bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Nutrition Therapy in Critically Ill Patients With Coronavirus Disease 2019
Authors: Martindale Robert , Patel Jayshil J. , Taylor Beth , Arabi Yaseen M. , Warren Malissa , McClave Stephen A.
Published: May 2020

In the midst of a coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID‐19) pandemic, a paucity of data precludes derivation of COVID‐19–specific recommendations for nutrition therapy. Until more data are available, focus must be centered on principles of critical care nutrition modified for the constraints of this disease process, ie, COVID‐19–relevant recommendations. Delivery of nutrition therapy must include strategies to reduce exposure and spread of disease by providing clustered care, adequate protection of healthcare providers, and preservation of personal protective equipment. Enteral nutrition (EN) should be initiated early after admission to the intensive care unit (ICU) using a standard isosmolar polymeric formula, starting at trophic doses and advancing as tolerated, while monitoring for gastrointestinal intolerance, hemodynamic instability, and metabolic derangements. Intragastric EN may be provided safely, even with use of prone‐positioning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. Clinicians should have a lower threshold for switching to parenteral nutrition in cases of intolerance, high risk of aspiration, or escalating vasopressor support. Although data extrapolated from experience in acute respiratory distress syndrome warrants use of fiber additives
and probiotic organisms, the lack of benefit precludes a recommendation for micronutrient supplementation. Practices that increase exposure or contamination of equipment, such as monitoring gastric residual volumes, indirect calorimetry to calculate requirements, endoscopy or fluoroscopy to achieve enteral access, or transport out of the ICU for additional imaging, should be avoided. At all times, strategies for nutrition therapy need to be assessed on a risk/benefit basis, paying attention to risk for both the patient and the healthcare provider.
Engineered biomaterials for cancer immunotherapy
Authors: Cai Lulu , Xu Jialu , Yang Zhenglin , Tong Rongsheng , Dong Ziliang , Wang Chao , Leong Kam W.
Published: May 2020

Although cancer immunotherapy is showing tremendous promise and has progressed to the clinic, it has only achieved sporadic efficacy, with only a fraction of patients benefitting from the therapy and with undesirable side effects due to poor selectivity and high doses. Localized delivery of immunomodulators to activate anticancer immunity in situ avoids overactivation of the systemic immune system and reduces side effects. Engineered biomaterials—implantable, injectable, or transdermal—fabricated into drug delivery devices are critical components for the development of localized cancer immunotherapies. In this review, we briefly summarize progress in the application of engineered biomaterials to the localized delivery of cancer immunotherapy.
A rare case of NIPT discrepancy caused by the placental mosaicism of three different karyotypes, 47,XXX, 47,XX,+21, and 48,XXX,+21
Authors: Li Jin , Xie Mingshui , Wang Fang , Ma Jianhong , Li Jiafu , Chen Chen , Li Zhimin , Wang Juan , Zhang Yuanzhen , Li Yirong
Published: May 2020

Background

Placental mosaicism is one of the major reasons for noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) discrepancy. Herein, we discovered a rare case of placenta with complex karyotypes that caused false‐positive and false‐negative results in noninvasive prenatal testing.

Methods

Next‐generation sequencing (NGS) and Quantitative fluorescent polymerase chain reaction (QF‐PCR) were performed on the cord blood sample, fetal tissues, and eight placental biopsies. Fluorescent In Situ Hybridization (FISH) and karyotyping were also carried to confirm the fetal genome status.

Results

The results suggested that the fetal chromosome was 47,XXX and the placenta had three karyotypes of 48,XXX,+21, 47,XX,+21, and 47,XXX. QF‐PCR indicated that the extra chromosome 21 and chromosome X were all from the father. It is speculated that the zygote may have 48,XXX,+21 karyotype and trisomy rescue could be the main mechanism for the development of the homogeneous fetus and complex mosaic placenta.

Conclusion

Overall, the complicated nature of our case underlines the importance of discussing with parents the possibility of both atypical and discordant results during preconfirmatory amniocentesis counseling and consent.
An irregular metal trace inpainting network for x‐ray CT metal artifact reduction
Authors: Peng Chengtao , Li Bin , Li Ming , Wang Hongxiao , Zhao Zhuo , Qiu Bensheng , Chen Danny Z.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

Metal implants in the patient's body can generate severe metal artifacts in x‐ray computed tomography (CT) images. These artifacts may cover the tissues around the metal implants in CT images and even corrupt the tissue regions, thus affecting disease diagnosis using these images. Previous deep learning metal trace inpainting methods used both valid pixels of uncorrupted areas and invalid pixels of corrupted areas to patch metal trace (i.e., the holes of removed metal‐corrupted regions). Such methods cannot recover fine details well and often suffer information mismatch due to interference of invalid pixels, thus incurring considerable secondary artifacts. In this paper, we develop a new irregular metal trace inpainting network for reducing metal artifacts.

Methods

We develop a new deep learning network to patch irregular metal trace in metal‐corrupted sinograms to reduce metal artifacts for isometric fan‐beam CT. Our new method patches irregular metal trace in CT sinograms using only valid pixels, avoiding interference from invalid pixels. Furthermore, to enable the inpainting network to recover as many details as possible, we design an auxiliary inpainting network to suppress the probable secondary artifacts in CT images to assist fine detail restoration. The image produced by the auxiliary network is then projected onto a sinogram via a forward projection (FP) algorithm and is fused with the sinogram predicted by the inpainting network in order to predict the final recovered sinogram. Our entire network is trained end‐to‐end to extract cross‐domain information between the sinogram domain and CT image domain.

Results

We compare our proposed method with two traditional and four deep learning‐based metal trace inpainting methods, and with an iterative reconstruction method on four datasets: dental fillings (panoramic and local perspectives), hip prostheses, and spine fixations. We use both quantitative and qualitative indices to evaluate our method, and the analyses suggest that our method reduces the most metal artifacts and produces the best quality CT images. Additionally, our proposed method takes 0.1512 s on average to process a CT slice, which meets the clinical requirement.

Conclusions

This paper proposes a new deep learning network to patch irregular metal trace in corrupted sinograms to reduce metal artifacts. Our method restores more fine details in irregular metal trace and has a superior capability on metal artifact reduction compared with state‐of‐the‐art methods.
Preliminary clinical experience with Calypso anchored beacons for tumor tracking in lung SBRT
Authors: Sarkar Vikren , Szegedi Martin , Paxton Adam , Nelson Geoff , Rassiah‐Szegedi Prema , Reddy Chakravarthy B. , Tao Randa , Hitchcock Ying J. , Kokeny Kristine E. , Salter Bill J.
Published: May 2020

Purpose

To present our preliminary experience with the recently released Calypso lung beacons to track lung tumor location during stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT).

Materials/Methods

Five recent lung SBRT patients had Calypso lung beacons implanted for tumor tracking during treatment. Beacons were placed by a pulmonologist using fluoroscopic navigation within 1 week prior to planning four‐dimensional computed tomography (4DCT) acquisition. Patients were immobilized in a full‐body double‐vacuum bag. For the first three patients, a verification 4DCT was obtained prior to the first fraction with the patient in the treatment position to assess both beacon migration and motion of tumor and beacons relative to planning day. For each treatment fraction, Calypso was used to position the patient. A verification cone‐beam CT (CBCT) confirmed the Calypso‐defined target position was appropriate. Real‐time Calypso tracking information was also acquired and compared to an action level that was used to determine if the tumor migrated outside of the planning target volume.

Results

For four patients, the implant procedure was well tolerated, with average CBCT‐based shifts being within 0.2 mm of the shifts reported by Calypso at the time of imaging. The other patient had a small pneumothorax due to very peripheral tumor location and experienced beacon migration. However, the patient quickly recovered from the pneumothorax, and after deactivating that beacon, motion tracking was possible throughout his treatment.

Conclusions

All patients were successfully treated with SBRT using the newly released Calypso lung beacons, with initial positioning confirmed by this clinic's current clinical standard of CBCT. The system allowed us to validate, with real‐time confirmation, that the planned internal target volumes were appropriate to each day's extent of actual tumor motion. An efficient and effective workflow for utilizing the new lung beacons for SBRT treatments was developed.
Circadian Rhythm of Substrate Oxidation and Hormonal Regulators of Energy Balance
Authors: Rynders Corey A. , Morton Sarah J. , Bessesen Daniel H. , Wright Kenneth P. , Broussard Josiane L.
Published: May 2020

Objective

The circadian system provides an organism with the ability to anticipate daily food availability and appropriately coordinate metabolic responses. Few studies have simultaneously assessed factors involved in both the anticipation of energy availability (i.e., hormones involved in appetite regulation) and subsequent metabolic responses (such as energy expenditure and substrate oxidation) under conditions designed to reveal circadian rhythmicity.

Methods

Eight healthy adults (four females; age: 28.0 ± 2.3 years; BMI: 24.3 ± 2.9 kg/m2) participated in a 26‐hour constant routine protocol involving continuous wakefulness with constant posture, temperature, dim light, and hourly isocaloric snacks. Indirect calorimetry was performed every 3 hours for measurement of energy expenditure and substrate oxidation. Subjective hunger was obtained hourly using questionnaires. Saliva and plasma were obtained hourly to assess melatonin (circadian phase marker) and hormones (leptin, ghrelin, and peptide YY).

Results

Fat and carbohydrate oxidation was highest in the biological evening and morning, respectively. Subjective hunger ratings peaked during the middle of the biological day. Significant circadian rhythms were identified for ghrelin and peptide YY with peaks in the biological evening and morning, respectively.

Conclusions

These findings support a role for the circadian system in the modulation of nutrient oxidation, subjective measures of appetite, and appetitive hormones.
Perceived cognitive challenge predicts eye movements while viewing contemporary paintings
Authors: Ganczarek Joanna , Pietras Karolina , Rosiek Roman
Published: May 2020

Contemporary art is often challenging for the viewer, especially when it violates classic rules of representation. Also, viewers usually have little knowledge about this type of art, making its reception even more difficult. Our main research question was how the cognitive challenge associated with contemporary art affects eye movement. In particular, we aimed to assess the impact on eye movements of (a) object‐related cognitive challenge in terms of image properties (syntactic and semantic violations) and (b) subject‐related cognitive challenge (composite subjective estimate of image inconsistency, ambiguity, and complexity). The eye movements of expert and naive participants were recorded while they freely viewed digital copies of contemporary paintings (four groups of five paintings each, differing in presence of semantic and syntactic violations). We found that neither violations nor art expertise alone predicted eye movements, although perceived, subjectively experienced cognitive challenge did. In particular, subject‐related cognitive challenge was associated with an increase in visual exploration (longer and more numerous fixations, bigger area of exploration, longer viewing time). The roles of object‐related and subject‐related indicators of cognitive challenge in perception of contemporary art are discussed.
Potential Implications of Gut Microbiota in Drug Pharmacokinetics and Bioavailability
Authors: Flowers Stephanie A. , Bhat Shubha , Lee James C.
Published: May 2020

Gut microbial communities are capable of enzymatically transforming pharmaceutical compounds into active, inactive, and toxic metabolites, thus potentially affecting the pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of orally administered medications. Our understanding of the impact and clinical relevance of how gut microbial communities can directly and indirectly affect drug metabolism and, ultimately, clinical outcomes, is limited. Interindividual variability of gut microbial composition may partially explain differences observed in drug efficacy and toxicity in certain patient populations. This review provides an overview of how gut microbial communities can potentially contribute to individual drug response. This review focuses on the current landscape of clinical and preclinical research that defines the microbiome contribution on medication response with the goal of improving medication efficacy and decreasing medication toxicity.
Micro‐Drilling with a 5‐Axis Precession Bore System
Authors: Heinzel Udo , Schlüter Holger
Published: May 2020

Relentless miniaturization in both consumer electronics and mechanical engineering has brought countless changes to the fabrication of such electronic components as PCBs, control elements, and sensors. This development also affects demands placed on laser processing machines used in micromachining. Difficult‐to‐handle materials such as polymers and ceramics present a special challenge. The following will describe how machine builder Posalux deals with these growing requirements. Today's processing limits can be newly defined by employing a precession bore system with a green laser.
Smooth Surfaces by Pulsed Laser Processing with Bursts
Authors: Michalowski Andreas , Nyenhuis Fabian , Kunz Gerhard
Published: May 2020

The aim in ultrashort‐pulsed materials processing is generally to keep interactions between the effects of the individual laser pulses to a minimum in order to minimize quality‐reducing effects and to avoid exceeding process‐specific thresholds. A contrasting approach aims at exploiting the interaction of consecutively applied laser pulses with the respective material response. In this case, it is possible to use particularly high average laser powers as well as bursts that feature time intervals of only a few nanoseconds.
A Theoretical Method to Compare Relative Bulk Thermal Sensitivities of Several Common High Explosives
Authors: Lee Peter R.
Published: May 2020

Simultaneous numerical solutions of the second and first order partial differential equations describing the first order decomposition of seven explosives are presented. The solutions were used to compare the critical rates of heat production per unit mass of each material. The lower such a rate is the more sensitive is the explosive. The relative sensitivities of Tetryl, PETN, RDX, TNT, HMX and TATB are as might have been predicted. However, PBX9404 shows apparently enhanced thermal sensitivity compared with these six explosives. This provides a warning that some modern low vulnerability composite explosives based partly on propellant ingredients might constitute enhanced thermal threats.
Verzinkbarkeit höher‐ und hochfester MSH‐Profile
Authors: Pinger Thomas , Müller Thomas , Kaucke Christoph , Straetmans Boris , Wessel Waldemar
Published: May 2020

Die Feuerverzinkung von Stahlbauteilen ist zur Gewährleistung eines dauerhaften Korrosionsschutzes seit Jahrzehnten bekannt und etabliert. Auch für warmgewalzte Rohre und Hohlprofile ist dieses Verfahren von Vorteil, da durch das Eintauchen in die Zinkschmelze sowohl die äußere wie auch die innere Oberfläche des Bauteils mit einer Zinkschicht vollständig überzogen und geschützt wird. Die im Zuge des Verzinkungsprozesses auftretenden Ein‐ und Wechselwirkungen sind im Hinblick auf die Stahlkonstruktion und den verbauten Stahl selbst, bisher üblicherweise normalfeste Stähle, gut bekannt. Mit dem zunehmenden Aufkommen und Einsatz von höher‐ und hochfesten Stählen stellt sich die Frage, ob die vorliegenden Erkenntnisse im Hinblick auf die Einflüsse der Verzinkung auch auf diese Stähle übertragen werden können und die Verzinkbarkeit bestätigt werden kann. Im Zuge einer ausführlichen Versuchskampagne wurde hierzu an sechs Stahlwerkstoffen die Auswirkung der Feuerverzinkung auf die mechanischen Werkstoffeigenschaften und die Ausbildung der Zinkschicht untersucht. Die erzielten Ergebnisse werden im vorliegenden Beitrag vorgestellt.
Strukturelle und personelle Voraussetzungen für die Sicherung einer rationalen Antiinfektivaverordnung in Krankenhäusern
Authors:   Bundesverband Deutscher Krankenhausapotheker e. V. (ADKA),   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Hygiene und Mikrobiologie e. V. (DGHM),   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Infektiologie e. V. (DGI),   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Krankenhaushygiene e. V. (DGKH),   Deutsche Gesellschaft für Pädiatrische Infektiologie e. V. (DGPI),   Kommission Antiinfektiva, Resistenz und Therapie (Kommission ART) beim Robert Koch-Institut,   Paul-Ehrlich-Gesellschaft für Chemotherapie e. V. (PEG),   Robert Koch-Institut, Geschäftsstelle der Kommission ART
Published: May 2020

Gesteigertes Bewusstsein für die Problematik zunehmender Antibiotikaresistenzen und drohender Verlust geeigneter Therapieoptionen für Infektionen haben die Rahmenbedingungen in der Patientenversorgung verändert. In internationalen (WHO, ECDC) und nationalen Programmen und evidenzbasierten Leitlinien wurden Maßnahmen und Instrumente von Antibiotic Stewardship (ABS) konkretisiert. In Deutschland ist ABS im Krankenhaus im Infektionsschutzgesetz §23 verankert und Empfehlungen dazu in einer S3-Leitlinie. Das vorliegende Positionspapier stellt Ziele von ABS sowie erforderliche strukturelle und personelle Voraussetzungen für Krankenhäuser dar.

Für die erfolgreiche Arbeit des ABS-Teams sind die Sicherung einer qualifizierten Fort- und Weiterbildung, die Mandatierung, die Unterstützung und die Bereitstellung ausreichender Ressourcen durch die Krankenhausleitung unabdingbar. Das ABS-Team soll krankenhausweit und abteilungsübergreifend arbeiten. Aufgaben sind Ausarbeitung und Umsetzung eines auf die lokalen Bedürfnisse und Möglichkeiten des Krankenhauses zugeschnittenen ABS-Programms unter Berücksichtigung von Antiinfektivaeinsatz, Resistenzlage und Patientenschwerpunkten. Dazu kommen Erstellung und Implementierung hausinterner Empfehlungen zur Diagnostik, Prophylaxe und Therapie wichtiger Infektionen. Das ABS-Team soll interdisziplinär arbeiten und als Teammitglieder speziell qualifizierte Ärzte und Apotheker umfassen. ABS-beauftragte Ärzte unterstützen das ABS-Team und berücksichtigen abteilungsspezifische Belange. Es wird von einer Mindestpersonalstärke für das ABS-Team von 1 Vollzeitäquivalent (VZÄ) pro 500 Betten ausgegangen. Je nach Krankenhausschwerpunkten und Anforderungen wird ein Zusatzbedarf gesehen. Die Wochenarbeitszeitstunden für einen ABS-beauftragten Arzt einer mittelgroßen Abteilung wurden auf 0,1 VZÄ pro 100 Betten geschätzt.
Synthesis and property of polyurethane elastomer for biomedical applications based on nonaromatic isocyanates, polyesters, and ethylene glycol
Authors: Król Piotr , Uram Łukasz , Król Bożena , Pielichowska Kinga , Sochacka-Piętal Marta , Walczak Małgorzata
Published: May 2020

Polyurethane (PU) elastomers were synthesized by the reaction of HDI or IPDI diisocyanates and poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL or poly(ethylene adipate) (PA) diols and ethylene glycol as a polymer chain extender. IR, 1H, and 13C NMR spectroscopy and X-ray analysis were used for the structural analysis of the formed films. The molecular weight distribution was examined by GPC chromatography. Based on the measured contact angles, free surface energy parameters were calculated. The obtained results were analyzed for the possible use of these polyurethanes as biomaterials. The most promising in this respect was PU-3, which was synthesized from IPDI and PCL. This was due to its high molecular weight of approximately 90,000, the presence of a crystalline phase, and the relatively high hydrophobicity, with a SEP value below 25 mJ/m2. These films showed a good resistance to hydrolysis during incubation in Baxter physiological saline during 6 weeks. Both Gram-positive (Bacillus sp.) and Gram-negative (Pseudomonas sp.) types of bacterial strains were used to test the biodegradation property. Synthesized PUs are biodegradable and showed moderate or even mild cytotoxicity against human normal fibroblasts (BJ) and immortalized keratinocytes (HaCaT), estimated with direct contact assay. The most biocompatible was PU-3 film, which revealed rather mild reactivity against both cell lines, and the least was PU-2 film, synthesized from HDI and PA (severe toxicity for HaCaTs).
Fast approximate shortest paths in the congested clique
Authors: Censor-Hillel Keren , Dory Michal , Korhonen Janne H. , Leitersdorf Dean
Published: May 2020

We design fast deterministic algorithms for distance computation in the Congested Clique model. Our key contributions include:

A $$(2+\epsilon )$$

(
2
+
ϵ
)

-approximation for all-pairs shortest paths in $$O(\log ^2{n} / \epsilon )$$

O
(

log
2

n
/
ϵ
)

rounds on unweighted undirected graphs. With a small additional additive factor, this also applies for weighted graphs. This is the first sub-polynomial constant-factor approximation for APSP in this model.

A $$(1+\epsilon )$$

(
1
+
ϵ
)

-approximation for multi-source shortest paths from $$O(\sqrt{n})$$

O
(

n

)

sources in $$O(\log ^2{n} / \epsilon )$$

O
(

log
2

n
/
ϵ
)

rounds on weighted undirected graphs. This is the first sub-polynomial algorithm obtaining this approximation for a set of sources of polynomial size.

Our main techniques are new distance tools that are obtained via improved algorithms for sparse matrix multiplication, which we leverage to construct efficient hopsets and shortest paths. Furthermore, our techniques extend to additional distance problems for which we improve upon the state-of-the-art, including diameter approximation, and an exact single-source shortest paths algorithm for weighted undirected graphs in $$\tilde{O}(n^{1/6})$$

O
~

(

n

1
/
6

)

rounds.
Construction and evaluation of an antibody phage display library targeting heparan sulfate
Authors: Damen Lars A.A. , van de Westerlo Els M.A. , Versteeg Elly M.M. , van Wessel Thierry , Daamen Willeke F. , van Kuppevelt Toin H.
Published: May 2020

Heparan sulfate (HS) is a linear polysaccharide with high structural diversity. Different HS epitopes have been detected and localized using single chain variable fragment (scFv) antibodies from a ‘single pot’ phage display library containing a randomized complementarity determining region of the heavy chain (CDR3). In this study, we created a new library containing anti-HS scFvs that all harbor a dp-38 heavy chain segment where the CDR3 region was engineered to contain the XBBXBX heparin binding consensus site (X = any amino acid, B = R, K or H). The library contained ~1.73 × 106 unique antibodies and was biopanned against HS from several sources. The selected antibodies were sequenced and chemically/immunohistologically characterized. A number of 67 anti-HS scFv antibodies were selected, of which 31 contained a XBBXBX CDR3 sequence. There was a clear preference for glycine at the first and proline at the fourth position of the CDR3. The sequence GZZP(R/K)X (Z = R, K or H, but may also contain N, S, or Q) was unusually overrepresented. Selected antibodies reacted with HS/heparin, but not with other glycosaminoglycans. Antibodies reacted differentially with respect to N-, 2-O, or 6-O-desulfated heparin preparations, and showed distinct topologies of HS epitopes in rat kidney sections. The library may be instrumental in the selection of a large pool of HS epitope-specific antibodies, and - since all antibodies differ only in their 6 amino acid CDR region - may be a tool for a rational design of antibodies recognizing specific HS sulfation patterns.
Silencing trust: confidence and familiarity in re-engineering knowledge infrastructures
Authors: Nydal Rune , Bennett Gaymon , Kuiper Martin , Lægreid Astrid
Published: May 2020

In this paper, we tell the story of efforts currently underway, on diverse fronts, to build digital knowledge repositories (‘knowledge-bases’) to support research in the life sciences. If successful, knowledge bases will be part of a new knowledge infrastructure—capable of facilitating ever-more comprehensive, computational models of biological systems. Such an infrastructure would, however, represent a sea-change in the technological management and manipulation of complex data, inducing a generational shift in how questions are asked and answered and results published and circulated. Integrating such knowledge bases into the daily workflow of the lab thus destabilizes a number of well-established habits which biologists rely on to ensure the quality of the knowledge they produce, evaluate, communicate and exploit. As the story we tell here shows, such destabilization introduces a situation of unfamiliarity, one that carries with it epistemic risks. It should elicit—to use Niklas Luhmann’s terms—the question of trust: a shared recognition that the reliability of research practices is being risked, but that such a risk is worth taking in view of what may be gained. And yet, the problem of trust is being unexpectedly silenced. How that silencing has come about, why it matters, and what might yet be done forms the heart of this paper.
Is Routine Preoperative Esophagogastroduodenoscopy Prior to Bariatric Surgery Mandatory? Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of 10,685 Patients
Authors: El Ansari Walid , El-Menyar Ayman , Sathian Brijesh , Al-Thani Hassan , Al-Kuwari Mohammed , Al-Ansari Abdulla
Published: May 2020

Background

This systematic review and meta-analysis searched, retrieved and synthesized the evidence as to whether preoperative esophagogastroduodenoscopy (p-EGD) should be routine before bariatric surgery (BS).

Methods

Databases searched for retrospective, prospective, and randomized (RCT) or quasi-RCT studies (01 January 2000–30 April 2019) of outcomes of routine p-EGD before BS. STROBE checklist assessed the quality of the studies. P-EGD findings were categorized: Group 0 (no abnormal findings); Group 1 (abnormal findings that do not necessitate changing the surgical approach or postponing surgery); Group 2 (abnormal findings that change the surgical approach or postpone surgery); and Group 3 (findings that signify absolute contraindications to surgery). We assessed data heterogeneity and publication bias. Random effect model was used.

Results

Twenty-five eligible studies were included (10,685 patients). Studies were heterogeneous, and there was publication bias. Group 0 comprised 5424 patients (56%, 95% CI: 45–67%); Group 1, 2064 patients (26%, 95% CI: 23–50%); Group 2, 1351 patients (16%, 95% CI: 11–21%); and Group 3 included 31 patients (0.4%, 95% CI: 0–1%).

Conclusion

For 82% of patients, routine p-EGD did not change surgical plan/ postpone surgery. For 16% of patients, p-EGD findings necessitated changing the surgical approach/ postponing surgery, but the proportion of postponements due to medical treatment of H Pylori as opposed to “necessary” substantial change in surgical approach is unclear. For 0.4% patients, p-EGD findings signified absolute contraindication to surgery. These findings invite a revisit to whether p-EGD should be routine before BS, and whether it is judicious to expose many obese patients to an invasive procedure that has potential risk and insufficient evidence of effectiveness. Further justification is required.
Investigating microscopic seepage characteristics and fracture effectiveness of tight sandstones: a digital core approach
Authors: Li Jing , Li Xiao-Rong , Song Ming-Shui , Liu Hui-Min , Feng Yong-Cun , Liu Chen
Published: May 2020

Microscopic seepage characteristics are critical for the evaluation of tight sandstone reservoirs. In this study, a digital core approach integrating microscopic seepage simulation and CT scanning was developed to characterize microscopic seepage and fracture effectiveness (the ratio of micro-fractures that contributes to fluid flow) of tight sandstones. Numerical simulations were carried out for characterizations of tight sandstones. The results show that the axial permeability of the investigated cylindrical tight sandstone from Junggar Basin in China is 0.460 μm2, while the radial permeability is 0.3723 μm2, and the axial and radial effective fracture ratios are 0.4387 and 0.4806, respectively, indicating that cracks are not fully developed and the connectivity between micro-cracks is poor. Directional permeability that is difficult to measure by laboratory experiments can be obtained readily using the proposed method in this paper. The results provide important information for improving the exploration and development of tight sandstone reservoirs.
Highly Sensitive Refractive Index Sensor Based on Plasmonic Bow Tie Configuration
Authors: Butt Muhammad Ali , Kazanskiy Nikolay Lvovich , Khonina Svetlana Nikolaevna
Published: May 2020

We propose a highly refractive index sensor based on plasmonic Bow Tie configuration. The sensitivity of the resonator design is enhanced by incorporating a nanowall (NW) in a modified Bow Tie design where sharp tips of V-junction are flattened. This approach provides high confinement of electric field distribution of surface plasmon polariton (SPP) mode in the narrow region of the cavity. Consequently, the effective refractive index (neff) of the mode increases and is highly responsive to the ambient medium. The sensitivity analysis of the SPP mode is calculated for six resonator schemes. The results suggest that the NW embedded cavity offers the highest mode sensitivity due to the large shift of effective index when exposed to a slight change in the medium refractive index. Moreover, the device sensitivity of the proposed design is approximated at 2300 nm/RIU which is much higher than the sensitivity of the standard Bow Tie configuration.
Analysis of radiological alignment and functional outcomes of pediatric patients after surgery with displaced supracondylar humerus fracture: A cross-sectional study
Authors: Kitta Muh Ihsan , Ismiarto Yoyos Dias , Saleh Ruksal M. , Sakti Muhammad , Abidin Moh Asri , Putra Luky Tandio
Published: May 2020

ABSTRACT

Introduction:

Supracondylar humerus (SCH) fracture is the most common type of elbow joint fracture (50–70%) in children aged 3–10 years. Treatment of displaced SCH fracture are surgery using Kirschner wire. The outcome of SCH fracture in pediatric population can be assessed clinically and radiologically.

Methods:

This study aims to analyze the correlation between radiological alignment and functional outcome in displaced SCH fracture in children under internal fixation. Study design was cross sectional with analytical approach. Medical records of children with displaced SCH fracture from January 2016 to December 2018 were taken for the study. The data included in this study were at six weeks after removal of implant. The parameter of radiological alignment used in this study was Baumann's angle and the functional outcome based on Flynn's criteria. Data were analyzed using the Pearson Correlation test.

Results:

Of the thirty samples enrolled in this study, 63.3% were boys. The mean age was 6.4 ± 2.0 years with peak incidence 5–6 years. Left side and non-dominant arm were more commonly injured with percentage of 63.3% and 70%. The mean of Baumann's angle and functional outcome were 73.5 ± 7.18 and 6.44 ± 4.7 degrees, respectively. There was a significant positive Pearson correlation (r = 0.491) between radiological alignment and functional outcome (p value = 0.006).

Conclusion:

Radiological alignment had a significant positive correlation with functional outcome after surgery in displaced SCH patients.

Highlights:
Optimising storage processes to reduce the risk of ransomware
Authors: Malecki Florian
Published: May 2020

Modern-day hackers and cyber criminals are smarter than ever. With the global cost of cybercrime estimated to be around $6tr per year, it's evident that digital crime is just as lucrative for criminals as it is destructive for businesses. 1 What's more, hackers are capitalising on advances in technology to launch more-advanced and destructive attacks that are even harder to detect.

It's evident that digital crime is just as lucrative for criminals as it is destructive for businesses. What's more, hackers are capitalising on advances in technology to launch more-advanced and destructive attacks that are even harder to detect.

The simple universal rules of this game are that all organisations face the danger of hackers destroying their data. The pressure is on for organisations to not only focus on the prevention, but also on the protection of the data itself, including its restoration. Businesses need a back-up solution that makes critical data easily recoverable in the event of a loss. In addition to reviewing security processes, organisations should re-examine their storage infrastructure to optimise their protection against attacks. Florian Malecki of StorageCraft provides a series of steps for businesses to take to ensure that they have the right elements in place to protect their data.
Hybrid intrusion detection system using machine learning
Authors: Meryem Amar , Ouahidi Bouabid EL
Published: May 2020

Recent technologies and innovations have encouraged users to adopt cloud-based architectures. 1,2 This has reduced IT barriers and provided new capabilities of dynamic provisioning, monitoring and managing resources by providing immediate access to resources, enabling easy scaling up of services and implementation of new classes of existing applications. However, sharing the same pool when requesting services involves the risk of data breaches, account compromises, injection vulnerabilities, abusive use of features such as the use of trial periods and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. 3,4 As a result, many customers rank cloud security as a major challenge that threatens their work and reduces their trust in cloud service providers.

Cloud-based architectures have reduced IT barriers and provided new capabilities of dynamic provisioning, monitoring and managing resources by providing immediate access to resources, enabling the easy scaling up of services.

However, sharing the same pool when requesting services involves the risk of data breaches, account compromises, injection vulnerabilities and distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks. As a result, many customers rank cloud security as a major challenge that threatens their work and reduces their trust in cloud service providers. Amar Meryem and Bouabid EL Ouahidi propose an architecture that eradicates malicious behaviours by detecting known attacks using log files; blocks suspicious behaviours in real time; secures sensitive data; and establishes better adaptations of security measures by dynamically updating security rules.
Behavioral Public Performance
Authors: James Oliver , Leth Olsen Asmus , Moynihan Donald , G. Van Ryzin Gregg
Published: May 2020

A revolution in the measurement and reporting of government performance through the use of published metrics, rankings and reports has swept the globe at all levels of government. Performance metrics now inform important decisions by politicians, public managers and citizens. However, this performance movement has neglected a second revolution in behavioral science that has revealed cognitive limitations and biases in people's identification, perception, understanding and use of information. This Element introduces a new approach - behavioral public performance - that connects these two revolutions. Drawing especially on evidence from experiments, this approach examines the influence of characteristics of numbers, subtle framing of information, choice of benchmarks or comparisons, human motivation and information sources. These factors combine with the characteristics of information users and the political context to shape perceptions, judgment and decisions. Behavioral public performance suggests lessons to improve design and use of performance metrics in public management and democratic accountability.
Cranial anatomy ofMicrosyops annectens(Microsyopidae, Euarchonta, Mammalia) from the middle Eocene of Northwestern Wyoming
Authors: Silcox Mary T. , Gunnell Gregg F. , Bloch Jonathan I.
Published: May 2020

The Microsyopidae are extinct mammals from the late Paleocene–late Eocene of North America and the late Paleocene of Europe. While results from phylogenetic analyses support euarchontan affinities, specific relationships of microsyopids to other plesiadapiforms (plausible stem primates), Euprimates (crown primates), Scandentia (treeshrews), and Dermoptera (colugos) are unresolved. An exceptionally well-preserved cranium ofMicrosyops annectensincludes a basicranium that is generally primitive relative to that of other extinct and extant euarchontans in having: (1) a transpromontorial groove for an unreduced internal carotid artery (ICA) entering the middle ear posteromedially; (2) grooves (not tubes) on the promontorium, marking the course for both stapedial and promontorial branches of the ICA; (3) a foramen faciale that opens into the middle ear cavity, with the facial nerve exiting through a stylomastoid foramen primitivum; and (4) unexpanded caudal and rostral tympanic processes of the petrosal. The absence of any preserved bullar elements in the middle ear contrasts with that of other plesiadapiforms for which the region has been recovered, all of which have evidence of an ossified bulla.Microsyopslacks many of the specialized cranial characteristics of crown scandentians and dermopterans. The basicranial anatomy of microsyopids does not provide evidence in support of a clear link to any of the extant euarchontans, and suggests that the primitive morphology of this region in Euarchonta was little differentiated from that observed in the primitive placental mammals.
Determinants of dietary and physical activity behaviours among women of reproductive age in urban sub-Saharan Africa: a systematic review
Authors: Yiga Peter , Seghers Jan , Ogwok Patrick , Matthys Christophe
Published: May 2020

Urban sub-Saharan Africa is in a nutrition transition shifting towards consumption of energy-dense nutrient-poor diets and decreasing physical activity. Determinants of nutrition transition in sub-Saharan Africa are presently not well understood. The objective of this review was to synthesise available data on determinants of dietary and physical activity behaviours among women of reproductive age in urban sub-Saharan Africa according to the socio-ecological framework. We searched MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science and bibliographies of included articles for qualitative, observational and randomised controlled studies published in English from January 2000 to September 2018. Studies conducted within general populations of women aged 18–49 years were included. Searches were according to a predefined protocol published on PROSPERO (ID = CRD42018108532). Two reviewers independently screened identified studies. From a total of 9853 unique references, twenty-three studies were retained and were mainly from South and West Africa. No rigorous designed quantitative study was identified. Hence, data synthesis was narrative. Notable determinants of dietary behaviour included: convenience, finances, social network, food skills and knowledge gaps, food deserts and culture. Cultural beliefs include strong relationship between high social status and weight gain, energy-dense confectionery, salt or fat-rich foods. Physical activity is influenced by the fast-changing transport environment and cultural beliefs which instigate unfavourable gender stereotypes. Studies with rigorous qualitative and quantitative designs are required to validate and develop the proposed frameworks further, especially within East Africa. Nevertheless, available insights suggest a need for comprehensive skill-based interventions focusing on socio-cultural misconceptions and financial limitations.
Dissociable hormonal profiles for psychopathology and stress in anorexia and bulimia nervosa
Authors: Westwater Margaret L. , Mancini Flavia , Shapleske Jane , Serfontein Jaco , Ernst Monique , Ziauddeen Hisham , Fletcher Paul C.
Published: May 2020

Background

Anorexia nervosa (AN) and bulimia nervosa (BN) are complex psychiatric conditions, in which both psychological and metabolic factors have been implicated. Critically, the experience of stress can precipitate loss-of-control eating in both conditions, suggesting an interplay between mental state and metabolic signaling. However, associations between psychological states, symptoms and metabolic processes in AN and BN have not been examined.

Methods

Eighty-five women (n = 22 AN binge/purge subtype, n = 33 BN, n = 30 controls) underwent remote salivary cortisol sampling and a 2-day, inpatient study session to examine the effect of stress on cortisol, gut hormones [acyl-ghrelin, peptide tyrosine tyrosine (PYY) and glucagon-like peptide-1] and food consumption. Participants were randomized to either an acute stress induction or control task on each day, and plasma hormones were serially measured before a naturalistic, ad libitum meal.

Results

Cortisol-awakening response was augmented in AN but not in BN relative to controls, with body mass index explaining the most variance in post-awakening cortisol (36%). Acute stress increased acyl-ghrelin and PYY in AN compared to controls; however, stress did not alter gut hormone profiles in BN. Instead, a group-by-stress interaction showed nominally reduced cortisol reactivity in BN, but not in AN, compared to controls. Ad libitum consumption was lower in both patient groups and unaffected by stress.

Conclusions

Findings extend previous reports of metabolic dysfunction in binge-eating disorders, identifying unique associations across disorders and under stress. Moreover, we observed disrupted homeostatic signaling in AN following psychological stress, which may explain, in part, the maintenance of dysregulated eating in this serious illness.
The future of TTOM
Authors: Overgaard Søren
Published: May 2020

“Thinking through other minds,” or TTOM, is defined in two different ways. On the one hand, it refers to something people do – for example, inferences they make about others’ expectations. On the other hand, it refers to a particular theoretical model of those things that people do. If the concept of TTOM is to have any future, this ambiguity must be redressed.
The role of communication in acquisition, curation, and transmission of culture
Authors: Gweon Hyowon
Published: May 2020

Veissière et al.'s proposal aims to explain how cognition enables cultural learning, but fails to acknowledge a distinctively human behavior critical to this process: communication. Recent advances in developmental and computational cognitive science suggest that the social-cognitive capacities central to TTOM also support sophisticated yet remarkably early-emerging inferences and communicative behaviors that allow us to learn and share abstract knowledge.
Putting costs and benefits of ordeals together
Authors: Herlitz Anders
Published: May 2020

This paper addresses how to think about the permissibility of introducing deadweight costs (so-called ‘ordeals’) on candidate recipients of goods in order to attain better outcomes. The paper introduces some distinctions between different kinds of value dimensions that should be taken into account when such judgements are made and draws from the literature on comparisons across different value dimensions in order to canvas what sort of situations one might arguably face when evaluating ordeals. In light of the distinctions drawn and the possibilities canvassed, the paper proceeds to outline what circumstances indicate which of the possible situations one is in.
Exploring the identification, validation, and categorization of costs and benefits of education in mental health: The PECUNIA project
Authors: Pokhilenko Irina , Janssen Luca M.M. , Evers Silvia M.A.A. , Drost Ruben M.W.A. , Simon Judit , König Hans-Helmut , Brodszky Valentin , Salvador-Carulla Luis , Park A-La , Hollingworth William W. , Paulus Aggie T.G.
Published: May 2020

Background

Mental health problems can lead to costs and benefits in other sectors (e.g. in the education sector) in addition to the healthcare sector. These related costs and benefits are known as intersectoral costs and benefits (ICBs). Although some ICBs within the education sector have been identified previously, little is known about their extensiveness and transferability, which is crucial for their inclusion in health economics research.

Objectives

The aim of this study was to identify ICBs in the education sector, to validate the list of ICBs in a broader European context, and to categorize the ICBs using mental health as a case study.

Methods

Previously identified ICBs in the education sector were used as a basis for this study. Additional ICBs were extracted from peer-reviewed literature in PubMed and grey literature from six European countries. A comprehensive list of unique items was developed based on the identified ICBs. The list was validated by surveying an international group of educational experts. The survey results were used to finalize the list, which was categorized according to the care atom.

Results

Additional ICBs in the education sector were retrieved from ninety-six sources. Fourteen experts from six European countries assessed the list for completeness, clarity, and relevance. The final list contained twenty-four ICBs categorized into input, throughput, and output.

Conclusion

By providing a comprehensive list of ICBs in the education sector, this study laid further foundations for the inclusion of important societal costs in health economics research in the broader European context.
An exploration-based approach to computationally supported design-by-analogy using D3
Authors: Song Hyeonik , Evans Jacob , Fu Katherine
Published: May 2020

Computational support for design-by-analogy (DbA) is a growing field, as it aids the process for designers looking to draw inspiration from external sources by harnessing the power of data mining and data visualization. This study presents a unique exploration-based approach for the analogical retrieval process using a computational tool called VISION (VisualInteraction tool forSeekingInspiration basedOnNonnegative Matrix Factorization). Leveraging the U.S. patent database as a source of inspiration, VISION enables designers to visualize a patent repository and explore for analogical inspiration in a user-driven manner. To achieve this, we perform hierarchical Nonnegative Matrix Factorization to generate a clustered structure of patent data and employ D3.js to visualize the patent structure in a node-link network, in which user interaction capabilities are enabled for data exploration. In this study, we also analyze the effect of data size (ranging from 100 to 3000 patents) on two performance aspects of VISION – the clustering quality of topic modeling results and the frame rate of interactive data visualization. The findings show that the tool exhibits more randomized and inconsistent topic modeling results when the database size is too small. But, increasing the database size lowers the frame rate to the point that it could diminish designers’ ability to retrieve and recall information. The scope of the work here is to present the creation of the DbA visualization tool called VISION and to evaluate its data scale limitations in order to provide a basis for developing a visual interaction tool for the analogical retrieval process during DbA.