bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Environmental Groups on Par with Government Sources
Authors: Smith Hollie M. , Norton Todd
Published: January 2017

This analysis of newspaper coverage of the Colorado Roadless Rule, a federal land use policy specific to the state, found almost equal use of governmental sources and non-governmental groups, such as environmentalists.
News Wire Greatest Predictor of Papers' International News
Authors: Horvit Beverly , Gade Peter , Lance Elizabeth A.
Published: January 2017

A content analysis of four non-elite U.S. newspapers found news wires are the strongest predictors of international news. Coverage at some newspapers tends to spotlight a narrow list of countries and neglects the cultural heritage of significant portions of their communities.
Civic Journalism in Practice: Case Studies in the Art of Listening
Authors: Willey Susan
Published: January 2017

Group listening techniques not only give the public a chance to be heard, but also help reporters and editors to understand controversial issues.
Race and Participation in High School Journalism
Authors: Callahan Christopher
Published: January 2017

Research has found that participation on high school newspapers is often the catalyst that leads to journalism careers. This study, which explores minority participation in high school journalism, finds that race is a predictor of whether a school has a newspaper and which students are leaders of the publications.
Portrayal of U.S. Cities by Daily Newspapers
Authors: Artwick Claudette Guzan , Gordon Margaret T.
Published: January 2017

This study of eight metropolitan dailies shows they had crime news more than any other kind of story, but crime stories did not dominate front pages.
Science Communication Skills of Journalism Students
Authors: Urycki Deborah M. , Wearden Stanley T.
Published: January 2017

Most students in this experiment were unable to write adequate news stories from scientific journal articles.
Goodbye Copy Desks, Hello Trouble?
Authors: Russial John
Published: January 2017

Is elimination of the copy desk leading to improvement in the editing process or a sacrifice of quality?
Living Pictures: Design and the Native Press
Authors: Ganje Lucy A.
Published: January 2017

Culturally-based media design preserves the heritage of Native American groups and may communicate better to its audiences than EuroAmerican design.
What Journalists, Judges and Public Consider Defamatory
Authors: Dillon John , Covil Eric
Published: January 2017

The public is more likely than either journalists or judges to consider a given statement defamatory, but on some matters judges tend to see things the same way the public does.
Newspaper Reading Choices by College Students
Authors: Schlagheck Carol
Published: January 2017

This survey of college students finds more interest in news and newspapers than is usually assumed about young adults.
Commentary: Readership Research - Challenges and Chances
Authors: Schoenbach Klaus , Bergen Lori
Published: January 2017

The authors discuss the current environment for newspaper readership research and address the essential issue: does newspaper research ask the right questions?
Profits up, Circulation down for Thomson Papers in 80s
Authors: Lacy Stephen , Martin Hugh J.
Published: January 2017

This comparison of Thomson papers with comparable newspapers indicates they lost more revenue and circulation during 1980s when high profit goals were set.
JMC Faculty Divided: Most Find Dozen Uses for Research
Authors: Fedler Fred , Santana Maria Cristina , Counts Tim , Carey Arlen
Published: January 2017

Nearly all respondents to survey say they use research. But the extent of emphasis on research by colleges and universities may be exaggerated.
How Two Papers Covered President and Congress in China Trade Controversy
Authors: Goodman Robyn S.
Published: January 2017

This study of coverage by the New York Times and Washington Post during the Bush administration shows Congress got more coverage than the president on the China trade issue.
Role Perception as Predictor of Editors' Job Satisfaction
Authors: Akhavan-Majid Roya
Published: January 2017

This survey of newspaper editors finds those who see their roles as disseminators or interpreters more satisfied than those who see their role as adversary or watchdog.
Matrix Assisted Structural Hypothesis Construction
Authors: Cohen Erik H , Tresser Charles
Published: January 2017

This paper outlines a novel process for designing a structural hypothesis. Relevant factors in a study are identified and micro-hypotheses are enunciated in a matrix format. Levels of similarity are assigned to each pair of factors. Multi-dimensional scaling techniques are used to graphically portray the matrix. The example of ‘‘Quality of Life’’ (QoL) is used to illustrate the proposed matrix approach to generate a structural hypothesis. A Smallest Space Analysis (SSA) of the hypothetical Quality of Life matrix shows a structure in which four polar regions surround a central region representing ‘‘general’’ QoL. This clear and logical structure of the hypothesized correlation matrix is a strong first confirmation that the approach allows for a detailed, systematic and theoretically based mode of reasoning and didactics. Additionally, the structure found here corresponds to a previous SSA analysis based on empirical Quality of Life data.
Les réseaux personnels des doctorants dans des chaînes latentes – Retour sur une recherche-action
Authors: Bès Marie-Pierre , Chauvac Nathalie
Published: January 2017

Latent Chains of Ties in Doctoral Students’ Personal Networks - Revisiting an Action Research: This article is based on qualitative data collected through interviews and participant observation with doctoral students in the humanities and social sciences, who used social network analysis to identify their professional colleagues. We obtained a series of name generators by asking students to list those who help them in their work, those others who work with their supervisors, and those they would like to contact to make progress. The analysis of these personal networks reveals three types of “networks”, which depend on the student’s embeddeness in the academic world or in their research field and thus their relative lack of awareness of potential direct or indirect support by their supervisor. We highlight the importance of chains of latent ties that could be activated if the student was more aware of them.
Les liens négatifs dans l'emploi
Authors: Chauvac Nathalie
Published: January 2017

Negative Ties in Employment: Professional relationships play a role in at least half of job hirings, most often to allow the flow of information. But sometimes having the necessary relationships does not allow access to employment and is not effective. Research conducted among employees and employers on hiring, involving mixed methods of analysis has shown that certain ties can be negative, either because they block access to certain resources (here, employment) or because they engender more constraints than providing resources in a positive sense. Taking into account negative ties will enrich social networks analysis and has at least heuristic value.
Les non-relations – Analyse typologique et portée heuristique d’un biais
Authors: Plessard Cécile
Published: January 2017

Non-relationships – A Typological Analysis and the Heuristic Scope of a Bias: This article proposes to examine lost, broken or negative social ties, defined here as non-relations. Their analysis is derived from a larger study on practice and relational activity where the social relationship is the main analytical unit. From biographical interviews and name generators, the mapping out of personal networks can highlight how individual ties develop, organize and maintain social relationships in all of ego’s social circles. However, despite the initial definition of a social relationship as we consider it in this research, respondents’ biographical resistance produced a fully defined other entity : the non-relation. Deconstruction criteria of such ties then appear concretely and inform us concerning individual’s relational practice and the sociability work involved.
Introduction - Multilevel Analysis
Authors: van den Eeden Pieter , Hox Joop J.
Published: January 2017

The authors of this article, who are also the guest editors for this issue on multilevel analysis, give an overview and brief history of multilevel analysis and present the following four research articles. Multilevel Analysis - Overview. Methods. History.
Primacy of Multilevel Analysis with Respect to Hierarchically Organized Data
Authors: Maas Cora J. M.
Published: January 2017

Nested data are increasingly analyzed by multilevel-analyzing-program s, specially developed for this purpose. The advantages of such programs for analysis compared with the techniques previously used are set out in this article, both in theory and together with an empirical example. Hierarchically Organized Data. Multilevel Analysis. Multilevel Computer Programs, Comparison of Methods.
Modelling Intergenerational Transmission in Longitudinal Birth Cohorts Using Multilevel Methods
Authors: Wiggins Richard D. , Wale Chris J.
Published: January 2017

This contribution presents a multilevel analysis of intergenerational processes. The methodological issues of standardization and selection effects are considered. The results show, that age standardization does not work by itself, but age must be introduced in the models as well. Multilevel Analysis. Longitudinal Cohorts Effects of Age.
The Effects of Interviewer and Respondent Characteristics on Answer Behaviour in Survey Research: A Multilevel Approach
Authors: van den Eeden Pieter , Smit Johannes H. , Deeg Dorly J. H. , Beekman Aartjan T. F.
Published: January 2017

Until recently, the study of interviewer effects has focused on establishing direct effects of interviewer characteristics on respondent response. Recently, an alternative approach has been developed which emphasizes the conditioning influence of the interviewer characteristic on the respondent s answering process. The objective of this paper is to illustrate this alternative approach with empirical evidence, using the random coefficient hierarchical regression model. This model's structure is basically as follows. First, the answering process is described at the level of the respondent. Subsequently, respondent specific parameters are related to interviewer specific variables. This structure allows inclusion of the coefficient resulting from the intra-interviewer regression in the regression equation at the interviewer level (inter-interviewer regression model). Thus, the variance to be explained is split up in a respondent part (level 1) and an interviewer part (level 2). This two-level model is applied to data collected in the Longitudinal Aging Study Amsterdam (LASA: 2838 respondents within 43 interviewers). The dependent variable is a scale indicating well-being (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale): background variables on respondent level are age. sex. and self-perceived health. Interviewer variables are age, education, personality traits and social skills. Questionnaire Surreys, Response Process, Interviewer Influence, Multilevel Analyse.
Preparing for the Classroom: Mental Health Knowledge Improvement, Stigma Reduction and Enhanced Help-Seeking Efficacy in Canadian Preservice Teachers
Authors: Carr Wendy , Wei Yifeng , Kutcher Stan , Heffernan Amy
Published: January 2017

Mental health literacy is fundamental to improving knowledge about mental health, decreasing stigma, and, therefore, enhancing help-seeking behaviors. The purpose of this cohort study is to evaluate the impact of a mental health literacy program on preservice teachers’ knowledge, attitudes, and help-seeking efficacy. Sixty preservice teachers in a Canadian university participated in a professional development day and completed a survey of their mental health knowledge, attitudes toward mental illness, and help-seeking efficacy. Compared with baseline data, results demonstrated significant and substantial improvements on all three outcomes immediately following the session and after 3 months. Provision of mental health literacy education among preservice teachers may be an effective approach to help them better address student mental health needs in their future teaching career.
Implementation of an Aggressive Enteral Nutrition Protocol and the Effect on Clinical Outcomes
Authors: Yeh D. Dante , Cropano Catrina , Quraishi Sadeq A. , Fuentes Eva , Kaafarani Haytham M. A. , Lee Jarone , Chang Yuchiao , Velmahos George
Published: January 2017

Background: Macronutrient deficiency in critical illness is associated with worse outcomes. We hypothesized that an aggressive enteral nutrition (EN) protocol would result in higher macronutrient delivery and fewer late infections. Methods: We enrolled adult surgical intensive care unit (ICU) patients receiving >72 hours of EN from July 2012 to June 2014. Our intervention consisted of increasing protein prescription (2.0–2.5 vs 1.5–2.0 g/kg/d) and compensatory feeds for EN interruption. We compared the intervention group with historical controls. To test the association of the aggressive EN protocol with the risk of late infections (defined as occurring >96 hours after ICU admission), we performed a Poisson regression analysis, while controlling for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II (APACHE II) score, and exposure to gastrointestinal surgery. Results: The study cohort comprised 213 patients, who were divided into the intervention group (n = 119) and the historical control group (n = 94). There was no difference in age, sex, BMI, admission category, or Injury Severity Score between the groups. Mean APACHE II score was higher in the intervention group (17 ± 8 vs 14 ± 6, P = .002). The intervention group received more calories (19 ± 5 vs 17 ± 6 kcal/kg/d, P = .005) and protein (1.2 ± 0.4 vs 0.8 ± 0.3 g/kg/d, P < .001), had a higher percentage of prescribed calories (77% vs 68%, P < .001) and protein (93% vs 64%, P < .001), and accumulated a lower overall protein deficit (123 ± 282 vs 297 ± 233 g, P < .001). On logistic regression, the intervention group had fewer late infections (adjusted odds ratio, 0.34; 95% confidence interval, 0.14–0.83). Conclusions: In surgical ICU patients, implementation of an aggressive EN protocol resulted in greater macronutrient delivery and fewer late infections.
Mortality in Patients With Septic Shock by Multidrug Resistant Bacteria
Authors: Busani Stefano , Serafini Giulia , Mantovani Elena , Venturelli Claudia , Giannella Maddalena , Viale Pierluigi , Mussini Cristina , Cossarizza Andrea , Girardis Massimo
Published: January 2017

Background:

Patients with septic shock by multidrug resistant (MDR) microorganism maybe considered a specific population of critical patients at very high risk of death in whom the effects of standard sepsis treatment has never been assessed. The objective of this retrospective analysis was to evaluate the risk factors for 30-day mortality and the impact of sepsis management in patients with septic shock caused by MDR bacteria.

Methods:

Patients with septic shock by MDR bacteria admitted to the mixed intensive care unit (ICU) of Modena University Hospital during a 6-year period were studied. The clinical and microbiological characteristics and sepsis treatments provided were analyzed and compared between survivors (S) and nonsurvivors (NS) at 30 days after septic shock appearance.

Results:

Ninety-four patients were studied. All therapeutic interventions applied to patients during their ICU stay did not show statistical significance between S and NS groups, except for administration of immunoglobulin M (IgM) preparation which were provided more frequently in S group ( P < .05). At the multivariate adjusted analysis, preexisting cancer (odds ratio [OR] = 2.965) and Acinetobacter baumannii infections (OR = 3.197) were independently correlated with an increased risk of 30-day mortality, whereas treatment with IgM preparation was protective (OR = 0.283).

Conclusions:

This retrospective study showed that in patients with septic shock caused by MDR bacteria, history of cancer and infection sustained by A baumannii increase the risk of mortality and that standard sepsis treatments do not seem to provide any protective effect. Adjunctive therapy with IgM preparation seems to be beneficial, but further appropriate studies are needed to confirm the results observed.
The Experience of Racial and Ethnic Minorities with Zoning in the United States
Authors: Whittemore Andrew H.
Published: January 2017

To date, scholars have examined two common effects of zoning that disproportionately impact racial and ethnic minorities in the United States: (1) exclusionary effects, resulting from zoning’s erection of direct, discriminatory barriers or indirect, economic barriers to geographic mobility; and (2) intensive and expulsive effects, resulting from zoning’s disproportionate targeting of minority residential neighborhoods for commercial and industrial development. In light of recent legal and federal policy developments, continued research is needed to better understand the scale of the gap between the treatment of white and minority communities and to better understand how zoning can reverse past injustices.
Intergenerational Substance Abuse and Domestic Violence as Familial Risk Factors for Lifetime Attempted Suicide Among Battered Women
Authors: Ragin Deborah Fish , Pilotti Maura , Madry Lorraine , Sage Robert E. , Bingham Lewis E. , Primm Beny J.
Published: January 2017

This study examines the impact of two factors, intergenerational substance abuse and exposureto domestic violence, on the lifetime attempted suicide histories of adult, minority, batteredwomen residing in a domestic violence shelter. A total of 122 women, mostly African Americanand Latina, were interviewed to obtain their retrospective reports of the frequency and use ofsubstances and on the incidences of domestic violence among their immediate (first-degree) andextended (second-degree) family members. Results revealed that battered women with a historyof suicide attempts (n = 45) were more likely to report substance abuse among both first-degree(specifically fathers) and second-degree relatives than were women without such suicide attempthistories (n = 77). Attempters were also more likely to report witnessing the physical abuse oftheir mothers. The multiple impacts of the extended family are discussed in light of thesefindings.
The Impact of Domestic Violence on Urban Preschool Children: Battered Mothers' Perspectives
Authors: DeVoe Ellen R. , Smith Erica L.
Published: January 2017

Applying focus group methodology, this article explores urban battered mothers' perceptions oftheir preschool children's exposure to domestic violence. It also examines mothers' reportsabout their young children's functioning and traumatic stress symptoms and the connectionswomen make between their own experiences of victimization by partners and their children's difficulties.Finally, this research describes the challenges abused mothers relate in their efforts toparent in the context of domestic violence. The sample consists of 43 women from diversesociodemographic backgrounds who participated in five focus groups in New York City. Findingssuggest that battered mothers have a wide range of awareness of their children's exposure todomestic violence and its possible effects on their preschoolers, including traumatic impact.Women identified parenting burdens related to domestic violence including efforts to preventaggression and victimization in their children. The implications for intervention with batteredwomen and their preschool children are presented.
Anger Experience and Expression Among Male Dating Violence Perpetrators During Anger Arousal
Authors: Eckhardt Christopher , Jamison T. Rene , Watts Kimberly
Published: January 2017

The relationship between dating violence and anger experience and expression were investigatedin samples of 17 men who reported at least one incident of physical aggression toward afemale dating partner (DV) and of 16 men who reported a nonviolent interaction history (NV).Participants completed the State-Trait Anger Expression Inventory (STAXI) and performed thearticulated thoughts during simulated situations (ATSS) paradigm while listening to anger-arousingaudiotapes. Participants' thought articulations were coded for anger-related affect,other negative emotions, and aggressive verbalizations. Results indicated that relative to NVmen, DV men scored significantly higher on STAXI Trait Anger, Anger In, and Anger Out scalesand lower on STAXI Anger Control. DV men articulated more aggressive verbalizations duringATSS anger arousal than did NV men. However, the groups did not differ on the number of angryverbalizations. The findings are interpreted in the context of social learning theories of partnerviolence.
Sustainability of Apparel Supply Chain in South Africa
Authors: Cao Huantian , Scudder Crescent , Dickson Marsha A.
Published: January 2017

The researchers documented the sustainability characteristics of a cotton apparel supply chain in South Africa. In-depth interviews were conducted across the entire supply chain from cotton farmers to a retailer. McDonough and Braungart’s triple top line model was applied for identifying the three pillars of sustainability, that is, economy, equity, and ecology, and how these pillars influenced and impacted each other. Across the supply chain economic factors were the drivers for adoption of sustainable practices, and the ecology dimension was the weakest pillar. This suggested leveraging economic support within the supply chain would ultimately influence the sustainability of the supply chain as a whole. To develop a sustainable apparel supply chain in South Africa, it is recommended the economic challenges be identified and addressed to free up savings that can be invested in sustainable practices and to improve collaboration across the supply chain to add value to sustainable practices.
Utilizing Lung Cancer Risk Prediction Models to Promote Smoking Cessation: Two Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Sherratt Frances C. , Marcus Michael W. , Robinson Jude , Field John K.
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

The current project sought to examine whether delivery of lung cancer risk projections (calculated using the Liverpool Lung Project [LLP] risk model) predicted follow-up smoking status.

Design:

Two single-blinded randomized controlled trials.

Setting:

Stop Smoking Services in Liverpool (United Kingdom).

Participants:

Baseline current smokers (N = 297) and baseline recent former smokers (N = 216) were recruited.

Intervention:

Participants allocated to intervention groups were provided with personalized lung cancer risk projections, calculated using the LLP risk model.

Measures:

Baseline and follow-up questionnaires explored sociodemographics, smoking behavior, and lung cancer risk perceptions.

Analysis:

Bivariate analyses identified significant differences between randomization groups, and logistic regression models were developed to investigate the intervention effect on the outcome variables.

Results:

Lung cancer risk projections were not found to predict follow-up smoking status in the trial of baseline current smokers; however, they did predict follow-up smoking status in the trial of baseline recent former smokers (odds ratio: 1.91; 95% confidence interval: 1.03-3.55).

Conclusion:

The current study suggests that lung cancer risk projections may help maintain abstinence among individuals who have quit smoking, but the results did not provide evidence to suggest that lung cancer risk projections motivate current smokers to quit.
Work Site–Based Environmental Interventions to Reduce Sedentary Behavior: A Systematic Review
Authors: Hutcheson Amanda K. , Piazza Andrew J. , Knowlden Adam P.
Published: January 2017

Objective:

The purpose of this investigation was to systematically review work site–based, environmental interventions to reduce sedentary behavior following preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses guidelines.

Data Source:

Data were extracted from Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System Online, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Web of Science between January 2005 and December 2015.

Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria:

Inclusion criteria were work site interventions, published in peer-reviewed journals, employing environmental modalities, targeting sedentary behavior, and using any quantitative design. Exclusion criteria were noninterventions and non-English publications.

Data Extraction:

Data extracted included study design, population, intervention dosage, intervention activities, evaluation measures, and intervention effects.

Data Synthesis:

Data were tabulated quantitatively and synthesized qualitatively.

Results:

A total of 15 articles were identified for review and 14 reported statistically significant decreases in sedentary behavior. The majority of studies employed a randomized controlled trial design (n = 7), used inclinometers to measure sedentary behavior (n = 9), recruited predominantly female samples (n = 15), and utilized sit-to-stand desks as the primary intervention modality (n = 10). The mean methodological quality score was 6.2 out of 10.

Conclusion:

Environmental work site interventions to reduce sedentary behavior show promise because work sites often have more control over environmental factors. Limitations of this intervention stream include inconsistent measurement of sedentary behavior, absence of theoretical frameworks to guide program development, and absence of long-term evaluation. Future studies should include clear reporting of intervention strategies and explicit operationalization of theoretical constructs.
Change in US Adult Consumer Knowledge, Attitudes, and Behaviors Related to Sodium Intake and Reduction: SummerStyles 2012 and 2015
Authors: John Katherine A. , Cogswell Mary E. , Zhao Lixia , Tong Xin , Odom Erika C. , Ayala Carma , Merritt Robert
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

To describe changes in consumer knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors related to sodium reduction from 2012 to 2015.

Design:

A cross-sectional analysis using 2 online, national research panel surveys.

Setting:

United States.

Participants:

A total of 7796 adults (18+ years).

Measures:

Sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors.

Analysis:

Data were weighted to match the US population survey proportions using 9 factors. Wald χ2 tests were used to examine differences by survey year and hypertensive status.

Results:

Despite the lack of temporal changes observed in respondent characteristics (mean age: 46 years, 67% were non-Hispanic white, and 26% reported hypertension), some changes were found in the prevalence of sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors. The percentage of respondents who recognized processed foods as the major source of sodium increased from 54% in 2012 to 57% in 2015 ( P = .04), as did the percentage of respondents who buy or choose low/reduced sodium foods, from 33% in 2012 to 37% in 2015 ( P = .016). In contrast, the percentage of self-reported receipt of health professional advice among persons with hypertension decreased from 59% in 2012 to 45% in 2015 ( P < .0001). Other sodium-related knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors did not change significantly during 2012 to 2015.

Conclusion:

In recent years, some positive changes were observed in sodium-related knowledge and behaviors; however, the decrease in reported health professional advice to reduce sodium among respondents with hypertension is a concern.
Parental Characteristics and Reasons Associated With Purchasing Kids’ Meals for Their Children
Authors: Lee-Kwan Seung Hee , Park Sohyun , Maynard Leah M. , Blanck Heidi M. , McGuire Lisa C. , Collins Janet L.
Published: January 2017

Purpose:

Characteristics of parents who purchased kids’ meals, reasons for the purchase, and desire for healthy options were examined.

Design:

Quantitative, cross-sectional study.

Setting:

National.

Participants:

The SummerStyles survey data of 1147 parents (≥18 years).

Measures:

Self-reported outcome variables were purchase of kids’ meals (yes/no), reasons for the purchase (13 choices), and desire for healthy options (yes/no).

Analysis:

We used multivariable logistic regression to estimate odds ratios (ORs) for purchasing kids’ meals based on parental sociodemographic and behavioral characteristics.

Results:

Over half (51%) of parents reported purchasing kids’ meals in the past month. The adjusted OR of purchasing kids’ meals were significantly higher among younger parents (OR = 3.44 vs ≥50 years) and among parents who consumed sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) daily (OR = 2.70 vs none). No differences were found for race/ethnicity, income, and education. Parents who purchased kids’ meals reported that the top 3 reasons for purchase were (1) because their children asked for kids’ meals, (2) habit, and (3) offering of healthier sides such as fruits or fruit cups. Thirty-seven percent of parents who did not purchase kids’ meals expressed willingness to purchase kids’ meals if healthy options were available; this willingness was highest among younger parents (47%; P < .05).

Conclusions:

Kids’ meal purchases were somewhat common. Our findings on characteristics of parents who frequently bought kids’ meals (ie, younger parents and SSB consumers), common reasons for purchasing kids’ meals, and willingness to buy healthier kids’ meal can be used to inform intervention efforts to improve quality of kids’ meals.
Association Between Infant Feeding Modes and Gastroesophageal Reflux: A Repeated Measurement Analysis of the Infant Feeding Practices Study II
Authors: Chen Pei-Lin , Soto-Ramírez Nelís , Zhang Hongmei , Karmaus Wilfried
Published: January 2017

Background:

Gastroesophageal reflux in neonates is frequently reported by parents, potentially motivating changes in infant feeding mode and/or addition of solid food.

Objective:

The authors prospectively analyzed associations between repeated measurement of feeding modes and reflux in infancy.

Methods:

The Infant Feeding Practices Study II, conducted between 2005 and 2007 (2,841 infants), provides data on reflux and feeding modes at nine time points from months 1 to 12. Feeding modes were defined based on direct breastfeeding, feeding of bottled human milk, formula feeding, their combinations, and use of solid food. Repeated measurements were investigated using 1-month delayed models to estimate risk ratios (RRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Risk ratios of different feeding modes were estimated for reflux; addressing a reverse association, RRs for feeding mode were estimated as responses to prior reflux.

Results:

Compared to direct breastfeeding, combinations with formula feeding showed a statistically significant risk for reflux (bottled human milk plus formula feeding: RR = 2.19, 95% CI [1.11, 4.33]; formula feeding: RR = 1.95, 95% CI [1.39, 2.74]; and mixed breastfeeding plus formula feeding: RR = 1.59, 95% CI [1.40, 2.42]). Addition of solid food was not protective (RR = 1.21, 95% CI [0.86, 1.70]). Analyses of reverse association (reflux → feeding) showed fewer breastfed infants among those with reflux in the prior month.

Conclusion:

Any combination of infant feeding with formula seems to be a risk for reflux. Although breastfeeding was protective, mothers with a child with reflux were more likely to wean their child.
Affect of Early Skin-to-Skin Mother–Infant Contact in the Maintenance of Exclusive Breastfeeding: Experience in a Health Department in Spain
Authors: Vila-Candel Rafael , Duke Kiri , Soriano-Vidal F. Javier , Castro-Sánchez Enrique
Published: January 2017

Background:

Breastfeeding has been shown to result in extensive physical and psychological benefits for both the mother and the newborn. However, the rate and duration of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) remains low worldwide. Mother–infant skin-to-skin contact (SSC) immediately after birth has demonstrated results that support the argument for breastfeeding continuation.

Research aim:

This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of EBF 3 months postpartum and the effect of early SSC in maintaining optimal EBF practices for mothers and their healthy newborns.

Methods:

We conducted an observational, retrospective study in Spain from 2013 to 2015. Pregnant women were interviewed immediately postpartum and again at 3 months postpartum regarding variables associated with breastfeeding initiation and continuation.

Results:

There were 1,071 women recruited. Early SSC was performed in 92% of vaginal births but only 57% of urgent cesarean births. Of women breastfeeding at discharge, 69.5% performed SSC with their newborn. We found that 68.6% of women were exclusively breastfeeding by discharge and 46.7% by 3 months postpartum. Type of feeding at discharge, country of origin, and parity were found to be associated with each other ( p = .003, p = .001, respectively). Early SSC was also significantly associated with type of feeding at discharge, 1 month, 2 months, and 3 months postpartum ( p < .001). Hypogalactia (19.8%) was the most frequently reported factor for breastfeeding discontinuation.

Conclusion:

Breastfeeding promotion interventions are likely to improve breastfeeding rates at 3 months postpartum. Social and economic factors should be taken into account when such programs are planned to be implemented.
Newborn Weight Loss During Birth Hospitalization and Breastfeeding Outcomes Through Age 1 Month
Authors: Flaherman Valerie J. , Schaefer Eric W. , Kuzniewicz Michael K. , Li Sherian , Walsh Eileen , Paul Ian M.
Published: January 2017

Background:

Weight loss is universal for exclusively breastfed newborns in the first few days after birth. Many newborns exclusively breastfed during birth hospitalization receive formula in the first month after discharge and thus cease exclusive breastfeeding. However, the relationship between early weight loss and subsequent cessation of breastfeeding and exclusive breastfeeding is unknown.

Research aim:

This study aimed to determine the relationship between newborn weight loss and duration and exclusivity of breastfeeding among newborns breastfed exclusively during the birth hospitalization.

Methods:

Retrospective cohort study at Kaiser Permanente Northern California hospitals between 2009 and 2013. The main predictor variable was weight loss during birth hospitalization. The main outcomes were cessation of breastfeeding and cessation of exclusive breastfeeding in the first 25 days after discharge.

Results:

Among our sample, 83,344 were exclusively breastfed during birth hospitalization. At 25 days after discharge, 15.6%, 95% confidence interval (CI) [14.6%, 16.6%], of those delivered vaginally and 17.6%, 95% CI [14.5%, 20.6%], of those delivered by cesarean section were estimated to have completely ceased breastfeeding; 57.0%, 95% CI [55.5%, 58.4%], and 57.9%, 95% CI [53.6%, 61.8%], respectively, had ceased exclusive breastfeeding. Survival curves depicting rates of breastfeeding cessation through 1 month did not differ by degree of weight loss or by weight loss trajectory. However, curves depicting rates of exclusive breastfeeding demonstrated significantly more formula use among those with more weight loss at discharge.

Conclusion:

Among those exclusively breastfed during birth hospitalization, weight loss nomograms may help identify newborns at higher risk of cessation of exclusive breastfeeding. Lactation support targeted to those with exacerbated weight loss trajectories may improve duration of exclusive breastfeeding.
Insights into the shifting perspectives of members of the Gypsy and Traveller community on schooling, and implications for school leaders
Authors: Smith Anna RT
Published: January 2017

This article focuses on the perceptions and experiences of education of two female adult members of the Gypsy and Traveller community and one female adult member of the settled community who works closely with Travellers. Narrative interviews were conducted in England in 2016, to gain some understanding of the factors contributing to the persistently relatively low educational outcomes of Travellers. Data were analysed in accordance with the principles of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA). Findings suggest that traditional cultural aspects of the Traveller community strongly influence attitudes to education and whether formal education is accessed. Whilst there are indications that negative perceptions of formal schooling have been entrenched in the Traveller community, this research found that attitudes to education may be slowly changing, particularly with younger generations. This largely stems from a recognition of the need for a level of formal education and qualifications owing to changes in the availability of traditional forms of employment for Travellers. Nonetheless, it emerged that deeply rooted negative views about formal schooling remain, particularly with regard to the perceived dangers and safety concerns associated with secondary schools. There are far-reaching implications for school leaders. Pivotal to this is a need for schools to be fully inclusive to ensure that the cultural needs of Gypsies and Travellers are met, particularly since the Traveller Education Service (TES) has been vastly reduced. For this to be possible, educators, school leaders and governors require a deeper understanding of the culture of the Gypsy and Traveller community, which should inform proactively inclusive policies, procedures and practices in formal educational settings. This might encourage more Travellers to engage with and remain in formal education, at primary and secondary school and beyond, and could also help foster positive relationships with local communities.
The management of teachers’ non-directed time in a secondary school
Authors: Holmes Beth
Published: January 2017

This article describes a study which investigated the motivations behind why teachers dedicate non-directed time to school-related tasks and the extent to which managers understand and harness these motivations. Data were collected through three case studies within one secondary school. Three heads of department (HoDs) and three teachers were interviewed, and questionnaires were given to all the teachers in the three departments. A questionnaire was developed using ideas from the voluntary sector with the premise that teachers give their time out of their ‘own free will’. This was used to assess what motivates teachers to dedicate their non-directed time to school-focused tasks and the attitudes of their managers towards this. A common finding from all case studies was that teachers are motivated by the idea that they are ‘doing it for the students’. At the same time, it was reported that ‘motivators’ such as performance-related pay had little effect on teachers’ motivation to dedicate their non-directed time to school-focused activities but could increase teachers’ work pressure and stress. The implications for educational managers from this research is that an understanding of teachers’ motivation is imperative if they are to be managed well, especially in terms of the monitoring of non-directed time, and that a reduction of pressure from extrinsic motivators may be of benefit to teachers’ well-being and job satisfaction. One way in which this could be achieved is through a more collaborative style of management and shared departmental goals.
Jacqueline Baxter talks to Gill Howland, newly appointed Chair of BELMAS
Authors: Baxter Jacqueline
Published: January 2017

Gill is currently Chair of the British Educational Leadership, Management and Administration Society. Her personal experiences are central to her belief that education is the key to unlocking potential, both for individuals and for society as a whole. Throughout her career she has championed the right to good quality, inspirational education for all. She has always chosen to work in areas of multiple disadvantage and has a track record in working with schools, colleges and universities to improve leadership, learning and achievement. She has extensive experience in strategic leadership across the compulsory education sector as well as in further and higher education. Her leadership roles have included Local Authority Chief Education Adviser, Executive Director in two West Midlands Learning and Skills Councils and Executive Pro Vice Chancellor (Academic) in a large modern university. She has directed and engaged in various research projects, mainly in the area of 14-19 education and was a member of the (Labour) Government’s 14-19 External Advisory group. As a strong supporter of educational collaboration she has led a number of Local Authority wide collaborative developments. With extensive board experience her roles have included: Deputy Chair of CILT, the National Centre for Languages; Chair of the YMCA’s national training organisation and board member of YMCA North Staffordshire.
Career Placement Concerns of International Graduate Students: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Shen Yih-Jiun , Herr Edwin L.
Published: January 2017

This qualitative study investigates the career placement concerns of international graduate students returning to their home countries, heading to other countries, or remaining in the United States after their education. Using a phenomenological framework, structured interviews were conducted with 24 participants (i.e., 18 international students, 1 naturalized status student, 3 faculty members, and 2 career counselors). Assertions that emerged suggested that the students possess diverse career plans influenced by numerous unique factors. Major, gender, and geography were not salient factors affecting the students' career placement needs. Students used contacts in their academic fields far more than they used campus career services, due to negative perceptions of or limited services that the center could provide. Based on these findings, more outreach to the international student community and collaboration between the career counseling and placement center and other campus departments are recommended.
Selection on the Road to a Career: Evidence of Personality Sorting in Educational Choice
Authors: Boone Christophe , van Olffen Woody , Roijakkers Nadine
Published: January 2017

In this study we investigate whether the process of Attraction, Selection and Attrition as described by Schneider (1987) is already operative prior to labor market entry, i.e., in the educational phase of careers. We focused on selection with regard to the locus of control personality trait because of its firm conceptual and empirical relevance in both content and process of choice. Specific hypotheses were proposed as to the sorting of different personality types in study programs leading to different prospective professional careers. The study was carried out in a sample of 158 Austrian students. We found strong support for our hypotheses in that (1) personality predicted specific study choices and (2) personality predicted different levels of rationality in the choice process. In addition, the findings also suggest that tighter matches between personality and study programs could be observed for students making rational choices. The results indicate support for the validity of the ASA model in educational choice, provided the use of meaningful individual differences. Several promising avenues for future research are identified.
Diets and Obesity Drug Treatment
Authors: O'Donnell James T.
Published: January 2017

Weight control and dieting is a subject of great interest to the American public. The use of pharmacologically active agents to help take weight off and keep it off has ranged from following the golden rules of moderation, not eating to excess, and following a regular plan of exercise. Many people are unable or unwilling to maintain these well-known practices and have sought out chemical means of assisting them is losing weight and keeping it off. The sympathomimetics have a powerfully effective appetite suppression, but also have a long list of serious and habituating adverse effects. Many diets have employed specific schedules and types of food to eat or avoid, but there is no diet employing drugs that is completely safe and effective. One new diet, Fen-Phen represents a new approach. Instead of using a single agent, a combination of two agents is used which affects the brain's neurotransmitters. The results have been impressive so far, but the adverse effects of these two agents and their use and possible interaction with other drugs remains a risk.
Mechanisms of invisibility: rethinking the concept of invisible work
Authors: Hatton Erin
Published: January 2017

In the mid-1980s, Daniels coined the term ‘invisible work’ to characterize those types of women’s unpaid labour – housework and volunteer work – which had been culturally and economically devalued. Scholars have since applied this term to many types of labour, yet there is little clarity or consensus as to what ‘invisibility’ means and what mechanisms produce it. Through an in-depth analysis of this far-reaching literature, the present article seeks to reconstruct ‘invisible work’ as a more robust analytical concept. It argues that work is made invisible through three intersecting sociological mechanisms – here identified as cultural, legal and spatial mechanisms of invisibility. Though they differ in function and degree, each of these mechanisms obscures the fact that work is performed and therefore contributes to its economic devaluation. Ultimately, this revised concept of invisible work offers scholars a new analytic tool to untangle the systems that produce and reproduce disadvantage for workers.
Patterns in entrepreneurial competences as the perceived learning outcomes of entrepreneurship education
Authors: Mets Tõnis , Kozlinska Inna , Raudsaar Mervi
Published: January 2017

The importance of evaluating the outcomes of entrepreneurship education (EE) has been widely acknowledged, but how to approach the evaluation and what models and measures to use are still subjected to academic debate. In this article, the authors present an application of the European Competence Framework (ECF) – the knowledge–skills–attitude triad that stems from Bloom’s taxonomy of educational objectives. A survey of self-assessed entrepreneurial competences acquired in entrepreneurship education courses was carried out in five Estonian higher education institutions (HEIs). An exploratory factor analysis based on the sample of 249 respondents confirmed the empirical viability of the ECF for evaluating the outcomes of EE, while also indicating a wide spectrum of these outcomes. Knowledge about entrepreneurship, entrepreneurial skills and a range of affective outcomes was perceived to be stronger by those students who had higher aspirations to become entrepreneurs before entering the HEIs.
Holistic experimentation for emergence
Authors: Mitra Jay
Published: January 2017

This article explores the development of a comprehensive and systemic approach to entrepreneurship education at a research-intensive university in the United Kingdom. The exploration is based on two key conceptual challenges: (a) taking entrepreneurship to mean something more than new business creation and (b) differentiating between entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurship training. The author draws on human capital, capabilities and planned behaviour theories together with those of competency-based and experiential learning to make six propositions. The idea is to develop a replicative framework for obtaining insights into the setting of multiple objectives, varied content and a range of pedagogies with which to achieve critical learning outcomes for a set of postgraduate programmes on entrepreneurship in a university context. We distinguish between entrepreneurship education and training but recognize the importance of incorporating both in a curriculum designed to offer a higher education platform for mindset change, critical thinking, problem-solving and individual development capabilities and entrepreneurial value creation in different environments.