bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
AMNIOTIC FLUID CREATININE LEVELS IN THE NORMOTENSIVE AND PRE‐ECLAMPTIC PATIENT
Authors: Harrison Robert F.
Published: August 2005

Amniotic fluid creatinine levels were determined in 111 patients of certain maturity. A value of 2.0 mg. per 100 ml. indicated a pregnancy of at least 38 weeks’ gestation. There was no statistical difference between mean levels in normotensive and preeclamptic patients. There was no correlation between maternal serum and amniotic fluid creatinine levels in either group.
ETHANOL‐COMBINED GALACTOSE TOLERANCE TESTS IN HEALTHY PREGNANT WOMEN AND THE EFFECT OF A HIGH‐PROTEIN DIET
Authors: Kesaniemi Y. A. , Kurppa K. O. , Husman K. R. H.
Published: August 2005

Galactose tolerance tests after an oral load of galactose with and without a prior dose of ethanol were performed on 57 healthy pregnant and 18 healthy non‐pregnant women. In the pregnant women the capacity of the liver to remove galactose in the absence of ethanol was accelerated, and the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose disappearance was greatly reduced. Eight pregnant women in whom the inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose disappearance was diminished were given a high‐protein preparation for four weeks and two other groups of eight pregnant women served as controls with no supplement to their diet. The inhibitory effect of ethanol on galactose disappearance increased slightly in the group treated with the high‐protein diet, but decreased in both control groups with no dietary supplement.

It is concluded that in many healthy pregnant women ethanol only weakly inhibits removal of galactose from the blood, as in chronic alcoholics with a history of poor dietary regimen. The reason for this change in liver metabolism during pregnancy remains to be elucidated.
THE EFFECT OF ORAL NORETHISTERONE ON SERUM LIPID LEVELS TN PREMENOPAUSAL WOMEN
Authors: GOWLAND E. , JONES R. A.
Published: August 2005

Serum cholesterol and lipoprotein‐triglyceride were measured in 38 women before and during treatment with the progestogen, norethisterone, as part of a trial of the agent for use as an oral contraceptive. Levels of cholesterol and lipoprotein‐triglyceride were found to fall during treatment. Before starting treatment with norethisterone some of the subjects had been taking either combined oestrogenl progestogen preparations or chlormadinone acetate as oral contraceptives. The fall in cholesterol levels appeared to be more marked in these women than in those not previously treated. The fall in lipoprotein‐triglyceride was of a similar degree in those not pretreated and those previously taking combined oestrogen/progestogen contraceptives.
ABDOMINAL REPAIR OF HIGH RECTOVAGINAL FISTULA
Authors: Bentley R. J.
Published: August 2005

High rectovaginal fistulae following obstructed labour may be impossible to repair by a vaginal operation. An abdominal operation is described in which the rectum is mobilized to the pelvic floor, separated from the vagina, repaired and a pedicle graft of greater omentum interposed between the rectum and vagina. This operation has been successful in five consecutive patients.
CROHN'S DISEASE OF THE VULVA*
Authors: Ansell I. D. , Hogbin B.
Published: August 2005

Cutaneous ulceration has only recently been recognized as a complication of Crohn's disease. It usually occurs in the perineum in continuity with Crohn's disease of the anus. A case is presented of metastatic ulceration of the anterior vulva in a patient with Crohn's disease.
THIOCYANATE AND SMOKING IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Andrews Joan
Published: August 2005

Thiocyanate was measured in maternal and cord blood at the time of delivery. The amount of thiocyanate present was significantly greater if the mother smoked during pregnancy. It is suggested that the cyanide and thiocyanate present in tobacco are of importance in the aetiology of the increased incidence of light‐for‐dates babies and the decrease in hypertension in pregnancy associated with maternal smoking.
AN EVALUATION OF THE EFFECTS OF SMOKING ON MATERNAL OESTRIOL EXCRETION DURING PREGNANCY AND ON FETAL OUTCOME
Authors: Targett Christopher S. , Gunesee Harichchha , McBride Frances , Beischer Norman A.
Published: August 2005

In 1000 consecutive patients with singleton pregnancies 38.7 per cent were smokers and 13.7 per cent had subnormal oestriol excretion. There was a significant correlation between low oestriol excretion and both intrauterine fetal growth retardation and perinatal mortality (P<0.001). Smoking had a significant correlation with intrauterine growth retardation (P<0.001), but not with perinatal mortality (P<0.05). The incidence of low oestriol excretion in smokers (15.5 per cent) was not significantly different from that in non‐smokers (12.6 per cent) (P<0.25). Further study is required to evaluate the effects of heavy smoking on feto‐placental function. Hypoxia is probably not the important influence causing fetal growth retardation in smokers.
VIABILITY OF HUMAN TROPHOBLAST IN VITRO
Authors: Taylor Pamela V. , Hancock Karl W.
Published: August 2005

Human placental monolayer cultures contain three main cell types: epithelioid, giant multinucleated and fibroblastic cells. Only epithelioid and giant multinucleated cells are of trophoblastic origin. The viability and relative abundance of the three cell types were investigated using four methods of assessment: trypan blue exclusion, phase‐contrast microscopy, mitotic indices and synthesis of human chorionic gonadotrophin. Between days 1 and 8, epithelioid and giant multinucleated cells were dominant. The mitotic index gradually declined during this period but cell viability as assessed by dye exclusion and phase‐contrast microscopy was high and active synthesis of chorionic gonadotrophin occurred. Fibroblastic cells dominated the culture from approximately day 9. Experiments with trophoblast in vitro should therefore be performed during the first eight days of culture.
THE LEMBERT SUTURE IN THE PREVENTION OF VAGINAL VAULT GRANULATION AFTER TOTAL ABDOMINAL HYSTERECTOMY
Authors: Fairlie E. J. , Al‐Hassani S. S. M.
Published: August 2005

A continuous Lembert suture was used for closing the vaginal vault in a consecutive series of 230 patients having a total abdominal hysterectomy. The incidence of vault granulation eight weeks after operation was seven per cent and less than half of the patients with granulations had associated symptoms. When chromic catgut was used for the vaginal vault and linen thread for the main pedicles granulations occurred in 10.8 per cent of patients, but when Dexon was used for both the vaginal vault and for the main pedicles the incidence was only 2 · 7 per cent.
A COMPARISON BETWEEN THE LECITHIN/SPHINGOMYELIN RATIO AND OTHER METHODS OF ASSESSING THE PRESENC OF FETAL PULMONARY SURFACTANT IN AMNIOTIC FLUlD
Authors: Parkinson Christine E. , Harvey David R.
Published: August 2005

A correlation was made between different methods for assessing fetal lung maturity. The amniotic fluid L/S ratio and “shake test” produced statistically similar results and the L/S ratio and estimation of the actual lecithin concentration of amniotic fluid also agreed fairly well. Several phospholipid stains for use in determining the L/S ratio were evaluated. A modification of the developing solvent used for thin‐layer chromatography is described, which achieved better separation and definition of the lecithin and sphingomyelin spots. The “shake test” seemed a simple and apparently reliable method of measuring pulmonary surfactant in fresh amniotic fluid.
THE EFFECT OF SPONTANEOUS AND INDUCED ABORTION ON PREMATURITY AND BIRTHWEIGHT
Authors: Papaevangelou G. , Vrettos A. S. , Papadatos C. , Alexiou D.
Published: August 2005

The effect of previous induced or spontaneous abortions on prematurity (defined as a gestational age of less than 37 weeks) and birthweight was studied in 4847 babies born consecutively at Alexandra Maternity Hospital, Athens, Greece. It was found that the incidence of prematurity is more than two‐fold in women with one or more induced or spontaneous abortions when compared to those without abortions. Our results also showed that the inverse relationship between the mean birthweight and the number of induced or spontaneous abortions is misleading, because of the high correlation between birthweight and gestational age. It is therefore concluded that intrauterine growth of the fetus is probably not affected by previous abortions.
PLASMA OESTRIOL IN RETARDED INTRAUTERINE FETAL GROWTH
Authors: Masson Gordon M.
Published: August 2005

Plasma oestriol was measured serially in a group of patients considered to have intrauterine fetal growth retardation. The levels in the four patients who developed hypertension and gave birth to infants of low birthweight were all less than the normal average whilst seven of the nine normotensive patients with low birthweight infants had a different form of abnormal curve. Those who had infants of normal birthweight had normal values.
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN HYDRAMNIOS AND SOME CHARACTERISTICS OF THE INFANT IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY FETAL ANENCEPHALY
Authors: Sagar H. J. , Desa D. J.
Published: August 2005

A review is presented of 328 anencephalic infants, derived from two separate centres (Manchester and Oxford) over the same 21‐year period. Two clear groups emerged. Anencephalic infants from pregnancies complicated by hydramnios had a higher female : male sex ratio, a shorter gestation and a higher body weight than other anencephalic infants. These distinctions were not due to any difference in the incidence of associated malformations and there was close agreement in the results from the two centres. It is suggested that two distinct variants of anencephaly exist and that the results indicate a need for study of the mechanisms that control amniotic fluid production.
THE CLINICAL APPLICATION OF ULTRASONIC PLACENTOGRAPHY
Authors: Kukard R. F. P. , Freeman M. E.
Published: August 2005

In a busy hospital an attempt was made to locate the placenta by ultrasound in 437 patients suspected of having a placenta praevia. There were three failures to locate the placenta and two dangerous false negative results. Caesarean section was performed in 126 patients of whom 76 had placenta praevia. The placental site was located by ultrasound in 124 patients delivered abdominally and in 98.4 per cent of them a safe diagnosis was obtained (82.2 percent of diagnoses were anatomically correct, 8 · 1 per cent overstated or understated the extent of placenta praevia and 8 . 1 per cent were falsely positive). A correlation was found between the frequency of diagnostic problems and gestational age. Ultrasound provided a safe and reliable method of excluding placenta praevia except in the presence of multiple pregnancy.
REAPPRAISAL OF THE ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE HUMAN ENDOMETRIAL GLANDULAR CELL
Authors: Armstrong Ernest M. , More Ian A. R. , McSeveney David , Chatfield William R.
Published: August 2005

A survey of the ultrastructure of histologically normal endometrial biopsies from 30 women at various stages of the menstrual cycle was made. The nucleus and nucleolus showed morphological variations in the different phases of the cycle which could be correlated with the changing metabolic needs of the cytoplasm. During the ovulatory phase, glycogen, giant mitochondria and nucleolar basket formation were observed and the functional morphology of the latter two organelles is discussed. The secretory phase was characterized by the apocrine and merocrine secretion of glycogen and glycoprotein, as well as by age changes and ultimate cellular breakdown.
FOLLOW‐UP AFTER HYDATlDIFORM MOLE: STUDIES USING RADIOIMMUNOASSAY FOR URINARY HUMAN CHORIONIC GONADOTROPHIN (HCG)
Authors: Bagshawe K. D. , Wilson Hilary , Dublon Pauline , Smith Anne , Baldwin Mary , Kardana A.
Published: August 2005

Radioimmunoassay estimations of urinary human chorionic gonadotrophin (HCG) were performed on 458 patients who had hydatidiform mole between 1963 and 1972. Whenever possible, assays were performed regularly for two years on specimens posted by the patient to a central laboratory. There were no deaths in 280 patients who had regular assays. About 70 per cent of women had an invasive trophoblastic lesion following a hydatidiform mole but these lesions resolved spontaneously in most cases. Using defined criteria for treatment, less than six percent of patients who had hydatidiform mole required chemotherapy for a trophoblastic tumour. Urinary HCG values which were above 40 000 IU per 24 hours for some weeks after evacuation of a mole were associated with a high risk of uterine perforation. It is suggested that women who have had a hydatidiform mole should have at least one measurement of urinary HCG values by radioimmunoassay following any subsequent pregnancy.
THREE CASES OF AMOEBIASIS OF THE CERVIX UTERI
Authors: Cohen Cynthia
Published: August 2005

Three cases of amoebic cervicitis are described and genital amoebiasis is discussed. Patients present with vaginal discharge, pain and ulcers on the cervix, vagina and vulva and diarrhoea is frequently present as well. The diagnosis of amoebiasis is usually made clinically but can be confirmed by direct examination of vaginal discharge or scrapings from ulcers, in cytological smears and on histopathological examination of biopsy material. There is a good response to specific therapy. Factors in transmission are discussed.
PROTEINURIA IN PRE‐ECLAMPTIC TOXAEMIA OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Kelly Anne M. , McEwan Helen P.
Published: August 2005

The proteins, transferrin, a,‐macroglobulin and the immunoglobulins IgG, IgA and IgM have been measured in blood and urine of normal pregnant women at 38 weeks and in women with pre‐eclampsia. The plasma concentrations of IgG and transferrin were reduced and IgM was elevated in pre‐eclamptic toxaemia. The selectivity index and IgA excretion were found to be related to fetal mortality.
COMPARISON OF INTRAVENOUS PROSTAGLANDINS F2α AND E2, WITH INTRAVENOUS OXYTOCIN IN THE INDUCTION OF LABOUR
Authors: Naismith William C. M. K. , Barr Wallace , Macvicar J.
Published: August 2005

Three groups of primigravidae, matched for age, height, weight, maturity and inducibility score were studied in order to compare the effectiveness as induction agents of intravenously administered prostaglandin F, (PGF,), prostaglandin E, (PGE) and oxytocin (Syntocinon) in escalating dosage. In all cases, amniotomy was postponed until labour had become established and, if this did not occur within 12 hours, the drug was discontinued. Oxytocin in the dosage employed was the most effective of the three drugs tested. Of the 20 patients given oxytocin, 19 progressed to vaginal delivery, the mean infusion‐delivery interval being 10 hours 8 minutes. Of the 10 patients given PGE, and the 10 patients given PGF, 5 showed no dilatation of the cervix within 12 hours, and the remaining 15 had a mean infusion‐delivery interval of 13 hours and 23 minutes. Side effects were not severe with any of the drugs employed, and Apgar scores of the newborn showed no significant difference in the groups studied.
PLASMA OESTRIOL IN PREGNANCY COMPLICATED BY DIABETES MELLITUS
Authors: Masson Gordon M. , Sutherland Hamish W.
Published: August 2005

Serial plasma oestriol values were measured in nine insulin‐dependent diabetics during pregnancy. While the plasma oestriol values wete lower than those in uncomplicated non‐diabetic pregnancy the curves were of similar shape. It is suggested that serial plasma oestriol determinations in assessing feto‐placental function in diabetic pregnancy should be interpreted with caution.
SERUM OESTROGENS AND PROGESTERONE AFTER NORMAL DELIVERY
Authors: Said Sami , Johansson Elof D. B. , Gemzell Carl
Published: August 2005

The serum levels of oestrogens and progesterone were measured in 22 normal women after delivery. The first samples were obtained within seven days of delivery and the subsequent ones at weekly intervals thereafter until the return of menstruation. During lactation the serum oestrogen levels were usually at or below the lower range for the early follicular phase of the normal menstrual cycle. After the baby was weaned oestrogen levels rose gradually. With the exception of the first three days after delivery, serum progesterone values were generally low during lactation. They rose after the baby was weaned so that serum progesterone levels within the range of the luteal maximum of the normal menstrual cycle were sometimes reached at one to two weeks before the return of menstruation.
PLASMA PROGESTERONE CHANGES IN ABORTION INDUCED BY HYPERTONIC SALINE IN THE SECOND TRIMESTER OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Tyack A. J. , Parsons R. J. , Millar D. R. , Pennington G. , Hall R.
Published: August 2005

Plasma progesterone levels were measured by a competitive binding method in a total of 177 blood samples obtained from 17 patients after the intra‐amniotic instillation of hypertonic saline for termination of a second trimester pregnancy. A mean fall in plasma progesterone of 51 per cent was observed before abortion of the fetus. There was a highly significant correlation between falling progesterone values and the instillation‐abortion interval (p<0.001).
BENIGN METASTASIZING FIBROLEIOMYOMA
Authors: Barnes H. M. , Richardson P. J.
Published: August 2005

A case is reported of benign metastasizing fibroleiomyoma with omental and pulmonary involvement. The patient showed a severe ventilation/perfusion respiratory defect. There have been 40 previously reported cases, only six with metastases to the lungs. This case appears to have been unique in the degree of pulmonary involvement.
THE INFLUENCE OF ANENCEPHALY UPON INTRAUTERINE GROWTH OF FETUS AND PLACENTA AND UPON GESTATION LENGTH
Authors: Honnebier W. J. , Swaab D. F.
Published: August 2005

In order to determine the influence of anencephaly upon the intrauterine growth of fetus and placenta, and upon gestation length, 147 pregnancies with anencephaly were analyzed and compared with a control group.

There appeared to be a lower rate of intrauterine growth of the fetus and of the placenta in the anencephalic group. The birthweights of the anencephalic infants were much lower than those of the control group, but showed a steady increase which continued beyond term so that a birthweight level was achieved which was similar to that reached by the control group at term. The placentae of the anencephalic group showed a decreased weight in a high percentage of the cases, although this trend was less pronounced than for the birthweights.

The mean gestation length was significantly shorter in the anencephalic group than in the control group. Spontaneously born anencephalics from pregnancies with no hydramnios had a mean gestation length which was not significantly different from that of the control group. The distribution over the maturity periods differed significantly, however, in the high percentage of prematurely and postmaturely born anencephalic infants.

Short gestation length in anencephaly, on the one hand, is not due solely to hydramnios or to maternal factors; absence of hydramnios, on the other hand, is not invariably associated with prolonged gestation. Our observations do not support the suggestion that the anencephalic fetus might be the human analogue to the hypophysectomized lamb, nor that the pituitary‐adrenal axis, of importance in the initiation of labour in sheep, plays the same role in humans.
AMNIOTIC FLUID CREATININE
Authors: Roopnarinesingh Syam
Published: August 2005

Serial estimations of creatinine concentration in amniotic fluid revealed a rise in values with advancing pregnancy, both in normal pregnancy and in pre‐eclampsia. Amniotic fluid creatinine levels were significantly higher than levels in maternal serum and mixed cord blood and there was a linear relationship between maternal serum creatinine and amniotic fluid creatinine. Values in patients with severe pre‐eclampsia were found to be significantly greater than those in patients with mild pre‐eclampsia at corresponding periods of gestation.
CHANGES IN PLATELET THROMBOTIC TENDENCY DURING PARTURITION
Authors: Sanderson J. H. , Taylor D. S. , Delamore I. W.
Published: August 2005

Studies have been made of changes in platelet sensitivity to ADP as measured by the screen filtration pressure method, platelet count, and packed cell volume during and immediately after parturition. The results show significant rises in platelet sensitivity to ADP, and in packed cell volume.

It is suggested that these changes may be related to the occurrence of puerperal deep venous thrombosis, and that the measurement of platelet sensitivity to ADP may be of value in predicting the occurrence of such thromboses.
CHANGES IN PLATELET THROMBOTIC TENDENCY DURING ORAL CONTRACEPTION
Authors: Sanderson J. H. , Delamore I. W.
Published: August 2005

Changes in platelet sensitivity to adenosine diphosphate (ADP) as measured by the platelet aggregate filtration method, platelet count, and packed cell volume were studied in an unselected group of women commencing oral contraception. A rise in platelet sensitivity to ADP was found. There was also a fall in packed cell volume probably due to fluid retention.

It is suggested that the rise in platelet sensitivity to ADP may represent an increase in thrombotic tendency and that the measurement of this parameter may have a place in predicting the occurrence of thrombotic episodes.
SERUM LEVELS OF COPPER, CAERULOPLASMIN AND CAERULOPLASMIN OXIDASE ACTIVlTY IN WOMEN USING COPPER‐CONTAINING INTRAUTERINE DEVICES AND IN WOMEN TAKING COMBINED ORAL CONTRACEPTIVES
Authors: Daunter Brian , Elstein Max
Published: August 2005

A comparison was made between four groups of women in their active reproductive years of serum levels of copper, caeruloplasmin and caeruloplasmin oxidase activity. Two groups were using an intrauterine device, either a Copper Seven IUD or a Dalkon Shield that contained copper within its matrix. The other two groups were taking combined oral contraceptives, either 1.0 mg. norethisterone + 50 μg. ethinyl oestradiol, or 0.5 mg. norethisterone + 50 μg. ethinyl oestradiol.

No significant statistical difference was found in the serum levels of copper, caeruloplasmin and caeruloplasmin oxidase activity in those women using the two different IUDs; nor was any significant difference found in these parameters between the two groups of women taking the two different combined oral contraceptive preparations. There was, however, a statistically significant difference between the women using IUDs and those women taking the oral contraceptive preparations in whom these parameters were elevated.
A COMPARISON OF ELECTROCAUTERY AND CRYOCAUTERY FOR THE TREATMENT OF CERVICAL EROSIONS AND CHRONIC CERVICJTIS
Authors: Miller J. F. , Elstein Max
Published: August 2005

A comparison was made in the response to treatment found in 58 patients who had cryocautery and 57 patients who had electrocautery for benign lesions of the cervix. No difference was shown in either symptomatic cure rates or in objective measurements of healing. It is concluded that the expense of cryosurgical equipment does not justify its use for benign lesions of the cervix.
PREGNANCY AND HOMOCYSTINURIA
Authors: Ritchie J. W. K. , Carson Nina A. J.
Published: August 2005

Pregnancy in a pyridoxine responsive homocystinuric patient is described and the main hazards are enumerated and discussed.
THE MANAGEMENT OF DYSPLASIA, CARCINOMA IN SITU AND MICROCARCINOMA OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Brudenell M. , Cox B. S. , Taylor C. W.
Published: August 2005

Information about and histological preparations from 728 patients treated between 1955 and 1965 for dysplasia, carcinoma in situ or microcarcinoma (microinvasive carcinoma) were submitted to the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynae‐cologists. The results of treatment were analyzed as well as discrepancies between the diagnosis made by the original hospital pathologist and a panel of pathologists.
THE ANTENATAL MEASUREMENT OF FETAL URINE PRODUCTION
Authors: Campbell Stuart , Wladimiroff J. W. , Dewhurst C. J.
Published: August 2005

An ultrasonic method of assessing the hourly fetal urine production rate (HFUPR) is described. In 50 antenatal patients screened in normal pregnancy there was a gradual rise in the mean HFUPR from 12.2 ml. at 32 weeks to 28.2 ml. at 40 weeks menstrual age.
FETAL 5‐HYDROXYTRYPTAMINE LEVELS IN LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: Jones I. B. , Rowsell A.
Published: August 2005

The human fetus of 38 to 41 weeks' gestation has a whole blood 5‐hydroxytryptamine (5‐HT) concentration equivalent to the adult. It is suggested that the fetus in utero is capable of producing 5‐HT in sufficient amounts to account for the documented rise in placental 5‐HT concentration found in late pregnancy.
THE CASE AGAINST WERTHEIM'S HYSTERECTOMY IN ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
Authors: De Mûelenaere G. F. G. O.
Published: August 2005

One hundred and four women with clinically operable endometrial cancer were treated by intrauterine radium followed by removal of the uterus and appendages without lymphadenectomy. Patients with recurrence confined to the pelvis were given external radiotherapy only.

From review of these cases and study of the literature it is concluded that there is a high incidence of lymphatic metastases but these are not usually confined to the pelvis. Most of the deaths from the disease are due to distant lymphatic, transcoelomic or haematogenous spread without pelvic recurrence of the neoplasm. It is difficult to suggest a logical basis for selecting patients with endometrial cancer for Wertheim's hysterectomy with lymphadenectomy, an operation which does not offer a higher 5‐year survival rate in unselected patients. cology and Obstetrics, and Dr. Kenny, Superintendent, H. F. Verwoerd Hospital, for access to their records. The results of the present study formed part of an M.D. thesis for the University of Pretoria in 1972.
ATYPICAL GONADAL DYSGENESIS
Authors: Calverley Marie H. , Somasundram Kathigarni , Butler Leslie J.
Published: August 2005

Three patients with unusual forms of gonadal dysgenesis are reported. The first had a 45, XO chromosome constitution and had secondary amenorrhoea after menstruating regularly for more than eight years. She was of short stature but secondary sexual characteristics were well developed. Laparotomy and ovarian biopsy showed streak gonads devoid of follicles. The other two patients were chromosomal mosaics. Both had two cell lines, one of which was 45, XO. The other cell line was 46, XX in one patient and 46, XXq‐ (long arm deletion of X) in the other. Both these patients had primary amenorrhoea and were of longer stature than is usual in Turner's syndrome. The literature about patients with menstrual bleeding in spite of the presence of a 45, XO chromosome constitution, either in pure or mosaic form, is briefly reviewed.
ADVANCED ADENOCARCINOMA OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE
Authors: Blaikley J. B.
Published: August 2005

A patient with advanced carcinoma of the Fallopian tube is presented who was successfully treated by chlorambucil.
SARCOMA OF THE FALLOPIAN TUBE
Authors: Blaikley J. B.
Published: August 2005

An unusual case of sarcoma of the Fallopian tube is reported.
CERVICAL PREGNANCY ENDING IN A LIVE BIRTH
Authors: Mitrani A.
Published: August 2005

A cervical pregnancy which progressed to the 28th week of pregnancy was terminated by an emergency laparotomy and resulted in the birth of a live infant.
FETAL PLASMA STEROIDS IN RELATION TO PARTURITION
Authors: Smith Ian D. , Shearman Rodney P.
Published: August 2005

Total plasma corticosteroid levels were measured by a competitive protein‐binding technique in matched umbilical arterial and venous samples obtained from 234 infants immediately following vaginal delivery. Both arterial and venous levels were related to the gestational age of the infant at delivery, rising to a peak at 37 to 38 weeks gestational age and thereafter declining. Corticosteroid levels were generally less in infants delivered following oxytocin‐induced (or augmented) labour than in those delivered following spontaneous labour. The mean umbilical arterial levels (±S.E.) of plasma corticosteroids at 38 to 40 weeks were 213.2 ± 16.3 ng./ml. for the spontaneous labour group and 171.9 ± 12.3 ng./ml. for the oxytocin‐induced and augmented group. The corresponding mean venous levels were 242.9 ± 14.8 ng./ml. and 227.4 ± 13.2 ng./ml. The mean plasma corticosteroid level in four fetuses spontaneously miscarried at 17 to 20 weeks was 65.0 ± 21.6 ng./ml. The results suggest that the human fetal adrenal may have an active role in fetal maturation and the initiation of labour.
THE EXCRETION OF GLUCOSE DURING NORMAL PREGNANCY AND AFTER DELIVERY
Authors: Davison J. M. , Lovedale C.
Published: August 2005

Twenty‐one healthy pregnant women took part in a serial study in which their 24‐hour urinary excretion of glucose was measured during the final weeks of pregnancy, on every day of the first week after delivery where possible, and again at eight weeks post partum. In addition, for the whole of several weeks before delivery and continuously after delivery, every urine sample passed was tested with “Clinistix”. Every woman showed a raised excretion of glucose in pregnancy compared to that at eight weeks after delivery, and the pattern was characteristically intermittent. After delivery there was almost always a rapid fall in glucose excretion which reached non‐pregnant levels in all subjects within a week of delivery. The pattern of return to normal throws no light on the phenomenon of pregnancy glycosuria.
PROSTAGLANDIN F2α CONCENTRATIONS IN AMNIOTIC FLUID IN LATE PREGNANCY
Authors: Hibbard B. M. , Sharma S. C. , Fitzpatrick R. J. , Hamlett J. D.
Published: August 2005

Prostaglandin F2α (PGF2α) was assayed in samples of amniotic fluid obtained at 185 to 298 days gestation. Before 252 days (36 weeks) values below 75 pg./ml. were found in 20 of 22 samples. After 252 days but before the onset of labour 80 per cent of values exceeded 300 pg./ml., with a progressive rise with advancing gestation. During the first stage of labour a further rise in values occurred.
EXTRA‐AMNIOTIC PROSTAGLANDIN E2 FOR THE INDUCTION OF LABOUR AT TERM
Authors: Calder A. A. , Embrey M. P. , Hillier K.
Published: August 2005

Prostaglandin E2 was administered by continuous extra‐amniotic infusion to induce labour in 40 patients between 38 and 42 weeks' gestation. Induction was successful in all cases. The mean induction‐delivery interval was 9.8 hours. There were no apparent harmful effects to mother or child.
EXTRA AMNIOTIC PROSTAGLANDINS IN THE MANAGEMENT OF INTRAUTERINE FETAL DEATH, ANENCEPHALY AND HYDATIDIFORM MOLE
Authors: Embrey M. P. , Calder A. A. , Hillier K.
Published: August 2005

Prostaglandin E2 or prostaglandin F2α was administered extra‐amniotically in the treatment of 22 cases of intrauterine fetal death, two of anencephaly and one of hydatidiform mole. Delivery was achieved in 24 out of the 25 patients. The choice of the extra‐amniotic route of administration appeared to result in fewer side effects than have been encountered during intravenous prostaglandin therapy in the treatment of these conditions.
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF SPINA BIFIDA
Authors: Connon Aileen F.
Published: August 2005

A method of definitive antenatal diagnosis for spina bifida is described. Preliminary amniocentesis is performed at 12 to 14 weeks' gestation for alpha1‐fetoprotein. If this result is normal, an amniogram carried out at 18 to 20 weeks' gestation gives a good outline of the fetal back and a view of the fetal spine so that a confident diagnosis of a baby without a neural canal defect is possible, thus avoiding termination of pregnancy.
AMNIOTIC FLUID ALPHA‐FETOPROTEIN IN THE ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF NEURAL TUBE DEFECTS
Authors: Nevin N. C. , Thompson W. , Nesbitt S.
Published: August 2005

Alpha‐fetoprotein (AFP) has been estimated in 358 specimens of amniotic fluid from 221 pregnancies terminating in the delivery of a normal infant and in the amniotic fluid from 21 pregnancies in which the fetus turned out to have a neural tube defect. When the fetus had a neural tube defect, AFP levels before 36 weeks were raised above the 95th centile of normal controls with the exception of one patient in whom the fetus had a closed neural tube defect.
POSSIBLE RELATIONSHIPS BETWEEN MATERNAL HL‐A ANTIBODY FORMATION AND FETAL SEX EVIDENCE FOR A SEX‐LINKED HISTOCOMPATIBILITY SYSTEM IN MAN
Authors: Johansen Karl , Festenstein Hilliard , Burke Jeanne
Published: August 2005

The correlation between HL‐A antibodies in pregnancy and fetal sex was studied in 960 women. Significantly more male infants than expected were born to women who developed HL‐A antibodies during their first full pregnancy. It is concluded that the male fetus evokes a stronger response than the female. With increasing parity the preponderance of male births decreased in women with HL‐A antibodies. By contrast, in women who did not develop antibodies the proportion of male births increased progressively. It is suggested that these findings may be attributed to the presence of a sex chromosome‐linked histocompatibility system in man, which interacts with the HL‐A system.
THE USE OF OESTROGEN/PROGESTOGEN PREPARATIONS IN THE TREATMENT OF HIRSUTISM IN THE FEMALE
Authors: Hancock K. W. , Levell M. J.
Published: August 2005

The effects of long‐term treatment with oestrogen/progestogen preparations were assessed in 16 patients presenting with hirsutism but without virilism; these comprised 12 patients with “idiopathic” hirsutism, one of whom had amenorrhoea due to pituitary gonadotrophin deficiency, and four patients with the Stein‐Leventhal syndrome. Regression of hair growth was observed only in those with normal ovaries and elevated urinary excretion of 17‐oxosteroids. Patients who responded favourably to a preparation with a high oestrogen content failed to do so when a low oestrogen preparation was substituted.
ANTENATAL DIAGNOSIS OF DUODENAL ATRESIA
Authors: Houlton M. C. C. , Sutton M. , Aitken J.
Published: August 2005

A primigravida presenting with hydramnios at 34 weeks' gestation was found to have distended fluid‐filled spaces inside the fetal abdomen on ultrasonic B scan. Amniography showed a normal fetal soft‐tissue outline and normal scalp thickss with the absence of contrast medium in the fetal gastro‐intestinal tract at two‐and‐a‐half hours. It is suggested that this combination of findings is, if not diagnostic, at least highly suggestive of duodenal atresia and that the intrauterine diagnosis of this condition may enable corrective surgery to be carried out early before neonatal electrolyte disturbances affect the prognosis.
ORCADIAN ASPECTS OF PROSTAGLANDIN F2α‐NDUCED TERMINATION OF PREGNANCY
Authors: Smith Ian D. , Shearman Rodney P.
Published: August 2005

A series of 240 patients admitted for termination of middle trimester pregnancy received prostaglandin F2α by intra‐amniotic injection at various times of the day. It was shown that the response (in terms of induction‐abortion interval, total dose of PGF2α required and duration of hospitalization) was significantly influenced by the time of injection and that for each of these parameters there was a statistically significant circadian or 24‐hour rhythm. The optimal response was obtained following infusion of PGF2α at 1800 hours. Observations on additional groups of patients indicated that this response rhythm was disturbed by bed rest during the day prior to PGF2α administration. The induction‐abortion interval was also prolonged by concomitant use of d‐propoxyphene for analgesia and by twin pregnancies. In addition to the circadian rhythm of response related to the time of administration of PGF2α there was a circadian rhythm in the hourly incidence of abortion, the peak incidence being recorded at about 0800 hours. The temporal relationship of the observed periodicity in response to the intra‐amniotic administration of PGF2α to circadian fluctuations in plasma steroid levels is discussed. It is suggested that a chronotherapeutic approach to the induction of abortion or labour with prostaglandins may be advantageous.
A SURVEY OF THE USE OF OESTROGENS DURING PREGNANCY IN THE UNITED KINGDOM AND OF THE GENITO‐URINARY CANCER MORTALITY AND INCIDENCE RATES IN YOUNG PEOPLE IN ENGLAND AND WALES
Authors: Kinlen L. J. , Badaracco M. A. , Moffett J. , Vessey M. P.
Published: August 2005

Evidence for an association between oestrogen therapy during pregnancy and adenocarcinoma of the genital tract in female offspring has come mainly from the United States where such therapy appears to have been popular. To try to obtain some estimate of the frequency of this practice in the United Kingdom, a postal questionnaire was sent in early 1973 to all Fellows of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists who were resident in this country at that time. A response rate of 83 per cent was obtained. From the information provided, it was estimated that about 7,500 women were treated with stilboestrol during pregnancy in the interval 1940 to 1971, mostly during the 1950s. Other oestrogens or unspecified oestrogens were given to approximately a further 4,500 patients, mainly during the 1960s.

In addition, genito‐urinary cancer mortality and incidence rates in young people in England and Wales were examined to try1 to detect any increases which might be attributable to the administration of oestrogens to pregnant women. Among females, a rise in the incidence of cancer of the cervix was noted, and among males, a rise in both the incidence of and mortality from cancer of the testis. However, there is little reason to suspect a connection between these trends and the use of oestrogens. It should also be noted that no case of adenocarcinoma of the vagina or cervix occurring in a young woman exposed to oestrogens in utero has yet been reported in the United Kingdom. However, the present study indicates that the number of women so exposed is considerable; it is, therefore, possible that such tumours will begin to appear within the next few years.
AN APPRAISAL OF LUMBAR EPIDURAL BLOCKADE IN PATIENTS WITH A SINGLETON FETUS PRESENTING BY THE BREECH
Authors: Selwyn Crawford J.
Published: August 2005

A consecutive series of 247 patients with a singleton fetus presenting by the breech (exclusive of instances of macerated stillbirth and of lethal congenital abnormality) is presented. The series includes 162 patients who had a vaginal delivery, lumbar epidural block analgesia having been provided for 56 of those. Examination of the “Apgar‐minus‐colour” scores and of the postnatal course of these infants strongly suggests that the provision of an epidural block reduces the incidence of Severe and of prolonged neonatal depression irrespective of the birthweight. The incidence of breech extraction was not increased by the provision of an epidural block, although the second stage was significantly (but not markedly) lengthened. It is suggested that a reduction in the morbidity and mortality associated with vaginal breech delivery could be attained by the provision of a regional block (epidural or spinal) which will obtund the bearing‐down reflex and relax the perineum.
DIURNAL VARIATION IN HAEMATOCRIT VALUE IN PREGNANCY
Authors: Agboola A.
Published: August 2005

A statistically significant diurnal variation in haematocrit has been observed in pregnant Nigerian women. Under conditions of rest, the haematocrit at 1500 hours averages 0.7 per cent less than at 0900 hours, with some individuals as much as 5 per cent lower.
CLINICAL FEATURES ASSOCIATED WITH ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Brown Robert
Published: August 2005

A prospective survey of 25 patients with endometrial carcinoma was undertaken and the findings were compared with those of 50 patients in each of two control groups. This paper presents only the clinical aspects of the survey. Contrary to the general belief, women with endometrial carcinoma are no more obese or hypertensive than comparable controls; nor is there any evidence of a genetic predisposition. But they are notably less fertile and appear to menstruate to a later age.
ANTERIOR PITUITARY FUNCTION AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE AETIOLOGY OF ENDOMETRIAL CARCINOMA
Authors: Brown Robert
Published: August 2005

Anterior pituitary function was tested in patients with endometrial carcinoma and was compared with results from suitable controls. HGH, TSH and LH have been measured directly and ACTH indirectly. The only statistically significant difference was that LH secretion was diminished in the Carcinoma Group. The significance of this finding is discussed and related to the clinical and carbohydrate status of the same patients. A new theory of the aetiology of endometrial carcinoma is proposed.
FETAL PLASMA STEROIDS IN RELATION TO PARTURITION III. THE EFFECT OF PARITY AND METHOD OF DELIVERY UPON UMBILICAL PLASMA OESTRONE AND OESTRADIOL LEVELS
Authors: Shutt Donald A. , Smith Ian D. , Shearman Rodney P.
Published: August 2005

Unconjugated oestrone and oestradiol levels were measured in human umbilical venous plasma at delivery after 38 to 40 weeks' gestation. A significant effect of parity (P<0.05) upon oestrogen levels was observed following spontaneous vaginal delivery. In eight primiparous patients the mean (±S.E.) oestrone and oestradiol levels were 25.0 ± 5.3 ng./ml. and 6.6 ± l.2 ng./ml. respectively whilst in eight multiparous patients they were 10.4 ± 3.4 ng./ml. and 3.6 ± l.0 ng./ml. respectively. The two groups showed no significant difference in the duration of labour. No effect of parity upon oestrogen levels was observed following elective Caesarean section or emergency Caesarean section when the patients were in early labour. The mean ratio for oestrone to oestradiol levels in umbilical venous plasma following spontaneous delivery (3.3 to 3.7: 1) was significantly higher (P<0.01) than the mean ratio in patients delivered by Caesarean section (0.6 to 1.1: 1). It is concluded that in spontaneous vaginal delivery at term the changes in placental metabolism associated with established labour are typified by an alteration in oestrone to oestradiol ratios with an elevation of the oestrone levels in umbilical venous plasma. The highest umbilical venous oestrone levels were found in primiparous patients after spontaneous vaginal delivery and this may reflect on increased metabolic activity associated with labour in those patients.
THE TECHNIQUE, RESULTS AND RISKS OF AMNIOCENTESIS FOR GENETIC REASONS
Authors: Bartsch F. K. , Lundberg J. , Wahlström J.
Published: August 2005

Amniocenteses for cytogenetic investigations were performed in 219 patients during a period of three years. The amniocenteses were done between the 15th and 21st week of gestation. Significant fetomaternal bleeds were detected in 11 out of 213 suitably tested patients. There was a clear relationship between the site of the placenta (determined by ultrasound) and the occurrence of fetomaternal haemorrhage. In only seven patients did cell culture fail to produce information about the fetal karyotype. Four abnormal karyotypes were found, one a balanced translocation; the three others led to legal terminations. Five spontaneous abortions occurred after amniocentesis. In a further patient the fetus was dead at time of the amniocentesis. A total of 210 pregnancies thus went to term. There was no perinatal death nor any major congenital abnormality.
THE OXYTOCIN STRESS TEST AND THE ISOXSUPRINE PLACENTAL TRANSFER TEST IN THE MANAGEMENT OF SUSPECTED PLACENTAL INSUFFICIENCY
Authors: Boyd I. E. , CHAMBERLAIN G. V. P. , Fergusson I. L. C.
Published: August 2005

Forty‐one patients had an oxytocin stress test and of the five in whom late decelerations of the fetal heart were noted, one baby was born depressed and another died in the neonatal period of multiple congenital anomalies. Two infants died following a negative test; the first died in utero one week after the test, the second within hours of birth after profound fetal distress in the second stage of labour. Twenty‐two patients had an isoxsuprine placental transfer test but the results did not correlate with the oxytocin stress test, birthweight for gestational age, or Apgar score of the infant.
INDUCTION OF LABOUR WITH ORAL PROSTAGLANDIN E2
Authors: Murnaghan George A. , Lamki Harith , Rashid Sakina , Pinkerton J. H. M.
Published: August 2005

After amniotomy for induction of labour prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) was administered orally to two similar groups of 25 patients. Intrauterine pressure recording was begun in all patients prior to the administration of the prostaglandin and continued throughout labour. Labour was successfully induced in all the patients in both groups and, in the second group, the induction‐delivery interval and the duration of labour were reduced by one‐third by varying the prostaglandin dosage according to the uterine response. The incidence of maternal side effects was high in both groups but none was severe. No fetal complications occurred.
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION AND PLASMOCYTOMA OF THE CERVIX
Authors: Neuberg Roger
Published: August 2005

A patient receiving immunosuppressive drugs for systemic lupus erythematosus developed a plasmocytoma of the cervix.
AMNIOTIC FLUID PROTEIN IN PREGNANCIES COMPLICATED BY ANENCEPHALY
Authors: Brock D. J. H. , Nelson M. M.
Published: August 2005

Albumin, group‐specific component (Gc), α‐fetoprotein (AFP) and total soluble protein have been measured in amniotic fluids from 32 pregnancies complicated by an anencephalic fetus and in 32 matched controls. The concentrations of total protein and the three individual proteins were significantly increased in the abnormal pregnancies, though only AFP was sufficiently elevated to have diagnostic potential.
PERINATAL MORTALITY AND BIRTHWEIGHT IN MAKASSAR, INDONESIA
Authors: Barron S. L.
Published: August 2005

By the use of birth registers the clinico‐pathological cause of perinatal mortality has been examined for 1333 perinatal deaths out of 48 582 infants delivered in two hospitals in Makassar, Indonesia between 1951 and 1969. When compared with the cause of mortality in the British Perinatal Mortality Survey, the Makassar hospitals had a lower incidence of congenital abnormality and rhesus isoimmunization but a high incidence of “premature unknown” and “mechanical” causes.

A separate study of birthweight was carried out on 1060 consecutive maternities during 1969 and this demonstrated that Chinese Indonesian infants had a higher mean birthweight than non‐Chinese Indonesian infants and that the difference could not be accounted for by differences of social class, maternal stature or birth rank.
GLUCOSE‐INSULIN INTERACTION AND THE MODULATION OF HUMAN PLACENTAL LACTOGEN (HPL) SECRETION DURING PREGNANCY
Authors: Gaspard U. , Sandront H. , Luyckx A.
Published: August 2005

In order to define metabolic factors which control human placental lactogen (HPL) secretion two types of experiment have been conducted: (a) hypoglycaemia was induced by intravenously‐injected insulin in 21 normal women in late pregnancy; and (b) a sustained hyperglycaemia was obtained by glucose infusion in six normal women in late pregnancy. Serum HPL was determined using an immunosorbent antibody radioimmunoassay procedure. Blood glucose was estimated in both experiments and plasma immunoreactive insulin in the second. The results show an inverse relationship between blood glucose and serum HPL concentrations. Hyperglycaemia caused the HPL level to fall and conversely insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia caused it to rise. Moreover, declining blood glucose levels after the cessation of a glucose infusion were accompanied by an increase in HPL comparable to that seen during frank hypoglycaemia.