bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Next step trauma and orthopaedic surgery: integration of augmented reality for reduction and nail implantation of tibial fractures
Authors: Klopfer Tim , Notheisen Thomas , Baumgartner Heiko , Schneidmueller Dorien , Giordmaina Ryan , Histing Tina , Gonser Christoph Emanuel
Published: November 2022

Introduction

There is a tremendous scope of hardware and software development going on in augmented reality (AR), also in trauma and orthopaedic surgery. However, there are only a few systems available for intra-operative 3D imaging and guidance, most of them rely on peri- and intra-operative X-ray imaging. Especially in complex situations such as pelvic surgery or multifragmentary multilevel fractures, intra-operative 3D imaging and implant tracking systems have proven to be of great advantage for the outcome of the surgery and can help reduce X-ray exposure, at least for the surgical team (Ochs et al. in Injury 41:1297 1305, 2010). Yet, the current systems do not provide the ability to have a dynamic live view from the perspective of the surgeon. Our study describes a prototype AR-based system for live tracking which does not rely on X-rays.

Materials and methods

A protype live-view intra-operative guidance system using an AR head-mounted device (HMD) was developed and tested on the implantation of a medullary nail in a tibia fracture model. Software algorithms that allow live view and tracking of the implant, fracture fragments and soft tissue without the intra-operative use of X-rays were derived.

Results

The implantation of a medullar tibia nail is possible while only relying on AR-guidance and live view without the intra-operative use of X-rays.

Conclusions

The current paper describes a feasibility study with a prototype of an intra-operative dynamic live tracking and imaging system that does not require intra-operative use of X-rays and dynamically adjust to the perspective of the surgeons due to an AR HMD. To our knowledge, the current literature does not describe any similar systems. This could be the next step in surgical imaging and education and a promising way to improve patient care.
Usability, user experience and mental workload in a mobile Augmented Reality application for digital storytelling in cultural heritage
Authors: De Paolis Lucio Tommaso , Gatto Carola , Corchia Laura , De Luca Valerio
Published: November 2022

Augmented Reality (AR) has become an increasingly used technology to support and enhance the enjoyment of cultural heritage. Particularly relevant is its importance for digital storytelling: by framing a portion of a fresco or painting with a smartphone, an AR mobile application can provide contextually relevant information, also in the form of multimedia content, that can help the user to understand the story and meaning behind the images. In this type of application, human factors are of fundamental importance for the effectiveness of the narrative: a mobile AR application must avoid distracting the user’s attention from the content in order to encourage a good level of concentration and immersion. The case study presented in this paper deals with a mobile AR application developed to guide visitors in the interpretation of the frescoes inside the Basilica of Saint Catherina of Alexandria in Galatina. The aim of the study is the analysis of the relations among usability, user experience and mental workload factors in AR-based digital storytelling.
Invoking Rules in Everyday Family Interactions: A Method for Appealing to Practical Reason
Authors: Küttner Uwe-A. , Vatanen Anna , Zinken Jörg
Published: November 2022

In this article we examine moments in which parents or other caregivers overtly invoke rules during episodes in which they take issue with, intervene against, and try to change a child’s ongoing behavior or action(s). Drawing on interactional data from four different languages (English, Finnish, German, Polish) and using Conversation Analytic methods, we first illustrate the variety of ways in which parents may use such overt rule invocations as part of their behavior modification attempts, showing them to be functionally versatile interactional objects. Their interactional flexibility notwithstanding, we find that parents typically invoke rules when, in the course of the intervention episode, they encounter trouble with achieving an acceptable compliant outcome. To get at the distinct import of rule formulations in this context, we then compare them to two sequential alternatives: parental expressions of an experienced negative affective state, and parental threats. While the former emphasize aspects of social solidarity, the latter seek to enforce compliance by foregrounding a power asymmetry between the parent and the child. Rule formulations, by contrast, are designedly impersonal and appear to be directed at what the parents construe as shortcomings in common-sense practical reasoning on the child’s part. Reflexively, the child is thereby cast as not having properly applied common-sense ‘practical reason’ when engaging in what is treated as the problematic behavior or action. Overt rule invocations can, therefore, be understood as indexical appeals to practical reason.
Specificity of association in epidemiology
Authors: Blanchard Thomas
Published: November 2022

The epidemiologist Bradford Hill famously argued that in epidemiology, specificity of association (roughly, the fact that an environmental or behavioral risk factor is associated with just one or at most a few medical outcomes) is strong evidence of causation. Prominent epidemiologists have dismissed Hill’s claim on the ground that it relies on a dubious `one-cause one effect’ model of disease causation. The paper examines this methodological controversy, and argues that specificity considerations do have a useful role to play in causal inference in epidemiology. More precisely, I argue that specificity considerations help solve a pervasive inferential problem in contemporary epidemiology: the problem of determining whether an exposure-outcome correlation might be due to confounding by a social factor. This examination of specificity has interesting consequences for our understanding of the methodology of epidemiology. It highlights how the methodology of epidemiology relies on local tools designed to address specific inference problems peculiar to the discipline, and shows that observational causal inference in epidemiology can proceed with little prior knowledge of the causal structure of the phenomenon investigated. I also argue that specificity of association cannot (despite claims to the contrary) be entirely explained in terms of Woodward’s well-known concept of “one-to-one” causal specificity. This is because specificity as understood by epidemiologists depends on whether an exposure (or outcome) is associated with a `heterogeneous’ set of variables. This dimension of heterogeneity is not captured in Woodward’s notion, but is crucial for understanding the evidential import of specificity of association.
The leaf anatomical trade-offs associated with plant ecological strategy variation
Authors: Pierce Simon , Maffi Dario , Faoro Franco , Cerabolini Bruno E. L. , Spada Alberto
Published: November 2022

Plant functioning depends on variation in resource economics traits (acquisition vs. conservation) and the size of plants and their parts (the ‘global spectrum of plant form and function’). The anatomical basis of single traits (e.g., leaf mass per area; LMA) is generally understood, but little is known regarding the relationship between anatomical trade-offs and ecological strategies (representing integrated suites of traits). We hypothesised correlations between the relative extent of leaf tissue types and Grime’s Competitor Stress-tolerator Ruderal (CSR) strategies, principally a trade-off between structural (mechanical/fibro-vascular) vs. photosynthetic (chlorenchyma and intercellular airspace; ICAS) tissues, for ecologically contrasting herbaceous angiosperms in northern Italy. Specifically, that in the lamina portion, the trade-off represents the economics spectrum (S-R selection), but in the midvein portion, it reflects the mechanical constraints inherent to supporting large leaves (i.e., varies with C-selection). We used microscopy and image analysis to determine the relative cross-sectional area of tissues from transverse leaf sections (lamina and midvein portions) of angiosperms of contrasting CSR strategies. Principal components analysis (PCA) determined that the main trade-off (PCA1) was between mechanical/fibro-vascular tissues vs. ICAS/epidermis/chlorenchyma, but that this was associated with the economics spectrum (R- to S-selection) in the lamina, and with size (C-selection) for the midvein. A secondary trade-off in both lamina and midvein portions involved ICAS (i.e., the internal gas diffusion pathway) vs. chlorenchyma/epidermis (light capture), associated with S- to R-selection, respectively. Our results confirm the expectation that ecological strategy variation has a basis in underlying trade-offs between tissues with contrasting metabolic/architectural (i.e., economics/size-related) roles.
On the Differentiation of Integrals in Measure Spaces Along Filters
Authors: Di Biase Fausto , Krantz Steven G.
Published: November 2022

It is known that the study of the boundary behavior of (harmonic or) holomorphic functions, to which N. Sibony has contributed with penetrating work, is linked to the differentiation of integrals. In 1936, R. de Possel observed that, in the general setting of a measure space with no metric structure, certain phenomena, relative to the differentiation of integrals, which are familiar in the Euclidean setting precisely because of the presence of a metric, are devoid of actual meaning. In the first part of this work, we introduce the concept of functional convergence class that provides a unifying framework for various limiting processes and enables us to establish a hierarchy between them, and show that, within this hierarchy, the notion of filter (introduced by H. Cartan just a year after De Possel’s contribution) occupies the position of wider scope. In the second part of this work, we show how to reformulate some of the contributions of de Possel in the language of filters.
Existence of a Sign-Changing Weak Solution to Doubly Nonlinear Parabolic Equations
Authors: Misawa Masashi , Nakamura Kenta
Published: November 2022

In this paper, assuming the initial-boundary datum belonging to suitable Sobolev and Lebesgue spaces, we prove the global existence result for a (possibly sign changing) weak solution to the Cauchy–Dirichlet problem for doubly nonlinear parabolic equations of the form $$\begin{aligned} \partial _t\left( |u|^{q-1}u\right) -\Delta _p u=0\quad \text {in}\,\,\,\Omega _\infty , \end{aligned}$$

∂
t

|
u
|

q
-
1

u

-

Δ
p

u
=
0

in

Ω
∞

,

where $$p>1$$

p
>
1

and $$q>0$$

q
>
0

. This is a fair improvement of the preceding result by authors (Nonlinear Anal 175C :157–172, 2018). The key tools we employ are energy estimates for approximate equations of Rothe type and the integral strong convergence of gradients of approximate solutions.
Memory of the Earth and Human Memory of Natural Disasters: the 1953 Earthquake in Western Aragón (Spain)
Authors: Simón José L. , Simón-Porcar Guillermo , Peiro Alba
Published: November 2022

Occurred in 1953 in Used (Zaragoza province), an earthquake of magnitude 4.7 and intensity VII was the last destructive earthquake in the Aragón region, Spain. The remaining social memory of that event (a type of intangible geological heritage) and its influence on the perception of seismic hazard in the area are explored by means of interviews and a population survey. The results indicate that the memory is lively amongst the population within the epicentral area, both in the generation that experienced it and, to a lesser extent, in the following generations. However, this does not translate into a significant perception of seismic hazard, the latter being more influenced by cultural factors: in the epicentral area it is greater amongst people who did not live through the earthquake, but who have heard familiar stories or have had external information highlighteing its importance. The study of social perception is part of a citizen science project, in which the social memory enters into dialogue with the Memory of the Earth, i.e. the record left by that and other previous earthquakes in geology and landscape. The research on the effects of the shake on people, buildings, and environment has benefited from numerous testimonies from the elderly. Reciprocally, such knowledge is scientifically processed and returned to the citizens in the form of scientific outreach products (book, documentary film, talks), with the aim of promoting scientific culture about natural disasters.
Numerical simulation of the surface flux of an alpine grassland in the source region of the Yellow River by the land surface model
Authors: Luo Qi , Zhang Tinglong , Li Zhenchao
Published: November 2022

The simulation performance of the land surface model Community Land Model 5.0 (CLM5.0) is tested by using the eddy correlation system and micrometeorological tower observational data at the Maqu observation field in 2016. The results show that the CLM5.0 model has a good simulation effect on the soil temperature and can well reflect the seasonal variation characteristics of soil temperature. In addition, the model can well simulate the seasonal variation in shallow soil moisture (5 cm and 10 cm). However, the deviations between the simulated and observed values are large. CLM5.0 cannot simulate the water holding capacity of shallow soil well, resulting in its underestimation. The simulation performance of the upward longwave radiation and net radiation is substantially better than that of the upward shortwave radiation due to the change in surface albedo caused by precipitation from March to July. CLM5.0 can also well reproduce the variation trend of the latent heat flux and 5 cm soil heat flux (heat exchange of soil at 5 cm). When the leaf area index (LAI) and Medlyn slope values are changed to 10%, 20%, and 50% of the default values, the simulation effects of soil moisture at depths of 5 cm and 10 cm are significantly improved, and the best simulation effects are achieved at 0.5 times the default values. This result indicates that lower LAI and Medlyn slope values are more suitable for simulating shallow soil moisture.
35 million-year-old solid-wood-borer beetle larvae support the idea of stressed Eocene amber forests
Authors: Haug Carolin , Baranov Viktor A. , Hörnig Marie K. , Gauweiler Joshua , Hammel Jörg U. , Perkovsky Evgeny E. , Haug Joachim T.
Published: November 2022

Eocene amber is an important window into the past about 35 million years ago. The large quantities of resin produced by this forest of the past, resulting in amber, triggered the idea of a forest under stress. Recent findings of higher abundances of hoverfly larvae in Eocene amber, in the modern fauna often associated with wood-borer larvae, provided a hint that wood-borer larvae may have contributed to this stress. Yet, so far only few such larvae have been reported. We have compiled a dozen additional wood-borer larvae in amber, including a giant one of at least 35 mm length in Rovno amber. Heavily damaged fossils furthermore indicate that larger larvae of this type were prone to oxidation and that, at least some, enigmatic tube-like tunnels in larger amber pieces may represent remains of large wood-borer larvae. This find strongly indicates that wood-borer larvae were not rare, but common in the Eocene amber forest, which is compatible with the high abundances of hoverfly larvae and further supports the idea of a forest under stress. Whether the possible higher abundances of wood-borer larvae were the cause of the stress or a symptom of an already stressed forest remains so far unclear.
Estimation of Groundwater Recharge in Makutupora Basin Located in a Semi-arid Region in Central Tanzania using Soil Moisture Balance (SMB) and Chloride Mass Balance (CMB) Techniques
Authors: Kisiki Clarance Paul , Ayenew Tenalem , Mjemah Ibrahimu Chikira
Published: November 2022

The objective of this study is to assess the groundwater recharge in the Makutupora basin, Central Tanzania using the soil moisture balance (SMB) and chloride mass balance (CMB) methods. The SMB method considered the estimation of both evapotranspiration in CROPWAT 8.0 software and surface runoff by the curve number (CN) method. The CN of the basin was determined based on hydrological soil group (HSG), antecedent moisture condition (AMC) and land use type using Arc GIS 10.2. Distributed land-use maps, slope and soil texture maps, daily climatological data (e.g., precipitation, temperature, wind speed, etc.), chloride concentration in rainfall and groundwater are the basic data used in this study. Input data were prepared in the form of digital maps using GIS and remote sensing tools and finally excel models were created to compute recharge using a set of given conditions. The results indicate that the average chloride concentration measured in the groundwater samples of the study area is 282.88 mg/L; much higher than the average concentration in rainwater samples which is 3.47mg/L while the average potential evapotranspiration is 2280 mm/year with an average rainfall of 680mm/year. Runoff computed using the CN method is ranging from 7.6-246mm/year or 0.68-22%. The final recharge from SMB is ranging from 0.025-117.86mm/year or 0.006-10% of annual rainfall equivalent to an average annual volume of 41.58Mm3 while recharge from CMB ranges from 2.57-44.6mm/year or 0.38-6.56% of annual rainfall equivalent to an average annual volume of 23.85Mm3. The results show that CMB underestimated the recharge compared to the SMB method. The reason for this is thought to be caused by the high chloride concentration analysed in groundwater compared to rainfall samples which may be caused by increased chloride concentration as water passes through the rock formations (unsaturated zone) to the saturated zone. Further lack of atmospheric chloride deposition data may be another contributing factor.
Investigation of cross-entropy-based streamflow forecasting through an efficient interpretable automated search process
Authors: Chong K. L. , Huang Y. F. , Koo C. H. , Sherif Mohsen , Ahmed Ali Najah , El-Shafie Ahmed
Published: November 2022

Streamflow forecasting has always been important in water resources management, particularly the peak flow, which often determines the seriousness of the impending flood. However, the highly imbalanced flow distribution often hinders the machine learning algorithm's performance. In this paper, streamflow forecasting was approached through the formulation of two distinct machine learning problems: categorical streamflow forecast and regression streamflow forecast. Due to the distinctive characteristics of these two adopted forms, selecting the correct algorithm for the machine learning problem along with their hyperparameter tuning process is critical to the realization of the desired results. For the distinct streamflow formulated scenarios, three neural network algorithms and their hyperparameter tuning strategy were investigated. The comparative empirical studies had revealed that formulated categorical-based streamflow forecast is a better choice than a regression-based streamflow forecast, regardless of the algorithms used; for instance, the f1-score of 0.7 (categorical based) is obtained compared to the 0.53 (regression based) for the LSTM in scenario 1 (binary). Furthermore, forest-based algorithms were investigated and shown to be superior at forecasting high streamflow fluctuations in situations featuring low-dimensional streamflow input. Besides, encoding the streamflow time series as images (input) for forecasting purposes would require a thorough analysis as there is a discrepancy in the results, revealing that not all approaches are suitable for streamflow image transformation. The functional ANOVA analysis provided evidence to substantiate the Bayesian optimization results, implying that the hyperparameters were effectively optimized.
Spatial and temporal variations of trophic state conditions of Lake Bunyonyi, south-western Uganda
Authors: Saturday Alex , Lyimo Thomas J. , Machiwa John , Pamba Siajali
Published: November 2022

The study was conducted to assess the spatial and temporal variations of the trophic state condition of Lake Bunyonyi between October 2019 and September 2020. Secchi depth (SD), total phosphorus (TP) and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration were measured to aid the quantification of trophic state condition of the lake using Carlson trophic state index (CTSI). The trophic state index (TSI) values based on SD, TP and Chl-a values were 60.82 ± 5.35, 68.99 ± 11.04 and 61.74 ± 7.51, respectively. March 2020 recorded the highest mean CSTI value (70.14 ± 4.04), while in September 2020, the lowest mean value (58.03 ± 6.22) was obtained. Based on CTSI values, the lake was eutrophic in both dry and wet seasons albeit with differences in the values. The eutrophic state of the lake is possibly attributed to nutrients inflow into the lake via runoff and drainage from farmlands. The negative value of TSI-Chl-a–TSI-TP deviation pointed out that the lake is not phosphorus limited, while the positive TSI-Chl-a–TSI-SD mean deviation value revealed the effect of Chl-a and TP on the lake’s transparency. The study recommends the necessity to develop guidelines for the trophic status monitoring of Lake Bunyonyi since results suggest the deteriorating lake condition.
Significantly Enhanced Electromagnetic Interference Shielding Performances of Epoxy Nanocomposites with Long-Range Aligned Lamellar Structures
Authors: Wang Lei , Ma Zhonglei , Qiu Hua , Zhang Yali , Yu Ze , Gu Junwei
Published: November 2022

High‑efficiency electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding materials are of great importance for electronic equipment reliability, information security and human health. In this work, bidirectional aligned Ti3C2Tx@Fe3O4/CNF aerogels (BTFCA) were firstly assembled by bidirectional freezing and freeze-drying technique, and the BTFCA/epoxy nanocomposites with long-range aligned lamellar structures were then prepared by vacuum-assisted impregnation of epoxy resins. Benefitting from the successful construction of bidirectional aligned three-dimensional conductive networks and electromagnetic synergistic effect, when the mass fraction of Ti3C2Tx and Fe3O4 are 2.96 and 1.48 wt%, BTFCA/epoxy nanocomposites show outstanding EMI shielding effectiveness of 79 dB, about 10 times of that of blended Ti3C2Tx@Fe3O4/epoxy (8 dB) nanocomposites with the same loadings of Ti3C2Tx and Fe3O4. Meantime, the corresponding BTFCA/epoxy nanocomposites also present excellent thermal stability (Theat-resistance index of 198.7 °C) and mechanical properties (storage modulus of 9902.1 MPa, Young's modulus of 4.51 GPa and hardness of 0.34 GPa). Our fabricated BTFCA/epoxy nanocomposites would greatly expand the applications of MXene and epoxy resins in the fields of information security, aerospace and weapon manufacturing, etc.
Oocyte-Secreted Serum Biomarkers GDF9 and BMP15 in Women with Endometriosis
Authors: Shamsa Aiat , Gilchrist Robert B. , Robertson David M. , Rodgers Rachael J. , Donoghoe Mark W. , Ledger William L. , Abbott Jason A. , Riepsamen Angelique H.
Published: November 2022

Oocyte-secreted growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9) and bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) are critical paracrine regulators of female fertility. Recent studies demonstrated that serum concentrations are associated with the number of oocytes retrieved during IVF, and therefore potential clinical use as biomarkers. However, it is unknown if the presence of endometriosis affects serum GDF9 or BMP15. An exploratory case–control study was prospectively performed on 60 women who underwent laparoscopy between April 2017 and August 2018 at two hospitals. GDF9 and BMP15 were measured by validated immunoassays in pre-operative serum samples. Data were analysed relative to laparoscopic assessment of endometriosis and staging. There were 35 women with confirmed laparoscopic diagnosis of endometriosis and 25 controls with no evidence of endometriosis at laparoscopy. GDF9 was detectable in 40% of controls and 48% of cases. There was no difference in median GDF9 concentrations between controls (20.0 pg/ml, range 20.0–2504 pg/ml) and cases (20.0 pg/ml, range 20.0–2963 pg/ml). BMP15 was detectable in 48% of controls and 58% of cases, with no difference in median concentrations between controls (26.5 pg/ml, range 24.0–1499 pg/ml) and cases (24.0 pg/ml, range 24.0–796 pg/ml). Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the proportion of detectable samples or concentrations of GDF9 or BMP15 with differing severities of endometriosis. In conclusion, serum concentrations of oocyte-secreted factors, GDF9 and BMP15 did not differ between control patients and patients with endometriosis. For clinical application in reproductive medicine, GDF9 and BMP15 serum biomarker quantitation is unlikely to be aberrant in the presence of endometriosis.
Optimal carbon-electricity trade-offs through the virtual power plant concept
Authors: Nikolaidis Pavlos , Poullikkas Andreas
Published: November 2022

To ameliorate the increased challenges relating to renewable energy sources set by European Union targets for the 2020, 2030 and 2050 paradigms, in this work a carbon-electricity model is proposed by making use of a virtual power plant mechanism. The radical configuration is arranged for the islanded power system of Cyprus, by making use of internal combustion engines, steam generators and domestic wind, photovoltaic and biomass units. Using an algorithm relied on mixed-integer linear programming, clean resources integration can be enhanced in a cost-effective manner in terms of total production and emission cost. Based on actual data with respect to load demand and power generation, the proposed concept offers optimal carbon-electricity trade-offs in the presence of storage. Specifically, the annual amount of carbon-dioxide emissions decreases by almost 74,000tn increasing the renewables share from 25.73 to 64.33% at the virtual power plant level. The released emissions are completely eliminated by making use of hydrogen derived by renewable hydrogen pathways in 100% renewable systems. The incomes of the assessed scenarios towards 2050 paradigm of de-carbonization are 81.360 M€ and 112.148 M€ for the respective life-cycle analysis without and with regenerative fuel-cell storage facility. As for future directions to research, a more comprehensive carbon-trading system is indicated to consolidate other Greenhouse gas emissions, including carbon oxide (CO), methane (CH4), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2).
Logic of alternative-I
Authors: Deguchi Yasuo , Onishi Takuro , Akiyoshi Ryota , Yagisawa Takashi , Yamamori Maiko
Published: November 2022

This paper aims to construct a logic of alternative-I that provides a proper conceptual framework for talk of possible-I in decision-making context, and thereby solves what we call the paradox of possible-I. The model of our logic, Alt-I model, is an adaptation of N. Belnap’s branching-time model, and the STIT (see to it that) operator defined on the model serves to represent choices and decisions made by actual and counterfactual agents. We conclude this paper by discussing the application of Alt-I model to the case of digital twins, digital copies of a person.
Stakeholder-engaged research is necessary across the criminal-legal spectrum
Authors: Wurcel Alysse G. , Kraus Christina , Johnson O’Dell , Zaller Nicholas D. , Ray Bradley , Spaulding Anne C. , Flynn Tara , Quinn Cynthia , Day Ronald , Akiyama Matthew J. , Del Pozo Brandon , Meyer Fred , Glenn Jason E.
Published: November 2022

People with lived experience of incarceration have higher rates of morbidity and mortality compared to people without history of incarceration. Research conducted unethically in prisons and jails led to increased scrutiny of research to ensure the needs of those studied are protected. One consequence of increased restrictions on research with criminal-legal involved populations is reluctance to engage in research evaluations of healthcare for people who are incarcerated and people who have lived experience of incarceration. Ethical research can be done in partnership with people with lived experience of incarceration and other key stakeholders and should be encouraged. In this article, we describe how stakeholder engagement can be accomplished in this setting, and further, how such engagement leads to impactful research that can be disseminated and implemented across disciplines and communities. The goal is to build trust across the spectrum of people who work, live in, or are impacted by the criminal-legal system, with the purpose of moving toward health equity.
The concept of the foreign terrorist fighter: An immanent critique
Authors: Baker-Beall Christopher
Published: November 2022

The conflicts in Iraq and Syria have led to concerns in the West over ‘foreign fighters’. Although states are anxious about the role these individuals play in the conflicts they join, their primary concern relates to the perceived ‘terrorist’ threat they pose on their return. This fear has led to an evolution in the international policymaking arena, with foreign fighters now often referred to as ‘foreign terrorist fighters’ (FTFs). A Critical Theory-inspired immanent critique is offered to highlight various problems that exist with the FTF term and to argue policymakers should resist its use. The article demonstrates the importance of language by showing how the invocation of the FTF threat has strengthened the ongoing development of globally coordinated counterterrorism action. Specifically, it argues UN Security Council Resolution 2178, agreed in 2014, generates a legal obligation upon UN member states to implement new counterterrorism laws at national level to combat the perceived threat from FTFs. The article highlights the negative effect these laws have on human rights. It is argued institutions like the UN need to ensure new counterterrorism legal instruments are built from a human rights rather than security-first perspective if commitments to human rights in transnational counterterrorism are to be fully realised.
Incompressible active phases at an interface. Part 1. Formulation and axisymmetric odd flows
Authors: Jia Leroy L. , Irvine William T.M. , Shelley Michael J.
Published: November 2022

Inspired by the recent realization of a two-dimensional (2-D) chiral fluid as an active monolayer droplet moving atop a 3-D Stokesian fluid, we formulate mathematically its free-boundary dynamics. The surface droplet is described as a general 2-D linear, incompressible and isotropic fluid, having a viscous shear stress, an active chiral driving stress and a Hall stress allowed by the lack of time-reversal symmetry. The droplet interacts with itself through its driven internal mechanics and by driving flows in the underlying 3-D Stokes phase. We pose the dynamics as the solution to a singular integral–differential equation, over the droplet surface, using the mapping from surface stress to surface velocity for the 3-D Stokes equations. Specializing to the case of axisymmetric droplets, exact representations for the chiral surface flow are given in terms of solutions to a singular integral equation, solved using both analytical and numerical techniques. For a disc-shaped monolayer, we additionally employ a semi-analytical solution that hinges on an orthogonal basis of Bessel functions and allows for efficient computation of the monolayer velocity field, which ranges from a nearly solid-body rotation to a unidirectional edge current, depending on the subphase depth and the Saffman–Delbrück length. Except in the near-wall limit, these solutions have divergent surface shear stresses at droplet boundaries, a signature of systems with codimension-one domains embedded in a 3-D medium. We further investigate the effect of a Hall viscosity, which couples radial and transverse surface velocity components, on the dynamics of a closing cavity. Hall stresses are seen to drive inward radial motion, even in the absence of edge tension.
Global linear stability analysis of a flame anchored to a cylinder
Authors: Wang Chuhan , Lesshafft Lutz , Oberleithner Kilian
Published: November 2022

This study investigates the linear stability of a laminar premixed flame, anchored on a square cylinder and confined inside a channel. Many modern linear analysis concepts have been developed and validated around non-reacting bluff-body wake flows, and the objective of this paper is to explore whether those tools can be applied with the same success to the study of reacting flows in similar configurations. It is found that linear instability analysis of steady reacting flow states accurately predicts critical flow parameters for the onset of limit-cycle oscillations, when compared to direct numerical simulation performed with a simple one-step reaction scheme in the low Mach number limit. Furthermore, the linear analysis predicts a strong stabilising effect of flame ignition, consistent with documented experiments and numerical simulations. Instability in ignited wake flows is, however, found to set in at sufficiently high Reynolds number, and a linear wavemaker analysis characterises this instability as being driven by hydrodynamic mechanisms of a similar nature as in non-reacting wake flows. The frequency of nonlinear limit-cycle flame oscillations in this unstable regime is retrieved accurately by linear eigenmode analysis performed on the time-averaged mean flow, under the condition that the full set of the reacting flow equations is linearised. If, on the contrary, unsteadiness in the density and in the reaction rate are excluded from the linear model, then the congruence between linear and nonlinear dynamics is lost.
Justice Sites and the Fight against Atrocity Crimes
Authors: Christensen Mikkel Jarle
Published: November 2022

This article develops a new conceptual framework designed to critically study how locality and transversal power relations structure activity and developments in the global field of international criminal justice. The framework is built around the concept of “justice sites,” defined as localities in which organized and social labor—in this case, working with international criminal justice—takes place. The potential effects of social labor performed in specific sites of justice are structured partly by their locality and the resources to which it gives access and partly by their structural position in wider transversal chains of cooperation and competition that cut across different globalized and national fields. In addition to structuring the connections between justice sites, transversal power relations link sites of justice to “practice sites” embedded in other fields in which localized, social labor is not routinely engaged with international criminal justice. Such linkages demonstrate how the framework, developed to study how locality and transversal relations shape the fight against atrocity crimes, can also be used to investigate sites engaged in and across other globalized and national fields of justice, law, governance, and security.
Early Devonian (Lochkovian) eurypterids from the Yunnan province of southwest China
Authors: Ma Zhiheng , Zhang Tingshan , Lamsdell James C , Chen Jingwen , Selden Paul A , Chen Liurunxuan
Published: November 2022

Two new eurypterids, a pterygotidPterygotus wanggaiin. sp. and an adelophthalmoidParahughmilleria fuean. sp., are described from the Early Devonian (Lochkovian) Xiaxishancun Formation of Yunnan province, southwest China. This discovery represents the first record ofParahughmilleriafrom Gondwana and the firstPterygotusfrom China.Pterygotus wanggaiin. sp. is characterized by the first primary denticles (d1,d1′) being located on the middle part of the cheliceral ramus and third primary denticles (d3,d3′) elongate, even longer than the first primary denticles.Parahughmilleria fuean. sp. is differentiated by being a largeParahughmilleriawith strongly developed lateral epimera from tergites T4 to T12. These discoveries not only extend the geographical extent of the generaPterygotusandParahughmilleriafrom Euramerica to SW China, but also give insight into the similarity of ecosystem structures across the Early Devonian world. In addition, based on previous studies, the new discoveries further support the hypothesis that eurypterids underwent a crisis during the Silurian–Devonian boundary interval.
Patterns of polysomnography parameters in 27 neuropsychiatric diseases: an umbrella review
Authors: Zhang Ye , Ren Rong , Yang Linghui , Zhang Haipeng , Shi Yuan , Vitiello Michael V. , Sanford Larry D. , Tang Xiangdong
Published: November 2022

Background

We provide an umbrella review of the reported polysomnographic changes in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases compared with healthy controls.

Methods

An electronic literature search was conducted in EMBASE, MEDLINE, All EBM databases, CINAHL, and PsycINFO. Meta-analyses of case–control studies investigating the polysomnographic changes in patients with neuropsychiatric diseases were included. For each meta-analysis, we estimated the summary effect size using random effects models, the 95% confidence interval, and the 95% prediction interval. We also estimated between-study heterogeneity, evidence of excess significance bias, and evidence of small-study effects. The levels of evidence of polysomnographic changes in neuropsychiatric diseases were ranked as follows: not significant, weak, suggestive, highly suggestive, or convincing.

Results

We identified 27 articles, including 465 case–control studies in 27 neuropsychiatric diseases. The levels of evidence of polysomnographic changes in neuropsychiatric diseases were highly suggestive for increased sleep latency and decreased sleep efficiency (SE) in major depressive disorder (MDD), increased N1 percentage, and decreased N2 percentage, SL and REML in narcolepsy, and decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep percentage in Parkinson's disease (PD). The suggestive evidence decreased REM latency in MDD, decreased total sleep time and SE in PD, and decreased SE in posttraumatic stress disorder and in narcolepsy.

Conclusions

The credibility of evidence for sleep characteristics in 27 neuropsychiatric diseases varied across polysomnographic variables and diseases. When considering the patterns of altered PSG variables, no two diseases had the same pattern of alterations, suggesting that specific sleep profiles might be important dimensions for defining distinct neuropsychiatric disorders.
Maternal adherence to healthy lifestyle and risk of depressive symptoms in the offspring: mediation by offspring lifestyle
Authors: Wang Wei-Chen , Ding Ming , Strohmaier Susanne , Schernhammer Eva , Sun Qi , Chavarro Jorge E. , Tiemeier Henning
Published: November 2022

Background

Adherence to healthy lifestyles can be beneficial for depression among adults, but the intergenerational impact of maternal healthy lifestyles on offspring depressive symptoms is unknown.

Methods

In total, 10 368 mothers in Nurses' Health Study II and 13 478 offspring in the Growing Up Today Study were paired. Maternal and offspring healthy lifestyles were defined as a composite score including a healthy diet, normal body mass index (BMI), never-smoking, light-to-moderate consumption of alcohol, and regular moderate-to-vigorous physical activity. Maternal lifestyles were assessed during their offspring's childhood. Offspring depressive symptoms were repeatedly assessed five times using the Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale-10 (CESD-10); the offspring were between the ages of 14 and 30 when the first CESD-10 was assessed. Covariates included maternal variables (age at baseline, race/ethnicity, antidepressant use, pregnancy complications, etc.) and offspring age and sex.

Results

Children of mothers with the healthiest lifestyle had significantly fewer depressive symptoms (a 0.30 lower CESD-10 score, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.09–0.50) in comparison with children of mothers with the least healthy lifestyle. The association was only found significant in female offspring but not in males. For individual maternal lifestyle factors, a normal BMI, never-smoking, and adherence to regular physical activity were independently associated with fewer depressive symptoms among the offspring. The association between maternal healthy lifestyles and offspring depressive symptoms was mediated by offspring's healthy lifestyles (mediation effect: 53.2%, 95% CI 15.8–87.3).

Conclusions

Our finding indicates the potential mechanism of intergenerational transmission of healthy lifestyles to reduce the risk of depressive symptoms in offspring.
Developmental trajectories of internalizing distress among ethnic minoritized mothers following childbirth: Associations with early child psychological adjustment
Authors: Osornio Alisha C. , Lane Sean P. , Urizar Guido G. , Gonzalez Araceli , Halim May Ling D.
Published: November 2022

A substantial body of work has established that mothers’ internalizing distress can negatively affect children’s socioemotional development. Yet few studies have examined how distinct patterns of mothers’ distress over time differentially impact child behaviors across early childhood. To address this gap, the current study explored developmental trajectories of mothers’ internalizing distress and examined the associations of these patterns with child adjustment outcomes. Mexican immigrant, Dominican immigrant, and African American mothers (N = 272) were annually assessed for internalizing distress over the first 6 years following childbirth. Children’s psychological adjustment (internalizing, externalizing, and hyperactivity behaviors) was measured at the last yearly assessment in first grade. A growth mixture model revealed two distinct classes of distress where mothers were classified as having low stable distress (82.4%) or moderate distress that began as stable then declined when their children were 64 months old (17.6%). Children of mothers in the moderate, late decline class showed greater internalizing, externalizing, and hyperactivity behaviors in the first grade compared to children of mothers in the low stable class. Findings highlight the necessity of supporting the mental health of ethnic minoritized mothers following childbirth and further expand our knowledge of family psychopathology to promote healthy psychological adjustment in children.
Public Consumption Multipliers in Slack and Good Periods: Evidence From the Euro Area
Authors: Amendola Marco
Published: November 2022

The paper estimates public consumption multipliers and whether they vary depending on the slack of the economy. To this aim, linear and smooth-transition panel local projections are applied to a data set composed of quarterly data on nine selected Euro area countries for the period 1999Q1−2018Q4. The results show that the linear multiplier is approximately 1.3 and so above unity. This is, however, an “average result” as clear evidence is found in favor of state dependency. Particularly, the findings indicate that the multiplier is approximately 2.0 in the slack regime, while it is below 0.5 in the good regime. These results are robust along several dimensions, such as alternative measures of slack and controlling for fiscal foresight. Some linear and state-dependent transmission channels are also investigated.
ELLIPTIC COHOMOLOGY IS UNIQUE UP TO HOMOTOPY
Authors: DAVIES J. M.
Published: November 2022

Homotopy theory folklore tells us that the sheaf defining the cohomology theory
$\operatorname {\mathrm {Tmf}}$
of topological modular forms is unique up to homotopy. Here we provide a proof of this fact, although we claim no originality for the statement. This retroactively reconciles all previous constructions of
$\operatorname {\mathrm {Tmf}}$
.
Twelve-month follow-up of a randomised clinical trial of a brief group psychological intervention for common mental disorders in Syrian refugees in Jordan
Authors: Bryant Richard A. , Bawaneh Ahmad , Awwad Manar , Al-Hayek Hadeel , Giardinelli Luana , Whitney Claire , Jordans Mark J. D. , Cuijpers Pim , Sijbrandij Marit , Ventevogel Peter , Dawson Katie , Akhtar Aemal
Published: November 2022

Aims

There is increasing evidence that brief psychological interventions delivered by lay providers can reduce common mental disorders in the short-term. This study evaluates the longer-term impact of a brief, lay provider delivered group psychological intervention (Group Problem Management Plus; gPM+) on the mental health of refugees and their children's mental health.

Methods

This single-blind, parallel, controlled trial randomised 410 adult Syrians in Azraq Refugee Camp in Jordan who screened positive for distress and impaired functioning to either five sessions of gPM+ or enhanced usual care (EUC). Primary outcomes were scores on the Hopkins Symptom Checklist-25 (HSCL-25; depression and anxiety scales) assessed at baseline, 6 weeks, 3 months and 12 months Secondary outcomes included disability, posttraumatic stress, personally identified problems, prolonged grief, prodromal psychotic symptoms, parenting behaviour and children's mental health.

Results

Between 15 October 2019 and 2 March 2020, 204 participants were assigned to gPM + and 206 to EUC, and 307 (74.9%) were retained at 12 months. Intent-to-treat analyses indicated that although participants in gPM + had greater reductions in depression at 3 months, at 12 months there were no significant differences between treatment arms on depression (mean difference −0.9, 95% CI −3.2 to 1.3;p= 0.39) or anxiety (mean difference −1.7, 95% CI −4.8 to −1.3;p= 0.06). There were no significant differences between conditions for secondary outcomes except that participants in gPM + had greater increases in positive parenting.

Conclusions

The short-term benefits of a brief, psychological programme delivered by lay providers may not be sustained over longer time periods, and there is a need for sustainable programmes that can prolong benefits gained through gPM + .
Powerful Impact Provides Insight into Deep Structure of Mars
Authors: Fritts Rachel
Published: November 2022

Seismic signals detected by the InSight lander show that the planet’s lower mantle may be less homogenous than previous models have suggested.
Enhanced India‐Africa Carbon Uptake and Asia‐Pacific Carbon Release Associated With the 2019 Extreme Positive Indian Ocean Dipole
Authors: Wang Jun , Jiang Fei , Ju Weimin , Wang Meirong , Sitch Stephen , Arora Vivek K. , Chen Jing M. , Goll Daniel S. , He Wei , Jain Atul K. , Li Xing , Joiner Joanna , Poulter Benjamin , Séférian Roland , Wang Hengmao , Wu Mousong , Xiao Jingfeng , Yuan Wenping , Yue Xu , Zaehle Sönke
Published: November 2022

The 2019 extreme positive Indian Ocean dipole drove climate extremes over Indian Ocean rim countries with unclear carbon‐cycle responses. We investigated its impact on net biome productivity (NBP) and its constituent fluxes, using the Global Carbon Assimilation System (GCASv2) product, process‐based model simulations from TRENDYv9, and satellite‐based gross primary productivity (GPP). By distinguishing two separate regions, the India‐Africa and Asia‐Pacific, GCASv2 indicated enhanced terrestrial carbon uptake of 0.23 ± 0.20 PgC and release of 0.38 ± 0.15 PgC, respectively, during September–December (SOND) 2019. These NBP anomalies had comparable magnitudes to those following the 2015 extreme El Niño which, however, caused the consistent carbon release in both regions. The TRENDYv9 model ensemble confirmed these NBP responses, albeit with smaller magnitudes. These regional NBP anomalies were related to soil moisture variations with a dominant role of GPP. Understanding the impact of IOD provides new insights into mechanisms driving interannual variations in regional carbon cycling.