bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Australia and New Zealand v Japan Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and Admissibility) Award of the First Law of the Sea Convention Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal
Authors: Kwiatkowska Barbara
Published: March 2012

The Southern Bluefin Tuna (Jurisdiction and Admissihilily) Award of 4 August 2000 marked the first instance of the application of compulsory arbitration under Part XV, Section 2 of the 1982 UN Law of the Sea Convention and of the exercise by the Annex VII Tribunal of la compétence de la compétence pursuant to Article 288(4) over the merits of the instant dispute. The 72-paragraph Award is a decision of pronounced procedural complexity and significant multifaceted impacts of which appreciation requires an in-depth acquaintance with procedural issues of peaceful settlement of disputes in general and the-law-of-the-sea-related disputes in particular. Therefore, the article surveys first the establishment of and the course of proceedings before the five-member Annex VII Arbitral Tribunal, presided over by the immediate former ICJ President, Judge Stephen M. Schwebel, and also comprising Judges Keith, Yamada. Feliciano and Tresselt. Subsequently, the wide range of specific paramount questions and answers of the Tribunal are scrutinised against the background of arguments advanced by the applicants (Australia and New Zealand) and the respondent (Japan) during both written and oral pleadings, including in reliance on the extensive ICJ jurisprudence and treaty practice concerned. On this basis, the article turns to an appraisal of the impacts of the Arbitral Tribunal's paramount holdings and its resultant dismissal of jurisdiction with the scrupulous regard for the fundamental principle of consensuality. Amongst such direct impacts as between the parties to the instant case, the inducements provided by the Award to reach a successful settlement in the future are of particular importance. The Award's indirect impacts concern exposition of the paramount doctrine of parallelism between the umbrella UN Convention and many compatible (fisheries, environmental and other) treaties, as well as of multifaceted, both substantial and procedural effects of that parallelism. All those contributions will importantly guide other courts and tribunals seised in the future under the Convention's Part XV, Section 2.
The Tribunal and the Prompt Release of Vessels
Authors: Mensah Thomas
Published: March 2012

The paper examines the way in which the Tribunal has so far dealt with applications for the prompt release of arrested vessels and crews under Article 292 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, 1982. It begins by setting out the prerequisites for the Tribunal's jurisdiction to deal with such applications. These include the requirement that an application must be submitted by or on behalf of the flag State of the vessel, the need for the Tribunal to determine that the application is admissible and that the allegation of non-compliance with a provision of the Convention is "well founded." The paper then examines the nature and content of the Order of the Tribunal, including the issue of the reasonable bond or other financial security to be set for the release of the ship or its crew. A core problem considered is the relationship of the prompt release application to the proceedings "on the merits" before other courts or tribunals. In particular, consideration is given to possible problems that may arise where an application is presented after proceedings in the domestic courts have been completed. The paper concludes by noting with approval the flexible and evolutionary approach by which the Tribunal has so far applied this innovative provision of the Convention.
Dispute Settlement under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea: Survey for 2010
Authors: Churchill Robin
Published: March 2012

This is the seventh of a series of annual surveys reviewing dispute settlement in the law of the sea both under the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and outside the framework of the Convention. The main developments during 2010 were the commencement of four new, and very different, cases—a request for an advisory opinion in the Responsibilities and Obligations of States sponsoring Persons and Entities with respect to Activities in the Area case and three contentious cases, the Whaling in the Antarctic (Australia v. Japan), the M/V Louisa (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines v. Kingdom of Spain) and Dispute concerning the ‘Marine Protected Area’ related to the Chagos Archipelago (Mauritius v. United Kingdom) cases—and an order by the ITLOS declining to prescribe provisional measures in the M/V Louisa case.
Current Issues of Marine and Coastal Affairs in Indonesia
Authors: Agoes Etty R.
Published: March 2012

Indonesia had long struggled to attain recognition by international law of its special geographical configuration, starting as early as 1958 at the Geneva Conference, until recognition of the archipelagic regime was embodied in Part IV of the LOS Convention. Now, with the legitimacy of archipelago status, Indonesia has enacted a new law on the Indonesian Territorial Waters in 1996, whereby the new straight archipelagic baselines using principles embodied in the LOS Convention can replace the old provision of straight baselines from point to point. This paper relates the leading role Indonesia has played in settling boundary disputes, and also gives an account of the ocean industries that have developed within the various regions of the archipelago. In contrast with its strong position on delimitation issues, Indonesia seems to have taken a somewhat more conservative approach to the development of its ocean industries.
The Establishment of a Marine Legal System in China
Authors: Keyuan Zou
Published: March 2012

Marine affairs have a long history and tradition in China as it is a major coastal state. In the early 1980s, China began its efforts towards the establishment of a marine legal system. However, there have been a number of problems with China's marine legislation and enforcement. The entry into force of the LOS Convention and China's ratification in May 1996 have produced new opportunities as well as challenges in establishing China's marine legal system. This article attempts to review the existing elements of the Chinese marine laws and regulations, to examine them in the context of international treaties, particularly the LOS Convention, and finally to indicate the general trends of development in the construction of China's marine laws and regulations so as to establish and improve its marine legal system.
Restorative Justice as a Key for Healing Communities
Authors: Thesnaar Christo
Published: March 2012

South Africa is indeed a country of many contrasts, of extreme wealth and extreme poverty. All South Africans were deeply affected by apartheid and this had a huge effect on how communities (including both offenders and victims) on all levels took shape: where they lived, the quality of their housing and neighbourhoods, the resources they had or did not have at their disposal, what schools their children attended, what opportunities they had for economic gain and how they were emotionally affected by the policies of apartheid. This article specifically intends to argue that communities should deal in a positive and urgent way with the divide caused by the past so that victims and offenders do not stay victims and offenders but are assisted to move on in their life journey towards healing and wholeness. The author believes that the key for reaching this goal is justice, especially restorative justice. With this qualification in mind the article wants to argue that the Christian church in particular can play a central role in implementing restorative justice in local communities. This will ultimately help to break the destructive cycle of being a victim today and an offender tomorrow, or the other way round.
Moving Beyond Dehumanisation and Greed in the Light of African Economic Ethics – A Statement
Authors: Murove Munyaradzi
Published: March 2012

This article argues that the popular term self-interest which is used in economic and political discourses can be used interchangeably with greed. Tracing the origins of the term greed from antiquity through the early Christian era, it is also argued that classical modern economic and political theorists justified and absolved greed when they replaced it with the word self-interest. It was argued by modern economists and political philosophers that the pursuit of self-interest was integral to human nature, and also indispensable to the attainment and increase of wealth. Contemporary economists have also absolved greed when they constructed an ideal homo economicus as solely a utility maximiser who is only concerned with his or her well-being without taking into account the well-being of others. In an African society where greed is primarily seen as dehumanising, I argue that egalitarian economic programmes that have been implemented by many postcolonial African governments should be seen as an expression of moral protest against greed.
Responsibility as an element in New Age consciousness
Authors: Steyn Chrissie
Published: March 2012

This paper deals with the issue of responsibility in New Age thought. It explores the assumptions that underly the remarkable sense of social, personal and planetary responsibility (and the sometimes remarkable indifference) that is found in these circles and then briefly examines some practical manifestations of these beliefs.
Identiteit: 'n vlietende entiteit Die politieke invloed op die Israelitiese stamme gedurende die tyd van die Rigters
Authors: le Roux Magdel
Published: March 2012

Present discussions about the history of Israel pay a great deal of attention to the question of Israel as an ethnic group with a prominent, distinguishable and unique identity. By means of empirical facts, this article aims to show that the Israelite tribes were subjected to many different and divergent influences during the settlement period which contributed towards their identity. Because of limited space this article will concentrate only on the political identity but it does not deny the other important historical dimensions pertaining to the discussion. The political situation is therefore an instrument to illustrate that ethnical identity is not shaped in a vacuum, but is dependent upon events taking place in their vicinity. They form part of an allencompassing process. The conclusion drawn from this discussion is that Israel should not be understood as an identifiable entity, because history does not allow existing identities to stagnate, but strives to affirm and to renew.
Sexual encounters of a different kind Hosea 1:2 as foreplay to the message of the book of Hosea1
Authors: Boshoff Willem
Published: March 2012

Hosea 1:2 functions as an introduction to the message of the book of Hosea. It introduces the imagery of conjugal infidelity and relates it to the prophet's marriage and to the relationship between Yahweh and Israel. The exegetical history of the verse suggests that through the ages the theme has confronted exegetes with difficulties. Their interpretations were often dictated by their dogmatic and moral conceptions of what God could or could not do to his prophet. The idea is put forward that the imagery and vocabulary in Hosea reflects something of the multifaceted religious situation in ancient Israel, in which the prophet represented one of the many contemporary ways of thinking. An example of a 'diverging' religious idea is illustrated with reference to the finds at Kuntillet Ajrud.
Is the Law Empowering or Patronizing Women? The Dilemma in the French Burqa Decision as the Tip of the Secular Law Iceberg
Authors: Gal-Or Noemi
Published: March 2012

The article analyses a French seminal legal award which served as a stepping stone in the recent French debate concerning the legislation banning women from wearing the Burqa headscarf in public. Under this wording—Burqa—a special style of the hijab—a scarf donned by Muslim women—is being targeted. It represents a more extreme form of covering: The Burqa is worn by the Pashtun women of Pakistan and in Afghanistan and covers the body from head to toes in a continuous piece of fabric, whereas the veil banned in France also includes the niqab which may or may not cover the entire body, and allows visibility of the eyes but not the entire face. In the relevant debate, gender equality has been the banner hoisted by court and parliamentarians purporting to protect women against the unsettling impact of the Burqa. This article represents a critical study of this claim. The article describes and analyses the ambivalent tenor of the Burqa Decision and arrives at two main conclusions. First, having distinguished two key values addressed (directly and indirectly) by the Conseil d’État—equality and freedom—the article concludes that although hailed as defying gender discrimination, the judgment must also be construed as contributing to inequality among women. The award remains just as unclear in regards to the protection of freedom of religious expression suggesting that women equality offers only one among other explanations for this ruling. Second, the article’s analysis applies several feminist approaches to the Burqa Decision and finds that the pluralist feminist discourse results in different and inconsistent potential resolutions to the case. The upshot is that the Burqa Decision, which was taken as a strong condemnation of a practise said to be symbolising the subjugation of the female to male domination, was confirming a view espoused largely by Western secular women. In doing so, and given the approval by France’s mainstream society, the award appears to have empowered this particular segment in the female population. At the same time however, the tribunal also stated the obvious namely, that gender equality has been serving as a powerful tool in the adjudicative struggle between secularism and religion. While women’s struggle for gender equality, especially in politics and the economy, has been protracted and not yet fully achieved, the comparatively brief and hurried commitment to gender equality at the intersection of religion and secularism, suggest that gender equality was not the only priority on the adjudicator’s mind, hence is not necessarily the ultimate winner of this award.
The Lautsi Case: A Comment from Italy
Authors: Cortese Fulvio
Published: March 2012

The Lautsi case sets a very significant precedent in terms of the public status of religious symbols. As such, it has already been commented upon, either in a favourable or very critical light. This article attempts to reconstruct the distinct stages of the Lautsi case and highlights the most debatable aspects of the European Court of Human Rights’ ruling, and the potential developments in Italian national law. The author finally suggests that, in Italy, from the perspective of sources of law, the ending of the internal and national ‘narrative’ on religious symbols is still completely open.
Conatus as active power in Hobbes
Authors: Pietarinen Juhani
Published: March 2012

The idea of active power played central role in the 17th Century philosophy and science. The idea is as follows: if not prevented, bodies necessarily do certain things in virtue of their power. This kind of thought naturally arose from what might properly be called the law of persistence, according to which moving bodies continue their motion unchanged if no new external force intervenes.1 What bodies do in virtue of their power was called actions, and in terms of actions such things as resistance, pressure and affections were explained. What is this active power? One of the main aims of philosophers in the 17th and 18th Centuries was to find a good answer to this question.
Hobbes on Tacit Covenants
Authors: Murphy Mark C.
Published: March 2012

Tacit consent theories of political obligation have fallen into disfavor. The difficulties that plague such accounts have been well-known since Hume's "Of the Original Contract"1 and have recently been forcefully reformulated by M. B. E. Smith, A. John Simmons, and Joseph Raz.2 In this article, though, I shall argue that Hobbes' version of the argument from tacit consent escapes the criticisms leveled by Hume, Smith, Simmons, and Raz against tacit consent theories as a class. Crucial to my defense of this claim will be a certain interpretation of Hobbes' account of covenants, an account quite different than that presupposed by the opponents of the argument from tacit consent.
The effect of custodial penalties on juvenile reoffending
Authors: McGrath Andrew , Weatherburn Don
Published: March 2012

This study uses propensity score matching to test the proposition that imprisonment deters future criminal activity among juvenile offenders. Using data from all court appearances of juveniles in the NSW Children’s Court (Australia) between 2003 and 2004 ( N = 6196), the reoffending of a group of young offenders sentenced to control (i.e. custodial) orders ( N = 376) was compared to a matched group of offenders receiving community-based sanctions. No differences were observed between the two groups. The young offenders given detention orders had a slightly lower rate of reoffending, but this difference was not significant. The results of this study indicate that, over the time period examined in this study, the imposition of a custodial sentence had no effect on the risk of reoffending.
Belief in the dangerousness of people with mental disorders: A review
Authors: Jorm Anthony F , Reavley Nicola J , Ross Anna M
Published: March 2012

Background:

The scientific literature on stigma has been confused because there are multiple components of stigma with different correlates. In order to help make sense of this confusion, the present review focuses on research on one of the most commonly measured components - belief in dangerousness.

Method and Results:

The review examines: measurement of belief in dangerousness; prevalence of belief in dangerousness; characteristics of people who believe in dangerousness; experiences associated with belief in dangerousness; characteristics of people that elicit belief in dangerousness; the effects of psychiatric labelling; the effects of causal explanations; interventions to reduce belief in dangerousness; and effects on help-seeking.

Conclusion:

It is concluded that future research needs to focus on rigorous evaluation of interventions to reduce belief in dangerousness and the impact of this belief on people affected by mental disorders.
Self-Critical Perfectionism, Acculturative Stress, and Depression Among International Students
Authors: Rice Kenneth G. , Choi Chun-Chung , Zhang Yanmei , Morero Yanina Ines , Anderson Debra
Published: March 2012

The authors tested a classic diathesis-stress, stress-enhancement model of perfectionism with subgroups of Chinese ( N = 129) and Asian Indian ( N = 166) international graduate students attending a major U.S. university. More specifically, the authors tested whether self-critical perfectionism, acculturative stress, and their interaction accounted for different directions of effects and variability in depression. The authors found that self-critical perfectionism was positively associated with depression for both groups, but the effects were stronger for the Asian Indian students. In fact, only for Asian Indians was the Self-Critical Perfectionism × Acculturative Stress interaction significant, indicating worse depression for those students who were the most self-critical and most stressed. Potential differences in the importance of these predictors for subgroups of international students are discussed. Implications for intervention, prevention, and the need for further testing of these models in longitudinal studies are also addressed.
Don’t Call Me NIMBY
Authors: Johnson Renée J. , Scicchitano Michael J.
Published: March 2012

With an ever-expanding stream of solid waste, and limited possibilities for disposal, communities increasingly have to make difficult decisions about where to store these by-products of daily living. The authors use survey data from seven counties in Florida that have recently dealt with solid waste location decisions to assess the extent to which citizen attitudes reflect a NIMBY perspective to these facilities. Contrary to what the NIMBY phenomena predicts, respondents who lived closer to existing or proposed facilities were not more likely to perceive them as dangerous as those living further away. In addition, the respondents were able to list problems and benefits to support their perceptions of danger posed by these facilities. These findings suggest that citizens do not always respond to environmental risks by gut reaction or without information as is sometimes suggested in the NIMBY literature.
Body Posture as an Indicator of Workload in Mental Work
Authors: Qiu Jing , Helbig Rolf
Published: March 2012

Objective:

For this article, the relationships between body posture and workload for four mental tasks simulated on a computer were studied.

Background:

Human behaviors are observable during work and are related to human mental activities. A novel supplementary method, based on human behavior but not directly related to task execution, is proposed to assess the workload in mental work situations.

Method:

Body posture was quantitatively analyzed with the use of a video-based analysis system. The distance between a participant’s head and the display, the distance between the shoulder and the hip, and the trunk angle of the shoulder and the hip with respect to the gravitational field were calculated.

Results:

The various tasks affected the distance between the head and the display ( p < .001) and the trunk angle ( p < .001). The distance between the head and the display decreased with increasing workload ( p = .007).

Conclusion:

These results indicate that body posture can be used as an indicator for overall workload assessment.

Application:

The proposed method of workload may be useful for real-time observations or the monitoring of mental states in mental work environments (e.g., rail traffic dispatching, air traffic control).
Sustained Inflammation Induces Degeneration of the Temporomandibular Joint
Authors: Wang X.D. , Kou X.X. , Mao J.J. , Gan Y.H. , Zhou Y.H.
Published: March 2012

The temporomandibular joint (TMJ) undergoes degenerative changes among patients who suffer from arthritis, and yet the pathogenesis of TMJ osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is poorly understood. We hypothesized that sustained inflammation in the TMJ induces structural abnormalities, and accordingly characterized the disc and synovium in a novel model with double injections of complete Freund’s adjuvant (CFA), using behavioral, morphological, cellular, and molecular assessments. Thirty-five days following double CFA injections in seven-week-old female Sprague-Dawley rats, the disc in the CFA-induced inflammation group demonstrated multiple degenerative changes, including marked thickening, opacity, and deformation. The discs in the CFA group further showed significantly greater wet and net weights, and elevated collagen, aggrecan, and total glycosaminoglycan contents. The synovium in the CFA-induced inflammation group showed marked infiltration of mononucleated cells and accumulated sub-synovial adipose tissue. Both the disc and synovium had significantly higher iNOS and IL-1β mRNA expression than controls (saline injections). These findings are consistent with our hypothesis that sustained TMJ inflammation, even within the presently observed 35 days, may be a predisposing factor for structural abnormalities. Insight into TMJ inflammation and degeneration is anticipated to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of TMJ arthritis and help design clinically relevant strategies for tissue engineering.
Critical Mass, Social Networks and Collective Action: Exploring Student Political Worlds
Authors: Crossley Nick , Ibrahim Joseph
Published: March 2012

This article explores the role of ‘critical mass’ and social networks in the generation of collective action. Drawing on qualitative and quantitative (social network) data, the article argues that both are pivotal in the process whereby collective action takes shape. The empirical focus of the article is student politics but it is argued that the mechanisms and dynamics identified have a much wider domain of application.
Shotguns and Firearms in the UK: A Call for a Distinctively Sociological Contribution to the Debate
Authors: Hillyard Sam , Burridge Joseph
Published: March 2012

The outcome of a UK government’s Home Affairs select committee’s discussion of the regulation of gun ownership called for reform. The impetus for the review was the shootings in Cumbria and Northumberland in 2010. This article challenges why the social science community has had little to say about the legal ownership and use of guns in the UK and argues that opportunities to shape the debate have been lost. This article demonstrates that there is a substantial knowledge base, but that this is ecological and environmental rather than political or sociological. It suggests that a distinctively sociological analysis is needed if the complexity of participation in shooting is to be understood. This article explores three specific aspects of the topic: (1) legal and policy aspects, (2) methodological issues and (3) the meaning and activity of participation in shooting. All are discussed critically as a means to stimulate sociological discussion.
Only Here for the Day
Authors: Holland Megan M.
Published: March 2012

This study uses qualitative data to investigate the process of social integration for minority students at a majority white high school and identifies significant gender differences in this process. At this school, integration is the result of processes that occur at two different levels of interaction. On the interpersonal level, African American and Latino/a males and females engage in very different integration strategies. Males are able to gain social status at the school through their participation in athletics and their physical embodiment of the urban “hip-hop star” and also by engaging in strategies to play down negative stereotypes. In contrast, females do not have access to similar avenues for social status and do not engage in such strategies. The organization of the school contributes to these gender differences by facilitating interracial contact for the males under ideal conditions, while providing the females with less opportunity for contact. This study has implications for future work on integrated schools and points to the understudied importance of gender and its relation to organizational context in studies of race relations.
Unverifiable Publications in Otolaryngology Residency Applications
Authors: Ishman Stacey L. , Smith David F. , Skinner Margaret L. , Vigilar Maria V. C. , Mettel Tiffany L. , Cavey Roxann M. , Benke James R. , Donahue Rachel L. , Ishii Lisa E.
Published: March 2012

Objective

To determine the prevalence of unverifiable (“ghost”) publications in applications to an otolaryngology residency program through the Electronic Residency Application Service (ERAS), correlate with applicant characteristics, and determine if incidence changed after the addition of PubMed (PMID) numbers in 2008.

Study Design and Setting

Cross‐sectional study of residency applications before and after inclusion of PMID numbers at an academic otolaryngology program.

Subjects and Methods

Applications for 2007 and 2008 were reviewed. Publications were verified against Medline, Google Scholar, PubMed, ISI Web of Science, and Google. Ghost publications were defined as journals, books, abstracts, or posters that could not be verified as presented, published, or including the applicant author.

Results

In total, 489 applications were reviewed: 243 before PMID numbers were requested and 246 after. Of 2300 listed publications, 125 (5%) were not actual publications and 460 (20%) were in pending status. Forty‐five percent (775/1715) could not be verified: 660 of 953 (69%) abstracts/posters, 18 of 47 (38%) chapters, and 97 of 715 (14%) journal articles. Abstracts/posters and book chapters were hardest to verify. The proportion of overall reported publications that could be verified was lower following the addition of PMID to the ERAS application (P =. 0003), and the proportion of verifiable journal articles was unchanged from 86.0% to 86.9% (P =. 62). Unlike previous findings, gender and medical school ranking were not associated with ghost publications.

Conclusion

A substantial number of publications, especially book chapters and posters/abstracts, listed on otolaryngology residency applications could not be verified. The addition of the PMID to applications did not reduce the number of ghost journal publications.
Avoiding the involvement overdose: Drugs, race, ethnicity and participatory research practice
Authors: Roy Alastair
Published: March 2012

Participatory research (PR) strategies have been used extensively in policy and practice based research in the last fifteen years in the UK. This paper offers a critical reflection on the growth in PR programmes commissioned by statutory bodies as part of attempts to understand the influence of race, ethnicity and racism on issues related to substance misuse policy and practice. The stated aim of many PR programmes has been to alter the role of the communities involved, from the subject matter of research activity undertaken by academic outsiders, to co- roducers of knowledge. The paper addresses four specific issues: first, the recent political context in which the use of PR has grown; second, the ways in which participation and community have been operationalized in different projects; third, the differences between vertically driven and horizontally driven PR; and fourth, the different methods and modes of involvement and their implications. It finishes by raising some concerns which might inform future approaches to PR.
Being Critical in Marketing Studies
Authors: Dholakia Nikhilesh
Published: March 2012

In this article, I argue that an elevated macro-level perspective is imperative for conducting critical studies in the fields of marketing and consumer research. There are epistemic barriers to operating in this manner, and I offer several suggestions for overcoming these barriers. Finally, I review the research spaces for critical studies of marketing in various global settings and conclude that United Kingdom and Nordic Europe have the best epistemic climate, and this region needs to take leadership in promoting greater range of macro and critical studies of marketing in the rest of the world.
Neoliberal disasters and racialisation: the case of post-Katrina Latino labour
Authors: Trujillo-Pagan Nicole
Published: March 2012

This paper argues that Hurricane Katrina accelerated ongoing social processes involving neoliberal policies, labour migration and racial boundary shifts. In the storm’s wake, neoliberal policies promoted the reorganisation of the local labour force and stimulated the immigration of vulnerable Latino immigrant workers. The ways in which existing labour policies were selectively enforced also worked to promote workers’ vulnerability and to ‘privatise’ risk. These policies were designed to recover and rebuild New Orleans, but ultimately relied on racialising immigrant workers.
Biological activity of polyethylene wear debris produced in the patellofemoral joint
Authors: Ellison Peter , Tipper Joanne L , Jennings Louise M , Fisher John
Published: March 2012

Polyethylene wear is considered a threat to the long term survival of total knee replacements. The aim of this study was to investigate the contribution that resurfacing the patella makes to wear debris-induced osteolysis following total knee replacement. Ultra-high molecular-weight polyethylene wear particles were isolated from simulator lubricant. Particle shape, size, and volume distributions were recorded allowing the osteolytic potential of the wear debris produced in the patellofemoral joint to be estimated using the concept of specific biological activity and functional biological activity. Values were compared with those reported for the tibiofemoral joint. Specific biological activity for the patellofemoral joint was not significantly different from the values for the tibiofemoral joint of total knee replacement devices, and therefore, has a similar potential to stimulate osteolytic cytokine release from macrophages. Functional biological activity was significantly lower for the patellofemoral joint compared with the tibiofemoral joint. Functional biological activity was significantly lower for the patellofemoral joint compared with the fixed bearing and rotating platform total knee replacement devices. However, as patellar resurfacing is commonly fitted as part of a total knee replacement system, this results in a 20% increase in overall functional biological activity for the system. Therefore, implanting a patellar resurfacing will increase the potential for osteolysis in the knee.
Importance of sarcomere length when determining muscle physiological cross-sectional area: A spine example
Authors: Brown Stephen HM , Gerling Michael E
Published: March 2012

Muscle physiological cross-sectional area predicts the maximum capability of a muscle to generate isometric force. Biomechanical models often use estimates of individual muscle physiological cross-sectional area to partition internal forces among different muscles and predict joint forces and stability. In the spine literature, these physiological cross-sectional area values are generally obtained from imaging or cadaveric studies that have not accounted for a potential lengthened or shortened (and thus thinned or thickened, respectively) state of the muscles in question. Sarcomere length measurements can be used to normalize muscle lengths and correct for these length discrepancies. This article was designed to demonstrate potential effects of not accounting for instantaneous sarcomere length when calculating the physiological cross-sectional area of muscles of the spine region. Because some muscles of the spine region appear to be shortened and others lengthened in the neutral spine posture, both over- and under-estimations of physiological cross-sectional area are possible. Specifically, it is shown that the muscle physiological cross-sectional area could be over-estimated or under-estimated by as much as +36% (multifidus) and −21% (rectus abdominis), respectively. This differential error effect poses difficulties in accurately estimating individual muscle forces and subsequent spine forces and stability that result from biomechanical models incorporating physiological cross-sectional area data obtained in the absence of sarcomere length measurements. Future work is needed to measure the dynamic range of sarcomere lengths of all spinal muscles to ensure correct inputs to biomechanical models.
Determination of representative dimension parameter values of Korean knee joints for knee joint implant design
Authors: Kwak Dai Soon , Tao Quang Bang , Todo Mitsugu , Jeon Insu
Published: March 2012

Knee joint implants developed by western companies have been imported to Korea and used for Korean patients. However, many clinical problems occur in knee joints of Korean patients after total knee joint replacement owing to the geometric mismatch between the western implants and Korean knee joint structures. To solve these problems, a method to determine the representative dimension parameter values of Korean knee joints is introduced to aid in the design of knee joint implants appropriate for Korean patients. Measurements of the dimension parameters of 88 male Korean knee joint subjects were carried out. The distribution of the subjects versus each measured parameter value was investigated. The measured dimension parameter values of each parameter were grouped by suitable intervals called the “size group,” and average values of the size groups were calculated. The knee joint subjects were grouped as the “patient group” based on “size group numbers” of each parameter. From the iterative calculations to decrease the errors between the average dimension parameter values of each “patient group” and the dimension parameter values of the subjects, the average dimension parameter values that give less than the error criterion were determined to be the representative dimension parameter values for designing knee joint implants for Korean patients.
Pathophysiology of Q waves in II, III, avF in systemic lupus erythematosus. Evaluation using cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Mavrogeni S , Bratis K , Kolovou G
Published: March 2012

Objectives: To investigate the pathophysiology of Q waves in II, III, avF in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) by cardiovascular magnetic resonance (CMR). Methods: Inflammation evaluation by CMR using T2, early (EGE) and late gadolinium enhanced images (LGE) was performed in 20 SLE patients with mild cardiac symptoms and Q in leads II, III, avF of ECG. Their results were compared with 20 SLE patients with the same symptoms and normal ECG. Results: In both groups, T2, EGE and left ventricular ejection fraction were normal. However, in 3/20 with Q in II, III, avF, CMR revealed lesions indicative of acute myocarditis. In the rest of them, CMR documented transmural LGE, due to past inferior myocardial infarction in 4/20 and epicardial LGE due to past myocarditis in 8/20 (4/8 in the inferior and 4/8 in the lateral wall of left ventricle). No LGE was found in 5/20 and the Q was attributed to the position of the heart. In 3/20 with normal ECG, CMR detected past myocarditis in 2/3 and myocardial infarction in 1/3. Coronary angiography assessed coronary artery disease in all SLE with evidence of myocardial infarction and normal coronaries in 9/10 patients with past myocarditis. Conclusion: Q in II, III, avF in SLE may indicate myocardial infarction, acute or past inflammation or be a positional finding. The lack of Q does not exclude the possibility of infarction or inflammation. CMR is the best tool to reveal the pathophysiology of Q waves in SLE and guide treatment of heart involvement in these patients.
Health Care Providers’ Perspectives About Working With Parents of Children With Cancer
Authors: Klassen Anne , Gulati Sonia , Dix David
Published: March 2012

Research to understand the sources of stress and job satisfaction in pediatric oncology staff is limited. The aim of the authors’ qualitative study was to describe the key work-related demands and rewards in relation to working closely with parents from the perspective of health care providers (HCPs). Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 doctors, 9 nurses, 5 social workers, and 6 child life specialists. Line-by-line, focused, and theoretical coding was used to establish categories and themes. Constant comparisons were used to examine the relationships within and across codes and categories. Interviewing continued until no new themes emerged. HCPs found it rewarding when they established close or long-term relationships with parents and to helped families through the entire cancer journey, including palliative care. HCPs found it challenging to work with complex families; with parents who are demanding, rude, or angry; with parents who have differing views about the treatments and palliative care; and with having to relay bad news to parents. Future research could explore the relationship between the factors that the authors have identified and burnout syndrome.
Twist control of aerodynamic profiles by a reactive method (experimental results)
Authors: Runge Jean-Baptiste , Osmont Daniel , Ohayon Roger
Published: March 2012

Active twist control of airfoils using embedded actuators has been widely studied during the last decade. To control the twist, an additional torsional moment is applied using these actuators. This active method is efficient but encounters limitations due to the amount of energy necessary to activate the system. An alternative method to this energy costly active control is proposed. Rather than applying an additional torsional moment to control the twist of the structure, the shear center of the profile is shifted using an internal mechanical system. More precisely, the activation of a clutch-like device, able to link or unlink thin internal walls, allows the redistribution of the bending and torsional shear stresses. This process leads to a possible twist control of the airfoil, significantly less energy consuming than an active one. Unlike the active twist control method, this method needs an external force to be effective, so it is called a “reactive’’ control method. Experimental investigations have been performed to verify the efficiency of this method. The results show that it is possible to obtain significant twist angle modifications. Moreover, the measurement of internal longitudinal displacements, correlated with the twist angle, enables the twist control of the structure.
Comparison of the Repeated Dose Toxicity of Isomers of Dinitrotoluene
Authors: Lent Emily May , Crouse Lee C. B. , Quinn Michael J. , Wallace Shannon M.
Published: March 2012

Dinitrotoluene (DNT) is a nitroaromatic explosive used in propellant mixtures and in the production of plastics. Isomers of DNT were administered daily via oral gavage to male Sprague-Dawley rats for 14 days to determine the subacute toxicity of individual isomers of DNT. The 3,5-DNT isomer was the most toxic isomer, inducing weight loss and mortality within 3 days. Cyanosis and anemia were observed for all isomers. Exposure to 2,4-, 2,6-, and 3,5-DNT resulted in decreased testes mass and degenerative histopathological changes. Increased splenic mass was observed for 2,4-, 2,6-, and 2,5-DNT. Extramedullary hematopoiesis of the spleen was noted for all isomers, while lymphoid hyperplasia of the spleen was noted for all isomers except 2,5-DNT. Increased liver mass was observed for 2,3-DNT and 3,4-DNT. Hepatocellular lesions were observed for 2,6-DNT and 2,4-DNT. Neurotoxic effects were noted for 3,4-DNT, 2,4-DNT, and 3,5-DNT.
The use of control mechanisms in coalition governments
Authors: Falcó-Gimeno Albert
Published: March 2012

In this article I argue that coalitions will tend to employ control mechanisms to facilitate the adoption of compromise policies only when the expected benefit of their use is high enough. When partners are already satisfied with log-rolling policies (compartmentalized by jurisdiction), or when compromise is already attainable self-enforcingly, there are few incentives to use them. Conversely, when partners are interested in compromise policies but are unable to reach that outcome in equilibrium, then control mechanisms are likely to be implemented. The empirical evidence offered tends to support the two main hypotheses of this work: control mechanisms are less necessary when the tangentiality of partners’ preferences is high and when they foresee frequent mutual interactions. However, that seems to work better for the allocation of watchdog junior ministers rather than for the writing of comprehensive policy agreements.
The dynamic relationship between East Asian adolescents’ use of the internet and their use of other media
Authors: Jung Joo-Young , Lin Wan-Ying , Kim Yong-Chan
Published: March 2012

We examined the internet connectedness of adolescents in relation to their use of traditional media, including television, radio and newspapers, as well as their goals when going online. The study was based on a survey of 1874 adolescents in five East Asian cities – Hong Kong, Singapore, Seoul, Taipei and Tokyo. We first identify three types of internet connectedness: communication/entertainment; expression/participation; and information/research. We then examine how each type of internet connectedness relates to adolescents’ use of other media. Finally, we examine how different types of internet connectedness and other media uses are shaped by ‘internet-related goals’. Our research results indicate that the use of the internet together with other media such as television, radio and newspapers differs depending on the type of internet connectedness, and that adolescents use not only the internet but other types of media to fulfill specific internet-related goals.
An analysis of Confucianism’s yin-yang harmony with nature and the traditional oppression of women: Implications for social work practice
Authors: Yun Sung Hyun
Published: March 2012

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This article introduces basic tenents of Confucianism and its evolution, and explores its unique contribution to socio-cultural practices on gender-based oppression in social work practice.

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The yin-yang (陰-陽) relation is originally a cosmic idea that is cyclical and harmonizing, but not oppositional and contradictory. The yin-yang binary is not intended to indicate any human relations (gender) or political ethics but the harmony of human nature. Despite the complementary nature of the yin-yang union, a confucianized Chinese society consigned yang to male and yin to female, signifying hierarchal gender relations. Women were considered inferior to men in the patriarchal family system. Misinterpretation of Confucianism promoted hierarchal relationships between men and women and, as a result, dramatically affected the gender-based attitudes and behavior.

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Confucianism, one of the most crucial philosophies of Asian cultural norms, has long been studied from the perspectives of intellectual history and philosophical truth seeking; however, only a few scholarly texts are available in the area of Confucianism and its influence on gender inequality. In particular, this article attempts to help scholars and helping-professionals understand how the harmonious yin-yang concept evolved into the contradictory binary, which further perpetrated gender hierarchy and oppression toward women. Limitations of current Confucianism research and implications for social work practice are presented.
Roto-Synchresis: Relationships between Body and Voice in Rotoshop Animation
Authors: Garwood Ian
Published: March 2012

Rotoshop, a proprietary digital incarnation of rotoscoping, has been discussed as a visually innovative process, but its capacity to tread new ground aurally has been overlooked. However, the recurrent appearance of the ‘talking head’ in the Rotoshop animations to date invites critical reflection on the soundtrack of the films, as well as their images. This article follows Michel Chion in arguing that novel ways of altering bodies on-screen can involve a reimagining of the relationship between those bodies and their accompanying voices. Analyses of the experimental Rotoshop short Figures of Speech and the feature-length Indiewood productions, Waking Life and A Scanner Darkly, are used to demonstrate different possibilities in the coordination between voice and body. These range from an adherence to accepted conventions of lip-synchronization, which cast the voice as the guarantor of the body’s ‘authenticity’, to a much more free-floating assembly, in which words and bodily movements break down into independent elements of ‘pure form’.