bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Homicide Risk Factors Among Pregnant Women Abused by Their Partners
Authors: Decker Michele R. , Martin Sandra L. , Moracco Kathryn E.
Published: May 2004

Risk of homicide, measured with the Danger Assessment Instrument, was examined for two time periods (pregnancy and the year before pregnancy) among 53 abused women seeking prenatal care. Twenty-three women left their relationships after becoming pregnant; these women were at higher risk for homicide prior to pregnancy than the women who remained with their abusers. Women who stayed with their abusers experienced a lower mean number of homicide risk factors during pregnancy compared with the previous year. Pregnancy may be a somewhat protective time for some women in abusive relationships and may help to motivate those at greatest risk for homicide to leave these dangerous situations.
Women’s Situational Coping With Acquaintance Sexual Assault
Authors: Nurius Paula S. , Norris Jeanette , Macy Rebecca J. , Huang Bu
Published: May 2004

Drawing on theories of appraisal-based coping, the present study applied structural modeling to examine relationships among personal goal orientations, primary and secondary appraisals of acquaintance sexual assault, and women’s emotional and behavioral responses to it. Based on 415 college women’s reports of a sexual assault experience, the model shows both direct and indirect effects. Assertive, diplomatic, and immobilized responding were each predicted by a unique profile of appraisals and orientations; personal goal orientations and primary appraisals were completely mediated by secondary appraisals. Ways that these findings can facilitate self-protective coping in an acquaintance sexual assault situation, leading to the development of effective, well-tailored self-defense and resistance programs, are discussed.
Understanding Women’s Heightened Risk of Violence in Common-Law Unions
Authors: Brownridge Douglas A.
Published: May 2004

Cohabiting women’s heightened risk of violence is a well-established relationship but one that is not fully understood. Using a recently collected representative sample of 7,396 Canadian women, the results of the present study show that the cohabitation-violence relationship persists. However, over a 6-year period, the prevalence of violence against women in cohabiting unions declined dramatically relative to marital unions. The results of the analyses suggest that the increasing prevalence of cohabitation has reduced the selection bias, in turn causing cohabitors’ and “marrieds”’ relationships to become increasingly similar. Nevertheless, the results also suggest that cohabitors remain a select group, and this differential selection is responsible for the persistence of their higher likelihood of violence. Overall, the results suggest that cohabitation will need to become much more prevalent before parity in rates of violence will be achieved between cohabitors and marrieds in Canada.
The Extent of Family Violence in Europe
Authors: Kury Helmut , Obergfell-Fuchs Joachim , Woessner Gunda
Published: May 2004

This article reviews current victim studies on family violence in Europe and attempts to interpret the variation in the prevalence rates. Methodological shortcomings contribute in part to different rates across countries. The prevalence rates are also linked to preventive and causative factors. Three factors appear to explain the differing prevalence rates in European countries: deprived economic living conditions, traditional attitudes toward women and children, and a general tolerance of violent behavior in a given society. In addition, personal coping may influence whether a family member will act violently against another family member.
When a Date Changes from Fun to Dangerous
Authors: NORRIS JEANETTE , NURIUS PAULA S. , GRAHAM THOMAS L.
Published: May 2004

Women's ability to perceive risk of acquaintance sexual assault is key to decreasing its likelihood. This study examined the relationship between women's recognition of known situational risk factors and global perceived risk, prior victimization, and drinking habits. Women consistently distinguished between clear and ambiguous situational risk factors although these were not related to perceived global risk. They also manifested positivity bias, the tendency to underestimate their own risk of being assaulted relative to other women. Both prior victimization and drinking habits were related to risk judgments. This study raises important issues concerning developing effective defensive strategies for combating sexual assault.
The Impact of Recent Partner Violence on Poor Women's Capacity to Maintain Work
Authors: BROWNE ANGELA , SALOMON AMY , BASSUK SHARI S.
Published: May 2004

Recent changes in welfare policy that require women to work have been particularly controversial for survivors of partner violence. This article explores the relationship between partner violence and work through time in an ethnically diverse longitudinal sample of 285 extremely poor women. Controlling for a variety of factors, women who experienced physical aggression/violence by male partners during a 12-month period had only one third the odds of maintaining employment for at least 30 hours per week for 6 months or more during the subsequent year as did women without these experiences. The study has important implications for welfare-to-work programming and public policy.
Marking Bodies, Reproducing Violence
Authors: HEGDE RADHA S.
Published: May 2004

Reproductive practices serve as an important site to examine the processes by which the female body is manipulated to service patriarchal power. This article situates the violent tragedy of female infanticide in south India within the everyday struggles of women in two rural communities. Only the mother who can bear sons is socially validated in many communities. Based on ethnographic material collected in two rural areas in south India, the research shows how gender ideologies position mothers in the dual role of victim and murderer. The narratives of women reveal the extent to which violence against women is routinized and accepted. The death of newborn girls represents the systemic oppression that surrounds women's lives in these regions of south India.
Domestic Dangers
Authors: WATERS ANNE B.
Published: May 2004

This article critically analyzes suicide as self-directed violence against Indian women. Although official statistics report a higher suicide rate for men than for women in India, it is women's suicide that is at the center of widely publicized social and policy debates. Through case studies, newspaper reports, and statistical accounts, women's household deaths and suicides are scrutinized in this article. Because the dominant context of women's suicide is the marital family, self-destructive behaviors have been compared to dowry death, one form of violence against women perpetrated by others within the marital family. Based on the author's ethnographic research in Maharashtra, the author argues that women's household deaths be viewed as part of a broad incitement to suicide in which violence is internalized and directed against the self.
Addressing Culture in Batterers Intervention
Authors: ALMEIDA RHEA V. , DOLAN-DELVECCHIO KEN
Published: May 2004

Many of the ideas in this article are derived from the Cultural Context Model (CCM), the community development and treatment model behind the work that is being done at the Institute for Family Services in Somerset, New Jersey. The CCM approaches intervention with batterers and their families from a perspective that acknowledges a multilayered experience of culture. More specifically, the treatment approach requires accountability from batterers and supports the empowerment of victims and children at the same time as it recognizes the impact of a number of social forces related to culture and cultural differences on communities, families, and individuals. These forces include such realities as sexism, racism, and heterosexism, as well as experiences with immigration, colonization, and capitalism. Although the treatment approach is applicable cross-culturally, this article primarily focuses on examples involving families from Asian Indian-American communities.
Domestic Violence in the Vietnamese Immigrant Community
Authors: BUI HOAN N. , MORASH MERRY
Published: May 2004

This study examines domestic violence in Vietnamese American families, focusing on changes in socioeconomic structure and culture, to identify factors associated with wife abuse. Husbands' patriarchal beliefs and dominant positions in the family and conflicts about changing norms and values between husbands and wives were found to be related to wife abuse. The study suggests that class, culture, gender, and immigration status could simultaneously affect women's experience of violence by husbands. For Vietnamese Americans, women's economic contributions could not reduce husbands' dominant positions and violence, but economic hardship could prevent women from leaving an abusive relationship. Traditional family values, beliefs in traditional female roles, and perceptions about racial discrimination could also prevent Vietnamese American women from relying on the formal system to cope with abuse.
Domestic Violence Against Women of Japanese Descent in Los Angeles
Authors: YOSHIHAMA MIEKO
Published: May 2004

Using a more inclusive, culturally responsive measure, this population-based study of women of Japanese descent contrasts two methods of estimating prevalence of domestic violence. Eighty percent of respondents reported experiencing a male partner's violence during their lifetimes—a conventional estimation. A new method took into account the respondent's perceptions about the partner's acts—whether she considered her partner's behavior abusive and placed it within the context of an abusive relationship—and yielded the lifetime prevalence of 61%. Attention to culturally based manifestations of domestic violence and the respondent's perceptions provide additional dimensions of data grounded in women's subjective experiences.
There's Safety in Numbers
Authors: GRAUERHOLZ LIZ , GOTTFRIED HEIDI , STOHL CYNTHIA , GABIN NANCY
Published: May 2004

Virtually all universities and colleges have policies and procedures for dealing with sexual harassment, but most victims do not report their experiences to officials. At the heart of many victims' reasons for not reporting is concern about their safety. There are also safety concerns for persons receiving complaints. This article documents the efforts at one university to create a safer environment for victims to report their experiences. We discuss the creation and operation of the Sexual Harassment Advisers' Network, the benefits of networks in general and of the Sexual Harassment Advisers' Network in particular, and evaluate its success (and limitations) in creating a safer environment for both complainants and complaint-receivers.
Perception and Misperception in Urban Criminal Justice Policy
Authors: Haider-Markel Donald P.
Published: May 2004

Perceptions of an issue, problem, or policy might differ depending on the organizational context in which one is located. The importance of perception has been a concern for students of international relations, political institutions, organizational theory, and public policy, but less so for scholars of urban politics. This study contributes to the understanding of how organizational and community context influences perceptions by examining the perceptions of interest group leaders and police related to law enforcement activity on hate crime with survey data from each group in a sample of the 250 largest American cities. The author presents a basic theoretical framework for understanding how perceptions may differ depending on organizational and community context. He then tests for differences in perceptions using both simple and more advanced statistical methods, controlling for community context. The results suggest organizational and community context influence perceptions of law enforcement activity. The implications of the findings for urban politics and democratic political systems more generally are discussed.
Suburbanization, the Vote, and Changes in Federal and Provincial Political Representation and Influence Between Inner Cities and Suburbs in Large Canadian Urban Regions, 1945-1999
Authors: Walks R. Alan
Published: May 2004

This article examines the degree to which the relative growth of suburban electoral districts in Canada’s largest urban regions (Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver) has lead to a loss of potential political influence within government on behalf of Canadian inner cities and/or to more support for right-wing political parties. The study finds that although inner cities and suburbs have increasingly diverged in their voting behavior in both federal and provincial elections, the growth of suburban electoral districts has not directly translated into a loss of representation and influence for inner cities. Instead, representation and influence within government are highly dependent upon the party that is in power. At the federal level, the dominance of the Liberal Party has meant that inner cities have tended to wield greater, and the suburbs less, influence, whereas at the level of Ontario provincial politics, the suburbs have indeed been overrepresented and found to wield greater influence within government to the detriment of the inner cities.
Variations in Citizen Familiarity with Growth Management Processes
Authors: Chapin Tim
Published: May 2004

Although citizen support for growth controls has received ample attention from researchers, little attention has been paid to citizen familiarity with growth management systems. This article investigates citizen familiarity with Florida’s growth management system, testing many of the same hypotheses that have previously shaped research into citizen support for growth controls. Using results from a survey of state residents, six hypotheses concerning familiarity are tested, and a regression model is developed to predict familiarity with the state system. Results reflect previous research into attitudes toward growth controls, and educated individuals, those living in urbanized areas, and those that perceive growth and environmental issues as requiring government attention are found to have greater familiarity with the state’s system. Results indicate that citizen familiarity is perhaps best explained by heightened interest in local, state, and national politics.
Identity Politics and Local Political Culture
Authors: Deleon Richard E. , Naff Katherine C.
Published: May 2004

Using the Social Capital Benchmark Survey (SCBS) data sets, the authors conducted a multilevel comparative study of identity politics and political culture in the United States and 30 urban communities. Analysis showed that gender, race, class, and religion predict political ideology, electoral behavior, and political protest in the national sample. Replications in the community samples, however, revealed significant differences in the patterns of relationships among those variables. Some patterns deviated markedly from the national norm, particularly with respect to race as a predictor of political protest. Using an index of new political culture, the authors show that “place matters” as a contextual influence on the strength and direction of relationships between social identity (particularly race and religion) and political outcomes.
Suburbs without a City
Authors: Savitch H. V. , Vogel Ronald K.
Published: May 2004

City-county consolidation is advanced as a good government reform to promote efficiency, equity, and accountability and, more recently, to reduce growing disparities between central cities and suburbs. Whether these objectives are realized is more doubtful than the fact that local reorganization embodies a real change in power relations. Altering boundaries changes the kinds of issues that are relevant to decision makers as well as the relative power of different populations. The authors analyze the recent city-county consolidation of Louisville and Jefferson County, Kentucky. The authors review how this came about and then focus on three critical realignments associated with merging the city and its surrounding county. These consist of shifts in territorial boundaries, management reforms, and political rules. The case highlights the power dimension of city-county consolidation, often overlooked by advocates of public choice as well as those favoring metropolitan consolidation.
Home Care/Physician Partnerships in the Community: A Canadian Model in Development
Authors: Korabek Barbara , Rosenau Patricia , Slauenwhite Carol , Ross Laureen
Published: May 2004

This article describes the Canadian experience related to the development, implementation, and evaluation of the primary care relationship between community-based physicians and nurses whereby collaboration is the underlying operational basis for their partnerships. Twenty-three family physicians were paired with 21 home health care nurses (RNs) who were responsible for the care and case management of communitydwelling seniors. The evolution of the collaborative partnership is revealed through a quality improvement framework addressing several objectives over a period of 2 years. Essential components of collaboration are identified and the impacts of collaborative practice on health care professionals and consumers are explored.
A Telehealth Program to Reduce Readmission Rates Among Heart Failure Patients: One Agency’s Experience
Authors: McManus Susan G.
Published: May 2004

Posthospital management of congestive heart failure (CHF), a chronic disease with frequent hospital readmissions, continues to challenge the already financially burdened health care system and growing nursing shortage. A promising approach to the multidisciplinary management of this and other chronic diseases is Telehealth, defined as the delivery of health care and sharing of medical knowledge over a distance using telecommunication systems. One home health agencycompared CHF patients’ hospital readmissions with patients who received routine home care skilled nursing visits and those who also received remote video telehealth contacts.
Performance-Based Planning and Asset Management
Authors: Neumann Lance A. , Markow Michael J.
Published: May 2004

Traditional transportation planning identifies and prioritizes investment needs in system facilities and operations over a 20-year period. A performance-based approach to planning focuses on the projected outcomes of potential investments and the degree to which these impacts support stated policies. Interest in performance-based planning has grown in response to changing demands on agencies’ transportation programs resulting from international trade and economic competition, deregulation and modal competition, environmental regulation, and the pluralistic nature of many transportation decision-making processes. Performance-based planning is systematic and analytic, building upon the following components: expressions of policy in terms of quantifiable objectives; explicit measures of system performance; analytic methods to predict the impacts of different types of investments on system performance; decision-support tools to assist in evaluating a range of investments throughout a transportation network; models for periodic system monitoring to track performance measures; and feedback mechanisms to assess performance trends and identify needed adjustments in investment priorities.
Analyzing Longitudinal Data to Demonstrate the Costs and Benefits of Pavement Management
Authors: Falls Lynne Cowe , Tighe Susan
Published: May 2004

Roads and highways generally represent the single largest asset value of public infrastructure. Preservation of this asset value through timely and cost-effective maintenance and rehabilitation presents an enormous financial, management, and technical challenge to public agencies. Until recently, agencies have relied on designated or “silo” systems for pavement, bridge, and other management systems; which shared common elements of data collection, analysis, and reporting. Successful implementation of asset management requires a methodology for trade-off analysis between competing silos at the strategic level. Ultimately, many agencies may need to significantly change their business decision-making process, potentially resulting in the costs of implementation outweighing the benefits. This article describes frameworks for using longitudinal data to conduct a cost-benefit analysis of management system implementation. It also demonstrates how the same data can be used to improve technical models, thereby producing immediate benefits to the agency through enhanced decision making and, ultimately, reduced costs.
Cutting the Gordian Knot on Highway Reauthorization
Authors: Poole Robert W.
Published: May 2004

The principal obstacle to reauthorizing the federal surface transportation program is a dispute over the size of the program and the amount, if any, of an increase in federal fuel taxes. A gap of $125 billion (over 6 years) separates the Bush Administration’s proposal from that of the House of Representatives, with the latter favoring a large fuel tax increase. This article suggests that a significant expansion of tolling and public-private partnership options for states could lead to $50 billion in net new investment over 6 years, whereas indexing of fuel taxes could add another $15 billion. If both anti-tax conservatives and the highway community could agree to such a compromise, America could achieve a much-needed increase in highway investment without a “tax increase” in the normal sense.
Short-Term Infrastructure Concessions
Authors: Vassallo Josè M.
Published: May 2004

This article introduces a new tool based on short-term infrastructure concessions. The newtool described in the work includes a final reversion value as the most relevant procurement variable in short-term infrastructure concessions. This method's main advantages are that it offers both the bidders and the administration the possibility to get a close forecast on key concession variables such as expected demand, and costs, as well as on the potential increase in competition all over the process. This article also looks into the risks associated with the implementation of the method together with some solutions to mitigate the risks based on short-term concession procurements. Finally, it provides a brief outlook into the New Access to the Madrid Barajas Airport concession contract, because this project has been developed following some of the procedures revised in this article. Once the method has been outlined, this research analyzes the prospective advantages and disadvantages related to its application.
Do Tax and Expenditure Limits Lead to State Lotteries? Evidence from the United States: 1970-1992
Authors: Glickman Mark M. , Painter Gary D.
Published: May 2004

The past three decades have seen the widespread introduction of both state-level and local-level tax and expenditure limits (TELs). Over the same time period, 37 states have legalized state lotteries to raise revenues. The authors assert that the combination of TELs and lotteries may be an optimal strategy for a median voter attempting to lower his or her tax burden while lowering the cost of monitoring the behavior of government officials. They find consistent evidence that the existence of a limit on the increase of property assessments is a positive predictor of the adoption of a lottery, and they also find some evidence that state limits and limits on property tax revenues also influence states to pass lotteries. Other local TELs have a little estimated impact on the lottery decision.
Structural Breaks, Unit Roots, and Cointegration: A Further Test of the Sustainability of the Indian Fiscal Deficit
Authors: Jha Raghbendra , Sharma Anurag
Published: May 2004

If public expenditure and public revenue are I (0), public debt is sustainable, but if these are I (1) and not cointegrated or have a cointegrating vector different from [1, -1], the public debt is said to be unsustainable. Extant work indicates that India’s public debt is unsustainable. The authors reinvestigate this issue by allowing for endogenous structural breaks for two data sets—the British period from 1871-1921 and the postindependence period from 1950-1997. Revenue and expenditure series are I (1) and cointegrated with regime shifts. Hence, Indian public debt may not be unsustainable.
Does Old Capital Matter for Implementing a Pareto-Improving Tax Reform?
Authors: Gaube Thomas , Schwager Robert
Published: May 2004

Is it possible to replace the income tax by a consumption tax or a wage tax such that (1) a dynamic (intergenerational) Pareto improvement is obtained and (2) only the information available from enforcing the income tax is used? In this article, it is shown that such a transition is feasible if and only if in a static setting, the consumption or wage tax induces less distortions than the income tax.
State Lottery Revenue: The Importance of Game Characteristics
Authors: Garrett Thomas A. , Sobel Russell S.
Published: May 2004

Previous studies have found that lottery ticket sales are influenced by certain socioeconomic characteristics of the population. The authors extend the state lottery literature by examining how lottery game characteristics, such as the overall expected value, the top prize, and the total number of combinations, influence ticket sales after controlling for socioeconomic variables. They perform an empirical analysis on a unique set of data that include information for 135 online lottery games in the United States. The results show that ticket sales are significantly influenced by the size of the top prize and the odds of winning it, but ticket sales are not significantly affected by the expected value of the lower prizes. The out-of-sample predictive power of the model is then tested using a real-world example of changes to the prize and odds structure of PowerBall.
Quality of Service on the Grid Via Metascheduling with Resource Co-Scheduling and Co-Reservation
Authors: Mateescu Gabriel
Published: May 2004

Assuring predictable resources (processors, memory, storage) for applications running on the Grid is a critical factor for the success of the Grid for solving real-life problems. We extend the Globus Resource Management Architecture to provide metascheduling, co-scheduling and advance co-reservation of resources, and compare the proposed architecture with existing metascheduling solutions.
Virtual and Dynamic Hierarchical Architecture for E-Science Grid
Authors: Lican Huang , Zhaohui Wu , Yunhe Pan
Published: May 2004

In this paper we present Virtual and Dynamic Hierarchical Architecture (VDHA), an e-Science Grid architecture. VDHA is a decentralized architecture with some peer-topeer characteristics. VDHA is scalable and autonomous, and provides full and effective service discovery. VDHA also enables mobile computing, and makes management of user privileges and roles easy. Synchronization can be easily implemented within the VDHA framework. VDHA has been adopted as the architecture of the Chinese University e-Science Grid. In this paper we also discuss the advantages of VDHA, as well as the protocols used.
Validating Surrogate Measures of Psychological Constructs: The Application of Construct Equivalence to Archival Data
Authors: Payne Stephanie C. , Finch John F. , Tremble Trueman R.
Published: May 2004

Archival data present opportunities to test important research questions. Unfortunately, archival data do not always include validated measures of the psychological constructs that may be of interest to researchers. In this article, the authors describe how the construct equivalence approach can be applied to organizational archival data to derive and empirically validate surrogate measures of psychological constructs. A step-by-step explanation of how to validate such measures, which includes the use of confirmatory factor analysis to examine the data from a multitrait-multimethod perspective, is described. This approach facilitates the use of organizational archives for research purposes.
Multiple Imputation for Missing Data: Making the most of What you Know
Authors: Fichman Mark , Cummings Jonathon N.
Published: May 2004

Missing data are a common problem in organizational research. Missing data can occur due to attrition in a longitudinal study or nonresponse to questionnaire items in a laboratory or field setting. Improper treatments of missing data (e.g., listwise deletion, mean imputation) can lead to biased statistical inference using complete case analysis statistical techniques. This article presents a simulation and data analysis case study using a method for dealing with missing data, multiple imputation, that allows for valid statistical inference with complete case statistical analysis. Software for implementing multiple imputation under a multivariate normal model is freely and widely available (e.g., NORM, SAS, SOLAS). It should be routinely considered for imputing missing data. The authors illustrate the application of this technique using data from the HomeNet project.
Using Generalized Estimating Equations for Longitudinal Data Analysis
Authors: Ballinger Gary A.
Published: May 2004

The generalized estimating equation (GEE) approach of Zeger and Liang facilitates analysis of data collected in longitudinal, nested, or repeated measures designs. GEEs use the generalized linear model to estimate more efficient and unbiased regression parameters relative to ordinary least squares regression in part because they permit specification of a working correlation matrix that accounts for the form of within-subject correlation of responses on dependent variables of many different distributions, including normal, binomial, and Poisson. The author briefly explains the theory behind GEEs and their beneficial statistical properties and limitations and compares GEEs to suboptimal approaches for analyzing longitudinal data through use of two examples. The first demonstration applies GEEs to the analysis of data from a longitudinal lab study with a counted response variable; the second demonstration applies GEEs to analysis of data with a normally distributed response variable from subjects nested within branch offices ofan organization.
Consumer-to-Consumer Conversations in Service Settings
Authors: Harris Kim , Baron Steve
Published: May 2004

This article contributes, in two ways, to our understanding of the nature, scope, and significance of conversations between strangers in service environments. First, a framework is introduced that provides both academics and practitioners with a summary of the key issues associated with the stimuli, manifestations, and consequences of such conversations. Second, the article reports a market-oriented ethnography of a specific service—rail travel—that locates stranger conversations within a broader categorization of consumer travel behaviors. This has resulted in the identification of a stabilizing effect of conversations between strangers through consumer anxiety reduction, the enactment of the partial employee role, and the supply of social interaction. The stabilizing effect can act as a “defuser” of dissatisfaction in services where consumers are in close proximity for prolonged periods in the service setting and regularly express dissatisfaction with service provision.
The Four Service Marketing Myths
Authors: Vargo Stephen L. , Lusch Robert F.
Published: May 2004

Marketing was originally built on a goods-centered, manufacturing-based model of economic exchange developed during the Industrial Revolution. Since its beginning, marketing has been broadening its perspective to include the exchange of more than manufactured goods. The subdiscipline of service marketing has emerged to address much of this broadened perspective, but it is built on the same goods and manufacturing-based model. The influence of this model is evident in the prototypical characteristics that have been identified as distinguishing services from goods—intangibility, inseparability, heterogeneity, and perishability. The authors argue that these characteristics (a) do not distinguish services from goods, (b) only have meaning from a manufacturing perspective, and (c) imply inappropriate normative strategies. They suggest that advances made by service scholars can provide a foundation for a more service-dominant view of all exchange from which more appropriate normative strategies can be developed for all of marketing.
Service Recovery and Fairness Perceptions in Collectivist and Individualist Contexts
Authors: Mattila Anna S. , Patterson Paul G.
Published: May 2004

As in other social exchanges, cultural norms and values are likely to influence customers’ perceptions of fairness and satisfaction with the service recovery process. This study contrasts the impact of two recovery attributes (compensation and explanation) on customers’ postrecovery perceptions in a cross-cultural context (East-Asia versus United States). The results from this experimental study indicate that compensation seems to drive customers’ fairness perceptions, in particular with American consumers. Offering an explanation for the failure had a positive impact on customer perceptions regardless of the customer’s cultural orientation. Finally, the study’s findings show that perceived fairness is directly linked to postrecovery satisfaction.
Labored Language
Authors: Catano James V.
Published: May 2004

This article discusses the construction and representation of worker masculinities within one of the West's premier industries: steel. It argues that concerns over sadomasochism in masculinity, which are vigorously denied within the dominant oedipal myth of masculinity, are revealed and interrogated by working-class tales about the steel industry—although these narratives cannot finally overturn the dominant. The result of that controlling mythic process is a continual rewarding and repetition of masculine behavior that is sadomasochistic at base. The cost of that system of rewards and punishments is enormous for all classes and races. But as workers' tales make clear, although the cost is ultimately paid by all, it is not equally shared among all.
Girlfriend Abuse as a Form of Masculinity Construction among Violent, Marginal Male Youth
Authors: Totten Mark
Published: May 2004

This study focuses on the development and effect of familial and gender ideologies on the masculine identities of thirty marginal male youth aged thirteen to seventeen years, all of whom were gang members or belonged to violent male peer groups. Qualitative, indepth interviews uncovered protest and negative masculine identities. Their abusive behavior, directed at girlfriends, gays, and racial minorities, is suggested to be a response to blocked access to traditional institutional benefits of patriarchy. Violence compensated for perceived threats to their masculine identities. The construction of masculinity was an ongoing process for these boys, negotiated and developed on a daily basis using available resources in their social space location. Significant differences within the sample explain the variation in the degree to which they embraced patriarchal-authoritarian models of family and gender, and variation in the forms and seriousness of their physical and sexual violence.
The Manly Working Man
Authors: Hallgrímsdóttir Helga Kristín , Adams Tracey L.
Published: May 2004

This article explores hegemonic and counterhegemonic ideas of masculinity as seen through the political campaigns and programmatic appeals of the Knights of Labor (KOL) in Ontario, 1882 to 1890. The KOL was a movement that sought to unite the working class in opposition to the exploitation of elites. Central to the KOL’s opposition was the creation of a counterhegemonic ideal of manhood. For the KOL, the denial of their rights as workers and citizens was intertwined with hegemonic conceptions of masculinity that denied them manhood. Formulating an alternative conception that portrayed working men as manly and members of unproductive elites as unmanly was, therefore, a central element in the KOL program of opposition. The KOL’s construction ofa counterhegemonic ideal of manhood that was, at once, challenging and accepting of the dominantideal is illustrative of the significance of masculinity, and gender more broadly, to social movements and social debate.
Athlete Aggression on the Rink and off the Ice
Authors: Pappas Nick T. , McKenry Patrick C. , Catlett Beth Skilken
Published: May 2004

Because male athletes have exhibited aggressive tendencies in a variety of settings, they may be at risk for using violence both within and beyond their sports involvement. Five former college/professional hockey players were interviewed to determine their perspectives on the nature of aggression and violence in sports competition as well as in social relationships.The informants were asked aboutathletes’violence and aggression toward teammates, acquaintances, and female intimates. This analysis includes participants’ experiences, observations, and explanations of the instances of violence in hockey culture. The study findings yield (1) a greater understanding of the ways in which hockey socialization and athletes’notions of masculinity combine to create a culture of aggression and violence and (2) two major factors—consumption of alcohol and the objectification of women—that contribute to exporting violence outside the athletic arena.
“It’s Different for Men”
Authors: Throsby Karen , Gill Rosalind
Published: May 2004

Drawing on interviewdata with men andwomen who have engaged with in vitro fertilization (IVF) unsuccessfully, this article explores the ways in which men experience and make sense of the failure of treatment. Focusing on men’s experiences of infertility, their perceptions of IVF as a technology, and their involvement in the IVF process, the analysis highlights the ambivalent relationship between men and IVF as a technology; the predominance of hegemonic masculine culture in mediating the meaning of IVF for both men and women, particularly in relation to the association of fertility and virility in the normative construction of masculinity; and the very traditionally gendered emotional scripts that structure the experience of IVF and its failure.
“Astronauts in the Sperm World”
Authors: Oudshoorn Nelly
Published: May 2004

Since the 1960s, the predominance of modern contraceptive drugs for women has disciplined men and women to delegate responsibilities for contraception largely to women. Consequently, contraceptive use came to be excluded from hegemonic masculinity. The weak alignment of contraceptive technologies and hegemonic masculinities constitutes a major barrier for technological innovation in contraceptives for men. Based on an analysis of two large-scale clinical trials of hormonal contraceptives for men organized by the World Health Organization (WHO) in the late 1980s and early 1990s, the article shows how the development of new contraceptives for men requires a renegotiation of masculine identities. Technological innovation in contraceptive technology is, thus, not only a story about the making of a new technology, it is also a story about constructing masculine identities.
The Philosophy of Community Policing in China
Authors: Wong Kam C.
Published: May 2004

This article is an investigation into the philosophy informing the People's Republic of China's (PRC's) community (more appropriately “mass” or “people”) policing. This article is divided into four parts. Part 1 states the focus and justifications of this research. Part 2, serving both as a literature review and a comparative context for the study of the PRC's community policing philosophy to follow, outlines in brief the U.S. approach to community policing. Part 3 describes the philosophy of Chinese community policing, past and present, as compared to the Western mode. Part 4 summarizes as it discusses the lessons provided by this investigation into PRC community policing philosophy, concluding that there is much similarity in spirit amid drastic differences in practice.
Degrees of Urbanism and Police Orientations: Testing Preferences for Different Policing Approaches Across Urban, Suburban, and Rural Areas
Authors: Jiao Allan Y.
Published: May 2004

Citizen preferences for different police orientations have seldom been studied as a variable that is affected by degrees of urbanism. Although actual police styles are perceived to reflect preferences of local residents, there is no empirical evidence that suggests this is true. The data for this study was collected by surveying residents living in areas with various levels of urbanism to understand whether degrees of urbanism explain differences in preferences for different policing approaches across urban, suburban, and rural areas. The results indicated that urban residents have a stronger preference for community policing, suburban residents have a greater preference for police professionalism, and rural residents have a stronger interest in problem-oriented policing. The findings are explained with various personal, social, and contextual predictors, and their implications for policing are discussed.
The Making of a Community Policing Officer: The Impact of Basic Training and Occupational Socialization on Police Recruits
Authors: Haarr Robin N.
Published: May 2004

This study examines the impact of basic training, field training, and work environment on shaping police recruits' attitudes and beliefs related to community policing, problem-solving policing, and police public relations. A multiple-treatment, single-case pretest-posttest design was used to survey 446 police recruits from 14 successive basic-training academy classes at the Phoenix Regional Police Training Academy. The sample of police recruits was followed through the 606.5-hour, 16-week basic-training program and then through field training and the completion of a 1-year probationary period. Over 16 months, they were surveyed at four points and times. Findings reveal that although the training academy has a positive impact on police recruits' attitudes related to community policing and problem solving, over time, those positive attitudinal changes dissipate as police recruits proceed to their respective police agencies where they are assigned a field training officer and are exposed to the work environment and organizational culture.
Police Chief Performance and Leadership Styles
Authors: Krimmel John T. , Lindenmuth Paul
Published: May 2004

The goal of this study was to identify desirable and undesirable performance indicators and leadership styles of police chiefs. Two hundred five municipal managers in Pennsylvania responded to a survey designed to capture the municipal managers' assessment of the performance and leadership attributes of the police chief working under their direct supervision. The performance traits and leadership qualities were organized into six subsets, including sad, upset, calm, sharing, Boy Scout, and James Bond. Significant differences were found between chiefs' education level, whether they were promoted from within or hired from the outside, if they had graduated from the FBI National Academy, and if the police officers were organized as a union.
Police Discipline in Houston: The Arbitration Experience
Authors: Iris Mark
Published: May 2004

In many cities, police discipline is subject to final adjudication through binding arbitration. Police agencies' intensive internal reviews of disciplinary actions suggest that arbitrations would likely uphold management most times. Instead, prior research showed that in Chicago, arbitrators “split the baby,” with net reductions of discipline of almost exactly 50%. This research examines all arbitrations of sworn officers'discipline in Houston during a 5-year span (1994-1998). The findings are similar to those observed in Chicago: Arbitrators reduce discipline by approximately 50%. This was observed for discharge cases and temporary suspensions (15 days or less). The implications of this pattern are discussed.
A Decade of Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing: Characteristics of the Goldstein Award Winners
Authors: Rojek Jeff
Published: May 2004

Each year, the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF) accepts nominations for the prestigious Herman Goldstein Award for Excellence in Problem-Oriented Policing. This article examines problem-oriented initiatives that have been selected by PERF as innovations deserving recognition. The authors review the characteristics of these projects beginning in 1993, the inaugural year of the Goldstein Award. They review such characteristics as the nature of the problem, the nature of the intervention, and the integration of SARA (scanning, analysis, response, & assessment) model principles. These characteristics are examined to provide insight into what is being presented as innovative, award-winning practices in problem-oriented policing. The responses examined are framed in the context of programmatic and techniquelevel innovations. Discussion is given to the prospect of these innovative approaches becoming institutional practices.
Theoretical and Methodological Issues in Racial Profiling Research
Authors: Batton Candice , Kadleck Colleen
Published: May 2004

Racial profiling has generated a significant amount of social concern in American society. Yet little is known about the etiology of this phenomenon, in part because its defining characteristics have yet to be identified and conceptualized. In this article, the authors summarize and organize the existing racial profiling literature and establish a strong conceptual foundation for future racial profiling research. Four issues that must be explicitly addressed in the conceptualization process of research on racial profiling are identified and described: realm of activity, level of aggregation and unit of analysis, population of interest, and characteristics of the incident. These factors have methodological implications in terms of data collection, control variables, and methods of analysis.
Levels of Fatigue Compared to Levels of Cytokines and Hemoglobin during Pelvic Radiotherapy: a Pilot Study
Authors: Ahlberg Karin , Ekman Tor , Gaston-Johansson Fannie
Published: May 2004

Cancer-related fatigue (CRF) is a prevalent and distressing symptom experienced by patients during cancer therapy. One proposed mechanism for the development of fatigue is the increased secretion of proinflammatory cytokines and/or the development of anemia. The major purpose of this pilot study was to investigate the levels of fatigue and cytokines during radiation therapy and determine whether there was a correlation between the two. A secondary purpose was to explore the relationships among hemoglobin values, cytokines, and fatigue. Participants included 15 women diagnosed with uterine cancer, who received curative external radiation therapy. Fatigue was assessed by a self-report instrument (Multidimensional Fatigue Inventory [MFI-20]) and hemoglobin and cytokines (Il-1, Il-6, and TNF-α) were measured before, during, and after radiotherapy. The degree of fatigue increased during radiotherapy without a significant change in IL-1, IL-6, or TNF-α levels. There was no significant correlation between changes in general fatigue and the changes in IL-1 and TNF-α. There was a significant negative correlation between the change in IL-6 and general fatigue. The hemoglobin levels did decrease significantly during radiotherapy, but there was no significant correlation between general fatigue and hemoglobin after 3 weeks of therapy or after the completion of therapy. In conclusion, pelvic radiotherapy in women with uterine cancer is associated with increased fatigue. There were no significant relationships between anemia or cytokine levels and fatigue. The pathogenesis of fatigue during radiation therapy remains to be elucidated.