bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Low‐Cost Data Glove Based on Deep‐Learning‐Enhanced Flexible Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Sensors for Real‐Time Gesture Recognition
Authors: Li Yang , Yang Lina , He Zhanmei , Liu Yijian , Wang Hongfei , Zhang Wenbin , Teng Lu , Chen Da , Song Ge
Published: October 2022

With advancements in artificial intelligence, wearable motion recognition systems based on flexible nanomaterial sensors exhibit excellent potential for harmonious human–machine interaction. However, the sensing stability and demand of large‐scale arrays limit the application of flexible nanomaterial sensors. Herein, a data glove system based on simple multiwalled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) sensors and a lightweight deep‐learning algorithm to achieve accurate gesture recognition is proposed. A regional‐crack mechanism is introduced through the microspine structure to enhance the strain sensitivity. Moreover, an efficient signal processing strategy based on an adaptive wavelet threshold function to improve the robustness and anti‐interference of signals obtained from MWCNT sensors, which exhibit strong generalization and can be used in other nanomaterial strain sensor. Based on the depth‐wise separable convolution, a novel hybrid convolutional neural network (CNN) long short‐term memory (LSTM) model for gesture recognition is constructed. The proposed model achieves an average accuracy of 97.5% and recognition accuracy of 30 gestures with an average recognition time of 2.173 ms based on only five sensors. The fabricated data glove is a promising platform for low‐cost and wearable human–machine interaction that can be directly interfaced in applications such as robotic hands, smart cars, and first‐person shooting games.
Glove‐ and Sleeve‐Format Variable‐Friction Electrostatic Clutches for Kinesthetic Haptics
Authors: Hinchet Ronan J. , Shea Herbert
Published: October 2022

Clothing with integrated high‐force actuators enables wearable haptics for immersive virtual reality (VR) and enables soft exoskeletons for rehabilitation or human augmentation. Electrostatic clutches (ESClutches) offer a very‐low‐energy solution to block motion and are mm thin. Challenges for ESClutches in wearables are 1) effective integration in clothing to accurately block body motion while ensuring comfort, 2) well‐controlled sliding for variable stiffness rendering, and 3) adaptation to shoulder or hip joints. Here, the control of sliding friction of soft ESClutches is demonstrated, using materials that enable both integration in textile and efficient force transfer to the user. We present a 1.3 mm‐thick soft glove with five ESClutches, providing up to 50 N of kinesthetic feedback per finger. A clutch in a thin haptic sleeve that controls elbow extension is reported. Eight cable‐format ESClutches on a shoulder are shown, selectively blocking multiple degrees of freedom. VR tests demonstrate that the glove and the sleeve give the user the ability to rank the softness and weight of virtual objects. In a teleoperation scenario, the glove enables the user to remotely feel an object's stiffness. The ESClutches and textile integration pave a path toward socially acceptable and comfortable kinesthetic haptics.
Multiscale analysis of monoglyceride oleogels during storage
Authors: Rondou Kato , De Witte Fien , Rimaux Tom , Dewinter Wim , Dewettinck Koen , Verwaeren Jan , Van Bockstaele Filip
Published: October 2022

Oleogelation offers the possibility to reduce the saturated fatty acid (SAFA) content while maintaining the desired organoleptic properties. Hereby, SAFAs are replaced by other structurants which can create a three‐dimensional network that immobilizes the liquid oil. Depending on the type of structurants, different structuring routes are identified. The use of monoacylglycerols (MAGs) as structurants is a promising approach thanks to their great self‐assembling properties. However, implementation into the food industry is still hampered due to insufficient characterization. This research includes a multiscale analysis of two dynamically produced MAG‐based oleogels (6% MAGs in oil, MO1 and MO2) as a function of the storage time (up to 8 weeks). Slight differences in the production process resulted in pronounced differences in techno‐functional properties of the MAG‐based oleogels. MO1 consisted of larger crystals, which resulted in a lower rigidity, reduced stability, and lower oil binding capacity compared with the other oleogel (MO2). On the nanoscale, it was found that the crystal nanoplatelets (CNPs) of MO1 contained a higher number of lamellae compared with MO2. Additionally, the results obtained with ultra‐small angle x‐ray scattering indicated a larger equivalent diameter for the CNPs of MO1. As a function of the storage time, both oleogels did not show major structural changes up to 8 weeks of storage.
Preparation of Raney cobalt and identification of surface structures responsible for catalytic activity in the Fischer–Tropsch process
Authors: Solomonik I. G. , Gryaznov K. O. , Mitberg E. B. , Mordkovich V. Z.
Published: October 2022

A method for leaching Co2Al9 alloy was developed and optimized to produce nonpyrophoric Raney cobalt, which is used as a component of a highly efficient granular Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst. A comparative study of the laboratory‐produced Raney cobalt with commercially available analog was done using the methods of low‐temperature nitrogen sorption, thermoprogrammed reduction (TPR), thermoprogrammed ammonia desorption, thermal analysis, thermal conductivity, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Partial dissolution of cobalt with the formation of Co2+ and Co3+ ions was detected during aluminum leaching. It was found that incomplete purification of commercial Raney cobalt from aluminum hydroxide impurity may lead to overestimation of specific surface area. It was also found that the acidity of the molded catalyst is mainly determined not by Raney cobalt, but by elements of the composite catalyst carrier. For the first time, a linear dependence between the content of structures in a Fischer–Tropsch synthesis catalyst with TPR‐AR maxima of 500–800°C and the amount of synthesized liquid hydrocarbons has been established. It is concluded that metal nanoparticles with partial charge transfer (Coδ+) are active centers of selective formation of C5+ hydrocarbons. Obtaining the maximum number of these centers and reaching a high thermal conductivity of the composite with a developed system of transport pores is a criterion for creating an effective cobalt catalyst for low‐temperature synthesis of hydrocarbons.
A Hydroxylated Tetracationic Viologen based on Dimethylaminoethanol as a Negolyte for Aqueous Flow Batteries
Authors: Caianiello Carlo , Arenas Luis F. , Turek Thomas , Wilhelm René
Published: October 2022

A tetracationic viologen based on dimethylaminoethanol is reported as a novel negolyte for aqueous‐organic flow batteries. The compound (1,1′‐bis(3‐((2‐hydroxyethyl)dimethylammonio)propyl)‐[4,4′‐bipyridine]‐1,1′‐diium tetrachloride), termed [(DMAE‐Pr)2‐Vi]Cl4, was prepared by replacing the trimethylammonium groups of a former analogue for dimethylaminoethanol derivatives as permanently charged moieties, improving its solubility and modifying its electronic structure, as revealed by DFT calculations. Its electrochemical properties and diffusion coefficient were investigated by voltammetry and DOSY. The battery concept was demonstrated by pairing [(DMAE‐Pr)2‐Vi]Cl4 with a TEMPOL posolyte using a low‐cost anion exchange membrane and a neutral‐pH supporting electrolyte. [(DMAE‐Pr)2‐Vi]Cl4 has great potential for enhancing energy density in viologen flow batteries.
Promising influences of gingerols against metabolic syndrome: A mechanistic review
Authors: Alipour Alieh , Baradaran Rahimi Vafa , Askari Vahid Reza
Published: October 2022

Metabolic syndrome is an inflammatory disorder characterized by diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and hypertension. Globally, this disease is increasing, especially in developed countries. Supposedly, herbal treatments for this disease likely have fewer adverse effects than chemical medications. Thus, they can be suitable options among the available chemical treatments. Ginger has been used as a spice and medicinal plant in traditional medicine and cooking. This herbal compound and its derivatives, such as 6‐gingerol, have shown promising effects on various molecular aspects of metabolic syndrome. In this study, we reviewed and discussed the significant impacts of gingerol, a derivative of ginger, on metabolic syndrome through various mechanisms. The benefits of 6‐gingerol include its effects on AMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK), which prevent diabetes, lipid regulating effect (peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptors, PPARs), as well as its effects on enzymes and proteins preventing hyperlipidemia caused by a high‐fat diet. In addition, 6‐gingerol has anti‐atherosclerosis and anti‐hypertension effects through several molecular mechanisms. The current review will discuss various effects of 6‐gingerol on molecular pathways involved in diabetes, obesity, atherosclerosis, and hypertension as characterizing features of metabolic syndrome and suggests that 6‐gingerol can be a potential treatment agent for metabolic syndrome and shed light on a higher requirement for more pre‐clinical and clinical investigations.
Levetiracetam versus Oxcarbazepine as monotherapy in newly diagnosed focal epilepsy: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Kharel Sanjeev , Ojha Rajeev , Khanal Surendra
Published: October 2022

Objective

To compare the efficacy and safety of Levetiracetam (LEV) and Oxcarbazepine (OXC) as monotherapy for the treatment of newly diagnosed focal epilepsy.

Methods

We searched PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, and Google Scholar from January 1, 2000 to May 11, 2022, with no language restrictions along with The ClinicalTrials.gov website and the WHO International Controlled Trials Registry platforms. We pooled the risk ratio (RR) and corresponding 95% confidence interval (95% CI) for the efficacy and safety outcomes. The quality of included trials was assessed using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool.

Results

Two RCTs included a total of 574 newly diagnosed focal epilepsy patients (the LEV group [282 patients] and the OXC group [292 patients]). LEV group when compared with the OXC group had no significant difference in the pooled estimate of seizure freedom at week 24. (RR: 0.81; 95% CI: 0.62–1.05, p = .11). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the pooled estimate of withdrawal due to adverse events (AEs) (RR: 0.87; 95% CI: 0.34–2.23, p = .77). The commonly reported AEs in both trials were dizziness, headache, rash, somnolence, and nasopharyngitis with zero medication‐related death and few serious AEs.

Conclusions

LEV is noninferior to OXC in terms of seizure freedom at week 24 and treatment withdrawal rate due to AEs among adults but long‐term treatment data is still missing. Future multicentric double‐blinded RCTs and real‐world studies are of great need.
Evaluating the shear bond strength and remineralization effect of calcium silicate‐based and conventional self‐adhesive resin cements to caries‐affected dentin
Authors: Tavangar Maryam S. , Safarpour Ayda , Torabi Parizi Arefeh , Shafiei Fereshteh
Published: October 2022

Objective

Given the importance of preserving caries‐affected dentin (CAD) in conservative dentistry, the shear bond strength (SBS) of different resin cements to CAD has been investigated. Here, we aimed to compare the SBS and remineralizing effect of a calcium silicate (TheraCem) and conventional self‐adhesive cement (Panavia SA) on the SBS of CAD.

Materials and Methods

Forty‐eight extracted third molars (24 sound and 24 CAD) were used. In each group, 12 teeth were prepared for bonding to TheraCem or Panavia SA. After removal of the enamel and caries, resin composite cylinders were luted on the prepared dentin. After 28 days of storage in the artificial saliva, SBS was measured and the failure mode analysis was investigated. The images of fractured sections were analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and energy‐dispersive X‐ray to evaluate the Ca/P weight ratio.

Results

SBS of CAD and sound dentin was not different when cemented with TheraCem (9.56 ± 4.51 vs. 9.17 ± 2.76, p = .806), but the CAD showed significantly lower SBS to Panavia SA (9.4 ± 2.36 vs. 7.39 ± 2.18, p = .015). The Ca/P ratio in CAD was significantly higher when bonded to both TheraCem and Panavia‐SA than that of the controls (p = .001); however, this ratio was not different for those bonded to TheraCem compared to Panavia SA.

Conclusions

Based on our results, TheraCem as a calcium silicate cement shows better SBS to attach the restoration to CAD as compared to Panavia SA. Obliteration and mineralization of the dentinal tubules in TheraCem were also higher than in Panavia SA. However, their ability to improve the amount of the Ca/P ratio in CAD was similar.
Combining sampling gear to optimally inventory species highlights the efficiency of eDNA metabarcoding
Authors: Andres Kara J. , Lambert Timothy D. , Lodge David M. , Andrés Jose , Jackson James R.
Published: October 2022

Biodiversity surveys may require the use of multiple types of sampling gear to maximize the efficiency of species detections, yet few studies have investigated how to optimally distribute effort among gear. In this study, we conducted eDNA metabarcoding and capture‐based sampling surveys (electrofishing, fyke netting, gillnetting, and seining) to sample fish species richness in a large northern temperate lake. We evaluated the success of the sampling methods individually and in combination to determine the allocation of effort and cost across sampling gear that provides the optimal approach for lake‐wide species inventories. We found that eDNA metabarcoding detected more species than any other sampling method, including 11 species that were not detected with any capture‐based approach. Optimal gear combination analyses revealed that detected species richness is maximized when most of the effort or budget is allocated to eDNA metabarcoding, with smaller allocations to seining and fyke netting. eDNA metabarcoding and capture sampling gear showed similar patterns of spatial heterogeneity in the fish community across habitat types, with pelagic samples forming a group that was distinct from nearshore samples. Our results indicate that eDNA metabarcoding is a rapid and cost‐efficient tool for biodiversity monitoring and that assessing the complementarity of multiple sampling types can inform the development of optimal approaches for measuring fish species richness.
One Ligand Fits All: Formation and Stabilization of a Single‐Ligand Arenethiolato Cobalt(II) Complex via Metal‐π Coordination from a Bulky Acylamino Group
Authors: Tomita Yusuke , Okamura Taka‐aki , Onitsuka Kiyotaka
Published: October 2022

Metalloproteins activate inert molecules under mild conditions by exploiting the low‐coordinated metal centers formed in protein pockets. The creation of biomimetic metal centers using bulky ligands is an attractive strategy in bioinorganic chemistry. Herein, we report a highly bulky arenethiolato ligand containing acylamino groups that forms a neutral single‐ligand Co(II) complex. X‐ray analysis revealed that the amide NH group of the ligand was deprotonated to form an S,N‐chelate, and the cobalt center was stabilized by strong π coordination. The cobalt center exhibited a quasi‐square‐planar geometry inducing a low‐spin configuration in the solid state and in toluene, which was revealed by SQUID and ESR measurements. By contrast, Co(II)‐π coordination could be reversibly replaced by THF molecule, resulting in a high‐spin state. The novel structure was induced by the local coordination space, wherein the binding atoms were appropriately positioned, as in the hydrophobic pockets of proteins.
An Efficient Synthesis of Thioesters Starting from N‐Arylthiocarbamates and Indoles: A Newman‐Kwart‐Type Rearrangement
Authors: Hu Zhi‐Chao , Cui Jing‐Jing , Dong Zhi‐Bing
Published: October 2022

An efficient method for synthesizing thioester compounds under metal‐free conditions was reported. Thus, a series of indole‐substituted thioesters were easily obtained in the presence of PhICl2 (dichloroiodo‐benzene) starting from N‐arylthiocarbamates and indoles. This Newman‐Kwart‐type rearrangement reaction features metal free, base free, mild reaction conditions, good functional tolerance, and good yield, showing potential value for preparing some biologically and pharmaceutically active compounds.
Epistemic uncertainty in poorly detailed existing frames accounting for masonry infill variability and RC shear failure
Authors: Mucedero Gianrocco , Perrone Daniele , Monteiro Ricardo
Published: October 2022

Robust performance‐based earthquake assessment should consider the effects of both aleatory and epistemic uncertainty on seismic response parameters. While the effects of modelling uncertainty on specific engineering demand parameters and collapse fragility curves have been widely investigated to date on bare frame structural typologies, little attention has been paid to the impact of masonry infill properties variability on the uncertainty estimation in existing infilled RC frames. Previous studies available in the literature are mainly related to seismically designed RC buildings and the suggestions provided in international guidelines cannot be reasonably adopted for poorly detailed RC existing frames. As regards the uncertainty in existing RC frames, the role of masonry infills was often neglected or their interaction with the surrounding frames was not rigorously accounted for in the uncertainty estimation. With such limitations in mind, the aim of this study is to provide more realistic modelling uncertainty quantities to be adopted in seismic assessment of existing infilled RC frames, including, in a thorough manner, the impact of the variability of the masonry infill typologies and the occurrence of RC frame shear failure. Both the aleatory and epistemic uncertainties are estimated, in terms of the overall dispersion on specific engineering demand parameters and collapse fragility curves. Finally, the impact of such uncertainties on seismic risk estimates, quantified through expected annual losses, is also thoroughly investigated. The inclusion of additional random variables, not considered so far, in the uncertainty estimation framework, led to importantly higher modelling uncertainty quantities than those currently available from previous studies.
Allergic contact dermatitis from vitamins: A systematic review
Authors: Foti Caterina , Calogiuri Gianfranco , Nettis Eustachio , De Marco Aurora , Stingeni Luca , Hansel Katharina , Di Bona Danilo , Carlucci Palma , Romita Paolo , Barbaud Annick
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims

Vitamins are bioactive compounds naturally found in many different types of food and required by the human body for many biological functions and enzymatic activities. Due to their antioxidant properties, certain vitamin derivatives have been synthesized for inclusion in many cosmetics, thus leading to an increasing incidence of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) cases. Therefore, the present review may be helpful to provide an insight into the sensitizing role of at least certain vitamins and may also offer possible patch test alternatives for definitive diagnosis.

Methods

This study was conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta‐Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Literature search regarding ACD cases to vitamins was performed using the Medline, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases from January 1940 up to June 2021.

Results

A total of 4494 articles matched the keywords used for the researched. Records removed before screening included 15 duplicate articles and 3429 not eligible articles (e.g., not written in English, studies on animals, not relevant to the topic). A total of 1050 articles underwent the screening phase and 258 were therefore excluded as they were not primary studies. Subsequentially, 792 articles were considered eligible for the review and 688 of them were finally excluded as they did not report the outcome of interest. Therefore, 104 articles were definitely included in the present review.

Conclusion

ACD to vitamins is still probably an underestimated issue in cosmetology, as many vitamins are considered “natural” and therefore “safe” ingredients. On the contrary, according to current literature, almost all vitamins contained in topical products are able to induce allergic reactions, with the exception of vitamin B2 and vitamin B9. Patch tests are not standardized, thus leading to difficulties in diagnosis.
The medical education systems in China and Thailand: A comparative study
Authors: Mei Aihong , Gao Dingwei , Jiang Jinxia , Qiao Tingting , Wang Fang , Li Dan
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims

Both China and Thailand attach great importance to education and are committed to high educational standards on an international level. Our study is to compare the medical education reforms that have occurred in China and Thailand to further improve the medical education system in China.

Methods

Through a search of official documents and prior studies, as well as consultation with Thai students studying in China, we gathered data regarding the evolution of the medical education systems in China and Thailand. The aggregate materials are incorporated into the summary and analysis.

Results

Over 200 journals and literature were analyzed retrospectively. Thailand's medical education reforms encompass Western strategies without neglecting domestic cultural factors and priorities, and a standardized and medical education system has been established. Chinese medical education reform has yielded remarkable results, though further improvements remain necessary.

Conclusion

Reforms of Thailand's medical education system offer important experiences and lessons for China, that the development of medical education needs to absorb the merits of others and also needs to have its own national characteristics. The key to medical education reform in China lies in the establishment of a system that is dedicated to science, while also serving its primary purpose of training high‐level medical talent that can meet the needs of Chinese society.
Long‐term humoral immunity decline in hemodialysis patients following severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 vaccination: A cohort study
Authors: Goggins Eibhlin , Sharma Binu , Ma Jennie Z. , Gautam Jitendra , Bowman Brendan
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims

Dialysis patients are extremely vulnerable to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection with high rates of hospitalization and mortality rates. In January 2021, the University of Virginia Dialysis Program initiated a program‐wide vaccination campaign to administer the Pfizer BioNTech messenger RNA SARS‐CoV‐2 (BNT162b2) vaccine. The aim of this study was to characterize the long‐term time‐dependent decline in humoral immunity in hemodialysis patients.

Methods

A prospective cohort study measuring serial monthly semiquantitative IgG antibody levels to the SARS‐CoV‐2 spike protein receptor binding domain in fully vaccinated in‐center hemodialysis patients. Samples were collected monthly and tested for anti‐SARS‐CoV‐2 antibodies against the anti‐spike S1 domain for 2–6 months post full vaccination. Results were presented as internationally harmonized binding antibody units (BAU/ml). To analyze the change in antibody levels over time, a linear mixed model with random intercept and random slope was used for longitudinal antibody levels. A multivariable model was used to estimate the slope of antibody levels by adjusting for selected patient characteristics. Based on the estimated intercepts and slopes for each subject from the unadjusted model, 10‐month antibody levels were projected.

Results

The mean baseline antibody level was 647.59 BAU/ml and 87.88% (29/33) of patients were considered qualitatively positive. Two patients were negative at baseline and an additional two had borderline results. Patient antibody levels declined at an adjusted average rate of 31% per month. At 6 months postvaccination, 40% of patients remaining in the cohort possessed either negative or borderline IgG antibody levels. Projecting future antibody levels suggests that 65% of the cohort will progress to borderline or negative antibody levels at 10 months post full vaccination.

Conclusion

The long‐term vaccine response following vaccination with the BNT162b2 in hemodialysis patients was characterized. Our data add to the limited pool of data in this patient population and emphasize the critical need for vaccine boosters.
Evaluation of immune system in patients with transfusion‐dependent beta‐thalassemia in Rasoul‐e‐Akram Hospital in 2021: A descriptive cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ehsanipour Fahime , Faranoush Pooya , Foroughi‐Gilvaee Mohammad Reza , Sadighnia Negin , Fallahpour Morteza , Motamedi Mona , Zandi Afsoon , Safaei Zahra , Zandi Ashkan , Faranoush Mohammad
Published: October 2022

Background and aims

Thalassemia syndromes are the most common hemoglobinopathy globally related to blood transfusion and iron overload in the body. Splenectomy, excessive iron overload, and repeated exposure to antigens in blood transfusions can cause severe damage to the patient's immune system making the patient prone to frequent infection. This study evaluates the immune system status and infection rate in beta‐thalassemia major patients receiving iron chelators.

Methods

This descriptive cross‐sectional study was performed in Rasoul‐e‐Akram Hospital on patients with a beta‐thalassemia major who had iron overload due to frequent blood transfusions. The percentage of lymphocyte markers was determined by flow cytometry. Serum levels of immunoglobin were measured by nephelometric assay. Also, Nitro blue tetrazolium and dihydrorhodamine assays were used to evaluate the phagocytic function.

Results

Of the 106 patients participating in this study, 59 (55.7%) and 47 (44.3%) are male and female, respectively. The mean age ± SD of participants was 24.7 ± 12.1 years with 4 to 55 years. There was no significant correlation between sex, the C3 and C4 complements, the lymphocyte markers, and the immunoglobulin levels. Furthermore, all of these variables increased significantly over 30 (p < 0.05). Moreover, there was a strong positive correlation between splenectomy and IgG immunoglobulin (p < 0.001) and CD16 (p = 0.005) lymphocyte marker.

Conclusion

Iron chelator agents effectively improve patients' immune system with thalassemia major. The increase in IgG and IgM immunoglobulins levels is due to frequent blood transfusions, which stimulate the immune system.
Kidney stones among Iranian adults: Prevalence and socioeconomic inequality assessment in a cohort‐based cross‐sectional study
Authors: Zahirian Moghadam Telma , Pourfarzi Farhad , Mohseni Rad Hamed , Zandian Hamed
Published: October 2022

Background and Aims

Kidney stone disease is a crystal concretion formed usually within the kidneys. The worldwide prevalence of kidney stones could be affected by numerous differences in socioeconomic, and environmental factors. The purpose of this study is to investigate kidney stones among Iranian adults aged between 35 and 70 years and the prevalence and evaluation of socioeconomic inequalities.

Methods

In this, a cohort‐based cross‐sectional study was carried out among 20,427 participants of ArNCDs aged 35 and 70 years old. Kidney stone was defined as a dependent (and binary) variable while demographic and socioeconomic factors were considered independent variables. Multivariable logistic regression was used to identify the key socioeconomic factors affecting kidney stone prevalence in Ardabil.

Results

The overall prevalence of kidney stones was 17.6 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 16.1–19.2) out of which 21.53% and 14.36% pertained to men and women and 14.18% and 23.17% pertained to the poorest and richest groups, respectively. There was a significant difference in the prevalence of kidney stones between men and women in terms of age, marital status, education level, chronic disease, body mass index, and socioeconomic status (<0.001). The prevalence of kidney stones had a positive correlation with age (1.7, 95% [CI]: 1.42–2.04) and socioeconomic status (1.5, 95% [CI]: 1.34–1.69), where the odds of kidney stones increased significantly by increasing age and socioeconomic status. Moreover, the kidney stone concentration index showed a pro‐rich distribution wherein it was more common among wealthy people (higher socioeconomic status) 0.062 (95% [CI]: 0.051–0.072).

Conclusion

The results of this study showed that there is significant inequality in the prevalence of kidney stones, where it was more common among the richest people. In addition, being men and old age are significantly related to kidney stones, so policymakers and physicians should consider these factors.
Vapor bubble dynamics and heat transfer characteristics over the spherical surface during saturated pool boiling
Authors: Kushwaha Naveen , Sasmito Agus P. , Kumar Vimal
Published: October 2022

The present study deals with numerical investigations of the boiling phenomena over a spherical surface at different degrees of superheat (ΔT), varying from 10 to 500 K. Various phenomena like vapor sliding, bubble formation, pinch‐off, induced vorticity have been illustrated for a deep understanding of the boiling process over a spherical surface. The effect of the degree of superheat on the bubble pinch‐off time and volume is also investigated. Further, reported the spatial observation of vapor sliding and retention over the surface with time scale, overall and average characteristics. The fast Fourier transform of a spaced average void fraction of liquid and Nusselt number showed the dominance of film boiling with respect to the degree of superheat. As the degree of superheat increases, the vapor generation rate also increases, which produces a more vapor–liquid interface. Further, with an increase in the degree of superheat, the vapor generation progression shifted from linear to nonlinear patterns. A sphere with ΔT = 500 K generated 32.59 times more vapor than a sphere with ΔT = 10 K. It is found that the vapor generation is dependent on the degree of superheating and exposed time for heating. Thus, a correlation and artificial neural network model have been developed to predict vapor generation during boiling over the spherical surface as a function of time and degree of superheat.
Application of environmental magnetism to estimate source contribution by lithology to Kruger National Park reservoirs
Authors: Miller Jordan K. , Rowntree Kate. M. , Foster Ian D. L. , Reinwarth Bastian , Baade Jussi
Published: October 2022

Sediment source fingerprinting using environmental magnetism has successfully differentiated between sediment sources in several studies in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa. The method was applied in this study to the near‐natural landscape of southern Kruger National Park (Mpumalanga Province) to trace sediment and determine sediment yields by lithology in four reservoir catchments that were underlain by igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks. The Park area has no history of cultivation and is a conservation area, so catchment sources were dominated by underlying lithologies. One sediment core was collected in the assumed deepest area of the reservoir. Source discrimination and apportionment were estimated using a common statistical protocol that includes a Mann–Whitney U or Kruskal–Wallis H test, mass conservation test, discriminant function analysis, and an (un)mixing model. A contribution from each lithology‐defined source was estimated. Sediment yield by lithology was estimated by using published catchment area‐specific sediment yields in combination with the (un)mixing model. Underlying lithology determined vegetation type and density, and vegetation appeared to play a crucial role in protecting soils and reducing erosion. Proximity to reservoir, that is, travel distance for eroded sediment, and connectivity were also important factors controlling the relative contribution from each potential source. The contributing area for sediment was found to be dynamic through time and was probably dependent on runoff and temporal variations in vegetation cover.
Knockout of NRF2 triggers prostate cancer cells death through ROS modulation and sensitizes to cisplatin
Authors: Mancini Mariana C. S. , Morelli Ana P. , Severino Matheus B. , Pavan Isadora C. B. , Zambalde Érika P. , Góis Mariana M. , Silva Luiz G. S. da , Quintero‐Ruiz Nathalia , Romeiro Caio F. , dos Santos Daniel F. G. , Bezerra Rosângela M. N. , Simabuco Fernando M.
Published: October 2022

Prostate cancer (PCa) represents the second most common cancer in men and affects millions worldwide. Chemotherapy is a common treatment for PCa but the development of resistance is often a problem during therapy. NRF2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2‐related factor 2) is one of the major transcription factors regulating antioxidant enzymes and is also involved with drug efflux and detoxification. Cancer cells submitted to chemotherapy often promote NRF2 activation to benefit themselves with the cytoprotective response. Here, we found that DU145 and PC3 PCa cell lines have different responses regarding NRF2 activation, when subjected to arsenite‐induced stress, even in the presence of MG132, a proteasome inhibitor. We also observed that only in PC3 cells treated with arsenite, NRF2 was able to translocate to the nucleus. To better understand the role of NRF2 in promoting chemoresistance, we performed CRISPR knockout of NRF2 (NKO) in DU145 and PC3 cells. The effectiveness of the knockout was confirmed through the downregulation of NRF2 targets (p < 0.0001). PC3 NKO cells exhibited higher levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) compared to wild‐type cells (p < 0.0001), while this alteration was not observed in DU145 NKO cells. Despite no modulation in ROS content, a lower IC50 value (p < 0.05) for cisplatin was observed in DU145 NKO cells, suggesting that the knockout sensitized the cells to the treatment. Besides, the treatment of DU145 NKO with cisplatin led cells to apoptosis as observed by the increased levels of PARP1 cleavage (p < 0.05), possibly triggered by increased DNA damage. Reduced levels of KU70 and phospho‐CHK2 (p < 0.05) were also detected. The data presented here support that NRF2 is a mediator of oncogenesis and could be a potential target to sensitize PCa cells to chemotherapy, reinforcing the importance of knowing the specific genetic and biochemical characteristics of the cancer cells for a more effective approach against cancer.
Solvent effects in four‐component relativistic electronic structure theory based on the reference interaction‐site model
Authors: Kanemaru Kodai , Watanabe Yoshihiro , Yoshida Norio , Nakano Haruyuki
Published: October 2022

A combined method of the Dirac–Hartree–Fock (DHF) method and the reference interaction‐site model (RISM) theory is reported; this is the initial implementation of the coupling of the four‐component relativistic electronic structure theory and an integral equation theory of molecular liquids. In the method, the DHF and RISM equations are solved self‐consistently, and therefore the electronic structure of the solute, including relativistic effects, and the solvation structure are determined simultaneously. The formulation is constructed based on the variational principle with respect to the Helmholtz energy, and analytic free energy gradients are also derived using the variational property. The method is applied to the iodine ion (I−), methyl iodide (CH3I), and hydrogen chalcogenide (H2X, where X = O–Po) in aqueous solutions, and the electronic structures of the solutes, as well as the solvation free energies and their component analysis, solvent distributions, and solute–solvent interactions, are discussed.
Construction of surface air temperature over the Tibetan Plateau based on generative adversarial networks
Authors: Yang Ye , You Qinglong , Jin Zheng , Zuo Zhiyan , Zhang Yuqing
Published: October 2022

In situ measurements are the most important basis of obtaining precise meteorological datasets. However, it is difficult to accurately extrapolate the plausible meteorological field in certain regions based on in situ measurements alone, especially in areas with complex topography like the Tibetan Plateau (TP). Gridded products, remote sensing, and data assimilation technique overcome this problem but they have their own weaknesses, such as low resolution, huge computation, and time‐consuming. Here we applied the state‐of‐the‐art generative adversarial networks (GAN) in image inpainting to construct the surface temperature over the TP combined with high‐resolution China Meteorological Forcing Dataset (CMFD) air temperature product and in situ observations. In this study, the surface air temperature at 2 m dataset with grids of 0.1° over the TP from 1979 to 2020 based on GAN‐based model have been generated, which can capture the spatial patterns and trends of surface air temperature over the TP. Moreover, the GAN‐based daily temperature has higher correlation coefficients (0.99) and lower root‐mean‐square errors (1.06°C) than CMFD (0.98, 1.43°C) and reanalysis products when compared with in situ observations. Finally, the temperature fields over the TP from 2019 to 2020 is constructed, whereas CMFD is only available from 1979 to 2018. The results reflect the advantages of GAN on big‐data computation and fully utilizing effective information over the TP, and GAN‐based temperature dataset can be used to detect climate change over the region. This study demonstrated the potential and applicability of artificial intelligence for developing and extending practicable high‐resolution meteorological dataset over regions with sparse stations and rugged topography.
Effect of heat and pulsed electric field treatment on the physicochemical and nutritional properties of carrots
Authors: Wang Lu , Li Zonghao , Liu Dan , Fan Jianhua
Published: October 2022

BACKGROUND

Carrots are widely used in home cooking and vegetable processing industries because of their high nutritional value. However, different processing methods may produce a negative impact on carrot texture and nutrition quality. Therefore, the development of better processing methods to preserve the texture and nutrition quality of carrots will be beneficial to the carrot industry.

RESULTS

The effects of heat and pulsed electric field (PEF) treatments with different heat temperatures (T) and holding time (th) on comprehensive changes in thermal efficiency profiles, and physicochemical (color, hardness, cell structural damage) and nutritional (releasable β‐carotene contents) properties of carrots were studied. In addition, electrical conductivity (σ) and soluble matter contents (°Brix) were determined for the heat‐treated extracts. The value of total color difference (∆E) and cell structural damage index (Z) of carrots, σ and °Brix of extracts all increased with increasing T and th under different heat experimental conditions, whereas the value of cutting force (F) presented an opposite tendency and content of releasable β‐carotene decreased after th > 2 min at T = 100 °C.

CONCLUSION

The results show that PEF heating is beneficial in preventing changes in physicochemical and nutritional properties of carrots compared to traditional heat treatment. PEF has potential as a heating technology in the food industry. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Grape Seed Proanthocyanidins Modulate the Hepatic Molecular Clock via MicroRNAs
Authors: Manocchio Francesca , Soliz‐Rueda Jorge R. , Ribas‐Latre Aleix , Bravo Francisca Isabel , Arola‐Arnal Anna , Suarez Manuel , Muguerza Begoña
Published: October 2022

Scope

Circadian rhythm is an endogenous and self‐sustained timing system, responsible for the coordination of daily processes in 24‐h timescale. It is regulated by an endogenous molecular clock, which is sensitive to external cues as light and food. This study has previously shown that grape seed proanthocyanidins extract (GSPE) regulates the hepatic molecular clock. Moreover, GSPE is known to interact with some microRNAs (miRNAs). Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate if the activity of GSPE as modulator of hepatic clock genes can be mediated by miRNAs.

Methods and results

250 mg kg−1 of GSPE is administered to Wistar rats before a 6‐h jet lag and sacrificed at different time points. GSPE modulated both expression of Bmal1 and miR‐27b‐3p in the liver. Cosinor‐based analysis reveals that both Bmal1 and miR‐27b‐3p expression follow a circadian rhythm, a negative interaction between them, and the role of GSPE adjusting the hepatic peripheral clock via miRNA. Additionally, in vitro studies show that Bmal1 is sensitive to GSPE (25 mg L−1). However, this effect is independent of miR‐27b‐3p.

Conclusion

miRNA regulation of peripheral clocks via GSPE may be part of a complex mechanism that involves the crosstalk with the central system rather than a direct effect.
Wideband Class‐F power amplifier design based on harmonic control analysis and bandwidth expansion structure
Authors: Zhao Hongyi , Zhang Dan
Published: October 2022

This paper proposes a novel Class‐F broadband power amplifier design method. A Class‐F power amplifier for 1.3–2.5 GHz is fabricated by step‐matching, combining a harmonic control structure and a parasitic compensation circuit. A bandwidth expansion structure is established based on microstrip lines and capacitor. The proposed structure resolves the low efficiency caused by the coincidence of the fundamental frequency band and second harmonic frequency band, which allows the power amplifier to function properly from 1.1 to 2.5 GHz. A high‐efficiency broadband power amplifier is tested to find that the saturated output power with the proposed device is between 40.1 and 41.7 dBm, the gain is from 9.3 to 14.4 dB, and the drain efficiency is 60.8%–84.2% at 1.1–2.5 GHz frequency.
The reverse design of a tunable terahertz metasurface antenna based on a deep neural network
Authors: Dao Ri‐Na , Qi Li‐Mei , Hu Kai‐Xiang , Yang Jun‐Li , Liu Zi‐Yu , Wu Li‐Qin
Published: October 2022

The reverse design of a tunable terahertz metasurface antenna is proposed based on the deep neural network (DNN). To obtain the tunable properties of the terahertz antenna, the phase‐changed material vanadium dioxide (VO2) is introduced by controlling the voltage without changing the structures of the metasurface antenna. To improve the efficiency and accuracy of the terahertz antenna, the DNN is used to establish the relationship of amplitude and phase for the antenna unit. The prediction errors are below 10%. The radiation direction of the antenna can be changed from 0° to 52° by the VO2 with different states. The prediction error of angle is only 1° difference from the theoretical calculation. This reverse design method can be extended to other metasurface devices with improved efficiency and accuracy.
A four‐element 132–140 GHz PA array with 29.7 dBm EIRP in 0.13‐µm SiGe technology
Authors: Meng Fanyi , Li Jinxin , Liu Hao , Li Yihu
Published: October 2022

This paper presents a 132–140 GHz power amplifier (PA) array in 0.13‐µm SiGe BiCMOS technology. The four dielectric‐loaded end‐fire antennas are integrated with the PA array on chip. With the absence of the lossy power combining networks at the output, the presented PA array achieves a measured maximal effective isotropic radiated power of 29.7 dBm. The array size is only 6.14 × 2.49 mm2 and consumes 5.16 W from a single 4 V DC supply.
Slipping through the cracks: The critical role of school principals in addressing and responding to nonsuicidal self‐injury among adolescents
Authors: Perkins Natalie , De Riggi Melissa , Hasking Penelope , Heath Nancy
Published: October 2022

Objective

The responsibility of implementing nonsuicidal self‐injury (NSSI) policy falls largely on school principals, yet few have received training regarding adolescent NSSI. Understanding principals' perceptions and roles in responding to NSSI among their students is essential to determining how best to address and reduce NSSI within school settings.

Method

Principals and deputy principals (n = 63) completed self‐report questionnaires. Interviews were also conducted with 24 respondents.

Results

Most principals were involved in the response to student reports of NSSI; however, few had received any training on appropriate responses to NSSI. Barriers to responding effectively were a lack of training as well as resources in the community and school.

Conclusion

Schools may benefit from more extensive and direct training about appropriately addressing and responding to NSSI within the school setting and an NSSI‐specific policy with clearly outlined roles for principals and other school staff.
Rapid recovery of fat embolism syndrome with acute respiratory failure due to liposuction
Authors: Ding Yong Jie , Zhang Liu , Sun Xian Wen , Lin Ying Ni , Li Qing Yun
Published: October 2022

Liposuction is not a risk‐free procedure and potentially fatal complications may occur, especially liposuction‐induced fat embolism syndrome (FES). Here we report the case of a 29‐year‐old woman who developed FES suddenly during a liposuction operation in a cosmetic medical clinic. She was transferred to the hospital and achieved complete recovery within 11 days by comprehensive therapeutic strategies, including noninvasive ventilation (NIV), corticosteroids, albumin, diuretics and anticoagulation. Liposuction‐induced FES is a life‐threatening condition, which can be treated with complate recovery by comprehensive therapeutic strategies according to its pathophysiologic mechanism.
Mapping phosphorus sorption and availability in California vineyard soils using an ensemble of machine learning models
Authors: Wilson Stewart , Steenwerth Kerri , O'Geen Anthony
Published: October 2022

Spatial variability of soil P is tied to pedogenic state factors and management practices in cultivated soils. The distribution of P availability and sorption was predictively mapped in the Napa and Lodi American Viticulture Areas in California. We tested three machine learning algorithms, Random Forest (RF), Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGB), and Cubist, as well as two super learner ensembles of base models, model stacking and model averaging. Pedons (n = 141) were analyzed for Olsen P and phosphorus‐sorption index (PSI), aggregated by depth weighted average (0–30 cm and 30–100 cm) and intersected with rasters of environmental predictors to model Olsen P and PSI. Base models (RF, XGB, and Cubist) performed well for PSI prediction (R2 = .68–.73), but less well for Olsen P (R2 = .46–.56). For ensembles, model averaging was selected for PSI at 0–30 cm (R2 = .77) and model stacking was selected for PSI at 30–100 cm (R2 = .74). For Olsen P, model averaging was selected for 0–30 cm (R2 = .42), and model stacking for 30–100 cm (R2 = .52). Predictions (30‐m) highlight regional trends in P‐sorption capacity and Olsen P reflective of differences in pedogenic controls on P dynamics. Predictions were strong for PSI, and less robust for Olsen P. Fe/Al‐(hydr)oxides control P sorption in weathered soils, whereas management influences Olsen P. Because the spatial variability of Fe/Al‐(hydr)oxides is tied to pedogenic state factors, P‐sorption capacity lends itself to environmental correlation mapping owing to the pedological underpinnings of digital soil mapping.