bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Decomposing hierarchical alignment: Co-arguments as conditions on alignment and the limits of referential hierarchies as explanations in verb agreement
Authors: Witzlack-Makarevich Alena , Zakharko Taras , Bierkandt Lennart , Zúñiga Fernando , Bickel Balthasar
Published: April 2016

Apart from common cases of differential argument marking, referential hierarchies affect argument marking in two ways: (a) through hierarchical marking, where markers compete for a slot and the competition is resolved by a hierarchy, and (b) through co-argument sensitivity, where the marking of one argument depends on the properties of its co-argument. Here we show that while co-argument sensitivity cannot be analyzed in terms of hierarchical marking, hierarchical marking can be analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity. Once hierarchical effects on marking are analyzed in terms of co-argument sensitivity, it becomes possible to examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in exactly the same way as one can examine alignment patterns relative to referential categories in cases of differential argument marking and indeed any other condition on alignment (such as tense or clause type). As a result, instances of hierarchical marking of any kind turn out not to present a special case in the typology of alignment, and there is no need for positing an additional non-basic alignment type such as “hierarchical alignment”. While hierarchies are not needed for descriptive and comparative purposes, we also cast doubt on their relevance in diachrony: examining two families for which hierarchical agreement has been postulated, Algonquian and Kiranti, we find only weak and very limited statistical evidence for agreement paradigms to have been shaped by a principled ranking of person categories.
Crystal structure of aquadichloridobis(1-((2-methyl-1H-imidazol-1-yl)methyl)-1H-benotriazole-κN)mercury(II), C22H24Cl2HgN10O
Authors: Yang Hai-Yan
Published: April 2016

C22H24HgCl2N10O, monoclinic, C2/c (no. 15), a = 7.8093(3) Å, b = 23.167(3) Å, c = 14.0254(4) Å, β = 91.747(3)°, V = 2536.3(3) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0283, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0469, T = 291.15 K.
Crystal structure of tetraaqua(μ2-3-(3,5-dicarboxyphenoxy)benzene-1,2-dicarboxylato-κ2
O:O′)manganese(II) dihydrate, C16H20O15Mn
Authors: Jing Liu , Jing-Wen Li
Published: April 2016

C16H20O15Mn, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 14.5686(5) Å, b = 7.9292(3) Å, c = 18.6519(6) Å, β = 111.3020(10)°, V = 2007.41(12) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0267, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0735, T = 296 K.
Minor enantiomer recycling – a strategy to improve enantioselectivity
Authors: Moberg Christina
Published: April 2016

In enantioselective reactions, the major, desired enantiomer is commonly obtained along with the minor, undesired enantiomer. By continuous recycling of this undesired enantiomer back to starting material, products with improved enantiomeric purity can be obtained. Such in situ minor enantiomer recycling can be accomplished by coupling the catalytic reaction to an exergonic transformation of a sacrificial reagent. The method has been applied to the synthesis of O-acylated cyanohydrins, which serve as starting materials for a variety of biologically active compounds.
Hydrogen peroxide detection in viable and apoptotic tumor cells under action of cisplatin and bleomycin
Authors: Belova Anastasiya S. , Orlova Anna G. , Balalaeva Irina V. , Antonova Natalia O. , Maslennikova Anna V. , Mishina Natalia M. , Zagaynova Elena V.
Published: April 2016

Objective: A flow cytometric approach is proposed to assess the hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) level under chemotherapy action separately in viable and apoptotic tumor cells.

Materials and methods: For studying the involvement of H2O2 in the process of cell death, the genetically encoded fluorescent sensor HyPer2, apoptosis marker PE Annexin V and vital dye 7-AAD were employed. The approach was used for testing the capacity of two cytotoxic drugs, cisplatin and bleomycin, to change the intracellular H2O2 concentration, depending on the stage of cell death.

Results: An increase in HyPer2 fluorescence has been revealed in cells undergoing apoptosis under cisplatin action. This finding indicates that accumulation of H2O2 accompanies the cisplatin-induced apoptotic reaction. HyPer2 response was also revealed in negative to PE Annexin V viable cells which can be explained either by participation of H2O2 in the earliest stages of apoptosis or in a cell response to a non-fatal injury. Under bleomycin action, neither an apoptotic reaction nor changes of fluorescence intensity HyPer2 were detected, allowing one to assume that H2O2 is not involved in the reaction of tumor cells to bleomycin.

Conclusion: The proposed approach can be used for studying the mechanisms of cell death under action of any types of antitumor drugs.
Effects of the alkaline solution/binder ratio and curing condition on the mechanical properties of alkali-activated fly ash mortars
Authors: Chi Maochieh
Published: April 2016

The study investigates the effects of the alkaline solution/binder ratio and the curing condition on the mechanical properties of alkali-activated fly ash (AAFA) mortars. Class F fly ash was used as the raw material, and sodium hydroxide and liquid sodium silicate were used for the preparation of alkaline activators. Three alkaline solution-to-binder ratios (0.35, 0.5, and 0.65) and four different initial curing conditions (curing in air at ambient temperature for 24 h, 30°C for 24 h, 65°C for 12 h, and 85°C for 6 h) were considered. Test results show that AAFA mortars with alkaline solution-to-binder ratio of 0.35 had higher compressive strength, lower drying shrinkage, lower water absorption, and lower initial surface absorption rate than the other mortars. Furthermore, the curing condition influenced the compressive strength development and drying shrinkage of AAFA mortars at early ages. AAFA mortars cured at 65°C for 12 h appeared to have superior mechanical properties. XRD demonstrates that the hydration products of AAFA mortars are mainly amorphous alkaline aluminosilicate gel, which attributed to the compressive strength. Consequently, the alkaline solution-to-binder ratio significantly affects more the mechanical properties than the curing condition based on the presented results.
Failure analysis and strengthening mechanism of Z-pinned composite T-joints under tensile loading
Authors: Tan Yan , Li Yong , Huan Dajun , Zhang Xiangyang , Chu Qiyi
Published: April 2016

Z-pinning technology is applied to composite T-joints in this paper to explore the strengthening mechanisms. The structural properties of T-joints with skin thickness values at 2 and 4 mm were determined under stiffener tensile load. The results revealed that the initial failure strength and failure modes of T-joints were affected by the thickness of skin. Under stiffener tensile load, the actual stress situation of Z-pin tends to be complicated with the deflection of skin. As a result, a mixed mode I/II stress condition exists at the delamination crack tip during tensile loading, and an enhanced frictional zone is located near the delamination surface. When the deflection of skin is indispensable, the snubbing effect acts as a significant factor to strengthening. As the pullout process of pins from the flange is limited by snubbing, pins could fail by split. This paper discusses the strengthening mechanism of Z-pinning and elaborates a potential enhancing effect of Z-pins resulting from the complicated loading condition due to different structure dimensions.
Im Theorie-Teil der Arbeit werden wir über Mehrsprachigkeit diskutieren – Sprechhandlungsverben in Wissenschafts- und Pressesprache
Authors: Andresen Melanie
Published: April 2016

Speech act verbs are an important part of academic language as authors use them not only to refer to literature or comment on their own text, but also give their own position towards the reported claim (Hyland 2004). Because of their specific use in academic language, they have developed a meaning and usage that sometimes deviates from everyday language, which can pose challenges to learners. This article aims at describing the differences in the use of speech act verbs between the registers of academic and journalistic language. For this purpose, two corpora were compiled and searched for the lemma diskutieren. The resulting items were annotated for grammatical, semantic and functional features. The investigation reveals that the usage of diskutieren differs in semantics (dialogical vs. monological communication) as well as in grammar (prepositional vs. direct object). Furthermore, it could be shown that the specific meaning and usage of the verb in academic language can hardly be derived from common German dictionaries.
Rettungsschirm, Rettungstopf, Rettungspaket. Kontrastive Untersuchungen zur Metaphorik der Eurokrise in der deutschen, französischen und spanischen Presseberichterstattung
Authors: Fuchs Julia
Published: April 2016

The expressions used for referring to the credit programs established during the European crisis have been highly criticized in the public discourse in Germany. However, the claim that these referring expressions are mainly metaphorical (Rettungsschirm, -topf and -paket) and have a manipulative effect on people’s perception of the designated credit programs lacks empirical evidence. In this article I analyze nearly 100 German, French and Spanish newspaper articles in order to check this hypothesis based on empirical data within a linguistic framework, and to compare the referring expressions used in Germany with those used in France and Spain.The results show that the referring expressions are most often used literally. But more than half of the referring expressions used to designate one particular credit program in the German corpus are metaphorical in nature and may give rise to conceptual metaphors like THE CREDIT PROGRAM IS A PARACHUTE / AN UMBRELLA / A POT. The source domains only highlight the positive aspects of the target domain, hiding the negative ones – the fact that the countries receiving loans have to accept strict demands for budget cuts and that the other European countries act as guarantors for the loans that have been granted.
Die Renaissance des repressiven Strafrechts / The Renaissance of repressive criminal law
Authors: Schlepper Christina
Published: April 2016

Im Mittelpunkt dieses Beitrages steht die These einer Renaissance des repressiven Strafrechts, welches sich durch die Abkehr vom Resozialisierungsansatz und die Hinwendung zu einer an Abschreckung und am Schutz der Bevölkerung orientierten Bestrafung auszeichnet. Ausgehend von der von David Garland in seinem Buch „Kultur der Kontrolle“ auf gezeigten Bedeutungsverschiebung von Strafzielen in der Spätmoderne wird der Frage nachgegangen, inwiefern sich diese auch in der deutschen Strafgesetzgebung widerspiegelt. Mittels einer Inhaltsanalyse der Änderungsgesetze des Strafgesetzbuchs von der 8. bis zur 15. Legislaturperiode anhand von Drucksachen und Plenarprotokollen wird untersucht, in welchem Ausmaß die Strafzwecke ,Resozialisierung’, ,Schutz der Bevölkerung’ und ‚Abschreckung’ zur Begründung von Gesetzesänderungen herangezogen werden. Dabei zeichnet sich eine deutliche Schwerpunktverlagerung hin zur Abschreckung und zum Schutz der Bevölkerung ab, während der Resozialisierungsansatz nur eine nachrangige Rolle zu spielen scheint, wodurch die These einer Renaissance des repressiven Strafrechts gestützt wird.
Das narrative Potential von Strafverfahren. Kriegsverbrechen vor dem Internationalen Jugoslawien-Tribunal / The Narrative Potential of Criminal Trials
Authors: Savelsberg Joachim J. , King Ryan D. , Chien Yu-Ju
Published: April 2016

Die Rolle von Strafverfahren bei der Schärfung von Narrativen und kollektivem Gedächtnis über Kriegsverbrechen, Verbrechen gegen die Menschlichkeit und Genozid wird geprüft. Der Fall ist der des Internationalen Jugoslawien-Tribunals, insbesondere seine durch Medienberichte vermittelte Konstruktion der Rolle des früheren Präsidenten Jugoslaviens und Serbiens, Slobodan Milosevic. Teilweise oder gänzlich auf gerichtlichen Informationen beruhende Artikel der New York Times über Milosevic werden mit solchen kontrastiert, die auf Diplomatenaussagen beruhen und damit einer anderen institutionellen Logik unterliegen. Die Analyse findet auf zwei Ebenen statt, der der Zeitungsberichte und -kommentare und der darin enthaltenen spezifischen Aussagen über Milosevic. Zuletzt wird das Potential solcher Narrative als Quelle explodiert, aus der Erinnerungsunternehmer schöpfen, wenn sie zur Schaffung kollektiven Gedächtnisses beitragen. Die Analyse zeigt, dass Strafrecht unter bestimmten Bedingungen eine wichtige Rolle bei der Schaffung des kollektiven Gedächtnisses spielen kann.
Zunahme der Punitivität? Überlegungen zu einer alternativen Erklärung neuerer Strafrechtsentwicklungen / Increase in punitiveness? Reflections on an alternative explanation of recent developments in criminal law
Authors: Peters Helge
Published: April 2016

Kritische Kriminologen nehmen oft an, dass in gegenwärtigen „westlichen“ Gesellschaften die „Punitivität“ tpgenommen hat („Punitivitätsthese“): Allenthalben würden härtere und längere Strafen gefordert und verhängt. Gegen diese Annahme sprechen einige strafrechtliche Entwicklungen, insbesondere die Tendenz, die Devianz ohne Opfer zu entkriminalisieren. Die These von „Sakralität der Person “ (Joas), der zufolge der Erhalt der körperlichen Unversehrtheit zu einer Leifidee des Umgangs mit dem Menschen geworden ist, scheint die gegenwärtigen strafrechtlichen Ent­wicklungen besser cgi erklären als die „Punitivitätsthese“. Verfechter der „Sakralitätsthese“ verkennen allerdings die Korrespondenz der von ihnen beschriebenen Tendenzen mit polit-ökonomisch fassbaren Prozessen der Neoliberalisierung mo­derner Gesellschaften.
Sieben Thesen zu Entwicklung und Gestalt des Strafrechts / Seven topics concerning development and form of criminal law
Authors: Singelnstein Tobias
Published: April 2016

Der Beitrag befasst sich mit Entwicklungstendenzen des deutschen Strafrechts in der jüngeren Vergangenheit. Dabei stellt der Autor fest, dass das Strafrecht immer mehr Lebensbereiche erfasst und zunehmend bereits im Vorfeld klassischer Strafbarkeit ansetzt, während die Praxis von Ökonomisierungsbestrebungen geprägt sei und selektiver werde. Im Hinblick auf die Strafe recke trete der Resozialisierungsanspruch gegenüber (sonstigen) Belangen der Allgemeinheit in den Hintergrund. Diese Entwicklungen ließen sich weniger auf eine kriminalpolitische Linie zurückführen, sondern seien eher Ausdruck eines reflexartigen Rückgriffs auf das Strafrecht im Umgang mit gesellschaftlichen Konflikten. Abschließend werden mögliche Folgen dieser Entwicklungen angesprochen.
Theorien und Menschen im Werk von Gunther Teubner / Theories and human beings in Gunther Teubner’s work
Authors: Guibentif Pierre
Published: April 2016

Parallel zu einer weitreichenden und anspruchsvollen Gegenwartsdiagnose entwickelt Günther Teubner einen komplexen sozialtheoretischen Begriffsapparat, insbesondere auf der Grundlage von Niklas Luhmanns Systemtheorie und Jacques Derridas Dekonstruktion. Genauer zu erörtern, nie hier mit Theorien gearbeitet wird, könnte nicht nur von theorietechnischem Nutzen sein, sondern auch Stoff liefern für Überlegungen zum Thema der Begehungen zischen sozialen Systemen und dem Bewusstsein von Individuen. Ein Thema, welches an manchen Stelkn von Günther Teubners Werk, und insbesondere in Verfassungsfragmente angesprochen wird, jedoch eine etwas eingehendere Diskussion verdienen würde, in Anbetracht seiner Relevanz für das Verständnis von Konstitutionalisierungsprozessen.
Der Wachhund und die Schlummertaste. Zur Rolle des Investigativ-Journalismus in Konstitutionalisierungsprozessen / The watchdog and the snooze button. The role of investigative journalism in processes of constitutionalization
Authors: Mölders Marc
Published: April 2016

In der Entwicklung systemtheoretischer Steuerungshonzepte von den Anfängen „reflexiver Steuerung“ bis zum gegenwärtig diskutierten „sozialen Konstitutionalismus“ ist die Zielformulierung konstant geblieben: eigensinnige Systeme zur Annahme einer Sozialverfassung anzuregen. Verändert hat sich der Weg dorthin vor allem durch den Einberg von Instanzen zivilgesellschaftlicher Gegenmacht. Eine dieser Instanzen wird hier fokussiert: der Investigativ-Joumalismus. Dessen bislang spärliche Berücksichtigung erklärt sich auch durch die dominante Semantik als „Wachhund“. Am Beispiel rezenter Organisationen, vor allem der US-amerikanischen ProPublica, wird gezeigt, dass allein das planvolle Vorgehen im Anstoßen von Veränderungen eigensinniger Adressaten, das hier mit dem Konzept der Irritationsgestaltung theoretisch reformuliert wird, in dieser Metapher keine Entsprechung findet. Weil sich diese Ir­ritationsgestaltung nicht zuletzt dadurch auszeichnet, keine Kühe zu geben und mit diversen Störungsmitteln Veränderungsintentionen kommunizieren, schlägt der Beitrag vor, die Kode des Investigafiv-Journalismus in Konstitutionalisiemngsprozessen eher mit der Schlummerfunktion eines Weckers zu vergleichen: Als professionalisierter und persis­tenter Geber konstitutioneller Lernanstöße.
Macht der Unbestimmtheit? Unbestimmte Rechtsbegriffe als Provokation für die poststrukturalistische Theorie / Power of indeterminacy? Indeterminate legal concepts as a provocation for poststructuralist theory
Authors: Schweitzer Doris
Published: April 2016

Jacques Derrida nimmt in Gesetzeskraft. Der „mystische Grund der Autorität“ eine Perspektive auf das Recht ein, die paradigmatisch für die poststrukturalistisch-dekonstruktivistische Rechtssoziologie und -kritik ist. Angesichts eines derartigen Bildes des Rechts gilt: Die Unbestimmtheit der Rechtsbegriffe scheint einen Störfaktor in der rechtlichen Ordnung darzustellen, unterminiert sie doch jegliche Ordnungsversuche. Gerade aufgrund dieser destabilisierenden Wirkung haben Unbestimmtheiten - und damit auch solche Phänomene nie der unbestimmte Rechtsbegriff - einen zentralen Stellenwert für die machtkritische Theorieanlage poststrukturalistischer Ansätze. Demgegenüber soll mit Blick auf den unbestimmten Rechtsbegriff der „guten Sitten“ in der Generalklausel des § 138 BGB dargelegt werden, dass diese juristische Technik in funktionaler Perspektive die Ordnung des Rechts stabilisiert. Anhand dieses Befundes lassen sich im Anschluss nicht nur Probleme in der Theoriearchitektur der poststrukturalistisch-dekonstruktivistischen Ansätze geigen. Vielmehr wird am Beispiel des unbestimmten Rechtsbegriffs deutlich, dass diese Ansätze Gefahr laufen, den Gegenstand Recht verfehlen. Das bleibt nicht ohne Folgen - sowohl für die (rechts-)soziologische Theorie, als auch für die intendierte Strategie der Kritik, die ja weit über das Recht hinaus zum Tragen kommt.
Ambivalente Rechtssubjektivität. Zur Position Asylsuchender in der gerichtlichen Interaktion / Ambivalent legal subjectivity. The Position of asylum seekers in court interaction
Authors: Arndt Sophie
Published: April 2016

Der Artikel basiert auf einer ethnographischen Untersuchung mündlicher Gerichtsverhandlungen, die zuvor abgelehnte Asylanträge zum Gegenstand hatten. Die rechtssoziologische Analyse blickt auf die Möglichkeiten und Bedingungen effektiver Artikulation und Rechtsdurchsetzung seitens der Asylsuchenden in der Verhandlungsinteraktion. Die konkreten Handlungsmöglichkeiten der Klägerinnen in den Interaktionen werden im Spannungsfeld zwischen institutionellen Vorgaben und interaktiv hergestellter Ordnung begriffen. Diese stellen oftmals einander widersprechende Anforderungen und verstricken die Klägerinnen so auf spezifische Weise in das Verhandlungsgeschehen. Um die Möglichkeiten der Rechtsdurchsetzung in der Verhandlungsinteraktion zu untersuchen, werden Subjektivierungsweisen der Klägerinnen betrachtet. Hier genügt es nicht, bei einem Abgleich normativer Vorgaben und deren „Wirklichkeit “ stehenzubleiben, vielmehr muss die produktive Dimension der untersuchten Praxis ernst genommen werden. Ah eine dem Recht entnommene aber soziologisch gewendete Leitkategorie fungiert die Figur des (autonomen) Rechtssubjekts. An ihr können die Ambivalenzen und Paradoxien, die das Verhandlungsgeschehen für die Klägerinnen mit sich bringt, verdeutlicht werden: Die Klägerinnen werden zu rechtlichen Subjekten und erfahren gerade dadurch einen Ausschluss. Die Figur des autonomen Rechtssubjekts stellt auch den Ausgangspunkt für ein mögliches Aufbrechen der Vefahrensordnung dar. Diese entmächtigt in ihrer gegenwärtigen Form letztlich die Asylsuchenden. Die Verfahrensordnung weist aber Bruchstellen auf, die zum Anlass genommen werden können, Widerständigkeiten der betroffenen Subjekte zu denken.
Die Kategorie der Zivilpersonen in der Rechtspraxis. Eine Fallstudie zur prozessualen Mitgliedschaftskategorisierungsanalyse (MCA) / The category of ‘civilians’ in legal practice. A case study: application of membership categorization analysis (MCA) to court proceedings
Authors: Kolanoski Martina
Published: April 2016

Die mit diesem Aufsatz für die rechtssoziologische Forschung vorgeschlagene Methode verbindet die ethnomethodologische „Membership Categorization Analysis“ (MCA) mit konzeptionellen Ansätzen der transsequentiellen Verfahrensanalyse. Die Methode wird vorgeführt am Beispiel eines Zivilverfahrens, in dem über die Forderung von Entschädigungs-zahlungen entschieden wurde. Die Kläger sind Angehörige von Opfern eines durch einen deutschen Kommandeur befohlenen Bom­benabwurfs in Kunduz, Afghanistan. Die Analyse konzipiert die Kategorie „Zivilpersonen“ als Kategorie-im-Verfahren und folgt der Kategorisierungsarbeit durch die Verfahrensereignisse. Als Besonderheit des Fallbeispiels rückt dabei auch der um­kämpfte Import vefahrensexterner Ereignisse in den Fokus der Analyse.
Investitionen im regulativen Umfeld – Ein Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Forschung
Authors: Rammerstorfer Margarethe
Published: April 2016

This paper will give an overview of the literature, concerning investments in the public sector. With regarding investment in the public sector in general, the discount factors and the risk the investors are confronted with, must therefore be taken into account. For analyzing the public sector we must have in mind that this is not a complete and perfect market as it is often supposed for capital markets. Investors are faced with many constraints like regulatory regimes, subsidies and burdens from the government as well as biased conditions for competition. The aim of the paper is to show which regulatory regimes exist and how they influence investment behavior.
Konvergenzstudien zu Deutschland: Was lässt sich aus den empirischen Ergebnissen für die Ausgestaltung der deutschen Regionalpolitik lernen?
Authors: Eckey Hans-Friedrich , Döring Thomas , Türck Matthias
Published: April 2016

In Germany there is a discussion on the design of regional policy, whether cohesion is still appropriate or should be replaced by a regional growth policy for efficiency reasons. This discussion is most notably founded with theoretical arguments from the new growth theory as well as the (empirical) insight that despite an extensive redistribution of wealth regional differences still exist. Crucial for the effectiveness of cohesion measures is the development of regions in the long run, whether regions converge or diverge. From German convergence studies it follows that there is a tendency for convergence. Our empirical analysis gives empirical evidence that the Commontask “Improvement of Regional Economic Structure” has an influence on the convergence process.
Umlegung der Erbschaftsteuer auf die Einkommensteuer
Authors: Suntum Ulrich van , Westermeier Andreas
Published: April 2016

Due to a decision of the German supreme court the current system of evaluating assets within the inheritance tax is unconstitutional. It is shown that it is not only the way of evaluating but the whole current system that lacks a solid fiscal systematic and economic fundament and might be therefore itself unconstitutional. In order to avoid these problems, the article suggests to abolish the inheritance tax and to raise the income tax in order to achieve tax revenue neutrality.
Sicherung privater Investitionen – ein geeignetes Instrument der Entwicklungshilfe?
Authors: Egger Peter , Freytag Andreas , Voll Sebastian , Harms Philipp
Published: April 2016

Peter Egger’s paper provides a synthesis of findings with regard to the impact of bilateral as well as multilateral means of protection of cross-border direct investments in less developed countries and, in turn, on their economic growth. In particular, he focuses on the role of bilateral investment treaties and multilateral agreements such as the GATS in this regard. Previous empirical work identifies a significant positive impact of bilateral investment treaties on FDI. It suggests a similar impact of the GATS on FDI. He argues that these agreements contribute significantly to economic growth in less developed economies and countries in transition by spurring technology transfers through multinational activity of the developed countries in other economies

Andreas Freytag and Sebastian Voll emphasize the important role of adequate institutions both for investment and development. The question is, whether investment guarantees as insurance for political risks in the recipient country support economic development or not. Actually, the German Federal Republic is the leading warrantor for FDI-insurances on the world, but the benefiting countries are not the LDC’s. Using these warranties as an instrument of development policy in the future is content of actual political discussion. They argue that, in case of economies with weak domestic institutions, investment guarantees could provide disincentives for politicians in the target country to establish rule of law and good governance. On the other hand, investment guarantees could foster development by providing additional access to FDI, especially in emerging market economies with sufficient and improving institutional quality

Philipp Harms points out while foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to developing countries and emerging markets have increased substantially in recent years, many low-income countries are still shunned by multinational firms. One of the key causes for this observation is the poor quality of institutions and an often precarious political environment in these countries. Given the benefits of FDI for host country productivity and income levels, it could thus be argued that protecting the security of property rights is an effective way of enhancing growth and prosperity in poor countries. While he agrees with this point of view, he argues that “traditional” forms of development aid can substantially contribute to an improved investment climate in developing countries. This argument is based on the notion that insecure property rights reflect distributional conflicts in the host country population, and that appropriate development support can shift agents’ distributional interests in favor of foreign firms.
Freiheit für Arbeitskräfte und Dienstleistungen in der EU – Protektion in Deutschland?
Authors: Glismann Hans H. , Schrader Klaus
Published: April 2016

It is analysed whether the EU’s Eastern Enlargement has been an obstacle to further European integration. Does the Enlargement provoke protectionist policies in core member countries, such as Germany? The paper deals with the institutional settings pertaining to labour supply and trade in services within the Union. It is shown that Germany is one of the two EU 15 countries still denying free access of new member countries to its labour market. In addition, Germany has been pushing for protection regarding trade in services. Statistics indicate that German protection and EU free trade have made the UK a winner in the game of labour migration.
Die Wirtschaft in der Krise – Wie weit sollte der Staat eingreifen?
Authors: Starbatty Joachim , Horn Karen , Horn Gustav A.
Published: April 2016

From Joachim Starbatty’s point of view the answer of many politicians to today’s economic crisis is deficit spending and protectionism. He declares that these are typical keynesian tools - which are - even in Keynes’ theory - only suitable in special circumstances and argues that the actual economic crisis is no Keynesian crisis. The actual lack of demand was predominantly caused by a problematic US monetary policy, not by a lack of marginal efficiency of capital. Keynesian tools cannot solve the crisis and risk to even worsen the situation in different ways.

Karen Horn represents the opinion that the global financial and economic crisis has brought about a shift in the relative importance of government and market as well in terms of scope as in popularity. She says: The dichotomy may however seem overstated: both politics and the market are no more than evolved arenas for the social interaction of fallible humans. The crisis just demonstrates the natural failures and limitations of both more clearly than ever. But this is precisely the reason why social processes should become freer discovery procedures allowing for a dynamic generation of new knowledge. The precautionary principle recommends more active government focus on the rule level and clear limits of state action elsewhere in order to prevent a ratchet effect of intervention. In politics, a slippery slope leads directly from pragmatism to constructivism.

Gustav Horn addresses the question if and under what conditions economic policy should intervene with markets during an economic crisis. He explains that two different forms of interventions are distinguished: A macroeconomic and microeconomic intervention. Their mutual impact is discussed and a theoretical macroeconomic approach of de Grauwe is used to derive a theoretical foundation. The conclusion is that at a time of crisis both macroeconomic interventions as well as microeconomic interventions that serve to stabilize production of a public good are appropriate. Not appropriate is a state intervention for purely microeconomic reasons.
Private Equity und Hedge Fonds im Kreuzfeuer der Kritik: Eine Bewertung aus ökonomischer und ethischer Perspektive
Authors: Zölls Frederik , Brink Alexander
Published: April 2016

Concerning hedge funds and private equity, opinions differ: Critics refer to it as predatory capitalism, supporters enthuse about the champions league of investment industry. A theoretical analysis with focus on speculation will be followed by an overview of the market. Considering that social concerns cannot be overcome solely with theoretical, economic argumentation, financial companies will be reconstructed as moral stakeholders in a subsequent business ethical evaluation. Based on this stakeholder approach the business model will be described in the context of individual ethical responsibilities and the corporate governance debate. With this interdisciplinary survey the authors break new ground and show further research perspectives. Economic and moral arguments will promote to deal with criticism on hedge funds and private equity companies on a factual basis.
Die deutsche “Schuldenbremse”: Ein wirksames Instrument zur Vermeidung eines Bailout?
Authors: Gröteke Friedrich , Mause Karsten
Published: April 2016

In 2009, a new “debt brake” has been introduced into the German constitution. According to this fiscal rule, the federal government has to limit its annual net borrowing from the year 2016 on to a maximum of 0.35 percent of GDP; the German Laender must not take out new loans from the year 2020. Based on findings of the economic theory of fiscal federalism, this paper argues that the new debt brake - within the existing institutional framework - seems not to be an effective instrument to ban the risk of a bailout. For example, the Laender which de jure face the toughest budget constraint have no sufficient tax autonomy in order to react to a looming budget deficit through tax increases.
Lehren aus der Krise – Notwendige Änderungen der Finanzmarktregeln und zur Begrenzung systemischer Risiken
Authors: Issing Otmar , Griffith-Jones Stephany , Pagliari Stefano , Buch Claudia M. , Neugebauer Katja
Published: April 2016

The latest financial crisis has been caused by a mixture of state and market failure, argues Otmar Issing. To avoid future crises, more transparency is needed - not by gathering more information, but by gathering it systematically and thereby creating “intelligent transparency”. Furthermore, regulation has to be global, he states. The necessary institutions are in place: The International Monetary Fund, the Financial Stability Board and the Bank for International Settlements.

Stephany Griffith-Jones and Stefano Pagliari point out, that containing “systemic risk” is one of the most important rationales for regulating financial markets. Our understanding of the sources of systemic risk has repeatedly been challenged by major episodes of financial instability. The crisis that started in the summer of 2007 has been no exception. They discuss how the latest global financial crisis urges analysts and regulators to rethink the origin of systemic risk beyond a narrow focus on the banking sector, beyond the “too big to fail problem”, and beyond a narrow micro-prudential focus. They focus on two regulatory principles: comprehensiveness and countercyclicality.

Claudia Buch und Katja Neugebauer review the existing empirical evidence on whether the increase in cross-border activities has allowed banks to diversify risks and to what extent it has increased banks’ exposure to systemic risks.
Konzepte der sozialen Kohäsion im deutschen ökonomischen Denken seit dem 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Zweynert Joachim
Published: April 2016

The paper gives an overview over the discussion about the importance of the market for social cohesion in German economic thought in the 19th and early 20th century. During this period close ties were kept between economics and sociology in Germany. As a result, there still was an intense reception of Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments in the late 19th century. However, after the death of Gustav Schmoller in 1917 the links between economics and sociology became significantly weaker. This might be an explanation for the fact that the fathers of the Social Market Economy have surprisingly little to say about the relationship between the market and social cohesion.
Effizienz oder Moral? Wirtschaft und Gerechtigkeit aus Sicht ökonomischer Laien
Authors: Fetchenhauer Detlef , Enste Dominik H. , Köneke Vanessa
Published: April 2016

The present article investigates how economic experts and laypersons deal with issues of fairness in the economic area. Most economic experts follow an ethic that can be described as both, deductive and utilitarian. The ethical judgment of an economic system as a whole or a specific economic measure follows its economic consequences. Measures that increase economic wealth are also judged as fair. The putative motives of individuals or institutions are neglected. To the contrary, laypeople follow an ethic that is both, deontic and intuitive. Ethical judgments are heavily influenced by the motives of the acting individuals and institutions. Questions of efficiency are rather neglected. Laypeople tend to accept those measures which are perceived as fair. Using a number of empirical examples we show how these differences in moral reasoning can explain the huge gap between experts and laypeople in their acceptance of different economic policies.
Inklusion als Zielpunkt einer modernen Sozialpolitik
Authors: Fuchs-Goldschmidt Inga , Goldschmidt Nils
Published: April 2016

Following the logic of constitutional economics a market economy is not legitimized by its efficiency, but by the agreement of individuals on a specific economic and political order. Consequently, it is plausible that individuals will agree on such orders, which guarantee to a large extent participation in societal life. In the current sociological theory and political practice this aspect is centred in the discussion of “inclusion”. In our paper we will discuss inclusion and its possibilities and constraints in regard to the economic system. We will show that a modern understanding of social policy is an essential and indispensable part of a modern society that will focus on inclusion as its main criterion of legitimization.
Kommunale Sozialpolitik und die Integration von Zuwanderern
Authors: Luft Stefan
Published: April 2016

Cities in Western Germany seriously suffer from the consequences of the recruitment campaigns for foreign workers in the 1950s. Most of the so called “Gastarbeiter” (“guest workers”) and their families settled down in the inner quarters, thus intensifying social polarisation within the cities. Today, the areas of the cities with the highest percentage of foreign inhabitants turn out to be exactly those, where most of the poor natives and most of all children live. Therefore social local politics gains more and more importance. The structural financial crisis of many cities, which will change for the worse before long, sets a clear limit to the execution of countermeasures.
Sind Umweltzölle ein geeignetes Instrument zur Ermöglichung fairen Wettbewerbs zwischen Ländern mit hohen und geringen Klimaschutzanforderungen?
Authors: Dröge Susanne
Published: April 2016

Border measures to support unilateral climate policy efforts are being discussed in particular in the EU and the US. The EU has stipulated in its 2008 Directive on the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) that in order to address the potential for carbon leakage, an inclusion of importers in the ETS could be a policy option amongst others. A climate policy adjustment at the border could take various forms and it could be motivated in three ways. First, trade measures could be announced as a “stick”, sanctioning those countries who are not willing to cooperate on climate protection. Second, the border adjustment for importers (making them pay at the border according to the carbon they emitted for producing the traded good) or a rebate for exporters for the CO2-price they paid at home, would take away the competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis producers from third countries. Third, and as the flip side of the competitiveness effects, the border adjustment could be motivated from a climate policy point of view: in order to secure the environmental integrity of a domestic carbon pricing scheme, such measures could prevent leakage of emissions (caused by relocation of production, in parts or as a whole). While a strong economic case could be made for preventing leakage and also competitiveness effects from CO2 pricing through a cost adjustment at the border for a few sectors, there is little evidence that trade measures as such help to create international leverage for climate policy cooperation. From a legal point of view the justification of such measures very much depends on their designs and motivations. From a political point of view, the risk of disruptions amongst trade partners is fairly high and this is a major argument for limiting the use of border adjustments altogether.
Lohnen sich Auslandsdirektinvestitionen wirklich?
Authors: Helfenbein David , Westermeier Andreas
Published: April 2016

This article analyses the question whether FDIs have a positive or negative impact on employment and turnover. The analysis is done with the IAB establishment panel and covers the years 2005 to 2007. While the descriptive analysis shows no clear pattern, the econometric analysis leads to the conclusion that FDIs have a positive impact on employment. Since the time period is rather short, it is worthwhile to analysis the development of firms with FDI and without FDI over a longer time period.
Zyklische Mehrheiten, Stimmentausch und Stabilität. Konsequenzen für die normative Konstitutionenanalyse des Deutschen Bundesrates
Authors: Voßwinkel Jan S.
Published: April 2016

Bicameral parliaments are a normal feature of constitutions in federal states. They are often said to be used because of their stabilizing function for intransitive collective decisions. Intransitive decisions may occur because of logrolling. But while theory states the ubiquity of voting cycles, cycles are observed very rarely. The article argues that logrolling does not lead to cycles, but to coalitions, that are stable for a time period. The reason lies in the endogeneity of alternatives in collective decisions, as is shown by Buchanan/Congleton (1998). If logrolling does not lead to cycles, but to stable outcomes, bicameral parliaments do not stabilize collective decisions. But they alter the nature of equilibrium outcomes. The article applies these findings to the Deutscher Bundesrat.
Das Gut der Rationierung
Authors: Kliemt Hartmut
Published: April 2016

Contrary to the conventional view that rationing is tantamount to „withholding“ rationing must be understood as a process of „giving“ at „prices“ below the recipients’ willingness or ability to pay at the moment of assignment. Rationing is neither throughout a „bad“ nor is it to be found merely in the public sphere - a private HMO contract concerns a rationing scheme for the contingency of illness. In the public sphere rationing in medicine, however, raises specific issues of rule of law and the legitimacy of the legal order as a whole. These rather than medical issues are addressed in the paper.
Warum Priorisierung unumgänglich ist
Authors: Friedrich Daniel R.
Published: April 2016

Political tabooing of notions like rationing is complicating the discussion on pressing problems of scarce health care resources in Germany. Obviously this taboo is fostered by confused concepts standing behind these notions. Nevertheless there have been cuttings in the health care system over the last 30 years, however it is called: slowing down cost-increases, rationalisation, or rationing. Such cuttings must have opportunity costs but it is not clear at all who paid these costs. This calls for transparent, acceptable, and fair instruments of rationing. Setting priorities seems a promising candidate for this task. Even there remain some technical and ethical problems to be solved first there are potential criteria in sight.
Die Eingliederungsvereinbarung des SGB II. Eine kritische Betrachtung aus ordnungsökonomischer Perspektive
Authors: Etges Milena Susanne , Lenger Alexander
Published: April 2016

The paper analyzes the „Eingliederungsvereinbarung“ from a perspective of constitutional political economy. The „Eingliederungsvereinbarung“ (§ 15 SGB II) is a formal contract between registered unemployed persons and the German Federal Employment Office (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) with the objective of reintegrating the jobless person into the job market promptly. It regulates the so-called „Eingliederungsstrategie“ which defines the mutual rights and duties between the employment office and the jobless person.

Using qualitative date the paper highlights existing shortcomings of the „Eingliederungsvereinbarung“ and suggests necessary improvements. Although the „Eingliederungsvereinbarung“ matches the constitutional interest of jobless people of being reintegrated into the job market the actual arrangement of this social policy instrument run contrary to its purpose. To gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic process of negotiating this contract, a theoretical model is developed which allows for a clear distinction between the level of rules and the level of action.
Bürgerentlastungsgesetz Krankenversicherung: Ambivalente Effekte auf die Lohnsteuer
Authors: Stöwhase Sven
Published: April 2016

From 2010 on, a new tax law („Bürgerentlastungsgesetz“), which allows for more generous deductions, lowers total revenue from income taxation by more than 9 billion Euros per year. In addition, this new law leads to extensive changes concerning the source taxation of wage income. The present paper explores these effects and shows that wage taxes increase for some tax payers, despite the fact that their final tax liability decreases. On the other hand, the new law reduces the wage tax of secondary wage earners and thereby helps to diminish the negative work incentives associated with the German income tax system.
Erste Elemente eines Jahrhundertprojekts – ökonomische Betrachtungen zur Entwicklung der Europäischen Energiepolitik
Authors: Bettzüge Marc , Growitsch Christian , Panke Timo
Published: April 2016

Europe’s current energy strategy focuses on a functioning internal energy market, security of supply, energy efficiency and the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies. In this article, we discuss selected European energy policy actions from an economic perspective. We find that several activities seem economically reasonable in general. This assessment depends however on a cost efficient and incentive compatible implementation. Also, the current equilibrium of national sovereignty and European coordination does not seems to be stable in the long run if the European Union sticks to its challenging transformation targets. Instead, a further deepening of coordination is necessary, ending in a true convergence of European energy policy.
Kapitalkosten und Kraftwerksinvestitionen bei zunehmender Einspeisung aus erneuerbaren Energien – Die Diskussion um Kapazitätsmärkte
Authors: Brunekreeft Gert , Meyer Roland
Published: April 2016

The increasing share of renewables in generation leads to a structural change in electricity markets. As the utilization of conventional generators decreases in the short run, fixed costs of those power plants have to be recovered through high price spikes in times of scarce capacities. Moreover, for the longer run, given the technological peculiarities of power supply, the price spikes may not be strong enough to induce adequate capacity investments to ensure an efficient level of supply security. A solution may be to complement the energy-only markets by capacity markets. The latter provide revenues not only for the electricity actually sold but also for available capacity in order to reduce the utilisation risk, in particular for peak load plants that may be dispatched only for a small fraction of the time. Such an approach requires substantial reform of market design though.
Wettbewerb im Internet: Was ist online anders als offline?
Authors: Haucap Justus , Wenzel Tobias
Published: April 2016

The Internet is characterized by competition between platforms which bring together potential partners of exchange. The degree of competition between these multi-sided platforms und market concentration are determined through (1) the strength of the direct and indirect network effects, (2) the extent of economies of scale, (3) the risk of congestition, (4) platform differentiation, and (5) the possibility of multi-homing. Depending on these factors different market concentrations and barriers to entry result. While there is no general tendency for concentration in the Internet and no general need for special market regulation of online content providers and intermediaries, single platforms may still have long lasting and significant market power which is unlikely to erode fastly, as the example of ebay illustrates.
Ordnungspolitische Wirkungen des elektronischen Bundesanzeigers und einer Einführung der internationalen Rechnungslegung für nicht kapitalmarktorientierte Unternehmen (IFRS for SMEs)
Authors: Grottke Markus
Published: April 2016

Currently, widespread discussions take place in the European Union whether to adopt IFRS for SMEs as a common accounting system for not public accountable entities. Also an analysis is given about the impact of the introduction of the Electronic Federal Gazette. The contribution chose the methodical approach of an interview survey with executives from 15 nonpublic accountable entities in order to explore the practical consequences of the vast amount of information which has to be provided by the notes of this accounting system. The interviews reveal that an adoption has consequences which need to be discussed from the viewpoint of regulatory policy and also that it would probably imply highly dysfunctional repercussions for not public accountable entities.