bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Mycoplasma pneumoniae infeksiyonu ile ilişkili, anti-gangliyosit antikorların negatif olduğu Fisher-Bickerstaff sendromu
Authors: Yiş Uluç , Karaoğlu Pakize , Polat Ayşe İpek , Ayanoğlu Müge , Güleryüz Handan , Hız Semra
Published: December 2020

Miller-Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis are two conditions that have probably a common autoimmune etiology. Anti-ganglioside antibodies are present in most of the patients with these clinical conditions. The symptoms of these disorders variably involve peripheral nervous system or central nervous system. There is an unclassified group of patients who have symptoms of both Miller-Fisher syndrome and Bickerstaff brainstem encephalitis and a new eponymic terminology “Fisher-Bickerstaff syndrome” is suggested for these patients. Mycoplasma Pneumonia as a cause of Fisher-Bickerstaff syndrome has not been reported before. Clinical and radiologic features of a nine-year-old boy with “Fisher-Bickerstaff syndrome” associated with Mycoplasma Pneumonia infection are presented. A nine-year-old boy presented with ptosis, diplopia, drowsiness, areflexia. He had a history of recent upper respiratory tract infection and laboratory evidence of Mycoplasma Pneumonia infection. Brain magnetic resonance imaging revealed hyperintense lesions in the brainstem and electromyography revealed absent H reflex and reduced F wave responses in median nerves. Anti-ganglioside antibodies were negative. The patient dramatically responded to intravenous immunoglobuline treatment. Mycoplasma Pneumonia may cause Fisher-Bickerstaff syndrome without a rise in anti-ganglioside antibodies. Intravenous immunoglubuline treatment seems a good therapeutic option for these cases.
Fostering food equity in an immigrant neighborhood of New York City during COVID-19
Authors: Imbruce Valerie
Published: December 2020

Food equity includes the right to food that is cul­turally appropriate. Immigrant neighborhoods can be sites of contestation over who participates in the production, distribution, and consumption of food. Manhattan’s Chinatown is a good example of a neighborhood where food is central to its com­merce, cultural heritage, and reputation as a tourist destination. The coronavirus’ origin in China caused imme­diate material impact on Chinese restaurants and food purveyors in New York City as well as in other cities with major populations of Chinese people. Chinatown suffered disproportionate closures of its grocery stores, restaurants, and produce vendors due to COVID-19 as compared to other neighbor­hoods in NYC. The grassroots response to this crisis is a reminder that people have the power to use food to assert the society that they desire, to shape a highly contested urban space, and to claim their right to the city.
Jewish Ethics in COVID-19
Authors: Crane Jonathan K.
Published: December 2020

Bioethical deliberations most frequently occur outside of the situation of concern. Not necessarily so in a global pandemic; there is no beyond. This paper offers preliminary reflections based on Judaic sources and ethics on how a pandemic is defined, where pandemics come from and how they spread, what to do during a pandemic (specifically, fasting, physical isolation and triage), what kind of evidence should be considered and determinative during a pandemic, and what kind of thinking is to guide norm-making during a pandemic. Jewish ethics in a pandemic sees it not as a problem in search of a solution but as an ever-unfolding circumstance requiring adaptive thinking and adjustable strategies.
INTEGRAÇÃO DE FERRAMENTAS DE MODELAGEM AMBIENTAL, FRAGMENTAÇÃO DA PAISAGEM E TRATAMENTOS ESTATÍSTICOS NA AVALIAÇÃO DA QUALIDADE DAS ÁGUAS
Authors: Freitas Mariana Davila Fonseca Paiva de Paula
Published: December 2020

A modelagem ambiental é um processo computacional de amplas aplicações, incluindo projeção de cenários por meio dos autômatos celulares, em que células interagem por meio de condições predefinidas, possibilitando a previsão de futuros cenários. Dessa forma é possível avaliar, por exemplo, a evolução de atividades antrópicas em bacias hidrográficas com o uso de base cartográfica e imagens de satélite. Essa projeção é importante para a qualidade das águas, visto que os recursos hídricos são amplamente prejudicados por atividades humanas. Desse modo, o presente estudo tem como objetivo simular cenários para 15 anos em uma área localizada na bacia hidrográfica do ribeirão Vermelho, que abrange os municípios de Sabará, Santa Luzia e Taquaraçu de Minas, situados na Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte (MG), integrando-os com a fragmentação da paisagem e dados de qualidade das águas. As diferentes informações levantadas foram associadas para se inferir sobre o estado atual das águas e predizer, conforme cenários futuros, tomadas de decisões para melhoria da sua qualidade. Inicialmente, foram mapeados em classes o uso e a ocupação do solo da bacia hidrográfica de três anos (1996, 2006 e 2016). As classes foram divididas em áreas naturais e antrópicas e associadas aos arquivos de drenagem, malha viária e altitude, sendo os inputs para o modelo de projeções de paisagem. A projeção indicou que, entre 1996 e 2016, os remanescentes de vegetação arbórea na bacia hidrográfica reduziram-se de 70 para 55%, e os resultados de análise de água mostraram que o ribeirão não atende aos valores de enquadramento conforme deliberação normativa (DN) 20/1997. Os cenários projetados pelo modelo de paisagem demonstraram o avanço das áreas antropizadas sobre as naturais, as quais em 2032 poderão se sobressair, cobrindo cerca de 60% da bacia hidrográfica. Além disso, essas projeções associadas aos parâmetros físico-químicos indicam tendência à diminuição da qualidade das águas, sendo necessárias tomadas de decisões para a melhora dessa projeção, visando atender ao enquadramento em classe I do curso de água.
El Acuerdo de París sobre cambio climático y el proyecto de la ley marco en Chile: Entre el protagonismo y la denegación de los pueblos indígenas
Authors: Millaleo Hernández Salvador
Published: December 2020

Esta investigación se refiere al rol de los pueblos indígenas en el escenario

mundial en las estrategias para enfrentar el cambio climático, debido a sus conocimientos ecológicos tradicionales, como ha sido consagrado en el Acuerdo de París, y que se

ha reflejado en leyes nacionales en América Latina como las de México, Guatemala y

Perú. Sin embargo, Chile lleva adelante un proyecto de ley marco sobre cambio climático que niega ese rol para los pueblos indígenas.
El paradigma en derechos humanos en la labor jurisdiccional de los Estados constitucionales: El caso boliviano
Authors: Santiago Salame Soraya
Published: December 2020

El Estado constitucional ha implicado cambios en el papel del juez en el orden constitucional. Partiendo de la constitucionalización o impregnación constitucional

del orden jurídico, el presente trabajo expone estos cambios y resalta algunos rasgos del

modelo constitucional boliviano, que ha generado un nuevo paradigma constitucional

de los derechos humanos.
Impacto y desafíos de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos en el actual contexto regional
Authors: Urrejola Noguera Antonia
Published: December 2020

Este artículo hace un análisis histórico de la labor de la Comisión Interamericana de Derechos Humanos (CIDH) durante sus 60 años de historia, resaltando

los principales impactos que, a juicio de la autora, ha tenido el organismo a través de

sus diversos mecanismos. Asimismo, hace un análisis de la situación actual de derechos

humanos en el continente americano para, a partir de dicho contexto, establecer los

principales desafíos que, a su juicio, debe enfrentar la CIDH. Finalmente, el artículo

hace referencia a la contingencia de la pandemia del covid-19, que estaba en pleno desarrollo a la fecha de cierre del artículo, indicando las recomendaciones que hasta ese

momento ha tomado la CIDH para resguardar que las medidas adoptadas por los Estados al enfrentar la pandemia sean respetuosas de los derechos humanos y estándares

interamericanos.
Petrogenesis of Scheelite-Bearing Albitite as an Indicator for the Formation of a World-Class Scheelite Skarn Deposit: A Case Study of the Zhuxi Tungsten Deposit
Authors: Song Shiwei , Mao Jingwen , Xie Guiqing , Jian Wei , Chen Guohua , Rao Jianfeng , Ouyang Yongpeng
Published: December 2020

Scheelite-bearing albitite is present in the form of rare, highly fractionated felsic dikes in the world-class Zhuxi tungsten deposit. Morphologically, the Zhuxi albitite forms individual dikes with thicknesses from 0.01 to 5.1 m in the orebodies. Additionally, the Zhuxi albitite is characterized by high sodium concentrations (Na2O = 6.08–8.04 wt %), low silicon (SiO2 = 56.81–62.56 wt %) and potassium concentrations (K2O = 1.44–2.62 wt %), and increasing P2O5 (0.1–0.7 wt %), Y (2.72–8.62 ppm), and rare earth element (8.28–28.89 ppm) concentrations from the tops to the bottoms of the dikes, which are controlled by the heterogeneous distribution of apatite grains in the albitite.

The trace element geochemical characteristics and Sr-Nd isotope compositions of the albitite and the geochemistry of plagioclase, muscovite, apatite, and scheelite that formed in both the albitite and ore-related (altered) granites strongly suggest a genetic relationship between the two rocks. Given our new data and previous experimental data, as well as natural examples from around the world, we propose that the Zhuxi albitite is the product of a silicate-poor, H2O-rich melt that formed by melt–melt-liquid immiscibility processes in an extremely fractionated residual magma. A deep-seated (>3 kbar) granitic magma reservoir was directly related to the formation of these rare scheelite-bearing albitite dikes.

Albitite dikes are the product of extreme fractionation of a granitic magma, and W is highly incompatible during magma evolution regardless of oxygen fugacity; therefore, intense tungsten mineralization development within albitite dikes should serve as an important criterion for judging the tungsten metallogenic potential.
Mineral Chemistry and Sulfur Isotope Geochemistry from Tonalite-Hosted, Gold-Bearing Quartz Veins at Hog Mountain, Southwestern Appalachians: Implications for Gold Precipitation Mechanism, Sulfur Source, and Genesis
Authors: Brueckner Stefanie M. , Kline Anabelle K. , Bilenker Laura D. , Poole Josh , Whitney Mark S.
Published: December 2020

Mineralized quartz veins within Phanerozoic orogenic belts provide important insights into fluid source and transport, source(s) of S, and genetic implications for ore deposit formation. Here, investigations on mineralized veins hosted by the Hog Mountain tonalite, southernmost Appalachians, were performed using scanned electron microscopy, microprobe analysis, and secondary ion mass spectrometry.

The small, reduced Hog Mountain tonalite hosts three different mineralized vein types dominated by Au-bearing quartz veins with a simple base metal sulfide assemblage and spatially associated Au phases (electrum > native gold > maldonite) with Bi phases (native bismuth > unnamed Bi3Te ≈ hedleyite > bismuthinite). In contrast, barren to low-grade arsenopyrite and sphalerite-pyrite-arsenopyrite-galena-chalcopyrite (Zn-Fe-As-Pb-Cu) veinlets are rare. Base metal sulfides are stoichiometrically homogeneous with the exception of sphalerite and galena that have noticeable enrichments in Fe and Cd, and Bi and Ag, respectively. Trace element concentrations (Au, Ag, Bi, Te, Se, and transition metals) in major and minor base metal sulfides are generally low. In situ sulfur isotope analyses on base metal sulfides from different vein types show two distinct populations: (1) δ34Ssulfide = 12.9 ± 1.4‰ in low-grade arsenopyrite and Zn-Fe-As-Pb-Cu veinlets and (2) δ34Ssulfide = 7.7 ± 0.9‰ in mineralized quartz veins.

Based on mineral chemistry, two fluid phases were responsible for metal deposition at Hog Mountain. Fluid phase I with low-soluble Au formed rare, barren to low-grade arsenopyrite and Zn-Fe-As-Pb-Cu veinlets from highly acidic, relatively high temperature fluid with moderate ƒS2 and variable ƒO2. In contrast, a reduced, near-neutral, low ƒS2 fluid phase II had higher soluble Au concentrations and created the dominant Au-bearing quartz veins in which Au was deposited via scavenging by Bi melts syngenetic at lower temperatures. Isotopic modeling shows that both fluid phases sourced their S from the metasedimentary rocks hosting the tonalite and adjacent, coeval gold deposits, with the tonalite contributing some S to fluid phase II, resulting in lower δ34S values. Our results are consistent with mineral assemblage, mineral chemistry, and sulfur source(s) from other intrusion-hosted Phanerozoic orogenic gold deposits and support the syngenetic Au scavenging model by Bi melts as a viable Au deposition process in orogenic gold deposits.
Gender Inequality, Stress Exposure, and Well-Being among Academic Faculty
Authors: Elliott Marta , Blithe Sarah J.
Published: December 2020

Gender inequalities in salary, rank and access to leadership positions characterize institutions of higher education and disadvantage women faculty. Differential exposure to noxious working conditions and restricted access to social resources may underlie these inequalities by detracting from women faculty’s well-being, thereby perpetuating the status quo. This study applies stress process theory to analyze this inequitable state of affairs, treating gender as a social status in higher education that predicts differential exposure to stressors and access to resources. Stressors and resources, in turn, predict faculty well-being. Stressors include micro-aggressions and work-life conflict, and resources include collegiality with peers and support from administrators. Survey data were collected from academic faculty at a mid-sized Western university in the U.S. Results indicate that women faculty experience micro-aggressions and work-life conflict more often than men, and report less supportive relationships with their deans. Moreover, micro-aggressions and work-life conflict are positively associated with psychological distress and job dissatisfaction, while dean support has the opposite associations. Open-ended responses supplement the quantitative findings with vivid examples of how these phenomena play out in individual faculty members’ lives. Implications for how institutions of higher education might introduce change to address these findings are discussed.
Due Diligence and Supply Chain Responsibilities in Specific Instances
Authors: van ’t Foort Sander
Published: December 2020

Due Diligence and Supply Chain Responsibilities in Specific Instances. The Compatibility of the Dutch National Contact Point’s Decisions With the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises in the Light of Decisions Made by the UK, German, Danish and Norwegian National Contact Points

Since the introduction of a human rights chapter in the 2011 OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises, National Contact Points (NCPs) have been increasingly dealing with specific instances referring to human rights violations by companies. According to the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), the human rights provisions are the most cited provisions of the Guidelines. Specific instances include allegations such as a company’s failure to implement human rights due diligence, to apply the principles of free, prior and informed consent, to take supply chain responsibility, and/or to comply with the right to cultural heritage. Of all topics, human rights due diligence and human rights supply chain responsibilities are most commonly referred to in complaints based on the Guidelines. This article focuses on how NCPs have handled these topics of human rights due diligence and supply chain responsibility in specific instances. The Dutch NCP has been selected because it is celebrated in literature as the ‘gold standard’ because of its composition including independent members, its forward-looking approach, and because it is one of the most active NCPs in the world. All decisions of the Dutch NCP concerning these two topics are analysed in the light of the decisions of four other NCPs (UK, Denmark, Germany and Norway). A doctrinal methodology is used to analyse similarities and differences between the argumentations of the five NCPs.
De Europese Toegankelijkheidsrichtlijn voor mensen met een handicap: grondrechtenbevordering binnen de Europese interne markt
Authors: de Vries S. , de Sterke T.
Published: December 2020

De Europese Toegankelijkheidsrichtlijn voor mensen met een handicap: grondrechtenbevordering binnen de Europese interne markt

Met de in april 2019 aangenomen Europese Toegankelijkheidsrichtlijn wordt gepoogd de toegankelijkheid van producten en diensten voor personen met een beperking te verbeteren. De richtlijn geeft hiermee uitvoering aan het VN-verdrag inzake de rechten van personen met een handicap. Dit artikel beschrijft de totstandkomingsgeschiedenis van de richtlijn, de belangrijkste kenmerken ervan en wat de te verwachten toegevoegde waarde van de richtlijn zal zijn.

Richtlijn (EU) 2019/882 van het Europees Parlement en de Raad van 17 april 2019 betreffende de toegankelijkheidsvoorschriften voor producten en diensten, PbEU 2019, L 151/70.
In vitro pH dependent passive transport of ketoprofen and metformin
Authors: Elezović Alisa , Marić Amina , Biščević Amila , Hadžiabdić Jasmina , Škrbo Selma , Špirtović-Halilović Selma , Rahić Ognjenka , Vranić Edina , Elezović Amar
Published: December 2020

The kinetics of passive transport of ketoprofen and metformin, as model substances for high and low permeability, respectively, across the artificial membrane under the influence of the pH of donor solution was investigated. There was an upward trend in the apparent permeation coefficient (Papp) of ketoprofen with the decrease in pH to a value close to pKa. At the pH value below pKa the permeation coefficient had lower value, due to the higher retention of ketoprofen in the artificial membrane. Metformin is a low permeable compound, and the highest permeation values were recorded at pH 7.4. Two dissociation constants determine that metformin at physiological pH exists as a hydrophilic cationic molecule, i.e. predominantly in ionized form. At pH values below 2.8, metformin mainly exists in diprotonated form, and it was, thus, very poorly permeable. The highest retention, i.e. affinity of both ketoprofen and metformin to the membrane, was at the lowest pH values, which is explained by different mechanisms. At higher pH values of the donor compartment, the substances showed significantly less affinity to the membrane. The obtained values of apparent permeation coefficients at studied pH values showed a good correlation with the obtained experimental values by other in vitro methods.
Bioavailable silicon forms in dietary supplements
Authors: Putko Paulina , Kwaśny Mirosław
Published: December 2020

Silicon (Si) is an element necessary for the proper functioning of the body. It affects cell viability, osteoblast differentiation, blood vessel elasticity, type I collagen synthesis, as well as the condition of the skin, hair, and nails. It is also considered an antiatherosclerotic agent. The silicon content in the human body is 6 – 7 g, and the only absorbable form is orthosilicic acid. The average daily requirement of the body for this element is in the range of 20 to 40 mg, whose diet does not fully provide. In addition, the silicon content in the body decreases with age, so there is a need for its supplementation.
There are many liquid, gel, and spray diet supplements available that vary in concentration and silicon compound. The aim of the research was to determine the content of orthosilicic acid in liquid diet supplements. Thirteen preparations were selected for the study, in which concentration of available silicon was determined by a spectrophotometric method. This method was based on reaction in the acidic environment of dissociated silicon with ammonium molybdate.
Among the selected products, the highest concentration of available silicon form was obtained for pharmaceuticals composed of choline stabilized orthosilicic acid, which is in the range of 50-2000 ppm. However, its concentration in preparations containing monomethylsilanetriol (MMST) did not exceed 50 ppm.
Keywords: chemical sciences, orthosilicic acid, Uv-Vis spectroscopy
Experimental investigations on electrorheological properties of lubricating oils containing ionic liquid. Part 2. Testing in dielectric spectroscopy
Authors: Juda Jarosław , Kałdoński Tomasz Jan , Kałdoński Tadeusz , Mrukiewicz Mateusz
Published: December 2020

The paper presents the results of investigations of two mixtures and their ingredients i.e. base
insulating oils and ionic liquids as electrically active additives using, so called, dielectric spectroscopy.
In part 1 of the study [1], the ER effect was found in both mixtures when they were subjected to an
external constant electric field with the intensity of E ≤ 0.2 kV·mm–1. However, the electrorheological
effect was short-lived and unique on the same liquid sample, which suggested significant changes in
its internal structure. Using the HP 4192 A Hewlett Packard impedance analyzer, the variability of
their dielectric constans (), as well as the resistance (R) and the conductivity (σ), as a function of the
frequency (f) of the constant electric field BIAS-u (DC) was assessed for different values of the applied
voltage (U). Repeated tests were also carried out on the same samples of mixtures to observe how the
originally applied BIAS field affects the further behavior of the liquid in the electric field. Based on
the results of the research, the basis for confirming the symptoms of changes in the internal structure
of mixtures, resulting, from the action of an external electric field, leading to the disappearance of the
ER effect was obtained. In order to recognize the mechanism of disappearance of the ER effect, in situ
microscopic tests of the prepared mixtures, subjected to an external electric field, will be carried out.
Keywords: electrorheological effect, lubricating oils, ionic liquids, dielectric spectroscopy
Operational decontamination
Authors: Harmata Władysław
Published: December 2020

The paper describes the operational decontamination as a system for protection of troops in case of threat of contamination in functional and task-related terms. A critical analysis of technical equipment and post-contamination procedures is presented.
Keywords: nuclear, biological and chemical defence, decontamination, disinfection, deactivation
PRESCHOOL AS THE SPACE OF INFORMAL PEER EDUCATION
Authors: Sławińska Małgorzata
Published: December 2020

Preschool is the first institution in the Polish system of education that exhibits educational character. Apart from activities teachers engage them in, following the curriculum, children learn from one another through peer interaction. The aim of the following article is to present characteristic features of the preschool environment as the context for informal peer learning of children. From the group of factors that condition learning we discuss: material surrounding of the preschool, daily schedule, parental expectations as well as selected official documents and internal (unofficial) regulations for such institutions, among other things. Critical analysis of the aforementioned elements shows the pre-school surrounding, both in social and physical sense, as the untapped potential in the learning process of kindergarten pupils.
ANALYSIS OF THE EDUCATION PROCESS IN CATEGORIES OF COMMUNICATION ACTS
Authors: Pęczkowski Ryszard
Published: December 2020

In the article, I undertake an analysis of the education process carried out at the level of early school education, taking into account the assessment criteria of acts of communication in the form of interrogative statements. In my considerations, I refer to the results of research conducted over a period of over twenty years, limiting myself to one, but at the same time the basic aspect of the given problem – the frequency of questions formulated by teachers and students of grades 1–3. Furthermore, I am trying to answer the question whether the curriculum reforms of the Polish education system, carried out since 1999, had or still have an impact on the implementation of the educational process in everyday school practice.
EDUCATIONAL AND PROFESSIONAL ASPIRATIONS OF THE YOUTH INCLUSIVE CLASSES
Authors: Jaglarz Ewa , Sikorski Jacek
Published: December 2020

This article is an attempt to show the educational and professional aspirations students attending integration classes. The first part of the article focuses on the issues of aspiration and contains their basic definitions, demonstrates the types and conditions defining their development. The second part presents the methodology of own research and their results. Based on the analysis, it is concluded that the young people shows aspirations relating to education and future professional work. In spite of the fact that the respondents are characterized by a varied attitude to schooling, most of them show the aspiration to obtain higher education. In addition to educational aspirations, the subjects also demonstrate their willingness to start working even during the planned studies. Work should be undemanding, with little responsibility calm, which would, however guarantee high earnings and satisfaction. The results of research on the aspirations and intentions of young people at the dawn of their adult life, from the point of view of counseling practice, may become an indispensable determinant of organizing and planning the further path of education.
Passenger exchange point modification in the urban transport system as response to current threats - Covid-19
Authors: Skrobot Katarzyna
Published: December 2020

The article attempts to solve the necessity to introduce changes to the public transport system regarding passenger exchange points to increase the safety of people traveling with public transport. ZTM, which is servicing urban bus transport in Warsaw, needs to implement necessary elements very urgently to avoid the coronavirus pandemic's adverse effects. As the virus spreads rapidly, it is essential to propose solutions that will increase travelers' safety and increase public transport capacity. It is necessary to modify and extend the bus stop's functionality as a passenger exchange point with disinfection elements and ensure that people can only enter the bus after disinfection.
Vorstandshaftung und Vertraulichkeit
Authors: Pauschinger Philipp
Published: December 2020

May breaches of duty by members of the board of directors remain confidential? This is often the only way to avoid further damage to the company. However, appropriate information is a prerequisite for shareholders to be able to exercise their rights in the context of board liability. In this context Philipp Pauschinger examines the duties to provide information under stock corporation law and develops a system of tiered shareholder information based on the reporting obligations of the supervisory board, accounting regulations, the shareholders' right to ask questions in the general meeting and the report of the special auditor. In a further step, he shows how this system strengthens the liability of the executive bodies in the company's interest.
Babylon oder Blase? Die Brüsseler EU-Kommunikationskultur
Authors: Plavec Jan Georg
Published: December 2020

What’s wrong with political communication in the EU? Should Brussels be seen as a bubble or rather as a kind of modern Babylon? This is the first study to analyse the communication culture in Brussels. Based on a survey of more than 300 EU politicians and correspondents, it assesses the basic attitudes of the elites at the core of the EU’s communication processes. The study reveals a surprisingly high level of shared beliefs among Brussels-based politicians and journalists, and analyses the structures which—contrary to these findings—stand in the way of stronger Europeanisation of political communication in the EU. The results indicate new ways to tackle the EU’s long-bemoaned shortcomings with regard to communication.
Kollektivverträge im EU-Betriebsübergangsrecht
Authors: Klengel Ernesto
Published: December 2020

Betriebsübergänge sind im Wirtschaftsleben weit verbreitet. Inwiefern für den Erwerber eines Betriebs Kollektivverträge gelten, hängt von Faktoren wie der Tarifbindung oder der Auslegung von Bezugnahmeklauseln ab. Die Beurteilung der Rechtslage begegnet oft Schwierigkeiten. Nachdem sich der EuGH mehrfach mit dem Fragenkomplex befasst hat, ist die Zeit für eine rechtliche Standortbestimmung gekommen. Prägend für das Kollektivvertragsrecht ist das Machtungleichgewicht im Arbeitsverhältnis. Aufbauend auf dieser Erkenntnis werden Grundfragen wie die Einordnung von Bezugnahmeklauseln, die Anwendbarkeit der EU-Grundrechtecharta auf günstiges nationales Recht, das soziale Defizit der EU-Grundlagenverträge sowie des Verbot des Rechtsmissbrauchs behandelt.
Wohlfahrtspflegerische Leistungen von säkularen Migrantenorganisationen in Deutschland, unter Berücksichtigung der Leistungen für Geflüchtete
Authors: Halm Dirk , Sauer Martina , Naqshband Saboura , Nowicka Magdalena
Published: December 2020

The institutionalized inclusion of the Freie Wohlfahrtspflege in state social policy is not only a special feature of the political system in Germany, but is also seen as a model of success. This study examines social services provided by migrant organizations in terms of their scope, quality, and the conditions of provision.
Advancements in Deep Learning Theory and Applications: Perspective in 2020 and beyond
Authors: Nazmus Saadat Md , Shuaib Muhammad
Published: December 2020

The aim of this chapter is to introduce newcomers to deep learning, deep learning platforms, algorithms, applications, and open-source datasets. This chapter will give you a broad overview of the term deep learning, in context to deep learning machine learning, and Artificial Intelligence (AI) is also introduced. In Introduction, there is a brief overview of the research achievements of deep learning. After Introduction, a brief history of deep learning has been also discussed. The history started from a famous scientist called Allen Turing (1951) to 2020. In the start of a chapter after Introduction, there are some commonly used terminologies, which are used in deep learning. The main focus is on the most recent applications, the most commonly used algorithms, modern platforms, and relevant open-source databases or datasets available online. While discussing the most recent applications and platforms of deep learning, their scope in future is also discussed. Future research directions are discussed in applications and platforms. The natural language processing and auto-pilot vehicles were considered the state-of-the-art application, and these applications still need a good portion of further research. Any reader from undergraduate and postgraduate students, data scientist, and researchers would be benefitted from this.
The Effects of Curved Blade Turbine on the Hydrodynamic Structure of a Stirred Tank
Authors: Ben Amira Bilel , Ammar Mariem , Kaffel Ahmad , Driss Zied , Salah Abid Mohamed
Published: December 2020

This work is aimed at studying the hydrodynamic structure in a cylindrical stirred vessel equipped with an eight-curved blade turbine. Flow fields were measured by two-dimensional particle image velocimetry (PIV) to evaluate the effect of the curved blade turbine. Velocity field, axial and radial velocity distribution, root mean square (rms) of the velocity fluctuations, vorticity, and turbulent kinetic energy were presented. Therefore, two recirculation loops were formed close to the free surface and in the bottom of the tank. Moreover, the highest value area of the vorticity is localized in the upper region of the tank which follows the same direction of the first circulation loop. The turbulent kinetic energy is maximum at the blade tip following the trailing vortices.
Emerging Compounds in Mexico: Challenges for Their Identification and Elimination in Wastewater
Authors: Gustavo Ronderos-Lara José , Saldarriaga-Noreña Hugo , Guillermo Reyes-Romero Pedro , Alberto Chávez-Almazán Luis , Vergara-Sánchez Josefina , Alfonso Murillo-Tovar Mario , Torres-Segundo César
Published: December 2020

In recent years, the presence of organic pollutants has received great attention due to their effects on public health and biota. Within this set of compounds, a new range of compounds that are characterized by their high persistence and low degradation have been identified, called Emerging Compounds. Emerging pollutants include a wide variety of products for daily use of different structures, domestic and industrial applications, such as: pesticides, industrial and personal hygiene products, hormones, and drugs, most of which are toxic, persistent and bioaccumulative. A characteristic of these types of pollutants is that current wastewater treatment plants are unable to remove them; they are designed to remove organic matter and nutrients in higher concentrations. In Mexico there is little information on the concentration levels of these compounds, due to the lack of public policies aimed at providing resources to institutions and researchers trained to carry out this type of study. On the other hand, the technological infrastructure of the wastewater treatment plants is insufficient for the country’s demand. This situation represents one of the greatest challenges for the authorities responsible for the management of water resources, in the immediate time if it is intended to preserve said resource and therefore take care of the health of the population.
Study of Monogenic Volcanism in a Karstic System: Case of the Maar of Lechmine n’Aït el Haj (Middle Atlas, Morocco)
Authors: Mountaj Sara , Mhiyaoui Hassan , Remmal Toufik , Makhoukhi Samira , El Kamel Fouad
Published: December 2020

The Lechmine n’Aït el Haj maar (LNH) is a mixed phreatomagmatic-strombolian vent located in the Causse of the Middle Atlas. The application of tephrostratigraphic, and geophysical studies to the volcaniclastic deposits allowed interpreting the volcanic dynamics of this volcano set up during the Quaternary. Pyroclastic deposits allow us to understand the chronology of the eruptions. These are organized in four eruptive phases. The basal sequences are phreatomagmatic, followed by a strombolian unit. The last activity of LNH is phreatomagmatic. The structural analysis revealed a localized distension signed by fracture geometry, the mixed nature of the volcanism, tectonic markers, and the mechanisms of syn-eruptive tectonics. This subsidence, controlled by the NW-SE to WNW-ESE directions tends towards a strike-slip regime fault NE–SW during the phreatomagmatic-strombolian transition. The latter is favored by the position of the LNH volcano on the path of faults of cryptokarstic origin. The LNH maar is one of numerous well preserved monogenic volcanoes of the Causse of the Middle Atlas. The appropriation of this geoheritage is very important for tourism and territorial development of the region.
A Meta-Analysis of Modifications of Root System Traits of Crop Plants to Potassium (K) Deprivation
Authors: Oscar Yawson David , Kusi Amoah Kwadwo , Agu Asare Paul , Techie-Menson Josiah , Afutu Emmanuel , Atiah Kofi , Kwabena Sanleri Azure , Asare-Larbi Samuel , Osei Adu Michael
Published: December 2020

Unlike nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P), morphological responses of root systems of crop plants to potassium (K) dynamics in soils or growth media are only gaining currency. This is due to the realization of the instrumental role of K in several cellular and tissue level processes crucial for the growth, stress tolerance, metabolic functions, and yield of crop plants, and ultimately, food security and sustainable agriculture. This chapter used meta-analysis to synthesize the pooled evidence for modifications in several root system traits of different crop plants under conditions of K starvation in different growth media. In all, 37 studies that passed inclusion/exclusion criteria, from 1969 to 2019, were analyzed in aggregate and then disaggregated for root biomass, root length, and the number of roots. Three moderators were analyzed: type of soil or growth medium, crop, and K fertilizer applied in the included studies. The aggregated results show that the cumulative effect of K deprivation was a significant and large reduction (about 25.5 ± 15.0%) in the bulk of root system traits considered, which was slightly lower than the reduction in shoot- or yield-related traits. Reductions of approximately 38 ± 38.0% in root biomass and 23.2 ± 18.6% in root length were observed, and the magnitudes of reduction were comparable to those observed from the disaggregated data. Though reductions in root system traits due to K starvation occurred under both greenhouse/lab and field conditions, the cumulative reduction in the former was significantly larger than that of the latter. Among the moderators, the effect of type of soil (or growth media) and crop on the scale of modification of root system traits to K deprivation are stronger compared to the effect of type of K fertilizer applied. It is concluded that, overall, K deprivation leads to significant reductions in root system traits, especially root biomass and length in soils and perlite regardless of the type of K fertilizer applied. Attention should be given to K management in cropping systems to avoid K starvation, especially at the early and vegetative stages, and to improve K reserves in soils. Further attention should be given to the responses of root system traits to K supply when matching crops to soils.
Sage Philosophy and Critical Thinking
Authors: Presbey Gail ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

In critical thinking we learn the importance of being fair, and opening up closed and biased minds. In practical philosophy we must learn how to find our happiness in a world where others act with evil intentions. In contemporary Kenya one major challenge is how to react to those who might use witchcraft to try to harm oneself or one’s family. Regardless of whether witchcraft is “real” or not, it is possible to discern the root cause of witchcraft practices as due to jealousy and selfishness. By addressing the root problem, cases of witchcraft practice will diminish. The paper uses Kenyan philosopher Odera Oruka’s “sage philosophy” methodology, to interview rural sages who have reputations as being wise in their communities, so that professional philosophers can learn from their wisdom. For example, Saulo Namianya sees his role as helping to “level tongues” that had been high-pitched in their anger, so that people can discern the cause of a dispute and have it resolved. Adala Otuko emphasizes controlling one’s fear when one first sights a charm. Ngaimarish ole Mulo explains how to encourage parties who are sparring with each other to stop and consider the perspective of the other party. The sages are shown to be wise counselors who encourage critical thinking in their communities.
An Application of Kierkegaard’s Philosophy of Freedom to Psychotherapy and Philosophical Counseling
Authors: Spivak Leslie ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

Kierkegaard’s philosophical writings in the area of human freedom have great explanatory powers and strong relevance for philosophical counseling and psychotherapy. This paper will explore those principles that have a bearing on helping people deal with life’s issues. Freedom is an overarching term that encompasses many concepts. All of these concepts, in turn, describe different manifestations of the self. The self is central to Kierkegaard’s philosophy of freedom. He describes the self in dynamic and structural terms and by levels of consciousness. Despair is a key concept in this philosophy; it is a deep level of anxiety that signals whether the self is moving forward in freedom, or withdrawing into unfreedom. A case study will be used to exemplify these concepts within a psychother­peutic milieu.
The Future of Practical Philosophy
Authors: Taylor James Stacey ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

Over the last two decades the practice of applied philosophy has undergone re­surgence. It is now common for philosophers to sit on ethics committees in hospitals, or to provide ethical advice to businesses, and many universities and colleges now offer courses in practical philosophy. Despite this, practical philosophy is subject to increasing criticism, with persons charging that (1) it is philosophically shallow, and (2) it has little to offer persons grappling with concrete ethical problems, either because (a) its techniques or too removed from such problems, or (b) because ethical theory is too abstract. In this paper I develop responses to these criticisms, and offer suggestions as to how practical philosophy should be developed.
The Future of Practical Philosophy: a Reply to Taylor
Authors: Zinaich, Jr. Samuel ,   National Philosophical Counseling Association
Published: December 2020

This response to Taylor’s paper, “The Future of Applied Philosophy” (also includ­ed in this issue) describes Taylor’s understanding of the problems that practical philosophy faces; describes Taylor’s responses to these problems, and offers criticisms of his arguments.
Premier signalement en France du Barbeau de Graells Luciobarbus graellsii (Steindachner, 1866) (Actinopterygii, Cypriniformes)
Authors: MASSEBOEUF Fabrice , DOADRIO Ignacio , DENYS Gaël P. J.
Published: December 2020

Un Barbeau de Graells Luciobarbus graellsii (Steindachner, 1866) a été capturé pour la première fois sur l’Egurguy, un affluent de l’Irati (bassin de l’Ebre), au lieu-dit de Nekez Egina (commune de Lecumberry) dans les Pyrénées-Atlantiques. Il s’agit du premier signalement de cette espèce en France jusque-là connue uniquement en Espagne, et donc de la troisième espèce de Barbeau dans le référentiel taxonomique français.
Immunophenotypic Characterization of Germ Cell Tumor–Derived Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors: Evidence for Frequent Neuronal and/or Glial Differentiation
Authors: Magers Martin J. , Perrino Carmen M. , Ulbright Thomas M. , Idrees Muhammad T.
Published: December 2020

Context.—

Primitive neuroectodermal tumors (PNETs) may arise as a somatic-type malignancy in germ cell tumors. In this setting, most PNETs resemble those of the central nervous system and lack chromosome 22 translocations. However, description of the morphologic and differentiation spectrum of PNETs arising from germ cell tumors is lacking.

Objective.—

To investigate the morphologic and immunohistochemical features of these tumors, concentrating on neuronal and glial features.

Design.—

We selected cases based on a morphologically identifiable glial and/or differentiated neuronal component in association with the undifferentiated PNET. Immunohistochemistry for glial fibrillary acidic protein, S100 protein, synaptophysin, chromogranin A, and SOX11 was performed on tumors with available material, with the scoring of both staining intensity (0–3) and extent (0–3). Thirteen qualifying PNETs of testicular origin with available immunohistochemical stains or stainable material were identified. The complete stain panel was performed in 10 tumors.

Results.—

SOX11 demonstrated positive staining in the undifferentiated PNET component of all tumors (10 of 10) and was rarely positive in the differentiated (ie, neuronal/glial) component (1 of 10; focal and weak); synaptophysin was slightly less sensitive in the undifferentiated component (12 of 13; often focal and weak) and also showed positivity in the neuronal/glial component (5 of 13). Glial fibrillary acidic protein and S100 were more frequently positive in the differentiated areas (83% and 77%, respectively) compared with undifferentiated areas (25% and 17%, respectively).

Conclusions.—

SOX11 is a sensitive immunohistochemical marker for testicular PNET, particularly those lacking differentiation. Testicular PNETs often demonstrate glial and/or neuronal differentiation. Differentiation is marked by the acquisition of S100 and glial fibrillary acidic protein expression and SOX11 loss.
Changing Trends in Dermatopathology Case Complexity: A 9-Year Academic Center Experience
Authors: Stagner Anna M. , Tahan Steven R. , Nazarian Rosalynn M.
Published: December 2020

Context.—

Pathology case volume and complexity impact clinical service burden, staffing, and reimbursement, particularly in an academic setting.

Objective.—

To investigate dermatopathology case complexity by using indicators of challenging cases, which require increased clinical service effort.

Design.—

A retrospective review was performed of dermatopathology cases during a 9-year period at a tertiary care academic center. A subset of cases was analyzed for which extractable data were available. Cases requiring the following metrics of complexity were identified: rush processing, consensus agreement, performance of immunohistochemistry, use of special histochemical stains, use of immunofluorescence, examination of additional tissue levels, review of a prior case, addition of an explanatory note, presence of multiple specimen parts, and use of intradepartmental consultation.

Results.—

A total of 8173 cases were reviewed. During the same 3-month period of the year, there was a statistically significant increase in use of rush processing/interpretation, consensus review, number of cases requiring immunostains, special stains, levels, and an explanatory note, and cases reviewed by other subspecialists in the department from 2010 to 2019.

Conclusions.—

This study shows an increasing trend in dermatopathology case complexity, suggesting that overall clinical service efforts have increased. These findings may inform clinical service staffing and reimbursement.
Base para las Políticas de Educación Superior en la región fronteriza Uruguay-Brasil
Authors: Traversa Tejero Ignacio Pablo , Alvez Juan Francisco Xavier , Stoll Rodrigo Garcia , Monteblanco Jorge Rodríguez
Published: December 2020

Esta pesquisa faz uma consulta à população binacional sobre suas demandas em relação a cursos de ensino superior, com base na hipotética possibilidade de ausência de consultas prévias e democráticas sobre os desejos de uma população fronteiriça distante do centralismo da capital. Os dados de campo foram relativos ao grau de conhecimento que os residentes têm sobre a existência de universidades públicas e seus cursos oferecidos, bem como sobre os programas de graduação que eles gostariam de ser ofrecidos na região. Conclui-se que o grau de conhecimento das universidades varia muito: entre 93% e 35%, o conhecimento do total de cursos oferecidos varia entre 15,1% e 0,5%. Dos dez cursos mais solicitados, seis estão sendo cobertos no presente. Como conseqüência, uma parte da população em condição de ingreso à universidade, deve migrar para outras cidades distantes.
Assédio moral nas organizações: uma análise sobre a precarização do trabalho e sua abordagem midiática
Authors: Salgado Bruna Pfeiffer
Published: December 2020

Diante de um cenário social e político em que a sociedade está e focada apenas no lucro e nas questões objetivas da rotina profissional, faz-se necessário compreender como as organizações lidam com a saúde mental de sua força de trabalho. Surge, também, a importância de avaliar como a mídia aborda, veicula e discursa sobre esse tema com foco na acentuação da precarização das condições de trabalho.
O ser themonia na Amazônia: discussões sobre identidade e performance no cenário drag de Belém do Pará
Authors: Vieira Manuela do Corral , Luz Matheus Henrique Cardoso
Published: December 2020

Este trabalho busca ampliar as discussões envolvendo identidade e performance sob uma perspectiva etnográfica no cenário drag da cidade de Belém do Pará. A pesquisa analisou as construções singulares das expressões drag themonia, a partir de diálogos com as questões de gênero e as experiências e usos do corpo como meio de manifestação do sujeito em esfera estética, social e política.