bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Back-surface recombination, electron reflectors, and paths to 28% efficiency for thin-film photovoltaics: A CdTe case study
Authors: Duenow Joel N. , Metzger Wyatt K.
Published: February 2019

As thin-film and silicon solar technologies mature, questions emerge about the upper bounds of thin-film solar performance and realistic experimental paths to reach them. Directions include increasing absorber hole density and bulk lifetime, improving the junction interface, reducing back-surface recombination, and implementing a back-surface electron reflector. Textbook solutions of idealized p-n junctions create a powerful conceptualization of solar cells as predominantly minority-carrier-driven devices. We demonstrate that thin films are distinct, and models often fail to capture the important role of majority-carrier lifetime, leading to contradictions with lifetime measurements and overestimates of potential device improvement from back-surface passivation and/or reflectors. Furthermore, we identify methods to probe majority-carrier lifetime and re-examine the degree to which back-surface passivation and electron reflectors can increase efficiency for a range of common thin-film interface and absorber properties, using current and emerging CdTe technology as an example. Results indicate that a practical approach is to focus first on improving front-interface recombination velocity and the absorber properties, and then on implementing the back-surface passivation or reflector, which can ultimately allow thin-film solar technology to reach 28% efficiency.
A bandgap switchable elastic metamaterial using shape memory alloys
Authors: Chuang Kuo-Chih , Lv Xu-Feng , Wang Yu-Han
Published: February 2019

Adaptive elastic metamaterials are generally tunable but not switchable. Here, the word “switchable” means switching between different bandgap mechanisms, such as from the local resonance bandgaps to the Bragg scattering bandgaps and vice versa. In this work, to achieve switchable bandgaps, we report a new class of elastic metamaterials whose transmission properties can be significantly tuned by curved two-way shape memory alloy (SMA) resonators. The proposed switchable metamaterial possesses bandgaps capable of being switched back and forth between the Bragg scattering and localized resonance ones. Without thermally activating the curved SMA resonators, the metamaterial beam behaves as a phononic crystal beam whose bandgaps are formed by a periodic array of concentrated masses. By heating the SMAs, the SMAs recover their original curved shape and lift the concentrated masses to form the local resonance bandgaps. The reversible dramatic variation in shape and the stiffness of the SMA resonators allows the bandgaps to be switchable and of course tunable. In addition, the equivalent spring stiffness of a curved beam at two possible directions for the first two modes is derived based on Castigliano's second theorem and is experimentally validated. Compared to SMA springs, the curved shape SMAs allow the generation of high-order local resonance bandgaps. If thermally activated at different temperatures, the negative effective mass density can further be tunable. To the author's knowledge, this work is the first theoretical and careful experimental investigation realizing switchable metamaterials using the two-way shape memory alloys.
A multicomponent real-fluid fully compressible four-equation model for two-phase flow with phase change
Authors: Yi Ping , Yang Songzhi , Habchi Chaouki , Lugo Rafael
Published: February 2019

A fully compressible four-equation model for multicomponent two-phase flow coupled with a real-fluid phase equilibrium-solver is suggested. It is composed of two mass, one momentum, and one energy balance equations under the mechanical and thermal equilibrium assumptions. The multicomponent characteristics in both liquid and gas phases are considered. The thermodynamic properties are computed using a composite equation of state (EoS), in which each phase follows its own Peng-Robinson (PR) EoS in its range of convexity, and the two-phase mixtures are connected with a set of algebraic equilibrium constraints. The drawback of complex speed of the sound region for the two-phase mixture is avoided using this composite EoS. The phase change is computed using a phase equilibrium-solver, in which the phase stability is examined by the Tangent Plane Distance approach; an isoenergetic-isochoric flash including an isothermal-isobaric flash is applied to determine the phase change. This four-equation model has been implemented into an in-house IFP-C3D software. Extensive comparisons between the four-equation model predictions, experimental measurements in flash boiling cases, and available numerical results were carried out, and good agreements have been obtained. The results demonstrated that this four-equation model can simulate the phase change and capture most real-fluid behaviors for multicomponent two-phase flows. Finally, this validated model was applied to investigate the behaviors of n-dodecane/nitrogen mixtures in one-dimensional shock and double-expansion tubes. The complex wave patterns were unraveled, and the effects of dissolved nitrogen and the volume translation in PR EoS on the wave evolutions were revealed. A three-dimensional transcritical fuel injection is finally simulated to highlight the performance of the proposed four-equation model for multidimensional flows.
High-speed dynamics of temperature distribution in ultrafast (up to 108 K/s) chip-nanocalorimeters, measured by infrared thermography of high resolution
Authors: Minakov A. , Morikawa J. , Zhuravlev E. , Ryu M. , van Herwaarden A. W. , Schick C.
Published: February 2019

To study the kinetics of phase transitions and to obtain artificial materials with improved physical properties, a set of thin-film high-sensitivity sensors for ultra-fast scanning nanocalorimetry has been constructed. To investigate the dynamics of the temperature distribution in thin-film calorimetric sensors, high-resolution high-speed infrared thermography has been applied as a tool of non-contact thermal imaging in combination with ultra-fast scanning calorimetry. The dynamic heat-transfer problem, causing the temperature distribution in a thin-film sensor at ultrafast scanning of temperature, has been solved analytically. Analytical solutions for square and circular geometry have been obtained and compared with the temperature profiles obtained by infrared thermographic measurements. A theoretical background for ultra-fast-cooling experiments has been formulated. The origin of the restrictions imposed on the maximum attainable controlled cooling rate has been investigated. It is shown that thin-film sensors can be applied for controlled ultra-fast cooling, as well as heating, at 108 K/s and even 109 K/s.
Study of trap levels in β-Ga2O3 by thermoluminescence spectroscopy
Authors: Islam Md Minhazul , Rana Dhan , Hernandez Armando , Haseman Micah , Selim F. A.
Published: February 2019

Electronic defects with shallow and deep levels in β-Ga2O3 single crystals were investigated by thermoluminescence (TL) spectroscopy. Undoped, Fe-doped, Sn-doped, and Mg-doped β-Ga2O3 single crystals grown by different methods were studied, and thermal activation energies of defects were calculated using the initial rise method. Hall-effect measurements and optical absorption spectroscopy were performed to determine the electrical transport properties and optical bandgaps. It was found that the dopants do not have any effect on the bandgap energy, which is important for comparing the trap levels in the samples. Three deep trap levels were found in the undoped crystals; the activation energy, ED, and concentration of defect centers for all of them have slightly changed after doping with Fe and Mg. Fe doping induced an additional defect center with activation energy of 0.62 eV. The measurements revealed the absence of TL emission in Sn doped crystals indicating that Sn doping may quench luminescence centers or modified some original electronic defects to inactive electron traps. The second interpretation “decrease of traps” may align with the successful incorporation of Sn as a donor and the high conductivity of Sn doped crystals revealed from Hall-effect measurements. This work also illustrates that the semi-insulating characteristics of Fe and Mg doped Ga2O3 are associated with the increase of the concentration of original traps in the crystal as well as the formation of new electron traps acting as deep acceptors. Recombination centers in all crystals are assumed to be associated with iron impurities.
Internal photoemission spectroscopy determination of barrier heights between Ta-based amorphous metals and atomic layer deposited insulators
Authors: Jenkins M. A. , McGlone J. M. , Wager J. F. , Conley J. F.
Published: February 2019

The energy barrier heights between two recently reported Ta-based amorphous metals (TaWSi and TaNiSi), TaN, and atomic layer deposited Al2O3 and HfO2 insulators are measured in metal/insulator/metal (MIM) structures with Au top electrodes using internal photoemission (IPE) spectroscopy. For Al2O3, the Ta-based metal barrier heights, φBn, increase with increasing metal work function, ΦM, for TaN, TaWSi, and TaNiSi, respectively. For HfO2, however, the barrier heights are relatively constant for all three metals φBn,TaNiSi ≈ φBn.TaWSi ≈ φBn.TaN. The difference between HfO2 and Al2O3 is attributed to enhanced Fermi-level pinning due to a larger dielectric constant. The slope parameter, S, was found to be roughly 0.89 and 0.44–0.69 for Al2O3 and HfO2, respectively. For devices with a TaWSi bottom electrode, a comparison was also made between Al and Au top electrodes. Significantly, smaller barrier heights were obtained with an Au top electrode than with an Al top electrode, 0.6 eV and 0.8 eV lower for HfO2 and Al2O3, respectively. IPE energy barriers are found consistent with current-voltage asymmetry of MIM diodes, whereas Schottky model predictions of barrier heights were inconsistent.
Microscale effects of Bingham-plastic liquid behavior considering electroviscous effects in nano- or microsized circular tubes
Authors: Zhang Xueling , Shi Yutao , Kuang Songya , Zhu Weiyao , Cai Qiang , Wang Yanling , Wu Xuehong , Jin Tingxiang
Published: February 2019

Although microscale phenomena are ubiquitous in fluid flow through nano- or microsized channels and pores, the mechanisms remain unclear. To clarify these mechanisms, we investigate herein Bingham-plastic liquids with electroviscous effects (EVEs) in nano- and microsized circular tubes. The constitutive equation and electroviscous forces are introduced into the governing equations, and approximate analytical solutions are obtained. Velocity reduction results from the combined effects of the Bingham characteristics and EVEs. The Bingham behavior reduces the strength of the EVE electric field, and EVEs increase the width of the flow core. The dimensionless average velocity decreases as the tube radius decreases and goes to zero upon approaching the lower limit of the movable fluid radius (Rm). As the pressure gradient decreases, the average velocity first decreases linearly, then decreases nonlinearly in a concave shape, and finally approaches zero as the pressure reaches the threshold pressure gradient (TPG). The Bingham plastic behavior causes both the Rm and the nonlinear flow with TPG, and Rm is still caused by the van der Waals forces under liquid compressibility more obviously. The EVE parameters only affect the degree of nonlinearity when the liquid exhibits Bingham-plastic behavior. These results are consistent with experimentally observed de-ionized water flowing in microscale silica tubes. We infer that the Newtonian fluid displays the Bingham-plastic behavior in nano- or microsized channels in what we call “microscale effects.” These results elucidate the mechanism that leads to nonlinear or low-speed non-Darcy flow in nano- or microsized channels and pores from the liquid characteristic and liquid-solid interaction.
Flow organization and heat transfer in two-dimensional tilted convection with aspect ratio 0.5
Authors: Wang Qi , Wan Zhen-Hua , Yan Rui , Sun De-Jun
Published: February 2019

Thermal convection in a two-dimensional tilted cell with aspect ratio (Γ = width/height) 0.5 is studied using direct numerical simulations. The considered tilt angle β ranges from 0° to 90°. The Prandtl number Pr dependence is first studied in the range of 0.01 ≤ Pr ≤ 100 for a fixed Rayleigh number Ra = 107. The Ra dependence is also investigated in the range of 106 ≤ Ra ≤ 109 for a fixed Pr = 0.71. Different flow states are identified over the β − Pr parameter space. It is found that the flow tends to organize in stable vertically-stacked double-roll state (DRS) for small Pr and small β, while this DRS becomes unstable and flow reversals happen with the increase of β. This finding complements our previous study of flow reversals in tilted cells with Γ = 1 and 2 [Wang et al., J. Fluid Mech. 849, 355–372 (2018)]. For relatively larger Pr, the flow gives way to a stable triple-roll state or an unstable triple-roll state for small β. Moreover, multiple states in the turbulent regime are found for Ra ≥ 108, between which the flow can or cannot switch. In the latter case, the Nu are different for the two states with the same number of convection rolls, but different orientations. It is found that the Nu(β)/Nu(0) and Re(β)/Re(0) dependence is strongly influenced by a combination of Ra and Pr. In the present system, we interestingly find that the earlier conclusion that Nu decreases with increasing β close to β = 90° for Γ = 1 does not hold for the present Γ = 0.5 case with small Pr.
Roughness induced transition: A vorticity point of view
Authors: Suryanarayanan Saikishan , Goldstein David B. , Brown Garry L.
Published: February 2019

This paper explores the mechanisms underlying roughness induced transition (RIT) caused by discrete roughness elements (DREs) using immersed boundary direct numerical simulations. We show via favorable comparison between RIT in Blasius boundary layers and equivalent Couette flows that linear instability of the boundary layer profile does not play a significant role for the DREs considered (k < 0.6δ*, where k is the height of the DRE) and that k+ = uτk/ν is the dominant parameter (for a given shape of the DRE) which strongly affects the transition location. For a suitable range of k+, the flow evolution can be separated into four distinct stages: (i) generation of vortical disturbances at the roughness, (ii) a steady and spatial amplification of a three dimensional disturbance, (iii) the emergence and amplification of unsteady disturbances, and (iv) the emergence of chaotic behavior leading to a “turbulent wedge” (with a relatively high mean wall shear stress). Each of these stages is studied in detail. A mechanistic understanding of RIT is suggested which includes a new and fundamental understanding of the final stage. Novel results include the description of a mutual stretching mechanism leading to the near wall amplification of streamwise vorticity at the onset of stage IV, complementary interpretations of the lift up and the “modal instability” using a control volume formulation for different components of the enstrophy, and a demonstration of a passive RIT mitigation strategy using an “anti-roughness” element (i.e., a second downstream roughness element), which exploits this understanding of RIT mechanisms from the vorticity-based analysis.
Space partitioning of exchange-correlation functionals with the projector augmented-wave method
Authors: Levämäki H. , Kuisma M. , Kokko K.
Published: February 2019

We implement a Becke fuzzy cells type space partitioning scheme for the purposes of exchange-correlation within the GPAW projector augmented-wave method based density functional theory code. Space partitioning is needed in the situation where one needs to treat different parts of a combined system with different exchange-correlation functionals. For example, bulk and surface regions of a system could be treated with functionals that are specifically designed to capture the distinct physics of those regions. Here, we use the space partitioning scheme to implement the quasi-nonuniform exchange-correlation scheme, which is a useful practical approach for calculating metallic alloys on the generalized gradient approximation level. We also confirm the correctness of our implementation with a set of test calculations.
Experimental investigations on mixing characteristics in the critical regime of a low-area ratio supersonic ejector
Authors: Gupta Pradeep , Rao Srisha M. V. , Kumar Pramod
Published: February 2019

Ejectors have many applications in aerospace and energy conversion technologies. An ejector is a passive device that pumps a secondary fluid by energy augmentation from a primary fluid. The performance of the ejector is primarily dependent on the complex gas dynamic interactions between the primary and secondary flows in a variable area duct. The maximum mass flow rate of the ejector in the critical flow regime is limited by choking of both the primary and secondary flows. This paper focuses on experimental investigations on the mixing characteristics of the ejector having an area ratio of 2 in the critical flow regime for a range of stagnation pressure ratios varying between 5.49 and 11.12 and a primary Mach number of 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5. The gas dynamic flow field is visualized using non-invasive high-speed schlieren and Mie-scattering techniques. Mie-scattering images are used to gain insight into the mixing characteristics and estimate the non-mixed length. The optical measurements are complimented with the wall static pressure measurements. The experimental performance data are compared with two well-established analytical models. The characterization of the mixing in the critical operating regime of the ejector using optical tools is being reported here for the first time. An important outcome of the paper is the observation of a significant increment in the non-mixed length to the tune of 55% increase in the critical flow regime in comparison to the mixed flow regime.
Interactions of the wakes of two flapping wings in hover
Authors: Han Jong-Seob , Kim Ho-Young , Han Jae-Hung
Published: February 2019

This paper deals with interactions of the wakes of two flapping wings on aerodynamic characteristics in hover. With dynamically scaled-up robotic wings installed in a water tank, the effects of both the shape of motion profiles and the mean flapping angle of the wings (the average location of the wings with respect to pivots) were investigated. For the zero mean flapping angle case, the interaction commonly reduced aerodynamic force production regardless of the shape of motion profiles. A leading-edge vortex (LEV) near the wing base was slightly deconcentrated, and the effective angle of attack was less than that in the single wing cases. Further investigation on the mean flapping angle revealed that regardless of the shape of motion profiles, the interaction of the two wakes gradually intensified at the dorsal part where the wings came closer, resulting in a periodic imbalanced force production for every half wingbeat cycle. A particle image velocimetry showed a deconcentrated LEV during the upstroke. Deeply inclined downward fluxes with a fair wind brought on the lower effective angle of attack on the wings in the upstroke. During the downstroke, on the other hand, the primary vortex of LEV clearly intensified with a massive headwind. This was clearly observed near each wing base. The minor vortex along the leading edge was noticeably more concentrated than that in the single wing case. These periodically appeared with a combination of back-and-forth wingbeat motions, preserving such imbalanced production while keeping hovering flight.
High-temperature superconductivity in alkaline and rare earth polyhydrides at high pressure: A theoretical perspective
Authors: Zurek Eva , Bi Tiange
Published: February 2019

The theoretical exploration of the phase diagrams of binary hydrides under pressure using ab initio crystal structure prediction techniques coupled with first principles calculations has led to the in silico discovery of numerous novel superconducting materials. This Perspective focuses on the alkaline earth and rare earth polyhydrides whose superconducting critical temperature, Tc, was predicted to be above the boiling point of liquid nitrogen. After providing a brief overview of the computational protocol used to predict the structures of stable and metastable hydrides under pressure, we outline the equations that can be employed to estimate Tc. The systems with a high Tc can be classified according to the motifs found in their hydrogenic lattices. The highest Tcs are found for cages that are reminiscent of clathrates and the lowest for systems that contain atomic and molecular hydrogen. A wide variety of hydrogenic motifs including 1- and 2-dimensional lattices, as well as H10δ− molecular units comprising fused H5δ− pentagons, are present in phases with intermediate Tcs. Some of these phases are predicted to be superconducting at room temperature. Some may have recently been synthesized in diamond anvil cells.
Experimental investigation of cross flow mixing in a randomly packed bed and streamwise vortex characteristics using particle image velocimetry and proper orthogonal decomposition analysis
Authors: Nguyen T. , Muyshondt R. , Hassan Y. A. , Anand N. K.
Published: February 2019

The study of flow and heat transfer through porous media or randomly packed beds is important as these configurations are widely used in many engineering applications, for example, heat energy storage, chemical catalytic reactors, and nuclear reactors. The flow mixing characteristics in a cross-flow plane of a facility with randomly packed spheres at an aspect ratio of 6.3 were experimentally investigated. The velocity fields at several regions of the cross-flow plane located in the vicinity of the wall and in the pores between spheres were obtained by applying the matched-index-of-refraction and time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TR-PIV) techniques for Reynolds numbers ranging from 700 to 1700. The TR-PIV results revealed various flow patterns in the transverse plane of the packed spheres, including swirling flow structures aligned with the axial flow direction, a strong bypass flow near the enclosure wall, and a circulation region created when the bypass flow ejected into a large spatial gap. When the Reynolds number was increased, the peaks of root-mean-square fluctuating velocities, urms′ and vrms′, were found to increase approximately at the same ratio as the increase in Reynolds number, and the magnitude of the Reynolds stress increased considerably. In addition, the characteristics of flow mixing in different flow regions were investigated via the two-point cross-correlation of fluctuating velocities. Using Taylor’s hypothesis, the vorticity iso-surfaces were constructed. Thus, constructed iso-surfaces showed that shear layers generated from the bypass flow gaps were stretched, broken into smaller flow structures, and then evolved as vortex pairs when entering the neighboring gaps. The results obtained by applying proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) analysis to the velocity fields showed that the statistically dominant flow structures had approximately the same size and shape as those depicted by Taylor’s hypothesis. Vortex characteristics, such as populations, spatial distributions, and strengths, for various spatial regions and Reynolds numbers were obtained by a combination of POD analysis and vortex identification.
Investigation of DPD transport properties in modeling bioparticle motion under the effect of external forces: Low Reynolds number and high Schmidt scenarios
Authors: Waheed Waqas , Alazzam Anas , Al-Khateeb Ashraf N. , Sung Hyung Jin , Abu-Nada Eiyad
Published: February 2019

We have used a dissipative particle dynamics (DPD) model to study the movement of microparticles in a microfluidic device at extremely low Reynolds number (Re). The particles, immersed in a medium, are transported in the microchannel by a flow force and deflected transversely by an external force along the way. An in-house Fortran code is developed to simulate a two-dimensional fluid flow using DPD at Re ≥ 0.0005, which is two orders of magnitude less than the minimum Re value previously reported in the DPD literature. The DPD flow profile is verified by comparing it with the exact solution of Hagen-Poiseuille flow. A bioparticle based on a rigid spring-bead model is introduced in the DPD fluid, and the employed model is verified via comparing the velocity profile past a stationary infinite cylinder against the profile obtained via the finite element method. Moreover, the drag force and drag coefficient on the stationary cylinder are also computed and compared with the reported literature results. Dielectrophoresis (DEP) is investigated as a case study for the proposed DPD model to compute the trajectories of red blood cells in a microfluidic device. A mapping mechanism to scale the external deflecting force from the physical to DPD domain is performed. We designed and built our own experimental setup with the aim to compare the experimental trajectories of cells in a microfluidic device to validate our DPD model. These experimental results are used to investigate the dependence of the trajectory results on the Reynolds number and the Schmidt number. The numerical results agree well with the experiment results, and it is found that the Schmidt number is not a significant parameter for the current application; Reynolds numbers combined with the DEP-to-drag force ratio are the only important parameters influencing the behavior of particles inside the microchannel.
Influence of mass and charge disorder on the phonon thermal conductivity of entropy stabilized oxides determined by molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Lim M. , Rak Zs. , Braun J. L. , Rost C. M. , Kotsonis G. N. , Hopkins P. E. , Maria J.-P. , Brenner D. W.
Published: February 2019

It is shown using classical molecular dynamics simulations that phonon scattering from disorder in the interatomic forces introduced by charge transfer and not from mass disorder is needed to explain the thermal conductivity reduction experimentally measured that accompanies the addition of a sixth cation to the entropy stabilized oxide J14 [(Mg0.1Co0.1Ni0.1Cu0.1Zn0.1)O0.5]. The simulations were performed on five entropy-stabilized oxides, J14, and J14 plus Sc, Sn, Cr, or Ge in equi-molar cation proportions. Comparing the simulation results to predictions from the Bridgman equation using properties from the simulations suggests that despite phonon scattering from disorder in both atomic forces and mass, the thermal conductivity for these systems is still above an analytical limit for an amorphous structure.
Thermal magnifier and external cloak in ternary component structure
Authors: Yang Shuai , Xu Liujun , Huang Jiping
Published: February 2019

Thermal metamaterials have aroused broad research interests for their potential applications in heat manipulation. Among them, bilayer thermal cloak is a representative one. However, the requirement of zero thermal conductivity of the inner layer may largely restrict broader applications. In this work, we remove the requirement of zero thermal conductivity and explore a ternary component structure. By calculating its effective thermal conductivity, we derive some special relations which result in two distinct camouflage behaviors, i.e., thermal magnifier and external cloak. Concretely speaking, thermal magnifier can thermally disguise a small object into a big one, and external cloak can thermally hide a component outside the cloak. Finite-element simulations are conducted in both two and three dimensions, which echo with our theoretical prediction. The ternary component structure has potential applications in thermal camouflage, thermal invisibility, etc. This work not only paves the way for designing camouflage in thermotics but also opens up an avenue for exploring camouflage in other diffusive fields like electrostatic, magnetostatic, and particle diffusive fields.
Experimental basis of the standard model
Authors: Grannis Paul , Lüth Vera
Published: February 2019

Understanding the subatomic particles and the interactions among them required the development of ever more sophisticated experiments—from early cloud chambers to huge, multielement detectors.
Perception metaphors in cognitive linguistics
Authors: Ibarretxe-Antuñano Iraide
Published: February 2019

This chapter presents an up-to-date retrospective on the study of perception metaphors in cognitive linguistics. After a brief introduction to some of the main theoretical tools for the analysis of conceptual metaphor, three main areas are discussed: the scope of perception metaphors, the motivation for perception metaphors, and the lexicalisation of perception metaphors. The chapter ends with some indications for future work in this area.
Metaphors and perception in the lexicon
Authors: Strik-Lievers Francesca , De Felice Irene
Published: February 2019

Polysemy patterns in the sensory lexicon have been the subject of many studies, mostly synchronically oriented. This paper investigates whether the regularities observed for the intrafield and transfield polysemy of sensory lexemes can also be noted in the semantic changes that the lexemes undergo over time. Based on lexicographic resources, we analyse the sense(s) of Classical Latin sensory adjectives and “follow” them until Contemporary Italian. Our findings indicate that semantic shifts that occurred over time largely conform to the patterns that emerge from synchronic analyses: if some change in meaning occurs, the semantic shift tends to go from a “lower” to a “higher” sensory modality, or from perceptual to cognitive or abstract senses.
Synaesthetic metaphors are neither synaesthetic nor metaphorical
Authors: Winter Bodo
Published: February 2019

Speakers often use metaphor when talking about the contents of perception. For example, a word such as sweet can be used to talk metaphorically about sensory impressions that are not directly related to taste, as in so-called “synaesthetic metaphors” such as sweet fragrance and sweet melody. In this chapter, I present arguments against the synaesthetic and metaphorical nature of such expressions. First, a look at the neuropsychological literature reveals that the phenomenon commonly called “synaesthesia” bears little resemblance to the metaphors investigated by linguists. Moreover, in contrast to synaesthesia as a neuropsychological phenomenon, most “synaesthetic” metaphors involve mappings between highly similar and perceptually integrated sensory modalities, such as taste and smell. Finally, combinations of words that involve dissimilar sensory modalities, such as sweet melody, appear to perform largely evaluative functions. Thus, evaluation might be driving the use of these terms, more so than “synaesthetic” perception. I will then compare my analyses to the idea that many metaphors are grounded in primary metaphors and/or metonymies. All in all, this paper suggests that many and perhaps most “synaesthetic metaphors” are neither synaesthetic nor metaphorical. From a broader perspective, the case study of synaesthetic metaphors presented here fleshes out the way language and perception are related and how sensory content is encoded in the lexicon of human languages.
Approaching perceptual qualities
Authors: Ryzhova Daria , Rakhilina Ekaterina , Kholkina Liliya
Published: February 2019

The paper examines the properties of heavy as a perceptual concept, based on evidence from 11 languages. We demonstrate that the semantics of this concept is heterogeneous; lexemes of this field can be used in situations of at least three types: Lifting, Shifting and Weighing. These situations are either lexicalised as separate words, or they converge in a single lexeme in various combinations following certain strategies. We also argue that different metaphorical extensions correspond to different situation types; this allows us to use analysis of metaphoric shifts as an additional instrument to establish the semantic structure of direct meanings.
Divide to unite
Authors: van Bijnen Emma , Greco Sara
Published: February 2019

In dispute mediation, mediators, perhaps counterintuitively, make the disagreement between parties explicit and
formulate their interventions on the disagreement in such a way that the disagreement is made manageable. In this paper, three
functions of identifying and elucidating the parties’ disagreement that demonstrate the importance of making disagreement
salient – (1) uncovering real issues, (2) emphasizing conflict ownership, (3) making disagreements manageable – are presented.
Corpora of mediation simulation transcripts are used as empirical bases for the analyses of the means by which mediators make
disagreement explicit (the how) and for what specific functions they do so (the why). The three aspects of strategic maneuvering
(van Eemeren 2010) are used to analyze how mediators construct the interventions on
the disagreement in terms of: (a) the topics they select from the topical potential, (b) the adjustment of interventions to suit
their intended addressee(s), and (c) what presentational devices are used.
A predictive coding approach to Text World Theory
Authors: Neurohr Benedict
Published: February 2019

Text World Theory offers a beneficial tool for the analysis of texts and the structures of fictional worlds. A significant and fascinating topic is the cognitive and psychological reality behind the text-world structures identified by an expert researcher of literature and if they are experienced when read by a given individual for pleasure. Using a neurological model of perceptual processing called Predictive Coding, this chapter sets out to examine how a text might be processed in real time by a reader. This process must also be sensitive to readers’ prior knowledge in keeping with Text World Theory, and whether it is the first time the text is read or not. It will be shown that while the analyses provided by Text World Theory are valid and useful for describing fictional constructions, it is possible to be even more precise when describing the formation of text-worlds in a real-time reading process.
Experiencing horrible worlds
Authors: Stewart-Shaw Lizzie
Published: February 2019

In this chapter, I explore how conceptual movement within the fictional worlds of horror can affect the reader’s emotional experience of the text. I argue that horror fiction necessarily requires “horrible” world-building elements and function-advancing propositions to establish the macabre ambience of the fictional world, which contributes to the reader’s experience of negative emotions such as anxiety and fear. Once this uncomfortable world is established, various types of world creation can manipulate the reader’s attention to bring about such negative emotional responses. Drawing on Text World Theory (Gavins 2007) and attention and resonance (Stockwell 2009a) to investigate this phenomenon, I conduct a stylistic analysis of how the text-worlds of Stephen King’s IT (1986) are built and experienced by readers.
Sharing fiction
Authors: Jackson Sarah
Published: February 2019

In this chapter, I explore the pre-adult reading experience and assess what pre-school literary interaction can tell us about later adult literary cognition and the subjective experience of reading fiction. The cognitive-linguistic framework Text World Theory is applied to storytime discourse in order to examine the complexities of early reading practices. Throughout this chapter, I advocate an empirical approach to the examination of the pre-school reading experience and the discussion centres on data collected from real readers: specifically, reader dyads made up of a pre-school child aged between two and four years old and a parent, who regularly read a picture-book story together at home. The analysis presented in this chapter focuses on the storytime discourse of one of my adult–child pair participants, and looks specifically at the role of “interactive interpretation” and pictures on the pre-schooler’s literary experience. Overall, I argue that participants work together during storytime to negotiate meaning and assimilate their independent text-worlds for a coherent literary experience.
Stem alternations in the Brag-bar dialect of Situ Rgyalrong
Authors: Zhang Shuya
Published: February 2019

In Rgyalrongic studies, it is believed that the most complex stem alternation system is found in Zbu, a Northern Rgyalrong language, whereas other languages, including Situ, have simpler systems. However, as a dialect of Situ Rgyalrong, Brag-bar presents a complex stem alternation system exhibiting several opaque features in comparison with other Situ dialects. This paper documents the stem alternations in the Brag-bar dialect of Situ Rgyalrong. It first describes the distribution and stem formation devices of different verb stems in Brag-bar, then explains the occurrence of the irregular stem I′/II′ in Brag-bar and investigates their synchronic status.
The synchronic and diachronic phonology of Va
Authors: Sun Jackson T. -S.
Published: February 2019

Va, an obscure language of Southwestern Yunnan, belongs to the Wa-Lawa cluster under the Waic subgroup of Palaungic in the Austroasiatic language family. This article presents an overview of Va synchronic phonology and an account of its evolution from the Proto-Wa-Lawa sound system reconstructed by Gérard Diffloth. Modern Va phonology is characterized by fully monosyllabic word structure, reduced syllable canon, and a robust three-tone system. Its atypical phonological profile from an Austroasiatic perspective and its tonogenesis may be directly attributed to the sociolinguistic ambience of the Va-speaking areas. The phonological innovations discussed herein, including onset-driven tone splitting rules and coda-driven vowel splitting rules, will help determine the language’s distinct status within the Wa-Lawa language cluster.
Suppression of liquid metal embrittlement in resistance spot welding of TRIP steel
Authors: He L. , DiGiovanni C. , Han X. , Mehling C. , Wintjes E. , Biro E. , Zhou N.Y.
Published: February 2019

Third-generation advanced high strength steels are typically given a zinc coating that provides excellent resistance to corrosion. During the resistance spot welding process, the melted zinc coating enables liquid metal embrittlement (LME) that causes cracking in the weld indent. In this study, LME in TRIP 1100 and TRIP 1200 steels was suppressed by placing aluminium interlayers added between the electrode and steel contact surface. Compared to welds exhibiting LME, TRIP 1100 with aluminium interlayers showed complete strength recovery while TRIP 1200 with aluminium interlayers resulted in a recovery of strength by 90%. Aluminium interlayers suppress LME by the formation of iron aluminides that hinder liquid zinc from coming in contact with the steel substrate, thus preventing LME.
Commodification, vulnerability, risk: gendered social policy developments in the United States, 1980–2018
Authors: Laperrière Marie , Orloff Ann Shola , Pryma Jane
Published: February 2019

Over the last few decades, the position of women vis-à-vis the welfare state has changed dramatically. Welfare states have adapted to women's increased labour force participation and to the “new social risks” that characterize postindustrial societies. In this paper, we examine gendered policy developments in the US, focusing on conceptions of vulnerability that inform policies meant to mitigate gendered social risks. Focusing on three policy areas: parental leave, domestic violence and disability, we show that policies increasingly target women's integration into the workforce and self-regulation as strategies to mitigate gendered social risk. We also discuss how these policies rely on individual interventions implemented by what we call punitive therapy practitioners, who encourage women's workforce participation and psychological self-regulation. Finally, we argue that enduring gendered conceptions of vulnerability have shaped the specific designs of policies that emerged in the 1960s–1970s, intensified through the 1980s, 1990s, and early 2000s, and persist today.
Heterotypic CAF-tumor spheroids promote early peritoneal metastasis of ovarian cancer
Authors: Gao Qinglei , Yang Zongyuan , Xu Sen , Li Xiaoting , Yang Xin , Jin Ping , Liu Yi , Zhou Xiaoshui , Zhang Taoran , Gong Cheng , Wei Xiao , Liu Dan , Sun Chaoyang , Chen Gang , Hu Junbo , Meng Li , Zhou Jianfeng , Sawada Kenjiro , Fruscio Robert , Grunt Thomas W. , Wischhusen Jörg , Vargas-Hernández Víctor Manuel , Pothuri Bhavana , Coleman Robert L.
Published: February 2019

High-grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC) is hallmarked by early onset of peritoneal dissemination, which distinguishes it from low-grade serous ovarian cancer (LGSOC). Here, we describe the aggressive nature of HGSOC ascitic tumor cells (ATCs) characterized by integrin α5high (ITGA5high) ATCs, which are prone to forming heterotypic spheroids with fibroblasts. We term these aggregates as metastatic units (MUs) in HGSOC for their advantageous metastatic capacity and active involvement in early peritoneal dissemination. Intriguingly, fibroblasts inside MUs support ATC survival and guide their peritoneal invasion before becoming essential components of the tumor stroma in newly formed metastases. Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) recruit ITGA5high ATCs to form MUs, which further sustain ATC ITGA5 expression by EGF secretion. Notably, LGSOC is largely devoid of CAFs and the resultant MUs, which might explain its metastatic delay. These findings identify a specialized MU architecture that amplifies the tumor–stroma interaction and promotes transcoelomic metastasis in HGSOC, providing the basis for stromal fibroblast-oriented interventions in hampering OC peritoneal propagation.
Profinite groups with an automorphism whose fixed points are right Engel
Authors: Acciarri C. , Khukhro E. , Shumyatsky P.
Published: February 2019

An elementggof a groupGGis said to be right Engel if for everyx∈Gx\in Gthere is a numbern=n(g,x)n=n(g,x)such that[g,nx]=1[g,{}_{n}x]=1. We prove that if a profinite groupGGadmits a coprime automorphismφ\varphiof prime order such that every fixed point ofφ\varphiis a right Engel element, thenGGis locally nilpotent.
A new proof for the Daniel-Stone theorem for random probability measures
Authors: Liu Xue
Published: February 2019

In this paper, we give a new proof for the Daniel-Stone theorem for random probability measures without using the result of the classical Daniel-Stone theorem.
Flexibility of normal affine horospherical varieties
Authors: Gaifullin Sergey , Shafarevich Anton
Published: February 2019

We investigate flexibility of affine varieties with an action of a linear algebraic group. Flexibility of a smooth affine variety with only constant invertible functions and a locally transitive action of a reductive group is proved. Also we show that a normal affine complexity-zero horospherical variety with only constant invertible functions is flexible.
Nonlinear gradient estimates for double phase elliptic problems with irregular double obstacles
Authors: Byun Sun-Sig , Liang Shuang , Zheng Shenzhou
Published: February 2019

An elliptic double phase problem with irregular double obstacles is investigated to establish a Calderón-Zygmund type estimate in the setting of Lebesgue spaces and weighted Lebesgue spaces. We prove that the gradient of a solution to such a highly nonlinear problem is as integrable as both the nonhomogeneous term in divergence form and the gradient of the associated double obstacles under minimal regularity requirements on the given nonlinear elliptic operator.
Product and Innovation Portfolio Management
Authors: Chagas Brasil Vinícius , Eggers J.P.
Published: February 2019

In competitive strategy, firms manage two primary (non-financial) portfolios—the product portfolio and the innovation portfolio. Portfolio management involves resource allocation to balance the important tradeoff of risk reduction and upside maximization, with important decisions around the evaluation, prioritization and selection of products and innovation projects. These two portfolios are interdependent in ways that create reinforcing dynamics—the innovation portfolio is the array of potential future products, while the product portfolio both informs innovation strategy and provides inputs to future innovation efforts. Additionally, portfolio management processes operate at two levels, which is reflected in the literature's structure. The first is a micro lens which focuses on management frameworks to boost portfolio performance and success through project-level selection tools. This research has its roots in financial portfolio management, relates closely to research on new product development and marketing product management, and explores the effects of portfolio management decisions on other organizational functions (e.g., operations). The second lens is a macro lens on portfolio management research, which considers the portfolio as a whole and integrates key organizational and competitive concepts such as entry timing, portfolio management resource allocation regimes (e.g., real options reasoning), organizational experience, and the culling of products and projects. This literature aims to set portfolio management as higher level organizational decision-making capability that embodies the growth strategy of the organization. The organizational ability to manage both the product and innovation portfolios connects portfolio management to key strategic organizational capabilities, including ambidexterity and dynamic capabilities, and operationalizes strategic flexibility. We therefore view portfolio management as a source of competitive advantage that supports organizational renewal.
Public Management Reforms: One-Stop Shops to Digital Government
Authors: Knox Colin , Janenova Saltanat
Published: February 2019

The concept of one-stop shops started as a relatively modest idea of providing information to public service users under one roof and helping citizens to navigate the complexities of multiple providers. Over time a business sector model accelerated the development of one-stop shops into a new phase of digitization influenced by the emergence of New Public Management with its emphasis on putting users at the center of public services provision. Technological progress afforded citizens access to the state and, in turn, promoted state-to-citizens interactions through multiple channels, both digital and physical. One-shop shops became inextricably linked to e-government which impacted both the developed and developing world, including authoritarian states. Although evidence of the impact of one-shop shops is still limited, not least because the concept has morphed over time, key improvements are listed as increased citizen satisfaction, reduced corruption, and greater efficiency. The pace of development has been such that the future suggests a move from one-stop shops to “no-stop shops.”