei: stworzenia i ewolucji. Wychodząc od zaproponowanej definicji światopoglądu, w artykule zostanie ukazany fundamentalny rys światopoglądu chrześcijańskiego oraz jego istotne cechy. Dopiero w takim świetle próbuje się przedstawić propozycję interpretacji spotkania i wzajemnego oddziaływania idei stworzenia i ewolucji. Zaproponowana relacja dialogu jest drogą do zdobywania dojrzałej postawy względem rzeczywistości zarówno dla człowieka religijnego, jak i dla ludzi uprawiających nauki przyrodnicze. Jednocześnie jest to propozycja, która, prowadząc do wewnętrznej integracji człowieka, może stać się odpowiedzią na niektóre współczesne kryzysy kultury.
Improving the milling machine competency learning outcomes through industrial project-based learning for vocational school students
Authors: Yudiono Heri , Sumbodo Wirawan , Salim Salim , Setiadi Rizki
Published: November 2019

This research is motivated by the implementation of conventional learning. Besides, student learning motivation is still low due to student activities that are less centered on making workpieces that are suitable for work in the industry. Learning outcomes show that only 55.88% of students reach Minimum Completeness Criteria (Kriteria Ketuntasan minimum or KKM). The design and learning of productive machining competencies that are in accordance with the needs of the industry influence students' experience and learning outcomes. This study aims to analyze the results of industrial project-based learning (InPro-BL) milling machine competency learning outcomes in SMK Negeri 1 Semarang. The method used in this study is Class Action Research (CAR) through four stages: (1) planning, (2) implementation of actions, (3) observation and evaluation, (4) reflection. The samples were 34 students of class XII of Mechanical Engineering. The data were collected using product assessment instruments to measure dimensional accuracy, timeliness, level of disability, level of smoothness, and work attitude. This study was descriptive quantitative, and qualitative. The results of the study show that InPro-BL is effective in improving the learning outcomes of milling machine competencies. In Cycle I,  there is an increase in learning outcomes, from 19 students who completed the KKM to 25 students or 73.52%. In Cycle II, there are 88.23% of students passed the KKM. These results can be improved by paying attention to the management of learning time through the block system, teacher's understanding of industrial-project-based learning, and industry guest teachers mentoring every learning process.
Relationship between Conflict Management Styles and Job Satisfaction of Private Islamic Secondary School Teachers
Authors: Khun-inkeeree Hareesol , Jamaluddin Maisarah , Omar-Fauzee M. S. , Kasa Muhammad Dzahir , Husin Fauzi , Sofian Fatimah Noor Rashidah Mohd , Tulyakul Singha
Published: November 2019

Study aims to investigate about conflict management style and the job satisfaction among private Islamic school teachers. The data consisted of 136 samples from private secondary school teachers at Alor Setar district in Kedah. For acquiring the conflict management style, Rahim Organizational Conflict Inventory (ROCI-II) had been used and to gain the job satisfaction datum, the Teaching Satisfaction Scale (TSS) developed by Ho and Au in 2006 was used. The findings of this research revealed that style of compromising (r = 0.299, p < .01), obliging (r = 0.244, p < .05) and integrating (r = 0.208, p < .05) have a significant relationship with job satisfaction. All these styles give positive outcomes for both parties that lead to positive school outcomes and also to maintain the good relationship with the other parties. When school administrator implemented these three styles will keeps teachers happy and satisfied without any kinds of negative impact on their relations at school. Thus, school administrator must be knowledgeable and aware about the best style of conflict at school to lead more satisfaction because teachers like to be more compromise when handling conflict. This finding suggests that the conflict management affects job satisfaction but excessive and wrong in handling it is associated with diminishing job satisfaction.
SIMULTANEOUS DETERMINATION OF BENZYDAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE, METHYLPARABEN AND PEPPERMINT OIL IN A SPRAY DOSAGE FORM BY GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY
Authors: CHORNYI VASYL A. , GEORGIYANTS VICTORIYA A. , GUREEVA SVITLANA N. , CHORNA OLGA V.
Published: November 2019

Objective: To develop and validate an analytical procedure for simultaneous determination of benzydamine hydrochloride, methylparaben and peppermint oil in a spray dosage form by gas chromatography method (GC).

Methods: The analytical method was conducted on Agilent 7890 gas chromatograph, equipped with HP-5 capillary column with helium as a mobile phase, split/splitless injector and flame ionization detector and an auto injector. Validation parameters, such as selectivity, linearity, precision, accuracy and, robustness were estimated.

Results: A method for simultaneous determination of benzydamine hydrochloride, methylparaben and peppermint oil in a spray dosage form by GC was developed. The retention time of menthol (marker substance of peppermint oil) methylparaben and benzydamine hydrochloride, was 5.0, 9.2, and 19.4 respectively. Relative standard deviation (RSD)% for precision was 0.24, 0.13 and 0.12 respectively. The linearity of the method for given analytes was estimated in a concentration range of 80-120% to a nominal concentration with the respective correlation coefficients of more than 0.999. Accuracy of the method was within 98-102% for all analytes.

Conclusion: The developed analytical procedure meets the acceptance criteria of validation parameters and can be used in quality control laboratories for determination of benzydamine hydrochloride, methylparaben and peppermint oil in a spray dosage form.
CHEMICAL PROFILE OF TWO JASMINUM SAMBAC L. (AIT) CULTIVARS CULTIVATED IN EGYPT–THEIR MEDIATED SILVER NANOPARTICLES SYNTHESIS AND SELECTIVE CYTOTOXICITY
Authors: EL-HAWARY SEHAM S. , EL-HEFNAWY HALA M. , OSMAN SAMIR M. , MOSTAFA EMAN S. , MOKHTAR FATMA ALZAHRAA , EL-RAEY MOHAMED A.
Published: November 2019

Objective: Evaluation of two Jasminum sambac L. (Ait) cultivars; Arabian Nights (JSA) and Grand Duke of Tuscany (JSG) ethanolic leaves extracts as reducing agents for the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) and evaluation of their cytotoxicity against MCF-7 breast cancer and 5637 bladder cancer cell lines and chemical profiling of the two cultivars.

Methods: The synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by the two cultivars and characterization of AgNPs by ultraviolet (UV)–visible spectroscopy, Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). Additionally, the use of The high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array-mass-mass-spectroscopy (HPLC-PDA-MS/MS) for chemical profiling of both cultivars and evaluation of total leaves extracts and corresponding nanoparticles towards MCF-7 and 5637 cell lines compared to aneuploidy immortal keratinocyte (Ha Cat) normal cells by neutral cell assay.

Results: The green synthesized AgNPs (of an average size range of 8.83 and 11.24 nm for JSA and JSG, respectively) exhibited cytotoxicity against MCF-7 and 5637 cell lines. The IC50 was determined for each total extract JSA (15.29±2.16 μg/ml) and JSG (20.28±1.20 μg/ml) and corresponding AgNPs 17.32±2.22 μg/ml and 6.32±1.01μg/ml for JSA and JSG, respectively. The IC50 of JSA and JSG against 5637 bladder cancer cell line were 13.76±1.11 μg/ml and 50.69±3.75 μg/ml, while the corresponding AgNPs showed IC50 of 5.54±0.88 μg/ml and 27.89±2.84 μg/ml, respectively. The HPLC-PDA-MS/MS allowed the identification of 59 compounds; 10 simple phenols, 17 flavonoids; quercetin and kaempferol glycosides, 2 lignans, and 30 secoiridoids; oleuropein, molihauside, and sambacoside.

Conclusion: This study proved that JSA is an excellent source for the synthesis of AgNPs with optimum characters and enhanced activities toward MCF-7 and 5637 cell lines in correlation to identified compounds.
BIO-NANOPARTICLES: GREEN SYNTHESIS OF GOLD NANOPARTICLES AND ASSESSMENT OF BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Authors: PERTIWI RATIH DYAH , SUWALDI  , SETYOWATI ERNA PRAWITA , MARTIEN RONNY
Published: November 2019

Objective: The design like bio-nano particles are beneficial over chemical and physical composition due to the eco-friendly and lower-cost synthesis of nanoparticles. The current study was purposed for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and their antioxidant evaluation.

Methods: Aqua extract of Muntingia calabura, Linn was applied for the synthesis of GNPs and confirmed by UV visible and ATR-Fourier Transform Infra-Red (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy. Transmission Electron Microscope and Particle Size Analyser were used for the shape zeta potential and determination of size. Antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH (1,1 diphenyl-2-picryl-hydrazyl) radical scavenging method.

Results: The result showed that UV–vis absorption spectra of H Au Cl4 at 290 nm while absorption spectra of biosynthesis gold nanoparticles at 540 nm. The forming of nanoparticles were spherical, having an average particle size of 88 nm, and the result of zeta potential was 9.5 mV. Analysis of ATR-FTIR revealed the possible involvement of phytochemical constituents in gold nanoparticles of aqua extract. Green synthesized nanoparticles showed enhanced antioxidant properties.

Conclusion: Green synthesized GNPs showed enhanced biological activities. Present results also support the benefit of using the biosynthesis method for the production of gold nanoparticles that have the potential of antioxidant and biology activities.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF EFFERVESCENT GRANULES OF IBUPROFEN
Authors: AL-MOUSAWY JINAN , AL-HUSSAINY ZAHRAA , ALAAYEDI MARYAM
Published: November 2019

Objective: The object of this investigation was to formulate and evaluate effervescent granules of ibuprofen, to increase its dissolution rate to get rapid analgesic and antipyretic effects.

Methods: Five formulas (F1-F5) of effervescent ibuprofen granules were formulated by the wet granulation method. Croscarmellose sodium, powder of banana and other ingredients were used in the formulation of effervescent granules. Evaluation studies were carried out for all five formulas, these include: (compatibility study, flowability study, % of drug content, effervescent time and in vitro dissolution study).

Results: The results show that the formulated granules have good flow properties with suitable bulk density for the uniting dose. FTIR study shows that there is no drug interaction with other ingredients in the formula. All five formulas have effervescent time less than 3 min, F5 show the best drug release 99.1±1 and effervescent time about 80 sec.

Conclusion: Ibuprofen was successfully formulated and evaluated as effervescent granules by using a combination of croscarmellose sodium and banana powder.
FORMULATION AND EVALUATION OF LYCOPENE LOADED COLLOIDAL MICROPARTICLES GEL
Authors: BANSAL MONISHA , WALIA MANPREET KAUR , SINGH GURFATEH , HARIKUMAR S. L.
Published: November 2019

Objective: The objective of the present investigation was to design and evaluate a gel containing lycopene loaded colloidal microparticles.

Methods: The lycopene loaded colloidal microparticles were successfully prepared by Cloud point technique to form colloids using Tween 40 and Tween 60 surfactant solution and then incorporated into microparticles by solvent evaporation method using polymer like HPMC and ethyl cellulose. These colloidal microparticles were evaluated for particle size (PS), drug loading (DL), entrapment efficiency (EE), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Further, these colloidal microparticles were incorporated into a topical formulation i.e., gel. This topical formulation was then evaluated for macroscopic examination, viscosity, drug content, spreadability, antioxidant activity, in vitro permeation and release kinetics.

Results: Colloidal microparticles were successfully prepared and the particle size, drug loading and entrapment efficiency were found to be 249.45±14.2 μm, 49.8±0.96 % and 93.4±0.26 % respectively. FTIR study depicted no chemical interaction between pure drug lycopene and other excipients. The topical formulation showed sustained release and followed Korsmeyer-Peppas release kinetics model.

Conclusion: The sustained release topical formulation of lycopene was successfully prepared using Tween 40 and Tween 60 surfactant solution and combination of HPMC and ethyl cellulose and evaluated for several parameters.
FORMULATION DEVELOPMENT AND CHARACTERIZATION OF GASTRORETENTIVE DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS OF LORATADINE
Authors: SAPAVATU SRINU NAIK , JADI RAJENDRA KUMAR
Published: November 2019

Objective: The main objective of the research work is to develop a single unit non-effervescent drug delivery system of Loratadine (LTD) by direct compression process to prolong the gastric residence time (GRT).

Methods: LTD non-effervescent tablets were prepared with different polymers like hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) K15M, HPMC K100M (i.e.: 1:1, 1:2, 1:3) as release retardants. Glyceryl behenate (Compritol 888 ATO) and Glyceryl palmitostearate (Precirol ATO 5) were used (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) as low-density lipids to impart buoyancy for longer period.

Results: The drug (LTD) and excipient (i.e. HPMC, low-density lipid aids, etc.,) interaction studies were carried out by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and there was no likely interaction involving them. The developed LTD floating matrix tablets were characterized by pre and post-compression parameters and all results were, found within the pharmacopoeial limits. The cumulative percentage of drug release ranges from 56.87±0.25 % (F12) to 99.87±0.09 % (F2). The drug release profiles of the all formulations (F1 to F12) were subjected to various pharmacokinetic parameters and the optimized formulation (F3) followed the Korsmeyer Peppas (R2=0.996) model with non-Fickian diffusion (n>0.5). The obtained data by radiographic images of F3 formulation showed the GRT is 6±0.5 h (n=3).

Conclusion: Hence, from all evaluation studies, it was evident that F3 formulation was optimized (99.82±1.63 % drug release in 12 h).
SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC DETERMINATION OF ATORVASTATIN CALCIUM AND PITAVASTATIN CALCIUM THROUGH ION-PAIR COMPLEX FORMATION USING ACID DYES IN PHARMACEUTICAL FORMULATIONS AND HUMAN URINE SAMPLES
Authors: S. NIRANJANI , K. VENKATACHALAM
Published: November 2019

Objective: The main objective was to develop simple, cost-effective, rapid and selective spectrophotometric methods for the determination of atorvastatin calcium and pitavastatin calcium in pure and pharmaceutical formulations using acid dyes like bromothymol blue, bromocresol purple and bromocresol green and also in human urine samples.

Methods: The developed methods were based on the formation of ion-pair complexes between statin drugs and acid dyes after studying the optimization conditions. The association constants of the developed ion-pair complexes were evaluated using Benesi–Hildebrand equation. The methods were validated according to ICH guidelines.

Results: The formed ion-pair complexes showed maximum absorbance which was measured at 637 nm for both methods A and D, 601 nm, 606 nm for methods B and E and 631 nm for both methods C and F respectively with correlation coefficients 0.999. The analytical parameters and their effects in the developed methods were investigated. The ion-pair complexes were stable up to 24 h and showed good linearity. The molar absorptivity, Sandell sensitivity, detection, and quantification limits were also calculated. The stoichiometry ratio in all the cases was 1:2 by using Job’s method of continuous variation. The recovery studies again showed good results because co-formulated substances did not interfere for the determination of ATC and PTC in the developed methods.

Conclusion: The developed methods were applicable for routine quality control analysis of ATC and PTC in pure and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Good results were obtained when the developed methods were applied in healthy human urine samples.
HUMAN ORGANIC SOLUTE TRANSPORTERS UTTERED IN SMALL INTESTINE, LIVER, AND KIDNEY FOR HOMEOSTASIS
Authors: CHINTHAGINJALA HARANATH , AHAD HINDUSTAN ABDUL , CHALLA MAHESH REDDY , BARGHAV GANDLA CHAITHANYA , DEVIKA PASAM , VIKAS SRIKANTHAM SAI
Published: November 2019

The transporters participate in a significant role in drug absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination. Transporters are of efflux and influx type, need ATP-binding sites for their in and out movement across the cell membrane. These transporters play an important role in allowing or opposing the drugs into the cells, results in non-linearity in drug pharmacokinetics. A wide range of transporters was discovered; among them, organic solute transporters (OST) play a key role in drug absorption and disposition. Organic solute transporters is a heteromeric transporter localized to the basolateral of epithelial cells. It is the primary efflux bile acid transporter in the intestine of mammals.
SELECTED EXCIPIENTS IN ORAL SOLID DOSAGE FORM WITH DRY EXTRACT OF PYROLA ROTUNDIFOLIA L.
Authors: DARZULI NATALIA , BUDNIAK LILIIA , HROSHOVYI TARAS
Published: November 2019

Objective: The aim of the present study was to select excipients in an oral solid dosage form with a dry extract of round-leaved wintergreen (Pyrola rotundifolia L.) by using asymmetric, rotatable composite plan of the second-order (uniform plan No. 17).

Methods: The tablets were prepared by using a direct compression method. The most important pharmaceutical factors selected were considered in more details at developing the optimal composition and technology of the studied tablets of the round-leaved wintergreen extract. Each one was studied at five levels using asymmetric, rotatable composite plan of the second order.

Results: Increasing amounts of PROSOLV® EASYtab SP and croscarmellose sodium in the powder mass, its flowability decreases, and increasing amounts of Tablettose® 80 improves flowability. Increasing the amount of Tablettose® 80 in the tablets composition leads to improved uniformity. The strength of the tablets increased with increasing amounts of Neusilin® US 2 at different combinations of levels of the other three factors. When studying the effect of the amounts of croscarmellose sodium on the disintegration of tablets, it was found that the best disintegration values were obtained in the study of croscarmellose sodium at the upper level.

Conclusion: Oral solid dosage form with dry extract of round-leaved wintergreen was successfully prepared by the direct compression method. The optimal composition of tablets was determined by the regression analysis.
DETERMINATION OF MEFENAMIC ACID IN A TOPICAL EMULGEL BY A VALIDATED HPLC METHOD
Authors: ATIPAIRIN APICHART , SAWATDEE SOMCHAI
Published: November 2019

Objective: The present study is aimed to develop and validate a simple, precise and accurate high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method, according to ASEAN guideline for the validation of the analytical procedure, for the determination of mefenamic acid in a topical emulgel preparation.

Methods: An emulgel of 1 % mefenamic acid was prepared using carbopol 940 as a gelling agent and cremophor EL as an emulsifying agent. It was diluted with ethanol to make a sample concentration of 200 mg/ml. The method used a C18 column (5 µm; 250 x 4.6 mm) with the mobile phase, consisting of acetonitrile, acetic acid, and water in a ratio of 75:1:24. The column was maintained at 25 °C. The flow rate was 1 ml/min and the injection volume was 10 ml. The peak response was monitored by UV at 282 nm. It was validated for specificity, range, linearity, precision, accuracy, limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ). In addition, forced degradation (hydrolysis, oxidation and dry heat) was performed to determine the capability of the proposed method to analyze the chemical stability of the drug samples during storage.

Results: The method was specific to the drug while other excipients did not interfere with the quantitation of mefenamic acid. It was linear in the concentration range of 1.29 to 806 mg/ml. LOD and LOQ were 4.88 and 14.78 mg/ml, respectively. Accuracy of the method was demonstrated by recovery experiments on the synthetic mixture method and the mean percent recovery was 101.10±1.56. Repeatability and intermediate precision were rugged with %RSD values of 1.30 and 1.07, respectively. The method could separate mefenamic acid from other degradation products of forced degradation.

Conclusion: The HPLC method presented herein is simple, accurate, sensitive and reproducible for the determination of mefenamic acid in an emulgel. It is served as a stability-indicating method and can be used for the analysis of the drug during product development and stability studies.
OVERVIEW OF MUCOADHESIVE BIOPOLYMERS FOR BUCCAL DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS
Authors: PURI VIVEK , SHARMA AMEYA , MAMAN PARAMJOT , RATHORE NISHANT , SINGH INDERBIR
Published: November 2019

Mucoadhesive dosage forms may be intended for facilitation of prolonged retention time at the application site hence providing drug release in a controlled rate for enhanced improvement of therapeutic activity and its outcome. The buccal mucosa has been investigated for systemic drug delivery and local drug treatment or therapy that is subjected to first pass metabolism. The applicability of bio-adhesion approach in buccal drug delivery proved great therapeutic potential to overcome the limitation of conventional buccal drug delivery. The delivery via buccal route using mucoadhesive biopolymers such as various natural gums e.g. carrageenans, gum karaya, gum arabic, locust bean gum, khaya gum, gum ghatti, albizia gum, guar gum, starch, cellulose, larch gum and pectin etc. and various thiolated and carboxymethylated polymers has been the subject of interest since the early 20th century. The present article is focused mainly on the oral mucosa, mechanism of drug permeation, and characteristics of the desired polymers, the manuscript then proceeds to cover the theories behind the adhesion of bioadhesive polymers to the mucosal epithelium followed by the factors affecting mucoadhesion. Further the author has also discussed on the new generation of mucoadhesive polymers and their properties, recent mucoadhesive formulations for enhanced buccal drug delivery, various marketed products and patent literature. Various online search engines and scientific journals were employed for the collection of literature and scientific data and information related to the topic using keywords like mucoadhesive polymers, buccal drug delivery, buccal patches, tablets, films, gels, powder from the year 2002 and above.
QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION AND PREPARATIVE ISOLATION OF TWO MAJOR ALKALOIDS FROM THE VIETNAMESE MEDICINAL HERB EVODIAE FRUCTUS
Authors: NGUYEN N. VAN T. , NGUYEN X. DAO T. , NGUYEN K. NGAN H. , NGUYEN T. KIEN , NGUYEN M. PHUONG , KIM KYEONG-HO
Published: November 2019

Objective: To develop a simple and accurate HPLC-DAD method for simultaneous determination, the content of major components: limonin, evodiamine, and rutaecarpine in Evodiae fructus and evaluation the quality of Evodiae fructus sold in markets.

Methods: Open column chromatography was used to separate and purify rutaecarpine and evodiamine, the two major alkaloids from Evodiae fructus extract as a laboratory standard. Chromatographic separation was achieved using a Germini C18 column (150 mm × 4.6 mm I.D., 5 µm), detected at 210 nm. The mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile (A), methanol (B), and water (C). The validated method simultaneously determined alkaloid content in 40 batches of samples collected from markets in different regions of Vietnam.

Results: In one-step purification, our method yielded 326 mg of rutaecarpine and 128 mg of evodiamine from 3.2 g of crude extract, with purities of 98.9 and 98.5%, respectively. The structures of these compounds were identified using 1H NMR and 13C NMR. There was a significant correlation between alkaloid content and fruit size, with a Spearman correlation coefficient of>0.5 (p<0.001), and there was a large difference in alkaloid contents between three maturity degrees of the fruit. Open-mouth fruits and fruits with average sizes of 4 to 6 mm had the highest alkaloid contents, whereas closed-mouth fruits had the lowest.

Conclusion: This study provided information on the standardization and quality control of evodiamine and rutaecarpine in Evodiae fructus, as well as a foundation for further pharmacological and toxicological studies.
Perfil sociolingüístico de Frontera Corozal, Ocosingo, Chiapas
Authors: Vázquez Álvarez Juan Jesús
Published: November 2019

Se presenta el panorama sociolingüístico de Frontera Corozal, un poblado chol fundado a partir de la migración de mediados del siglo pasado. Los choles de este lugar están en contacto lingüístico con lenguas dominantes extranjeras como el inglés y, desde luego, con el español, por su cercanía con los sitios arqueológicos de Yaxchilán y Bonampak. También mantienen una convivencia cercana con hablantes de otras lenguas indígenas como el tseltal y el lacandón. A pesar de la experiencia lingüística multilingüe en la comunidad y el deseo generalizado de que los hijos aprendan español, en este estudio se destaca que la mayoría de los niños tienen como lengua materna el chol, mientras que otros lo aprenden como segunda lengua. El habla de la población infantil y de algunos adultos de la comunidad de estudio dan indicios de una neutralización de la variación dialectal que caracteriza los lugares de origen de los colonos (chol de Tila vs chol de Tumbalá)
A ORTOPEDIA FUNCIONAL COMO POSSIBILIDADE TERAPÊUTICA PARA TRATAMENTO DA MALOCLUSÃO NA DOENÇA FALCIFORME
Authors: Ladeira Casado Priscila
Published: November 2019

Palavras-chave: Anemia falciforme; Ortopedia funcional; Odontologia; Maloclusão. Key Words: Sickle cell; Functional orthopedics; Dentistry; Malocclusion.
UPAYA GURU DALAM MENINGKATKAN KEMAMPUAN GERAK LOKOMOTOR MELALUI PERMAINAN TRADISIONAL BOI-BOIAN PADA KELOMPOK B DI TK ISLAM RUMAH ILMU CIMAHI
Authors: Sahanah Sahanah , Aprianti Ema
Published: November 2019

The study was conducted based on the findings of the problem that tekait with rough motor skills in group B in Islamic Kindergarten of Rumah Ilmu Cimahi. Problems that exist in the Islamic Kindergarten House Science is almost no land to play, where the physical movement of children requires a wide range of movement. Also habituation of children who prefer to watch television and play dadget. Traditional boi-boian games can support rough motor stimulation in children. The boi-boian game activities conducted in this research succeeded in assisting one of these obstacles. In the process performed can be seen that children who had a poor motor skills are less good, began to do some rough motor activities better. Based on the background of the above research shows the need for efforts in improving the abilities of rough motor physical children. The formulation of the problem in this research is "Is Through Boi-Boian Games in Children Can Improve the Ability of Motoric Motorcycle of Children in Group B in Islamic Kindergarten of House of Science?" This research aims to increase the rough motor skills of children through traditional boi-boian game. The method used in this research is qualitative method with analytical descriptive. Research data collected by using instrument in the form of interview and observation guideline. The results obtained are very satisfactory