bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Predicting Phosphate Movement through Soil Columns
Authors: Sawhney B. L.
Published: July 2010

To assess the potential pollution of ground water with P from septic tank drainfields, sorption capacities of various soils were determined over an extended period of time and related to P movement through soil columns using solutions having P concentrations similar to waste waters. The amounts of P sorbed by fine sandy loam (fsl) and silt loam (sil) soil columns before breakthrough curred were approximately equal to the sorption capacities determined from isotherms obtained over a sufficiently long reaction time of about 200 hours. In Merrimac fsl, breakthrough occurred after about 50 pore volumes of waste water had passed through the column while about 100 pore volumes passed through Buxton sil before the breakthrough occurred. Following breakthrough, concentration of P in the effluent continued to increase and approached the influent concentration after several hundred pore volumes of effluent had passed through the columns. The results, thus, suggest that while most deep soils should effectively remove P from waste water, ground water under drainfields installed in soils of low P sorption capacity after prolonged use may contain undesirably large concentrations of P.
Trifluralin Volatilization Losses from a Soybean Field
Authors: White A. W. , Harper L. A. , Leonard R. A. , Turnbull J. W.
Published: July 2010

We measured trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) concentrations in air and calculated volatilization losses from a 1.26‐ha field during application at soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] planting and for 120 days after. Air samples, collected at three heights above the soil on 9 days during the season, showed that distinct trifluralin air concentration gradients existed throughout the study with concentrations highest closest to the ground. The highest concentration was measured during the application period (prior to soil herbicide incorporation) when a trifluralin level of 16,500 ng/m3 was recorded 20 cm above the ground. Generally, air concentrations were highest early in the season and decreased rapidly the first month. After herbicide incorporation, trifluralin air concentrations at 20 cm reached a maximum of 3,400 ng/m3 on day 2, and never exceeded 100 ng/m3 after day 35. Soil trifluralin levels at the 0.5‐cm depth decreased from 1.65 to about 0.3 µg/g on day 35 and to about 0.1 µg/g after 120 days.

Seasonal trifluralin volatilization loss, excluding the application period, was estimated to be 22.4% of that applied with vapor losses during application amounting to 3.5% of the applied herbicide. Thus, total seasonal aerial losses were 25.9% of the originally applied herbicide. Of the total aerial losses, 13 and 15% were lost during application and through day 1, respectively. About half was lost during the first 9 days, and 90% in 35 days. Combined seasonal losses by other pathways (excluding volatilization) were almost 2.5 times greater than aerial losses.
Herbicides from Cropped Watersheds in Stream and Estuarine Sediments in Hawaii
Authors: Green R. E. , Goswami K. P. , Mukhtar M. , Young H. Y.
Published: July 2010

Analysis of sediments and soils associated with two estuaries on Oahu was conducted to determine if herbicides used in plantation crops reach coastal waters. Analytical procedures were developed for simultaneous extraction of atrazine (2‐chloro‐4‐(ethylamino)‐6‐(isopropylamino)‐s‐triazine), ametryn (2‐(ethylamino)‐4‐(isopropylamino)‐6‐(methylthio)‐s‐triazine), diuron (3‐(3,4‐dichlorophenyl)‐1,1‐dimethylurea), and DCA (3,4‐dichloroaniline). Field soil and runoff samples from two small monitored watersheds provided additional information on the dissipation of diuron in sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum) and pineapple (Ananas comosus) fields, and on diuron removal in runoff waters. Atrazine and ametryn dissipated rapidly in field soils, and neither was found normally in stream and estuarine sediments. Diuron, on the other hand, was sufficiently persistent in soils and sediments to be found in nearly all sediment samples obtained at 6‐month intervals at several sites for each estuary and its associated streams. Diuron in sediments was generally < 500 ppb (oven‐dry basis), but occasionally much higher concentrations were encountered at sites which were subject to localized contamination from spray equipment loading areas. Diuron appears to be transported in runoff waters principally in the solution phase rather than adsorbed on suspended solids. Estuarine waters (West Loch) contained 0.1 to 1 ppb diuron, while concentrations in runoff waters were several times higher. It is not known if these chronic low levels adversely affect the ecological balance of the estuary.
Characterization of an Agent in Aqueous Extracts of Beef Cattle Manure that Inhibits the Germination of Barley Seeds
Authors: Bell R. G.
Published: July 2010

Aqueous extracts of fresh beef cattle manure and of manure from the surface of a feedlot inhibited the germination of Galt barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) seeds in petri dish germination trials. Neither the polysaccharide nor protein fractions of fresh manure extract inhibited germination. Germination was inhibited similarly by a 1,000‐ppm solution of bile salts or by fresh manure extract. It is concluded that the major toxic principle in aqueous manure extracts that inhibits the germination of barley seeds consists of bile salts at concentrations in excess of 200 ppm.
Compounds of Zinc and Copper in Sewage Sludge Determined by Electron Spectroscopy
Authors: Cothern C. R. , Grote R. F. , Moddeman W. E. , Ritter C. J. , Zamierowski E. E.
Published: July 2010

Electron Spectroscopy for Chemical Analysis (ESCA) was used to provide information concerning the chemical bonding of zinc and copper present in the sludge obtained from the Dayton, Ohio sewage treatment plant. The binding energy of the Zn 2p3/2 electron in sludge when placed under a vacuum of 10−7 Torr was 1023.8 ± 0.2 eV and the binding energy of the Cu 2p3/2 electron in the sludge under similar conditions was 937.2 ± 0.3 eV. These energies are characteristic of both Zn and Cu being in the positive two oxidation state. The electronegativity of the ligand attached to either of these metals was found to be 3.5 ± 0.1 on the Pauling scale. This indicates that Zn and Cu exist in similar compounds, that the ligand binding site is oxygen, and that the possible compounds include carbonate, carboxylate, phosphate, nitrate, silicate, and/or oxide. ESCA, when used in conjunction with other methods, offers excellent potential for more specifically identifying the chemical form of metal in sludge or sludge mixtures.
Changes in Inorganic Nitrogenous Compounds from Septic Tank Effluent in a Soil with a Fluctuating Water Table
Authors: Reneau R. B.
Published: July 2010

Changes in NH4+, NO2−, and NO3− were monitored in situ during 1972, 1973, 1974, and 1975 in a Virginia Coastal Plain soil with a fluctuating water table. Samples of soil solution above and in a very slowly permeable plinthic horizon were analyzed for the above‐mentioned inorganic N fractions. Ammonium‐N in solution above the plinthic horizon decreased with increased distance from the drainfield in the direction of ground water flow. This decrease ranged from 23 to 4 µg/ml at 0.15 and 12.0 m from the drainfield, respectively. Decreased NH4+ was attributed to the processes of adsorption and nitrification. Nitrite and NO3− concentrations did not change significantly with distance above the plinthic horizon, but did accumulate in the plinthic material beginning at a 1.27‐m distance from the drainfield. Nitrification adjacent to the drainfield was possibly inhibited by the high oxygen demand, high NH4+ content, and general anaerobic conditions present. Nitrification above the plinthic horizon was apparently related to distance from the drainfield and fluctuations in the water table level. In this zone nitrification appeared to be followed by denitrification when NO3− moved into a more anaerobic zone or when higher water table levels resulted in inundation of the original zone of nitrification. Areas where denitrification was postulated to occur had redox potentials of approximately +200 mV (adjusted to 25C and pH 7.0). Nitrite and NO3− that moved into the plinthic horizon apparently did not undergo denitrification since conditions in this horizon are unfavorable for the biological denitrification process.
Effect of Selective Dissolution, Electrolytes, Aeration, and Sterilization on Technetium‐99 Sorption by Soils
Authors: Landa Edward R. , Thorvig Lisa (Hart) , Gast Robert G.
Published: July 2010

The objective of this study was to determine the extent that technetium‐99, a long‐lived beta‐emitting radionuclide, might be sorbed from aqueous solution by 11 well‐characterized soils, and to elucidate the sorption mechanisms involved. About 98% of the added 99Tc was sorbed within a period of 2 to 5 weeks by 8 of the 11 soils. The slow kinetics observed and the removal of trace quantities of 99Tc from solution in the presence of large amounts of chloride and phosphate tend to rule out anion exchange as the sorption mechanism. The lack of sorption exhibited by the low organic matter soils, the reduction in sorption following H2O2 digestion of the soil, and the high recoveries of sorbed 99Tc on extraction with NaOH suggest a role for the living and/or nonliving organic fraction of the soil. Sterilization of previously sorbing soils eliminated the sorption ability, indicating a microbial role in the process. Results of aeration experiments were ambiguous but suggest that anaerobic conditions are not a prerequisite for 99Tc sorption by soils.
Lead Distribution in the Cape Fear River Estuary
Authors: Baier Rodger W.
Published: July 2010

Water and mud samples collected during 1973 and 1974 from the Cape Fear River, the region of its plume, and adjacent slope waters were analyzed for lead (Pb) by anodic stripping voltammetry and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Partitioning among adsorbed, strongly complexed, and electroactive states of Pb in seawater was estimated by filtration and voltammetric analyses at two pH levels.

A significant fraction of the Pb present was found to be complexed in river water, but was dissociated upon mixing with shelf water. The concentration of Pb in offshore sediment decreased with increasing grain size. All concentrations of Pb found in the Cape Fear River estuary were well below recognized lethal values for aquatic life.
Effect of Redox Potential and pH on the Uptake of Cadmium and Lead by Rice Plants
Authors: Reddy C. N. , Patrick W. H.
Published: July 2010

Redox potential and pH are two of the major factors influencing the mobilization and immobilization of heavy metals in flooded soils and sediments, and their availability to plants. A system developed for growing plants in soil suspensions where redox potential and pH can be controlled was used to study the uptake of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) by rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Uptake of Cd and Pb by root and shoot tissue, and their translocation from root to shoot, was determined at six different redox potentials (−200, −100, 0, +100, +200, and +400 mV) and four pH values (5, 6, 7, and 8). The effects of redox potential and pH on the levels of water‐soluble Cd and Pb in the soil suspensions were also studied. Almost all Cd entering the rice plants accumulated in the shoots. Total Cd uptake and shoot uptake increased with an increase in suspension redox potential and a decrease in pH. Water‐soluble Cd in the soil suspension was significantly correlated with total plant Cd and Cd uptake by shoot. Total Pb uptake, including Pb associated with the roots, decreased with an increase in suspension redox potential and pH. Uptake of Pb by shoot decreased with an increase in pH. No definite redox potential effect was found on Pb uptake by the shoot. Lead was less mobile than Cd in the rice plants and was primarily associated with the roots. Water‐soluble Pb decreased with an increase in redox potential and pH, and was significantly correlated with total plant Pb uptake and Pb uptake by shoot.
Physical Properties of Fly Ash‐Amended Soils
Authors: Chang A. C. , Lund L. J. , Page A. L. , Warneke J. E.
Published: July 2010

Fly ash from a coal‐fired power generating plant was mixed with five California soils at rates of 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, and 50.0% by volume. The physical properties related to the agronomic use of fly ash‐amended soils were characterized by determining water‐holding capacity, bulk density, hydraulic conductivity, and modulus of rupture on laboratory compacted soil cores. The moisture release characteristics of each mixture were also determined. Results indicated that a small amount of fly ash added to soils does appear to affect some measured physical properties of soils. At application rates > 25%, there was a consistent increase in water‐holding capacity (except a Domino loam soil), and a decrease in bulk density and modulus of rupture in all soils tested. The hydraulic conductivity increased with small amounts of fly ash, but declined rapidly as fly ash volume increased. Although fly ash application increased the water‐holding capacity of soils, the amount of water available to the plant did not change significantly. At a low applicant rate, fly ash amendment appeared useful in improving certain agronomic properties of soils.
Phosphate Removal from Sewage Water by Soil Columns
Authors: Lance J. C.
Published: July 2010

Phosphate (PO4‐P) removal from secondary sewage effluent by calcareous sand columns was proportional to the infiltration rate. Phosphate concentrations in drainage from columns, packed with a mixture of sand from recharge basins and sand never previously exposed to sewage water, were below 1 ppm for over 200 days, increased, and finally leveled off at different concentrations, depending upon the infiltration rate. The equilibrium PO4‐P concentration could be increased or decreased by increasing or decreasing the infiltration rate. Evidently, PO4‐P was initially adsorbed by a reaction independent of flow velocity or retention time and, when this adsorption capacity was reached, PO4‐P was removed by a time‐dependent adsorption or precipitation reaction. The rapid response to either increases or decreases in infiltration rate suggested a precipitation reaction. The PO4‐P removal continued after application of 250 m of sewage water and 60,000 kg/ha PO4‐P during 7 years of flooding. Removal of 75–80% of the PO4‐P applied in secondary sewage effluent continued when the infiltration rate was maintained below 15 cm/day. Bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon) greatly increased PO4‐P concentrations in column effluent samples.
A Field Study of the Agricultural Use of Sewage Sludge: I. Effect on Crop Yield and Uptake of N and P
Authors: Kelling K. A. , Peterson A. E. , Walsh L. M. , Ryan J. A. , Keeney D. R.
Published: July 2010

Anaerobically digested liquid sewage sludge was applied to field plots at rates of 0, 3.75, 7.5, 15, 30, and 60 metric tons dry solids/ha on a Warsaw sandy loam and a Piano silt loam during the summer of 1971. Additional experiments were established at both locations in 1972 and 1973 using the same treatment rates. Following sludge application the 1971 and 1972 trials were planted to rye (Secale cereale L.). After rye forage harvest the following spring, the residual crop responses were tested with corn (Zea mays L.) on the 1971 and 1972 experimental areas for up to 3 years. The 1973 plots were initially cropped to sorghum‐sudan (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench × S. sudanese P. Stapf.) followed by 1 year of corn.

Yields of the first crop following sludge application typically increased significantly up to the 7.5‐metric ton/ha rate on the silt loam soil, and up to the 15‐metric tons/ha rate on the sandy loam soil. This corresponded to an application of 190 and 380 kg/ha of available N, and 183 and 366 kg/ha of total P for the 7.5 and 15 metric tons/ha rates, respectively. In some cases, the 30‐ and 60‐metric tons/ha rates depressed the first crop yields, possibly because of large amounts of soluble salts in the sludge. Residual benefits from sludge were evident for at least 3 years at the higher treatment rates.

Increasing rates of sludge generally resulted in marked increases in the concentration of N and P in plant tissue. Total recovery by up to four successive crops averaged about 50% for available N and 7% for P at the low treatment rate, and about 14% for N and 3% for P at the highest treatment rate.
Cadmium Accumulation in Plants and Animals of Polluted and Nonpolluted Grasslands
Authors: Munshower Frank F.
Published: July 2010

Cadmium concentrations in soils, plants, and animals from two sites in southwestern Montana were determined. Primary emphasis was placed upon agriculturally important plants and animals. One of the sites had a history of pollution from a smelter complex, while the second had no history of industrial contamination.

Determination of extractable Cd in soils collected at intervals along a line from the smelter to the polluted study site showed that this smelter was probably the source of the high soil Cd levels. Soils, plants, and animals from the polluted study area showed marked elevations in Cd concentrations compared to the nonpolluted site. Average Cd levels in vegetative samples from polluted and nonpolluted areas were: grasses (Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn. and Stipa comata Trin. & Rupr.), 1.72 and 0.07; alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), 0.83 and 0.06; and barley grain (Hordeum vulgare L.), 0.65 and 0.08 ppm, respectively. Average levels in animal tissues were: cattle liver, 0.34 and 0.06; cattle kidney, 1.67 and 0.22; swine liver, 0.24 and 0.14; swine kidney, 0.99 and 0.39 ppm Cd from the polluted and nonpolluted sites, respectively.
Behavior of Anionic Surfactants in a Soil‐Sewage Effluent System
Authors: Acher A. J. , Yaron B.
Published: July 2010

The adsorption of three anionic surfactants (sodium lauryl sulfate—NaLS, dodecyl benzene sulfonate sodium salt—DDBS, and linear alkyl aryl sulfonate—LAS) from water and sewage effluent was tested on a sandy regosol and a clay grumusol. The methylene blue active substances (MBAS) method was used to follow up the anionic surfactants concentration. When the surfactants were applied to the soil in aqueous solutions, the affinity of the soil for surfactants increased in the order DDBS < LAS < NaLS. The microbial attack during the adsorption process from the sewage effluent confounded the results, giving an apparent higher soil adsorption capacity. In both cases, the adsorption isotherms were linear in the range of concentrations tested, the accumulation being affected by the type of soil. The NaLS adsorbed on the soil could not be released when it was applied either from the water or the sewage effluent. The DDBS and LAS were released at different ratios and the desorption rate was dependent on its initial concentration.
Heavy Metals Transport Model in a Sludge‐treated Soil
Authors: Sidle R. C. , Kardos L. T. , van Genuchten M. Th.
Published: July 2010

A transport model was developed to study the movement of Cu, Zn, and Cd in a forest soil. Adsorption of cationic forms of these metals by the soil was described by Freundlich adsorption isotherms. Two slug inputs of heavy metals were introduced during the first 37 days and between the 168th and 196th days of the 17‐ month simulation period. The transport model based on the adsorption of cationic forms of Cu, Zn, and Cd severely underpredicted the movement of these metals in both the 15‐ and 120‐cm percolate when compared to previously observed field data. With the addition of assumed levels of less highly adsorbed chelated components to the model, percolate metal concentrations were roughly predicted at the 15‐cm depth. However, data generated by the partitioned (chelate component) model also underpredicted movement of heavy metals to the 120‐cm depth, indicating that transport processes other than accelerated movement of chelated compounds, such as “channelization”, may be involved in the field.
Ecological Effects of Highway Construction Upon Michigan Woodlots and Wetlands: Soil Relationships
Authors: McLeese R. L. , Whiteside E. P.
Published: July 2010

Ecological effects of recent highway construction on soils, hydrology, vegetation, and wildlife have been cooperatively evaluated for some common woodland and wetland types in central lower Michigan. A report on the soils portion of those Michigan Department of State Highways‐sponsored studies follows.

Five woodland and five wetland areas representative of common situations encountered in highway location and planning studies were selected for analysis. A soil inventory was prepared for each area and the highway's impact on the soils was determined. The most significant effects of highway construction on the soil environment were the erosion of soil materials and the alteration of natural soil drainage conditions.

Wetland areas are most sensitive to highway construction activities. Natural soil drainage conditions and circulation patterns are easily disrupted at these sites.

Methods for predicting potential soil loss and potential changes in natural soil drainage conditions due to highway construction activities are suggested. The soil management group and unit designations used in Michigan are useful in making ecological impact predictions.

A soil map of each proposed highway corridor or alternative right‐of‐way should be available early in planning of proposed highway construction. The soil map can be useful in predicting construction impact on the associated hydrology, plants, and animals in the area. These, in turn, are basic information in evaluating the economic and social impacts of the proposed route on the communities involved.
Pollutant Contributions from Irrigation Surface Return Flows
Authors: Miller W. W. , Guitjens J. C. , Mahannah C. N. , Joung H. M.
Published: July 2010

The purpose of this investigation was to examine the causes and sources of irrigation surface return flow pollution and the interrelationships among pollution constituents. Irrigation applications and surface return flows were metered, net applied water was computed, and the volume of infiltrated water was determined at four sites in the Carson Valley of Nevada during the 1974–75 irrigation seasons. Concentrations of TDS, BOD, NO3‐N, TN, PO4‐P, and TP were combined with flow volumes to compute the change in surface loading per irrigation and seasonally. Of those parameters studied, the major pollutants contributed by irrigation surface return flows were BOD and PO4‐P, ranging from 13.6–52 kg/ha and 1.5–3.0 kg/ha, respectively. Minor contributions of TP (0.4 kg/ha) were recorded only at Site 3 during 1975. Multiple regression equations were determined in 1975 for concentrations of BOD as functions of the variables NO3‐N, TN, PO4‐P, and TP, and for DOd/DOs as a function of temperature and BOD. F‐tests for all multiple regressions were significant. BOD = f(TN, TP) appeared the best predictor. Regression coefficients were significant at the 99% level (t‐test) and R2 values ranged from 0.51 to 0.74. The coefficients of regression for DOd/DOs = f(temperature, BOD) were also significant at the 99% level; however, the R2 was only 0.30. It may be necessary to include a rate factor to obtain greater predictability of such a relationship. Differences in water quality and load computations between the two years was attributed, in part, to changes in water quantities.
Aqueous‐ and Sediment‐phase Phosphorus Yields from Five Southern Pine Watersheds
Authors: Duffy P. D. , Schreiber J. D. , Mc Clurkin D. C. , Mc Dowell L. L.
Published: July 2010

Stormflow from five reforested watersheds (1.5 to 2.8 ha) in northern Mississippi was analyzed during the 1974 water year (Oct. 1973 to Sept. 1974) for phosphorus (P) in solution and in association with suspended sediments. Samples were collected for each storm with Coshocton wheel samplers set below 0.91‐m H‐flumes. For the year, mean concentration of total P in solution was 0.027 mg/liter for the five watersheds. Of this, 45% was hydrolyzable P, 33% ortho‐P, and 22% organic P. Sediment total P concentrations ranged from 274 to 1,067 µg/g and were 2.0 to 8.9 times that in the watershed soils. Increased concentration of P in suspended sediment relative to soil is attributed to selective erosion of fine sediments and/or deposition of coarse sediments in transport. For the five watersheds, solution total P yield during the water year averaged 88 g/ha; whereas sediment total P yield averaged 210 g/ha and accounted for 64 to 76% of the sediment plus solution P yield.
Potential Use of Finely Disintegrated Iron Pyrite in Sodic and Iron‐Deficient Soils
Authors: Vlek P. L. G. , Lindsay W. L.
Published: July 2010

The rate of chemical oxidation of iron pyrite in water was measured as a function of particle size. Reducing the particle size greatly increased the rate of oxidation. For pyrite > 250 µm, the pH of the solution leveled off at 5 after 6 hours while the clay size pyrite dropped to pH 4 within 24 hours.

Application of pyrite to a slightly sodic, iron‐deficient, loamy sand soil from Colorado changed several soil properties during a 2‐mo incubation period. In these studies, pyrite was applied at 1% initially with an additional 1% after 1 mo. The soil/water ratio was 1:2. When clay size pyrite was used, the pH of the soil decreased from 8.3 to 7.8 after 1 mo and to 5.7 after 2 mo. The coarser pyrite decreased the pH only slightly. No significant change in the composition of exchangeable ions occurred during the first month, but the composition had changed sufficiently after 2 mo to flocculate the clay. The DTPA‐extractable iron increased from 1.5 to 64 ppm for the finest pyrite treatment during 1 mo, copper doubled, and manganese quadrupled during this period. Finely disintegrated pyrite may be useful for reclaiming slightly sodium‐affected soils or for providing slow release available iron.
Trace Metal Distributions among the Humic Acid, the Fulvic Acid, and Precipitable Fractions Extracted with NaOH from Sewage Sludges
Authors: Holtzclaw Kenneth M. , Keech D. A. , Page A. L. , Sposito Garrison , Ganje T. J. , Ball N. B.
Published: July 2010

The distribution of Al, Cd, Cu, Fe, Ni, and Zn among the humic acid, fulvic acid, and precipitable (by adjustment of pH) fractions extracted with 0.5N NaOH from four representative sewage sludges was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. It was found that most of the Al and, with one exception, most of the Fe and Zn were precipitable from the extracted solutions by adjustment of pH in unit intervals between 2.5 and 10.5. Almost all of the Cu was associated with the humic acid fraction. Cd and Ni tended to be associated with the precipitable fraction and with the fulvic acid fraction. Data on the amount of each metal remaining in the extracted solutions as a function of pH suggested that Cd, Ni, and Zn would tend to be the more mobile trace metals in soils affected by application of the sludges investigated.
Uptake of Cadmium from Phosphate Fertilizers by Peas, Radishes, and Lettuce
Authors: Reuss J. O. , Dooley H. L. , Griffis William
Published: July 2010

Cadmium uptake from phosphate fertilizers by radish (Raphanus sativus L.), lettuce (Latuca sativa L.), and garden peas (Pisum sativum L.) was investigated in the greenhouse. Fertilizer in all treatments was applied at the rate of 100 µg P/g soil to pots containing 4 kg soil. When reagent grade mono‐calcium phosphate was used as a P source on a coarse‐textured acid soil, Cd contents of edible radish roots and tops were < 0.4 µg/g dry weight; while the Cd content of lettuce, and pea seeds and foliage was < 0.2 µg/g. The use of concentrated superphosphate (CSP) containing 174 µg Cd/g resulted in plant Cd levels of 2.4, 3.4, 6.3, 0.9, and 0.5 µg/g for radish roots, radish tops, lettuce, pea seeds and pea foliage, respectively. On a medium‐textured calcareous soil the use of this CSP increased the Cd content of radish tops from 0.8 to 1.4 µg/g, while in lettuce the increase was from 0.8 to 1.2 µg/g. The effect on radish roots from calcareous soil was nonsignificant. Pea seeds and foliage on this soil were below our Cd detection limit of 0.2 µg/g. Uptake on both soils was a linear function of the Cd content of the fertilizer.

With the acid soil, uptake of Cd from CSP was essentially the same when the fertilizer was placed in a spot 5 cm below the seed as when mixed with the soil. Di‐ammonium phosphate (DAP) containing 157 µg Cd/g resulted in similar uptake to the CSP when mixed with the soil, but spot placement of DAP almost completely eliminated Cd uptake from the fertilizer. In the calcareous soil spot placement increased Cd uptake from the CSP fertilizer but slightly depressed uptake from DAP.
The Movement of Sewage Effluent through Soil Columns: The Major Ions (Na, Ca, Mg, Cl, and SO4)
Authors: de Jong E.
Published: July 2010

Sewage effluent was leached through columns of the A, B, and C horizons of a loamy sand, and the A horizon of a clay. Neither temperature (7, 13, or 18°C) nor method of application (flood or trickle irrigation) affected the passage of sodium, calcium, magnesium, chloride, and sulfate ions. The breakthrough curves differed considerably from theoretical curves. The anions appeared much earlier in the leachate of the columns than predicted due to incomplete mixing between the sewage effluent and the soil solution. The breakthrough curves of the cations were affected by the incomplete mixing, the initial levels of the exchangeable and soluble cations, and the increase in the sum of exchangeable (Na + K + Ca + Mg).
Ammonia Volatilization from Sewage Sludge Applied in the Field
Authors: Beauchamp E. G. , Kidd G. E. , Thurtell G.
Published: July 2010

Volatilization of ammoniacal nitrogen from newly applied anaerobically digested sewage sludge was measured in the field using an aerodynamic method in May and Oct. for 5‐ and 7‐day periods, respectively. Sludge was applied in a circular area of 0.405 ha at rates of 116,480 kg/ha (150 kg NH4+‐N/ha) and 134,400 kg/ha (89 kg NH4+‐N/ha) in the May and Oct. experiments, respectively. Windspeed and atmospheric ammoniacal N was measured at 10, 50, 100, and 150 cm above the soil surface providing time averaged vertical profiles at the center of the area from which ammoniacal N flux was estimated. Flux was determined on the premise that NH3 molecules leaving a horizontal surface must be carried through a vertical plane by horizontal air flow.

Fluxes generally followed a diurnal pattern with maximums occurring at about midday. Flux generally decreased with time in an exponential manner. Thus, the “half life” of ammoniacal N applied in the sludge was 3.6 and 5.0 days for the May and Oct. experimental periods, respectively. Of several meteorological variables measured, air temperature appeared to be most closely related to flux rate especially in the two or three days following application. It was estimated that, during the 5‐day experimental period in May, 60% of the 150 kg ammoniacal N/ha applied in sludge was volatilized. During the 7‐day experimental period in Oct. 56% of the 89 kg ammoniacal N/ha applied was volatilized.

Sampling the sludge layer and soil beneath it during and after the Oct. experimental period resulted in considerable variability in ammoniacal N estimates and, hence, in volatilization estimates.
Chemical Composition of Feedlot Manure
Authors: Ward G. M. , Muscato T. V. , Hill D. A. , Hansen R. W.
Published: July 2010

Manure samples were collected over a 10‐mo period from a feedlot with conventional pens and pens in which about one‐half the surface was covered with concrete. Samples were collected from the front, middle, and rear of each pen for each sampling period.

The average percentages of 139 samples on a dry matter basis were: dry matter, 58.5; ash, 37.0; total N, 2.32; neutral detergent fiber, 45.9; acid detergent fiber, 39.7; hemicellulose, 6.29; cellulose, 9.78; lignin, 7.67; and ADF insoluble ash, 25.3. Average pH was 7.09. The average percentages on a dry matter basis for 63 manure samples were: P, 0.54; K, 1.35; Ca, 1.88; and Na, 0.51.

Samples collected from concrete surfaces were 12.2% lower in ash because of less mising with soil. Effects of residence time of manure in the feedlot did not have a predictable effect upon composition because of the mixed influence of temperature, feedlot rations, and depth of the manure pack.
Erosional Removal of Fallout Plutonium from a Large Midwestern Watershed
Authors: Sprugel Douglas G. , Bartelt Gordon E.
Published: July 2010

The Great Miami River at Sidney, Ohio, drains a 1,401‐km2 watershed which is generally flat and predominantly agricultural. Samples of river water collected over a wide range of flow and sediment loading conditions showed that the concentrations of 239,240Pu in filtered water and suspended sediment were fairly constant, with means of 0.15 fCi/liter for water and 14 fCi/g for suspended sediment. Plutonium concentrations in suspended sediment are somewhat higher than plow‐layer soil concentrations, probably due to settling of larger soil particles in ponds and backwaters in the upper reaches of the river.

Annual plutonium transport from the watershed by erosion averages 1.2 mCi, or 0.9 pCi/m2, which is about 0.05% of the total plutonium in the watershed soil. The primary mechanism for plutonium removal is erosion of small soil particles to which the element is sorbed.
Elimination of Fecal Coliform Bacteria from Soil Irrigated with Municipal Sewage Lagoon Effluent
Authors: Bell R. G. , Bole J. B.
Published: July 2010

Unchlorinated sewage lagoon effluent was applied to a stand of reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea L.) each week at a rate equal to the weekly difference between evapotranspiration and precipitation of the preceding week, about 4.5 cm. Most of the fecal coliforms applied in the effluent were retained in the surface 8 cm of the Brown Cavendish loamy sand. During two growth periods preceding first and second harvests, when effluent was applied at weekly intervals, no bulldup of coliforms occurred in the surface soil nor did they penetrate the profile below 69 cm. Die‐off of the fecal coliforms occurred in two phases: an initial rapid phase in which 90% of the bacteria died within 48 hours of irrigation and a subsequent slower decline over about 2 weeks as the remaining 10% were eliminated. The results are interpreted as indicating that the soil no longer constitutes a serious public health hazard for enteric diseases of bacterial etiology 2 weeks after irrigation with sewage lagoon effluent.
Phosphate Adsorption‐Desorption Characteristics of Suspended Sediments in the Maumee River Basin of Ohio
Authors: Green Dan B. , Logan Terry J. , Smeck Neil E.
Published: July 2010

Phosphorus (P) adsorption‐desorption characteristics of Maumee River Basin suspended sediments were compared with those of Basin soils and stream bottom sediments. Suspended sediment contained more total P than either soils or bottom sediments. The increase in total P over soils is attributed to enrichment of P in sediment by selective erosion of fine particles and adsorption of P during fluvial transport. The suspended sediment had higher adsorption maxima than Basin soils but lower than bottom sediments and had lower adsorption energies than either soils or bottom sediments. Calcite content of the suspended sediments was positively correlated with total P, EPC (equilibrium P concentration) and P desorbed and negatively correlated with adsorption energy, implying that, although calcite is a sink for P, the adsorption is weak compared with other sites for P adsorption such as hydrous oxides of Fe and Al.
Inhibition of Photosynthesis and Nitrogen Fixation in Algae by Volatile Nitrogen Bases
Authors: Mosier A. R.
Published: July 2010

Pure‐culture studies were conducted to determine the effect of short‐chain aliphatic amines and ammonia on photosynthesis by a green alga, Chlorella ellipsoidea, and a blue‐green alga, Anabaena subcylindrica, and on the nitrogennse activity by A. subcylindrica. The aliphatic amines (1 to 5 carbons) and ammonia decreased C. ellipsoidea O2 production 50% at concentrations ranging from 1.2 × 10−9 to 23.5 × 10−9 µg free amine N/cell and 160 × 10−9 µg free ammonia N/cell, respectively. Amine (1 to 6 carbons) concentrations, ranging from 3.0 × 10−9 to 25.8 × 10−8 µg free amine N/cell, decreased A. subcylindrica O2 production and N3 fixation 50% (as estimated by the acetylene reduction technique). Ammonia concentrations of 12 to 2,510 and 14 to 1,220 times greater than any single amine concentration were needed to decrease A. subcylindrica O2 production or acetylene reduction by 50%, respectively. The effect of the chemicals on C. ellipsoidea was reversible and depended on pH and free amine concentration.
Paraquat Sorption as a Function of Particle Size in Natural Sediments
Authors: Karickhoff Samuel W. , Brown David S.
Published: July 2010

The distribution of sorbed paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bypyiridinium ion) as a function of particle size (sand through clay) was determined on five natural sediments. Paraquat concentrations in individual size fractions varied as much as two orders of magnitude within a given sediment, showing a pronounced preference for the fine silt and clay fractions. Adsorption isotherms were measured for individual size separates on one sediment. Paraquat distributions in the whole sediment agreed well with those computed using the isotherm coefficients determined on individual size separates. Paraquat sorbs by ion exchange, and sorption partition coefficients showed a definite correlation with the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of individual size fractions. However, exchange sites in different fractions differed in their effectiveness in sorbing paraquat, with the fine silt and clay exchange sites being more effective than those of the larger separates.

In pure clay suspensions (hectorite and montmorillonite), sorbed paraquat did not distribute uniformly throughout the clay particle size range. The concentration peaked in the mid‐size range (0.065‐0.44 µm, equivalent Stokes radii) and decreased uniformly in the larger and smaller particle sizes. Peak concentrations were two to five times those of the less sorbing components. Because no corresponding trend was found in NH4+‐measured CEC's, exchange sites in the median clay particle size ranges seemed to be more “effective” in sorbing paraquat than the extreme size ranges.

UV spectra of paraquat in a hectorite suspension revealed that, after 4 hours of centrifuging at 20,000 rpm, >50% of the paraquat remaining in the suspended (water) phase was sorbed on particulates not removed by centrifugation. Therefore, for highly sorbed compounds such as paraquat, conventional phase separation techniques for measuring sorption may not distinguish sorbed vs. “free” compounds.
Response of Coliform Populations in Poultry Waste Digesters to Three Insecticides
Authors: Ballington P. E. , Skipper H. D. , Hegg R. O.
Published: July 2010

This investigation was initiated to determine if three insecticides could be responsible for die‐offs of E. coli in poultry waste digesters. A pure culture and a digester effluent slurry system were used to test several concentrations of dimethoate, dichlorvos (organophosphates), and carbaryl (carbamate) against E. coli and other enteric coliforms. Dimethoate and dichlorvos were used individually at concentrations of 0, 100, 1,000, and 10,000 ppmv (ppm by vol), and combined at concentrations of 0+0, 50+50, 500+500, and 5,000+5,000 ppmv. Carbaryl (1‐naphthyl N‐methylcarbamate) was used at 0, 1, and 40 ppmv concentrations. Dimethoate [O,O‐dimethyl S‐(N‐methylcarbamoylmethyl) phosphorodithioate] and dichlorvos (2,2‐dichlorvinyl dimethyl phosphate) at 1,000 ppmv caused a significant decrease in E. coli, and the highest concentrations resulted in a complete die‐off of E. coli in the pure culture system. Carbaryl had no effects on E. coli in the pure culture study and was not used in the effluent slurry study. In the effluent slurry, dimethoate and dichlorvos at 100 and 1,000 ppmv did not significantly reduce coliform populations. Dimethoate, dichlorvos, and the combined insecticides at 10,000 ppmv caused a >90% die‐off of the coliforms.
Effects of Trace Elements on Nitrification in Soils
Authors: Liang C. N. , Tabatabai M. A.
Published: July 2010

Studies to evaluate the effects on nitrification of 19 trace elements showed that all these elements inhibited nitrification of NH4+‐N added to soils. Results showed that the relative effectiveness of the trace elements in inhibition of nitrification depends on the soils. When the trace elements were compared to using 5 µmoles/g of soil, Ag(I), Hg(II), Cd(II), Ni(II), As(III), Cr(III), B(III), Al(III), Se(IV), and Mo(VI) were the most effective inhibitors (average inhibition >50%), and Mn(II) and Pb(II) the least effective (average inhibition <25%) inhibitors. The average inhibition by the other elements studied [Co(II), Cu(II), Sn(II), Fe(II), Zn(II), Fe(III), V(IV), and W(VI)] ranged from 33% with W(VI) to 49% with Fe(III), Silver(I), Ni(II), Co(II), Zn(II), Mn(II), Pb(II), As(III), B(III), Fe(III), As(V), Mo(VI), and W(VI) inhibited Nitrobacter, causing accumulation of NO2−‐N in one of the soils used.
Physical, Chemical, and Mineralogical Properties of Fluvial Unconsolidated Bottom Sediments in Northwestern Ohio
Authors: Wall G. J. , Wilding L. P. , Smeck N. E.
Published: July 2010

Fluvial unconsolidated bottom sediments that have the potential to become part of the suspended sediment load in the Maumee River Basin, Ohio, ranged in texture from sandy loams to clays. Particle size analysis by water dispersion and electrolyte dispersion procedures revealed that an average of 34% of the total clay fraction was aggregated into the silt and sand‐sized range, indicating that the coarser fraction of bottom sediments may be physically‐chemically active. The water‐dispersible clay was lower in mica but higher in expandable 14Å (smectite) and quartz constituents than the electrolyte‐dispersible clay. The mineralogy of clay‐sized bottom sediments (mica, 65 ± 5%; chlorite‐vermiculite, 12 ± 5%; quartz, 14 ± 5%; expandable 14Å (smectite) and kaolinite, 5 ± 5%) from upstream agricultural drainage ditches, major Basin tributaries, and from the Maumee River are essentially identical.

The 2‐ to 50‐µm fraction was dominated by quartz with secondary amounts of mica, kaolinite, feldspars, and carbonates. Mean calcite, dolomite, and calcium carbonate equivalent values were 4.1, 3.4, and 7.8%, respectively. Calcite dissolution in transport is probable on the basis of observed calcite‐dolomite ratios.

Organic matter content of the fluvial bottom sediments (3 to 7%) was analogous to Lake Erie bottom sediments and Maumee River suspended sediments. CEC values ranged from 39 to 55 meq/100 g for the total clay fraction collected by electrolyte and water dispersion procedures. Enrichment of heavy metals of bottom sediments over surficial soil materials occurred for Cu, Ni, Zn, Ca, and Pb by factors of 1.6, 2.0, 2.3, 3.5, and 3.0, respectively. Traces of herbicides (atrazine, 2‐4‐D) and insecticides (DDT metabolites, endosulfan) were detected in the filtered stream water samples and bottom sediment materials.

Downstream trends in selected physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties could not be related to increased urban influences or increased stream discharge.
Water Relations of Cadmium‐Treated Plants
Authors: Kirkham M. B.
Published: July 2010

Turgor pressures, stomatal resistances, and transpiration rates were measured during a 50‐day period in leaves of chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat. ‘Indianapolis White’) plants grown in nutrient solution with 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1.0 µg/ml Cd added as CdSO4. At harvest, dry weight and Cd concentrations in roots, stems, and leaves were determined. Leaf abscission occurred on Cd‐treated plants. Turgor pressures were highest in plants grown with 0.01 µg/ml Cd and lower in plants treated with 0, 0.1, and 1.0 µg/ml Cd. Stomatal resistances were lowest in plants grown with 0.01 µg/ml Cd and progressively higher in plants treated with 0, 0.1, and 1.0 µg/ml Cd. Results indicated that quantities of Cd permitted in irrigation water in the United States (0.05 µg/ml) might be detrimental to growth because of reduced turgor pressure and increased stomatal resistance.
Laboratory and Field Mineralization of Nitrogen from Fermentation Residues
Authors: Wright W. R.
Published: July 2010

The proper disposal of organic wastes is one of our most pressing problems. Applications of these materials to agricultural land are becoming increasingly popular and information concerning nitrogen mineralization rates is necessary to ensure sufficient nitrogen for optimum plant growth and to prevent ground water contamination. The objectives of this study were to determine the nitrogen mineralization rate of an industrial fermentation waste and to relate rate of land application to potential leaching of mineralized nitrogen. Mineralization rates were determined by incubating soil‐waste mixtures at 35°C in leaching tubes and periodically extracting the mineralized nitrogen with 0.01M CaCl2. Fermentation wastes, obtained from the production of various antibiotics and organic acids, were also applied to field plots at rates of 0, 112, and 224 dry metric tons/ha. Soil samples were obtained periodically at predetermined depths and extracted with 2N KCl for the determination of mineral‐N. Under optimum conditions in the laboratory between 55 and 95% of the organic nitrogen added was mineralized in a 24‐week period. Approximately 50% of the mineralization occurred during the first 2 weeks of incubation. Available nitrogen concentrations in field plots exceeded 100 ppm at the 45‐cm depth for both the 112‐ and 224‐metric ton/ha rates during the late summer of the year of application. Levels of available nitrogen in treated plots were not appreciably different from the check during the second year.
Effect of Sewage Lagoon Effluent on the Concentration of Fluorescent and Denitrifying Bacteria in a High Plains River
Authors: Cranston G. N. , Adams J. C.
Published: July 2010

Fecal coliforms, fluorescent bacteria, and denitrifying bacteria were enumerated in a high plains river and in the effluent from sewage lagoons before and after entrance into the river for a period of 13 months from June 1973 through June 1974. All bacterial groups increased at least 100‐fold during the winter in the effluent from the lagoons. Thirty isolates of denitrifying bacteria obtained during the winter were determined to belong in the genus Pseudomonas. The vast majority of these isolates were psychrophilic.
Incorporation of Nonsegregated, Noncomposted Solid Waste and Soil Physical Properties
Authors: Webber L. R.
Published: July 2010

Field experiments were conducted at Guelph, Ontario, to determine the effects of applying as much as 376 metric tons/ha of raw, nonsegregated, shredded solid waste plus 4.6 cm of anaerobically digested sewage sludge on soil physical properties, soil nitrogen and carbon, and the yield of corn grain (Zea mays L.).

Shredded waste and sewage sludge were applied to plots in July 1971 and again in August 1973. Corn was grown in 1972, 1974, 1975, and 1976 with chemical fertilizer being applied the last 2 years. Physical determinations were made on soil samples collected prior to corn planting in 1976.

Soil C and N and water‐stable aggregation increased, while bulk density decreased with increments of solid waste added. Soil moisture, expressed volumetrically (cm3/cm3) and retained at pressures of 0.04, 0.33, and 15 bars and available water, was not significantly affected by waste additions. No consistent relationship appeared to exist between kinds and amounts of wastes added and corn grain yields for four harvestings.