bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
State Building, Health Policy, and the Persistence of the American Abortion Debate
Authors: Silverberg Helene
Published: October 2011

In the years since the Supreme Court handed down its ruling inRoe v. Wade(1973), the abortion controversy has raged across America with increasing vigor. Since Ruth Bader Ginsburg's appointment solidified the Rehnquist Court's moderate bloc, holding the line onRoe'sbasic principle but inviting more state regulation, the conflict over abortion is likely to expand and intensify in most of the fifty states. The increased and bitter activity since the Supreme Court decidedWebster v. Reproductive Health Services(1989), which gave state legislatures more latitude to respond to pro-life pressures, provides only a small indication of what the future may hold. Almost twenty years afterRoelegalized abortion in the United States, an end to the “clash of absolutes,” as Laurence Tribe has recently called the American abortion conflict, seems nowhere in sight.
City as Artifact: Heritage Preservation in Comparative Perspective
Authors: Mayne Alan
Published: October 2011

Let me take you on a Cook's tour of urban historic preservation outcomes in the United States. The undertaking is doubly complicated. First, I am an outsider from Australia, a nation that is known more for its sheep farms than for its cities—or, indeed, for a significant national history or a non- Aboriginal cultural heritage that is worth preserving. Second, the dislocation between subject matter and observer is further compounded because I am writing from the ancient Italian city of Parma. Here, in contrast both to the United States and Australia, a multiplicity of structures and artifacts dating back to Etruscan times makes manifest the depth and richness of the surrounding historical texture.
Reading Old Plans
Authors: Mandelbaum Seymour J.
Published: October 2011

My initial decision to explicate how I read formal planning texts was provoked by the 1988 publication of a scheme for the CBD of Philadelphia and the adjacent residential neighborhoods. I thought initially that I might be able to help people directly readThe Plan for Center City. Ultimately, however, I settled on a more modest goal: encouraging a conversation among planners about both reading and writing plans. My contribution to that conversation, an essay entitled “Reading Plans,” started with the notion that a plan, like any other text, creates images of an “ideal” and a “real” author and reader. I went on to explore the ways in which I located myself within and against those images. Once I'd fixed my location, I suggested, I read the core of a plan—whether it was a budget, a simple plat of streets and lots, a formal set of legal rules controlling land use, or an elaborately argued hybrid likeThe Plan for Center City—in three complementary ways: as a complex set of policy arguments, as an elaboration of a decision opportunity, and as a story.
Drug Legalization, the Drug War, and Drug Treatment in Historical Perspective
Authors: Courtwright David T.
Published: October 2011

One thing that all parties in the American drug-policy debate agree upon is the desirability of eliminating the traffic in illicit drugs and the esurient criminal syndicates that control it. There are two divergent strategies for achieving this end. The first is the war on drugs. The second, which emerged in the late 1980s as a highly controversial alternative to the drug war, is controlled legalization. What follows is a historically informed critique of both approaches.
Mutual Aid, State Welfare, and Organized Charity: Fraternal Societies and the “Deserving” and “Undeserving” Poor, 1900–1930
Authors: Beito David T.
Published: October 2011

Few terms have recurred so often in the work of American social welfare historians as “deserving” (or worthy) and “undeserving” (unworthy). These concepts, of course, describe criteria employed by private and government agencies to determine eligibility for social welfare assistance. A special object of concern in the literature has been their use, in particular misuse, by charity organizations and welfare agencies during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.
GEOGRAPHY OF SPIN SYMPLECTIC FOUR-MANIFOLDS WITH ABELIAN FUNDAMENTAL GROUP
Authors: TORRES RAFAEL
Published: October 2011

We study the geography and botany of symplectic spin four-manifolds with abelian fundamental group. By building on the constructions of J. Park and of B. D. Park and Szabó, we can give alternative proofs and extend several results on the geography of simply connected four-manifolds to the nonsimply connected realm.
The emerging functions of septins in metazoans
Authors: Saarikangas Juha , Barral Yves
Published: October 2011

Septins form a subfamily of highly related GTP‐binding proteins conserved from eukaryotic protists to mammals. In most cases, septins function in close association with cell membranes and the actin and microtubule cytoskeleton to regulate a wide variety of key cellular processes. Further underscoring their importance, septin abnormalities are associated with several human diseases. Remarkably, septins have the ability to polymerize into assemblies of different sizes in vitro and in vivo. In cells, these structures act in the formation of diffusion barriers and scaffolds that maintain subcellular polarity. Here, we focus on the emerging roles of vertebrate septins in ciliogenesis, neurogenesis, tumorigenesis and host–pathogen interactions, and discuss whether unifying themes underlie the molecular function of septins in health and disease.
Docking-based virtual screening for the exploration of potential antagonists for human IGFBP6
Authors: Sravani Bhuvanagiri , Pradhan Dibyabhaba , Umamaheswari Amineni
Published: October 2011

Design of potential drug-like candidates for cardiovascular therapy is of interest in recent years. Elevated level of IGFBP-6 leads to perilous diseases like atherosclerosis, high output cardiac failure and myocardial infarction. The current IGFBP-6 inhibitors available in clinical practice are not having satisfactory anti-cardiovascular effects, leaving room for further improvement. Therefore, with an aim to propose a potent inhibitor to arrest the cardiovascular disease caused by IGFBP-6, tools of computer-aided drug designing were used for virtual screening from small molecule databases. Accordingly, IGFBP-6 tertiary structure was solved through nuclear magnetic resonance techniques retrieved from the protein data bank. Fifteen IGFBP-6 inhibitors were acquired from literature databases and subsequent 2D searching protocol of Ligand.Info yielded 5759 structural analogs. The 3D structural conversion and multiple conformations for each compound were generated using LigPrep with constraints of ADME evaluation and toxicity assessments. The docking and scoring calculations were performed using Glide v5.7. The Glide extra precision (XP) docking had reported 138 leads and ranked based on XP Gscore. Six leads having better XP Gscore compared to current IGFBP-6 inhibitors were proposed as potential inhibitors. Chelidamic acid showed the highest XP Gscore (-7.094 Kcal/mol) with good pharmacological properties and molecular interaction with IGFBP-6. Therefore, chelidamic acid is proposed for rational drug design towards cardiovascular therapy.
Opacity and temperature profiles through thick iron targets irradiated by short bursts of intense x-rays
Authors: Whittaker D. S. , Wagenaars E. , Tallents G. J.
Published: October 2011

We model x-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) interactions of pulses of 100 fs duration or less with thick (many attenuation lengths) solid iron targets assuming the instantaneous target opacity is determined solely by the energy absorbed for a given photon energy. Examples of the bound-free opacity dependence on energy absorbed for iron targets at photon energies of 750–2000 eV are presented. This is utilized to model XFEL pulse propagation through solid iron and to predict the resulting iron plasma opacity as the pulse progresses. Assuming the establishment of local thermodynamic equilibrium and electron-ion thermalization after a sufficiently long time interval, we calculate the temperature profiles to be expected in solid iron targets.
Keeping secrets (and deciding what can be told). Individuation, power and the Red book
Authors: Hauke Christopher
Published: October 2011

Apart from some mentions in Memories, dreams, reflections, the Red book and its contents have been kept from the public for 96 years until its publication in 2009. This delay may have been influenced by the response (especially that from the psychoanalyst Winnicott) to the revelations of Jung's secret inner life in Memories, dreams, reflections. It is ironic that many times Jung refers to the importance of keeping secrets for a sense of self and the promotion of individuation. The discussion centres around two areas of tension: one is that between keeping and revealing secrets, and the other involves keeping the balance between the needs of an information hungry public and the risk of misunderstanding personal psychological material.
Effects of magnetic nanoparticles on nuclear spin relaxation in viscous systems
Authors: Hussain R , Andreyev A , Asi J , Noginova N
Published: October 2011

Acceleration of the longitudinal spin relaxation kinetics, associated with the presence of magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs), has been analysed based on the diffusion mechanism of the spin relaxation. The predictions of the outer sphere model were tested in viscous systems and complex multiphase systems, where different components had different mobilities. Depending on the effective size of nanoparticles and molecular mobility, increase, decrease or no changes in the relaxation rate have been observed. The results confirm the applicability of the model to systems with MNPs of ultra-fine size.
Natural Variation in Host-Specific Nodulation of Pea Is Associated with a Haplotype of the SYM37 LysM-Type Receptor-Like Kinase
Authors: Li Ronghui , Knox Maggie R. , Edwards Anne , Hogg Bridget , Ellis T. H. Noel , Wei Gehong , Downie J. Allan
Published: October 2011

Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. viciae, which nodulates pea and vetch, makes a mixture of secreted nodulation signals (Nod factors) carrying either a C18:4 or a C18:1 N-linked acyl chain. Mutation of nodE blocks the formation of the C18:4 acyl chain, and nodE mutants, which produce only C18:1-containing Nod factors, are less efficient at nodulating pea. However, there is significant natural variation in the levels of nodulation of different pea cultivars by a nodE mutant of R. leguminosarum bv. viciae. Using recombinant inbred lines from two pea cultivars, one which nodulated relatively well and one very poorly by the nodE mutant, we mapped the nodE-dependent nodulation phenotype to a locus on pea linkage group I. This was close to Sym37 and PsK1, predicted to encode LysM-domain Nod-factor receptor-like proteins; the Sym2 locus that confers Nod-factor-specific nodulation is also in this region. We confirmed the map location using an introgression line carrying this region. Our data indicate that the nodE-dependent nodulation is not determined by the Sym2 locus. We identified several pea lines that are nodulated very poorly by the R. leguminosarum bv. viciae nodE mutant, sequenced the DNA of the predicted LysM-receptor domains of Sym37 and PsK1, and compared the sequences with those derived from pea cultivars that were relatively well nodulated by the nodE mutant. This revealed that one haplotype (encoding six conserved polymorphisms) of Sym37 is associated with very poor nodulation by the nodE mutant. There was no such correlation with polymorphisms at the PsK1 locus. We conclude that the natural variation in nodE-dependent nodulation in pea is most probably determined by the Sym37 haplotype.
Association Study of Resistance to Soilborne wheat mosaic virus in U.S. Winter Wheat
Authors: Zhang Dadong , Bai Guihua , Hunger Robert M. , Bockus William W. , Yu Jianming , Carver Brett F. , Brown-Guedira Gina
Published: October 2011

Soilborne wheat mosaic virus (SBWMV) is one of the most important winter wheat pathogens worldwide. To identify genes for resistance to the virus in U.S. winter wheat, association study was conducted using a selected panel of 205 elite experimental lines and cultivars from U.S. hard and soft winter wheat breeding programs. Virus symptoms were evaluated twice in virus-infected fields for the panel at Manhattan, KS in spring 2010 and 2011 and for a subpanel of 137 hard winter wheat accessions at Stillwater, OK in spring 2008. At the two locations, 69.8 and 79.5% of cultivars were resistant or moderately resistant to the disease, respectively. After 282 simple-sequence repeat markers covering all wheat chromosome arms were scanned for association in the panel, marker Xgwm469 on the long arm of chromosome 5D (5DL) showed a significant association with the disease rating. Three alleles (Xgwm469-165bp, -167bp, and -169bp) were associated with resistance and the null allele was associated with susceptibility. Correlations between the marker and the disease rating were highly significant (0.80 in Manhattan at P < 0.0001 and 0.63 in Stillwater at P < 0.0001). The alleles Xgwm469-165bp and Xgwm469-169bp were present mainly in the hard winter wheat group, whereas allele Xgwm469-167bp was predominant in the soft winter wheat. The 169 bp allele can be traced back to ‘Newton’, and the 165 bp allele to Aegilops tauschii. In addition, a novel locus on the short arm of chromosome 4D (4DS) was also identified to associate with the disease rating. Marker Xgwm469-5DL is closely linked to SBWMV resistance and highly polymorphic across the winter wheat accessions sampled in the study and, thus, should be useful in marker-assisted selection in U.S. winter wheat.
Convective transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs facilitates direct penetration into deep tissues after topical application
Authors: Dancik Yuri , Anissimov Yuri G. , Jepps Owen G. , Roberts Michael S.
Published: October 2011

WHAT IS ALREADY KNOWN ABOUT THIS SUBJECT

Many products are applied to human skin for local effects in deeper tissues. Animal studies suggest that deep dermal and/or subcutaneous delivery may be facilitated by both dermal diffusion and transport via the cutaneous vasculature. However, the relationship between the extent and pathways of penetration, drug physicochemical properties and deeper tissue physiology is not well understood.

WHAT THIS STUDY ADDS

We have used a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model to analyze published human cutaneous microdialysis data, complemented by our own in vitro skin penetration studies. We found that convective blood, lymphatic and interstitial flow led to significant deep tissue concentrations for drugs that are highly plasma protein bound. In such cases, deeper tissue concentrations will occur earlier and may be several orders of magnitude greater than predicted by passive dermal diffusion alone.

AIMS To relate the varying dermal, subcutaneous and muscle microdialysate concentrations found in man after topical application to the nature of the drug applied and to the underlying physiology.

METHODS We developed a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model in which transport to deeper tissues was determined by tissue diffusion, blood, lymphatic and intersitial flow transport and drug properties. The model was applied to interpret published human microdialysis data, estimated in vitro dermal diffusion and protein binding affinity of drugs that have been previously applied topically in vivo and measured in deep cutaneous tissues over time.

RESULTS Deeper tissue microdialysis concentrations for various drugs in vivo vary widely. Here, we show that carriage by the blood to the deeper tissues below topical application sites facilitates the transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs that penetrate the skin, leading to rapid and significant concentrations in those tissues. Hence, the fractional concentration for the highly plasma protein bound diclofenac in deeper tissues is 0.79 times that in a probe 4.5 mm below a superficial probe whereas the corresponding fractional concentration for the poorly protein bound nicotine is 0.02. Their corresponding estimated in vivo lag times for appearance of the drugs in the deeper probes were 1.1 min for diclofenac and 30 min for nicotine.

CONCLUSIONS Poorly plasma protein bound drugs are mainly transported to deeper tissues after topical application by tissue diffusion whereas the transport of highly plasma protein bound drugs is additionally facilitated by convective blood, lymphatic and interstitial transport to deep tissues.
Optimisation of the microwave‐assisted extraction process for six phenolic compounds in Agaricus blazei murrill
Authors: Zhang Zuofa , Lv Guoying , Pan Huijuan , Fan Leifa
Published: October 2011

An efficient microwave‐assisted extraction (MAE) technique was employed in the extraction of phenolic compounds from Agaricus blazei murrill, and phenolic compounds were quantified by High‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The MAE procedure was optimised, validated and compared with other conventional extraction techniques. MAE gave the best result because of the highest extraction efficiency within the shortest extraction time. The optimal conditions of MAE were 60% ethanol, ratio of solid/liquid 1:30, temperature 110 °C, irradiation power 500 W and three extraction cycles, each 5 min. This is the first report on combining MAE with HPLC for the extraction and quantification of phenolic compounds in A. blazei murrill. The developed MAE method provided a good alternative for the extraction of phenolic compounds in A. blazei murrill as well as other materials.
Diafiltration process on xylo‐oligosaccharides syrup using nanofiltration and its modelling
Authors: Zhao Hefei , Hua Xiao , Yang Ruijin , Zhao Liming , Zhao Wei , Zhang Zhong
Published: October 2011

This work presents a theoretical study of the diafiltration and concentration processes on xylo‐oligosaccharides (XOs) syrup using nanofiltration (NF). In our previous study of the separation performance of the NF process on XOs syrup, the models of flux (Jv) and observed retention (Robs) of an NF membrane have been established. In the present study, these models were employed to construct the balance equations of syrup volume and XOs concentration in a feed tank. In experiments, the constant‐volume continuous diafiltration (CVCD) and the discontinuous diafiltration processes were implemented. In CVCD simulation, the flux curve predicted by the model agreed well with the experimental data. In discontinuous diafiltration simulation, the calculated total content of XOs was 94.5%, which was about 1.5% less than the experimental result (96.11%) given by discontinuous diafiltration operation on a XOs syrup with initial XOs content 83.5%.
Reducing inequalities with vaccines: New Zealand's MeNZB vaccine initiative to control an epidemic
Authors: Lennon Diana , Reid Stewart , Stewart Joanna , Jackson Catherine , Crengle Sue , Percival Teuila
Published: October 2011

Disadvantaged children of Māori and Pacific origin in New Zealand carry an inequitable burden of infectious diseases, many of which are preventable, some by vaccine. Immunisation is recognised in the developing world as a cheap, effective and efficient means of reducing inequalities. The MeNZB immunisation programme delivered in 2004–2006 towards the expected natural end of a projected 15‐year epidemic appears to have had an effect (difficult to prove conclusively) on reducing the disproportionate burden of meningococcal disease carried by this group of children. It was delayed by the late engagement of the New Zealand Ministry of Health, fully briefed from 1996, leading to unnecessary and potentially avoidable deaths and sequelae, many lifelong. Further, failure to adequately assess vaccine effectiveness means that the contribution of MeNZB to the observed reduction in disease, particularly in those aged less than five years, will never be reliably known. However, the MeNZB campaign has at least left a legacy: the National Immunisation Register, which should enable New Zealand to minimise the ‘vaccine inverse care law’ and contribute to reducing ethnic inequity in the burden of vaccine preventable diseases.
Prevalence of risk factors for foot ulceration in patients with end‐stage renal disease on haemodialysis
Authors: Kaminski M. , Frescos N. , Tucker S.
Published: October 2011

Background:  End‐stage renal disease (ESRD) has been associated with foot ulceration and lower extremity amputation (LEA). However, the underlying risk factors for foot ulceration have received limited attention in this population.

Aim:  The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and type of risk factors for foot ulceration present in patients with ESRD on haemodialysis without the coexistence of diabetes mellitus (DM).

Methods:  One hundred and ninety participants with ESRD and/or DM were recruited over a 6‐week period. Participants were allocated into one of three groups: (i) ESRD without DM; (ii) DM without ESRD; and (iii) coexisting ESRD and DM. Participants were screened for the risk factors for foot ulceration. Statistical comparisons were made between the three groups for both the prevalence and type of risk factors using a Fisher's exact test.

Results:  Risk factors for foot ulceration were found to be highly prevalent in the ESRD population. Participants with both ESRD and DM exhibited statistically significant differences in risk factor presentation for peripheral neuropathy (P= 0.033), vascular insufficiency (P= 0.001) and footwear (P= 0.037) in comparison with participants with DM alone.

Conclusion:  There are high prevalence rates of risk factors for foot ulceration in the ESRD population on haemodialysis and are comparable with those with DM. Individuals with coexisting ESRD and DM have an even greater risk for foot ulceration and LEA. This highlights the importance that regular foot screening, preventative education and treatment are necessary for patients with ESRD potentially to reduce the risk of foot ulcerations and LEAs.
The Product and Difference Fallacies for Indirect Effects
Authors: Glynn Adam N.
Published: October 2011

Political scientists often cite the importance of mechanism‐specific causal knowledge, both for its intrinsic scientific value and as a necessity for informed policy. This article explains why two common inferential heuristics for mechanism‐specific (i.e., indirect) effects can provide misleading answers, such as sign reversals and false null results, even when linear regressions provide unbiased estimates of constituent effects. Additionally, this article demonstrates that the inferential difficulties associated with indirect effects can be ameliorated with the use of stratification, interaction terms, and the restriction of inference to subpopulations (e.g., the indirect effect on the treated). However, indirect effects are inherently not identifiable—even when randomized experiments are possible. The methodological discussion is illustrated using a study on the indirect effect of Islamic religious tradition on democracy scores (due to the subordination of women).
Adjusting Our Lens: Can Developmental Differences in Diagnostic Reasoning Be Harnessed to Improve Health Professional and Trainee Assessment?
Authors: Ilgen Jonathan S. , Bowen Judith L. , Yarris Lalena M. , Fu Rongwei , Lowe Robert A. , Eva Kevin
Published: October 2011

Academic Emergency Medicine 2011; 18:S79–S86 © 2011 by the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

Objectives:  Research in cognition has yielded considerable understanding of the diagnostic reasoning process and its evolution during clinical training. This study sought to determine whether or not this literature could be used to improve the assessment of trainees’ diagnostic skill by manipulating testing conditions that encourage different modes of reasoning.

Methods:  The authors developed an online, vignette‐based instrument with two sets of testing instructions. The “first impression” condition encouraged nonanalytic responses while the “directed search” condition prompted structured analytic responses. Subjects encountered six cases under the first impression condition and then six cases under the directed search condition. Each condition had three straightforward (simple) and three ambiguous (complex) cases. Subjects were stratified by clinical experience: novice (third‐ and fourth‐year medical students), intermediate (postgraduate year [PGY] 1 and 2 residents), and experienced (PGY 3 residents and faculty). Two investigators scored the exams independently. Mean diagnostic accuracies were calculated for each group. Differences in diagnostic accuracy and reliability of the examination as a function of the predictor variables were assessed.

Results:  The examination was completed by 115 subjects. Diagnostic accuracy was significantly associated with the independent variables of case complexity, clinical experience, and testing condition. Overall, mean diagnostic accuracy and the extent to which the test consistently discriminated between subjects (i.e., yielded reliable scores) was higher when participants were given directed search instructions than when they were given first impression instructions. In addition, the pattern of reliability was found to depend on experience: simple cases offered the best reliability for discriminating between novices, complex cases offered the best reliability for discriminating between intermediate residents, and neither type of case discriminated well between experienced practitioners.

Conclusions:  These results yield concrete guidance regarding test construction for the purpose of diagnostic skill assessment. The instruction strategy and complexity of cases selected should depend on the experience level and breadth of experience of the subjects one is attempting to assess.
Intracellular Ca2+ Signalling and Phenotype of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Matchkov Vladimir V. , Kudryavtseva Olga , Aalkjaer Christian
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) express considerable plasticity in their phenotype and even can change their phenotype in vivo depending on the functional demand. In addition to contractile phenotype, VSMCs can be proliferative, migrating and/or synthetic. Importantly, contractile and non‐contractile phenotypes differ significantly in their intracellular Ca2+ signalling, which is a consequence of difference in expression of Ca2+ transport proteins. Contractile VSMCs express Ca2+ transporters, including voltage‐gated L‐type Ca2+ channels and SERCA2a pump, which maintain low resting cytosolic Ca2+ and allow dynamic changes of Ca2+ in the spatial and temporal domain, while non‐contractile VSMCs have significantly reduced voltage dependence of Ca2+ entry. These changes associated with phenotypic switch are consequences of changes in gene expression programmes, where the expression of phenotype‐specific proteins and other proteins is suppressed. Importantly, Ca2+‐sensitive transcription factors, including serum response factor, cAMP response element–binding protein and nuclear factor of activated T lymphocytes, which are important for this phenotype switch, can be activated by different types of Ca2+ signalling. Thus, different Ca2+ transport proteins not only control averaged intracellular Ca2+ but also through their differences in the character of the Ca2+ signal modulate the activity of transcription factors and thus initiate phenotype switch. The essential stimuli for phenotype switch are unknown, but intracellular Ca2+ is an important second messenger in the cell transcription programme. This article reviews the relationship between intracellular Ca2+ signalling and VSMC phenotype.
Negotiating Communal Harmony in Mumbai: Women in Mohalla Committees
Authors: Nilesh Preeta
Published: October 2011

The Mohalla Committees of Mumbai are a civil society initiative for the management of conflict. On December 6, 1992, a Hindu mob destroyed a 400‐year‐old mosque in Ayodhya in North India. Muslims all over India staged protests, and communal riots broke out in various parts of the country, including Mumbai. Not only was there a loss of harmony between Hindus and Muslims in the city, but also a loss of faith by the Muslims in the police. A people‐centered mechanism with the objective of communal harmony, the Mohalla Committees in Mumbai strived to restore peace and to open channels of communication between the police and citizens. Women played a key role in the process of confidence building. This article is a study of the proactive role played by women in continuing the process of reconciliation and peace building.
A One-Dimensional Model of Viscous Liquid Jets Breakup
Authors: Ahmed Mahmoud , Abou-Al-Sood M. M. , Ali Ahmed hamza H.
Published: October 2011

The breakup process of a low speed capillary liquid jet is computationally investigated for different Ohnesorge numbers (Z), wave numbers (K), and disturbance amplitudes (ζo). An implicit finite difference scheme has been developed to solve the governing equations of a viscous liquid jet. The results predict the evolution and breakup of the liquid jet, the growth rate of disturbance, the breakup time and location, and the main and satellite drop sizes. It is found that the predicted growth rate of disturbance, the breakup time, and the main and satellite drop sizes depend mainly on the wave numbers and the Ohnesorge numbers. The results are compared with those available, experimental data and analytical analysis. The comparisons indicate that good agreements can be obtained with the less complex one-dimensional model.
Feasibility and Effectiveness of Heat Pipe Cooling in End Milling Operations: Thermal, Structural Static, and Dynamic Analyses: A New Approach
Authors: Zhu Lin , Jen Tien-Chien , Yen Yi-Hsin , Kong Xiao-Ling
Published: October 2011

In this paper, the feasibility and effectiveness of heat pipe cooling in end milling operations are investigated. A new embedded heat pipe technology was utilized to remove the heat generated at the tool-interface in end milling processes. Numerical studies involved four cases, including dry milling, fluid cooling, heat pipe cooling, and heat pipe cooling with cutting fluid supplied. The thermal, structural static, and dynamic characteristics of the end-mill were investigated using a numerical calculation with fast finite element plus solvers based on explicit finite element analysis software. The results demonstrate that the heat pipe end-mill is most feasible and effective in the actual end milling processes.
Macro-optical inspection method for deterioration evaluation of release-coated mold surfaces for nanoimprint lithography
Authors: Taniguchi Jun , Takahashi Junki , Uda Mitsuru , Kohayase Atushi , Kotaki Kenichi
Published: October 2011

Nanoimprint lithography (NIL) is a very useful technique for the fabrication of nanopatterns, and it is used in some practical applications. The key issue for mass production is the understanding of the lifetime and deterioration of the release coating on the mold surface, because the adhesion of polymer materials on the mold surface results in defective products. However, a method for inspecting the durability and evaluating the release layer on the mold surface has not yet been established. This paper describes a method for inspecting the deterioration of the release-coated mold surface using the macro-optical inspection method, which is based on the detection method using edge-reflected light. This macroinspection enables the evaluation of the nonuniformity of the surface and local defects on the macroscale (from 0.1 to several millimeters), because the edge-reflected light is very sensitive to undulations in the surface morphology. In order to examine the deterioration of the release-coated mold surface, a silicon mold with 220 nm diameter holes and a fluorine release agent were used. For the release agent treatment, the mold was first dipped into 0.1% release agent for 30 min. Then, the mold was removed from the release agent and baked at 100 °C for 3 min on a hot plate, after which several undulations were observed. After three such treatments, the overcoating of the release agent caused a lot of defects such as water marks, stripes, and coating nonuniformities. Thus, the macroinspection method enables a facile understanding of the differences in such surface undulations. In order to evaluate the lifetime and deterioration, the UV-NIL process was carried out 100 times. The results showed that the macroinspection method reveals the thin-release-layer behavior during the UV-NIL process and the deterioration and undulation of the release layer.
A4 Developing a prioritised vehicle equipment check-sheet (VECS): a modified Delphi Study
Authors: Duncan E , Fitzpatrick D
Published: October 2011

Background

The number, type; and complexity of equipment carried on frontline ambulances is increasing each year. While this enhances the range of prehospital interventions available, it also results in lengthy equipment checks which, on occasion, are interrupted by emergency calls. This can lead to ambulances arriving at an incident without vital equipment, or with equipment that malfunctions. Although equipment check-sheets have previously been developed to support ambulance clinicians, an informal audit of Scottish Ambulance Service practice indicated that these were outdated, un-prioritised and not in routine use.

Methods

Aim: To develop a prioritised vehicle equipment check-sheet for routine use. Participants: 99 ambulance clinicians were purposively selected and invited to participate. Design: A modified Delphi study was undertaken. A list of all routine ambulance equipment was collated and developed into the initial Delphi study questionnaire. Participants were then asked to prioritise each item (on a scale from 1 [low priority] to 7 [high priority]) in two rounds. The questionnaire was distributed and returned by email. Analysis: Means and SDs were calculated for each item from round two.

Results

27 participants completed both rounds of data collection. Items which were required for life saving intervention rated the highest. These were followed by items relating to personal protection and infection control.

Conclusions and Recommendations

This study has enabled the development of a prioritised vehicle equipment check-sheet with high face validity. Its prioritised nature means that vital equipment is accounted for first, ensuring their presence and functionality even if the vehicle is dispatched before a full check can be completed. The check-sheet is now being introduced throughout the Scottish Ambulance Service and would have applicability to other emergency medical services.
Bias and significance of relative reproductive success estimates based on steelhead trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) data: a Bayesian meta-analysis
Authors: Kitada Shuichi , Kishino Hirohisa , Hamasaki Katsuyuki
Published: October 2011

The evaluation of the reproductive success (RS) of hatchery fish in the wild is one of the most important issues in hatchery supplementation, aquaculture, and conservation. Estimates of the relative reproductive success (RRS) have been used to evaluate RS. Because RRS may vary greatly depending on cross, years of release, and environmental conditions, we introduced a log-normal distribution to quantify the variation. The classical estimator of RRS based on multiple measurements is contrasted with the mean of this distribution. We derived the mean, variance, and relative bias and applied our Bayesian hierarchical model to 42 empirical RRS estimates of steelhead trout ( Oncorhynchus mykiss ) in the Hood River, Oregon, USA. The RRS estimate generally had an upward bias. Although the average level of RRS implied the reproductive decline of hatchery fish and wild-born hatchery descendants, we could not reject the null hypothesis that hatchery fish and their descendants have the same chance of having smaller RS than wild fish as they do of having larger RS than wild fish.
Exercise-induced dehydration with and without environmental heat stress results in increased oxidative stress
Authors: Hillman Angela R. , Vince Rebecca V. , Taylor Lee , McNaughton Lars , Mitchell Nigel , Siegler Jason
Published: October 2011

While in vitro work has revealed that dehydration and hyperthermia can elicit increased cellular and oxidative stress, in vivo research linking dehydration, hyperthermia, and oxidative stress is limited. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of exercise-induced dehydration with and without hyperthermia on oxidative stress. Seven healthy male, trained cyclists (power output (W) at lactate threshold (LT): 199 ± 19 W) completed 90 min of cycling exercise at 95% LT followed by a 5-km time trial (TT) in 4 trials: (i) euhydration in a warm environment (EU-W, control), (ii) dehydration in a warm environment (DE-W), (iii) euhydration in a thermoneutral environment (EU-T), and (iv) dehydration in a thermoneutral environment (DE-T) (W: 33.9 ± 0.9 °C; T: 23.0 ± 1.0 °C). Oxidized glutathione (GSSG) increased significantly postexercise in dehydration trials only (DE-W: p < 0.01, DE-T: p = 0.03), and while not significant, total glutathione (TGSH) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) tended to increase postexercise in dehydration trials (p = 0.08 for both). Monocyte heat shock protein 72 (HSP72) concentration was increased (p = 0.01) while lymphocyte HSP32 concentration was decreased for all trials (p = 0.02). Exercise-induced dehydration led to an increase in GSSG concentration while maintenance of euhydration attenuated these increases regardless of environmental condition. Additionally, we found evidence of increased cellular stress (measured via HSP) during all trials independent of hydration status and environment. Finally, both 90-min and 5-km TT performances were reduced during only the DE-W trial, likely a result of combined cellular stress, hyperthermia, and dehydration. These findings highlight the importance of fluid consumption during exercise to attenuate thermal and oxidative stress during prolonged exercise in the heat.
Compressibility of CaMnO3: A study using a large-volume diffraction press
Authors: Piętosa Jarosław , Paszkowicz Wojciech , Minikayev Roman , Nowak Jakub , Lathe Christian , Martin Christine
Published: October 2011

CaMnO3 is a parent compound for various manganite systems exhibiting useful physical properties. Therefore, its structural and elastic properties are of general interest. In this paper, P–V equation of state of stoichiometric CaMnO3 is determined using energy dispersive X-ray diffraction. The measurements were carried out at a synchrotron beamline F2.1 (Hasylab, DESY) with samples compressed in a cubic-anvil diffraction press, MAX80, for pressures ranging up to 4.84 GPa. The experimental bulk modulus of CaMnO3, derived from the variation in the unit-cell volume with pressure by fitting the Birch–Murnaghan equation of state, is 154.4(3.3) GPa. The results are discussed on the basis of experimental and theoretical data for CaMnO3 and related compounds.
X-ray powder diffraction data for the Al–Ni–Pt χ-phase, Al74Ni7.2Pt18.8
Authors: Grushko B. , Kapush D.
Published: October 2011

Ternary Al–Ni–Pt phase isostructural to Al28Ir9 was revealed at the Al74Ni7.2Pt18.8 composition. Its powder diffraction pattern was indexed for the space group P31c (No. 159) and lattice parameters a=12.095(8) and c= 26.922(17) Å.
Crystal structure and X-ray diffraction data of a new hexagonal perovskite compound, Ba4CuNb3O12
Authors: Kumada N. , Zhang W. , Dong Q. , Mochizuki T. , Yonesaki Y. , Takei T. , Kinomura N.
Published: October 2011

A new barium copper niobate, Ba4CuNb3O12, was successfully prepared by high-temperature solid-state reaction in an inert atmosphere. Rietveld-refinement analysis of the XRD data of the compound showed that it has the 8H-type hexagonal perovskite structure with space group P63/mmc (#194), a = 5.830(1) Å, c = 19.123(1) Å, and chemical composition of Ba4Cu1.84Nb2.16O12-δ.
Antibody-Radionuclide Conjugates for Cancer Therapy: Historical Considerations and New Trends
Authors: Steiner Martina , Neri Dario
Published: October 2011

When delivered at a sufficient dose and dose rate to a neoplastic mass, radiation can kill tumor cells. Because cancer frequently presents as a disseminated disease, it is imperative to deliver cytotoxic radiation not only to the primary tumor but also to distant metastases, while reducing exposure of healthy organs as much as possible. Monoclonal antibodies and their fragments, labeled with therapeutic radionuclides, have been used for many years in the development of anticancer strategies, with the aim of concentrating radioactivity at the tumor site and sparing normal tissues. This review surveys important milestones in the development and clinical implementation of radioimmunotherapy and critically examines new trends for the antibody-mediated targeted delivery of radionuclides to sites of cancer. Clin Cancer Res; 17(20); 6406–16. ©2011 AACR.
Synthetic Matrices to Serve as Niches for Muscle Cell Transplantation
Authors: Fernandes Sarah , Kuklok Shannon , McGonigle Joe , Reinecke Hans , Murry Charles E.
Published: October 2011

Poor cell retention and limited cell survival after grafting are major limitations of cell therapy. Recent studies showed that the use of matrices as vehicles at the time of cell injection can significantly improve cell engraftment by providing an appropriate structure and physical support for the injected cells. Properly designed matrices can also promote the organization of the cells into a functioning cardiac-like tissue and enhance integration between the host and the engrafted tissue. Furthermore, the use of an injectable biomaterial provides an opportunity to release in situ bioactive molecules that can further enhance the beneficial effects of cell transplantation. In this article we review a large variety of biologically derived synthetic and hybrid materials that have been tested as matrices for cardiac repair. We summarize the optimal parameters required for an ideal matrix including biocompatibility, injectability, degradation rate, and mechanical properties. Using an in vivo subcutaneous grafting model, we also provide novel data involving a side-by-side comparison of six synthetic matrices derived from maltodextrin. By systematically varying polymer molecular weight, cross-link density, and availability of cell adhesion motifs, a synthetic matrix was identified that supported skeletal myotube formation similar to Matrigel™. Our results emphasize not only the need to have a range of tunable matrices for cardiac cell therapy but also the importance of further characterizing the physical properties required for an ideal injectable matrix.
Epigenetic Modifications of Stem Cells
Authors: Zhou Yonggang , Kim Johnny , Yuan Xuejun , Braun Thomas
Published: October 2011

Stem cells of all types are characterized by the ability to self-renew and to differentiate. Multiple lines of evidence suggest that both maintenance of stemness and lineage commitment, including determination of the cardiomyogenic lineage, are tightly controlled by epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, histone modifications, and ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling. Epigenetic mechanisms are intrinsically reversible, interdependent, and highly dynamic in regulation of chromatin structure and specific gene transcription programs, thereby contributing to stem cell homeostasis. Here, we review the current understanding of epigenetic mechanisms involved in regulation of stem cell self-renewal and differentiation and in the control of cardiac progenitor cell commitment during heart development. Further progress in this area will help to decipher the epigenetic landscape in stem and progenitor cells and facilitate manipulation of stem cells for regenerative applications.
Neuropsychological Profiles of 5-Year Ischemic Stroke Survivors by Oxfordshire Stroke Classification and Hemisphere of Lesion
Authors: Barker-Collo Suzanne , Starkey Nicola , Lawes Carlene M.M. , Feigin Valery , Senior Hugh , Parag Varsha
Published: October 2011

Background and Purpose—

Although the neuropsychological literature typically examines stroke outcomes by hemisphere of lesion, the medical literature provides classifications more closely linked to circulatory distribution impacted by stroke. This article examined profiles of cognitive function by hemisphere and by Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project stroke classification.

Methods—

This study included a sample of 315 5-year ischemic stroke survivors. Assessment included tests of verbal memory, visual memory, word finding/verbal fluency, abstract visual reasoning, executive functioning, and speed of processing.

Results—

The sample produced scores within 1 standard deviation of the normative mean on tests of abstract visual reasoning, verbal memory, and visual recall. Impaired performances were observed for executive function and processing speed. Profile analysis revealed no significant differences in overall cognitive performance or in the profile of performance across measures by hemisphere of lesion. However, groups defined by Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project categories produced significantly different cognitive profiles. Post hoc analyses indicate those with posterior stroke performed best overall on all tests except the Stroop Dots trial, whereas those with total anterior stroke produced significantly worse scores on tasks requiring visual abstract reasoning (Block Design, Rey Figure Copy), word finding (Boston Naming Test), and processing speed (Stroop Dots, Trails A).

Conclusions—

Oxfordshire Community Stroke Project stroke subtypes identified significant differences between groups, suggesting this classification system is of greater use than hemisphere of lesion in predicting poststroke cognitive outcomes.
Subjective Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
Authors: Balatsouras Dimitrios G. , Korres Stavros G.
Published: October 2011

Objective

To study the demographic, clinical, pathogenetic, and nystagmographic features and treatment outcomes of subjective benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV).

Study Design

Prospective clinical trial.

Setting

Tertiary referral center.

Subjects and Methods

Sixty‐three patients were studied (mean [SD] age 55.4 [9.4] years), 27 men and 36 women, who presented with a positive history for BPPV and Dix‐Hallpike or supine roll tests positive for vertigo but negative for nystagmus. A comprehensive history was obtained, followed by clinical examination of the ears, nose, and throat and a complete audiologic and neurotologic examination, including videonystagmography. All patients were treated with the appropriate canalith repositioning procedure, depending on the type of provoking positioning test. A group of 204 patients with typical BPPV were used for comparison.

Results

Forty‐five patients with subjective BPPV were successfully treated. Eighteen patients, in most of whom vertigo of other causes was identified, did not respond to treatment. Comparison between patients with subjective and typical BPPV showed similar epidemiological and clinical features. Treatment failed in 13.5% of patients with subjective disease, after excluding patients with different causes of positional vertigo, as compared with 7.8% of patients with typical BPPV (odds ratio = 1.8; 95% confidence interval, 0.7‐4.7; P =. 32).

Conclusion

Subjective BPPV is quite common, accounting for more than one‐fourth of patients with typical BPPV and sharing common features with it, with the exception of nystagmus. No statistical difference in treatment outcomes between patients with subjective and typical BPPV was found, but study of a larger sample is needed.