bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Exploring the impact of school leadership on pupil outcomes
Authors: Sammons Pam , Gu Qing , Day Christopher , Ko James
Published: January 2011

Purpose

This study aims to explore the impact of school leadership, particularly that of the principal (head teacher), on school improvement in England.

Design/methodology/approach

The study adopts a mixed‐methods (MM), longitudinal design to investigate the leadership of a sample of academically effective and improving schools identified from analyses of national assessment and examination data sets. In addition, questionnaire surveys of principals and key staff and 20 qualitative school case studies were conducted. The paper reports results from the questionnaire analyses and changes in measures of school performance over three school years using data from 378 primary and 362 secondary schools. Confirmatory factor analysis and structural equation models (SEM) test direct and indirect effects of school leadership and school and classroom processes in predicting changes in schools' academic results.

Findings

The analyses identified robust underlying dimensions of leadership and school and classroom processes and highlighted strategies and actions that school principals and staff had adopted to raise pupil attainment. The SEM models reveal both direct and indirect effects of leadership on a range of school and classroom processes that in turn predicted changes (improvements) in schools' academic performance.

Originality/value

This original empirical study presents new results on the leadership of a large sample of effective and improving primary and secondary schools in England. A dynamic model is presented predicting changes in schools' academic performance over three years and identifying direct effects of leadership on school and classroom processes and indirect effects on improvements in schools' academic results.
Staff bullying in Australian schools
Authors: Riley Dan , Duncan Deirdre J. , Edwards John
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to estimate the prevalence of staff bullying in Australian schools, to identify bullies and targets and to examine some implications for school leaders in dealing with staff bullying.

Design/methodology/approach

The quantitative research design survey instrument contained 11 demographic items, 44 questions of bullying experience, two lists of possible bullies and targets, plus three open‐ended questions.

Findings

Data revealed that 99.6 per cent of respondents had experienced some form of bullying during their employment. Half the respondents experienced 32 or more of the 44 listed survey items, while their health was adversely affected by persistent and frequent bullying.

Practical implications

The research revealed the existence of workplace bullying in Australian schools and some obvious implications for leadership. It profiled the experiences of respondents and identified strategies to eliminate or reduce bullying in Australian schools.

Originality/value

The exploratory study was the first national online survey into staff bullying in Australian schools.
Leadership practices of successful middle school principals
Authors: Leigh Sanzo Karen , Sherman Whitney H. , Clayton Jennifer
Published: January 2011

Purpose

This study aims to be one in a series examining the leadership best practices of school principals as they lead in an accountability‐ and standards‐driven school environment. The lack of research and necessity to find successful practices to improve student achievement highlight the need for this study.

Design/methodology/approach

An inductive exploratory study was designed to provide insight into how successful middle school principals facilitate high levels of student achievement.

Findings

Common themes of practices enabling the principals to serve effectively in their schools emerged from the conversations and were grouped in the following categories: sharing leadership; facilitating professional development; leading with an instructional orientation; and acting openly and honestly.

Originality/value

This research contributes to the field by providing insights into the practices of leaders of successful schools in a high‐stakes testing environment. The study provides a framework on which leaders should model their own practices, as well as informing leadership preparation programs areas around which to focus their instructional content.
A systemic perspective on school reform
Authors: Pyhältö Kirsi , Soini Tiina , Pietarinen Janne
Published: January 2011

Purpose

This study aims to gain better understanding of the perceptions comprehensive school principals and chief education officers have about the implementation of school reform and the means they use to facilitate the development of such.

Design/methodology/approach

This research project was carried out using a systemic design research approach. Open‐ended questionnaires provided the data for the study and these were completed by educational leaders operating in local school districts.

Findings

The results demonstrated that pedagogy was emphasized most often as the core of school reform by principals but chief education officers considered technical and financial factors more often as the critical core of educational reform. Nevertheless, both groups had quite similar ideas on how to promote school development.

Research limitations/implications

The findings reflect the Finnish educational system and capture only two levels of leadership within the system. Future research ought to focus on studying school reforms within different school systems as a complex of correlated events, processes, strategies, interactions and qualities.

Practical implications

To be able to achieve a successful and sustainable school reform more attention must be devoted to creating and activating collaborative learning environments, not only for pupils and teachers, but also for educational leaders at all levels of school administration.

Originality/value

The study adds to an understanding of the often‐mentioned gap or conflict in perceptions and beliefs between different actors in an educational system.
Management by objectives: the Swedish experience in upper secondary schools
Authors: Lindberg Erik , Wilson Timothy L.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

This paper seeks to explore how managing by objectives (MBO) has been adopted in Swedish schools and to reflect on some of the consequences in a longitudinal study. Results relate to whether introduction has increased student performance and whether it works as a tool for the principals to create more effective schools.

Design/methodology/approach

A comparative cross‐sectional study was made on the adoption of MBO as perceived by principals in upper secondary schools in Sweden. Initially, a mail questionnaire was distributed to every principal in Swedish upper secondary schools, which determined the extent to which mandated MBO practices were being implemented. Ten years later, the study was replicated, which made initial and subsequent practices comparable.

Findings

Principals' perceptions suggest that the effects of MBO have diminished over the ten‐year period. Ancillary measures of student performance correlated to MBO practices appeared statistically insignificant, or perhaps even negative. Thus, the change appears to have produced unimproved student performance, frustrated principals and perhaps somewhat less stressed teachers.

Practical implications

These findings have implications on the direction the management of upper secondary schools subject to central direction may take. Although MBO may improve efficiency in staff performance, it appears to have little effect on effectiveness, if student performance is used as a criterion.

Originality/value

Adoption measures of MBO have been obtained and associated with student performance for the first time.
What role for HR during mergers and acquisitions?
Authors: Siegenthaler Paul J.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Examines why most of what appear at first to be good merger or acquisition deals fail.

Design/methodology/approach

Describes five steps through which HR can help to make a merger or acquisition a success.

Findings

Highlights the importance of: making the vision tangible; getting the right integration team; good communication; ensuring that performance reviews are correctly focused for members of the integration team; and thinking about the future beyond the end of the business integration.

Practical implications

Warns HR against focusing too closely on the transactional side of resource management rather than the development of the organization.

Social implications

Details how mergers and acquisitions can be made to add value, to the benefit of society as a whole.

Originality/value

Reveals how to “bring to life” a new vision and new way of working after a merger or acquisition.
Why team building does not work in a recession
Authors: Briggs Hilary
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Reviews the snags of typical teambuilding sessions and advocates an approach to engaging staff in practical projects that will build teamwork and deliver business results.

Design/methodology/approach

Describes the typical problems that organizations may be facing in tough economic times and the kind of actions that management might take to deal with these, and their associated impacts. Offers an alternative approach, with examples from the author's experiences both in manufacturing industry and as a management consultant working with a wide variety of clients.

Findings

Outlines and illustrates seven practical steps to get results: acknowledge the situation; do an initial diagnostic; create a powerful vision; set a clear timescale; organize focused sessions; ensure clear actions come out; review how it is going and adjust.

Practical implications

Provides plenty to interest HR directors and line managers with small budgets who are seeking ideas on how to improve teamwork.

Originality/value

Describes how a simple seven‐step process can be used to generate improved business results and improve teamwork in parallel.
Shedding light on a “hidden” disability
Authors: Sanderson Andi
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Considers the training and development challenges surrounding people with a learning disability such as dyslexia and the small changes human resource specialists can make to improve the wellbeing and productivity of disabled employees.

Design/methodology/approach

Draws upon the author's professional experience, together with relevant literature.

Findings

Argues that more should be done to ensure that organizations are disability‐friendly. Highlights the need for management‐wide awareness of disabilities and the role of training and assistive technologies to support this process.

Practical implications

Suggests that HR specialists can help disabled employees to realize their potential and improve productivity by heightened awareness of their condition by management and through the implementation of specialized training and assistive technology.

Social implications

Argues that developing an inclusive culture where disabled employees feel secure and supported should be fundamental to any HR department's role within an organization.

Originality/value

Helps HR specialists and managers to think differently about dealing with disabled employees.
Interview with Karen Velasco, Chairman of the British Institute for Learning and Development
Authors: by Juliet Norton Interview
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Karen is a performance management consultant, trainer, facilitator and coach. Karen has worked in a variety of training, development and leadership roles for over twenty years; including eight years as managing director of PeopleSolve Ltd and 12 years as training, development and culture change manager with the Centrica group. Karen is Chairman of the British Institute for Learning and Development, a non‐executive director of the University of Chichester, and a director of Creative Leaders.

Design/methodology/approach

This briefing is prepared by an independent interviewer.

Findings

In this interview, Karen Velasco talks about her professional background before being appointed Chairman of the British Institute for Learning and Development (BILD), highlights the vision of the BILD, and gives her thoughts on the new developments occurring within the field of learning and development.

Practical implications

Provides strategic insights and practical thinking that have influenced some of the world's leading organizations.

Originality/value

Learning and development departments constantly have to change their priorities to fit with the changing economic climate. Drawing on her professional experience, Karen Velasco offers advice and guidance to L&D professionals on how to remain competitive in new markets, whilst still addressing the needs of their employees.
The dynamics of climate change: a case study in organisational learning
Authors: Wasdell David
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Based in the discipline of applied consultancy‐research, this paper seeks to present a synthesis‐review of the social dynamics underlying the stalled negotiations of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. Its aim is to enhance understanding of the processes involved, to offer a working agenda to the organizational learning community, and to act as a dynamic and interpretive intervention in the negotiation process.

Design/methodology/approach

The methodological approach draws on a wide range of tools from the consultancy‐research domain including force‐field analysis of complex social behaviour, informal interviews, direct participation, existential reflection and process analysis, delineation of power dynamics, literature survey and psychoanalytic exploration of the irrational and unconscious factors involved.

Findings

Several findings emerged from the consultancy research. The force‐field analysis revealed the intensity of polarisation experienced at every point of the negotiation. Economic vested interests and political dynamics blocked all possibility of effective decision making and drove irrational attacks on the validity of climate science as a way of manipulating public opinion. The influence of unconscious factors was paramount, rooted in the re‐stimulation of collective pre‐traumatic‐stress disorder, and mediated via a set of social defences against anxiety.

Research limitations/implications

Significant limitations in the methodology concern the level of subjectivity involved. The development of working hypotheses was exposed to constant review to check for researcher‐specific projection and selectivity of significant data.

Practical implications

The practical implications of the paper for the development and application of organizational learning are spelled out in the final section. Particular attention is drawn to the need to take account of irrational and unconscious phenomena driving social psychodynamics.

Originality/value

The paper represents profoundly original work, emanating from the author's wide‐ranging involvement in the content and process of the international climate‐change negotiations.
A conceptual framework of corporate and business ethics across organizations
Authors: Svensson Göran , Wood Greg
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The objective of this paper is to introduce and describe a conceptual framework of corporate and business ethics across organizations in terms of ethical structures, ethical processes and ethical performance.

Design/methodology/approach

A framework is outlined and positioned incorporating an ethical frame of reference in the field of organizational chain management.

Findings

A number of areas and sub‐areas of corporate and business ethics are framed in the context across organizations.

Research limitations/implications

The introduced framework should be seen as a seed for further development and refinement. It provides opportunities for further research of ethical concerns across organizations.

Practical implications

Organizations may benefit from the findings and insights presented and they may be used to enhance their ability to manage, monitor and evaluate ethical business practices across organizations.

Social implications

Changing societal and market patterns may enforce organizations to address ethical concerns across organizations. A myopic approach restricted to the judicial system may become insufficient and unsatisfactory from the perspective of other stakeholders of the organization.

Originality/value

The framework makes a contribution bringing in ethical concerns across organizations, providing a basis for their ethical values and culture, as well as asymmetric relationships in terms of power and dependence. The authors believe that a true learning organization needs to realise the importance of an extended view of its endeavors of corporate and business ethics in terms of ethical structures, ethical processes and ethical performance across organizations.
A complexity theory approach to sustainability
Authors: Mitleton‐Kelly Eve
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate that organisational sustainability is not a continuation of the status quo but, seen from a complexity theory perspective, is a continuous dynamic process of co‐evolution with a changing environment. It is underpinned by learning, and it creates new structures and ways of working to adjust and to continue adjusting to a changing set of conditions.

Design/methodology/approach

This longitudinal study concerns two London‐based NHS hospitals: a teaching hospital and a District General Hospital. The analysis is based on several sets of semi‐structured interviews, group interviews and workshops, conducted in June and July 2005 and again in October 2006 and finally in January 2007. The argument used to analyse narrative data is underpinned by complexity theory and based on two hypotheses and two assumptions defined in the paper.

Findings

Both hospitals faced a significant deficit and in addressing it they had to change fundamentally ways of working and relationships, to become capable of learning and changing. Empirical data reveal two different styles of leadership, creating totally different “enabling environments” and illustrate some essential elements of sustainability. Leadership and the creation of an enabling environment are necessary but not sufficient, if the changes have not been embedded within the organisational culture, through a different way of working, relating and thinking.

Originality/value

The paper provides theoretical insights in practice through case study exploration to emphasise that the distinctive characteristic of complex systems is their ability to create new order; that is, not simple adaptation, but in this case a different way of working, thinking and relating. A key insight is that sustainability is a continuous process of co‐evolution. The paper also highlights the critical significance of leadership styles in fostering or inhibiting learning in organizations and the importance of co‐creating enabling environments which facilitate learning. It further demonstrates the value of leaders understanding and working with (not constraining) their organisations as complex social systems.
Sustainability, complexity and learning: insights from complex systems approaches
Authors: Espinosa A. , Porter T.
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this research is to explore core contributions from two different approaches to complexity management in organisations aiming to improve their sustainability,: the Viable Systems Model (VSM), and the Complex Adaptive Systems (CAS). It is proposed to perform this by summarising the main insights each approach offers to understanding organisational transformations aiming to improve sustainability; and by presenting examples of applied research on each case and reflecting on the learning emerging from them.

Design/methodology/approach

An action science approach was followed: the conceptual framework used in each case was first presented, which then illustrates its application through a case study; at the first one the VSM framework supports an organisational transformation towards sustainability in a community; the second one is a quantitative case study of intended greening of two firms in the supermarket industry, taken from a CAS perspective. The learning from each case study on how they support/explain organisational learning in transformations towards more sustainable organisations was illustrated.

Findings

It wase found that the VSM and the CAS approaches offer internally consistent and complementary insights to address issues of self‐organisation and adaptive management for sustainability improvement: while CAS explains empowerment of bottom‐up learning processes in organisations, VSM enables a learning context where self‐organised networks can co‐evolve for improved sustainability.

Research limitations/implications

The main aspects of both theories and examples of their explanatory power to support learning in practical applications in organisations were introduced. The initial findings indicate that it will be worth studying in greater depth the contributions to organisational learning from both conceptual models and more widely comparing their applications and insights.

Practical implications

The paper offers some guidance to both researchers and practitioners interested in using complex systems theories in action research‐oriented projects, regarding the usability and applicability of both approaches.

Originality/value

It is considered that, by better understanding organisational ability to adapt and self‐regulate on crucial issues for sustainability, it may help to develop one path through the ongoing socio‐ecological crisis. While much has been written about sustainability initiatives and governance from conventional perspectives, much less is known about how a complex systems framework may help to address one's pressing sustainability needs. These issues from two innovative complexity approaches as well as the value of using them in action research were illustrated.
The shift needed for sustainability
Authors: Smith Peter A.C. , Sharicz Carol
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this action research is to begin to assess to what extent organizations have in practice begun to make the shift towards triple bottom line (TBL) sustainability.

Design/methodology/approach

A definition of TBL sustainability is provided, and key elements of TBL sustainability considered necessary to success are identified based on current literature and public commentary. An assessment is made via published surveys and an action research study of how these components are being addressed now and for the future. The action research study involved the design and launching of a Zoomerang survey that was posted both in the USA and on international websites and blogs.

Findings

The synthesis from the research reveals a lack of a clear definition of sustainability which sets in motion a whole systemic dynamic. The data from the action research exemplify this dynamic. First, there is a pattern of adopting a short‐term focus and expediency in decision making. Second, problem solving favors the “quick fix” over thoughtful consideration and development of the key components for sustainability. The research may also lead to questioning the urgency of implementing the very complex systemic TBL sustainability at this time in view of widespread climate concerns, versus concentrating on the more straightforward carbon footprint reduction.

Research limitations/implications

A major implication is the pressing need to clearly define sustainability and its organizational implications. Organizations must then make the shift from a short‐term perspective to more of a long‐term perspective, such that the clearly defined sustainability concerns will be addressed. Research conclusions are based on limited published data and a single survey; further research is required to substantiate the conclusions.

Practical implications

Sustainability is making some inroads in organizations but far too many organizations are only “going through the motions” with predictable results for overall need for improvement. A cohesive, clear linkage among the defining characteristics of sustainability, and guidelines for implementation, are proposed in this paper.

Originality/value

This action research presents data on how sustainability is actually viewed and implemented in organizations, and suggests from a systemic point of view which critical components of sustainability are yet to be seriously addressed.
Drivers of falling interaction costs in global business networks
Authors: Walters David , Bhattacharjya Jyotirmoyee , Chapman Judith
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to analyse the interactions that are engaged in when specialist organizations collaborate in business networks organized around global value chains. Interaction costs are defined as including transaction costs plus the costs for exchanging information and ideas. The view is forwarded that as interaction costs decrease, potential business partners have greater scope to interlink their business strategies and operations to co‐create value.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper draws on ideas linking the emergence of new forms of organization, technology and innovation, and global business strategy. In particular, its focus is on how ICT is transforming the ways in which organizations around the globe interlink through innovative approaches to operational and strategic imperatives.

Findings

Three factors that are either reducing interaction costs or increasing the effectiveness or frequency of interactions are identified and examined: the convergence of technologies, the delineation of roles within value chain business networks, and the emergence of innovative interaction strategies among network participants.

Research limitations/implications

Further developments of “interactions theory,” based on the four factors discussed in this paper, would increase our knowledge of contemporary business models. A greater understanding of how interactions influence strategy and operational decisions is needed.

Practical implications

Advances in interaction efficiency will facilitate an increase in the number of businesses working together as networks. The speed and transparency of business arrangements will increase. As a consequence, executives will require advanced technology and relationship management skills.

Originality/value

This paper builds on previous conceptualizations, but provides a more encompassing and integrated explanation of new business approaches than most other accounts.
Workplace psychodynamics and the management of organizational inertia
Authors: Allcorn Seth , Godkin Lynn
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to present a psychoanalytical approach to dealing with organizational inertia.

Design/methodology/approach

The concept of organizational inertia is defined and factors contributing to insight inertia and action inertia are delineated.

Findings

It was found that applying psychoanalytically informed theory provides alternative insight into dealing with organizational inertia.

Originality/value

The paper illustrates how human nature influences the workplace in general and contributes to organizational inertia in particular.
Topology design and freeform fabrication of deployable structures with lattice skins
Authors: Maheshwaraa Namasivayam Uma , Conner Seepersad Carolyn
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Solid freeform fabrication is particularly suitable for fabricating customized parts, but it has not been used for fabricating deployable structures that can be stored in a compact configuration and deployed quickly and easily in the field. The purpose of this paper is to present a methodology for deploying flexible, freeform structure with lattice skins as the deploying mechanism.

Design/methodology/approach

A ground structure‐based topology optimization procedure is utilized, with a penalization scheme that encourages convergence to sets of thick lattice elements that are manufacturable and extremely thin lattice elements that are removed from the final structure.

Findings

A deployable wing is designed for a miniature unmanned aerial vehicle. A physical prototype of the optimal configuration is fabricated with selective laser sintering and compared with the virtual prototype. The proposed methodology results in a 78 percent improvement in deviations from the intended surface profile of the deployed part.

Originality/value

The results presented in the paper provide proof‐of‐concept for the use of lattice skins as a deployment mechanism. A topology optimization framework is also provided for designing these lattice skins. Potential applications include portable, camouflaged shelters and deployable aerial vehicles.
Artery vessel fabrication using the combined fused deposition modeling and electrospinning techniques
Authors: Owida Amal , Chen Rui , Patel Shital , Morsi Yos , Mo Xiumei
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to prepare a new combined method of rapid prototyping, fused deposition modeling (FDM) and electrospinning for the fabrication of coronary artery bypass graft (CABG).

Design/methodology/approach

A dynamically optimum design of blood vessel graft was constructed using FDM and electrospinning. Fabrication of 3‐D CABG model was constructed using pro‐engineer based on the optimum hemodynamic analysis and was converted to an stereolithography file format which was imported to the Magic software where it was edited to a high‐resolution contour. The model was then created from acrylonitrile butadiene styrene which was used as a collector for electrospinning fabrication. For the electrospinning thermoplastic polyurethane was dissolved with hexafluoroisopropanol. The voltage applied for electrospinning was 15 kV where the solid FDM model was used to collect nanofibers at fixed distance.

Findings

The properties of the fabricated vessel agreed well with those of human artery. The proposed method can be effectively used for the fabrication of an optimized graft design. This proposed method has been proved as a promising fabrication processes in fabricating a specially designed graft with the correct physical and mechanical properties.

Originality/value

The proposed method is novel and combines the advantages of both FDM and electrospinning techniques.
A preliminary design and manufacturing study of hybrid lightweight high‐speed wind‐tunnel models
Authors: Dang‐guo Yang , Zheng‐yu Zhang , Yan Sun , Wei‐jun Zhu
Published: January 2011

Purpose

In view of the strength and stiffness deficiencies of current photopolymer resin models under high aerodynamic loads, the purpose of this paper is to introduce a preliminary design and manufacturing technique for hybrid lightweight high‐speed wind‐tunnel models with internal metal frame and surface photopolymer resin based on rapid prototyping (RP).

Design/methodology/approach

Internal metal frame structure was designed to be of regular configurations that can be conveniently fabricated by conventionally mechanical manufacturing methods. Outer resin components were designed to meet configuration fidelity and surface quality, which were fabricated by RP apparatus. Combination of aerodynamics and structure was utilized to accomplish structural design, strength and stiffness calibration and vibration analysis. Structural design optimization and manufacturing method of the validated hybrid AGARD‐B models were studied by analysis of manufacturing precision, surface quality processing and mechanical capability.

Findings

The method with internal metal frame and outer resin has dramatically improved the overall strength and stiffness of RP parts of the hybrid AGARD‐B model, and it is suitable to construct the high‐speed wind‐tunnel models with complex internal structure. The method could decrease the model's weight and prevent resonance occurrence among the models, wind‐tunnel and support system, and shorten processing period, and also it leads to decrease in manufacturing period and cost.

Research limitations/implications

Stiffness of thin components for outer resin configuration is somewhat poor under high aerodynamic loads in a high‐speed wind‐tunnel test, and the effect of deformation of the components on the experimental results should be taken into account.

Originality/value

This method can enhance the versatility of using RP technique in the fabrication of high‐speed wind‐tunnel models, especially for experimental models with complex structure. Aerodynamic and structural combination design and structural optimization for hybrid models make RP techniques more practical for manufacturing high‐speed wind‐tunnel models.
Geometrical modeling of H&N cancer tumor
Authors: Kamrani Ali K. , Azimi Maryam
Published: January 2011

Purpose

Most of the current radiation treatment planning systems use pre‐treatment computed tomography (CT) images to detect the tumor location and then plan the radiation therapy to be delivered during the treatment period. It is assumed that the tumor geometry will not change throughout the treatment course; however, tumor geometry is shown to be changing over time. The purpose of this paper is to present results of an ongoing research in 3‐D modeling and reconstruction of head and neck cancer tumors. The results from this phase of the project will be used in developing a prediction model for tumor deformation during radiation treatment of cancer patients.

Design/methodology/approach

By using CT scan data in the 3‐D ASCII format, the tumor's progressive geometric changes during the treatment period are quantified. After constructing slice contours, both triangular and rectangular patch approaches are applied to map and analyze the tumor surface and volume. The changes in tumor location are calculated based on a reference feature on the top of the spine canal. MATLAB routines are developed to perform the required calculations. A set of prototype mockups of different stages are used for the purpose of validation and verification of the proposed methodology.

Findings

The proposed method is applied to calculate volume, surface, and displacement of the tumor, using patients’ data obtained from the University of Texas‐MD Anderson Cancer Center. The results are consistent with the actual data.

Originality/value

The proposed methodology increases the accuracy of treatment planning by predicting the changes in tumor geometry. The literature survey reveals that no work has been devoted to mathematically model the geometrical changes that a tumor might go through after each radiation.
Speed and accuracy evaluation of additive manufacturing machines
Authors: Brajlih Tomaz , Valentan Bogdan , Balic Joze , Drstvensek Igor
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to establish a general method for achievable speed and accuracy evaluation of additive manufacturing (AM) machines and an objective comparison among them.

Design/methodology/approach

First, a general schematic is defined that enables description of all currently available AM machines. This schematic is used to define two influential factors describing certain parts' properties regarding the machines' yield during manufacturing. A test part is defined, that will enable testing the influence of these factors on the speed and accuracy of manufacturing. A method for implementing and adapting test parts is established for individual machine's testing. This method was used to test four different machines that are predominantly used in Slovenia at the moment.

Findings

Research has proven that the machine's yield had a predominant influence on the achievable manufacturing speeds of all the tested machines. In addition, the results have shown different ranges of achievable manufacturing speeds for individually tested machines. Test parts' measurement results have shown comparable achievable accuracies for all the tested machines.

Research limitations/implications

Speed evaluation is based on a 2k factorial design that assumes the linearity among individual points of the experiment. This design was chosen to keep the method as simple and quick as possible, in order to perform testing on those machines otherwise used in industrial environments. Accuracy evaluation was limited by a rather small sample size of ten fabricated test parts per machine.

Practical implications

The presented evaluation method can be used on any existing or future type of AM machine, and their comparative placement regarding achievable manufacturing speed and accuracy.

Originality/value

The presented method can be used to evaluate a machine regardless of the AM technology on which it is based.
Selective laser melted prototype of original minimally invasive resurfacing hip endoprosthesis
Authors: Uklejewski Ryszard , Winiecki Mariusz , Rogala Piotr , Mielniczuk Janusz
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to present the main results of a research project finished in 2008 which concerned the selective laser melted (SLM) prototype of a new kind of minimally invasive resurfacing hip arthroplasty (RHA) endoprosthesis with the original multi‐spiked connecting scaffold (MSC‐Scaffold). Previous attempts performed in pre‐Direct Metal Manufacturing (DMM) era demonstrated that it was impossible to manufacture suitable prototypes of this RHA endoprosthesis (especially of the MSC‐Scaffold) using traditional machining technologies. Owing to an extensive development of DMM technologies observed in recent years the manufacturing of such prototypes has become possible.

Design/methodology/approach

Computer aided design models of pre‐prototypes and the prototype of the RHA endoprosthesis with MSC‐Scaffold were designed and initially optimized within the claims and the general assumptions of international patents by Rogala. Prototyping in SLM technology was subcontracted to SLM Tech Center (Paderborn, Germany). Macroscopic and SEM microscopic evaluation of the MSC‐Scaffold was performed using SLM manufactured prototypes and paying special attention to the quality and precision of manufacturing.

Findings

It was found that SLM can be successfully applied to manufacturing of prototypes of the original minimally invasive RHA endoprosthesis. The manufacturing quality of the 3D spikes system of the MSC‐Scaffold, which mimics the interdigitations of articular subchondral bone, has been proved to be geometrically corresponding to the biological original. Nevertheless, some pores and non‐melted zones were found in SLM prototyped RHA endoprosthesis cross‐sections which need to be eliminated to minimize the potential risk of clinical failure.

Research limitations/implications

The presented case study was performed with a limited number of samples. More research needs to be performed on the rapid prototyped samples including microstructural and mechanical tests. The results may enable the optimization of the SLM manufacturing process of the prototypes of the minimally invasive RHA endoprosthesis with MSC‐Scaffold.

Practical implications

The SLM can be considered as potentially suitable for the fabrication of patient‐fitted minimally invasive RHA endoprostheses with MSC‐Scaffold.

Originality/value

For the first time, largely owing to SLM technology, it was possible to manufacture the prototype of the original minimally invasive RHA endoprosthesis with MSC‐Scaffold suitable for further research.
Economic sustainability of international telecommunication networks
Authors: Alfonso Fernández González Juan
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The paper aims to examine the expanding broadband “digital divide” as a warning that developing countries are falling behind in the upgrade of their telecommunication networks, specially the access network. It points out the deteriorated financial conditions facing developing countries in the context of the global economic crisis that adversely affects the availability of resources to invest in network infrastructure.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on a review and analysis of relevant literature and the outcomes of significant ICT for development events.

Findings

The existing economic mechanisms in international communications networks establish the financial flows in favor of the developed countries, thus thwarting any attempt to increase its net external income that could be used in investments in telecommunications infrastructure. On the other hand, convergence and the migration to next generation networks present a new set of opportunities and challenges to establish an international interconnection regime that will allow the developing countries to recover the investment in infrastructure.

Research limitations/implications

The scarcity of publicly available economic data of the current international interconnection agreements suggests the necessity to conduct further research in this area.

Practical implications

The failure to establish a non‐discriminatory international interconnection regime could lead to economic unsustainability of international networks in the long run. The paper presents some recommendations to address this issue.

Originality/value

This paper presents an approximation to an important issue of international telecommunication networks that is usually hidden behind the confidentiality of services contracts.
Restricted mobility and fixed‐mobile convergence in Brazil
Authors: Aranha Márcio , Galperin Hernán , Bar François , Villela Marina
Published: January 2011

Purpose

This article aims to explore the impact of a particular regulatory framework for CDMA and GSM use by fixed‐phone companies in Brazil on access, local‐loop competition and fixed‐mobile convergence.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper is based on the analysis of the three most significant cases in Brazil and the discussion of recent regulatory changes that facilitate access to radio spectrum on a secondary basis.

Findings

Among the findings of the study is that while fixed‐wireless access (FWA) systems using CDMA seem to be more suitable to high‐density, well‐served areas, in which a large operator attempts to address a low‐income market satisfied with restricted mobility – GSM systems deployed on a secondary basis are best fitted to address the digital gap in low‐income, underserved areas, promoting local‐loop competition in markets of little interest to traditional operators.

Practical implications

The conclusion outlines regulatory recommendations for promoting competition and the growth of innovative, small‐scale operators that take advantage of new wireless technologies to address service coverage gaps.

Originality/value

The paper presents the first attempt to address the Brazilian CDMA‐ and GSM‐based fixed wireless access experience from a regulatory perspective and analyzes the “ruralfone” case, which uses a fixed phone license to deliver GSM‐based services in underserved communities, surpassing incumbent penetration in cities where there is no cellular network yet under a given regulatory environment in Brazil.
Governance of mobile service innovation after the walled gardens
Authors: de Reuver Mark
Published: January 2011

Purpose

This paper seeks to study how interorganizational governance mechanisms within mobile eco‐systems are affected by the end of the walled gardens and what this implies for developing mobile internet services.

Design/methodology/approach

Starting from concepts on interorganizational governance, the paper conducts an extensive case study on how the Dutch walled garden i‐mode portal evolved in an open WAP‐based portal.

Findings

The transition of walled garden to open portals dramatically changes governance mechanisms between operator and content providers. Authority‐based governance in the form of operator rules, contracts‐based governance in the form of formalized agreements, and trust‐based governance in the form of close collaboration all reduced following the end of the walled garden.

Research limitations/implications

The author demonstrates that theoretical concepts of interorganizational governance are relevant for actors within the mobile ecosystem to understand, next to regulatory, technical and market mechanisms, if they are to provide value to the customers as well as to the eco‐system itself.

Originality/value

Although scholars often agree that the choice between walled gardens and open models will influence service innovation, existing studies do not systematically study how governance between operators and content providers changes when the mobile eco‐system is transforming from walled gardens to open models. Although this paper focuses on the relation between operators and content providers, the power shift to hardware and platform providers implies that governance is still highly relevant. As walled gardens also emerge in other areas of ICT‐enabled services, for instance in the Smart Living domain, the insights will be valuable for studies on ICT‐enabled service industries as well.
On the assessment of regulators' efficiency: an application to European telecommunications
Authors: Lupi Paolo , Manenti Fabio , Scialà Antonio , Varin Cristiano
Published: January 2011

Purpose

The aim of this paper is to provide a new and simple approach to the empirical assessment of the internal efficiency of national regulatory authorities (NRAs) based on outcomes on regulated markets. Moreover, in order to illustrate this approach, the authors apply the proposed methodology to telecommunications.

Design/methodology/approach

First, this paper defines the production process of a NRA to identify correctly the inputs and the outputs of regulatory activity. Second, with reference to the telecommunications sector this paper provides estimates for the inputs and output identified. Third, by treating each NRA as a decision making unit (DMU) this paper carries out a data envelopment analysis (DEA) used in conjunction with a smoothed bootstrap technique.

Findings

This paper provides evidences that NRAs operating in new accession countries look more efficient in pursuing dynamic efficiency goals than (more experienced) NRAs operating in other European countries, while they are less efficient when the regulatory outcomes are measured in terms of retail efficiency.

Research limitations/implications

The lack of data on NRAs' personnel and budget requires a cautious discussion of the results.

Practical implications

This paper enables one to get a better understanding of the effectiveness of different regulatory measures.

Social implications

Once a measure of productive (internal) efficiency of a regulatory body has been obtained, it is then possible to embed this information in a more general analysis aimed at disentangling the effectiveness of regulatory measures from the ability (efficiency) of NRAs in putting them into force.

Originality/value

The evaluation of regulators' productive efficiency, as well as the identification of its determinants, has been almost completely neglected in the literature. With this paper we start to fill this gap.