bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Photo-Based Monitoring of Particulate Matter in the Campus: A New Strategy for Student Health
Authors: Zhang Yonghui , Gu Ke , Xia Zhifang , Qiao Junfei
Published: August 2020

It is imperative for the students’ future health to ensure the students in good physical levels. Recent years have witnessed the increasingly serious harm to student health caused by the continually growing concentration of Particulate Matters (PMs). Consequently, the task of preventing and controlling PM concentrations in the campus is eagerly required. A well-designed model for the monitoring of PM (as the basis for PM prevention and control) has posed a big challenge. Prior works have revealed that photo-based methods are available for the monitoring of PM. Towards validating the effectiveness of existing methods for PM monitoring in the campus, we construct a novel dataset that involves 1,500 photos collected in the Beijing University of Technology. Results confirm that stated-of-the-art methods are far from ideal for the monitoring of PM in the campus. To solve the aforesaid issue, this paper further proposes a novel photo-based PM monitoring model by using the weighted average method solved by LASSO regression to fuse the above methods’ outputs tested to infer the PM values. Results demonstrate the superiority of our proposed model as compared to state-of-the-art methods on the large-scale AQPDBJUT dataset.
Research on Classification and Quantitative Prediction Method of Demolition Waste
Authors: Zhao Qin , Xi Chenggang , Dong Bochang
Published: August 2020

Starting from the analysis of the characteristics of the components removed from the building, the article analyzes the status of research and management of the classification and production of demolition waste at domestic and foreign. With the goal of maximizing the utilization of construction waste resources and rationalizing consumption disposal, on the basis of analyzing the resource attributes and environmental attributes of the demolition waste, a method for classification of demolition waste based on precise disposal was proposed, and the main influencing factors of the amount of demolition waste were analyzed. Based on this, a quantitative prediction method based on precise disposal is proposed.
Carbon Emission of Municipal Solid Waste in Shanghai
Authors: Jiang Yinhua , Zhang Hui , He Jiajun , Zeng Yanqin
Published: August 2020

In recent years, the issue of global warming caused by carbon emissions has attracted the attention of scholars from all walks of life. The amount of carbon emissions caused by urban activities has also been increasing. Especially, the contribution of urban household waste to carbon emissions is very high. It is the second largest global greenhouse gas. Adults are sources of emissions. The research object of this article is Shanghai Municipal Solid Waste, which simplifies the life cycle of domestic waste into two parts: transportation part and treatment part. It uses the provincial GHG inventory production method recommended by IPCC (2006) for the life of Shanghai from 2005 to 2015. Rubbish carries out carbon emission accounting and observes the changing trend of carbon emissions year by year. The results show that the production of domestic garbage in Shanghai has basically stabilized, and the proportion of household garbage disposed by sanitary landfills accounts for the most. The main carbon emissions in the transportation process are automobile vehicle tail gas emissions. The main carbon emissions in the waste treatment process are carbon emissions from sanitary landfills. The carbon emissions from landfill disposal are at a minimum, and the generation of household waste when incinerated and generated can be reduced. For Shanghai, the optimization of transportation routes and the reduction of sanitary landfill disposal of the amount of domestic waste is the most important emission reduction measure.
Discussion on Management-and-Control Mode for Precise Disposal of Construction and Demolition Waste
Authors: Peng Qiyun , Xi Chenggang , Wang Ning , Ren Fumin
Published: August 2020

Faced with the severe challenges brought by construction and demolition waste (CDW), it is urgent to explore a more reasonable and effective management-and-control mode to dispose CDW. By analyzing the current situation of CDW disposal in China, it is found that the extant measures are mainly for the purpose of during- and post-event supervision, and the key factor to improve the status of CDW disposal is the government’s pre-planning for recycling purpose. In view of this, a government-led management-and-control mode for precise disposal of CDW is proposed. The mode is implemented by the government in advance to determine the target value of CDW recycling, and optimize the allocation of CDW generation-transport-disposal chain on the basis of meeting the requirements of resource compliance, with three characteristics (precise classification recycling and quantitative prediction, precise control of transportation quantity, and precise planning for resource allocation) and two operating modes (“target limit of mandatory recycling + optimal distribution” and “target limit of mandatory recycling + free decision”). To achieve this mode, a series of countermeasures are proposed from the aspects of formulating policies, planning aims, setting up institutions, and building a supporting system.
Study on Feasible Carbon Reduction Paths Based on CO2 Abatement Cost Curve
Authors: Zhou Yalin , Wang Xuecheng
Published: August 2020

Estimation of CO2 abatement costs is a critical issue in achieving the targets of carbon emission reduction of China while promoting the economic growth. This paper builds an objective programming model to estimate the China’s marginal CO2 abatement costs during 2020-2030. We designed six different mitigation strategies based on China’s 60-65 percent carbon intensity reduction target by 2030 and investigated the total economic-wide cost of these strategies. The results show that the non-equal increasing strategies will significantly increase the overall cumulative carbon dioxide emission reduction and reduce the overall cost compared to the non-equal decreasing strategies and equal amount strategies.
Revision on Sect. Pterococcus and Sect. Calligonum in Junggar Basin Sympatric Species
Authors: Zhang Yueting , Feng Ying , Li Wenjun , Cao Quimei , Wei Shi
Published: August 2020

Because they are related to and resembling Sect. Pterococcus and Sect. Calligonum in Junggar Basin sympatric species. There is considerable controversy concerning the attribution about species classification? According to the literature studies and the specimens’ analysis, carry out fieldwork, this paper reviewed the fruit morphology, distribution pattern and the present conditions of different species. The key to sections and species in the genus is achieved. C. cordatum is reported about distribution newly recorded. The distribution maps in Junggar Basin are provided based on GPS of the species. The study provides a valuable method for taxonomy of species of Calligonum L.
Study on the Evaluation of Ecological Livable City in Anhui Based on Intuitionistic Fuzzy Theory
Authors: Gong Fang , Chen Xiuming
Published: August 2020

With the rapid development of new urbanization, the construction of ecological livable city has become a hot spot of attention. Through the study and comparison of the ecological livability of the main cities in Anhui Province, it provides a reference for the construction of ecological livable cities. First of all, the evaluation index system is constructed from four aspects: economic development, infrastructure construction, ecological environment and social livelihood. Based on intuitionistic fuzzy theory, an evaluation model of ecological livable city is constructed, and intuitionistic fuzzy entropy is used to calculate index weight. Then by collecting the data of 16 cities in Anhui province from 2014 to 2017, it is proved that the ecological livability of the main cities of Anhui province is ranked. Finally, based on the evaluation results, we can see that the contribution rate of air quality excellence rate, the third industry proportion to the GDP is larger than that of the livable city evaluation, and give some suggestions for building an ecological livable city.
Simulation Analysis of NO2 Pollution Diffusion Law Based on Gauss Plume Model: A Case Study from Hebei Province
Authors: Gao Tielin , Xu Donghai , Mi Yanxiang , Lu Yue
Published: August 2020

Controlling the large-scale haze in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region has become a social issue of great attention to government departments and the public. This paper establishes the NO2 diffusion model based on the Gauss plume model, by selecting Shijiazhuang city of Hebei Province as a case which is influenced seriously by NO2 pollution, and analyses the diffusion law, diffusion range and concentration change of NO2. Firstly, the conditions and parameters of the Gauss plume model are introduced, and the related factors affecting the NO2 diffusion are analyzed. Secondly, the pollution sources are classified into point pollution sources (chimneys) and line pollution sources (automobile exhaust), and combines the yearly weather conditions of Shijiazhuang such as wind speed, wind direction, atmosphere stability etc. Then, simulating the diffusion area and concentration change using Stata 13.1 software platform, we found: (1) The formation of NO2 pollution in Hebei Province is affected by special topography and unfavorable meteorological conditions; (2) The atmospheric stability is basically higher in autumn and winter; (3) Industrial emissions are the main source of NO2 in Hebei Province; (4) The concentration of NO2 pollutants near the emission source is the highest, and the concentration gradually decreases with increasing distance. The conclusion of the study has certain practical significance for the design and implementation of government environmental regulation and effective control and reduction of environmental pollution. The conclusion of the study has certain practical significance for the design and implementation of government environmental regulation and effective control and reduction of environmental pollution.
Analysis of the Effect of Urban Geometric Form Factors on Heat Islands in Guangzhou
Authors: Zheng Langtao , Tang Jian , Chen Xiong
Published: August 2020

The geometric form factors of urban space include height width ratio (H/W), sky view factor (SVF) and street direction, which directly affect the incidence of solar radiation, and then affect the temperature change of the block. In this study, the representative hot island and cold island streets in Guangzhou are selected as the research objects. According to the intensity and range distribution map of Guangzhou heat island in summer of 2014-2017 issued by Guangzhou Meteorological Bureau, the intersection area with high intensity of 4-year continuous heat island is found out by two-dimensional image superposition. In the region, the typical measurement points and comparison points are selected in groups, the temperature of each measurement point is monitored, and the urban geometry data is collected for comparative analysis. The results show that under the condition of the same underlying surface factor and no significant difference in artificial heat factor, the urban geometry can alleviate the heat island effect, and the measuring points with smaller sky view factor and larger height width ratio (H/W) have lower temperature, and the temperature of each measuring point has higher correlation with the size of SVF. In addition, the direction defined by the long axis of the valley will also affect the solar radiation equivalent of the street pavement, and the reclamation open land is also easy to become a heat island area.
Study of Controlling Factors on Productivity of Keshen Gas Field: A Deep Tight Sandstone Reservoir in Kuqa Depression
Authors: Zhang Yongzhong , Feng Jianwei , Luo Ruilan , Liu Zhaolong
Published: August 2020

The Keshen gas field in the Kuqa depression of the Tarim Basin with characteristics of deep buried depth, tight matrix and developed fracture, has great differences in gas well productivity within different parts of the structure, which bring difficulties to the gas field development and deployment. Based on the study of the reservoir matrix property, fracture characteristics and individual well productivity of the Keshen ultra-deep gas reservoirs, combined with reservoir geostress research, the difference between high and low efficiency wells in Keshen2 block is analysed, and the main geological factors influencing productivity are revealed. It is found that the effectiveness of reservoir fracture is a necessary condition for high production of gas well. Further study shows that there is a negative correlation between the open flow of gas well and the effective normal stress of fracture. The larger the effective normal stress of fracture is, the more difficult it is to achieve high production with reservoir reconstruction. According to study of the productivity influencing factors of the fractured tight sandstone reservoirs, some suggestions on well deployment and well perforation are given in the paper, which are beneficial to increase production and efficiency of this kind of reservoirs.
Commercial Vehicle Intake System Flow Field Mechanism Analysis
Authors: Li Sheng , Hu Xingjun , Chen Cunfu
Published: August 2020

The numerical simulation and fluid dynamics simulation of the internal flow field and its influence mechanism of a commercial vehicle intake system were carried out aim at studying the flow field characteristics of the intake system. The internal and surface pressure, velocity, and turbulent kinetic energy distribution of intake systems under the rated operating conditions and three high torque conditions of the engine were analyzed. The simulation results showed that with the increase of the mass flow of the intake air, the pressure distribution on the surface of the intake system increased, and the pressure drop of the inlet and outlet increased rapidly. With the increase of the mass flow, the scale and number of vortexes in the intake system increased sharply. The distribution of turbulent kinetic energy is more related to the velocity field distribution. However the internal turbulent energy distribution of the intake system is concentrated under one condition. As the intake air mass flow rate drops from 1,500 kg/h to 764 kg/h, the pressure drop of the intake system drops from 2,858,566 Pa to 721,411 Pa; the average turbulent energy decreases from 5.41 m2/s2; to 0.896 m2/s2. In this paper, the research on the flow field of the engine intake system aims to provide research directions for the early stage of the structural design of the intake system of large agricultural vehicles.
Study on the Dangerous Chemicals Embargoed from Inland Waterway Transport
Authors: Xie Tiansheng , Han Chao
Published: August 2020

Safety management of chemicals transport by inland waterways is closely connected with the safety of people’s lives and property and the protection of public environmental. This work aims to study how the dangerous chemicals embargoed from inland waterway transport can be designated in China. Firstly, the safety risks and the factors that may cause safety hazards at Yangtze River are investigated. Then, the regulations for dangerous chemicals embargoed from inland waterway transport in different countries are compared. Finally, the rules for the designation of the dangerous chemicals embargoed from inland waterway transport are proposed. This work promotes the understanding of safety management of chemicals transport by inland waterways.
An Axial and Torsional Percussion Hammer with Considerable Potential to Increase the Drilling Speed of High-Temperature Geothermal Wells
Authors: Zhang Heng , Ni Hongjian , Liu Shubin , Huang Bin , Liang Hongjun
Published: August 2020

Geothermal energy is a kind of green and sustainable energy and an essential alternative energy in the future. Improving the drilling speed of geothermal wells is helpful for the efficient exploitation of geothermal resources. Axial & Torsional Percussion Hammer (ATPH) was proposed in this paper for drilling enhancement. ATPH can convert the kinetic energy of the drilling fluid to percussion load, and improve the rock-breaking efficiency of the bit. Because of its mechanical seal design, it can operate efficiently at temperatures over 200 °C, which proves that it can be used in geothermal wells. The large eddy simulation (LES) method is chosen to calculate the percussion load characteristics of the ATPH oscillator, including its main frequency and amplitude. In the field drilling experiments of two high-temperature wells, ATPH showed better ROP enhancement ability and longer working life than PDM. In the well interval drilled by ATPH, the maximum temperature at the well bottom reached 202.54 °C.
Hypertension and Erectile Dysfunction: Breaking Down the Challenges
Authors: de Oliveira Amanda Almeida , Nunes Kenia Pedrosa
Published: August 2020

A diagnostic of hypertension increases the risk of erectile dysfunction (ED); likewise, ED can be an early sign of hypertension. In both cases, there is evidence that endothelial dysfunction is a common link between the 2 conditions. During hypertension, the sustained and widespread release of procontractile factors (e.g., angiotensin II, endothelin 1, and aldosterone) impairs the balance between vasoconstrictors and vasodilators and, in turn, detrimentally impacts vascular and erectile structures. This prohypertensive state associates with an enhancement in the generation of reactive oxygen species, which is not compensated by internal antioxidant mechanisms. Recently, the innate immune system, mainly via Toll-like receptor 4, has also been shown to actively contribute to the pathophysiology of hypertension and ED not only by inducing oxidative stress but also by sustaining a low-grade inflammatory state. Furthermore, some drugs used to treat hypertension can cause ED and, consequently, reduce compliance with the prescribed pharmacotherapy. To break down these challenges, in this review, we focus on discussing the well-established as well as the emerging mechanisms linking hypertension and ED with an emphasis on the signaling network of the vasculature and corpora cavernosa, the vascular-like structure of the penis.
Ecological Synthesis and Its Role in Advancing Knowledge
Authors: Halpern Benjamin S , Berlow Eric , Williams Rich , Borer Elizabeth T , Davis Frank W , Dobson Andy , Enquist Brian J , Froehlich Halley E , Gerber Leah R , Lortie Christopher J , O'connor Mary I , Regan Helen , Vázquez Diego P , Willard Geoff
Published: August 2020

Synthesis has become ubiquitous in ecology. Despite its widespread application to a broad range of research topics, it remains unclear how synthesis has affected the discipline. Using a case study of publications (n = 2304) from the National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis compared with papers with similar keywords from the Web of Science (n = 320,000), we address several questions about the comparative impact of synthesis, the role of synthesis in driving key research themes, and whether synthesis is focused on different topics than is the broader ecological literature. We found much higher citation rates for synthesis papers overall (fivefold more) and within eleven key topic themes (e.g., species richness, biodiversity, climate change, global change). Synthesis papers often played key roles in driving, redirecting, or resolving core questions and exhibited much greater cross-theme connectivity. Together, these results indicate that synthesis in science has played a crucial role in accelerating and advancing ecological knowledge.
The unique molecular mechanism of diabetic nephropathy: a bioinformatics analysis of over 250 microarray datasets
Authors: Zhou Le-Ting , Zhang Zhi-Jian , Cao Jing-Yuan , Chen Hanzhi , Zhu Yu-Shan , Wu Xi , Nawabi Abdul Qadir , Liu Xiaobin , Shan Weiwei , Zhang Yue , Zhang Xi-Ran , Xue Jing , Hu Ling , Wang Si-Si , Wang Liang , Sun Zhu-Xing
Published: August 2020

Background/Aims

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is one of the main causes of end-stage kidney disease worldwide. Emerging studies have suggested that its pathogenesis is distinct from nondiabetic renal diseases in many aspects. However, it still lacks a comprehensive understanding of the unique molecular mechanism of DN.

Methods

A total of 255 Affymetrix U133 microarray datasets (Affymetrix, Santa Calra, CA, USA) of human glomerular and tubulointerstitial tissues were collected. The 22 215 Affymetrix identifiers shared by the Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 and U133A Array were extracted to facilitate dataset pooling. Next, a linear model was constructed and the empirical Bayes method was used to select the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) of each kidney disease. Based on these DEG sets, the unique DEGs of DN were identified and further analyzed using gene ontology and pathway enrichment analysis. Finally, the protein–protein interaction networks (PINs) were constructed and hub genes were selected to further refine the results.

Results

A total of 129 and 1251 unique DEGs were identified in the diabetic glomerulus (upregulated n = 83 and downregulated n = 203) and the diabetic tubulointerstitium (upregulated n = 399 and downregulated n = 874), respectively. Enrichment analysis revealed that the DEGs in the diabetic glomerulus were significantly associated with the extracellular matrix, cell growth, regulation of blood coagulation, cholesterol homeostasis, intrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway and renal filtration cell differentiation. In the diabetic tubulointerstitium, the significantly enriched biological processes and pathways included metabolism, the advanced glycation end products–receptor for advanced glycation end products signaling pathway in diabetic complications, the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) signaling pathway, the FoxO signaling pathway, autophagy and ferroptosis. By constructing PINs, several nodes, such as AGR2, CSNK2A1, EGFR and HSPD1, were identified as hub genes, which might play key roles in regulating the development of DN.

Conclusions

Our study not only reveals the unique molecular mechanism of DN but also provides a valuable resource for biomarker and therapeutic target discovery. Some of our findings are promising and should be explored in future work.
Efficient Group ID-Based Encryption With Equality Test Against Insider Attack
Authors: Ling Yunhao , Ma Sha , Huang Qiong , Li Ximing , Zhong Yijian , Ling Yunzhi
Published: August 2020

ID-based encryption with equality test (IBEET) allows a tester to compare ciphertexts encrypted under different public keys for checking whether they contain the same message. In this paper, we first introduce group mechanism into IBEET and propose a new primitive, namely group ID-based encryption with equality test (G-IBEET). With the group mechanism: (1) group administrator can authorize a tester to make comparison between ciphertexts of group users, but it cannot compare their ciphertexts with any ciphertext of any user who is not in the group. Such group granularity authorization can make IBEET that adapts to group scenario; (2) for the group granularity authorization, only one trapdoor, named group trapdoor, should be issued to the tester, which can greatly reduce the cost of computation, transmission and storage of trapdoors in traditional IBEET schemes; (3) G-IBEET can resist the insider attack launched by the authorized tester, which is an open problem in IBEET. We give definitions for G-IBEET and propose a concrete construction with an efficient test algorithm. We then give its security analysis in the random oracle model.
Physicochemical Characteristics and Superficial Damage Modulate Persimmon Infestation byDrosophila suzukii(Diptera: Drosophilidae) andZaprionus indianus
Authors: Trombin de Souza Michele , Trombin de Souza Mireli , Bernardi Daniel , Rakes Matheus , Vidal Hugo R , Zawadneak Maria A C
Published: August 2020

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) (Diptera: Drosophilidae) and Zaprionus indianus Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae) were recently observed co-infesting persimmons in Brazil. We evaluate the infestation susceptibility of persimmons at different ripening stages (unripe, UN; early ripe, ER; orange ripe, OR, and overripe, OV) by D. suzukii and Z. indianus in the field and laboratory conditions. Additionally, we determined the influence of physicochemical characteristics (e.g., resistance to penetration force, fruit skin color, acidity (pH), TSS concentration, total titratable acidity [TTA]) and the type of damage that facilitates infestation by D. suzukii or Z. indianus. In the field, the natural infestation capacity and biological development of D. suzukii and Z. indianus were verified in whole fruits at the ripening stages ER, OR, and OV. The natural infestation was directly related to the physicochemical characteristics of the fruits (resistance to penetration force, pH, and total soluble solids). In the no-choice bioassay, the oviposition rate of D. suzukii did not differ between the ripening stages of the fruit. However, in the choice bioassay, there was a higher preference for oviposition in OV fruits. Regarding Z. indianus, the highest preference for oviposition was observed in OR and OV fruits in both bioassays. The presence of mechanical damage did not increase the susceptibility of the fruits to D. suzukii. However, it favored the oviposition of Z. indianus in OR and OV fruits. The damage caused by D. suzukii or mechanical damage favored the infestation by Z. indianus. This is the first report of the capacity of D. suzukii to infest whole persimmons in Brazil.
Developing a scale of community capacity: testing community organizations in Taiwan
Authors: Lee Yih-jiunn
Published: August 2020

This study focused on the development of a scale to assess community capacity. The concept of community capacity has become a core concept in governmental community-based programs in recent years. Community capacity is also considered to be the foundation for promoting community health service programs. Although some scholars have engaged in the study of community capacity issues, the discussion pertaining to a community capacity scale remains nascent. Thus, in order to develop a community capacity scale, this research followed a methodology consisting of reviewing relevant literature, conducting expert focus groups and employing the Delphi technique. Finally, the six-dimensional modified draft scale, which consisted of 24 indicators in total was tested in 97 community organizations across seven Taiwanese counties in July and August 2016. The developed community capacity scale includes six dimensions, namely leadership and organization, administrative management, resource mobilization, residents’ participation, collaborative work and network and public relations and initiatives. Each dimension includes four indicators, and each indicator has clear descriptions to aid assessment and evaluation. The tested data was evaluated for its reliability, content validity, criterion validity and examined by factor analysis. The results show that the developed scale is highly reliable, valid and is suitable for professional community work. The scale could be used as a reference tool in developing community service plans and reviewing the effects of community programs. Undeniable, this scale still has limitations in Taiwan context, and the test with a limitation for its sample size and characteristics.
The other face of advanced paternal age: a scoping review of its terminological, social, public health, psychological, ethical and regulatory aspects
Authors: Couture Vincent , Delisle Stéphane , Mercier Alexis , Pennings Guido
Published: August 2020

BACKGROUND

There is a global tendency for parents to conceive children later in life. The maternal dimension of the postponement transition has been thoroughly studied, but interest in the paternal side is more recent. For the moment, most literature reviews on the topic have focused on the consequences of advanced paternal age (APA) on fertility, pregnancy and the health of the child.

OBJECTIVE AND RATIONALE

The present review seeks to move the focus away from the biological and medical dimensions of APA and synthesise the knowledge of the other face of APA.

SEARCH METHODS

We used the scoping review methodology. Searches of interdisciplinary articles databases were performed with keywords pertaining to APA and its dimensions outside of biology and medicine. We included scientific articles, original research, essays, commentaries and editorials in the sample. The final sample of 177 documents was analysed with qualitative thematic analysis.

OUTCOMES

We identified six themes highlighting the interdisciplinary nature of APA research. The ‘terminological aspects’ highlight the lack of consensus on the definition of APA and the strategies developed to offer alternatives. The ‘social aspects’ focus on the postponement transition towards reproducing later in life and its cultural dimensions. The ‘public health aspects’ refer to attempts to analyse APA as a problem with wider health and economic implications. The ‘psychological aspects’ focus on the consequences of APA and older fatherhood on psychological characteristics of the child. The ‘ethical aspects’ reflect on issues of APA emerging at the intersection of parental autonomy, children’s welfare and social responsibility. The ‘regulatory aspects’ group different suggestions to collectively approach the implications of APA. Our results show that the field of APA is still in the making and that evidence is lacking to fully address the issues of APA. The review suggests promising avenues of research such as introducing the voice of fathers of advanced age into the research agenda.

WIDER IMPLICATIONS

The results of this review will be useful for developing policies and preconception health interventions that consider and include prospective fathers of advanced age.
Logics of (In)sane and (Un)reliable Beliefs
Authors: Fan Jie
Published: August 2020

Inspired by an interesting quotation from the literature, we propose four modalities, called ‘sane belief’, ‘insane belief’, ‘reliable belief’ and ‘unreliable belief’, and introduce logics with each operator as the modal primitive. We show that the four modalities constitute a square of opposition, which indicates some interesting relationships among them. We compare the relative expressivity of these logics and other related logics, including a logic of false beliefs from the literature. The four main logics are all less expressive than the standard modal logic over various model classes, and the logics of sane and insane beliefs are, respectively, equally expressive as the logics of unreliable and reliable beliefs on any class of models. The logics of reliable and unreliable beliefs are then combined into a bimodal logic, which turns out to be equally expressive as the standard modal logic. Despite this, we cannot obtain a complete axiomatization of the minimal bimodal logic, by simply translating the axioms and rules of the minimal modal logic $\textbf{K}$ into the bimodal language. We then introduce a schematic modality which unifies reliable and unreliable beliefs and axiomatize it over the class of all frames and also the class of serial frames. This line of research is finally extended to unify sane and insane beliefs and some axiomatizations are given.
Optimizing Survival and the Changing Landscape of Targeted Therapy for Intermediate and Advanced Hepatocellular Carcinoma: A Systematic Review
Authors: Lim Howard , Ramjeesingh Ravi , Liu Dave , Tam Vincent C , Knox Jennifer J , Card Paul B , Meyers Brandon M
Published: August 2020

Background: Systemic therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) consisting of the tyrosine kinase inhibitor sorafenib has remained unchanged for over a decade, although results from phase III targeted therapy trials have recently emerged. This review considers available phase III evidence on the use and sequencing of targeted therapy for intermediate and advanced non-locoregional therapy (LRT) eligible HCC and discusses implications for clinical practice. Methods: Published and presented literature on phase III data reporting on targeted therapy for advanced HCC that was not eligible for loco-regional therapies was identified using the key search terms “hepatocellular cancer” AND “advanced” AND “targeted therapy” AND “phase III” OR respective aliases (PRISMA). Results: Ten phase III trials assessed targeted therapy first-line and eight following sorafenib. In the first-line, atezolizumab plus bevacizumab statistically significantly improved overall survival (OS) and patient-reported outcomes (PROs) compared with sorafenib, while lenvatinib demonstrated non-inferior OS. Following progression on sorafenib, statistically significant OS improvements over placebo were seen for cabozantinib and regorafenib in unselected patients and for ramucirumab in those with baseline α-fetoprotein≥400 ng/mL. Based on improved OS and PROs, atezolizumab plus bevacizumab appears to be a preferred first-line treatment option for intermediate or advanced non-LRT eligible HCC. Phase III data informing sequencing of later lines of treatment is lacking. Therefore, sequencing principles are proposed that can be used to guide treatment selection. Conclusions: Ongoing trials will continue to inform optimal therapy. Multiple targeted therapies have improved OS in intermediate or advanced non-LRT eligible HCC, although optimal sequencing is an area of ongoing investigation.
Small-scale switch in cover–perimeter relationships of patches indicates shift of dominant species during grassland degradation
Authors: Song Ming-Hua , Cornelissen Johannes H C , Li Yi-Kang , Xu Xing-Liang , Zhou Hua-Kun , Cui Xiao-Yong , Wang Yan-Fen , Xu Rong-Yan , Feng Qi
Published: August 2020

Aims

Grasslands are globally threatened by climate changes and unsustainable land-use, which often cause transitions among alternative stable states, and even catastrophic transition to desertification. Spatial vegetation patch configurations have been shown to signify such transitions at large spatial scale. Here, we demonstrate how small-scale patch configurations can also indicate state transitions.

Methods

The whole spatial series of degradation successions were chosen in alpine grasslands characterized as seven typical communities. Patch numbers, and perimeter and cover of each patch were recorded using adjacent quadrats along transects in each type of the communities. Species abundance within each patch was measured.

Important Findings

Across seven grazing-induced degradation stages in the world’s largest expanse of grassland, from dense ungrazed turf to bare black-soil crust, patch numbers and perimeters first increased as patch cover decreased. Numbers and perimeters then decreased rapidly beyond an intersection point at 68% of initial continuous vegetation cover. Around this point, the vegetation fluctuated back and forth between the sedge-dominated grassland breaking-up phase and the forb-dominated phase, suggesting impending shift of grassland state. This study thus demonstrates how ground-based small-scale vegetation surveys can provide a quantitative, easy-to-use signals for vegetation degradation, with promise for detecting the catastrophic transition to desertification.
The Adaptive Potential of the Middle Domain of Yeast Hsp90
Authors: Cote-Hammarlof Pamela A , Fragata Inês , Flynn Julia , Mavor David , Zeldovich Konstantin B , Bank Claudia , Bolon Daniel N A
Published: August 2020

The distribution of fitness effects (DFEs) of new mutations across different environments quantifies the potential for adaptation in a given environment and its cost in others. So far, results regarding the cost of adaptation across environments have been mixed, and most studies have sampled random mutations across different genes. Here, we quantify systematically how costs of adaptation vary along a large stretch of protein sequence by studying the distribution of fitness effects of the same ≈2,300 amino-acid changing mutations obtained from deep mutational scanning of 119 amino acids in the middle domain of the heat shock protein Hsp90 in five environments. This region is known to be important for client binding, stabilization of the Hsp90 dimer, stabilization of the N-terminal-Middle and Middle-C-terminal interdomains, and regulation of ATPase–chaperone activity. Interestingly, we find that fitness correlates well across diverse stressful environments, with the exception of one environment, diamide. Consistent with this result, we find little cost of adaptation; on average only one in seven beneficial mutations is deleterious in another environment. We identify a hotspot of beneficial mutations in a region of the protein that is located within an allosteric center. The identified protein regions that are enriched in beneficial, deleterious, and costly mutations coincide with residues that are involved in the stabilization of Hsp90 interdomains and stabilization of client-binding interfaces, or residues that are involved in ATPase–chaperone activity of Hsp90. Thus, our study yields information regarding the role and adaptive potential of a protein sequence that complements and extends known structural information.
Intervention Therapies to Reduce Pain-Related Fear in Fibromyalgia Syndrome: A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials
Authors: Martinez-Calderon Javier , Flores-Cortes Mar , Morales-Asencio Jose Miguel , Luque-Suarez Alejandro
Published: August 2020

Objective

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of different interventions at reducing pain-related fear in people with fibromyalgia and to analyze whether the included trials reported their interventions in full detail.

Design

Systematic review.

Setting

No restrictions.

Methods

The Cochrane Library, CINAHL, EMBASE, PsycINFO, PubMed, and Scopus were searched from their inception to April 2020, along with manual searches and a gray literature search. Randomized clinical trials were included if they assessed pain-related fear constructs as the primary or secondary outcome in adults with fibromyalgia. Two reviewers independently performed the study selection, data extraction, risk-of-bias assessment, Template for Intervention Description and Replication (TIDieR) checklist assessment, and grading the quality of evidence.

Results

Twelve randomized clinical trials satisfied the eligibility criteria, including 11 cohorts with a total sample of 1,441 participants. Exercise, multicomponent, and psychological interventions were more effective than controls were in reducing kinesiophobia. However, there were no differences in decreasing kinesiophobia when self-management and electrotherapy were used. There were also no differences between groups with regard to the rest of the interventions and pain-related constructs (fear-avoidance beliefs, fear of pain, and pain-related anxiety). However, a serious risk of bias and a very serious risk of imprecision were detected across the included trials. This caused the overall certainty of the judged evidence to be low and very low. Additionally, the included trials reported insufficient details to allow the full replication of their interventions.

Conclusions

This systematic review shows that there are promising interventions, such as exercise, multicomponent, and psychological therapies, that may decrease one specific type of fear in people with fibromyalgia, i.e., kinesiophobia. However, because of the low–very low certainty of the evidence found, a call for action is needed to improve the quality of randomized clinical trials, which will lead to more definitive information about the clinical efficacy of interventions in this field.
Causal relationship of serum nutritional factors with osteoarthritis: a Mendelian randomization study
Authors: Qu Zihao , Yang Fangkun , Hong Jianqiao , Wang Wei , Li Sihao , Jiang Guangyao , Yan Shigui
Published: August 2020

Objectives

OA is the most common form of arthritis worldwide and has a major impact on the quality of life among the older population. This study aimed at determining the potential causal effects of several serum nutritional factors on OA.

Methods

A total of seven serum nutritional factors were identified from genome-wide association studies. Summary statistics for OA were obtained from UK Biobank (194 153 for women and 166 988 for men) and a large genome-wide association studies meta-analysis based on the European population (455 221, 393 873 and 403 124 for overall, hip and knee OA, respectively). Two-sample Mendelian randomization approach was used to estimate the causal association between the selected nutritional factors and the risk of OA.

Results

The Mendelian randomization analyses suggested that serum calcium levels were inversely associated with overall OA (95% CI, 0.595, 0.850), hip OA (95% CI, 0.352, 0.799) and knee OA (95% CI, 0.461, 0.901). Serum retinol levels were also inversely associated with hip OA (95% CI, 0.257, 0.778). Moreover, sex-specific associations were observed between serum calcium levels (95% CI, 0.936, 0.998), iron levels (95% CI, 1.000, 1.012), selenium levels (95% CI, 0.923, 0.999) and OA in women.

Conclusion

In this study, an inverse causal association between serum calcium levels and OA was established. Serum retinol levels were inversely associated with hip OA. In addition, we provide evidence for the causal effect of serum calcium, iron and selenium on the risk of OA in women.
The Care of the Patients With Alcohol Intoxication in the Emergency Department of a Central Hospital
Authors: Hakala Tiina , Kylmä Jari , Paavilainen Eija , Koivunen Marita
Published: August 2020

Aim

The aim of the study was to describe nurses' skills, knowledge of care, and attitudes toward the care of patients with alcohol intoxication in the emergency department.

Method

The data were collected using theme interviews in 2016. The study participants were nurses working in the emergency department (n = 6) that has a sobering unit. The data were analyzed using inductive content analysis.

Results

On the basis of the interviewees' descriptions, five main categories were formed: the skills to discuss the use of alcohol on arrival, safety skills, teamwork skills, the skills to organize follow-up care, and nurses' attitudes and ethics in patients' care. Asking about the use of alcohol as well as the use of a screening tool varied. The interviewees emphasized the skills to anticipate the risk of violence as well as ensuring the safety of the working environment. Nurses' attitudes were seen as the ability to regulate negative emotions raised by the patient. Factors related to nurses' attitudes emerged in patients' behavioral disorders and commitment to treatment. Despite some negative feelings toward patients, nurses thought that it is important to ensure ethicality in patients' care.

Conclusions

The nurses' skills and knowledge of care and attitudes toward patients with alcohol intoxication varied. There is a need for additional training on issues relating to the treatment of patients with alcohol intoxication.
Analysis of Factors Related to Social Network Service Addiction Among Korean High School Students
Authors: Kim Mi-Ran , Oh Jae-Woo , Huh Bo-Yun
Published: August 2020

We employed a descriptive survey to determine the effects of excessive social network service (SNS) usage. Measures of SNS addiction, SNS fatigue, anxiety, and school life adjustment were employed with 209 high school students (85.2% female, 14.8% male). SNS addiction increased as students became more dissatisfied with school life, used SNS for a longer period, and had increased access to SNS as compared with their counterparts. SNS addiction was positively correlated with SNS fatigue (r = .24, p < .001) and anxiety (r = .20, p = .003). SNS fatigue and anxiety were positively correlated (r = .30, p < .001), and school adjustment and anxiety were negatively correlated (r = −.25, p < .001). SNS daily use (in both frequency and number of minutes) and anxiety were associated with SNS addiction (adjusted R
2 = 38.4%). It is necessary to develop intervention programs for vulnerable groups and promote early screening for SNS addiction.
Nursing Attitudes Toward Patients With Substance Use Disorders
Authors: Jackman Kevon-Mark , Scala Elizabeth , Nwogwugwu Charlotte , Huggins Delcora , Antoine Denis G.
Published: August 2020

Background

Negative healthcare provider attitudes toward patients with substance use disorder (SUD) may adversely impact the quality of care and treatment outcomes.

Purpose

In this article, we aim to characterize the effects of an 8-hour educational workshop on attitudes toward patients with SUD among nurses from an urban inpatient psychiatric hospital.

Methods

The Drug and Drug Problems Perceptions Questionnaire, a 22-item scale consisting of six subscales, was used to assess nurse attitudes to patients with SUD at pretest (n = 38), posttest (n = 36), and 30-day follow-up (n = 20). Generalized estimating equation models adjusted for gender and years of work experience were used to measure changes in Drug and Drug Problems Perceptions Questionnaire scores.

Results

Positive attitudes significantly increased at posttest (β = −12.09, 95%CI [−16.83, −7.34]; p < .001) and were sustained at 30-day follow-up (β = 1.71, 95% CI [−3.11, 6.53]; p = .49). Subscales of motivation (β = −0.26, 95% CI [−0.87, 0.35]; p = .41) and task-specific self-esteem (β = −0.56, 95% CI [−1.44, 0.32]; p = .21) did not significantly change at posttest.

Conclusions

Our findings show workshop effectiveness in improving nurse attitudes toward patients with SUD. Future research may test similar interventions at a larger scale and with other health professionals.
Spatiotemporal dynamics of dengue in Colombia in relation to the combined effects of local climate and ENSO
Authors: Muñoz Estefanía , Poveda Germán , Arbeláez M. Patricia , Vélez Iván D.
Published: August 2020

Dengue virus (DENV) is an endemic disease in the hot and humid low-lands of Colombia. We characterize diverse temporal and spatial patterns of monthly series of dengue incidence in diverse regions of Colombia during the period 2007-2017 at different spatial scales, and their association with indices of El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) at the tropical Pacific and local climatic variables. For estimation purposes, we use linear analysis tools including lagged cross-correlations (Pearson test), cross wavelet analysis (wavelet cross spectrum, and wavelet coherence), as well as a novel nonlinear causality method, PCMCI, that allows identifying common causal drivers and links among high dimensional simultaneous and time-lagged variables. Our results evidence the strong association of DENV cases in Colombia with ENSO indices and with local temperature and rainfall. El Niño (La Niña) phenomenon is related to an increase (decrease) of dengue cases nationally and in most regions and departments, with maximum correlations occurring at shorter time lags in the Pacific and Andes regions, closer to the Pacific Ocean. This association is mainly explained by the ENSO-driven increase in temperature and decrease in rainfall, especially in the Andes and Pacific regions. The influence of ENSO is not stationary (there is a reduction of DENV cases since 2005) and local climate variables vary in space and time, which prevents to extrapolate results from one site to another. The association between DENV and ENSO varies at national and regional scales when data are disaggregated by seasons, being stronger in DJF and weaker in SON. Specific regions (Pacific and Andes) control the overall relationship between dengue dynamics and ENSO at national scale, and the departments of Antioquia and Valle del Cauca determine those of the Andes and Pacific regions, respectively. Cross wavelet analysis indicates that the ENSO-DENV relation in Colombia exhibits a strong coherence in the 12 to 16-months frequency band, which implies the frequency locking between the annual cycle and the interannual (ENSO) timescales. Results of nonlinear causality metrics reveal the complex concomitant effects of ENSO and local climate variables, while offering new insights to develop early warning systems for DENV in Colombia.