bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHAM: a fast algorithm of modelling non-linear matter power spectrum in the sCreened HAlo Model
Authors: Hu Bin , Liu Xue-Wen , Cai Rong-Gen
Published: February 2018

We present a fast numerical screened halo model algorithm (CHAM, which stands for the sCreened HAlo Model) for modelling non-linear power spectrum for the alternative models to Λ cold dark matter. This method has three obvious advantages. First of all, it is not being restricted to a specific dark energy/modified gravity model. In principle, all of the screened scalar-tensor theories can be applied. Secondly, the least assumptions are made in the calculation. Hence, the physical picture is very easily understandable. Thirdly, it is very predictable and does not rely on the calibration from N-body simulation. As an example, we show the case of the Hu–Sawicki f(R) gravity. In this case, the typical CPU time with the current parallel Python script (eight threads) is roughly within 10  min. The resulting spectra are in a good agreement with N-body data within a few percentage accuracy up to k ∼ 1 h Mpc−1.
Spectroscopic abundance analyses of the 3He stars HD 185330 and 3 Cen A
Authors: Sadakane Kozo , Nishimura Masayoshi
Published: February 2018

Abundances of 21 elements in two 3He stars, HD 185330 and 3 Cen A, have been analysed relative to the well-studied sharp-lined B3 V star ι Her. Six elements (P, Ti, Mn, Fe, Ni, and Br) are over-abundant in these two peculiar stars, while six elements (C, O, Mg, Al, S, and Cl) are under-abundant. Absorption lines of the two rarely observed heavy elements Br ii and Kr ii are detected in both stars and these elements are both over-abundant. The centroid wavelengths of the Ca ii infrared triplet lines in these stars are redshifted relative to those lines in ι Her and the presence of heavy isotopes of Ca (mass number 44–46) in these two stars is confirmed. In spite of these similarities, there are several remarkable differences in abundance pattern between these two stars. N is under-abundant in HD 185330, as in many Hg-Mn stars, while it is significantly over-abundant in 3 Cen A. P and Ga are both over-abundant in 3 Cen A, while only P is over-abundant and no trace of absorption line of Ga ii can be found in HD 185330. Large over-abundances of Kr and Xe are found in both stars, while the abundance ratio Kr/Xe is significantly different between them (−1.4 dex in HD 185330 and +1.2 dex in 3 Cen A). Some physical explanations are needed to account for these qualitative differences.
Patient’s Orders: Patient’s Rights and the Doctor’s Obligations under the Claeys–Leonetti Law of 2016 in France
Authors: Van Zeebroeck Shanthi
Published: February 2018

France enacted the Claeys–Leonetti law in 2016, becoming one of the first countries to legalize terminal sedation as a medico-legal practice in the world. The focus of this short paper is to highlight the limitations imposed by Claeys–Leonetti on the doctor to fulfil his or her ethical duties under the Hippocratic oath to act ‘for the benefit of my patient’ but to act only according to the ‘wishes of the patient’, to eliminate all forms of pain and suffering. A legislative commentary will be provided for the first five pertinent articles followed by proposals for reform.
Prevalence of Pain in COPD Patients and Associated Factors
Authors: de Miguel-Díez Javier , López-de-Andrés Ana , Hernandez-Barrera Valentín , Jimenez-Trujillo Isabel , del Barrio José L. , Puente-Maestu Luis , Martinez-Huedo Maria A. , Jimenez-García Rodrigo
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

To assess the prevalence of chronic neck pain (CNP), chronic low back pain (CLBP), and migraine among Spanish adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) compared with non-COPD patients matched by age and sex; and to identify predictors for each of these types of pains among COPD sufferers.

Materials and Methods:

A cross-sectional study conducted with data collected from the European Health Interview Surveys for Spain (EHSS) conducted in years 2009/2010 (n=22,188) and 2014 (n=22,842). Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic models.

Results:

The prevalence of COPD among patients aged 35 years or above were 7.6% (n=1328) for the EHSS 2009 and 5.4% (n=1008) for the EHSS 2014. We matched 2251 COPD patients with age and sex controls. The prevalence of all types of pain were significantly higher among those suffering COPD than those without COPD. For CNP the figures were 40.5% versus 26.1%, for CLBP 44.8% versus 28.4%, and for migraine 22.5% versus 13.2%. Multivariable analysis showed that COPD was associated to a 1.21 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.02-1.45) higher risk of CNP, 1.38 (95% CI, 1.16-1.64) of CLBP, and 1.36 (95% CI, 1.12-1.65) of migraine. Associated factors with the presence of these types of pain among COPD patients included younger age (not for CLBP), female sex (not for CLBP), “fair/poor/very poor” self-rated health (not for migraine), high blood pressure (not for CNP), mental disorders, obesity (not for migraine), and use of pain medication.

Discussion:

The prevalence of CNP, CLBP, and migraine was significantly higher among COPD patients in comparison with controls. Associated factors to suffering these types of pain in patients with COPD included age, sex, self-rated health, certain comorbidities including mental disorders, obesity, and using pain medication.
Biological Response to Time-Controlled Adaptive Ventilation Depends on Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome Etiology*
Authors: Silva Pedro Leme , Cruz Fernanda Ferreira , Samary Cynthia dos Santos , Moraes Lillian , de Magalhães Raquel Ferreira , Fernandes Marcos Vinicius de S. , Bose Rebeca , Pelegati Vitor B. , Carvalho Hernandes F. , Capelozzi Vera Luiza , Satalin Joshua , Gatto Louis , Andrews Penny , Habashi Nader , Nieman Gary , Rocco Patricia R. M.
Published: February 2018

Objectives:

To compare a time-controlled adaptive ventilation strategy, set in airway pressure release ventilation mode, versus a protective mechanical ventilation strategy in pulmonary and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome with similar mechanical impairment.

Design:

Animal study.

Setting:

Laboratory investigation.

Subjects:

Forty-two Wistar rats.

Interventions:

Pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome were induced by instillation of Escherichia coli lipopolysaccharide intratracheally or intraperitoneally, respectively. After 24 hours, animals were randomly assigned to receive 1 hour of volume-controlled ventilation (n = 7/etiology) or time-controlled adaptive ventilation (n = 7/etiology) (tidal volume = 8 mL/kg). Time-controlled adaptive ventilation consisted of the application of continuous positive airway pressure 2 cm H2O higher than baseline respiratory system peak pressure for a time (Thigh) of 0.75–0.85 seconds. The release pressure (Plow = 0 cm H2O) was applied for a time (Tlow) of 0.11–0.18 seconds. Tlow was set to target an end-expiratory flow to peak expiratory flow ratio of 75%. Nonventilated animals (n = 7/etiology) were used for Diffuse Alveolar Damage and molecular biology markers analyses.

Measurement and Main Results:

Time-controlled adaptive ventilation increased mean respiratory system pressure regardless of acute respiratory distress syndrome etiology. The Diffuse Alveolar Damage score was lower in time-controlled adaptive ventilation compared with volume-controlled ventilation in pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome and lower in time-controlled adaptive ventilation than nonventilated in extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome. In pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, volume-controlled ventilation, but not time-controlled adaptive ventilation, increased the expression of amphiregulin, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and metalloproteinase-9. Collagen density was higher, whereas expression of decorin was lower in time-controlled adaptive ventilation than nonventilated, independent of acute respiratory distress syndrome etiology. In pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, but not in extrapulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, time-controlled adaptive ventilation increased syndecan expression.

Conclusion:

In pulmonary acute respiratory distress syndrome, time-controlled adaptive ventilation led to more pronounced beneficial effects on expression of biomarkers related to overdistension and extracellular matrix homeostasis.
Evaluation of stillbirth
Authors: Page Jessica M. , Silver Robert M.
Published: February 2018

Purpose of review

To review current evidence regarding the most useful tests for evaluation of potential causes of stillbirth.

Recent findings

Stillbirth remains one of the most devastating obstetric complications. Recent advances include work investigating the highest yield diagnostic tests for determining a cause of death in stillbirths. Placental pathology and fetal autopsy improve the diagnostic yield when combined with maternal clinical history. Additional tools include genetic evaluation, and testing for antiphospholipid antibodies and fetal–maternal hemorrhage based on the clinical scenario. However, routine testing for heritable thrombophilias or infection has not proven to be useful. In cases in which fetal autopsy is not acceptable to patients or possible for logistical reasons, alternative forms of fetal evaluation should be considered.

A systematic approach to stillbirth evaluation is useful in identifying a potential cause of death. This should incorporate clinical information as well as placental pathology and fetal autopsy. Based on clinical characteristics further testing may be indicated.
Flat Incision Technique for Reconstructive Brow Surgery: A Wound Healing Model and Clinical Evaluation
Authors: Feinendegen Dominik L. , Tremp Mathias , Roldán J. Camilo
Published: February 2018

Background:

Skin incision is considered to be placed at 90° in reference to the skin to get perfect wound edge adaptation. The incision on hair-bearing tissues, as the scalp, is considered to be bevelled at 45° to promote hair growth through the scar. There is no consensus about the preferred incision angle on the brow. The aim of this article was to demonstrate the feasibility of the “flat incision technique” for brow repositioning, where brow deformation results after forehead reconstruction. A wound-healing model for the bevelled incision is presented.

Methods:

Brow incisions are bevelled with an angle of 20°. The lower incision is placed inside the brow so that the upper 2 rows of hair are included; the dermis is completely transected and dissection is continued into the subdermal plane. The procedure is presented in a patient who underwent resection of the forehead due to melanoma.

Results:

The bevelled incision increases the surface area of dermal layer by a factor of 2 compared with the standard vertical skin incision at 90°. Loss of the dermal tissue integrity and continuity due to trauma hinders the recovery of cell migration and function, resulting in a more prominent scar formation. It appears reasonable that with the increased surface area of the dermal layers in the wound edges, the scar quality improves. The case study demonstrates the feasibility of the procedure.

Conclusion:

The bevelled 20° incision for brow repositioning and reshaping showed to be a viable and predictable procedure.
Active Video Games as a Training Tool for Individuals With Chronic Respiratory Diseases
Authors: Butler Stacey J. , Lee Annemarie L. , Goldstein Roger S. , Brooks Dina
Published: February 2018

Purpose:

Exercise is an effective treatment for reducing symptom severity and improving quality of life for patients with chronic respiratory diseases. Active video games offer a new and enjoyable way to exercise and have gained popularity in a rehabilitation setting. However, it is unclear whether they achieve comparable physiological and clinical effects as traditional exercise training.

Methods:

A systematic literature search was performed to identify studies that included an active video game component as a form of exercise training and a comparator group in chronic respiratory disease. Two assessors independently reviewed study quality using the Cochrane risk of bias tool and extracted data for exercise capacity, quality of life, and preference of exercise model.

Results:

Six studies were included in this review. Because of the heterogeneity of the populations, study designs, length of intervention, and outcome measures, meta-analysis could not be performed. Active video game training resulted in comparable training maximal heart rate and dyspnea levels to those achieved when exercising using a treadmill or cycle (n = 5). There was insufficient evidence (n = 3) to determine whether active video game training improved exercise capacity as measured by 6-min walk test or treadmill endurance walking.

Conclusions:

Although the quality of evidence was low, in a small number of studies active video games induced peak heart rates and dyspnea levels comparable with traditional exercise training. Larger and longer-term randomized controlled trials are needed to establish the impact of video game training for individuals with chronic respiratory diseases.
TENON CAPSULE–VITREOUS CAVITY FISTULA AFTER HYDROGEL SCLERAL BUCKLE REMOVAL
Authors: Wilkins Carl S. , Dedania Vaidehi S. , Ghodasra Devon H. , Johnson Mark W.
Published: February 2018

Purpose:

To report a rare case of vitreous cavity–Tenon capsule fistula formation after removal of a symptomatic hydrogel scleral buckle.

Methods:

Case report.

Results:

A 43-year-old man presented with chronic headache and involuntary gaze deviation for over 1 year after hydrogel scleral buckle surgery 25 years prior. After removal of the scleral buckle, the patient developed a fluid-filled inflation of the buckle capsule, surrounding a previously noted area of severe scleral thinning. Ocular ultrasonography suggested a fistulous connection between the vitreous cavity and the sub-Tenon space in the area of scleral thinning. There was resolution of diplopia and headache postoperatively, with stability of the fluid collection on clinical examination. Because of high risk of further surgery and resolution of the patient's symptoms, conservative management was elected.

Conclusion:

This is the first report, to the best of our knowledge, of Tenon capsule–vitreous cavity fistula formation after scleral buckle explantation. Because of innate ability to expand, as well as tendency to become friable, hydrogel buckles have a higher risk of requiring removal and of complications from explantation, respectively. Our patient experienced relief of symptoms, without complication from the fistula, and was successfully managed conservatively.
Iris Thickness and Severity of Neovascular Glaucoma Determined Using Swept-Source Anterior-segment Optical Coherence Tomography
Authors: Nakakura Shunsuke , Kobayashi Yui , Matsuya Kanae , Terao Etsuko , Kiuchi Yoshiaki
Published: February 2018

Purpose:

To investigate the iris thickness (IT) in neovascular glaucoma (NVG) using swept-source anterior-segment optical coherence tomography (ASOCT).

Patients and Methods:

In this retrospective, clinic-based, comparative study, we enrolled 20 NVG patients [11 with 360-degree angle-closure (AC)-NVG and 9 with NVG without AC] and 14 healthy age-matched controls. Horizontal scanning images of swept-source ASOCT were analyzed using software calipers in temporal and nasal angle areas. ITs at 1 and 2 mm from the pupil edge were measured using ASOCT. The relation between IT and the severity of NVG, the effects of intraocular pressure (IOP), intravitreal antivascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) injection, and panretinal photocoagulation (PRP) were assessed using linear regression analysis based on the corrected Akaike information criteria index.

Results:

The IT was thinner in 360-degree AC-NVG patients, followed by NVG patients without AC and controls (0.33 vs. 0.48 vs. 0.57 mm at 1 mm and 0.31 vs. 0.43 vs. 0.49 mm at 2 mm; P<0.001 by ANOVA). Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that 360-degree AC-NVG patients–NVG patients without AC and controls (coefficient: −0.16), NVG patients without AC–control (−0.13) and underwent PRP (0.23) at 1 mm, 360-degree AC-NVG patients–NVG patients without AC and controls (−0.12), NVG patients without AC–controls (−0.08), underwent PRP (0.16), received anti-VEGF injection (0.05) and IOP (−0.001) at 2 mm were selected predictors to explain IT.

Conclusions:

IT decreases with the progression of the NVG stage and is thinnest in 360-degree AC-NVG patients. Our study suggests a new morphologic feature of NVG.
Extensive Submacular Hemorrhage After Trabeculectomy With Mitomycin C
Authors: Kim Gyu-Nam , Shin Min-Ho , Ahn Ja-Young , Han Yong-Seop , Chung In-Young , Seo Seong-Wook , Park Jong-Moon , Yoo Ji-Myong , Kim Seong-Jae
Published: February 2018

Purpose:

We report the occurrence of an extensive submacular hemorrhage after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C in a patient with an occult choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM).

Patients and Methods:

A 66-year-old man had a 3-year history of primary open-angle glaucoma in the left eye, which had been treated with topical antiglaucoma medication. The patient had age-related macular degeneration with an occult CNVM, for which he had received 5 intravitreal injections of ranibizumab and 5 intravitreal injections of bevacizumab in the left eye over a 3-year period. As intraocular pressure was not under control in the left eye over a 2-month period, trabeculectomy with mitomycin C was performed.

Results:

On the first postoperative day, intraocular pressure was 8 mm Hg with a well-formed bleb in the left eye. However, extensive subretinal hemorrhage was observed, and the patient underwent pneumatic displacement and pars plana vitrectomy to remove the hemorrhage. After 7 months, extensive subretinal fibrosis was observed and visual acuity was low (hand movement only).

Conclusions:

To our knowledge, this is the first report of an extensive submacular hemorrhage after trabeculectomy with mitomycin C in a patient with an occult CNVM.
Childcare Type and Quality Among Subsidy Recipients With and Without Special Needs
Authors: Sullivan Amanda L. , Farnsworth Elyse M. , Susman-Stillman Amy
Published: February 2018

Low-income children, particularly those with special needs, may have limited access to high-quality early care experiences. Childcare subsidies are intended to increase families' access to quality care, but little is known about subsidy use by children with special needs. Using a nationally representative sample of 4,000 young children who participated in the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Birth Cohort, we examined the types and quality of childcare received by children with and without special needs who came from subsidy eligible families. We also investigated the extent to which subsidy use and child and family sociodemographic characteristics predicted care type and quality among young children with special needs who used childcare subsidies at 9 months, 2 years, and 4 years. Findings indicated that subsidies increased the use of nonparental care, mainly center-based care, as well as home-based care to a lesser extent among children with special needs relative to peers without special needs and relative to peers with special needs who did not use subsidies. However, use of subsidy did not consistently result in families with children with special needs accessing higher quality care. Sociodemographic characteristics of children, families, and their context were differentially predictive of type and quality care. We discuss implications for practice and policy to foster quality early care and education of young children with special needs who are receiving subsidies.
Use of Computed Tomography in Preoperative Planning for Heartware Left Ventricular Assist Device Placement
Authors: Acharya Deepak , Aryal Sudeep , Loyaga-Rendon Renzo , Pamboukian Salpy V. , Tallaj José , Kirklin James K. , Holman William L. , Singh Satinder
Published: February 2018

Optimal left ventricular assist device (LVAD) cannula position is important for adequate ventricular unloading and LVAD function. Poor inflow cannula position predisposes to pump thrombosis, inotrope dependence, and mortality. We describe a novel technique of preoperative left ventricular apex marking using CT guidance and demonstrate in three cases the use of this method to achieve optimal inflow cannula positioning for lateral thoracotomy Heartware LVAD implantation.
Change in Hand Function and Dexterity with Age after Index Pollicization for Congenital Thumb Hypoplasia
Authors: Kollitz Kathleen M. , Tomhave Wendy , Van Heest Ann E. , Moran Steven L.
Published: February 2018

Background:

Little is known about how performance on strength, range of motion, and dexterity measures changes as children with index finger pollicization mature. The authors reviewed performance in range of motion, strength, and dexterity over a 7-year period and report outcomes over time.

Methods:

Data from children treated with index finger pollicization for congenital thumb hypoplasia from 2007 to 2014 were reviewed retrospectively. Children were followed for an average of 3.9 years (range, 1 to 7 years) during the study period. Standardized assessments included range of motion, grip, key pinch and tripod pinch strength, the Box and Block Test, the Nine Hole Peg Test, and the Functional Dexterity Test. Average score by age and average yearly change were calculated for each assessment, and scores were plotted against published age-matched scores of normal children when available.

Results:

Twenty-three patients with 29 affected thumbs were included. Distal grasp span increased 0.17 inch and Kapandji opposition improved 0.26 point with each year of age; however, proximal web-space size did not increase over time. Grip strength improved an average of 2.69 kg/year, and tripod and key pinch improved 0.58 kg and 0.67 kg with each year of age. Box and Block Test scores improved an average of 4.11 blocks/year. Scores on the Nine Hole Peg Test improved 3.83 seconds/year, and scores on the Functional Dexterity Test improved 0.026 peg/second each year.

Conclusions:

Children with pollicized thumbs improve in dexterity and strength with growth. Web-space size did not change with age; therefore, the thumb should be carefully positioned at the time of surgery.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:

Therapeutic, IV.
Gastric Metastasis of Prostate Cancer as an Unusual Presentation Using 68Ga–Prostate-Specific Membrane Antigen PET/CT
Authors: Solis Lara Hugo Enrique , Villarreal del Bosque Natalia , Sada Treviño Miguel Antonio , Yamamoto Ramos Masao , Argueta Ruiz Rocío del Carmen
Published: February 2018

A 79-year-old man with prostate cancer underwent 68Ga prostate-specific membrane antigen (68Ga-PSMA) dual-time-point PET/CT scan to evaluate tumor activity due to early satiety, unquantified weight loss, and elevation of prostate-specific antigen (PSA), demonstrating thickening of the gastric wall with intense tracer uptake. The immunohistochemistry of gastric biopsy showed CDX2 and CK20: negative; CK7, focal positive; PSA, positive, which confirmed metastatic disease. Metastatic disease was also found in bones, right lung, and retroperitoneal and pelvic lymphadenopathies.
Complete Metabolic Response of Advanced Melanoma to Vemurafenib Assessed with FDG-PET-CT at 85 Hours
Authors: Pascal Pierre , Dercle Laurent , Weyts Kathleen , Meyer Nicolas , Courbon Fréderic
Published: February 2018

Vemurafenib improves the management of advanced melanoma due to selective inhibition of the mutated BRAF V600E kinase. FDG-PET-CT is a tool for the evaluation of the biologic impact of inhibiting mutant BRAF. With vemurafenib at day 15, all the patients had at least partial metabolic response. Reductions in uptake correlate with longer progression free survival. In this case, incomplete information provided by the patient led to the performance of his third PET 85 hours after the introduction of vemurafenib. This early case of complete metabolic response suggests that FDG-PET-CT is a useful marker of early biologic response to vemurafenib.
Primary Hepatic Malignant Fibrous Histiocytoma on PET/CT
Authors: Liu Yachao , Xu Baixuan
Published: February 2018

Malignant fibrous histiocytoma is mainly presented in extremities, less commonly in posterior peritoneum, but primary presented in liver is very rare and often with a poor prognosis because of its high aggression. The features of clinical presentations and images are variable and the pre-operative diagnosis is difficult. Here, we report a primary hepatic malignant fibrous histiocytoma patient with no distant metastasis showed on pre-operative 18F-FDG PET/CT, however with many metastases showed on the post-operative 18F-FDG PET/CT.
Imaging in Congenital and Hereditary Abnormalities of the Interventricular Septum
Authors: Kim Andrew M. , Hunter Timothy A. , McQuillan Brian F. , Franco Derek F. , Griffith Timothy P. , Carter Brett W. , Lichtenberger John P.
Published: February 2018

Early identification of congenital heart diseases, specifically those affecting the structural integrity and function of the interventricular septum, in childhood is important toward decreasing the morbidity and mortality of those affected. We review the pertinent clinical and imaging manifestations for those with ventricular septal defects, ventricular septal aneurysms, tetralogy of Fallot, and hypertrophic (obstructive) cardiomyopathy, in addition to discussing first-line imaging studies, including echocardiography, and indications for advanced imaging.
Closure of Oroantral Communication With Plasma-Rich Fibrin Membrane
Authors: Demetoglu Umut , Ocak Hakan , Bilge Suheyb
Published: February 2018

Oroantral communication (OAC) is the opening between the maxillary sinus and oral cavity. It may cause oroantral fistula or maxillary sinusitis if left untreated. The surgical closure of the OAC within 48 hours was recommended to avoid the complications like sinus infections. The aim of this study is to evaluate the treatment of OACs with plasma-rich fibrin (PRF) which is safe and easy to implement in the OACs.

This study was conducted with the patients, who required the treatment of the OAC, which was developed after the posterior maxillary tooth extraction in the Dental and Maxillofacial Department of the Faculty of Dentistry in Adnan Menderes University.

Plasma-rich fibrin membranes were inserted in layers into the tooth socket so that they covered the OAC. Then these membranes were fixated with the sutures to the surrounding gingiva. Antibiotic (amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 1000 mg), analgesic (dexketoprofen trometamol and/or paracetamol), and oral rinse (0.2% chlorhexidine digluconate) agents were prescribed to all patients. The patients were examined in the 3rd and 7th days and 2 months after the operation.

All patients tolerated PRF perfectly, and the soft tissue recovery was completed without any problem. Full epithelization was observed in the defect area in all patients. The OAC did not relapse in any patient.

Plasma-rich fibrin technique is a simple and effective method, which can be used in the treatment of OACs with a diameter of 5 mm or less with a low risk of complications.
Neurohormones and temperament interact during infant development
Authors: Jones Nancy Aaron , Sloan Aliza
Published: February 2018

The infant's psycho-physiological regulatory system begins to develop prenatally and continues to mature during the postnatal period. Temperament is a construct comprising tonic individual differences in dispositional physiological and behavioural reactions as well as an evolving ability to regulate to environmental conditions. Theoretical models and research have shown that neurohormonal and -physiological factors contribute to individual development and impact infant behaviours as well as the developing regulatory system. Moreover, prenatal maternal risks such as stress and depression are thought to programme fetal regulatory tendencies and that influences neural and behavioural functioning in infancy. The purpose of this review is to examine the theories and research that link infant temperament to neurohormonal and -physiological development in typically developing infants and in those exposed to environmental risk. Research has demonstrated associations between individual variation in physiological stress responses and regulation (measured with cortisol). Moreover, studies have noted an association with physiological regulation and socio-emotional interaction (as measured by the touch–oxytocin link) that may buffer emotional dysregulation. The interaction between individual differences in temperamental tendencies, neurohormonal and -physiological patterns will be discussed by presenting data from studies that have shown that infant neurohormonal and -physiological functioning sets an important trajectory for the development of the individual.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.
Benefits and limitations of drug studies in temperament research: biochemical responses as indicators of temperament
Authors: Netter Petra
Published: February 2018

This paper presents a discussion of principles and problems of neurotransmitter challenge tests using examples of experiments, most of which were performed in the author's laboratory. Drugs targeting synthesis, release, receptors or reuptake of dopamine, serotonin and noradrenergic transmitter (TM) systems were used for characterizing or discriminating certain temperament or personality traits and their sub-factors. Any personality or temperament trait is characterized by multiple TM responses, thus constellations of hormone responses to drugs acting on different TM systems or on different sources of TM activity were investigated within individuals in crossover designs. The major conclusions are: (i) intra-individual patterns of hormone responses to different TM-related drugs, or to agonists and antagonists, can help to discriminate subtypes of temperament dimensions, and (ii) the latency and shape of response curves may help specify processes of biological responses related to psychological dimensions and reveal common TM sensitivities in clusters of traits. TM sensitivity, defined by hormone responses, does not always correspond to accompanying behavioural indicators, but may provide more specific information on underlying mechanisms. Additional consideration of drug doses and experimental induction of stressors may serve to identify temperament-related susceptibilities to certain drugs. Limitations of the challenge approach and recommendations for future research are discussed.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.
Temperament and brain networks of attention
Authors: Posner Michael I. , Rothbart Mary K.
Published: February 2018

The attention networks of the human brain are important control systems that develop from infancy into adulthood. While they are common to everyone, they differ in efficiency, forming the basis of individual differences in attention. We have developed methods for measuring the efficiency of these networks in older children and adults and have also examined their development from infancy. During infancy the alerting and orienting networks are dominant in control of the infant's actions, but later an executive network dominates. Each network has been associated with its main neuromodulator and these have led to associations with genes related to that network neuromodulator. The links between parent reports of their child's effortful control and the executive attention network allow us to associate molecular mechanisms to fundamental behavioural outcomes.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.
A network model of behavioural performance in a rule learning task
Authors: Hasselmo Michael E. , Stern Chantal E.
Published: February 2018

Humans demonstrate differences in performance on cognitive rule learning tasks which could involve differences in properties of neural circuits. An example model is presented to show how gating of the spread of neural activity could underlie rule learning and the generalization of rules to previously unseen stimuli. This model uses the activity of gating units to regulate the pattern of connectivity between neurons responding to sensory input and subsequent gating units or output units. This model allows analysis of network parameters that could contribute to differences in cognitive rule learning. These network parameters include differences in the parameters of synaptic modification and presynaptic inhibition of synaptic transmission that could be regulated by neuromodulatory influences on neural circuits. Neuromodulatory receptors play an important role in cognitive function, as demonstrated by the fact that drugs that block cholinergic muscarinic receptors can cause cognitive impairments. In discussions of the links between neuromodulatory systems and biologically based traits, the issue of mechanisms through which these linkages are realized is often missing. This model demonstrates potential roles of neural circuit parameters regulated by acetylcholine in learning context-dependent rules, and demonstrates the potential contribution of variation in neural circuit properties and neuromodulatory function to individual differences in cognitive function.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Diverse perspectives on diversity: multi-disciplinary approaches to taxonomies of individual differences’.
Revisiting the functional properties of NPF6.3/NRT1.1/CHL1 in xenopus oocytes
Authors: Noguero Mélanie , Léran Sophie , Bouguyon Eléonore , Brachet Chantal , Tillard Pascal , Nacry Philippe , Gojon Alain , Krouk Gabriel , Lacombe Benoît
Published: February 2018

Within the Arabidopsis NPF proteins, most of the characterized nitrate transporters are low-affinity transporters, whereas the functional characterization of NPF6.3/NRT1.1 has revealed interesting transport properties: the transport of nitrate and auxin, the eletrogenicity of the nitrate transport and a dual-affinity transport behavior for nitrate depending on external nitrate concentration. However, some of these properties remained controversial and were challenged here. We functionally express WT NPF6.3/NRT1.1 and some of its mutant in Xenopus oocytes and used a combination of uptake experiments using 15N-labelled nitrate and two-electrode voltage-clamp. In our experimental conditions in xenopus oocytes, in the presence or in the absence of external chloride, NPF6.3/NRT1.1 behaves as a non-electrogenic and pure low-affinity transporter. Moreover, further functional characterization of a NPF6.3/NRT1.1 point mutant, P492L, allowed us to hypothesize that NPF6.3/NRT1.1 is regulated by internal nitrate concentration and that the internal perception site involves the P492 residue.
Development of a novel protein identification approach to define mitochondrial proteomic signatures in glioblastoma oncogenesis: T98G vs U87MG cell lines model
Authors: Gómez-Caudillo Leopoldo , Martínez-Batallar Ángel G. , Ortega-Lozano Ariadna J. , Fernández-Coto Diana L. , Rosas-Vargas Haydee , Minauro-Sanmiguel Fernando , Encarnación-Guevara Sergio
Published: February 2018

Glioblastoma Multiforme is a cancer type with an important mitochondrial component. Here was used mitochondrial proteome Random Sampling in 2D gels from T98G (oxidative metabolism) and U87MG (glycolytic metabolism) cell lines to obtain and analyze representative spots (regardless of their intensity, size, or difference in abundance between cell lines) by Principal Component Analysis for protein identification. Identified proteins were ordered into specific Protein-Protein Interaction networks, to each cell line, showing mitochondrial processes related to metabolic change, invasion, and metastasis; and other nonmitochondrial processes such as DNA translation, chaperone response, and autophagy in gliomas. T98G and U87MG cell lines were used as glioblastoma transition model; representative proteomic signatures, with the most important biological processes in each cell line, were defined. This pipeline analysis describes the metabolic status of each line and defines clear mitochondria performance differences for distinct glioblastoma stages, introducing a new useful strategy for the understanding of glioblastoma carcinogenesis formation.

Biological significance

This study defines the mitochondria as an organelle that follows and senses the carcinogenesis process by an original proteomic approach, a random sampling in 2DE gels to obtain a representative spots sample and analyzing their relative abundance by Principal Components Analysis; to faithfully describe glioblastoma cells biology.
Monkeys predict trajectories of virtual prey using basic variables from Newtonian physics
Authors: Yoo Seng Bum M , Piantadosi Steven T. , Hayden Benjamin Y.
Published: February 2018

The demands of foraging are a major driver in the evolution of cognitive faculties. To successfully pursue a mobile prey that is attempting to avoid capture, the ability to predict its flight path can provide a crucial advantage. We hypothesized that, during pursuit, rhesus macaques exploit patterns in prey’s behavior to predict the prey’s future positions. We modeled behavior of three macaques in a joystick-controlled pursuit task in which prey follow simple escape algorithms that involve repulsion from the subject and from the walls of the virtual enclosure. We find that, even in this artificial task, macaques actively predict and aim towards prey’s future positions, increasing their foraging success. Their predictions are derived from the three core variables in Newtonian dynamics: position, velocity, and acceleration. Even after extensive training, subjects favored these principles and ignored other regularities in prey behavior. Most notably, they ignored the effects their own actions would have on the prey, despite extensive training and even though doing so would have further improved performance. We conjecture that subjects have a strong bias towards using physical principles to pursue fleeing prey, possibly reflecting an evolved physics module. The observed predictive behavior suggests that foraging demands facilitate the development of prospection.
The Impact of Spatial Normalization for Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Data Analyses Revisited
Authors: Smith Jason F. , Hur Juyoen , Kaplan Claire M. , Shackman Alexander J.
Published: February 2018

Spatial normalization—the process of aligning anatomical or functional data acquired from different individuals to a common stereotaxic atlas—is routinely used in the vast majority of functional neuroimaging studies, with important consequences for scientific inference and reproducibility. Although several approaches exist, multi-step techniques that leverage the superior contrast and spatial resolution afforded by T1-weighted anatomical images to normalize echo planar imaging (EPI) functional data acquired from the same individuals (T1EPI) is now standard. Yet, recent work suggests that direct alignment of functional data to a T2*-weighted template without recourse to an anatomical image—an EPI only (EPIO) approach—enhances normalization precision. This counterintuitive claim is intriguing, suggesting that a change in standard practices may be warranted. Here, we re-visit these conclusions, extending prior work to encompass newly developed measures of normalization precision, accuracy, and ‘real-world’ statistical performance for the standard EPIO and T1EPI pipelines implemented in SPM12, a recently developed variant of the EPIO pipeline, and a novel T1EPI pipeline incorporating ‘best practice’ tools from multiple software packages. The multi-tool T1EPI pipeline was consistently the most precise, most accurate, and resulted in the largest t values at the group level, in some cases dramatically so. The three SPM-based pipelines exhibited more modest and variable differences in performance relative to each another, with the widely used T1EPI pipeline showing the second best overall precision and accuracy, and the recently developed EPIO pipeline generally showing the poorest overall performance. The results demonstrate that standard pipelines can be easily improved and we encourage researchers to invest the resources necessary to do so. The multi-tool pipeline presented here provides a framework for doing so. In addition, the novel performance metrics described here should prove useful for reporting and validating future methods for pre-processing functional neuroimaging data.
Trusting the local: opening up the script with response-able talk practices
Authors: Boyd Maureen P. , Tynan Elizabeth A. , Potteiger Lori
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to deflate some of the pressure-orienting teachers toward following a curricular script.

Design/methodology/approach

The authors connect effective classroom teaching and learning practices to a dialogic instructional stance that values local resources and student perspectives and contributions. The authors argue that effective teachers have agency to make decisions about content and pacing adjustments (they call this agentive flow) and that they practice response-able talk. Response-able talk practices are responsive to what is happening in the classroom, responsibly nurture joint purposes and multiple perspectives, and cultivate longer exchanges of student exploratory talk. These talk practices are not easily scripted.

Findings

The authors show what these effective, local and dialogic instructional practices look like in a second-grade urban classroom.

Practical implications

The authors call upon every teacher to robustly find their local ways of working.

Originality/value

In this paper, the authors argue that harnessing the local is an essential aspect of dialogic instruction and a critical component of a dialogic instructional stance.
Internal heat generation/or absorption phenomena in three-dimensional natural convection flow within enclosure filled with different working fluids
Authors: Hdhiri Najib , Ben Beya Brahim
Published: February 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects of heat generation or absorption on heat transfer and fluid flow within two- and three-dimensional enclosure for homogeneous medium filled with different metal liquid. Numerical results are presented and analyzed in terms of fluid flow, thermal field structures, as well as average Nusselt number profiles over a wide range of dimensionless quantities, Grashof number (Gr) (104 and 105), SQ (varied between −500 to 500) and Prandtl number (Pr = 0.015, 0.024 and 0.0321). The results indicate that when the conductive regime is established for a Grashof number Gr = 104, the 2D model is valid and predicts all three-dimensional results with negligible difference. This was not the case in the convective regime (Gr = 105) where the effect of the third direction becomes important, where a 2D-3D difference was seen with about 37 per cent. Also, in most cases, the authors find that the heat absorption phenomena have the opposite effect with respect to the heat generation.

Design/methodology/approach

Numerical results are presented and analyzed in terms of fluid flow, thermal field structures, as well as average Nusselt number profiles over a wide range of dimensionless quantities.

Findings

Grashof number (Gr) (104 and 105), SQ (varied between −500 to 500) and Prandtl number (Pr = 0.015, 0.024 and 0.0321).

Originality/value

The results indicate that when the conductive regime is established for a Grashof number Gr = 104, the 2D model is valid and predicts all three-dimensional results with negligible difference.
Two-dimensional simulation of fluid flow and forced convection heat transfer from a circular cylinder with control rods
Authors: Harimi Somayeh , Marjani Azam , Moradi Sadegh
Published: February 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to study the fluid flow and forced convection heat transfer from an isothermal circular cylinder with control rods in the laminar unsteady flow regime.

Design/methodology/approach

The overset grid method was used for accurate simulation of the unsteady flows around different arrangements of the cylinders. Grid generation for overset grids was performed using a general orthogonal boundary fitted coordinate system. The method of solution was based on a finite volume discretization of the Navier-Stokes equations. Simulations were carried out for the Prandtl numbers of 0.7 and 7.0 with the Reynolds numbers ranging from 60 to 300.

Findings

The results indicate that the performance of multiple control rods depends strongly on the spacing ratio. Furthermore, in a manner similar to the flow patterns, four different thermal regimes were recognized based on the variations of mean Nusselt number versus G/D, as the thermal regimes follow the categories of flow regimes at different diameter ratios. However, for different Prandtl numbers, no single trend of heat transfer variation versus the spacing ratio exists for same regime.

Originality/value

Few studies have been conducted to investigate the heat transfer characteristics from control rods. The results of this study provide a comprehensive knowledge on the dynamical and thermal behavior of the flow around multiple cylinders.
Combined effects of the velocity and the aspect ratios on the bifurcation phenomena in a two-sided lid-driven cavity flow
Authors: Hammami Faicel , Ben-Cheikh Nader , Ben-Beya Brahim , Souayeh Basma
Published: February 2018

Purpose

This paper aims to analyze the effect of aspect ratio A and aspect velocity ratio a on the bifurcation occurrence phenomena in lid-driven cavity by using finite volume method (FVM) and multigrid acceleration. This study has been performed for certain pertinent parameters; a wide range of the Reynolds number values has been adopted, and aspect ratios ranging from 0.25 to 1 and various velocity ratios from 0.25 to 0.825 have been considered in this investigation. Results show that the transition to the unsteady regime follows the classical scheme of Hopf bifurcation, giving rise to a perfectly periodic state. Flow periodicity has been verified through time history plots for the velocity component and phase-space trajectories as a function of Reynolds number. Velocity profile for special case of a square cavity (A = 1) was found to be in good agreement between current numerical results and published ones. Flow characteristics inside the cavity have been presented and discussed in terms of streamlines and vorticity contours at a fixed Reynolds number (Re = 5,000) for various aspect ratios (a = 0).

Design/methodology/approach

The numerical method is based on the FVM and multigrid acceleration.

Findings

Computations have been investigated for several Reynolds numbers and aspect ratios A (0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 0.825 and 1). Besides, various velocity ratios (a = 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 0.825) at fixed aspect ratios (A = 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75) were considered. It is observed that the transition to the unsteady regime follows the classical scheme of Hopf bifurcation, giving rise to a perfectly periodic state. Flow periodicity is verified through time history plots for velocity components and phase-space trajectories.

Originality/value

The bifurcations between steady and unsteady states are investigated.