bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
SECOND LANGUAGE PROFICIENCY AND PAUSING A Study of Russian Speakers of
English
Authors: Riazantseva Anastasia
Published: October 2003

The present study examines the relationship between second language (L2) proficiency and
pausing patterns (i.e., pause duration, frequency, and distribution) in the speech of 30 Russian
speakers of English performing two oral tasks—a topic narrative and a cartoon
description—in Russian and in English. The subjects were divided into two oral English
proficiency groups, high and intermediate, on the basis of a standardized test of spoken English.
Baseline data were collected from a control group of 20 native English speakers. Statistical
analyses were performed to determine: (a) the native norms of pause duration, frequency, and
distribution for Russian and English on the two experimental tasks; (b) the effect of the level of
L2 proficiency (high and intermediate) on the pausing of Russian speakers in English; and (c) the
differences or similarities in pausing exhibited by native English speakers and native Russian
speakers (with two different levels of English proficiency) when speaking English. The results of
this study indicate that English and Russian informal monologue speech can be characterized as
having different pausing conventions, thus suggesting that crosslinguistic differences involve,
among many other aspects, contrasts in pausing patterns. Additionally, L2 proficiency was found
to affect the pause duration of advanced nonnative speakers in that they were able to adjust the
duration of their pauses in English to produce a nativelike pausing norm. It was also found that
even highly proficient L2 speakers pause more frequently in their L2 than in their first language
(L1). The examination of pause distribution patterns suggests that persons of intermediate to high
L2 speaking proficiency make the same number of within-constituent pauses as native speakers.
Overall, the findings of this study support the view that adherence to the target language pausing
norms may lead to the perception of nonnative speech as more fluent and nativelike. The findings
also highlight the importance of exposing L2 students to a richer variety of situations that
illustrate native patterns of verbal communication.
STIMULATED RECALL METHODOLOGY IN SECOND LANGUAGE
RESEARCH. Susan M. Gass and Alison Mackey. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum, 2000.
Pp. xiii + 177. $39.95 cloth, $18.50 paper.
Authors: Bailey Kathleen M.
Published: October 2003

Stimulated recall is an introspective data-collection procedure in which some “tangible
. . . reminder of an event [stimulates] recall of the mental processes in operation
during the event itself” (p. 17). The reminders may consist of audio or video recordings,
transcriptions, an observer's fieldnotes about the event, and so on.
JAPANESE ADULT LEARNERS' DEVELOPMENT OF THE LOCALITY
CONDITION ON ENGLISH REFLEXIVES
Authors: Akiyama Yasuhiro
Published: October 2003

This study explores the developmental pattern observed when Japanese adult learners acquire
the locality condition on English reflexives. Experimental tasks were designed specifically to deal
with the methodological problems of earlier research and then administered to Japanese learners
of English at five proficiency levels (n = 411) as well as English and Japanese control
groups (n = 40). Results from the learner groups indicate that the locality condition is
acquired significantly better with sentences containing embedded that-clauses (type
E-1) than with sentences containing embedded infinitival clauses (type E-2). This asymmetry
exists even at beginning stages of learning and persists through later stages. For type E-2 clauses,
there is an appreciable percentage of advanced learners (about 35% in this study) who failed to
acquire the locality condition, which, I argue, is extremely difficult to account for within the UG
models proposed thus far.
AN INTRODUCTION TO PIDGINS AND CREOLES. John Holm. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2000. Pp. xxi + 282. $69.95 cloth, $24.95 paper.
Authors: Clements J. Clancy
Published: October 2003

Although the primary focus of this introduction is the Atlantic pidgins and creoles, it contains considerable information on many other pidgins and creoles as well. Chapter 1 includes the definitions of terms, which are clear and concise with the exception of the notions of semi-creole and creoloid, which are somewhat vague, and the notion of interlanguage, which is not necessarily characterizable as unstable, especially if it fossilizes. Chapter 2 largely mirrors its comprehensive counterpart, Holm (1988). New in this volume is the mention of the earliest known attestation of a creole language (Martinique creole in 1671), the shortening, partial rewriting, or both of the monogenesis sections, and the identification of other trends. Chapter 3 succinctly underscores the importance of social factors in the creation and characterization of pidgins and creoles, without which, according to Holm, they cannot be defined. It also includes sociohistorical synopses of seven languages (i.e., Angolar Creole Portuguese, Papiamentu Creole Spanish, Negerhollands Creole Dutch, Haitian Creole French, Jamaican Creole English, Tok Pisin, and Nubi Creole Arabic).
Negated subjects and objects in 15th-century nonliterary English
Authors: Ingham Richard
Published: October 2003

Using a large database of familial correspondence, it is shown
that NP positions in 15th-century English were essentially those
of Present-Day English, contrary to claims that the syntactic
structure of Late Middle English still had a position for preposed
object NPs, and that 15th-century English possessed multiple
subject constructions with expletive there. The only
form of OV order to remain productive in familial correspondence
of this period occurred in the configuration: finite
verb–negated NP–lexical verb. Neither ordinary NPs
nor other quantified NPs were productive in this configuration.
It is also shown that negated subject NPs, but not ordinary
or other quantified subject types, were commonly found in multiple
subject constructions. All these phenomena can be conveniently
accounted for in terms of movement to a Neg projection (Haegeman,
1995). A theoretical account of noncanonical subject and object
positions in terms of Neg movement thus receives strong empirical
support from the distribution of argument NPs in 15th century English.
Benefits and pitfalls in the merging of disciplines: The example of developmental psychopathology and the study of persons with autism
Authors: BURACK JACOB A. , IAROCCI GRACE , BOWLER DERMOT , MOTTRON LAURENT
Published: October 2003

Recent advances in the discipline of developmental psychopathology highlight the contributions of developmental thought to the study of persons with autism. This article briefly outlines primary developmental innovations in theory, methodology, and the interpretation of findings. Specifically, we discuss two sets of issues that arise from the general notion of developmental level. One set is relevant to the choice of persons that comprise the comparison group and the other to the various implications of the subjects' levels of functioning. In sum, we contend that researchers need to frame their empirical work within the context of developmental theory and methodology and interpret their findings accordingly. This will lead to scientifically compelling work and an increasingly heuristic approach to the study of persons with autism.
The other side of the coin: Using intervention research in child anxiety disorders to inform developmental psychopathology
Authors: HUDSON JENNIFER L. , KENDALL PHILIP C. , COLES MEREDITH E. , ROBIN JOANNA A. , WEBB ALICIA
Published: October 2003

With advancements in the technology of prevention and treatment of childhood anxiety disorders, information regarding our understanding of normal and abnormal child development can be enriched. Typically, research has focused on developing efficacious and effective interventions with less attention devoted to the impact this information may have on the field of developmental psychopathology. By reviewing the results of both treatment and prevention studies, several potential contributions of intervention research to the field can be explored. Results from wait-list or monitoring control groups will be reviewed, providing valuable information regarding the normal trajectory of the anxious child. Outcomes of children receiving the intervention prove that this pathway can be altered and is not impermeable. Furthermore, a review of long-term follow-up studies addresses the question of whether intervention can change the long-term trajectory of an anxiety-disordered child and prevent disorders in later life. Contributions to the etiological understanding of the anxiety disorders will also be reviewed: changes in variables considered important in the etiology and maintenance of disorder can be examined in synchronicity with changes in symptomatology following intervention. An examination of potential developmental predictors of treatment outcome will also contribute to this review, with a focus on the limitations of the current research in gaining a complete understanding of the relationship between developmental level and outcome. Directions regarding future research in the study of interventions for child and adolescent anxiety disorders will be discussed with the aim of promoting further communication between intervention research and the field of developmental psychopathology.
First grade emotion knowledge as a predictor of fifth grade self-reported internalizing behaviors in children from economically disadvantaged families
Authors: FINE SARAH E. , IZARD CARROLL E. , MOSTOW ALLISON J. , TRENTACOSTA CHRISTOPHER J. , ACKERMAN BRIAN P.
Published: October 2003

In this longitudinal study, we examined the relations between emotion knowledge in first grade, teacher reports of internalizing and externalizing behaviors from first grade, and children's self-reported internalizing behaviors in fifth grade. At Time 1, we assessed emotion knowledge, expressive vocabulary, caregiver-reported earned income, and teacher-rated internalizing and externalizing behaviors in 7-year-old children from economically disadvantaged families (N = 154). At Time 2, when the children were age 11, we collected children's self-reports of negative emotions, depression, anxiety, and loneliness. First grade teacher-reported externalizing behaviors, but not first grade internalizing behaviors, were positively related to children's self-reports of internalizing behaviors in fifth grade. First grade emotion knowledge accounted for a significant amount of variance in children's self-reports of internalizing symptoms 4 years later, after controlling for per capita earned income, expressive vocabulary, and teacher-reported internalizing and externalizing behaviors in first grade.
Palliative care in old age
Authors: Lo Raymond SK , Woo Jean
Published: October 2003

What is palliative medicine?

In 1987, the Royal College of Physicians recognized palliative medicine as a specialty,
defining it as ‘the study and management of patients with far-advanced disease
for whom the prognosis is limited and the focus of care is quality of life’.
In 1990, the World Health Organization added its definition, ‘the active and
total care of a person whose condition is not responsive to curative therapy’.
The aim of palliative medicine is to control pain and other physical symptoms, together
with integration of psychological, social, spiritual care and support. The ultimate
goal is to help patients to achieve their best quality of life. Palliative medicine
places emphasis on a holistic approach, offering care and support not just for patients
but also for their families. Palliative medicine hence requires an interdisciplinary
team approach. With the co-ordinated efforts of all disciplines (such as doctors,
nurses, therapists, social workers, clinical psychologists, dieticians, pastoral
care workers and volunteers), patients can be supported in living their remaining
lives as actively as possible, and families can be assisted in coping with illness,
death and bereavement. Palliative care neither intends to postpone death nor does
so, but affirms life and regards dying as a normal process. When a patient faces
an incurable illness, it is incumbent on the palliative care team to provide the
best treatment and care, adding life to days when days cannot be added to life.
Headache
Authors: Saldanha GJF , Clough CG , Ward N
Published: October 2003

Little is known about the frequency of headache in the elderly population as few epidemiological studies have been carried out. In one year in the USA, 70% of the general population had a headache, 5% of whom sought medical attention. In a large population-based study carried out in East Boston, US, some 17% of patients over 65 yrs of age reported frequent headache, with 53% of women and 36% of men reporting headache in the previous year.
Dependence and independence among old persons – realities and myths
Authors: Sousa Liliana , Figueiredo Daniela
Published: October 2003

For each person the experience of aging highlights special concerns: Will it be possible to
be happy in later life? How can this goal be attained? Is it worthwhile striving to remain
youthful, without taking advantage of the experience offered by other stages of life?
Shifting Perceptions: Spatial Order, Cosmology, and Patterns of Deposition at Stonehenge
Authors: Pollard Joshua , Ruggles Clive
Published: October 2003

The changing cosmological symbolism incorporated in Phases 1 and 2 at Stonehenge is reviewed in the light of new evidence from patterns of deposition prior to the construction of the bluestone and sarsen stone settings. The early structure of the monument and attendant depositional practices embodied a scheme of radial division, including a symbolic quartering primarily demarcated by solstitial rising and setting points. Through sustained ritual practice, however, the motions of the moon came increasingly to be referenced through deposition, particularly of cremations. This evidence seems to contradict earlier claims of a sudden shift in and around Wessex during the mid-third millennium BC from a predominantly lunar to a predominantly solar cosmology. It suggests instead that interest in solar and lunar events did not necessarily preclude each other and that over the centuries there was a process of subtle change involving the continual reworking of symbolic schemes emphasizing a sense of ‘timelessness’ and the unchanging order of the universe.
The Interwar Origins of International Labour's European Commitment (1919–1934)
Authors: Pasture Patrick
Published: October 2003

The article argues that the democratic international trade union federations developed a keen interest in European economic co-operation after 1922, at first rejecting economic nationalism and advocating free trade; then, from the late 1920s onwards, stressing the need for an organised European economy. Remarkably, however, when discussing social issues, unions emphasised the national or universal level, as opposed to the regional one.
‘We Forgot All Jews and Poles’: German Women and the ‘Ethnic Struggle’ in Nazi-occupied Poland
Authors: Harvey Elizabeth
Published: October 2003

During the Second World War, the Nazi regime sent thousands of German women to occupied Poland to work with the ethnic German population, comprising native ethnic Germans and resettlers from the Baltic states, eastern Poland and Romania. They were to be trained to act as model colonisers for the newly conquered territories. Meanwhile the non-German population was subjugated and terrorised. This article examines what German women witnessed in Poland and how far they can be seen as complicit in acts of violence and injustice committed against Poles and Jews. To what extent did a gendered division of labour prevent women actively being involved in or witnessing acts committed against the Polish and Jewish populations? Did a construct of ‘womanly work’ help women to ‘look away’ from the evidence of oppression and persecution?
The Origins and Nature of Authoritarian Rule in Portugal, 1919–1945
Authors: de Meneses Filipe Ribeiro
Published: October 2003

Aniceto Afonso, História de uma conspiração: Sinel de Cordes e o 28 de Maio (Lisbon: Editorial Notícias, 2000), 222 pp., [euro]12.97, ISBN 972-46-1175-2. Manuel Baiôa, Elites políticas em Évora: Da I República à ditadura militar (1925–1926) (Lisbon: Edições Cosmos, 2000), preface by António Costa Pinto, xvi +344 pp., [euro]21.45, ISBN 972-762-199-6. Telmo Faria, Debaixo de fogo! Salazar e as forças armadas (1935–41) (Lisbon: Edições Cosmos & Instituto de Defesa Nacional, 2000), 286 pp., [euro]26.44, ISBN 972-762-220-8. João Medina, Salazar, Hitler e Franco: Estudos sobre a ditadura (Lisbon: Livros Horizonte, 2000), 308 pp., [euro]18.85, ISBN 972-24-1074-1. Fernando Rosas, Salazarismo e fomento económico: O primado do político na história económica do Estado Novo (Lisbon: Editorial Notícias, 2000), 259 pp., [euro]13.92, ISBN 972-46-1110-8. Pedro Aires Oliveira, Armindo Monteiro: Uma biografia política (Venda Nova: Bertrand Editora, 2000), 340 pp., [euro]17.96, ISBN 972-25-1122-X.

Studies regarding the origins and nature of António Oliveira Salazar's New State are
being published in Portugal at an impressive rate. New sources and methods are
being employed by Portuguese historians in an attempt to come to grips with a
dictatorship which lasted forty-eight years and which, although able to change its
guise, was always reluctant to do so, and was never as successful in transforming
itself as Francoist Spain.
Alternative approaches to ovarian stimulation for IVF
Authors: Macklon NS , Fauser BCJM
Published: October 2003

Ovarian stimulation protocols applied world-wide today may take several weeks per stimulated cycle, are complex, expensive and associated with a certain degree of risk. Gonadotrophin preparations are administered to stimulate multiple follicle development usually at daily doses of 150–300 IU (and sometimes higher) for one to three weeks. A premature rise in serum luteinizing hormone (LH) levels, generally believed to be detrimental for in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcome, is prevented by the co-administration of a gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist. This is usually initiated in the preceding cycle to allow for pituitary downregulation to occur before the initiation of exogenous follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). Finally, the resumption of oocyte meiotic maturation is induced by a single bolus injection of human chorionic gonadotrophin (hCG) during the late follicular phase. In addition, the corpus luteum is supported during the luteal phase by repeated administration of hCG or supplemented by exogenous progesterone.
Preimplantation genetic diagnosis
Authors: Delhanty JDA , Harper JC
Published: October 2003

The aim of preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is to give couples at risk of passing on a genetic disorder an alternative to standard prenatal diagnosis by enabling them to start a pregnancy that is known to be free of the familial disease. This can be achieved by generating embryos in vitro by standard in vitro fertilization (IVF) techniques and then removing one to two of the cells from the early embryo (embryo biopsy). Single cell polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) can then be used to diagnose single gene defects or chromosomal abnormalities respectively. Those embryos diagnosed as free from disease can then be considered for transfer to the womb and so the pregnancy is started knowing that the fetus is unaffected. This avoids the need to consider pregnancy termination in the quest for a healthy child. Originally it was thought that the major reason for referral would be the risk of passing on a single abnormal gene but an increasing proportion of couples are requesting PGD because of recurrent miscarriage due to parental chromosomal abnormality.
The Moral Status of Preferences for Directed Donation: Who
Should Decide Who Gets Transplantable Organs?
Authors: ANKENY RACHEL A.
Published: October 2003

Bioethics has entered a new era: as many commentators
have noted, the familiar mantra of autonomy, beneficence,
nonmaleficence, and justice has proven to be an overly simplistic
framework for understanding problems that arise in modern medicine,
particularly at the intersection of public policy and individual
preferences. A tradition of liberal pluralism grounds respect
for individual preferences and affirmation of competing conceptions
of the good. But we struggle to maintain (or at times explicitly
reject) this tradition in the face of individual preferences
that we find distasteful, suspect, or even repugnant, especially
where the broader social good or respect for equality is at
stake. Directed donation presents us with such a dilemma: can
we uphold the right of self-determination through respect of
individual preferences regarding disposition of transplantable
organs while at the same time maintaining an allocation system
that reflects values of equity and justice claimed to underlie
the socially negotiated practice of transplantation? Or are some
preferences simply to be deemed unethical and not respected, even
if that leads to a reduction in the number of transplantable organs
available and to an apparent disregard for the autonomous decisions
of the recently deceased?
Commentary
Authors: Campbell Courtney S.
Published: October 2003

The moral and professional anguish experienced by the
medical student in response to the request “Help me
die” is a fundamental sentiment that needs to be retained
within the ethos of the medical community. Especially as laws
on professional assistance in dying undergo increasing
liberalization, society should not want its physicians (or its
prospective physicians) to either be so callous, so lacking
in compassion that they would dismiss such a patient request
out-of-hand, or to be so cavalierly accustomed to acquiescing
in such requests that it simply becomes a routine pattern. Either
approach on its own betrays the moral integrity of medicine.
We instead want those professionals who are present to us in
our dying to express both care and respect, to display both
compassion and dignity for the dying person, even when, as in
this circumstance, these core values come into conflict. In
such a situation, moral anguish protects both the professional
and the patient, not to mention society, from callous paternalism
and/or callous indifference.
Walking the Moral Tightrope: Respecting and Protecting Children
in Health-Related Research
Authors: MILLER PAUL B. , KENNY NUALA P.
Published: October 2003

Special moral, regulatory, and scientific questions surround
the inclusion of children in health-related research. These
questions arise from a fundamental moral tension between the
obligation to expose children to research participation to ensure
that they share in the benefits that arise from it and the
obligation to protect them from the harms associated with their
inappropriate involvement in research. This tension is felt
in the development of moral and regulatory frameworks for the
protection of child research subjects and in the implementation
and interpretation of these frameworks by institutional review
boards (IRBs).
Hospice with a Zen Twist: A Talk with Zen Hospice Founder Frank
Ostaseski
Authors: HEILIG STEVE
Published: October 2003

Although housed in an anonymous Victorian house in San Francisco,
California, the Zen Hospice Project (ZHP) is world renowned for its
pioneering model of training hospice volunteers, providing direct
services to patients, and offering educational programs to the broader
public.
On the Automorphism Groups
of Dowling Geometries
Authors: SCHWARTZ GARY K.
Published: October 2003

In ‘Automorphisms of Dowling lattices and related geometries’, J. Bonin constructed the
automorphism group A of a Dowling lattice as the image of a certain semidirect product,
A = θ(K [rtimes ] H). In this work we find necessary and sufficient conditions for this quotient to
be the semidirect product A = θ(K) [rtimes ] θ(H). In addition, we include a construction of A
that lends itself to computation more readily than that found in Bonin's work.
The Minesweeper Game:
Percolation and Complexity
Authors: MOSSEL ELCHANAN
Published: October 2003

We study a model motivated by the minesweeper game. In this model one starts with the
percolation of mines on the lattice ℤd, and then tries to find an infinite path of mine-free
sites. At every recovery of a free site, the player is given some information on the sites
adjacent to the current site. We compare the parameter values for which there exists a
strategy such that the process survives to the critical parameter of ordinary percolation. We
then derive improved bounds for these values for the same process, when the player has
some complexity restrictions in computing his moves. Finally, we discuss some monotonicity
issues which arise naturally for this model.
Mechanisms of urban growth in India: AD 600–1200
Authors: Thakur Renu
Published: October 2003

Divided into three separate phases, different causative factors are presented for the emergence of urban centres in India from AD 600–1200. Agrarian expansion and the growth of markets encouraged trade, both internal and external, and the foundation of towns owed much to this interplay and to the establishment of religious centres.
Use of medium‐range ensembles at the Met Office 2: Applications for medium‐range forecasting
Authors: Young M V , Carroll E B
Published: October 2003

The term ‘medium range’ is taken to refer to forecasts for lead times ranging from about 2 or 3 days ahead up to about 10 days ahead. A wide variety of numerical model products are available to the forecaster nowadays, and one of the most important of these is the ECMWF Ensemble Prediction System (EPS). This paper shows how forecasters at the Met Office use these products, in particular the EPS, in an operational environment in the production of medium‐range forecasts for a variety of customers, and illustrates some of the techniques involved. Particular reference is made to the PREVIN post‐processing system for the EPS which is described in the companion paper by Legg et al. (2002). Forecast products illustrated take the form of synoptic charts (produced primarily via Field Modification software), text guidance and other graphical formats. The probabilistic approach to forecasting is discussed with reference to various examples, in particular the application of the EPS in providing early warnings of severe weather for which risk assessment is increasingly important. A central theme of this paper is the vital role played by forecasters in interpreting the output from the models in terms of the likely weather elements, and using the EPS to help assess confidence levels for a particular forecast as well as possible alternative synoptic evolutions. Verification statistics are presented which demonstrate how the EPS helps the forecaster to add value to the wide range of individual deterministic model products and that furthermore, the forecaster can improve upon many probabilistic products derived directly from the ensemble. Copyright © 2002 Royal Meteorological Society.
Memory for Everyone
Authors: Ogden Jenni A.
Published: October 2003

Alan Baddeley's delightful new book is another in
the series “Cognitive Psychology: A Modular Course”
and as such its purpose is to bring together research relevant
to the topic of memory in a format that can be easily understood
by undergraduate psychology students. It certainly achieves
this aim, but will also be of interest to a wide range of readers,
from the interested layperson to the experienced psychologist.
Memory holds an important place in everyone's lives, and
readers on the far side of middle-age may find this book
particularly pertinent, and in most cases reassuring! Academic
and professional psychologists from many different subdisciplines
will find this an easy book to refer to when they want to refresh
or update their memory about one or other aspect of memory.
Likewise researchers and professionals from other disciplines
such as neuroscience or medicine will find this book a gold-mine
of information, both academic and practical.
Differential episodic and semantic memory performance
in Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementias
Authors: VANDERPLOEG RODNEY D. , YUSPEH ROBERT L. , SCHINKA JOHN A.
Published: October 2003

Differential performance on measures of episodic and
semantic memory were examined in AD, cortical vascular
dementia (CVaD), subcortical vascular dementia (SVaD),
and controls. Groups were matched on age, education, and
gender; dementia groups also were matched on severity.
Recognition/retrieval differences were found only between
SVaD and AD groups, not between CVaD and AD. Thus, recognition/retrieval
differences are likely secondary to subcortical pathology
rather than to vascular etiology per se. Similarly,
significant numbers of memory errors were associated with
cortical pathology, regardless of etiology. Error rate
differences were found only between SVaD and AD groups,
not between CVaD and AD. Finally, rapid forgetting was
unique to AD; however, since no difference was found between
SVaD and AD, rapid forgetting may occur only as AD progresses.
No semantic memory measure differentiated AD from either
CVaD or SVaD subjects. Results suggest that some previously
reported episodic differences may be due to cortical versus
white matter subcortical pathology, rather than to AD versus
vascular etiology. (JINS, 2001, 7, 563–573.)
Attention problems in adolescents with congenital
hypothyroidism: A multicomponential analysis
Authors: ROVET JOANNE F. , HEPWORTH SANDRA
Published: October 2003

Even though early treatment of congenital hypothyroidism (CH)
with newborn screening prevents the mental retardation previously
seen in cretinism, affected children still exhibit subtle
persisting neurocognitive deficits. One of their commonest problems
is poor attention, which reflects both early disease severity
and later (high) circulating thyroid hormone levels. While
attention is currently regarded as multicomponential in nature,
with different processing components supported by different
brain regions, the specific components of attention affected
by CH have not been identified. In light of animal evidence
showing that neonatal thyroid hormone deficiencies impede the
neurodevelopment of structures important for selective aspects
of attention, we proposed a multicomponential approach to study
attention in children with CH. This was accomplished via
retrospective analysis of existing data on adolescents with
CH whose attention was previously evaluated using multiple tests.
Results showed significantly poorer overall attention in CH
than controls with differences occurring mainly on focus
and inhibit indices. However, performance on various
indices was associated with different disease parameters. Poor
encode and focus were correlated with more
severe hypothyroidism and a longer period of thyroid hormone
insufficiency and poor select and shift with
higher thyroid hormone levels at testing. These results signify
that thyroid hormone is important for the development and later
regulation of brain structures supporting distinct aspects of
attention. (JINS, 2001, 7, 734–744.)
CADASIL: Neuropsychological findings in three generations
of an affected family
Authors: HARRIS JOSETTE G. , FILLEY CHRISTOPHER M.
Published: October 2003

Cerebral autosomal dominant arteriopathy with subcortical infarcts
and leukoencephalopathy (CADASIL) is a hereditary brain disease
with a variety of neurologic and psychiatric manifestations.
We studied 3 members of a family who each had leukoencephalopathy
on neuroimaging studies and a characteristic mutation for CADASIL
in the notch 3 region of chromosome 19q12. In all 3 cases,
neurobehavioral impairment dominated the clinical picture, and
a pattern of psychiatric dysfunction heralding cognitive decline
emerged. Neuropsychological evaluation revealed diverse deficits,
but a profile of frontal lobe dysfunction, declarative memory
impairment suggestive of a retrieval deficit, and relatively
preserved language was evident. These cases provide a
cross-sectional study of the evolution of CADASIL, and suggest
that, as in other diseases characterized by white matter dementia,
psychiatric dysfunction may occur initially, followed by pervasive
cognitive dysfunction later in the course of the disease. CADASIL
should be considered in young adults with unexplained
leukoencephalopathy on neuroimaging studies, and in those with
neurobehavioral dysfunction and a suggestive family history.
(JINS, 2001, 7, 768–774.)
Memory and dating of past events in schizophrenia
Authors: VENNERI ANNALENA , BARTOLO ANGELA , McCRIMMON SARAH , ST. CLAIR DAVID
Published: October 2003

Memory deficits are frequently observed in schizophrenia but
their intrinsic characteristics have not been clarified. We
studied remote memory in a group of 20 schizophrenics and 20
healthy age and education matched controls using a newly devised
public event questionnaire (PEQ) that employs a free recall,
progressive cueing and recognition protocol and requires dating
of events. Results indicate that patients with chronic
schizophrenia perform significantly more poorly on the PEQ than
a group of age and education matched controls both in terms
of content and dating of events. The number of events recalled
does not improve with progressive cuing or recognition. No
distinctive pattern was observed in their temporal gradient.
There was no significant difference in content scores for pre-
and post-onset events in the schizophrenics. These findings
indicate that remote memory deficits in chronic schizophrenics
arise from deficient encoding rather than from a retrieval deficit
secondary to executive dysfunction. (JINS, 2002,
8, 861–866.)
The Remaking of a Landmark
Authors: Castro-Caldas Alexandre
Published: October 2003

Books are landmarks in the history of sciences. Some reflect
the views of influential opinion leaders in a certain
period—as it was common in the past. Some reflect the
state of the art on a particular field reviewed by multiple
authors—as became frequent nowadays. Some still reflect
a combination of both tendencies collecting the opinion of several
authors under the general framework of the leading opinion of
an Editor. In this last case the Editor is also an active writer
of seminal chapters. This was the case of the first edition
of Principles of Behavioral and Cognitive Neurology,
edited by M.-Marsel Mesulam.
Memory performance on the California Verbal Learning
Test–II: Findings from patients with focal frontal lesions
Authors: BALDO JULIANA V. , DELIS DEAN , KRAMER JOEL , SHIMAMURA ARTHUR P.
Published: October 2003

Numerous studies have suggested that frontal cortex plays a
strategic, rather than an absolute, role in memory performance.
Typically, frontal patients are reported to have impaired recall
but normal recognition memory. A recent meta-analysis, however,
has questioned this conclusion. To further investigate the role
of frontal cortex in long-term memory, patients with focal frontal
lesions and age- and education-matched controls were tested
on a new version of the California Verbal Learning Test
(CVLT–II). Frontal patients exhibited a number of deficits
on this test, including overall poorer recall, an increased
tendency to make intrusions, reduced semantic clustering, and
impaired yes/no recognition performance. Further analysis of
the error rates in the yes/no recognition task revealed that
frontal patients were most likely to mistakenly endorse 2 types
of distractors: semantically related words and words from an
interference list. These findings are discussed with respect
to the role of frontal dysfunction in false recollections and
poor source memory, as well as the distinction between the roles
of frontal and temporal cortex in long-term memory. (JINS,
2002, 8, 539–546.)
Growth curve analyses of neuropsychological profiles in
children with neurofibromatosis Type 1: Specific cognitive tests
remain “Spared” and “Impaired” over
time
Authors: CUTTING LAURIE E. , HUANG GUA-HUA , ZEGER SCOTT , KOTH CHRISTINE W. , THOMPSON RICHARD E. , DENCKLA MARTHA BRIDGE
Published: October 2003

Cognitive deficits in neurofibromatosis Type 1 (NF-1) have
been documented in both the verbal and visuospatial domains.
Previous investigations from our laboratory have determined
a specific pattern of “spared” (Picture Arrangement,
Picture Completion, and Rapid Automatized Naming) and
“impaired” (Judgment of Line Orientation, Vocabulary,
and Block Design) performance on cognitive measures in this
population when compared to sibling-matched controls in pairwise
designs. Growth curve analyses were conducted on these repeated
measures in 19 patients with NF-1 and their siblings to investigate
the longitudinal course and growth pattern of these spared and
impaired measures. Results indicated that over time children
with NF-1 do not catch up to their siblings on impaired measures,
and they continue to perform similarly to their siblings on
the spared measures. With respect to growth rates, on average
across the 6 cognitive measures there was no significant difference
between the groups. However, the variation among families
for level of performance was estimated to be larger than variation
among siblings within a family for 2 out of 6 cognitive measures
(i.e., providing for these 2, Vocabulary and Rapid Automatized
Naming, evidence of substantial familial correlation), suggesting
that there is need to consider NF-1 associated deficits within
a familial context. (JINS, 2002, 8, 838–846.)
Computer music in New South Wales
Authors: Monro Gordon
Published: October 2003

This article is a brief survey of academic computer music activities in New South Wales.
Iannis Xenakis: a composer's perspective
Authors: Worrall David
Published: October 2003

Although music uses sound as its medium of conveyance, music is not just sound. Although musical structures rely
on the acoustics of sound-generating devices (instruments) and conveyances (concert halls, loudspeakers) and on the
way the body senses the sound waves generated and transformed by these (psychoacoustics), theories of musical
composition can work both with and against these principles. Music is involved in sonic discourse, sonic rhetoric, if
you will, and history shows us that because of this it is a sociocultural phenomenon which reflects the times in which
it is composed.
RECURSIVE EQUILIBRIA IN ECONOMIES WITH INCOMPLETE MARKETS
Authors: Kubler Felix , Schmedders Karl
Published: October 2003

We examine minimal sufficient state spaces for equilibria in a Lucas asset pricing model with heterogeneous agents and incomplete markets. It is clear that even if all fundamentals of the economy follow a first-order Markov process, equilibrium prices and allocations generally will depend not only on the current exogenous shock but also on the distribution of wealth among the heterogeneous agents. The main contribution of this paper is to give an example of an infinite-horizon economy with Markovian fundamentals, where the joint process of equilibrium asset holdings and exogenous shocks does not constitute a sufficient state space either.
Atomic Scale Characterization of Vacancy Ordering in Oxygen
Conducting Membranes
Authors: Klie Robert F. , Browning Nigel D.
Published: October 2003

This article presents a comprehensive investigation of (La,
Sr)FeO3 by correlated atomic resolution annular dark
field imaging and electron energy loss spectroscopy. Here, the
ability of these techniques to characterize point defect formation
and phase transitions under reducing conditions in situ
in the scanning transmission electron microscope is evaluated and the
influence of oxygen vacancies on the structure–property relationships
is discussed. In particular, the evolution of the Ruddlesden–Popper,
Brownmillerite, and Aurivillius phases can be associated directly with the
ionic and electronic conductivity of the bulk material under different
thermodynamic conditions. These results lead naturally to an atomistic
defect chemistry model to explain the high temperature ionic and electronic
conductivity in this and other perovskite materials.
Comparative Surface Studies at Atomic Resolution with Ultrahigh Vacuum Variable-Temperature Atomic Force and Scanning Tunneling Microscopes
Authors: Iwatsuki Masashi , Suzuki Kazuyuki , Kitamura Shin-ich , Kersker Mike
Published: October 2003

With the ultrahigh vacuum variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscope (UHV-VT-STM),
atomic-level observation has been achieved. An ultrahigh vacuum atomic force microscope (UHV-AFM) has
also been developed, with success in obtaining atom images where observation in noncontact (NC) mode with
a frequency modulation (FM) detection method was attempted. Using the FM detection method in the constant
oscillation amplitude of the cantilever excitation mode, we have obtained atomic-resolution images of Si(111)
7 × 7 structures and Si(100) 2 × 1 structures and other structures together with STM images in an ultrahigh
vacuum environment. Also shown here are contact potential difference (CPD) images using the NC-AFM
method.
Editorial
Authors: Maltby Tony
Published: October 2003

Welcome to this new journal of the Social Policy Association, whose fundamental aim is to bring the study of social policy to a wider audience. It intends to mark itself out as distinct from its older sister, the Journal of Social Policy, the leading journal in the discipline, yet at the same time remain closely associated with it and complement its work. Drawing upon research and developments in all key social sciences, the journal will aim to provide an important new outlet for relevant, contemporary and stimulating articles from the specialist and non-specialist alike on a wide variety of issues concerning public and social policy. Articles can be theoretical or empirical in nature (or both) or speculative, but all will be authoritatively written.
Transmission of porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) to mice by transplanting EMCV‐infected pig tissues
Authors: Brewer Laurie , Brown Corrie , Murtaugh Michael P. , Kariuki Njenga M.
Published: October 2003

Abstract: We recently demonstrated that pigs infected with porcine encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) develop a persistent infection (up to 90 days post‐infection (PI)) in the heart and brain that is accompanied by virus‐induced pathologic changes, and that EMCV productively infects human cardiomyocytes in vitro, suggesting that EMCV may pose a risk to humans following transplantation of pig tissues to humans (Brewer et al. J Virol 2001; 75: 11621–11629). In this report, we demonstrate that intra‐abdominal transplantation of myocardial or pancreatic sections from acutely EMCV‐infected pigs (2 days PI) into either non‐mutant C57BL/6 or C57BL/6‐RAG‐1−/−mice that lack B or T lymphocytes, resulted in transmission of the virus and acute fatal disease in all mice. In recipient RAG‐1−/−mice, fatal EMCV disease occurred within 2 days post‐transplantation, and it was accompanied by high virus titers in brain, heart, liver, spleen, kidneys and skeletal muscle, whereas in non‐mutant C57BL/6 mice, disease occurred 5 to 6 days post‐transplantation and was accompanied by lower virus titers. Transplantation of myocardial or pancreatic tissues from chronically EMCV‐infected pigs (21 and 50 days PI) did not induce clinical disease, but resulted in detection of EMCV RNA in the brain of recipient RAG‐1−/−mice, no viral RNA was detected in non‐mutant C57BL/6 mice. Intra‐abdominal transplantation of uninfected porcine myocardial tissues into RAG‐1−/−mice followed by intramuscular inoculation with EMCV induced acute clinical disease but did not result in transmission of virus to the xenograft. These results show that EMCV can be efficiently transmitted from pig myocardial and pancreatic tissues to mice, providing a model of pig‐to‐human viral xenozoonosis that can be used to develop and test prophylactic and therapeutic measures against such infection.
Methotrexate for immunosuppression in life‐supporting pig‐to‐cynomolgus monkey renal xenotransplantation
Authors: Cozzi Emanuele , Cadrobbi Roberto , Baldan Nicola , Dedja Arben , Calabrese Fiorella , Castagnaro Massimo , Fante Fabio , Boldrin Massimo , Iacopetti Ilaria , Ravarotto Licia , Carraro Paolo , Bronte Vincenzo , De Santo Carmela , Busetto Roberto , Plebani Mario , Maria Cancellotti Francesco , Rigotti Paolo , Thiene Gaetano , Ancona Ermanno
Published: October 2003

Abstract: Methotrexate (MTX) has been used successfully as an immunosuppressant in rodent xenotransplantation models, but the data generated so far with MTX in pig‐to‐baboon cardiac transplantation studies have been disappointing. The potential of this agent was consequently explored in a life‐supporting pig‐to‐primate renal model using the cynomolgus monkey as the recipient species. Introductory in vitro and in vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic studies with MTX were conducted in three cynomolgus monkeys. Subsequently,10 cynomolgus monkey recipients of a life‐supporting kidney from human decay‐accelerating factor transgenic pigs were administered MTX intravenously according to three different regimens. All the animals also received cyclosporine A and steroids. In addition, mycophenolate sodium (MPS) was administered post‐operatively in two of the three groups of transplanted animals. At clinically relevant concentrations, MTX is able in vitro to inhibit the mixed lymphocyte reactions (MLR) in cynomolgus monkeys. After intravenous administration, moreover, exposure of cynomolgus monkeys to MTX appeared to be higher than had been previously reported in baboons. Graft function was observed in the transplanted animals, which survived from 0 to 41 days. All but two animals revealed acute humoral rejection in the explanted graft and developed diarrhea. Diarrhea was the cause of euthanasia in five cases. It was unrelated to the administration of MPS and associated with severe histopathological signs of enteritis. This study demonstrates that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles of MTX vary substantially between non‐human primate species. In vitro, MTX has immunosuppressive properties in the cynomolgus monkey at clinically relevant concentrations. In vivo, MTX has a very narrow therapeutic window in cynomolgus monkeys, however, as it does in baboons. We conclude that MTX is scarcely effective as an immunosuppressant, be it for induction or maintenance, in pig‐to‐cynomolgus monkey renal xenotransplantation.