bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Heat transfer of insulation structure for large cryogenic wind tunnel
Authors: Song Yuan-Jia , Chen Wan-Hua , Lai Huan , Liao Da-Xiong , Hou Yu
Published: September 2020

In order to maintain the cryogenic environment of cryogenic wind tunnel in service, heat transfer of insulation structure is investigated in this work. Firstly, the design and material selection of insulation structure is conducted. Afterwards, theoretical calculation on heat transfer of insulation structure is carried out based on 1-D heat conduction model. Subsequently, the finite element model of insulation structure is established, on this basis, involving the actual work condition of cryogenic wind tunnel, heat transfer of the insulation structure is numerically calculated. Finally, the testing platform able to simulate the work environment of cryogenic wind tunnel is built and the temperature measurement experiments at the cryogenic condition and at the cryogenic pressure condition are carried out, respectively. The obtained results show that the designed insulation structure is in possession of great insulation characteristics to ensure the cryogenic environment of cryogenic wind tunnel. Additionally, the established testing platform can provide a testing method to investigate the heat transfer character of other materials or structures in cryogenic environment.
Experimental investigation of condensation heat transfer characteristics and corrosion resistance on coated tube surfaces
Authors: Wang Shuai
Published: September 2020

The condensation heat transfer characteristics and corrosion resistance of copper, Ni-P-Cu, polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), Ni-P, and Ni coated tube surfaces were investigated. The results indicate that condensation heat transfer coefficient of Ni-P-Cu, PTFE, Ni-P, and Ni coated tubes grows by 36.8%, 29.3%, 19.6%, and 7.5% than that of copper tubes, respectively. The phase structure of Ni, Ni-P, Ni-P-Cu, and PTFE coated tube surfaces is mixed crystal structure(nanocrystals-based), mixed crystal structure (amorphous-based), amorphous structure and crystal structure, respectively. Compared with Ni coating and Ni-P coated tube surfaces, the condensation droplets outside Ni-P-Cu and PTFE coated tubes are smaller in size, more densely distributed, and fall off more quickly, which can significantly promote dropwise condensation. The Ni-P-Cu coated tube surfaces achieve optimal condensation heat transfer. The corrosion speed of copper, Ni, Ni-P, Ni-P-Cu, and PTFE coated tubes are 86.5, 42.6, 18.2, 10.7, and 6.1 mg/dm2d per day, respectively. The PTFE coating tubes have the optimal corrosion resistance. The Ni-P-Cu, and PTFE coated tube surfaces have the best condensation heat transfer characteristics and corrosion resistance, and can be well used in the recovery of waste heat from low temperature flue gas. The multiple linear regression of the experimental data was carried out to obtain the experimental correlation formula for Nusselt number of convective condensation composite heat transfer for different coated tubes. The relative error between the predicted value and the experimental value is within ?15%.
Harlem Renaissance Literary Productions: Context, Role, Philosophy and Objective In “The Negro’s Tragedy”
Authors: Stéphane Beugre  Zouankouan
Published: September 2020

This paper aims to show and analyze how through “an outstanding poetic creation”, Claude McKay describes clearly the context, role, philosophy and objective of the Harlem Renaissance literary productions while describing his own role and vocation as an African American writer. Indeed by describing his own role as a pioneer of the Harlem Renaissance Movement, “this assertive poem” is actually a précis and paradigm of the motives and chart gathering all those black pioneer writers engaged in this literary movement. This paper provides, through the hermeneutic study of this symptomatic sonnet about the Negro’s tragedy; an analysis of the context in which the Harlem Renaissance literary productions had been produced, the role of those literary productions, the main philosophy surrounding the literary productions of this Black Movement and finally the objective targeted by those literary productions. The hermeneutic approach is sustained by the socio-criticism, African American criticisms and stylistics theories to better characterize the semantic and social scope of this poem.
Politeness Strategies and Gender Differences in Javanese Indirect Speech Acts
Authors: Ramadhani Putri , Gurning Busmin , Sibarani Berlin
Published: September 2020

The objectives of this study were to identify types of politeness strategies, to examine the differences of  politeness patterns used by different gender and to see how the politeness strategies imply in the culture of “indirectness” a culture of Javanese who avoid being direct to utter something which were reflected in Javanese indirect speech acts in request. The approach used in this study are based on politeness theory of Brown & Levinson (1987); Bald-on record, Positive, Negative, and Off Record. This study employed descriptive qualitative design. The data were the transcription of recorded observation and interview using audiovisual recorder in Javanese social interaction in doing business transaction  at “PasarRebo”, a traditional market in Deli Serdang, North Sumatera. The politeness strategies used were bald-on record strategy, positive politeness strategy and negative politeness strategy. Different strategies were performed by different gender; male dominantly used bald-on record strategy while female dominantly used positive politeness strategy. The realization of Javanese indirect speech acts used by female established an indirect correlation to politeness strategies and the culture of “indirectness” in Javanese. The realization of these politeness strategies by the speakers were aimed to minimize Face Threatening Acts to endeavor a harmony in social interaction. Keywords: Gender; Indirect speech act; Politeness strategiesement if they were taught by using TBL model.
The Maintainability of Acehnese by Its Speakers at the Eastern Coast of Serdang Bedagai
Authors: Sahputra Hadi , Gurning Busmin , Lubis Syahron
Published: September 2020

This qualitative study is designed to find the Acehnese speakers’ attitude in maintaining Acehnese at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai Regency. The subjects are thirty intra-marriage Acehnese speakers living long time the districts. Questionnaire is used to find out their daily attitude in communicating and to gather the data about what language they use in the communications and interaction with their husband or wife, children, brothers and sisters, neighbors, and colleagues. Interview is used to find out the positive and negative attitude. These attitudes are influenced by some factors which are analyzed and can be maintained Acehnese at the eastern coast of Serdang Bedagai Regency, living in Acehnese multi-ethnics, use Acehnese in their family every day, and having pride of their own language, use Acehnese to their neighbors and their colleagues. Currently, the existence of Acehnese is the speakers of Acehnese are at the level of safe but in their children or their generation is at the level of unsafe and it leads to the language shift to a dominant language, that is, Indonesian language as well as Malay language and Javanese language or other local language which are the major population, which dominate the use of vernacular. This is due to the weaknesses of vernacular speakers or the loss of belonging to their own language. Key words: attitudes, language maintenance, language shift, maintainability, vernaculars
The Development of Learning Material of Nursery English Through Task Based Activities
Authors: Windari Devi , Gurning Busmin , Murni Sri Minda
Published: September 2020

This research is aiming at  1) to know the existing phenomena of teaching and learning reading material of  English for Nursery Purposes, 2)  to  find out kinds  of reading materials of English for Nursery Purposes are needed by the students at STIKES Sari Mutiara,  and 3)  to find  out a task-based learning reading materials of English for Nursery Purposes design.  The research method used is research and development (R&D). The sources of the data are the students, the alumni, and the stakeholders whereas The targeted clients are the students of semester IV STKIES Sari Mutiara Medan. The instrument for collecting data are questionairre, documentation, and in depht interview. The data are analyzed by descriptive analysis.The results show  that 1) in general the teaching learning is not optimal yet, particularly the learning materials are not relevant to the students and stakeholders’ need even the adequacy and availability are relatively adequate and available. 2)  The students’ need in line with teaching learning reading is oriented in a student center learning, task activities, authentic reading materials, and strucutured essay test. and 3) the physical structure of learning materials consists of the following sections that is Preview, Getting Started, Orientation, Assessment, Related vocabulary Usages. Key Words: Reading Learning Material; Task based learning; and Nursery English
Metacognitive Process in English Writing
Authors: Lestari Ika , Sibarani Berlin , Santoso Didik
Published: September 2020

This research deals with metacognitive process in English writing to the students of STIP-AP Medan. The objectives of the research were to find out what metacognitive processes occur to the students’ English writing, to describe how does the metacognitive process occur in English writing of STIP-AP students and to find out the reason why the metacognitive process occur in that way. This research conducted by applying descriptive qualitative design. The subject of this research was the university students of STIP-AP Medan in the third semester. The data were obtained from the think aloud protocol and interview. The data collected were analyzed by applying Miles and Huberman’s model. The findings would like to see metacognitive process that occur in English writing. Almost students could not write in English very well, it was signed from their awareness that their metacognition didn’t aware. So that, there were something wrong in their metacognition when they wrote something in English. Finally, by knowing the process metacognition in English writing such as planning, monitoring, and evaluating in writing, students could be aware to write English text very well.   Keywords: Causes; Metacognitive, Writing
Politeness Strategies Used in Javanese Wedding Ceremony
Authors: Agustina Ika , Sumarsih Sumarsih , Gurning Busmin
Published: September 2020

This study deals with Politeness Strategies Used in Javanese Wedding Ceremony. The objectives of the study were to identify types of Politeness strategies and the pattern of strategies used in Javanese wedding ceremony. The approach used in this study are based on Politeness theory by Brown and Levinson (1987); Bald on record, Positive politeness, Negative politeness and Off-record strategy. This study employed descriptive qualitative design. The data were the transcriptions of recorded observation and interview. The data were taken from observation using audio visual recorder in Javanese wedding ceremony of Dina Wagiani and Oman Syahputra especially in some events which were Peningsetan (17th March 2012), Midodaremi (14th April 2012), Panggih (15th April 2012) dan Sungkeman (15th April 2012) that are held in Medan located at Jl. Marelan II Pasar IV, Kelurahan Rengas Pulau, Kecamatan Medan Marelan. The finding showed that all the types of Politeness strategies were applied in Javanese wedding ceremony. The percentage of positive politeness was 54.21%, bald- on record was 33.16%, negative politeness was 8.95% and off-record was 3.68%. The most dominant type of politeness strategies used was positive politeness strategy. It was used because Javanese people try to satisfy the hearer and avoid conflicts with other people. They also applied it to make both families get closer each other, so there was no distance between them. They endeavor to maintain social harmony and solidarity between bride‘s family and bridegroom‘s family during wedding ceremony.
The Translation of Passive Voice in Harry Potter Novel into Bahasa Indonesia
Authors: Sumbayu Harry , Saragih Amrin , Lubis Syahron
Published: September 2020

This study addresses the translation of passive voice in Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azakaban into Bahasa Indonesia. The study was based on descriptive qualitative approach. The data were collected by applying documentary techniques. There were three chapters taken as the source of the data. They were chapters 1, 8 and 15. The findings indicated that there were two types of passive voices as a product of passive voices’ translation in Bahasa Indonesia. The passive voice retained as passive one in TL was more dominantly translated into passive voice type one than type two in TL. It caused the use of prefix di+verb base, prefix di+verb base suffix i, and prefix di +verb base+ suffix+ kan are able to represent the meaning of the SL literally and culturally. The changing of English passive voice into Bahasa Indonesia active voice when they were translated indicated that the translator has attempted to find the closest natural equivalent of the source language in aspect of grammar, style, and cultural value. In essence naturalization rate of an expression is a matter of looking for matches in level lexical categories, grammatical categories, semantic, and cultural context.   Key words: translation, passive voice, English, Bahasa Indonesia.
Politeness Strategies Used in Directive Speech Acts in Classroom Interaction
Authors: Dewi Khairina , Sihombing Lince , Murni Sri Minda
Published: September 2020

This research deals with politeness strategies used in directive speech acts in classroom interaction. It specially focused on types of politeness strategies which were used by teachers and students in directive speech acts, how and why those types were realized the way they were. The approach used in this research was based on politeness theory proposed by Brown and Levinson (1987). The data were the transcriptions of the recorded observation and interview taken by using audio visual recorder in the classroom interaction of SMAN 1 Talawi, Batu Bara. The findings showed that all types of politeness strategies were applied in directive speech acts in classroom interaction. However, they were not used by all participants. Off record was not used in student to student interaction. The most dominant type of politeness strategies used was bald on record. It was used because of the limited vocabulary of the students when they speak English, because of efficiency, to avoid the misinterpretation on the participants, to show the teacher’s power when they commanded the students to do something and to show their firmness when they forbad or admonished the students not to do something. Keywords: Directive Speech Acts; Classroom Interaction; Politeness Strategies
Lexical Cohesion and Field of News Stories Text of The Jakarta Post
Authors: Fajri Rahmat , Saragih Amrin
Published: September 2020

This study investigates lexical cohesion and field in news stories text of the Jakarta Post. The objectives of the study are (1) to determine the patterns of lexical cohesion used in Jakarta Post in fields of politics, economics, and culture, (2) to describe the realizations of lexical cohesion, and (3) to explain the reasons. The study is based on descriptive qualitative design through documentary technique. The sources of data were taken from 12 news stories text which published on April 2015. The data were analyzed by using interactive technique Miles and Huberman. This research results are as follows firstly, the patterns of lexical cohesion were used in news stories text in fields of politics, economics, and culture. In politics text, the existence of repetition, synonymy, antonymy, and hyponymy. In economics text, the existence of repetition, hyphonymy, and meronymy. In culture text, the existence of repetition, synonymy, antonymy, hyponymy, and meronymy. Secondly, the realizations of lexical cohesion in news stories text of the Jakarta Post were (1) repetition, (2) synonymy, (3) antonymy, (4) hyponymy, and (5) of meronymy. Thirdly, the reasons of lexical cohesion used in news stories text of the Jakarta Post, (1) repetition to keep one or more lexical string relative simple, while complex lexical relations are constructed around them (2) synonymy  to avoid the repetition, and it may also differ in attitude (3) antonymy to construct classifying taxonomies in which one class of phenomenon is distinguished from another (4) hyponymy to develop elaboration with each other, and (5) meronymy to extend domain with each other. Keywords: cohesion, field, Jakarta Post, lexical, news story
Code Mixing in Cross-Cultural Communication of Junior High School Students of Al Kautsar
Authors: Siregar Syarifah , Sumarsih Sumarsih
Published: September 2020

This study investigated code mixing in cross-cultural communication of Junior High School students of Al Kautsar. The objectives of the study namely: 1) To identify types of code-mixing that used in cross-cultural communication. 2) To find out the function of code-mixing used in cross-cultural communication. 3) To identify types of socio-cultural meaning that used in cross-cultural communication.4) To elaborate the main reasons of code-mixing used in cross-cultural communication. This research was conducted by descriptive qualitative research. The participants were 10 students in different ethnic. The data were students’ utterances in different ethnic that have taken from school environment. The findings showed that several types of code mixing, i.e. word insertion, phrase insertion, clause insertion, and tag mixing occured in cross-cultural communication. Word insertion is dominantly mixed by the students in daily conversation. The function of code mixing in cross-cultural communication namely as; 1) communication strategy, 2) expression personality or community, 3) style. And there were some types of socio-cultural meaning in cross-cultural communication, they are:1) a unique group solidarity, 2) a special register, 3) self esteem. And the main reasons of using code mixing in cross-cultural communication were: 1) being emphatic something (express solidarity. 2) interjection. 3) expressing group identity 4) and to soften or strengthen request or command. Keywords: code mixing, cross cultural communication, junior high school
Male and Female Students’ Language in Performing Request
Authors: Hasibuan Sri Wahyuni , Sihombing Lince
Published: September 2020

The objective of this study were 1) to find out the kinds of request used by male and female students in doing interaction at informal context, 2) to elaborate the way request linguistically performed by male and female students in doing interaction at informal context, and 3) to provide the reasons why male and female students perform request in the way they are. It was applied by using descriptive qualitative research.  It was conducted at Dharmawangsa Senior High School in Medan involving 3 male and 3 female students. The data were collected through observing, recording and interviewing them. The data were 44 male students’ utterances and 42 female students’ utterances taken in three areas of school: canteen, in front of the class, and parking lot. The findings showed that 1) syntactical realization and lexical realization were found in students’ utterances with four kinds of syntactical realization: imperative, interrogative, declarative, and modal auxiliary; 2) the way of requests linguistically performed by male students was the direct way. Similarly, the way of requests linguistically performed by female students was the direct way. 3) There were two reasons why male and female students perform request namely interlocutors and age. Keywords: Male and Female Students, Gender, Request
Idiom Translation Strategies in English Version of Hirata’s Edensor
Authors: Rahayu Sari Dwi , Murni Sri Minda
Published: September 2020

This research dealt with the idiom translation strategies. The objectives of this study were: (1) to describe the types of idiom translation strategies in Edensor novel; (2) to describe the context of idiom translation strategies are applied in Edensor novel. The data were obtained from the idiom translation strategies in Edensor novel both its original and English version. This research applied qualitative research design. The data were collected through documentation and observation by reading the novel and listing the idioms found. The findings of this study have revealed that: 1). There were four types of idiom translation strategies in Edensor novel found, they are using an idiom of similar meaning and form (6.9%), using an idiom of similar meaning but dissimilar form (3%), translating an idiom by paraphrase(79,2%) and translating idiom by word for word (10,9%).While, the omission strategy was not found in this study; 2) the context applied in translating Indonesian idioms in Edensor novel into its English version were linguistic context and social cultural context. Keywords: translation strategies, context of idiom
Inside Cover
Authors: Inside Cover Inside Cover
Published: September 2020

Inside Cover
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE IN THE TOBA BATAK SAUR MATUA CEREMONY
Authors: Tampubolon Marlina , Sumarsih Sumarsih , Gurning Busmin
Published: September 2020

The aims of this study are to describe the kinds of figure of speech and discover the existence of figure of speech that is delivered by Hula-hula, boru, and dongan tubu in Toba Batak saur matua ceremony. This research was conducted by using qualitative descriptive. The data were the utterances gathered from umpasa that are delivered by Hula-hula, boru, and dongan tubu of 3 Toba Batak saur matua ceremonies in Rantau prapat and Tarutung. The data analyzed by using theory of descriptive analysis. from identifying the data that are needed for this research, classifying the data based on the theory of figures of speech and analyzing the data based on the theories that were used. The findings are there were 7 out of 10 kinds of figure of speech were found in the umpasa of Toba Batak saur matua ceremony. The most dominant figure of speech in Toba Batak saur matua ceremony was simile. Toba Batak people tent to deliver umpasa through simile which compared between two dissimilar things by using the comparative term (like, as) and described to the first qualities of the second of invest the first with connotations inherent in the other. Keyword: Figurative Language, Toba Batak, Saur matua ceremony
EXPERIENTIAL FUNCTION IN JOKO WIDODO’S SPEECH AT APEC CEO SUMMIT 2014 IN BEIJING, CHINA
Authors: Maragoti Maragoti , Saragih Amrin , Murni Sri Minda
Published: September 2020

This study presents a research conducted on Experiential Function in Joko Widodo’s speech at APEC Summit 2014 in Beijing, China. The main objective was to describe the types and the dominant processes and Circumstances in Experiential Function in Joko Widodo’s speech at APEC Summit 2014 in Beijing, China. It presented a qualitative design dealing with quantifiable (numeric) mode. The source of data was taken from Experiential Function in Joko Widodo’s speech at APEC Summit 2014 in Beijing, China. The data were collected by applying documentary technique. The data analysis found out the findings indicating that there were 6 types of process used, they were 21 (22.11 %) Material Process, 39 (41.06 %) Mental Process, 28 (29.47 %) Relational Process, 0 (0.%) for Behavioral Process, 6 (6.36 %) Verbal Process, and 0 (0. %) Existential Process. It means that the dominant pattern of Process is Mental. Meanwhile, there are 7 patterns of Circumstances found in the Joko Widodo’s speech at APEC Summit 2014 in Beijing, China They are 0 (0 %) for Extent, 31 (32.63%) for Location, 13 (13.68%) for Manner, 5 (5.26%) for Cause, 5 (5.26 %) for Contingency, 0 (0 %) for Accompaniment, and 0 (0 %) for Role. It means that the dominant pattern of Circumstance is Location. It proves that the use of Process and Circumstance were related to the context of situation.Keywords: Experiantial Function, Jokowi’s speech, Process.
LANGUAGE MAINTENANCE OF THE JAVANESE INTERMARRIAGES IN RANTAU UTARA
Authors: Matrejo Matrejo , Gurning Busmin , Ginting Siti Aisyah
Published: September 2020

This study deals with the Language Maintenance of Javanese Intermarriages in Rantau Utara. It employed qualitative research design with a case study. This study aims to describe: (1) the factors of language maintenance and (2) the the way of Javanese Intermarriages maintained the Javanese language (3) the reasons of Javanese Intermarriages maintained the language. The subjects were 20 Javanese Intermarriages.They were chosen because many of Javanese people who married with other ethnic. The instruments used of this study were observation, questionnaire and interview. The data were analyzed by using Miles,Hubberman and Saldana’s data analysis. The result of the study were found that there were six factors of Javanese language of maintaining the language namely seeing each other frequently (100%), neighborhood domain (97%), ethno linguistic vitality (100%), family domain (99%), religion domain (55%) and practice the traditional ceremony (35%). Then the way of maintaining the javanese language were found namely acquisition of the language (40%), create a socially integrated population of native speakers (60%), localities of habitually using the language (80%) and the last was speak language in area oral competence (35%).The reasons of Javanese Intermarriages maintained the language namely show identity (90%), Pride (100%) and keep the language (100%). Keywords: language maintenance, intermarriages, ethnic
INDONESIAN AND ENGLISH CODE MIXING IN DAILY CONVERSATIONS BY MALE AND FEMALE STUDENTS AT MAHAD MUHAMMAD SAMAN ISLAMIC BOARDING SCHOOL
Authors: Novianda Hijrah , Murni Sri Minda , Gurning Busmin
Published: September 2020

This research was aimed at comparing the use of code mixing  in relation to the pattern of code mixing used by male and female students at Mahad Muhammad Saman Islamic Boarding School Medan. The data of the study were 10 male students and 10 female students’ utterances which contain Indonesian-English code mixing. The research was conducted by using qualitative descriptive design. The instrument used for this study were questionnaire and interview. The data were analyzed  by Miles and Huberman and Saldana data analysis. (1) The research findings showed in the pattern of insertion, females are more frequent used it than males.  Females are  used it 53% and males used it 38%. In the pattern of alternation, males are more frequent used it than females. Males used it 38% but females used it 21%. In the pattern of congruent lexicalization, females are more frequent used it than males.  Females used it 26% but males used it 24%.male students tend to use noun or verb, while female students tend to use the word lah, kan, ya. Keywords:Pattern of code mixing, insertion, alternation and congruent lexicalization.
THE EFFECT OF LEXICAL STRATEGIES AND THE VOCABULARY MASTERY ON THE STUDENTS’ VOCABULARY ACHIEVEMENT
Authors: Heftania Rosi , Saragih Amrin , Pulungan Anni Holila
Published: September 2020

The objectives of the study are to describe whether : 1). Students’ vocabulary mastery taught by inferencing strategies (IS) higher than taught by Lexical Processing Strategies (LPSs) in students’ vocabulary achievement.2) Students’ who have high vocabulary mastery is significantly higher than students’ who have low vocabulary mastery in students’ vocabulary achievement. 3) The effect of simultaneously applying both Lexical Strategies and Vocabulary mastery on the students’ vocabulary achievement. An experimental research with factorial design 2x2 was used in this study. There was 80 students from grade X of 2017/2018 academic years of MAN 1 Takengon as sample of this study. The students divided in two groups. Each group consists of 40 students. The first group was treated by using Lexical Inferencing Strategies and the second group was treated by Lexical Processing Strategies. Vocabulary of the two groups was measured by giving questionnaire to classify the students having high and low vocabulary mastery, and achievement test measure by giving multiple choice test to know students’ achievement in vocabulary mastery. The data are analyzed by applying two-way ANOVA at the level significance ɑ = 0.05. The findings of the data shows that. 1) The students’ vocabulary mastery taught by using Lexical Inferencing Strategies was higher than that taught by using Lexical Processing Strategies, with Fobs (19.72) > Ftab (3.25). 2) The Vocabulary Achievement of the students who have high vocabulary mastery was higher than students who have low vocabulary mastery, with Fobs (2691.93) > Ftab (3.25). 3) There was significance interaction between teaching Lexical Strategies and Vocabulary Mastery on the students’ vocabulary achievement, with Fobs (3.27) > Ftable (3.25).
THE MAINTENANCE OF MANDAILINGNESE LANGUAGE IN TANJUNGBALAI
Authors: Harahap Nurul Husnah , Santoso Didik , Pulungan Anni Holila
Published: September 2020

This study deals with the language maintenance of Mandailingnese in Tanjungbalai. It usesqualitative research design. It is conducted descriptively. This study aims to examine the types of language maintenance by Mandailingnese people in Tanjungbalai, find out the ways in maintaining the Mandailingnese language in Tanjungbalai and find out the reasons why the speakers of Mandailingnese people maintain their language in Tanjungbalai. The subjects were 10teenagers (boys and girls) of Mandailingnese. The use of instruments in this study were observation and interview. The observation were used to examine the types of language maintenance by Mandailingnese people in Tanjungbalai in order to describe the ways of Mandailingnese language maintenance. The interview was used to gain the reasons of Mandailingnese language maintainancein Tanjungbalai. The theories of Fasold, Fishman and Holmes are used in this study. The data were analyzed by Miles, Huberman and Saldana (2014). There are four types of language maintenancein Tanjungbalai namely; low maintenance, medium maintenance, strong maintenance and extreme maintenance. There are two ways to maintain Mandailingnese language in Tanjungbalai namely; join the  community and teach the language to younger sister/brother. There are four reasons why they maintain their language namely; to express their identity as Mandailingnese people, to achieve self pride as Mandailingnese people, to tell certain issue and to creat closer relationship. Analysis of data clearly indicates that Mandailingnese language maintenance were done in Tanjungbalai.Keyword : language maintenance, reasons for language maintenance, Mandailingnese in Tanjungbalai
MALES AND FEMALES SPEECH ACTS IN THE CLASSROOM SETTING
Authors: Samad Nanda Marlina Abdul , Sumarsih Sumarsih , Husein Rahmad
Published: September 2020

This study investigates the speech acts that are realized by male and female lecturers in the classroom setting. The objectives of this study is to describe the kinds of speech acts are realized by male and female lecturers in the classroom. This research is conducted by using ethnographic design and qualitative approach. The data are the utterances of the lecturers at State Islamic Institute (IAIN) of Zawiyah Cot Kala Langsa. Islamic Education Department lecturers are chosen as the source of data. The data are obtained from observation and the transcription of the recorded of 4 lecturers of 2 males and 2 females lecturers during their teaching performance in the classroom. The findings show that there are three kinds of speech acts that are realized by males and females of 4 lecturers of 2 males and 2 females during their teaching performance in the classroom setting; They are locutionary acts, illocutionary acts and perlocutionary acts. In addition, from 5 types of illocutionary acts such as representatives, directives, commissive, expressive and declaratives, both males and females lecturers only implement 4 types of them; they are representatives, directives, commissive, and expressive, while declarative does not. In addition, in terms of the types of illocutionary acts, males lecturers mostly utilize representatives ways while females mostly implement both representatives and directives ways than other types during their teaching performance.KEYWORDS: Males and Females, Lecturer, Speech Acts, Classroom Setting
CONVERSATIONAL STYLE OF MALE AND FEMALE TEACHERS IN SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Zakia Ema , Saragih Amrin , Gurning Busmin
Published: September 2020

This research dealt with conversational style of male and female teachers in senior high school. The objectives of this study were: to investigate features of conversational style used by male and female teachers in senior high school; and to elaborate the conversational style. It was conducted using qualitative research design. The data were obtained from 4 male and 4 female teachers. 20 conversations were recorded. The instruments of collecting data were observation, recording, and interviewing adopted by Miles, Huberman, and Saldana (2014). The data were classified to the criteria of conversational style determined by Swann (2000).The findings showed there were five features of conversational style used by male and female teachers. All features of conversational style were found in realization of male and female teachers.Keywords: Conversational style, Gender and Language, Teachers‟ language.
TRANSITIVITY PROCESS OF DONALD TRUMP’S POLITICAL SPEECH
Authors: Siregar Elisa Silviani , Zainuddin Zainuddin , Murni Sri Minda
Published: September 2020

The objectives of the research are to identify how Donald Trumps realized his political motivation on his speech. The research picked Donald Trumps last speech campaign 2017. Here, the researcher will focus on identifying the way of political motivations are realized in Donald Trumps speech. The data were taken from Donald Trumps speech  transcript that downloaded from internet and analyzed. Based on the result of data analysis, it is found that the motivation realized in Donald Trumps Speech are realized through 3 themes in his speech. They are Being Unity, American Issues and Citizen involvement.  Keywords: PoliticalSspeech, Donald Trump, Motivation, Transitivity
THE REALIZATION OF TEACHERS’ LANGUAGE STYLE WITH REFERENCE TO SEX DIFFERENCE IN TEACHING ENGLISH
Authors: Sinaga Megawati , Sumarsih Sumarsih , Husein Rahmad
Published: September 2020

The Objectives of this paper are to describe the realization of language styles used by male and female teacher and the reasons of the using those language styles. The subjects were the teachers of SMP Negeri Pancur batu, they were four English teachers, consits of two male teachers and two female teachers. It was qualitative explanative research designs. The researcher observed the teachers while teaching in order to get the teachers language styles taking place during their teaching in the classroom related to the theory of Tannen, who divides the way of communication into six categories; pairs a contrasting use of language by males and females, they are: status versus support, independence versus intimacy, advice versus understanding, information versus feeling, orders versus proposal and conflict versus compromise. .The results of the data analysis showed that the. The language styles of the male and female teacher were different in the way of communication. The realization of language styles by the teachers’ way of speaking  mostly occur in male teachers’ is orders which is 13 utterances (38.2%), then followed by advice which is 11 utterances (32.4%), then continued by information 6 utterences (20,6%) and then conflict 2 utterances (5,9%) and the last is status 1 utterances (2.9%). Female teachers’ way in communication was mostly realized by orders  which is 10 utterances (29.4%), then followed by feeling which is 8 utterances (23.5%), and then continued by understanding which is 7 utternces (20.6%), and then support which is 5 utterances (14.7%), and the last is proposal which is 4 utterances (11.8%). Besides, it can be seen that eventhough Tannen (1992) suggested the orders were categorized for male way’s of speaking , but based on this study, orders were found in the female teachers’ way of speaking. There were 29.4% the utterances realized by orders although that criteria is not classified to female. In fact, those way of speaking were the most used in the female teachers. According to the male and female teachers all the ways of communication are expressed to encourage the students to reach the lesson competencies well.Keywords:English Teachers, Language Styles, Way of communication,
THE REASONS OF STUDENTS REALIZING THEIR ATTITUDES TOWARD ENGLISH CONVERSATIONS CLASS
Authors: Siregar Mara Sutan , Saragih Amrin , Husein Rahmad
Published: September 2020

English conversation is an important lesson for Senior High School students in order to face the globalization effects. Many students considered English conversation as a controversial lesson through their positive and negative attitudes toward it. This study aimed to reason for the Senior High School students realize their attitudes toward English conversation class in the ways they are. This qualitative study was conducted at the twelfth grade of Senior High School students. The subjects of this study were 20 students consisting of 11 females and 9 males at the age of 16-18 years old. The data were collected by observations and interviews then were analyzed using Interactive Models. The result showed that there were four reasons of the students realized their attitudes i.e. the (1) language pride, (2) awareness of language norms, and the new findings were (3) motivation to get the job, and (4) lack of skill. It was concluded that the students’ attitudes varied as to positive and negative ones and realized in numerous manners affected by several factors.Keywords: language, attitudes, conversations
Semiotic Meanings in Cigarette Advertisement Texts
Authors: Purba Rodearta , - Zainuddin - , Saragih Amrin -
Published: September 2020

Semiotic is the study of sign or the science that study about the sign in human beings. The objectives of this study were to investigate the semiotic meanings applied in cigarette advertisement, to analyze how the meanings were coded verbally and non-verbally, and to reason why it is used in the ways they are. The data for the study were clauses, phrases, and sentences drawn from selected billboard advertisement of cigarette in Medan. The verbal data analyzed with linguistic devises and textual analysis of Leech Theory and visual grammar of Kress and Van Leeuwen as theoretical framework. The result were two broad categorize of meaning. They were related to verbal and non-verbal aspects. The relation between the verbal and non-verbal expression were elaborate, manipulate, and exageratte,  the advertisers make the major use of declarative sentence that are found on 11 texts. Then, by using 8 imperative and 8 adjective. Next, by using 6 disjunctive and 6 noun/pronoun. In image/picture use of visual features such as calor saturation, symbolic structure representation, offering gaze, the use of large size, logo, slogan. Various social context were discoverd in the advertisement such as promoting the standar of quality, quantity, creative, enjoying the life. The standard idea about how particular mode like young and old man should be differentiated based on the conventional values in society when it comes to what types of product that is competible to them. Cigarette advertisement also hide threats with persuasive expression and colorful meaning for commercial purposes.Keywords: Semiotics, Sign, Critical Discourse Analysis, Cigarette Advertisement.
THE TYPES OF FLOUTING MAXIM BY GOVERNOR CANDIDATES OF NORTH SUMATERA IN ELECTION DEBATE 2018
Authors: Sari Tri Wita Indah , . Zainuddin , Saragih Amrin
Published: September 2020

The objective of this study is to explain the reason of flouting maxim used by governor candidates of North Sumatera in election debate 2018.  The research methodology used in the research is qualitative research design.The data were analyzed by using interactive model of qualitative data management and analysis namely data collection, data condensation, data display and verification and conlusion. The findings of this study revealed that the reasons reason for flouting maxim because the candidates gave implicitly response to hearer in their response. Each candidate gave the implied meaning in their response because candidates knew that they were as a rival in this debate in order to get a chance as a Governor in North Sumatera.Keywords: Debate, Governor Candidates, Flouting Maxim.
EUPHEMISM OF POLITICAL NEWS IN REPUBLIKA ONLINE MASS MEDIA
Authors: Ridwan Yuliana , Murni Sri Minda , Santoso Didik
Published: September 2020

This research deals with euphemism which is found in political news in Republika mass media. The objectives of this were: (1) to investigate the types of euphemism used in political news in online mass media, (2) to describe the realization of euphemism in political news in mass media and (3) to explain the reason for realization of euphemism in political news in mass media. The research design of this study was descriptive qualitative research where the researcher explained the result of research by describing the data gained. There were 26 news with different titles with 54 euphemism. There were ten types of euphemism found in political news in Republika online mass media, namely  indirection 31.4 %, abstraction 12.9 %, agreement 11.1%, remodeling 9.2%, semantic shift 9.2%, emotive 7.4%, understatement 5.5%, widening 5.5%, borrowing 3.7%, circumlocution 3.7%. Furthermore there were four ways of euphemism realized namely, implicit, explicit, direct, and indirect. Then there were five reasons using the euphemism found in political news in Republika, namely to cohesive, to protective, to underhand, to uplifting, and to ludic. The most reason using euphemism is to cohesive.Keywords: Euphemism, Political News, Republika Mass Media
Para una precisión sociológica del concepto de aceleración social
Authors: Cristiano Javier
Published: September 2020

El tema de la aceleración social, que viene ganando terreno en los debates sobre capitalismo y modernidad, se enfrenta, como ocurre a menudo con los tópicos, a los malentendidos propios de un término sugerente, pero a la vez ambiguo y polivalente. El objetivo de este artículo es contribuir a una delimitación sociológica del concepto a partir de una precisión de su significado literal (el término aceleración) para luego proceder a diferenciar niveles sociológicamente relevantes en los que pueden darse procesos de aceleración. Se distinguen en concreto el nivel estructural, el agencial y el del vínculo estructura/acción, y se diferencia en cada uno subniveles y subtipos de aceleración social. Además de ofrecer una precisión concreta, a mi juicio poco habitual en los debates sobre el tema, el principal interés de la propuesta consiste en su potencialidad para discernir grados de interés teórico y empírico de fenómenos específicos de aceleración social.
Sobre Kelly Lytle Hernández, City of Inmates: Conquest, Rebellion and the Rise of Human Caging in Los Angeles, 1771-1965
Authors: Vázquez Valenzuela David Adán
Published: September 2020

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Sobre Donald Eithian Stevens, Mexico in the Times of Cholera
Authors: Márquez Morfin Lourdes
Published: September 2020

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Sobre Dale Tomich, Espacios de esclavitud: tiempo/tiempos del capital
Authors: Delgadillo Núñez Jorge E.
Published: September 2020

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Sobre Sebastián Vargas Álvarez, Después del Bicentenario: políticas de la conmemoración, temporalidad y nación. Colombia y México, 2010
Authors: González Salinas Omar Fabián
Published: September 2020

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Sobre Rafael Sagredo Baeza, J. T. Medina y su biblioteca americana en el siglo XXI. Prácticas de un erudito
Authors: Granados Aimer
Published: September 2020

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Mesenchymal stem cells – a historical overview
Authors: Stefańska Katarzyna , Bryl Rut , Moncrieff Lisa , Pinto Nelson , Shibli Jamil A. , Dyszkiewicz-Konwińska Marta
Published: September 2020

Mesenchymal stem cells are currently one of the most extensively studied topics in experimental medicine, given their unique properties in terms of immunomodulation, multiple factors secretion and homing to injured tissue sites. Such characteristics were proven to be invaluable in various disease management treatments, for example in cancer, tissue regeneration or immunologic/inflammatory-related disorders. MSCs were first isolated from bone marrow in 1960-1970’s and were characterized as cells with fibroblastoid shape and osteogenic potential, which form clonogenic colonies (CFU-F – colony-forming unit-fibroblast). Nowadays the term ‘mesenchymal stem cells’ is used in regards to all of the cells meeting minimal criteria published in 2006 by the International Society for Cellular Therapy, however the name ‘mesenchymal stromal cells’ has been suggested to be more appropriate. Regardless of the name controversy, these cells exhibit multilineage differentiation potential, self-renewal ability, adhere to plastic and express specific surface antigens. In 2011 the first commercial product based on MSCs was developed and many more are expected to emerge. This review focuses on a historical perspective concerning studies on MSCs, controversies regarding their name and their characteristics and clinical utilization.

Running title: The history of mesenchymal stem cells
In vitro antioxidant and antityrosinase activities of Manilkara kauki
Authors: Srisupap Sirinada , Chaicharoenpong Chanya
Published: September 2020

Manilkara kauki L. Dubard is a tropical plant in the genus Manilkara of family Sapotaceae. This study investigated the total phenolic and flavonoid contents, and antioxidant and antityrosinase activities in different parts of M. kauki (fruits, leaves, seeds, stem barks and woods) and in fractions of stem barks. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents of the methanol and aqueous crude extracts of different parts of M. kauki ranged from 10.87 to 176.56 mg GAE (gallic acid equivalents) per gram of crude extract and 14.33 to 821.67 mg QE (quercetin equivalents) per gram of crude extract, resp. Leaves and stem barks exhibited higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and anti-tyrosinase activities than fruits, seeds and woods. Stem barks were sequentially extracted with n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol and water and then the fractionated extracts were subjected to antioxidant and antityrosinase activities testing. The ethyl acetate and methanol extracts of stem barks exhibited higher total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant and antityrosinase activities than the n-hexane and aqueous extracts. Moreover, ethyl acetate extract of M. kauki stem exhibited the highest antityrosinase activity. It may be a potential source of tyrosinase inhibitors for pharmaceutical and cosmetic applications.