bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Can Autonomy Theory (Agreement, Consent) Justify Boilerplate Deletion of Rights?
Authors: Radin Margaret Jane
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines whether autonomy theory (agreement, consent) can justify boilerplate rights deletion schemes. It first considers strategies for assimilating World B to consent by focusing on the devolution of voluntary agreement. It then explains the difference between agreement and the notions of consent or assent before discussing the doctrine of “reasonable expectations” in insurance contracts as opposed to the notion of radical unexpectedness. It also looks at the objective theory of contract, arguing that it is not applicable to boilerplate. Furthermore, “browsewrap” and “rolling contracts” cannot be assumed to yield obligation by invoking the objective theory of contract because of the possibility of sheer ignorance. The chapter concludes by analyzing whether a firm is justified in its assertion that by clicking “I agree” the recipient actually is consenting to be bound to its terms.
Can Utilitarian-Welfare (Economic) Theory Justify Boilerplate Deletion of Rights?
Authors: Radin Margaret Jane
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines whether boilerplate rights deletion schemes can be justified by the “contract-as-product” theory. The contract-as-product theory attempts to sidestep the issue of consent by denying that a particular set of contracted terms is an individual transaction requiring consent in the traditional sense. According to this view, whatever adhesion terms accompany the purchase of a product should actually be conceived of as part of the product. The chapter considers how choice or consent by the recipient enters into the contract-as-product view, and how information asymmetry and heuristic biases render erroneous the assumption of economic rationality. It argues that contract-as-product theory cannot suffice to validate boilerplate in general, or even presumptively.
Rationales
Authors: Hafner-Burton Emilie M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the rationales used by individuals when committing and justifying human rights abuses—how they calculate, to the best of their knowledge, the advantages and disadvantages of abusive behavior. It challenges the view pervasive in some accounts of crime and mass atrocity that perpetrators are insane, irrational, or psychologically (or biologically) abnormal. The chapter first examines the many ways that perpetrators rationalize their actions since nearly every account of systemic, long-term abuse includes a large role for rationalization. In particular, it discusses three ways that perpetrators rationalize their crimes: exceptional circumstances, avoidance of responsibility, and routinization. It then describes some of the perceived benefits of criminal abuse such as psychological superiority, intelligence, and monetary benefits, as well as the possible penalties for human rights abuses. The chapter concludes by addressing the issue of the credibility and effectiveness of deterrence.
The Status Quo
Authors: Hafner-Burton Emilie M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter considers the status quo—the punishments and rewards used by steward states as part of their foreign policy to advance human rights today. Although they are not the only stewards, the chapter focuses on the United States and the European Union and the ways that they already use their political authority, resources, and reach for human rights promotion. The limits of punishments, such as military intervention and nonmilitary punishments, and rewards are discussed, along with two important lessons about how stewards can be more effective: one concerns localization, and the other is about setting priorities. The chapter argues that a more strategic use of state power has enormous potential to enhance the effectiveness of stewardship.
Making More of Law and Power
Authors: Hafner-Burton Emilie M.
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines whether a stewardship strategy is good for international law. To date, most discussions of human rights promotion strategies are strongly rooted in the belief that the process must be universal and the rights indivisible. While universalism is attractive because it involves everyone, it is also a liability. It can lead to fraud and defiance, and it obscures the fact that allocating finite resources to alleviate suffering requires choices. The chapter explains how international law and state power can work in tandem to promote and protect human rights. It argues that putting the two together—anchored on a clear strategy of triage and active localization efforts by stewards—can make the aspirations of human rights protection more of a reality.
Spatial spread
Authors: Diekmann Odo , Heesterbeek Hans , Britton Tom
Published: November 2017

This chapter concentrates on the asymptotic speed of propagation c₀ as an important indicator of the spread at the population level in a spatially structured population. Within the context of idealized models, it unambiguously defined the (asymptotic) speed c₀ of the spatial propagation of an infection, and characterized c₀ in terms of the basic model ingredients in such a way that the computation of c₀ from the ingredients is rather simple. Thus, we added one more indicator of the infectiousness of an agent to the list (consisting so far of R₀, r, the probability of a major outbreak, the size of a major outbreak, and the endemic level). For many ecological or agricultural systems, this is actually the most relevant indicator.
Elaborations for Part II
Authors: Diekmann Odo , Heesterbeek Hans , Britton Tom
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the case of an epidemic in a closed population. “Closed” means that demographic turnover, emigration, and immigration are not considered. The following questions may be asked: Does this cause an epidemic? If so, at what rate does the number of infected hosts increase during the rise of the epidemic? What proportion of the population will ultimately have experienced infection? We assume that we are dealing with microparasites, which are characterized by the fact that a single infection triggers an autonomous process in the host. We further assume that this process results in either death or lifelong immunity, so that no individual can be infected twice. In order to answer these questions, we first have to formulate assumptions about transmission. It is then helpful to follow a three-step procedure: model the contact process; model the mixing of susceptible and infective (i.e., infectious) individuals; and specify the probability. that a contact between an infective and a susceptible actually leads to transmission.
Introduction
Authors: Sun Anna
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter talks about the confusions and controversies over the religious nature of Confucianism. It argues that the confusions come mainly from three sources. First, they come from the conceptualization of Confucianism as a world religion at the end of the nineteenth century in Europe, which was a historical product of the emergence of the “world religions” paradigm in the West. Second, they are caused by the problematic way in which Confucianism—and Chinese religions in general—has been studied and represented by questions which are based on a Judeo-Christian framework that cannot capture the complexity of Chinese religious life. Finally, confusion arises from the often contradictory development of Confucianism in today's China.
The Confucianism as a Religion Controversy in Contemporary China
Authors: Sun Anna
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the contemporary debate in China over whether Confucianism should be classified as a religion. It begins by introducing the formation of the official religious classification, the Five Major Religions, in the 1950s in socialist China. The chapter then turns to the contemporary Confucianism as a religion controversy in 2000–2004, an important debate among Chinese intellectuals with significant academic, social, and political implications. It argues that ideas are shaped by their social situations, and that the ideas about Confucianism, like many other bodies of knowledge, were shaped by and yet succeeded in transcending their specific environments of origin. The chapter draws on interviews with officials from the State Administration of Religious Affairs, with members of the Department of Confucianism, and with the current head of the Institute of World Religions.
Democracy as a Gamble Worth Taking
Authors: Landemore Hélène
Published: November 2017

This concluding chapter returns to the metaphor of the maze and the masses introduced in the first chapter and addresses a few concerns about the possibility of democratic “unreason.” Introducing the dimension of time and reflection over time, the chapter suggests, first, that democracies can learn from their mistakes and, second, that certain democratic institutions and norms serve as cognitive artifacts that help the people control for or correct their potential cognitive failures. Those cognitive artifacts at the level of society include institutions and norms that embody the collective intelligence of the people distributed across both space and time. Democratic reason thus includes the wisdom of the past “many” crystallized into social cognitive artifacts that help reduce democratic unreason. Because of the synchronic and diachronic collective intelligence tapped by democratic institutions, democracy, this chapter concludes, is a gamble worth taking.
Environmental Protection
Authors: Zackin Emily
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the campaigns for constitutional rights to environmental protection. In the 1960s and 1970s, when Congress was passing landmark environmental regulations and an entire executive agency had been developed to address the subject, environmental activists continued to lobby for the insertion of positive rights to environmental protection into their state constitutions. As a result, state constitutions came to include broad rights to environmental health and protection. The chapter first provides an overview of environmental activism during the 1960s and 1970s before explaining why environmental activists targeted state constitutions despite so much environmental action at the national level. It argues that environmentalists did not choose to pursue constitutional rights to environmental protection only at the federal level. Instead, states' constitutional conventions, environmental organizations, and even legislatures continued to alter state constitutions by adding mandates for protective and interventionist government.
Basic Channels
Authors: Agénor Pierre-Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins by focusing on “conventional” channels through which public capital is deemed to affect growth, namely, productivity, complementarity, and crowding-out effects. It presents a basic two-period Allais–Samuelson Overlapping Generations model, which is extended in subsequent chapters to address a host of other issues. At the core of this model is a production function in which public capital is complementary to private capital. Several extensions of the basic model are then considered, including indirect taxation, a complementarity effect operating through the efficiency of private investment, an effect of public capital on household utility, and maintenance expenditure. The chapter also provides a discussion of optimal fiscal policy, which is studied from the perspective of growth maximization by a benevolent government, rather than in terms of social welfare maximization.
Public Capital and Women’s Time Allocation
Authors: Agénor Pierre-Richard
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on two aspects of the debate on the role of women in growth and development: the impact of lack of access to infrastructure on women's time allocation and the role of inter- and intragenerational health externalities—namely, how mothers' time allocation decisions affect their children's health, and how health in childhood affects health in adulthood. To do so, a gender dimension is added to the analytical framework presented in the previous chapters. The chapter begins with a review of the recent evidence on women's time allocation, with a particular focus on the implications of poor access to infrastructure services, and on intergenerational health externalities. The model is then presented and its properties analyzed. The impact of public policy is considered next, and the implications of the analysis for the debate on the relationship between women's labor supply and the level of development are discussed. The concluding section considers various extensions.
Avoiding the Trap
Authors: Maurer Noel
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how the Democratic opponents of imperial expansion prevented the emergence of an empire trap in the Philippines and occupied Cuba. The McKinley administration annexed the Philippines for strategic reasons, but anti-imperialists used their blocking power in the Senate to restrict American investment in the islands deliberately, in order to prevent the emergence of a domestic interest group favoring the islands' retention as U.S. territory. Similar laws were passed for Cuba as long as a U.S. occupation government remained. The anti-imperialists failed to grant the Philippines immediate independence, but they did succeed in retarding U.S. investment. As a result, no “Philippine lobby” ever emerged to support the permanent retention of the archipelago.
The Trap Closes
Authors: Maurer Noel
Published: November 2017

This chapter talks about how the United States could cajole and threaten foreign governments into protecting American property. It proved less capable, however, of fixing the problems that led to instability, default, and expropriation. The chapter recounts the failures of the early fiscal receiverships. The Dominican Republic fell back into civil war by 1912. In fact, the Dominican state entirely collapsed in 1916, forcing a full-scale American occupation to reestablish a modicum of order. Anti-imperialist Woodrow Wilson wound up presiding over a deepening of America's informal empire. His anti-interventionist administration continued the policies of Theodore Roosevelt and William Howard Taft. Wilson abhorred the notion that might makes right; respect for human rights and national integrity, not commercial or financial interests, should determine a nation's foreign policy.
Weil Representation and Waldspurger Formula
Authors: Yuan Xinyi , Zhang Shou-Wu , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2017

This chapter reviews some basic results on Weil representations, theta liftings and Eisenstein series. In particular, it introduces a proof of the Waldspurger formula. The theory of Weil representation is applied to an integral representation of the Rankin–Selberg L-function and to a proof of Waldspurger's central value formula. The chapter mostly follows Waldspurger's treatment with some modifications including Kudla's construction of incoherent Eisenstein series. It first describes the classical theory of Weil representation for an orthogonal space over a local field before discussing theta functions, the Siegel–Weil formula, and normalized local Shimizu lifting. The main result is an integral formula for the L-series using a kernel function. The Waldspurger formula is a direct consequence of the Siegel–Weil formula. After presenting the proof of Waldspurger formula, the chapter lists some computational results on three types of incoherent Eisenstein series.
Mordell-Weil Groups and Generating Series
Authors: Yuan Xinyi , Zhang Shou-Wu , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2017

This chapter deals with Mordell–Weil groups and generating series. It first provides an overview of the basics on Shimura curves and abelian varieties parametrized by Shimura curves before introducing a theorem, which is an identity between the analytic kernel and the geometric kernel. It then defines the generating series and uses it to describe the geometric kernel. It also presents a theorem, which is an identity formulated in terms of projectors, and reviews some basic notations and results on Shimura curves. Other topics covered include the Eichler–Shimura theory for abelian varieties parametrized by Shimura curves, normalization of the geometric kernel, and the analytic kernel function. The chapter concludes with an analysis of the kernel identity implied in the first theorem.
Assumptions on the Schwartz Function
Authors: Yuan Xinyi , Zhang Shou-Wu , Zhang Wei
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces two classes of degenerate Schwartz functions which significantly simplify the computations and arguments of both the analytic kernel and the geometric kernel functions. It first restates the kernel identity in terms of un-normalized kernel functions before stating the assumptions on the Schwartz function and claiming that these assumptions can be “added” to the kernel identity without losing the generality. It then considers some simple properties of the assumptions and proceeds by discussing the two classes of degenerate Schwartz functions. In the first case, a non-archimedean local field and a non-degenerate quadratic space are described. In the second case, since all the data are unramified, the lemma can be verified by explicit computations.
Human Understanding and Local Interests: Occidentalism and the (Latin) American Argument
Authors: Mignolo Walter D.
Published: November 2017

This chapter outlines a map of the border of the empires whose tensions contributed to the fabrication of a homogeneous notion of Latin America in the colonial horizon of modernity. These conflicting homogeneous entities are part of the imaginary of the modern/colonial world system. They are the grounding of a system of geopolitical values, of racial configurations, and of hierarchical structures of meaning and knowledge. To think “Latin America” otherwise, in its heterogeneity rather than in its homogeneity, in the local histories of changing global designs is not to question a particular form of identification but all national/colonial forms of identification in the modern/colonial world system. These are precisely the forms of identification that contribute to the reproduction of the imaginary of the modern/colonial world system and the coloniality of power and knowledge implicit in the geopolitical articulation of the world.
The Intellectual Challenge of Morphological Evolution: A Case for Variational Structuralism
Authors: Wagner Günter P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter explores variational structuralism, whose core idea is that organisms and their parts play causal roles in shaping the patterns of phenotypic evolution. Drawing on the work of pioneers such as Ron Amundson, it discusses the conceptual incompatibilities between two styles of thinking in evolutionary biology: functionalism and structuralism. It proceeds by explaining the meaning of developmental types and structuralist concepts arising from macromolecular studies. It also examines facts and ideas about bodies, Rupert Riedl's theory of the “immitatory epigenotype,” and Neil Shubin and Pere Alberch's developmental interpretation of tetrapod limbs. Finally, it looks at the emergence of molecular structuralism and the enigma of developmental variation. The chapter argues that typology naturally emerged from the facts of evolutionary developmental biology and that it would be seriously problematic to try to avoid it.
Fins and Limbs
Authors: Wagner Günter P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the evolutionary processes underlying fins and limbs. Some of the most momentous periods in the history of the human lineage involved evolutionary changes to the paired appendages. Modifications of the hind limb and foot were key during the evolution of bipedal locomotion and the erect posture that is characteristic of humans. Evolutionary biologists have devoted a lot of time and effort in studying both the origin of paired fins and the transformation of fins to tetrapod limbs. The chapter first considers fossil evidence and recent developmental evidence on the origin of paired fins before discussing the fin–limb transition. It also reflects on the nature of character identity and suggests that the origin and evolution of fins and limbs reveal an intriguing pattern of serial homology, identity, and innovation that contradicts the notion of hierarchical homology.
Flowers
Authors: Wagner Günter P.
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the developmental evolution of flowers and flower organ identity. It reviews some of the most important insights that have been gained from research on the developmental evolution of flowers regarding the nature of organ identity, organ integration, and the origin of evolutionary novelties. The chapter begins with a discussion of the uniqueness of flowers and the evolution of phylogeny and flower characters in angiosperms. It then examines the genetics of canonical flower development, along with the developmental genetic architecture of the flower Bauplan. It also considers flower variation and the identities of novel flower organs, the origin of the bisexual flower developmental type, perianth evolution and the origin of petals, and the realization that additional organ identities can evolve after gene duplications.
Moral Perception: Causal, Phenomenological, and Epistemological Elements
Authors: Audi Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes how perception is a kind of experiential information-bearing relation between the perceiver and the object perceived. It argues that even if moral properties are not themselves causal, they can be perceptible. But the dependence of moral perception on non-moral perception does not imply an inferential dependence of all moral belief or moral judgment on non-moral belief or judgment. This kind of grounding explains how a moral belief arising in perception can constitute perceptual knowledge and can do so on grounds that are publicly accessible and, though not a guarantee of it, a basis for ethical agreement. The chapter also shows how perceptual moral knowledge is connected not only with other moral knowledge but also with intuition and emotion.
Structures of Semi-Abelian Schemes
Authors: Lan Kai-Wen
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains well-known notions important for the study of semi-abelian schemes. It first studies groups of multiplicative type and the torsors under them. A fundamental property of groups of multiplicative type is that they are rigid in the sense that they cannot be deformed. The chapter then turns to biextensions, cubical structures, semi-abelian schemes, Raynaud extensions, and certain dual objects for the last two notions extending the notion of dual abelian varieties. Such notions are, as this chapter shows, of fundamental importance in the study of the degeneration of abelian varieties. The main objective here is to understand the statement and the proof of the theory of degeneration data.
Degeneration Data for Additional Structures
Authors: Lan Kai-Wen
Published: November 2017

This chapter supplies a theory of degeneration data for endomorphism structures, Lie algebra conditions, and level structures, based on the theory of degeneration in Chapter 4. People often claim that the degeneration theory for general PEL-type structures is just a straightforward consequence of the functoriality of the merely polarized case. However, the Weil-pairing calculation carried out in this chapter may suggest that this is not true. As this chapter shows, functoriality does not seem to imply properties about pairings in an explicit way. There are conceptual details to be understood beyond simple implications of functoriality. However, this chapter is able to present a theory of degeneration data for abelian varieties with PEL structures, together with the notion of cusp labels.
Algebraic Constructions of Toroidal Compactifications
Authors: Lan Kai-Wen
Published: November 2017

This chapter explains the algebraic construction of toroidal compactifications. For this purpose the chapter utilizes the theory of toroidal embeddings for torsors under groups of multiplicative type. Based on this theory, the chapter begins the general construction of local charts on which degeneration data for PEL structures are tautologically associated. The next important step is the description of good formal models, and good algebraic models approximating them. The correct formulation of necessary properties and the actual construction of these good algebraic models are the key to the gluing process in the étale topology. In particular, this includes the comparison of local structures using certain Kodaira–Spencer morphisms. As a result of gluing, this chapter obtains the arithmetic toroidal compactifications in the category of algebraic stacks. The chapter is concluded by a study of Hecke actions on towers of arithmetic toroidal compactifications.
Jewish Craftsmanship at the Service of the Church
Authors: Shatzmiller Joseph
Published: November 2017

This chapter illustrates Jewish artists and craftsmen working together for the Church and its institutions. This is unexpected, because even current historiography is still centered on instances of tension and dispute and has the story of hostility as its central preoccupation. To be sure, historians are not pointing readers in the wrong direction since much of the relations in the past were unfortunately marked by persecutions and massive bloodshed. But this study prepares the readers to encounter instances of tolerance, of humanity, and of collaboration that existed then, as surely as they exist now. Ample documentation points to Jewish silversmiths, bookbinders, painters, and coral craftsmen helping Christians decorate their devotional articles.
Time, Size, and Complexity
Authors: Bonner John Tyler
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses the evolution of size. It describes the increase in size and complexity over geological time, from multicellularity (cell societies) to animal societies, with an attempt to understand the periods of little change with those of relatively rapid change. It suggests that maximum size will be limited by the mechanical structure of the organism. Therefore, if new designs of the body plan that have arisen by numerous mutations and other genetic changes are such that they can support greater size, and if there is an ever present selection for larger forms, then the size ceiling can be expanded upwards.
An Exception
Authors: Bonner John Tyler
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the sexual cycle varies in a general way depending on the size and complexity of organisms. Natural selection has burnished the sexual system so that in each generation the degree of variation in the offspring is optimal—not too little and not too much—which allows natural selection to take place and makes evolutionary progress possible. However, in many simpler, small organisms this sexual variation-control mechanism can be turned on and off: periods of sexual reproduction will be interspersed with periods of asexual reproduction. In larger forms (with some rare exceptions) only the sexual route is possible. And it is only in the sexual cycle through recombination that the all-important controlled variation that is so essential for evolutionary progress is produced.
Introduction
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine
Published: November 2017

This book explores the relationship between discursive communication and moral agency, with the goal of unifying a variety of issues about communicative ethics, including issues about lying, promissory fidelity, and freedom of speech. It argues that keener attention to the moral significance of communication would illuminate both the justificatory foundations of the prohibition against lying as well as the moral and legal prohibition against curtailing freedom of speech. Both prohibitions serve as moral protections of the reliability of communication and thereby preserve the conditions for moral agency, moral connection, and moral progress. The book defends a qualified absolutism about lying that distinguishes the wrong of the lie from the wrong involved in deception. It also examines whether, how, and why it should matter that one's interlocutor is a moral criminal, the infamous Murderer at the Door. Finally, it tackles the question of whether promises made under duress have moral force.
Lying and Freedom of Speech
Authors: Shiffrin Seana Valentine
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines whether a strong commitment to freedom of speech precludes regulation of lies. The strong condemnation of lies and the derivation of freedom of speech from similar argumentative foundations raise questions about the legal regulation of lies. Many commentators, as well as a majority of the Justices of the Supreme Court, insist that freedom of speech may pose a general and fundamental obstacle to the legal regulation of lies as such. The chapter rejects this position, arguing that legal regulation of lying poses no intrinsic threat to freedom of speech. It considers deliberately advanced misrepresentations of the speakers' beliefs, focusing on the Supreme Court ruling in United States v. Alvarez which invalidated the Stolen Valor Act. It also discusses issues relating to content-discrimination, compelled disclosure, self-definition and identity, sincerity and personal integrity, and how lying causes particularized harm to victims.
Classification before Counting: The Statistical Races
Authors: Prewitt Kenneth
Published: November 2017

This chapter begins with framing America's history of measuring races, and how the government decides what those races are. The significance of measuring races lies in how law and policy are not about an abstraction called race, but are about races as they are made intelligible. A German doctor in 1776 divided the human species into five races. Today, nearly two and a half centuries later, these are the same five races into which the U.S. Census divides the American population, making America the only country in the world firmly wedded to an eighteenth-century racial taxonomy. Embedded in this science were theories of a racial hierarchy: there were not just different races but superior and inferior races.
Race Science Captures the Prize, the U.S. Census
Authors: Prewitt Kenneth
Published: November 2017

This chapter narrates the race science story. Among the more important was the shift from simply counting races, as was needed to make the three-fifths policy work, to investigating characteristics considered unique to different races. The policy goal was to determine who was fit for citizenship responsibilities: whites, certainly; the American Indian, probably not; the African, clearly not. The statistical races helped fix the color line in American politics, essentially drawing policy boundaries that gradually governed all aspects of life: schooling, housing, employment, marriage, travel, and political participation. The political understanding that counting the population by race could do nationally significant policy work led naturally to a close partnership between race science and census statistics, setting the stage for what scholars call evidence-based policy 150 years later.
Pressures Mount
Authors: Prewitt Kenneth
Published: November 2017

This chapter introduces pressures that challenge the role of statistical races in today's policy environment. One pressure is multiraciality as exemplified in the “mark one or more” census option introduced in 2000. A second pressure pulling in a similar direction is diversity as a policy goal, now widely embraced from the military to the corporation to the university. The third pressure is the color-blind movement. This is in response to the dilemma of recognition, a phrase indicating that making race groups beneficiaries of policy can itself intensify group identities. These three pressures weaken the hold of statistical races and in so doing open up political space for fresh thinking about racial measurement.
Democracy
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines how the Muslim question is tied to the question of democracy. In his book Voyous (translated as Rogues), Jacques Derrida referred to the United States and Islam as the enemies of democracy. In particular, he called Islam “the other of democracy.” Only Islam, Derrida insisted, refuses democracy. Derrida was not the only scholar to have made that claim. His account echoes Samuel Huntington. John Rawls thought Islam so alien that he was obliged to treat it separately. There are countless scholars, left and right, Anglo-American and Continental, who have insisted that Islam is the other of democracy. The chapter suggests that political philosophy in the Muslim (but not simply Muslim) tradition offers visions of democracy, cosmopolitanism, immigration, and integration that are remarkably familiar.
Where Is Europe?
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the question of where Europe is: whether Europe extends where languages and cultures flowed with capital and colonization; whether Europe is in America and Canada, Australia and Israel; whether Europe is a place or an idea; or what Europe is when it is at home. It suggests that Europe has never been quite synonymous with Christendom; it has also been the home of the greatest threat to Christianity: atheism. Modern Europe orients much of its politics around shame. Europe remembers the Jews who shaped it, were persecuted and killed in it, exiled from it. The practice of democratic assemblies and a transparent law appeared not in a Christian, but in a pagan, European past. Europe has been shaped by Islam, and more specifically by Muslim empires. Muslims shape Europe now.
“Islamofascism” and the Burden of the Holocaust
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the link between “Islamofascism” and the Holocaust, which “left the West with a grief too great to bear, and a shame too bitter to acknowledge.” In Terror and Liberalism, Paul Berman shares how he came to recognize “Islamofascism.” In the days of the fist Gulf War, Berman found himself at odds with those, formerly his allies, who opposed the war. According to Berman, “Islamofascism” is the successor to Nazism and the Soviet Union, as a form of totalitarianism fundamentally opposed to the freedoms of Western civilization. The chapter argues that if the West is to bear true witness to the evil of the Holocaust, it must meet ethical demands that go beyond the construction of memorials and an ethic of remembrance; it must close the camps and take the Muselmänner—the most abject prisoners of the Nazi concentration camps—as its own.
There Is No Clash of Civilizations
Authors: Norton Anne
Published: November 2017

This chapter argues that there is no “clash of civilizations,” noting that the West is now a place where Muslims are at home, and Christians, Jews, Hindus, Buddhists, Zoroastrians, and secularists are at home with Muslims. It shows that every day, in defiance of the clash of civilizations, ordinary people find ordinary ways to make a life together. Paul Gilroy has used the word “conviviality” to describe the most important proof that we are making a life in common. The chapter considers Michael Muhammad Knight's novel The Taqwacores, in which he pointed out numerous ways to be Muslim in the West, and cites evidence of conviviality. For example, the idea of a clash of civilizations is resisted in novels, especially graphic novels; Islam is present in the American heartland; and Muslims are present in politics.
Introduction
Authors: Ossa-Richardson Anthony
Published: November 2017

This introductory chapter sets out the book's purpose, which is to explore the intellectual and cultural impact of the oracles of pagan antiquity on modern European thought. It identifies a conflict between the conservative and the radical, the orthodox and the heterodox, with the latter usually glorified, explicitly or not, as the harbinger of Enlightenment. It devotes significant attention to the actual process and texture of argument, and to those who lost the debate. It argues that heterodoxy is not as transparent as it may seem, and has often been taken for granted without justification, or sought in the wrong places. The book also engages with texts outside the canons of libertine and antilibertine thought. The extent of historical interest in the oracles may come as a surprise: alongside the poets and preachers who reworked conventional tropes from antiquity, hundreds of scholars, theologians, and critics commented on the subject, drawing on all manner of intellectual contexts to frame their beliefs.
Word Lists: A Very Short History
Authors: Van De Mieroop Marc
Published: November 2017

This chapter focuses on the first works of Babylonian scholarship and thus the earliest in world history: word lists. The extraordinary character of these works seems to be ignored not only by scholars surveying the world history of lexicography, but also by those specialists of Babylonian scholarship who have devoted much effort to the study of lexical lists. No other ancient culture developed lexicography at the moment its people started to write, and throughout antiquity lexicographic activity out side Babylonia always remained minimal. This chapter examines the lexical material in Near Eastern history, taking into account the intricacies of the genre’s developments. To illustrate the longevity and popularity of lexical lists, as well as how much their contents could change, the chapter describes what is known about the thematic series that treated topics relating to human beings, including professional designations, kinship terms, and social classes.
You Have to Deal with Everybody
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the marks of distinction that residents use to describe social strata in their communities as well as the local expectations that blur these distinctions. To understand how people in small towns view their communities, and how their communities shape their behaviors and attitudes, a good start is to look at the people themselves. Doing so reveals an interesting irony. The millions of people in the United States who live in small towns are quite diverse. They vary in background, race, age, family style, sexual orientation, education level, occupation, and income. At the same time, townspeople argue that they are not so different from one another. They see their fellow residents as similar to themselves: profoundly democratic, neighborly, and basically equal. The chapter considers the socioeconomic status of small-town residents as well as various categories of residents, namely: gentry, service class, wageworkers, and pensioners.
Leadership
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the role of formal and informal leaders, including local public officials and heads of voluntary organizations, in small communities' efforts to adapt to changing social and economic conditions. It considers how residents confer respect on leaders and how leaders draw on this respect in performing their roles. Leaders discuss why they take on civic responsibilities, the gratifications and frustrations involved, and how these activities serve as stepping-stones for public office in larger venues. Although it is sometimes suggested that small towns lack interesting cultural amenities, local cultural leadership is particularly important, and figures prominently in communities' understanding of their distinctive history and identity. The chapter also shows that small towns are laboratories for social innovation, judging from leaders' descriptions of new technology, electronic communications, sustainable energy projects, and efforts to rebuild following natural disasters.
Afterword
Authors: Wuthnow Robert
Published: November 2017

This afterword argues that small towns are not characteristic of what the United States is really like. Small towns are instead what many people think the United States should be like, and indeed, what they would like it to be. Small towns are neighborly and impose high expectations on residents to be involved in the community. There is also no reason to believe that small towns are morally superior to metropolitan areas, or the reverse. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. One promotes neighborliness that sometimes becomes stifling, while the other provides opportunities that sometimes become overwhelming. The chapter suggests that small towns, even though they are changing, have a viable future, describing them as places in which the slow pace and small scale of the past is preserved. They are also communities in which leadership and innovative ideas are poised expectantly toward the future.
Defensive War
Authors: Zeisberg Mariah
Published: November 2017

This chapter analyzes presidential conduct by showing how presidents can augment their authority to engage in independent acts of war. Specifically, it assesses Kennedy's behavior in the Cuban Missile Crisis and Nixon's in the Cambodian bombing and incursion. It argues that the relational conception accommodates and explains the common intuition that the acts can be constitutionally distinguished. While both were responses to threats specified through a Cold War security order, the identification and management of threat in Kennedy's case was more deeply connected to the terms of that order than was Nixon's. The acts can also be distinguished on processual grounds. Kennedy's exercise of war power was more deeply connected to his skillful use of executive branch governance capacities.
A Multiracial World
Authors: Geismer Lily
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the Metropolitan Council for Educational Opportunity (METCO) and its commitment to equal opportunity and changing individual attitudes through one-on-one interaction. While METCO offered a rare example of interracial and urban–suburban cooperation, its focus on collective benefits rather than collective responsibility had wide-ranging consequences. Tracing the development of METCO offers an important case study of the trade-offs that suburban liberal activists made in their quests to achieve social justice. The organizers' pragmatic approach ensured the acceptance of the program in the suburbs and paved the way for later support of diversity claims about the value of affirmative action. This strategy, nevertheless, fortified the consumer-based and individualist dimensions of the Route 128 political culture. It ultimately made community members more resistant to grappling with the systemic and historical circumstances that necessitated programs like METCO and affirmative action in the first place.
No One Home to Answer the Phone
Authors: Geismer Lily
Published: November 2017

This chapter looks at the growth of suburban feminism as a means to consider the persistence of certain elements of suburban liberal activism and ideology in a changed political and economic climate. The increasing wedding of feminism with suburban politics had key trade-offs for the larger cause of women's equality. The sensibility and organizing strategies of suburban liberal politics were both crucial to the success of several campaigns, especially the passage of the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA). The pivot also helped the movement further earn the notice and attention of politicians eager to win suburban votes. Yet the relationship hardened the middle-class orientation of second-wave feminism and elevated class-blind and consumerist ideas of choice.
The Struggle for a Public Sector
Authors: Pfeiffer James
Published: November 2017

The President's Emergency Program for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) has significantly transformed the global health landscape by injecting $15 billion into HIV/AIDS care and treatment programs in twenty countries between 2004–2010. In Mozambique, PEPFAR funds constituted nearly 60 percent of all health sector planned spending by 2008. While debates about PEPFAR's restrictions on condom promotion, sex worker education programs, and abortion/reproductive health have dominated critiques of the program, perhaps the single most important aspect of PEPFAR's rollout has largely escaped scrutiny in the wider global discussion: PEPFAR funding, by design, does not directly flow through the public sector. This chapter draws on the author's firsthand experience in Mozambique to describe the tension, conflict, and potentials created by new major aid flows to Africa.
A Salvage Ethnography of the Guinea Worm
Authors: Moran-Thomas Amy
Published: November 2017

This chapter takes the program for the eradication of the guinea worm in northern Ghana as a launching point from which to examine the different epistemologies at work in global health initiatives. It teases out the ways in which the local landscape of health care is changed and imagined through such initiatives, and the ways in which people actively engage with them, transforming biology and magic into heuristics for one another. By collecting remnants of worm stories, traditions still remembered but no longer believed, fading memories, or chance moments, the author in part seeking to critically document a seminal moment in public health—a field with a notoriously short memory—in hopes that the experiences gained from this historical eradication program may hold lessons for future policy efforts. It is also an attempt to create a record of the living guinea worm itself, the human struggles it has crystallized and fragments of stories from the people, politics, and places it traveled through for centuries.
Musical Expression, Memory, and the Brain
Authors: Schulkin Jay
Published: November 2017

This chapter examines the issue of musical sensibility as an instinct as well as the cognitive and neural capabilities that underlie musical expression, including diverse forms of memory. In particular, it considers working memory as an evolutionary trend that expanded our problem solving and social expression. The chapter first provides an overview of the link between musical sensibility and social instincts from an evolutionary perspective before discussing how music is inherently tied to movement and time, along with cognitive events, adaptation, sensory experiences, and emotional sensations. It also describes musical cognition and cognitive motor planning memory as inherent features of musical sensibility, and how musical experience affects the brain.
Embarkations
Authors: Hamilton John T.
Published: November 2017

This chapter discusses how the sea continued to furnish the imagery for staging a broad variety of conflicts, from interstate war and civil discord to interpersonal strife and individual emotional disruption. The political and social crises and emergencies that repeatedly punctuated fourteenth-century Europe thus had recourse to the land–sea dichotomy in order to articulate both hope and fear: security's potential victory over fear as well as the possible triumph of fear. As a site of insecurity and uncertainty, the nautical experience has consistently provided the terms for difficult questions in moral philosophy, for limit cases that test the validity of one's judgment. Cases where individual lives are threatened at sea furnish problems linked to the issue of urgency and the “state of exception” where conventional rules and ordinary values may be suspended. Such casuistical arguments classically reach toward conditions for moral laxity and especially thrive on the extreme example of shipwreck, an emergency situation that reevaluates interpersonal behavior and thereby questions the grounds for social relations.