bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The impact of pelvic organ prolapse and/or continence surgery on pelvic floor muscle function in women: A systematic review
Authors: Mastwyk Sally , McClelland Jodie , Rosamilia Anna , Frawley Helena
Published: May 2019

Aims

To systematically review the evidence for the effect of pelvic organ prolapse (POP) and/or continence surgery on pelvic floor muscle (PFM) morphometry and function in women, and to investigate whether a relationship exists between PFM measures and clinician‐reported objective pelvic floor outcomes postoperatively.

Methods

Six electronic databases were searched until March 2018. Studies were included if they examined the effect of POP and/or continence surgery on the PFM in women, and reported pre‐ and postoperative data. Methodological quality was assessed using a modified Downs and Black checklist. Three meta‐analyses were planned based on postoperative follow‐up time.

Results

Twenty‐one studies met the inclusion criteria. Varied surgical interventions and 33 different PFM measures were represented. The methodological quality of included studies varied considerably. The 0 to 6 weeks postoperative meta‐analysis showed no statistically significant change in PFM function (SMD = 0.04; 95% confidence interval [CI] = −0.26 to 0.33). This was consistent at 3 and 6 or more months (SMD = 1.13; 0.35 95% CI = −0.34 to 2.60, − 0.42 to 1.12 respectively). None of the included studies investigated the relationship between PFM measures and clinician‐reported objective outcomes postoperatively.

Conclusions

This review did not show a clear effect of POP and/or continence surgery on PFM morphometry or function in women and was unable to show a relationship with outcomes such as objective prolapse score and urodynamic findings. This could be because surgery does not measurably impact on the PFM or due to the poor quality and heterogeneity of studies. Future well‐designed research is needed to specifically investigate change in the PFM following surgery.
Hospital Staffs’ Perceptions of Postoperative Nutrition Among Colorectal Patients: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Rattray Megan , Roberts Shelley , Desbrow Ben , Marshall Andrea P.
Published: May 2019

Background

After lower gastrointestinal surgery, few patients start eating within timeframes outlined by evidence‐based guidelines or meet their nutrition requirements in hospital. The present study explored hospital staffs’ perceptions of factors influencing timely and adequate feeding after colorectal surgery to inform future interventions for improving postoperative nutrition practices and intakes.

Methods

This qualitative exploratory study was conducted at an Australian hospital where Enhanced Recovery After Surgery guidelines had not been formally implemented. One‐on‐one semistructured interviews were conducted with hospital staff who provided care to patients undergoing colorectal surgery. Interviews lasted from 21 to 47 minutes and were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Data were analyzed using inductive thematic analysis. Emergent themes and subthemes were discussed by all investigators to ensure consensus of interpretation.

Results

Eighteen staff participated in interviews, including 9 doctors, 5 nurses, 2 dietitians, and 2 foodservice staff. Staffs’ responses formed 3 themes: (1) variability in perceived acceptability of postoperative feeding; (2) improving dynamics and communication within the treating team; and (3) optimizing dietary intakes with available resources.

Conclusion

Staff and organizational factors need to be considered when attempting to improve postoperative nutrition among patients who undergo colorectal surgery. Introducing a feeding protocol, enhancing intraprofessional and interdisciplinary communication, and ensuring the availability of appropriate, nutrient‐dense foods are pivotal to improve nutrition practices and intakes.
An investigation into the strategy of pig husbandry combining zooarchaeological and stable isotopic approaches at Neolithic Houjiazhai, China
Authors: Dai Lingling , Kan Xuhang , Zhang Xinyu
Published: May 2019

Huai River, the third longest river in China, runs parallel with and between the Yellow River and the Yangtze River. It is the passageway for cultural communication between Northern and Southern China as well as an important distribution range of rice and millet mixed farming. Along the upper Huai River Valley, domestic pigs were discovered about 9,000 years ago at Jiahu. Nevertheless, chronological changes regarding strategies of pig utilization and husbandry in subsequent periods along the whole Huai River Valley are still ambiguous. Thus, this current study integrating zooarchaeological and stable isotopic approaches on faunal assemblage from Neolithic Houjiazhai(7,300–5,200 cal BP) along the middle Huai River Valley was performed to discuss related issues. Our results indicate that (1) hunting and fishing activities contributed almost equally to human meat sources as the domestic pig and (2) domestic pigs were most likely kept in a free‐range manner and foraged around human residences as their wild counterparts did. Dietary differences of ancient Sus populations among sites from the Central Plain area and the Huai River Valley were observed, which were closely linked to crop cultivation and abundance of wild animal resources. This stimulated us to consider the diversities in terms of pig husbandry strategy in ancient China.
PFASs: Why They Matter and How to Treat Them
Authors: Mobley Dustin , Tadanier Chris
Published: May 2019

Per‐ and polyfluoroalkyl substances have surfaced as a threat to human health. As more of these chemicals find their way into water supplies, water treatment plant operators around the world will be tasked with removing them.
Pump Station Management: Eliminate Run‐to‐Failure Operation
Authors: Peterson Daniel
Published: May 2019

Typically, pumps are only pulled and serviced after they fail. Modern algorithms and metrics can pinpoint precisely when it makes financial sense to schedule pump repairs.
Operational framework and training standard requirements for AI‐empowered robotic surgery
Authors: O'Sullivan Shane , Leonard Simon , Holzinger Andreas , Allen Colin , Battaglia Fiorella , Nevejans Nathalie , van Leeuwen Fijs W. B. , Sajid Mohammed Imran , Friebe Michael , Ashrafian Hutan , Heinsen Helmut , Wichmann Dominic , Hartnett Margaret , Gallagher Anthony G.
Published: May 2019

Background

For autonomous robot‐delivered surgeries to ever become a feasible option, we recommend the combination of human‐centered artificial intelligence (AI) and transparent machine learning (ML), with integrated Gross anatomy models. This can be supplemented with medical imaging data of cadavers for performance evaluation.

Methods

We reviewed technological advances and state‐of‐the‐art documented developments. We undertook a literature search on surgical robotics and skills, tracing agent studies, relevant frameworks, and standards for AI. This embraced transparency aspects of AI.

Conclusion

We recommend “a procedure/skill template” for teaching AI that can be used by a surgeon. Similar existing methodologies show that when such a metric‐based approach is used for training surgeons, cardiologists, and anesthetists, it results in a >40% error reduction in objectively assessed intraoperative procedures. The integration of Explainable AI and ML, and novel tissue characterization sensorics to tele‐operated robotic‐assisted procedures with medical imaged cadavers, provides robotic guidance and refines tissue classifications at a molecular level.
Inorganic CsPbIBr2‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells: Fabrication Technique Modification and Efficiency Improvement
Authors: Guo Yuxiao , Yin Xingtian , Liu Jie , Wen Sen , Wu Yutao , Que Wenxiu
Published: May 2019

CsPbIBr2 photovoltaic materials attract remarkable attention in the field of all‐inorganic halide perovskite solar cells (HPSCs) due to their superior humidity stability and heat endurance. Since the first report in 2016, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of CsPbIBr2‐based HPSCs (Cs‐HPSCs) has increased from 4.7% to 11.53% with an almost 2.5‐fold leap in a short time. Cs‐HPSCs have also become one of the most researched materials in the all‐inorganic perovskite family. Here, the crystal structure and spectrum properties of CsPbIBr2 are first elucidated to provide a preliminary overview. Subsequently, significantly modified strategies, including various assisting procedures for spin coating, interface engineering, and element impurity doping for superior perovskites and better‐performing cells are meticulously introduced. Overall, the development process of the CsPbIBr2 materials is focused on, and the feasible strategies to improve fabrication techniques for superior perovskite films and corresponding device PCEs are emphatically summarized, with the aim to provide some constructive guidelines for the rapid development of Cs‐HPSCs.
Constitutive and Consequentialist Essence
Authors: Zylstra Justin ,   Philosophy Documentation Center
Published: May 2019

Recent work on essence describes essence as assimilated to definition. It also posits a plurality of kinds of essence.Howdoes assimilation relate to pluralism? According to one view, a kind of essence is adequate only if it is definitional: something is essential to an item, in the relevant sense, only if it is part of what it is to be that item. In this paper, I argue that assimilation and pluralism are in tension with respect to consequentialist essence. This is problematic given that, as a methodological prescription, some philosophers advise us to work with consequentialist essence. In this paper, I develop a theory of constitutive essence and use it to resolve the problem by defining an adequate notion of consequentialist essence that preserves the methodological prescription.
Missing pieces in the story of a caterpillar fungus — Ophiocordyceps sinensis
Authors: Liang Siran
Published: May 2019

Ophiocordyceps sinensis (syn. Cordyceps sinensis) is a peculiar caterpillar fungus. It is not only known for its extraordinary medicinal values, which cover a wide spectrum of illnesses ranging from fatigue to cancer, but also for its fascinating life-story (Yeh & Lama 2013). Unlike many medicinal products, advertisements for “Cordyceps” do not solely promote its medicinal value, but also the origin of its production. Retailers often employ snowy mountains, Tibetan script, Tibetan people, blue sky and green meadows to advertise their products. Te imagined geography delivers a message to consumers that it is a natural wonder that comes from a Xanadu, a distant, exotic, untouched and unpolluted place. Te description of its production site is not meant to deceive the consumers, but it is only one piece of the story. Behind the veil of Ophiocordyceps commodification, we see missing pieces from a personal experience during a two-month-long field research in the eastern Tibetan region in summer 2018: Tibetan harvesters, a harsh climate, the declining Ophiocordyceps populations, plastic packaging and aluminum cans loitering the meadows. All these are also part of the production story.
International Mycological Congress: Guiding Vote on nomenclature proposals to amend Chapter F of the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants
Authors: May Tom W. , Miller Andrew N.
Published: May 2019

Results are provided for the Guiding Vote on the seven formal proposals to amend the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants to be decided by the Fungal Nomenclature Session (FNS) of the XI International Mycological Congress in July 2018. Te ballot for the Guiding Vote was provided online. Tere were 520 valid ballots, submitted by mycologists from 42 countries, belonging to 23 eligible groups and societies, along with authors of proposals. Tw o proposals F-005 and F-006, both concerning DNA sequences as types, exceeded the 75 % No vote that is the threshold above which proposals are considered rejected by the FNS unless formally re-introduced. Two options for amendments to future procedures for the Guiding Vote are proposed: adding eligibility via publication of a nomenclatural novelty among fungi and removing eligibility via membership of IMA MMOs.
Multi-trace correlators from permutations as moduli space
Authors: Suzuki Ryo
Published: May 2019

Abstract

We study the n-point functions of scalar multi-trace operators in the U(N

c
) gauge theory with adjacent scalars, such as

$$ \mathcal{N} $$

N

= 4 super Yang-Mills, at tree-level by using finite group methods. We derive a set of formulae of the general n-point functions, valid for general n and to all orders of 1/N

c
. In one formula, the sum over Feynman graphs becomes a topological partition function on Σ0,n
with a discrete gauge group, which resembles closed string interactions. In another formula, a new skeleton reduction of Feynman graphs generates connected ribbon graphs, which resembles open string interaction. We define the moduli space

$$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}_{g,n}^{\mathrm{gauge}} $$

ℳ

g
,
n

gauge

from the space of skeleton-reduced graphs in the connected n-point function of gauge theory. This moduli space is a proper subset of

$$ {\mathrm{\mathcal{M}}}_{g,n} $$

ℳ

g
,
n

stratified by the genus, and its top component gives a simple triangulation of Σ
g,n
.
Novel nonlinear optical push–pull fluorene dyes chromophore as promising materials for telecommunications
Authors: Huo Fuyang , Zhang Hua , Chen Zhuo , Qiu Ling , Liu Jialei , Bo Shuhui , Kityk I. V.
Published: May 2019

Two principally novel chromophores A, B based on fluorene electron donor were synthesized and explored by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and MS spectra. The delocalized energy levels have been estimated by UV–Vis absorption spectra. The principal innovation consists in modification by addition of amino group. The titled materials have demonstrated a high solubility in common organic solvents, good compatibility with polymers. The maximally achieved electro-optic efficiency of the poled film possessing 25 wt% of A doped in PMMA (25 wt% A/PMMA) achieved a value of 18 pm/V at wavelength 1310 nm, and 25 wt% B/PMMA possessed an electrooptical coefficient equal to 43 pm/V. This one open a perspective of their direct application in optoelectronic telecommunication devices for laser light modulation.
Improving Self-awareness After Acquired Brain Injury Leads to Enhancements in Patients’ Daily Living Functionality
Authors: Villalobos Dolores , Bilbao Álvaro , López-Muñoz Francisco , Pacios Javier
Published: May 2019

Objective:

To explore whether the improvement in self-awareness induced by a structured intervention programme in patients suffering a brain injury is associated with an enhancement in their functional outcomes.

Method:

This study uses a pre- and post-test control group design with a sample of 56 patients with acquired brain injury randomly assigned to an experimental and a control group. Pre- and post-intervention measurements were self-awareness (using a previously developed scale) and functional outcome (using the Lawton Instrumental Activities of Daily Living Scale).

Results:

Patients who received the intervention programme showed a greater improvement in their self-awareness level and functional outcome than patients in the control group. Additionally, the correlation analyses between improvements at both measures showed a relation between improvement in self-awareness and improvement in functional outcome, especially when the pre-treatment self-awareness level was considered.

Conclusions:

Implementing an intervention programme in self-awareness, in the context of a global rehabilitation process of patients with acquired brain injury, is useful for improving their self-awareness level and the functionality in their daily activities.
Stability of lubricated viscous gravity currents. Part 2. Global analysis and stabilisation by buoyancy forces
Authors: Kowal Katarzyna N. , Worster M. Grae
Published: May 2019

The novel viscous fingering instability recently found in the experiments of Kowal & Worster (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 766, 2015, pp. 626–655), involving two superposed currents of viscous fluid, has been shown to originate at the lubrication front when the fluids are of equal density. However, when the densities are unequal, additional buoyancy forces associated with the underlying layer act to suppress this instability and are largest at the lubrication front, which is where the instability originates. In this paper, we investigate the interaction between the mechanism of the instability and the stabilising influence of these buoyancy forces by performing a global and fully time-dependent analysis, which does not use the frozen-time approximation. We determine a critical condition for instability in terms of the viscosity ratio and the density difference between the two layers. Consistently with the local analysis of the companion paper, instabilities occur when the jump in hydrostatic pressure gradient across the lubrication front is negative, or, equivalently, when the intruding fluid is less viscous than the overlying fluid, provided the two fluids are of equal densities. Once there is a non-zero density difference, these driving buoyancy forces suppress the instability for large wavelengths, giving rise to wavelength selection. As the density difference increases, the instability criterion requires higher viscosity ratios for any instability to occur, and the band of unstable wavenumbers becomes bounded. Large enough density differences suppress the instability completely.
Three regimes of inertial focusing for spherical particles suspended in circular tube flows
Authors: Nakayama Saki , Yamashita Hiroshi , Yabu Takuya , Itano Tomoaki , Sugihara-Seki Masako
Published: May 2019

An experimental and numerical study on the inertial focusing of neutrally buoyant spherical particles suspended in laminar circular tube flows was performed at Reynolds numbers ($Re$) ranging from 100 to 1000 for particle-to-tube diameter ratios of ${\sim}0.1$. In the experiments, we measured the cross-sectional distribution of particles in dilute suspensions flowing through circular tubes several hundreds of micrometres in diameter. In the cross-section located at 1000 times the tube diameter from the tube inlet, all particles were highly concentrated on one annulus or two annuli, depending on $Re$. At low $Re$, the particles were focused on the so-called Segré–Silberberg (SS) annulus, in accordance with previous studies (regime (A)). At higher $Re$, two particle focusing annuli appeared, with the outer annulus corresponding to the SS annulus (regime (B)). We call the annulus closer to the tube centre ‘the inner annulus’, although this term was used by Matas et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 515, 2004, pp. 171–195) for a significantly broader annulus which included the transient accumulation of particles observed in regime (A). At even higher $Re$, particles were focused on the inner annulus (regime (C)), indicating that the radial position of the SS annulus is no longer a stable equilibrium position. These experimental results were confirmed by a numerical simulation based on the immersed boundary method. The results of this study also indicate that the critical Reynolds numbers between two neighbouring regimes decrease with the increase of the particle-to-tube diameter ratio.
Nonlinear and time-dependent equivalent-barotropic flows
Authors: Zavala Sansón Luis
Published: May 2019

Some oceanic and atmospheric flows may be modelled as equivalent-barotropic systems, in which the horizontal fluid velocity varies in magnitude at different vertical levels while keeping the same direction. The governing equations at a specific level are identical to those of a homogeneous flow over an equivalent depth, determined by a pre-defined vertical structure. The idea was proposed by Charney (J. Met., vol. 6 (6), 1949, pp. 371–385) for modelling a barotropic atmosphere. More recently, steady, linear formulations have been used to study oceanic flows. In this paper, the nonlinear, time-dependent model with variable topography is examined. To include nonlinear terms, we assume suitable approximations and evaluate the associated error in the dynamical vorticity equation. The model is solved numerically to investigate the equivalent-barotropic dynamics in comparison with a purely barotropic flow. We consider three problems in which the behaviour of homogeneous flows has been well established either experimentally, analytically or observationally in past studies. First, the nonlinear evolution of cyclonic vortices around a topographic seamount is examined. It is found that the vortex drift induced by the mountain is modified according to the vertical structure of the flow. When the vertical structure is abrupt, the model effectively isolates the surface flow from both inviscid and viscous topographic effects (due to the shape of the bottom and Ekman friction, respectively). Second, the wind-driven flow in a closed basin with variable topography is studied (for a flat bottom this is the well-known Stommel problem). For a zonally uniform, negative wind-stress curl in the homogeneous case, a large-scale, anticyclonic gyre is formed and displaced southward due to topographic effects at the western slope of the basin. The flow reaches a steady state due to the balance between topographic,$\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$, wind-stress and bottom friction effects. However, in the equivalent-barotropic simulations with abrupt vertical structure, such an equilibrium cannot be reached because the forcing effects at the surface are enhanced, while bottom friction effects are reduced. As a result, the unsteady flow is decomposed as a set of planetary waves. A third problem consists of performing simulations of the wind-driven flow over realistic bottom topography in the Gulf of Mexico. The formation of the so-called Campeche gyre is explored. It is found that such circulation may be consistent with the equivalent-barotropic dynamics.
The Impact of Civilians on Defense Policy in New Democracies: The Case of Brazil
Authors: Neto Octavio Amorim
Published: May 2019

This article argues that growing civilian direction of the defense sector should generate three consequences: greater interoperability of the armed forces, a stronger emphasis on operations outside the national territory (here called externalism), and better defense-diplomacy coordination. An original investigation of the makeup of the drafting committees of three of Brazil’s national security strategy documents since the mid-1990s shows that varying rates of civilian participation in defense policymaking generate an impact on defense policy directives commensurate with theoretical expectations. Defense policy implementation, however, has found varying degrees of success. Using new and systematic quantitative data, this study demonstrates that interoperability has made progress, defense-diplomacy coordination is at an intermediate stage, and externalism, albeit not a failure, is still far from a success. Externalism’s performance is a consequence of rising crime, deficient police forces, the pragmatism of civilian elites, and public support for law-and-order military missions.
The Impact of an Axisymmetric Jet onto a Normal Ground
Authors: Bradbury L J S
Published: May 2019

The impact of an axisymmetric jet onto a ground board is a flow of some interest in VTOL aircraft aerodynamics. This paper presents a simple argument for correlating data obtained in the impact region from different nozzle configurations and for different nozzle heights above ground. The argument is applied, in particular, to the static pressure on the ground board and to the peak dynamic head in the flow over the ground board.
Analytical and Numerical Studies of Downwash over Rectangular Planforms
Authors: Garner H C , Miller G F
Published: May 2019

The paper considers the distribution of downwash at the surface of rectangular planforms with prescribed subsonic aerodynamic loading. Three separate aspects of the problem are treated analytically, the results of each being tested against those derived from an accurate numerical procedure (Section 2). Asymptotic expressions for large and small aspect ratio are formulated and shown to apply over a wide range of aspect ratio (Section 3). Downwash routines from certain existing lifting-surface methods are studied, and their patterns of convergence are illustrated and compared (Section 4). A logarithmic singularity near the leading tip corner is identified, but it is observed that this can exist without serious detriment to the lifting-surface methods (Section 5).
Evaluation of the Downwash Integral for Rectangular Planforms by the BAC Subsonic Lifting-Surface Method
Authors: Kellaway W
Published: May 2019

The BAC subsonic lifting-surface method is applied to the problem of evaluating the downwash at the surface of wings of rectangular planform subjected to particular loadings and the results are compared with a set of datum results. Over 95 per cent of the wing span the results of the BAC method are shown to be accurate to within 0.01 per cent, irrespective of chordwise position.
An Investigation into the Flow around a Family of Elliptically Nosed Cylinders at Zero Incidence at M∞ = 2.5 and M∞ = 4
Authors: Philpott D R
Published: May 2019

Surface pressure measurements and schlieren photographs at M∞ = 2.50 and M∞ = 4.00 are presented for a family of axisymmetric elliptically-nosed models with cylindrical afterbodies. The results are an extension of those obtained by Holder and Chinneck on the same series of models at lower Mach numbers.

Some comparison is made with theoretical results, and the forebody surface pressures obtained experimentally are found to be in good agreement with results obtained using either the method of integral relations or the time-dependent method.
The Influence of Orthotropy on the Stability of some Multi-plate Structures in Compression
Authors: Turvey G J , Wittrick W H
Published: May 2019

Three computer programmes have been written for the stability analysis of both isotropic and orthotropic, multi-plate structures in compression. The bases of these programmes are the exact and approximate Finite Strip methods. A considerable number of results for a range of multi-plate structures fabricated from both carbon fibre reinforced (orthotropic) and aluminium (isotropic) materials are presented in graphical form. These graphs serve to illustrate not only the influence of material orthotropy on the buckling response, but also the possible savings in weight that may be achieved by employing orthotropic materials in place of conventional isotropic materials.
Theoretical Study of a Flow-Resistance Gas Heater
Authors: Knöös Stellan
Published: May 2019

A flow-restriction gas-heater concept is presented. Basically the gas is heated in multiple compressions, with the help of a reciprocating free piston, and with high entropy production within the gas due to the presence of a flow-restricting orifice. The characteristics of such continuously-operating heaters are studied by means of a simple theoretical model, including a first-order estimate of the significant heat losses. The independent gasdynamic and geometrical parameters are varied over practicable ranges, and steady-state heating cycles are digitally computed. The numerical results indicate interesting applications for the heater when the heat losses can be controlled.
Improved Finite Elements for Vibration Analysis of Tapered Beams
Authors: Thomas J , Dokumaci E
Published: May 2019

This paper gives two improved tapered elements for vibration analysis derived using quintic polynomial displacement functions. The elements employ different nodal continuity conditions. Results are compared with those given by the basic cubic approximations and analytical solutions for various end conditions. The advantages of the new elements over the basic element are discussed.
A Unified View of the Law of the Wall Using Mixing-Length Theory
Authors: Patel V C
Published: May 2019

It is shown that, if the well-known mixing-length formula is regarded simply as a relationship between the velocity and the stress distributions in the wall region of a turbulent flow, then a truly universal distribution of mixing length is sufficient to describe the experimentally observed departures of the velocity distribution from the usual law of the wall as a result of severe pressure gradients and transverse surface curvature. Comparisons have been made with a wide variety of experimental data to demonstrate the general validity of the mixing-length model in describing the flow close to a smooth wall.

An extension of the re-laminarisation criterion of Patel and Head, and some experimental evidence, suggest that the thick axisymmetric boundary layer on a slender cylinder placed axially in a uniform stream cannot be maintained in a fully turbulent state for values of the Reynolds number, based on friction velocity and cylinder radius, below a certain critical value.
Experimental Investigation of the Laminar Flow Along a Straight 135° Corner
Authors: Barclay W H
Published: May 2019

The results of measurements in laminar flow along a straight 135° corner are presented. Near to the inlet edge plane the flow has an appearance resembling that reported by Zamir and Young for a 90° corner in which the isovels in transverse planes are concave outwards near the bisecting line of the corner, but unlike the 90° corner flow this characteristic diminishes with distance downstream in the case examined here. The analytical solution by Carrier is found to be a good representation of the flow in the 135° corner.
Incompressible Potential Flow Past Axisymmetric Bodies in Cylindrical Pipes
Authors: Mathew J , Majhi S N
Published: May 2019

Vandrey’s procedure, based on the method of singularities (ring vortices), for finding the pressure distribution on an axisymmetric body in a uniform stream is extended to the case of flow past a similar body in a uniform stream within a cylindrical duct of infinite length. The final form of the integral equation for the velocity distribution on the body is the same as that given by Vandrey; however, its kernel possesses additional terms representing the influence of the duct. Numerical solutions are worked out for varying radii ratio between a sphere and a duct and also between the more general-shaped axisymmetric body and a duct.
Interference Between a Wing and a Surface of Velocity Discontinuity
Authors: Inumaru Norio
Published: May 2019

A study is made on the aerodynamic interference between a wing and a surface of velocity discontinuity in a non-uniform potential flow field. Actually, the surface of velocity discontinuity is deformed around the wing, which penetrates the surface, but no theoretical predictions of the surface deformation can be found in existing papers. In the present paper, a deformation of the surface is theoretically predicted, leading to the conclusion that a “sectorial region” will be formed on the wing. Formation of the sectorial region is recognised in new experiments and in many existing experimental results. Both theoretical and experimental analyses are made of the physical roles of the sectorial region.
A Theoretical Note on the Lift Distribution of a Non-planar Ground Effect Wing
Authors: Kida T , Miyai Y
Published: May 2019

The problem of a non-planar wing of finite span very close to the ground is considered by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. This method is based on the work of Widnall and Barrows, in which a planar wing very close to the ground was examined in detail. A simple analytic solution, to first-order approximation, is obtained for a non-planar wing which is uncambered. Expressions for the lift coefficient, induced angle and induced drag coefficient, which are valid for small ground clearance and moderately small aspect ratio, are derived for the case when the configuration of the wing projected onto a transverse plane normal to the free stream is elliptic. The problem of the optimum lift distribution around the wing and the rolling-moment coefficient for the inclined flat wing are discussed.

The distribution of camber and of aerofoil angle of attack is given analytically for an optimally loaded non-planar wing, to first-order approximation. Moreover, it is seen that, to first-order approximation, the aerodynamic forces given for the small aspect ratio are independent of the wing planform and depend only on the wing configuration at the trailing edge projected onto a transverse plane.
New insights into the thermal regime and hydrodynamics of the early Late Cretaceous Arctic
Authors: Spicer Robert , Valdes Paul , Hughes Alice , Yang Jian , Spicer Teresa , Herman Alexei , Farnsworth Alexander
Published: May 2019

The Arctic is warming faster than anywhere else of comparable size on Earth, impacting global climate feedbacks and the Arctic biota. However, a warm Arctic is not novel. The Late Cretaceous fossil record of the region enables a detailed reconstruction of polar environmental conditions, and a thriving extinct ecosystem, during a previous 'hothouse’ global climate. Using leaf form (physiognomy) and tree ring characteristics we reconstruct Cenomanian to Coniacian polar thermal and hydrological regimes over an average annual cycle at eight locations in NE Russia and northern Alaska. A new high spatial resolution (∼1 km) WorldClim2 calibration of the Climate Leaf Analysis Multivariate Program (CLAMP) yields results similar to, but often slightly warmer than, previous analyses, but also provides more detailed insights into the hydrological regime through the return of annual and seasonal vapour pressure deficit (VPD), potential evapotranspiration (PET) estimates and soil moisture, as well as new thermal overviews through measures of thermicity and growing degree days. The new results confirm the overall warmth of the region, particularly close to the Arctic Ocean, but reveal strong local differences that may be related to palaeoelevation in the Okhotsk–Chukotka Volcanogenic Belt in NE Russia. While rainfall estimates have large uncertainties due to year-round wet soils in most locations, new measures of VPD and PET show persistent high humidity, but with notably drier summers at all the Arctic sites.
Canon Muratori: A Fourth–Century List
Authors: Sundberg Albert C.
Published: May 2019

As everyone knows, Canon Muratori is a list of New Testament books that was found by Ludovico Antonio Muratori (1672–1750) in the Ambrosian Library at Milan, and is contained in a codex dating from the eighth or possibly the seventh century, which belonged originally to Columban's Monastery at Bobbio. The list of New Testament books is part of this codex, which also contains a collection of tracts and creeds that appeared between the second and fifth centuries and that seem to have been collected and transcribed in the eighth (or seventh) century. The fragment on the canon is just that, since the beginning is lost, and the text ends abruptly, showing that it was copied from a mutilated and presumably ancient exemplar. There are also some bits of the Muratorian canon that were found in four eleventh- or twelfth century Latin manuscripts of St. Paul's epistles at Monte Cassino. And it has been shown that the compiler of the prologue in which these occur cannot have used the Milan manuscript. The fact that he was working from an independent source indicates that the poor Latin of the Milan text was not that of the original author. A Greek original was suggested by Muratori when he first published the list in 1740; his suggestion has received wide support, though some have argued for a Latin original. Muratori assigned the list to Caius, a presbyter in Rome, but others have suggested Papias, Hegesippus of Rome, Rhodon, Melito of Sardis, and others.
Rabanus Maurus and the Pseudo-Hieronymian Quaestiones Hebraicae in Libros Regum et Paralipomenon
Authors: Saltman A.
Published: May 2019

The object of this study is to illustrate and to attempt to modify in favour of Rabanus Maurus the judgment of de Ghellinck — “Sa prose pratique le plagiat sans vergogne, mais en général il choisit bien les passages qui lui servent d'extraits.” Although much has been written about the identity of the so-called Hebraeus moderni temporis whose exegetical work was extensively used by Rabanus in his commentaries on the books of Samuel and Chronicles and about the Jewish sources of this material, little or no attention has been paid so far to the motives of Rabanus in availing himself of these Quaestiones or to the principles, if any, he employed in the selection of his material. A further problem which deserves to be elucidated is whether Rabanus had access to a better text of the Quaestiones on Chronicles than that which has come down to us.
The Resting Place of Process Theology
Authors: Nelson Herbert J.
Published: May 2019

Process theology is generally defended in one or more of three ways: In some cases it is proposed as the only coherent and consistent way to satisfy the requirements of a constructive, systematic metaphysics. In other cases it is presented as the only way to avoid the fatal paradoxes inherent in the classical notion of an unchanging God. In still other cases it is urged as the only view compatible with the God of the Judeo-Christian Scriptures and the Christian religious experience.

The first two considerations quite naturally exercise whatever appeal they have on minds of a certain philosophical bent and background. The third consideration is attractive to a far wider audience. For it seems to rest on a reading of the Scriptures and a lived religious experience shared by large numbers of people with limited philosophical interest or expertise.
More Informative Disclosure of Life Office Affairs
Authors: Smith P. R.
Published: May 2019

In recent years a number of papers have been presented to the Institute dealing with the problem of how the actuary of a life office is to determine the amount of surplus which can safely be distributed to with-profit policyholders, and of how that surplus can be divided most equitably between different classes of policyholders.
All the king's men: the impact of the crown's Irish soldiers on the English civil war
Authors: Malcolm Joyce Lee
Published: May 2019

In the second year of the English civil war both king and parliament sought and received substantial military assistance from outside the kingdom: Charles concluded a truce with the Irish rebels and began the importation of troops from Ireland; parliament negotiated the introduction of an army from Scotland. Historians of the period are agreed that these parallel steps had quite opposite results. While the Scots army is invariably viewed as a ‘big factor in turning the scales against the king’, Charles's importation of Irish soldiers is regarded as having an insignificant impact on his military situation and a disastrous effect upon his popular standing. Parliament's alliance with the Scots has therefore been acclaimed necessary and prudent, Charles's acquisition of Irish help a terrible blunder. Samuel R. Gardiner, in his classic history of the English civil war, singled out the king's importation of Irish troops to England as the act which did most to weaken his authority.
Customary and Statutory Law in Rome
Authors: Pugliese Giovanni
Published: May 2019

It is a truism to say that the characteristics of a legal system, in the social and political not less than in the technical field, depend mainly on the nature of its sources of law. If we confine our attention to Roman law, we may state that its achievements, as well as its failures were the consequence of the ways by which it was formed and developed throughout its long history.

The importance of this statement is enhanced by the fact that the Roman attitude to sources of law was apparently different from that of most ancient and modern legal systems. In particular, customary rules are said to have had a greater part in the creation and development of Roman law than of other legal systems. It would be misleading, however, to presume that the sources of Roman law, and the role of custom among them, remained unchanged during the course of Roman history.

Accordingly, at the very outset two points emerge, which merit discussion: (1) What was the part of customary rules and statutes in the creation and development of Roman law; (2) Whether, or how far, their relation changed from one period to another.
From the Covenant to the Charter
Authors: Akindele R.A.
Published: May 2019

The simultaneous application of the principles of universality and regionalism to the organization of international peace and security has naturally created the political and constitutional problems of how to secure a workable and appropriate relationship between universal and regional organizations. It is a paradox of the twentieth century that while world peace like war has tended to become indivisible, international organization of security remains tied to the principle of division and imperfect coordination of responsibility between universal and regional instrumentalities.

This article deals with the constitutional solutions adopted by the founders of the League of Nations and the United Nations to the problem of universal-regional relationship in international organization. Placing international constitution-making squarely within the context of the dynamic forces of international politics, the study identifies those political considerations bearing on the formulation of the constitutional relations between universal and regional organizations in both the League Covenant and the United Nations Charter. In addition, it emphasizes the important fact that the constitutional problems of international organization are inextricably related to the substantive problems of international politics.
Prospective Revision of Precedent
Authors: Tedeschi G.
Published: May 2019

Innovations in case law have traditionally always had retroactive effect also, first on the case in question, and therefore on past conduct, and then, to the extent that authority attaches to the precedent or it is at least followed in practice, on other cases subsequently heard, although the conduct involved here also preceded the declaration of the new rule. Justice Holmes, in a dissenting opinion of 1910, wrote: “I know of no authority in this case to say that in general state decisions shall make law only for the future. Judicial decisions have had retrospective operation for near a thousand years”.

It is fairly certain that Justice Holmes had the Common Law world in mind, but the picture would not be different if we looked at the situation elsewhere. In France as well, for instance, the rétroactivité des nouvelles jurisprudences has been considered as une infirmité du système jurisprudentiel.

Nevertheless, it is a fact that the situation excites some consternation among lawyers and the public, which is particularly strong in those matters where retroactivity is singularly severe in its effects and the legislature normally refrains from imposing it, although not forbidden to do so under constitutional principles (laws being interpreted and applied non-retroactively in the absence of any express provision in this regard) and in those instances where there was reliance, explicit or presumed, by the parties on the rule which is subsequently abandoned.
Rights in Rem — A New Approach
Authors: Ginossar Shalev
Published: May 2019

The manner in which rights should be classified and the various classes defined have been discussed the world over for many generations. This fundamental problem of conceptual jurisprudence has challenged the acumen of many scholars; but to avail. Yet it is vital to find a suitable test of distinction not only for the sake of theoretical thinking but also for the needs of daily practice. Thus, how shall we decide to what extent we are legally bound to respect another person's right? How does such a right arise? How is it transferred? When does it expire? And how shall we know what law is applicable in all these matters? Is it the law of property or the law of obligation? Is it the law governing the place where some piece of property is situated or the law under which the right was created? To answer these questions it will often be necessary to find out in what category the right considered belongs.
The Suspended Sentence: Israel's Experience
Authors: Enker Arnold
Published: May 2019

In the suspended sentence, or as it is sometimes called, the conditional sentence, the defendant does not serve a sentence upon conviction. Service of sentence is postponed for a period of time. Whether the defendant actually will serve any sentence depends upon whether he abides by the conditions of postponement or suspension. Typically, the condition is that he shall refrain from committing additional crimes, sometimes without limitation, sometimes of a specified class.

There exists in the literature considerable debate over the value of the suspended sentence as a penal device, with the harshest criticsm coming from the Anglo-Saxon countries which share a strong preference for probation. Israel stands somewhere between these poles. While the legal tradition bequeathed her upon emerging into independence was Anglo-Saxon, she has, ever since, sought wisdom in other traditions as well, with the result that Israeli legislation has on occasion produced interesting and unique devices. The suspended sentence is, in my view, a case in point, worthy of being made known to a wider audience.
Codification and Consolidation of the Law at the Present Time
Authors: Tallon Denis
Published: May 2019

Law reform is now under consideration in most countries of the world and practically everywhere, the problem of the instruments of this reform arises: should the reform be carried out by the decisions of judges or by statute, and if by statute, must such law be codified?

Common law countries are both attracted and at the same time frightened by codification. This may well be the situation here in Israel, where the common law tradition is still deeply rooted but where there is also a certain tradition in favour of codification.

At any rate, the subject cannot be treated today as it would have been a century ago. The old controversies about the usefulness of codification in the abstract are out of fashion. In England, the fierce attacks of Jeremy Bentham against the common law—“dog law”—have had no influence on the development of English law. On the continent, Savigny and the German Historical School did not prevent the progressive codification of German law nor the adoption in the other countries throughout the nineteenth century of codes inspired by the French model.