bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Amorphous Molybdenum Selenide Nanosheet as an Efficient Trap for the Permanent Sequestration of Vapor‐Phase Elemental Mercury
Authors: Yang Zequn , Li Hailong , Yang Junwei , Yang Qin , Zhao Jiexia , Yang Jianping , Qu Wenqi , Feng Yong , Shih Kaimin
Published: August 2019

The key challenge of vapor‐phase elemental mercury (Hg0) sequestration is the rational design of a sorbent with abundantly available ligands that exhibit excellent affinity toward Hg0 to simultaneously achieve a high uptake capacity and rapid capture rate. In this work, it is demonstrated how the correct combination of functional ligands and structural properties can form an ideal remediator for permanent Hg0 immobilization. The adsorption capacity of an amorphous molybdenum triselenide (MoSe3) nanosheet greater than 1000 mg g−1 is the highest recorded value compared to previously reported sorbents tested in a fixed‐bed reactor. Meanwhile, the uptake rate of 240 µg g−1 min−1 is also the highest recorded rate value. Mercury selenide as formed exhibits extremely low leachability when environmentally exposed. This impressive performance is primarily attributed to the appropriate layer space between the nanosheets that permeated Hg0 and the existence of diselenide (Se22−) ligands that exhibit excellent affinity toward Hg0. Thus, this work not only provides a promising trap for permanent Hg0 sequestration from industrial and domestic sources with minimum hazard but also provides a detailed illustration of using structural advantages to obtain an ideal sorbent as well as guidance for the further development of Hg0 decontamination techniques.
Tuning Effective Spin Hall Angles via Oxygen Vacancies in Multiferroic BiFeO3‐Based Heterostructures
Authors: Liu Pengfei , Miao Jun , Liu Qi , Xu Zedong , Ren Zengyao , Meng Kangkang , Wu Yong , Chen Jikun , Xu Xiaoguang , Jiang Yong
Published: August 2019

Recently, magnetization switching driven by spin–orbit torque (SOT) has been intensely studied. However, it is still a challenge to effectively control the spin Hall angle (SHA) and critical current density for SOT switching. With the help of multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) thin films, a method to adjust SHA and the switching current is proposed. The BFO‐based heterostructures with opposite spontaneous polarization fields show huge changes in both perpendicular magnetic anisotropy and SOT‐induced magnetization switching. The variation of the effective SHAs for the heterostructures with opposite polarizations is estimated to be 272%, which can be attributed to the distribution of oxygen vacancies inside the BFO films. The possible applications of these structures in memory and reconfigurable logic devices are also demonstrated.
“We Need to Make Action NOW, to Help Keep the Language Alive”: Navigating Tensions of Engaging Indigenous Educational Values in University Education
Authors: Jacob Michelle M. , Sabzalian Leilani , Johnson Stephany RunningHawk , Jansen Joana , Morse Gayle Skawen:nio
Published: August 2019

Despite centuries of contact and conquest, Indigenous communities persist in maintaining their cultures and psychologies. Key to this success in cultural survival is the maintenance of Indigenous languages, which contain distinct worldviews. However, Indigenous languages are at risk, with fewer and fewer fluent Elder speakers. Fortunately, there remain committed groups of community educators who carry out Indigenous language education. Current mainstream teacher education programs do not typically introduce the importance of Indigenous language education to teacher candidates, who are the next generation of K‐12 teachers. We view this as highly problematic, and thus carried out a proof‐of‐concept project in which one U.S. university's American Indian/Alaska Native teacher candidates collaborated with, and learned from, Indigenous language educators during a two‐week‐long summer institute at the university. In our article, we share three main findings, based on qualitative analyses of daily‐written student journals collected during the two‐week pilot project: (a) Indigenous language education supports the social justice vision in the American Psychological Association's Multicultural Guidelines; (b) intergenerational educational opportunities are invaluable for affirming Indigenous psychologies; and (c) Indigenous community language educators do important survivance work. Our findings provide insight into how Indigenous language education is crucial for advancing education that honors Indigenous community psychological well‐being.
Highly selective and recyclable hydrogenation of α‐pinene catalyzed by ruthenium nanoparticles loaded on amphiphilic core–shell magnetic nanomaterials
Authors: Wu Fang‐Zhu , Yu Feng‐Li , Yuan Bing , Xie Cong‐Xia , Yu Shi‐Tao
Published: August 2019

A multifunctional nanomaterial (Fe3O4@SiO2@CX@NH2) comprising a magnetic core, a silicon protective interlayer, and an amphiphilic silica shell is successfully prepared. Ru nanoparticles catalyst loaded on Fe3O4@SiO2@CX@NH2 is used in hydrogenation of α‐pinene for the first time. The novel nanomaterial with amphipathy can be used as a solid foaming agent to increase gas–liquid–solid three‐phase contact and accelerate the reaction. Under the mild conditions (40 °C, 1 MPa H2, 3 h), 99.9% α‐pinene conversion and 98.9% cis‐pinane selectivity are obtained, which is by far the best results reported. Furthermore, the magnetic nanocomposite catalyst can be easily separated by an external magnet and reused nine times with high selectivity maintaining.
Uniaxial and biaxial testing of 3D printed hyperelastic photopolymers
Authors: Morris Karcher , Rosenkranz Andreas , Seibert Henning , Ringel Lars , Diebels Stefan , Talke Frank E.
Published: August 2019

Uniaxial and biaxial testing of a three‐dimensional (3D) printed photopolymer (TangoBlackPlus) is performed. The nonlinear material response is studied using specially designed uniaxial and biaxial coupons. Experimental results show a quasi‐isotropic and hyperelastic behavior for longitudinal and transverse directions parallel to the 3D printer build plate. Uniaxial and biaxial testing data are fitted with commonly used hyperelastic material models. The material parameters derived for different material models are implemented into a finite element simulation to illustrate the effect of material models and testing conditions on the deflection of a curved hollow tube undergoing large deformation.

HIGHLIGHTS

Advanced three‐dimensional (3D) printing enabled a new sample design for uniaxial and biaxial test coupons.

Uniaxial and biaxial tests were performed for TangoBlackPlus, a new photopolymer commonly used in 3D printing.

Uniaxial and biaxial testing demonstrated an isotropic and hyperelastic material behavior for the different coupons' orientations studied.

Biaxial testing enables a unique identification of the Mooney–Rivlin coefficients due to a large number of deformation states.

Material coefficients were derived for different models and used as input parameters for finite element modeling. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2020, 137, 48400.
Catalytic Synthesis of 2,5‐Furandicarboxylic Acid from Concentrated 2,5‐Diformylfuran Mediated by N‐hydroxyimides under Mild Conditions
Authors: Xia Fei , Ma Jiping , Jia Xiuquan , Guo Meiling , Liu Xuebin , Ma Hong , Gao Jin , Xu Jie
Published: August 2019

Producing polyester monomer 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) from biomass as an alternative to fossil‐derived terephthalic acid has drawn much attention from both academy and industry. In this work, an efficient FDCA synthesis was proposed from 10.6 wt % 2,5‐diformylfuran (DFF) in acetic acid using a combined catalytic system of Co/Mn acetate and N‐hydroxyimides. The intermediate product of 5‐formyl‐2‐furandicarboxylic acid (FFCA) possesses the least reactive formyl group. N‐hydroxysuccinimide was found to be superior to N‐hydroxyphthalimide in catalyzing the oxidation of the formyl group in FFCA intermediate, affording a near 95 % yield of FDCA under mild conditions of 100 °C. Trace maleic anhydride was detected as by‐product, which mainly came from the oxidative cleavage of DFF via furfural, furoic acid and 5‐acetoxyl‐2(5H)‐furanone as intermediates.
MerR‐fluorescent protein chimera biosensor for fast and sensitive detection of Hg2+ in drinking water
Authors: Özyurt Canan , Üstükarcı Handan , Evran Serap , Telefoncu Azmi
Published: August 2019

Mercury ion (Hg2+) is a universal pollutant and its detection is crucial for public healthcare. In this study, we developed a novel fluorescent biosensor by construction of a protein fusion between the mercury‐sensing transcription factor MerR and enhanced yellow fluorescent protein (EYFP). Hg2+‐induced conformational change of MerR was transduced into fluorescence signal. Fluorescence intensity of the biosensor protein decreased with increasing concentrations of Hg2+ and a linear response was obtained in the range of 0.5–40 nM. The limit of detection was 0.5 nM, which was much lower than the maximum allowed level in water. The biosensor specificity was highly dependent on type and concentration of metal ion. The biosensor exhibited high specificity in a mixture of metal ions at 0.5 nM concentration. However, the interference effect was more pronounced at 40 nM concentration of metal ions. The measurement was completed in less than 1 Min with no need for sample preparation or preincubation steps. The biosensor achieved accurate and reliable detection in the spiked drinking water sample, as validated by the inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry.
A Combined Molecular Docking and 3D‐QSAR Studies on Tetrahydropteridin Derivatives as PLK2 Antagonists
Authors: Bhujbal Swapnil Pandurang , Keretsu Seketoulie , Cho Seung Joo
Published: August 2019

Polo‐like kinase‐2 (PLK2) is a member of a highly conserved serine/threonine kinase family. PLK2 is implicated in the regulation of cell division. It is activated in the early G1 phase in cell cycle progression and is required for centriole duplication. It has been observed that the low expression of PLK2 leads to B‐cell lymphoma and ovarian cancer. Furthermore, it was found to be associated with poor prognosis in non‐small cell lung cancer, breast cancer, head and neck carcinoma, and osteosarcoma. Thus, PLK2 is considered as an important therapeutic target for cancer drug design due to its multiple roles in several types of cancers. In this work, molecular docking and 3D‐QSAR techniques were performed on tetrahydropteridin derivatives as PLK2 inhibitors. Docking study identified crucial active site residues such as Leu88, Cys96, Ala109, Lys111, Val143, Leu159, Glu160, Cys162, and Phe212 which helps in the firm binding of the ligand. Receptor‐guided CoMFA (q
2 = 0.859, NOC = 5, r
2 = 0.996) and CoMSIA (q
2 = 0.855, NOC = 6, r
2 = 0.998) models were produced. The predictability and stability of these models were assessed using different validation techniques. Contour maps revealed that electrostatic and steric substitutions were favorable at R1 and R2 positions respectively. In addition, the substitution of H‐bond donor group at the R1 position was also favored. The results of this study could be helpful for designing more potent PLK2 inhibitors.
Reduce institutional risk for actions by students, employees
Authors: Porter Michael
Published: August 2019

A recent multimillion‐dollar verdict against Oberlin College arising out of student protests against a business has raised interesting legal questions and highlighted the importance of practical day‐to‐day operational and policy decisions.
Court issues ruling on web access complaint
Authors: Charmatz Marc
Published: August 2019

A Massachusetts federal court denied in part and granted in part Harvard University's motion for judgment on the pleadings in National Association of the Deaf, et al. v. Harvard University, et al. The ruling grants Harvard immunity for third‐party content embedded on its sites but hosted elsewhere. But the court rejected other arguments in Harvard's motion, and the case will move forward.
An improved solution for deformation simulation of nonorthotropic geometric models
Authors: Cao Wei , Yang Zhixin , Ren Xiaohua , Lyu Luan , Zhang Bob , Zhang Yanci , Wu Enhua
Published: August 2019

Physically based deformation simulation has been studied for many years in computer graphics. In order to simulate more complex geometric models and better meet the designer's requirements, many anisotropic approaches have been proposed in recent years. However, most of the approaches focus on simulating orthotropic models. In comparison with orthotropic models, nonorthotropic ones allow the objects to have anisotropic behaviors along nonorthogonal directions. In this paper, we introduce an improved approach to simulate nonorthotropic geometric models under large deformation. The improvements are mainly twofold. First, a frame field is specified on a given undeformed object, that is, each point of the object is equipped with a frame. In each local frame, we construct three independent vectors and form a nonorthogonal coordinate. Second, we design the deformation properties along each axis in the local nonorthogonal coordinate to get a local constitutive model. The final nonorthotropic model is generated by transforming the designed model from local nonorthogonal coordinates to the global standard Cartesian coordinate. To improve the stability, we introduce a time‐varying method to simultaneously track the local coordinates reorientation by pushing forward the original frame field to the deformed frame field. Experiments show that the deformation simulation using the designed nonorthotropic models exhibits anisotropic behaviors along different directions and are more stable than previous methods.
Giant basal cell carcinoma associated with vitiligo
Authors: Fiszon‐Cerqueira Luiza , Ramos‐e‐Silva Marcia , Guerreiro Flávio Bacelar , Cistaro‐Serrano Marcela , Carneiro Ana Helena Correia , Gomes Maria Kátia
Published: August 2019

We report a woman with two giant Basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) on the back, the largest with 12 cm in diameter, inside a vitiligo plaque. They were metatypical subtype BCC associated with a nodular subtype area. Thinking of BCC in vitiligo lesion is extremely important. Giant BCC and vitiligo are rare association.
Boron‐Doped Diamond as an Efficient Back Contact to Thermally Grown TiO2 Photoelectrodes
Authors: Ozkan Selda , Ghanem Hanadi , Mohajernia Shiva , Hejazi Seyedsina , Fromm Timo , Borchardt Rudolf , Rosiwal Stefan , Schmuki Patrik
Published: August 2019

In the present work, we investigate the efficiency of TiO2 photoelectrode layers on boron‐doped diamond foil (BDDF) in comparison with a classic conducting glass (fluorine‐doped tin oxide, FTO) back contact. Crystalline thin TiO2 layers were prepared on the substrates by two different methods: (i) deposition of metallic Ti thin films followed by thermal oxidation to form TiO2 (TO‐TiO2), (ii) reactive sputter deposition of TiO2 thin films and crystallization of these layers (SP‐TiO2). The optimized layers show that TO‐TiO2 films on BDDF deliver a significantly higher incident photon to current efficiency (IPCE) compared to directly sputtered SP‐TiO2 layers and these layers on BDDF also outperform FTO as a back contact. We ascribe this beneficial effect of the BDDF back contact to the formation of an intermediate conductive phase of Ti carbides at the TO‐TiO2/BDDF interface.
Molecular Packing and Solid‐State Photophysical Properties of 1,3,6,8‐Tetraalkylpyrenes
Authors: Iwasaki Takanori , Murakami Shin , Takeda Youhei , Fukuhara Gaku , Tohnai Norimitsu , Yakiyama Yumi , Sakurai Hidehiro , Kambe Nobuaki
Published: August 2019

The relationship between the photophysical properties and molecular orientation of 1,3,6,8‐tetraalkylpyrenes in the solid state is described herein. The introduction of alkyl groups with different chain structures (in terms of length and branching) did not affect the photophysical properties in solution, but significantly shifted the emission wavelengths and fluorescence quantum yields in the solid state for some samples. Pyrenes bearing ethyl, isobutyl, or neopentyl groups at the 1‐, 3‐, 6‐, and 8‐positions showed similar emission profiles in both the solution and solid states. In contrast, pyrenes bearing other alkyl groups exhibited an excimer emission in the solid state, similar to that of the parent pyrene. On studying the photophysical properties in the solid state with respect to the obtained crystal structures, the observed solid‐state photophysical properties were found to depend on the relative position of the pyrene chromophores. The solid‐state photophysical properties can be controlled by the alkyl groups, which provide changing crystal packing. Among the pyrenes tested, 1,3,6,8‐tetraethylpyrene showed the highest fluorescence quantum yield of 0.88 in the solid state.
Multicomponent Aromatic and Benzylic Mannich Reactions through C−H Bond Activation
Authors: Xavier Tania , Rayapin Corinne , Le Gall Erwan , Presset Marc
Published: August 2019

Multicomponent Mannich reactions through C−H bond activation are described. These transformations allowed for the straightforward generation of densely substituted benzylic and homo‐benzylic amines in good yields. The reaction involves a reaction between two transient species: an organometallic species, generated by transition‐metal‐catalyzed sp2 or sp3 C−H bond activation and an in situ generated imine. The use of an acetal as an aldehyde surrogate was found essential for the reaction to proceed. The process could be successfully applied to RhIII‐catalyzed sp2 C−H bond functionalization and extended to CuII‐catalyzed sp3 C−H bond functionalization.
Power, CSR strategy, and performance in foreign‐owned subsidiaries
Authors: Dahms Sven
Published: August 2019

We investigate how a subsidiary's power base influences its strategic corporate social responsibility (CSR) focus on international and local issues, and performance. We develop a theoretical framework and test symmetric hypotheses as well as non‐symmetric research queries based on insights from resource dependency theory and institutional theory. We use survey data collected from foreign‐owned subsidiaries located in the mid‐range emerging economy of Taiwan. We find that a large power base positively influences an international CSR strategic focus in subsidiaries. Furthermore, our symmetric results indicated that only international CSR strategies are conducive to performance. However, our complementing non‐symmetric results show that the distinct power‐base dimensions in combination with a local CSR strategic focus can also lead to high performance outcomes.
Performance of an integrated reactor with airlift loop and sedimentation for municipal wastewater treatment: A 150 m3/d pilot case study
Authors: Liu Shujie , Zhang Lianfeng , Kong Shuwei , Liu Xu , Chen Fuming , Zhang Qidian
Published: August 2019

A newly developed bio‐reactor design for municipal sewage treatment was evaluated on a pilot scale (150 m3/d). The reactor system included both anaerobic/anoxic and aerobic treatment stages with external/internal airlift circulation loops integrated with a central sedimentation chamber. The design was conceived to enhance the removal of organic compounds and nutrients (phosphorus and nitrogen) within a smaller footprint than existing treatment processes. The downcomer of the internal circulation loop is integrated with the sedimentation tank facilitating high efficiency solid‐liquid separation in a compact configuration. The external/internal airlift circulation stages increase the potential for bio‐reactivity, while reducing energy consumption for process flows. Overall, the integrated configuration reduces the footprint required compared to conventional systems with equivalent hydraulic loads, ie, hydraulic retention time of ~12.8 hours with a hydraulic loading area of 10.3 m3/d/m2. The trial run data indicated removal efficiencies for COD, phosphorous, ammonia, and total nitrogen of 94.5%, 94.5%, 96.8%, and 78.6% respectively. Moreover, the treatment system also demonstrated a robust capacity to handle a wide range of COD influent concentrations (ie, ~ 120‐860 mg/L).
Association of neurologic deficits with surgical outcomes and health‐related quality of life after treatment for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression
Authors: Barzilai Ori , Versteeg Anne L. , Goodwin C. Rory , Sahgal Arjun , Rhines Laurence D. , Sciubba Daniel M. , Schuster James M. , Weber Michael H. , Lazary Aron , Fehlings Michael G. , Clarke Michelle J. , Arnold Paul M. , Boriani Stefano , Bettegowda Chetan , Gokaslan Ziya L. , Fisher Charles G. , Laufer Ilya ,   for the AOSpine Knowledge Forum Tumor
Published: August 2019

Background

A critical knowledge gap exists regarding the impact of neurologic deficits on surgical outcomes and health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) for patients surgically treated for metastatic epidural spinal cord compression (MESCC).

Methods

This prospective, multicenter and international study analyzed the impact of the neurologic status on functional status, HRQOL, and postoperative survival. The collected data included the patient demographics, overall survival, American Spinal Injury Association (ASIA) impairment scale, Spinal Instability Neoplastic Score, treatment details and complications and HRQOL measures, including version 2 of the 36‐Item Short Form Health Survey (SF‐36v2) and version 2.0 of the Spine Oncology Study Group Outcomes Questionnaire (SOSGOQ2.0).

Results

A total of 239 patients surgically treated for spinal metastases were included. Six weeks after treatment, 99 of the 108 patients with a preoperative ASIA grade of E remained stable, 8 deteriorated to ASIA D, and 1 deteriorated to ASIA A. Of 55 patients with ASIA D, 27 improved to ASIA E, 27 remained stable and 1 deteriorated to ASIA C. Of 11 patients with ASIA A to C, 2 improved to ASIA E, 4 improved to ASIA D, and 5 remained stable. At the 6‐ and 12‐week follow‐up, better ASIA scores were associated with better scores on multiple SF‐36v2 and SOSGOQ items. Postoperatively, patients with ASIA grades of A to D were more likely to have urinary tract infections and wound complications. Patients with a baseline ASIA grade of E or D survived significantly longer.

Conclusions

Patients with neurologic deficits due to MESCC have worse HRQOL and decreased overall survival. Nevertheless, surgery can result in stabilization or improvement of neurologic function which may translate into better HRQOL. Postoperative care and follow‐up are challenging for patients with neurologic deficits because they experience more complications.
Indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase and tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase expression in HPV infection, SILs, and cervical cancer
Authors: Venancio Paloma Almeida , Consolaro Marcia Edilaine Lopes , Derchain Sophie Françoise , Boccardo Enrique , Villa Luisa Lina , Maria‐Engler Silvya Stuchi , Campa Ana , Discacciati Michelle Garcia
Published: August 2019

Background

Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is the central factor for cervical cancer, whereas epithelial immune mechanisms contribute to the progression of HPV infection and its associated lesions. The authors evaluated the expression of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan 2,3‐dioxygenase (TDO) in cervicovaginal samples from women with normal cervical epithelium or with different degrees of squamous intraepithelial lesions (SILs) and cervical cancer.

Methods

IDO expression was analyzed by immunocytochemistry in liquid‐based cytology samples from 165 women, of whom 42 had cervical changes subclassified as low‐grade SIL (n = 6), high‐grade SIL (n = 30), or squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) (n = 6), and 123 had negative Papanicolaou smears. IDO and TDO expression also were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, and HPV and other genital pathogens were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction analysis.

Results

Low IDO expression was observed in normal cervical epithelium irrespective of HPV status. Increased numbers of IDO‐positive squamous cells and IDO‐positive leukocytes were observed in women with SIL or SCC. TDO expression was detected in leukocytes infiltrating the stroma around intraepithelial or invasive cervical lesions. Higher IDO levels were detected in organotypic epithelial cultures established from keratinocytes transduced with the HPV16 E6/E7 oncoproteins.

Conclusions

The upregulation of IDO expression in leukocytes and squamous cells in HPV‐associated SIL and SCC suggests that immunosuppressive mechanisms involving tryptophan metabolism may have a role in cervical carcinogenesis. Although previous studies have suggested the role of IDO in HPV pathogenesis, this is the first evidence of TDO involvement in the process. Furthermore, the current data emphasize the role of leukocytes, especially neutrophil‐like cells, as an IDO source.
Record Low Ionization Potentials of Alkali Metal Complexes with Crown Ethers and Cryptands
Authors: Tkachenko Nikolay V. , Sun Zhong‐Ming , Boldyrev Alexander I.
Published: August 2019

The front cover artwork is provided by the groups of Prof. Alexander I. Boldyrev (Utah State University, USA) and Prof. Zhong‐Ming Sun (Nankai University, China). The image shows structures of the selected crown ethers and cryptand complexes with alkali metals found to be superalkalis with record low ionization potentials. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/cphc.201900422.
Exploring identity and personal meanings in psychosis using the repertory grid technique: A systematic review
Authors: García‐Mieres Helena , Niño‐Robles Noelia , Ochoa Susana , Feixas Guillem
Published: August 2019

Current research and clinical practice in person‐centred approaches highlight the importance of self, identity, and personal meanings in psychosis. Previous research has focused on dimensions of self, but less attention has been paid to the personal meanings involved in identity. The personal construct theory framework and the repertory grid technique (RGT) allow the study of identity and personal meanings within person‐centred approaches of psychopathology and treatment in psychosis, as suggested by studies that began more than 40 years ago. However, their contributions have not yet been reviewed. We aimed to systematically review the evidence for the role of identity and personal meanings in psychotic disorders. We performed a systematic search using personal construct and RGT terms in PsycINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, EBSCO, Scopus, and Google Scholar. After identifying 2,574 articles, 15 were included. Nine studies followed an idiographic assessment, and six were nomothetic. Patients reported their subjective experience of isolation in terms of high self‐ideal discrepancy and high perceived discrepancy with their significant others, which some studies associated with a lower degree of recovery or with the way in which positive symptoms were construed. Self‐fragmentation either decreased with interventions or was associated with recovery. Evidence regarding interpersonal construing was less consistent, but there was a tendency for patients to show a more rigid cognitive structure than controls. To conclude, we found some evidence that self‐discrepancies, fragmentation of self, and interpersonal construing are affected in psychosis and potentially modifiable through psychotherapy.
The Dependence of Bi2MoO6 Photocatalytic Water Oxidation Capability on Crystal Facet Engineering
Authors: Wu Xuelian , Ng Yun Hau , Saputera Wibawa H. , Wen Xiaoming , Du Yi , Dou Shi Xue , Amal Rose , Scott Jason
Published: August 2019

Crystal facet engineering of semiconductor photocatalysts is regarded as an emerging strategy to tune their physicochemical properties and optimize the photoreactivity of the materials. In this work, two plate‐like Bi2MoO6 samples were prepared, dominant in either the distinctly different {100} or {010} facets. As a consequence of the electronic structure effects induced by the facets, the {100}‐dominant Bi2MoO6 (100‐BMO) possessed a smaller band gap and delivered a much higher photocatalytic water oxidation activity than {010}‐dominant Bi2MoO6 (010‐BMO). A greater charge carrier density in 100‐BMO was found to promote electron accumulation on the {100} surfaces, leading to the narrower band gap, as supported by Mott‐Schottky measurements. Efficient intrinsic electron‐hole separation and longer charge carrier lifetimes in 100‐BMO were also observed. Further, a higher photocurrent density and smaller Nyquist plot arc radius presented by 100‐BMO imply a higher charge transfer capacity. EPR analysis indicated that the 100‐BMO boasted a higher oxygen vacancy density, whereby the vacancies could serve as shallow donors to trap electrons and suppress photogenerated electron‐hole pair recombination. Overall, the {100} facet in Bi2MoO6 delivered a mix of distinctly advantageous characteristics relative to the {010} facet with the findings clearly illustrating the value of crystal facet engineering in boosting photocatalytic performance.
Ethyl Lactate: A Green Solvent for Olefin Metathesis
Authors: Planer Sebastian , Jana Anupam , Grela Karol
Published: August 2019

Compatibility of selected, commercially available ruthenium olefin metathesis catalysts with ethyl lactate as solvent was evaluated using a range of substrates and conditions. In addition, the preparation of a metathesis catalyst in simplified manner by using the advantages of ethyl lactate was accomplished. The application of ethyl lactate facilitates product isolation (also allowing for lower ruthenium contamination in crude metathesis products) and improves the overall green angle of olefin metathesis.
Hydrogenation of Functionalized Nitroarenes Catalyzed by Single‐Phase Pyrite FeS2 Nanoparticles on N,S‐Codoped Porous Carbon
Authors: Duan Yanan , Dong Xiaosu , Song Tao , Wang Zhaozhan , Xiao Jianliang , Yuan Youzhu , Yang Yong
Published: August 2019

Catalytic hydrogenation of nitroarenes is an industrially very important and environmentally friendly process for the production of anilines; however, highly chemoselective reduction of nitroarenes decorated with one or more reducible groups in a nitroarene molecule remains a challenge. Herein, a novel hybrid non‐noble iron‐based nanocatalyst (named as FeS2/NSC) was developed, which was prepared from biomass as C and N source together with inexpensive Fe(NO3)3 as Fe source through high‐temperature pyrolysis in a straightforward and cost‐effective procedure. Comprehensive characterization revealed that single‐phase pyrite FeS2 nanoparticles with precisely defined composition and uniform size were homogeneously dispersed on N,S‐codoped porous carbon with large specific surface area, hierarchical porous channels, and high pore volume. The resultant catalyst FeS2/NSC demonstrated good catalytic activity for hydrogenation of functionalized nitroarenes with good tolerance of various functional groups in water as a sustainable and green solvent. Compared with bulk pyrite FeS2 and other non‐noble metal‐based heterogeneous catalysts reported in the literature, a remarkably enhanced activity was observed under mild reaction conditions. More importantly, FeS2/NSC displayed exclusive chemoselectivity for the reduction of nitro groups for nitroarenes bearing varying readily reducible groups.
Yiqi Chutan Tang Reduces Gefitinib‐Induced Drug Resistance in Non‐Small‐Cell Lung Cancer by Targeting Apoptosis and Autophagy
Authors: Zhang Jue , Sun Lingling , Cui Jian , Wang Jing , Liu Xiaomin , Aung Thazin Nwe , Qu Zhipeng , Chen Zhuangzhong , Adelson David L. , Lin Lizhu
Published: August 2019

High incidence and mortality rates for non‐small‐cell lung cancer (NSCLC) lead to low survival rates. Epidermal growth factor receptor‐tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR‐TKI) are commonly first prescribed for NSCLC patients with EGFR mutations. However, most patients with sensitizing EGFR mutations become resistant to EGFR‐TKI after 9–13 months treatment. Yiqi Chutan Tang (YQCT) has been prescribed as a treatment to this issue for over 20 years. In this report, high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis, flow cytometry, western blot analysis, and functional annotation analysis were applied to uncover the molecular mechanisms of YQCT. Our results show the application of YQCT reduces gefitinib‐induced drug resistance, induces slight cell cycle arrest, enhances gefitinib‐induced apoptosis, and activates the autophagy. These results indicate that at the molecular level YQCT can reduce drug resistance and improve anti‐cancer effects when associated with gefitinib, which could be a result of enhancement of apoptosis and autophagy in the EGFR‐TKI resistant cells of NSCLC. This research provides a new treatment strategy for patients with EGFR‐TKI resistance in NSCLC. © 2019 The Authors. Cytometry Part A published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Advancement of Cytometry.
Application of entropy formulas in detection of denial‐of‐service attacks
Authors: Basicevic Ilija , Ocovaj Stanislav
Published: August 2019

The paper compares five entropy formulas (Shannon, Tsallis, Rényi, Bhatia‐Singh, and Ubriaco) and their application in the detection of distributed denial‐of‐service (DDoS) attacks. The Shannon formula has been used extensively for this purpose for more than a decade. The use of the Tsallis and Rényi formulas in this context has also been proposed. Bhatia‐Singh entropy is a novel information metric with promising results in initial applications in this area. Ubriaco proposed an entropy function based on the fractional calculus. In this paper, flow size distribution was used as the input for detection. The type of DDoS attack is SYN flood, and simulation was used to obtain the input dataset. The results show that the Rényi and Bhatia‐Singh detectors perform better than the rest. Rényi and Tsallis performed similarly with respect to the true positive rate, but Rényi had a much lower false positive rate. The Bhatia‐Singh detector had the best true positive rate but a higher false positive rate than Rényi. The Ubriaco detector performed similar to the Shannon detector. With respect to detection delay, Tsallis, Ubriaco, and Shannon produced similar results, with a slight advantage associated with the Ubriaco detector, while Rényi and Bhatia‐Singh had a larger detection delay than the former three.
Industrial wireless sensor and actuator networks in industry 4.0: Exploring requirements, protocols, and challenges—A MAC survey
Authors: Raza Saleem , Faheem Muhammad , Guenes Mesut
Published: August 2019

The vision to connect everyday physical objects to the Internet promises to create the Internet of Things (IoT), which is expected to integrate the diverse technologies such as sensors, actuators, radio frequency identification, communication technologies, and Internet protocols. Thus, IoT promises to transfer traditional industry to advance digital industry known as the Industry 4.0.

At the core of the Industry 4.0 are the wireless sensor networks (WSNs) and wireless sensor and actuator networks (WSANs) that led to the development of industrial wireless sensor networks (IWSNs) and industrial wireless sensor and actuator networks (IWSANs). These networks play a central role of connecting machines, parts, products, and humans and create a diverse set of new applications to support intelligent and autonomous decision making.

The IWSAN is a promising technology for numerous industrial applications because of their several potential benefits such as simple deployment, low cost, less complexity, and mobility support. However, despite such benefits, they impose several unique challenges at different layers of the protocol stack when deploying them for various monitoring and control applications in the Industry 4.0. In this article, we explore IWSAN, its applications, requirements, challenges, and solutions in the context of industrial control applications. Our main focus is on the medium access control (MAC) layer that can be exploited to satisfy such requirements. Our discussion presents extensive background study of the MAC schemes and it reviews the MAC protocols of the existing wireless standards and technologies. A number of application‐specific MAC protocols developed to support industrial applications, which are not part of these standards, are also elaborated. We rationalize to what extent the existing standards and protocols help in solving such requirements as laid down by the Industry 4.0. In the end, we emphasize on existing challenges and present important future directions.
Bestimmung des Teilsicherheitsbeiwerts für Wandscheiben aus unbewehrtem Mauerwerk
Authors: Jäger Wolfram , Salehi Hamidreza
Published: August 2019

Partial safety factors for resistance applied in the design equation of semi‐probabilistic formats can be obtained from the evaluation of a test database. These partial safety factors are influenced by two factors, the material uncertainty and the model uncertainty. This topic is covered in a former publication [1]. It includes the determination of a partial factor for the model uncertainty of unreinforced masonry shear walls. In this study the authors examine the next step, and calculate the partial factor of resistance applying the same method, as recommended i n EN 1990 – Annex D. In addition to the Coefficient of Variation (COV) for the model uncertainty, the calculation of the resistance partial factor considers deviations in geometry, as well as loading and material properties. The influence of the material uncertainty on structural performance is considered in the calculation by means of a weighted average of all COV values for various types of material properties, based on the number of relevant failure modes in the test database. In the last step, the resistance partial factors for models defined in DIN EN 1996‐1‐1/NA and DIN EN 1996‐1‐1/NA – Annex K are calculated by applying the probabilistic methods recommended in EN 1990 – Annex D and the model bias.
Diagnostic utility of cell block in fine needle aspiration cytology of thyroid gland
Authors: Vance Jesse , Durbin Karen , Manglik Niti , Gilani Syed M.
Published: August 2019

Background

This study was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic utility of cell block material in fine needle aspiration (FNA) of thyroid nodules.

Design

A total of 242 thyroid fine need aspirations (FNAs) were performed between January 2015 and December 2015. Of those, all consecutive thyroid FNA cases with cell blocks (n = 140) from 129 patients (age: 58.9 ± 12.8 years) are included in this study. Cytology slides and cell blocks are reviewed for adequacy assessment based on the Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) and then categorizing them into TBSRTC diagnostic categories. These cases are divided into two groups, combined cytology and cell block (C + CB) and cytology without cell block (C).

Results

In the first group (C + CB), a total 140 cases are categorized in TBSRTC as follows: I: 13 (9.3%) cases, II: 78 (55.7%) cases, III: 7 (5%), IV: 16 (11.4%), V: 3(2.2%) and VI: 23 (16.4%). In the second group (C), the cases are classified in TBSRTC as follows: I: 23 (16.4%) cases, II: 70 (50%), III: 7 (5%), IV: 16 (11.4%), V: 3 (2.2%) and VI: 21 (15%). Nondiagnostic rate was 7.1% lower in the first group (C + CB) as compared with second group (C) (First group: 9.3% vs second group: 16.4%, P = .0764).

Conclusions

Combined use of cytology slides and cell block decreases the nondiagnostic rate up to 7.1% as compared with cytology without cell block.
Road avoidance and its energetic consequences for reptiles
Authors: Paterson James E. , Baxter‐Gilbert James , Beaudry Frederic , Carstairs Sue , Chow‐Fraser Patricia , Edge Christopher B. , Lentini Andrew M. , Litzgus Jacqueline D. , Markle Chantel E. , McKeown Kassie , Moore Jennifer A. , Refsnider Jeanine M. , Riley Julia L. , Rouse Jeremy D. , Seburn David C. , Zimmerling J. Ryan , Davy Christina M.
Published: August 2019

Roads are one of the most widespread human‐caused habitat modifications that can increase wildlife mortality rates and alter behavior. Roads can act as barriers with variable permeability to movement and can increase distances wildlife travel to access habitats. Movement is energetically costly, and avoidance of roads could therefore impact an animal's energy budget. We tested whether reptiles avoid roads or road crossings and explored whether the energetic consequences of road avoidance decreased individual fitness. Using telemetry data from Blanding's turtles (Emydoidea blandingii; 11,658 locations of 286 turtles from 15 sites) and eastern massasaugas (Sistrurus catenatus; 1,868 locations of 49 snakes from 3 sites), we compared frequency of observed road crossings and use of road‐adjacent habitat by reptiles to expected frequencies based on simulated correlated random walks. Turtles and snakes did not avoid habitats near roads, but both species avoided road crossings. Compared with simulations, turtles made fewer crossings of paved roads with low speed limits and more crossings of paved roads with high speed limits. Snakes made fewer crossings of all road types than expected based on simulated paths. Turtles traveled longer daily distances when their home range contained roads, but the predicted energetic cost was negligible: substantially less than the cost of producing one egg. Snakes with roads in their home range did not travel further per day than snakes without roads in their home range. We found that turtles and snakes avoided crossing roads, but road avoidance is unlikely to impact fitness through energetic expenditures. Therefore, mortality from vehicle strikes remains the most significant impact of roads on reptile populations.
How does urbanization affect the reproductive characteristics and ecological affinities of street plant communities?
Authors: Desaegher James , Nadot Sophie , Machon Nathalie , Colas Bruno
Published: August 2019

Anthropogenic activities in urban ecosystems induce a myriad of environmental changes compared with adjacent rural areas. These environmental changes can be seen as series of abiotic and biotic selection filters affecting the distribution of plant species. What are the attributes of plant species that compose urban communities, compared with rural communities, as related to their ecological affinities (e.g., to temperature, humidity), and reproductive traits (e.g., entomophily, autogamy, floral morphology)? Using a floristic dataset from a citizen science project recording plant species growing spontaneously in the streets, we analyzed the distribution of species according to their ecological requirements and reproductive traits along an urbanization gradient in the Parisian region. We developed an original floral and pollinator typology composed of five floral and four pollinator morphotypes. The proportion of impervious areas, used as a proxy of urbanization, was measured at different spatial scales, to reveal at which spatial scales urbanization is selecting plant traits. We found significant differences in plant communities along the urbanization gradient. As expected with the warmer and drier conditions of urban areas, species with higher affinities to higher temperature, light and nutrient soil content, and lower atmospheric moisture were over‐represented in urban plant communities. Interestingly, all of the significant changes in plant abiotical affinities were the most pronounced at the largest scale of analysis (1,000 m buffer radius), probably because the specific urban conditions are more pronounced when they occur on a large surface. The proportion of autogamous, self‐compatible, and nonentomophilous species was significantly higher in urban plant communities, strongly suggesting a lower abundance or efficiency of the pollinating fauna in urban environments. Last, among insect‐pollinated species, those with relatively long and narrow tubular corollas were disadvantaged in urban areas, possibly resulting from a reduction in pollinator abundance particularly affecting specialized plant–pollinator interactions.
Host identity and phylogeny shape the foliar endophytic fungal assemblages of Ficus
Authors: Liu Junwei , Zhao Jin , Wang Gang , Chen Jin
Published: August 2019

Foliar endophytic fungi (FEF) are diverse and ubiquitously associated with photosynthetic land plants. However, processes shaping FEF assemblages remain poorly understood. Previous studies have indicated that host identity and host habitat are contributing factors, but these factors are often difficult to disentangle. In this study, we studied FEF assemblages from plants grown in a botanical garden, enabling us to minimize the variation in abiotic environmental conditions and fungal dispersal capacity. FEF assemblages from 46 Ficus species were sequenced using next‐generation methods, and the results indicated that closely related host species had clearly differentiated FEF assemblages. Furthermore, host phylogenetic proximity was significantly correlated with the similarity of their FEF assemblages. In the canonical correspondence analysis, eleven leaf traits explained 32.9% of the total variation in FEF assemblages, whereas six traits (specific leaf area, leaf N content, leaf pH, toughness, latex alkaloid content, and latex volume per leaf area) were significant in the first two dimensions of ordination space. In the multiple regression on distance matrix analysis, 21.0% of the total variance in FEF assemblage was explained by both host phylogeny and leaf traits while phylogeny alone explained 7.9% of the variance. Thus, our findings suggest that both evolutionary and ecological processes are involved in shaping FEF assemblages.
Fabrication of refractive index sensors using polarization independent metamaterial and their application to chemical concentration measurement and DNA detection
Authors: Kanamori Yoshiaki , Shimizu Tomoki , Nomura Shin‐Ichiro , Hane Kazuhiro
Published: August 2019

Biochemical sensors are used for discrimination of biochemical species, concentration measurement, and so on. Because metamaterial responds to slight changes in the ambient refractive index, it is possible to realize ultrasensitive biochemical sensors. We designed and fabricated refractive index sensors using polarization independent metamaterial and examined their application as biochemical sensors. Refractive index sensitivity, concentration measurement, and DNA detection were carried out.