bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
De misiones coloniales a escuelas republicanas
Authors: Arredondo Adelina
Published: September 2020

En 1821 México obtuvo su independencia de España y tres años después se estableció una república federal. Cada estado de la federación asumió como su deber la promoción de escuelas públicas en todos los pueblos. En seis años el gobierno del estado de Chihuahua informó que había fundado escuelas en 60 pueblos. Encontré que en 43 de esos pueblos ya existían durante la Colonia algún tipo de establecimiento educativo. En este artículo se explica el contexto histórico de la época, la labor educativa de las misiones jesuitas y franciscanas en tierras de indios nómadas, los efectos de las Reformas Borbónicas y de la expulsión de los jesuitas en la educación, las políticas educativas del Estado mexicano y la escolarización durante los primeros años de la República federal en esa región del norte de México, haciendo un balance de la educación formal antes y después de la independencia.
Julio Ruiz Berrio. Camiños transitados xuntos
Authors: Cid Xosé Manuel
Published: September 2020

Homenaxe a Julio Ruiz Berrio.
Julio Ruiz Berrio: Memoria do traballo compartido en dous tempos
Authors: Peña Saavedra Vicente
Published: September 2020

Homenaxe a Julio Ruiz Berrio.
Lembranza de Julio
Authors: Otero Urtuza Eugenio
Published: September 2020

Homenaxe a Julio Ruiz Berrio.
A educación nos Países Baixos nos anos 30 do século XIX: informes e textos de Ramón de la Sagra
Authors: Costa Rico Antón
Published: September 2020

Informes e textos de Ramón de la Sagra.
Cross-layer optimization technology for wireless network multimedia video
Authors:   Network and Information Management Center, Bengbu University, Xia W.
Published: September 2020

With the development of communication technology, wireless Internet has become more and more popular. The traditional network layered protocols cannot meet the increasingly rich network services, especially video. This paper briefly introduced the cross-layer transmission of video in wireless network and the cross-layer optimization algorithm used for improving video transmission quality and improved the traditional cross-layer algorithm. Then, the two cross-layer algorithms were simulated and analyzed on MATLAB software. The results showed that the packet delivery rate, peak signal to noise ratio and downlink throughput of the improved cross-layer algorithm were significantly higher than those of the traditional cross-layer algorithm under the same signal to interference plus noise ratio of receiving users in wireless network; meanwhile, with the increase of signal to interference plus noise ratio of the receiving user, the packet delivery rate and peak signal to noise ratio of the two algorithms increased, and tended to be stable after some signal to interference plus noise ratio, while the throughput of the two algorithms increased linearly. In the established real wireless network, the package delivery rate, peak signal to noise ratio and throughput of video after application of cross-layer algorithm were significantly improved, and the wireless network applying the improved cross-layer algorithm improved more. In summary, compared with the traditional cross-layer algorithm, the improved cross-layer algorithm can better improve the transmission quality of video in wireless network.
Bragg waveguide of rectangular cross-section
Authors:   Kuban Station Technology University, Selina N.V.
Published: September 2020

A method for calculating parameters of rectangular waveguides using separation of variables is presented. The method makes it possible to calculate multilayer Bragg waveguides with an arbitrary number of layers and an arbitrary composition as photonic crystal structures with defect. A result of the numerical calculation of the dispersion diagram of such a structure is given. This result is in good agreement with the earlier published data on the study of similar structures.
Synthesis of holograms received by a communication channel
Authors:   Siberian State University of Geosystems and Technologies, Shoydin S.A.
Published: September 2020

A method for the synthesis of holograms that reconstruct a 3D image using two 2D images, including a topographic map of the surface of a 3D object and photographs of the texture of its surface obtained using coherent and incoherent radiation is proposed. The method is suitable for transmitting information about a 3D object via a communication channel at a distance and subsequent synthesis of holograms at a distance from the holography object. It can be used in augmented reality devices, when creating holographic cameras and 3D video cameras, in 3D projectors and microscopes, devices with a synthesized aperture. The proposed method for the remote hologram synthesis is suitable for reproducing 3D holographic images of distant objects at different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum. Examples of 3D image restoration in the infrared spectral range are given. The method is also suitable for the synthesis of holograms in the UV, THz, and even radio range.
High-speed format 1000BASE-SX / LX transmission through the atmosphere by vortex beams near IR range with help modified SFP-transmers DEM-310GT
Authors:   Samara National Research University, Karpeev S.V. ,   IPSI RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Podlipnov V.V. ,   Samara National Research University,   IPSI RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Ivliev N.A. ,   Samara National Research University,   IPSI RAS - Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS, Khonina S.N. ,   Samara National Research University,   IPSI RAS – Branch of the FSRC “Crystallography and Photonics” RAS
Published: September 2020

The possibility of constructing a near-infrared atmospheric optical communication system based on a pair of media converters of a signal format 100Base-TX / 1000BASE-T to format 1000BASE-SX / LX with SFP transceivers DEM-310GT was experimentally investigated. The FAN-OUT TUBING FTB900 SN-Y4 fiber cable connector, coming from the receiving radiation collimator for matching with the DEM-310GT transceiver, was modified. The transmitting radiation collimator is supplemented by a spiral phase plate to form a vortex beam. The influence of atmospheric influence on the data rate is analyzed.
La política social desde el modelo inclusivo al neoliberalismo tardío: del programa “Argentina Trabaja” al “Hacemos Futuro”
Authors: Ferrari Mango Cynthia
Published: September 2020

This article analyzes and characterizes the institutional assumptions, guidelines and logics applied in the social programs, as can be observed in different development models in Argentina during two consecutive governments. This work focuses on “Argentina Trabaja” (Programme of Social Income and Work, AT-PRIST). This programme was created during the administration of Frente para la Victoria [front for victory], was amended during the administration of Alianza cambiemos [alliance for change] and finally became the “Hacemos Futuro” [we do the future]. The development models for these programmes show a trend to approach the social issues from 2009 to 2018, moving from a social inclusion model to the CEOcratic model typical to the late neoliberalism. This study is based on a qualitative methodology and uses a diachronic perspective. The theory corpus consists of norms rules and regulations, official documents, information requests to the MDSN, observation-participation and semi-structured interviews
El capital humano en la gerencia de proyectos, factor de alineación estratégica
Authors: Infante Sánchez Elena del Pilar , Díaz-Piraquive Flor Nancy
Published: September 2020

This article aims to analyze whether the factor of human capital is relevant when aligning the investment projects and the organizational strategy based on international standards and benchmarks as well as the professional experience from local practices. The methodology herein is a review of studies describing how investment projects are prioritized to support the strategic and how much they consider the human capital as a factor. Next, different project methodologies are compared and the level of use of indicators measuring the human capital is analyzed. Finally, using the Delphi method, the consensus of project experts regarding the situation of the human capital factor when managing a project intended to contribute to the organization strategy is analyzed. The results section underlines that, even though some companies can be taken as a benchmark thanks to the tools they adopted —like the Balanced Scorecard (BSC)— for their strategic direction and the standard methodologies they used to manage the projects with indicators, experts agree that due to a lack of vision or planning, in the reality the human capital factor requires paying more attention to need of aligning the project and its strategic objective
The Influence of Successful MOOC Learners’ Self-Regulated Learning Strategies, Self-Efficacy, and Task Value on Their Perceived Effectiveness of a Massive Open Online Course
Authors: Lee Daeyeoul , Watson Sunnie Lee , Watson William R.
Published: September 2020

High dropout rates have been an unsolved issue in massive open online courses (MOOCs). As perceived effectiveness predicts learner retention in MOOCs, instructional design factors that affect it have been increasingly examined. However, self-regulated learning, self-efficacy, and task value have been underestimated from the perspective of instructors even though they are important instructional design considerations for MOOCs. This study investigated the influence of self-regulated learning strategies, self-efficacy, and task value on perceived effectiveness of successful MOOC learners. Three hundred fifty-three learners who successfully completed the Mountain 101 MOOC participated in this study by completing a survey through e-mail. The results of stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that perceived effectiveness was significantly predicted by both self-regulated learning strategies and task value. In addition, the results of another stepwise multiple regression analysis showed that meta-cognitive activities after learning, environmental structuring, and time management significantly predicted perceived effectiveness.
Challenges of Blended Learning in Refugee Camps: When Internet Connectivity Fails, Human Connection Succeeds
Authors: Dridi Mohamed Aziz , Radhakrishnan Dhinesh , Moser-Mercer Barbara , DeBoer Jennifer
Published: September 2020

In this paper, we studied the implementation of a course on global history as a blended section of a massive open online course (MOOC) and the learning challenges faced by the students in three crisis contexts: Azraq refugee camp (Jordan), Kakuma refugee camp (Kenya), and Amman urban refugee center (Jordan). The results showed that poor Internet connection in the camps severely impacted both students’ and instructors’ experience of the course. In the context of chronic Internet connectivity issues, the instructors had difficulties assessing their students’ needs and challenges. The results also showed that in light of these intermittent connection problems, the collaborative learning environment helped students navigate the challenges of a blended course. Also, the onsite visit by the online tutors and the face-to-face interactions that resulted from it had a noticeable impact on the human dynamics of the course by allowing instructors to provide targeted solutions to students’ problems as well as by building rapport between the students and the instructional team.
Profiles of Online Students and the Impact of Their University Experience
Authors: Sánchez-Gelabert Albert , Valente Riccardo , Duart Josep M
Published: September 2020

In recent decades, there has been a steady growth in the population who enter higher education in both brick-and-mortar and, in particular, online universities. This has led to an increase in heterogeneous student profiles in a relatively short period of time. The purpose of this paper was to explore the student profiles at a university that gives all its courses online, namely the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya (UOC), and analyse students’ perceptions of their university experience. With this goal in mind, we constructed a student typology based on their social conditions and backgrounds using multiple correspondence analysis. Subsequently, an analysis of variance (Kruskall-Wallis test) was run to detect whether there were any differences in students’ perceptions of the impact of their university experience (N = 1850). Although the prevailing profile of students in the online university continues to reflect students with responsibilities outside of the university (e.g., work and/or family), new profiles have been observed, made up of younger students without any work or family responsibilities. In turn, younger students’ distinct perceptions of their university experience has been observed, depending on student profiles, with older students having more intrinsic perceptions, focused on learning and the acquisition of theoretical knowledge.
Research Trends in Mobile Learning
Authors: Yıldız Gizem , Yıldırım Abdurrahman , Akça Bedreddin Ali , Kök Ayşe , Özer Açelya , Karataş Serçin
Published: September 2020

A total of 1023 selected articles published in 2016–2019 related to mobile learning were examined and classified according to the categories in this research: 40% of these articles used quantitative approaches, 18% of them used mixed, and 13% of them were literature reviews. The published studies were analyzed according to research model, sample size, sample level, learning fields, subject-area classification, data collection tool, data analysis technique, dependent variable, independent variable, mobile device, number of authors, and publication year. The findings were analyzed and interpreted as a percentage and frequency. This research will be useful for reviewing current research trends related to mobile learning studies, indicating potential research on the topics, and revealing the needs of the field.
SHELTER BUILDING BY LARVAE OF PHYCITA DIAPHANASTAUDINGER, 1870 (LEPIDOPTERA PYRALIDAE) USING RICINUS COMMUNISL. IN ARID ZONE
Authors: EZZINE OLFA , SAADAOUI EZZEDDINE , DHAHRI SAMIR , HAMMAMI SONIA , BEN JAMÂA MOHAMED LAHBIB
Published: September 2020

In July 2017, in south-eastern Tunisia, larvae of Phycita diaphanawere observed on seedlings of castor bean. Infested pointed lobes of the leaves are characterized by the presence of shelters or nests ranging from oneto six shelters per leaf. The shelter area ranged from 1.01 to 28.27 cm2. In each shelter, we found from one to nine larvae. We conclude thatPh. diaphana spends the whole larval stage protected without changing its feeding habits.The leaf roll may reduce leaf toughness and lower levels of plant defensive chemicals, and hence provides a more easily and more safely eaten food. Larvae of Ph. diaphana use the pointed lobe to build its shelter. As Castor bean is used in several fields of economy, mainly the production of biodiesel fuel, the monitoring of this pest will be important and interesting. Thereby, studying the life cycle of pests constitute a significant element of phytosanitary control.
Revisiting Clinical Autopsies: Lessons to be Taken from the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Almeida Rui , Oliveira Rui Caetano
Published: September 2020

N/a.
Ketamine Versus Tramadol Effectiveness as Postoperative Oral Analgesics on Pediatric Patients Age 5-10 Years in Elective Surgery at Dr. Soetomo Hospital Surabaya
Authors: Putri Herdiani Sulistyo , Hanindito Elizeus , Sulistyono Herdy
Published: September 2020

Introduction: The use of ketamine and tramadol as postoperative analgesics for pediatric are still relatively rare, especially orally administrated. As an analgesic, ketamine blocks the NMDA receptor, the main excitatory transmitter in CNS; whereas tramadol blocks serotonin and norepinephrine uptake, thus preventing pain transmission on the spinal cord. Objective: The aim of this study is to compare the effectiveness of oral ketamine and oral tramadol as analgesics for postoperative acute pain in children. Method: A double-blind randomized clinical trial was conducted at Dr. Soetomo Hospital. The hospital ethical committee had approved this study. The subject includes thirty children aged 5-10 years old who fulfilled the inclusion criteria. They were divided into either ketamine groups or the tramadol group, in which each group consisting of fifteen patients. The regimen dosage that been given was 2mg/kg tramadol and ketamine as postoperative oral analgesics in the form of simple syrup. The FLACC table was used to evaluate pain score before and after administration of drugs (30-minutes, 1-hour, 2-hours, 3-hours, 4-hours, and at discharge from the recovery room). Result and Discussion: Based on the quantitative parameter of the FLACC (scale 0-10), there was a significant difference (p<0.05) between the first-hour postoperative administration and patient discharge from the recovery room. The patient of ketamine group had far lower FLACC value compared to the tramadol group. Rescue analgesics in the form of intravenous fentanyl were given to one patient (6.7%) in the ketamine group and  four patients (26.7%) in the tramadol group. Conclusion: Ketamine proved to be a better and more effective postoperative oral analgesic compared to tramadol in this study.
Pertimbangan Hakim Memutus Lebih Ringan Terhadap Perkara Pecandu Narkotika
Authors: Taufan Dio Aliefs
Published: September 2020

Artikel ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis putusan hakim dalam memberikan putusan pada perkara tindak pidana narkotika yang UU Narkotika menganut double track system, yaitu menerapkan sanksi pidana penjara dan tindakan rehabilitasi. Ketidakadilan dalam penanganan perkara narkotika, khususnya terhadap pecandu narkotika yang seharusnya dijatuhkan tindakan rehabilitasi namun jaksa penuntut umum dan hakim memutuskan penyalahguna narkotika harus dipidana penjara. Tipe penelitian skripsi adalah penelitian hukum normatif, dengan pendekatan perundang undangan, pendekatan konsep dan pendekatan kasus. Kualifikasi pecandu berbeda dengan penyalahguna narkotika. Pecandu Narkotika yaitu :1. Orang yang menggunakan Narkotika dalam keadaaan ketergantungan secara fisik maupun psikis, dan 2.Orang yang menyalahgunakan narkotika dalam keadaan ketergantungan secara fisik maupun psikis. Sedangkan pengertian penyalahguna adalah orang yang menggunakan Narkotika tanpa hak atau melawan hukum. UU Narkotika merupakan sebuah aturan hukum yang dijadikan dasar pertimbangan hukum hakim dalam memutus lebih ringan terhadap pecandu narkotika. Berdasarkan putusan hakim, pertimbangan memutus lebih ringan pecandu narkotika karena, seorang pecandu bukanlah seorang pelaku tindak pidana, pecandu adalah seorang korban yang perlu disembuhkan. Seorang pengguna narkotika merupakan pelaku tindak pidana sekaligus sebagai korban penyalahgunaan narkotika. Seorang pelaku tindak pidana penyalahgunaan narkotika diminta melakukan Visum Et Repertum akan berubah status menjadi pecandu dan hukumnya wajib direhabilitasi. sesungguhnya Penyalahguna Narkotika telah merugikan dirinya sendiri sehingga dapat pula dikategorikan sebagai korban ataupun sebagai pelaku dari tindak pidana penyalahgunaan narkotika.
Perjanjian Tertutup dan Penguasaan Pasar Dalam Prespektif Hukum Persaingan Usaha (Studi Perkara Putusan 22/KPPU-I/2016)
Authors: Alviansyah Eris Joni
Published: September 2020

Persaingan usaha secara sehat merupakan upaya mewujudkan iklim usaha yang kondusif dengan tetap menjunjung tinggi kepentingan umum serta tidak melanggar undang-undang yang berlaku. Penelitian ini sendiri merupakan bentuk keresahan penulis karena maraknya pelanggaran ketentuan hukum yang berlaku yaitu Undang-Undang Nomor 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larang Praktik Monopoli Dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui dan menganalisa dari Putusan Perkara 22/KPPU-I/2016 atas tindakan anti monopoli yang dilakukan oleh PT. Tirta Investama yang bekerja sama dengan PT. Balina Agung Perkasa serta menganalisa bentuk pelanggaran yang dilakukan. Jenis penelitian yang diguakan adalah yuridis normatif yang disetai dengan pendekatan undang-undang (statute approach), pendekatan kasus (case approach) dan pendektan konsep (conceptual approach). Hasil dari penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa analisis hukum Putusan Perkara 22/KPPU-I/2016 yang dinyatakan bahwa PT. Tirta Investama dan PT. Balina Agung Perkasa dinyatakan melanggar Pasal 15 dan Pasal 19 Undang-Undang Nomor 5 tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktik Monopoli Dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat dan diwajibkan menggantirugi sesuai dengan asas kelayakan dan kepatutan.
ANALISIS KEGIATAN PRODUKTIVITAS TERHADAP FUEL RATIO ALAT ANGKUT DAN ALAT GALI MUAT PADA PIT 2 DI PT PRO SARANA CIPTA
Authors: Amiruddin M Faisal , Saismana Uyu , Riswan Riswan
Published: September 2020

Alat-alat mekanis yang bekerja pada kegiatan penambangan menggunakan solar sebagai bahan bakar, penggunaan bahan bakar tersebut memberikan pengaruh yang cukup besar bagi biaya penambangan. Oleh karena itu bahan bakar harus digunakan seefisien mungkin, agar biaya yang dikeluarkan perusahaan dapat dihemat dan target produksi bisa tercapaiFuel consumption merupakan hal utama yang selalu jadi pertimbangan untuk pemilihan suatu alat karena secara umum fuel consumption penyumbang cost operasional yang paling besar. Fuel ratio adalah perbandingan antara penggunaan bahan bakar (fuel) yang digunakan untuk kegiatan penambangan dengan produksi lapisan batuan penutup yang dihasilkan.Faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi nilai fuel ratio adalah fuel burn (liter/jam) dan produktivitas alat (bcm/jam). Volvo FM 370 dengan rata-rata 0,56 liter/bcm menjadi 0,49 liter/bcm, Hitachi ZX450 (022) 0,37 liter/bcm menjadi 0,34 liter/bcm, Hitachi ZX450 (043) 0,22 liter/bcm menjadi 0,20 liter/bcm, Komatsu PC400 0.27 liter/bcm menjadi 0,22 liter/bcm dan untuk Caterpilar 345C 0.23 liter/bcm menjadi 0,19 liter/bcm. Kata-kata Kunci : Alat mekanis, Produktivitas,  Fuel Ratio
Extreme Capsule is a Bottleneck for Ventral Pathway
Authors: Shekari Ehsan , Shahriari Elahe , Joghataei Mohammad Taghi
Published: September 2020

On review of neuroscience literature extreme capsule considered as a whiter matter tract. Nevertheless it is not clear that extreme capsule itself is a association fiber pathway or is o bottleneck for passing other association fiber. By a systematic search with investigating anatomical position, dissection, connectivity and cognitive role of extreme capsule it can be argued that extreme capsule probably is a bottleneck for passing uncinated fasciculus (UF) and inferior fronto – occipital fasciculus(IFOF), And its different role of language processing is duo to different tract that passing it.
From Nernst to Bernstein and Beyond
Authors: Delalande Bernard , Tamagawa Hirohisa , Matveev Vladimir
Published: September 2020

Man has always been interested in animal electricity, which seems to be measured in every living cell. He has been fascinated by trying to elucidate the mechanisms by which this potential is created and maintained. Biology is the science that seeks to explain this mystery. Biology is based on basic sciences such as physics or chemistry. The latter, in turn, make systematic use of mathematics to measure, evaluate and predict certain phenomena and to develop "laws" and models that are as general as possible while respecting, as closely as possible, observations and facts. The Nernst equation was one of the pillars of electrochemistry. Biology also uses this same equation as one of the indispensable bases for the computation of membrane potential. Man has established a cellular model that highlights this equation in several forms. However, we are going to show by various means that this model is inadequate or even inapplicable.
Chaos, Order and Systematics in Evolution of The Genetic Code
Authors: Lei Lei , Burton Zachary F.
Published: September 2020

The genetic code evolved by a combination of chaotic and ordered processes. Liquid-liquid phase separation (hydrogels), a chaotic process, constructs diverse membraneless compartments within cells, resulting in regulated hydration and sequestration and concentration of reaction components. Hydrogels relate to chaotic amyloid fiber production. We propose that polyglycine and related hydrogels (i.e. GADV; G is glycine), phase separations, membraneless droplets and amyloid accretions organized protocell domains to drive the earliest evolution of the genetic code and the pre-life to cellular life transition. By contrast, evolution of tRNA, tRNAomes, aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases and translation systems followed highly ordered and systematic pathways, described by well-defined mechanisms and rules. The pathway of evolution of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases, which tracked evolution of the genetic code, is clarified. Hydrogels and amyloids form a chaotic component, therefore, that complemented otherwise systematic processes. We describe with detail a pre-life world in which hydrogels and amyloids provided the Darwinian selections of the first life.
Molecular Characterization, Protein-protein Interaction Network, and Evolution of four Glutathione Peroxidases from Tetrahymena Thermophila
Authors: Ferro Diana , Bakiu Rigers , Pucciarelli Sandra , Miceli Cristina , Vallesi Adriana , Irato Paola , Santovito Gianfranco
Published: September 2020

Glutathione peroxidases (GPxs) form a broad family of antioxidant proteins essential for maintaining redox homeostasis in eukaryotic cells. In this study, we used an integrative approach that combines bioinformatics, molecular biology, and biochemistry to investigate the role of GPxs in reactive oxygen species detoxification in the unicellular eukaryotic model organism Tetrahymena thermophila. Both phylogenetic and mechanistic empirical model analyses provided indications about the evolutionary relationships among the GPXs of Tetrahymena and the orthologous enzymes of phylogenetically related species. In-silico gene characterization and text mining were used to predict the functional relationships between GPxs and other physiologically-relevant processes. The GPx genes contain conserved transcriptional regulatory elements in the promoter region, which suggest that transcription is under tight control of specialized signaling pathways. The bioinformatic findings were next experimentally validated by studying the time course of copper (Cu)-dependent regulation of gene transcription and enzymatic activity. Results emphasize the role of GPxs in the detoxification pathways that, by complex regulation of Cu-dependent GPx gene expression, enables Tetrahymena to survive in high Cu concentrations and the associated redox environment.
Automatic Dialect Adaptation in Finnish and its Effect on Perceived Creativity
Authors: Hämäläinen Mika , Partanen Niko , Alnajjar Khalid , Rueter Jack , Poibeau Thierry
Published: September 2020

We present a novel approach for adapting text written in standard Finnish to different dialects. We experiment with character level NMT models both by using a multi-dialectal and transfer learning approaches. The models are tested with over 20 different dialects. The results seem to favor transfer learning, although not strongly over the multi-dialectal approach. We study the influence dialectal adaptation has on perceived creativity of computer generated poetry. Our results suggest that the more the dialect deviates from the standard Finnish, the lower scores people tend to give on an existing evaluation metric. However, on a word association test, people associate creativity and originality more with dialect and fluency more with standard Finnish.
Constitutive Activating and Inactivating Mutants of Eel Luteinizing Hormone Receptor
Authors: Byambaragchaa Munkhzaya , Kim Dong-An , Kim Dae-Jung , Hong Sun-Mee , Kang Myung-Hwa , Min Kwan-Sik
Published: September 2020

We analyzed signal transduction of three constitutively activating mutants (M410T, L469R, and D590Y) and two inactivating mutants (D417N and Y558F) of the eel luteinizing hormone receptor (eel LHR), known to occur in human LHR. The objective of this study was to assess the functional effects of these mutations in signal transduction and cell surface loss of receptor. Mutant receptors were transiently expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO-K1) cells. Eel LH-stimulated accumulation of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) was measured by homogeneous time-resolved fluorescence (HTRF) assays. The loss of receptors from the cells surface was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells. The cAMP response in cells expressing the wild type eel LHR was increased in a dose-dependent manner using eel LH ligand stimulation. Compared with the wild type, cells expressing the activating mutants (M410T, L469R, and D590Y), exhibited a 4.0-, 19.1-, and 7.8-fold increase in basal cAMP response without agonist stimulation, respectively. Their maximal responses to agonist stimulation were approximately 65%, 52%, and 98%, respectively, of those of the wild type. The inactivating mutants (D417N and Y558F) did not completely impair signal transduction, and their maximal responses were only 33% and25 % of those of wild type. These data clearly showed that the eel LHR-L469R and D590Y, activating mutants enhanced the rate of the loss of cell surface receptors following treatment with eel LH. Thus, the loss of cell surface receptors in cells expressing mutant eel LHRs was consistent with the eel LH agonist-induced production of cAMP. Our results suggested that the activation of the eel LHR requires appropriate loss of LHR-ligand complexes from the cell surface.
Hypothalamic A11 Nuclei Regulate the Circadian Rhythm of the Mechanonociception and the Spinal Clock Gene Transcription through Dopamine Receptor Activation
Authors: Piña-Leyva Celia , Lara-Lozano Manuel , Rodríguez-Sánchez Marina , Vidal-Cantú Guadalupe C. , Zavalza-Barrientos Erika , Jiménez-Estrada Ismael , Delgado-Lezama Rodolfo , Rodríguez-Sosa Leonardo , Granados-Soto Vinicio , Florán-Garduño Benjamín , González-Barrios Juan Antonio
Published: September 2020

Patients with degenerative diseases refer to feeling more pain during the night. However, it is unknown whether spinal nociception can be circadian and how is it controlled. We investigated whether the paw withdrawal threshold (PWT) could exhibit physiological circadian behavior as well as the contribution of the dopaminergic A11 nucleus and the spinal dopamine (DA) receptors (DRs) on the circadian PWT and the spinal clock gene transcription. Results revealed that control rats present a circadian PWT. Injecting 6-hydroxidopamine (6-OHDA) into the dopaminergic A11 nucleus reduced DA tissue content in the lumbar spinal cord, abolished the circadian PWT, induced allodynia, and reduced Period 1 and 2 (Per1 and 2), retinoid-related orphan receptor α (Rorα), Cryptochrome 1 (Cry1), and brain and muscle aryl-hydrocarbon receptor nuclear translocator-like protein (Bmal) mRNA. Likewise, administration of D1-like and D2-like DR antagonists blunted circadian PWT, producing allodynia, and altered the clock genes mRNA. In contrast, administration of D1-like or D2-like DR agonists blocked 6-OHDA-induced allodynia. This study shows that the spinal cord has physiological circadian PWT, which is modulated by the descending dopaminergic A11 through differential activation of the spinal DRs. Also, A11 nuclei and spinal DRs can regulate the clock gene transcription, which can likely modulate the circadian PWT.
Protective Effects of Oenothera Biennis Against Hydrogen Peroxide-Induced Oxidative Stress and Cell Death in Skin Keratinocytes
Authors: Lee Seung Young , Kim Chul Hwan , Hwang Buyng Su , Choi Kyung-Min , Yang In-Jun , Kim Gi-Young , Choi Yung Hyun , Jeong Jin-Woo , Park Cheol
Published: September 2020

Background: Oenothera biennis (evening primrose) produces bioactive substances with a diverse range of pharmacological functions. However, it is currently unknown whether extract prepared from the aerial parts of O. biennis (APOB) can protect the skin against oxidative stress. To investigate the protective effects of APOB against oxidative stress-induced damage in human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. Methods: We pretreated HaCaT cells with various concentrations of APOB or the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine before applying H2O2. We then compared the cell viability, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and DNA and mitochondrial damage between pretreated and untreated control cells using a range of assays, flow cytometry, and Western blot analysis and also examined the reducing power and DPPH free radical-scavenging activity of APOB. Results: APOB pretreatment significantly increased cell viability, effectively attenuated H2O2-induced comet tail formation, and inhibited H2O2-induced phosphorylation of the histone γH2AX, as well as the number of apoptotic bodies and Annexin V-positive cells. APOB was found to have a high reducing power and DPPH radical-scavenging activity and also exhibited scavenging activity against intracellular ROS accumulation and restored the loss of mitochondrial membrane potential caused by H2O2. APOB pretreatment almost totally reversed the enhanced cleavage of caspase-3, the degradation of poly (ADP-ribose)-polymerase (PARP), DNA fragmentation that usually occurs in the presence of H2O2 and increased the levels of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), a potent antioxidant enzyme that is associated with the induction of nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2). Conclusions: APOB can protect HaCaT cells from H2O2-induced DNA damage and cell death by blocking cellular damage related to oxidative stress via a mechanism that affects ROS elimination and by activating the Nrf2/HO-1 signaling pathway.
Scholarship Suppression: Theoretical Perspectives and Emerging Trends
Authors: Stevens Sean , Jussim Lee , Honeycutt Nathan
Published: September 2020

This paper explores the suppression of ideas within academic scholarship by academics, either by self-suppression or because of the efforts of other academics. Legal, moral, and social issues distinguishing freedom of speech, freedom of inquiry, and academic freedom are reviewed. How these freedoms and protections can come into tension is then explored by a sociological analysis of denunciation mobs who exercise their legal free speech rights to call for punishing scholars who express ideas they disapprove of and condemn. When successful, these efforts, which constitute legally protected speech, will suppress certain ideas. Real-world examples over the past five years of academics who have been sanctioned or terminated for scholarship targeted by a denunciation mob are then explored.
A Comparative Study on the Properties of Cu-Cr-Mo System Electrical Contact Material by Sintering and Infiltration Method
Authors: Cho Yeong-Woo , Sim Jae-Jin , Heo Sung-Gue , Byeon Jong-Soo , Lee Kee-Ahn , Kim Taek-Soo , Seo Seok-Jun , Park Kyoung-Tae
Published: September 2020

The contact materials in high-voltage vacuum interrupter require properties such as high conductivity, high density, and high hardness to minimize arc heat damage. In this study, copper–molybdenum-chromium alloys contact materials are examined for a high voltage contact material. Ball milling process was carried out after analyzing the raw materials of copper, chromium, and molybdenum powders. A green compact was produced using a high press with the mixed powder. Afterwards, composite was produced by sintering method according to temperature and infiltration method according to Cu content in green compact. The composite of sintering method showed a density of 8.55 g/cm3 (relative density 93%) a hardness of 217 HV, and an electrical conductivity of 40.7 IACS% at 1200 °C. The composite of 10 wt.% Cu produced by the Cu infiltration method showed a density of 8.7 g/cm3 (relative density 94%), Hardness of 274HV and electrical conductivity of 39 IACS% at 1300 °C. The measurements of physical properties showed the new possibility of using the Cu–Cr–Mo alloy as a contact material for high-voltage vacuum interrupters.
Biomimetic Artificial Membrane Permeability Assay over Franz Cell Apparatus Using BCS Classified Drugs
Authors: de Souza Teixeira Leonardo , Vila Chagas Tatiana , Alonso Antonio , Gonzalez Maria Isabel , Bermejo Marival , Polli James , Rezende Kênnia Rocha
Published: September 2020

A major parameter controlling the extent and rate of oral drug absorption is permeability through the lipid bilayer of intestinal epithelial cells. Here, a biomimetic artificial membrane permeability assay (Franz-Bampa) was validated using Franz cells apparatus. Both high and low permeability drugs (metoprolol and mannitol, respectively) were used as external standards. Biomimetic properties of Franz-Bampa were also characterized by electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy (EPR). Moreover, the permeation profile for the 14 BCS class I-IV drugs cited in the FDA guidance (including other drugs as acyclovir, cimetidine, diclofenac, ibuprofen, piroxicam, and trimethoprim) were measured across Franz-Bampa. Apparent permeability (Papp) was compared to literature fraction dose absorbed in humans (Fa%). Papp in Caco-2 cells and Corti artificial membrane were likewise compared to Fa% to assess Franz-Bampa performance. Mannitol and metoprolol Papp values across Franz-Bampa were lower (3.20 x 10-7 and 1.61 x 10-5 cm/s, respectively) than those obtained across non-impregnated membrane (2.27 x 10-5 and 2.55 x 10-5 cm/s, respectively), confirming lipidic barrier resistivity. Performance of the Franz cell permeation apparatus using an artificial membrane showed similar log linear correlation (R2 = 0.664) with Fa%, as seen for Papp in Caco-2 cells (R2 = 0.805). Data support the validation of the Franz-Bampa method for use during drug discovery process.
SMARTdenovo: A de novo Assembler Using Long Noisy Reads
Authors: Liu Hailin , Wu Shigang , Li Alun , Ruan Jue
Published: September 2020

Long-read single-molecule sequencing has revolutionized de novo genome assembly and enabled the automated reconstruction of reference-quality genomes. It also has been widely used to study structural variants, phase haplotypes and more. Here, we introduce the assembler— SMARTdenovo, which is an SMS assembler that follows the overlap-layout-consensus (OLC) paradigm. SMARTdenovo (RRID: SCR_017622) was designed to be a fast assembler that did not require highly accurate raw reads for error correction, unlike other, contemporaneous SMS assemblers. It has performed well for evaluating congeneric assemblers and has been successful for a variety of assembly projects. It is compatible with Canu for assembling high-quality genomes, and several of the assembly strategies in this program have been incorporated into subsequent popular assemblers. The assembler has been in use since 2015, and here we provide information on the development of SMARTdenovo and how to implement its algorithms into current projects.
Symmetry of Galactic Structure
Authors: Oldani Richard
Published: September 2020

It is hypothesized that due to mass-energy equivalence there exist transverse fields caused 7 by energy flows that are analogous to gravitomagnetic fields generated by mass flows. 8 Relativistically correct equations describing energy flow are derived by using the action integral of 9 a Lagrangian and assuming that the properties of energy, when described four-dimensionally with 10 time, are independent of the material system which supports them. The equations allow the 11 electromagnetic and gravitational energy flows to be compared revealing an underlying symmetry 12 of galactic structure.
Least Squares Approximation of Flatness on Riemannian Manifolds
Authors: Hirica Iulia , Udrişte Constantin , Pripoae Gabriel , Tevy Ionel
Published: September 2020

The purpose of this paper is threefold: (i) to introduce and study the Euler-Lagrange prolongations of flatness PDEs solutions (best approximation of flatness) via associated least squares Lagrangian densities and integral functionals on Riemannian manifolds; (ii) to analyze some decomposable multivariate dynamics represented by Euler-Lagrange PDEs of least squares Lagrangians generated by flatness PDEs and Riemannian metrics; (iii) to give examples of explicit flat extremals and non-flat approximations.
Song of Chinese American Females- A Traumatic Reading of The Woman Warrior
Authors: Qing Zhao
Published: September 2020

Maxine Hong Kingston is a famous Chinese American writer, who is adept at interpreting the living conditions of Chinese American immigrants by making vivid and profound description. She writes several influential novels and the publication of her masterpiece The Woman Warrior makes her immediately renowned in the American literary circle. This paper is going to apply trauma theory to describe the Chinese females’ miserable fates, to further explore the causes of their trauma, and to focus on how they treat trauma, overcome trauma and become “woman warriors”.
A Multicenter Study of Intramedullary Rodding in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Rodriguez Celin Mercedes , Kruger Karen M. , Caudill Angela , Nagamani Sandesh C.S. ,   Brittle Bone Disorders Consortium (BBDC),   Linked Clinical Research Centers (LCRC), Harris Gerald F. , Smith Peter A.
Published: September 2020

Background:

Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI), a heritable connective tissue disorder with wide clinical variability, predisposes to recurrent fractures and bone deformity. Management requires a multidisciplinary approach in which intramedullary rodding plays an important role, especially for moderate and severe forms. We investigated the patterns of surgical procedures in OI in order to establish the benefits of rodding. The main hypothesis that guided this study was that rodded participants with moderate and severe OI would have lower fracture rates and better mobility.

Methods:

With data from the Linked Clinical Research Centers, we analyzed rodding status in 558 individuals. Mobility and fracture data in OI Types III and IV were compared between rodded and non-rodded groups. Univariate regression analyses were used to test the association of mobility outcomes with various covariates pertinent to rodding.

Results:

Of the individuals with OI, 42.1% had undergone rodding (10.7% of those with Type I, 66.4% with Type III, and 67.3% with Type IV). Rodding was performed more frequently and at a younger age in femora compared with tibiae. Expanding intramedullary rods were used more frequently in femora. In Type III, the rate of fractures per year was significantly lower (p ≤ 0.05) for rodded bones. In Type III, the mean scores on the Gillette Functional Assessment Questionnaire (GFAQ) and Brief Assessment of Motor Function (BAMF) were higher in the rodded group. However, Type-IV non-rodded subjects had higher mean scores in nearly all mobility outcomes. OI type, the use of expanding rods in tibiae, and anthropometric measurements were associated with mobility outcomes scores.

Conclusions:

Current practice in 5 orthopaedic centers with extensive experience treating OI demonstrates that most individuals with moderate and severe types of OI undergo rodding procedures. Individuals with severe OI have improved mobility outcomes and lower fracture rates compared with their non-rodded peers, which suggests that early bilateral rodding benefits OI Type III. Our analysis showed a change in practice patterns in the final years of the study in the severe forms, with earlier and more simultaneous rodding procedures performed.

Level of Evidence:

Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Evaluating effectiveness of screening house eaves as a potential intervention for reducing indoor vector densities and malaria prevalence in Nyabondo, western Kenya
Authors: NG'ANG'A PETER N. , Okoyo Collins , Mbogo Charles , Mutero Clifford Maina
Published: September 2020

Background Mosquito-proofing of houses using wire mesh screens is gaining greater recognition as a practical intervention for reducing exposure to malaria transmitting mosquitoes. Screening potentially protects all persons sleeping inside the house against transmission of mosquito-borne diseases indoors. The study assessed the effectiveness of house eaves screening in reducing indoor vector densities and malaria prevalence in Nyabondo, western Kenya. Methods 160 houses were selected for the study, with half of them randomly chosen for eaves screening with fibre-glass coated wire mesh (experimental group) and the other half left without screening (control group). Randomization was carried out by use of computer-generated list in permuted blocks of ten houses and 16 village blocks, with half of them allocated treatment in a ratio of 1:1. Cross-sectional baseline entomological and parasitological data were collected before eave screening. After baseline data collection, series of sampling of indoor adult mosquitoes were conducted once a month in each village using CDC light traps. Three cross-sectional malaria parasitological surveys were conducted at three month intervals after installation of the screens. The primary outcome measures were indoor Anopheles mosquito density and malaria parasite prevalence. Results A total of 15,286 mosquitoes were collected over the two year period using CDC light traps in 160 houses distributed over 16 study villages (mean mosquitoes = 4.35, SD = 11.48). Of all mosquitoes collected, 2,872 (18.8%) were anophelines (2,869 Anopheles gambiae sensu lato, 1 Anopheles funestus and 2 other Anopheles spp). Overall, among An. gambiae collected, 92.6% were non-blood fed, 3.57% were blood fed and the remaining 0.47% were composed of gravid and half gravid females. More indoor adult mosquitoes were collected in the control than experimental arms of the study. Results from cross-sectional parasitological surveys showed that screened houses recorded relatively low malaria parasite prevalence rates compared to the control houses. Overall, malaria prevalence was 5.6% (95%CI: 4.2-7.5) n=1,918, with baseline prevalence rate of 6.1% (95%CI: 3.9-9.4), n=481 and 3rd follow-up survey prevalence of 3.6% (95%CI: 2.0-6.8) n=494. At all the three parasitological follow-up survey points, house screening significantly reduced the malaria prevalence by 100% (p<0.001), 63.6% (p=0.026), and 100% (p<0.001) in the 1st, 2nd and 3rd follow-up surveys respectively.Conclusions The study demonstrated that house eave screening has potential to reduce indoor vector densities and malaria prevalence in high transmission areas.