bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Representative Design and Probabilistic Theory in a Functional Psychology [1955] In Defense of Probabilistic Functionalism: A Reply [1955]
Authors: Hammond Kenneth R
Published: November 2023

In July 1955, a strange event at the University of California at Berkeley marked the further development of the Brunswik story. A panel of scholars was assembled to criticize the work of one of their contemporaries, and a large audience assembled to hear them do it. At this conference of the Unity of Science Institute, Brunswik would put forward a summary of his views, a panel of his peers (the psychologists Ernest Hilgard, David Krech, and Leon Postman and the philosopher Herbert Feigl) would criticize them, and then he would offer a rebuttal. That was not the only event at this meeting, but it was a major event among this group of philosophers of science.
Probability as a Determiner of Rat Behavior [1939]
Authors: Brunswik Egon , Doherty Michael E
Published: November 2023

This is a commentary on Brunswik’s 1939 paper “Probability as a Determiner of Rat Behavior.” What a delicious paradox in that title! Probability as a Determiner! Did a sly smile cross Brunswik’s countenance when, as he cast about for a title, he first juxtaposed the words probability and deter miner? The goal of this commentary is to place that paper in the context of the times when it was written, to situate it in the wider context of Brunswik’s comprehensive theory and method, and to reach outside his work to assess its place in the larger context of the study of behavior.
“Ratiomorphic” Models of Perception and Thinking [1955]
Authors: Goldstein William M , Wright John H
Published: November 2023

The items reprinted in this volume by Brunswik (1955b), Leeper (1955) and Murphy (1955), are abstracts of papers presented at a symposium on “The Relation of the Person to His Environment/’ held in Montreal at the 1954 meetings of the International Congress of Psychology.1 In his contribution, Brunswik reported some of his theoretical and empirical work on central psychological responses and processes, emphasizing (1) that flexible and rule-like strategies of integrating information could be distinguished by the distributions of judgments; (2) that “perception” and “thinking” might be found to correspond with these two strategies of integration; and (3) that “perception” and “thinking” could both be conceived of as special cases of a larger category of processes he described as “ratiomorphic.” We will discuss this work in four sections. First, we will consider how Brunswik’s research on central processes might appear to conflict with his general disapproval of an “encapsulated” psychology that focuses exclusively on internal processes. We will show that despite some appearances to the contrary, Brunswik’s mature framework was not hostile to studies of internal process if they were conducted “properly.” Second, we will explicate Brunswik’s conceptual distinction between the processing strategies, the logic behind his empirical method for distinguishing between them, and his reason for proposing an overarching category of ratiomorphic processes. Third, we will briefly review Brunswik’s empirical and theoretical work on the strategies underlying, and the interactions between, “perception” and “thinking.” Fourth, we will relate Brunswik’s work to research that he influenced directly as a progenitor and that he anticipated as a precursor.
Application of the Lens Model to the Evaluation of Professional Performance
Authors: Hogge James H
Published: November 2023

The evaluation of professional performance, whether formal or informal, quantitative or qualitative, requires the formation of global judgments of overall performance based upon several indicators (i.e., aspects of performance). For example, reviews of the performance of university faculty by administrators responsible for determining annual salary increases traditionally are based on information about scholarly productivity, quality of teaching, and service in other ways both inside and outside the university. In addition, similar criteria are typically considered by university pro motion and tenure committees. Although both evaluators and evaluees recognize that the evalualion of professional performance is a value-laden process, explication of those values is usually haphazard at best and inadequate for effective communication among participants. What is needed is an analytic framework within which the evaluation process can be represented and the role and nature of values can be clarified.
Understanding the Effects of Psychiatric Drugs on Social Judgment
Authors: Gillis John
Published: November 2023

Editors’ Note: Although this article was originally published in 1980, we reprint it here with minor editorial revisions because it demonstrates the broad scope and practical application of Brunswikian theory and method.1 The research reaches far beyond the conventional experimental-control method that is focused on determining the effect of a variable to analyze important psychological functions in terms of the idio graphic-statistical method that focuses on individual behavior. Even the topics being studied-interpersonal learning and interpersonal conflict among psychotic individuals-had never before been investigated, nor have they since, in spite of the fact that Gillis showed how valuable the lens model and its expansion are for this purpose. One might say that just as the experimental psychologists ignored the significance of Brunswik’s ideas for their field, so the clinical psychologists have ignored his ideas-the practicality and productivity of which are here demonstrated by Gillis-for their field. This chapter concerns the application of Brunswik’s theory and method to the evaluation of the effects of psychoactive drugs on cognition, particularly social judgment. Although psychiatric drug effects were not among the research issues to which Brunswik gave attention (indeed, he might have been surprised had the relevance of his ideas to this problem been sug gested to him), his ideas structured this entire research enterprise, and much of what was learned about these drugs could not have been easily discovered without them.
An Application of the Lens Model to Guidance and Counseling of Adolescents
Authors: Sastre Marfa Teresa Munoz , Duponchelle Ludovic
Published: November 2023

The application of Brunswikian theory is aimed at helping teenagers become aware of (1) the relationships between their job aspirations and expectations, and certain classic determinants of job aspirations and expectations such as prestige, income, and job opportunities; (2) the internal structure of their system of occupational representations; (3) the strong and weak points in their system of information about jobs; and (4) possible conflicts in values or discordance between aspirations and expectations. It can also be used to foster dialogue and greater understanding be tween parents and students (or classmates) with respect to career guidance.
The Genre of the Letter to the Romans
Authors: Bryan Christopher
Published: November 2023

With that quotation I began my book A Preface to Mark, and with it, or, at least, with the question that it implies, I would begin any serious study of any piece of literature—particularly the literature of another age and culture. Lewis was posing the question of what critics of the written word like to refer to as “genre.” Why is genre important? Briefly, because it is a tool of meaning. When we look at posters outside a cinema and see one of them advertising “romantic comedy” while another offers “a tense thriller,” we expect the movies in question to be somewhat different from each other, and we are generally right. If we know the genre of a work of art, we have an important clue as to what it is supposed to be about, and the manner in which we are expected to receive it. Of course it is true (as critics and commentators unwilling to pursue seriously the question of genre never tire of saying) that the church kept and treasured Romans because of its distinctive qualities, rather than its conformity to any particular rhetorical or literary canon.
The Commerce of Images and Adventist Piety
Authors: Morgan David
Published: November 2023

From its inception during the Millerite period to its reinstitution among Adventists after the failure of the Second Coming of Christ to occur as Miller had predicted, the prophetic chart became a proudly displayed mark of difference. This is not surprising when we remember that Millerism developed an oppositional consciousness as it was attacked by Protestant orthodoxy. Charles Fitch, who had designed the most popular chart in 1842, undertook in the summer of 1843 his “Out of Babylon” crusade, which drove a wedge between the Protestant mainstream and the Adventist movement (much to Miller’s regret).1 By 1844 the chart served to distinguish insider from outsider, as the daughter of Millerite preacher Joseph Marsh recalled when she wrote in 1886, about the charts covering the walls of her childhood home, that “those realistic conceptions of the supernatural bewilder[ed] one uninitiated in their mysteries.”2 Adventist imagery and charts often appeared at the intersection of conflict. A major assault on Millerite doctrine by the Baptist pastorJohn Dowling, which was reprinted on the front page of a New York Tribune extra, included a reproduction of a chart, “Daniel’s Visions,” first published in the Midnight Cry (fig. 69).3 Opponents seized on the Millerite imagery as a means of public identification and ridicule of Millerite beliefs. One broadside lampooning Miller as the “high priest of Millerism” preaching at the East Kingston, New Hampshire, camp meeting in June and July of 1842 (where Fitch also presented the painted chart) included the tenhorned beast representing pagan Rome.
Lyric Enthymemes
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

As Bruno Gentili and others have noted, the ancient world’s conception of poetry entails a number of assumptions that generally have been foreign, even antithetical, to modem thought. These include a presumption that poetry is public discourse and that, as such, it is most distinctly or primarily something to be performed in social or civic spaces—such as community festivals, male or female “clubs” with their political and ritual functions, or banquets and symposia—and that, like oratory, poetry is therefore also deeply embedded in the psychology and the performance conditions of an oral, speaker-audience transaction that is best understood as a rhetorical encounter. Even private reading or reading in libraries, insofar as it was conventionally understood and practiced as reading aloud with appropriate intonation (or in other words, oral interpretation), was at base a practice of mimetically recreating or approximating the performance, and the situation of performance, embodied in a poetic text.
A “Truest Paradigm for Western Lyric”
Authors: Walker Jeffrey
Published: November 2023

Iemphasize, again, that my purpose thus far has not been to reconstruct a specifically Aristotelian concept of “enthymeme.” Rather, my point is that, between the perspectives offered by Sophocles’ apparently common usage of the word enthymêma, the more technical, sophistic usage operative in lsocrates and Anaximenes, and Aristotle’s reception and emendation of those usages, we can reconstruct a general notion of enthymematic argument—one that is less constricting than the conventional modern reception of “enthymeme” as “incomplete, truncated, probabilistic syllogism,” with “syllogism” understood to mean the sort of thing that appears in logic textbooks. Indeed, the process of “in-thymatic” reasoning, on which enthymematic argument depends, is arguably more basic to human cognition than either the “syllo-gism” as defined by logic or the essentially propositional structures of practical reasoning described by Stephen Toulmin. Both can, in fact, be understood as specialized applications of a deeper, more basic enthymematic process.
Midnight in Calcutta
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

On July 17, 1947, acting on the advice of India’ s prime minister-in waiting, Jawaharlal Nehru, and the consent of Pakistan’ s governor-general to-be M. A. Jinnah, Viceroy Lord Mountbatten won his government’ s final approval to partition Punjab and Bengal along religious lines prior to Great Britain’ s withdrawal from India. Their plan to carve up British India was never approved of or accepted by Gandhi, however, who realized too late that his closest comrades and disciples were more interested in power than principle, and that his own vision had long been clouded by the illusion that the struggle he led for India’ s freedom was a nonviolent one.
Victory through Suffering
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

“The substance of the proposed settlement was that the Indians should register voluntarily, and not under any law,” Gandhi explained. On January 30, 1908, the superintendent of police took him to meet General Smuts. They had a good talk, Smuts congratulating him on the Indian community’ s having “remained firm” even after Gandhi’ s imprisonment. Gandhi then caught the next train back to Johannesburg and went directly to inform his friends of the agreement, suggesting that a meeting should be called. It was held on the grounds of the mosque that very night and despite the short notice nearly a thousand Indians turned up.
Postwar Carnage and Nationwide Satyagraha
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

In sending copies of his pledge to the press, Gandhi wrote that this was “probably the most momentous[step] in the history of India.” Gandhi went to Delhi in early March for a last meeting with the viceroy. Neither man changed the other’ s mind. “An Englishman will not be argued into yielding....[H]e recognizes moral force and ... perhaps even against his will, yields to it. It is this moral force we are employing and, if it is genuinely moral, we shall win.”
Rising of the Poison
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Devastating floods washed away entire subdistricts of Gujarat that August, turning once fecund fields into a “howling wilderness.”Shocked though he was by the flood, Gandhi never lost his equanimity, recalling Lord Krishna’ s admonition to Arjuna that “what is unavoidable thou shouldst not regret.”3 To Gandhi this flood was, moreover, but a prelude to “the final deluge. None need doubt it....[A]ll of us are condemned to death the moment we are born.”Vallabhbhai Patel led the relief work in flooded Nadiad and wired to reassure Gandhi that he need not personally risk a relapse by coming to join the massive depressing effort to salvage ruined villages.
From Prison to London and Back
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

“Idealism sometimes causes pain, but a human being without idealism is like a brute,” Gandhi wrote from prison. “Our highest duty is to see that our idealism takes the right direction.” In June, before he too was jailed, Motilal Nehru was interviewed by the London Daily Herald’ s George Slo combe, who asked what terms he required to attend a Round Table Conference. “We must be masters in our own household,” Motilal replied, insisting that India’ s Congress would only meet Britain now “nation to nation on an equal footing.”
War and Peaceful Resistance
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

The outbreak of World War II served to galvanize and reunite the Congress in opposition to British imperial rule. The viceroy’ s autocratic declaration of war, without consulting any Congress leader, infuriated Nehru and led to Subhas Bose’ s resignation. The Working Committee met in Wardha from September 10 to 14, electing Rajendra Prasad as its new president. Nehru took the lead in drafting the Congress resolution on the war, inviting Great Britain first to declare unequivocally that its “war aims” included freedom and democracy for India, after which India would cooperate fully in the global struggle against fascism and Na zism.1 Gandhi personally had argued for a wholly nonviolent response, but he had won little support, silently bowing to Nehru’ s militant majority position. Bose started his own Forward Bloc party, which openly favored the Axis powers, leading to Subhas’ s arrest and his subsequent daring escape through Afghanistan to Berlin, and from there to Japan.
No Peace
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Viceroy Wavell tried to lure Congress and Muslim League leaders into his administration, thereby launching the last phase of Britain’ s devolution of power prior to granting independence. His broadcast in mid-June 1945, unveiling the plan he’ d been hatching since his appointment, revealed his political naivete. He proposed a new Executive Council with an equal number of “caste Hindus and Muslims,” functioning under the 1935 Constitution. Under his plan only the viceroy and commander in chief would remain Englishmen.
Walking Alone
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

On the eve of his Noakhali pilgrimage, Gandhi was told of murderous riots by Bihar’ s Hindu majority against Muslims in “retaliation” for the at tacks against Hindu women in Eastern Bengal. “Bihar of my dreams seems to have falsified them,” he wrote just before leaving Calcutta for his rural pilgrimage. “A bad act of one party is no justification for a similar act by the opposing party.”2 Bengal’ s Chief Minister Suhrawardy had intended to accompany Gandhi to Noakhali but was detained by urgent business in Calcutta; he sent his Labour minister to facilitate Gandhi’ s journey. They traveled East initially by rail and boat, stopping to allow Gandhi to talk with refugees and villagers along the way. “Let us turn our wrath against ourselves,” he told Hindus gathered to hear him at every stop.3 His mantra for this pilgrimage was “Do or Die.”
Freedom’ s Wooden Loaf
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Nehru and Patel told Gandhi “that my reading of the situation is wrong and peace is sure to return if partition is agreed upon.” He sensed they feared that he had “deteriorated with age.” He remained certain, however, of the monstrous tragedy awaiting them all on that mine-strewn road of division. “Let not the coming generations curse Gandhi for being a party to India’ s vivisection.”
Great Soul’ s Death in Delhi
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Sardar Patel and Rajkumari Amrit were waiting with several Cabinet ministers and thousands of others to greet him at old Delhi’ s jammed Shahadara Station. “After alighting from the train I found ... others equally sad. Has the city of Delhi which always appeared gay turned into a city of the dead?” Gandhi wondered, as he was driven from the station around the old city. He saw tens of thousands of squatters on the roads and in crowded dark alleys and heard horror stories in Delhi’ s Muslim university, the Jamia Millia.
His Global Legacy
Authors: Wolpert Stanley
Published: November 2023

Martin Luther King was not the first nor the only great black leader in the United States to be inspired by Gandhi's life and its message of love, hope, faith, and courage. W. E. B. Du Bois had earlier invited Gandhi to visit America on behalf of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP). "It may well be," Du Bois prophetically predicted prior to King's assassination, "that real human equality and brotherhood in the United States will come only under the leadership of another Gandhi."
Becoming A Wife
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

And I was thinking that Sparta among cities of few citizens proved to be the most powerful and famous, and I wondered in what way this had come about. When, however, I thought about the Spartans’ way of life, I no longer wondered. I admired Lycurgus, their lawgiver, whose laws they were fortunate in obeying, and I think him extremely wise. He did not imitate other cities, but thinking the opposite of most, he made his country outstandingly fortunate.
The Creation Of Mothers
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

Spartans were the only Greek mothers who were famous in antiquity qua mothers, and who served as paradigms in later periods of history. Xenophon and Plutarch are our main authorities for the exaltation of motherhood. As welltraveled, cosmopolitan reporters, they declare that nowhere else in the Greek world did the state lavish such attention on women.
Women And Religion
Authors: Pomeroy Sarah B
Published: November 2023

This chapter is devoted to the religious experiences of Spartan women. It is not an attempt to cover every aspect of each cult or divinity mentioned, nor to report all the textual and archaeological evidence unless a connection with women’s activities can be detected. The evidence is often obscure and fragmentary. In many cases, the sole source of information is a single brief definition in a Byzantine dictionary. Furthermore, the reader must be cautioned that the great majority of votives and small objects that have been excavated—disproportionately those that would illuminate women’s history—have not yet received proper scholarly attention (see Appendix). Since the ancient sources are often specific about the ages of the female participants in the cults and whether they are virgins, in this chapter we will also draw as much attention as possible to age groupings or marital status. Athletics, including nude athletics, were often connected with religion; these activities have been discussed in chapter 1.
Creating Partnerships for Collaborative Advantage
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

In the introduction, I argued that the extended enterprise is an important new unit of competition and that successful firms must be able to create partnerships with other firms in the production network. But why are production networks and inter firm partnerships so important today? Or perhaps the better question is: Why is inter firm collaboration more important today than it was in the past? Recent data show that in just the past two years there have been more than 20,000 new alliances reported worldwide.
Key Lessons for Implementing the Extended Enterprise
Authors: Dyer Jeffrey H
Published: November 2023

In the preceding chapters I carefully examined the key elements of the extended enterprises established by Toyota and Chrysler. I also described how and why Toyota and Chrysler have been able to create competitive advantages through effective collaboration with their supplier networks. Although I have attempted to provide extensive detail on the process Chrysler used to transform its adversarial supplier relationships into partnerships, executives who are intrigued by the extended enterprise concept still may have many unanswered questions.
Bingo!
Authors: Ling Michelle
Published: November 2023

It is barely 8 am on Sunday and the thick desert air is already on the edge of uncomfortably warm. Marjorie Miller stands at the front of her bungalow-style senior citizens’ apartment complex, patting her silver hair and fiddling with the gold crucifix at her breast. Her casual green polyester slacks and white sneakers fit the all-purpose dress code for Las Vegas retirees. The words “Ten Commandments,” printed on her Tshirt, peek out from her zippered sweater. She checks her watch, but not in the manner of someone who is late.She isn’t. Her bus isn’t scheduled to arrive for another fifteen minutes. “It gets here at about eight-ten. They say eight-fifteen, but it’s usually eight-ten-never after eight-twelve.
Pawnshops :Lenders Of Last Resort
Authors: Heim Joe
Published: November 2023

Anthony Bock takes an enormous bite of his cornedbeef-on-rye, pulls himself out of his chair, and begins speaking, unconcerned with the crumbs falling from his mouth and the piece of lettuce hanging from his chin. “You’re a journalist. Ask the questions. You ever interview a lawyer before?’ “You’re a lawyer?” Bock stares back at me for several seconds before answering. He is of average height and build, and his doughy white face is almost expressionless.
The Art Of The Impossible
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

Bookshelves are stuffed with volumes that expound the successes of the mind and the silicon chip. We expect science to tell us what can be done and what is to be done. Governments look to scientists to improve the quality of life and safeguard us from earlier ‘improvements’. Futurologists see no limit to human inquir,y, while social scientists see no end to the raft of problems it spawns. The contemplation by our media of science’s future path is dominated by our expectations of great interventions: cracking the human genetic code, curing all our bodily ills, manipulating the very atoms of the material universe, and, ultimately, fabricating an intelligence that exceeds our own. Human progress looks more and more like a race to manipulate the world around us on allscales, great and small.
Technological limits
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

When considering our possible futures it is easy to consider progress entirely idealistically: to think that everything that can be done will be done. We know it is not so. Western democracies have become increasingly constrained by economics. There are many great scientific investigations that we would love to embark upon, if only we had unlimited money. These questions are brought to a head occasionally when decisions have to be taken about very costly projects, when medical errors require compensation, or when disaster strikes a project like the Ariane-5 rocket launch and hundreds of millions of pounds are wasted in a split second.
Cosmological limits
Authors: Barrow John P
Published: November 2023

Cosmology is a special study: its subject is unique, its object is unique, and its means are unique. No branch of science extrapolates so far into the unknown, and no line of human inquiry is more at risk from limits of all sorts. The cosmologist must overcome the technological challenge of seeing faint objects at great distances, and succeed without many of the weapons in the scientist’s armoury.
Der Lobpreis Gottes und der Aufbau der Glaubensgemeinschaft
Authors: Schaeffler Richard
Published: November 2023

Diese allgemein-religiosen Oberzeugungen gewinnen freilich im speziell biblischen und im noch spezieller paulinischen Zusammenhang eine besondere Bedeutung. Zwar sind, um noch einmal aufJesajah zu verweisen, alle Lande der gottlichen Herrlichkeit voll; und deshalb konnen alle Geschopfe dazu aufgerufen werden, in das Gotteslob der Gemeinde einzustimmen (Ps I 03,22). Aber die “Heiden” erkennen diese Herrlichkeit nicht, sondern beten “falsche Gotter” an; und es ist eine Folge der speziellen Erwahlung des Gottesvolks, daB es aus einer Welt von “Gotzendienern” zur Erkenntnis des wahren Gottes berufen ist ( vgl. das Bekenntnis J os 24,2). Und Paulus deutet diese Verblendung der Heidenvolker, von der auch die Vorfahren des erwahlten Volkes nicht ausgenommen waren, aus der Verwechselung des Schopfers mit seinen Geschopfen (Rom 1,23). Gerade die Tatsache, daB auf allem, was ist, Gottes Herrlichkeit ihren Abglanz gefunden hat, ist also den Menschen zur Verfiihrung geworden, den Geschopfen diejenige Ehre zu erweisen, die allein Gott gebiihrt. Nur Gottes Gnade kann diejenigen, die er erwahlt hat, aus dieser Verblendung befreien. So wird, paulinisch verstanden, die allgemeine Herrschaft des Gotzendienstes zu einem Anzeichen der allgemeinen Siindhaftigkeit: “Alle haben gesiindigt und die Doxa Gottes verloren” (Rom 3,23). Und die Befahigung zur Doxologia ist Folge einer “Rechtfertigung”, die den Erwahlten erurch Christus geschenkt wird: “Die er gerechtfertigt hat, die hat er auch mit der Doxa beschenkt” (Rom 8,30).
Quelle Reconnaissance Reciproque? Les ordinations des Ref ormes suisses en perspective oecumenique
Authors: Burki Bruno
Published: November 2023

Apropos de l’agencement liturgique, ii est d’abord question de l’integration de l’ordination dans une celebration eucharistique de toute la communaute. Puis sont presentees les trois aspects constitutifs de la liturgic d’ ordination: r. L’ epiclese pour l’Esprit qui situe le ministre clans la communaute locale ct l’Eglise universelle. Elle met en evidence “l’alterite de !’initiative divine.”. Mots, gestes et formes de l’ordination sont signes de ce que Dieu agit sacramentellement en eux. On penseici a !’imposition des mains qui est accomplie avec action de grace. 3. 11 ya engagement mutuel entre l’Eglise et le nouveau ministre.
“Separated Brethren” And “Separated Sisters”:Feminist And/As Ecumenical Visions Of The Church
Authors: Berger Teresa
Published: November 2023

“Separated Sisters”-this oxymoron was coined during the Second Vatican Council, when the absence of women auditors at the Council first came to be recognized as a problem. The expression itself was modeled on a linguistic creation of Pope John XXIII, which the Council had adopted for its new ecumenical vision: Non-Roman Catholic Christians now were designated as “separated breth-ren”-a definite improvement over the previous terminology. Both these conciliar terms (“separated sisters” and “separated brethren”) witnessed to painful ecclesial fragmentations. “Separated brethren” pointed to Christians outside the confines of the Roman Catholic Church. “Separated sisters,” on the other hand, did not designate non-Roman Catholic Christian women but Roman Catholic women as “outsiders” within their own Church. The ecclesial fragmentations embodied by the “separated brethren” and the “separated sisters,” respectively, then, follow different lines. One centers on denominational divisions, while the other highlights starkly asymmetrical gender divisions as a major source of ecclesial fragmentation. In postconciliar Roman Catholic theology, the term “separated brethren” became one of the key linguistic markers for the Church’s ecumenical engagement. The “separated sisters” still await the acceptance of their status as a key issue for the unity and well-being of the Church.
Introduction
Authors: Yandell Keith E
Published: November 2023

Everyone loves a story. From epic to limerick, novel to anecdote, literary narratives entertain and engage us. From individual autobiography and biography to accounts of familial ethnic generations, narratives define communities. Myths and histories loom large in religious traditions. No one doubts the affective potency and pedagogical power of narrative.
“They Stooped to Conquer”: Cultural Vitality and the Narrative Impulse
Authors: Sanneh Lamin
Published: November 2023

Two major cultural themes helped shape the modem missionary movement and they deserve close study. One is the idea of mother tongues being at the root of the cultural narrative, and the other is vernacular scriptural translations as the motor of mother tongue literacy in Africa and elsewhere. Two further issues are the nature of Christianity as a “translated” religion linguistically, and perhaps even theologically, and the continuity of that “translation” theme into the history of the modem missionary movement. The renewal of indigenous tradition and its narrative genius is thus connected to the translation work of mission. The essentially “translatable” character of Christianity, on the one hand, and, on the other, the story of Western expansion are the two folds between which I attempt to place the African material, both to show thematic continuity for translation and contextual specificity with African materials.
Narrative Ethics and Normative Objectivity
Authors: Yandell Keith E
Published: November 2023

It is not lucid what this claim amounts to. The principle of noncontradiction tells us that for any property, thing, and time, that thing cannot both have and lack that property at that time, and that anything timeless or eternal cannot both eternally have and eternally lack any property. This expression of the principle occurs in English, in Washington, in the twentieth century, but none of those facts about its expression entails that the truth of the principle of noncontradiction is relative to when or where some expression of it occurs, and plainly it does not so depend. As Mircea Eliade is reputed to have said, “Nonsense is nonsense, even in Sanskrit.” Nor is its truth discernible only if one knows who said it, where, and when.
Jonathan Edwards Confronts The Gods
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

This is a study of how American theologian Jonathan Edwards (1703-58) battled deist arguments about revelation and God’s fairness to non-Christians. Author Gerald McDermott argues that Edwards was preparing before his death a sophisticated theological response to Enlightenment religion that was unparalleled in the eighteenth century and surprisingly generous toward non-Christian traditions.
Introduction
Authors: McDermott Gerald R
Published: November 2023

Eighty years ago Karl Barth stunned Europe with his re-presentation of the “strange, new world” of the Bible. For two hundred and fifty years Jonathan Edwards has horrified readers with his description of a god who dangles sinners by a spider-thread over the flames of hell. Few have known that this most famous sermon in American history was rather uncharacteristic of Edwards, who was obsessed not by the wrath of the divine but by its beauty. Fewer still have known his declaration that those whom terror has driven to religion are probably unconverted. Most have assumed that for Edwards only Christians—and perhaps only Calvinist Christians—had religious truth.

They have assumed wrongly. This book is about a strange, new Edwards unfamiliar to generations of readers and scholars. It is the story of America’s most frightening preacher who—strangely—was fascinated by other religions and religious others. It will startle those who know Edwards from their American literature surveys to learn that he believed there was true revelation from God in non-Christian religions. Those who have been schooled in the stereotypical Edwards will find it even more remarkable that he believed that some non-Christians worshiped, perhaps without knowing it, the true god.
Empiricism and the Flight from Solipsism
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

Wittgenstein first read Russell’s Our Knowledge of the External World in the spring of 1915 and promptly entered in his notebook a number of comments critical of Russell’s views. Most of these I will leave for discussion in an appendix. But two of his comments are relevant to my question about why Wittgenstein was drawn to empiricism, and I will therefore make them the starting point for this chapter.
Speakers and Noise Makers
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

Because of the assumptions that give rise to it, methodological doubt has the consequence, as I have said, of allowing skepticism to dictate how anything you say must be interpreted if it’s to be deemed philosophically respectable and not a fit subject for skepticism. Moreover, when Wittgenstein, borrowing Russell’s terminology, said, “My method is to show the hardness of the soft,” he was declaring that his method renders the things we commonly say safe from skeptical dismissal. In other words, wherever skepticism appears to threaten something we say, Wittgenstein will declare that what we say can, when properly interpreted, be seen to be something no skeptic could doubt. So finding the right interpretation—a skeptic-proof interpretation—is central to Wittgenstein’s method.
Wittgenstein’s Concept of Criteria
Authors: Cook John W
Published: November 2023

Wittgenstein’s concept of a criterion is a highly specialized and rather complicated concept, one whose “grammar” is difficult to describe. Getting it correctly described, however, is extremely important for the following reason. Wittgenstein declares that philosophy must be “purely descriptive” and that what needs to be described is the use or grammar of the words that create philosophical perplexities. So we can’t understand Wittgenstein unless we understand his descriptions, and these often mention criteria. It is essential, therefore, to appreciate why he introduced this concept and what he meant by it. This has particular relevance to the question of whether Wittgenstein’s philosophical descriptions leave us with no ontology or with an ontology of the reductionist sort. I have already given reasons, and in this chapter I will give additional reasons, for thinking that his descriptions are designed to yield a reductionist ontology.
Managed Health and Behavioral Health Care Services Delivery: A Complex, Interrelated System of Policies, Programs, and Research
Authors: Veeder Nancy W , Peebles-Wilkins Wilma
Published: November 2023

Managed care is a complex health and behavioral health care services delivery system. This system has evolved over a lengthy period of time and the current managed care “revolution” is, therefore, more appropriately termed an evolution.

The currently evolving managed care systems encompass wide-ranging policies and programs affecting many diverse service-delivery domains and populations at-risk in need of services. In addition, research efforts in managed care range from individual consumer, group, community, and organizational needs assessments to programmatic and services outcome evaluations based on qualitative and quantitative data.
Biotechnology and Managed Care
Authors: Philp Elizabeth Pearson , Berkman Barbara
Published: November 2023

Health and mental health care have evolved into increasingly complex service systems. This complexity derives from a number of factors, but the combined effects of biotechnological advances and managed care strategies are having an unprecedented impact on consumers as well as health care providers.

Biotechnological advances have increased treatment options across patient populations. These advances have changed the demographics of the health care consumer population. We are increasingly able to push back mortality at both ends of the age spectrum, sustaining life in the youngest as well as in older adults and the elderly. Biotechnological research has led to an expanding array of diagnostic and treatment tools as well as methods of health improvement and disease prevention. Illnesses that were once inevitable are now preventable and diseases that were once fatal are now treatable, shifting the focus of care from acute intervention to prevention and chronic disease management (Berkman, 1996; Pardes, Manton, Lander, & Tolley, 1999).
Ethics and Managed Care Policy
Authors: Reamer Frederic G
Published: November 2023

In recent years, discussions of managed care have changed tone. In the early 1980s, much of the literature focused on whether managed care strategies should or should not be implemented. In contrast, today we are much more inclined to accept—perhaps with misgivings—that managed care is here to stay. Even managed care ‘s harshest critics typically acknowledge that the movement ‘s momentum is inexorable. Exactly how managed care policies and procedures should be formulated and implemented is a debatable topic; whether managed care policies and procedures will be formulated and implemented is an issue that now seems moot.

For social workers, managed care broaches a wide range of implications. Much of the profession ‘s literature on the subject has focused, understandably, on clinical implications (see, for example, Grossberg, 1996; Kanter & Silva, 1996; Myers, 1998; Schamess & Lightburn, 1998; Weimer, 1996). A number of social work authors have written commentaries on the implications of managed care for administrators and program directors (see, for example, Brach & Scallet, 1998; Matorin, 1998; Siskind, 1997). Much less has been written about the ethical implications of managed care for social workers, especially related to education and training (Reamer, 1997a, 1998a; Strom Gottfried & Corcoran, 1998).
Managed Care and Care Management for Older Adults
Authors: Ceron Scan Miyake
Published: November 2023

Contending with a medical emergency, health problem, or chronic illness is never easy. For older adults, who are more likely to have health limitations, cognitive impairment, or problems with memory, and less education than younger adults, facing health problems can be particularly difficult. The vulnerability of the elderly population has long been recognized in American society—the elderly are almost the only constituency in the United States with an entitlement of health insurance. Virtually all elderly Americans receive their health insurance from Medicare, the landmark health care program for people over sixty-five. Today, more than six million older adults participate in managed care through the Medicare program, 16% of all Medicare beneficiaries (Gage, 1997).

As other authors in this book have described, the U.S. health care sys tem has undergone profound changes in the past two decades. The development of managed care and other new forms of delivering care, the change from fee-for-service and retrospective payment to capitated and prospective financing systems, the growth of investor-owed hospital and nursing home chains and other organizations providing care, and the emergence of a new array of settings outside of the hospital where services are delivered have combined to fundamentally alter the health care landscape.
Managed Care and the Ecological Perspective
Authors: Greene Roberta R , Sullivan W Patrick
Published: November 2023

Gerontologists are increasingly exploring models of geriatric health care that are based on ecological principles, individualized multidisciplinary treatment plans, and designs that promote optimal functioning among older adults. At the core of this care process is a person-environment perspectiveor, the patient in his or her milieu. Gerontologists use comprehensive assessments to examine a patient ‘s ability to function successfully in his or her environment and mobilize resources to improve interpersonal functioning (Coulton, 1981; Fandetti & Goldmeir, 1988; Fillit, Hill, Picariello & Warburton, 1998; Greene, in press).

Historically, the motivation behind a comprehensive team assessment was linked to a central ecological construct: everyday competence. Everyday competence—akin to functional capacity—is concerned with older people ‘s ability to care for themselves, manage their affairs, and live independent, quality lives in their communities (Tinetti & Powell, 1993; Willis, 1991, Willis, 1996a, b). With the graying of U.S. society and the sharp rise in acute and disabling illnesses, health professionals are giving increased attention to the concept of competence among older adults (Diehl, 1998; Silverstone, 1996).
Between Eden and Armageddon
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

Recent years have seen a meteoric rise in the power and importance of organized religion in many parts of the world. At the same time, there has been a significant increase in violence perpetrated in the name of religion. While much has been written on the relationship between violence and religious militancy, history shows that religious people have also played a critical role in peacemaking within numerous cultures. In the new century, will religion bring upon further catastrophes? Or will it provide human civilization with methods of care, healing, and the creation of peaceful and just societies? In this groundbreaking book, Marc Gopin integrates the study of religion with the study of conflict resolution. He argues that religion can play a critical role in constructing a global community of shared moral commitments and vision--a community that can limit conflict to its nonviolent, constructive variety. If we examine religious myths and moral traditions, Gopin argues, we can understand why and when religious people come to violence, and why and when they become staunch peacemakers. He shows that it is the conservative expression of most religious traditions that presents the largest challenge in terms of peace and conflict. Gopin considers ways to construct traditional paradigms that are committed to peacemaking on a deep level and offers such a paradigm for the case of Judaism. Throughout, Gopin emphasizes that developing the potential of the world’[s religions for coping with conflict demands a conscious process on the part of peacemakers and theologians. His innovative and carefully argued study also offers a broad set of recommendations for policy planners both inside and outside of government.
Corifl-ict Resolution as a Religious Experience
Authors: Gopin Marc
Published: November 2023

My experience with the Mennonite community began a number of years ago, when I participated in a conflict resolution training with John Paul Lederach at Eastern Mennonite University in Harrisonburg, Virginia. Since then I have become quite involved in this community, and I consistently teach a seminar on religion and conflict resolution at the Conflict Transformation Program of EMU. I have developed close personal friendships with Mennonite peacemakers, been privileged to engage in training a number of Mennonites in religion and conflict resolution, and I have learned much from them. I also participated in a major research project about Mennonite peacemaking; this chapter is an expansion on my research for that project.
Introduction And Overview
Authors: Mcnally Michael D
Published: November 2023

A blue haze of cigarette smoke, backlit by the bare bulbs of an old ceiling light fixture, disabused me of any expectations for the exotic in this Native American ceremony. There was, though, an enormous gravity in the room, a sense of urgency that was tangible with each sigh heard. After all, thirty or so of us had gathered in this stark place in the city of Minneapolis to mourn the victim of a senseless murder. It was a funeral wake, a Native American funeral wake, held in a storefront building that served the people of Franklin Avenue as a soup kitchen by day. Shallow birchbark trays filled with free cigarettes (tobacco, asernaa) and candy (sugar, ziinzibaakwad) were laid out for all to enjoy, whether living or dead.
Music As Negotiation: Uses of Hymn Singing, 1868-1934
Authors: Mcnally Michael D
Published: November 2023

“No music so blinds my eyes with tears as the songs of these Christian Indians,” wrote Episcopal Bishop Henry B. Whipple in 1880 as he made his rounds among the northern Minnesota missions: “Indian voices are very sweet and you could not believe that they were the same voices you have heard in the wild heathen grand medicine or the horrid scalp dances. I am sure that in the charms of song which goes up to heaven from this world they sound as sweet to Jesus as any Christian song.” But the soul of the music that Whipple heard in morning worship was clearly developing elsewhere, out of earshot of the mission station and beyond the ken of missionary reportage. A message dictated in broken English the next year indicated that, amid an outbreak of smallpox among the Lake Winnibigoshish Ojibwes, a group of Ojibwe men had journeyed sixty miles from their home at the White Earth Reservation to sing hymns all night long over a dying child. Although the documentary record contains only sparse details of such performances, Ojibwe people placed the missionary songs in familiar social contexts of music making in ways that made them their own. By 1880, the tradition of singing hymns had become largely the province of certain groups of young men and women, respectively, who gathered around the spiritual leadership of elders and carried the music to the sick, the dying, and the grieving. In this case, the singers formed around the eldership of Shay-day-ence, or Little Pelican, a man who had been highly regarded, not coincidentally, as a spiritual leader in the Midewiwin tradition at Gull Lake before his community had been removed to the White Earth Reservation. Singing provided an occasion for the gathering of these groups of men and women, and set the tone for an improvised way of life amid the difficult circumstances on the reservation.