bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Population dynamics of corn insect pests in Ukraine under climate change
Authors: Borzykh O. I. , Janse L. A. , Chaika V. M. , Bakhmut O. O. , Borisenko V. I. , Chaika S. P.
Published: March 2024

Aim. To determine the specificities of perennial dynamics in the number of the main corn insect pests in different natural and climatic zones of Ukraine under climate change. Methods. The field, laboratory, mathematical methods were used. The materials of the phytosanitary entomological monitoring of the State Service of Ukraine on Food Safety and Con- sumer Protection (2005–2021) in the basic 161 enterprises in Ukraine’s regions using methodologically standardized annual registrations of the main harmful organisms of agrocenoses (Borzykh еt al, 2018). Six groups of the main corn insect pests were investigated: corn borers (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner), wireworms (Elateridae) and false wireworms (Te- nebrionidae), cutworms (Noctuida), southern dusty surface beetle (Tanymecus dilaticollis Gyllenhal), cotton bollworm (Helicoverpa armigera Hübner), and cereal aphids (Schizaphis graminum) Rondani. The database of the Hydrometeoro- logical Center of Ukraine was used to analyze climate parameters (2005–2021). The statistical analysis of the data was conducted using MS Excel and the linear correlation-regression analysis according to Pearson, Student’s criterion was used to evaluate the reliability (probability) of the correlation coefficients. Results. The results of correlational analysis of the state of populations of the main corn insect pests demonstrated that climate change has not considerably affected the number of corn borers as well as wireworms and false wireworms in all the natural and climatic zones of Ukraine yet. A reliable moderate reverse correlation (r = –0.309) was found between the number of cutworms and the sum of effective temperatures (SET) only for the Forest-Steppe conditions – under the increase in the SET, the number of these insects was smaller. The number of the southern dusty surface beetle was in direct, reliable, moderate correlation (r = 0.335) with the SET in the Steppe, for instance, the pest responded to the increase in the SET with the rise in its number. The number of cotton bollworms in Polissia was in reliable moderate correlation (r = –0.489) with the SET. The number of cereal aphids was in a reliable moderate direct correlation (r = 0.529) with the SET in Polissia: at the increase in the SET, the number of these pests was increasing. Conclusions. Conclusions: Climate changes do not considerably affect the state of the populations of the main corn insect pests in all the natural and climatic zones of Ukraine yet: we found the correlations between the number of insect pests and the SET which did not exceed such values as weak, moderate, and conspicuous. Significant changes in the state of insect pest populations should be expected if the sum of effective temperatures during the vegetation period will considerably affect the performance and feeding qualities of the cultivated plants.
Associations between allelic differences of the fifth group chromosome loci and a complex of agronomically valuable traits in common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)
Authors: Halaieva M. V. , Pogrebniuk O. O. , Halaiev O. V. , Fait V. I.
Published: March 2024

Aim. Characterization of recombinant inbred wheat lines by agronomically relevant traits and detection of asso-
ciations between their expression level and allelic differences of microsatellite loci of the fifth group chromosomes.
Methods. Phenological observations, morphometric indicators, and elements of crop structure. Statistical analysis of
the obtained data was carried out in Microsoft Excel. The significance of the difference between samples was assessed
by Fisher’s F test. A difference of p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant for all indicators. Results. The poly-
morphism of the parental genotypes and the population of 47 recombinant-inbred lines (RILs) F7 from the crossing of
the winter wheat varieties Luzanivka odeska and Odeska chervonokolosa over three years (2016–2018) in conditions
of the Southern Steppe (Odesa) was evaluated according to eight characteristics: duration of a period prior to heading,
plant height, productive tillering, grain number per spike, grain weight per spike, thousand-grain weight, productive
tiller number per unit area and grain yield. The comparison of the data of line evaluation by agronomic traits against
the data of microsatellite analysis of lines by 14 microsatellite loci of the fifth group chromosomes demonstrated the
associations between several loci and grain yield and between two loci and plant height. Conclusions. The changes
in grain yield in the most unfavorable year, 2018, were associated with allelic differences of lines at locus Xbarc319-
5A, and in the most favorable year, 2017, – with another locus of chromosome 5A, Xbarc330-5A. In both cases, the
lines that had an allele from Odeska chervonokolosa were characterized by a significantly higher level of grain yield
compared to the lines that had an allele from the Luzanivka odeska variety. There are at least two QTLs on 5B chromo-
some, associated with winter wheat grain yield in favorable growing years. The first of them is located in the region
of locus Xbarc88-5B, and the second – in the region of loci Xwmc415-5B, Xgpw3191-5B, and Xcfd7-5B. Based on the
alleles of the specified microsatellite loci, which are linked QTLs of grain yield, it is possible to select genotypes at the
early stages of selection that will give a higher yield in years with favorable conditions for growing wheat.
Sarcopenia: modern views of the problem
Authors:   Kharkiv National Medical Univercity, Pasiyeshvili L.M. , Zhelezniakova N.M. ,   Kharkiv National Medical University
Published: March 2024

The article describes analysis of modern scientific ideas about the formation and course of sarcopenia. The definition of the syndrome, the issues of etiological factors and modern views on the pathogenesis are given (provided). Classifications of the syndrome and variants of sarcopenia are presented. The question of medical and social significance of the syndrome is discussed. The sequence and scope of the diagnostic search are provided; dietary developments and attempts to use some drugs are given. Keywords: sarcopenia, etiopathogenesis, course (of the disease), diagnostics.
Mountaintop Stone Giants
Authors: Young-ae Lim
Published: March 2024

The royal capital of Silla, presently known as Kyongju, is bordered in all directions by mountains that are the sites of giant rock-carved Buddhas. Occupying the summits of the surrounding mountains known as the “Five Sacred Mountains of the Silla Royal Capital” (wanggyong oak), the rock-carved Buddhas provided the Silla people with an accessible and convenient means of worship outside of the Buddhist temple. More importantly, the construction of Sokkuram Grotto on Mt. T’oham during the mid-eighth century was a reflection of the Silla belief that the mountain was Mt. Sumeru. The Sokkuram Buddha sculpture represented the Buddha’s residence at the summit of Mt. Sumeru, and was simultaneously the antecedent to the consecration of the Silla royal capital. Soon after, large-scale Buddha images were carved on the rock faces of neighboring mountaintops as a continuation and replication of this process, eventually resulting in a new macrocosm of Buddhism centered around the Silla royal capital.
Morality and Monastic Revival in Post-Mao Tibet, by Jane E. Caple
Authors: Hardie Catherine
Published: March 2024

Morality and Monastic Revival in Post-Mao Tibet, by Jane E. Caple. University of Hawai’i Press, 2019. 232pp., 9 b&w illus. Hb. $80.00, ISBN-13: 9780824869847; Pb. $29.00, ISBN-13 9780824869854.
Buddhist Architecture in America: Building for Enlightenment, by Robert Edward Gordon
Authors: Asia Daniel
Published: March 2024

Buddhist Architecture in America: Building for Enlightenment, by Robert Edward Gordon. Routledge, 2023, 188pp., Hb $160.00. ISBN-13: 9781032318455.
Vimalakirtinirdesa: The Teaching of Vimalakirti, translated by Luis Gómez and Paul Harrison
Authors: Drewes David
Published: March 2024

Vimalakirtinirdesa: The Teaching of Vimalakirti, translated by Luis Gómez and Paul Harrison. Mangalam, 2022. 262pp. Pb. $24.95. ISBN-13: 9781732220911.
Visits of American Parliamentary Delegations to the USSR in the Summer – Fall of 1945
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University, Minkova Kristina
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The summer of 1945 became a period of exceptional activity for US parliamentary delegations in the field of studying the consequences of the war in Europe for this region, the USSR, and the countries of the Middle East. Methods and materials. The study of the documents deposited in the Archive of the Foreign Policy of the Russian Federation, the memoirs of the members of the delegations, and those involved in organizing the visits of American congressmen allows us to determine the goals of their visit to the USSR, along with the successes and failures of these missions, and to analyze their significance for the development of SovietAmerican relations in the fall of 1945. Analysis. In just a month, from August 15 to September 15, 1945, four US parliamentary delegations and separately Senator C. Pepper, who also acted as a journalist, visited the Soviet Union. All these delegations belonged to different committees of the Congress, had different programs and purposes for the visit, and were received in the USSR at different levels. It should be noted that among the Soviet functionaries responsible for receiving foreigners, there was no consensus on the advisability of the congressmen’s visit to the USSR, but the “liberals” won, assuming that their visits would serve to strengthen relations between Moscow and Washington. It is noteworthy that a considerable number of the congressmen approved by the People’s Commissariat of State Security were known for their negative attitude towards the communist system in general and towards the Soviet Union in particular. Apparently, in the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, it was believed that their visit to the USSR would help change this position to be more favorable for the Kremlin. Results. The visits of American parliamentary delegations to the USSR resulted in several loud statements about the importance of maintaining and strengthening Soviet-American relations and about J. Stalin’s personal contribution to the victory over fascism, as well as a report by W. Colmer, which suggested rather harsh conditions for economic cooperation between Washington and Moscow. However, these visits did not bring any real benefit to the development of the Soviet-American dialogue.
US Public Diplomacy Towards the Central Asian Countries
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Parubochaya Elena
Published: March 2024

Introduction. Public diplomacy is an effective foreign policy instrument of the state. Public diplomacy is understood as the activity of an actor aimed at achieving foreign policy objectives by establishing and deepening long-term interstate relations. The purpose of such activities is to inform foreign audiences as well as broadcast the principles of national policy beyond the borders of one’s own state. Public diplomacy is designed to influence those who have the opportunity to shape public belief systems. Methods and materials. The methodological basis of the study was a transnational approach, which allows us to reveal the role of state and non-state actors in international relations. The work uses a systematic approach in order to form a holistic view of American public diplomacy as an instrument of “soft power.” To identify the individual tools used by the United States in promoting public diplomacy in each individual Central Asian country, a comparative method was used. Analysis and results. Public diplomacy seems to be an important tool of the American administration in the most important foreign policy areas. The priority instrument of US public diplomacy in the Central Asian region is the support of civil society and non-profit organizations. Using grant support mechanisms, the role of public organizations is strengthened, and dialogue between civil society and government authorities is encouraged in the formation and development of socio-economic policy. The second relevant tool is media support and working with information consumers among various segments of the population. According to the results of the study, it was revealed that these projects were most effectively implemented in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, and Tajikistan. The third most successful tool is education, whose work is based on grant programs both in the republics and in the United States. Systematic work carried out, taking into account a deep understanding of the internal processes in the Central Asian republics as well as the active use of public diplomacy tools, allows the United States to strengthen its foreign policy potential in the region.
Russian-American Scientific Cooperation in the Arctic in the Age of Geopolitical Turbulence
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University, Konyshev Valery , Sergunin Alexander ,   Saint Petersburg State University
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The article examines cooperation between Russia and the US on Arctic research in the context of the Ukrainian crisis. One of the accompanying tasks is to study the motivations of both sides for continuing such cooperation. Methods and materials. The article uses the so-called liberal intergovernmental approach as a research method, aiming to explain the reasons for cooperation between countries with different socio-political structures and national interests on the world stage. The empirical basis for the study was the documents of international organizations, US and Russian state institutions, as well as research organizations in Russia and the US involved in the study of the Arctic. Analysis. The article demonstrates that currently there are four main levels of US-Russian scientific cooperation in the Arctic: interpersonal (individual), institutional (between various Russian and American organizations), state (government exchange programs), and international (within the framework of multilateral organizations of a global and regional nature). Results. It is concluded that despite the unfriendly actions taken by the US against Russian scientists and organizations, the “mechanism of interdependence” created in previous years did not allow to completely interrupt scientific ties between these countries. Both sides are well aware of the value of cooperation in this area and therefore try to maintain certain channels of interaction. Natural science topics (climate change, meteorology, environmental protection, biodiversity conservation, oceanology, glaciology, etc.) dominate the priorities of US-Russian scientific cooperation in the Arctic. However, socio-humanitarian and interdisciplinary issues (local communities, indigenous peoples, gender studies, urban development and planning, etc.) have recently become increasingly important. The authors believe that scientific cooperation between Russia and the US in the Arctic will revive as the international situation and bilateral relations between the two countries normalize after the settlement of the Ukrainian conflict. Authors’ contribution. V.N. Konyshev: Introduction and Analysis. A.A. Sergunin: Abstract, methods and materials, results, and design of the scientific apparatus.
First Ladies in US History: Historical and Bibliographical Review
Authors:   K. Zhubanov Aktobe Regional University, Perevezentsev Alexandr
Published: March 2024

The introduction of this article delves into the author’s contemplations on the role of the first ladies of US presidents in maintaining their image and electoral appeal. The author highlights that the general public’s lack of knowledge regarding the intelligence, education, mentality, and character of first ladies is an evident historical injustice. Currently, modern historians are actively rectifying this oversight. The purpose of the study is to analyze modern literature on the role and significance of first ladies in the history and political life of the United States and to provide a chronology of published biographical research on this issue in English-language and domestic historiography. The methodology employed is rooted in specialized historical research methods, including comparative-historical analysis, which allows for an exploration of research trends in this historical domain. Additionally, historical systemic and retrospective methods are employed, along with elements of the historical biographical method. The author’s historiographical analysis is founded on principles of historicism and historical objectivity. The materials used in the study are memoirs, biographical essays, documents, scientific monographs and articles, and Internet resources, including the official websites of the White House and the National First Ladies’ Library. The “Analysis” section contains the main part of the article’s text, that is, an analysis of literature and other sources, including autobiographies and memoirs of first ladies, interesting information about the authors of modern biographical studies, as well as the chronological order of published works of Englishlanguage and domestic authors. The results of the research are encapsulated in the author’s conclusions on the topic. It is determined that the historiography surrounding the role and significance of first ladies in American history is currently underdeveloped and, often, subjectively biased. Typically, more attention and subsequent publications are dedicated to the spouses of the most popular presidents, overshadowing other first ladies, even if they were remarkable individuals themselves.
USA Policy Towards United Nations: The Case of UN PKOs in the Democratic Republic of Congo
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University, Pushkina Darya , Kalina Rada ,   Freie Universität Berlin
Published: March 2024

Introduction. This article examines United States policy towards United Nations Peacekeeping Operations (UN PKOs) by analyzing the U.S. position towards peacekeeping operations in the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo, DRC) to trace the evolution and specific features of this policy over time. The article attempts to answer the question: is U.S. policy toward UN PKOs defined by only national interest, or is there more to it? Methods and materials. The article analyzes U.S. official speeches and documents, UN official documents related to peacekeeping operations in the Democratic Republic of Congo, American foreign policy doctrines, and academic literature on U.S. foreign policy, U.S.-UN relations, and UN PKOs in the DRC. Analysis. American policy towards UN peacekeeping operations in Congo in 1960–1964 and 1999–2022 is analyzed to identify the main trends in the USA’s approach toward UN PKOs. Results. The article concludes that U.S. policy towards the United Nations is defined by the combination of the national interest of the country and the ideas of American exceptionalism. Authors’ contributions. D. Pushkina defined the research focus of the article, examined academic literature on UN PKOs in Congo and relevant documents, and defined the main vectors of the research. R. Kalina examined academic literature about U.S.-UN relations, analyzed official U.S. statements on UN peacekeeping operations in Congo, and made conclusions.
The Armed Forces of Latin America: The Power Potential, New Functions and the Extraregional Factor
Authors:   Latin America Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Piatakov Andrey
Published: March 2024

Introduction. As a state institution, the Armed Forces of countries in Latin America maintain certain development dynamics in the 21st century. The analysis of those problems gives an opportunity to determine the armed force potential of the Latin American region. Methods and materials. The study is based on distinguishing between the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the transformation of the Armed Forces of the Latin American region. During the analysis of both aspects, the key methodic role belongs to the comparative method. The quantitative parameters are represented in two aspects: national and international. The dynamics of the basic quantitative parameter, the Armed Forces number, and also the positioning of the armies of that region on the global scale are compared. Analysis. Since the eve of the 21st century, practically all the countries of Latin America have demonstrated a tendency toward the growth of the active military staff, proving the increment of the militarization of the region. That process represents one of the macrotendencies characterizing the actual development of the region. Results. According to the criteria of the militarization degree, three groups of countries are singled out: the stable high dynamics group, the middle dynamics indications group, and the low indications group. In the transformation of regional armies in the 21st century, the qualitative change is the appearance of a spectrum of new non-traditional functions. The hypotheses formulated in the study are the following: “The broadening of the sociopolitical functions of the military is related to the changes in attitudes toward security in the countries of the region.” The scrutiny of the military-industrial complexes of the Latin American countries gives a reason to affirm that their potentiality is mainly restricted in its character. The dependent and peripheric character of the region determines its quality as a market for the NATO countries military-technical arsenal.
The Problems of Democratic Governance in Latin America
Authors:   Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Martínez Lillo Pedro , Arcos Javier ,   Universidad Gabriela Mistral
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The article presents the contemporary problems facing governance in Latin America. The paper demonstrates that the fissures that weaken institutional and democratic stability in the region respond to a set of aspects subordinate to the crisis of expectations regarding the permanent promise of economic development. Methods and materials. The research problem was based on Leonardo Morlino’s theory of democratic unanchoring. We indicate that the objective of the work is to show five explanatory variables of the erosion of democracy, based on the historian’s classic documentary methodology. Analysis. Fundamentally, it shows 1) the high level of disaffection and discomfort with the political classes; 2) the risk of a new wave of populism and authoritarianism; 3) the implications of poor economic performance post-pandemic; 4) the repercussions of high rates of insecurity, violence, and organized crime; and 5) the problems in achieving regional integration and relevant global participation. Results. The picture of the Latin American situation raises critical knots in its democratic governance, which deserve to be reviewed in depth in order to recognize relevant lines of action for researchers, decision-makers, and public policy managers. The answer to the problems of democratic governance in Latin America can be found in the thesis of political, economic, and social delegitimization in the processes of lack of efficiency in the administration of the democratic regime in the last fifty years, beyond the factors of historical inheritance or global conjuncture. Authors’ contributions. Pedro Martínez Lillo determined the basic concept of the article as well as formulated and analyzed the main results of the study; Javier Castro Arcos prepared the structural composition of the study and analyzed the methodological foundations of the study.
China’s Defense Cooperation with Latin America and Caribbean: Trends and Limitations
Authors:   HSE University, Kashin Vasily , Kosevich Ekaterina ,   HSE University
Published: March 2024

Introduction. China started to develop military-to-military ties and defense-industrial cooperation with Latin America and Caribbean countries in the early 2000s as an element of its strategy of comprehensive cooperation with the region. Defense cooperation was mentioned in the Chinese documents and statements on the policy in the region from the early 2000s. However, China has always considered this defense cooperation to be just a secondary, subordinate element of its overall strategy in the region. Methods. The article is based on Chinese publications, statements, and documents concerning China’s policies in defense cooperation with the region, as well as on Latin American and other Western publications on specific cooperation projects. The author compares the Chinese approach to defense cooperation with Latin America to similar Chinese cooperation policies in other regions, especially in Africa. Analysis.China views defense cooperation with Latin America as a subordinate element of its general strategy of economic and political presence in the region. Cultivating ties with the local military elites of Latin America is especially emphasized, and the exchange of military delegations started in the early 2000s. To boost defense cooperation, China is sometimes ready to provide significant military assistance to the region. China has established permanent mechanisms of defense dialogue with the regional countries in the form of regular forums and conferences. Other important venues of military cooperation include personnel training, joint exercises, and the region’s visits by Chinese warships. China has managed to establish a presence on the arms market in Latin America in the 2000s but has failed to become a major weapons provider in the region. Currently, Chinese arms sales in Latin America are in decline. However, China has achieved major results in the development of dual-use technology cooperation with the LAC countries, especially in the fields of space and internal security. That may create preconditions for faster development of military and military technical cooperation between China and Latin America in the future. So far, the Chinese approach to defense cooperation in the region remains more cautious and gradual compared to cooperation with Africa. China is reluctant to challenge the US red lines here. That may change in the future as China-US relations continue to deteriorate. Authors contributions. Ekaterina Kosevich was responsible for researching and covering the development of political relations between China and Latin America. Vasily Kashin touched on cooperation in defense, the security industry, and dual-use technology.
US Sanctions Policy Towards Latin America: Cases of Official Narratives on Cuba, Venezuela, and Nicaragua
Authors:   HSE University, Sokolshchik Lev , Sokolshchik Yulia ,   Independent Researcher, Teremetskiy Kirill ,   HSE University
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The following article examines the effectiveness of US sanctions on Latin America by analyzing three cases of restrictive measures against Cuba, Venezuela, and Nicaragua. The correlation between US foreign policy goals and the interpretation of the existing sanctions results containing the official narrative is analyzed. This study shows that, from the point of view of promoting democratization and protecting human rights, US sanctions are ineffective. Methods and materials. The following research utilizes a constructivist approach when analyzing international relations. To a greater extent, this work is based on the theoretical approaches of Professor G. Hufbauer. Analysis and results. The following study additionally reveals that the US foreign policy narrative covers the erosion of US hegemony in Latin America. Within this narrative, international relations are described as a global rivalry between “democracy” and “autocracy.” The United States uses motives for protecting human rights and democracy to justify sanctions against several Latin American countries and also weaken ties with Russia and China. Author’s contributions. L. Sokolshchik and Yu. Sokolshchik developed the research design in addition to writing its content and general scientific editing. K. Teremetskiy made a contribution to the search for official sources and their analysis. The authors jointly analyzed all the content and results of the research.
“May There Always Be Sunshine!”: A Symbol of Childhood in Soviet and American Cold War Songs
Authors:   Herzen University, Riabova Tatiana
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The article is the first to study the use of the symbol of childhood by the USSR and the USA songs for the representation of Cold War issues. Methods and materials. Based on the methodology of constructivism, the author analyzes the reasons for the politicization of the image of childhood and the role of popular music as an instrument of symbolic politics. Qualitative content analysis is used to examine more than 400 songs of the USSR and the USA related to Cold War issues; about 70 of them use the symbol of childhood. The symbol of childhood in the Soviet song. A study of USSR songs demonstrates that images of children were an important component of the “cultural Cold War” on the musical front. The symbol of childhood in the American song. U.S. musical pieces contributed significantly to the legitimation of the Cold War and the construction of images of “us” and “them,” including with the help of images of children. Results. The comparative analysis shows that in both the USSR and the USA, it was used to represent such issues as peace, war, security, nuclear weapons, freedom, justice, and the future of humanity. Not only did it create the image of the enemy, but it also deconstructed it by showing the similarity of the two nations in basic values, including attitudes toward children. In addition to the common features, songs in the USA and the USSR also reveal different characteristics. In the former, children are primarily the object of defense; in the latter, they are also subjects of politics and active fighters for peace. In the former, one can find negative images of childhood in the USSR; in the latter, young Americans are first and foremost children, just like everyone else. In the Soviet song, these images remain practically unchanged; in the American protest song, the symbol under study is used to delegitimize the policy of the authorities.
The Foreign Experts on the Internal Political Transformation’s Processes in Latin America in the Third Decade of the 21st Century
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Sokov Ilya
Published: March 2024

The article’s introduction includes the main prerequisites for internal political transformation’s process in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC). The study’s purpose is to identify new trends in the largest countries’ domestic policies in the region in the third decade of the 21st century. The study’s materials are used mainly by Spanish-speaking authors and Spanish-speaking news agencies who most closely and fully know the situations in LAC countries, the objective data from reports of the various UN structures, and independent Englishspeaking researchers invited to Latin American universities. The article’s methodological basis was the scientific principle of objectivity, which it made possible from the available array of information to identify the main directions of transformation taking place in LAC countries in the study period. The systematic approach’s application made it possible to identify the main events in LAC countries that characterize the multi-vector transformation trends. The article’s author identified further perspectives for LAC countries development with the help of special historicalcomparative and historical-genetic methods. The study’s results were the author’s conclusions that the domestic policy of big Latin American countries in the third decade of the 21st century is characterized by a tendency of “catching up” development. There is a noted instability of the domestic political course in the political system of these Latin American countries (from a liberal to a conservative course and vice versa), and the economic models’ frequent change does not give the desired result. The social problems are caused by the main population’s poverty, especially the indigenous one, and these problems cannot be resolved due to transnational migration of the population and transnational crime (from drug trafficking to human trafficking and weapons). All this explains the diversity of the internal political transformation in Latin American countries.
Reflecting the Cold War in “Atomic Heart”
Authors:   Lomonosov Moscow State University, Belov Sergey
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The present study is devoted to the study of the influence of artifacts of the symbolic politics of the USA and the USSR on the positioning of the respective socio-political systems in modern video games. The article includes the content of the “Atomic Heart” video game studies and analysis from the point of view of the theory of social memory and symbolic politics. Methods and materials. A certain number of methods were used to solve the actual tasks in the article. In particular, case-study methods and elements of structural and comparative analysis were used. Analysis. The game “Atomic Heart” was chosen as a research case. The choice of the case is due to the high popularity of this game both within Russia and internationally, as well as the connection of the plot to the topic of the confrontation between the USSR and the United States after World War II and the presence of a wide representation of the symbolism of this conflict inside the game (up to the reproduction of real campaign materials). On the one hand, the ways of representing the USA in Soviet propaganda and their interpretation by video game developers are studied. On the other hand, the positioning of the Soviet Union by game designers and screenwriters by exploiting the images and stereotypes of perception that were formed in Western culture during the Cold War is examined. Results. The author concludes that, when forming the in-game symbols, the developers actively exploited the resource of Soviet aesthetics; however, Cold War narratives in Western mass culture works played a significant role in shaping the project’s emotional, semantic, and value content. The main reason for this decision was most likely economic, as the game was created with the expectation of generating the main profit in foreign markets as a commercial product. However, this decision actually contributed to the resuscitation of the functional qualities of the symbolic legacy of the Cold War and the use of its narratives to correct the perceptions of the target audience about the USSR and its role in the confrontation between the two blocs.
The USSR State Leader in the U.S. Superhero Comic Strips in the 1980s: Constructing and Broadcasting Stereotypes About “Russians” in the Historical Context of the Cold War
Authors:   Russian State University of Cinematography named after S. Gerasimov, Sputnitskaya Nina
Published: March 2024

Introduction. There has been a rich tradition of using stereotypes and cliches of Russians in U.S. comic strips since the 1940s. Russian characters represent statehood, cultural dominants, and ethnic stereotypes. They convey the political agenda and civic values and demonstrate reactions to historical cataclysms. The leaders of the USSR represent the state as a political system in comic strips. In the 1980s, the interpretation of the “Russian threat” changed significantly, as did the methods of representing the General Secretary of the Soviet Union. Methods and materials. The article is based on the principles of historicism. The analysis was carried out using a set of methods: descriptive, elements of discourse analysis, and semiotic tools. The work used a range of sources, among which the most important were the issues of graphic comic strips regulating censorship documents and visual representations of Russians. Analysis. The author analyzed the dramaturgy of the 1986–1989 comic strips about the “Russian threat,” in which Mikhail Gorbachev appears. The key motifs that made up the image were identified, an iconological analysis was performed, and the speech characteristics of the protagonists and antagonists of superheroics were analyzed. The dynamics of the image of the leader of the USSR in superhero comic strips were determined by the transition from a caricature image to a Machiavellian ruler of the “Evil Empire,” ready, among other things, to collaborate with the United States. Results. From the point of view of iconography, a number of techniques for depicting Mikhail Gorbachev in comic strips correlate with the techniques of representation of Ronald Reagan. In some comic strips, the strategic superiority of the leader of the USSR over American superheroes is indirectly emphasized. The appearance of realistic features in the image of Gorbachev makes it possible to talk about the expansion of cultural ties between the USSR and the United States, a well-known social demand of the target audience, completely dissatisfied with the stereotypical images of the leaders of the USSR and the country itself.
American Neocolonialism on the Soviet Cinema Screen (Based on Films About Latin America)
Authors:   Herzen University, Kleshchenko Liudmila
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The scientific relevance of the topic is due to the fact that the concepts of colonialism and neocolonialism are currently becoming part of the official Russian political discourse. The article examines how film representations of the struggle against American neocolonialism in Latin America are used to create the image of the American enemy in the context of the Cold War, which determines the novelty of this work. Methods and materials. The article is based on Soviet features and documentary films about Latin America. Analysis and results. The author comes to the following conclusions: images of neocolonial exploitation of Latin America contributed to the creation of the image of the American enemy, endowing it with such features as immorality, greed, cruelty, and contempt for the population of the Third World. In addition, the images of Latin America and the struggle of its population against neocolonialism were used in the politics of Soviet identity. A demonstration of solidarity with the people of Latin America maintained the image of the USSR as the leader of the liberation struggle against (neo)colonialism. The struggle against pro-American governments in Latin America acquired legitimacy through images of the plight of the countries ruled by powers accomplishing American neocolonialism. Films about the Cuban and Nicaraguan revolutions served to predict victory over neocolonialism in the region in particular and the American enemy in the Cold War in general.
“Reluctant Diplomat”: Nikolai Vasilievich Novikov’s Biography Pages
Authors:   Saint Petersburg State University, Kubyshkin Alexander , Kurilla Ivan ,   European University at Saint Petersburg
Published: March 2024

Introduction. The article analyzes the biography and diplomatic activities of Nikolai Vasilievich Novikov (1903–1989), a Soviet diplomat who represented the USSR in Cairo and in Washington during World War II and took part in the efforts to establish a new system of international relations at the beginning of the Cold War. Methods and materials. The article is based on published texts by Nikolai Novikov himself, diplomatic documents, periodicals, and materials from his personal archive, deposited in the Archive of the European University at St. Petersburg by the diplomat’s family. Analysis. The authors examine Novikov’s biography, the reasons for his rapid career in the People’s Commissariat of Foreign Affairs, his relations with Soviet foreign policy managers, and the circumstances of his resignation at a relatively young age. Special attention is paid to Novikov’s activities in the United States in the context of the emerging Cold War, the place of Novikov’s note (cable) in the process of shaping Soviet approaches to relations with the United States, and his own attitude to these approaches. Results. Novikov’s contribution to the shaping of the postwar world is underappreciated, as are his attempts to resist the changes that were breaking Soviet-American cooperation in the international arena. In fact, the strategic concepts formulated by Novikov in a memo to Molotov were the basis of the official Soviet interpretation of the causes and nature of the Cold War and were included in Soviet school and university textbooks on universal history and the history of international relations. Authors’ contributions. A.I. Kubyshkin analyzed the most important stages of Nikolai Novikov’s diplomatic activity and the general situation in relations between the USSR and the USA during the Second World War. He assessed Novikov’s activities from the political leadership of the USSR and foreign countries in which the Soviet diplomat worked. He also examined the most important aspects of the activities of Soviet diplomacy reflected in Novikov’s memoirs and carried out their internal criticism as a historical source. I.I. Kurilla processed the archive of Nikolai Novikov and identified and analyzed the corpus of sources of personal origin. He also analyzed the contents of Nikolai Novikov’s personal diaries, reviewed the personal contribution of N.V. Novikov in developing a strategy in relations with the United States in the initial period of the Cold War, and compared the contents of the “long telegram” of J. Kennan and the “Novikov telegram”.
The Muscovy Company and English Expeditions to North America in the Last Quarter of the 16th Century
Authors:   Volgograd State University, Kiselev Aleksandr
Published: March 2024

The introduction of the article includes the justification of the necessity to determine the role of the English Muscovy Company in the study of the geography of North America in the last quarter of the 16th century. The monopoly of the Muscovy Company and the significance of this commercial firm in the discovery of the northeast coast and Arctic waters of North America have not yet been studied. Documents (charters, reports, letters, petitions, and treatises) directly related to the organization of English voyages to the American Arctic waters, as well as diplomatic documents, are used as materials. Analysis. The reasons and circumstances of the Muscovy Company’s monopoly on the search for the North-West Passage in North America are studied. The company’s contribution to the organization of the expeditions of Martin Frobisher in 1576 and John Davis in 1585– 1587 is determined. The attempts of the Cathay Company and Humphrey Gilbert at the turn of the 1570s–1580s to deprive “Muscovite” merchants of this privilege are analyzed. It is proven that even at the beginning of the 17th century, the Moscow Company retained a monopoly on the exploration of the Arctic seas. Results. With its monopoly on the search for the North-West Passage and its organizational and financial support, the Muscovy Company made an important contribution to the exploration of the north-eastern coast of North America in the last quarter of the 16th century. English navigators had the opportunity to explore Arctic waters, step by step shaping the modern geographical shape of North America on maps.
Movimientos a distancia
Authors: Barón-Páez Sergio Camilo
Published: March 2024

Movimientos a distancia revela las contradicciones en la forma cómo han sido archivadas las imágenes de los hermanos Acevedo, pioneros del noticiero cinematográfico en Colombia. Contradicciones como la aleatoriedad con la que fueron reeditadas en los catálogos oficiales, o las lecturas que los archivadores impusieron sobre ellas; una postura oficial que confunde imágenes de muerte con imágenes de movilizaciones sociales. ¿Cómo introducir en ese relato que asocia a la protesta con la muerte la imagen profana de un carnaval? Al responder esto, el proyecto propone una forma de reeditar la historia oficial para cambiar sus finales, para esbozar futuros posibles.
Relaciones parasociales entre bases de fans y celebridades
Authors: Bermudez-Herrera Hanny Dayanne , Soler-Arias Alejandro
Published: March 2024

En un contexto donde las redes sociales permiten una interacción directa y constante, comprender a fondo cómo las relaciones de consumo evolucionan, se desarrollan y afectan tanto a los fanáticos como a las celebridades es vital para entender las relaciones parasociales. Las redes sociales actúan como un puente que acerca a ambos actores de la investigación, generando un nivel de cercanía que permite plantear cuestiones fundamentales sobre cómo se construye la identidad de los fanáticos a través de estas relaciones y cómo influyen en sus decisiones y preferencias. A medida que las plataformas en línea se convierten en el epicentro de la interacción entre admiradores y figuras públicas en diversas industrias, desde la música y el cine hasta el deporte, se plantean preguntas cruciales: ¿Cómo se desarrollan estas relaciones en el entorno digital? ¿Qué impacto tienen en la percepción de la celebridad y la identidad de los fanáticos? ¿Cómo afectan a la industria del entretenimiento? A lo largo de este proyecto investigativo se exploraron las dinámicas, emociones e implicaciones comunicacionales y culturales de estas relaciones unilaterales.
Digital Marketing Communication as an Instrument in Social Responsibility Projects After the Earthquake in Türkiye
Authors: Ayyıldız Mehmet Ekim , Tümbek Tekeoğlu Aşkim Nurdan
Published: March 2024

The earthquakes that took place in Kahramanmaraş, Hatay, Gaziantep, Adıyaman, Adana, Malatya, Diyarbakır, Kilis, Osmaniye, Şanlıurfa, and Elazığ on February 6, 2023, at 04:17 and 13:24 Turkish Standard Time, resulted in significant property damage and fatalities. After these earthquake disasters in Türkiye, all government institutions, non-governmental organizations, individuals, and international actors implemented a variety of social responsibility projects to provide aid to the region and mitigate the effects of the earthquake on the lives of the people. Since the COVID-19 pandemic that occurred between 2020 and 2022 accelerated the digital transformation of businesses, the use of social media and digital marketing tools by individuals and institutions has increased significantly. Although Digital Marketing communication tools such as e-commerce web sites, social media marketing, and search engine marketing are primarily marketing and profit-oriented technologies, it has been demonstrated that they can also be used in social responsibility projects due to their widespread use by individuals and businesses and their ability to quickly deliver messages to the masses. Following the development of a conceptual framework for social responsibility and digital marketing communication, examples of the use of Digital Marketing Communication Tools, such as E-Commerce Web Sites (Topraktan Tabağa, Umut Hareketi), Social Media Platforms (Instagram, Twitter, Youtube), Search Engine Advertisement (Google Ads), and Social Media Advertisement (Facebook), in Türkiye's post-earthquake social responsibility projects are examined in this study. Based on these examples, suggestions for influencers, institutions, and content managers regarding the use of marketing communication tools in social responsibility projects are shared, and recommendations for future research are provided.