bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Bats monitoring: a classification procedure of bats behaviours based on Hawkes processes
Authors: Denis Christophe , Dion-Blanc Charlotte , Lacoste Romain E , Sansonnet Laure , Bas Yves
Published: June 2024

We are interested in the problem of classifying commuting and foraging behaviour of bats at delimited geographical areas, namely sites, throughout France. To predict the majority behaviour on these sites, we use echolocation call data recorded as part of Vigie-Chiro participatory project. As the temporal distribution of calls is a relevant indicator of behaviour, providing an adequate model of this distribution is a matter of great interest. Given the self-exciting dynamics observed in foraging behaviour, we propose to model bat calls by Hawkes processes. Specifically, we consider that the start time of each call emitted on a site is an event of a Hawkes process. Taking advantage of this modelling, we use a suitable procedure that relies on the empirical risk minimization principle to discriminate between the 2 classes. Then, the performance of the procedure is assessed on synthetic data through comprehensive numerical experiments. The overall methodology is evaluated with a goodness-of-fit test. Finally, we present the obtained results on the real data set. The classification results are convincing and show the relevance of our method, which could contribute to a better understanding of behavioural determinants and open up broad perspectives in spatial ecology.
Role of methylene blue with fibrin glue in branchial cleft anomaly case report and review of literature
Authors: Alsudays Ali M , Almutairi Homood Mohammad , Almutairi Abdulrahman N , Alenezi Mazyad M , AlShiha Wala S
Published: June 2024

We report a 3-year-old girl who presented to our clinic with a left-sided neck mass at the junction of the middle and lower thirds of the anterior border of the sternocleidomastoid with a slight tenderness. The patient was then diagnosed with a branchial cleft and was taken for surgical excision. Intraoperatively, we injected methylene blue with fibrin glue using an arterial catheter inside the tract, which facilitated the dissection of the tract.
Endometriosis presenting as a perianal abscess: case report
Authors: Kim Jieun , Yun Jung-A , Youn Sangmin , Park Mi-Ok
Published: June 2024

Endometriosis is common benign disorder characterized by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma outside the uterine cavity. Endometriosis of perianal region is a rare condition. We report a case of perianal endometriosis presenting initially as a perianal abscess. Transperineal ultrasound showed a 1.5 cm size irregular mixed echogenicity lesion without involving anal sphincters. Complete surgical excision was performed. The histopathological examination confirmed as endometriosis.
Nanoporous Gold Thin Films as Substrates to Analyze Liquids by Cryo-atom Probe Tomography
Authors: Woods Eric V , Saksena Aparna , El-Zoka Ayman A , Stephenson Leigh T , Schwarz Tim M , Singh Mahander P , Aota Leonardo S , Kim Se-Ho , Schneider Jochen , Gault Baptiste
Published: June 2024

Cryogenic atom probe tomography (cryo-APT) is being developed to enable nanoscale compositional analyses of frozen liquids. Yet, the availability of readily available substrates that allow for the fixation of liquids while providing sufficient strength to their interface is still an issue. Here, we propose the use of 1–2-µm-thick binary alloy film of gold–silver sputtered onto flat silicon, with sufficient adhesion without an additional layer. Through chemical dealloying, we successfully fabricate a nanoporous substrate, with an open-pore structure, which is mounted on a microarray of Si posts by lift-out in the focused-ion beam system, allowing for cryogenic fixation of liquids. We present cryo-APT results obtained after cryogenic sharpening, vacuum cryo-transfer, and analysis of pure water on the top and inside the nanoporous film. We demonstrate that this new substrate has the requisite characteristics for facilitating cryo-APT of frozen liquids, with a relatively lower volume of precious metals. This complete workflow represents an improved approach for frozen liquid analysis, from preparation of the films to the successful fixation of the liquid in the porous network, to cryo-APT.
Expression Patterns of Grainyhead-Like 2 and Ovo-Like 2 in Mouse Mammary Gland Development During Pregnancy, Lactation, and Weaning
Authors: Elfeky Mohamed , Matsuoka Shinya , Yamamoto Izumi , Elewa Yaser Hosny Ali , Nakamura Kazuki , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Kamikawa Akihiro , Okamatu-Ogura Yuko , Kimura Kazuhiro
Published: June 2024

Grainyhead-like 2 (Grhl2) is a transcription factor that regulates cell adhesion genes in mammary ductal development and serves as a repressor of the epithelial–mesenchymal transition. Conversely, Ovo-like2 (Ovol2) is a target gene of Grhl2 but functions as a substitute in Grhl2-deficient mice, facilitating successful epithelial barrier formation and lumen expansion in kidney-collecting ductal epithelial cells. Our objective was to examine the expression patterns of Grhl2, Ovol2, and their associated genes during the intricate phases of mouse mammary gland development. The mRNA expression of Grhl2 and Ovol2 increased after pregnancy. We observed Grhl2 protein presence in the epithelial cell's region, coinciding with acini formation, and its signal significantly correlated with E-cadherin (Cdh1) expression. However, Ovol2 was present in the epithelial region without a correlation with Cdh1. Similarly, Zeb1, a mesenchymal transcription factor, showed Cdh1-independent expression. Subsequently, we explored the interaction between Rab25, a small G protein, and Grhl2/Ovol2. The expressions of Grhl2 and Ovol2 exhibited a strong correlation with Rab25 and claudin-4, a tight junction protein. These findings suggest that Grhl2 and Ovol2 may collaborate to regulate genes associated with cell adhesion and are crucial for maintaining epithelial integrity during the different phases of mammary gland development.
Comparative Trends in the Distribution of Prostate Cancer Stage at Diagnosis in the Department of Defense Cancer Registry and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Data, 2004-2014
Authors: Bandi Luke L , Lin Jie , Shriver Craig D , Chesnut Gregory T , Zhu Kangmin
Published: June 2024

Introduction

It has been demonstrated that there was an increase in later-stage prostate cancer (PCa) at diagnosis after the U.S. Preventive Services Task Force recommended against prostate-specific antigen screening for prostate cancer. However, the cancer characteristics at diagnosis within the equal-access Military Health System (MHS) during the period have not been described. In this study, we compared PCa stage at diagnosis and its trends between the military health care system and the general public and further compared the trends in tumor stage by race.

Materials and Methods

This study was based on nonidentifiable data from the U.S. Department of Defense’s Central Cancer Registry (CCR) and the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) program of the National Cancer Institute. Patients diagnosed between 2004 and 2014 were included. The distributions of PCa stage at diagnosis over time were compared between the 2 populations. Comparisons were further conducted for White and Black patients, respectively.

Results

Among the 11,895 patients in the CCR and 544,142 patients in SEER, the majority of patients were diagnosed with stage I or II prostate cancer. However, the CCR had a larger proportion of early-stage tumors (stages I and II combined) with 84.3% vs. 80.0% of SEER patients. The proportion of late-stage tumors (stages III and IV combined) increased over time from 2008 for both populations and the proportion of early-stage tumors decreased for the general population. In terms of temporal distributions by race, the trends were the same between White and Black groups in the general population. In the MHS, the trends in the White patients were similar to those in the general population, but in the Black patients, the percentages of stages I and II at diagnosis continued to increase and those of stages III and IV decreased, differing from those in the general population.

Conclusions

The MHS consistently diagnosed PCa at an earlier stage than the U.S. general population across all time periods evaluated in this study. Although similar trends were observed for White patients between both populations, the proportion of stages I and II at diagnosis increased from 2012 among Black patients in the MHS, which stands in sharp contrast to trends in the U.S. general population. Although the differences between the two populations may be associated with various factors, differences in accessibility to care and thus the use of prostate-specific antigen testing might play an important role.
Exploring Combat Tourniquet Application Errors and Duration Among Skilled and Novice Medical Trainees
Authors: Drahos Bradley A , Schwieters Katelyn R , Craig Curtis M , Norfleet Jack E , Mazzeo Mark V , Morris Nichole L
Published: June 2024

Introduction

The use of tourniquets in combat medicine continues to be a key focus as they have consistently been shown to combat one of the leading causes of preventable death on the battlefield, massive hemorrhage to extremities. The present study analyzed tourniquet application among combat medics (68W) and combat lifesavers (CLSs) in a training environment to determine whether trainees’ performance is consistent among one another and whether performance can be associated with participant demographics such as experience or role.

Materials and Methods

Study participants treated male and female patient simulators within a tactical field care phase, both of which experienced an amputated leg and required the application of a Combat Application Tourniquet (CAT). To assess tourniquet application variability and performance, a series of application subtasks and potential errors were measured via video coding of the scenarios by a team of 5 coders. Time to tourniquet application and tourniquet application duration were also coded to assess correlations between application duration and variability or performance.

Results

Results from analyzing tourniquet application subtasks and errors through a series of one-way ANOVA tests showed that application of the CAT first, hasty CAT application, and high tourniquet application were not predictive of participant role, time within the role, and self-reported tourniquet skill, confidence, or experience. Such demographic variables were also not predictive of successful tourniquet application as defined by the number of windlass rod rotations. Results from binomial logistic regressions showed that participant role and self-reported tourniquet skill and experience were predictors of tourniquet application duration.

Conclusion

The findings suggest that high variability in CAT application methodology and performance exists among CLS and combat medics, which is largely not predictable by various demographics such as role, experience within the designated role, and self-reported confidence, skill, or experience. The observed disconnect between training or experience and CAT application performance suggests substantial variability in the consistency of training for both CLS and 68W soldiers. These inconsistencies may stem from variability in instructor knowledge, teaching styles, or training materials or may be developed through informal methods such as experiences in the field or recommendations from colleagues and experts. These findings highlight a potential need to reassess CAT application training, particularly in regard to consistency and validation. Finally, it should be noted that the study’s findings may be limited or fail to capture some study effects because of the sample size and wide range of reported experience among participants.
Applying machine learning to Galactic Archaeology: how well can we recover the origin of stars in Milky Way-like galaxies?
Authors: Sante Andrea , Font Andreea S , Ortega-Martorell Sandra , Olier Ivan , McCarthy Ian G
Published: June 2024

We present several machine learning (ML) models developed to efficiently separate stars formed in situ in Milky Way-type galaxies from those that were formed externally and later accreted. These models, which include examples from artificial neural networks, decision trees, and dimensionality reduction techniques, are trained on a sample of disc-like, Milky Way-mass galaxies drawn from the artemis cosmological hydrodynamical zoom-in simulations. We find that the input parameters which provide an optimal performance for these models consist of a combination of stellar positions, kinematics, chemical abundances ([Fe/H] and [α/Fe]), and photometric properties. Models from all categories perform similarly well, with area under the precision–recall curve (PR-AUC) scores of ≃ 0.6. Beyond a galactocentric radius of 5 kpc, models retrieve $\gt 90~{{\ \rm per\ cent}}$ of accreted stars, with a sample purity close to 60 per cent, however the purity can be increased by adjusting the classification threshold. For one model, we also include host galaxy-specific properties in the training, to account for the variability of accretion histories of the hosts, however this does not lead to an improvement in performance. The ML models can identify accreted stars even in regions heavily dominated by the in-situ component (e.g. in the disc), and perform well on an unseen suite of simulations (the auriga simulations). The general applicability bodes well for application of such methods on observational data to identify accreted substructures in the Milky Way without the need to resort to selection cuts for minimizing the contamination from in-situ stars.
Making Mistakes Together: Therapy Participant, Parent, and Therapist Perspectives on Music Therapy in Two Different Settings
Authors: Devlin Kerry , Johnston Morgan , Johnston Cheryl
Published: June 2024

The impact of setting and therapist perspective are explored through the shared experiences of Morgan (a therapy participant), Cheryl (a parent), and Kerry (a music therapist). Undertaken through a series of conversations, the authors identify three themes that reflect differences in the school setting and music therapy clinic where Morgan, a teenager with Down syndrome, participated in music therapy: (1) The structure and expectations of the setting, (2) the values of the setting, and (3) The perspectives of the people working in the setting. Each theme is explored in relation to these two settings, revealing important differences in the experiences and perceptions of each author. Further reflections provide opportunities for readers to consider their own perspectives with regard to music therapy service delivery, particularly in terms of how one aligns with, or is differentiated from, the setting in which they work.

Plain language abstract (written by Morgan) This project is about music therapy at school and at the clinic. Readers will learn how music therapy helps Morgan. People, like teachers, should read the project to know Morgan. Music therapists should read the project to be happy and proud. Please go to Appendix A for a plain language summary of the whole article.
From RNA sequence to its three-dimensional structure: geometrical structure, stability and dynamics of selected fragments of SARS-CoV-2 RNA
Authors: Gorb Leonid , Voiteshenko Ivan , Hurmach Vasyl , Zarudnaya Margarita , Nyporko Alex , Shyryna Tetiana , Platonov Maksym , Roszak Szczepan , Rasulev Bakhtiyor
Published: June 2024

In this computational study, we explore the folding of a particular sequence using various computational tools to produce two-dimensional structures, which are then transformed into three-dimensional structures. We then study the geometry, energetics and dynamics of these structures using full electron quantum-chemical and classical molecular dynamics calculations. Our study focuses on the SARS-CoV-2 RNA fragment GGaGGaGGuguugcaGG and its various structures, including a G-quadruplex and five different hairpins. We examine the impact of two types of counterions (K+ and Na+) and flanking nucleotides on their geometrical characteristics, relative stability and dynamic properties. Our results show that the G-quadruplex structure is the most stable among the constructed hairpins. We confirm its topological stability through molecular dynamics simulations. Furthermore, we observe that the nucleotide loop consisting of seven nucleotides is the most flexible part of the RNA fragment. Additionally, we find that RNA networks of intermolecular hydrogen bonds are highly sensitive to the surrounding environment. Our findings reveal the loss of 79 old hydrogen bonds and the formation of 91 new ones in the case when the G-quadruplex containing flanking nucleotides is additionally stabilized by Na+ counterions.
Risk factors for domain-specific neurocognitive outcome in pediatric survivors of a brain tumor in the posterior fossa—Results of the HIT 2000 trial
Authors: Mynarek Martin , Rossius Anne , Guiard Anika , Ottensmeier Holger , von Hoff Katja , Obrecht-Sturm Denise , Bußenius Lisa , Friedrich Carsten , von Bueren Andre O , Gerber Nicolas U , Traunwieser Thomas , Kortmann Rolf-Dieter , Warmuth-Metz Monika , Bison Brigitte , Thomale Ulrich-W , Krauss Juergen , Pietsch Torsten , Clifford Steven C , Pfister Stefan M , Sturm Dominik , Sahm Felix , Tischler Tanja , Rutkowski Stefan
Published: June 2024

Background

Neurocognition can be severely affected in pediatric brain tumor survivors. We analyzed the association of cognitive functioning with radiotherapy dose, postoperative cerebellar mutism syndrome (pCMS), hydrocephalus, intraventricular methotrexate (MTX) application, tumor localization, and biology in pediatric survivors of a posterior fossa tumor.

Methods

Subdomain-specific neurocognitive outcome data from 279 relapse-free survivors of the HIT-2000 trial (241 medulloblastoma and 38 infratentorial ependymoma) using the Neuropsychological Basic Diagnostic tool based on Cattell–Horn–Carroll’s model for intelligence were analyzed.

Results

Cognitive performance 5.14 years (mean; range = 1.52–13.02) after diagnosis was significantly below normal for all subtests. Processing speed and psychomotor abilities were most affected. Influencing factors were domain-specific: CSI-dose had a strong impact on most subtests. pCMS was associated with psychomotor abilities (β = –0.25 to –0.16) and processing speed (β = –0.32). Postoperative hydrocephalus correlated with crystallized intelligence (β = –0.20) and short-term memory (β = –0.15), age with crystallized intelligence (β = 0.15) and psychomotor abilities (β = –0.16 and β = –0.17). Scores for fluid intelligence (β = –0.23), short-term memory (β = –0.17) and visual processing (β = –0.25) declined, and scores for selective attention improved (β = 0.29) with time after diagnosis.

Conclusions

The dose of CSI was strongly associated with neurocognitive outcomes. Low psychomotor abilities and processing speed both in patients treated with and without CSI suggest a strong contribution of the tumor and its surgery on these functions. Future research therefore should analyze strategies to both reduce CSI dose and toxicity caused by other treatment modalities.
Increased Taxes and Regulation of Indian Cigarillos (Bidi) Industry: Effects on Revenue and Years of Life Lost
Authors: Jain Yogesh Kumar , Bhardwaj Pankaj , Joshi Nitin Kumar , Gupta Manoj Kumar , Goel Akhil Dhanesh , Sharma Prem Prakash , Lal Pranay , Kapoor Shivam , Singh Rana Jugdeep
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Indian cigarillos (bidi) are low-cost alternatives to cigarettes with only 22% imposed taxes, and turnover of up to INR 4 million per annum exempted from taxation.

Aims and Methods

This paper estimates revenue implications and potential loss of life years (YLLs) averted if the bidi industry is subjected to increased regulations and taxation. Revenue estimates at 10% increased regulation and 100% regulation were calculated, followed by estimates at taxes equivalent to cigarettes and World Health Organization–Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO–FCTC) recommendation. Price elasticity was considered to assess demand. Price changes in separate fractions (previously regulated and unregulated) were calculated to obtain potential YLLs averted.

Results

Current revenue of USD 59.25 million is projected to increase to USD 179.25 million with 695 159 averted YLLs at cigarette equivalent taxes and 10% increased regulation; USD 639.38 million with 4 527 597 averted YLLs with 100% regulation; USD 54.75 million, at WHO recommended taxes with 2 233 740 YLLs averted at 10% increased regulation, and 10 486 192 YLLs at 100% regulation.

Conclusions

Proposed estimates are in line with WHO recommendations as they consider price elasticity and suggest a substantial increase in revenue while averting YLLs. A national action is needed to drive the policy decisions towards increased regulation and taxation and revision of India’s tobacco control legislation.

Implications

Our study presented empirical evidence of how the currently underutilized tool of taxation, as proposed in the WHO–FCTC, can be utilized to decrease bidi smoking prevalence and save measurable life years while generating government revenue simultaneously. While the revenue statistics counter the misleading tobacco industry narratives, the projected reduction in mortality will be seen as an irrefutable driving force for policy reforms, targeted at the strategic increase in regulation and taxation of the traditional Indian cigarillos industry.
A phase II trial of UGT1A1 genotype-guided FOLFIRI plus bevacizumab as first-line therapy for advanced, unresectable colorectal cancer
Authors: Sanoff Hanna K , Deal Allison M , Patel Jai , Sorah Jonathan D , Gaddy Jacquelyne , O’Neil Bert , Turk Anita , Irvin William , Boles Jeremiah , Lee Michael S , McRee Autumn , Wardell Alexis C , Weck Karen E , Basch Ethan , Wood William A , Innocenti Federico
Published: June 2024

Background

FOLFIRI is a standard regimen for metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). We hypothesized that a pharmacogenomic-directed strategy where more efficient irinotecan metabolizers (UGT1A1 *1/*1 homozygotes and *1/*28 heterozygotes) receive higher-than-standard irinotecan doses would improve progression-free survival (PFS) compared to non-genotype selected historical controls with acceptable toxicity.

Methods

In this phase II multicenter study irinotecan dosing in first-line FOLFIRI and bevacizumab for mCRC was based on UGT1A1 genotype with *1/*1, *1/*28, and *28/*28 patients receiving 310 mg/m2, 260 mg/m2, and 180 mg/m2, respectively. Primary endpoint was PFS. Secondary endpoints were investigator and patient-reported adverse events, and estimation of overall survival (OS).

Results

One-hundred patients were enrolled with 91 evaluable for PFS and 83 evaluable for best response. Median PFS was 12.5 months (90% CI 10.9, 15.4), shorter than the anticipated alternative hypothesis of 14 months. PFS by genotype was 12.5 months (90% CI 10.9, 17.4) for *1/*1, 14.6 months (90% CI 11.8, 17.5) for *1/*28, and 6 months (90% CI 2.3, 7.7) for *28/28, respectively. OS was 24.5 months (90% CI 19.1, 30.7) and by genotype was 26.5 (90% CI 19.1, 32.9), 25.9 (90% CI 17.6, 37.7), and 13.4 (90% CI 2.3, 20.5) months for *1/*1, *1/*28, and *28/*28, respectively. G3/4 toxicity was similar between all subgroups, including diarrhea and neutropenia.

Conclusions

A pharmacogenomic-directed irinotecan strategy improved PFS in the *1/*1 and *1/*28 genotypes with higher rates of neutropenia and similar rates of diarrhea compared to expected with standard FOLFIRI dosing. However, improvements in response rate and PFS were modest. This strategy should not change standard practice for mCRC patients in the first-line setting.
Has the blood-brain barrier finally been busted?
Authors: Stewart David J
Published: June 2024

Faith in the blood-brain barrier has been remarkably resilient. This commentary questions its importance in the treatment of brain metastases.
An ultra wide-band, high-sensitivity Q-band receiver for single-dish telescopes, eQ: Rest-frequency determination of CCS (JN = 43–32) and SO (JN = 10–01) and high-redshift CO (J = 1–0) detection
Authors: Nakamura Fumitaka , Chiong Chau-Ching , Taniguchi Kotomi , Chien Chen , Ho Chin-Ting , Hwang Yuh-Jing , Yeh You-Ting , Shimoikura Tomomi , Yamasaki Yasumasa , Liu Sheng-Yuan , Hirano Naomi , Lai Shih-Ping , Nishimura Atsushi , Kawabe Ryohei , Dobashi Kazuhito , Fujii Yasunori , Yonekura Yoshinori , Ogawa Hideo , Nguyen Luong Quang
Published: June 2024

We report on the development and commissioning of a new Q-band receiver for the Nobeyama 45 m telescope, covering 30–50 GHz with a receiver noise temperature of about 15 K. We name it eQ (extended Q-band) receiver. The system noise temperatures for observations are measured to be ∼30 K at 33 GHz and ∼75 K at 45 GHz. The half-power beam-width (HPBW) is around 38${^{\prime \prime }}$ at 43 GHz. To enhance the observation capability, we tested the smoothed bandpass calibration technique and demonstrated that the observation time can be significantly reduced compared to the standard position switch technique. The wide-bandwidth capability of this receiver provides precise determination of rest frequencies for molecular transitions with an accuracy of a few kHz through simultaneous observations of multiple transitions. Particularly, we determined the rest frequency of SO (JN = 10–01) to be 30.001542 GHz, along with the rest frequency of CCS (JN = 43–32) being 45.379033 GHz, adopting CCS (JN = 32–21) at 33.751370 GHz as a reference line. The SO profile shows a double peak shape at the Cyanopolyyne Peak (CP) position of the Taurus Molecular Cloud-1 (TMC-1). The SO peaks coincide well with the CCS sub-components located near the outer parts of the TMC-1 filament. We interpret that the gravitational infall of TMC-1 generates shocks which enhance the SO abundance. The TMC-1 map shows that carbon-chain molecules are more abundant in the southern part of the filament, whereas SO is more abundant in the northern part. The eQ’s excellent sensitivity allowed us to detect faint CO (J = 1–0) spectra from the high-redshift object at a redshift of 2.442. Our receiver is expected to open new avenues for high-sensitivity molecular line observations in the Q-band.
The NRC0 gene cluster of sensor and helper NLR immune receptors is functionally conserved across asterid plants
Authors: Sakai Toshiyuki , Contreras Mauricio P , Martinez-Anaya Claudia , Lüdke Daniel , Kamoun Sophien , Wu Chih-Hang , Adachi Hiroaki
Published: June 2024

Nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat-containing receptor (NLR) proteins can form complex receptor networks to confer innate immunity. An NLR-REQUIRED FOR CELL DEATH (NRC) is a phylogenetically related node that functions downstream of a massively expanded network of disease resistance proteins that protect against multiple plant pathogens. In this study, we used phylogenomic methods to reconstruct the macroevolution of the NRC family. One of the NRCs, termed NRC0, is the only family member shared across asterid plants, leading us to investigate its evolutionary history and genetic organization. In several asterid species, NRC0 is genetically clustered with other NLRs that are phylogenetically related to NRC-dependent disease resistance genes. This prompted us to hypothesize that the ancestral state of the NRC network is an NLR helper–sensor gene cluster that was present early during asterid evolution. We provide support for this hypothesis by demonstrating that NRC0 is essential for the hypersensitive cell death that is induced by its genetically linked sensor NLR partners in 4 divergent asterid species: tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), wild sweet potato (Ipomoea trifida), coffee (Coffea canephora), and carrot (Daucus carota). In addition, activation of a sensor NLR leads to higher-order complex formation of its genetically linked NRC0, similar to other NRCs. Our findings map out contrasting evolutionary dynamics in the macroevolution of the NRC network over the last 125 million years, from a functionally conserved NLR gene cluster to a massive genetically dispersed network.
Continuous protein-density gradients: A new approach to correlate physical cues with cell response
Authors: Zhang Shanshan , Felthaus Oliver , Prantl Lukas , Ma Nan , Machatschek Rainhard
Published: June 2024

To assess cellular behavior within heterogeneous tissues, such as bone, skin, and nerves, scaffolds with biophysical gradients are required to adequately replicate the in vivo interaction between cells and their native microenvironment. In this study, we introduce a strategy for depositing ultrathin films comprised of laminin-111 with precisely controlled biophysical gradients onto planar substrates using the Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) technique. The gradient is created by controlled desynchronization of the barrier compression and substrate withdrawal speed during the LB deposition process. Characterization of the films was performed using techniques such as atomic force microscopy and confocal fluorescence microscopy, enabling the comprehensive analysis of biophysical parameters along the gradient direction. Furthermore, human adipose-derived stem cells were seeded onto the gradient films to investigate the influence of protein density on cell attachment, showing that the distribution of the cells can be modulated by the arrangement of the laminin at the air–water interface. The presented approach not only allowed us to gain insights into the intricate interplay between biophysical cues and cell behavior within complex tissue environments, but it is also suited as a screening approach to determine optimal protein concentrations to achieve a target cellular output.
Limited impact of lifting universal masks on SARS-CoV-2 transmission in schools: The crucial role of outcome measurements
Authors: Li Mingwei , Yang Bingyi , Cowling Benjamin J
Published: June 2024

Amid the COVID-19 pandemic, education systems globally implemented protective measures, notably mandatory mask wearing. As the pandemic's dynamics changed, many municipalities lifted these mandates, warranting a critical examination of these policy changes' implications. This study examines the effects of lifting mask mandates on COVID-19 transmission within Massachusetts school districts. We first replicated previous research that utilized a difference-in-difference (DID) model for COVID-19 incidence. We then repeated the DID analysis by replacing the outcome measurement with the reproductive number (Rt), reflecting the transmissibility. Due to the data availability, the Rt we estimated only measures the within school transmission. We found a similar result in the replication using incidence with an average treatment effect on treated (ATT) of 39.1 (95% CI: 20.4 to 57.4) COVID-19 cases per 1,000 students associated with lifting masking mandates. However, when replacing the outcome measurement to Rt, our findings suggest that no significant association between lifting mask mandates and reduced Rt (ATT: 0.04, 95% CI: −0.09 to 0.18), except for the first 2 weeks postintervention. Moreover, we estimated Rt below 1 at 4 weeks before lifting mask mandates across all school types, suggesting nonsustainable transmission before the implementation. Our reanalysis suggested no evidence of lifting mask mandates in schools impacted the COVID-19 transmission in the long term. Our study highlights the importance of examining the transmissibility outcome when evaluating interventions against transmission.
Plasmalogen oxidation induces the generation of excited molecules and electrophilic lipid species
Authors: Faria Rodrigo L , Prado Fernanda M , Junqueira Helena C , Fabiano Karen C , Diniz Larissa R , Baptista Mauricio S , Di Mascio Paolo , Miyamoto Sayuri
Published: June 2024

Plasmalogens are glycerophospholipids with a vinyl ether linkage at the sn-1 position of the glycerol backbone. Despite being suggested as antioxidants due to the high reactivity of their vinyl ether groups with reactive oxygen species, our study reveals the generation of subsequent reactive oxygen and electrophilic lipid species from oxidized plasmalogen intermediates. By conducting a comprehensive analysis of the oxidation products by liquid chromatography coupled to high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC–HRMS), we demonstrate that singlet molecular oxygen [O2 (1Δg)] reacts with the vinyl ether bond, producing hydroperoxyacetal as a major primary product (97%) together with minor quantities of dioxetane (3%). Furthermore, we show that these primary oxidized intermediates are capable of further generating reactive species including excited triplet carbonyls and O2 (1Δg) as well as electrophilic phospholipid and fatty aldehyde species as secondary reaction products. The generation of excited triplet carbonyls from dioxetane thermal decomposition was confirmed by light emission measurements in the visible region using dibromoanthracene as a triplet enhancer. Moreover, O2 (1Δg) generation from dioxetane and hydroperoxyacetal was evidenced by detection of near-infrared light emission at 1,270 nm and chemical trapping experiments. Additionally, we have thoroughly characterized alpha–beta unsaturated phospholipid and fatty aldehydes by LC–HRMS analysis using two probes that specifically react with aldehydes and alpha–beta unsaturated carbonyls. Overall, our findings demonstrate the generation of excited molecules and electrophilic lipid species from oxidized plasmalogen species unveiling the potential prooxidant nature of plasmalogen-oxidized products.
High economic inequality is linked to greater moralization
Authors: Kirkland Kelly , Van Lange Paul A M , Gorenz Drew , Blake Khandis , Amiot Catherine E , Ausmees Liisi , Baguma Peter , Barry Oumar , Becker Maja , Bilewicz Michal , Boonyasiriwat Watcharaporn , Booth Robert W , Castelain Thomas , Costantini Giulio , Dimdins Girts , Espinosa Agustín , Finchilescu Gillian , Fischer Ronald , Friese Malte , Gómez Ángel , González Roberto , Goto Nobuhiko , Halama Peter , Hurtado-Parrado Camilo , Ilustrisimo Ruby D , Jiga-Boy Gabriela M , Kuppens Peter , Loughnan Steve , Mastor Khairul A , McLatchie Neil , Novak Lindsay M , Onyekachi Blessing N , Rizwan Muhammad , Schaller Mark , Serafimovska Eleonora , Suh Eunkook M , Swann William B , Tong Eddie M W , Torres Ana , Turner Rhiannon N , Vauclair Christin-Melanie , Vinogradov Alexander , Wang Zhechen , Yeung Victoria Wai Lan , Bastian Brock
Published: June 2024

Throughout the 21st century, economic inequality is predicted to increase as we face new challenges, from changes in the technological landscape to the growing climate crisis. It is crucial we understand how these changes in inequality may affect how people think and behave. We propose that economic inequality threatens the social fabric of society, in turn increasing moralization—that is, the greater tendency to employ or emphasize morality in everyday life—as an attempt to restore order and control. Using longitudinal data from X, formerly known as Twitter, our first study demonstrates that high economic inequality is associated with greater use of moral language online (e.g. the use of words such as “disgust”, “hurt”, and “respect’). Study 2 then examined data from 41 regions around the world, generally showing that higher inequality has a small association with harsher moral judgments of people's everyday actions. Together these findings demonstrate that economic inequality is linked to the tendency to see the world through a moral lens.
From yield stress to elastic instabilities: Tuning the extensional behavior of elastoviscoplastic fluids
Authors: Abdelgawad Mohamed S , Haward Simon J , Shen Amy Q , Rosti Marco E
Published: June 2024

In this study, we delve into the intricacies of elastoviscoplastic (EVP) fluids, particularly focusing on how polymer additives influence their extensional behavior. Our findings reveal that polymer additives significantly alter the extensional properties of the EVP fluids, such as relaxation time and extensional stresses while having negligible impact on the shear rheology. Interestingly, the modified fluids exhibit a transition from yield stress-like behavior to viscoelastic-like behavior under high extensional rates, ultimately leading to destabilization under extreme deformation. This research enhances the fundamental understanding of EVP fluids and highlights potential advancements in applications, especially in precision-demanding fields like 3D printing.
Fiscal Federalism, ARPA, and the Politics of Repair
Authors: Xu Yuanshuo , Warner Mildred E
Published: June 2024

The American Rescue Plan Act (ARPA) represents a politics of repair for American Federalism. The unprecedented size, scope, and timeliness of ARPA enable local governments to address some of the structural inequities laid bare by the pandemic. U.S. Federalism was broken before the pandemic, with states exerting a triangle of pressures that created a tightening vice on local government through revenue restrictions, downloading expenditure responsibilities, and restricting local policy authority. Recent federal action through ARPA has helped ease the pressure on local revenue, enabling new expenditures and new policy action. ARPA is larger, longer, and more expansive than the American Rescue and Recovery Act passed after the Great Recession. We analyze revenue and expenditure data for all local governments and special districts from 2000 through 2022. ARPA represents a layer in the palimpsest of federalist policy, a politics of repair, that reminds us that more cooperative federal-local relations are possible.
Pneumococcal vaccine uptake in patients with inflammatory arthritis: a single centre cohort study
Authors: Nagra Deepak , Bechman Katie , Russell Mark D , Yang Zijing , Adas Maryam A , Molabanti Hemanth Kumar , Khan Asim , Wincup Chris , Alveyn Edward , Baldwin Christopher , Rutherford Andrew I , Subesinghe Sujith , Cope Andrew , Galloway James B
Published: June 2024

Introduction

Current guidelines recommend pneumococcal vaccination in individuals who are over the age of 65 or are immunosuppressed due to a disease or treatment. The objective of this study was to assess vaccine uptake rates in people with inflammatory arthritis for the pneumococcal, influenza and Covid-19 vaccines and factors determining uptake.

Methods

We conducted a retrospective single centre cohort study in the UK of individuals with rheumatoid arthritis, psoriatic arthritis and axial spondyloarthritis between October and December 2023. Data were collected for age, gender, co-morbidities, immunosuppressive therapies and dates of vaccines. Logistic regression was used to evaluate predictors of vaccine uptake, with adjustments for demographic and clinical factors.

Results

Nine hundred and six individuals were identified; 46% were receiving treatment with conventional synthetic DMARD (csDMARD), 26% were on biologic monotherapy, and 23% were on both biologic and csDMARDs. Three hundred and sixteen individuals (35%) received a pneumococcal vaccine, lower than uptake for influenza (63%) and Covid-19 (87%) vaccines. Predictors of pneumococcal vaccine uptake included age, with older patients more likely to be vaccinated (odds ratio [OR] for age ≥ 65 years: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.21, 2.29). Those on biologic therapy demonstrated higher likelihood of vaccination (OR for biologic therapy: 1.81; 95% CI: 1.33, 2.47). Additional Joint Committee on Vaccination and Immunisation Green Book indicators also positively influenced vaccine uptake (OR: 1.67; 95% CI: 1.19, 2.33).

Conclusion

Pneumococcal vaccine uptake in inflammatory rheumatic diseases is low, especially in younger patients and those not on biologic therapy. The study highlights the need for a focused approach, distinct from strategies for other vaccines, to address this public health challenge.
The exposure analysis of the long-term broadband EMF monitoring in the campus area of the University of Novi Sad
Authors: Kljajic Dragan , Djuric Nikola , Skoric Tamara , Djuric Snezana
Published: June 2024

Due to wide prevalence of electromagnetic field (EMF) sources in human surrounding, EMF-level measurements and corresponding exposure assessment have imposed as an important topic. With an intention to present an approach to the long-term exposure assessment in EMF RATEL network, this paper conveys a high-level statistical analysis of the high-frequency exposure data, acquired during the 5-y time period, for the case study of monitoring sensor installed in the area of the Novi Sad University campus. Time series of exposure values were averaged on a daily, weekly, and monthly basis, and their yearly comparison was performed. Results showed clear differences between the day and night hours, as well between working and weekend days. Regarding exposure values, averaged on the monthly basis, the impact of COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 and 2021 can be noticed. Finally, the highest obtained exposure values (electric field squared) were 22 times below the maximal allowable level, according to the Serbian legislation.
Long-term monitoring of outdoor natural gamma absorbed dose rate in air in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India
Authors: Mitra Pratip , Srivastava Saurabh , Reddy Gade Priyanka , Garg Saurabh , Kumar Aerattukkara Vinod
Published: June 2024

This research forms a part of the comprehensive Indian Environmental Radiation Monitoring Network program, focusing on the continuous measurement of absorbed dose rate in outdoor air due to natural gamma radiation (cosmic and terrestrial) in Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. Over the course of a decade (2013–2023), data were collected from 41 monitoring locations in the city using permanently field-installed Geiger-Mueller detector-based environmental radiation monitors. This paper presents an analysis of the extensive long-term monitoring results. The mean absorbed gamma dose rate in outdoor air across the monitoring locations ranged from 84 ± 9 to 156 ± 4 nGy.h−1, with a calculated mean value of 124 ± 15 nGy.h−1. The estimated mean annual effective dose due to outdoor natural gamma radiation varied from 0.10 ± 0.01 to 0.19 ± 0.01 mSv.y−1, with an overall mean of 0.15 ± 0.02 mSv.y−1.
Exploring the clinical transition of engineered exosomes designed for intracellular delivery of therapeutic proteins
Authors: Kim Minseong , Choi Hojun , Jang Deok-Jin , Kim Hye-Jung , Sub Yujin , Gee Heon Yung , Choi Chulhee
Published: June 2024

Extracellular vesicles, particularly exosomes, have emerged as promising drug delivery systems owing to their unique advantages, such as biocompatibility, immune tolerability, and target specificity. Various engineering strategies have been implemented to harness these innate qualities, with a focus on enhancing the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of exosomes via payload loading and surface engineering for active targeting. This concise review outlines the challenges in the development of exosomes as drug carriers and offers insights into strategies for their effective clinical translation. We also highlight preclinical studies that have successfully employed anti-inflammatory exosomes and suggest future directions for exosome therapeutics. These advancements underscore the potential for integrating exosome-based therapies into clinical practice, heralding promise for future medical interventions.
Network analysis of toxic endpoints of fungicides in zebrafish
Authors: Pamanji Rajesh , Ragothaman Prathiviraj , Koigoora Srikanth , Sivan Gisha , Selvin Joseph
Published: June 2024

Zebrafish being the best animal model to study, every attempt has been made to decipher the toxic mechanism of every fungicide of usage and interest. It is important to understand the multiple targets of a toxicant to estimate the toxic potential in its totality. A total of 22 fungicides of different classes like amisulbrom, azoxystrobin, carbendazim, carboxin, chlorothalonil, difenoconazole, etridiazole, flusilazole, fluxapyroxad, hexaconazole, kresoxim methyl, mancozeb, myclobutanil, prochloraz, propiconazole, propineb, pyraclostrobin, tebuconazole, thiophanate-methyl, thiram, trifloxystrobin and ziram were reviewed and analyzed for their multiple explored targets in zebrafish. Toxic end points in zebrafish are highly informative when it comes to network analysis. They provide a window into the molecular and cellular pathways that are affected by a certain toxin. This can then be used to gain insights into the underlying mechanisms of toxicity and to draw conclusions on the potential of a particular compound to induce toxicity. This knowledge can then be used to inform decisions about drug development, environmental regulation, and other areas of research. In addition, the use of zebrafish toxic end points can also be used to better understand the effects of environmental pollutants on ecosystems. By understanding the pathways affected by a given toxin, researchers can determine how pollutants may interact with the environment and how this could lead to health or environmental impacts.
Reconsidering the Lessons Learned from the 1970 Southern Corn Leaf Blight Epidemic
Authors: Balint-Kurti Peter , Pataky Jerald
Published: June 2024

The southern corn leaf blight epidemic of 1970 caused estimated losses of about 16% for the U.S. corn crop, equivalent to about $8 billion in current terms. The epidemic was caused by the prevalence of Texas male sterile cytoplasm ( cms-T), used to produce most of the hybrid corn seed planted that year, combined with the emergence of a novel race of the fungus Cochliobolus heterostrophus that was exquisitely virulent on cms-T corn. Remarkably, the epidemic lasted just a single year. This episode has often been portrayed in the literature and textbooks over the last 50 years as a catastrophic mistake perpetrated by corn breeders and seed companies of the time who did not understand or account for the dangers of crop genetic uniformity. In this perspective article, we aim to present an alternative interpretation of these events. First, we contend that, rather than being caused by a grievous error on the part of the corn breeding and seed industry, this epidemic was a particularly unfortunate, unusual, and unlucky consequence of a technological advancement intended to improve the efficiency of corn seed production for America's farmers. Second, we tell the story of the resolution of the epidemic as an example of timely, meticulously applied research in the public sector for the public good.
Prospective Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Anesthetic Management With Remimazolam Besylate and Flumazenil Versus Propofol During Awake Craniotomy Following an Asleep-awake-asleep Method
Authors: Sato Takehito , Ando Takahiro , Ozeki Kanako , Asano Ichiko , Kuwatsuka Yachiyo , Ando Masahiko , Motomura Kazuya , Nishiwaki Kimitoshi
Published: June 2024

Background:

Awake craniotomy is performed to resect brain tumors in eloquent brain areas to maximize tumor reduction and minimize neurological damage. Evidence suggests that intraoperative anesthetic management of awake craniotomy with remimazolam is safe. We compared the time to arousal and efficacy of anesthetic management with remimazolam and propofol during awake craniotomy.

Methods:

In a single-institution randomized, prospective study, patients who underwent elective awake craniotomy were randomized to receive remimazolam and reversal with flumazenil (group R) or propofol (group P). The primary end point was time to awaken. Secondary end points were time to loss of consciousness during induction of anesthesia, the frequency of intraoperative complications (pain, hypertension, seizures, nausea, vomiting, and delayed arousal), and postoperative nausea and vomiting. Intraoperative task performance was assessed using a numerical rating scale (NRS) score.

Results:

Fifty-eight patients were recruited, of which 52 (26 in each group) were available for the efficacy analysis. Patients in group R had faster mean (±SD) arousal times than those in the P group (890.8±239.8 vs. 1075.4±317.5 s; P=0.013)and higher and more reliable intraoperative task performance (NRS score 8.81±1.50 vs. 7.69±2.36; P=0.043). There were no significant intraoperative complications.

Conclusions:

Compared with propofol, remimazolam was associated with more rapid loss of consciousness and, after administration of flumazenil, with faster arousal times and improved intraoperative task performance.