bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Estimating fast and slow reacting components in surface water and groundwater using a two-reactant model
Authors: Jamwal Priyanka , Naveen M. N. , Javeed Yusuf
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Maintaining residual chlorine levels in a water distribution network is a challenging task, especially in the context of developing countries where water is usually supplied intermittently. To model chlorine decay in water distribution networks, it is very important to understand chlorine kinetics in bulk water. Recent studies have suggested that chlorine decay rate depends on initial chlorine levels and the type of organic and inorganic matter present in water, indicating that a first-order decay model is unable to accurately predict chlorine decay in bulk water. In this study, we employed the two-reactant (2R) model to estimate the fast and slow reacting components in surface water and groundwater. We carried out a bench-scale test for surface water and groundwater at initial chlorine levels of 1, 2, and 5 mg L−1. We used decay data sets to estimate optimal parameter values for both surface water and groundwater. After calibration, the 2R model was validated with two decay data sets with varying initial chlorine concentrations (ICCs). This study arrived at three important findings. (a) We found that the ratio of slow to fast reacting components in groundwater was 30 times greater than that of the surface water. This observation supports the existing literature which indicates the presence of high levels of slow reacting fractions (manganese and aromatic hydrocarbons) in groundwater. (b) Both for surface water and groundwater, we obtained good model prediction, explaining 97 % of the variance in data for all cases. The mean square error obtained for the decay data sets was close to the instrument error, indicating the feasibility of the 2R model for chlorine prediction in both types of water. (c) In the case of deep groundwater, for high ICC levels (> 2 mg L−1), the first-order model can accurately predict chlorine decay in bulk water.
Enhanced wavelength-selective absorber for thermal detectors based on metamaterials
Authors: Shoshi Astrit , Maier Thomas , Brueckl Hubert
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The dissipative electromagnetic energy absorption of tailored metamaterials can be exploited to improve the spectral sensitivity and selectivity of thermal detectors. The desired detector characteristics are engineered by tuning the single- or multiband absorption by resonance frequency, magnitude, and spectral bandwidth, strongly depending on the geometrical design of metamaterials. Here, the optical absorption properties of trilayer and multilayer resonant structures are investigated by numerical simulations. We consider isotropic, i.e., polarization-independent, disk-shaped absorber elements consisting of alternating aluminium and aluminium nitride layers of nanometer thicknesses, thus representing low-mass absorbers. Trilayer absorbers show spectral resonances at wavelengths between 2 and 6 µm, reaching near-unity absorption with peak bandwidths ranging from 0.45 to 1.05 µm. The absorption characteristics remain almost unchanged for radiation with an oblique incidence angle up to 40°. Resonant structures of multilayer absorber elements show besides spectral broadening a dual-band perfect absorption, which are suitable for simultaneous multispectral infrared imaging.
Seismic imaging in the eastern Scandinavian Caledonides: siting the 2.5 km deep COSC-2 borehole, central Sweden
Authors: Juhlin Christopher , Hedin Peter , Gee David G. , Lorenz Henning , Kalscheuer Thomas , Yan Ping
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Collisional Orogeny in the Scandinavian Caledonides (COSC) project, a contribution to the International Continental Scientific Drilling Program (ICDP), aims to provide a deeper understanding of mountain belt dynamics. Scientific investigations include a range of topics, from subduction-related tectonics to the present-day hydrological cycle. COSC investigations and drilling activities are focused in central Scandinavia, where rocks from the middle to lower crust of the orogen are exposed near the Swedish–Norwegian border. Here, rock units of particular interest occur in the Seve Nappe Complex (SNC) of the so-called Middle Allochthon and include granulite facies migmatites (locally with evidence of ultra-high pressures) and amphibolite facies gneisses and mafic rocks. This complex overlies greenschist facies metasedimentary rocks of the dolerite-intruded Särv Nappes and underlying, lower grade Jämtlandian Nappes (Lower Allochthon). Reflection seismic profiles have been an important component in the activities to image the subsurface structure in the area. Subhorizontal reflections in the upper 1–2 km are underlain and interlayered with strong west- to northwest-dipping reflections, suggesting significant east-vergent thrusting. Two 2.5 km deep fully cored boreholes are a major component of the project, which will improve our understanding of the subsurface structure and tectonic history of the area. Borehole COSC-1 (IGSN: http://hdl.handle.net/10273/ICDP5054EEW1001), drilled in the summer of 2014, targeted the subduction-related Seve Nappe Complex and the contact with the underlying allochthon. The COSC-2 borehole will be located further east and will investigate the lower grade, mainly Cambro-Silurian rocks of the Lower Allochthon, the Jämtlandian décollement, and penetrate into the crystalline basement rocks to identify the source of some of the northwest-dipping reflections. A series of high-resolution seismic profiles have been acquired along a composite ca. 55 km long profile to help locate the COSC drill holes. We present here the results from this COSC-related composite seismic profile (CSP), including new interpretations based on previously unpublished data acquired between 2011 and 2014. These seismic data, along with shallow drill holes in the Caledonian thrust front and previously acquired seismic, magnetotelluric, and magnetic data, are used to identify two potential drill sites for the COSC-2 borehole.
A permanência no ensino superior e as estratégias institucionais de enfrentamento da evasão
Authors: Dias Sonia Maria Barbosa , Da Costa Silvio Luiz
Published: May 2016

O artigo reflete o papel de políticas institucionais voltadas para a garantia da permanência e desempenho escolar no contexto da ampliação do acesso ao ensino superior no Brasil. Considera a questão da evasão e as dificuldades enfrentadas, sobretudo dos alunos ingressantes e dos advindos de camadas antes alijadas do ensino superior. Relata experiências institucionais positivas para o sucesso escolar e coloca como desafio para a democratização do ensino superior a importância de se aliar a ampliação do acesso a políticas institucionais, que possibilitem a todos os acadêmicos condições propícias de inserção e desenvolvimento no ambiente universitário.
Effect of aqueous extracts of selected medicinal plants on germination of windgrass [Apera spica-venti (L.) P. Beauv.] and lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) seeds
Authors: Synowiec Agnieszka , Nowicka-Połeć Adriana
Published: May 2016

The study aimed to determine the effect of aqueous extracts of medicinal plants (Matricaria chamomilla, Hypericum perforatum, Achillea millefolium, and Urtica dioica) containing allelopathic compounds on seed germination in lambsquarters (Chenopodium album) and herbicide-resistant windgrass (Apera spica-venti). A Petri-dish experiment was carried out, in which the effects of five concentrations of aqueous extracts on the germination of weeds were assessed for 10 consecutive days. It was found that the dynamics of seed germination are closely related to the type and concentration of aqueous extract of medicinal plants. The 8% U. dioica aqueous extract posed the strongest inhibitory effect, limiting the germination of both lambsquarters and windgrass. Additionally, weed germination was delayed by 12–72 h in the presence of extracts, compared with the control. Summing up, the aqueous extracts of medicinal plants, especially their higher concentrations, pose a desirable inhibiting effect against the germination of lambsquarters and herbicide-resistant windgrass seeds.
ENERGY SELF-CONSUMPTION THROUGH PHOTOVOLACTIC ENERGY WHEN RENOVATING PUBLIC STREET LIGHTING FACILITIES
Authors: DE LA FUENTE BORREGUERO CARLOS
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT:
Self-consumption of energy is the basis of the European guidelines and Spanish legislation concerning energy efficiency. In order to improve their energy efficiency, they are considering including energy self-consumption in the renovation plan for public street lighting facilities, which would be based on photovoltaic energy. The renovation would take into consideration adjusting the brightness levels to the required energy efficiency regulations for exterior facilities, the installation of LED lights, reducing the brightness levels during evening hours, and implementing a remote point-to-point system. We propose to include a photovoltaic system into the renovation in order to further reduce energy consumption. It would be composed of attaching micro inverter units to the foundation and preexisting electrical infrastructure, which transports the generated electrical energy to the distribution channels. We can achieve an energy self-sufficient installation with zero CO2 emissions.

Keywords: Energy self-consumption, street lighting, energy efficiency, renewable energy)
Observation of surface reduction of NiO to Ni by surface-sensitive total reflection X-ray spectroscopy using Kramers–Kronig relations
Authors: Abe Hitoshi , Nakayama Takeshi , Niwa Yasuhiro , Nitani Hiroaki , Kondoh Hiroshi , Nomura Masaharu
Published: May 2016

We have developed a promising surface-sensitive X-ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) measurement method. This method is based on total reflection detection and Kramers–Kronig relations, and has been named the KK-XAFS method. Total reflection spectra are transformed via Kramers–Kronig relations to obtain XAFS spectra. KK-XAFS experiments give us surface-sensitive structural parameters, while usual EXAFS analyses yield bulk structural parameters. The total reflection spectra themselves are useful for observing and discussing time evolutions of chemical reactions at surfaces by quick scanning measurements. Chemical species are analyzed to estimate their fractions during reactions. The whole method would be named total reflection X-ray spectroscopy (TREXS). A reduction of the NiO layer at the surface of Ni (30 nm)/Si was observed in a laboratory-built TREXS in situ cell. The method would be applicable to observe chemical reactions starting at surfaces and to study their kinetics and mechanisms.
Feasibility and benefits of group-based exercise in residential aged care adults: a pilot study for the GrACE programme
Authors: Fien Samantha , Henwood Timothy , Climstein Mike , Keogh Justin William Leslie
Published: May 2016

The objective of the study was to examine the feasibility and benefits of a group resistance training exercise programme for improving muscle function in institutionalised older adults. A feasibility and acceptability study was designed for a residential aged care (RAC) facility, based on the Gold Coast, Australia. Thirty-seven adults, mean age 86.8 ± 6.1 years (30 females) living in a RAC facility. Participants were allocated into an exercise (n = 20) or control (n = 17) group. The exercise group, the Group Aged Care Exercise (GrACE) programme, performed 12 weeks of twice weekly resistance exercises. Feasibility was measured via recruitment rate, measurement (physiological and surveys) completion rate, loss-to-follow-up, exercise session adherence, adverse events, and ratings of burden and acceptability. Muscle function was assessed using gait speed, sit-to-stand and handgrip strength assessments. All intervention participants completed pre- and post-assessments, and the exercise intervention, with 85% (n = 17) of the group attending ≥ 18 of the 24 sessions and 15% (n = 3) attending all sessions. Acceptability was 100% with exercise participants, and staff who had been involved with the programme strongly agreed that the participants “Benefited from the programme.” There were no adverse events reported by any participants during the exercise sessions. When compared to the control group, the exercise group experienced significant improvements in gait speed (F(4.078) = 8.265,p= 0.007), sit to stand performance (F(3.24) = 11.033,p= 0.002) and handgrip strength (F(3.697) = 26.359,p< 0.001). Resistance training via the GrACE programme is feasible, safe and significantly improves gait speed, sit-to-stand performance and handgrip strength in RAC adults.
Transcranial sonography findings related to depression in parkinsonian disorders: cross-sectional study in 126 patients
Authors: Bouwmans Angela E.P. , Weber Wim E.J. , Leentjens Albert F.G. , Mess Werner H.
Published: May 2016

Background.Transcranial sonography (TCS) has emerged as a potential diagnostic tool for Parkinson’s disease. Recent research has suggested that abnormal echogenicity of substantia nigra, raphe nuclei and third ventricle is associated with increased risk of depression among these patients. We sought to reproduce these findings in an ongoing larger study of patients with parkinsonian syndromes.

Methods.A total of 126 patients with parkinsonian symptoms underwent the Hamilton Depression Scale, and TCS of the substantia nigra (SN) (n= 126), the raphe nuclei (RN) (n= 80) and the third ventricle (n= 57). We then calculated the correlation between depression and hyper-echogenic SN, hypo-echogenic RN and a wider third ventricle.

Results.In patients with PD we found no significant difference of the SN between non-depressed and depressed patients (46% vs. 22%;p= 0.18). Non-depressed patients with other parkinsonisms more often had hyperechogenicity of the SN than depressed patients (51% vs. 0%;p= 0.01). We found no relation between depression and the echogenicity of the RN or the width of the third ventricle.

Conclusions.In patients with parkinsonian syndromes, we found no association between depression and hyper-echogenic SN, hypo-echogenic RN or a wider third ventricle, as determined by transcranial sonography.
Outcomes of Nonoperative Management of Blunt Splenic Injury—Asian Experience
Authors: Shelat Vishal G. , Khoon Tan Ek , Tserng Teo Li , Appasamy Vijayan , Terk Chiu Ming
Published: May 2016

Management of blunt splenic injury (BSI) has evolved with a focus on nonoperative management (NOM) and spleen preservation. Factors predictive of failure of NOM are yet ill defined. We report our experience of outcomes of NOM of BSI and evaluate factors that predict failure. This is a retrospective study from a prospective trauma registry of a university-affiliated major trauma center over a 4 ½-year period. All the patients admitted with BSI from January 2004 to May 2009 were included in this study. Demographic, clinical, operative, and outcome data were studied. Forty-five patients (51.1%) with a mean age of 38 years (range, 16–77 years) were admitted for NOM. The majority of patients was male (88.9%). Mean Injury Severity Score (ISS) was 25.2 ± 12.7 and the majority of the patients (42.2%) had Grade II BSI. Three patients (6.7%) underwent splenic artery angioembolization. Three patients (6.7%) failed NOM and required splenectomy. The overall splenic salvage rate was 93.3%. The median hospital stay was 7 days (range, 2–66 days) and there was no mortality. Lower hemoglobin on admission (15.9 versus 10.1 g/dL, P = 0.006), hematocrit <30.0% on admission (P = 0.04), higher ISS (39.3 versus 24.2, P = 0.04) and Grade V injury (P = 0.003) predicted failure of NOM. NOM for BSI is safe, feasible, and it increases splenic salvage. Splenic artery angioembolization is a useful adjunct. Low hemoglobin, hematocrit <30%, high ISS, and grade V splenic injury predicts failure of NOM. Grade V splenic injury should be considered for routine angioembolization if NOM is contemplated.
Pediatric Intussusception and Interventional Radiology in a Developing Country: Experience and Challenges of Ultrasound Saline Reduction Complementary to Primary Surgery
Authors: Ekenze Sebastian O. , Chukwubuike Kelvin E. , Ezomike Uchechukwu O. , Okere Phillip C. , Onuh Augustine C.
Published: May 2016

Nonoperative reduction is considered a safe and effective treatment procedure for pediatric intussusception. However, the procedures are yet to be adopted in some developing countries. This study evaluates our experience with ultrasound saline reduction of pediatric intussusception in southeast Nigeria. Retrospective analysis of 58 children managed for intussusception from June 2009 to May 2013 at the University of Nigeria teaching hospital, Enugu. The median age at presentation was 7 months (IQR = 5 to 9 months), and the average duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 3.9 days (range, 1 to 14 days). Thirteen (22.4%) had saline hydrostatic reduction initially (11 succeeded, 2 failed), and a total of 47 cases had operative treatment (including the 2 with failed saline reduction). Operative procedures were right hemicolectomy in 24 cases, manual reduction 18, ileal resection 3, and colonic resection 2. Eighteen (38.3%) cases developed postoperative complications, and there were 2 postoperative deaths from unremitting septicemia. Comparison of the cases that had saline reduction with cases that underwent operative treatment showed a difference in the average time to diagnosis, need for preintervention transfusion, onset of oral intake, and average duration of admission. Challenges in the saline reduction procedure were delayed presentation, insufficient facilities and trained personnel. Ultrasound saline reduction procedure for pediatric intussusception is feasible in our setting. Despite the delay in presentation in most of our cases, this procedure may still be applied initially to patients who do not have clinical or radiologic contraindications.
Single-Incision Plus One Port Laparoscopic Total Pelvic Exenteration After Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy for Advanced Primary Rectal Cancer: A Case Report
Authors: Tokuoka Masayoshi , Ide Yoshihito , Yamato Hiroyuki , Uemura Mamoru , Hashimoto Yasuji , Matsuyama Jin , Yokoyama Shigekazu , Morimoto Takashi , Fukushima Yukio , Nomura Takashi , Kodama Ken , Sasaki Yo
Published: May 2016

Limited data on laparoscopic and robotic total pelvic exenteration (TPE) for gynecologic, urologic, and rectal malignancies have been published in the literature. Single-incision laparoscopic surgery (SILS) has been successfully introduced for colon cancer. Here, we describe our experience of TPE with SILS + 1 port (SILS+1) for advanced rectal cancer. A 64-year-old man was referred to our hospital with anemia. Computed tomography (CT) revealed a rectal tumor that was contiguous with the seminal vesicle and bladder. Rectoscopy revealed an ulcerated, bleeding, and stricturing lesion in the rectum, which was defined as an adenocarcinoma with a moderate degree of differentiation on histologic examination. The patient received neoadjuvant chemotherapy using capecitabine, oxaliplatin, and bevacizumab. After 3 courses of chemotherapy, a rectovesical fistula was suspected from examination of CT images. CT demonstrated intramural gas in the urinary bladder, which suggested a diagnosis of emphysematous cystitis. Thus, we constructed a transverse loop colostomy. Two months after the last administration of chemotherapy, we performed SILS+1 TPE. The procedure involved a 35-mm incision in the right side of the umbilicus for the insertion of a single multichannel port, and insertion of a 12-mm port into the right lower quadrant. Total operating time was 751 minutes, and estimated blood loss was 1100 mL (including urine). SILS+1 TPE is a technically promising alternative method for the treatment of selected patients with advanced rectal cancer.
Mean Platelet Volume/Platelet Count Ratio: A New Diagnostic Parameter for Necrosis in Adhesive Small Bowel Obstruction—A Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Ulger Burak Veli , Erbis Halil , Turkoglu Ahmet , Gumus Metehan , Gul Mesut , Arikanoglu Zulfu , Bozdag Zubeyir , Taçyıldız Ibrahim Halil
Published: May 2016

Abdominal adhesions are still one of the most common causes of intestinal obstruction. A major challenge in adhesive small bowel obstruction (SBO) management is to detect ischemia as early as possible to avoid necrosis and resection. Elevated mean platelet volume and decreased platelet count have been associated with worse disease course for various ischemic diseases in many clinical studies. The objective of the current study was to evaluate the predictive value of the mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio for patients with small bowel obstruction. Data for patients with adhesive small bowel obstruction, admitted to the general surgery department of Dicle University Hospital between November 2010 and March 2014, were reviewed retrospectively. Mean platelet volume (MPV)/platelet count (PC) ratio values, demographic data, vital signs, and laboratory blood test results of the patients were analyzed. Mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio was higher in bowel necrosis group, while there were no differences between the groups in terms of mean platelet volume values. Mean platelet volume and mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio was higher in patients who underwent surgical treatment. The cutoff value with the highest sensitivity and specificity for MPV/PC ratio was 0.02855 (sensitivity 68%, specificity 65%) for predicting bowel necrosis in patients with adhesive SBO. Mean platelet volume/platelet count ratio is associated with the failure of the conservative management and the presence of bowel necrosis in patients with adhesive small bowel obstruction.
Laparoscopic Versus Open Distal Gastrectomy With D2 Lymph Node Dissection for cT2 Gastric Cancer: A Retrospective Cohort Study of Short- and Long-Term Outcomes
Authors: Hosoda Kei , Sakuramoto Shinichi , Katada Natsuya , Yamashita Keishi , Moriya Hiromitsu , Mieno Hiroaki , Kikuchi Shiro , Watanabe Masahiko
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine whether laparoscopy-assisted distal gastrectomy (LDG) with D2 lymphadenectomy could be a standard treatment for cT2N0-1 gastric cancer. There have been few reports regarding the long-term outcomes of patients with advanced gastric cancer who underwent LDG with D2 lymphadenectomy. The study included 32 patients who underwent LDG with D2 lymphadenectomy and 44 patients who underwent open distal gastrectomy (ODG) with D2 lymphadenectomy. There was no clinicopathologic difference in patient background between the groups. Operative duration was significantly longer in the LDG group than in the ODG group (297 ± 12 minutes versus 226 ± 10 minutes; P < 0.001). However, blood loss was significantly less (90 ± 27 mL versus 314 ± 23 mL; P < 0.001) and the number of days to assisted ambulation significantly shorter (1.1 ± 0.1 days versus 1.5 ± 0.1 days; P = 0.010) in the LDG group than in the ODG group. Median follow-up period was 60 months. The 5-year overall survival rates for the LDG group and the ODG group were 89.5% and 97.1%, respectively. The 5-year relapse-free survival rates for the LDG group and the ODG group were 88.0% and 97.7%, respectively. There were no significant differences in overall and relapse-free survival rates between the groups. LDG with D2 lymphadenectomy for cT2N0-1 gastric cancer is oncologically and technically safe and feasible, and is an option in the surgeon's arsenal. Randomized controlled study including the investigation of cost-effectiveness should be conducted.
Utility of RDW in Prediction of Strangulation in Emergency Setting Hernias
Authors: Akturk Okan , Yildiz Baris Dogu , Karabeyoglu Melih , Karabeyoglu Isıl
Published: May 2016

Most of the small bowel obstruction cases are due to adhesions and hernias. Identifying strangulated cases may save patients from consequences of unnecessary operations and save patients who need urgent intervention by early detection. Serum markers of intestinal ischemia may help to identify and detect strangulation. The aim of this study was to identify if certain blood values such as RDW can accurately predict presence of strangulation preoperatively. We reviewed files of 127 patients who were operated because of incarcerated abdominal hernias for serum biomarkers and evaluated them with the operative findings. Our results show that elevation in red cell distribution width and white blood cell count may reflect strangulation. These findings may be useful in identifying the strangulated cases that need urgent surgical intervention.
Genetic variation in Tunisia in the context of human diversity worldwide
Authors: Cherni Lotfi , Pakstis Andrew J. , Boussetta Sami , Elkamel Sarra , Frigi Sabeh , Khodjet‐El‐Khil Houssein , Barton Alison , Haigh Eva , Speed William C. , Ben Ammar Elgaaied Amel , Kidd Judith R. , Kidd Kenneth K.
Published: May 2016

Objectives

North Africa has a complex demographic history of migrations from within Africa, Europe, and the Middle East. However, population genetic studies, especially for autosomal genetic markers, are few relative to other world regions. We examined autosomal markers for eight Tunisian and Libyan populations in order to place them in a global context.

Materials and Methods

Data were collected by TaqMan on 399 autosomal single nucleotide polymorphisms on 331 individuals from Tunisia and Libya. These data were combined with data on the same SNPs previously typed on 2585 individuals from 57 populations from around the world. Where meaningful, close by SNPs were combined into multiallelic haplotypes. Data were evaluated by clustering, principal components, and population tree analyses. For a subset of 102 SNPs, data from the literature on seven additional North African populations were included in analyses.

Results

Average heterozygosity of the North African populations is high relative to our global samples, consistent with a complex demographic history. The Tunisian and Libyan samples form a discrete cluster in the global and regional views and can be separated from sub‐Sahara, Middle East, and Europe. Within Tunisia the Nebeur and Smar are outlier groups. Across North Africa, pervasive East‐West geographical patterns were not found.

Discussion

Known historical migrations and invasions did not displace or homogenize the genetic variation in the region but rather enriched it. Even a small region like Tunisia contains considerable genetic diversity. Future studies across North Africa have the potential to increase our understanding of the historical demographic factors influencing the region. Am J Phys Anthropol 161:62–71, 2016. © 2016 The Authors American Journal of Physical Anthropology Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Risk Minimization and a Late Holocene Increase in Mobility at Roonka Flat, South Australia: An Analysis of Lower Limb Bone Diaphyseal Shape
Authors: Hill Ethan C. , Durband Arthur C. , Walshe Keryn
Published: May 2016

Objectives

The strengthening of the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) in the mid‐Holocene caused significant changes in climate, vegetation, and faunal assemblages in South Australia. The appearance of a light, flexible backed‐artifact toolkit ∼4 kya has been interpreted as evidence for changes in foraging behavior in response to this event. Optimal foraging theory supports a risk minimization strategy for South Australian hunter‐gatherers in which increased mobility was used to cope with effects of a dryer, unstable environment in the late Holocene. Whether this event caused changes in foraging mobility will be tested by examining lower limb external diaphyseal shape between pre‐ENSO and post‐ENSO skeletons from Roonka Flat, South Australia.

Materials and Methods

Anteroposterior and mediolateral diameters were used to construct diaphyseal shape indices for Roonka Flat femora and tibiae. If populations living in South Australia became more mobile over time, then post‐ENSO skeletons should exhibit higher shape indices.

Results

The pooled‐sex post‐ENSO sample has significantly higher femoral shape indices than the pre‐ENSO sample. Males do not show significant diaphyseal shape differences over time, but females significantly increase.

Discussion

These data are consistent with the risk minimization model, indicating that South Australians became more mobile post‐ENSO to better exploit a less productive environment by expanding their foraging radii. The temporal shift toward more elliptical diaphyses is more notable in females than males, which is consistent with Aboriginal ethnographies that show both sexes being intensely involved in hunting and capturing game animals. Am J Phys Anthropol 161:94–103, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The effect of impurities in reactive diluents prepared from lignin model compounds on the properties of vinyl ester resins
Authors: Bassett Alexander W. , Rogers Daniel P. , Sadler Joshua M. , La Scala John J. , Wool Richard P. , Stanzione Joseph F.
Published: May 2016

Vinyl ester resins (VERs) often contain high concentrations of a petroleum‐based reactive diluent, such as styrene. Reactive diluents that can be derived from lignin, including phenyl methacrylate (PM), 2‐methoxyphenyl methacrylate (MG), and 4‐propyl‐2‐methoxyphenyl methacrylate (M4PG), were synthesized and investigated as potential styrene replacements. A commercial VER was blended with each lignin‐derived reactive diluent, and styrene, in 7:3 and 1:1 weight ratios and cured to ≥ 94%, based on near‐IR spectral analysis. The substituents on the aromatic ring of the lignin‐derived reactive diluent are shown to have small effects on viscosity, thermogravimetric, and thermomechanical properties of the cured resins, where, in general, the smaller the reactive diluent, the greater the glass‐transition temperature (Tg) and the lower the viscosity. Increasing purity of the reactive diluents through chromatographic separations substantially increases the Tg and degradation temperatures of the resins. The results suggest that PM, MG, and M4PG are effective bio‐based reactive diluent replacements for styrene. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43817.
Reinforcement of polypropylene with lignocellulose nanofibrils and compatibilization with biobased polymers
Authors: Ferrer Ana , Hoeger Ingrid C. , Lu Xiaomin , Rojas Orlando J.
Published: May 2016

Freeze‐dried and milled lignocellulose nanofibrils (LCNF) were used to reinforce polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites. The LCNF, containing up to 9% lignin, was obtained from residual Empty Palm Fruit Bunch (EPFB) fibers. Soy protein isolate (SPI) and hydroxypropyl cellulose (HPC) were tested as coupling agents as well as maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP), which was used as a reference. A good level of dispersion of LCNF in the PP matrix while mechanical testing and thermal analyses indicated an improvement of the thermo‐mechanical behavior of the nanocomposites was revealed upon loading of the lignin‐containing nanofibrils. The tensile modulus of PP was increased by 15% upon the addition of 1% LCNF with SPI as a compatibilizer. Likewise, the thermal stability of the composites was most markedly enhanced. Overall, LCNF and SPI, two important bioresources, are introduced here for the development of novel and cost‐effective PP‐based composites. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43854.
3‐Hydroxypropionic acid production by recombinant Escherichia coli ZJU‐3HP01 using glycerol–glucose dual‐substrate fermentative strategy
Authors: Niu Kun , Xiong Tao , Qin Hai‐Bin , Wu Hao , Liu Zhi‐Qiang , Zheng Yu‐Guo
Published: May 2016

3‐Hydroxypropionic acid (3‐HP) is an important platform synthesis block for sets of chemicals, but the relatively low production of 3‐HP from biological sources presented major barriers for its industrial applications. In this study, a dual‐substrate fermentative strategy by glycerol and glucose was proposed, and the aim was to evaluate the effect of different substrate addition strategies on the fermentation process. The results indicated that the optimal cosubstrate was glucose (20 g/L), and the enzymatic activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase (AldH) could be improved 3.5‐fold as compared with no glucose addition. Continuous fed‐batch fermentation at a constant speed displayed better 3‐HP production of 17.20 g/L and highest specific 3‐HP productivity of 1.79 mmol/(g cell·H) than the other fed‐batch mode. The addition of glucose could greatly reduce the imbalance of the activity between glycerol dehydratase and AldH and provide a feasible method for improving 3‐HP production. These results would be helpful in developing the 3‐HP fermentation process.
Inference for binomial probability based on dependent Bernoulli random variables with applications to meta‐analysis and group level studies
Authors: Bakbergenuly Ilyas , Kulinskaya Elena , Morgenthaler Stephan
Published: May 2016

We study bias arising as a result of nonlinear transformations of random variables in random or mixed effects models and its effect on inference in group‐level studies or in meta‐analysis. The findings are illustrated on the example of overdispersed binomial distributions, where we demonstrate considerable biases arising from standard log‐odds and arcsine transformations of the estimated probability , both for single‐group studies and in combining results from several groups or studies in meta‐analysis. Our simulations confirm that these biases are linear in ρ, for small values of ρ, the intracluster correlation coefficient. These biases do not depend on the sample sizes or the number of studies K in a meta‐analysis and result in abysmal coverage of the combined effect for large K. We also propose bias‐correction for the arcsine transformation. Our simulations demonstrate that this bias‐correction works well for small values of the intraclass correlation. The methods are applied to two examples of meta‐analyses of prevalence.
Post‐Brussels environment calls for new approach to travel safety
Authors: McCarthy Claudine
Published: May 2016

The post‐Brussels environment should prompt all higher ed professionals to re‐evaluate their approach to travel safety for their students, staff and faculty members.
ChemInform Abstract: Study on A4BX6 Compounds. Part 1. Structure Refinement of Ternary Cd Halides A4CdX6 (A: NH4, K, Rb, In, Tl; X: Cl, I)
Authors: BECK H. P. , MILIUS W.
Published: May 2016

using single crystal data.
ChemInform Abstract: On the Magnetic Properties of the fcc Ternary Fe‐Cu‐Ni Alloys.
Authors: CHADJIVASILIOU S. , TSOUKALAS I. A. , PAPADIMITRAKI‐CHLICHLIA H.
Published: May 2016

The magnetic properties of the fcc Fe‐Cu‐Ni alloy have been studied as a function of temp. (300‐850 K), composition, and annealing time.
ChemInform Abstract: Magnetic Properties of NaMnP, NaMnAs, NaMnSb, NaMnBi, LiMnAs, and KMnAs, Characterized by Neutron Diffraction Experiments.
Authors: BRONGER W. , MUELLER P. + , HOEPPNER R. + , SCHUSTER H.‐U.
Published: May 2016

The antiferromagnetic spin structures of the title compounds have been determined.
ChemInform Abstract: The Hydrolysis of Metal Ions. Part 9. Iron(III) in Perchlorate, Nitrate, and Chloride Media (1 mol dm‐3).
Authors: KHOE G. H. , BROWN P. L. , SYLVA R. N. , ROBINS R. G.
Published: May 2016

The hydrolysis of Fe(III) (see scheme) has been investigated at 25 °C in 1 M solutions of NaClO4, KNO3, and KCl.
ChemInform Abstract: Nitrate Ion Association with Nd3+.
Authors: MAJDAN M. , SADOWSKI P.
Published: May 2016

By the aid of an extraction method, using tri‐n‐butyl phosphate as the extractant, the stability constants K1 and K2 of NdNO32+ and Nd(NO3)2+ are determined to be 1.77 and 1.28, respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: The Point of Zero Charge and the Isoelectric Point of γ‐Fe2O3 and α‐Fe2O3
Authors: WATANABE H. , SETO J.
Published: May 2016

have been measured under identical conditions.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Studies on Substitution Reactions of Delepine′s Triangular Mixed‐Valence Iridium(III,IV,IV) Complex (Ir3(μ3‐N)(μ‐SO4)6(H2O)3)4‐.
Authors: HILLS E. F. , RICHENS D. T. , SYKES A. G.
Published: May 2016

Results from kinetic studies at 50 °C are reported with N3‐, Cl‐, Br‐ and NCS‐ as incoming ligands present in large excess.
ChemInform Abstract: Isotope Effect on the Nonradiative Decay in Mixed Amminechromium(III) Complexes.
Authors: MVELE M. , WASGESTIAN F.
Published: May 2016

Complexes of the general formula (Cr(NH3)6‐nXn)m (X: H2O, SCN‐) have been prepared and deuterated in the presence of a base (DMSO, NaOD, Na2CO3), which catalyzes the deuterium exchange.
ChemInform Abstract: Synergetic Effect in Chlorination of Silicagel and Metakaolin with Aluminium Chloride Containing Chlorinating Agents.
Authors: BLUMENTHAL G. , WEGNER G.
Published: May 2016

The extent of silicagel chlorination with gaseous mixtures of AlCl3 with CCl4, C2Cl6, or S2Cl2/Cl2 is found to be much higher than the sum of conversion grades obtained with each of the single components.
ChemInform Abstract: PbCu3(OH)(NO3)(SeO3)3·1/2 H2O(I) and Pb2Cu3O2(NO3)2(SeO3)2(II): Synthesis and Crystal Structure.
Authors: EFFENBERGER H.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds have been obtained from mixtures of Pb3O4/Pb(NO3)2, CuO/Cu(OH)2/Cu(NO3)2, SeO2, and HNO3 under hydrothermal conditions (423‐503 K, 48 h).
ChemInform Abstract: EPR Evidence for an Unexpected Symmetric Dinuclear Species Present in the Lattice of an Asymmetric Dinuclear Copper Complex.
Authors: BENCINI A. , GATTESCHI D. , ZANCHINI C. , KAHN O. , VERDAGUER M. , JULVE M.
Published: May 2016

The analysis of the EPR spectra of (I) at low temp. indicates the presence of a triplet spin species containing two equivalent copper atoms.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Studies of Curcuminoids. Part 5. Crystal Structures of 1,7‐Bis(3,4‐dimethoxyphenyl)‐4‐benzyl‐1,6‐heptadiene‐3,5‐dione (DDBHDD) and 1,7‐Bis(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxyphenyl)‐4‐(2‐oxo‐2‐ethoxyethyl)‐1,6‐heptadiene‐3,5‐dione (DHMEDD).
Authors: GOERBITZ C. H. + , MOSTAD A. , PEDERSEN U. , RASMUSSEN P. B. , LAWESSON S.‐O.
Published: May 2016

In DDBHDD (Ia) (space group: P21/n, Z=4) and DHMEDD (Ib) (space group: P21/c, Z=4) the enol ring hydrogen atom is closer to one of the oxygen atoms.
ChemInform Abstract: Does an Unusual Structure of Oxo‐Iron Porphyrins Cause Its Stereoselective Properties?
Authors: JOERGENSEN K. A.
Published: May 2016

LCAO‐MO‐SCF calculations using an INDO type program reveal an energy of stabilization of about 185 kcal/mol for (II) relative to the highly symmetric structure of oxo‐Fe(V) porphyrins.
ChemInform Abstract: Nucleophilic Substitution at a Diaziridin‐Nitrogen Atom and Stable N‐Alkoxydiaziridines.
Authors: SHUSTOV G. V. , STAROVOITOV V. V. , KOSTYANOVSKII R. G.
Published: May 2016

Aus den bicyclischen N‐Chlordiaziridinen (I) lassen sich mit Methylatdie N‐Methoxydiaziridine (II) herstellen.
ChemInform Abstract: Cycloaddition Reaction of Heterocumulenes with Oxiranes Catalyzed by an Organotin Iodide‐Lewis Base Complex.
Authors: SHIBATA I. , BABA A. , IWASAKI H. , MATSUDA H.
Published: May 2016

The oxiranes (II) react with heterocumulenes such as the isocyanates (I) and the carbodiimides (VI) to produce the cycloadducts (IV), (V) or (VII).
ChemInform Abstract: Condensation of Malononitrile with Levulinaldehyde and Succinaldehyde.
Authors: HARTKE K. , MATUSCH R. , FALLERT M.
Published: May 2016

The Knoevenagel condensation of levulinaldehyde (Ia) with malononitrile (II) in a molar ratio of 1:2 produces the pyridine (III), whereas amolecular ratio of 1:3 results in the formation of the bicyclo(3.2.1)octene (Va).
ChemInform Abstract: The Philicity of Fluorophenoxycarbene.
Authors: MOSS R. A. , KMIECIK‐LAWRYNOWICZ G. , KROGH‐JESPERSEN K.
Published: May 2016

The fluoro‐diazirine (III) is prepared from the chloro‐diazirine (I) by halogen exchange with (II).
ChemInform Abstract: The RuO4 Oxidation of Cyclic Saturated Hydrocarbons. Formation of Alcohols.
Authors: BAKKE J. M. , LUNDQUIST M.
Published: May 2016

The RuO4 oxidations of the compounds (I), (III), and (VI) yield the products (II), (IV) (+ by‐product (V)), or (VII), respectively.
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Oxidation of Ester and Amide Enolates Using New (Camphoryl‐ sulfonyl)oxaziridines.
Authors: DAVIS F. A. , HAQUE M. S. , ULATOWSKI T. G. , TOWSON J. C.
Published: May 2016

The optically active oxaziridines (I) and (II) are prepared by oxidation of the corresponding camphorsulfonimines and are used for asymmetric oxidation of the lithium enolates of the esters and amides (III) toproduce the optically active α‐hydroxy derivatives (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: αβ‐Epoxy Sulfoxides as Useful Intermediates in Organic Synthesis. Part 8. Stereospecific Desulfinylation of αβ‐Epoxy Sulfoxides with Butyllithium. A New Synthesis of Epoxides and Allylic Alcohols from Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: SATOH T. , KANEKO Y. , YAMAKAWA K.
Published: May 2016

Treatment of epoxy sulfoxides (III) (prepared according to (I) → (IIIa)) with an equimolar amount of BuLi, followed by NH4Cl/H2O quenching, gives the desulfinylated products (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Pd(II)‐Catalyzed Regioselective Arylchlorination and Oxyarylation of Unsaturated Alcohols.
Authors: TAMARU Y. , HOJO M. , HIGASHIMURA H. , YOSHIDA Z.
Published: May 2016

The pentenols (I) react irrespective of their substitution pattern with the stannane (II) to afford the tetrahydropyrans (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Reaction of Hexafluorobutadiene with Phenylacetylene. Part 2. Rearrangements of the (2 + 4) Cycloadduct.
Authors: KAZ'MINA N. B. , MYSOV E. I. , KURBAKOVA A. P. , LEITES L. A.
Published: May 2016

The (2 + 4) cycloadduct (I), which is obtained from hexafluorobutadiene and phenylacetylene, yields on heating in a sealed teflon coated steel tube the tetrafluorobiphenyl (II), a product of thermal aromatization.
ChemInform Abstract: Selective Inclusion and Separation of Isomeric and Homologous Hydrocarbons by Hydrocarbon Host‐Lattices.
Authors: WEBER E. , AHRENDT J. , CZUGLER M. , CSOEREGH I. +
Published: May 2016

Compounds (I) and (II) form crystalline 1:1‐inclusion compounds with benzene, cyclohexadiene, cyclohexanone, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, morpholine, piperidine and pyridine, whereas cyclopentane, cyclohexane andcyclohexene give inclusion compounds with the host:hydrocarbon ratios = 2:1 with (I) and 1:1 with (II).
ChemInform Abstract: 1,1,1‐Trifluoro‐2‐penten‐4‐one as a Building Block of Trifluoromethyl‐ Substituted Compounds.
Authors: OGOSHI H. , MIZUSHIMA H. , TOI H. , AOYAMA Y.
Published: May 2016

The pentenone (III) mentioned in the title is formed by reaction of trifluoroacetaldehyde (I) with the phosphorane (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Diperoxides with Conjugated Enyne Bonds.
Authors: PANCHENKO YU. V. , PETROVSKAYA G. A. , PUCHIN V. A. , VILENSKAYA M. R.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (III) are prepared, which represent a novel type of enyne peroxides.
ChemInform Abstract: Codimerization of 2‐Cyclopropyl‐1,3‐butadiene with Ethylene.
Authors: KHUSNUTDINOV R. I. , SHCHADNEVA N. A. , DZHEMILEV U. M.
Published: May 2016

Durch Codimerisierung von Ethylen (I) und 2‐Cyclopropylbutadien (II) erhält man Gemische aus E‐4‐Cyclopropyl‐1,4‐hexadien (III), dem Isomeren (IV) und 1‐Cyclopropylcyclohexen (V) sowie kleinen Mengen höherer Oligomerer.
ChemInform Abstract: Low Valent Titanium Induced Cross‐Coupling of Chiral αβ‐Unsaturated Ketones with Acetone.
Authors: REDDY S. M. , DURAISAMY M. , WALBORSKY H. M.
Published: May 2016

The optically active unsaturated ketones (I) and (VII) are cross‐coupled with acetone (II) in the presence of a Ti(0) catalyst generated insitu from (III) and (IV), yielding the diols (V) or (VIII) and the dienes (VI) or (IX) as by‐products.
ChemInform Abstract: The Synthesis of Macrocyclic Diaza n‐n′‐Fulvadiene Derivatives.
Authors: OJIMA J. , EJIRI E. , MANAKA S. , MORITA N. , ASAO T.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (II) or (IV) are synthesized by means of the reaction of the bisdehydroannulenones (I) with hydrazine dihydrochloride (V) in the presence or absence of the cycloheptatrienone (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Reduction of Chiral Acetophenone Oxime Ethers to OpticallyActive Primary Amines.
Authors: ITSUNO S. , TANAKA K. , ITO K.
Published: May 2016

Die aus dem Natriumsalz (II) von Acetophenonoxim und den chiralen Tosylaten (I) oder (IV) sowie den chiralen α‐Bromcarbonsäure‐Derivaten (VI) hergestellten Oximether (III) bzw. (VII) werden durch Lithiumalanat bzw. Boran zu dem optisch aktiven Phenethylamin (VIII) reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxygenation of tert‐Butylphenols with an Unsaturated Side Chain.
Authors: NISHINAGA A. , IWASAKI H. , SHIMIZU T. , TOYODA Y. , MATSUURA T.
Published: May 2016

Oxygenation of the phenols (I) ‐ (III) promoted by the Co‐complex (IV) yields the products (V) ‐ (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium Catalyzed Iminocarbonylation of Bromobenzene with Isocyanide and Organotin Compounds.
Authors: KOSUGI M. , OGATA T. , TAMURA H. , SANO H. , MIGITA T.
Published: May 2016

Brombenzol (II) reagiert mit dem Isonitril (III) und den Zinnverbindungen (Ib), (Ic) und (Ie)‐(Ij) in Gegenwart des Palladium‐Komplexes (IV) zu den N‐tert.‐Butyliminen (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Enamine Esters.
Authors: SOSNOVSKIKH V. YA. , OVSYANNIKOV I. S. , NIKOL'SKII A. L.
Published: May 2016

In the presence of Et2NMgBr, which is formed by reacting Et2NH with EtMgBr, the enolized forms of the esters (II), which are stabilized by Et2NMgBr add to the aryl nitriles (I) to yield the title compounds (III) ‐ useful synthons for the preparation of heterocycles.
ChemInform Abstract: Poly(nitro‐ and trifluoromethylsulfonyl)substituted Diphenylamines.
Authors: KONDRATENKO N. V. , KOLOMEITSEV A. A. , MOGILEVSKAYA V. O. , VARLAMOVA N. M. , YAGUPOL'SKII L. M.
Published: May 2016

The sodium salts of the amines (I) react with the chlorobenzenes (II)to yield the title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Alkylhydroxybenzyl Esters of Dialkyldithiocarbamic Acids ‐ Antioxidants of Hydrocarbons.
Authors: PERESLEGINA N. S. , KUZ'MINA G. N. , MARKOVA E. I. , SANIN P. I.
Published: May 2016

The title compounds (III), (V) and (VII) are prepared and characterized by their IR spectra.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of 5‐Methoxy‐3‐methyl‐2‐tetralone.
Authors: LUNDKVIST J. R. M. , JOHANSSON A. M. , ARVIDSSON L.‐E. , HACKSELL U.
Published: May 2016

The title compound (VII) is obtained in four steps from the dihydroxynaphthalene (I) via the intermediate (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Preparation of Optically Active (4aα,8aβ)‐Octahydro‐4a‐methyl‐8‐methylene‐2(1H)‐naphthalenone, a Key Intermediate for the Enantioselective Synthesis of Eudesmane Sesquiterpenes.
Authors: UTAKA M. , FUJII Y. , TAKEDA A.
Published: May 2016

Ausgehend von 2‐Methylcyclohexanon (I) wird die im Titel genannte Verbindung (XI) auf dem im Schema angegebenen Weg synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: Flash Vacuum Thermolysis of 5,6,8,9‐Tetrahydro‐4′‐methylenespiro(7H‐ benzocycloheptene‐7,1′‐cyclohexa‐2′,5′‐diene). The Intermediate Formation of (3,2)Orthoparacyclophane.
Authors: JENNESKENS L. W. , KRUL A. H. P. , KRAAKMAN P. A. , MOENE W. , DE WOLF W. H. , BICKELHAUPT F.
Published: May 2016

The spiro‐compounds (III) are prepared from the ketone (I) via the aldehyde (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of cis‐Substituted β‐Lactams, Potential Intermediates for cis‐Carbapenems, from L‐Aspartic Acid.
Authors: TAKAHASHI Y. , HASEGAWA S. , IZAWA T. , KOBAYASHI S. , OHNO M.
Published: May 2016

Aus der geschützten Asparaginsäure (I) erhält man über ihr Anhydrid (II) das γ‐Butyrolacton (III), welches nach Metallierung mit den elektrophilen Substraten (IV) zu den α‐substituierten γ‐Lactonen (V) umgesetzt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Michael Adducts of a Half‐Blocked Enedione as Sources of 3‐Substituted 2,5‐Diketones and 2,5‐Dialkylfurans.
Authors: MACKAY D. , NEELAND E. G. , TAYLOR N. J.
Published: May 2016

The dioxazolylbutenone (III), prepared by the reaction of dimethylfuran (I) with nitrosocarbonylbenzene (II), reacts with a number of nucleophiles (IV) to form the Michael adducts, which are semi‐protected 1,4‐diones.
ChemInform Abstract: Reactions of Nucleophiles with 3,4‐Bis(bromomethyl)‐2,5‐dihydrothiophene‐1,1‐dioxide.
Authors: CHOU T. , HUNG S. C.
Published: May 2016

Die im Titel genannte Verbindung (I) reagiert mit Butylamin/Natriumcarbonat bzw. mit Natriumsulfid zu den Heterobicyclen (II) bzw. (III).