bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
CHEMICAL AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF SOME SOILS DERIVED FROM REDDISH BROWN MATERIALS IN THE ATLANTIC PROVINCES
Authors: McKeague J. A. , Cann D. B.
Published: March 2010

Nearly all of the 16 soils from Nova Scotia and New Brunswick that were studied had Ae horizons, acid sola and dense, reddish brown parent materials, but they differed widely in the kind and the degree of B horizon development. Particle-size analyses supported the micromorphological observations in indicating that marked illuviation of clay had occurred in some soils, and weak illuviation in others. In a few soils it was difficult to estimate the extent of Bt horizon development as there were obvious discontinuities in the materials. Horizons having the chemical requirements of Podzol B horizons (Bf), significant accumulations of amorphous Al and Fe associated with organic matter, were found in only three of the soils. None of the soils had a Bft horizon; hence, the subgroup, Textural Podzol, should be eliminated. Bisequa development was evident in several of the soils and one was a Bisequa Podzol. Prominently mottled Bg horizons were the most obvious feature of the Gleysolic soils and some of them had Btg horizons. The bulk density of the fragipan in one of the soils was about 2.0, and many of the parent materials had equally high bulk densities. Free carbonates occurred at depths ranging from 60 to 180 cm in 12 of the 16 soils studied.
INFILTRATION RATES IN SOILS OF THE EDMONTON AREA AND RAINFALL INTENSITIES
Authors: Verma T. R. , Toogood J. A.
Published: March 2010

Infiltration rates were measured for the major soil types of the Edmonton area. The soils selected covered the range from very impervious soils to open, well-drained soil types. Both undisturbed or well-consolidated soils and those recently cultivated were examined. Fallow, grass, mixed forage-crop, and grain types of cover were included. Studies of rainfall intensity in the Edmonton area, when related to the infiltration data, indicate that the likelihood of runoff occurring for a large proportion of the area is very slight. In other words, a large proportion of the precipitation will normally enter the soil readily and the erosion hazard is therefore low.
COMPORTEMENT DIFFERENTIEL DU LOTIER EN REGARD DU CHAULAGE
Authors: Dionne J. L.
Published: March 2010

not available
FREE AMINO ACID COMPOSITION OF THE PLANT ROOT ENVIRONMENT UNDER FIELD CONDITIONS
Authors: Ivarson K. C. , Sowden F. J.
Published: March 2010

The free amino acids and the total ninhydrin-reacting material found in the rhizosphere of plants grown under field conditions were compared with those in the nonrhizosphere soil and with root extracts. Water, 20% ethanol and carbon tetrachloride-water were used as extractants. While the last two removed more amino acids than the water, this was probably the result of partial decomposition of the cellular material of the soil. The use of water as an extractant should give a better measure of the amount of amino acids in the soil under natural conditions. The rhizosphere contained greater quantities of amino acids than the soil from outside this zone. In general, the most prominent amino acids were aspartic acid, threonine, serine, glutamic acid, glycine and alanine; asparagine, glutamine and citrulline were also present. The amino acid content of the rhizosphere varied with the plant. Although root extracts contained very large quantities of amino acids, comparison of these extracts with the rhizosphere showed distinct differences in amino acid ratios, suggesting that the amino acids in the rhizosphere were not primarily the result of root-debris autolysis during the extraction procedure.
DISTRIBUTION AND PROPERTIES OF ORGANIC FRACTIONS IN SELECTED ALBERTA SOILS
Authors: Lowe L. E.
Published: March 2010

Nine soils, representing the dominant groups in the major soil zones of Alberta, were characterized with respect to the distribution and selected properties of organic fractions. Detailed results are presented only for A horizon samples. Well humified materials in surface horizons exhibited remarkable similarities despite the range of conditions under which they accumulated.In general, differences between organic components of soils within a soil zone were much less distinct than differences between soil zones. In the sequence Gray Wooded to Black to Brown soil zones, Ah horizons showed decreasing organic matter content, decreasing hexose and pentose content, but little change in organic P content or hexose as percent of total organic matter.De-ashed humic acid fractions showed little variation between soils with respect to elemental composition, functional groups, amino acid and carbohydrate components, electrophoretic behavior or infrared, spectra. Optical properties and behavior toward electrolytes of humic acid solutions showed some differences between soil zones.
SOME CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF HUMIC ACID EXTRACTED FROM A SOLONETZ-SOLOD-BLACK SOIL SEQUENCE AT VEGREVILLE, ALBERTA
Authors: Khan S. U.
Published: March 2010

not available
SOME CARBOHYDRATE FRACTIONS OF A GRAY WOODED SOIL AS INFLUENCED BY CROPPING SYSTEMS AND FERTILIZERS
Authors: Khan S. U.
Published: March 2010

A study was made to determine the long-term effect of two cropping systems and various fertilizer treatments on organic carbon, nitrogen and some of the carbohydrate constituents in Breton plot soils.Organic carbon, nitrogen, hexose, pentose, uronic acid, hexosamine and hexosamine-N contents were significantly greater in soils from plots in a five-year rotation of grains and legumes than in a wheat–fallow sequence. The proportion of organic carbon in the form of hexose did not differ significantly in either of the cropping systems, but the values for pentose, uronic acid and hexosamine were markedly greater in the five-year rotation plot soils.The contents of organic carbon, nitrogen and carbohydrate materials in soils increased considerably following the manure and fertilizer applications, whereas lime had no effect. Manure and fertilizer treatments also appeared to increase markedly the proportion of organic carbon present as hexose and hexosamine.
AN EVALUATION OF SEVERAL METHODS OF MEASURING BULK DENSITY OF SOILS
Authors: Zwarich M. A. , Shaykewich C. F.
Published: March 2010

Using the sand cone method as a standard, bulk density measurements by the core sampler method were found to be unreliable. Bulk density as determined by the auger method was found to be sufficiently accurate for routine determinations on the soils examined.
EFFET DE DIFFERENTES DOSES DE N, P ET K SUR LE RENDEMENT ET LA QUALITE DE LA POMME DE TERRE
Authors: Chamberland E. , Campagna E.
Published: March 2010

Results of a 9-year (1956–1964) series of N–P–K factorial fertilizer experiments carried out in a three-year rotation at "Les Buissons" station in Saguenay county, Quebec, are presented. Yields and quality of tubers were recorded and levels of available P and K in the treated plots, at the end of the experiment, were compared with those in the control plots.The need for nitrogen at the beginning was over 100 kg/ha; nevertheless, the optimum level appeared to be about 90 kg/ha for subsequent applications. Phosphorus seemed to be the critical element, even the maximum application of 80 kg/ha (P) being insufficient to supply its deficiency in the soil. Although the amount of available P in the treated plots increased by 19 kg/ha during the experiment, this soil requires a basic application of about 100–120 kg/ha of the element. Since the effect of nitrogen is limited by a lack of phosphorus, a proper ratio is recommended for these elements. Application of 80 kg/ha of potassium is needed for the first rotation but, thereafter, a maintenance application of 60 kg/ha should be enough for good yields of tubers of satisfactory quality. Application of 148 kg/ha of potassium was followed by an increase of 58 kg/ha in the level of available K.
APPLYING ESTIMATED TEMPERATURE NORMALS TO THE ZONATION OF THE CANADIAN GREAT PLAINS FOR WHEAT
Authors: Williams G. D. V.
Published: March 2010

Regression estimates of temperature normals at nearly 1200 locations based on latitude, longitude and elevation were used, together with photoperiod data, in a biometeorological time scale equation to compute where spring wheat would mature, and the normal minimum air temperature at maturity. The resulting wheat zonation, which seemed reasonably realistic, indicated that an elevation of 1200 m in the southwest corner of Alberta was equivalent to about 160 m near Great Slave Lake. Southern parts of the Great Plains were zoned as favorable for maturing wheat, except in the foothills and some other areas of relatively high elevation, such as the Cypress Hills. North of Edmonton the favorable areas, with estimated normal minimum at wheat maturity of at least 5 °C, were confined to the main valleys, and the area where wheat would theoretically mature extended down the Mackenzie valley to around Wrigley.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZERS ON THE AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF SPRING WHEAT AND THEIR INTERACTION ON GRAIN YIELD
Authors: Chapman F. M. , Mason J. L.
Published: March 2010

The influence on grain yields and agronomic characteristics of spring wheat was determined when P and K fertilizers were applied singly up to 448 kg/ha and to 996 kg/ha when combined.The combined PK fertilizers resulted in a highly positive interaction and increased grain yields from 2,461 to 4,036 kg/ha when applied at rates up to 224 kg/ha of each nutrient. A slight reduction in yield occurred at the highest combined levels of both elements. Small significant increases in grain yield were obtained from the single applications of K, but P alone did not alter yield.Increased plant height, straw, grain and kernel weights were obtained. Days to mature were reduced from 95 to 91 or 92, and a slight reduction in strength of straw occurred. Plant height and yield were correlated because height and straw weight were strongly associated. Kernel weight was highly correlated with grain weight, which in turn had a marked positive effect on yield.
INFLUENCE OF pH, EXCHANGEABLE CATION AND THE PRESENCE OF ORGANIC MATTER ON THE ADSORPTION OF SOME HERBICIDES BY MONTMORILLONITE
Authors: Hance R. J.
Published: March 2010

Investigations were made of the effect of pH and exchangeable cation on the adsorption of two substituted ureas and five triazines by a montmorillonite. The adsorption of the ureas was virtually independent of pH and exchangeable cation, whereas the adsorption of the triazines was influenced by both factors. It is postulated that the ureas are adsorbed by physical forces and possibly the formation of coordination complexes with exchangeable cations, while the triazines are adsorbed by a combination of these two mechanisms plus protonation and consequent ion exchange reactions, the relative importance of each process being determined by pH, exchangeable cation and the characteristics of the adsorbate molecule.Studies with mixtures of clay and organic matter show that they associate in a manner which reduces the total surface available for herbicide adsorption. It is suggested that in the soil, little of the clay mineral surface will be accessible to herbicide molecules.
SULFUR FRACTIONS OF SELECTED ALBERTA PROFILES OF THE GLEYSOLIC ORDER
Authors: Lowe L. E.
Published: March 2010

Total sulfur contents of surface horizons of selected Gleysolic profiles were substantially higher (mean of 2,183 and 1,539 ppm for LH and Ah, respectively) than contents previously reported for Chernozemic and Podzolic soils of Alberta. Easily soluble sulfate contents were very variable, with ranges of 20–160 ppm S, 13–1,820 ppm S and 2–1,740 ppm S for LH, Ah and Bg horizons, respectively.Gleysolic profiles contained higher levels of organic sulfur in a reduced state (carbon-bonded sulfur) relative to nitrogen than did better-drained profiles. This trend was less marked with Eluviated Gleysols than with Gleysols or Humic Gleysols.N: total S ratios were extremely variable, with values of horizon samples (LH, Ah and Bg) ranging from 1.3 to 30.
CONDITIONS IN SOLUTION DURING THE FORMATION OF GIBBSITE IN DILUTE ALUMINUM SALT SOLUTIONS: III. HYDROXYALUMINUM PRODUCTS OF REACTIONS DURING THE NEUTRALIZATION OF ALUMINUM CHLORIDE SOLUTIONS WITH SODIUM HYDROXIDE
Authors: Turner R. C. , Ross G. J.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were made to determine the relative amounts of solid phase hydroxyaluminum to polynuclear ionic hydroxyaluminum formed, according to methods developed by one of the authors, during titrations of dilute AlCl3 solutions with a base. With both 10−3 and 10−2 M AlCl3 solutions, and with both fast (less than 5 minutes) and slow (12 hours) titrations, the solid phase and the polynuclear ions were present at each degree of neutralization at which measurements were made. During the greater part of the titrations the solid phase was the major product with the fast titrations, and the polynuclear ions were the major product with the slow titrations. Beyond about 80% neutralization the polynuclear ions began to decrease in concentration until at 100% the solid phase approached 100% of the products regardless of the rate of titration. There was a considerable amount of Cl associated with the solid phase during most of each titration, but the Cl/Al molar ratio of the solid approached zero as neutralization approached 100%.
A PLACIC HUMIC PODZOL ON VANCOUVER ISLAND, BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: Valentine K. W. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
COMPUTER MAPPING OF ALBERTA SOIL TEST DATA
Authors: CAMERON D. R. , TOOGOOD J. A.
Published: March 2010

A circular mapping function based on the principle of a weighted moving average was applied in a computer program to the available Alberta soil test data, and nutrient levels of soils in the province were plotted and contoured. The finished maps displayed clearly marked trends. Variation in nitrate-nitrogen levels for samples from fallow and cropped land was readily seen, but correlation with soil zone was not well marked. Available phosphorus levels were relatively higher on the Solonetzic soils in central Alberta. Exchangeable potassium levels appeared to be closely related to the soil zones of Alberta. The mapped pH values presented the least variable picture. The electronic computer was essential for the mapping of data as reported in this study, and future applications of the computer to other soil data appear to be unlimited.
UTILIZATION OF SURFACE-APPLIED PHOSPHORUS BY ESTABLISHED STANDS OF ALFALFA AND BROMEGRASS
Authors: MASSEY D. LAWRENCE , SHEARD R. W.
Published: March 2010

Absorption of fertilizer P from surface-applied, pelleted calcium phosphate in the field by pure stands of alfalfa and nitrogen-fertilized bromegrass and a mixture of the two species was measured using 32P. Without P at establishment, the proportion of the P derived from the fertilizer by the pure stands and by alfalfa from the mixture increased from 40% at a rate of 22.4 kg P/ha to 60% at 89.6 kg P/ha. When 224 kg P/ha were applied at establishment, the proportions decreased to 10 and 25–30%, respectively. Bromegrass in the mixture consistently derived a lower proportion of P from the fertilizer. Up to 30% of the applied P was recovered by two cuts from pure stands of alfalfa and bromegrass. The recovery was reduced with increasing rates of surface application and/or the application at establishment.
USE OF THE FIELDES AND PERROTT SODIUM FLUORIDE TEST TO DISTINGUISH THE B HORIZONS OF PODZOLS IN THE FIELD
Authors: BRYDON J. E. , DAY J. H.
Published: March 2010

The Fields and Perrott test, originally devised as a test for allophane, has been shown to give a positive test with soil materials having reactive Al(OH)x. This includes the Bf horizon of Podzols. In the test, a drop of saturated NaF solution is added to approximately 10 mg of soil on a spot test plate. After 2 min, the pH of the suspension, as measured with narrow range pH paper, divided a variety of B horizons into two groups. The Bf horizons gave pH values above 10.3 whereas Bm, Bg or Bt horizons all yielded pH values below 10.2 with this field test. The C horizons of a number of Podzols yielded a variety of pH values but the values were all low in the Ae and high in the B horizons. This grouping was found to be a funtion of the content of oxalate-extractable Al. Ground gibbsite, amorphous Al(OH)3, allophane, synthetic dioctahedral chlorite and Bf horizons which had greater than 1% oxalate-extractable Al yielded pH values in 1 M NaF solution of 11.0 or higher. Therefore, the Fieldes and Perrott test cannot be considered as a specific test for allophane.
MOVEMENT OF PHOSPHORUS TO BARLEY ROOTS GROWING IN SOIL
Authors: OMANWAR P. K. , ROBERTSON J. A.
Published: March 2010

A plant growth room experiment was conducted using seven soils of Alberta with a treatment of 300 ppm of P on four of the soils. The contributions to the movement of P to the roots were calculated according to the method of Barber and co-workers, with some modifications. Results of the experiment showed clearly that movement by mass flow was the most important process of P transport to roots in soils treated with 300 ppm of P. Apparent diffusion was found to be the major process of P movement to roots in untreated soils, which included two soils with naturally high levels of available P. Root interception was found to be of least importance in P movement to roots. Since the concentration of P in soil solution affected the amounts of P reaching the roots by diffusion, mass flow or root interception, the importance of the determination of soil solution P is emphasized. A correlation of 0.86 was obtained between the yield and soil solution P concentration of the untreated soils.
USE OF LAND CLASSIFICATION CONCEPTS AS A BASIS FOR A RECONNAISSANCE SOIL SURVEY IN NORTHEASTERN BRITISH COLUMBIA
Authors: VALENTINE K. W. G.
Published: March 2010

Subdivisions of the physical landscape usually form a basis for soil survey. Landform classifications derived from geomorphology are not always applicable because of their emphasis on the origin of the landscape. A reconnaissance soil survey in the Fort Nelson area of northeastern British Columbia is used to demonstrate that concepts derived from land classification can be more useful, because inherent characteristics of the landscape rather than its mode of origin are used as defining criteria.
EFFECT OF VARIOUS NITROGEN FERTILIZERS ON MANGANESE AND IRON AVAILABILITY AS MEASURED BY INCUBATION AND SAND CULTURE STUDIES
Authors: CHENG B. T. , OUELLETTE G. J.
Published: March 2010

After two months of incubation, soils treated with inorganic nitrogen fertilizers contained more available manganese than those treated with organic sources, except for thiourea which increased it very considerably. Changes in manganese availability were partly due to pH changes and partly to the oxidation-reduction influence of the nitrogen carriers. Changes in iron availability were very small and this is presumably due to the chelation effect of the humic substances released during incubation of soil at room temperature. Nitrogen sources influenced not only manganese availability, but also manganese uptake by potato plants grown in sand cultures. Manganese uptake was about the same with nitrate and ammonium salts; however, plants supplied with physiologically neutral and basic nitrogen compounds contained appreciably less manganese than those supplied with acid compounds, although the pH of the solution was the same in all treatments.
EFFECT OF FROST ACTION AND STORAGE OF SOIL AT FREEZING TEMPERATURES ON THE FREE AMINO ACIDS, FREE SUGARS AND RESPIRATORY ACTIVITY OF SOIL
Authors: IVARSON K. C. , SOWDEN F. J.
Published: March 2010

The effect of freezing and duration of storage of frozen soil on free amino acids and sugars was evaluated. Freezing caused a marked increase in the total amount of free amino acids and sugars extracted. The level of free amino acids and sugars, in frozen soil, remained fairly constant up to a storage period of 6 weeks, after which a prominent decrease occurred. Essentially there was no difference between single freeze-thaw and multiple freeze-thaw cycles. In general, soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity paralleled the level of extractable free amino acids and sugars.
EXTRACTION OF NITROGEN-CONTAINING ORGANIC MATTER FRACTIONS FROM A BROWN FOREST SOIL
Authors: SOWDEN F. J.
Published: March 2010

After treatment with hydrofluoric acid, the soil was successively extracted with pyrophosphate, 0.03 N NaOH, 0.2 M acetylacetone and 0.5 N NaOH. Other samples of the soil were extracted with 0.2 M acetylacetone, then with a chelating resin. The extracts were dialyzed to remove soluble inorganic and low molecular weight organic material, and freeze-dried. Except for the pyrophosphate extract, the amount of ash remaining in the extracts was high. More nitrogen was lost in the various dialysates than was recovered in the dried extracts. The percent recovery of amino acid nitrogen in the pyrophosphate + 0.03 N NaOH extracts and their residue was higher than that of ammonia nitrogen, while that of the hexosamine nitrogen was intermediate. The amino acid distribution was similar in the soil, the extracts and the residues. However, the amino acid nitrogen as a percentage of the total nitrogen was, in general, higher in the extracts while the percentage of hexosamine was lower. Except for the 0.5 N NaOH, the extractants removed a small proportion of the glucosamine. The alkali extractions may have decomposed some of the asparagine and glutamine.
SOLUBLE COMPLEXES IN THE SYSTEMS DICALCIUM PHOSPHATE DIHYDRATE OR DIMAGNESIUM PHOSPHATE TRIHYDRATE EQUILIBRATED WITH AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS
Authors: WEBBER M. D. , RACZ G. J.
Published: March 2010

Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (CaHPO4∙2H2O) (DCPD) or dimagnesium phosphate trihydrate (MgHPO4∙3H2O) (DMPT) was equilibrated with water or aqueous solutions of CaCl2, CaSO4, MgCl2, MgSO4, KCl or K2SO4 at 25 ± 1 C for 24 hr. Values of pCa + pHPO4 and pMg + pHPO4 corrected for complex formation, using dissociation constants published for CaHPO4, MgHPO4, CaSO4 and MgSO4 soluble complexes, were calculated. The average corrected value of pCa + pHPO4 = 6.68 ± 0.03, calculated for the systems in which DCPD was equilibrated with water or aqueous CaCl2, CaSO4, KCl or K2SO4, was larger than pCa + pHPO4 = pKDCPD = 0.36 at 25 C calculated assuming an absence of soluble complexes. However, it showed excellent agreement with pKDCPD = 6.66 ± 0.02 at 37.5 C calculated assuming CaH2PO4+ and CaHPO4 complexes to be present. The average corrected value of pMg + pHPO4 = 5.82 ± 0.01, calculated for the systems in which DMPT was equilibrated with water or aqueous MgCl2, MgSO4, KCl or K2SO4 showed excellent agreement with pMg + pHPO4 = pKDMPT = 5.82 ± 0.03 at 25 C calculated assuming the MgHPO4 complex to be present. For the systems in which DCPD was equilibrated with aqueous MgCl2 or MgSO4 and DMPT equilibrated with CaCl2 or CaSO4, some corrected values of pCa + pHPO4 and pMg + pHPO4 showed close agreement with the respective values of pKDCPD and pKDMPT. However, most did not, presumably because with some of these systems DMPT could not exist at equilibrium, or equilibrium with respect to DCPD was not attained within the 24-hr period of equilibration.
SIMULATED EARLY SPRING THAW CONDITIONS INJURIOUS TO SOIL MICROFLORA
Authors: Campbell C. A. , Biederbeck V. O. , Warder F. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
NUTRIENT LOSSES THROUGH TILE DRAINS UNDER THREE CROPPING SYSTEMS AND TWO FERTILITY LEVELS ON A BROOKSTON CLAY SOIL
Authors: BOLTON E. F. , AYLESWORTH J. W. , HORE F. R.
Published: March 2010

Plant nutrient losses were measured in tile drainage effluent from three cropping systems on a Brookston clay soil over a 7-year period. Highest losses of N, P and K occurred with corn and lowest with bluegrass sod. Additions of N-P-K increased average losses of N, P, K, Ca and Mg. Nutrient concentration in drainage effluent varied with season with N, P, K and Ca concentration tending to be lower in the spring. The amount of water that flowed through the soil of a particular cropping system was the predominant factor influencing nutrient loss.
EXTRACTION ET REPARTITION DU FER ET DE L'ALUMINIUM LIES A LA MATIERE ORGANIQUE DANS QUATRE PODZOLS DU QUEBEC
Authors: HUBERT GERARD , GONZALEZ ANTONIO
Published: March 2010

When the selectivity of pyrophosphate as compared with dithionite and oxalate in the extraction of organo-metallic complexes had been established, the distribution of Fe and Al in humic and fulvic fractions of soil organic matter, before and after dialysis, was studied. A Podzolization index based on the amount of organo-metallic complexes of the spodic horizons was attempted.
AMMONIUM, NITRITE AND NITRATE ACCUMULATION IN THREE MANITOBA SOILS AS INFLUENCED BY ADDED AMMONIUM SULFATE AND UREA
Authors: JONES R. W. , HEDLIN R. A.
Published: March 2010

Samples of the Ap horizons of three Chernozemic Black soils of acid, neutral and alkaline pH were incubated with the addition of ammonium sulfate and urea in order to trace the formation and/or disappearance of ammonium, nitrite and nitrate. A nitrogen concentration of 50 ppm N (air-dry basis) resulted in little difference of nitrification rate in 12 days between ammonium sulfate and urea, although considerable differences existed between soils. At high nitrogen concentrations (200, 400, and 800 ppm N), urea led to high nitrite concentrations in the neutral Wellwood soil, as well as showing a higher rate of ammonium oxidation in all soils, particularly the acid Holland soil. Expressed as the difference between initial total mineral N and total mineral N after incubation, nitrogen showed a loss at the higher fertilizer rates with the Wellwood and Holland soils. This was greatest in the ammonium sulfate treatment with the initially most acid soil.
NITRITE INSTABILITY IN THREE MANITOBA SOILS
Authors: JONES R. W. , HEDLIN R. A.
Published: March 2010

Lakeland (pH 8.0), Wellwood (pH 7.1) and Holland (pH 6.2) soils were studied in relation to loss of mineral nitrogen involving nitrite. Incubation of sterilized soils, autoclaving, and air drying in the presence of nitrite resulted in nitrogen losses following a pH sequence, i.e., Holland > Wellwood > Lakeland soil. Nitrite losses were larger in the presence of high ammonium levels. The relationship to pH was mostly indirect, since less nitrite was lost from Holland and Well-wood soils after destruction of organic matter. The latter emerged as the prime factor in nitrite loss, mediating pH-dependent interactions. Less nitrite was lost chemically when the acid Holland soil was extracted with water or KCl solutions. The data suggest that many chemical factors in the soil system contributed to nitrogen loss via nitrite, and that no single mechanism was involved.
WATER TABLE BEHAVIOR AND SOIL MOISTURE CONTENT DURING THE WINTER
Authors: SCHAIK J. C. van , RAPP E.
Published: March 2010

Water table recession in an irrigation project in southern Alberta was compared with moisture translocation in covered lysimeters during two winters. Upward translocation to the surface 60 cm during one winter amounted to 1 to 2 cm of water in dry soils having a grass cover, and 2 to 2.3 cm in moist soils with no vegetation. Observations between growing season and freeze-up indicated that a considerable amount of water may drain downward. The upper 30 cm of soil generally is not influenced by upward translocation if the soil is dry before freeze-up.
CONTRIBUTION DE L'ACIDE FULVIQUE ET DES COMPLEXES FULVO-METALLIQUES A LA NUTRITION MINERALE DES PLANTES
Authors: LEVESQUE M.
Published: March 2010

Fulvic acid and fulvo-metallic complexes were studied with respect to the influence of the former on the absorption and the utilization of nutrients by plants, and the latter with respect to their value as sources of P and Fe. Corn was grown in silicic sand and water culture, and alfalfa and bromegrass in soil. Treatments consisted in varying the P and Fe sources of the growth medium in the presence and absence of fulvic acid. Fulvo-phosphates (fulvic acid-iron-phosphate) were shown to be a poor source of P for plant growth, although they supplied considerable amounts of Fe. The complexing of Fe and P by fulvic acid in the growth medium resulted in a reduction of the P availability. An important interaction was observed, involving fulvic acid, Mn and P, which resulted in increased dry matter yields, and in a better utilization of phosphorus by the plants. Fulvic acid promoted plant growth, but this appeared to be due to an ion transferring effect at root level or to a direct physiological effect, rather than to reactions in the culture medium.
EFFECT OF ORGANIC AMENDMENTS ON SOME PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF LUVISOLIC SOILS IN RELATION TO EMERGENCE OF RAPESEED IN A GROWTH CHAMBER
Authors: NUTTALL W. F.
Published: March 2010

Organic amendments at 2.5% of soil weight were applied to three Luvisolic soils in the greenhouse. After five successive crops, soil crust strength as indicated by modulus of rupture measurements was reduced by the amendments. Modulus of rupture values were highly related (R2 = 85.4%) to plant counts of Target rape (Brassica napus L.) in the growth chamber. Modulus of rupture determinations were made independently on oven-dried samples and showed that the effect of soil moisture on crust strength among treatments was negligible. Plant emergence was increased as much as threefold by the amendments. Treatments increased field and available moisture capacities of soils but had little effect on moisture retained at 0.35 and 15.8 bar tensions.
ISOLATION OF CLAY-SIZE ORGANO-MINERAL COMPLEXES FROM SOILS OF THE LOWER FRASER VALLEY
Authors: PARASHER C. D. , LOWE L. E.
Published: March 2010

Three dispersion methods for the isolation of < 2 μ organo-mineral complexes were compared on 26 horizon samples, from soils representing seven subgroups of the Podzolic, Gleysolic and Brunisolic orders. Dispersion by shaking with chelating resin gave consistently higher yields of complexes than ultrasonic dispersion or simple manual stirring. This was attributed to both higher pH levels (9.5–10.2) in the resin treatment and to the chelating ability of the resin. Complexes obtained varied widely in carbon content (0.31–13.20%) which generally decreased with depth in the profile. Percent of total soil carbon recovered in the complexes was consistently higher with resin dispersion than with other methods, and ranged from 7.8 to 49.6 for the resin method.
SOIL WATER CONTENT FROM GAMMA RAY ATTENUATION: A COMPARISON OF IONIZATION CHAMBER AND SCINTILLATION DETECTORS
Authors: TOPP G. C.
Published: March 2010

Scintillation detection systems are commonly used to measure gamma ray attenuation by soil in the determination of its water content. The performance of a specially designed ionization chamber detector and electrometer was evaluated relative to that of a commercially available scintillation system. Quantitative assessments were made of the absorption coefficients of water, equipment response times, stabilities, accuracies and costs for the two systems. The ionization chamber showed a constant absorption coefficient and gave greater combined accuracy and response time as well as better stability with respect to both time and temperature. Although it was not entirely commercially available, the ion chamber system employed simpler electronic components and was both easier to operate and less expensive to purchase and maintain than was the scintillation system.
EFFECT OF LONG-TERM FALLOW ON SOLONETZ SOIL AND CROP PRODUCTION
Authors: Cairns R. R.
Published: March 2010

not available
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN WATER TABLE LEVELS AND TYPE OF MOTTLES IN FOUR ONTARIO GLEYSOLS
Authors: Crown P. H. , Hoffman D. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
EFFECTS OF SNOW ON SOIL WATER MEASUREMENT BY NEUTRON MODERATION
Authors: Vredenburg R. T. , Willis W. O.
Published: March 2010

not available
GROUND INFRARED PHOTOGRAPHY TO DISTINGUISH VEGETATION AND TERRAIN CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Valentine K. W. G.
Published: March 2010

not available
DISTRIBUTION OF VARIOUS FORMS OF ALUMINUM, IRON AND MANGANESE IN THE ORTHIC GRAY WOODED, GLEYED ORTHIC GRAY WOODED AND RELATED GLEYSOLIC SOILS IN MANITOBA
Authors: MICHALYNA W.
Published: March 2010

Soil color and other morphological features have definite limitations in differentiating Gleyed Gray Wooded from related Gleysolic soils of similar morphology. Iron and manganese data could provide guides for their separation. Oxalate-extractable to dithionite-extractable iron ratios differed considerably in or below the B horizon. The ratios for the BC horizons were 0.09 for an Orthic Gray Wooded, 0.29 to 0.45 for three Gleyed Orthic Gray Wooded and 0.55 to 0.93 for three Gleysolic soils. Dithionite-extractable iron to clay ratios were relatively constant in the Orthic Gray Wooded, a slight minimum occurred in the Bt horizons of the Gleyed Orthic Gray Wooded soils, and a maximum occurred in AB or B horizons of the Humic Eluviated Gleysols and the Fera Humic Gleysol. Total manganese distribution could aid in the separation of these soils; the maximum accumulation of manganese occurred in the Ae and Bt horizons of the Orthic Gray Wooded, in the Bt horizons of the Gleyed Orthic Gray Wooded, and in the C horizons of the associated Gleysolic soils. Aluminum distribution (dithionite- and oxalate-extractable) did not differ among these soils, indicating that it was not affected by differences in drainage regime.
EFFECT OF SOIL MOISTURE STRESS ON UPTAKE AND RECOVERY OF TAGGED NITROGEN BY WHEAT
Authors: PAUL E. A. , MYERS R. J. K.
Published: March 2010

Labelled 15NH4NO3 was used in a growth chamber to study the effect of moisture stress on the utilization of nitrogen by wheat. This made it possible to determine the recovery of nitrogen (N) in the soil-plant system of two Chernozemic soils. Moisture stress effects were less evident in a clay soil than in a loam. Approximately 55% of the N utilized by the growing plants came from organic soil-N mineralized during the growing period. From 59 to 71% of the initial fertilizer plus soil mineral-N was utilized by the plants. Twenty to 36% remained in the soil, and 1 to 17% was lost. Losses were greatest in soils exposed to high moisture stress and were related to the residual NO3-N levels in the soil. They were attributed to denitrification. Immobilization of N was highest at low moisture stress where plant growth was the greatest, but mineralization was unaffected by the moisture stress applied. It was estimated that 5.0 to 6.2 kg N were required to produce 100 kg of wheat, the highest efficiency of N utilization being obtained at low soil moisture stress.
NITRATE REDUCTION, AND REDOX POTENTIALS MEASURED WITH PERMANENTLY AND TEMPORARILY PLACED PLATINUM ELECTRODES IN SATURATED SOILS
Authors: BAILEY L. D. , BEAUCHAMP E. G.
Published: March 2010

The influence of nitrate-nitrogen on the redox potential measured with permanently and temporarily placed bright platinum electrodes was studied in samples of the Ap, BA and Bt horizons of a Huron silty clay loam in the laboratory. An anaerobic condition was induced by saturating the soils with distilled water. Redox potentials measured with the temporary Pt electrodes decreased with time to about −300 mv, but they were temporarily poised at +200 mv when NO3 was present. Similar results were obtained for untreated soils and for soils treated with 200 ppm NO3-N when measurements were made with the permanent Pt electrodes. With a second addition of 200 ppm NO3-N, the potential measured with the permanent electrodes increased approximately from −300 mv to −200 mv and remained poised at this potential for the duration of the experiment. The Eh values measured with the temporary electrodes increased to +200 mv and remained there temporarily until the NO3 disappeared, and then decreased to −300 mv again. The poising of the permanent electrodes at approximately −200 mv was attributed to the occurrence of chemical reactions at the platinum surface resulting in a reduction of the electrical conductivity or responsiveness of the electrodes.
NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUND WATER IN THE NEEPAWA-LANGRUTH AREA OF MANITOBA
Authors: HEDLIN R. A.
Published: March 2010

Reports of methemoglobinemia of bottle-fed infants and nitrate poisoning of ruminants prompted an investigation of the cause and distribution of high levels of nitrate in ground water. The problem was found to be of common occurrence in areas where surface deposits consist of about 2 to 4 m of sandy-textured material overlying less permeable lacustrine clay or clay loam till. Although appreciable amounts of nitrate move to the ground water in fallow fields, a very high nitrate concentration occurs only in and around farmsteads or in the vicinity of towns and villages where human and animal wastes are concentrated. Ground water in the sites investigated moved laterally in a northeasterly direction, and a dilution of nitrate was observed in the slowly moving ground water to a level of less than 10 ppm within about 1/10 km in that direction. In contrast, ground water closely adjacent to the western and southern boundaries of the farmsteads, being up-grade from the source of contamination, was found to be free from toxic quantities of nitrate.
SELENIUM DETERMINATION IN SOIL AND PLANT MATERIALS
Authors: LEVESQUE M. , VENDETTE E. D.
Published: March 2010

Selenium (Se) was determined in soil and plant samples after wet digestion with HNO3 and HClO4. The method included the usual steps, namely, the reduction of Se, complexing Se with 2,3-diaminonaphthalene, and the extraction of the piazselenol in cyclohexane followed by fluorometric measurements. The most important step, the stabilization of selenium at the oxidative state Se+4, was achieved by reducing Se+6 to Se+4 with 2 ml of 1 N HCl while the system was kept in a boiling water bath. For best results and adequate control of interfering ferric ions, the system was adjusted to pH 1.8, and a stabilizing agent consisting of 10% hydroxylamine hydrochloride in a 0.04 M EDTA solution was used. Fluorescence measurements obtained for soil samples gave average coefficients of variation and recovery percentages of 3.35 and 97.4, respectively. For radioactivity counts made on cyclohexane extracts, the coefficients of variation and the recovery percentages were 2.31 and 93.1, respectively. Similar results were obtained for plant materials. Major problems encountered in establishing the modified method are discussed.
SENSITIVITY OF THE NITRATE-ION MEMBRANE ELECTRODE IN VARIOUS SOIL EXTRACTS
Authors: MACK A. R. , SANDERSON R. B.
Published: March 2010

Measurement of NO3 concentration in a series of soils with a specific-ion membrane electrode varied with the amount of dispersed colloidal material present in the soil extract. Nitrate-N values with the membrane electrode were in good agreement with those by colorimetric (Phenoldisulfonic acid, PDS) and reduction-diffusion (NO3 to NH3) methods for filtered or flocculated water extracts, and for filtered or unfiltered salt extracts (saturated CaSO4). In water extracts having dispersed colloidal material (i.e., unfiltered or unflocculated) the measurements were higher (1 to 6 ppm N) with the membrane electrode than by the other two methods, and the discrepancy increased generally with the clay content (< 2 μ size) of the soil. Removal of the dispersed material by filtration (no. 42 Whatman), addition of a polyacrylamide flocculating agent, or extraction with a salt solution reduced the discrepancy. Improved reproducibility was obtained by adjusting the meter to a standard NO3 concentration (e.g., 100 mv with a 10-ppm standard) and using a larger aliquot of the extract at low concentrations (100 ml for concentration < 2 ppm N). The standard deviation for measurements made on a standard solution of 1 to 100 ppm N repeated over a period of several months was 1.74 mv.
EFFECT OF SOME SOIL PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ON GROWTH AND MANGANESE, IRON, ALUMINUM AND MOLYBDENUM CONTENT OF OATS
Authors: Cheng B. T. , Bourget S. J. , Ouellette G. J.
Published: March 2010

not available
STUDIES ON THE EFFECTS OF RESTRICTED ROOTING DEPTH ON THE PRODUCTION OF GRASS AND SCOTS PINE
Authors: Beavington F. , Adu S. V.
Published: March 2010

not available
MOUNDS (HUMPIES) IN THE PEACE RIVER AREA OF ALBERTA
Authors: Odynsky Wm.
Published: March 2010

not available
EXTRACTION DES ACIDES FULVIQUES D'UN HORIZON SPODIQUE PAR UNE RESINE ECHANGEUSE D'IONS DE TYPE H POSITIF
Authors: HUBERT G. , GONZALEZ A.
Published: March 2010

A resin in the H+ form (Dowex 50W-X8) was used to extract fulvic acids from a Spodic horizon. This resin has the following advantages in relation to the reagents normally used. It solubilizes organic matter while purifying it and without altering it by oxidation and hydrolysis. Furthermore, since the resin is eliminated completely from the extract, no contaminating ions remain. The soil was agitated in a mixture of water and resin. The extract obtained was filtered, centrifuged, purified by passage through a column of H+ resin and freeze-dried. The alternation of freeze-drying and resolubilization resulted in the coagulation of the silica which was removed by centrifugation. Acid organic matter with very low ash content (1%) was obtained. The fulvic acids extracted by resin and by Na-pyrophosphate were compared. Qualitatively they were practically the same, as evidenced by the similarity of the curves obtained by gel-filtration (Sephadex). Quantitatively the resin, however, was a more efficient reagent. Therefore, it is recommended for the extraction of fulvic acid and organo-mineral complexes.
EFFECT OF SOIL WATER POTENTIAL AND BULK DENSITY ON WATER UPTAKE PATTERNS AND RESISTANCE TO FLOW OF WATER IN WHEAT PLANTS
Authors: YANG S. J. , JONG E. DE
Published: March 2010

Water uptake patterns of wheat plants were studied in a growth chamber by using two soils packed to three different bulk densities. The resistances to water movement in the soil and in the plant were calculated from the mathematical model for water uptake published in the literature. When the capillary potential of the soils was near −⅓ bar, withdrawal of water by plants was relatively small and most of the water was taken from the top 25 cm of the soil column. As soil water potential decreased, water uptake increased progressively toward the lower part of the soil column. The resistance to water movement in the plant increased from the top to the bottom of the root system and increased with increasing bulk density of the soils. For wet soils, unrealistic values were obtained which could be due to the fact that the interaction between aeration and moisture uptake is not taken into account in the theoretical equations for moisture uptake.
CHEMICAL AND MINERALOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CUTANS FROM B HORIZONS OF THREE MANITOBA SOILS
Authors: BEKE G. J. , ZWARICH M. A.
Published: March 2010

Cutans separated from the B horizon of an Orthic Black, an Orthic Dark Gray, and an Orthic Gray Luvisol soil from southwestern Manitoba had higher total nitrogen and dithionite-extractable iron contents than their corresponding horizon samples. The cutans from the Bt2 horizon of the Orthic Gray Luvisol profile contained, in addition, considerably larger amounts of organic matter and fine clay, and had a slightly different distribution of clay minerals than the horizon sample. Within each soil, the differences between the properties of the cutans and those of the bulk samples were generally small. This was attributed to the method employed to isolate the cutanic material and to the impossibility of collecting all cutans from the samples.
EFFECT OF ROTATIONS, TILLAGE TREATMENTS AND FERTILIZERS ON THE AGGREGATION OF A CLAY SOIL
Authors: EMMOND G. S.
Published: March 2010

Soil aggregation was lowest in a fallow-wheat rotation and increased in other fallow-grain rotations with the second, third, and fourth crops after the fallow year. The best aggregation was under continuous wheat. Rotations containing hay crops, particularly those with grass, increased soil aggregation significantly. The influence of tillage treatments on soil aggregation declined with increased depth. Various tillage treatments affected surface soil aggregation, in the following order: green manure crop plowed under > cultivated with trash cover > crop residues plowed under > cultivated with residues burned off = crop residues disced in. Fertilizer (11–48–0) applied to the wheat crop of the various tillage treatments increased soil aggregation except where the crop residues had been removed. The application of barn manure increased soil aggregation.
INTERPRETATION OF ELECTRICAL-RESISTANCE SOIL MOISTURE DATA FOR A FREEZE-THAW ENVIRONMENT
Authors: HARLAN R. L. , BANNER J. A. , FREEZE R. ALLAN
Published: March 2010

The value of electrical-resistance measurements from soil moisture blocks in a freeze-thaw environment can be enhanced by laboratory calibration in the subzero temperature range to provide a measure of unfrozen water contents. Laboratory studies show that, in the temperature range of incipient freezing and thawing (−3 to 0 C) electrical resistance as measured with Colman fiberglas resistance blocks is independent of temperature. At temperatures less than −3 C, electrical resistance is dependent upon both the nature of the porous medium and temperature, but is independent of the total water content of the soil-water system. Results from the laboratory investigations are extended to the interpretation of field measurements of electrical resistance for a soil profile at Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
INFLUENCE OF SOIL pH ON SURFACE CHARGE AND WATER TRANSMISSION
Authors: SOMMERFELDT T. G. , SCHAIK J. C. VAN
Published: March 2010

The effects of pH were determined on the exchangeable Na and electrophoretic mobility of Na-saturated bentonite from Greybull, Wyoming, and Na-saturated Lethbridge loam and on the water transmission of the Lethbridge loam. The data obtained were related to problems of reclaiming an alkaline-sodic soil. The exchangeable Na of the bentonite and the loam increased about 50% from pH 6.0 to 8.0, but the rate of change with pH was not the same for both. The electrophoretic mobility of the loam increased 284% from pH 6.0 to 8.0, while that of the bentonite increased 53%. The water transmission of the loam at pH 6.5 and 7.0 was seven times and twice, respectively, that at pH 8.0. It was concluded that lowering the pH of an alkaline-sodic soil may be an effective means of enhancing its reclamation.
DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHORUS FRACTIONS WITHIN PROFILES OF THREE ONTARIO SOILS
Authors: MacLean A. H. , Willis A. L. , Hoffman D. W.
Published: March 2010

not available
APPLICATION OF TRITON X-100 LIQUID SCINTILLANT TO THE ASSAY OF P-32, P-33 OR S-35 IN PLANT DIGESTS OR SOIL EXTRACTS
Authors: Sadler J. M. , Bettany J. R. , Stewart J. W. B.
Published: March 2010

not available
UNIQUE SOILS OF THE FOOTHILLS REGION, HINTON, ALBERTA
Authors: DUMANSKI J. , PAWLUK S.
Published: March 2010

A collection of unique and interesting soils, developed in coarse textured aeolian material, was mapped along the Athabasca River near Hinton, Alberta. The sola of all soils possessed varying amounts of "free" lime carbonates and were mildly to moderately alkaline. Irrespective of this, distinct horizonation associated with the translocation of both iron and clay was evident. Furthermore, well developed Ah horizons were present in some of the soils regardless of the fact that soils in neighboring areas were Gray Luvisols. The areal distribution of the soils and the enigma of their classification are discussed.