bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A Response to Clark Pinnock’s ‘Recovery of the Holy Spirit in Evangelical Theology’
Authors: Turner William
Published: March 2005

This is a response to the paper by Clark Pinnock (JPT 13.1), in which he makes a case for the importance of pneumatology in evangelical theology. The response applauds Pinnock’s effort. It goes on to lift up areas where further development in pneumatology is needed—particularly in relation to liberation theologies and in dialogue with African-American church theologians and Pentecostal theologians.
Performance of an Active Composite Strut for an Intelligent Composite Modified Stewart Platform for Thrust Vector Control
Authors: Doherty Kathleen M. , Ghasemi-Nejhad Mehrdad N.
Published: March 2005

Adaptive or intelligent structures which have the capability for sensing and responding to their environment promise a novel approach to satisfying the stringent performance requirements of future space missions. This research effort focuses on the development and performance evaluation of an active composite strut (ACS) with precision positioning and active vibration suppression capabilities for use in space structures. Such ACS has potentials to be used as active strut members in Stewart platforms, modified Stewart platforms (MSPs), space truss structures, etc. The developed ACS utilizes piezoelectric actuators/sensors providing precision positioning and vibration suppression capabilities that would enhance mission performance of space structures by fine position-tuning, and potentially eliminating the nonoperational period of a satellite while minimizing the fuel consumption utilized for its position correction in a thrust vector control (TVC) application.

Precision positioning of the ACS is achieved by extending or contracting its internal piezoelectric actuator. To magnify the positioning capabilities of a stack piezoelectric actuator, a miniature inchworm mechanism is designed and incorporated within the ACS. A precision positioning experimental setup is developed and employed to demonstrate the precision positioning capabilities of the developed ACS. The axial vibration suppression capability of the ACS can also be provided by its internal piezoelectric stack actuator, and is demonstrated employing a developed vibration suppression experimental setup. Analytical and finite element analysis numerical verification, simulation, and modeling of the vibration suppression capabilities of the ACS are presented. Active vibration suppression schemes, using finite element analyses, are employed to numerically demonstrate the vibration suppression capabilities of the developed ACS. The ACS housing is a composite tubing. The numerical and experimental results show that the proposed ACS offers a promising method for achieving fine tuning of positioning tolerances as well as minimizing the effects of disturbances generated during a thruster firing of a satellite for the TVC application using a MSP.
Displacement Control of a Beam using Photostrictive Optical Actuators
Authors: Shih Hui-Ru , Watkins Jonathan , Tzou Horn-Sen
Published: March 2005

Photostrictive materials are emerging as a new actuation medium. In contrast to the traditional transducers, photostrictive materials can produce actuation strains as a result of irradiation from incident light, having neither electric lead wires nor electric circuits. In this study, a static analytical model is derived for a flexural beam with surface bonded photostrictive optical actuators. An analysis of the proposed model is carried out by considering the induced force and bending moment produced on the beam by the patched actuator. Analytical solutions of the transverse deflection, induced by the photostrictive actuators, are derived for different boundary conditions. Those solutions are explicitly expressed in terms of the geometry and position of the actuators patched on the beam. To support the validity of the developed model, a finite element verification is presented. This research work investigates the application of photostrictive actuators for optimum displacement control of a flexible beam structure. Studies are performed to examine the effects of various actuator locations and lengths on photostrictive actuation.
On the Formulation of a Piezoelectric Plate Model
Authors: Roccella S. , Gaudenzi P.
Published: March 2005

In this paper, the formulation of a piezoelectric plate capable of describing the behavior of both the direct and converse piezoelectric effects is presented. The model of plate is meant as a bi-dimensional structured continuum with no limiting hypothesis kept about the thickness dimension. The constitutive relations and the equilibrium equations are obtained assigning a specific structure to the field of admissible displacement of a linear piezoelectric and transversely isotropic three-dimensional continuum within the hypotheses of linear constitutive relations and ‘small’ deformations from a stress-free placement. Based on the assumption that a linear distribution along the plate thickness direction of the electric potential is not sufficient for representing the potential electric energy, consequences are drawn for the assumptions to be made for the distributions along the thickness of the displacement field. The governing equations of the membrane and flexural behavior of the model are then obtained.
Evaluation of Evaluation Studies Using Qualitative Research Methods in the Social Work Literature (1990-2003): Evidence That Constitutes a Wake-Up Call
Authors: Shek Daniel T. L. , Tang Vera M. Y. , Han X. Y.
Published: March 2005

Objective: This study examines the quality of evaluation studies using qualitative research methods in the social work literature in terms of a number of criteria commonly adopted in the field of qualitative research. Method: Using qualitative and evaluation as search terms, relevant qualitative evaluation studies from 1990 to 2003 indexed by Social Work Abstracts were examined, and their quality was evaluated. Results: The review shows that the quality of published evaluation studies using qualitative research methods in the social work field is not high and that many of the reviewed studies are not sensitive to the following issues: philosophical base of the study, auditability, bias, truth value, consistency, and critical interpretations of the data. Conclusions: Social workers using findings arising from published evaluation studies using qualitative research methods in social work should be cautious and social workers conducting qualitative evaluation studies should be sensitive to the issue of quality. Adequate training for social workers on qualitative evaluation should also be carried out.
The Caregiver Role Identity Scale
Authors: Siebert Darcy Clay , Siebert Carl F.
Published: March 2005

Objective: This article reports the validation of the Caregiver Role Identity Scale, designed to measure the prominence of helping professionals’identity as personal and professional caregivers. The authors developed the measure to test its application to burnout, depression, and professional impairment among social workers. Method: Data from a probability sample of 751 practicing social workers were collected in an anonymous survey about social workers’ health and work issues. The authors split the sample to conduct exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results: The exploratory analysis demonstrated good internal consistency reliability, good content validity, and preliminary discriminant validity. The confirmatory analysis demonstrated excellent factorial validity for a revised scale, retaining reliability and demonstrating convergent validity. Caregiver role identity was related to burnout, depression, professional impairment, and not seeking help for personal problems. Conclusions: This scale may be a useful tool for early identification, prevention, and intervention strategies for impairment among social workers.
The Education Participation Scale–Modified: Evaluating a Measure of Continuing Education
Authors: Dia David , Smith Charles A. , Cohen-Callow Amy , Bliss Donna Leigh
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the measurement model and theory underlying the Educational Participation Scale–Modified (EPS-M) using confirmatory factor analysis. A probability sample of 225 licensed social workers in Maryland completed the mailed survey. The findings support a six independent factor model. Results also support the EPS-M as a valid and reliable measure for identifying motivational orientations of social workers who pursue continuing professional education. Professional knowledge was the most frequently reported motivational orientation. Implications regarding social workers’ motivational orientations and the design of continuing professional education activities are discussed.
A Damage Mechanics Model for Creep and Oxygen Embrittlement in Metals
Authors: Deng Xiaomin , Ma Fashang , Sutton Michael A.
Published: March 2005

This paper first describes a creep damage mechanics model that shows a marked performance for both steady-state creep and tertiary creep, as evidenced by comparisons with creep test results for two metallic materials. Then, using the creep damage mechanics model as a foundation, a framework is presented for treating the phenomenon of stress-accelerated grain-boundary oxygen embrittlement (SAGBO) in metals (e.g. superalloys) at elevated temperatures and under oxidizing environments. This framework establishes a combined creep and oxygen embrittlement damage model that incorporates the effect of oxygen diffusion along grain boundaries and oxidation-accelerated cavitation. The damage model has been applied to round-bar creep tests of a steel alloy that exhibits the SAGBO phenomenon. Predictions of the creep curve in air and its dependence on the bar size have been obtained based on a simplified analysis of the tests. Comparisons between model predictions and test results show that the model can capture the essential features of the SAGBO phenomenon and can adequately describe the creep and oxygen embrittlement behavior of metals such as superalloys.
A Model-based Simulation Procedure for the Evolution of Tertiary Creep with Combined Damage Diffusion and Viscoplasticity
Authors: Chen Zhen
Published: March 2005

It appears from macro- and micro-experiments that the essential feature of the tertiary creep of certain materials is characterized by the evolution of localized damage that results in the formation and evolution of macrocracks. Higher-order continuum models, such as nonlocal integral or strain gradient models, have been developed by the research community over the last twenty years to predict the evolution of localized failure. However, the use of higher-order models yields higher-order governing differential equations with the ambiguity in the physics behind additional boundary conditions, and with the difficulty in large-scale model-based simulations. To simulate the evolution of localized failure in tertiary creep with the least computational cost, therefore, the relationship among the existing regularizing approaches of localization is investigated first. Based on the analysis, it is then proposed that a coupled viscoplasticity-damage model be combined with a damage diffusion law to simulate a complete creep process. As a result, the mesh-objective solutions could be obtained without invoking higher-order spatial terms in the strain-stress space. Example problems are considered to illustrate the potential of the proposed model-based numerical procedure in a large-scale simulation.
Unusual Solutions of Twinning Equations in the X-ray Theory
Authors: Ericksen J. L.
Published: March 2005

Typically, solutions of twinning equations for crystals require the interface to be a definite plane and are only applicable to a limited set of lattice vectors. To be presented are solutions for which the possible interfaces form an infinite set, any one being either a plane or of zigzag form, consisting of pieces of planes. Also, there are a few solutions valid for arbitrary lattice vectors. I complete the characterization of all of these. Further, I discuss solutions most likely to describe the twins involved in the “nearly 60°” crosses in staurolite.
Green's Functions for a Bimaterial Consisting of Two Orthotropic Quarter Planes Subjected to an Antiplane Force and a Secrew Dislocation
Authors: Ting T. C. T.
Published: March 2005

The image singularity approach is employed to construct the Green's function for a quarter plane and a bimaterial that consists of two quarter planes bonded together. The material is orthotropic, and is subjected to an antiplane force f and a screw dislocation with magnitude b. Explicit expressions are obtained for the antiplane forces and screw dislocations that are applied at the imagesingularities.
Introducing the MUC16 Gene: Implications for Prevention and Early Detection in Epithelial Ovarian Cancer
Authors: McLemore Monica R. , Aouizerat Bradley
Published: March 2005

More than 24,000 women in the United States are diagnosed with ovarian cancer every year, and half of these women die from their disease. Stage 1 ovarian cancer is curable in 95% of cases; however, due to inadequate screening tools and lack of symptoms in early disease, ovarian cancer is generally at Stage 3 or 4 when finally diagnosed. CA125 is a tumor antigen used to monitor the progression and regression of epithelial ovarian cancer. When its levels are elevated postsurgery (hysterectomy/salpingo-oophorectomy with or without peritoneal washings and lymph node biopsy) and postchemotherapy, it is suggestive of recurrent disease. Due to its similarly elevated levels in some nonmalignant conditions, however, it is not specific enough to be used for population screening. The CA125 molecule is considered a very large glycoprotein because of its molecular weight, and it has three domains: the carboxy terminal domain, the extracellular domain, and the amino terminal domain. MUC16 is the gene that encodes the peptide moiety of the CA125 molecule. MUC16 domains provide novel opportunities to develop newassays and refine current tools to improve the sensitivity and specificity of CA125 for population-based screening guidelines.
Arginine Supplementation Does Not Enhance Serum Nitric Oxide Levels in Elderly Nursing Home Residents With Pressure Ulcers
Authors: Stechmiller Joyce K. , Langkamp-Henken Bobbi , Childress Beverly , Herrlinger-Garcia Kelli A. , Hudgens Jan , Tian Lili , Percival Susan S. , Steely Ruby
Published: March 2005

The purpose of this study was to determine whether arginine supplementation enhances in vitro (neutrophil burst and mitogen-induced lymphocyte proliferation) and in vivo (delayed-type hypersensitivity [DTH] and serum nitric oxide) measures of immune function in nursing home elders with pressure ulcers. Twenty-six elders, 65 years of age or older, with one or more pressure ulcers, were randomized to receive 8.5 g of arginine or an isonitrogenous supplement for 4 weeks. Immune function studies and serum arginine, ornithine, citrulline, and nitric oxide were measured at baseline, 4 weeks postsupplementation (Week 4) and after a 6-week washout (Week 10). At Week 4, serum ornithine increased (p = .01) and arginine trended to increase (p = .055), but there was no increase in citrulline or nitric oxide with arginine supplementation. There were no differences in neutrophil burst or DTH responses between groups. Whole blood mitogen–induced proliferation decreased significantly atWeek 10 in the isonitrogenous but not in the arginine-supplemented group. There is mounting concern that arginine supplementation during an inflammatory state could be detrimental due to overwhelming nitric oxide production. A key finding of this study is that arginine supplementation did not increase serum nitric oxide levels over that observed in elders with pressure ulcers given an isonitrogenous supplement.
Beyond the mask: women’s experiences of public and private ageing during midlife and their use of age-resisting activities
Authors: Ballard Karen , Elston Mary Ann , Gabe Jonathan
Published: March 2005

Accounts of ageing often employ the metaphor of a mask and suggest that individuals are motivated to present a youthful image. Drawing on interview data, we reveal that women aged 51-57 years distinguish between what we call ‘public’ and ‘private’ body ageing, both of which have an impact on age-resistance. Public ageing is visible, arising from physical changes in body appearance. These changes have the potential for concealment through age-resisting activities. Private ageing is less visible and arises largely from physiological changes within the body, which were perceived by women as irreversible indicators of ageing. This obduracy of the body led women to perceive themselves as ageing and also deterred them from participating in age-resistance. In contrast to masking theories, our study shows that most women in their 50s wanted to project a socially acceptable image that reflected their subjective sense of growing old.
The Effect of Air Pollution and Meteorological Parameters in Istanbul on Hospital Admissions for Acute Coronary Syndrome
Authors: Işsever Halim , Dişçi Rian , Hapcioglu Bilge , Vatansever Sezai , Karan M. Akif , Akkaya Vakur , Erk Osman
Published: March 2005

It is known that air pollution and meteorological parameters have a negative effect on various respiratory and cardiovascular parameters. In this study, the relationship between emergency hospital admissions for acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and the meteorological and air pollution parameters over the same period were investigated. Some 2889 patients admitted to the emergency internal medicine unit between 1997-2001 were included in this study. The number of patient admissions per month with a diagnosis of ACS were determined and the relationship between meteorological parameters (pressure, temperature, humidity) and mean values of parameters of pollution including carbon monoxide (CO), sulphur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), mass of particles smaller than 10 m (PM10) were investigated. Monthly admission figures for ACS were positively correlated with pressure and negatively correlated with temperature. No relationship between air humidity and admission for ACS was detected. There was also positive correlation between ACS and SO2, CO, NO and PM10levels. The results showed that the most important meteorological parameter that increased the number of admissions for ACS was a decrease in air temperature, and the most important pollution parameter was SO2. Admission for ACS significantly increased in winters and springs in comparison with summers (RR 1.15%95 CI(1.039-1.279); RR 1.16%95 CI(1.046-1.291)). Air pollution and meteorological parameters should be seen as a widespread public health problem, which can trigger admission and even death due to ACS. Greater effort should be expended to further lower air pollution levels.
Deconstructing the transnational: a typology of cross-border television channels in Europe
Authors: Chalaby Jean K.
Published: March 2005

This article attempts to develop an understanding of transnational television in Europe. It argues that cross-border television channels expand and operate in different fashions and present distinct types of transnationality. It makes sense of this diversity by building a typology of four kinds of channels: ethnic channels, multi-territory operations, pan-European channels and networks. Drawing on an excess of 40 interviews with media executives in the multinational broadcasting industry, it shows that each type of cross-border channel entertains different relationships with the nation-state, geographical space and culture. This article also contributes to the theoretical framework that underpins the study of transnational processes and practices. It argues that the research on transnational television needs to adopt Beck’s cosmopolitan perspective and become less nation-centric in order to comprehend the phenomenon’s diversity and complexity. Transnational television channels do not challenge national sovereignty, but rather, face the challenge of transnationality.
New mediation and direct representation: reconceptualizing representation in the digital age
Authors: Coleman Stephen
Published: March 2005

This article explores three responses to the emergence of digitally mediated political representation. The first regards disintermediation as a basis for direct democracy, transcending the traditional arrangements and institutions of political representation. The second model institutionalizes digital information and communication technology (ICT) within the rational-bureacratic framework of existing governance. The third model is based upon a reconceptualization of democratic representation, based upon new notions of accountability, plurality and authentic reality. It is argued that virtual deliberation and indirect representation are under severe political strain and that digitally-mediated direct representation could provide a basis for a more dialogical and deliberative democracy in place of the dialogue of the deaf which tends to characterize contemporary political representation.
Photo Interviews: Eliciting Data through Conversations with Children
Authors: Cappello Marva
Published: March 2005

Photo interviewing is a useful method for qualitative inquiry in classrooms and with children. The idea of photo elicitation is especially relevant when interviewing children who have preset ideas about interacting with adults. Interviewing children is complicated by the school setting, in which children perceive the researcher to be some sort of teacher. This study explores the potential of photo interviewing to get around these problems, with data from one study of children’s perceptions about classroom writing.
"Harshlighting" small blemishes on microarrays
Authors: Suárez-Fariñas Mayte , Haider Asifa , Wittkowski Knut M
Published: March 2005

Background

Microscopists are familiar with many blemishes that fluorescence images can have due to dust and debris, glass flaws, uneven distribution of fluids or surface coatings, etc. Microarray scans show similar artefacts, which affect the analysis, particularly when one tries to detect subtle changes. However, most blemishes are hard to find by the unaided eye, particularly in high-density oligonucleotide arrays (HDONAs).

Results

We present a method that harnesses the statistical power provided by having several HDONAs available, which are obtained under similar conditions except for the experimental factor. This method "harshlights" blemishes and renders them evident. We find empirically that about 25% of our chips are blemished, and we analyze the impact of masking them on screening for differentially expressed genes.

Conclusion

Experiments attempting to assess subtle expression changes should be carefully screened for blemishes on the chips. The proposed method provides investigators with a novel robust approach to improve the sensitivity of microarray analyses. By utilizing topological information to identify and mask blemishes prior to model based analyses, the method prevents artefacts from confounding the process of background correction, normalization, and summarization.
Enucleation and development of cluster headache: a retrospective study
Authors: Sörös Peter , Vo Oanh , Gerding Heinrich , Husstedt Ingo W , Evers Stefan
Published: March 2005

Background

Cluster headache (CH) is a neurovascular, primary headache disorder. There are, however, several case reports about patients whose CH started shortly after a structural brain disease or trauma. Motivated by a patient who developed CH 3 weeks after the removal of an eye and by similar case reports, we tested the hypothesis that the removal of an eye is a risk factor for CH.

Methods

A detailed headache questionnaire was filled out by 112 patients on average 8 years after enucleation or evisceration of an eye.

Results

While 21 % of these patients experienced previously unknown headaches after the removal of an eye, no patient fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for CH.

Conclusion

Our data does not suggest that the removal of an eye is a major risk factor for the development of CH.
Mutations of PIK3CAin gastric adenocarcinoma
Authors: Li Vivian Sze Wing , Wong Chi Wai , Chan Tsun Leung , Chan Agnes Sze Wah , Zhao Wei , Chu Kent-Man , So Samuel , Chen Xin , Yuen Siu Tsan , Leung Suet Yi
Published: March 2005

Background

Activation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) through mutational inactivation of PTEN tumour suppressor gene is common in diverse cancer types, but rarely reported in gastric cancer. Recently, mutations in PIK3CA, which encodes the p110α catalytic subunit of PI3K, have been identified in various human cancers, including 3 of 12 gastric cancers. Eighty percent of these reported mutations clustered within 2 regions involving the helical and kinase domains. In vitro study on one of the "hot-spot" mutants has demonstrated it as an activating mutation.

Methods

Based on these data, we initiated PIK3CA mutation screening in 94 human gastric cancers by direct sequencing of the gene regions in which 80% of all the known PIK3CA mutations were found. We also examined PIK3CA expression level by extracting data from the previous large-scale gene expression profiling study. Using Significance Analysis of Microarrays (SAM), we further searched for genes that show correlating expression with PIK3CA.

Results

We have identified PIK3CA mutations in 4 cases (4.3%), all involving the previously reported hotspots. Among these 4 cases, 3 tumours demonstrated microsatellite instability and 2 tumours harboured concurrent KRAS mutation. Data extracted from microarray studies showed an increased expression of PIK3CA in gastric cancers when compared with the non-neoplastic gastric mucosae (p < 0.001). SAM further identified 2910 genes whose expression levels were positively associated with that of PIK3CA.

Conclusion

Our data suggested that activation of the PI3K signalling pathway in gastric cancer may be achieved through up-regulation or mutation of PIK3CA, in which the latter may be a consequence of mismatch repair deficiency.
Origin-independent plasmid replication occurs in vaccinia virus cytoplasmic factories and requires all five known poxvirus replication factors
Authors: De Silva Frank S , Moss Bernard
Published: March 2005

Background

Replication of the vaccinia virus genome occurs in cytoplasmic factory areas and is dependent on the virus-encoded DNA polymerase and at least four additional viral proteins. DNA synthesis appears to start near the ends of the genome, but specific origin sequences have not been defined. Surprisingly, transfected circular DNA lacking specific viral sequences is also replicated in poxvirus-infected cells. Origin-independent plasmid replication depends on the viral DNA polymerase, but neither the number of additional viral proteins nor the site of replication has been determined.

Results

Using a novel real-time polymerase chain reaction assay, we detected a >400-fold increase in newly replicated plasmid in cells infected with vaccinia virus. Studies with conditional lethal mutants of vaccinia virus indicated that each of the five proteins known to be required for viral genome replication was also required for plasmid replication. The intracellular site of replication was determined using a plasmid containing 256 repeats of the Escherichia coli lac operator and staining with an E. coli lac repressor-maltose binding fusion protein followed by an antibody to the maltose binding protein. The lac operator plasmid was localized in cytoplasmic viral factories delineated by DNA staining and binding of antibody to the viral uracil DNA glycosylase, an essential replication protein. In addition, replication of the lac operator plasmid was visualized continuously in living cells infected with a recombinant vaccinia virus that expresses the lac repressor fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein. Discrete cytoplasmic fluorescence was detected in cytoplasmic juxtanuclear sites at 6 h after infection and the area and intensity of fluorescence increased over the next several hours.

Conclusion

Replication of a circular plasmid lacking specific poxvirus DNA sequences mimics viral genome replication by occurring in cytoplasmic viral factories and requiring all five known viral replication proteins. Therefore, small plasmids may be used as surrogates for the large poxvirus genome to study trans-acting factors and mechanism of viral DNA replication.
Detection of HSP60 on the membrane surface of stressed human endothelial cells by atomic force and confocal microscopy
Authors: Pfister Gerald , Stroh Cordula M. , Perschinka Hannes , Kind Michaela , Knoflach Michael , Hinterdorfer Peter , Wick Georg
Published: March 2005

The highly conserved and ubiquitous heat shock proteins (HSP) are essential for the cellular homeostasis and efficiently trigger cellular responses to stress conditions. Both microbial and human HSP act as dominant antigens in numerous infectious and autoimmune diseases such as atherosclerosis, inducing a strong immune-inflammatory response. In the present study, the surface localization of HSP60 on stressed and unstressed human umbilical venous endothelial cells (HUVECs) was investigated using sensitive high resolution microscopy methods and flow cytometry. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) revealed an increase of HSP60 in the mitochondria and on the surface of heat-stressed living and fixed HUVECs compared to unstressed cells. Atomic force microscopy (AFM), which has developed as sensitive surface-probe technique in biology, confirmed the presence of HSP60 on the membrane of stressed cells at an even higher lateral resolution by detecting specific single molecule binding events between the monoclonal antibody AbII-13 tethered to AFM tips and HSP60 molecules on cells. The interaction force (force required to break a single AbII-13/HSP60 bond) was 59±2 pN, which correlated nicely to the 51±1 pN measured with isolated HSP60 attached to mica surfaces. Overall, we found clear evidence for the occurrence of HSP60 on the surface of stressed HUVECs in a very similar patchy distribution pattern in living and fixed cells. The relevance of our findings with respect to the role of HSP60 in atherogenesis is discussed.
Protein synthesis inhibitors and the chemical chaperone TMAO reverse endoplasmic reticulum perturbation induced by overexpression of the iodide transporter pendrin
Authors: Shepshelovich Jeanne , Goldstein-Magal Lee , Globerson Anat , Yen Paul M. , Rotman-Pikielny Pnina , Hirschberg Koret
Published: March 2005

An outcome of overloading of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) folding machinery is a perturbation in ER function and the formation of intracellular aggregates. The latter is a key pathogenic factor in numerous diseases known as ER storage diseases. Here, we report that heterologous overexpression of the green fluorescent protein-tagged iodide transporter pendrin (GFP-PDS) perturbs folding and degradation processes in the ER. Pendrin (PDS) is a chloride-iodide transporter found in thyroid cells. Mutations in PDS can cause its retention in the ER and are associated with Pendred syndrome. Biochemical and live-cell analyses demonstrated that wild-type GFP-PDS is predominantly retained in perinuclear aggregates and in ER membranes, causing their collapse and vesiculation. Inhibition of protein synthesis by cycloheximide (CHX) or puromycin caused dissociation of the GFP-PDS aggregates and returned the ER to its normal reticular morphology. Blocking protein synthesis promoted folding and export of ER-retained GFP-PDS, as demonstrated by surface-biotinylation analysis and by CHX- or puromycin-induced accumulation of YFP-PDS in the Golgi apparatus during a 20°C temperature-block experiment. The chemical chaperone trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO) also reversed the GFP-PDS-mediated ER collapse and vesiculation, suggesting that exposed hydrophobic stretches of misfolded or aggregated GFP-PDS may contribute to ER retention. These data suggest that GFP-PDS is a slow-folding protein with a propensity to form aggregates when overexpressed. Thus, we describe a system for the reversible induction of ER stress that is based entirely on the heterologous overexpression of GFP-PDS.
Antidepressant Use during Pregnancy and the Rates of Spontaneous Abortions: A Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hemels Michiel EH , Einarson Adrienne , Koren Gideon , Lanctôt Krista L , Einarson Thomas R
Published: March 2005

BACKGROUND:

Due to the high prevalence of depression in women of childbearing age and coupled with the fact that approximately 50% of the pregnancies are unplanned, there is a high chance that these women have been exposed to antidepressants in early pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE:

To determine baseline rates of spontaneous abortions (SAs) and whether antidepressants increase those rates.

METHODS:

Rates of SAs in women taking antidepressants compared with non-depressed women were combined into a relative risk using a random effects model. MEDLINE, EMBASE, Healthstar, Toxline, Psychlit, Cochrane database, and Reprotox were searched for studies published in any language from 1966 to 2003. Key words used to identify articles included pregnancy outcome, abortion, miscarriage, spontaneous, antidepressant, depression, and the generic names of each antidepressant and class. Bibliographies, review articles, and reference lists from studies were also used to identify potential articles expected to provide evidence of safety of antidepressants in pregnancy.

RESULTS:

Of 15 potential articles, 6 cohort studies of 3567 women (1534 exposed, 2033 nonexposed) provided extractable data. All matched on important confounders. Tests found no heterogeneity (χ 2 3.13; p = 0.98), and all quality scores were adequate (>50%). The baseline SA rate (95% CI) was 8.7% (7.5% to 9.9%; n = 2033). For antidepressants, the rate was 12.4% (10.8% to 14.1%; n = 1534), significantly increased by 3.9% (1.9% to 6.0%); RR was 1.45 (1.19 to 1.77; n = 3567). No differences were found among antidepressant classes.

CONCLUSIONS:

Maternal exposure to antidepressants may be associated with increased risk for SA; however, depression itself cannot be ruled out.
The crosscurrents of ethnicity and class in the construction of public policy
Authors: Lipuma Edward , Meltzoff Sarah Keene
Published: March 2005

In this study we analyze the creation of a land‐use plan in south Florida to demonstrate the crosscurrents of ethnicity and class that underlie the plan's design and implementation, and that are unrecognized as such by the participants. We argue that the main determinants of “rational management” are the hidden relations of economic and symbolic power embodied in the intersection of class and ethnicity, and how these forms of power enable agents in the public political sphere. In this case, science has a legitimizing rather than analytical function, implicating it in the construction of misrecognition.
The Expansive Moment: The Rise of Social Anthropology In Britain and Africa, 1918–1970
Authors: Moore Sally Falk
Published: March 2005

The Expansive Moment: The Rise of Social Anthropology In Britain and Africa, 1918–1970. JACK GOODY. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995. viii + 235 pp., notes, references, index.
Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time
Authors: Mustafa Huoita
Published: March 2005

Dress and Ethnicity: Change Across Space and Time. JOANNE B. EICHER, ed. Oxford: Berg, 1995. xiv + 316 pp., illustrations, maps, photographs, notes, references, index.
Fieldwork Among the Maya: Reflections on the Harvard Chiapas Project
Authors: Hawkins John P.
Published: March 2005

Fieldwork Among the Maya: Reflections on the Harvard Chiapas Project. EVON Z. VOGT. Albuquerque, NM: University of New Mexico Press, 1994. xi + 451 pp., charts, photographs, notes, references, appendixes, index.
Lewis H. Morgan on Iroquois Material Culture
Authors: Drooker Penelope B.
Published: March 2005

Lewis H. Morgan on Iroquois Material Culture. ELISABETH TOOKER. Tucson: University of Arizona Press, 1994. xvii + 325 pp., figures, Illustrations, appendixes, notes, bibliography, index.
Sunbelt Working Mothers: Reconciling Family and Factory
Authors: Mukhopadhyay Carol C.
Published: March 2005

Sunbelt Working Mothers: Reconciling Family and Factory. LOUISE LAMPHERE, PATRICIA ZAVELLA, FELIPE GONZALES; with PETER B. EVANS. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1993. xvii + 330 pp., photographs, tables, references index.
It Comes from the People: Community Development and Local Theology
Authors: Orsi Robert
Published: March 2005

It Comes from the People: Community Development and Local Theology. MARY ANN HINSDALE, HELEN M. LEWIS, and S. MAXINE WALLER. Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1995. xviii + 400 pp., illustrations, appendixes, notes, index.
When the North was Red: Aboriginal Education In Soviet Siberia
Authors: Balzer Marjorie Mandelstam
Published: March 2005

When the North was Red: Aboriginal Education In Soviet Siberia. DENNIS A. BARTELS and ALICE L. BARTELS. Montreal: McGill‐Queen University Press, 1995. xxviii + 126 pp., illustrations, tables, maps, bibliography, index.
In the Soviet House of Culture: A Century of Perestroikas
Authors: King Alexander
Published: March 2005

In the Soviet House of Culture: A Century of Perestroikas. BRUCE GRANT. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1996. xvii + 163 pp., appendix, notes, bibliography, Index.
Irish Urban Cultures
Authors: Aretxaca Begoña
Published: March 2005

Irish Urban Cultures. CHRIS CURTIN, HASTINGS DONNAN, and THOMAS M. WILSON, eds. Belfast: Institute of Irish Studies, The Queen's University of Belfast, 1994. xi + 271 pp., tables, notes, references, index.
Knowledge and Practice in Mayotte: Local Discourses of Islam, Sorcery, and Spirit Possession
Authors: Peletz Michael C.
Published: March 2005

Knowledge and Practice in Mayotte: Local Discourses of Islam, Sorcery, and Spirit Possession. MICHAEL LAMBEK. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1993. xxx + 468 pp., photographs, notes, glossary, references, index.
Picturing Casablanca: Portraits of Power in a Modern City
Authors: Bahloul Joëlle
Published: March 2005

Picturing Casablanca: Portraits of Power in a Modern City. SUSAN OSSMAN. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. x + 246 pp., illustrations, glossary, notes, bibliography, index.
Global Migrants, Local Lives: Travel and Transformation In Rural Bangladesh
Authors: Der Veer Peter Van
Published: March 2005

Global Migrants, Local Lives: Travel and Transformation In Rural Bangladesh. KATY GARDNER. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1995. xv + 301 pp., references, index.
HelenEpigrammatopoios
Authors: Elmer David F.
Published: March 2005

Abstract Ancient commentators identify several passages in the Iliad as “epigrams.” This paper explores the consequences of taking the scholia literally and understanding these passages in terms of inscription. Two tristichs spoken by Helen in the teikhoskopia are singled out for special attention. These lines can be construed not only as epigrams in the general sense, but more specifically as captions appended to an image of the Achaeans encamped on the plain of Troy. Since Helen's lines to a certain extent correspond to the function and style of catalogic poetry, reading them specifically as captions leads to a more nuanced understanding of both Homeric poetry and Homeric self-reference. By contrasting Helen's “epigrams” with those of Hektor, one can also discern a gender-based differentiation of poetic functions.
History as Carnival, or Method and Madness in theVita Heliogabali
Authors: Mader Gottfried
Published: March 2005

Abstract The Vita Heliogabali in the Historia Augusta consists of a political-biographical first section (1.4–18.3), generally considered to be historically useful, followed by a fantastic catalogue of the emperor's legendary excesses (18.4–33.8), generally dismissed as pure fiction. While most of these eccentricities are probably inventions of the “rogue scholar,” it is argued that the grand recital of imperial antics, more than just a detachable appendix, serves a demonstrable ideological purpose and is informed by a unifying rationale, which in turn helps explain the “Lampridian” Elagabalus as historiographical construct. Within the sequence of Antonine biographies Elagabalus, ultimus Antinonorum, marks the climax in a progressive tendency towards tyranny and is accordingly styled as transcendental despot; multiple topoi from the literary tradition provide the generic coordinates for this larger-than-life portrait. Food and sex in particular, both typical elements in this context, are inflated in Heliog. into major thematic systems to signal the emperor's tyrant status, to bring out his distinctive attention to aesthetics, and to enhance the Life's literary cohesion.
"Friese im Innern": Strauss's Public and Private Worlds in the Mis 1930's
Authors: Gilliam Bryan
Published: March 2005

In the context of the most prolific and tumultuous decade in Strauss's life, the 1930s, this essay focuses on the years 1935-36, a time of significant change in the history of the Nazi regime. This period also saw significant changes in Strauss's life and worldview. Strauss lost a prized librettist (Stefan Zweig) in 1935, the same year that their opera, Die schweigsame Frau, was banned. Strauss was then fired from the presidency of the Reichsmusikkammer and within twenty-four hours was negotiating reluctantly with a new librettist of modest abilities (Joseph Gregor). On a broader level, this period saw the formation of the Nuremberg Race Laws, a reconfiguration of the Reichskulturkammer, and Hitler's four-year plan for war. As the Nazis expanded, Strauss grew inward, turning to his late nineteenth-century roots in German Romanticism and Innerlichkeit informed by Goethe and Nietzsche. The relationship between Strauss's public and private worlds is explored through discussions of his completed works as well as a fragmentary cello concerto and works for male chorus in a sketchbook from this time.
The Role of Nietzsche in Richard Strauss's Artistic Development
Authors: Youmans Charles
Published: March 2005

Despite Richard Strauss's long-standing reputation as a Nietzschean composer, scholars traditionally have questioned his command of the philosopher's ideas and their broader context. New evidence, including an annotated personal copy of Also sprach Zarathustra (Leipzig: C. G. Naumann, 1893), discloses a set of specific concerns that Strauss hoped to address through study of this radical figure. The ideas that Strauss sought in Nietzsche-a positive theory of physicality in art; an argument for the special status of the artist in a post-metaphysical age; a rejection of free will in favor of predestination; and an affirmative conception of the Schopenhauerian will-were meant to justify a rejection of Schopenhauer and to forge a new path for German musical aesthetics. Moreover, Strauss's appreciation of the continuing cycles of optimism and doubt afflicting both Zarathustra and Nietzsche would become the central unifying concern of all six tone poems from Till Eulenspiegels lustige Streiche (1895) to Eine Alpensinfonie (1915).
Angels, Archangels, and a Woman in Distress: The Meaning of Isaac'sAngeli archangeli
Authors: Rothenberg David J.
Published: March 2005

Henricus Isaac's grand six-voice motet Angeli archangeli (Angels, archangels) sets a text from the liturgy of the Feast of All Saints (November 1), but its only preexistent musical material is a cantus firmus in the tenor voice, drawn from the tenor of the mid 15th-century chanson Comme femme desconfortée (As a woman in distress), attributed to Binchois. Scholars have assumed that Angeli archangeli is a motet for All Saints but have been at a loss to explain why Isaac chose the cantus firmus he did. This study attempts to explain Isaac's puzzling juxtaposition of Latin text and secular cantus firmus by suggesting that Angeli archangeli is not a motet for All Saints, but rather for the Assumption of the Virgin. Liturgical analysis of the motet text reveals that its connection to the Feast of All Saints (November 1) is weaker than has previously been assumed. Additionally, examination of numerous other sacred works that incorporate the Comme femme desconfortée tenor demonstrates that it was widely understood as a Marian cantus firmus ca. 1500. The Marian associations of the cantus firmus help to explain why one manuscript source (VatS 46) groups the work with other Marian motets, and why another (LeipU 1494) transmits it with a Marian contrafact text (O regina nobilissima). Finally, by relating the musical construction of Angeli archangeli to the Assumption of the Virgin as depicted in late medieval liturgy, iconography, and in Jacobus de Voragine's widely read Legenda aurea, it is suggested that the text of Angeli archangeli, though drawn from the All Saints liturgy, actually describes Mary's assumption into heaven. Sacred text and secular cantus firmus thus collaborate in communicating a complex but clear theological/devotional meaning.
Metal Cation–Nucleic Acids Interactions
Authors: Bertran Joan , Sodupe Mariona , Šponer Jiři , Šponer Judit E.
Published: March 2005

The main achievements of classical molecular dynamics simulations and quantum chemistry in the study of metal cation interactions with nucleic acids or their components are reviewed.
Protein–Ligand Interactions: Knowledge‐Based Methods
Authors: Nissink J. Willem M. , Taylor Robin
Published: March 2005

Crystallographic data provide a rich source of information on nonbonded interactions for use in drug design. Small‐molecule crystal data are available in abundance in the Cambridge Structural Database and can be exploited to assess preferences in intermolecular interactions. Likewise, the Protein Data Bank offers similar information at the macromolecular level, though usually at a lower crystallographic resolution. Such information can be used to understand preferred intermolecular interactions of common functional groups and can be applied to predict prevalent intermolecular interactions in protein‐binding sites. We discuss methodological and data‐related problems that arise in applying this knowledge toin vivosituations and describe a knowledge‐based algorithm that predicts favorable group interactions within protein‐binding sites. Detailed validation results are summarized and an example of the application of the method to neuraminidase is given.
“Designer Acids”: Combined Acid Catalysis for Asymmetric Synthesis
Authors: Yamamoto Hisashi , Futatsugi Kentaro
Published: March 2005

Lewis and Brønsted acids can be utilized as more‐effective tools for chemical reactions by sophisticated engineering (“designer acids”). The ultimate goal of such “designer acids” is to form a combination of acids with higher reactivity, selectivity, and versatility than the individual acid catalysts. One possible way to take advantage of such abilities may be to apply a “combined acids system” to the catalyst design. The concept of combined acids, which can be classified into Brønsted acid assisted Lewis acid (BLA), Lewis acid assisted Lewis acid (LLA), Lewis acid assisted Brønsted acid (LBA), and Brønsted acid assisted Brønsted acid (BBA), can be a particularly useful tool for the design of asymmetric catalysis, because combining such acids will bring out their inherent reactivity by associative interaction, and also provide more‐organized structures that allow an effective asymmetric environment.
A linguistic analysis of question taxonomies
Authors: Pomerantz Jeffrey
Published: March 2005

Recent work in automatic question answering has called for question taxonomies as a critical component of the process of machine understanding of questions. There is a long tradition of classifying questions in library reference services, and digital reference services have a strong need for automation to support scalability. Digital reference and question answering systems have the potential to arrive at a highly fruitful symbiosis. To move towards this goal, an extensive review was conducted of bodies of literature from several fields that deal with questions, to identify question taxonomies that exist in these bodies of literature. In the course of this review, five question taxonomies were identified, at four levels of linguistic analysis.