bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kompetensi Manajerial Kepala Sekolah dalam Meningkatkan Kinerja Guru di SD Negeri Sapugara Kecamatan Brang Rea Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat Tahun Pelajaran 2019/2020
Authors: Zainuddin
Published: January 2021

PTS ini membahas kompetensi manajerial kepala sekolah dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru di SD Negeri Sapugara Kecamatan Brang Rea Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat, dilatarbelakangi oleh peran penting kepala sekolah dalam rangka meningkatkan kinerja guru, menerapkan kualitas sekolah dan sekaligus dalam manajemen peningkatan mutu pembelajaran, karena gerak langkah sebuah organisasi sekolah dikendalikan oleh seorang kepala sekolah. Studi ini dimaksudkan untuk menjawab permasalahan bagaimana kepemimpinan kepala sekolah ditinjau dari kompetensi manajerial dalam meningkatkan kinerja guru di SD Negeri Sapugara Kecamatan Brang Rea Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif. Metode pengumpulan data menggunakan wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Analisis data menggunakan analisis deskriptif kualitatif.

Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dalam konteksnya dengan kompetensi manajerial, kepala sekolah SD Negeri mampu menyusun perencanaan sekolah untuk berbagai tingkatan perencanaan, mengembangkan organisasi sekolah sesuai dengan kebutuhan, memimpin sekolah dalam rangka pendayagunaan sumber daya sekolah secara optimal, memiliki strategi yang tepat untuk meningkatkan kinerja tenaga kependidikan di sekolahnya. Menciptakan iklim sekolah yang kondusif, memberikan nasehat kepada warga sekolah, memberikan dorongan kepada seluruh guru, serta melaksanakan model pembelajaran yang menarik. Sudah menjadi sifat manusia, di samping kelebihan ada pula kekurangannya yaitu Kepala sekolah SD Negeri karena terlalu disiplinnya, terkadang dalam situasi tertentu aktif mengisi jam pelajaran yang sebetulnya menjadi porsi guru yang bersangkutan. Kondisi ini menimbulkan kesan kurangnya tingkat kepercayaan kepala sekolah terhadap guru.
Penerapan Teori Belajar Piaget untuk Meningkatkan Prestasi Belajar Siswa Kelas VII pada Mata Pelajaran PKN di SMP Negeri 1 Brang Rea Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021
Authors: Jariah Aenon
Published: January 2021

Tujuan diadakan penelitian tindakan kelas (PTK) ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana penerapan Teori Belajar Piaget dalam meningkatkan prestasi siswa pelajaran PKN. Dalam penelitian tindakan ini dilakukan dalam 3 siklus. Dari hasil tindakan yang dilakukan terbukti dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa dengan mencapai standar ideal. Dari 59% pada Siklus l, dapat meningkat pada siklus 2 menjadi 84% dan siklus 3 mencapai 100% ,dan secara klasikal telah mencapai ketuntasan. Hasil penelitian tindakan ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan Teori Belajar PIAGET dapat meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa kelas VII dengan ketuntasan mencapai 100%, dengan demikian pendekatan Teori Belajar PIAGET efektif dalam meningkatkan prestasi belajar siswa di SMP Negeri 1 Brang Rea.
Peningkatan Kinerja Guru dalam Melaksanakan Pembelajaran yang Efektif Melalui Supervisi Observasi Kelas di SD Negeri 3 Sekongkang Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021
Authors: Muhiddah
Published: January 2021

Tujuan dari penelitian tindakan sekolah ini adalah untuk mengetahui sejauh mana peningkatan kinerja guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran yang efektif di SD Negeri 3 Sekongkang  melalui supervisi observasi kelas. Dalam penelitian Tindakan Sekolah ini variabel yang akan diteliti adalah Meningkatkan kinerja guru  melalui pembinaan supervisi Observasi kelas di SD Negeri 3 Sekongkang  Kecamatan Sekongkang Kabupaten Sumbawa Barat dengan tehnik pengumpulan data yaitu observasi dan angket. Penelitian tindakan ini dilakukan dalam 3 siklus, dari hasil tindakan yang dilakukan terbukti dapat meningkatkan kinerja guru dengan mencapai standar ideal. peningkatan kinerja guru dalam melaksanakan pembelajaran yang efektif, melalui pembinaan supervisi observasi kelas   hasilnya sangat baik. Hal itu tampak pada pertemuan pertama dari 5 orang guru yang ada pada saat penelitian ini dilakukan  nilai rata rata mencapai; 60,7% meningkat menjadi 71,4% dan pada siklus 3 meningkat menjadi 82,1 %. Hasil penelitian tindakan sekolah ini menunjukkan bahwa penerapan supervisi observasi kelas kepala sekolah dapat meningkatkan kinerja guru dengan ketuntasan mencapai 100 %, tanggapan guru adalah sangat positif terhadap pembinaan yang dilakukan kepala sekolah melalui supervisi observasi kelas
The Development of Preschool Nature Education Module (PreNEM) for Preschool Teachers Based on Higher Order Thinking Skills.
Authors: Masnan Abdul Halim , Fahri Hanafi Hafizul , Zain Azizah , Shafawati Mohd-Taib Farah
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this study was to develop the Preschool Nature Education Module (PreNEM) based on Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) as a professional exercise and guide for preschool teachers to undertake teaching and learning related to the environment. The process of developing the module involved three phases, which were the phase of needs analysis of the module elements, the module development phase, and the module implementation and evaluation phase. The developed module encompassed based on HOTS in the Malaysian Nature Education in Preschool (MyNEPs). Program in the components of weather, flora, fauna, insects and microbes for children to face the environment, environmental care and independence of life. This qualitative study involved four excellent preschool teachers who had at least 10 years of teaching experience as well as the quantitative study involved 29 children from four preschools in Selangor state, Malaysia. The research found that preschool teachers had great knowledge on preschool nature education, however, they lacked the skills and attitudes to implement teaching and learning based on HOTS. The teaching and learning implementation results using the PreNEM based on HOTS helped to increase the teaching skills of preschool teachers and increase knowledge, skills and the attitudes of children towards the MyNEPs program.
Analisis Strategi Pemasaran PAUD
Authors: Pratiwi Indah , Munastiwi Erni
Published: January 2021

Di era globalisali saat ini kualitas menjadi hal utama, Produk berupa jasa pendidikan yang kurang bermutu akan teralihkan. Banyaknya kompetisi jasa dalam pendidikan anak usia dini saat ini, menuntut pengelola harus mengonsepkan sebuah strategi dalam pemasaran, karena mempunyai peran yang begitu penting dalam keberlangsungan suatu lembaga.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui, bagaimana teknik pemasaran yang digunakan untuk mempertahankan eksistensi lembaga PAUD, dan Apa saja faktor pendukung dalam implementasi strategi manajemen pemasaran di PAUD.Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif deskriptif dan jenis penelitian yang digunakan dalam kajian ini menggunakan pendekatan kepustakaan (library research), studi pustaka atau kepustakaan dapat diartikan sebagai serangkaian kegiatan yang berkenan dengan metode pengumpula data pustaka, membaca serta mencatat mengolah bahan penelitian. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan banyak macam strategi yang dapat digunakan pada lembaga pendidikana anak usia dini dalam mempromosikan lembaganya, sehingga menarik minat para orang tua untuk menyekolahkan anaknya dilembaga pendidikan yang tentunya sesuai dengan kriteria tertentu yang diinginkan orang tua, maka dari itu lembaga pendidikan anak usia dini harus dapat meninjau faktor eksternal dan internal guna tercapainya tujuan dari lembaga yang didirikan. Dan tentunya Sekolah harus memperhatikan etika dalam persaingan antar lembaga pendidikan yaitu mengedepankan persaingan yang sehat dan positif.
Estimating Radiative Forcing Efficiency of Dust Aerosol
Based on Direct Satellite Observations: Case Studies over
the Sahara Desert and Taklimakan Desert
Authors: Tian Lin , Chen Lin , Zhang Peng , Bi Lei
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The direct radiative forcing efficiency of the dust aerosol (DRFEdust) is an important indicator to measure the climate effect of the dust. The DRFEdust is determined by the microphysical properties of the dust, which vary with the dust source regions. However, there are only sparse in-situ measurements of them, such as the distribution of the dust aerosol particle size and the complex refractive index in the main dust source regions. Furthermore, recent studies have shown that the non-spherical effect of the dust particle is not negligible. The DRFEdust is often evaluated by estimating given microphysical properties of the dust aerosols in the radiative transfer model (RTM). However, considerable uncertainties exist due to the complex and variable dust properties, including the complex refractive index and the shape of the dust. The DRFEdust over the Taklimakan Desert and the Sahara Desert is derived from the satellite observations in this paper. The advantage of the proposed satellite-based method is that there is no need to consider the microphysical properties of the dust aerosols in estimating the DRFEdust. For comparison, the observed DRFEdust is compared with that simulated by the RTM. The differences in the dust microphysical properties in these two regions and their impacts on DRFEdust are analyzed. The DRFEdust derived from the satellite observation is −39.6 ± 10.0 W m−2 τ−1 in March 2019 over Tamanrasset and −48.6 ± 13.7 W m−2 τ−1 in April 2019 over Kashi. According to the analyses of their microphysical properties and optical properties, the dust aerosols from the Taklimakan desert (Kashi) scatter strongly. The RTM simulated results (−41.5 to −47.4 W m−2 τ−1 in the Taklimakan Desert and −32.2 to −44.3 W m−2 τ−1 in the Sahara Desert) are in good agreement with the results estimated by satellite observations. According to previous studies, the results in this paper are proved to be reasonable and reliable. The results also show that the microphysical properties of the dust can significantly influence the DRFEdust. The satellite-derived results can represent the influence of the dust microphysical properties on the DRFEdust, which can also validate the direct radiative effect of the dust aerosol and the DRFEdust derived from the numerical model more directly.
Atmospheric evolution of emissions from a boreal forest fire: the formation of highly functionalized oxygen-, nitrogen-, and sulfur-containing organic compounds
Authors: Ditto Jenna C. , He Megan , Hass-Mitchell Tori N. , Moussa Samar G. , Hayden Katherine , Li Shao-Meng , Liggio John , Leithead Amy , Lee Patrick , Wheeler Michael J. , Wentzell Jeremy J. B. , Gentner Drew R.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Forest fires are major contributors of reactive gas- and particle-phase
organic compounds to the atmosphere. We used offline high-resolution tandem
mass spectrometry to perform a molecular-level speciation of gas- and
particle-phase compounds sampled via aircraft from an evolving boreal forest
fire smoke plume in Saskatchewan, Canada. We observed diverse
multifunctional compounds containing oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur (CHONS),
whose structures, formation, and impacts are understudied. The
dilution-corrected absolute ion abundance of particle-phase CHONS compounds
increased with plume age by a factor of 6.4 over the first 4 h of
downwind transport, and their relative contribution to the observed
functionalized organic aerosol (OA) mixture increased from 19 % to 40 %.
The dilution-corrected absolute ion abundance of particle-phase compounds
with sulfide functional groups increased by a factor of 13 with plume age,
and their relative contribution to observed OA increased from 4 % to
40 %. Sulfides were present in up to 75 % of CHONS compounds and the
increases in sulfides were accompanied by increases in ring-bound nitrogen;
both increased together with CHONS prevalence. A complex mixture of
intermediate- and semi-volatile gas-phase organic sulfur species was
observed in emissions from the fire and depleted downwind, representing
potential precursors to particle-phase CHONS compounds. These results
demonstrate CHONS formation from nitrogen- and oxygen-containing biomass burning
emissions in the presence of reduced sulfur species. In addition, they
highlight chemical pathways that may also be relevant in situations with
elevated emissions of nitrogen- and sulfur-containing organic compounds from
residential biomass burning and fossil fuel use (e.g., coal), respectively.
Global modeling of heterogeneous hydroxymethanesulfonate chemistry
Authors: Song Shaojie , Ma Tao , Zhang Yuzhong , Shen Lu , Liu Pengfei , Li Ke , Zhai Shixian , Zheng Haotian , Gao Meng , Moch Jonathan M. , Duan Fengkui , He Kebin , McElroy Michael B.
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Hydroxymethanesulfonate (HMS) has recently been
identified as an abundant organosulfur compound in aerosols during winter
haze episodes in northern China. It has also been detected in other regions
although the concentrations are low. Because of the sparse field
measurements, the global significance of HMS and its spatial and seasonal
patterns remain unclear. Here, we modify and add to the implementation of
HMS chemistry in the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model and conduct multiple
global simulations. The model accounts for cloud entrainment and
gas–aqueous mass transfer within the rate expressions for heterogeneous
sulfur chemistry. Our simulations can generally reproduce quantitative HMS
observations from Beijing and show that East Asia has the highest HMS
concentration, followed by Europe and North America. The simulated HMS shows
a seasonal pattern with higher values in the colder period. Photochemical
oxidizing capacity affects the competition of formaldehyde with oxidants
(such as ozone and hydrogen peroxide) for sulfur dioxide and is a key factor
influencing the seasonality of HMS. The highest average HMS concentration
(1–3 µg m−3) and HMS ∕ sulfate molar ratio (0.1–0.2) are found in
northern China in winter. The simulations suggest that aqueous clouds act as
the major medium for HMS chemistry while aerosol liquid water may play a
role if its rate constant for HMS formation is greatly enhanced compared to
cloud water.
Understanding balloon-borne frost point hygrometer measurements after contamination by mixed-phase clouds
Authors: Jorge Teresa , Brunamonti Simone , Poltera Yann , Wienhold Frank G. , Luo Bei P. , Oelsner Peter , Hanumanthu Sreeharsha , Singh Bhupendra B. , Körner Susanne , Dirksen Ruud , Naja Manish , Fadnavis Suvarna , Peter Thomas
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Balloon-borne water vapour measurements in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS) by means of frost point hygrometers provide important information on air chemistry and climate. However, the risk of contamination from sublimating hydrometeors collected by the intake tube may render these measurements unusable, particularly after crossing low clouds containing supercooled droplets. A large set of (sub)tropical measurements during the 2016–2017 StratoClim balloon campaigns at the southern slopes of the Himalayas allows us to perform an in-depth analysis of this type of contamination. We investigate the efficiency of wall contact and freezing of supercooled droplets in the intake tube and the subsequent sublimation in the UTLS using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). We find that the airflow can enter the intake tube with impact angles up to 60∘, owing to the pendulum motion of the payload. Supercooled droplets with radii > 70 µm, as they frequently occur in mid-tropospheric clouds, typically undergo contact freezing when entering the intake tube, whereas only about 50 % of droplets with 10 µm radius freeze, and droplets < 5 µm radius mostly avoid contact. According to CFD, sublimation of water from an icy intake can account for the occasionally observed unrealistically high water vapour mixing ratios (χH2O > 100 ppmv) in the stratosphere. Furthermore, we use CFD to differentiate between stratospheric water vapour contamination by an icy intake tube and contamination caused by outgassing from the balloon and payload, revealing that the latter starts playing a role only during ascent at high altitudes (p < 20 hPa).
Fire and vegetation dynamics in northwest Siberia during the last 60 years based on high-resolution remote sensing
Authors: Sizov Oleg , Ezhova Ekaterina , Tsymbarovich Petr , Soromotin Andrey , Prihod'ko Nikolay , Petäjä Tuukka , Zilitinkevich Sergej , Kulmala Markku , Bäck Jaana , Köster Kajar
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The rapidly warming Arctic undergoes transitions that can influence global carbon balance. One of the key processes is the shift towards vegetation types with higher biomass underlining a stronger carbon sink. The shift is predicted by bioclimatic models based on abiotic climatic factors, but it is not always confirmed with observations. Recent studies highlight the role of disturbances in the shift. Here we use high-resolution remote sensing to study the process of transition from tundra to forest and its connection to wildfires in the 20 000 km2 area in northwest Siberia. Overall, 40 % of the study area was burned during a 60-year period. Three-quarters of the burned areas were dry tundra. About 10 % of the study area experienced two–three fires with an interval of 15–60 years suggesting a shorter fire return interval than that reported earlier for the northern areas of central Siberia (130–350 years). Based on our results, the shift in vegetation (within the 60-year period) occurred in 40 %–85 % of the burned territories. All fire-affected territories were flat; therefore no effect of topography was detected. Oppositely, in the undisturbed areas, a transition of vegetation was observed only in 6 %–15 % of the territories, characterized by steeper topographic slopes. Our results suggest a strong role of disturbances in the tree advance in northwest Siberia.
Do Loop Current Eddies stimulate productivity in the Gulf of Mexico?
Authors: Damien Pierre , Sheinbaum Julio , Pasqueron de Fommervault Orens , Jouanno Julien , Linacre Lorena , Duteil Olaf
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Surface chlorophyll concentrations inferred from satellite images suggest a strong influence of the mesoscale activity on biogeochemical variability within the oligotrophic regions of the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). More specifically, long-living anticyclonic Loop Current Eddies (LCEs) are shed episodically from the Yucatan Chanel and propagate westward. This study addresses the biogeochemical response of the LCEs to seasonal forcing and show their role in driving phytoplankton biomass distribution in the GoM. Using an eddy resolving (1/12°) interannual regional simulation based on the coupled physical-biogeochemical model NEMO-PISCES that yields a realistic representation of the surface chlorophyll distribution, it is shown that the LCEs foster a large biomass increase in winter in the upper ocean. The primary production in the LCEs is larger than the average rate in the surrounding open waters of the GoM. This behavior cannot be directly identified from surface chlorophyll distribution alone since LCEs are associated with a negative surface chlorophyll anomaly all year long. This anomalous biomass increase in the LCEs is explained by the mixed-layer response to winter convective mixing that reaches deeper and nutrient-richer waters.
Evaluating the utility of qualitative personal diaries in precipitation reconstruction in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
Authors: Harvey-Fishenden Alice , Macdonald Neil
Published: January 2021

Abstract. To date few studies have reconstructed weather from
personal diaries (also known as private diaries). In this paper, we consider
different methods of indexing daily weather information, specifically
precipitation, from eighteenth and nineteenth-century personal diaries. We
examine whether there is a significant correlation between indexed weather
information and local instrumental records for the period, thereby assessing
the potential of discursive materials in reconstructing precipitation
series. We demonstrate the potential for the use of diaries that record
weather incidentally rather than as the primary purpose, and the value and
utility of diaries covering short periods when used alongside nearby
contemporary diaries. We show that using multiple overlapping personal
diaries can help to produce a more objective record of the weather,
overcoming some of the challenges of working with qualitative data. This
paper demonstrates indices derived from such qualitative sources can create
valuable records of precipitation. There is the potential to repeat the
methodology described here using earlier material or material from further
away from extant instrumental records, thereby addressing spatial and
temporal gaps in current knowledge globally.
The hysteretic response of a shallow pyroclastic deposit
Authors: Comegna Luca , Damiano Emilia , Greco Roberto , Olivares Lucio , Picarelli Luciano
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The paper reports field data provided by the automatic monitoring of the annual hydrological response of a shallow deposit of loose pyroclastic soils located in a mountainous area of Campania, Southern Italy. The monitoring station is installed along the northern slope of mount Cornito, about 2 km east of the town of Cervinara, which in December 1999 had been involved in a rainfall-induced flowslide. The collected data concern rainfall height, soil moisture content and suction. In particular, the installation at the same depths of suction and moisture sensors allows to estimate the soil water retention features that seem to indicate some hysteretic nature of the wetting/drying processes induced by weather conditions and their influence on the local stability conditions. The data reported in the paper are freely available at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4281166 (Comegna et al., 2020).
Machine learning methods for stream water temperature prediction
Authors: Feigl Moritz , Lebiedzinski Katharina , Herrnegger Mathew , Schulz Karsten
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Water temperature in rivers is a crucial environmental factor with the ability to alter hydro-ecological as well as socio-economic conditions within a catchment. The development of modelling concepts for predicting river water temperature is and will be essential for an effective integrated water management and the development of adaptation strategies to future global changes (e.g. climate change). This study tests the performance of 6 different machine learning models: step-wise linear regression, Random forest, eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), Feedforward neural networks (FNN), and two types of Recurrent neural networks (RNN). All models are applied using different data inputs for daily water temperature prediction in 10 Austrian catchments ranging from 200 km2 to 96000 km2 and exhibiting a wide range of physiographic characteristics. The evaluated input data sets include combinations of daily means of air temperature, runoff, precipitation and global radiation. Bayesian optimization is applied to optimize the hyperparameters of all applied machine learning models. To make the results comparable to previous studies, two widely used benchmark models are applied additionally: linear regression and air2stream. With a mean root mean squared error (RMSE) of 0.55 °C the tested models could significantly improve water temperature prediction compared to linear regression (1.55 °C) and air2stream (0.98 °C). In general, the results show a very similar performance of the tested machine learning models, with a median RMSE difference of 0.08 °C between the models. From the 6 tested machine learning models both FNNs and XGBoost performed best in 4 of the 10 catchments. RNNs are the best performing models in the largest catchment, indicating that RNNs are mainly performing well when processes with long-term dependencies are important. Furthermore, a wide range of performance was observed for different hyperparameter sets for the tested models, showing the importance of hyperprameter optimization. Especially the FNN model results showed an extremely large RMSE standard deviation of 1.60 °C due to the chosen hyperparamerters. This study evaluates different sets of input variables, machine learning models and training characteristics for daily stream water temperature prediction, acting as a basis for future development of regional multi-catchment water temperature prediction models. All preprocessing steps and models are implemented into the open source R package wateRtemp, to provide easy access to these modelling approaches and facilitate further research.
Hydrological signals in tilt and gravity residuals at Conrad Observatory (Austria)
Authors: Meurers Bruno , Papp Gábor , Ruotsalainen Hannu , Benedek Judit , Leonhardt Roman
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The superconducting gravimeter (SG) GWR C025 has monitored the time variation in gravity at the Conrad Observatory (Austria) since autumn 2007. Two tiltmeters have operated continuously since spring 2016, namely a 5.5 m long interferometric water level tiltmeter and a Lippmann-type 2D pendulum tilt sensor. The co-located and co-oriented set up enables a wide range of investigations because the tilts are sensitive to both geometrical solid Earth deformations and to gravity potential changes. The tide-free residuals of the SG and both tiltmeters clearly reflect the gravity and/or deformation effects associated with short- and long-term environmental processes and reveal a complex water transport process at the observatory site. Water accumulation on the terrain surface causes short-term (a few hours) effects which are clearly imaged by the SG gravity and N–S tilt residuals. Long-term (> a few days/weeks) tilt and gravity variations occur frequently after long-lasting rain, heavy rain or rapid snowmelt. Gravity and tilt residuals are associated with the same hydrological process but have different physical causes. SG gravity residuals reveal the gravitational effect of water mass transport, while modelling results exclude a purely gravitational source of the observed tilts. Tilt residuals show the response on surface loading instead. Tilts can be strongly affected by strain–tilt coupling (cavity effect). N–S tilt signals are much stronger than those of the E–W component, which is most probably due to the cavity effect of the 144 m long tunnel being oriented in an E–W direction.
The legacy of the Haldde Observatory
Authors: Brekke Asgeir
Published: January 2021

Abstract. A historical review of the establishment of the Haldde
Observatory in Bossekop, Kaafjord, Finnmark, in northern Norway is presented
together with some of the scientific outcomes of the efforts and the
aftermath of this enterprise that led to the establishment of the
University of Tromsø in 1968 and finally the inauguration of the Haldde
Observatory as a historic site by the European Physical Society in 2018.
Design of parametric risk transfer solutions for volcanic eruptions: an application to Japanese volcanoes
Authors: Oramas-Dorta Delioma , Tirabassi Giulio , Franco Guillermo , Magill Christina
Published: January 2021

Abstract. Volcanic eruptions are rare but potentially catastrophic phenomena, affecting societies and economies through different pathways. The 2010 Eyjafjallajökull eruption in Iceland, a medium-sized ash-fall-producing eruption, caused losses in the range of billions of dollars, mainly to the aviation and tourism industries. Financial risk transfer mechanisms such as insurance are used by individuals, companies, governments, etc., to protect themselves from losses associated with natural catastrophes. In this work, we conceptualize and design a parametric risk transfer mechanism to offset losses to building structures arising from large, ash-fall-producing volcanic eruptions. Such a transfer mechanism relies on the objective measurement of physical characteristics of volcanic eruptions that are correlated with the size of resulting losses (in this case, height of the eruptive column and predominant direction of ash dispersal) in order to pre-determine payments to the risk cedent concerned. We apply this risk transfer mechanism to the case of Mount Fuji in Japan by considering a potential risk cedent such as a regional government interested in offsetting losses to dwellings in the heavily populated prefectures of Tokyo and Kanagawa. The simplicity in determining eruptive column height and ash fall dispersal direction makes this design suitable for extrapolation to other volcanic settings worldwide where significant ash-fall-producing eruptions may occur, provided these parameters are reported by an official, reputable agency and a suitable loss model is available for the volcanoes of interest.
A methodology to obtain model-error covariances due to the discretization scheme from the parametric Kalman filter perspective
Authors: Pannekoucke Olivier , Ménard Richard , El Aabaribaoune Mohammad , Plu Matthieu
Published: January 2021

Abstract. This contribution addresses the characterization of the model-error
covariance matrix from the new theoretical perspective provided by the
parametric Kalman filter method which approximates the covariance dynamics
from the parametric evolution of a covariance model.
The classical approach to obtain the modified equation of a dynamics is revisited to
formulate a parametric modelling of the model-error covariance matrix which
applies when the numerical model is dissipative compared with the true dynamics.
As an illustration, the particular case of the advection equation
is considered as a simple test bed. After the theoretical derivation of
the predictability-error covariance matrices of both the nature and the numerical model,
a numerical simulation is proposed which illustrates the properties
of the resulting model-error covariance matrix.
Data assimilation of sea surface temperature and salinity using basin-scale reconstruction from empirical orthogonal functions: a feasibility study in the northeastern Baltic Sea
Authors: Zujev Mihhail , Elken Jüri , Lagemaa Priidik
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The tested data assimilation (DA) method based on EOF
(Empirical Orthogonal Functions) reconstruction of observations decreased
centred root-mean-square difference (RMSD) of surface temperature (SST) and
salinity (SSS) in reference to observations in the NE Baltic Sea by 22 %
and 34 %, respectively, compared to the control run without DA. The method
is based on the covariance estimates from long-term model data. The
amplitudes of the pre-calculated dominating EOF modes are estimated from
point observations using least-squares optimization; the method builds the
variables on a regular grid. The study used a large number of in situ FerryBox
observations along four ship tracks from 1 May to 31 December 2015, and
observations from research vessels. Within DA, observations were
reconstructed as daily SST and SSS maps on the coarse grid with a resolution
of 5 × 10 arcmin by N and E (ca. 5 nautical miles) and
subsequently were interpolated to the fine grid of the prognostic model with
a resolution of 0.5 × 1 arcmin by N and E (ca. 0.5 nautical
miles). The fine-grid observational fields were used in the DA relaxation
scheme with daily interval. DA with EOF reconstruction technique was found
to be feasible for further implementation studies, since (1) the method that works
on the large-scale patterns (mesoscale features are neglected by taking only
the leading EOF modes) improves the high-resolution model performance by a
comparable or even better degree than in the other published studies, and (2) the
method is computationally effective.
Aeroelastic analysis of wind turbines under turbulent inflow conditions
Authors: Guma Giorgia , Bangga Galih , Lutz Thorsten , Krämer Ewald
Published: January 2021

Abstract. The aeroelastic response of a 2 MW NM80 turbine with a rotor diameter of 80 m and interaction phenomena are investigated by the use of a high-fidelity model. A time-accurate unsteady fluid–structure interaction (FSI) coupling is used between a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code for the aerodynamic response and a multi-body simulation (MBS) code for the structural response. Different CFD models of the same turbine with increasing complexity and technical details are coupled to the same MBS model in order to identify the impact of the different modeling approaches. The influence of the blade and tower flexibility and of the inflow turbulence is analyzed starting from a specific case of the DANAERO experiment, where a comparison with experimental data is given. A wider range of uniform inflow velocities are investigated by the use of a blade element momentum (BEM) aerodynamic model. Lastly a fatigue analysis is performed from load signals in order to identify the most damaging load cycles and the fatigue ratio between the different models, showing that a highly turbulent inflow has a larger impact than flexibility, when low inflow velocities are considered. The results without the injection of turbulence are also discussed and compared to the ones provided by the BEM code AeroDyn.
Partnership as Student Power: Democracy and Governance in a Neoliberal University
Authors: Cornelius-Bell Aidan , Bell Piper A.
Published: January 2021

In the wake of Flinders University’s radical organisational restructure, we reflect on what guided the decisions and process, namely a neoliberal understanding and framing of higher education and corporal, top-down managerial systems. We explore this current climate of the neoliberal university and argue that student power is once again needed to shift the conception of university ‘success’ back into a democratic form of governance. However, rather than student power constituting of a traditional 1970s form of picketing protests, we argue that a model of working within current structures is prudent. Partnership with students initiatives provide unexpected hope for student participation in rebuilding the conception of the democratic university as a public good, but also highlight the relevance of student ‘activism’ in 2019.
“Warriors, Not Victims”: Precious Knowledge, the Fight for Ethnic Studies, and Accountability to the #MeToo Movement
Authors: Kannan Vani , Hernandez Shyrlene , Martinez Alexis
Published: January 2021

This article shares an upper-division writing course's struggle to be accountable to both the #MeToo movement and the fight for Ethnic Studies in Tucson. These movements collided in our class after we planned a campus screening of the film PRECIOUS KNOWLEDGE, which chronicles the student-led movement to save the Tucson High School Mexican American studies program, and then received news that the director had sexually assaulted one of the student-activists in the film. In this article, collaboratively-written by the professor teaching the course and two students in it, we share our accountability process, and concrete methods for social-movement-accountability in the writing classroom.
Northern Tornadoes Project. Annual Report 2020
Authors:   Northern Tornadoes Project, Sills David , Kopp Greg
Published: January 2021

The Northern Tornadoes Project (NTP) is a partnership between Western University and ImpactWx that aims to better detect tornado occurrence throughout Canada, improve severe and extreme weather prediction, mitigate against damage to people and property and investigate future implications due to climate change. Western University also collaborates with Environment and Climate Change Canada, the University of Manitoba, and several international universities on this Project. Visit the Northern Tornadoes Project website for additional information.
Clinical presentation of COVID-19 in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Singh Anupam K. , Jena Anuraag , Kumar-M Praveen , Jha Daya Krishna , Sharma Vishal
Published: January 2021

Background/Aims: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is recognized to have variable clinical manifestations. The clinical presentation of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) having COVID-19 is unclear.Methods: We identified articles reporting about the clinical presentation of COVID-19 in those with underlying IBD from PubMed and Embase. The studies, irrespective of design or language, were included. The overall pooled frequency of various symptoms was estimated. Joanna Briggs Institute Critical appraisal checklist was used to assess the quality of studies.Results: Eleven studies, including 1,325 patients, were included in the pooled analysis. The pooled estimates for clinical presentation were; fever: 67.53% (95% confidence interval [CI], 45.38–83.88), cough: 59.58% (95% CI, 45.01–72.63), diarrhea: 27.26% (95% CI, 19.51–36.69), running nose: 27% (95% CI, 15.26–43.19) and dyspnea: 25.29% (95% CI, 18.52–33.52). The pooled prevalence rates for abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting were 13.08% (95% CI, 9.24–18.19), 10.08% (95% CI, 5.84–16.85) and 8.80% (95% CI, 4.43–16.70) per 100 population, respectively.Conclusions: The clinical presentation of COVID-19 in IBD patients is similar to the general population.
Foundations for capacity designed structures
Authors: Taylor P. W. , Williams R. L.
Published: January 2021

This paper examines the application of capacity design methods to foundations. Results of research on foundation rocking are reviewed, and their implications included in the formulation of a rational design procedure.
Rigid tapping versus scapular stabilizing exercises in subacromial impingement syndrome: a protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Dewir Ibrahim Metwally , Dewir Ibrahim Metwally , Hussein Hisham Mohamed
Published: January 2021

Introduction: Shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) is a common problem seen in subjects who perform repetitive overhead activities. Despite favorable therapeutic results obtained when rigid taping (RT) or scapular stabilizing exercises (SSE) were used in SIS treatment, the comparison between their effectiveness has not been well studied.
Aim of the study: This study aims to compare the effectiveness of rigid taping versus scapular stabilization exercises on shoulder pain and function in subjects with SIS
Materials and methods: after screening for inclusion and exclusion criteria, a total of 93 subjects, diagnosed with SIS, will be included and assigned randomly into three equal groups. The first group will receive a standard exercise program plus scapular rigid taping (RTG), the second group will receive the standard exercises program plus scapular stabilizing exercises (SSEG), the third group (CG) will receive the standard exercises program. Pain intensity and level of shoulder function will be assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS), and shoulder pain and disability index (SPADI) respectively.
Results: Data regarding pain level and functional status will be collected at baseline, after the intervention program, and at 3 months follow up. within and between groups comparison will be conducted.
Conclusions: The results of this study will differentiate between the effectiveness of rigid tape versus scapular stabilizing exercises in treating ISI, will help to establish a better rehabilitation program for subjects with SIS.
Discours de la méthode: Ist das PSPP-Urteil des BVerfG noch „nachvollziehbar“?
Authors: Guber Tillo
Published: January 2021

Der Zweite Senat unterscheidet nicht zwischen dem Grundsatz der Verhältnismäßigkeit, wie er sich in jahrzehntelanger Rechtsprechung des BVerfG zu den Grundrechten etabliert hat, und der Kompetenzregel des Art. 5 Abs. 1 Satz 2 und Abs. 4 EUV. Erstmals entnimmt Karlsruhe diesem Grundsatz Darlegungserfordernisse, deren Verfehlung ohne Rücksicht auf Ergebnisrelevanz allein schon unverhältnismäßig sein soll. Der Sache nach statuiert das BVerfG eine - bislang von niemandem behauptete und in der Praxis nicht erfüllbare - Verpflichtung, im Rahmen der Angemessenheitsprüfung stets sämtliche tatsächliche Auswirkungen einer Maßnahme zu bewerten. Das Problem, ob dem EZB-Rat bei schwierigen währungspolitischen Entscheidungen nicht eine Einschätzungsprärogative zustehen könnte, wie sie im nationalen Recht für vergleichbare Fälle anerkannt ist, wird in seinen möglichen Konsequenzen für die verfassungsgerichtliche Kontrolldichte nicht einmal ansatzweise erörtert. Karlsruhe fordert einerseits eine strikte Trennung von Währungs- und Wirtschaftspolitik, verlangt aber andererseits - hierzu im Widerspruch - eine „wertende Gesamtbetrachtung“ sämtlicher wirtschaftspolitischer Folgen währungspolitischer Maßnahmen. Die unionsrechtliche Kernfrage, ob eine solche „wertende Gesamtbetrachtung“ überhaupt in vollem Umfang in die Begründung nach Art. 296 Abs. 2 AEUV aufzunehmen ist, wird mit keinem Wort erörtert.
Positive Job Search Experience for New Pathologists Seeking First Employment Between 2017 and 2019
Authors: Shyu Irene , Johnson Kristen A. , Gratzinger Dita , Brissette Mark D. , Childs John M. , Dixon Lisa R. , George Melissa R. , McCloskey Cindy B. , Prieto Victor G. , Rojiani Amyn M. , Timmons Charles F. , Hoffman Robert D.
Published: January 2021

Context.—

An aging population calls for an adequate response in the workforce of medical professionals. The field of pathology has seen a downward trend in numbers of graduating US allopathic medical students choosing the specialty. Concerns about the job market after residency and fellowship graduation may be a contributing factor.

Objective.—

To provide an update on the trends emerging from a survey of pathology graduates' job search experience for their first nonfellowship position.

Design.—

Data from an annual job search survey sent by the College of American Pathologists Graduate Medical Education Committee between 2017 and 2019 to College of American Pathologists junior members and fellows in practice 3 years or less actively looking for a nonfellowship position was analyzed. Various indicators of the job search experience were compared year to year and with the previously published 2012 to 2016 benchmark data.

Results.—

Analysis revealed positive trends between the 2017 to 2019 data and the 2012 to 2016 benchmark data, including participants' perceiving more ease in finding a position, improved availability of jobs in their subspecialty choice, and higher ratings of satisfaction with the position accepted, as well as a greater proportion of respondents finding a position within 6 months of initiating their job search.

Conclusions.—

The job market for pathology residents and fellows looking for their first nonfellowship position has improved with respect to multiple indicators, such as ease of finding a position, length of job search, and satisfaction with the position accepted when comparing 2017 to 2019 data with the 2012 to 2016 benchmark data.
COVID-19
Authors: Schubert Stefan Franz
Published: January 2021

This paper analyzes the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on a small tourism dependent open economy. The lockdown affected both the demand side and the supply side of the economy, as production of goods and services dramatically dropped due to firms’ shutdowns, broken supply chains, or bankruptcies, and aggregate demand diminished due to lower consumer confidence and investment cutbacks, accompanied by a dramatic fall in international tourism demand, in particular due to travel restrictions. We look on these supply and demand changes through the lens of a macroeconomic model of a small open economy, comprising an industrial and a tourism sector. For this purpose, we modify Schubert’s (2013) model by introducing a multiple shock which reflects (i) reduced sectoral productivities due to, e.g., broken supply chains, (ii) a drop in employment due to firms’ lockdowns, and (iii) a sharp decline in international tourism demand. We find that the multiple shock leads to an immediate drop in GDP and a boost of the short-run unemployment rate, followed by a gradual transition back to steady state. The adverse effects on the tourism sector are the more severe the slower international tourism demand reverts to pre-crisis levels, but they do not strongly spill over to the industrial sector. Furthermore, even if international tourism demand recovers quickly, the effects on the industrial sector barely change. The length of the industrial sector’s recovery basically depends on the speed of restoring its sectoral productivity rather than on international tourism demand. The reason for this result can be found in the absorbing effect of the relative price of tourism services in terms of the industrial good.
Post-viral Fatigue: Implications for Long Covid
Authors: Smith A. P.
Published: January 2021

There has been extensive research on post-viral fatigue, and the present mini-review and commentary provides an overview of the effects associated with different infecting agents. Fatigue is not only a subjective state, rather it has an impact on our ability to carry out everyday functions, and its effect can be demonstrated using performance tasks. It is not surprising, therefore, that persistent effects of COVID-19 are observed, and the key features of Long Covid are reviewed here, Suggestions for further research which will provide a better understanding of Long Covid and provide a basis for prevention and management are also discussed.
Study of Adsorption Performance of Biochar for Heavy Metals Removal
Authors: Hefny Rehab , Ibrahim M. M. , Morad Dalia
Published: January 2021

The main objective of this work is to evaluate the performance of four different types of biochars in removing heavy metals from synthetic solution. Four types of biochars are investigated in this study, namely; jazaurin, ficus, orange, and mango biochars. A pilot plant is set up to investigate the efficiency of these biochars as a filter media for synthetic solution treatment. The removal efficiency of different heavy metals is assessed by a four-column pilot plant under different parameters; mean particle size of biochars, initial metal concentration, hydraulic load, and time. Results indicate that the different types of biochars used in this study show high performance in removing the different types of heavy metals utilized (Copper (Cu), Cadmium (Cd), Lead (Pb), and Zinc(Zn)). The removal efficiencies of these heavy metals are more than 99% for all types of biochar. It is concluded that using biochars as a filter media could be an effective solution for removing heavy metals from industrial wastewater in the environmental conditions of Egypt.
Overview of New Onset Diabetes after Transplantation Induced by Tacrolimus
Authors: Bakhdar Fatmah Abdullah
Published: January 2021

Tacrolimus is an important therapy in the post-transplant immunosuppressant regimen. However, it is responsible for the highest incidence of a specific type of diabetes called new onset diabetes after transplantation (NODAT). The dangers of NODAT are not limited to cardiovascular or nerve diseases, but also to kidney complication that may lead to loss of transplant kidney. The aim of this article is to discuss the possible theory of NODAT induces by tacrolimus and its common therapy. In addition, this research is to enhance knowledge about the pharmacokinetic and dynamic of tacrolimus.  This review depends on research in reliable and popular medical databases which are PubMed, Google Scholar, Saudi Digital Library, and Web of Science (ISI). While the terms used to search the published researches are organ transplantation, immunosuppressant, tacrolimus, new-onset diabetes after transplantation, and hypoglycemic drug.