bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Translating and interpreting
Authors: Ekpenyong Effiong
Published: January 2011

Over the centuries, interaction between people of different linguistic backgrounds has thriven on the process of translating and interpreting. Wherever people have lived, these language-based activities have continued to promote communication among them, the barrier which the multiplicity of language has caused notwithstanding.

This paper takes a look at translating and interpreting within the context of their origin, status, audience, modus operandi, etc. Whereas translating involves the process of writing on paper and is based on a given text, interpreting takes place orally and is not based on any written text. Whereas translating allows for the documentation and preservation of material in a written form for future readers, interpreting takes place on the spot. Whereas translating calls for an audience of readers, interpreting calls for an audience of listeners.

The paper argues that though approached differently, the overall aim of translating and interpreting is to build a linguistic bridge among people and nations; to reduce the communication gap among them. It concludes that in spite of the operational variations their singular aim has always been semantics – the search for meaning between different linguistic parties in different settings. The psycholinguistic model serves as methodology.
English as an official language in South Korea
Authors: Song Jae Jung
Published: January 2011

In largely monolingual South Korea, English has become so important that it is promoted and regarded as a major criterion in education, employment and job-performance evaluation. Recently, South Koreans have also gone so far as to debate whether to adopt English as an official language of South Korea. This article examines the status and role of English in South Korea, particularly in the context of the Official English debate. In so doing, the article critically discusses previous ideologically-based accounts of English in South Korea. By demonstrating that these accounts do not go ideologically deep enough, the article argues that education, under cover of the ideology of merit, serves as a primary mechanism of elimination that conserves the hierarchy of power relations already established in South Korean society. English has been recruited, in the guise of globalization, to exploit the meretricious ideology of merit to the advantage of the privileged classes and to the disadvantage of the other classes of the society. English in South Korea cannot be understood fully unless it is recognized that its importance has not been as much engendered by globalization as it has been resorted to as a subterfuge to conceal where the responsibility for inequality in education lies within the society.
Comment décorer votre chambre en faisant parler des animaux
Authors: Trachsler Richard
Published: January 2011

Le manuscrit conservé sous la cote Cod. Guelf. 84.7 Aug. 2o à la Bibliothèque Herzog August Bibliothek, à Wolfenbüttel, est constitué de 90 feuillets dont la plupart est occupée par des Demandes d’Amour et ces petits textes ludiques qu’on appelle des Venditions. Il contient, toutefois, également un autre texte un peu plus étrange, surmonté de la rubrique Pour paindre salle, chambre ou galerie, qui n’a pas eu l’heur d’attirer l’attention des critiques. Il s’agit d’une série de quatrains prononcés chacun par un animal qui, partant de ces propres caractéristiques, énonce une sentence générale. A en croire la rubrique, ce type de décoration était susceptible de figurer sur les parois des habitations. Dans la présente contribution, il s’agit de présenter quelques extraits de ce texte et de les comparer à la tradition littéraire antérieure dont s’inspirent les sentences et postérieure. Au XVI0 siècle on voit en effet apparaître des compositions de ce type qui associent, à des fins décoratives, un court texte rimé et une image, qui fait ici défaut.
A case of “cultural castration”?
Authors: Brems Elke
Published: January 2011

In his Belgian period, around the time of the Second World War, the famous literary scholar Paul de Man not only wrote his much discussed articles in the national socialist press, he also worked as a literary translator. As opposed to Paul de Man’s other writings, his work as a translator has received little scholarly attention. In this article I focus on De Man’s translation activity in the context of the complex cultural-political situation in Belgium during World War II. I analyse the link between poetics and politics in his French translation of the Dutch novel De soldaat Johan by the Belgian author Filip de Pillecyn (1939). The article undertakes both a contextualisation of De Man’s position and a textual analysis of his translation.
A model for Hebrew translation of British humor
Authors: Asscher Omri
Published: January 2011

The influence of translational norms on the translation of humor manifested in prose fiction has not been a focus of much research. This paper will try to establish the existence of an institutionalized strategy ofamplification, presumably born out of a wish to bridge the cultural gap reflected in two different national traditions of literary humor. The effect of amplification, as it is implemented in the various Hebrew translations of Charles Dickens’sThe Pickwick Papersand Jerome K. Jerome’sThree Men in a Boat, is analyzed on the basis of Attardo’s General Theory of Verbal Humor (Attardo 2001, 2002). The use of amplification as a model for the translation of humor from the beginning of the 20th century, and its diminishing currency from the 1980s onwards are also discussed.
Effects of Current upon Electrochemical Catalytic Reforming of Anisole
Authors: Xiong Jia-xing , Kan Tao , Li Xing-long , Ye Tong-qi , Li Quan-xin
Published: January 2011

The reforming of anisole (as model compound of bio-oil) was performed over the NiCuZn-Al2O3 catalyst, using a recently-developed electrochemical catalytic reforming (ECR). The influence of the current on the anisole reforming in the ECR process has been investigated. It was observed that anisole reforming was significantly enhanced by the current approached over the catalyst in the electrochemical catalytic process, which was due to the non-uniform temperature distribution in the catalytic bed and the role of the thermal electrons originating from the electrified wire. The maximum hydrogen yield of 88.7% with a carbon conversion of 98.3% was obtained through the ECR reforming of anisole at 700°C and 4 A. X-ray diffraction was employed to characterize catalyst features and their alterations in the anisole reforming. The apparent activation energy for the anisole reforming is calculated as 99.54 kJ/mol, which is higher than ethanol, acetic acid, and light fraction of bio-oil. It should owe to different physical and chemical properties and reforming mechanism for different hydrocarbons.
Photoreaction Behaviors of Two Liquid Crystalline Cinnamoyl Compounds with Different Phase in Solution and Mesomorphic States
Authors: Dong Xiao-ming , Guo Jin-bao , Wei Jie
Published: January 2011

A novel nematic liquid crystal compound containing a cinnamoyl moiety (PCPC) and a typically cholesteric liquid crystal cholesteryl cinnamate (CC) were synthesized to explore the mechanism ofcinnamoyl compounds, and the chemical structures of photodimerization were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectral analysis. The photoreaction behaviors of these two cinnamoyl compounds in mesomorphic state and solution were investigated, UV-Vis spectral analysis was used to analyze the photoproduct. The results show that the photochemistry of PCPC in nematic state involves both photodimerization and photoisomerization, while CC shows a complex reaction which can be divided into three parts, and this has enabled us to present new data and interpretations regarding the [2+2] photocycloaddition reaction. Additionally, the results of UV-Vis spectral analysis in solutions strongly suggest that UV-Vis spectral analysis can be used to study the kinetic behaviors of cinnamoyl moiety photoreaction.
Evolution Mechanism of Calcium Carbonate in Solution
Authors: Guo Ya-ping , Tang Hai-xiong , Zhou Yu , Jia De-chang , Ning Cong-qin , Guo Ya-jun
Published: January 2011

Calcium carbonate was synthesized in a CaCl2/NaCO3 mixed solution by using ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) as an additive. The thermodynamics and kinetics analyses indicate that although the driving force of amorphous calcium carbonate (ACC) precipitation is always less than that of calcite and vaterite precipitation, the nucleation rate of ACC is greater than that of calcite and vaterite at the initial stage of the precipitation reaction. With the increasing incubation time, vaterite and calcite particles nucleate heterogeneously by using the as-formed particles as active sites. Scanning electron microscopy images indicate that the transformation mechanism of ACC and vaterite to calcite is the dissolution-recrystallisation reaction. The presence of EDTA not only improves the stabilities of ACC and vaterite, but also leads to forming enlongated, connected rhombohedral calcite crystals after incubation 7 days in solutions. The ACC and vaterite are stabler in air than in solutions at room temperature, although the dissolution-recrystallisation reaction occurs on the surface.
Microphase Separation of Star-diblock Copolymer Films: a Dissipative Particle Dynamics Simulation
Authors: Xu Yi , Feng Jian , Chen Jie , Xiang Ming-hui , Song Xin-wang , Zhu Yang-wen
Published: January 2011

The microphase-separating behaviors of two types of star-diblock copolymers (Ax)4(By)4 and (AxBy)4 in thin films are studied using the simulation technique of dissipative particle dynamics. A variety of ordered mesostructures have been observed and the simulated phase diagrams show obvious symmetries for the (Ax)4(By)4 films and asymmetries for the (AxBy)4 films, besides, it is easier for the (Ax)4(By)4 than for the (AxBy)4 to carry out microphase separation under the same conditions, which has been recognized in bulk and can be ascribed to the structural difference between the two types of star copolymers. There are some correspondences between the mesostructures formed in the film and those formed in bulk at the same composition fraction. Decreasing the thickness of film and strengthening the A-B repulsion both help the mesostructures enhance the degree of order. Composition fraction dependences of the mean-square radius of gyration in the two types of star copolymer films are almost contrary, which can be attributed to the differences in their respective structures. These findings can provide a guide to designing novel microstructures involving star-diblock copolymers via geometrical confinement.
Electrospinning and its applications
Authors: Park Jun-Seo
Published: January 2011

Electrospinning is a process used to fabricate continuous nanoscale fibers with diameters in the sub-micrometer to nanometer range using a high-voltage power supply. Electrospun (e-spun) fibers and the non-woven webs manufactured from them have attracted considerable attention due to their outstanding characteristics, such as high porosity, small diameter, excellent pore interconnectivity and high surface-to-volume ratio. Because of the useful properties of e-spun fibers, many synthetic and natural polymers, including single and blended polymers, have been electrospun into fibers that can be employed in a variety of applications such as filtration and thermal insulation, and in the manufacture of protective clothing, sensors, conducting devices, wound dressings and scaffolds for tissue engineering. Utilizing the electrospinning technique and its product, some studies on its applications have been conducted in our lab. They included the fabrication of a conducting composite mat for electrical applications, an antibacterial web for a biomedical sector and PCM containing e-spun mat for energy storage.
Nanostructured optical thin films fabricated by oblique angle deposition
Authors: Sobahan K M A , Park Yong Jun , Kim Jin Joo , Shin You Suk , Kim Ji Bum , Hwangbo Chang Kwon
Published: January 2011

Oblique angle deposition (OAD) is a sophisticated technique to fabricate engineered nanostructured thin films for next generation optical nanodevices. In this technique, oblique angle deposition and substrate rotation are employed to control the columnar and helical nanostructures of thin films. The films deposited by this technique show the optical anisotropy, the porosity, or the chirality, depending on the controlled morphologies at the nano-scale. In this review paper, the nanostructured optical thin film devices, such as a circular polarization handedness inverter, a linear polarization-discriminatory inverter and the selective coatings on nanopatterns, are fabricated by electron beam evaporation using the OAD technique, and their optical and structural properties as nanooptical devices are described.
About the indexing of the structure of single-walled carbon nanotubes from resonant Raman scattering
Authors: Michel T , Paillet M , Zahab A , Nakabayashi D , Jourdain V , Parret R , Sauvajol J-L
Published: January 2011

We review the information that we have obtained from combined Raman spectroscopy and electron diffraction experiments on individual free-standing single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNT). From these data, we define Raman criteria allowing the indexing of SWNTs from their Raman features only and we show the efficiency of this approach in assigning the structure of individual carbon nanotubes. These results on index-identified individual SWNTs are compared with theoretical predictions.
Remarks on Lipschitz 𝑝-summing operators
Authors: Chen Dongyang , Zheng Bentuo
Published: January 2011

In this paper, a nonlinear version of the Extrapolation Theorem is proved and, as a corollary, a nonlinear version of Grothendieck’s Theorem is presented. Finally, we prove that if

T
:
X
→
H

T:X\to H

is Lipschitz with

X
X

being a pointed metric space and

T
(
0
)
=
0

T(0)=0

such that

T
#

|

H
∗

T^\#|_{H^*}

is

q
q

-summing

(
1
≤
q
>
∞
)

(1\le q>\infty )

, then

T
T

is Lipschitz 1-summing.
Evolution of Classification and Diagnostic Criteria for Diabetes and Other Forms of Hyperglycemia
Authors: Bennett Peter H.
Published: January 2011

This chapter focuses on the development of classification and diagnostic criteria for diabetes and other forms of hyperglycemia. It reviews the recommendations of the National Diabetes Data Group (NDDG) in the United States in 1979 and WHO in 1980 (WHO Expert Committee 1980) for classification and diagnosis, the 1997 ADA and 1998–99 WHO recommendations, 2003 ADA Recommendations, and 2006 WHO Report.
Impact of Ethnic and Socioeconomic Factors on Diabetes-Related Health and Management
Authors: Brown Arleen F. , Karter Andrew J. , Schillinger Dean
Published: January 2011

This chapter focuses on social disparities in diabetes-related care and health, with special attention paid to mediators of the association between (1) racial/ethnic and socioeconomic factors and (2) diabetes outcomes and management. It also discusses evidence on interventions at the individual, provider, health care system, and community levels that have the potential to reduce disparities in diabetes. Finally, the chapter highlights gaps in our understanding of social disparities and how they affect health for persons with diabetes.
Effectiveness of Individual-Level Interventions to Prevent Vascular Complications
Authors: Adler Amanda I.
Published: January 2011

This chapter covers interventional studies aimed at lowering the incidence of cardiovascular disease (CVD), nephropathy, retinopathy, blindness, lower-extremity amputation (LEA), peripheral sensory neuropathy, and autonomic neuropathy; and at prolonging life. It includes studies that address clinical endpoints. It shows that individuals with diabetes and their providers of care can reduce the occurrence of diabetic complications by lowering glucose, blood pressure, and LDL, either alone or in combination. Nonpharmacologic interventions, chiefly those related to retinopathy and obesity, also improve outcomes. To date evidence for lowering blood glucose and blood pressure does not support the use of specific agents except possibly metformin and blockade of the angiotensin system. For LDL, statins remain the intervention of choice.
Economic Costs of Diabetes and the Cost-Effectiveness of Interventions to Prevent and Control This Disease
Authors: Zhang Ping , Li Rui
Published: January 2011

In addition to exerting a negative impact on health, diabetes imposes a large economic burden on the national health care system. Correspondingly, it stresses national economies as well as individuals and their families. Even so, many interventions are available for reducing the burden of this disease that can be adopted in either clinical or public health settings. This chapter first briefly describes the economic burden of diabetes, and then focuses on the prioritization of different interventions based on the framework of cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA). It concludes with a summary and some implications for policy.
Promising Technological Frontiers in Monitoring and Treatment
Authors: Klonoff David C.
Published: January 2011

The current technology for self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) levels has been well established since the 1980s. This practice is beneficial to patients with diabetes from both a clinical and an economic standpoint. Knowledge of their blood glucose levels can allow patients to select appropriate doses of insulin to regulate these levels. This chapter analyzes the technology, benefits, economic aspects, problems, and controversies associated with SMBG, continuous glucose monitoring, and the artificial pancreas as well as telemonitoring technology for diabetes management.
Public Health Decision Making and Risk Perception
Authors: Downs Julie S. , de Bruin Wändi Bruine , Fischhoff Baruch , Walker Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2011

This chapter provides an introduction aimed at making the field of decision science more accessible. Because so many chronic diseases are preventable or manageable through behavioral changes, decision science could provide a valuable resource for understanding and improving health decisions and the outcomes that follow them. With its combination of empirical and analytical methods, decision science provides broadly applicable approaches to help people make health decisions in ways that are informed by both medical and social science. It is especially helpful for decisions made in the face of uncertainty whether individuals make them on their own or in consultation with health care providers.
Voices from the Ground Up: The Use of Narrative in Understanding Recovery from Serious Mental Illness
Authors: Salem Deborah
Published: January 2011

Julian Rappaport argues that our role as social scientists is to use our tools to assist others in their efforts to “turn tales of terror to tales of joy.” He suggests that the application of a narrative approach to research is consistent with this goal, because it spans levels of analysis and has the capacity to promote both personal and social change. Narrative research allows us to explore individuals' own stories about their lives and contributes to description and analysis of the settings and cultural narratives that assist individuals in making meaning of their experiences. This chapter draws on work from a long-term collaboration with Schizophrenics Anonymous (SA), a mutual-help organization for individuals experiencing a schizophrenia-related illness, as an example of how a narrative approach can help us to understand and facilitate the experience of recovery from serious mental illness.
Tales of Terror from Juvenile Justice and Education
Authors: Dickon Reppucci N. , Meyer Jessica R. , Owen Kostelnik Jessica
Published: January 2011

This chapter presents an overview of patterns of juvenile crime and school violence in the United States and then provides brief narrative histories of the development and impact of zero-tolerance policies in our schools, and the conception and establishment of a rehabilitative juvenile justice system that today has become largely adversarial and punitive. These narrative histories are used to illuminate the loss of focus on individualized justice and accountability to the suppression of youth—especially lower socio-economic, ethnic minority youth.
Searching for OZ: Empowerment, Crossing Boundaries, and Telling Our Story
Authors: Rappaport Julian
Published: January 2011

In this final chapter, Julian Rappaport reflects on the evolution of his thinking on empowerment and narrative methods over the years, and explicates his current thinking on the field's potential. In his words, “What matters is that we remain faithful to the underlying values, goals and intentions that have so often established us in settings as both insiders and outsiders, able to both advance and critique the many places where a progressive social and political agenda can benefit from a research-based scholarly analysis”.
The Promise and Perils of Postnational Constitutionalism
Authors: Krisch Nico
Published: January 2011

Chapter 2 analyses the legacy of constitutionalism for politics and law beyond the state. It retraces the different modes in which constitutionalism has been conceptualized in regional and global contexts, asks what it means to ‘translate’ such a concept into another sphere, and investigates the historical and normative pedigree of its main strands—power-limiting and foundational constitutionalism. Foundational constitutionalism has been the dominant tradition in Western politics over the last two centuries, but if we take the experience of divided societies as a measure, it is unlikely fully to redeem its promise of framing (and taming) politics through law in the highly diverse and contested postnational space. Yet lowering ambitions and retreating to a power-limiting form of constitutionalism—a frequent move in current debates—would sell the constitutionalist project short: it would fail to live up to the more radical promise connected with it historically.
The Open Architecture of European Human Rights Law
Authors: Krisch Nico
Published: January 2011

Chapter 4 analyses the European human rights regime, often regarded as a prime example of constitutionalization beyond the state. At closer inspection, this description turns out to be misguided—the regime is better regarded as pluralist, as characterized by a heterarchical relationship between its constituent parts that is ultimately defined politically and not legally. The chapter traces the emergence and workings of this pluralist order through the interaction of the European Court of Human Rights with domestic courts in Spain, France, the European Union, and the United Kingdom. These cases not only show conflicts over questions of ultimate supremacy but also significant convergence and harmony in day-to-day practice. The analysis suggests that central characteristics of pluralism—incrementalism and the openness of ultimate authority—have contributed substantially to this generally smooth evolution.
Sanctions and Rights between Hierarchy and Heterarchy
Authors: Krisch Nico
Published: January 2011

Chapter 5 analyses the dispute over rights protection in United Nations sanctions to elucidate emerging structures of postnational law. This dispute, which pitches high politics—security—against diverse interpretations of fundamental rights, brings out the increasing enmeshment of layers of law in a particularly pointed way, exemplified here in UK and EU law and jurisprudence. Courts in these jurisdictions have developed very different approaches to the broader challenge this enmeshment represents, ranging from monist/constitutionalist to pluralist visions, and from clear assertions of supremacy of the international, regional, and national levels to more accommodating attitudes. The overall picture here is again pluralist, but despite the high stakes and the substantial diversity in approaches, it has not proved to be unstable. Challenges to the UN regime have failed to produce serious non-compliance, and the pluralist contestation over fundamentals has generally been buffered by an accommodating, pragmatic mode of cooperation.
Introduction
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

This chapter introduces some traditional positions in the free will debate: (1) standard compatibilism, according to which free agenthood is compatible with determinism, and we are indeed free agents; (2) incompatibilism, according to which freedom is not compatible with determinism; (3) libertarianism, a form of incompatibilism according to which we are free, and according to which determinism is (therefore) false. According to another view, and (4) the issue of determinism is irrelevant to the question of freedom: whether or not determinism is true, we cannot be free in such a way as to be ultimately morally responsible. A question arises: could believing you are free somehow be a necessary condition of being free? More generally, must one experience one's agency in a certain way in order to be free? A distinction is made between two kinds of conditions of freedom. There are basic capacity conditions on agency, Structural conditions of the sort specified in Chapter 7, and there are Attitudinal conditions, which require a certain sort of experience of one's agency.
Non‐rational Commitment: A View of Freedom
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses P. F. Strawson's well known article ‘Freedom and Resentment’. It sets out Strawson's position and raises a number of doubts. Strawson argues, among other things, that our commitment to belief in freedom is founded in our emotions and in particular in our emotional reactions to others, such as gratitude and resentment. This, he says, is the fundamental reason why we could never give up belief in freedom. Strawson also questions whether it would be rational to give up belief in freedom, if one discovered that determinism was true and accepted that it was incompatible with freedom. He compares our commitment to belief in freedom to our non-rational commitment to inductive practices.
Phenomenology, Commitment, and What Might Happen
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

This chapter recommends a thought-experiment: try to think of everything that happens, as quickly as possible, as determined: in particular all one's own thoughts and movements. In those who have a strong sense of self-determination, this can produce a kind of paralysis, or give rise to a sense of the ‘I’ being erased. There are nevertheless many aspects of our sense of freedom which are naturally compatibilist, and which are therefore completely untouched by the thought that determinism is true. There are also many aspects of our sense of freedom that are naturally incompatibilist, and so conflict with the thought that determinism is true. This doubleness of attitude partly explains the perennial force of the free will problem. The true centre of our commitment to belief in freedom lies not in our attitudes to others, as P. F. Strawson believes, but in our experience of our own agency. But perhaps Buddhist meditation could loosen our commitment to the reactive attitudes and our sense of radical free agency.
The Experience of Ability to Choose
Authors: Strawson Galen
Published: January 2011

Is there a kind of experience of ability to choose that the Natural Epictetans lack, and that is essential to genuine freedom? According to the ‘Ability Suggestion’, to be free is simply to be genuinely able to choose and to be fully self-consciously aware of this fact. It is to be fully aware of oneself, conceived specifically as oneself in the fully self-conscious way, as able to choose. Question: if one is fully self-consciously aware of oneself as able to choose in this way, must one then experience oneself as radically free in the way that has been proposed as a condition of being free? Stolidus, the being of limited conception, answers ‘No’ to this question. He suggests that one can be fully self-consciously aware of oneself as able to choose and still not experience oneself as free. Moira, the genuine incompatibilist determinist, makes the same point. She's fully self-aware but she has fully thought through the argument against the possibility of self-determination in Chapter 2 in such a way that she has no sense of herself as radically free.
Member State Laws and Policies
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon
Published: January 2011

This chapter explores how three EU member states—Germany, the United Kingdom, and Poland—reflect the challenges, progress, and setbacks that define the contours of European climate policy. It begins by exploring the roles of Germany and the UK as members of the EU-15 and nominal regional leaders in efforts to advance progressive climate policies. The analysis focuses first and foremost on Germany as the EU's most vocal and active proponent of aggressive climate policy. It then more briefly assesses the climate policy of the UK as a similarly important player in regional climate policy. In order to create a more inclusive picture of the challenges inherent in creating common climate policies for the full EU-27, this chapter also examines Poland's role in—and response to—efforts to create a common European rule of law with regard to climate change.
Conclusions and the Way Forward
Authors: Carlarne Cinnamon Piñon
Published: January 2011

The pathways and the perils evident in US and EU climate policy are microcosms of larger international efforts to address climate change. The pushes, pulls, successes, and failures of transatlantic climate policy reflect the sheer difficulties inherent first, in international policymaking generally and second, in the context of climate change. This chapter suggests that the experiences of US and EU climate policy over the last two decades offer instructive lessons to developed and developing countries alike as they seek to avoid political and regulatory pitfalls in structuring domestic climate change regimes.
Dictionaries of Military Slang
Authors: Julie Coleman
Published: January 2011

This chapter considers dictionaries of military slang from WWII, Korea, and Vietnam as well as some WWI glossaries published during this period. RAF slang is well represented in the British and Commonwealth glossaries. Many of the American lists are derivative, produced to enhance morale at home and in the ranks rather than to represent actual language use.
Elements of Phase Transitions and Critical Phenomena
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

Phase transitions and critical phenomena have consistently been among the principal subjects of active studies in statistical physics. The simple act of transforming one state of matter or phase into another, for instance by changing the temperature, has always captivated the curious mind. This book provides an introductory account on the theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena, a subject now recognized to be indispensable for students and researchers from many fields of physics and related disciplines. The first five chapters are very basic and quintessential, and cover standard topics such as mean-field theories, the renormalization group and scaling, universality, and statistical field theory methods. The remaining chapters develop more advanced concepts, including conformal field theory, the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition, the effects of randomness, percolation, exactly solvable models, series expansions, duality transformations, and numerical techniques. Moreover, a comprehensive series of appendices expand and clarify several issues not developed in the main text. The important role played by symmetry and topology in understanding the competition between phases and the resulting emergent collective behaviour, giving rise to rigidity and soft elementary excitations, is stressed throughout the book. Serious attempts have been directed toward a self-contained modular approach so that the reader does not have to refer to other sources for supplementary information. Accordingly, most of the concepts and calculations are described in detail, sometimes with additional/auxiliary descriptions given in appendices and exercises. The latter are presented as the topics develop with solutions found at the end of the book, thus giving the text a self-learning character.
Phase transitions and critical phenomena
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

As an introduction to the physics of phase transitions and critical phenomena, this chapter explains a number of basic and fundamental ideas such as phases, phase transitions, phase diagrams, universality, and critical phenomena. Especially important is the concept of order parameter, a quantity that measures the degree of asymmetry in the broken symmetry phase. Intuitive accounts are given to the concepts of coarse-graining, and scale and renormalization group transformations, which are powerful, systematic tools to analyze critical behaviour of macroscopic systems. Also explained are several spin and lattice gas model systems, on the basis of which phase transitions and critical phenomena will be studied.
Kosterlitz-Thouless transition
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

As the spatial dimensionality $d$ decreases, fluctuations become larger and the stability of the low-temperature ordered state deteriorates. The dimensionality where long-range order disappears is known as lower critical dimension. For instance, the Ising model in one dimension does not display long-range order at finite temperatures, however in two dimensions Peierls argument explains why the same model has an ordered phase below a certain critical temperature. If the basic variables and symmetries are continuous as in the $XY$ and Heisenberg models, the (long-range) ordered state at any finite temperature disappears already in two dimensions. This is the result of Mermin-Wagner's theorem. The $XY$ model nevertheless undergoes an unusual phase transition without an onset of long-range order in two dimensions, which is known as the Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Gauge or local symmetries cannot spontaneously be broken as elucidated by Elitzur's theorem when applied to lattice gauge theories.
Exact solutions and related topics
Authors: Nishimori Hidetoshi , Ortiz Gerardo
Published: January 2011

Only a limited number of models of phase transitions and critical phenomena can be solved exactly. These examples nevertheless play important roles in many aspects including the verification of the accuracy of approximation theories such as the mean-field theory and renormalization group. Mathematical methods to solve such examples are interesting in their own right and constitute an important subfield of mathematical physics. In particular the exact solution of the two-dimensional Ising model occupies an outstanding status as one of the founding studies of the modern theory of phase transitions and critical phenomena. The present chapter shows simple but typical examples of exact solutions of classical spin systems such as the one-dimensional Ising model with various boundary conditions, the n-vector model, the spherical model, the one-dimensional quantum $XY$ model, and the two-dimensional Ising model. An account on the Yang-Lee theory will also be given as a set of basic rigorous results on phase transitions.
Introduction
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

This non‐introductory treatise examines topics involving change in different components of the grammar from the perspectives of theory, acquisition, variation, and motivation. Traditional concerns, such as variation and lexical diffusion or the interaction of sound change and analogy are investigated for their impact on contemporary issues. Analogy can lead to systematic repair by increasing regularity in phonology as well as in other parts of the grammar. The interaction of articulatory and perceptual factors is discussed. Naturalness in different components of the grammar is argued to have implications for expected changes, including denaturalization, whereby phonetic conditioning yields to phonological and morphological operations (or constraints) and environments. Alterations of syllable timing within metrical feet and words have consequences for contemporary theory and ideas of change. The volume closes with vowel shifts and their motivation.
How Language Change is Investigated
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Methods of documenting language history are developed. Since changes do not come equipped with analysis, the main task is to analyze the different stages of the language and motivate the change(s). This requires assessment of probable errors in the textual tradition. If reconstruction is involved, it is also necessary to ascertain what is reasonably projected back to the protolanguage and what must be parallel innovations in the daughter languages. Since successive grammars must be acquired, this chapter discusses the need for adequate theories of grammar (several models are discussed) and acquisition. A theory of change is not needed because the constituent units of change (cognition, perception, acquisition, selection, grammars) have their own principles.
Reconstructing Language History
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Since all language history is reconstructed in varying degrees, methodology is of paramount importance. Four methods are discussed: (1) internal reconstruction from synchronic alternations; (2) comparative reconstruction based on corresponding forms in related languages/dialects; (3) historical reconstruction from the interpretation of older documents and cultural history; and (4) apparent time, based on a synchronic crosscut of variation across multiple generations. Models of representing language affiliation include waves, cladograms, and phylogenetic and other networks. Extensive borrowing and hybridization are the major inhibiting factors in reconstruction and tracing linguistic affiliation through time.
Analogy and Systematic Repair
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Attempts at constraining analogy and predicting correct outputs are examined. Although analogy is to some extent constrained by the language system in which it operates, any links the mind/brain can make will produce valid analogies. Cases in which the output is grammatically constrained and predictable are treated as systematic repair. The problem with analogy as a generalized model is that it is impossible to constrain from overgenerating. A more abstract view of analogy is tantamount to admitting that grammars have more abstract properties, which proponents of generalized analogy deny. Systematic morphological repair takes several forms, including morphologization, and sometimes results in a morphological split.
Motivations of Language Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Motivations of Language Change. Various factors motivate change in different components of the grammar and lexicon. Contact is a major catalyst, being the epitomous alteration of the triggering experience. A contact or socially motivated change can have different properties from one that is functionally motivated or whose origin is abductive in nature, e.g. reanalysis, which always involves a surface ambiguity. This permits the acquirer only certain options for an analysis, but the one selected must still be motivated. Like all other changes, unless categorically prompted or externally sanctioned, reanalyses need not be realized as language changes, which prompts a discussion of the interacting tensions between continuity and innovation. The second half of the chapter treats Danish‐English contact in northeast England and the death of Anglo‐French in medieval England.
Inverted Operations
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

To avoid some token of speech perceived as negative by an emulated segment of the population, speakers alter proper forms in hypercorrection, e.g. pseudocorrective replacement, inversion. Alleged examples of the latter are drawn from non‐rhotic varieties of English and their histories. An inversion account is difficult because hypercorrection and limited generalization resulted in arbitrary constraints at a subsequent synchronic stage. Better examples of inverted operations are the loss and acquisition of segmental contrast (phonemicization). The latter generally correlates with lexicalization of contrast and can prompt lexical diffusion of a new phoneme. The flipside of these reversals of the effects of phonetic change is the regularization of an analogical or lexical diffusional change to make it more phonological.
Denaturalized Phonetic Processes
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Classic sound change begins in phonetic environments but rapidly gives way to more abstract (phonological, morphological, etc.) conditioning. Extension to broader contexts can initially yield complication but ultimately allow for greater regularity in a different domain. This chapter treats a specific type of denaturalization that involves a split between basic and derived strings. This includes generalization at a morpheme boundary, within a morphological category, as well as examples not so restricted. The former include assimilation in Finnish participles and compensatory lengthening in the Ancient Greek aorist. The latter include the Sanskrit ruki‐rule, assibilation in Finnish, and alternations between aspirate and voiced stop in Ancient Greek.
Tempo and Mora in Phonological Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Words of more than two syllables tend toward moraic balance, while even those are subject to the acceleration processes that yield triplet formation. Triplets tend to shorten to disyllables, which in Ancient Greek, where all disyllables are stable, acquire duple timing when not inhibited by semantic or morphological considerations. This mora‐preference hierarchy is applied to the solution of problems in sound change, particularly in Latin, Greek, and Germanic. Stressed open syllable lengthening can be ranked higher than disyllabism. Different rankings follow from the instability engendered by competing processes. This unified account sheds light on problems as diverse as word localization in poetry, syncope, iambic shortening, monosyllabic lengthening, trisyllabic contraction, and even some consonantal changes, such as assibilation in Ancient Greek, Hittite, and Finnish. Finally, implications are adduced for optimality of the trochaic foot.
The Feminine Gender in Indo‐European
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Cultural input in inflection is expected because (i) syntax is projected from the lexicon and (ii) the lexicon is the interface between the grammar and the culture which shapes the lexicon. Gender systems constitute a minority type of classifier that occur in clusters of adjacent or nearby languages. Parallels for the irradiation of gender from a single word to other words of the same semantic or mythic content suggest a solution for the origin of the feminine gender in Indo‐European. The older common gender : neuter system split in such a way that the collective became feminine by irradiation and the old common gender form became masculine by opposition. This occurred first on *‐o‐ stem nouns and adjectives and gradually spread to other nouns and pronouns by way of an agreement system.
The Mediopassive: Latin to Romance
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

This chapter documents the changes from Latin to Romance in the coding of reflexive, anticausative, middle, and passive. The last three had the same morphological form in Early Latin, but until recently in Romance the first three have had the same syntactic expression. The Latin ‐r forms were triggered by altering the argument structure so that some argument could not be saturated in syntax. Reflexive sē forms replaced the ‐r forms in different structures at different times. The replacement began in the ergative verbs where ‘I sank myself’ had a bound anaphor in contrast to the lack of agentivity in the type ‘the ship sank itself’ , reanalyzed as an anticausative with reflexive merged in a projection for derived imperfectivity. Subsequently, the sē construction replaced the ‐r forms in certain other structures, and finally the middle and impersonal, but not the passive (within Latin, at least).
Syntactic Change
Authors: Miller D. Gary
Published: January 2011

Differences in syntactic projection result from changes in lexical features, e.g. by reanalysis. In West Greenlandic factives, subject‐to‐object raising was lost along with the Agree relation that accompanied the edge/EPP feature. Factives also figure prominently in the reanalysis of Latin quod ‘which; because’ to a complementizer ‘that’. Copular deontics originate as passives. In Latin and English, the nominative/accusative case ambiguity of neuters permitted reanalysis to active structures. With non‐neuters, the passive was retained in English and took the new passive infinitive. English preposition doubling (the teacher to whom I gave the book to) is a hypercorrection formalized as failure of copy‐remnant deletion. Split ergativity in Pašto and the Northern Group of Kurdish evolved from frequent use of the perfect passive with an agent phrase that had (quirky) subject properties since Old Persian. The predilection for nominalizations in the Eskimo‐Aleut family is responsible for several chronological layers of ergativity.
Combating Childhood Obesity through a Neighborhood Coalition
Authors: Becker Adam B. , Christoffel Katherine Kaufer , Morales Miguel Angel , Rodríguez José Luis , López José E. , Longjohn Matt
Published: January 2011

This chapter focuses on the Community Organizing for Obesity Prevention in Humboldt Park (CO-OP HP). One of CO-OP HP's first strategies was to collect more data about obesity and health in Humboldt Park. The data obtained helped the emerging CO-OP HP Steering Committee define initiatives to promote healthy eating and physical activity for children and families in Humboldt Park. The data revealed many barriers community members faced when making choices about food and activity. The evolution of CO-OP HP, CO-OP HP intervention strategies, evaluation of CO-OP HP, and lessons learned from CO-OP HP are discussed.
Introduction
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

This introductory chapter first sets out the main purpose of the book, which is to dismantle the myth that transformed pagan nobles from the arrogant, philistine land-grabbers most of them were into fearless champions of senatorial privilege, literature lovers, and aficionados of classical (especially Greek) culture as well as the traditional cults. It then discusses the supposed pagan revival spearheaded by the aristocracy of Rome and the idea of a pagan opposition. An overview of the subsequent chapters is also presented.
From Constantius to Theodosius
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

This chapter discusses why Gratian changed his policy toward Roman paganism, Gratian's repudiation of the ancient pagan title of pontifex maximus, Theodosius and the cults of Rome, Theodosius's anti-pagan legislation, Eugenius and the state cults, and Proiectus and the “temple of Hercules”. It argues that there is no serious evidence that Eugenius revoked or modified in any way the anti-pagan measures of either Gratian or Theodosius.
Priests and Initiates
Authors: Cameron Alan
Published: January 2011

Much of the evidence for the religious affiliations of pagan aristocrats comes from inscribed dedications—more indeed than most people probably realize. In simpler times it was taken for granted that inscriptions provided a peculiarly uncomplicated sort of evidence, bare facts not mediated by human art or bias. However, few facts are bare. This chapter examines what sort of monuments these dedications were inscribed on, where they were erected, by whom, and with what purpose. Topics discussed include Roman priesthoods, “oriental” cults, Bloch's thesis that it was oriental rather than state cults that inspired political resistance to Christianity, the taurobolium, and the decline of the priestly colleges.