bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Statistical Raman spectroscopy characterization of carbon additive in low‐C composites: Toward industrial quality control
Authors: Pelegov Dmitry V. , Koshkina Anastasia A. , Slautin Boris N. , Gorshkov Vadim S.
Published: May 2019

Two‐phase composites with a low part of the auxiliary phase (about a few percent) are quite complex objects for qualitative and quantitative characterization. Battery electrode materials are typical example of such composites, comprising the active material with the small amount of conductive additive (carbon‐based, mostly). This article presents an original “big‐data” approach for morphological and structural characterization of carbon‐coating component in Li4Ti5O12/C composites by statistical Raman spectroscopy. Although the most published Raman‐spectroscopy–based papers focus on structural characterization only, in this work, we show that morphological study can be even more informative. Our approach proposed for monitoring the carbon coverage efficiency, and morphological mesoscale heterogeneity of low‐C composites can be used for optimization of carbon‐coating procedure and industrial quality control of carbon‐coated electrode materials.
Jump inversions of algebraic structures and Σ‐definability
Authors: Faizrahmanov Marat , Kach Asher , Kalimullin Iskander , Montalbán Antonio , Puzarenko Vadim
Published: May 2019

It is proved that for every countable structure and a computable successor ordinal α there is a countable structure which is ‐least among all countable structures such that is Σ‐definable in the αth jump . We also show that this result does not hold for the limit ordinal . Moreover, we prove that there is no countable structure with the degree spectrum for .
On the relative strengths of fragments of collection
Authors: McKenzie Zachiri
Published: May 2019

Let be the basic set theory that consists of the axioms of extensionality, emptyset, pair, union, powerset, infinity, transitive containment, Δ0‐separation and set foundation. This paper studies the relative strength of set theories obtained by adding fragments of the set‐theoretic collection scheme to . We focus on two common parameterisations of the collection: ‐collection, which is the usual collection scheme restricted to ‐formulae, and strong ‐collection, which is equivalent to ‐collection plus ‐separation. The main result of this paper shows that for all ,

proves that there exists a transitive model of Zermelo Set Theory plus ‐collection,

the theory is ‐conservative over the theory .

It is also shown that (2) holds for when the Axiom of Choice is included in the base theory. The final section indicates how the proofs of (1) and (2) can be modified to obtain analogues of these results for theories obtained by adding fragments of collection to a base theory (Kripke‐Platek Set Theory with Infinity plus ) that does not include the powerset axiom.
Cancer‐bone microenvironmental interactions promotes STAT3 signaling
Authors: Henderson Veronica M. , Hawsawi Ohuod , Burton Liza J. , Campbell Taaliah , Trice Kennedi , Dougan Jodi , Howard Simone M. , Odero‐Marah Valerie A.
Published: May 2019

Prostate cancer (PCa) patients’ mortality is mainly attributed to complications caused by metastasis of the tumor cells to organs critical for survival, such as bone. We hypothesized that PCa cell‐bone interactions would promote paracrine signaling. A panel of PCa cell lines were cocultured with hydroxyapatite ([HA]; inorganic component of bone) of different densities. Conditioned media (CM) was collected and analyzed for calcium levels and effect on paracrine signaling, cell migration, and viability in vitro and in vivo. Our results showed that calcium levels were elevated in CM from cancer cell‐bone cocultures, compared to media or cancer cells alone, and this could be antagonized by ethylene glycol‐bis(2‐aminoethyl ether)N,N,N′,N′‐tetraacetic acid (EGTA), a calcium chelator, or knockdown of Snail protein. We also observed increased signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) phosphorylation and paracrine cell proliferation and migration in LNCaP cells incubated with CM from various cell lines; this phosphorylation and cell migration could be antagonized by Snail knockdown or various inhibitors including EGTA, STAT3 inhibitor (WP1066) or cathepsin L inhibitor (Z‐FY‐CHO). In vivo, higher HA bone density increased tumorigenicity and migration of tumor cells to HA implant. Our study shows that cancer‐bone microenvironment interactions lead to calcium‐STAT3 signaling, which may present an area for therapeutic targeting of metastatic PCa.
Bipolar fuzzy relation equations systems based on the product t‐norm
Authors: Cornejo M. Eugenia , Lobo David , Medina Jesús
Published: May 2019

Bipolar fuzzy relation equations arise as a generalization of fuzzy relation equations considering unknown variables together with their logical connective negations. The occurrence of a variable and the occurrence of its negation simultaneously can give very useful information for certain frameworks where the human reasoning plays a key role. Hence, the resolution of bipolar fuzzy relation equations systems is a research topic of great interest. This paper focuses on the study of bipolar fuzzy relation equations systems based on the max‐product t‐norm composition. Specifically, the solvability and the algebraic structure of the set of solutions of these bipolar equations systems will be studied, including the case in which such systems are composed of equations whose independent term be equal to 0. As a consequence, this paper complements the contribution carried out by the authors on the solvability of bipolar max‐product fuzzy relation equations.
Raus aus dem Labor
Authors: Waitschat Steve
Published: May 2019

Lösungsmittel, Reaktionsdauer und Temperatur sind Stellschrauben, um eine Synthese zu ökonomisieren – auch bei der Herstellung von Metal Organic Frameworks.
Synthese und Mechanismus
Authors: Weininger Stephen J.
Published: May 2019

Nachdem sie lange Zeit ein Stiefkind gewesen war, etablierte sich die physikalische organische Chemie schließlich in den Chemieinstituten in Deutschland – sowohl in der Bundesrepublik als auch in der DDR.
Bilanz 2018: Österreich
Authors: Schaubmayr Klaus
Published: May 2019

Die einzelnen Zweige der chemischen Industrie entwickelten sich im Jahr 2018 unterschiedlich. Im Vergleich zum Jahr 2017 investierten Unternehmen in Österreich weniger. Insgesamt sind sie mit der Geschäftslage zufrieden.
Wasserstoff gewinnen mit biologischen Eisen‐Schwefel‐Zentren
Authors: Stripp Sven T.
Published: May 2019

Molekularer Wasserstoff gilt als Energieträger der Zukunft. Bisher lässt er sich im großtechnischen Maßstab allerdings nicht hinreichend effizient herstellen. Eine Synthesemethode basiert auf Enzymen – allerdings sind die Reaktionsprinzipien der enzymatischen H2‐Produktion noch aufzuklären. Dabei ist Infrarotspektroskopie zentral.
Motivierende Dozenten
Authors: Blicker Luca
Published: May 2019

Halten Professoren Intelligenz und Lernfähigkeit für veränderlich, sind Studenten motivierter und bringen bessere Leistungen.
Bor‐Lewis‐Säurekatalyse: Amide atomeffizient synthetisieren
Authors: Huy Peter , Zoller Ben
Published: May 2019

Borhaltige Lewis‐Säuren wie Boronsäuren, Borate oder Borsäure ermöglichen, Carbonsäuren und Amine direkt zu Amiden zu kondensieren. Mit diesen Reagenzien lassen sich nicht nur Peptidbindungen ohne Verlust an Stereoisomerenreinheit knüpfen, sondern die Reaktion funktioniert auch mit säureempfindlichen funktionellen Gruppen.
Plastik ist nicht Plastik
Authors: Leusmann Eliza
Published: May 2019

Europäische Forscher haben erstmals eine einheitliche Terminologie für die Einordnung von Plastikmüll in der Umwelt vorgeschlagen.
Ein Element?
Authors: Leusmann Eliza
Published: May 2019

Iupap und Iupac haben die Kriterien für eine Elemententdeckung überarbeitet.
Bilanz 2018: Evonik
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: May 2019

Evonik legte im Jahr 2018 zu. Der Konzern will mehr für Spezialkunststoffe, Tierernährung und Gesundheit produzieren. Dafür verkauft er das Plexiglasgeschäft.
Bilanz 2018: Lanxess
Authors: Bulmahn Maren
Published: May 2019

Lanxess verkaufte im Jahr 2018 einen großen Unternehmensanteil und will damit die Abhängigkeit von der Automobilindustrie reduzieren.
Motor cortical neuromodulation of pelvic floor muscle tone: Potential implications for the treatment of urologic conditions
Authors: Yani Moheb S. , Fenske Sonja J. , Rodriguez Larissa V. , Kutch Jason J.
Published: May 2019

Aims

In the human brain, supplementary motor area (SMA) is involved in the control of pelvic floor muscles (PFMs). SMA dysfunction has been implicated in several disorders involving PFMs, including urinary incontinence and urologic pain. Here, we aimed to provide a proof‐of‐concept study to demonstrate the feasibility of modulating resting PFM activity (tone) as well as SMA activity with noninvasive stimulation of SMA.

Methods

We studied six patients (3 women + 3 men) with Urologic Chronic Pelvic Pain Syndrome. Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) was applied to SMA immediately after voiding. We tested two rTMS protocols: high‐frequency (HF‐rTMS) which is generally excitatory, and low‐frequency (LF‐rTMS) which is generally inhibitory. PFM activity was measured during rTMS using electromyography. Brain activity was measured immediately before and after rTMS using functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Results

The rTMS protocols had significantly different effects on resting activity in PFMs (P = 0.03): HF‐rTMS decreased and LF‐rTMS increased pelvic floor tone. SMA activity showed a clear trend (
P = 0.06) toward the expected differential changes: HF‐rTMS increased and LF‐rTMS decreased SMA activity.

Conclusions

We interpret the differential effects of rTMS at the brain and muscle level as novel support for an important inhibitory influence of SMA activity on pelvic floor tone after voiding. This preliminary study provides a framework for designing future studies to determine if neuromodulation of SMA could augment therapy for chronic urologic conditions.
Outcomes in a contemporary cohort undergoing sacral neuromodulation using optimized lead placement technique
Authors: Adelstein Sarah A. , Lee Wai , Gioia Kevin , Moskowitz Dena , Stamnes Kelsey , Lucioni Alvaro , Kobashi Kathleen C. , Lee Una J.
Published: May 2019

Aims

To evaluate factors associated with progression to stage 2 sacral neuromodulation (SNM) for refractory overactive bladder, urinary retention, or fecal incontinence using optimal lead placement techniques with curved stylet.

Methods

This is a retrospective analysis of a prospectively collected database of all consecutive stage 1 SNM lead placements at our institution between August 2014 and May 2017 using optimal lead placement technique with curved stylet. Patients with refractory overactive bladder, urinary retention, or fecal incontinence were enrolled. Patients with 50% or more symptom improvement on voiding diaries were offered stage 2 implant. Demographics, clinical, and surgical characteristics were compared for patients who underwent successful stage 2 implants versus those who underwent lead removal at the end of the stage 1 trial period.

Results

127 patients underwent SNM during the study period. Motor thresholds of ≤2 mA in all four electrodes were achieved in 74% of patients (94/127). A total of 89.0% (113/127) of patients received stage 2 implants. The main indication for implant, specifically urgency urinary incontinence, was positively associated with progression to stage 2 implant. Male gender, history of pelvic pain and previous SNM were negatively associated with progression to stage 2 implant.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate that the contemporary optimized lead placement technique resulted in low motor thresholds and successful progression to stage 2 SNM implant in the majority of our cohort. Predictive factors associated with success or failure may potentially guide decision making for therapeutic interventions and counseling patient expectations.
An improved isoparametric quadratic element based on refined zigzag theory to compute interlaminar stresses of multilayered anisotropic plates
Authors: Biswas Dhiraj , Ray Chaitali
Published: May 2019

An improved eight‐noded isoparametric quadratic plate bending element based on refined higher‐order zigzag theory (RHZT) has been developed in the present study to determine the interlaminar stresses of multilayered composite laminates. The C0 continuous element has been formulated by considering warping function in the displacement field based on the RHZT. Shear locking phenomenon is avoided by considering substitute shear strain field. The continuity of transverse shear stresses cannot be ensured by the proposed zigzag formulation directly, and hence, the continuity conditions of transverse shear stresses have been established by using the three‐dimensional (3D) stress equilibrium equations in the present study. The transverse shear stresses are computed in a simplified manner using the differential equations of stress equilibrium. A finite element code is developed by using MATLAB software package. The performance of the present finite element model is validated by comparing the results with 3D elasticity solutions. The superiority of the proposed element in view of computational efficiency, simplicity, and accuracy has been examined by comparing the present solutions with those available in published literature using other elements.
A rare case of myoepithelial carcinoma gradually changing into malignancy: A report and literature review
Authors: Kurabayashi Kumiko , Abe Takahiro , Abe Masanobu , Ikemura Masako , Takato Tsuyoshi , Hoshi Kazuto
Published: May 2019

A myoepithelial carcinoma (MC) is a very rare, low‐grade tumor. Our patient was a 78‐year‐old female who presented with an indolent tumor on the hard palate's right side. We performed two biopsies at an 18‐month interval and a complete resection and diagnosed it as predominant clear cell‐type MC. Immunostaining revealed a greater proportion of cells positive for Ki‐67 (MIB1) in the second biopsy specimen compared to the first biopsy specimen. These findings suggested that the tumor did not develop de novo in the tissues; rather, a benign tumor derived from myoepithelioma gradually changed into a malignant tumor over time.
The Potential for QT Interval Prolongation with Chronic Azithromycin Therapy in Adult Cystic Fibrosis Patients
Authors: Avedissian Sean N. , Rhodes Nathaniel J. , Ng Tien M.H. , Rao Adupa P. , Beringer Paul M.
Published: May 2019

Introduction

Oral azithromycin (AZM) has been shown to reduce airway inflammation and disrupt biofilm formation. However, chronic AZM therapy may result in QT interval (QTc) prolongation.

Objectives

The goals of this study were twofold: (i) to characterize the risk of QTc prolongation in adult patients with cystic fibrosis (CF) receiving AZM and other potential QTc‐prolonging agents, and (ii) to describe and capture the number of potential QTc‐prolonging agents patients with CF are prescribed.

Methods

A retrospective study was conducted over a 3‐year period in an adult CF center. QTc values were recorded from electrocardiograms. Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted. Standard QTc prolongation definitions (males ≥ 450 msec, females ≥ 470 msec) were used.

Results

A total of 89 adult CF patient's records were reviewed. Sixty‐eight patients received chronic AZM therapy. Two male patients had prolonged QTc, but only 1 received chronic AZM therapy. The median QTc interval between patients receiving and not receiving AZM was not significantly different (405 [interquartile range, IQR: 388–425] vs 394 [IQR: 384–413] msec, respectively, p=0.14). Also, the QTc interval for patients taking chronic AZM 500 mg Monday/Wednesday/Friday or 250 mg daily was not significantly different (401 [IQR: 383–419] vs 409 [IQR: 394–427] msec, respectively, p=0.48). When stratified by the number of QTc‐prolonging medications (AZM vs no AZM), there was no significant difference in median QTc values between patients receiving zero to ≥ 5 QTc‐prolonging medications.

Conclusion

An association between chronic AZM therapy and longer QTc intervals or significant QTc prolongation was not shown.
Micro‐cone textures for improved light in‐coupling and retroreflection‐inspired light trapping at the front surface of solar modules
Authors: Dottermusch Stephan , Schmager Raphael , Klampaftis Efthymios , Paetel Stefan , Kiowski Oliver , Ding Kaining , Richards Bryce S. , Paetzold Ulrich W.
Published: May 2019

Micron‐scale textures at the front surface of solar modules have been reported to improve the current generation by both enhancing light in‐coupling as well as by reducing light out‐coupling via back‐reflection, similar to the retroreflective effect. Whereas the general working principle and advantages of these textures have been described previously, here, the interplay of the reflection properties of different substrates with the enhancement effects is analyzed for textures of conical geometry. The study takes into consideration the incident light of arbitrary angle of incidence as well as the overall energy yield. Supported by optical simulations, periodic micro‐cone textures were optimized and prototyped based on direct laser writing and a scalable replication process. Micron‐scale textures with cones of various aspect ratios were examined on mono‐crystalline silicon (c‐Si) solar cells; an optimum aspect ratio of 0.73 was identified. This moderate aspect ratio is suitable for large‐scale replication, while showing near‐zero surface reflection and excellent light trapping. An increase in energy yield of up to 8% was calculated for the case of micro‐cone textures at the front surface of commercial alkaline‐etched c‐Si solar cells. Moreover, the excellent optical properties of the micro‐cone textures were highlighted by improving the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of a Cu(In,Ga)Se2 (CIGS) thin‐film solar cells from 20.2% to 20.9%. A comparable PCE improvement has been achieved by conventional MgF2 antireflection coatings, but the angular stability and in turn the energy yield of the micro‐cone textures is much higher.
Gleichstrom verhindert Netzengpässe
Authors: Frey Katharina , Weiland Manuel
Published: May 2019

Der Strukturwandel im Energiesektor führt zu einem erhöhten Bedarf an Stromübertragungslösungen. Im Vergleich zur Drehstromtechnologie erweist sich die Gleichstromtechnologie als vorteilhafte Lösung, besonders wenn hohe Leistungen über weite Strecken zu übertragen sind. Mit zusätzlichen Hochspannungs‐Gleichstromübertragungs (HGÜ)‐Leitungen lassen sich auch bereits bestehende Freileitungsnetze für Drehstrom ausbauen, um Netzengpässe zu überwinden. Derzeit gibt es netzgeführte und selbstgeführte Gleichstromsysteme. Beide Techniken bieten in unterschiedlichen Anwendungsbereichen Vorteile.
Rätselhafte Punktmuster eines gespiegelten Laserstrahls
Authors: Schlichting Hans Joachim
Published: May 2019

Strahlt man mit einem Laserpointer flach auf einen Spiegel, sodass das Spiegelbild auf einer senkrecht dazu aufgestellten Projektionswand erscheint, tritt eine ganze Serie von Reflexen auf, die sich einem nicht sofort erschließen.
Das Internationale System der Einheiten (SI)
Authors: Ullrich Joachim , Simon Jens
Published: May 2019

Im ersten Jahrgang von Physik in unserer Zeit erschien eine Meldung zur Verabschiedung des Internationalen Einheitensystems. Was ist daraus geworden?
Vorarbeit zur Laserkühlung
Authors: Loos Andreas
Published: May 2019

Als kühl wird er beschrieben, reserviert, „wenngleich offen und ohne Verstellung“, auch als „sehr genial und liebenswert“. Sein Humor klingt tatsächlich staubtrocken. Als Assistent erhält er für die Experimentalphysik‐Vorlesung die Aufgabe, einen Glasblock zu durchbohren, mit dem Ziel, feine Drähte durchzuziehen, um anschließend mit Hochspannung ein Loch in den Block zu sprengen. Jahre später erzählt er einem Kollegen: Die Sprengung im Hörsaal sei die Mühe des Bohrens wahrlich nicht wert gewesen. (Immerhin war sie wohl ein Kracher, was man von der Anekdote nicht sagen kann.)
Synthesis of graft copolymers by combination of radical photopolymerization and iniferter process
Authors: Ciftci Mustafa
Published: May 2019

Various PS‐based graft copolymers including polystyrene‐graft‐poly(methyl methacrylate) and poly(styrene‐graft‐poly(ethylene glycol) methacrylate) are prepared via subsequent visible light radical photopolymerization and iniferter processes. Thus, poly(styrene‐co‐4‐chloromethylstyrene) P(S‐co‐VBC) is synthesized by light induced free‐radical polymerization. Then, chloride moieties are substituted with triphenylmethyl (trityl) groups to give trityl‐substituted PS (PS‐trityl) under visible light irradiation using dimanganese decacarbonyl (Mn2(CO)10) photochemistry. Side chains are then grafted from PS‐trityl backbone via iniferter process to give desired graft copolymers in a controlled manner. The precursor intermediates and the final graft copolymers are analyzed by 1H NMR, FT‐IR, and GPC measurements. © 2019 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2019, 57, 1344–1348
Potential effect of anti‐inflammatory drug use on PSA kinetics and subsequent prostate cancer diagnosis: Risk stratification in black and white men with benign prostate biopsy
Authors: Kryvenko Oleksandr N. , Wang Yun , Sadasivan Sudha , Gupta Nilesh S. , Rogers Craig , Bobbitt Kevin , Chitale Dhananjay A. , Rundle Andrew , Tang Deliang , Rybicki Benjamin A.
Published: May 2019

Background

Rising prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels are associated with both increased risk of prostate cancer and prostatic inflammation. The confounding effects of inflammation on the utility of PSA kinetics to predict prostate cancer may be partially mitigated by anti‐inflammatory drug use. We investigated the influence of anti‐inflammatory drug use on the association of PSA kinetics with prostate cancer risk.

Methods

We studied 488 prostate cancer case‐control pairs (290 white, 198 African American (AA)) nested in a retrospective cohort of men with a benign prostate biopsy. A series of multivariable models estimated prostate cancer risk associated with PSA velocity (PSAV) at different levels of anti‐inflammatory drug use while adjusting for the presence of both clinical and histologic prostatitis.

Results

In men with one, two, or three or more courses of anti‐inflammatory drug use, for each ng/mL/year increase in PSAV, prostate cancer risk increased 1.21‐fold, 1.83‐fold, and 1.97‐fold, respectively (
P < 0.0001). In controls with histologic prostatitis, anti‐inflammatory drug use was associated with a significantly lower PSAV (
P < 0.0001). This association was not observed in men with histologic prostatitis who were subsequently diagnosed with prostate cancer. A positive interaction between anti‐inflammatory drug use and PSAV‐associated prostate cancer risk was only observed in AA men, as well as a strong positive association between any anti‐inflammatory drug use and clinical prostatitis (
P = 0.004).

Conclusions

In men with benign prostate biopsy, accounting for the presence of histologic prostatitis and anti‐inflammatory drug use, particularly in AA men, may help distinguish between men with rising PSA because of prostatitis vs undiagnosed cancer.
Patterns of response and progression in bone and soft tissue during and after treatment with radium‐223 for metastatic castrate‐resistant prostate cancer
Authors: McNamara Megan Ann , Oyekunle Taofik , Chin Bennett B. , Oldan Jorge , Anand Aseem , Ritz Michala , Shantzer Lindsey , Anand Monika , Armstrong Andrew J. , George Daniel J.
Published: May 2019

Background

Radium‐223 improves survival and time to first symptomatic skeletal event in symptomatic bone predominant metastatic castrate‐resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). The imaging response to radium‐223 has not been well characterized.

Methods

To describe patterns of response and progression with radium‐223, we performed a retrospective review of all mCPRC patients who received radium‐223 at Duke from 1 June 2013 to 1 June 2015. Radionuclide bone scans obtained at baseline, during, and after treatment were reviewed by two radiologists. The automated bone scan index (aBSI) was generated at each time point using EXINI boneBSI version 2.4. Computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) clinical radiology reports were reviewed to evaluate for soft tissue, visceral, epidural, and bone progression. Clinical data were abstracted from the electronic health record.

Results

We identified 61 men who received at least one dose of radium‐223 at Duke during the study period (median, 5 doses; range, 1‐6). Among men with imaging during treatment, 2 of 14 (14.3%) had resolution of greater than or equal to 1 lesion on bone scan, 4 of 14 (28.6%) had zero new bone lesions, 10 of 14 (71.4%) had greater than or equal to 1 new bone lesion, 14 of 26 (53.9%) progressed on CT. After radium‐223, 6 of 39 (15.4%) had resolution of 1 to 4 bone lesions, 15 of 39 (38.5%) demonstrated zero new bone lesions, 24 of 39 (61.5%) progressed on bone scan, 15 of 37 (40.5%) progressed on CT, and 10 of 34 (29.4%) progressed on both bone scan and CT. No men with zero new bone lesions after radium‐223 ultimately progressed in bone alone and only 3 of 15 eventually demonstrated any progression in the bone. aBSI decreased significantly from baseline to after radium‐223 among men with zero new bone lesions (median change in aBSI −0.23 [IQR, −1.5, 0.02]) and increased significantly for men with greater than or equal to 1 new postradium bone lesions (median change in aBSI 1.41 [IQR, −0.05, 3.63] [P = 0.018]).

Conclusions

Bone and soft tissue progression during and following radium‐223 is common in heavily pretreated men with mCRPC. However, stable disease and responses were observed in a subset of patients and may be associated with durable treatment response in the bone. Prospective studies are needed to further investigate the change in aBSI as a biomarker of bone scan response/stabilization and progression following treatment with radium‐223.
Deflagration in empty tank being rinsed with water
Authors: Britton Laurence G. , McDavid Benjamin C.
Published: May 2019

A deflagration occurred inside a 200‐gal (0.757 m3) atmospheric mixing vessel during the course of apparently normal operations. The vessel had previously been used to dilute 70% aqueous tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (t‐BHP) with deionized water. Ten minutes earlier the mixed batch had been transferred out and the vessel had been given a brief rinse with deionized water about 4 minutes after the transfer. The deflagration occurred soon after starting the second of two deionized water rinses. Although the hinged vessel lid was forced open and damaged there were no injuries or chemical exposures since no personnel were in the area at the time. The incident was caused by a faulty metering system that overcharged sodium hypochlorite (bleach) solution to the deionized water supply. The roughly 100‐fold overcharge of bleach resulted in a vigorous, gassy reaction with t‐BHP in the mixing vessel. The reaction generated a gas‐phase mixture comprising mostly acetone plus about 90% oxygen. The ignition energy of a replicated mixture was 0.015 mJ, similar to that of optimum hydrogen‐air, but with poor upward mixing of acetone the ignition energy could have been as small as 2 μJ. The source of ignition could not be identified with certainty; the “least improbable” scenario was considered to be a spark from an electrically charged slug of rinse water falling through an electrically charged mist that had formed during the gassy reaction. © 2019 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Process Saf Prog: e12054 2019
Research on evaluation of safety literacy based on social network analysis
Authors: Li Xiangchun , Li Qin , Long Yuzhen , Li Zhongbei , Liu Rong , Zhu Yunlong
Published: May 2019

There are inextricable links between the occurrence of accidents and the lack of employees' safety literacy. Researching on safety literacy evaluation is of great significance to find the deficiencies of practitioners in safety literacy. Based on social network analysis, this article makes a centrality analysis to analyze the indicators of safety literacy model, determines 16 core indicators of safety literacy model, and constructs a safety literacy index system. This article uses the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method to evaluate the safety literacy model and the level of safety literacy of the employees. The actual case study shows that the safety literacy evaluation system can effectively determine the safety literacy level of employees and explain the impact of safety literacy on personal unsafe behavior, corporate organizational behavior, and enterprise safety production.
Impact of non‐stationarity on hybrid ensemble filters: A study with a doubly stochastic advection‐diffusion‐decay model
Authors: Tsyrulnikov Michael , Rakitko Alexander
Published: May 2019

Effects of non‐stationarity on the performance of hybrid ensemble filters is studied. (By hybrid filters we mean those which blend ensemble covariances with some other regularizing covariances.) To isolate effects of non‐stationarity from effects due to nonlinearity (and the non‐Gaussianity it causes), a new doubly stochastic advection‐diffusion‐decay model (DSADM) is proposed. The model is hierarchical: it is a linear stochastic partial differential equation whose coefficients are random fields defined through their own stochastic partial differential equations. DSADM generates conditionally Gaussian spatiotemporal random fields with a tunable degree of non‐stationarity in space and time. DSADM allows the use of the exact Kalman filter as a baseline benchmark.

In numerical experiments with DSADM as the “model of truth”, the relative importance of the three kinds of covariance blending is studied: with static, time‐smoothed, and space‐smoothed covariances. It is shown that the stronger the non‐stationarity, the less useful the static covariance matrix becomes and the more beneficial the time‐smoothed covariances are. Time‐smoothing of background‐error covariances proved to be systematically more useful than their space‐smoothing. Under non‐stationarity, a filter that extends the (previously proposed by the authors) Hierarchical Bayes Ensemble Filter and accommodates the three covariance‐blending techniques is shown to outperform all other configurations of the filters tested.
Benzene Reduction in Reformate Gasoline by Competitive Hydrogenation: Effect of the Preparation Method
Authors: Rostamikia Taghi , Parsafard Nastaran , Peyrovi Mohammad Hasan
Published: May 2019

The hydrogenation of benzene in reformate gasoline was carried out over nickel supported on silica prepared by precipitation‐gel, co‐precipitation, deposition‐precipitation and sol‐gel techniques. The evaluation was investigated in a continuous fixed bed reactor fed by a stream of reformate gasoline at 398–473 K under atmospheric pressure. X‐ray diffraction, Field emission scanning electron microscopy, X‐ray fluorescence, energy dispersive X‐ray spectrometry‐map, H2 chemisorption and N2 adsorption/desorption techniques have been used to characterize the influence of preparation methods. In the present work, the influences of H2/benzene molar ratios and space velocities on catalytic activity were studied by calculating conversion, specific rate during the benzene hydrogenation. The results show that the surface area of supports is not effective on metal dispersion, and it depends upon the preparation method, the content of metal loading, and interaction between metal and supports. Benzene conversion with catalyst prepared by sol‐gel and deposition‐precipitation method was 4–6 times more than that of toluene. The best performance of benzene hydrogenation was achieved with catalyst prepared by deposition‐precipitation method at 448 K. Among the preparation method, deposition‐precipitation was the best method for preparation of nickel catalyst due to the high and homogeneous dispersion of nickel particles.
Derivatives of 1‐(2‐(Piperidin‐1‐yl)ethyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazole: Synthesis, Characterization, Determining of Electronic Properties and Cytotoxicity Studies
Authors: Akkoç Senem
Published: May 2019

A series of heterocyclic compounds were synthesized and fully characterized. The geometry optimization was carried out using the Density Functional Theory (DFT) method and the electronic properties of 1‐(2‐hydroxyethyl)‐3‐(2‐(piperidinium‐1‐yl)ethyl chloride)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐3‐ium bromide and 1‐(2‐methylbenzyl)‐3‐(2‐(piperidinium‐1‐yl)ethyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐3‐ium dichloride were calculated. Furthermore, the all compounds were evaluated for their potential anticancer activity towards different human cell lines. While 1‐(naphthalen‐1‐ylmethyl)‐3‐(2‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)ethyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐3‐ium chloride possessing naphthalen‐1‐ylmethyl group as substituent demonstrated important cytotoxic activity against human colorectal adenocarcinoma epithelial colon cell line (DLD‐1) with an IC50 value of 15.56 ± 4.01 μM, compound containing 4‐methylbenzyl group showed the most anticancer activity towards human liver epithelial hepatocellular carcinoma cell line (HepG2) with IC50 value of 15.16 μM. Moreover, microscopic examination of cells was done using Leica inverted microscopy and Olympus confocal microscope. Confocal images of DLD‐1 and human normal epithelial virus transformed cell line (Beas‐2B), which were treated with 20 μM of compounds, indicated that compounds 1‐(4‐methylbenzyl)‐3‐(2‐(piperidinium‐1‐yl)ethyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐3‐ium dichloride and 1‐(naphthalen‐1‐ylmethyl)‐3‐(2‐(piperidin‐1‐yl)ethyl)‐1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐3‐ium chloride had more cytotoxic activity.
A Facile Green Synthesis of Chromene Derivatives as Antioxidant and Antibacterial Agents Through a Modified Natural Soil
Authors: Mashhadinezhad Maryam , Mamaghani Manouchehr , Rassa Mehdi , Shirini Farhad
Published: May 2019

A convenient, one‐pot multi‐component methodology was developed for the preparation of tetrahydro‐4H‐chromene and dihydropyrano[c]chromene derivatives as important biologically active compounds using nanoporous Na+‐montmorillonite perchloric acid as a modified natural soil. All desired products were prepared with high yield in short times. The synthesized compounds were screened for their biological activities. In vitro antioxidant activity of the synthesized compounds was studied by 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) (ABTS) assay. The results showed that some compounds possess significant antioxidant activities (IC50 = 0.11 – 0.51 μM) in comparison to ascorbic acid as standard. The antimicrobial activity of these compounds was also investigated against four bacterial strains including Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli and structure‐activity relationships were established. The results revealed that some of the compounds exhibited significant activities compared to the standard drugs. Ease of preparation of reagent and bioactive products, simple work‐up, suitable reaction times, high yields and reusability of the reagent are noteworthy advantages of this method. Also, it is worth mentioning that clays have a natural origin and are found abundantly in nature. For this reason, they are cheaper than other nanomaterials and the processes performed by them will be more affordable.
Synthesis of a Highly Efficient Multifunctional Copper (II)‐Pyridyl Complex for Adsorption and Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Dyes
Authors: Jain Harshita , Joshi Ankita , Ramachandran C. N. , Kumar Rakesh
Published: May 2019

A new copper (II) pyridyl complex CP1, has been synthesized for adsorption as well as photocatalytic degradation of Methylene Blue (MB) and Rhodamine B (RhB) dyes and characterized through FT‐IR, LC–MS, FE‐SEM, TEM and EPR studies. The density functional theoretical (DFT) study was performed to determine the mode of binding of CuII ions with ligand 1 to form complex CP1. Photoluminescence study in solid state suggests that CP1 could act as potential green light emitter. The adsorption of MB and RhB dyes on the surface of CP1 is found to depend on adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of dyes and contact time. In addition, adsorption of dyes on CP1 is found to follow Freundlich adsorption isotherm and pseudo‐second order kinetics. The photocatalytic degradation was performed under visible light irradiation which reveals that 95.8% of MB (16 mgL−1) and 93.7% of RhB (23.95 mgL−1) can be decolorized in 35 minutes using 0.3 gL−1 of catalyst. To determine the intermediates formed during photocatalytic degradation of dyes, LC–MS spectra is also obtained. From the LC–MS spectra, intermediates are identified and mechanism of degradation of dyes has been proposed.
Label‐Free Fluorometric Detection of Adulterant Malachite Green Using Carbon Dots Derived from the Medicinal Plant Source Ocimum tenuiflorum
Authors: Shukla Devyani , Pandey Fanindra Pati , Kumari Puja , Basu Nilanjan , Tiwari Manish K. , Lahiri Jayeeta , Kharwar Ravindra N. , Parmar Avanish S.
Published: May 2019

Food adulteration is an alarming concern in developing countries causing an increased rate of cancer incidents. This study aims to address this concern by detecting adulteration in green vegetables. A facile green one‐step and cost‐effective strategy to synthesize carbon quantum dots derived from a herbal source has been utilized to design a fluorescence‐based sensor for detecting malachite green (MG), a toxic carcinogenic dye, commonly used as an adulterant to give a fresh green look to green vegetables. The leaf‐extract of Ocimum tenuiflorum has been used to synthesize highly photostable carbon dots for detecting MG with a limit of detection (LOD) as low as 18 nM. Further, this principle has been utilized to design a prototype calorimetric sensor. The mechanism of the interaction between malachite green and carbon dots has been probed using DFT by employing the SMD solvation model. In addition, CQDs also possess strong antioxidant activity and minimal cytotoxicity enabling their utilization in many biological and sensing applications. This shows the versatility of these easily scalable carbon dots.
An Account on the Versatility of Dopamine as a Functional Monomer in Molecular Imprinting
Authors: Zaidi Shabi Abbas
Published: May 2019

Apart from being a vital catecholamine molecule responsible for the proper functioning of central nervous system (CNS), hormonal and renal systems, dopamine (DA) has also been increasingly employed as a functional monomer in the fabrication of surface molecular imprinting of valuable analytes, especially for proteins. The application of dopamine as functional monomer was inspired from mussel adhesion protein, its capability of self‐polymerization under weak alkaline aqueous solution resulting into thin biocompatible highly cross‐linked polydopmaine (PDA) film and cost‐effectiveness. Furthermore, it could adhere strongly on various (organic and inorganic) substrates without any attachment, and possesses plenty of noncovalent functionalities such as amino‐containing groups, hydroxyl‐containing groups and π‐π for further modifications. In this first ever review, we focused our attention on the utilization and influence of DA as a functional monomer in the fabrication of molecular imprinting and discussed it comprehensively.
Covalent Triazine Frameworks as Metal Free Catalysts for the Oxidative Coupling of Amines to Imines
Authors: Zheng He , Shi Song , Wang Xinhong , Zhao Li , Zhu Guozhi , Liu Meng , Gao Jin , Xu Jie
Published: May 2019

Covalent triazine frameworks (CTFs) were reported as heterogeneous catalysts for the oxidative coupling of benzylamines to imines. The CTFs with different monomers were characterized by TEM, XRD, FT‐IR, XPS, ICP etc. The CTFs showed good performances in various amines coupling and good stability for recycle reactions. High activities of the CTFs for amines coupling were attributed to the triazine structure and unique nature itself. ReactIR was used to investigate the catalytic process and two reaction routes were put forward according to the results.
Synthesis, Microstructure and Photodegradation Activity of Bismuth Tungsten Oxides
Authors: Shi Jiawei , Liang Ying , Li Zhi , Fang Bin
Published: May 2019

Bi2WO6, Bi2WO6/Bi3.84W0.16O6.24, Bi3.84W0.16O6.24/Bi2WO6 and Bi3.84W0.16O6.24 have been synthesized by a hydrothermal method. The pH and solvent species of the precursor play important roles in the phase composition and microstructure of the products, and further determine the photodegradation activitiy. The orthorhombic Bi2WO6 phase displays hierarchical architectures with different morphologies assembled by nanoplates, while the cubic Bi3.84W0.16O6.24 phase exhibits octahedron‐like particles. All samples possess absorption bands in the visible‐light region. Among the samples, Bi2WO6 structures exhibit the enhanced photodegradation activity due to the combination of the features of the ultrathin nanoplates and their assembled architectures. The special microstructure of Bi2WO6 can facilitate the transfer of photogenerated carriers to the interface of photocatalysts and dyes, and provide more active sites for the reactions of dyes and active radicles.
One‐Step Synthesis of Silica‐Coated Carbon Dots with Controllable Solid‐State Fluorescence for White Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Zhan Yuan , Shang Bin , Chen Min , Wu Limin
Published: May 2019

Carbon dots (CDots)‐based solid‐state luminescent materials have important applications in light‐emitting devices owing to their outstanding optical properties. However, it still remains a challenge to develop multiple‐color‐emissive solid‐state CDots, due to the serious self‐quenching of the CDots in the aggregation or solid state. Herein, a one‐step synthesis of multiple‐color‐emissive solid‐state silica‐coated CDots (silica/CDots) composites by controlling CDots loading fraction and composite morphology to realize the adjustment of emitting color is reported. The emission of resultant silica/CDots composites shifts from blue to orange with the photoluminescence quantum yields of 57.9%, 34.3%, and 32.7% for blue, yellow, and orange emitting, respectively. Furthermore, the yellow emitting silica/CDots composites exhibit an excellent fluorescence thermal stability, and further have been applied to fabricate white‐light‐emitting devices with a high color rendering index of above 80.
Continuous software engineering and its support by usage and decision knowledge: An interview study with practitioners
Authors: Johanssen Jan Ole , Kleebaum Anja , Paech Barbara , Bruegge Bernd
Published: May 2019

Continuous software engineering (CSE) emerged as a process that is increasingly applied by practitioners. However, different perceptions impede its adoption in industry. Furthermore, opportunities through utilizing usage and decision knowledge remain unexploited. We conducted a semi‐structured interview study with 24 practitioners from 17 companies to study how practitioners apply CSE during software evolution and how usage and decision knowledge can support CSE. Regarding the application of CSE, we identified five perspectives on CSE with tool‐ and methodology‐driven definitions most prevalent. Automated tests, involved users, and shared rulesets are perceived as most relevant for CSE. Practitioners report more positive than negative experiences; however, more than half of their responses were neutral. Practitioners' future plans for CSE focus on enhancement, expansion, and on‐demand adaption. Regarding the integration of usage and decision knowledge into CSE, practitioners perceive accountability and traceability as major benefits, while raising concerns about its feasibility and user groups. As short‐term extensions, practitioners expect improvements regarding automation and role aspects, while long‐term additions to integration and experimentation capabilities are demanded. We conclude that CSE remains partially difficult to capture for practitioners, while their attitude toward integrating usage and decision knowledge into CSE is positive.
Estimating the Associations between SNAP and Food Insecurity, Obesity, and Food Purchases with Imperfect Administrative Measures of Participation
Authors: Courtemanche Charles , Denteh Augustine , Tchernis Rusty
Published: May 2019

Administrative data are considered the “gold standard” when measuring program participation, but little evidence exists on their potential problems or implications for econometric estimates. We explore these issues using the FoodAPS, a unique data set containing two different administrative measures of Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation and a survey‐based measure. We document substantial ambiguity in the two administrative measures and show that they disagree with each other almost as often as they disagree with self‐reported participation. Estimated participation and misreporting rates can be meaningfully sensitive to choices made to resolve this ambiguity and disagreement. We explore sensitivity in regression estimates of the associations between SNAP and food insecurity, obesity, and the healthy eating index. The signs are unchanged across the three measures, and the estimates are mostly not statistically different from each other. However, there are some meaningful differences in the magnitudes and levels of statistical significance of the estimates.
Terror per Capita
Authors: Jetter Michael , Stadelmann David
Published: May 2019

Studies on the correlates of terrorism usually analyze total numbers of attacks or victims per country. However, what we may ultimately care about in terms of policy recommendations is the likelihood of any individual being subject to the respective phenomenon. Thus, we propose and explore a simple alternative measure of terrorism: terror per capita. Studying terror per capita across 162 countries from 1970–2015, the associated correlates differ substantially in terms of sign, levels of statistical significance, and magnitude from those when analyzing total terror. We illustrate two cases in point, serving as proof of concept. First, democracy, often associated with more total terror, emerges as a marginally negative predictor of terror per capita. Second, a larger share of Muslims in society is associated with a positive and statistically significant link to total terror, but emerges as a negative predictor of terror per capita. We find similar changes in sign and statistical relevance for GDP per capita and language fractionalization as correlates of terrorism. Depending on the policy question, studying terror per capita can greatly enhance our understanding of terrorism drivers, especially when analyzing data across countries with vastly differing population sizes.
Einfluss der Zugmodelle auf die dynamische Antwort von 75 Stahl‐, Verbund‐ und Stahlbetonbrücken
Authors: Glatz Bernhard , Fink Josef
Published: May 2019

In vielen Fällen sind für den Nachweis von Eisenbahnbrücken unter Hochgeschwindigkeitsverkehr dynamische Berechnungen erforderlich, um den Effekt der Resonanz bei bestimmten Geschwindigkeiten ausreichend genau abschätzen zu können. Sowohl die Tragwerke als auch die Fahrzeuge können dabei in unterschiedlichen Detaillierungsgraden modelliert werden, wodurch die Ergebnisqualität direkt beeinflusst wird. Durch den Vergleich mit Messergebnissen zeigt sich, dass die tatsächliche Tragwerksantwort durch einfache Rechenmodelle tendenziell überschätzt wird. In diesem Artikel werden drei Methoden vorgestellt, wie die rechnerische Tragwerksantwort durch die realitätsnähere Modellbildung reduziert werden kann. Anhand von Vergleichsrechnungen an 75 Einfeldträgerbrücken des österreichischen Eisenbahnnetzes für den Railjet werden die Einflüsse von gemessenen Dämpfungswerten, der Lastverteilung durch den Gleiskörper und einer Mehrkörpersimulation des überfahrenden Zuges beurteilt. In Abhängigkeit von den Tragwerkseigenschaften zeigt sich die zu erwartende Reduktion der Vertikalbeschleunigungen für jede der drei Methoden.