bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
On the Dimensionality of the Pay Satisfaction Questionnaire
Authors: Carraher Shawn M.
Published: August 2011

Using a sample of 104 employed business students attending evening courses at a state university, the dimensionality of a pay satisfaction questionnaire was examined. A principal components analysis with an oblique rotation was used to assess whether items hypothesized to load on a raise in pay component and a structure/administration component would actually load on those respective components. This analysis was also compared to one with an orthogonal rotation to assess the assumption of orthogonality between the hypothesized dimensions. The raise and structure/administration items all loaded on a single component along with pay level items, and, based upon hyperplane counts, the assumption of orthogonality between dimensions of satisfaction with pay is poor.
Personality Correlates of Intelligence in a Clinical Group
Authors: Kirkcaldy B. D. , Siefen G.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between personality and intelligence test performance among 84 psychiatric patients was examined using a reduced version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale together with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire. Introverts were inclined to do better than extraverts on all WAIS scales, the difference being statistically significant for the verbal subtests of Information and Similarities only. A 2-way multivariate analysis of variance gave a significant main effect for Social Conformity, in which low Lie scorers obtained higher scores on all subscales, particularly Verbal IQ. There was no main effect for Psychoticism but there were two interactions (Psychoticism × Lie) for the verbal subscales. For individuals characterized by high social conformity, the high Psychoticism scorers displayed lower scores on those scales associated with sensory associative intelligence (Information, Similarities, and Picture Completion). The results were discussed with particular reference to two competing theories relating personality and intelligence.
Factor Structure and Reliability of the Reasons for Living Inventory
Authors: Osman Augustine , Gregg Connie L. , Osman Joylene R. , Jones Keith
Published: August 2011

This study examined the factor structure and internal consistency reliability of the Reasons for Living Inventory for 275 college students. Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation extracted five factors, based on the scree test. The derived factors were identical with the inventory's subscales, except for the Fear of Suicide subscale and Social Disapproval subscale items loading on the same factor. Significant gender differences were obtained on the Responsibility to Family, the Fear of Suicide, and the Moral Objections subscales. The pattern of subscale correlations was similar for the subsamples. The coefficients alpha for the subscales ranged from moderate to high.
Creative Way of Living
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: August 2011

The purpose was to explore the possible relations among a creative way of living, empathy, need satisfaction, and self-actualization. 20 students of an introductory psychology course completed four scales of Shostrom's Personal Orientation Inventory, the Saurt test on the creative way of living, the Mehrabian and Epstein empathy scale, and the Kalliopuska sufficiency of need satisfaction scale. Several statistically significant, low to moderate correlations suggest further work with larger samples may be worthwhile.
Demographic and Intellectual Correlates of the Short-Term Memory Test
Authors: Bjerklie Gail L. , Horton Arthur MacNeill
Published: August 2011

This study examined the effect of demographic variables and intellectual factors on the Short-term Memory Test. Subjects were 20 patients neurologically diagnosed as brain-damaged. There was only one significant correlation between Verbal IQ and the Short-term Memory Test. Demographic variables of age, education, and sex did not correlate significantly with scores of the Short-term Memory Test.
Physical Attractiveness Stereotype in Causal Attributions for Socially Undesirable Behavior
Authors: Fredricks John C. , Arenson Sidney J.
Published: August 2011

Causal attributions for socially undesirable behavior performed by physically attractive and unattractive stimulus persons were investigated among 144 men and women respondents. An attributional bias was predicted such that upon learning that a person has engaged in socially undesirable behavior in the context of a pattern of low consensus, low distinctiveness, and high consistency information, respondents would make more internal attributions for unattractive than for attractive persons. It was also predicted that respondents exposed to a pattern of high consensus, high distinctiveness, and high consistency information would make more external attributions for attractive than for unattractive individuals. These predictions were not confirmed. Although there was evidence for stereotyping of physical attractiveness, respondents (72 male and 72 female undergraduates) indicated no bias in the causal attributions made for the behavior of individuals differing in attractiveness. These findings suggest a limitation of the generality of the stereotype of physical attractiveness.
Treating Insomnia with a Self-Administered Muscle Relaxation Training Program: A Follow-up
Authors: Gustafson Roland
Published: August 2011

22 subjects seeking psychological help for problems of insomnia were trained to use a self-administered treatment package which contained a booklet explaining the problem and outlining the training program in detail and a tape with three versions of progressive relaxation training. A follow-up study one year later indicated that 90% of the subjects had trained according to the instructions and that 82% experienced a positive effect on sleep both with respect to falling asleep, staying asleep, and consumption of sleeping pills. It was concluded that self-administered relaxation training seems a cheap, convenient, and effective means of treating insomnia.
Television Viewing, Aggression, and Ethnicity
Authors: Harris Mary B.
Published: August 2011

For 416 college students, questioned about their experiences with aggression and television viewing, only very weak correlations between preference for violent shows and aggression were observed. Black males watched significantly more television than other respondents. These findings suggest that the frequently reported correlation between viewing televised violence and aggression may not appear when sex, ethnicity, and education are controlled in a sample of young adults.
Belief in the Paranormal and Religious Belief among American College Students
Authors: Duncan David F. , Donnelly J. William , Nicholson Thomas
Published: August 2011

A survey of beliefs about the paranormal was completed by 267 university students. Protestants were more likely to believe in the Devil, possession by the Devil, and witches, but less likely to believe in reincarnation or haunted houses. Catholics were more likely to believe in astrology. Students whose religion was important to them were less likely to believe in the Devil, possession by the Devil, astrology, extrasensory perception, or reincarnation.
Observations on the Abuse of Women and Children
Authors: Breiner Sander J.
Published: August 2011

From ancient times to the present the abuse of women and children has occurred in societies that have had a structure hostile to other societies (e.g., war is glorified), hostile punitive attitudes to its own population (e.g., few civil liberties and rejection of the underclass), and depreciation of women. The psychological characteristics of the abusers show depression, poor impulse control, and difficulty in loving. Psychological characteristics of the abused include depression and feeling unloved. The abused, depressed little girl grows up to be the depressed mother. Therefore, short-term planning will produce little or no benefit. Attention must be paid to the most important person in the world, the mother-to-be, the newborn female child.
Gender Differences in Cognitive Styles of MBA Students in Three Countries
Authors: Foxall Gordon R.
Published: August 2011

Differences between the scores of male and female respondents, 115 British, 123 Australian, and 131 American midcareer MBA students, confirm propositions derived from Kirton's adaption-innovation theory to the effect that individuals who diverge most from social norms will be among the most innovative members of their group.
Creative Personality in Schizophreniform Disorder
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

This paper sets forth the contention that a schizophreniform disorder can enhance creativity. Given the usual brief duration of no more than six months, this disorder may enable the resilient ego of a creative person to descend temporarily into the symbolic sea of the unconscious. With such broadening of the person's symbolic experience in the unconscious, in the postpsychotic period the person may be able to forge symbols into novel concepts through a cohesive ego restored to homeostasis.
Prevalence and Correlates of Self-Reported Depressive Mood among Seriously Emotionally Disturbed Adolescents
Authors: Hagborg Winston J.
Published: August 2011

This study examined self-reported depression on the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale among 45 seriously emotionally disturbed adolescents. Scores of one-third of the sample exceeded the cut-off score, which indicated the need for further diagnostic study to assess the possible presence of depression. Significant positive correlations included an association with school attendance, a relationship with scores on the Revised Children's Manifest Anxiety Scale, and an association with teachers' ratings on two subscales of the Revised Behavior Problem Checklist. Also, the Depression scale's negative association with the Lie subscale of the Manifest Anxiety Scale is interpreted as indicative of seriously emotionally disturbed adolescents' response style on self-reported measures of depression.
Measuring Drinking Patterns among College Students
Authors: Williams Janice G. , Morrice Amanda
Published: August 2011

Alcohol use among college students is of interest to clinicians and researchers. The results of such studies depend on the quality and nature of the measures used. The literature includes a wide variety of operational definitions of drinking patterns, making difficult comparisons across studies. For 109 men and 83 women attending college this paper provides data on the Drinking Practices Questionnaire, a self-report measure of drinking patterns designed specifically for use with college students. The three subscales, Negative Affect, Positive Expectancies, and Negative Consequences, have good internal consistency reliabilities, and scores correlate significantly with measures of problems associated with alcohol use. Appropriate uses of the measure are discussed.
A Dimensional Analysis of the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale
Authors: Fals-Stewart William
Published: August 2011

A principal axis factor analysis with a Promax rotation was performed on the Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale. Although the scale has separate obsession and compulsion indices, only one factor was extracted. The psychometric implications of this finding are discussed.
Interpretation Style and Reactance in Counselor's Social Influence
Authors: Dowd E. Thomas , Trutt Susan D. , Watkins C. Edward
Published: August 2011

This study compared two different interpretation styles (tentative and absolute), two levels of subjects' reactance (high and low), and gender on the counselor's social influence, willingness to see the counselor, willingness to help, ability to help, and subjects' anger. No significant main effects or interaction were found for the counselor's social influence, but men in contrast to women perceived the counselor as more willing to help and indicated that they were more willing to see the portrayed counselor. Highly reactant subjects were more willing to see the counselor when absolute interpretations were used; they also thought the counselor was more willing to help when absolute interpretations were used, whereas low reactant subjects thought the counselor was more willing to help when tentative interpretations were used. Mixed results were found for subjects' anger.
Women and Men Authors' Portrayal of Curiosity in Young Children's Literature
Authors: Holmes Cooper B. , Holmes Dee Ann
Published: August 2011

45 women and 20 men authors' portrayal of curiosity in young children's literature (116 instances) was studied using the same stories examined in an earlier analysis. Chi-squared analyses showed no significant difference between the two groups of authors in how they portrayed curiosity.
Internal Structure of Participation Motivation Questionnaire Completed by Undergraduates
Authors: Dwyer John J. M.
Published: August 2011

The current study was conducted to examine the internal structure of the 1983 Participation Motivation Questionnaire of Gill, Gross, and Huddleston, a measure of motives for participating in sport and physical activity, when used among undergraduates. Principal component analysis of responses from students yielded a six-factor solution. The subscales were team orientation, achievement/status, fitness, friendship, skill development, and fun/excitement/challenge. The internal consistency for the subscales was generally adequate (coefficients alpha ranged from .67 to .93). Descriptive statistics indicated that the students' most important motives for participating in physical activity were to (a) maintain fitness, (b) experience fun, excitement, and challenge, and (c) acquire and improve skills. The least important motives for participating in physical activity were to (a) maintain and develop friendship, (b) obtain achievement and status, and (c) experience teamwork, team spirit, and being on a team. Avenues of research are discussed.
Influences of Stress and Situation-Specific Mastery Beliefs and Satisfaction with Social Support on Well-Being and Academic Performance
Authors: Felsten Gary , Wilcox Kathy
Published: August 2011

The present study examined the effects of stress and cumulative situation-specific mastery beliefs and satisfaction with social support on somatic and psychological symptomatology and academic performance of 146 college men. Stress was directly related to increased symptomatology and decreased grade point average, whereas mastery beliefs were directly associated with reduced depression and anxiety. Satisfaction with social support was related to anxiety through an interaction with mastery. Neither mastery nor satisfaction with support appeared to act as a stress-buffer through a statistical interaction with stress to moderate effects of high stress. However, earlier analysis of some of the same data showed that total stress, the best predictor of each outcome in this study, was reduced by the combination of strong situation-specific mastery beliefs and high satisfaction with support for subjects who faced many stressors. The combined findings show that situation-specific mastery beliefs reduced appraisal of stress and were associated with better psychological adjustment.
Sex Differences in the Effect of Self-Efficacy on Willingness to Participate in a Performance Situation
Authors: Arch Elizabeth C.
Published: August 2011

Building from Bandura's work on social cognitive theory wherein self-efficacy beliefs are important determinants of human action, this study examined whether affective control efficacy—the belief that one can cope with one's own affective responses—is a more important determinant of willingness to participate for women than for men. A questionnaire with a simulated performance situation was used to gather data from graduate students in education on perceived anxiety, extent of efficacy of affective control, extent of task efficacy, and willingness to participate. Analysis indicated that efficacy of affective control is a significant predictor of willingness to participate for women but not for men.
Childhood Aggression, Peer Status, and Social Class as Predictors of Delinquency
Authors: Roff James D.
Published: August 2011

Measures of aggression, peer status, and social class, gathered during the subjects' childhoods, were assessed as predictors of later delinquency for 711 boys. Multiple regression analysis indicated that aggression was the most significant predictor of delinquency followed by social class as the second significant predictor. A descriptive analysis isolated characteristics of groups varying markedly in terms of differences in rates of delinquent outcomes.
Additional Validity Data for the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List—Revised
Authors: Lubin Bernard , Cain John , Van Whitlock Rodney
Published: August 2011

The correlations of scores on the Multiple Affect Adjective Check List—Revised with selected scales of the Adjective Check List for 43 college students are presented. The pattern of significant intercorrelations adds to the knowledge of validity for the MAACL—R.
Social Support and Suicide Potential: Preliminary Findings for Adolescent Populations
Authors: D'Attilio John P. , Campbell Brian M. , Lubold Pierre , Jacobson Tania , Richard Julie A.
Published: August 2011

The relationship between both the quantity and perceived quality of social support and suicidal risk was examined in a sample of 50 adolescents whose ages ranged from 16 to 20 years. A multiple regression analysis was performed, using scores from Cull and Gill's 1983 Suicide Probability Scale as the criterion measure along with the predictor variables of quantity and quality of experienced social support as measured by the 1983 Social Support Questionnaire of Sarason, Levine, Basham, and Sarason. Analysis showed the social support variables accounted for over 52% of the variance in suicide potential. The greatest proportion of the variance in suicide risk was attributable to the quality of the perceived social support. Adolescents at greater risk for suicide were significantly less satisfied with the quality of their social support.
Using Three Different Types of Assessment Data for Diagnostic Purposes
Authors: Mayes Larry D. , Vance Hubert B.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the performance of 38 learning disabled and 16 emotionally impaired children and youth on the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children—Revised, Wide Range Achievement Test—Revised, and Minnesota Percepto-Diagnostic Test—Revised. The ages of the children ranged from 8.4 to 16.7 years ( M = 12.4, SD = 3.6). The findings suggest that discriminate functional analysis may be useful in the differential diagnosis process. Implications for clinicians are discussed.
Evaluation of an Hypothetical Company Recruiter by Management Students
Authors: Royal K. Elaine Good , Austin Jill
Published: August 2011

55 management students evaluated either attitudinally similar or attitudinally dissimilar company recruiters on several dimensions. The similar recruiters were rated significantly higher on knowledge, interest in students, and dependability.
Expected Benefits of Alcohol Use on Sexual Behavior: Native American Adolescents
Authors: Conner Joe L. , Conner Carol Nice
Published: August 2011

A study of self-reported drinking and beliefs about alcohol and sex was conducted during an Intertribal Pow Wow. 42 American Indian adolescents in attendance volunteered for the survey. Those adolescents who reported heavy drinking during the pow wow were more likely to report the belief that drinking alcohol makes sexual experiences more enjoyable. Results are discussed in terms of the limitations of the study, the implications for increases in sexually transmitted diseases among this population, and the need to modify preventive efforts about “safe” sex.
Depression in Elderly Persons and its Correlates in Family Practice: A Canadian Study
Authors: Stephenson-Cino Patricia , Steiner Meir , Krames Lester , Ryan Ellen Bouchard , Huxley Gail
Published: August 2011

Depression was studied in a Canadian community sample of 582 men and 906 women over the age of 65 years. The Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D) provided the measure of depressive symptomatology. The Diagnostic Interview Schedule was used to confirm clinical diagnosis. A total of 8% of the sample (4.3% of men and 10.4% of women) were at or above the cut-off point of 16 on the Depression Scale. Significant Pearson correlations with depression were found for gender and education. The married and never married persons showed low depression while the widowed, separated, or divorced appeared to be at high risk. The relationship of marital status to depression is primarily a woman's issue as most elderly men are married. This finding may have implications for policy and program planning for this population.
Gender Differences in Surveys of Psychology Baccalaureates: An Update
Authors: Quereshi M. Y.
Published: August 2011

Results of the present (and fourth) survey were based on responses of 190 (61%) of the 311 persons who received BAs in psychology from Marquette University between 1983 and 1988. Consistent with earlier studies, results indicated that a significantly lower proportion of women than men applied to graduate programs in psychology and associated fields.
Correlation between Humorous Coping Style and Health
Authors: Carroll James L. , Shmidt Jerry L.
Published: August 2011

A significant correlation of −0.34 was found between scores on the Situational Humor Response Questionnaire and a measure of perceived physical health for 51 college students. Mean scores on the questionnaire were similar to those of the original standardization population.
Needs (Murray, 1938) and State-Variables (Skinner, 1938)
Authors: Meehl Paul E.
Published: August 2011

Skinner's concept of drive as a state-variable and his powerful rationale for introducing it agree closely with Murray's treatment of need. Operant behaviorists' usual deprecation of motivation in favor of stimulus control arises partly from features of parameters, insufficiently explored in some regions, of Skinner box research. For human adults on rich reinforcement schedules, response selection is chiefly controlled by the regnant motive. Skinner's life-long interest in inner events and translating psychodynamic concepts into behaviorese was obscured by his metalanguage philosophy of science (behaviorism).
A Measure of Overt Self-Criticism: Validation and Correlates
Authors: Powers Theodore A. , Zuroff David C.
Published: August 2011

A measure of overt self-criticism was constructed and validated for 38 high and low scorers out of 300 undergraduates, using reports by knowledgeable others.
The Role of Just World Belief and Anger Issues in Self-Defeating Personality
Authors: Schill Thomas , Beyler Jane , Morales Joann
Published: August 2011

Persons who scored higher on a measure of self-defeating personality did not believe in a just world as implied in the writings of such theorists as Reik (1941); however, they had a greater awareness of anger and feelings of mistrust and suspiciousness of others, held anger in, and were self-critical. These latter findings are consistent with conclusions regarding masochism proposed in 1991 by Glickauf-Hughes and Wells.
The Psychiatrist as Shaman: Sulllivan and Schizophrenia
Authors: Goldwert Marvin
Published: August 2011

This paper describes an analogy between the primitive shaman's emotional illness, and its control, and the schizophrenic episodes of Harry Stack Sullivan, the founder of the interpersonal school of psychiatry. Like the primitive shaman, Sullivan partially overcame his illnesses, drawing from his psychoses the insights through which he healed others.
A Modified Regressive Coping Checklist: Some Australian Data
Authors: Pierce C. M. B. , Molloy Geoffrey N.
Published: August 2011

The Regressive Coping Checklist has been used to measure the extent to which individuals cope with stress by denying, minimizing, or avoiding stressful situations. In this study, the checklist was modified to include the frequency of use of regressive coping strategies and was shown to be a moderately reliable instrument (α = .57) when used with a sample of 750 Australian postprimary teachers.
Developing a Metatheory of Education
Authors: Aldridge Jerry , Kuby Pat , Strevy Debi
Published: August 2011

The disciplines of psychology and education have different purposes as Egan observed in 1983. Psychological metatheories which have been applied to education are shown as inadequate for educational practice. The need for a metatheory of education written by educators and based on instructional goals and objectives unique to pedagogy is noted.
The Retrospective Pretest and the Role of Pretest Information in Evaluative Studies
Authors: Goedhart Hans , Hoogstraten Johan
Published: August 2011

To test the effect of training programs, subjects are often given self-report questionnaires. When such self-report instruments are used, response-shift bias is a possible confounder of results. According to the response-shift theory, pretest information given to subjects might reduce or diminish response-shift bias. In this experiment pretest information was given prior to a course in leadership. Contrary to expectation, the subjects' ratings were somewhat lower in the pretest-information condition. It was concluded that the pretest information provided was not effective enough. Use of a correct amount of reliable pretest information is recommended, otherwise this information may function as a ‘minicourse’ in itself and thereby confound the hypothesized or expected results.
Humor in Counseling and Psychotherapy: A 20-Year Retrospective
Authors: Shaughnessy Michael F. , Wadsworth Terresa M.
Published: August 2011

This article briefly annotates the development of research and theorizing on the use of humor in psychotherapy. Beginning in 1970 and continuing through 1990, the main literature was cursorily scanned. A total of 67 sources are offered for bibliographic use. Sadly, tangential forms of humor such as fun, mirth, frivolity, songs, jokes, puns, witticisms, and other forms of humor are not as readily addressed or investigated.
Prediction of Endocrine Stress Reactions by Means of Personality Variables
Authors: de Leeuwe Jacob N. , Hentschel Uwe , Tavenier Rob , Edelbroek Peter
Published: August 2011

The study examined the predictability of endocrine stress indicators on the basis of personality measures. The subjects were 83 computer operators (63 men, 20 women; mean age 28 years) who by means of an experimental situation were confronted with a mild stressor (a cognitive two-channel task with a high information load). Using scores on personality questionnaires (comprising scales for defense mechanisms, neuroticism, and 2 achievement motivation variables), subjects were classified into extreme groups of stress-resistant (17 subjects) versus nonstress-resistant (13 subjects). Immediately after the experiment blood samples were taken to assay the norepinephrine metabolites plasma-free 3-methoxy-4-hydroxy-phenylglycol (MHPG) and MHPG sulfate (MHPG.SO4), which formed the dependent variables. Personality measures and endocrine stress indicators were until the final analysis of the data kept apart by a double-blind strategy. A significant difference was noted in the MHPG level between the stress-resistant and the nonstress-resistant group. The value and applicability of these results for stress prevention is discussed.
Social Desirability Related to Social Class among Adults
Authors: Kalliopuska Mirja
Published: August 2011

The hypothesis tested was that adults of higher social status complete the Crowne and Marlowe Social Desirability Scale more honestly and less defensively than adults belonging to lower social classes. 341 parents of 215 different families were tested during home interviews. The hypothesis was verified among women, but not among men. These results suggest that social status is associated with defensive response style, perhaps reflecting at the same time academic education and cognitive-intellectual functioning.
Understanding/Appreciation of Editorial Satire: Partial Replication
Authors: Gruner Charles R. , Harris Virgie Nobles
Published: August 2011

Replication with 119 undergraduates (55 men, 64 women) of variable but positive correlations between ratings of funniness and interestingness of 3 written satires and none for satire-understanding with “humor style,” sex, or fanship of “The Far Side” is reported.
Relations of Story Wording and Sex to a Recommended Prison Sentence
Authors: Lavacca Jeanine , Kayson Wesley A.
Published: August 2011

The purpose of this experiment was to see whether the wording of a story, the sex of the subject, and sex of the person committing a murder would affect the recommended prison sentence. A questionnaire contained a story about a youth committing a murder. The same story was told in three different ways changing the name of the youth in each; one showed the student in a favorable light, one in a negative light, and one in a neutral manner. The sex of the student was changed, and the sex of the participant was also studied. Subjects were asked to sentence the youth. It was hypothesized that the favorable account would elicit a more lenient prison sentence than the neutral account or negative account, also that the women would be more lenient and that female murderers would be treated more leniently. The design was a 2 × 2 × 3 mixed design. The hypothesis for wording of the story was confirmed. Sex of subject and of murderer were not significant. It was concluded that the wording of a story affects subjects' judgment. Further research should be conducted.
Prevalence of Undetected Alcohol Dependence in the Mental Health Diagnostic Interview
Authors: Rienzi Beth Menees
Published: August 2011

The prevalence of undetected alcohol dependence was examined utilizing the Michigan Alcohol Screening Test for 118 (68 women) users of community mental health services as part of a Quality Assurance Review. Clinicians did not uniformly request information about substance abuse in the diagnostic interview and did not uniformly address alcohol abuse in the treatment plan when alcohol dependence was diagnosed. Other programs may have similar problems.
Vagaries of College Norms for the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule
Authors: Thorson James A. , Powell F. C.
Published: August 2011

Differences in reported scores of 273 college students on the Edwards Personal Preference Schedule in comparison with published norms are noted. Two possible explanations are offered. Social changes in the lifestyles of college students since the norms were published in 1959 may influence scores and their interpretation achieved by a more recent generation of students. Alternatively, there may be some inherent instability in the instrument.
Comment on Witherspoon, Long, and Nickell's Study of Speaking Anxiety, Self-Esteem, Crime, and Educational Achievement
Authors: Boor Myron , Bair Jeffrey H.
Published: August 2011

Witherspoon, Long, and Nickell (1991) did not convincingly demonstrate that anxiety about speaking was related to dropping out of school or to the types of crimes that inmates commit. These authors did not control for variables related to these behaviors, and they did not compare the anxiety levels of the most appropriate groups of persons.
Preferences for Performance Appraisal Based on Method Used, Type of Rater, and Purpose of Evaluation
Authors: Jordan James L. , Nasis Deovina B.
Published: August 2011

52 registered nurses were asked about their preferences toward performance appraisal in terms of (a) the method used, (b) by whom they wanted to be rated, and (c) for what reasons they would want to be rated. Nurses preferred quantitative scales which rely on external work-related criteria over ratings directly comparing them to others and ratings without scales. They preferred ratings made by peers, self, and supervisors over ratings made by subordinates. Finally, they preferred that ratings be conducted for promotion and compensation purposes over ratings for shift and working assignments and layoff and retirement decisions.
Personality and Scientific Promise
Authors: Ham Sharion , Shaughnessy Michael F.
Published: August 2011

This study examined personality characteristics of 21 boys and 11 girls, children gifted in science and attending a junior high school. Differences between these boys and girls in Grade 6 were noted. Implications for teaching and directions for future research are noted.
Infantile Stimulation Produces Mild Enhancement in a Primary Humoral Response of Adult Albino Rats
Authors: Persinger M. A. , Falter Hermann
Published: August 2011

Rat pups from 12 litters were handled daily, once every three days, or never touched between postnatal Days 5 and 20. At 100 days of age, 20 days after inoculation with human serum albumin, trunk blood was obtained to measure the antigen binding capacity (ABC). Rats handled as infants displayed relative immunofacilitation compared to those that had not been handled; the effect explained 7% of the variance in ABC values. In comparison, sex differences explained 14% of the variance. The results support the hypothesis that early disruptions in mother-infant bonding increase the likelihood of developing allergic responses following exposure to novel antigens during adulthood.
The Malevolent Personality Disorder?
Authors: Hurlbert David Farley , Apt Carol
Published: August 2011

The identification of any new psychopathology or syndrome has been based on numerous clinical enquiries and theoretical discussions and has assumed an important place in the literature of psychology and psychiatry. Using two case descriptions and the subject described in a recent book, this report presents a theoretical discussion of an unusual personality organization, referred to as the malevolent personality disorder. Differential diagnosis, theorizing about pathogenesis, clarification of salient psychodynamics, and treatment considerations are explored.
Moral Development and Behavior
Authors: Mwamwenda Tuntufye S.
Published: August 2011

The study of moral development as well as the relation of moral development and behavior has been of great interest to many over the past half a century. While some studies have shown no association between one's moral development and behavior, some evidence indicates level of moral reasoning influences behavior. Over 16 selected studies postconventional principles of justice are likely to be more prosocial and law-abiding than those appropriate at the lower stages of moral development.
Evaluation of An Intervention Designed to Improve Patients' Hospital Experience
Authors: Holden Gary , Speedling Edward , Rosenberg Gary
Published: August 2011

The influence of a videotape, shown in a hospital admitting room, on patients' state anxiety and concerns about hospitalization was assessed in a preliminary study. For both state anxiety and specific concerns regarding hospitalization the pretest scores on each variable accounted for the preponderance of the variance in the posttest scores. In both instances, the intervention and the interaction of the intervention with the pretest scores accounted for less than 1% of variance in the outcome. While finding small effects to be significant for such a small sample ( N = 93) is unlikely, the sample size was adequate to detect medium to large effects. More important was the fact that 73.33% of the videotape intervention group indicated that they did not watch the video, which leads us to the conclusion that this intervention as tested is not worthwhile.
Unemployment, Suicide and Homicide in Metropolitan Areas
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

Suicide and homicide rates were not associated with male unemployment rates over 23 metropolitan areas in the USA in 1975.
Normative Expectations and the Behavior of Significant Others: An Integration of Traditions in Research on Adolescents' Cigarette Smoking
Authors: Bauman Karl E. , Botvin Gilbert J. , Botvin Elizabeth M. , Baker Eli
Published: August 2011

Normative expectations for cigarette smoking are considered in the context of the smoking behavior which 854 adolescents in Grade 7 ascribe to their friends and parents.
Cooperative/Competitive Strategies and Locus of Control
Authors: Lester David
Published: August 2011

In a sample of 54 students of economics, a stronger belief in an internal locus of control was associated with greater competitiveness, while a stronger belief in external control by chance was associated with a greater desire to avoid success.
Conflict Strategies of Type-A Scoring Managers
Authors: Lamude Kevin G. , Scudder Joseph
Published: August 2011

This study examined the association of 110 managers' scores on downward conflict management strategies and Type-A behavior scores. Analysis of self-reported scores indicated that (1) flexible types of strategies are negatively related to Type-A scores, (2) the aggression conflict strategy is the best predictor of Type-A scores, and (3) no support was found for the hypothesized relationship between the avoidance mode of conflict and Type-A scores. Implications of these findings and directions for research are briefly discussed.
Depression and Suicidal Ideation in African-American and Hispanic American High School Students
Authors: Lester David , Anderson Denise
Published: August 2011

21 Hispanic American students in an urban New Jersey high school obtained higher depression and suicidal ideation scores than 42 African-American students.
Students' Knowledge of Aids and Sexual Risk Behavior
Authors: Hays Heather E. , Hays J. Ray
Published: August 2011

College students appear to be knowledgeable of the methods of transmission and risks of the AIDS virus. However, the reality of susceptibility to infection does not seem to have altered their conduct. In a study of 19 heterosexual college students, knowledge and intention do not appear to be good predictors of sexual behavior. Young people appear to continue high-risk sexual behavior even while knowledgeable of the risks of AIDS.
Gender-Related Motivational Differences in Participation in an Organized Seniors Fitness Program: Moving beyond Sex-Role Stereotypic Motives
Authors: Lee Marvin W.
Published: August 2011

Primary reasons for senior adults' participation in a fitness program were examined in two groups to assess gender-related differences. 30 senior adults or “beginners” had just enrolled in the program, while 43 “veterans” had participated for about three years. Among “beginners” women were more likely to participate because “daytime meetings were offered” and “people I trust recommend it” but there were no gender differences among “veterans.” Close examination of responses indicated that differences among “beginners” no longer obtained because “veteran” men's motivations increased to resemble those of women. Examination of these motivational shifts as well as those which approached significance is in progress with a larger sample.
Japanese Concessional Behaviors as Interpersonal Interaction
Authors: Makino Keiko , Takemura Kazuhisa
Published: August 2011

The present study investigated Japanese concessional behaviors. A structural model of three dimensions (type of abandonment, the kind of resources, and final ownership of the resources) was proposed. Episodes about concessional behaviors were collected as the responses from people living in Japan and examined according to the model. Three factors in interpersonal interaction were shown to be significantly related on all the dimensions of the structural model. The factor representing interpersonal relationship was suggested to be most influential of the three in Japanese concessional behaviors.
The Growth Challenge: Rapid Growth in Entrepreneurial Firms
Authors: Stumpf Stephen A.
Published: August 2011

Analysis of interviews of 48 new venture managers identifies problems in changes in emphasis from beginning a business to professional management until growth slows.
Adapting Projective Tests for Minority Children
Authors: French Laurence A.
Published: August 2011

Child abuse reporting laws have placed new demands upon law enforcement, human service agencies, and clinicians alike. For the clinician, these demands are compounded when minority children are involved. Few of the standardized measures seem to fit all cultural groups. In our situation the cultural mix involves Hispanic, Mexican, and American Indian children. We found a combination of two projectives, the Draw-A-Person/Draw-A-Family and the Thematic Apperception Test, to fit our multicultural needs. Specifically, we use the D-A-P drawings of the child and his/her family as “plates” and then apply the TAT “tell me a story about this picture” technique.
Effects of Background Music on Anxiety, Satisfaction with Communication, and Productivity
Authors: Blood Deborah J. , Ferriss Stephen J.
Published: August 2011

Previous research on music's influence has often been nonconclusive, partly because subjective measures have been used for testing opposite conditions such as sedative versus stimulative music or happy versus sad music. Here, background music's influence upon 104 conversants was explored by manipulating the presence of music, and when present, by the more objectively assessed structural elements of mode and speed. Conversations taking place in the presence of background music were rated as more satisfying. Major mode music elicited higher ratings of satisfaction with communication than minor mode. Modality and speed interacted, illustrating the importance of not confounding music's structural elements when testing opposite conditions in studies of the effects of music. While background music did not affect productivity relative to no music, those hearing background music achieved greater productivity when music was in the major mode.
Regulators in Japanese Conversation
Authors: Iizuka Yuichi
Published: August 2011

Videotapes of seven dyadic conversations in Japanese were transcribed and analyzed for regulator behaviors. Using the Wiener and Devoe 1974 model, several behaviors for this regulator were described (a) regulators of addressors' continuation, (b) regulators of addressees' continuation, (c) addressor-initiated shift regulators, and (d) addressee-initiated shift regulators. Several differences and similarities in the use of regulators in Japanese and American discourse were sketched.
Prevalence of Cooperation and Competition: Evidence from Diverse Organizations
Authors: Tjosvold Dean
Published: August 2011

692 employees from 15 organizations indicated how their goals and those of their colleagues were related in over 1000 specific interactions. Cooperative interdependence was 3.5 times more frequent than competition and 5.3 times more than independence. Yet within this cooperation was much conflict.
Gender and Age Differences in College Students' Alcohol Consumption
Authors: Gross William C.
Published: August 2011

Respondents (86 men and 141 women) enrolled in classes at a large university in the Midwest participated in this study, designed to examine the role gender and age play in the consumption of alcoholic beverages. The hypotheses that age and gender would produce significant effects were supported. Men reported significantly greater alcohol consumption than did women. In addition, there was a significant interaction between gender and age. Women under legal drinking age had higher rates of consumption than women of legal drinking age or older, while the opposite pattern was found for men. The long-term pattern of alcohol consumption may be different for men than for women. During the college years, women seem to moderate their consumption. Finally, these results indicate that illegal, underage drinking by men and women occurs at a high rate. Research should be designed to evaluate the extent of the problem.
Locus of Control as a Factor in the Appreciation of Election Year Political Cartoons
Authors: Prerost Frank J.
Published: August 2011

Reference group membership has been viewed as the major factor influencing appreciation of political cartoons in an election year. This study examined the variable of locus of control in relation to appreciation of political cartoons among 80 men and 80 women undergraduates who were undecided potential voters during the 1992 presidential campaign. Internal scorers showed greater appreciation; men and women showed different patterns of response.
The Use of the Rorschach with Hispanic Americans
Authors: Frank George
Published: August 2011

The rationale for and overview of research on the performance of Hispanic Americans on the Rorschach was addressed. Recommendations for further research were made.
MMPI Scale 9 Changes in Incarcerated Felons
Authors: Lucas Bert A. , Newmark Charles S.
Published: August 2011

This article focuses on the scores of incarcerated male felons on the MMPI clinical subscales 4 and 9 because they are the most frequently elevated for this type of population. Over time, while scores on Scale 4 remained consistent, those on Scale 9 declined significantly. That inmates might become depressed, as a result of the foibles of incarceration, is discussed.
On the Bipolarity of Androgyny: A Critical Comment on Kottke (1988)
Authors: Willemsen Tineke M.
Published: August 2011

In 1988 Kottke proposed that androgyny, as measured on the Bern Sex-role Inventory according to Bern's 1977 classification method, is not two-dimensional but unidimensional and tested whether this concept could just as well be assessed with a single bipolar Masculinity-Femininity scale with Androgyny as a midpoint. In testing the relationship between the two assessment methods two errors have been made. First, the median splits were calculated for the sexes separately instead of for both sexes combined, leading to incomparable scores for men and women which are nevertheless combined in the analyses. Second, subjects who were undifferentiated according to Bern's classification were removed from the analyses, although Bern's definition of undifferentiated subjects corresponds exactly to Kottke's definition of androgynous subjects. Therefore, Kottke's study is not conclusive on the bipolarity of androgyny It is concluded that the concept of androgyny needs theoretical reconsideration
Effects of Type of Decision and Organizational Outcome on Observers' Evaluations of the Context for Decision
Authors: Cellar Douglas F. , Miller Mark L. , Halpert Jane A.
Published: August 2011

This study investigated the effects of decision on simulated tenure (tenure denied vs tenure granted) and organizational outcome (negative vs positive) on perceptions of the fairness of the decision and the decision makers' personalities. Subjects were 127 undergraduate students randomly assigned to one of four experimental conditions. Analysis indicated variables of the fairness were affected by the manipulations for decision on tenure and the organizational outcome as well as the interaction of these two independent variables. In addition, these variables also affected perceptions of the decision makers' personalities. The implications of these results were discussed.
Self-Reinforcement Scores of Psychiatric Inpatients and Normal Controls
Authors: Parmar Ranbir S. , Cernovsky Zack Z.
Published: August 2011

Heiby's 1982 self-reinforcement questionnaire (a measure of the ability to reward oneself selectively for constructive behaviors or efforts and to nurture a positive self-image by means of a supportive internal speech) was administered to 12 normal controls (psychiatric nurses), 11 paranoid schizophrenic patients (DSM-III—R), 8 bipolar patients currently manic (DSM-III—R), and 12 inpatients treated for substance abuse (DSM-III—R). No significant mean differences were found on analysis of variance. The means of the groups of psychiatric inpatients and of normal persons are comparable to means of other samples of normals, e.g., college students or factory workers, reported in the literature.
Contributions to the History of Psychology: XCIII. Tracing Academic Genealogy
Authors: Williams Robert B.
Published: August 2011

This article describes the process of tabulating a list of mentees and their official doctoral degree or dissertation mentors, their degrees, dates granted, and the universities where they trained. An example of the results of the process is provided with comments about the problems encountered.