bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ANDREA NÜSSE, Muslim Palestine: The Ideology of Hamas
(Amsterdam: Harwood Academic Publishers, 1998). Pp. 203. $22.00 paper.
Authors: HAFEZ MOHAMMED M.
Published: September 2019

In a modest but original contribution to the literature on the Islamist movement in the West
Bank and Gaza, Andrea Nüsse explores the ideology of the key player in this movement:
Hamas. Nüsse analyzes Hamas's system of thought, particularly how it frames its
struggle against Israel; the arguments it employs to oppose the peace process; and its use of
Qur[ham]anic exegeses to underpin its militant, or jihadist, stance. The author avoids
such issues as the structure of the organization and the social base of its constituency, which have
been explored elsewhere. Instead, she relies on primary material to address the goals, strategy,
ideological foundations, self-image, and perceived enemies of the movement. In addition to these
themes, the author presents Hamas's perspective on contemporary historical events and
developments, including the Gulf War of 1990–91, the mass deportation of Islamists to
South Lebanon in 1992, and the Hebron massacre of 1994. The aim throughout the book is to
shed light on an under-studied aspect of the movement, leaving it up to the reader to seek out
other writings that give a more comprehensive analysis.
MARTIN SICKER, Reshaping Palestine: From Muhammad Ali
to the British Mandate, 1831–1922 (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1999). Pp. 198.
$55.00 cloth.
Authors: REILLY JAMES A.
Published: September 2019

Martin Sicker's book is an account of the emergence of Jewish nationalism centered on
Palestine during the century prior to the establishment of the British Mandate. It is a tertiary
source, written mostly on the basis of published secondary sources. Hence, it offers no new
material or interpretations for specialists to consider. The text is clean, unencumbered by a surfeit
of notes, and it is easy to grasp. The major audience, in addition to students, would appear to be
policy-makers and public-affairs professionals who need a concisely presented and easily
digestible historical background study.
J. W. WRIGHT, JR., ED., The Political Economy of
Middle East Peace: The Impact of Competing Trade Agendas (London: Routledge, 1999).
Pp. 288. $85.00 cloth.
Authors: SAYRE EDWARD
Published: September 2019

It is testimony to the sad state of the study of economics in the Middle East that a work such
as The Political Economy of Middle East Peace: The Impact of Competing Trade Agendas, edited by J. W. Wright, Jr., could be produced. This collection of essays attempts to shed light on the relationship between international economic relations and the peace process. The sloppy scholarship included in this volume would be inexcusable when looking at any other
region, but it appears to be acceptable when analyzing Middle Eastern economies. Although this
description is not characteristic of all of the essays in the volume, it diminishes the overall quality
of this work to such a degree that it detracts from the some of the more enlightening and
important papers that are included. For example, Laura Drake's careful examination of
“A New Middle East Order” in the first chapter lays out the potential stumbling
blocks and hurdles as the process of normalization between Arab states and Israel continues.
Unfortunately, the next chapter, by Wright, primarily examines the same topic but almost
completely ignores relevant data and scholarship critical to his thesis. While some chapters
examine key issues and analyze nuances in the political economy of the Middle East peace
process, this uneven and incongruous group of essays is of little value to policy-makers,
academics, or students of Middle Eastern political economy.
JAMES L. GELVIN, Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass
Politics in Syria at the Close of Empire (Berkeley, Los Angeles, and London: University of
California Press, 1998). Pp. 342. $50.00 cloth, $19.95 paper.
Authors: WEDEEN LISA
Published: September 2019

James L. Gelvin's Divided Loyalties: Nationalism and Mass Politics in Syria at the
Close of Empire isolates a two-year period, between the end of Ottoman rule and the
beginning of the French Mandate, to examine a critical moment in the development of nationalism in Syria. He draws on previously unanalyzed primary source material, including leaflets, newspaper reports and editorials, memoirs, speeches, rumors, and even graffiti, to reveal the processes through which modern nationalisms in the Arab East were created. In doing so, he undermines two basic assumptions in the literature on Arab nationalism (p. 5). First, in contrast to the vision of Arab identity as a long-repressed primordial national consciousness—what political scientist Ronald Grigor Suny terms the “Sleeping Beauty” view—Gelvin shows instead how nationalism was subject to varying interpretations and conflicting visions. For Gelvin, Arab nationalism has “achieved a retrospective homogeneity and coherence” in the scholarly literature, which it did not have historically (p. 7). Second, Gelvin challenges the prevailing view that the phenomenon of Arab nationalism can be adequately captured by way of elite-centric intellectual histories.
MURSI SAAD EL-DIN, ED., Gazbia Sirry: Lust for Color (Cairo: American University in Cairo Press, 1998). Pp. 246.
Authors: NELSON CYNTHIA
Published: September 2019

The attempt to put into words what is fundamentally a visual experience confronts this
reviewer with an enormous challenge. Being neither artist nor art critic, I must approach the task
through my lens as friend and long-time admirer of Gazbia Hassan Sirry, one of Egypt's
leading modern artists, whose varied and innovative artistic career spans more than fifty years.
Perhaps in this way I can create a context within which this book can be read, appreciated, and, I
hope, used by those scholars who are interested in the dialectic between art and society, artist and
social transformation.
MAHMUD A. FAKSH, The Future of Islam in the Middle East:
Fundamentalism in Egypt, Algeria, and Saudi Arabia (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997). Pp.
148. $49.95 cloth. MAHMOOD MONSHIPOURI, Islamism, Secularism, and
Human Rights in the Middle East (Boulder, Colo.: Lynne Rienner, 1998). Pp. 270. $55.00
cloth.
Authors: WIKTOROWICZ QUINTAIN
Published: September 2019

Middle Eastern studies is frequently criticized in the social sciences for being atheoretical and
descriptive. While it is effective in elucidating the complexities of societies, a lack of theory tends
to isolate Middle Eastern studies from social-science disciplines, because it often lacks applicable
frameworks or concepts that can be applied outside the region. A growing group of scholars is
attempting to address this concern by integrating strong empirical area expertise and the rigor of
social-science inquiry to enhance the explanatory power of research.
THE ARMENIAN QUESTION AND THE WARTIME FATE OF THE
ARMENIANS AS DOCUMENTED BY THE OFFICIALS OF THE OTTOMAN
EMPIRE'S WORLD WAR I ALLIES: GERMANY AND
AUSTRIA–HUNGARY
Authors: Dadrian Vahakn N.
Published: September 2019

The wartime fate of the Ottoman Empire's Armenian minority continues to be
controversial. The debate in the main revolves around the causes and nature of that fate. Some
historians have alleged that what is involved is centrally organized mass murder—or, to use
contemporary terminology, genocide. This school of thought maintains that the Ottoman
authorities were waiting for a suitable opportunity to undertake the wholesale liquidation of the
empire's Armenian population, and the outbreak of World War I provided that opportunity.
The Committee of Union and Progress (CUP, or Unionists), who controlled the Ottoman
government, they argue further, did in fact undertake this liquidation under cover of the war.1 Others, however, dispute these assertions, especially that of genocidal intent. This group maintains that Armenian acts of disloyalty, subversion, and insurrection in wartime forced the central government to order, for purposes of relocation, the deportation of large sections of the Armenian population. According to this argument, apart from those who were killed in “intercommunal” clashes—that is, a “civil war”—the bulk of the Armenian losses resulted from the severe hardships associated with poorly administered measures of deportations, including exhaustion, sickness, starvation, and epidemics. In other words, this school of thought holds that the Ottoman Empire, in the throes of an existential war, had no choice but to protect itself by resorting to drastic methods; therefore, the tragic fate of the Armenians must be understood in the context of the dire conditions of World War I.2 These views are encapsulated in the formula that the noted Middle East historian Bernard Lewis has used—namely, the desperate conditions of “an embattled empire.”3
DIN-U DEVLET ALL OVER AGAIN? THE POLITICS OF MILITARY
SECULARISM AND RELIGIOUS MILITARISM IN TURKEY FOLLOWING THE 1980
COUP
Authors: Kaplan Sam
Published: September 2019

Current discussions on the political developments in Turkey frequently frame the struggles
between the military and religious parties as a war between secularism and Islam and draw out
incommensurable differences between the two sides. Indeed, the military establishment, which
casts itself as the guardian of the secular republic, succeeded in 1997 in having the Supreme Court
ban the Welfare Party, the first openly religious party ever to form a government in the Turkish
Republic. The generals justified this seemingly undemocratic move by claiming that that this party
was trying to reinstate the sacred shari[ayin]a law.
USSAMA MAKDISI, The Culture of Sectarianism: Community,
History, and Violence in Ottoman Lebanon (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2000).
Pp. 259. $22.00.
Authors: al-Qattan Najwa
Published: September 2019

In The Culture of Sectarianism: Community, History, and Violence in Ottoman Lebanon, Ussama Makdisi focuses on sectarianism as the defining experience in modern Mount
Lebanon—indeed, as the core of Lebanese modernity itself. This work is a meticulous
deconstruction of sectarianism as a discourse spawned by a particular historic
conjecture—Ottoman reform in the age of European domination—in and around the
tiny peripheral society of 19th-century Mount Lebanon. It is also an impassioned insistence not
only on the historic but also the moral urgency of recognizing the contingency of, and the human
agency in, the emergence of sectarianism and an invitation for hope in a Lebanese future that
might yet dare to embrace an alternative modernity. Makdisi's book is not only illuminated
by the scholar's insight; it is also animated by empathy for his subject matter and a talent
that brings local society and its mountainous vistas vividly to the mind's eye.
JUDITH E. TUCKER, In the House of the Law: Gender and
Islamic Law in Ottoman Syria and Palestine (Berkeley: University of California Press,
1998). Pp. 232. $40.00 cloth.
Authors: Ergene Bogaç A.
Published: September 2019

In this book, Judith Tucker attempts to understand how gender differences, family relations,
and sexuality were legally constructed in Syria and Palestine during the 17th and 18th centuries.
At the same time, she explores the avenues through which women were able to exert agency and
control their fates in a predominantly patriarchal social and legal environment.
Self-Help Criminality as Resistance?: Currency Counterfeiting in
Colonial Nigeria
Authors: OLUKOJU AYODEJI
Published: September 2019

This essay examines the counterfeiting and uttering of British
Imperial coinage in interwar Nigeria, and the response of the colonial
state. In particular, it establishes a connection between criminality and
resistance to European colonialism in Africa. In this regard, it
contextualizes the preponderant involvement in the counterfeiting saga of
the Ijebu, a subgroup of the Yoruba nationality in southwestern
Nigeria. Though other considerations were involved, the preponderance of the
Ijebu in making what was called “Ijebu money” illustrates how self-help
criminality was both a means of accumulation and a veritable form of
resistance to colonial rule. Following their military defeat in 1892 and
their subsequent alienation from British rule, this criminal activity
represented resistance by other means. The point must be stressed, however,
that not all Ijebu were counterfeiters, and all counterfeiters were not
Ijebu, and that the counterfeiters were no “heroic criminals”, who
shared their loot with the poor.
THE BUSINESS OF SLAVING: PAWNSHIP IN WESTERN AFRICA, c. 1600–1810
Authors: LOVEJOY PAUL E. , RICHARDSON DAVID
Published: September 2019

The use of people as pawns to underpin credit was widespread in
western Africa during the era of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. This study
examines where and when pawns were used in commercial transactions involving
European slave merchants in the period c. 1600–1810. It is shown that European
merchants relied on pawnship as an instrument of credit protection in many places,
though not everywhere. Europeans apparently did not hold pawns at Ouidah (after
1727), at Bonny or on the Angolan coast. Nonetheless, the reliance on pawnship
elsewhere highlights the influence of African institutions on the development of
the slave trade.
THE MAKING OF HISTORY IN COLONIAL HAUTE
VOLTA: BORDER CONFLICTS BETWEEN TWO MOOSE
CHIEFTAINCIES, 1900–1940
Authors: BREUSERS MARK
Published: September 2019

When, in 1896, the Moose kingdoms of contemporary Burkina Faso were
incorporated in the colony of Haute Volta, a period of sometimes extreme
hardship began for their population as the French colonizers introduced
head taxes, forced labour and military recruitment, and, during the 1920s, a
programme of forced cotton cultivation. The repressive colonial regime and
the concomitant ‘pacification’ of the Haute Volta triggered two major
migratory movements among the Moose. First, today's massive migration of
Moose towards Côte d'Ivoire is generally understood to have been initiated
by forced recruitment during colonial times. Until the eve of Haute Volta's
independence in 1960, ‘voluntary’ long-distance migration was mainly
directed towards the British Gold Coast and has been explained in terms of
either the Moose's need to earn a monetary income to pay taxes or their
attempts to escape the repressive French colonial regime. The latter also
predominates in explanations of the second migratory movement which was
towards the so-called aires-refuges: less controlled areas, situated at the
margins of the Moose kingdoms and offering places to hide from colonial
exactions. The relatively high population densities in the Moose kingdoms
and the space-consuming land use practices are often cited as subsidiary
causes.
Peter the Chanter, Innocent III and Theological Views on Collective Guilt and Punishment
Authors: CLARKE P. D.
Published: September 2019

Innocent III regularised ecclesiastical usage of several penalties which punished the innocent along
with the guilty, notably the interdict. His actions need to be understood in their intellectual as well
as political context. It has long been thought that Peter the Chanter taught the future pope when
he studied theology at Paris. This article presents evidence of the Chanter's radical influence on
Innocent's attitude to collective guilt and punishment and compares their views with canonistic doctrine.
Core–annular flow in a periodically constricted circular tube. Part 1. Steady-state, linear stability and energy analysis
Authors: KOURIS CHARALAMPOS , TSAMOPOULOS JOHN
Published: September 2019

The concentric, two-phase flow of two immiscible fluids in a tube of sinusoidally
varying cross-section is studied. This geometry is often used as a model to study the
onset of different flow regimes in packed beds. Neglecting gravitational effects, the
model equations depend on five dimensionless parameters: the Reynolds and Weber
numbers, and the ratios of density, viscosity and volume of the two fluids. Two
more dimensionless numbers describe the shape of the solid wall: the constriction
ratio and the ratio of its maximum radius to its period. In addition to the effect of
the Weber number, which depends on both the fluid and the flow, the effect of the
Ohnesorge number J has been examined as it characterizes the fluid alone. The governing
equations are approximated using the pseudo-spectral methodology while the
Arnoldi algorithm has been implemented for computing the most critical eigenvalues
that correspond to axisymmetric disturbances. Stationary solutions are obtained for a
wide parameter range, which may exhibit flow recirculation at the expanding portion
of the tube. Extensive calculations are made for the dependence of the neutral stability
boundaries on the various parameters. In most cases where the steady solution
becomes unstable it does so through a Hopf bifurcation. Exceptions to this are cases
where the viscosity ratio is O(10−3) and, then, the most unstable eigenvalue remains
real. Generally, steady core–annular flow in this geometry is more susceptible to
instability than in a straight tube and, in similar ranges of the parameters, it may
be generated by different mechanisms. Decreasing the thickness of the annular fluid,
inverse Weber number or the Ohnesorge number or the density of the core fluid stabilizes
the flow. For stability reasons, the viscosity ratio must remain strictly below unity
and it has an optimum value that maximizes the range of allowed Reynolds numbers.
Diffusion-controlled solidification of a ternary melt from a cooled boundary
Authors: AITTA ANNELI , HUPPERT HERBERT E. , WORSTER M. GRAE
Published: September 2019

We present details of an experimental study of crystallization adjacent to a cooled
boundary from an aqueous solution of potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate. This
transparent system is typical of many ternary melts that do not form solid solutions,
including examples in igneous petrology and metallurgy. We have measured the rates
of advance of the front of crystallization and the eutectic front, behind which the
system is completely solid. From careful measurements of the concentration and
temperature fields, we have been able to infer the location of an internal phase
boundary: the cotectic front separating a region in which only one component of the
ternary system forms crystals from a region in which two components form crystals.
Our experiments were conducted under conditions in which fluid flow is minimal,
so that rates of crystallization are determined principally by the diffusive transport
of heat. We have confirmed that the thicknesses of the various regions all grow in
proportion to the square root of time, as is expected of diffusion-limited growth,
and have determined the constants of proportionality for a range of different initial
concentrations and boundary temperatures. We have found evidence to suggest that
there may be a significant nucleation delay in the secondary and tertiary crystallization.
Our measurements of concentration provide much more information about the ternary
phase diagram than has hitherto been available.
Finite-amplitude convection in the presence of finitely conducting boundaries
Authors: WESTERBURG M. , BUSSE F. H.
Published: September 2019

Finite-amplitude convection in the form of rolls and their stability with respect to
infinitesimal disturbances is investigated in the case of boundaries of the horizontal
fluid layer which exhibit a thermal conductivity comparable to that of the fluid. It is
found that even when rolls represent the preferred mode at the onset of convection
a transition to square cells may occur at slightly supercritical Rayleigh numbers.
The phenomenon of inertial convection in low Prandtl number fluids appears to
become more pronounced as the conductivity of the boundaries is reduced. Modulated
convection rolls have also been found as solutions of the problem. But they appear
to be unstable in general. Experimental observations have been made and are found
in general agreement with the theoretical predictions.
An adaptive multimodal approach to nonlinear sloshing in a rectangular tank
Authors: FALTINSEN ODD M. , TIMOKHA ALEXANDER N.
Published: September 2019

Two-dimensional nonlinear sloshing of an incompressible fluid with irrotational flow
in a rectangular tank is analysed by a modal theory. Infinite tank roof height and no
overturning waves are assumed. The modal theory is based on an infinite-dimensional
system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations coupling generalized coordinates
of the free surface and fluid motion associated with the amplitude response of
natural modes. This modal system is asymptotically reduced to an infinite-dimensional
system of ordinary differential equations with fifth-order polynomial nonlinearity by
assuming sufficiently small fluid motion relative to fluid depth and tank breadth. When
introducing inter-modal ordering, the system can be detuned and truncated to describe
resonant sloshing in different domains of the excitation period. Resonant sloshing
due to surge and pitch sinusoidal excitation of the primary mode is considered. By
assuming that each mode has only one main harmonic an adaptive procedure is
proposed to describe direct and secondary resonant responses when Moiseyev-like
relations do not agree with experiments, i.e. when the excitation amplitude is not
very small, and the fluid depth is close to the critical depth or small. Adaptive
procedures have been established for a wide range of excitation periods as long as the
mean fluid depth h is larger than 0.24 times the tank breadth l. Steady-state results
for wave elevation, horizontal force and pitch moment are experimentally validated
except when heavy roof impact occurs. The analysis of small depth requires that
many modes have primary order and that each mode may have more than one main
harmonic. This is illustrated by an example for h/l = 0.173, where the previous model
by Faltinsen et al. (2000) failed. The new model agrees well with experiments.
Laboratory experiments on intrusive flows and internal waves in a pycnocline
Authors: MADERICH V. S. , VAN HEIJST G. J. F. , BRANDT A.
Published: September 2019

A laboratory study has been performed to simulate intrusive flows generated by
internal wave-breaking activity in the oceanic pycnocline. Two different cases were
considered. In the first set of experiments a short-duration source of motion was modelled
by creating a finite region of well-mixed fluid. The collapse of this region resulted
in intrusive flows and internal waves in the pycnocline. Attention was focused on the
formation and subsequent evolution of solitary ‘bulges’ in the intrusion. Detailed flow
measurements have revealed that the weak motion inside these bulges (which contain
well-mixed fluid from the source) is organized in a four-vortex structure. Numerical
flow simulations provided important information about the dynamics of this four-cell
structure: the outer cells are associated with baroclinic generation of vorticity, while
the inner cells are characterized by a balance between the advective and the viscous
terms in the vorticity equation.

In the second set of experiments continuous mixing was induced by a vertically
oscillating, horizontal grid centred in the pycnocline. The mixed region collapses, thus
forming an intrusive flow into the pycnocline and internal waves that propagate along
the pycnocline at higher speed than the intrusion. It was found that the velocity of
the intrusive flow is approximately constant and that its dynamics is controlled by an
inertial–buoyancy balance. The parameters of the internal waves in both cases were
compared with theory.
A model for subharmonic resonance within wavepackets in unstable boundary layers
Authors: CRAIK A. D. D.
Published: September 2019

In recent experiments on the growth of localized disturbances in a Blasius boundary
layer, Medeiros & Gaster (1999a, b) observed that the development of nonlinear
effects depends markedly on the initial phase of their imposed disturbance. Here,
a simple explanation of this phenomenon is proposed. Because the disturbance is
localized in space and time, it has a spread of wavenumbers and frequencies: among
these are components which can initiate a pair of resonant subharmonic waves with
well-determined phase, which are then amplified by the familiar three-wave resonance
mechanism. The amplitude attained after some time is strongly phase-dependent,
consistent with the experimental observations.
Flow induced by a randomly vibrating boundary
Authors: VOLFSON DMITRI , VIÑALS JORGE
Published: September 2019

We study the flow induced by random vibration of a solid boundary in an otherwise
quiescent fluid. The analysis is motivated by experiments conducted under the low level
and random effective acceleration field that is typical of a microgravity environment.
When the boundary is planar and is being vibrated along its own plane, the variance
of the velocity field decays as a power law of distance away from the boundary. If a
low-frequency cut-off is introduced in the power spectrum of the boundary velocity,
the variance decays exponentially for distances larger than a Stokes layer thickness
based on the cut-off frequency. Vibration of a gently curved boundary results in
steady streaming in the ensemble average of the tangential velocity. Its amplitude
diverges logarithmically with distance away from the boundary, but asymptotes to a
constant value instead if a low-frequency cut-off is considered. This steady component
of the velocity is shown to depend logarithmically on the cut-off frequency. Finally, we
consider the case of a periodically modulated solid boundary that is being randomly
vibrated. We find steady streaming in the ensemble average of the first-order velocity,
with flow extending up to a characteristic distance of the order of the boundary
wavelength. The structure of the flow in the vicinity of the boundary depends strongly
on the correlation time of the boundary velocity.
Instabilities of the undertow
Authors: LI LI , DALRYMPLE ROBERT A.
Published: September 2019

The steady undertow created by waves breaking at a beach and slowly
flowing
offshore can become unstable and create a train of submerged offshore migrating

vortices with shorter length scales and longer time scales than the incident
waves, as
shown by Matsunaga, Takehara & Awaya (1988, 1994). These vortices rotate
about
horizontal axes parallel to the shoreline. Our larger-scale laboratory
experiments show
that an additional layer of vortices can exist over the water depth, with
vortices near
the water surface rotating in the same direction as the wave-induced water
particle
trajectories, while those located at about mid-depth rotate in the opposite
direction.

A theoretical and numerical analysis shows that these vortices are due
to instabilities
of the undertow. Far offshore of the surf zone, the vortex trains decay
because the
velocity profile for the undertow becomes linear over depth, hence neutrally
stable to
any disturbances.
On the impulsive blocking of a vortex–jet
Authors: LEE J. A. , BURGGRAF O. R. , CONLISK A. T.
Published: September 2019

In this paper we consider the flow field within and around
a vortex as it ‘collides’
with a thin plate at a right angle to its axis of rotation. We show that
based solely on
inviscid flow theory, vorticity in the core of the vortex is redistributed
significantly.
The main cause of this redistribution is the presence of axial flow within
the vortex;
we call this vortical structure which contains axial flow a vortex–jet.
In this work we
show that when the axial velocity within the vortex is toward the plate,
vorticity is
redistributed radially outward from the core resulting in a significant
reduction in the
axial vorticity there; the vortex is said to ‘bulge’
reflecting an increase in the nominal
vortex core radius. A by-product of this interaction is that the suction
peak amplitude
caused by the presence of the vortex rapidly decreases and the pressure
soon returns
to a quasi-steady distribution. On the other hand, when the axial velocity
within the
vortex is directed away from the surface, the suction peak persists and
the vortex
core radius decreases. The numerical results were validated by comparison
with an
analytical solution for a sinusoidal vortex jet. Analytical solutions were
also derived
for the initial and final states of a pure jet; the numerical results are
strongly supported
by the analysis. In addition, all of these results are consistent with
experiments, and
their relevance to the interaction between a tip vortex and a helicopter
airframe is
also discussed.
The influence of rotation on shelf convection
Authors: JACOBS P. , IVEY G. N.
Published: September 2019

A series of laboratory experiments was conducted to study the flows
and exchange
processes generated by turbulent convection in a shallow fluid with a combination
of
a shelf and slope topography in the presence of rotation. For convenience,
heat loss at
the ocean surface was modelled by heating from below with
a buoyancy flux B0 applied
to a circular portion (of radius R) of the base of a cylindrical
tank, rotating with
angular frequency f. The working volume was closed by an inverted
model of a shelf
and slope topography (with slope angle ϕ), creating a
fluid height H between the forced
surface and the shelf. After the initiation of the buoyancy forcing, the
average
temperature in the actively convecting region initially increases linearly
with time but
slows down once a lateral heat flux is generated by baroclinic instability
at the edge of
the convecting region. The wavelength of this instability is
described by λ=(5.9±0.3)
RD, with RD the

Rossby radius of deformation, defined by
(g′H)1/2/f, where g′
is the
reduced gravity based on the density difference between the convecting
and ambient
fluids. A steady state is eventually reached when the lateral heat flux
balances the
(vertical) heat flux due to the forcing. The results differ from previous
work in either
unbounded or in constant-depth environments. It is shown that the steady-state

density anomaly between the convecting and ambient regions is given by

g′f=(1.6±0.2)
(B0f)1/2 (R/H),

while the time to reach this steady state is τ=(3.1±0.5)
(f/B0)1/2R.
The eddy velocity, characterizing the lateral exchange process, is given
by
vflux≈1.2
(B0/f)1/2. These
results are consistent with the description of the lateral
exchange process by eddy diffusion (rather than advection). Comparisons
are made
between the experimental results and field observations of convection events.
Radiology of acute mastoiditis and its complications: a pictorial review and interpretation checklist
Authors: Mather M W , Yates P D , Powell J , Zammit-Maempel I
Published: September 2019

Background

Mastoiditis is an otological emergency, and cross-sectional imaging has a role in the diagnosis of complications and surgical planning. Advances in imaging technology are becoming increasingly sophisticated and, by the same token, the ability to accurately interpret findings is essential.

Methods

This paper reviews common and rare complications of mastoiditis using case-led examples. A radiologist-derived systematic checklist is proposed, to assist the ENT surgeon with interpreting cross-sectional imaging in emergency mastoiditis cases when the opinion of a head and neck radiologist may be difficult to obtain.

Results

A 16-point checklist (the ‘mastoid 16’) was used on a case-led basis to review the radiological features of both common and rare complications of mastoiditis; this is complemented with imaging examples.

Conclusion

Acute mastoiditis has a range of serious complications that may be amenable to treatment, once diagnosed using appropriate imaging. The proposed checklist provides a systematic approach to identifying complications of mastoiditis.
The Nature of the New Argentine Democracy. The Delegative Democracy Argument Revisited
Authors: PERUZZOTTI ENRIQUE
Published: September 2019

O'Donnell's diagnosis regarding the delegative nature of the new Latin
American democracies has won wide acceptance in current debates on
institutional consolidation. Through the analysis of the Argentine case this
commentary challenges the delegative democracy argument as one-sided. The
delegativeness hypothesis, it will be argued, turns a blind eye to the truly
innovative processes that have taken place within Argentine society and make
this democratising wave distinctive.
Chinese Politics at the Crossroads: Reflections on the Hundred Days Reform of 1898
Authors: KWONG LUKE S. K.
Published: September 2019

Few students of modern China would dispute that the Hundred Days Reform of

1898 ushered in a major nation-building effort that, despite false

starts and setbacks, has continued to this day. Thus, history and policy

converged when its centenary in 1998 was widely commemorated—20 years

after reform was again proclaimed China's national agenda (1978). Beida,

or Peking University, which traces its founding to the establishment of the

Imperial College (Jingshi daxuetang) in 1898, celebrated not only the

historical event but also its own evolution over the past century to become

China's leading institution of higher learning. The Palace Museum,

which stands on the grounds of the former Forbidden City, where much of the

1898 drama unfolded, commemorated with an exhibition of archival materials

and historical artifacts. It lasted from June 11 to September 21, the

original dates of the Hundred Days. Historians did not lag behind. In an

outpour of publications, they explored the multifarious facets of the famous

episode. China scholars elsewhere also took note of the centenary. Two

panels at the 1998 meetings of the Association for Asian Studies in

Washington, D.C., for example, presented papers that dealt with, if not

exactly what transpired a century ago, issues somehow related to it.
The Quest for Urban Citizenship: Civic Rights, Public Opinion, and Colonial Resistance in Early Twentieth-Century Bombay
Authors: HAZAREESINGH SANDIP
Published: September 2019

Although the issue of citizenship has attracted the interest of some
political scientists in relation to the problems of contemporary Indian
democracy, historians have generally tended to shy away from exploring
the concrete demands for civic rights that accompanied, but were by no
means identical with, the struggle for national self-determination. Indeed,
the dominance of nationalist and nation-oriented frameworks in Indian
historical writing has tended to thwart interest in the materialities of
local issues directly affecting the livelihoods of people. The astoundingly
low profile accorded to what Manuel Castells described more than a quarter
of a century ago as ‘the urban question’, is a revealing manifestation of
the relative neglect of local and social histories.
French Anthropology and the Durkheimians in Colonial Indochina
Authors: BAYLEY SUSAN
Published: September 2019

The aim of this paper is to use both anthropological and historical
approaches to explore the distinctive nature of colonialism in French-ruled
Indochina. From this interdisciplinary perspective, it seeks to
contextualize a rich but little known series of nineteenth- and
twentieth-century writings on Indochina's peoples and cultures. It
notes particularly their emphasis on concepts of the community and of the
transforming revolutionary event. And it argues that these writings'
distinctive understandings of race, culture and polity profoundly affected
the thought and action of Asians as well as Europeans, with these effects
being felt both within and beyond the French empire.
On Polytropy: Or the Natural Condition of Spiritual Cosmopolitanism in India: The Digambar Jain Case
Authors: CARRITHERS MICHAEL
Published: September 2019

As Jog Maya remarked to me, there are religions enough for everyone to
choose, just like vegetables in the morning bazaar. Gellner 1992:70

The family was in continuous communion with a whole range of business
associates, gods and men. Bayly 1983:390
A new Oxyrhynchus Papyrus of Revelation: P115 (P. Oxy. 4499)
Authors: PARKER DAVID C.
Published: September 2019

This article studies the text of the recently published P115, a text containing substantial portions of Revelation and dating from the late third or early fourth century. It is argued here that the manuscript is the oldest member of the A C text-type by over a century, and that agreements between P115 A C against P47 and/or ℵ confirm the high quality of this new papyrus. None of the singular readings here has a claim to be correct, but there are perhaps six readings where the evidence of the papyrus makes a case for a change to the text of Nestle–Aland/UBS.
Of Beasts and Bees: the View of the Natural World in Virgil's Georgics and John's Apocalypse
Authors: McDONOUGH SEAN M.
Published: September 2019

The article proposes a dialogue between Virgil's Georgics and John's Apocalypse as a means of illuminating Revelation's view of the natural world. A comparison of the two works reveals a common understanding of the natural order as at once beautiful and terrifying, majestic and vulnerable. While irreconcilable religious differences remain (particularly concerning the figure of Augustus), the two works can still be read in a complementary way. Virgil's lyrical evocations of the Italian countryside give a new depth to the tragedy of the destruction of the natural order in Revelation, while John's theology of hope supplies a theological focus lacking in the Latin poet.
The Concept of the ‘Inner Human Being’ (όέσω άνθρωποσ) in the Anthropology of Paul
Authors: BETZ HANS DIETER
Published: September 2019

The paper discusses one of the key concepts of Paul's anthropology, the concept of the ‘inner human being’ (όέσω άνθρωποσ). According to recent contributions by U. Duchrow, T. K. Heckel, C. Markschies and W. Burkert, Paul's concept originated in Plato. The questions still open are: How did the concept get into the hands of Paul? How does Paul interpret the concept in accordance with his own theological anthropology? Answering these two questions is the goal of the paper.
De l’intérêt de 4 Maccabées 17.18–22 (et 16.20–1) pour la christologie du NT
Authors: GRAPPE CHRISTIAN
Published: September 2019

Le quatrième livre des Maccabées établit un parallèle tout particulier entre le martyre des sept frères, l’offrande d’Isaac sur le mont Moriah et l’épisode des trois Hébreux dans la fournaise. Ces événements ont été valorisés à date ancienne dans une perspective sacrificielle. Les textes montrent qu’on attribuait au don que les héros avaient fait de leur vie non seulement une valeur expiatoire mais aussi, simultanément, une vertu communielle, leur sacrifice leur donnant accès à la vie en ou à Dieu. Un éclairage peut ainsi être projeté sur les représentations néotestamentaires relatives à la mort-exaltation du Christ (He; Jn; Rm 6.10–11).
‘I will open my mouth in parables’ (Matt 13.35): A Case for a Gospel-Based Biblical Hermeneutics
Authors: OKURE, SHCJ TERESA
Published: September 2019

The study participates in the ongoing discussion of the relationship between hermeneutics and exegesis. A review of the main aspects of the discussion, the meanings of both terms, and key influences in modern biblical criticism reveals that hermeneutics is an operating fundamental in both ‘exegesis’ and ‘hermeneutics’. The study consequently proposes ‘exegetical hermeneutics’ as an integrative methodology which would place exegesis at the service of hermeneutics. Jesus’ use of parables models the salient aspects of the proposed ‘exegetical hermeneutics’. A concluding section highlights the implications of the proposed approach for NT scholarship.
The mannitol cycle in Eimeria
Authors: SCHMATZ D. M.
Published: September 2019

A metabolic pathway known as the mannitol cycle has been identified

in Eimerian parasites. The pathway is a shunt off
of the glycolytic pathway at fructose-6-phosphate (F6P). Two enzymes
convert F6P to mannitol and two other enzymes
are responsible for converting mannitol back to F6P when it is utilized.

Although the pathway is present in various stages
of the parasite the most apparent role of this pathway is in the sexual

portion of the life cycle, particularly in the formation
of oocysts. Extremely high concentrations of mannitol, approaching 0.3
M, are
present in unsporulated oocysts. Mannitol
functions as the endogenous energy source for oocysts to sporulate in the

environment outside of the host. An inhibitory
protein which inactivates the first enzyme of the mannitol cycle has
been isolated from an oocyst derived inhibited enzyme
complex and is believed to prevent the futile cycling of F6P during the

maturation of oocysts. Evidence of the vital role
of mannitol in the development and maturation of Eimeria tenella

oocysts has been facilitated through the use of the drug
Nitrophenide™, a known anticoccidial which has now been found to
be
an inhibitor of one of the enzymes responsible for
the biosynthesis of mannitol in the parasite. This compound prevents
the formation of oocysts and at lower doses reduces
mannitol levels in shed oocysts. In addition, oocysts with reduced mannitol

levels fail to complete the sporulation process
lending further evidence for this polyol's role in the parasite.
Lipid biosynthesis pathways as chemotherapeutic targets
in kinetoplastid parasites
Authors: URBINA J. A.
Published: September 2019

Inhibitors of sterol and phospholipid biosynthesis in kinetoplastid

parasites such as Trypanosoma cruzi, the causative agent
of Chagas' disease, and different species of Leishmania
have potent and selective activity as chemotherapeutic agents in
vitro and in vivo. Recent work with the sterol
C14α-demethylase inhibitor D0870, a bis triazole derivative, showed
that this
compound is capable of inducing radical parasitological cure in murine
models
of both acute and chronic Chagas' disease.
Other inhibitors of this type, such as SCH 56592, have also shown curative,

rather than suppressive, activity against T.
cruzi in these models. Leishmania species have different

susceptibilities to sterol biosynthesis inhibitors, both in vitro
and
in vivo. Leishmania braziliensis promastigotes,
naturally resistant to C14α-demethylase inhibitors such as ketoconazole

and D0870, were susceptible to these drugs when used in combination with

the squalene epoxidase inhibitor terbinafine.
Inhibitors of Δ24(25)
sterol methyl transferase have been shown to act as potent antiproliferative

agents against Trypanosoma
cruzi, both in vitro and in vivo. New inhibitors

of this type which show enhanced activity and novel mechanisms of action

have been synthesized. Recent work has also demonstrated that this type
of
enzyme inhibitors can block sterol biosynthesis
and cell proliferation in Pneumocystis carinii, a fungal pathogen

which had previously been found resistant to other sterol
biosynthesis inhibitors. Ajoene, an antiplatelet compound derived from
garlic,
was shown to have potent antiproliferative
activity against epimastigotes and amastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi

in vitro; this activity was associated with a significant
alteration of the phospholipid composition of the cells with no significant

effects on the sterol content. In addition,
alkyllsophospholipids such as ilmofosine, miltefosine and edelfosine have

been shown to block the proliferation of T. cruzi
and Leishmania and alter both the phospholipid and sterol composition.

These results indicate the potential of lipid
biosynthesis inhibitors as useful therapeutic agents in the treatment of

leishmaniasis and Chagas' disease.
A structure-based approach to drug discovery;
crystallography and implications for the development of antiparasite drugs
Authors: HUNTER W. N.
Published: September 2019

Advances in the life and physical sciences have enabled us to
characterize the 3-dimensional structure and the biochemical
or biological activity of both small and large molecules. The use of
structural chemistry to assist understanding of biological
activity provides information relevant to the design, development or
identification of new pharmaceuticals. This structure
based approach has become an important component of drug research and is

in widespread use by the major pharmaceutical
companies. A brief historical introduction, to convey how this area of

science has reached the present stage, is given. The
basis of the structural approach to understanding the chemistry of small

and large molecule biological activity is outlined
with an emphasis on the use of results derived from X-ray diffraction
methods. Developments in other areas are discussed
to emphasize the multidisciplinary nature of this research and the
benefits of combining different methods. Examples of
protein crystallographic studies in the area of molecular parasitology,

some of which are directly relevant to antiparasite
drug design, are presented. The characterization of the enzyme trypanothione

reductase, a project which has benefited
from many of the recent developments, is detailed. Future challenges and

difficulties, both scientific and economic, are discussed.
Quinoline resistance mechanisms in Plasmodium
falciparum: the debate goes on
Authors: WARD S. A. , BRAY P. G. , HAWLEY S. R.
Published: September 2019

Despite considerable therapeutic success with the antimalarial

4-aminoquinolines such as chloroquine, there is serious
doubt about the future of this drug class due mainly to the development
and
spread of parasite resistance throughout
endemic areas. In this article we review the possible biochemical and
molecular basis of resistance. Based on our current
understanding we have considered the possibility of developing strategies

which may allow the aminoquinolines to once
again be used effectively against P. falciparum. Our conclusions

are that drug resistance is the result of a reduced rate of
drug uptake which in turn reduces the amount of drug available to bind

the target. The basis for this reduced accumulation
could be an altered pH gradient making the food vacuole more alkaline or

the parasite cytosol more acidic, an efflux pump
removing drug directly from the membrane or any other process which will

reduce the rate of drug uptake. Central to the
effectiveness of this resistance mechanism is the transient availability

of a high affinity, low capacity drug binding site
(possibly haem) within the parasite. Resistance reversers such as verapamil

influence the apparent Ka for this drug binding
phenomenon via an increased drug uptake rate. We demonstrate that by
chemical modification of the aminoquinolines,
producing predictable alterations in their physicochemical properties,
that it
is possible to minimise the verapamil sensitive
component of resistance and reduce significantly cross-resistance patterns

without loss in absolute activity. Based on these
views we suggest that the aminoquinoline antimalarials still have a role
to
play in the cheap, safe and effective chemotherapy of falciparum malaria.