bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Dietary Selenium Supplementation on Morphology and Antioxidant Status in Testes of Goat
Authors: Iqra Bano  , M. Malhi  , S.A. Soomro  , Safia Kandhro  , Muhammad Awais  , Seema Baloch  , Saba Perveen  , Hira Sajjad
Published: March 2018

The fitness of animal has an enormous influence on its reproductive capability, nowadays feeding of microelements is practiced in many feed formulations because micro-nutrient possesses strong influence on animal’s reproductive ability. The male generative zone produces spermatozoa which needs a little number of free radicals for the maturation as well as for smooth fertilization. Whereas the raised level of these free radicals disturbs the entire process of sperm formation and also lead to infertility. The Selenium is a micro nutrient which naturally possess some enzymes and selenoproteins which diminish manufacture of unnecessary free radicals by acting as an antioxidant. Subsequently, it protects male gamete from destruction triggered by oxidative stress. Selenium also assistance in maintenance of semen quality by declining construction of atypical spermatozoa. Additionally, some studies have revealed that it possesses striking influence on both gross and histological characteristics of male reproductive organ, feeding this mineral improved circumference, size, the mass of the testis and speed up sperm construction by means of having a solid effect on seminiferous tubules histology. Hence, selenium shortage can cause infertility and further reproductive syndromes.
Single Accreditation System Update: A Year of Progress
Authors: Buser Boyd R. , Swartwout James E. , Biszewski Maura , Lischka Terri
Published: March 2018

In 2014, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA), the American Association of Colleges of Osteopathic Medicine, and the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) agreed to establish a new, single accreditation system for graduate medical education in the United States. The 5-year transition period, from July 1, 2015, through June 30, 2020, gives AOA training programs time to apply for and receive ACGME accreditation before the AOA ceases its postdoctoral accreditation functions. This article discusses policies to protect osteopathic residents during training, addresses program size, reviews progress at the midpoint of the 5-year transition, and looks at next steps in the establishment of the single accreditation system.
Under lupen - Praksislæreres observasjonspraksis i barnehagen
Authors: Birkeland Johanna , Eriksen Ødegaard Elin
Published: March 2018

Artikkelen presenterer resultater fra en studie om praksislæreres doxa. Gjennom en Mixed Methods-studie gis innsikt i hvordan barnehagelærere (praksislærere) snakker om hvordan, når og hvorfor de observerer. Analyse av praksislæreres italesettelser gir innsikt i diskursive vilkår praksisstudier gir for studenters læring om observasjon. Studien indikerer et brudd mellom barnehagelærerutdanningens mål og undervisning og praksislærernes bruk av og begrunnelser for observasjon. Studien viser at barnehagelærere oppgir samspill barn -barn og språk som hovedfokus i observasjonsarbeidet, mens barns medvirkning ikke oppgis som fokus. Videre viser studien at praksislærere i svært liten grad bruker systematisk og skriftlig observasjon i det daglige arbeidet. De oppgir mangel på tid som årsak til dette. Forfatterne reiser spørsmål om hvorvidt dette også kan skyldes mangel på nyere metodekunnskap.This article presents results from a study of in-service teachers’ doxa; how they talk about use and reasons for observation in kindergarten. The study provides new knowledge about the lack of coherence between kindergarten teacher education and in-service education. Through a Mixed Methods study we gain insight into how in-service teachers explain how, when and why they observe. Analysis provides insight into the discursive conditions for student learning about observation. The study reveals two main topics for in-service teachers’ observations: interplay between children and language development; however they do not include children’s right to influence. Moreover, the study shows that systematic written observations in everyday work seldom is done due to lack of time. The authors raise the question if another reason could be lack of new methodological knowledge.
Splenic Primary Follicular Lymphoma With Idiopathic Thrombocytopenic Purpura: Report of a Case
Authors: Hamura Ryoga , Shiba Hiroaki , Shirai Yoshihiro , Furukawa Kenei , Horiuchi Takashi , Yanaga Katsuhiko
Published: March 2018

Introduction:

Primary splenic lymphoma is a rare condition that accounts for approximately 1% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. No primary splenic follicular lymphoma with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) has been reported in the literature.

Case presentation:

A 41-year-old man was diagnosed with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP), and received steroid maintenance treatment with oral prednisolone 13 mg/d for 6 years. However, the platelet counts were 20 × 103 /μL or less. Abdominal enhanced computer tomography (CT) revealed splenomegaly. He underwent laparoscopic splenectomy after preoperative high-dose immunoglobulin preparation (30 mg/d intravenously for 5 days) which were effective in the improvement of platelets count (130 × 103 /μL). The histologic diagnosis was B cell type follicular lymphoma of the spleen. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) revealed a t(14; 18)(q32; q21) translocation, which supported the diagnosis of primary follicular lymphoma of the spleen. After the operation, the patient showed satisfactory recovery, and was discharged on postoperative day 7. He remains well with the platelet count of more than 200 × 103 / μl without medication. We herein report such a case.

Conclusion:

To the best of our knowledge, this is the first reported case of splenic primary follicular lymphoma with ITP.
Rearrangements under confinement lead to increased binding energy of Synaptotagmin‐1 with anionic membranes in Mg2+ and Ca2+
Authors: Gruget Clémence , Coleman Jeff , Bello Oscar , Krishnakumar Shyam S. , Perez Eric , Rothman James E. , Pincet Frederic , Donaldson Stephen H.
Published: March 2018

Synaptotagmin‐1 (Syt1) is the primary calcium sensor (Ca2+) that mediates neurotransmitter release at the synapse. The tandem C2 domains (C2A and C2B) of Syt1 exhibit functionally critical, Ca2+‐dependent interactions with the plasma membrane. With the surface forces apparatus, we directly measure the binding energy of membrane‐anchored Syt1 to an anionic membrane and find that Syt1 binds with ~6 kBT in EGTA, ~10 kBT in Mg2+ and ~18 kBT in Ca2+. Molecular rearrangements measured during confinement are more prevalent in Ca2+ and Mg2+ and suggest that Syt1 initially binds through C2B, then reorients the C2 domains into the preferred binding configuration. These results provide energetic and mechanistic details of the Syt1 Ca2+‐activation process in synaptic transmission.
SRARP and HSPB7 are epigenetically regulated gene pairs that function as tumor suppressors and predict clinical outcome in malignancies
Authors: Naderi Ali
Published: March 2018

Deletions of chromosome 1p36 are common in cancers; however, despite extensive studies, there has been limited success for discovering candidate tumor suppressors in this region. SRARP has recently been identified as a novel corepressor of the androgen receptor (AR) and is located on chromosome 1p36. Here, bioinformatics analysis of large tumor datasets was performed to study SRARP and its gene pair, HSPB7. In addition, using cancer cell lines, mechanisms of SRARP and HSPB7 regulation and their molecular functions were investigated. This study demonstrated that SRARP and HSPB7 are a gene pair located 5.2 kb apart on 1p36.13 and are inactivated by deletions and epigenetic silencing in malignancies. Importantly, SRARP and HSPB7 have tumor suppressor functions in clonogenicity and cell viability associated with the downregulation of Akt and ERK. SRARP expression is inversely correlated with genes that promote cell proliferation and signal transduction, which supports its functions as a tumor suppressor. In addition, AR exerts dual regulatory effects on SRARP, and although an increased AR activity suppresses SRARP transcription, a minimum level of AR activity is required to maintain baseline SRARP expression in AR+ cancer cells. Furthermore, as observed with SRARP, HSPB7 interacts with the 14‐3‐3 protein, presenting a shared molecular feature between SRARP and HSPB7. Of note, genome‐ and epigenome‐wide associations of SRARP and HSPB7 with survival strongly support their tumor suppressor functions. In particular, DNA hypermethylation, lower expression, somatic mutations, and lower copy numbers of SRARP are associated with worse cancer outcome. Moreover, DNA hypermethylation and lower expression of SRARP in normal adjacent tissues predict poor survival, suggesting that SRARP inactivation is an early event in carcinogenesis. In summary, SRARP and HSPB7 are tumor suppressors that are commonly inactivated in malignancies. SRARP inactivation is an early event in carcinogenesis that is strongly associated with worse survival, presenting potential translational applications.
Formation of 30 KeV Proton Isotropic Boundaries During Geomagnetic Storms
Authors: Dubyagin S. , Ganushkina N. Yu. , Sergeev V.
Published: March 2018

We study the origin of the 30 keV proton isotropic boundary (IB) in the nightside auroral zone during geomagnetic storms, particularly, to address the recent results that the adiabaticity parameter K (ratio of the magnetic field line curvature radius to the particle gyroradius at the equator) on the IB field line can be much larger comparing to its theoretical estimate K ∼ 8 for the field line curvature (FLC) scattering mechanism. During nine storms in 2011–2013, we investigate ∼2,000 IBs observed by low‐altitude Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) satellites and apply the TS05 magnetospheric model to estimate the K value in the equatorial part of the IB field line. The statistical distribution of the estimated K parameter, while being rather broad, is centered on K = 9–13. For smaller subset of ∼250 IBs, the concurrent magnetic field measurements on board Time History of Events and Macroscale Interaction During Substorms probes in the equatorial magnetotail were used to correct the estimated K‐values accounting for the TS05 deviations from the real magnetic configuration. After correction, the K distribution becomes narrower, being still centered on K = 9–12. Different estimates give percentages of events with K < 13, which can be attributed to IBs formed by FLC scattering, between 60% and 80%. Finally, we have not found any dependence of the K distribution on magnetic local time and IB latitude, except for events with IB located at extremely low latitudes (<59°). These findings imply that the FLC scattering is a dominant mechanism of IB formation operating in a variety of magnetospheric conditions.
Dipolarization Fronts With Associated Energized Electrons in Saturn's Magnetotail
Authors: Smith A. W. , Jackman C. M. , Thomsen M. F. , Sergis N. , Mitchell D. G. , Roussos E.
Published: March 2018

We present a statistical study of dipolarization fronts within Saturn's magnetotail. Automated methods were used to identify 28 significant southward rotations of the field coupled with enhancements in the electron energy. The observed dipolarizations cover the majority of the magnetotail, though possess a strong dawn‐dusk asymmetry (79% occur postmidnight). Almost half (43%) of dipolarizations occur within 3 hr of another event, though these chains are solely observed postmidnight. Most pitch angle distributions of the heated electron populations show increased relative fluxes parallel or perpendicular to the field, likely due to nonlocal heating effects. The electron temperature and density following the passage of a front are anticorrelated; the temperature increases are accompanied by a decrease in their density. The temperature increases by factors of 4–12, while the density drops by factors of 3–10. Premidnight events consistently show the smallest relative heating and density depletion, suggesting they are observed closer to their generation. In contrast, the location of the postmidnight x‐line is inferred to be more variable, with a large variety of heating factors observed. Forty percent of the events show a strong reduction in water (W+) group fraction, likely related to either the preferential loss of equatorial heavy ions in departing plasmoids or the closure of open field. Two of these events show significant compositional changes suggesting the addition of plasma of external origin; we suggest that these events involved the closure of open field.
Direct Measurements of Mean Reynolds Stress and Ripple Roughness in the Presence of Energetic Forcing by Surface Waves
Authors: Scully Malcolm E. , Trowbridge John H. , Sherwood Christopher R. , Jones Katie R. , Traykovski Peter
Published: March 2018

Direct covariance observations of the mean flow Reynolds stress and sonar images of the seafloor collected on a wave‐exposed inner continental shelf demonstrate that the drag exerted by the seabed on the overlying flow is consistent with boundary layer models for wave‐current interaction, provided that the orientation and anisotropy of the bed roughness are appropriately quantified. Large spatial and temporal variations in drag result from nonequilibrium ripple dynamics, ripple anisotropy, and the orientation of the ripples relative to the current. At a location in coarse sand characterized by large two‐dimensional orbital ripples, the observed drag shows a strong dependence on the relative orientation of the mean current to the ripple crests. At a contrasting location in fine sand, where more isotropic sub‐orbital ripples are observed, the sensitivity of the current to the orientation of the ripples is reduced. Further, at the coarse site under conditions when the currents are parallel to the ripple crests and the wave orbital diameter is smaller than the wavelength of the relic orbital ripples, the flow becomes hydraulically smooth. This transition is not observed at the fine site, where the observed wave orbital diameter is always greater than the wavelength of the observed sub‐orbital ripples. Paradoxically, the dominant along‐shelf flows often experience lower drag at the coarse site than at the fine site, despite the larger ripples, highlighting the complex dynamics controlling drag in wave‐exposed environments with heterogeneous roughness.
Diapycnal Mixing in the Southern Ocean Diagnosed Using the DIMES Tracer and Realistic Velocity Fields
Authors: Mackay Neill , Ledwell James R. , Messias Marie‐José , Naveira Garabato Alberto C. , Brearley J. Alexander , Meijers Andrew J. S. , Jones Daniel C. , Watson Andrew J.
Published: March 2018

In this work, we use realistic isopycnal velocities with a 3‐D eddy diffusivity to advect and diffuse a tracer in the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, beginning in the Southeast Pacific and progressing through Drake Passage. We prescribe a diapycnal diffusivity which takes one value in the SE Pacific west of 67°W and another value in Drake Passage east of that longitude, and optimize the diffusivities using a cost function to give a best fit to experimental data from the DIMES (Diapycnal and Isopycnal Mixing Experiment in the Southern Ocean) tracer, released near the boundary between the Upper and Lower Circumpolar Deep Water. We find that diapycnal diffusivity is enhanced 20‐fold in Drake Passage compared with the SE Pacific, consistent with previous estimates obtained using a simpler advection‐diffusion model with constant, but different, zonal velocities east and west of 67°W. Our result shows that diapycnal mixing in the ACC plays a significant role in transferring buoyancy within the Meridional Overturning Circulation.
Wind‐Driven Cross‐Shelf Exchange—West Spitsbergen Current as a Source of Heat and Salt for the Adjacent Shelf in Arctic Winters
Authors: Goszczko Ilona , Ingvaldsen Randi B. , Onarheim Ingrid H.
Published: March 2018

Cross‐shelf exchange can drive substantial hydrographic changes on shelves and along slopes. In this study, time series from moorings, profiles collected by a tagged seal, atmospheric reanalysis data, and weather regimes classification were used to investigate cross‐shelf exchange at the slope‐shelf interface south‐west of Spitsbergen during the four winters 2011–2014. Assessment of Ekman transport (ET) as a driving force and linking cross‐shelf exchange to large‐scale weather patterns were in focus. Strong positive correlations were found between zonal ET and hydrographic observations on the shelf, indicating its strong impact on cross‐shelf exchange. Strong negative correlations were found between the meridional ET and temperature and salinity measured on the shelf in winter 2012, indicating a suppressing role of westerly winds on fresher and colder outflows from the Barents Sea. The ETs in a wider area near the Svalbard Archipelago show substantial variations on short‐term, interannual and long‐term time scales due to changes in large‐scale atmospheric patterns. The regional wind speed shows a significant negative trend in winters between 1992 and 2016. At the same time, cumulative winter zonal ET increased on the north‐western Spitsbergen shelf, indicating a higher overall cross‐shelf exchange along the western Spitsbergen shelf break, while meridional ET south‐west of Spitsbergen decreased, indicating a reduced outflow of fresher and colder water from the Barents Sea. For the time period between 1980 and 2016, the winter air and sea surface temperatures (sea‐ice fraction) exhibit significant positive (negative) trends which even multiplied by factor of 2–3 in winters 2004–2016.
Regional Climate Simulations With the Community Earth System Model
Authors: Gettelman A. , Callaghan P. , Larson V. E. , Zarzycki C. M. , Bacmeister J. T. , Lauritzen P. H. , Bogenschutz P. A. , Neale R. B.
Published: March 2018

The spectral element (SE) variable‐resolution (VR) mesh dynamical core is tested in developmental versions of the Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2). The SE dynamical core is tested in baroclinic wave, aquaplanet and full physics configurations to evaluate variable‐resolution simulations against uniform high and uniform low‐resolution simulations. Different physical parameterization suites are also evaluated to gauge their sensitivity to resolution. Dry dynamical core variable‐resolution cases compare well to high‐resolution tests. More recent versions of the atmospheric physics, including cloud schemes for CESM2, are less sensitive to changes in horizontal resolution. Most of the sensitivity is due to sensitivity to time step and interactions between deep convection and large‐scale condensation, which is expected from the closure methods. The resulting full physics SE‐VR model produces a similar climate to the global low‐resolution mesh and similar high‐frequency statistics in the high‐resolution region. The SE‐VR simulations are able to reproduce uniform high‐resolution results, making them an effective tool for regional climate simulations at lower computational cost. Some biases are reduced (orographic precipitation in Western United States), but biases do not necessarily go away at high resolution (e.g., summertime surface temperatures). Variable‐resolution grids are a viable alternative to traditional nesting for regional climate studies and are available in CESM2.
Dispersion Relations, Power Laws, and Energy Loss for Waves in the Marginal Ice Zone
Authors: Meylan M. H. , Bennetts L. G. , Mosig J. E. M. , Rogers W. E. , Doble M. J. , Peter M. A.
Published: March 2018

Analysis of field measurements of ocean surface wave activity in the marginal ice zone, from campaigns in the Arctic and Antarctic and over a range of different ice conditions, shows the wave attenuation rate with respect to distance has a power law dependence on the frequency with order between two and four. With this backdrop, the attenuation‐frequency power law dependencies given by three dispersion relation models are obtained under the assumptions of weak attenuation, negligible deviation of the wave number from the open water wave number, and thin ice. It is found that two of the models (both implemented in WAVEWATCH III®), predict attenuation rates that are far more sensitive to frequency than indicated by the measurements. An alternative method is proposed to derive dispersion relation models, based on energy loss mechanisms. The method is used to generate example models that predict power law dependencies that are comparable with the field measurements.
Wave Attenuation Through an Arctic Marginal Ice Zone on 12 October 2015: 2. Numerical Modeling of Waves and Associated Ice Breakup
Authors: Ardhuin Fabrice , Boutin Guillaume , Stopa Justin , Girard‐Ardhuin Fanny , Melsheimer Christian , Thomson Jim , Kohout Alison , Doble Martin , Wadhams Peter
Published: March 2018

Many processes that affect ocean surface gravity waves in sea ice give rise to attenuation rates that vary with both wave frequency and amplitude. Here we particularly test the possible effects of basal friction, scattering by ice floes, and dissipation in the ice layer due to dislocations, and ice breakup by the waves. The possible influence of these processes is evaluated in the marginal ice zone of the Beaufort Sea, where extensive wave measurements were performed. The wave data includes in situ measurements and the first kilometer‐scale map of wave heights provided by Sentinel‐1 SAR imagery on 12 October 2015, up to 400 km into the ice. We find that viscous friction at the base of an ice layer gives a dissipation rate that may be too large near the ice edge, where ice is mostly in the form of pancakes. Further into the ice, where larger floes are present, basal friction is not sufficient to account for the observed attenuation. In both regions, the observed narrow directional wave spectra are consistent with a parameterization that gives a weak effect of wave scattering by ice floes. For this particular event, with a dominant wave period around 10 s, we propose that wave attenuation is caused by ice flexure combined with basal friction that is reduced when the ice layer is not continuous. This combination gives realistic wave heights, associated with a 100–200 km wide region over which the ice is broken by waves, as observed in SAR imagery.
Data Sharing and Scientific Impact in Eddy Covariance Research
Authors: Bond‐Lamberty B.
Published: March 2018

Do the benefits of data sharing outweigh its perceived costs? This is a critical question, and one with the potential to change culture and behavior. Dai et al. (2018, https://doi.org/10.1002/2017JG004277) examined how data sharing is related to scientific impact in the field of eddy covariance (EC) and found that data sharers are disproportionately high‐impact researchers, and vice versa; they also note strong regional differences in EC data‐sharing norms. The current policies and restrictions of EC journals and repositories are highly uneven. Incentivizing data sharing and enhancing computational reproducibility are critical next steps for EC, ecology, and science more broadly.
A study on the secular change of residents’ population structure in different housing types in a suburb of Tokyo
Authors: Lee Yonggeun , Otsuki Toshio
Published: March 2018

This study aims to clarify the secular change of population structure by housing type and the resident movement, which is thought to be the primary cause of the population structure's secular change. The study focuses on population indices such as aging rate, average age, age structure, and the rate of continuous living households (C.L.H) at the newly built house stage. Through this study, the following points have been clarified: first, there is no big difference in the population structure indices of residents living in newly built houses irrespective of housing types. However, a difference in population structure occurs and gets larger as time progresses. Second, in the case of detached houses at the 35‐year‐old stage, the rate of C.L.H is 56.8%. On the other hand, the rate of C.L.H at the 35‐year‐old stage is 17.5% in condominiums and 0.8% in rental apartments. Third, it is thought that, because of the difference in the rate of C.L.H, population structure of residents living in 35‐year‐old houses varies due to secular change depending on housing types.
Development of an optimization method for a heat source and a chart for operational design using a genetic algorithm and Lagrange multiplier
Authors: Ikeda Shintaro , Nagai Tatsuo
Published: March 2018

Various optimization methods for heat sources and operational designs have been studied to reduce energy consumption in the building sector. Some problems, however, remain to be improved. Furthermore, some designers plan building services considering empirical laws in general buildings. Even if they plan on using the optimum design, the plans are not necessarily the most suitable for people who operate heat sources at operation centers. This study developed an optimization method for a heat source using a genetic algorithm and Lagrange multiplier as an improvement of previous methods. Furthermore, a chart for an operational design was also generated. The genetic algorithm was used to determine the capacity of heat source machines and the Lagrange multiplier method was used to determine the optimal operating schedules of available heat source machines. The results show that the proposed method can provide optimization solutions under the condition of continuous load rates, the calculation is faster than those of previous methods, and the chart is convenient for workers at operation centers. Using the chart, operators can easily understand which heat sources to operate and how much output they will provide.
Analytical study of the main causes of damage to pile foundations during the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake
Authors: Kaneko Osamu , Kawamata Shiori , Nakai Shoichi , Sekiguchi Toru , Mukai Tomohisa
Published: March 2018

The authors performed static analyses using a foundation structure model to simulate the process leading to distinctive damage to pile foundations during the 2011 off the Pacific coast of Tohoku earthquake. Notable aspects of the analytical method used for this simulation include consideration of the nonlinear load‐deformation characteristics of pile elements, the dependence of the rotational stiffness at the pile head on the axial load, and the nonlinear behavior of soil spring including the pile group effect. The results of the simulations of pile failure for each loading direction provide a useful explanation of the observed damage to pile foundations. The proposed analysis method can be considered a practical approach to the seismic design of foundations subject to severe earthquakes.
Encapsulation of Plant Viral Particles in Calcite Crystals
Authors: Al‐Handawi Marieh B. , Commins Patrick , Shukla Sourabh , Didier Pascal , Tanaka Masahiko , Raj Gijo , Veliz Frank A. , Pasricha Renu , Steinmetz Nicole F. , Naumov Panče
Published: March 2018

The concept of biomineralization and encapsulation of organic molecules into inorganic matrices to alter and enhance their physical properties has been evolved and perfected in natural systems. Being inspired by the natural biomineralization of foreign components into calcite, here the inclusion of a plant virus, cowpea mosaic virus (CPMV) of 5.4% by mass into crystals of calcite is reported. The viral particles are labeled with a fluorescent tag (Alexa Fluor 532), and are observed within the calcite matrix using confocal fluorescence microscopy. Upon encapsulation, the calcite crystals exhibit an irregular and aggregated morphology, as visualized with atomic force and electron microscopy. The viral particles protected inside the calcite crystals are able to resist harsh chemical agents. While spherical viral particles such as CPMV can be easily included in calcite, viruses such as the tobacco mosaic virus are not compatible with the host, presumably due to their high aspect ratio. The results provide a simple and scalable method to incorporate viral particles into inorganic matrix, and could prove useful in thermal stabilization of sensitive viral biological agents such as vaccines in the future.
Morphology‐Dependent Magnetism in Nanographene: Beyond Nanoribbons
Authors: Tuček Jiří , Błoński Piotr , Malina Ondřej , Pumera Martin , Chua Chun Kiang , Otyepka Michal , Zbořil Radek
Published: March 2018

Imprinting self‐sustainable magnetic features into graphene has recently generated much interest owing to its potential application in spintronics. Several strategies for imprinting magnetic features into graphene are proposed theoretically. However, only a few of them are realized experimentally. Here, the first scalable synthesis of magnetic graphene nanoplatelets with diverse morphologies, including nanoribbons and triangular, pentagonal, hexagonal, and other polyhedral shapes, is reported. This material enters the ferromagnetic regime at a temperature of ≈37 K with magnetization approaching ≈0.45 emu g−1 under high external magnetic fields. Theoretical calculations are used to explain this sort of morphology‐driven magnetism of graphene nanoplatelets, which emerges from the synergistic effects of the size, geometry of nanographenes, edge terminations, and angle between adjacent edges. In addition, they suggest a new way for preparing magnetically ordered graphene nanoplatelets with a higher transition temperature. In this respect, triangular motifs with zigzag edges represent the most promising morphology of graphene nanoplatelets, which can remain magnetically ordered up to ≈107 K. Based on these challenging results, further tuning of the size and morphology in spatially confined nanographenes combined with doping and sp3 functionalization will enable the preparation of magnetically ordered half‐metallic carbon sustainable up to room temperature, thus opening new opportunities in spintronics.
Integrin Clustering Matters: A Review of Biomaterials Functionalized with Multivalent Integrin‐Binding Ligands to Improve Cell Adhesion, Migration, Differentiation, Angiogenesis, and Biomedical Device Integration
Authors: Karimi Fatemeh , O'Connor Andrea J. , Qiao Greg G. , Heath Daniel E.
Published: March 2018

Material systems that exhibit tailored interactions with cells are a cornerstone of biomaterial and tissue engineering technologies. One method of achieving these tailored interactions is to biofunctionalize materials with peptide ligands that bind integrin receptors present on the cell surface. However, cell biology research has illustrated that both integrin binding and integrin clustering are required to achieve a full adhesion response. This biophysical knowledge has motivated researchers to develop material systems biofunctionalized with nanoscale clusters of ligands that promote both integrin occupancy and clustering of the receptors. These materials have improved a wide variety of biological interactions in vitro including cell adhesion, proliferation, migration speed, gene expression, and stem cell differentiation; and improved in vivo outcomes including increased angiogenesis, tissue healing, and biomedical device integration. This review first introduces the techniques that enable the fabrication of these nanopatterned materials, describes the improved biological effects that have been achieved, and lastly discusses the current limitations of the technology and where future advances may occur. Although this technology is still in its nascency, it will undoubtedly play an important role in the future development of biomaterials and tissue engineering scaffolds for both in vitro and in vivo applications.
Revisiting the Role of Polysulfides in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Li Gaoran , Wang Shun , Zhang Yining , Li Matthew , Chen Zhongwei , Lu Jun
Published: March 2018

Intermediate polysulfides (Sn, where n = 2–8) play a critical role in both mechanistic understanding and performance improvement of lithium–sulfur batteries. The rational management of polysulfides is of profound significance for high‐efficiency sulfur electrochemistry. Here, the key roles of polysulfides are discussed, with regard to their status, behavior, and their correspondingimpact on the lithium–sulfur system. Two schools of thoughts for polysulfide management are proposed, their advantages and disadvantages are compared, and future developments are discussed.
Recent Advances in Intrinsic Self‐Healing Cementitious Materials
Authors: Li Wenting , Dong Biqin , Yang Zhengxian , Xu Jing , Chen Qing , Li Haoxin , Xing Feng , Jiang Zhengwu
Published: March 2018

Self‐healing is a natural phenomenon whereby living organisms respond to damage. Recently, considerable research efforts have been invested in self‐healing cementitious materials that are capable of restoring structural integrity and mechanical properties after being damaged. Inspired by nature, a variety of creative approaches are explored here based on the intrinsic or extrinsic healing mechanism. Research on new intrinsic self‐healing cementitious materials with biomimetic features is on the forefront of material science, which provides a promising way to construct resilient and sustainable concrete infrastructures. Here, the current advances in the development of the intrinsic healing cementitious materials are described, and a new definition of intrinsic self‐healing discussed. The methods to assess the efficiency of different healing mechanisms are briefly summarized. The critical insights are emphasized to guide the future research on the development of new self‐healing cementitious materials.
Chemical‐to‐Electricity Carbon: Water Device
Authors: He Sisi , Zhang Yueyu , Qiu Longbin , Zhang Longsheng , Xie Yun , Pan Jian , Chen Peining , Wang Bingjie , Xu Xiaojie , Hu Yajie , Dinh Cao Thang , De Luna Phil , Banis Mohammad Norouzi , Wang Zhiqiang , Sham Tsun‐Kong , Gong Xingao , Zhang Bo , Peng Huisheng , Sargent Edward H.
Published: March 2018

The ability to release, as electrical energy, potential energy stored at the water:carbon interface is attractive, since water is abundant and available. However, many previous reports of such energy converters rely on either flowing water or specially designed ionic aqueous solutions. These requirements restrict practical application, particularly in environments with quiescent water. Here, a carbon‐based chemical‐to‐electricity device that transfers the chemical energy to electrical form when coming into contact with quiescent deionized water is reported. The device is built using carbon nanotube yarns, oxygen content of which is modulated using oxygen plasma‐treatment. When immersed in water, the device discharges electricity with a power density that exceeds 700 mW m−2, one order of magnitude higher than the best previously published result. X‐ray absorption and density functional theory studies support a mechanism of operation that relies on the polarization of sp2 hybridized carbon atoms. The devices are incorporated into a flexible fabric for powering personal electronic devices.
CMOS‐Compatible Controlled Hyperdoping of Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Berencén Yonder , Prucnal Slawomir , Möller Wolfhard , Hübner René , Rebohle Lars , Böttger Roman , Glaser Markus , Schönherr Tommy , Yuan Ye , Wang Mao , Georgiev Yordan M. , Erbe Artur , Lugstein Alois , Helm Manfred , Zhou Shengqiang , Skorupa Wolfgang
Published: March 2018

Hyperdoping consists of the intentional introduction of deep‐level dopants into a semiconductor in excess of equilibrium concentrations. This causes a broadening of dopant energy levels into an intermediate band between the valence and the conduction bands. Recently, bulk Si hyperdoped with chalcogens or transition metals is demonstrated to be an appropriate intermediate‐band material for Si‐based short‐wavelength infrared photodetectors. Intermediate‐band nanowires can potentially be used instead of bulk materials to overcome the Shockley–Queisser limit and to improve efficiency in solar cells, but fundamental scientific questions in hyperdoping Si nanowires require experimental verification. The development of a method for obtaining controlled hyperdoping levels at the nanoscale concomitant with the electrical activation of dopants is, therefore, vital to understanding these issues. Here, this paper shows a complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor (CMOS)‐compatible technique based on nonequilibrium processing for the controlled doping of Si at the nanoscale with dopant concentrations several orders of magnitude greater than the equilibrium solid solubility. Through the nanoscale spatially controlled implantation of dopants, and a bottom‐up template‐assisted solid phase recrystallization of the nanowires with the use of millisecond‐flash lamp annealing, Se‐hyperdoped Si/SiO2 core/shell nanowires are formed that have a room‐temperature sub‐bandgap optoelectronic photoresponse when configured as a photoconductor device.
Copper‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Synthesis of β‐Amino Alcohols Featuring Tetrasubstituted Tertiary Carbons
Authors: Tian Lan , Gong Liang , Zhang Xia
Published: March 2018

Here we report a copper‐catalyzed asymmetric propargylic substitution reaction to prepare tetrasubstituted β‐amino‐β‐ethynyl alcohols in high yields and with enantiomeric ratio (er) up to 94:6. This transformation generates tetrasubstituted tertiary carbons by utilizing stable cyclic carbonates and amines as substrates, economical copper catalysts, and easily accessible ligands.

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Visible Light Photocatalytic Radical Addition/Cyclization Reaction of o‐Vinyl‐N‐Alkoxybenzamides for Synthesis of CF3‐Containing Iminoisobenzofurans
Authors: Liu Zhi‐Cheng , Zhao Quan‐Qing , Chen Jun , Tang Qian , Chen Jia‐Rong , Xiao Wen‐Jing
Published: March 2018

A visible light‐induced photocatalytic radical addition/cyclization reaction of o‐vinyl‐N‐alkoxybenzamides has been accomplished for efficient synthesis of diversely functionalized CF3‐containing iminoisobenzofurans. This external oxidant‐free and mild protocol features ready availability of starting materials, excellent regioselectivity, good substrate scope and functional group tolerance.

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Novel Intrapolymerization Doped Manganese‐Eumelanin Coordination Nanocomposites with Ultrahigh Relaxivity and Their Application in Tumor Theranostics
Authors: Liu Heng , Chu Chengchao , Liu Yu , Pang Xin , Wu Yayun , Zhou Zijian , Zhang Pengfei , Zhang Weiguo , Liu Gang , Chen Xiaoyuan
Published: March 2018

While magnetic resonance imaging contrast agents have potential in noninvasive image‐guided tumor treatment, further developments are needed to increase contrast, biodegradability, and safety. Here, novel engineered manganese‐eumelanin coordination nanocomposites (MnEMNPs) are developed via a facile one‐pot intrapolymerization doping (IPD) approach in aqueous solution, through simple chemical oxidation–polymerization of the 3,4‐dihydroxy‐DL‐phenylalanine precursor with potassium permanganate serving as the Mn source and an oxidant. The resulting MnEMNPs possess ultrahigh longitudinal relaxivity (r1 value up to 60.8 mM−1 s−1 at 1.5 T) attributed to the high manganese doping efficiency (>10%) and geometrically confined conformation. Due to their high manganese chelation stability, excellent biocompatibility, and strong near‐infrared absorption, high‐performance longitudinal‐transverse (T1‐T2) dual‐modal magnetic resonance/photoacoustic imaging and photothermal tumor ablation are achieved. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide‐triggered decomposition behavior of MnEMNPs circumvents the poor biodegradation issue of many nanomaterials. This facile, convenient, economical, and efficient IPD strategy will open up new avenues for the development of high‐performance multifunctional theranostic nanoplatforms in bionanomedicine.
A New Nonfullerene Acceptor with Near Infrared Absorption for High Performance Ternary‐Blend Organic Solar Cells with Efficiency over 13%
Authors: Gao Huan‐Huan , Sun Yanna , Wan Xiangjian , Ke Xin , Feng Huanran , Kan Bin , Wang Yanbo , Zhang Yamin , Li Chenxi , Chen Yongsheng
Published: March 2018

A new acceptor–donor–acceptor (A–D–A) type nonfullerene acceptor, 3TT‐FIC, which has three fused thieno[3,2‐b]thiophene as the central core and difluoro substituted indanone as the end groups, is designed and synthesized. 3TT‐FIC exhibits broad and strong absorption with extended onset absorption to 995 nm and a low optical bandgap of 1.25 eV. The binary device based on 3TT‐FIC and the polymer PTB7‐Th exhibits a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 12.21% with a high short circuit current density (   Jsc) of 25.89 mA cm−2. To fine‐tune the morphology and make full use of the visible region sunlight, phenyl‐C71‐butyricacid‐methyl ester (PC71BM) is used as the third component to fabricate ternary devices. In contrast to the binary devices, the ternary blend organic solar cells show significantly enhanced EQE ranging from 300 to 700 nm and thus an improved  Jsc with a high value of 27.73 mA cm−2. A high PCE with a value of 13.54% is achieved for the ternary devices, which is one of the highest efficiencies in single junction organic solar cells reported to date. The results provide valuable insight for the ternary devices in which the external quantum efficiency (EQE) induced by the third component is evidently observed and directly contributed to the enhancement of the device efficiency.
High‐Capacity Concentration Gradient Li[Ni0.865Co0.120Al0.015]O2 Cathode for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Park Kang‐Joon , Choi Min‐Jae , Maglia Filippo , Kim Sung‐Jin , Kim Kwang‐Ho , Yoon Chong S. , Sun Yang‐Kook
Published: March 2018

A Ni‐rich concentration‐gradient Li[Ni0.865Co0.120Al0.015]O2 (NCA) cathode is prepared with a Ni‐rich core to maximize the discharge capacity and a Co‐rich particle surface to provide structural and chemical stability. Compared to the conventional NCA cathode with a uniform composition, the gradient NCA cathode exhibits improved capacity retention and better thermal stability. Even more remarkably, the gradient NCA cathode maintains 90% of its initial capacity after 100 cycles when cycled at 60 °C, whereas the conventional cathode exhibits poor capacity retention and suffers severe structural deterioration. The superior cycling stability of the gradient NCA cathode largely stemmed from the gradient structure combines with the Co‐rich surface, which provides chemical stability against electrolyte attack and reduces the inherent internal strain observed in all Ni‐rich layered cathodes in their charged state, thus providing structural stability against the repeated anisotropic volume changes during cycling. The high discharge capacity of the proposed gradient NCA cathode extends the driving range of electric vehicles and reduces battery costs. Furthermore, its excellent capacity retention guarantees a long battery life. Therefore, gradient NCA cathodes represent one of the best classes of cathode materials for electric vehicle applications that should satisfy the demands of future electric vehicles.
Highly Efficient and Stable Solar Cells with 2D MA3Bi2I9/3D MAPbI3 Heterostructured Perovskites
Authors: Hu Yanqiang , Qiu Ting , Bai Fan , Ruan Wei , Zhang Shufang
Published: March 2018

Organic–inorganic hybrid lead halide perovskites are emerging as highly promising candidates for highly efficient thin film photovoltaics due to their excellent optoelectronic properties and low‐temperature process capability. However, the long‐term stability in ambient air still is a key issue limiting their further practical applications. Herein, the enhancement of both performance and stability of perovskite solar cells is reported by employing 2D and 3D heterostructured perovskite films with unique nanoplate/nanocrystalline morphology. The 2D/3D heterostructured perovskites combine advantages of the high‐performance lead‐based perovskite 3D CH3NH3PbI3 (MAPbI3) and the air‐stable bismuth‐based quasi‐perovskite 2D MA3Bi2I9. In the 2D/3D heterostructure, the hydrophobic MA3Bi2I9 platelets vertically situate between the MAPbI3 grains, forming a lattice‐like structure to tightly enclose the 3D MAPbI3 perovskite grains. The solar cell based on the optimal 2D/3D (9.2%) heterostructured film achieves a high efficiency of 18.97%, with remarkably reduced hysteresis and significantly improved stability. The work demonstrates that construction of 2D/3D heterostructured films by hybridizing different species of perovskite materials is a feasible way to simultaneously enhance both efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells.
Effect of fuel composition on NOxformation in high‐pressure syngas/air combustion
Authors: Asgari Nazli , Padak Bihter
Published: March 2018

In this study, an experimental investigation of lean premixed syngas/air flames with H2/CO ratio of 1.0 and equivalence ratio of 0.5 has been conducted in a high‐pressure burner facility to investigate the effects of pressure and the presence of hydrocarbons on NOxspeciation. Detailed NOxspeciation measurements in the post‐flame region were conducted for various pressures up to 1.5 MPa (15 bar) using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. When the pressure is increased, NO concentration decreases while NO2increases due to pressure dependence of NO to NO2conversion. For a given pressure, the presence of hydrocarbons in syngas leads to an increase in NOxconcentrations possibly due to prompt NO formation. Comparison of NO concentrations in presence of CH4at different pressures shows that the effect of CH4due to prompt NO formation is more dominant than the effect of pressure on NO. © 2018 American Institute of Chemical EngineersAIChE J, 64: 3134–3140, 2018
Religion in the Hallways: Academic Performance and Psychological Distress among Immigrant origin Muslim Adolescents in High Schools
Authors: Oberoi Ashmeet Kaur , Trickett Edison J.
Published: March 2018

Islamic norms and Islamophobia present unique challenges for Muslim adolescents in Western countries. For Muslim students, even “secular” public schools are not a religion‐free space because their religious beliefs and values are central in their manner of living. To inquire more about these issues, an exploratory sequential design mixed‐method study was conducted that included focus groups and a survey addressing the public school experiences of Muslim adolescents in a Midwestern state in the United States and how those experiences are related to their academic achievement, educational aspirations, and psychological adjustment. Overall, the findings characterize this study's sample as coping well in the school context in terms of academic achievement, high educational expectations, and relatively low levels of psychological distress. However, those who experience greater frequency and severity of hassles at school report higher levels of psychological distress. In particular, the frequency of hassles associated with representing Islam, limited English competency, relations with both Muslim and non‐Muslim peers, and religious discrimination at school related to increased distress. Together, these findings suggest the importance of considering both individual and ecological determinants of wellbeing for Muslim adolescents. The findings also suggest the importance of looking more carefully at the sample, context, and time when the data were collected before making generalizations within or across cultural and/or religious groups.