bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Instability-induced osteoarthritis in the metacarpophalangeal joint of horses
Authors: Simmons E. J. , Bertone A. L. , Weisbrode S. E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To establish an instability model of osteoarthritis (OA) that mimics the early changes of naturally acquired OA.

Animals

6 mature radiographically normal horses.

Procedure

The collateral and lateral collateral sesamoidean ligaments were transected in a metacarpophalangeal (MCP) joint in each horse. Lameness examinations were performed every 7 days after surgery for 8 weeks. Radiographs were taken immediately before and after desmotomy and 8 weeks after surgery. Eight weeks after surgery, bilateral MCP joints were grossly evaluated, specimens of articular cartilage were harvested for histologic examination and tissue culture, and synovial membrane was harvested for histologic examination.

Results

Lameness scores significantly increased over time (mean score of 1.6 for the 8-week study period). Joint circumference was significantly greater and range of motion significantly less in OA joints, compared with contralateral joints. Number and size of osteophytes were significantly greater in OA joints. Amount of newly synthesized proteoglycan (PG) was significantly greater at 18 and 72 hours of cartilage explant culture for OA joints, compared with contralateral joints. Total PG content and PG degradation did not differ between OA and contralateral joints.

Implications for Human Medicine

This instability model in horses may be useful in the study of OA in humans.

Conclusion

Desmotomy of the lateral collateral and lateral collateral sesamoidean ligaments induced instability similar to that of naturally acquired OA in horses, as documented by lameness, clinical signs of OA, osteophyte formation, and erosions of articular cartilage surfaces and score lines in OA joints. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:7–13)
Tissue and plasma enzyme activities in juvenile green iguanas
Authors: Wagner Robert A. , Wetzel Randy
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine activities of intracellular enzymes in 8 major organs in juvenile green iguanas and to compare tissue and plasma activities.

Animals

6 green iguanas < 1 year old.

Procedure

Lysates of liver, kidney, epaxial muscle, heart, lung, spleen, small intestine, and pancreas were analyzed for alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), aspartate transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), creatine kinase (CK), glutamate dehydrogenase (GMD), and amylase (AMS) activities.

Results

In general, low tissue enzyme activity coincided with low plasma activity. The CK activity was high in epaxial muscle and the heart and low in all other tissues tested. The AMS activity was found exclusively in the pancreas. Moderate LDH and AST activities were found in all tissues. Low ALT and ALP activities were found in a variety of tissues. Plasma and tissue activities of GGT and GMD were low or undetectable.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results suggest that plasma CK activity may be muscle specific in iguanas, but high values may not always indicate overt muscle disease. The AMS activity may be specific for the pancreas, but the wide range of plasma activity would likely limit its diagnostic usefulness. Activities of AST and LDH may reflect tissue damage or inflammation, but probably do not reflect damage to specific tissues or organs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:201–203)
Evaluation of washing with cold water to facilitate heat dissipation in horses exercised in hot, humid conditions
Authors: Kohn Catherine W. , Hinchcliff Kenneth W. , McKeever Kenneth H.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether body temperature of horses exercised in hot, humid conditions and then repetitively washed with cold water will decrease more rapidly than that of horses that are not washed, and to determine whether washing with cold water has deleterious effects on horses.

Animals

5 physically fit Thoroughbred mares, 3 to 10 years old.

Procedures

Horses were exercised on a high-speed treadmill in hot (31.1 ± 0.3 C), humid (relative humidity, 77.7 ± 2%) conditions. Exercise was terminated when pulmonary artery temperature reached 41.5 C. Values for pulmonary artery, rectal, and left gluteal muscle temperatures were compared throughout a 30-minute recovery period after exercise during which horses stood quietly (passive cooling) or were cooled (active cooling) by repeated applications of cold (15.6 ± 0.6 C) water.

Results

Pulmonary artery temperature was significantly less for actively cooled horses, compared with passively cooled horses 4 minutes into the recovery period. Left gluteal muscle temperature decreased significantly in actively cooled, but not passively cooled, horses during the recovery period. Heart rate and rectal temperature were significantly less for actively cooled horses by 15 minutes of the recovery period. Cooling technique did not effect hydration status, muscle health, or serum electrolyte concentrations. Active cooling did not cause obvious adverse effects.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Active cooling by washing with cold water is a safe, effective means for facilitating heat dissipation of horses after exercise in a hot, humid environment. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:299–305)
Comparison of microbiologie and high-performance liquid chromatography assays to determine plasma concentrations, pharmacokinetics, and bioavailability of erythromycin base in plasma of foals after intravenous or intragastric administration
Authors: Lakritz Jeffrey , Wilson W. David , Mihalyi Judith E.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of erythromycin base after intragastric administration and erythromycin lactobionate after IV administration to healthy foals and to compare a microbiologic assay with a high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method to determine plasma concentrations of erythromycin A.

Animals

6 healthy foals that were 2 to 4 months old.

Procedure

Foals were given single doses of erythromycin (10 mg/kg of body weight, IV, and 25 mg/kg, intragastrically) in a crossover study. Venous blood samples were obtained at specific times after drug administration, and plasma was harvested for determination of erythromycin concentrations by microbiologic assay and a HPLC method. Pharmacokinetic analysis of plasma concentration-time data was performed, and results derived from each method were compared.

Results

Concentration-time profiles for IV administration were best described by a two-compartment open model. Comparing pharmacokinetic data obtained by the 2 methods revealed substantial differences in results. Values for area under the plasma concentration-time curve and area under the first moment of the curve were substantially higher when determined by the bioassay, indicating overestimation of plasma concentration-time data by this method. The derived rate transfer constants (K21 and Ke1) and mean residence time were significantly different, when determined by the bioassay. Systemic bioavailability of erythromycin base was low in all foals.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

The bioassay method overestimated plasma concentrations of erythromycin, compared with the HPLC method. Despite low systemic bioavailability of erythromycin base administered intragastrically, plasma concentrations of erythromycin exceeded, for at least 4 hours, the minimum inhibitory concentration of most Rhodococcus equi isolates. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:414-419)
Examination of metabolism of viscera drained by the portal vein in neonatal calves, using short-term intravenous infusions of glutamine and other nutrients
Authors: Nappert Germain , Zello Gordon A. , Ferguson James , Naylor Jonathan M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To quantify glutamine use in viscera drained by the portal vein in neonatal calves and to assess the relative nutritional importance of glutamine, glucose, and acetate for enterocytes.

Animals

5 healthy neonatal calves.

Procedure

A femoral artery, jugular vein, and the portal vein were surgically cannulated in each calf. Blood flow in the portal vein was measured by use of an ultrasonographic transit-time flow probe. A series of solutions was infused on 4 days for each calf. On the infusion days, acetate, glucose, glutamine, and saline (0.9% NaCl; control) solutions were administered IV during 1-hour periods via the jugular vein. Venous and arterial blood samples were collected during the last 15 minutes of each 1-hour infusion.

Results

Uptake of glutamine and glucose by viscera drained by the portal vein was 0.3 ± 1.1 and 1.9 ± 3.1 µmol/kg0.75/min, respectively, during saline infusion. During acetate, glucose, and saline infusions, glucose was a greater source of energy for the intestines than was glutamine. However, during glutamine infusion, uptake of glutamine by viscera drained by the portal vein increased significantly (29.9 ± 11.2 µmol/kg0.75/min), which was associated with an increase in ammonia production (7.0 ± 0.5 µmol/kg0.75/min). Toxicosis was not associated with IV administration of glutamine.

Conclusion

Glutamine infusion resulted in an increase in glutamine uptake by viscera drained by the portal vein, which was associated with an increase in ammonia production and a slight increase in oxygen consumption.

Clinical Relevance

These solutions may be used to develop treatments that enhance healing of intestines of diarrheic calves. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:437-445)
Seroprevalence of antibodies against gram-negative core antigens in rabbits, using an Escherichia coli J5 antigen-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
Authors: Ruble Randall P. , Cullor James S. , Brooks Dale L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the seroprevalence of antibodies to gram-negative core antigens (GNCA) in specific-pathogen-free (SPF) rabbits (ie, free of Pasteurella multocida) and rabbits of undefined bacterial status (conventional).

Sample Population

Serum samples were obtained from 7 groups of rabbits. The SPF rabbits comprised 2 adult groups and 1 immature group, whereas the 4 groups of conventional rabits were all adults.

Procedure

A seroprevalence survey was conducted on rabbit sera for antibodies against GNCA, using an Escherichia coli J5 antigen-capture ELISA.

Results

Collective geometric mean titer (GMT) of adult rabbits was 1:6,463. The GMT of each of the 6 groups of adult rabbits was 1:956, 1:1,133, 1:4,525, 1:5,338, 1:7,669, and 1:25,600. Titers of populations differed significantly.

Conclusion

Data analysis revealed there were anti-GNCA antibodies in rabbits. Similar to other species, the prevalence of IgM and IgG anti-GNCA antibodies increased with age. The IgG response was more marked than the IgM response. The SPF rabbits had lower IgG anti-GNCA titers than conventional rabbits, indicating possible cross-reactive epitopes between P multocida and Enterobacteriaceae. Rabbits with the highest anti-GNCA titers were those used in polyclonal antibody production, possibly stemming from endotoxin contamination of antigen or adjuvant.

Clinical Relevance

The possible cross-reactive antibodies directed at homologous wall components of Pasteurellaceae and Enterobacteriaceae could prove to be a possible heterotypic vaccination strategy for the protection of rabbits against pasteurellosis. investigators should determine whether antigen impurity (endotoxin contamination) influences epitope focus during polyclonal antibody production and whether it affects sera variability among rabbits. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:501-506).
Interday variation in vertical ground reaction force in clinically normal Greyhounds at the trot
Authors: Rumph Paul F. , Steiss Janet E. , West Mark S.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the effect of interday variation on vertical ground reaction force variables in dogs.

Animals

52 clinically normal Greyhounds of either sex weighing between 22 and 35 kg.

Procedure

Dogs were led at a trot across a floor-mounted force platform to determine vertical ground reaction force variables (peak [PFz] and impulse [IFz]) from hind limbs. Data were collected from each dog on 3 consecutive days. Variance components were estimated, using maximal likelihood to evaluate contributions of interday variation within dogs and variation attributable to dogs and repetitions. An ANOVA was used to test significance of interday variation within dogs and day within dog interactions.

Results

PFz, IFz, or both differed significantly from day to day for 29 of 52 dogs. Only PFz differed significantly among days for 16 dogs, and only IFz differed among days for 5 dogs. The PFz and IFz differed significantly from day to day in 8 dogs. Using ANOVA, the difference for PFz and IFz among days within dogs was significant.

Conclusions

Effect of day within dog variation (interaction) should be considered as a component in statistical models in which data from 1 day are evaluated against data from the same subject on another day. We propose a statistical model that incorporates an accommodation for interday variation. Investigators should determine the factors that affect their studies, including the extent of interday variation, and compensate for the variation attributable to each factor in the statistical models used to analyze their data. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:679–683)
Evaluation of 2-deoxy-D-glucose for induction of a stress response in pigs
Authors: Stabel Thomas J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the most effective route and dose for 2-deoxy-D-glucose (2DG) administration in swine, kinetics of 2DG, endogenous glucose concentration in the blood, effects of 2DG on Cortisol concentration, and effects of 2DG administration in vivo on lymphocyte proliferation in vitro.

Animals

14 Salmonella-free male and female mixed-breed pigs.

Procedure

A cannula was inserted in the femoral artery of each pig to allow for frequent blood collection with minimal external stress. The concentration and duration of 2DG in the blood was monitored while varying dose (250, 500, or 750 mg/kg of body weight) and route (IV, SC, IM, or IP) of 2DG administration. Blood samples were collected at various time points and assayed for lymphocyte response to concanavalin A and Cortisol, endogenous glucose, and 2DG concentrations.

Results

The 2 best routes for administration of 2DG were IV and SC. If the IV route was chosen, the optimal dose was 500 mg of 2DG/kg; the optimal dose for SC administration was 750 mg/kg.

Conclusions

2DG induces a stress response in pigs similar to that in rodents. The use of 2DG in a porcine stress model should be effective for studying the possible role of stress in the pathogenesis and shedding of microorganisms. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:708–713)
Development of a snapback method of single-strand conformation polymorphism analysis for genotyping Golden Retrievers for the X-linked muscular dystrophy allele
Authors: Honeyman Kaite , Carville Kylie S. , Howell John M. , Fletcher Sue , Wilton Steve D.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To develop a snapback method of single-strand conformation polymorphism (SSCP) analysis for genotyping Golden Retrievers for the X-linked muscular dystrophy allele.

Animals

20 Golden Retriever puppies from a colony with X-linked muscular dystrophy.

Procedure

DNA spanning the canine dystrophin mutation was amplified by means of a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), using a primer modified to have an additional sequence at the 5′ terminus. The primer was designed so that 1 terminus of the single-stranded PCR product could anneal to the normal sequence flanking the region of the mutation in the allele but not in the mutant allele. True disease status of the dogs was determined by means of a PCR and restriction digest protocol.

Results

Snapback SSCP analysis allowed for accurate and unambiguous genotyping of unaffected, carrier, and affected dogs, whereas conventional SSCP analysis, using the unmodified primer, did not. Creatine kinase activities measured within 24 hours after birth were not consistent with genotype.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Snapback SSCP analysis provided a simple, fast, and accurate method for genotyping Golden Retrievers for the mutation known to cause X-linked muscular dystrophy. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:734–737)
Comparison of stance time and velocity as control variables in force plate analysis of dogs
Authors: Renberg Walter C. , Johnston Spencer A. , Ye Keying , Budsberg Steven C.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To investigate effects of the use of stance time or velocity as control variables on ground reaction forces in lame dogs.

Animals

12 dogs with pelvic osteotomies.

Procedure

Data for ground reaction forces were obtained preoperatively and at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28 weeks postoperatively, using velocity and stance time as control variables. Ground reaction forces obtained were compared between the 2 methods of data collection, as were velocities and stance times of the trials.

Results

Significant differences in ground reaction forces were not found between the use of velocity or stance time as a control variable at any time. Also, significant differences in stance times or velocities were not found between the 2 methods of data collection. Greatest variation in stance time and velocity was found during periods of greatest lameness.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Use of stance time as a control variable in force plate analysis does not lead to significantly different results from use of velocity as a control variable, indicating that either method may be used in force plate analysis of dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:814–819)
Influence of restricted food intake on estrous cycles and pseudopregnancies in dogs
Authors: Lawler Dennis F. , Johnston Shirley D. , Keltner D. Glenn , Ballam Joan M. , Kealy Richard D. , Bunte Thomas , Lust George , Mantz Sandra L. , Nie Robert C.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To examine effects of restricted food intake on estrous cycle frequency, interestrus interval, and pseudopregnancy prevalence in dogs.

Animals

28 female Labrador Retrievers.

Procedure

Dogs were paired by body weight when they were 6 weeks old and fed so that the limit-fed pair-mate received 75% of the amount of food offered to its maintenance-fed counterpart. Estrous cycle, interestrus interval, and pseudopregnancy data were recorded.

Results

Mean annual frequency of estrous cycles and duration of interestrus intervals did not differ between feeding groups. Prevalence of clinically evident pseudopregnancy was significantly greater among females that were maintenance fed, although results of endocrinologic testing did not identify a mechanism for this observation.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Pseudopregnancy in dogs can be influenced by physiologic factors related to nutrition. Clinicians should consider a variety of physiologic and environmental factors when evaluating reproductive function in dogs. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:820–825)
In vitro allergen-induced degranulation of pulmonary mast cells from horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves)
Authors: Hare Jonathan E. , Viel Laurent , Conlon Peter D. , Marshall Jean S.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine the capacity of pulmonary mast cells (PMC) to degranulate in response to various potential allergens and other secretagogues in horses with recurrent airway obstruction (heaves) and clinically normal horses before and after exposure to moldy hay.

Animals

5 horses with heaves and 5 clinically normal horses.

Procedures

Heaves was characterized as an increased clinical respiratory score and maximum change in transpulmonary pressure of > 20 cm H2O after exposure. Bronchoalveolar lavage was performed during each period. Washed and resuspended cells were exposed for 20 minutes at 37 C with whole reconstituted freeze-dried preparations of Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria tenuis, and Ambrosia elation, fungal extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus, Alternaria tenuis, and Micropolyspora faeni; A23187; and compound 48/80. Histamine release (HR) was used as a marker of degranulation.

Results

Compared with clinically normal horses, HR was significantly greater from PMC from horses with heaves during remission and exacerbation in response to whole preparations and extracts of Aspergillus fumigatus and whole preparations of Alternarla tenuis. Extracts of Alternaria tenuis caused significantly greater HR from PMC from horses with heaves during exacerbation. Histamine was also released from PMC in response to A23187 and to changes in osmolality of the medium, but only as a result of cell lysis by compound 48/80.

Conclusions

Increased degranulation of PMC after antigenic challenge may contribute to the pathogenesis of heaves in horses.

Clinical Relevance

Strategies for prevention and treatment that attenuate degranulation of PMC may assist in the clinical management of horses with heaves. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:841–847)
In vitro effects of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents and prostaglandins I2, E2, and F2α on contractility of taenia of the large colon of horses
Authors: Van Hoogmoed Linda , Rakestraw Peter C. , Snyder Jack R. , Harmon Faye A.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To determine the in vitro effect of various prostaglandins (PG) and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) on contractile activity of the large-colon taenia of horses.

Animals

14 healthy horses.

Procedure

The taenia was collected from the ventral colon, cut into strips (2 × 10 mm), and mounted in a tissue bath system (20-ml capacity) that contained oxygenated Krebs buffer solution warmed to 37.5 ± 0.5 C. After equilibration, incremental doses of PGE2, PGF2α, PGI2, flunixin meglumine, carprofen, ketoprofen, and phenylbutazone were added to the baths, and contractile activity was recorded. Magnitude of the response was calculated by comparing contractile activity before and after administration of the PG or NSAID to the tissue baths.

Results

PGE2 and PGF2α caused a significant increase in contractile activity, whereas PGL2 induced an inhibitory response. Activity of NSAID on contraction was predominantly inhibitory. At low concentrations, ketoprofen induced an excitatory effect, which then became inhibitory at high concentrations. Compared with the other NSAID, carprofen significantly reduced contractile activity at lower concentrations.

Conclusions

PGE2 and PGF2α appear to enhance contractility of large-colon taenia of horses, whereas PGL2 was inhibitory in the in vitro model. Administration of NSAID also inhibited contractility, with carprofen having the most potent effect.

Clinical Relevance

Administration of NSAID in combination with liberation of endogenous PG may predispose horses to development of intestinal stasis and subsequent impaction. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1004-1009)
A polymerase chain reaction screening strategy for the promoter of the canine dystrophin gene
Authors: Schatzberg S. , Olby N. , Steingold S. , Keene B. , Atkins C. , Meurs K. , Solomon G. , Goedegebuure S. A. , Wilton S. , Sharp N.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To develop a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) strategy to screen the dystrophin promoter(s) in dogs with cardiac and skeletal myopathies.

Animals

9 Doberman Pinschers, 1 Dalmation, and 1 Saint Bernard with dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM); 1 Irish Terrier with muscular dystrophy; and 2 dystrophin-deficient German Shorthaired Pointers (GSHP).

Procedure

For each of the 3 unique exons associated with the muscle (M), Purkinje (P), and cortical (C) promoters of the dystrophin gene, each first exon, and the M promoter plus its first exon, were amplified, cloned, and sequenced. The M dystrophin transcript was amplified by reverse transcriptase PCR from skeletal and cardiac muscle RNA of 1 Doberman Pinscher and from skeletal muscle RNA of 1 GSHP.

Results

The M, P and C first exons were amplified from all dogs except the 2 GSHP, which had a deletion encompassing the entire M, P, and C dystrophin promoter region. The M transcript could not be amplified from muscles of the GSHP, but was amplified from skeletal and cardiac muscle of the Doberman Pinscher. Sequencing of the product representing the M promoter and its first exon revealed no differences between clinically normal dogs and the Doberman Pinscher with DCM.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

We have ruled out a major rearrangement of the dystrophin promoter region as the universal cause of DCM in Doberman Pinschers or of Irish Terrier myopathy. Use of the strategy identified a large deletion of this region in muscle from the GSHP. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1040-1046)
Pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen after intravenous and oral administration and assessment of safety of administration to healthy foals
Authors: Breuhaus Babetta A. , DeGraves Fred J. , Honore Erika K. , Papich Mark G.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine pharmacokinetics of ibuprofen in healthy foals and to determine clinical effects after oral administration for 6 days.

Animals

7 healthy 5- to 10-week-old foals.

Procedure

Serum concentrations of ibuprofen were measured after IV and oral (nasogastric tube) administration at dosages of 10 and 25 mg/kg of body weight. Foals were given ibuprofen (25 mg/kg, PO, q 8 h) as a paste for 6 days. Serum and urine were obtained before and after the 6-day period.

Results

Half-life of elimination (Kel t1/2) of IV-administered ibuprofen (ie, 10 and 25 mg/kg), was 79 and 108 minutes, maximal serum concentration (Cmax) was 82 and 160 μg/ml, and clearance was 0.003 and 0.002 L/kg/min, respectively. At the higher dosage, clearance was significantly lower and Cmax was significantly higher. Ibuprofen given via nasogastric tube resulted in Kel t1/2 of 81 and 100 minutes and Cmax of 22 and 52 μg/ml for 10 and 25 mg/kg, respectively. The absorption half-life was 13 minutes, and bioavailability ranged from 71 to 100%. Foals remained healthy during oral administration of ibuprofen. Serum urea nitrogen, creatinine, and l-iditol dehydrogenase values increased significantly, and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) activity and osmolality decreased, but all measurements remained within reference ranges. Urine GGT activity doubled. Necropsy did not reveal gross or histologic renal lesions attributable to ibuprofen. Acute gastric ulcers were evident in 1 foal, although clinical signs of ulcers were not observed.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Ibuprofen can be given safely to healthy foals at dosages ≤ 25 mg/kg every 8 hours for up to 6 days. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1066-1073)
Comparison of three methods for estimation of exercise-related ion losses in sweat of horses
Authors: Kingston Janene K. , McCutcheon L. Jill , Geor Raymond J.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To quantify total fluid loss in sweat of Thoroughbreds during > 3 hours of low-intensity exercise in controlled conditions and to calculate and compare estimated ion losses in sweat, according to 3 methods.

Animals

6 exercise-trained Thoroughbreds.

Procedure

Fluid and ion losses in sweat were measured in 6 horses exercising at 40% of the speed that elicited maximum oxygen consumption for 45 km. Horses were given a 15-minute rest period at the end of three 15-km exercise phases. Horses completed 2 exercise trials. Ion losses in sweat were calculated, using measurements of local sweating rate and sweat ion composition (SWT), change in net exchangeable cation content (CAT), and change in extracellular ion content (PLAS) derived from plasma total solids and ion concentrations.

Results

Measurement of SWT revealed a mean (± SEM) fluid loss in sweat during 45 km of exercise of 27.5 ± 1.6 L. Total ion loss in sweat was approximately 241 g or 7.8 mol with higher sodium losses in the second and third phases of exercise compared with the first phase. Losses of sodium and potassium calculated by SWT or CAT were not significantly different from each other, whereas losses of these ions as determined by PLAS were significantly lower.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Calculation of ion losses from a mean whole body sweating rate extrapolated from either local sweating rate and sweat ion composition or from change in net exchangeable cation content provide similar results, whereas ion losses determined by changes in extracellular ion content derived from plasma total solids and ion concentration results in underestimation of actual losses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1248–1254)
Electrically elicited blink reflex in horses with trigeminal and facial nerve blocks
Authors: Anor Sonia , Espadaler Josep M. , Monreal Lluis , Pumarola Marti
Published: January 2024

Objective

To reassess reference values for the components of the electrically induced blink reflex, document reference values for facial motor nerve conduction velocity, and demonstrate usefulness of the blink reflex as a diagnostic tool in peripheral facial and trigeminal nerve dysfunction in horses.

Animals

10 healthy adult horses (8 males, 2 females) without neurologic abnormalities.

Procedure

Blink reflex tests were performed by electrical stimulation of the supraorbital nerve and facial (auriculopalpebral) nerve. Reflex and direct muscle-evoked potentials of the orbicularis oculi muscles were recorded from concentric needle electrodes inserted bilaterally in these muscles. Supraorbital and auriculopalpebral nerve blocks were performed by lidocaine hydrochloride injections.

Results

Supraorbital nerve stimulation elicited 2 or 3 ipsilateral and 1 contralateral reflex muscle potential in the orbicularis oculi muscles. Auriculopalpebral nerve stimulation elicited a direct and a reflex potential in the ipsilateral orbicularis oculi muscle. After left supraorbital nerve block, no responses could be elicited ipsilaterally or contralaterally upon stimulation of the blocked nerve, but bilateral responses were obtained upon stimulation of the right supraorbital nerve. After right auriculopalpebral nerve block, no responses were recorded from the right orbicularis oculi muscle upon stimulation of left or right supraorbital nerves.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Reference values for the components of the blink reflex and facial motor nerve conduction velocity will allow application of these tests to assist in the diagnosis of equine neurologic disorders involving the trigeminal and facial nerves, the brainstem, and the cranial end of the cervical segment of the spinal cord. This study reveals the usefulness of the blink reflex test in the diagnosis of peripheral trigeminal and facial nerve dysfunction in horses. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1287–1291)
Preclinical study in cats of the pro-photosensitizer 5-aminolevulinic acid
Authors: Lucroy Michael D. , Edwards Benjamin F. , Peavy George M. , Krasieva Tatiana B. , Griffey Stephen M. , Stiles Joanna B. , Madewell Bruce R.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether feline cells were able to convert 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) in vivo and in vitro, whether IV administration of ALA to healthy cats resulted in adverse effects, and whether PpIX accumulated in a squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of a cat.

Animals

4 healthy adult cats and 1 adult cat with a cutaneous SCC.

Procedure

In vitro production of PpIX was determined by incubating Crandell feline kidney cells with ALA. Effects of ALA administration and in vivo production of PpIX were determined by administering ALA (100, 200, or 400 mg/kg of body weight) to healthy cats and collecting skin biopsy specimens for up to 24 hours after drug administration. Blood samples were collected for CBC and serum biochemical analyses, and necropsies were performed. Accumulation of PpIX in a SCC was determined by treating a cat with a facial SCC with ALA and collecting specimens of the tumor and adjacent grossly normal skin.

Results

Incubation of ALA with feline cells resulted in time- and dose-dependent cytoplasmic accumulation of PpIX in vitro. After IV ALA administration, PpIX was detected in all tissues examined, with the highest fluorescence intensity in epithelia and in squamous cell carcinoma. The tumor-to-skin fluorescence intensity ratio was 5. All cats developed hepatotoxicoses.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Results from this limited number of cats suggest that ALA may be a useful photosensitizer in cats, but that doses > 100 mg/kg, IV, may not be safe. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1364–1370)
Dimeric inhibin concentrations in mares with granulosa-theca cell tumors
Authors: Christman Shelly A. , Bailey Michael T. , Wheaton Jonathan E. , Troedsson Mats H. T. , Ababneh Mohammed M. , Santschi Elizabeth M.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To determine whether concentrations of dimeric inhibin (αβA) are greater in plasma and tumor fluid from mares with granulosa-theca cell tumors (GTCT), compared with concentrations in plasma and equine follicular fluid (eFF) from control mares.

Animals

6 mares with GTCT and 12 clinically normal mares.

Procedure

The αβA immunoradiometric assay used 2 antibodies, one against each subunit of inhibin (α and βA subunits). Tumor tissue, tumor fluid, and a single blood sample were collected at the time of surgical removal of the GTCT. A single blood sample was collected from 7 control mares during various stages of the estrous cycle. Five other control mares were ovariectomized when their ovaries contained growing follicles of 25 to 35 mm in diameter. A blood sample and eFF from the largest follicle were collected at the time of ovariectomy.

Results

Mares with GTCT had significantly greater plasma concentrations of αβA (mean ± SEM, 0.86 ± 0.53 ng of recombinant human-αβA/ml), compared with control mares (0.14 ± 0.02 ng/ml). Concentrations of αβA in tumor fluid and eFF were similar. Concentrations of αβA were significantly lower after ovariectomy.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

Dimeric inhibin concentration was higher in plasma from mares with GTCT than in plasma from control mares. Increased granulosa cell mass and loss of mechanisms regulating αβA release in mares with GTCT likely accounted for the increase in plasma concentrations. Measurement of αβA concentrations may be useful for identifying mares with GTCT. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1407–1410)
Hemodynamic effects of ionized calcium in horses anesthetized with halothane or isoflurane
Authors: Grubb Tamara L. , Benson Gordon J. , Foreman Jonathan H. , Constable Peter D. , Thurmon John C. , Olson William O. , Tranquilli William J. , Davis Lloyd E.
Published: January 2024

Objectives

To evaluate the effects of halothane and isoflurane on cardiovascular function and serum total and ionized calcium concentrations in horses, and to determine whether administration of calcium gluconate would attenuate these effects.

Animals

6 clinically normal adult Thoroughbreds.

Procedure

Catheters were inserted for measurement of arterial blood pressures, pulmonary arterial blood pressures, right ventricular pressure (for determination of myocardial contractility), right atrial pressure, and cardiac output and for collection of arterial blood samples. Anesthesia was then induced with xylazine hydrochloride and ketamine hydrochloride and maintained with halothane or isoflurane. An IV infusion of calcium gluconate was begun 75 minutes after anesthetic induction; dosage of calcium gluconate was 0.1 mg/kg of body weight/min for the first 15 minutes, 0.2 mg/kg/min for the next 15 minutes, and 0.4 mg/kg/min for an additional 15 minutes. Data were collected before, during, and after administration of calcium gluconate.

Results

Halothane and isoflurane decreased myocardial contractility, cardiac index, and mean arterial pressure, but halothane caused greater depression than isoflurane. Calcium gluconate attenuated the anesthetic-induced depression in cardiac index, stroke index, and maximal rate of increase in right ventricular pressure when horses were anesthetized with isoflurane. When horses were anesthetized with halothane, a higher dosage of calcium gluconate was required to attenuate the depression in stroke index and maximal rate of increase in right ventricular pressure; cardiac index was not changed with calcium administration.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance

IV administration of calcium gluconate may support myocardial function in horses anesthetized with isoflurane. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1430–1435)
Pharmacokinetics of flunixin meglumine in donkeys, mules, and horses
Authors: Coakley Mariah , Peck Kenneth E. , Taylor Tex S. , Matthews Nora S. , Mealey Katrina L.
Published: January 2024

Objective

To compare serum disposition of flunixin meglumine after IV administration of a bolus to horses, donkeys, and mules.

Animals

3 clinically normal horses, 5 clinically normal donkeys, and 5 clinically normal mules.

Procedure

Blood samples were collected at time zero (before) and 5, 10, 15, 30, and 45 minutes, and at 1, 1.25, 1.5, 1.75, 2, 2.5, 2.75, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, and 8 hours after IV administration of a bolus of flunixin meglumine (1.1 mg/kg of body weight). Serum was analyzed in duplicate by the use of high-performance liquid chromatography for determination of flunixin meglumine concentrations. The serum concentration-time curve for each horse, donkey, and mule were analyzed separately to estimate noncompartmental pharmacokinetic variables

Results

Mean (± SD) area under the curve for donkeys (646 ± 148 minute • µg/ml) was significantly less than for horses (976 ± 168 minute • μg/ml) or for mules (860 ± 343 minute • µg/ml). Mean residence time for donkeys (54.6 ± 7 minutes) was significantly less than for horses (110 ± 24 minutes) or for mules (93 ± 30 minutes). Mean total body clearance for donkeys (1.78 ± 0.5 ml/kg/h) was significantly different from that for horses (1.14 ± 0.18 ml/kg/h) but not from that for mules (1.4 ± 0.5 ml/kg/h). Significant differences were not found between horses and mules for any pharmacokinetic variable.

Conclusion and Clinical Relevance

Significant differences exist with regard to serum disposition of flunixin meglumine in donkeys, compared with that for horses and mules. Consequently, flunixin meglumine dosing regimens used in horses may be inappropriate for use in donkeys. (Am J Vet Res 1999;60:1441–1444)
Write Like You’re Living in a Better World: Creative Writing as a Means for Building the Societies We Wish to See
Authors: Di Marco Campbell Luke Ray
Published: January 2024

The following article explores a proposed educational programme premised on writing for utopias. Specifically, through facilitated dialogue, participants would collectively engage in creative writing as a mechanism for envisioning alternative futures grown out of divergent political ideologies or social norms to those they experience today. Participants are encouraged to question their current mentality, reflect on why society operates as it does today, and consider what changes they would want to bear witness to. The contribution outlines core concepts for the programme, whilst offering a sample twelve-session guide with suggestions on how to adapt it based on previous knowledge or the participants' ambitions. The ambition of such an undertaking is that students are supported - and support each other - to break with traditional formulaic tasks and, instead, develop their creativity and vision. Their works then serve as a starting point for further tasks predicated on critical dialogue over why they hold particular beliefs, rely on their stated visions to be utopian, and, ultimately, what steps are required to build towards the society they wish to see. The premise is non-prescriptive to enable writers to take their narratives in whichever directions they see fit - for example, whilst science fiction permits us to consider far flung futures, and fantasy enables perspectives to emerge from any source (flora, fauna, or otherwise), historical fiction enables us to revisit significant moments in time to ask what could have been had different choices been made. Throughout the submission, several literary and cinematic fiction examples are drawn upon to help demonstrate the relevant points.
Ein gesamtstaatlicher „Transformations- und Infrastrukturfonds“ zur Stabilisierung der Schuldenbremse
Authors: Hüther Michael
Published: January 2024

With its judgement on the federal budget, the German Federal Constitutional Court has thrown the government’s financial planning into disarray. Important public investments are at stake, as the debt brake sets tight limits for the treasury and debt-financed shadow budgets. But the green transition requires public investment as the time horizons are short and the investment risk for technologies and international competition is high. A transformation and infrastructure fund (TIF) anchored in the constitution, combined with planning accelerations should be established in order to finance government investments while at the same time leaving the debt brake in the core budget untouched.
Læring i inkluderende klasserum
Authors: Tetler Susan , Baltzer Kirsten
Published: January 2024

The purpose of this article is to highlight the kind of knowledge about classroom climate, learning conditions and learning management, gained by giving voices to the students concerned. Drawing on international meta-reviews on main factors, supportive for learning processes, the article discusses the implications for the design of research tools adapted for young students with significant disabilities (in terms of why, what and how to ask those students). The article is based on a Danish study, dealing with the learning experiences of 26 students with disabilities, and a small segment of a large data set from that study has been selected to illustrate how students with disabilities characterize their learning environment, including their experiences of student membership. The analysis indicates that young students with disabilities are able to participate in a semi-structured group interview. Finally, the article argues for using this ‘research tool’ as a tool for teachers to gain more substantial knowledge about their students’ motives and incentives.
Efterord: Kontrol betyder ikke nødvendigvis kvalitet
Authors: Kirkebæk Birgit
Published: January 2024

No abstract available.
Interdisciplinary research reorienting the perceptions and understanding of Modern architecture and landscape heritage through an enriched documentary utilization, namely of photography and film
Authors: Leão Neto Pedro
Published: January 2024

“ [When] I am taking a photograph, I am conscious that I am constructing images ratherthan taking snapshots. Since I do not take rapid photographs it is in this respect likepainting which takes a long time where you are very aware of what you are doing in theprocess. Exposure is only the final act of making the image as a photograph.”1
Thomas Struth
With this 8th Volume of Sophia Journal, we are continuing our third thematic cycle “Landscapes of Care” and our interest is to understand and explore through diverse visual practices, with a specific interest in photography and film, how the physical environment is understood and shaped by a diverse field of study, practices and cultures. This means, besides other things, to better understand the relationship between culture and space and to explore how culture, beliefs, behaviours, and practices, interact with and shape the physical environment of different territories and their architectures, cities and landscapes, as well as to acknowledgecontemporary discourses and usages of landscape concepts2.As we had already explained3, the concept of landscapes of care has increasingly been adopted by diverse areas of study, from health geography to the arts and architecture. It allows us to comprehend architecture, city and territory as living and inclusive organisms, constituted by multifaceted landscapes with complex social and organisational spatialities, as well as exploring the concepts of space and place for care within a transdisciplinary research environment.
(...)
Processes
Authors: Leal João , Munck Petersen Rikke
Published: January 2024

There is a big gap between the abstraction of an idea and its concrete implementation. This gap is filled with processes that imply the taking of actions to help achieve a tangible result, and there is a myriad of ways these actions can follow through. Photographic and filmic methodologies shape work through the processes of doing informed by gestures in the photographic and filmic operations on site and in the later editing phase1 by which an understanding is changed into a story, an idea in a final visual and/or sequential form.

The need for good ideas due to the growing challenges presented by climate changes, imposes serious thinking around actual ways of doing relevant contributions to help ‘heal a broken world’. Photographic and filmic work processes can support that purpose embedding specific site experience methodologies open to the passage of time and the changes it encompasses associated with the landscape we have inherited. Exploring a place or a landscape and working with what is found through movement: walking, driving, flying, the editing of footage, the study of photographs, films, or selected material, reveal changes to specific landscapes and possible readings, interpretations, and understandings of those changes. Such actions and processes have a long tradition in artistic practices transecting land art, landscape architecture and environmental studies.2

(...)
CHARACTERISTICS OF DERMATOPHYTOSIS PATIENTS AT DERMATOVENEROLOGY CLINIC OF RSUP SANGLAH DENPASAR DURING THE PERIOD OF 2017-2019
Authors: Natih Sintha Aprillia Gita , Wardhana Made , Puspawati Ni Made Dwi , Karmila IGAA Dwi
Published: January 2024

Dermatophytosis is a desases that caused by dermatofita from the family of arthrodermatacecae. There are six types of dermatofitosis based on the lesi location ; which are tinea korporis, tinea kruris, tinea pedis, tinea kaptisis, tinea unguium, tinea barbae and tinea kapitis. tinea korporis and tinea kruris are the most common happens in the dermatifita deases. This research conduct with a descriptive retrospektif method using secondary data from the patient book registration at dermatovenerology clinic of RSUP Sanglah Denpasar during the period of 2017-2019. the data collection base on the criteria of age, sex, old or new patient, type of dermatophytosis and the type of theraphy. during the researc, 123 data were meet the criteria of age, sex,old or new patient, type of dermatophytosis and the type of therapy. Thus, the data analyzed deskriptifly. the highest percentage obtained are tines corporis (33,6%) age group range 1-14 years old (25,4%) 15-24 years old (25,4%), male (55,0%), old patient (51,6%), combination theraphy (54,1%)

Keywords : Dermatophytosis, Tinea, Descriptive