bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Democracy at Stake: Self-Censorship as a Self-Defence Strategy for Journalists
Authors: Walulya Gerald , Nassanga Goretti L.
Published: February 2020

The media play an essential role of informing and mobilising voters as well as facilitating a two-way communication process between citizens and those vying for electoral offices during elections. This allows citizens to get information on various issues from the contenders, which largely informs their electoral decisions. In most less democratic societies however, this media function is increasingly becoming difficult to fulfil due to challenges journalists encounter during electoral processes. Using Uganda’s last general elections in 2016 as a case study, this article discusses the safety of journalists during elections basing on findings from a bigger study on the media coverage of the 2016 elections, supplemented by in-depth interviews with 10 journalists who covered the elections. In addition, the analysis makes reference to the 2016 Uganda Press Freedom Index. Findings of this research show that journalists face more safety and security risks during elections particularly perpetuated by state security agencies. Compared to previous elections, the 2016 elections also recorded the highest number of victims who were female journalists. This article highlights key challenges journalists face during elections, which include: state harassment and intimidation, arrest of those considered critical to the state, and denial of access to important information. Due to concerns of their own safety, journalists have responded to the insecure work environment by engaging in self-censorship, thereby giving biased or limited information to the public. The article identifies gaps that media development agencies can help to close if the media are to play their rightful role in a democratic society, especially during the electoral process.
Reporting in Conflict Zones in Pakistan: Risks and Challenges for Fixers
Authors: Baloch Kiyya , Andresen Kenneth
Published: February 2020

As a backbone of reporting in war and conflicts, fixers offer essential assistance to the foreign correspondent in conflict zones, also in Pakistan. With valuable local knowledge and contacts, fixers can arrange travel to secure entry of foreign correspondents into conflict zones in addition to securing interviews with otherwise unattainable figures, while offering reliable translation services. Pakistani media, despite being one of the largest and most developed in South Asia, remains under the strict control of powerful military establishment and government, while seeming to mirror the overarching government sentiment with a distinct lack of research-based news. Challenging this state of affairs, local journalist fixers seek to conduct research and investigative journalism, making them an attractive asset for western correspondents travelling to Pakistan. Based on data from interviews with local fixers and journalists in Pakistan, this article reveals the many security problems for local fixers in the Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa regions in Pakistan. It also shows that the fixers’ rights and interests are not protected by media organizations or the governments. Additionally, fixers face increasing censorship from security agencies and death threats from militants. This study discusses the harsh realities fixers face in the conflict zones of Pakistan where international press lack access due to increasing restrictions imposed by the government, and the violence perpetrated against media workers by the Islamic State and other radical groups, like Taliban and Baloch separatists.
Constructing Silence: Processes of Journalistic (Self-)Censorship during Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain
Authors: Iordanidou Sofia , Takas Emmanouil , Vatikiotis Leonidas , García Pedro
Published: February 2020

What are to be considered as threats against journalism? Whereas the literature on safety of journalists mainly discusses threats as part of armed conflicts, this article studies how other kinds of conflicts such as economic strangulation and the viability threat represent threats against journalists’ work and safety. It argues that acts of intimidation directed against journalists represent an attack on democracy itself as they have the effect of limiting the freedom of expression. The aim of this study is to explore how journalists operate in such a conflict and under such uncertainty, as an implication of (political) pressure caused by the politics of Memoranda in Greece, Cyprus, and Spain. The comparative analysis focuses on possible changes in the processes of message construction and in the journalistic practices of the participants, exploring if, how, and to what extent these changes were imposed to journalists directly or indirectly.
New Opportunities in Monitoring Safety of Journalists through the UN’s 2030 Sustainable Development Agenda
Authors: Berger Guy
Published: February 2020

This article highlights the potential for increased and more standardised monitoring of a range of aspects of the safety of journalists. This is in the light of a specific indicator that has been agreed by the UN as part of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). The indicator concerned treats the safety of journalists as a benchmark for tracking progress on SDG target 16.10, which specifies “public access to information and fundamental freedoms” (UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs, n.d.) as a development aspiration. Inclusion of this indicator in the SDGs provides a universally legitimated framework with strong catalytic potential. All this holds a promise of improved, more comparative, and increased research output, as compared to the previous situation. The results of new research stimulated by this development, particularly at country level, could have real impact on the safety of journalists.
Introduction: Rethinking Safety of Journalists
Authors: Orgeret Kristin Skare , Tayeebwa William
Published: February 2020

The introductory chapter to the thematic issue, entitled “Rethinking Safety of Journalists,” shows how promoting the safety of journalists is closely related to press freedom. It presents the articles of the thematic issue and highlights how the safety of journalists is no longer a concern of individuals or individual nation states only, but is now also a global concern, whereby the international community is obliged to come to the defense of journalists’ safety.
GENDER PECULIARITIES OF PSYCHO-TRAUMATIC SITUATIONS EXPERIENCING BY THE MILITARY MEN IN THE PROCESS OF THEIR RESOCIALIZATION DURING THE POST-TRAUMATIC PERIOD
Authors: Pryshchepa M.
Published: February 2020

The article is devoted to the analysis of differences in the perception of stressful and psycho-traumatic situations and their influence on personality changes of men and women who took part in the hostilities and who were outside the zone of military conflict during the period of resocialization. The author indicates the features of the socio-political state and those realities that cause a negative impact on the psychological state of soldiers. The reasons for the relevance of the topic of re-socialization of military personnel who have survived traumatic situations are given, and the thesis is expressed on the difference in such a process depending on the gender of the military personnel. The authors' previous experiences on the topics of gender, levels of psychological traumatic situations and their experiences are outlined. Little studied moments have been identified, such as the difference in the perception of stressful and psycho-traumatic situations and their effect on personality changes in men and women who took part in the hostilities and who were outside the zone of military conflict. Recommendations are given on the successful resocialization of servicemen who survived traumatic situations and who were in the combat zone for a certain time. Information is added about the neuropsychological differences between men and women that affect their strategies for experiencing a traumatic situation. The research sample and its features are described, the limitations in the selection and use of research tools are explained. The results are given by quantitative and qualitative methods for which there is a gender difference. Information on the results of the study was summarized, during which the characteristics of the course of emotional and mental disorders in women and men were revealed in the sample, and facts of a decrease in reactive and personal anxiety in military personnel of various genders were revealed.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF PERSONALITY’S RELIGIOUS SOCIALIZATION: AGE PECULIARITIES
Authors: Savelyuk N.
Published: February 2020

The article summarizes theoretical analysis of the concepts "socialization" and "religious socialization" which is defined as the process of "the entry of a person or group of people into a religious way of life, the assimilation of their religious values and norms of behavior, and, as a consequence, the change of relations with society caused by professed religious laws." As a result of this process, people adapt to the appropriate cultural environment and become separated from a certain part of society; reveals sociological, psychological, pedagogical approaches as the basic scientific contexts of the consideration; compares the role of main agents in religious socialization — parents, religion, different religious organizations and person’s coevals. The most widely studied ontogenetic periods of religious socialization, namely childhood, adolescence and early adolescence, are noted. At the same time, it emphasizes the period of ontogeny that has not been practically studied, such as late adolescence and periods of adulthood. And since the aforementioned age stages are a period of bright flowering of personality, which develops and manifests itself in the activity of the individual, then it is expedient to study here not so much the influence and interaction of the agents of socialization, as their own attitude, the person's assessment of their religiosity. The role of personality’s own religious activity as the subject factor of his\her religious socialization has been substantiated. Results of the comparative empirical study on expression degree of the main aspects of religious activity in adolescence and early adulthood have been described and interpreted. It has been stated that in the majority of religious, as well as pre-religious feelings and internal motives of religiousness, with certain age, the experience has weakened due to the feeling of loneliness, the feeling of "déjà vu" and the bifurcation of personality’s religious self-consciousness between "sinful" and "righteous", and, therefore, the effectiveness of appealing to God in order to attain the desired state of well-being has intensified.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF SANOGENIC POTENTIALAS A FACTOR IN THE PROFESSIONAL SUSTAINABILITY OF THE PERSONALITY OF THE FUTURE PSYCHOLOGIST
Authors: Varina H.
Published: February 2020

The scientific article is devoted to the problem of determining the characteristics of the sanogenic potential as a factor in the professional stability of the personality of a future psychologist-practitioner. The urgency of the problem is determined by the conditions for optimizing the personality-professional development of future practicing psychologists, personal maturity, the integration of self-concept and the development of a person’s sanogenic potential as aspects of professional stability, effective professional self-realization and the factors of preserving a person’s mental health.

In order to develop the sanogenic personality potential of future psychologists, a training program "Development of the sanogenic personality potential: stress resistance and time management" was developed on the basis of a stress model. The purpose of the program is to increase the overall level of sanogenic potential of the individual. Particular attention is paid to forming a positive image of a stressful situation, learning to cognitively analyze the situation, predicting behavior as appropriate, updating the skills of arbitrary relaxation and developing experience in applying techniques and formulas for constructive response in solving professional problems. The program is created in accordance with the principles of the concept of accelerated learning (Accelerated Learning Theory) and uses all the latest developments in the field of adult learning methodology.

Analyzing the results, we can say that the psycho-correction program has helped to increase the level of emotional stability and sanogenic potential of future psychologists. Students have decreased levels of situational and personal anxiety, decreased levels of feelings of insecurity, anxiety, inferiority, anxiety about work, sensitivity to failure (reflects the scale of "emotional"), increased the level of flexibility of thinking and behavior, ability to change shows the plasticity scale).
STUDY OF MENTAL STATES AND PECULIARITIES OF ELEMENTARY SCHOOL CHILD'S PERSONALITY WITH DISADAPTATION
Authors: Markelova Anastasia , Nikolaev Leonid
Published: February 2020

The authors describe and propose ways to determine the level of school disadaptation. Associated psychological factors are identified: levels of school motivation and adaptation, situational and personal anxiety, indicators and forms of aggression, self-esteem of depression. The obtained experimental data on the tendency to disadaptation are analyzed, as well as the psychological factors that influence the formation of disadaptation of young school children are investigated.

Quantitative and qualitative analysis of mental states and personality characteristics of elementary school children with disadaptation shall be conducted to study their school disadaptation, organization of comprehensive psychological and pedagogical assistance to school children, teachers and parents. Existing research methods are mainly based on self-estimation methodologies.

Experimental data on addiction to disadaptation was obtained, additionally, the psychological factors, which influence on disadaptation formation of elementary school children, were examined. The majority of examined children were found to have a low level of reactive anxiety and a high level of personal anxiety.
DEVELOPMENT OF FUNDRAISING AS A TECHNOLOGY OF SOCIAL WORK IN UKRAINE
Authors: Shatylo Yuliya , Gromova Olexandra
Published: February 2020

In the article the authors cover a theoretical analysis of scientific literature on the problems of using fundraising as a technology of social work in modern Ukraine. Non-profit organizations act as social intermediaries-implementers of social ideas and programs. They operate between the state, commercial firms and citizens. It is important to develop a comprehensive economy and the state, both for business and society.

Fundraising area is a new field of activity for our country. For attraction of resources of sponsors and donors, there are first-rate specialists who are able to replenish the budget of public organizations. The introduction and use of fundraising technology will expand the financial capabilities of social institutions and, consequently, increase the efficiency of their functioning. The dynamics of fundraising development in Ukraine is fast and efficient. An important factor in accelerating this process is the highly skilled training of specialists in this field of activity, which will have the appropriate knowledge, skills, skills and competencies.

Fundraising is an almost new area of activity for our country. It has been developed in the US and Europe, where a diverse system of benefits and incentives has been developed for depositors in the social sphere, business entities, foundations or individuals. Free Western Market Traditions Encourage Philanthropy. The social sphere in Ukraine, like no other, needs organized financing from extrabudgetary funds. For a clearer and more professional organization of recruiting sponsors and donors, there are first-rate professionals who can replenish the budget of NGOs.

In a market economy, civil society and social initiatives, philanthropy has become a major boon in the form of patronage, sponsorship and support through the provision of grants, donations, material, information resources and more. The proliferation of charity and its form of organized activity has led to the emergence of fundraising, as a science of planning and streamlining actions that will help organized actions for patrons and beneficiaries.

Today, fundraising is not sufficiently developed in our country, but in spite of this it has certain prospects. Due to the growing role of civil society organizations, which are able to help the state in solving social problems, it contributes to the development of fundraising in Ukraine.

Today the dynamics of fundraising development in Ukraine is noticeably fast and effective. An important factor in the acceleration of this process is the highly qualified training of specialists in this field of activity, who will have the appropriate knowledge, skills.
KEY ASPECTS OF THE STUDY OF PSYCHOPHYSIOLOGICAL ADAPTATION OF FIRST-YEAR STUDENTS
Authors: Shevchenko Svitlana
Published: February 2020

The article considers and studies the problem of psychophysiological adaptation of freshmen through the concretization of the very concept of adaptation and determination of the time period of the adaptation period. Moreover, carried out a scientific analysis and experimental study of key aspects of psycho-physiological adaptation of first-year students. The levels of adaptive and communicative abilities, neuropsychic stability and moral norm, indicators of psychophysiological adaptation and the main features that indicate the sources of maladaptation have been determined. The criteria for psychophysiological adaptation (state of health, mood, anxiety, fatigue, activity behavior) are highlighted, and prospects for further research are formulated.

According to the results of the work it was found that most freshmen have high rates of development of communicative abilities and moral normativity. They really assess their role in the team, in relationships, focusing on compliance with generally accepted norms of behavior. Freshmen are capable of accepting other people as they are, respect their originality and the right to be themselves. The development of such an ability characterizes them as a mature personality.

High optimism score and high ability for somatic regulation were found. In addition, a moderate (average) level of psychophysiological maladaptation was found in young people. From time to time, they have certain difficulties associated with changes in the forms, teaching and assessment methods that are characteristic of a comprehensive school, and most often they experience problems due to a deterioration in well- being, namely, due to the characteristics of individual mental processes of freshmen, a decrease their overall activity and a decrease in motivation for any activity. Freshmen are dominated by a low level of development of adaptive abilities and neuropsychic stability.

The data obtained indicate the need to develop a system of measures to update the adaptive capabilities of freshmen. We identified this direction as a promising vector for further studies of this problem.
SALES LABORATORY CONCEPT FOR PROBLEM SOLVING BASED LEARNING: THE EXPERIENCE OF THE BALTIC COUNTRIES
Authors: Znotiņa Daina , Igavens Maris
Published: February 2020

Very often youth faces many difficulties when trying to enter the labour market. It is because of lack of experience, insufficient vocational education, inadequacy between professional education and requirements for specialists in the job market. It is necessary that students get competencies and skills needed for the labour market and increase their employment possibilities. Rezekne Academy of Technologies implemented a project, where one of the objectives was integration of problem-based learning (PBL) into study processes. The aim of the research study is to investigate problem-based learning experiences among students and lecturers. Research methods – the monographic method, the analysis and survey methods. Problem-based learning is much more exciting for students and faculty than traditional learning, but it is also more time consuming and expertise intensive.
Antidiabetic effect of Pterocarpus marsupium seed extract in gabapentin induced diabetic rats
Authors: Mekala Sivanageswararao , Mchenga Salum Seif Salum , R. Saravanan
Published: February 2020

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is the most common type of diabetes. Diabetes mellitus is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality among Indian population and all over the world with more than hundreds of millions of patients worldwide. Pterocarpus marsupium is a medicinal plant used in Ayurvedic system of medicine to control blood sugar and strong antidiabetic. The purpose of this study was to assess the hypoglycemic effect of the ethanolic extract of Pterocarpus marsupium seeds in diabetic rats.Methods: The present work was designed to evaluate the anti-hyperglycaemic activity of Pterocarpus marsupium seed extract (100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg) on gabapentin induced hyperglycaemia in wistar albino rats. Blood glucose level, serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol were evaluated in gabapentin induced diabetic rats. The results of the test drug were compared with the standard drug.Results: Ethanolic seed extract of Pterocarpus marsupium at 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg had significantly reduced the blood glucose level compared to disease control rats on day 1, 7, 14 and 21. Pterocarpus marsupium shows significant decrease in triglycerides levels, serum cholesterol levels, LDL levels and increased HDL levels, total protein levels compared to the disease control group.Conclusions: In conclusion, the present study shows that the ethanolic seed extract of Pterocarpus marsupium has potential antidiabetic action in gabapentin induced diabetic rats and the effect was found to be more similar to the standard drug metformin.
A prospective study on evaluation of maternal and foetal outcomes of hypothyroidism with levothyroxine and prevalence of hypothyroidism in pregnancy in a tertiary care teaching hospital in Kerala
Authors: Justin Shajil A. , Johnson Merin S.
Published: February 2020

Background: Pregnancy influences a profound alteration in thyroid function and hypothyroidism has a massive impact on adverse pregnancy outcomes. An appropriate treatment with appropriate dose of levothyroxine is much essential during pregnancy. The present study evaluates the effect of levothyroxine dose in preventing maternal and foetal outcomes and the prevalence of hypothyroidism among pregnant women.Methods: 1500 antenatal women with singleton gestation attending outpatient of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Department, were analysed. Apart from routine obstetrical investigations, thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) tests were done at the first antenatal visit. Patients were followed up till delivery after levothyroxine treatment. Their obstetrical and perinatal outcomes were noted. TSH estimation was done 3 days after delivery in new-borns to screen for neonatal thyroid disorders.Results: The prevalence of hypothyroidism was 10.54%. The common adverse maternal and foetal complications were preeclampsia (15.19%) and low birth weight babies (17.72%) respectively. The mean age of pregnant women was 26.66 years. As age advances there is an increased risk of developing hypothyroidism in pregnancy. Levothyroxine 25 μg daily was highly prescribed in 63.92% hypothyroid patients.Conclusions: Overall, the prevalence of hypothyroidism was high. Since maternal and foetal complications were higher in patients with hypothyroidism, levothyroxine treatment had decreased the risk of maternal and foetal outcome. Pre-pregnancy screening should be implemented at least in patients with high risk factors for thyroid dysfunction. Universal screening for new-borns is also recommended to detect hypothyroidism. Expert decisions and cost-effectiveness studies will promulgate the impact of universal screening.
Evaluation of clinical outcomes in neuropathic pain with combinations of anti-neuropathic drugs
Authors: Pasha Shaik A. , Vidyadhara S. , Kalyan M. Raghava , Sri Lakshmi Banu , Keerthi N. , Harshitha A. , Sravani K. , Haribabu Ramineni
Published: February 2020

Background: Much of the pharmacological treatment modalities especially individual drugs for treating neuropathic pain have unwanted side effects, multiple day to day dosing, modest efficacy of topical treatments, and their local side effects. Combination drug regimen has the advantage of offering relatively better pain relief at lower drug doses and lesser side effects.Methods: The study was conducted in the Department of Neurology at NRI General Hospital, Guntur. The patients who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were enrolled and assigned into 3 groups of the study drug combinations. The baseline characteristics and post interventional scores of Toronto Clinical Scoring System (TCSS), visual analogue scale (VAS), Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale (HAM-A), Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D) and Medical outcome of sleep scale (MOS) and were analyzed using t test and mean difference.Results: A statistically significant reduction in neuropathic pain in all the three groups was found. The mean difference between the baseline and post interventional scores of TCSS and VAS of group I, II and III were 2.97, 2.75, and 1.97; 2.32, 1.12, and 0.95 respectively. There was a statistically significant improvement of HAM-A in all the three groups, HAM-D and MOS sleep scale were found significant only in group II.Conclusions: The study findings revealed that all the three drug combinations were effective in the management of neuropathic pain with pregabalin and oxcarbazepine combination being better with respect to efficacy and tolerability. Regarding the treatment of depression and sleep disturbances associated with NP pregabalin and duloxetine was more effective.
Awareness about adverse drug reaction monitoring and pharmacovigilance among final year medical students in tertiary care teaching hospital in Andhra Pradesh: a cross sectional study
Authors: Rao A. P. Narasimha , Lakshmi S.
Published: February 2020

Background: Adverse drug reaction (ADR) is an unwanted, undesirable effect of a drug that occurs during clinical use. ADRs will occur daily in health care institutions and can unfavourably affect a patient's quality of life, frequently causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Pharmacovigilance is defined as the science and activities relating to the detection, assessment, understanding and prevention of adverse effects or any other drug-related problem.Methods: It was a non-interventional study was done among hundred final year medical students at Kurnool Medical College, Kurnool, Andhra Pradesh. The study instrument was a predesigned questionnaire was structured by following the precedence, which was set by parallel studies. The participants were given forty-five minutes to answer the questionnaire; the questionnaires were then analyzed by grading the respondents into three categories: poor, unsatisfactory and satisfactory.Results: This study showed satisfactory results about awareness, knowledge and methods of application of pharmacovigilance among final year medical students 55%, 47%, 54% respectively and positive correlation between awareness, knowledge and methods of application of pharmacovigilance among final year medical students significantly (<0.0001) correlated.Conclusions: The present study revealed that the final year medical students were satisfactory in awareness and knowledge and methods of application of pharmacovigilance. The correlations told that the higher the awareness, the more was the knowledge and better were the methods of application. Likewise, the knowledge and practices were significantly and positively related to a correlation.
A study of various hepatic manifestations in dengue fever and their correlation with severity of dengue fever
Authors: Dhanwada Shravya , R. Samba Siva Reddy
Published: February 2020

Background: Hepatic involvement in Dengue is known with protean of manifestations ranging from hepatomegaly, elevated liver enzymes to fulminant hepatic failure. Aim of the study was to study the hepatic manifestations in children with dengue illness.Methods: This is a prospective Study with 60 Patients hospitalized with Dengue infection (Seropositive for Dengue). Dengue Seropositive patients are selected and examined for Hepatomegaly and Jaundice and subjected to complete blood count and Liver function tests were analysed.Results: Of 60 serologically confirmed cases hospitalized with dengue, were classified into (i)(DF), (ii) DHF I (iii) DHF II (iv) DHF III and (v) DHF IV.  In our study, upon 60 seropositive cases were reported at our hospital during the study period of which 18 were DF, 12 were DHF I, 15 were DHFII, 8 were DHF III and 7 were DHF IV respectively. The Hematocrit levels were raised 20% from the baseline in four classes of Dengue and not raised in DF. Most commonly occurred in age group of 5-7 years. Hepatomegaly was the commonest clinical sign seen. Thrombocytopenia was seen in 88% of all cases. Serum total bilirubin was raised in 10% of subjects with severe dengue infection in DHF III and DHF IV. Serum SGOT and SGPT was raised in 63.3% and 56.7% of patients with dengue of all classes including DF respectively. Thrombocytopenia occurred in 75% of patients with dengue fever, 98% with warning signs and 100% in severe dengue.Conclusions: In developing country like India, incidence of dengue outbreaks is increasing. Hepatic involvement of varying degrees have been reported. As hepatic dysfunction in dengue is transient and reversible, early identification of the same would help to reduce life threatening complications. The role of hepato protective drugs in reducing morbidity and mortality should be analysed by further studies.
Applicability of respiratory severity score and modified TAL criteria in pediatric age group for grading and management of acute respiratory illness
Authors: Singh Rajesh Kumar , Kamble Milind B.
Published: February 2020

Background: Acute respiratory tract infections (ARI) are the leading cause of death in children in the world (11.9 million per year) with the greatest number of deaths occurring in developing countries like India. We compared respiratory severity scoring system RSS (Respiratory Severity Score) with Modified TAL, so that we can find out which of the above scores are better and whether they can be implemented to assess pediatric ARI patients.Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted in Pediatrics wards, Shri Vasantrao Naik Government Medical College, Yavatmal, Maharashtra and data were collected from 290 children below 12 years of age by purposive sampling. All the children presenting with respiratory symptoms were subjected to these scoring system (RSS AND MODIFIED TAL) at the time of admission and were classified based on the scores obtained in respective scoring system. Data was analysed using frequencies, percentages and contingency tables and comparison was made between the above scoring systems to find which one is better applicable in pediatric ARI patient.Results: Incidence of pediatric patients presenting with only respiratory tract infections who are admitted in ward was 25.15 %, with more incidence being reported in children below 12 months (49.31%), males more affected. For both the ARI scoring systems (RSS and MOD TAL) as the severity increased so is the number of patients requiring oxygen and duration of hospitalization increased significantly (p<0.05), with RSS having stronger association.Conclusions: Both the scoring systems predicted that on admission if the score is more than chances of requirement of oxygen is more and also duration of hospitalization is more, with RSS being better predictor.
Association between obesity and anxiety among an adolescent population of Rajkot district, Gujarat, India: a cross sectional and descriptive study
Authors: Patel Dipal
Published: February 2020

Background: Proper good nutrition are essential for mental development, physical growth, health and wellbeing and survival of adolescents. School based data of India shows a prevalence of obesity is 5.6% to 24.0% among children and adolescents. Psychosocial complications associated with obesity include poor self-image, depression, and difficulties in both social environment and home. This study was carried out with an objective to find out prevalence of malnutrition and associated factors.Methods: A cross sectional study conducted among 1026 school going adolescents from 4 schools of Rajkot, Gujarat, India. Depression and anxiety were measured using Beck Depression Inventory and Beck Anxiety Inventory. Chi-square test was applied as test of significance.Results: Majority of the students (58.1%) were belonged to early adolescent age group. About 67.1% were males. About 16.6% were underweight and 1.2% were obese. Overweight was more prevalent in girls (5.6%) as compared to boys (1.2%). Prevalence of anxiety and depression was 9.9% and 18.5% respectively. Anxiety was frequently found in overweight and obese adolescents (82.0%) as compared to only underweight and normal adolescents (7.1%, p<0.0001).Conclusions: The prevalence rate of overweight and obesity were 9.7% and 4.3%. Girls are more affected with overweight. Significant number of adolescents was suffering from anxiety (9.9%) and depression (18.5%). Anxiety was frequently found in overweight and obese adolescents. There is need of immediate action to prevent adolescent obesity. Assessment of anxiety and depression among students with proper counselling should be carried out at least once a year.
A clinico-etiological evaluation of neonatal seizures in a tertiary care hospital: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Sharma Kuldeep Kumar , Bidhan Shifa , Paimode Sandeep D.
Published: February 2020

Background: Neonatal seizure is defined as a paroxysmal alteration in neurological function. The diagnosis of neonatal seizures is difficult to establish because of varied etiologies involved. The incidences vary from 1.5-3.7/1000 live births in term babies.Methods: Hospital based observational Study was conducted from December 1, 2016 till March 31, 2018. Universal sampling technique was followed. 93 neonates fulfilling the inclusion criteria were included in the study after consent from parents.Results: Present study results showed that 60.2% were males. Pre-term delivery occurred in 12.9% neonates. Most common etiology of neonatal seizures was birth asphyxia with 47.3% followed by metabolic abnormalities 32.3%.Conclusions: The most common etiology for neonatal seizures was birth asphyxia followed by metabolic abnormalities in which hypoglycaemia was the most common type. A significant association of seizures due to meningitis and metabolic abnormalities was observed with pre-term gestation.
A study of prevalence of migraine in stroke patients and its association with ischemic versus hemorrhagic stroke: a cross sectional study
Authors: Shivde Paridhi , Patidar Chandrahas , Chandra Umesh Kumar , Verma Archana , Vishwakarma Sumit Kumar
Published: February 2020

Background: Migraine is characterized by recurrent attacks of disabling headache and autonomic nervous system dysfunction. Up to one third of patients also have neurological aura symptoms. It has been suggested that migraine can be a risk factor for stroke. Migraine affects three times the number of women than men. The incidence of stroke in men is two times that of women. It is shown in several studies that women aged 35 to 45 years old are at increased risk of ischemic stroke who had migraine with or without aura.Methods: The present cross sectional study was conducted in 350 consecutive patients of stroke who were attended OPD and admitted in wards of the Department of Medicine, M.G.M. Medical College and MY Hospital, Indore, MP, India, during period from December 2017 to December 2018.Results: The highest percentage of respondents i.e. 68% belonged to male group followed by 32% of respondents who were females. The highest percentage of respondents i.e. 66.6% had ischemic stroke while, 33.4% had hemorrhagic stroke. The highest percentage of respondents i.e. 90.9% had no Migraine while, 9.1% had Migraine. The highest percentage of respondents i.e. 31.2% had weekly reoccurrence, followed by forth nightly (25%) and lowest was 3.1% of daily recurrence. The association of type of stroke with sex group of patient’s history of headache which found to be significant (p ˂0.05). The association of type of stroke with sex group of patient’s history of various cerebro-vascular risk factors which found to be significant (p<0.05). Patients having hemorrhagic and ischemic stroke also had HTN in 47% and 12.4% patients respectively.Conclusions: In this study it is concluded that migraine can be established as a risk factor for ischemic stroke. Early diagnosis and treatment with available medication can be helpful in prevention or decreasing risk for developing stroke.
Pattern of hemoglobinopathies and thalassemia in Manipur, India
Authors: Sharma Hidangmayum Dwijaraj , Devi Konsam Biona , Kumar Pravin , Singh Ksh Birendra , J. Diamond Princy , Boini Rajesh
Published: February 2020

Background: Hemoglobinopathies are the commonest genetic disorders worldwide. Thalassemia Major, Thalassemia Intermedia and Sickle Cell Disease are the major disorders that require lifelong management and are to be considered for prevention. In India, Beta-Thalassemia is prevalent across the country, with an average frequency of carriers being 3-4%.Methods: This is a cross sectional study conducted between June 2016 - May 2017 in the Department of Medicine, RIMS Imphal in 453 patients as a workup for anemia and clinically suspected cases of Hemoglobinopathy or beta thalassemia. Blood samples were collected and sent for Haemoglobin Electrophoresis using cellulose alkaline technique.Results: Among the 453 cases of the population surveyed, 35% showed the presence of abnormal hemoglobin. 16% were found to be beta thalassemia carrier, 11.69% HbE trait, 6.62% Homozygous HbE, 0.4% beta thalassemia and 0.7% had Hereditary persistence of HbF.Conclusions: High prevalence of Beta Thalassemia trait occurred more frequently than other Hemoglobinopathies. The study concludes that it is immensely important epidemiologically to explore the haemoglobin variants in Manipur so that the carriers can be detected for prevention of more serious disorder in the future generations.
P wave axis and its correlation with severity of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: R. Prasuna K. , Ratnam Praveena Korani , R. Pramod Kumar K. , V. K. Krishna Kumar T.
Published: February 2020

Background: COPD can affect the heart as secondary effects of the disease. The electrocardiography has been seen as a very best tool for early diagnosis of any cardiac changes that may occur as a result of secondary effects of the chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Objective of the study was to study the P wave axis and its correlation with severity of COPD.Methods: Here, 30 Patients of COPD confirmed by clinical history, examination and Pulmonary function tests were included in the study. These patients were clinically examined, and they underwent routine investigations like hemogram, urine examination, blood urea, serum creatinine, chest x-ray, random blood sugar, sputum examination and ABG analysis. These patients underwent pulmonary function test, ECG and ECHO.Results: In this study 36.66% of patients had RVH. Incomplete RBBB was seen in 20%. 13.33% had normal ECG. Most common finding in patients with less than one year of exposure was RVH. Low voltage complexes and R/S ratio in V1>1 were the only ECG changes with significant correlation with severity of the disease (p<0.05).  Maximum no. of patients had a P wave axis of 71-800. the correlation between P wave axis and the duration of the disease was found to be statistically significant. the correlation between P wave axis and the severity of the disease was found to be statistically significant, 8/27 patients (29.63%) with less than one year of disease had features of corpulmonale.Conclusions: P-axis verticalization can serve as a very effective electrocardiographic screening tool for emphysema in the general population.
A cross sectional study on stress among doctors, working in college of medicine and Sagore Dutta Hospital, Kamarhati, India
Authors: Chatterjee Supantha , Bhattacharya Abantika , Bhattacharya Amiya , Baur Baijayanti , Madhwani Kishore P.
Published: February 2020

Background: The word “stress” was defined by different scholars. The word was first defined by Hans Selye in 1936 as “a nonspecific response of the body to any demand of change”. The modern medical workplace is a complex environment, and doctors respond differently to it, some finding it stimulating and exciting, whereas others become stressed and burned. The medical workplace also provides an environment where new skills are continually being learned, both as a result of medical knowledge evolving and because a doctor's work changes. Objective of the present study was to find out the level of stress among the doctors working in CMSDH and to find out the possible sources of stress from their perspective.Methods: The study was an institution-based cross-sectional study conducted from 26th October 2017 to 22nd November 2017 among the enlisted 257 working doctors of CMSDH present during the period of data collection. It was intended to include all the doctors working in this college for this study.Results: A total of 257 doctors including faculty132 (51.4%), interns 80 (31.1%) and house staffs 45 (17.5%) consented and participated in the study of whom 172 (67.0%) were male and 85 (33.0%) female. Interns are the most stressed ones mean 20.4, SD±5.2, followed by house staff mean 17.5, SD±5.1 and faculty mean 16.9, SD±5.3. Unmarried faculty members mean 19.2, SD±5.2 are slightly more stressed than married mean 17.0, SD±5.3. Preclinical faculty has more stress, mean 17.1 ±SD5.2, where the clinical intern has maximum level of stress, mean 20.4 ±SD5.2.Conclusions: Doctors who are in massive stress need counseling and regular psychotherapy to reduce their stress level. A system of monitoring information and communication between administrative and working doctors should be evolved regularly.
Spectrum of microbial infection in an Intensive Care Unit: a single centre tertiary care experience in Southern Indian state of Karnataka
Authors: S. Shruthi , Bhat Balachandra S.
Published: February 2020

Background: There is an increased incidence of hospital acquired infection, especially in ICU setting, the most common being ICU acquired pneumonia which increases the morbidity, mortality, prolongs hospital stay and consuming more resources. Microbial etiology of intensive care unit (ICU)-acquired pneumonia (ICUAP) determines antibiotic treatment and outcomes which vary from centre to centre. Hence, a study of risk factors, clinical profile of patient, microorganisms and their resistance patterns to antibiotics are important for the diagnosis, prognosis of patient with ICU acquired pneumonia and also in the prevention of the same.Methods: Patients with ICUAP confirmed microbiologically were prospectively compared according to identification of 1 (monomicrobial) or more (polymicrobial) potentially pathogenic microorganism. Patients without microbiological confirmation were excluded from the study. We assessed clinical characteristics, microbiology and outcome variables.Results: In the present study 60 patients with ICU Pneumonia were included out of which 50 (83%) had mono-microbial infection. Most common organism isolated in mono microbial infection was Klebsiella species (26%), followed by Acinetobacter species (25%), out of which 20 percent was multidrug resistant. Multi-drug resistance was similarly frequent in both groups.  Outcome variables like initial response to the empiric treatment, length of stay and mortality were similar in both monomicrobial and polymicrobial pneumonia. Mortality rates were higher with higher pneumonia scores (p value <0.002) and with multi organ dysfunction (p <0.008) irrespective of mono microbial or poly microbial infection.Conclusions: In this study mono microbial infection was more than polymicrobial, the most common organism being Kliebsiella species followed by Acinetobacter species. When empiric treatment is frequently appropriate, mortality rates were higher with higher pneumonia scores and MODS. In our study polymicrobial aetiology did not influence the outcome of ICUAP.
The dreaded osteonecrosis of femur following chronic steroid therapy: a case series from a dermatologist’s eye
Authors: Ponnuswami Abiram , S. Cordelia Babitha , Muralidhar Krishnakanth , Sundaram Murugan
Published: February 2020

Corticosteroids, undoubtedly, is the saving grace of many patients ailing from a variety of inflammatory and autoimmune dermatoses. But it is not free of side effects, some being crippling enough to subject the patient to huge amounts of morbidity. Here we report a series of cases – Vesiculobullous diseases and Lupus Erythematosus - with prolonged oral steroid therapy that lead to osteopenia and osteonecrosis of the femur.
АКТУАЛЬНІ АСПЕКТИ КОРПОРАТИВНОГО УПРАВЛІННЯ В НАЦІОНАЛЬНИХ БАНКАХ РОЗВИТКУ
Authors: Бортніков Геннадій
Published: February 2020

Національні банки розвитку здатні працювати ефективно, реалізуючи свої стратегічну місію. Проте створення національного банку розвитку можливе на базі одного або кількох наявних банків, що дозволяє заощадити час і ресурси. У разі ухвалення політичного рішення постане питання про належний корпоративний устрій, що запобігатиме провалам. Однією з передумов успішного залучення ресурсів на ринку і розміщення коштів у дохідні активи є організація та управління з дотриманням сучасних стандартів корпоративного устрою. Держава здатна показати себе ефективним власником, запобігаючи політизації бізнесу банку розвитку в інтересах окремих олігархічних кіл або заради короткострокових вигід. Високу культуру управління забезпечить набір належних процедур відбору, оцінки і винагороди вищих керівників державних банків, у чому вирішальною є роль наглядової ради. Одним із ключових критеріїв відбору на посади керівників банку має бути бездоганна репутація претендентів. Витрати на утримання вищих керівників (членів правління) мають бути обґрунтованими, ураховуючи не лише рівень оплати на ринку, а й масштаби і результати діяльності банку. Використано дані звітності керівництва про винагороду, оприлюднені національними банками розвитку Східної Європи. Статус державного банку вимагає високого рівня розкриття інформації про схеми винагороди, обґрунтування рівня оплати вищих керівників і директорів.
ПРАВОВІ ОСНОВИ ПОДАТКУ З ДОХОДІВ ФІЗИЧНИХ ОСІБ
Authors: Скупейко Василь , Вознюк Олена , Лихолат Світлана
Published: February 2020

Наголошено, що недосконалість і невизначеність податкового законодавства відбиваються перш за все на змісті прав і свобод громадян країни. Відповідно, ефективне управління економікою, податкове регулювання можуть бути реалізовані тільки при об’єднанні і взаємодії інтересів особистості й держави, дотриманні принципу взаємної відповідальності.Розглянуто правові основи оподаткування доходів фізичних осіб. Визначено, що Податковий кодекс України не забезпечує оптимального вирішення питань щодо оподаткування доходів і зборів із доходів фізичних осіб, оскільки основне податкове навантаження щодо податку на доходи фізичних осіб лягає на громадян, котрі не мають високих доходів. Основним недоліком Податкового кодексу є найбільша у світі кількість податків із доходів фізичних осіб, що ускладнює прозорість податків та їх нарахування як платниками податків, так і спеціалістами податкової служби. За результатами досліджень наукових фінансових і правових джерел сучасного періоду та аналізу податкового законодавства України зроблено висновки і пропозиції щодо удосконалення податку з доходів фізичних осіб, зокрема в частині перегляду основних положень Податкового кодексу щодо кількостіподатків і системи оподаткування, що відповідає міжнародним стандартам.