bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Trimethylstannylation of mono‐ and dichloroarenes by the SRN1 mechanism in liquid ammonia
Authors: Santiago Ana N. , Basso Silvana M. , Montañez Juan P. , Rossi Roberto A.
Published: November 2006

The photostimulated reaction of methyl 2,5‐dichloro benzoate (1) or methyl 3,6‐dichloro‐2‐methoxy benzoate (7) with −SnMe3 ions give good yields of the disubstitution products by the SRN1 mechanism in liquid ammonia. Conversely, in dark conditions, substrate 1 reacts with −SnMe3 ions to afford the mono‐substitution products by the SRN1 mechanism. On the other hand, substrate 7 reacts with −SnMe3 ions in dark conditions to give mono‐reduced product probably by a halogen metal exchange reaction. In addition, the photostimulated reaction of 2‐chloro‐N
4‐ethyl‐N
6‐isopropyl‐1,3,5‐triazin‐4,6‐diamine (Atrazine, 11) with −SnMe3 ions affords the reduced and substitution products in liquid ammonia‐DMSO as co‐solvent. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of interacting nanoparticles on the ordered morphology of block copolymer/nanoparticle mixtures
Authors: Park Moon Jeong , Park Jongnam , Hyeon Taeghwan , Char Kookheon
Published: November 2006

We investigated the effect of hard additives, that is, magnetic nanoparticles (NPs) and metal NPs, on the ordered morphology of block copolymers by varying the NP concentration. To characterize the structural changes of a block copolymer associated with different NP loadings, small‐angle X‐ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy were performed. Monodisperse maghemite (γ‐Fe2O3) NPs (7 nm in diameter) and silver (Ag) NPs (6 nm in diameter) with surfaces modified with oleic acids were synthesized, and a cylinder‐forming poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene) diblock copolymer was used as a structure‐directing matrix for the NPs. As the NP concentration increased, domains of NP aggregates were observed for both magnetic and metal NPs. In the case of mixtures of cylinder‐forming poly(styrene‐block‐isoprene) and Ag NPs with weak particle–particle interactions, random aggregates of Ag NPs were observed, and the ordered morphology of the block copolymer lost its long‐range order with an increase in the NP concentration. However, regular, latticelike aggregates obtained with γ‐Fe2O3 NPs, because of the strong interparticle interactions, induced an intriguing morphological transformation from hexagonal cylinders to body‐centered‐cubic spheres via undulated cylinders, whereas the neat block copolymer did not show such a morphological transition over a wide range of temperatures. The interplay between magnetic NPs and the block copolymer was also tested with magnetic NPs of different sizes. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3571–3579, 2006
Pore structure and glass transition temperature of nanoporous poly(ether imide)
Authors: Liu Tong , Ozisik Rahmi , Siegel Richard W.
Published: November 2006

The effect of nanopores on the glass transition temperature (Tg) of poly(ether imide) was studied with differential scanning calorimetry. Nanoporous poly(ether imide) samples were obtained through the phase separation of immiscible blends of poly(ether imide) and polycaprolactone diol and by the removal of the dispersed minor phase domains with a selective solvent. Microscopy and statistical methods were used to characterize the pore structure and obtain the pore structure parameters. The pore size was found to depend on the processing time and the initial blend composition, mainly because of phase‐coarsening kinetics. A decrease in Tg was observed in the nanoporous poly(ether imide) in comparison with the bulk samples. The change in Tg was strongly influenced by the pore structure and was explained by the percolation theory. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys 44: 3546–3552, 2006
An improved risk graph approach for determination of safety integrity levels (SILs)
Authors: Baybutt Paul
Published: November 2006

Risk graphs are one of the techniques used to determine safety integrity levels (SILs) for the safety instrumented functions (SIFs) that make up safety instrumented systems (SISs) for processes. The standard risk graph approach originated in a German standard published in 1994. The standard approach has a number of disadvantages that are delineated in this article. An improved risk graph approach has been developed to overcome these disadvantages. The improved method is described and an example of its application is provided. The improved method preserves the simplicity of risk graph methods while providing a theoretical foundation that facilitates moving into more refined methods such as layers of protection analysis (LOPA) or quantitative risk analysis (QRA), if needed. Furthermore, the improved risk graph method can be incorporated easily into process hazard analysis (PHA). © 2006 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog, 2007
Movement of chlorfenvinphos in soil
Authors: Edwards M. J. , Beynon K. I. , Edwards C. A. , Thompson A. R.
Published: November 2006

The leaching of chlorfenvinphos through soil was studied in two field experiments by applying it to sloping arable land at 22 kg active ingredient/ha and following its movement down the slope. Only very small quantities of the insecticide later appeared lower down the slope and at the bottom. In one of these experiments there was a pond at the bottom of the slope and residues could not be detected in the mud or water from this pond. Residues of the main soil metabolites of chlorfenvinphos could not be detected in the pond water at 23 and 36 weeks after application.

Chlorfenvinphos was applied at the same dosage to the surface of the soil in the first compartment of a trough that sloped from the treated end with a gradient of 1 : 3–7 and consisted of six compartments containing soil to a height of 5 cm above the height of the transverse partitions. Leachates were collected at the bottom of each compartment. Most of the chlorfenvinphos in the leachates was collected during the first 9 weeks from the first compartment. Only 0.18% of the amount of insecticide applied was leached through the soil but this was nine times more than was observed with dieldrin in a similar experiment. Only small amounts moved down the surface of the slope. More chlorfenvinphos leached vertically into drainage water than laterally over the surface.
Persistence of chlorfenvinphos in natural waters
Authors: Beynon K. I. , Edwards M. J. , Thompson A. R. , Edwards C. A.
Published: November 2006

Chlorfenvinphos was sprayed at a dosage level of 74 kg/ha (some 20–40 times the normal rate of application to agricultural land) on to the surface of a pond so that the water contained an average concentration of 6.1 ppm. This decreased to 2.0 ppm after five hours, and to 0.12 ppm after 1 month. Residues were detected in the mud 5 hours after the treatment of the water and the concentration increased rapidly up to 5 hours after treatment and reached a maximum value of 0.32 ppm at 115 hours after treatment.

Chlorfenvinphos persisted in mud for at least 34 days and whilst there was a decrease in the numbers of Chironomidae larvae the numbers of other animals were too small to detect any significant changes.

It seems unlikely that contamination of ponds by aerial spraying at commercial dosages (up to 5 kg/ha) or from run‐off and leaching of chlorfenvinphos from treated soil would be a serious hazard to free swimming aquatic animals.
Comparative properties of N‐acetyl derivatives of oxime N‐methylcarbamates and aryl N‐methylcarbamates as insecticides and acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Boulton J. J. K. , Boyce C. B. C. , Jewess P. J. , Jones R. F.
Published: November 2006

N‐acylation of aryl N‐methylcarbamates is known to reduce their mammalian toxicity considerably without adversely affecting their insecticidal activity. It has now been found that N‐acylation of several insecticidal oxime carbamates results in loss of toxicity both to insects and mammals. Kinetic data for base‐catalysed solvolysis and inhibition of acetylcholinesterase, together with published work on metabolism, are combined to provide a rationale for this unexpected observation and to account for the selective toxicity of aryl N‐acetyl‐N‐methylcarbamates.
Activity of some new pyrethroids against Blattella germanica L.
Authors: Chadwick P. R.
Published: November 2006

The activities of natural and synthetic pyrethroids against male German cockroaches (Blattella germanica) were examined by means of dusting and direct spraying techniques. NRDC 107 (5‐benzyl‐3‐furylmethyl (+)‐trans‐chrysanthemate) was the most active compound in killing cockroaches. Pyrethrins gave the most rapid knockdown and were 60% as active as NRDC 107 (Bioresmethrin) in killing power. Tetramethrin and the corresponding (+)‐trans‐ester gave rapid knockdown. Only (+)‐trans‐allethrin [(+)‐trans‐chrysan‐themate of (±)‐allethrolone] provided useful knockdown and killing power together. Piperonyl butoxide had a relatively stronger synergistic action with less active killing agents. The rate of knockdown during the first few minutes of exposure was not altered greatly by piperonyl butoxide.
Theory, preparation and ‘exhaustion’ on wool fibres of pesticide emulsions. III.—‘exhaustion’ of pesticide emulsions on wool fibres
Authors: Carino L. , Nagy G.
Published: November 2006

The spreading on the wool surface of emulsion droplets, stabilised by blends of calcium dodecylbenzene‐sulphonate and polyoxyethylene nonylphenol condensates, and containing toxaphene and diazinon as toxicants, kerosene and xylene as solvents, is mainly due to the intermolecular forces operating at the resulting interface, i.e. van der Waals forces, π‐ and H‐bonds.
Effect of concentration on the decomposition rates in soil of atrazine, linuron and picloram
Authors: Hance R. J. , McKone C. E.
Published: November 2006

The decomposition of atrazine, linuron and picloram when incubated with two soils at four levels of application was measured for periods of 3 or 4 months. The applicability of zero‐order, half‐order, first‐order and Michaelis‐Menten kinetics was considered. None of the equations described the breakdown rates adequately in spite of the apparent theoretical advantage for using an expression of the Michaelis‐Menten type. In each case the rate of decomposition increased as the initial herbicide concentration decreased.
Some factors affecting the activities of dinitrophenol fungicides. II.—Use of g.l.c. partition data in studies of chemical structure/fungicidal activity against powdery mildew
Authors: Clifford D. R. , Watkins D. A. M.
Published: November 2006

The application of partition data, derived by a gas‐liquid chromatographic (g.l.c.) technique, to the study of the activities of members of homologous 4‐(l‐substituted alkyl)‐2,6‐dinitrophenol series against cucurbit and apple powdery mildews (caused by Oidium sp. and Podosphaera leucotricha respectively) is discussed. The correlation between the possession of high protectant activity and a favourable πglc value for maximum ‘zonal’ movement within the leaf surface is stressed. This criterion is more important than vapour‐phase activity in this context; it may well rival in importance the possession of optimum conidial penetration properties.
Genotoxic activity of dichlorvos, trichlorfon and dichloroacetaldehyde
Authors: Aquilina Gabriele , Benigni Romualdo , Bignami Margherita , Calcagnile Angelo , Dogliotti Eugenia , Falcone Emiliana , Carere Angelo
Published: November 2006

Two structurally related organophosphorous insecticides, dichlorvos and trichlorfon, and their main metabolite dichloroacetaldehyde, were assayed for their ability to induce DNA repair, detected as unscheduled DNA synthesis in human epithelial‐like cell (EUE) cultures in vitro. A dose‐response relationship was found for treatment with the two pesticides, but negative results were obtained with dichloroacetaldehyde. Tests for induction of gene mutation, as ouabain resistance in Chinese hamster cells (V79), failed to show any mutagenic activity by these compounds.
Effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin on oogenesis in the mite Tetranychus urticae
Authors: Mothes‐Wagner Ursula
Published: November 2006

Some effects of the chitin synthesis inhibitor complex nikkomycin on oogenesis in the two‐spotted spider mite Tetranychus urticae were demonstrated by means of electron microscopy. Four main effects were evident, depending on the oogenetic stages. Nuclear defects, observed in oogonia and primary oocytes, included a widened nuclear envelope, the intermembranous spaces of which were filled with electron‐dense material, and the occurrence of small electron‐dense agglomerations and altered nucleoli inside the nuclei. Cytoplasmic defects occurred mainly in nurse cells and involved electron‐dense granular areas accompanied by mitochondria, and large cisternae and vesicles of rough endoplasmic reticulum. Yolk synthesis in oocytes could be inhibited, as shown by the lack of yolk droplets or the presence of abnormal yolk droplets. Both phases of egg shell synthesis were disturbed, resulting in an inhibition of egg deposition. Mechanisms based upon the oogenetic effects of the metabolite complex nikkomycin are discussed.
Failure of permethrin to repel horn flies Haematobia irritans (L.) on cattle
Authors: Khan Mushtaq A. , Colwell Douglas D.
Published: November 2006

Permethrin is not a repellent against horn flies Haematobia irritans (L.). The flies were able to land but not rest or feed on cattle treated with a spray or a pour‐on application of permethrin, because the insecticide had a quick toxic effect. During the 15 days after treatment, all of the 813 flies exposed to the steer treated with the spray, died without taking a blood meal. During the same period, all but two of the 1426 horn flies died when exposed to the steer treated with the pour‐on application, and only one of the living and seven of the dead horn flies had taken a blood meal.
The effects of a new pyrethroid insecticide WL‐85871 on foraging honey bees (Apis mellifera L.)
Authors: Shires Stephen W. , Murray Andrew , Debray Phillippe , Blanc Jean Le
Published: November 2006

Emulsifiable concentrate formulations of WL‐85871 (‘Fastac’) at 10 and 20 g a.i. ha−1, parathion‐methyl (MEP) at 500 g a.i. ha−1, and phosalone at 1200 g a.i. ha−1 were individually applied to flowering mustard during June and July 1982. The applications were made by tractor‐mounted boom‐and‐nozzle equipment to small plots in Normandy, France. Before each application, bee hives were placed adjacent to the mustard plots and fitted with either a pollen trap or a dead‐bee trap. The application of both dose rates of WL‐85871 and phosalone resulted in no increase in bee mortalities and no discernible effect on pollen collection or long‐term hive development. In contrast, the application of MEP resulted in substantial bee mortalities, reduced pollen collection and adversely affected hive development. Both dose rates of WL‐85871 caused a sharp decline in foraging activity immediately after application, followed by a return to normal activity within a few hours. A prolonged gradual reduction in foraging activity occurred throughout the afternoon period after the phosalone application; with MEP, foraging activity fell rapidly to a very low level and remained so for the rest of that day and the following day. It was concluded that the ground application of WL‐85871 at 10 and 20 g a.i. ha−1 had no direct effect on honey bee survival and no observable effect on hive development.
Foliar residues and toxicity to green leafhoppers of the systemic insecticides aldicarb and its isomer butocarboxim in young peach and plum groves
Authors: Klein Meir , Aharonson Nadav , Muszkat Lea
Published: November 2006

The isomeric systemic carbamoyloximes aldicarb and butocarboxim were applied at two dose rates to the soil in young peach and plum groves to control the green leafhopper Asymmetrasca decedens Paoli. The effectiveness of the treatments was assessed indirectly by measuring the growth rate of shoots, and by determining the adult mortality of leafhoppers that were collected in the field and kept for 24 h on detached peach leaves in the laboratory. Residues of the insecticides and of their sulphoxide and sulphone metabolites, in the leaves of the peach trees, were determined 18 and 31 days after treatment. Only the sulphoxides and sulphones were found; the sulphoxides amounted to 70–80% of the toxic residues after 18 days, and to 50–70% after 31 days. At an identical rate of application, the leaves from aldicarb‐treated peach trees contained higher concentrations of the toxic metabolites and were more toxic to leafhoppers than those of trees treated with butocarboxim.
The degradation of diflubenzuron and its chief metabolites in soils. Part I: Hydrolytic cleavage of diflubenzuron
Authors: Nimmo Wijnand B. , De Wilde Pieter C. , Verloop Arie
Published: November 2006

[14C]Diflubenzuron is readily degraded in various agricultural soils and in hydro‐soil; 50% of the applied dose of 1 mg kg−1 was metabolised in 2 days or less. The chief products of hydrolysis were identified as 4‐chlorophenylurea and 2, 6‐difluorobenzoic acid. A part of the radioactivity, increasing with incubation time, could not be extracted. Release from the soil of [14C]carbon dioxide, derived from both labelled phenyl rings, points to the ultimate mineralisation of diflubenzuron.
The fungicidal activity of substituted 1,4‐naphthoquinones. Part III: Amino, anilino and acylamino derivatives
Authors: Clark Nigel G.
Published: November 2006

A variety of 2‐amino‐, 2‐anilino‐ and 2‐acylamino‐1, 4‐naphthoquinones, with hydrogen, chlorine, alkoxy, phenoxy, methylthio or phenylthio as the 3‐substituent, have been synthesised and assayed against Botrytis cinerea, Cladosporium fulvum and Venturia inaequalis. With few exceptions, only the 2‐acylamino compounds possessed appreciable fungicidal activity: this was of a high order in the cases of 2‐prop‐ionamido‐, 2‐N‐methylacetamido‐3‐methylthio‐, and 3‐methoxy‐2‐N‐methylacetamido‐1, 4‐naphthoquinones.
Separation and identification of short‐lived free radicals formed by photolysis of the pyrethroid insecticide fenvalerate
Authors: Mikami Nobuyoshi , Takahashi Naohiro , Yamada Hirohiko , Miyamoto Junshi
Published: November 2006

Using a spin‐trap reagent 3‐nitrosodurene (1,2,4,5‐tetramethyl‐3‐nitrosobenzene), the short‐lived free radicals generated by ultraviolet irradiation of fenvalerate [(RS)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl (RS)‐2‐(4‐chlorophenyl)‐3‐methylbutyrate] in degassed benzene or dichloromethane, were scavenged as the more stable nitroxide radicals. These radicals were separated by high‐performance liquid chromatography and identified individually by electron‐spin resonance spectroscopy, as well as by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. As a result, they were found to be the spin adduct mixtures of the 4‐chloro‐α‐isopropylbenzyl and α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl radicals, which are involved in the photo‐induced decarboxylation process of fenvalerate. Discrimination of the radicals was also performed by the isotope‐labelling method whereby the benzylic proton in the acid moiety was deuteriated. The spin numbers of the nitroxides decreased by about five‐fold when photolysis was carried out in oxygenated benzene solution. N‐Benzylidene‐tert‐butylamine N‐oxide trapped both radicals but much less efficiently. The nitroxide of the 4‐chloro‐α‐isopropylbenzyl radical was predominant at 25°C or –40°C, but the proportion of the α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl nitroxide radical increased at the lower temperature.
Hydrolysis of the pyrethroid insecticide fenpropathrin in aqueous media
Authors: Takahashi Naohiro , Mikami Nobuyoshi , Yamada Hirohiko , Miyamoto Junshi
Published: November 2006

The hydrolysis of [14C] fenpropathrin (I) [(RS)‐α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl 2,2,3,3‐tetramethylcyclopropanecarboxylate] was studied in buffer solutions at pH 1.9–10.4, and in natural river and sea water at 25, 40, 55 and 65°C under laboratory conditions. The hydrolysis of I proceeded predominantly through neutral (pH independent) and base‐catalysed processes in the regions below pH 3.9 and above pH 7.0, respectively, whereas both reactions occurred between pH 3.9 and 7.0. The rates of hydrolysis of I in buffer solutions were similar to those in one sample of river and one sample of sea water. If this obtains generally, it may be expected that the half‐life of I in natural waters, normally within the range pH 5–9, will range from 1.54 to 1080 days at 40°C, 11.3 to 8520 days at 25°C and, by extrapolation of the data obtained in buffer solutions, 106 to 83 000 days at 10°C. The rate constants for hydrolysis of I in aqueous media can be expressed by:

Where log kN = 9.60–(5.56 × 103 T−1) and log kB = 7.32–(2.56 × 103 T−1). The calculated rate constants were in good accord with the observed values in buffer solutions. Cleavage of the ester linkage was more rapid than hydration of the cyano group at any pH and temperature tested.
The effects on resistant mosquitoes of interrupted exposure to insecticides
Authors: Rawlings Peter
Published: November 2006

In paired tests on batches of malathion‐ and dieldrin‐resistant Anopheles arabiensis, one of each pair received a continuous exposure to either malathion or dieldrin for 16 h or more, while the other received a non‐exposed rest phase in the middle of the exposure period. Among dieldrin‐resistant mosquitoes, the mortality rate was decreased in the group that experienced the interrupted, as opposed to the continuous exposures; however, the survival rate of malathion‐resistant adults was unaffected by interrupted exposure. There was a significant positive correlation between the mortality rate and the adult age for malathion, but the responses to dieldrin were independent of age. Movement of adult mosquitoes to and from malathion deposits in sprayed houses should not impair the efficacy of this insecticide, whereas prolonged absence from contact with dieldrin would require even longer exposures to achieve the same mortality in the insects.
Laboratory tests to investigate the effects of pesticides on two beneficial arthropods: A predatory mite (Phytoseiulus persimilis) and a rove beetle (Aleochara bilineata)
Authors: Samsøe‐Petersen Lise
Published: November 2006

Tests have been developed to enable growers to choose pesticides that spare the natural enemies of pests. The test for Aleochara bilineata is carried out in glass cells, and for Phytoseiulus persimilis on detached bean leaves; both expose the laboratory‐reared arthropods to a fresh, uniform pesticide residue under standardised conditions. The duration of the tests is 1 and 2 weeks, respectively. In both tests reproduction during the experimental period is measured, and the reduction caused by the pesticide is calculated by comparison with a water‐treated control.
The fate and distribution of chlorpropham when applied to stored potatoes as a sprout suppressant
Authors: Coxon David T. , Filmer Anthony A. E.
Published: November 2006

Two varieties of potato were treated with 14C‐ or 36Cl‐radiolabelled chlorpropham to suppress sprouting, and stored under controlled ventilation conditions in the laboratory for up to 6 months at 10°C. The migration of chlorpropham into the potato tubers was studied at intervals by autoradiography and analysis of tuber extracts. Little penetration of chlorpropham beyond the peel layer occurred even after storage for 6 months. No identifiable degradation product of chlorpropham was detected in the extracts, although there was evidence of bound non‐extractable residues. Volatile compounds lost by ventilation through the storage containers were collected in cold traps and analysed by liquid scintillation counting. Loss of chlorpropham by volatilisation from the tuber surface was very small.
Uptake of chemicals from foliar deposits: Effects of plant species and molecular structure
Authors: Price Clive E. , Anderson Nicholas H.
Published: November 2006

The uptake from foliar deposits of 10 14C‐labelled compounds into each of 10 species of field‐grown plants was measured 26 h after deposition by combustion of leaf tissue after removal of surface deposits. The compounds, which included eight pesticides, covered a wide range of lipophilicity and each was formulated in the same way; they were applied as droplets with a microsyringe. Uptake varied greatly between the species. All compounds were taken up well into maize and Xanthium pennsylvanicum, whereas relatively little entered the leaves of apple or orange. Uptake into the six other species varied according to the compound. Amongst the eight non‐polar compounds, no relationship between the rate of uptake and molecular size was discerned, and only in X. pennsylvanicum was uptake related to the partition coefficient and water solubility. Considering all the compounds, weak relationships were observed between molecular cross‐sectional area and uptake into four species. The range of the uptake rates (×130) was small compared with those of octan‐1‐ol‐water partition coefficients (×1010) and water solublities (×107) shown by the 10 compounds. Possible reasons for the absence of correlations between the uptake and the molecular properties considered are discussed. The results are consistent with either separate routes of cuticular entry for non‐polar and polar compounds, or a common route for both types of compound. The generally poor uptake by apple and orange leaves, which may be related to their thick cuticles, highlights the need to develop special formulations to optimise uptake into these species.
Distribution and depletion of [14C]resmethrin isomers administered orally to laying hens
Authors: Christopher Ronald J. , Munger Craig E. , Ivie G. Wayne
Published: November 2006

The cis and trans isomers of the synthetic pyrethroid resmethrin, labelled with radiocarbon in either the alcohol or acid moiety, were individually administered orally to White Leghorn laying hens at a dosage of 10 mg kg−1. With each isomer and label position, greater than 90% of the radiocarbon was eliminated in the excreta within 24 h after the treatment. Radiocarbon residues in the egg white and yolk fractions were low, with peak levels observed 1 and 4‐5 days after treatment in white and yolk, respectively. In birds sacrificed 12 h after treatment, radiocarbon residues in tissues were low; the highest levels were found in the liver and kidney.
A small‐scale method for the determination of pyrethroid insecticide residues in crops and soils
Authors: Forbes Stuart , Dutton Alan J.
Published: November 2006

A small‐scale method for the determination of pyrethroid insecticide residues in crops and soils is described. Compared with the conventional methods, the overall analysis time is reduced by approximately 60% and solvent usage is reduced by approximately 80% using this approach. Results obtained on a range of crops using the small‐scale and conventional methods were in good agreement, and a repeatability study showed that the small‐scale approach is unbiased and gives good precision. To date, linseed, tobacco, cotton foliage, cotton seed, wheat grain, sorghum, savoy, cauliflower, cabbage, cucumber, apple, peach, blackcurrant, gooseberry, raspberry and soil samples have been analysed using the method. Good recoveries were obtained with all these matrices.
Foliar residues of aminocarb at tree canopy and ground levels in an experimental spray operation in conifer forests
Authors: Sundaram Kanth M. S.
Published: November 2006

Foliar residues of aminocarb were measured at tree canopy and ground levels in conifer forests in New Brunswick, Canada, following aerial application of three spray mixtures of aminocarb, one water‐based, one in a volatile oil of low viscosity, and the third in a non‐volatile oil of high viscosity. For a given volume rate of application, all three mixtures provided similar foliar residues at tree canopy level, but the aqueous and the volatile‐oil based sprays provided significantly lower residues on cut foliage positioned at ground level, than the non‐volatile oil spray mixture.
Influence of amidines and anilides on biogenic amine regulatory mechanisms in the bulb mite Rhizoglyphus echinopus
Authors: Scott Julie A. , Johnson Terry L. , Knowles Charles O.
Published: November 2006

Levels of dopamine (DA) and its precursor 3‐(3,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)alanine (DOPA) in adult bulb mites Rhizoglyphus echinopus (Fumouze and Robin), after exposure for 1 and 24 h in vials precoated with an acetone solution (1.0 mg ml−1) of the amidines chlordimeform, clenpyrin, or flubenzimine, were measured by high‐performance liquid chromatography with electrochemical detection and compared with those of untreated controls. When mites were exposed to the formamidine chlordimeform, there was an initial increase in levels of DA and DOPA; after 24 h, DOPA levels were still increased, but there was a significant decrease in the levels of DA. Exposure of mites to the cyclic amidines clenpyrin and flubenzimine resulted in decreased levels of DA and DOPA at both time intervals. The effects of amidines and anilides on the metabolism of 2‐phenylethylamine (PEA) by whole homogenates of bulb mites were also examined. Degradation of PEA was inhibited by chlordimeform and some of the other formamidines, but not by the cyclic amidines clenpyrin and flubenzimine. Formanilides, that are degradation products of certain formamidines, were the most potent inhibitors of PEA metabolism. These studies provide direct evidence for the interaction of amidines with mite biogenic amines and their regulatory mechanisms.
Effects of deltamethrin on ventral nerve cord activity in the cockroach
Authors: Hendy Christopher H. , Djamgoz Mustafa B. A.
Published: November 2006

The effects of varying concentrations of deltamethrin on a number of the parameters of electrophysiological activity in the cockroach ventral nerve cord have been studied. Deltamethrin, at concentrations greater than 100 nM, caused repetitive firing in the central nervous system (CNS), prior to conduction block, the effect getting faster as the concentration was increased. Whilst 10‐nM deltamethrin eventually caused conduction block with no apparent increase in the level of CNS activity, it induced a gradual decrease in the amplitudes of all spike activity. Deltamethrin at 10μM induced a significant increase in the latency of electrically evoked responses, and this was attributed to a synaptic mechanism. It was shown for the first time that 10‐μM deltamethrin causes a significant elevation of the extra‐axonal K+ activity; the possible consequences of this are discussed.
The relationship between the Physicochemical properties of pyrethroid insecticides and their speed of neurotoxic action
Authors: Ford Martyn G. , Greenwood Richard , Leake Lucy D. , Szydlo Richard M. , Turner Christopher H.
Published: November 2006

The rate of onset of pyrethroid‐induced depolarisations of the nerve cell membrane in isolated ganglia of the leechHirudo medicinaliswas measured using intracellular recordings. The speed of neurotoxicity of a series of substituted benzyl (1RS)‐trans‐cyclopropane‐1‐carboxylates was related to the size of the groups at C3 and C4 of the benzyl ring, the ability of the ring substituents to donate electrons, and the nature of the substituents at the two terminal positions of the vinyl group subtended by the cyclopropane ring. The speed of action was also related to the electronic environment of the protons subtended by the geminal methyl group heldtransto the carboxyl group. Compounds, the partition properties of which were sensitive to interactions between the pyrethroid and solvent molecules, tended to act rapidly. There was no simple relationship between the speed of neurotoxic action in isolated leech ganglia and the knockdown potency to mustard beetles.
Synthesis of endrin metabolites. Part 2: Total synthesis and confirmation of the structure of 3‐hydroxyendrin
Authors: Bedford Colin T. , Crane Anthony E. , Smith Edward H. , Wellard Nicholas K.
Published: November 2006

3‐Hydroxyendrin, a minor metabolite of endrin in several mammals, has been synthesised for the first time in a three‐step procedure. The synthesis is based on the two‐step commercial manufacture of endrin, with cyclopenta‐1,3‐dienyl acetate replacing cyclopentadiene in the Diels‐Alder adduction step to isodrin formation. The adduct formed from cyclopenta‐1,3‐dienyl acetate and 1,2,3,4,7,7‐hexachlorobicyclo‐[2.2.1]hepta‐2,5‐diene, 3‐acetoxyisodrin, was purified by chromatography and sequentially deacetylated (to 3‐hydroxyisodrin) and epoxidised to yield 3‐hydroxyendrin. A comparison of this material with a sample of a metabolite, isolated from endrin‐dosed rates in 1970, showed that they were identical in all spectral properties (m.s., i.r. and n.m.r.). This has provided confirmation of the original structural assignment and has made available sufficient quantities of the metabolite as a reference material for any future metabolism or residue studies.
Chemical treatments for the decontamination of brinjal fruit from residues of synthetic pyrethroids
Authors: Awasthi Mahesh D.
Published: November 2006

Residues of synthetic pyrethroids on brinjal fruit were reduced following treatment with a number of chemical solutions. Dip treatment of fruit in detergent solution removed 50–60% of surface residues as against 40–45% removed by hydrolytic degradation with alkali solution. The effect of washing decreased progressively with increased ageing of residues.
Synthesis and insecticidal activities of unsymmetrical bis‐arylalkyl ketones. A new structural concept in pyrethroids
Authors: Svendsen Axel , Pedersen Lars‐Erik K. , Klemmensen Per D.
Published: November 2006

Seventeen unsymmetrical bis‐arylalkyl ketones were synthesised and their insecticidal activities against Musca domestica, Locusta migratoria, Drosophila melanogaster, Dysdercus cingulatus, Aedes aegypti and Tetranychus urticae were tested. The synergistic effect of piperonyl butoxide on the activities of some of the new ketopyrethroids against Musca domestica was also determined. Several structural variations, including substituent exchange in the aryl moieties, the position of the ketone function and increase or decrease of the length of the carbon chain connecting the two aryl moieties, were made in order to examine the structure‐activity relationship. All biological activities were compared with the activity of the ether pyrethroid 2‐(4‐ethoxyphenyl)‐2‐methylpropyl 3‐phenoxybenzyl ether (MTI‐500).
Determination of oil, emulsifier and polymer or salt content of spray adjuvants
Authors: Abbott Henry A. , Bronner Pamela L.
Published: November 2006

A method for the separation of the oil, emulsifier and polymer or salt fractions of adjuvants is described. The adjuvant is dissolved in 90% aqueous ethanol and filtered to remove polymers or salt. Light petroleum (distillation range 30–40°C) is added to the solution in a separating funnel. The light petroleum fraction is subsequently extracted with successive aliquots of 80, 70, 60 and 50% aqueous ethanol. The whole of the ethanol and light petroleum fractions are evaporated to dryness to yield the emulsifier and oil fractions respectively. Emulsifier, oil and polymer or salt are determined gravimetrically. The method successfully detected the presence of polymer or salt in adjuvants, but could not distinguish between them when both were present in the same product. The adjuvants could be classified into four broad classes; those containing > 70% emulsifier (wetter‐spreaders), those containing > 75% oil (anti‐evaporants), those containing a high proportion of polymer (film‐forming substances), and those containing comparable amounts of all three components (multi‐purpose adjuvants).
Enhanced degradation of iprodione and vinclozolin in soil
Authors: Walker Allan , Brown Pauline A. , Entwistle Andrew R.
Published: November 2006

Residues of iprodione and vinclozolin were measured following repeated application of the fungicides to a sandy loam soil in the laboratory. There was a progressive increase in rates of degradation with successive treatments. With iprodione, for example, the times for 50% loss of the first and second applications were about 23 and 5 days respectively. When treated for the third time, less than 10% of the applied dose remained in the soil after just 2 days. Similar results were obtained with vinclozolin in the same soil, and with both compounds in a second soil. In a third soil, which had relatively low pH, degradation of both compounds occurred only slowly and the rate of degradation of a second application was the same as that of the first. Degradation rates in this soil were increased by addition of 100 g kg−1 of a soil in which degradation occurred more readily, and they were markedly increased by addition of 100 g kg−1 of a soil in which enhanced degradation had been previously induced. Residues of both fungicides were also measured following repeated application in the field. When iprodione was applied to previously untreated plots, about 3% of the initial dose remained in the soil after 77 days. When applied to plots treated once before, less than 1% remained after 18 days, and when applied to plots treated twice previously less than 1% remained after 10 days. Similar results were obtained with vinclozolin. Enhanced degradation of subsequent soil treatments was also observed following a sequence of low‐dosage sprays in the field.
The degradation of diflubenzuron and its chief metabolites in soils. Part II: Fate of 4‐chlorophenylurea
Authors: Nimmo Wijnand B. , Willems Antonius G. M. , Joustra Kees D. , Verloop Arie
Published: November 2006

The fate of 4‐chlorophenylurea in soils was studied with two preparations: one labelled with 14C in the phenyl ring and the other in the carbonyl group. The initial dose of 1 mg kg−1 decreased to 50% in about 5 weeks in aerobic sandy clay and in about 16 weeks in anaerobic hydrosoil. Soil treatment with each of the preparations resulted in the release of [14C]carbon dioxide, pointing to decarbonylation and ring opening. The fraction of non‐extractable (soil‐bound) radioactivity increased during incubation. Quantities of ring‐14C‐labelled and carbonyl‐14C‐labelled bound residues differed strongly in the aerobic soil but only slightly in the anaerobic hydrosoil. It is assumed that two sorts of bound residues are formed from 4‐chlorophenylurea: one is fairly stable and might consist of bound 4‐chloroaniline or its transformation products, whereas the other is presumed to be a degradable derivative of 4‐chlorophenylurea.
Synthesis of some new ether derivatives of hydroquinone and their ovicidal activity against the two‐spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch)
Authors: Bettarini Franco , Massardo Pietro , Piccardi Paolo , Caprioli Vincenzo
Published: November 2006

A new class of compounds derived from hydroquinone ethers showed high and predominantly ovicidal activity against the two‐spotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae Koch. The sequence of compounds synthesised and the factors which appeared to have contributed most to the discovery of these promising acaricides are presented.
The effect of molasses on the evaporation and impaction of spray droplets
Authors: Abbott Henry A.
Published: November 2006

The addition of 20% molasses to water did not reduce the rate of evaporation of water from spray droplets. The 20% molasses droplets evaporated at the same rate as water droplets until ca 20% of their volume was left. When sprayed under field conditions at 30% relative humdity (r.h.) the volume median diameter (v.m.d.) of the 20% molasses spray (132 μm) was larger than the v.m.d. of the water spray (116 μm) and more droplets smaller than 19 μm were captured on magnesium oxide slides than with the water spray. The addition of molasses improved the impaction efficiency of droplets by increasing their density, and increased the minimum size to which a given droplet could evaporate.
The metabolic fate in rats of the pyrethroid insecticide WL85871, a mixture of two isomers of cypermethrin
Authors: Hutson David H. , Logan Christopher J.
Published: November 2006

The metabolism of the pyrethroid insecticide WL85871, labelled in the alcohol moiety, has been studied in male and female Wistar rats at a dose of ca 2 mg kg−1. The compound was rapidly broken down and the radioactivity was mainly eliminated in the urine as the sulphate conjugate of 3‐(4‐hydroxyphenoxy)benzoic acid (40% of the dose). Some hydroxylation occurred before ester cleavage. Approximately 20% of the ingested compound was not absorbed and was eliminated unchanged in the faeces. There was no evidence for any racemisation of the chiral centres of WL85871 either in the intestine, the faeces or in fat. The small proportion of the dose stored in adipose tissue was eliminated with biphasic kinetics (t½ values, 2–3 days and 17–26 days). The t½ values for skin were, respectively, 2 days and 40 days. As the residue in fat depleted between 3 and 40 days, an increasing proportion (from 28% to 48%) was present as a lipophilic metabolite of WL85871, or of 3‐phenoxybenzoic acid, probably a mixture of 3‐phenoxybenzoyl diacyl glycerols.
Some effects of diallyl bisulphide on sclerotia of Sclerotium cepivorum: Possible novel control method for white rot disease of onions
Authors: Coley‐Smith John R. , Parfitt David
Published: November 2006

Sclerotium cepivorum (the causal agent of white rot of onions) persists in soil in the form of sclerotia whose germination is triggered by volatile sulphides and thiols released into the soil from roots of the genus Allium. The effects of treatment of the soil with diallyl disulphide (DADS) on the germination of these sclerotia has been studied, because if the germination can be triggered in the absence of the host crop, control of the fungus could be achieved. Five isolates of the fungus responded similarly but marked effects of DADS concentration and of the time‐of‐year of application were discovered, poor results being obtained with summer applications of DADS. Promising results were obtained at other times of the year with DADS flooded on to land containing sclerotia. The effectiveness of DADS treatment was shown to be related to the rate at which the material disappeared from soil, which was itself dependent upon soil temperature.
Synthesis and insecticidal activity of 3‐(haloalkyl‐1,3‐dienyl)‐2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylates
Authors: Bosone Enrico , Corda Francesco , Gozzo Franco , Menconi Augusto , Piccardi Paolo , Caprioli Vincenzo
Published: November 2006

New 2,2‐dimethylcyclopropanecarboxylic acids bearing halogenated 1,3‐alkadienyl substituents at position 3 of the cyclopropane ring were synthesised and the insecticidial activities of their 3‐phenoxybenzyl and α‐cyano‐3‐phenoxybenzyl esters against housefly (Musca domestica), Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa decemlineata) and Egyptian cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis) were determined. The activity of these compounds varied according to the relative position of the halogen substituents on the diene chain. The observed changes of activity with the structure of the side chain are discussed in terms of the coplanarity of the conjugated double bonds.
Degradation of guanidated amine acetates
Authors: Björk Lars , Siirala‐Hansén Kirsti
Published: November 2006

The active ingredient of the fungicide ‘Panoctine’ is a standardised mixture of guanidated amine acetates (GTA). This mixture was degraded in German standard soils with half‐lives of 400–600 days. GTA dressed on to wheat seed at 0.75 g kg−had a half‐life of 20 days when seed was incubated in Petri dishes at 25°C and of 80 days on seed sown in pots of soil stored outside. These results demonstrate a substantial influence of the test system on the degradation times of guanidated amine acetates.
Synthesis and insecticidal properties of ether analogues of DDT‐pyrethroids
Authors: Holan George , Johnson Wynona M. P. , Jarvis Karen E. , Virgona Christopher T. , Walser Reimund A.
Published: November 2006

Twenty‐seven ethers which are structural analogues of DDT‐pyrethroid insecticides have been synthesised. Bioassay data for these compounds against Lucilia cuprina, Blatella germanica and Heliothis punctigera are presented and the structure‐activity relationships (SAR) discussed. The SAR of the new series of ether analogues are compared and contrasted to those of their parent DDT‐pyrethroid compounds.
Design and synthesis of N‐(2,4=difluorophenyl)‐2‐(3‐trifluoromethylphenoxy)‐3‐pyridinecarboxamide (diflufenican), a novel pre‐ and early post‐emergence herbicide for use in winter cereals
Authors: Cramp Michael C. , Gilmour James , Hatton Leslie R. , Hewett Richard H. , Nolan Christopher J. , Parnell Edgar W.
Published: November 2006

The pre‐ and early post‐emergence herbicidal activity of diflufenican, a novel herbicide, is reported and attention is drawn to its ability to control important weeds in winter cereals, including Galium aparine, Veronica hederifolia, Veronica persica and Viola arvensis, which are resistant to substituted‐urea herbicides. The synthesis of a series of related compounds is described and the relationship between structure and activities against a range of plant species is examined in respect of changes in the phenyl, phenoxy and pyridine rings. The design and synthesis of a small number of compounds combining the best patterns of substitution in each of the rings is described. The resulting optimisation of herbicidal activity in the series is reported, together with field trial results comparing the herbicidal efficacy, crop selectivity and soil persistence of the most active structures.
Effectiveness of cold solvent extraction systems for the determination of fumigant residues in cereal grains
Authors: Scudamore Keith A.
Published: November 2006

Two alternative cold solvent extraction mixtures, (a) light petroleum distillate (40–60°C boiling range) + 0.1‐M hydrochloric acid (2+3 by volume) and (b) acetone + water (5+1 by volume), were examined for their effectiveness in extraction of residues of bromochloromethane, 1,1,1‐trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride and 1,1,2‐trichloroethylene from cereal grains and rape seed. Apparent recoveries of fumigants from spiked solutions or spiked commodity extracts were generally in the range 90‐105%, acetone + water giving the higher results. For most fumigated samples extracted shortly after treatment, comparative results obtained for the two extraction mixtures were similar to those obtained for spiked extracts and this, together with rapid rates of extraction, suggested that almost complete extraction from the commodities had been obtained. However, the rate of extraction of residues from aged samples using either solvent mixture was often slow, with extraction continuing well beyond the recommended standing periods. Agreement in results obtained was significantly improved by standing for longer periods, in order that equilibrium of residual compounds between commodity and solvent could be reached. However, low results were obtained using light petroleum distillate + hydrochloric acid to extract all four fumigants from rape seed and bromochloromethane from oats. It is recommended that the effectiveness of the solvent mixture selected for extraction of this type of volatile residue from cereal grains is carefully checked, especially when determining residues in aged samples or samples of unknown history.
Isomers of sterol synthesis inhibitors: Fungicidal effects and plant growth regulator activities
Authors: Köller Wolfram
Published: November 2006

The chemical diversity of fungicides and antimycotics interfering with the C‐14 demethylation of fungal sterols indicates a rather high structural flexibility of the sterol binding site at the specific cytochrome P‐450 mixed‐function oxygenase. The structural flexibility, however, is opposed by a remarkable stereochemical selectivity. A similar, though not identical, stereochemical discrimination is observed with a group of plant growth regulators chemically related to the fungicidal demethylation inhibitors.

The relationship between chemical structure and stereochemical requirements is discussed for both biological activities.