bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Cutting Force and Surface Quality in Frozen Wood Sawing Under Varying Influencing Factors to Improve the Energy- and Resource Efficiency of Sawing Processes
Authors: Schreiner F. , Schmidt J. , Thorenz B. , Voigt M. , Döpper F.
Published: April 2023

Wood as a renewable material plays an important role in transforming society towards sustainability and climate neutrality. However, wood is a difficult material to saw due to its anisotropic and inhomogeneous properties. Currently, the adaption of process parameters due to varying wood temperature and moisture content are solely based on operator experience. This frequently results in unfavorable settings of process parameters leading to a drastic increase in energy consumption and poor surface quality of the sawn wood. This paper investigates the cutting force when sawing frozen spruce wood with a two tooth research saw blade and the surface quality of the resulting wood samples under varying influencing factors. The material properties temperature between 20 ℃ and −40 ℃ and moisture content as well as the kinematic factor cutting direction were observed. The results show that the cutting force of moist and wet wood increase with decreasing temperature and remain constant for dry wood. Additionally, the surface quality of wet and dry wood samples is improved when sawing wood with lower temperature values. Using these results, the operator can be supported by a data driven approach for the adaption of machining parameters, hence improving the energy- and resource-efficiency of the process.
Development of a Pneumatic Clamping System with Position and Force Control Machining
Authors: Ben-Hanan U. , Eckert U. , Mende M. , Weiss A. , Wertheim R. , Azaria U.
Published: April 2023

Precision machining plays a vital role in modern, efficient, and sustainable manufacturing. Monitoring and controlling the clamping forces can influence positioning accuracy, workpiece deformation, thus improving the production outcome. The clamping force must be adapted to the cutting forces, workpiece geometry, and material properties to improve accuracy and control workpiece deformation during machining. The best devices available have a repeatability of ±1 µm, however, with limited precision and repeatability when re-clamping the workpiece. This paper presents the newly developed high-precision adaptable clamping system for controlled high-precision positioning and repositioning of a workpiece in the x-y plane with visual pattern recognition, adjustment, and controlled clamping forces. The clamping system is based on a pneumatic clamping chuck with controlled air pressure on a very accurate CNC machine. FEA calculations of thin-walled workpieces are used for designing associated jaws to ensure workpiece holding, limited forces and limited deformations. Once the workpiece has been removed and re-clamped with the defined forces, the vision device identifies the new workpiece position. Force and position data are collected and analyzed for calculating the repositioning movement in the x, y, and theta axes. The difference between the measured position after re-clamping and the reference position is calculated using a specially developed algorithm, yielding the motion commands to the x, y and theta axis. Using the vision system made it possible to identify an accuracy of ±1 µm and a repeatability of ±0.5 µm.
Initial Period of Chip Formation: Observations Towards Enhancing Machining Sustainability
Authors: Alammari Y. , Saelzer J. , Berger S. , Iovkov I. , Biermann D.
Published: April 2023

In machining, high mechanical and thermal loads are exerted on a small area of the tool where it interacts with the workpiece. Despite limited interaction space, extensive use of cutting fluids (CFs) is inefficiently used to improve the machining process and increase productivity. In order to minimize CFs’ negative impact on health, environment and financial burden, various strategies have been developed and studied to optimize their use including minimum quantity lubrication. In this research, initial period of chip formation (IPCF), that occurs during a narrow window of space and time at the beginning of the cut, is closely investigated in an orthogonal machining setup. During IPCF, low mechanical loads were observed. The existence of IPCF is further investigated under interrupted cutting process at prescribed intervals in order to sustain its positive effects. In addition, 2D numerical chip formation friction model is proposed. The numerical model comprises a friction criterion dependent on tool temperature that is observed to be associated with a transient friction regime.
CO2 Footprint of Machine Elements Made of Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Concrete Compared to Steel Components
Authors: Werkle Kim Torben , Engert Michelle , Möhring Hans-Christian
Published: April 2023

Energy efficiency and resource economizing are the drivers for the development of new types of material-hybrid design approaches for machine tools. Polymer concrete has been used for machine beds in machine tool design for many years. The good thermal and dynamic properties of the material are particularly convincing in this context. The good damping properties for structural components are also interesting, as this reduces for example tool wear and at the same time the high damping compared to steel structures has a positive effect on the surface quality of the machined workpiece. Current research in the field of structural dynamics is dealing with the substitution of steel and cast components with hybrid, actively preloaded polymer concrete parts. This allows the use of the positive damping properties of polymer concrete and the positive tensile strengths of the integrated fiber-reinforced structures for dynamically loaded machine components such as machine arms or machine stands. The focus of the study is to replace the arm of a bed-type milling machine, which is currently a welded design, with a component made of prestressed carbon fiber-reinforced polymer concrete. Based on the first results of the volume ratios of the structures, conclusions are drawn about the life cycle assessment (cradle to gate) of the components. The results will contribute to a design recommendation for the carbon fiber reinforcement in the polymer concrete arm to achieve a better structural efficiency on the one hand and a better life cycle assessment on the other.
Evaluation of Material Properties of Spruce Wood Samples to Improve the Development Process for More Sustainable Sawing Processes
Authors: Schmidt J. , Schreiner F. , Thorenz B. , Döpper F.
Published: April 2023

The processing of wood as a renewable and sustainable material is steadily gaining in importance. However, sawing processes in sawmills are characterized by high electrical energy consumption. Improving the geometry of the saw teeth is an option to make sawing processes more energy efficient and sustainable. Since the industrial sawing processes in sawmills are rather inflexible, the development of new saw tooth geometries takes place in smaller experimental setups. However, the inhomogeneous and anisotropic properties of wood make it difficult to compare different material samples and saw teeth on the basis of measured values. This leads to untapped potentials regarding energy efficiency and sustainability in industrial sawing processes. This paper discusses material properties of spruce wood samples, depending on their place of extraction from the tree trunk. The measured variables considered are the wood moisture content, strength properties and the cutting force occurring during the sawing process. The results show that the measured values vary to different degrees within a tree trunk and between different tree trunks. Based on the results the validity of comparison measurements in the tool development process can be improved and thus increase the efficiency and sustainability of industrial sawing processes.
Development of Magnetic Sheets for CO2 Efficient Electric Drives Using an Additive Manufacturing Approach
Authors: Schmidt Alexander , Ziegler Marco , Franke Jörg , Kuehl Alexander
Published: April 2023

Climate change and its negative consequences for the environment are the greatest challenge of the current era. Electric machines are considered key both for the generation of regenerative electricity and as a substitute for fossil fuels in industry and fossil engines in the transportation sector. Resource-efficient manufacturing and operation of electric machines are therefore of high importance. The central component of every electric machine is the soft magnetic core. The manufacturing process and material selection are influencing the iron losses during operation. This paper presents a novel technology for manufacturing magnetic sheets and lamination cores for carbon dioxide efficient electric drives using an additive manufacturing approach. The potential of the technology is explained and the challenges in process development are highlighted.
Modeling Carbon Border Tax for Material-Based GHG Emission and Costs in Global Supply Chain Network
Authors: Nagao Takaki , Ijuin Hiromasa , Nagasawa Keisuke , Yamada Tetsuo
Published: April 2023

One of the problems in an environmental policy is carbon leakage, which is increasing GreenHouse Gas (GHG) emissions as an adverse effect due to the production shift from countries with strict climate change policies to those with careless ones. In this situation, Carbon Boarder Adjustment (CBA) is considered as a countermeasure for mitigating GHG emission and carbon leakage globally, with European Union (EU) agreeing to introduce the CBA in 2026. CBA is expected to have huge impact upon a global supply chain network. The reasons of it are that total cost and GHG emissions on a global supply chain network have been influenced by the different procurement cost, customs duty and GHG level from each country by the price level, the governmental policy, and the energy mix. However, it is not revealed how much effect CBA has for the cost, and GHG emission on a global supply chain network. Thus, this study models a global supply chain network with CBA as the intersection of environment and economy. First, a global supply chain network with CBA is modeled and formulated for minimizing the total cost using integer programming. Second, a problem example is prepared with bill of materials for the procurement cost and the GHG emission using life cycle assessment. After that, under the market in the U.S., a numerical experiment is conducted to validate the proposed model. Finally, the effect of CBA is discussed.
Integrating Lean Management Principles into Human-Robot Collaboration in Disassembly Cell
Authors: Keivanpour Samira
Published: April 2023

Integrating Industry 4.0 technologies into the circular economy has received much attention in the literature in recent years. Considering the ladder of lansink and circular economy technical cycle, reusing and remanufacturing are preferable to recycling. Disassembly is a crucial process in remanufacturing. Collaborative robots provide semi-autonomous disassembly and could enhance product remanufacturing considering the uncertainties, cost reduction, and circularity of materials. This paper aims to discuss the application of lean practices in a disassembly cell with operators-robots collaboration. A conceptual framework based on the house of lean is proposed to highlight the research perspectives on opportunities of lean philosophy in disassembly operation enabled with industry 4.0 technology.
A Mathematical Model Considering Multi-skilled Operators and Industrial Robots on Reconfigurable Manufacturing Cells
Authors: Kataoka Takayuki
Published: April 2023

A sustainable reconfigurable manufacturing system is one of the most important topics concerning sustainability. Basically, the reconfigurable manufacturing systems have two streams. One is the machine-intensive and the other is the labour-intensive. The machine-intensive means a cell formation problem (CFP) or a reconfigurable manufacturing system (RMS). On the other hand, the labour-intensive means a cellular manufacturing (CM) or a Cell Production System (CPS). Almost all manufacturing sites have these assembly lines separately, however, some advanced manufacturing sites have adopted both CM and CPS in order to absorb variability of demand and operators under the environment of limited multi-skilled operators. When the operators are replaced by industrial robots in the real world, they are called robotic cells and focused as an important component of the cyber-physical system in the large number of recent papers. Therefore, this paper tackles to indicate a multi-period mixed integer programming model to solve simultaneously 2-type cell systems considering multi-skilled operators and industrial robots on reconfigurable manufacturing cells sustainably. Firstly, the traditional model is redefined by new parameters. Secondly, the proposed model is solved by 2-phase optimization problems. Finally, the proposed model is compared with the traditional model by using numerical experiments.
Design and Characterization of Piezoceramic Thick Film Sensor for Measuring Cutting Forces in Turning Processes
Authors: Panesso M. , Ettrichrätz M. , Gebhardt S. , Georgi O. , Rüger C. , Gnauck M. , Drossel W.-G.
Published: April 2023

Cutting forces in turning processes usually correlate with tool conditions. For this reason, the acquisition of force signals is of key importance for monitoring purposes. Despite the robustness of current piezoelectric measuring platforms, their large weight ratio relative to standalone tool-holder systems limits their effective usable bandwidth for analyzing force signals. Further limitations include high costs and lack of flexibility for general purpose turning operations. Due to this, such systems fail to find acceptance in practical applications and are mainly limited to research activities. To improve these aspects, this work investigates the use of an alternative integration concept using a piezoceramic thick film sensor for performing near-process cutting force measurements at the tool-holder. The charge output of the sensor was estimated using a coupled structural-piezoelectric simulation for its design. The modelled prototype was assembled and characterized by means of a static calibration and an impact hammer test. Following these, a first implementation of the system under dry cutting conditions took place.
Waste Minimization by Inventory Management in High-Volume High-Complexity Manufacturing Organizations
Authors: Afy-Shararah Mohamed , Jagtap Sandeep , Pagone Emanuele , Salonitis Konstantinos
Published: April 2023

Organizations that manufacture high volumes of complex products (e.g., pharmaceutical, automotive, food) require specific strategies to ensure efficient processing of parts and a sustainable level of inventory by waste minimization. A review of literature sources revealed how inventory is classified and managed amongst organizations and industries and key challenges that current organizations face with existing inventory management systems. In this paper, these findings are compared against each other to determine best practices and potential shortfalls that should be addressed when trying to manage inventory holistically. A study is then conducted using qualitative data from 15 semi-structured interviews to answer key questions on inventory management based on the findings from the literature survey. Responses are inductively coded and analyzed to reveal the most important factors of inventory management and determine the most prominent themes. A graphical model to represent the findings is also presented. Inventory functional accountability, inventory classification, operational strategies, visual management of inventory data, and efficient processes were some of the key themes known to be critical for effective inventory management and thus illustrated in the graphical model.
Cascaded Scheduling for Highly Autonomous Production Cells with AGVs
Authors: Miller Eddi , Kaupp Tobias , Schmitt Jan
Published: April 2023

Highly autonomous production cells are a crucial part of manufacturing systems in industry 4.0 and can contribute to a sustainable value-adding process. To realize a high degree of autonomy in production cells with an industrial robot and a machine tool, an experimental approach was carried out to deal with numerous challenges on various automation levels. One crucial aspect is the scheduling problem of tasks for each resource (machine tool, tools, robot, AGV) depending on various data needed for a job-shop scheduling algorithm. The findings show that the necessary data has to be derived from different automation levels in a company: horizontally from ERP to shop-floor, vertically from the order handling department to the maintenance department. Utilizing that data, the contribution provides a cascaded scheduling approach for machine tool jobs as well as CNC and robot tasks for highly autonomous production cells supplied by AGVs.
A Practical Approach to Realize a Closed Loop Energy Demand Optimization of Milling Machine Tools in Series Production
Authors: Can Alperen , Schulz Hendrik , El-Rahhal Ali , Thiele Gregor , Krüger Jörg
Published: April 2023

Energy efficiency is becoming increasingly important for industry. Many approaches for energy efficiency improvements lead to the purchase of new hardware, which could neglect the sustainability. Therefore, optimizing the energy demand of existing machine tools (MT) is a promising approach. Nowadays energy demand optimization of MT in series production is mainly done manually by the operators, based on implicit knowledge gained by experience. This involves manual checks to ensure that production targets like product quality or cycle time are met. With data analytics it is possible to check these production targets autonomously, which allows optimizing production systems data driven. This paper presents the approach and evaluation of a closed loop energy demand optimization of auxiliary units for milling MT during series production. The approach includes, inter alia, a concept for machine connectivity using edge devices and a concept for validating production targets.
Development of a Potential Analysis for the Introduction of Sustainable Digitization Solutions
Authors: Steinbach Tanja , Parthey Franziska , Weidmann Markus , Anderl Reiner
Published: April 2023

This paper presents a methodical approach that addresses the challenges of the development process to ensure sustainable product use. Consideration of user behavior in the use phase of products is imperative for efficient support by the technical system already in the development phase.

For these and other challenges, the developed approach combines methods of system engineering with the human-technology-organization approach. It helps to identify and develop optimization potential in the area of digitization solutions in the early phases of the product lifecycle. To do this, a technical system is analyzed in its current state and the requirements of the stakeholders. By defining socio-technical system elements and applying a structured approach, recommendations can be outlined holistically. As a result, the recommendations lead to an increasing level of digitization of the technical system and ensure a targeted development process.

Furthermore, the methodical approach includes modeling methods to deal with the complex system behavior. The modeling language SysML as well as task-related analysis methods are used to highlight faulty states and promising aspects. In addition to the human-technology-organization triad, the basis of the developed approach is the V-model, which is applied in phase-oriented design processes or iterative design steps. This makes the usage of the approach particularly advantageous for interdisciplinary development teams.
Virtual Experiments for a Sustainable Battery Cell Production
Authors: Krauß Jonathan , Ackermann Thomas , Kies Alexander D. , Roth David , Mitterfellner Miriam
Published: April 2023

On the path towards a sustainable society, the availability of energy storage systems is an essential step – leading to increased demand for batteries. To achieve a sustainable society, it is necessary to manufacture batteries also in a sustainable way. One approach lies in virtual experiments. They aim at identifying parameters, recipes, and technologies in the digital world, before applying them to the physical production system. Thus, manufacturing is optimized in regard to sustainability indicators such as material consumption, emission, and waste – but also in regard to costs, quality, and yield. The faster ramp-up is especially important in the production of battery cells, due to the highly complex processes and critical materials. In this paper, we introduce a concept for virtual experiments platform in battery cell production. It includes collection of data, data aggregation, a simulation environment, as well as an optimizer. Also, it is integrated into existing production and IT systems. The virtual experiments platform functions as a service of a digital twin. Validation is conducted by realizing the virtual experiments platform on the electrode production of lithium-ion batteries.
Conceptual Approach for a Digital Value Creation Chain Within the Timber Construction Industry – Potentials and Requirements
Authors: Schramm N. , Oertwig N. , Kohl H.
Published: April 2023

This paper addresses the megatrend of urbanization as well as the associated challenges of climate change and its relation to sustainable manufacturing. An enormous lever for improving the climate balance is offered by the consistent use of renewable building materials. In the Berlin/Brandenburg metropolitan region, wood as a building material in particular should play a central role in achieving the climate targets. To realize this, it is not only necessary to use the potential of wood as a raw material for storing carbon, but also to embed wood construction in regional value chains and integrated digital production systems in order to be able to optimally design innovative value creation fields, new regional products and efficient material cycles for increasing sustainability. In the context of this work, the information flows along the value chain are investigated and transferred into a digital model. Existing digital concepts such as the “Open BIM” approach (Building Information Modeling) have been incorporated and shape the entirety of the value chain module developed in this paper for serial prefabrication in multi-story timber construction. Material and information flows are analyzed, interfaces between the actors are identified, value-adding factors of timber system construction are systematically examined for their effects, and industrial prefabrication is aligned with a digital model.
Modelling and Simulation of Pump Impeller Produced Using Fused Deposition Modelling
Authors: Muvunzi Rumbidzai , Daniyan Ilesanmi , Fameso Festus , Mpofu Khumbulani
Published: April 2023

Additive Manufacturing (AM) is a key Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR) technology in which parts are manufactured directly from 3-dimensional models through selective deposition of materials. As a digital technology, AM can be used to produce complex parts that are difficult to make using traditional methods without the need for tooling. Hence, the aim of this study is to investigate the performance of Fused Deposition Modelling (FDM) in the manufacture of pump impellers. This involves performing simulation to test the performance of pump impeller under real-life working conditions at different operating speeds and pressures. The model of the impeller as casted in the FDM process was developed in the complete Abaqus modelling environment. The model part was created as single solid homogenous part with no nodal separations or assembly ties or constraints between the base of the impeller and its blades, in relation to its as-cast manufacturing state. The results obtained showed that extreme operating speeds of up to 1000 rad/s or pressures of 0.22 MPa are not suitable conditions under which the impeller will operate without compromising its efficiency and structural integrity. The study is useful in providing guidance on the application of FDM to produce functional parts. Through the study, the capability of AM as a suitable approach for enabling local sustainable production of spare parts is demonstrated.
Framework for Sustainability in Aerospace: A Proof of Concept on Decision Making and Scenario Comparison
Authors: Franchino Marco
Published: April 2023

Aerospace is a large and growing industry currently dependent on fossil fuels. UK aviation has committed to achieving net zero emissions by 2050.

In order for the UK aerospace sector to achieve the sustainability goals, it needs to use the latest technologies while making sure to minimise negative environmental impacts.

Ongoing debates claims that the definition of sustainability and its assessment is vague. Companies struggle with quantifying the return on their sustainability investments and necessitate a methodology to aid decision making and quantify improvements against sustainability and profitability. For that reason, this investigation focused on defining a framework to assess sustainability for aerospace manufacturing following a triple bottom line (TBL): profit, people (social responsibility) and planet.

The author surveyed a range of major aerospace businesses, including Airbus, BAE Systems, Boeing, GKN, Rolls-Royce and Spirit Aerosystems, who are all industrial partners at the University of Sheffield Advanced Manufacturing Research Centre (AMRC). These businesses are all working together to identify and solve the common challenges associated with sustainable manufacturing and contributed their thoughts to the development of this definition.

Collected information has been integrated in a trade study framework that helps scenario comparison and decision making. Discrete Event Simulation (DES) has been used to test the methodology, defining and quantifying alternative scenarios. The framework developed in this study aims to help ensuring that aerospace companies remain profitable whilst also fulfilling the industrial Partners’ environmental and societal obligations.
Environmental Assessment of Recycled Petroleum and Bio Based Additively Manufactured Parts via LCA
Authors: Bay Christian , Nagengast Niko , Schmidt Hans-Werner , Döpper Frank , Neuber Christian
Published: April 2023

Additive Manufacturing (AM) as much as sustainability aspects gained increasing attention in the last couple of years. The vision of resource-efficient manufacturing at batch size one is often claimed as an outstanding property of AM. Fused Filament Fabrication, as one of the most used AM technologies, satisfies this statement only in a restricted sense, through simple handling for non-experts and low-cost materials and machines. Next to performance-driven and process-influencing attributes, the question of a general ecological improvement through thermo-mechanical recycling rises. Therefore, recycling options of the thermoplastics are mandatory to explore. Based on the ISO 14040/44 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methodology two different geometries were environmentally assessed during a primary process cycle, using, and recycling. Each geometry was manufactured by a bio-based polymer and internationally produced (PLA) and petroleum-based locally produced polymer (PP) with a corresponding support filament. The methodological approach demonstrates an option how to evaluate the field of AM and recycling regarding environmental aspects. Furthermore, an adaption of the sensitivity towards industrial parameters (material/energy efficiency) showed an ecological benefit concerning recycling.
Considering LCA in System Architectures of Smart-Circular PSS
Authors: Kruschke Thomas , Riedelsheimer Theresa , Lindow Kai
Published: April 2023

The realization of smart-circular Product-Service Systems has theoretically promising advantages compared to traditional products. Nevertheless, the sustainability improvement, especially for the ecological dimension is not yet satisfactorily proved. In this paper, the authors examined the current state of research within a systematic literature review with a specific focus on the overlap of the topics: Life Cycle Assessment, Model-Based Systems Engineering, Product-Service Systems, and Circular Economy. The aim is to analyze the potential of a proactive quantification of the ecological impact in an early stage during the development of smart-circular PSS – the system architecture definition. As a result of the systematic review, 27 relevant papers were identified and analyzed and the findings are presented in a structured way. The main finding is that the current state of the art in this research field still is in the conceptualization stage. In addition, a proactive approach is rare and circularity is not considered to its fullest. Quantified use cases do not draw the system boundaries Cradle-to-Cradle and not every of the 9R-strategies is considered. Furthermore, the potentials and challenges of the revealed research gap are summarized.
Dynamic LCA and LCC with ECOFACT
Authors: Ingemarsdotter Emilia , Singhania Sahil , Pallas Georgios
Published: April 2023

This paper introduces the work on dynamic life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle costing (LCC) carried out within the EU Horizon 2020 project ECOFACT. The goal of the ECOFACT project is to develop a digital platform for manufacturing companies to optimize their production systems for energy, costs, resources and life cycle impacts. The platform will include a manufacturing decision-support-system based on dynamic LCA and LCC and it will be demonstrated in four factories that are members of the project consortium. Dynamic and automated LCA and LCC provides opportunities for new insights compared to conventional, static assessments. For example, temporal variations in the environmental impact can be made available on an hourly, daily, monthly and yearly basis. Moreover, once set up, LCA and LCC results can automatically be updated with the latest data, reducing efforts and costs related to data collection and reporting. In this paper, we briefly explain the ECOFACT approach to dynamic LCA and LCC and discuss preliminary learnings as well as future opportunities.
Digital Supply Chain Twins for Sustainable Planning of a Logistics System
Authors: Zarnitz Simon , Straube Frank , Nitsche Benjamin
Published: April 2023

Digital Supply Chain Twins (DSCT) are gaining more and more attention both in science and in practices. They are considered to be one of the most disruptive technologies in logistics and supply chain management. In the literature, there are a variety of DSCT benefits in the case of planning and control a logistics system. Some of these potentials could also be highly suitable for the use case of sustainable and resource-efficient logistics, which, however, have been insufficiently explored in research so far. This paper will investigate to what extent the DSCT can be used to enable sustainable network planning and which potentials the DSCT implies for the predictive planning within logistics systems. Building on a literature review and interviews with industry experts a case study was conducted at a business partner in the automotive industry.
Sustainability Assessment of Aerospace Manufacturing: An LCA-Based Framework
Authors: Haddad Yousef , Jagtap Sandeep , Pagone Emanuele , Salonitis Konstantinos
Published: April 2023

In this paper, a life cycle assessment (LCA)-based sustainability assessment framework is developed to estimate the environmental impact of production processes. The framework provides a methodical, context-independent, approach to carry out LCA studies. The framework sets guiding principles for products and key performance indicators (KPIs) selection and the associated data requirements in a reconfigurable manner that can be applied to any industrial setting. In order to validate and demonstrate the applicability of the framework, a cradle-to-gate case study pertaining to the manufacturing of a real aerospace metallic structural component is carried out. Results revealed that the complexity of aerospace components makes it difficult to improve the environmental impact from manufacturing operations as most of the impact comes from upstream activities that aerospace manufacturers, typically, have no control over, or access to.
Concept for the Evaluation and Categorization of Sustainability Assessment Methods and Tools
Authors: Quernheim Niklas , Winter Sven , Arnemann Lars , Wolff Steffen , Anderl Reiner , Schleich Benjamin
Published: April 2023

Sustainable product development is one key to avoid overshooting the global production resources and to keep the human impact on the climate under control. Life cycle assessment provides methods and tools to monitor and quantify processes. In reality however, this is a complex procedure with a lack of transparency and standardization. Especially small and medium enterprises lack resources and know-how to successfully perform life cycle assessments. Therefore, the need for action is to make methods and tools usable and accessible in practice. This paper presents a concept for the evaluation and categorization of sustainability assessment methods and tools by developing criteria based on a system context and stakeholder analysis. Proven assessment methods from literature and market research are the basis for the development of this concept. The final evaluation of exemplary solutions leads to research gaps which can be addressed in the future development of assessment methods.
Approach to Reduce the Environmental Impact of a CNC Manufactured Product in the CAD Phase
Authors: Winter Sven , Quernheim Niklas , Arnemann Lars , Anderl Reiner , Schleich Benjamin
Published: April 2023

CO2 neutrality is an important goal for the upcoming years. It is necessary to ensure that greenhouse gases are emitted as few as possible, particularly for the development of new products. The most important decisions, with impact on the sustainability, are already made by the product designer during the virtual product development phase, such as raw material requirements, selected manufacturing process or thermal and surface treatments. Especially in the case of ablative processes (CNC), raw material has a major impact on the calculated carbon footprint of products.

In order to minimize the emissions of greenhouse gases in the virtual product development phase already, this paper presents an approach to provide assistance for the product designer regarding the ecological impact of his decisions. For this purpose, Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) methods are directly integrated into the CAD software. During the design process, the expected CO2 equivalents of the largest influencing factor - the raw material - can be displayed which is observed for most cases of metal material. In addition, the savings potential for reducing the blank volume or changing the raw material is shown and a suggestion is made.
A Fuzzy Sustainable Quality Function Deployment Approach to Design for Disassembly with Industry 4.0 Technologies Enablers
Authors: Keivanpour Samira
Published: April 2023

Integrating sustainability into product design is a proactive circular economy practice and design for disassembly is an essential eco-design practice for complex product manufacturers. Today, industry 4.0 technologies have considerable influence on product life cycle management, and a few studies address the contributions of these technologies to eco-design methods. Designing the appropriate eco-design tool is challenging considering the complexity of products, organizational instruments, the need for integrating diverse databases, customization of the tool, and incorporating the strategic goals. Hence, a systematic approach is required to address the implications of innovative technologies and integrate the different technical, economic, environmental, and social aspects into the design stage. Quality function deployment (QFD) is an effective approach to integrating customers, technical, and business requirements into new product development. Fuzzy Sustainable QFD is an extended version of this method for considering three pillars of sustainability in design and dealing with qualitative linguistic judgments. This paper proposes a Fuzzy sustainable QFD approach to design for disassembly. A numerical example illustrates the application of the proposed method.
Optimization of a Remanufacturing Production Planning System with the Help of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Gal Barna , Gallina Viola , Szaller Ádám , Schlund Sebastian
Published: April 2023

Although production planning in remanufacturing systems has attracted great interest from the research community, only a couple of real industrial applications can be perceived. Additionally, in real cases, companies are faced with manufacturing multiple products, which further complicates remanufacturing production planning (RPP). Therefore, there is a need to optimise RPP where manufacturers are involved in remanufacturing multiple products. Also optimized systems should consist of a number of uncertainties, such as the uncertain quality of the returned products.

Because of these uncertainties the manufacturers have to use new parts or components - with both higher environmental impacts, as well as costs. In the present paper a line balancing scheduler of a remanufacturing system is presented - focusing on the disassembly, machining and reassembly of parts. The objective of the paper is the reduction of usage of the energy and cost intensive new parts with production scheduling using a genetic algorithm (GA). The achievements are illustrated and presented with a real industrial use case from a gas engine producer. A discrete event simulation (DES) is used for evaluation purposes and the results from the scheduler are compared with benchmarks of the current production planning of the gas engine manufacturer.
Serious Games in Academic Education – A Multi-dimensional Sustainability Analysis of Additive Versus Conventional Manufacturing Technologies in a Fictitious Enterprise Project
Authors: Rauch Christiane , Maurer Oliver , Lang Sven-Erik , Bähre Dirk
Published: April 2023

Metal additive manufacturing among other advantage offers a high degree of freedom in the design of components and shortening of conventional manufacturing process chains. Hence, there are questions of technological feasibility, efficiency and sustainability. Current relevant studies, especially on the sustainability of selective laser melting, often examine only one aspect. At the same time, companies in various sectors are faced with the question of whether and if so, to what extent it is worth converting their production towards additive manufacturing units. In any case, the context is filled with complex issues in several decision-making dimensions.

In this paper, a special concept for academic education is introduced. It mirrors the complexity of decision-making issues, relevant problems and solutions, in a fictitious enterprise project named „AM for Future!?”. The project is played as a serious game with an explicit educational purpose. It is an adaptable toolbox-like game structure on a solid methodical basis. Besides clear roles with a focus on different dimensions of sustainability, it also enables variation of products and process chains. Gameplays of different project settings, spanning over three consecutive semesters, confirm the game plan as a safe environment and suitable world of experience. For research, the output of the different game seasons can be used as a simplified parameter study. This applies to objectively quantifiable as well as different qualitative approaches. These approaches influence the answer to the question of whether and, if so, how a conventional process chain can be specifically replaced and/or supplemented with metal additive manufacturing.
Federated Learning for Privacy-Preserving Collaboration in Smart Manufacturing
Authors: Zhang Jianjing , Cooper Clayton , Gao Robert X.
Published: April 2023

Manufacturers today are increasingly connected as part of a smart and connected community. This transformation offers great potential to deepen their collaborations through resource and knowledge sharing. While the benefits of artificial intelligence (AI) have been increasingly demonstrated for data-driven modeling, data privacy has remained a major concern. Consequently, information embedded in data collected by individual manufacturers is typically siloed within the bounds of the data owners and thus under-utilized. This paper describes an approach to tackling this challenge by federated learning, where each data owner contributes to the creation of a global data model by computing a local update of relevant model parameters based on its own data. The local updates are then aggregated by a central server to train a global model. Since only the model parameters instead of the data are shared across the various data owners, data-privacy is preserved. Evaluation using sensor data for machine condition monitoring has shown that the global model produced by federated learning is more accurate and robust than the local models established by each of the single data owners. The result demonstrates the benefit of secure information sharing for individual manufacturers, especially Small and Mid-Sized Manufacturers (SMMs), for improved sustainable operation.
A Proposed System for Greening Higher Education Institutions in Palestine
Authors: Hanieh Ahmed Abu , Hasan Afif Akel
Published: April 2023

This article tackles the problem of greening university campuses of higher education institutions in Palestine. The paper concentrates on finding the adequate greening categories and key performance indicators to be used to assess the sustainability and green of higher education Institutions HEI. Each indicator has been weighted based on the opinion survey filled by academic experts from the different Palestinian universities. The weights of these indicators have been normalized to come up with a category score and a then a total score of the greening of the HEI. Eventually, a Go-Green integrated model is developed to form an initiative for any higher education institution wishes to enter into this sustainability race. Many steps and activities are suggested to turn any university to a green one. Through implying the Elasticity and Plasticity approach, it is possible to relate the level of green actions to social behavior. The impact of these sustainability aspects is reflected on higher education by implementation on university campus greening.
Exploring the Potential of Open Source Machine Tools for Sustainable Industrial Development in Low Resource Contexts - A Case Study of Migrant-Run Microenterprises in Oman
Authors: Omer Mohammed , Kaiser Melina , Redlich Tobias , Wulfsberg Jens P.
Published: April 2023

In low resource contexts, access to technologies is limited. Most firms in developing countries are still using analog technologies and have not attained the industrial maturity required to harness the benefits of industry 4.0, which include increased productivity and a reduced environmental impact of the manufacturing sector. This further exacerbates the unequal wealth distribution pervasive in today’s globalized world. With the democratization of the internet and increasing accessibility to microcontrollers and automation technology, the last decade has seen the rise of open source machine tools (OSMT) such as CNC mills and 3D printers. By facilitating sustainable and inclusive production capacity building, OSMT are a key technology driver that can enable developing countries to leapfrog their industries. However, their potential for cost effective and low-threshold production capacity building in developing countries has been hitherto underexplored. This paper reports the findings of a pilot study in Oman with ten migrant-run microenterprises in the carpentry and steel fabrication industries. Semi-structured interviews and field observations were carried out to gain an understanding of the technology needs and readiness levels of the target group. The study identifies and discusses the challenges that could hinder the implementation of OSMT in a resource constrained context, which include insufficient technological and digital literacy, a lack of formal education, and risk adversity. Based on this, the paper proposes solutions to foster OSMT adoption.
Holistic Approach to the Ecological Evaluation of Digitalization Systems in the Production Environment
Authors: Tomaschko Florian , Krommes Sandra
Published: April 2023

Digitalization is considered as a driver of resource efficiency. But next to the possible savings that the different digitalization technologies enable, there is an ecological effort, too. Most of the existing approaches in this topic only consider the possible savings. The presented methodology forms an approach for a holistic environmental assessment along the whole life cycle of digitalization technology and validates it on a demonstrator. The aim is to take an end-to-end view of the use of digitalization technologies. As part of the approach, the global warming potential is evaluated. The benefit here is a production environment in which the digitalization technology used generates savings. For the evaluation, the digitalization system (hardware) is considered from the manufacturing process of the different components through transport and operation to recycling (cradle to grave). As practical case study, effort and benefit are finally analyzed for different resource efficiency scenarios. As a result, a methodical approach based on key figures for the holistic evaluation of digitalization technologies is presented and discussed.
Development of a Sustainability Strategy for Fuel Cells Using Life Cycle Analysis and Expert Interviews
Authors: Rückert Patrick , Khabipova Aigul , Tracht Kirsten
Published: April 2023

Fuel Cells (FC) are one of the most promising technologies for achieving the European climate targets, especially for future mobility. As part of the German government's national hydrogen strategy, measures for the further development and implementation of FC technology as a drive technology in automobiles as well as the production and use of hydrogen were adopted in June 2020. For Germany to be a pioneer in the field of FC technology, the investments must be used sustainably. The objective of this paper is to introduce a sustainability strategy for FCs along the life cycle via production, energy sources, infrastructure, use as well as end-of-life. To present an overview of this existing value chain, life cycle analyses are compared and hypotheses for increasing sustainability are formulated. These serve as the basis for the development of interview forms for discussions with FC experts from research, industry, and politics. Based on the current state of the art and its optimization potential as well as the insider knowledge of the experts, a sustainability strategy for FC-powered automobiles is presented.
Counting parity-violating local S-matrices
Authors: Chowdhury Subham Dutta
Published: April 2023

Abstract

Four point tree-level local S-matrices form a module over ring of polynomials of Mandelstam invariants s, t and u. The module of local analytic S-matrices can be encoded in terms of a partition function which is enumerated using plethystic techniques. In this paper, we enumerate the plethystic contribution to local four point photon, graviton and gluon multi-particle partition functions that encode parity violating 2 → 2 scattering. We generalise the counting problem solved in [1, 2] to project out parity violating sectors, a subtle task in even dimensions [3]. We explicitly enumerate the parity odd contributions to the multi-letter partition function for gauge fields, gravitons and gluons and evaluate the resulting parity violating partition functions in D = 4, 6. We also perform a large D analysis to show that parity violating local interactions do not contribute to four particle scattering in higher dimensions (D ≥ 8). Our computations and observations for photons, gravitons and gluons agree with the transformation properties of these S-matrices previously conjectured in [1, 2]