bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effective Removal of Methylene Blue From Aqueous Solution Using Metal‐Organic Framework; Modelling Analysis, Statistical Physics Treatment and DFT Calculations
Authors: Al‐Wasidi Asma S. , AlZahrani Ibtisam I. S. , Naglah Ahmed M. , El‐Desouky Mohamed G. , Khalil Muhammad A. , El‐Bindary Ashraf A. , El‐Bindary Mohamed A.
Published: November 2021

Methylene blue adsorption on zeolitic imidazolate‐8 metal‐organic framework (ZIF‐8) according to basic phenomena Different Multiphysics modeling methodologies were combined to reveal understand the adsorption processes. Rather than their functional groupings, sorbents′ porosity is important, affects methylene blue adsorption, according to a statistical physics method. Quantum chemistry calculations imply the ZIF‐8 has dispersive interactions and pore properties. The examined reactive sites reveal that the for both electrophilic and nucleophilic assaults, ZIF‐8 has the same favored sites., that explains this adsorbent‘s highest performance. Finally, Monte Carlo simulations reveal Methylene blue adsorption on ZIF‐8 in the most stable energy configuration. Using XRD, IR, SEM, EDX, and nitrogen adsorption‐desorption, the prepared ZIF‐8 was characterized. The effectiveness of ZIF‐8 as an adsorbent which studied by researching MB removal from aqueous solutions as organic pollutants. The isothermal adsorption method suits the Langmuir model, and qmax=522.95 mg/g was the maximum adsorption power. The adsorption kinetics knowledge matched the pseudo‐second‐order model well. Accordingly, it is possible to use ZIF‐8 with high performance and superior stability to remediate wastewater from organic contaminants.
Electronic Structure Regulation of Single‐Atom Catalysts for Electrochemical Oxygen Reduction to H2O2
Authors: Liu Jingjing , Gong Zhichao , Yan Minmin , He Guanchao , Gong Haisheng , Ye Gonglan , Fei Huilong
Published: November 2021

Electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) via the 2‐electron oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has emerged as a promising alternative to the energy‐intensive anthraquinone process and catalysts combining high selectivity with superior activity are crucial for enhancing the efficiency of H2O2 electrosynthesis. In recent years, single‐atom catalysts (SACs) with the merits of maximum atom utilization efficiency, tunable electronic structure, and high mass activity have attracted extensive attention for the selective reduction of O2 to H2O2. Although considerable improvements are made in the performance of SACs toward the 2‐electron ORR process, the principles for modulating the catalytic properties of SACs by adjusting the electronic structure remain elusive. In this review, the regulation strategies for optimizing the 2‐electron ORR activity and selectivity of SACs by different methods of electronic structure tuning, including the altering of the central metal atoms, the modulation of the coordinated atoms, the substrate effect, and alloy engineering are summarized. Finally, the challenges and future prospects of advanced SACs for H2O2 electrosynthesis via the 2‐electron ORR process are proposed.
Defining with Purpose: Connecting Lexicogrammatical Features to Textual Purpose in Authentic Undergraduate Texts
Authors: Walsh Marr Jennifer , Lynch Sarah , Tervit Tanya
Published: November 2021

This paper showcases the development of linguistically ‐responsive pedagogy in a first ‐year writing course to facilitate students’ recognition of the connection between discrete language features and purpose of definitions. Paraphrasing definitions was chosen as the first textual focus in response to disciplinary instructors’ anecdotes of students talking ‘around’ key terms rather than being precise, and in response to their role in establishing terms within larger texts. Acknowledging the benefit of seeing language as a system, we draw on the research and (simplified) metalanguage of Systemic Functional Linguistics (Derewianka, 2011; Halliday & Matthiessen, 2004; Martin & Rose, 2005). We introduce the foundational relationship between purpose and features, then use the teaching and learning cycle (Rothery, 1994) to scaffold students’ writing development through deconstruction and joint construction. Although definitions are quite specific, the process of determining their purpose, features and usage serves as a foundation for multilingual students’ knowledge and skills, enabling them to respond to the varied linguistic demands of discipline‐specific post‐secondary writing.
Applicability of soil moisture sensors for monitoring water dynamics in rock: A field test in weathered limestone
Authors: Leite Pedro A. M. , Wilcox Bradford P. , McInnes Kevin J. , Walker John W.
Published: November 2021

Rock moisture in the vadose zone, while recognized as important, is rarely monitored—in part because adequate instrumentation and installation techniques are lacking. The objectives of this work were (a) to test the applicability of a commercially available capacitance soil moisture sensor (EC‐5, METER Group) for continuously monitoring the water content of weathered limestone; and (b) to contrast the water dynamics of rock matrix with that of rock fractures. At a site in the Edwards Plateau, Texas, we developed a protocol for installing sensors in limestone pits and tested its effectiveness in reducing erroneous readings caused by installation‐induced preferential flow along pit walls. Our results show that rock moisture can be accurately measured with EC‐5 sensors, provided some steps are taken to ensure the quality of the installation. These include protecting the sensors by installing them in horizontal shafts rather than on the exposed pit wall, and use of a sealant. Data gathered over 7 mo after installation showed that rock moisture increased significantly only after a 95‐mm rainfall event. Because of preferential flow, fractures reached peak water content within 2–3 h after peak rainfall—a response that was one to two orders of magnitude faster than in rock matrix. Limestone stored 40–70% of the water after the 95‐mm event, and its water content decreased significantly during summer months. Overall, our results attest to the importance of continuously measuring rock moisture in regions with shallow soils, where it serves as a critical reservoir for vegetation.
Evaluation of Reflective Measurement Models
Authors: Hair Joseph F. , Hult G. Tomas M. , Ringle Christian M. , Sarstedt Marko , Danks Nicholas P. , Ray Soumya
Published: November 2021

The goal of reflective measurement model assessment is to ensure the reliability and validity of the construct measures and therefore provides support for the suitability of their inclusion in the path model. This chapter introduces the key criteria that are relevant in reflective measurement model assessment: indicator reliability, internal consistency reliability (Cronbach’s alpha, reliability coefficient rhoA, and composite reliability rhoC), convergent validity, and discriminant validity. We illustrate their use by means of the SEMinR package and a well-known model on corporate reputation.
Introduction
Authors: Ortiz Isabel , Burke Sara , Berrada Mohamed , Saenz Cortés Hernán
Published: November 2021

The Introduction of “World Protests: A Study of Key Protest Issues in the 21st Century” provides the background and methodology of the study, including the countries covered. It also describes the structure of the volume chapter by chapter, from protestors’ demands and methods to achievements and repression, guiding the reader through the content of the book. An annex presents 250 methods of non-violent protest.
SARS-CoV-2-Seroprävalenz bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland – ein Überblick
Authors: Thamm Roma , Buttmann-Schweiger Nina , Fiebig Julia , Poethko-Müller Christina , Prütz Franziska , Sarganas Giselle , Neuhauser Hannelore
Published: November 2021

Hintergrund

SARS-CoV-2-Antikörperstudien ergänzen und erweitern die Erkenntnisse aus der Meldestatistik laborbestätigter COVID-19-Fälle um Informationen zu unentdeckten Fällen.

Ziel der Arbeit

Der vorliegende Beitrag fasst bisherige Ergebnisse zur SARS-CoV-2-Prävalenz aus seroepidemiologischen Studien in Deutschland zusammen, die sich auf Kinder und Jugendliche konzentrieren, und ergänzt die bereits vorliegende Übersicht zur Seroprävalenz bei Erwachsenen und speziell bei Blutspendenden in Deutschland.

Material und Methoden

Die Ergebnisse der Übersichtsarbeit beruhen auf einer fortlaufenden systematischen Recherche in Studienregistern, Literaturdatenbanken, von Preprint-Veröffentlichungen und Medienberichten seroepidemiologischer Studien in Deutschland sowie deren Ergebnissen.

Ergebnisse

Mit Stand 17.09.2021 sind uns 16 deutsche seroepidemiologische Studien, die sich auf Kinder und Jugendliche konzentrieren, bekannt geworden. Für 9 dieser Studien liegen Ergebnisse vor. Für fast alle untersuchten Settings lag die SARS-CoV-2-Seroprävalenz für Kinder im Kita- und Grundschulalter in der ersten COVID-19-Welle deutlich unter 1 % und für Jugendliche unter 2 %. Im Verlauf der Pandemie wurden höhere Seroprävalenzen von bis zu 8 % für Kinder im Grundschulalter ermittelt.

Diskussion

Ergebnisse von SARS-CoV-2-Antikörperstudien bei Kindern und Jugendlichen in Deutschland liegen bislang erst in geringem Umfang und basierend auf lokal-regionalen, nichtrepräsentativen Stichproben vor. In künftigen Studien gilt es, einerseits abzuschätzen, welcher Anteil der Kinder und Jugendlichen bereits eine Infektion hatte oder geimpft ist. Zum anderen gilt es, die Verbreitung körperlicher und psychischer Beeinträchtigungen im Nachgang einer Infektion zu untersuchen.
Infektionsgeschehen und Eindämmungsmaßnahmen in Kitas während der COVID-19-Pandemie – Erkenntnisse aus der Corona-KiTa-Studie
Authors: Loss Julika , Kuger Susanne , Buchholz Udo , Lehfeld Ann-Sophie , Varnaccia Gianni , Haas Walter , Jordan Susanne , Kalicki Bernhard , Schienkiewitz Anja , Rauschenbach Thomas
Published: November 2021

Hintergrund

Kindertageseinrichtungen (Kitas) spielen eine wichtige gesellschaftspolitische Rolle; gleichzeitig begünstigt der enge Kontakt der Kinder in Kitagruppen untereinander und mit Beschäftigten die Übertragung von Infektionen. In der COVID-19-Pandemie ergaben sich die Fragen, wie Infektionsgeschehen in Kitas verlaufen, welche Rolle Kitakinder in der Pandemie spielen und welche Schutz- und Hygienemaßnahmen in Kitas umgesetzt werden. Von 06/2020 bis 12/2021 wird die „Corona-KiTa-Studie“ durchgeführt, in der pädagogische und infektionsepidemiologische Themen gemeinsam bearbeitet werden.

Methoden

In der Studie werden Daten aus unterschiedlichen Quellen erhoben. Es werden amtliche Meldedaten sowie wöchentliche Angaben von Kitas im sog. KiTa-Register kontinuierlich ausgewertet. Zudem werden SARS-CoV-2-Ausbrüche in Kitas vor Ort durch wiederholte Probengewinnung und Befragungen untersucht.

Ergebnisse

Das SARS-CoV-2-Infektionsgeschehen in Kitas bzw. bei Kindern im Kitaalter war von 03/2020 bis 05/2021 sehr dynamisch. In der 2. und 3. Pandemiewelle stiegen SARS-CoV-2-Ausbrüche in Kitas deutlich an, begleitet von einer erheblichen Zunahme an Kita- und Gruppenschließungen. Zuletzt erhöhte sich der Anteil der betroffenen Kinder bei den Ausbrüchen kontinuierlich. Allerdings ergab die erste Untersuchung von SARS-CoV-2-Ausbrüchen (n = 28), dass bei kindlichen Indexfällen im Schnitt nur ein Bruchteil der Kitakontakte (6,8 %) angesteckt wurde. Die Übertragungshäufigkeiten unterschieden sich zwischen einzelnen Kitas deutlich.

Diskussion

Die Zusammenführung von regelmäßig erhobenen Melde- und Befragungsdaten sowie Ausbruchsuntersuchungen ermöglicht ein vielschichtiges Monitoring des Infektionsgeschehens in Kitas, dessen Ergebnisse in Empfehlungen für Public-Health-Maßnahmen einfließen können.
White matter variability, cognition, and disorders: a systematic review
Authors: Forkel Stephanie J. , Friedrich Patrick , Thiebaut de Schotten Michel , Howells Henrietta
Published: November 2021

Inter-individual differences can inform treatment procedures and—if accounted for—have the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes. However, when studying brain anatomy, these inter-individual variations are commonly unaccounted for, despite reports of differences in gross anatomical features, cross-sectional, and connectional anatomy. Brain connections are essential to facilitate functional organization and, when severed, cause impairments or complete loss of function. Hence, the study of cerebral white matter may be an ideal compromise to capture inter-individual variability in structure and function. We reviewed the wealth of studies that associate cognitive functions and clinical symptoms with individual tracts using diffusion tractography. Our systematic review indicates that tractography has proven to be a sensitive method in neurology, psychiatry, and healthy populations to identify variability and its functional correlates. However, the literature may be biased, as the most commonly studied tracts are not necessarily those with the highest sensitivity to cognitive functions and pathologies. Additionally, the hemisphere of the studied tract is often unreported, thus neglecting functional laterality and asymmetries. Finally, we demonstrate that tracts, as we define them, are not correlated with one, but multiple cognitive domains or pathologies. While our systematic review identified some methodological caveats, it also suggests that tract–function correlations might still be a promising tool in identifying biomarkers for precision medicine. They can characterize variations in brain anatomy, differences in functional organization, and predicts resilience and recovery in patients.
Issues in clustering algorithm consistency in fixed dimensional spaces. Some solutions for k-means
Authors: Kłopotek Mieczysław A. , Kłopotek Robert A.
Published: November 2021

Kleinberg introduced an axiomatic system for clustering functions. Out of three axioms, he proposed, two (scale invariance and consistency) are concerned with data transformations that should produce the same clustering under the same clustering function. The so-called consistency axiom provides the broadest range of transformations of the data set. Kleinberg claims that one of the most popular clustering algorithms, k-means does not have the property of consistency. We challenge this claim by pointing at invalid assumptions of his proof (infinite dimensionality) and show that in one dimension in Euclidean space the k-means algorithm has the consistency property. We also prove that in higher dimensional space, k-means is, in fact, inconsistent. This result is of practical importance when choosing testbeds for implementation of clustering algorithms while it tells under which circumstances clustering after consistency transformation shall return the same clusters. Two types of remedy are proposed: gravitational consistency property and dataset consistency property which both hold for k-means and hence are suitable when developing the mentioned testbeds.
Simulation of Counter-Current Spontaneous Imbibition Based on Momentum Equations with Viscous Coupling, Brinkman Terms and Compressible Fluids
Authors: Tantciura Sergei , Qiao Yangyang , Andersen Pål Ø.
Published: November 2021

A numerical model is investigated representing counter-current spontaneous imbibition of water to displace oil or gas from a core plug. The model is based on mass and momentum conservation equations in the framework of the theory of mixtures. We extend a previous imbibition model that included fluid–rock friction and fluid–fluid drag interaction (viscous coupling) by including fluid compressibility and Brinkman viscous terms. Gas compressibility accelerated recovery due to gas expansion from high initial non-wetting pressure to ambient pressure at typical lab conditions. Gas compressibility gave a recovery profile with two characteristic linear sections against square root of time which could match tight rock literature experiments. Brinkman terms decelerated recovery and delayed onset of imbibition. Experiments where this was prominent were successfully matched. Both compressibility and Brinkman terms caused recovery deviation from classical linearity with the square root of time. Scaling yielded dimensionless numbers when Brinkman term effects were significant.

Article Highlights

Spontaneous imbibition with viscous coupling, compressibility and Brinkman terms.

Viscous coupling reduces spontaneous imbibition rate by fluid–fluid friction.

Brinkman terms delay early recovery and explain seen delayed onset of imbibition.

Gas compressibility accelerates recovery and can be significant at lab conditions.

Gas compressibility gives recovery with two root of time lines as seen for shale.
How personality affects reaction. A mental health behavioral insight review during the Pandemic
Authors: Mourelatos Evangelos
Published: November 2021

The fear caused by the Covid-19 pandemic is changing our psychology and behavior. This ongoing negative event, imposing restrictions such as home isolation and social distancing, can result in heightened anxiety, depression and a sense of loneliness, with immediate effects on mental health. This study investigates adolescents’ reaction to the pandemic, by analyzing the behavioral mental health trends of depression, anxiety and sense of loneliness, in relation to personality traits. After controlling for demographics and family background, our results reveal strong relationships between several personality traits and psychological health indicators, during the pandemic in Greece. A total of 419 secondary school students (aged 12–18) were administered the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for Children (STAIC), the Child Depression Inventory (CDI), the Big Five Inventory for measuring personality (BFI) and the Children’s Loneliness Questionnaire (CLS) during two time periods within pandemic. Overall, it appears that depression increased significantly in line with the escalation of the pandemic, while anxiety decreased, with the strongest predictors being the personality variables of extraversion, neuroticism and openness. Surprisingly, the study also revealed that the level of extraversion has a positive effect on changes in anxiety, while a negative one on changes in depression. On the other hand, neuroticism and openness seem to negatively correlate with anxiety changes and positively with depression changes. These findings highlight the importance of considering these variables in addressing individuals’ mental health behavior during the Covid-19 pandemic and elucidate the literature by offering a deeper understanding of the strong relationship between personality, depression and anxiety.
When English clashes with other languages: Insights and cautions from the Writer’s Craft series
Authors: Lingard Lorelei , Sayra Cristancho Sayra , Hennel Eva Kathrin , St-Onge Christina , Van Braak Marije
Published: November 2021

None
The Sheep Mountain Animal Net Revisited
Authors: Sundstrom Linea , Walker Danny N.
Published: November 2021

A juniper fiber net discovered in a cave near Cody, Wyoming, had been radiocarbon dated at 8860 BP (6910 ± 170 BC; RL-396) in 1986. Reanalysis and four additional AMS radiocarbon dates indicate an age younger than 1300 cal BP. Net metrics are consistent with archaeological and ethnographic examples identified as rabbit nets.
Knowing How to Feel: Racism, Resilience, and Affective Resistance
Authors: Rogers Taylor
Published: November 2021

This article explores the affective dimension of resilient epistemological systems. Specifically, I argue that responsible epistemic practice requires affective engagement with nondominant experiences. To begin, I outline Kristie Dotson's account of epistemological resilience whereby an epistemological system remains stable despite counterevidence or attempts to alter it. Then, I develop an account of affective numbness. As I argue, affective numbness can promote epistemological resilience in at least two ways. First, it can reinforce harmful stereotypes even after these stereotypes have been rationally demystified. To illustrate, I examine the stereotype of Black criminality as it relates to false confessions (Lackey 2018). Second, it can encourage “epistemic appropriation” (Davis 2018), which I demonstrate by examining the appropriation of “intersectionality” and #MeToo by white culture. Finally, I conclude that resisting harmful resilience requires affective resistance, or efforts that target numbness via different kinds of affective engagement. I consider Kantian “disinterestedness” as a candidate.
Racialized Forgiveness
Authors: Cherry Myisha
Published: November 2021

This article introduces a concept that I refer to as racialized forgiveness. Cases that exemplify certain conditions that I take as paradigmatic of the problem of racialized forgiveness include instances in which: (a) who is forgiven or not is determined by the race of the offender; (b) praise and criticisms of forgiveness are determined by the race of the victim; and (c) praise and criticisms of forgiveness are, at least implicitly, racially self-serving. I argue that this practice is morally objectionable because of its psychological origins, moral failures, and negative effects. Accordingly, in order to dodge these pitfalls, we need to practice forgiveness differently.
The effect of tracheostomy on swallowing function in open partial horizontal laryngectomies: preliminary experience
Authors: Lucidi D , Botti C , Fermi M , Luppi M P , Alicandri-Ciufelli M , Presutti L , Mattioli F
Published: November 2021

Objective

Tracheostomy is required to ensure a safe airway in open partial horizontal laryngectomies. The presence of the tracheostomy tube can contribute to post-operative dysphagia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of a circumferential tracheostomy technique on swallowing.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted of patients who underwent open partial horizontal laryngectomies between April 2018 and June 2019. Patients were divided into two groups based on the tracheostomy technique: group 1 had two stitches from the inferior tracheal ring to the skin; group 2 had circumferential fixation of the trachea to the skin. Demographic information, surgical data, post-operative rehabilitation course and complication details were collected and analysed.

Results

Twenty-four patients were enrolled. Patients in group 2 had significant improvement in the initial phases of swallowing rehabilitation.

Conclusion

Tracheostomy with anchorage of the trachea to the skin by circumferential stitches could allow early removal of the tracheal tube, with a better swallowing outcome.
Radiological and clinical correlations of the anterior ethmoidal artery in functional endoscopic sinus surgery
Authors: Gupta A , Ghosh S , Roychoudhury A
Published: November 2021

Objectives

To correlate computed tomography findings and endoscopic localisation of the anterior ethmoidal artery during surgery, and to analyse the intranasal landmarks and abnormalities of the artery.

Method

The anterior ethmoidal artery was studied with high-resolution computed tomography and endoscopic surgery in 30 patients undergoing functional endoscopic sinus surgery (group A), and with endoscopic dissection on 30 human cadavers (group B).

Results

The anterior ethmoidal artery was demonstrated on computed tomography in 25 patients and intra-operatively in 12 (group A). It was identified in 26 cadavers (group B). Dehiscence of bony canal and branching was noted in 10.53 per cent of cases. The mean (± standard deviation) intranasal length of the anterior ethmoidal artery was 7.29 (± 1.21) mm, the distance of the artery from the axilla of the middle turbinate was 16.24 (± 2.75) mm, and the mean distance from the ground lamella was 8.97 (± 1.46) mm.

Conclusion

High-resolution computed tomography scanning prior to functional endoscopic sinus surgery is mandatory to identify the anterior ethmoidal artery. Endoscopically, the axilla of the middle turbinate and the ground lamella can serve as dependable reference points to identify the artery. Cadaver dissection improves understanding of anatomy.
On the history of palatography in Hungarian phonetics
Authors: Gósy Mária
Published: November 2021

The beginnings of the field of experimental phonetics can be traced back to the second half of the nineteenth century, when (among others) palatography, initiated by an English dentist, started an important new trend in phonetics. This paper outlines the evolution of this revolutionary experimental technique, discusses its two types, direct (static vs. natural) and indirect palatography, and describes the materials and procedures that researchers used. Hungarian scholars, Balassa, Gombocz, Csűry and Hegedűs, were among the very first who used palatography, ahead of many other European researchers. This paper highlights their methodological achievements and some of their findings obtained in studying the articulation of Hungarian vowels and consonants using palatography.
Status of a second viable population of the Critically Endangered Delacour's langur in Viet Nam
Authors: Nguyen Anh Tuan , Trinh-Dinh Hoang , Le Minh , Manh Ha Nguyen
Published: November 2021

One of the three Critically Endangered and endemic primate species in Viet Nam, Delacour's langur Trachypithecus delacouri, is restricted to the north of the country. The largest remaining population is in Van Long Nature Reserve, Ninh Binh Province, and the second largest is in nearby Kim Bang Protection Forest, Ha Nam Province, with other populations believed to be too small for recovery. The population in Van Long has been well studied but the status of that of Kim Bang has not previously been adequately evaluated. To address this, a survey was conducted during 10 August–7 October 2018. In total, we recorded 13 groups comprising a total of at least 73 individuals, almost doubling the highest number reported in previous studies. We documented six new groups in Lien Son and Ba Sao communes in Kim Bang. Our findings indicate there is a high likelihood that Delacour's langur population in Kim Bang will recover and could be important for the long-term conservation of this Critically Endangered species. However, immediate and appropriate conservation measures need to be implemented to protect the population from major anthropogenic threats, namely poaching and habitat destruction, detected during our survey.
Dietary protein supplementation results in molecular and cellular changes related to T helper type 2 immunity in the lung and small intestine in lactating rats re-infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis
Authors: Masuda Aya , Allen Judith E. , Houdijk Jos G. M. , Athanasiadou Spiridoula
Published: November 2021

Acquired immunity to gastrointestinal nematodes reduces during late pregnancy and lactation which is known as periparturient relaxation of immunity (PPRI). Protein supplementation reduces the degree of PPRI in a rat model re-infected with Nippostrongylus brasiliensis, but the underlying molecular mechanisms have yet to be elucidated. Here, we hypothesized that protein supplementation will enhance T helper type 2 immunity (Th2) in the lung and small intestine. Nulliparous Sprague-Dawley rats were given a primary infection of N. brasiliensis prior to mating and restrictedly fed diets with either low protein (LP) or high protein (HP) during pregnancy and lactation. Dams were secondary infected with N. brasiliensis on day 2 post-parturition, and histology and gene expression were analysed for tissue samples collected at days 5, 8 and 11. Genes related to Th2 immunity in the lung, Retnla, Il13 and Mmp12, and in the intestine, Retnlb, were upregulated in HP dams compared to LP dams, which indicates the effect of dietary protein on Th2 immunity. HP dams also had increased splenic CD68+ macrophage populations compared to LP dams following secondary infection, suggesting enhanced immunity at a cellular level. Our data assist to define strategic utilization of nutrient supply in mammals undergoing reproductive and lactational efforts.
Multivariate classification provides a neural signature of Tourette disorder
Authors: Zito Giuseppe A. , Hartmann Andreas , Béranger Benoît , Weber Samantha , Aybek Selma , Faouzi Johann , Roze Emmanuel , Vidailhet Marie , Worbe Yulia
Published: November 2021

Background

Tourette disorder (TD), hallmarks of which are motor and vocal tics, has been related to functional abnormalities in large-scale brain networks. Using a fully data driven approach in a prospective, case–control study, we tested the hypothesis that functional connectivity of these networks carries a neural signature of TD. Our aim was to investigate (i) the brain networks that distinguish adult patients with TD from controls, and (ii) the effects of antipsychotic medication on these networks.

Methods

Using a multivariate analysis based on support vector machine (SVM), we developed a predictive model of resting state functional connectivity in 48 patients and 51 controls, and identified brain networks that were most affected by disease and pharmacological treatments. We also performed standard univariate analyses to identify differences in specific connections across groups.

Results

SVM was able to identify TD with 67% accuracy (p = 0.004), based on the connectivity in widespread networks involving the striatum, fronto-parietal cortical areas and the cerebellum. Medicated and unmedicated patients were discriminated with 69% accuracy (p = 0.019), based on the connectivity among striatum, insular and cerebellar networks. Univariate approaches revealed differences in functional connectivity within the striatum in patients v. controls, and between the caudate and insular cortex in medicated v. unmedicated TD.

Conclusions

SVM was able to identify a neuronal network that distinguishes patients with TD from control, as well as medicated and unmedicated patients with TD, holding a promise to identify imaging-based biomarkers of TD for clinical use and evaluation of the effects of treatment.
Localising Acoustic Ecology: A critique towards a relational collaborative paradigm
Authors: Chaves Rui , Aragão Thaís A.
Published: November 2021

This article focuses on critically provincialising some of the ethico-political challenges inherent to much of the acoustic ecology vocabulary and conceptual framework. As we will demonstrate, much of the underlying limitations stem from an adherence to a particular self-transformation praxis (from the ‘New Age’ movement) alongside an overtly optimist and culturally selective outlook on how a well-informed acoustic designer would guide individuals and communities to a better sonic world. This epistemological and aesthetic outlook is presented in order to offer an alternative view on how collaborative works that deal with the sonic can take place within communities. One, where rigid hierarchies and orthodoxies are substituted by an intersubjective listening that changes all actors involved in the process. This is the framework from which we present Cildo Meireles’s Sal Sem Carne LP (1975) and Lilian Nakahodo’s sonic cartography Mapa sonoro CWB: Uma cartografia afetiva de Curitiba (2015–).
Sound and More-than-Human Sociality in Catherine Clover’sOh! Ah ah pree trra trra
Authors: Browning Joseph
Published: November 2021

This article transposes questions about socially engaged sound practices into a more-than-human register, turning an ear to the sounds of interspecies encounters. It takes its impetus from a workshop aimed at forming a ‘cross-species choir’ by the artist Catherine Clover, in which participants tried to sing like, with and to birds in a London woodland. I describe how Clover’s speculative choir was informed by theoretical models drawn both from sound studies and from environmental humanities, as well as a down-to-earth, humorous sensitivity towards the limitations and absurdities of artistic practice. Where much theory associated with sound art and experimental music sees sound as what Ochoa Gautier has critiqued as an ontological suture for repairing the fractured relationship between humans and nature, Clover’s practice offers a more ambivalent and, I argue, therefore more generative means of conceptualising the role of sound within more-than-human social worlds. In particular, it uses sound to draw attention to the apprehension of humans by other creatures and to various dynamics of evasion, non-encounter and undecidability in our relationships with the more-than-human world. By amplifying this alternative way of understanding sound and listening, this article seeks to recast projects of social engagement through sound in more speculative and expansive terms.
Toward greater sustainability: how investing in soil health may enhance maize productivity in Southern Africa
Authors: Thierfelder Christian , Paterson Eric , Mwafulirwa Lumbani , Daniell Tim J , Cairns Jill E , Mhlanga Blessing , Baggs Elizabeth M
Published: November 2021

Climate change and soil fertility decline are major threats to smallholder farmers' food and nutrition security in southern Africa, and cropping systems that improve soil health are needed to address these challenges. Cropping systems that invest in soil organic matter, such as no-tillage (NT) with crop residue retention, have been proposed as potential solutions. However, a key challenge for assessing the sustainability of NT systems is that soil carbon (C) stocks develop over long timescales, and there is an urgent need to identify trajectory indicators of sustainability and crop productivity. Here we examined the effects of NT as compared with conventional tillage without residue retention on relationships between soil characteristics and maize (Zea maysL.) productivity in long-term on-farm and on-station trials in Zimbabwe. Our results show that relationships between soil characteristics and maize productivity, and the effects of management on these relationships, varied with soil type. Total soil nitrogen (N) and C were strong predictors of maize grain yield and above-ground biomass (i.e., stover) in the clayey soils, but not in the sandy soils, under both managements. This highlights context-specific benefits of management that fosters the accumulation of soil C and N stocks. Despite a strong effect of NT management on soil C and N in sandy soils, this accrual was not sufficient to support increased crop productivity in these soils. We suggest that sandy soils should be the priority target of NT with organic resource inputs interventions in southern Africa, as mineral fertilizer inputs alone will not halt the soil fertility decline. This will require a holistic management approach and input of C in various forms (e.g., biomass from cover crops and tree components, crop residues, in combination with mineral fertilizers). Clayey soils on the other hand have greater buffering capacity against detrimental effects of soil tillage and low C input.
Exploring foundational convergence between the Islamic law of armed conflict and modern international humanitarian law: Evidence from al-Shaybani's Siyar al-Kabir
Authors: Çakmak Cenap , Güneysu Gökhan
Published: November 2021

This paper compares and contrasts the Islamic law of armed conflict with the modern international humanitarian law, with the view of identifying foundational similarities between these two separate canons, drawing extensively from al-Siyar al-Kabir. To this end, it raises the question as to whether the Islamic law of armed conflict is compatible with its modern counterpart, and, if it is, to what extent. To address these interlinked questions, the study departs from the premise that in order to identify resemblance, it is necessary to enquire into the foundations (both legal and philosophical) of the Islamic and contemporary approaches vis-à-vis armed conflicts.
The Importance of a Sense of University Belonging for the Psychological and Academic Adaptation of International Students in Germany
Authors: Yildirim Hüseyin Hilmi , Zimmermann Julia , Jonkmann Kathrin
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Although a sense of university belonging has been established as a crucial factor for students’ academic success and subjective well-being, little is known about its importance regarding the adaptation of international students in Germany. Likewise, few studies have addressed the long-term reciprocal relations of a sense of university belonging and psychological and academic outcomes. To close this research gap, we analyzed data from N = 3,837 international students with a set of cross-lagged panel models. The results showed that a high sense of belonging is beneficial for international students’ adaptation in Germany as it is related to better well-being, higher study satisfaction, and lower drop-out intention. Furthermore, these indicators of psychological and academic adaption predicted the development of a sense of university belonging across the study entrance period, which points to the dynamic relationship between both kinds of constructs. We discuss the theoretical implications and the implementation of interventions that promote a sense of university belonging to increase the psychological and academic adaptation of international students in Germany.
Perceived Peer Exclusion as Predictor of Students’ Help-Seeking Strategies in Higher Education
Authors: Zander Lysann , Höhne Elisabeth
Published: November 2021

Abstract. Feeling excluded by fellow students may be associated with lower levels of adaptive help-seeking. In a cross-sectional study, we compared self-reported help-seeking strategies (autonomy-oriented, dependency-oriented, help-seeking avoidance) among N = 418 students in 25 seminar and tutorial groups in the undergraduate introductory courses of two subject domains: computer science and education. Analyses showed that, overall, students reported lower autonomy-oriented help-seeking and higher help-seeking avoidance in computer science than in education. In computer science, perceived peer exclusion predicted more help-seeking avoidance among both male and female students and less autonomy-oriented help-seeking among females. In education, however, perceived peer exclusion was a significant predictor of both male and female students’ lower autonomy-oriented help-seeking. Results suggest that, in computer science, help-seeking appears to have an “image problem” signaling competence-related inferiority rather than being a form of effective self-regulated learning. Implications for enhancing adaptive help exchange cultures in computer science are discussed.
Evaluation of CloudSat Radiative Kernels Using ARM and CERES Observations and ERA5 Reanalysis
Authors: Dai Ni , Kramer Ryan J. , Soden Brian J. , L’Ecuyer Tristan S.
Published: November 2021

Despite the widespread use of the radiative kernel technique for studying radiative feedbacks and radiative forcings, there has not been any systematic, observation‐based validation of the radiative kernel method. Here, we utilize observed and reanalyzed radiative fluxes and atmospheric profiles from the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program and ERA5 reanalysis to assess a set of observation‐based radiative kernels from CloudSat for six ARM sites. The CloudSat radiative kernels, convoluted with the ERA5 state variables, can almost perfectly reconstruct the monthly anomalies of shortwave (SW) and longwave (LW) radiative fluxes in ERA5 at the surface (SFC) and top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) with correlations significantly being greater than 0.95. The biases of kernel‐estimated flux anomalies calculated using the ARM‐observed state variables can be more than twice as large when compared with the ARM‐observed surface flux anomalies and Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System observed anomalies at the TOA. Generally, clouds contribute to most (>60%) of the variance of flux anomalies at Southern Great Plain (SGP), Tropical Western Pacific (TWP), and Eastern North Atlantic (ENA), and surface albedo dominates (>69%) the variance of SW flux anomalies at North Slope of Alaska. The radiative kernels exhibit the lowest correlation (r∼[0.55,0.85]) when reconstructing SFC LW flux anomalies at SGP, TWP, and ENA, whose biases are related to the possibility that the kernels may not fully capture the characteristics associated with Madden‐Julian oscillation and El Niño‐Southern Oscillation at TWP and the presence of clouds at SGP and ENA.
An Explanation, at Last, for Mysterious “Zen Stones”
Authors: Kornei Katherine
Published: November 2021

Laboratory experiments re-create the thin, icy pedestals that support some rocks in nature, revealing that sublimation plays a key role in the formation of these rare and beautiful structures.
Determining the Global Scale Size of Chorus Waves in the Magnetosphere
Authors: Zhang Shuai , Rae I. Jonathan , Watt Clare E. J. , Degeling Alexander W. , Tian Anmin , Shi Quanqi , Shen Xiao‐Chen , Yao Shutao , Guo Ruilong , Wang Mengmeng , Zhu Xiaoqiong , Wang Huizi
Published: November 2021

Chorus waves outside the plasmapause influence the Earth's radiation belt dynamics by interacting with energetic electrons via cyclotron and Landau resonance. Recent numerical diffusion experiments indicate that the diffusion process is sensitive to the spatial and temporal scale of variability in the wave‐particle interaction, which is reported to be more efficient than that based on the traditional average model. Using Van Allen Probes A and B data from November 2012 to July 2019, the spatial and temporal scale size of chorus waves are calculated by the correlation between the wave amplitudes detected by two satellites with varying spatial separation or time lag. We found that, the chorus wave is incoherent when the spatial extent is greater than 433 km or the time lag lasts ∼10 s, which are significantly smaller than that of plasmaspheric hiss. In addition, the spatial correlations of chorus tend to be higher near noon or with lower geomagnetic activity. The temporal correlations of chorus are always statistically near zero, which are not influenced by the location and geomagnetic activity. Our results can help refine the model of the interactions between energetic particles and chorus waves in the radiation belt.
Machine Learning for Predicting the Bz Magnetic Field Component From Upstream in Situ Observations of Solar Coronal Mass Ejections
Authors: Reiss M. A. , Möstl C. , Bailey R. L. , Rüdisser H. T. , Amerstorfer U. V. , Amerstorfer T. , Weiss A. J. , Hinterreiter J. , Windisch A.
Published: November 2021

Predicting the Bz magnetic field embedded within interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs), also known as the Bz problem, is a key challenge in space weather forecasting. We study the hypothesis that upstream in situ measurements of the sheath region and the first few hours of the magnetic obstacle provide sufficient information for predicting the downstream Bz component. To do so, we develop a predictive tool based on machine learning that is trained and tested on 348 ICMEs from Wind, STEREO‐A, and STEREO‐B measurements. We train the machine learning models to predict the minimum value of the Bz component and the maximum value of the total magnetic field Bt in the magnetic obstacle. To validate the tool, we let the ICMEs sweep over the spacecraft and assess how continually feeding in situ measurements into the tool improves the Bz prediction. We specifically find that the predictive tool can predict the minimum value of the Bz component in the magnetic obstacle with a mean absolute error of 3.12 nT and a Pearson correlation coefficient of 0.71 when the sheath region and the first 4 hr of the magnetic obstacle are observed. While the underlying hypothesis is unlikely to solve the Bz problem, the tool shows promise for ICMEs that have a recognizable magnetic flux rope signature. Transitioning the tool to operations could lead to improved space weather forecasting.
The Role of Temperature in the Along‐Margin Distribution of Volcanism and Seismicity in Subduction Zones: Insights From 3‐D Thermomechanical Modeling of the Central Andean Margin
Authors: Araya Vargas J. , Sanhueza J. , Yáñez G.
Published: November 2021

The distribution of volcanic and seismogenic zones is segmented along the trench‐parallel direction in the Central Andes, and factors controlling their clustering are not fully understood. Here we present a 3‐D thermomechanical model of the subduction zone at 18°–26°S to examine the role that temperature and mantle flow play in the distribution of active volcanoes and seismicity. We applied a steady state approach in which solid‐state flow is driven by a kinematically prescribed slab with realistic geometry (including changes along the Bolivian Orocline) and using a 3‐D model of the continental crust thickness. The obtained temperature distribution is consistent with proxies for isotherms derived from independent geophysical data, except below the Eastern Cordillera at 21°–23°S. The computed mantle flow pattern reveals the presence of along‐margin dynamic pressure gradients. This 3‐D preferential flow results in mantle temperatures of 1200–1400°C at 80–100 km depth below the arc, with comparatively higher temperatures at ∼22°–25°S. The obtained along‐margin variations in temperature and in estimated melt velocity suggest that the subarc mantle south of 22°S exhibits more favorable conditions for generation and upward migration of partial melts. This segment coincides with the higher concentration of active arc volcanoes and the presence of the Altiplano‐Puna Volcanic Complex in the backarc. Intermediate‐depth seismicity concentrates roughly below where the slab top is at 400–800°C, suggesting that temperature exerts some control on the first‐order distribution of intraslab seismicity. However, most intraslab seismicity occur at pressure‐temperature conditions which are outside of the stability field expected for key dehydration reactions in slabs.
Expectancy effects on serotonin and dopamine transporters during SSRI treatment of social anxiety disorder: a randomized clinical trial
Authors: Hjorth Olof R. , Frick Andreas , Gingnell Malin , Hoppe Johanna M. , Faria Vanda , Hultberg Sara , Alaie Iman , Månsson Kristoffer N. T. , Rosén Jörgen , Reis Margareta , Wahlstedt Kurt , Jonasson My , Lubberink Mark , Antoni Gunnar , Fredrikson Mats , Furmark Tomas
Published: November 2021

It has been extensively debated whether selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are more efficacious than placebo in affective disorders, and it is not fully understood how SSRIs exert their beneficial effects. Along with serotonin transporter blockade, altered dopamine signaling and psychological factors may contribute. In this randomized clinical trial of participants with social anxiety disorder (SAD) we investigated how manipulation of verbally-induced expectancies, vital for placebo response, affect brain monoamine transporters and symptom improvement during SSRI treatment. Twenty-seven participants with SAD (17 men, 10 women), were randomized, to 9 weeks of overt or covert treatment with escitalopram 20 mg. The overt group received correct treatment information whereas the covert group was treated deceptively with escitalopram, described as an active placebo in a cover story. Before and after treatment, patients underwent positron emission tomography (PET) assessments with the [11C]DASB and [11C]PE2I radiotracers, probing brain serotonin (SERT) and dopamine (DAT) transporters. SAD symptoms were measured by the Liebowitz Social Anxiety Scale. Overt was superior to covert SSRI treatment, resulting in almost a fourfold higher rate of responders. PET results showed that SERT occupancy after treatment was unrelated to anxiety reduction and equally high in both groups. In contrast, DAT binding decreased in the right putamen, pallidum, and the left thalamus with overt SSRI treatment, and increased with covert treatment, resulting in significant group differences. DAT binding potential changes in these regions correlated negatively with symptom improvement. Findings support that the anxiolytic effects of SSRIs involve psychological factors contingent on dopaminergic neurotransmission while serotonin transporter blockade alone is insufficient for clinical response.