bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The scientific study of poetic writing
Authors: Hanauer David I.
Published: July 2011

This aim of this brief paper is to promote the scientific study of creative writing and make it an integral part of the research agenda of the scientific study of literature. This paper focuses on the genre of poetry and is organized around three basic questions: (1) What do we currently know about poetry writing? (2) Why study poetry writing? (3) How can poetry writing be studied? Together the answers to these questions provide a rationale for the proposed research agenda and an overview of ways in which this project can be accomplished. A review of the literature on poetry writing reveals a process which involves extensive revision within a recursive writing process that reaffirms the characterization of poetry as a genre that combines attention to meaning with attention to form.
Transporting into narrative worlds
Authors: Green Melanie C. , Carpenter Jordan M.A.
Published: July 2011

“Transportation into a narrative world” refers to cognitive, emotional, and imagery engagement in a story (Green & Brock, 2000). Transportation has been studied as a mechanism of narrative persuasion; individuals who are transported into stories are more likely to change their attitudes and beliefs in the direction suggested by the story. The current paper highlights the challenges and benefits from the scientific study of literature, and outlines promising avenues for future research. These directions include a greater understanding of ways to evoke transportation, and a fuller exploration of the outcomes of transportation, including impact on implicit attitudes, the persistence of narrative persuasion, and the effects of multiple narratives. We also highlight the role of individual differences, particularly motivation for mindreading (Carpenter & Green, in press), the extent to which individuals are willing to exert effort to understand others’ perspectives.
How do we entertain ourselves with literary texts?
Authors: Vorderer Peter , Roth Franziska S.
Published: July 2011

We argue that entertainment experiences as individual responses to literary texts have not been sufficiently studied in the past. Literary scholars have long regarded entertainment as an inappropriate response to literature. Likewise, psychologists and communications scholars have been hesitant to study entertainment as an effect of literary reading, arguably because those responses have been seen as too complex to fit into given explanations of entertainment. But entertainment theory has advanced recently and now tries to include more complex responses to media content. Those responses include affective states which are other than simply pleasure-driven.. The idea of entertainment as a response that can imply enjoyment, appreciation, or both allows and provides an explanation of readers’ responses to literary texts that goes beyond purely hedonistic motivations.
Ways to engage readers
Authors: Hakemulder Frank
Published: July 2011

There must be more to reading than just text comprehension — stories are to entertain, Brewer and Lichtenstein (1984) famously proclaimed. Hence, they said, research should focus more on how stories do that. What are the implications of this statement? Could that knowledge be of interest to people outside academia? For example, could it result in guidelines for writing bestsellers and blockbuster scripts? Some would suggest that there is more to literary stories than just entertainment. One of the many things this journal could do for the world is find out what exactly this may be. To do this we should extend our knowledge about what distinguishes the processing of literary stories from that of narratives in other genres and media. Here it will be argued that the emotional and cognitive processes typically found in literary reading may offer profound improvements of our lives and the world, and more so than better results at the box office would.
The future of an allusion
Authors: Cupchik Gerald C.
Published: July 2011

How shall we guide ourselves to ensure that research on creation and reception are ecologically valid, representative of natural processes in everyday life? Rather than romanticizing science, we need to be critically aware of the hidden assumptions which lie behind the empirical narratives that appear in journals. Francis Bacon awakened us to the “false idols” and Goethe encouraged us to place the careful observation of phenomena of the natural world ahead of theories which should be derived from observation and help focus our understanding of them. Following Bacon and Goethe, I advise that researchers should work from actual instances or episodes in which the phenomena of interest are manifested. Our goal should be to ensure that the parallel world of experimentation is not divorced from everyday life. This can be achieved by developing a large sample space of materials (poems, literary texts, films, and so forth) from which at least two must be chosen to represent each kind of stimulus. Further, we need to specify the orienting task set according to which participants are to approach these materials. Finally, I advocate the use of quantitative and qualitative kinds of data in a complementary manner to elucidate the underlying processes. By engaging in an empirical dialogue with ourselves and others, we can advance our understanding and explanation of the phenomena which fascinate us.
The symptoms of science in studies of literature
Authors: Kuiken Don
Published: July 2011

The migration of science into literary studies risks importing an over-simplified conception of “the” scientific method. To avoid this pitfall, it will be crucial to nurture a conception of scientific praxis grounded in historically established methods from a range of scientific disciplines, rather than in the physics-centered prescriptions of much 20th Century philosophy of science. Doing so may require reconsideration of the forms of explanation and investigation that are appropriate for semi-autonomous, agentic capacities (e.g., generating a meaningful interpretation). Because such capacities resist externalist forms of explanation and experimentation, it is important to reconsider the first- and third-person methods, the role of experimentation, and the importance of classificatory procedures in their descriptive explication. Moreover, acknowledging the conceptual precision that derives both from operational definition (in one form) and connoisseurship (in another) may support articulation of a multi-faceted conception of science that is apt for studies of literature.
Giorgos Seferis as translator of T. S. Eliot
Authors: Salamina Michele
Published: July 2011

This essay focuses on how stylistic features of different literary traditions can converge in new poetic works through translation. One such example is represented by the Nobel Prize winning Greek poet Giorgos (George) Seferis, who translated many English poets, among them, T. S. Eliot. An interesting aspect of Seferis’s writing is the role played by translation in shaping his literary works. While many critics, such as E. Keeley (1956), G. Peron (1976), N. Vayenas (1989), have explored the similarities of content and rhetorical technique between the two poets, the influence of translation in shaping Seferis’s poetry has been largely ignored. This study addresses that scholarly gap through a comparative analysis of the corpus of Seferis’s translations of Eliot and that of his own poems written in the same period
Text design and acts of translation
Authors: Doloughan Fiona J.
Published: July 2011

In relation to two contemporary works of literature, Monica Ali’s Brick Lane (2003) and Xiaolu Guo’s A Concise Chinese-English Dictionary for Lovers (2007), this essay sets out a view of reading and writing as essentially translational and transformational acts. It argues that text design and production in the contemporary age, at a time when many writers of works in English are the product of more than one culture and language, depend upon access to and the ability to transform a range of cultural and material resources. It is concerned with ‘how newness enters the world’ (Bhabha 2007) in the era of globalization and postmodernity and sees creativity as an outcome of both readerly and writerly acts of cultural, generic and linguistic translation.
Attitudes to role, status and professional identity in interpreters and translators with Chinese in Shanghai and Taipei
Authors: Setton Robin , Liangliang Alice Guo
Published: July 2011

China’s sudden emergence as a major player in the global economy has generated enormous new demand for translation and interpreting. With the development of formal training, certification and research activity, both mainland China and Taiwan are seeing the first signs of professionalization. This article reports the findings of a survey, the first of its kind, on patterns of professional practice, self-perceptions, job satisfaction and aspirations of translators and interpreters in Shanghai and Taipei and their perceptions of their role and contribution at a time when English and Chinese look set to become the languages of the twenty-first century. In terms of professional identity, most respondents choose the generic term 翻译 fanyi (‘translation’) to describe their main occupation, with slightly more specification among interpreters (as 口译 kouyi, ‘interpreter’). Only a small minority are members of professional associations. Job satisfaction is high, particularly among interpreters, who enjoy higher status. Views about training, testing and certification are mixed. Attitudes to loyalty, neutrality, toning-down and other role-related norms appear to be close to the international professional consensus, pending future contrastive studies; most respondents express a down-to-earth attitude to their role and contribution to society, downplaying ‘cultural mediation.’ The survey was planned and conducted as a practical introductory exercise in the methodologies of interpreting studies within the PhD program at the Graduate Institute of Interpretation and Translation (GIIT) of Shanghai International Studies University (SISU).
Conference interpreters and their self-representation
Authors: Zwischenberger Cornelia
Published: July 2011

In this paper an analysis of the way conference interpreters describe their role and how they perceive their importance for successful communication in simultaneously interpreted conferences will be undertaken. These findings are an excerpt from a recent worldwide web-based survey among members of the International Association of Conference Interpreters (AIIC). The focus will be on a comparison between already existing metatexts on the conference interpreter’s role and the newly collected ones from this web-survey. The paper will also briefly outline the methodological potential and limitations of web-based surveys which have been employed since the mid-1990s and have gradually found their way into translation studies.
Images of the court interpreter
Authors: Morris Ruth
Published: July 2011

Today’s legal system generally demands that the interpreter function as a “faceless voice,” a conduit, that is, in a “neutral” and non-intrusive way. However, research has shown that in practice this is not the case, and interpreters themselves are increasingly coming to see their role as going beyond the narrow linguistic one. This article argues that inevitably, as interpreters exert influence on the proceedings in which they perform, these proceedings have a greater or lesser impact on the interpreters. The researcher often has little if any direct access to the recipients or the providers of interpreting services, and hence court records are generally used as a source of information on attitudes toward interpreters and interpreted events. A seventeenth-century murder trial in England provides valuable insights into views on interpreting on the part of the bench, the clerk of the court, and the accused. In addition, several modern cases are discussed, indicating a gradual change in attitudes, with an increasing emphasis on competency rather than availability, and a greater acceptance of a more comprehensive role for the interpreter. Finally, this article examines a rare case of an interpreter reporting on an interpreted event at which he worked, indicating that the interpreter does not “check his humanity” at the courtroom door.
The people behind the words
Authors: Amit-Kochavi Hannah
Published: July 2011

Drawing on recent sociological trends in Translation Studies, the present article describes the making of those translators who were active in the field of Arabic-Hebrew literary translation in Palestine (later Israel) and their special characteristics as a particular group of professionals. An attempt will be made to describe and explain the ethnic, educational, professional and ideological characteristics of this particular population and its activity patterns, with special attention to patterns of cooperation among its members.
“Boundary work” as a concept for studying professionalization processes in the interpreting field
Authors: Grbić Nadja
Published: July 2011

“Boundary work” is a concept that was introduced by Thomas Gieryn in the early 1980s in order to study the construction of differences between “us” and “them.” Although it was used in the first instance to study the rhetorical construction of differences between science and non-science, boundary theories have been further developed since then and are now used in various disciplines to focus on a range of topics, including the construction of boundaries between profession and non-profession. In this article I will present the concept of boundary work and outline a research project I have launched to examine the construction of sign language interpreters as an occupational group in Austria.
The task of the interpreter in the struggle of the other for empowerment
Authors: Bahadır Şebnem
Published: July 2011

Interpreters perceive, listen, see and speak in the name of the Other, both in the language of the symbolically and/or practically oppressed Other and in the language of the oppressor. Yet in doing so, they paradoxically use their own voice and language. As there can be no neutral part in mis/communication and as there is no objective way of perceiving, analyzing, and processing information and emotions, professional interpreters must position themselves. Numerous examples from situations where interpreters act as intermediaries between the dominating and violating agents of societies/states and migrants, refugees, and members of minoritized and oppressed communities illustrate the challenges involved in simultaneously representing and mediating the speech of the Other. In settings like detention camps, asylum seekers’ sanctuaries, refugee camps, and prisons where asylum seekers are kept under custody before deportation, as well as in occupied territories and areas of military conflict, the interpreter is faced with the responsibility of serving as the “expert” of the in-between. Interpreters play a participant role in the interplay of power as an active performer. Their gaze disrupts and their voice intervenes. Thus, I argue that, as an important pillar of professionalism, interpreters must be sensitized and trained to cope with the dangers and opportunities of their in-between position and of their status as the third party to a communicative act. Interpreters should be trained to reflect critically and honestly on their involvement as participant observers.
“A crime in another language?” revisited
Authors: Osman Ghada , Angelelli Claudia V.
Published: July 2011

In 1995, Sheikh Omar Abdel-Rahman was convicted for his role in the 1993 plot to bomb the World Trade Center. In 2002, Abdel-Rahman’s attorney Lynne Stewart and his interpreter Mohammed Yousry were arrested and charged with aiding terrorism. The crux of the evidence against them came from their jail visits with Abdel-Rahman. This article examines the roles of Abdel-Rahman, Stewart, and Yousry during those visits. It argues that due to factors such as ethnicity, gender, and religious background, the Arabic language and its related cultural discourse became the central context of interaction. The article focuses on three main facets of this interaction: Arabic-English vis-à-vis English-Arabic translations, Yousry’s mediation of relations through Arabic-centered cultural phenomena, and Stewart’s acceptance of — and to a certain extent participation in — an Arabic-centered discourse through her use of Arabic phrases (particularly religious ones). Twelve segments have been selected from the transcripts to illustrate these phenomena in this situation of violent conflict, which is highly relevant in today’s politically charged climate.
Translation students’ use and evaluation of online resources for Chinese-English translation at the word level
Authors: Xu Mianjun , Wang Caiwen
Published: July 2011

This empirical study is aimed to investigate how translation students in Chinese universities are introduced to, use, and evaluate online resources in Chinese-English translation. One hundred translation students were randomly selected from a leading foreign languages university in China and were asked to complete a questionnaire. It was found that: (1) translation students now rely more on electronic resources than non-electronic ones in their translation practice, the underlying reason being convenience rather than accuracy; and (2) with online resources, translation efficiency is improved. It is hoped that the current study will fill, to some extent, the research gap in the application of online resources in translation practice, and therefore shed some new light on translator training.
Preoperative Nasal Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Status, Surgical Prophylaxis, and Risk-Adjusted Postoperative Outcomes in Veterans
Authors: Gupta Kalpana , Strymish Judith , Abi-Haidar Youmna , Williams Sandra A. , Itani Kamal M. F.
Published: July 2011

Objectives.

To determine whether preoperative nasal methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) carriage is a significant predictor of postoperative infections, after accounting for surgical infection risk and surgical prophylaxis.

Design.

Retrospective cohort study.

Patients.

Veterans Affairs (VA) Boston patients who had nasal MRSA polymerase chain reaction screening performed in the 31 days before clean or clean contaminated surgery in 2008–2009.

Methods.

Postoperative MRSA clinical cultures and infections, total surgical site infections (SSIs), and surgical prophylaxis data were abstracted from administrative databases. MRSA infections were confirmed via chart review. Multivariate analysis of risk factors for each outcome was conducted using Poisson regression. SSI risk index was calculated for a subset of 1,551 patients assessed by the VA National Surgical Quality Improvement Program.

Results.

Among 4,238 eligible patients, 279 (6.6%) were positive for preoperative nasal MRSA. Postoperative MRSA clinical cultures and infections, including MRSA SSIs, were each significantly increased in patients with preoperative nasal MRSA. After adjustment for surgery type, vancomycin prophylaxis, chlorhexidine/alcohol surgical skin preparation, and SSI risk index, preoperative nasal MRSA remained significantly associated with postoperative MRSA cultures (relative risk [RR], 8.81; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.01–25.82) and infections (RR, 8.46; 95% CI, 1.70–42.04). Vancomycin prophylaxis was associated with an increased risk of total SSI in those negative for nasal MRSA (RR, 4.34; 95% CI, 2.19–8.57) but not in patients positive for nasal MRSA.

Conclusions.

In our population, preoperative nasal MRSA colonization was independently associated with MRSA clinical cultures and infections in the postoperative period. Vancomycin prophylaxis increased the risk of total SSI in nasal MRSA-negative patients.
Trends in Catheter-Associated Urinary Tract Infections in Adult Intensive Care Units—United States, 1990–2007
Authors: Burton Deron C. , Edwards Jonathan R. , Srinivasan Arjun , Fridkin Scott K. , Gould Carolyn V.
Published: July 2011

Background.

Over the past 2 decades, multiple interventions have been developed to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infections (CAUTIs). The CAUTI prevention guidelines of the Healthcare Infection Control Practices Advisory Committee were recently revised.

Objective.

To examine changes in rates of CAUTI events in adult intensive care units (ICUs) in the United States from 1990 through 2007.

Methods.

Data were reported to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) through the National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System from 1990 through 2004 and the National Healthcare Safety Network from 2006 through 2007. Infection preventionists in participating hospitals used standard methods to identify all CAUTI events (categorized as symptomatic urinary tract infection [SUTI] or asymptomatic bacteriuria [ASB]) and urinary catheter–days (UC-days) in months selected for surveillance. Data from all facilities were aggregated to calculate pooled mean annual SUTI and ASB rates (in events per 1,000 UC-days) by ICU type. Poisson regression was used to estimate percent changes in rates over time.

Results.

Overall, 36,282 SUTIs and 22,973 ASB episodes were reported from 367 facilities representing 1,223 adult ICUs, including combined medical/surgical (505), medical (212), surgical (224), coronary (173), and cardiothoracic (109) ICUs. All ICU types experienced significant declines of 19%–67% in SUTI rates and 29%–72% in ASB rates from 1990 through 2007. Between 2000 and 2007, significant reductions in SUTI rates occurred in all ICU types except cardiothoracic ICUs.

Conclusions.

Since 1990, CAUTI rates have declined significantly in all major adult ICU types in facilities reporting to the CDC. Further efforts are needed to assess prevention strategies that might have led to these decreases and to implement new CAUTI prevention guidelines.
Use of Medicare Claims to Rank Hospitals by Surgical Site Infection Risk following Coronary Artery Bypass Graft Surgery
Authors: Huang Susan S. , Placzek Hilary , Livingston James , Ma Allen , Onufrak Fallon , Lankiewicz Julie , Kleinman Ken , Bratzler Dale , Olsen Margaret A. , Lyles Rosie , Khan Yosef , Wright Paula , Yokoe Deborah S. , Fraser Victoria J. , Weinstein Robert A. , Stevenson Kurt , Hooper David , Vostok Johanna , Datta Rupak , Nsa Wato , Platt Richard
Published: July 2011

Objective.

To evaluate whether longitudinal insurer claims data allow reliable identification of elevated hospital surgical site infection (SSI) rates.

Design.

We conducted a retrospective cohort study of Medicare beneficiaries who underwent coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) in US hospitals performing at least 80 procedures in 2005. Hospitals were assigned to deciles by using case mix–adjusted probabilities of having an SSI-related inpatient or outpatient claim code within 60 days of surgery. We then reviewed medical records of randomly selected patients to assess whether chart-confirmed SSI risk was higher in hospitals in the worst deciles compared with the best deciles.

Participants.

Fee-for-service Medicare beneficiaries who underwent CABG in these hospitals in 2005.

Results.

We evaluated 114,673 patients who underwent CABG in 671 hospitals. In the best decile, 7.8% (958/12,307) of patients had an SSI-related code, compared with 24.8% (2,747/11,068) in the worst decile (P<.001). Medical record review confirmed SSI in 40% (388/980) of those with SSI-related codes. In the best decile, the chart-confirmed annual SSI rate was 3.2%, compared with 9.4% in the worst decile, with an adjusted odds ratio of SSI of 2.7 (confidence interval, 2.2–3.3;P<.001) for CABG performed in a worst-decile hospital compared with a best-decile hospital.

Conclusions.

Claims data can identify groups of hospitals with unusually high or low post-CABG SSI rates. Assessment of claims is more reproducible and efficient than current surveillance methods. This example of secondary use of routinely recorded electronic health information to assess quality of care can identify hospitals that may benefit from prevention programs.
Social media use in the research workflow
Authors: ROWLANDS Ian , NICHOLAS David , RUSSELL Bill , CANTY Nicholas , WATKINSON Anthony
Published: July 2011

The paper reports on a major international survey, covering 2,000 researchers, which investigated the use of social media in the research workflow. The topic is the second to emerge from the Charleston Observatory, the research adjunct of the popular annual Charleston Conference (http://www.katina.info/conference/). The study shows that social media have found serious application at all points of the research lifecycle, from identifying research opportunities to disseminating findings at the end. The three most popular social media tools in a research setting were those for collaborative authoring, conferencing, and scheduling meetings. The most popular brands used tend to be mainstream anchor technologies or ‘household brands‘, such as Twitter. Age is a poor predictor of social media use in a research context, and humanities and social science scholars avail themselves most of social media. Journals, conference proceedings, and edited books remain the core traditional means of disseminating research, with institutional repositories highly valued as well, but social media have become important complementary channels for disseminating and discovering research.
Ceci n'est pas un hamburger: modelling and representing the scholarly article
Authors: PETTIFER S. , McDERMOTT P. , MARSH J. , THORNE D. , VILLEGER A. , ATTWOOD T.K.
Published: July 2011

Current approaches to publishing scholarly work are falling behind the growing demands of modern readers, who need easy access to the underlying data, as well as the ability to consume content on an ever‐growing variety of electronic devices. The pros and cons of the various formats for representing the scholarly article are hotly contested, but as yet these debates have had little tangible impact on the publishing world where, in spite of its apparent limitations, the PDF remains the dominant form of distribution. We discuss fundamental philosophical differences between a scholarly work and its representation, and describe Utopia Documents, which realizes those differences in software, aiming to resolve many of the current issues in this area.
Book reviews
Authors: RENDELL‐DUNN Alexis
Published: July 2011

Abstracts and Abstracting. A Genre and Set of Skills for the Twenty‐first Century Tibor Koltay Oxford, Chandos Publishing, 2010, 227pp. ISBN 978 1 84334 517 6, £47, paperback
Book reviews
Authors: BALKWILL Richard
Published: July 2011

Access to Knowledge in Africa: The Role of Copyright Edited by Chris Armstrong, Jeremy de Beer, Dick Kawooya, Achal Prabhala, and Tobias Schonwetter Cape Town, South Africa, UCT Press 2010, 384pp. ISBN 978‐1‐91989‐545‐1, $30 paperback
Book reviews
Authors: SMART Pippa
Published: July 2011

Peer Review in Academic Promotion and Publishing: Its Meaning, Locus and Future Edited by Diane Harley and Sophia Krzys Acord Centre for Studies in Higher Education, 2011, 112pp. Online only report: http://escholarship.org/uc/item/1xv148c8
Corporate Social Responsibility and Corporate Control: The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, 1933–1951
Authors: Abdelrehim Neveen , Maltby Josephine , Toms Steven
Published: July 2011

A new conceptualization of corporate social responsibility (CSR) is presented as a means of asserting and maintaining corporate control in the face of political, economic, and social challenges. The Anglo-Iranian Oil Company (AIOC) applied different strategies to maintain control of its Iranian assets in the face nationalist demands—political and covert mechanisms, market based, resource access controls, and CSR programs. This paper investigates the third, and least explored, strand of their strategy. It identifies managerial strategies for CSR engagement with respect to three corresponding interest groups: politicians and diplomats, shareholders, and local employees, drawing on a variety of previously unused archival sources. From prior studies it is unclear whether the AIOC's CSR programs, for example, in employment and housing, were motivated by social improvement, its business agenda, or responses to legislative pressures from the Iranian government. A detailed examination of CSR policy and private correspondence between AIOC's senior executives about their negotiations with the Iranian government shows that they engaged in and reported voluntary CSR activities to strengthen their reputation and negotiating position but refused to compromise on aspects of CSR that threatened the existing managerial hierarchy of control. This interpretation is supported by a content analysis of the company's annual reports in the years before and after nationalization, revealing a choice of topics and language intended to support its self-presentation as a socially concerned employer. The results of this study have wider implications for understanding CSR reporting as a corporate strategy to enhance negotiating and bargaining positions.
Low Back Pain
Authors: Welch Ellen
Published: July 2011

Low back pain is an extremely common presentation in general practice. Most episodes are simple and self-limiting, but the ability to recognize serious underlying pathology is crucial for GPs. Symptoms of low back pain can be a major cause of physical and psychological disability, placing huge demands on society through the loss of working days and demands placed on medical resources.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
Authors: Hayes J.F.
Published: July 2011

This article describes the key features of generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) to help GPs recognize patients with the disorder and provide a management strategy that can be used in the primary care setting to support them. Management strategies are linked to recently updated National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence (NICE) guidelines and include both drug treatments and psychological interventions. As a GP, the ability to screen at-risk patients, diagnose those with symptoms, assess the severity of GAD, provide education and self-help strategies and referral appropriately to specialist mental health services is important. Although the course of GAD tends to be relapsing and remitting, effective control of symptoms can help to allow patients to live a more normal life.
Choice or Circumstance? Adjusting Measures of Foreign Policy Similarity for Chance Agreement
Authors: Häge Frank M.
Published: July 2011

The similarity of states' foreign policy positions is a standard variable in the dyadic analysis of international relations. Recent studies routinely rely on Signorino and Ritter's (1999, Tau-b or not tau-b: Measuring the similarity of foreign policy positions.International Studies Quarterly43:115–44)Sto assess the similarity of foreign policy ties. However,Sneglects two fundamental characteristics of the international state system: foreign policy ties are relatively rare and individual states differ in their innate propensity to form such ties. I propose two chance-corrected agreement indices, Scott's (1955, Reliability of content analysis: The case of nominal scale coding.The Public Opinion Quarterly19:321–5) π and Cohen's (1960, A coefficient of agreement for nominal scales.Educational and Psychological Measurement20:37–46) κ, as viable alternatives. Both indices adjust the dyadic similarity score for a large number of common absent ties. Cohen's κ also takes into account differences in individual dyad members' total number of ties. The resulting similarity scores have stronger face validity thanS. A comparison of their empirical distributions and a replication of Gartzke's (2007, The capitalist peace.American Journal of Political Science51:166–91) study of the ‘Capitalist Peace’ indicate that the different types of measures are not substitutable.
An e-Research approach to Web-scale music analysis
Authors: De Roure David , Page Kevin R. , Fields Benjamin , Crawford Tim , Downie J. Stephen , Fujinaga Ichiro
Published: July 2011

The growing quantity of digital recorded music available in large-scale resources such as the Internet archive provides an important new resource for musical analysis. An e-Research approach has been adopted in order to create a very substantive web-accessible corpus of musical analyses in a common framework for use by music scholars, students and beyond, and to establish a methodology and tooling that will enable others to add to the resource in the future. The enabling infrastructure brings together scientific workflow and Semantic Web technologies with a set of algorithms and tools for extracting features from recorded music. It has been used to deliver a prototype system, described here, that demonstrates the utility of L
inked
D
ata
for enhancing the curation of collections of music signal data for analysis and publishing results that can be simply and readily correlated to these and other sources. This paper describes the motivation, infrastructure design and the proof-of-concept case study and reflects on emerging e-Research practice as researchers embrace the scale of the Web.
Phylogeny, phylogeography, phylobetadiversity and the molecular analysis of biological communities
Authors: Emerson Brent C. , Cicconardi Francesco , Fanciulli Pietro P. , Shaw Peter J. A.
Published: July 2011

There has been much recent interest and progress in the characterization of community structure and community assembly processes through the application of phylogenetic methods. To date most focus has been on groups of taxa for which some relevant detail of their ecology is known, for which community composition is reasonably easily quantified and where the temporal scale is such that speciation is not likely to feature. Here, we explore how we might apply a molecular genetic approach to investigate community structure and assembly at broad taxonomic and geographical scales, where we have little knowledge of species ecology, where community composition is not easily quantified, and where speciation is likely to be of some importance. We explore these ideas using the class Collembola as a focal group. Gathering molecular evidence for cryptic diversity suggests that the ubiquity of many species of Collembola across the landscape may belie greater community complexity than would otherwise be assumed. However, this morphologically cryptic species-level diversity poses a challenge for attempts to characterize diversity both within and among local species assemblages. Recent developments in high throughput parallel sequencing technology, combined with mtDNA barcoding, provide an advance that can bring together the fields of phylogenetic and phylogeographic analysis to bear on this problem. Such an approach could be standardized for analyses at any geographical scale for a range of taxonomic groups to quantify the formation and composition of species assemblages.
Old and new challenges in using species diversity for assessing biodiversity
Authors: Chiarucci Alessandro , Bacaro Giovanni , Scheiner Samuel M.
Published: July 2011

Although the maintenance of diversity of living systems is critical for ecosystem functioning, the accelerating pace of global change is threatening its preservation. Standardized methods for biodiversity assessment and monitoring are needed. Species diversity is one of the most widely adopted metrics for assessing patterns and processes of biodiversity, at both ecological and biogeographic scales. However, those perspectives differ because of the types of data that can be feasibly collected, resulting in differences in the questions that can be addressed. Despite a theoretical consensus on diversity metrics, standardized methods for its measurement are lacking, especially at the scales needed to monitor biodiversity for conservation and management purposes. We review the conceptual framework for species diversity, examine common metrics, and explore their use for biodiversity conservation and management. Key differences in diversity measures at ecological and biogeographic scales are the completeness of species lists and the ability to include information on species abundances. We analyse the major pitfalls and problems with quantitative measurement of species diversity, look at the use of weighting measures by phylogenetic distance, discuss potential solutions and propose a research agenda to solve the major existing problems.
CaSeO4·0.625H2O – water channel occupation in a bassanite related structure
Authors: Fritz Susanne , Schmidt Horst , Paschke Iris , Magdysyuk Oxana V. , Dinnebier Robert E. , Freyer Daniela , Voigt Wolfgang
Published: July 2011

Calcium selenate subhydrate, CaSeO4·0.625H2O, was prepared by hydrothermal conversion of CaSeO4·2H2O at 463 K. From the single crystals obtained in the shape of hexagonal needles, 50–300 µm in length, the crystal structure could be solved in a trigonal unit cell with space group P3221. The cell was confirmed and refined by high-resolution synchrotron powder diffraction. The subhydrate was characterized by thermal analysis and Raman spectroscopy.
d-Orbital orientation in a dimer cobalt complex: link to magnetic properties?
Authors: Deutsch Maxime , Claiser Nicolas , Gillet Jean-Michel , Lecomte Claude , Sakiyama Hiroshi , Tone Katsuya , Souhassou Mohamed
Published: July 2011

The experimental charge-density distribution of the dinuclear cobalt(II) complex [Co2(sym-hmp)2](BPh4)2·2H2O·2C3H6O was determined at 100 K. When decreasing the temperature, the magnetic susceptibility of this complex deviates from Curie law because of anti-ferromagnetic exchange interactions, but the susceptibility increases sharply at low temperature (< 20 K). To explain this magnetic behaviour a tilt angle between the Co-atom environments was previously theoretically predicted. The structure and experimental charge density determined in this study show a tilt angle. The calculated value, based on the 100 K experimentald-orbital model, is in agreement with the theoretical one.
Psychosomatic or allergic symptoms? High levels for somatization in patients with drug intolerance
Authors: HASSEL Jessica C. , DANNER Daniel , HASSEL Alexander J.
Published: July 2011

Patients with dermatological diseases often have associated psychological problems. For patients with allergic diseases, only a few publications have focused on psychological aspects. The objective of this study was to assess the psychometric profile, including somatization, depression, anxiety and health‐related quality of life (HRQoL), of patients suffering from drug intolerance or hymenoptera venom allergies. In a prospective cohort study design, patients who were admitted to hospital for a challenge test for an alternative drug (n = 49, 24.5% men) or for induction of desensitization therapy with hymenoptera venom (n = 58, 37.9% men) were included. Psychometric screening questionnaires focusing on somatization (Symptom Check List), depression and anxiety (Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale), and also on HRQoL (Short Form questionnaire) were assessed. The scores were compared with population scores and between the two groups. Both groups had significantly higher somatization scores (P ≤ 0.003) than the normal population, and the challenge‐test group had lower HRQoL than the normal population. Between‐group analysis revealed significantly higher somatization scores in the challenge‐test group (P = 0.011) and more impaired HRQoL (physical health domain P < 0.001). Anxiety/depression scores were not significantly different from those of the normal population, or between groups, although abnormally high scores for anxiety were frequent (18% and 12% for the challenge‐test and allergy groups, respectively). Somatization, reduced HRQoL and anxiety seem to be part of the symptoms of patients with allergic diseases, especially for patients with drug intolerance. Standardized questionnaires could help to discover patients who may need psychological support. This may help to improve the patients’ symptoms and quality of life.
Prediction of a potentially effective dose in humans for BAY 60–5521, a potent inhibitor of cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) by allometric species scaling and combined pharmacodynamic and physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic modelling
Authors: Weber Olaf , Willmann Stefan , Bischoff Hilmar , Li Volkhart , Vakalopoulos Alexandros , Lustig Klemens , Hafner Frank‐Thorsten , Heinig Roland , Schmeck Carsten , Buehner Klaus
Published: July 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

• Cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP) is a plasma glycoprotein that facilitates the transfer of cholesteryl esters from the atheroprotective high density lipoprotein (HDL) to the proatherogenic low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL) and very low density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL) leading to lower concentrations of HDL but raising the concentrations of proatherogenic LDL and VLDL. Inhibition of CETP is considered a potential approach to treat dyslipidaemia.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

• The study provides information on preclinical pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) as well as information on physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic modelling of a novel inhibitor of CETP, BAY 60–5521, as an approach to support the prediction of a potentially effective dose in humans.

AIMS The purpose of this work was to support the prediction of a potentially effective dose for the CETP‐inhibitor, BAY 60–5521, in humans.

METHODS A combination of allometric scaling of the pharmacokinetics of the CETP‐inhibitor BAY 60–5521 with pharmacodynamic studies in CETP‐transgenic mice and in human plasma with physiologically‐based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modelling was used to support the selection of the first‐in‐man dose.

RESULTS The PBPK approach predicts a greater extent of distribution for BAY 60–5521 in humans compared with the allometric scaling method as reflected by a larger predicted volume of distribution and longer elimination half‐life. The combined approach led to an estimate of a potentially effective dose for BAY 60–5521 of 51 mg in humans.

CONCLUSION The approach described in this paper supported the prediction of a potentially effective dose for the CETP‐inhibitor BAY 60–5521 in humans. Confirmation of the dose estimate was obtained in a first‐in‐man study.
Adoption in South Africa: trends and patterns in social work practice
Authors: Mokomane Zitha , Rochat Tamsen Jean ,   The Directorate
Published: July 2011

This paper reports findings from a research study on adoption in South Africa conducted in 2009. The research included secondary data analysis of the South African National Adoption Register to establish trends and patterns of adoption in South Africa between 2004 and 2009, and primary data collection through qualitative interviews with key informants in public and private social welfare services to explore attitudes, knowledge and experiences of social work practice related to adoption. The quantitative findings report the number of national and international adoptions along with trends and socio‐demographic patterns of national adoptions. Qualitative findings report on social work practice, systemic barriers and social worker attitudes as barriers to improved social work practice around national adoptions. The paper highlights comparisons to adoption literature in the USA, a country with a similar legislative framework and cultural complexities, but significantly more resources for implementation. Recommendations are offered for social work practice, national data collection and policy implementation efforts to support efforts to increase adoption.
100 cases of primary aldosteronism: careful choice of patients for surgery using adrenal venous sampling and CT imaging results in excellent blood pressure and potassium outcomes
Authors: Graham U. M. , Ellis P. K. , Hunter S. J. , Leslie H. , Mullan K.R. , Atkinson A. B.
Published: July 2011

Objective  Patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) who are suitable for surgery should undergo adrenal computerised tomography (CT) and adrenal venous sampling (AVS). A retrospective study was performed of 100 patients with PA. We determined the optimal AVS lateralisation ratio for unilateral disease and reviewed adrenalectomy outcomes evaluating which characteristics predicted hypertension cure.

Methods  AVS was performed in 93 patients. Lateralisation criteria were assessed using ROC curve analysis. The outcome of adrenalectomy was reviewed in 39 patients and predictive factors for cure determined using univariate and multivariate analysis.

Results  Of previously published criteria, ROC curve analysis found a cortisol corrected aldosterone affected to unaffected (Aldo/Cort A:U) cut‐off of 2·0 was the best predictor of adenoma identifying 80·4% of patients. A novel ratio calculated by dividing the affected to unaffected ratio by the unaffected to peripheral ratio [(Aldo/Cort A:U)/(Aldo/Cort U:IVC)] was successful in identifying 87·0% of patients. Cure rate for blood pressure after adrenalectomy was 38·5% with improvement in 59·0%. On univariate analysis, predictors of post‐operative hypertension were increased weight, raised creatinine, left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) and male sex. On multivariate analysis, male sex and higher pre‐operative systolic blood pressure were predictive.

Conclusions  Patients with PA should have CT scanning and AVS. Aldo/Cort A:U >2·0 is the most accurate of previously published ratios in predicting unilateral disease. When patients were carefully selected for surgery, 97% had cure or improvement in blood pressure control. Further confirmatory work is required on a novel ratio which was even more predictive in our series.
Fine needle aspiration biopsy of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular nodular lesions: role, controversies and approach to diagnosis
Authors: Wee A.
Published: July 2011

A. Wee Fine needle aspiration biopsy of hepatocellular carcinoma and hepatocellular nodular lesions: role, controversies and appr oach to diagnosis

The role of fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy of the liver has evolved. Advances in imaging modalities have obviated the need for tissue confirmation in clinically classic hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The risks of needle tract seeding and haematogenous dissemination have been actively debated. Nowadays, cytopathologists are confronted by smaller and smaller nodules, detected due to increased surveillance of high‐risk cirrhotic patients. Tissue characterization of small well‐differentiated hepatocellular nodular lesions (size less than and equal to 2 cm) is extremely challenging and has therapeutic implications.

Major issues in the cytodiagnosis of HCC include: (i) distinguishing benign hepatocellular nodular lesions, namely, large regenerative nodules, dysplastic nodules, focal nodular hyperplasia and hepatocellular adenoma from reactive hepatocytes; (ii) distinguishing well‐differentiated HCC from benign hepatocellular nodular lesions; (iii) distinguishing poorly differentiated HCC from intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma and metastatic carcinomas; (iv) determining the histogenesis of a malignant tumour; and (v) determining the site of origin of a malignant tumour.

An overview of the biological evolution and histopathological aspects of dysplastic nodules, small HCCs and ‘nodule‐in‐nodule’ lesions is presented in tandem with clinically relevant nomenclature. An algorithmic approach to FNA diagnosis of HCC and hepatocellular nodular lesions is outlined. Optimal results depend on (i) a dedicated radiologist‐cytopathologist team; (ii) an on‐site cytology service, (iii) a combined cytohistological approach, (iv) immunohistochemistry, and (v) clinicopathological correlation. As we move towards personalized medicine, it is envisaged that hepatic FNA is likely to become a point of care in the management protocol as it takes on the additional role of procurement of tumour and peritumoural tissues for genomic and proteomic profiling to enable targeted molecular therapy.