bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Alimentação saudável: percepções dos educadores de instituições infantis
Authors: Assao Tatiana Yuri , Cervato-Mancuso Ana Maria
Published: March 2017

OBJETIVO: Analisar as percepções dos educadores sobre a alimentação saudável no âmbito escolar. MÉTODO: Estudo transversal de abordagem qualitativa no qual se utilizou o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC), técnica baseada nas representações sociais, que permitiu a organização e tabulação de dados de natureza verbal, obtidos por meio de entrevistas com 78 educadores de 8 instituições infantis públicas do município de Jandira, São Paulo. RESULTADOS: A alimentação saudável para as crianças, sob o ponto de vista destes profissionais, foi percebida a partir de diferentes dimensões como: a variedade e a diversidade da alimentação; a quantidade e qualidade adequada, que atendesse às necessidades biológicas e às preferências alimentares; de consistência adequada, que fosse natural e oferecida nos horários certos. Muitos dos fundamentos que compõem uma alimentação saudável foram citados, porém verificou-se que algumas questões importantes não foram lembradas, como: a procedência e a preparação dos alimentos; a realização das refeições em ambientes calmos e a satisfação das necessidades emocionais e sociais. Ressaltando ainda que, dentre os itens contemplados, alguns apresentaram contradições e distorções, como as questões das preferências versus gostos alimentares e da consistência. CONCLUSÃO: A maioria das percepções dos educadores sobre a alimentação saudável observadas nos discursos demonstraram-se inadequadas quando comparadas aos parâmetros da promoção dos hábitos alimentares para as crianças. Práticas e percepções estas, que podem, em alguns casos, influenciar a conduta destes profissionais no momento das atividades de alimentação.
Verificação das habilidades funcionais e necessidades de auxílio do cuidador em crianças com paralisia cerebral nos primeiros meses de vida
Authors: Herrero Dafne , Monteiro Carlos B M
Published: March 2017

INTRODUÇÃO: Paralisia Cerebral é uma desordem do movimento e da postura, persistente, porém variável, surgida nos primeiros anos de vida pela interferência no desenvolvimento do sistema nervoso central, causada por uma desordem cerebral não progressiva ¹. Tem como principal característica a inabilidade do corpo em enfrentar com eficiência os efeitos da gravidade. Devido às alterações motoras é importante a participação do Fisioterapeuta na equipe interdisciplinar. Para tanto, deve-se realizar avaliações das dificuldades na paralisia cerebral para possibilitar uma melhor organização do programa fisioterapêutico. OBJETIVO: Avaliar as habilidades funcionais e a necessidade de auxílio do cuidador em crianças com até 18 meses de idade, e com paralisia cerebral. Método: Foram avaliadas 7 crianças com diagnóstico médico de paralisia cerebral, entre 10 e 18 meses de idade, com média de idade correspondente a um ano e dois meses. A avaliação ocorreu por meio do P.E.D.I. e foram analisados os escores bruto e normativo nas áreas de habilidades funcionais e assistência do cuidador. RESULTADOS: Verificou-se maior dificuldade nas crianças com paralisia cerebral na área de mobilidade e, desta forma, a necessidade de maior assistência em movimentos e posturas. CONCLUSÃO: Apesar das alterações nos componentes neuromotores observadas em crianças de risco, as mesmas acabam desenvolvendo estratégias motoras que lhes permitem desempenhar atividades funcionais, como por exemplo as situações citadas na área de auto-cuidado. Os cuidadores orientados pelo fisioterapeuta podem propor facilitações que beneficiarão a função da criança, sua participação na atividade e desenvolvimento da comunicação.
Preferências de crianças no brinquedo de Miriti: a influência do gênero e composição da díade
Authors: Pontes Fernando Augusto Ramos , Magalhães Celina Maria Colino , Martin William Lee Berdel
Published: March 2017

Os dados de investigações sobre diferenças sexuais na brincadeira têm indicado que meninos e meninas preferem brincadeiras e brinquedos diferentes, grande parte desses estudos utilizaram brinquedos industrializados ou atividades de brincadeiras que não envolviam brinquedos. Considerando que tais preferências não se apresentam internacionalmente descontextualizadas, este estudo teve por objetivo verificar a preferência de crianças por determinados brinquedos confeccionados em Miriti (palmeira da região alagadiça - Maurita flexuosa L.) e a existência de variações nessa preferência em função de gênero e da composição da díade. Fizeram parte do estudo 116 crianças com idades entre 4 a 10 anos, provenientes de uma escola municipal. Na sala de coleta ficavam dispostos 52 brinquedos de miriti distribuídos em estantes. As crianças foram agrupadas, seguindo suas preferências, em díades (femininas, masculinas e mistas) e eram conduzidas a sala de observação onde as sessões foram filmadas. Para tratamento dos dados utilizou-se o programa Ethology 2.3, o qual possibilitou medir a freqüência e duração dos episódios de brincadeiras, com determinado brinquedo. No tocante a idade, não foi encontrada nenhuma diferença significativa. Com relação a diferença de gênero, os meninos tenderam a apresentar três brinquedos tipificados, enquanto as meninas em somente um. A despeito das diferenças de sexo identificadas, percebe-se que tais diferenças tendem a ser reforçadas quando as díades são compostas do mesmo sexo, reafirmando diferenças encontradas nas análises dos sujeitos individualizados. Todavia, a análise das díades compostas de dois sexos revela padrões mistos, ora brincando mais de determinados brinquedos preferidos por meninos, ora não apresentando diferenças significativas do grupo das meninas, aproximando-os mais do padrão feminino.
Atividade doméstica e socialização: a visão de adolescentes de classes economicamente distintas
Authors: Lima Mayara Barbosa Sindeaux , Pontes Fernando Augusto Ramos , Silva Simone Souza da Costa , Maluschke Júlia Bucher , Magalhães Celina Maria Colino , Cavalcante Lília Iêda Chaves
Published: March 2017

A rotina familiar desempenha papel fundamental na socialização e é parte constituinte da cultura íntima da família. Dentre as atividades de rotina, a tarefa doméstica (TD) tem sido apontada como uma das estratégias para investigar tópicos centrais do desenvolvimento humano. Assim, o estudo dos sentidos atrelados a esta atividade pode fornecer indicativos dos processos de socialização. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi conhecer e discutir a visão dos adolescentes de classes economicamente distintas acerca dessa atividade. Participaram dois grupos de adolescentes com idade de 12 a 15 anos, o primeiro caracterizado como baixa renda (GBR), composto por dez participantes, sendo cinco de cada sexo; e o segundo como classe média (GCM), do qual fizeram parte onze adolescentes, três meninas e oito meninos. Os instrumentos utilizados foram: um questionário sócio-demográfico e um roteiro de entrevista semi-estruturado, sendo os dados coletados por meio de dois Grupos Focais. Nos resultados foi identificado que os grupos apresentaram temáticas similares, tais como, diferenciação de gênero, democracia doméstica e aquisição de habilidades. Contudo os sentidos construídos pelo GBR e o GCM acerca das TDs foram em sua maioria diferentes, pois o GBR deu maior ênfase à participação na tarefa doméstica como promotora de sobrevivência familiar e oportunidades desenvolvimentais.
Participação da família no trabalho fisioterapêutico em crianças com paralisia cerebral
Authors: Sari Franciele Leiliane , Marcon Sonia Silva
Published: March 2017

Estudo descritivo exploratório realizado com mães de crianças menores de cinco anos, com diagnóstico de Paralisia Cerebral, com o objetivo de verificar a participação dos pais no processo de reabilitação das crianças e suas expectativas em relação a este tratamento. Os dados foram coletados no mês de outubro de 2006 por meio de entrevistas semi-estruturadas junto a 28 mães de crianças matriculadas em uma escola de reabilitação. As mães individualmente (39%) ou em conjunto com os pais (32%) ou outros familiares são as principais responsáveis pelo desenvolvimento de atividades fisioterapêuticas no domicílio. Estas são realizadas diariamente (36%) ou duas a três vezes por semana (39%), normalmente à noite e utilizando estímulos diferenciados (96%). A maioria (79%) refere conseguir realizar todas as atividades propostas, sendo as principais dificuldades relacionadas à não aceitação por parte da criança (54%) e à falta de tempo (21%). As expectativas são que a criança consiga andar sem apoio (46%) e que tenha independência motora (25%). Embora em graus variados, na maioria das vezes, os profissionais podem contar com a ajuda da família na oferta de estímulos às crianças. As mães que já passaram por várias sessões de orientação, se mostram mais seguras para a realização das atividades fisioterapêuticas no domicílio, revelando a importância da interação com a família. Ao profissional cabe esclarecer a família sobre a importância dos exercícios mesmo quando o prognóstico é limitado, pois a evolução da criança pode surpreender e, além disso, esta é uma oportunidade para desenvolver/fortalecer o vínculo entre a família e a criança.
A hipotermia como estratégia protetora de encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica em recém-nascidos com asfixia perinatal
Authors: Araujo Adriana Silva de , Pacheco Sídia Serotti , Oliveira Adriana Gonçalves de , Imaizumi Caio , Abreu Luiz Carlos de
Published: March 2017

INTRODUÇÃO: a encefalopatia hipóxico isquêmica neonatal é uma doença devastadora para o cérebro do recém-nascido. Nas últimas duas décadas, as pesquisas experimentais trouxeram grande avanço nos conhecimentos fisiopatológicos. Para a integridade neuronal, é necessária energia suficiente para a célula manter o equilíbrio iônico. A hipotermia tem sido estudada como um método com alto grau de neuroproteção na hipóxia-isquemia (HI). OBJETIVO: verificar a potencialidade terapêutica da hipotermia como tratamento da encefalopatia hipóxico-isquêmica em recém-nascidos. MÉTODO: foram consultadas as bases de dados do Medline, Lilacs, Scielo e JCR-ISI. As consultas incluíram artigos registrados entre 1993 e 2008 no idioma Português, Inglês e Espanhol. DISCUSSÃO: encefalopatia hipóxico- isquêmica neonatal é complicação imediata à asfixia grave e pode causar graus variados de dano cerebral. As características do dano hipóxico isquêmico indicam que existe um período intermediário, em que é possível intervir interrompendo a cadeia de eventos que levam a destruição celular definitiva. Com a finalidade de proteger o cérebro dos insultos isquêmicos, utilizam-se drogas e diferentes procedimentos, tais como manitol, removedores de radicais livres, antagonistas de receptores opiáceos, supressores de metabolismo e hipotermia para minimizar as lesões. CONCLUSÃO: o resfriamento cerebral é a conduta terapêutica promissora em reduzir danos cerebrais em recém-nascidos.
Peroneus Quartus Muscle Autograft
Authors: Carlis Scott , Pollack Daniel , McTeague Shaylyn , Khaimov Greg
Published: March 2017

This case report highlights a novel approach to strengthening the repair of a split peroneus brevis tendon tear with a peroneus quartus muscle autograft. We describe a 51-year-old woman with a longitudinal split tear of the peroneus brevis tendon confirmed by magnetic resonance imaging. Intraoperatively, a peroneus quartus muscle was appreciated, resected, and used as an autograft in the repair of the peroneus brevis tendon. Use of a peroneus quartus muscle as an autograft in peroneal tendon repair has not been documented in the literature, to our knowledge.
Bilateral Achilles Tendon Xanthomas in a Patient with Cerebrotendinous Xanthomatosis
Authors: Karakaplan Mustafa , Ergen Emre , Görmeli Gökay , Korkmaz Mehmet Fatih , Elmalı Nurzat
Published: March 2017

Cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis is a rare, autosomal recessive, lipid storage disease with accumulation of cholestanol in most tissues, particularly in the Achilles tendons. We described a 23-year-old female patient who had progressive painfull swelling of both Achilles tendons due to cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis. We performed surgery on both-side Achilles tendon tumors. Wide degenerative areas of the tendons were resected, and the flexor hallucis longus tendon was harvested and transferred to reconstruct motion function.
Fra faglærer i kunstfag til kunnskapsområdelærer i Kunst, kultur og kreativitet – dialoger om endring
Authors: Eide Gro Merete , Møen Inger-Lisa , Borgen Jorunn Spord
Published: March 2017

Sammendrag: Barnehagelærerutdanningen fikk i 2013 ny rammeplan, hvor fagene drama, forming og musikk ble samlet i kunnskapsområdet kunst, kultur og kreativitet. Denne artikkelen diskuterer hvordan faglærerne på 6 utdanningsinstitusjoner erfarer å skulle integrere sine fag i et felles kunnskapsområde, og utfordringer de ser i dette arbeidet. Vi bruker deler av Basil Bernsteins teori og begrepsapparat i analysen. Våre funn viser at faglærerne har en sterk identitet i faget sitt, og at det tar tid å endre til kunnskapsområdeorganisering. Implementeringen av den nye rammeplan støttes opp av tolkningsfellesskap, gode kollegasamspill og felles ideologi i de praktiske estetiske fagene. Samtidig ser de ideologiske visjonene om mer integrert profesjonsutdanning for barnehagelærere ikke ut til å være innarbeidet på institusjonsnivå. Faglærerne opplever derfor utfordringer i dette nye fellesskapet som barnehagelærerutdannere.Abstract: The Norwegian kindergarten teacher education was reformed in 2013. The subjects drama, visual art and music, was combined into "art, culture and creativity". This article discusses the various considerations done by teachers from 6 higher education institutions when they integrated their disciplines in a common area of knowledge. This article uses parts of Basil Bernstein's theory and concepts in the analysis. This far findings show that teachers have a strong identification towards their subject. The implementation of the new framework plan takes time, and is supported by interpretive communities and a certain common ideology within the arts. Still, there is a lack of ideological visions about a more integrated professional kindergarten teacher education integrated at the institutional level. As a result of this, teachers in art subjects experience challenges in the new community as kindergarten teacher educators.
Transcriptomic analysis reveals metabolic switches and surface remodeling as key processes for stage transition inTrypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Berná Luisa , Chiribao Maria Laura , Greif Gonzalo , Rodriguez Matias , Alvarez-Valin Fernando , Robello Carlos
Published: March 2017

American trypanosomiasis is a chronic and endemic disease which affects millions of people.Trypanosoma cruzi, its causative agent, has a life cycle that involves complex morphological and functional transitions, as well as a variety of environmental conditions. This requires a tight regulation of gene expression, which is achieved mainly by post-transcriptional regulation. In this work we conducted an RNAseq analysis of the three major life cycle stages ofT. cruzi, amastigotes, epimastigotes and trypomastigotes. This analysis allowed us to delineate specific transcriptomic profiling for each stage, and also to identify those biological processes of major relevance in each state. Stage specific expression profiling evidenced the plasticity ofT. cruzito adapt quickly to different conditions, with particular focus on membrane remodeling and metabolic shifts along the life cycle. Epimastigotes, which replicate in the gut of insect vector, showed higher expression of genes related to energy metabolism, mainly Krebs cycle, respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation related genes, and anabolism related genes associated to nucleotide and steroid biosynthesis; also a general down-regulation of surface glycoproteins was seen at this stage. Trypomastigotes, living extracellularly in the bloodstream of mammals, express a plethora of surface proteins and signaling genes involved in invasion and evasion of immune response. Amastigotes mostly express membrane transporters and genes involved in regulation of cell cycle, an also express a specific subset of surface glycoproteins coding genes. In addition, these results allowed us to improve the annotation of Dm28c genome, identifying new ORFs and set the stage for construction of networks of co-expression, which can give clues about coded proteins of unknown functions.
BinSanity: unsupervised clustering of environmental microbial assemblies using coverage and affinity propagation
Authors: Graham Elaina D. , Heidelberg John F. , Tully Benjamin J.
Published: March 2017

Metagenomics has become an integral part of defining microbial diversity in various environments. Many ecosystems have characteristically low biomass and few cultured representatives. Linking potential metabolisms to phylogeny in environmental microorganisms is important for interpreting microbial community functions and the impacts these communities have on geochemical cycles. However, with metagenomic studies there is the computational hurdle of ‘binning’ contigs into phylogenetically related units or putative genomes. Binning methods have been implemented with varying approaches such as k-means clustering, Gaussian mixture models, hierarchical clustering, neural networks, and two-way clustering; however, many of these suffer from biases against low coverage/abundance organisms and closely related taxa/strains. We are introducing a new binning method, BinSanity, that utilizes the clustering algorithm affinity propagation (AP), to cluster assemblies using coverage with compositional based refinement (tetranucleotide frequency and percent GC content) to optimize bins containing multiple source organisms. This separation of composition and coverage based clustering reduces bias for closely related taxa. BinSanity was developed and tested on artificial metagenomes varying in size and complexity. Results indicate that BinSanity has a higher precision, recall, and Adjusted Rand Index compared to five commonly implemented methods. When tested on a previously published environmental metagenome, BinSanity generated high completion and low redundancy bins corresponding with the published metagenome-assembled genomes.
Characteristic pulse trains of preliminary breakdown in four isolated small thunderstorms
Authors: Ma Dong
Published: March 2017

Using a low‐frequency six‐station local network, preliminary breakdown (PB) pulses not followed or followed by negative return stroke (RS), which are defined as PB‐type and PB cloud‐to‐ground (PBCG)‐type flashes, are analyzed based on four isolated small thunderstorms for the first time. On the basis of 22 PB‐type flashes out of totally 2155 flashes, it indicates that the number of PB‐type flashes is very small. At the early stage, PB‐type flashes are observed in all four thunderstorms. At the active stage, PB‐type flashes still can occur; meanwhile, there are few or no negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) flashes. However, at the final stage no PB‐type flashes occur. At the stage of distinct cell merging or splitting, PB‐type flashes are also observed. Based on the 123 PBCG‐type flashes, we discuss the percentage of PBCG‐type flashes and also analyze the relationship between the electric field (E‐field) amplitude of the largest pulse in the PB pulse train normalized to 100 km (PBA), the E‐field amplitude of the first return stroke normalized to 100 km (RSA), the time interval between PBA and RSA (PB‐RS interval), and the ratio between PBA and RSA (PB‐RS ratio). We find that the percentage of PBCG‐type flashes is not always dependent on PBA or PB‐RS ratio; the type of thunderstorms may also have an impact on this percentage. None of the PB‐RS intervals is less than 20 ms; we speculate that such long PB‐RS interval is the feature of isolated small thunderstorms, but more observations are needed to further investigate this question.
Triggered lightning sky waves, return stroke modeling, and ionosphere effective height
Authors: Carvalho F. L. , Uman M. A. , Jordan D. M. , Hill J. D. , Cummer S. A. , Kotovsky D. A. , Moore R. C.
Published: March 2017

Ground waves and sky waves measured 209 km and 250 km south of six triggered lightning flashes containing 30 strokes that occurred in the half‐hour before sunset on 27 August 2015 are presented and analyzed. We use a cross‐correlation technique to find the ionospheric effective reflection height and compare our results to previous techniques that calculate effective height based on the time delay between ground wave and sky wave time domain features. From the first flash to the last flash there is, on average, a 1.6 km increase in effective ionospheric height, whereas no change in effective ionospheric height can be discerned along the individual strokes of a given flash. We show to what extent the triggered lightning radiation source can be described (using channel‐base current, channel geometry, and channel luminosity versus time and height) and speculate that a well‐characterized source could allow a more accurate determination of the electromagnetic fields radiated toward the ionosphere than has been done to date. We show that both channel geometry and the change in return stroke current amplitude and waveshape with channel height (inferred from measured channel luminosity versus height and time) determine the waveshape of the ground wave (and presumably the upward propagating wave that results in the sky wave) and that the waveshape of the ground wave does not appear to be related to the current versus time waveform measured at the channel base other than a roughly linear relationship between the two peak values.
Source to sink evaluation of sediment routing in the Gulf of Alaska and Southeast Alaska: A thermochronometric perspective
Authors: Dunn Catherine A. , Enkelmann Eva , Ridgway Kenneth D. , Allen Wai K.
Published: March 2017

In this study, we present a source to sink evaluation of sediment routing at the glaciated convergent margin in Southeast Alaska. We investigate the efficacy of thermochronology to record spatial and temporal exhumation patterns in synorogenic sediment using Neogene strata drilled by Integrated Ocean Drilling Program Expedition 341 in the Gulf of Alaska. We present 1641 and 529 new detrital zircon and apatite fission track ages, respectively, from strata deposited on the continental shelf, slope, and deep‐sea fans. These data are compared to results from the proposed source terrains, including the St. Elias Mountains and new data from the Alsek River. We find that the offshore Bagley‐Bering sediment contains grains recording cooling ages much older (80–35 Ma) than those reported from the St. Elias syntaxis (3–2 Ma), indicating that extreme rapid exhumation does not extend west of the Seward‐Bagley divide. Data from the sediment on the continental shelf, slope, and proximal deep sea all yield similar results, suggesting the same general source region since 1.2 Ma and limited sediment mixing along this glaciated margin. Data from sediment in the distal deep sea show that extreme, rapid, and deep‐seated exhumation was ongoing at ~11–8 Ma. Overall, this study demonstrates the strengths and limitations of using detrital fission track thermochronology to understand sediment routing on a glaciated convergent margin and to record changes in exhumation rates over geologic time scales.
Media Use:
C
entral
E
urope
Authors: Hasebrink Uwe
Published: March 2017

This entry provides an overview of media usage in six European countries: Austria, Belgium, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. Starting with an outline of relevant contextual conditions of these countries' media systems, it includes basic information on technical infrastructure and access and comparative findings regarding key indicators of media usage such as daily reach and duration of use of different media. Finally it discusses selected evidence on some key issues linked with convergent media environments.
Media Use as Social Action
Authors: Salter Leon , Ganesh Shiv
Published: March 2017

Media use as a form of social action has risen to prominence since the 1990s with the proliferation of digital technology and its contemporary embeddedness and ubiquity. The Occupy protests and the Arab Spring demonstrated that widespread access to digital media potentially enables transformational social action that is multinational in scale and supranational in its effects. However, the development of the concept that various media can be used for either predetermined goals (media use for social action) or the emancipation of the society and the subject (media use as social action) has a historical lineage that dates back to Marx and has developed within paradigms as diverse as critical theory, media effects theory, propaganda theory, development communication, cultural studies, and collective action. This entry aims to provide a brief overview of these historical strands and also how they have contributed to our contemporary view in a rapidly evolving field.
Intermedia Agenda‐Setting Effects
Authors: Roselyn Du Ying
Published: March 2017

Intermedia agenda‐setting refers to how media content influences and relates to other media content—in other words, the effects that mass media agendas have on each other. This entry begins with a theoretical discussion of the origin of intermedia agenda‐setting research. It traces back to the pioneering studies in this research line to explicate the conceptualization of an intermedia agenda‐setting process. It then reviews more recent intermedia agenda‐setting studies, which led to the expansion of the field's research frontiers. The entry next looks into the most recent studies on the relationship between old and new media, as the emergence of Internet‐based new media has created a multidimensional media landscape that allows for multidirectional influences across a wide range of medium types. Finally, the entry discusses the significance and necessity of transnation intermedia agenda‐setting research in the context of increased globalization.
Parasocial Theory: Concepts and Measures
Authors: Stever Gayle S.
Published: March 2017

Parasocial interaction (PSI) describes nonreciprocated audience interactions with media personae. These interactions are, in many ways, like face‐to‐face interactions with the caveat that the response normally expected from a social partner is missing. Parasocial theory describes and attempts to explain imagined social relationships and interactions with people who are distant from us and who do not reciprocate individual communication or interest. Early articles on parasocial theory discussed PSI and parasocial relationships (PSRs) without making much distinction between the terms, but more recent studies have focused on the differences, with PSI being the illusion of interaction during viewing and PSRs being the ongoing perceived connection the audience members experience with the media personae over a longer period of time. Parasocial attachment occurs when the viewer seeks regular proximity to the mediated experience in order to experience an affective bond with a selected media persona.
Parasocial Relationships and Breakups
Authors: Tal‐Or Nurit
Published: March 2017

The term
parasocial relationship
generally refers to a one‐sided relationship that a media consumer forms with a media figure. The termination of this relationship is called a
parasocial breakup
. This entry includes a definition of this construct and an outline of its research history. It also covers the common measurement of this construct and the various theories used to account for it, an outline of the similarities and differences between parasocial relationships and other similar concepts, and the similarity of parasocial relationships and breakups with real‐life interpersonal relationships. The entry also expands on the various antecedents and consequences of parasocial relationships and on their changing nature following advancements in new media.
Theory of Reasoned Action and Theory of Planned Behavior
Authors: Yzer Marco
Published: March 2017

The theory of reasoned action and its extension, the widely used theory of planned behavior, state that intention to perform a behavior follows reasonably (but not necessarily rationally) from specific beliefs that people hold about the behavior, and that people act on their intentions when they have the required skills and when situational factors do not impede behavioral performance. The relevance of the reasoned action approach for understanding media effects lies in its direct applicability to the question of how exposure to media information leads to behavior change. Seen through a reasoned action lens, media are one of multiple sources of information that form the basis of beliefs that guide people's intention to perform a particular behavior. These theories explain how media affect behavior, when they are most likely to affect behavior, which factors they can directly influence, and the likely magnitude of media effects on behavior.
Critical–Cultural Theory, Media Power, and a Multieffect Reality
Authors: Carpentier Nico
Published: March 2017

This entry moves beyond the traditional juxtapositions of cultural, critical, and discourse studies on the one hand and media effects studies on the other, by showing in detail how these perspectives differ in their understanding of power. First, the specific relationship between media effects and power is analyzed. Then, a four‐tiered model that combines a discursive/material dimension with an internal/external dimension of power is presented and elaborated, showing the contingency and complexity of effects, specifically by studying two key signifiers from within the media field: the audience and the media professional. These examples provide support for a critical–cultural theory perspective that addresses social reality as a multieffect reality and avoids unidirectional analyses of media power.
Pseudo‐Events
Authors: Engelbert Jiska
Published: March 2017

This entry focuses on Daniel Boorstin's famous concept of the pseudo‐event and suggests that it should be considered an important application of media effects research. Through an assessment of four constitutive characteristics of pseudo‐events, the entry shows how Boorstin's critique of the social ramifications of the graphic revolution is based on theorizations on how media processes, contents, and technologies influence individual and collective cognitions of both text producers and audiences. These theorizations concern Boorstin's ideas about the susceptibility of newsmakers, the vulnerability of the practices of social institutions to the (commercial) logic of media, the inability of audiences to look beyond mediated reality, and the failure of society more generally to resist the temptations of media technologies. This entry contributes to expanding the agenda of media effects research toward concerns from critical communication scholarship such as deliberate democracy, political publicity, and particularly the media's role in normalizing promotional culture.
Sad Media and Tragedy: Responses to
Authors: Hofer Matthias
Published: March 2017

Tragedies and sad media cause viewers to feel sad and mournful. However, these media offerings are also a means of entertainment. While earlier research has mostly examined the negative emotional effects of tragedies and other sad media, more recent research seeks to explain the seemingly paradoxical fact that individuals deliberately select sad media, despite knowing that such media will make them sad. Moreover, viewers seem to enjoy watching sad films, reading sad stories, or listening to sad music. In an attempt to solve this paradox, most recent scholarship in this area has theorized about alternative conceptualizations of entertainment experiences that go beyond mere pleasure, regarding enjoyment not in terms of pleasure or fun, but in terms of eudaimonic gratifications. These gratifications comprise the experience of mixed emotional responses, a sense of meaning, and the experience of moral beauty. Such gratifications can also entail behavioral intentions of being a better person.
Involvement With Media Content
Authors: Tukachinsky Riva , O'Connor Colby
Published: March 2017

There is high variability in the definitions and conceptualizations of the term
media involvement
as it is used across the field of communication studies. In the persuasion research tradition, involvement has been conceptualized as the relevancy of the message to the media consumer. As such, involvement can be established prior to media exposure itself, on the basis of the fit between the message recipient and the message topic. Conversely, involvement can be thought of as a psychological experience of media or a set of mental processes occurring during the media exposure. The following sections outline these two major approaches to involvement, identify various dimensions of involvement, and explore the role of this concept in media effects theory and research. Specifically, the entry discusses involvement with the media world and character involvement in the form of transportation, presence, flow, perceived homophily, identification, and parasocial interactions and relationships.
Actor–Network Theory
Authors: Bencherki Nicolas
Published: March 2017

Actor–network theory (ANT) began at the end of the 1970s as an attempt to account for scientific activity without distinguishing a priori between its so‐called social and technical aspects. The concept of actor–network captures the idea that for any actor to act, many others must act as well. In other words, action is shared with a multitude of people and things – for, indeed, things play a part in our collective lives. Actors, whether individual or collective, whether human or not, are therefore a mystery whose constitution must be explained; they are not at all the obvious starting point of action. Those few premises have had a significant impact on some organizational communication scholars, in particular those interested in interorganizational networks and partnerships, in questions of agency, or in the ability of communication to constitute organizations.
Advocacy
Authors: Norander Stephanie
Published: March 2017

Advocacy encompasses activities aimed at changing or influencing public policymaking and practices through actively supporting a specific cause or idea. Research in this area conceptualizes advocacy either as work done by an organization or as a type of organization. Much of the emphasis on advocacy in organizational communication is on nonprofit organizations, also known as nongovernmental organizations. Understanding advocacy strategies, as well as the emergence, structure, and politics of advocacy organizations, are key research concerns. Furthermore, online advocacy is increasingly important to both practitioners and scholars.
Apologies
Authors: Rowland Robert C. , Jerome Angela M.
Published: March 2017

Perceived organizational wrongdoing demands a communicative response that defends the organization against the charge or pledges appropriate action to address it. This communicative response falls into the genre of the apology. Here, apology (or apologia) does not necessarily imply accepting blame as in the normal sense of the term, but rather conveys a message preserving the organization's image. Failure to produce such a message can dramatically harm the image of the organization. Apologia theorists have built a number of theories to explain how the genre works and provide prescriptive guidelines for crafting an apology.
Associations, Professional and Scholarly
Authors: Buzzanell Patrice M.
Published: March 2017

Communication associations can be classified by their scholarly and/or professional nature as well as the local to global constituencies that they serve. This entry provides an overview of associations, noting that their implementations of missions shift as membership changes and requires new services.
Bureaucratic Theory
Authors: Meisenbach Rebecca J. , Jensen Peter R.
Published: March 2017

Bureaucratic theory explains how a system of authority based on impersonal rules guides organizational and individual decision making and behavior. Organizational scholars have long considered how bureaucracy intersects with and impacts control and communication in organizational life. Communication scholars have analyzed, critiqued, and noted potential transformations of the shifts and failures of bureaucratic organizing in modern society. Of particular interest for organizational communication scholars has been the rise of postbureaucratic forms of organizing and control and their role in today's global society.
Burnout
Authors: Tracy Sarah J.
Published: March 2017

Burnout is a general wearing out from the pressures of work characterized by emotional exhaustion, depersonalization, cynicism, and decreased personal accomplishment or sense of efficacy. The phenomenon costs billions of dollars each year in employee turnover, medical costs, and absenteeism. Factors linked to burnout include role stress, work overload, a mismatch between employee and organizational values, surveillance, injustice, change, and individual personality dispositions. Organizational communication scholarship related to burnout has focused on balancing emotional empathy with excessive attachment, social support, network integration, supportive supervisor–subordinate relationships, participation in decision making, and avoiding co‐rumination.
Capitalism
Authors: Carlone David
Published: March 2017

Within organizational communication research and theory, capitalism most often appears either as a competitive market system or as a context of labor exploitation. Some scholarship seeks to make firms more competitive in a context of market driven, global competition. More frequently, capitalism is understood to be a context that hinders successful organizational communication by limiting full participation of a variety of people and their ideas in decision making. Recently, capitalism has gained significance because of changes in how communication participates in the production of wealth.
Careers/Jobs in Organizational Communication
Authors: Dixon Maria A.
Published: March 2017

During matriculation, organizational communication students acquire skills and knowledge that make them extremely attractive to the job market. Core competency areas such as research, small group dynamics, and leadership development make them ideal candidates for human resource management, corporate communication, marketing, and nonprofit management. Organizational communication undergraduate and graduate students are unlimited in their professional contexts, finding significant opportunities in corporate, nonprofit, religious, and social innovation organizations. The turn toward team and personal competencies ensures that the organizational communication student in the 21st century is well positioned to not only gain employment but also create unique vocational opportunities for themselves and advantages for their workplaces in a changing global economy.
Organizational Climate, Communication Climate
Authors: Lemmergaard Jeanette
Published: March 2017

In spite of separate scholarly traditions, there is no clear distinction between the concepts of organizational and communication climate. Organizational climate constitutes a critical link between the members of an organization and the organization itself; also it encompasses a relatively stable set of behaviors, which influence the value orientations of the organization as a whole. Communication climate, as studied under the heading of organizational communication, originates in the discipline of psychology and embraces communicative phenomena, where it refers to social tone among members of an organization. Both concepts are multifaceted constructs and their boundaries have neither been fully explored nor rigorously delimited.
Communicative Constitution of Organizations
Authors: Schoeneborn Dennis , Vásquez Consuelo
Published: March 2017

The notion of the communicative constitution of organizations (CCO) is at the center of a growing theoretical development within organizational communication studies. CCO scholarship is based on the idea that organization emerges in and is sustained and transformed by communication. This entry presents CCO scholarship with regard to its historical origins, underlying premises, main schools of thought, key theoretical questions, methodological approaches, and critiques.
Communication Management
Authors: Salem Philip J.
Published: March 2017

Communication management, public relations, and marketing are all forms of strategic organizational communication. However, communication management is more concerned with internal interpersonal organizational communication while public relations and marketing are more involved with messages broadcast from an organization to external audiences. Communication managers focus on regularly occurring episodes and the rules for their performances. These communication practices are the technology organizational members use to accomplish their collective goals. Managing these practices includes assisting members with specifying goals, coordinating practices to accomplish those goals, identifying the best communication practices and benchmarks, and assessing communication.
Communicative Theory of the Firm
Authors: Dawson Veronica R.
Published: March 2017

The communicative theory of the firm draws on premises first put forward by a separate field of inquiry, the communicative constitution of organizations (CCO). As such (and unlike the earlier economic theories of the firm), the communicative theory of the firm sees organizations as fundamentally communicative constructs. Firms are sites and products of complex organizing practices and processes, where flexible organizational boundaries necessitate that stakeholder communication be taken seriously. Indeed, one of the most important contributions of this approach involves the engagement and illumination of the social side of firms: a combination of intraorganizational power and extraorganizational relationships. What makes a communicative theory of the firm unique is the underlying assumption that organizing is an ongoing communicative process, and in this process the firm is conceptualized as a critical game piece in a never ending contest.
Content of Communication
Authors: Peterson Brittany L. , Ivancic Sonia R.
Published: March 2017

This entry discusses the three types of content that underlie historical and modern‐day approaches to organizational communication: task/production, social/maintenance, and innovation. It describes the origins and intersections and notes the alternative approaches to the content and function of communication. In addition, the entry explores the modern‐day applicability of the content of communication to current organizational communication scholarship with a particular focus on work–life issues, information and communication technologies, nonprofit and volunteer organizing, organizational change and innovation, and the communicative constitution of organizations. Future directions for the content of communication are also offered.
Contingency Theory
Authors: Kulkarni Vaibhavi
Published: March 2017

Contingency theory generated a new way of thinking about organizations and is critical to our understanding of organizational forms. The core assumptions of contingency theory are that organizations are open systems; there is no one best way of organizing; and organizations need to achieve a “good fit” between internal systems and external environment. This approach spawned a significant body of research in various disciplines, including strategy, marketing, and organizational behavior. Within communication research, contingency theory has influenced studies examining organizational crisis communication and choices related to the use of communication technology. Contingency theory, however, is often viewed as a framework rather than a theory, and has come under criticism for ambiguity in its methodological and theoretical underpinnings.
Control
Authors: Rennstam Jens
Published: March 2017

Organizational control is broadly understood as the methods and processes used to determine what to do and how to do it in organizations. The entry presents five main types of control.
Direct
control is based on personal surveillance and thus concerns face‐to‐face orders from one person to another about what to do and how to do it.
Technical
control is when technology such as the assembly line guides the work. Under
bureaucratic
control, behavior is guided through rules and regulations. All these forms of control target behavior. Under
output
control, however, the employees' output is the target. Instead of controlling behavior, output control allows for a variety of behaviors as long as the desired output is produced.
Normative
control, in turn, targets the norms of the employees, attempting to affect what is considered to be good and bad, valuable and desirable. Communication scholars have theorized control as a communicative act, and in particular have contributed to the understanding of normative forms of control.
Crisis Communication in Organizations
Authors: Spradley R. Tyler
Published: March 2017

Crisis communication is a multidisciplinary area of study that has generated a variety of best practices and processes by which organizations communicate before, during, and after crises. Crisis communication scholarship has generated definitions of crisis and risk, crisis stages, and useful typologies and taxonomies. Various communication processes are related to crisis preparation and response – including decision making processes, risk awareness and management processes, crisis and emergency response processes, and outcomes and processes of renewal. Theories and best practices seek to foster crisis communication strategies that maintain and develop healthy stakeholder relationships, understand image and reputational assets, establish effective crisis leadership, and address other key functions for practitioners.
Customer Service
Authors: Heuett Kyle B.
Published: March 2017

The method an organization selects for communicating with customers is crucial to the development of a loyal customer base. Typically, organizations will select reactive or proactive strategies consisting of different communication styles to assist customers with products or services. During customer service experiences, customers have come to expect that organizations will have appealing facilities and personnel, be reliable and responsive, as well as show empathy and strive for assurance. In meeting expectations, organizations rated high in communication performance are known to have more satisfied, loyal customers. Both customers and organizations seek satisfaction and quality out of customer service experiences, and organizations plan on this increasing customer loyalty. However, communication research shows some disagreement between organizational and customer ideas of what satisfaction, loyalty, and quality mean in customer service settings. This lack of shared understanding highlights an area in need of improved communication surrounding key outcomes of customer service.
Decision Making Processes in Organizations
Authors: Drury‐Grogan Meghann L.
Published: March 2017

Decision making in organizations predominantly focuses on choosing the best option between two or more alternative options. Much decision research does not specifically discuss communication, although organizational communication and group communication implications are inherent in these theories. Understanding the decision processes and heuristics helps individuals make better quality decisions. Research in this area spans a variety of disciplines and focuses on five main areas: decision process theories, group decision making, decision heuristics, cognitive biases, and decision quality. This entry describes these five areas in more detail, examines existing gaps in the decision making research, and provides recommendations for future research.