bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Progress in Antarctic meteorology
Authors: Kuhn M.
Published: October 2011

A symposium on Progress in Antarctic Meteorology took place at the IUGG XVII General Assembly, Canberra, Australia, December 4–6, 1979. It has indeed shown the progress that has been made in Antarctic meteorology in the past few years. The emphasis was on atmospheric chemistry and precipitation, with a total of 12 of 26 papers dealing with that subject. The problem of precipitation is an old one in polar regions. Its understanding has been advanced significantly by new methods of collecting and measuring. Precipitation is one of the mechanisms studied by both meteorologists and glaciologists, and the deposition of particles and the inclusion of gases in the ice sheet is another. It is from the study of ice core composition that atmospheric chemistry has received its recent stimulus, and continued drilling will call for more investigations of this kind.
Halley lookout
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Unlike Japan, the Soviet Union, and the European Space Agency, the United States has no plans to send a spacecraft to observe or collect samples from Comet Halley as it whooshes past the earth in late 1985 and early 1986. However, U.S. astronomers are not only searching the skies in the hopes of catching the first glimmer of the famous comet but also are partaking in a coordinated international effort to collect and analyze data on the comet.

The International Halley Watch (IHW) will involve an international network of professional and amateur scientists. The organization invites all Comet Halley observers to add their data and photographs to the network's planned collection of observations made with instruments on the ground, in balloons, in earth orbit, and on aircraft. Data compiled by the IHW will form the Halley archive, the largest collection of information ever produced on a single comet, according to the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). The comet will be studied by using, among other techniques, wide‐angle photography, high‐resolution photographic and electronic imaging, spectroscopy and spectrophotometry, photometry and polarimetry, radio science experiments, infrared spectroscopy and radiometry, and astrometric observations.
The active magnetospheric particle tracer explorers (AMPTE) program
Authors: Krimigis S. M. , Haerendel G , McEntire R. W. , Paschmann G. , Bryant D. A.
Published: October 2011

The Active Magnetospheric Particle Tracer Explorers (AMPTE) will carry out the release and monitoring of tracer ions (lithium and barium) in the solar wind and within the distant magnetosphere in order to study access of solar wind ions to the magnetosphere and the convective‐diffusive transport and energization of magnetospheric particles. In addition, a single massive release of barium in the dawn magnetosheath will create a visible artificial comet in the flowing solar wind plasma within which studies of diamagnetic effects, ionization, momentum exchange, ion transport, and visible phenomena will be made. The AMPTE spacecraft will also obtain comprehensive measurements of the composition and dynamics of the ambient Z≥2 magnetospheric particle populations at the geomagnetic equator, including the energy interval (˜20 to ˜200 keV) of importance to the ring current. Implementation of these objectives utilizes two primary spacecraft, the Ion Release Module (IRM) and the Charge Composition Explorer (CCE), launched into elliptical orbits of apogee 19.5 RE and 9.0 RE, respectively. A supporting instrumented spacecraft, the United Kingdom Subsatellite, positioned a few hundred kilometers from the IRM, provides two‐point in situ plasma diagnostic measurements. All three spacecraft are currently scheduled for launch on a Delta 3924 vehicle in August 1984. The AMPTE program is a collaborative effort between the United States and the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) and between Germany and the United Kingdom (UK).
Geophysical events
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

This is a summary of SEAN Bulletin, 7(10), October 31, 1982, a publication of the Smithsonian Institution. The complete bulletin is available in the microfiche edition of Eos as a microfiche supplement or as a paper reprint. Subscriptions to the SEAN Bulletin are also available. For the microfiche, order document E82‐011 at $1.00 from AGU Fulfillment, 2000 Florida Avenue, N. W., Washington, D.C. 20009. For reprints, order SEAN Bulletin (give dates and volume number) through AGU Separates: $3.50 for the first copy for those who do not have a deposit account; $2 for those who do; additional copies are $1.00. For a subscription, order SEAN Bulletin from AGU Fulfillment. The price is $18.00 for 12 monthly issues mailed to a United States address; $28.00 (U.S.) if mailed elsewhere. Order must be prepaid.
[Comment on “COSOD: A critique”]
Authors: Larson Roger L.
Published: October 2011

In his critique of the Conference on Scientific Ocean Drilling (COSOD), Roland von Huene claims that COSOD presented an ‘unbalanced’ viewpoint with emphasis on too many deep‐ocean objectives at the expense of continental‐margin drilling problems. Although we both fully agree that a future program of scientific ocean drilling is an essential component of research in the earth sciences, von Huene questions whether the emphasis on the deep‐ocean basins in the COSOD report reflects a general consensus of the earth science community. Any subset of a community is, of course, suspect as a true sample of the entire community. However, I believe that the 150 scientists from nine different countries who participated in COSOD and in the compilation of the report do, in fact, reflect the mainstream of scientific drilling interests as presently constrained by available and potentially available drilling technology. In order to demonstrate that this is so, I shall first comment on von Huene's ‘Historical Review’ of scientific ocean drilling, expand on the organizational aspects of COSOD, and finally comment on the scientific recommendations.
OTA congressional fellowship
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The Office of Technology Assessment (OTA) is seeking qualified candidates from academia, industry, and government for its Congressional Fellowship Program for 1983–1984. The program, similar to AGU's Congressional Fellowship Program, provides an opportunity for individuals who have demonstrated outstanding ability to gain a better understanding of science and technology issues facing Congress and the ways in which Congress establishes national policy related to these issues.

OTA will select up to six fellows for a 1‐year stint, which begins in September 1983, on Capitol Hill. The program is open to men and women of all disciplines who have demonstrated exceptional competency in the physical or biological sciences, engineering, law, economics, environmental and social sciences, or public policy. Candidates must have completed research and training at the doctoral level or have equivalent experience, as judged by the OTA fellowship selection committee. Salaries for successful candidates will range from $24,000 to $38,000 per year, based on the fellow's current salary and/or training and experience.
Special report
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

An eruption in the E Rift Zone of Kilauea Volcano began at 0031 on 3 January. The outbreak began at Napau Crater, 14 km SE of the caldera rim. Fountaining and production of SE‐moving lava flows of local extent continued until about 1000 and progressively extended the system of linear discontinuous vents downrift to the NE, for a distance of about 4 km. Following 2½ hours of quiescence, the eruption resumed at 1425 along a 100‐m‐long fissure at the NE (downrift) end of the vent system. This eruption lasted nearly an hour. An estimated 3—4×106 m3 of lava was extruded during this initial 10½ hours of eruption.

The volcano remained quiet for nearly 2 days. At 1123 on 5 January the eruption resumed in the area active late 3 January. Here a vent system about 1 km long erupted energetically but intermittently through the predawn hours of 9 January. Ten episodes of vigorous lava production occurred. They ranged in duration from 2 min to 18¾ hours. The volume erupted from these vents cannot be measured because most of the erupted lava poured into a gaping crack that developed a few hundred m to the SE, at the N boundary of a prominent older graben.
The manganese nodule program
Authors: Bender Michael L.
Published: October 2011

The Manganese Nodule Program (MANOP) began in 1977 with funding from the International Decade of Ocean Exploration (IDOE). It replaced an earlier IDOE program that was started in 1972 in part by Maurice Ewing. MANOP's view is that the composition and occurrence of nodules can be best understood in the context of the large variations in the rain rate of organic matter to the deep‐sea floor and the variable sedimentary geochemistry of their environment. Therefore, from the beginning much of MANOP's effort has been directed toward understanding the cycling of the biologically active elements—02, C, nutrients, and trace metals—in the deep sea; in fact, this aspect has itself become a primary goal of our work.
Solitary waves as aviation hazard
Authors: Christie D. R.
Published: October 2011

Scientists at the Australian National University in Canberra have found that wind shear produced by solitary atmospheric waves is a potentially serious hazard to aircraft operating at low altitudes. In recent years a significant number of aircraft accidents have been attributed to a sudden, unexpected encounter with low‐level wind shear during the landing or takeoff stage. In many cases it has been possible to associate the hazardous shear with one of a variety of well known meteorological wind shear conditions including intense thunderstorm down drafts, down‐draft‐produced density currents, cold frontal systems, and sea breezes. These sources are easily recognized and are usually predictable in the airport environment. In some instances, however, the identity of the wind shear source has been uncertain. Studies of the properties of large amplitude solitary waves in the boundary layer have shown that they produce intense, transient, horizontal and vertical wind shears which are comparable with the well known types of shear. Solitary wave activity may therefore account for some hitherto unexplained aircraft accidents.
Laser sounding
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Hydrographic surveying along the coastline must be done frequently because ocean bottom topography is under constant change. In a recent discussion in Naval Research News, M. B. White of the Office of Naval Research compared the traditional shipboard acoustic sounding method with the new Hydrographic Airborne Laser Sounder (HALS) being developed for the Navy and the National Ocean Survey. The shipboard system can be described by two words: slow, costly. According to a recent summary of White's discussion (Lasers & Applications, December 1982), the Defense Mapping Agency, which produces most civilian and military charts in the United States, now has a 200 ship‐year backlog. The new HALS system will be 6 times less expensive to operate and 100 times faster. The questions remaining now are related to the type of airborne laser system that can perform the task, in a field of rapidly changing technology.
Meteorite find yields carbon
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

In the new cache of meteorites recently found in Antarctica, 28 of the 31 discovered are carbonaceous chondrites, a type of meteorite rare for its carbon content. According to the National Science Foundation (NSF), the meteorites were discovered at the Pecora Escarpment, the southernmost exposure of rocks of the Pensacola Mountains. Antarctic conditions keep the meteorites nearly free of terrestrial organic contamination, making the meteorites' extraterrestrial organic compounds especially valuable to researchers.

According to NSF, the discoverers termed the recent find ‘as good as’ the 1977 discovery at Allan Hills, in Victoria Land, of the largest meteorite ever found in Antarctica, one weighing 407 kg.
Advances in Geology of the Porphyry Copper Deposits: Southwestern North America
Authors: Kessler Stephen E.
Published: October 2011

This book summarizes recent advances in information on the porphyry copper deposits of southwestern North America. It is a sequel to a n earlier summary volume published by the same group in 1966. The new volume is indispensable for anyone interested in copper deposits and a valuable reference for those working in fields ranging from the petrology of silicic igneous rocks to the tectonic evolution of western North America. The volume is particularly significant because porphyry coppers are by far the most important class of deposits in terms of global copper reserves and, most importantly, because southwestern North America contains an unusually large number and variety of these deposits.
3‐D model of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary for a propagating rift
Authors: Milholland Phillip D. , Duennebier Frederick K.
Published: October 2011

A first‐order approximation of the lithosphere‐asthenosphere boundary of a propagating rift model is shown in Figures 1 and 2. (Figure 1 is a reduced version of the cover figure. All bracketed letters in the text correspond to letters in Figure 2.) The propagating rift model explains tectonic patterns of some oceanic regions that have puzzled earth scientists for some time. According to this model, oceanic spreading centers can propagate through older crust, transferring portions of crust from one plate to another.
TV special on geophysics
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Earthquake prediction, earthquake preparation in California and Japan, the theory of plate tectonics, and the causes and effects of earthquakes and volcanoes will be the subjects of a National Geographic television special scheduled to air on public television on April 6.

Among the locations visited by ‘Born of Fire’ are Iceland, where magma oozes to the surface on the remote island of Heimaey, illustrating the moving crustal plates; the Republic of Djibouti in east Africa, where some scientists believe a new ocean will form as three crustal plates spread apart; and the island of Santorini in the Aegean Sea, where a series of earthquakes and volcanic eruptions some 3,500 years ago destroyed two‐thirds of the island and obliterated the city of Akrotiri.
New funds for major equipment
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Earth sciences laboratories in the academic world have been in desperate need to replace, improve, or otherwise obtain research apparatus in recent years. The grants available from federal government agencies have not allowed for major equipment purchases, but very recent changes in fund allocation now provide for the purchase of major apparatus for analysis, experimentation, field studies, and for computation and data processing in the earth sciences. Such equipment is described by a guideline brochure recently released by the National Science Foundation (NSF), Division of Earth Sciences, as being ‘commonly too expensive and of too broad potential use to be adequately justified by a regular research proposal.’ To initiate the program, NSF has allocated $5 million for earth sciences equipment in fiscal year 1984.
Planetary science 1979–1982
Authors: Squyres Steven W.
Published: October 2011

It is not an exaggeration to say that the past 4 years have brought a growth in our knowledge of the solar system unprecedented in all of history. Prior to this quadrennium, our closeup exploration of the planets had been limited to the atmosphere and a few surface sites on Venus, the surfaces of Mercury, the moon, Mars, Phobos, and Deimos, and an intriguing but limited glimpse at Jupiter. To this list have been added the global topography of Venus and a wide variety of data on Jupiter, Amalthea, Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto, Saturn, Mimas, Enceladus, Tethys, Dione, Rhea, Titan, Hyperion, Iapetus, and Phoebe.

Among the recent discoveries are continent‐sized landforms on Venus, a ring encircling Jupiter, the most volcanically active surface in the solar system on Io, hitherto unknown forms of global tectonism on icy Europa, Ganymede, and Enceladus, and intricate structure within Saturn's rings. Along with the spectacular growth in knowledge stemming from spacecraft exploration, major advances have also been made in telescopic observations of bodies not yet visited by spacecraft, radar observations of a variety of objects, and theoretical study of the evolution of both individual bodies and the solar system as a whole.
Beyond the Golden Age
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

There is good reason to call the time period between Mariner 2's flyby of Venus to Voyager 2's encounter with Saturn ‘The Golden Age of Planetary Exploration.’ For a period of 20 years, through 1981, spacecraft were sent almost every month by the United States (and a lesser number by the Soviet Union). Overall, more than two dozen planetary bodies were studied during the program.

Questions are frequently raised about programs beyond the year 2000. More pertinent are questions about plans between now and then. The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA) Advisory Council Solar System Exploration Committee (SSEC) has attempted to answer some of these questions in its 1983 report on Planetary Exploration Through Year 2000. The report attempts to identify ‘the essential attitudes of a viable program in planetary sciences’ and to define ‘new ways to reduce costs.’
Analyzing Natural Systems: Analysis for Regional Residuals—Environmental Quality Management
Authors: Rogers Peter P.
Published: October 2011

A colleague who is the head of a water planning agency in a large neighboring county and who was under some pressure to use the types of models discussed in this book told me, “You can either guess the input to the models or you can guess the results. As an engineer with long experience with the water systems that I manage I would rather guess the results because I have a feel for what is likely. If I use the models based upon very imperfect data my experience is completely ignored, and who knows what the results really mean.”

Basta, Bower, and their coauthors have done an excellent job in summarizing the state of the art of the models available for analyzing natural systems with an eye to environmental quality management. What a sorry tale they tell. In the terrestrial, the aquatic, and the atmospheric environment the message is the same; the mathematical formulations have run ahead of the conceptual understanding of the underlying processes and the measurement of data on these processes.
EGT Project
Authors: Mueller Stephen
Published: October 2011

The European Geotraverse (EGT) has been planned as a major geoscience project that will run for 5–7 years involving collaborative efforts of geophysicists, geologists, penologists, geodesists, and other geoscientists from different European countries. A first draft proposal was elaborated in 1981 by a Working Group of the European Science Research Councils (ESRC), a standing committee of the European Science Foundation (ESF); it was subsequently modified following the amendments requested by the ESRC and was finally approved by the General Assembly of the ESF on November 9, 1982.

The broad aim of the EGT is to secure an understanding of how the continental lithosphere formed and reacted to changing physical and geometric conditions through time. One of the best locations for such a study is Europe because it is made up of a number of tectonic provinces ranging in succession from the oldest Precambrian areas of Scandinavia to the currently active area of the Mediterranean. The concept of a geotraverse has been chosen in order to provide a continuous, integrated study of sufficient scale to cross this whole region like a swathe that will give new information about the dynamics and vertical and lateral variations of the lithosphere, both within and between adjacent provinces.
Color experiment in JGR‐Red
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

A special issue of the red section of the Journal of Geophysical Research that will feature liberal use of color at special reduced rates is being planned for July 1984. The first goal is to determine the need for color graphics from authors' and readers' viewpoints. The second goal is to gain experience with economies of scale so that realistic page charges can be set.

Figures should be submitted in the final size. JGR page maximum dimensions are 17.3 cm×24.3 cm. Both the figure and the caption must fit on the page.
Operation Deep Sweep
Authors: Bell Peter M.
Published: October 2011

Fifty scientists and a crew of 18 have embarked on a 64,000 km odyssey to explore the Pacific from pole to pole—the most ambitious program in the history of the marine geology branch of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Called Operation Deep Sweep, the 1‐year cruise will search areas above the Arctic Circle, off of Alaska, to McMurdo Sound in Antarctica. The 63‐m, 1,300‐tonne research vessel Samuel P. Lee sailed from its home port of Redwood City, Calif., to San Francisco to begin the first leg of the lengthy journey.

According to USGS officials and the cosponsoring Circum‐Pacific Council for Energy and Mineral Resources of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, the cruise will ultimately involve 150 scientists, some of them representing Germany, France, Australia, and New Zealand. David Howell, branch chief of Pacific Marine Geology for the USGS, said the voyage of the Lee was “the most far reaching and of the longest duration” ever attempted by his unit. He said the cruise would string together a large number of scientific experiments spanning the Pacific. Howell likened the voyage to the Lewis and Clark Expedition of 1803–1806 (which explored Louisiana and the western United States) because “we're going into unknown territory and into regions not studied except in the most cursory manner.”
Correction [to “JOI seeks nominations”]
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

…incorrectly stated that the Joint Oceanographic Institutions (JOI), Inc., is creating a panel to coordinate scientific ocean drilling.
Wet “Water Year”
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The nation's streams for the 1983 water year (October 1, 1982, to September 30, 1983) were much wetter than average, considering the dry conditions that prevailed over much of the East and the Midwest at the end of the water year, according to the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS).

USGS hydrologists said that for 174 key index gaging stations across the country, 48% had flows that were well above average (within the highest 25% of record) for the water year and only 6% (11 stations) reported well below average flows (within the lowest 25% of record).
Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean
Authors: Levitus Sydney
Published: October 2011

A project to objectively analyze historical ocean temperature, salinity, oxygen, and percent oxygen saturation data for the world ocean has recently been completed at the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory, Princeton, New Jersey. The results of the project are being made available through distribution of the Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean (NOAA Professional Paper No. 13), and through distribution of magnetic tapes containing the objective analyses.

The sources of data used in the project were the Station Data, Mechanical Bathythermograph, and Expendable Bathythermograph files of the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC) in Washington, D.C., updated through 1977–1978. The raw data were subjected to quality control procedures, averaged by one‐degree squares, and then used as input to an objective analysis procedure that fills in one‐degree squares containing no data and smooths the results. Due to the lack of synoptic observations for the world ocean, the historical data are composited by annual, seasonal, and (for temperature) monthly periods.
Actions at Hamburg
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The proceedings of two of the five IAHS symposia at Hamburg were prepublished: Dissolved Loads of Rivers and Surface Water Quantity/Quality Relationships and Hydrology of Humid Tropical Regions with Particular Reference to the Hydrological Effects of Agriculture and Forestry Practice. These can be purchased from the Office of the Treasurer, 2000 Florida Avenue N.W., Washington DC 20009. The remaining proceedings will be published in 1984.
Digital images of combined oceanic and continental data sets and their use in tectonic studies
Authors: Haxby W. F. , Karner G. D. , LaBrecque J. L. , Weissel J. K.
Published: October 2011

Recently, much interest has centered around the development of gridded geophysical data sets capable of resolving features important for tectonic studies of the earth's crust and lithosphere in both oceanic and continental areas. Construction of such data sets is now possible for several reasons: (1) satellite missions, such as GEOS 3, Seasat, and Magsat have provided abundant information with uniform coverage in all parts of the oceans, including remote areas poorly explored by surface ships; (2) a new digital bathymetric data set has been completed by the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office; (3) geophysical measurements made in many countries around the world are closely spaced and thus highly suitable for gridding; and (4) these data have been disseminated to the scientific community.

Except for studies based on earthquake seismology, tectonic studies of continental and oceanic areas have largely proceeded separately, using data acquired from land geological and geophysical surveys, and ships at sea, respectively. Our purpose in this paper is to demonstrate how crustal and lithospheric studies can benefit when continental and oceanic data sets are combined. In addition, we show how digital imaging techniques provide an effective means for displaying the information contained in these combined data sets. Interpretation methods are greatly facilitated by the ability to enhance linear trends and subtle regional textures, and by the ability to display complementary data sets side‐by‐side or by overlaying images.
South Pacific mineral cache
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Recent deep‐water sampling of mineral‐rich crusts on the seafloor between the Hawaiian Islands and Samoa revealed deposits of cobalt, nickel, and manganese that are richer than previous samples, according to a team of scientists from the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) and the Federal Republic of Germany aboard the research vessel S.P. Lee.

Thin pieces of crust dredged from a seamount about 260 km northwest of Palmyra Atoll and Kingman Reef (U.S. territorial possessions roughly midway between Honolulu and American Samoa) had a cobalt concentration of 2.5%, or more than twice the concentration that earlier reconnaissance studies indicated would be found. The rock samples also contained 0.8% nickel and 32% manganese, compared to the estimated concentrations of 0.5% and 25%, respectively. The areas in which the deposits were found are part of the relatively unexplored ocean bottom included in the recently proclaimed 200‐nautical‐mile U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ).
Actions at Hamburg: International Association of Geomagnetism and Aeronomy
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Reproduced below are resolutions adopted by IAGA during the 18th General Assembly of the International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics (IUGG) in Hamburg, August 15–27, 1983.

The resolutions passed at each quadrennial general assembly of IUGG and of its member associations are an important barometer of current opinion in the geophysics community and can be a powerful tool in the development of the scientific programs to which they are addressed. The resolutions will help advance programs, however, only if they are used. Carried back home by the national committees which make up the IUGG, the resolutions can spread information worldwide on programs that promise to most effectively advance geophysical knowledge. IUGG and its member associations intend that member groups will present the resolutions before deliberative bodies and otherwise use them to make decision makers aware of international scientific thought.
The year in review
Authors: Baker D. James
Published: October 2011

The year 1983 was an exciting one, filled with intense activity by oceanographers in all disciplines. The year started with confirmation that we were indeed experiencing a major and unusual El Niño. The awareness of the role of the ocean in climate variation was enhanced both by the severity of the El Niño and the new reports on the effect of increasing CO2 in the atmosphere.

The year continued with remarkable demonstrations of the power of satellite‐borne instruments to reveal new physical, biological, and geological features of the ocean. We saw the retirement of the Glomar Challenger as a deep sea drilling vessel after 15 successful years and the start of a major new drilling program destined to be aboard a larger vessel. The year ended with planning for new, expanded studies on the interaction of the tropical ocean with the global atmosphere and on the general circulation of the ocean. The prospects of global studies of biogeochemical fluxes were under discussion.
AGU scholars
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

In recognition of the strong support of the Americn Geophysical Union and its substantial contribution to the American Geological Institute's (AGI) Minority Participation Program, 12 of the 1983–1984 AGI scholarship participants were designated “AGU Scholars.” Because part of this support comes from a matching grant from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration to increase the number of minority students studying in fields related to the development of marine and coastal resources, five of these students were designated “AGU Sea Scholars.”

The AGU Scholars, all of whom have elected courses of study related to the broad areas of interest of the Union, are Rufus Catchings, a geophysics graduate student at Stanford University; Charles R. Elerson, a graduate geophysics student at Louisiana Technical University; Ronald L. Keas and Orlanda M. Marques, undergraduate geophysics students at the Colorado School of Mines; Andrew Lewis Mickle, a hydrology graduate student at the University of Florida; Jaime Rangel, an undergraduate geophysics student at the University of Texas at Austin; and Ronald Wynn Sheets, a graduate geochemistry student at Ohio State University.
National Technology Medal nominations
Authors: Richman Barbara T.
Published: October 2011

Nominations opened this month for the second round of the National Technology Medals, which are awarded periodically by the president of the United States to recognize individuals and companies for “outstanding contributions to improving the well being of the United States through the promotion of technology or technological manpower.”

Any U.S. citizen or U.S.‐owned company is eligible. Persons connected with the administration or selection procedures for the medal are not eligible during the period of their service or for 5 years thereafter. It is anticipated that no more than 12 medals will be awarded on any one occasion.
[Comment on “Acid rain: Controllable?”] Acid rain
Authors: McTaggart‐Cowan P. D.
Published: October 2011

I have read Dr. Lester Machta's article, “Acid Rain: Controllable?” (Eos, November 29, 1983, p. 953) and do not want it to go unchallenged.

The final paragraph of the article is hard to justify. I know Dr. Machta, and I think he knows many of my friends, and we are firmly of the opinion that we know enough to justify political action to reduce sulfur emissions now. We also know how to reduce them. Certainly we, as scientists, should work on the residual uncertainties, but in my opinion these are being used as an excuse for inaction politically and do not constitute a valid reason for no action.
VGP awards
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Robert C. Newton of the University of Chicago and Michael J. O'Hara of the University College of Wales, U.K., have been named the recipients of VGP awards for 1984. Newton is cited for his contributions to studies of high‐pressure phase equilibria and O'Hara for his contributions to the petrogenesis of lunar and terrestrial basalts. O'Hara will be presented with the award at the VGP/Planetology luncheon on Tuesday, December 4, at the AGU Fall Meeting in San Francisco.
Acid rain stone test sites
Authors: Sherwood Susan I. , Doe Bruce R.
Published: October 2011

As a part of the United States National Acid Precipitation Assessment Program, Task Group G: Effects on Materials and Cultural Resources, which is chaired by Ray Herrmann, the National Park Service has established four test sites for 10‐year testing of two kinds of dimension stone used in buildings and monuments. The four sites are (from south to north) Research Triangle Park near Raleigh, N.C. (activated May 25, 1984); the roof of the West End Branch of the Washington, D.C. Library (activated August 11, 1984); the Department of Energy Compound at the Environmental Measurements Laboratory of Bell Telephone Laboratories near Chester, N.J. (activated June 5, 1984); and Huntington Wildlife Forest in the Adirondack Mountains, Newcomb, N.Y. (activated June 19, 1984).
Marine Multichannel Seismology Workshop
Authors: Detrick Bob
Published: October 2011

The multichannel seismic (MCS) reflection technique, developed by the oil industry for petroleum exploration in sedimentary basins, has proven to be a powerful tool for imaging subsurface geology in a wide variety of tectonic settings at a scale suitable for detailed investigations of geological structures and processes. In the ocean basins, MCS studies have provided new insight into the tectonic history of rifted and convergent continental margins, the structure of the oceanic crust and midocean ridges, and the sedimentation history and paleoceanography of deep ocean basins. MCS techniques have thus developed into an important tool for marine geological and geophysical research.

The National Science Foundation recently sponsored a Workshop on the Future of Academic Marine Multichannel Seismology in the United States, held in Boulder, Colo., on March 19–20, 1984, to review the current state of marine academic MCS in the United States and to make recommendations on the facilities and funding required to meet future scientific needs. The workshop, which was convened by Brian T.R. Lewis of the University of Washington, included 19 scientists representing the major U.S. oceanographic institutions with interests in marine seismic work. This article summarizes the major recommendations developed at this workshop, which have been included in a more comprehensive report entitled ‘A National Plan for Marine Multichannel Seismology,’ which has been submitted to the National Science Foundation for future publication.
The spacecraft “Fleet” to Comet Halley: An introduction
Authors: Tsurutani Bruce T.
Published: October 2011

Comets are believed to have been formed at the same time that the sun and planets were created out of a rotating disc of gas and dust some 4.5 billion years ago. It is thought that they presently exist in the Oort cloud, a region of space beyond the outer planets [Oort, 1950] that extends to 105 Astronomical Units (AU) from the sun (1 AU is the distance from the sun to the earth, or 1.5×108 km). Calculations indicate that there are ∼1012 comets, of which a half dozen per year get injected into the solar system by the gravitational forces of passing stars. Comets may be the most pristine, least processed solar nebula material available to study within our solar system.
VEGA: En route to Venus and comet Halley
Authors: Gombosi Tamas I.
Published: October 2011

On December 15 and 21, 1984, the Soviet Union launched VEGA 1, followed by an almost identical twin, VEGA 2. VEGA (the name is an acronym of “Venus‐Halley,” the two targets of the space probes, in Russian) is the first deep space mission to carry a truly international scientific payload. In addition to the Soviets, who are bearing most of the costs, France and Hungary also played a major role in putting together the complex of instruments. Scientists from Austria, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, the Federal Republic of Germany and the German Democratic Republic, Poland, and the United States also have contributed to this very ambitious program. U.S. scientists participate on an individual basis in VEGA: Thomas Cravens and Andrew Nagy of the University of Michigan take part in the particle science team; D. Asoka Mendis of the University of California, San Diego, participates in the spectroscopic team; and Bradford Smith of the University of Arizona is a member of the television science group. John Hsieh of the University of Arizona and John Simpson of the University of Chicago designed detectors for neutral gas and dust, respectively, made jointly with scientists of the Max Planck Society, Federal Republic of Germany (FRG).
Winter storm study
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

Scientists from a host of universities and government agencies are preparing to launch a major research project early next year that should lead to a better understanding of what generates the massive winter storms experienced along the east coast of the United States. The National Science Foundation (NSF) is the lead federal agency for the $10 million project, which is called the Genesis of Atlantic Low Experiment (GALE).
Long waves in the equatorial Pacific Ocean
Authors: Philander George , Halpern David , Hansen Donald , Legeckis Richard , Miller Laury , Watts Randolph , Wimbush Mark , Paul Carl , Watts Randolph , Weisberg Robert
Published: October 2011

Westward traveling waves, with a period of 3 weeks and a wavelength of ∼1000 km, are observed intermittently in the central and eastern equatorial Pacific Ocean (see cover). The waves were first detected in 1975 in satellite measurements of the sea surface temperature [Legeckis, 1977]. Since then, additional measurements (under the auspices of the NOAA program Equatorial Pacific Ocean Climate Studies (EPOCS)) with a variety of instruments—drifting buoys, current meters and temperature sensors on moorings, and inverted echo sounders—have provided considerable information about these waves and have confirmed the hypothesis that they are caused by instabilities associated primarily with the latitudinal shear of the surface currents near the equator [Philander, 1978a; Cox, 1980].
U.S. WOCE Working Groups
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

As a key part of planning for a U.S. component of the World Ocean Circulation Experiment (WOCE), the Scientific Steering Committee (SSC) has established several U.S. WOCE Working Groups (WG). Generally, these working groups are charged with recommending which data and technical or scientific developments are required to attain the scientific objectives. The present status of these working groups is reviewed here.
World Day ionospheric observations at Millstone Hill
Authors: Foster C. , Holt J. M. , Loriot G. B. , Oliver W. L.
Published: October 2011

The international network of six incoherent scatter radars follows a program of coordinated observations on the prescheduled monthly World Days. Common mode experiments are used both to provide a continuing data set of synoptic ionospheric parameters on a near‐global scale and to collect simultaneous data with wide‐latitude and local time coverage for use in addressing specific topics of concern to the upper atmospheric research community. Processed data are made readily available through the incoherent scatter data base at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR), Boulder, Colo. This paper discusses the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Millstone Hill Radar contributions to this rapidly accumulating ionospheric data resource.
Point Defects in Minerals
Authors: Schock Robert N.
Published: October 2011

Point defects exist in all crystals at temperatures above absolute zero. They arise either to prevent charge imbalances d u e to the presence of impurities or because thermal energy has caused atoms to be displaced from their normal positions in th e structure. T h e atoms are free to migrate within the crystal, and this migration provides an energy‐efficient mechanism for the movement and mixing of atoms. This movement results in mass transport, or diffusion, and in the attainment of thermal equilibrium. If the defect can be defined in terms of a site in a crystal lattice, it is called a point defect. More complex defects, such as dislocations, grain boundaries, or inclusions, can be considered as extensions of point defects in one or more dimensions. Point defects can be treated as chemical entities, and their behavior can be quantitatively predicted by various theories. Their role in minerals can thus be predicted, although the minerals of most interest, the silicates, are chemically and structurally complex enough to render the work tedious. Nevertheless, many techniques developed in other fields are now being applied to understanding the behavior of point defects in minerals that are important to the evolution of the earth and the terrestrial planets.
Meridian chains of magnetometers as a powerful “remote sensing” tool in determining electromagnetic quantities in the ionosphere on a global scale
Authors: Akasofu S.‐I. , Kamide Y.
Published: October 2011

The meridian chains of magnetometers have proven to be a powerful tool in determining the distribution of the ionospheric currents, the field‐aligned currents, the electric potential, the Joule heat production rate, and the auroral particle injection rate over the entire polar region, with a time resolution of about 5 minutes or even less. A brief history behind the development of this remote sensing method is given, which includes the pioneering efforts by K. Birkeland and S. Chapman, the Second Polar Year projects, IGY efforts, IMS meridian chains, and finally, the computer code developments during and after the IMF Data Analysis Phase. There is still much to improve in this remote sensing method, but it has become complementary to in‐situ satellite observations.
Catastrophes and Earth History: The New Uniformitarianism
Authors: Bohor Bruce F.
Published: October 2011

This book is a blend of papers from two separate symposia, one held at Woods Hole, Mass., in June 1977 and the other at the North American Paleontological Convention in Lawrence, Kan., in August of the same year. The latter concerned problems of the Cretaceous‐Tertiary boundary event, whereas the theme of the Woods Hole symposium was the current state of uniformitarianism. The combining of papers from the two symposia makes for a curious mixture that does not always address the subject of catastrophes.
Basin and range viewed from Borah Peak
Authors: Stein Ross S. , Bucknam Robert C.
Published: October 2011

In 1883, the brilliant geologist G. K. Gilbert wrote an article for the Salt Lake Tribune,“A theory of earthquakes of the Great Basin” (American Journal of Science (3rd Series , vol. 27, p. 49, 1884), which began

There are many geologists who are very wise, but even they do not understand the forces which produce mountains. And yet it must be admitted, not only that mountains have been made, but that some mountains are still rising.
Report endorses data sharing
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The potential benefits of sharing data so outweigh its costs that investigators should be required to include plans for sharing data as part of their grant proposals, according to recommendations issued recently by the Committee on National Statistics (CNSTAT) of the National Research Council (NRC).

In their report Sharing Research Data, CNSTAT also recommended that “Journals should give more emphasis to reports of secondary analyses and to replications,” provided that the original collections of data receive full credit. In addition, “Journal editors should require authors to provide access to data during the peer review process.”
On Mars: Exploration of the Red Planet
Authors: Masursky Harold
Published: October 2011

This volume is one of a series of studies related to National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) history. The authors have researched the available documents in detail and have conducted extensive interviews with scientists, engineers, and technicians who participated in the exploration of Mars during the last 20 years. Interviews and quotations from these participants give immediacy and authenticity to this work that are absent from most other historical studies. A small picture book that was privately published by Hans‐Peter Biemann, the son of the Viking lander mass spectrometer team leader, has the same immediacy but is less scholarly and complete. It, too, has a fine authentic flavor because it was done virtually in real time (The Vikings of 76, published by the author, Westford, Mass., 1977; available from the author, 175 Brattle St., Cambridge, MA 02138).
Laser Remote Sensing: Fundamentals and Applications
Authors: Megie Gérard
Published: October 2011

Over the past two decades, laser remote sensing of the earth and of its environment has been a rapidly growing field of research and application. A large community of scientists, including atmospheric physicists, oceanographers, and laser physicists, together with optical systems designers and electronics and system engineers, is presently involved in the development of various types of lidar systems, either ground based, mobile, or airborne, for applications in meteorology, environmental studies, atmospheric physics, and oceanography. This book, Laser Remote Sensing, is intended for all those who are interested in this research field and represents the first monograph entirely devoted to laser studies of the environment. It is also intended to be self‐contained: it reviews not only the broad spectrum of lidar applications but also the basic physics required for the understanding of interaction processes between radiation and matter and of laser fundamentals.
Solwind instrument destroyed in test
Authors: Anonymous
Published: October 2011

The U.S. Air Force's destruction of one of its own satellites last month ended what had been the longest continuous stream of data from an instrument observing the sun's corona. Satellite P78‐1 served as the target in a test of antisatellite (ASAT) weaponry on September 13, 1985. The satellite carried Solwind, a white light coronagraph that observed the solar corona at distances of 3–10 solar radii, according to Robert M. MacQueen, director of the High Altitude Observatory at the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) in Boulder, Colo.
[Comment on “There is No Magnestophere nor is there a plasmasphere!”] There is no magnetosphere
Authors: Baker D. N. , Russell C. T.
Published: October 2011

Far be it from us to take exception to Tony Fraser‐Smith's complaints about the usage of several common space physics phrases (Eos, p. 498, June 18, 1985). If anyone is aptly qualified to discuss nomenclature, it is a phraser‐Smith. However, we cannot simply drop these terms retroactively. One cannot simply change the contents of the journals (even though it appears to be possible to change the names of journals retroactively, but that's a different letter.)
Passive microwave remote sensing for sea ice research
Authors: Swift C. T. , Cavalieri D. J.
Published: October 2011

During the last decade, considerable progress has been made in the application of passive microwave remote sensing to the study of sea ice. With the December 1972 launch of the Nimbus 5 electrically scanning microwave radiometer (ESMR‐5), complete coverage of the polar regions provided the synoptic observations needed for undertaking a detailed study of global sea ice variability for the first time. The ESMR‐5 data have been used successfully to document sea ice changes in both hemispheres and to associate these changes with atmospheric and oceanic influences [Zwally et al., 1983; Parkinson et al., 1985].