bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Aplicação da técnica de Estrutura Analítica de projeto para o sub-projeto do Catálogo de Sites da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde: Enfermagem
Authors: Santos Luís Augusto dos , Marin Heimar de Fátima , Marques Isaac Rosa , Cunha Isabel Cristina Kowal Olm
Published: January 2008

Este trabalho procura, de forma didática, explicar os benefícios de uso de uma técnica de gerenciamento de projetos, chamada de Estrutura Analítica do Projeto - uma ferramenta gráfica para identificar os resultados principais a serem desenvolvidos por um projeto. Os exemplos são reais, aplicados a um sub-projeto da Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde em Enfermagem (BVS-Enfermagem) para o desenvolvimento de Catálogo de Sites. Destacam-se os benefícios de visualização gráfica para um maior entendimento entre profissionais de diferentes áreas.
The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in the golden hamster model
Authors: Sinagra Ángel , Luna Concepción , Abraham David , Iannella Maria del Carmen , Riarte Adelina , Krolewiecki Alejandro J.
Published: January 2008

New therapeutic alternatives against leishmaniasis remain a priority. The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Leishmania) major has been previously demonstrated. Different responses among species of Leishmania make species-specific drug screening necessary. The activity of azithromycin against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis and Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis was evaluated in golden hamsters infected through footpad injections of metacyclic promastigotes, and compared with untreated controls and animals treated with meglumine antimoniate. Footpad thickness, lesion cultures and dissemination sites were analyzed. Treatment of golden hamsters with oral azithromycin at 450mg/kg had no activity against infections with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. For infections due to Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, azithromycin demonstrated significant activity relative to untreated controls, but inferior to meglumine antimoniate, for controlling lesion size. Neither drug was able to totally eliminate parasites from the lesions. It was concluded that azithromycin has activity against Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis but not against Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis in this model.
Prevalência e suscetibilidades bacterianas das infecções comunitárias do trato urinário, em Hospital Universitário de Brasília, no período de 2001 a 2005
Authors: Pires Marcelle Cristina da Silva , Frota Karla de Sousa , Martins Junior Paulo de Oliveira , Correia Amabel Fernandes , Cortez-Escalante Juan José , Silveira Celeste Aída
Published: January 2008

A infecção do trato urinário é uma das afecções mais comuns da clínica médica, sendo mandatório o conhecimento epidemiológico da mesma e do perfil de sensibilidade dos agentes etiológicos. O estudo teve como objetivo identificar os agentes etiológicos mais freqüentes e o perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos das bactérias isoladas de uroculturas de pacientes ambulatoriais atendidos no Hospital Universitário de Brasília no período de 2001 a 2005. Foram analisadas 2.433 uroculturas positivas realizadas no laboratório de microbiologia do Hospital Universitário de Brasília. A Escherichia coli foi a bactéria mais isolada (62,4%), seguida de Klebsiella pneumoniae (6,8%) e Proteus mirabillis (4,7%). A Escherichia coli apresentou maior sensibilidade à amicacina (98,6%), gentamicina (96,2%), nitrofurantoína (96,3%), e às quinolonas ciprofloxacina (90,9%) e norfloxacina (89,8%), com baixa sensibilidade ao sulfametoxazol-trimetoprima (50,6%). As outras bactérias apresentaram similar padrão de sensibilidade. Em conclusão, a Escherichia coli foi a bactéria mais isolada, sendo altamente sensível aos amiglicosídeos, nitrofurantoína e quinolonas.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia in HCV/HIV coinfected patients during treatment with pegylated alpha-2a interferon plus ribavirin
Authors: Vilar Fernando Crivelenti , Castro Gleusa de , Moya Maria Janete , Martinelli Ana de Lourdes Candolo , Santis Gil Cunha De , Cozac Ana Paula Costa Nunes da Cunha , Figueiredo José Fernando de Castro
Published: January 2008

Two cases of autoimmune hemolytic anemia that occurred during the treatment of chronic hepatitis C with pegylated alpha-2a interferon and ribavirin, in HIV coinfected patients, are presented and described. The late occurrence (after six months of therapy) of this severe hemolytic anemia leads to the recommendation that hemoglobin levels should be monitored throughout the treatment period, even among patients who presented stable hemoglobin levels in the preceding months.
Saúde mental, qualidade de vida e religião em idosos de um Programa de Saúde da Família
Authors: Floriano Petterson de Jesus , Dalgalarrondo Paulo
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as relações entre as dimensões da vida sociocultural, como rede social de apoio e religião, saúde mental e qualidade de vida (QV) em idosos de um Programa de Saúde da Família (PSF). MÉTODOS: Avaliou-se uma amostra de 82 idosos (> 60 anos), cadastrados em um PSF. Foram descritos o perfil de saúde física e mental, a capacidade funcional e a qualidade de vida, assim como fatores demográficos, socioeconômicos e culturais associados a essas dimensões. Foram utilizados os seguintes instrumentos: Inventário Sociodemográfico, Clínico e de Religiosidade, MINI, WHOQOL-bref e o Índice de Barthel. RESULTADOS: Dos 82 idosos, 47 (57%) eram mulheres e 35 (43%) homens, porquanto 42 (51%) com de idade de 60 a 69 anos e 40 (49%) com idade de 70 anos ou mais. Por meio de modelos multivariados, identificou-se que a presença de transtornos mentais associa-se a morar só ou com apenas uma pessoa. Apresentaram uma pior QV os idosos que não recebem aposentadoria e que fizeram uso de benzodiazepínicos no último ano. A religião revelou-se dimensão importante associada à QV; em todos os domínios da WHOQOL-bref os idosos membros de igrejas evangélicas apresentaram piores escores. CONCLUSÕES: O presente estudo evidencia que idosos com menores escolaridade e renda tendem a ter pior QV e saúde.
Escala de atitudes frente ao HIV/AIDS: análise de fatores
Authors: Silva Filho Nelson , Godinho Pedro Henrique , Reis César Henrique dos , Pacheco Nádia Maria Silva
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Este trabalho apresenta resultados acerca das propriedades psicométricas da "Escala de atitudes frente ao HIV/AIDS". Os dados, provenientes de uma amostra de 549 alunos entre universitários, ensinos médio e ensino fundamental. MÉTODOS: Os dados foram tratados pelo método dos componentes principais da análise fatorial. A análise final, postulado um eigenvalue mínimo de 2, resultou cinco fatores. Foram eliminados itens que apresentaram carga fatorial menor que 0,30. Neste estudo, o menor alfa observado foi de 0,79. Portanto, é provável que todos os 47 itens do instrumento final elaborado meçam o mesmo construto: atitude frente ao HIV/AIDS. RESULTADOS: Escores inferiores a 96 foram considerados "fraco grau de conhecimento sobre HIV/AIDS"; entre 96 e 192 "moderado grau de conhecimento" e acima de 192 "alto grau de conhecimento sobre HIV/AIDS". Foram estabelecidos os fatores: 1, 2 e 3, sendo "fator geral de percepção da informação técnico-científica"; "fator de percepção da informação técnico-científica versus sexualidade e preconceito"; "fator de percepção da informação técnico-científica no uso de drogas", respectivamente. CONCLUSÕES: O alfa de Cronbach encontrado para a escala como um todo foi de 0,859, sugerindo fortemente a existência da fidedignidade do instrumento que se mostrou útil para avaliar o grau de conhecimento acerca do HIV/AIDS e o risco decorrente do desconhecimento, entre estudantes.
Traqueostomia na UTI: vale a pena realizá-la?
Authors: Perfeito João Aléssio Juliano , Mata Caio Augusto Sterse da , Forte Vicente , Carnaghi Martin , Tamura Nikei , Leão Luiz Eduardo Villaca
Published: January 2008

OBJETIVO: Analisar a viabilidade, as complicações e a mortalidade da traqueostomia realizada em ambiente de unidade de terapia intensiva (UTI). MÉTODOS: Análise retrospectiva dos prontuários médicos dos 73 pacientes que foram submetidos à traqueostomia nos leitos das UTIs do Hospital São Paulo da Universidade Federal de São Paulo no período de janeiro a novembro de 2003. Os procedimentos foram realizados sempre por um residente de cirurgia, sob a orientação de um cirurgião torácico, utilizando a técnica aberta sistematizada no serviço. RESULTADOS: A idade média dos pacientes foi de 55,2 anos, sendo que 47 eram do sexo masculino (64,4%) e 26 eram do sexo feminino (35,6%). A indicação mais freqüente foi a intubação orotraqueal prolongada (76,7%). Não houve mortalidade relacionada ao procedimento, e em todos os pacientes o procedimento pôde ser realizado na UTI. As complicações imediatas ocorreram em 2 pacientes (2,7%), nos quais houve sangramento local aumentado que cessou com compressão local. A complicação tardia foi a infecção ao redor da ferida operatória, a qual ocorreu em 2 pacientes (2,7%) e foi tratada com curativos locais, sem maiores repercussões clínicas. CONCLUSÕES: Com base nos resultados de nossa análise, os quais são comparáveis aos resultados sobre traqueostomias realizadas no centro cirúrgico encontrados na literatura, concluímos que a traqueostomia na UTI é viável e apresenta baixo índice de complicações, mesmo quando realizada em pacientes graves por cirurgiões em treinamento. Portanto, a nosso ver, é possível afirmar que vale a pena realizar a traqueostomia na UTI.
Continued Improvements on High-Pressure/High-Temperature Drilling Performance on Wells With Extremely Narrow Drilling Windows - Experiences From Mud Formulation to Operational Practices, Shearwater Project
Authors: Gao Erhu , Booth Martin , MacBeath Niall
Published: January 2008

This paper presents the experiences gained from mud formulation and hydraulics modelling to achieve best operational practices during the Shearwater high-pressure/high-temperature (HPHT) project in the Central Graben of the UK Continental Shelf (UKCS). The Shearwater project is located in Block 22/30b of the UKCS with a reservoir pressure in excess of 15,000 psi and a maximum temperature of 380°F. The principal factor making this project most challenging is the extremely narrow drilling windows, in the worst case less than 480 psi, which is the difference between the pore and fracture pressures. Historically, wells in this area were drilled and completed in over 165 days. The six-well HPHT project was drilled and completed more than 230 days ahead of schedule and $48 million below budget due to the continued improvements in drilling performance, in which a robust mud system, optimum mud formulation, HPHT hydraulics modelling and best operational practices have played a significant part. This paper discusses the following technical issues, which have contributed to the success of the project: Mud system and formulationCriteria for the optimum level of treatments with emulsifier and oil wetting agentSpecification of critical mud propertiesManagement of bottom-hole pressureHydraulics program versus downhole pressure toolHPHT proceduresOperational practices

The paper also presents the drilling performance on the project and some conclusions derived from our experiences.
Record Performance Achieved on Gulf of Mexico Subsalt Well Drilled with Synthetic Fluid
Authors: Meize Robert A. , Young Mike , Hudspeth David H. , Chesebro Scott B.
Published: January 2008

Subsalt wells are notorious for drilling difficulties encountered while penetrating both the salt and adjacent shales. Slow penetration rates, poor hole integrity, lost returns, bit balling, and pack-off problems are typical in these formations.

After experiencing a number of these problems when using a conventional saturated salt mud to drill a Gulf of Mexico discovery well through a salt formation, one major operator switched to a synthetic invert-emulsion fluid for the subsequent delineation well. Both wells penetrated approximately 8,000 feet of salt to reach total depth (TD). However, performance improvements resulting from use of the synthetic fluid in the second well reduced drilling by 78 days, generating an estimated savings of $12 million. In addition, the second well included a record bit run of more than 10,000 feet.

This paper describes the drilling programs used in the two wells, recounts drilling performance, and discusses the savings achieved.
Design at the Customer Interface: Practicalities of Improving Established Benchmark Performance, Prudhoe Bay Alaska
Authors: Lewis J. , Stone D. M. , Hecht G. , Eichman L.
Published: January 2008

Design at the Customer Interface (DatCI) represents a paradigm change in the communications chain from field applications, drilling engineering, and drill bit design and application. Utilizing the DatCI concept in combination with a focused objective to improve PDC performance, has resulted in a step-change with regard to established benchmark-drilling performance.

Beginning with a brief overview of the benchmarking process previously presented in the literature(1), the paper builds on the engineered benchmarking process foundation. Details describe how the Operator was able to improve drilling efficiencies, reduce drilling costs and lower established benchmark performance targets by applying PDC technology in an historically roller cone-predominant application. Prevailing perceptions regarding PDC steerability and controllability in high angle geo-steered horizontal sidetrack operations are challenged. Also described are bottom hole assemblies and directional profiles which enabled azimuth turns of 180 degrees whilst horizontally steering to target.

All aspects of the DatCI engineering design criteria and methodology are presented, culminating in two record breaking performances which established a new benchmark bit design, reduced the benchmark target and, at the time of writing, cut drilling cost per foot by 50 percent. The paper also describes a bit application and performance analysis process that can be successfully applied in scenarios where performance objectives are seen from differing perspectives.
A New Drilling Fluid for Formation Damage Control Used in Underbalanced Drilling
Authors: Luo Shiying , Li Yun , Meng Yingfeng , Zhang Liehui
Published: January 2008

Underbalanced drilling has been utilized with increasing frequency to minimize problems associated with invasive formation damage and increase rates of penetration in many drilling operations, etc. However, experience has indicated it is difficult to maintain a condition of continuous under-balance pressure throughout the complete drilling operation, resulting in fluid losses to the formation due to no mudcake on the borehole wall and leading to possible significant damage. So, a new drilling fluid was developed. It contains a kind of elastic fiber-shaped additive, calcium carbonate particles, a kind of polymer and salt, clay and water. The size of the fibers and particles is determined by the distribution of the pore diameters and/or fracture widths of the target formation. This drilling fluid has the ability of instantaneous plugging on the wall and reducing largely drilling fluid invasion into formation when instantaneous positive pressure difference is formed during underbalanced drilling. When the underbalanced situation is resumed, fibers and particles can be pushed back into well from the pores or fractures by the underbalance pressure. In the paper, the composition and properties of the fluid are given. Experiment results are discussed which shows it can reduce formation damage by 20% to 40% compared to the old clay drilling fluids. Besides, the conditions of utilizing this kind of drilling fluid and its maintenance in fields are also presented. Finally, a case of its application in well Xuan-5 is discussed, in which the oil production rate is 15 m3 /d, higher than 6 to 8.5 m3/d in well Xuan-3, well Xuan-4 drilled with the old clay base mud.
Coiled Tubing-Deployed Jetting Tool Enhances Cleaning and Jet Cutting
Authors: Connell Michael L. , Courville Perry , Tucker James C.
Published: January 2008

Tubular restrictions from scale buildup can significantly reduce hydrocarbon production, subsequently reducing the production capacity of a well. Before production can be restored, this buildup must be removed. Although scale buildup is a global problem, the material composition and characteristics of scales can vary drastically, even within the same field. As a result, most tools traditionally used for scale removal cannot efficiently remove scale in all well conditions. This paper discusses a recently developed, customized jet cleaning tool that addresses the problems inherent with scale-cleaning operations.

Scale removal can be difficult because many removal methods cannot control jet dwell time, which is the time required to accomplish scale removal based on the type and hardness of the scale. Because jet dwell time increases with the hardness of the buildup material, cleaning efficiency is measured by the capability of the scale-removal method to control dwell time. Traditional jet cleaning tools have not provided adequate control, which has severely impacted their operational performance. A new, slow-rotating jet cleaning tool helps minimize jet dwell time without introducing repetitive cyclic effects on a coiled tubing (CT) workstring.

The slow-rotating jet cleaning tool can also be used for cutting tubulars. Previously, tubulars could only be cut by mechanical, explosive, or chemical methods. CT was used either to deploy positive-displacement motors (PDM’s) for rotating mechanical cutters, or to deploy pressure-activated firing devices that initiated the firing sequence in explosive or chemical cutters.

This paper discusses the evolution of CT cleaning procedures, alternatives to cleaning with CT, and the design and application of the new slow-rotating jet cleaning tool. Case histories discuss the use of the jet cleaning tool for removing scale and production buildup on tubing walls. The new tool can be used for performing through-tubing cuts, and can help reduce service costs for difficult applications, such as those involving long bottomhole assemblies. The capacity ofthe new jet cleaning tool to control jet dwell time and pump abrasive fluids helps reduce the risks, obstacles, and costs associated with traditional cutting and cleaning methods.
Building the Virtual Scriptorium
Authors: Nikolova-Houston Tatiana , Houston Ron
Published: January 2008

Manuscripts, archives, and early printed books contain a documentary record of the foundations of human knowledge. Many elements restrict access to this corpus, from preservation concerns to censorship. On the assumption that the widespread availability of knowledge benefits the human condition more than the restriction of knowledge, elements restrictive to the dissemination of manuscripts, archives, and early printed books should be overcome, and the intellectual content of such items should be available to as wide an audience as possible through the digital library equivalent of the medieval scriptorium, termed here the ‘virtual scriptorium’.
Impacts of New Media on Scholarly Publishing
Authors: Kalay Yehuda E.
Published: January 2008

This article summarizes a few key results of a workshop, held in the University of California Berkeley in June 2006, organized by the Center for New Media and supported by Elsevier, the leading publisher of scholarly journals. The workshop focused on the following questions: How will scientific publishing be affected by New Media? How will the new means of production, dissemination, and consumption of information impact scientific publishing? How will they affect the social, cultural, legal, and economic modalities of its practice? How will they affect the practitioners and the institutions that rely on it? How will they affect society at large? The article discusses the results of the workshop in terms of how New Media affect personal information behavior, research group behavior, and issues affecting scholarly communication generally.
Learning Systems in Post-Statutory Education
Authors: Catherall Paul
Published: January 2008

This article examines the broad scope of systemised learning (e-learning) in post-statutory education. Issues for discussion include the origins and forms of learning systems, including technical and educational concepts and approaches, such as distributed and collaborative learning. The VLE (Virtual Learning Environment) is defined as the prevalent form of e-learning, including the use of related systems within the MLE (Managed Learning Environment) such as CMS (Content Management Systems) and learning repositories. Challenges in the delivery of systems and software to facilitate learning in a digital context are described, including system selection issues, system configuration, project deployment, system management and integration with other library systems; consideration is also given to user support and training. Accessibility requirements within VLEs are briefly described, including a definition of web standards required for accessibility compliance. Trends in e-learning are also explored, including future technologies such as m-learning (mobile learning). The article concludes with a discussion on the emergence of the global market in education and critical perspectives on learning systems.
Generation of Nicotinic Acid Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate and Cyclic ADP-Ribose by Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Evokes Ca2+ Signal That Is Essential for Insulin Secretion in Mouse Pancreatic Islets
Authors: Kim Byung-Ju , Park Kwang-Hyun , Yim Chang-Yeol , Takasawa Shin , Okamoto Hiroshi , Im Mie-Jae , Kim Uh-Hyun
Published: January 2008

OBJECTIVE—Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) increases intracellular Ca2+ concentrations ([Ca2+]i), resulting in insulin secretion from pancreatic β-cells. The molecular mechanism(s) of the GLP-1–mediated regulation of [Ca2+]i was investigated.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—GLP-1–induced changes in [Ca2+]i were measured in β-cells isolated from Cd38+/+ and Cd38−/− mice. Calcium-mobilizing second messengers were identified by measuring levels of nicotinic acid adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAADP) and cyclic ADP-ribose (ADPR), using a cyclic enzymatic assay. To locate NAADP- and cyclic ADPR–producing enzyme(s), cellular organelles were separated using the sucrose gradient method.

RESULTS—A GLP-1–induced [Ca2+]i increase showed a cooperative Ca2+ signal, i.e., an initial [Ca2+]i rise mediated by the action of NAADP that was produced in acidic organelles and a subsequent long-lasting increase of [Ca2+]i by the action of cyclic ADPR that was produced in plasma membranes and secretory granules. GLP-1 sequentially stimulated production of NAADP and cyclic ADPR in the organelles through protein kinase A and cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor II. Furthermore, the results showed that NAADP production from acidic organelles governed overall Ca2+ signals, including insulin secretion by GLP-1, and that in addition to CD38, enzymes capable of synthesizing NAADP and/or cyclic ADPR were present in β-cells. These observations were supported by the study with Cd38−/− β-cells, demonstrating production of NAADP, cyclic ADPR, and Ca2+ signal with normal insulin secretion stimulated by GLP-1.

CONCLUSIONS—Our findings demonstrate that the GLP-1–mediated Ca2+ signal for insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells is a cooperative action of NAADP and cyclic ADPR spatiotemporally formed by multiple enzymes.
Direct Cuspal-coverage Posterior Resin Composite Restorations: A Case Report
Authors: Deliperi S. , Bardwell D. N.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

Adhesive restorations allow clinicians the utilization of significantly more conservative tooth preparation, thus preserving and reinforcing sound tooth structure. In selected clinical cases, these advantages can be used and expanded for extensive restorations.
Fracture Resistance of Premolars Restored with Partial Ceramic Restorations and Submitted to Two Different Loading Stresses
Authors: Habekost L. V. , Camacho G. B. , Pinto M. B. , Demarco F. F.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

The fracture resistance of ceramic restorations is associated with the quantity of the dental structure removed. In relation to the fracture resistance, preference should be given to inlay restorations rather than to onlays; however, no restorative technique was able to attain the fracture resistance of intact teeth.
Morphological Evaluation of 2- and 1-step Self-etching System Interfaces with Dentin
Authors: Radovic I. , Vulicevic Z. R. , García-Godoy F.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

This study investigated the interface of different self-etching systems with dentin and showed that the intensity of interaction was mostly dependent on the acidity of the primers/adhesives used.
Comparison of Composite Curing Parameters: Effects of Light Source and Curing Mode on Conversion, Temperature Rise and Polymerization Shrinkage
Authors: Tarle Z. , Knezevic A. , Demoli N. , Meniga A. , Sutalo J. , Unterbrink G. , Ristic M. , Pichler G.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

The use of a low intensity light source for photopolymerization based on LED technology provides equivalent final degree conversion with possible flow of the resin composite, similar to when QTH technology is used. At the same time, the lower temperature rise in the sample and the more favorable development of shrinkage kinetics compared to the higher intensities of halogen light may aid in maintaining marginal adaptation while avoiding possible thermal injury.
Efficiency of the Polymer Bur SmartPrep Compared with Conventional Tungsten Carbide Bud Bur in Dentin Caries Excavation
Authors: Dammaschke T. , Rodenberg T. N. , Schäfer E. , Ott K. H. R.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

By comparing polymer bur SmartPrep with conventional tungsten carbide bud burs in vitro, SmartPrep seems to be less effective in carious dentin excavation.
Curing Capability of Halogen and LED Light Curing Units in Deep Class II Cavities in Extracted Human Molars
Authors: Hasler C. , Zimmerli B. , Lussi A.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

Knoop hardness testing showed that the new generation of light-emitting diodes (LED) have enough power to cure composites in the same time as light curing units (LCU). The composite material and curing time have a significant association with the degree of polymerization.
Microleakage After Thermocycling of 4 Etch and Rinse and 3 Self-etch Adhesives With and Without a Flowable Composite Lining
Authors: Guéders A. M. , Charpentier J. F. , Albert A. I. , Geerts S. O.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

This study indicates that etch and rinse adhesive systems are less prone to microleakage than self-etch systems.
Impact of Adhesive Application to Wet and Dry Dentin on Long-term Resin-dentin Bond Strengths
Authors: Reis A. , Pellizzaro A. , Dal-Bianco K. , Gomes O. M. , Patzlaff R. , Loguercio A. D.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

As long as adhesives are vigorously rubbed onto dentin surfaces, high immediate and long-term bond strengths can be obtained to either air-dried or wet demineralized dentin.
Effect of Elastic Cavity Wall and Occlusal Loading on Microleakage and Dentin Bond Strength
Authors: Pongprueksa P. , Kuphasuk W. , Senawongse P.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

The application of filled adhesive or low viscosity resin as an elastic cavity wall had no influence on marginal leakage both at the enamel and dentin margin; however, the application had an influence on increasing the microtensile bond strength to dentin of Class V restorations. Occlusal loading significantly increased the degree of marginal leakage at the dentin margin.
Clinical Assessment of Postoperative Sensitivity in Posterior Composite Restorations
Authors: Briso A. L. F. , Mestrener S. R. , Delício G. , Sundfeld R. H. , Bedran-Russo A. K. , de Alexandre R. S. , Ambrosano G. M. B.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

Posterior teeth restored with resin composite have been known to exhibit postoperative sensitivity. The type, size and design of the cavity, material properties and handling technique may influence the incidence of this sensitivity.
Effect of a Ferrule and Increased Clinical Crown Length on the In Vitro Fracture Resistance of Premolars Restored Using Two Dowel-and-Core Systems
Authors: Meng Q-F. , Chen Y-M. , Guang H-B. , Yip K. H-K. , Smales R. J.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

Crown lengthening with a 2.0 mm apical extended ferrule preparation may result in reduced root fracture strengths for endodontically-treated teeth. A carbon fiber-reinforced dowel-resin core system may reduce the severity of the root fractures.
Influence of Previous Provisional Cementation on the Bond Strength Between Two Definitive Resin-based Luting and Dentin Bonding Agents and Human Dentin
Authors: Erkut S. , Küçükesmen H. C. , Eminkahyagil N. , Imirzalioglu P. , Karabulut E.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

Based on in vitro results in extracted teeth, the dual bonding method used was effective in restoring the shear bond strength values that decreased after applying provisional luting agent regardless of the composition of the provisional luting agent (eugenol-based or eugenol-free) used.
Detection and Activity Assessment of Primary Coronal Caries Lesions: A Methodologic Study
Authors: Ekstrand K. R. , Martignon S. , Ricketts D. J. N. , Qvist V.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

The results from this study indicate that it is possible to predict lesion depth and assess the activity of primary coronal caries lesions accurately by using the combined knowledge obtained from the visual appearance, location of the lesion and tactile sensation during probing.
Leakage Pathway of Class V Cavities Restored With Different Flowable Resin Composite Restorations
Authors: Awliya W. Y. , El-Sahn A. M.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

The flowable resins evaluated in this study showed leakage patterns (micro and nano), indicating that the bonding system used did not achieve perfect sealing at the restortion/dentin interface.
Evaluation of the Cervical Integrity During Occlusal Loading of Class II Restorations
Authors: Campos P. E. G. A. , Barceleiro M. O. , Sampaio-Filho H. R. , Martins L. R. M.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

The periodical supervision of packable composite proximal restorations is necessary and essential, as microleakage greatly increases after axial mechanical load incidences, even when this material is associated with other materials, such as flowable composite, glass-ionomer or compomer.
Clinical Evaluation of Three Desensitizing Agents in Relieving Dentin Hypersensitivity
Authors: Pamir T. , Dalgar H. , Onal B.
Published: January 2008

Clinical Relevance

Three desensitizing agents with different active ingredients exhibited similar effects in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity by mechanical blockage.
Diagnosis of Fall Risk in Parkinson Disease: An Analysis of Individual and Collective Clinical Balance Test Interpretation
Authors: Dibble Leland E , Christensen Jesse , Ballard D James , Foreman K Bo
Published: January 2008

Background and Purpose

Parkinson disease (PD) results in an increased frequency of falls relative to the frequency in neurologically healthy people. The purpose of this study was to compare the accuracy of PD fall risk diagnosis based on one test with that based on the collective interpretation of multiple tests.

Participants

Seventy people with PD (mean age=73.91 years) participated in this study.

Method

Clinical balance tests were conducted during the initial examinations of people with PD. Validity indices were calculated for individual tests and compared with validity indices calculated for a combination of multiple tests.

Results

Thirty-six participants reported a fall history. Analysis of individual tests revealed broad variations in validity indices, whereas the collective interpretation of multiple tests improved sensitivity and negative likelihood ratios.

Discussion and Conclusion

Collective interpretation of clinical balance tests resulted in fewer false-negative results and more substantial adjustments to the posttest probability of being a “faller” than the interpretation of one test alone. These results should be confirmed in a prospective examination of fall risk in PD.
Outcomes Assessment in Veterinary Medical Education
Authors: Black Leslie S. , Turnwald Grant H. , Meldrum James B.
Published: January 2008

The Virginia–Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine (VMRCVM) agreed to perform outcomes assessment (OA) as part of the accreditation review process for the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA). Nine OA instruments were developed and validated by a 20-member accreditation committee. The instruments were also pre-tested by a subset of the target population. The instruments were for alumni one to five years post-graduate, alumni 6–15 years post-graduate, faculty, staff, DVM students, employers of veterinarians, referring veterinarians using the Blacksburg campus, and referring veterinarians using the Leesburg campus. In addition, data were used from OA surveys previously done for the Office of Research and Graduate Studies. Data from the surveys were incorporated into each of the 11 Essentials for Accreditation required by the AVMA. The process of OA provided a comprehensive assessment of the many aspects of the operation of the college. An important follow-up to the OA process is use of data to enhance and/or re-prioritize existing programs.
An Interactive, Student-Centered Approach, Adopting the SOLO Taxonomy, for Learning to Analyze Laboratory Data in Veterinary Clinical Pathology
Authors: Canfield Paul J. , Krockenberger Mark B.
Published: January 2008

Introduction – The purpose of this study was to describe and evaluate an interactive, student-centered teaching strategy for learning to analyze laboratory data in veterinary clinical pathology. The strategy was designed to operate in tutorials of approximately one hour duration and adopted the structure of the observed learning outcome (SOLO) taxonomy in order to align with outcomes and assessment components of unit of study design and to encourage a deep approach to learning.

Methodology – The teaching strategy adopted group discussion and reflective observation as core activities. Students worked alone in identifying abnormal laboratory data, in pairs in discussing possible reasons for the abnormalities, and in two larger groups in deciding on conclusions for, and further investigation and management of, the case. The final debriefing brought the two groups together to reflect, question, and reach a consensus about the case. The teaching strategy was evaluated on the basis of its success in encouraging interaction through discussion, developing self confidence in analyzing laboratory data, and enhancing understanding as to how the disciplines of veterinary clinical pathology and veterinary medicine interrelate. Evaluation used self-reflection, peer feedback, and a student questionnaire.

Conclusion – The teaching strategy provided the opportunity for students to develop and practice an approach to the analysis of laboratory data in a manner consistent with current educational thinking on student-centered learning. The use of group discussion and significant reflective practice not only enhanced interpersonal skills but also encouraged a deep approach to learning, leading to ownership of knowledge and increased awareness of the worth of veterinary clinical pathology in the investigative process.
Teaching Implications of Different Educational Theories and Approaches
Authors: Moore Dale A. , Leamon Martin H. , Cox Paul D. , Servis Mark E.
Published: January 2008

Educational theory can and should form the basis for teaching in veterinary medicine. Nevertheless, formal training for teachers in veterinary medicine is uncommon and rarely includes study of different educational theories or perspectives, leaving educators to rely on informal or “hidden” educational constructs to guide them in their everyday teaching. Using a modified case-based format, we present critiques of a hypothetical teaching scenario from four different educational viewpoints: behaviorist, cognitive, social learning, and inspired teaching approaches. The importance and utility of formal educational theory in faculty development is discussed.
Defining and Using Behavioral Competencies to Manage Performance and Careers: Potential Applications and Implications for Veterinary Medicine
Authors: Lewis Robert E.
Published: January 2008

Recent studies have highlighted concerns regarding the skills, career prospects, and economic prosperity of veterinarians. Human resource departments in a wide variety of organizations and industries have adopted a competency-based approach to managing the selection, training, placement, and ongoing development of their staff. This paper defines competencies, characterizes their typical use in industry, and examines the potential applications of a competency-based approach for veterinary medicine. It is argued that the competency-based approaches honed in the private sector promise to assist veterinary colleges, employers of veterinarians, and professional societies in influencing the state of the profession through the selection, education, and development of veterinarians.
Skills, Knowledge, Aptitudes, and Interests for Veterinary Practice Management: Fitting Personal Characteristics to Situational Demands
Authors: Ilgen Daniel R.
Published: January 2008

Recent studies of veterinary practices and services have suggested that more attention must be focused on business practices and on the skills, knowledge, and abilities (SKAs) of veterinarians related to veterinary practice management (VPM). Responses to these concerns have been directed at the selection and education of veterinarians in veterinary school. While this position is supported in the present article, it is argued that the values and interests of persons who are likely to enter the field, as well as the nature of the experiences encountered across the career of veterinarians, will moderate the potential effectiveness of veterinary school practices and experiences regarding SKAs in VPM. The paper explores some potential implications of these moderators on the effectiveness of selection and education for increasing SKAs in VPM.
The Cornell Leadership Program for Veterinary Students
Authors: McGregor Douglas D. , Fraser David R.
Published: January 2008

Cornell University hosts a summer program for veterinary students who aspire to research careers. The program features independent, faculty-guided research; vocational counseling; and professional enrichment activities that seek to build teamwork skills and to foster critical thinking and effective communication. A total of 255 students from 49 veterinary colleges worldwide have taken part in the program since 1990. Among those who have completed their veterinary education, approximately half have followed career trajectories of the kind envisioned by the program. While this outcome is gratifying, it was also learned that some program graduates subsequently withdrew from a research-oriented academic track after many years of graduate study. That disquieting outcome underscores the need to inform aspiring veterinary scientists about the realities of a research career; to structure their graduate studies in a manner that will maximize their prospects of success; to provide them with ongoing guidance and assistance; and to reward them at a level that will ensure that they remain in training for a period sufficient to realize their career expectations.
An Interdisciplinary Animal Physical Rehabilitation Course for Physical Therapy and Veterinary Students
Authors: Boyle Kyndall L. , Marcellin-Little Denis J. , Levine David
Published: January 2008

Elon College and North Carolina State University co-organized an animal rehabilitation elective course given to 12 MPT and 12 DVM students and conducted a post-course survey of the participants. Changes in perceptions of the field of animal rehabilitation, in perceived practice patterns, in the DVM students’ perception of the field of PT, and in knowledge of animal rehabilitation were present for 84–100% of students who answered the survey.
Applied Animal Behavior and Obedience Training Course: A Model for Veterinary Curricula
Authors: Kogan Lori R. , Salman M.D. , Ruch-Gallie Rebecca
Published: January 2008

Animal behavior problems often have detrimental effects on the relationships between pets and their owners and are one of the most frequently given reasons for canine relinquishment. The stressful environment of animal shelters can exacerbate behavior problems; yet most shelters do not have the staff necessary to address this issue adequately. Veterinary students may provide an untapped resource for solving this dilemma. As a service component of the curriculum, veterinary schools can join with local humane societies to expose students to behavioral issues and concurrently build relationships within the community and perhaps even offer shelter animals a better chance of successful adoption. The following paper describes a “hands-on” undergraduate animal behavior and obedience training psychology course, created as a model to address these needs.
Accreditation: Standards for Quality Continuing Professional Development
Authors: Leist James C.
Published: January 2008

Accreditation is one way of assuring that continuing education providers are credible and competent. The Accreditation Council for Continuing Medical Education has recently modified its accreditation standards to meet the needs of the health care system and continuing medical education providers. The standards (Essential Areas and Elements) from the new accreditation system will be reviewed and discussed to illustrate one system of accreditation as a potential model for the continuing veterinary medical education professional.
Evaluating the Stages of Veterinary Practitioner Learning for Continuing Education Needs Assessment and Program Evaluation
Authors: Moore Dale A.
Published: January 2008

Rationale for the study–Recent behavioral change theory suggests that individuals go through stages of readiness for change. This theory has been applied to continuing medical education as a four stage theory of physician learning. The purpose of this project was to test a method that used the four-stage learning theory to evaluate differences between continuing veterinary medical education (CVME) program attendees and non-attendees and to evaluate movement from one stage to another after a continuing education activity.

Methods–A survey using eight clinical scenarios was used to elucidate the stage of learning of dairy practitioner participants before and after a CVME course and of non-participating dairy practitioners. Differences in response rates before and after the course and between participants and non-participants were analyzed using Chi-square contingency table analysis.

Results–Responses to six of the eight scenarios were different between participants and non-participants (p < 0.10). Attendees were more likely to report needing to update to solve the specific problems. Depending on the scenario, participants changed their responses after completing the continuing education course (range 3181% change).

Conclusions–The four stage theory of learning can be used for continuing education needs assessment, for understanding program participation, and for program evaluation. A continuing education activity can move practitioners from one stage of learning to another.
Teaching the Principles of Health Management to First-Year Veterinary Students
Authors: Duffield Todd , Lissemore Kerry , Sandals David
Published: January 2008

A course called Health Management 1 was created as part of a new DVM curriculum at the Ontario Veterinary College. This full year course was designed to introduce students to basic concepts of health management, integrating the disciplines of epidemiology, ethology, and public health in the context of selected animal industries. The course was comprised of 60 lecture hours and four two-hour laboratories. A common definition of health management, incorporating five principles, was used throughout the course, in order to reinforce the concepts and to maintain continuity between lecture blocks. Unlike in the years prior to the introduction of the new curriculum, epidemiology was presented as a tool of health management rather than as a separate discipline. To supplement the lecture and laboratory material, a Web-based resource was created and the students were required to review the appropriate section prior to each lecture block. Small quizzes, consisting of 10 questions each within WebCT, were used to stimulate self-directed learning. Overall, the course was well received by the students. The Web resources combined with the WebCT quizzes proved to be an effective method of stimulating students to prepare for lecture.
Control and Prevention of Emerging Zoonoses
Authors: Chomel Bruno B.
Published: January 2008

Emerging and re-emerging zoonoses are zoonotic diseases caused by either totally new or partially new agents or by microorganisms previously known but now occurring in places or in species where the disease was previously unknown. Zoonotic diseases account for the majority of all emerging infectious diseases. Several factors have led to the emergence of these infections, including human demographics, the industrialization of food production, globalization, international travel and commerce, land use, microbial adaptation, and changes and breakdown in public health measures. Several zoonotic agents are also potential agents that could be used as biological weapons. The recent use of anthrax spores in tainted mail in the US underlines our need for preparedness against bioterrorism. Prevention and control of these emerging zoonotic diseases is based on recognition, investigation, and collaboration, the development of advanced diagnosis and surveillance tools, the use of applied epidemiology and molecular biology methods, as well as education, information, communication, and technology transfer.
Strategies for Educational Action to Meet Veterinary Medicine’s Role in Biodefense and Public Health
Authors: Baker John , Blackwell Michael , Buss Daryl , Eyre Peter , Held Joe R. , Ogilvie Tim , Pappaioanou Marguerite , Sawyer Leigh
Published: January 2008

It is clear that the profession is not well prepared to respond to society’s needs in biodefense and public health. The imperatives that face the veterinary profession, as emphasized by the Agenda for Action Conference deliberations that are reported in this issue of the Journal, require action on many fronts, but possibly none more essential than to address how veterinary education needs to change to meet these challenges. Addressing these needs, participants at the Agenda for Action conference met in groups of 30 to 50 to shape approaches that would address these key questions. The 161 participants were broadly representative of government, private practice, corporate practice, organized veterinary medicine, and academia (Appendix A). Reported here are the results of those deliberations, with each of the seven sections written up by the discussion leader. Included in the participants were 20 students, representative of eight different veterinary colleges, who both participated in the group discussions and have presented their own report.
An Alternative Model for Teaching Emergency Procedures
Authors: Hansen Bernie D.
Published: January 2008

Emergency/critical care is a new veterinary specialty that poses special challenges in veterinary education. Traditional methods of teaching emergency procedures in the teaching hospital place novices in a high-stress, high-stakes environment not conducive to learning or to optimum patient care. Our innovative emergency-procedures laboratory enables students to acquire a high degree of proficiency, in a realistic setting, with focused, controlled instruction and practice, replicable in schools with or without emergency/critical care facilities.