bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Influence of a Photograph on a Charitable Appeal: A Picture May Be Worth a Thousand Words When It Has to Speak for Itself
Authors: Thornton Bill , Kirchner Gayle , Jacobs Jacqueline
Published: August 2006

Several studies were conducted examining the influence of the use of photographs of a needy individual on a charity appeal for either a well‐known or lesser‐known charity organization. Results of an initial study indicated that people expected the use of a photograph to enhance the effectiveness of a door‐to‐door solicitation campaign and that a well‐known charity would fare better than a lesser‐known one in its efforts. Results of two subsequent studies involving door‐to‐door solicitations, however. indicated that the proportion of people contributing and the average amount contributed was not dependent upon either the photograph or familiarity with the charity. A final study using a passive countertop solicitation in stores did result in greater contributions when the photograph was present, whereas there was no difference due to charity familiarity. These findings are discussed in terms of image‐maintenance concerns and social pressures associated with the immediacy of a request.
Teacher Gender and Nonverbal Behavior in the Teaching of Gender‐Stereotyped Materials1
Authors: Hechtman Sarah B. , Rosenthal Robert
Published: August 2006

Twenty teachers each taught a male and a female student two different lessons. One of these lessons was in a stereotypically masculine domain (mechanics), the other in a stereotypically feminine domain (vocabulary). Judges viewed clips from the videotaped lessons and rated teachers' nonverbal behaviors. The students also rated their teachers on a variety of behavioral dimensions. The results showed that teachers exhibited more positive behavior toward the students for whose gender the material being taught was stereotypically appropriate. Similarly, teachers exhibited more negative behavior toward those students for whose gender the material being taught was considered stereotypically inappropriate. Additionally, teacher gender was shown to interact with the above‐mentioned biased teaching behavior. Generally speaking, women teachers behaved in a less gender‐biased way than did men teachers. It is suggested that these kinds of differential teaching behaviors may contribute to the differential performance of male and female students in traditionally gender‐stereotyped academic domains.
The Effects of Onset and Offset Responsibility on Affects and Helping Judgments1
Authors: Karasawa Kaori
Published: August 2006

Attributional studies of helping have examined perceivers affective responses and helping intentions as a function of responsibility (controllability) for the onset of a problem. This study extended the analysis to a responsibility for the solution (offset) of a problem and examined how the cause of both the onset and the offset of a problem determined perceivers' affective responses and helping intentions. One hundred and eighty subjects participated in the study. The subjects read one of three stories regarding the target person's behavior at the onset of falling behind in school (“sick” vs. “effort” vs. “no effort”) and reported their perceptions of the cause of the problem, affective responses, and helping intentions. Then they read one of three stories regarding the target person's behavior for the offset of the problem (“sick” vs. “effort” vs. “no effort”:' and responded again to the previously administered scales. Results indicated (a) that the final responses were strongly determined by the offset information. and (b) that sickness at the time of the onset led to negative affect and less helping intention when the offset information was “no effort.” The latter effect is discussed within the context of the moral judgment. Furthermore, structural equation analyses for the responses after the offset information revealed (a) that Weiner's “attribution‐emotion‐helping” model was applicable. and (b) that the effect of the effort perception on the helping intention was mediated by anger and pity.
Cynical Hostility: A Risk Factor in HIV‐1 Infection?1
Authors: Blaney Nancy T. , Morgan Robert O. , Feaster Dan , Millon Carrie , Szapocznik Jose , Eisdorfer Carl
Published: August 2006

The aims of this study of HIV‐1 positive and HIV‐1 negative gay males without disease were (a) to determine whether cynical hostility in these groups (measured by the Cook‐Medley Ho scale) is associated with psychosocial deficits that potentially could influence the course of HIV infection; and (b) to examine the construct validity of the sum of three Ho subsets in this sample. Correlational analyses on the full samples, and multivariate analyses of high‐ and low‐hostility groups (formed using Ho scale cutoffs from previous research), examined person variables (traits, coping style), environmental variables (social support, stressors), and affect. In all domains other than stressors (traits, coping styles, social support, and affect), cynical hostility was associated with psychosocial deficits, with results generally stronger for the full Ho scale than for the subset sum. Results support previous research on psychosocial deficits of the cynically hostile, extend findings to HIV‐infected gay males, and enlarge our understanding of the trait and coping style correlates of cynical hostility. Implications of these findings for HIV infection are discussed.
The Effects of Measurement Strategy on Attributions for Marital Problems and Behaviors1
Authors: Sabourin Stéphane , Lussier Yvan , Wright John
Published: August 2006

The present study examined the relation of attributions for spouse behaviors, attributions for global conjugal conflict, and marital adjustment. The sample consisted of 74 French‐Canadian couples who completed the Marital Attribution Style Questionnaire, the Conflict Rating Scale, and the Dyadic Adjustment Scale. Results showed that the relation between attribution and marital satisfaction is stable across culture. In addition, specific and general attribution measures were low to moderately correlated. However, multiple regression analyses demonstrated that attributions for global conjugal conflict entered the regression equations more often than attributions for hypothetical spouse behaviors. These findings suggest that the comparability of marital attribution measures should not be taken for granted. The need to develop standardized measures is underlined.
Is There Any Socially Significant Psychological Difference in Being an Only Child?: The Evidence from Some Adult Behavior1
Authors: Day Lincoln H.
Published: August 2006

Current fertility patterns and expectations in many countries point to substantial future increases in the proportions of only children. While of undoubted social significance, demographically, will this development also be of social significance. psychologically? An answer was sought through analysis of voting records of members of the United States Congress relative to the number of their siblings: records pertaining to matters of genuine social significance and free of deficiencies characterizing data used in previous enquiries.

The analysis clearly supported the null hypothesis that no socially significant behavioral differences exist between adult singletons and nonsingletons: or, as it happens, between those with but one sibling and those with two or more. If we are to become either concerned or pleased about an increase in the proportion of singletons in the population, it will apparently have to be on some grounds other than the existence of socially significant personality differences between such persons and the rest of the population.
Perceived Contraceptive Attributes and Method Choice1
Authors: Harvey S. Marie , Beckman Linda J. , Murray Joan
Published: August 2006

This research investigated the relationship of perceived contraceptive attributes to contraceptive choice. More specifically, the study a) examined what attributes women perceive as important in their choice of a contraceptive method; b) compared women who use the vaginal sponge with women who use oral contraceptives or the diaphragm on perceived importance of attributes; and c) compared sponge users with pill users and diaphragm users on perceived characteristics of three contraceptive methods. Data were collected in telephone interviews from a national sample of 330 current sponge users and 330 women who use other forms of female contraception. Those attributes that were rated highest concerned effectiveness and safety, whereas those that were rated lowest focused on convenience of use and interference with sexual activity. Women differed somewhat by user status on the attributes they believe are important in contraceptive choice, with each group emphasizing those attributes characterizing their own method. Moreover. each user group perceived their own method more favorably than did users of other methods. Perceptions of specific contraceptive methods. particularly the sponge. were more predictive of user status than were general importance ratings.
Cognitive Biases in Playing the Lottery: Estimating the Odds and Choosing the Numbers
Authors: Holtgraves Thomas , Skeel James
Published: August 2006

Three experiments were conducted to examine the operation of the representativeness and anchoring and adjustment heuristics in lottery play. Subjects in Experiments 1 and 2 indicated their chances of winning a lottery with an objective probability of 1 in 10. Consistent with the anchoring and adjustment heuristic, subjects (in both experiments) perceived their chances of winning to be greater when the lottery was based on a single event than when it was based on a disjunctive event. Subjects in these two experiments also selected numbers to play in a pick‐3 (Experiment 1) or pick‐4 (Experiment 2) lottery. Consistent with the representativeness heuristic, subjects in Experiment 2 demonstrated a preference for numbers without repeating digits. This also occurred in Experiment 3 wherein the numbers actually played in the Indiana daily Pick‐3 lottery were examined.
Ambiguity and Human Versus Technological Sources of Information in Judgments Involving Base Rate and Individuating Information1
Authors: Hinsz Verlin B. , TINDALE R. SCOTT
Published: August 2006

This experiment examined the role that ambiguity and uncertainty play in the use of base rate and individuating information in probability judgments. Subjects responded to a number of inference problems that varied in terms of base rates and the accuracy of the source of the individuating information. The ambiguity in the decision situation was also manipulated by varying the human or technological nature of the source of the individuating information and the causal relevance of the base rate information. The results provide substantial support for the predictions derived from the ambiguity conceptualization. Several interactions were uncovered involving attributes of the base rate and individuating information suggesting complex judgmental processes similar to anchoring and adjustment. Discussion focused on the role that human versus technological sources of information may play in judgment and decision making, and the utility of the ambiguity notion for understanding the use of base rate and individuating information in probabilistic inference problems.
Effects of Expectancies and Personalized Feedback on Fat Consumption, Taste, and Preference
Authors: Bowen Deborah J. , Tomoyasu Naomi , Anderson Marin , Carney Maureen , Kristal Alan
Published: August 2006

Previous studies have shown that people develop expectations about the taste and effects of consumed substances and that those expectations can guide future behavior, cognitions, and affect. Identifying expectancies for the taste of both low‐ and high‐fat foods is important in determining people's reactions to changes in their diets. Study 1 was designed to determine the existence of expectancies for the taste of low‐and high‐fat foods and the effects of these expectations on food consumption and preference. Ninety‐seven subjects tasted a bowl of ice cream and rated the taste on taste judgment forms. The fat content of the ice cream (high‐ versus low‐fat) and the expectancy of high‐ versus low‐fat content were independently manipulated using a balanced placebo design. Expectancy affected the consumption of ice cream under most circumstances: For women who received high‐fat ice cream and for men, regardless of the ice cream received, consumption was higher when high‐fat ice cream was expected than when low‐fat ice cream was expected. Study 2 was designed to investigate the effects of educating individuals about the diet‐cancer link on consumption and preference. Receiving information about diet and cancer, especially when the information was personalized, decreased overall consumption and reported preference. Current levels of daily fat consumption also affected laboratory consumption and preference. This study has several implications for interventions to lower dietary fat.
Predicting College Student Satisfaction, Commitment, and Attrition from Investment Model Constructs
Authors: Hatcher Larry , Kryter Kimberly , Prus Joseph S. , Fitzgerald Vicki
Published: August 2006

In a medium‐sized college, 174 undergraduates evaluated the rewards, costs, alternatives, and investments associated with their enrollment. These investment model variables (Rusbult, 1980a) were significantly related to the students'satisfaction with the college, their commitment to remain enrolled, and their subsequent enrollment behavior. Linear and logistic regression results supported many, but not all, investment model predictions concerning the relationships between model constructs. Investment model variables were found to have greater validity than integration model variables (Tinto, 1975) in predicting institutional commitment and enrollment behavior. Implications for theory and practice are discussed.
Coping with Medical Diagnosis: The Effects of At‐Risk Versus Disease Labels Over Time1
Authors: Mcaul Kevin D. , THIESSE‐DUFFY ELLYN , Wilson Paula
Published: August 2006

We randomly assigned college students to conditions in which they learned that they had gum disease, were at risk of having gum disease, or did not have gum disease. Then we examined their coping responses both immediately after the diagnosis and 2 days later. Students that told they had gum disease saw the disease as more prevalent than students in the other conditions; students identified as at risk saw the disease as more common than students who were told they had no disease. In addition, disease and at‐risk diagnosis subjects believed that the disease was less serious but, during the 2‐day interval between tests, they reported experiencing more bleeding–a symptom of gum disease. All of these responses to diagnosis were similar immediately after diagnosis and 2 days later. The data support a model of how persons react to illness signs (Ditto, Jemmott, & Darley, 1988) and have practical implications for dental professionals involved in diagnosing gum disease.
Safe and Unsafe Sexual Intentions and Behavior: The Effects of Norms and Attitudes1
Authors: Gallois Cynthia , Kashima Yoshihisa , Terry Deborah , Mcamish Malcolm , Timmins Perri , Chauvin Anita
Published: August 2006

A study of 85 heterosexual men, 85 heterosexual women, and 82 homosexual men was undertaken to examine the variables that influence intentions to engage in different sexual practices and actual sexual behavior. On the basis of Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action, it was predicted that the strength of intentions would be related to whether behavior was in accord with intentions. Consistent with expectations, the strength of intention to engage in six different sexual practices (e. g., vaginal intercourse, anal intercourse, oral sex) and the three strategies that modify the risk of HIV transmission (sex with an exclusive partner, sex wearing a condom, and looking for a new partner) predicted actual behavior. Second, it was proposed that attitudes toward one's sexual practices and norms would be related to intentions to engage in safe sex. To reflect differential levels in the safety of behavioral intentions, five safety intention groups were formed: (a) nonpenetrative sex, (b) penetrative sex in an exclusive relationship with a condom, (c) penetrative sex in an exclusive relationship without a condom, (d) penetrative sex in a nonexclusive relationship with a condom, and (e) penetrative sex in a nonexclusive relationship without a condom. Norms, rather than attitudes, distinguished the five safety intention groups. the groups intending to engage in safe sex (nonpenetrative sex or penetrative sex with a condom) perceived lower levels of social approval for their sexual practices than the noncondom groups. Additional analyses showed that past behavior had a stabilizing effect on the intention‐behavior relationship, but only for the nonpenetrative and noncondom safety intention groups.
Gender Differences in Likelihood Estimates and Recommendations Regarding Antinormative Behavior in Different Ethical Contexts1
Authors: Vaz Laura , Kanekar Suresh
Published: August 2006

College students' likelihood estimates and recommendations regarding antinormative behavior in four different ethical contexts were examined in relation to their gender, the stimulus person's gender and status, and the nature of consequence of the relevant behavior. The study had the following fully crossed between‐subjects factorial design: 2 (subject's gender) × 2 (stimulus person's gender) × 3 (stimulus person's status: high, intermediate, or low) × 2 (nature of consequence: aversive consequence vs. no aversive consequence) × 4 (ethical context: extramarital relationship, spouse abuse, ticketless traveling, or shoplifting). The subjects were 1,536 undergraduate students at the University of Bombay, 16 per cell of the five‐factor design. All of the experimental manipulations apart from the subject's gender were made through vignettes. Seven‐point scales were used for the two dependent measures, with subjects giving estimates of the likelihood that the stimulus person would continue with the relevant antinormative behavior and indicating the strength of their recommendations against the continuance of antinormative behavior. Estimated likelihood was significantly higher with no aversive consequence than with an aversive consequence in all of the ethical contexts except the extramarital relationship, and estimated likelihood was significantly higher for the male than for the female stimulus person only for the extramarital relationship. Female subjects gave significantly stronger recommendations than male subjects against antinormative behavior in all contexts except shoplifting. The results suggest that gender differences in prescriptive and descriptive ethical norms are not uniform across different ethical contexts.
Some Ethical Issues In Applied Social Psychology: The Case of Bilingual Education and Self‐esteem
Authors: Alexander Susan , Baker Keith
Published: August 2006

Ideas and theories from social psychology are often put to practical use. Sometimes these borrowed concepts and theories are carefully implemented, sometimes they are not. Education is a practical area where social psychology is often applied, sometimes without much care. As an example of the problem, this article examines how educators used self‐esteem to justify bilingual education programs for language minority students and whether this application of social psychology is warranted. We find that the postulated effect of bilingual educations on self‐esteem does not occur. Also, self‐esteem research and theory are misapplied in attempting to justify bilingual education with respect to its supposed effects on self‐esteem. Finally, we raise the question of what responsibility the field of social psychology has to correct misapplication of theory and concepts.
Age and the Spontaneous Self‐concept1
Authors: KITE MARY E.
Published: August 2006

The distinctiveness hypothesis proposes that self‐definitions are influenced by those aspects of the self which make us different from the majority (e. g., MGuire, 1982). This research supports the hypothesis that students of nontraditional college age, who are a minority on this dimension, should be more likely to mention age in their spontaneous self‐descriptions than students of traditional college age or college faculty members. Possible consequences of being a minority on this dimension are discussed.
The Potential for Bias in Videotaped Confessions1
Authors: LASSITER G. DANIEL , SLAW R. DAVID , BRIGGS MICHAEL A. , SCANLAN CARLA R.
Published: August 2006

Within the criminal justice system, there is a growing trend toward utilizing videotape technology to record and to present confession evidence. Previous research, however, indicates that the point of view from which a confession is videotaped can influence determinations of its voluntariness. The present study extended this earlier result by demonstrating that (a) confessor‐focus, but not equal‐focus (on the confessor and interrogator), videotapes produce judgments of greater voluntariness compared to the more traditional audiotape and transcript formats; (b) this pattern generalizes across confessions concerned with three different crimes (i. e., rape, drug trafficking, and burglary); (c) individuals high and low in need for cognition are equally susceptible to the videotaped‐confession bias; and (d) biased voluntariness judgments may, in turn, prejudice likelihood‐of‐guilt assessments. In light of both a recent Supreme Court ruling stating that the improper use of involuntary confessions may in certain instances be considered “harmless error,” and the fact that actual criminal interrogations are usually videotaped with the focus on the confessor, these findings have important legal implications.
Product Owner Manuals: An Exploratory Study of Nonreaders Versus Readers1
Authors: Celuch Kevin G. , Lust John A. , Showers Linda S.
Published: August 2006

Empirical literature relating to the use of product owner manual information is sparse, despite the fact that the topic holds important marketplace safety implications. This study employed a survey methodology to explore manual‐specific psychographic as well as demographic variables. Discriminant analysis found prior experience and time considerations to be among the most important variables in differentiating between nonreaders and readers of manuals. Results are discussed within the context of Russo's (1988) cost‐benefit framework related to information usage. Following this perspective, we offer some initial ideas for programs aimed at increasing nonreaders' utilization of manuals.
Organizational Conflict and Individual Creativity
Authors: James Keith , Chen Julie , Goldberg Catherine
Published: August 2006

A theory of the interaction of perceptions of conflict and dispositional tendencies on individual creativity is presented and tested. It is argued that there are two broad classes of people: those who are primarily socially oriented and those who are primarily instrumentally oriented. Further, on tasks that match their orientation, individuals are proposed to generally adhere to patterns and strategies that experience has taught them are most likely to work. This should mitigate against creativity. On tasks outside of their area of specialization, however, individuals are typically expected to be more random in their thinking, which should promote creativity. Perceived conflict is argued to lead to a reversal of this pattern, however. That is, perceptions of conflict were expected to promote creativity on tasks within, and reduce it on tasks outside of, individuals area of primary interest. These ideas were tested in two studies, one with university employees and one with minority students. The results of both studies generally supported the theory.
Indian College Students' Attitudes Toward Abortion in Different Contexts
Authors: Vaz Laura , Kanekar Suresh
Published: August 2006

Two experimental studies used the hypothetical situation of a pregnant woman (the stimulus person) considering the possibility of an abortion and obtained from Bombay college students estimates of the likelihood of an abortion and their own recommendations in favor of abortion. The first study had a 2 (subject's sex) × 2 (reason for abortion: unplanned child vs. female child) × 2 (person more in favor of abortion: stimulus person vs. her husband) × 3 (stimulus person's socioeconomic status: upper, middle, or lower class) factorial design with 15 subjects per cell. Male subjects indicated greater likelihood of abortion than female subjects. Recommendations were stronger for the unplanned rather than female child and for the lower class rather than upper and middle class stimulus persons. The second study had a 2 (subject's sex) × 3 (reason for abortion: unplanned marital pregnancy, premarital pregnancy, or rape pregnancy) × 3 (stimulus person's socioeconomic status: upper, middle, or lower class) factorial design with 15 subjects per cell. Perceived likelihood and strength of recommendation were highest for rape pregnancy followed by premarital pregnancy and marital pregnancy in that order. The interactions in this study suggested a greater vulnerability of the middle class as compared to the other two classes with respect to sexual morality.
Effect of the Commander's Ethnic Origin on Ethnic Attitudes of Israeli Soldiers1
Authors: Bizman Aharon , Amir Yehuda , Malka Paul
Published: August 2006

This study examined the effect of the squad commander's ethnic origin on subordinates' interethnic attitudes. Thirty squads of recruits, serving in the Israeli army, took part in the study. Seventeen of the squad commanders were of Middle Eastern origin, and 13 of Western origin. Each squad contained both Middle Eastern and Western soldiers. Toward the end of the basic training, subjects responded to a series of questionnaires assessing their willingness to share various activities with both squad members and soldiers they did not know, as well as their evaluation of them.

The results show‐ that those serving under a Western commander displayed more willingness to interact with Western than with Middle Eastern others. Subjects serving under a Western commander also evaluated more positively Western than Middle Eastern non‐familiar soldiers. Those serving under a Middle Eastern commander displayed more willingness to share activities with Middle Eastern than with Western non familiar soldiers. They also evaluated nonfamiliar soldiers from Middle Eastern origins more positively than Western soldiers. The discussion focuses on the distinction between familiar and non familiar targets, and the role of “equal‐status hypothesis” and “expectation states theory.”
Some Effects of Role Conflict Source on the Experience of Role Conflict
Authors: Siegall Marc
Published: August 2006

A group of 176 undergraduates participated in a role‐playing laboratory experiment that explored the effects of intersender and intrasender role conflict on experienced role stress. Each role sender's power (control over valued resources and outcomes) and importance (desire to meet the sender's expectations) were measured. For intrasender conflict only, role sender power was positively associated with upset over the conflict, whereas role sender importance was negatively associated with upset.
Union Performance and Union Loyalty: The Role of Perceived Steward Support1
Authors: Johnson W. Roy , Johnson Gloria Jones
Published: August 2006

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of union performance on union loyalty. The moderator effect of perceived steward support was also investigated. Data were collected in 1988 and 1989 in two locals of a national tire and rubber manufacturing company. Parallel multiple regression analyses were conducted for the two samples. In both samples, the results support the hypothesized positive relationship between union performance and union loyalty but the interaction between union performance and steward support was not significant. However, there was a significant positive relationship between steward support and union loyalty in each sample. Additional research on the roles of the steward may clarify member assessment of the union.
Stability/Instability of Cognitive Strategies Across Tasks Determine Whether Stress Will Affect Judgmental Processes'
Authors: Shaham Yavin , Singer Jerome E. , Schaeffer Monica H.
Published: August 2006

Previous research indicates that individuals employ various cognitive heuristics and decision modes in making decisions and judgmental tasks that do not follow an expected value model. It further indicates that several cognitive faculties are affected by stress. The purpose of this study was twofold: first, to examine whether individual differences exist in the use of cognitive heuristics and risk‐assessment decision modes; second, to examine whether stress would affect the use of these cognitive strategies. Three versions of a questionnaire measuring the representativeness and availability heuristics, and risk‐seeking and risk‐aversion decision modes were administered to three different groups of subjects. Consistent individual differences were only observed in the subscales measuring risk‐seeking and risk‐aversion modes, but not in the use of the heuristics. In a different group of subjects, exposure to noise and task overload stress increased the use of the representativeness heuristic, but did not alter the use of risk‐seeking and risk‐aversion decision modes. These results indicate that the existence of individual differences in cognitive strategies may determine, in part, whether stress will modify judgmental processes.
Hostage Events: Descriptive Profile and Analysis of Outcomes1
Authors: Friedland Nehemia , Merari Ariel
Published: August 2006

This article presents a statistical analysis of politically motivated hostage abductions that occurred, worldwide, over a 10‐year period: 1979–1988. Sixty‐nine hijacking and barricade‐and‐hostage incidents that matched a preset list of sampling criteria were found to have occurred during said period. These were characterized according to a large number of dimensions and variables, yielding a detailed descriptive profile of politically motivated hostage incidents. The profile is portrayed in the first part of the article. The second part presents an analysis of factors that appear closely related to the manner in which hostage incidents conclude–negotiated solutions or violent endings–and that may be construed as possible determinants of the latter. An analysis of the negotiability of hostage events concludes the article.
Linking Cognitive Scripts and Job Design Variables: The Relationships Between Script Recognition, Growth Need Strength and Intrinsic Motivation
Authors: Cellar Douglas F. , Furst David , Vavra Tracy , Fulton Randy
Published: August 2006

A study was conducted in order to investigate the relationships among script recognition, growth need strength (GNS), feedback from the task, and intrinsic motivation. It was hypothesized that GNS would moderate the script recognition‐intrinsic motivation relationship for intrinsic script recognition items. It was also hypothesized that intrinsic script recognition would be positively correlated with feedback from the task itself while extrinsic script recognition would exhibit a negative relationship with this variable. Subjects were 80 male undergraduates. The hypotheses were partially supported in that extrinsic script recognition was negatively related to perceptions of feedback from the task itself. In addition, GNS did moderate the intrinsic script recognition‐intrinsic motivation relationship.
Self‐Efficacy Relationships With Affective and Exertion Responses to Exercise1
Authors: McAuley Edward , Courneya Kerry S.
Published: August 2006

This study examined the relationship of preexisting efficacy for exercise with perceptions of effort expenditure and in‐task affect during exercise testing. Subjects comprised sedentary, middle‐aged adults participating in a submaxi‐mal cycle ergometer‐graded exercise test. Perceptions of efficacy were assessed prior to and following exercise testing while perceptions of effort expenditure and in‐task affect were assessed at 70% of predicted maxim heart rate. Highly efficacious subjects had lower perceptions of effort expenditure and reported more positive affect during exercise than did their less efficacious counterparts. Affective responses during exercise were in turn significant predictors of posttest self‐efficacy. These results are discussed in regard to the importance of examining the role of personal efficacy in the formation of exercise‐related affect and affective responses as sources of efficacy or competence information in exercise.
Employed Females' Clothing Preference, Self‐Image Congruence, and Career Anchorage
Authors: Ericksen Mary K. , Sirgy M. Joseph
Published: August 2006

A model was developed that related the clothing preference of employed females with self‐congruity, ideal congruity, and career anchorage. It was hypothesized that (a) employed females are more likely to wear those outfits that match their actual self‐image and ideal self‐image than those that do not match their actual and ideal self‐image; (b) the more upward the career anchorage, the greater the self‐ and ideal congruity involving a business‐like outfit, and the greater the preference for wearing business‐like outfits. The sample consisted of 227 women faculty and staff members at three universities. Five garment images were used: feminine, business‐like, casual, sexy, and collegiate. The hypotheses were mostly supported.
Work Motivation in the United States, Russia, and the Republic of China (Taiwan): A Comparison
Authors: Silverthorne Colin P.
Published: August 2006

This study evaluated aspects of work motivation across three cultures. In a replication of earlier research comparing the ranking of ten motivational factors by management and workers, this study used comparison data for current United States, Russian, and Chinese (Taiwan) samples. The results indicate an improved relationship between perceptions of managers and workers in the United States, a strong discrepancy in the Russian sample between expectations of management and workers, and a reasonable match for the Taiwan sample. Differences in motivational factor importance are explored between the three samples and the implications for multinational management issues are explored.
Individual Differences in Males' Reactions to Gay Males and Lesbians1
Authors: Kite Mary E.
Published: August 2006

Males who were tolerant or intolerant of homosexuals participated in an experiment wherein they interacted with a gay male, a lesbian, or a person of unknown sexual orientation. Results showed that although both attitudes toward homosexuality and the partner's sexual orientation affected reactions to that person. there were few effects due to target sex. Although men's reported attitudes toward gay males are more negative than their attitudes toward lesbians. these attitudes d o not necessarily affect reactions to these individuals.
Bright Cars and Speeding Tickets
Authors: Newman Mary C. , Willis Frank N.
Published: August 2006

Speeding tickets for a 22 month period in a suburban area were examined to determine the possible relationships among the percentage of speed over the speed limit, the age and color of the car, and the age and gender of the driver. The frequencies of speeding tickets by car color were also compared with the frequencies of cars on the road by colors. The percentage of speed over the limit was not related to the characteristics of the cars or the drivers. It was found, however, that red, grey, and brown cars were more likely to receive speeding tickets than cars of other colors. A previous conclusion that bright colored cars give the impression of speed, which results in a higher estimation of actual velocity, was not supported by the present study.
Alcohol and Complex Functioning1
Authors: Streufert Siegfried , Pogash Rosanne M. , Gingrich Dennis , Kantner Anne , Lonardi Lisa , Severs Walter , Landis Richard , Roache John
Published: August 2006

Twenty‐five managers participated in two parallel 6‐hour quasi‐experimental simulations. On placebo treatment days, the subjects received hourly placebo drinks. On alcohol treatment days (order counterbalanced), enough alcohol was provided prior to the fourth hour of simulation participation to attain a breath alcohol level (BAL) of near 0.10. All other drinks contained a placebo beverage. Complex task performance was assessed on five variables derived from complexity theory, comparing performance for three measurement periods: (a) prior to the fourth hour of simulation participation (placebo treatment), (b) during the fourth hour (rising BALs on alcohol treatment days), and (c) during the fifth/sixth hours (falling BALs). Alcohol diminished the participants’ breadth of approach (differentiation). Performance on indicators of strategic functioning (integration) decreased after BALs had begun to fall but not while BALs were rising. The implications for performance of complex tasks under the influence of alcohol and for the applicability of the acute tolerance phenomenon to complex task environments are considered.
Women Who Choose Business Administration Versus Women Who Choose Administrative Services: How They Differ
Authors: Tomkiewicz Joseph , Hughes R. Eugene
Published: August 2006

The paper examines a sample of women at a university who have chosen different paths to a business career by electing to enroll in parallel but dissimilar curriculums. Several attributes were selected on which to compare these women and differences between the two samples were noted. The results imply that organizations may need to balance enthusiasm for occupationally upgrading women with a consideration for personal perceptions that women possess about their role in society.
The Driving Appraisal Inventory: Psychometric Characteristics and Construct Validity1
Authors: Cutler Brian L. , Kravitz David A. , Cohen Mitchell , Schinas William
Published: August 2006

Four studies examined the dimensionality, reliability and construct validity of the Driving Appraisal Inventory (DAI), a self‐report measure of driving habits and skills. In Study 1, analysis of 127 items led to the formation of four unidimensional, internally reliable scales: Carelessness, Drunken Driving, Vehicle Safety, and Self‐Evaluation. In Study 2, all were found to have acceptable test‐retest reliability. In Study 3, convergent validity support was obtained for the Carelessness and Vehicle Safety scales. In Study 4, concurrent criterion‐related validity support was obtained for the Carelessness and Drunken Driving scales. Scores on the Self‐Evaluation scale appear to be more a function of self‐confidence and/or ego‐involvement in driving skills and less a function of actual driving skills. Men score higher than women do on the Carelessness, Drunken Driving, and Self‐Evaluation scales, and in Study 4, criterion‐related validity of the Self‐Evaluation scale was stronger among women than among men.
Psychosocial Predictors of Intent to Emigrate Among Portuguese Adolescents
Authors: Silva M. Carolina , Neto Felix
Published: August 2006

Information about the intent to emigrate was collected for a sample of 960 adolescents living in the northern region of Portugal. This question was part of a detailed questionnaire designed to assess specific issues concerning social representations of migration‐namely, information, attitude, and fields of representation. Using information about the sociodemographic characteristics and the components of social representation mentioned above, our aim was to identify the independent predictors underlying the adolescent's intent to emigrate. Due to the great number of factors involved in the analysis, we conducted a preliminary selection of independent predictors within each of the aforementioned components and created a global index describing their importance. The findings indicate that, among all components of a social representation, attitude and representation of detachment and adaptation are the most important predictors of intent to emigrate. The relatively poor ability of sociodemographic variables to predict a future emigration does not mean that they are not important, but rather that they are more likely to condition attitude, the strongest predictor of a future emigration in the northern region of Portugal. The implication of these findings for handling intervening migration policies is discussed.
Behavioral Causality Orientations and Investment Decisions Following Negative Feedback
Authors: Schaubroeck John , Williams Steve
Published: August 2006

Individual differences in the locus of causality for behavior are seldom considered in tests of regulatory events (e. g., feedback and coercion). This study examined the relationship between Deci and Ryan's (1985a) causality orientation constructs and decision makers’ behavioral intention responses to negative feedback following an initial decision. A laboratory experiment involved 98 Singaporean business students in a commitment escalation context in which sunk costs for an initial investment failure could be recovered by reinvesting in that prospect in preference to selecting an alternative that had previously performed better. Consistent with various theories of the escalation effect, in which subjects responsible for prior negative outcomes tend to reinvest in the initially chosen project, control orientation was positively associated with reinvestment and impersonal orientation was negatively related to reinvestment. The influence of personality on reinvestment/withdrawal behavior was moderated by the experimental condition of responsibility for the initial sunk cost. We discuss the implications of these findings for the construct validity of the causality orientations, the role of personality in commitment escalation, and the important role that individual differences in perceptions of regulatory events may play in determining behavior.
The Effects of Ethnicity and Culturally Congruent and Incongruent Nonverbal Behaviors on Interpersonal Attraction1
Authors: Dew Anna‐Marie , Ward Colleen
Published: August 2006

The study investigated the effects of ethnicity and nonverbal style on interpersonal attraction in university students. Sixty‐four Palagi (white New Zealand) women participated in the research and were randomly assigned to interview either a Palagi or Samoan student in a study on friendship. Female confederates, who posed as interviewees, responded with a pre‐rehearsed script and exhibited either a Palagi or Samoan nonverbal style. After conclusion of the interview, subjects completed a questionnaire about the project, including their perceptions of the interviewee confederate. A2 × 2 analysis of variance revealed a main effect of nonverbal style on ratings of interpersonal attractiveness: subjects preferred confederates who displayed culturally congruent (Palagi) nonverbal behaviors. There were no significant effects, however, for ethnicity or for the ethnicity by style interaction.
The Relationship of Psychological Resources and Social Support to Job Procurement Self‐Efficacy in the Disadvantaged1
Authors: Wenzel Suzanne L.
Published: August 2006

This study investigated social‐psychological characteristics of disadvantaged persons in employment training. Participants (N=115) furnished information about their psychological resources (internality and learned resourcefulness), social support, and job procurement self‐efficacy when they entered employment training programs. Self‐efficacy was assessed again approximately 3 weeks after termination from training. It was expected that psychological resources and social support would be associated and that they would predict job procurement self‐efficacy at follow‐up. Psychological resources and social support were significantly related. Social support, and particularly reassurance of worth, were significant predictors of participants’ efficacy expectations at follow‐up. Implications for employment preparation are discussed, and directions for future research are suggested.
Social Cognitive Theory as a Framework to Explain Intentions to Practice Healthy Eating Behaviors1
Authors: Sheeshka Judy D. , Woolcott Donna M. , Mackinnon Neil J.
Published: August 2006

Our focus in this study was the observed gap between informed awareness and the intention to act. We used elements of social cognitive theory to develop a theoretical model of six psychosocial factors hypothesized to influence the intention to adopt healthy eating behaviors. Survey data from 490 white‐collar employees were analyzed using a Linear Structural Relations (LISREL) program and a stacked model. The overall fit of the model to one half of the data was excellent, x2 (6, 237) = 3.79, p= 0.71, and the model was successfully replicated with the second half of the data x2 (28, 249) = 28.68, p= 0.43. Our model suggests that self‐efficacy expectations (a) partially depend on the perceived likelihood of an outcome; (b) act as a conduit for the effects of media, disincentives, and outcome expectancy; and (c) have powerful direct influences on intentions. As expected, outcome expectancy adds little to the prediction of intentions.
Romantic Ideals, Fear of Negative Implications, and the Practice of Safe Sex1
Authors: Galligan Roslyn F. , Terry Deborah J.
Published: August 2006

The present study examined how young heterosexuals’ beliefs about the power of condom use to destroy their romantic ideals and to lead to negative implications affected both their intentions and their actual behavior of using and discussing the use of condoms with sexual partners. The extra predictive power gained from considering these beliefs, in addition to subjects’ beliefs concerning whether condoms reduced their risk of contracting HIV, was examined within the context of Fishbein and Ajzen's (1975) theory of reasoned action. One‐hundred‐and‐two sexually active heterosexual students participated in the study. At the first wave of data collection, beliefs concerning the potential of condoms to reduce risk, to destroy romance, and to lead to negative implications were assessed, as were norms and intentions. Measures of actual behavior were obtained three months later for both regular and casual/new partners. The results of the study indicated that norms and beliefs concerning the risk‐reduction effects of condom use were the primary predictors of intentions to use condoms. Subjects’ beliefs concerning whether condoms destroyed their romantic ideals or led to negative implications did not influence their intentions with casual/new partners, although emotional concerns played a minor role in determining intentions with regular partners. In contrast, these emotional concerns had a major impact in determining actual behavior for all partner types. Although intentions partially predicted behavior, beliefs about reducing risk, destroying romance and fear of negative implications had strong and direct influences on behavior, especially in the case of casual/new partners. Additional analyses revealed gender differences in the determinants of behavior. Females, in contrast to males, were less able to act in accord with their attitudes about using condoms to reduce their risk of contracting HIV, and were also less able to act in conformity with their subjective norms with less well‐known partners. Although both males and females were similarly affected by more emotional concerns with new and/or casual partners, gender differences occurred in how these emotional factors affected behavior with regular partners. Implications of the finding that behavior is determined to a large extent by more emotional concerns that are not factored in ahead of time when formulating intent are discussed.