bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Journal of the Discovery of the Source of the Nile
Authors: Speke John Hanning
Published: March 2012

John Hanning Speke (1827–1864) was a British army officer and explorer, remembered for his expeditions in search of the source of the Nile and his disputes with Richard Burton on that subject. On an expedition begun in 1856 Burton and Speke reached Lake Tanganyika together, but Speke travelled on alone to Lake Victoria. He controversially gave lectures about the lakes in London in 1859, without awaiting Burton's return. Speke returned to Africa later that year, leading an expedition organised by the Royal Geographical Society, to explore Lake Victoria and investigate whether it really was the source of the Nile. This book, published in 1863, describes the 1859 expedition's challenging and eventful journey through present-day Zanzibar, Tanzania and Uganda, and the indigenous peoples the explorers encountered. Speke made invaluable surveys of the area, but it was only after his death that his views about the Nile were finally proved correct.
Über die Kawi-sprache auf der Insel Java
Authors: Humboldt Wilhelm von
Published: March 2012

Wilhelm von Humboldt (1767–1835) was a German philologist, diplomat and philosopher. While Minister of Education he was responsible for reforming the Prussian education system. His pioneering achievements in linguistics influenced many later scholars including Chomsky. This monumental three-volume study of Kawi, a traditional formal and literary language of Java belonging to the Austronesian language family, was published posthumously in 1836–9. The manuscript was prepared for the press by J. K. E. Buschmann, a protégé of Humboldt's friend and colleague Bopp, whose work is also reissued in this series. Humboldt considered Kawi, which includes many Sanskrit loan-words, to be the common ancestor of all the Malayo-Polynesian languages, though this view is no longer accepted. Volume 3 focuses on the comparative grammar, as attested in epics, songs, arithmetic books and bible translations, of several South Sea languages including Tagalog, Tongan, Tahitian and Hawaiian, and their relationship with the Malayan languages.
A Voyage to South America
Authors: Ulloa Antonio de
Published: March 2012

Antonio de Ulloa (1716–95) was a Spanish scientist and mathematician. In 1734 he was asked by Philip V of Spain to join the French geodesic expedition to measure the circumference of the Earth at the equator, and accordingly in 1735 Ulloa and his fellow scientist Jorge Juan y Santacilia (1713–73) travelled to South America, staying until 1744. These volumes contain the English translation of Ulloa's account of South America, first published in 1758. The work was very popular, producing five subsequent editions: this reissue is of the fourth edition of 1806. It provides insights into the social, religious and economic institutions of colonial South America. Volume 2 contains descriptions of the cities and provinces of Lima, Concepción (in Chile) and Buenos Aires and of the British colony of Boston, visited on the return journey, together with the first ethnological description in English of the indigenous peoples of Brazil.
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: March 2012

Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–84) is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English literature, as a poet, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. This collected edition of his works - commissioned by the publisher within hours of Johnson's death, such was his celebrity - was published in 1787 in eleven volumes, edited by his literary executor, the musicologist Sir John Hawkins. Volume 1 is entirely devoted to a biography of Johnson by Hawkins, his close friend. Although Boswell's 1791 Life is much better known, Hawkins had been acquainted with Johnson for far longer, and was present at his death. Although his narrative is less colourful than that of Boswell, he had a better understanding of some aspects of Johnson's character, especially regarding his religious beliefs, and Boswell did not hesitate to borrow from this work.
The Works of Samuel Johnson, LL.D.
Authors: Johnson Samuel
Published: March 2012

Dr Samuel Johnson (1709–84) is regarded as one of the outstanding figures of English literature, as a poet, essayist, moralist, critic, biographer, editor and lexicographer. This collected edition of his works - commissioned by the publisher within hours of Johnson's death, such was his celebrity - was published in 1787 in eleven volumes, edited by his literary executor, the musicologist Sir John Hawkins. Volume 7 contains the final part of The Rambler, the periodical published by Johnson twice a week between 1750 and 1752. Modelled on Addison's Spectator, the essays address a wide range of social, religious, political and literary themes, and are not exclusively by Johnson himself: there are contributions by others, particularly women writers such as Hester Chapone and Elizabeth Carter. The Rambler adopted an 'elevated' style, and topics range from criticism of the emerging novel genre to discussions of humanitarian issues such as prostitution and capital punishment.
Electromagnetic Theory
Authors: Heaviside Oliver
Published: March 2012

Oliver Heaviside FRS (1850–1925) was a scientific maverick and a gifted self-taught electrical engineer, physicist and mathematician. He patented the co-axial cable, pioneered the use of complex numbers for circuit analysis, and reworked Maxwell's field equations into the more concise format we use today. In 1891 the Royal Society made him a Fellow for his mathematical descriptions of electromagnetic phenomena. Along with Arthur Kennelly, he also predicted the existence of the ionosphere. Often dismissed by his contemporaries, his work achieved wider recognition when he received the inaugural Faraday Medal in 1922. Published in 1912, this is the last of three volumes summarising Heaviside's enormous contribution to electromagnetic theory. It includes a review of his work on waves from moving sources, and an appendix on vector analysis that compares its merits to quaternions.
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: March 2012

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. One of Gauss' key successes in astronomy was the prediction of the path of Ceres, leading to its rediscovery in 1801. The original reports about this dramatic course of events appear in Volume 6, published in 1874, which includes all of Gauss' publications on astronomy, book reviews and letters.
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: March 2012

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. Volume 8, published in 1900, supplements the first four volumes with further work on number theory, probability and differential geometry that was discovered posthumously among Gauss' papers. Gauss here engages with work by scholars including Lagrange, Legendre, Lobatschewsky and Möbius, and paves the way for non-Euclidean geometry.
Werke
Authors: Gauss Carl Friedrich
Published: March 2012

The genius of Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777–1855) and the novelty of his work (published in Latin, German, and occasionally French) in areas as diverse as number theory, probability and astronomy were already widely acknowledged during his lifetime. But it took another three generations of mathematicians to reveal the true extent of his output as they studied Gauss' extensive unpublished papers and his voluminous correspondence. This posthumous twelve-volume collection of Gauss' complete works, published between 1863 and 1933, marks the culmination of their efforts and provides a fascinating account of one of the great scientific minds of the nineteenth century. At the suggestion of Felix Klein, Gauss' twentieth-century successors planned a scientific biography consisting of essays covering the various areas in which he worked. Volume 11, Part II (dated 1924–9) contains three contributions, individually paginated and originally sold separately, relating to geodesy, physics and astronomy.
The Vegetation of New Zealand
Authors: Cockayne Leonard
Published: March 2012

When botanist Leonard Cockayne (1855–1934) first received an invitation from the German publisher Engelmann to write an account of the botany of New Zealand, much of it was still unknown. He spent the period from 1904 to 1913 immersed in fieldwork, and his first edition was not published until 1921. In this 1928 second edition Cockayne extensively updates the text, adding the results of further research from the intervening years. This work gives detailed descriptions of New Zealand's plant life, but Cockayne also considers the history of botanical study of the islands, from Captain Cook's voyages in the eighteenth century onwards, and includes the arrival of colonial plant collectors and an overview of important publications by New Zealand botanists. The descriptions of vegetation cover the sea coast, the lowlands, mountains, and outlying islands, and there are extensive photographs, offering a comprehensive guide to New Zealand's botany.
The Writings of Thomas Jefferson
Authors: Jefferson Thomas
Published: March 2012

Thomas Jefferson (1743–1826) was the third United States President (1801–9) and the principal author of the Declaration of Independence. An advocate of republicanism, he envisioned America as an 'Empire of Liberty' that would strive to promote freedom around the world. First published in 1853–4, this nine-volume edition of Jefferson's writings shows the breadth of his intellectual and political interests. His autobiography, letters, diaries and political memoranda reflect a life lived at the centre of pivotal events, including the French and American Revolutions, and the founding of a new nation. Through them we discover his contribution to the pursuit of world peace, the evolving relationships between the United States and the European powers, and the development of the American constitution and judicial system. Volume 3 contains the remainder of the letters written during his mission to Europe in 1784–9, and continues with correspondence from the United States.
Conciliarism
Authors: Valliere Paul
Published: March 2012

Conciliarism is one of the oldest and most essential means of decision-making in the history of the Christian church. Indeed, as a leading Orthodox theologian Alexander Schmemann states, 'Before we understand the place and the function of the council in the church, we must, therefore, see the church herself as a council.' Paul Valliere tells the story of councils and conciliar decision-making in the Christian church from earliest times to the present. Drawing extensively upon the scholarship on conciliarism which has appeared in the last half-century, Valliere brings a broad ecumenical perspective to the study and shows how the conciliar tradition of the Christian past can serve as a resource for resolving conflicts in the church today. The book presents a conciliarism which involves historical legacy, but which leads us forward, not backward, and which keeps the church's collective eyes on the prize - the eschatological kingdom of God.
Travels in South America, during the Years, 1819–20–21
Authors: Caldcleugh Alexander
Published: March 2012

First published in 1825 and based on his diaries, this two-volume account by Alexander Caldcleugh (1795–1858) of his experiences in Brazil, Buenos Aires, and Chile portrays a diverse and changing continent. London-born Caldcleugh was posted to South America in 1819 as private secretary to the British minister at the Portuguese royal court (based in Brazil 1808–21). Following that two-year mission, he returned to South America in 1829 and remained there until his death. Caldcleugh's book appealed to the avid interest of European readers in the 'New World'. It was well-received upon publication and in 1826 was translated into German. With its close attention to geography, geology, politics, economics, culture and society in the region, and its description of an adventurous crossing of the Andes, the book is both a fine example of the nineteenth-century travel narrative and a document of colonial attitudes. Volume 2 focuses particularly on mining.
From Financial Crisis to Stagnation
Authors: Palley Thomas I.
Published: March 2012

The US economy today is confronted with the prospect of extended stagnation. This book explores why. Thomas I. Palley argues that the Great Recession and destruction of shared prosperity is due to flawed economic policy over the past thirty years. One flaw was the growth model adopted after 1980 that relied on debt and asset price inflation to fuel growth instead of wages. A second flaw was the model of globalization that created an economic gash. Third, financial deregulation and the house price bubble kept the economy going by making ever more credit available. As the economy cannibalized itself by undercutting income distribution and accumulating debt, it needed larger speculative bubbles to grow. That process ended when the housing bubble burst. The earlier post-World War II economic model based on rising middle-class incomes has been dismantled, while the new neoliberal model has imploded. Absent a change of policy paradigm, the logical next step is stagnation. The political challenge we face now is how to achieve paradigm change.
Filtering Complex Turbulent Systems
Authors: Majda Andrew J. , Harlim John
Published: March 2012

Many natural phenomena ranging from climate through to biology are described by complex dynamical systems. Getting information about these phenomena involves filtering noisy data and prediction based on incomplete information (complicated by the sheer number of parameters involved), and often we need to do this in real time, for example for weather forecasting or pollution control. All this is further complicated by the sheer number of parameters involved leading to further problems associated with the 'curse of dimensionality' and the 'curse of small ensemble size'. The authors develop, for the first time in book form, a systematic perspective on all these issues from the standpoint of applied mathematics. The book contains enough background material from filtering, turbulence theory and numerical analysis to make the presentation self-contained and suitable for graduate courses as well as for researchers in a range of disciplines where applied mathematics is required to enlighten observations and models.
Recollections of a Long Life
Authors: Hobhouse John Cam
Published: March 2012

John Cam Hobhouse, Baron Broughton (1786–1869), politician and prolific memoirist, is today best remembered for his close friendship with Lord Byron, and as the inventor of the phrase 'His Majesty's Opposition'. He travelled extensively in Europe with Byron, and acted both as his best man and as his executor after Byron's early death in 1824. He began his political career as a radical, but gradually moved to a much more conservative viewpoint. This six-volume work is a revision of his 1865 privately printed memoir, Some Account of a Long Life, expanded by his daughter from his diaries and letters, and published between 1909 and 1911. Volume 4 covers the period 1829–34, during which the death of George IV and the passing of the 1832 Reform Bill were among the most significant events. Hobhouse also recalls meeting William IV, and being impressed by the young Princess Victoria.
Wanderings in South America, the North-West of the United States, and the Antilles, in the Years 1812, 1816, 1820, and 1824
Authors: Waterton Charles
Published: March 2012

Although in the original preface to this work the British naturalist Charles Waterton (1782–1865) modestly says his book has 'little merit', his account is a rich description of his experiences in South America and the Caribbean. Waterton managed his family's sugar plantations in Demerara from 1804 to 1812, studied natural history, and later (1812–25) divided his time between the Americas and Europe. This book, originally published in 1825 and reissued here in its 1828 second edition, describes his four expeditions, beginning with his search deep in the rainforest for samples of the rare poison, curare. Waterton also recounts a fierce battle with the Maroons, but his main focus is zoology, including the capture of 'an enormous Coulacara snake', encounters with sloths, monkeys and vampire bats, and close observations of a huge variety of birds. The final chapter describes Waterton's methods of 'preserving birds for cabinets of natural history'.
The World-Time Parallel
Authors: Rini A. A. , Cresswell M. J.
Published: March 2012

Is what could have happened but never did as real as what did happen? What did happen, but isn't happening now, happened at another time. Analogously, one can say that what could have happened happens in another possible world. Whatever their views about the reality of such things as possible worlds, philosophers need to take this analogy seriously. Adriane Rini and Max Cresswell exhibit, in an easy step-by-step manner, the logical structure of temporal and modal discourse, and show that every temporal construction has an exact parallel that requires a language that can refer to worlds, and vice versa. They make precise, in a way which can be articulated and tested, the claim that the parallel is at work behind even ordinary talk about time and modality. The book gives metaphysicians a sturdy framework for the investigation of time and modality - one that does not presuppose any particular metaphysical view.
Jewish Messianic Thoughts in an Age of Despair
Authors: Seeskin Kenneth
Published: March 2012

Belief in the coming of a Messiah poses a genuine dilemma. From a Jewish perspective, the historical record is overwhelmingly against it. If, despite all the tragedies that have befallen the Jewish people, no legitimate Messiah has come forward, has the belief not been shown to be groundless? Yet for all the problems associated with messianism, the historical record also shows it is an idea with enormous staying power. The prayer book mentions it on page after page. The great Jewish philosophers all wrote about it. Secular thinkers in the twentieth century returned to it and reformulated it. And victims of the Holocaust invoked it in the last few minutes of their life. This book examines the staying power of messianism and formulates it in a way that retains its redemptive force without succumbing to mythology.
Histoire de la Révolution Française
Authors: Blanc Louis
Published: March 2012

Louis Blanc (1811–82) was a French historian and politician whose writings had a considerable influence on the development of French socialism. In his famous Organisation du travail (1839) he called for social reform by action of the State, an unusual position at the time. As a member of the provisional government established after the 1848 Revolution, he campaigned for workers' rights, advocating the creation of cooperative workshops. His twelve-volume Histoire de la Révolution Française (1847–62), most of which he wrote while in exile in England, combines years of thorough research with Blanc's characteristic socialist and republican enthusiasm. Volume 9, first published in 1857, opens with the Constitution of 1793. It focuses on the counter-revolutionary movements that arose in the Vendée and in Lyon during that year, as well as on the war with Europe. It also covers the trial and death of Marie-Antoinette in October 1793.
First FRCR Anatomy
Authors: Shaikh Usman , Curtis John , Hanlon Rebecca , White David , Dunn Andrew , Healey Andrew , Belfield Jane , Kneale Elizabeth , Dangerfield Peter , Fewins Hilary
Published: March 2012

First FRCR Anatomy: Questions and Answers provides eight test papers modelled on the exam format of the Royal College of Radiologists' anatomy module. Written by a team of consultant and trainee radiologists, the practice questions and answers will give you the advantage you need to succeed and stand out from the average trainee. The questions include images from all modalities – CT, MRI, ultrasound, plain film, screening and angiography, closely correlating with the images you are likely to see both in the exam and in day-to-day practice. Expanded clinical answers also distill clinical radiological knowledge accrued over many years of clinical practice, making this much more than a revision aid. First FRCR Anatomy: Questions and Answers covers the full breadth of curriculum topics including MSK, cardiac, thoracic, genitourinary, gastrointestinal, vascular, neuro and pediatric imaging. An essential resource for all First FRCR candidates.
The Construction of the Heavens
Authors: Hoskin Michael
Published: March 2012

The astronomical observations of William Herschel (1738–1822) made him question the accepted model of the clockwork universe. This volume explains the development of Herschel's thoughts on what he called 'the construction of the heavens' and reprints his principal papers on this subject. The preliminary chapters provide an introduction to Herschel, including his unusual path to astronomy, the discovery of Uranus and his work on the evolution of stellar clusters, which eventually led him to challenge the unchanging Newtonian universe. The second half of the text comprises eight of Herschel's key papers on what we today would call cosmology, representing his progress between 1783 and 1814, fully annotated with historical notes and modern astrophysical explanations. Ideal for undergraduate and postgraduate students in the history of science and in astronomy, this volume explains Herschel's pivotal role in the transformation from the clockwork universe to the 'biological' universe of modern astronomy.
The Liberal-Welfarist Law of Nations
Authors: Jouannet Emmanuelle
Published: March 2012

Although portrayed as a liberal law of co-existence of and co-operation between states, international law has always been a welfarist law, too. Emerging in eighteenth-century Europe, it soon won favour globally. Not only did it minister to the interests of states and their concern for stability, but it was also an interventionist law designed to ensure the happiness and well-being of peoples. Hence international law initially served as a secularised eschatological model, replacing the role of religion in ensuring the proper ordering of mankind, which was held to be both one and divided. That initial vision still drives our post-Cold War globalised world. Contemporary international law is neither a strictly welfarist law nor a strictly liberal law, but is in fact a liberal-welfarist law. In the conjunction of these two purposes lies one of the keys to its meaning and a partial explanation for its continuing ambivalence.
The Resurrection of Ireland
Authors: Laffan Michael
Published: March 2012

Between 1916 and 1923 Ireland experienced a political, as well as a military revolution. This book examines how, after the Easter Rising of 1916, radical revolutionaries formed a precarious coalition with (relatively) moderate politicians, and offers a sustained analysis of the political organisation of Irish republicanism during a crucial period. The new Sinn Féin party routed its enemies, co-operated uneasily with the underground Irish government, which it had helped to create, and achieved most of its objectives before disintegrating in 1922. Its rapid collapse should not distract from its achievements - in particular its role in 'democratising' the Irish revolution. Its successors have dominated the political life of independent Ireland. The book studies in detail the party's membership and ideology, and also its often tense relationship with the Irish Republican Army. A final chapter examines the fluctuating careers of the later Sinn Féin parties throughout the rest of the twentieth century.
Slave Emancipation and Racial Attitudes in Nineteenth-Century South Africa
Authors: Watson R. L.
Published: March 2012

This book examines the social transformation wrought by the abolition of slavery in 1834 in South Africa's Cape Colony. It pays particular attention to the effects of socioeconomic and cultural changes in the way both freed slaves and dominant whites adjusted to the new world. It compares South Africa's relatively peaceful transition from a slave to a non-slave society to the bloody experience of the US South after abolition, analyzing rape hysteria in both places as well as the significance of changing concepts of honor in the Cape. Finally, the book examines the early development of South Africa's particular brand of racism, arguing that abolition, not slavery itself, was a causative factor; although racist attitudes were largely absent while slavery persisted, they grew incrementally but steadily after abolition, driven primarily by whites' need for secure, exploitable labor.
An Introduction to Fourier Analysis and Generalised Functions
Authors: Lighthill M. J.
Published: March 2012

This monograph on generalised functions, Fourier integrals and Fourier series is intended for readers who, while accepting that a theory where each point is proved is better than one based on conjecture, nevertheless seek a treatment as elementary and free from complications as possible. Little detailed knowledge of particular mathematical techniques is required; the book is suitable for advanced university students, and can be used as the basis of a short undergraduate lecture course. A valuable and original feature of the book is the use of generalised-function theory to derive a simple, widely applicable method of obtaining asymptotic expressions for Fourier transforms and Fourier coefficients.
Dispute Settlement in the World Trade Organization
Authors: Palmeter David , Mavroidis Petros C.
Published: March 2012

Any experienced lawyer knows that cases are most often won or lost on procedural grounds; yet procedural issues are often considered too technical for proper treatment in legal literature. In this extensively revised 2004 edition of Palmeter and Mavroidis' authoritative book on WTO dispute settlement, the authors discuss all WTO dispute settlement provisions and their interpretation in WTO jurisprudence. All the decisions of panels and the Appellate Body are discussed, from the inception of the WTO in 1995 until the end of May 2003. Although the book contains considerable technical expertise, it is at the same time written for accessibility to a wide readership. This volume - an essential tool for practitioners, diplomats and government lawyers - is a comprehensive study of compulsory third party adjudication in international law.
Applying Necessity and Proportionality to Anti-Terrorist Self-Defence
Authors: Tams Christian J , Devaney James G
Published: March 2012

Recent years have seen increasing reliance on self-defence as a concept justifying the use of force against armed attacks by terrorists operating from within a foreign state. While the matter has prompted major debates, a good case can be made that contemporary international law now begins to recognise a right of self-defence against attacks by terrorists. (We will refer to this in the following as ‘anti-terrorist self-defence’, meaning a response directed against an attack carried out by a terrorist organisation.) This article deliberately does not rehearse the major debates about the scope of self-defence, but moves beyond them. It seeks to assess whether and how the two main limitations on the exercise of self-defence – namely necessity and proportionality – could be adapted to self-defence outside the inter-state setting. It shows that both limitations do indeed require some adaptation in order to be applied to anti-terrorist self-defence.

With respect to necessity, we argue that this adaptation is actually a chance to make sense of a requirement that is of very limited practical relevance in the inter-state setting. As the article shows, necessity can assume a crucial role in the anti-terrorist setting: in order for trans-border uses of force to be necessary, states invoking self-defence must demonstrate that the terrorist threat cannot be repelled by the host state (on whose territory the terrorists are based).

As for proportionality, recent debates about anti-terrorist self-defence expose the weaknesses of proportionality as a restraint on self-defence. Construed primarily as a prohibition against excessive force, even in the inter-state setting, proportionality has always been dependent on the nature of the aims pursued in the name of self-defence. Recent anti-terrorist practice suggests that many states are prepared to accept far-reaching uses of force against terrorists. It also suggests that, in applying proportionality, the targeted (or otherwise) character of the response is of crucial importance. The law is clearly in a state of flux, but in debates such as those about Turkey's use of force against the PKK or Israel's military operations against Hamas or Hezbollah, one can see the beginning of a process of developing guidelines on proportionality.
The Proportionality Principle in Operation: Methodological Limitations of Empirical Research and the Need for Transparency
Authors: Fellmeth Aaron
Published: March 2012

The principle of proportionality, notoriously obscure in application and subjective in interpretation, has been enforced so rarely as to call into question its potency as a meaningful international legal standard. Nonetheless, international criminal tribunals, academics, and the ICRC's monumental study on customary international humanitarian law all confidently proclaim the principle as embedded in the customary international law applicable to both international and non-international armed conflicts. To assess whether these claims are accurate, and to flesh out how states interpret the principle in practice, the author and a colleague have undertaken a long-term, multinational empirical study of state practice in interpreting and enforcing the proportionality principle. This article discusses the methodological options available and explains the one chosen for the proportionality study. The limitations of the study, in spite of its deliberate methodology, suggest that the debilities of the proportionality principle may not be conceptual as much as a byproduct of unnecessary military secrecy. This article concludes that greater transparency in state compliance with the rule of discrimination and the principle of proportionality would, at least, facilitate an understanding of how the hitherto obscure principle operates in practice and, at best, could create systemic effects that would decrease the dangers to civilians in armed conflicts.
John Bryan Heaney
Authors: Holdgate Martin
Published: March 2012

John Bryan Heaney, who died in November 2010 aged 79, was an outstanding field surveyor who made a major contribution to the mapping of South Georgia and created the first accurate map of Gough Island.
Sense of Place in Australian Environmental Education Research: Distinctive, Missing or Displaced?
Authors: Stevenson Robert B.
Published: March 2012

Many environmental educators were motivated to enter the feld by a concern for the loss of places to which they felt a strong sense of attachment and belonging. This raises the question of whether a sense of place, or attachment to the Australian biophysical or cultural landscape, has shaped Australian environmental education research. An analysis was conducted of articles by Australian authors published in the AJEE in the period from 1990–2000, a time that preceded the (re)emergence of attention to place-based education in academic circles. Only four of 67 articles addressed the author's or other Australian's sense of place. Several explanations for this fnding are examined, drawing on some of the environmental psychology literature on place identity as well as the notion that sense of place involves multiple interrelated personal, cultural and professional identities. Finally, an argument is made as to why place attachments are important to environmental education research.
Talking Up Country: Language, Natureculture and Interculture in Australian Environmental Education Research
Authors: Whitehouse Hilary
Published: March 2012

Australia is an old continent with an immensely long history of human settlement. The argument made in this paper is that Australia is, and has always been, anatureculture. Just as English was introduced as the dominant language of education with European colonisation, so arrived an ontological premise that linguistically divides a categorised nature from culture and human from “the” environment. Drawing on published work from the Australian tropics, this paper employs a socionature approach to make a philosophical argument for a more nuanced understanding of language, the cultural interface and contemporary moves towards interculture in Australian environmental education practice.
The Historical, Present and Futurenessof Environmental Education in India
Authors: Almeida Sylvia , Cutter-Mackenzie Amy
Published: March 2012

What is distinctive or indistinctive about environmental education in schools and other formal education settings in India? In essence, what is thenessof environmental education in the Indian education system? Our responses to these important questions form the focus of this paper, shedding light on the historical, present and future directions (orness) of environmental education in India. In effect, we attempt to capture thenessof environmental education by considering practice, policy and research developments throughout the various contemporary and traditional environmental education movements. In so doing, we identify a theory-practice gap and a dire lack of research as some of the pertinent issues facing environmental education in India. In conclusion we discuss possible future directions that environmental education might take in addressing these issues.
Ambrosian Mass chants before the Carolingian intervention
Authors: Bailey Terence
Published: March 2012

The service books of the Ambrosian rite were produced relatively late: the oldest copy of the Manuale, the first to record the texts and some rubrics, dates from the early eleventh century; the earliest redaction of the ordinal, from shortly after 1126; the oldest copy of the antiphoner, which contains the notated melodies of both Mass and Office, from the mid-twelfth. All these books document a liturgy that had been extensively revised after the Frankish conquest of northern Italy in 774. The Frankish reforms did not result in the suppression of the Milanese rite (as they had the Gallican), but many changes were effected, changes that brought the ancient liturgy of northern Italy – without destroying all of its indigenous features – closer to the new, international, Gregorian rite. The purpose of this article is to re-examine the earliest references to the Mass of pre-Conquest Milan and its archdiocese, which reveal more than has been suspected, and to present new evidence concerning the Ambrosian sacrifice as it was in the earliest centuries, even before the time of St Ambrose.
THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF ECONOPHYSICS IN THE SHADOW OF PHYSICS
Authors: GINGRAS Y. , SCHINCKUS C.
Published: March 2012

Econophysics presents itself as a new paradigm and a new specialty (or even a discipline) using various models and concepts imported from condensed matter and statistical physics to analyze economic and financial phenomena. Given that econophysics is based on different fundamental assumptions from those of mainstream economics, the disciplinary position of econophysics is not so clear. In this perspective, this paper will analyze the progressive institutionalization of econophysics using bibliometric methods to identify core authors as well as the structure of the disciplines with which econophysics is closely related.
Securing Approval: Domestic Politics and Multilateral Authorization for War by Terrence L. Chapman
Authors: Knecht Thomas
Published: March 2012

Why do states go through the trouble of seeking authorization from multilateral institutions to use military force when they are not required to do so? How do states choose the international organization through which to work? Why do citizens sometimes demand a multilateral response to an international crisis, yet at other times seem content when their leaders act unilaterally? Terrence Chapman takes up these questions in his persuasive and important book Securing Approval. The answer, he says, is domestic politics. Using a game-theoretic approach supported by a wealth of empirical evidence, Chapman shows that international organizations (IOs) provide important information to domestic publics. This information can affect public opinion and, by extension, foreign policy. A short review does not do justice to this nuanced and smart book. Nevertheless, I will outline the author's central argument before discussing the book's contribution to the literature. I conclude by raising three issues that might serve as avenues for future research.
Religion and American Public Life
Authors: Shields Jon A.
Published: March 2012

In his 2000 best seller Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Civic Community, Robert Putnam analyzed the links between social capital and civic engagement. Lamenting the decline of “civic America,” he called for a Tocquevillean renewal of voluntary association in the United States. In American Grace, Putnam and coauthor David Campbell—who also helped with the preparation of Bowling Alone—return to the analysis of American civil society, focusing their attention on America's changing religious landscape and its implications for democracy. Their basic argument is that while the United States is religiously diverse and pluralistic to a profound degree, and while in recent years it has witnessed growing religious polarization, it has also succeeded in muting religious tensions and hostilities. As they conclude: “How has America solved the puzzle of religious pluralism—the coexistence of religious diversity and devotion? And how has it done so in the wake of growing religious polarization? By creating a web of interlocking personal relationships among people of many different faiths. This is America's grace” (p. 550).

Given the importance of religion in American life and the influence of Putnam's broad agenda on much current social science research on social capital and civic engagement, we have decided to organize a symposium around the book, centered on three questions: 1) How is American Grace related to Putnam's earlier work, particularly Bowling Alone, and what are the implications of the continuities and/or discontinuities between these works? 2) What kind of a work of political science is American Grace, and how does it compare to other important recent work dealing with religion and politics in the United States? 3) What are the strengths and weaknesses of Putnam and Campbell's account of “how religion divides and unites us,” and what is the best way of thinking about the contemporary significance of religion and politics in the United States and about the ways that the religious landscape challenges U.S. politics and U.S. political science?
Teachers Unions and Public Education
Authors: Murillo M. Victoria
Published: March 2012

Public education is one of the most important “public goods” of a democratic society. In recent decades, public policy analysts, public intellectuals, and politicians have debated the state of public education in the United States and have argued about the sorts of public policies that might best promote the academic achievement, educational success, and political socialization of youth. Terry Moe and John Chubb have been important contributors to these debates. Their 1990 book, Politics, Markets, and America's Schools, set the terms of much subsequent discussion about the importance of school autonomy and “educational choice.” Moe's Special Interest extends these arguments through a more frontal critique of the role of teachers unions. This book represents an important contribution to public discussion of school reform. It also incorporates a distinctive perspective on the relationship between power and public policy, and between the role of states and that of markets in the provision of public goods and services. In this symposium, we feature a range of serious commentaries on the book's central arguments about educational policy and politics and on its approach to “engaged” or “applied” political science.
Response to Jeffrey Winters's review of Machiavellian Democracy
Authors: McCormick John P.
Published: March 2012

I heartily thank Jeffrey Winters for his sharp and insightful, generous yet critical, review of Machiavellian Democracy. I will confine my response to Winters's two most penetrating criticisms of the book.
NORMAL DERIVABILITY IN CLASSICAL NATURAL DEDUCTION
Authors: PLATO JAN VON , SIDERS ANNIKA
Published: March 2012

A normalization procedure is given for classical natural deduction with the standard rule of indirect proof applied to arbitrary formulas. For normal derivability and the subformula property, it is sufficient to permute down instances of indirect proof whenever they have been used for concluding a major premiss of an elimination rule. The result applies even to natural deduction for classical modal logic.
The liberty of the moderns: Market freedom and democracy within the EU
Authors: BELLAMY RICHARD
Published: March 2012

Taking its cue from Benjamin Constant’s famous comparison of the liberty of the ancients with that of the moderns, this article examines the compatibility of democracy with free markets within the EU. Constant argued that commerce had replaced the political liberty of the ancients with the civil liberties of the moderns. Nevertheless, he contended a degree of political liberty remained necessary to guarantee these civil liberties. The difficulty was whether the political system could operate in the interest of all if modern citizens had ceased to identify with the public interest in the manner of the ancients and preferred to pursue their private interests. Constant believed representative democracy offered a form of political liberty that was compatible with modern liberty. It involved a less demanding view of civic virtue to ancient liberty and a different conception of the public interest as promoting rather than in conflict with private interests. However, for it to operate as Constant expected required certain social and cultural conditions that emerged in European nation states but are not themselves the products of commerce and may even be undermined by it: namely, a national identity; a social contract; and political parties. The EU involves a further deepening of modern commercial liberty beyond the nation state. This article explores three main issues raised by this development. First, have any of the three elements that facilitated the operation of representative democracy within the member states evolved at the EU level? Second, if not, is it possible to create an effective form of representative democracy on a post-national basis as the logical entailment of the liberties of the moderns? Third, if neither of these is possible, can we simply detach modern liberty from political liberty and see social rights as attributes of free movement, and efficient and equitable economic regulations as the products of technocratic governance? All three questions are answered in the negative.
Was Westphalia ‘all that’? Hobbes, Bellarmine, and the norm of non-intervention
Authors: HAVERCROFT JONATHAN
Published: March 2012

Recently, historians of the international system have called into question the significance of the Treaties of Westphalia in 1648 as the moment when the international system formed. One of their primary arguments is that the non-intervention norm typically associated with Westphalian notions of sovereignty developed much later. This paper will examine the early 17th-century debates over the right of the Pope to depose monarchs in the defense of spiritual matters. I read Part III and Part IV of Hobbes’Leviathanin its intellectual context to see how his theory of sovereignty was partially developed to support a theory of non-intervention. This reading leads to two important contributions to current political science debates. First, it refutes the growing consensus that non-intervention developed as an aspect of sovereignty only in the late 18th and early 19th century. Second, the paper addresses current attempts to assert a right of humanitarian intervention. By exploring similarities between these recent debates and those between Bellarmine and Hobbes in the 17th century, I offer a fresh perspective on what is at stake in current claims to international community.
Soziale und affektive Beurteilung von Gesichtern bei Menschen mit einer Schizophrenie
Authors: Wölfle Tina , Blessing Andreas , Dammann Gerhard
Published: March 2012

Die vorliegende Studie untersuchte soziale und affektive Beurteilungen von Menschen mit einer Schizophrenie. Dazu wurden Bewertungen neutraler Gesichter bezüglich der Variablen Vertrauenswürdigkeit, Valenz und Erregung von 19 schizophren erkrankten und 19 gesunden Personen verglichen. Zudem wurde verbales Material bewertet. Die an Schizophrenie erkrankten Personen beurteilten die Bilder vertrauenswürdiger als Kontrollpersonen, dagegen zeigte sich auf der Dimension Valenz eine Interaktion zwischen Bildbeurteilungen und Gruppenzugehörigkeit. Manche, jedoch nicht alle Bilder wurden auf der Dimension Valenz von den Patienten anders beurteilt. Das verbale Material wurde sowohl als vertrauenswürdiger als auch als angenehmer beurteilt. Auf der Erregungs-Dimension konnten hingegen in beiden Bedingungen keine Gruppenunterschiede gefunden werden. Die Studie legt Veränderungen von sozialen und affektiven Beurteilungen neutraler Gesichter und Personenbeschreibungen bei Menschen mit Schizophrenie nahe.
Reliabilität und Retest-Stabilität der „Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung für Kinder“ (KITAP) bei 6- bis 7-jährigen Kindern
Authors: Renner Gerolf , Lessing Tina , Krampen Günter , Irblich Dieter
Published: March 2012

Daten zur Retest-Stabilität von sechs Untertests der „Testbatterie zur Aufmerksamkeitsprüfung für Kinder” (KITAP) wurden an einer klinisch-sozialpädiatrischen Stichprobe von 64 sechs- bis siebenjährigen Kindern über ein Retestintervall von 14 – 28 Tagen erhoben. Während die zu beiden Messzeitpunkten bestimmten Reliabilitätskennwerte nach der Split-half-Methode eine hohe Übereinstimmung mit den entsprechenden Werten der Normstichprobe erreichten, fielen die Retest-Stabilitäten für die normierten Testparameter mit Werten zwischen .32 und .74 erheblich niedriger aus und können nicht als zufriedenstellend bewertet werden. Signifikante Mittelwertunterschiede zwischen den Testzeitpunkten fanden sich für 12 der 22 untersuchten Parameter, wobei sich sowohl Leistungsverbesserungen als auch -verschlechterungen fanden.