bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Building Subjects
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: December 2020

Panpsychists do not, nowadays, claim that everything exhibits psychological features but, more modestly, that psychological features are among the most fundamental features there are. A version of panpsychism is to be seen at work in one of the principal schools of Buddhism, the Abhidhamma of Theravāda philosophers writing in Pāli, and especially in the writings of the fifth-century scholar Buddhaghosa. Pessoa was, surprisingly, well acquainted with Buddhaghosa’s philosophy, even if he didn’t know it under that description. There are hints of the sort of psychological constructivism that we find so elaborately worked out in panpsychist Abhidhamma in some of Pessoa’s remarks. Yet within his heteronymic philosophy of self a quite different approach to the topic of ‘building subjects’ is available. In the pages of this book I have described in some detail one Ego Machine, one system capable of generating a conscious self: Fernando Pessoa. Any system with the capacity to create and simulate heteronyms is an Ego Machine. Evidently enough, only a self-conscious being which already is an I can be ‘an other I’. The question, then, is not how to construct subjects ex nihilo out of impersonal sensations, but rather how, as a subject, to make oneself into another subject.
The Cosmos and I
Authors: Ganeri Jonardon
Published: December 2020

Could it be the case that all of us as individual human subjects stand to one another as Caeiro stands to Reis and Reis to Campos: just as they are the multiple heteronyms of one and the same subject, Fernando Pessoa, so too we are all heteronyms of one and the same subject, a single cosmic subject? There is a famous line in the Chāndogya Upaniṣad which might be interpreted as saying something of the sort—tat tvam asi: you are that, that single cosmic subject, brahman. For the eighth-century Vedāntic philosopher Śaṅkara, whose reading of the Upaniṣads would much later establish itself in the popular imagination, the similarity is further reinforced because he provides a context of phenomenological simulation similar to dreaming and imagining, namely, māyā, ‘cosmic illusion’. Let me call the view that individual human subjects are heteronyms of a single cosmic self ‘heteronymic cosmopsychism’. Heteronymic cosmopsychism is different from the comparatively more common variety of cosmopsychism according to which the grounding relation between the single cosmic self and the multiplicity of individual selves is mereological, not heteronymic. Heteronymic cosmopsychism agrees with priority monism in rejecting a monistic existence thesis, differing from it only as to the nature of the grounding relation, sidestepping the problems that bedevil priority cosmopsychism because its grounding relation is not one of decomposition.
Word in Hmong
Authors: White Nathan M.
Published: December 2020

Hmong (Hmong-Mien; Laos and diaspora) possesses categories of both phonological word and grammatical word. Phonological words exhibit a prosodic prominence in certain pragmatic situations combined with a lack of pauses within the word, and a minimal consonant-vowel-tone structure of a syllable serves as a minor third criterion. Grammatical words exhibit grammatical cohesion of two types—isolability, where words can appear alone in their domain, and the absence of separability, where components of a word cannot be separated—and serve as the domain for reduplication and lexical tone melody alternations. Given a category of grammatical wordhood, affixes and compounds can be recognized in Hmong, and coordinate compounds and four-syllable elaborate expressions can be distinguished as set expressions and templatic constructions, respectively. Hmong attests mismatches between phonological and grammatical word, which include the presence of clitics and cliticization in casual speech at a moderate rate of speed, and varying arrangements of grammatical words in four-syllable elaborate expressions.
International Standards for Derivatives Trading and Clearing
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: December 2020

This chapter discusses the elemental regimes on derivatives trading and clearing. These international standards remained rather ‘thin’ due to the absence of pace-setting jurisdictions and the foot-dragging of some jurisdictions; disagreements amongst regulators; and the push back from the financial industry. Furthermore, exchange and platform trading were not crucial to mitigate systemic risk. Clearing via central counterparties was crucial to mitigate systemic risk. However, other interlinked standards, notably, bank capital and margin requirements, were used to promote central clearing. Precise, stringent, and consistent international standards were not sponsored by the ‘great powers’, which adopted instead domestic regulatory reforms that had considerable extraterritoriality. Securities market regulators gathered in the IOSCO found it difficult to reconcile different views among more than one hundred member jurisdictions. Furthermore, these regulatory reforms—first and foremost centralized trading—were contested by parts of the financial industry because of their distributional implications.
International Margin Standards for Non-centrally Cleared Derivatives
Authors: Quaglia Lucia
Published: December 2020

The elemental regime on margins for derivatives not cleared through CCPs was added later on to the international regulatory agenda. The US was a pace-setter at the international level and a first-mover at the domestic level in promoting relatively precise, stringent and consistent margin requirements. The EU supported the US international standard-setting efforts, but adopted domestic regulation after international rules were set. There were no foot-draggers, even though several jurisdictions on the fringe were reluctant followers. Domestic regulators gathered in international standard-setting bodies facilitated the ironing out of differences amongst and within jurisdictions. Transgovernmental networks also fostered rule consistency, helping to manage the regime complexity resulting from several interlinked elemental regimes on derivatives. Margins were heavily contested by the financial industry, which mobilized to make them less precise and stringent. Private actors also urged regulators to consider this reform in conjunction with other post-crisis standards, notably, capital requirements.
The Most Powerful Protections
Authors: Van Harten Gus
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, it is elaborated how ISDS treaties give extraordinarily broad and powerful protections to foreign investors, but not to others, many of whom are far more vulnerable. The protections go well beyond those available for victims of torture, for example, who rely on relatively weak international safeguards to protect them from abuse by states and corporations alike. The treaties establish these protections without creating corresponding responsibilities for foreign investors. Often, they allow foreign investors to avoid courts and adjust their nationalities to access ISDS, while closing the ISDS process to all but the investor and the sued country’s government. For most people, the best hope for protection, even if a faint one, lies with the institutions of their own country, the very institutions that ISDS is used to intimidate and constrain.
Special Access to Public Funds
Authors: Van Harten Gus
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, it is explained how investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) treaties give protections to investors that would be impossibly expensive to provide to all. This more favourable treatment bolsters the position of investors within the state by allowing them alone to invoke billion-dollar risks to threaten governments. Further, the arbitrators who decide whether to award compensation to an investor have an apparent financial interest in doing so, since they depend on investors for future claims and business. This pro-claimant incentive extends to lawyers, experts, and arbitration houses that play important roles in ISDS. Judicial oversight is limited or non-existent; indeed, courts themselves can be condemned by ISDS arbitrators, and compensation ordered, without further judicial review. Under many treaties, compensation can even be ordered in secrecy, thus hiding the implications of the treaties’ inequality.
Intimidating Sovereigns
Authors: Van Harten Gus
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, the impact of investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) on countries is examined more closely. Examples are given of how governments have changed their decisions to favour investors under ISDS pressure. As knowledge of ISDS continues to grow, state institutions face more pressure to avoid offending those most able to finance claims. Predictably, governments have responded to ISDS by institutionalizing ‘regulatory chill’; that is, by reconfiguring the state apparatus to privilege the ultra-wealthy, creating immeasurable potential losses for those who do not own wealth abroad. It is now reasonable to expect that such chill happens in all countries exposed to ISDS claims by wealthy investors and having at least some institutional capacity to identify and manage the risks.
Fault Lines and the Future of ISDS
Authors: Van Harten Gus
Published: December 2020

In this chapter, it is argued that removing foreign investor protections is a feasible and important step to re-invigorate the institutions needed to confront pressing concerns of humanity. By limiting government capacity to employ the policy levers recommended by scientists to protect society from climate-related damage, for example, investor–state dispute settlement (ISDS) hampers state action to confront a global emergency. Reform efforts in Europe, North America, and developing or transition countries are surveyed, and the deleterious role of the ISDS industry is revisited. Countries are encouraged to terminate their ISDS treaties to bolster their position in relation to ISDS reform. If ISDS continues to expand, however, a foreseeable outcome is that it will ultimately play a role in the collapse of society.
The Question of Moral Philosophy
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie Søndergaard
Published: December 2020

This chapter provides the motivation for the book by arguing for a need to address the question of the role and status of moral philosophy in light of the criticisms directed against the theory-based understanding of moral philosophy of the twentieth century. The chapter also presents the three main aims of the book, to discuss what form of moral theory—if any—can be a fruitful part of moral philosophy; to investigate the moral importance of the particular; and to offer an alternative descriptive, pluralistic, and elucidatory conception of moral philosophy. In addition, it identifies the context of the discussion which is that of contemporary analytical moral philosophy, broadly conceived, and it determines the central categories of the book, moral philosophy, moral theory, and moral life; all chosen to avoid the ambiguity of ‘ethics’ which covers both moral philosophy and what is investigated in moral philosophy, the moral. Finally, the chapter clarifies the philosophical approach adopted in the book which is modelled on an understanding of the dialogical structure and the conception of philosophy found in Ludwig Wittgenstein’s later writings. The final section of the chapter offers a short summary of the remaining chapters and an overview of the overall argument of the book.
The Critique of Moral Theories
Authors: Christensen Anne-Marie Søndergaard
Published: December 2020

This chapter surveys criticisms raised against moral theory from positions such as virtue ethics, particularism, anti-theory, and Wittgensteinian moral philosophy in order to identify the most central and damaging objections. It locates the origin of theory critique in two classic papers by Iris Murdoch and Elizabeth Anscombe and proceeds to give an overview of the most influential points of criticism from the second half of the twentieth century. This overview is contrasted with an explication of the dominant understanding of moral theory presented in the work of Martha Nussbaum, which allows for an identification of the crucial objections to moral theory, here presented in the form they take in the work of Bernard Williams. The objections are that theories cannot provide a foundation for moral practice, and that they do not possess the authority necessary to serve as action-guiding in any substantial sense. The conclusion of the chapter is that proponents of the dominant understanding of moral theory cannot offer convincing answers to these objections, and that this points to a need to re-evaluate our understanding of both the role and the form of moral theories.
Polytheism and Christian Belief
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

Christian philosophers and theologians have long been concerned with the question of how to reconcile their belief in three fully divine Persons with their commitment to monotheism. The most popular strategy for doing this—the social trinitarian strategy—argues that, though the divine Persons are in no sense the same God, monotheism is secured by certain relations that obtain among them. It is argued that if the social trinitarian understanding of the doctrine of the Trinity is correct, then Christianity is not interestingly different from the polytheistic Amun-Re theology of Egypt’s New Kingdom period. Thus, social trinitarianism should be classified as a version of polytheism rather than monotheism.
Hylomorphism and the Incarnation
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

This chapter offers a metaphysical account of the incarnation that starts from substantive assumptions about the nature of natures and about the metaphysics of the Trinity and develops in light of these a story about the relations among the elements involved in the incarnation. Central to the view described are two features of Aristotle’s metaphysics: (i) a hylomorphic understanding of material objects, (ii) a doctrine of numerical sameness without identity, and (iii) the view that the nature of a thing can appropriately be identified with its form. These ideas, along with other important aspects of the metaphysical framework which are discussed, form the bulk of the chapter. They are followed by a brief sketch of the account of the Trinity that the author and Jeffrey Brower have presented in detail elsewhere. In the final section, the author’s account of the incarnation is presented.
The Ill-Made Knight and the Stain on the Soul
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

Eleonore Stump’s Atonement is a masterful and historic contribution to the project of Christian soteriology. Among its many virtues is the fact that it manages to be richly novel and innovative while at the same time hewing close and doing justice to what has been most widely and traditionally affirmed about the salvific work of Christ. One of the most interesting and important novelties in the book is her treatment of what she, following Aquinas, calls the problem of the stain on the soul. Chapter 3 presents this problem and Stump’s solution to it, explains why her solution falls short, and then suggests an alternative way of addressing it.
In Defence of Sceptical Theism
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

Some evidential arguments from evil rely on an inference of the following sort: ‘If, after thinking hard, we can’t think of any God-justifying reason for permitting some horrific evil then it is likely that there is no such reason.’ Sceptical theists, ourselves included, say that this inference is not a good one and that evidential arguments from evil that depend on it are, as a result, unsound. Michael Almeida and Graham Oppy have argued that Michael Bergmann’s way of developing the sceptical theist response to such arguments fails because it commits those who endorse it to a sort of scepticism that undermines ordinary moral practice. This chapter defends Bergmann’s sceptical theist response against this charge.
Sceptical Theism and the ‘Too-Much-Scepticism’ Objection
Authors: Rea Michael C.
Published: December 2020

The most prominent objection against sceptical theism is that the sceptical theses typically adduced in support of it have ramifications that range far more widely than sceptical theists hope or should tolerate: they lead to scepticism about various aspects of commonsense morality, about divine honesty and goodness, about the evidential value of religious experience, and much else besides. This chapter responds to various different defences of this objection presented by Stephen Maitzen, David O’Connor, and Ian Wilks.
The Changing Retail Cost Model
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan
Published: December 2020

This chapter examines the changing retail cost model. As established firms re-think existing business models, most will need to come to terms with a rather different operating cost model than the one they have been used to in a pre-internet era, when retailing was conducted entirely out of physical stores. Equally, new entrants may struggle to achieve sustainable performance without understanding the full implications of their evolving cost base. In an omni-channel world where shoppers are, as we have discussed, showing much more appetite to shop online and across multiple touchpoints, the implications for the cost model of traditional retailers are considerable. The extent to which any additional costs of omni-channel retailing become ‘baked in’ to the model is also up for discussion.
Reimagining the Retail Store
Authors: Treadgold Alan , Reynolds Jonathan
Published: December 2020

One of the most important questions that traditional retail enterprises need to address is what is the role of the physical store in a world where retailing no longer needs to be conducted through physical stores and where shoppers live in a ‘digital first, stores maybe’ world. Chapter 8 considers this theme by discussing different ways that retailers can look to reinvent their stores such that they remain relevant and desired. For many, the absolute number of stores may be reduced sharply and the configuration of remaining physical points of presence will change from a network of largely similar stores to a far more diverse set of points of presence.
Strike Ballots, Democracy, and Law
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice
Published: December 2020

The purpose of the research upon which this book is based was empirically to investigate whether the ballot requirements in the Fair Work Act do indeed impose a significant obstacle to the taking of industrial action, and whether those provisions are indeed impelled by a legitimate ‘democratic imperative’. The book starts from the proposition that virtually all national legal systems, and international law, recognise the right to strike as a fundamental human right. It acknowledges, however, that in no case is this recognition without qualification. Amongst the most common qualifications is a requirement that to be lawful strike action must first be approved by a ballot of workers concerned. Often, these requirements are said to be necessary to protect the democratic rights of the workers concerned: this is the so-called ‘democratic imperative’. In order to evaluate the true purpose and effect of ballot requirements the book draws upon the detailed empirical study of the operation of the Australian legislative provisions noted above; a comparative analysis of law and practice in a broad range of countries, with special reference to Canada, South Africa, the United Kingdom and the United States; and the jurisprudence of the supervisory bodies of the International Labour Organisation. It finds that in many instances ballot requirements – especially those relating to quorum – are more concerned with curtailing strike activity than with constructively responding to the democratic imperative. Frequently, they also proceed from a distorted perception of what ‘democracy’ could and should entail in an industrial context. Paradoxically, the study also finds that in some contexts ballot requirements can provide additional bargaining leverage for unions. Overall, however, the study confirms our hypothesis that the principal purpose of ballot requirements – especially in Australia and the United Kingdom – is to curtail strike activity rather than to vindicate the democratic imperative, other than on the basis of a highly attenuated reading of that term. We believe that the end-result constitutes an important study of the practical operation of a complex set of legal rules, and one which exposes the dichotomy between the ostensible and real objectives underpinning the adoption of those rules. It also furnishes a worked example of multi-methods empirical, comparative and doctrinal legal research in law, which we hope will inspire similar approaches to other areas of labour law.
Pre-Strike Ballot Regulation in Australia
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice
Published: December 2020

Chapter 4 provides a detailed description and explanation of the Australian pre-strike ballot provisions, and includes the history and development of the provisions, and a detailed description of their operation in practice. The chapter describes how a pre-strike ballot application is made, the process that the industrial tribunal, Fair Work Commission, must—and does—follow in considering the application, and the role that that affected employers can play in the process. In includes details of the number of applications made annually, the forms of strike action included in applications, and the outcomes of ballot applications (almost all ballot applications are approved). It then examines the ballot process—including the mode of ballot (secret), who conducts ballots (almost invariably the Australian Electoral Commission), the voting method, the rate of voter turnout, the time interval between the lodging of the pre-strike ballot application and the declaration of the ballot result, ballot results, the process of deciding whether or not strike action will actually be taken, and whether enterprise bargain negotiations resulted in an enterprise agreement being approved by the Fair Work Commission. The chapter concludes by arguing that the Australian pre-strike ballot provisions are overelaborate, and that they need to be examined in their totality in order properly to understand how they operate, and their impact on industrial relations processes.
The Impact of Ballot Requirements on Organizing and Taking Strike Action
Authors: Creighton Breen , Denvir Catrina , Johnstone Richard , McCrystal Shae , Orchiston Alice
Published: December 2020

Chapter 5 examines the impact of the pre-strike ballot requirements on the capacity of trade unions to organize and take strike action. It argues that even though the legislative requirements for a pre-strike ballot appear to be neutral, they are not always neutral in practice. The analysis in the chapter demonstrates that, in practice, the combined effect of the pre-strike ballot provisions under the Fair Work Act 2009 is to inhibit the capacity of unions to organize industrial action, and to impede their capacity to use industrial action in the most strategically effective manner. In particular, the chapter explains how the processes in which employers oppose, or threaten to oppose, applications to run pre-strike ballots can delay the application, or extract concessions from the union applicant. The quorum requirement that 50 per cent of eligible members vote, and that 50 per cent of those vote affirmatively impedes access to protected strike action, more so for postal votes than for attendance votes—and in practice the system provides positive incentives to use postal votes rather than attendance votes, and electronic balloting is rarely used. The system places significant administrative burdens on unions to comply with the rules and to ensure that they meet quorum, and a rule that industrial action must commence within thirty days of the declaration of the ballot result can trip up unions and result in their losing the capacity to engage in industrial action.
What Is Justified Group Belief?
Authors: Lackey Jennifer
Published: December 2020

This chapter, develops and defends a view of justified group belief—the Group Epistemic Agent Account: groups are understood as epistemic agents in their own right, ones that have evidential and normative constraints that arise only at the group level, such as a sensitivity to the relations among the evidence possessed by group members and the epistemic obligations that arise via membership in the group. These constraints bear significantly on whether groups have justified belief. At the same time, however, group justifiedness is still largely a matter of member justifiedness, where the latter is understood as involving both beliefs and their bases. The result is a view that neither inflates nor deflates group epistemology, but instead recognizes that a group’s justified beliefs are constrained by, but are not ultimately reducible to, members’ justified beliefs.
The Monk
Authors: Lewis Matthew
Published: December 2020

‘He was deaf to the murmurs of conscience, and resolved to satisfy his desires at any price.’ The Monk (1796) is a sensational story of temptation and depravity, a masterpiece of Gothic fiction and the first horror novel in English literature. The respected monk Ambrosio, the Abbot of a Capuchin monastery in Madrid, is overwhelmed with desire for a young girl; once having abandoned his monastic vows he begins a terrible descent into immorality and violence. His appalling fall from grace embraces blasphemy, black magic, torture, rape, and murder, and places his very soul in jeopardy. Lewis’s extraordinary tale drew on folklore, legendary ghost stories, and contemporary dread inspired by the terrors of the French Revolution. Its excesses shocked the reading public and it was condemned as obscene. The novel continues to beguile and shock readers today with its gruesome catalogue of iniquities, while at the same time giving a profound insight into the deep anxieties experienced by British citizens during one of the most turbulent periods in the nation’s history.
The Mill on the Floss
Authors: Eliot George , Atkinson Juliette
Published: December 2020

Was her life to be always like this? - always bringing some new source of inward strife?' When the miller Mr Tulliver becomes entangled in lawsuits, he sets off a chain of events that will profoundly affect the lives of his family and bring into conflict his passionate daughter Maggie with her inflexible but adored brother Tom. As she grows older, Maggie's discovery of romantic love draws her once more into a struggle to reconcile familial and moral claims with her own desires. Strong-willed, compassionate, and intensely loyal, Maggie seeks personal happiness and inner peace but risks rejection and ostracism in her close-knit community. Opening with one of the most powerful fictional evocations of childhood, The Mill on the Floss (1860) vividly portrays both the 'oppressive narrowness' and the appeal of provincial England, the comedy as well as the tragedy of obscure lives. George Eliot's most autobiographical novel was also her most controversial, and has been the subject of animated debate ever since. This edition combines the definitive Clarendon text with a lively new introduction and notes.
Teenage Writings
Authors: Austen Jane
Published: December 2020

‘Jane Austen practising’ Virginia Woolf Three notebooks of Jane Austen's teenage writings survive. The earliest pieces probably date from 1786 or 1787, around the time that Jane, aged 11 or 12, and her older sister and collaborator Cassandra left school. By this point Austen was already an indiscriminate and precocious reader, devouring pulp fiction and classic literature alike; what she read, she soon began to imitate and parody. Unlike many teenage writings then and now, these are not secret or agonized confessions entrusted to a private journal and for the writer's eyes alone. Rather, they are stories to be shared and admired by a named audience of family and friends. Devices and themes which appear subtly in Austen's later fiction run riot openly and exuberantly across the teenage page. Drunkenness, brawling, sexual misdemeanour, theft, and even murder prevail.
His Excellency Eugène Rougon
Authors: Zola Émile
Published: December 2020

‘He loved power for power's sake . . . He was without question the greatest of the Rougons.’ His Excellency Eugène Rougon (1876) is the sixth novel in Zola's twenty-volume Rougon-Macquart cycle. A political novel set in the corridors of power and in the upper échelons of French Second Empire society, including the Imperial court, it focuses on the fluctuating fortunes of the authoritarian Eugène Rougon, the 'vice-Emperor'. But it is more than just a chronicle. It plunges the reader into the essential dynamics of the political: the rivalries, the scheming, the jockeying for position, the ups and downs, the play of interests, the lobbying and gossip, the patronage and string-pulling, the bribery and blackmail, and, especially, the manipulation of language for political purposes. The novel's themes-especially its treatment of political discourse-have remarkable contemporary resonance. His Excellency Eugène Rougon is about politics everywhere.
2
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

Stepan
Arkadyich was a truthful person where his relationship to himself was concerned. He could not deceive himself and persuade himself that he repented of his actions. He could not now repent of something he had repented of some six years earlier, when he...
20
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

Anna spent the whole of that day at home, that is, at the Oblonskys, and did not receive anyone, since some of her acquaintances, having already managed to learn of her arrival, came to call that same day. Anna spent all morning with Dolly...
12
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

In the conversation that had been struck up about women’s rights were certain issues about the inequality of rights in marriage which were sensitive topics to discuss with ladies present. Pestsov tried to tackle these issues several times during dinner, but Sergey Ivanovich and...
18
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

After his conversation with Alexey Alexandrovich, Vronsky went out on to the porch of the Karenins’ house and stopped, finding it hard to remember where he was and where he needed to go. He felt ashamed, humiliated, guilty, and divested of any possibility of...
18
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

Levin could not look calmly at his brother, and could not himself be natural and calm in his presence. When he went in to the sick man, his eyes and his attention unconsciously clouded over, and he could neither see nor distinguish the details...
24
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

The reception was coming to an end. As people met each other on their way out, they chatted about the latest news, the honours that had been newly awarded, and transfers for senior officials.

‘Imagine the Countess Marya Borisovna as Minister of War and Princess...
27
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

After the lesson with the teacher came one with his father. Before his father arrived, Seryozha sat down at his desk, playing with a penknife, and started thinking. Amongst Seryozha’s favourite occupations was looking for his mother during his walks. He generally did not...
33
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

Vronsky for the first time experienced a feeling of vexation, almost anger, towards Anna for her deliberate refusal to understand her position. This feeling was aggravated by the fact that he had been unable to tell her the reason for his vexation. If he...
2
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

The women of the household had all gathered on the veranda. They generally liked to sit there after dinner, but that day there was also work to do. Besides the sewing of baby vests and the knitting of swaddling clothes, with which they were...
20
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

‘Well, here’s Dolly for you, Princess, you were so anxious to see her,’ said Anna, coming out with Darya Alexandrovna on to the large stone terrace where Princess Varvara was sitting in the shade with an embroidery frame, working on an antimacassar for...
11
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

‘What a wonderful, sweet, and pitiful woman!’ he was thinking as he and Stepan Arkadyich stepped out into the frosty air.

‘Well, what did I tell you?’ said Stepan Arkadyich, seeing that Levin had been completely won over.

‘Yes,’ Levin replied pensively, ‘an...
Middlemarch
Authors: Eliot George , Russell David
Published: December 2020

‘The growing good of the world is partly dependent on unhistoric acts.’ The greatest ‘state of the nation’ novel in English, Middlemarch addresses ordinary life at a moment of great social change, in the years leading to the Reform Act of 1832. Through her portrait of a Midlands town, George Eliot addresses gender relations and class, self-knowledge and self-delusion, community and individualism. Eliot follows the fortunes of the town's central characters as they find, lose, and rediscover ideals and vocations in the world. Through its psychologically rich portraits, the novel contains some of the great characters of literature, including the idealistic but naïve Dorothea Brooke, beautiful and egotistical Rosamund Vincy, the dry scholar Edward Casaubon, the wise and grounded Mary Garth, and the brilliant but proud Dr Lydgate. In its whole view of a society, the novel offers enduring insight into the pains and pleasures of life with others, and explores nearly every subject of concern to modern life:. art, religion, science, politics, self, society, and, above all, human relationships. This edition uses the definitive Clarendon text.
Frankenstein
Authors: Shelley Mary Wollstonecraft
Published: December 2020

By the dim and yellow light of the moon, as it forced its way through the window-shutters, I beheld the wretch-the miserable monster whom I had created. He held up the curtain of the bed; and his eyes, if eyes they may be called, were fixed on me. His jaws opened …’. Frankenstein is the most celebrated horror story ever written. It tells the dreadful tale of Victor Frankenstein, a visionary young student of natural philosophy, who discovers the secret of life. In the grip of his obsession he constructs a being from dead body parts, and animates this creature. The results, for Victor and for his family, are catastrophic. Written when Mary Shelley was just eighteen, Frankenstein was inspired by the ghost stories and vogue for Gothic literature that fascinated the Romantic writers of her time. She transformed these supernatural elements an epic parable that warned against the threats to humanity posed by accelerating technological progress. Published for the 200th anniversary, this edition, based on the original 1818 text, explains in detail the turbulent intellectual context in which Shelley was writing, and also investigates how her novel has since become a byword for controversial practices in science and medicine, from manipulating ecosystems to vivisection and genetic modification. As an iconic study of power, creativity, and, ultimately, what it is to be human, Frankenstein continues to shape our thinking in profound ways to this day.
The Count of Monte Cristo
Authors: Dumas Alexandre
Published: December 2020

‘People get out of prison, and when they get out, and their name is Edmond Dantès, they take their revenge!’ Falsely accused of treason, the young sailor Edmond Dantès is arrested on his wedding day and imprisoned in the island fortress of the Château d’If. Having endured years of incarceration, he stages a daring and dramatic escape and sets out to discover the fabulous treasure of Monte Cristo, and to catch up with his enemies. A novel of enormous tension and excitement, The Count of Monte Cristo is also a tale of obsession and revenge. Believing himself to be an ‘Angel of Providence’, Dantès pursues his vengeance to the bitter end, only then realizing that he himself is a victim of fate. One of the great thrillers of all time, The Count of Monte Cristo has been adapted for film and television many times. This newly revised, unabridged translation is as unputdownable now as it was when the novel first appeared, and William Thackeray, enthralled, ‘began to read Monte Cristo at six one morning and never stopped till eleven at night’.
3
Authors: Tolstoy Leo
Published: December 2020

On reaching Petersburg Pierre did not let anyone know of his arrival, he went nowhere and spent whole days in reading The Imitation of Christ by Thomas à Kempis,* whose book had been sent him by someone unknown. One thing...
The Complete Short Stories
Authors: Wilde Oscar
Published: December 2020

‘Wilde did not converse - he told tales.’ Oscar Wilde was already famous as a brilliant wit and raconteur when he first began to publish his short stories in the late 1880s. They have never lacked readers and admirers, George Orwell and W. B. Yeats among them. The stories give free rein to Wilde's originality, literary skill, and sophistication. They include poignant fairy-tales such as ‘The Happy Prince’ and ‘The Selfish Giant’, and the extravagant comedy and social observation of ‘Lord Arthur Savile's Crime’ and ‘The Canterville Ghost’. They also encompass the daring narrative experiments of ‘The Portrait of Mr. W. H.’, Wilde's fictional investigation into the identity of the dedicatee of Shakespeare's sonnets, and the ‘Poems in Prose’, based on the Gospel stories. This edition demonstrates the centrality of Wilde's shorter fiction in his literary career, and his continuing development and experimentation with the short story format. Combining myth, romance, and irony, Wilde's stories enthral and challenge the reader. ABOUT THE SERIES: For over 100 years Oxford World's Classics has made available the widest range of literature from around the globe. Each affordable volume reflects Oxford's commitment to scholarship, providing the most accurate text plus a wealth of other valuable features, including expert introductions by leading authorities, helpful notes to clarify the text, up-to-date bibliographies for further study, and much more.
Chapter 14 Counteracting Influences
Authors: Marx Karl
Published: December 2020

If we consider the enormous development of the productive forces of social labour in the last 30 years alone as compared with all preceding periods; if we consider, in particular, the enormous mass of fixed capital, aside from the actual machinery, which goes into...
South Sea Tales
Authors: Stevenson Robert Louis
Published: December 2020

The literary world was shocked when in 1889, at the height of his career, Robert Louis Stevenson announced his intention to settle permanently on the Pacific island of Samoa. His readers were equally shocked when he began to use the subject material offered by his new environment, not to promote a romance of empire, but to produce some of the most ironic and critical treatments of imperialism in nineteenth-century fiction. In these stories, as in his work generally, Stevenson shows himself to be a virtuoso of narrative styles: his Pacific fiction includes the domestic realism of ‘The Beach at Falesé, the folktale plots of ‘The Bottle Imp’ and ‘The Isle of Voices’, and the modernist blending of naturalism and symbolism in The Ebb-Tide. But beyond their generic diversity the stories are linked by their concern with representing the multiracial society of which their author had become a member. In this collection - the first to bring together all his shorter Pacific fiction in one volume - Stevenson emerges as a witness both to the cross- cultural encounters of nineteenth-century imperialism and to the creation of the global culture which characterizes the post-colonial world.
The Gorgon’S Head
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

It was a heavy mass of building, that château of Monsieur the Marquis, with a large stone court-yard before it, and two stone sweeps of staircase meeting in a stone terrace before the principal door. A stony business altogether, with heavy stone balustrades, and...
The Pickwick Papers
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

In 1836 the 23-year-old Dickens was invited by his publishers to write ‘a monthly something’ illustrated by sporting plates. Thus the Pickwick Club was born: its supposed ‘papers’ soom outgrew their origins and became a brilliantly comic novel, still among Dicken’s most popular works.
Chapter XVII: A Dismal Swamp
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

And now, in the blooming summer days, behold Mr. and Mrs. Boffin established in the eminently aristocratic family mansion, and behold all manner of crawling, creeping, fluttering, and buzzing creatures, attracted by the gold dust of the Golden Dustman!

Foremost among those leaving cards at...
Chapter VIII: In which an Innocent Elopement Occurs
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

The minion of fortune and the worm of the hour, or in less cutting language, Nicodemus Boffin, Esquire, the Golden Dustman, had become as much at home in his eminently aristocratic family mansion as he was likely ever to be. He could not but...
Chapter XIV: Strong of Purpose
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

The sexton-task of piling earth above John Harmon all night long was not conducive to sound sleep; but Rokesmith had some broken morning rest, and rose strengthened in his purpose. It was all over now. No ghost should trouble Mr. and Mrs. Boffin’s peace;...
Chapter XV shewing how very fond of oliver twist, the merry old jew and miss nancy were
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

In the obscure parlour of a low public-house, situate in the filthiest part of Little Saffron-Hill; a dark and gloomy den, where a flaring gas-light burnt all day in the winter-time: and where no ray of sun ever shone in the summer; there sat:...
Chapter XLII an old acquaintance of oliver’s, exhibiting decided marks of genius, becomes a public character in the metropolis
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

Upon the very same night when Nancy, having lulled Mr. Sikes to sleep, hurried on her self-imposed mission to Rose Maylie, there advanced towards London, by the Great North Road,* two persons, upon whom it is expedient that this history should bestow...
Chapter XLVIII Domestic
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

I Labored hard at my book, without allowing it to interfere with the punctual discharge of my newspaper duties; and it came out and was very successful. I was not stunned by the praise which sounded in my ears, notwithstanding that I was...
Bleak House
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

Bleak House, Dickens’s most daring experiment in the narration of a complex plot, challenges the reader to make connections —between the fashionable and the outcast, the beautiful and the ugly, the powerful and the victims. Nowhere in Dickens’s later novels is his attack on an uncaring society more imaginatively embodied, but nowhere either is the mixture of comedy and angry satire more deftly managed. Bleak House defies a single description. It is a mystery story, in which Esther Summerson discovers the truth about her birth and her unknown mother’s tragic life. It is a murder story, which comes to a climax in a thrilling chase, led by one of the earliest detectives in English fiction, Inspector Bucket. And it is a fable about redemption, in which a bleak house is transformed by the resilience of human love.
Chapter Seventeen Esther’s Narrative
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

Richard very often came to see us while we remained in London (though he soon failed in his letter-writing), and with his quick abilities, his good spirits, his good temper, his gaiety and freshness, was always delightful. But, though I liked him more and...
Chapter Twenty-Nine The Young Man
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

Chesney Wold is shut up, carpets are rolled into great scrolls in corners of comfortless rooms, bright damask does penance in brown holland,* carving and gilding puts on mortification, and the Dedlock ancestors retire from the light of day again. Around and...
Chapter Thirty-One Nurse and Patient
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

I had not been at home again many days, when one evening I went up-stairs into my own room to take a peep over Charley’s shoulder, and see how she was getting on with her copy-book. Writing was a trying business to Charley, who...
Chapter Fifty-Nine Esther’s Narrative
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

It was three o’clock in the morning when the houses outside London did at last begin to exclude the country, and to close us in with streets. We had made our way along roads in a far worse condition than when we had traversed...
Chapter Sixty-Four Esther’s Narrative
Authors: Dickens Charles
Published: December 2020

Soon after I had had that conversation with my guardian, he put a sealed paper in my hand one morning, and said, ‘This is for next month, my dear.’ I found in it two hundred pounds.

I now began very quietly to make such preparations...
The Jungle Books
Authors: Kipling Rudyard
Published: December 2020

The Jungle Books can be regarded as classic stories told by an adult to children. But they also constitute a complex literary work of art in which the whole of Kipling’s philosophy of life is expressed in miniature. They are best known for the ‘Mowgli’ stories; the tale of a baby abandoned and brought up by wolves, educated in the ways and secrets of the jungle by Kaa the python, Baloo the bear, and Bagheera the black panther. The stories, a mixture of fantasy, myth, and magic, are underpinned by Kipling's abiding preoccupation with the theme of self-discovery, and the nature of the ‘Law’.
The Man Who Would Be King
Authors: Kipling Rudyard
Published: December 2020

This collection brings together seventeen of Kipling's early stories, written between 1885 and 1888, when Kipling was working as a journalist in India. Wry comedies of British officialdom alternate with glimpses into the harsh lives of the common soldiers and the Indian poor, revealing Kipling's legendary powers of observation and, in ‘Baa Baa, Black Sheep’ his own miserable childhood. From Mrs Hauksbee's Simla drawing-room to Mulvaney's cot in barracks, to the wild hills of Kafiristan, Kipling re-creates the India he knew in stories by turns ironic and sentimental, compassionate and bitter, displaying the brilliance that has captivated readers for over a century.
Pamela
Authors: Richardson Samuel
Published: December 2020

‘Pamela under the Notion of being a Virtuous Modest Girl will be introduced into all Families, and when she gets there, what Scenes does she represent? Why a fine young Gentleman endeavouring to debauch a beautiful young Girl of Sixteen.’ (Pamela Censured, 1741) One of the most spectacular successes of the burgeoning literary marketplace of eighteeent-century London, Pamela also marked a defining moment in the emergence of the modern novel. In the words of one contemporary, it divided the world ‘into two different Parties, Pamelists and Antipamelists’, even eclipsing the sensational factional politics of the day. Preached up for its morality, and denounced as pornography in disguise, it vividly describes a young servant’s long resistance to the attempts of her predatory master to seduce her. Written in the voice of its low-born heroine, but by a printer who fifteen years earlier had narrowly escaped imprisonment for the seditious output of his press, Pamela is not only a work of pioneering psychological complexity, but also a compelling and provocative study of power and its abuse. Based on the original text of 1740, from which Richardson later retreated in a series of defensive revisions, this edition makes available the version of Pamela that aroused such widespread controversy on its first appearance.