bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aqueous Procaine Penicillin G in the Horse: Serum, Synovial, Peritoneal, and Urine Concentrations After Single-Dose Intramuscular Administration
Authors: Stover Susan M. , Brown Murray P. , Kelly Robin H. , Farver Thomas B. , Knight Humphrey D.
Published: February 2025

Six adult mares were given a single dose of aqueous suspension procaine penicillin G (300,000 IU/ml) im at a dosage of 22,000 IU/kg of body weight (15.4 mg of penicillin G/kg). Serum, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, and urine penicillin concentrations were measured serially over a 48-hour period. The mean peak serum penicillin concentration was 1.42 μg/ml at 3 hours. Penicillin was detected in synovial fluid and peritoneal fluid, which obtained mean peak penicillin concentrations of 0.62 μg/ml and 0.58 μg/ml, at 4 hours and 3 hours, respectively. These concentrations steadily decreased in parallel with serum concentrations and were still measurable at 48 hours. Urine concentrations of penicillin were relatively high, with a mean peak concentration of 525.81 μg/ml at 8 hours.
Appearance of Procaine in Spinal Fluid During Segmental Epidural Analgesia in Cows
Authors: Skarda R. T. , Yeary R. A. , Muir W. W. , Burt J. K.
Published: February 2025

The concentration of procaine in the csf of 10 adult nonpregnant cows was determined after epidural injection of 5% procaine hydrochloride solution. Samples of csf were removed through a catheter introduced into the subarachnoid space at the lumbosacral intervertebral space and advanced craniad to the same level as the epidural injection site. The position and the location of the catheter and spinal needle were confirmed radiographically. Segmental analgesia was achieved 8 to 20 minutes after completing the procaine hydrochloride injection and extended between spinal cord segments T12 and L3 on one or both sides of the animal. The average duration of analgesia, as determined by response to superficial and deep muscular pinpricks at the L1 dermatome, was 81.3 ± 22.8 minutes (min-max, 45-127 minutes).

The average subarachnoid concentration of procaine 10 minutes after epidural injection was 120.4 ± 42.9 μg/ml. The highest average procaine concentration recorded was 160.7 ± 63.7 μg/ml at 25.0 ± 6.7 minutes after injection. Average procaine concentration was 47.8 ± 13.5 μg/ml at cessation of analgesia. A similar concentration of procaine was recovered from the subarachnoid space during either unilateral or bilateral analgesia. Procaine was not found in arterial plasma after the epidural administration of procaine hydrochloride.

Subarachnoid threshold concentrations of local anesthetic necessary to produce spinal analgesia were reached after repeated epidural injections, but not after a single administration. It is concluded that segmental epidural analgesia is principally due to anesthesia of dura-covered nerve roots within and outside the epidural space and is minimally, if at all, dependent on the production of analgesia of nerves within the subarachnoid space.
Effects of Incubation Temperatures and Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus Immune Serum on Bovine Turbinate Cells Persistently Infected with a Noncytopathogenic Isolate of Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus
Authors: Coria M. F. , McClurkin A. W.
Published: February 2025

Noncytopathogenic bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) on initial inoculation in receptive cells induced a persistence in vitro at incubation temperatures of 33, 37, and 39 C. The mechanisms of this persistence were not the result of the induction of defective interfering particles or the selection of temperature-sensitive mutants, but were the result of a naturally occurring noncytopathogenic isolate of bvdv. Persistently infected cells were not freed of the infection by continuous passage in media containing homologous antibody. Persistently infected cells appeared to undergo an earlier senescence than did noninoculated cells of the same passage level and age. This phenomenon was reversed by renewal of the culture media.
Food Intake of Sheep Exposed to Hot-Humid, Hot-Dry, and Cool-Humid Environments
Authors: Guerrini Vincent Henry
Published: February 2025

Water intake, food intake (wet and dry weight), rectal temperature, and food digestibility were determined in 6 sheep exposed to 4 weeks each of hot-humid, hot-dry, and cool-humid environments, alternated with 3 weeks each of cool-dry exposure.

Compared with values determined during the cool-dry environments, wet-weight food intake decreased between 5% and 33% and between 3% and 9% during hot-humid and hot-dry exposures, respectively. During the week of cool-humid exposure, wet-weight food intake decreased by 11%. During hot-humid, hot-dry, and cool-humid environments, dry-weight food intake decreased between 5% and 17%. The effect of high ambient temperatures on wet-weight food intake was significant (P < 0.01), whereas dry-weight food intake was not related to ambient temperature. During hot-humid exposure, water intake decreased 4% and then increased 7%. During hot-dry exposure, water intake increased between 37% and 45%. During the first 2 weeks of cool-humid environment, water intake decreased between 13% and 15%. From the 4th week of hot-humid exposure until the 3rd week of the following cool-dry period, food digestibility increased between 18% and 32%. During hot-dry exposure, food digestibility increased between 6% and 14%.

The digestibility of food was significantly increased (P < 0.005) when dry-weight food intake increased; therefore, decreased digestibility was related to water content of the feed. Increased ambient humidity was associated with decreased dry-weight food intake (P < 0.05).
Preparation of Resealed Carrier Erythrocytes and in Vivo Survival in Dogs
Authors: DeLoach John R. , Barton Claudia , Culler Kathleen
Published: February 2025

Canine carrier erythrocytes are prepared by dialysis to contain [14C]-sucrose. The procedure allows over 37% of the available sucrose to be encapsulated in the erythrocytes. Cell recovery from the dialysis procedure is greater than 80%. Carrier erythrocytes were prepared from 4 breeds of dogs in less than 2 hours. Although there were some animal-to-animal differences, breed differences were not noticeable in carrier cell preparation. The carrier or resealed erythrocytes contain ca 70% of their hemoglobin and when injected circulate with a half-life of 36 days. These carrier cells could thus serve as a drug delivery vehicle to provide circulating concentrations of encapsulated drug.
Oxibendazole: Anthelmintic Activity in Horses
Authors: Lyons E. T. , Drudge J. H. , Tolliver S. C.
Published: February 2025

Large parasite critical tests of the anthelmintic activity of oxibendazole suspension at the dosage rate of 10 mg/kg of body weight were done in 8 horses (treated by stomach tube). Complete (100%) removal of Parascaris equorum (5 infected horses), mature Oxyuris equi (3 infected horses), Strongylus vulgaris (6 infected horses), and S edentatus (4 infected horses) was recorded. Bots (Gasterophilus intestinalis and G nasalis—2nd and 3rd instars) were virtually unaffected by treatment.
Identification of Bovine T- and B-Lymphocvte Subpopulations by Immunofluorescence Surface Marker Analysis
Authors: Yang Tsu-Ju (Thomas)
Published: February 2025

A T-cell specific goat anti-bovine thymocyte antiserum was prepared for use in identifying T lymphocytes by an indirect fluorescent antibody (fa) technique. The antiserum was made specific for T lymphocytes through adsorptions with normal bovine rbc, normal serum, and bone marrow cells. It reacted with more than 95% of the thymocytes and less than 5% of the bone marrow cells. By the indirect fa assay, 72.9 ± 5.7% (sd) of the peripheral blood lymphocytes of adult cows (n = 19) were identified as T lymphocytes. With the previously reported total B-lymphocyte number of 26.9 ± 4.4%, as determined by a mixture of antiimmunoglobulin (Ig)G, anti-IgA, and anti-IgM, the 2 assays, in conjunction, can thus identify over 95% of the peripheral blood lymphocytes as either T or B lymphocytes.

With the use of individual Ig class- and subclass-specific antisera in the direct fa assay, the peripheral blood lymphocytes of adult cows (n = 15) were shown to consist of 8.5 ± 3.1% IgG1-bearing lymphocytes, 3.5 ± 2.2% IgG2-bearing lymphocytes, 7.0 ± 2.4% IgA-bearing lymphocytes, and 13.4 ± 2.6% IgM-bearing lymphocytes—indicating that although the majority of B lymphocytes possess IgM on their surface, in cattle there are many B lymphocytes without surface membrane (Sm)IgM, but with only SmIgG1, SmIgG2, or SmIgA.
Effects of Maternal Nutritional Restriction and Cold Stress on Young Calves: Clinical Condition, Behavioral Reactions, and Lesions
Authors: Olson D. P. , Bull R. C. , Kelley K. W. , Ritter R. C. , Woodard L. F. , Everson D. O.
Published: February 2025

Calves from dams fed protein or energy-restricted diets during the last half of pregnancy were exposed to moderate cold for the first 3 days of life; they were examined for clinical condition, behavioral reactions, and lesions. Neither maternal dietary treatments nor cold exposure of the calves significantly affected postural, sensory, or motivational responses, although some calves were noticeably weakened before they were euthanatized. Restriction of protein or metabolizable energy in the maternal diets caused temporary but slight increases in heart and respiratory rates of their calves, but did not affect core body temperature. Cold exposure of the newborn calves tended to increase heart rate and depress respiratory rate, but core body temperature was unaffected.

The main lesions in the calves were in the limbs and included bilateral subcutaneous hemorrhage and edema. Lesions appeared more frequently in calves from dams fed low-protein diet than in calves from dams fed adequate-protein diet. In contrast, the frequency of lesions in calves from dams fed low metabolizable energy diets was mixed when compared with calves from dams fed adequate metabolizable energy diets. However, differences in frequencies of lesions in calves between the respective maternal nutritional treatment groups were not significant (P > 0.05). Lesions occurred with equal or greater frequency in the pelvic limbs than in the thoracic limbs of respective calves from each of the maternal nutritional treatment groups.

Exposure of calves to moderate cold resulted in greater frequency (P < 0.05) of lesions than in calves at normothermic temperature. Lesions were found with greater frequency in the pelvic limbs than in the thoracic limbs of cold-exposed calves.
Induction of Lesions of Selenium-Vitamin E Deficiency in Weanling Swine Fed Silver, Cobalt, Tellurium, Zinc, Cadmium, and Vanadium
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Boon G. Daniel , Ferrans Victor J.
Published: February 2025

Forty-two weanling pigs were allotted to 7 groups and fed (for 10 weeks) a commercial ration that was adequate in selenium and vitamin E (Se-E) content, either alone or with supplements of Ag (3,000 mg/kg of feed, as acetate), Co (500 mg/kg, as chloride), Te (500 mg/kg, as tetrachloride), Zn (3,000 mg/kg, as sulfate), Cd (500 mg/kg, as sulfate), or V (200 mg/kg, as vanadate). The pigs fed the Ag supplement died after 25 to 39 days and had lesions characteristic of Se-E deficiency with accumulations of serous transudates in body cavities and hepatic and cardiac necrosis. In the pigs fed the Ag supplement, there was high hepatic Se content terminally; blood glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activity decreased to low levels several weeks before the pigs died with lesions of Se-E deficiency. Macroscopic lesions of Se-E deficiency were not found in pigs fed Co, Te, Zn, Cd, or V. However, evidence of Se-E deficiency, as indicated by microscopically detected necrosis of cardiac and skeletal muscle, was present in 50% to 65% of the pigs fed Co or Te and occasionally in pigs fed Zn, Cd, and V supplements.

The pigs fed Te had marked decrease of blood GSH-Px activity over the last 6 weeks of the feeding period. No consistently abnormal values for blood GSH-Px activity or terminal hepatic Se content were observed in pigs fed Co, Zn, Cd, or V. The pigs fed the Zn supplement grew as rapidly as the control pigs. Evidence of V toxicosis was observed as severe growth suppression, mortality, and marked enteritis and cystitis (with accompanying hydroureter in 1 pig).
Adverse Effects of Open Indwelling Urethral Catheterization in Clinically Normal Male Cats
Authors: Lees George E. , Osborne Carl A. , Stevens Jerry B. , Ward Gilbert E.
Published: February 2025

Effects of open indwelling urethral catheterization for 1, 3, or 5 days were evaluated in clinically normal male cats. During 5 days of catheterization, influences of ampicillin or polyionic fluid therapy (or both) were also evaluated.

Commercially manufactured catheters used were too short to reach the bladder lumen of most adult male cats and did not provide constant urine drinage. Although only 1 catheter extended into the bladder lumen, bacteriuria was induced in 20 of 36 catheterized cats.

Morphologic changes in the urethras of catheterized cats developed in 2 phases. A mild-to-moderate urethritis and variable loss of mucosa occurred first without bacteriuria. In cats with bacteriuria, this change was followed by severe suppurative urethritis.

Bacterial cystitis was found in 8 cats with catheter-induced bacteriuria. Although cystitis sometimes developed during 3 days of catheterization, the association between microscopic bladder abnormalities and bacteriuria was significant (P < 0.05) only for cats that were catheterized for 5 days.

The interval in which bacterial colonization of the bladder occurred most frequently in untreated cats was between 1 and 3 days of indwelling catheterization. After 1 day of catheterization, 2 of 6 cats had bacteriuria, but evidence of cystitis was not found. After 3 and 5 days of catheterization, 5 of 6 cats had bacteriuria. Degrees of bacteriuria and severity of cystitis did not increase between the 3rd and 5th day of catheterization.

Catheter-induced bacteriuria and cystitis were most severe in cats with diuresis produced by fluid therapy. Cats given ampicillin developed catheter-induced bacteriuria less frequently than did cats that were not given the antibiotic. Administration of ampicillin to cats given fluid therapy reduced the degree of bacteriuria. Cystitis was also less severe in bacteriuric cats given ampicillin. Although generally beneficial, ampicillin therapy did not prevent catheter-induced bacteriuria in 4 of 12 cats. Bacteria isolated from these cats were highly resistant to ampicillin and tended to have less in vitro susceptibility to other antimicrobial agents.

Urine concentration was an important factor influencing degrees of bacteriuria and types of bacteria found in catheterized cats. Bacterial numbers were substantially higher in dilute urine samples from cats given fluids than in urine samples from untreated cats. Most bacteria isolated from concentrated urine samples were gram-positive cocci, whereas isolates from diluted urine samples were mainly gram-negative bacilli. These effects may have been related to urine osmolality.

The present study indicated that adverse effects are caused by open indwelling urethral catheterization of male cats. In addition to predisposing cats to bacterial urinary tract infection, catheters had direct effects on surrounding urinary tract tissues.
Isolation of a Rotavirus from a Newborn Dog with Diarrhea
Authors: Fulton Robert W. , Johnson Charles A. , Pearson Nancy J. , Woode G. N.
Published: February 2025

A rotavirus was isolated from a newborn dog that died after having clinical signs of diarrhea. Virus particles with rotaviral morphologic features were observed by transmission electron microscopy in the intestinal homogenate collected at necropsy. Cytopathic effects were observed, and rotaviral antigens were detected by indirect immunofluorescence in MA-104 monolayer cultures (a fetal rhesus macaque kidney cell) inoculated with intestinal homogenate. This rotavirus isolate, designated LSU 79C-36, may be a specific canine rotavirus or a rotavirus from another species.
Hypothermia and Its Prevention During General Anesthesia in Cats
Authors: Haskins Steve C.
Published: February 2025

Cats (n = 66) were evaluated in a retrospective clinical study to determine if there were any consistent patterns predisposing them to hypothermia during general anesthesia. There were no differences between any of the anesthetic techniques evaluated, between different body weights, or between different surgical procedures, with regard to the degree of hypothermia developed.

Four cats were evaluated with regard to the efficacy of several techniques to maintain or restore body temperature during pentobarbital anesthesia. A circulating warm-water blanket cocooning the subject was most effective. Placing the animal on a circulating warm-water blanket under a 250-W infrared heat lamp, or under a hot-water bottle heat tent was effective, whereas cocooning in hand towels or a space blanket were ineffective.
Survey of Porcine Parvovirus Infection in Swine Fetuses and Their Dams at a Minnesota Abattoir
Authors: Thacker B. J. , Leman A. D. , Hurtgen J. P. , Sauber T. E. , Joo H. S.
Published: February 2025

Reproductive tracts were recovered from 209 sow and 32 gilt carcasses at slaughter; animals had been pregnant not less than 27 days. Of 241 litters examined, 28 (11.6%) contained one or more porcine parvovirus (ppv)-infected fetuses, as determined by immunofluorescent microscopy. The frequencies in sow and gilt litters were 12.0% and 9.4%, respectively. The ppv antigen was detected in 219 of 334 (65.6%) dead or mummified fetuses and in 12 of 2,172 (0.5%) live fetuses examined. The 18 litters which contained only dead or mummified fetuses were infected with ppv. As the percentage of litter mummification increased, the likelihood of finding ppv increased. The ppv antibody was detected in ovarian follicular fluids of 94.3% of the sows and 78.1% of the gilts. These findings indicate that ppv is highly associated with fetal mummification and that some pregnant gilts and sows are susceptible to infection.
Indirect Solid-Phase Microradioimmunoassay for Detection of Ascaris suum Antibodies in Swine Sera
Authors: Rhodes M. B. , Staudinger L. A. , Hart R. A.
Published: February 2025

Antibodies to Ascaris suum have been detected and quantitated in sera of swine orally inoculated with eggs of A suum, using an indirect solid-phase microradioimmunoassay. Antibody titers of 1:640 to 1:10,240 were quantitated, using purified and crude ascarid antigens in the assays. Swine sera from 71 of 72 farm herds located in 37 counties in Nebraska had at least 1 serum of the 7 tested with a titer equal to or greater than 1:20. A total of 437 sera were positive and 67 negative (ie, less than 1:20 titer). Six positive sera selected at random had titers of 1:640 to 1:5,120.
Biotyping of Salmonella typhimurium Strains Isolated from Animals and Birds in Northern Japan
Authors: Ishiguro Naotaka , Sato Gihei
Published: February 2025

Strains of Salmonella typhimurium (n = 175) isolated from animals and birds in northern Japan were differentiated into 5 biovars (1, 2, 7, 10, and untypeable) by 6 kinds of fermentation tests inositol, bitter-xylose, rhamnose, xylose, Stern’s glycerol, and trehalose) of Brandis’ scheme, and were subdivided into 9 primary and 38 full biovars by a new biotyping method, using additional biochemical reactions. The full biovar classified by the new biotyping method was considered to be a marker for assessing the widespread outbreaks of infection with S typhimurium. In particular, strains of biovars 25hi and 27hi were characteristically found in pigeons, quail, and fantails, and were thought to be of avian origin.
Anatomy and Function of the Ligaments of the Lower Cervical Spine in the Dog
Authors: Vasseur Philip B. , Saunders Geoffrey , Steinback Clarke
Published: February 2025

Ligaments of the lower cervical spine (C3 to C7) were studied in 27 canine cadavers. The gross anatomy and attachment sites were determined by dissection, and representative samples of the flaval ligament, facet capsules, and dorsal longitudinal ligament were examined by light microscopy and were stained for elastin content. Selected functional spinal units were placed in a specially constructed humidification chamber and were fixed in position, using methyl methacrylate bone cement. The specimens were stressed in flexion and extension, and vertebral displacement was measured before and after severance of the spinal ligaments.

The flaval ligament had a marked elastin content and contained randomly oriented collagen bundles. The dorsal longitudinal ligament possessed a negligible elastic fiber content and demonstrated longitudinally oriented collagen bundles. The facet capsules possessed an inner synovial lining and outer fibrous layer typical of synovial joint capsules.

In general, the severance of spinal ligaments resulted in small increments of displacement until failure occurred, which was often sudden and complete. The flaval ligament, facet capsules, dorsal longitudinal ligament, and intervertebral disk were the major ligamentous stabilizers of the lower cervical spine.
Liquid Preservation of Baboon Red Blood Cells in Acid-Citrate-Dextrose or Citrate-Phosphate-Dextrose Anticoagulant: Effects of Washing Liquid-Stored Red Blood Cells
Authors: Valeri C. Robert , Lindberg J. R. , Contreras T. J. , Pivacek L. E. , Austin R. M. , Valeri D. A. , Gray A. , Emerson C. P.
Published: February 2025

Autologous baboon rbc stored at 4 C in acid-citratedextrose (acd) or in citrate-phosphate-dextrose (cpd) for 3 weeks after collection had 24-hour 51Cr posttransfusion survival values of about 77%. When 20-day-old acd and cpd baboon rbc were washed and then stored at 4 C for 24 hours before autotransfusion, the 24-hour 51Cr posttransfusion survival values were about 81%. These values were similar to those seen in studies of human rbc preserved in an identical manner. Our results indicated that the baboon can be used to evaluate rbc preservation techniques before human volunteers are studied.
Isolation of Mycoplasma flocculare from Swine in the United States
Authors: Armstrong C. H. , Friis N. F.
Published: February 2025

During 1977 to 1980, Mycoplasma flocculare was isolated from the lungs of 7 swine in the United States. Two of the swine were from a single Alabama herd, 1 was from Minnesota, 2 were from different Illinois herds, and 2 were from different Indiana herds. Three of the swine were from specific-pathogen-free herds and 4 were from conventional herds. The lungs from the 7 swine had gross lesions typical of mycoplasmal pneumonia. Two lungs yielded a mixture of M flocculare and M hyopneumoniae; the remaining 5 yielded M flocculare alone.
Bluetongue in Cattle: A Serologic Survey of Slaughter Cattle in the United States
Authors: Metcalf Hugh E. , Pearson James E. , Klingsporn Albert L.
Published: February 2025

Serologic tests for bluetongue virus (btv) were done on 19,758 blood serum samples systematically collected at brucellosis laboratories throughout the United States from Nov 28, 1977 to Feb 20, 1978. Prevalence of btv antibody varied from 0 to 79% of the samples collected in various states, with a national prevalence of 18.2%. The prevalence was generally low in the northern states and high in the southwestern states. The highest prevalence rates were found in Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands.
Coulometric Technique for Iron Determinations
Authors: Smith Joseph E. , Moore Kateri , Schoneweis David
Published: February 2025

A coulometric technique was compared with a colorimetric assay for iron and total iron-binding capacity. The convenience, sample size, precision, and accuracy of the coulometric procedure make it an alternative to colorimetric methods.
Antibody Response of Calves After Intranasal Inoculation with Parainfluenza-3 Virus and Resistance of Inoculated Calves to Experimental Homologous Viral Infection
Authors: Marshall Ronald G.
Published: February 2025

The immunologic response of colostrum-deprived calves to parainfluenza-3 (pi-3) virus given by intranasal inoculation was studied. Inoculation of calves with 3.2 × 106 median cell culture infective doses (ccid50) of either virulent (SF-4) virus or a modified strain of pi-3 virus, or with 2.0 × 108 ccid50 of SF-4 virus, stimulated development of both serum antibody and nasal secretion (ns) antibody. However, ns antibody decreased in all calves between the 16th and 42nd postinoculation days and was present only at low or moderately low concentrations on the 126th day, when the immunity of the calves was challenged. Generally, calves that were inoculated with 3.2 × 106 ccid50 of SF-4 virus developed slightly higher concentrations of serum and ns antibodies than did calves inoculated with modified virus. Calves that were inoculated with 2.0 × 108 or 3.2 × 106 ccid50 of SF-4 virus developed comparable concentrations of serum antibody, but large doses of SF-4 virus were less effective than smaller doses of the same virus in stimulating the development of ns antibody. Reinoculation of 3 calves with modified pi-3 virus resulted in a demonstrable increase in serum antibody in 2 calves and an increase and subsequent decrease in ns antibody in all calves. Challenge exposure of inoculated calves to aerosols of SF-4 virus failed to cause clinical signs of disease, and the challenge virus was not isolated from the nasal passages.
[14C]Glucosamine Incorporation into Intestinal Glycoproteins by Calf Intestinal Epithelium in Organ Culture
Authors: Staley Theodore E. , Redmond Charles F. , Gilliland Stanley E. , Bush Linville J.
Published: February 2025

The uptake and incorporation of [14C]glucosamine into secreted intestinal glycoproteins was examined in the calf intestinal mucosa and isolated epithelial cells, using an organ culture system. Incorporation varied with the area of the intestine, ie duodenum > jejunum > ileum. Secreted glycoproteins were examined after 3 and 24 hours in organ culture. Initially, a glycoprotein ~ 68,000 molecular weight (mol wt) was secreted by all areas of the intestine. This was followed by the appearance of a larger glycoprotein 106 to 107 mol wt. Enzymatic cleavage of jejunal brush borders released a glycocalyx glycoprotein similar in size to the secreted large mol wt glycoprotein. These similarities in mol wt are only suggestive evidence that the 2 large glycoproteins are the same.

This procedure allows for the study of the maturation and development of a poorly understood component of the intestinal epithelial cell which has a wide range of functional considerations.
Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni: Its Possible Significance in Enteric Disease of Calves and Lambs
Authors: Firehammer B. D. , Myers L. L.
Published: February 2025

Fecal samples from 127 diarrheic and 3 healthy beef calves, representing 25 herds with enteric disease, were cultured for Campylobacter, using filtration and a selective medium. Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni (cfj) was isolated from 51 (40%) of the diarrheic calves representing 14 (56%) herds and from the 3 clinically healthy calves (1 each in 3 of these 14 herds). Campylobacter fetus subsp intestinalis was not isolated from the calves. Fecal samples from 36 diarrheic and 20 healthy lambs representing 8 ranches were negative for Campylobacter.

Isolates of cfj from aborted lambs and from the feces of calves, ducks, dogs, and persons, appeared identical from the standpoint of morphology and physiologic reactions.

In 12 calves and 5 lambs fed cultures, cfj became colonized. Three of the calves developed diarrhea, but 2 were compromised by other disorders at the time of challenge exposure. None of the other calves or lambs developed diarrhea, but 10 of the calves and all of the lambs had frank or occult blood in the feces. Lamb intestinal loops were not distended by cultures of cfj, but some cultures caused pathologic changes in the loops. None of 10 cultures of cfj tested caused diarrhea in infant mice.

Campylobacter fetus subsp jejuni is apparently capable of causing irritation and pathologic changes in the intestinal tract of young calves and lambs. Additional studies are needed to assess the role of cfj in spontaneous enteric disease of calves.
Decalcified Bone Grafts in the Horse
Authors: Fackelman G. E. , Rechenberg B. von , Fetter A. W.
Published: February 2025

The need for early postoperative weight bearing following fracture repair in the horse has led to investigation of various means of expediting the healing process. Bone grafting represents one means of accomplishing this, and the transplantation of autologous tissues has proven to be most useful in equine orthopedics. Acid-decalcified, frozen, allogeneic bone for grafting is easy to prepare, readily contoured, osteogenic, and elicits no obvious immune or rejection response. The most compelling reason for the use of the substance is the elimination of the need of a harvesting operation on a patient already undergoing extensive surgery for the restitution of skeletal integrity.
Prevention of Gastric Ulcers in Swine by Feeding of Sodium Polyacrylate
Authors: Yamaguchi M. , Takemoto T. , Sakamoto K. , Asano T. , Uchimura M. , Masuda I.
Published: February 2025

Five experiments involving 169 swine were conducted to determine the effects of 0.1% to 0.5% sodium polyacrylate (PANa) in rations of growing swine on weight gain, feed conversion, and occurrence of esophagogastric lesions. Seemingly, PANa prevented swine from developing esophagogastric ulcers. Esophagogastric ulcers or erosions occurred in 42.9% of the swine fed a PANa-free diet, but occurred in only 9.8% of those fed a diet containing PANa. Addition of PANa (0.1% to 0.5%) to the growing ration increased weight gain and feed conversion. The anti-ulcer effect of PANa was discussed.
Posterior Pathway for Aqueous Humor Drainage in the Dog
Authors: Cruise Leon J. , McClure Robert
Published: February 2025

A posterior route for the drainage of aqueous humor was determined, using latex spheres as tracers. Continuous intracameral injections were made on live Beagles for periods up to 1 hour. Intraocular pressure was maintained between 15 and 30 mm of Hg during the infusion process. Tissue macrophages ingested many of the spheres, and their ingestion served to fix the position of the markers as they passively followed aqueous drainage routes. Thin sections were prepared from tissues that reportedly constituted the uveoscleral route. The electron microscope was used to visualize the latex spheres within the macrophages. In this manner, a uveoscleral pathway was demonstrated in normal Beagles.
Pharmacokinetics of Trimethoprim and Sulfadiazine in the Dog: Urine Concentrations After Oral Administration
Authors: Sigel Carl W. , Ling Gerald V. , Bushby Stanley R. M. , Woolley Joseph L. , DeAngelis Diane , Eure Sallie
Published: February 2025

Serial blood samples were obtained from 12 healthy adult dogs given equivalent subcutaneous and oral doses of the antibacterial combination, trimethoprim-sulfadiazine (1:5). By using a 1-compartment open model, pharmacokinetic parameters for both drugs were estimated from the mean serum concentration data after oral administration. Trimethoprim and sulfadiazine were rapidly absorbed, reaching maximum concentrations in 1 and 4 hours with serum elimination half-lives of 2.5 and 9.9 hours, respectively. After a single oral dose (30 mg/kg, combined ingredients) was given, both drugs were present in urine for up to 24 hours at concentrations exceeding the minimum inhibitory concentrations for common pathogenic bacteria.
Anemia of Inflammatory Disease in the Dog: Measurement of Hepatic Superoxide Dismutase, Hepatic Nonheme Iron, Copper, Zinc, and Ceruloplasmin and Serum Iron, Copper, and Zinc
Authors: Feldman Bernard F. , Keen Carl L. , Kaneko J. J. , Farver T. B.
Published: February 2025

Copper and iron are involved in protection of the aerobic cell from highly toxic oxygen by-products, one of which is the superoxide anion-free radical. This protection is associated with a copper-zinc enzyme, superoxide dismutase.

Increased hepatic superoxide dismutase activity correlated directly with hepatic nonheme iron, serum zinc, and serum copper concentrations and inversely with hepatic copper, hepatic zinc, and serum iron concentrations (P < 0.001). Decrease in hepatic ceruloplasmin concentration was correlated with the decrease in hepatic copper concentration (P < 0.001).
Absorption of Volatile Fatty Acid, Na, and H2O by the Colon of the Dog
Authors: Herschel Douchka A. , Argenzio Robert A. , Southworth Magda , Stevens Charles E.
Published: February 2025

Volatile fatty acid (vfa) concentrations were examined in the gastrointestinal tract of dogs 24 and 48 hours after a meal. Small concentrations of vfa were present in the stomach and small intestine. Large concentrations were present in the large intestine at both periods after the meal, but the total quantity was reduced markedly between 24 and 48 hours. Colonic absorption and transport of vfa also were examined with in vitro and in vivo perfusion procedures. Both demonstrate that vfa were rapidly absorbed and that the rate of absorption/cm2 of colonic mucosa was equivalent to that measured in the pig. In vivo results showed that vfa and Na were absorbed at the same rate, and their absorption showed a parallel increase with a decrease in pH of the perfusate. Absorption of Na and vfa alone could account for osmotic absorption of H2O from the colon. Results indicated that although the total quantity of vfa absorbed by the colon of the dog would be nutritionally insignificant, their absorption is of major importance to normal colonic absorptive processes.
Intranasal Vaccination of Dogs with Live Avirulent Bordetella bronchiseptica: Correlation of Serum Agglutination Titer and the Formation of Secretory IgA with Protection Against Experimentally Induced Infectious Tracheobronchitis
Authors: Bey Russell F. , Shade Floyd J. , Goodnow Robert A. , Johnson Russell C.
Published: February 2025

Dogs inoculated intranasally with a live avirulent Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine were monitored for the development of resistance to experimentally induced infectious tracheobronchitis (canine cough). Dogs were challenge exposed with a virulent strain of B bronchiseptica at various times after they were vaccinated. Clinical protection was detectable as early as 48 hours. At postvaccination days 4, 5, and 14, 56%, 83%, and 95% protection was observed. Humoral immunoglobulin (Ig) titers ranged from 1:8.6 on day 0 to 1:147 on postvaccination day 21. In the monitoring of B bronchiseptica-specific secretory IgA by indirect immunofluorescence, titers appeared as early as day 4 after vaccination. The IgA titers ranged from 1:16 on day 4 to 1: 1,024 on day 21. The appearance of IgA titers correlated with the development of resistance to clinical infection.
Electromyographic Evaluation of Malignant Hyperthermia-Susceptible Pigs
Authors: Steiss Janet E. , Bowen J. M. , Williams C. H.
Published: February 2025

Electromyography, with the aid of telemetry, was used to examine muscles of 4 young and 4 adult pigs from a genetic line highly susceptible to malignant hyperthermia (mh) and 4 young pigs (controls) from a line with no history of susceptibility to mh. In the young pigs, the intercostales, vastus lateralis, triceps brachii, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles were examined, whereas in the adult pigs only the latter 3 were examined. Spontaneous electrical activity, such as fibrillation potentials and abnormal insertion activity, was not observed in the electromyograms, indicating that neither denervation nor muscle membrane hyperirritability was associated with mh susceptibility in these pigs. Amplitude and duration of motor unit potentials (mup) in the young mh-susceptible (mhs) pigs were significantly larger (P < 0.01) and longer (P < 0.05), respectively, than these values for mup in the control pigs. These changes are opposite in direction to those expected in a myopathy. The mean values (± sd) for amplitude and duration for all muscles were 300 ± 160 μV and 3.2 ± 0.7 ms, respectively, in the control pigs and 555 ± 100μV and 3.6 ± 0.3 ms, respectively, in the young mhs pigs. Mean values for amplitude and duration of mup for the adult mhs pigs were larger than were those for the young mhs pigs, but the differences were not significant (P > 0.05).
Influence of Ration Composition and Energy Balance on Blood β-Hydroxybutyrate (Ketone) and Plasma Glucose Concentrations of Dairy Cows in Early Lactation
Authors: Herdt T. H. , Stevens J. B. , Linn J. , Larson V.
Published: February 2025

The effect of ration composition, with respect to concentrate, crude protein, and methionine hydroxyanalog content, on blood β-hydroxybutyrate and plasma glucose concentrations was assessed in Holstein cows every 2 weeks over the first 6 weeks of lactation. The correlation of these metabolites with estimated energy balance, and the effects of these ration variables on this correlation were studied. High concentrate diets (60% of dry matter) compared with low concentrate diets (40% of dry matter) increased mean plasma glucose values and reduced mean blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentration. Variation in crude protein and methionine hydroxyanalog supplementation did not affect metabolite concentration. The correlations between blood β-hydroxybutyrate and energy balance and between plasma glucose and energy balance were weak and subject to the influence of variation in ration composition.

It was concluded that plasma glucose and blood β-hydroxybutyrate concentrations cannot be used as valid indicators of energy balance. However, it did appear that blood β-hydroxybutyrate might be used as an indicator of the relative glucogenic potential of dairy rations and that blood concentrations of this metabolite could potentially be used to adjust factors in the ration which influence glucose availability to the cow.
Effects of Moraxella bovis Vaccination Schedules on Experimentally Induced Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis
Authors: Webber Jonathan J. , Selby Lloyd A.
Published: February 2025

An oil-adjuvant Moraxella bovis bacterin was administered to weanling calves, using different vaccination schedules. Calves were given a booster vaccination after 3 weeks and were challenge exposed 2 weeks later with virulent M bovis recovered from calves with clinical infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (ibk). The effects of different routes of vaccination and homologous and heterologous challenge exposure on the incidence, severity, and duration of induced ibk was evaluated. All calves given a placebo developed clinical ibk. Calves vaccinated subcutaneously in the neck had the shortest duration of M bovis infection, the lowest incidence and the shortest duration of acute ibk, and the lowest disease severity score, compared with effects in calves given a placebo or vaccinated subconjunctivally. Calves challenge exposed with the homologous strain of M bovis had more infected eyes, more eyes with acute ibk, longer duration of infection, and a higher severity and duration disease score.
Heterologous Passive Cutaneous Anaphylaxis with Bovine Immunoglobulin E
Authors: Gershwin Laurel J.
Published: February 2025

Immunoglobulin (Ig) E was detected in sera of cows previously inoculated with ovalbumin in alum or in Freund’s incomplete adjuvant. Titers > 64 were produced by homologous passive cutaneous anaphylaxis (pca) reactions on calf skin, using sera from these cows. This bovine IgE was heat labile.

Bovine sera containing IgE were used to examine crossspecies reactivity by heterologous pca. Rats, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs failed to develop pca reactions when sensitized by intradermal injections of the bovine IgE and challenge exposed at intervals from 2 to 72 hours later with iv ovalbumin and Evan’s blue dye. In contrast, sheep and goats became passively sensitized by the bovine IgE. Considerable variation in latent period and titer was apparent after comparison of results in heterologous species with each other and with the homologous recipient. Nonetheless, the ability of this homocytotropic antibody to cross species is important to the phylogenetic relationship of IgE in different species.
Seasonal Occurrence of Infective Nematode Larvae on Irrigated Pasture Grazed by Cattle in California
Authors: Baker N. F. , Fisk R. A. , Bushnell R. B. , Oliver M. N.
Published: February 2025

During the period extending from Dec 1, 1975, to Dec 22, 1976, 3 distinct peaks in the concentration of infective nematode larvae on pasture fcrage were detected by use of helminth-free tracer calves. Two of these peaks, 1 occurring in the spring and 1 in the fall, consisted mainly of Ostertagia ostertagi and Cooperia sp. It is concluded that these 2 peaks can be anticipated annually and constitute unsafe periods for grazing. The 3rd peak was comprised largely of Haemonchus placei and Cooperia sp. It is concluded that this peak occurred as the result of unusual rainfall and reduced evaporation in August.

Arrested development (24% to 30%) of O ostertagi larvae occurred only during the spring peak. This finding indicates that on irrigated pastures in California, type I ostertagiasis can be expected to occur as the result of infection during the spring and/or fall peaks, whereas type II ostertagiasis can be expected to occur in the fall as a result of infection obtained during the spring peak. Arrestment in development of Cooperia sp occurred during spring (14%) and fall (23%) peaks. Haemonchus placei larvae increased their propensity for arrestment in development from zero to 82% during the months following the peak level of infection in summer.

Other nematodes encountered were Trichostrongylus axei and Nematodirus helvetianus.
Recrudescence of Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis Virus and Associated Neural Changes in Calves Treated with Dexamethasone
Authors: Narita Minoru , Inui Sumio , Nanba Koichi , Shimizu Yukio
Published: February 2025

Reactivation of infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (ibr) virus in calves administered dexamethasone (dm) was studied in 2 experiments. At 2, 3, 5, 15, or 30 months after inoculation of the Los Angeles strain of ibr virus, iv injections of dm were given for 5 consecutive days to induce a recurrent infection (experiment 1). Three months after the 1st treatment, a 2nd recurrent infection was induced, using dm with the same doses as used in experiment 1. The virus was excreted from nasal secretions from the 4th to the 10th day after initial treatment with dm, and from the 6th to the 9th day after the 2nd treatment. On pathologic examination, trigeminal ganglionitis, consisting of many proliferated microglia and inflammatory cells, was observed in all dm-treated calves. Moreover, degeneration of the ganglion cells and neuronophagia were prominent features in the calves after the 2nd recurrent infection. These observations indicated that the trigeminal ganglion may be one of the latent sites of ibr virus in calves after intranasal infection and that calves can develop a recrudescent infection after dm treatment several times during their lifetime.
Epizootic Hemorrhagic Disease Virus in Montana: Isolation and Serologic Survey
Authors: Feldner T. J. , Smith M. H.
Published: February 2025

Epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (ehdv) was isolated in Vero cell culture from the spleen and whole blood of a white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus). A 10% spleen suspension caused acute hemorrhagic disease (hd) when inoculated into an experimental white-tailed deer and resulted in the recovery of ehdv from the blood of the experimental animal at 5 days after inoculation. The virus was identified as ehdv serotype 2 through indirect fluorescent antibody tests, electron microscopy, and reciprocal cross-neutralization tests. Approximately 73% (36/49) of the mule deer, 5% (2/42) of the white-tailed deer, and 79% (249/314) of the cattle samples tested from areas where hd had been reported were ehdv seropositive. Although none of the white-tailed deer was bluetongue virus seropositive, 29% of the mule deer and 3% of the cattle tested from “active” hd areas possessed bluetongue virus precipitating antibody.
Induction of Lesions of Selenium-Vitamin E Deficiency in Ducklings Fed Silver, Copper, Cobalt, Tellurium, Cadmium, or Zinc: Protection by Selenium or Vitamin E Supplements
Authors: Van Vleet John F. , Boon G. Daniel , Ferrans Victor J.
Published: February 2025

In 3 experiments, 684 newly hatched White Pekin ducklings were fed (for 15 to 28 days) a commercial starter mash that was adequate in selenium and vitamin E (Se-E) content, either alone or with supplements of Ag (3,000 mg/kg of feed, as acetate), Cu (1,500 mg/kg, as sulfate), Co (200 or 500 mg/kg, as chloride), Te (500 mg/kg, as tetrachloride), Cd (100 or 500 mg/kg, as sulfate), Zn (3,000 or 6,000 mg/kg, as sulfate), or V (100 mg/kg, as vanadate). The ducklings fed Ag, Cu, Co, Te, Cd, and Zn frequently developed lesions characteristic of Se-E deficiency, such as necrosis of skeletal and cardiac muscle and of smooth muscle of the gizzard and intestine. Complete protection from the muscle lesions produced by Cu, Co, Te, Cd, and Zn supplements was provided by vitamin E (200 IU of α-tocopherol acetate/kg) and Se (2 mg/kg, as selenite). Ducklings fed Ag were protected by supplements of vitamin E and partial protection was achieved by Se addition. The birds fed excessive Zn developed pancreatic necrosis and fibrosis that was not prevented by supplements of Se or vitamin E.

Terminally, blood glutathione peroxidase activity was low and hepatic Se concentration was increased in the ducklings fed Ag. However, neither blood glutathione peroxidase activity nor hepatic Se concentrations was consistently abnormal in ducklings fed other trace elements, although lesions of Se-E deficiency were often present in these animals.
Pathologic Features of Horses Given Avirulent Equine Arteritis Virus Intramuscularly
Authors: McCollum W. H.
Published: February 2025

Twenty horses that were seronegative for equine arteritis virus antibodies were inoculated im with live equine arteritis virus vaccine. The inoculation did not cause clinical signs of disease. A mild, transient febrile reaction developed in 6 horses, 3 of which were in poor condition before inoculation. Six horses, 2 of which were in poor condition before inoculation, experienced mild lymphopenia. Necropsy revealed mild lesions in the lymph nodes of 6 horses (3 of which were in poor condition before inoculation). Maximum concentrations of virus were detected in the lymph nodes and were consistently present from postvaccination day 3 through 8. Lesser concentrations of virus were detected in the spleen of 5 horses, liver and kidney of 4, abdominal fluid of 3, pleural fluid of 2, and lungs and urine of 1, between postvaccination days 3 and 7. Virus was not detected in the brain, nasal tract, or serum of any of the horses.
Pig Neutrophil Adherence in Experimentally Induced Salmonellosis
Authors: Smith Graham S. , Lumsden John H. , Wilcock Brian P.
Published: February 2025

In vitro neutrophil adherence was characterized in healthy newly weaned pigs following experimentally induced infection with Salmonella choleraesuis, S typhimurium, and S anatum. The adherence of pig neutrophils to nylon fiber columns was shown to be reproducible on a day-to-day basis. Neutrophil adherence was significantly increased in a group of pigs at 6, 30, and 48 hours after S choleraesuis was inoculated (orally). Neutrophil adherence was not significantly altered in groups of pigs inoculated with S typhimurium and S anatum, although individual pigs did show an apparent increase in adherence after S typhimurium was inoculated. An association between increased neutrophil adherence and acute inflammatory disease was made.