bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Time‐dependent effect of electrical stimulation on osteogenic differentiation of bone mesenchymal stromal cells cultured on conductive nanofibers
Authors: Zhu Siqi , Jing Wei , Hu Xiaoqing , Huang Zirong , Cai Qing , Ao Yingfang , Yang Xiaoping
Published: August 2017

Bone tissue engineering using bone mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) is a multidisciplinary strategy that requires biodegradable scaffold, cell, various promoting cues to work simultaneously. Electrical stimulation (ES) is known able to promote osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs, but it is interesting to know how can it play the strongest promotion effect. To strengthen local ES on BMSCs, parallel‐aligned conductive nanofibers were electrospun from the mixtures of poly(L‐lactide) (PLLA) and multi‐walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), and used for cell culture. Osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs was conducted by applying ES (direct current, 1.5 V, 1.5 h/day) perpendicular to the fiber direction during the day 1–7, day 8–14, or day 15–21 period of the osteoinductive culture. In comparison with ES‐free groups, bone‐related markers and genes were found significantly up‐regulated when ES was applied on BMSCs growing on nanofibers having higher conductivity. When the ES was applied at the earlier stage of osteoinductive culture, the promotion effect on osteogenic differentiation would be stronger. In the presence of a BMP blocker, the down‐regulated expressions of bone‐related genes were able to be slightly recovered by ES, especially when the ES was applied at the beginning of osteoinductive culture (i.e. day 1–7). The promotion effect generated by ES in the early stage was found sustainable to later stages of differentiation, while those ES applied at later stages of differentiation should have missed the optimal point. In other words, later ES was not so necessary in inducing the osteogenic differentiation of BMSCs. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3369–3383, 2017.
Note: The Role and Responsibility of Foreign Aid in Recipient Political Settlements
Authors: Yanguas Pablo
Published: August 2017

Due to an error the article from this special issue was previously published in Journal of International Development, Volume 29, Issue 2, 2017. For completeness we are including the title page of the article. The full text of the article can be read in Issue 29:2 on Wiley Online Library: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jid.3269/abstract
Upper airway surgery for obstructive sleep apnea reduces blood pressure
Authors: Pang Kenny P. , Pang Edward B. , Pang Kathleen A. , Vicini Claudio , Chan Yiong Huak , Rotenberg Brian W.
Published: August 2017

Objectives/Hypothesis

To evaluate if upper airway surgery reduces blood pressure in patients with obstructive sleep apnea (OSA).

Study Design

Prospective series.

Methods

A prospective series of 112 consecutive OSA patients with hypertension (HTN). All patients were > 18 years old, respiratory disturbance index >5, all levels of apnea‐hypopnea index (AHI), with a history of HTN treated with medication for at least 6 months. Surgical procedures included septoplasty, turbinate reduction, palate surgery, and tongue base reduction.

Results

There were 92 men and 20 women, with a mean age of 48.6 years, mean body mass index (BMI) was 27.5 (range, 19.7–34.7). Mean follow‐up was 16.1 months. The mean preoperative AHI was 32.6 (range, 1.2–104), with the mean lowest oxygen saturation (LSAT) of 79.9% (range, 52%–93%). The mean adjusted preoperative and postoperative systolic blood pressure (SBP) was reduced from 146 ± 15.3 mm Hg to 122 ± 12.5 mm Hg (P < .001), and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was reduced from 91 ± 10.2 mm Hg to 76 ± 7.8 mm Hg (P < .001). There was a decrease in overall BMI from 27.5 ± 3.6 to 25.5 ± 3.0 (P < .001); however, based on multivariate analysis, the reduction in SBP and DBP was not affected by this BMI reduction. Fifty‐eight patients (51.8%) did not require their antihypertensive after surgery. There was poor correlation noted between HTN with AHI, LSAT, and oxygen duration <90%.

Conclusions

Upper airway surgery does reduce SBP and DBP in patients with OSA.

Level of Evidence

4. Laryngoscope, 128:523–527, 2018
Final Analysis of the Accuracy and Precision of Methods to Calculate the Sediment Retained by Check Dams
Authors: Ramos‐Diez Iván , Navarro‐Hevia Joaquín , San Martín Fernández Roberto , Mongil‐Manso Jorge
Published: August 2017

Knowing how much sediment check dams have trapped during their lifespan is essential to estimate their effectiveness or the sediment yields of their basins. Methods to calculate the volume of sediment trapped by check dams play an important role in the understanding of these issues. Several authors have proposed different methods to measure the volume of retained sediment, but their accuracy has, as yet, not been precisely determined and is currently a subject of debate.

We compare the most frequently used methods (geometric: prism, pyramid and geometric; topographic: Digital Terrain Models (DTMs), trapezoids and sections methods) to evaluate their accuracy and precision in determining the volume of sediment retained by check dams. Our calculations are based on ten virtual check dams simulated in several gullies of Saldaña (Spain), where we determine their volumetric capacity for trapping sediment (real volume). This was made by means of an intensive topographic survey of these gullies, employing a terrestrial laser scanning system to obtain a high‐resolution digital elevation model (5 × 5 cm, ±2 mm).

The results showed that topographic methods provided a very good fit to real volume with a difference of around 8%, being the sections method the most accurate. Geometric methods were less accurate, showing differences of up to 28%. Thus, the results obtained until now by geometric methods should be considered with caution. Although topographic methods were more accurate, they require many field data and much time than the others. So geometric methods can still be useful by correcting their results using our obtained percentage of variation. Knowing the accuracy of the methods before measuring is essential to obtain the most reliable results to analyse the role of check dams in controlling sediment, erosion processes and land degradation. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Manipulation of Molecular Weight Distribution Shape as a New Strategy to Control Processing Parameters
Authors: Nadgorny Milena , Gentekos Dillon T. , Xiao Zeyun , Singleton S. Parker , Fors Brett P. , Connal Luke A.
Published: August 2017

Molecular weight and dispersity (Ð) influence physical and rheological properties of polymers, which are of significant importance in polymer processing technologies. However, these parameters provide only partial information about the precise composition of polymers, which is reflected by the shape and symmetry of molecular weight distribution (MWD). In this work, the effect of MWD symmetry on thermal and rheological properties of polymers with identical molecular weights and Ð is demonstrated. Remarkably, when the MWD is skewed to higher molecular weight, a higher glass transition temperature (Tg), increased stiffness, increased thermal stability, and higher apparent viscosities are observed. These observed differences are attributed to the chain length composition of the polymers, easily controlled by the synthetic strategy. This work demonstrates a versatile approach to engineer the properties of polymers using controlled synthesis to skew the shape of MWD.
Ground state of solutions for a class of fractional Schrödinger equations with critical Sobolev exponent and steep potential well
Authors: Shao Liuyang , Chen Haibo
Published: August 2017

In this paper, we study the following fractional Schrödinger equations:

where (−△)α is the fractional Laplacian operator with
, 0≤s≤2α, λ>0, κ and β are real parameter.
is the critical Sobolev exponent. We prove a fractional Sobolev‐Hardy inequality and use it together with concentration compact theory to get a ground state solution. Moreover, concentration behaviors of nontrivial solutions are obtained when the coefficient of the potential function tends to infinity.
Simultaneous MR thermometry and acoustic radiation force imaging using interleaved acquisition
Authors: de Bever Joshua T. , Odéen Henrik , Hofstetter Lorne W. , Parker Dennis L.
Published: August 2017

Purpose

A novel and practical method for simultaneously performing MR acoustic radiation force imaging (ARFI) and proton resonance frequency (PRF)‐shift thermometry has been developed and tested. This could be an important tool for evaluating the success of MR‐guided focused ultrasound procedures for which MR‐thermometry measures temperature and thermal dose and MR‐ARFI detects changes in tissue mechanical properties.

Methods

MR imaging was performed using a gradient recalled echo segmented echo‐planar imaging pulse sequence with bipolar motion encoding gradients (MEG). Images with ultrasound pulses (ON) and without ultrasound pulses (OFF) during the MEG were interleaved at the repetition time (TR) level. ARFI displacements were calculated by complex subtraction of ON–OFF images, and PRF temperature maps were calculated by baseline subtraction. Evaluations in tissue‐mimicking phantoms and ex vivo porcine brain tissue were performed. Constrained reconstruction improved the temporal resolution of dynamic measurements.

Results

Simultaneous maps of displacement and temperature were acquired in 2D and 3D while keeping tissue heating < 1°C. Accuracy of the temperature maps was comparable to the standard PRF sequence. Using constrained reconstruction and subsampled k‐space (R = 4.33), 3D simultaneous temperature and displacement maps can be acquired every 4.7 s.

Conclusion

This new sequence acquires simultaneous temperature and displacement maps with minimal tissue heating, and can be applied dynamically for monitoring tissue mechanical properties during ablation procedures. Magn Reson Med 79:1515–1524, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Reusable and cross‐linked cellulose nanofibrils aerogel for the removal of heavy metal ions
Authors: Tian Cuihua , She Jiarong , Wu Yiqiang , Luo Sha , Wu Qinglin , Qing Yan
Published: August 2017

Reusable and porous aerogel was fabricated using natural cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) cross‐linked with acrylic acid (AA) for the removal of heavy metal ions. CNFs with diameters of 5–50 nm were obtained and the cross‐linking mechanism of CNFs with AA (CA aerogel) was analyzed. The CNFs based aerogel formed highly porous networks after cross‐linking with AA and carboxyl groups were introduced onto the molecular chain of CNFs. The maximum adsorption capacities of CA aerogel for Cu(II) and Pb(II) were 40.01 and 130.36 mg/g and the adsorption closely followed the pseudo‐second‐order kinetic and Langmuir isothermal model for both Cu(II) and Pb(II). Chemical adsorption combined with porous physical adsorption endowed CA aerogel excellent adsorption properties. The prepared CA aerogel showed desirable reusability and could remove various heavy metal ions in industrial sewage. This resulted CA aerogel was considered to be promising alternative for conventional adsorbents in fields of sewage recovery, water purification, and soil remediation. POLYM. COMPOS., 39:4442–4451, 2018. © 2017 Society of Plastics Engineers
Proteomics Investigations into Serum Proteins Adsorbed by High‐Flux and Low‐Flux Dialysis Membranes
Authors: Han Shuai , Yang Kaiguang , Sun Jingdi , Liu Jianhui , Zhang Lihua , Zhao Jiuyang
Published: August 2017

Hemodialysis is one of the most important therapies for patients with uremia, and the dialysis membrane is the predominant factor that impacts the efficiency of dialysis. Here, a protein adsorption on two different membranes is investigated to provide a basis for improving dialysis materials. Two cases treated with the Polyflux 14L low‐flux dialyzer and the Polyflux 140H high‐flux dialyzers during two continuous therapies are selected. Four used dialyzers from selected patients are infused with C12Im‐Cl to elute the adsorbed proteins. Then labeled digested proteins adsorb by Polyflux 140H and Polyflux 14L with 13CD2O and NaCNBD3 (light labeling, L) and CD2O and NaCNBH3 (heavy labeling, H), respectively. Liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS) is used to identify the proteins. According to the ratio (Light labeling/Heavy labeling), the eluted proteins are divided into three groups: significantly higher, significantly lower, and no significant differences with a ratio of >2, <0.5, and 0.5–2, respectively. A total of 668 proteins are identified by LC‐MS/MS, among which 177 proteins are retained more by the Polyflux 140H membrane (ratio >2), 320 proteins are retained more by the Polyflux 14L membrane (ratio <0.5), and 171 proteins show no significant difference (ratio 0.5–2) between the two types of membranes. Statistical significance is shown in the percentage of adsorbed proteins with an isoelectric point (pI) ranging from 9 to 10 (19.08 versus 7.69%; χ2 = 11.87, p = 0.0006). Proteins with a molecular weight (MW) of 10–15 kDa tend to deposit on Polyflux 140H compared with Polyflux 14L (25 versus 9.23%; χ2 = 18.66, p = 0.0000) and proteins with a MW of 30–60 kDa tend to deposit on Polyflux 14L compared with Polyflux 140H (36.54 versus 22.37%; χ2 = 8.96, p = 0.0028). According to gene ontology analysis, the proteins adsorbed by dialysis membranes are closely related to activation of complement system and the coagulation cascade. The proteins adsorbed by Polyflux 140H and Polyflux 14L show significant differences in PI, MW, and protein class. Proteomic techniques are an effective approach for studying hemodialysis membranes.
A molecular breadboard: Removal and replacement of subunits in a hepatitis B virus capsid
Authors: Lee Lye Siang , Brunk Nicholas , Haywood Daniel G. , Keifer David , Pierson Elizabeth , Kondylis Panagiotis , Wang Joseph Che‐Yen , Jacobson Stephen C. , Jarrold Martin F. , Zlotnick Adam
Published: August 2017

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) core protein is a model system for studying assembly and disassembly of icosahedral structures. Controlling disassembly will allow re‐engineering the 120 subunit HBV capsid, making it a molecular breadboard. We examined removal of subunits from partially crosslinked capsids to form stable incomplete particles. To characterize incomplete capsids, we used two single molecule techniques, resistive‐pulse sensing and charge detection mass spectrometry. We expected to find a binomial distribution of capsid fragments. Instead, we found a preponderance of 3 MDa complexes (90 subunits) and no fragments smaller than 3 MDa. We also found 90‐mers in the disassembly of uncrosslinked HBV capsids. 90‐mers seem to be a common pause point in disassembly reactions. Partly explaining this result, graph theory simulations have showed a threshold for capsid stability between 80 and 90 subunits. To test a molecular breadboard concept, we showed that missing subunits could be refilled resulting in chimeric, 120 subunit particles. This result may be a means of assembling unique capsids with functional decorations.
Molecular pathogenesis of human prostate basal cell hyperplasia
Authors: Henry Gervaise , Malewska Alicia , Mauck Ryan , Gahan Jeffrey , Hutchinson Ryan , Torrealba Jose , Francis Franto , Roehrborn Claus , Strand Douglas
Published: August 2017

Background

Understanding the molecular pathogenesis of distinct phenotypes in human benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is essential to improving therapeutic intervention. Current therapies target smooth muscle and luminal epithelia for relief of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) due to BPH, but basal cell hyperplasia (BCH) remains untargeted. The incidence of has been reported at 8‐10%, but a molecular and cellular characterization has not been performed on this phenotype.

Methods

Using freshly digested tissue from surgical specimens, we performed RNA‐seq analysis of flow cytometry‐purified basal epithelia from 3 patients with and 4 patients without a majority BCH phenotype. qPCR was performed on 28 genes identified as significant from 13 non‐BCH and 7 BCH specimens to confirm transcriptomic analysis. IHC was performed on several non‐BCH and BCH specimens for 3 proteins identified as significant by transcriptomic analysis.

Results

A total of 141 human BPH specimens were analyzed for the presence of BCH. Clinical characteristics of non‐BCH and BCH cohorts revealed no significant differences in age, PSA, prostate volume, medical treatment, or comorbidities. Quantitation of cellular subsets by flow cytometry in 11 BCH patients vs. 11 non‐BCH patients demonstrated a significant increase in the ratio of basal to luminal epithelia in patients with BCH (P <0.05), but no significant differences in the total number of leukocytes. RNA‐seq data from flow cytometry isolated basal epithelia from patients with and without BCH were subjected to gene set enrichment analysis of differentially expressed genes, which revealed increased expression of members of the epidermal differentiation complex. Transcriptomic data were complemented by immunohistochemistry for members of the epidermal differentiation complex, revealing a morphological similarity to other stratified squamous epithelial layers.

Conclusions

Increased expression of epidermal differentiation complex members and altered epithelial stratification resembles the progression of other metaplastic diseases. These data provide insight into the plasticity of the human prostate epithelium and suggest a classification of basal cell hyperplasia as a metaplasia.
Exploring the Impacts of Mining on Tourism Growth and Local Sustainability: The Case of Mapungubwe Heritage Site, Limpopo, South Africa
Authors: Leonard Llewellyn , Lebogang Thema
Published: August 2017

Mining licenses in post‐apartheid South Africa are being granted by the ruling government in sensitive areas that are important tourism hubs and employment generators. Limited research has been conducted to understand mining impacts on protected environments and tourism sites. This paper will focus on the Mapungubwe World Heritage Site as a tourist attraction in Limpopo to shed light on how mining is impacting on the area and on tourism development and local sustainability. This paper examines the difficulties that have been encountered by the tourism destination and surrounding communities due to the mining licences granted. Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with key informants (communities, an employee at the heritage site and a government official) and are reported in this paper. We conclude that mining should not be allowed, with the need to rather safeguard the environment for cultural and environmental purposes. Stakeholder participation needs to be taken seriously by both the mining company and the government. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
Bleeding Recurrence and Mortality Following Interventional Management of Spontaneous HCC Rupture: Results of a Multicenter European Study
Authors: Schwarz Lilian , Bubenheim Michael , Zemour Johanna , Herrero Astrid , Muscari Fabrice , Ayav Ahmet , Riboud Romain , Ducerf Christian , Regimbeau J‐Marc , Tranchart Hadrien , Lermite Emilie , Petrovai Gheorghe , Suhol Amal , Doussot Alexandre , Capussotti Lorenzo , Tuech Jean Jacques , Le Treut Yves Patrice ,   the FRENCH association
Published: August 2017

Background

The incidence of spontaneous rupture of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is low in Europe, at less than 3%. HCC rupture remains a life‐threatening complication, with mortality reported between 16 and 30%. The risk of bleeding recurrence has never been clearly evaluated in such clinical situation. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the current risk of mortality related to HCC rupture and to focus on the risk of bleeding recurrence following interventional management.

Methods

All patients admitted to 14 French–Italian surgical centers for spontaneous rupture of HCC between May 2000 and May 2012 were retrospectively included. Clinical data, imaging features, relevant laboratory data, treatment strategies, and prognoses were analyzed.

Results

Overall, 58 of the 138 included patients (42%) had cirrhosis. Thirty‐five patients (25%) presented with hemorrhagic shock, and 19% with organ(s) dysfunction. Bleeding control was obtained by interventional hemostasis, emergency liver resection, and conservative medical management in 86 (62%), 24 (18%), and 21 (15%) patients, respectively. Best supportive care was chosen for 7 (5%) patients. The mortality rate following rupture was 24%. The bleeding recurrence rate was 22% with related mortality of 52%. In multivariate analysis, a bilirubin level >17 micromol/L (HR 3.768; p = 0.006), bleeding recurrence (HR 5.400; p < 0.0001), and ICU admission after initial management (HR 8.199; p < 0.0001) were associated with in‐hospital mortality.

Conclusion

This European, multicenter, large‐cohort study confirmed that the prognosis of ruptured HCC is poor with an overall mortality rate of 24%, despite important advances in endovascular techniques. Overall, the rate of bleeding recurrence was more than 20%, with a related high risk of mortality.
The Psychosocial Impact of Carrying a Debated Variant in the GLA Gene
Authors: Macklin Sarah , Laney Dawn , Lisi Emily , Atherton Andrea , Smith Elizabeth
Published: August 2017

The clinical significance of the c.427G>A (p.A143T) variant in GLA is a topic of debate within the lysosomal storage disease community. A review of the literature and published case reports found the clinical impact of the variant to range from classic Fabry symptoms to healthy unaffected males with normal alpha‐ galactosidase enzyme levels, leaving clinicians unsure of how to manage these individuals. As the number of states testing for Fabry disease on their newborn screening panel has increased, more people with this variant are being identified. The goal of this project was to learn how the uncertainty surrounding the clinical significance of the p.A143T variant affects those with this change. A self‐response questionnaire was developed to explore this topic. In addition to evaluating participant feelings, the questionnaire explored individuals’ beliefs regarding the pathogenicity of the variant. Results suggest that people have diverse feelings regarding reclassification of the p.A143T variant. Around half of those surveyed reported feeling frustrated by the lack of clear information. Despite the ambiguity regarding the health consequences of this variant, many participants felt that knowing this result helps guide medical management.
A Micellar Liquid Chromatographic Method for the Determination of Azosemide in Solubilized System
Authors: Malvia Hitesh , Sharma Ashok , Sharma Pratibha , Mishra Ritesh
Published: August 2017

A simple micellar liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated for the determination of azosemide (AZS). The method incorporates surfactant media beyond the critical micellar concentration level for the study of AZS in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage forms. Quantitation was achieved through UV detection. An interpretive optimization procedure was used to ascertain the optimum conditions based on the accurate description of the retention and shape of the chromatographic peak for quantification of AZS, viz., selection of surfactants, pH of buffer solution, concentration of surfactant and selection of solvent etc. The method was successfully validated as per the requirements of the international Council for Harmonisation (ICH) guidelines and showed excellent linearity within the limits of detection and limit of quantitation. The method was linear over the concentration range 0.001–0.2 mg ml−1 with regression coefficient (r2) 0.999. The proposed method was successfully applied for ascertaining the stability and determination of AZS under different stressed conditions viz., basic, acidic, oxidative, photolytic, and thermal degradation. The method elicited good selectivity, repeatability, linearity and sensitivity of the validated parameters. Recoveries obtained were in a range of 98.90–99.58%. The method allows accurate and reliable determination of AZS for drug stability assays in pharmaceutical investigations using environmentally friendly materials.
Rethink space: (Re)designing a workspace using human-centered design to support flexibility, collaboration, and engagement among clinical and translational research support services
Authors: Doshi Aalap , Clay Christina
Published: August 2017

Introduction

Space matters. We read space like we read people’s faces. Space is an instrument of collaboration and innovation. At the University of Michigan’s Institute for Clinical and Health Research (MICHR), a team was created to creatively and economically enhance our operating space into a flexible workspace that supports privacy, innovation, creativity, and most important, a culture of collaboration.

Methods

The team used a human-centered design process to creatively engage the staff at large into analyzing our existing space, identifying latent needs, proposing solutions, generating feedback, and economically building the rethought process.

Results

The redesigned workspace embraces the differences among MICHR’s teams while encouraging collaboration and teamwork and keeping costs at a minimum. It has resulted in a flexible space that includes co-located teams, spaces dedicated to different work goals, an open area for collaboration, quiet zones for focused work, and better wayfinding.

Conclusions

Through our Rethink Space project, we hope to have demonstrated that, by initiating the project internally and by engaging the users of the space themselves in an empathetic, visual, and human-centered way, a space redesign can be undertaken economically while also leading to improved levels of employee and team satisfaction.
Buoyant miscible displacement flows in rectangular channels
Authors: Taghavi S. M. , Mollaabbasi R. , St-Hilaire Y.
Published: August 2017

Buoyant displacement flows of two miscible fluids in rectangular channels are studied, theoretically and experimentally. The scenario considered involves the displacement of a fluid by a slightly heavier one at nearly horizontal channel inclinations, where inertial effects are weak and laminar stratified flows may be expected. In the theoretical part, a lubrication approximation model is developed to simplify the displacement flow governing equations and furnish a semi-analytical solution for the heavy and light fluid flux functions. Three key dimensionless parameters govern the fluid flow motion, i.e. a buoyancy number, the viscosity ratio and the channel cross-section aspect ratio. When these parameters are specified, the reduced model can deliver the interface propagation in time, leading and trailing front heights, shapes and speeds, cross-sectional velocity fields, etc. In addition, the model can be exploited to provide various classifications such as single or multiple fronts as well as main displacement flow regimes at long times such as no sustained backflows, stationary interface flows and sustained backflows. Focusing on the variation of the buoyancy number, a large number of iso-viscous displacement experiments are performed in a square duct and the results are compared with those of the lubrication model. Qualitative displacement flow features observed in the theory and experiments are in good agreement, in particular, in terms of the main displacement flow regimes. The quantitative comparisons are also reasonable for small and moderate imposed displacement flow velocities. However, at large flow rates, a deviation of the experimental results from the model results is observed, which may be due to the presence of non-negligible inertial effects.
Internal shear layers from librating objects
Authors: Le Dizès Stéphane , Le Bars Michael
Published: August 2017

In this work, we analyse the internal shear layer structures generated by the libration of an axisymmetric object in an unbounded fluid rotating at a rotation rate $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}^{\ast }$ using direct numerical simulation and small Ekman number asymptotic analysis. We consider weak libration amplitude and libration frequency $\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{\ast }$ within the inertial wave interval $(0,2\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}^{\ast })$ such that the fluid dynamics is mainly described by a linear axisymmetric harmonic solution. The internal shear layer structures appear along the characteristic cones of angle $\unicode[STIX]{x1D703}_{c}=\text{acos}(\unicode[STIX]{x1D714}^{\ast }/(2\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FA}^{\ast }))$ which are tangent to the librating object at so-called critical latitudes. These layers correspond to thin viscous regions where the singularities of the inviscid solution are smoothed. We assume that the velocity field in these layers is described by the class of similarity solutions introduced by Moore & Saffman (Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A, vol. 264, 1969, pp. 597–634). These solutions are characterized by two parameters only: a real parameter $m$, which measures the strength of the underlying singularity, and a complex amplitude coefficient $C_{0}$. We first analyse the case of a disk for which a general asymptotic solution for small Ekman numbers is known when the disk is in a solid plane. We demonstrate that the numerical solutions obtained for a free disk and for a disk in a solid plane are both well described by the asymptotic solution and by its similarity form within the internal shear layers. For the disk, we obtain a parameter $m=1$ corresponding to a Dirac source at the edge of the disk and a coefficient $C_{0}\propto E^{1/6}$ where $E$ is the Ekman number. The case of a smoothed librating object such as a spheroid is found to be different. By asymptotically matching the boundary layer solution to similarity solutions close to a critical latitude on the surface, we show that the adequate parameter $m$ for the similarity solution is $m=5/4$, leading to a coefficient $C_{0}\propto E^{1/12}$, that is larger than for the case of a disk for small Ekman numbers. A simple general expression for $C_{0}$ valid for any axisymmetric object is obtained as a function of the local curvature radius at the critical latitude in agreement with this change of scaling. This result is tested and validated against direct numerical simulations.
The Death Camp Eldorado: Political and Economic Effects of Mass Violence
Authors: CHARNYSH VOLHA , FINKEL EVGENY
Published: August 2017

Transfer and redistribution of wealth accompany most violent conflicts throughout the world, yet the local-level political and economic effects of this phenomenon remain unexplored. We address this omission by examining the long-term impact on the surrounding communities of the Nazi death camp Treblinka in Poland, where nearly a million Jews were murdered. The assets of murdered Jews sometimes ended up in the hands of the local population. We are able to identify the enduring impact of these property transfers on local economic and political outcomes because the exact location of Treblinka was exogenous to the characteristics of surrounding communities. We find that communities located closer to the camp experienced a real estate boom but do not exhibit higher levels of economic and social development. These communities also showed higher support for an anti-Semitic party, the League of Polish Families. Our findings speak to an important but overlooked challenge to post-conflict reconstruction and reconciliation.
“I Believe Because it is Absurd”: The Enlightenment Invention of Tertullian'sCredo
Authors: Harrison Peter
Published: August 2017

Tertullian is widely regarded as having originated the expressionCredo quia absurdum (est)(I believe because it is absurd) and the phrase often appears in contemporary polemics about the rationality of religious belief. Patristic scholars have long pointed out that Tertullian never said this or meant anything like it. However, little scholarly attention has been paid to the circumstances in which this specific phrase came into existence and why, in spite of its dubious provenance, it continues to be regarded by many as a legitimate characterization of religious faith. This paper shows how Tertullian's original expression—“It is certain, because impossible”—was first misrepresented and modified in the early modern period. In seventeenth century England a “credo” version—I believebecause it is impossible—became the common form of Tertullian's maxim. A further modification, building on the first, was effected by the EnlightenmentphilosopheVoltaire, who added the “absurdity condition” and gave us the modern version of the paradox: I believebecause it is absurd. These modifications played a significant role in Enlightenment representations of religion as irrational, and signal the beginning of a new understanding of faith as an epistemic vice. This doubtful maxim continues to play a role in debates about the cognitive status of religious faith, and its failure to succumb to the historical evidence against it is owing to its ongoing rhetorical usefulness in such debates.
HOW TO SABOTAGE A SECRET SOCIETY: THE DEMISE OF CARL FRIEDRICH BAHRDT'S GERMAN UNION IN 1789
Authors: MCKENZIE-MCHARG ANDREW
Published: August 2017

In 1789 in Leipzig, a slim pamphlet of 128 pages appeared that sent shock waves through the German republic of letters. The pamphlet, bearing the title Mehr Noten als Text (More notes than text), was an ‘exposure’ whose most sensational element was a list naming numerous members of the North German intelligentsia as initiates of a secret society. This secret society, known as the German Union, aimed to push back against anti-Enlightenment tendencies most obviously manifest in the policies promulgated under the new Prussian king Frederick William II. The German Union was the brainchild of the notorious theologian Carl Friedrich Bahrdt (1741–92). But who was responsible for the ‘exposure’? Using material culled from several archives, this article pieces together for the first time the back story to Mehr Noten als Text and in doing so uncovers a surprisingly heterogeneous network of Freemasons, publishers, and state officials. The findings prompt us to reconsider general questions about the relationship of state and society in the late Enlightenment, the interplay of the public and the arcane spheres and the status of religious heterodoxy at this time.
Particle selection and feeding behaviour in two cirratulid polychaetes
Authors: Magalhães Wagner F. , Bailey-Brock Julie H.
Published: August 2017

Cirratulid polychaetes are abundant and diverse members of the benthic macrofauna and their particle collection mechanisms may strongly affect particle mixing and sediment grain size distribution in sediments. The feeding morphology differs in having a pair or many feeding tentacles and the ecological importance of both methods of food collection needs to be better investigated to understand their costs and benefits. Particle selection and feeding behaviour of a bitentaculate (Aphelochaeta honouliuli) and a multitentaculate species (Timarete hawaiensis) were comparatively observed. Feeding behaviour observations were done with individuals with or without feeding tentacles and exposed to three different size ranges of glass beads (0–20, 40–70 and 70–110 µm in diameter). Particle selection was tested for coated and uncoated glass beads of three different size ranges in 20 specimens of each species. Feeding behaviour was similar in both species and the methods of particle collection and ingestion are described. Individuals of T. hawaiensis, in which the feeding tentacles were removed, were observed collecting particles with the aid of branchiae. The multitentaculate species studied was more successful in collecting particles from greater foraging radii and at a faster rate than the bitentaculate species but the experimental design may have disfavoured the latter. Two-way ANOVA results showed that both bitentaculate and multitentaculate species significantly selected in favour of smaller particle sizes. Further studies about particle encounter, selection and ingestion are needed and may aid understanding of the phylogenetic relationships between the bitentaculate and multitentaculate cirratulids.
A re-evaluation of theAbarenicola assimilisgroup with a new species from the Falkland Islands and key to species
Authors: Darbyshire Teresa
Published: August 2017

The new speciesAbarenicola wellsin. sp. from the Falkland Islands is described along with a re-description ofAbarenicola breviorn. stat. with which it had previously been confused. The two species are distinguished using both morphological and molecular techniques, new characters are described and previously recognized characters are clarified, all of which support the assignment of species status as opposed to subspecies. Both species are part of theAbarenicola assimilis‘group’ within which all taxa were originally described as subspecies. The group as a whole is re-evaluated and all members are elevated from subspecies to species status based mainly on the new characters of shape, distribution and pigmentation of the proboscidial papillae. The group now consists of six species:Abarenicola assimilisn. stat.,A. breviorn. stat.,Abarenicola devian. stat.,Abarenicola haswellin. stat.,Abarenicola insularumn. stat. andA. wellsin. sp.
A stretched conformation of DNA with a biological role?
Authors: Bosaeus Niklas , Reymer Anna , Beke-Somfai Tamás , Brown Tom , Takahashi Masayuki , Wittung-Stafshede Pernilla , Rocha Sandra , Nordén Bengt
Published: August 2017

We have discovered a well-defined extended conformation of double-stranded DNA, which we call Σ-DNA, using laser-tweezers force-spectroscopy experiments. At a transition force corresponding to free energy change ΔG = 1·57 ± 0·12 kcal (mol base pair)−1 60 or 122 base-pair long synthetic GC-rich sequences, when pulled by the 3′−3′ strands, undergo a sharp transition to the 1·52 ± 0·04 times longer Σ-DNA. Intriguingly, the same degree of extension is also found in DNA complexes with recombinase proteins, such as bacterial RecA and eukaryotic Rad51. Despite vital importance to all biological organisms for survival, genome maintenance and evolution, the recombination reaction is not yet understood at atomic level. We here propose that the structural distortion represented by Σ-DNA, which is thus physically inherent to the nucleic acid, is related to how recombination proteins mediate recognition of sequence homology and execute strand exchange. Our hypothesis is that a homogeneously stretched DNA undergoes a ‘disproportionation’ into an inhomogeneous Σ-form consisting of triplets of locally B-like perpendicularly stacked bases. This structure may ensure improved fidelity of base-pair recognition and promote rejection in case of mismatch during homologous recombination reaction. Because a triplet is the length of a gene codon, we speculate that the structural physics of nucleic acids may have biased the evolution of recombinase proteins to exploit triplet base stacks and also the genetic code.
Missing Girls or Hidden Girls? A Comment on Shi and Kennedy's “Delayed Registration and Identifying the ‘Missing Girls’ in China”
Authors: Cai Yong
Published: August 2017

In a recent article published in this journal, Yaojiang Shi and John Kennedy suggest that China's missing girls problem is much more a statistical artefact than previously known. According to their analysis, unreported female births, or hidden girls, account for 73 per cent of the 15 million missing girls from the 1990–2010 birth cohorts in the 2010 census. Their conclusion is based in part on their fieldwork, but the numerical estimate is grounded on their understanding and analyses of Chinese census data. While the insights from their fieldwork – that China's political system leaves ample room for data manipulation and delayed registration – cannot be faulted, Shi and Kennedy's analyses of Chinese census data are questionable and their conclusion is in contradiction with the “missing girls” shown in other data sources. In this short note, I present three lines of evidence to challenge Shi and Kennedy's conclusion: one from the censuses, one from official education statistics, and one from survey data. For the sake of clarity, I use two terms to describe missing girls: nominal missing – the number of missing girls as revealed by population statistics, and truly missing – the number of missing girls excluding those hidden (unreported) girls. My conclusion backs the conventional wisdom about the missing girls phenomenon in China: the elevated sex ratios in Chinese population, or “missing girls,” is not a statistical artefact, but a real social challenge that China has to face for now and for the foreseeable future.
Velocity-aided In-motion Alignment for SINS Based on Pseudo-Earth Frame
Authors: Liu Meng , Li Guangchun , Gao Yanbin , Li Shutong , Guan Lianwu
Published: August 2017

Approaching the problem from the internal factors and in particular the inherent state model of a Kalman Filter, this paper presents a novel Strapdown Inertial Navigation System (SINS) modelling, which is obtained with a pseudo-north-oriented mechanisation in a pseudo-geographic frame. Improved modelling associated with the backward algorithm is proposed to achieve velocity-aided in-motion alignment. Compared with traditional algorithms, the proposed method can eliminate the influence of alignment model on the performance of initial alignment caused by SINS modelling. On the other hand, the backward process can still be used to accelerate the process of alignment. As a result, the proposed method is expected to assist those methods only considered from external factors (such as coarse accuracy, process noise, measurement noise, and so on) to improve the stability and robustness of a velocity-aided in-motion alignment system and to solve the modelling problem of high latitude alignment without sacrificing alignment accuracy. Finally, simulations and field experiments with a navigation-grade SINS demonstrate the superior performance of the proposed method.
OPTIMAL GROWTH, DEBT DYNAMICS, AND WELFARE UNDER GDP-BASED COLLATERALS
Authors: Onori Daria
Published: August 2017

We analyze the consequences of external debt collaterals on the optimal growth path of a country. We develop a small open economy model of endogenous growth where public spending can be financed by borrowing on imperfect international financial markets, where the country's borrowing capacity is limited. In contrast to the existing literature, which assumes that debt is constrained by the stock of capital, we investigate the consequences of gross domestic product (GDP)-based collaterals. First, we demonstrate that the economy may converge in a finite time, which is determined endogenously, to the regime with binding collaterals. Second, in such regime the steady-state public expenditures-to-GDP ratio is greater than that of the existing literature's models. Finally, we show that the degree of financial openness rises welfare if the collateral constraint is nonbinding and reduces welfare if the constraint binds. The first effect prevails always over the second and total intertemporal welfare increases.
-THEORY OF MONOID ALGEBRAS AND A QUESTION OF GUBELADZE
Authors: Krishna Amalendu , Sarwar Husney Parvez
Published: August 2017

We show that for any commutative Noetherian regular ring$R$containing$\mathbb{Q}$, the map$K_{1}(R)\rightarrow K_{1}\left(\frac{R[x_{1},\ldots ,x_{4}]}{(x_{1}x_{2}-x_{3}x_{4})}\right)$is an isomorphism. This answers a question of Gubeladze. We also compute the higher$K$-theory of this monoid algebra. In particular, we show that the above isomorphism does not extend to all higher$K$-groups. We give applications to a question of Lindel on the Serre dimension of monoid algebras.
Fleischkonsum und Krebsrisiko – darf man noch Fleisch essen?
Authors: Rohrmann Sabine , Cabaset Sophie , Linseisen Jakob
Published: August 2017

Zusammenfassung.In der Schweiz werden pro Tag im Schnitt 110 g Fleisch verzehrt, darunter 40 g verarbeitetes Fleisch. Ein hoher Verzehr besonders von verarbeitetem Fleisch wurde von der International Agency for Research on Cancer als krebserregend eingestuft, wobei die Evidenz vor allem auf dem Zusammenhang mit Dickdarmkrebs beruht. Als mögliche Mechanismen gelten eine hohe Aufnahme von Kochsalz (im Zusammenhang mit Magenkrebs), die Aufnahme sowie die endogene Bildung von N-Nitroso-Verbindungen (teilweise gefördert durch den hohen Gehalt von Hämeisen in rotem Fleisch) und die Bildung von polyzyklischen Kohlenwasserstoffen und heterozyklischen aromatischen Amine bei der Fleischzubereitung. Die Schweizerische Gesellschaft für Ernährung empfiehlt aus diesem Grund, lediglich 2–3 Portionen Fleisch und Fleischprodukte pro Woche zu verzehren.
Effects of Awareness Material on Suicide-Related Knowledge and the Intention to Provide Adequate Help to Suicidal Individuals
Authors: Arendt Florian , Scherr Sebastian , Niederkrotenthaler Thomas , Krallmann Sabrina , Till Benedikt
Published: August 2017

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the impact of educative media reports on the intention to provide help to suicidal individuals and on suicide-related knowledge. Aims: To test whether material debunking widely shared myths influences knowledge and the intention to provide adequate help to others, and if such information reduces reading enjoyment. Method: A randomized controlled trial was utilized. Participants allocated to the intervention group were exposed to awareness material explicitly addressing suicide myths. Results: Analyses show that exposure to printed awareness material increased knowledge, which in turn positively influenced intentions to provide help. The inclusion of information regarding suicide myths did not reduce reading enjoyment. Limitations: The awareness material used in this study only addressed two suicide myths that were considered to be especially important. Conclusion: Information debunking suicide myths in suicide-related media reports is therefore both feasible and potentially helpful.
Differential spatial expression of peripheral olfactory neuron-derived BACE1 induces olfactory impairment by region-specific accumulation of β-amyloid oligomer
Authors: Yoo Seung-Jun , Lee Ji-Hye , Kim So Yeun , Son Gowoon , Kim Jae Yeon , Cho Bongki , Yu Seong-Woon , Chang Keun-A , Suh Yoo-Hun , Moon Cheil
Published: August 2017

Olfactory dysfunction is a common symptom associated with neurodegenerative diseases including Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Although evidence exists to suggest that peripheral olfactory organs are involved in the olfactory dysfunction that accompanies AD pathology, the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. As confirmed using behavioral tests, transgenic mice overexpressing a Swedish mutant form of human amyloid precursor proteins exhibited olfactory impairments prior to evidence of cognitive impairment. By measuring the expression of tyrosine hydroxylase, we observed that specific regions of the olfactory bulb (OB) in Tg2576 mice, specifically the ventral portion exhibited significant decreases in the number of dopaminergic neurons in the periglomerular regions from the early stage of AD. To confirm the direct linkage between these olfactory impairments and AD-related pathology, β-site amyloid precursor protein cleaving enzyme 1 (BACE1)—the initiating enzyme in Aβ genesis—and β-amyloid peptide (Aβ), hallmarks of AD were analyzed. We found that an increase in BACE1 expression coincided with an elevation of amyloid-β (Aβ) oligomers in the ventral region of OB. Moreover, olfactory epithelium (OE), in particular the ectoturbinate in which axons of olfactory sensory neurons (OSNs) have direct connections with the dendrites of mitral/tufted cells in the ventral part of OB, exhibited significant decreases in both thickness and cell number even at early stages. This result suggests that Aβ oligomer toxicity in the OE may have induced a decline in the number of OSNs and functional impairment of the olfactory system. We first demonstrated that disproportionate levels of regional damage in the peripheral olfactory system may be a specific symptom of AD with Aβ oligomer accumulation occurring prior to damage within the CNS. This regional damage in the olfactory system early in the progression of AD may be closely related to AD-related pathological abnormality and olfactory dysfunction found in AD patients.