bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Determination of Alternative Strategies for the Development of Tanjung Kelayang Area as a Sustainable Tourist Area, Indonesia
Authors: Ratnasari Lisa
Published: April 2022

Tanjung Kelayang tourist area has beautiful natural potential to be developed as a famous tourist destination and become a superior destination in Belitung. Since the outbreak of the covid-19 pandemic has had an impact on the decrease in the number of tourists visiting. To revive the tourism sector in Tanjung Kelayang, research is needed to encourage sustainable tourism development, taking into account economic, ecological and social aspects. This research aims to determine the priority of sustainable and adaptive tourist destination development strategies to disasters in Belitung Regency. The method used to establish priority strategies using the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) method is also supported by the Matrix IE method and SWOT Analysis. The data used in the study was obtained from library search results, questionnaires, interviews, observations and FGD involving stakeholders. Based on the IE matrix, the position of tanjung kelayang tourist destinations in cell IV is to grow and build (growand build) with a total value of IFE 3,131 and and and a total value of EFE 2,496Tiga strategy that is the priority with the highest value is designing a strong tanjung kelayang icon / branding (7,635), refocusing tanjung kelayang marketing strategy (7,420), optimization of tourism supporting infrastructure in the internal tourist area and towards the tourist area (7,290).
Determinants of Market Channel Choices by Vegetable Farmers in Sri Lanka
Authors: Wanasinghe Piumi , Sachitra Vilani
Published: April 2022

Purpose: The traditional vegetable supply chain in Sri Lanka is that the majority of farmers are small-scale farmers who have not had the ability or capacity to meet the final customer directly. As a result, more than 90% of the supply and distribution of vegetables is managed by a limited number of private intermediaries. It causes to distribute low profitability for producers and higher prices for consumers. The main aim of the study is to investigate factors that concurrently underpin Sri Lankan vegetable farmers' decision-making and influence their market channel choice.

Methods: Drawing on the prior studies socio-economic, institutional, and marketing factors were selected. The primary data was collected from 150 vegetable farmers in Central province through a structured questionnaire. The cross-tabulation and ordinal regression analysis were utilized to identify the significant factors.

Findings: The cross-tabulation analysis results indicated that there are significant differences in the farmers’ market channel choices in relation to various socio-economic, institutional, and marketing factors. The ordinal regression analysis revealed that socio-economic factors like age, gender, education level, number of family members; institutional factors such as distance to the nearest marketplace, access to market information, farm size; and marketing factors like price offer, network build significantly affect the market channel choices of the farmers.

Implications: This study is useful to identify relationships between these variables and marketing channel choices can be further researched and these relationships can be utilized to enhance the knowledge and practices of farmers about selecting effective market channels.

Originality: The study makes a unique and substantive contribution to the knowledge of vegetable farmers' decision-making about market channel choice in Sri Lanka and theoretically contributes to the role of socio-economic, institutional, and marketing aspects in predicting potential market choices.
Interactions between autophagy and phytohormone signaling pathways in plants
Authors: Liao Ching‐Yi , Wang Ping , Yin Yanhai , Bassham Diane C.
Published: April 2022

Autophagy is a conserved recycling process with important functions in plant growth, development, and stress responses. Phytohormones also play key roles in the regulation of some of the same processes. Increasing evidence indicates that a close relationship exists between autophagy and phytohormone signaling pathways, and the mechanisms of interaction between these pathways have begun to be revealed. Here, we review recent advances in our understanding of how autophagy regulates hormone signaling and, conversely, how hormones regulate the activity of autophagy, both in plant growth and development and in environmental stress responses. We highlight in particular recent mechanistic insights into the coordination between autophagy and signaling events controlled by the stress hormone abscisic acid and by the growth hormones brassinosteroid and cytokinin and briefly discuss potential connections between autophagy and other phytohormones.
The complex roles of autophagy in plant immunity
Authors: Sertsuvalkul Nyd , DeMell April , Dinesh‐Kumar Savithramma P.
Published: April 2022

Plant immunity is the result of multiple distinct cellular processes cooperating with each other to generate immune responses. Autophagy is a conserved cellular recycling process and has well‐established roles in nutrient starvation responses and cellular homeostasis. Recently, the role of autophagy in immunity has become increasingly evident. However, our knowledge about plant autophagy remains limited, and how this fundamental cellular process is involved in plant immunity is still somewhat perplexing. Here, we summarize the current understanding of the positive and negative roles of autophagy in plant immunity and how different microbes exploit this process to their own advantage. The dualistic role of autophagy in plant immunity emphasizes that much remains to be explored in this area.
Ionia
Authors: Breder Jan
Published: April 2022

Ionia is an ancient territory on the west coast of Anatolia, bordering Aiolis in the north, Lydia in the east, and Caria in the south.
Organ‐at‐risk dose prediction using a machine learning algorithm: Clinical validation and treatment planning benefit for lung SBRT
Authors: Brodin N. Patrik , Schulte Leslie , Velten Christian , Martin William , Shen Sydney , Shen Jin , Basavatia Amar , Ohri Nitin , Garg Madhur K. , Carpenter Colin , Tomé Wolfgang A.
Published: April 2022

Objective

To quantify the clinical performance of a machine learning (ML) algorithm for organ‐at‐risk (OAR) dose prediction for lung stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and estimate the treatment planning benefit from having upfront access to these dose predictions.

Methods

ML models were trained using multi‐center data consisting of 209 patients previously treated with lung SBRT. Two prescription levels were investigated, 50 Gy in five fractions and 54 Gy in three fractions. Models were generated using a gradient‐boosted regression tree algorithm using grid searching with fivefold cross‐validation. Twenty patients not included in the training set were used to test OAR dose prediction performance, ten for each prescription. We also performed blinded re‐planning based on OAR dose predictions but without access to clinically delivered plans. Differences between predicted and delivered doses were assessed by root‐mean square deviation (RMSD), and statistical differences between predicted, delivered, and re‐planned doses were evaluated with one‐way analysis of variance (ANOVA) tests.

Results

ANOVA tests showed no significant differences between predicted, delivered, and replanned OAR doses (all p ≥ 0.36). The RMSD was 2.9, 3.9, 4.3, and 1.7Gy for max dose to the spinal cord, great vessels, heart, and trachea, respectively, for 50 Gy in five fractions. Average improvements of 1.0, 1.4, and 2.0 Gy were seen for spinal cord, esophagus, and trachea max doses in blinded replans compared to clinically delivered plans with 54 Gy in three fractions, and 1.8, 0.7, and 1.5 Gy, respectively, for the esophagus, heart and bronchus max doses with 50 Gy in five fractions. Target coverage was similar with an average PTV V100% of 94.7% for delivered plans compared to 97.3% for blinded re‐plans for 50 Gy in five fractions, and respectively 98.4% versus 99.2% for 54 Gy in three fractions.

Conclusion

This study validated ML‐based OAR dose prediction for lung SBRT, showing potential for improved OAR dose sparing and more consistent plan quality using dose predictions for patient‐specific planning guidance.
Passive state estimation for Markov jumping inertial neural networks under fading channels
Authors: Wang Xuelian , Qin Yuqing , Fang Tian , Shi Kaibo , Shen Hao
Published: April 2022

This article studies the issue of passive state estimation for inertial neural networks with Markov jumping parameters and fading channels. To facilitate the state estimator design, inertial neural networks which is initially described by the second‐order form, is converted into a first‐order one via a suitable variable substitution. Additionally, the channel fading problem, which is caused by the long‐distance propagation of the signal in the network environment, is described by Bernoulli sequences. Then, some sufficient criteria are established in view of the Lyapunov theory, which can guarantee that the estimation error system is stochastically stable and achieves the desired passive performance. A solution of the state estimator design problem for Markov jumping inertial neural networks with fading channels is obtained with the help of the criteria. Finally, an illustrative example is given to verify the effectiveness and validity of the obtained method.
Efficiently Improved Corrosion Resistance of Electrodeposition Ni–Cu Coatings via Site‐Blocking Effect of Ce
Authors: Zhang Pengyuan , Xu Zhengyi , Meng Guozhe , Wang Yanqiu , Wang Junyi , Shao Yawei , Wang Fuhui
Published: April 2022

Cerium is a rare‐earth element that is often utilized as a corrosion inhibitor to improve the corrosion resistance of materials. However, it is rarely used in electrodeposition. Herein, Ce‐modified Ni–Cu coatings are prepared using a pulse current (PC) electrodeposition technique. This modification of Ni–Cu coatings with Ce is investigated via scanning electron microscopy, cyclic voltammetry, potentiodynamic polarization, and Mott–Schottky measurements. It is demonstrated in the results that Ce modification alters the reduction potential of Cu, causing an underpotential deposition effect, which is beneficial for Cu electrodeposition. In addition, Ce accumulates close to the coating/passive film interface and gives rise to a “site‐blocking” effect, which reduces the transmission rate of cation and oxygen ion vacancies. Finally, Ce accumulation noticeably decreases the concentration of point defects and enhances the corrosion resistance of Ni–Cu coatings.
On the Friction Stir Processing of Additive‐Manufactured 316L Stainless Steel
Authors: Sajadifar Seyed Vahid , Hosseinzadeh Ali , Richter Julia , Krochmal Marcel , Wegener Thomas , Bolender Artjom , Heidarzadeh Akbar , Niendorf Thomas , Yapici Guney Guven
Published: April 2022

The novel combination of friction stir processing (FSP) and additive manufacturing (AM) is studied herein. Laser‐based powder bed fusion of metals (PBF‐LB/M) is used to establish 316 L stainless steel with a bimodal microstructure. Upon FSP, the as‐built bimodal microstructure with an average grain size of 179 μm is transformed into the unimodal microstructure containing ultrafine grains with an average grain size of 1.2 μm. Results obtained by mechanical testing reveal that after FSP; the hardness, the yield point, and the ultimate strength of additively manufactured 316 L are enhanced by 45%, 77%, and 62%, respectively. Microstructure assessment reveals that such a unique improvement in the mechanical properties is due to considerable structural refinement leading to grain boundary strengthening. Energy‐dispersive X‐Ray diffraction analysis reveals that phase transformation does not occur upon FSP. Fracture analysis further indicates that severe plastic deformation (SPD) during FSP can promote the transformation of coarse voids to fine voids and, hence, densification of as‐built parts.
Regulation of Substrate Dissipation via Tunable Linear Elasticity Controls Cell Activity
Authors: Sacco Pasquale , Piazza Francesco , Pizzolitto Chiara , Baj Gabriele , Brun Francesco , Marsich Eleonora , Donati Ivan
Published: April 2022

Natural tissues and extracellular matrices (ECMs) are not purely elastic materials but exhibit dissipative properties. Although it has recently emerged as a novel regulator of cellular responses, the contribution of material dissipation to guiding cell‐fate decisions is still in its infancy. Here, a strategy for tuning the dissipation rate of viscoplastic substrates while precisely regulating linear elasticity is reported. Semi‐interpenetrating substrates consisting of a rigid hydrogel network intertwined with a branched biopolymer are described. The release of these weak physical entanglements under loading dissipates the applied stress and leads to the extension of the linear elasticity. These results reveal a crucial link between this material property and cell response in 2D cultures, impacting cell migration mode and speed, vinculin‐dependent focal adhesion geometry and size, F‐actin organization, the transmission of forces, and Yes‐associated protein nuclear translocation. It is shown that cells require joint actomyosin contractility and microtubule tension to probe the substrate and decide whether or not to adhere, revealing a clear correlation between force transmission, substrate dissipation rate, and amount of anchoring points. Overall, these findings introduce linear elasticity as a novel design parameter for assembling tunable dissipative materials to study cell mechanosensing in 2D and possibly also in 3D cultures.
Rear Electrode Materials for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Chen Rui , Zhang Wenjun , Guan Xinyu , Raza Hasan , Zhang Shasha , Zhang Yiqiang , Troshin Pavel A. , Kuklin Sergei A. , Liu Zonghao , Chen Wei
Published: April 2022

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) represent a promising next‐generation photovoltaic technology considering their high efficiency and low cost. At the current stage, resolving the stability bottleneck is extremely urgent to realize PSCs’ commercialization since the efficiencies of these cells are improved to a level comparable to that of crystalline silicon solar cells. Similar to other functional layers, a proper choice of the rear electrode atop the perovskite layer is equally important for achieving the device's long‐term stability. This topic has not been comprehensively reviewed before. Here, recent progress in the development of rear electrodes based on metals, carbon‐based materials, transparent conductive oxides, and conductive polymers is summarized, especially focusing on their different impacts on the device's long‐term stability and associated degradation mechanisms. In the context of practical applications, the impacts of rear electrode materials on the device's overall efficiency and cost‐effectiveness are also discussed.
Functional Encapsulating Structure for Wireless and Immediate Monitoring of the Fluid Penetration
Authors: Lim Daseul , Hong Insic , Park Sang Uk , Chae Jeong Woo , Lee Seunggon , Baac Hyoung Won , Shin Changhwan , Lee Jungheon , Roh Yeonwook , Im Chaewan , Park Yoonseok , Lee Geumbee , Kim Uikyum , Koh Je‐Sung , Kang Daeshik , Han Seungyong , Won Sang Min
Published: April 2022

With the fast‐paced development of biomedical electronics, monitoring physiological processes have become ubiquitous throughout the field of implantable devices. Nevertheless, inherent challenges remain extant when long‐term applications are concerned. For the stable and reliable function of these devices, hermetic and biocompatible encapsulation is of paramount importance; however, extrinsic defects and intrinsic swelling properties of the encapsulating layer present the key limitation to ideal barrier performance. Thus, the ability to monitor biofluid penetration and predict the device's functional lifespan is necessary for safe and stable operation within the body. This paper presents the functional encapsulation structure that quantitatively measures the diffusion of fluids into the encapsulation layer. The hydrolysis of Magnesium (Mg) electrodes underneath the encapsulating material shows the capability to wirelessly monitor the water penetration rate and the presence of defects, such as pinholes and cracks, in the encapsulating material. The experiments conducted throughout this paper analyze the Mg thickness and geometry of the antenna to optimize the device's susceptivity to water penetration when submerged in aqueous environments. The facile fabrication process and the compatibility with prevailing implantable electronics further substantiate the device's usability in diverse applications where chronic implants are necessary for monitoring disease or administering required treatments.
Arginine‐Rich Polymers with Pore‐Forming Capability Enable Efficient Intracellular Delivery via Direct Translocation Across Cell Membrane
Authors: Kang Ziyao , Liu Qi , Zhang Zhanzhan , Zheng Yadan , Wang Chun , Pan Zheng , Li Qiushi , Liu Yang , Shi Linqi
Published: April 2022

Efficient delivery of biomacromolecules or drugs across the cell membrane via endocytosis usually encounters inevitable entrapment in endosomes and subsequent degradation in lyso‐endosomes. To address this issue, a series of arginine‐rich cell penetrating polymers is designed and synthesized, which internalize into cells by inducing the formation of pores on the cell membrane, thereby crossing the cell membrane via direct translocation that fundamentally avoids endo/lysosomal entrapment. The structure−activity relationship studies show that PTn‐R2‐C6, which is a type of polymer that has two arginine residues and a flexible hexanoic acid linker in each side chain, exhibits excellent pore‐formation ability on the cell membrane. Further investigations indicate that PTn‐R2‐C6 rapidly transports plasmid DNAs into cytosol through a similar endocytosis‐independent pathway, thereby achieving significantly higher transfection efficiency and lower cytotoxicity than the gold‐standard transfection reagent PEI 25K. These results suggest the great potential of PTn‐R2‐C6 as a safe and efficient gene transfection reagent for wide applications including disease treatments, vaccine development, and biomedical research purposes.
Ultrasensitive Mid‐Infrared Biosensing in Aqueous Solutions with Graphene Plasmons
Authors: Wu Chenchen , Guo Xiangdong , Duan Yu , Lyu Wei , Hu Hai , Hu Debo , Chen Ke , Sun Zhipei , Gao Teng , Yang Xiaoxia , Dai Qing
Published: April 2022

Identifying nanoscale biomolecules in aqueous solutions by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) provides an in situ and noninvasive method for exploring the structure, reactions, and transport of biologically active molecules. However, this remains a challenge due to the strong and broad IR absorption of water which overwhelms the respective vibrational fingerprints of the biomolecules. In this work, a tunable IR transparent microfluidic system with graphene plasmons is exploited to identify ≈2 nm‐thick proteins in physiological conditions. The acquired in situ tunability makes it possible to eliminate the IR absorption of water outside the graphene plasmonic hotspots by background subtraction. Most importantly, the ultrahigh confinement of graphene plasmons (confined to ≈15 nm) permits the implementation of nanoscale sensitivity. Then, the deuterium effects on monolayer proteins are characterized within an aqueous solution. The tunable graphene‐plasmon‐enhanced FTIR technology provides a novel platform for studying biological processes in an aqueous solution at the nanoscale.
Untangling the Mechanisms of Lattice Distortions in Biogenic Crystals across Scales
Authors: Schoeppler Vanessa , Cook Phil K. , Detlefs Carsten , Demichelis Raffaella , Zlotnikov Igor
Published: April 2022

Biomineralized structures are complex functional hierarchical assemblies composed of biomineral building blocks joined together by an organic phase. The formation of individual mineral units is governed by the cellular tissue component that orchestrates the process of biomineral nucleation, growth, and morphogenesis. These processes are imprinted in the structural, compositional, and crystallographic properties of the emerging biominerals on all scales. Measurement of these properties can provide crucial information on the mechanisms that are employed by the organism to form these complex 3D architectures and to unravel principles of their functionality. Nevertheless, so far, this has only been possible at the macroscopic scale, by averaging the properties of the entire composite assembly, or at the mesoscale, by looking at extremely small parts of the entire picture. In this study, the newly developed synchrotron‐based dark‐field X‐ray microscopy method is employed to study the link between 3D crystallographic properties of relatively large calcitic prisms in the shell of the mollusc Pinna nobilis and their local lattice properties with extremely high angular resolution down to 0.001°. Mechanistic links between variations in local lattice parameters and spacing, crystal orientation, chemical composition, and the deposition process of the entire mineral unit are unraveled.
One‐Pot Synthesis of 2,3,6‐Trisubstituted Pyridines by Phosphine‐Catalyzed Annulation of γ‐Vinyl Allenoates with Enamino Esters Followed by DDQ‐Promoted Oxidative Aromatization
Authors: Li Xiaohu , Cai Wei , Huang You
Published: April 2022

A one‐pot strategy for constructing trisubstituted pyridine derivatives had been established via phosphine‐catalyzed annulation and DDQ oxidative aromatization reactions. This protocol provides trisubstituted pyridines from γ‐vinyl allenoates and enamino esters under metal‐free conditions.

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Nanoconfinement Effects of Micellar Media in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Lorenzetto Tommaso , Frigatti Davide , Fabris Fabrizio , Scarso Alessandro
Published: April 2022

Replacement of organic solvents, in particular chlorinated, aromatic, and polar aprotic ones, is an emerging issue that can find a solution in the development of catalytic reactions in water. Nature performs a multitude of chemical transformations in water under mild conditions mediated by enzymes. In particular the nanoconfinement effects of the enzymes ensure high activity and impressive stereoselectivities. Micellar catalysis is nowadays a real alternative approach to catalysis in traditional organic media, enabling good activity under mild conditions, with the advantage of possible catalyst and micellar medium recycling. Micellar media emerged also as good nano‐environments for stereoselective reactions, with many examples of chemical transformations mediated by metal and organo‐catalysts for which improvements of stereoselectivity were observed with respect to the same reaction under homogeneous conditions in traditional organic solvents. More specifically, both the catalytically active site and the micelles provided by the surfactant can contribute to the asymmetric induction, partially resembling what known in terms of stereoselectivity imparted by the active site of enzymes and metallo‐enzymes.

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Single‐Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals Heterogeneity of Myf5‐Derived Cells and Altered Myogenic Fate in the Absence of SRSF2
Authors: Guo Ruochen , You Xue , Meng Kai , Sha Rula , Wang Zhenzhen , Yuan Ningyang , Peng Qian , Li Zhigang , Xie Zhiqin , Chen Ruijiao , Feng Ying
Published: April 2022

Splicing factor SRSF2 acts as a critical regulator for cell survival, however, it remains unknown whether SRSF2 is involved in myoblast proliferation and myogenesis. Here, knockdown of SRSF2 in myoblasts causes high rates of apoptosis and defective differentiation. Combined conditional knockout and lineage tracing approaches show that Myf5‐cre mice lacking SRSF2 die immediately at birth and exhibit a complete absence of mature myofibers. Mutant Myf5‐derived cells (tdtomato‐positive cells) are randomly scattered in the myogenic and non‐myogenic regions, indicating loss of the community effect required for skeletal muscle differentiation. Single‐cell RNA‐sequencing reveals high heterogeneity of myf5‐derived cells and non‐myogenic cells are significantly increased at the expense of skeletal muscle cells in the absence of SRSF2, reflecting altered cell fate. SRSF2 is demonstrated to regulate the entry of Myf5 cells into the myogenic program and ensures their survival by preventing precocious differentiation and apoptosis. In summary, SRSF2 functions as an essential regulator for Myf5‐derived cells to respond correctly to positional cues and to adopt their myogenic fate.
High Open Circuit Voltage Over 1 V Achieved in Tin‐Based Perovskite Solar Cells with a 2D/3D Vertical Heterojunction
Authors: Wang Tianyue , Loi Hok‐Leung , Cao Jiupeng , Qin Zhaotong , Guan Zhiqiang , Xu Yang , Cheng Haiyang , Li Mitch Guijun , Lee Chun‐Sing , Lu Xinhui , Yan Feng
Published: April 2022

2D–3D mixed tin halide perovskites are outstanding candidate materials for lead‐free perovskite solar cells (PSCs) due to their improved stability and decreased trap density in comparison with their pure 3D counterparts. However, the mixture of multiple phases may lead to poor charge transfer across the films and limit the device efficiency. Here, a stacked quasi‐2D (down)–3D (top) double‐layered structure in perovskite films prepared via vacuum treatment is demonstrated, which can result in a planar bilayer heterojunction. In addition, it is found that the introduction of guanidinium thiocyanate (GuaSCN) additive can improve the crystallinity and carrier mobility in the 2D perovskite layer and passivate defects in the whole film, leading to a long carrier lifetime (>140 ns) in photoluminescence measurements. As a result, the PSCs show a high open circuit voltage (VOC) up to 1.01 V with a voltage loss of only 0.39 V, which represents the record values ever reported for tin‐based PSCs. The champion device exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 13.79% with decent stability, retaining 90% of the initial PCE for 1200 h storage in N2‐filled glovebox.
Virtual Screening for Organic Solar Cells and Light Emitting Diodes
Authors: Forero‐Martinez Nancy C. , Lin Kun‐Han , Kremer Kurt , Andrienko Denis
Published: April 2022

The field of organic semiconductors is multifaceted and the potentially suitable molecular compounds are very diverse. Representative examples include discotic liquid crystals, dye‐sensitized solar cells, conjugated polymers, and graphene‐based low‐dimensional materials. This huge variety not only represents enormous challenges for synthesis but also for theory, which aims at a comprehensive understanding and structuring of the plethora of possible compounds. Eventually computational methods should point to new, better materials, which have not yet been synthesized. In this perspective, it is shown that the answer to this question rests upon the delicate balance between computational efficiency and accuracy of the methods used in the virtual screening. To illustrate the fundamentals of virtual screening, chemical design of non‐fullerene acceptors, thermally activated delayed fluorescence emitters, and nanographenes are discussed.
Synthesis of Ni/NiO@MoO3−x Composite Nanoarrays for High Current Density Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Ye , Liang Jiayu , Mei Bingbao , Lan Kun , Zu Lianhai , Zhao Tiancong , Ma Yuzhu , Chen Yan , Lv Zirui , Yang Yi , Yu Chuanghui , Xu Zhe , Xia Bao Yu , Li Wei , Yuan Qinghong , Zhao Dongyuan
Published: April 2022

High current density hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in alkaline water electrolysis plays crucial role in renewable and sustainable energy systems, while posing a great challenge to the highly‐efficient electrocatalysts. Here, the synthesis of Ni/NiO@MoO3−x composite nanoarrays is reported by a moderate reduction strategy, combining Ni/NiO nanoparticles (≈20 nm) with amorphous MoO3−x nanoarrays. The Ni/NiO@MoO3−x composite nanoarrays possess enhanced hydrophilicity, optimize reaction energy barriers, accelerate reactant diffusion/bubble detachment, and therefore display an ultrahigh alkaline HER activity with a low η10 overpotential of 7 mV as well as Tafel slope of 34 mV dec−1. More significantly, the Ni/NiO@MoO3−x nanoarrays only demand low overpotentials of 75 and 112 mV to deliver 100 and 200 mA cm−2 hydrogen production current, and can steadily work at 100 mA cm−2 for 40 h, which is more efficient and stable than the Pt/C catalyst.
P and Mo Dual Doped Ru Ultrasmall Nanoclusters Embedded in P‐Doped Porous Carbon toward Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Li Chuang , Jang Haeseong , Liu Shangguo , Kim Min Gyu , Hou Liqiang , Liu Xien , Cho Jaephil
Published: April 2022

Rational design of efficient hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts for mass production of hydrogen via electrochemical water splitting is a challenging but pressing task. Herein, an in situ dual doping engineering from phosphomolybdic acid encapsulated within the bimetallic metal‐organic‐frameworks strategy to synthesize P,Mo dual doped Ru ultrasmall nanoparticles embedded in P‐doped porous carbon (P,Mo‐Ru@PC) for efficient HER is proposed. As a result, P,Mo‐Ru@PC achieves a low overpotential of 21 at 10 mA cm−2, low Tafel slopes of 21.7 mV dec−1, and a mass activity about 22 times greater than that of commercial 20 wt% Pt/C in alkaline media. First principle calculations demonstrate that introducing Mo and P atoms into Ru lattices triggers the in situ electron donation from Ru to Mo and P and consequently reduces the energy barrier for the HER.
Over 30% Efficient Indoor Organic Photovoltaics Enabled by Morphological Modification Using Two Compatible Non‐Fullerene Acceptors
Authors: Lee Chihyung , Lee Jung‐Hyun , Lee Hyun Hwi , Nam Minwoo , Ko Doo‐Hyun
Published: April 2022

To meet the requirements for indoor organic photovoltaic (OPV) applications, it is imperative to minimize charge recombination loss and enhance photovoltaic performance toward commercially compelling levels. Here, morphological modification in non‐fullerene blends is demonstrated to boost the efficiency and stability of indoor OPVs. For morphological modification, a ternary blend is devised by utilizing two well‐miscible non‐fullerene acceptors, which improve morphological features in the photoactive layer and suppress charge recombination loss. Morphological modification enhances OPV performance, particularly under low‐intensity indoor irradiation conditions, at which trap‐assisted recombination mainly governs the photovoltaic performance. The optimum ternary OPV shows a new record power conversion efficiency of 30.11% at a 500 lux light‐emitting diode, accompanied by excellent morphological durability under thermal stress, despite the use of “existing” photovoltaic materials designed for AM 1.5 G operation. This study elucidates the effects of morphology on OPV performance under low‐light conditions and suggests an ideal morphology for non‐fullerene OPVs with enhanced performance for indoor applications.
Protonic Conduction in La2NiO4+δ and La2‐xAxNiO4+δ (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) Ruddlesden–Popper Type Oxides
Authors: Zhong Peng , Toyoura Kazuaki , Jiang Lulu , Chen Lubing , Ismail Sara Adeeba , Hatada Naoyuki , Norby Truls , Han Donglin
Published: April 2022

A significant hydration and protonic conduction in La2NiO4+δ‐based Ruddlesden–Popper (RP) oxides will enable their use as positrode materials in proton ceramic electrochemical cells (PCECs). Unlike perovskite electrolytes and positrode materials, where protons reside and jump on regular oxide ions, RP oxides such as La2NiO4+δ may contain oxygen interstitials and offer the possibility that protons locate on and migrate by help of these, suggesting a mechanism by which positrodes may operate by triple conduction. Here, theoretical calculations that support proton migration between interstitial oxide ions in the rock‐salt layer via unshared oxide ions in the perovskite layer are reported. Furthermore, water contents of pristine La2NiO4+δ and La2‐xAxNiO4+δ (A = Ca, Sr, Ba) are reported, showing that hydration increases with the level and basicity of the dopant. Hebb‐Wagner blocking electrode measurements show significant partial protonic conductivity in all samples. The effects of doping on hydration and of on the p‐type conductivity suggest that protons reside primarily on structural oxide ion, but a role of interstitial oxide ions for dissolution and migration of protons cannot be ruled out in cases with oxygen excess. The results are instructive for further studies and optimization of RP oxides as potential positrode materials for PCECs.
Strain Engineering of Layered Heterogeneous Structure via Self‐Evolution Confinement for Ultrahigh‐Rate Cyclic Sodium Storage
Authors: Wang Chunhui , Li Guanwu , Qin Haozhe , Xiao Zhiming , Wang Dong , Zhang Bao , Ou Xing , Wu Yingpeng
Published: April 2022

To get a robust architecture for rapid and permanent ion insertion/extraction, various frameworks are constructed, attempting to enhance the high‐rate lifespan. However, uncontrollable structural evolution always results in the structural failure derived from the continuous increasing inner strain during the cycling. Herein, inspired by the nest structure, a stable framework with wave‐like surface morphology and cross‐linked inner configuration is fabricated, which possesses fast ion migration channel and stable structure. Most importantly, the concept of synchronous self‐evolution confinement is proposed for high‐capacity conversion‐type anode materials, which can control the aggregated inner strain and alleviate the inescapable electrode pulverization, thus ensuring the electrode stability and boosting the structure integrity during the repeated cycling. When serving as an anode for sodium ion batteries, the initial nest‐like (SnFe)S2 heterogeneous mildly evolves into a stable architecture with exceptional performance, expressing a prominent rate property (389.4 mA h g−1 at 30 A g−1) and stable durability (627.41 mA h g−1 at 10 A g−1 for 800 cycles). Significantly, this route of strain engineering sheds significant light on solving large volume‐expansion‐type materials for high reversible capacity, especially in the exploration of electrochemical energy storages.
Giant Thermoelectric Properties of Ionogels with Cationic Doping
Authors: Liu Zhuo , Cheng Hanlin , Le Qiujian , Chen Rui , Li Jianbo , Ouyang Jianyong
Published: April 2022

Although ionic thermoelectric (iTE) materials can have very high thermopower, it is of great significance to develop novel methods to further improve the ionic thermopower and figure of merit (ZTi). Here, significant improvement in the thermopower and thus the ZTi value of an ionogel by cationic doping, is reported. Doping sodium dicyanamide (Na:DCA) into the ionogels of poly(vinylidene fluoride‐co‐hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF‐HFP) and 1‐ethyl‐3‐methylimidazolium dicyanamide (EMIM:DCA) that is an ionic liquid can greatly enhance the thermopower. This is attributed to the interactions between the doped Na+ cations and DCA– anions, thereby increasing the difference in the mobilities of EMIM+ cations and DCA– anions. Moreover, through the combination with the solid networks engineering by an anti‐solvent to PVDF‐HFP, the PVDF‐HFP/EMIM:DCA ionogel doped with 0.5 mol% Na+ with respect to EMIM+ exhibits an ionic thermopower of 43.8 ± 1.0 mV K–1, ionic conductivity of 19.4 ± 0.3 mS cm–1 and thermal conductivity of 0.183 W m–1 K–1 at the relative humidity of 85% and room temperature. The corresponding ZTi value thus reaches 6.1 ± 0.4, much higher than the previous ZTi records of iTE materials. These ionogels can be used in the iTE capacitors for the thermoelectric conversion.
Evaluation of dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry compared to magnetic resonance imaging for collecting measurements of the human bony pelvis
Authors: Decrausaz Sarah‐Louise , Shirley Meghan K. , Stock Jay T. , Williams Jane E. , Fewtrell Mary S. , Clark Chris A. , Arthurs Owen J. , Wells Jonathan C. K.
Published: April 2022

Objectives

Imaging methods to measure the human pelvis in vivo provide opportunities to better understand pelvic variation and adaptation. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides high‐resolution images, but is more expensive than dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA). We sought to compare pelvic breadth measurements collected from the same individuals using both methods, to investigate if there are systematic differences in pelvic measurement between these imaging methods.

Methods

Three pelvic breadth dimensions (bi‐iliac breadth, bi‐acetabular breadth, medio‐lateral inlet breadth) were collected from MRI and DXA scans of a cross‐sectional sample of healthy, nulliparous adult women of South Asian ancestry (n = 63). Measurements of MRI and DXA pelvic dimensions were collected four times in total, with one baseline data collection session and three replications. Data collected from these sessions were averaged, used to calculate technical error of measurement and entered into a Bland–Altman analysis. Linear regression models were fitted with a given MRI pelvic measurement regressed on the same measurement collected from DXA scans, as well as MRI mean bias regressed on DXA mean bias.

Results

Technical error of measurement was higher in DXA measurements of bi‐iliac breadth and medio‐lateral pelvic inlet breadth and higher for MRI measurements of bi‐acetabular breadth. Bland Altman analyses showed no statistically significant relationship between the mean bias of MRI and DXA, and the differences between MRI and DXA pelvic measurements.

Conclusions

DXA measurements of pelvic breadth are comparable to MRI measurements of pelvic breadth. DXA is a less costly imaging technique than MRI and can be used to collect measurements of skeletal elements in living people.
ESAs Kometen‐Mission Rosetta – Neu‐Analyse der Daten des COSAC Massenspektrometers
Authors: Leseigneur Guillaume , Bredehöft Jan Hendrik , Gautier Thomas , Giri Chaitanya , Krüger Harald , MacDermott Alexandra J. , Meierhenrich Uwe J. , Caro Guillermo M. Muñoz , Raulin François , Steele Andrew , Steininger Harald , Szopa Cyril , Thiemann Wolfram , Ulamec Stephan , Goesmann Fred
Published: April 2022

Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass das älteste weitgehend unveränderte Material aus der Frühphase des Sonnensystems in Form von Eis und Staub in Kometen vorliegt. Die ESA‐Mission Rosetta trug daher mit Philae eine Landeeinheit, die die Zusammensetzung des Nukleus von Komet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerassimenko in situ untersuchen sollte. Fünfundzwanzig Minuten nach dem ersten Bodenkontakt Philaes im November 2014 nahm das COSAC Flugzeit‐Massenspektrometer ein Spektrum der Gasphase des Kometen auf. Eine erneute Analyse dieses Spektrums mittels non‐negative least‐squares Fitting und einer Monte‐Carlo Simulation ergibt neue Erkenntnisse über die chemische Zusammensetzung des Kometen 67P. Insgesamt 12 organische Moleküle, von denen 9 bereits in der ersten Analyse der Daten identifiziert wurden, zeigen eine hohe statistische Wahrscheinlichkeit für eine Präsenz im Eis des Kometen. Diese flüchtigen organischen Verbindungen mit zum Teil hoher Konzentration stellen die ersten molekularen Ingredienzien des frühen Sonnensystems dar.
Photocaging of Activity‐Based Ubiquitin Probes via a C‐Terminal Backbone Modification Strategy
Authors: Wang Yu , Chen Jingnan , Hua Xiao , Meng Xianbin , Cai Hongyi , Wang Rongtian , Shi Jing , Deng Haiteng , Liu Lei , Li Yi‐Ming
Published: April 2022

Photocaged, activity‐based ubiquitin (Ub) probes (Ub‐ABPs) have been developed for the time‐resolved probing of deubiquitinating enzyme (DUB) activities, but many Ub‐ABPs are still challenging to photocage because their warheads (e.g. propargylamide (PA) or dehydroalanine (Dha)) are difficult to temporally block and activate. Here, we describe a new C‐terminal backbone modification strategy for the construction of photocaged Ub‐ABPs in which a light‐sensitive group is placed at the backbone amide bond of the Ub Gly75. This strategy enabled the facile generation of cell‐permeable photocaged Ub‐PA and Dha probes that could be activated to capture DUBs after photo‐irradiation, and were used to profile DUBs in cells under specially designed conditions (e.g. in cells experiencing oxidative stress) or DUBs with isopeptide linkage selectivity. This backbone modification strategy is anticipated to provide a general solution for the development of photocaged Ub ABPs bearing any warheads for DUB profiling.
Multicolor Zinc(II)‐Coordinated Hydrazone‐Based Bistable Photoswitches for Rewritable Transparent Luminescent Labels
Authors: Ma Yun , Shen Jiandong , Zhao Jufu , Li Jiangang , Liu Shanying , Liu Chenyuan , Wei Juan , Liu Shujuan , Zhao Qiang
Published: April 2022

Repeatable printing of invisible multicolor luminescence patterns with long retention times on transparent substrates is of significant importance, but it remains a formidable challenge. Here, two novel hydrazone‐based on/off fluorescent photoswitches with decent emission quantum efficiencies, good reversible photoisomerization properties, and extremely long thermal half‐lives, were designed and synthesized. Excitingly, X‐ray crystallography data of both Z and E isomers of one hydrazone‐based photoswitch were obtained. Multiple emission colors of blue, cyan, green, yellow, and orange can be obtained readily for these two photoswitches upon coordination with various zinc salts. Moreover, the photo‐controlled rewritable printing of invisible multicolor images with high resolution was achieved by using these photoswitches. Importantly, the legibility of the printed patterns can last at least over 3 months without detectable emission intensity loss under ambient conditions.
Textile functionalization by combination of twin polymerization and polyalkoxysiloxane‐based sol–gel chemistry
Authors: Kaßner Lysann , Zhu Xiaomin , Schaefer Karola , Chen Zhi , Moeller Martin , Uhlig Tina , Simon Frank , Dentel Doreen , Tegenkamp Christoph , Spange Stefan , Mehring Michael
Published: April 2022

The surface modification of textile fibers by coating with nanostructured organic–inorganic hybrid materials is presented. The hydrophobic, solvent resistant and mechanically robust coatings were produced by combining the twin monomer 2,2′‐spirobi[benzo‐4H‐1,3,2‐dioxasiline] (TM) and polyalkoxysiloxanes (silica precursor polymers) in a catalyzed polymerization process. For the application in textile finishing, both aqueous emulsions and ethanolic solutions of mixtures were developed. The precisely adjusted ratio of TM and polyalkoxysiloxanes enabled controlling of the organic and inorganic portions in the hybrid layer. The polymerization process can be advantageously combined with the ring‐opening polymerization of hexamethylcyclotrisiloxane (HMCTS). The resulting ethanolic twin prepolymer solutions and the polyethoxysiloxane emulsions were easy to handle and thus represent a novel and attractive binder for PET surfaces. The coated fabrics were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy showing hybrid material formation as a homogeneous, sealed surface layer. Improved hydrophobicity as well as resistance to mechanical stress was proven by water droplet‐ and Martindale tests.
Design of low cost waterborne polyvinyl alcohol coatings using plasticizer polyethylene glycol to minimize the residual solvent and coating defects
Authors: Rawat Manju , Ahuja Sanjeev
Published: April 2022

Waterborne coatings provide nontoxicity and flame‐retardance but exhibit inefficient drying. The literature on drying enhancers is limited for the want of residual solvent minimization study. Here, we use polyethylene glycol‐6000 (PEG), a low cost biodegradable plasticizer, to minimize the residual solvent in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)‐water coatings. Coatings were prepared at different PEG loadings (0, 0.50, 1.00, 2.50, 5.00, and 7.50 wt%) and initial conditions. The maximum drop in the residual solvent was 87% at 0.50 wt% PEG loading in the coating of initially 5% PVA and 1000 μm thickness. The effect of doubling the initial wet thickness from 500 to 1000 μm was first examined. The minimum residual solvent significantly reduced from 1.30% to 0.59%, and occurred at the same PEG loading of 0.50 wt%. However, the drying time increased and drying rate slowed down remarkably. SEM results also revealed that at the optimum PEG loading a smooth and dense coating was obtained. Thermogravimetric analysis/derivative thermogravimetric studies showed improved thermal stability and differential scanning calorimetry showed little decrease in Tg at optimized PEG loading. When the initial polymer concentration was doubled from 5% to 10%, the optimum PEG loading lowered from 0.50 to 0 wt%. Simultaneously, a marked increase in the minimum residual solvent from 1.30% to 3.27% occurred, caused by the hydrophilicity of PVA and enhanced solution viscosity. On comparison with a fluorosurfactant (FS) modifier, PEG yields significantly better maximum reduction in residual solvent at substantially lower optimum loading by employing higher wet film thickness. Furthermore, PEG is significantly lower in cost and environmentally friendly than FS.
Recent Advances in 1,2‐Amino(hetero)arylation of Alkenes
Authors: Kwon Yungeun , Wang Qiu
Published: April 2022

Alkene amino(hetero)arylation presents a highly efficient and straightforward strategy for direct installation of amino groups and heteroaryl rings across a double bond simultaneously. An extensive array of practical transformations has been developedviaalkene difunctionalization approach to access a broad range of medicinally valuable (hetero)arylethylamine motifs. This review presents recent progress in 1,2‐amino(hetero)arylation of alkenes organized in three different modes. First, intramolecular transformations employingC, N‐tethered alkenes will be introduced. Next, two‐component reactions will be discussed with different combination of precursors,N‐tethered alkenes and external aryl precursor,C‐tethered alkenes and external amine precursor, orC, N‐tethered reagents, and alkenes. Last, three‐component intermolecular amino(hetero)arylation reactions will be covered.
Recent Advances in the Application and Mechanism of Carbon Dots/Metal‐Organic Frameworks Hybrids in Photocatalysis and the Detection of Environmental Pollutants
Authors: Li Yuan , Jiang Xiao‐Xue , Xie Jia‐Xiu , Lv Yun‐kai
Published: April 2022

Metal‐organic frameworks (MOFs) are a class of crystalline porous materials with simple synthesis conditions, large specific surface area, structural diversity, and a wide range of interesting properties. The integration of MOFs with other materials can provide new multifunctional composites that exhibit both component properties and new characteristics. In recent years, the integration of carbon dots (CDs) into MOFs to form composites has shown improved optical properties and fascinating new characteristics. This review focuses on the design and synthesis strategies of CDs@MOFs composites (including pore‐confined synthesis, in situ encapsulation, post‐synthesis modification and impregnation method) and their recent research progress in photocatalysis and detection of environmental pollutants. Both the achievements and problems are evaluated and proposed, and the opportunities and challenges of CDs@MOF composite are discussed.