bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Self‐discrepancies in bipolar disorder: Comparison of manic, depressed, remitted and normal participants
Authors: Bentall Richard P. , Kinderman Peter , Manson Kerry
Published: December 2005

Objectives. To study the role of self‐discrepancies in different phases of bipolar disorder (manic‐depression).

Method and design. Patients with a diagnosis of bipolar disorder in three groups, currently depressed, currently manic or hypomanic, and currently in remission, together with healthy control participants, were administered a modified version of Higgins' Selves Questionnaire. Consistencies between the self‐actual, self‐ideal and self‐ought representations were calculated, together with consistencies between the self‐actual representation and the believed views of generalized others about the self.

Results. In contrast to all other groups, bipolar depressed patients showed marked discrepancies between their self‐actual and self‐ideal representations, and between their self‐actual and self‐ought representations. Manic or hypomanic patients showed higher self‐actual:self‐ideal consistency than non‐patient controls. The differences between the depressed participants and the other groups appeared to be accounted for by their very negative self‐actual descriptions. Participants in all four groups showed high levels of consistency between self‐perceptions and the believed perceptions of others about the self.

Conclusions. These findings confirm that beliefs about the self differ between different phases of bipolar disorder and are consistent with the hypothesis that the manic phase involves active avoidance of discrepancies between the self and self‐ideals.
Attributional lability in depression and paranoia
Authors: Bentall Richard P. , Kaney Sue
Published: December 2005

Background. Attributions play an important role in depression and paranoia. However, contrary to most attributional models of psychopathology, there is evidence that attributional style is not a stable trait but is affected by recent experiences.

Method. Paranoid, depressed, and healthy participants were exposed to a mild stressor in the form of the requirement to complete an anagram task, which included insoluble items. Before and afterwards, they completed measures of attributional style for negative events and a contingency judgment task.

Results. Replicating previous findings, paranoid patients initially showed low internality scores for negative events and high judgments of control on the contingency judgment task, whereas the depressed participants showed high internality for negative events and low judgments of control. Following the anagram task, both clinical groups showed increased internality for hypothetical negative events. The paranoid participants also gave increased estimates of control on the contingency judgment task.

Conclusions. Attributional style is more labile in paranoid and depressed patients than in healthy individuals. Implications for attributional theories of psychopathology are discussed.
A randomized controlled trial of psychological interventions for postnatal depression
Authors: Milgrom Jeannette , Negri Lisa M. , Gemmill Alan W. , McNeil Margaret , Martin Paul R.
Published: December 2005

Objectives. First, to establish the efficacy of psychological interventions versus routine primary care for the management of postnatal depression (PND). Secondly, to provide a direct comparison of cognitive‐behavioural therapy (CBT) versus counselling and, finally, to compare the relative value of group and individual delivery formats.

Design. The study involved 192 depressed women drawn from a large community screening programme in Melbourne, Australia and allocated to cognitive behaviour therapy, counselling, or routine primary care. Baseline and post‐intervention measures of depression and anxiety were collected in the form of validated self‐report inventories.

Method. Women were screened in the community and diagnosis of depression confirmed with a standardized psychiatric interview. Interventions were of 12 weeks duration, including three partner sessions, and adhered to a structured manual.

Results. Psychological intervention per se was superior to routine care in terms of reductions in both depression and anxiety following intervention.

Conclusions. For those women with PND, psychological intervention is a better option than routine care, leading to clinically significant reduction of symptoms. Counselling may be as effective as group cognitive behaviour therapy. The benefits of psychological intervention may be maximized by being delivered on a one‐to‐one basis.
Reminiscence, regrets and activity in older people in residential care: Associations with psychological health
Authors: McKee Kevin J. , Wilson Fiona , Chung Man Cheung , Hinchliff Sharron , Goudie Fiona , Elford Helen , Mitchell Cindy
Published: December 2005

Background. Claims have been made of the benefits of reminiscence for older people's psychological health. The study reported here set out to determine whether measures of reminiscence, regrets, and activity participation would be associated with psychological health in older people, when age, dependency, self‐reported health, and social well‐being were controlled.

Design. Cross‐sectional interview‐based questionnaire survey

Methods. Older people living in residential and nursing homes (N=142) completed questionnaires that determined current levels of reminiscence, activity participation, and psychological health, while care staff recorded the participants' observed affect over the previous 2‐week period.

Results. Multivariate analyses showed significant associations between reminiscence frequency, reminiscence enjoyment, and regrets, and psychological health outcomes, while controlling for age, dependency, self‐reported health, and social well‐being. While reminiscence enjoyment was associated with positive psychological health, high frequency of reminiscence and the presence of regrets were associated with negative psychological health.

Conclusions. The study findings are discussed with reference to Eriksonian theory, reminiscence functions, and the potential for reminiscence in psychological therapy for older people.
The childhood experience of care and abuse questionnaire (CECA.Q): Validation in a community series
Authors: Bifulco A. , Bernazzani O. , Moran P. M. , Jacobs C.
Published: December 2005

Background. Childhood neglect and abuse, as measured by retrospective interview, is highly predictive of psychiatric disorder in adult life and has an important role in aetiological models. However, such measures are labour‐intensive, costly, and thus restricted to relatively modest sample sizes. A compact self‐report assessment of childhood experience is invaluable for research screening purposes and large‐scale survey investigation.

Method. A self‐report questionnaire (CECA.Q) was developed to mirror an existing validated interview measure: the childhood experience of care and abuse (CECA). The questionnaire assessed lack of parental care (neglect and antipathy), parental physical abuse, and sexual abuse from any adult before age 17. A high‐risk series of 179 London women were interviewed using the CECA together with the PSE psychiatric assessment, and completed the CECA.Q at later follow‐up. Repeat CECA. Qs were returned for 111 women and 99 women additionally completed the parental bonding instrument (PBI; Parker, Tupling, & Brown, 1979).

Results. Satisfactory internal scale consistency was achieved on the CECA.Q for antipathy (α=.81) and neglect (α=.80) scales. There was satisfactory test–retest for both care and abuse scales. Significant associations were found between CECA.Q scales and the parallel interview scales with cut‐offs determined for high sensitivity and specificity. CECA.Q neglect and antipathy scales were also significantly related to PBI parental care. CECA.Q scales were significantly related to lifetime history of depression. Optimal cut‐off scores revealed significant odds ratios (average of 2) for individual scales and depression. When indices were compiled to reflect peak severity of each type of adversity across perpetrator, odds‐ratios increased (average 3). A dose–response effect was evident with the number of types of neglect/abuse and rate of lifetime depression.

Conclusion. The CECA.Q shows satisfactory reliability and validity as a self‐report measure for adverse childhood experience. The merits of having parallel questionnaire and interview instruments for both research and clinical work are discussed.
Hopelessness and positive and negative future thinking in parasuicide
Authors: MacLeod Andrew K. , Tata Philip , Tyrer Peter , Schmidt Ulrike , Davidson Kate , Thompson Simon
Published: December 2005

Objectives. Hopelessness about the future is a key element in suicidal behaviour. The aim of the present study was to examine possible components of hopelessness, in particular, to contrast positive and negative future thinking and to examine separately number, expectancy, and value of anticipated positive and negative future experiences.

Design. A correlational design.

Method. Repeat parasuicide patients (N=441) were administered the Beck Hopelessness Scale, the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale and the future thinking task, a measure of future positive and negative thinking that assesses number, perceived likelihood, and perceived value of anticipated future positive and negative events.

Results. Consistent with predictions, hopelessness correlated more strongly with lack of positive thoughts about the future than it did with presence of negative thoughts. Both positive and negative future thinking showed a relationship to hopelessness over and above their relationships to depression (positive future thinking) and anxiety (negative future thinking). Number and likelihood of positive events and likelihood and value of negative events showed both simple and partial relationships to hopelessness. Number of negative events related to hopelessness but only after the other future thinking variables had been controlled for and value of positive events no longer related to hopelessness after controlling for the other variables

Conclusions. Hopelessness about the future in suicidal individuals is a multi‐faceted construct but lack of positive future thinking is more important than presence of negative future thinking.
Self‐criticism and major depression: An evolutionary perspective
Authors: Sturman Edward , Mongrain Myriam
Published: December 2005

Objectives. This study sought to incorporate the personality style of self‐criticism within an evolutionary framework to help explain its relationship to major depression. It was expected that self‐critics would engage in poor social comparisons and have greater feelings of internal entrapment, which are both processes related to depression by evolutionary thinkers.

Design. A cross‐sectional design was employed such that participants were first interviewed and then completed several questionnaires.

Methods. The sample consisted of 146 graduate students who had experienced at least one prior episode of major depression, which was confirmed using the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM‐IV (SCID). Participants were subsequently administered the Center for epidemiological studies depression scale (CESD), Depressive Experiences Questionnaire (DEQ), Social comparison rating scale (SCRS), and Entrapment scale (ES).

Results. Regression analyses revealed that self‐criticism significantly predicted internal entrapment and social comparison when controlling for mood and for levels of dependency. Subsequent Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) revealed that a factor of self‐reported entrapment and social comparison mediated the effect of self‐criticism on the number of previous episodes of depression.

Conclusion. These findings suggest that part of the reason self‐critics are vulnerable to clinical episodes of depression lies in their subjective experience of entrapment and in their negative social comparisons.
Reduced autobiographical memory specificity as an avoidant coping style
Authors: Hermans Dirk , Defranc Annemie , Raes Filip , Williams J. Mark G. , Eelen Paul
Published: December 2005

Objective. Previous studies suggest that reduced autobiographical memory specificity might serve as a way of regulating affect. This study examined the relationship between autobiographical memory specificity and avoidant coping.

Method. Sixty students completed the Autobiographical Memory Test (AMT). Different types of avoidant coping were assessed using questionnaires: the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire, the Cognitive‐Behavioural Avoidance Scale and the White Bear Suppression Inventory.

Results. For all questionnaires, a significant correlation was observed between the number of specific responses on the AMT and an avoidant coping style. More avoidance was associated with fewer specific answers. These correlations remained when corrected for number of omissions.

Conclusion. The results provide further evidence for the affect‐regulating quality of autobiographical memory specificity.
Self‐defining memories in post‐traumatic stress disorder
Authors: Sutherland Kylie , Bryant Richard A.
Published: December 2005

Objective.This study investigated the relationship between trauma survivors' goals and retrieval of self‐defining memories in post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

Methods.Civilian trauma survivors with PTSD, trauma survivors with no PTSD and non‐trauma‐exposed control participants (N=49) provided autobiographical memories of events that they believe shaped who they are. Participants also provided details about their major personal goals.

Results.Participants with PTSD reported more self‐defining memories that were trauma‐related, negative valence and from adult years than non‐PTSD and control participants. Further, retrieval of trauma‐related self‐defining memories was strongly associated with reporting personal goals that were related to traumatic experiences.

Conclusions.These findings are discussed in terms of the proposition that trauma survivors' current concerns may direct retrieval of trauma‐related memories.
First‐ and higher‐order models of attitudes, normative influence, and perceived behavioural control in the theory of planned behaviour
Authors: Hagger Martin S. , Chatzisarantis Nikos L. D.
Published: December 2005

The present study examined the validity of an augmented version of Ajzen's (1991) theory of planned behaviour (TPB), adopting second‐order latent factors to explain relationships between the differentiated components of the theory constructs. This model was tested on data from two independent samples, for exercise and dieting behaviours, respectively. The affective and instrumental attitude, injunctive and descriptive norms, and perceived controllability and self‐efficacy constructs all exhibited discriminant validity in the first instance. First‐ and second‐order confirmatory factor analyses exhibited satisfactory fit with the observed data from both samples. There were no substantial differences in the fit indices across the first‐ and second‐order models, and the second‐order models exhibited the most optimal parsimony‐corrected fit indices. The higher‐order models could therefore not be rejected on the grounds of inferior fit or parsimony. First‐ and second‐order structural equation models accounted for significant variance in intentions and behaviour. These results corroborate Ajzen's (2002a) and Bagozzi, Lee, and van Loo's (2001) premise that recent augmentations of the TPB that differentiate the model components can be subsumed by global, higher‐order factors while still making the distinction at the subordinate level.
Sequential strategies of accommodation: A new method in courtroom
Authors: Gnisci Augusto
Published: December 2005

The aim of this research is to show the fruitfulness of a sequential analysis approach applied to the study of the dynamic and sequential character of accommodation strategies proposed by communication accommodation theory (CAT). It was applied to the convergence, divergence, maintenance, and control strategies undertaken in the courtroom during 47 hostile examinations from a single criminal case. Each of the 1,850 question–answer exchanges was classified for the content aspects (types of questions and of answers) and for the modalities of turn taking (interrupting, latching, and pausing) by both lawyer and witness. Log‐linear analyses were performed. The main results show that the lawyer and the witness used both accommodation and maintenance strategies, even if the latter are used more by the lawyer. Both participants made use of unimodal and bimodal strategies and tended to reciprocate the behaviour of the interlocutor. The conclusions emphasize the advantage of using the sequential analysis approach to the accommodation strategies of CAT: studying multiple behaviours, identifying the direction and the modalities of the strategies even if they act simultaneously, and providing a means to evaluate the weight of the strategies on the whole and in detail.
Bridging the intention–behaviour gap: The role of moral norm
Authors: Godin Gaston , Conner Mark , Sheeran Paschal
Published: December 2005

This research examined whether intentions aligned with moral norms better predict behaviour compared with intentions aligned with attitudes. Six data sets predicting behaviours in the health domain (smoking, driving over speed limit, applying universal precautions, exercising) were analysed. Moderated regression analysis indicated that participants whose intentions were more aligned with their moral norm were more likely to perform behaviours compared with participants whose intentions were more aligned with their attitude. However, further analysis indicated that this moderation effect was only present when participants construed the behaviour in moral terms. The findings suggest that the theory of planned behaviour should more clearly acknowledge the importance of internalized norms and self‐expectations in the development of one's motivation to adopt a given behaviour.
The ways that people talk about natural resources: Discursive strategies as barriers to environmentally sustainable practices
Authors: Kurz Tim , Donaghue Ngaire , Rapley Mark , Walker Iain
Published: December 2005

In this paper, we analyse talk about water and energy use taken from nine interviews with citizens of Perth, Western Australia. Participants' talk offered representations of water as a scarce, shared, natural resource that must not be wasted, whereas talk about energy use focused on the environmental impacts of different technologies for generating electricity, rather than on energy as a consumable resource. Participants accounted for their water‐use habits by positioning themselves as caught between a personal desire to conserve water and an (incompatible) social obligation to maintain the appearance of their gardens in keeping with the aesthetic appeal of the suburbs in which they lived. We identify several discursive strategies by which people construct the environmental impact of their actions as minimal or unavoidable. These constitute a barrier to the promotion of more environmentally sustainable practices. Potential implications for environmental policy development are discussed, as are the wider issues associated with the development of ‘applied’ discourse analysis.
Talk about receiving, giving, and taking in radio interviews: doing modesty and making a virtue out of necessity
Authors: McMullen Linda M.
Published: December 2005

Acts of giving, receiving, and taking constitute much of our social lives, and talk about these acts is ubiquitous. However, such talk has not been studied in its own right. From radio interviews with persons who have accomplished or experienced something deemed remarkable, I identified two social actions that were accomplished by talk about receiving, giving, and taking: ‘doing modesty’ and ‘making a virtue out of necessity’. Doing modesty was present in interviews with celebrities and was deftly managed through the joint use of contrasts by the participants. Making a virtue out of necessity was present in interviews in which the interviewee's experience of adversity was a prominent focus of talk, and was accomplished through the use of irony. I argue that both actions can serve the dual purposes of putting the interviewee in a good light and holding the attention of the listening audience. This research adds to existing work on social ties by providing another route for understanding how we make use of the exchange of social resources.
Gender conflict and worldview defence
Authors: Fritsche Immo , Jonas Eva
Published: December 2005

Applying social identity and terror management theory assumptions to gender conflict we predicted that mortality salience (MS) would lead to an increase in pro‐women attitudes in women and a decrease in these attitudes in men. After a MS versus control manipulation, 32 female and 24 male university students evaluated (fictitious) courses in psychology dealing with and supporting the promotion of women. In accordance with our prediction the results showed a significant interaction between sex and MS, indicating that men and women differed in their judgment only under MS but not in the control condition. Whereas men reacted with an increased negative evaluation of the pro‐women courses following MS, women on the other hand showed an increased positive evaluation of the courses. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
The association of paternal mood and infant temperament: A pilot study
Authors: Davé Shreya , Nazareth Irwin , Sherr Lorraine , Senior Rob
Published: December 2005

Maternal depression is associated with adverse child development, but little is known about the effects of paternal depression. This pilot study estimated the prevalence of paternal depression and mood state, and assessed the relationship between paternal mood and infant temperament. The participants in the study were 98 fathers of newborn babies. Fathers were initially screened for depressed mood (Hospital anxiety and depression scale, and Edinburgh postnatal depression scale), and at 6 months parental mood, infant temperament, couple relationship quality, alcohol use, adverse life events, parenting, and demographics were recorded. Infant fussiness was analysed in relation to paternal mood and other contextual factors using multiple regression. Of the 98 fathers, 48 (49%) completed depression‐screening measures. Of these 48 fathers, 4 (8%) reported depressive symptoms above the cut‐off for case definition. A total of 48% (N=19) completed measures at follow‐up. In the adjusted model, higher paternal depression scores, more traditional attitudes towards fathering, and increased recent life events were related to higher infant fussiness scores; and better couple relationship quality was related to lower fussiness scores. This study showed that 1 in 12 fathers had depressed mood, and lower mood was associated with negative infant temperament. Since the findings of this feasibility study were based on a small sample size the association of paternal mood and child development merits further study using a larger sample of fathers.
Social‐cognitive skills between 5 and 10 months of age
Authors: Striano Tricia , Bertin Evelin
Published: December 2005

Joint attention skills are an important part of human cultural learning. However, little is known about the emergence and meaning of these skills in early ontogeny. The development of, and relation among, various joint attention skills was assessed. Seventy‐two 5 to 10‐month‐old infants were tested on a variety of joint attention tasks. Intercorrelations among these tasks were sparse, which puts into question the meaning of these various skills. In addition, the majority of infants exhibited some joint attention skill before 9 months of age, which points to a more gradual development of joint attention skills than suggested by previous research.
Phonological coding in reading of deaf children: Pseudohomophone effects in lexical decision
Authors: Transler Catherine , Reitsma Pieter
Published: December 2005

The purpose of this study was to find new evidence for phonological coding in written word recognition among deaf Dutch children. A lexical decision task was presented to 48 severely and profoundly deaf children aged from 6 years 8 months to 13 years 5 months, and a control group of Grade 1 hearing children matched on written word recognition. Sixteen pseudohomophones were introduced, closely matched on orthographic similarity with 16 control pseudo‐words. Both hearing children and deaf children made significantly more mistakes on pseudohomophones than on control pseudo‐words. Although pseudohomophony effects were smaller for deaf than for hearing participants, the findings were taken as evidence that deaf children also used phonological coding during written word recognition.
Pitch perception in children with autistic spectrum disorders
Authors: Altgassen Mareike , Kliegel Matthias , Williams Tim I.
Published: December 2005

This study investigated the accuracy of musical pitch detection in children with autistic spectrum disorders as compared with typically developing children. Seventeen children on the autistic spectrum (Mage=9.34, SDage=1.12) and 13 typically developing, chronological age‐matched children (Mage=9.13, SDage=1.68) took part in the current study. Children were required to listen to four tones, which were paired with four different pictures and asked to learn the combinations. The children were then assessed for their ability to identify the previously learned tones, when they were presented as single tones and when they were embedded in chords and discords. No significant group differences were found. However, after subdividing the clinical group according to their diagnosis of autism or Asperger's syndrome, the results indicated a slightly superior disembedding ability in participants with Asperger's syndrome. The findings are discussed in terms of the weak central coherence concept.
Is attention impaired in ADHD?
Authors: Wilding John
Published: December 2005

Explanations of Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) in terms of a weakness in Executive Function (EF) or related concepts, such as inhibition, are briefly reviewed. Some alternative views are considered, in particular a proposal by Manly and others that ADHD is a weakness primarily of sustained attention (plus control of attention), but not of selective attention, as measured by the Test of Everyday Attention in Children (TEA‐Ch; Manly et al., 2001). The underlying structure of the TEA‐Ch is analysed and it is concluded that the distinction between selective attention, sustained attention, and control of attention in this battery is not well‐founded. Furthermore, evidence from studies by Wilding and others, from visual search tasks similar to those employed by Manly et al. to measure selective attention, demonstrates that, while unimpaired‐ and impaired‐attention groups do not differ in speed of performance on such tasks (the measure employed in the TEA‐Ch), they do differ reliably in accuracy.

Available evidence from other visual search tasks comparing such groups is reviewed and found to be inconsistent. An attempt is made to resolve the inconsistencies and it is suggested that search tasks including demands that engage EF processes are more likely to demonstrate differences between these groups. It is concluded therefore that the most plausible explanation at present of impaired attention is in terms of weaknesses in EF. Suggestions for improving the precision and detail of this type of explanation are offered.
Three Competing Research Perspectives for Oceania
Authors: Wood Houston
Published: December 2005

Three research perspectives are currently competing in Oceania. A discipline-based perspective still dominates, though ever fewer people believe that disciplines produce superior forms of knowledge. An alternative, interpretation-based perspective is becoming more prominent, but this approach relies on confusing and contradictory claims about how interpretations connect to concrete activities. A practice-based approach seems better able to promote diversity and place-based autonomies in Oceania. Research that focuses on practices avoids the universalizing claims of discipline-based research. By treating cultures as dynamic repertoires of practices, a practice-based approach integrates interpretive and noninterpretive activities within a single research frame. Examples from many researchers, including Epeli Hau'ofa and Ty Kāwika Tengan, illustrate the benefits of a practice-based approach.
"Carnal Quietism": Embodying Anti-Jesuit Polemics in the Catherine Cadiere Affair, 1731
Authors: Choudhury Mita
Published: December 2005

In 1731 the public throughout France and Europe followed the scandal involving twenty-three year old Catherine Cadière who accused her confessor, the Jesuit Jean Baptiste Girard, of seduction, "spiritual incest," witchcraft, and the heretical doctrine of Quietism. This essay argues that the affair reveals how contemporary anxieties about spiritual integrity and clerical power were mapped onto Cadière's body. In the aftermath of the controversial papal bull Unigenitus, Girard's domination of Cadière encapsulated fears of the Jesuit order as a foreign body penetrating the Gallican church and the Crown. The Jesuit's efforts to silence Cadière violated Cadière's and the public's rights as subjects.
Nostalgia for the Exotic: Creating an Imperial Art in London, 1750-1793
Authors: Eaton Natasha
Published: December 2005

Focused on the entanglement of nostalgia and the exotic, this article explores the dramatic transformation of British perception and consumption of Indian images. In this era of colonial emergence and political emergency, both nostalgia and the exotic would be transferred from the rarity of mercantilism to the artifact of imperialism. While nostalgia retained a sense of homesickness for colonial communities overseas, as a manifestation of historical decline it was also being displaced onto Britain's cultural Others. Although in the early eighteenth century metropolitan elites and middle classes wanted to emulate the cultural trappings of the Mughal court (through luxury exoticism), in the ensuing decades Indian art would be typecast as decadent in keeping with changing ideas of a specifically 'imperial' aesthetic.
"A Counterpart to the Ephesian Matron": Steele's "Inkle and Yarico" and a Feminist Critique of the Classics
Authors: Horejsi Nicole
Published: December 2005

This essay investigates how Steele uses Spectator 11's heroine, Arietta, to challenge the classical story of the Ephesian Matron, and to suggest some of the eighteenth-century limits of the classical tradition for women and the variety of Others that tradition excludes. Although critics have claimed that the Spectator represents an optimistic response to the challenges of modernity, essays like Steele's "Inkle and Yarico," and even Spectator 69, allusively evoke a stronger sense of uncertainty, and suggest that the past continues to serve as a dangerous template for commonplace antifeminism and the potential brutality and self-interest of colonial expansion.
Cloistered Bodies: Convents in the Anglo-American Imagination in the British Conquest of Canada
Authors: Little Ann M
Published: December 2005

Working within the new historiography of the body, this essay argues that convents served as a convenient metaphor for Canada in the mid-eighteenth century English and Anglo-American imagination: They were French, Catholic, feminized, and most disturbingly, closed to Protestant men. In describing French Canada and its convents, they used language that suggests their fascination with opening and penetrating this new addition to the empire, despite the fact that the Quebec Ursulines were in fact very open to visitors, even to Protestant men. Esther Wheelwright, the Ursulines' New England-born Mother Superior, played a large role in English-language fictional and historical representations of the convent in the 1750s and 1760s.
Tongan Determiners and Semantic Composition
Authors: Hendrick Randall
Published: December 2005

This article describes the syntactic distribution and semantic interpretation of determiners in
Tongan (Polynesian). This determiner system is unusual because it contains, in addition to the
familiar definite and indefinite, a third contrasting morpheme, labeled Ôsemi-definiteÕ in traditional
descriptions. A description of the behavior of these three determiners is offered that makes use
of some conceptual tools provided by recent crosslinguistic work in formal semantics.
A New Look at the Acquisition of Relative Clauses
Authors: Diessel Holger , Tomasello Michael
Published: December 2005

This study reconsiders the acquisition of relative clauses based on data from two sentencerepetition
tasks. Usingmaterials modeled on the relative constructions of spontaneous child speech,
we asked four-year-old English- and German-speaking children to repeat six different types of
relative clauses. Although English and German relative clauses are structurally very different, the
results were similar across studies: intransitive subject relatives caused fewer errors than transitive
subject relatives and direct object relatives, which in turncaused fewer errors thanin direct object
relatives and oblique relatives; finally, genitive relatives caused by far the most problems. Challenging
previous analyses in which the acquisition of relative clauses has been explained by the
varying distance between filler and gap, we propose a multifactorial analysis in which the acquisitionprocess
is determined primarily by the similarity betweenthe various types of relative clauses
and their relationship to simple sentences.
How Rhoticity Became /r/-sandhi
Authors: Hay Jennifer , Sudbury Andrea
Published: December 2005

It is well known that nearly all nonrhotic dialects of English exhibit linking and/or intrusive
/r/. What is not known are the details about how linking and intrusive /r/ emerge. This article
provides the first empirical data on the diachronic relationship between the decline of rhoticity
and the emergence of /r/-sandhi in a dialect of English. The results are based on an analysis of
rhoticity and /r/-sandhi in the speech of New Zealanders born between 1860 and 1925, dates that
encompass the formative years of New Zealand English. The results demonstrate that the /r/-
sandhi system in New Zealand English emerged gradually and overlapped with the decline of
rhoticity. This is a significant advance on previous descriptive work on this topic and provides
results that should both inform and constrain potential phonological theories of /r/-sandhi.
Against Formal Phonology
Authors: Port Robert F , Leary Adam P
Published: December 2005

Chomsky and Halle (1968) and many formal linguists rely on the notion of a universally
available phonetic space defined in discrete time. This assumption plays a central role in phonological
theory. Discreteness at the phonetic level guarantees the discreteness of all other levels of
language. But decades of phonetics research demonstrate that there exists no universal inventory
of phonetic objects. We discuss three kinds of evidence: first, phonologies differ incommensurably.
Second, some phonetic characteristics of languages depend on intrinsically temporal patterns,
and, third, some linguistic sound categories within a language are different from each other despite
a high degree of overlap that precludes distinctness. Linguistics has mistakenly presumed that
speech can always be spelled with letter-like tokens. A variety of implications of these conclusions
for research in phonology are discussed.
Methodology for Determination of Hygroscopic Moisture Content of Soils
Authors: Shah PH , Singh DN
Published: December 2005

Hygroscopic moisture content of the soil is usually determined by an air-drying method and has been related with the surface area and cation exchange capacity of the soil, by many researchers. However, as relative humidity influences the overall soil-water interaction, quantification of its impact on hygroscopic moisture content of the soil becomes mandatory. Incidentally, it has been noted that no standard methodology, which specifies determination of the soil hygroscopic moisture content exists in the literature. With this in view, laboratory investigations were carried out on soils, with entirely different properties, and by exposing them to different relative humidity and storage time. Based on the results, “optimal hygroscopic moisture content” of the soil has been defined and the methodology for its measurement has been proposed. Further, attempts were made to correlate hygroscopic moisture content of the soil with its surface area, cation exchange capacity, liquid limit, swelling potential, and electrical properties (conductivity and dielectric constant). Such correlations will be of the utmost help in predicting these properties of the soil by knowing its hygroscopic moisture content.
Comparison of Fatigue Performances of 32CrMoV13 and M50 Steels in Presence of Surface Indents
Authors: Vincent A , Nelias D , Jacq C , Robin Y , Dudragne G
Published: December 2005

The fatigue resistance of 32CrMoV13 nitrided steel in the presence of controlled surface indents is investigated in comparison with M50 reference steel. For that purpose, rolling contact fatigue tests have been performed on a two-disk machine under pure rolling and rolling plus sliding conditions. Artificial indents are produced by using a hardness machine equipped with spherical diamond tips of different radii. The overall set of data shows better performances for 32CrMoV13 nitrided steel. The specific properties of this steel are highlighted by microstructural observations. The results are discussed in terms of endurance limit in presence of indents. The hierarchy of theoretical harmfulness thus obtained for the various indents tested in this work agrees well with that observed experimentally.
Assessing the Precision of Falling Weight Deflectometer for Field Measurements
Authors: Choubane B , Gokhale S , Mike Jackson N , Nazef A
Published: December 2005

Deflection-based techniques are being widely used to evaluate the structural integrity and for estimating the elastic moduli of in-service pavements. These deflections can be non-destructively induced and measured using various commercially available devices. In recent years, the Falling Weight Deflectometer (FWD) has gained worldwide acceptance among most highway agencies due to its versatility and ease of use. However, as with any testing using subject-driven, instrumented devices, the major concerns of the end usefulness of the resulting data are accuracy and precision. Although a level of uncertainty is always inherent to any measurement process, it must also be appropriately quantified or assessed. Therefore, the Florida Department of Transportation initiated the present field study to assess the level of precision of FWD measurements on flexible pavements. Deflection data were acquired using three FWD units concurrently on four different asphalt pavement sections. The precision was then addressed in terms of testing repeatability and reproducibility. In addition, the effects of buffer designs on deflection measurements were also evaluated. This paper presents a description of the testing program, data collection efforts, and subsequent analyses and findings. Precision statements for repeatability and reproducibility of field measurements were developed and are summarized herein. A generally high level of repeatability and reproducibility of the deflection measurements is demonstrated.
Effects of Available Energy and Impact Rate on Charpy Absorbed Energy in the Upper Shelf
Authors: Xu S , Bouchard R , Tyson WR
Published: December 2005

Advances in steelmaking technology have led to the introduction of structural steels with increased strength and toughness, to the extent that the energy absorbed by Charpy samples tested in the upper shelf region commonly approaches or exceeds the maximum available energy in conventional pendulum impact machines. In these circumstances, it becomes relevant to re-examine the validity of absorbed energy values measured in cases where the absorbed energy is a large fraction of the available energy. According to ASTM E 23 clause 10.1, “Absorbed energy values above 80 % of the scale range are inaccurate and shall be reported as approximate.” This is because “the velocity of the pendulum decreases…during fracture to the point that accurate impact energies are no longer obtained.” Although the 80 % limit has been accepted by consensus for decades, it has been challenged recently with the contention that excess capacities substantially larger than 20% are required to provide machine-independent values of impact energy. The present work was performed to test whether the amount of excess energy (i.e., the difference between available energy and absorbed energy) affects the Charpy absorbed energy in the upper shelf. Two structural steels typical of current linepipe grades have been used in the project, an experimental steel and a commercial steel, both with bainite/ferrite microstructures but with different toughnesses. Charpy samples have been tested at impact rate in pendulum and drop-weight machines. The results confirm the acceptability of absorbed energy values up to 80 % of the machine capacity, in support of the requirement stated in ASTM E 23.
Period of residence as a factor in language maintenance
Authors: Clyne Michael , Fernandez Sue
Published: December 2005

This paper explores ‘period of residence’ as a factor in the maintenance of an immigrant language, based on the example of Hungarian in Australia. Hungarian speakers arrived in Australia from several different source countries including Hungary, Romania (Transylvania), and areas of the formers Yugoslavia (Vojvodina) and Czechoslovakia (Slovakia). The distinct waves of Hungarian speaking migrants to Australia - 1938-40; 1947-54; 1956-57; 1960s, 70s and 80s; and 1990s - reflect the close connection between sociopolitical events and immigrant source countries for speakers of Hungarian.

The data for the study comprises interviews with 22 families, encompassing all vintages and source countries noted above, supplemented by two focus groups. The study demonstrates that ‘period of residence’interacts with a number of other factors, notably country of origin, reasons for migration, and the prevailing attitudes and policies towards the reception and integration of immigrants in the host country at the time. It highlights the contradictory and ambivalent effects on language maintenance of situations of multiple identity and individual responses to conflict situations.
Investigating the clause complex
Authors: Leong Ping Alvin , Wee Bee Geok
Published: December 2005

The situation in many composition classes in Singapore is characterized by scaffolding (Vygot-sky, 1962; Bruner, 1985), where students are given explicit guidance, particularly concerning the organizational structure of the essay. With scaffolding, there is a concern that the students will produce similarly-structured essays. How then does one differentiate a good essay from a less well-written one? Using Halliday's clause-complex framework (Halliday and Matthiessen, 2004), our analysis shows that while the better writers display a greater mastery of clause-complex structures, the weaker writers rely heavily on simplex constructions. In addition to scaffolding, we argue that the appropriate use of clause-complex structures should be incorporated as part of the writing lesson.
A tribute to our teacher, Dr. Judith Hall: A child with the trait of the Earl of Shrewsbury
Authors: Stephan Mark J.
Published: December 2005

“Organized human endeavor can be lifted an order of magnitude through teaching if it is inspiring” (Editor, Am J Dis Child, 1972). The benevolent influence of Dr. Judy Hall's inspiring clinical teaching in the field of genetic syndromes and birth defects is illustrated through the eventual surgical remediation of conductive hearing loss for a 4‐year‐old girl with unusual knuckles. The fascinating history of this child's syndrome has been further explored in the descendents of the first Earl of Shrewsbury. The legends of his story and his role in the Hundred Years War were immortalized by William Shakespeare in his playHenry VI Part I, but neither Shakespeare nor historians documented that the Earl actually had abnormal finger joints. Heterozygous mutations in the human noggin gene (NOG) cause a spectrum of joint fusions, including this child's traits. On behalf of practitioners of medicine, pediatrics, clinical genetics, and dysmorphology, as well as research scientists in the many domains of genetics, thank you, Judy, for your inspiration, enthusiasm, and teaching. © 2005 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Analyzing the potential for ADR in estate planning instruments
Authors: Phillips John R. , Martinsen Scott K. , Dameron Matthew L.
Published: December 2005

Estate planning issues don't belong in court.John R. Phillips, Scott K. Martinsen and Matthew L. Dameron, of Kansas City, Mo., analyze trusts and wills administration problems, and offer a comprehensive sample alternative dispute resolution clause that can be adapted to suit your client's needs.
Florida Supreme Court: Mediating senior judges must be retrained
Authors: Bleemer Russ , Sutter Philip
Published: December 2005

Russ Bleemer and Philip Sutter, of New York, analyze the effects of new mediation training and disclosure rules in Florida targeted at state judges on senior status. Also, the Federal Interagency ADR Working Group releases for comment three new practice guides, with implications for anyone doing business with the government, and a followup item discussing the latest on California's arbitrator ethics standards, which are about to be revised.
Thermodynamic aspects of the bovine serum albumin adsorption onto N,N′‐ diethylaminoethyl dextran microbeads
Authors: Can Hatice Kaplan , Güner Ali
Published: December 2005

Adsorption of proteins on solid surfaces is widely studied because of its importance in various biotechnological, medical, and technical applications, e.g., biosensor cardiovascular implants and chromatography. Adsorption thermodynamics has been studied on the microbeads of N,N′‐diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) dextran anion exchanger for bovine serum albumin at 25, 30, 35 40, and 45°C. As a result some thermodynamic parameters like Freundlich constants, thermodynamic equilibrium constant (KD), standard free energy changes (ΔGassoc), standard entropy changes (ΔSassoc), and standard enthalpy change (ΔHassoc) have been evaluated. Using the linear Van't Hoff plot, the ΔHassoc value of the system for the interaction of BSA adsorbed crosslinked DEAE dextran microbeads was determined as 12.5 kJ/mol. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006
Composites of poly(lactic acid) with flax fibers modified by interstitial polymerization
Authors: Shanks R. A. , Hodzic A. , Ridderhof D.
Published: December 2005

Natural fiber composites were designed and optimized to achieve good mechanical properties and resistance to growth of living organisms. Composite materials were prepared from poly(lactic acid) (PLA) with flax fibers, where the flax fibers had been subjected to interstitial polymerization to replace the water in the cellulose fibers. Before polymerization, the flax fibers were extracted with sodium hydroxide and acetone to remove lignin, pectin, and waxes from the cellulose. Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the crystallization and melting of the composites as compared with pure PLA. The surface wetting of the fibers and morphology of the composites were studied by scanning electron microscopy and optical microscopy. Mechanical properties were studied using dynamic mechanical analysis. The influence of the interstitial polymerization on the dynamic storage modulus was found to be significant. The composites of polymerization treated flax, with acetone washed fibers, had higher storage moduli than the unwashed fiber composites, which suggested adhesion between flax fibers, and the matrix was improved by the treatments. The composites were subjected to moist environmental conditions to test for development of mold and fungi, and the acetone washed polymerization treated flax composites were resistant to these growths. © 2005 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2006