bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Of Minds and Embryos: Left-Right Asymmetry and the Serotonergic Controls of Pre-Neural Morphogenesis
Authors: Levin Michael , Buznikov Gennady A. , Lauder Jean M.
Published: May 2006

Serotonin is a clinically important neurotransmitter regulating diverse aspects of cognitive function, sleep, mood, and appetite. Increasingly, it is becoming appreciated that serotonin signaling among non-neuronal cells is a novel patterning mechanism existing throughout diverse phyla. Here, we review the evidence implicating serotonergic signaling in embryonic morphogenesis, including gastrulation, craniofacial and bone patterning, and the generation of left-right asymmetry. We propose two models suggesting movement of neurotransmitter molecules as a novel mechanism for how bioelectrical events may couple to downstream signaling cascades and gene activation networks. The discovery of serotonin-dependent patterning events occurring long before the development of the nervous system opens exciting new avenues for future research in evolutionary, developmental, and clinical biology.
Insertion of Double Bicanalicular Silicone Tubes after Endonasal Dacryocystorhinostomy in Lacrimal Canalicular Stenosis: A 10-Year Experience
Authors: Caversaccio Marco , Häusler Rudolf
Published: May 2006

To assess the long-term results of double bicanalicular silicone tubes in canalicular (presaccal) stenosis of the nasolacrimal duct system, a retrospective follow-up was performed on patients operated between 1992 and 2002. Forty-five patients were included in the study, 44 of whom had eyes with canalicular stenosis (primary dacryocystorhinostomy), 4 with congenital agenesis of the lacrimal duct system, and 3 cases after primary external dacryocystorhinostomy. Double bicanalicular silicone tubes were inserted, fixed in the vestibulum nasi, and left in place as long-term space holders. Of the 51 endonasal primary dacryocystorhinostomies with canalicular stenosis, 32 (63%) became symptom-free after one procedure. Nineteen (37%) patients had a relapse. Double silicone bicanalicular tube insertion as long-term spacers in canalicular stenoses has a number of advantages, but canalicular stenoses still remain a challenging area.
Technical Note: Minimal Access Surgery for Cochlear Implantation with MED-EL Devices
Authors: Mann Wolf J. , Gosepath Jan
Published: May 2006

Background: Minimally invasive techniques have been described for cochlear implant surgery, but so far this had not been the case for Med-EL devices. Objective: To describe a newly developed minimal access approach for the implantation of Med-EL devices and report our results after up to 1 year of follow-up in 52 patients. Discussion: The use of a minimally invasive approach without raising a flap or extensive drilling of a bony well was feasible in all 52 patients of this series. It shortened the surgical time to an average of 45 min and there were no specific postoperative complications. The average follow-up of 8.4 months was uneventful with the implants well covered and fixed in their position. The described approach therefore appears to be a safe, time- and cost-effective alternative to the standard procedure in cochlear implant surgery using Med-EL devices.
Hair Follicles – A Long-Term Reservoir for Drug Delivery
Authors: Lademann J. , Richter H. , Schaefer U.F. , Blume-Peytavi U. , Teichmann A. , Otberg N. , Sterry W.
Published: May 2006

Nanoparticles represent an important drug carrier system. Recently, we have reported on the penetration and storage behavior of particular and non-particular substances revealing the superiority of particular substances in the range of 300–400 nm. In this regard, it was assumed that the rigid hair shaft acts as a geared pump, moving the particles deeper into the hair follicle. In the present investigation, the storage reservoir capacity of the stratum corneum and the hair follicle infundibulum and canal are compared. Interestingly, we could demonstrate a 10 times longer storage within the hair follicles. These results underscore the importance of the hair follicle for drug delivery purposes, mainly highlighting new possibilities for the future concerning retarded delivery, application frequency, and galenic design.
Therapeutic Potential of a Synthetic Peptide Inhibitor of Nuclear Factor of Activated T Cells as Antirestenotic Agent
Authors: Yu Haixiang , Sliedregt-Bol Karen , Overkleeft Herman , van der Marel Gijs A. , van Berkel Theo J.C. , Biessen Erik A.L.
Published: May 2006

Objective—

The calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT) axis plays a pivotal role in the regulation of critical genes in vascular smooth muscle cell (vSMC) proliferation and inflammation, which makes NFAT inhibition an attractive modality in the prevention of restenosis.

Methods and Results—

Synthetic peptide VIVIT potently inhibited NFAT activation in RAW 264.7 macrophages, Ea.Hy.926 endothelial cells and vSMCs, and blocked ionomycin-elicited nuclear import of NFAT. VIVIT, as well as cyclosporine A (CsA) or FK506, completely blunted platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB) and thrombin-induced vSMC proliferation. Moreover, it significantly inhibited PDGF-BB and thrombin-induced interleukin-6, interleukin-8, transforming growth factor-β1, stromal cell-derived factor-1α, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in vSMCs. Unlike FK506 or CsA, VIVIT did not affect nuclear factor κB reporter gene activation and did only marginally affect endothelial wound healing in vitro. VIVIT did not intervene in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation, confirming its specificity for NFAT. Furthermore, our data establish that NFAT is a regulator of PDGF-BB induced vSMC proliferation.

Conclusions—

VIVIT appears to be a specific and potent inhibitor of NFAT activation and thus of NFAT-mediated proliferation and inflammation. Unlike FK506 or CsA, synthetic VIVIT therapy will not be accompanied by non-NFAT-mediated side effects on calcineurin signaling and constitutes a promising lead in antirestenotic therapy.
Two-Phase Antithrombotic Protection After Anti-Glycoprotein VI Treatment in Mice
Authors: Schulte Valerie , Reusch H. Peter , Pozgajová Miroslava , Varga-Szabó David , Gachet Christian , Nieswandt Bernhard
Published: May 2006

Objective—

Collagen and thrombin are the strongest physiological platelet agonists, acting through different receptors, among which glycoprotein VI (GPVI) and protease-activated receptors, respectively, are the essential ones. In mice, targeting of GPVI with the monoclonal antibody JAQ1 induces depletion of the receptor from circulating platelets, resulting in abolished collagen responses and long-lasting antithrombotic protection.

Methods and Results—

Mice were treated with JAQ1, and the early effects of this treatment were analyzed. In addition to the known abolition of the collagen reactivity, this treatment also affected platelet response to thrombin but not other agonists. In platelets from JAQ1-treated mice, thrombin-induced activation of integrin αIIbβ3, the surface expression of P-selectin, and the procoagulant activity were decreased on days 1 and 2, then progressively recovered and returned to normal on day 5. In parallel, the mice were transiently protected from lethal tissue factor–induced pulmonary thromboembolism (100% survivors versus 40% in control group), which appeared to be based on a decreased generation and activity of intravascular thrombin.

Conclusions—

Anti-GPVI treatment induces 2-phase antithrombotic protection in mice consisting of a partial and transient inhibition of thrombin responses in platelets and a prolonged and complete loss of the collagen response.
Dietary Factors Related to Higher Plasma Fibrinogen Levels of Japanese-Americans in Hawaii Compared With Japanese in Japan
Authors: Miura Katsuyuki , Nakagawa Hideaki , Ueshima Hirotsugu , Okayama Akira , Saitoh Shigeyuki , Curb J. David , Rodriguez Beatriz L. , Sakata Kiyomi , Okuda Nagako , Yoshita Katsushi , Stamler Jeremiah
Published: May 2006

Objective—

We investigated whether dietary factors explain higher plasma fibrinogen levels in Japanese emigrants living a Western lifestyle in Hawaii compared with Japanese in Japan.

Methods and Results—

Plasma fibrinogen and nutrient intakes were examined by standardized methods in men and women 40 to 59 years of age from a Japanese-American sample in Hawaii (100 men and 106 women) and 4 population samples in Japan (569 men and 567 women). Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the relationship between dietary factors and the plasma fibrinogen difference between Hawaii and Japan. Average plasma fibrinogen was significantly higher in Hawaii compared with Japan (
P
<0.001 in both genders). In multiple linear regression analyses with each dietary variable considered separately, body mass index reduced the plasma fibrinogen difference between Hawaii and Japan by 20.4%; iron intake (mg/1000 kcal) and estimated total sugar intake (%kcal) reduced this difference by 30.0% and 14.4%, respectively. In a model that included body mass index, iron, estimated total sugars, and caffeine (also age and gender), this difference was reduced by 61.3% (from 42.2 to 16.3 mg/dL).

Conclusions—

Higher intake of iron, sugar, and caffeine, in addition to obesity, account largely for higher fibrinogen levels with Westernized lifestyle.
Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation–Induced Corticomotor Excitability and Associated Motor Skill Acquisition in Chronic Stroke
Authors: Kim Yun-Hee , You Sung H. , Ko Myoung-Hwan , Park Ji-Won , Lee Kwang Ho , Jang Sung Ho , Yoo Woo-Kyoung , Hallett Mark
Published: May 2006

Background and Purpose—

Although there is some early evidence showing the value of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in stroke rehabilitation, the therapeutic effect of high-frequency rTMS, along with the physiology of rTMS-induced corticomotor excitability supporting motor learning in stroke, has not been established. This study investigated high-frequency rTMS-induced cortical excitability and the associated motor skill acquisition in chronic stroke patients.

Methods—

Fifteen patients with chronic hemiparetic stroke (13 men; mean age 53.5 years) practiced a complex, sequential finger motor task using their paretic fingers either after 10 Hz or sham rTMS over the contralateral primary motor cortex (M1). Both the changes in the behavior and corticomotor excitability before and after the intervention were examined by measuring the movement accuracy, the movement time, and the motor-evoked potential (MEP) amplitude. A separate repeated-measures ANOVA and correlation statistics were used to determine the main and interaction effects as well as relationship between the changes in the behavioral and corticomotor excitability.

Results—

High-frequency rTMS resulted in a significantly larger increase in the MEP amplitude than the sham rTMS (
P
<0.01), and the plastic change was positively associated with an enhanced motor performance accuracy (
P
<0.05).

Conclusions—

High-frequency rTMS of the affected motor cortex can facilitate practice-dependent plasticity and improve the motor learning performance in chronic stroke victims.
Embolization of Intracranial Aneurysms With Hydrogel-Coated Coils Versus Inert Platinum Coils
Authors: Gaba Ron C. , Ansari Sameer A. , Roy Soma Sinha , Marden Franklin A. , Viana Marlos A.G. , Malisch Tim W.
Published: May 2006

Background and Purpose—

The durability of aneurysm coil embolization is thought to depend on packing density. The expansile property of hydrogel coating on coils increases volumetric packing per coil length. We describe our experience using hydrogel-coated coils (HydroCoils) compared with inert platinum coils in intracranial aneurysm embolization.

Methods—

Fifty aneurysms embolized primarily using HydroCoils from 2003 to 2004 were compared with 57 volume- and shape-matched aneurysms treated with standard platinum coils from 2000 to 2003. Outcome measures included volumetric percentage occlusion (VPO), length and number of coils used, procedure time, fluoroscopy time, contrast volume, coil cost, length of hospital stay, and durability of therapy.

Results—

Seventeen/26/5 small/medium/large aneurysms treated with HydroCoils were matched with 29/24/4 small/medium/large aneurysms treated with inert platinum. HydroCoil embolization yielded significantly greater VPO (84.8% versus 29.8%;
P
<0.001), decreased average total coil length used per aneurysm (33.2 versus 44.3 cm), reduced fluoroscopy time (53.2 versus 65.2 minutes;
P
=0.016), but increased contrast volume used (174.8 versus 112.9 cc;
P
<0.001). There were no differences in length of hospital stay. Procedure-related morbidity and mortality rates in the HydroCoil cohort were 4% and 0%, respectively. Follow-up angiography at mean 12.3 months revealed lower aneurysm recurrence rates (17% versus 24%; number-needed-to-treat [NNT] 14.3). Initial costs associated with HydroCoil embolization were higher ($5835 versus $4017;
P
=0.004) but countered by lower retreatment rates (10% versus 17%; NNT 14.3).

Conclusions—

HydroCoil embolization achieves greater aneurysm packing density with decreased coil length. Initial durability data favor HydroCoils, with lower recurrence and retreatment rates.
Pressor Therapy in Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Mistri Amit K. , Robinson Thompson G. , Potter John F.
Published: May 2006

Background and Purpose—

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) levels below 140 mm Hg after acute stroke occur in 18% to 25% of patients, and may be associated with adverse outcome, in terms of death and disability. It has thus been proposed that BP elevation in acute ischemic stroke may be beneficial by increasing perfusion to the peri-infarct penumbra, though not only in those with low BP levels.

Methods—

All articles studying BP elevation in the context of acute stroke were identified using a structured search strategy.

Results—

Two reviewers independently searched the databases, and 12 relevant publications were identified. All identified publications related to acute ischemic stroke and no articles on pressor therapy in primary hemorrhagic stroke were found. The review included 319 subjects (age: 42 to 88 years, 46% male), with phenylephrine being the most commonly used pressor agent, though 8 studies incorporated volume expansion. Because of small numbers, and varying entry/outcome criteria, no meta-analysis of outcome measures was possible. Overall, in these few studies undertaken, pressor therapy in acute stroke appears feasible and well-tolerated. The benefit and risks in terms of clinical outcomes remains unknown, but intensive monitoring is advised if such therapy is undertaken.

Conclusions—

Theoretical arguments exist for inducing BP elevation in acute ischemic stroke to increase blood flow to the ischemic penumbra across patients with a broad BP range. To date, there have only been a few small trials with inconclusive results. Many questions are still unanswered about the safety and potential benefits of pressor therapy in acute stroke. Hopefully, ongoing trials will answer some of these important questions.
Primary Prevention of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Goldstein Larry B. , Adams Robert , Alberts Mark J. , Appel Lawrence J. , Brass Lawrence M. , Bushnell Cheryl D. , Culebras Antonio , DeGraba Thomas J. , Gorelick Philip B. , Guyton John R. , Hart Robert G. , Howard George , Kelly-Hayes Margaret , Nixon J.V. (Ian) , Sacco Ralph L.
Published: May 2006

Background and Purpose—

This guideline provides an overview of the evidence on various established and potential stroke risk factors and provides recommendations for the reduction of stroke risk.

Methods—

Writing group members were nominated by the committee chair on the basis of each writer’s previous work in relevant topic areas and were approved by the American Heart Association Stroke Council’s Scientific Statement Oversight Committee. The writers used systematic literature reviews (covering the time period since the last review published in 2001 up to January 2005), reference to previously published guidelines, personal files, and expert opinion to summarize existing evidence, indicate gaps in current knowledge, and when appropriate, formulate recommendations based on standard American Heart Association criteria. All members of the writing group had numerous opportunities to comment in writing on the recommendations and approved the final version of this document. The guideline underwent extensive peer review before consideration and approval by the AHA Science Advisory and Coordinating Committee.

Results—

Schemes for assessing a person’s risk of a first stroke were evaluated. Risk factors or risk markers for a first stroke were classified according to their potential for modification (nonmodifiable, modifiable, or potentially modifiable) and strength of evidence (well documented or less well documented). Nonmodifiable risk factors include age, sex, low birth weight, race/ethnicity, and genetic factors. Well-documented and modifiable risk factors include hypertension, exposure to cigarette smoke, diabetes, atrial fibrillation and certain other cardiac conditions, dyslipidemia, carotid artery stenosis, sickle cell disease, postmenopausal hormone therapy, poor diet, physical inactivity, and obesity and body fat distribution. Less well-documented or potentially modifiable risk factors include the metabolic syndrome, alcohol abuse, drug abuse, oral contraceptive use, sleep-disordered breathing, migraine headache, hyperhomocysteinemia, elevated lipoprotein(a), elevated lipoprotein-associated phospholipase, hypercoagulability, inflammation, and infection. Data on the use of aspirin for primary stroke prevention are reviewed.

Conclusion—

Extensive evidence is available identifying a variety of specific factors that increase the risk of a first stroke and providing strategies for reducing that risk.
An informatics model for tissue banks – Lessons learned from the Cooperative Prostate Cancer Tissue Resource
Authors: Patel Ashokkumar A , Gilbertson John R , Parwani Anil V , Dhir Rajiv , Datta Milton W , Gupta Rajnish , Berman Jules J , Melamed Jonathan , Kajdacsy-Balla Andre , Orenstein Jan , Becich Michael J ,   the Cooperative Prostate Cancer Tissue Resource
Published: May 2006

Background

Advances in molecular biology and growing requirements from biomarker validation studies have generated a need for tissue banks to provide quality-controlled tissue samples with standardized clinical annotation. The NCI Cooperative Prostate Cancer Tissue Resource (CPCTR) is a distributed tissue bank that comprises four academic centers and provides thousands of clinically annotated prostate cancer specimens to researchers. Here we describe the CPCTR information management system architecture, common data element (CDE) development, query interfaces, data curation, and quality control.

Methods

Data managers review the medical records to collect and continuously update information for the 145 clinical, pathological and inventorial CDEs that the Resource maintains for each case. An Access-based data entry tool provides de-identification and a standard communication mechanism between each group and a central CPCTR database. Standardized automated quality control audits have been implemented. Centrally, an Oracle database has web interfaces allowing multiple user-types, including the general public, to mine de-identified information from all of the sites with three levels of specificity and granularity as well as to request tissues through a formal letter of intent.

Results

Since July 2003, CPCTR has offered over 6,000 cases (38,000 blocks) of highly characterized prostate cancer biospecimens, including several tissue microarrays (TMA). The Resource developed a website with interfaces for the general public as well as researchers and internal members. These user groups have utilized the web-tools for public query of summary data on the cases that were available, to prepare requests, and to receive tissues. As of December 2005, the Resource received over 130 tissue requests, of which 45 have been reviewed, approved and filled. Additionally, the Resource implemented the TMA Data Exchange Specification in its TMA program and created a computer program for calculating PSA recurrence.

Conclusion

Building a biorepository infrastructure that meets today's research needs involves time and input of many individuals from diverse disciplines. The CPCTR can provide large volumes of carefully annotated prostate tissue for research initiatives such as Specialized Programs of Research Excellence (SPOREs) and for biomarker validation studies and its experience can help development of collaborative, large scale, virtual tissue banks in other organ systems.
Vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination in a district of Istanbul
Authors: Torun Sebahat D , Bakırcı Nadi
Published: May 2006

Background

In order to control and eliminate the vaccine preventable diseases it is important to know the vaccination coverage and reasons for non-vaccination. The primary objective of this study was to determine the complete vaccination rate; the reasons for non-vaccination and the predictors that influence vaccination of children. The other objective was to determine coverage of measles vaccination of the Measles Immunization Days (MID) 2005 for children aged 9 month to 6 years in a region of Umraniye, Istanbul, Turkey.

Methods

A '30 × 7' cluster sampling design was used as the sampling method. Thirty streets were selected at random from study area. Survey data were collected by a questionnaire which was applied face to face to parents of 221 children. A Chi-square test and logistic regression was used for the statistical analyses. Content analysis method was used to evaluate the open-ended questions.

Results

The complete vaccination rate for study population was 84.5% and 3.2% of all children were totally non-vaccinated. The siblings of non-vaccinated children were also non-vaccinated. Reasons for non-vaccination were as follows: being in the village and couldn't reach to health care services; having no knowledge about vaccination; the father of child didn't allow vaccination; intercurrent illness of child during vaccination time; missed opportunities like not to shave off a vial for only one child. In logistic regression analysis, paternal and maternal levels of education and immigration time of both parents to Istanbul were found to influence whether children were completely vaccinated or non-vaccinated. Measles vaccination coverage during MID was 79.3%.

Conclusion

Efforts to increase vaccination coverage should take reasons for non-vaccination into account.
Diminished Growth and Enhanced Glucose Metabolism in Triple Knockout Mice Containing Mutations of Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3, -4, and -5
Authors: Ning Yun , Schuller Alwin G. P. , Bradshaw Sheri , Rotwein Peter , Ludwig Thomas , Frystyk Jan , Pintar John E.
Published: May 2006

IGF-I and IGF-II are essential regulators of mammalian growth, development and metabolism, whose actions are modified by six high-affinity IGF binding proteins (IGFBPs). New lines of knockout (KO) mice lacking either IGFBP-3, -4, or -5 had no apparent deficiencies in growth or metabolism beyond a modest growth impairment (∼85–90% of wild type) when IGFBP-4 was eliminated. To continue to address the roles of these proteins in whole animal physiology, we generated combinational IGFBP KO mice. Mice homozygous for targeted defects in IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 remain viable and at birth were the same size as IGFBP-4 KO mice. Unlike IGFBP-4 KO mice, however, the triple KO mice became significantly smaller by adulthood (78% wild type) and had significant reductions in fat pad accumulation (P < 0.05), circulating levels of total IGF-I (45% of wild type; P < 0.05) and IGF-I bioactivity (37% of wild type; P < 0.05). Metabolically, triple KO mice showed normal insulin tolerance, but a 37% expansion (P < 0.05) of β-cell number and significantly increased insulin secretion after glucose challenge, which leads to enhanced glucose disposal. Finally, triple KO mice demonstrated a tissue-specific decline in activation of the Erk signaling pathway as well as weight of the quadriceps muscle. Taken together, these data provide direct evidence for combinatorial effects of IGFBP-3, -4, and -5 in both metabolism and at least some soft tissues and strongly suggest overlapping roles for IGFBP-3 and -5 in maintaining IGF-I-mediated postnatal growth in mice.
The Missouri Constitutional Convention
Authors: Loeb Isidor
Published: May 2006

Under the provisions of a constitutional amendment adopted in November, 1920, the voters of Missouri, at a special election in August, 1921, approved the plan for a constitutional convention, to consist of two delegates from each of the 34 senatorial districts and 15 delegates elected at large. In order to secure representation from different political parties the amendment restricted each party to the nomination of one candidate for delegate in each senatorial district. The state committees of the two major political parties agreed also to the nomination by each of seven candidates for delegates-at-large, and jointly nominated a candidate for the fifteenth delegate-at-large, so that the convention was bipartisan in its membership. This arrangement prevented the consideration of questions involving party differences, except in one case where agreement was secured upon a compromise plan.

The convention met on May 16, 1922 and adjourned sine die on November 6, 1923, after having been in session 267 working days. On account of the session of the legislature a recess was taken from December 15, 1922 to April 16, 1923. The convention continued to meet until September 7, 1923, when another recess was taken to enable the committees on phraseology and arrangement, submission and address, and others to complete their reports. The convention reassembled on October 2, 1923 and completed its work on October 5. In order to provide for any contingency that might arise it was decided to reconvene on November 6, with the understanding that the president and secretary with such delegates as might be present could declare the convention finally adjourned.
Teaching Citizenship to the Filipinos by Local Self-Government
Authors: Jones O. Garfield
Published: May 2006

At the close of the Spanish-American War President McKinley sent word to a lawyer in New York City that he wanted him to be secretary of war. The lawyer sent word back to the President that he knew nothing about the army. The President replied that he had plenty of officers to look after the army, but for secretary of war he wanted a man who could work out a system for the government of our insular possessions. The lawyer accepted the cabinet position and in a short time the new secretary of war formulated the now famous McKinley Instructions to the second Philippine commission, and thereby established the policy for the government of the Philippine Islands. Twenty-two years of development under this policy bear testimony to the political genius and high statesmanship of Elihu Root.

The gist of this policy was that we should train the Filipinos to govern themselves. The task set for this paper is to explain the part played by the local governments in training the Filipinos for self-government. Any discussion of autonomy for the insular government must necessarily be mere academic speculation unless the parties to the discussion have some comprehension of the progress achieved in training the Filipinos for self-government in local affairs. And certainly there has been no scientific treatment of the local government side of our Philippine policy in the innumerable books and articles published in America on the Philippine problem.
Constitutional Law in 1919–1920. II: The Constitutional Decisions of the Supreme Court of the United States in the October Term, 1919
Authors: Corwin Edward S.
Published: May 2006

From the historical point of view no more interesting case was decided last term than that of Missouri v. Holland, in which a bill in equity brought by the state of Missouri to prevent a game warden of the United States from attempting to enforce the Migratory Bird Treaty Act of July 3, 1918, and the regulations made by the secretary of agriculture in pursuance of this act was finally dismissed, Justices Van Devanter and Pitney dissenting without opinion.

The objectors to the statute and the underlying treaty based their argument upon the Tenth Amendment, supplemented by the proposition that the control of migratory birds within their respective limits is a power reserved to the states, and from these premises they proceeded to draw the conclusion that “what an act of Congress could not do unaided, in derogation of the powers reserved to the states, a treaty cannot do.” But, Justice Holmes answers in his opinion for the court, the treaty-making power is expressly delegated to the United States, treaties made under the authority of the United States are the supreme law of the land, and by article 1, section 8, Congress may pass all laws necessary and proper to carry valid treaties into effect.
The Canadian Navy and Imperial Unity
Authors: Boggs Theodore H.
Published: May 2006

There is something anomalous in the spectacle of the nations of the earth, great and small, making prodigious sacrifices in their zeal for military and naval armaments, while at the same time they are coöperating in a campaign to further the effectiveness of peaceful arbitration as a solution of international differences. In considering only the eight leading military powers, it is found that the vast total of nearly two billion dollars is spent annually by them for army and navy. The lesser powers are also spending more lavishly than ever before. Yet, notwithstanding the fact, as stated by Lord Rosebery, that never before has there been, in the history of the world, “so threatening and overpowering a preparation for war,” monarchs and statesmen are perpetually indulging in platitudes on the blessings of peace. Arbitral tribunals are steadily gaining in prestige, peace societies are extending their influence, and public-spirited citizens, notable among whom is Mr. Carnegie, are endowing the cause of international peace.
The Macedonian Question and the Balkan War
Authors: Harris N. Dwight
Published: May 2006

Governments seldom fall in a day or wars break out without some previous “laying of the mines.” When General Savoff, commander-in-chief of the Bulgarian army, was questioned in 1911 before the national assembly on the condition of the military forces, he replied: “Excellent. Ready for any emergency and capable of defeating the Turks.” The Sobranje was pleased, but a smile went around the European capitols. For over a quarter of a century Europe and Turkey lived on in almost complete indifference to the steady growth of the small Balkan states in resources, in economic powers, and in military strength, and with a total disregard of the vital interests of these lesser powers in the settlement of that most vexing of all problems—the Macedonian question. The remarkable development in Germany and Italy along commercial, industrial and political lines in recent times is well known; but the equally astonishing progress of these Balkan nations during the same period has been little noticed by the world at large. And, while Bulgaria, Servia and Greece, in spite of their own personal jealousies and ambitions, made stead and splendid progress in the work of national development and of preparation for the crisis that every year became more imminent, the Ottoman government procrastinated and evaded responsibility.
New Forms of the Initiative and Referendum
Authors: Lowrie S. Gale
Published: May 2006

There is no aspect of contemporary politics more significant than the remarkable growth and extension of the movement for direct legislation in America. While various phases of the referendum, such as advisory voting, the adoption of constitutions and their amendments and of local charters and laws have been of common use since the colonial period, the unrestricted use of the initiative and referendum whereby the people are given unlimited control of machinery for the enactment of constitutional and statutory law, is a very recent development. Prior to the last decade it was scarcely looked upon as a permanent feature of our governmental system. It smacked of Populism and found its supporters chiefly among certain faddists who sought by this means to secure, at least in a limited degree, the adoption of their political nostrums.

But the problem of the referendum in America is no longer an academic one; for scarcely is there a state in the Union but must seriously consider the incorporation of this principle into its fundamental law. From its beginning in the single state of South Dakota, ten years has seen its spread through ten western commonwealths and the question of its adoption is now pending before the people in as many more states.
The Personnel of the English Cabinet, 1801–1924
Authors: Laski Harold J.
Published: May 2006

A full history of the English cabinet would be one of the seminal works on the technique of representative government; for, as Bagehot was the first to point out, the cabinet has been the primary source of decision in the modern English institutional system. Few books, it must be added, would be so difficult to write. Until 1917, the cabinet was without a secretary or authentic records; and there are even today purists who regret these obvious innovations. What account we have of its working is thus necessarily spasmodic and partial in character. A statesman who took a note of some meeting where his department was affected, a debate in the House of Commons after some dispute which has entailed resignation, a chance entry in a diary, the occasional revelation of autobiography–it is upon materials such as these that we are largely dependent for our knowledge. Even semi-official accounts, like those of Lord Morley and Mr. Gladstone, hardly give us more than the formal outline of the cabinet as it functions.

Yet one clue to its character has been curiously neglected; and it illustrates, as it happens, the nature of the social system in England in a quite special way. We know the men who occupied cabinet office; and by a careful study of who they were we can at least draw some inferences of interest and even importance. These inferences, let it be said at once, will not explain in any way the technique of the cabinet system. But at least they will serve to measure the way in which the changes in the structure of English social life are reflected in the choice of those responsible for the nation's effective governance.
Progress in Political Research
Authors: Merriam Charles E.
Published: May 2006

It is now over twenty-one years since a group of scholastic adventurers meeting in New Orleans established the American Political Science Association, and started the organization upon its uncertain course. Looking back over the days that intervene between our infancy and this, the attainment of our twenty-first meeting, one may trace the lines of advance in our undertaking. As one of the charter members I may be permitted the liberty of reviewing briefly some of the more significant fields in this development.

One of the most striking advances in research during the last twenty-one years has been that centering around the problem of the modern city. Research centers, some of them within and some of them without university walls, have sprung up all over the country, and municipal research workers have contributed materially to the intelligent analysis of urban phenomena and to the direction of the growth of our municipalities. In no field has there been more scientific and practical political research than here. Goodnow was most conspicuous in this field in the earlier days and Munro in the later.

The study of political parties has been rescued from neglect and has been made an integral part of instruction and the object of many specific studies, notably those of Holcombe, Rice, and Gosnell. Along with parties, public opinion has been made an object of more intensive inquiry, as in the suggestive studies of Lippman and Allport.
Historical Significance of the term “Cabinet” in England and the United States
Authors: Learned Henry Barrett
Published: May 2006

The institution which is today termed the president's cabinet was, in its origin, a creation of George Washington. It grew out of the need of a vigorous, well organized and well directed central administration which should somehow be closely associated and unified under an executive chief magistrate.

Even before the close of the Revolutionary War there were signs that men desired to see the continental government in the guidance of a capable and trusted chief. There were occasional suggestions, too,—among which Pelatiah Webster's is quite the best known—that a committee or board of administrative officials not too strictly hampered by congress, might aid the chief executive as counsellors. Though ready after a brief discussion to establish a single executive magistrate at the head of the projected government, the convention of 1787 seems to have balked at Gouverneur Morris's crude plan for a president's council. The convention yielded, however, to the president the right to require from the principal officers their opinions in writing, and thus unconsciously helped to predetermine a privy council. In the early autumn of 1787 George Mason of Virginia expressed his fear lest there should “grow out of the principal officers of the great departments” what he termed a Council of State. The phrase was quickly reiterated by George Clinton of New York. James Iredell in answer to Mason, perceiving and writing of the analogy between some such body and the English cabinet committee, viewed the possibility of its existence in the new American government as in no wise dangerous.
Administrative Reform in France
Authors: Garner James W.
Published: May 2006

For some years prior to the outbreak of the great war the proposed reorganization of the administrative system of France occupied a leading place among the questions of French internal politics. It provoked a flood of discussion in parliament; it was the subject of investigation and report by various parliamentary, extra-parliamentary and inter-ministerial commissions; it was dwelt upon regularly in the annual reports on the budget; it was a standing subject of discussion by the functionaries in their associations and by the political parties in their annual congresses; it was responsible for a vast output of literature in the form of books, brochures and articles; and it occupied a conspicuous place in the declaration of each incoming ministry upon taking office. In the parliamentary election campaign of 1910 no other question, except proportional representation, was so widely discussed by the candidates.
Democratic Ideals and Republican Institutions in India
Authors: Sarkar Benoy Kumar
Published: May 2006

To appreciate the political theories and institutions of Asia in the proper historical perspective, it is necessary to remember that, in spite of Switzerland, universal suffrage and the initiative and referendum are essentially young phenomena in Eur-America; and that republicanism cannot be pronounced to be a historic trait of the occidental mind.

On the other hand, it is apparent that the liberal political movements in Young Asia have, if at all, only very remote blood-relationship with the theories and institutions developed in its past history. The Japanese constitutional monarchy, the ideals of the Young Turk, the Chinese republic, as well as the nationalist activities in Egypt, Persia and India, are chiefly based on the modern Eur-American achievements. These sources can be briefly mentioned as: (1) the English parliament, (2) the American federation, (3) the “ideas of 1789,” (4) the idealism of Fichte and Schiller, (5) the socialism of Karl Marx and Louis Blanc, (6) the political mysticism of Joseph Mazzini, and, last but not least, (7) the philosophy and methodology of John Stuart Mill.

Within these limitations it should be possible to define the rightful place of the Asians in a scientific study of comparative politics.
The Relations of Political Science to History and to Practice: Presidential Address, Fifth Annual Meeting of the American Political Science Association
Authors: Bryce James
Published: May 2006

Whether or no it be true, as someone has said, that with words we govern men, it is at least certain that when a name has once passed into common speech it becomes a fact and a power. The term Political Science seems now generally accepted and your Association has by its very title expressed the opinion that Politics is a science. Nevertheless, to prevent misconception, we may properly ask “What sort of a science is it?” The mathematical sciences are described as exact sciences: and so too are such departments of knowledge as mechanics and physics. The laws and conclusions of these sciences can be expressed in precise terms. They can be stated in numbers. As the facts which these sciences deal with are the same everywhere and at all times, so the relations of those facts which we call Laws are of universal application. That being so we can predict their action and rely upon them to be the same in the future as they have been in the past.
Cabinet Government in France
Authors: Garner James W.
Published: May 2006

The general opinion among English and American political writers is that the French system of cabinet government is very nearly a régime of “parliamentary anarchy.” In recent years it has also been the object of severe attack by many French scholars, notably by Professors Duguit, Moreau, Barthélemy and Faguet, and by public men like Charles Benoist, Raymond Poincaré and others, who assert that while the cabinet system has been established by law, it does not exist in fact, but in its place is to be found a poor imitation of the true cabinet sytem of England, upon which that of France was supposed to have been modeled.

One undoubted reason why cabinet government in France has not worked smoothly is to be found in the fact that it is not an indigenous institution. It was transplanted from the country of its origin where it had taken deep root and had developed to a high state of efficiency through a long process of evolution, and was suddenly introduced into one where the historical traditions, political habits and mental aptitudes of the people were very unlike those of the English.
Language and the Sentiment of Nationality
Authors: Buck Carl Darling
Published: May 2006

The nineteenth century, it is a commonplace to remark, witnessed a notable revival of nationalistic sentiment, the germs of which go back to the eighteenth, and the political consequences of which are in considerable part still outstanding. The emancipation of the Balkan States, the union of Italy, and the consolidation of Germany, were substantial, though incomplete, realizations of nationalism. The Germanization of Austria-Hungary, which had seemed inevitable, was brought to a halt by the national revival of Slav and Magyar. And today, not to mention the Irish situation, Eastern Europe is fairly alive with smaller nationalities seeking to gain or to maintain autonomous development. Nationalism, in spite of, or rather because of its being so largely a matter of sentiment, is the most active force in European politics. The dynastic system, certainly, is only a superficial relic of a past reality; loyalty to a dynasty, except as it is identified with nationalism, has lost its former significance. And on the other hand, a socialistic brotherhood which shall rise superior to the bounds of nationality is a dream of the future.
The Contributions of Samuel J. Randall to the Rules of the National House of Representatives
Authors: House Albert V.
Published: May 2006

Students of government and well-informed public citizens usually point to Thomas B. Reed of Maine as the first Speaker of the House of Representatives to use the prerogative of his office and the rules of the House to force the passage of legislation demanded by the leaders of the majority party. Likewise “Uncle Joe” Cannon of Illinois is usually held up as the undesirable product of this concept of legislative procedure. Little attention has been centered on earlier Speakers such as James G. Blaine of Maine and Samuel J. Randall of Pennsylvania, who laid the foundations of such a tradition. Blaine contributed to this theory of dictatorial leadership by his committee selections, his partisan decisions, his personal attractiveness, and his expansion of the Speaker's prerogative in situations which allowed him to exercise his discretion. Randall, as Speaker, followed the course laid down by Blaine, but went a step further by actually seeking to add to his powers by changes in the rules. This effort produced important modifications which cleared out the underbrush of tangled rules, thus preparing the way for the later timber-felling reforms of “Czar Reed.”
Cabinet Changes in Germany since Hindenburg's Election
Authors: Graper Elmer D.
Published: May 2006

The election of Field Marshal von Hindenburg to the presidency in succession to Ebert in 1925 was at first interpreted by Republicans in Germany, and by many foreign observers, as a distinct political blunder. He was pictured as the very embodiment of pre-war Germany with its ultra-nationalistic and militaristic ideals. It was freely prophesied that all the labors of Marx and Stresemann, MacDonald and Herriot, which had held out the promise that Germany might soon be restored to good standing in the family of nations, would come to naught because of this new manifestation of German incorrigibility. These prophecies, however, have certainly not been fulfilled. Hindenburg has thus far encouraged rather than opposed the efforts of Stresemann to reëstablish an understanding with the Allies, and has undoubtedly gained the approval of millions of Germans who fought bitterly against him during the presidential campaign.
The Movement for Revision of the California Constitution: the State Constitutional Commission
Authors: Aikin Charles
Published: May 2006

The constitution of California—filling one hundred and sixty-five pages of fine print—has been the object of so much criticism, and even ridicule, that the people of the state are fairly well agreed that it ought to be given an overhauling. As to the nature and extent, as well as the method, of the proposed reconstruction, there is, however, little or no harmony of view. The fact that the state electorate has on a number of occasions declined to sanction the calling of a constitutional convention does not indicate that it is content to leave things as they are. But what, it is asked, might such an assembly do? Should it tamper with those sections dealing with the initiative, referendum, or recall, its work would come to nothing. Should it impair the powers of the railroad commission, or abolish the judicial,council, or set up a new basis of taxation, or lessen the independence of the regents of the state university, or raise the salaries of legislative and executive officials, or take any one of a dozen other courses of action, large sections of the electorate would oppose the revised instrument. It is a fairly safe assumption that a constituent assembly that radically revised the present constitution would see its work discarded by the people. Therefore, since a constitutional convention could do nothing effective, why waste money on a futile adventure?

Since the adoption of the present constitution in 1879, there has been no studied revision. Californians have changed the instrument when and as they have seen fit, acting largely on proposals of the legislature. They have followed no systematic plan; yet in most instances they have acted wisely. Piecemeal, sporadic, and unscientific modifications are not likely to produce a document of sufficient symmetry of form to be admired; nevertheless, the government thus established may prove quite workable, and, as American state governments go, highly successful.