bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
TUNNEL BLASTING SIMULATIONS BY THE DISCONTINUOUS DEFORMATION ANALYSIS
Authors: ZHAO ZHIYE , ZHANG YUN , BAO HUIRONG
Published: July 2011

Drill and blast method has been widely used as an effective excavation method for underground rock caverns or tunnels. To achieve a good blast design, an understanding on the rock dynamic response and rock fragmentation process is important. In this paper, numerical simulations are performed on a typical parallel hole cut blasting based on the discontinuous deformation analysis (DDA). The blast loading is obtained from the explicit FEM code LS-DYNA and the dynamic response of the rock mass is modeled by the DDA. Different influence factors on rock fragmentation under the blast loading are investigated, including the different delay time and various rock mass properties. Such a study will have potential applications for better drill and blast designs.
Human apolipoprotein A-I induces cyclooxygenase-2 expression and prostaglandin I-2 release in endothelial cells through ATP-binding cassette transporter A1
Authors: Liu Donghui , Ji Liang , Tong Xunliang , Pan Bing , Han Jing-Yan , Huang Yining , Chen Y. Eugene , Pennathur Subramaniam , Zhang Youyi , Zheng Lemin
Published: July 2011

High-density lipoprotein (HDL) can induce cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression and prostacyclin I-2 (PGI-2) release in endothelial cells to exert multiple antiatherogenic functions. This effect has been attributed mainly to the role of sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) integrated in HDL. However, whether apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), the major apolipoprotein of HDL, could induce COX-2 expression and PGI-2 release still remains unclear. In the present study, we selectively delipidated HDL and confirmed that apoA-I could facilitate COX-2 expression and PGI-2 production in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs). ApoA-I, but not trypsinized apoA-I, induced COX-2 expression in a time- and dose-dependent manner consistent with a key role for apoA-I in this process. Additionally, cotreatment of apoA-I with S1P further enhanced COX-2 expression and PGI-2 production in HUVECs. These effects triggered by apoA-I were not inhibited by pertussis toxin, consistent with SIP receptor independent pathway for apoA-I effect. Moreover, we demonstrated that the activation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) 1/2, and JAK2 pathways by apoA-I was involved in the expression of COX-2 and the release of PGI-2 in HUVECs, and these effects were inhibited by their specific inhibitors, respectively. Small interfering RNA experiments showed that ATP binding-cassette transporter A1 (ABCA1) was required for COX-2 expression and PGI-2 release induced by apoA-I. Thus our results indicate that apoA-I induces COX-2 expression and PGI-2 release through ABCA1 and the activation of intracellular p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, as well as JAK2 pathways, and apoA-I can reinforce these effects with S1P in HUVECs. These novel effects of apoA-I could in part mediate antiatherogenic effects of HDL.
Systems analysis of GLP-1 receptor signaling in pancreatic β-cells
Authors: Takeda Yukari , Amano Akira , Noma Akinori , Nakamura Yasuhiko , Fujimoto Shimpei , Inagaki Nobuya
Published: July 2011

Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) elevates intracellular concentration of cAMP ([cAMP]) and facilitates glucose-dependent insulin secretion in pancreatic β-cells. There has been much evidence to suggest that multiple key players such as the GLP-1 receptor, Gs protein, adenylate cyclase (AC), phosphodiesterase (PDE), and intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]) are involved in the regulation of [cAMP]. However, because of complex interactions among these signaling factors, the kinetics of the reaction cascade as well as the activities of ACs and PDEs have not been determined in pancreatic β-cells. We have constructed a minimal mathematical model of GLP-1 receptor signal transduction based on experimental findings obtained mostly in β-cells and insulinoma cell lines. By fitting this theoretical reaction scheme to key experimental records of the GLP-1 response, the parameters determining individual reaction steps were estimated. The model reconstructed satisfactorily the dynamic changes in [cAMP] and predicted the activities of cAMP effectors, protein kinase A (PKA), and cAMP-regulated guanine nucleotide exchange factor [cAMP-GEF or exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac)] during GLP-1 stimulation. The simulations also predicted the presence of two sequential desensitization steps of the GLP1 receptor that occur with fast and very slow reaction rates. The cross talk between glucose- and GLP-1-dependent signal cascades for cAMP synthesis was well reconstructed by integrating the direct regulation of AC and PDE by [Ca2+]. To examine robustness of the signaling system in controlling [cAMP], magnitudes of AC and PDE activities were compared in the presence or absence of GLP-1 and/or the PDE inhibitor IBMX. 1
Expression patterns of nicotinic subunits α2, α7, α8, and β1 affect the kinetics and pharmacology of ACh-induced currents in adult bee olfactory neuropiles
Authors: Dupuis Julien Pierre , Gauthier Monique , Raymond-Delpech Valérie
Published: July 2011

Acetylcholine (ACh) is the main excitatory neurotransmitter of the insect brain, where nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) mediate fast cholinergic synaptic transmission. In the honeybee Apis mellifera, nAChRs are expressed in diverse structures including the primary olfactory centers of the brain, the antennal lobes (ALs) and the mushroom bodies (MBs), where they participate in olfactory information processing. To understand the nature and properties of the nAChRs involved in these processes, we performed a pharmacological and molecular characterization of nAChRs on cultured Kenyon cells of the MBs, using whole cell patch-clamp recordings combined with single-cell RT-PCR. In all cells, applications of ACh as well as nicotinic agonists such as nicotine and imidacloprid induced inward currents with fast desensitization. These currents were fully blocked by saturating doses of the antagonists α-bungarotoxin (α-BGT), dihydroxy-β-erythroidine (DHE), and methyllycaconitine (MLA) (MLA ≥ α-BGT ≥ DHE). Molecular analysis of ACh-responding cells revealed that of the 11 nicotinic receptor subunits encoded within the honeybee genome, α2, α8, and β1 subunits were expressed in adult Kenyon cells. Comparison with the expression pattern of adult AL cells revealed the supplementary presence of subunit α7, which could be responsible for the kinetic and pharmacological differences observed when comparing ACh-induced currents from AL and Kenyon cells. Together, our data demonstrate the existence of functional nAChRs on adult MB Kenyon cells that differ from nAChRs on AL cells in both their molecular composition and pharmacological properties, suggesting that changing receptor subsets could mediate different processing functions depending on the brain structure within the olfactory pathway.
The Gap between Tobacco Treatment Guidelines, Health Service Organization, and Clinical Practice in Comprehensive Cancer Centres
Authors: Mazza R. , Lina M. , Invernizzi G. , Pierotti M. , De Marco C. , Borreani C. , Boffi R.
Published: July 2011

Smoking cessation is necessary to reach a higher quality of life, and, for a cancer patient, it represents an important step in improving the outcome of both prognosis and therapy. Being a cancer patient addicted to nicotine may be a critical situation. We conducted a survey to monitor how many comprehensive cancer centres in Italy have an outpatient smoker clinic and which kinds of resources are available. We also inquired about inpatient services offering psychological and pharmacological support for smoking cessation, reduction, or care of acute nicotine withdrawal symptoms. What we have witnessed is a significant gap between guidelines and services. Oncologists and cancer nurses are overscheduled, with insufficient time to engage in discussion on a problem that they do not consider directly related to cancer treatment. Furthermore, smoking habits and limited training in tobacco dependence and treatment act as an important barrier and lead to the undervaluation of smokers' needs.
Bicervical Normal Uterus with Normal Vagina and Anteroposterior Disposition of the Double Cervix
Authors: Morales-Roselló José , Peralta LLorens Núria
Published: July 2011

We report a very uncommon uterine anomaly consisting on a normal uterus, a double cervix with an anteroposterior disposition, and absence of vaginal septum. A 36-years-old woman with one child and absence of past reproductive disorders was examined for a routine checkup. Clinical and transvaginal ultrasound examinations showed a normal uterus with a double cervix disposed in an anteroposterior fashion with the absence of vaginal septum. A review of the theories concerning müllerian fusion is done, and implications of this case in relation with these theories are discussed. This is the first case of a normal uterus with a double cervix situated in an anteroposterior fashion and absence of vaginal septum. This case is in concordance with theories that consider the fusion of the caudal part of Müllerian ducts to be the result of a complex process. It proves that at least in some cases the most caudal part of müllerian ducts is fused in an anteroposterior disposition.
The Use of Radioactive Marker as a Tool to Evaluate the Drug Release in Plasma and Particle Biodistribution of Block Copolymer Nanoparticles
Authors: Johnstone Sharon , Ansell Steven , Xie Sherwin , Mayer Lawrence , Tardi Paul
Published: July 2011

Diblock copolymer nanoparticles encapsulating a paclitaxel prodrug, Propac 7, have been used to demonstrate the usefulness of a nonmetabolizable radioactive marker, cholesteryl hexadecyl ether (CHE), to evaluate nanoparticle formulation variables. Since CHE did not exchange out of the nanoparticles, the rate of clearance of the CHE could be used as an indicator of nanoparticle stability in vivo. We simultaneously monitored prodrug circulation and carrier circulation in the plasma and the retention of CHE relative to the retention of prodrug in the plasma was used to distinguish prodrug release from nanoparticle plasma clearance. Nanoparticles labelled with CHE were also used to evaluate accumulation of nanoparticles in the tumour. This marker has provided relevant data which we have applied to optimise our nanoparticle formulations.
Neuroimaging in Animal Seizure Models with 18FDG-PET
Authors: Mirrione Martine M. , Tsirka Stella E.
Published: July 2011

Small animal neuroimaging has become increasingly available to researchers, expanding the breadth of questions studied with these methods. Applying these noninvasive techniques to the open questions underlying epileptogenesis is no exception. A major advantage of small animal neuroimaging is its translational appeal. Studies can be well controlled and manipulated, examining the living brain in the animal before, during, and after the disease onset or disease treatment. The results can also be compared to data collected on human patients. Over the past decade, we and others have explored metabolic patterns in animal models of epilepsy to gain insight into the circuitry underlying development of the disease. In this paper, we provide technical details on how metabolic imaging that uses 2-deoxy-2[18F]fluoro-D-glucose (18FDG) and positron emission tomography (PET) is performed and explain the strengths and limitations of these studies. We will also highlight recent advances toward understanding epileptogenesis through small animal imaging.
The Use of Self-Expanding Plastic Stents in the Management of Oesophageal Leaks and Spontaneous Oesophageal Perforations
Authors: Moyes L. H. , MacKay C. K. , Forshaw M. J.
Published: July 2011

Leakage after oesophageal anastomosis or perforation remains a challenge for the surgeon. Traditional management has been operative repair or intensive conservative management. Both treatments are associated with prolonged hospitalisation and high morbidity and mortality rates. Self-expanding metallic stents have played an important role in the palliation of malignant oesophageal strictures and the treatment of tracheoesophageal fistulae. However, self-expanding metal stents in benign oesophageal disease are associated with complications such as bleeding, food bolus impaction, stent migration, and difficulty in retrieval. The Polyflex stent is the only commercially available self-expanding plastic stent which has been used in the management of malignant oesophageal strictures with good results. This review will consider the literature concerning the use of self-expanding plastic stents in the treatment of oesophageal anastomotic leakage and spontaneous perforations of the oesophagus.
Disclosure of Children's Positive Serostatus to Family and Nonfamily Members: Informal Caregivers in Togo, West Africa
Authors: Moore Ami R. , Williamson David
Published: July 2011

This study examined the structural constraints to disclosure of children's positive serostatus among informal caregivers to family and nonfamily members in Togo. It drew on two data sources, one qualitative and the other quantitative. Qualitative data showed that caregivers cautiously disclosed child's positive serostatus for fear of being stigmatized and discriminated against as well as to protect the children from being stigmatized. Binary regression analyses revealed that different factors influenced reasons for disclosure of a child's serostatus. For instance, while caregivers' serostatus and number of children significantly influenced disclosure for financial support, disclosure of a child's serostatus for spiritual support was strongly affected by education and religion. These results shed light on factors and reasons for disclosure among caregivers. This knowledge is important because different types of programs and advice should be given to caregivers with specific reason(s) for disclosure instead of creating a “one-size-fits all” program for all caregivers.
Barriers to Health Care for Chinese in the Netherlands
Authors: Liu Cha-Hsuan , Ingleby David , Meeuwesen Ludwien
Published: July 2011

This study examines utilisation of the Dutch health care system by Chinese people in the Netherlands as well as their attitudes to the system, paying special attention to mental health. Information was gathered by semistructured interviews (). The main issues investigated are access, help-seeking behaviour, and quality of care. Results showed that most respondents used Dutch health care as their primary method of managing health problems. Inadequate knowledge about the system and lack of Dutch language proficiency impede access to care, in particular registration with a General Practitioner (GP). Users complained that the care given differed from what they expected. Results also showed that the major problems are to be found in the group coming from the Chinese-speaking region. Western concepts of mental health appear to be widely accepted by Chinese in the Netherlands. However, almost half of our respondents believed that traditional Chinese medicine or other methods can also help with mental health problems. The provision of relevant information in Chinese appears to be important for improving access. Better interpretation and translation services, especially for first-generation migrants from the Chinese-speaking region, are also required.
Minimally Invasive Evaluation and Treatment of Colorectal Liver Metastases
Authors: Gueorguiev Anton L. , Mackey Richard , Kowdley Gopal C. , Esquivel Jesus , Cunningham Steven C.
Published: July 2011

Minimally invasive techniques used in the evaluation and treatment of colorectal liver metastases (CRLMs) include ultrasonography (US), computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, percutaneous and operative ablation therapy, standard laparoscopic techniques, robotic techniques, and experimental techniques of natural orifice endoscopic surgery. Laparoscopic techniques range from simple staging laparoscopy with or without laparoscopic intraoperative US, through intermediate techniques including simple liver resections (LRs), to advanced techniques such as major hepatectomies. Hereins, we review minimally invasive evaluation and treatment of CRLM, focusing on a comparison of open LR (OLR) and minimally invasive LR (MILR). Although there are no randomized trials comparing OLR and MILR, nonrandomized data suggest that MILR compares favorably with OLR regarding morbidity, mortality, LOS, and cost, although significant selection bias exists. The future of MILR will likely include expanding criteria for resectability of CRLM and should include both a patient registry and a formalized process for surgeon training and credentialing.
Comparison of Postoperative Complications after Endoscopic Submucosal Dissection: Differences of Insufflations and Anesthesias
Authors: Mori Hirohito , Kobara Hideki , Muramatsu Akemi , Inoue Hideyuki , Kobayashi Mitsuyoshi , Nomura Takako , Hagiike Masanobu , Izuishi Kunihiko , Suzuki Yasuyuki , Gong Jian , Masaki Tsutomu
Published: July 2011

Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) has enabled the collective resection and increased the accuracy of pathological diagnosis. However, ESD requires a long operation time, which results in increased doses of analgesics/sedatives, and causes worsening of respiratory and hemodynamic statuses. To reduce postoperative complications, we have applied ESD with insufflation and general anesthesia. This study included 50 patients who underwent ESD for early gastric cancer, 25 with air insufflation and intravenous anesthesia (Air/IV group), and the remaining 25 with insufflation and general anesthesia (/GA group). Postoperative enlarged feeling of the abdomen was observed only in 1 of 25 patients in the /GA group (). Postoperative severe unrest was observed in none of the patients in the /GA group and in 4 of 25 (16%) patients in the Air/IV group (). insufflation and general anesthesia are useful in stabilizing intraoperative conditions and reducing postoperative complications.
Use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement in Conjunction with Ground Improvement: A Case History
Authors: Foye Kevin C.
Published: July 2011

The use of Reclaimed Asphalt Pavement (RAP) in lieu of virgin crushed stone aggregate is becoming a widely accepted practice for a number of construction applications, particularly pavement base courses. A number of laboratory RAP studies have considered the mechanical properties of RAP bases in order to support pavement designs incorporating RAP. These studies have revealed a number of interesting relationships between RAP moisture content, compaction, and stiffness. This paper discusses the experiences of a design-build contractor integrating a geosynthetic ground improvement program with a RAP base during the reconstruction of a 1.95 ha asphalt parking lot. Field observations of base course construction with RAP explore some of the implications of laboratory findings. A number of interesting observations on the technical, construction, and economic issues resulting from the project challenges and the use of RAP are presented.
Effect of Oxygen-Reducing Atmospheres on the Safety of Packaged Shelled Brazil Nuts during Storage
Authors: Scussel Vildes Maria , Giordano Barbara Nantua , Simao Vanessa , Manfio Daniel , Galvao Simone , Rodrigues Manuel Nazaré Ferreira
Published: July 2011

This work reports the application of oxygen-(O2-) reducing atmosphere methods on stored shelled Brazil nut (Bertholletia excelsaH.B.K.) packs aiming to evaluate the degree of aflatoxin degradation, nuts lipid oxidative stability, fungi control, and hygienic conditions improvement. The methods applied were (a) ozone: O3, (b) carbon dioxide: CO2, and (c) O2absorber pads with and without vacuum. From all modified atmospheres evaluated, the best performance was obtained with O3, either with or without vacuum. It was the only nut treatment that was able to degrade aflatoxins. None of the spiked (AFLs: 15 μg·kg−1) nut samples O3- treated had aflatoxins detected up to the LC-MS/MS method LOQ (0.36 μg·kg−1for total AFLs), thus producing safer nuts. Also it kept the fatty acid oxidation indicator—malondialdehyde stable and improved the sensory attributes for consumer acceptance. In addition, the destruction of fungi and yeast was observed since the O3application (from  cfu/g to NG = no growth). All other treatments stabilized and/or inhibited microorganisms' growth only. By adding CO2gas also played an important role in the nut quality. Regarding cost, gaseous O3showed to be of low cost for application in the nut packs.
Identification of Personal Factors in Motor Neurone Disease: A Pilot Study
Authors: Ng Louisa , Khan Fary
Published: July 2011

Motor neurone disease (MND) is a devastating condition. This preliminary study aims to identify relevant personal factors affecting the experience of living with MND from the perspective of persons with MND (pwMND) in an Australian cohort. A prospective cross-sectional survey of pwMND () using an open-ended questionnaire identified personal factors that were categorised thematically. Standardised questionnaires assessed disease severity: depression, anxiety, and stress and coping strategies. Personal factors identified included demographic factors (socioeconomic status), emotional states (depression, anxiety, and fear), coping strategies (problem-based coping and denial), personality, beliefs (religious and personal values), attitudes (of the patient), and others (such as perceived support). An understanding of personal factors by treating clinicians is essential in the provision of optimal care in MND. This study may assist in the development of personal factors within the International Classification of Functioning, Disability, and Health for improved consensus of care and communication amongst treating clinicians.
Understanding the Pathophysiology of Alzheimer's Disease and Mild Cognitive Impairment: A Mini Review on fMRI and ERP Studies
Authors: Yamasaki Takao , Muranaka Hiroyuki , Kaseda Yumiko , Mimori Yasuyo , Tobimatsu Shozo
Published: July 2011

The prevalence of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is predicted to increase rapidly in the coming decade, highlighting the importance of early detection and intervention in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Recently, remarkable advances have been made in the application of neuroimaging techniques in investigations of AD and MCI. Among the various neuroimaging techniques, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has many potential advantages, noninvasively detecting alterations in brain function that may be present very early in the course of AD and MCI. In this paper, we first review task-related and resting-state fMRI studies on AD and MCI. We then present our recent fMRI studies with additional event-related potential (ERP) experiments during a motion perception task in MCI. Our results indicate that fMRI, especially when combined with ERP recording, can be useful for detecting spatiotemporal functional changes in AD and MCI patients.
Analytical Comparison of Three Quantitative Immunochemical Fecal Occult Blood Tests for Colorectal Cancer Screening
Authors: Guittet Lydia , Guillaume Elodie , Levillain Romuald , Beley Philippe , Tichet Jean , Lantieri Olivier , Launoy Guy
Published: July 2011

Background: The superiority of several immunochemical fecal occult blood tests (I-FOBT) over guaiac-based tests in colorectal cancer screening is now established. The aim of this study was to compare the analytical performance of 3 quantitative I-FOBTs.

Methods: Stool samples from 10 healthy volunteers, initially I-FOBT negative, supplemented with human blood, were used to compare reproducibility and stability of measurement at varying storage temperatures (4°C, 10°C, 20°C, and 30°C) and durations before test analysis (1 to 10 days) for 3 I-FOBTs (New Hemtube/Magstream HT, OC-Auto sampling bottle3/OC-Sensor DIANA, and FOB Gold/SENTiFOB). Concentrations ranging from 0 to 350 μg Hb/g of feces were evaluated.

Results: The measurement reproducibility of OC-Sensor was superior to Magstream and far superior to FOB Gold. For all tests, variability was essentially related to sampling. Detected hemoglobin (Hb) levels were substantially lower for all tests at temperatures above 20°C. At 20°C, this loss in concentration was less important with OC-Sensor (significant 1.7% daily decrease vs. 7.4% for Magstream and 7.8% for FOB Gold). At 30°C, daily loss was 8.6% with OC-Sensor, whereas after 24 hours, only 30% of the original Hb was detected with FOB Gold, compared to 70% with Magstream. No Hb was detected on day 5 for the latter 2 tests.

Conclusions: About reproducibility and temperature stability, OC-Sensor performed better than Magstream and far better that FOB Gold.

Impact: Independently of the chosen test, the delay between sampling and test processing should be reduced, the maximal admissible delay depending on ambient temperature. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1492–501. ©2011 AACR.
Parent Attitudes about School Requirements for Human Papillomavirus Vaccine in High-Risk Communities of Los Angeles, California
Authors: Robitz Rachel , Gottlieb Sami L. , De Rosa Christine J. , Guerry Sarah L. , Liddon Nicole , Zaidi Akbar , Walker Susan , Smith Jennifer S. , Brewer Noel T. , Markowitz Lauri E.
Published: July 2011

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) immunization requirements for school entry could increase HPV vaccine uptake but are controversial. This study assessed parents' attitudes about HPV immunization requirements.

Methods: During October 2007 to June 2008, we conducted telephone surveys with 484 parents of girls attending middle/high schools serving communities in Los Angeles County with elevated cervical cancer rates.

Results: Parents were mostly Hispanic (81%) or African American (15%); 71% responded in Spanish. Many parents did not know if HPV vaccine works well (42%) or is unsafe (41%). Overall, 59% of parents agreed that laws requiring HPV vaccination for school attendance “are a good idea.” In multivariable analysis, African Americans and Hispanics responding in English were less likely than Hispanics responding in Spanish to agree (aOR 0.1, 95% CI: 0.1–0.3; aOR 0.4, 95% CI: 0.2–0.8, respectively). Parents were less likely to agree with these laws if they did not believe the vaccine works well (aOR 0.2, 95% CI: 0.1–0.5) but more likely to agree if they believed the vaccine is not “too new for laws like these” (aOR 4.5, 95% CI: 2.6–8.0). Agreement with laws increased to 92% when including agreement that “these laws are okay only if parents can opt out.”

Conclusions: In this at-risk community, more than half of the parents agreed with HPV immunization requirements generally, and the vast majority agreed when including opt-out provisions.

Impact: Support for HPV vaccine requirements may depend on race/ethnicity and inclusion of opt-out provisions. Information about vaccine efficacy and safety may increase support and reduce uncertainty about HPV vaccine in high-risk populations. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1421–9. ©2011 AACR.
GSTM1, GSTT1 Null Variants, and GPX1 Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Are Not Associated with Bladder Cancer Risk in Egypt
Authors: Goerlitz David , El Daly Mai , Abdel-Hamid Mohamed , Saleh Doa'a A. , Goldman Lenka , El Kafrawy Sherif , Hifnawy Tamer , Ezzat Sameera , Abdel-Aziz Mohamed A. , Zaghloul Mohamed Saad , Ali Saber Rafat , Khaled Hussein , Amr Sania , Zheng Yun-Ling , Mikhail Nabiel , Loffredo Christopher
Published: July 2011

Background: Bladder cancer is the most common male malignancy in Egypt, consists predominantly of urothelial cell carcinoma (UCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and disparities in incidence exist between men and women regardless of geographic region. Tobacco smoke exposure and Schistosoma haematobium (SH) infection and the presence of GSTM1, GSTT1, and GPX1 genotypes, as modulators of the carcinogenic effect of reactive oxidative species, were hypothesized to modify bladder cancer risk and possibly explain these gender differences.

Methods: We evaluated the association between bladder cancer risk and functional polymorphisms in the GSTM1, GSTT1, and GPX1 genes in 625 cases and 626 matched population-based controls in Egypt and assessed for potential interactions between these candidate genes and environmental exposures, such as smoking and SH infection. We analyzed the risk for developing UCC and SCC separately.

Results: None of these functional polymorphisms were significantly associated with bladder cancer risk. There were no significant interactions between genotypes and smoking or SH infection in this population, nor was any difference detected in genotypic risk between men and women.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that common genetic variations in GSTM1, GSTT1, and GPX1 are not associated with bladder cancer risk overall and that well-known environmental risk factors, such as smoking and SH infection, do not interact with these genes to modulate the risk.

Impact: Our data indicate that common genetic variations in GSTM1, GSTT1, and GPX1 were not associated with bladder cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1552–4. ©2011 AACR.
Oral Contraceptive Use and Survival in Women with Invasive Breast Cancer
Authors: Lu Yani , Ma Huiyan , Malone Kathleen E. , Norman Sandra A. , Sullivan-Halley Jane , Strom Brian L. , Simon Michael S. , Marchbanks Polly A. , McDonald Jill A. , West Dee W. , Henderson Katherine D. , Deapen Dennis , Ursin Giske , Bernstein Leslie
Published: July 2011

Background: Oral contraceptives (OC) are widely used in the United States. Although the relation between OC use and breast cancer incidence has been widely studied, the few studies examining associations between OC use prior to breast cancer diagnosis and survival are inconsistent.

Methods: Women with invasive breast cancer participating in the Women's Contraceptive and Reproductive Experiences (CARE) Study, a population-based case–control study (4565 women ages 35–64 years), and the California Teachers Study (CTS) cohort (3929 women ages 28–91 years) were followed for vital status. A total of 1,064 women died in the CARE Study (median follow-up, 8.6 years) and 523 died in the CTS (median follow-up, 6.1 years). Cox proportional hazards regression provided hazard rate ratio estimates [(relative risk, RR)] with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for risk of death from any cause and from breast cancer.

Results: No association was observed for any OC use prior to diagnosis and all-cause mortality [CARE Study: RR = 1.01 (95% CI = 0.86–1.19); CTS: RR = 0.84 (95% CI = 0.67–1.05)]. A decreased risk of all-cause mortality was observed in the CTS among women with more than 10 years of OC use (RR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.47–0.96); however, no trend of decreasing risk with increasing OC duration was observed (Ptrend = 0.22), and no association was observed in the CARE study. No associations were observed for breast cancer-specific mortality.

Conclusions: OC use is not associated with all-cause or breast cancer-specific mortality among women with invasive breast cancer.

Impact: These 2 independent studies demonstrated no overall association between OC use and survival among women with breast cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1391–7. ©2011 AACR.
Prospective Study of UV Exposure and Cancer Incidence Among Swedish Women
Authors: Yang Ling , Veierød Marit B. , Löf Marie , Sandin Sven , Adami Hans-Olov , Weiderpass Elisabete
Published: July 2011

Background: Except for skin melanoma and nonmelanoma skin cancer, little evidence from prospective studies is available on the association between UV exposure and cancer risk.

Methods: We followed prospectively 49,261 women aged 30 to 49 years at enrollment in 1991 to 1992 for 15 years. Cancer incidence was analyzed by fitting Cox models, and estimating hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results: 2,303 incident cases of cancer were diagnosed (breast: 1,053, ovary: 126, lung: 116, colon-rectum: 133, and brain: 116). No associations were found between any cumulative measure of UV exposure at ages 10 to 39 years and overall cancer risk. However, spending ≥1 week/year between ages 10 and 29 years on sunbathing vacations led to an inverse association with overall cancer risk (HR: 0.70, 95% CI: 0.53–0.93) and breast cancer risk (HR: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.36–0.89) when compared with women who never went on such vacations. Solarium use was inversely associated with breast cancer risk, whereas ≥2 sunburns/year was inversely associated with lung cancer risk. No other associations were found between sun exposure or solarium use at ages 10 to 39 years and cancer risk.

Conclusion: We found no evidence of an association between any cumulative measure of UV exposure at ages 10 to 39 years and overall cancer risk. UV exposure earlier in life was related to reduced overall and breast cancer risk.

Impact: Further research is needed to define the amount of solar or artificial UV exposure that may, or may not, be beneficial for cancer prevention. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1358–67. ©2011 AACR.
GSTM1 and GSTT1 Copy Number Variation in Population-based Studies of Endometrial Cancer Risk
Authors: Karageorgi Stalo , Prescott Jennifer , Wong Jason Y.Y. , Lee I-Min , Buring Julie E. , De Vivo Immaculata
Published: July 2011

Background: Glutathione S-transferases (GST) detoxify a broad range of carcinogenic metabolites and lack of GSTM1 and GSTT1 activity due to gene deletions are prevalent. The associations of GSTM1 and GSTT1 polymorphisms with endometrial cancer risk have been inconsistent.

Methods: We investigated gene dosage effects of GSTM1 and GSTT1 copy number in 441 endometrial cancer cases and 1,237 matched controls selected from the Nurses' Health Study and Women's Health Study, as well as gene–environment interactions.

Results: Carriers of at least 2 GSTT1 genes had an increased risk of endometrial cancer (OR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.04–2.19; Ptrend = 0.04) compared with women who were GSTT1 null. GSTM1 was not associated with endometrial cancer risk (OR2/3 vs. 0 copies = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.52–1.27; Ptrend = 0.41). We did not observe effect modification of either the GSTM1 or GSTT1 association with cancer risk by smoking status, postmenopausal hormone use, or body mass index.

Conclusions: Our results suggested GSTM1 copy number does not influence endometrial cancer risk, whereas higher GSTT1 copy number may be associated with increased risk. Our findings supported that GSTT1 differs in its substrate specificity from GSTM1 and may generate intermediates more genotoxic to endometrial cells than the parent chemical. Future studies are needed to clarify this relationship.

Impact: We hypothesized risk associated with GST enzymes may differ depending on environmental and/or occupational exposures. Our assessment of gene–environment interactions suggested GSTM1 and GSTT1 are not involved in the in vivo human metabolism of estrogen and its metabolites. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1447–52. ©2011 AACR.
A Long-term Prospective Study of Type-Specific Human Papillomavirus Infection and Risk of Cervical Neoplasia Among 20,000 Women in the Portland Kaiser Cohort Study
Authors: Schiffman Mark , Glass Andrew G. , Wentzensen Nicolas , Rush Brenda B. , Castle Philip E. , Scott David R. , Buckland Julie , Sherman Mark E. , Rydzak Greg , Kirk Peter , Lorincz Attila T. , Wacholder Sholom , Burk Robert D.
Published: July 2011

Background: Human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA testing is more sensitive than cytology for detection of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 3 and cancer (≥CIN3). Adding HPV testing to cytology is recommended for women ≥30 but long-term prospective studies of HPV testing are rare.

Methods: Beginning in 1989–1990, ∼20,000 women in a prepaid health maintenance organization (median age = 34) were followed passively by recommended annual cytology. We tested archived cervicovaginal lavage specimens collected at enrollment, primarily by MY09-MY11 PCR-based methods, for carcinogenic HPV types. We calculated positive and negative predictive values for the entire study period, and Kaplan–Meier estimates of cumulative probability for ≥CIN3, up to 18 years of follow-up.

Results: We observed 15 cases of invasive cervical cancer during the study period, and 189 cases of CIN3. Predictive values and Kaplan–Meier analyses yielded the same conclusions. In women 30 and older, the reassurance against ≥CIN3 following a single negative HPV test was long-lasting (cumulative probability = 0.7% during follow-up). In this age group, a single HPV test (positive vs. negative, hazard ratio of 8.5, 95% CI = 4.8–15.1) provided greater long-term risk stratification than a single cytologic result (abnormal vs. normal, HR = 2.9, 95% CI = 1.2–6.6). The risk for ≥CIN3 was higher for HPV16 than for the average of the other carcinogenic types (hazard ratio = 2.7).

Conclusion and Impact: The data from this cohort study show the long-term predictive value of HPV testing, particularly in women ≥30, and a possible role for distinguishing particularly carcinogenic types like HPV16. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1398–409. ©2011 AACR.
The Efficacy of Computer-Delivered Treatment for Smoking Cessation
Authors: Reitzel Lorraine R. , McClure Jennifer B. , Cofta-Woerpel Ludmila , Mazas Carlos A. , Cao Yumei , Cinciripini Paul M. , Vidrine Jennifer Irvin , Li Yisheng , Wetter David W.
Published: July 2011

Background: The current study evaluated the efficacy of an individualized, hand-held computer-delivered treatment (CDT) versus standard treatment (ST) for the maintenance of smoking abstinence following a quit attempt.

Methods: Participants were 303 adult daily smokers randomized to CDT or ST, plus pharmacotherapy. Abstinence though 1 year was examined using logistic random intercept models, a type of generalized linear mixed model regression.

Results: Results did not support the efficacy of the CDT program through 1 year postquit in analyses adjusted for time and study site (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.55–1.30), or after further adjusting for race/ethnicity, age, gender, education, marital status, and the number of cigarettes smoked per day before quitting (OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.57–1.39).

Conclusions: CDT did not increase short- or long-term abstinence rates over ST in this study.

Impact: Findings differ from some in the literature and suggest the need for continued research on the use of CDT for smoking cessation. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1555–7. ©2011 AACR.
Menthol Should Not Be Given a Free Pass Based on Studies of Biomarkers of Toxicity
Authors: Clark Pamela I. , Gardiner Phillip
Published: July 2011

Exposure and toxicity studies comparing menthol and nonmenthol cigarettes have resulted in mixed results. On the basis of those results, cigarette manufacturers have concluded that there is no increased harm from the addition of menthol to cigarettes. We propose that such a narrow definition of harm is not appropriate in dealing with the issue of menthol, and its broader negative public health impact. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1269–71. ©2011 AACR.
Human Polyomaviruses and Other Human Viruses in Neuroendocrine Tumors
Authors: Schmitt Markus , Höfler Daniela , Koleganova Nadezda , Pawlita Michael
Published: July 2011

Background: While the association of the Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) with the neuroendocrine Merkel cell carcinomas (MCC) has been shown recently, it is unknown whether other human polyomaviruses (HPyV) may be associated with neuroendocrine tumours (NETs) of distinct entities.

Methods: Using novel, highly sensitive polyomavirus genotyping assays, we evaluated the prevalence of eight distinct HPyVs in a selection of 51 NETs from different entities. In addition, we analyzed these NETs for the presence of DNA from 12 adeno-associated virus (AAV) genotypes, adeno virus-5, 27 mucosal human papillomavirus (HPV) genotypes, hepatitis B (HBV), 8 human herpes viruses (HHV), and xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus (XMRV).

Results: 43 of the 50 (86%) NETs were positive for the DNA integrity control. Of these, 2 of 3 MCCs (67%) were positive for MCV. NETs from other entities, however, were negative for all HPyVs. Only a small subset of lung and appendix NETs were positive for EBV, HHV-6, and -7.

Conclusion: While the association of MCV with MCC was confirmed, other human viruses could not be identified as potentially causative agents of other NETs.

Impact: Our findings suggest that the human viruses tested for in this study do not play a comparable role in NETs like the polyomavirus MCV in MCC. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 20(7); 1558–61. ©2011 AACR.
Compartmentalization of β-Adrenergic Signals in Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Xiang Yang K.
Published: July 2011

Activation of adrenergic receptors (AR) represents the primary mechanism to increase cardiac performance under stress. Activated βAR couple to Gs protein, leading to adenylyl cyclase-dependent increases in secondary-messenger cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) to activate protein kinase A. The increased protein kinase A activities promote phosphorylation of diversified substrates, ranging from the receptor and its associated partners to proteins involved in increases in contractility and heart rate. Recent progress with live-cell imaging has drastically advanced our understanding of the βAR-induced cAMP and protein kinase A activities that are precisely regulated in a spatiotemporal fashion in highly differentiated myocytes. Several features stand out: membrane location of βAR and its associated complexes dictates the cellular compartmentalization of signaling; βAR agonist dose-dependent equilibrium between cAMP production and cAMP degradation shapes persistent increases in cAMP signals for sustained cardiac contraction response; and arrestin acts as an agonist dose-dependent master switch to promote cAMP diffusion and propagation into intracellular compartments by sequestrating phosphodiesterase isoforms associated with the βAR signaling cascades. These features and the underlying molecular mechanisms of dynamic regulation of βAR complexes with adenylyl cyclase and phosphodiesterase enzymes and the implication in heart failure are discussed.
Pre-experimental Familiarization Increases Hippocampal Activity for Both Targets and Lures in Recognition Memory: An fMRI Study
Authors: de Zubicaray Greig I. , McMahon Katie L. , Hayward Lydia , Dunn John C.
Published: July 2011

In the present study, items pre-exposed in a familiarization series were included in a list discrimination task to manipulate memory strength. At test, participants were required to discriminate strong targets and strong lures from weak targets and new lures. This resulted in a concordant pattern of increased “old” responses to strong targets and lures. Model estimates attributed this pattern to either equivalent increases in memory strength across the two types of items (unequal variance signal detection model) or equivalent increases in both familiarity and recollection (dual process signal detection [DPSD] model). Hippocampal activity associated with strong targets and lures showed equivalent increases compared with missed items. This remained the case when analyses were restricted to high-confidence responses considered by the DPSD model to reflect predominantly recollection. A similar pattern of activity was observed in parahippocampal cortex for high-confidence responses. The present results are incompatible with “noncriterial” or “false” recollection being reflected solely in inflated DPSD familiarity estimates and support a positive correlation between hippocampal activity and memory strength irrespective of the accuracy of list discrimination, consistent with the unequal variance signal detection model account.
A General Likelihood Framework for Characterizing the Time Course of Neural Activity
Authors: Prerau Michael J. , Eden Uri T.
Published: July 2011

We develop a general likelihood-based framework for use in the estimation of neural firing rates, which is designed to choose the temporal smoothing parameters that maximize the likelihood of missing data. This general framework is algorithm-independent and thus can be applied to a multitude of established methods for firing rate or conditional intensity estimation. As a simple example of the use of the general framework, we apply it to the peristimulus time histogram and kernel smoother, the methods most widely used for firing rate estimation in the electrophysiological literature and practice. In doing so, we illustrate how the use of the framework can employ the general point process likelihood as a principled cost function and can provide substantial improvements in estimation accuracy for even the most basic of rate estimation algorithms. In particular, the resultant kernel smoother is simple to implement, efficient to compute, and can accurately determine the bandwidth of a given rate process from individual spike trains. We perform a simulation study to illustrate how the likelihood framework enables the kernel smoother to pick the bandwidth parameter that best predicts missing data, and we show applications to real experimental spike train data. Additionally, we discuss how the general likelihood framework may be used in conjunction with more sophisticated methods for firing rate and conditional intensity estimation and suggest possible applications.
Modeling the influence of trust on work team performance
Authors: Martínez-Miranda Juan , Pavón Juan
Published: July 2011

The selection of suitable people to make up a successful work team is not a trivial decision-making process, because of the diversity and complexity of the factors that influence individual and team performance. Teams are assembled by project managers using their experience and the information they have available (although this is frequently scarce, uncertain, and dynamic) about the personal and professional characteristics of potential team members. In this paper, we introduce an agent-based model developed to support this decision-making process where a virtual team can be configured using some selected characteristics of potential team members. Fuzzy sets and fuzzy rules are used to model the interaction between team members and a given set of tasks, generating statistical information that represents possible performance by team members. More specifically, the paper focuses on the concept of trust, an important social skill that influences performance at individual (team member) and global (work team) levels. We describe the implementation of an agent-based simulation system where the user can test different team configurations to compare performance and select the best possible work team for a given project. The evaluation and validation of the model was performed through face validity and historical data validation techniques, which are based on information collected from real work teams. The results show the suitability of the model as a helpful tool in the formation and configuration of work teams for specific scenarios.
Cognitive-behavioural therapy for children with behavioural difficulties in the Singapore mainstream school setting
Authors: Yeo Lay See , Choi Pui Meng
Published: July 2011

The present study investigated the effectiveness of a cognitive-behavioural therapy (CBT) programme delivered by a school psychologist for children with behavioural difficulties in Singapore elementary school classrooms. It examined the impact of a 12-session, psychoeducational group intervention in helping misbehaving pupils to control their school and home behaviours, maintain peer relationships, and improve self-esteem. Ninety-five pupils, aged between 8- and 12-years-old ( M = 10.08, SD = 1.10) were randomly assigned to CBT (experimental) groups and control groups. The CBTgroups learned and practised skills in self-monitoring, problem-solving, and self-management. The control groups discussed rule compliance and role-played behaviours that conformed to school rules. CBT groups improved significantly in school and home behaviours, self-control, social skills, and self-esteem compared to control groups. Effect sizes ranged from moderate (0.50) to large (2.94). Gains in self-esteem were maintained at follow-up for experimental groups only. The feasibility ofimplementing group CBT was discussed in light of competing demands on school psychologists to deliver diverse psychological services to children.