bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Tinnitus Loudness Tracking: A “Type V Békésy” Pattern Does Not Exist for Pseudotinnitus
Authors: Steiger James R. , Thielman Emily J. , Henry James A.
Published: January 2014

Background:Evaluation tools are lacking for the identification of patients exhibiting pseudotinnitus. It was hypothesized that tinnitus loudness traces might show a separation between continuous and pulsed tones for participants exhibiting pseudotinnitus, that is, the “type
V” pattern shown for threshold tracking among participants exhibiting pseudohypacusis. It was further hypothesized that tinnitus loudness tracking might reveal unreliable tinnitus loudness matches among participants exhibiting pseudotinnitus due to their lack of an internal tinnitus
standard.Purpose:To determine whether a tinnitus loudness tracking pattern exists for participants exhibiting pseudotinnitus.Research Design:Nonrandomized posttest-only control design. The experimental group participants were those without tinnitus, and the control group participants
were those with tinnitus.Study Sample:There were 86 participants, including 45 with tinnitus and 41 without tinnitus. The participants' hearing varied from normal to severe hearing losses by pure-tone average at 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz.Intervention:Participants without tinnitus
were asked to act as if they had tinnitus and to complete tinnitus loudness matching as if they were trying to convince the test (or computer) that they had tinnitus.Data Analysis:t-testsResults:There were no statistically significant differences between individuals with
tinnitus and participants acting out pseudotinnitus for any of six measures: (1) continuous tone tinnitus loudness tracking; (2) pulsed tone tinnitus loudness tracking; (3) differences between continuous and pulsed tone tinnitus loudness tracking; (4) continuous tone excursion width; (5) pulsed
tone excursion width; and (6) differences between continuous and pulsed tone excursion width.Conclusions:Tinnitus loudness tracking does not appear to hold promise as a clinical tool for the identification of participants exhibiting pseudotinnitus.
APPLYING THE PRIORITY DISTRIBUTION METHOD FOR EMPLOYEE MOTIVATION
Authors: Žaptorius Jonas
Published: January 2014

In an age of increasing healthcare expenditure, the efficiency of healthcare services is a burning issue. This paper deals with the creation of a performancerelated remuneration system, which would meet requirements for efficiency and sustainable quality. In real world scenarios, it is difficult to create an objective and transparent employee performance evaluation model dealing with both qualitative and quantitative criteria. To achieve these goals, the use of decision support methods is suggested and analysed. The systematic approach of practical application of the Priority Distribution Method to healthcare provider organisations is created and described.
THE DEVELOPMENT OF AN ATTITUDE TOWARDS RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF COUNTRY COMPETITIVENESS
Authors: Stasytytė Viktorija
Published: January 2014

The paper analyses the prevailing definitions of risk, uncertainty and risk management as well as attitudes towards risk identification, analysis and response in the context of the enterprise and country as a whole. The article presents a scheme of attainment of risk-intelligent enterprise management and discloses its application possibilities to country risk management. The paper also shows the schematic views of particular techniques applied in each step of the risk management process. After analysing a report on global country risks, a generalized risk map of global risks is formed and detailed further trends of research are determined in order to develop a thorough picture of country risks in Lithuania.
INTEGRATED KNOWLEDGE, INNOVATION AND TECHNOLOGY CLUSTER AS A SELF-REGULATING COMPLEX SYSTEM
Authors: Rutkauskas Aleksandras Vytautas , Račinskaja Irena , Kvietkauskienė Alina
Published: January 2014

Current scientific literature aims for adequate understanding of the process for integration of knowledge, innovation and technology in various areas of human activity. This would materialise the hope that integrated knowledge, innovation and technology clusters could become a full-fledged resource in responding to the current and future local and global challenges of sustainable development.
CASTING A RESOURCE-BASED VIEW ON INTANGIBLE ASSETS AND EXPORT BEHAVIOUR
Authors: Nasab Seyyed Mohammad Tabatabaei , Farhangnejad Mohammad Ali , Naysary Babak
Published: January 2014

Prosperous companies in the 21st century have come to know the necessity of intangible assets as an important factor to achieve sustainable competitive advantage and constant presence in the international markets. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to examine intangible assets and evaluate its relationship with export behaviour in terms of export intensity (Export-Sales Ratio) and export type (Permanent, Occasional & Periodical). The population under study includes all export firms during 2002 until 2010 in Yazd province, Iran. Research data were collected by questionnaire and in order to answer the research questions and testing hypotheses, MCDM techniques (i.e. AHP & TOPSIS) and statistical analysis (i.e. ANOVA) were utilized. According to the research results, human capital, relational capital, technological capital, corporate reputation, and structural capital placed as the first to the fifth significant factors respectively. Findings revealed that there is a significant difference between the permanent and occasional presence in the international markets regarding intangible assets; as the mean of intangible assets in the firms with permanent export is higher than the mean of intangible assets in the firms with occasional export. However, there is no significant difference between intangible assets and the export intensity.
CORPORATE BEHAVIOURAL FINANCE – THE CASE OF LITHUANIA
Authors: Jurevičienė Daiva , Bikas Egidijus , Keliuotytė-Staniulėnienė Greta , Novickytė Lina , Dubinskas Petras
Published: January 2014

Behavioural finances became especially important in recent years. Majority of studies covers individual investor decision making factors while corporate customers’ investment behaviour, as a rule, encompass liability side (capital expenses, financing and structure; dividend policy; assessment of potential investment projects, etc.). This paper aims to establish investment possibilities of nonfinancial corporate investors in financial markets, basing on accomplished survey of companies managers, and strives to determine enterprise investment in financial assets assumptions. Though the results of the survey sample not fully meets the requirements of representativeness but satisfy the minimum margin error – up to 10 percent – acceptable level.
MODELING OF THE INSTITUTIONAL SYSTEM OF ENTERPRENEURSHIP PROMOTION: THE CASE OF LITHUANIA
Authors: Pauliukevičius Gediminas , Skusevičienė Dorota
Published: January 2014

The purpose of the article is to review the institutional system of entrepreneurship promotion that exists in Lithuania and to offer guidelines to improve it. The research results show that the unified institutional system of entrepreneurship promotion in Lithuania does not present: responsible institutions coordinate single measures and their implementation, but do not follow long-term general strategy. According to research findings, in order to improve the entrepreneurship promotion system of Lithuania there is a need to create the main institutional system out of responsable ministries (the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Economy, the Ministry of Agriculture, the Ministry of Social Security and Labour) and define the boundaries of their responsibilities.
INTEGRATED MANAGEMENT OF MIGRATION, EMPLOYMENT, FISCAL POLICY AND PUBLIC DEBT
Authors: Rutkauskas Aleksandras Vytautas
Published: January 2014

The main idea of the paper states that national migration indicators are closely related with employment opportunities in that country. In addition, the management quality of migration and employment processes is an indicator of the national socio-economic policy competency, while management of these processes is the main purpose of intelligent adjustment of the national fiscal policy and government debt management. The author of the paper selected the formation of the system of quantitative indicators as the main objective of the paper. The system should allow employing government debt possibilities for the selection of proper fiscal policy in order to prevent the transformation of unemployment into the key reason of uncontrolled national inflation. This would be done by revealing the possibilities of fiscal policy to impact on the level and structure of unemployment. Recent globalisation processes and integration possibilities bring a lot of uncertainty to predetermined viability of theoretical assumptions as well as the adequacy of the applied quantitative methods. The paper uses the possibilities of stochastic optimisation and stochastically informed expertise pursuing the possibilities of integrated management of employment, migration processes, fiscal policy and government debt provisions.
O livro do poeta: memórias e experiências pessoais de um período desleal
Authors: Lima Rogério
Published: January 2014

Este artigo é um convite à leitura de "Desapariencia no engaña" obra do poeta argentino Néstor Ponce. A leitura dos poemas de Ponce permite ao leitor seguir um itinerário da memória política argentina recente, anotado sob a forma de uma espécie de diário, onde as lembranças surgem de maneira não cronológica. Desapariencia no engaña permite ao leitor tomar contato com a delicada "poesia ficcional" do escritor, ensaísta e poeta Néstor Ponce.
¡ Viva mi barrio, que transita por tus venas !
Authors: Pfleger Sabine
Published: January 2014

En el artículo se describen los procesos sociocomplejos de la construcción identitaria tomando como base la novela “Quinceañera” de Armando Ramírez que se sitúa en el barrio bravo de Tepito de la Ciudad de México.
Image de la mort et la mort en images
Authors: de la Cruz Lichet Virginia
Published: January 2014

Notre tradition nous démontre que la représentation de la mort a été une constante dans l´Histoire : les portraits du Fayum, l´usage de masque mortuaires et les représentations du malade dans son lit mortuaire. La tradition occidentale des Ars Moriendi, l´art de bien mourir, est la preuve de notre inquiétude sur l´Au-delà. Néanmoins, en ce qui concerne la mort des enfants, cela est beaucoup plus dramatique et est entouré d´un complexe système psychologique autour des émotions, sentiments et attitudes qui se structurent en relation à la perte. Différentes typologies de représentations démontrent différents points de vues pour représenter l´expérience de la mort de l´enfant. La première tentative prétend représenter l´enfant comme un ange. Des images symboliques et métaphoriques se construisent pour garantir et certifier le salut et le destin de l´enfant dans l´Au-delà. La deuxième typologie représente la sanctification de l´enfant durant la veillée, et spécialement l'espace qui lui est attribué. Ce nouvel espace se construit donc pour permettre la ritualisation et vénération de ces représentations visuelles. Finalement, la troisième possibilité se développe autour de la transformation des autres représentations en celle de l´enfant-image qui devient une nouvelle image religieuse, objet fétiche pour la famille du défunt.
Historias intramuros
Authors: Torres Victoria
Published: January 2014

The articles deals with a series of Argentinian novels published after 2001 that all revolve around the same theme of the gated community. In my reading, I will relate the different texts to actual criminal cases and discuss them in the context of curreng trends in criminal fiction.
¡ Cada uno tiene la intención de construir un muro !
Authors: Pötting Sven
Published: January 2014

En un período relativamente breve que coincide con los años de la globalización intensa, las grandes ciudades han devenido más que nunca en los espacios vitales de la sociedad postmoderna. Tal vez, el cambio más importante en la moforlogía de las grandes urbes haya llegado de la mano de la fragmentación de los ciudades y con la expansión de las urbanisaciones cerradas. Se podría denominar este fenómeno la ‘privatización de la esfera pública.’ Barrios cerrados representan un tipo de ‘ghettos voluntarios’. Su polo opuesto forma ‘ghettos involuntarios’ – barrios de emergencia. Según la socióloga Mariastella Svampa el modelo económico en la Argentina de los años 90 durante la presidencia de Menem trajo aparejadas consecuencias, no solamente el vaciamiento del Estado y su poder de autorregulación, globalización de la economía, sino también el aumento de las desigualdades sociales y la construcción discursiva de sujetos ‘exitosos’ o ‘perdedores.’ Estos dos polos de ‘ghettos’ son resultados de la desigualdad, del creciente abismo entre niveles sociales privilegiados y subprivilegiados. Los pobres representan un potencial peligro para ‘los ganadores’ de la – según la terminología del sociólogo britanico-polaco Zygmunt Bauman – modernidad liquida. Entonces ellos se retiran a sus ‘ghettos priveligiados,’ guarniciones extraterritoriales, amuralladas y con fuerte vigilancia domiciliaria, custodia personal, seguridad privada, patrullajes, etcétera para protegerse contra estos (asumidos) peligros. Las tramas de diferentes obras son ubicadas en barrios cerrados. Mediante los ejemplos de Claudia Piñeiros, la novela Las viudas de los jueves o la película Una semana solos de Celina Murga demuestro en qué manera el miedo de la ‘élite global’, la imagen del ‘peligroso otro’, la ‘mixophobia’ (según Bauman), la ‘cultura de diferencia y del seperatismo’ – analizados y criticados por varios sociólogos – son representados en la literatura y el cine.
O Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento e as políticas públicas de patrimônio cultural para as cidades latino-americanas no século XXI
Authors: Olivato Pozzer Márcio Rogério
Published: January 2014

As reformas orientadas para o mercado realizadas na América Latina a partir da década de 1980 diminuíram os gastos públicos e os recursos humanos das organizações nacionais de patrimônio cultural. Para suprir a demanda por recursos surgiu na arena política o Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento (BID). Este artigo, parte da experiência de dois países, Brasil e Equador, para analisar em que medida os órgãos nacionais desobrigaram-se da realização das políticas públicas, sofrendo ingerência do organismo financeiro. Utiliza-se como objeto de estudo duas organizações – o Instituto do Patrimônio Histórico e Artístico Nacional, no Brasil, e o Instituto Nacional de Patrimônio Cultural, no Equador. Assim, verifica-se o processo de enfraquecimento das instituições e como isso contribuiu para que se retirasse, progressivamente, do Estado o poder de decidir, executar e avaliar políticas públicas de preservação do patrimônio cultural. Bem como a transferência de decisões para organismos da iniciativa privada, buscando tornar as instituições públicas meras chanceladoras de decisões tomadas fora delas. Verificou-se, ainda, que o processo de desmonte das instituições de patrimônio brasileira e equatoriana se reverteu a partir dos primeiros anos do século XXI com os governos de Lula e Correa, repercutindo na condução das políticas financiadas pelo BID na América Latina.
Interrelación, costumbres y entretenimientos en espacios representativos del Chaco austral argentino durante la etapa territoriana
Authors: Mari Oscar Ernesto
Published: January 2014

El presente artículo tiene el propósito de divulgar algunos aspectos vinculados a las formas de vida de los pioneros que se establecieron en el Chaco austral argentino durante las tres primeras décadas del siglo veinte. En dicho período, cuando el Chaco era un Territorio Nacional, este espacio fue receptor de importantes contingentes inmigratorios que fueron atraídos por la prosperidad de sus ciclos económicos, lo cual derivó en un vertiginoso proceso de poblamiento que dio origen a una sociedad multiétnica. La convivencia e interrelación de estos cuerpos sociales heterogéneos en espacios representativos del interior del Territorio es el tema que nos interesa en general, pero en este caso nos ocupamos particularmente de aquellas actividades que sirvieron para canalizar la recreación y el esparcimiento.
The use of new technologies in teaching ESP
Authors: Chenik Nicole
Published: January 2014

La conception des logiciels a été influencée par l’évolution récente des techniques informatiques. C’est le cas dans le domaine de l’anglais de spécialité avec les besoins croissants de la formation continue, et la multiplication des logiciels disponibles dans le commerce, alors que l’on se rend compte que la combinaison du texte, du son et de l’image peut répondre aux besoins spécifiques des étudiants. Cet article présente quelques logiciels pour la langue de spécialité. Il évalue l’impact que peut avoir l’utilisation de ressources informatisées en ligne dans le domaine de spécialité. Les notions d’hypertexte, de structure et d’architecture des hypermédias sont examinées afin de définir des conditions qui permettraient d’envisager des stratégies orientées vers l’apprenant plus satisfaisantes. Établir des standards et une réelle portabilité donnerait des perspectives nouvelles.
Consommer la musique à l’ère du numérique : vers une analyse des environnements sonores
Authors: Nowak Raphaël
Published: January 2014

Cette note de recherche porte sur l’analyse qualitative de la consommation musicale à l’ère du numérique. À travers l’examen des interactions entre les individus et la musique, j’argue que les analyses « écologiques » et « constructivistes » sont trop restreintes, en ce qu’elles ne tiennent pas compte de l’éclectisme grandissant des pratiques technologiques. En effet, les modes de consommation hétérogènes remettent la matérialité des supports d’écoute au centre des questions de réception de la musique. En conséquence, il convient d’introduire la matérialité des objets afin de comprendre les modes de consommation contemporains ainsi que les affects musicaux.
Defining a Therapeutic Program for Recurrent Acute Pancreatitis Patients with Unknown Etiology
Authors: Neri Vincenzo , Lapolla Francesco , Di Lascia Alessandra , Giambavicchio Libero Luca
Published: January 2014

Aim

To define a therapeutic program for mild-moderate acute pancreatitis (AP), often recurrent, which at the end of the diagnostic process remains of undefined etiology.

Material and Methods

In the period 2011-2012, we observed 64 cases of AP: 52 mild-moderate, 12 severe; biliary 39, biliary in alcoholic chronic pancreatitis 5, unexplained recurrent 20. The clinical and instrumental evaluation of the 20 cases of unexplained AP showed 6 patients with biliary sludge, 4 microlithiasis, 4 sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, and 6 cases that remained undefined.

Results

Among 20 patients with recurrent, unexplained AP at initial etiological assessment, we performed 10 video laparo cholecystectomies (VLCs), 2 open cholecystectomies and 4 endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography/endoscopic sphincterotomies (ERCP/ES) in patients who had undergone previous cholecystectomy; 4 patients refused surgery. Among these 20 patients, 6 had AP that remained unexplained after second-level imaging investigations. For these patients, 4 VLCs and 2 ERCP/ES were performed. Follow-up after six months was negative for further recurrence.

Conclusion

The recurrence of unexplained acute pancreatitis could be treated with empirical cholecystectomy and/or ERCP/ES in cases of previous cholecystectomy.
Research Impact: A United Kingdom Occupational Therapy Research Foundation Perspective
Authors: Sainty Mandy
Published: January 2014

Introduction:

The United Kingdom Occupational Therapy Research Foundation provides profession-specific funding for research, but what is its impact? An exploratory study was undertaken to gather intelligence on the impact of completed projects.

Method:

Eleven grant holders were invited to complete a research impact assessment form based on the multidimensional Becker Medical Library Model. Four domains of impact were included: research outputs and advancement of knowledge, clinical implementation, community and public benefit, and economic benefit.

Results:

Eight impact assessment forms were returned (73%); these reflected grants awarded across the four funding streams, although there were no returns from grant holders receiving over £50,000. Clearly evident was that most researchers were seeking publication in a range of journals, and disseminating findings at conferences. Other notable impacts included the extent to which participants were using findings in educational activities; the apparent importance of the collaborative partnerships in terms of the clinical application of findings post project; the active engagement of practitioners and service users; and the opportunities arising for follow-on funding or projects.

Conclusion:

Capturing research impact is complex, but vital. The project provided a strong argument to adopt a prospective approach to impact reporting throughout, and beyond, the life of a grant.
The Effectiveness of Local Authority Social Services' Occupational Therapy for Older People in Great Britain: A Critical Literature Review
Authors: Boniface Gail , Mason Margot , MacIntyre Jacqueline , Synan Christine , Riley Jill
Published: January 2014

Introduction:

Older people are the main users of adult social care services in Great Britain. Evidence suggests that occupational therapists employed by local authorities are providing interventions that promote and maintain older people's independence, and decrease dependency on other services. However, such evidence is disparate in nature and lacks synthesis.

Method:

This literature review systematically selected, critically appraised, and thematically synthesized the post 2000 published and unpublished evidence on the effectiveness and cost effectiveness of occupational therapy interventions for older people in social care services.

Findings:

Identified themes established: the localized nature of social care services for older people; organizational and policy impacts on services, and factors influencing effectiveness and cost effectiveness. Although occupational therapists are increasingly involved in rehabilitation and reablement, there is a continuing focus on equipment and adaptations provision. A high level of service user satisfaction was identified, once timely occupational therapy services were received.

Conclusion:

Overall, occupational therapy in social care is perceived as effective in improving quality of life for older people and their carers, and cost effective in making savings for other social and healthcare services. However, the complex nature of social care services makes it difficult to disaggregate the effectiveness of occupational therapy from other services.
Motor Abilities and Coping in Children with and without Developmental Coordination Disorder
Authors: Ruckser-Scherb Renate , Roth Roswith , Lothaller Harald , Endler Christian
Published: January 2014

Introduction:

This study was conducted in order to identify differences in motor abilities and coping in children with and without developmental coordination disorder. The study also discusses the relationship between coping and motor abilities.

Method:

A cross-sectional design with two independent groups was chosen to identify the differences. The Movement Assessment Battery for Children — second edition (Henderson et al 2007) was used to assess motor skills. Coping was evaluated with the Coping Inventory observation form (Adaptive Behaviour Index) (Zeitlin 1985).

Results:

Univariate analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) showed significant differences between the motor abilities and coping efforts of children with and without developmental coordination disorder. Calculations using Pearson's correlation coefficient showed a significant correlation between coping and motor competences. In the overall model, boys and children with lower coping efforts were found more likely to be participants in the group with development coordination disorder.

Conclusion:

Children with coordination problems differ from typically developing children in their motor and coping abilities when rated by their parents. This highlights the importance of paying attention to the coping strategies and resources of children with developmental coordination disorder during therapy.
Development and Assessment of a Web-Based Clinical Quality Improvement Curriculum
Authors: Yanamadala Mamata , Hawley Jeffrey , Sloane Richard , Bae Jonathan , Heflin Mitchell T. , Buhr Gwendolen T.
Published: January 2014

Background

Understanding quality improvement (QI) is an important skill for physicians, yet educational interventions focused on teaching QI to residents are relatively rare. Web-based training may be an effective teaching tool in time-limited and expertise-limited settings.

Intervention

We developed a web-based curriculum in QI and evaluated its effectiveness.

Methods

During the 2011–2012 academic year, we enrolled 53 first-year internal medicine residents to complete the online training. Residents were provided an average of 6 hours of protected time during a 1-month geriatrics rotation to sequentially complete 8 online modules on QI. A pre-post design was used to measure changes in knowledge of the QI principles and self-assessed competence in the objectives of the course.

Results

Of the residents, 72% percent (37 of 51) completed all of the modules and pretests and posttests. Immediate pre-post knowledge improved from 6 to 8.5 for a total score of 15 (P < .001) and pre-post self-assessed competence in QI principles on paired t test analysis improved from 1.7 to 2.7 on a scale of 5 for residents who completed all of the components of the course.

Conclusions

Web-based training of QI in this study was comparable to other existing non–web-based curricula in improving learner confidence and knowledge in QI principles. Web-based training can be an efficient and effective mode of content delivery.
Nitrogen feedbacks increase future terrestrial ecosystem carbon uptake in an individual-based dynamic vegetation model
Authors: Wårlind D. , Smith B. , Hickler T. , Arneth A.
Published: January 2014

Abstract. Recently a considerable amount of effort has been put into quantifying how interactions of the carbon and nitrogen cycle affect future terrestrial carbon sinks. Dynamic vegetation models, representing the nitrogen cycle with varying degree of complexity, have shown diverging constraints of nitrogen dynamics on future carbon sequestration. In this study, we use the dynamic vegetation model LPJ-GUESS to evaluate how population dynamics and resource competition between plant functional types, combined with nitrogen dynamics, have influenced the terrestrial carbon storage in the past and to investigate how terrestrial carbon and nitrogen dynamics might change in the future (1850 to 2100; one exemplary "business-as-usual" climate scenario). Single factor model experiments of CO2 fertilisation and climate change show generally similar directions of the responses of C–N interactions, compared to the C-only version of the model, as documented in previous studies. Under a RCP 8.5 scenario, nitrogen limitation suppresses potential CO2 fertilisation, reducing the cumulative net ecosystem carbon uptake between 1850 and 2100 by 61%, and soil warming-induced increase in nitrogen mineralisation reduces terrestrial carbon loss by 31%. When environmental changes are considered conjointly, carbon sequestration is limited by nitrogen dynamics until present. However, during the 21st century nitrogen dynamics induce a net increase in carbon sequestration, resulting in an overall larger carbon uptake of 17% over the full period. This contradicts earlier model results that showed an 8 to 37% decrease in carbon uptake, questioning the often stated assumption that projections of future terrestrial C dynamics from C-only models are too optimistic.
Lightning injury in a desert
Authors: Shaikh Nissar , Ummunnisa Firdous , Mahomed Muneer , el-Tamimi Noora
Published: January 2014

Thunderstorms and lightning are uncommon in the Arabian Gulf. Lightning is a giant spark of electricity in the atmosphere or between atmosphere and ground. Most frequently fatalities after the lightning injury are due to direct lightning strike and cardiorespiratory arrest. It is essential that acute care physicians as well as paramedical personnel are aware of lightning injury and its management. This is a case of a field worker who was struck by lightning while working, which led to a cardiorespiratory arrest.

A young male was brought to the emergency room with a history of having been struck by lightning while he was at work in the desert on a roadside project in a thunderstorm. The lightning injury was witnessed by his colleagues and they started immediate basic life support when they found him unconscious without a pulse. He was intubated, ventilated and started on vasopressors in the nearest primary health centre. He was then transferred to an intensive care unit. He was weaned off vasopressors and ventilation by day four and was extubated then transferred to the ward and subsequently discharged home.

Awareness of the danger posed by lightning injury is essential. Early life support is important for better outcome of lightning induced cardiorespiratory arrest.
Beyond the walls of the school: Risk factors and children and youth in the Gulf
Authors: Al-Hendawi Maha , Keller Clayton
Published: January 2014

UNESCO has reported that progress on the Education For All movement has been slow in the Arab world, including the countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council. The low levels of achievement on national and international assessment tests in these states support this judgment. In this conceptual paper, we explore risk factors that can impact the education and educational outcomes of children and youth, reviewing the existing literature and considering its applicability to the Gulf. We argue that risk factors exist in the Gulf that affect short- and long-term outcomes and create barriers to success. Three such factors identified include societal change, familial factors, and gender.
Analysis on the Quality Change of Tempeh, Catfish and Fried Chicken as the Effect of the Repetitive Used Cooking Oil
Authors: Mariana Rina Rifqie , Kirana Titi Mutiara , Hidayati Laily
Published: January 2014

The aim of this study is to analyze the change of product characteristic that will be fried using the cooking oil that is repetitively used by the sidewalk vendors (locally abbreviated as PKL). In this study, Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) was used and divided into 2 factors: types of product consisting of 3 levels (fried chicken, fried catfish and fried tempeh (Indonesian dish made of deep-fried fermented soya beans)) and frying frequency (control, 4th frying, 6th frying and 8th frying). Once obtained, the data would be analyzed using ANOVA (Analysis of variance) method in which if an interaction is found, it would be continued by DMRT (Duncan’s Multiple Range Test) using confidence interval at 5%. The result of the research shows that the types of product and the usage of repetitively used cooking oil at the different frequencies will bring an effect on the product quality after a repetitive frying by causing a significantly different impact (? = 0. 05) on water level, nutrient level, peroxide number, TBA level, p-Anisidine number at 0, 38, and free fatty acid levels.
Study of formation mechanism of nickel silicide discontinuities in high-performance complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor devices
Authors: Kudo Shuichi , Hirose Yukinori , Ogawa Yoshifumi , Yamaguchi Tadashi , Kashihara Keiichiro , Murata Naofumi , Katayama Toshiharu , Hattori Nobuyoshi , Koyama Toru , Nakamae Koji
Published: January 2014

We performed detailed analysis of nickel silicide discontinuities induced by agglomeration, which causes the increased electric resistance in high-performance complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor devices, by using advanced physical analysis techniques: transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) analysis, and three-dimensional atom-probe (AP) analysis. We confirmed that the agglomeration of the nickel silicide is related to elongated-triangular-shaped splits, which cause discontinuities that occur at low-angle grain boundaries pinned by boron clusters even with small stress. We successfully determined the formation mechanism of these nickel silicide discontinuities in detail.
Active tectonics in Quito, Ecuador, assessed by geomorphological studies, GPS data, and crustal seismicity
Authors: Alvarado A. , Audin L. , Nocquet J. M. , Lagreulet S. , Segovia M. , Font Y. , Lamarque G. , Yepes H. , Mothes P. , Rolandone F. , Jarrín P. , Quidelleur X.
Published: January 2014

The Quito Fault System (QFS) extends over 60 km along the Interandean Depression in northern Ecuador. Multidisciplinary studies support an interpretation in which two major contemporaneous fault systems affect Quaternary volcanoclastic deposits. Hanging paleovalleys and disruption of drainage networks attest to ongoing crustal deformation and uplift in this region, further confirmed by 15 years of GPS measurements and seismicity. The resulting new kinematic model emphasizes the role of the N‐S segmented, en echelon eastward migrating Quito Fault System (QFS). Northeast of this major tectonic feature, the strike‐slip Guayllabamba Fault System (GFS) aids the eastward transfer of the regional strain toward Colombia. These two tectonic fault systems are active, and the local focal mechanisms are consistent with the direction of relative GPS velocities and the regional stress tensor. Among active features, inherited N‐S direction sutures appear to play a role in confining the active deformation in the Interandean Depression. The most frontal of the Quito faults formed at the tip of a blind thrust, dipping 40°W, is most probably connected at depth to inactive suture to the west. A new GPS data set indicates active shortening rates for Quito blind thrust of up to 4 mm/yr, which decreases northward along the fold system as it connects to the strike‐slip Guayllabamba Fault System. The proximity of these structures to the densely populated Quito region highlights the need for additional tectonic studies in these regions of Ecuador to generate further hazard assessments.
Estimating impacts of lichens and bryophytes on global biogeochemical cycles
Authors: Porada Philipp , Weber Bettina , Elbert Wolfgang , Pöschl Ulrich , Kleidon Axel
Published: January 2014

Lichens and bryophytes may significantly affect global biogeochemical cycles by fixation of nitrogen and biotic enhancement of surface weathering rates. Most of the studies suggesting these effects, however, are either conceptual or rely on upscaling of regional estimates to obtain global numbers. Here we use a different method, based on estimates of net carbon uptake, to quantify the impacts of lichens and bryophytes on biogeochemical cycles at the global scale. We focus on three processes, namely, nitrogen fixation, phosphorus uptake, and chemical weathering. Our estimates have the form of potential rates, which means that we quantify the amount of nitrogen and phosphorus needed by the organisms to build up biomass, also accounting for resorption and leaching of nutrients. Subsequently, we use potential phosphorus uptake on bare ground to estimate chemical weathering by the organisms, assuming that they release weathering agents to obtain phosphorus. The predicted requirement for nitrogen ranges from 3.5 to 34 Tgyr−1 and for phosphorus it ranges from 0.46 to 4.6 Tgyr−1. Estimates of chemical weathering are between 0.058 and 1.1 km3 yr−1 of rock. These values seem to have a realistic order of magnitude, and they support the notion that lichens and bryophytes have the potential to play an important role for biogeochemical cycles.
Variations of monsoon rainfall: A simple unified index
Authors: Nguyen Dang‐Quang , Renwick James , McGregor James
Published: January 2014

A new objective approach is proposed to identify the seasonal cycle of rainfall for major monsoon regions of the globe. Mean sea level pressure and low‐level zonal wind are combined to establish a standardized monsoon index. The index is able to determine the timing of the summer monsoon rainy season across all major monsoon regions in Asia‐Australia, Africa, and the Americas. A detailed application of the index in detecting the monsoon onset‐withdrawal phases is demonstrated for the Vietnam‐South China Sea region. A significant advantage of the index is that it can be used both for studies of monsoon rainfall variability and for monsoon predictability at seasonal time scales.
A theory of the MJO horizontal scale
Authors: Yang Da , Ingersoll Andrew P.
Published: January 2014

Here we ask, what controls the horizontal scale of the Madden‐Julian Oscillation, i.e., what controls its zonal wave number k? We present a new one‐dimensional (1D) β‐plane model that successfully simulates the MJO with the same governing mechanism as the 2D shallow water model of Yang and Ingersoll (2013). Convection is parameterized as a short‐duration localized mass source that is triggered when the layer thickness falls below a critical value. Radiation is parameterized as a steady uniform mass sink. Both models tend toward a statistically steady state—a state of radiative‐convective equilibrium, not just on a global scale but also on the scale of each MJO event. This gives k ~ (Sc/c)1/2, where Sc is the spatial‐temporal frequency of convection events and c is the Kelvin wave speed. We offer this scaling as a prediction of how the MJO would respond to climate change.
Effect of glass on the frictional behavior of basalts at seismic slip rates
Authors: Violay M. , Di Toro G. , Gibert B. , Nielsen S. , Spagnuolo E. , Del Gaudio P. , Azais P. , Scarlato P. G.
Published: January 2014

We performed 31 friction experiments on glassy basalts (GB) and glass‐free basalts (GFB) at slip rates up to 6.5 m s−1 and normal stress up to 40 MPa (seismic conditions). Frictional weakening was associated to bulk frictional melting and lubrication. The weakening distance (Dw) was about 3 times shorter in GB than in GFB, but the steady state friction was systematically higher in GB than in GFB. The shorter Dw in GB may be explained by the thermal softening occurring at the glass transition temperature (Tg ~500°C), which is lower than the bulk melting temperature (Tm ~1250°C) of GFB. Postexperiment microanalyses suggest that the larger crystal fraction measured in GB melts results in the higher steady state friction value compared to the GFB melts. The effect of interstitial glass is to facilitate frictional instability and rupture propagation in GB with respect to GFB.
Rapid changes in the seasonal sea level cycle along the US Gulf coast from the late 20th century
Authors: Wahl Thomas , Calafat Francisco M. , Luther Mark E.
Published: January 2014

Temporal variations of the seasonal sea level harmonics throughout the 20th and early 21st century along the United States Gulf coast are investigated. A significant amplification of the annual sea level cycle from the 1990s onward is found, with both lower winter and higher summer sea levels in the eastern Gulf. Ancillary data are used to build a set of multiple regression models to explore the mechanisms driving the decadal variability and recent increase in the annual cycle. The results suggest that changes in the air surface temperature toward warmer summers and colder winters and changes in mean sea level pressure explain most of the amplitude increase. The changes in the seasonal sea level cycle are shown to have almost doubled the risk of hurricane induced flooding associated with sea level rise since the 1990s for the eastern and north‐eastern Gulf of Mexico coastlines.
Shallow, old, and hydrologically insignificant fault zones in the Appalachian orogen
Authors: Malgrange Juliette , Gleeson Tom
Published: January 2014

The permeability of fault zones impacts diverse geological processes such as hydrocarbon migration, hydrothermal fluid circulation, and regional groundwater flow, yet how fault zones affect groundwater flow at a regional scale (1–10 km) is highly uncertain. The objective of this work is to determine whether faults affect regional patterns of groundwater flow, by using radioactive radon and chloride to quantify groundwater discharge to lakes underlain by faults and not underlain by faults. We sampled lakes overlying the Paleozoic Appalachian fold and thrust belt in the Eastern Townships in Québec, and compared our results to a previous study in a crystalline watershed in the Canadian Shield. The field data was analyzed with an analytical geochemical mixing model. The uncertainties of model parameters were assessed in a sensitivity analysis using Monte Carlo simulation, and the difference between lakes tested with statistical analysis. While the model results indicate non‐negligible groundwater discharge for most of the lakes in the Paleozoic orogen, the difference between the groundwater discharge rate into the lakes located on faults and the other lakes is not statistically significant. However, the groundwater discharge rate to lakes in the Paleozoic orogeny is significantly higher than lakes that overlay crystalline bedrock, which is consistent with independent estimates of permeability. The rate of groundwater discharge is not significantly enhanced or diminished around the thrust fault zones, suggesting that in a regional scale, permeability of fault zones is not significantly different from the bedrock permeability at shallow depth in this old, tectonically‐ inactive orogen.
Volcanic tremor masks its seismogenic source: Results from a study of noneruptive tremor recorded at Mount St. Helens, Washington
Authors: Denlinger Roger P. , Moran Seth C.
Published: January 2014

On 2 October 2004, a significant noneruptive tremor episode occurred during the buildup to the 2004–2008 eruption of Mount St. Helens (Washington). This episode was remarkable both because no explosion followed, and because seismicity abruptly stopped following the episode. This sequence motivated us to consider a model for volcanic tremor that does not involve energetic gas release from magma but does involve movement of conduit magma through extension on its way toward the surface. We found that the tremor signal was composed entirely of Love and Rayleigh waves and that its spectral bandwidth increased and decreased with signal amplitude, with broader bandwidth signals containing both higher and lower frequencies. Our modeling results demonstrate that the forces giving rise to this tremor were largely normal to conduit walls, generating hybrid head waves along conduit walls that are coupled to internally reflected waves. Together these form a crucial part of conduit resonance, giving tremor wavefields that are largely a function of waveguide geometry and velocity. We find that the mechanism of tremor generation fundamentally masks the nature of the seismogenic source giving rise to resonance. Thus multiple models can be invoked to explain volcanic tremor, requiring that information from other sources (such as visual observations, geodesy, geology, and gas geochemistry) be used to constrain source models. With concurrent GPS and field data supporting rapid rise of magma, we infer that tremor resulted from drag of nearly solid magma along rough conduit walls as magma was forced toward the surface.
Geostrophic and ageostrophic circulation of a shallow anticyclonic eddy off Cape Bojador
Authors: Ruiz Simón , Pelegrí Josep L. , Emelianov Mikhail , Pascual Ananda , Mason Evan
Published: January 2014

A shallow mesoscale anticyclonic eddy, observed south of the Canary Islands with satellite altimetry, has been intensively studied with multiparametric sampling. Hydrographic data from a CTD installed on an undulating Nu‐shuttle platform reveal the presence of a mesoscale anticyclonic eddy of ∼125 km diameter. The difference in sea level anomaly (SLA) between the interior and the edge of the eddy, as determined from altimetry, is ∼15 cm, which compares well with the maximum dynamic height differences as inferred using a very shallow reference level (130 m). Further, the associated surface geostrophic velocities, of about 35 cm s−1 in the northeast and southwest edges of the eddy, are in good agreement with direct velocity measurements from the ship. Deep rosette‐CTD casts confirm that the structure is a shallow eddy extending no deeper than 250 m before the fusion with another anticyclone. The SLA‐tendency (temporal rate of change of sea surface height) indicates a clear northwestward migration during the two first weeks of November 2008. Applying an eddy SSH‐based tracker, the eddy's velocity propagation is estimated as 4 km d−1. Use of the QG‐Omega equation diagnoses maximum downward/upward velocities of about ±2 m d−1. The instability of the Canary coastal jet appears to be the mechanism responsible for the generation of the shallow anticyclonic eddy.
A curious local surface salinity maximum in the northwestern tropical Atlantic
Authors: Grodsky Semyon A. , Carton James A. , Bryan Frank O.
Published: January 2014

Sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements from the Aquarius/SAC‐D satellite reveal the seasonal development of a local salinity maximum in the northwestern tropical Atlantic in boreal winter to early spring. This seasonal tropical SSS maximum, which is confirmed by comparison to in situ observations, is centered at 8°N, and is up to 0.5 psu saltier than the surrounding water despite its location in the latitude band of the highly precipitating Intertropical Convergence Zone. Its existence seems to be the result of the differing phases in the seasonal variations of Amazon discharge and ocean currents. In late boreal fall/winter, when the discharge is at its minimum, but the North Brazil Current (NBC) and its retroflection are still present, a mixture of high‐salinity water of equatorial and South Atlantic origin is transported along the shelf break by the NBC retroflecting into the western part of the North Equatorial Countercurrent (NECC). This salt transport produces the salty signature of the western part of the NECC, which is seen as a localized salinity maximum on satellite imagery, in contrast to the fresh signature present in summer‐early fall. The seasonal slowing/reversal of the NECC in boreal spring stops this eastward salt transport, thus leading to the disappearance of this northwestern tropical SSS maximum.
Large bipolar lightning discharge events in winter thunderstorms in Japan
Authors: Wu Ting , Yoshida Satoru , Ushio Tomoo , Kawasaki Zen , Takayanagi Yuji , Wang Daohong
Published: January 2014

Using a low‐frequency lightning location system comprising nine stations, we have observed and analyzed 374 large and bipolar electric field change waveforms that occurred during the winter of 2012–2013. Since the waveforms are different from those produced by any well‐studied lightning discharge processes, we refer to these source discharge events using a new name: large bipolar events (LBEs). LBEs can be characterized by the following features: (1) All have the same polarity as negative return stroke. (2) All exhibit a single bipolar pulse with a pulse width around 15 µs and similar positive and negative cycles. (3) All are located on the land along the Japan Sea coast, indicating they are probably associated with high grounded objects. (4) Most LBEs produce very large electric field changes that are even larger than that of positive and negative return strokes. (5) Most LBEs are temporally isolated within several milliseconds but are frequently followed by intracloud discharges after tens of milliseconds. (6) Most LBEs produce a single well‐distinguished ionospheric reflection pulse, and the time difference between LBE pulse and the corresponding reflection pulse can be used to calculate ionospheric reflection height. It is speculated that LBE is a type of powerful and transient lightning discharge event produced within a compact region of strong electric field formed when the negative charge layer in thunderclouds is very close to the top of a tall grounded object.