bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SPINAL PATHWAY MEDIATING RETICULOPETAL VOLLEYS
Authors: Nakayama Teruo , Hori Tetsuro
Published: March 2008

Summary

Reticular evoked potentials in response to stimulation of the dorsal rootlet (L5) in the cat were recorded under FlaxCdil. Successive sections were made on the spinal cord at the level of Th 13. The amplitude of the reticular response was reduced and the latency was prolonged after section of the dorsal funiculi. Subsequent hemisection of the cord resulted in further delay of the reticular response when the stimulus was. given to the side sectioned, but the latency remained unchanged on stimulation of the opposite side. Stimulation of the dorsal funiculus gave rise to a reticular response.

The reticular response is therefore evoked by afferent volleys ascending three reticulopetal connections of the cord: 1) contralateral dorsal funiculus, 2) ipsilateral path of the lateral funiculus and 3) ventrolateral tract of the contralateral side.
STUDIES ON EVOKED POTENTIALS TO CLICK AND SOMATOSENSORY STIMULATION IN THE WAKING STATE AND DURING SLEEP IN MAN
Authors: Nakagawa Yasuaki
Published: March 2008

The changes of evoked potentials by a click and somatosensory stimulus in the waking state and during various stages of sleep were studied in 18 normal subjects by using the averaging method.

The results obtained were as follows:

1) Evoked potentials by a click recorded from the scalp consisted of five components (positive of 28 msec. negative of 40 msec. positive of 90 msec. negative of llO msec. and positive of 180 msec. respectively) in the waking state.

2) Evoked potentials by somatosensory stimulation consisted of a triphasic wave of short latencies (17 msec. positive, 22 msec. negative and 30 msec. positive) and late components of 50 msec. negative, 90 msec. positive, 110 msec. negative and 180 msec. positive respectively in the waking state.

3) The response of short latencies to somatosensory stimulation considered as primary response remained unchanged, while the late components to both somatosensory and click stimulation considered as secondary response changed markedly during various stages of sleep.

4) In activated sleep, components of long latencies were deprgyed completely and the responses did not resemble those in any other stages of sleep.

5) There was a relationship between the changes of forms of an evoked response to sensory stimulus and the changes of the basic activities of the scalp EEG in various stages of sleep.

6) There was a similarity in the relatively long‐lasting evoked potentials during sleep in the different sensory modalities.
PREDNISOLONE‐PSYCHOSIS
Authors: Haits G.
Published: March 2008

Summary

The authors describe three cases of depression and one of a schizophrenic‐like psychosis manifesting themselves in the course of Prednisolone‐corticotrophin treatment.
SIBLING RANK AMONG THE PARENTS OF SCHIZOPHRENIC AND NEUROTIC PATIENTS
Authors: Imura Tsuneo , Nogami Yoshimi , Yamaguchi Takashi , Hagiwara Nobuyoshi , Yano Shizuo , Kobayashi Tsuguo , Ishikawa Ryuko , Ito Kenbi , Nakasone Yasuaki
Published: March 2008

Summary

While no report being yet available, a pilot survey on parental sib rank was undertaken for 396 schizophrenics and 447 neurotics by use of the Greenwood‐Yule method. There were significantly more eldests than youngests, in terms, especially, of same‐sex sib rank, among fathers of female schizophrenics as well as among both fathers and mothers of male neurotics when the patients came from large sibships of five or more. Contrarily, as the present authors have reported before in Japanese articles, for both male and female and for both schizophrenic and neurotic patients (numbering 907 and 1351 cases respectively), there were more youngests among patients coming from the larger sibships.

It would be premature to come to any conclusions from these findings, which indicated that many problems remained yet to be solved by means of cross‐cultural surveys and clinical studies, etc. Discussion was made as that from the aspects of sibling rank of both the patients and, especially, their parents, and some aetiological factors might have been elucidated for both schizophrenia and neurosis.
IMMUNOHISTOLOGICAL STUDIES OF EXPERIMENTAL MYOSITIS IN RELATION TO HUMAN POLYMYOSITIS WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PASSIVE TRANSFER AND FLUORESCENT ANTIBODY TECHNIQUE
Authors: Takayanagi Tetsuya
Published: March 2008

Summary

Immunohistological investigation of experimental myositis was performed. This was produced in guinea‐pigs given 10 or 20 injections of 20% homologous muscle homogenate mixed with Freund's complete adjuvant at weekly intervals.

Ouchterlony's agglutination test showed a negative reaction between the muscle homogenate and the animal serum. On the other hand strong fluorescence was observed in some muscle fibers.

Intraperitoneal injection of spleen and lymph‐gland cells, removed from six donor guinea‐pigs with experimental myositis, produced muscle changes 2–7 days after the transfer similar to those of donor animals. This occurred all six recipient guinea‐pigs, which had been previously treated with 400r. whole body irradiation. The number of cells transferred ranged from 1.1 × 108 to 1.3 × 109.

Capability of passive transfer and delayed type skin reaction in experimental myositis as compared with polymyositis as autoimmune disease were discussed. Clinical findings of polymyositis as well as similarity to experimental myositis led to considering an autoimmune disease. However, there remain many problems to be solved from the immunological point of view.
A Case of Periodic Somnolence Whose Sleep was Induced by Glucose
Authors: SUWA Katsuyuki , TORU Michio
Published: March 2008

A case of a 29‐year‐old man who exhibited periodic somnolence for periods ranging from 2 to 10 days from the age of 18 onward and whose 3 family members had similar episodes of somnolence is reported. The main symptoms of this case were somnolence and depressive state. The specific manifestations were paraesthesia in the limbs, alteration of body schema, exceptional liking for sweets previous to somnolence, difference in the amount of serum potassium between the interval stage and somnolence stage, and the inducement of sleep by glucose. Carbamazepine plus phenobarbital with an addition of imipramine were effective in the treatment.
Spike‐Wave Stupor
Authors: HOSOKAWA Kiyoshi , BOOKER Harold E. , OKUMURA Nikichi , IKEDA Hisao , KUMASHIRO Hisashi
Published: March 2008

Five cases of spike‐wave stupor are presented. One case occurred in association with cerebrovascular disease and another in association with the Vogt‐Koyanagi syndrome. A third case had repeated episode of spike‐wave stupor as the only sign of a seizure disorder. A fourth case was characterized by behavior quite similar to catatonic schizophrenia and was so diagnosed. These atypical cases are contrasted with a case more typical of petit mal status as reported in the literature. Thus while spike‐wave stupor is usually superimposed on a chronic centrencephalic seizure disorder, it must be recognized as a syndrome that can arise from a variety of etiological mechanisms. Detailed clinical and EEG investigation is necessary for an understanding of the mechanisms involved in any individual case.
Hypokalemic Myopathy Induced by Amphotericin B
Authors: MURAI Yoshiyuki , MASUDA Nobuo
Published: March 2008

An 18‐year‐old female with cryptococcal meningitis under the treatment with amphotericin B developed hypokalemia and generalized weakness with marked elevation of serum creatine phosphokinase activity. From clinical and laboratory studies in this case a hypokalemic myopathy rather than a transint functional paralysis has been considered.
Histochemical and Biochemical Studies of Glycogen in the Brain and the Liver of Hepatic Encephalopathy (Type Inose), Report of two Cases
Authors: YoKor Susumu , OSUKA Tsuneo
Published: March 2008

Glycogen in the brain and the liver of two autopsied cases of hepatic encephalopathy was studied histochemically and biochemically.

1. Lots of glycogen particles deposited in the liver and in the brain of the cases, particulary in the brain of Case 1 and in the liver of Case 2. Glycogen granules accumulated in the cerebral cortex, especially in the nuclei of Alzheimer's type II glia, in the perivascular space and freely in the tissue.

2. Glycogen was extracted from the brain and from the liver of both cases. The yield from the brain was 0.058% wet weight in Case 1 and 0.072% in Case 2, that from the liver was 0.103% in Case 1 and 4.42% in Case 2 respectively.

3. The structural analysis of the extracted glycogen revealed that the glycogen from the brain of Case 1 and from the brain and the liver of Case 2 had a relatively shorter chain length (unbranched, exterior) of glucose radicals, while that from the liver of Case 1 had a longer chain length which was similar to that from the brain of Lafora disease.

This study was supported by the Grant for the research of science from the Department of Education of the Government of Japan.
A Case of Nodular Polioencephalitis with a History of 7 Years
Authors: ISHINO Hiroshi , ÖKUMA Teruo , MOTOIKE Mitsuo
Published: March 2008

The authors reported a case of chronic glial nodular polioencephalitis.

 Clinical course: onset at the age of 41 years; euphoric dementia; dysarthria; gait disturbance; hiccup; increased tendon reflexes; 7 years' duration of the illness.

 Pathological features: glial nodules and perivascular infiltration in the cerebral cortex, hypothalamus, pontine basis, inferior olivary nucleus; foci of spongio‐necrosis.

 The clinicopathological comparison was made with the cases reported by Hara et al. and Kersting.

 The present case was suspected virus encephalitis and considered belonging to Pette‐Doring type of panencephalitis. The authors suggested the possibility that in this case early mental symptoms of SSPE set in the adult and remained more or less stationary.
Variability of Optic Evoked Potentials: Correlation Between Thalamic and Cortical Potentials
Authors: IKEDA Terutika
Published: March 2008

The changes in geniculate and cortical evoked potentials to optic nerve stimulation under the influences of reticular arousal and pentobarbital anesthesia were observed in freely moving cats. From the analysis of pre‐ and postsynaptic potentials in the LGD and cortex, conclusions are drawn as follows:

 The increase of arousal level facilitates the evoked potentials, mainly by the geniculate mechanism, up to a given optimal potential level, and reduces the potential variability, mainly by the cortical mechanism, to stabilize the succession of potentials.

 Conversely, the decrease of arousal level inhibits the mean potential and increases the potential variability.

 The correlations between geniculate and cortical potentials are increased with the decrease of arousal level, and are decreased with its increase.

In the light of these findings, thalamic and cortical modulatory mechanisms on the sensory inflow stimuli were discussed.
L‐5‐Hydroxytryptophan‐(L‐5‐HTP) Therapie*
Authors: von SANO Tsamu
Published: March 2008

Our experience on 107 cases of endogenous depression shows that L‐5‐hydroxy‐tryptophan is clinically effective. If we disregard the cases who showed improvement only after 4 weeks, more than half of the cases improved within a few weeks by L‐5‐HTP.

We propose that endogenous depression is a disease in which biosynthesis of serotonin is periodically decreased, and this decrease is shown clinically as depression, and L‐5‐HTP, which penetrates into brain through blood brain barrier and is decar‐boxylated to form serotonin, may well be supplying serotonin the brain of depression needs.

The dose used by us is rather low comparing to L‐DOPA dose on parkinsonism, and changes of serotonin or 5‐hydroxyindole acetic acid level in blood or cerebrospinal fluid may be very small, although still to be determined.

As far as we have experienced, the administration of L‐5‐HTP for several weeks caused no severe side effects.

The administration of L‐5‐HTP, we believe, opened a new approach to treat and analyse endogenous depression. Clinically, it is effective for the treatment and prevention of the depressive phase of endogenous depression. An important problem is why the biosynthesis of serotonin is decreased in endogenous depression, and this problem is to be solved to understand the basic disorder of the disease.
Somatosensory Evoked Responses in Carbon Monoxide Poisoned Subjects (3): Application of Age‐Correction
Authors: IKUTA Takumi
Published: March 2008

1. Applying the method Age‐Correction besides Amplitude Scaling, each of 87 SERs recorded from 87 CO‐poisoned subjects was converted into the Age‐Corrected SER Patterns.

2. Averaging the Age‐Corrected SER Patterns, Age‐Corrected IPA‐SER Patterns were obtained respectively with the severe and mild cases.

3. In the Age‐Corrected IPA‐SER Pattern, the latencies of P1, N3, P3 and P4 were larger with the severe cases than with the mild cases, resulting in the ratios of 120, 107, 127 and 113% respectively. The amplitude between P2 and N3 was larger with the severe cases than with the mild cases, resulting in the ratio of 112%.

4. The rate of coincidence of the discrimination of the severe and mild cases by the Age‐Corrected SER Patterns with the clinical graduation of each subjects attained to 85.7 and 72.7% respectively with the severe and mild cases, and to 75.9% in all.

5. Considering also the results of the previous studies, these results of the present study verified the validity of the method Age‐Correction.
An EEG Study of Delinquent Adolescents With Reference to Recidivism and Murder
Authors: Kido Matazo
Published: March 2008

This study was a further attempt to investigate the roles of various electroencephalographic patterns in the etiology of delinquent behaviors. Particular attention was paid to the incidence of these EEG patterns among nonepileptic juvenile recidivists and juvenile murderers. The most remarkable findings were that pentamethyl‐enetetrazol low threshold (seizure discharge activated by less than 250mg in a total dose and by less than 4.0mg/kg body weight) was found in nearly 1/3 of subjects, aged 18 or 19, and detained four times or more at the Yokohama Juvenile Classification Home and in nearly half of juvenile murderers in the same institution. These findings suggest that recidivism or homicide may frequently be related to an organic or functional change in the diencephalon. No relationship could be established between the 14 and 6/sec positive spike pattern and juvenile recidivism. The incidences of this pattern, anterior θ wave burst, and posterior slow waves were prominently decreased among subjects aged 18 to 19. These findings probably reflect continuing maturation within the second decade of life. On the other hand, the fact that all the five cases of Groups 4 and 5 who had these slow‐wave patterns showed also the low pentamethyl‐enetetrazol threshold was noteworthy, because they have committed homicides or were incorrigible.
Prognosis of Epilepsy: A Preliminary Report of a Multi‐Institutional Study in Japan
Authors: Okuma Teruo
Published: March 2008

A multi–institutional study on the long–term prognosis of epilepsy was started in Japan in 1975 by a research team consisting of seven psychiatric and three pediatric institutions. The investigation of the outcome of epileptic seizures and EEG findings 10 years after the onset (subject: onset of illness later than 1961; first visit between 1964 and 1966), five years after the onset (subjects: onset later than 1966; first visit 1968—‐71), three years after the onset (subjects: onset later than 1968; first visit 1970–73) were performed in September 1976.

The rate of the adult epileptic cases which were followed up for more than 10 years was 11.6%, for more than five years 23.9%, and those of children epileptics, 10‐year follow‐up 30.4%, five‐year follow‐up 50.6%. The rates of successful follow‐up by means of mailing inquiries in adult and children cases were 53.3% and 56.2%, respectively.

The seizure disappeared in 55% and 68% of the adult cases with generalized convulsive seizures within five and 10 years, respectively. In the patients with psycho–motor seizures, the number of improved cases were almost equal to or slightly less than that of aggravated cases. Among the children cases, the outcome of cases with absence was the best (disappeared in 100%), worst in cases with West and Lennox syndromes (disappeared 63% and 50%, respectively), and those of generalized convulsive seizures (disappeared 82%) and psychomotor seizures (disappeared 65%) in between.

As for the clinico–electroencephalo–graphic correlations, about half of the adult and approximately 70% of the children cases showed a parallel change in clinical seizure frequency and EEG pictures. In most of the non–parallel cases, aggravation of EEG abnormalities was observed despite of the clinical improvement.

The methodological problems on the study of prognosis of patients with epilepsy were discussed.

This study was carried out by the Group for Study on the Prognosis of Epilepsy in Japan chaired by T. Okuma, M.D.

Investigators collaborating in this study are listed as follows: T. Sato, M.D. and H. Fukushima, M.D., Hirosaki University Hospital; H. Kumashiro, M.D., K. Maruko, M.D., Y. Takahashi, M.D. and T. Ono, M.D., Fukushima Medical College Hospital; Y. Fukuyama, M.D., Tokyo Women's Medical College Hospital; T. Seki, M.D., Y. Kawahara, M.D. and M. Hirose, M.D., Keio University Hospital; S. Kamiya, M.D., K. Minami, M.D., S. Kita, M.D. and S. Okamoto, M.D., Kansai Medical College Hospital; S. Ohtahara, M.D., Y. Yamatogi, M.D., Y. Ohtsuka, M.D., E. Oka, M.D. and S. Kanda, M.D., Okayama University Hospital; K. Hosokawa, M.D. and T. Ku goh, M.D., ditto; H. Yamada, M.D., H. Yoshida, M.D. and H. Ninomiya, M.D., Kyushu University Hospital; s. U &, M.D., T. Shirakawa, M.D., Y. Nakazawa, M.D. and K. Inanaga, M.D., Kurume University Hospital.
The Long‐Term Prognosis of Minor Seizures in Childhood Epilepsy
Authors: Seki Tohru , Kawahara Yuhji , Hirose Makoto
Published: March 2008

The long–term clinical and electroence‐phalographic follow‐up studies were carried out for more than three to 13 years on 72 cases with minor seizures in childhood epilepsy at the Department of Pediatrics of Keio University from January 1963 to January 1973. Minor seizures were classified into typical absences, infantile spasms, Lennox syndrome, myoclonic seizures and atonic seizures. The results of each group were summarized as follows, but atonic seizures were excluded because there were too few cases of this group.

Some patients with typical absences were not preceded by other epileptic seizures, while some others had generalized tonic‐clonic seizures, including febrile convulsions (mixed form by Fukuyama), prior to the onset of typical absences. Typical absences were not transformed into other epileptic seizures excluding generalized tonic‐clonic seizures at follow‐up. Twenty‐one (84%) out of 25 cases with typical absences had ceased having seizures over one year at follow‐up. Spontaneous, generalized spike and wave discharges including 3 c/s spike and wave complexes were recorded in about one half of all cases at the final interictal EEG recordings, but focal components were never seen. Mental retardation was very rare.

The attacks of infantile spasms had a tendency to disappear or be converted to variously other epileptic fits, excluding typical absences, with the development of age. EEG‐findings were transformed into focal or Muse paroxysmal discharges and basic dysrhythmia from hyp‐sarhythmia after many years, but classical 3 c/s spike and wave discharges were never seen. Moderately or severely mental retardation was found in most of these patients.

It was characteristic of Lennox syndrome that the improvements or successions of tonic seizures and atypical absences were repeated and diffuse slow spike and wave discharges were sustained in most of children during the periods of follow‐up. Mental retardation was found in half of all cases.

Myoclonic seizures had ceased in most of children without transformations to other epileptic fits at follow‐up, but some tendency toward relative dirsculty in control of clinical seizures was noted. Two thirds of these patients were of normal intelligence, while one third had retarded intelligence at follow‐up.

Based on the above–mentioned results, the literatures concerning prognosis of various types of minor seizures in childhood epilepsy were studied.
A Five‐Year Follow‐Up Study of 66 Epileptics
Authors: Yamada Hiroaki , Yoshida Hozuka , Ninomiya Hideaki
Published: March 2008

A follow‐up study of 66 patients with epilepsy who had been pursued for about five years from onset of seizures was performed. The patients were selected according to the following criteria: the age of onset of seizures was over 10 years old, and medication started a year from the onset.

The results were: controlled 23 (34.8%), improved 17 (25.80/0), unchanged 20 (30.3%), and worsened 6 (9.1%). The duration from the onset to the beginning of medication did not seem to play an important role in the patients whose age of onset was over 10 years old. Seizures had ceased in 19 of 23 of the controlled patients within three years after medication. Thus, the two‐year terminal remission rate was 28.8% of the total 66 patients.

The number of seizure types was 36 partial seizures in which included 25 secondarily generalized seizures, and 30 generalized seizures. The frequency according to type of seizure, which had been controlled or improved was 41.7% in the partial seizure, and 83.3% in the generalized seizure. The patients with generalized seizure had a better prognosis than those with partial seizures whether they had a past history with respect to suspected brain damage, or not.

As to the type of complex seizures in the partial seizure type, the type of impaired consciousness alone frequently developed into secondarily generalized seizure, while a half of the psychomotor seizures did not.
Periodic EEG Patterns Observed in Two Cases With Partial Seizures
Authors: Terao Akira , Tawara Satoru , Takemoto Yoshinobu , Nomura Nobuzugu , Araki Shukuro , Shirabe Teruo
Published: March 2008

Two cases with partial seizure and periodic EEG pattern were reported. Case 1. A 74‐year–old woman revealed typical periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges (PLED'S) on the right hemisphere. The patient was semicomatous with mild jaundice and epilepsia partialis continua in the left lower limb. Postmortem examination revealed a main metastatic carcinoma of pancreas head origin in the right parieto–occipital region. In the right hemisphere, the cortical structures were relatively preserved, but the white matter including the frontal lobe was swollen and its demyelinat–ing changes were observed diffusely. The PLEDs might result from an anatomical or functional severance of the cerebral cortex from normal connections with deeper structures.

Case 2. A 61‐year‐old woman, with idiopathic hypoparathyroidism showed partial complex seizure. The EEG revealed an anterior temporal spike focus and slowing in the right hemisphere, corresponding with repetitive seizures of about one minute duration and with several minutes interval. An interictal periodic EEG pattern appeared in the right anterior and mid‐temporal region. No cerebral abnormalities were found with other neurological examinations including brain scanning, carotisangiogram, and echoencephalogram. The periodic pattern was assumed as subclinical focal seizure discharges from the right anterior temporal deep structures.
Correlative Study on Symptomatology of Epileptic Seizures—Behavioral Manifestation and Electroencephalographic Modalities
Authors: Miyakoshi Masako , Yagi Kazuichi , Osawa Takeshi , Seino Masakazu , Wada Toyoji
Published: March 2008

One‐hundred‐and‐fourteen epileptic seizures, 45 atypical absences and 69 sleep seizures with tonic state were analyzed by means of an intensive monitoring system to explore the clinico‐electroencephalographic correlates in 41 patients with secondary generalized epilepsies including 26 patients with Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome.

The atypical absences with loss of consciousness alone and those with myo‐clonic and/or automatic signe were constantly accompanied by either slow spike‐and‐wave or high voltage slow wave discharges. The duration of the latter complex form was definitely longer (mean: 19.4 sec.) compared with the former simple form (mean: 9.4 sec.). The automatic movements commenced in the earlier part of the absences.

In the case of atypical absence with increased tonicity, the slow spike‐and‐wave discharge was always replaced by a rhythm of rapid spikes at about 20 c/s, therefore, a simple absence was distinguishable from a complex absence with tonic state by the ictal EEG pattern. This form of complex absence was almost particular to the Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome.

The sleep seizures with tonic state (SST) were grouped into two: seizures with rather strong tonicity accompanying re‐cruting rhythm of rapid spikes (22 c/s), and seizures with rather weak tonicity accompanying full‐grown rhythm of spikes slower than the former (14 c/s). In both SST's, arrest of respiration or acceleration of heart rate was commonly observed.

The above‐mentioned seizures, regardless of unconvulsive or convulsive phenomenon, were considered rather particular to the secondary generalized epilepsies.
A Case of Musicogenic Epilepsy
Authors: Fujinawa Akira , Kawai Itsuo , Ohashi Hiroshi , Kimura Shigeo
Published: March 2008

A case of musicogenic epilepsy or psychomotor seizures supervening whenever the patient hears a certain tune has been presented.

The EEG features of the seizure are such as are often seen in psychomotor seizures.

Auditory evoked response may be left out of consideration.

There is no appreciable relationship between the disease and the life history of the patient. The attempt of our patient to cure herself by making use of conditioned reflex proved to be a failure. The patient is more liable to the disease when she is on the strain while hearing a tune.

Our consideration of the mechanism of the disease has led to the presumptive conclusion that hyperacusis, conditioned reflexes and the impact of life history may be involved, and the fragility of the memory function of the temporal lobe underlie the genesis of the disease.
Mental Dullness Associated With Left Frontal Continuous Focal Discharge
Authors: Kugoh Toshiaki , Hosokawa Kiyoshi
Published: March 2008

The EEG in a patient of refractory epilepsy showed the unilateral continuous focal discharge in left frontal area repeatedly for 11 days.

Stupor and/or mental dullness associated with the change of EEG was the clinical manifestation.

A brief discussion was made about the possible pathophysiological mechanisms.
Brain Monoamines in Seizure Mechanism (Review)
Authors: Kobayashi Kiyofumi , Mori Akitane
Published: March 2008

A majority of experimental studies have strongly suggested that catecholamine and/or 5‐HT play an important role for regulating the seizure susceptibility. As mentioned previously, however, the relative significance of individual monoamine has not yet been fully clarified. Since it is well known that the interaction between cate‐cholaminergic and serotonergic neuronal activity is quite complex, a causal relationship between each monoamine and seizure susceptibility cannot be easily established if results are obtained from the whole brain study on pharmacologic manipulation of experimental seizures. The extensive study, including the monoamine turnover rates and concentrations in specific brain regions, may help to delineate such a correlation in the future. Further, when an object of study is concerned in excitability of the central nervous system, it should be necessary to elucidate the mutual relationship of mono‐amines to the other putative neurotrans‐mitters (e.g., acetylcholine, amino acid).

Does there exist an abnormal metabolism of monoamines in the brain of epileptic patients? If so, how is it related to the elaboration or maintenance of epileptic seizures? Unfortunately, we have no sufficient information on the monoamine metabolism of epileptic patients.
Brain Catecholamine Concentrations and Convulsions in El Mice
Authors: Hiramatsu Midori , Mori Akitane
Published: March 2008

Brain dopamine and norepinephrine concentrations of “stimulated” El mice were lower than those of “non‐stimulated” control El mice. Furthermore, the pre‐convulsive stage showed lower concentrations of these catecholamines than the resting stage.
A Method for Provoking EEG Abnormalities by Administration of Nialamide
Authors: Tanio Masafumi , Shimoda Yukio
Published: March 2008

Nialamide, a kind of monoamine oxydase inhibitor, was used for provoking centrence‐phalic EEG abnormalities and 6–14 Hz positive spikes. It was assumed that these EEG abnormalities have close relationship with dysfunctions of the brainstem which is rich in monoamines and monoamine oxydase.

The nialamide provocation was carried out on 49 inpatients who had centrence‐phalic discharges in their EEG reports. These patients consisted of four cases of epilepsy, one case of anorexia nervosa, two cases of narcolepsy and 42 cases of dience‐phalosis. Another series of 22 patients suffering from other diseases, in whose EEG no centrencephalic EEG abnormalities were detected, were examined with nialamide. Out of the 49 patients, 35 cases (71.4%) showed increased EEG abnormalities following the administration of nialamide. It was noteworthy that this drug had provocative effect not only for EEG abnormalities, but also for the symptoms from which patients were suffering. In 26 out of 49 patients, both EEG abnormalities and clinical syniptoms were provoked by nialamide.

And the nialamide administration resulted in negative on all 22 patients who did not register centrencephalic EEG abnormalities. The mechanism and characteristics of this provocative procedure by the use of nialamide were evaluated.
Epileptic Cases of Late Onset with the Diffuse Slow Spike‐Wave
Authors: Kawai Itsuo , Shingu Kazushige , Yamada Koichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Twenty‐two cases with the diffuse slow spike‐wave, whose onset of clinical symptoms was at the age of seven or later, were examined. Half of them presented symptoms pertinent to the Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome. The other half were cases of absence, psychomotor seizure or grand mal. The former group was distinguished from the latter in that it had worse prognoses concerning the seizure and intelligence, and discussions were held to see if it corresponds to the “Lennox‐Gastaut syndrome of late onset” (Lipinski). Atypical absence and atonic seizure were the commonest symptoms in this group, and they, preceded by other types of seizures such as grand mal, developed mostly in adolescence, and their appearance was closely followed by that of the slow spike‐wave on the EEG.
Recovery of CNV Area after Nonresponse Condition: Inverted‐U Relation with Arousal
Authors: Nakamura Michihiko , Iida Hideharu , Takahashi Saburo , Fukui Yoshihisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The effect of motor‐response recovery after a nonresponse condition on the CNV was investigated in relation to the MPI in 53 healthy adults. The control CNV area before the nonresponse condition had an inverted‐U relation to the extraversion score. At the recovery condition the inverted‐U relation between the CNV area and the extraversion score shifted toward the lower extraversion score in those subjects who showed a shortened reaction time: i.e., the introverts, particularly the dysthymiacs, responded with the larger CNV area at the recovery condition than at the control condition. These results suggest that the dysthymiacs who possibly have obsession and depression are at a high arousal level and compel attention to a repetitive event as habituating.
Convulsion in the Aged
Authors: Otomo Eiichi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The convulsion and electroencephalographic patterns were examined on 2,625 subjects aged 60 and over. Of these, 2,000 were consecutive autopsy cases. Convulsion was noted in 4% of the 2,625 cases and the incidence of epilepsy was 0.076%. In 26.4% of 72 cases with cerebrovascular disorders who died during the past two years, convulsion was found, and the value indicated a remarkable increase compared with the previous report. Convulsion was noted most frequently in the acute state of cerebral apoplexy and myoclonus was most common. The prognosis of such cases was poor. The incidence of convulsion in 30 consecutive patients with brain tumor was 13.3%. On 20,000 electroencephalograms, the incidence of the typical spike and wave complex was less than 0.005%. No 6 and 14 c/sec positive spike was recognized.
A Case of Manic State in which Lactation Occurred after Li2CO3 Administration
Authors: Ohishi Kazuhiro , Higashimura Teruhiko
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Li2CO3 alone was administered to a 21‐year‐old female, who was in a manic state. As a consequence, lactation occurred on about the 50th day after Li2CO3 administration started, and the volume of lactation changed in parallel with the serum Li2CO3 level. The basal plasma PRL concentration and the responses to TRH (500,μ.g) were elevated during Li2CO3 administration. However, both of them returned to within the normal range after the suspension of Li2CO3 administration. From the above‐mentioned findings, it is suggested that lactation is closely related to the Li2CO3 administration.
Über fünf Fälle von sogenanntem “Dermato‐und Enterozoenwahn”— psychopathologische und neuropsychologische Betrachtungen
Authors: von Sone Keüchi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Five cases with so‐called “Dermato‐ und Enterozoenwahn” are reported, and the following themes are analysed from the “multidimensional” point of view:1) process to build the shape of the intruder which is bothering the patients, 2) behavior against the intruding small animal and attitude towards the therapeutist; their characteristic manner to make complaints, 3) premorbid personality and 4) physical findings. In regard to one of the formation types of this disease, we have postulated through the neuropsychological analysis of case 5 (somatoparaphrenic patient) that patients of the typical cases 1, 2 and 3 suffer from a special kind of agnosia (perturbation of recognition; disturbance of aperception) in which they take their abnormal body sensations for causing by the small imaginary animals. Our cases showed the importance of a premorbid personality and present life‐situations in combination with physical dissolution taking part in the pathoplastic process of this particular disease.
Camping Marathon Group Psychotherapy for Adolescents
Authors: Tsutsumi Satoshi
Published: March 2008

Abstract:The effects of adolescent group psychotherapy were studied on 253 adolescent patients and 98 parents who participated in a camping marathon group psychotherapy (MGT) conducted every summer from 1972 to 1982 by the staff of the psychiatry division of Fukuoka University Hospital. Among the factors examined were the relations of the present therapy with age, individual therapy, types of disorders, the nature of conflicts of the patients, the attitudes of the patients and their parents toward the therapy and counter transference of the therapists. The objects and adjustment patterns of patients in the group therapy are considered to be dependent on these and other interrelated factors. Some of the patients adjusted to their psychological trauma resulting from their past human relations through re‐experiencing identity crisis in the group as a transitional object. They did not maintain their enhanced self‐esteem through the group experience, but apparently utilized the transitional object they identified with as a model in overcoming their crises when they returned to the real life situation and confronted their actual problems. The actual effect of the camping MGT, therefore, may be evaluated when the nature of the disorders and therapeutic goals of individual patients, revealed during the present therapy, are further dealt with in the family, individual and regular group therapy following the camping MGT.
Alzheimer's Disease with Widespread Presence of Lewy Bodies
Authors: Mitsuyama Yoshio , Fukunaga Hiromitsu , Yamashita Morihisa
Published: March 2008

Abstract: Progressive mental deterioration associated with parkinsonism was observed in a 68‐year‐old patient in the senile period. Pathologically, evidence of senile changes was obtained consisting of degeneration of the neurons and numerous senile plaques with classical and perivascular types. Further, neuronal degeneration in the form of Lewy bodies was evidently observed in the hypothalamus, substantianigra et innominata, locus caeruleus of the vagus nerve, some nuclei in the reticular formation of the brainstem and neurons in the cerebral cortex. The clinical and pathological manifestations were those of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. It is suggested that some common etiological factors may cause those lesions as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease.
GABA Levels in Cerebrospinal Fluid of Patients with Epilepsy
Authors: Yamamoto Mitsutoshi , Takahashi Shigeru , Otsuki Saburo , Kugoh Toshiaki , Hosokawa Kiyoshi , Ogawa Norio
Published: March 2008

Abstract:The lumbar cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) γ‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) levels were measured in 27 patients with epilepsy, another three epileptic patients with status epilepticus and three epileptic patients with chronic cerebellar ataxia. The mean lumbar CSF GABA levels of the 27 patients with epilepsy were not significantly different from those of normal controls. Six of these 27 patients who had daily partial complex and partial motor seizures showed significantly low CSF GABA levels as did the six other patients, three each with status epilepticus and chronic cerebellar ataxia. These findings suggest that some epileptic patients have impaired brain GABAergic neurons.
A Critical Review of DSM‐III in the Developmental Disorder of Childhood
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Volkmar Fred R. , Kumashiro Hisashi , Cohen Donald J.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:This paper presents a summary and critical review of the DSM‐III diagnostic system for childhood psychiatric disorders with particular reference to developmental disorders. The rational for a multiaxial system, explicit diagnostic criteria, and a phenomenologicalapproach are outlined. Criteria for mental retardation, infantile autism, and specific developmental disorders are reviewed. While this system is an advance over previous schemesmany problems are also evident. These include a lack of specificity of the criteria, inconsistencies in criteria, and placement on the axes of mental disorders.
Opiate‐Antagonist Reversal of Neurological Deficits –Experimental and Clinical Studies–
Authors: Namba Shimpei , Nishigaki Shinichi , Fujiwara Noriaki , Wani Takao , Namba Yoichiro , Masaoka Tetsuya
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The proximal left M1 and the common trunk of A2 were clipped in 12 adult dogs. Naloxone was injected after placing the clips onto 6 dogs. Neither the systemic blood pressure nor the local cerebral blood flow were influenced by naloxone. In another group of 6 dogs with chronic right hemiplegia, naloxone proved passably effective in improving the hemiplegia. Eight patients with neurological deficits of various etiologies were administered levallorphan. The improvement in motor performance and/or elevation of mental activity was observed more or less in all but 2 of the patients. It was consideredthat the effect of opiate antagonists is based partially on the facilitation of synaptictransmission exaggerated by the arousal response.
Clinical Features of Autistic Children with Setback Course in Their Infancy
Authors: Hoshino Yoshihiko , Kaneko Motohisa , Yashima Yuko , Kumashiro Hisashi , Volkmar Fred R. , Cohen Donald J.
Published: March 2008

Abstract:This study examines the incidence rate of setback in 80 autistic children, the correlation between the type of onset and clinical features, developmental level and prognosis based on an originally developed questionnaire. Moreover, this study seeks to investigate the possibility that infantile autism might be classified into subgroups by the type of onset.

The acquired (including questionably acquired) group consisted of 39 cases (49%), while the natal group was made up of 41 cases (51%).

The age when the setback occurred was 21–22 months in the acquired group.

Precipitating psychological events were observed in 22 cases (56%) of the acquired group.

The mental developmental level including speech and sociability function at 5 years of age was significantly lower in the acquired group than in the natal group.

The acquired group showed severe behavioral disorderssuch as “stereotypic behavior,”“extremely hyperkinetic behavior” and “self‐abusive behavior” compared with the natal group.

The adaptive levels at schools or institutions were lower in the acquired group than in the natal group.

There was a higher incidence of epileptic seizures orfebrile convulsions in the acquired group than in the natal group. Moreover, there was a higher incidence of severe perinatal abnormalities in the acquired group.

The above‐mentioned results suggest that infantile autism might be classified into two subgroups, acquired and natal groups, based on the typeof onset, and also suggest that some types of brain dysfunctions are more severe in the acquired group than in the natal group.
Concentrations of β‐Phenylethylamine in Plasma and Plateletes of Schizophrenics
Authors: Myojin Tetsuro , Taga Chiaki , Tsuji Motohiro
Published: March 2008

Abstract: The plasma and platebet PEA levels of 20 normal subjects and 17 schizophrenic patients were investigated using a high‐performance liquid chromatography. In the normals the mean plasma and platelet levels of PEA were 4.9 ± 1.9 ng/ml and 1.78 ± 1.01 ng/mg protein, respctively, while in the schizophrenics, those were 12.1 ± 7.9 ng/ml and 0.77 ± 0.5 ng/mg protein, respectively. The plasma PEA levels of the schizophrenics were significantly higher than those of the normals, and the platelet PEA levels of the schizophrenics were lower than those of the normals.
Computerized Tomographic Study on the Brain of Patients with Alcohol Dependence
Authors: Kato Akira , Tsuji Motohiro , Nakamura Michihiko , Nakajima Teruo
Published: March 2008

Abstract: One hundred ten patients with alcohol dependence and 56 psychiatric patients with either senile dementia, amphetamine psychosis, epilepsy or chronic schizophrenia were investigated with a CT scan of the brain. The maximum width of the 3rd ventricle was measured, and the presence/absence of enlargement of the lateral ventricle and of atrophy of the frontal lobe was determined independently by 3 physicians. The width of the 3rd ventricle in alcoholic and the other patients examined was gradually enlarged with aging, and the width in these patients was significantly larger than that in the age‐matched control patients who were selected from the patients with amphetamine psychosis, epilepsy or schizophrenia. The enlargement of the lateral ventricles observed in the alcoholic patients always accompanied the enlargement of the 3rd ventricle, but not vice versa. The alcoholic patients with frontal lobe atrophy showed a higher incidence of withdrawal delirium than the patients without atrophy. These findings suggest that the chronic intake of alcohol might affect primarily the area around the 3rd ventricle, resulting in enlargement of this ventricle and consequential enlargement of the lateral ventricles and also that the alcoholic patients with frontal lobe atrophy could have a high risk for a manifestation of alcoholic withdrawal delirium.
A Computerized Tomographic Study in Patients with Delusional and Non‐delusional Depression
Authors: Shiraishi Hiroyasu , Koizumi Junzo , Hori Masashi , Terashima Yasushi , Suzuki Toshihito , Saito Kiichiro , Mizukami Katsuyoshi , Tanaka Yoshiro , Yamaguchi Naomi
Published: March 2008

Abstract: This is a description of a computerized tomographic study of 45 non‐delusional depressed, 29 delusional depressed patients and 77 neurotic control subjects. The cerebral atrophy ratio (CAR) on the three different slices and the ventricular ratio (VBR) of the anterior horn and the body of the lateral ventricles were calculated, analyzed and compared using Student's t test. Compared to the control subjects, the non‐delusional depressive patients had greater CAR values than the controls but there were no significant differences of VBR values between the two groups. The patients with delusional depression had significantly larger CAR and VBR avlues than the non‐delusional depressives and control subjects. The delusiond depressives had greater brain atrophy than the non‐delusionals and it was suggested that organic cerebral factors may have etiological significance in the depressions, especially the delusional depressives.
An Autopsy Case of Binswanger's Disease without Hypertension and Associated with Cerebral Infarction in the Terminal Stage
Authors: Iijima Masaaki , Ishino Hiroshi , Seno Haruo , Inagaki Takuji , Haruki Shigekazu
Published: March 2008

Abstract: We report here an autopsy case of Binswanger's disease (BD) without hypertension and associated with cerebral infarction in the terminal stage. The female patient, who was 74 years old at the time of death, had initially demonstrated manic‐depressive disorder‐like mental disorder, followed by dementia and neurological deficits. A brain CT scan showed white matter low attenuation bilaterally and symmetrically. BD was clinically diagnosed despite the lack of hypertension. In the terminal stage, she suffered an infarction in the left anterior cerebral artery region, and died of pneumonia. Neuropathologically, we found the infarction of the left anterior cerebral artery region, demyelination, fibrillary gliosis, lacunae and arteriosclerosis of the small arteries and arterioles in the white matter.
Ethical Problems in Psychiatric Everyday Practice
Authors: Helmchen Hanfried
Published: March 2008

Abstract: For the ethical evaluation of psychiatric decisions the will of the patient–apart from his welfare, of course–has gained special importance in recent years. It is constitutionally protected in the form of self‐determination. Accordingly the physician can only act with the patient's consent. The capacity of the individual to consent may be impaired or suspended because of a mental disease. It is often difficult, however, to recognize this impairment, to assess its extent, to evaluate its current relevance and to draw the correct conclusions. This becomes important when the psychiatrist deals with a patient whose will is in opposition to his welfare. Difficulties for the physician may also result because his therapy, regardless of whether it is somatic therapy or psychotherapy or involves social measures, though aiming to remove the mental disturbance and with the ultimate objective of the patient regaining his lost autonomy in mind, may at times curtail the self‐determination of the patient. These difficulties are illustrated by some examples with the objective to maintain our awareness of these issues in our everyday work.