bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Intersectin Is a Negative Regulator of Dynamin Recruitment to the Synaptic Endocytic Zone in the Central Synapse
Authors: Evergren Emma , Gad Helge , Walther Kristin , Sundborger Anna , Tomilin Nikolay , Shupliakov Oleg
Published: January 2007

Intersectin is a multidomain dynamin-binding protein implicated in numerous functions in the nervous system, including synapse formation and endocytosis. Here, we demonstrate that during neurotransmitter release in the central synapse, intersectin, like its binding partner dynamin, is redistributed from the synaptic vesicle pool to the periactive zone. Acute perturbation of the intersectin–dynamin interaction by microinjection of either intersectin antibodies or Src homology 3 (SH3) domains inhibited endocytosis at the fission step. Although the morphological effects induced by the different reagents were similar, antibody injections resulted in a dramatic increase in dynamin immunoreactivity around coated pits and at constricted necks, whereas synapses microinjected with the GST (glutathioneS-transferase)–SH3C domain displayed reduced amounts of dynamin in the neck region. Our data suggest that intersectin controls the amount of dynamin released from the synaptic vesicle cluster to the periactive zone and that it may regulate fission of clathrin-coated intermediates.
Action Representation of Sound: Audiomotor Recognition Network While Listening to Newly Acquired Actions
Authors: Lahav Amir , Saltzman Elliot , Schlaug Gottfried
Published: January 2007

The discovery of audiovisual mirror neurons in monkeys gave rise to the hypothesis that premotor areas are inherently involved not only when observing actions but also when listening to action-related sound. However, the whole-brain functional formation underlying such “action–listening” is not fully understood. In addition, previous studies in humans have focused mostly on relatively simple and overexperienced everyday actions, such as hand clapping or door knocking. Here we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to ask whether the human action-recognition system responds to sounds found in a more complex sequence of newly acquired actions. To address this, we chose a piece of music as a model set of acoustically presentable actions and trained non-musicians to play it by ear. We then monitored brain activity in subjects while they listened to the newly acquired piece. Although subjects listened to the music without performing any movements, activation was found bilaterally in the frontoparietal motor-related network (including Broca's area, the premotor region, the intraparietal sulcus, and the inferior parietal region), consistent with neural circuits that have been associated with action observations, and may constitute the human mirror neuron system. Presentation of the practiced notes in a different order activated the network to a much lesser degree, whereas listening to an equally familiar but motorically unknown music did not activate this network. These findings support the hypothesis of a “hearing–doing” system that is highly dependent on the individual's motor repertoire, gets established rapidly, and consists of Broca's area as its hub.
Hepatocyte Growth Factor Acts as a Motogen and Guidance Signal for Gonadotropin Hormone-Releasing Hormone-1 Neuronal Migration
Authors: Giacobini Paolo , Messina Andrea , Wray Susan , Giampietro Costanza , Crepaldi Tiziana , Carmeliet Peter , Fasolo Aldo
Published: January 2007

Reproduction in mammals is under the control of the hypothalamic neuropeptide gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1). GnRH-1-secreting neurons originate during embryonic development in the nasal placode and migrate into the forebrain along olfactory nerves. Gradients of secreted molecules may play a role in this migratory process. In this context, hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) is a potential candidate, because it promotes cell motility in developing brain and has been shown previously to act as a motogen on immortalized GnRH-1 neurons (GN11). In this study, the role of HGF and its receptor Met during development of the GnRH-1 system was examined. GnRH-1 cells express Met during their migration and downregulate its expression once they complete this process. Tissue-type plasminogen activator (tPA), a known HGF activator, is also detected in migratory GnRH-1 neurons. Consistent within vivoexpression, HGF is present in nasal explants, and GnRH-1 neurons express Met. HGF-neutralizing antibody was applied to explants to examine the role of the endogenous growth factor. Migration of GnRH-1 cells and olfactory axon outgrowth were significantly reduced, in line with disruption of a guidance gradient. Exogenous application of HGF to explants increased the distance that GnRH-1 cells migrated, suggesting that HGF also acts as a motogen to GnRH-1 neurons. Functional experiments, performed on organotypic slice cultures, show that creation of an opposing HGF gradient inhibits GnRH-1 neuronal migration. Finally, tPA−/−:uPA−/−(urokinase-type plasminogen activator−/−) knock-out mice exhibit strong reduction of the GnRH-1 cell population. Together, these data indicate that HGF signaling via Met receptor influences the development of GnRH-1.
Nanomechanical properties of sub-10 nm carbon film overcoats using the nanoindentation technique
Authors: Yeo Chang-Dong , Polycarpou Andreas A. , Kiely James D. , Hsia Yiao-Tee
Published: January 2007

The hardness and elastic modulus of ultra thin amorphous carbon overcoat (COC) films were measured using a recently developed sub-nm nanoindentation system. The carbon overcoat film thickness was varied to be 2.5 nm, 5 nm, and 10 nm on a glass substrate with a 2 nm titanium interlayer. A very sharp indenting tip, which was a cube corner tip with a radius of 44 nm, was used for the experiments. It was found that the mechanical properties of sub-10 nm film thicknesses can be reliably measured using the sub-nm indentation system and a sharp indenting tip. As the thickness of the carbon overcoat increased, so too did the surface roughness. For all three film thickness samples, the trends of hardness and elastic modulus values with the contact depth are very similar. When the contact depth is smaller than the film thickness, the measured values of hardness and elastic modulus are higher than those of the glass substrate, and gradually decrease and then approach the values of glass substrate. When the contact depth is larger than the film thickness, the measured values approximate those of the glass substrate. The thinner film shows higher values of hardness and elastic modulus near the surface, which indicates that mechanical properties do change with film thickness and that measurements made on thicker films and extrapolated to thinner films may lead to incorrect conclusions.
Comparing dynamic and static test results of bored piles
Authors: Long M.
Published: January 2007

Owing to increasing time, cost and transportation difficulties, Irish contractors are seeking an alternative to conventional static pile load tests. As a result several firms have adopted dynamic testing techniques to supplement and in some cases replace conventional static tests. In order to assess the reliability of the systems and to address the concerns of owners and consulting engineers, a database comprising 43 pairs of static and dynamic tests on piles from 24 sites around Ireland has been assembled. The database was limited to medium- to large-diameter continuous flight auger (CFA) piles, typically 450 mm to 600 mm in diameter. Comparisons between actual measured settlement in static tests and predicted settlement for dynamic tests showed a clear pattern of underestimation of settlement by the dynamic tests, with the ratio between the two values typically varying between 0·4 and 1·2, with an average of about 0·8. This is due to the limited energy being imparted to the pile in the dynamic test. The results were best for piles in rock and worst for piles in clay. Scatter in the results increased with increasing pile load. However, as all of the measured settlements were modest, the absolute numerical difference between the actual and predicted values was typically less than 3 mm, which may not be significant in many practical cases. For piles supporting non-sensitive structures, in areas where the ground conditions are well known, and provided the ratio of the drop weight to the pile weight and to the pile specified working load is at least 50% and 1·5% respectively, it seems possible that static tests can be replaced by dynamic ones. However, for structures sensitive to settlement or for those in areas where ground conditions are uncertain, then it is suggested that the dynamic test should be calibrated by at least one static test.
Anesthesia induced by administration of xylazine hydrochloride alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and reversal by administration of yohimbine hydrochloride in captive Axis deer (Axis axis)
Authors: Sontakke Sadanand D. , Reddy Anuradha P. , Umapathy Govindaswamy , Shivaji Sisinthy
Published: January 2007

Objective—To determine the anesthetic dose and cardiopulmonary effects of xylazine hydrochloride when used alone or in combination with ketamine hydrochloride and evaluate the efficacy of yohimbine hydrochloride to reverse anesthetic effects in captive Axis deer.

Animals—35 adult (10 males and 25 females) Axis deer (Axis axis).

Procedures—All deer were anesthetized by IM administration of xylazine (3.5 mg/kg; experiment 1), a combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.25 and 1.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 2), or another combination of ketamine and xylazine (2.5 and 0.5 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 3). In addition, female deer were also anesthetized by IM administration of a third combination of ketamine and xylazine (1.5 and 1 mg/kg, respectively; experiment 4). Ten to 40 minutes after induction, anesthesia was reversed by IV administration of yohimbine (5, 8, or 10 mg).

Results—In male deer, experiment 3 yielded the most rapid induction of anesthesia. In females, experiment 4 yielded the best induction of anesthesia without adverse effects. All doses of yohimbine reversed anesthesia. Duration of anesthesia before administration of yohimbine had no effect on recovery time.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—A combination of ketamine and xylazine can be used to induce anesthesia in Axis deer. Furthermore, anesthetic effects can be reversed by administration of yohimbine.
Efficacy of maropitant for treatment and prevention of emesis caused by intravenous infusion of cisplatin in dogs
Authors: de la Puente-Redondo Victor A. , Tilt Nicola , Rowan Tim G. , Clemence Rick G.
Published: January 2007

Objective—To evaluate the efficacy of maropitant, a novel neurokinin-1 receptor antagonist, to treat and prevent emesis caused by IV infusion of a chemotherapeutic dose of cisplatin (70 mg/m2) in dogs.

Animals—64 healthy 6-month-old Beagles (32 males and 32 females).

Procedures—To evaluate the effect of maropitant on ongoing emesis, 24 dogs were randomized to 2 treatment groups (12 dogs each). Saline (0.9% NaCl) solution or maropitant (1 mg/kg) was administered once by SC injection immediately following the first emetic event after cisplatin infusion. Dogs were assessed for emesis for 6 hours after initiation of cisplatin infusion. To evaluate the use of maropitant for the prevention of emesis, 40 dogs were randomized to 4 treatment groups (10 dogs each). Placebo or maropitant (1, 2, or 3 mg/kg) was administered PO as a tablet. Cisplatin infusion was initiated at 19 hours after treatment, and dogs were assessed for emesis for 6 hours.

Results—No treatment-related adverse events were observed in either study. For the treatment of ongoing emesis, significantly fewer emetic events were observed for maropitant-treated dogs, compared with placebo-treated dogs (mean, 5.2 vs 15.8), and the mean time to cessation of emesis was significantly shorter (0.65 vs 1.65 hours). In the prevention of emesis, maropitant-treated dogs had significantly fewer emetic events (means, 2.7, 1.1, and 0.5 for maropitant at 1, 2, and 3 mg/kg, respectively), compared with placebo-treated dogs (mean, 20.3).

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results suggest that maropitant is safe and effective in the treatment and prevention of cisplatin-induced emesis in dogs.
RFI detection by automated feature extraction and statistical analysis
Authors: Winkel B. , Kerp J. , Stanko S.
Published: January 2007

In this paper we present an interference detection toolbox consisting of a high dynamic range Digital Fast‐Fourier‐Transform spectrometer (DFFT, based on FPGA‐technology) and data analysis software for automated radio frequency interference (RFI) detection. The DFFT spectrometer allows high speed data storage of spectra on time scales of less than a second. The high dynamic range of the device assures constant calibration even during extremely powerful RFI events. The software uses an algorithm which performs a two‐dimensional baseline fit in the time‐frequency domain, searching automatically for RFI signals superposed on the spectral data. We demonstrate, that the software operates successfully on computer‐generated RFI data as well as on real DFFT data recorded at the Effelsberg 100‐m telescope. At 21‐cm wavelength RFI signals can be identified down to the 4σ rms level. A statistical analysis of all RFI events detected in our observational data revealed that: (1) mean signal strength is comparable to the astronomical line emission of the Milky Way, (2) interferences are polarised, (3) electronic devices in the neighbourhood of the telescope contribute significantly to the RFI radiation. We also show that the radiometer equation is no longer fulfilled in presence of RFI signals. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Optimising optimal image subtraction
Authors: Israel H. , Hessman F. V. , Schuh S.
Published: January 2007

Difference imaging is a technique for obtaining precise relative photometry of variable sources in crowded stellar fields and, as such, constitutes a crucial part of the data reduction pipeline in surveys for microlensing events or transiting extrasolar planets. The Optimal Image Subtraction (OIS) algorithm of Alard & Lupton (1998) permits the accurate differencing of images by determining convolution kernels which, when applied to reference images with particularly good seeing and signal‐to‐noise (S/N), provide excellent matches to the point‐spread functions (PSF) in other images of the time series to be analysed. The convolution kernels are built as linear combinations of a set of basis functions, conventionally bivariate Gaussians modulated by polynomials. The kernel parameters, mainly the widths and maximal degrees of the basis function model, must be supplied by the user. Ideally, the parameters should be matched to the PSF, pixel‐sampling, and S/N of the data set or individual images to be analysed. We have studied the dependence of the reduction outcome as a function of the kernel parameters using our new implementation of OIS within the IDL‐based TRIPP package. From the analysis of noise‐free PSF simulations of both single objects and crowded fields, as well as the test images in the ISIS OIS software package, we derive qualitative and quantitative relations between the kernel parameters and the success of the subtraction as a function of the PSF widths and sampling in reference and data images and compare the results to those of other implementations found in the literature. On the basis of these simulations, we provide recommended parameters for data sets with different S/N and sampling. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
UBV photoelectric photometry of the 1H/2H double mode cepheid CO Aurigae
Authors: Santangelo M. M. M. , Cavalletti G. , Benedetti W.
Published: January 2007

We performed new UBV photoelectric photometry of the double mode cepheid CO Aur. A careful time series analysis, by means of various algorithms, of our light curves of CO Aur enabled us to confirm the two previously known periodicities (Antonello et al. 1986) and their ratio of about 0.800. This ratio can be explained if CO Aur is a double mode cepheid pulsating in the first and second overtone (1H/2H); only two such stars are known in our galaxy. From the analysis of present data, the high stability of the periods stated by Fuhrmann et al. (1984) is fully confirmed; there is no clear evidence of variations of other light curve parameters. Within the limits of our photoelectric data, the secondary periodicity of CO Aur has a perfectly sinusoidal shape. We also performed a time series analysis of the Tycho epoch photometry in B T and V T; and the high stability of the first period of CO Aur is confirmed by the Tycho datasets too. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
On‐line database of photometric observations of magnetic chemically peculiar stars
Authors: Mikulášek Z. , Janík J. , Zverko J. , Žižňovský J. , Zejda M. , Netolický M. , Vaňko M.
Published: January 2007

We present our extensive project of the On‐line database of photometric observations of magnetic chemically peculiar stars to collect published data of photometric observations of magnetic chemically peculiar (mCP) stars in the optical and near IR regions. Now the nascent database contains more than 107 000 photometric measurements of 102 mCP stars and will be continually supplemented with published or new photometric data on these and about 150 additional mCP stars. This report describes the structure and organization of the database. Moreover, for the all included data we estimated the error of measurements and the effective amplitudes of the light curves. (© 2007 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A New Class of Binuclear Gallium Hydrides: Synthesis and Properties of [{GaCl(hpp)H}2] (hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8‐Hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidate)
Authors: Robinson George , Tang Christina Y. , Köppe Ralf , Cowley Andrew R. , Himmel Hans‐Jörg
Published: January 2007

Herein we report on the synthesis and characterization of the first representative of a new class of gallium hydrides, namely [{GaCl(hpp)H}2] (hpp=1,3,4,6,7,8‐hexahydro‐2H‐pyrimido[1,2‐a]pyrimidate). Our X‐ray diffraction data suggest the presence of weak HH contacts between adjacent [{GaCl(hpp)H}2] molecules in the crystal. With the aid of quantum‐chemical calculations, the pathway of its formation starting with the adduct H2ClGa⋅NMe3 and the pyrimidine hppH were analyzed. [{GaCl(hpp)H}2] slowly decomposes at 25 °C, a process which presumably leads under H2 elimination to [{GaCl(hpp)}2]. Although we were not yet able to characterize [{GaCl(hpp)}2] experimentally, DFT calculations provide information about its likely structure. According to these calculations, the molecule features a GaGa single bond.
Classical and Distonic Radical Cations: A Valence Bond Approach
Authors: Bouchoux Guy , Berruyer Florence , Hiberty Philippe C. , Wu Wei
Published: January 2007

The conventional radical cations arising from the ionization of CH3CH2X (X=F, OH, NH2, Cl, SH, PH2), and their distonic isomers, CH2CH2XH.+, were studied by means of standard Møller–Plesset and G2 methods, and by an ab initio valence bond method. Among the conventional structures, two distinct states are considered. In the so‐called c′ states, the unpaired electron is in an orbital that lies in the plane of the heavy atoms, while the c′′ states have their unpaired electron in an orbital lying out of the plane. It is shown that c′ states are, as a rule, more stable than the c′′ states, by up to approximately 20 kJ mol−1 depending on the nature of X, owing to a stabilizing interplay of resonating structures. While the geometries of the c′′ states are rather similar to those of the neutral molecules, some of the c′ states display very different geometries, characterized by elongated CC bonds, particularly when X=F or, to a lesser extent, when X=OH or Cl. These peculiar geometric features are rationalized by the valence bond analysis, which reveals that the CC bond in these species is better viewed as a two‐center, one‐electron bond. The distonic radical cations are generally more stable than the conventional ones (by 20–100 kJ mol−1), except for the less electronegative X groups of the series, namely X=SH and PH2. In these two cases, together with X=NH2, the radical cation displays a classical distonic structure, as regards the geometry and electronic state. On the other hand, considerable CX elongation is found for X=F or Cl. In these last cases, the valence bond analysis shows that the radical cation is better viewed as an ion–molecule complex between an ionized ethylene and a neutral HX molecule. The electronic structure of the distonic radical cation with X=OH lies between the two previous limiting descriptions.
Coupled FEM and lumped circuit model of the electromagnetic response of coaxially insulated windings in two slot cores
Authors: Holmberg Pär , Leijon Mats
Published: January 2007

This paper presents a coupled FEM and lumped circuit modelling approach that is primarily intended for high‐frequency and overvoltage simulations of rotating electric machines with coaxially insulated windings, such as Powerformer and Motorformer. The magnetic fields and their interaction with the conductors of the winding are simulated with the aid of a FEM‐program. The displacement current and its losses are modelled with an external lumped circuit. To consider eddy current losses, the stranded conductors and the laminated steel cores are replaced by homogeneous bodies with similar losses over a wide frequency range. The approach is illustrated and experimentally verified for a set‐up with a cable wound around two slot cores. The model agrees well with measurements up to 1 MHz. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A multi‐functional power conditioner with real‐time voltage regulation for energy saving
Authors: Ma T. T. , Chiang S. J.
Published: January 2007

This paper presents the design details of a multi‐functional three‐phase four‐wire power conditioner. The proposed power conditioner can compensate the reactive power, harmonic current, unbalanced power, and zero‐sequence current of the load with a capacity‐limitation manner. It can also simultaneously regulate multiple load voltages based on the prescribed Power–Voltage characteristic of distinct loads for real‐time energy saving. The theoretical analysis and detailed design procedure of the controllers performing various functions are presented. A 6‐kVA experimental system with two induction motors and various nonlinear loads is implemented for the related studies and the results are presented in this paper. The feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed control scheme are confirmed through measured results obtained from practical hardware experiments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mass spectrometric characterization of 3′‐imino[60]fulleryl‐3′‐deoxythymidine by collision‐induced dissociation
Authors: Greisch Jean‐François , De Pauw Edwin
Published: January 2007

The primary structure of 3′‐imino[60]fulleryl‐3′‐deoxythymidine ions is studied using mass spectrometry both in the positive and negative modes. Interaction between the subunits is discussed using collision‐induced dissociation (CID) spectra. Collisional activation with argon of the sodiated cations leads to the cleavage of the glycosidic bond and the transfer of a radical hydrogen from the deoxyribose to the thymine. The sodiated thymine is the only fragment observed for low collision energies in the positive mode. In the negative mode, two different ionization mechanisms take place, reduction and deprotonation in the presence of triethylamine. The 2.7 eV electron affinity of C60 and its huge cross section compared to the small cross section and predicted 0.44 eV electron affinity of the thymidine subunit most likely localize the radical electron on the fullerene. On the other hand, deprotonation of the 3′‐azido‐3′‐deoxythymidine (AZT) is known to occur in N‐3, the most acidic site of the nucleobase. Consequently, deprotonation causes the negative charge to be initially localized on the thymine. Both types of parent anions give the radical anion C60•− as fragment. The other fragments detected are the dehydrogenated 3′‐imino[60]fulleryl‐3′‐deoxyribose anion, C60NH2−, C60N− and C60H−. Since in negative ion mass spectrometry all fragments include the [60]fullerene unit, this suggests that the fragmentation is driven by the electron affinity of the [60]fullerene, likely responsible for a charge transfer between the deprotonated thymine and the C60. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Switchable and tunable Erbium-doped fiber ring laser incorporating a birefringent and highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber
Authors: Chen D , Shen L
Published: January 2007

A birefringent and highly nonlinear photonic crystal fiber is employed in an Erbium-doped fiber ring laser, which can operate with dual-wavelength lasing or single-wavelength lasing. Both stable dual-wavelength lasing and tunable single-wavelength lasing are achieved by adjusting a polarization controller in the ring cavity. The experimental results show that the output of the proposed fiber ring laser is rather stable at two different operation modes.
Efficient broadband optical parametric amplification of supercontinuum in the visible by narrowband pump
Authors: Khakhulin D V , Savel'ev A B , Volkov R V
Published: January 2007

It is shown that application of narrowband pump for non-collinear parametric amplification of supercontinuum radiation is more profitable than of broadband one. The usage of 0.5 nm bandwidth pump with energy of 350 μJ allowed us to get 20 percents signal-to-pump efficiency during amplification of supercontinuum radiation belonging to a spectral range between 550 and 750 nm.
On the norms of quaternionic extensions of real and complex linear mappings
Authors: Alpay Daniel , Luna‐Elizarrarás M. Elena , Shapiro Michael
Published: January 2007

We study the connections between the norms of bounded operators on real and complex normed spaces, and with range in quaternionic spaces, and of their quaternionic extensions. We study some aspects of the relations between the quaternionization and the complexification of an inner product real space. The problems that arise when k‐linear mappings are defined for the quaternionic case, are considered too. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Theoretical study of the interaction d10‐d8 between Pt(0) and M(I) on the [Pt(PH3)3MPH3] complexes (M = Cu, Ag, Au)
Authors: Mendizábal Fernando , Olea‐Azar Claudio , Miranda Sebastian
Published: January 2007

Ab initio calculations suggest that a series of complexes of type [Pt(PH3)3MPH3]+ (M = Au, Ag, Cu) are stable. We found that changes around the equilibrium distance PtM and in the interaction energies are sensitive to the electron correlation potential. This effect was evaluated using several levels of theory, including HF, MP2, and B3LYP. Both the magnitude of the interaction energies and distances PtM indicate a formal chemical bond, the latter being ratified by orbital diagram. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Int J Quantum Chem, 2007
Gelatinization and Thermal Properties of Modified Cassava Starches
Authors: Tran Thierry , Piyachomkwan Kuakoon , Sriroth Klanarong
Published: January 2007

The thermal properties of seven commercial modified cassava starches, including oxidized, acetylated, cross‐linked, and combined acetylated and cross‐linked starches were studied by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) in the glassy and rubbery states. Increase in gel hardness in the rubbery state during storage was also monitored, as well as gelatinization behavior. The modified starches were prepared from granular starch and had a degree of substitution in the range 0–0.053. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the modified starches were 3–6°C significantly lower than that of the non‐modified starch. The physical aging peak temperatures were also significantly reduced by 2–3°C, compared to the non‐modified starch, while aging enthalpies increased. Starch modifications did not decrease amylopectin retrogradation significantly. During storage, the oxidized starch gel became significantly harder than the non‐modified starch gel, while the hardness of the acetylated and/or cross‐linked starch gels was significantly reduced, which confirmed that acetylation or cross‐linking can decrease hardness, even when the extent of modification is limited. Different modifications controlled different properties of the starch system, with cross‐linking and acetylation influencing the gelatinization behavior and the changes in starch gel texture during storage, respectively.
Synthesis and Physicochemical Characteristics of New Tetrachloroferrates(III) with Dimethylammonium Cation: X‐ray Crystal Structure of Bis(dimethylammonium) Chloride Tetrachloroferrate(III)
Authors: Wyrzykowski Dariusz , Kruszyński Rafał , Maniecki Tomasz , Warnke Zygmunt
Published: January 2007

Two new tetrachloroferrates(III) have been synthesized of molecular formulas [(CH3)2NH2][FeCl4] and [(CH3)2NH2]2FeCl5. The differences in their physicochemical properties have been highlighted using thermal analysis (TG‐MS) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The crystal and molecular structure of [(CH3)2NH]2FeCl5 was determined. The iron(III) cation is four coordinated by chloride ions, and it adopts a slightly distorted tetrahedral coordination with three angles smaller and three larger than the tetrahedral one. In the structure four intermolecular N‐H···Cl hydrogen bonds link the [(CH3)2NH2]+ cations to dimers via a Cl− bridge.
Synthese von Cadmiumnitrid Cd3N2 durch thermischen Abbau von Cadmiumazid Cd(N3)2 und Kristallstrukturbestimmung aus Röntgen‐Pulverbeugungsdaten
Authors: Karau Friedrich , Schnick Wolfgang
Published: January 2007

Synthesis of Cadmium Nitride Cd3N2 by Thermolysis of Cadmium Azide Cd(N3)2 and Crystal Structure Determination from X‐ray Powder Diffraction Data

Cadmium nitride Cd3N2 was obtained by thermolysis of cadmium azide Cd(N3)2 at 2·10−6 mbar and 210 °C. It was obtained as a black, crystalline powder which becomes brown in air due to formation of cadmium amide Cd(NH2)2. The crystal structure of Cd3N2 was determined from X‐ray powder diffraction data and refined by the Rietveld method ($Ia{\bar 3}$, a = 10.829(9) Å, V = 1270(3) Å3, Z = 16, R(F2) = 0.1196). Cd3N2 crystallizes in the anti‐bixbyite structure type and is isotypic to Ca3N2.
Use of Neodymium Diiodide in the Synthesis of Organosilicon, ‐Germanium and ‐Tin Compounds
Authors: Balashova Tatyana V. , Kusyaev Dmitry M. , Kulikova Tatyana I. , Kuznetsova Olga N. , Edelmann Frank T. , Gießmann Stephan , Blaurock Steffen , Bochkarev Mikhail N.
Published: January 2007

The reactivity of neodymium diiodide, NdI2 (1), towards organosilicon, ‐germanium and ‐tin halides has been investigated. Compound 1 readily reacts with Me3SiCl in DME to give trimethylsilane (6 %), hexamethyldisilane (4 %) and (Me3Si)2O (19 %). The reaction with Et3SiBr in THF results in formation of Et3SiSiEt3 (17 %) and Et3SiOBun (34 %). Alkylation of Me3SiCl with PrnCl in the presence of 1 in THF affords Me3SiPrn (10 %), Me3SiOBun (52 %) and Me3SiSiMe3 (1 %). The main product identified in the reaction mixture formed upon interaction of 1 with dichlorodimethylsilane Me2SiCl2 in THF is di‐n‐butoxydimethylsilane Me2Si(OBun)2 (54 %) together with minor amounts of Me2Si(OBun)Cl. The reaction of 1 with Me3GeBr under the same conditions produces Me3GeGeMe3 (44 %), Me3GeH (3 %), and Me3GeI (7 %). An analogous set of products was obtained in the reaction with Et3GeBr. Treatment of trimethyltin chloride with 1 causes reduction of the former to tin metal (74 %). Me3SnH (7 %) and hexamethyldistannane (11 %) were identified in the volatile products. The reaction of 1 with Me3SiI provides straightforward access to hepta‐coordinated NdI3(THF)4 (2), the structure of which was determined by X‐ray diffraction.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Photoluminescence Property of Zinc(II), Cadmium(II), and Lead(II) Complexes with Bidentate Ligand: 1‐(1‐Imidazolyl)‐4‐(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene (IIMB)
Authors: Chu Qian , Kong Ling‐Yan , Okamura Taka‐aki , Kawaguchi Hiroyuki , Meng Wen‐Li , Sun Wei‐Yin , Ueyama Norikazu
Published: January 2007

Assembly of bidentate ligand 1‐(1‐imidazolyl)‐4‐(imidazol‐1‐ylmethyl)benzene (IIMB) with varied metal salts of ZnII, CdII and PbII provide three new complexes, [Zn(IIMB)2](ClO4)2·2H2O (1), [Cd(IIMB)2(SCN)2] (2) and [Pb(IIMB)2(SCN)](SCN) (3). Single crystal X‐ray diffraction studies revealed that complexes 1 and 2 display a similar one‐dimensional double stranded chain structure, while complex 3 is a slight distorted rhombohedral grid network with (4,4) topology. The results indicate that the coordination geometry of the metal ion and the counter anion have great impact on the structure of the complexes. In addition, the photoluminescence properties of ligand IIMB and complexes 1–3 were studied in the solid state at room temperature.
Synthesis, Vibrational Spectrum and Structure of the Tetracyanoborate K[B(CN)4]·CH3CN
Authors: Küppers Torsten , Köckerling Martin , Willner Helge
Published: January 2007

The new tetracyanoborate K[B(CN)4]·CH3CN was synthesized by dissolution of the solvent‐free K[B(CN)4] in acetonitrile and subsequent careful crystallization. The crystal structure has been determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. It crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group P212121 with Z = 4. Some comparisons with related structures are made, and the vibrational spectrum is discussed.
Rhenium Trichloride Dioxide, ReO2Cl3, Preparation and Reactions
Authors: Supeł Joanna , Seppelt Konrad
Published: January 2007

A one step synthesis of ReO2Cl3 is reported. ReO2Cl3 reacts with [(C2H5)4P]+Cl−, forming [(C2H5)4P]+[cis–ReO2Cl4]−, a = 1257.0(2), b = 1026.8(2), c = 1277.9(2) pm, β = 106.659(3)°, P21/n. Also an unstable NO+[ReO2Cl4]− can be obtained from NOCl and ReO2Cl3. With the Lewis acid GaCl3 the zwitter ion [ReO2Cl2]+[GaCl4]− is formed. a = 1184.0(3), b = 829.2(2), c = 1100.8(2) pm, β = 112.98(1)°, P21/c.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Properties of Ag4CuTeO6
Authors: Klein Wilhelm , Curda Jan , Jansen Martin
Published: January 2007

The new quaternary oxide Ag4CuTeO6 has been obtained by solid state reaction starting from stoichiometric amounts of the binary oxides at elevated temperatures and oxygen pressures. Ag4CuTeO6 crystallises in space group C2/c with a = 11.3021(8), b = 9.6875(6), c = 5.7082(5) Å, β = 99.301(7)°, V = 616.77(8) Å3, Z = 4; the structure refinement was based on 747 independent reflections and resulted in R1 = 3.26 %, wR2 = 7.29 %. The crystal structure consists of isolated TeO6 octahedra which are connected by distorted CuO4 squares, thus forming one‐dimensional, infinite heteropolyanions, extending along the c axis. According to the approximately fcc packing and a distorted octahedral oxygen environment of all the cations, the structure may be regarded a derivative of the NaCl structure type.

Ag4CuTeO6 is paramagnetic between 300 K and 7 K, where it develops antiferromagnetic ordering. An evaluation according to the Curie‐Weiss law yielded a magnetic moment of 1.86 μB per copper ion. The electronic conductivity shows a maximum at ∼ 75 K, below a temperature characteristic of a semiconductor, above of a metal.
Oligomerisierung von Nitrilen und Isonitrilen mittels Metallanen und geminalen Dilithiumverbindungen
Authors: Neumüller Bernhard
Published: January 2007

Die Reaktionen von Nitrilen und Isonitrilen mit Metallanen der 13. Gruppe und geminalen Dilithiumverbindungen, vorzugsweise tBuELi2 (E = P, As), werden vorgestellt. Die Erkenntnisse aus Untersuchungen bezüglich der Intermediate und Produkte lassen teilweise deutliche Unterschiede zu bekannten Reaktionssystemen aus dem Bereich der Übergangsmetallchemie erkennen.
Bibliography of urban history 2005
Authors: TACEY LIZ , DAVIES TIM
Published: January 2007

This bibliography is a continuation of and a complement to those published in the Urban History Yearbook 1974–91 and Urban History since 1992. The arrangement and format closely follows that of previous years. The list of abbreviations identifies only those periodicals from which articles cited this year have been taken, though many other journals are also checked. There is an index of towns on p. 567.
Genetic options to replace dehorning in beef cattle—a review
Authors: Prayaga K. C.
Published: January 2007

Breeding polled cattle is a long-term solution to problems commonly associated with horned cattle. The current practice of dehorning does not eradicate the problem and is an animal-welfare concern. The present study reviews the current state of knowledge on the genetic basis of polled inheritance in cattle. The poll/horn condition is presumed to be under a relatively complex mode of inheritance whereby poll, scur, and African horn genes segregate independently, but interact with each other to produce polled, scurred, and horned animals. Molecular genetic studies have mapped the polled gene to a specific region on bovine chromosome 1 in Bos taurus animals, but the actual gene is still to be located. Scur and African horn genes have not been studied extensively at a molecular genetic level. With the current advances in molecular genetics and statistical methods, there is large scope to undertake new research programs to develop DNA tests that identify homozygous/heterozygous animals for poll, scur, and African horn genes. This would assist faster introgression of the polled condition into beef cattle populations. Existing scientific evidence to counter or support industry perceptions about the production-related issues of the polled condition are presented.
An evaluation of the yield and quality of oat - legume and ryegrass - legume mixtures and legume monocultures harvested at three stages of growth for silage
Authors: Kaiser A. G. , Dear B. S. , Morris S. G.
Published: January 2007

The effect of harvest time on the dry matter (DM) yield and quality of 10 annual temperate legumes [Trifolium subterraneum, var. brachcalycinum and var. subterraneum L. (subterranean clover), T. michelianum Savi (balansa clover), T. alexandrinum L. (berseem clover), Medicago murex Willd. (murex medic), M. truncatula Gaertn. (barrel medic), T. vesiculosum Savi (arrowleaf clover), Vicia sativa L. (common vetch), V. benghalensis L. (purple vetch), Pisum sativum L. (peas) grown in monoculture or in mixtures with oats (Avena sativa L.)] was examined in a Mediterranean environment in southern New South Wales. Three of the legumes (subterranean clover, berseem and peas) were also grown in mixtures with ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). The forages were sown on 29 May and harvested at three times (2 October, 23 October and 6 November), corresponding to the boot, anthesis and dough stage of the cereal oat variety, Kalgan. Peas were the highest yielding of the legume monocultures at each of the three harvest times (6.9, 11.6, 12.3 t DM/ha), followed by purple vetch (6.2, 9.9, 8.7 t DM/ha). Of the small-seeded pasture legumes, berseem, murex and arrowleaf clover were the highest yielding at the second harvest (7.5–8.8 t DM/ha) when most reached their peak biomass. The inclusion of oats with the legumes increased total DM yield at the first, second and third harvests by 10–54, 7–99 and 3–102%, respectively. Oat monocultures were high yielding (up to 17.7 t DM/ha), but had low N contents (6.3–12.5 g N/kg DM). Oat–legume forage mixtures had nitrogen (N) contents of 7–15 g N/kg compared with 17–40 g N/kg in the legume monocultures. The N content and digestibility of most species and mixtures decreased as harvest time was delayed, whereas total DM peaked at the second harvest for all species except Cooba oats. The legume content of the mixtures was negatively correlated with total DM yield, DM content and water soluble carbohydrates, but positively correlated with N content, in vitro digestibility and buffering capacity. The digestibility of oats decreased more rapidly than the legumes with advancing maturity, and it would need to be harvested at the boot stage to produce a silage of sufficiently high metabolisable energy for the production feeding of cattle. A later harvest at anthesis when yield is higher would produce a silage of sufficient quality for production feeding from an oat–large seeded legume mixture with a legume content of 0.50. The oats and ryegrass had high water soluble carbohydrate and low to medium buffering capacity and would, therefore, be expected to produce well-preserved silages. The legume monocultures had low water soluble carbohydrate contents and high buffering capacity values and there would be a high risk of a poor silage fermentation in these forages without field wilting or the use of a silage additive.
Effect of heart transplantation on skeletal muscle metabolic enzyme reserve and fiber type in end‐stage heart failure patients
Authors: Pierce Gary L. , Magyari Peter M. , Aranda Juan M. , Edwards David G. , Hamlin Scott A. , Hill James A. , Braith Randy W.
Published: January 2007

Abstract:  Background:  Skeletal muscle myopathy is a hallmark of chronic heart failure (HF). Phenotypic changes involve shift in myosin heavy chain (MHC) fiber type from oxidative, MHC type I, towards more glycolytic MHC IIx fibers, reductions in oxidative enzyme activity, and increase in glycolytic enzyme activity. However, it is unknown if muscle myopathy is reversed following heart transplantation. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of heart transplantation on skeletal muscle metabolic enzyme reserve and MHC fiber type in end‐stage HF patients.

Methods:  Thirteen HF subjects were prospectively studied before and two months after heart transplantation and a subgroup (n = 6) at eight months after transplantation. Skeletal muscle biopsy of the vastus lateralis was performed and relative MHC composition was determined using sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), citrate synthase (CS), and 3‐hydroxyacyl‐CoA‐dehydrogenase (HACoA) enzyme activity assays were performed to assess glycolytic, oxidative, and β‐oxidative metabolic enzyme reserves, respectively.

Results:  Lactate dehydrogenase activity (130.5 ± 13.3 vs. 106.1 ± 13.2 μmol/g wet wt/min, p < 0.05), CS activity (14.0 ± 1.2 vs. 9 ± 0.9 μmol/g wet wt/min, p < 0.05), and HACoA activity (4.5 ± 0.48 vs. 3.6 ± 0.3 μmol/g wet wt/min, p < 0.05) decreased two months after heart transplantation. At eight months, LDH activity was restored (139.0 ± 11 μmol/g wet wt/min), but not CS or HACoA activity compared with before transplantation. There was no significant change in muscle %MHC type I (28.7 ± 3.5% vs. 25.3 ± 3.0%, p = NS), %MHC type IIa (33.2 ± 2.0% vs. 34.6 ± 1.9%, p = NS), or %MHC type IIx (38.1 ± 2.8% vs. 40.1 ± 3.7%, p = NS) fiber type two months after heart transplantation. However, %MHC type I (19.3 ± 6.6%) was decreased and %MHC type IIx (51.0 ± 6.5%) was increased at eight months after (p < 0.05) compared with before transplantation

Conclusions:  Skeletal muscle glycolytic, oxidative, and β‐oxidative enzymatic reserves are diminished early after heart transplantation, with reduced oxidative capacity persisting late in the first year. The myopathic MHC phenotype present in end‐stage HF persists early in the post‐operative state and declines further by eight months.
Transforming the Empire with a Department of Peace
Authors: De Rivera Joseph
Published: January 2007

This article argues that transformation of the American Empire requires changing American culture and that this can best be achieved by establishing a Department of Peace. It presents details of how such a department could be structured to facilitate cultural change and then addresses the political challenges involved in establishing such a department. A brief history of past attempts to create a Department of Peace reveals three major challenges: the danger of co‐option, the necessity of facing bureaucratic conflicts, and the need to overcome nationalistic political opposition. To meet these challenges, those involved in the peace movement must recognize and resolve three specific sources of tension within the movement. The article addresses these tensions.
Multilingualism in Post‐9/11 U.S. Schools: Implications for Engaging Empire
Authors: Wong Shelley , Motha Suhanthie
Published: January 2007

In this article we draw on our family histories of language loss to stimulate public discussion of the consequences of linguistic attrition for public school students in the United States. Our concerns for multilingualism, antiracism, and peace—and the salient connections among these three—are rooted in our lived experiences. Through an exploration of our family histories, we examine the ways in which empire and language identity can interact to shape decisions made by individual speakers of minority languages. We argue that multilingualism is a valuable resource for countering xenophobia, and that the teaching of foreign and world languages adds an important dimension to engaging empire, promoting peace and solidarity, and ultimately redefining what is legitimately “American.” We call attention to the potential power of well‐designed educational policies to support heritage language maintenance, to promote language rights, and to respond to dangers posed by the disproportionate power accorded to English.
Countering a“Culture of Violence.” Can It Be Done?1
Authors: Hertling Viktoria
Published: January 2007

Taking the United Nations Agenda for Peace and Justice in the 21st Century as a vantage point, this article deals with the attempt to create “peace consciousness” among college students. With the creation of “peace projects,” students face the challenge of translating some of the rather abstract concepts of the Agenda into concrete outcomes and grassroots‐level community actions. The “peace projects” should reflect the spirit of the Agenda and at the same time address the importance of working toward consensus and understanding; of avoiding conflicts or resolving conflicts without violence; and of providing an opportunity to make the voices of people heard regarding the issues that affect them. By giving voice to their own concerns against the backdrop of the language of the Agenda, students understand and internalize the intent of the document, and as a result of this creative process, they feel empowered and optimistic.
A Rho‐dependent actin purse‐string is involved in wound repair in the early chick amnion following surgical puncture
Authors: MacManus Christopher F. , Tipping Nuala E. , Wilson David J.
Published: January 2007

This study examined the mechanism of wound repair in the early chick amnion following surgical puncture. The chick amnion is a bilayered membrane with ultrastructural features similar to the human amnion, and thus may provide a model of the consequences of amnion puncture following first trimester amniocentesis in humans. Chick amnion was wounded on day 4–5 of incubation. The rate of wounding was measured as 40 μm2/minute by hourly measurements of wound area from initial wounding to a point where the wound appeared to be fully closed. Morphological changes were examined by scanning electron microscopy of amniotic membranes with the overlying chorionic membrane removed. Cells bordering the wound arranged themselves circumferentially during the healing period and eventually came together as a cellular pile up as the healing process was complete. The presence of an actin cable was revealed by fluorescein isothiocyanate‐labeled phalloidin. The actin was circumferentially arranged around the wound margin and appeared within 10 minutes after wounding. Treatment of the amnion with the inhibitor of endogenous Rho, C3 exotransferase, inhibited actin cable formation, suggesting that formation of an actin cable within the amnion during wound healing is Rho dependent.