bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Constitution de la famille et activité des mères
Authors: Wood Jonas , Neels Karel , De Wachter David , Kil Tine , Vilquin Éric
Published: July 2016

Malgré la hausse de l’activité des mères de famille entre les années 1970 et 2000 en Europe, la présence des femmes sur le marché du travail continue de dépendre beaucoup plus que celle des hommes du processus de constitution de la famille. La littérature sur les différences de taux d’activité des mères en fonction de leur niveau d’instruction repose en grande partie sur des comparaisons transversales. Cet article est l’un des premiers à décomposer ces écarts éducatifs en différences avant la première maternité d’une part, et effets de la fécondité sur l’emploi d’autre part. En exploitant des données longitudinales individuelles françaises, néerlandaises et hongroises (Generations and Gender Survey), cette étude analyse l’activité économique avec des modèles logits à effets combinés, en distinguant emploi à temps partiel et emploi à plein temps. On observe une nette augmentation des taux d’activité des mères de famille avec leur niveau d’instruction qui préexiste avant même la constitution de la famille. Les femmes avec un niveau d’instruction très élevé souhaitent souvent investir dans leur carrière avant de fonder une famille, et elles ont aussi accès, en général, à de meilleures opportunités d’emploi. Les interruptions d’activité après une naissance sont plus fréquentes parmi les femmes les plus instruites. Le travail à temps partiel des mères est moins fortement déterminé par leur activité avant la première naissance, et sa fréquence augmente avec le niveau d’instruction.
Instruments et politiques des mesures en Afrique
Authors: Cabane Lydie , Tantchou Josiane
Published: July 2016

Les instruments de mesure sont devenus des outils centraux dans le gouvernement de l’Afrique contemporaine. Suivant la focalisation sur la performance économique comme outil de réforme de l’aide au développement et des États, la mesure génère de nouvelles modalités d’intervention (expérimentation, quantification) et des reconfigurations politiques. Ces outils, instruments qui mobilisent des experts et savoirs spécifiques, mettent les États dans une position ambiguë, à la fois contraints par ces infrastructures techniques de l’action politique et disposant de marge de manœuvre pour s’affirmer sur leur population. Ils créent les conditions d’une infiltration, où les bailleurs internationaux, plutôt que d’imposer des conditions et mener des interventions externes, s’immiscent au sein des États africains au travers de techniques, mesures de standardisation, d’évaluation et une terminologie spécifique.
L’émergence d’un gouvernement humanitaire de la pauvreté nutritionnelle en Afrique de l’Ouest
Authors: Pinaud Samuel
Published: July 2016

Cet article décrit le rôle de la quantification dans l’émergence d’un gouvernement humanitaire de la pauvreté nutritionnelle par les produits laitiers en Afrique de l’Ouest entre les années 1930 et 1980. Il analyse dans un premier temps la structuration progressive, dans l’entre-deux-guerres, des savoirs nutritionnels et des velléités réformatrices qui y sont associées. Dans un deuxième temps, il se centre sur les modalités de distribution des produits laitiers dans les colonies françaises d’AOF. Il montre que la quantification des besoins alimentaires des populations indigènes fait l’objet d’une lutte entre le pouvoir colonial et les institutions internationales entre les années 1930 et 1950 freinant d’autant la construction d’une vision universelle du problème de la faim dans le monde. Dans un troisième temps, il s’intéresse au rôle de la quantification nutritionnelle dans la gestion des programmes d’aide alimentaire en produits laitiers mis en place par les organisations internationales et la CEE dans la période 1950-1980. Il analyse les raisons pour lesquelles son influence sur les modes d’administration des produits laitiers fut limitée aux populations touchées par une guerre ou une sécheresse, ce qui laisse finalement largement ouverte la question de la prise en charge de la malnutrition chronique.
Measurement instruments and policies in Africa
Authors: Cabane Lydie , Tantchou Josiane
Published: July 2016

Measurement instruments are increasingly important in the contemporary government of African. They are central to the rise of economic performance as a tool for reforming development aid and states. This has led to the emergence of new intervention methods (including experimentation and quantification) and generated political reconfigurations. These tools mobilise specific knowledge and experts, and put states in ambiguous positions. States must respect the technical infrastructure of international interventions, but they are also able to manœuvre into favourable positions, especially with respect to their populations. Instruments also make “infiltration” possible: international donors no longer impose conditions from the outside, but prefer to act from within African states through techniques, measurements, standards, evaluation tools and specific terminology.
(Re)christianiser les masses populaires
Authors: Wynands Marie-Pierre
Published: July 2016

À partir de l’analyse du fonds de la nonciature apostolique de Paris (Archives secrètes du Vatican), cet article interroge les fondements de la politique de rechristianisation de la société française impulsée sous le pontificat de Pie XI. Alors que la spécialisation de l’action catholique suggère une transformation du rapport de l’institution aux classes populaires, l’encadrement et la formation ne sont pourtant pas envisagés comme vecteurs d’émancipation sociale ou d’engagement politique dans l’entre-deux-guerres. D’un point de vue organisationnel en revanche, la mise en place d’une méthode d’apostolat « par le milieu » concurrence la structuration diocésaine et déstabilise du même coup l’ordre hiérarchique existant.
D’un droit défensif à un droit coopératif : la nécessaire réforme de notre justice pénale des affaires
Authors: Garapon Antoine , Mignon Colombet Astrid
Published: July 2016

L’année 2014 a été marquée par deux affaires dans lesquelles de grandes entreprises françaises ont eu à verser des sommes conséquentes au ministère américain de la Justice (DOJ) au titre d’amendes transactionnelles. Les deux grandes entreprises françaises ont peut-être payé pour leurs fautes mais aussi ‒ voire surtout ‒ pour leur mauvaise compréhension d’une nouvelle règle du jeu du « business mondial ». Ces deux affaires illustrent l’apparition d’un nouveau paradigme en droit des affaires, largement inspiré par la culture du droit américain, qu’il est urgent de saisir pour adapter notre droit. Cet enjeu est devenu crucial pour la protection de nos entreprises à l’heure du droit global. Il l’est d’autant plus que le nouveau modèle en construction est en perpétuelle mutation et qu’il est nécessaire de s’adapter rapidement. À cette fin, il convient de détailler les enseignements de ces affaires, non seulement en vue de transformer notre système de justice mais, plus profondément encore, notre culture, et de la mettre ainsi au diapason de notre temps.
Criminal compliance – Les risques d’un droit pénal du risque
Authors: Fasterling Bjorn
Published: July 2016

Le premier objectif de cette contribution est d’analyser la façon dont le droit pénal incite les entreprises à mettre en place des structures de gestion tendant à minimiser le risque de commission d’infractions pénales par leurs agents. Ce mode d’action du droit pénal repose sur l’hypothèse selon laquelle une réglementation adéquate permettrait d’aligner l’intérêt de l’État de prévenir les infractions pénales avec l’intérêt pour les entreprises d’optimiser leur risque juridique. Dans un deuxième temps de la démonstration, il sera nécessaire d’interroger ce postulat au regard de l’absence, d’une part, de preuve empirique relative à l’impact réel de la compliance sur la commission d’infractions pénales et, d’autre part, de méthodologie mesurant son efficacité sur ce point. La difficulté de prouver ou de mesurer l’efficacité de la compliance , conjuguée à la relative facilité avec laquelle son existence peut être démontrée, conduit les entreprises à afficher une compliance efficace sans renoncer à une gestion optimisée des risques juridiques. En conclusion, il apparaîtra que la criminal compliance s’avère, dans une certaine mesure, vaine, et que se fier à la compliance , en tant qu’instrument de prévention des crimes économiques, exige le développement de critères fiables de mesure de son efficacité.
Synthesis and Characterization of MoO2 Nanoplates Prepared by Thermal Evaporation of MoO3 and S Powders
Authors: Li Han Qing , Peng Zhi Jian , Qian Jing Wen , Shen Zhen Guang , Fu Xiu Li
Published: July 2016

MoO2 has been widely used in many fields such as catalyst, gas-senor, super capacitor and Li-ion battery electrode. In this paper, MoO2 nanoplates were synthesized in high density and large scale on silicon substrates via simple thermal evaporation of MoO3 and S powders at 950 °C in a tube furnace. The morphology, composition and structure of the nanoplates were characterized by scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy. The results indicate that the as-synthesized nanoplates are of well crystalline structure, and the thickness of these nanoplates is in the range of 100-300 nm. The growth mechanism of the nanoparticles was proposed as a vapor-solid process.
Effects of Viscosity and Pressure on Microstructure and Properties of Cf/SiC-ZrB2 Composites by PIP Process
Authors: Jiang Kai , Wang Yan Yan , Zhou Chang Ling , Li Han , Yang Fang Hong
Published: July 2016

In this paper, using PCS and ZrB2 precursor as raw materials, we prepared Cf/SiC-ZrB2 composites by precursor infiltration and pyrolysis (PIP) process. We studied the solution of different solid content on the influence of porosity and weight gain，and also studied the effect of pressure and other conditions in the process of infiltration. The viscosity of the solution is tested with NDJ-8S digital rotational viscometer. We observed the microstructure of materials through the scanning electron microscope (SEM). The optimum technological parameter was determined by the experiment. The results showed that: a reasonable solution group in relation to the viscosity of the mixed solution，that is the main factor affecting on the performance of the impregnation; The method of vacuum and pressure impregnation can reduce the preparation period and improve material density rapidly. Under the experimental conditions, the best viscosity of the mixed solution is 54.8 mpa•s, the time of vacuum impregnation is 1.5h, and the optimum value of pressure impregnation is 7 MPa.
The Effect of Thickness on the Fracture Strength and Failure Modes of Zirconia Crowns
Authors: Zhang Li Xian , Li Rui , Niu Yu , Liu Yu Xiao
Published: July 2016

To explore the effect of thickness on the fracture strength and failure modes of zirconia crowns, four crown models with different thickness (1.2 mm, 1.0 mm, 0.8 mm, 0.6 mm) with the same shape were designed by Dental Designer software in CAD/CAM system. They were manufactured to 40 zirconia crowns by CAM carving machine. The fracture strength and the failure modes of each crown was measured, while porcelain fused to metal (PFM) crowns as control. The average fracture strength of different zirconia crowns were recorded as below: 1308.38 ± 111.38 N (Group 0.6 mm), 1841.60 ± 68.21 N (Group 0.8 mm), 2429.88 ± 315.03 N (Group 1.0 mm), 3068.31 ± 233.88 N (Group 1.2 mm). There was no significant difference between Group 1.0 mm and Group 1.2 mm (P > 0.05), and statistical significance was obtained among every other two groups (P < 0.05). The failure modes of different thickness zirconium crowns are similar. There are more broken pieces from thicker crowns compared to thinner ones. It is concluded that the thickness can influence the fracture strength of zirconia crown. With the increase of the thickness, the fracture strength of the zirconium crowns also increases. We recommend zirconia crowns thicker than or at least 1.0 mm in dental practice.
Preparation of β-CD-HAP Composite Microspheres
Authors: Luo Liang Liang , Hu Liang , Xing Xiao Feng , Gao Wei Min , Guo Yu Ping
Published: July 2016

β-cyclodextin-hydroxyapatite (β-CD-HAP) composite microspheres were prepared in invert microemulsion method using spherical morphology hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nHAP) as raw materials, Span-Tween cosurfactant as mixed emulsifier and epichlorohydrin as cross linker agent. The structure, morphology and β-CD-HAP was characterized by Fourier transform Infrared spectroscope (FT-IR), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscope (SEM). Results showed that the β-CD-HAP microspheres were synthesized by adding epichlorohydrin, span-80, tween-80, and sodium hydroxide and the particle size of β-CD-HAP composite microsphere with good dispersion was several tens of nanometer.
Liquid Phase Deposited TiO2 Films on Stainless Steel Mesh for Corrosion Resistance Application
Authors: Zhang Ting , Xing Li , Xiang Jun Hui , Sai Hua Zheng , Li Zhen You , Fu Rui
Published: July 2016

Liquid phase deposition (LPD) method was used to prepare corrosion protective titanium dioxide (TiO2) film coatings on the stainless steel mesh which is composed of steel wires at a relatively low temperature (80°C). The as-prepared TiO2 coated samples were characterized using X-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy-dispersive X-ray spectra (EDX). It was observed that the TiO2 film coatings could conformally coat the stainless steel wires which play a significant role in the corrosion resistance. The corrosion resistance of the samples was evaluated using Tafel polarization curves in a three-electrode electrochemical examination system. The TiO2 deposited samples all showed a certain improvement of corrosion resistance. Compared with the sample prepared in the acid condition (PH=3.7), the low alkaline (PH=9.5) sample could provide better corrosion protection which could increase the corrosion potential (Ecorr) from-0.53 V to-0.17 V.
Syntheses and Characterizations of New Eu-Ce Codoped LaSrSiO3N Phosphors for LEDs
Authors: Huang De Cai , Zhou You Fu , Quan Chao , Xu Wen Tao
Published: July 2016

New luminescent oxynitridosilicates doped with Eu2+ and Ce3+ have been synthesized by solid state reaction method at 1450oC. The host has the general formula La1-ySr1-xSiO3N: (yCe3+, xEu2+), which presents greenish-yellow or orange photoluminescence under UV/blue excitation. Remarkable long wavelength emissions centered above 565 nm were observed for the Ce3+ activated oxynitridosilicates, with compositions LaSrSiO3N:0.02Ce3+, and LaSrSiO3N:(0.02Ce3+, 0.02Eu2+) for 598 nm due to a significant amount of energy transfer from Ce3+ ions to Eu2+ ions. By combining the title LaSrSiO3N:(Ce3+, Eu2+) phosphors with the 450 nm InGaN chip, a broad range of white light with correlated color temperatures of ~3500 K and color-rendering index of 92 can be generated, demonstrating their promising practical applicability to the warm-white light-emitting diodes.
Molecular Profile of Tumor-Specific CD8+ T Cell Hypofunction in a Transplantable Murine Cancer Model
Authors: Waugh Katherine A. , Leach Sonia M. , Moore Brandon L. , Bruno Tullia C. , Buhrman Jonathan D. , Slansky Jill E.
Published: July 2016

Mechanisms of self-tolerance often result in CD8+ tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) with a hypofunctional phenotype incapable of tumor clearance. Using a transplantable colon carcinoma model, we found that CD8+ T cells became tolerized in <24 h in an established tumor environment. To define the collective impact of pathways suppressing TIL function, we compared genome-wide mRNA expression of tumor-specific CD8+ T cells from the tumor and periphery. Notably, gene expression induced during TIL hypofunction more closely resembled self-tolerance than viral exhaustion. Differential gene expression was refined to identify a core set of genes that defined hypofunctional TIL; these data comprise the first molecular profile of tumor-specific TIL that are naturally responding and represent a polyclonal repertoire. The molecular profile of TIL was further dissected to determine the extent of overlap and distinction between pathways that collectively restrict T cell functions. As suggested by the molecular profile of TIL, protein expression of inhibitory receptor LAG-3 was differentially regulated throughout prolonged late-G1/early-S phase of the cell cycle. Our data may accelerate efficient identification of combination therapies to boost anti-tumor function of TIL specifically against tumor cells.
n-3 fatty acids and coronary artery disease
Authors: Griffo Raffaele , Silvestri Daniele , Camerini Alberto
Published: July 2016

n-3 Poliunsaturated Fatty Acids (PUFA) are essential; foods rich in n-3 are fat fish and some vegetal oil. PUFA are precursors of Eicosanoids, involved in the processes of inflammation, thrombosis and immunity. Firstly, observational studies measured reduction of cardiovascular disease (CVD) incidence with greater PUFA dietary intake. Experimental studies discovered antiahrrhytmic, antiatherogenic, antiaggregating and antiinflammatory properties. Retrospective analysis found lower incidence of sudden death (SD) in fish consumers. Randomized, prospective trials after myocardial infarction showed, in people either eating fish or receiving an n-3 PUFA supplement, a reduction of SD, explained by specific effect on membrane ion channels. The lack of results on atherothrombosis do not match with most experimental results, and should better be evaluated in absence of aspirin therapy. Low evidence supports use of n-3 PUFA in angina or revascularization procedures. Recent observations denote positive effect on endothelial function of large and resistance arteries. Actually evidence-based medicine suggest: improve of fish consumption for primary prevention of CVD; n-3 PUFA supplementation for hypertrigliceridemia and secondary prevention of SD after myocardial infarction, which is also cost-effectiveness.
Muscles and lungs: fatal attraction, but time for intervention
Authors: Winck J.C. , Gonçalves M.
Published: July 2016

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Population-based data as an important contribution to better investigate chronic respiratory diseases
Authors: Annesi-Maesano I.
Published: July 2016

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Prevalence and severity of airway obstruction in an Italian adult population
Authors: Riccioni G. , De Benedictis M. , Della Vecchia R. , Di Ilio C. , Guagnano M.T. , D’Orazio N.
Published: July 2016

Background. This study sets out to estimate the prevalence and the degree of severity of bronchial obstruction in an adult population with three different diagnostic criteria: the European Respiratory Society (ERS), the American Thoracic Society (ATS), and the World Health Organization (WHO) defined as Global Obstructive Lung Disease (GOLD). Methods. 1514 subjects underwent complete medical evaluation and spirometry. Results. The prevalence of bronchial obstruction was respectively 27.5% (ERS), 33% (GOLD), and 47.3% (ATS). The prevalence of bronchial obstruction in the smoker group was 33.4% (ERS), 38.1% (GOLD), and 52.3% (ATS). The prevalence of obstruction in the ex-smoker group was 33% (ERS), 41.4% (GOLD), and 57.1% (ATS). The prevalence of obstruction in the non-smoker group was 21.1% (ERS), 24.9% (GOLD), and 38.6% (ATS). Conclusions. The results show that the prevalence of airway obstruction increases proportionally with age; the cigarette smoking represents an important conditioning factor. These observations warrant the necessity of a more complete and multi-parametric analysis in the evaluation of patients with airway obstruction using methodologies that explore the functional state and the risk factors that cause the airway obstruction.
Differential Induction of Flavonoids in Groundnut in Response to Helicoverpa armigera and Aphis craccivora Infestation
Authors: War Abdul Rashid , Sharma Suraj Prasad , Sharma Hari Chand
Published: July 2016

Flavonoids are important plant secondary metabolites, which protect plants from various stresses, including herbivory. Plants differentially respond to insects with different modes of action. High performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) fingerprinting of phenols of groundnut ( Arachis hypogaea) plants with differential levels of resistance was carried out in response to Helicoverpa armigera (chewing insect) and Aphis craccivora (sucking pest) infestation. The genotypes used were ICGV 86699, ICGV 86031, ICG 2271 (NCAc 343), ICG 1697 (NCAc 17090), and JL 24. Most of the identified compounds were present in H. armigera- and A. craccivora-infested plants of ICGV 86699. Syringic acid was observed in all the genotypes across the treatments, except in the uninfested control plants of ICG 2271 and aphid-infested plants of ICG 1697. Caffeic acid and umbelliferone were observed only in the H. armigera-infested plants of ICGV 86699. Similarly, dihydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid were observed in H. armigera- and aphid-infested plants of ICG 2271 and JL 24, respectively. The peak areas were transformed into the amounts of compounds by using internal standard peak areas and were expressed in nanograms. Quantities of the identified compounds varied across genotypes and treatments. The common compounds observed were chlorogenic, syringic, quercetin, and ferulic acids. These results suggest that depending on the mode of feeding, flavonoids are induced differentially in groundnut plants.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young Daisy
Published: July 2016

Business and Economic Research (BER) would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from December 1, 2015, to June 1, 2016. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether BER publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Macrothink Publishing appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period.Ajmer SinghAngel Espiniella-MenéndezAngela WrightArun Kumar GiriBilal Khalaf SakarnehBratu (Simionescu) MihaelaDavide ScaltritoDr Alberto PossoDr. Mouhamadou T SowEddie John FisherEyup DoganFouad JamaaniGabriele Di FilippoGreatings Dorjana NanoIzz eddien Naif AnanzehLateef Ademola OlatunjiNana Osei-BonsuNoemí Hidalgo RebolloPiotr SiemiątkowskiPriyono IyonSahar BahmaniSaid JaouadiSandip SarkerSantosh Banadahally ManjegowdaUqbah IqbalYu HsingZoran Wittine
An Overview of Four Proposed Indicators of Active Learning to Improve English Teaching and Learning in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Alrashidi Oqab , P. Phan Huy , H. Ngu Bing
Published: July 2016

English is taught as a foreign language in schools and universities of Saudi Arabia. In recent years, officials and educationists have expressed their concerns pertaining to students’ low levels of English achievement. To improve English learning and achievement in Saudi Arabia, many research studies have shown that four major indicators of active learning, namely: (a) group work, (b) elaborated feedback, (c) situated learning, and (d) Information Communication Technology [ICT], impact on students’ leaning and successful achievement. This article provides an overview of these four indicators of active learning and their importance to English learning and teaching. In addition, the article sheds light on how these four indicators of active learning might be used by teachers and educators in their teaching practices and/or intervention programs.
Vlaams en Nederlands omgevingsrecht vergeleken: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?
Authors: Uylenburg R. (Rosa)
Published: July 2016

Vlaams en Nederlands omgevingsrecht vergeleken: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?

Dit redactioneel vormt de inleiding van het themanummer naar aanleiding van de bijeenkomst ‘Omgevingsrecht in de Lage Landen: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?’, die op 22 april 2016 in Den Bosch plaatsvond.
Het omgevingsplan in de nieuwe Omgevingswet
Authors: Koeman N.S.J. (Niels)
Published: July 2016

Het omgevingsplan in de nieuwe Omgevingswet

Dit artikel is een onderdeel van het themanummer naar aanleiding van de Vlaams-Nederlandse bijeenkomst over het omgevingsrecht met de titel: ‘Omgevingsrecht in de Lage Landen: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?’

De auteur gaat in op het Nederlandse omgevingsplan zoals dit in de Omgevingswet is opgenomen.
Omgevingsplanning in Vlaanderen
Authors: van Straaten Dick
Published: July 2016

Omgevingsplanning in Vlaanderen

Dit artikel is een onderdeel van het themanummer naar aanleiding van de Vlaams-Nederlandse bijeenkomst over het omgevingsrecht met de titel: ‘Omgevingsrecht in de Lage Landen: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?’

De auteur gaat in dit artikel in op de ontwikkeling van de ruimtelijke besluitvorming in Vlaanderen.
Exit inrichtingenbegrip, welkom activiteit!
Authors: van ’t Lam V.M.Y. (Valérie)
Published: July 2016

Exit inrichtingenbegrip, welkom activiteit!

Dit artikel is een onderdeel van het themanummer naar aanleiding van de Vlaams-Nederlandse bijeenkomst over het omgevingsrecht met de titel: ‘Omgevingsrecht in de Lage Landen: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?’

In deze bijdrage gaat de auteur in op de overgang van het begrip ‘inrichting’, zoals opgenomen in de Wet milieubeheer, naar het begrip ‘milieubelastende activiteit’, zoals opgenomen in de Omgevingswet.
Het inrichtingenbegrip in Vlaanderen
Authors: Betz Steven
Published: July 2016

Het inrichtingenbegrip in Vlaanderen

Dit artikel is een onderdeel van het themanummer naar aanleiding van de Vlaams-Nederlandse bijeenkomst over het omgevingsrecht met de titel: ‘Omgevingsrecht in de Lage Landen: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?’

In dit artikel gaat de auteur in op het systeem van milieuvergunningen in Vlaanderen.
Eén b(r)oek voor twee billen?
Authors: Woldendorp H.E. (Hans)
Published: July 2016

Eén b(r)oek voor twee billen?

Deze boekenbespreking is een onderdeel van het themanummer naar aanleiding van de Vlaams-Nederlandse bijeenkomst over het omgevingsrecht met de titel: ‘Omgevingsrecht in de Lage Landen: Toren van Babel of Tuin der Lusten?’
Autonomní a heteronomní hodnocení jako jedna z determinant účinnosti učitelských praxí
Authors: Kratochvílová Jana , Horká Hana
Published: July 2016

Cílem předkládané studie je poukázat na možnosti utváření profesního sebepojetí studentů v afektivní složce, jež se projevuje v sebehodnocení. Koncept profesního Já v dimenzi hodnoticí (self-esteem) se stal inspirací pro aplikaci autonomního a heteronomního hodnocení v reflektivním modelu profesní přípravy učitelů. V první části se autorky vyjadřují k pojetí rozvoje profesních kompetencí a profesního sebepojetí v kontextu reflektivního modelu učitelské přípravy. Druhá část je věnována charakteristice praktické přípravy studentů učitelství prvního stupně ZŠ na PdF MU na souvislé pedagogické praxi. Následuje pojednání o výzkumném šetření, jehož cílem bylo zjistit, jak se vyvíjí profesní sebepojetí studentů v průběhu dvou etap souvislé pedagogické praxe z pohledu studentů a cvičných učitelů. Výzkumný soubor tvořilo 71 studentů 4. ročníku studijního oboru učitelství prvního stupně ZŠ prezenční formy studia. Ke zjišťování sebepojetí byl použit hodnoticí arch vlastní konstrukce, který vyplňovali cviční učitelé a studenti. Výsledky výzkumu potvrzují potřebu vést studenty i jejich vzdělavatele k pochopení hodnoty reflexe i procesu její facilitace. V závěru studie jsou uvedena doporučení pro zkvalitnění způsobu práce s (auto)evaluačním nástrojem všemi zainteresovanými účastníky.
Impact of Feeding Strategies on the Scalable Expansion of Human Pluripotent Stem Cells in Single-Use Stirred Tank Bioreactors
Authors: Kropp Christina , Kempf Henning , Halloin Caroline , Robles-Diaz Diana , Franke Annika , Scheper Thomas , Kinast Katharina , Knorpp Thomas , Joos Thomas O. , Haverich Axel , Martin Ulrich , Zweigerdt Robert , Olmer Ruth
Published: July 2016

The routine application of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) and their derivatives in biomedicine and drug discovery will require the constant supply of high-quality cells by defined processes. Culturing hPSCs as cell-only aggregates in (three-dimensional [3D]) suspension has the potential to overcome numerous limitations of conventional surface-adherent (two-dimensional [2D]) cultivation. Utilizing single-use instrumented stirred-tank bioreactors, we showed that perfusion resulted in a more homogeneous culture environment and enabled superior cell densities of 2.85 × 106 cells per milliliter and 47% higher cell yields compared with conventional repeated batch cultures. Flow cytometry, quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, and global gene expression analysis revealed a high similarity across 3D suspension and 2D precultures, underscoring that matrix-free hPSC culture efficiently supports maintenance of pluripotency. Interestingly, physiological data and gene expression assessment indicated distinct changes of the cells' energy metabolism, suggesting a culture-induced switch from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation in the absence of hPSC differentiation. Our data highlight the plasticity of hPSCs' energy metabolism and provide clear physiological and molecular targets for process monitoring and further development. This study paves the way toward more efficient GMP-compliant cell production and underscores the enormous process development potential of hPSCs in suspension culture.

Significance

Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) are a unique source for the, in principle, unlimited production of functional human cell types in vitro, which are of high value for therapeutic and industrial applications. This study applied single-use, clinically compliant bioreactor technology to develop advanced, matrix-free, and more efficient culture conditions for the mass production of hPSCs in scalable suspension culture. Using extensive analytical tools to compare established conditions with this novel culture strategy, unexpected physiological features of hPSCs were discovered. These data allow a more rational process development, providing significant progress in the field of translational stem cell research and medicine.
A Novel Protocol for Directed Differentiation of C9orf72-Associated Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Into Contractile Skeletal Myotubes
Authors: Swartz Elliot W. , Baek Jaeyun , Pribadi Mochtar , Wojta Kevin J. , Almeida Sandra , Karydas Anna , Gao Fen-Biao , Miller Bruce L. , Coppola Giovanni
Published: July 2016

Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offer an unlimited resource of cells to be used for the study of underlying molecular biology of disease, therapeutic drug screening, and transplant-based regenerative medicine. However, methods for the directed differentiation of skeletal muscle for these purposes remain scarce and incomplete. Here, we present a novel, small molecule-based protocol for the generation of multinucleated skeletal myotubes using eight independent iPSC lines. Through combinatorial inhibition of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) with addition of bone morphogenic protein 4 (BMP4) and fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2), we report up to 64% conversion of iPSCs into the myogenic program by day 36 as indicated by MYOG+ cell populations. These cells began to exhibit spontaneous contractions as early as 34 days in vitro in the presence of a serum-free medium formulation. We used this protocol to obtain iPSC-derived muscle cells from frontotemporal dementia (FTD) patients harboring C9orf72 hexanucleotide repeat expansions (rGGGGCC), sporadic FTD, and unaffected controls. iPSCs derived from rGGGGCC carriers contained RNA foci but did not vary in differentiation efficiency when compared to unaffected controls nor display mislocalized TDP-43 after as many as 120 days in vitro. This study presents a rapid, efficient, and transgene-free method for generating multinucleated skeletal myotubes from iPSCs and a resource for further modeling the role of skeletal muscle in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and other motor neuron diseases.

Significance

Protocols to produce skeletal myotubes for disease modeling or therapy are scarce and incomplete. The present study efficiently generates functional skeletal myotubes from human induced pluripotent stem cells using a small molecule-based approach. Using this strategy, terminal myogenic induction of up to 64% in 36 days and spontaneously contractile myotubes within 34 days were achieved. Myotubes derived from patients carrying the C9orf72 repeat expansion show no change in differentiation efficiency and normal TDP-43 localization after as many as 120 days in vitro when compared to unaffected controls. This study provides an efficient, novel protocol for the generation of skeletal myotubes from human induced pluripotent stem cells that may serve as a valuable tool in drug discovery and modeling of musculoskeletal and neuromuscular diseases.
Impact of a youth‐friendly HIV clinic: 10 years of adolescent outcomes in Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti
Authors: Reif Lindsey K , Bertrand Rachel , Benedict Charles , Lamb Matthew R , Rouzier Vanessa , Verdier Rose , Johnson Warren D , Pape Jean W , Fitzgerald Daniel W , Kuhn Louise , McNairy Margaret L
Published: July 2016

Introduction

Adolescents account for over 40% of new HIV infections in Haiti. This analysis compares outcomes among HIV‐positive adolescents before and after implementation of an adolescent HIV clinic in Port‐au‐Prince, Haiti.

Methods

We conducted a cohort study using programmatic data among HIV‐positive adolescents aged 13 to 19. Data from 41,218 adolescents who were HIV tested from January 2003 to December 2012 were included. Outcomes across the HIV care cascade were assessed before and after implementation of an adolescent clinic (2009), including HIV testing, enrolment in care, assessment for antiretroviral therapy (ART) eligibility, ART initiation and 12‐month retention. Pre‐ART outcomes were assessed 12 months after HIV testing. Factors associated with pre‐ART and ART attrition were identified through multivariable competing risk and Cox proportional hazards regression modelling.

Results

Cumulatively, 1672 (4.1%) adolescents tested HIV positive (80% female, median age 16 years). Retention by cascade step comparing pre‐ and post‐clinic included the following: 86% versus 87% of patients enrolled in care, 61% versus 79% were assessed for ART eligibility, 85% versus 92% initiated ART and 68% versus 66% were retained 12 months after ART initiation. Pre‐ART attrition decreased from 61% pre‐clinic to 50% post‐clinic (p<0.001). Pre‐ART attrition was associated with being female (sub‐distributional hazard ratio (sHR): 1.59; CI: 1.31–1.93), syphilis diagnosis (sHR: 1.47; CI: 1.16–1.85) and slum residence (sHR: 0.84; CI: 0.72–0.97). ART attrition was associated with syphilis diagnosis (hazard ratio (HR): 2.23; CI: 1.35–3.68) and CD4 <50 cells/µL (HR: 1.88; CI: 1.15–3.06).

Conclusions

Implementation of a youth‐friendly adolescent clinic improved retention in HIV care among adolescents, particularly in the assessment of ART eligibility and ART initiation. Additional interventions are needed to improve retention among pre‐ART patients and support long‐term retention among ART patients.
Dopamine and opioid systems interact within the nucleus accumbens to maintain monogamous pair bonds
Authors: Resendez Shanna L , Keyes Piper C , Day Jeremy J , Hambro Caely , Austin Curtis J , Maina Francis K , Eidson Lori N , Porter-Stransky Kirsten A , Nevárez Natalie , McLean J William , Kuhnmuench Morgan A , Murphy Anne Z , Mathews Tiffany A , Aragona Brandon J
Published: July 2016

Prairie vole breeder pairs form monogamous pair bonds, which are maintained through the expression of selective aggression toward novel conspecifics. Here, we utilize behavioral and anatomical techniques to extend the current understanding of neural mechanisms that mediate pair bond maintenance. For both sexes, we show that pair bonding up-regulates mRNA expression for genes encoding D1-like dopamine (DA) receptors and dynorphin as well as enhances stimulated DA release within the nucleus accumbens (NAc). We next show that D1-like receptor regulation of selective aggression is mediated through downstream activation of kappa-opioid receptors (KORs) and that activation of these receptors mediates social avoidance. Finally, we also identified sex-specific alterations in KOR binding density within the NAc shell of paired males and demonstrate that this alteration contributes to the neuroprotective effect of pair bonding against drug reward. Together, these findings suggest motivational and valence processing systems interact to mediate the maintenance of social bonds.
N6-methyladenosine of HIV-1 RNA regulates viral infection and HIV-1 Gag protein expression
Authors: Tirumuru Nagaraja , Zhao Boxuan Simen , Lu Wuxun , Lu Zhike , He Chuan , Wu Li
Published: July 2016

The internal N6-methyladenosine (m6A) methylation of eukaryotic nuclear RNA controls post-transcriptional gene expression, which is regulated by methyltransferases (writers), demethylases (erasers), and m6A-binding proteins (readers) in cells. The YTH domain family proteins (YTHDF1–3) bind to m6A-modified cellular RNAs and affect RNA metabolism and processing. Here, we show that YTHDF1–3 proteins recognize m6A-modified HIV-1 RNA and inhibit HIV-1 infection in cell lines and primary CD4+ T-cells. We further mapped the YTHDF1–3 binding sites in HIV-1 RNA from infected cells. We found that the overexpression of YTHDF proteins in cells inhibited HIV-1 infection mainly by decreasing HIV-1 reverse transcription, while knockdown of YTHDF1–3 in cells had the opposite effects. Moreover, silencing the m6A writers decreased HIV-1 Gag protein expression in virus-producing cells, while silencing the m6A erasers increased Gag expression. Our findings suggest an important role of m6A modification of HIV-1 RNA in viral infection and HIV-1 protein synthesis.
Subcutaneous Angioleiomyoma
Authors: Zhang Ji-Zhen , Zhou Juan , Zhang Zhi-Chang
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To investigate clinical and sonographic features of subcutaneous angioleiomyoma with histopathologic correlation.

Methods

Clinical features of 141 cases and sonographic appearances of 33 cases of histopathologically proven subcutaneous angioleiomyoma were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical information included patient age, sex, tumor location, and symptoms. Sonographic features included tumor size, location, contour, margin, component, echogenicity, calcifications, and vascularity. Sonograms were analyzed with histopathologic correlation by a single radiologist and a single pathologist.

Results

Clinical features of the 141 cases of angioleiomyoma included the following: 78.0% of the cases (110 of 141) were on the lower leg or ankle; 55.3% of the patients (78 of 141) had pain at the tumor location; the female‐to‐male ratio was 1.61:1.00, and most cases occurred in patients in the third through sixth decades. Sonographic features of the 33 cases of angioleiomyoma included the following: 85.0% of the cases (28 of 33) were smaller than 20 mm; 94.0% to 97.0% were solid, oval, parallel to the skin, well defined, and homogeneously hypoechoic and without calcifications; 75.8% (25 of 33) were superficially located, close to or in contact with the dermis; and 39.4% (13 of 33) showed low or moderate internal vascularity.

Conclusions

Typical clinical and sonographic features of angioleiomyoma may include a female patient with a painful lower leg or ankle subcutaneous mass, a superficial location, especially in contact with the dermis, a small size (<20 mm), an oval shape, a parallel orientation to the skin, well‐defined margins, complete solid components, homogeneous hypoechogenicity, low or moderate vascular density, and absence of calcifications.
High‐Frequency Color Doppler Sonography of Bullous Pemphigoid
Authors: Porriño-Bustamante María Librada , Alfageme Fernando , Suárez Lola , de Domingo María Antonia González , Hospital Mercedes , Roustán Gastón
Published: July 2016

Bullous pemphigoid is the most frequent autoimmune‐mediated blistering skin disease, belonging to the group of subepidermal bullae. We performed high‐frequency color Doppler sonography in 3 cases of bullous pemphigoid, in bullous and adjacent non‐bullous skin, which showed homogeneous sonographic findings. Subepidermal cystic structures with dermal hypoechogenicity were observed in bullous skin. In nonbullous skin, the dermis showed hypoechogenicity compared to normal skin. Color Doppler signals were increased in both areas. These findings correlate histologically with subepidermal bullae and dermal inflammatory infiltrates.
Elastic Characteristics of the Normal Achilles Tendon Assessed by Virtual Touch Imaging Quantification Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Fu Shuai , Cui Ligang , He Xiaoxi , Sun Yang
Published: July 2016

Objectives

To assess the elastic properties of the normal Achilles tendon in different age groups by Virtual Touch imaging quantification (VTIQ; Siemens Medical Solutions, Malvern, PA) shear wave elastography.

Methods

A total of 326 healthy volunteers older than 18 years were divided into different groups by sex and age. The thickness, shear wave velocity (SWV) in sagittal and axial sections, and anisotropic coefficient of the Achilles tendon in a state of relaxation were obtained by conventional sonography and Virtual Touch imaging quantification elastography. These parameters were compared in different age and sex groups, and their correlations with age were evaluated.

Results

The thickness of the Achilles tendon in men and women increased gradually with age, and it was larger in men than in women in each age group (P < .05). The SWV of the tendon in the sagittal section decreased slightly with age, but the sagittal and axial SWVs and anisotropic coefficient had no significant differences among different age groups (P > .05), and they also had no significant differences between men and women within any group (P > .05). The SWVs in the sagittal and axial sections and anisotropic coefficient had no correlation with age. Intraclass correlation coefficients for sagittal and axial SWVs obtained by 2 independent observers were 0.923 and 0.870, respectively.

Conclusions

The thickness of the Achilles tendon increased gradually with age. We confirmed that tendinous elastographic anisotropy and the stiffness of the tendon had no significant correlation with age.
Observational evidence linking precipitation and mesoscale cloud fraction in the southeast Pacific
Authors: Rapp Anita D.
Published: July 2016

Precipitation has been hypothesized to play an important role in the transition of low clouds from closed to open cell cumulus in regions of large‐scale subsidence. A synthesis of A‐Train satellite measurements is used to examine the relationship between precipitation and mesoscale cloud fraction across a transition region in the southeastern Pacific. Low cloud pixels are identified in 4 years of CloudSat/CALIPSO observations and along‐track mean cloud fraction within 2.5–500 km surrounding the clouds calculated. Results show that cloud fraction decreases more rapidly in areas surrounding precipitating clouds than around nonprecipitating clouds. The closed to open cell transition region appears especially sensitive, with the surrounding mesoscale cloud fraction decreasing 30% faster in the presence of precipitation compared to nonprecipitating clouds. There is also dependence on precipitation rate and cloud liquid water path (LWP), with higher rain rates or lower LWP showing larger decreases in surrounding cloud fraction.
Global images of trapped ring current ions during main phase of 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm as observed by TWINS
Authors: Perez J. D. , Goldstein J. , McComas D. J. , Valek P. , Fok M.‐C. , Hwang Kyoung‐Joo
Published: July 2016

A unique view of the trapped particles in the inner magnetosphere provided by energetic neutral atom (ENA) imaging is used to observe the dynamics of the spatial structure and the pitch angle anisotropy on a global scale during the last 6 h of the main phase of a large geomagnetic storm (minimum SYM‐H = −230 nT) that began on 17 March 2015. Ion flux and pressure anisotropy obtained from Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers (TWINS) ENA images are shown. The ion flux shows two peaks, an inner one at approximately radii = 3–4 RE in the dusk‐to‐midnight sector and an outer peak at radii = 8–9 RE prior to midnight. The inner peak is relatively stationary during the entire period with some intensification during the final steep decline in SYM‐H to its minimum. The outer peak shows the significant temporal variation brightening and dimming and finally disappearing at the end of the main phase. The pressure anisotropy shows the expected perpendicular pitch angles inside of L = 6 but shows parallel pitch angles at greater L values. This is interpreted as consistent with pitch angle‐dependent drift as modeled in the Tsy05 magnetic field and Comprehensive Inner Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere simulations. The TWINS results are compared directly with Radiation Belt Storm Probes Ion Composition Experiment (RBSPICE)‐A measurements. Using 15 min snapshots of flux and pressure anisotropy from TWINS along the path of RBSPICE‐A during the 6 h focused upon in this study, the essential features displayed in the TWINS global images are supported.
Shrinking equatorial plasma bubbles
Authors: Narayanan V. L. , Gurubaran S. , Shiokawa K. , Emperumal K.
Published: July 2016

The formation of equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) associated with spread F irregularities are fairly common phenomenon in the postsunset equatorial ionosphere. These bubbles grow as a result of eastward polarization electric field resulting in upward E × B drift over the dip equator. As they grow they are also mapped to low latitudes along magnetic field lines. The EPBs are often observed as airglow depletions in the images of OI 630 nm emission. On occasions the growth of the features over the dip equator is observed as poleward extensions of the depletions in all‐sky images obtained from low latitudes. Herein, we present interesting observations of decrease in the latitudinal extent of the EPBs corresponding to a reduction in their apex altitudes over the dip equator. Such observations indicate that these bubbles not only grow but also shrink on occasions. These are the first observations of shrinking EPBs. The observations discussed in this work are based on all‐sky airglow imaging observations of OI 630.0 nm emission made from Panhala (11.1°N dip latitude). In addition, ionosonde observations made from dip equatorial site Tirunelveli (1.1°N dip latitude) are used to understand the phenomenon better. The analysis indicates that the speed of shrinking occurring in the topside is different from the bottomside vertical drifts. When the EPBs shrink, they might decay before sunrise hours.
Imaging thermal plasma mass and velocity analyzer
Authors: Yau Andrew W. , Howarth Andrew
Published: July 2016

We present the design and principle of operation of the imaging ion mass and velocity analyzer on the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe (e‐POP), which measures low‐energy (1–90 eV/e) ion mass composition (1–40 AMU/e) and velocity distributions using a hemispherical electrostatic analyzer (HEA), a time‐of‐flight (TOF) gate, and a pair of toroidal electrostatic deflectors (TED). The HEA and TOF gate measure the energy‐per‐charge and azimuth of each detected ion and the ion transit time inside the analyzer, respectively, providing the 2‐D velocity distribution of each major ionospheric ion species and resolving the minor ion species under favorable conditions. The TED are in front of the TOF gate and optionally sample ions at different elevation angles up to ±60°, for measurement of 3‐D velocity distribution. We present examples of observation data to illustrate the measurement capability of the analyzer, and show the occurrence of enhanced densities of heavy “minor” O++, N+, and molecular ions and intermittent, high‐velocity (a few km/s) upward and downward flowing H+ ions in localized regions of the quiet time topside high‐latitude ionosphere.