bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Superdiversity and critical multicultural pedagogies: Working with migrant families
Authors: Chan Angel
Published: September 2019

International social unrest in recent years has resulted in many people choosing or being forced to leave their home countries to seek better lives elsewhere, causing drastic demographic shifts. Yet, it has been pointed out that institutional policies and practices in many countries have not caught up with such changing demographics, which have contributed to concerns highlighted via the notion of ‘superdiversity’ ( Vertovec, 2007 ). Due to the large influx of migrants over the past few decades, New Zealand and its early childhood education settings have become increasingly ethnically and linguistically diverse. The country is now being described as a ‘superdiverse New Zealand’ and is facing challenges emerging from ‘a level of cultural complexity surpassing anything previously experienced’ ( Royal Society of New Zealand, 2013 : 1). Furthermore, population projections ( Statistics New Zealand, 2015 ) indicate that superdiversity will be a long-term phenomenon in New Zealand. Te Whāriki, the New Zealand early childhood curriculum, embraces diversity, recognising that the country ‘is increasingly multicultural’ ( Ministry of Education, 2017 : 1). In light of these concerns, this article considers the frameworks of superdiversity and critical multiculturalism with regard to transforming and developing policies and pedagogies that support working with superdiverse migrant children and their families by responding to migration-related equity and inclusion issues. This discussion has implications and relevance for both present and future early childhood education settings in New Zealand and in other countries with a large population of migrants.
Chemical Enhancement of Irreversible Electroporation: A Review and Future Suggestions
Authors: Chen Ying , Moser Michael A. J. , Luo Yigang , Zhang Wenjun , Zhang Bing
Published: September 2019

Irreversible electroporation has raised great interest in the past decade as a means of destroying cancers in a way that does not involve heat. Irreversible electroporation is a novel ablation technology that uses short high-voltage electrical pulses to enhance the permeability of tumor cell membranes and generate irreversible nano-sized structural defects or pores, thus leading to cell death. Irreversible electroporation has many advantages over thermal therapies due to its nonthermal mechanism: (1) reduced risk of injury to surrounding organs and (2) no “heat-sink” effect due to nearby blood vessels. However, so far, it has been difficult for irreversible electroporation to completely ablate large tumors (eg, >3 cm in diameter). In order to overcome this problem, many preclinical and clinical studies have been performed to improve the efficacy of IRE in the treatment of large size of tumors through a chemical perspective. Due to the distribution of electric field, irreversible electroporation region, reversible electroporation region, and intact region can be found in the treatment of irreversible electroporation. Thus, 2 types of chemical enhancements of irreversible electroporation were discussed in the article, such as the reversible electroporation region enhanced and the irreversible electroporation region enhanced. Specifically, the state-of-the-art results regarding the following approaches that have the potential to be used in the enhancement of irreversible electroporation were systematically reviewed in the article, including (1) combination with cytotoxic drugs, (2) calcium electroporation, (3) modification of cell membrane, and (4) modification of the tumor cell microenvironment. In the end, we concluded with 4 issues that should be addressed in the future for improving irreversible electroporation further in a chemical way.
Prophylactic LVAD Enabling High-Risk Mitral Repair—Extending Beyond the Guidelines
Authors: Hage Fadi , Hage Ali , Smith Stuart , Dave Nagpal A. , Chu Michael W. A.
Published: September 2019

Both surgical and percutaneous mitral repair remain contraindicated in patients with severe degenerative mitral regurgitation (DMR) with severe left ventricular (LV) dysfunction because of inadequate LV reserve and increased LV work with a competent mitral valve. We report a 55-year-old gentleman who presented in cardiogenic shock with missed severe DMR and severe LV dysfunction, in whom we performed a high-risk mitral repair and insertion of a prophylactic CentriMag LV assist device. This innovative approach was found to be successful with significant patient improvement in both LV function and clinical symptoms with a competent mitral valve.
Fashion and Artification in the French Luxury Fashion Industry
Authors: Crane Diana
Published: September 2019

Fashion design is created in systems of collaborative relationships comparable to art worlds but fashion systems differ from art worlds in the relative emphasis on economic considerations and in the utility of what is produced. A brief history of the French fashion systems underlying haute couture and luxury ready-to-wear fashion reveals that both systems exhibited a tendency toward partial artification, as seen in the creation of designs with avant-garde connotations, although designers were primarily concerned with economic rewards. This tendency was reversed toward the end of the 20th century as both types of designers ceded control over their firms to luxury fashion conglomerates. The importance of fashion collectibles as a form of cultural heritage increased with the emergence of fashion museums but auction prices of fashion collectibles are significantly lower than in the fine arts. Higher auction prices for fashion collectibles occur in cases of celebrity validation or when the fashion collectible has some connection with fine art.
Chondrocytes From Device-Minced Articular Cartilage Show Potent Outgrowth Into Fibrin and Collagen Hydrogels
Authors: Levinson Clara , Cavalli Emma , Sindi Dolman Mostafa , Kessel Benjamin , Zenobi-Wong Marcy , Preiss Stefan , Salzmann Gian , Neidenbach Philipp
Published: September 2019

Background:

Transplantation of autologous minced cartilage is an established procedure to repair chondral lesions. It relies on the migration of chondrocytes out of cartilage particles into a biomaterial. So far, there is no efficient way to finely mince cartilage. No consensus exists on the nature of the biomaterial to be used to promote chondrocyte migration.

Purpose/Hypothesis:

This study aimed to investigate the potential clinical use of a custom-made mincing device as well as a possible alternative biomaterial to fibrin glue. The device was tested for its effect on chondrocyte viability and on subsequent chondrocyte migration into either a fibrin or a collagen gel. We hypothesized that device mincing would allow finer cutting and consequently more cell migration and that the gelation mechanism of the collagen biomaterial, which uses the clotting of platelet-rich plasma, would enhance matrix production by outgrown chondrocytes.

Study Design:

Controlled laboratory study.

Methods:

Cartilage from 12 patients undergoing knee arthroplasty was taken from the femoral condyles and subsequently either hand minced or device minced. The viability and the degree of outgrowth were quantified with live/dead assay on the generated cartilage particles and on the gels in which these particles were embedded, respectively. Matrix deposition in the biomaterials by the outgrown cells was investigated with histology.

Results:

The device allowed rapid mincing of the cartilage and produced significantly smaller pieces than hand mincing. The initial chondrocyte viability in cartilage particles dropped by 25% with device mincing as compared with no mincing. However, the viability in hand-minced, device-minced, and unminced samples was no longer different after 7 and 28 days in culture. Outgrowth scores were similar among the 3 groups. Fibrin and collagen biomaterials equally supported chondrocyte outgrowth and survival, but neither promoted matrix deposition after in vitro culture.

Conclusion:

The outgrowth potential, the viability after 28 days in culture, and the matrix deposition were not different between the mincing techniques and the tested biomaterials, yet device mincing is faster and results in significantly smaller cartilage particles.

Clinical Relevance:

Device mincing could become the standard method to mince cartilage for second-generation cartilage repair techniques.
A Data-Driven Approach to the Fragile Families Challenge: Prediction through Principal-Components Analysis and Random Forests
Authors: Compton Ryan
Published: September 2019

Sociological research typically involves exploring theoretical relationships, but the emergence of “big data” enables alternative approaches. This work shows the promise of data-driven machine-learning techniques involving feature engineering and predictive model optimization to address a sociological data challenge. The author’s group develops improved generalizable models to identify at-risk families. Principal-components analysis and decision tree modeling are used to predict six main dependent variables in the Fragile Families Challenge, successfully modeling one binary variable but no continuous dependent variables in the diagnostic data set. This indicates that some binary dependent variables are more predictable using a reduced set of uncorrelated independent variables, and continuous dependent variables demand more complexity.
Successes and Struggles with Computational Reproducibility: Lessons from the Fragile Families Challenge
Authors: Liu David M. , Salganik Matthew J.
Published: September 2019

Reproducibility is fundamental to science, and an important component of reproducibility is computational reproducibility: the ability of a researcher to recreate the results of a published study using the original author’s raw data and code. Although most people agree that computational reproducibility is important, it is still difficult to achieve in practice. In this article, the authors describe their approach to enabling computational reproducibility for the 12 articles in this special issue of Socius about the Fragile Families Challenge. The approach draws on two tools commonly used by professional software engineers but not widely used by academic researchers: software containers (e.g., Docker) and cloud computing (e.g., Amazon Web Services). These tools made it possible to standardize the computing environment around each submission, which will ease computational reproducibility both today and in the future. Drawing on their successes and struggles, the authors conclude with recommendations to researchers and journals.
Economic Analysis of Hospital Palliative Care: Investigating Heterogeneity by Noncancer Diagnoses
Authors: May Peter , Normand Charles , Del Fabbro Egidio , Fine Robert L. , Morrison R. Sean , Ottewill Isabel , Robinson Chessie , Cassel J. Brian
Published: September 2019

Background. Single-disease-focused treatment and hospital-centric care are poorly suited to meet complex needs in an era of multimorbidity. Understanding variation in palliative care’s association with treatment choices is essential to optimizing interdisciplinary decision making in care of complex patients. Aim. To estimate the association between palliative care and hospital costs by primary diagnosis and multimorbidity for adults with one of six life-limiting conditions: heart failure, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), liver failure, kidney failure, neurodegenerative conditions including dementia, and HIV/AIDS. Methods. Data from four studies (2002–2015) were pooled to provide an analytic dataset of 73,304 participants with mean costs $10,483, of whom 5,348 (7%) received palliative care. We estimated average effect of palliative care on direct hospital costs among the treated, using propensity scores to control for observed confounding. Results. Palliative care was associated with a statistically significant reduction in total direct costs for heart failure (estimated treatment effect: −$2666; 95% confidence interval [CI]: −$3440 to −$1892), neurodegenerative conditions (−$3523; −$4394 to −$2651), COPD (−$1613; −$2217 to −$1009), kidney failure (−$3589; −$5132 to −$2045), and liver failure (−$7574; −$9232 to −$5916). The association for liver failure patients was statistically significantly larger than for any other disease group. Cost-saving associations were also statistically larger for patients with multimorbidity than single disease for two of the six groups: neurodegenerative and liver failure. Conclusions. Heterogeneity in treatment effect estimates was observable in assessing association between palliative care and hospital costs for adults with serious life-limiting illnesses other than cancer. The results illustrate the importance of careful definition of palliative care populations in research and practice, and raise further questions about the role of interdisciplinary decision making in treatment of complex medical illness.
Oppression and Resistance: An Analysis of Conflict and Violence Through the Shift in Naxal Movement of Bihar, India
Authors: Archana  , Rao Yagati Chinna
Published: September 2019

The purpose of the study is to examine the shifting perceptions of the Naxal movement. The movement, which was extremely violent in nature, started against the oppression of the upper caste/class, attracted the young people, but as soon as they realized its impact, they opted towards the pro-state non-violent form of movement. In India, the violence/conflicts are analysed through the caste and class struggles, where the upper caste members oppress the lower caste group. Due to caste hegemony, the means of production are also in the hands of the upper castes, which help them to accumulate political and economic power too. In the continuous accumulation of power, the lower castes became more vulnerable and took the help of ideologies of armed struggle to resist their oppressed condition. But this form of resistance movement initiated in the Mushahri did not last long and, later on, people of this movement shifted towards either the state or pro-state form of movement. The data were gathered in Mushahri, Bihar from October 2015 to December 2016 from the people who had participated in the first phase of the Naxal movement through semi-structured interviews. The results of the interviews are linked with the existing theoretical frameworks of violence as both oppression and resistance. The study finds that the people who participated in the movement started shifting or deviating from the movement because they felt that the focus on caste oppression had become secondary and the resistance of violence left spread. In this violence and counter-violence, it is the poor who suffered a lot.
The “bander’s grip”: Reading zones of human–shorebird contact
Authors: Isaacs Jenny R
Published: September 2019

This article applies Mary Louise Pratt’s “contact” perspective within a multispecies ethnography of conservation encounters on the Delaware Bay. Using critical insights from decolonial feminist science studies, environmental geography, and critical animal studies, the article deconstructs technoscientific environmental knowledge production within a more-than-human contact zone. The tools, technologies, and “conspicuous innocence” of hands-on shorebird conservation research practices are described. Re-inscribing nonhuman agency and colonial histories of place, it argues that certain elements of conservation research may be fairly read as “violent” expressions of “animality/coloniality” and “anti-conquest.” It concludes by offering some harm reduction strategies for improving conservation and critical environment studies.
Lower limb lengthening over an intramedullary nail: a long-term follow-up study of 28 cases
Authors: Farsetti Pasquale , De Maio Fernando , Potenza Vito , Efremov Kristian , Marsiolo Martina , Caterini Alessandro , Ippolito Ernesto
Published: September 2019

Background

Limb lengthening using an external fixator requires a long period of external fixation and may be associated with several complications such as axial deformity, fracture of the regenerated bone, and joint stiffness. With the goal of reducing the time of external fixation as well as some of these complications, we performed femoral or tibial lengthening over an intramedullary nail, according to Paley’s technique, in 28 patients, followed up after a mean period of 8 years.

Materials and methods

Twenty-eight patients treated for lower limb discrepancy by limb lengthening over an intramedullary nail were reviewed from 5 to 11 years after healing of regenerated bone. There were 20 femurs and 8 tibiae, with average age at surgery of 14.2 years and average length inequality of 6.1 cm for femurs and 5.3 cm for tibiae.

Results

The mean lengthening was 5.8 cm for femurs and 4.8 cm for tibiae. The mean period of radiographic consolidation of the regenerated bone was 6 months for femoral lengthening and 4.5 months for tibial lengthening. At follow-up, we observed 8 excellent results, 15 good results, 4 fair results, and 1 poor result, based on Paley’s evaluation criteria. The main complications were one deep infection, one nonunion of the distracted segment, one breakage of the distal fiche of the external fixator, and one breakage of both distal locking screws of the intramedullary nail.

Discussion

We believe that limb lengthening over an intramedullary nail still represents a good method to treat limb length discrepancy because it reduces the time of external fixation, prevents axial deformities and fractures of regenerated bone, and allows early rehabilitation. The new intramedullary lengthening nails, which theoretically are the ideal device for treating limb length inequality, are still very expensive and need longer follow-up for definitive evaluation.

Level of evidence

4.
Walking with rollator: a systematic review of gait parameters in older persons
Authors: Mundt Marion , Batista Joao Pedro , Markert Bernd , Bollheimer Cornelius , Laurentius Thea
Published: September 2019

Background

The aging population increasingly needs assistive technologies, such as rollators, to function and live less dependently. Rollators are designed to decrease the risk of falls by improving the gait mechanics of their users. However, data on the biomechanics of rollator assisted gait of older adults are limited, or mostly derived from experiments with younger adults.

Methods and results

This review summarises the data from 18 independent studies on the kinematic and kinetic gait parameters of assisted gait of older persons. All of these studies evaluated spatio-temporal parameters, but not joint angles or moments.

Conclusion

Due to the limited research on rollator supported gait in older adults, the number of parameters that could be analysed in this systematic review was restricted. Further research in the analysis of spatio-temporal parameters and a higher standardisation in clinical research will be necessary.
Clinical trial readiness to solve barriers to drug development in FSHD (ReSolve): protocol of a large, international, multi-center prospective study
Authors:   on behalf of the ReSolve Investigators and the FSHD CTRN18, LoRusso Samantha , Johnson Nicholas E. , McDermott Michael P. , Eichinger Katy , Butterfield Russell J. , Carraro Elena , Higgs Kiley , Lewis Leann , Mul Karlien , Sacconi Sabrina , Sansone Valeria A. , Shieh Perry , van Engelen Baziel , Wagner Kathryn , Wang Leo , Statland Jeffrey M. , Tawil Rabi
Published: September 2019

Background

Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is a dominantly-inherited progressive muscular dystrophy caused by de-repression of theDUX4gene, which causes disease by a toxic-gain-of-function. As molecularly targeted drugs move from preclinical testing into human trials, it is essential that we validate clinical trial tools and methodology to facilitate the drug development process.

Methods/design

The primary goal of this study is to hasten drug development for FSHD by validating two novel clinical outcome assessments (COAs) and refining clinical trial strategies. We will perform an 18-month longitudinal study in 220 genetically confirmed and clinically affected participants using our FSHD Clinical Trial Research Network, comprised of 8 sites in the United States, and 3 collaborating sites in Europe. Visits occur at baseline and months 3, 12, and 18. At each visit we will collect: 1) a novel FSHD functional composite COA made up of 18 evaluator-administered motor tasks in the domains of shoulder/arm, hand, core/abdominal, leg, and balance function; and 2) electrical impedance myography as a novel muscle quality biomarker (US sites). Other COAs include 1) Domain 1 of the Motor Function Measure; 2) Reachable workspace; 3) orofacial strength using the Iowa Oral Performance Instrument; 4) lean muscle mass using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA); 5) strength as measured by quantitative myometry and manual muscle testing; and 6) the FSHD Health Index and other patient-reported outcomes. Plasma, DNA, RNA, and serum will be collected for future biomarker studies. We will use an industry standard multi-site training plan. We will evaluate the test-retest reliability, validity, and sensitivity to disease progression, and minimal clinically important changes of our new COAs. We will assess associations between demographic and genetic factors and the rate of disease progression to inform refinement of eligibility criteria for future clinical trials.

Discussion

To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest collaborative study of patients with FSHD performed in the US and Europe. The results of this study will enable more efficient clinical trial design. During the conduct of the study, relevant data will be made available for investigators or companies pursuing novel FSHD therapeutics.

Trial registration

clinicaltrials.govNCT03458832; Date of registration: 1/11/2018
Correction to: Digenic inheritance of SLC12A3 and CLCNKB genes in a Chinese girl with Gitelman syndrome
Authors: Kong Yuanmei , Xu Ke , Yuan Ke , Zhu Jianfang , Gu Weiyue , Liang Li , Wang Chunlin
Published: September 2019

Following publication of the original article [1], the editor informed that error was found.
The relevance of using in situ carbon and nitrogen data and satellite images to assess aboveground carbon and nitrogen stocks for supporting national REDD + programmes in Africa
Authors: Chabi Adéyèmi , Lautenbach Sven , Tondoh Jérôme Ebagnerin , Orekan Vincent Oladokoun Agnila , Adu-Bredu Stephen , Kyei-Baffour Nicholas , Mama Vincent Joseph , Fonweban John
Published: September 2019

Background

To reduce the uncertainty in estimates of carbon emissions resulting from deforestation and forest degradation, better information on the carbon density per land use/land cover (LULC) class and in situ carbon and nitrogen data is needed. This allows a better representation of the spatial distribution of carbon and nitrogen stocks across LULC. The aim of this study was to emphasize the relevance of using in situ carbon and nitrogen content of the main tree species of the site when quantifying the aboveground carbon and nitrogen stocks in the context of carbon accounting. This paper contributes to that, by combining satellite images with in situ carbon and nitrogen content in dry matter of stem woods together with locally derived and published allometric models to estimate aboveground carbon and nitrogen stocks at the Dassari Basin in the Sudan Savannah zone in the Republic of Benin.

Results

The estimated mean carbon content per tree species varied from 44.28 ± 0.21% to 49.43 ± 0.27%. The overall mean carbon content in dry matter for the 277 wood samples of the 18 main tree species of the region was 47.01 ± 0.28%—which is close to the Tier 1 coefficient of 47% default value suggested by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The overall mean fraction of nitrogen in dry matter was estimated as 0.229 ± 0.016%. The estimated mean carbon density varied from 1.52 ± 0.14 Mg C ha−1 (for Cropland and Fallow) to 97.83 ± 27.55 Mg C ha−1 (for Eucalyptus grandis Plantation). In the same order the estimated mean nitrogen density varied from 0.008 ± 0.007 Mg ha−1 of N (for Cropland and Fallow) to 0.321 ± 0.088 Mg ha−1 of N (for Eucalyptus grandis Plantation).

Conclusion

The results show the relevance of using the in situ carbon and nitrogen content of the main tree species for estimating aboveground carbon and nitrogen stocks in the Sudan Savannah environment. The results provide crucial information for carbon accounting programmes related to the implementation of the REDD + initiatives in developing countries.
OPA1: 516 unique variants and 831 patients registered in an updated centralized Variome database
Authors: Le Roux Bastien , Lenaers Guy , Zanlonghi Xavier , Amati-Bonneau Patrizia , Chabrun Floris , Foulonneau Thomas , Caignard Angélique , Leruez Stéphanie , Gohier Philippe , Procaccio Vincent , Milea Dan , den Dunnen Johan T. , Reynier Pascal , Ferré Marc
Published: September 2019

Background

The dysfunction of OPA1, a dynamin GTPase involved in mitochondrial fusion, is responsible for a large spectrum of neurological disorders, each of which includes optic neuropathy. The database dedicated to OPA1 (
https://www.lovd.nl/OPA1
), created in 2005, has now evolved towards a centralized and more reliable database using the Global Variome shared Leiden Open-source Variation Database (LOVD) installation.

Results

The updated OPA1 database, which registers all the patients from our center as well as those reported in the literature, now covers a total of 831 patients: 697 with isolated dominant optic atrophy (DOA), 47 with DOA “plus”, and 83 with asymptomatic or unclassified DOA. It comprises 516 unique OPA1 variants, of which more than 80% (414) are considered pathogenic. Full clinical data for 118 patients are documented using the Human Phenotype Ontology, a standard vocabulary for referencing phenotypic abnormalities. Contributors may now make online submissions of phenotypes related to OPA1 mutations, giving clinical and molecular descriptions together with detailed ophthalmological and neurological data, according to an international thesaurus.

Conclusions

The evolution of the OPA1 database towards the LOVD, using unified nomenclature, should ensure its interoperability with other databases and prove useful for molecular diagnoses based on gene-panel sequencing, large-scale mutation statistics, and genotype-phenotype correlations.
Reproducible biomedical benchmarking in the cloud: lessons from crowd-sourced data challenges
Authors: Ellrott Kyle , Buchanan Alex , Creason Allison , Mason Michael , Schaffter Thomas , Hoff Bruce , Eddy James , Chilton John M. , Yu Thomas , Stuart Joshua M. , Saez-Rodriguez Julio , Stolovitzky Gustavo , Boutros Paul C. , Guinney Justin
Published: September 2019

Challenges are achieving broad acceptance for addressing many biomedical questions and enabling tool assessment. But ensuring that the methods evaluated are reproducible and reusable is complicated by the diversity of software architectures, input and output file formats, and computing environments. To mitigate these problems, some challenges have leveraged new virtualization and compute methods, requiring participants to submit cloud-ready software packages. We review recent data challenges with innovative approaches to model reproducibility and data sharing, and outline key lessons for improving quantitative biomedical data analysis through crowd-sourced benchmarking challenges.
Complete oxidation of hydroxymethylfurfural to furandicarboxylic acid by aryl-alcohol oxidase
Authors: Serrano Ana , Calviño Eva , Carro Juan , Sánchez-Ruiz María I. , Cañada F. Javier , Martínez Angel T.
Published: September 2019

Background

5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) is a highly valuable platform chemical that can be obtained from plant biomass carbohydrates. HMF can be oxidized to 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA), which is used as a renewable substitute for the petroleum-based terephthalic acid in polymer production.

Results

Aryl-alcohol oxidase (AAO) from the white-rot fungus Pleurotus eryngii is able to oxidize HMF and its derivative 2,5-diformylfuran (DFF) producing formylfurancarboxylic acid (FFCA) thanks to its activity on benzylic alcohols and hydrated aldehydes. Here, we report the ability of AAO to produce FDCA from FFCA, opening up the possibility of full oxidation of HMF by this model enzyme. During HMF reactions, an inhibitory effect of the H2O2 produced in the first two oxidation steps was found to be the cause of the lack of AAO activity on FFCA. In situ monitoring of the whole reaction by 1H-NMR confirmed the absence of any unstable dead-end products, undetected in the HPLC analyses, that could be responsible for the incomplete conversion. The deleterious effect of H2O2 was confirmed by successful HMF conversion into FDCA when the AAO reaction was carried out in the presence of catalase. On the other hand, no H2O2 formation was detected during the slow FFCA conversion by AAO in the absence of catalase, in contrast to typical oxidase reaction with HMF and DFF, suggesting an alternative mechanism as reported in some reactions of related flavo-oxidases. Moreover, several active-site AAO variants that yield nearly complete conversion in shorter reaction times than the wild-type enzyme have been identified.

Conclusions

The use of catalase to remove H2O2 from the reaction mixture leads to 99% conversion of HMF into FDCA by AAO and several improved variants, although the mechanism of peroxide inhibition of the AAO action on the aldehyde group of FFCA is not fully understood.
Laboratory and field studies to investigate the efficacy of a novel, orally administered combination product containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel for the prevention of heartworm disease (Dirofilaria immitis) in dogs
Authors: Kryda Kristina , Six Robert H. , Walsh Kelly F. , Holzmer Susan J. , Chapin Sara , Mahabir Sean P. , Myers Melanie , Inskeep Tammy , Rugg Jady , Cundiff Blair , Pullins Aleah , Ulrich Michael , McCall John W. , McTier Tom L. , Maeder Steven J.
Published: September 2019

Background

Dirofilaria immitisis a filarial parasite of dogs that can cause serious or fatal cardiopulmonary disease. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the efficacy and safety of monthly treatment with moxidectin in a chewable tablet product in combination with sarolaner and pyrantel to prevent heartworm disease in dogs after experimental challenge and in a clinical field study in the USA.

Methods

In two laboratory studies, dogs (8 per group) that had been inoculated 30 days prior with 50 third-stageD. immitislarvae were randomized to treatment on Day 0 with placebo or combination product, at the minimum dose of 24 µg/kg moxidectin, 2 mg/kg sarolaner and 5 mg/kg pyrantel (as pamoate salt). Study 2 also included groups treated with tablets containing moxidectin-alone (24 µg/kg) or sarolaner-alone (2 mg/kg). Efficacy was evaluated ~ 5 months after inoculation by adult heartworm counts at necropsy. In the field study, 410 dogs ≥ 8 weeks-old from 23 USA veterinary clinics were treated for 11 months with either combination product at 24–48 µg/kg moxidectin, 2–4 mg/kg sarolaner and 5–10 mg/kg pyrantel (n = 272) or Heartgard® Plus (ivermectin/pyrantel) at the label recommended dose rate (n = 138). Efficacy was evaluated on Day 330 using antigen and microfilaria testing to assess adult heartworm infection.

Results

In the laboratory studies, there were no heartworms recovered from any dog treated with the combination product or moxidectin alone and all dogs treated with placebo or sarolaner-alone were infected with 20–44 adult heartworms. In the field study, all dogs treated with the combination product tested negative for heartworm infection on Day 330, whereas two dogs treated with Heartgard® Plus tested positive. The Heartgard® Plus-treated dogs that tested heartworm positive were from the lower Mississippi River Valley region, where heartworm resistance has been confirmed to occur. The combination product was well tolerated in all studies.

Conclusions

In laboratory studies, no heartworms were recovered from dogs treated with a single dose of the novel combination product containing moxidectin, sarolaner and pyrantel. Additionally, in the field study no dog tested positive for adult heartworm infection when dosed with the combination product monthly for 11 months, while two dogs treated with Heartgard® Plus tested positive.
Can a Revolutionary Be Happy?
Authors: Larson Wendy
Published: September 2019

In 1963, China Youth published letters from youth on the topic of happiness. While some agreed that following the model of self-sacrifice exemplified by Lei Feng was the only way to be a happy revolutionary, others brought up contradictions in the approach to happiness promoted by the Chinese Communist Party. Through an investigation of happiness in Marxism and Maoism, the author analyzes the arguments put forward in the letters, concluding that by the early 1960s any notion of a unified revolutionary subjectivity was riddled with cracks. The young letter writers question the panreligious embrace of self-sacrifice, struggle, and misery, which can then be transformed into revolutionary happiness through willpower.
Of Lice and Men
Authors: Rojas Carlos
Published: September 2019

Taking Jia Pingwa's 2013 novel Daideng 帶燈 (The Lantern Bearer) as its focal point, this article considers a series of allusions to insects in this and other works. The article takes these references to insects in Jia's literary publications as a starting point for reflecting on a set of parasitic or supplementary relationships as they relate to an interrelated set of sociopolitical, ecological, and literary concerns. Through this attention to parasitic relationships, the article uses Jia Pingwa's works to pursue a critical reassessment of the relationship between individual entities and the sociopolitical, ecological, and literary collectives they inhabit.
The Ocular Turn, Misty Poetry, and a Postrevolutionary Imagination
Authors: Tang Xiaobing
Published: September 2019

“The Answer,” a poem by Bei Dao first published in 1978, marks the emergence of a defiant voice in contemporary Chinese poetry and asserts skepticism as the political stance of a young generation in post–Cultural Revolution China. It also heralds a historic transition from an era of sonic agitation to an aesthetics based on visual perception and contemplation. This rereading of Bei Dao's canonical poem and other related texts goes back to the late 1970s, when the political implications of the human senses were firmly grasped and heatedly debated. The author shows that an ocular turn occurs in “The Answer” and drives the aesthetic as well as political pursuits of a new generation of poets. He further argues that, in a moment still enthralled with a revolutionary sonic culture, Misty poetry disavowed aural excitement and was part of the reconditioning of the human senses in preparation for a postrevolutionary order and sensibility.
Implantação de plano de incentivo às vendas em uma rede de drogarias
Authors: Gabriel Wagner Alexandre , Kawamoto Júnior Luiz Teruo , Ruggero Niube , Ianaguivara Eduardo Seige , Sanchez Wagner Marcelo
Published: September 2019

O objetivo desta pesquisa foi determinar a variação das vendas de medicamentos da classe de genéricos e similares em uma rede de drogarias, em relação ao fornecimento de incentivo cultural aos colaboradores. As lojas foram denominadas A, B, C e D. Aos funcionários da loja A foram dados dois ingressos de cinema para cada colaborador e foi pedido empenho nas vendas de medicamentos da classe genéricos e similares, mas sem uma meta. Aos funcionários da loja B, foram prometidos dois ingressos para cada colaborador caso houvesse aumento de vendas. As lojas D e C formaram o grupo-controle. Ao final, foi feita uma entrevista qualitativa exploratória com o proprietário das lojas. Os resultados mostraram que a loja A teve aumento de vendas em relação ao grupo-controle, mas a loja B não. O proprietário informou que existem vários outros fatores que influenciam as vendas.
Comportamento de compra do consumidor em mercados de moda informal
Authors: Pessoa Rosângela Andrade , Fialho Letícia Sousa , Oliveira Zaíla Maria de , Lima Júnior Célio Gomes de
Published: September 2019

Este estudo tem por objetivo analisar os fatores que influenciam o comportamento de compra do consumidor de mercados de moda informal. Adotou-se a metodologia quantitativa, com a utilização de um questionário estruturado, tendo ele sido dividido em um bloco com seis perguntas sobre o perfil sociodemográfico e outro com 11 perguntas acerca do comportamento do consumidor e as variáveis influenciadoras no processo de compra, aplicado de forma presencial, sendo a abordagem direcionada aos consumidores que apresentassem algum produto de compra. A pesquisa de campo foi realizada no Centro Fashion da cidade de Fortaleza, somando um total de 320 questionários válidos. O processo de análise constou das fases: levantamento das estatísticas descritivas iniciais, verificação da confiabilidade e validade das escalas, usando a consistência interna (Alpha de Cronbach), e por fim, foi conduzida uma Análise Fatorial Exploratória (AFE) para reduzir o número de variáveis. Os resultados alcançados mostram que a maioria das variáveis trabalhadas influencia a escolha do consumidor. Algumas variáveis realçam, no entanto, a importância que é dada ao fator econômico e ao poder de compra (fator preço), tornando evidente que o modelo do centro de moda informal representa a opção de o consumidor ter a oportunidade de compra além das necessidades básicas.
Laste esimesed eestikeelsed omadussõnad
Authors: Salasoo Tiiu
Published: September 2019

Analysis of the recordings of three boys from the ages of 18 months until 4 years acquiring Estonian naturally in differing language environments indicated that Estonian adjectives increased relatively slowly and thus were less numerous in their recording lexicons than verbs and nouns. Adjectival rate of increase appeared to be relatively independent of a child’s macro-environment (as long as there is an Estonian-speaking carer to provide sufficient input), yet it seemed to be influenced by a child’s individual linguistic abilty. The boys started qualifying their nouns with adjectives by calling things beautiful, good and bad, small and big, old and new. Antonymous pairs of adjectives and evaluative adjectives appeared early in their speech. Adjectival commonality – defined in terms of the number of the same words used by several individuals – between individual boys, the Estonian boys and children learning English, as well as the Estonian boys and adults, indicated that the observed boys’ adjectives were representative of currently spoken Estonian, as well as possibly common in the early speech of all children.
Rõhk ja kestus mokša keele Kesk-Vadi murdes
Authors: Zirnask Tatiana
Published: September 2019

In Moksha, methods of experimental phonetics have not been systematically used to study prosody. Fragmentary data available on stress, which were based on durational measurements in Mid-Vad, show that duration might be an important stress correlate. This article treats the relationship between stress and duration in Mid-Vad by using sets of measurement data. It focuses on vowel durations measured in mono-, di-, and trisyllabic words of different structure, which were read in a frame sentence by two speakers. Vowel durations were found to depend on stress – vowels in stressed syllables were longer than in unstressed syllables. Variation was related to word structure – e.g. high vowels (having lower intrinsic duration than low and mid vowels) under stress were as long as unstressed low and mid vowels. The results are useful for the development of prosody research in Moksha
Tabula gratulatoria
Authors: Toimetus Toimetus
Published: September 2019

Tabula gratulatoria
Mida teeb tegema-verb hoidjakeeles
Authors: Argus Reili
Published: September 2019

Esimese keele omandamist mõjutab lapsele suuna-tud keel ehk hoidjakeel, mis pakub lapsele loomuliku keele sellise statistilise struktuuri, kus tõuseb esile mingi keelesüsteemi osa kõige sagedasem, üldisem, prototüüpsem, kesksem ning kõige lihtsam element. Hoidjakeeles esineb teistest verbidest sagedamini verbi tegema. Selle verbi ühendite hulk ja laad muu-tub lapse kasvades. Üldjoontes võib tegema-verbi tugiverbikonstruktsioonid lapsele suunatud kõnes jaotada kolme suuremasse rühma: kõige enam esineb selliseid ühendeid, kus tegema-verbiga esineb koos mõni onomatopoeetiline sõna; tegema-verbi ja adverbi või adjektiivi ühendeid, millega rõhutatakse teelisust, leidub mõnevõrra vähem ning umbes neljandiku moodustavad tegema-verbi ja noomeni ühendid. Püsiühendite ja rutiniseerunud mallide suur hulk (moodustavad lapsele suunatud kõnes tegema-verbi konstruktsioonidest peaaegu poole) annab alust oletada, et lapsega kõneleja eelistab kasutada n-ö valmis kujul keeletükke. Kuigi tegema-verbil on oma roll nii leksika kui ka süntaksi omandamises, ilmneb tema olulisus kõige selgemalt vormimoodustuse omandamise kontekstis: just sellest verbist esineb lapsele suunatud kõnes kõige enam eri vorme ning just see on üks kahest varakult omandatud vormimoodustusega verbe kalapse kõnes
Sijasynkretismi morfologian koetinkivenä
Authors: Grünthal Riho
Published: September 2019

Käändesünkretism morfoloogia proovikivina.Käesolevas artiklis vaadeldakse sünkretismi ehk vormihomonüümiat läänemeresoome keelte käändesüsteemis. Erilist tähelepanu pälvivad lõunarühma keeled, kus kahe käändevormi identsuses väljenduv sünkretism on sagedasem kui põhjarühma keeltes. Kahe vormi vaheline identsus võib teatud juhtudel täielikult kaotada kahe kategooria vahelise erinevuse. Sellisel juhul ei pruugi sünkretism erineda üksikvormide mitmetähenduslikkusest.Kuigi sünkretism tuleneb sageli keele diakroonilistest muutustest ja keeleajaloo vahendite abil tuvastatavatest protsessidest, võib sünkretismi vaadelda ka sünkroonilise nähtusena. Sellisena tähendab sünkretism eelkõige kahe kategooria vahelise piiri kadumist. Paradigmaatilisest seisukohast on põhiküsimuseks eelkõige see, milliseid kategooriaid sünkretism puudutab, kas sõnatüüpide erinevused avalduvad ka sünkretismis ning milliseid reegleid on võimalik leida. Diakrooniliselt võib sünkretismi vaadelda ühest küljest nähtuse tekkeloo seisukohast, teisest küljest kausaalse ilminguna, mis on seotud ka teiste muutustega.Kuigi läänemeresoome keeled on omavahel lähedased sugulaskeeled, valgustab sünkretism nende morfoloogias ja keelte iseärasustes peituvaid erinevusi. Samad käändevormid, mis alluvad flekteerivale morfoloogiale, on mõjutatud ka sünkretismist. Ometi pole sünkretismi paradigmaatiline esinemine ega kategooriate kokkulangemine eri keeltes identsed. Artiklis vaadeldakse lähemalt mh soome, võru ja liivi keele näitel sünkreetiliste vormide sümmeetriat ja asümmeetriat.
Kas tahtma tahab abiverbiks?
Authors: Habicht Külli , Penjam Pille , Tragel Ilona
Published: September 2019

Artiklis käsitletakse eesti keele polüseemse verbi tahtma semantilist ja morfosüntaktilist arengut 16. sajandist kuni tänapäevani. Materjal pärineb põhiosas eesti kirjakeele korpustest. Grammatisatsiooniteooria taustal vaadeldakse astmeid, mille see verb on eesti keeles läbinud alates täistähenduslikust kasutusest kuni kõrgel grammatisatsiooniastmel modaalsete ja post-modaalsete konstruktsioonideni välja.Käsitluses keskendutakse eri tüüpi infinitiivitarindite koosseisus esinevale tahtma-verbile, millega vormistatakse muuhulgas agendi tahet ja kavatsust, osalejasisest võimalikkust ja vajalikkust, episteemilist modaalsust ning ka postmodaalseid tähendusi (avertiivsus/proksimatiivsus, habituaalsus) kandvaid konstruktsioone. Vana kirjakeele perioodil (kuni 18. sajandini) on kasutusel olnud ka saksamõjulisi tahtma-tuleviku konstruktsioone. Artiklis visandatakse tahtma-verbi võimalik grammatiseerumistee ning jõutakse järelduseni, et tahtma on kindlates konstruktsioonides kujunenud abiverbiks, kuid grammatiseerunud kasutuste kõrval on keeles säilinud ka oletatav algne leksikaalne ’soovimise’ tähendus.
Tuleviku tulekust: tulevikulisuse väljendamisest meie esimestes piiblitõlgetes
Authors: Kilgi Annika
Published: September 2019

Eesti keelde Piiblit tõlkima hakates tuli otsustada, kuidas anda lähteteksti rohkeid tulevikuvorme edasi maakeeles, milles puudus morfoloogiline futuurum. Teekonnal esimese täispiiblini tehti selles osas põhimõtteliselt erinevaid otsuseid. 17. sajandi algul Georg Müller oma jutlustes saama-tulevikku ei kasutanud, 1630.–1680. aastate piibliversioonides aga anti tulevikusündmusi edasi peamiselt just selle saksa werden-futuurumi eeskujulise konstruktsiooniga. 17. sajandi lõpus, Müncheni käsikirjast alates loobuti taas saama-futuurumist täiesti ning kasutati tuleviku vahendamiseks senisest märksa rohkem hoopis pidama-tarindeid ja kindla kõneviisi olevikuvorme. Põhimõttelise muudatusena paistab silma veel konstruktsiooni võtma+ da-infinitiiv varasemast sagedasem kasutus redaktsioonides, mida toimetasid 1720.–1730. aastatel täispiibli keelele lõpliku kuju andnud pietistid. Neutraalse tähendusega puhast tulevikutarindit ei õnnestunud siiski ühelgi tõlkijal leida. Saama-tuleviku massiline kasutus oli võõrapärane, ülejäänud väljendusviiside (nt pidama-, tahtma-, hakkama-, algama-ja võtma-konstruktsiooni) tarvitusala jällegi liiga lai. See, et pidama-tarindiga tõlgiti alates Müncheni käsikirjast ka paljusid lähtekeeles modaalvarjundita tulevikuvorme, on võrreldav varasema saama-konstruktsiooniga liialdamisega.
Eestlaste ja eesti keele päritolust: vahekokkuvõtteks
Authors: Künnap Ago
Published: September 2019

Geneetikud on tõestanud uurali keelte kõnelejate saabumise Euroopasse idast. Artiklis on esitatud soomlaste ja eestlaste saabumise teed. Vastavalt rahvusvahelise geneetikute rühma uurimistulemustele (Bramanti jt 2009) kuulus 80 protsendi küttide-korilaste emaliinide DNA-st tüüpi, mis on tänapäeva eurooplaste seas üsna haruldane, esinedes tavaliselt 10 protsendil, põhjaeurooplastel 20 protsendil. Mõned uralistid on hakanud pidama eesti ja teiste uurali keelte oletatavat algkeelt suhteliselt nooreks. Nad oletavad, et selle algkeele lagunemine algas alles umbes 4000 aasta eest
Tytöntyllerö ja pojanjolppi Suomessa ja Virossa
Authors: Leinonen Marja
Published: September 2019

Artikkel käsitleb deskriptiivset (koloratiivset) nominaaltarindit eesti ja soome keeles, mille süntaktiline sõltuvussuhe on normaalsega vastupidine: atributiivne genitiiv väljendab referendi denotatiivset tähendust ja põhisõna kirjeldab seda. Kirjeldusega on tavaliselt seotud pejoratiivsed, hellitlevad või muul viisil hinnangulised nüansid. Artiklis tutvustatakse kõigepealt soome keele vastavaid uurimusi, seejärel selle artikli tarbeks kogutud materjali ning selle võrdlust indoeuroopa keelte süntaktiliselt ja semantiliselt sarnaste tarinditega.Lisaks tutvustatakse soome ja eesti keeles esinevat deskriptiivset verbaaltarindit, milles põhiverbi tähendust kannab infinitiiv, kusjuures deskriptiivverb (mida vahel nimetatakse ka ideofooniks) on finiitses vormis.
Ise Ise
Authors: Lindström Liina , Vihman Virve-Anneli
Published: September 2019

.Käesolevas artiklis vaadeldakse nimetavas käändes pronoomeni isekasutamist internetifoorumites, kus on märkimisväärselt palju näiteid isekasutustest ilma lähtevormita, s.t ilma nimi- või asesõnata, millele ise viitab. Artikli põhiküsimuseks on, kas ise-t kasutataksegi süstemaatiliselt isikulise pronoomeni asemel lause subjektina.Täpsemalt uurime, (a) kas ise käitub subjekti kohatäitjana (paikneb subjekti positsioonis, kui lauses muud subjekti pole); (b) kas ta käitub topikuna nagu tüüpiline isikuline asesõna lause algul, ning kas ta sealjuures kaotab ise-le omast rõhutavat, tähelepanu suunavat omadust ning c)kas ise-t kasutatakse eelkõige 1. isikule viitamisel.Korpusanalüüsist selgub, et ilma lähtevormita ise-t on kasutatud rohkem kui pooltes lausetes ning eriti sageli seoses 1. isiku väljendamisega. Samuti allub iseV2-reeglist tingitud inversioo-nile. Samas ei ole ka verbi ees kasutatud ise täielikult kaotanud rõhutavat funktsiooni. Isekasutamine personaalse pronoomeni asemel subjekti positsioonis on ilmselt seotud negatiivsest (distantseerivast) viisakusstrateegiast tingitud impersonaliseerimisega: vajadus rõhutavat, vastandavat 1. isiku pronoomenit vältida võib olla tinginud isesagedase kasutamise subjekti positsioonis