bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
An Optimum Reverberation Time for Mosques in Bangladesh
Authors: Imam Sheikh Muhammad Najmul , Ahmed Nizamuddin , Takahashi Daiji
Published: November 2009

For a mosque in Bangladesh, the acoustical requirements in terms of intelligibility and liveliness are dissimilar for the types of sounds - recitation from the Holy Koran and speech on religious subjects. To attain an overall satisfactory acoustical performance, it is significant to find an optimum Reverberation Time (RT), which is one of the important factors affecting intelligibility and liveliness. Experiment is conducted to find the effect of RT by making it a variable, while keeping other factors as non-variable and fulfilling ideal conditions for maximum intelligibility. Preferences are judged on pairs of sound clips of recitation and speech, for both intelligibility and liveliness, on a 5-point scale and findings are analysed thorough the statistical method of paired comparison. Considering preferences of all aspects the optimum RT is proposed as 0.9 s for an overall balanced acoustical performance for both recitation and speech for a mosque in Bangladesh. Keywords: Intelligibility, Liveliness, Mosque, Recitation, Reverberation time, Speech.     DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3667 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 163-170, 2009
One-RM: An Improved One-Rule Classifier
Authors: Mahmood Abdur , Lei Wei
Published: November 2009

One-R algorithm is a simple algorithm which exhibits quite good predictive accuracy for a large class of data. When compared to the more complex algorithms having better predictive accuracy, One-R provides the baseline accuracy for testing new machine learning algorithms. However, the simplicity of One-R means that it has there is a compromise between accuracy and complexity. Often, the accuracy of One- R can be further increased without making it significantly complex. The resulting algorithm as proposed in this paper, One-RM performs equal to One-R in most of the cases and sometimes outperforms One-R by significant margin. Theoretical analysis suggests that One-RM used in conjunction with One-R always performs either better or equal to One-R. Experimental analysis shows that One-RM is a viable alternative to One-R when used as a separate classification rule. Key words: One-RM, One-R algorithm, Algorithm, Accuracy and Complexity. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3668 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 171-180, 2009
Studies on Anti-inflammatory, Antinociceptive and Antipyretic Activities of Ethanol Extract of Azadirachta indica Leaves
Authors: Mahabub-Uz-Zaman M , Ahmed Nazim Uddin , Akter Rasheda , Ahmed Kabir , Aziz M Shafiqul Islam , Ahmed M Shamsuddin
Published: November 2009

The present study was carried out to investigate the anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive and antipyretic activities of the crude ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica leaves on experimental animal model at three different dose level- 1g/kg, 500 mg/kg and 100 mg/kg. For evaluation of the anti-inflammatory property carrageenan induced paw edema served as acute model and cotton pellet induced granuloma formation served as chronic model in rats. The acetic acid induced writhing response and hot plate test were used to assess antinociceptive activity in mice. The antipyretic activity was evaluated on yeast-induced pyrexia in rats. Acute toxicity test was also performed in rats after administration of the extract orally at high dose level (4g/kg). Oral administration of the ethanol extract of A. indica leaves significantly (P<0.05) suppressed the paw edema induced by carrageenan as well as granulomatous tissue formation induced by cotton pellet in rats at high dose level (1g/kg) but no significant effect was observed at 500 mg/kg and 250mg/kg dose level. In addition, ethanol extract obtained from A. indica leaves (1g/ kg) also significantly (P<0.05) attenuated the acetic acid induced writhing response in mice but did not show any significant protective effect on heat induced pain in mice. A significant antipyretic effect (P< 0.05) was noticed with ethanol leaf extract of A. indica leaves at 1g/kg and 500 mg/kg dose level. In acute toxicity study, no mortality was observed at 4 g/kg dose level. The present study also demonstrates the potential anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effect of the ethanol extract of Azadirachta indica leaves, which supports the claims by the traditional medicine practitioners. Keywords: Anti-inflammatory, Antinociceptive, Antipyretic, Azadirachta indica DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3672 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 199-206, 2009
Nematode and Cestode Prevalence, Organal Distribution and Histological Effects Due to Parasitic Infection in Laboratory Rat Strain, Long-Evans (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout, 1769)
Authors: Khanum Hamida , Muznebin Farhana , Nessa Zaibun
Published: November 2009

Endoparasitic infection and histopathological effects in the laboratory rat, Long-Evans (Rattus norvegicus Berkenhout 1769) was evaluated. Five species of helminth parasites from two taxonomic groups were identified. They were -Cestodes (Vampirolepis nana Siebold, 1852 and Hymenolepis diminuta Rudolphi, 1819) and Nematodes (Citellina dispar Prendel, 1928; Heterakis spumosa Schneider, 1866 and Syphacia muris Yamaguti, 1941). All the worms were collected from the alimentary tract of the Long-Evans. The prevalence of infection was found highest in caecum (95.83%) and the intensity of infestation was found highest in anterior parts of the intestine (51.33±10.63). The histopathological study of helminth infected alimentary canal showed that the intestinal wall was severely damaged. Key words: Nematodes, Cestodes, Prevalence, Vampirolepis nana, Hymenolepis diminuta, Citellina dispar, Heterakis spumosa and Syphacia muris. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3673 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 207-210, 2009
Characterization of an Expectorant Herbal Basak Tea Prepared with Adhatoda vasica Leaves
Authors: Sarker Ashish K , Ahamed Kabir , Chowdhury Jasim Uddin , Begum Jarifa
Published: November 2009

A herbal tea for an expectorant action was prepared with Adhatoda vasica leaves. Analytical, pharmacological, microbiological and animal toxicity studies were carried out to characterize the herbal tea. The analytical data indicates that the alcohol extract from herbal basak tea contains 0.67% crude alkaloids and the isolated tracheal chain experiment with this extract showed small relaxation effect compare to the standard histamine drug. The crude alkaloids and the other extracts (petroleum ether extract, alcohol extract and hot water extract) showed mild inhibition in different degrees against different microorganisms. The animal toxicity studies on rats revealed no mortality after 24 hours and also no abnormal delayed effect indicates no toxicity of prepared tea at all. Based on the above results, the prepared herbal basak tea is proposed as a good expectorant. Herbal tea prepared with Adhatoda vasica leaves collected in May to September showed better efficacy than those of other times. Key words: Herbal basak tea, Crude alkaloids, Relaxation effect. DOI: 10.3329/bjsir.v44i2.3674 Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 44(2), 211-214, 2009
Assessment of Somaclonal Variation in Chrysan-themum (Dendranthema grandiflora Kitam.) using RAPD and Morphological Analysis
Authors: Kengkarj P. , Smitamana P. , Fujime Y.
Published: November 2009

Novel chrysanthemum (Dendranthema grandiflora Kitam.) somaclones from seven commercial cultivars were obtained through the petal segments culture. Morphological variation of the derived clones observed from the field trials was found to be cultivar specific. The major variants within the same cultivar were found only color and inflorescence shape deviation, whereby leaf and stem characters remained unchanged. Distinct variations were found in the 'Pinkgin' cultivar that color changed from magenta to red. The morphological differences of the tested somaclones showed high correlation with the RAPD patterns analysis.  The morphological differences of the tested somaclones were shown to be highly correlated using RAPD pattern analysis. RAPD markers, using ten primers could better separate each cultivar at 80% similarity value. All the somaclones could be singly separated at 90% similarity. However, the higher level of variability of RAPD patterns in chrysanthemum rendered these RAPD fragments as good candidates for somaclonal and cultivar identification. The results from this study revealed the potential increase in range of floral color and morphological changes of petal segment culture, thus this technique would be effectively used for novel plant production. Key words:  Petal culture, Dendranthema grandiflora, Somaclonal variation, RAPD, Identification D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i2.3396 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(2): 139-149, 2008 (December)
In vitro Propagation of Albizia guachapele, Cedrela odorata, Platymiscium pinnatum and Guaiacum sanctum
Authors: Valverde-Cerdas L. , Rojas-Vargas A. , Hine-Gómez A.
Published: November 2009

In Costa Rica Albizia guachapele, Cedrela odorata, Platymiscium pinnatum and Guaiacum sanctum are important plant species in both economic and ecological terms and their wood is precious and reported to be highly resistant material. This research has evaluated the in vitro micropropagation as a technology focused to conserve these species. Findings include percentage of germination of seeds and contamination, induction of buds, rooting and growth of micro-cuttings of these four species. Key words:  In vitro, Propagation, Albizia guachapele, Cedrela odorata, Platymiscium pinnatum, Guaiacum sanctum D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i2.3397 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(2): 151-156, 2008 (December)
Thymol Production from Callus Culture of Nigella sativa L.
Authors: Al-Ani Nabeel K.
Published: November 2009

Roots, hypocotyls and leaves of Nigella sativa L. were collected from the seedlings  raised on sterilized filter paper and cultured on MS supplemented with different concentrations of 2,4-D (0.0, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 mg/l) and Kn (0.0, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 5.0). The best callus production was obtained from leaf explants with 1 mg/l 2,4-D and 1.5 mg/l Kn. The higher thymol concentrations were extracted after 75 days for the above callus; which was detected by HPLC using retention time. This is the first report in Iraq about extracting thymol from callus of Nigella sativa. Key words: Thymol produiction, Callus culture, Nigella sativa D. O.I. .3329/ptcb.v18i2.3649 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(2): 181-185, 2008 (December)
In vitro Propagation and Ex vitro Rooting of Blueberry Plantlets
Authors: Guang-jie Zhao , Zhan-bin Wang , Dan Wang
Published: November 2009

Effects of different concentrations of 2-ip and IBA in WPM basal medium for Blomidon blueberry in vitro propagation and four different rooting agents at the early stage after transplantation showed that 15 mg/l of 2-ip is the best concentration to induce shoots. For optimum in vitro root formation 10 µM IBA was found to be best and four rooting agents for seedling transplantation according to their effects were No.2>, No.4>, No.3 >, water > and No. 1. Key words: Blomidon, Tissue culture, In vitro regeneration, Rooting agent D.O.I. 10.3329/ptcb.v18i2.3650 Plant Tissue Cult. & Biotech. 18(1): 187-195, 2008 (December)
A Method for Automating Geospatial Dataset Metadata
Authors: Batcheller James  K. , Gittings Bruce  M. , Dunfey Robert  I.
Published: November 2009

Metadata have long been recognised as crucial to geospatial asset management and discovery, and yet undertaking their creation remains an unenviable task often to be avoided. This paper proposes a practical approach designed to address such concerns, decomposing various data creation, management, update and documentation process steps that are subsequently leveraged to contribute towards metadata record completion. Using a customised utility embedded within a common GIS application, metadata elements are computationally derived from an imposed feature metadata standard, dataset geometry, an integrated storage protocol and pre-prepared content, and instantiated within a common geospatial discovery convention. Yielding 27 out of a 32 total metadata elements (or 15 out of 17 mandatory elements) the approach demonstrably lessens the burden of metadata authorship. It also encourages improved geospatial asset management whilst outlining core requisites for developing a more open metadata strategy not bound to any particular application domain.
State Adoption of 100% Smoke-Free Acute Non Federal Hospital Campus Policies
Authors: Goldstein Adam  O. , Steiner Julea , McCullough Anna , Kramer Kathryn  D. , Fager Okun Melva
Published: November 2009

To assess the number and percentage of acute care hospitals in the U.S. that have adopted smoke-free hospital campus (SFHC) policies, researchers conducted an assessment from January 2008 to May 2008 of available data on SFHC policy adoption in each state. Slightly more than one third (34.4%) of acute care, non-Federal hospitals had adopted such policies, with wide variation of policy adoption between states.
A New Triterpene Hexaglycoside from the Bark of Kalopanax septemlobus (Thunb.) Koidz.
Authors: Wang Li-Shu , Zhao Da-Qing , Xu Tun-Hai , Zhou Xue-Feng , Yang Xian-Wen , Liu Yong-Hong
Published: November 2009

The new triterpene glycoside 3-O-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→4)-β-D-xylopyranosyl-(1→3)-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-α-L-arabinopyranosylhederagenin 28-O-β-D-gluco-pyranosyl-(1→6)-β-D-glucopyranoside, named septemoside A (1), and the known 3-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→2)-O-α-L-arabinopyranoside-28-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→6)-O-β-D-glucopyranosyl ester of hederagenin (2), were isolated from the bark of Kalopanax septemlobus. The structure elucidation of the compounds was based on spectroscopic evidence, including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D-NMR analysis.
Bystander or No Bystander for Gene Directed Enzyme Prodrug Therapy
Authors: Dachs Gabi U. , Hunt Michelle A. , Syddall Sophie , Singleton Dean C. , Patterson Adam V.
Published: November 2009

Gene directed enzyme prodrug therapy (GDEPT) of cancer aims to improve the selectivity of chemotherapy by gene transfer, thus enabling target cells to convert nontoxic prodrugs to cytotoxic drugs. A zone of cell kill around gene-modified cells due to transfer of toxic metabolites, known as the bystander effect, leads to tumour regression. Here we discuss the implications of either striving for a strong bystander effect to overcome poor gene transfer, or avoiding the bystander effect to reduce potential systemic effects, with the aid of three successful GDEPT systems. This review concentrates on bystander effects and drug development with regard to these enzyme prodrug combinations, namely herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-TK) with ganciclovir (GCV), cytosine deaminase (CD) from bacteria or yeast with 5-fluorocytodine (5-FC), and bacterial nitroreductase (NfsB) with 5-(azaridin-1-yl)-2,4-dinitrobenzamide (CB1954), and their respective derivatives.
Simple Sequence Repeat Polymorphisms (SSRPs) for Evaluation of Molecular Diversity and Germplasm Classification of Minor Crops
Authors: Park Yong-Jin , Lee Ju Kyong , Kim Nam-Soo
Published: November 2009

Evaluation of the genetic diversity among populations is an essential prerequisite for the preservation of endangered species. Thousands of new accessions are introduced into germplasm institutes each year, thereby necessitating assessment of their molecular diversity before elimination of the redundant genotypes. Of the protocols that facilitate the assessment of molecular diversity, SSRPs (simple sequence repeat polymorphisms) or microsatellite variation is the preferred system since it detects a large number of DNA polymorphisms with relatively simple technical complexity. The paucity of information on DNA sequences has limited their widespread utilization in the assessment of genetic diversity of minor or neglected crop species. However, recent advancements in DNA sequencing and PCR technologies in conjunction with sophisticated computer software have facilitated the development of SSRP markers in minor crops. This review examines the development and molecular nature of SSR markers, and their utilization in many aspects of plant genetics and ecology.
Supervised Classification of Agricultural Land Cover Using a Modified k-NN Technique (MNN) and Landsat Remote Sensing Imagery
Authors: Samaniego Luis , Schulz Karsten
Published: November 2009

Nearest neighbor techniques are commonly used in remote sensing, pattern recognition and statistics to classify objects into a predefined number of categories based on a given set of predictors. These techniques are especially useful for highly nonlinear relationship between the variables. In most studies the distance measure is adopted a priori. In contrast we propose a general procedure to find an adaptive metric that combines a local variance reducing technique and a linear embedding of the observation space into an appropriate Euclidean space. To illustrate the application of this technique, two agricultural land cover classifications using mono-temporal and multi-temporal Landsat scenes are presented. The results of the study, compared with standard approaches used in remote sensing such as maximum likelihood (ML) or k-Nearest Neighbor (k-NN) indicate substantial improvement with regard to the overall accuracy and the cardinality of the calibration data set. Also, using MNN in a soft/fuzzy classification framework demonstrated to be a very useful tool in order to derive critical areas that need some further attention and investment concerning additional calibration data.
Sustainable Development in Northern Africa: The Argan Forest Case
Authors: Charrouf Zoubida , Guillaume Dom
Published: November 2009

The argan tree is a slow growing tree exclusively endemic in the dry lowlands of Southwest Morocco. The argan forest constitutes a long time ignored specific biotope that has been declared a Biosphere Reserve by UNESCO in 1998. The argan forest is particularly fragile to climate change. Forecasts show annual precipitation levels and prolonged drought periods that could severely threaten the future of the argan forest. In some places, the argan forest is already damaged, resulting in the retreat of the argan tree and the subsequent desert encroachment. An acceleration of this trend would have devastating consequences. In response, some twenty years ago, an ambitious, unique in Northern-Africa, and government-supported program was initiated in Morocco to rescue the argan tree via the sustainable development of the argan forest. Because in the late 1980s, sustainable development in developing countries was often considered as a utopia, the argan forest case represents a sign of progress, as it is also an interesting and unique experience in Africa. This review analyses the process followed, the measures taken, the pitfalls encountered, and the results obtained during the last two decades. It also points out the measures that still need to be taken before declaring the argan forest rescue mission is accomplished.
Interferon Response and Viral Evasion by Members of the Family Rhabdoviridae
Authors: Faul Elizabeth  J. , Lyles Douglas  S. , Schnell Matthias  J.
Published: November 2009

Like many animal viruses, those of the Rhabdoviridae family, are able to antagonize the type I interferon response and cause disease in mammalian hosts. Though these negative-stranded RNA viruses are very simple and code for as few as five proteins, they have been seen to completely abrogate the type I interferon response early in infection. In this review, we will discuss the viral organization and type I interferon evasion of rhabdoviruses, focusing on vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) and rabies virus (RABV). Despite their structural similarities, VSV and RABV have completely different mechanisms by which they avert the host immune response. VSV relies on the matrix protein to interfere with host gene transcription and nuclear export of anti-viral mRNAs. Alternatively, RABV uses its phosphoprotein to interfere with IRF-3 phosphorylation and STAT1 signaling. Understanding the virus-cell interactions and viral proteins necessary to evade the immune response is important in developing effective vaccines and therapeutics for this viral family.
Guideline for radioimmunotherapy of CD20+ follicular B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
Authors: Grünwald F. , Knapp W. H. , Trümper L. , Schilling C. v. , Dreyling M. , Fischer M.
Published: November 2009

This guideline is a prerequisite for the quality management in the treatment of non-Hodgkon-lymphomas in patients with relapsed or refractory follicular lymphoma after rituximab therapy and as consolidation therapy after first remission following CHOP like treatment using radioimmunotherapy. It is based on an interdisciplinary consensus and contains background information and definitions as well as specified indications and detailed contraindications of treatment. Essential topics are the requirements for institutions performing the therapy. For instance, presence of an expert for medical physics, intense cooperation with all colleagues committed to treatment of lymphomas, and a certificate of instruction in radiochemical labelling and quality control are required. Furthermore, it is specified which patient data have to be available prior to performance of therapy and how treatment has to be carried out technically. Here, quality control and documentation of labelling are of great importance. After treatment, clinical quality control is mandatory (work-up of therapy data and followup of patients). Essential elements of follow-up are specified in detail. The complete treatment inclusive after-care has to be realised in close cooperation with those colleagues (hemato-oncologists) who propose, in general, radioimmunotherapy under consideration of the development of the disease.
Single‐Feature Polymorphism Discovery in the Transcriptome of Tetraploid Alfalfa
Authors: Yang S. Samuel , Xu Wayne Wenzhong , Tesfaye Mesfin , Lamb JoAnn F. S. , Jung Hans‐Joachim G. , Samac Deborah A. , Vance Carroll P. , Gronwald John W.
Published: November 2009

Advances in alfalfa [Medicago sativa (L.) subsp. sativa] breeding, molecular genetics, and genomics have been slow because this crop is an allogamous autotetraploid (2n = 4x = 32) with complex polysomic inheritance and few genomic resources. Increasing cellulose and decreasing lignin in alfalfa stem cell walls would improve this crop as a cellulosic ethanol feedstock. We conducted genome‐wide analysis of single‐feature polymorphisms (SFPs) of two alfalfa genotypes (252, 1283) that differ in stem cell wall lignin and cellulose concentrations. SFP analysis was conducted using the Medicago GeneChip (Affymetrix, Santa Clara, CA) as a cross‐species platform. Analysis of GeneChip expression data files of alfalfa stem internodes of genotypes 252 and 1283 at two growth stages (elongating, post‐elongation) revealed 10,890 SFPs in 8230 probe sets. Validation analysis by polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐sequencing of a random sample of SFPs indicated a 17% false discovery rate. Functional classification and over‐representation analysis showed that genes involved in photosynthesis, stress response and cell wall biosynthesis were highly enriched among SFP‐harboring genes. The Medicago GeneChip is a suitable cross‐species platform for detecting SFPs in tetraploid alfalfa.
Mycotoxins in the ventilation systems of four schools in Finland
Authors: Hintikka E. , Holopainen R. , Asola A. , Jestoi M. , Peitzsch M. , Kalso S. , Larsson L. , Reijula K. , Tuomi T.
Published: November 2009

Some fungal species have been listed as a problem causing fungi in indoor air and most of this group are known to
produce mycotoxins. So far, mycotoxins have been found in building materials and in samples representing settled
indoor air dust, as well in air samples from industrial or agricultural environments. The present paper presents
the results of a mycological study and mycotoxin analyses of dust collected from mechanical ventilation systems in
four school buildings in southern Finland. The aim of this work was to answer the question 'Are there mycotoxins
in ventilation systems and if so, from where do they originate?' A total of 40 mycotoxins representing indoor
and outdoor sources alike were screened in this study, while cultivable fungi were screened using four different
cultivation media. Mycotoxins were present in all ventilation systems studied, both in the supply and the exhaust
systems examined. The mycotoxins found included satratoxins, verrucarol, trichodermol, enniatins, beauvericin,
penicillic acid, sterigmatocystin, chaetoglobosin A, and aflatoxins B1. The mycotoxins were present in minute
quantities (pg-ng/g or pg-ng/cm2). The fungal genera associated with respective mycotoxins were found in most
of the same sources. Since much the same mycotoxins could be established in both exhaust and supply air systems,
it would appear that the mycotoxins found in the schools studied do not for the most part originate from sources
within the building but are either normal artefacts of incoming supply air or concentrate or are perhaps produced
within the ventilation systems due to infrequent changing of filters and maintenance/cleaning of ventilation ducts
and associated parts of the systems.
RESPONSE OF THIRD-, FOURTH-, FIFTH-, AND SIXTH-INSTAR SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.), LARVAE TO NUCLEAR POLYHEDROSIS VIRUS
Authors: Kaupp W.J. , Ebling P.M.
Published: November 2009

Four different types of insect viruses have been isolated from the eastern spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clem.), but most research efforts have been concentrated on developing the nuclear polyhedrosis virus (NPV) as a viable control agent (Cunningham 1985). There are no published reports of LD50 values for this important forest pest. Recently, a LC50 of 483 viral polyhedra per square millimetre of diet surface for fifth-instar budworm larvae was determined using surface contamination feeding techniques (Cunningham et al. 1983). Because the dosages used in efficacy trials are derived from laboratory LD50 values, experiments were conducted to determine the virulence of this NPV to eastern spruce budworm. Bioassays were conducted with all feeding instars. Reported here are values for the LD50 dosages for third-, fourth-, fifth-, and sixth-instar spruce budworm larvae.
SEASONAL ABUNDANCE OF THE MULLEIN BUG, CAMPYLOMMA VERBASCI (MEYER) (HETEROPTERA: MIRIDAE), ON APPLE AND MULLEIN IN THE OKANAGAN VALLEY
Authors: Thistlewood H.M.A. , Borden J.H. , McMullen R.D.
Published: November 2009

The mullein bug, Campylomma verbasci (Meyer) (Heteroptera: Miridae), was studied in and around 17 apple orchards in the Okanagan Valley during 1982–1984. Apple and pear were overwintering hosts and the principal perennial hosts during summer months. Campylomma verbasci was the most abundant mirid on apple and occurred in 16 orchards, with two or three generations per year. Nymphs first emerged from overwintered eggs near full bloom, but variation in timing occurred between orchards and years. Population densities of C. verbasci were higher (P<0.05) in unsprayed than in sprayed orchards, but no differences were observed between commercial and “organic” orchards. In June, some adults moved onto herbaceous plant hosts, primarily common mullein, Verbascum thapsus L. Two generations of C. verbasci were found on mullein and the bugs were distributed in an aggregated pattern. Significant associations occurred among height, raceme length, or flower number of mullein plants and the number of C. verbasci on them. From mid-August to October, adult numbers declined on mullein and increased on apple. The number of mullein plants per orchard was not always associated with the density of overwintered C. verbasci in the following year.
TWO NEW SPECIES OF DIPTYCHOPHORA FROM MEXICO (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE: CRAMBINAE: DIPTYCHOPHORINI)
Authors: Landry Bernard
Published: November 2009

Diptychophora huixtla from Chiapas, Mexico, and Diptychophora powelli from Guerrero, Nayarit, and Oaxaca, Mexico, are described as new species. The two species can readily be distinguished from each other and from other Diptychophorini by their wing patterns and features of the genitalia.
PREDICTING WESTERN CORN ROOTWORM BEETLE (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) EMERGENCE FROM THE SOIL USING SOIL OR AIR TEMPERATURE
Authors: Elliott N.C. , Jackson J.J. , Gustin R.D.
Published: November 2009

A temperature-dependent multiple cohort simulation model was used to predict emergence of western corn rootworms, Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte, from the soil. Hourly 10-cm-depth soil temperatures were used as input to the model. Hourly soil temperatures were predicted from daily minimum and maximum 10-cm-depth soil temperatures using a half-sine-wave approximation, or from minimum and maximum daily 1-m-height air temperatures using a model for predicting soil temperature from air temperature. The mean difference in the number of days between predicted and observed 50% emergence was 0.22 days using soil temperatures and 0.00 days using air temperatures. Linear regressions of predicted versus observed Julian dates of 10, 50, and 90% cumulative beetle emergence from the soil indicated that model predictions were reasonably accurate and precise using both soil and air temperatures.
GROWTH OF PEA APHID, ACYRTHOSIPHON PISUM (HARRIS) (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE), POPULATIONS ON CAGED PLANTS OF SIX CULTIVARS OF FIELD PEAS AND THE EFFECTS OF PEA APHIDS ON HARVEST COMPONENTS OF CAGED FIELD PEAS
Authors: Soroka J.J. , Mackay P.A.
Published: November 2009

A comparison of the effects of infestation by known numbers of pea aphids, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris), on six field pea cultivars was made in field cage tests. The largest population of aphids developed on the cultivar Trapper and the smallest on the cultivar Century, with differences in aphid numbers between these cultivars significant for mature plants. Infested plants of Trapper had a significantly lower number of pods per plant, and infested plants of all cultivars had decreased seed weights, both per metre row and of 250 seeds, when compared with control plants. In all cultivars except Trapper, the most severely affected yield component was weight of 250 seeds.
CARABIDAE (COLEOPTERA) ASSOCIATED WITH GYPSY MOTH, LYMANTRIA DISPAR (L.) (LEPIDOPTERA: LYMANTRIIDAE), POPULATIONS SUBJECTED TO BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER TREATMENTS IN PENNSYLVANIA
Authors: Cameron E. Alan , Reeves R. Marcel
Published: November 2009

Carabid beetles were collected using pitfall traps and tree bands in forest stands in southwestern Pennsylvania subjected to defoliation by gypsy moth for the first time. Some of the stands were treated aerially with Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (B.t.). The guts of all carabids collected were tested for the presence of gypsy moth proteins using the ELISA technique. Twenty-seven of the 33 species (82%) collected from pitfall traps, and four of the seven species (57%) collected under tree bands, tested positive. Of the 1142 individuals from pitfall traps and 73 individuals from tree bands, the percentages positive were 45 and 38%, respectively. Calosoma frigidum Kirby had the highest percentage positive (78%) of any species. Statistically significant differences in percentages positive between B.t.-treated and untreated plots were found only for Pterostichus mutus Say and P. coracinus Newm., and when all species were combined. The presence of nucleopolyhedrosis virus in the gypsy moth population was unanticipated and may have influenced these results through increased feeding on carrion.
FIELD RELEASES OF TRICHOGRAMMA PRETIOSUM RILEY (HYMENOPTERA: TRICHOGRAMMATIDAE) FOR SUPPRESSION OF CORN EARWORM, HELIOTHIS ZEA (BODDIE) (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE), EGG POPULATIONS ON SWEET CORN IN NOVA SCOTIA
Authors: Neil Kenneth A. , Specht H.B.
Published: November 2009

Trichogramma pretiosum Riley was released in the field for suppression of corn earworm, Heliothis zea (Boddie), egg populations in Nova Scotia in 1985–1987. Trichogramma pretiosum reduced com earworm populations 7.4–53% compared with chemical treatments reductions of 19–100%. Trichogramma pretiosum were not as effective as insecticides, especially when populations of the corn earworm were low (less than five larvae per 1000 ears). Timing of T. pretiosum releases and spray applications were determined by blacklight trap catches and were considered critical for effective control.
PROLONGED DORMANCY IN A PACIFIC NORTHWEST POPULATION OF THE COLORADO POTATO BEETLE,LEPTINOTARSA DECEMLINEATA(SAY) (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE)
Authors: Biever K.D. , Chauvin R.L.
Published: November 2009

The Colorado potato beetle is a major worldwide pest of potato and several other solanaceous plants. Insecticidal resistance is a serious problem in the northeastern and mid-Atlantic regions of the United States and a developing problem in other potato production areas of the United States and Canada (Forgash 1985; Johnson and Sandvol 1986; Boiteauet al.1987). In the northwestern United States, insecticides applied to control the green peach aphid also control Colorado potato beetle, but these insecticides are likely to become ineffective due to the development of resistance or unavailable because of restricted use and environmental concerns. Biologically based management strategies are needed to reduce dependency on insecticides; these strategies require new basic knowledge including understanding prolonged diapause in populations of the Colorado potato beetle. Krysanet al.(1986) established that the occurrence of prolonged or repeated diapause can influence management strategies for insects, especially with respect to crop rotation.
PALPAL TARSAL SENSILLA OF THE FEMALE MITE, VARROA JACOBSONI OUDEMANS (ACARI: VARROIDAE)
Authors: Liu T.P. , Peng Ying-Shin
Published: November 2009

The structure, distribution, and type of sensory hairs on the palptarsus of female Varroa jacobsoni Oudemans were examined by scanning electron and phase contrast microscopy. The two large, peg-like setae with apical pores are chemoreceptor sensilla chaetica. The seven slender, round tipped setae, stained with crystal violet at the hair cuticle, are considered to be the chemoreceptor sensilla trichodea. A number of long hairs that did not stain with crystal violet are trichoid tactile setae. The possible functions of these sensilla were discussed.
AGE-SPECIFIC PATTERN OF HOST DISCRIMINATION BY THE APHID PARASITOID EPHEDRUS CALIFORNICUS BAKER (HYMENOPTERA: APHIDIIDAE)
Authors: Völkl W. , Mackauer M.
Published: November 2009

The solitary aphid parasitoid Ephedrus californicus Baker is able to discriminate between unparasitized and parasitized third-instar nymphs of the pea aphid, Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris). Superparasitism varied with the number of mature eggs (which is age-dependent) present in the ovaries as well as with the number and the quality of any hosts encountered. Conspecific superparasitism varied with wasp age; older females, with a large egg supply, accepted hosts parasitized by a conspecific female if unparasitized aphids were unavailable. Self superparasitism occurred at all ages; it was the least likely behaviour compared with egg deposition in unparasitized and conspecific-parasitized hosts. Prior experience (learning) was not necessary for host discrimination, but it did influence the search rate, which was higher in inexperienced than experienced females. In choice experiments, wasps preferred conspecific- over self-parasitized aphids and thus were able to distinguish between them. It is suggested that oviposition markers vary among conspecific females. The data are discussed with reference to theories about oviposition decisions and progeny allocation in solitary hymenopteran parasitoids.
A NEW SPECIES AND SUBSPECIES OF CYMODUSOPSIS VIERECK FROM THE NEARCTIC REGION (HYMENOPTERA: ICHNEUMONIDAE)
Authors: Sanborne Michael
Published: November 2009

Cymodusopsis townesorum sp.nov. and C. nigricincta novomexicana ssp.nov. (Hymenoptera: Ichneumonidae) are described from the Nearctic region.
FLIGHT DURATION OF MALE SPRUCE BUDWORM (CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA [CLEM.]) AND ATTRACTIVENESS OF FEMALE SPRUCE BUDWORM ARE UNAFFECTED BY MICROSPORIDIAN INFECTION OR MOTH SIZE
Authors: Sanders C.J. , Wilson G.G.
Published: November 2009

No correlation was found between the size of male spruce budworm (Choristoneura fumiferana [Clem.]) moths and the duration of their flight in a sustained-flight wind tunnel. The numbers of male moths caught in traps baited with virgin female spruce budworm moths increased as the size of the females increased, but the relationship was significant in only one of eight experiments. Infection with the microsporidium Nosema fumiferanae (Thomson) resulted in smaller insects, but there were no significant relationships between the incidence of infection and male flight duration or female attractiveness.
MONITORING TUBER FLEA BEETLE, EPITRIX TUBERIS GENTNER (COLEOPTERA: CHRYSOMELIDAE) ON POTATO: PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE ACCURACY OF VISUAL SAMPLING
Authors: Vernon R.S. , Mackenzie J.R. , Bartel D.L.
Published: November 2009

The accuracy of visual observations in estimating numbers of tuber flea beetles, Epitrix tuberis Gentner, on young potatoes was determined. Potential sources of observational error examined were as follows: (a) observer competence and experience; (b) time spent observing each plant; (c) time of day; (d) plant height; and (e) weather. Observational accuracy versus tuber flea beetle density on plants followed a linear relationship for both experienced and inexperienced observers. Marked differences between experienced and inexperienced observers generally were reduced after 2 h of sampling experience, but some observers were consistently less accurate at sighting beetles than others. When observing small plants, 5-s observations generally were more accurate at sighting beetles per second of observation than 2-, 8-, or 10-s observations. Under uniform weather conditions, accuracy was the same in the morning as in the afternoon. Observer accuracy was significantly reduced under the combined influences of observer fatigue and wind. The relationship of 5-s-per-plant sampling accuracy to plants between 14 and 56 cm in height was linear; however, a quadratic relationship is suspected for plants over the full range of plant heights (i.e. >1 cm). From these data, total tuber flea beetles per plant estimated by 5-s visual observations per plant would be: TFB = TFB0/EhE0n where TFB0 is the total number of flea beetles observed, n is the total number of plants sampled, Eh is a sampling accuracy constant for the mean plant height sampled, and E0 is the observer accuracy constant calculated as a proportion of the most proficient observer(s).
INTERACTIONS BETWEEN BACILLUS THURINGIENSIS BERLINER AND APANTELES FUMIFERANAE VIER. (HYMENOPTERA: BRACONIDAE), A PARASITOID OF THE SPRUCE BUDWORM, CHORISTONEURA FUMIFERANA (CLEM.) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE)
Authors: Nealis Vincent , van Frankenhuyzen Kees
Published: November 2009

Interactions between Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner and Apanteles fumiferanae Viereck as mortality factors of the spruce budworm, Choristoneura fumiferana (Clemens), were investigated by placing parasitized and nonparasitized budworm larvae on foliage with and without spray deposits of a commercial formulation of B. thuringiensis. The effect of larval age (and, thus, the timing of spray applications) was examined by using peak third-instar and peak fourth-instar larvae. We demonstrated that parasitized larvae are more likely to survive exposure to B. thuringiensis because they feed less than non-parasitized larvae and are thus less likely to acquire a lethal dose of the bacterium. Bacillus thuringiensis nevertheless reduced parasitoid populations by 50–60% by killing their hosts before parasitoid emergence. This negative impact of B. thuringiensis on parasitoid survival was decreased when exposure of budworm larvae to spray deposits was delayed from peak third to peak fourth instar. The enhanced survival of parasitoids offset the lower mortality as a result of B. thuringiensis in the delayed sprays. We conclude that B. thuringiensis applied when budworm larval populations are at peak fourth instar or later would complement rather than interfere with the beneficial effects of A. fumiferanae. The implications for budworm management strategies are discussed.
SYNOPSIS OF THE NEOTROPICAL GENUSOZAENAOLIVIER: CLASSIFICATION AND RECONSTRUCTED EVOLUTIONARY HISTORY (COLEOPTERA: CARABIDAE: OZAENINI)
Authors: Ball George E. , Shpeley Danny
Published: November 2009

Descriptions and illustrations of structural features of adults, a key, and chorological data provide the basis for characterizing the genusOzaenaOlivier and classifying the 10 included species, two of which are new:O.maxi(type locality: Iracubo, CAYENNE), andO.manu(type locality: Manu National Park, Madre de Dios Province, PERU). With a geographical range that extends from ca. 30°S to 30°N in the New World, all species ofOzaenaoccur incis-Andean South America, only two ranging farther north:O.dentipesOlivier, to Panama; andO.lemoultiBänninger to southern Arizona, USA. A reconstructed phylogeny postulates the following: the genusPlatycerozaenaBänninger as the sister-group ofOzaena, together these genera comprising theOzaenagenus-group; withinOzaena, theO.dentipesgroup as sister-taxon of theO.lemoulti+convexagroups; within theO.dentipesgroup,O.maxias sister-taxon ofO.linearisBänninger +dentipes; within theO.lemoultigroup, the sequenceO.ecuadoricaBänn. (O.elavataBänn. [O.lemoulti+martineziOgueta]); and within theO.convexagroup,O.grossaBänn. as sister-taxon ofO.convexaBänn. +manu. Character evolution involves losses, gains, and shifts, in about equal numbers. Convergence is relatively rare, involving only three of 35 characters. The predominant mode of character evolution is simple, with few examples of sequential changes sustained through several speciation events. Basic modifications in evolution of the ground-plan of theOzaenagenus-group include reduction or loss (for example, tactile sense organs, antennal cleaner of the fore tibia, and adhesive vestiture of the male fore tarsi), and enhancement or gain (for example, scale-likesensilla basiconicaon pronotum and elytra, concentration ofsensilla basiconicain groups on the antennomeres, particularly antennomere 11). WithinOzaena, many modifications to the antennae and mouthparts indicate the importance of these organs to evolution of the group.

Based on phylogenetic relationships and the distribution pattern of the extant species, a reconstructed geographical history ofOzaenapostulates the following: first, a vicariance event in South America separating the ancestral stock ofOzaenainto a northern vicar that gave rise to theO.dentipesgroup, and a southern vicar that gave rise to theO.lemoultiandconvexagroups; followed by cycles of range expansion and contraction that allowed for differentiation of successive stocks of species. The temporal range for these speciation events is estimated to extend over a period of about 12 million years, or from the latter part of the Miocene epoch to the Recent. The most recent speciation events are estimated to be of Pliocene age.

Based on lack of differentiation of South American and Middle American representatives ofO.dentipesandO.lemoultirespectively, and extent of range in Middle America, these two species are postulated to be relatively recent invaders of the latter area, withO.dentipesbeing the more recent to arrive.
SEASONAL ACTIVITY OF FEMALE BLACK FLIES (DIPTERA: SIMULIIDAE) IN PASTURES IN NORTHEASTERN SASKATCHEWAN
Authors: Mason P.G. , Kusters P.M.
Published: November 2009

The black fly species Simulium luggeri Nicholson and Mickel s.l., S. vittatum Zetterstedt s.l., S. venustum Say s.l., S. verecundum Stone and Jamnback s.l., and S. decorum Walker s.l. were collected in silhouette traps near Prince Albert, Sask., in 1986, and near Choiceland, Sask., from 1986 to 1988. The Prince Albert site was located between and within 2 km of the North and South branches of the Saskatchewan River and was 25 and 60 km south of the Whitefox River and Torch River systems. The Choiceland site, 60 km east of the Prince Albert site, was 15 km north of the main branch of the Saskatchewan River and 1/2 and 25 km south of the Whitefox River and Torch River, respectively. Simulium luggeri was the most abundant species collected at the Prince Albert site whereas S. luggeri, S. vittatum, and the S. venustumlverecundum complex were approximately equally abundant in trap catches near Choiceland over the entire season but in each study year a seasonal progression in peak abundance occurred. Black fly numbers in sweep net collections taken once, in the middle of the day, were weakly correlated with numbers in silhouette trap collections taken during an entire day.
TWO NEW GENERA AND THREE NEW SPECIES OF DREPANOSIPHINE APHIDS FROM THE NEARCTIC AND NEOTROPICAL REGIONS (HOMOPTERA: APHIDIDAE)
Authors: Quednau F.W.
Published: November 2009

Neosensoriaphisgen.nov., type-speciesN.parvasp.nov.,Subiziphyagen.nov., type-speciesS.clausenisp.nov., andThripsaphis unciniaesp.nov. are described. The taxonomic position of these aphids is discussed.
DESCRIPTION OF THE LARVAE OF ELEVEN NEARCTIC SPECIES OFHYGROTUSSTEPHENS (COLEOPTERA: DYTISCIDAE: HYDROPORINAE) WITH AN ANALYSIS OF THEIR PHYLETIC RELATIONSHIPS
Authors: Alarie Y. , Harper P.P. , Roughley R.E.
Published: November 2009

A systematic analysis of larvae of 11 Nearctic species ofHygrotusStephens was undertaken. The larvae are described and characterized; a key for their discrimination and illustrations of structural features of representatives of first- and third-instar larvae are provided. Many structural features, especially detailed variations in the chaetotaxy of cephalic capsule, head appendages, legs, last abdominal segment, and urogomphi, were found to be useful for systematic and phylogenetic comparisons. Based on 21 larval characters, a cladistic analysis of the species studied was developed. A sister-group relationship betweenH.laccophilinus(LeConte) and the remaining available species is suggested. The less derived species, i.e. those without natatory setae on the legs, appear phylogenetically more closely related to the larvae ofHydroporus s.str.Hygrotus masculinus(Crotch) is the most derived species of the genus and, for many characters, seems more closely related to Hyphydrini. According to larval morphology, it is hypothesized that the genusHygrotusdiverged posteriorly to the genusHydroporusClairville.
PARASITOIDS OF ENDEMIC AND EPIDEMIC POPULATIONS OF CHORISTONEURA OCCIDENTALIS FREEMAN AND CHORISTONEURA RETINIANA (WALSINGHAM) (LEPIDOPTERA: TORTRICIDAE) IN SOUTHERN OREGON
Authors: Schaupp Willis C. , Volney W. Jan A. , Waters William E.
Published: November 2009

Parasitoid species attacking sparse, endemic populations of Choristoneura occidentalis Freeman and C. retiniana (Walsingham) are reported from 2 years of host collections at seven sites across southern Oregon. Results are compared with rearings from epidemic populations either from the same region or the same plot. Collections were designed to allow quantitative estimation of host density. Most of the parasitoid species present during epidemics across North America were recovered from the endemic and epidemic populations studied. The major difference is that at endemic host densities Glypta fumiferanae (Viereck) (Ichneumonidae) is rare to absent, whereas ichneumonids of the tribe Campoplegini, especially Tranosema (= Diadegma) interruptum (Ashmead), are common. This is the reverse of the situation at epidemic densities and consistent with results reported from eastern North America. It is suggested that the observed shift in the parasite complex with budworm density has the potential for predicting population trends.