bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysis of Driver’s Physiological Characteristics under Ice-Snow Conditions Base on Driving Simulator
Authors: Hu Li Wei , Pei Yu Long
Published: October 2011

In road traffic circumstance, the ice-snow pavement brings obvious adverse influence to the motor vehicles safety. This paper analyzes the relationships between friction coefficient and temperature, and between friction coefficient and relative humidity, and between friction coefficient and thickness, and between friction coefficient and compaction degree through a large number of experimental. Then base on these fundamental analyses, to use the experimental methods which are composed by simulations and actual test, to analyze the influence to driver’s physiology & psychology under different ice-snow roads conditions (as different ice-snow road alignment, etc.). Experimental studies have shown that when driving on the ice-snow pavement, ice-snow steep slope or ice-snow continuous curve, the drivers’ physiological load and physical burden are increased obviously; this indicates that it is unfavorable driving under these conditions.
Numerical Simulation of High Velocity Waterjet Characteristics and Impact Pressure
Authors: Luo Qun , He Kai , Mao He , Li Jiu Hua , Li Quan Chang , Du Ru Xu
Published: October 2011

This paper presents a numerical simulation approach to analyze high velocity waterjet characteristics and impact pressure. For the complexity of waterjet formation in air, multiphase mixture flow model is used, and the simulation is performed in FLUNET software. The simulation includes the hydrodynamic characteristics and pressure distribution of high velocity waterjet in air. The decay of pressure at different distance along centerline under different pump pressure is analyzed and the length of the initial region of waterjet is determined. In addition, the impact pressure of waterjet at different stand-off distance is also simulated, and the impact pressure distribution and its changing tendency with the stand-off distance are obtained. This paper provides theoretical parameters for waterjet incremental sheet metal forming.
Surface Plasmon Polaritons Excited by Narrow Beam in Kretschmann Structure
Authors: Yang Shu , Yin Zhi Ning
Published: October 2011

FDTD method is used to simulate SPPs in the Kretschmann structure. It is observed that the surface plasmon wave propagates not only with the attenuation but also with the oscillation. This paper explains the reasons for this phenomenon: the oscillation is caused by coupling of SPPs in the metal - air interface and dielectric - metal interface.
Exergetic and Energetic Response Surfaces for Small Turbojet Engine
Authors: Turan Onder , Karakoc T. Hikmet
Published: October 2011

Exergy analysis permits meaningful efficiencies to be evaluated for a system or process, and the sources, causes and locations of thermodynamic losses to be determined. This study presents exergetic modeling of a small turbojet engine via exergetic response surfaces. Turbojet engine consists of an inlet, a centrifugal compressor, reverse flow combustion chamber, axial-flow turbine and exhaust nozzle. The flight Mach number and altitude are examined on the exergetic efficiencies of total engine performance. The results of analysis are given as three dimensional exergetic response surface plots related to these operating parameters.
Integrating EIS and Wavelet Multi-Resolution Analysis; Part 1: Enhancing Monitoring of Nonconductive Coatings
Authors: Gaouda A.M. , Abdrabou A.M. , Abuzeid O.A. , Omar Farag K.
Published: October 2011

The goal of this study is to develop a new tool for enhancing monitoring and modeling the quality of nonconductive coatings. The work is divided into two parts. In part 1, the time-frequency domain features using wavelet-based tool and the traditional Electrochemical Impendence Spectroscopy (EIS) measurements are integrated to enhance the monitoring process. In part 2, the modeling process of nonconductive coatings by integrating both tools is described. In this paper, enamel coatings on aluminum substrates are excited with high frequency voltage source of a square wave using three-electrode arrangement. Signals of non-stationary features of the current and voltage response of an enamel coated sample are analyzed using a wavelet-based tool. The rapid result extracted from the wavelet transform is used to detect and monitor any variation in the enamel coating and hence identify the locations where further investigation using EIS should be implemented. The proposed technique is implemented on large sets of laboratory data and shows promising results.
Acoustic Absorption Characteristics of Closed Cell Aluminium Foam
Authors: Ghose Joyjeet , Sharma Vinay , Kumar Surender
Published: October 2011

Experimental investigation of sound absorption characteristics of aluminium foam is carried out under laboratory test conditions. The studies revealed that the developed aluminium foam have excellent sound absorption properties and is comparable with other sound absorbing materials. Excellent sound absorption property coupled with good mechanical properties makes this material ideal for sound absorption under difficult situations. Experimental results revealed that the thickness of the specimen affects the sound absorption properties of the material, and there exists an optimal thickness, at which sound absorption coefficient is maximum. Experimental evidence showed that presence of damaged cell edges, open and/or semi-open cells in the specimen surface, enhances the sound absorption capability of the material.
Study of Wear Assessment and Optimization of Multiple Properties of Red Mud Filled Polyester Composites
Authors: Mahapatra Siba Sankar , Datta Saurav
Published: October 2011

Polyester matrix composites reinforced by ceramic fillers have significantly better characteristics such as super wear resistance, high strength and low density than unreinforced materials. However, prohibitive costs and stability of properties pose challenge for the researchers in the process of development of composites. To address these issues, composites are being developed using waste materials as reinforcement for effective utilization of industrial wastes. The present investigation aims to develop red mud filled polyester composites (with different weight fraction) and characterize its mechanical and tribological properties. The engineering application of composites demands that it should have high wear resistance, low density and high tensile strength. In order to assess the behavior of composites satisfying multiple performance measures, grey-based Taguchi approach has been adopted in the present work. Optimal factor setting has been suggested to improve multiple responses viz., specific wear rate, density and tensile strength of the composite product. Optimal setting has been validated using confirmatory test.
Composite Materials Damage Characterization under Quasi-Static 3-Point Bending Test Using Fuzzy C-Means Clustering
Authors: Mohamad Fotouhi , Hossein Heidary , Farzad Pashmforoush , Ahmadi Najaf Abadi Mehdi
Published: October 2011

In this study, acoustic emission (AE) monitoring with a Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering is developed to detect the delamination process during quasi-static 3-point bending test on glass/epoxy composite materials. The main fracture mode that should be emphasized and has an effect on the residual strength of composite materials is delamination. The 3-point bending test simulates thrust force due to drilling process without backup plate. In this work, two types of specimen at different layups, woven [0,90] s and unidirectional [0] s, leading to different levels of damage evolution, were studied. Using acoustic emission monitoring can help to detect these fracture mechanisms. The obtained AE signals were classified using FCM. Dependency percentage of damages in each class is different in two specimens. Three parameters (Peak Amplitude, Count, and Average Frequency) were used to validate the FCM based classification. The results show that there is a good agreement with the FCM classification and microscopic observation by SEM.
Mechanical Properties Analysis on Elongation Type of Pneumatic Artificial Muscles
Authors: Geng De Xu , Zhao Ji , Zhang Lei , Zhao Yun Wei
Published: October 2011

This paper developed a novel elongation type of Pneumatic Artificial Muscle (PAM), which is mainly composed of the expandable internal rubber tube surrounded by the external cylindrical helical spring and the two ends are closed. The PAM is not only the actuator of the flexible joint but also the core components to make up of the flexible joint. Therefore, the mechanical properties of the PAM directly influence the performance of the flexible joint. A mathematical model on the axial deformation and bending stiffness of elongation type of PAM was built applying theoretical analysis and experimental research methods. The results show that the axial deformation of PAM and the air pressure supplying to the PAM are nonlinearly related due to the generic nonlinear of deformation of the rubber tube; the bending angle of the PAM is proportional to moment; Similarly, the bending angle of the PAM is also proportional to its length. Furthermore, it indicates that the air pressure indirectly affects the bending stiffness of PAM as the air pressure directly influences the elongation of PAM. Finally, this paper provides a powerful framework for the dynamic analysis and motion accuracy control of the flexible joint or the robot which is composed by the artificial muscles.
Cooperative Sensitization on Silver Bromoiodide (AgBr/I) GrainsEmulsion by Oxalate and Sulfur-Plus-Gold
Authors: Ma Wang Jing , Yang Xin Min , Li Zhi , Shi Yao , Li Yuan Qing
Published: October 2011

After sulfur-plus-gold sensitization on silver bromoiodide (AgBr/I) microcrystal emulsions prepared by the emulsifying process in the double-jet apparatus controlled by a microcomputer, a certain amount of oxalate salt (1×10-1、1×10-2、1×10-3and 1×10-4mol/molAg) was respectively added at a specific time and pAg to a reactor to prepare a series of tabular silver bromoiodide (AgBr/I) microcrystal at whose surface oxalate ions and Ag2S or AuAgS were doped. The sensitometric results from these crystal emulsions showed: 1) that the sensitivities of oxalate-doped AgBr/I emulsion, relative to that of the undoped emulsion as the controlled one, were remarkably increased; 2) that a cooperative sensitization by oxalate dopant, sulfur-plus-gold was observed without any significant increase in fog level when 10-3—10-4 mol/molAg oxalate was doped；3） that sensitivity gain (SG) was maximal, when 10-3mol/molAg oxalate (in 10-1—10-4 mol/molAg ) was doped at the surface of AgBr/I grains.
Theoretical Study on Cation Vacancy Induced Magnetism in Bulk ZnO
Authors: Liang Pei , Wang Le
Published: October 2011

Based on first principle FP-LAPW calculations, the electronic structure and magnetic properties of ZnO with Zn cation vacancy has been investigated. We find that the cation vacancy defect can induce a magnetic moment of about 2μB/supercell. The magnetic moment mainly comes from 2p-orbitals of O atoms which surround the Zn vacancy. We also find that the two Zn vacancies in ZnO always coupled Ferro-magnetically. Furthermore, the system shows half metallic Ferro-magnetic properties with high Curie temperature.
Synthesis and Characterization of Ce1-xZrxO2 Nanopaticles
Authors: Motyeian Elham , Aghabozorg Hamid Reza , Aghabozorg Hossein
Published: October 2011

A series of crystalline Ce1-xZrxO2 nanoparticles (where x = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0) have been prepared by (i) hydrothermal (ii) polymer based metal-complex precursor solution reactions. Hydrothermal method was performed with diethanol amine as hydrolysis catalyst. The effect of reaction conditions on the size of particles and their morphology were investigated. In the polymer based method, by calcination of suitable polymer precursor solutions at a temperature range between 300 and 450 °C along with variation in the period of time, the metal oxide powders were subsequently obtained. The prepared powders have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) .These studies reveled that zirconium is a good host for insertion into Cerium oxide in fluorite structure. The as-prepared samples were further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The average diameter of the nanoparticles were calculated from line broadening of XRD peaks and confirmed by SEM and TEM studies.
Research on the Basic Mechanical Behavior of Masonry Structure
Authors: Chen Li Qun
Published: October 2011

This paper analyzes the hole and open hole wall without cracking load, crack distribution and the order of appearance. We use MSC.Macr software and two-dimensional four-node element and the constitutive relation proposed masonry. Masonry shear wall is failed criterion for the force and deformation of elastic-plastic finite element analysis, wall cracking load is ultimate shear capacity. The predicted values of cracking load, ultimate shear load-bearing capacity and maximum horizontal deformation of wall agree better with testing results.
Ammonium Perchlorate Decomposition Characteristic Parameters Determination, a Simplified Approach
Authors: Abdel-Wareth W. M. , Xu Xu
Published: October 2011

Effects of various grain sizes (10~390 µm) under heating rate of 40 °C/min on ammonium perchlorate (AP) decomposition characteristic parameters, the decomposition thermal behavior and kinetic parameters (activation energy and pre-exponential factor), were investigated by simultaneous DSC/TGA in a dynamic nitrogen atmosphere. In addition, the specific surface areas were measured by the BET-method. Moreover, the kinetic parameters were determined by a simplified approach based on the isoconversional method. The results showed that, the higher the AP particle size the lower the determined decomposition kinetic parameters. In addition, the results were in acceptable agreements with some important literatures. Moreover, it was highly recommended to apply the higher agreeable heating rates for AP samples to determine that parameters more accurately.
Engineering Applications of Satellite Structural Optimization Utilizing ANSYS/CATIA
Authors: Mao Jia , Zhang Wei Hua
Published: October 2011

A structured frame for the design optimization problem of satellite platform structure was established through the definition, flow and modification research of design parameters in the ANSYS/CATIA system. Problems with creating complex satellite structure FEA (Finite Element Analysis) models were discussed, including the idealization of real structure, as well as embedment of APDL (ANSYS Parametric Design Language) programme developed specially for the pre-processing and post-processing of FEA model. The optimization model was established under structural design requirements, and a graded optimization method was applied for calculation. Light-weight design schemes for two satellite platform structure were obtained through the subsequently optimization implemented using approaches put forward previously. The optimization design problems of two satellite platform structure were settled well, and work done in this paper provides certain reference value for optimization of other spacecraft structures.
Design and Assembly of an Experimental Fixed Wing Remote Controlled Glider Plane
Authors: Khatoon Shahida , Gupta Dhiraj
Published: October 2011

In order to enable a mini-UAV to perform target acquisition, localization and continuous surveillance in real world environment one must develop a technology which may be a combination of aircraft engineering, control systems, and wireless communication. The major limiting factors in developing the capabilities of small low cost UAVs are connectivity, computational processing power and lack of resource integration. To overcome these limitations in this research we have tried to assemble an experimental fixed wing prototype glider plane capable of being remotely controlled in the range of 20 meters. We started with a light and flexible fat-propylene twine flute material and developed the airframe, interfaced it with radio controlled remote and embedded on-board micro controller on the glider airframe. Our glider took stable flight with the assembled propeller for 20 minutes successfully. The brushless DC servomotors used for electronic speed control of the UAV worked efficiently and were able to control the rudder and elevator in both directions. The significance of this research is that all the devices used here are low cost and highly efficient. In this paper we have investigated the use of reconfigurable computing as a viable alternative to increase the amount of computational power whilst at the same time minimizing the amount of weight, size, and power consumption.
Effect of Periodicity of Non-Uniform Sinusoidal Side Heating on Natural Convection in an Anisotropic Porous-Enclosure
Authors: Kapoor S. , Bera P.
Published: October 2011

A comprehensive numerical study on the natural convection in a hydrodynamically anisotropic as well as isotropic porous enclosure is presented, flow is induced by non uniform sinusoidal heating of the right wall of the enclosure. The principal directions of the permeability tensor has been taken oblique to the gravity vector. The spectral Element method has been adopted to solve numerically the governing differential equations by using the vorticity-stream-function approach. The results are presented in terms of stream function, temperature profile and Nusselt number. The result show that the maximum heat transfer takes place at y = 1.5 when N is odd.. Also, increasing media permeability, by changing K* = 1 to K* = 0.2, increases heat transfer rate at below and above right corner of the enclosure. Furthermore, for the all values of N, profiles of local Nusselt number (Nuy) in isotropic as well as anisotropic media are similar, but for even values of N differ slightly at N = 2.. In particular the present analysis shows that, different periodicity (N) of temperature boundary condition has the significant effect on the flow pattern and consequently on the local heat transfer phenomena.
A Digital System Implement for Aircraft Sheet Metal Cutting
Authors: Lai Chang Liang , Liu Chuang , Zhang Xian Jie
Published: October 2011

For aircraft sheet metal parts digital cutting, this paper uses IDEF0 to structure a digital system integrated with unfolding module, nesting module, cutting path planning module and NC cutting module, then analyzes data organization and process of the system application. In the system, an algorithm for the development of a doubly curved surface onto a plane is adopted, NC cutting process-oriented nesting algorithm is presented and rules of cutter path planning is developed. Furthermore, application examples of key technologies (unfolding, nesting, path cutter planning) are demonstrated and indicate that the system can realize digital cutting for aircraft sheet metal parts quickly and precisely.
Optimum Length for Pin Fins Used in Electronic Cooling
Authors: Mafeed M.P , Salman Ali M , Prabin C , Ramis M.K. , Ali Baig M.A. , Khan S.A.
Published: October 2011

The present work deals with the heat transfer analysis of pin fins of various geometries namely ─ circular, triangular and rectangular and thus arrive at the optimum design. To this end, the fin with convective boundary tip is considered and the equation governing the one-dimensional heat conduction in the fin is solved analytically to obtain the temperature distribution and heat transfer rate. A computer code has been developed to generate results for wide range of parameters─ heat transfer coefficient h, thermal conductivity k, and length of the fin l. Results are plotted in the form of temperature variation, heat transfer variation and optimum length variation. From the detailed discussion of the results it can be concluded optimum length decreases with increasing heat transfer coefficient and it increases with increasing thermal conductivity. It can be also concluded that the optimum length is minimum for a triangular fin compared to rectangular and circular fins.
Experimental Investigation and Finite Element Analysis on Electromagnetic Compression Forming Processed Aluminum Alloy Tubes
Authors: Rajiv Selvam , Shanmuga Sundaram Karibeeran , Pasquale Pablo
Published: October 2011

Electromagnetic forming (EMF) is a high energy rate forming (HERF) process. It is a high speed forming process using a pulsed magnetic field to form work pieces made of metals such as copper or aluminum alloys with high electrical conductivity. The work piece to be deformed will be located within the effective area of the tool coil so that the resulting type of stress during the forming process is determined by the type of coil used and its arrangement as related to the component. Tubular or structural components can be narrowed by means of compression coils or widened by means of expansion coils, where as sheet metal can be deformed by flat coils. In this work, the experimental investigation and simulation of electromagnetic compression forming of aluminum alloy tubes is studied. The aim of the paper was to verify the results from Finite element methods with experimental data. Experiments were conducted on Tubes of outer diameter 40 mm and wall thickness of 2 mm with a nominal tensile strength of 214 MPa. The tube was compressed using a 4 turn helical actuator discharge that can be energied up to 20 kJ. A field shaper made of aluminum was used. A Maximum reduction of 15.85% in diameters were measured. The same problem was simulated in ANSYS using static coupled electromagnetic analysis. The results of the Simulation showed good correlation with experimental results.
Fabrication of Sn-Doped ZnO Varistor by Solid State Processing
Authors: Yongvanich Niti , Visuttpitukul Pattama , Assawasilpakul Waranya , Srichan Warunee , Sungsuwan Nuttapol
Published: October 2011

In this work, systematic substitution of ZnO with SnO2 in ZnO-based varistor composition was investigated through analysis of densification, phase formation, microstructure and non-linear properties. The general formula was Zn0.96-xSnxBi0.02Co0.02Oβ with x = 0, 0.01, 0.02 and 0.04. The high rate of densification starting at 800°C is believed to be related to Bi2O3 via liquid-phase sintering. The complex nature of this multi-phasic varistor system was demonstrated through occurrence of different phases at different sintering temperatures. The low-temperature pyrochlore (Bi2Sn2O7) started to dissociate at approximately 1100°C with the spinel (Zn2SnO4) forming afterwards. The grain size variation with composition might be induced by the changes in the availability of Bi2O3 which has been reported to help facilitate abnormal grain growth. All samples sintered at 1200°C, with data extrapolation, possessed breakdown voltages of higher than 1400 V/cm.
The Study of Column Separation in Pumping Stations
Authors: Sadafi M. H. , Riasi A. R. , Nourbakhsh A.
Published: October 2011

When pressure head of one point of pipeline drops to saturated vapor pressure head in water hammer, column separation occurs. Occurrence of column separation might result in some damages in pipeline or other equipment in the system. In discrete vapor cavity model as the solving model, cavities could form in any computational grid specifically in high elevated regions of pipeline. In this study the numerical results are compared with the experimental data and shown having a good agreement together. Moreover, the effects of pipe diameter, flywheel effect, and pump specific speed on transient flow behavior are investigated. It is shown that pressure head for pumps with higher specific speed and inertia have a lower peak amount.
Preparation of Strontium Ferrite Powders by Mechanochemical Process
Authors: Luo Ju Hua
Published: October 2011

Sr-ferrite powders were preparated by mechanochemical treatments using SrCO3 and Fe2O3 as raw materials. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) were employed to evaluated the morphologies, structures and magnetic properties of samples. The results indicated that the starting mixture became amorphous stage after ball-milled for 30h, and single phase SrFe12O19 could be obtained after annealed at 900°C for 2h. And the saturation magnetization was 58.2Am2/kg, and coercivity was 281.2 kA/m at room temperature. In comparison with the traditional firing method , the mechanochemical method benefited achieving the higher coercivity, which indicated that the samples had a better magnetic properties.
Optical Absorption of Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Doped with Nickel Chloride
Authors: Abdullah Omed Ghareb , Saber Dlear Rafiq
Published: October 2011

Films of pure and doped Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different concentration of Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) were prepared using the casting technique, in order to investigate the effect of NiCl2 additions on the optical properties of PVA host. The dispersion studies of pure PVA film and PVA films doped with NiCl2 were studied using complex refractive index in the wavelength range 190-1100 nm. The absorption spectral analysis showed that the optical energy band is due to the direct and indirect allowed optical transitions. The optical energy band gap Egopt of the films decreases with increasing NiCl2 contents, while the Urbach energy ∆Et called the width of localized states in the optical band gap decreases from 0.7414 to 0.1891 eV. The reductions of optical energy band gap were observed for all samples after annealing at temperatures 70oC for three hours.
Study on Kerf Width in Wire-EDM Based on Taguchi Method
Authors: Abinash Kumar Swain , Siddhartha Ray , Mandal Nirmal Kumar
Published: October 2011

— This paper presents an experimental investigation on the influence of cutting parameters of wire cut Electrical Discharge Machining (Wire-EDM) during the machining of tungsten carbide and optimization of machining parameters on kerf width. The investigation was conducted by considering the varying parameter of average machining voltage, spark on time, spark off time, and capacitance with Taguchi method as optimizing technique. L9 orthogonal array has been used to determine the S/N ratio, analysis of variance and ‘F’ test values for indicating most significant parameter affecting the machining performance. The significant factors average machining voltage for kerf width. Spark on time, spark off time and capacitance are obtained as insignificant parameters. Further verification of improvements in the quality characteristics has been made through conformation test to the chosen initial parameter setting. The optimal combination of WEDM parameters satisfies the real requirement of quality machining of tungsten carbide.
Effect of Internal Heat Source on the Onset of Convection in a Nanofluid Layer
Authors: Dhananjay Dhananjay , Agrawal G.S. , Bhargava R.
Published: October 2011

Effect of internal heat source on the onset of convection in nanofluid layer heated from below is studied. The lower boundary and upper boundary are assumed to be rigid and free respectively. The two important effects namely the Brownian motion and thermophoresis have been included in the model of nanofluid. Linear stability analysis has been made to investigate the effect of internal heat source on the onset of convection. Galerkin method is used to obtain the analytical expression for Rayleigh number in the non-oscillatory mode and result are depicted graphically. It has been shown that the internal heat source, nanoparticle Rayleigh number and modified diffusivity ratio have a destabilizing effect depending upon the values of various nanofluid parameters.
Modeling and Simulation of Nano Structures Based on Molecular Dynamics
Authors: Hoshiar Ali Kafash , Fard Hamed Raeisi , Kheirikhah Mohamad Mehdi , Fard Hafez Raeisi
Published: October 2011

As our knowledge about Nano grows we can apply Nano Technology in all fields of Science and Engineering. Molecular simulation can be used to simulate the manufacturing process in nano scale. In this paper, simulations in nano scale were investigated in two main reasons: 1- Morphology in Nano-Micro, 2-Simulation based on molecular dynamics. The basic and main aspects of both methods were explored and also a Matlab algorithm will be suggested to modeling the structure and dynamic in nano scale. First, some pieces in cylindrical and cubic forms were simulated and the effects of thermal treatment in different temperatures were investigated in light of this simulation. Second, a model based on molecular dynamics in 2D was developed to find out the effects of force exerted to AFM..
Thermoelastic Damping in Clamped-Clamped Annular Microplate
Authors: Ali N. Ale , Mohammadi A. Karami
Published: October 2011

In this paper, a linear model of thermoelastic damping in annular microplate is considered for calculating the quality factor of this damping. In this model clamped boundary condition is applied in inner and outer circular edges. In the results, there are critical radius and thickness which are calculated analytically and in these dimensions, the thermoelastic damping becomes maximal. The critical radius and thickness depend on material properties, vibration modes and frequencies, dimensions of microplate.
Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles by a Sonochemistry Method Useful for Two-Dimentional Nanoparticle Arrays
Authors: Zhang Zhan Jiang , Li Jin Pei , Ma Wang Jing , Wu Liang Zhuan
Published: October 2011

Silver nanoparticles were synthesized by a sonochemistry method by using silver stearate and triphenylphosphine as silver precursor and reduction accelerator respectively. The experimental conditions that influence the formation and organization of the particles were investigated, and the particles were characterized by TEM. Results showed that well-ordered two-dimentional (2D)-monolayer was formed after solvent evaporation on a carbon-coated copper TEM grid at the optimal experimental conditions which was that the mole percentage of the amount of reducing agent and triphenylphosphine to silver precursor was 10% and 50% respectively, and the ultrasound power was set at 60% (relative to the maximum ultrasound power value of the machine).
Visible-Light Driven BiFeO3 Nanosized Photocatalysts Prepared by a Sol-Gel Process
Authors: Tang Pei Song , Chen Hai Feng , Cao Feng , Pan Guo Xiang , Xu Min Hong , Wang Kun Yan , Tong Yan Hua
Published: October 2011

The single perovskite BiFeO3 nanoparticles were prepared by a sol-gel process. The BiFeO3 nanoparticles were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), UV-Vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. It was found that the prepared BiFeO3 nanoparticles show the large specific surface area of 136 m2/g, and narrow band gap of 2.12 eV. Consequently, BiFeO3 nanoparticles show high visible-light photocatalytic activity for decomposition of methylene blue in comparison with the commercial Degussa P25. It is concluded that the large specific surface area and the narrow band gap contribute to the high visible-light photocatalytic activity through enhanced adsorption capability and visible-light absorption.
Preparation of TiO2 Nanopowders by Non-Hydrolytic Sol−Gel and Solvothermal Synthesis
Authors: Wang Yan Xiang , Xu Min , Sun Jian
Published: October 2011

TiO2 nanopowders were synthesized by non-hydrolytic sol−gel synthesis and solvothermal method. Effects of the type of alcohol on the properties of TiO2 nanopowders were investigated. XRD and FSEM were used to characterize TiO2 nanopowders. The results showed that TiO2 nanopowders with diameters of about 50nm and micro-spheres with diameters of about 400~500nm were obtained by non-hydrolytic sol−gel synthesis, when ethanol and isopropanol were used as oxygen donor and solvent, respectively. TiO2 prepared with ethanol by non-hydrolytic sol−gel synthesis and calcined at 700°C consisted only 3.8% rutile phase. After solvothermal synthesis, TiO2 nanopowders with diameters of about 50nm were obtained when ethanol and isopropanol were used as the oxygen donor. However, submicrometer spheres with uniform size distribution were obtained with 1-octanol.
Efficacy and Safety Testing of a New Biologically Based Design Ankle Foot Orthosis in Healthy Volunteer
Authors: Bin Ab Patar Mohd Nor Azmi , Ramli Hanif , Mahmud Jamaluddin , Yusof Abdul Halim
Published: October 2011

The ankle-foot of human body is a multi-joint structure that accommodates complex foot motion. Abnormality to the ankle-foot due to injury or disease can result in abnormal gait motion. In such cases, physiotherapist has to assist hemiplegic patients (ankle dorsiflexor muscles with lack of dorsiflexion assist moment) in rehabilitation therapy by using gait training in parallel bars. Physiotherapist has to support hemiplegic patient to position foot and also supports their stand balance. This prolongs multiple task puts extra burden to physiotherapist which gives side effect such as muscular strain or bone fracture while doing the task. Consequently, the motion of the foot patients did not follow the normal gait pattern. Therefore, there is a need to develop an effective ankle foot orthosis (AFO) to solve the long issue-problem. This research was undertake to embark on the modeling and designing of new ankle foot orthosis (AFO) using active control system which later could be used to help patients with ankle dorsiflexor muscles problem. The work was carried out in four stages involving modeling and simulation of DC motor, algorithm development, design and fabrication of the orthosis and finally, evalaution of the product and its functions. The orthosis was tested on healthy volunteer and the results show that the objective to develop and fabricate a new type of robust ankle foot orthosis which can control movement has been achieved successfully.
Thermal Study of the Nickel Ion Interaction with Myelin Basic Protein
Authors: Mirzaie M. , Behbehani G. Rezaei
Published: October 2011

The interaction of myelin basic protein with Nickel ions was studied by Isothermal Titration Calorimetry (ITC) at in tris buffer, pH=7. The enthalpies of MBP+Ni2+interaction are reported and analysed in term of the new solvation theory. It was found that MBP has three identical and cooperative binding sites for Ni2+ions. The dissociation equilibrium constant and the molar enthalpy of binding are 75.015 µM, -14.815 kJmol-1. The binding parameters recovered from the new equation, attributed to the structural change of MBP and its biological activity due to metal ion interaction. The binding of nickel ions cause some changes in stability of MBP at low and high Ni2+concentrations.
Multi-Objective Approach in Exergoeconomic and Environmental Optimization of the Gas Turbine Cycle
Authors: Ranjbar S. , Ajam H. , Eslamirasekh M.
Published: October 2011

The gas turbine cycle either as an individual power production cycle or as a part of yet another cycle, is one of the most common industrials till now which, has been ever evaluated and analyzed. In the present research, this cycle has been modeled individually along with a pre-heater and a compressor at two stages with the objective to maximize the exergic efficiency and in the meantime decreasing the costs and environmental pollution. In addition, the isentropic turbine efficiency, the isentropic compressor efficiency, the ratio of the total pressure of the cycle, and the percentage of extra air has been defined as the design variables. Two objective functions are evaluated to be optimized by the genetic algorithm using the Pareto fitness approach as the determining comparison function. Finally, the exergo-economic coefficient of the related components and the amount of their exergy destruction and cost, at the optimum point, has been compared.
Water Consumption Reduction by Application of Treated Hygienic Sewage of Yazd Combined Fuel Power Plant to Irrigate the Green Space, Iran
Authors: Nezakati Roya , Dehghan Nadiya , Majd Farshad Fasihi , Dehdashtian Mahindokht
Published: October 2011

Recently, attention has been given to water shortage in Iran; especially in areas such as the province of Yazd, which has arid and semi-arid climate and is located in the central plateaus of Iran. In these situations, re-using sewage is one of the ways we can overcome the problem of water shortage. In order to combat the issue of water shortage and protect the environment, the Yazd combined cycle power plant has applied the effluent of the hygienic sewage treatment system (the active sludge system with extended aeration modification) for irrigation, which is the aim of this study. Studies show that every worker of this power plant uses 85 liter of water and produces 30 liter of hygienic sewage in every work shift. According to experiments that have been carried out on samples of raw sewage, pH, BOD5, COD and TSS were found in 6.9 , 306.45mg/l, 595.85mg/l, 376.35mg/l, respectively. The amounts of the same parameters were 7, 65.80mg/l, 139.1mg/l, 34mg/l in the samples exiting treatment system, which are in accordance with Iran Department of Environment standards and with the irrigation criteria either. The system efficiency in eliminating some parameters is as follows, 76 % COD, 78% BOD5 and 90 % of TSS. The most important effluent parameters in respect to irrigation water standards are SAR, Cl¯ and EC that have been measured in 6.15meq/l, 10meq/l and 1.882 µ mohs/cm, respectively. Based on comparisons between these amounts and the Wilcox diagram, the treated sewage is categorized as medium according to the quality of water used for irrigation. So it has been used to irrigate the green space within the ambit of the Yazd combined cycle power plant.
Wastewater Treatment for a Sustainable Future: Overview of Phosphorus Recovery
Authors: Muryanto S. , Bayuseno A.P.
Published: October 2011

Intensified agriculture in response to the growing population has led to excessive nutrient discharges to natural waters causing environmental problems in the form of eutrophication and its associated risks. Treatment options for this adverse effect include removal and recovery of soluble phosphorus by chemical precipitation, biological uptake, and struvite crystallisation. Chemical precipitation is the most common method due to its simplicity, but the chemical requirements can be prohibitive and the removed phosphorus is less reusable. Biological uptake requires less chemicals but the process is complex and prone to seasonal variations. Phosphorus removal and recovery from wastewater by struvite crystallisation is an attractive option since the crystallisation process converts phosphorus into struvite crystals, i.e. phosphate minerals which have proved to be good fertilizer, hence potentially reduces fertilizer production and the subsequent greenhouse gas emissions. Moreover, struvite crystallisation helps prevent scaling of wastewater treatment facilities. A number of struvite crystallisation projects utilising primarily agricultural wastewater is already operational at industrial scale.
Nuclear Fusion and the Moon as a Source of Power for the World - Possibility of 3He Fusion and the International Quest for the Moon
Authors: Guven Ugur , Kuchhal Piyush
Published: October 2011

One of the biggest challenges that the world faces is definitely the need for more energy. As the world’s fossil fuel supplies dwindle down, it becomes more and more important to find clean sources of energy that can also fulfill the global demand for more energy. Fortunately, aerospace technology can be of use, as the moon can be used to harvest 3He, which can be a clean source of nuclear fuel for fusion reaction on Earth, as well as on the moon. This paper will demonstrate that the concept of moon mining needs to be explored further as 3He can be of great use for solving the world’s energy needs.
Application of Lean Tool (Value Stream Mapping) in Minimisation of the Non-Value Added Waste (A Case Study of Tractor Industry)
Authors: Singh Paramdeep , Singh Harpuneet
Published: October 2011

Lean manufacturing has been proved to be an effective management philosophy for improving businesses in a competitive market by eliminating non-value added waste and improving in process operations. Value stream mapping is an important tool used to identify the opportunities for various lean techniques. The present research mainly focuses on the description of a model that is developed to contrast the “before” and “after” scenarios in detail in order to obtain the various benefits such as reduced production lead time, lower work in process inventory [1] and proper utilisation of the workforce. The current manufacturing system has been compared with the proposed pull (Kanban) system which shows the benefits of the proposed lean manufacturing system over the existing traditional manufacturing system. The present research work has been carried out at typical tractor industry which shows 50.5% reduction in total lead time in the future state value mapping of the crank case and the number of operators involved in processing of crank case has also been reduced from 22 to 18.
Effects of Water and Steam Injection on Thermodynamic Performance of Gas-Turbine Systems
Authors: Kim Kyoung Hoon
Published: October 2011

The water and steam injection gas-turbine systems are comparatively investigated. Thermodynamic performances of the regenerative after-fogging gas-turbine (RAF) system, steam-injection gas-turbine (STIG) system, and the regenerative steam-injection gas-turbine (RSTIG) system are analyzed parametrically. Using the analytic model, the important system variables such as thermal efficiency, fuel consumption, specific power, and specific emission of CO2 gas are evaluated in terms of pressure ratio and water or steam injection ratio. The numerical results show that water or steam injection results in a notable enhancement of thermal efficiency and specific power.
Electronic Structure of h-WO3 and CuWO4 Nanocrystals, Harvesting Materials for Renewable Energy Systems and Functional Devices
Authors: Atuchin V.V. , Troitskaia I.B. , Khyzhun O.Yu. , Bekenev V.L. , Solonin Yu.M.
Published: October 2011

— The electronic structure of hexagonal WO3 and triclinic CuWO4 nanocrystals, prospective materials for renewable energy production and functional devices, has been studied using the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and X-ray emission spectroscopy (XES) methods. The present XPS and XES results render that the W 5d-and O 2p-like states contribute throughout the whole valence-band region of the h-WO3 and CuWO4 nanocrystalline materialls, however maximum contributions of the O 2p-like states occur in the upper, whilst the W 5d-like states in the lower portions of the valence band, respectively.
Utilization of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies in an Indian Manufacturing Enterprise
Authors: Singh Harwinder , Khamba J.S.
Published: October 2011

In the present turbulent times, survival and success of any organization increasingly depends on effective use of resources available in any organization. The present study has been carried out to assess the utilization of new technologies in the manufacturing organization. A feasibility study has been carried out to find out the utilization level of different technologies for strategic success. The study has been conducted by considering the following aspects:- Utilization of different operations with respect to time. Utilization of machines by comparing the costs of automatic machines with conventional machines. It has been observed that the utilization level of all the sections is more than 70% with respect to time. The research has been carried out using flexible systems methodology. SAP-LAP (Situation Actor Process-Learning Action Performance) is a holistic framework that blends hard systems and soft systems paradigms. For this reason, the enterprises aim for improving the utilization level of existing resources.
Experimental Evaluation of Cooking Oil (Carotene Oil) as Biodiesel Blended on Compression Ignition (CI) Engine
Authors: Norwazan A.R. , Zulkiffli A.K. , Abd Rahim M.S.
Published: October 2011

Biodiesel is an alternative fuels for diesel engine with the blending process by chemically combination of vegetable or animal oil and diesel fuels. It is proved that the biodiesel can be used without any modification on the compression ignition (CI) engine. In this study, the cooking oil of namely carotene is used to produce the biodiesel blend fuels in various percentages. The biodiesel blend and diesel fuel are evaluated to analyze the engine performances in 4 cylinder inline CI engine. The characteristics of engine performances namely brake power output and brake specific fuel consumption are measured with various loads applied. The fuel properties of biodiesel blend are investigated namely density, dynamics viscosity and kinetic viscosity. The experimental results show that the performance of biodiesel B10 is better than it counterpart namely diesel in terms of brake power output and brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC).
Optimization of Support Material and Build Time in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM)
Authors: Gurrala Pavan Kumar , Regalla Srinivasa Prakash
Published: October 2011

Fused deposition modeling (FDM) has evolved as one of the fastest growing layer manufacturing (LM) technology because of its capability to build even functional plastic parts with geometrical complexity in a reasonable time period. The quality of the production process depends on various process parameters, the most important of them being layer thickness (h), raster angle (θ), orientation (φ), contour width (c) and part raster width (w). In the present study, the influence of these parameters on two process quality parameters, namely, build time and the support material volume are studied on a rotational part modeled on a FDM 200mc machine. A 25 full factorial Design of Experiments (DOE) methodology was employed and the results for build time and support material volume of the 32 experiments were analyzed using Design Expert®. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was done and based on the ANOVA results the model equation for the two quality parameters in both coded and original factors has been developed. Comments on the results obtained and interaction effects are included at the end of the paper.
Adaptive Nonlinear Teleoperation with Time Delay Using Modified Wave Variable Based Controller
Authors: Xiong Wei , Ju He Hua , Liu Hong Yun
Published: October 2011

Transparency and stability are two key issues in bilateral teleoperation. In this paper, We propose a novel control framework for bilateral teleoperation of nonlinear robotic teleoperation systems under constant communication delays. The proposed approach utilizes the modified wave variable method based on the adaptive nonlinear control, the master and slave robots are directly connected over the delayed communication channels. To make the stability of the system independent of the communication delay, two nonlinear adaptive motion/force controllers are bilaterally designed for both master and slave manipulators and insured its passivity. To improve the transparency, a modified wave variable method based on Nimeyer-Slotine wave ways was used. Simulation results are presented which demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed architecture.
Producing Hydrogen through Electrolysis
Authors: Amirabad Morteza Mirzaei , Amirabad Alireza Mirzaei , Khodagholizadeh Jafar , Naeimi Ali Akbar
Published: October 2011

In this paper, we discus about production Hydrogen for industrial and laboratories. We will discuss about methods of production Hydrogen and exquisite in electrolysis Power Acids. In this paper, compare some methods and materials. We prefer Sulfuric Acid. For electrolysis Sulfuric Acid, we need electrode. The material of electrode must refractory in corrosion by Sulfuric Acid. This material is alloy from palatine and other material. The physical face of electrode is too important and discus in this paper.