bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
ULTRASOUND APPEARANCE AND EARLY DETECTION OF Vx2 CARCINOMA IN THE RABBIT KIDNEY
Authors: Ackerman N. , Haager D.A. , Kaude J.V.
Published: May 2005

Vx2 carcinoma was induced in the rabbit kidney by percutaneous injection of a tumor‐cell suspension. A focal renal mass similar in appearance to spontaneous renal carcinoma was produced. The mass could be detected with ultrasound as early as one week post injection, however it could not be identified until two weeks post injection using renal angiography and excretory urography. The renal tumor was recognized with ultrasound as an alteration in the cortical outline and obliteration of the renal medulla. A small amount of perirenal fluid was identified at two weeks. Intra‐and extrarenal tumors were evident at three weeks with hypoechoic and anechoic areas evident within the large extrarenal mass observed four weeks post injection. Hypoechoic areas observed with ultrasound corresponded to areas of necrosis and hemorrhage while anechoic areas represented fluid accumulation within and around the tumor. Transplanted tumors were detected by ultrasound before they were evident on either the renal angiogram or excretory urogram. Ultrasound is useful as a screening procedure when renal tumor is suspected.
SCINTIGRAPHIC EVALUATION OF SOLID‐PHASE GASTRIC EMPTYING IN THE DOG
Authors: Hornof William J. , Koblik Philip D. , Strombeck Donald R. , Morgan Joe P. , Hansen Greg
Published: May 2005

A technique for scintigraphically quantitating solid‐phase gastric emptying in the dog was developed in a Beagle model. The test meal was determined to empty in a linear fashion, indicating a solid‐phase label. The evaluation was performed on a group of dogs presented for gastrointestinal signs that were judged to have normal liquid barium sulfate fluoroscopic and radiographic studies. The results of this study indicate that this technique is valuable for identifying those patients with surgically correctable pyloric obstruction that exhibit normal gastric emptying of liquid barium.
THORACIC METASTASES OF CANINE MAMMARY GLAND TUMORS
Authors: Tiemessen Ilse
Published: May 2005

The absence or presence of metastases on thoracic radiographs in 55 female dogs with mammary gland tumors was assessed by comparing the results of a single radiographic examination, using dorsoventral and left lateral views, with clinical and histologic follow‐up data. Radiographic abnormalities found in dogs with thoracic metastases were classified as well‐defined pulmonary nodules, ill‐defined pulmonary nodules, and involvement of pleural effusion. No obvious difference in the effect on the right or left lung lobes was found. The sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for the detection of thoracic metastases were 65%, 97%, and 87%, respectively.
RADIOGRAPHIC HEART‐VOLUME ESTIMATION IN NORMAL CATS
Authors: Ahlberg Nils‐Erik , Hansson Kerstin , Svensson Leif , Iwarsson Krister
Published: May 2005

Heart volume mensuration was evaluated on conventional radiographs from eight normal cats in different body positions using computed tomography (CT). Heart volumes were calculated from orthogonal thoracic radiographs in ventral and dorsal recumbency and from radiographs exposed with a vertical X‐ray beam in dorsal and lateral recumbency using the formula for an ellipsoid body. Heart volumes were also estimated with CT in ventral, dorsal, right lateral and left lateral recumbency. No differences between heart volumes from CT in ventral recumbency and those from CT in right and left lateral recumbency were seen. In dorsal recumbency, however, significantly lower heart volumes were obtained. Heart volumes from CT in ventral recumbency were similar to those from radiographs in ventral and dorsal recumbency and dorsal/left lateral recumbency. Close correlation was also demonstrated between heart volumes from radiographs in dorsal/ left lateral recumbency and body weights of the eight cats.
CYSTOGRAPHY: EFFECT OF TECHNIQUE ON DIAGNOSIS OF CYSTITIS IN DOGS
Authors: Mahaffey Mary B. , Barsanti Jeanne A. , Crowell Wayne A. , Shotts Emmett , Barber Don L.
Published: May 2005

Double‐constrast and positive‐contrast cystograms were performed in 12 dogs. After cystography, E. coli cystitis was induced in nine of the 12 dogs. The remaining three dogs were used as controls. Double contrast and positive‐contrast cystograms were repeated threee, seven and 14 days later. During cystography, bladders were distended to mild, moderate, and complete degrees of distention. Mucosal irregularity decreased with increasing bladder distention and was more likely to be seen on double‐contrast than on the positive‐contrast cystogram. When seen on both types of studies, mucosal irregularity was more obvious on double‐contrast than it was on the positive‐contrast custogram. Bladder wall thickness decreased with increasing distention; in some dogs with mild cystitis, abnormal wall thickness was masked by complete bladder distention. Bladder wall thickness could be measured more often on double‐contrast than on the positive contrast cystograms. Wall thickness measurments made on both types of studies were similar. It was concluded that lesions of mild to moderate cystitis may be missed when the bladder is completely distended, and that the double‐contrast cystogram is more sensetive for evaluating mucosal margivation and bladder wall thickness than is the positive‐contrast cystogram
LYMPH NODE UPTAKE OF 99MTc‐MDP DURING BONE SCINTIGRAPHY IN DOGS
Authors: Lamb Christopher R. , Schelling Scott H. , Berg John
Published: May 2005

Localization of 99mTc‐MDP in lymph nodes was apparent on the three‐hour bone‐scan image in seven dogs. In six dogs injection or leakage of the radiopharmaceutical into the perivascular tissues was associated with subsequent uptake in an ipsilateral lymph node. In the remaining dog, 99mTc‐MDP localized in a lymph node infiltrated by metastatic osteosarcoma. This aided staging of the tumor. Possible mechanisms of 99mTc‐MDP localization in soft tissues are briefly reviewed.
CROSS‐SECTIONAL ANATOMY OF THE BEAGLE THORAX
Authors: Zook Bernard C. , Hitzelberg Richard A. , Bradley Eileen W.
Published: May 2005

Transverse sections of the thorax of the Beagle were prepared, photographed, and compared with computerized tomographic scans and dissection specimens. Anatomical features were identified by these means with the aid of anatomical texts. A series of labeled photographs was produced to aid in the interpretation of computerized tomography and nuclear magnetic resonance scans.
SUBCUTANEOUS FOREIGN BODY IN A HORSE RESEMBLING FISTULOUS WITHERS
Authors: Modransky Paula D. , Welker Bimbo , Moon Martha L.
Published: May 2005

This clinical report describes the ultrasonographic and radiographic evaluation of a horse presented for fistulous withers. A metal foreign body resulting in a draining tract in the area of the withers was identified and surgically removed.
SCINTIGRAPHIC PATTERN OF 99mTc–MDP UPTAKE IN EXERCISE INDUCED PROXIMAL PHALANGEAL TRAUMA IN HORSES
Authors: Metcalf Michael R. , Forrest Lisa J. , Sellett Louis C.
Published: May 2005

Sixty–nine horses having radionuclide bone scans of the foredigit region between 1985 and 1988 were retrospectively analyzed for proximal phalangeal cortical 99mTc–MDP uptake. Patterns of uptake were determined and the factors of age, breed, sex, occupation, and duration of signs prior to imaging were assessed. Twenty–three horses had abnormal proximal phalangeal uptake. Two patterns of uptake were seen, either as linear, diffuse or focal, discrete, fusiform–shaped cortical uptake. The dorsal cortex was always affected in these 23 horses; the palmar cortex was affected in 14 horses, and this uptake was always linear in appearance. There was significant correlation of proximal phalangeal cortical uptake and regular jumping activity, either as a jumping, hunting or three–day event horse (p < .005). No correlations were determined between uptake and the factors of age, breed, sex or duration of signs prior to imaging. The scintigraphic appearance patterns were similar to those seen in scintigraphic studies of exercise induced traumatic bone injuries in humans.
A RADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DISTAL INTERPHALANGEAL JOINT AND NAVICULAR BURSA OF THE HORSE
Authors: Gibson Katherine T. , Mc Ilwraith C. Wayne , Park Richard D.
Published: May 2005

Radiographic contrast studies were used in 50 forelimbs from 13 live horses and 12 fresh adult cadavers to determine the frequency of communication between the navicular bursa and the distal interphalangeal joint. Injections of contrast medium were made into the dorsal aspect of the distal interphalangeal joint of one limb and into the navicular bursa of the other forelimb of each horse. In 25 limbs in which contrast medium was injected into the distal interphalangeal joint, no communication was demonstrated between the joint and the navicular bursa. In 20 of the 25 limbs in which injection was made into the navicular bursa, no communication between joint and bursa was seen. In five horses, contrast medium was visible in both the distal interphalangeal joint and the navicular bursa. However, in four of five horses the communication was clearly iatrogenic. In both limbs of one horse, contrast medium was seen to enter the digital flexor tendon sheath after injection into the navicular bursa.

There is probably no naturally occurring communication between the navicular bursa and distal interphalangeal joint in the horse.
SYSTEMIC ASPERGILLOSIS IN A CAT
Authors: Burk Ronald L. , Joseph Richard , Baer Keith
Published: May 2005

An 8–year–old male domestic shorthair cat with partial anorexia, occasional cough and behavior change was found to have multiple pulmonary and cerebral lesions. At necropsy a diagnosis of systemic Aspergillosis was made. This report describes the clinical, radiographic and pathologic features of systemic Aspergillosis in a cat.
ULTRASOUND PREDICTION OF PARTURITION IN QUEENS
Authors: Beck Kathy A. , Baldwin Claudia J. , Bosu William T.K.
Published: May 2005

Eight pregnancies in five queens were followed with serial ultrasound examinations. Measurements of head and body diameter were made throughout pregnancy. These measurements were used to produce individual growth curves for each pregnancy and average curves for both head and body diameter. Formulas based on the slope of the growth curves were derived. These formulas were then used to predict parturition dates based on single measurements of fetal head and/or body diameter in eight additional queens. Predicted date of parturition was then compared to actual queening dates. Ultrasound prediction of parturition date was accurate to within two days in seven of eight queens.
VERTEBRAL OSTEOSCLEROSIS IN A CAT SECONDARY TO RHABDOMYOSARCOMA
Authors: Moon Martha L. , Saunders Geoffrey K. , Martin Robert A.
Published: May 2005

A 5–year–old cat was presented for pelvic limb weakness. Sclerosis of the vertebral body of T–10 was visible on thoracic radiographs. A compressive lesion at this area was noted on myelography. A tumor was partially removed at surgery, but the cat was killed because of poor postoperative response. Rhabdomyosarcoma was diagnosed at necropsy, with bone marrow necrosis and myelofibrosis, and new bone proliferation of the body of T–10. Causes of bone necrosis are discussed.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF DIAPHRAGMATIC RUPTURE IN A HORSE
Authors: Hartzband Lori E. , Kerr David V. , Morris Elisabeth A.
Published: May 2005

Real–time ultrasonography was used to confirm diaphragmatic rupture in a horse that developed pleural effusion following a traumatic event. Pleural effusion, a cranially displaced crus, and a cranially positioned sacculated loop of bowel were seen radiographically. The presence of gas–filled intestine cranial and dorsal to the diaphragm was detected by ultrasound imaging. The use of ultrasound and radiography in the diagnosis of diaphragmatic rupture is discussed.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC DIAGNOSIS OF CANINE HYDROCEPHALUS
Authors: Hudson Judith A. , Simpson Stephen T. , Buxton Donald F. , Cartee Robert E. , Steiss Janet E.
Published: May 2005

The brains of 23 canine patients and six random‐source dogs were examined ultrasonographically through the bregmatic fontanelle or a surgical craniotomy. Fifteen dogs had abnormal neurologic signs; the others were normal on neurologic examination. Untrasound results were compared with signalment, clinical signs, electroencephalography, computed tomography, radiology and histopathology. The purposes of the study were to demonstrate the use of ultrasound for the diagnosis of canine hydrocephalus and to determine whether there is a relationship between ventricular size and clinical signs. Lateral ventricles were considered enlarged if lateral ventricular height, ventricle‐mantle ratio, or ventricle‐hemisphere ratio, at the level of or caudal to the interthalamic adhesion in the transverse plane, exceeded 0.35 cm, 0.25 or 0.19, respectively. Of the 29 dogs examined, 14 had enlarged lateral ventricles and abnormal neurologic signs. Five dogs had enlarged lateral ventricles but appeared neurologically normal (occult hydrocephalus). Correlation was poor between ventricular size and clinical signs.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF THE LATERAL CEREBRAL VENTRICLES IN THE DOG
Authors: Spaulding Kathy A. , Sharp Nicholas J.H.
Published: May 2005

Ultrasonography was effectively used to evaluate lateral cerebral ventricles in 28 dogs with persistent fontanelles. There was a significant incidence of ventriculomegaly in miniature and brachycephalic breeds. No relationship was found between the size and the fontanelle and the presence or size of ventriculomegaly. A significant relationship was found between the presence of a fontanelle and the presence of ventriculomegaly. There was no statistically significant relationship found between the presence of clinical signs and ventricular size.
CISTERNOGRAPHY COMBINED WITH LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY FOR VISUALIZATION OF THE PITUITARY GLAND IN HEALTHY DOGS A Comparison with Computed Tomography
Authors: Voorhout George
Published: May 2005

Cisternography combined with linear tomography was performed in ten clinically healthy dogs (weighing 14‐33 kg) to visualize the pituitary gland, and results were compared with the results from sagittal midline computed tomography (CT) in these dogs. With cisternography, the length of the pituitary gland of nine dogs ranged from 5.7 to 9.9 mm (mean ± SD, 7.9 ± 1.3), and the width from 5.4 to 8.7 mm (6.4 ± 1.0). With sagittal linear tomography following cisternography, the height of the pituitary gland of these nine dogs ranged from 4 to 6 mm (5.1 ± 0.7); and, with sagittal CT, it ranged from 4.3 to 6 mm (5.0 ± 0.6). In an 11‐year‐old female Greyhound, two small nodules were found at the periphery of the pituitary gland using cisternography but were not recognized on CT images. It is concluded that cisternography combined with linear tomography is a safe and accurate alternative for the visualization of the pituitary gland when CT is not available.
CISTERNOGRAPHY COMBINED WITH LINEAR TOMOGRAPHY FOR VISUALIZATION OF PITUITARY LESIONS IN DOGS WITH PITUITARY‐DEPENDENT HYPERADRENOCORTICISM
Authors: Voorhout George , Rijnberk Ad
Published: May 2005

Cisternography combined with sagittal linear tomography was performed in eight dogs with pituitary‐dependent hyperadrenocorticism, in search of pituitary lesions. In one dog with a pituitary microadenoma, the dimensions of the pituitary gland were within normal limits. In six dogs the pituitary gland was enlarged. In the remaining dog the pituitary gland was also enlarged, but could not be measured due to absence of contrast medium in the cisternae around the pituitary gland. In these seven dogs large pituitary tumors were found at autopsy. With linear tomography the height of the pituitary gland could only be measured in the dog with the microadenoma. In all other dogs compression of the subarachnoid space at the dorsal aspect of the pituitary gland interfered with the assessment of the height of the pituitary lesion, and therefore with the assessment of the presence and extent of compression of the hypothalamus. It is concluded that cisternography combined with linear tomography provides information about the size of the pituitary gland and the presence of suprasellar expansion, although the present technique does not allow an assessment of the severity of the suprasellar expansion.
A RETROSPECTIVE EVALUATION OF THE RADIOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE OF PULMONARY METASTATIC DISEASE ON INITIAL PRESENTATION IN THE DOG
Authors: Miles Kristina G. , Lattimer Jimmy C. , Jergens Albert E. , Krause Gary F.
Published: May 2005

Thoracic radiographs of 346 dogs, diagnosed as having primary neoplasms, were reviewed for radiographic changes associated with pulmonary metastatic disease at the time of initial presentation. Dogs having radiographic changes of single or multiple interstitial nodular opacities, in the absence of concurrent intrathoracic disease, were considered to have pulmonary metastatic disease. The frequency of metastasis associated with each histologic tumor type was compared by chi‐squared analysis. Dogs having primary thyroid carcinomas and transitional cell carcinomas demonstrated the greatest frequency of radiographic changes, 62.5% and 26% respectively. In dogs having a variety of other neoplasms, including nasal adenocarcinomas and cutaneous neoplasms, thoracic radiography proved useful in delineating intercurrent disease and staging, as well as the extent of neoplastic involvement. These results indicate early radiographic evaluation of the thorax should be performed on all dogs with confirmed or suspected primary neoplasms.
ENTERIC DUPLICATION IN TWO DOGS
Authors: Spaulding Kathy A. , Cohn Leah A. , Miller Richard T. , Hardie Elizabeth M.
Published: May 2005

Enteric duplication, a developmental malformation of the alimentary tract resulting in juxtaintestinal cyst‐like formations, was diagnosed in 2 dogs. The sonographic, gross, and histopathologic characteristics of the malformation reported in people include: a fusion between the wall of the duplication cyst and the adjoining segment of the alimentary tract, a hypoechoic tunica muscularis layer in the outer free wall of the cyst, a shared muscular wall between the cyst and the adjoining normal bowel, and a similar or heterotopic epithelial lining of the lumen of the cyst. Both dogs in this series had characteristic sonographic, gross and histopathologic patterns described for enteric duplication in people. Three adjoining cysts that communicated and shared a common wall with the ileum were present in the first dog. Ectopic gastric mucosa was present in the single cyst that shared a common wall with the jejunum in the second dog. Other abdominal cystic masses may mimic the gross appearance of the duplication cyst and can potentially result in a misdiagnosis of the underlying etiology. Sonographic findings are characteristic for duplication cysts and are the preferred primary diagnostic modality, however, histopathology is warranted to confirm the diagnosis.
THE UTILITY OF THORACIC RADIOGRAPHIC MEASUREMENT FOR THE DETECTION OF CARDIOMEGALY IN CATS WITH PLEURAL EFFUSION
Authors: Snyder Patti S. , Sato Takashi , Atkins Clarke E.
Published: May 2005

Right lateral thoracic radiographs from four groups of age and weight matched cats were evaluated retrospectively to determine the utility of thoracic mensuration in distinguishing the cause of pleural effusion. Group 1 cats had no thoracic abnormalities (n = 40); Group 2 cats had cardiomegaly without pleural effusion (n = 12); Group 3 cats had noncardiogenic pleural effusion (n = 10); Group 4 cats had cardiogenic pleural effusion (n = 18). Measurements obtained from the radiographs demonstrated tracheal elevation in cats with cardiomegaly alone and in cats with pleural effusion, regardless of cause. These data demonstrate that pleural effusion displaces the thoracic viscera dorsally, thereby mimicking cardiomegaly. Similar measurements failed to differentiate cardiogenic from noncardiogenic pleural effusion, with the exception of the lateral thoracic dimension.
DORSAL PLANE COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC IMAGING OF THE ETHMOID REGION TO EVALUATE CHRONIC NASAL DISEASE IN THE DOG
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Berry Clifford R.
Published: May 2005

Computed tomographic anatomy of the normal canine ethmoid region using both transverse and dorsal imaging plane is described. In the transverse plane, the cribriform plate appears as an irregular heart‐shaped to rectangular structure that is generally visualized on no more than one to two contiguous 4‐mm slices. In the dorsal plane, the cribriform plate appears as a discrete “V”‐shaped structure and can be visualized on four to five contiguous slices. Successful visualization of the cribriform was less dependent on patient positioning for the dorsal plane imaging studies. Computed tomographic findings in four dogs with chronic nasal disease and complete postmortem examination of the ethmoid region indicate that the dorsal imaging plane allows a more accurate assessment of cribriform plate involvement than the transverse imaging plane.
THE NORMAL XERORADIOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE COCKATIEL (NYMPHZCUS HOLLANDZS)
Authors: Smith Bonnie J. , Smith Stephen A. , Spaulding Kathy A. , Flammer Keven , Smallwood James E.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the study was to provide a reference for the normal radiographic anatomy of the cockatiel (Nymphicus hollundis). The head, body, wing, and pelvic limb of mature males were radiographed using xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic techniques. Ten xeroradiographs and ten corresponding conventional radiographs were selected, and the xeroradiographs appropriately labeled to illustrate the normal radiographic anatomy of these regions.
DENTAL RADIOGRAPHY IN THE DOG WITH A CONVENTIONAL X‐RAY DEVICE
Authors: Roman F. San , Llorens M. P. , Peña M. T. , Garcia F. A. , Prandi D.
Published: May 2005

This study describes a method of using a conventional x‐ray device and film‐positioning system for dental radiography in dogs. This system is economical, safe and results in high quality dental radiographs.
DORSAL PERITONEOPERICARDIAL MESOTHELIAL REMNANT AS AN AID TO THE DIAGNOSIS OF FELINE CONGENITAL PERITONEOPERICARDIAL DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA
Authors: Berry Clifford R. , Koblik Philip D. , Ticer James W.
Published: May 2005

A new radiographic finding associated with feline congenital peritoneopericardial diaphragmatic hernias (CPDH) was identified and is presented in this paper. This finding represents the dorsal border of the hernia and when present appears on the lateral thoracic radiograph. Descriptively, the finding was called the dorsal peritoneopericardial mesothelial remnant (DPMR). In order to determine the recognizability and possible impact of this radiographic finding, thoracic radiographs of 10 cats with CPDH were randomly mixed with 20 other feline thoracic radiographic studies, which included 4 normal cats and 16 cats with a variety of primary cardiac disorders. Eight radiologists were instructed to identify the presence or absence of the DPMR. They were told that the DPMR connected the dorsal aspect of the caudal pericardium to the diaphragm at the site of the CPDH, and that the DPMR would be present on the lateral radiograph ventral to or superimposed over the area of the caudal vena cava. The reviewers were then asked to describe any other radiographic features that were consistent with a diagnosis of CPDH. At least 6 of the 8 reviewers identified the DPMR as being present in each of the 10 cats. In 17 instances, reviewers used the presence of the DPMR as the only radiographic finding in reaching a diagnosis of CPDH. In 4 instances of CPDH, the DPMR was not recognized by the reviewers, but other radiographic features were used that led them to a correct diagnosis of CPDH. In 2 separate instances, a reviewer misidentified pleural effusion/thickening within the interlobar fissure between the middle and caudal lung lobes as being the DPMR. In 7 false‐positive diagnoses of CPDH, reviewers did not identify the presence of the DPMR but diagnosed CPDH based on perceived abnormalities in cardiac shape. Each of these cats had feline cardiomyopathy and not CPDH. It is concluded that in the absence of more typical thoracic radiographic features of feline CPDH, the presence of a DPMR on the lateral radiograph should make one suspicious of CPDH as the cause of cardiac silhouette enlargement or contour abnormality.
NON‐SKELETAL DISTRIBUTION OF BONE‐SEEKING RADIOPHARMACEUTICALS
Authors: Lamb Christopher R.
Published: May 2005

A variety of factors may change the normal distribution of bone‐seeking radiopharmaceuticals. This paper presents a classification of non‐skeletal bone tracer distribution according to physiologic, pathologic, and artifactual causes. The mechanisms thought to account for non‐skeletal distribution are reviewed. Examples of non‐skeletal bone tracer distribution include calcinosis cutis and pulmonary mineralization in hyperadrenocorticism, renal infarct, acute rhabdomyolysis, urine contamination, lymph node uptake following extravasation of the radiopharmaceutical, thyroid uptake due to free pertechnetate in the injectate, and intramuscular uptake following injection of butorphanol.
A XERORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF THE DEVELOPING QUARTERHORSE FOREDIGIT AND METACARPOPHALANGEAL REGION FROM SIX TO TWELVE MONTHS OF AGE
Authors: Smallwood James E. , Albright Sandra M. , Metcalf Michael R. , Thrall Donald E. , Harrington Ben D.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of the project was to provide a reference for radiographic anatomy of the developing equine foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region. Using xeroradiographic techniques, both foredigits and metacarpophalangeal regions of six Quarter Horse foals were radiographed at 1 day of age and then at 2‐week intervals until the foals were 6 weeks old. The foals were then radiographed at 4‐week intervals until they were 12 months old. The period from birth to 6 months has been described in a previous report. This paper deals with the period from 6 to 12 months of age. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar xeroradiographs of each foredigit and metacarpophalangeal region and a dorsal 65° proximal‐palmarodistal oblique view of the distal part of the digit were made at each examination. Foals were weighed and were measured at the withers immediately prior to each examination. Representative xeroradiographs were selected and appropriately labeled to demonstrate normal radiographic anatomy of these regions. Earliest radiographic visualization of distal epiphyseal ossification in metacarpal 2 and metacarpal 4 was extremely variable and ranged from 4 to 38 weeks. It was not possible to determine accurately the ages at which distal physes of the small metacarpal bones closed. In one foal, three of four of these physes were closed at 26 weeks, while in another foal, none had closed when last radiographed at 54 weeks. Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the middle phalanx ranged from 18 to 30 weeks (mean = 26 weeks). Radiographic closure of the proximal physis of the proximal phalanx ranged from 22 to 38 weeks (mean = 30 weeks). Radiographic closure of the distal physis of metacarpal 3 ranged from 18 to 38 weeks (mean = 29 weeks).
ATYPICAL LYTIC PROLIFERATIVE SKELETAL LESIONS ASSOCIATED WITH PLASMA CELL MYELOMA IN A DOG
Authors: Jergens Albert E. , Miles Kristin A G. , Moore Frances M.
Published: May 2005

A 10‐year‐old female Labrador Retriever with intermittent lameness, lethargy, pancytopenia, hyper‐calcemia, and severe hyperproteinemia was diagnosed as having plasma cell myeloma. Diagnosis was confirmed by finding a monoclonal gammopathy, extensive plasmacytic bone marrow infiltration, and radiographic evidence of skeletal disease. Survey radiography revealed atypical lytic proliferative osseous lesions involving the spinous process of the third thoracic vertebrae, left third rib, and both left and right fifth ribs. Nutritional support and specific chemotherapy with Melphalan have resulted in long‐term clinical remission. This report describes the radiographic and clinicopathologic features of plasma cell myeloma in the dog. A discussion of the previously reported radiographic features of this neoplasm is also included.
BILATERAL OVARIAN ADENOCARCINOMA IN A DOG: ULTRASONOGRAPHIC‐AIDED DIAGNOSIS
Authors: Goodwin John‐Karl , Hager David , Phillips Lesley , Lyman Ronald
Published: May 2005

Abdominal ultrasonography was instrumental in the diagnosis of bilateral ovarian adenocarcinoma in a twelve year old female Irish Setter. Severe ascites limited the diagnostic quality of abdominal radiography, but enhanced ultrasonographic images. Ultrasonographically, the ovarian tumors were large, contained multiple anechoic cystic structures, and had irregular margins. The ultrasonographic appearance of ovarian adenocarcinoma has not been previously reported.
ULTRASONOGRAPHIC FEATURES OF CANINE HEPATIC NODULAR HYPERPLASIA
Authors: Stowater Jonathan L. , Lamb Christopher R. , Schelling Scott H.
Published: May 2005

Hepatic nodular hyperplasia is a benign, usually clinically inapparent, proliferative lesion commonly found at necropsy in older dogs. Three examples of hepatic nodular hyperplasia are described in dogs with clinical signs compatible with hepatic disease in which ultrasonography revealed a variety of echotextural changes in the liver similar to those reported in primary or secondary hepatic neoplasia. In subsequent in vitro ultrasonographic studies of hepatic nodular hyperplasia lesions detected at necropsy in dogs without clinical signs of hepatic disease, only subtle echotextural changes were seen. Hence, hepatic nodular hyperplasia may be inapparent in vivo in many dogs. Hepatic nodular hyperplasia is a potentially confusing sporadic finding which must be considered by ultrasonographers examining dogs with clinical signs of hepatic disease. The diagnosis of hepatic neoplasia should not be made on the basis of ultrasonographic findings alone.
THE MACH PHENOMENON
Authors: Papageorges Marc , Sande Ronald D.
Published: May 2005

Mach bands are optical illusions produced by an extensive lateral inhibition network within the retina. They are seen on every radiograph. Both positive and negative Mach bands can be seen at a boundary, but only one type is usually seen at boundaries created by biological structures because of their shape. Convex structures are associated with a negative Mach line and concave structures are associated with a positive Mach line. Using this principle, the shape of unknown structures can be deduced and structures of known shape can be more accurately identified. Sometimes, Mach lines can be very prominent and be perceived as real structures. Ways to make the distinction between Mach lines and real opacities are described. Understanding the Mach phenomenon improves accuracy of radiographic interpretation.
IRIDIUM‐192: A LITERATURE REVIEW FOR FURTHER REFERENCING THE ISOTOPE, ITS ACTIVITY UNITS, AND DOSIMETRY TECHNIQUES
Authors: Walker Michael , Smith Joey R.
Published: May 2005

The individual embarking on an iridium‐192 brachytherapy program is faced with an abundance of concepts, terms and dosimetry techniques. This article introduces the beginning brachytherapist to the basic physical parameters of iridium‐192, to the potential units for source strength and to the general concepts of the various dosimetry techniques. Multiple literature references are listed for more in‐depth study.
ULTRASONOGRAPHY OF THE EQUINE STIFLE
Authors: Penninck Dominique G. , Nyland Thomas G. , O'Brien Timothy R. , Wheat John D. , Berry Clifford R.
Published: May 2005

Ten stifles from 5 clinically sound adult horses were scanned by high‐resolution ultrasound. Normal anatomic structures seen consistently included the subcutaneous tissue, the medial, middle and lateral patellar ligaments, the medial and lateral collateral ligaments, the femoral trochlear ridges, and menisci. Cruciate ligaments could not be visualized in the standing horse. Four stifle specimens obtained from 2 of these normal horses at necropsy were scanned in a water bath to create optimal technical conditions. The sonographic appearance of stifle specimens was similar to that found in live horses. Results from ultrasonographic examination of 3 horses with stifle abnormalities were described to illustrate some applications of ultrasonography in the evaluation of the equine stifle. In these horses, ultrasound was a valuable diagnostic tool to study joint effusion, synovial thickening, articular cartilaginous and subchondral defects, and soft tissue/bony injuries.
NORMAL XERORADIOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE RED‐TAILED HAWK (BUTEO JAMAICENCIS), WITH REFERENCE TO OTHER DIURNAL RAPTORS
Authors: Smith Stephen A. , Smith Bonnie J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to provide a reference for xeroradiographic and conventional radio‐graphic anatomy of the red‐tailed hawk (Buteo jamaicencis) as a representative of the avian Order Falconiformes. The head, body, wing, and pelvic limb of three adult birds were radiographed using xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic techniques. Twelve xeroradiographs and their corresponding conventional radiographs were selected, and the xeroradiographs labeled to illustrate the normal anatomy of these regions.
COMPARISON OF TRANSCOLONIC 123I‐IODOAMPHETAMINE AND PORTAL VEIN INJECTION OF 99mTc‐MACROAGGREGATED ALBUMIN SHUNT FRACTION CALCU‐LATIONS IN EXPERIMENTAL DOGS WITH ACQUIRED POR‐TOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS
Authors: Koblik Philip D. , Yen Chi‐Kwan , Komtebedde Jan , Hornof William J. , Moore Peter F. , Fisher Paul E.
Published: May 2005

Shunt fraction was determined using transcolonic 123I‐iodoamphetamine (IMP) and portal vein injection of 99mTc‐macroaggregated albumin (MAA) in a group of eight dogs with chronic cirrhosis and acquired portosystemic shunts subsequent to total common bile duct ligation. Hepatic parenchymal damage was confirmed by alterations in liver function tests and liver histology. Seven of the eight dogs developed portal hypertension and had angiographic evidence of hepatofugal portal blood flow with multiple peripheral portosystemic anastomoses. Shunt fractions determined in the seven dogs with shunts varied from 39 to 100 using IMP and 45 to 93 using MAA. The remaining dog had normal portal pressure, a normal portal angiogram, and normal IMP and MAA scintigraphic studies. There was an excellent correlation between the two methods of shunt fraction calculation (R2= 0.98) and the line of regression was not significantly different from unity (IMP = 1.09 × MAA ‐ 0.03).
COMPARISON OF PER‐RECTAL PORTAL SCINTIGRAPHY USING 99mTECHNETIUM PERTECHNETATE TO MESENTERIC INJECTION OF RADIOACTIVE MICROSPHERES FOR QUANTIFICATION OF PORTOSYSTEMIC SHUNTS IN AN EXPERIMENTAL DOG MODEL
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Bright Ronald , Monnet Eric , Ollis Paul
Published: May 2005

Per‐rectal portal scintigraphy using tech‐netium‐99m pertechnetate (99mTcO4‐) was performed in 8 normal dogs before and after surgical creation of a portacaval shunt. Shunt fractions were calculated by computer assisted analysis of dynamic images (IMG) and compared to shunt fractions determined by mesenteric venous injection of radioactive microspheres (MIC). The mean pre‐operative shunt fraction was 1.59% using IMG and 3.00% using MCI. The mean postoperative shunt fraction was 64.56% using IMG and 69.56% using MIC. There was excellent correlation between both methods (r2 0.94). Per‐rectal portal scintigraphy is an easily performed, inexpensive method to diagnose and quantify portosystemic shunts in dogs.
DIAGNOSIS OF AORTIC THROMBOEMBOLISM IN TWO DOGS WITH RADIONUCLIDE ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Daniel Gregory B. , Wantschek Leslie , Bright Ronald , Silva‐Krott Ilse
Published: May 2005

Radionuclide angiography was used to document occlusion of the distal aorta by thromboemboli in two dogs. Findings were confirmed by necropsy. The location of the thrombus corresponded with the scintigraphic lesion. Information obtained by the radionuclide angiogram was instrumental in patient management. We suggest the use of radionuclide angiography as a quick, non‐invasive alternative to contrast angiography in animals suspected of having aortic thromboembolism.
EVALUATION OF EXPERIMENTALLY INDUCED CANINE HEPATIC CIRRHOSIS USING DUPLEX DOPPLER ULTRASOUND
Authors: Nyland Thomas G. , Fisher Paul E.
Published: May 2005

Portal blood flow was measured with duplex Doppler ultrasound in ten normal dogs and in ten dogs with hepatic cirrhosis induced by common bile duct ligation 4 weeks previously. Mean portal blood flow velocity in the 10 dogs with experimentally induced hepatic cirrhosis was markedly reduced (9.2 ± 1.70 cm/sec vs. normal 18.1 ± 7.6 cm/sec, p < 0.01). Mean portal blood flow was also significantly decreased compared to normal (17.2 ± 4.9 cc/min/kg versus normal 31.06 ± 9.1 cc/min/kg, p < 0.01) while portal vein diameter remained unchanged. The dogs with induced hepatic cirrhosis developed extensive extrahepatic portosystemic shunting that was confirmed at necropsy. It was concluded that decreased portal velocity and portal flow which resulted from hepatic cirrhosis was detectable noninvasively with Doppler ultrasound.
TESTICULAR ULTRASOUND IN THE NORMAL DOG
Authors: Pugh Charles R. , Konde Linda J. , Park Richard D.
Published: May 2005

The testicles of ten dogs presented for routine castration were imaged with real time ultrasound. A scanning technique using multiple imaging planes (sagittal, transverse, and dorsal planes) was developed to image the testicles and epididymi. The testes were characterized by a coarse medium echo pattern. The mediastinum testis was consistently seen as a 0.2 cm wide linear hyperechoic structure in the central long axis of the testis. The ability to identify and the appearance of the epididymis was variable. The tail was consistently seen as an anechoic to hypoechoic structure. Ultrasound images were compared for anatomical structure with frozen gross sections. Ultrasonic and gross measurements were made and analyzed. Individual gross and ultrasonic measurements compared favorably. Linear regression coefficients between body surface area versus testicular length and diameter were 0.73 and 0.58 respectively. A Wilcoxin signed rank test for similarity p = 0.33 value was found when comparing the right to the left testicle.
RADIOGRAPHIC CHANGES IN AN EQUINE PATELLA FOLLOWING MEDIAL PATELLAR DESMOTOMY
Authors: Squire K.R.E. , Blevins W.E. , Frederick M. , Fessler J.F.
Published: May 2005

Medial patellar desmotomy has been considered a benign surgical treatment in horses with suspected upward fixation of the patella. Our clinic has previously observed radiographic changes in the equine stifle following medial patellar desmotomy but preoperative radiographs were not made and the changes therefore could not be directly associated with the desmotomy. In this report we describe a case with normal stifle radiographs before medial patellar desmotomy. Radiographs made 3 months later demonstrated degeneration of the patella with enthesophytes, osteolysis and bone fragments. It is hypothesized that the lesion developed as a result of lateral rotation of the patella creating stress concentration in the subchondral bone of the distal articular surface of the patella. The pathogenesis of the patellar lesion is thought to be similar to the “gull wing” lesion on the distal palmar aspect of the third metacarpal bone. We recommend a more prudent approach to medial patellar desmotomy in the horse.
EQUINE DISTAL PHALANGEAL SEQUESTRATION
Authors: Baird A.M. , Seahorn T.L. , Morris E.L.
Published: May 2005

Sequestra of the right rear distal phalanx were diagnosed radiographically in four horses. The horses were treated by surgical debridement of the lesion with systemic and/or local antimicrobial therapy. Clinical signs of lameness subsided within days of surgery and all four horses returned to use.
FATAL MEDIASTINAL HEMORRHAGE IN A DOG
Authors: Mason Gail D. , Lamb Christopher R. , Jakowski Richard M.
Published: May 2005

Rapidly fatal mediastinal hemorrhage in a previously healthy dog is described. The lesion was manifest radiographically by widening of the dorsal mediastinum. Although the exact origin of hemorrhage was not identified, it is hypothesized that one or more dorsal intercostal arteries were ruptured when the dog ran to an abrupt stop at the end of a long chain.
VOLUMETRIC IMAGE PROCESSING FOR THREE‐DIMENSIONAL DISPLAY OF THE SKELETAL ANATOMY OF THE SEA OTTER
Authors: Stoskopf Michael K. , Fishman Elliot K. , Williams Thomas D.
Published: May 2005

Volumetrically correct, three‐dimensional color images of the sea otter, (Enhydra lutris), were generated from computed tomographic (CT) data using a Sun 3/160 workstation and a Pixar Imaging Computer. These images could be displayed as static images (1024×768) or rotated about any axis in real‐time by displaying sequential rotation sequences generated by the Pixar Imaging Computer. The images provided realistic depth of field through overshadowing and differential opacification. This was obtained through an opacification algorithm which traced rays from a selected viewing plane through colored gel volumes, and calculated absorbance percentages as a function of the transparency of the gels penetrated. Reconstructions of this type serve as alternative anatomy tutorials for species otherwise unavailable for routine dissection. They also permit topographical studies without interfering with populations of endangered animals.
ZINC TOXICOSIS IN A DOG SECONDARY TO INGESTION OF PENNIES
Authors: Ackerman Norman , Spencer Crispin P. , Sundlof Stephen F. , Partridge Harvey L.
Published: May 2005

Zinc poisoning was identified in a 4‐year‐old dog secondary to ingestion and gastric retention of two pennies. The pennies were identified radiographically and were observed to dissolve almost completely over a 2‐day period. The dog died 2 days after laparotomy and gastrotomy. Renal tubular necrosis and hepatic degeneration were identified histologically. Radiologists should be aware of the potential for intoxication from pennies and zinc nuts when these foreign objects are retained in the stomach.
CONGENITAL TRACHEAL COLLAPSE IN A PIGLET
Authors: Kiper Mary L. , Henry George
Published: May 2005

Tracheal collapse was diagnosed radiographically in an eight‐day‐old Yorkshire‐cross piglet presented with acute onset of inspiratory dyspnea. The diagnosis was confirmed by gross and microscopic pathology. This is the first reported example of tracheal collapse in a pig.
RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE DROMEDARY SKULL
Authors: Saber A.S.
Published: May 2005

Radiographs were made of the skull of a 1.5‐year‐old and a 3‐year‐old camel for the purpose of assessing and describing the radiographic anatomy. Radiographic anatomy was compared with results from gross dissection of 5 additional camel specimens. Camel skull anatomy was related to that of the horse and ox. Obvious differences were found. These include in the camel, large occipital condules, a notched foramen magnum, an intracranial projection for the interparietal bone, and small paranasal sinuses. Other minor differences are detailed in the text.
GROWTH OF THE RADIUS AND ULNA IN LABRADOR RETRIEVER DOGS WITH OCULAR AND SKELETAL DYSPLASIA
Authors: Carrig Colin B. , Schmidt Gretchen M. , Tvedten Harold W.
Published: May 2005

An associated ocular and skeletal dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers is caused by one abnormal gene which has recessive effects on the skeleton and incompletely dominant effects on the eye. The forelimbs of normal and affected pups were radiographed between birth and 156 days of age and the length of the radius and ulna measured. There was a significant difference in the mean length of these bones in normal and affected pups at birth and this difference was maintained over the period of observation. Similar differences were observed in purebred Labrador Retrievers and in Labrador Retriever‐Beagle crosses. The results of this study suggest that the length of the radius and ulna could be used to identify pups affected by this syndrome if test matings with affected animals were done to identify carrier animals. Abnormal shape of the radius and ulna, which is seen in animals affected with this syndrome, should be used to augment the accuracy of identification of puppies affected by this syndrome.
NORMAL XERORADIOGRAPHIC AND RADIOGRAPHIC ANATOMY OF THE GREAT HORNED OWL (BUBO VIRGINIANUS), WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO THE BARN OWL (TYTO ALBA)
Authors: Smith Stephen A. , Smith Bonnie J.
Published: May 2005

The purpose of this study was to provide a reference for xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic anatomy of the great horned owl (Bubo virginianus) as a representative of the avian Order Strigiformes. The head, body, wing, and pelvic limb of three adult birds were radiographed using xeroradiographic and conventional radiographic techniques. Twelve xeroradiographs and their corresponding conventional radiographs were selected, and the xeroradiographs labeled to illustrate normal anatomy. Selected views of the barn owl (Tyto alba) were included to illustrate significant differences between this and other species of owls.
MR, CT AND CLINICAL FEATURES FROM FOUR DOGS WITH NASAL TUMORS INVOLVING THE ROSTRAL CEREBRUM
Authors: Moore Michael P. , Gavin Patrick R. , Kraft Susan L. , DeHaan Constance E. , Leathers Charles W. , Dorn Ronald V.
Published: May 2005

The clinical findings and computed tomographic and magnetic resonance images from four dogs with nasal tumors that invaded the central nervous system were revlewed. There were minimal or no clinical signs related to nasal disease. Brain imaging with magnetic resonance or computed tomography demonstrated antemortem involvement of brain and nasal structures. Magnetic resonance imaging was optimal for demonstrating this involvement and showed more detailed anatomic features of the mass and secondary pathologies attributed to the mass.
A XERORADIOGRAPHIC STUDY OF OSTEOCHONDROSIS IN THE METACARPOPHALANGEAL REGION OF TWO FOALS
Authors: Smallwood James E. , Kelly Emma Jane
Published: May 2005

Using xeroradiographic techniques, both metacarpophalangeal regions of six quarter horse foals were radiographed at 1 day of age and at 2‐week intervals until they were 6 weeks old, and then at 4‐week intervals until they were 12 months old. Lateromedial and dorsopalmar xeroradiographs of each metacarpophalangeal region were made per examination; dorsomedial‐palmarolateral projections of the left metacarpophalangeal joint of foal 6 were also made. The foals were weighed and measured at the withers immediately prior to each examination. Representative xeroradiographs were selected to demonstrate progression of the osteochondrosis (OCH) lesions in two of these foals. Radiographic evidence of osteochondrosis in the metacarpophalangeal region was first detected at 10 weeks and followed through 12 months of age. In one foal the lesions were bilaterally symmetric and involved the dorsoproximal aspect of the sagittal ridge of metacarpal 3; in the other, the left medial proximal sesamoid bone was affected. One of the sagittal ridge lesions progressed to osteochondritis dissecans by 26 weeks; the other sagittal ridge lesion and that of the sesamoid bone healed spontaneously, but residual radiographic evidence of the disease persisted throughout the study in both foals.
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF VETERINARY RADIOTHERAPY
Authors: Whiteley M.B. , Kestenman D.B. , Feeney D.A.
Published: May 2005

A review of the veterinary radiotherapy literature from 1939 through June of 1989 is presented. Subject material includes: radiation effects/injury, radiation oncology, hyperthermia, phototherapy, and various combination treatment protocols. Species covered are divided into small animal (canine, feline), large animal (equine, bovine, caprine, ovine) and miscellaneous species.