bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sticky Policies, Dysfunctional Systems: Path Dependency and the Problems of Government Funding for Science in the United States
Authors: Laird Frank N.
Published: June 2020

Leaders of the scientific community have declared that American science is in a crisis due to inadequate federal funding. They misconstrue the problem; its roots lie instead in the institutional interactions between federal funding agencies and higher education. After World War II, science policy elites advocated for a system of funding that addressed what they perceived at the time as their most pressing problems of science-government relations: the need for greater federal funding for science, especially to universities, while maintaining scientific autonomy in the distribution and use of those funds. The agencies that fund university research developed institutional rules, norms, and procedures that created unintended consequences when they interacted with those of American higher education. The project system for funding, justified by peer-review and coupled with rapidly increasing R&D budgets, created incentives for universities to expand their research programs massively, which led to unsustainable growth in the demand for federal research money. That system produced spectacular successes but also created the unintended longer-term problem that demand for science funding has grown more quickly than government funding ever could. Most analysts neglect potentially painful reforms that might address these problems. This case demonstrates that successful political coalitions can create intractable long-term problems for themselves.
Using a quality of life (QoL)-monitor: preliminary results of a randomized trial in Dutch patients with early breast cancer
Authors: Lugtenberg R. T. , Fischer M. J. , de Jongh F. , Kobayashi K. , Inoue K. , Matsuda A. , Kubota K. , Weijl N. , Yamaoka K. , Ramai S. R. S. , Nortier J. W. R. , Putter H. , Gelderblom H. , Kaptein A. A. , Kroep J. R.
Published: June 2020

Purpose

The diagnosis and treatment of cancer negatively affect patients’ physical, functional and psychological wellbeing. Patients’ needs for care cannot be addressed unless they are recognized by healthcare providers (HCPs). The use of quality of life (QoL) assessments with feedback to HCPs might facilitate the identification and discussion of QoL-topics.

Methods

113 patients with stage I–IIIB breast cancer treated with chemotherapy were included in this randomized controlled trial. Patients were randomly allocated to receive either usual care, or usual care with an intervention consisting of a QoL-monitor assessing QoL, distress and care needs before every chemotherapy cycle visit. Patients completed questionnaires regarding QoL, illness perceptions, self-efficacy, and satisfaction with communication. From the 2nd visit onwards, patients in the intervention arm and their HCPs received a copy of the QoL overview and results were shown in patients’ medical files. Audio-recordings and patients’ self-reports were used to investigate effects on communication, patient management and patient-wellbeing. A composite score for communication was calculated by summing the number of QoL-topics discussed during each consultation.

Results

Use of the QoL-monitor resulted in a higher communication score (0.7 topics increase per visit,p = 0.04), especially regarding the disease-specific and psychosocial issues (p < 0.01). There were no differences in patient management, QoL, illness perceptions or distress. Patients in the experimental arm (n = 60) had higher scores on satisfaction with communication (p < 0.05).

Conclusions

Use of a QoL-monitor during chemotherapy in patients with early breast cancer might result in a more frequent discussion of QoL-topics, associated with high levels of patients’ satisfaction.
Definable Conditionals
Authors: Raidl Eric
Published: June 2020

The variably strict analysis of conditionals does not only largely dominate the philosophical literature, since its invention by Stalnaker and Lewis, it also found its way into linguistics and psychology. Yet, the shortcomings of Lewis–Stalnaker’s account initiated a plethora of modifications, such as non-vacuist conditionals, presuppositional indicatives, perfect conditionals, or other conditional constructions, for example: reason relations, difference-making conditionals, counterfactual dependency, or probabilistic relevance. Many of these new connectives can be treated as strengthened or weakened conditionals. They are definable conditionals. This article develops a technique to infer the logic for such definable conditionals from the known logic of the underlying defining conditional. The technique is applied to central examples. The results show that a large part of the zoo of conditionals arises from a basic conditional—a constant nucleus of the different contextual and conceptual variations of variably strict conditionals.
SliderGAN: Synthesizing Expressive Face Images by Sliding 3D Blendshape Parameters
Authors: Ververas Evangelos , Zafeiriou Stefanos
Published: June 2020

Image-to-image (i2i) translation is the dense regression problem of learning how to transform an input image into an output using aligned image pairs. Remarkable progress has been made in i2i translation with the advent of deep convolutional neural networks and particular using the learning paradigm of generative adversarial networks (GANs). In the absence of paired images, i2i translation is tackled with one or multiple domain transformations (i.e., CycleGAN, StarGAN etc.). In this paper, we study the problem of image-to-image translation, under a set of continuous parameters that correspond to a model describing a physical process. In particular, we propose the SliderGAN which transforms an input face image into a new one according to the continuous values of a statistical blendshape model of facial motion. We show that it is possible to edit a facial image according to expression and speech blendshapes, using sliders that control the continuous values of the blendshape model. This provides much more flexibility in various tasks, including but not limited to face editing, expression transfer and face neutralisation, comparing to models based on discrete expressions or action units.
Online Dating and Problematic Use: A Systematic Review
Authors: Bonilla-Zorita Gabriel , Griffiths Mark D. , Kuss Daria J.
Published: June 2020

Despite the constant growth in the use of online dating sites and mobile dating applications, research examining potential problematic use of online dating has remained scarce. Previous research has obviated problematic use of online dating in favour of users’ personality correlates and scams through online dating services. A systematic review was carried out using PsycINFO and Web of Science databases to gather previous findings that address potential problematic use of online dating by (i) identifying use and motivations, (ii) assessing users’ personality correlates, (iii) outlining negative correlates of use, (iv) examining sexual and impulsive behaviour, (v) exploring substance use and behavioural addictions in relation to online dating, and (vi) examining problematic use of online dating, resulting in 43 studies. Findings suggest that personality correlates such as neuroticism, sociability, sensation-seeking, and sexual permissiveness are related to greater use of online dating services. Sex-search and self-esteem enhancement are predictors of problematic use of online dating. Previous research coincides with online dating risks (e.g. fear of deception) and objectification tendency due to online dating services (sites and apps) design. Observations regarding methodological weaknesses and future research implications are included.
Morphologically similar but not closely related: the long-spored species of Subulicystidium (Trechisporales, Basidiomycota)
Authors: Ordynets Alexander , Liebisch Robert , Lysenko Ludmila , Scherf David , Volobuev Sergey , Saitta Alessandro , Larsson Karl-Henrik , Yurchenko Eugene , Buyck Bart , Bolshakov Sergey , Langer Ewald
Published: June 2020

Species boundaries and geographic distribution of corticioid fungi (resupinate Basidiomycota) are often poorly known. Our recent study on Subulicystidium showed that species diversity in this genus is at least twice as high as previously recognized. This re-estimation of the species diversity was based on a study of only a part of the genus. The present study sheds light on molecular and morphological diversity of three more species. We generated 27 ITS and 24 28S nuclear ribosomal DNA sequences from 49 specimens labelled as Subulicystidium cochleum, S. longisporum and S. perlongisporum and collected in distant geographic localities. We assessed pairwise dissimilarities and phylogenetic relationships of DNA sequences with Bayesian and maximum likelihood methods. We correlated phylogenetic information with morphological data on spores and cystidia. We found that the three species are not closely related, despite their similarity in spore shape and size. In one of the species, S. perlongisporum, we detected the presence of two sympatric lineages. These lineages are not morphologically distinct, except for a small difference in the mean length of cystidia. Our study provides a further example of transoceanic species distribution in Agaricomycetes.
Palaeodietary traits of large mammals from the middle Miocene of Gračanica (Bugojno Basin, Bosnia-Herzegovina)
Authors: Xafis Alexandros , Saarinen Juha , Bastl Katharina , Nagel Doris , Grímsson Friðgeir
Published: June 2020

Recent excavations at the Gračanica coal mine (Bugojno Basin, Bosnia-Herzegovina) have unearthed numerous skeletal parts of fossil vertebrates, including a noteworthy collection of mammalian remains. Previous palaeoecological investigations of the Dinarides Lake System were established using stratigraphical, palaeofloral, and malacological data. However, large mammal remains have so far not been used to reconstruct the terrestrial palaeoenvironment of this important fossil ecosystem. Here, the palaeodietary preferences of large mammals were investigated, using a multiproxy approach by employing dental microwear and dental mesowear analysis, in order to provide new perspectives on the terrestrial palaeoecology of the Dinarides Lake System. The dental microwear of all available adult mammalian teeth was analysed. Dental mesowear analysis was employed for ungulate and proboscidean taxa, using mesowear scores and mesowear angles, respectively. The analysis reveals the presence of browsing, “dirty browsing”, and mixed-feeding herbivorous taxa, with seasonal fruit, or even grass intake. Additionally, the analysis of the carnivores suggests the presence of hyaena- and cheetah-like hypercarnivores, as well as generalists. The palaeodietary traits of the fossil mammals suggest a closed canopy-like environment, which is supported by the fossil plant assemblage. Palaeopalynological data confirm the omnipresence of fleshy fruit-bearing plants, herbaceous taxa, as well as grasses, which justifies the seasonal fruit browsing, the common “dirty browsing”, and the occasional grazing behaviour visualized for some of the fossil mammals from Gračanica.
Rewriting Approaches for Ontology-Mediated Query Answering
Authors: Ahmetaj Shqiponja
Published: June 2020

A most promising approach to answering queries in ontology-based data access (OBDA) is through query rewriting. In this paper we present novel rewriting approaches for several extensions of OBDA. The goal is to understand their relative expressiveness and to pave the way for efficient query answering algorithms.
A curing model for the numerical simulation within additive manufacturing of soft polymers using peridynamics
Authors: Hartmann Philipp , Weißenfels Christian , Wriggers Peter
Published: June 2020

Within this paper, the modelling and simulation of extrusion-based Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes of curing polymers is presented. The challenge of the AM is the adjustment of processing parameters. This includes the application of laser radiation to locally accelerate the curing in order to control the final geometry of the implant. Since complex multi-physical coupling effects are hardly predictable by operator experience, numerical simulations are beneficial. When the underlying physical effects of the AM processes are captured correctly within the simulations, a realistic representation of the process is possible. To model the material behaviour during the process, a process-dependent large strain curing model is formulated, considering the stress free curing behaviour of the material. State-of-the-art models are not able to model the fluid-like behaviour of low cured polymers. This needs a formulation that takes into account finite deformations. Hence, the current model is extended to finite plasticity using a process-dependent yield function. This allows the modelling of material spreading in the fluid-like state by simultaneously reducing the accumulation of elastic stored energy, which would lead to an unintentional and non-physical bounce-off behaviour otherwise. For the numerical simulations, an enhanced version of the peridynamic correspondence formulation using fractional subfamilies with associated volume weighting factors is introduced and implemented. Besides the specific laser modelling as a volumetric heat source, a local–non-local coupling of the arising thermo-chemo-mechanical coupled equations is introduced within the peridynamic framework. Within the simulations, the applicability of the plasticity-based approach to model material spreading in the fluid-like state is presented. Finally, the software for extrusion-based printing processes is developed and the complete thermo-chemo-mechanical coupled AM process is simulated. It is shown that higher geometrical precision is obtainable in terms of a reduced material spreading by the application of a laser radiation. The model constitutes the first step of the virtual implant development regarding the optimisation possibilities during the AM process.
A RECONSTRUCTION OF STEEL’S MULTIVERSE PROJECT
Authors: MADDY PENELOPE , MEADOWS TOBY
Published: June 2020

This paper reconstructs Steel’s multiverse project in his ‘Gödel’s program’ (Steel, 2014), first by comparing it to those of Hamkins (2012) and Woodin (2011), then by detailed analysis what’s presented in Steel’s brief text. In particular, we reconstruct his notion of a ‘natural’ theory, describe his multiverse axioms and his translation function, and assess the resulting status of the Continuum Hypothesis. In the end, we reconceptualize the defect that Steel thinks$CH$might suffer from and isolate what it would take to remove it while working within his framework. As our goal is to present as coherent and compelling a philosophical and mathematical story as we can, we allow ourselves to augment Steel’s story in places (e.g., in the treatment of Amalgamation) and to depart from it in others (e.g., the removal of ‘meaning’ from the account). The relevant mathematics is laid out in the appendices.
YOU NEED TO FOCUS TO VALIDATE
Authors: Isaksson O. , Eckert C. , Panarotto M. , Malmqvist J.
Published: June 2020

Many research students find challenges when validating their research. Especially when they have expectations to contribute to both practice and the research body of knowledge. This paper argues that a key to successful validation of design research lies in the ability to focus on what to validate in advance of how to validate. The paper provide a set of guidelines to support a discussion on how to converge to a claim that actually can be validated. The paper reports on experiences from PhD level course on validation in design research.
IDENTIFICATION AND EXPLOITATION OF NEW DESIGN PATHS BY BREAKTHROUGH INNOVATION EXPERTS IN A GENERATIVE DESIGN PARTNERSHIP
Authors: Deval M.-A. , Hooge S. , Weil B.
Published: June 2020

For the past 5 years, more and more established technological firms have structured domain of expertise dedicated to breakthrough innovation management, in order to foster their innovative capabilities. Our paper studies how such expertise may be organised to identify and exploit more effectively new design paths. Our case study is based on the Renault's experts who demonstrate how the design theories could support the firm's innovation capabilities through an exploration partnership. The conclusion presents new co-exploration models and proposes organisations of the expert's activities.
DESIGN OF AN ACTIVE SEAT SUSPENSION FOR A PASSENGER VEHICLE
Authors: Hoić M. , Kranjčević N. , Herold Z. , Kostelac M.
Published: June 2020

The design of an active seat suspension for a mid-class passenger vehicle based on the given set of requirements is considered a combination of four subsystems; the carrier, the actuator, the spring, and the damper. The design of the former two is considered through the 10 and 16 concepts for each, respectively. Two overall designs are proposed for further development. One based on a dual Scott-Russell mechanism and one based on Sarrus mechanism. The first one is evaluated to have high stiffness, the second to be more cost-effective. The detailed design of the first concept is presented.
THE NEUROPHYSIOLOGICAL ACTIVATIONS OF NOVICE AND EXPERIENCED PROFESSIONALS WHEN DESIGNING AND PROBLEM-SOLVING
Authors: Vieira S. , Gero J. , Gattol V. , Delmoral J. , Li S. , Cascini G. , Fernandes A.
Published: June 2020

We present results from an EEG experiment EEG to measure neurophysiological activation to study novice and experienced designers when designing and problem-solving. We adopted and extended the tasks described in a previous fMRI study. The block experiment consists of 3 tasks: problem-solving, basic design, and open layout design. The block is preceded by a familiarizing pre-task and extended to an open design sketching task. Results from 36 sessions of mechanical engineers and industrial designers indicate significant differences in activations between the problem-solving and the design tasks.
TOWARDS BEST PRACTICES IN THE ENGINEER-TO-ORDER BUSINESS: A FRAMEWORK FOR THE STRUCTURED ANALYSIS OF COMMISSIONING PROCESSES
Authors: Mueller G. O. , Bertram C. A. , Mortensen N. H.
Published: June 2020

Engineer-To-Order (ETO) companies develop complex one-of-a-kind products based on specific customer demands. Given the product uniqueness, the commissioning plays an important role in the product development process. However, the project variety and low data availability hinder the analysis of the commissioning processes. This paper proposes a framework for the structured analysis of commissioning processes in ETO companies by analysing the impacts from product requirements and design on the commissioning performance. A case study presents the practical application of the developed framework.
FROM EVIDENCE TO IMPLEMENTATION: HOW SYSTEMS DESIGN CAN FORESEE COMPLEX HEALTHCARE INTERVENTIONS
Authors: Feldman A. N. , Patou F. , Maier A. M.
Published: June 2020

How can we design and engineer research that leads to the development and effective implementation of complex healthcare interventions? We advocate for a systems design-based approach when initiating clinical research to anticipate the proposition of complex interventions. Using cognitive care as an example, we investigate how hybrid design-inspired methodologies can promote organisational effectiveness and how strong clinical evidence can support successful conceptualisation and uptake of novel interventions into routine clinical practice.
INVESTIGATING THE IMPACT OF SCALE IN DESIGN SESSIONS SUPPORTED BY A SPATIAL AUGMENTED REALITY (SAR) TOOL
Authors: Giunta L. , Dekoninck E. , Gopsill J.
Published: June 2020

Spatial Augmented Reality (SAR) differs from other forms of AR by allowing the projection of digital images onto a model. This allows the AR to be more tangible and for interaction to be more realistic. The scale of the model plays a role in the realism but may be constrained by technical factors. This study attempts to understand the influence scale has on a design session by analysing the concept generation process, the ease of designing and the design behaviour. Understanding how these factors are influenced by the model scale betters the understanding of how SAR can influence design.
APPLYING MODEL-BASED SYSTEMS ENGINEERING TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTONOMOUS VESSEL FUNCTIONS
Authors: Bleisinger O. , Forte S. , Apostolov C. , Schmitt M.
Published: June 2020

Developing autonomous functions for complex systems leads to high demands on the consideration of dependencies to external actors in the usage phase. In Model-Based Systems Engineering (MBSE), this can be achieved by modelling operational aspects. Operational aspects are model elements and their relationships to each other. In this contribution, modelling of operational aspects with a MBSE-approach will be demonstrated exemplary on a case study related to the development of a yacht with an autonomous docking assistant. Currently modelling operational aspects is not common in the civil sector.
DEVELOPMENT OF A NEW DESIGN METHODOLOGY FOR LARGE SIZE PRODUCTS BASED ON DSM AND DFMA
Authors: Mora B. , Retolaza I. , Campos M. A. , Remirez A. , Cabello M. J. , Martinez F.
Published: June 2020

A new design methodology for long life and large size (Ll-Ls) products called Design for Installation (DfI) is proposed. Ll-Ls products are usually made up of large parts that need to be assembled on field. The proposed methodology, based on adapted Design Structure Matrix (DSM) and Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DfMA) methods, enables to optimize the design of a Ll-Ls product in order to reduce time and cost of the installation process. The new methodology works with a conceptual design of the product and the weight and size restrictions given by logistic factors as inputs.
FUNCTIONAL MODELING IN THE DESIGN OF ADDITIVELY MANUFACTURED COMPONENTS
Authors: Garrelts E. , Roth D. , Binz H.
Published: June 2020

This contribution investigates how methods for functional modeling support designers with additive manufacturing. Therefore, two methods for functional modeling are examined. In this contribution a study with 32 participants is presented. The participants solved two consecutive design tasks, in which some participants were supported by functional modeling methods in the second task. The study shows that students have the most difficulties in dealing with the geometric restrictions of Laser Beam Melting (LBM). Furthermore, the support value of functional modeling was not able to be assessed.
AGILE MEETS PLAN-DRIVEN – HYBRID APPROACHES IN PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT: A SYSTEMATIC LITERATURE REVIEW
Authors: Heimicke J. , Chen R. , Albers A.
Published: June 2020

More than 15 years after the publication of the agile manifesto of software development, agile development approaches have also reached the processes of physical product development. Because of the boundary conditions and requirements here, which differ strongly from those of pure software development, these approaches often reach their limits. However, research and practice have quickly recognized that hybrid approaches integrate the strengths of agile and plan-driven development. This paper presents 25 hybrid development approaches that have been identified in a Systematic Literature Review.
DESIGN TOOL TO DEVELOP HIGHLY EFFICIENT OPTOMECHATRONIC SYSTEMS
Authors: Ley P.-P. , August J. , Lachmayer R.
Published: June 2020

In the domain of optical engineering, optomechatronic systems are predominantly developed using conventional ray tracing methods such as sequential and non-sequential ray tracing. However, the increasing complexity of these systems in combination with the demand for high efficiency and high image quality leads to the fact that conventional methods to develop these systems reach their limits. In order to be able to develop highly efficient systems with high image quality, this contribution introduces a hybrid ray tracing method using an advanced optimization function.
STEREOTYPES AND PERCEPTIONS OF GENDER EQUALITY IN GLOBAL CORPORATIONS IN EUROPE AND THE USA – SUMMARY OF RESULTS FROM EUROPEAN COMPANIES
Authors: Stal-Le Cardinal J.
Published: June 2020

While women are underrepresented in leadership across the industrial western world, there is a dearth of empirical evidence on how these stereotypes play out across cultural contexts, and their relative strengths. Our goal was to launch an ambitious comparative survey study of global corporations to increase knowledge on how gender stereotypes operate across cultures, and employee perceptions of gender equality in the workplace. The results provide a better understanding of the obstacles to women's professional development and identify levers for promoting gender diversity in large groups.
ASSESSING THE DRIVER'S RISK PERCEPTION DURING AUTONOMOUS DRIVING
Authors: Gandrez C. , Mantelet F. , Aoussat A. , Jeremie F. , Landel E.
Published: June 2020

Advanced Driver-Assistance Systems were created to address the driver's failures. All these ADAS are a part of the evolution of the vehicles towards whole automation. To complete its launch in the automotive market, autonomous vehicles have to pass safety tests to acquire the consumers’ trust. To receive the approval of the public, the self-driving car has to take into account the human feeling. The risk perceived by the driver is one of the new emotional form to integrate at the validation plan. The purpose of this study is to examine the perception of the risk of a self-driving car's driver.
DEVELOPMENT AND CLINICAL STUDY OF A PROJECTION IMAGES PROGRAM TO ENCOURAGE ARM MOVEMENTS FOR REHABILITATION
Authors: Yoshioka K.
Published: June 2020

In a program we developed called “Let's keep wiping to draw pictures!”, projected graphic images change according to rehabilitation movements for upper limbs, and the levels of exercise amount and quality of movement achieved by patients are reflected in the outcome of the artwork as feedback. At a rehabilitation hospital, inpatients who used the program to perform rehabilitation exercises showed higher levels of satisfaction and expectation in the exercises, and performed simple and repetitive movements more willingly. The program can expect to maintain motivation towards rehabilitation.
THE POTENTIAL OF WEARABLE DEMONSTRATORS INTRODUCING INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Authors: Lüneburg L.-M. , Papp E. , Krzywinski J.
Published: June 2020

With the introduction of ‘5G’ data transfer gets faster and further reaching than ever before. This new communication technology paves the way for an exchange of skills and competencies between humans and machines. This raises the question of how future users can profit and understand the potential brought about by these technologies. This paper elaborates the use of demonstrators in a pilot study as research tools and assesses their potential. It gives first insights why demonstrators are suitable to set a basis for public recognition for body-worn CPS and how to promote innovative visions.
CONCEPTUAL DESIGN FOR ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING: AN EXPLORATIVE STUDY
Authors: Valjak F. , Bojčetić N. , Nordin A. , Godec D.
Published: June 2020

With the broader industrial application of Additive Manufacturing (AM), designers are facing new challenges in conceptual design for AM. To better understand the problematic, the authors organised a design workshop with six experts in AM. The paper presents the results of the conducted design workshop and discusses the current and future trends in research on the conceptual design for AM.
AN ANALYSIS OF SCALING METHODS FOR STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS IN THE CONTEXT OF SIZE EFFECTS AND NONLINEAR PHENOMENA
Authors: Altun O. , Wolniak P. , Mozgova I. , Lachmayer R.
Published: June 2020

Similitude theory helps engineers to investigate system properties and behaviour with scaling methods. The application of such methods reduces the time for product development and production of prototypes. With increasing component size, the impact of size effects and nonlinear phenomena becomes more important in reduced scale model testing. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the scaling methods and their applicability with regard to size effects and nonlinear phenomena as well as a procedure to support the selection of a suitable method for the scaling task of structures.
IMMERSIVE VISUALISATIONS IN DESIGN: USING AUGMENTED REALITY (AR) FOR INFORMATION PRESENTATION
Authors: Bravo A. , Maier A. M.
Published: June 2020

Immersive visualisations introduce new possibilities for experiencing design, and as such for presenting information. To date, studies in design have focused mostly on immersive visualisations supporting product decisions. However, little attention has been paid to information presentation, e.g. in design reviews, for decisions in the boardroom, and/or for client presentations. This study with industry practitioners identifies information presentation practices and challenges, develops an immersive visualisation prototype, and explores opportunities for the use of immersive visualisations.
THE USE OF GAMING ENGINES FOR DESIGN REQUIREMENTS
Authors: Gorsich D. J.
Published: June 2020

The automotive community has found to design and test autonomous systems, traditional CAE tools are not enough. The number of sensors and controls involved makes it very difficult to predict all the possible scenarios and system reactions to them. An approach to provide input to all the sensors and control systems is to use gaming engines. They are used “headless”, and in other cases with multiple users in the environment. In this paper we will highlight one case on how they are changing how the Army designs, tests, and sets requirements for autonomous ground systems.
HOW GLOBAL BRANDS MANAGE THE LOCALISATION OF SPATIAL EXPERIENCES – THE CASES OF STARBUCKS AND IKEA
Authors: Alaali A. , Vines J.
Published: June 2020

This study explores how two global brands (Starbucks and IKEA) design spatial experiences that are localised for diverse cultural contexts. Through a series of interviews with store designers, design and marketing managers, and brand experts from both companies, we identify two different ways a brand and design team can be organized and how each influences the process of the localisation of spatial experiences. Our findings highlight issues related to a team's structure, the use of different design processes and how these influence the building of strong, locally relevant spatial experiences.
AN MBSE-BASED APPROACH FOR THE DEFINITION AND EVALUATION OF ENGINEERING IT ARCHITECTURES
Authors: Heihoff-Schwede J. , Kaiser L. , Dumitrescu R.
Published: June 2020

As the complexity of the systems increases, so does the complexity of designing a suitable engineering IT architecture. Challenges reach from the definition of required and consistent functionalities and interfaces to the evaluation, which combination of IT tools fulfils the required functionality, usability and interoperability in the best way. Thus, we provide a procedure, methodology and modelling support for the definition of functional and logical engineering IT architectures and their holistic evaluation. The approach is part of an overall procedure and demonstrated in an example.
‘URBAN & SUBURBAN NATURE INTERACTIONS’, IMPACTS AND SERENDIPITOUS NARRATIVES OF THE MY NATUREWATCH PROJECT
Authors: Phillips R. , Anderson R. , Abbas-Nazari A. , Gaver B. , Boucher A.
Published: June 2020

The My Naturewatch project uses self-build wildlife cameras supporting new public engagements with nature & technology. The project used Open Design methods providing self-defined, bespoke making outputs, modelling ‘environmental citizenship’, transitioning beyond sustainability. By co-designing makers were encouraged to engage with ecosystems refocusing human habitats & perspectives driven by curiosity. The article shares a qualitative evaluation of the project's impact on participants, describing attitudes, understanding and behaviour towards technology & nature changed by participation.
ASSESSING, AGGREGATING AND VISUALISING PRELIMINARY DESIGN INFORMATION MATURITY TO SUPPORT COLLABORATIVE DESIGN
Authors: Brinkmann J. T. , Wynn D. C.
Published: June 2020

Engineering projects involve the progressive development of preliminary information until a final design is reached. Appreciating its status may help make better decisions about task sequencing and may reduce unnecessary iteration. We present an approach to 1) elicit this maturity, 2) aggregate several of its facets per subsystem and generate insights for task prioritisation, and 3) overlaying this information in Augmented Reality onto a physical prototype. The progress is discussed and it is proposed that the approach can aid understanding, communication and management of design progress.
IDENTIFYING STRESS SIGNATURES ACROSS THE ENGINEERING DESIGN PROCESS: PERCEIVED STRESS DURING CONCEPT GENERATION, CONCEPT SELECTION, AND PROTOTYPING
Authors: Nolte H. , McComb C.
Published: June 2020

Various aspects of the design process often lead to stress. This study used pre- and post-task surveys to gather information regarding the designer's cognitive experience, physiological response, and perceived sources of stress during concept generation, concept selection, and prototyping. Results confirmed that design is highly cognitive, and that mental stress is present. Variability in the results also suggests that a physiological stress component might be present. Additionally, perceived sources of stress were examined, and recommendations were offered for instructors of design courses.
HOW TO BEST FRAME A DESIGN BRIEF TO MAXIMIZE NOVELTY AND USEFULNESS IN IDEA GENERATION
Authors: Koronis G. , Silva A. , Kang J. K. S. , Yogiaman C.
Published: June 2020

This paper aims to identify factors that influence creativity, and strives towards understanding the effect of representations, namely abstract and concrete design outcomes. Three conditions are compared; a control group, an abstract group, and a group provided with various example solutions. The implications of this work can strongly impact the formulation of design briefs, where the goal is to stimulate the creativity of design brief outcomes and examine their relationship to product awareness.
LESSONS LEARNED FROM THE APPLICATION OF ENHANCED FUNCTION-MEANS MODELLING
Authors: Müller J. R. , Siiskonen M. D. I. , Malmqvist J.
Published: June 2020

Although well researched and praised in academic publications, function modelling (FM) does not have gained much traction in industrial application. To investigate into possible reasons for this, this publication researches literature of nine different projects where enhanced function-means modelling has been applied. The projects are analysed for their purpose of FM-use, applied benefits and discovered challenges of the FM approach. From this, the main challenges for FM application are the abstraction level of the modelling language as well as the lack of an interface to CAD modelling.
Transfer operators for ultradifferentiable expanding maps of the circle
Authors: JÉZÉQUEL MALO
Published: June 2020

Given a ${\mathcal{C}}^{\infty }$ expanding map $T$ of the circle, we construct a Hilbert space ${\mathcal{H}}$ of smooth functions on which the transfer operator ${\mathcal{L}}$ associated to $T$ acts as a compact operator. This result is made quantitative (in terms of singular values of the operator ${\mathcal{L}}$ acting on ${\mathcal{H}}$) using the language of Denjoy–Carleman classes. Moreover, the nuclear power decomposition of Baladi and Tsujii can be performed on the space ${\mathcal{H}}$, providing a bound on the growth of the dynamical determinant associated to ${\mathcal{L}}$.
On the motion of slightly rarefied gas induced by a discontinuous surface temperature
Authors: Taguchi Satoshi , Tsuji Tetsuro
Published: June 2020

The motion of a slightly rarefied gas in a long straight two-dimensional channel caused by a discontinuous surface temperature is investigated on the basis of kinetic theory with a special interest in the fluid-dynamic description. More precisely, the channel is longitudinally divided into two parts and each part is kept at a uniform temperature different from each other, so that the surface temperature of the whole channel has a jump discontinuity at the junction. Under the assumption that the amount of jump in the surface temperature is small, the steady behaviour of the gas induced in the channel is studied on the basis of the linearized Boltzmann equation and the diffuse reflection boundary condition in the case where the Knudsen number, defined by the ratio of the molecular mean free path and the width of the channel, is small. Using a matched asymptotic expansion method combined with Sone’s asymptotics, a Stokes system describing the overall macroscopic behaviour of the gas inside the channel is derived, with a new feature of the ‘slip boundary condition’ for the flow velocity due to the jump discontinuity in the surface temperature of the channel. This condition takes the form of a diverging singularity with source and sink located at the point of discontinuity, with a multiplicative factor determined through the analysis of a spatially two-dimensional Knudsen-layer (or a Knudsen-zone) problem. Some numerical demonstrations based on the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook equation are also presented.
Foreign Meddling and Mass Attitudes Toward International Economic Engagement
Authors: Bush Sarah Sunn , Prather Lauren
Published: June 2020

What explains variation in individual preferences for foreign economic engagement? Although a large and growing literature addresses that question, little research examines how partner countries affect public opinion on policies such as trade, foreign aid, and investment. We construct a new theory arguing that political side-taking by outside powers shapes individuals’ support for engaging economically with those countries. We test the theory using original surveys in the United States and Tunisia. In both cases, the potential partner country's side-taking in the partisan politics of the respondents’ country dramatically shapes support for foreign economic relations. As the rise of new aid donors, investors, and trade partners creates new choices in economic partners, our theory and findings are critical to understanding mass preferences about open economic engagement.
THYMIATERIA AND THE CULT OF APHRODITE IN OLBIA PONTICA
Authors: Shevchenko Tetiana
Published: June 2020

This article publishes the terracotta thymiateria (incense burners) from Olbia Pontica which represent busts of Aphrodite with Erotes on her shoulders. They were used probably in activities related to Aphrodite's cult for diffusing incense and as votives. They derive from excavations at houses, a stoa and the bothroi (sacrificial pits) at the central and western temene; they date to the period between the late third and the first half of the second centuries bc. The publication of such items coincides with ongoing research into the southern sacral precinct in Olbia dedicated to Aphrodite. This article explores the significance of the iconography of these objects and their use in cult activity related to the cult of Aphrodite at Olbia.
Bringing the State Police In: The Diffusion of U.S. Statewide Policing Agencies, 1905–1941
Authors: Musgrave Paul
Published: June 2020

Policing is a prominent but understudied part of American politics. This article asks: Why did some, but not all, American states adopt a state police force in the early twentieth century? The state police force—a statewide policing agency with general jurisdiction over crimes throughout a state—was a prized progressive policy reform for decades. Yet many states declined to adopt the innovation. That puzzle becomes even more interesting given that all forty-eight states adopted the closely related innovation of a state highway patrol during the same period. This article applies diffusion theory to explain the origins of a familiar feature of American policing. Using a multimethod research design, I found that labor-capital struggles and regional pressures for diffusion were most important in shaping the adoption of state police forces. By contrast, adoptions of highway patrols appear to have been influenced by factors such as urbanization and fiscal capacity.
COVID-19: asymptomatic carrier transmission is an underestimated problem
Authors: Zhao Hongjun , Lu Xiaoxiao , Deng Yibin , Tang Yujin , Lu Jiachun
Published: June 2020

At the present time, COVID-19 is spreading rapidly [1]. The global prevention and control of COVID-19 is focused on the estimation of the relevant incubation period, basic reproduction number (R0), effective reproduction number (Rt) and death risk. Although the prevention and control of COVID-19 requires a reliable estimation of the relevant incubation period, R0, Rt and death risk. Another key epidemiological parameter-asymptomatic ratio that provides strength and range for social alienation strategies of COVID-19, which is widely defined as the proportion of asymptomatic infections among all disease infections. In fact, the ratio of asymptomatic infection is a useful indicator of the burden of disease and a better measurement of the transmissibility of the virus. So far, people have not paid enough attention to asymptomatic carriers. The asymptomatic carriers discussed in this study are recessive infections, that is, those who have never shown symptoms after onset of infection. We will discuss three aspects: detection, infectivity and proportion of healthy carriers.
Dyadic synchrony and repair processes are related to preschool children's risk exposure and self-control
Authors: Scholtes Carolyn M. , Lyons Emma R. , Skowron Elizabeth A.
Published: June 2020

We examined associations between preschool children's cumulative risk exposure, dyadic interaction patterns, and self-control abilities in 238 mother–child dyads. Positive interactive synchrony, relationship ruptures, and latency to repair were micro-coded during a 3–5 minute joint challenge task. Children's self-control was assessed via two laboratory tasks and by parent report. Structural equation modeling and mediation analyses were utilized to examine the direct and indirect effects of cumulative risk on children's observed and parent-reported self-control abilities. Parent–child interactive processes of dyadic synchrony and latency to repair ruptures in synchrony were examined as mediators. Dyadic synchrony and latency to repair ruptures were found to mediate associations between cumulative risk exposure and children's behavioral and parent-reported self-control. Children exposed to more cumulative risk engaged in less dyadic synchrony and experienced longer latencies to repair ruptures with their caregiver, which in turn was associated with lower child self-control. Though cross-sectional, findings suggest dyadic synchrony and repair processes may represent viable mechanistic pathways linking cumulative risk exposure and deficits in child self-control. However, independent replications using longitudinal and experimental intervention designs are needed to determine causal pathways and inform new approaches for targeting the effects of early risk exposure through a focus on two-generational interventions.
Violetta's Further Predicament: La traviata under Apartheid
Authors: Allison John
Published: June 2020

Long before opera was first heard in South Africa, and even longer before it took root there, the country had its own operatic figure. But Adamastor was not introduced to the rest of the operatic world until 1865 and the premiere of Meyerbeer's L'Africaine, where in Nélusko's Act III ballade the terrifying story is told of the Titan whose body, legend has it, formed the rocky spine of the Cape Peninsula and barred sailors from rounding the ‘Cape of Storms’ and opening up the sea route to the East. The literary invention – perhaps via Rabelais – of Luís Vaz de Camões, the great Portuguese Renaissance poet who himself was the first European artist to round the Cape, Adamastor appears in Canto V of Os Lusíadas (1572) and has exercised a considerable fascination over South African artists and writers. But to whom does Adamastor belong? This is a question that some, increasingly, have sought to answer, re-examining Camões's myth from an indigenous perspective – for example, André Brink in his postmodernist novella The First Life of Adamastor, imagining how that meeting with the Portuguese fleet would have looked from the landward side, and the artist Cyril Coetzee in his huge T'kama-Adamastor painting commissioned for the University of the Witwatersrand.
Mobile-technology-induced learning strategies: Chinese university EFL students learning English in an emerging context
Authors: Gao Chuan , Shen Hui-zhong
Published: June 2020

This article reports on findings regarding the learning strategies used by a group of Chinese English as a foreign language (EFL) learners in a mobile-technology-assisted environment. The research design is a context-specific case study using Dörnyei’s (2005) categories of learning strategies as the conceptual and analytical framework to guide data collection and analysis. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected through a questionnaire from a sample of 75 Chinese EFL learners and a small-scale follow-up interview of five participants who completed the questionnaire. Data showed that a mobile-technology-assisted environment effected changes in Chinese EFL learners’ ways of adopting a particular set of learning strategies, which differed in type and frequency from those typical of a teacher-led and examination-oriented language classroom. Metacognitive and commitment control strategies were most frequently used by the respondents in this study. The frequency of student use of metacognitive strategies moved ahead of commitment and environmental control strategies. Satiation and emotion control strategies, rarely used by Chinese students in a teacher-fronted language classroom, were also observable. These findings have implications for the understanding and designing of mobile-technology-assisted learning for EFL learners to develop appropriate strategies for autonomous learning.
Myocardial ischaemia and valve insufficiency caused by a dysplastic aortic valve cusp: a previously unreported unique morphologic anomaly
Authors: Samuel Sharmeen , Dhanantwari Preeta , Misra Nilanjana , Meyer David B.
Published: June 2020

Isolated aortic regurgitation and myocardial infarction are a rare congenital defect among neonatal patients. We present a case of a neonate with an unusual aortic valve morphology causing both regurgitation and obstruction of the left coronary artery ostium. Despite both non-invasive and invasive imaging modalities, accurate diagnosis of the valve morphology was only determined by direct visualisation at the time of surgical repair. To the knowledge of authors, this particular aortic valve morphology in neonatal population has not been previously reported in the literature.