bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Isolated Varieties
Authors: Schreier Daniel , Inofuentes Danae Perez
Published: June 2014

This chapter explores the role of isolation as an important sociolinguistic variable in the evolution of language varieties. We outline three dimensions of isolation: geographic, social, and socio-psychological isolation. In insular settings, for example, geographic isolation is the most influential factor in the independent evolution of a variety, whereas in so-called Sprachinseln and immigrant communities, social and socio-psychological isolation may be more important. Moreover, the chapter discusses sociolinguistic changes in isolated communities, both in terms of retention of linguistic features as well as in local innovation. We argue that isolated communities and their individual histories lend themselves ideally to investigations in dialectology, contact linguistics, and diachronic processes of language change.
World Englishes and Syntactic and Semantic Theory
Authors: Fong Vivienne
Published: June 2014

Research on the world’s Englishes presents rich data with which to test syntactic and semantic theories. This chapter discusses selected data from World Englishes that show a range of variation and quantitative patterns, and outlines three theoretical approaches to data of this type. The discussion highlights the benefits of theory-driven descriptions and theory-based studies of the syntax and semantics of World Englishes for developing unified explanations of linguistic phenomena.
Collecting and Analyzing Observation of Music Teaching and Learning Data
Authors: Schmidt Margaret
Published: June 2014

Observation is a primary means for collecting qualitative data. Observing for a research project requires focused attention beyond ordinary observing in daily life. Researchers must not only notice what is going on, but must also identify patterns and anomalies in observed behavior. From these, researchers attempt to make sense of what they observe in light of a study’s questions, while remaining alert to possible blind spots or interference from personal biases or prior experiences. This chapter discusses nine aspects of working with observational data: preparing for observations; determining the researcher’s role along the participant-observer continuum; entering and leaving a site and developing rapport; determining what and how to observe; collecting data, including field notes and artifacts; maintaining a data record; coding and analyzing data; identifying authorial voice for writing the research report; and ethical considerations.
Music-Making As Data
Authors: Pellegrino Kristen
Published: June 2014

This chapter summarizes and compares standard qualitative analysis software (often referred to as Qualitative Data Analysis Software (QDAS)) that might be used in research supporting music teaching and learning.  After reviewing the historical development of such software,  an overall description is provided and guidelines established for its use.  A comparison of seven standard titles is provided that includes details regarding operating system support (Windows/Mac), cost, and basic functionality.  The strengths of each QDAS package is highlighted and examples are provided on how the software has been employed by music education researchers to date.  Reasons to use or not to use such packages are suggested.   A case is provided for more extensive use of QDAS in the music education research community.
Qualitative Research in Early Childhood Music Education
Authors: Reynolds Alison M.
Published: June 2014

In 1937, Moorhead and Pond generated the first of their Pillsbury Studies; yet, between their studies and about 1980, the history of early childhood music education qualitative research in the United States lacks subsequent examples. This chapter traces that history up to 2012, alongside the history of the profession’s attention to defining music education for young children, honoring the 75th anniversary of and continued contributions of Moorhead and Pond's research. The chapter offers a survey of qualitative research topics and approaches from a now-abundant repository of examples, as well as contemporary considerations for adult researchers—including ways children perceive them in their role—as they co-construct, document, and disseminate research alongside young children. The chapter closes with suggestions for future researchers, including recommendations to increase efforts to communicate with policymakers about qualitative early childhood music education research findings.
Qualitative Choral Music Research
Authors: Sweet Bridget
Published: June 2014

This chapter provides a comprehensive review of qualitative choral music education research conducted in the United States.  Research revealed that safe spaces are valuable to choral teachers and students, choir members, and directors.  In addition, the choral environment and qualities of the teacher have the power to positively and/or negatively sway choral participation, regardless of a chorister’s stage of life.  From this review it is clear that participation in choral music can be a multi-faceted experience, as can benefits received from participation.  It was found that no qualitative research has been specifically focused on female adolescent choir students and that little qualitative research has been conducted with former choral students or non-singers.
A Critical Analysis of Qualitative Research on Learning to Teach Music in Preservice Music Teacher Education
Authors: Campbell Mark Robin , Thompson Linda K.
Published: June 2014

This chapter examines qualitative research from 1990 to the present that is focused on how people learn to teach music in preservice music teacher education programs. The primary goal is to coordinate and synthesize what is known currently about how people learn to teach music. A second goal is to provide directions for future research and considerations for improving quality.
Qualitative Research Examining Students with Exceptionalities in Music Education
Authors: Hourigan Ryan M.
Published: June 2014

According to the National Center for Educational Statistics, 5.9 million students ages 6 to 21 are served under the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act. Qualitative investigations of phenomena surrounding students with exceptionalities in music education have provided insight into the plight of students with learning challenges. Specifically, qualitative inquiry provides the unique viewpoint of all stakeholders, including music educators, students, and families. This chapter will examine qualitative research and students with disabilities as well as investigations into the inclusion of students with specific diagnoses into music classrooms. In addition, this chapter will review research in music teacher preparation and conclude with recommendations for future qualitative research.
Saving Improvisation
Authors: Gooley Dana
Published: June 2014

This chapter surveys improvisation in the western classical tradition during a period of transition ca. 1800–1830. It considers not only why improvisational practices declined in this period, but also how they were preserved and revalidated in accordance with new musical values. It examines the free fantasies of Johann Nepomuk Hummel, an exceptionally famous composer-virtuoso of this period who was renowned for his improvisational brilliance. Critical responses and public reactions suggest that Hummel’s free fantasies were valued for their capacity to bridge the gap between connoisseurs and dilettantes, as well as the gap between public and private spheres. The chapter reflects on solo improvisation and its relationship to the social significance of improvisation.
Archaeozoology
Authors: Clutton-Brock Juliet
Published: June 2014

Archaeozoology may be defined as the scientific evaluation of faunal materials retrieved from archaeological sites. These include all the organic remains left in the soil after the death and decay of animals but also the representation of animals in rock art and on portable materials. Zooarchaeology is a comparable term but differs in that the primary reason for study of the animals is archaeological rather than zoological. However, the two terms are often used as synonyms. A summary is given of the development of archaeozoology as a multidisciplinary science, followed by examples of investigations on mammalian remains that exemplify how comparative osteology, isotope analysis, molecular biology, radiocarbon dating, and searches of literature can all be used to reveal the roles played by the multiplicity of animal species that have been associated with human societies over millennia since the end of the last Ice Age.
Animals in Folklore
Authors: Sax Boria
Published: June 2014

This essay surveys the representation of animals in folklore from the fables of Aesop to the search for Bigfoot. Unlike most of modern culture, folklore attributes great power, understanding, autonomy, and significance to animals. While folklorists have often found this deeply poetic, they were also made uncomfortable by the suggestion of magic and, to protect their claim to superior rationality, tried to distance themselves from folktales. The English demonized animal helpers in fairy tales, while the French gave these figures human form. The Grimm brothers and other romantics removed fairy tales from the context of everyday life by placing them in a remote realm such as an ancient civilization, a marginal social order, or the enchanted world of childhood. As the naturalistic paradigm, with its implicit anthropocentrism, declines, folk literature provides models for more balanced relationships between animals and human beings.
Markers of Inflammation in the Breath in Paediatric Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Huang Yixi , Lemberg Daniel A. , Day Andrew S. , Dixon Barbara , Leach Steven , Bujanover Yoram , Jaffe Adam , Thomas Paul S.
Published: June 2014

Objectives:

Breath analysis and exhaled breath condensate (EBC) collection are simple and noninvasive processes whereby inflammatory mediators and other biomarkers can be assessed in diseases that affect the lung. It was hypothesised that markers of epithelial dysfunction and secretion, such as a low pH, 8‐isoprostane, and release of epithelial factors such as trefoil factor 2 (TFF2) and mucin, would be elevated in the breath of those with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim was to compare the levels of these biomarkers in EBC and the fraction of expired nitric oxide (FENO) in children with Crohn disease (CD), in those with asthma, and in normal individuals in a pilot study.

Methods:

EBC was collected from patients in the 3 groups mentioned above in a cross‐sectional design. pH, 8‐isoprostane, TFF2, and mucin levels were measured in the EBC. Spirometry was performed in asthmatic patients and patients with IBD, whereas FENO and skin prick tests were performed in patients with IBD.

Results:

Breath samples including EBC were collected from 80 patients (30 CD, 30 asthma, 20 controls). Compared with controls, EBC pH was lower in children with IBD (P < 0.0001) or asthma (P = 0.0041). 8‐Isoprostane levels differed between the 3 groups (P < 0.05). EBC TFF2 was mainly less than the limit of detection, whereas mucin levels did not differ significantly between the 3 groups. FENO was measurable in children with IBD, but did not correlate with disease activity or serum markers of inflammation.

Conclusions:

A lower EBC pH may reflect inflammatory events either in the lung or systemically. 8‐Isoprostane, FENO, and mucin were detected for the first time in the EBC of children with IBD. Further studies are required to assess the value of these assessments.
A Vygotskian perspective on parent–child talk during iPad story sharing
Authors: Kucirkova Natalia , Sheehy Kieron , Messer David
Published: June 2014

This study explores the themes in the talk of two mothers and daughters as they share a self‐created story with an iPad app. Vygotsky's theory of learning is applied to inform a thematic analysis and help interpret the learning potential within the observed parent–child exchanges. A deductive–inductive thematic analysis identified three recurring themes in the parent–child talk: realistic fiction, scaffolding variations, and engaged players and objects of ‘play’. The themes suggested that Vygotsky's theory has particular relevance in exploring the learning processes facilitated by the iPad app. In addition, however, post‐Vygotskian theoretical frameworks were helpful in capturing the dynamic co‐construction of the authentic and multimedia stories parents and children shared.
Self‐Murder, Female Agency and Manuscripts ‘Mangle'd and Falsify'd’: Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's ‘1736. Address'd To –’ and The London Magazine
Authors: Tung Shirley F.
Published: June 2014

Abstract: This article examines the effect of periodical formats on the reception history of eighteenth‐century poetry by tracing the composition and coterie circulation of Lady Mary Wortley Montagu's holograph manuscript ‘1736. Address'd To –’, and its unauthorised publication in the June 1749 issue of The London Magazine under the revised title ‘Verses on Self‐Murder, address'd to – by A Lady’. The article argues that through misinterpretations of ‘Address'd To –’ as the product of disordered sensibility and as a result of editorial changes made by The London Magazine, Montagu's equivocal ‘philosophical reflexion’ on the Stoic afterlife is transformed into a sensationalised ‘lady's’ polemic defending suicide.
Efficient development of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers based on polymorphic repeats in transcriptome sequences of multiple individuals
Authors: Vukosavljev M. , Esselink G. D. , van ’t Westende W. P. C. , Cox P. , Visser R. G. F. , Arens P. , Smulders M. J. M.
Published: June 2014

The first hurdle in developing microsatellite markers, cloning, has been overcome by next‐generation sequencing. The second hurdle is testing to differentiate polymorphic from nonpolymorphic loci. The third hurdle, somewhat hidden, is that only polymorphic markers with a large effective number of alleles are sufficiently informative to be deployed in multiple studies. Both steps are laborious and still performed manually. We have developed a strategy in which we first screen reads from multiple genotypes for repeats that show the most length variants, and only these are subsequently developed into markers. We validated our strategy in tetraploid garden rose using Illumina paired‐end transcriptome sequences of 11 roses. Of 48 tested two markers failed to amplify, but all others were polymorphic. Ten loci amplified more than one locus, indicating duplicated genes or gene families. Completely avoiding duplicated loci will be difficult because the range of numbers of predicted alleles of highly polymorphic single‐ and multilocus markers largely overlapped. Of the remainder, half were replicate markers (i.e. multiple primer pairs for one locus), indicating the difficulty of correctly filtering short reads containing repeat sequences. We subsequently refined the approach to eliminate multiple primer sets to the same loci. The remaining 18 markers were all highly polymorphic, amplifying on average 11.7 alleles per marker (range = 6–20) in 11 tetraploid roses, exceeding the 8.2 alleles per marker of the 24 most polymorphic markers genotyped previously. This strategy therefore represents a major step forward in the development of highly polymorphic microsatellite markers.
Combination of blood tests for significant fibrosis and cirrhosis improves the assessment of liver‐prognosis in chronic hepatitis C
Authors: Boursier J. , Brochard C. , Bertrais S. , Michalak S. , Gallois Y. , Fouchard‐Hubert I. , Oberti F. , Rousselet M.‐C. , Calès P.
Published: June 2014

Background

Recent longitudinal studies have emphasised the prognostic value of noninvasive tests of liver fibrosis and cross‐sectional studies have shown their combination significantly improves diagnostic accuracy.

Aim

To compare the prognostic accuracy of six blood fibrosis tests and liver biopsy, and evaluate if test combination improves the liver‐prognosis assessment in chronic hepatitis C (CHC).

Methods

A total of 373 patients with compensated CHC, liver biopsy (Metavir F) and blood tests targeting fibrosis (APRI, FIB4, Fibrotest, Hepascore, FibroMeter) or cirrhosis (CirrhoMeter) were included. Significant liver‐related events (SLRE) and liver‐related deaths were recorded during follow‐up (started the day of biopsy).

Results

During the median follow‐up of 9.5 years (3508 person‐years), 47 patients had a SLRE and 23 patients died from liver‐related causes. For the prediction of first SLRE, most blood tests allowed higher prognostication than Metavir F [Harrell C‐index: 0.811 (95% CI: 0.751–0.868)] with a significant increase for FIB4: 0.879 [0.832–0.919] (P = 0.002), FibroMeter: 0.870 [0.812–0.922] (P = 0.005) and APRI: 0.861 [0.813–0.902] (P = 0.039). Multivariate analysis identified FibroMeter, CirrhoMeter and sustained viral response as independent predictors of first SLRE. CirrhoMeter was the only independent predictor of liver‐related death. The combination of FibroMeter and CirrhoMeter classifications into a new FM/CM classification improved the liver‐prognosis assessment compared to Metavir F staging or single tests by identifying five subgroups of patients with significantly different prognoses.

Conclusions

Some blood fibrosis tests are more accurate than liver biopsy for determining liver prognosis in CHC. A new combination of two complementary blood tests, one targeted for fibrosis and the other for cirrhosis, optimises assessment of liver‐prognosis.
Review article: the management of portal hypertensive gastropathy and gastric antral vascular ectasia in cirrhosis
Authors: Patwardhan V. R. , Cardenas A.
Published: June 2014

Background

Portal hypertensive gastropathy (PHG) and gastric antral vascular ectasia (GAVE) are important causes of both acute and chronic gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with cirrhosis.

Aim

To review the current management of PHG and GAVE.

Methods

PubMed was searched for English language articles using the key words ‘GAVE’, ‘gastric antral vascular ectasia’, ‘cirrhosis’, ‘gastrointestinal bleeding’, ‘acute’, ‘chronic’, ‘portal hypertensive gastropathy’, ‘watermelon stomach’, ‘radiofrequency ablation’, ‘band ligation’, ‘thermoablation’ and ‘TIPSS’.

Results

GAVE and PHG are both encountered in patients with cirrhosis. They can be seen in asymptomatic patients and in those with either acute or chronic gastrointestinal bleeding. PHG, by definition, requires the presence of portal hypertension, with or without cirrhosis, whereas GAVE requires neither cirrhosis nor portal hypertension. They can often be diagnosed on endoscopic appearance alone, but may require biopsy in certain cases. The treatment of PHG is aimed at reducing hepatic venous pressure gradients, most often by pharmacologic means, but may require shunt procedures in severe cases. Management of GAVE on the other hand is predominantly endoscopic, focusing on various ablative techniques.

Conclusions

Gastric antral vascular ectasia and portal hypertensive gastropathy are distinct entities and are both encountered in cirrhotic patients. Management of portal hypertensive gastropathy is centred on reduction in portal pressures, whereas treatment of gastric antral vascular ectasia is predominantly endoscopic.
Does integrity matter for CSR practice in organizations? The mediating role of transformational leadership
Authors: Veríssimo José M.C. , Lacerda Teresa M.C.
Published: June 2014

Scholars have long debated whether leader's integrity affects managerial decision making with respect to social responsibility. In this paper, we propose a model in which transformational leadership mediates integrity and corporate social responsibility (CSR) and examine the relationship between these concepts. A survey of 170 senior managers from 50 organizations was conducted. Results indicate that integrity is a predictor of transformational leadership behavior and that transformational leaders’ behaviors are linked to CSR practices. It was also found that leaders rated with higher integrity are engaged in CSR because they exhibit more transformational leadership behaviors. These findings add to the extant literature by demonstrating that integrity is important as transformational leaders engage more actively on ‘responsible’ behaviors. Practical implications call for an understanding among corporate leaders of the benefits of integrity and how it relates to transformational leadership. Organizations can improve their selection and leadership development processes by focusing on these two dimensions.
Evaluating the persistence of post‐fire residual patches in the eastern Canadian boreal mixedwood forest
Authors: Ouarmim Samira , Ali Adam A. , Asselin Hugo , Hély Christelle , Bergeron Yves
Published: June 2014

In boreal forest ecosystems, wildfire severity (i.e. the extent of fire‐related tree mortality) is affected by environmental conditions and fire intensity. A burned area usually includes tree patches that partially or entirely escaped fire, called ‘residual patches’. Although the occurrence of residual patches has been extensively documented, their persistence through time, and thus their capacity to escape several consecutive fires, has not yet been investigated. Macroscopic charcoal particles embedded in organic soils were used to reconstruct the fire history of 13 residual patches of the eastern Canadian boreal mixedwood forest. Our results display the existence of two types of residual patches: (i) patches that only escaped fire by chance, maybe because of local site or meteorological conditions unsuitable for fire spread (random patches), and (ii) patches with lower fire susceptibility, also called ‘fire refuges’ that escaped at least two consecutive fires, probably because of particular site characteristics. Fire refuges can escape fire for more than 500 years, up to several thousand years, and probably burn only during exceptionally severe fire events. Special conservation efforts could target fire refuges owing to their old age, long ecological continuity and potential specific biological diversity associated to different microhabitats.
Suppression of blastogenesis and proliferation of activated CD4+ T cells: intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg)versusnovel anti-human leucocyte antigen (HLA)-E monoclonal antibodies mimicking HLA-I reactivity of IVIg
Authors: Ravindranath M H , Terasaki P I , Pham T , Jucaud V , Kawakita S
Published: June 2014

Activated CD4+ T cells undergo blastogenesis and proliferation and they express several surface receptors, including β2-microglobulin-free human leucocyte antigen (HLA) heavy chains (open conformers). Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIg) suppresses activated T cells, but the mechanism is unclear. IVIg reacts with HLA-Ia/Ib antigens but its reactivity is lost when the anti-HLA-E Ab is adsorbed out. Anti-HLA-E antibodies may bind to the peptides shared by HLA-E and the HLA-I alleles. These shared peptides are cryptic in intact HLA, but exposed in open conformers. The hypothesis that anti-HLA-E monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that mimic HLA-I reactivity of IVIg may suppress activated T cells by binding to the shared peptides of the open conformers on the T cell surface was tested by examining the relative binding affinity of those mAbs for open conformers coated on regular beads and for intact HLA coated on iBeads, and by comparing the effects on the suppression of phytohaemagglutinin (PHA)-activated T cells of three entities: IVIg, anti-HLA-E mAbs that mimic IVIg [Terasaki Foundation Laboratory (TFL)-006 and (TFL)-007]; and anti-HLA-E antibodies that do not mimic IVIg (TFL-033 and TFL-037). Suppression of blastogenesis and proliferation of those T cells by both IVIg and the anti-HLA-E mAbs was dose-dependent, the dose required with mAbs 50–150-fold lower than with IVIg. TFL-006 and TFL-007 significantly suppressed blastogenesis and proliferation of activated CD4+ T cells, but neither the non-IVIg-mimicking mAbs nor control antibodies did so. The suppression may be mediated by Fab-binding of TFL-006/TFL-007 to the exposed shared peptides. The mAb binding to the open conformer may signal T cell deactivation because the open conformers have an elongated cytoplasmic tail with phosphorylation sites (tryosine320/serine335).
Genetic polymorphism related to exfoliative glaucoma is also associated with primary open‐angle glaucoma risk
Authors: Zanon‐Moreno Vicente , Zanon‐Moreno Laura , Ortega‐Azorin Carolina , Asensio‐Marquez Eva M , Garcia‐Medina Jose Javier , Sanz Pedro , Pinazo‐Duran Maria D , Ordovás Jose M , Corella Dolores
Published: June 2014

Background

To investigate the possible association of the rs2165241 polymorphism (C > T) in LOXL1 gene with the risk of primary open‐angle glaucoma in a Mediterranean population.

Methods

The analysis of genetic polymorphisms was performed by standard TaqMan allelic discrimination technique, using a 7900HT Sequence Detection System (Applied Biosystems).

Results

In a recessive genetic model, the T allele of the rs2165241 polymorphism was significantly associated with the risk of primary open‐angle glaucoma (TT vs. CC: odds ratios = 2.19, 95% confidence interval = [1.33–3.62]). After multivariate logistic regression model adjusted by age and weight, the magnitude of the association decreased but remained statistically significant (TT vs. CC: odds ratios = 2.07, 95% confidence interval = [1.20–3.57]).

Conclusion

This polymorphism seems to be associated with high risk for primary open‐angle glaucoma in a Mediterranean population.
Enhancing Research Ethics Review Systems in Egypt: The Focus of an International Training Program Informed by an Ecological Developmental Approach to Enhancing Research Ethics Capacity
Authors: Edwards Hillary Anne , Hifnawy Tamer , Silverman Henry
Published: June 2014

Recently, training programs in research ethics have been established to enhance individual and institutional capacity in research ethics in the developing world. However, commentators have expressed concern that the efforts of these training programs have placed ‘too great an emphasis on guidelines and research ethics review’, which will have limited effect on ensuring ethical conduct in research. What is needed instead is a culture of ethical conduct supported by national and institutional commitment to ethical practices that are reinforced by upstream enabling conditions (strong civil society, public accountability, and trust in basic transactional processes), which are in turn influenced by developmental conditions (basic freedoms of political freedoms, economic facilities, social opportunities, transparency guarantees, and protective security). Examining this more inclusive understanding of the determinants of ethical conduct enhances at once both an appreciation of the limitations of current efforts of training programs in research ethics and an understanding of what additional training elements are needed to enable trainees to facilitate national and institutional policy changes that enhance research practices. We apply this developmental model to a training program focused in Egypt to describe examples of such additional training activities.
Impact of rosiglitazone on body composition, hepatic fat, fatty acids, adipokines and glucose in persons with impaired fasting glucose or impaired glucose tolerance: a sub‐study of the DREAM trial
Authors: Punthakee Z. , Alméras N. , Després J.‐P. , Dagenais G. R. , Anand S. S. , Hunt D. L. , Sharma A. M. , Jung H. , Yusuf S. , Gerstein H. C.
Published: June 2014

Aims

Thiazolidinediones reduce ectopic fat, increase adiponectin and reduce inflammatory adipokines, fatty acids and glucose in people with Type 2 diabetes. We aimed to measure these effects in people with impaired fasting glucose and/or impaired glucose tolerance.

Methods

After approximately 3.5 years of exposure to rosiglitazone 8 mg (n = 88) or placebo (n = 102), 190 DREAM trial participants underwent abdominal computed tomography and dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry scans. Visceral and subcutaneous adipose tissue areas, estimated hepatic fat content, total fat and lean mass were calculated and changes in levels of fasting adipokines, free fatty acids, glucose and post‐load glucose were assessed.

Results

Compared with the placebo, participants on rosiglitazone had no difference in lean mass, had 4.1 kg more body fat (P < 0.0001) and 31 cm2 more subcutaneous abdominal adipose tissue area (P = 0.007). Only after adjusting for total fat, participants on rosiglitazone had 23 cm² less visceral adipose tissue area (P = 0.01) and an 0.08‐unit higher liver:spleen attenuation ratio (i.e. less hepatic fat; P = 0.02) than those on the placebo. Adiponectin increased by 15.0 μg/ml with rosiglitazone and by 0.4 μg/ml with placebo (P < 0.0001). Rosiglitazone's effect on fat distribution was not independent of changes in adiponectin. Rosiglitazone's effects on fasting (–0.36 mmol/l; P = 0.0004) and 2‐h post‐load glucose (–1.21 mmol/l; P = 0.0008) were not affected by adjustment for fat distribution or changes in adiponectin or free fatty acids.

Conclusions

In people with impaired fasting glucose/impaired glucose tolerance, rosiglitazone is associated with relatively less hepatic and visceral fat, increased subcutaneous fat and increased adiponectin levels. These effects do not appear to explain the glucose‐lowering effect of rosiglitazone.
Effects of fasting blood glucose levels and blood pressure and treatment of diabetes and hypertension on the incidence of cardiovascular disease: a study of 740 patients with incident Type 2 diabetes with up to 30 years' follow‐up
Authors: Jansson S. P. O. , Svärdsudd K. , Andersson D. K. G.
Published: June 2014

Aims

To analyse the effects of hyperglycaemia and hypertension and treatment of diabetes and hypertension on cardiovascular disease incidence in patients with Type 2 diabetes with up to 30 years of follow‐up.

Methods

A total of 740 patients with incident Type 2 diabetes were registered at the Laxå Primary Health Care Centre, Sweden between 1972 and 2001. Annual data on mean fasting blood glucose, systolic, diastolic and mean arterial blood pressure, and type of diabetes and hypertension treatment were obtained from patient records, and information on cardiovascular disease, myocardial infarction and stroke events was obtained from national registers.

Results

During the follow‐up period, cumulative cardiovascular disease incidence increased significantly with male sex (hazard ratio 1.48, 95% CI 1.21–1.82), number of previous cardiovascular disease events (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% CI 1.08–1.18), age, per year (HR 1.05, 95% CI 1.04–1.07), mean fasting blood glucose, per mmol/l (hazard ratio 1.05, 95% CI 1.00–1.10) BMI (hazard ratio 1.04, 95% CI 1.01–1.06), mean arterial blood pressure, per mmHg (hazard ratio 1.02, 95% CI 1.01–1.03), and decreased significantly with metformin treatment (hazard ratio 0.58, 95% CI 0.38–0.90) and sulfonylurea (hazard ratio 0.73, 95% CI 0.55–0.97). Cumulative myocardial infarction incidence increased significantly with male sex, number of previous myocardial infarction events, mean fasting blood glucose level, BMI, age and mean arterial blood pressure, and decreased with metformin treatment. Cumulative stroke incidence increased with number of previous stroke events, age and mean arterial blood pressure.

Conclusions

The cumulative incidence of cardiovascular disease and myocardial infarction increased with number of previous events and presence of hyperglycaemia and hypertension and decreased with pharmacological treatment of diabetes. A higher number of previous stroke events increased the cumulative incidence of stroke but no protective effect of pharmacological treatment was observed.
Rural Economies in the ‘Age of Migration’: Perspectives from OECD Countries
Authors: Dufty‐Jones Rae
Published: June 2014

An important feature of globalisation processes has been the increased level of immigration. For the most part, this has been considered an urban phenomenon. As a consequence, a less well‐known feature of contemporary global immigration patterns is that an increasing proportion of immigrants are now settling in rural locations. Over the last decade, however, there has been a burgeoning of research into the political‐economic processes that have produced an increased level of immigration into rural regions in many OECD nation‐states. This paper begins by reviewing some of the reasons why this dimension of rural demographic change has gone under the radar of both researchers and policy makers. It then examines how immigration into rural regions is both an important feature of the multifunctional rural transition and a product of the ‘regionalisation’ of immigration policy as a distinct regional development strategy employed regarding rural areas.
An Urban Political Ecology of Climate Change Governance
Authors: Rice Jennifer L.
Published: June 2014

This paper utilizes insights from urban political ecology (UPE) to highlight the importance of carbon in urban climate politics. Through an emphasis on the socio‐material politics of urban climate governance, this analysis provides an explicit account of the performance of power within and over the urban landscape. Two specific efforts are reviewed here, including local greenhouse gas inventorying practices and urban educational and outreach efforts to create carbon conscious citizens. By considering these social and political processes in relation to ecological aspects of urban carbon cycling, it becomes evident that urban interventions into climate change do little to disrupt or restructure the ways in which carbon flows into or out of cities and instead operate at the level of carbon representation (via measurement) and subjection (via educational outreach). A UPE framework also helps highlight the ways in which urban carbon governance erases importance aspects of social and spatial difference among carbon emitters and how efforts to change individual behavior direct attention away from carbon intensive urban development. The review concludes with some thoughts on why social scientists should pay closer attention to the myriad ways that carbon is modeled, measured, and monitored as an ecological, technical, and political project in the world's cities.
The development and initial validation of a questionnaire to measure help‐seeking behaviour in patients with new onset rheumatoid arthritis
Authors: Stack Rebecca J. , Mallen Christian D. , Deighton Chris , Kiely Patrick , Shaw Karen L. , Booth Alison , Kumar Kanta , Thomas Susan , Rowan Ian , Horne Rob , Nightingale Peter , Herron‐Marx Sandy , Jinks Clare ,   DELAY Study Syndicate, Raza Karim
Published: June 2014

Background

Early treatment for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is vital. However, people often delay in seeking help at symptom onset. An assessment of the reasons behind patient delay is necessary to develop interventions to promote rapid consultation.

Objective

Using a mixed methods design, we aimed to develop and test a questionnaire to assess the barriers to help seeking at RA onset.

Design

Questionnaire items were extracted from previous qualitative studies. Fifteen people with a lived experience of arthritis participated in focus groups to enhance the questionnaire's face validity. The questionnaire was also reviewed by groups of multidisciplinary health‐care professionals. A test–retest survey of 41 patients with newly presenting RA or unclassified arthritis assessed the questionnaire items' intraclass correlations.

Results

During focus groups, participants rephrased questions, added questions and deleted items not relevant to the questionnaire's aims. Participants organized items into themes: early symptom experience, initial reactions to symptoms, self‐management behaviours, causal beliefs, involvement of significant others, pre‐diagnosis knowledge about RA, direct barriers to seeking help and relationship with GP. The test–retest survey identified seven items (out of 79) with low intraclass correlations which were removed from the final questionnaire.

Conclusion

The involvement of people with a lived experience of arthritis and multidisciplinary health‐care professionals in the preliminary validation of the DELAY (delays in evaluating arthritis early) questionnaire has enriched its development. Preliminary assessment established its reliability. The DELAY questionnaire provides a tool for researchers to evaluate individual, cultural and health service barriers to help‐seeking behaviour at RA onset.
Management of Acute Stroke in Patients Taking Novel Oral Anticoagulants
Authors: Hankey Graeme J. , Norrving Bo , Hacke Werner , Steiner Thorsten
Published: June 2014

Each year, 1·0–2·0% of individuals with atrial fibrillation and 0·1–0·2% of those with venous thromboembolism who are receiving one of the novel oral anticoagulants (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, or apixaban) can be expected to experience an acute ischemic stroke. Additionally, 0·2–0·5% of individuals with atrial fibrillation who are receiving one of the novel oral anticoagulants can be expected to experience an intracranial hemorrhage. This opinion piece addresses the current literature and offers practical approaches to the management of patients receiving novel oral anticoagulants who present with an ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke. Specifically, we discuss the role of thrombolysis in anticoagulated patients with acute ischemic stroke and factors to consider concerning restarting anticoagulation after acute ischemic and hemorrhagic stroke.
Incidence of upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage in Maori and New Zealand European ethnic groups, 2001–2010
Authors: Irwin J. , Ferguson R. , Weilert F. , Smith A.
Published: June 2014

Background

To date no incidence figures for upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage (UGIH) in New Zealand have been published.

Aims

To determine the incidence of UGIH in a demographically defined population, and to assess variation in incidence associated with demographic parameters.

Methods

Between 17 March 2001 and 12 October 2010, all patients presenting to Waikato Hospital with UGIH were prospectively ascertained, and clinical, epidemiological and laboratory data were collected. Incidence rates were calculated, and were age adjusted to the World Health Organization world standard population. Parameters associated with trends in incidence were examined.

Results

There were 1360 UGIH events, yielding a crude incidence of 59.2 per 100 000 adults (age ≥ 15 years) per year (all quoted incidence figures per 100 000 adults per year), and an age‐adjusted incidence (AAI) of 46.4. AAI was higher for Maori compared with New Zealand Europeans (91.3 vs 37.0, rate ratio (RR) = 2.47, P < 0.001). Maori were more likely to have a gastric ulcer at endoscopy (odds ratio (OR) = 2.21, P < 0.001). For those tested for Helicobacter pylori (n = 702), Maori were more likely to be infected (OR = 2.12, P < 0.001). AAI was higher for males (61.1 vs 33.6, RR = 1.82, P < 0.001). Males were more likely to have a duodenal ulcer at endoscopy (OR = 1.79, P < 0.001). AAI incidence decreased from the first to the second half of the study period (53.6 vs 45.8, RR = 1.17, P < 0.001).

Conclusion

AAI of UGIH in the Waikato region was 46.4. This was significantly higher in Maori and in males, and decreased over the study period. These data will provide a comparison for future assessment of trends in UGIH.
The Heterogeneous Effects of Workforce Diversity on Productivity, Wages, and Profits
Authors: Garnero Andrea , Kampelmann Stephan , Rycx François
Published: June 2014

We estimate the impact of workforce diversity on productivity, wages, and productivity–wage gaps (i.e., profits) using detailed Belgian linked employer–employee panel data. Findings show that educational (age) diversity is beneficial (harmful) for firm productivity and wages. While gender diversity is found to generate significant gains in high‐tech/knowledge‐intensive sectors, the opposite result is obtained in more traditional industries. Estimates neither vary substantially with firm size nor point to sizeable productivity–wage gaps except for age diversity.
The Positive and Negative Magnetodielectric Effects in Double Perovskite Pr2CoMnO6
Authors: Wang Liao Yu , Li Qian , Gong Yuan Yuan , Wang Dun Hui , Cao Qing Qi , Du You Wei
Published: June 2014

The magnetic, electric, and dielectric properties of a B‐site ordered double perovskite Pr2CoMnO6 were investigated. A charge localization state and a negative magnetoresistance effect were observed below 250 K. Different from other double perovskites, one negative and two positive magnetodielectric effects were simultaneously observed in this sample. The physical origins of these interesting magnetodielectric properties were discussed.
The Adaptation of a School‐based Health Promotion Programme for Youth with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities: A Community‐Engaged Research Process
Authors: Hubbard Kristie L. , Bandini Linda G. , Folta Sara C. , Wansink Brian , Must Aviva
Published: June 2014

Background

Evidenced‐based health promotion programmes for youth with intellectual and developmental disabilities (I/DD) are notably absent. Barriers include a lack of understanding of how to adapt existing evidence‐based programmes to their needs, maximize inclusion and support mutual goals of health and autonomy.

Methods

We undertook a community‐engaged process to adapt a school‐based nutrition intervention in a residential school for youth with I/DD. Focus groups and interviews with school staff elicited recommendations for adaptation strategies; these were then reviewed by an expert panel.

Results

Adaptations were developed to address needs in three categories: food‐related challenges among students, adjusting to change and transition and social environment factors. Choice and heterogeneity were overarching themes across the adaptation categories.

Conclusions

Future research should consider community‐engaged approaches for adaptation so that youth with I/DD can participate and benefit from evidence‐based health promotion programmes to their maximum potential.
Hydrobiogeochemical Controls on Riparian Nutrient and Greenhouse Gas Dynamics: 10 Years Post‐Restoration
Authors: Vidon Philippe , Jacinthe Pierre‐Andre , Liu Xiaoqiang , Fisher Katelin , Baker Matthew
Published: June 2014

Little is known about the impact of agricultural legacy on subsurface biogeochemical processes in the years following restoration of riparian wetlands (WLs). More knowledge is also needed on the relative importance of seasons, precipitation events, and inputs of water and nutrients driving nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and greenhouse gas (GHG) (N2O, CO2, CH4) dynamics in these systems. This investigation of a riparian zone comprising a restored WL area and a nonrestored well‐drained alluvium (AL) area in the United States Midwest revealed that despite successful hydrological restoration a decade earlier, biogeochemical conditions in the WL area remained less anoxic than in natural WLs, and not significantly different from those in the AL area. No significant differences in N, P, S, and C compound concentrations or fluxes were observed between the AL and WL areas. Over the duration of the study, nitrate (NO3−) and soluble reactive phosphorus appeared to be primarily driven by hillslope contributions. Ammonium (NH4+), sulfate (SO42−), and CO2 responded strongly to seasonal changes in biogeochemical conditions in the riparian zone, while N2O and CH4 fluxes were most influenced by large rewetting events. Overall, our results challenge overly simplistic assumptions derived from direct interpretation of redox thermodynamics, and show complex patterns of solutes and GHGs at the riparian zone scale.
Postemergence Control of Microstegium vimineum on Riparian Restoration Sites with Aquatic‐Use Registered Herbicides
Authors: Hall Karen R. , Spooner Jean , Richardson Robert J. , Hoyle Steve T. , Frederick Douglas J.
Published: June 2014

Microstegium vimineum is an invasive grass introduced from Asia that has spread throughout riparian areas of the eastern United States threatening native riparian vegetation. Postemergence (POST) herbicides registered for aquatic use were evaluated for control of M. vimineum on two riparian restoration sites in the Piedmont and Upper Coastal Plain of North Carolina. This study found that standard and lower than standard rates of diquat, fluridone, flumioxazin, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr reduced weed stem density and biomass at 6 and 30 weeks after treatment (WAT). Both rates of bispyribac and penoxsulam provided less control of M. vimineum. Visual ratings showed both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr controlled 63‐100% of M. vimineum at 6 WAT and 84‐100% at 30 WAT. Fluridone and glyphosate provided slightly less control. Bispyribac and penoxsulam treatments provided less control at 6 and 30 WAT compared to the other treatments. Plots treated with both rates of diquat, flumioxazin, imazamox, and imazapyr were nearly devoid of all vegetation at 30 WAT. Recommendations include POST application of lower than standard rates of diquat, flumioxazin, fluridone, glyphosate, imazamox, and imazapyr on riparian restoration sites infested with M. vimineum. Immediate vegetation management measures including temporary and permanent plant cover should be employed on treated sites where weeds are completely eradicated to prevent erosion.
Quality of life and satisfaction with information after radical prostatectomy, radical external beam radiotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy: a long‐term follow‐up study
Authors: Nicolaisen Marianne , Müller Stig , Patel Hitendra RH , Hanssen Tove Aminda
Published: June 2014

Aims and objectives

To assess patients' symptoms, quality of life and satisfaction with information three to four years after radical prostatectomy, radical external beam radiotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy and to analyse differences between treatment groups and the relationship between disease‐specific, health‐related and overall quality of life and satisfaction with information.

Background

Radical prostate cancer treatments are associated with changes in quality of life. Differences between patients undergoing different treatments in symptoms and quality of life have been reported, but there are limited long‐term data comparing radical prostatectomy with radical external beam radiotherapy and postoperative radiotherapy.

Design

A cross‐sectional survey design was used.

Methods

The study sample included 143 men treated with radical prostatectomy and/or radical external beam radiotherapy. Quality of life was measured using the 12‐item Short Form Health Survey and the 50‐item Expanded Prostate Cancer Index Composite Instrument. Questions assessing overall Quality of life and satisfaction with information were included. Descriptive statistics and interference statistical methods were applied to analyse the data.

Results

Radical external beam radiotherapy was associated with less urinary incontinence and better urinary function. There were no differences between the groups for disease‐specific quality of life sum scores. Sexual quality of life was reported very low in all groups. Disease‐specific quality of life and health‐related quality of life were associated with overall quality of life. Patients having undergone surgery were more satisfied with information, and there was a positive correlation between quality of life and patient satisfaction.

Conclusion

Pretreatment information and patient education lead to better quality of life and satisfaction. This study indicates a need for structured, pretreatment information and follow‐up for all men going through radical prostate cancer treatment.

Relevance to clinical practice

Long‐term quality of life effects should be considered when planning follow‐up and information for men after radical prostate cancer treatment. Structured and organised information/education may increase preparedness for symptoms and bother after the treatment, improve symptom management strategies and result in improved quality of life.