bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Gender differences in recollections of economic socialization, financial self‐efficacy, and financial literacy
Authors: Furrebøe Elise Frølich , Nyhus Ellen Katrine , Musau Andrew
Published: September 2022

The OECD/INFE international surveys of adult financial literacy (OECD/INFE 2016, 2020) show gender differences in financial literacy in developed countries in Europe. In this study, we examine whether these differences can be explained by gender differences in parental economic socialization using the Dutch 2018 DHS household survey. We investigate whether respondents' recollection of economic socialization when young predict their adult economic behavior and self‐assessed financial knowledge. The results from ordinal logit and logistic regressions and for nonlinear equations decompositions reveal gender differences in the recollection of economic socialization and in how socialization practices are related to economic behavior and self‐assessed financial knowledge. Men have to a greater degree than women been socialized in terms of having paid work outside the home, while women more often than men report that their parents controlled their spending. Moreover, we find gender differences in how men and women benefitted from the same socialization practices.
An information‐theoretic approach to the analysis of location and colocation patterns
Authors: van Dam Alje , Gomez‐Lievano Andres , Neffke Frank , Frenken Koen
Published: September 2022

The study of location and colocation of economic activities lies at the heart of economic geography and related disciplines, but the indices used to quantify these patterns are often defined ad hoc and lack a clear statistical foundation. We propose a statistical framework to quantify location and colocation associations of economic activities using information‐theoretic measures. We relate the resulting measures to existing measures of revealed comparative advantage, localization, specialization, and coagglomeration and show how different measures derive from the same general framework. To support the use of these measures in hypothesis testing and statistical inference, we develop a Bayesian estimation approach to provide measures of uncertainty and statistical significance of the estimated quantities. We illustrate this framework in an application to an analysis of location and colocation patterns of occupations in US cities.
Respiratory syncytial virus, recurrent wheeze and asthma: A narrative review of pathophysiology, prevention and future directions
Authors: Binns Elly , Tuckerman Jane , Licciardi Paul V , Wurzel Danielle
Published: September 2022

Globally, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the leading cause of bronchiolitis and pneumonia in young children, and the association between severe RSV disease and later recurrent wheeze and asthma is well established. Whilst a causal link between RSV and wheeze/asthma is not yet proven, immunological evidence suggests skewing towards a Th2‐type response, and dampening of IFN‐γ antiviral immunity during RSV infection underpins airway hyper‐reactivity in a subset of susceptible children after RSV infection. Age at primary RSV infection, viral co‐infection and genetic influences may act as effect‐modifiers. Despite the significant morbidity and mortality burden of RSV disease in children, there is currently no licensed vaccine. Recent advancements in RSV preventatives, including long‐acting monoclonal antibodies and maternal vaccinations, show significant promise and we are on the cusp of a new era in RSV prevention. However, the potential impact of RSV preventatives on subsequent wheeze and asthma remains unclear. The ongoing COVID‐19 pandemic and associated public health measures have disrupted the usual seasonality of RSV. Whilst this has posed challenges for health‐care services it has also enhanced our understanding of RSV transmission. The near absence of RSV cases during the first year of the pandemic in the context of strict public health measures has provided a rare opportunity to study the impact of delayed age of primary RSV infection on asthma prevalence. In this review, we summarise current understanding of the association between RSV, recurrent wheeze and asthma with a focus on pathophysiology, preventative strategies and future research priorities.
Rural disparities in the quality of clinical care are notable and larger for males
Authors: MacCarthy Sarah , Elliott Marc N. , Martino Steven C. , Klein David J. , Haviland Amelia M. , Weech‐Maldonado Robert , Dembosky Jacob W. , Tamayo Loida , Gaillot Sarah , Schneider Eric C.
Published: September 2022

Purpose

To investigate whether rural‐urban differences in quality of care for Medicare Advantage (MA) enrollees vary between females and males.

Methods

Data for this study came from the 2019 Healthcare Effectiveness Data and Information Set. Linear regression was used to investigate urban‐rural differences in individual MA enrollee scores on 34 clinical care measures grouped into 7 categories, and how those differences varied by sex (through evaluation of statistical interactions).

Findings

Across all 7 categories of measures, scores for rural residents were worse than scores for urban residents. For 4 categories—care for patients with (suspected) chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, avoiding prescription misuse, behavioral health, and diabetes care—the average difference across measures in the category was greater than 3 percentage points. Across all 34 measures, there were 15 statistically significant rural‐by‐sex interactions that exceeded 1 percentage point. In 11 of those cases, the deficit associated with living in a rural area was greater for males than for females. In 3 cases, the deficit associated with living in a rural area was larger for females than for males. In 1 case involving Follow‐up After Hospitalization for Mental Illness, rural residents had an advantage, and it was larger for males than for females.

Conclusions

Interventions may help address patient‐ (eg, health literacy and patient activation), provider‐ (eg, workforce recruitment and retention), and structural‐level issues contributing to these disparities, especially for rural males.
Efficacy of hydrogen peroxide wipes for decontamination of AZD1222 adenovirus COVID-19 vaccine strain on pharmaceutical industry materials
Authors: Rhodes V.P. , Ajorio A.C.F.B. , da Costa L.V. , Rodrigues A.P. , Diniz V.A. , da Silva Lage R.V. , da Silva I.B. , Brandão M.L.L.
Published: September 2022

This study aimed to evaluate the performance of accelerated hydrogen peroxide® wipes (HPW) for decontamination of the chimpanzee adenovirus AZD1222 vaccine strain used in the production of recombinant COVID-19 vaccine in a pharmaceutical industry. Two matrices were tested on stainless-steel (SS) and low-density-polyethylene (LDP) surfaces: formulated recombinant COVID-19 vaccine (FCV) and active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). The samples were spiked, dried and the initial inoculum, possible residue effect (RE) and titre reduction after disinfection with HPW were determined. No RE was observed. The disinfection procedure with HPW resulted in complete decontamination the of AZD1222 adenovirus strain in FCV (≥7·46 and ≥7·49 log10 infectious unit [IFU] ml−1 for SS and LDP carriers respectively) and API (≥8·79 and ≥8·78 log10 IFU ml−1 for SS and LDP carriers respectively). In conclusion, virucidal activity of HPW was satisfactory against the AZD1222 adenovirus strain and can be a good option for disinfection processes of SS and LPD surfaces in pharmaceutical industry facilities during recombinant COVID-19 vaccine production. This procedure is simple and can be also applied on safety unit cabins and sampling bags made of LDP as well.
Global cirrhosis prevalence trends and attributable risk factors–an ecological study using data from 1990–2019
Authors: Fang Kailu , Yang Qing , Lin Yushi , Zheng Luyan , Wang Hong‐liang , Wu Jie
Published: September 2022

Background and aims

Cirrhosis is a major public health issue worldwide with significant morbidity and mortality. We aimed to explore the time series associations between varying levels of risk factors and cirrhosis prevalence and predict the cirrhosis prevalence under alternative scenarios to consolidate evidence for further intervention plans.

Methods

We collected data of cirrhosis and its risk factors from 1990 to 2019 across 178 countries and used a generalized linear mixed model to explore the time series associations between cirrhosis and risk factors. We simulated scenarios with varying levels of risk factors and investigated benefits gained from the control of risk factors compared with the status quo.

Results

The global cirrhosis prevalence varied geographically, with the highest observed in East and Southeast Asia, mainly due to high hepatitis prevalence. Our study revealed that each 1% increase in prevalence of hepatitis B and C, cirrhosis prevalence would correspondingly increase 0.028% and 0.288%. There would be approximately 392.15 million fewer cirrhosis patients if the goals of a 65% reduction in prevalence of hepatitis and a 10% reduction in alcohol consumption were achieved.

Conclusions

Given that cirrhosis prevalence has different risk factors depending on geography, it is important to identify an appropriate set of interventions for cirrhosis that are adapted to the epidemiological situation in a specific country. Interventions targeting hepatitis may have a significant impact on global cirrhosis prevalence, therefore, the adoption of specific interventions for hepatitis in high‐burden regions and high‐risk groups is warranted to lower the global burden of cirrhosis.
The cytosolic iron–sulphur cluster assembly mechanism in grapevine is one target of a virulent Crinkler effector from Plasmopara viticola
Authors: Xiang Gaoqing , Fu Qingqing , Li Guanggui , Liu Ruiqi , Liu Guotian , Yin Xiao , Chen Tingting , Xu Yan
Published: September 2022

Grapevine downy mildew is one of the most devastating diseases in grape production worldwide, but its pathogenesis remains largely unknown. A thorough understanding of the interaction between grapevine and the causal agent, Plasmopara viticola, is helpful to develop alternative disease control measures. Effector proteins that could be secreted to the interaction interface by pathogens are responsible for the susceptibility of host plants. In this study, a Crinkler effector, named PvCRN17, which is from P. viticola and showed virulent effects towards Nicotiana benthamiana previously, was further investigated. Consistently, PvCRN17 showed a virulent effect on grapevine plants. Protein–protein interaction experiments identified grapevine VAE7L1 (Vitis protein ASYMMETRIC LEAVES 1/2 ENHANCER 7‐Like 1) as one target of PvCRN17. VAE7L1 was found to interact with VvCIA1 and VvAE7, thus it may function in the cytosolic iron–sulphur cluster assembly (CIA) pathway. Transient expression of VAE7L1 in Vitis riparia and N. benthamiana leaves enhanced the host resistance to oomycete pathogens. Downstream of the CIA pathway in grapevine, three iron–sulphur (Fe‐S) proteins showed an enhancing effect on the disease resistance of N. benthamiana. Competitive co‐immunoprecipitation assay showed PvCRN17 could compete with VvCIA1 to bind with VAE7L1 and VvAE7. Moreover, PvCRN17 and VAE7L1 were colocalized at the plasma membrane of the plant cell. To conclude, after intruding into the grapevine cell, PvCRN17 would compete with VCIA1 to bind with VAE7L1 and VAE7, demolishing the CIA Fe‐S cluster transfer complex, interrupting the maturation of Fe‐S proteins, to suppress Fe‐S proteins‐mediated defence responses.
Reclaiming the Past to Transcend the Present: Nostalgic Appeals in U.S. Presidential Elections
Authors: Bonikowski Bart , Stuhler Oscar
Published: September 2022

Nostalgic appeals to an idealized past are often employed in radical‐right discourse. In this study, we examine precedents for this strategy in mainstream politics. We make use of recent advances in natural language processing—specifically Transformer‐based neural language models and active learning—to identify instances of nostalgia in U.S. presidential campaign speeches from 1952 to 2020. We then ask what form nostalgia takes, when it has been most salient, what aspects of the nation it has been used to glorify, and how it relates to populist, nationalist, and authoritarian frames. Our findings demonstrate that nostalgic appeals tend not to involve rich descriptions of bygone historical periods, but instead take the form of brief and multivocal statements with a consistent lexical signature. Moreover, nostalgia is frequently used by challenger candidates from both parties to reinforce populist claims and expressions of low national pride. This points to discursive continuities between mainstream and radical‐right actors. Where their respective messaging diverges is in the use of nostalgia to frame exclusionary nationalist and authoritarian claims, a practice limited to radical‐right campaigns (in our data, those of Donald Trump). Rather than inventing their rhetorical strategies de novo, therefore, it appears that radical‐right actors tend to adopt and creatively recombine frames already widespread in political culture.
Beyond “Making Poland Great Again.” Nostalgia in Polish Populist and Non‐populist Discourses1
Authors: Kotwas Marta , Kubik Jan
Published: September 2022

Nostalgia can be triggered not only by personal recollections but also by exposure to narratives or images evoking desirable pasts, more or less fictional, and inducing feelings of longing for them. We analyze the institutional and semiotic machinery involved in the cultural construction of nostalgia in Poland and its role in generating sentiments that predispose people to support populist—particularly right‐wing populist—ideology. While various political options use semiotic vehicles of nostalgia designed to engender nostalgic sentiments, we argue that there are systematic differences of content and form between politically useful invocations of nostalgia, related to the ideology of their proponents. We further posit that right‐wing populist nostalgia invokes not only national greatness but also national innocence. We also identify specific features of such nostalgic discourses. The empirical material for our four cases ranges from textual and film narratives, through images and performances, to large‐scale exhibitions and museal projects. To analyze their content and determine the form of politicization we build upon the conceptual apparatus developed by Svetlana Boym (reflective versus restorative nostalgia), Jan Assmann (communicative versus cultural memory), and Northrop Frye (low mimetic versus high mimetic narrative forms). The analysis relies on Geertzian “thick description” and the extended case study method.
Identification of the novel HLA‐DPA1*02:82 allele in a Punjabi individual
Authors: Rajak Jyoti , Tambe Manisha , D'Silva Selma Z. , Singh Meenakshi
Published: September 2022

HLA‐DPA1*02:82 differs from DPA1*02:01:01:02 by a single nucleotide at gDNA 4890 in exon 4.
Identification of the novel HLA‐DPA1*01:106 allele by next‐generation sequencing in a Korean cord blood donor
Authors: Roh Eun Youn , Lim Sori , Shin Sue , Yoon Jong Hyun
Published: September 2022

HLA‐DPA1*01:106 differs from DPA1*01:03:01:01 by a single substitution at nucleotide 5 (G/A) in exon 1.
Living waste, living on waste: A bioeconomy of urban cows in Delhi
Authors: Turnbull Jonathon , Barua Maan
Published: September 2022

The economic implications of biopolitics – or the administration, regulation, and control of life – have received significant attention in recent geographical and cognate scholarship. An emerging theme of inquiry, largely focused on the Global North, makes contributions to specifying ‘lively capital’, defined here as bodily value in motion – predicated on accumulation from other‐than‐human life. In this paper, we argue that the biopolitical process of bringing life into the ambit of capital works in cultural, political, and economic registers and not just through singular logics of the economic, as extant accounts have implied. The rendition of life into capital through modes of biopower is not a universal process. It has diverging trajectories that, in postcolonial contexts, involve hybrids between biopolitical and vernacular practices. This argument is made through an account of bovine biopolitics in urban Delhi with specific reference to the city's ‘cattle problem’ involving ‘surplus’ animals. It unfolds in four distinct parts. First, drawing on archival work, we trace colonial histories of cattle improvement to reveal how the category of ‘surplus’ was invented. Second, we deploy more‐than‐human ethnographies of free‐ranging animals in Delhi to foreground how ‘surplus’ cattle – which we conceptualise as ‘living waste’ – are driven to feed on waste as a result of gentrification and the enclosure of erstwhile grazing grounds. Third, we turn to gaushalas (cow shelters) in Delhi to show how ‘surplus’ cattle from the city's streets are rehomed and managed. Fourth, we examine the uneven practices of care afforded to different bovines based on logics associated with right‐wing Hindutva nationalism. Our account provincialises lively capital by opening up more nuanced and situated understandings of the relations between biopolitics and capitalism, attentive to divergences from models situated in Western modernity.
Production of biogas and ethanol from stationery wastes using a microbial consortium isolated from soil as starter culture
Authors: Ananou Samir , Bougarne Zineb , Manni Laila , El Ghachtouli Naima
Published: September 2022

The conventional pretreatments used during the valorization of paper waste in renewable energies are expensive, long, slow, require high temperatures and particularly not eco-friendly. However, the application of microbial cultures with cellulolytic capabilities becomes an attractive and low-cost strategy. Therefore, the aim of this study was to screen an efficient microbial culture and its evaluation as a starter culture during hydrolysis process of biogas and bioethanol production. Our results indicated that from 18 isolates, two bacteria (identified as Pseudomonas horyzihabitans and Serratia liquefaciens) and one consortium (CS2, predominated by Enterobacteriaceae) had an important cellulosic hydrolysis activity. The application of the selected consortium as a starter culture during the hydrolysis process of biogas and bioethanol production improved yields. Indeed, the application of CS2 enhanced the biogas and bioethanol yields to 9.4 mL g−1 and 78.2 μL g−1 (P < 0.05) respectively. Also, starter culture CS2 addition reduced the time needed for cellulosic hydrolysis to 21 days, respect to 24 days in control sample, during biogas production under psychrophilic temperature. Thus, this low cost and practical procedure can be used as an efficient strategy to release sugars from paper waste, to reduce the time needed for cellulosic biodigestion, and to enhance the biogas and bioethanol recovered.
Thermo-Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotube Yarns With High Energy Dissipation Capabilities
Authors: Pérez-Aranda C. , Pech-Pisté R. , Carrillo-Escalante H. J. , Uribe-Riestra G. C. , Avilés F.
Published: September 2022

Carbon nanotube yarns (CNTYs) are porous hierarchical fibers that exhibit a strong property-structure relationship. The morphology and structure of dry-spun CNTYs are characterized and correlated with their quasi-static and dynamic mechanical properties. These characterizations include assessment of the CNTY homogeneity by means of Raman spectroscopy mapping, determination of linear density and porosity, atomic force microscopy, and dedicated measurements of the statistical distribution of the yarn’s diameter. Tensile testing of CNTYs yielded a specific strength of 0.21–0.34 N/tex, and a specific elastic modulus of 3.59–8.06 N/tex, depending on the gage length. While the strength is weakly sensitive to the gage length, the elastic modulus depends on the gage length. The importance of subtracting the machine compliance for the determination of the CNTY’s elastic modulus is highlighted, since the error can reach up to 28%. Dynamic mechanical analysis shows that the CNTY is a stiff material with an extraordinary high damping ratio, which increases with temperature and reaches ∼0.6 at 60 °C. In addition, the CNTY presents a frequency-stiffening behavior in the 18–48 Hz range, with storage modulus (E′) and loss modulus (E″) which increase ∼2.5 times (E′) and ∼7 times (E″) at 48 Hz.
Exploiting Bifurcation Behaviors in Parametrically Excited Mode-Localized Resonators for Mass Sensing
Authors: Song Jiahao , Lyu Ming , Kacem Najib , Liu Pengbo , Huang Yu , Fan Kefeng , Zhao Jian
Published: September 2022

The demand for detecting minute mass in biology and chemistry promotes the research of high sensitivity and strong robustness mass sensor based on MEMS resonators in the past few decades. The nonlinear behaviors are introduced to improve sensitivity, frequency stability, resolution, etc. However, the bifurcation configuration will become sophisticated due to mechanical, electrostatic, and damping nonlinearities. In this paper, the nonlinear bifurcation behaviors in parametrically excited mode-localized resonators are theoretically analyzed and introduced to improve the robustness of mass sensors. The nonlinear dynamics is computed by using the method of multiple scales, which is validated by the harmonic balance method combined with the asymptotic numerical method. Then, the rules for controlling the two different bifurcation topologies are proposed. Notably, the sensitivity near the pitchfork bifurcation point can be enhanced by three orders of magnitude, and meanwhile, the sensor performs excellent antijamming ability to a specific damping range, which opens the way to avoid the problem of lack of robustness for bifurcation-based mass sensors.
A New Framework for Efficient Sequential Sampling-Based RBDO Using Space Mapping
Authors: Park Jeong Woo , Lee Ikjin
Published: September 2022

In engineering applications of sampling-based reliability-based design optimization (RBDO), the Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) using a surrogate model of the performance function is mainly used for the probability of failure calculation and sensitivity analysis. However, if an inaccurate surrogate model is used, the calculation result using MCS will also be inaccurate, so it is essential to improve the accuracy of the surrogate model using sequential sampling. Hence, various sampling-based RBDO methods and sequential sampling methods have been proposed and used in various fields, and space mapping may also be a new framework for sequential sampling. In this paper, sampling-based RBDO with the Gaussian process regression (GPR) and space mapping is proposed. Space mapping generally attempts to utilize high-fidelity samples to update the low-fidelity model in multi-fidelity model conditions. However, in the proposed method, it is used for sequential sampling to improve the accuracy of the existing surrogate model. The major advantage of the proposed space mapping-based RBDO is that the existing surrogate model and the finally updated surrogate model can be formulated with simple matrix and vector calculations. In particular, when there is only a surrogate model that has been built due to the loss of existing sample information since the space mapping updates the model, the accuracy of the surrogate model can be improved by sequential sampling. The proposed method is compared with sequential sampling-based RBDO using GPR, and the calculation accuracy and efficiency are demonstrated through a 2D highly nonlinear example and an engineering problem.
Digital Twin Based Virtual Sensor for Online Fatigue Damage Monitoring in Offshore Wind Turbine Drivetrains
Authors: Mehlan Felix C. , Nejad Amir R. , Gao Zhen
Published: September 2022

In this article a virtual sensor for online load monitoring and subsequent remaining useful life (RUL) assessment of wind turbine gearbox bearings is presented. Utilizing a Digital Twin framework the virtual sensor combines data from readily available sensors of the condition monitoring (CMS) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) system with a physics-based gearbox model. Different state estimation methods including Kalman filter, Least-square estimator, and a quasi-static approach are employed for load estimation. For RUL assessment the accumulated fatigue damage is calculated with the Palmgren–Miner model. A case study using simulation measurements from a high-fidelity gearbox model is conducted to evaluate the proposed method. Estimated loads at the considered intermediate and high-speed shaft bearings show moderate to high correlation (R = 0.50 − 0.96) to measurements, as lower frequency internal dynamics are not fully captured. The estimated fatigue damage differs by 5–15% from measurements.
A Generalized Framework for Risk-Based Extreme Load Analysis in Offshore System Design
Authors: Arif Mohammad , Khan Faisal , Ahmed Salim , Imtiaz Syed
Published: September 2022

The primary aim of this research is to consider the correlation among environmental factors in calculating 100 and 1000 years of extreme load design criteria. This is done by considering load as energy transferred from external environment to the offshore system. Also, incorporating spatial and temporal dependence of environmental variables in the context of offshore design. A bivariate extreme value distribution and a conditional joint return level function are developed using the Gumbel–Hougaard copula. The offshore design risk criteria are developed for the finer grid locations (0.1 deg × 0.1 deg latitude/longitude grid) considering joint extreme wind and wave energy. The developed approach is tested using data for the Flemish Pass basin off the east coast of Canada. Along with the primary aim, the impact of climate change is investigated (time and space variability) by implementing the proposed methodology in two cases: the periods from 1959 to 1988 and 1989 to 2018. This study observed that climate change has caused 30% less correlation between wind speed and wave height in recent years (1989–2018) compared to the period of 1959–1988. The proposed extreme design wind speed is 39.7 m/s, and significant wave height is 16.4 m; their joint exceeding probability is 5.80 × 10−5 over an annual basis for a scenario of 100-year.
Polymer Lubrication: Pressure–Viscosity–Temperature Dependence of Film Thickness for Highly Loaded Compliant Contacts in Elastohydrodynamic Lubrication Regime
Authors: Krupka Jiri , Dockal Krystof , Krupka Ivan , Hartl Martin
Published: September 2022

The relevance of the compliant contacts operated in elastohydrodynamic lubrication regime has increased during the last decades. Polymers and elastomers have been preferred because of their low-cost production or their tribological performance in many mechanical and bioengineering applications, where the metals originally dominated. Especially, in high-performance applications, such as polymer gears, the current subject of interest covers the transition between Piezoviscous-elastic and Isoviscous-elastic regimes of elastohydrodynamic lubrication. Here, it is necessary to precisely determine operating conditions and lubricant properties such as rheology whose contribution to film thickness formation may be influenced by attributes of individual lubrication regimes. The high-pressure viscosimeter and the optical tribometer were used, the former to establish the pressure–viscosity–temperature relationship of two reference lubricants, natural Squalane and synthetic tri(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate, and the latter to determine the central and minimum film thickness in the circular contact between the PMMA disc and the steel ball using the optical chromatic interferometry method. Experimental results of film thickness demonstrated a significant deviation from the soft elastohydrodynamic lubrication (EHL) models, independently of the lubricant used, load, entrainment speed, and temperature because the pressure–viscosity–temperature response of lubricant was not included. Due to this, film thickness data were regressed, and new power coefficients of dimensionless parameter G¯ were derived. Outcomes confirmed the operation of the compliant circular contact in the transition region between the Piezoviscous-elastic and Isoviscous-elastic regimes with the minimum film thickness identified on the side lobes of the horseshoe shape.
A Robust Delayed Resonator Construction Using Amplifying Mechanism
Authors: Liu Yifan , Cai Jiazhi , Olgac Nejat , Gao Qingbin
Published: September 2022

The delayed resonator (DR) is an active vibration absorber, which yields ideal vibration suppression at its resonance frequency. In this study, we further complement the DR design in a distinctive mechanical path by introducing an amplifying mechanism (AM), so the creation of DRA. Very different from the existing works that focus more on how to enhance the ideal vibration suppression of the DR, we are interested in how the DR behaves under uncertainties and how can the newly proposed DRA abate the arising negative effects. First, we study the effects of such uncertainties in detecting the excitation frequency on the quality of vibration suppression, working space of the absorber, and energy cost. Then, we discuss how the control parameter perturbation affects the system stability. A comparative study between the classic DR and the proposed DRA is presented throughout the text, showing that the enhanced performance and robustness characteristics enabled by the AM are almost all-around while posing no additional controller complexity. We also show using spectral analysis that the AM can also enhance the transient behavior of the system. Finally, three numerical simulations included as core studies vividly exhibit DRA’s practical strength.
Develop and Verify Energy-Based Statistical Linearization Technique to Analysis Nonlinear Stochastic Vibration of a Spur Gear Pair
Authors: Kahnamouei Jalal Taheri , Yang Jianming
Published: September 2022

In this article, an energy-based statistical linearization method (SL) is proposed to simulate a nonlinear dynamic model of spur gear pair. The gear pair operates under combined deterministic and random loads, and both backlash and time-varying mesh stiffness are considered in the dynamic model. The equivalent linear function approximates the teeth backlash nonlinearity in the gear model. The energy-based linearization, which minimizes the error in potential energy between the original and equivalent linear systems, is used. Simulations are conducted on a gear pair, and the effect of the input torque on the dynamic response of the gear pair is then examined. The results demonstrate that for high input torque, the system operates in the linear range. For low input torque, the results are not similar to the original because the system became strongly nonlinear. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out to verify the accuracy of the presented method.
Resonance Mode and Sound Pressure of a Push–Pull Electrostatic Speaker Based on Elliptical Diaphragm
Authors: Chiang Hsin-Yuan , Huang Yu-Hsi
Published: September 2022

This study modeled an elliptical diaphragm in a push–pull electrostatic speaker using the average displacement, specific impedance, and equivalent radius to predict the frequency response in terms of sound pressure level (SPL). We also fabricated a prototype of an electrostatic speaker based on an elliptical diaphragm with a fixed rim measuring 32 mm (semi-major axis) by 30 mm (semi-minor axis). The speaker was then used to analyze the frequency–response characteristics associated with resonance modes and displacement curves using optical measurement and obtain the SPL curves in an anechoic chamber using acoustic measurements. The experiment results revealed that the predicted curves were in good agreement with the measured displacement and SPL curves. These curves of the electrostatic speaker were strongly affected by air radiation impedance. The study provided a designed guide for the electrostatic speaker of the elliptical diaphragm by theoretical analysis and experimental measurements. When our speaker was implemented in an over-ear electrostatic headphone, we obtained a solid bass response and a frequency response typical of high-fidelity headphones.
A Trajectory Planning Approach for Delta Robots Considering Both Motion Smoothness and Dynamic Stress
Authors: Ni Jinlu , Mei Jiangping , Ding Yabin , Yu Dongxing , Duan Yunrui , Le Yuxin
Published: September 2022

By considering both motion smoothness and dynamic stress, a trajectory planning method for delta robots, with the goal of determining the two optimal normalized time factors that dominate the motion path in operation space, is presented in this article. First, based on the semianalytical elastodynamics model of parallel robots, which considers the compliance of the limbs and joints, a dynamic stress model of the kinematic chain was built. Two indices were proposed to reflect the motion smoothness and dynamic stress. A sensitivity analysis and an optimization of the normalized time factors for a modified fifth-order B-spline approach were conducted in isight and matlab. The results show that the two normalized time factors have important impacts on the motion smoothness and dynamic stress. A comparison showed that the trajectory planning approach based on the modified fifth-order B-spline reduced the dynamic stress while improving the motion smoothness. The approach proposed in this work can also be applied in trajectory planning for other parallel or hybrid robots.
Density, not radius, separates rocky and water-rich small planets orbiting M dwarf stars
Authors: Luque Rafael , Pallé Enric
Published: September 2022

Exoplanets smaller than Neptune are common around red dwarf stars (M dwarfs), with those that transit their host star constituting the bulk of known temperate worlds amenable for atmospheric characterization. We analyze the masses and radii of all known small transiting planets around M dwarfs, identifying three populations: rocky, water-rich, and gas-rich. Our results are inconsistent with the previously known bimodal radius distribution arising from atmospheric loss of a hydrogen/helium envelope. Instead, we propose that a density gap separates rocky from water-rich exoplanets. Formation models that include orbital migration can explain the observations: Rocky planets form within the snow line, whereas water-rich worlds form outside it and later migrate inward.
Connecting for success
Belonging
Geoffrey L. Cohen
Norton, 2022. 448 pp.
Authors: Lieberman Matthew
Published: September 2022

Interventions that increase our sense of belonging can help us confront new challenges
Three types of planets orbit red dwarfs
Authors: Teske Johanna
Published: September 2022

Precise densities of red dwarf exoplanets help distinguish potential “water worlds”
Sugars and Jasmonic Acid Concentration in Root Exudates Affect Maize Rhizosphere Bacterial Communities
Authors: Lopes Lucas Dantas , Wang Peng , Futrell Stephanie L. , Schachtman Daniel P.
Published: September 2022

Roots secrete exudates that are important in interactions with soil microbes that promote plant growth and health. However, the exact chemical compounds in root exudates that participate in these interactions are not fully known.
Microbial Interactions in a Vitamin C Industrial Fermentation System: Novel Insights and Perspectives
Authors: Zhang Qian , Lyu Shuxia
Published: September 2022

In industrial production, the precursor of
l
-ascorbic acid (L-AA, also referred to as vitamin C), 2-keto-
l
-gulonic acid (2-KLG), is mainly produced using a classic two-step fermentation process performed by
Gluconobacter oxydans
,
Bacillus megaterium
, and
Ketogulonicigenium vulgare
. In the second step of the two-step fermentation process, the microbial consortium of
K. vulgare
and
B. megaterium
is used to achieve 2-KLG production.
K. vulgare
can transform
l
-sorbose to 2-KLG, but the yield of 2-KLG is much lower in the monoculture than in the coculture fermentation system.
Protein Interaction Networks of Catalytically Active and Catalytically Inactive PqsE in Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: Taylor Isabelle R. , Murray-Nerger Laura A. , Greco Todd M. , Liu Dawei , Cristea Ileana M. , Bassler Bonnie L.
Published: September 2022

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
causes hospital-borne infections in vulnerable patients, including immunocompromised individuals, burn victims, and cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. There are no effective treatments for
P. aeruginosa
infections, which are usually broadly resistant to antibiotics.
CCL2: a Chemokine Potentially Promoting Early Seeding of the Latent HIV Reservoir
Authors: Packard Thomas A. , Schwarzer Roland , Herzig Eytan , Rao Deepashri , Luo Xiaoyu , Egedal Johanne H. , Hsiao Feng , Widera Marek , Hultquist Judd F. , Grimmett Zachary W. , Messer Ronald J. , Krogan Nevan J. , Deeks Steven G. , Roan Nadia R. , Dittmer Ulf , Hasenkrug Kim J. , Greene Warner C.
Published: September 2022

There are currently over 35 million people living with HIV worldwide, and we still have no vaccine or scalable cure. One of the difficulties with HIV is its ability to rapidly establish a viral reservoir in lymphoid tissues that allows it to elude antivirals and the immune system.
Draft Genome Sequence of Cupriavidus basilensis SRS, a Bacterium Isolated from Stream Sediments
Authors: Fu He , Kugler Alex , Huyck Patrick , Brigmon Robin L. , Ottesen Elizabeth A.
Published: September 2022

Cupriavidus basilensis
SRS was isolated from stream sediments from the Savannah River Site in South Carolina. Here, we report the draft genome sequence and annotation of
Cupriavidus basilensis
SRS. The genome contains 8,918,236 bp and 7,916 predicted protein-coding genes, with a total G+C content of 65.2%.
Immunoreactive trypsinogen in healthy newborns and infants with cystic fibrosis
Authors: Fingerhut Ralph , Rueegg Corina Silvia , Imahorn Orell , Pedersen Eva Sophie Lunde , Kuehni Claudia Elisabeth , Gallati Sabina , Regamey Nicolas , Barben Jürg
Published: September 2022

Objective

Newborn screening (NBS) for cystic fibrosis (CF) was introduced in Switzerland in 2011 based on an immunoreactive trypsinogen (IRT)-DNA-IRT protocol. CF diagnosis was confirmed by sweat test and/or genetics but remained inconclusive for some newborns (cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator related metabolic syndrome (CRMS)/CF screen positive, inconclusive diagnosis (CFSPID)). We aimed to (1) Describe IRT levels in healthy newborns in the first year of life and by gestational age (GA), and (2) Compare IRT at two time points between healthy newborns and newborns with CF and CRMS/CFSPID.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

National NBS database.

Patients

All children with an IRT measurement by heel prick test from 2011 to 2019.

Interventions

None.

Main outcome measures

IRT values were extracted from the National NBS Laboratory, and clinical characteristics of positively screened children from the CF-NBS database. Second IRT assessment in positively screened children was usually performed after 18–24 days. We calculated internal IRT Z-Scores and multiples of the median to compare our results across different laboratory tools.

Results

Among 815 899 children; 232 were diagnosed with CF, of whom 36 had meconium ileus (MI); 27 had CRMS/CFSPID. Among all samples analysed, mean IRT Z-Scores were higher for newborns with GA <33 weeks and ≥43 weeks (all Z-Scores >0.11) compared with term babies (all Z-Scores ≤0.06). Repeated IRT Z-Scores after a median (IQR) of 19 (17–22) days remained high for infants with CF with or without MI but decreased for infants with CRMS/CFSPID.

Conclusions

Measurement of a second IRT value can help distinguish between children with CRMS/CFSPID and CF, early in life.
Effect of a test-and-treat approach to vitamin D supplementation on risk of all cause acute respiratory tract infection and covid-19: phase 3 randomised controlled trial (CORONAVIT)
Authors: Jolliffe David A , Holt Hayley , Greenig Matthew , Talaei Mohammad , Perdek Natalia , Pfeffer Paul , Vivaldi Giulia , Maltby Sheena , Symons Jane , Barlow Nicola L , Normandale Alexa , Garcha Rajvinder , Richter Alex G , Faustini Sian E , Orton Christopher , Ford David , Lyons Ronan A , Davies Gwyneth A , Kee Frank , Griffiths Christopher J , Norrie John , Sheikh Aziz , Shaheen Seif O , Relton Clare , Martineau Adrian R
Published: September 2022

Objective

To determine the effect of population level implementation of a test-and-treat approach to correction of suboptimal vitamin D status (25-hydroxyvitamin D (25(OH)D) <75 nmol/L) on risk of all cause acute respiratory tract infection and covid 19.

Design

Phase 3 open label randomised controlled trial.

Setting

United Kingdom.

Participants

6200 people aged ≥16 years who were not taking vitamin D supplements at baseline.

Interventions

Offer of a postal finger prick test of blood 25(OH)D concentration with provision of a six month supply of lower dose vitamin D (800 IU/day, n=1550) or higher dose vitamin D (3200 IU/day, n=1550) to those with blood 25(OH)D concentration <75 nmol/L, compared with no offer of testing or supplementation (n=3100). Follow-up was for six months.

Main outcome measures

The primary outcome was the proportion of participants with at least one swab test or doctor confirmed acute respiratory tract infection of any cause. A secondary outcome was the proportion of participants with swab test confirmed covid-19. Logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios and associated 95% confidence intervals. The primary analysis was conducted by intention to treat.

Results

Of 3100 participants offered a vitamin D test, 2958 (95.4%) accepted and 2674 (86.3%) had 25(OH)D concentrations <75 nmol/L and received vitamin D supplements (n=1328 lower dose, n=1346 higher dose). Compared with 136/2949 (4.6%) participants in the no offer group, at least one acute respiratory tract infection of any cause occurred in 87/1515 (5.7%) in the lower dose group (odds ratio 1.26, 95% confidence interval 0.96 to 1.66) and 76/1515 (5.0%) in the higher dose group (1.09, 0.82 to 1.46). Compared with 78/2949 (2.6%) participants in the no offer group, 55/1515 (3.6%) developed covid-19 in the lower dose group (1.39, 0.98 to 1.97) and 45/1515 (3.0%) in the higher dose group (1.13, 0.78 to 1.63).

Conclusions

Among people aged 16 years and older with a high baseline prevalence of suboptimal vitamin D status, implementation of a population level test-and-treat approach to vitamin D supplementation was not associated with a reduction in risk of all cause acute respiratory tract infection or covid-19.

Trial registration

ClinicalTrials.govNCT04579640.
Changes in prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in Japan from 2008 to 2018: a repeated cross-sectional study
Authors: Abiko Soichiro , Hirayama Yoji , Otaki Junji , Harada Yoshimi , Kawakami Kohei , Toi Takahiro , Takamiya Tomoko , Kawai Takashi
Published: September 2022

Objectives

To understand the recent prevalence and time trends of Helicobacter pylori infection rates in the Japanese population.

Design

Repeated cross-sectional study.

Participants

A total of 22 120 workers (age: 35–65 years) from one Japanese company, who underwent serum H. pylori antibody tests in a health check-up between 2008 and 2018.

Measures

H. pylori infection rates among participants aged 35 years from 2008 to 2018, and participants aged 35, 40, 45, and 50–65 years in 2018, based on the results of serum antibody tests, were analysed. In the 2018 analysis, in addition to the antibody test results, all participants who had undergone eradication treatment for H. pylori were considered as infected. Trends were examined using joinpoint analysis.

Results

H. pylori was detected in 1100 of 7586 male and 190 of 1739 female participants aged 35 years. Annual infection rates among those aged 35 years showed linear downward trends as follows: men, 17.5% in 2008 to 10.1% in 2018 (slope: −0.66); women, 12.3% in 2008 to 9.2% in 2018 (slope: −0.51) without joinpoints. In the 2018 analysis, 2432 of 9580 men and 431 of 1854 women were H. pylori positive. Infection rates tended to increase with older age (men: 11.0% (35 years) to 47.7% (65 years); women: 10.0% (35 years) to 40.0% (65 years)), and showed joinpoints in both sexes (men: 54 years; women: 45 years). Although both the first and second trends were upward, the second trend for both men and women was steeper than the first trend (p<0.05).

Conclusions

Our study demonstrated that in the previous 11 years, infection rates of H. pylori in 35-year-old male and female Japanese workers have constantly decreased, and furthermore, analysis of various age groups showed joinpoints around 50 years, suggesting a consistent declining trend in H. pylori infection rates in Japan.
National data on prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis and antifibrotic drug use in Finnish specialised care
Authors: Salonen Johanna , Purokivi Minna , Hodgson Ulla , Kaarteenaho Riitta
Published: September 2022

Introduction

The previous data concerning the prevalence of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and the frequency of antifibrotic drug use in Finland were based on research registries and medical records whereas nationwide data on the number of patients with IPF in specialised care and those on antifibrotic treatment have not been published.

Methods

We made an information request to the Finnish National Hospital Discharge Register (Hilmo) covering the whole population of Finland to find out the annual numbers of patients with IPF treated in specialised care in 2016–2021. The numbers of the patients initiating and using pirfenidone and nintedanib were requested from the Social Insurance Institution of Finland (Kela) for the same time period.

Results

The estimated prevalence of IPF in specialised care was 36.0 per 100 000 in 2021, having increased since 2016. The number of antifibrotic drug users and their proportion of outpatients with IPF had also risen during the follow-up period. In 2021, 35% of the patients with IPF used pirfenidone or nintedanib. The number of inpatients treated in specialised care because of IPF had declined during 2016−2021.

Conclusions

The prevalence of IPF was higher than expected in Finnish specialised care and had increased during the 6-year follow-up time. The increase in the number of patients with IPF using antifibrotic drugs might have diminished the need for IPF-related hospitalisations.