bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Modelling borehole temperatures in Southern Norway – insights into permafrost dynamics during the 20th and 21st century
Authors: Hipp T. , Etzelmüller B. , Farbrot H. , Schuler T. V. , Westermann S.
Published: May 2012

Abstract. This study aims at quantifying the thermal response of mountain permafrost in southern Norway to changes in climate since 1860 and until 2100. A transient one-dimensional heat flow model was used to simulate ground temperatures and associated active layer thicknesses for nine borehole locations, which are located at different elevations and in substrates with different thermal properties. The model was forced by reconstructed air temperatures starting from 1860, which approximately coincides with the end of the Little Ice Age in the region. The impact of climate warming on mountain permafrost to 2100 is assessed by using downscaled air temperatures from a multi-model ensemble for the A1B scenario. Borehole records over three consecutive years of ground temperatures, air temperatures and snow cover data served for model calibration and validation. With an increase of air temperature of ~1.5 °C over 1860–2010 and an additional warming of ~2.8 °C until 2100, we simulate the evolution of ground temperatures for each borehole location. In 1860 the lower limit of permafrost was estimated to be ca. 200 m lower than observed today. According to the model, since the approximate end of the Little Ice Age, the active-layer thickness has increased by 0.5–5 m and >10 m for the sites Juvvasshøe and Tron, respectively. The most pronounced increases in active layer thickness were modelled for the last two decades since 1990 with increase rates of +2 cm yr−1 to +87 cm yr−1 (20–430%). According to the A1B climate scenario, degradation of mountain permafrost is suggested to occur throughout the 21st century at most of the sites below ca. 1800 m a.s.l. At the highest locations at 1900 m a.s.l., permafrost degradation is likely to occur with a probability of 55–75% by 2100. This implies that mountain permafrost in southern Norway is likely to be confined to the highest peaks in the western part of the country.
An exploratory study of the nature and composition of current library and information science programs in Indian state universities
Authors: Mehra Bharat , Potnis Devendra , Morden Jennifer
Published: May 2012

This brief article explores the current state of library and information science (LIS) programs in terms of their nature and composition in state universities in India. Preliminary findings were based on a content analysis of representative information regarding LIS education available on the websites of all state universities and colleges that offer LIS programs in India. Findings indicated broad trends in administrative structuring and nomenclature of LIS programs which requires standardization. The type of degrees awarded, the composition of faculty positions, student places per year and student-faculty ratios was also found to be varied among the different institutions. The lack of detailed and up-to-date information on university websites was a barrier in collecting accurate data on LIS programs. The minimal web information must be addressed by LIS professionals to further develop interest in the discipline and to increase the number of students graduating in LIS education. The findings reported here are hoped to direct future research in other domains of LIS education which may help determine better strategies and practices for adopting in LIS educational settings in India.
Use of Single Screening Question From NARCOMS to Detect Severe Depression in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Devitt Megan , Foley Frederick W. , Miller Rebecca J. , Zemon Vance , Halper June , Campagnolo Denise , Vollmer Tim
Published: May 2012

The current study evaluated a single self-report depression screening question used by the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) in terms of its ability to detect treatable (severe) clinical depression, as measured by a cutoff score on the Beck Depression Inventory II. Receiver-operating-characteristic curve analysis was used. The study found that the NARCOMS question demonstrated 70% sensitivity and 90% specificity in detecting severe depression.
Team Focus: Physical Therapist
Authors: Sutliff Matthew H.
Published: May 2012

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complex neurological disease that requires comprehensive multidiscipli-nary care to maximize patient outcomes. A multidisciplinary health care team treating MS patients often consists of neurologists, physiatrists, nurses, physician assistants or nurse practitioners, and physical and occupational therapists, many of whom are specialists in MS. This article clarifies the role of the physical therapist in the care of patients within a multidisciplinary MS clinic.
Neurological Impairment as Confounder or Moderater of Association Between Symptoms and Physical Activity in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Motl Robert W. , Snook Erin M. , Schapiro Randall T.
Published: May 2012

The article examines neurological impairment as a possible confounding and moderating influence of the association between symptoms and physical-activity behavior in individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS). The study sample included 292 individuals with a definite diagnosis of MS. Participants completed self-report measures of the frequency and intensity of symptoms, wore an accelerometer for 7 days, and completed self-report measures of physical activity and neurological impairment. Data analyses indicated that symptoms had a statistically significant moderate, negative relationship with physical activity (γ = −.48); the relationship between symptoms and physical activity was statistically significant but attenuated when controlling for neurological impairment (β = −.20); and the relationship between symptoms and physical activity was statistically significant and similar in magnitude for those with symptom-based (γ = −.22) versus gait/ambulation-based (γ = −.35) neurological impairment. These findings support the importance of considering neurological impairment as a confounding influence of the association between symptoms and physical activity in people with MS.
Comorbidity and Health-Related Quality of Life in People with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Warren Sharon A. , Turpin Karen V.L. , Pohar Sheri L. , Jones C. Allyson , Warren K.G.
Published: May 2012

This study examined associations between comorbidity and health-related quality of life (HRQL) in people with multiple sclerosis (MS). Data were derived from the Canadian Community Health Survey (CCHS) Cycle 1.1, a cross-sectional survey conducted by Statistics Canada. A nationally representative sample of community-dwelling Canadians was interviewed to determine whether they had been diagnosed with various chronic conditions. Participants were also administered the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI3) questionnaire to evaluate HRQL. Of the 131,535 participants, 335 reported having MS. Comorbidities listed by at least 10% of respondents with MS were assessed for their relation to HRQL, with age, sex, education, marital status, income, and number of comorbidities included as covariates. Respondents averaged 1.6 comorbidities. Eight comorbidities were experienced by at least 10% of respondents: back problems (35%), nonfood allergies (29%), urinary incontinence (28%), arthritis (26%), hypertension (17%), chronic fatigue syndrome (16%), depression (16%), and migraine (14%). Differences in HRQL between people with and without urinary incontinence, arthritis, hypertension, chronic fatigue syndrome, and depression were either clinically important or statistically significant at the .05 level in bivariate analyses. Only urinary incontinence and depression, however, were negatively associated with HRQL in a multivariate analysis, which explained 26% of the variance. Lower levels of education and receiving social assistance were also negatively associated with HRQL, with social assistance contributing more to the variance in HRQL than either comorbidity.
Team Focus: Physiatrist
Authors: McKee Keith , Bethoux Francois
Published: May 2012

Multiple sclerosis (MS), through a combination of impairments resulting from demyelination and axonal damage, often causes significant functional limitations and has a profound negative impact on the patient's quality of life. The variability and unpredictability of the disease course and clinical presentations, combined with the patient's personal characteristics and history as well as environmental factors (human, physical, and psychosocial), contribute to the complexity of managing the consequences of the disease. Supported by a growing body of evidence, rehabilitation services are increasingly being integrated into the comprehensive care of people with MS. The main role of the physiatrist is to coordinate medical treatments (other than disease-modifying therapies) and interventions by a variety of rehabilitation professionals in order to establish and achieve realistic functional goals.
Assessing Quality of Life in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Bandari Daniel S. , Vollmer Timothy L. , Khatri Bhupendra O. , Tyry Tuula
Published: May 2012

Health-related quality of life (HRQOL) is an important consideration for patients with a chronic disease such as multiple sclerosis (MS). We conducted a review of published articles and conference proceedings to evaluate the use of patient-reported measures of HRQOL in MS. A variety of HRQOL measures are used in MS research and clinical practice settings. Generic HRQOL instruments lack domains considered important to MS patients and are subject to significant floor and ceiling effects when used in MS patients. MS-specific instruments, including the Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life–54, Multiple Sclerosis Quality of Life Inventory, and Multiple Sclerosis International Quality of Life, offer both advantages and limitations in assessing HRQOL in MS patients. Only a few reports on the use of these instruments to assess HRQOL outcomes in clinical studies have been published. MS-specific instruments hold the most promise in the assessment of the relationship between disease-modifying drug treatment and HRQOL in MS patients. Further research is needed to better understand the limitations of MS-specific HRQOL instruments in clinical research and practice. Future MS drug therapy trials should include the use of MS-specific instruments to prospectively assess HRQOL as a study outcome.
The Efficacy of Interferon Beta in Delaying Conversion to Clinically Definite Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Kremenchutzky Marcelo , Kinkel R. Philip
Published: May 2012

More than half of patients with a clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) develop clinically definite multiple sclerosis (CDMS). Patients at high risk for CDMS often present with asymptomatic lesions characteristic of CDMS on magnetic resonance imaging scans, although an absence of asymptomatic lesions is not atypical. Phase 3 studies of interferon beta in patients with a CIS suggest that this treatment can delay conversion to CDMS and reduce the risk of new asymptomatic white matter lesions. We reviewed phase 3 studies (CHAMPS, BENEFIT, and ETOMS) and post hoc analyses assessing the efficacy of interferon beta in delaying CDMS in patients with a CIS. The evidence supports early initiation of treatment.
Impact of Resistance Training on Balance and Gait in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Filipi Mary L. , Leuschen M. Patricia , Huisinga Jessie , Schmaderer Lorene , Vogel Jeanna , Kucera Daryl , Stergiou Nick
Published: May 2012

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an incurable neurodegenerative disease whose symptoms are only partially relieved by pharmaceutical intervention. Disability due to this disease process can impede activities of daily living and decrease quality of life, both for MS patients and for their care partners and families. A nonrandomized, nonblinded prospective cohort study of 45 patients with MS was undertaken to investigate the impact of an exercise program emphasizing resistance training on balance and gait. This article presents data for the first 33 participants to complete the study protocol. The exercise program consisted of twice-weekly 50-minute sessions for 6 months. At 3 months and 6 months, statistically significant improvements (P < .05) from baseline were observed for the following measures: Nine-Hole Peg Test, 2- and 3-second Paced Auditory Serial Addition Test, Modified Fatigue Impact Scale, NeuroCom Balance Master (NeuroCom International, Inc, Clackamas, OR), Timed Up and Go test, and Berg Balance Scale. Three-dimensional biomechanical gait analysis showed increased knee power generation during midstance and increased hip power generation during terminal stance. To determine whether individuals with varying levels of disability responded to exercise in a similar fashion, participants were divided into two subgroups based on Expanded Disability Status Scale score: little or no disability (EDSS score 1.0–4.0) and mild-to-moderate disability (EDSS score 4.5–6.5). No statistically significant differences in results were found. The results of this study indicate that participation in a resistance training program improves MS patients' ability to walk and to generate muscular forces during locomotion.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Visual Disturbances in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Pula John H. , Kattah Jorge C.
Published: May 2012

In 1868, Jean Charcot described what he considered to be the three cardinal features of multiple sclerosis (MS): dysarthria, intention tremor, and nystagmus. These three symptoms subsequently became known as “Charcot's triad.” Thus visual abnormalities have been a distinguishing feature of MS since the disease's initial clinical description. In this article, we differentiate three major visual problems in MS: visual loss, diplopia, and oscillopsia. We then describe elements of the afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor) visual examination in MS. Finally, we present an update on current treatment options related to each of these visual disturbances.
Case Report: Multiple Sclerosis and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis
Authors: Vosoughi Reza , Freedman Mark S.
Published: May 2012

We present a case of concurrent multiple sclerosis (MS) and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). Five other similar cases that have been reported in the literature are also reviewed. This rare and interesting case illustrates the importance of careful follow-up of patients with MS to avoid attributing every new neurologic symptom to the previously diagnosed disease and the maintenance of suspicion for unrelated emerging diseases.
Health-Related Quality of Life Among Young Adults with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Buchanan Robert J. , Huang Chunfeng , Kaufman Michael
Published: May 2012

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an unpredictable disease that can have physical, psychological, and social impacts, reducing health-related quality of life (HRQOL). The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with HRQOL among young adults with MS. Survey data were collected from 100 people with MS aged 18 to 31 years, with 93 participants providing all data needed for analyses of our regression models. The survey cohort was recruited from the North American Research Committee on Multiple Sclerosis (NARCOMS) Registry (now the NARCOMS/Global Patient Registry). Multiple linear regression models were used to analyze the data, with the Physical Component Summary and the Mental Component Summary of the 8-item Short Form Health Status Survey serving as dependent variables. Independent variables were other survey responses, including demographic, disease, and treatment characteristics. The results indicated that full-time employment, relapsing-remitting course of MS, and satisfaction with access to MS-focused care were associated with better physical dimensions of HRQOL. Conversely, MS symptoms that interfered with daily life and perceptions of not having as good a social life as other people of comparable age were linked to poorer physical dimensions of HRQOL. Worsening MS symptoms, not having as good a social life as other people of comparable age, and seeing a mental health professional in the previous 12 months were associated with poorer mental dimensions of HRQOL. Our study highlights the association of MS-focused care with better physical dimensions of HRQOL among young adults with MS.
Exploring Rehabilitation and Wellness Needs of People with MS Living in South Florida: A Pilot Study
Authors: Classen Sherrilene , Lou Jennie Q.
Published: May 2012

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder with an unpredictable course that affects each person uniquely. Health care professionals must understand the illness experiences of clients with MS and their health care needs before planning interventions. This study illustrates the process of exploring the rehabilitation and wellness needs of people with MS through a qualitative research design utilizing a focus group. Through content analysis we established three central themes from the data: client experience, client perceived concerns and needs, and client expectations. The self-reflections of people with MS in South Florida enhanced our understanding of their illness experiences and health care needs.
How Does Fatigue Affect Communication?
Authors: Hartelius Lena , Burge Åsa , Johansson Anna , Ljungsfors Anna , Mattsson Anna , Winkworth Alison , Andersen Oluf
Published: May 2012

Fatigue and problems related to communication are common symptoms of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, no research has been conducted on how fatigue affects the communication of individuals with MS. For this study, the Fatigue Impact Scale (FIS) was supplemented with 20 statements concerning communication. Forty-four people with MS and 44 healthy controls completed the questionnaire. Results showed that individuals with MS experienced significantly greater problems caused by fatigue within all sub-areas (cognitive, physical, psychosocial and communicative) compared to the control group. No significant differences were observed in fatigue with regard to MS sub-type, gender, age, neurological disability, or medication. The major influence of fatigue was reported to be in the physical area, with less impact related to communication. Respondents who experienced communicative problems caused by fatigue also had problems with language comprehension and speech (dysarthria). Fifteen subjects with MS were randomly selected to participate in assessments of speech and language. As a whole, the group scored well on all tests suggesting relatively normal communication abilities. No clear correlation emerged between the participants' ratings on the FIS and its supplementary questions with the speech and language tests. However, participants who were in paid employment reported fewer areas of impact from fatigue. This study emphasizes the importance of using both subjective and objective measures to capture both speech and language problems in individuals with MS and also to establish the effect of fatigue on communication.
Opioids as a Treatment Option for MS Patients with Chronic Pain
Authors: Guarino Anthony H. , Cornell Martha
Published: May 2012

Neuropathic and nociceptive pain are commonly observed in patients with MS. Among the analgesic options available for treating pain in MS, opioids may be too often avoided because of concerns about prescribing restrictions and addictive potential. However, when these fears are misplaced, they deny the patient of a powerful and potentially effective pain reduction option. Proper screening and management can help select appropriate patients for opioid therapy and maintain patients on long-term therapy while monitoring for signs of behaviors such as addiction or diversion. One such method involves entering into a “contract” with the patient with guidelines for renewing prescriptions. Although the literature contains few studies on opioids specific to MS patients, a number of studies support the use of this drug category in patients experiencing neuropathic pain syndromes.
Epidemiologic, Clinical and Socioeconomic Study of Cuban Women with Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Real-González Yanely , Cabrera-Gómez José A. , Romero-García Karina , Corominas Martha Cristófol
Published: May 2012

Multiple sclerosis is one of the main causes of disability among young Cuban women. The objective of these studies was to evaluate the clinical and social economic status of Cuban women with MS. First, an epidemiological case-control study was conducted among 50 women with clinically definite MS (by Poser criteria). The controls were women ranging from 15 to 65 years who were matched for age. Data collection forms were modified from Boiko's guidelines. Risk factors for MS included having two or more children (OR = 2.84; 95% CI = 1.22–6.59), acute stress (OR = 3.76; 95% CI = 1.64–8.62), and insomnia (OR = 2.95; 95% CI = 1.14–7.14).

A disability and socioeconomic analysis was conducted based on data from the Cuban Computed Register of MS (CUBARMS) of 271 women with clinically definite MS as defined by Poser or McDonald criteria. Most were between 31 and 50 years of age (61.2%) and Caucasian (73.06%). There were antecedents of familial psychiatric diseases (34.69%), neurological disorders (26.57%), general autoimmune diseases (21.7%), and MS (7.85%). Triggered factors at onset of MS were present in 56%, the most frequent being acute stress (52%). 169 patients (62.36%) drank coffee. Main initial symptoms of MS were weakness in limbs (51.66%); numbness of limbs (28.04%); poor balance (20.3%); blurred vision (18.81%); and paresthesias (18.81%). The most frequent symptoms of MS in women at the time of their medical consultation included weakness of limbs (71.59%); numbness (29.15%); paresthesias (28.41%); fatigue (24.73%); poor balance (23.62%); loss of vision (22.51%); rigidity (22.14%); blurred vision (17.71%); incontinence (16.97%); lack of coordination (16.24%); memory disorders (14.39%); and depression (12.92%).

Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) scores ranged between 1 and 6.5 in 78.6% of patients, while Scripps Neurological Rating Scale (SNRS) scores ranged between 61 and 80 in 69.9%. In terms of social status, 58.3% were married; 33.9% were single or divorced; 32% had a high school education; 29.1% had university-level education, and 21% had secondary education. Over half (53.1%) were unemployed; 18% of female MS patients lived alone, and 48.6% received a monthly income between 100 and 401 pesos. The data gathered in these studies highlight the importance of improving knowledge of MS in Cuba, mainly in the primary care setting, in order to increase early diagnosis. With these data, we expect to achieve a better quality of life for female MS patients, thus improving their socioeconomic and work status. A program is in progress to improve the primary medical attention, disability, handicap, quality of life, and socioeconomic status of Cuban women with MS.
Longitudinal Assessment of Multiple Sclerosis Patients and Reimbursement Issues
Authors: Kaufman Michael , Cutter Gary , Schwid Steven , Johnson Kenneth , Halper June , Birnbaum Gary , Ellerbe Mason , Foley Fred , Herndon Robert , Lublin Fred , Rammohan Kottil , Rossman Howard , Stell Lance
Published: May 2012

Advances over the past decade in the management of multiple sclerosis (MS) have led to improved patient outcomes and renewed optimism among patients and clinicians alike. However, in the United States, the growing complexity of MS care has been paralleled by an increasingly regulated health care system and restraints imposed by third-party payors. To continue to maintain viable practices and offer patients optimal care, clinicians need to develop and refine investigations and therapeutic regimens that are appropriate for use in patients with MS while satisfying the fiscal concerns of third-party payors.
Physical Activity and Body Composition Among Ambulatory Individuals With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Snook Erin M. , Mojtahedi Mina C. , Evans Ellen M. , McAuley Edward , Motl Robert W.
Published: May 2012

Individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) engage in less physical activity than the general population. This level of inactivity may increase a person's risk of being overweight and obese. The relationship between physical activity and body composition is examined among 34 ambulatory adults with a definite diagnosis of MS. Participants wore pedometers and accelerometers, objective measures of physical activity, for 7 days; completed a self-report measure of physical activity; and underwent various measurements of body composition, including body mass index (BMI), waist circumference, and relative body fat by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Statistically significant negative correlations were found between physical activity levels and measures of body fatness, and the correlations were strong between the objective measures of physical activity and DXA measures of body composition. The correlations were moderate between the self-report measure of physical activity and less precise measures of body composition. Our findings suggest that inactivity plays an important role in body fatness among people with MS, and subjective measures of physical activity and less precise measures of body fatness, such as BMI, may underestimate the strength of the relationship between physical activity and risk for obesity in the MS population.
Comprehensive Care Centers and Treatment of People With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Sutton Janet P. , Schur Claudia , Feldman Jack , Tyry Tuula
Published: May 2012

This study was conducted to determine how people with multiple sclerosis (MS) who receive care from a comprehensive care center (CCC) fare in terms of access to care, satisfaction, and perceptions of quality compared to people who are not treated at one of these centers. With data from the North American Research Committee on MS (NARCOMS) Patient Registry as the sampling frame, we administered a mixed-mode survey to 2300 people with MS to gather information about their experiences in accessing health services. A response rate of 63% was obtained, for a total of 1403 respondents. About half of the respondents indicated that they sometimes or always received care from an MS CCC. Although no differences were noted in terms of disease severity and diagnostic history, findings indicated that people treated at MS CCCs had better access to health care services and perceived their health care experiences more positively than those who never received MS care from a CCC. Even though the results provide evidence that CCCs enhanced access to care, further research is necessary to understand which organizational elements (eg, service integration services, staff training) contributed most strongly to these experiences.
Professional Education in Multiple Sclerosis Care Through a Multidisciplinary Program for Health Care Practitioners
Authors: Rae-Grant Alexander , Kimmel Sharon R. , Eckert Nancy , Schall Richard , Beilman Maureen , Kimmel Deborah
Published: May 2012

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a common and long-term condition. It requires the intervention of various health care practitioners over a spectrum of care ranging from first diagnosis to end-of-life decisions. We developed a multispecialty program of education and worked with groups from a multisite community-based teaching hospital and a comprehensive rehabilitation network. We used a demographic questionnaire and pre- and postintervention testing. Participants consistently scored higher on the postsession (89.70 ± 8.09%) than on the presession (76.50 ± 17.61%) questionnaire (P < .001). No statistically significant differences were found in percentage points improved across level of education, previous training status, experience in caring for MS patients, or position classification. Ninety-five percent of participants responded that the information provided through the session related to their current role as part of a multidisciplinary health care team. In conclusion, this format was useful in providing key knowledge about the biological, psychological, and social care of patients with MS. A targeted educational program for health care practitioners should become part of the curriculum offered by MS centers to enhance the care provided to their patient population.
Devociones republicanas: los avatares de la comunidad política a principios del siglo XIX
Authors: Hensel Riveros Franz D.
Published: May 2012

The article shows that the Republic was a pivotal reference point in the political language of early nineteenth-century Colombia. By articulating old and new meanings, the Republic allows us to discuss the possibilities of an analysis that, leaving aside the nation as a privileged concept, follows the changing shape of the political community. The article first discusses some of the problems with the analytical category of nation as the privileged way to understand the post-revolutionary period. Next, it highlights the various options available at the start of the nineteenth century to refer to the political community–fatherland, nation, republican homeland– to then emphasize the centrality of republican invocations. In the third section, it shows how the idea of the Republic was pervaded by Catholic references. The article concludes by insisting how this case suggests new ways of thinking about the shape and trajectory of political communities in early nineteenth-century Colombia.
Tomen lo bueno, dejen lo malo: Simón Rodríguez y la educación popular
Authors: Ortega Francisco A.
Published: May 2012

This article examines the work of the Caracas-born philosopher, Simón Rodríguez (1771-1854), with respect to the role that popular education should play in the new nations of the Americas. Rodríguez, like many of the new Creole elite, had rapidly understood that one of the main challenges facing the new states was the absence of a citizenry who could enliven civic and political life. Although popular education had already been extensively addressed by the Bourbon reforms since the mid-eighteenth century, the problem became even more pertinent once the new states embraced the principle of popular sovereignty, the institutional framework of republicanism, and a formal definition of freedom. Facing this challenge, the new governments adopted the Lancaster system and implemented wide-reaching educational programs. The article examines Rodríguez’s criticism of the Lancaster system and proposes three axes of analysis to better understand his own educational proposal: his notion of the originality of American societies; his principle of social interdependence; and the role of education in forming active, critical, and creative citizens, the only sure basis on which the new republics could survive.
Iturbide y Bolívar: dos retratos diplomáticos acerca de la cuestión republicana (1822-1831)
Authors: Gutiérrez Ardila Daniel
Published: May 2012

According to Lamartine, in his History of the Girodins, the monarchical form of government, essentially cautious, was most appropriate for periods of calm and for maintaining the status quo. The republican form of government, by contrast, was ideal for dealing with the crises, the organic transformations, and revolutions that were underway. Following this suggestive comment, it is worth asking whether, just as the French Constitutional Assembly tried in vain to reconcile both extremes by entrusting the legacy of the Revolution to a semi-dethroned king, the founders of the Hispanic American republics did not use the figure of the Liberators in the same manner. To answer this question, this article explores the portraits from the 1820s of Agustín de Iturbide and Simón Bolívar by diplomats Miguel de Santamaría and José Anastasio Torrens.
Atom Probe Tomography and Field Ion Microscopy
Authors: Miller M. K.
Published: May 2012

Atom probe tomography is a characterization technique for the analysis of the microstructure of materials at the atomic level. The basic concepts of atom probe tomography and field ion microscopy, the implementations of a field ion microscope and a three‐dimensional atom probe, including the state‐of‐the‐art local electrode atom probe, and laser and voltage pulsing methods of field evaporation are outlined in this chapter. Methods of atom probe tomography specimen preparation by electropolishing and focused ion beam methods are described. An overview of data visualization and analysis as well as data mining techniques is presented.
Body mass index and the rheumatoid arthritis swollen joint count: An observational study
Authors: Caplan Liron , Davis Lisa A. , Bright Christina M. , Kerr Gail S. , Lazaro Deana M. , Khan Nasim A. , Richards J. Steuart , Johnson Dannette S. , Cannon Grant W. , Reimold Andreas M. , Mikuls Ted R.
Published: May 2012

Objective

Obesity is a prevalent condition and a serious health concern. The relationship between obesity and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) disease activity and severity has not been adequately examined, and there are concerns that periarticular adipose tissue may reduce the utility of the joint examination.

Methods

We used a cross‐sectional study to compare the performance of swollen joint count (SJC) in subjects with RA across body mass index (BMI) strata. Specifically, regression techniques tested for associations of SJC and 7 RA disease activity/severity measures (including high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein level, radiographic changes, and Multidimensional Health Assessment Questionnaire scores) within BMI quartiles. We also evaluated the association of BMI with radiographic evidence of RA in multivariate analyses and the association of BMI with SJC. Clinical and laboratory data from 980 Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis registry participants were analyzed using linear and logistic regression.

Results

Associations were evident between SJC and 6 of the 7 examined RA disease activity/severity measures. SJC predicts RA disease activity/severity in more obese subjects at least as well as in subjects with lower BMIs, and there was a trend toward better performance in individuals with higher BMIs. Subjects with higher BMIs were marginally less likely to be characterized by radiographic changes (odds ratio 0.98, P = 0.051). We found no association between BMI and SJC.

Conclusion

BMI does not obscure the relationship of SJC and objective disease activity measures. There is a borderline association of higher BMI and the likelihood of radiographic changes characteristic of RA after controlling for clinical characteristics.
Impaired functional status in primary Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Hackett Katie L. , Newton Julia L. , Frith James , Elliott Chris , Lendrem Dennis , Foggo Heather , Edgar Suzanne , Mitchell Sheryl , Ng Wan‐Fai
Published: May 2012

Objective

Several studies have demonstrated that primary Sjögren's syndrome (SS) is associated with reduced productivity; however, the impact of primary SS on daily function is not fully understood. This study aims to assess the physical function of primary SS patients and determine the relationship between the functional impairment experienced by primary SS patients and disease activity, patient‐reported symptoms, and quality of life.

Methods

Sixty‐nine primary SS patients from a specialist clinical service were assessed for their functional ability (Improved Health Assessment Questionnaire [HAQ]), dryness, pain, and overall primary SS–related symptom burden; systemic disease activity; levels of fatigue, daytime somnolence, anxiety, and depression symptoms; quality of life; and systemic inflammation (erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C‐reactive protein [CRP] level). Data were compared to 69 healthy volunteers matched for age and sex.

Results

Primary SS patients experienced greater functional impairment than controls (Improved HAQ total scores: mean ± SD 24 ± 25 for primary SS versus 9 ± 19 for controls; P = 0.0002) across all domains of activity. In primary SS, functional impairment was significantly associated with physical fatigue (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.3), pain (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.3), depression (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.3), total symptom burden (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.3), systemic disease activity (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.15), quality of life (P < 0.0001, R2 = 0.3), dryness (P = 0.002, R2 = 0.12), daytime somnolence (P = 0.02, R2 = 0.08), anxiety score (P = 0.03, R2 = 0.07), and CRP level (P = 0.04, R2 = 0.06). Only CRP level is independently associated with functional impairment (β = 0.38, P = 0.025).

Conclusion

Primary SS patients experience significant functional disability compared to age‐matched healthy controls. Impaired function is associated with reduced quality of life and symptoms such as pain, fatigue, and depression, as well as disease activity, illustrating the importance of optimal management of all aspects of the disease.
Physically Based Fatigue Assessment of the Nodular Cast Iron ASTM 80‐55‐06 (EN‐GJS‐600) at Different Testing Frequencies
Authors: Germann Holger , Starke Peter , Eifler Dietmar
Published: May 2012

For the fatigue assessment of the nodular cast iron ASTM 80‐55‐06 (EN‐GJS‐600) stress‐controlled fatigue tests were performed at testing frequencies of f = 5 and 150 Hz. Mechanical (f = 5 Hz), temperature, electrical resistance, and frequency (f = 150 Hz) measurements during cyclic loading provide the possibility to get detailed information about fatigue processes like cyclic hardening or graphite‐matrix debonding. Temperature measurements are well suitable to evaluate the influence of the testing frequency on the cyclic deformation behavior. Increasing testing frequencies result in higher values of the change in temperature caused by the increasing heat dissipation per second. On the basis of the measured data from only three fatigue tests the fatigue life calculation method “PHYBALLIT” (Load Increase Tests) can be applied on the investigated cast iron. Woehler (S–N) curves calculated for testing frequencies of 5 and 150 Hz yield an excellent accordance with conventionally determined ones. The application of this short‐time procedure leads to enormous scientific and economic advantages.
Hierarchical Polymer Microlattice Structures
Authors: Doty Robert E. , Kolodziejska Joanna A. , Jacobsen Alan J.
Published: May 2012

In this paper, we describe a rapid method for fabricating a low density polymer microlattice with structural organization on two length scales. The topology of this hierarchical cellular structure is achieved through the in situ formation of a microlattice with small‐scale lattice members (≈100 µm diameter) within a microlattice with approximately 12 times larger feature sizes. Compression experiments suggest that an increase in the specific plateau stress is realized by the introduction of hierarchy.
Rapid Synthesis of Wettability Gradient on Copper for Improved Drop‐Wise Condensation
Authors: Huang Zhi , Lu Yuxuan , Qin Hanshi , Yang Bing , Hu Xuejiao
Published: May 2012

We describe a simple method of making wettability gradients for the first time on copper using temperature controlled surface oxidation. The temperatures of the sample copper sheet are controlled to change from 330 to 620 K for a distance of 36 mm, with the presence of oxygen (air). Cone‐like Cu2O nanostructures are grown on the sample surface due to surface oxidation. Since the rate of oxidation varies with temperatures, the heights of the produced nanocones increase gradually from the cold end to the hot end, which create a wettability gradient in between, with water contact angles changing from 88° (the cold end) to 18° (the hot end). The same method can also be used for copper wires and tubes. Due to the extensive use of metal materials in industry, the technique presented here may have great importance for practical applications. The produced wettability gradient on copper, as an example, is demonstrated to be able to enhance water condensation rate up to 30%, depending on the direction of the gradient relative to gravity.
Multiple Self‐Assembly Functional Structures Based on Versatile Binding Sites of β‐Lactoglobulin
Authors: Hendler Netta , Belgorodsky Bogdan , Mentovich Elad D. , Richter Shachar , Fadeev Ludmila , Gozin Michael
Published: May 2012

In recent years, research in the field of protein‐based fibrils gained a great attention due to use of these materials as building blocks for construction of functional synthetic biofilms. Yet, efficient and general methodology for preparation of orderly‐doped fibrils with desired properties, made of protein‐dopant/ligand complexes, still remains a significant challenge. In this manuscript, it is demonstrated that the β‐lactoglobulin (β‐Lg) protein can form stable and well‐defined complexes with linear retinoic acid, discotic protoporphyrine IX and spherical carboxyfullerene ligands (dopants). Upon heating these β‐Lg complexes under acidic conditions, formation of orderly‐doped fibrils, which partially preserved ligand‐specific stoichiometries and modes of binding (of the parent protein‐dopant complexes), is observed. These results present a new synthetic methodology, which complements other reported approaches for preparation of the protein‐based doped fibrils, by surface functionalization and by post‐assembly modulation techniques. A combination of ordered self‐assembly nano‐structures, with chemical versatility of the orderly‐doped protein‐based fibrils, represents a new method for construction of novel multifunctional materials in a bottom‐up fashion. Preparation of composite β‐Lg‐complex fibrils by the co‐assembly process, using β‐Lg building blocks that already incorporate various organic ligands inside, is unprecedented.
Polymer Microparticles Exhibit Size and Shape Dependent Accumulation around the Nucleus after Endocytosis
Authors: Kolhar Poornima , Mitragotri Samir
Published: May 2012

Particulate drug delivery has received significant attention in the last few decades. The effect of particle properties such as size, shape and surface properties on particle‐cell interaction has been studied. Here, intracellular accumulation and subsequent spatial segregation of spherical and rod shaped microparticles is investigated. It is observed that both spherical and rod shaped particles exhibit perinuclear accumulation. However, when the cells are fed with binary mixtures of particles, they spatially segregate in the cytoplasm based on their shape and size. Larger particles exhibit preferential accumulation closer to the nucleus. These results have potential implications in understanding the biophysical forces operating in the cells that impact the intracellular organization of drug carriers as well as organelles.
Nanopatterning of Anionic Nanoparticles based on Magnetic Prussian‐Blue Analogues
Authors: Coronado Eugenio , Forment‐Aliaga Alicia , Pinilla‐Cienfuegos Elena , Tatay Sergio , Catala Laure , Plaza José A.
Published: May 2012

Prussian‐blue analogues (PBA) are a family of molecule‐based magnetic compounds of general formula AxMy[M’(CN)6]z, whose magnetic properties can be tuned by an external stimulus. This tunability makes PBA good candidates for their integration into new electronic or spintronic devices. As a previous step to accomplish this integration, PBA need to be deposited onto surfaces in controllable ways and if possible into specific positions on the surface. Even though the study of PBA has traditionally been limited to bulk, lately they have also been processed as nanoparticles (NPs). Here an efficient approach is presented for the accurate deposition and organization of PBA‐NPs of different sizes (from ∼6 to ∼25 nm) over silicon surfaces. The approach used in this work, relies on a combination of surface functionalization with local oxidation nanolithography (LON) and uses electrostatic interactions between PBA‐NPs and a charged self‐assembled monolayer patterned on specific parts of the silicon surface. By using atomic force microscopy (AFM), magnetometry, infrared spectroscopy (IR) and auger electron spectroscopy (AES) we show that the deposition process does not affect NPs properties. In addition, we present a study on the evolution of AFM nanolithographed SiO2 patterns under sonication.
Copper‐Catalyzed Domino Synthesis of Isoquinolino[2,3‐a]quinazolinones
Authors: Liu Tao , Zhu Chongyu , Yang Haijun , Fu Hua
Published: May 2012

A copper‐catalyzed domino method for synthesis of isoquinolino[2,3‐a]quinazolinones has been developed using readily available, substituted methyl 2‐(2‐haloobenzamido)benzoates and nitriles as the starting materials. The domino process comprises an Ullmann‐type C‐arylation, intramolecular addition of NH with CN, and nucleophilic attack of amino to ester group. The inexpensive, convenient and efficient copper‐catalyzed method should provide a new and useful strategy for constructing nitrogen heterocycles.
Non‐Aqueous and Hybrid Li‐O2 Batteries
Authors: Black Robert , Adams Brian , Nazar L. F.
Published: May 2012

With the increasing importance of electrified transport, the need for high energy density storage is also increasing. Possible candidates include Li‐O2 batteries, which are the subject of rapidly increasing focus worldwide despite being in their infancy of understanding. This excitement owes to the high energy density of Li‐O2 (up to 2‐3 kWh kg−1), theoretically much higher compared to that of other rechargeable systems, and the open “semi‐fuel” cell battery configuration that uses oxygen as the positive electrode material. To bring Li‐O2 batteries closer to reality as viable energy storage devices, and to attain suitable power delivery, understanding of the underlying chemistry is essential. Several concepts have been proposed in the last year to account for the function and target future design of Li‐O2 batteries and these are reviewed. An overview is given of the efforts to understand oxygen reduction/evolution and capacity limitations in these systems, and of electrode and electrolyte materials that are suitable for non‐aqueous and hybrid (nonaqueous/aqueous) cells.
A Case of Adult Cannibalism in the Gray Mouse Lemur,Microcebus murinus
Authors: HÄMÄLÄINEN ANNI
Published: May 2012

Cannibalism, defined as the eating of conspecific flesh, has been observed in a number of primate species, although it is still a relatively rare phenomenon. In cases where primates were seen feeding on an individual of the same species, the victims have exclusively been infants or juveniles. Here, I report an event of a free‐living, adult male gray mouse lemur,Microcebus murinus,cannibalizing an adult conspecific female that died of an unknown cause. This observation has implications for the basic ecology of the species and highlights the potential for great flexibility in diet and behavior by a primate. This is, to my knowledge, the first communication of cannibalistic behavior in this species, as well as the first reported case of a nonhuman primate cannibalizing an adult conspecific. Am. J. Primatol. 74:783‐787, 2012. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A one‐step approach for esterification of zein with methanol
Authors: Wheelwright Walt V. K. , Easteal Allan J. , Ray Sudip , Nieuwoudt Michél K.
Published: May 2012

Zein (corn protein) was reacted with methanol in the presence of para‐toluenesulphonic acid under mild conditions to give a material formed by esterification of predominantly the amide groups of the protein. The formation of methyl zeinate was confirmed by proton NMR. The new signal appeared at 3.67 ppm in zein methylation product, which is absent for pure zein can be assigned to the protons of the CH3 group of an ester. The strong CO stretching vibration due to the presence of ester group in the region of 1739 cm−1 in case of methylated zein was also noticed from FTIR studies. The increase in the C : N atom ratio in the zein methylation product obtained from elemental analysis results further indicates the conversion of a significant proportion of the CONH2 groups in zein to COOCH3 groups in the esterified product. The methylated product had glass transition temperature about 20°C lower than that of the unmodified zein. © 2012 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 2013