bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Jonson's Volpone and the 'Real'
Antinous
Authors: Fizdale Tay
Published: April 2006

When Ben Jonson dedicated Volpone 'To the Most Noble and
Most Eqvall Sisters the Two Famovs Vniversities,' he offered to the scholars
a play packed with learning. The most obviously erudite section, of course,
is the entertainment of Nano, Androgyno, and Castrone. An equally curious
bit of lore is placed in III.VIII, as Volpone, attempting the virtue of the
faithful Celia, exclaims

I am, now, as fresh,

As hot, as high, and in as iouiall plight,

As when (in that so celebrated scene,

At recitation of our comoedie,

For entertainment of the great VALOYS)

I acted yong ANTINOVS; and attracted

The eyes, and eares of all the ladies, present,

T'admire each gracefull gesture, note, and footing.

(III.vii.157-164)
Sidney and Pietro Bizari
Authors: Osborn James M.
Published: April 2006

The name of Pietro Bizari has been linked with that of Sir Philip Sidney since 1633, when a duodecimo volume published in Frankfort appeared with a fulsome title

These letters, written by the learned Huguenot Hubert Languet, senior diplomat in the service of August, Elector of Saxony, became renowned for reasons other than the eminence of Languet and his protégé, Sidney.
Montaigne and 'De la Liberté de Conscience
Authors: Cameron Keith
Published: April 2006

The Nineteenth Chapter of the second book of Montaigne's Essais has
attracted the interest of critics because of its favorable treatment of
Julian the Apostate. The essay is concerned with the problems raised by the
Paix de Monsieur in 1576 and it is said that Montaigne's
portrait of Julian was influenced by Bodin's remarks in his Méthode
de l'Histoire and Ammian Marcellinus' life of the Emperor.
On the Authorship of Delia Casa's Biography of Cardinal Gasparo Contarini
Authors: Santosuosso Antonio
Published: April 2006

The sixteenth-century biography of Cardinal Gasparo Contarini which is attributed to Giovanni Della Casa was only written in part by the author of theGalateo.He did not finish the work, which was completed by his friend and editor, the Florentine philologist Pier Vettori. The biography itself appeared for the first time in theeditio princepsof Della Casa's Latin works in 1564 in Florence with the characters of the printing shop of the sons of Bernardo Giunti. The edition, which Vettori prepared, contained also the treatiseDe officiis inter tenuiores et superiores amicos, Cardinal Pietro Bembo's biography, the Latin poems, and translations of Thucydides’ orations.
Recent Research in the Renaissance: Criticism and Patronage*
Authors: Brown Howard Mayer
Published: April 2006

The book that everyone in musicology is talking about this year—not just those of us working in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries—is Joseph Kerman's Contemplating Music (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1985; called simply Musicology in the English edition). In it, Kerman argues against what he calls positivism, which he defines as a rigid and non-judgmental pursuit of dry facts, and in favor of the higher criticism, by which he seems to mean analysis—or at least some penetrating discussion of the way individual pieces work and what makes them great—informed by a sense of history and written in a humanistic style, with a personal commitment on the part of the author to the quality of the music with which he is concerned.
Reconstituting the Textual Body in Jean Crespin's Histoire des martyrs (1564)
Authors: Coats Catharine Randall
Published: April 2006

Jean Crespin's Histoire des martyrs (1554-1597) appears at first as a collection of fragments supplying historical information regarding the martyrdoms of continental Protestant men and women. However, I argue that this martyrology is far more sophisticated and coherent in its conception and execution than its episodic appearance conveys in a first reading. It aims not merely at a tendentious recounting of persecution. Rather, the text seeks to effect a veritable resuscitation of the bodies upon which it is structured, those suffocated words still contained in the stricken corpse.
Poliziano as a Translator of Plotinus
Authors: Wolters Al
Published: April 2006

Although the Renaissance poet and humanist Angelo Poliziano (1454-1494) is generally considered a member of Ficino's Platonic Academy, and himself lectured extensively on the Organon of Aristotle at the Florentine Studio, he repeatedly disclaimed any pretension to being a philosopher. It is no great surprise, consequently, to find that the Index to Angeli Politiani Opera, published in Basel in 1553, contains only one reference under the name of Plotinus, the great and difficult philosopher whom Ficino introduced to the Latin West.
The Darker Side of the Renaissance: Colonization and the Discontinuity of the Classical Tradition
Authors: Mignolo Walter D.
Published: April 2006

Adistinctive feature in the new directions I have selected for this presentation is what I call the “darker side” of the European Renaissance, which could be condensed in “the discontinuity of the classical tradition.” Such discontinuity becomes apparent in the fractured cultural products which do not conform to the aesthetic norms of the early modern period, and they are, consequently, marginalized from histories of ideas, art or literature. I have also used elsewhere the expression “colonial semiosis” to distinguish the fractured semiotic practices in the colonial periphery resulting from the clash between hegemonic norms and values guiding semiotic practices in metropolitan centers, their extension to the colonial periphery, and the resistance and adaptation to them from the perspective of the native population to whose historical legacy the European Renaissance was quite meaningless. I have selected, therefore, those scholarly works which have in the past fifteen years introduced a new perspective by looking at the European Renaissance from the New World colonial periphery.
Interpretations of the Renaissance in Spanish Historical Thought
Authors: Di Camillo Ottavio
Published: April 2006

There are Several Reasons for presenting an overview of what the terms Renaissance and humanism have meant to Spanish historians and literary critics during the past one hundred fifty years. Despite the fact that these historiographical categories have not received the same attention in Spain as they have in other parts of Europe, it is still useful to identify certain recurring assumptions regarding the nature of the Spanish Renaissance and to point out how these underlying presuppositions are usually linked, directly or indirectly, to the historical development of the concept of the Renaissance elaborated elsewhere in Europe.
Interpretations of the Renaissance in Spanish Historical Thought: The Last Thirty Years
Authors: Di Camillo Ottavio
Published: April 2006

In the decades immediately following the Spanish Civil War, the question of the Renaissance, which had never attracted much scholarly attention even before the war, almost completely disappeared from consideration in Spanish historical thought. Concerned with seeking a psycho-historical explanation of the catastrophic event which had shattered the political and social fabric of their society, historians turned more than ever to the Middle Ages in search of those peculiar strains that presumably shaped the national character and which in turn would provide an answer to past and present events. The reappearance of this romantic search for the elusive “popular spirit” of the nation was nowhere more evident than in the teachings of two major historians who from their exile in the Americas were to exert for quite some time an exorbitant influence on a new generation of scholars both within and outside of Spain.
Iter Kristellerianum: The European Journey (1905-1939)
Authors: Kristeller Paul Oskar , King Margaret L.
Published: April 2006

At its Annual Meeting in April 1995, the Renaissance Society of America will be honoring the career of Paul Oskar Kristeller, whose international reputation as a Renaissance scholar is well known to this audience. We are all in debt to Kristeller for what he would proudly entitle his “contributions.” These include, among innumerable others, studies on Marsilio Ficino and the classical and scholastic origins of humanism, a multi-volumed catalogue of the uncatalogued manuscripts in European collections (more than a life work all by itself), and reminders in the form of essays, articles and lectures of the need to adjust our theories and our inclinations to what used to be called, in a simpler age, facts.
What Happened to the Renaissance in the German Academy? A Report on German “Renaissance” Institutes
Authors: Bernstein Eckhard
Published: April 2006

Where is the research on the Renaissance being done in Germany? Is it true that “European history is still firmly divided among antiquity, the Middle Ages, and the modern era,” and that therefore “the Renaissance occupies no space of its own in the history curriculum [of German universities]” as Professor Karant-Nunn has argued? The problem, it seems, is that German historians have largely abandoned the term “Renaissance” to denote the period between the Middle Ages and the modern era, using instead the term “early modern period” (Friihe Neuzeit), a term whose perimeters are variously defined as extending from the close of the Middle Ages to the end of the seventeenth century, or to the French Revolution, or even to the end of the old Reich in 1806.
Britannia, Ralph Brooke, and the Representation of Privilege in Elizabethan England*
Authors: Rockett William
Published: April 2006

The fourth edition of Britannia (1594) contained a marked increase in the representation of the propertied classes. The names of landowners, new families as well as old, were increased by approximately three hundred over the third edition of 1590. The fourth edition also contained a new index — “Barones et lllustriores Familiae” — which, together with the new names, registered first Camden's awareness of the changing character of Elizabethan society and second his qualifications as heraldic historian. The significance of this is not entirely clear until it is seen that the changes in Britannia came at a time of controversy and declining esteem in the College of Arms. Camden's authority in heraldry, of which the 1594 Britannia provided convincing evidence, together with his association with the advocates of armorial reform (Fulke Greville, Sir Edward Hoby, and Baron Burghley as well as the queen) made him a logical choice, over Ralph Brooke, for elevation to Clarenceux King of Arms in October 1597. Brooke's quarrel with Camden was part and parcel of the College's troubles and was seen at the time as an instance of the jealous animosity for which Brooke was notorious. One of the ironies of Brooke's attack is that it was symptomatic of the conditions — rivalries and jurisdictional disputes among the heralds, for instance — that advocates of reform were attempting to remedy.
The Politics of Portraiture: Oliver Cromwell and the Plain Style*
Authors: Knoppers Laura Lunger
Published: April 2006

Long dismissed as aping monarchical forms, Cromwellian portraiture has been neglected by art historians, historians, and literary critics alike. But rather than simply mimicking monarchical iconography, Cromwellian portraiture reflected the character — and contradictions — of Cromwell's own plain style. Paintings by Robert Walker, Samuel Cooper, and Peter Lely all drew upon and significantly revised courtly and idealized Van Dyck portraiture. During the protectorate, Cromwellian portraiture became less, not more, courtly, and the final portrait of Cromwell by Edward Mascall was the most puritan and plain style of all. Visual satire on Cromwell after 1660 attested to the ongoing influence of the plain style as an alternative mode of piety and of power.
Shakespeare's Dionysian Prince: Drama, Politics, and the "Athenian" History Play
Authors: Tiffany Grace
Published: April 2006

This essay argues that Shakespeare drew on Plutarch's and Plato's representations of the Greek general Alcibiades in his representation of Prince Hal/King Henry V, and on classical and Renaissance representations of Socrates for his representation of Prince Hal's "tutor," Falstaff. Crucial to Shakespeare's adaption of these classical "characters" were the writings of Erasmus and Rabelais, which represented Socrates as both sophist and jovial Silenus. Shakespeare was also influenced by the association Symposium makes between Alcibiades and Dionysus, god of wine and of the theater. Consequently Hal/Henry emerges as a Dionysian Alcibiades, trained in sophistry by his Silenic Socrates, Falstaff, and able to dazzle his subjects with mystical rhetoric and to convert war to Dionysian play.
Prosecutor v. Delalić
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Swaak-Goldman Olivia
Published: April 2006

Prosecutor v. Delalic. No. IT-96-21-T.

International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia, Nov. 16, 1998.

On November 16,1998, a trial chamber of the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) issued its judgment in the Čelebići case against four defendants. The chamber found the de facto commander of the Čelebići prison camp liable under the principle of command responsibility for various acts of torture and illtreatment at the camp. It also found two other accused guilty of grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions and violations of the laws or customs of war for their actions at the camp. A fourth accused, indicted only under the principle of command responsibility, was found not guilty on all counts owing to the lack of a superior-subordinate relationship. Those accused convicted of multiple offenses were ordered to serve their sentences concurrently.
Universal jurisdiction over crimes against humanity under French law—grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions of 1949—genocide—torture—human rights violations in Bosnia and Rwanda
Authors: Oxman Bernard H. , Stern Brigitte
Published: April 2006

In rejavor. In re Munyeshyaka.

French Cour de cassation, Criminal Chamber, March 26, 1996.

In Re Munyeshyaka. 1998 Bull, crim., No. 2, at 3.

French Cour de cassation, Criminal Chamber, January 6, 1998.

In the Javor case, certain Bosnian victims of the policy of “ethnic cleansing” that took place in Bosnia and Herzegovina, who were refugees in France, tried to rely on the universal jurisdiction of the French courts in order to file a criminal complaint (plainte avec constitution departie civile) with an investigating magistrate (juge d'instruction) against their Serb torturers.
Forum Non Conveniens and Antisuit Injunctions: An Update
Authors: Lowenfeld Andreas F.
Published: April 2006

In the April 1997 issue of the Journal, I reported on three cases in which the response to an action brought in the court of one country led not to an answer, but to a countersuit in another country—for an antisuit injunction, a declaration of nonliability or both. One of the cases I discussed arose out of a controversy between an asbestos manufacturer, CSR, and a group of insurance companies, the Cigna Group, that may or may not have been obligated to defend and indemnify the manufacturer in respect of claims in the United States for product liability. The manufacturer brought suit in federal court in New Jersey, raising both contract and antitrust claims. The insurers, as I reported, succeeded in securing an antisuit injunction in the Supreme Court of New South Wales (a court of first instance), and thereafter in defeating a motion by the manufacturer to stay or dismiss, on grounds of forum non conveniens, the insurers’ action seeking a declaration of nonliability. I thought that outcome was wrong: in my view, the Australian court should not have stepped into the controversy, and the insurers should have brought their challenge to the jurisdiction and suitable venue of the New Jersey court in that court.
The Fifty-third Session of the UN Commission on Human Rights
Authors: Dennis Michael J.
Published: April 2006

The fifty-third session of the UN Commission on Human Rights took place in Geneva from March 10 to April 18, 1997, with Miroslav Somol of the Czech Republic serving as chairman. More than twenty-three hundred individuals were in attendance, representing fifty-three member and ninety-two observer states, over two hundred nongovernmental organizations, and some forty specialized agencies, UN bodies and other organizations.
The Third and Fourth Sessions of the UN Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court
Authors: Hall Christopher Keith
Published: April 2006

The Preparatory Committee on the Establishment of an International Criminal Court (Preparatory Committee or committee) held its third and fourth sessions from February 10 to 21, 1997, and August 4 to 15, 1997, bringing the world a step closer to the establishment of a permanent international criminal court (ICC). The United Nations General Assembly, on December 16, 1996, reaffirmed the mandate of the Preparatory Committee and decided that the committee would meet in four more sessions (the final two from December 1 to 12, 1997, and March 16 to April 3, 1998) “in order to complete the drafting of a widely acceptable consolidated text of a convention, to be submitted to a diplomatic conference.” It also decided that “a diplomatic conference of plenipotentiaries will be held in 1998, with a view to finalizing and adopting a convention on the establishment of an international criminal court”; the conference is now scheduled to open in Rome on June 15,1998, and to last five weeks. The General Assembly urged participation in the committee “by the largest number of States so as to promote universal support for an international criminal court” and requested that the Secretary-General establish a voluntary fund to facilitate participation in the committee and the diplomatic conference by the least developed countries.
The United Nations Treaty Collection on the Internet
Authors: Kohona Palitha T. B.
Published: April 2006

The Treaty Section of the United Nations is engaged in a major effort to disseminate its vast collection of both bilateral and multilateral treaties by electronic means, including the Internet. As an essential complementary measure, the publication of the United Nations Treaty Series (UNTS) is to be brought up to date. Both these objectives have presented a range of challenges, not the least of which is securing the requisite resources in the current financial climate. In this paper these challenges (legal, technical and financial) and the approaches that have been adopted to deal with them will be discussed.
Knowing the “Local”: Rockefeller Foundation Officers’ Site Visits to Russia in the 1920s
Authors: Solomon Susan Gross
Published: April 2006

In December 1927, Alan Gregg set off for Moscow on behalf of the Rockefeller Foundation’s Division of Medical Education to carry out a “survey of local conditions” in Soviet medical education. The visit, which had been five years in the making, was eagerly anticipated by foundation officials as the first opportunity to secure “reliable knowledge” about the new Russia. Once in the field, Gregg was confronted by important dilemmas of judgment. He had gone to Russia with a made-in-America model of medical education favored by Rockefeller Foundation officers. Was Soviet medical education a variant of the model or something radically new? In making judgments on this issue, Gregg spoke with a variety of actors involved at all levels of Soviet medical education. Which voices to credit, which to discount? Solomon examines Gregg’s landmark voyage to Russia as an instance of the challenges that face expert travelers who seek to “know” a foreign locale.
Can the Meeting Place Be Changed? Crime and Identity Discourse in Russian Television Series of the 1990s
Authors: Prokhorova Elena
Published: April 2006

Since the mid-1990s, crime drama has been the leading genre of post-Soviet television. In this article, Elena Prokhorova discusses various genres of recent crime series, both within the historical context and as coherent discourse (specifically, identity discourse). Her analysis draws narrative and ideological parallels between recent Russian productions and Brezhnev-era television mini-series, especially as an attempt to reconceptualize national mythology. The flourishing of popularized “narratives of control”—spy thrillers and police series—in the 1970s signaled both the crisis of Soviet identity and an attempt to give a boost to the waning ideology by mixing popular culture formulas with ideology. Likewise, recent Russian crime dramas use Soviet and prerevolutionary popular culture formulae as a testing ground for new social models. Prokhorova explores the attributes of crime series as artistic texts, such as genre conventions, choice of plots and heroes, visual representation, as well as broader cultural values that underlie those choices.
Three Industrial Towns by McKim, Mead & White
Authors: Roth Leland M.
Published: April 2006

Of the more than 940 commissions given to McKim, Mead & White, their industrial buildings (except for Pennsylvania Station) have been least studied. This is especially true of their industrial towns and the housing they designed for workers. In fact, few of the company towns started or expanded in the 19th century have received extensive study. McKim, Mead & White were engaged to design the first electrical generating station and then the housing for workers at Niagara Falls, New York, in 1891-1895; and at the same time they were asked to provide designs for mills and housing at Roanoke Rapids, North Carolina. While both of these were new undertakings on open sites, the town of Naugatauk, Connecticut, where the firm had eleven commissions given them by John Howard Whittemore, was two centuries old when they started work in 1885. Their work here consisted largely of public buildings, and represents nearly the full range of tasks given turn-of-the-century architects. An examination of these industrial towns, of the context out of which they came, the expenditures they entailed, and the clients' motives modifies prevalent attitudes about the Robber Baron, and more fully defines the achievement of McKim, Mead & White.
C. R. Cockerell's Hanover Chapel
Authors: Carr Gerald L.
Published: April 2006

C. R. Cockerell's "Hanover Chapel" (1823-1825; dem. 1896), the architect's first major work, was an edifice of manifold importance. Although its cost was deliberately restrained by its patrons, the Church Building Commissioners, Cockerell managed to create a major monument in London's long history of church building, an ornament to Regent Street, and an intellectual essay in international neoclassicism. This article, by referring to drawings, manuscript documents, and printed reviews, analyzes in detail Cockerell's development of the twin-towered, skylightdomed design through sources in Palladio, Wren, Hawksmoor, 18th- and 19th-century Continental buildings, and paintings by Claude Lorrain. In addition, Cockerell's unusually careful orchestration of symbolic details is analyzed. Finally, the generally good critical reception, moderate influence, and lingering high reputation of the building throughout the 19th century, bring the discussion to a close.
A Project by Michelangelo for the Ambo(s) of Santa Maria del Fiore, Florence
Authors: Morselli Piero
Published: April 2006

A group of Michelangelo's architectural drawings preserved in the Ashmolean and in the British Museum contains several detailed studies for a tall, semi-octagonal structure. Whereas the sketches have been dated ca. 1518, the nature of the building and its intended location are still a matter of debate. Recently, Wilde argued that the drawings show the ground plan and elevation of an ambo. This identification has been challenged on the basis that ambos had disappeared from liturgical use and had been replaced by pulpits centuries before Michelangelo. An examination of documents and sources reveals, however, that single and paired ambos had been built in the 15th century and that the 16th century marked a renewed liturgical interest in the Early Christian amboni tradition. Michelangelo's sketches in all probability reflect a project intended as part of the program for the embellishment of S. Maria del Fiore. This assumption is strengthened by the date of the drawings, executed after Michelangelo's return to Florence, by the contemporary decision of the operai to remodel the old choir of the church, and by the general architectural scheme of Michelangelo's ambo, which seems to have been conceived with the interior of this church in mind.
Giuliano da Sangallo's Drawings after Ciriaco d'Ancona: Transformations of Greek and Roman Antiquities in Athens
Authors: Brown Beverly Louise , Kleiner Diana E. E.
Published: April 2006

Ciriaco d'Ancona and Giuliano da Sangallo shared with many of their 15th-century contemporaries a passionate interest in the antique world. Both avidly recorded the remains of classical monuments, but they did so in distinct manners. The diversity of their approaches reflects the shifting focus of Renaissance antiquarians. Nowhere is this more evident than in the pages of Athenian monuments which Giuliano copied from Ciriaco's commentaria. Giuliano subtly, but significantly, transformed Ciriacan drawings of the Parthenon, the Tower of the Winds and the Monument of Philopappos to conform to his own notion of "good" architecture, rather than copy what he found on Ciriaco's pages. In effect, Giuliano, who had never seen the Athenian monuments, redesigned them on the pattern of Roman antiquities known to him from his travels in Italy and southern France. This process of conscious transformation was precisely the type of exercise which Alberti encouraged architects to undertake. Giuliano's manner of simultaneously copying and reshaping drawings of classical monuments parallels his own practices as an architect.
Houses Are Human: Architectural Self-Images of Africa's Tamberma
Authors: Blier Suzanne Preston
Published: April 2006

Anthropomorphism is a central feature of the architecture of the Tamberma, a Voltaic people of Africa's western savanna. In a variety of ways, the Tamberma suggest that their houses are human, that they represent men and women. Like humans, each house is said to be made from flesh, bones, and blood (earth, pebbles, and water). Many parts of the house also are given distinctively human names and identities (head, eyes, lips, tongue, nose, ear, stomach, bile, penis, etc.). Forms of architectural decoration, and types of symbolic behavior directed towards the house (greeting the house, drinking with the house, shooting the house, feeding the house), are also drawn from human models. This essay explores the multiple human dimensions of these buildings. It discusses the manner in which architecture, by defining the human, helps to clarify Tamberma psychology, and how, through this model, it serves as a central symbol and structuring device in Tamberma psychological and therapeutic processes.
The Plot against Bernard Maybeck
Authors: Banham Reyner
Published: April 2006

The case of the current reputation of the classicizing work of Bernard Maybeck is taken to demonstrate certain weaknesses in the present practice of architectural history. The weaknesses are identified as: an over-valuation of the traditions of the Ecole des Beaux-Arts; an excessive esteem for accurate copying as a design-procedure; and a connected over-reliance on two-screen comparisons as an expository technique. Maybeck's Palace of Fine Arts is taken as an instance of the combined effect of these factors on his reputation; obliquely and erratically dependent on the Beaux-Arts tradition as currently understood, it yields little of easily explained significance to two-screen comparisons, and therefore tends to be overlooked, even in general histories of American architecture.
The Role of Hispanic Kinships in Popularizing the Monterey Style in California, 1836-1846
Authors: Kirker Harold
Published: April 2006

The Monterey Style of architecture spread within a brief period to almost every occupied part of the Mexican province of California through a network of Hispanic family kinships. Beginning with the prototype-the house the American consul Thomas Larkin constructed in Monterey between 1835-1837 from the memory of buildings he knew in Massachusetts and the Carolinas-these houses played a significant role in the "Americanization" of Alta California. It was a rare instance in which American architecture, penetrating to the core of the ruling native families, shared fully with economic and military superiority in the process of United States annexation of a foreign territory. The study of Hispanic kinships in promoting the Monterey Style prior to annexation in 1846 shows the important place of architecture in the correlation of economy, family, politics, and culture in a crucial period of American westward expansion.
The Villa of Andrea Doria in Genoa: Architecture, Gardens, and Suburban Setting
Authors: Gorse George L.
Published: April 2006

This paper reconsiders Andrea Doria's 16th-century villa in Genoa as an architectural and garden monument in relation to its original suburban setting. The villa has thus far been discussed primarily as a decorative monument, with scholars focusing their attention upon the interior fresco and stucco decorations of Perino del Vaga and façade paintings by Perino, Beccafumi, and Pordenone. However, these paintings have not been understood fully in terms of the architectural, garden, and suburban context of the villa, which serves as the focus of this study. A biographical sketch of Doria is followed by a building history of his villa, tracing its classical and Renaissance prototypes, the development of the building plan, and phases of construction. Giovanni Angelo Montorsoli's gardens of the 1540s are reconstructed from visual and literary sources, then related to the villa architecture and its suburban environs. A discussion of urban planning around the villa during the 1530s and 1540s shows how the villa functioned as a ceremonial entry monument into Genoa. Concluding remarks on the triumphal receptions of Emperor Charles V and Philip II at the Villa Doria during the mid-16th century underscore the importance of the villa's architecture, gardens, and suburb as a unified work of art.
Cardinal Giulio della Rovere and the Vigna Carpi
Authors: Eiche Sabine
Published: April 2006

Between 1547 and 1564 Rodolfo Pio da Carpi's vigna on the Quirinal Hill was rated as one of the grandest ancient sculpture gardens in Rome. While ample material, both written and visual, is available regarding Pio's collection of antiquities, comparatively little has been known about the earlier history or the layout of the Vigna Carpi as a site. Hitherto unpublished documents from the period of Cardinal Giulio della Rovere's ownership, 1565-1578, contribute many details that advance our scanty and haphazard knowledge of the estate, and at the same time reveal the social and political context of which the Vigna Carpi was a part. Most importantly, the documents provide information about the appearance of the villa and the disposition of the rooms, which allows us to correct some aspects of Hülsen's remarkably intuited reconstruction of 1917. A careful examination of plans, drawn up after the Sforza had sold the property to the Barberini in the mid 1620s, leads to the conclusion that more of the old Carpi-della Rovere villa survived than was previously thought in the first design projects for the Palazzo Barberini.
The Former Romanesque High Vault in the Presbytery of Hereford Cathedral
Authors: Thurlby Malcolm
Published: April 2006

In his article on "Hereford Cathedral" published in the Archaeological Journal in 1877, Sir George Gilbert Scott suggested that the Romanesque presbytery was originally covered with a high groin vault on the basis of the suitability of the broad pilasters on the piers for supporting transverse arches of such a vault. While Scott's case for a high vault has been generally accepted, it has not been seriously tested through a detailed examination of the fabric. This note presents new evidence in the masonry above the eastern crossing arch in support of a Romanesque high vault, considers the manner of its construction in relation to other vaults in the West Country School of Romanesque architecture, and examines the case for its being of groined or ribbed design.
Romancing the Tome; Or an Academician's Pursuit of a Popular Audience in 18th-Century France
Authors: Cleary Richard
Published: April 2006

The Parisian building industry prospered throughout most of the 18th century serving a wide range of clients. At one end of the scale were the members of the nobility and amateurs of architecture who approached the design of a building with a well-trained eye and an ability to speak of the principles governing good taste. The majority of clients, however, had little if any knowledge of or interest in art theory and relied on instinct, fashion, and the advice of experts. Concern for the effect an untutored public could have on the future of French architecture led Jacques-François Blondel, the foremost architectural educator of the 18th century, to develop specialized approaches for reaching potential clients. These included courses for nonprofessionals at his Ecole des Arts and a novel, L'Homme du monde éclairé par les arts (1774), written in collaboration with Jean-François Bastide, a man of letters who was the author of another work of fiction featuring architecture, "La Petite Maison" (1758).
S. Fortunato in Todi: Why the Hall Church?
Authors: Gillerman David M.
Published: April 2006

The Franciscan church of S. Fortunato in Todi, an important central Italian example of a Gothic hall church, was begun in 1292, when this building type was still rather unusual in the region. Earlier students of S. Fortunato have generally attributed its appearance in Todi to the Franciscan demand for open preaching halls, but a closer analysis suggests there were additional, perhaps even stronger, incentives for using it. A hall church achieved an imposing effect on a small construction site and helped fulfill a desire to underscore the building's Franciscan affiliation. Previously ignored, this question of the motivations of the Todi hall church has particular relevance to current studies of the mendicant architecture, that is, the architecture of the new urban orders, principally the Franciscans and Dominicans. The question is: do we continue to see mendicant churches exclusively in terms of the friars' altruistic religious mission, or should we see them as efforts at self-promotion in the competitive milieu of the late medieval city?
The Froebel-Wright Kindergarten Connection: A New Perspective
Authors: Rubin Jeanne S.
Published: April 2006

Frank Lloyd Wright's Froebel kindergarten training and its effects upon his work have long been a matter of interest. Ever since his cryptic allusions to this influence appeared in print, occasional attempts to endow them with specificity have been made, mainly because of the interest in the effects upon Wright's architecture. This article concentrates on the training that is purported to have affected him in such a remarkable manner: both the training and some compelling evidence of its effects have been traced to the science of crystallography in which Froebel had risen to a position of the highest prominence before becoming an educator. This hitherto unknown information opens up a new perspective from which both Froebel's and Wright's work, as well as the connections between them, can be newly viewed.
The Military Architecture of Francesco di Giorgio in Southern Italy
Authors: Dechert Michael S. A.
Published: April 2006

The role of Francesco di Giorgio (1439-1501) in developing the forms of artillery fortification marking the transition from late medieval defenses to the mature bastioned forts of the 16th century is becoming clearer as additional research has enhanced our knowledge of the chronology of his interventions, the maturation of design elements, and the interlocking personal, institutional, and political factors in his work for the Aragonese Kingdom of Naples. These efforts by Francesco di Giorgio and his associates focused on Naples, Otranto, Gallipoli, Taranto, Manfredonia, Monte Sant'Angelo, Reggio Calabria, Ortona, Matera, and Brindisi. Archival sources, investigation of the sites, and surviving graphic materials contribute substantially to identifying this "school" of military architects and the evolution of design brought about by the technological challenge of gunpowder, firearms, and siege artillery.
Architecture, Landscape, and the Intermediate Structure: Eighteenth-Century Experiments in Mediation
Authors: Balmori Diana
Published: April 2006

In eighteenth-century England, formal neoclassical buildings began to be coupled with landscape settings that expressed a contrasting aesthetic based on chance, intuition, informal ordering, and local accommodation. At the same time, the relationship between art and nature was being reevaluated. The divergence of styles for architecture and landscape posed a critical challenge for eighteenth-century architects and designers. Chief among the strategies used by eighteenth-century practitioners to meet this challenge was the "intermediate structure"-an architectural entity such as hermitage, grotto, or artificial ruin set into the landscape in order to articulate the relationship between art and nature, and between divergent architectural and landscape languages. Alexander Pope and William Kent developed influential versions of the intermediate structure-Pope in his grotto at Twickenham, and Kent in his garden buildings at several country houses. The role of these structures was undermined, however, in the later eighteenth century, when the links between architecture and landscape were further suppressed by Brownian landscaping and by the development of the Picturesque, which sought to conceal human interventions in the landscape. The connection between architecture and landscape as parts of one aesthetic composition was broken, and it has remained so until today.
The Villa del Pigneto Sacchetti
Authors: Merz Jörg M. , Blunt Anthony F.
Published: April 2006

Nearly nothing remains of the once famous Villa del Pigneto, built just outside of Rome, by Pietro da Cortona, for the Sacchetti family. Until now, only a plan and some views have given any idea of the building's appearance, and other sources have given only approximate, but ultimately misleading, indications as to its date. Generally it has been thought that the villa's casino was built around 1630 and, thus, that this outstanding work was achieved early in Cortona's career as an architect. Yet newly discovered documents and hitherto unknown drawings show that Cortona did not begin work on the villa until the late 1630s, when he added a fountain and grotto to an already existing casino, and that he enlarged the building and gave the whole complex its impressive appearance only in the late 1640s. These projects, closely connected with the ambitions of the patrons, seem finally to have propelled Cortona (one of 17th-century Rome's most distinguished painters) into prominence as an architect.
Longhena before Salute: The Cathedral at Chioggia
Authors: Hopkins Andrew
Published: April 2006

Baldisera Longhena's cathedral at Chioggia (1624-84) was the Venetian architect's first major ecclesiastical commission. Archival documents provide a detailed account of the debate over reconstruction and the subsequent building history, including particulars of finance and the role of the architect. The interior of the cathedral reveals Longhena's distinctive use of color and architectural vocabulary. In siting the building, Longhena developed a sophisticated relationship between the architectural form, its urban context, and function, features which adumbrate many of the important innovations in his later church of Santa Maria della Salute (1631-87). The present study discusses the cathedral of Chioggia in relation to contemporary Venetian architecture, and its similarity to the cathedral of Venice is addressed. The way the building worked in relation to ritual and Chioggia's function as entry to Venice are examined.
Freemasonry and Sir John Soane
Authors: Watkin David
Published: April 2006

Soane's activities as a Freemason, in particular the remarkable hall which he designed for the Grand Lodge in London in 1828, are here analyzed in detail for the first time. The significance of Freemasonry for Soane is exhibited by an investigation of his acquisition and study of books by writers of the Enlightenment such as d'Hancarville, Lenoir, Ledoux, Court de Gébelin, Viel de Saint-Maux, and James Christie, who were either Freemasons or sympathetic to masonic ideals. At the instigation of his friend, H. R. H. the Duke of Sussex, Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge, Soane was given the most unusual commission of designing a Masonic ark in 1813. His Masonic Hall, designed fifteen years later, was an interior rich in symbolic ornament, and bathed in a mysterious light, in which he achieved a deeper religious atmosphere than in any of his designs for Anglican churches.
"At Once Classic and Picturesque...": Alexander Thomson's Holmwood
Authors: Stamp Gavin
Published: April 2006

Holmwood House in Cathcart, near Glasgow, built in 1857-1858, was the finest villa designed by the Scottish architect Alexander "Greek" Thomson (1817-1875). Recognizing that Thomson had achieved something remarkable, his contemporary Thomas Gildard described Holmwood as "at once classic and picturesque." In fact, the originality of Holmwood and of Thomson's other mature villas near Glasgow has been underestimated by historians. The article observes that, in many earlier publications of villa designs, while Gothic or Italianate houses could be asymmetrically massed, Grecian villas were invariably symmetrical. Thomson, it is argued, reconciled both the Picturesque and the principles of Pugin with his belief in a trabeated Grecian architecture and so produced the first truly neoclassical houses to be composed irregularly. Thomson's debt to Schinkel and to Picturesque theory is explored, as is the similarity of his approach to domestic design to that of the young Frank Lloyd Wright.
Architectural Representations in the "Hypnerotomachia Poliphili" (Aldus Manutius, 1499)
Authors: Stewering Roswitha
Published: April 2006

In December 1499 the Hypnerotomachia Poliphili appeared in Venice under the imprint of Aldus Manutius, in an edition whose woodcuts and typography make it one of the masterpieces of Italian printing. The enigmatic dream recounted in the book describes Poliphilo's struggle to win his love and his final happy union with his beloved Polia. The study focuses on the group of architectural representations in the book. Free from a slavish attempt to illustrate, they follow the course of the love story within the framework of an inner visual logic. A second part analyzes the section of the Temple of Venus Physizoa, an architectural representation that was omitted in Lotz's famous study of 1956. Issues of the history of technology, such as the modern cartographic method introduced by Alberti in the 1450s, are addressed in relation to this section. From a comparison with representations of space from the 1490s, however, one may conclude that, contrary to the thesis proposed by L. Lefaivre, there can have been no direct connection between the author or the artist of the Hypnerotomachia and the architectural theorist. At the same time, the Master of Polifilo appears to belong to the group of painter-architects, along with Francesco di Giorgio Martini, Leonardo, and Raphael.
The Nave of Saint-Philibert at Tournus
Authors: Armi C. Edson
Published: April 2006

I argue that in the nave of Saint-Philibert at Tournus, the design, execution, and chronology of construction were different, and more complicated, than previously proposed. In the building, points of interruption occur at quite unexpected-although often structurally logical-locations. These changes reveal new information about the masons who built the church. The masons integrated architecture and sculpture; merged different traditions of building; and coordinated the processes of design, construction, and structure. Within campaigns they refined the design of the building, and between campaigns they radically altered the masonry, moldings, and capital decoration. Contradicting the idea that churches were first conceived and then built, at times during the construction at Tournus masons combined the separate stages of planning and execution.
Adaptive finite‐dimensional optimal linear filtering ofnD smooth Gaussian random fields
Authors: Jetto L. , Orsini V.
Published: April 2006

This paper deals with the optimal filtering problem ofnD sampled, Gaussian random fields. The filtering algorithm is based on a state‐space signal model analytically derived from the assumption that the continuous Gaussian random field can be well approximated, almost everywhere, by a continuously differentiablenD surface. An appealing feature of the proposed optimal filter is that it is not based onnD strip processing schemes. The filtering algorithm has a structure which is recursive both with respect to the point‐to‐point scanning procedure of the sampled field and to the dimensionality of the estimate computed at each point. This greatly reduces the numerical complexity of the filtering scheme. The filtering algorithm requires the knowledge of some statistical parameters of the random field. For a greater generality, a procedure for the adaptive estimation of these parameters is also provided. Numerical results are reported to illustrate the applicability and performance of the proposed filter. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Least‐correlation estimates for errors‐in‐variables models
Authors: Jun Byung‐Eul , S. Bernstein Dennis
Published: April 2006

This paper introduces an estimator for errors‐in‐variables models in which all measurements are corrupted by noise. The necessary and sufficient condition minimizing a criterion, defined by squaring the empirical correlation of residuals, yields a new identification procedure that we call least‐correlation estimator. The method of least correlation is a generalization of least‐squares since the least‐correlation specializes to least‐squares when the correlation lag is zero. The least‐correlation estimator has the ability to estimate true parameters consistently from noisy input–output measurements as the number of samples increases. Monte Carlo simulations also support the consistency numerically. We discuss the geometric property of the least‐correlation estimate and, moreover, show that the estimate is not an orthogonal projection but an oblique projection. Finally, recursive realizations of the procedure in continuous‐time as well as in discrete‐time are mentioned with a numerical demonstration. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Validity and normative data for thirty‐second chair stand test in elderly community‐dwelling Hong Kong Chinese
Authors: Macfarlane D.J. , Chou K.L. , Cheng Y.H. , Chi I.
Published: April 2006

It is important to establish valid field measures of lower body strength in the elderly, and to provide representative normative values that are culturally specific in order to help health professionals in the risk assessment of this group. A sample of 1,038 elderly Hong Kong Chinese undertook a 30‐sec chair stand test (30CST), with a subsample of 143 completing isometric measures of maximal hip flexion and knee extension, plus a habitual physical activity questionnaire. The 30CST was significantly, yet only weakly, correlated with the isometric strength measures (r ∼ 0.3–0.4), but accurately discriminated between levels of habitual physical activity and across ages in decades. The normative values generated provide useful data for health screening in this elderly Hong Kong population, but do not compare well with their healthier US counterparts. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 18:418–421, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.