bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
"No cap or wig but a thin hair upon it": Hair and the Male Portrait Bust in England around 1750
Authors: Baker Malcolm
Published: January 2007

The representation of hair has always been of great importance for sculpture. This is especially true of the portrait bust, not least because this was a genre in which the head was represented in three dimensions and viewed from close quarters. This essay examines the representation of hair on male portrait busts, which became popular in England around 1750. Though less elaborate than the hair on later eighteenth-century busts of women, the hair on male busts, ranging from wigs to no hair at all, played a significant role in mediating how the sculptural portrait was to be viewed. While represented hair might at times relate to current fashions, the short hair frequently used on classicizing busts of men had an independent sculptural existence. Seemingly part of the represented body, such hair was also a constructed convention. In its very ambiguity, hair of this sort alerted the spectator to the nature of the bust as a representation, at once a likeness of great immediacy and a highly artificial genre. This in its turn involved an elaborate play with those sculptural techniques used to represent hair, or its absence.
Diderot, Hogarth, and the Aesthetics of Depilation
Authors: Endres Johannes , Golb Joel David
Published: January 2007

The corporeal ideal of a female form free of body hair has a long tradition in Western thought, originating in antiquity and culminating in the eighteenth century. Early-modern discourses on art, aesthetics, cultural theory, and anthropology explicitly defend the ideal of the naked, depilated woman with reference to antique depictions of Venus. Denis Diderot's speculations on the origins of the hairless female body are exemplary for the eighteenth century. His fondness for the "depilated lap" provides for a far-reaching theory of civilization based on female "shame." Pubic hair, in Enlightenment thought, came to be associated with female sinfulness and the fall of civilization. This essay aims to trace the stages of the depilation argument in the eighteenth century. Particular emphasis is set upon its interrelation with contemporary concepts of antiquity and of the female body. Finally the essay analyzes the tendency to establish a self-reflexive metatheory--hair as a "metaphor of a metaphor"--drawing on examples from art and literature.
The Queen's Hair: Marie-Antoinette, Politics, and DNA
Authors: Hosford Desmond
Published: January 2007

Marie-Antoinette's hair was an element of her body that signaled her acceptance of or resistance to external forces and played a performative role in the corporeal inscription of her identity as dauphine and then as queen of France. The queen's hair became a site of her attempt to assert personal agency, which could assume negative social and political ramifications, since the assertion of this agency was frequently considered to be in opposition to her responsibilities as queen. The queen's coiffures not only mirrored the evolution of her character, but were sometimes perceived as tools for a dangerous foreigner seeking to undermine the stability of the nation. During her imprisonment, Marie-Antoinette was briefly able to assert full agency over this aspect of her body. Finally, through the exhumation of her remains, and recently with the aid of modern science, the queen's hair continues to play a performative dynastic role.
Hair, Authenticity, and the Self-Made Macaroni
Authors: Rauser Amelia F. (Amelia Faye)
Published: January 2007

The image of the macaroni in the 1770s acted both as a cautionary tale and a secret exemplar for the rising middle classes, as they debated how to become urbane cosmopolites while remaining authentically British. The medium of caricature was crucial to this debate, since individual portrait caricature not only unmasked the macaroni's inauthenticity, but also, and paradoxically, made a desirable spectacle out of his eccentric individualism. In these caricatural images, the macaroni's hair functioned as a potent and multivalent symbol, representing both fashion and artifice, and blurring the boundaries of gender, class, and nationality. Thus, macaroni caricature in the 1770s was deeply implicated in the contemporary fascination with character and the evolution of the modern self.
Raising Hair
Authors: Rosenthal Angela
Published: January 2007

In the eighteenth century hair was recognized as possessing fundamental communicative and cultural power. At once a natural extension of the body and a craftable sign, hair served to mark as well as blur boundaries between, for example, nature and culture, man and woman, human and animal. This essay focuses on the discursive and performative ways in which hair linked notions of human variety to gendered, ethnic, and racial differences. It also serves to introduce the eleven interdisciplinary essays in this volume, which considers the topic of hair in art and aesthetics, in everyday life, and in popular culture.
Opposing Enlightenment: Reverend Charles Peters's Reading of the Natural History of Religion
Authors: Allan David
Published: January 2007

This essay presents newly-discovered evidence for the reading of Charles Peters, minister of St Mabyn in Cornwall. It reveals how an early encounter with Thomas Blackwell's Enquiry into the Life and Writings of Homer (1735) stimulated Peters, a self-consciously orthodox High Churchman, to develop a private critique of the emerging Enlightenment discourse of natural religion. This episode sheds new light on the cultural preoccupations of England's parish clergy, as well as upon the significance of misinterpretation and misunderstanding in the social history of ideas. It also provides an illuminating additional context for the "Job Controversy", in which Peters, utilizing similar arguments to those he had first deployed against Blackwell, later entered the lists against both Bishop Warburton and Lord Bolingbroke.
The Impact Of The Marriage Act Of 1753: Was It Really "A Most Cruel Law For The Fair Sex"?
Authors: Probert Rebecca
Published: January 2007

It has been argued that the Marriage Act of 1753, which put the law of marriage in England and Wales on a statutory basis, was a harsh measure that caused hardship to women, who were thereby deprived of the protection offered by the previous law. This essay challenges this view, showing that the formalities prescribed by the Act were hardly novel, and had been observed even when they were not essential to the validity of a marriage, while the protection afforded by the previous law was not as generous as has been claimed. It also argues that the courts adopted a purposive approach to the interpretation of the Act that softened its impact.
The Westminster Impostors: Impersonating Law Enforcement in Early Eighteenth-Century London
Authors: Hurl-Eamon Jennine
Published: January 2007

Between 1685 and 1720, twenty-nine men were caught impersonating law officers in Westminster. Though these cases may seem small in number, they represent the most common type of imposture in this period. This article argues that the impersonation of officials is an important window into the unique nature of identity and law enforcement in early eighteenth-century London. The metropolis had grown to the point where parish constables might not be recognized, and the low origins and reputed venery of many officials made this an appealing avenue for impostors. In an anonymous urban environment before photo identification, people looked at dress, demeanor, and symbols of office to determine identity, all of which worked to the advantage of these Westminster impostors.
Libertinism and Romance in Rochester's Poetry
Authors: Sanchez Melissa E
Published: January 2007

The conceptual systems of romance and libertinism appear to offer opposing solutions to human frustration, and Rochester's poetry is typically read as endorsing one or the other perceptual mode. But such a neat division between idealized courtly love and unimpeded creaturely passion is untenable. I propose to demonstrate Rochester's awareness of the cohesion of romance sanguinity and libertine cynicism through a discussion of his use of the pastoral mode, which absorbs the ideals of both Greek romance and Epicurean libertinism. Unfortunately, these discourses of love and freedom encourage aggression and hypocrisy even as they promise to secure idyllic harmony, and the detached hedonism cultivated by Rochester's speakers thus conspicuously fails to transcend the disturbing maelstrom that is human desire. Far from escaping the salacious or sentimental aspects of experience, efforts to surmount erotic disappointment reveal that libertinism itself occupies the realm of romance: both offer the compensatory fictions without which human experience would be intolerable.
"So Anthracite - to live": Emily Dickinson and American Literary History
Authors: Ladin Jay
Published: January 2007

This essay argues that Dickinson's non-normative poetic diction should be understood as an outgrowth of her engagement with nineteenth-century American culture in general, and American women's poetry in particular. Through comparative analysis of Dickinson's diction with that of more normative nineteenth-centrury American texts, I argue that Dickinson transfigures common nineteenth-century linguistic materials by tipping the balance of what Bakhtin calls "centripetal and centrifugal forces" from the centripetally-weighted modes characteristic of most nineteeenth-century poets to centrifugally-weighted modes popularized by twentieth-century American modernists. By examining early letters and poems, I show how Dickinson's centrifugal diction evolved from nineteenth-century literary practices.
Dickinson's Embodied Eyeball: Transcendentalism and the Scope of Vision
Authors: Kohler Michelle
Published: January 2007

Dickinson's private, embodied treatment of poetic "vision" challenges other contemporary characterizations of the figural link between eyesight and poetry at a time when rhetorical connections among the material American continent, vision, and poetry were fundamental components of the nation's burgeoning literary discourse. Her poems that focus on vision and visual metaphors assert a disjunction between the insular vision of lyric poetry and the poetic vision endorsed by writers like Emerson who equated poetry with public meaning and place. An examination of this disjunction in four poems reveals in particular Dickinson's critique of the grammar and metaphors associated with vision in Emerson's Transcendentalist account of nature.
Emily Dickinson's Philadelphia
Authors: Strickland Georgiana
Published: January 2007

In late winter 1855, Emily Dickinson and her sister, Lavinia, spent two or more weeks in Philadelphia visiting their second cousin, Eliza Coleman, and her parents. No letter from her describing their activities there has survived. This paper attempts to fill that void by examining Philadelphia's physical, social, intellectual, and cultural character at the time of their visit. Also considered are questions relating to Dickinson's friendship with Eliza Coleman and the origins of her longtime correspondence with the Reverend Charles Wadsworth of Philadelphia's Arch Street Presbyterian Church. The aim is to suggest how the trip may have influenced the poet's subsequent life and work.
Gothic Genealogies: Dracula, Bowen's Court, And Anglo-Irish Psychology
Authors: Ingelbien Raphaël
Published: January 2007

This article reassesses the place of Dracula within a supposed Anglo-Irish Gothic tradition by stressing continuities between Stoker's portrayal of the vampire and the (auto)biographical writings of major Ascendancy figures, and more particularly Elizabeth Bowen's family memoir Bowen's Court. It qualifies the recent focus on Dracula's monstrous body as an allegorical site, and argues that the Irish subtext of the novel may be most palpable in more muted forms of psychological Gothic. It attempts to refine our definitions of Anglo-Irish Gothic, and constitutes a new intervention in the debate that has raged over Dracula's Irish identity.
La France et La Reconnaissance de l'Independence Haitienne: Le Debat sur L'Ordonnance de 1825
Authors: Brière Jean-François
Published: January 2007

King Charles X's royal decree of 17 April 1825 recognizing Haiti's independence and the subsequent law setting rules for the allocation of Haitian reparations to former French planters were met with widespread discussion and opposition in both French parliamentary chambers. Opponents attacked Villèle's government on both substance and form, some refusing to accept the loss of colonial property rights in Haiti, others denying the king the right to grant independence to a colony without parliamentary approval. The debate, which ended in the government's favor, raised for the first time some fundamental issues about the process of decolonization in a French context.
La Nouvelle Orleans: Etat Sommaire des Espaces Urbains et Sociaux a l'Epoque de Pierre Clement des Laussat (Mars 1803-Avril 1804)
Authors: Langlois Gilles-Antoine
Published: January 2007

Pierre Cl�ment de Laussat arrived in New Orleans in 1803 as Napoleon's colonial prefect, directed to receive Louisiana from Spain and govern it, unaware until four months later that it had been sold to the United States. In the process of working through the preliminaries to the retrocession, Laussat encountered problems endemic to the racist ideology, slave economy, and paternalist organization of the colony, only exacerbated by the disorder of the end of the Spanish regime. He addressed these issues through official acts carried out during the three weeks that the French flag finally flew over the city. This paper reviews the political and social background for some of Laussat's final acts on behalf of France, all aimed at securing the goodwill of powerful inhabitants: the restoration of the Code Noir, establishment of the city's first fire brigade, and reactivation of the institutions of French government.
British and French Ethnographies of India: Dubois and his English Commentators
Authors: Mohan Jyoti
Published: January 2007

Quelle �tait la fascination fran�aise avec l'Inde? En d�pit de la perte de leur empire indien au XVIIIe si�cle, les Fran�ais continuaient � dominer l'indologie du XIXe si�cle. Ils ont cr�� une image ethnographique distincte et durable de l'Inde comme terre des Hindous, Brahmanes, temples qui ont perdu la grandeur. J'examine un texte singulier, appel� Moeurs, des �tablissements, et des c�r�monies des peuples de l'Inde, �crit par un missionnaire fran�ais, l'abb� Dubois, au d�but du XIXe si�cle, pour �tudier une source pour la cr�ation de telles images de l'Inde. J'examine �galement la signification de telles images dans leur diff�rence m�me de "l'Inde" cr��e par les commentaires britanniques sur l'oeuvre de Dubois.
Colonisation Francaise et Main-d'oeuvre Carcerale au Senegal: De l'Emploi des Detenus des Camps Penaux sur les Chantiers des Travaux Routiers (1927-1940)
Authors: Sene Ibra
Published: January 2007

The daunting challenge of obtaining sufficient labor for their colonial enterprise in Senegal led the French to implement a system of travail forc� or forced labor. Its violence and the sustained resistance of the colonized populations plagued the system from the very beginning, and ended by affecting it very deeply by the late 1920s. What followed was a vast reorganization of the Senegalese prisons in 1927, aiming at a better use of penal labor. The outcome would be the institution of itinerant penal camps in 1936. They were established in the cercles (provinces) of Louga, Thi�s, Diourbel, and eventually in Bignona. They were used until 1940 to supply much of the work force for road building and maintenance along the main transportation routes of the colony. Lacking any deterrent or rehabilitative objective, the penal camps epitomized the political and economic functions of colonial imprisonment.
Unlikely Imperialist: The Baron of Saint-Castin and the Transformation of the Northeastern Borderlands
Authors: Stanwood Owen
Published: January 2007

Cet article emploie la vie d'un colon fran�ais d'Acadie, baron de Saint-Castin, pour repenser la transformation imp�riale de l'Am�rique du Nord vers la fin du XVIIe si�cle. Pendant les premi�res d�cennies de sa carri�re en tant que commer�ant dans les borderlands du nord-est, Saint-Castin agissait en tant qu'interm�diaire culturel, fournissant des liens �conomiques et culturels entre les communaut�s fran�aises, anglaises, et ab�naquis dans la r�gion. Cependant, quand la guerre imp�riale est arriv� � la r�gion en 1689, le baron ne pouvait plus maintenir sa neutralit�. Afin de maintenir sa puissance, Saint-Castin s'est r�invent� comme partisan fran�ais, gagnant l'approbation des fonctionnaires fran�ais m�me, pendant que les colons anglais commen�aient � l'apercevoir en tant qu'ennemi mauvais qui combinait une f�rocit� indienne avec les pr�tentions d'un aristocrate catholique. Apr�s sa mort, Saint-Castin est devenu une figure l�gendaire parmi les auteurs fran�ais et anglais, qui ont c�l�br� ses raccordements �troits aux Abenaki et sa r�sistance aux Anglais. Contrairement � ce portrait litt�raire, cependant, le vrai baron seulement est devenu un combattant dans la lutte imp�riale de force, puisqu'il comprenait que les interm�diaires ne pourraient plus prosp�rer dans un continent r�gn� par des puissances imp�riales rivales qui exigeaient l'all�geance absolue de leurs sujets. La transition douloureuse de Saint-Castin illustre la fa�on dont l'augmentation de puissance d'�tat en Am�rique coloniale touchait les vies de diff�rentes personnes et interrompait les raccordements interculturels qui ont pr�c�demment permis aux Am�ricains de communiquer � travers les march�s culturels.
The Contribution of Parenting to Ethnic and Racial Gaps in School Readiness
Authors: Brooks-Gunn Jeanne , Markman Lisa
Published: January 2007

The authors describe various parenting behaviors, such as nurturance, discipline, teaching, and language use, and explain how researchers measure them. They note racial and ethnic variations in several behaviors. Most striking are differences in language use. Black and Hispanic mothers talk less with their young children than do white mothers and are less likely to read to them daily. They also note some differences in harshness.

When researchers measuring school readiness gaps control for parenting differences, the racial and ethnic gaps narrow by 25-50 percent. And it is possible to alter parenting behavior to improve readiness. The authors examine programs that serve poor families—and thus disproportionately serve minority families—and find that home- and center-based programs with a parenting component improve parental nurturance and discipline. Programs that target families with children with behavior problems improve parents' skills in dealing with such children. And certain family literacy programs improve parents' skills in talking with their children. Several interventions have significantly reduced gaps in the parenting behavior of black and white mothers.

Not all improvements in parenting translate to improved school readiness. Home-based programs affect the mother but do not appear to affect the child, at least in the short term. But center-based programs with a parenting component enhance both parenting and school readiness. And some family literacy programs also improve readiness.

Because these successful interventions serve a greater share of minority than nonminority families and have more positive effects for blacks than for whites, they offer promise for closing the ethnic and racial gaps in school readiness.
"Too Real": Teaching, Reading, Living Henry James
Authors: Banta Martha
Published: January 2007

Taking Henry James into the classroom means the instructor faces difficulties that extend beyond matters of difficult style. This essay cites the obstacles this author has had in trying to overcome students' resistance to the psychological demands exacted when dealing with the layers of reality (both literal social data and intrusions of the transcendent) imposed by the reading of Jamesian narratives. It notes the contemporary theories of "the real" James puts on display in The Ambassadors. It also tracks instances when his characters' encounters with "the too real" releases them and James's readers alike from being bound by the limitations of literal literary social realism.
A Focus on the "Surrounding Scene": Examining Paris in The Ambassadors
Authors: Dreifus Erika
Published: January 2007

In this article the author, a fiction writer, re-examines James's declaration in the preface to The Ambassadors: "Another surrounding scene would have done so well for our show could it have represented a place in which Strether's errand was likely to lie and his crisis to await him." She argues that no other "surrounding scene" could have functioned "so well" as Paris for the novel's setting. She supports her claims with close readings from the text as well as with references to E.M. Forster, David Lodge, Janet Burroway, and others. Laurence Raw
Nanda's Smile: Teaching James and the Sense of Humor
Authors: Poole Adrian
Published: January 2007

In The Awkward Age, Nanda Brookenham is accused by two of her male admirers of lacking a sense of humor. Yet though she never laughs, Nanda can and does smile. This paper considers what is at stake in the invitation to laugh or smile, with and at whom, and the ways in which James's writing explores the awkward complicities not only between his characters but also between his narrator and readers. It suggests that we can learn much from reading James about the double edge to "humor" in many kinds of interaction, including those we think of as teaching and learning.
The Counterfeit Symbol in Henry James's The Golden Bowl
Authors: Austin-Smith Brenda
Published: January 2007

Although critically freighted with all the significance of a symbol, the golden bowl in James's last completed novel fails to achieve conventional symbolic status. Fanny Assingham's decision to smash the bowl enacts a challenge to its physical integrity matched, at the level of discourse, by the competing meanings that have sought the bowl as the vehicle for their expression but which proliferate only in the bowl's absence. The gold standard debates which form the historical context for the novel highlight its dramatization of anxieties over monetary and linguistic value, expressed through the figure of the counterfeit symbol.
Sex, Lies, and Motion Pictures
Authors: Yeazell Ruth Bernard
Published: January 2007

Iain Softley's The Wings of the Dove, the most successful of the films recently inspired by Henry James's novels, is also the film that most thoroughly jettisons his text. Both its representation of sex and its representation of lying alter the ratio between the direct and the oblique in the novel--forcing to the surface what James identifies only by metaphorical indirection and silence. But Softley's moving pictures effectively translate into their own terms a Jamesian dream of triangular intimacy. The highlight of this process is the cinematic ekphrasis of Gustav Klimt's Dana�, which replaces the Bronzino at Matcham.
From Melodrama to Monologue: Henry James and Domestic Terror
Authors: Gregory Melissa Valiska
Published: January 2007

Beginning with Henry James's profound connection to Robert Browning's poetry, this essay investigates the evolution of James's style in relation to both melodrama and the dramatic monologue and further relates these formal developments to his portrayal of sexual violence. Through the use of both melodramatic and monologic techniques, James probes the limits of masculine authority in an upper-class world that does not permit the open display of brutal physical force. Indeed, in his late novels, James suggests that the will to mastery latent in masculine connoisseurship is extraordinarily powerful but not always total, an ambivalent view of male authority--and authorship---that deeply troubled his nineteenth-century readers.
The Real Right Place of Henry James: Homes and Haunts
Authors: Booth Alison
Published: January 2007

This essay places Henry James's stories, "The Birthplace," "The Real Right Thing," and "The Death of the Lion," in relation to his travel writing (English Hours and American Notes) and his own home, Lamb House in Rye, Sussex, as aspects of his response to a tradition of literary homes and haunts. Washington Irving's Sketchbook and his home, Sunnyside, provide precedents for later American literary pilgrimages to Stratford on Avon such as that by the popular collector of homes of the great, Elbert Hubbard. Despising commercial intrusion into authors' lives, James revisited Sunnyside as a refuge for the American literary past while safeguarding his own literary shrine.
James, Dickens, and the Indirections of Influence
Authors: Follini Tamara
Published: January 2007

In James's Autobiography, three complex tableaux of literary initiation involving Dickens challenge the critical assumption that he was not among James's significant literary predecessors. This article offers a close reading of that scene in The Middle Years in which James experiences a 'hallucination' at the site of the infamous Waring Blacking Factory of Dickens's youth. Developing new ideas about influence, it argues that James's terminology for his experience demonstrates his absorption of Dickens's techniques and preoccupations. Proposing that James's oblique but intense presentation enacts the nature of profound influence and invites the critic to decipher its indirection, I suggest that James's artistic 'law,' that 'the artist's energy fairly depends on his fallibility,' is understood through Dickens.
Henry James's Overexposures
Authors: Saltz Laura
Published: January 2007

This essay analyzes photographic portraits of Henry James and their significance to his autobiographies. James disliked photography as an aesthetic medium, but its complex referential status--a photograph testifies mostly to the passage of time (Barthes)--throws the autobiographer's task into relief. Seeing himself across the gulf of years, James must confront the image of his own body, and even his sexuality, subjects the autobiographies largely avoid.. Focusing on the Brady daguerreotype and a portrait from 1863, the essay shows how James uses the images to express feelings of exposure that connect his past and present.
Imagining Telegraphic Joy in the Canny Cage of Metaphor, Metonymy, and Performativity
Authors: Buelens Gert
Published: January 2007

The aim of this essay is to explore some of the strengths and limitations of current uses of the rhetorical pair metaphor-metonymy, introduced by structuralism as a fundamental bifurcation. The essay examines whether one version of a new formalism based on Judith Butler's work can reconstitute a tropological plan that offers a better roadmap to the (performative) siting of the subject and of its relations with others as they emerge in the Jamesian text.
"Fabulous and illusive": Giorgione and Henry James's "The Aspern Papers" (1888)
Authors: O'Gorman Francis
Published: January 2007

This essay suggests that Henry James's "The Aspern Papers" (1888) is obliquely conscious of the history of Giorgione, whose fading frescoes on the Fondaco dei' Tedeschi at Venice emblematized for nineteenth-century critics the mysteriously lost biography of a great artist. Goiorgione's achievement had been most prominently discussed before James's tale in Pater's "The School of Giorgione" (1877), which produced a model of artistic identity that was both shadowy and celebrated . Pater was partly referring to himself, but his formulation of a more general notion of mysterious fame haunted the complex transactions of James's tale. Considering the history of Giorgione in "The Aspern Papers" focuses critical attention away from the well-recognized issue of the dangerous invasions of biography towards its investment in a concept of artistic identity that remains both fêted and secret.
Metaphysics, Mathematics and the Distinction Between the Sensible and the Intelligible in Kant's Inaugural Dissertation
Authors: Carson Emily
Published: January 2007

In this paper I argue that Kant's distinction in the Inaugural Dissertation between the sensible and the intelligible arises in part out of certain open questions left open by his comparison between mathematics and metaphysics in the Prize Essay. This distinction provides a philosophical justification for his distinction between the respective methods of mathematics and metaphysics and his claim that mathematics admits of a greater degree of certainty. More generally, this illustrates the importance of Kant's reflections on mathematics for the development of his Critical philosophy.
Kant's "Argument from Geometry"
Authors: Shabel Lisa
Published: January 2007

Kant's 'argument from geometry' is usually interpreted to be a regressive transcendental argument in support of the claim that we have a pure intuition of space. In this paper I defend an alternative interpretation of this argument according to which it is rather a progressive synthetic argument meant to identify and establish the essential role of pure spatial intuition in geometric cognition. In the course of reinterpreting the 'argument from geometry' I reassess the arguments of the Aesthetic and illustrate the origin of Kant's view of the role of pure intuition in geometry.
Descartes's Conceptual Distinction and its Ontological Import
Authors: Skirry Justin
Published: January 2007

Descartes' conceptual distinction (or distinctio rationis) is commonly understood to be a distinction created by the mind's activity without a foundation in re. This paper challenges this understanding partially based on a letter to an unknown correspondent in which Descartes claims not to admit distinctions without a foundation. He goes on to claim that his conceptual distinction is not a distinctio rationis ratiocinantis (i.e. a distinction of reasoning reason) but is something like a formal distinction or, more precisely, a distinctio ! rationis ratiocinatae (i.e. a distinction of reasoned reason). This remark is then explored through Descartes' other writings and his scholastic intellectual heritage. I conclude that Descartes' conceptual distinction just is a formal distinction understood as a distinctio rationis ratiocinatae as expressed in the works of Scotus, Suarez and Eustachius, and so it has a foundation in re in very much the same way as a formal distinction.
Socratic Synousia : A Post-Platonic Myth?
Authors: Tarrant Harold
Published: January 2007

This paper questions whether the relationship between Socrates and his young followers could ever have been treated by Plato in the same fashion as it is treated in the Platonic Theages, where the terminology of synousia is repeatedly applied to it. It argues that in minimizing the part played by knowledge, and in maximizing the role of the divine and of erōs, the work creates a 'Socrates' who conforms to the educational ideology of the Academy of Polemo in the period 314-270 B.C. I indicate how this may assist our understanding of Arcesilaus' Socraticism, and suggest ways in which the work may have found its present place in the corpus.
Maimonides' God and Spinoza's Deus sive Natura
Authors: Fraenkel Carlos
Published: January 2007

In this paper I explain how Spinoza's ontological monism is related to the monotheism of a distinct tradition in medieval Aristotelianism exemplified by Maimonides. My main contention is that Maimonides' God, conceived as intellectual activity has the same structure as Spinoza's Deus sive Natura. The main difference between them is that Maimonides' God is confined to cognitive activity, whereas Spinoza's God is extensive activity as well. I trace the impact of the medieval doctrine of God on Spinoza's thought from the Cogitata Metaphysica to the Ethics, establishing conceptual parallels, literary links, and an explanation of the steps leading from the former to the latter.
Full Disclosure of Financial Costs and Options to Patients: The Roles of Race, Age, Health Insurance, and Usual Source for Care
Authors: O'Toole Thomas P , Arbelaez Jose J , Dixon Bruce W
Published: January 2007

The objective was to identify factors associated with financial discussions and financial disclosure of medical costs within a low-income urban community. The method used was a cross-sectional community-based survey in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. The survey was conducted door-to-door and at area food pantries. Two hundred and twenty six adults were interviewed. Overall, 76.1% reported having a usual source for care and 73.0% had health insurance. Thirty nine and four tenths percent reported having been asked about their ability to pay for health services; this was more common among African Americans (OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.73-15.84), those with no health insurance (OR 4.3; 95% CI 1.01-17.89), and those less than 45 years old (OR:2.9; 95% CI 1.03-8.28). Only 10.6% reported being told how much a health visit would cost. Overall, 30.1% reported their provider made payment allowances for medical bills, with white respondents 2.5 times more likely and those persons identifying an ambulatory site for care 2.6 times more likely to report this. Overall, 30.5% reported being referred to a collection agency for unpaid medical bills; this was 2.4 times more common among those individuals identifying a non-ambulatory usual site for care. Significant race and socio-economic disparities exist in discussions about and access to financial resources to pay for medical care. Expanding the availability of financial assistance is critical to improving access to health care.
A Nationwide Survey of Dentist Recruitment and Salaries in Community Health Centers
Authors: Bolin Kenneth A , Shulman Jay D
Published: January 2007

Recruitment of dentists continues to be a problem in community health center (CHC) dental practices. This study was carried out to quantify the scope of the problem and to determine CHC dentist salaries and benefits. Community health center executive directors nationwide were surveyed regarding dentist vacancies, recruiting issues, and salary and benefit information. Of 345 surveys mailed, 159 responses were received (46.1%). Slightly fewer than half of the responding executive directors (47.8%) reported one vacant dentist position. An additional 11.9% of executive directors reported a second vacancy. The overall vacancy rate was 17.6%. Median salaries ranged from $78,000 for entry-level dentists to $90,000 for dentists with 10 or more years of experience, not including benefits. There are difficulties in recruiting dentists to CHC dental practices. Mean salaries in CHCs are slightly higher than in academic positions, but less than in private practice employment or ownership. Caution should be used when comparing salaried positions with substantial benefits to self-employment or sole proprietorships.
Chronic Abdominal Complaints and Helicobacter pylori in a Haitian Population
Authors: Kiely Sharon C , Grzybicki Dana M , Sepulveda Antonia , Capitano Marc , Toborowsky Elizabeth J
Published: January 2007

The objective of this study was to examine demographic, clinical, and pathologic variables, including Helicobacter pylori infection and malignancy, associated with chronic abdominal pain in a rural Haitian population. One hundred four patients underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy, with biopsy only in those with gross findings. Associations between demographic, clinical, and pathologic variables were examined using the chi-square test. P values less than or equal to 0.05 were considered statistically significant. The majority (n = 66; 63%) required biopsy. Of these, 62% were positive for H. pylori. The associations between (1) chest complaints and esophageal disease, (2) female gender and benign esophageal disease, and (3) chronic active gastritis and presence of H. pylori were significant. There was one malignancy. H. pylori gastritis was common; malignancy was rare. Demographic and clinical variables poorly predicted pathologic diagnosis, which is consistent with previous studies. Further study is needed to assess the influence of other variables, including the African enigma, on disease progression in this population.
Opportunities for Outreach: Medicaid Participation Among Children in Ohio
Authors: McAlearney John S
Published: January 2007

Abstract This research seeks to determine individual and household differences between children who enrolled in Medicaid and the Children's Health Insurance Program (CHIP) and children who did not. In addition, the study investigates the specific reasons that families provided for not enrolling their children in Medicaid/CHIP. Data from the 1998 Ohio Family Health Survey were used to determine individual and household differences between children who were enrolled in Medicaid and CHIP and children who were not. Findings show that lower household income, parental unemployment, parental health insurance, and younger (child) age, were associated with greater participation in Medicaid/CHIP among eligible children in Ohio. Children in poorer health and those who resided in counties with higher levels of expenditures on outreach were also more likely to be enrolled. Findings from this study suggest a substantial need to increase awareness about program eligibility and to develop creative outreach strategies aimed at reaching nontraditional Medicaid families.
Pediatric Emergency Department Outreach: Solving Medical Problems or Revealing Community Solutions?
Authors: Goepp Julius G , Chin Nancy P , Massad John , Edwards Lori A
Published: January 2007

Low-acuity (LA) use of emergency departments (EDs) is often viewed as misuse or abuse. We designed a program to help users access services more efficiently. Community health workers (CHWs) functioned as health educators, screeners, and liaisons to care. A participatory curriculum emphasized medical problems. Qualitative ethnographic methods were used for formative evaluation. Ninety families received regular visits from CHWs. Original system-oriented objectives and methods did not fit community needs. Instead, information was gathered regarding service utilization patterns: (1) families mistrusted primary and preventive care, reporting frequent discrimination and humiliation; (2) a primarily biomedical prioritization did not match families' need hierarchies; (3) complex demands of poverty made other uses of the system challenging; (4) primary care services were frequently avoided; and (5) the ED was often preferred. Intangible psychosocial factors and practical complexities of poverty were powerful promoters of LA visits. Families were creative strategists, viewing LA visits as rational use, not misuse, of a challenging system.
Are Women With Self-Reported Cognitive Limitations at Risk for Underutilization of Mammography?
Authors: Legg Jeffrey S , Clement Dolores G , White Kenneth R
Published: January 2007

Functional limitations (namely, limitations in activities of daily living and instrumental activities of daily living) have previously been demonstrated to exert a negative influence on mammography utilization. This study examines self-reported cognitive limitation in addition to sociodemographic, functional, and other health-related factors to determine their relationship with self-reported mammography use in the previous year. Data from the 1998 National Health Interview Survey was analyzed for 6,053 women, ages 50 years and older. Just over 44% of women with self-reported cognitive impairment (n = 351) reported a mammogram in the previous year, compared with 55% of unimpaired women (n = 5,702). Logistic regression analysis indicates that the presence of a cognitive limitation significantly reduced the likelihood of a mammography in the previous year (p < 0.05) after controlling for other sociodemographic, functional, and health-related factors. Women with self-reported cognitive limitations were 30% less likely than unimpaired women to utilize mammography after controlling for various forms of disability and other factors. Thus, women with cognitive impairments may be at risk for underutilization of mammography and therefore at risk for later-stage breast cancer diagnoses.
Missed Opportunities for Patient Education and Social Worker Consultation at The Arbor Free Clinic
Authors: Soller Marie , Osterberg Lars
Published: January 2007

We conducted a cross-sectional survey of 210 patients who came to a free medical clinic for health care over an 8-month period. We (1) measured their satisfaction with care, (2) determined the frequency of missed opportunities for providing health education and social work consultation, and (3) assessed whether patient-specific factors drive the frequency of these missed opportunities. Of the 210 patients surveyed, a total of 168 (80.0%) completed the entire survey. The mean satisfaction rating was high (4.6 on a scale of 1 to 5). A significant number of missed opportunities occurred, with only 28% of patients receiving patient education material, and 32% of patients visiting the social worker. No particular patient groups emerged as most susceptible to these missed opportunities. This study shows both the high degree of patient satisfaction at this free clinic and the many opportunities for improving patient education and social services. Adding health education and social work consultation to the patient encounter could improve the health of these patients.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Utilization of Health Services in Patients with Diabetes Enrolled in Medicaid
Authors: Vargas Roberto B , Davis Roger B , McCarthy Ellen P , Li Donglin , Iezzoni Lisa I
Published: January 2007

We evaluated racial and ethnic differences in use of medical care between patients with diabetes enrolled in Medicaid and explored whether differences varied by state Medicaid program. Using data from 137,006 patients we created a multivariable Poisson regression model to examine the effect of race on ambulatory care visits, emergency ward visits, and hospitalization rates for patients with diabetes mellitus enrolled in three state Medicaid programs. We found significant differences in service use between groups, which varied depending on state. For example, black patients compared with whites had significantly fewer outpatient visits but more hospitalizations in New Jersey; by contrast, blacks had higher outpatient visit rates and lower hospitalization rates in Georgia. Racial and ethnic differences in health service use among Medicaid enrollees were not consistent across states, suggesting that local factors, including varied Medicaid policies, may affect racial and ethnic differences in use of health care services.
Provision of On-Site Medical Care to Patients With Hepatitis C in Drug Treatment Units
Authors: Vassilev Zdravko P , Strauss Shiela M , Astone Janetta M , Friedmann Peter D , Des Jarlais Don
Published: January 2007

Substance abusers are at high risk for hepatitis C (HCV) infection and also constitute a group that is medically underserved and hard to reach. We conducted a nationwide survey with 445 randomly selected drug treatment units in the United States to determine unit and patient characteristics associated with the provision of on-site medical services for HCV-infected drug users. Eighty-four percent of the 322 units that estimated having at least one HCV-infected patient reported that they provided patients with HCV-related medical care. Drug treatment units were more likely to provide at least some of this care on site if they were residential, part of a network, or affiliated with a hospital; had medical staff; and required that their patients undergo a medical examination before entering treatment. Some organizational factors appear to influence the provision of on-site medical services to HCV-positive patients in drug treatment units. Further research on the role of such factors could inform the development of effective models of care for patients with hepatitis C in drug treatment organizations.
Racial Distribution of Dual-Diagnosis Clients in Public Sector Mental Health and Drug Treatment Settings
Authors: Alvidrez Jennifer , Havassy Barbara E
Published: January 2007

This study examined the racial distribution of dual-diagnosis clients in public sector residential mental health and drug treatment settings. In a sample of 179 dual-diagnosis clients, there was a significantly larger proportion of blacks in the drug treatment cohort than the mental health cohort. There were black-white differences in the types of substance use disorders found, but not in the types of mental health disorders. Diagnostic and drug use pattern differences did not account for the differential racial distribution in the two settings. However, the racial distribution was explained by the recent history of service use in the two treatment sectors. In the 2 years after study entry, blacks were less likely than whites to receive mental health treatment and whites were less likely than blacks to receive drug treatment. The implications of these findings regarding the appropriate treatment for dual-diagnosis blacks and whites in the public sector are discussed.
The Relationship Between SCHIP Enrollment and Hospitalizations for Ambulatory Care Sensitive Conditions in California
Authors: Bermudez Dustin , Baker Laurence Claude
Published: January 2007

The State Children's Health Insurance Program (SCHIP) was implemented in 1998, providing new funds for states to cover uninsured children. This study examines the relationship between SCHIP implementation in California and hospitalizations for ambulatory care sensitive conditions (ACSCs), an indicator of primary care access and quality. We use administrative SCHIP enrollment records for urban California counties, linked with corresponding rates of hospitalization for seven ACSCs among children ages 1-18 for 1996-2000. Results from multivariate regression models indicate that increases of 1 percentage point in SCHIP enrollment are associated with reductions of 0.42 ACSC admissions per 100,000 children age 1-18 (p = 0.009). Models that use lagged effects of SCHIP enrollment indicate an even stronger relationship. These are population-level relationships, and translate to much larger effects on the specific population subset that enrolled in SCHIP. These results suggest a strong beneficial effect of SCHIP on primary care among the children covered.
Recommendations for Nutrition Interventions with Overweight African-American Adolescents and Young Adults at the Atlanta Job Corps Center
Authors: Dannelly Jennifer McLeod , Kicklighter Jana R , Hopkins Barbara L , Rivers Brenda A
Published: January 2007

Focus groups were used to gain insight into the nutrition-related attitudes and motivations of overweight African-American adolescents and young adults enrolled in the Atlanta Job Corps Center in preparation for designing an effective and culturally appropriate nutrition intervention for this population. Eighteen students and 18 staff members participated in six different focus groups. Focus group themes suggest that an intervention with this target group should address overeating, proper diet composition, emotional eating, long-term consequences of a poor diet, group work, and incentives. Limiting food portions, offering healthy, appealing food choices, and displaying nutritional content of foods in the cafeteria were also suggested. It was also suggested that the intervention should be ongoing and led by someone who is patient, supportive, and has overcome an overweight problem. An intervention based on these recommendations can be specifically tailored to this target group and, potentially, be effective in changing dietary behaviors and lifestyle.