bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Schemes of Arrangement
Authors: Payne Jennifer
Published: July 2014

Schemes of arrangement are an important and flexible mechanism, which can be used to reorganise a company's capital. They have undergone something of a renaissance since the global financial crisis, particularly as a debt restructuring device, since effective tools were needed to deal with financial distress. Schemes have also become the mechanism of choice for recommended takeovers. In order to understand their current popularity, this book examines the use of both member and creditor schemes, and compares their advantages and disadvantages to the alternatives that are available. It performs a critical, contextual and comparative analysis of schemes and their uses, and puts forward reform proposals that are designed to ensure that schemes continue to develop as an indispensable tool for companies for the future.
Fixing English
Authors: Curzan Anne
Published: July 2014

Over the past 300 years, attempts have been made to prescribe how we should and should not use the English language. The efforts have been institutionalized in places such as usage guides, dictionaries, and school curricula. Such authorities have aspired to 'fix' the language, sometimes by keeping English exactly where it is, but also by trying to improve the current state of the language. Anne Curzan demonstrates the important role prescriptivism plays in the history of the English language, as a sociolinguistic factor in language change and as a vital meta-discourse about language. Starting with a pioneering new definition of prescriptivism as a linguistic phenomenon, she highlights the significant role played by Microsoft's grammar checker, debates about 'real words', non-sexist language reform, and efforts to reappropriate stigmatized terms. Essential reading for anyone interested in the regulation of language, the book is a fascinating re-examination of how we tell language history.
Auguste Comte and the Religion of Humanity
Authors: Wernick Andrew
Published: July 2014

This 2001 book offers an exciting reinterpretation of Auguste Comte, the founder of French sociology. Following the development of his philosophy of positivism, Comte later focused on the importance of the emotions in his philosophy resulting in the creation of a new religious system, the Religion of Humanity. Andrew Wernick provides the first in-depth critique of Comte's concept of religion and its place in his thinking on politics, sociology and philosophy of science. He places Comte's ideas in the context of post-1789 French political and intellectual history, and of modern philosophy, especially postmodernism. Wernick relates Comte to Marx and Nietzsche as seminal figures of modernity and examines key features of modern and postmodern French social theory, tracing the inherent flaws and disintegration of Comte's system. Wernick offers original and fascinating insights in this rich study which will attract a wide audience from sociologists and philosophers to cultural theorists and historians.
From White Australia to Woomera
Authors: Jupp James
Published: July 2014

There has never been a greater need for a sober, historically informed yet critical account of immigration policy in Australia. In this book, Australia's leading specialist on migration James Jupp surveys the changes in policy over the last thirty years since the seismic shift away from the White Australia Policy. Along the way the author considers the history of the White Australia Policy, compares the achievements of the Fraser, Hawke and Keating governments, considers the establishment of the 'institutions' of multiculturalism and ethnicity, and then the waves of attacks on multiculturalism. It looks critically at the impact of economic rationalism on migration choices, the environmentalist challenges to migration, and the impact of Pauline Hanson and One Nation. Most importantly the vexed issue of refugees and asylum seekers is covered in great depth.
The Life of His Royal Highness the Prince Consort
Authors: Martin Theodore
Published: July 2014

A lawyer by profession, Theodore Martin (1816–1909) gained literary distinction as both a humorous essayist and versatile translator. He found his greatest success, however, in the role of biographer to Prince Albert (1819–61). Commissioned by Queen Victoria to memorialise her late husband, this five-volume work was first published between 1875 and 1880. Intended as a continuation of the biography begun by Charles Grey (also reissued in this series), it has been described as 'less adulatory in tone than might be expected'. A treasury of letters and memoranda, it presents a detailed portrait of the character, words and deeds of a man whose life was necessarily immersed in the great events of his time. Volume 4 deals with the difficult period of 1856–9, which saw mutiny in India, worldwide commercial uncertainty, and the beginning of a decline in Albert's health.
Menopause for the MRCOG and Beyond
Authors: Rees Margaret
Published: July 2014

This book examines some of the controversies in the management of the menopause and postmenopausal health following publication of the US Women's Health Initiative studies and the UK Million Women Study. It also focuses on how to explain risk to women coping with the menopause and the risks in certain clinical situations. Systemic HRT and non-HRT options for treatment are evaluated, together with diet and lifestyle, alternative and complementary therapies. Conditions associated with the menopause, such as vasomotor symptoms, urogenital and sexual problems, osteoporosis and autoimmune arthritis, breast disease and gynaecological benign and malignant conditions, are covered. The symptoms, diagnosis and treatment of premature menopause, or premature ovarian failure, are detailed, and a section on treating women with concomitant medical problems completes the text. Primarily designed to provide a comprehensive summary for candidates preparing for the Part 2 MRCOG examination, it is also a valuable guide for all healthcare professionals.
Human Motivation
Authors: McClelland David C.
Published: July 2014

Human Motivation, originally published in 1987, offers a broad overview of theory and research from the perspective of a distinguished psychologist whose creative empirical studies of human motives span forty years. David McClelland describes methods for measuring motives, the development of motives out of natural incentives and the relationship of motives to emotions, to values and to performance under a variety of conditions. He examines four major motive systems - achievement, power, affiliation and avoidance - reviewing and evaluating research on how these motive systems affect behaviour. Scientific understanding of motives and their interaction, he argues, contributes to understanding of such diverse and important phenomena as the rise and fall of civilisations, the underlying causes of war, the rate of economic development, the nature of leadership, the reasons for authoritarian or democratic governing styles, the determinants of success in management and the factors responsible for health and illness. Students and instructors alike will find this book an exciting and readable presentation of the psychology of human motivation.
Post-Broadcast Democracy
Authors: Prior Markus
Published: July 2014

The media environment is changing. Today in the United States, the average viewer can choose from hundreds of channels, including several twenty-four hour news channels. News is on cell phones, on iPods, and online; it has become a ubiquitous and unavoidable reality in modern society. The purpose of this 2007 book is to examine systematically, how these differences in access and form of media affect political behaviour. Using experiments and survey data, it shows how changes in the media environment reverberate through the political system, affecting news exposure, political learning, turnout, and voting behaviour.
Reinventing machines: the transmission history of the Leibniz calculator
Authors: MORAR FLORIN-STEFAN
Published: July 2014

This paper argues that we should take into account the process of historical transmission to enrich our understanding of material culture. More specifically, I want to show how the rewriting of history and the invention of tradition impact material objects and our beliefs about them. I focus here on the transmission history of the mechanical calculator invented by the German savant Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. Leibniz repeatedly described his machine as functional and wonderfully useful, but in reality it was never finished and didn't fully work. Its internal structure also remained unknown. In 1879, however, the machine re-emerged and was reinvented as the origin of all later calculating machines based on the stepped drum, to protect the priority of the German Leibniz against the Frenchman Thomas de Colmar as the father of mechanical calculation. The calculator was later replicated to demonstrate that it could function ‘after all’, in an effort to deepen this narrative and further enhance Leibniz's computing acumen.
Structure of the Dingle Peninsula, SW Ireland: evidence for the nature and timing of Caledonian, Acadian and Variscan tectonics
Authors: Todd S.P.
Published: July 2014

The Palaeozoic rocks of the Dingle Peninsula provide a record of the evolution of the Caledonides, Acadides and Variscides. The succession ranges from Early Ordovician deep-water sediments, through Silurian shallow marine to non-marine sediments and volcanic rocks to an Old Red Sandstone (ORS) succession topped by Carboniferous marine shales. Comparison of structural styles in the unconformity-bounded groups, together with a detailed analysis of fault zones, allows the tectonic history to be deduced. The older rocks record Caledonian processes on the margin of Avalonia during Early Ordovician time and convergence then soft collision with Laurentia during Silurian time. The Dingle Basin was developed during the late Silurian – Early Devonian transtension in the Iapetus suture zone and was inverted in the latest Emsian Acadian orogenic episode. Post-Dingle Group ORS groups in the north of the peninsula were deposited in a syn-rift footwall block to the main Munster Basin. The Acadian transpressional and Munster Basin extensional structures were reactivated or overprinted in the Variscan deformation such that Acadian folds are transected by Variscan cleavage in both plan and vertical views. After Iapetus closure, changes in the tectonic regime are believed to be a result of adjustments in the geometry of subduction of the Rheic Ocean.
Agronomic characteristics, silage quality, intake and digestibility of five new Brazilian sorghum cultivars
Authors: NEVES A. L. A. , SANTOS R. D. , PEREIRA L. G. R. , OLIVEIRA G. F. , SCHERER C. B. , VERNEQUE R. S. , McALLISTER T.
Published: July 2014

Forage sorghum (FS) (Sorghum bicolor(L.) Moench) is a key feed source for ruminants owing to its high yield and drought tolerance. The present paper assessed the agronomic characteristics, silage quality, intake and digestibility of five new Brazilian sorghum cultivars (BRS Ponta Negra variety, BRS 655 hybrid, BR 601 hybrid, BRS 506 variety and BRS 610 hybrid). Forages were grown (randomized complete block design) in a typical Brazilian north-eastern semi-arid climate, irrigated with 267 mm water, harvested as plants reached the soft dough stage of grain maturity and ensiled under laboratory and farm conditions. Apparent digestibility of the silages was determined using 25 Santa Inês lambs. BRS 506 outperformed the other cultivars in dry matter (DM) and digestible DM yields/ha. BRS 506 exhibited the lowest neutral detergent fibre (NDF) and acid detergent fibre (ADF) contents and the highestin vitrodry matter digestibility (IVDMD) of the cultivars examined. BRS 655 produced the lowest level of lactic acid and the highest pH and ammonia-N concentration. There was no difference in intake or digestibility of DM among cultivars. Silages produced from BRS Ponta Negra resulted in higher crude protein (CP) intake than BRS 655. Silages made from BRS 506 and BRS Ponta Negra resulted in a greater digestibility of CP than those produced from BRS 655. Intake of NDF in silages generated from BRS Ponta Negra and BRS 610 was higher than that found in other cultivars. Although an average Brazilian North-eastern FS exhibited similar characteristics to other cultivars grown in dry regions around the world, the results indicated that BRS 506 had a yield advantage and higher nutritive value under Brazilian semi-arid conditions as compared to the other cultivars examined.
Links between functional composition, biomass production and forage quality in permanent grasslands over a broad gradient of conditions
Authors: MICHAUD A. , PLANTUREUX S. , POTTIER E. , BAUMONT R.
Published: July 2014

To upgrade the use of permanent grasslands in livestock farming systems for their economic and environmental utility, their value needs better assessment in terms of both quantity (biomass production) and quality (nutritive value: organic matter digestibility (OMD) and crude protein content (CP)). The wide variability in permanent grassland botanical composition makes it important to understand the links between vegetation characteristics and permanent grassland value, and how far environmental factors influence this value. The current work investigated how vegetation characteristics and weather explained the variability of the biomass production and nutritive value of permanent grasslands. Two models were used to determine the best vegetation characteristics for the prediction: (i) plant functional types (PFT), proportions of grasses, legumes and forbs and weather, and (ii) two proxies for PFT (dry matter content (DMC) and phenological development at medium plant stage (MPS)), proportion of grasses, legumes and forbs, and weather. The study was conducted on a set of 190 permanent grasslands distributed over a wide range of soil, climatic and management conditions, and lasted 2 years (2009/10). For each of the permanent grasslands, climatic data, values of vegetation characteristics, biomass production and nutritive value were collected at the beginning and end of spring, and during summer and autumn regrowths. Contribution of weather was important and particularly for regrowths. Composition in terms of botanical families, plant stage and sward DMC was the common variables that explained both biomass production and nutritive value during the growing season. Biomass production was mainly explained by the proportion of legumes and forbs, MPS and DMC considering both models. Grass nutritive value was linked to the same factors, including PFT. However, the contribution of grass PFTs was lower in models. Both models could be used to predict biomass production and nutritive value:R2of the two models are quite similar. Over a wide range of environmental and management conditions, vegetation characteristics and climatic data explained almost half of the variance of forage quality and 20–40% of the variance of biomass production.
Changes of proteolysis and angiotensin-I converting enzyme-inhibitory activity in white-brined cheese as affected by adjunct culture and ripening temperature
Authors: Sahingil Didem , Hayaloglu Ali A. , Kirmaci Huseyin A. , Özer Barbaros , Simsek Osman
Published: July 2014

The effects of use of adjunct cultures (Lactobacillus helveticusandLb. casei) and ripening temperatures (6 or 12 °C) on proteolysis and angiotensin-I converting enzyme (ACE)-inhibitory activity in white-brined cheeses were investigated during 120 d ripening. Proteolysis was monitored by urea-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (urea-PAGE) and reversed phase-HPLC (RP-HPLC) of water-insoluble and -soluble fractions of the cheeses, respectively. Urea-PAGE patterns of the samples revealed that the intensities of the bands representing casein fractions decreased in the experimental cheeses, being more pronounced in the cheeses made with adjunct cultures. Similarly, peptide profiles and the concentrations of individual and total free amino acids were influenced by both the adjunct cultures and ripening temperatures. The ACE-inhibitory activity of the water-soluble extracts of the cheeses were higher in the cheeses made using adjunct cultures (especiallyLb. helveticus) and ripened at 12 °C. The ACE-inhibitory activity did not decrease during ripening. The contribution ofLb. helveticusto the development of proteolysis and ACE-inhibitory peptide activities were higher than that ofLb. casei. To conclude, the use ofLb. helveticusas adjunct culture in white-brined cheese and ripening at 12 °C would be recommended to obtain white-brined cheese with high ACE-I-inhibitory peptides activity and higher levels of preoteolysis.
Do nonlinear waves evolve in a universal manner in dusty and other plasma environments?
Authors: Bharuthram R. , Singh S. V. , Maharaj S. K. , Moolla S. , Lazarus I. J. , Reddy R. V. , Lakhina G. S.
Published: July 2014

Using a fluid theory approach, this article provides a comparative study on the evolution of nonlinear waves in dusty plasmas, as well as other plasma environments, viz electron-ion, and electron-positron plasmas. Where applicable, relevance to satellite measurements is pointed out. A range of nonlinear waves from low frequency (ion acoustic and ion cyclotron waves), high frequency (electron acoustic and electron cyclotron waves) in electron-ion plasmas, ultra-low frequency (dust acoustic and dust cyclotron waves) in dusty plasmas and in electron-positron plasmas are discussed. Depending upon the plasma parameters, saw-tooth and bipolar structures are shown to evolve.
Bringing clarity to the clouded leopard Neofelis diardi: first density estimates from Sumatra
Authors: Sollmann Rahel , Linkie Matthew , Haidir Iding A. , Macdonald David W.
Published: July 2014

We use data from camera-trap surveys for tigers Panthera tigris in combination with spatial capture–recapture models to provide the first density estimates for the Sunda clouded leopard Neofelis diardi on Sumatra. Surveys took place during 2004–2007 in the Kerinci landscape. Densities were 0.385–1.278 per 100 km2. We found no statistically significant differences in density among four study sites or between primary and mixed forest. Because the data sets are too small to account for differences in detection parameters between sexes, density is probably underestimated. Estimates are comparable to previous estimates of 1–2 per 100 km2 from the lowlands of central Sabah, on Borneo. Data limitations suggest that camera-trap surveys for Sunda clouded leopards require traps spaced more closely, to increase the chance of recaptures at different traps. Nevertheless, these first density estimates for clouded leopards on Sumatra provide a benchmark for measuring future conservation impact on an island that is undergoing rapid forest loss.
Nature, mystery, and morality: a Daoist view
Authors: KIDD IAN JAMES
Published: July 2014

This article argues that a sense of nature's mystery can inspire and inform ways of experiencing and engaging with natural places and creatures in a way that is deeply morally transformative. Focusing on Daoism, it argues that engagement with natural places and creatures can facilitate the cultivation of receptivity to a sense of nature's mystery in a way that gradually releases a person from stances and conceptions that are morally and ecologically objectionable. The article closes by suggesting that a capacity to cultivate receptivity to nature's mystery is contingent upon the concerns and convictions of our background moral and social culture.
The on-line processing of binding principles in second language acquisition: Evidence from eye tracking
Authors: KIM EUNAH , MONTRUL SILVINA , YOON JAMES
Published: July 2014

This study examined how adult L2 learners make use of grammatical and extragrammatical information to interpret reflexives and pronouns. Forty adult English native speakers and 32 intermediate–advanced Korean L2 learners participated in a visual world paradigm eye-tracking experiment. We investigated the interpretation of reflexives (himself) and pronouns (him) in contexts where there is a potential coargument antecedent and in the context of picture noun phrases (a picture of him/himself), where the distribution of reflexives and pronouns can overlap. The results indicated that the learners interpreted reflexives in a nativelike fashion in both contexts, whereas they interpreted pronouns differently from native speakers, even when learners had advanced English proficiency. Adopting the binding theory as developed in the reflexivity/primitives of binding framework (Reinhart & Reuland, 1993; Reuland, 2001, 2011), we interpret these results to mean that while adult L2 learners are able to apply syntactic binding principles to assign an interpretation to anaphoric expressions, they have difficulty in integrating syntactic information with contextual and discourse information.
Estimating seasonal abundance and habitat use of small carnivores in the Western Ghats using an occupancy approach
Authors: Kalle Riddhika , Ramesh Tharmalingam , Qureshi Qamar , Sankar Kalyanasundaram
Published: July 2014

Rigorous population studies on many small carnivores are lacking in India. Presence-absence models with habitat covariates were applied to estimate seasonal occupancy and abundance of nine small-carnivore species from camera-trap data in Mudumalai Tiger Reserve (2010 and 2011). We deployed 25 camera-trap stations in the deciduous forest, 21 in the semi-evergreen forest and 26 in the dry thorn forest. In total, 7380 trap-nights yielded 448 photographs of small carnivores: jungle cat (n = 72), leopard cat (n = 6), rusty-spotted cat (n = 11), small Indian civet (n = 89), common palm civet (n = 37), brown palm civet (n = 20), stripe-necked mongoose (n = 66), ruddy mongoose (n = 96) and Indian grey mongoose (n = 51). In the dry season, rusty-spotted cat was the rarest carnivore with an average abundance (λmean) of 0.24 ± 0.26, while ruddy mongoose was the most abundant (λmean = 0.90 ± 0.40). In the wet season, leopard cat was the rarest species (λmean = 0.048 ± 0.041) while grey mongoose was the most abundant (λmean = 0.68 ± 0.35). Abundance of jungle cat, common palm civet, ruddy mongoose and grey mongoose increased in the dry thorn forest whereas in the dry season abundance of small Indian civet decreased in this forest type. Abundance of leopard cat and small Indian civet was not influenced by habitat in the wet season. Deciduous forest was positively associated with abundance of rusty-spotted cat. Deciduous and semi-evergreen forests had a positive effect on abundance of stripe-necked mongoose while the latter was a positive predictor of abundance and occupancy for brown palm civet. Improved modelling approaches can account for the spatio-temporal variation in habitat use of small carnivores occupying specialized niches in heterogeneous tropical forests of southern India.
Cryptosporidium hominisgenotypes involved in increased incidence and clusters of cases, Navarra, Spain, 2012
Authors: FUENTES I. , MARTÍN C. , BERISTAIN X. , MAZÓN A. , SAUGAR J. M. , BLANCO A. , GARCÍA CENOZ M. , VALLE-CRISTIA M. , EZPELETA C. , CASTILLA J.
Published: July 2014

Two clusters of confirmed cryptosporidiosis infections were detected in Navarra, Spain, in the summer of 2012, in the context of an increased incidence in the region. Molecular subtyping ofCryptosporidium hominisdetermined that one cluster, occurring in an urban area, was due to the predominant circulating subtype IbA10G2R2 and the other cluster, with cases occurring in a rural area, was due to a rare subtype IaA18R3. No single exposure was associated with infection, although exposure to certain children's pools was reported by a majority of patients interviewed in each cluster. Genotyping tools were useful in the investigation and could aid investigation of cryptosporidiosis outbreaks in Spain in the future.
Small for gestational age and poor fluid intelligence in childhood predict externalizing behaviors among young adults born at extremely low birth weight
Authors: Lahat Ayelet , Van Lieshout Ryan J. , Saigal Saroj , Boyle Michael H. , Schmidt Louis A.
Published: July 2014

Although infants born at extremely low birth weight (ELBW; birth weight < 1000 g) are at increased risk for developing later psychopathology, the mechanisms contributing to this association are largely unknown. In the present study, we examined a putative cognitive link to psychopathology in a cohort of ELBW survivors. These individuals were followed up prospectively at age 8 and again at ages 22–26. At 8 years, participants completed measures of fluid and general intelligence. As young adults, a subset of ELBW survivors free of major neurosensory impairments provided self-reports of personality characteristics related to psychopathology. Data from 66 participants indicated that, as predicted, the association between ELBW and externalizing behaviors was moderated by fluid intelligence. Specifically, ELBW individuals with poor fluid intelligence who were born small for gestational age (birth weight < 10th percentile for gestational age) showed the highest level of externalizing behaviors. These findings provide support for a cumulative risk model and suggest that fluid intelligence might be a cognitive mechanism contributing to the development of psychopathology among nonimpaired individuals who were born at ELBW and small for gestational age.
Working Memory Mediates the Relationship between Intellectual Enrichment and Long-Term Memory in Multiple Sclerosis: An Exploratory Analysis of Cognitive Reserve
Authors: Sandry Joshua , Sumowski James F.
Published: July 2014

Some individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) show decrements in long-term memory (LTM) while other individuals do not. The theory of cognitive reserve suggests that individuals with greater pre-morbid intellectual enrichment are protected from disease-related cognitive decline. How intellectual enrichment affords this benefit remains poorly understood. The present study tested an exploratory meditational hypothesis whereby working memory (WM) capacity may mediate the relationship between intellectual enrichment and verbal LTM decline in MS. Intellectual enrichment, verbal LTM, and WM capacity were estimated with the Wechsler Test of Adult Reading and Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test, delayed recall of the Hopkins Verbal Learning Test-Revised and Logical Memory of the Wechsler Memory Scale, and Digit Span Total, respectively. Intellectual enrichment predicted LTM (B=.54;p=.003) and predicted WM capacity (B=.91;p<.001). WM capacity predicted LTM, (B=.44;p<.001) and fully mediated the relationship between intellectual enrichment (B=.24;p=.27) and LTM (B=.33,p=.03), Sobel test,Z=3.31,p<.001. These findings implicate WM capacity as an underlying mechanism of cognitive reserve and are an initial first step in understanding the relationship between intellectual enrichment, WM, and LTM in MS. (JINS, 2014,20, 1–5)
How much do respondents in the health and retirement study know about their contributions to tax-deferred contribution plans? A cross-cohort comparison
Authors: DUSHI IRENA , HONIG MARJORIE
Published: July 2014

We use information from Social Security earnings records to examine the accuracy of survey responses regarding participation in tax-deferred pension plans. As employer-provided defined benefit pensions are replaced by voluntary contribution plans, employees’ understanding of the link between their annual contributions and their post-retirement wealth is becoming increasingly important. We examine the extent to which wage-earners in the Health and Retirement Study (HRS) correctly report their inclusion in tax-deferred contribution plans and, conditional on inclusion, their annual contributions. We use three samples representing different cohorts in three different periods: the original HRS cohort interviewed in 1992 at ages 51–56, the War Babies cohort interviewed in 1998 at ages 51–56, and the Early Baby Boomer cohort interviewed in 2004 at the same ages. Our findings indicate that while respondents interviewed in 1998 and 2004 were more likely to correctly report whether they were included in defined contribution plans, they were no more accurate when reporting whether they had contributed to their plans than respondents interviewed in 1992. Contributors in the three cohorts, moreover, overstated their annual contributions and thus would be likely to realize lower than expected account balances at retirement. The magnitude of this error is not negligible. In all three cohorts, the mean reporting error (the absolute difference between respondent-reported and Social Security earnings record contributions) was approximately 1.5 times larger than the mean contribution in the W-2 earnings record.
The Ballot and the Street: An Electoral Theory of Social Protest in Autocracies
Authors: Trejo Guillermo
Published: July 2014

This article presents a new explanation of the widespread occurrence of cycles of protest in electoral autocracies – the most common type of authoritarian regime in the world today. Because multiparty elections in autocracies are partially free but unfair, opposition parties are compelled to compete for office while contesting the rules of competition. To fulfill this dual goal, opposition parties actively seek to recruit a wide variety of independent social movements who can provide votes and lead major mobilizations during election campaigns and in post-election rallies to denounce fraud. Because electoral participation can cause divisions within social movements, social activists joinsocio-electoral coalitionswhen opposition parties offer them financial and logistic resources and institutional protection to mobilize for their causes during non-election times. This quid pro quo explains how isolated protest events become aggregated into powerful cycles of mobilization and why protest is more intense during elections but persists beyond election cycles. When political liberalization leads to increasingly free and fair elections, the prospect of victory motivates opposition parties to discourage radical mobilization, bringing cycles of protest to an end. Drawing on an original database of indigenous protest in Mexico and on case studies, I provide quantitative and qualitative evidence of the causal impact of electoral incentives on the rise, development and decline of a powerful cycle of indigenous protest as Mexico transitioned from one-party to multi-party autocracy and into democracy. Beyond Mexico, I show that the introduction of multiparty elections in a wide variety of autocracies around the world gave rise to major cycles of protest and discuss why the relationship between the ballot and the street is a crucial factor for understanding the dynamics of stability and change of authoritarian regimes.
Economic Origins of Democratic Breakdown? The Redistributive Model and the Postcolonial State
Authors: Slater Dan , Smith Benjamin , Nair Gautam
Published: July 2014

From Aristotle to Acemoglu and Robinson, scholars have argued that democracy possesses powerful redistributive impulses, and imperils itself accordingly. We challenge the validity of the redistributive model of democratic breakdown in the postcolonial world—the only cases where democracies have collapsed since World War II—because its assumptions regarding state power are questionable or even inapplicable in postcolonial settings. Our correlative analysis of cross-sectional time series data from 139 countries between 1972 and 2007 indicates that, contrary to the expectations of the redistributive model, redistributive taxation is negatively associated with the incidence of military coups and the likelihood of democratic breakdown. Furthermore, authoritarian takeovers do not appear systematically to result in reduced redistribution from the rich. More fine-grained historical evidence from Southeast Asia—a region where the redistributive model should be especially likely to hold true—further affirms that authoritarian seizures of power are neither inspired by successful redistributive policies nor followed by their reversal. Taken together, these quantitative and qualitative data offer significant support for our central theoretical claim: contemporary democratic breakdowns have political origins in weak states, not economic origins in class conflict.
A Discussion of Wael Hallaq's Islam, Politics, and Modernity's Moral Predicament
Authors: HUSSIN IZA
Published: July 2014

In his new book The Impossible State: Islam, Politics, and Modernity’s Moral Predicament, Wael B. Hallaq argues that “‘The Islamic State,’ judged by any standard definition of what the modern state represents, is both an impossibility and a contradiction in terms.” In developing this argument Hallaq draws upon his extensive body of work as a scholar of Islam, including most notably his Shari’a: Theory, Practice, Transformations (Cambridge University Press, 2009). At the same time, Hallaq contributes to debates in political theory about the nature of the modern state. As part of our new “Undisciplined” format, this symposium seeks to bring a range of disciplinary perspectives into a discussion of this timely and important argument. We have invited a number of scholars from different intellectual backgrounds to share their views on the book as a contribution to the understanding of modern Islam, and also to reflect on how this work adds to our understanding of the relationship between religion and politics.
Diagnosing malaria infected cells at the single cell level using focal plane array Fourier transform infrared imaging spectroscopy
Authors: Wood Bayden R. , Bambery Keith. R. , Dixon Matthew W. A. , Tilley Leann , Nasse Michael J. , Mattson Eric , Hirschmugl Carol J.
Published: July 2014

FTIR focal plane array imaging can be applied to diagnose single malaria infected cells in a thick film blood smear.
From semiconductor nanocrystals to artificial solids with dimensionality below two
Authors: Delerue Christophe
Published: July 2014

Atomistic calculations predict that two-dimensional materials formed by the attachment of semiconductor nanocrystals exhibit exotic band structures.
Mechanics of graphyne crumpling
Authors: Becton Matthew , Zhang Liuyang , Wang Xianqiao
Published: July 2014

As the deformation of 2D materials can strongly affect properties such as diffusion, electrical conductivity, and mechanical performance, it is worthwhile to explore the potentiality of crumpling as a method to tailor the properties of 2D materials while maintaining the surface area.
Non-radiative decay paths in rhodamines: new theoretical insights
Authors: Savarese Marika , Raucci Umberto , Adamo Carlo , Netti Paolo A. , Ciofini Ilaria , Rega Nadia
Published: July 2014

A photoinduced electron transfer is individuated as a possible non-radiative pathway in rhodamine B photophysics in solvent. The quenching mechanism is studied through an electronic density based index to assess and quantify the nature of the excited states.
Catalytic properties of copper–manganese mixed oxides prepared by coprecipitation using tetramethylammonium hydroxide
Authors: Einaga Hisahiro , Kiya Akihiro , Yoshioka Satoru , Teraoka Yasutake
Published: July 2014

Copper–manganese (Cu–Mn) mixed oxide catalysts were prepared by a coprecipitation technique from metal nitrates in aqueous solution using tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAH) as a pH regulator.
Facile fabrication of 3D flower-like heterostructured g-C3N4/SnS2 composite with efficient photocatalytic activity under visible light
Authors: Sun Meng , Yan Qing , Yan Tao , Li Mengmeng , Wei Dong , Wang Zhongpeng , Wei Qin , Du Bin
Published: July 2014

The formation of heterojunction between g-C3N4 and SnS2 greatly enhanced the photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4/SnS2 compared with the mechanical mixed g-C3N4/SnS2.
DFT/TDDFT insights into the chemistry, biochemistry and photophysics of copper coordination compounds
Authors: Tsipis Athanassios C.
Published: July 2014

Highlighting the recent progress in DFT/TDDFT application to coordination chemistry of copper.
Low-temperature remote plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition of graphene and characterization of its atomic-level structure
Authors: Zhang Yijun , Ren Wei , Jiang Zhuangde , Yang Shuming , Jing Weixuan , Shi Peng , Wu Xiaoqing , Ye Zuo-Guang
Published: July 2014

Atomic-resolution image of a graphene sheet synthesized by remote plasma-enhanced atomic layer deposition at low temperatures.
Vinclozolin exposure throughout pregnancy and its developmental toxicity
Authors: Koçkaya Evrim Arzu , Kılıç Süloğlu Aysun , Karacaoğlu Elif , Selmanoğlu Güldeniz
Published: July 2014

Vinclozolin administration effects: placenta, fetal tissues and skeletal measurements during pregnancy.
Behavioral Management of Paradoxical Vocal Fold Motion
Authors: Reitz Jennifer R. , Gorman Stephen , Kegyes Jennifer
Published: July 2014

Paradoxical vocal fold motion (PVFM), or vocal cord dysfunction (VCD), is a non-organic, behavioral, upper airway disorder primarily characterized by adduction of the true vocal folds during respiration. Recognition of this condition is becoming more prevalent amongst physicians, resulting in an increased number of referrals to speech-language pathologists (SLPs) for assessment and treatment. Diagnosis of PVFM requires a multidisciplinary approach. Treatment for PVFM is also multi-factorial, but is primarily designed to train abduction of the vocal folds during the breathing cycle, allowing easy movement of breath to and from the lungs without laryngeal constriction. Behavioral management is the preferred and most common approach to treatment and may include relaxed throat breathing and laryngeal control exercises during trigger-specific training.
Conceptualizing Urban Shrinkage
Authors: Haase Annegret , Rink Dieter , Grossmann Katrin , Bernt Matthias , Mykhnenko Vlad
Published: July 2014

Since the second half of the 20th century, urban shrinkage has become a common pathway of transformation for many large cities across the globe. Although the appearance of shrinkage is fairly universal—typically manifested in dwindling population, emerging vacant spaces, and the underuse of existing urban infrastructure, ranging from schools and parks to water pipelines—its essence is hidden from view. Phenomena related to shrinkage have been discussed predominantly using terms such as decline, decay, blight, abandonment, disurbanization, urban crisis, and demographic change. Amongst others, these concepts were typically related to specific national contexts, installed in distinct explanatory frameworks, based around diverging normative accounts, ultimately leading to very different policy implications. Yet there is still a lack of conceptualization and integration of shrinkage into the wider theoretical debates in human geography, town and country planning, urban and regional studies, and social sciences at large. The problem here is not only to explain how shrinkage comes about, but also to study shrinkage as a process: simultaneously as a presupposition, a medium, and an outcome of continually changing social relationships. If we wish to understand shrinkage in a specific location, we need to integrate theoretical explanations with historical trajectories, as well as to combine these with a study of the specific impacts caused by shrinkage and to analyse the policy environment in which these processes take place. The authors apply an integrative model which maps the entire process across different contexts and independently of local or national specifics; it covers causes, impacts, responses, and feedback loops, and the interrelations between these aspects. The model does not ‘explain’ shrinkage in every case: instead, it builds a framework into which place-specific and time-specific explanations can be embedded. It is thus a heuristics that enables communication, if not comparison, across different contexts. With the help of this model, the authors hope to find a way in which shrinkage can be studied both in a conceptually rigorous and in an historically specific way. Instead of an invariant ‘process of shrinkage’, they portray a ‘pluralist world of shrinkages’.
Pregnancy nutrition does not influence lamb liveweight in developmentally programmed ewes
Authors: Kenyon P. R. , Corner-Thomas R. A. , Peterson S. W. , Pain S. J. , Blair H. T.
Published: July 2014

In sheep, maternal nutrition can affect the offspring’s milk production at its first lactation and the grand-offspring’s liveweight to weaning. However, this apparent developmental programming effect on milk production and grand-offspring liveweight has not persisted. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to determine if nutrition of the programmed ewe in mid- to late pregnancy affected this response. Developmentally programmed ewes (G1) that had been born from dams (G0) offered submaintenance, maintenance or ad libitum feeding levels from Day 21 to Day 50 of pregnancy and then either pregnancy maintenance or ad libitum to Day 140 were used for this study. These ewes were offered one of two pastoral-based pregnancy nutritional treatments (controlled vs unrestricted) from Day 76 of pregnancy until lambing. Pre- and post-herbage masses of the unrestricted treatment (2181 ± 47.6 and 1431 ± 24.6 kg DM/ha, respectively), were greater (P < 0.05) than the controlled treatment (1164 ± 31.6 and 819 ± 16.0 kg DM/ha, respectively). At Day 71 of pregnancy, there were no differences (P > 0.05) in G1 liveweight (70.2 ± 0.8 vs 70.3 ± 0.8 kg for controlled and unrestricted feeding, respectively), or body condition scores (2.5 ± 0.06 vs 2.5 ± 0.05) between pregnancy nutritional treatments. In late pregnancy, unrestricted G1 ewes were heavier (P < 0.05, 97.4 ± 1.0 vs 86.8 ± 1.0 kg) and had greater (P < 0.05) body condition scores (3.4 ± 0.06 vs 2.5 ± 0.06) and back-fat depths (8.0 ± 0.3 vs 5.9 ± 0.03 mm) than controlled nutritional treatment ewes. There were no interactions (P > 0.05) between grand-dam feeding levels and ewe nutritional treatment on lamb (G2) liveweights at birth or in lactation. This indicates that under the conditions of the present study, nutrition of the G1 ewe did not affect the expression of the developmental programming effect. Further studies might be warranted to determine the causes of this inconsistency in grand-offspring liveweight. Nutrition of the G1 ewe had a minor effect (P < 0.05) on G2 lamb birthweight and liveweight in early lactation but not (P > 0.05) in late lactation or on lamb survival. These findings indicate there is no little to no benefit to the lamb until weaning from offering ewes pre- and post-grazing masses above ~1200 and 800 kg DM/ha, respectively, in mid- to late pregnancy.
Breed effects and heterosis for productivity traits at first calving of Angus, Holstein Friesian, Jersey and crossbred beef cows
Authors: Hickson R. E. , Lopez-Villalobos N. , Kenyon P. R. , Morris S. T.
Published: July 2014

Feed requirements for maintenance contribute a large proportion of the feed requirements of a beef cow so lighter cows may be more efficient producers of weaned calves, provided that such cows do not result in a comparative reduction in calf weaning weight. Beef-cross-dairy cows have increased milk yield compared with straight-bred beef cows and have the potential to wean heavier calves. Crossbred cows may also offer potential increases in production through heterosis. This experiment examined the performance of straight-bred Angus (AA), Holstein Friesian (FF) and Jersey (JJ) cows and of Angus-sired F1 crossbreds with Holstein Friesian (AF), Jersey (AJ) and Holstein Friesian-cross-Jersey (Kiwicross; AK) cows to identify breed and heterosis effects on milk intake and liveweight of calves and liveweight, reproductive performance and fatness of cows in their first lactation. Days to calving and weaning rate from first joining were similar among genotypes, but only 50% of FF cows conceived to second joining, compared with 90–98% for the other genotypes (P < 0.05). Estimated milk intake of calves was least (P < 0.05) for calves born to AA cows, and was generally similar (P > 0.05) among calves born to crossbred cows. There were positive heterosis effects between Angus and Jersey and between Angus and Holstein Friesian on milk intake of the calf. Straight-bred FF cows weaned the heaviest calves (least-squares mean + s.e.: 241 ± 5 kg; P < 0.05). Calves born to AF and AK cows were weaned at similar liveweight (229 ± 3 kg and 226 ± 4 kg, respectively; P > 0.05), and were heavier (P < 0.05) than calves born to JJ and AJ cows, which were similar (208 ± 5 kg and 215 ± 3 kg, respectively; P > 0.05). Calves born to AA cows were lightest at weaning (196 ± 3 kg; P < 0.05). Estimates of heterosis for weaning weight were 11 ± 4 kg (P < 0.01) between Angus and Holstein Friesian, and 14 ± 4 kg (P < 0.001) between Angus and Jersey. Angus-cross-dairy cows offered production advantages over straight-bred AA cows as dam lines in a terminal cross. These advantages were partially due to heterosis.
Feeding a partial mixed ration once a day did not increase milk production compared with feeding grain in the dairy and forage in the paddock
Authors: Wright M. M. , Marett L. C. , Greenwood J. S. , Hannah M. , Jacobs J. L. , Wales W. J. , Auldist M. J.
Published: July 2014

This experiment measured milk production responses of grazing cows offered supplements in different ways. Holstein-Friesian cows averaging 89 days in milk, were allocated into six groups of 36 (each group including three rumen-fistulated cows). Two groups were randomly assigned to each of three dietary treatments: (1) cows were offered milled barley grain twice daily at milking and pasture silage in the paddock (Control); (2) the same amounts of milled barley grain and pasture silage were fed as a partial mixed ration (PMR) once a day following morning milking (PMR1); and (3) cows were supplemented with a PMR containing milled barley grain, lucerne hay, maize silage and crushed maize grain fed once a day following morning milking (PMR2). All dietary treatments were formulated to provide the same metabolisable energy and cows were offered a restricted allowance of ~14 kg DM/cow.day (to ground level) of perennial ryegrass pasture in addition to their supplement. Each group of 36 cows was further divided into four groups of nine, each of which were offered supplements at either 6, 8, 10 and 12 kg DM/cow.day. The experiment consisted of a 14-day adaptation period and an 11-day measurement period. Cows fed PMR1 and PMR2 once a day did not show an increase in milk production compared with the traditional feeding system (Control). Presumably this was a result of asynchronous supply of nutrients to the rumen (in isoenergetic diets) compromising conditions for digestion and milk production.
Magnetic Exchange Effects in {CrIII2DyIII2} Single Molecule Magnets Containing Alcoholamine Ligands
Authors: Langley Stuart K. , Wielechowski Daniel P. , Moubaraki Boujemaa , Abrahams Brendan F. , Murray Keith S.
Published: July 2014

The synthesis and magnetic characterisation of four new heterometallic {CrIII2DyIII2} complexes 2–5 are described. The present work follows on from a recently isolated complex [CrIII2DyIII2(OMe)2(O2CPh)4(mdea)2(NO3)2] (1) (mdeaH2 = N-methyldiethanolamine), which displayed impressive single molecule magnet (SMM) properties, notably highly coercive magnetic hysteresis loops below 3.5 K. Compounds 1–5 all display a planar butterfly type metallic core arrangement, with the DyIII ions occupying the central body positions and the CrIII ion the outer wing positions. The core is stabilized by the amine–diolate, and carboxylate bridging ligands. Variation of the amine–diolate ligand resulted in several structural analogues which maintain the same metallic core, but differ from the parent 1 in the outer ligand coordination environment. Magnetic studies reveal complexes 2–5 also display SMM behaviour, unambiguously confirmed via low temperature magnetic hysteresis loops, each displaying wide coercive fields, a rare occurrence for lanthanoid-based SMMs.