bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
INEXPENSIVE NO-TILL ATTACHMENT FOR A TWO-ROW CORN PLANTER
Authors: WHITE R. P. , IVANY J. A. , ENMAN J. R.
Published: March 2010

A steel frame supporting two fluted coulters, and mounted between a tractor and a two-row corn planter, successfully planted no-till corn (Zea mays L.) in cereal and corn stubble. No significant differences occurred in corn yield or maturity between the no-till and regularly tilled corn in three years. Construction details are presented.Key words: No-till corn, corn planter modifications, stubble planting
SOME OBSERVATIONS ON POLYEMBRYONY IN CROSSES BETWEEN TWINNING AND NONTWINNING LINES OF FLAX
Authors: ROWLAND G. G. , WEERASENA L. A.
Published: March 2010

A recurrent selection program was initiated using the polyembryony character found in flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) to produce haploids that could then be used to create doubled haploid lines. Observations from this programme show that using the haploid member of a twin seedling as the female parent in crosses to the diploid male is not as efficient as using its diploid twin as the female parent. Previous work has suggested that in lines carrying the polyembryony character, bolls containing fewer than 10 seeds, which is the maximum number in flax, were more likely to contain a seed that would give rise to a twin seedling. In this study twin seedlings were obtained from seed of bolls containing from 1 to 10 seeds, and bolls with 10 seeds were often as good a source of twin seedlings as those with nine seeds or fewer. There was no significant difference in the twinning frequency of F2 seed of crosses between twinning and nontwinning lines (range 0.8–1.9%) but these same crosses were significantly different in twinning frequency in doubled haploid lines (range 1.1–7.9%). The twinning frequency of individual doubled haploid lines within crosses varied from 0.4 to 20.3%.Key words: Flax, haploid breeding, polyembryony, Linum usitatissimum
N2 FIXATION AND COMPETITIVENESS OF Rhizobium phaseoli STRAINS ISOLATED FROM ONTARIO SOILS
Authors: MOXLEY JACQUELINE C. , HUME D. J. , SMITH D. L.
Published: March 2010

Dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) is a legume crop generally considered to be a poor N2 fixer. This experiment was conducted to determine the effectiveness of Rhizobium phaseoli strains in Ontario soils, to determine if inoculation with an indigenous, effective strain could improve N2 fixation or yield, and to determine the competitiveness of inoculant strains by measuring the recovery of applied strains in nodules using serology. One-gram composite soil samples from 36 of 37 farm sites across Ontario caused nodulation on either white bean cultivars Ex Rico 23 or Seafarer, indicating that R. phaseoli was widely distributed. However, ratings of nodulation indicated a wide range of effectiveness. Five selected strains isolated from these soils were compared with five strains from culture collections for effectiveness by using the strains to inoculate Ex Rico 23 or Seafarer grown in sterile, N-free culture in Leonard jars. The best field-isolated strains caused just as much N accumulation as the best strains from culture collections. Strain S1, selected as a consistently good N2 fixer, failed to cause increases in yield when used as an inoculant in field trials at Elora and Mitchell in 1980 and 1981. Inoculation with strain S1 did cause some increases in percent seed protein and nodule dry weight with Ex Rico 23 at Elora in 1980. Three other strains tested in each year failed to show any improvements in yield, seed N, or nodulation in either year. Recovery of inoculant strains ranged from 0 to 31%. At Mitchell in 1981, 100 kg ha−1 of fertilizer N increased yields over all inoculation treatments. Indigenous strains appeared to be only partially effective N2 fixers and inoculant strains generally were poor competitors against strains already present in the soils.Key words: White bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, Rhizobium phaseoli, N2 fixation, strain competition
SOYBEAN SEED PERFORMANCE UNDER LOW TEMPERATURE AND LOW OXYGEN CONCENTRATIONS
Authors: MORTENSEN J. J. , MULLEN R. E. , BURRIS J. S. , CALLANAN T. P.
Published: March 2010

Seed performance in early spring plantings varies with temperature and soil atmospheric conditions, but nothing has been reported on the combined stress of low temperature and low O2 levels on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) seed germination. Artificially aged and unaged soybean seed of two cold-tolerant and two cold-intolerant genotypes were exposed to either 10 or 25 °C and 0.2, 2.0 or 20.0% O2 during imbibition and germination in a controlled environment. Germination and seedling dry weights were determined immediately after completing the temperature-O2 treatments and after completing a 3-d grow-out period in growth chambers set at 25 °C. Decreasing the O2 available to germinating seeds was more detrimental to the germination process at 25 than at 10 °C. Reductions in the amount and speed of germination and seedling vigor resulting from low temperature and low O2 levels did not continue after the 3-d grow-out period, but the effects of artificially aged seed did remain. The cold-tolerant genotypes germinated better and had greater seedling vigor than the cold-intolerant genotypes at 10 and 25 °C and at 2.0 and 20.0% O2. Seeds did not germinate at 0.2% O2 either at 10 or 25 °C, but were subsequently able to germinate normally during the 3-d grow-out period. These results indicate that genotypes respond differently to low temperature and low O2 and that soybeans may undergo a temporary cessation of germination at 0.2% O2. Reduced oxygen availability decreased seed and seedling performance of high-quality seeds more than of low-quality seeds and more at higher temperature than at lower temperature.Key words: Soybean, seed quality, vigor, germination, cold tolerance, artificially aged seed
FREEZING HARDINESS OF SOME ACCESSIONS OF Triticum tauschii AND T. turgidum L. var. durum
Authors: LE HOAN T. , REICOSKY DAVID A. , OLIEN C. ROBERT , CRESS C. E.
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to determine the variation for high- and low-intensity freezing resistance in 51 accessions of Triticum tauschii (Coss.) Schmal. and 35 accessions of T. turgidum L. var. durum. Freezing resistance ranged from non-hardy to as hardy as T. aestivum ’Winoka’ for T. tauschii under both the high- and low-intensity freeze test. Although the T. turgidum var. durum accessions were less hardy than Winoka in the high intensity test, some accessions of this species approached the hardiness of Winoka in the low-intensity test. This suggests that T. tauschii and T. turgidum var. durum could be used as gene sources for improving winter hardiness in hexaploid wheat.Key words: Freezing hardiness, Triticum tauschii, Triticum turgidum L. var. durum
MINERAL DYNAMICS IN PERENNIAL RYEGRASS AS INFLUENCED BY CROP MANAGEMENT AND PLOIDY
Authors: FAIREY N. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of cutting/fertility management and ploidy type on the apparent recovery efficiencies of N, P and K, and the seasonal uptakes and average concentrations of minerals (P, K, Ca, Mg, S, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Mo, B and Na) were studied over three production years in four diploid and four tetraploid cultivars of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Two systems of management were studied — four cuts a year with 300:87:165 kg ha−1 of N:P:K (4C-300N) and eight cuts a year with 450:131:248 kg ha−1 (8C-450N). The statistically significant (P < 0.05) treatment effects that resulted in responses of biological importance included the management system, the production year, the cultivar (within ploidy type), and the production year × management system interaction; ploidy had no agronomically significant effect. The production year × management system interaction had biologically important effects on the apparent recovery efficiency of N, the uptake of Mg, S and Fe, and the tissue concentration of Fe. The apparent recovery efficiency of N increased progressively over years from 63 to 71% with 4C-300N management and remained constant at 60–63% with 8C-450N management. The apparent recovery efficiency of P increased with production year from 34 to 41% and was greater with 4C-300N than 8C-450N management (43 vs. 33%). More K was recovered in the plant tissue than was supplied by the fertilizer in each production year. This effect was greater with 4C-300N than 8C-450N management (134 vs. 112%). If all herbage is removed, higher rates of K application are required to maintain soil-K status. With the exception of K, the production year (viz. environment) was a controlling factor in the uptake and concentration of mineral elements and, in general, the uptake of an element paralleled its concentration. Management system was the only treatment effect having a dominant influence on K uptake (223 vs. 279 kg ha−1 for 4C-300N and 8C-450N, respectively) and concentration (23.8 vs. 31.1 g kg−1 for 4C-300N and 8C-450N, respectively). The cultivar, Tetrelite, had lower concentrations of most minerals than the other cultivars. This different metabolic requirement for minerals may be due to the hybrid nature of this cultivar and/or the environment in which it was bred, since it was the only cultivar not originating from western Europe. The fluctuations of mineral concentrations and uptakes both between and within growing seasons must be examined on an individual cut basis, and in relation to the prevailing environmental conditions for growth, to elucidate cause-effect relationships and to determine the extent to which mineral intake requirements of ruminant livestock can be met throughout a growing season.Key words: Grass, mineral content, nutrient uptake, recovery efficiency, ryegrass (perennial), Lolium perenne
EFFECTS OF BORON, MOLYBDENUM AND LIME ON YIELD AND LEAF TISSUE NUTRIENT CONCENTRATION OF GREEN PEAS
Authors: CUTCLIFFE J. A.
Published: March 2010

The effects of preplant soil applications of B, Mo and dolomitic limestone on yields and leaf tissue nutrient concentrations of Rally peas were investigated at five locations with initial soil pH levels of 5.1–5.9. Experiments were conducted for two consecutive growing seasons at each location. All treatments were preplant incorporated in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design with five replicates. Yields of shelled peas, adjusted to tenderometer 100, varied between experiments from 1.1 to 4.8 × 103 kg ha−1 and were not generally affected by B, Mo or lime at application rates of 2.0, 0.25 and 10 000 kg ha−1, respectively. Also, the micronutrient and lime treatments had no significant effects on germination, vine length, pea/vine ratio or maturity. Leaf tissue B, Mo and Mg concentrations were increased by the applications of B, Mo and dolomitic limestone, respectively. However, leaf tissue Ca concentration was not affected by the lime treatment. The results indicate that leaf tissue concentrations of 16–74 μg g−1 B, 0.04–1.34 μg g−1 Mo and 0.23–0.55% Mg were within the sufficiency range.Key words: Peas, boron, molybdenum, dolomitic limestone, yield, leaf tissue concentration
DANKO WINTER RYE
Authors: LANGILLE J. E. , NASS H. G. , BUBAR J. S. , JONES R. W. , WALTON R. B.
Published: March 2010

Danko is a winter rye (Secale cereale L.) cultivar with higher yield, better lodging resistance and winter survival and higher kernel weight and test weight than Animo and Kustro, the current most commonly grown cultivars in the Maritimes. It was developed at the Polish Plant Breeding Institute, Poznan, Poland where breeder seed will be maintained. Seed will be distributed by King Grain Ltd.Key words: Secale cereale L., rye (winter), cultivar description
TITAN FIELD PEA
Authors: ALI-KHAN S. T.
Published: March 2010

Titan, a yellow-seeded cultivar of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) developed at the Agriculture Canada Research Station, Morden, Manitoba, was licensed in October 1985. Titan is a high-yielding cultivar which outyielded Century by 10.7% in Cooperative Tests conducted across Canada. The cultivar matures 3 d later and has slightly larger seeds than Century.Key words: Pea (field, dry), Pisum sativum L., cultivar description
GLANDULAR TRICHOMES ON COTYLEDONARY PETIOLES OF LEGUMINOSAE TRIBE TRIFOLIEAE
Authors: SMALL ERNEST , BROOKES BRENDA S.
Published: March 2010

Gland-tipped trichomes were found to occur on the cotyledonary petioles of a number of species of Medicago, Trigonella and Melilotus. Their location, seemingly protecting the plumule, and the known insect resistance provided by glandular hairs on stems and fruits of Medicago suggest that they are defensive, and may be useful in plant breeding.Key words: Medicago, alfalfa, Trigonella, Melilotus, glandular trichomes, pest resistance (immunity)
VANTAGE STRAWBERRY
Authors: RICKETSON C. L. , GRAY VICTORIA P. , COOK FRANCES I. , VANDENBERG A. A. , DALE ADAM
Published: March 2010

Vantage is a June-bearing strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) released as a general purpose berry. The fruit is bright, firm and has good flavor. The plant is very resistant to verticillium wilt and foliage diseases.Key words: Fragaria × ananassa Duch., fruit breeding, strawberry, Verticillium albo-atrum R. and B., cultivar description
GOVERNOR SIMCOE AND SECORD STRAWBERRIES
Authors: DALE ADAM , GRAY VICTORIA P. , RICKETSON C. L.
Published: March 2010

Governor Simcoe and Secord are two June-bearing strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa Duch.) released as fresh market berries. Both have very large firm fruit with good flavor. Both ripen mid-late season with Secord ripening slightly earlier than Governor Simcoe.Key words: Fragaria × ananassa Duch., strawberry, fruit breeding, cultivar description
SOME EFFECTS OF WATERLOGGING AND SUPPLY OF COMBINED NITROGEN ON SOYBEAN GROWTH
Authors: BUTTERY B. R.
Published: March 2010

Five pot tests were conducted on the effects of waterlogging on soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) growth in the presence or absence of nitrate. Plants grown outdoors in sand and a vermiculite/perlite mixture (V/P) gave relative weights of 75 and 100 in the presence of nitrate and 3 and 38 in its absence. In a growth chamber similar treatments produced values of 95 and 100 with nitrate, and 28 and 58 without nitrate. Soybeans in V/P flooded by preventing outflow (ST) or normally drained (D), gave relative weights in the ST and D treatments of 76 and 100 in the presence of nitrate, and 27 and 55 in its absence. Averaged over 21 cultivars, treatments of ST and D with nitrate, and of ST and D without nitrate gave values of 111, 100, 66 and 85. Differences between cultivars in reaction to flooding were small. Soybeans were also grown in V/P flooded by immersing pots in buckets of nutrient solution filled to the top of the pot (FB) or to a constant high water table, 85 mm below the pot surface (HB). Relative plant weights of 22, 100, 45 and 198 were obtained with nitrate, and 17, 79, 10 and 138 with no nitrate for ST, D, FB and HB treatments. All five experiments suggest that reduced availability of oxygen because of fine structure of the substrate or because of direct flooding has a more deleterious effect on soybean growth in the absence of combined N than in its presence. A high water table benefited soybean growth in comparison with normally watered and drained plants. The effects of respiration rate on speed of development of anoxic conditions, and the effects of nitrate on ATP production in both nodules and root tissue are discussed.Key words: Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr., waterlogging, combined nitrogen, nitrogen fixation, substrate aeration
CELLULAR BASIS OF HETEROSIS FOR LEAF AREA IN MAIZE
Authors: PAVLIKOVA E. , ROOD S. B.
Published: March 2010

Leaf areas of four maize (Zea mays L.) inbreds and four of their single-cross hybrids were analyzed in terms of numbers of leaves and lengths and widths of individual leaf blades. These lengths and widths were further analyzed in terms of numbers, widths, and lengths of long abaxial epidermal cells which were determined by microscopically examining pyroxylin leaf surface impressions. There was incomplete dominance for increasing leaf number and overdominance for increasing individual leaf blade area. Overdominance for individual leaf area resulted from the complementation of incomplete dominance for increasing cell length and width and overdominance for cell number in the length and width. Thus, both complementation of dominance effects and over-dominance for increased mitotic activity were involved in heterosis for leaf area in maize. The study demonstrates the simplicity of reducing leaf area into its cellular components. This type of leaf area analysis may be useful to breeders attempting to increase the leaf area of maize since it reduces the complex, polygenic trait of leaf area into easily measured components which will display less complex inheritance patterns.Key words: Zea mays L., corn, anatomy, hybrid vigor
COMPARAISONS DE TROIS CEREALES DE PRINTEMPS ET DE CERTAINS DE LEURS CULTIVARS RECOLTES EN VERT ET A LA MATURITE
Authors: GERVAIS P. , ST-PIERRE C. A. , LOISELLE F.
Published: March 2010

Three spring cereals and nine of their cultivars were compared over a period of 3 yr for the production of forage and grains. No significant difference was found in the yields of forage (soft dough stage) between cultivars within a given species except for barley where Birka yielded less than the other cultivars. No significant difference was recorded in the yields of grains between cultivars within oats, wheat, two-rowed barley or six-rowed barley. For the whole experiment, the six-rowed barley produced the highest yields of grains and belonged to the first group for the production of forage. Within a species, the forages produced by the cultivars did not vary significantly in their organic constituents or in their mineral composition except for a few elements. The fat content was higher in oats than in wheat and barley, but the hemicellulosis content was higher in barley than in the two other cereals. Wheat contained less Ca, K, Mg and Na than oats and barley while oats has more Na and Mn than barley. The cultivars of the three main spring cereals recommended for grain production in Quebec are also adapted, except Birka, for forage production.Key words: Oat, wheat, barley, forage, grains, yield, quality
OUTCROSSING IN RAPE AND MUSTARD UNDER SASKATCHEWAN PRAIRIE CONDITIONS
Authors: RAKOW G. , WOODS D. L.
Published: March 2010

The interplant outcrossing rate was studied for one cultivar and four lines of rape (Brassica napus) and three cultivars of mustard (Brassica juncea) under field conditions at Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, in 1982, 1983 and 1984. Marker characters used for determining outcrossing rates were seed oil erucic acid content for rape and seed color for mustard. The average interplant outcrossing rate was 21.8% for rape and 18.7% for mustard. No significant differences in outcrossing rates among the one cultivar and the four lines of rape or the three cultivars of mustard were detected. A wide range in outcrossing rates between plants within cultivars and lines was observed for both species, but whether this variation was genetic or was environmentally induced could not be determined in these experiments. Some of the implications of this partial outcrossing on methods used for the breeding of these crops are discussed.Key words: Outcrossing, rape, mustard
ETUDE DE LA TOLERANCE DE CULTIVARS D’ORGE A LA TACHE HELMINTHOSPORIENNE
Authors: DOSTALER D. , PELLETIER G. J. , COUTURE L.
Published: March 2010

This study was conducted to assess tolerance of barley (Hordeum vulgare) cultivars to spot blotch. The barley cultivars Parkland, Bonanza and Laurier inoculated with spores of Bipolaris sorokiniana developed approximately the same level of spot blotch symptoms in the field. Natural disease development was minimal in plots treated with mancozeb; it was intermediate in uninoculated and untreated plots. Reduction of grain yield and grain weight differed with each cultivar. Disease had the most depressing effects on Parkland. Disease severity was highest on Laurier which suffered the least decrease in grain yield and grain weight compared to the checks. Yield and seed weight of Bonanza were not affected by low or moderate disease levels (checks) but were reduced when symptoms were severe (inoculations).Key words: Barley, cultivars, spot blotch, Bipolaris sorokiniana, tolerance, mancozeb
GENETIC VARIANCE OF PROTEOLYTIC ACTIVITY IN ALFALFA HERBAGE
Authors: BOWLEY S. R. , McKERSIE B. D.
Published: March 2010

Protein hydrolysis can be extensive during ensiling of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) herbage. Such hydrolysis lengthens the ensiling phase and reduces the quality of the resultant feed. The objectives of this study were: (1) to estimate the genetic variance and narrow-sense heritability (via a half-sib analysis) of proteolytic activity in an alfalfa breeding population (OAC-A83); and (2) to estimate the genetic diversity among related Medicago subspecies (M. falcata, M. varia, M. praefalcata and M. glomerata), M. sativa introductions, and two cultivars, Iroquois and OAC Minto. An in vitro procedure was used to quantify proteolytic activity, which was expressed as milligrams of trichloroacetic acid (TCA)-soluble leucine equivalents per gram fresh leaf weight, released during a 7-d incubation. Significant (P < 0.05) differences were found among the half-sib families of OAC-A83. The narrow-sense heritability of proteolytic activity was low (13.9%). The expected response to selection for low proteolytic activity, if the top 10% of the plants were recombined, was 5% of the OAC-A83 population mean. Although significant (P < 0.05) differences were obtained among the Medicago introductions, none of the introductions or subspecies tested had lower proteolytic activity than that found in the two cultivars tested (Iroquois and OAC Minto). It was concluded that, although possible, genetic improvement of proteolytic potential in alfalfa may not be easily obtained. In the short term, rapid lowering of silage pH (e.g., bacterial inoculants or acid additives) will likely remain the most effective means of controlling protein degradation in alfalfa silage.Key words: Medicago sativa L., silage, ensiling, soluble nonprotein nitrogen, heritability, alfalfa
SPRING GROWTH AND TILLER CHARACTERISTICS OF SWITCHGRASS
Authors: GEORGE J. R. , REIGH G. S.
Published: March 2010

Field studies were conducted in 1980 and 1981 to characterize spring growth and tiller height characteristics of switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.). Three cultivars (Cave-in-Rock (C), Pathfinder (P), and Blackwell (B)) were grown with 0 or 90 kg N ha−1. Tillers were harvested to a 10-mm stubble height on three dates at 1-wk intervals beginning in late May. Significant differences in spring growth and tiller characteristics were observed among cultivars. Tiller densities were lower for C (667 m−2) than for P (1141 m−2) and B (1180 m−2), but individual C tillers were larger because of greater leaf blade (406 vs. 238 and 230 mg for P and B, respectively) and stem (354 vs. 180 and 158 mg) weights per tiller. Mean stem yield per square metre for C (249 g m−2) was greater than for P (207 g m−2) and B (195 g m−2), indicating more rapid developmental growth and stem elongation of C, but no forage quality disadvantage for C when utilized for pasture because leaf blade yield per square metre was similar among cultivars and livestock graze selectively. Fertilization with N increased tiller density (B > P > C), leaf blade yield per square metre (+ 27%), and stem yield per square metre (+ 35%), the last because of hastened developmental growth and stem elongation. A linear increase in growth rate of leaf blade (18.0 g m−2 d−1 in 1980 and 8.9 g in 1981) and stem (23.7 g m−2 d−1 in 1980 and 10.4 g in 1981) was observed, the smaller rates in 1981 presumably because of cooler and drier growing conditions. Leaf tip, upper leaf collar, and apical meristem heights for C were always greater than for P and B, indicating that early or close defoliation would be more serious for C. Mean heights were increased from 23 to 31% by N fertilization. Daily rates of change were 2.12, 1.24 and 1.09 cm in 1980 and 0.78, 0.44 and 0.40 cm in 1981 for leaf tip, upper collar, and apical meristem heights, respectively.Key words: Switchgrass, Panicum virgatum L., stand density, dry matter yield, tiller characteristics, spring growth
YIELD AND COMPOSITION OF MONOCULTURES AND MIXTURES OF BROMEGRASS, ORCHARDGRASS AND TIMOTHY
Authors: COULMAN B. E.
Published: March 2010

The objectives of this study were (a) to determine the relative yielding ability of binary and ternary mixtures of bromegrass (Brotnus inermis Leyss.), orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.), and timothy (Phleum pratense L.); and (b) determine the relative competitiveness of the three species in mixtures. Two experiments were established in 1981 and 1982 and each evaluated for three consecutive production years. Bromegrass was the highest yielding monoculture in both experiments, followed by timothy, with orchardgrass being the lowest. Among mixtures, bromegrass-timothy was the highest yielding and orchardgrass-timothy the lowest. Yields of mixtures generally fell between the yields of the monocultures of the component species. There were, however, two examples of mixtures significantly (P = 0.05) outyielding their highest yielding component monoculture. For the bromegrass-timothy mixture there was a trend towards higher yields than the bromegrass monoculture in the second and third years. Mixtures were generally more competitive against weed invasion than were monocultures. In mixtures, orchardgrass was usually the most competitive of the three species, with its percent composition increasing substantially by the end of the third production year. Bromegrass was intermediate in competitiveness, increasing in percent composition in mixtures with timothy, but decreasing in mixtures with orchardgrass. Timothy was the least competitive, decreasing markedly in all mixtures, particularly those which included orchardgrass.Key words: Orchardgrass, bromegrass, timothy, forage grass mixtures, interspecific competition
DICLOFOP-METHYL AND DICLOFOP UPTAKE IN OAT (Avena sativa L.) PROTOPLASTS
Authors: TRITTER SUSAN A. , HOLL F. B. , TODD BARRY G.
Published: March 2010

An isolated oat (Avena sativa L.) protoplast system was used to investigate the uptake of the herbicide diclofop-methyl. Membrane permeability was not adversely affected by the herbicide levels and experimental conditions reported in this study. Neither diclofop-methyl nor diclofop adversely affected membrane permeability of the protoplasts at herbicide concentrations up to 50 μM and 100 μM, respectively. Diclofop-methyl was rapidly taken up by oat protoplasts to a constant level which did not change significantly with incubation times up to 1 h. Forty percent of the added 14C-diclofop-methyl was taken up within 5 s, while diclofop uptake was only 4% over the same time period. Diclofop-methyl uptake was linear with herbicide concentration in the uptake solution up to 50 μM. There was no significant difference between diclofop-methyl uptake by burst or intact protoplast preparations. Rapid diclofop-methyl uptake by oat protoplasts is apparently not a carrier-mediated process. Diclofop was taken up at very low rates under similar experimental conditions. These differences may reflect differences in the phytotoxic activity of the two chemical forms.Key words: Oat, protoplasts, diclofop-methyl uptake
KYLE DURUM WHEAT
Authors: TOWNLEY-SMITH T. F. , PATTERSON L. A. , DEPAUW R. M. , LENDRUM C. W. B. , McCRYSTAL G. E.
Published: March 2010

Kyle durum wheat (Triticum turgidum var. durum) combines high yield with good quality and a high level of disease resistance. It is adapted to the Brown and Dark Brown soil zones of Alberta and Saskatchewan. It was licenced 28 June 1984. Breeder seed of Kyle will be maintained by the Agriculture Canada Experimental Farm, Indian Head, Saskatchewan.Key words: Durum wheat, cultivar description
KATEPWA HARD RED SPRING WHEAT
Authors: CAMPBELL A. B. , CZARNECKI E.
Published: March 2010

Katepwa is a backcross derivative of Neepawa, with two added genes for stem rust resistance. It was licensed in 1981.Key words: Cultivar description, wheat (spring)
CORN ROOT DISTRIBUTION IN RELATION TO LONG-TERM ROTATIONS ON A POORLY DRAINED CLAY LOAM SOIL
Authors: STONE J. A. , McKEAGUE J. A. , PROTZ R.
Published: March 2010

Corn (Zea mays L.) root distribution was observed in monoculture and corn-legume rotation plots established in 1956 on Brookston clay loam soil. The results support the hypothesis that a more extensive corn root distribution is promoted by a corn-legume rotation. There was no indication of a root-restricting zone in either rotation.Key words: Monoculture corn, alfalfa rotation
BELVEDERE SPRING WHEAT
Authors: NASS H. G. , JONES D. , BUBAR J. S. , WALTON R. B. , LANGILLE J. E. , DUPUIS B.
Published: March 2010

Belvedere is a utility grade, hard red spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cm. Thell.) with high yield, moderate resistance to powdery mildew, and medium maturity in Atlantic Canada. Breeder seed will be maintained by the Agriculture Canada Research Station in Charlottetown, Prince Edward Island.Key words: Wheat (spring), cultivar description
EFFECT OF SHOOT THINNING ON THE PRODUCTION OF GRAFTABLE WOOD FROM FOUR GRAPE ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: STOBBS L. W. , SCHAGEN J. G. VAN
Published: March 2010

The effect of shoot thinning on the production of wood suitable for grafting was evaluated on four commercial rootstocks. Sonona and SO4 yielded the largest quantity of graftable wood when thinned to seven shoots, although only a slight increase was apparent over unthinned Sonona. Lesser volumes of wood were obtained from Couderc 3309 and 4453 Maleque with unthinned vines producing marginally higher quantities of wood per vine.Key words: Rootstock, wood production
ACIDIC PEROXIDASES OF APPLE ROOTSTOCKS
Authors: WELLER DAVID L.
Published: March 2010

The peroxidase activity in extracts of shoot bark from Michigan State Apple Clone (MAC) 24 and in extracts of roots of MAC 24, East Mailing Long Ashton (EMLA) 27, and Oregon Apple Rootstock (OAR) 1 were characterized as being primarily acidic by broad range sucrose gradient isoelectric focusing. Gel isoelectric focusing (GIEF) using a narrower conventional or immobilized pH gradient showed that this activity could be separated into about a dozen isoenzymes. The GIEF isoenzyme patterns of MAC 24 shoot bark extract peroxidase and root extract peroxidases of MAC 24, EMLA 27, and OAR 1 differed. Similar values were obtained for the molecular weight of the peroxidase activity of these extracts. The results indicate that the acidic isoenzymes of apple peroxidase are of similar size.Key words: Apple, rootstocks (apple), peroxidase, molecular weight, isoenzymes
ETUDE HISTOLOGIQUE DE LA BIGARRURE NERVALE, DE LA GRISELURE DU LIMBE ET DE LA MEDIANE NOIRE, TROIS DESORDRES DU CHOU EN ENTREPOT
Authors: BÉRARD L. S. , DUBUC-LEBREUX M. A. , VIETH J.
Published: March 2010

The evolution in storage of three physiological disorders of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) has been studied by means of histological tests done in situ or after fixation and staining. The tissues tested were sampled on necrotic and healthy parts from the three outer-head leaves of the susceptible cv. Safekeeper and of the resistant cv. Hitoma. The tissues affected by vein streaking, grey speck disease or black midrib showed a similar response to the many tests: the absence of lipids, lignin and suberin in the necrotic cells, but the presence of unidentified phenolic compounds, concomitantly with a modification of birefringence of the cell wall and an alteration of the cytoplasmic matrix. Vein streaking is associated with creases on the adaxial epidermis of the midrib, grey speck disease with abundant wax on the abaxial blade, and black midrib with large vesicles in the necrotic parenchyma cells of the midrib.Key words: Brassica oleracea var. capitata, chemical composition, cytology, pepper spot, physiological disorder, storage
CHLORSULFURON USE IN BARLEY AND RESIDUAL EFFECT ON POTATO AND RUTABAGA GROWN IN ROTATION
Authors: IVANY J. A.
Published: March 2010

Experiments were conducted over 4 yr (1980–1983) to determine the efficacy of chlorsulfuron for use on spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and effects of herbicide residue on crops grown in rotation. Barley cv. Volla tolerated chlorsulfuron at rates up to 72 g a.i. ha−1 with no significant yield reductions being noted. Lamb’s-quarters and corn spurry were controlled at applied rates of 9–18 g a.i. ha−1 but 36 g a.i. ha−1 were needed to control wild buckwheat. Rotation crops of rutabaga and potato, grown the season after chlorsulfuron use, showed no adverse effects on marketable or total yield. It was estimated from corn root bioassay studies that applied rates of chlorsulfuron of up to 10 g a.i. ha−1 would not carry over into the next season under P.E.I. conditions.Key words: Chlorsulfuron, barley, potato, rutabaga, persistence
COMPARAISON DE DEUX METHODES D’EVALUATION DE LA TOLERANCE AU GEL DU FRAISIER PRELEVE DANS UN SOL GELE
Authors: BOLDUC RÉGINALD , PAQUIN ROGER
Published: March 2010

Two strawberry cultivars (Fragaria ananassa Duch. ’Redcoat’ and ’Bounty’) were field-grown in 1983–1984 and 1984–1985 to determine their cold hardening and frost tolerance. A template method for lifting plants from frozen soils is described. The two methods used to estimate the severity of cold injury after a freezing test were the growth rate and the degree of browning of the crown tissues. No significant differences in the browning of the tissues were observed between the cultivars during both years of experimentation. Comparing the browning of the tissues after a freezing test with plant growth (survival) and flowering showed that these two criteria do not correspond to the same browning index. The value of both methods for measuring damage to crown tissues by freezing is discussed.Key words: Strawberry, cold hardening, cold tolerance, browning, survival, flowering
INFLUENCE DE LA FERTILISATION AZOTÉE SUR L’ACTIVITÉ NITRATE RÉDUCTASE ET LA TENEUR EN PROTÉINES DE TROIS VARIÉTÉS D’AVOINE
Authors: SAUVESTY A. , GENDRON G.
Published: March 2010

The effect of two application modes of nitrogen fertilization on leaf nitrate reductase activity, leaf nitrate content and grain and straw protein content was studied in three oat cultivars: Lamar, Cascade and Cabot. The enzymatic activity shows the same biological rhythm for the three cultivars, no matter when the nitrogen was applied; the activity was high at the coleoptile stage, reached a maximum at tillering and then decreased until heading. However, Lamar presented a higher maximum activity at tillering when nitrogen fertilizer was applied at sowing. Ammonium nitrate applied twice during growth resulted for all cultivars in a longer period of higher activity and at the same time a decrease of its amplitude. In leaves, the nitrate availability at the site of reduction was different according to fertilization mode: maximum nitrate content did not appear at the same time during plant development; as for nitrate reductase activity Lamar presented a higher maximum when nitrogen was applied at time of sowing. Fertilization at the beginning of stem elongation did not have any effect on leaf nitrate content. The total and soluble protein content in grain and straw in the three cultivars did not show important differences either.Key words: Ammonium nitrate, nitrate reductase activity, nitrate, protein, oat
COMPARISON OF CROP ROTATIONS FOR SORGHUM PRODUCTION IN SOUTHERN ALBERTA
Authors: JANZEN H. H. , MAJOR D. J. , LINDWALL C. W.
Published: March 2010

Grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench.) was evaluated in six rotations under rainfed conditions at the Lethbridge Research Station from 1978 to 1984. The rotations included continuous sorghum, sorghum-fallow, sorghum-barley, sorghum-spring wheat-fallow, sorghum-fallow-spring wheat and sorghum-fallow-winter wheat. The highest total production was achieved with the sorghum-barley rotation. This was followed by the continuous sorghum and sorghum-fallow-winter wheat rotations. The 3-yr rotations were not significantly different from each other but the sorghum-fallow-winter wheat rotation appeared to be the best. The 2-yr rotation, sorghum-fallow, was the least productive. Variability in yields was adequately accounted for by variability in annual rainfall. Water use efficiencies were 1.30 and 1.35 kg m−3 for sorghum and wheat grown on fallow and 1.11 and 1.12 kg m−3 when seeded into stubble. Therefore, it was concluded that sorghum was no more drought-resistant than wheat. Bioassay of soils from the crop rotation study indicated that residual atrazine toxicity should not be a significant limitation to wheat grown in rotation with sorghum. Economically, sorghum was at a disadvantage despite comparable yields in wheat because of its lower price. It was concluded that the inclusion of sorghum in crop rotations in southern Alberta cannot currently be recommended.Key words: Spring wheat, winter wheat, atrazine, adaptation
EFFECT OF POTASSIUM CHLORIDE FERTILIZATION ON TWO BARLEY CULTIVARS DIFFERING IN COMMON ROOT ROT REACTION
Authors: GOOS R. J. , JOHNSON B. E. , HOLMES B. M.
Published: March 2010

The effects of potassium chloride (KCl) fertilization on common root rot severity (CRR, incited primarily by Cochliobulus sativus), chemical composition of plant tissue, and the grain yield of two barley cultivars (Hordeum vulgare L.) were studied at three locations in northern North Dakota in 1984. KCl was applied at 0, 46 and 188 kg KCl ha−1. Barley cultivars sown were Morex and Azure, with the former being the more susceptible to CRR at all sites. All sites tested ’’high’’ in available soil potassium (greater than 500 kg ha−1). Fertilization with KCl significantly reduced CRR severity of both cultivars at all sites. KCl fertilization dramatically decreased nitrate concentrations and increased chloride concentrations in the plant tissues of both cultivars. Morex accumulated more tissue nitrate than Azure at all levels of KCl fertilization. Thus, increased nitrate concentrations of the plant tissue were correlated with increased CRR severity on both cultivars. Grain yields were significantly increased by KCl fertilization at one site. Increased residual soil chloride was present after harvest at those plots receiving the high rate of KCl. The role of plant nitrate in CRR severity deserves more attention.Key words: Root rot (common), barley, fertilization (chloride), chloride-nitrate interaction, Cochliobulus sativus, Hordeum vulgare L.
EFFECT OF ADDED MOISTURE ON THE QUALITY OF STORED HARD RED WINTER WHEAT SEED
Authors: RHODEN ERROL G. , CROY LAVOY I.
Published: March 2010

The objective of this study was to determine what effect adding moisture to stored grain would have on seed quality. Wheat cultivars were tempered to varying moisture levels (12.5, 13.5, 15.5 and 17.5%) and stored in polyethylene bags for 12 wk. Grains tempered to high moisture levels (15.5 and 17.5%) declined in quality during storage as indicated by decreased germination and increased electrolyte leakage of the seeds. Wheat tempered to 13.5% moisture for 12 wk did not show a deterioration in quality. Rates of water imbibition of wheat cultivars were also studied by sequentially weighing imbibing seeds. Cultivars differed significantly in their rates of imbibtion over 36 h, ranging from 18.5 to 24.25 mg g−1 h−1. Moisture uptake for the seven wheat cultivars can be estimated by the following equation[Formula: see text]where T = time (R2 = 0.96).Key words: Wheat (winter), seed quality, tempering, water-imbibition
GROWTH AND YIELD OF WHITE BEAN (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) IN RESPONSE TO NITROGEN, PHOSPHORUS AND POTASSIUM FERTILIZER AND TO INOCULATION WITH Rhizobium
Authors: BUTTERY B. R. , PARK S. J. , FINDLAY W. I.
Published: March 2010

Two white bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cultivars grown for 2 yr on test plots of a long-term fertilizer trial showed a significant response to nitrate in the first year and in the 2 yr combined but not in the second year on its own. Yield in the second year was about half of that in the first year, possibly because of water stress. Bean yield was lowest in the zero nitrate, about equally high for 112 and 224 kg N ha−1, but somewhat lower at 336 kg N ha−1. Annual application of potassium and phosphorus (compared to no application for 12 yr) did not affect bean yield, but increased plant dry weight after 24 d in 1984 and the 2 yr combined, after 38 d in 1984 and after 52 d in 1983 and also increased the number of days to maturity. Nitrate effects on the dry weights of samples taken during the growing season were similar to those for bean yield. Acetylene reduction rates (first year) and nodule weights were highest in zero N and declined to very low values at 336 kg N ha−1. Acetylene reduction rate per plant reached a maximum value early in the season and declined to low values before bean filling was complete. Rhizobium inoculation had no discernible effects on dry weights or yield, but a small significant effect on days to maturity. We conclude that these white bean cultivars are unable to fix sufficient nitrogen to produce maximum yield.Key words: Field bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, nitrogen, Rhizobium
WESTAR SUMMER RAPE
Authors: KLASSEN A. J. , DOWNEY R. K. , CAPCARA J. J.
Published: March 2010

Westar summer rape (Brassica napus L.), licensed in 1982, is a canola-quality cultivar that combines high seed yield with high oil content and early maturity. Westar is adapted to the B. napus growing areas of western Canada and because of its superior agronomic performance has replaced the older cultivars Regent, Andor and Altex.Key words: Rape (summer), cultivar description
TILLER PRODUCTION OF GRAZED AND CLIPPED PINEGRASS
Authors: STOUT DARRYL G. , BROOKE B.
Published: March 2010

The effects of intensive herbage removal by either grazing or clipping on yield of pinegrass (Calamagrostis rubescens Buckl.) the following year were compared. Both treatments had a similar effect on the subsequent year yield of pinegrass. During the season of treatment, grazing stimulated new tiller production whereas clipping did not. This new tiller production may partially compensate for the fact that grazing removes additional herbage owing to pull-up. In 1 of 2 yr, grazing on about 1 June caused less stand deterioration than grazing near 1 July or 1 Aug.Key words: Pinegrass, herbage removal, tiller, grass, tillering, total nonstructural carbohydrate
PATTERNS OF WATER UPTAKE AND ROOT DISTRIBUTION OF CHILLI PEPPERS GROWN IN SOIL COLUMNS
Authors: HULUGALLE N. R. , WILLATT S. T.
Published: March 2010

Root distribution and water uptake patterns of individual chilli pepper (Capsicum annuum L. ’Long Slim Cayenne’) plants growth in 1-m-high soil columns in plastic cylinders were examined under irrigated and nonirrigated conditions. Roots were able to grow through the soil profile and consequently extract water from a soil which was conducive to root growth. Water uptake occurred both in the irrigated and in the nonirrigated treatment throughout the soil profile. Uptake was highest in the top 0.50 m of the former and was a result of greater water availability rather than lack of root growth at greater depths. Chilli pepper plants can, under droughty conditions, extract subsoil moisture.Key words: Chilli pepper, soil moisture, water uptake, root growth
CALCIUM RETARDS PHYSIOLOGICAL COLLAPSE AND SUBSEQUENT MICROBIAL DEGRADATION OF MUNG BEAN (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) SPROUTS
Authors: LIPTAY A. , VANDIERENDONCK P.
Published: March 2010

Mung bean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek) sprouts, when germinated in water with no added calcium, were prone to physiological collapse of the cell walls below the cotyledonary hook. Growth of the collapsing hypocotyls gradually decreased until it stopped completely as the collapsed area extended cross-sectionally. Scanning electron micrographs indicated that extensive microbial degradation of the collapsed area of the low-calcium hypocotyl ensued by day 4 of germination. In contrast, at the same stage of germination, bacteria were essentially absent on sprouts germinated with calcium added to the water either as CaCl2, or Ca(NO3)2. Even by day 7 the calcium-treated hypocotyls remained intact and without any visual microbial degradation although bacteria were present on the surface of the seedlings. It is concluded that mung bean sprouts are very sensitive to physiological collapse with subsequent microbial degradation of the hypocotyl especially at temperatures above 20 °C. Therefore, it is recommended that water used for germinating the sprouts has sufficient calcium added (e.g. 5 × 10−3 M CaCl2) to maintain the integrity of the hypocotyls and reduce the microbial flora on the sprouts.Key words: Hypocotyl, growth, deterioration, mineral supplement
CRITICAL PERIOD OF WEED INTERFERENCE IN FIELD-SEEDED TOMATOES AND ITS RELATION TO WATER STRESS AND SHADING
Authors: WEAVER S. E. , TAN C. S.
Published: March 2010

The critical period of weed interference in field-seeded tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum L. ’TH 318’) was determined in 1981, 1982 and 1983. The minimum weed-free period varied among years from 7 to 9 wk after sowing, while the maximum weed-infested period varied from 5 to 6 wk after sowing. A minimum of two weed control operations during the critical period was required to prevent yield losses. Reductions in tomato yields were correlated with weed dry weights and could be attributed both to reductions in light levels due to shading and weed competition for water which resulted in stomatal closure.Key words: Competition, critical period, weed, tomato, Lycopersicon esculentum L.
QUALITY AND YIELD OF CAULIFLOWER AS INFLUENCED BY CULTIVAR AND GROWING SEASON
Authors: CHUBEY B. B. , MAZZA G. , McCONNELL M. B.
Published: March 2010

Yield, Hunter color functions and sensory ratings of color, texture and flavor for six cultivars of cauliflower were determined. It was found that yield and objective color measurements were influenced by cultivar and growing season. Sensory evaluation, however, revealed that all cultivars yielded frozen products essentially identical to those currently available in the marketplace.Key words: Cauliflower, quality, sensory evaluation, color, texture, yield
LEAF SILVERING OF Cucurbita
Authors: PARIS HARRY S. , NERSON HAIM , BURGER YOSEF
Published: March 2010

Leaf silvering is an important physiological disorder of summer squash (Cucurbita pepo) grown in Israel. The symptom, in mild cases, is a silvering parallel to the veins in the upper surface of leaves, but in severe cases silvering includes the entire upper leaf surface and the bleaching of stems, petioles, flowers and fruits. Leaf silvering was distinguished from silver mottling, a genetically controlled characteristic, by differences in distribution of silver over the leaf surface, the developmental reversibility of silvering and the bleaching effect of severe silvering on various plant parts. Low soil moisture increased the severity of silvering.Key words: Squash (summer), marrow, Cucurbita pepo, Cucurbita moschata, physiological disorder, stress (drought, water).
INTERACTION OF TEMPERATURE AND CO2 ENRICHMENT ON SOYBEAN: PHOTOSYNTHESIS AND SEED YIELD
Authors: SIONIT N. , STRAIN B. R. , FLINT E. P.
Published: March 2010

Seed yield and photosynthetic responses of soybean (Glycine max L. Merr. ’Ransom’) were studied in growth chambers at day/night temperatures of 18/12, 22/16, and 26/20 °C and atmospheric CO2 concentrations of 350, 675 and 1000 μL L−1. No seeds were produced at 18/12 °C within any of the CO2 concentrations. Numbers of pods and seeds increased with increasing temperature and CO2 levels. Carbon dioxide enrichment increased seed yield of soybean grown at moderately cool temperatures. This increase was associated with an increase in net photosynthetic rate. Leaf photosynthesis in response to CO2 enrichment increased more at 22/16 °C than at 26/20 °C. Increases in temperature and CO2 levels enhanced total growth of plants but hastened senescence of leaves. The extended photosynthetic capacity at cool temperatures did not result in allocating more dry matter to developing pods. CO2 enrichment at 26/20 °C resulted in greater seed yield increases than CO2 enrichment at lower temperatures.Key words: Soybean yield, low temperature, CO2 × temperature