bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
La modélisation psychomécanique des systèmes temporels : le cas du russe
Authors: Le Flem Claude-Daniel
Published: July 2012

La démarche de la psychomécanique est en principe hypothético-déductive, la théorie prenant son départ à une exigence absolue — un « inévitable » — et procédant déductivement jusqu’à la rencontre avec les faits : Guillaume pose par exemple dans Temps et verbe (1965) que toutes les langues construisent leur systématique verbale à partir d’un présent universel α/ω). Le modèle qu’il élabore pour le russe comme celui de Meney (1974a et b, 1975), bien qu’incompatibles entre eux, acceptent ce postulat qui entraîne des problèmes de cohérence interne et, en bout de course, la non-satisfaction de l’exigence minimale d’adéquation d’observation. L’hypothèse de remplacement que je propose, limitée à l’indicatif, révoque sa division en époques au bénéfice de la combinatoire de deux systèmes aspectuels, l’un lexical, l’autre grammatical. Cette solution, qui range le russe parmi les langues exclusivement aspectuelles, s’impose par sa simplicité, sa cohérence, son accord avec la sémiologie et son efficacité sur le plan empirique.
Une place pour la pédagogie en didactique des langues
Authors: Boulouffe Jacqueline
Published: July 2012

Le professeur est actuellement transmetteur et animateur des connaissances. Sa pédagogie l’oriente vers des exercices de conditionnement et vers des activités de communication. Il n’y a cependant pas de lien direct entre conditionnement et communication. L’effort pédagogique devrait porter principalement sur un exercice intermédiaire, qui réunirait l’intention de parole de l’apprenant avec sa mémoire récupérée d’une forme qui convient à cette intention. Cette manière d’aborder la pédagogie s’inspire aussi bien de certains principes généraux que des processus de réorganisation qui sont secrètement à l’oeuvre dans l’acquisition du langage enfantin.
Transfer and Success in the Acquisition of Verbal Properties in French and English
Authors: Sheppard Ken
Published: July 2012

This study compares the acquisitional states of two groups of foreign language learners (a Francophone group learning English and an Anglophone group learning French) with a view to establishing the influence of Universal Grammar in the process. Specifically, the two groups (48 each) were asked to render acceptability judgments about 50 sentences in each language; the sentences exemplified syntactic properties [the permissability or impermissibility of fully tensed clausal complements, Exceptional Case Marking and Control structures (PRO)] associated with three verbs in the two languages (believe/croire, promise/promettre and want/vouloir).
L’alternance C/Ø des verbes français : une analyse par contraintes et stratégies de réparation
Authors: Paradis Carole , El Fenne Fatimazohra
Published: July 2012

L’alternance C(onsonne)/Ø en français, notamment dans la flexion verbale, est souvent causée par des violations de contraintes phonologiques. Les consonnes latentes sont analysées ici comme des consonnes flottantes - des consonnes malformées en forme sous-jacente parce sans unité de temps - qui violent le « principe de légitimation » selon lequel toute unité phonologique doit être incorporée dans une structure complète. Selon le contexte phonologique/ morphologique, une violation peut être « réparée » par l’élision de la consonne flottante ou l’insertion d’une unité de temps, d’où résulte partiellement l’alternance C/Ø. Contrairement aux traditionnels groupes verbaux, la distinction entre « radical à consonne flottante » et « radical à consonne permanente » permet de prédire la sélection de suffixes infinitifs.
Subjects Inside Out
Authors: Hoekstra Teun
Published: July 2012

This paper argues that the notion of subject is purely syntactic, defined as an agreeing SPEC of a fonctional category. It is related to a theta-position inside a lexical projection by movement. It is furthermore argues that this particular conception applies not only to full clauses, but to all instances of predication, including secondary predication. This movement theory is contrasted with the indexing theory of predication. A new argument in favor of the movement theory is developed on the basis of floated quantifiers. Potentially problematic structures such as resultatives and nominalizations are shown not to be problematic for (small) clausal analysis of secondary predication.
Sous-spécification, accord et pronoms en arabe
Authors: Fassi Fehri Abdelkader
Published: July 2012

Dans cet article, nous proposons un traitement unifié des différents usages des formes pronominales arabes de troisième personne (qu’il s’agisse de pronoms personnels, de copules ou d’explétifs). Nous montrons que cet objectif ne peut être atteint qu’en recourant à une (sous)spécification lexicale ou syntaxique appropriée.

En second lieu, nous examinons la variation des formes explétives dans les langues, ainsi que celle des formes d’accord compatibles avec celles-ci. Nous montrons que dans les cas simples, les deux classes de formes sont liées, la liste des formes explétives étant dérivable de celle des formes pronominales de troisième personne qui peuvent être légitimées dans le contexte des formes d’AGR. En outre, un paramètre argunemtal est proposé pour AGR, selon lequel certaines langues autorisent uniquement un NP argumental dans Spec AGR. Par contre, d’autres langues autorisent également des NP non-argumentaux, mais elles requièrent que les traits phi (spécifiés) soient légitimés par des NP argumentaux (qui sont membres de chaînes explétives).
Remarques sur avoir attributif et possessif
Authors: Tellier Christine
Published: July 2012

Cet article fait état des différences syntaxiques qui distinguent les usages attributif et possessif du verbeavoir, usages illustrés par des phrases du typeelle a les yeux vertsetelle a des yeux verts, respectivement. Il est proposé que ces différences découlent des propriétés lexicales des deux verbes :avoirattributif est un verbe sémantiquement vide qui régit une proposition prédicative réduite, alors queavoirpossessif, sémantiquement plein, sélectionne un argument externe et un argument interne. Ainsi, les différences syntaxiques entre les deux constructions (type de NP postverbal (aliénable ou inaliénable), nature du déterminant (défini, non défini), possibilité de modification par un adjectif qualifiant, type de prédicat secondaire (état passager ou propriété permanente) sont attribuables au rôle que doit jouer dans la structure le NP post-verbal, soit prédicatif avecavoirattributif et argumental avecavoirpossessif.
Variétés linguistiques et intelligibilité : enjeux sociolinguistiques pour la synthèse de parole
Authors: Paradis Claude , Brousseau Martin , Dolbec Jean
Published: July 2012

Cet article discute de l’opportunité de développer des systèmes de synthèse de parole qui utilisent une variété linguistique plus familière. Les résultats de trois expériences présentées ici, en particulier la troisième qui repose sur une tâche plus élaborée de décision lexicale, font ressortir que les stimuli produits en français québécois sont plus facilement reconnus par des locuteurs québécois que ceux produits dans une variété européenne. Cela suggère que la variété linguistique utilisée peut agir à la façon d’unfiltrequi facilite ou, au contraire, gêne la perception et le traitement des mots.
La cohérence textuelle argumentative : illocution, intention et engagement de consistance
Authors: Lundquist Lita
Published: July 2012

Ayant constaté qu’il existe un principe d’interprétation textuelle, fondé sur la valeur argumentative de certaines expressions linguistiques, nous fournissons ici une explication pragmatique à ce phénomène. Nous référant entre autres à Austin, Searle, Strawson, Grice et Kuroda, nous montrons que l’emploi dans un énoncé de marqueurs argumentatifs constitue un acte illocutoire spécifique, un « acte d’argumenter », qui (étant la manifestation d’une intention argumentative) engage l’énonciateur à quatre types de consistance en ce qui concerne la continuation de son texte : les consistances dites épistémique, polyphonique, topique et orientative.
Le développement du discours narratif oral d’élèves du primaire
Authors: Godard Lucie
Published: July 2012

L’étude du développement du discours narratif oral auprès d’élèves francophones du primaire est un domaine relativement récent. Après une recension des écrits dans le domaine, notre recherche montre l’évolution de la grammaire de l’histoire, de la qualité des épisodes, des liens entre les épisodes, de la cohésion et du langage figuré chez une soixantaine d’élèves de la maternelle à la cinquième année à qui il a été demandé d’inventer une histoire.
Le mécanisme des stratégies de réparation en phonotactique générative et la diphtongaison en français montréalais
Authors: Desrochers Richard
Published: July 2012

Cet article examine l’action des stratégies de réparation en phonotactique générative, modèle où la phonologie est constituée de conditions de bonne formation et de stratégies de réparation consistant en la substitution, en l’insertion ou en l’effacement d’un segment (et possiblement aussi en l’inversion). Ces conditions (CBF) ne gouvernent que des alternances automatiques et globales; les autres alternances relèvent soit de la morphologie, soit de la stylistique.

Dans un premier temps sont examinés des exemples de CBF dans diverses langues afin d’identifier les facteurs qui déterminent le choix de la statégie et de la cible. Ces facteurs semblent être le respect de l’identité phonologique du segment et le caractère minimal de la stratégie. Dans un second temps est proposée une description de la diphtongaison du français montréalais au moyen de l’interaction de diverses CBF.
Les clitiques pronominaux en français parlé informel : une approche morphologique
Authors: Auger Julie
Published: July 2012

Dans cet article, nous abordons l’étude des clitiques pronominaux du français parlé informel en assumant que statut morphologique et comportement morphosyntaxique sont deux dimensions indépendantes et qu’il est donc possible d’être un affixe sans pour autant fonctionner comme un marqueur d’accord. Le fait que nombre d’idiosyncrasies affectant les clitiques pronominaux ne puissent être générées par des règles phonologiques ou syntaxiques et que les règles syntaxiques ne puissent manipuler ces éléments nous amèneront à conclure que tous les clitiques pronominaux du français parlé informel sont des affixes qui doivent être attachés à la racine verbale dans une composante morphologique. Mais le fait que seuls les sujets redoublés apparaissent en position d’argument et que seuls les marqueurs de sujets soient employés de façon régulière dans les propositions relatives indique clairement que seuls les marqueurs de sujet fonctionnent comme de véritables marqueurs d’accord et que les marqueurs d’objet retiennent leur statut d’argument syntaxique.
Berber Clitic Doubling and Syntactic Extraction
Authors: Guerssel Mohamed
Published: July 2012

The aim of this paper is twofold. First it is argued that the overt realization of lexical subjects in Berber is an instance of clitic doubling. The markers that have traditionally been considered to be merely agreement markers are to be treated as clitics. Second, and contrary to standard assumptions, it is shown that extraction out of clitic doubling is universally possible provided a default clitic is available. Evidence in favor of the view that syntactic extraction out of doubling is rooted in a proper characterization of agreement comes from a comparison of the Berber dialects that exhibit clitic doubling and those that do not. The two dialect types contrast exactly as expected within the approach advocated.
À propos des propriétés syntaxiques et sémantiques des verbes aspectuels du coréen
Authors: Pak Dong-Ho
Published: July 2012

Les verbes aspectuels du coréen présentent un certain nombre de propriétés qui nous permettent de les distinguer des autres verbes non seulement sur le plan syntaxique, mais aussi sur le plan sémantique. Ces différences se manifestent à travers la construction qui contient le complément phrastique. Sur le plan syntaxique, les verbes aspectuels imposent des restrictions de temps et de coréférentialité au complément phrastique. Sur le plan sémantique, les verbes aspectuels ont comme fonction d’apporter une modification d’ordre aspectuel à l’événement décrit par le complément phrastique et présentent un caractère implicationnel. Ils imposent aussi des restrictions aspectuelles au complément phrastique. Toutes les différences nous montrent que les verbes aspectuels sont syntaxiquement ainsi que sémantiquement plus étroitement liés à leur complément phrastique que ne le sont les autres verbes.
Issues Related to Text Comprehensibility: The Future of Readability
Authors: Zakaluk Beverley L. , Samuels S. Jay
Published: July 2012

This paper places readability in an historical context, reviews the development of present day formulas and their liabilities, explores other factors that influence meaning making, and considers comprehensibility from the point of view of the educator. The authors conclude that determining how easy or how difficult a particular book may be for a particular reader is a complex task. There may be a time when it is possible to develop a formula that includes all elements that impact upon readability, but at present, estimating text comprehensibility requires personal judment.
Analyse de l’intelligibilité de textes prescriptifs
Authors: Préfontaine Clémence , Lecavalier Jacques
Published: July 2012

L’intelligibilité des textes, telle que nous la définissons, tient compte de l’ensemble des composantes qui en assure la compréhension complète. Nous ne nous limitons pas à considérer les aspects microstructurels (nombre de mots, de phrases, etc.) comme le font les mesures de lisibilité traditionnelles; nous tenons également compte des aspects macrostructurels, ceux qui marquent la progression du texte. Nous présentons ici un instrument qui permet de mesurer cette intelligibilité. Nous l’avons appliqué à des textes prescriptifs (un document bancaire et un document administratif) qui causaient des difficultés de compréhension.
Le temps est-il un indicateur fiable de la difficulté de lecture du texte / de son traitement cognitif par le lecteur?
Authors: Reinwein Joachim
Published: July 2012

Dans les techniques d’auto-présentation segmentée (APS), le texte à lire est présenté de sorte que le lecteur ne voit, à la fois, qu’une partie plus ou moins restreinte. L’affichage du segment textuel à l’écran étant sous contrôle direct du lecteur, le laps de temps de chaque segment est censé indiquer le degré de complexité des processus de compréhension (ou le degré de difficulté du texte). L’expérience ci-après, menée auprès de lecteurs de 3e et 5e années d’une école primaire à l’aide d’une nouvelle technique d’observation en direct, montre qu’on ne peut se fier au seul indice de temps, au risque d’arriver à des conclusions clairement contre-intuitives.
Les modèles de représentation syllabique, l’analyse du redoublement et la condition de satisfaction
Authors: Nikiema Emmanuel
Published: July 2012

Au cours de la dernière décennie, le modèle hiérarchisé de la syllabe à été remis en question en faveur d’une représentation morique de la syllabe sans unités temporelles et sans structure interne en constituants. Le redoublement a été l’un des phénomènes utilisé dans les travaux pour alléguer la supériorité du modèle morique sur le modèle hiérarchisé. Nous présentons, à partir d’une analyse des patrons de redoublement du ponapéen, une évaluation des deux modèles de représentation syllabique. Il ressort de l’analyse que, pour rendre compte de certains faits de redoublement, le modèle morique doit incorporer les positions temporelles, des positions vides et assigner un statut de constituant à l’attaque. Nous rejetons ainsi la condition de satisfaction qui interdit les positions vides pour introduire la contrainte de satisfaction structurale comme condition de légitimation des relations prosodiques.
Une étude sociophonétique des affriquées désonorisées en franco-québécois
Authors: Bento Margaret
Published: July 2012

Cette étude montre que la dynamique de la variation linguistique des affriquées, notamment en ce qui concerne les phénomènes de désonorisation, est non seulement soumise à des pressions d’ordre combinatoire, mais réagit aussi à des facteurs sociaux.

Ainsi, cette analyse révèle qu’outre l’influence de l’environnement phonétique, les facteurs sexe (les femmes assibilant moins et dévoisant plus leurs articulations que les hommes) et région d’origine (les locuteurs de Chicoutimi assibilant et dévoisant moins que ceux de Québec) sont à prendre en considération dans l’explicattion de la variation linguistique.
Une première systématique des évaluatifs en français
Authors: Pupier Paul
Published: July 2012

Le présent article offre une description synthétique des évaluatifs en français. On commence par caractériser les évaluatifs ou expressions de valeur. Puisque les évaluatifs sont bipolaires et peuvent présenter une gradation dans leur évaluation, il est naturel de vérifier si leur répartition n’est pas identique à celle des antonymes de degré. En fait, elle en est indépendante dans une large mesure. La morphologie dérivationnelle fournit des corrélations plus fortes avec le marquage axiologique. D’abord, il n’existe pas de suffixe axiologiquement positif en français. Ensuite, les suffixes péjoratifs n’opèrent pas tous de la même façon : en gros, la valeur négative peut être introduite par le suffixe ou, au contraire, être héritée du radical. Pour ce qui est des préfixes, leur impact axiologique n’est pas déterminé entièrement par la négation qu’ils expriment. Il y a d’autres marqueurs de l’axiologie que les morphèmes : par exemple certaines constructions, comme la célèbre N de N. Au niveau lexical aussi, le jugement de valeur peut être présupposé ou impliqué par l’usage de certains mots. En axiologie, comme dans d’autres domaines de la linguistique, se pose le problème de la projection des valeurs élémentaires. Nous abordons ce problème à partir de quelques exemples. Enfin, nous reprenons la question de l’ironie, phénomème dont nous avions dû faire abstraction pour fonder nos intuitions axiologiques, et nous montrons que la valeur entre dans la définition même de l’énoncé ironique.
Arabophones et francophones du Maroc : un bilinguisme dynamique
Authors: Nissabouri Abdelfattah
Published: July 2012

Cet article a pour but de montrer que la description d’un accent étranger (ici arabophone marocain) peut dépasser le cadre strict du classement entre la langue première et la langue seconde des bilingues. Divers processus en cours dans la langue première, telle l’atténuation de la dichotomie traditionnelle des parlers arabes (citadin / bédouin) en milieu urbain, reflètent une phase transitoire de la langue première des arabophones.
Syntactic Category Changing in Syntax: Evidence from Finnish Participle Constructions
Authors: Koskinen Päivi
Published: July 2012

In most languages there are lexical elements that manifest morpho-syntactic properties associated with more than one lexical category. I examine here a group of Finnish participle constructions that manifest such categorial inconsistencies. Those forms are analyzed as containing a hybrid category: the lexical feature [Adjectival Reference] accounts for their adjectival qualities and seemingly nominal morphology, while a functional feature [Temporal Reference] (= Tense) explains their verbal and temporal characteristics. Consequently, I argue that changes in syntactic category take place not only through morphological derivation, but also within the syntactic component. This is possible under a view of morphological derivation as vocabulary insertion based on the syntactic feature matrices that surface at the end of the computational component.
On the Marginal Functions and Features of Object Clitics, with Special Reference to Modern Greek
Authors: Bibis Nick
Published: July 2012

Written within the minimalist program approach to grammar (Chomsky 1995), this paper examines the nature of θ-role requirements in three types of object clitic constructions:idiomaticandaffected accusativein Modern Greek, andaffected dativein Modern Greek and French. I do not treat the idiomatic clitic constructions as lexically listed VPs, but as being derived syntactically. Furthermore, I argue that these constructions contain Tense and Person intrinsic features that are not visible to the syntax, and an obligatory θ-feature [EXPERIENCER] checked in the syntax by means of the operation Attract-F. Affected accusatives are analyzed as non-A-bound θ-marked affixes which attract an interpretable θ-feature [EXPERIENCER] associated with V. A simple VP syntactic structure without clitic movement is attributed to them. Lastly, for affected dative constructions, I propose avshell syntactic structure with base-generation of the clitic.
The Syntax of Clitic Placement in European Portuguese
Authors: Barrie Michael
Published: July 2012

In most Romance languages, object clitics appear to the left of the verb (proclitics); in European Portuguese (henceforth, EP) they appear to the right (enclitics). Furthermore, several syntactic environments trigger proclisis in EP, which usually have no effect on clitic placement in other Romance languages. These environments can be roughly split into two categories: those in which CP is filled (Wh-questions, focus constructions, subordinate clauses), and those in which a head position between CP and TP is filled (negation, special adverbs). To account for this, I propose that C0in EP has the strong feature [+lexical] which must be checked by a lexical item before Spell-Out. I also propose the following clause structure: TopP>CP>AdvsP>NegP>TP>vP>VP. AdvsP is a functional projection which hosts any one of a small set of special adverbials. If CP is filled by Spell-Out (either in its head or specifier position), the [+lexical] feature will be checked and erased. If not, then C0attracts the closest lexical item.
Acquisition du lieu d’articulation en langue des signes québécoise chez trois enfants sourds : étude de cas
Authors: Lavoie Charlen , Villeneuve Suzanne
Published: July 2012

Cette étude est la première en acquisition du lieu d’articulation en langue des signes québécoise (LSQ). Il existe peu de recherches sur le sujet en langues signées : Frishberg 1975 ainsi que Siedlecki et Bonvillian 1993 pour la langue des signes américaine, et Takkinen 1994 pour la langue des signes finlandaise. Notre objectif est d’observer les manifestations de la maturation linguistique de trois garçons sourds profonds de naissance enregistrés à un an d’intervalle (à trois et à quatre ans). Les lieux d’articulation de 3 386 signes ont été divisés en classes, et nous tenterons d’expliquer les lieux les moins réussis par des contraintes perceptuelles, articulatoires ou linguistiques.
Québec contre Ottawa : axiomes et jeux de la communication
Authors: Lemieux Vincent
Published: July 2012

Present relations between the leadership teams of the Governments of Quebec and Ottawa may be interpreted by applying the axioms of communication pragmatics as formulated by Paul Watzlawick and his associates in drawing upon the ideas of Gregory Bateson. These axioms and other strategie considerations provide the basis for a game theory of politics that is itself applied to the debates between the leadership teams of Ottawa and those of Quebec. In the game theory of politics, primary concern is focused on tactical possibilities rather than on the usefulness of outcomes. Herein lies the relevancy of the idea of strategie move which has been introduced and developed by Schelling in order to render the theory of games more appropriate for the study of concrete situations.
L’état des études internationales au Canada : un survol de la recherche scientifique
Authors: Abonyi Arpad , Sylvain Ivan J. , Tomlin Brian W.
Published: July 2012

This article depicts the configuration of approaches to the scientific study of foreign policy and international politics in Canada, as represented in a systematic survey of research written in Canada and published in forty scholarly journals, some from as early as 1945 up to 1975. Scientific studies found in this sample were analyzed along four dimensions : theoretical basis ; issue area ; units upon which the investigation is based ; and method of analysis. Scientific study of international relations emerged as a largely recent yet growing phenomenon of the last decade. It constitutes a unique subfield outside the mainstream of research, and is concentrated among a relatively small group of individuals and even fewer institutions. Études internationales emerged as the single most important channel of communication for this subfield in Canada
Le rôle des provinces dans les relations internationales
Authors: Jacomy-Millette Annemarie
Published: July 2012

Within the shifting context of international relations — official and transnational - of the last quarter of the XXth century, it would be appropriate to take a fresh look at the opening of federal states with special emphasis on the Canadian provinces. This opening poses political, economic, social, cultural and juridical problems, both national and international. The author conceptualizes the problem in three aspects : international organizations, international representation and international treaties. She offers suggestions and recommendations with a view to a greater decentralization of Canada's foreign policy.
Les pays socialistes de l’Est et l’unité européenne – La tradition dans le socialisme et le socialisme dans la tradition
Authors: Pilisi Paul
Published: July 2012

Throughout the XIXth century federalism in Eastern Europe sought to regroup small nations and states within federal structures capable of guaranteeing their collective independence in the long-term vis-à-vis those powers directly interested in that region of the continent.

After the First World War the federalist forces of Eastern Europe, conscious of the tragic effects of the balkanization of Central and Eastern Europe, had approached regional reconstruction in a spirit of unity. This unity, whose spirit and idea derived from a common historical experience, was taken up by the progressive forces active within the resistance during the Second World War.

Shortly thereafter, among the political forces tending to promote regional unity, the socialist and communist parties engaged in activities of major importance. From their initial perspective, the solidarity of the Eastern Countries was to lead to the establishment of federal structures without the adhesion of the Soviet Union.
Droit de la mer : La contribution du Canada au nouveau concept de la zone économique
Authors: Léger Georges Antoine
Published: July 2012

The decade-long process of negotiation leading to a new regime of Oceans Law is drawing to a close. One of its major achievements to date is the elaboration of an entirely new concept in ocean space, the exclusive economic zone. Canada has played a leading role in bringing about consensus on the main elements of this zonal approach, a bridge linking certain features of the territorial sea regime with a number of safeguards derived from the exercise of high seas rights.

Canada 's contribution was based generally on a novel application of the functional approach which has been prevalent in Canada 's treatment of Law of the Sea issues over the past few years. The idea was to apply the principles of delegation of powers to those of functionalism, in order to foster a zonal approach whereby certain functional rights and obligations (pertaining, for instance, to fisheries or to the marine environment) would be carried out by the coastal state on behalf of the international community. In recognition of its exercise of this mandate, and in regard to its geographical proximity to the ocean space it managed, the coastal state would be granted a preferential (and for most purposes an exclusive) access to the resources of the zone.

One of the best examples of this approach can be found in Canada 's earliest efforts to deal with the fundamental issue of fishing rights at the Conference. Bringing a multi-disciplinary focus to bear on the need to distinguish between different species of fish in the coastal areas, the Canadian delegation, with the co-sponsorship of a number of like-minded countries, brought forward proposals tailored to the management and exploitation of these species.
Points de repère
Authors: Coulomb Pierre , Delorme Hélène
Published: July 2012

The production and consumption of food occupy a major share of the general concern brought about by the world crisis. The growth of both elements continues nevertheless in keeping with the same capital-intensive and labour-saving standards of the previous expansionary phase. But the new context of world inflation, instability and recession imposes a burden with regard to the reproduction costs of food Systems in all of the OECD countries. Indeed, three trends are evolving simultaneously : the increase in the price of land; the instability of domestic price Systems; and, the new influence of international markets.
La politique agricole et l’accumulation du capital : Le cas des États-Unis
Authors: Perelman Michael
Published: July 2012

Confronted with economic crisis, american agricultural policy since 1970 has been dominated by one priority : the solution of problems associated with other sectors, by saving public agricultural expenses as well as by using exports as a « food weapon ». But this policy does no more than shift the contradictions of american society : it doesn't stop the food/wage spiral and it re-activates the internal tensions of agricultural production. A longer term logic dominates this short term policy: to safeguard the functions of agriculture within the accumulation process. The study emphasizes the function of supplier of labor for other sectors of agriculture. It shows how the american food model, by consuming an irrational amount of ressources, ensures that the labor's supply grows more rapidly than its demande.
Les nouveaux pays industrialisés : Stratégies de développement industriel – le cas de la Corée du Sud et du Brésil
Authors: Albert Alain , Crener Maxime A.
Published: July 2012

In the introductory remarks of this article the authors examine the birth of the newly industrialized countries and the emergence of a new international division of labor. After stressing the two modes of the industrial strategy followed by these countries, the authors look at two newly industrialized countries (Brazil and South Korea). These specific countries due to the interplay of both, objective factors (natural resources, location, manpower...) and policy choices have followed divergent development strategies. The authors conclude that it is not so much the classical policy dilemma import substitution vs expert promotion that will determine the future of these semi-industrialized countries, than their ability to master the technological know-how that sustains their industrial development. The new technological trends in robotics and telematics constitute powerful factors of relocation which may threaten the long run growth prospects of the semi-industrialized countries.
La pénétration économique en Amérique latine
Authors: Donneur André
Published: July 2012

In 1970, Canada decided to develop its relations with Latin America, especially in the economic sector. Adhesion to the Interamerican Bank of Development and the status of observator in the Organisation of American States was a good institutional basis for increasing these relations. However, the absence of objectives on refugee and immigration questions prevented adoption of a clear policy towards Chilian and Haitian refugees. Generally Canada had met the 1970 objectives. Trade increased substantially, partly as a result of Canadian policies, but also because of the development of the main countries: Brazil, Mexico and Venezuela and the increase in oil prices. It could be more important if vigourous policies were implemented. Canada has important investments in Latin America, especially in Brazil. In percentage of total Canadian aid, aid to Latin America declined from 1970. Relations with Latin America will increase during the 1980's, but they would be more important if Canada adopted a more coherent policy.
L’évaluation des politiques en relations internationales : Le cas de la coopération franco-québécois en éducation
Authors: Donneur André P. , Brassard Lise , Gravel Pierre , Delay Daniel
Published: July 2012

Taking into account recent policy analysis and evaluation theories which have been rarely applied international relations up till now, we attempted to construct a framework which we used to evaluate France-Quebec policies of cooperation in the field of education. Having identified the objectives of this cooperation, we verified wether these objectives were attained through the programme of integrated projects in education. Concerning the objective of creating international links it appears that it was realized when the programme was elaborated; however, the programme increases and officializes the exchanges, without that the Federal government intervenes, and leaves to the Quebec government the ability to impose its priorities. The integrated projects do not balance American influence, as it was the intention. The objectif of promotion of French language is partially realized through the publication of articles in French or the Frenchization of the bibliographies ; but the programme results in a perverse effect when French and Quebecer researchers publish jointly in English. The academic cooperation did not favorize teaching improvement of Quebecer professors, as it was an objective; however, it favorized research development. The results were partially attained, because this policy began without any study of the situation.
La politique économique du Japon à l’égard du Canada
Authors: Langdon Frank
Published: July 2012

The article attempts to evaluate the balance of United Nations accomplishments in the field of peace and security since 1945. The first part deals with the elements one has to take into consideration to properly evaluate such performance. These are what the Organization ought to do (its objectives), what it could do (its means) and what it has done (the kinds of activities). In the second part, each one of these elements is examined. About the objectives, the article distinguishes between manifest and latent objectives and it argues that the first ones have not changed when the second ones have much changed. About the means, the article analyzes the powers given the UN and the way its principal organs exercise them. It traces the evolution of the roles of the Security Council, the General Assembly, the Secretary general and the International Court of Justice. Concerning the kinds of activities, the article uses a typology developed by H.K. Jacobson to argue that the main function of the UN is a "verbal" or informational one, that the normative function especially in its collective legitimization aspect is the second most important, that the rule supervisory function accounts or few activities, and, that the operational function is more developed than it may appear. The article concludes that the balance is a positive one pointing to the flexibility, the adaptability and the continued usefulness of the UN.
Le gouvernement socialiste espagnol et la participation à l’Alliance atlantique depuis novembre 1982 (Note)
Authors: Labatut Bernard
Published: July 2012

The United Nations adopted the Law of the Sea Convention (LOSC) on April 30, 1982 but the saga began in 1967 when Arvid Pardo, the Permanent Representative of Malta to the United Nations, called for a constitution for the oceans of the world and a charter for its sea-bed, its resources, its subsoil and the air above it. The third United Nations Law of the Sea Conference (UNCLOS III) was convened in 1973 and terminated in the historic vote at New York on April 30, 1982 where 130 nations voted for the Law of the Sea Convention, only four voted against and seventeen abstained.

The Law of the Sea Convention is a giant step forward in world and human affairs because it is concerned with sharing the earth's underwater resources amongst the earth's inhabitants rather than on the basis of first come/first served. The Convention controls, protects, shares and develops the oceans for all mankind. Questions of 12 mile limits, exclusive economic zones, continental shelves, territorial water rights of transit and innocent passage are also dealt with. Much old law is codified, much new law is created and even for non signatories there is much new customary international law.

The Law of the Sea Convention is perhaps the greatest legislative triumph of the United Nations in its 40 year history.
Les incidences sectorielles et régionales du libre-échange Canada-Etats-Unis
Authors: Denis Jean-Émile , Stavrinidis Christine , Tessier Serge
Published: July 2012

The debate on the advantages and disadvantages of free trade between Canada and the U.S. has intensified over the past months. Reluctance towards such an option in trading policy has increased and views differ more and more on the subject, particularly concerning its sector-based and regional consequences.

Following a survey of the findings of earlier economic studies, the consequences of free trade between Canada and the U.S. are assessed as regards job distribution in the manufacturing industry. Estimates are derived from studies made by Harris and Cox which allow comparison to be made between the consequences of bilateral and multilateral free trade s.

Contrary to the views expressed by the Royal Inquiry Commission, the results lead to the conclusion that bilateral free trade will bring about a marked relocation of the labour force. It turns out that job opportunity in areas with high level of employment would grow, as would the specialization of Quebec in these areas, as compared to Ontario.
Crise politique et transnationalisation de l’État en Amérique latine : une interprétation théorique
Authors: Nef Jorge
Published: July 2012

If the crisis of the state has been a common trait in Latin America, its manifestations have not been the same throughout the continent. This article examines two general and apparently contraditory trends : the trend toward authoritarian capitalism resulting from the crisis of hegemony in South America and the trend towards popularly-based insurgency resulting from a crisis of domination in most of Central America. The author bases his general interpretation of these trends on the analysis of the historical and structural relationships between four factors identified as responsible for the drastic change in the role of the state, from "national development" to "national security" : the crisis in the model of accumulation, the growing polarization of political alliance, the transnationalization of the civil society and the state, and the interplay between relative autonomy of the state and transnationalization. He finds that the combination of transnational integration of the Latin American elites into one U.S.-centered project with hegemonic pretensions, and a growing marginalization and alienation on the part of the bulk of the internal constituencies has brought about an acute crisis of both legitimation and domination. As violence becomes the most common political currency -with repression and plain state terrorism evolving into a distinct style of politics - and the prospects towards redemocratization being very fragile, the author concludes that revolutionary struggles may be the only possibility for an indigenous redefinition of development, national self-determination and democracy.
Des acteurs transnationaux dans le développement latino-américain
Authors: Alschuler Lawrence R.
Published: July 2012

Our aim in this article is to identify the major transnational actors and to describe how they have influenced Latin American politics and development from the 1950s to the present. Transnational actors are defined as those collective actors (here non-governmental) whose membership and activities are transnational. Specifically ex-amined are the multinationals, the Catholic Church, international labor confederations, and guerrilla movements. The historical context within which we study these actors has two periods : early import substitution (1954-65) and late import substitution and export substitution (1965 to present). In each period the state pursue s a development strategy with the support of particular class alliances. For each period we describe how the transnational actors contribute to the successes and failures of these strategies. The causal relations are also reciprocal, for the actors evolve and adapt to the changing developmental context. For example, the multinationals shift from raw material extraction to manufacturing while the Church shifts from conservatism to the theology of liberation. The general trends in the activities of transnational actors over the post war period are interpreted with respect to the twin polarities of the development process : opression - liberation, integration - autonomy.
L’Amérique latine dans le système mondial, 1950-1980
Authors: Holly Daniel A.
Published: July 2012

This article is about the international relations of Latin America between 1950-1980. No systematic account of such history is attempted here. Rather attention is paid above all to the main thrust of such history. In this study it is argued that most dominated countries have very little capacity to affect the general and most fundamental structures of the World System. These countries tend to be mere object of history. There foreign policies to a very large extent contribute to the reproduction of the World System. Indeed it is one of the functions they must assume as far as the development of the system is concerned. But given the fact that underdeveloped countries are also subject of history, they do not submit passively to such a general law of social system. Their foreign policies are sometimes designed to modify the International Division of Labor "or their place within it" and with it the distribution of power without however drastically changing or upsetting the inner logic of the World System. It is within such an approach that one must study the international role of dominated countries in general and of the Latin American states in particular.
Le Canada et le régime international de l’aide
Authors: Thérien Jean-Philippe
Published: July 2012

This article examines the conditions of production for Canadian policy in development and. Traditionally, analysis of Canadian aid has followed either a pluralistic, statist or neo-marxist theoretical approach. Noting the inadequacy of these forms of explanation, the author proposes an interpretation of Canadian aid based on the concept of « international community. » This concept can be defined as being the totality of decision-making principles, norms, rules and procedures that structure the expectations and behaviours of those involved in areas dealing with international relations.

By resorting to this notion of international community, this study intends to demonstrate that the conditions of production for Canadian aid encompass two kinds of determinism. First, on the systemic level Canadian policy can be perceived as the result of external pressures to put in place an international aid community that contributes to regulating North-South relations. Second, on the national level Canadian aid can be seen as the product of internal power relationships which translate into pressures on the State to modify its participation in the international aid community so as to ensure the promotion of specific political interests.
Droit d'asile et nouvel ordre mondial - crispations sur la frontière : l'envers de la globalisation
Authors: Perras Sylvie
Published: July 2012

The fail of communist ideology and the subsequent breaking up of the old empire has allowed an acceleration of the process of world wide exchange liberalization. Population flow adapts itself to the movement naturally, helped by the development of communications, transportation and transnational networks in different parts of the industrialized world. Conflicts, wars, human rights violations and non democratic Systems also contribute extensively to increase the south-north migratory pressures. This contemporary context has led the international community to consider international migrations to be a major threat to world stability and global security.

In this context, the right to seek and to enjoy a safe haven becomes a mere illusion. The survival of the right of asylum is linked to the recognition of the failure of the actual international System. The reality of today's refugee movement calls for new types of solidarities and cooperation which should be inspired by the principles of democracy and human rights protection.
Modèles politico-institutionnels et politique macroéconomique : analyse comparée de douze pays industrialisés 1960-1988 (Note)
Authors: Boismenu Gérard
Published: July 2012

This study evaluates the impact of institutional forms on public policies in areas related to the wage relationship. We suggest that four political-institutional models, based on the configuration of political and social forces and of Systems of interest representation are accompanied by differentiated macroeconomic policies. This relationship is studied, with regression equations, for many issues of macroeconomic policies (unemployment, inflation, public expenditure, social transfers, public finances, economic growth), for two periods (1960-1975,1976-1988) and for twelve countries (Canada, United States, France, Italy, Great Britain, West Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, Austria, Denmark). It is possible to conclude that there is a relationship between models and shapes of macroeconomic policies, but there is not necessarily stability in political choices from one period to the other.
La Pologne, d'autres pays d'Europe centrale et l'Union européenne. Une période d'adaptation et de transition
Authors: Puślecki Zdzislaw W.
Published: July 2012

In the early nineties, parallel to the increasing integration processes of the European Union, realized through the formation of a uniform common internal market and the conclusion of the treaty of Maastricht of the formation of the European Union, systemic reforms were also taking place in Poland and the other countries of Middle-East Europe. Their substance was transformation of the economies - which up to the present were guided centrally - into market economies. At the same time Poland and the other countries of Middle-East Europe made efforts to come into closer economic cooperation with European Union. An important role in speeding up the economic growth of Poland and the other countries of Middle-East Europe, besides internal financial means, play such sources as external financing, in the form of profitable credits, and also the opening of ready markets.
Rationalité, non-rationalité et théorie prospective : un programme de recherche sur la gestion des crises internationales
Authors: Harvey Frank
Published: July 2012

The strength of rational choice theory and the decision models derived from its axiomatic base (e.g., expected utility, game theory, deterrence, etc.) has always depended on the degree to which the theory's underlying assumptions offer at least a close approximation of reality. Proponents of political psychology have compiled what appears to be an impressive body of evidence against the utility of theories derived from these assumptions. Decision-makers, particularly in a time of crisis, are either unwilling or unable to live up to the demands of rationality. Conflicting empirical evidence from rational choice theorists continues to fuel the debate.

In the absence of any attempt to identify areas of consensus, theoretical progress on the question of how to effectively manage international crisis mil remain elusive. In the conviction that this ongoing debate has become counterproductive to the development of crisis management theory, the following paper attempts, in part, to identify areas of consensus and to develop an alternative research agenda around Prospect Theory.