bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
في ترقية مهارة القراءة لطلاّب الصفِ السابع بِالمدرسةِ المتوسطة الحكومية العاشرة سليمان (Index Card Match) فعالية استخدام الاستراتيجيّةِ مطابقة بطاقة الرقمَ القياسى
Authors: Fauziah Rihanatul , Nurhadi Nurhadi
Published: February 2020

This research is motivated by the low reading comprehension of Arabic which is possessed by students of Middle School 10 Sleman in understanding reading texts because of the absence of a linguistic environment and active, so it caused a lack of interest and motivation for learning in the learning process. This study aims to improve reading skills in Arabic for 7th grade students of  Middle School 10 Sleman especially in understanding reading texts by using the Index Card Match strategy in learning reading skills. With this research, it is expected to be able to help teachers in the learning process of reading Arabic skills and improve students' ability to read. In its implementation, this study used a quasi-quantitative approach with the Experimental method. To find out the extent of the effectiveness of the Index Card Match strategy in learning Arabic reading skills, the formula used is the t-test. This study resulted in differences in statistical calculations in mean values ​​in the experimental group and the control group. For the experimental group reached an average of 81.28 and the control group 76.88. The value of "t" counts 2.335 and "t" table 2.042 so that "t" counts greater than "t" table, the alternative hypothesis (Ha) is accepted and the null hypothesis (Ho) is rejected and there are significant differences. From the results above the researchers concluded that the use of the Index Card Match strategy in learning Arabic reading skills was effective so that it could improve reading skills in 7th grade students of Middle School 10 Sleman.
EKSPERIMENTASI PEMBELAJARAN BAHASA ARAB MENGGUNAKAN MEDIA GAMBAR PADA KELAS X UNTUK MENINGKATKAN PENGUASAAN MUFRADĀT
Authors: Sari Rahmaya Unting , Handayani Eka Utari
Published: February 2020

The background of this study is the lack of creativity of teachers in using media in learning Arabic at MAN 3 Bantul, Yogyakarta. This study aims to determine the learning process of mufradât with picture media and find out the differences in learning outcomes of students in learning mufradât between experimental classes that use image media and control classes that do not use image media. This research is quantitative research and the type of research is experiment. Data collection is done by the method of testing, observation, and documentation. This experimental research was conducted with a pretest, posttest control group design model. The object used is class X IPS 1 as an experimental class and class X IPS 2 as a control class. While the data analysis technique uses independent samples t-test. The results of this study indicate that, there are significant differences between the experimental class and the control class. This difference can be seen from the average value of the control class posttest 66.312 while the posttest value of the experimental class is 90.125. Whereas the "t" Test of the experimental class and the control class posttest produced a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0,000 <0.05, which means that there was a significant difference in mastery of the mufradât between the experimental class and the control class, it can be concluded that Ha was accepted. The results of this analysis indicate that image media can be used as an alternative solution to improve the learning outcomes of students in grade 10 social studies.
بالطريقة السمعية الشفهية لترقية مهارة الاستماع والكلام لطلاب الفصل الثامن بمدرسة دار العلوم المتوسطة الإسلامية وارو سيدووارجو PAIR CHECK فعالية تطبيق نموذج التعليم
Authors: Kholifah Siti Nur , Nu’man Muhammad
Published: February 2020

The process of learning Arabic in MTS Darul Ulum Sidoarjo is still traditional  and students find it difficult to understand subject matter especially listening ' and speaking. The purpose of this study are: (1) To find out the special skills and greetings of students of class VIII at MTs Darul Ulum Sidoarjo. (2) To find out the application of the PAIR CHECK model "by using the syam’iyyah syafahiyyah method to improve listening and speaking skills. (3) To find out the effectiveness of the " PAIR CHECK "model by using the syamiyyah syafahiyyah method to improve listening and speaking skills. The Results from this research  is: the "PAIR CHECK" model using the syamiyyah syafahiyyah method to improve this skills  is effective in improving listening and speaking skills' with with a t-count = 15 and writing skills with a t-count = 17. Hypothesis results using the T-test symbol indicate that t count > ttable means that the null hypothesis (Ho) is returned and the hypothesis (Ha) can be accepted.
Penyelenggaraan Jalur Pendidikan Formal dan Nonformal
Authors: Hasanah Nurul Maziyatul
Published: February 2020

The implementation of formal and non-formal education channels aims to find out how the service components are in Early Childhood Education. This type of research is qualitative research. The subject used in this study was the principal of Early Childhood Education Salsabila Al-Muthi’in Yogyakarta. Data collection techniques using observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis used the Miles and Huberman model which included data presentation, data reduction, and drawing conclusions. The results showed that Salsabila Al-Muthi'in Integrated Early Childhood Education Yogyakarta, there are 7 components of Early Childhood Education  implementation in providing formal and non-formal Early Childhood Education, among the seven components including: curriculum, students, educators and education staff, facilities and infrastructure, management, financing and partnership.a
Penerapan Metode Bermain Peran (Role Playing) dalam Mengembangkan Kognitif Anak Usia 5-6 Tahun
Authors: Anggraini Wardah , Putri Anggi Darma
Published: February 2020

This study aims to find out how the application of the role playing method in developing cognitive skills of children aged 5-6 years. The problem in this study is the low cognitive development of children aged 5-6 years and the hope that the role playing method still uses limited media in RA Az-Zahra Natar, South Lampung. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method that describes how the role playing method is used at RA Az-Zahra Natar, South Lampung. Data collection techniques used were observation, interviews and documentation. Analysis of the data used is the analysis of miles and huberman model data, namely data reduction, data collection and conclusion drawing. Based on data collection and analysis conducted there are several findings of research results about playing a role in developing cognitive children aged 5-6 years. The results of this research are the application of the steps used in role playing, i.eWarming up (warming up), participants (choosing players), setting the stage, observers (preparing observers), holding (ensuring roles), discussion and evaluation, reusing (playing back roles), second discussion and evaluation, various conclusions and experiences
Pengembangan LKPD Tema Tanah Airku Sub Tema Kota Palembang untuk Anak Kelompok B
Authors: Yuantini Gustiana , Hasmalena Hasmalena , Syafdaningsih Syafdaningsih
Published: February 2020

This research aims to develop valid and practical student worksheet. Subjects in this research were B2 and B3 groups in state kindergarten of Pembina 2 Palembang. The model developed in this development was Rowntree consisting of One to one evaluation and small group evaluation. It was aimed to see the practicality and it used the Tessmer evaluation stage which consisted of self evaluation, expert review. Data collection techniques used in this research were interview, walkthrough and observation methods. According to the results of the research, it showed that the validity of the material and design obtained an average value of 3.77 in very valid categories. Student worksheet practicality test in terms of observations with a mean value of 95% in very practical category. The small group evaluation stage obtained an average score of 92% in the very practical category. Questionnaire result was 97% in valid category. From the result, it can be concluded that student worksheet theme of my homeland and sub-theme of Palembang city for group B children is valid and practical. It is also worth to use as learning student worksheet with Theme of my homeland
Islam Moderat dan Problem Isu Keislaman Kontemporer di Masjid Nasional Al-Akbar Surabaya
Authors: Muktafi Muktafi
Published: February 2020

This article attempts to examine mainstreaming of the Moderate Islam together with the problem of contemporary Islamic issues at Al-Akbar National Mosque Surabaya. The article observes a number of issues such as liberalism, radicalism, and pluralism in the view of the Muslim preachers (dā‘i) of Al-Akbar National Mosque. The mainstreaming of the Moderate Islam has been a manifestation of recognition and reverence of the mosque management, especially the preachers in regard with a number of different religious entities in Islam. Responding to the issues, the preachers assert that the Moderate Islam contains not merely conformity with the context of socio-cultural aspect, but also the manifestation of “Islamness” which is compatible with understanding of Ahl al-Sunnah wa al-Jamā‘ah. What is meant here by the Islamness is a characteristic of religiosity, which puts emphasis on three aspects, namely al-tawāsuṭ, i‘tidāl, and tawāzun. Commonly, the cultivation of moderatism values at Al-Akbar National Mosque rests on the process of teaching, study, and da‘wa (preaching) activities. These activities have been implemented in persuasively subtle manner focusing on peaceful religious messages. The preachers argue that although moderatism has been usually seen as acceptance toward heterogeneity, it does not refer to any acknowledgement of such heterogeneity as a part of truth in one’s belief.
Pemikiran Mehdi Golshani tentang Dialektika Agama dan Sains
Authors: Saad Mukhlisin
Published: February 2020

This article seeks to scrutinize Mehdi Golshani’s thought on dialectical relation of religion and science. In the history of human being, the relation of religion and science has been dynamically connected. Each side has correlated, dominated, and synergized with one to another. The relation of these two entities has brought about a number of various paradigms, namely theocentric, anthropocentric, and Theo-anthropocentric paradigms. Employing bibliographical approach, this study discusses historical relation of religion and science, which has been long connected since the Medieval Century. The study finds that Golshani has founded his conception of science on the basis of dichotomization between what so-called the sacred sciences and the secular one. He has tried to link these two entities by, among others, dialoguing between material aspect and supra-natural realm. To him, either religion or science shares a common orientation in order to reach the supreme truth, i.e. God. When religion undergoes the quest through obedience upon the dogmas stipulated by God, science prefers reason to get along with Him. In the meantime religion and science are able to integrate and share with each other. Golshani calls it the Islamic Sciences.
Kontekstualisasi Wawasan Islam Kebangsaan Kiai Abdul Muchith Muzadi
Authors: Asror Ahidul
Published: February 2020

This article seeks to reveal Kiai Muchith Muzadi’s thought on the Islamic nationalism in Indonesia. It deals with a number of issues such as state form, the meaning of politics within nation-state life, and the relation of Islam and Pancasila. The article also attempts to answer problematic discourse on contemporary Islam which, within recent decades, (re)rises the principles of nationalism into public discussion. Muchith argues that Negara Kesatuan Republik Indonesia (NKRI/The Unitary State of the Republic of Indonesia) has been an ultimate state form for the Indonesian people. Therefore, this is a duty for the Indonesian Muslims, as Indonesia’s majority inhabitant, to actively take a role and involve themselves in guarding Indonesia and its unity. Muchith also sees no relevant necessary to replace the state form with other systems such as khilāfah and Islamic state. To him, politics is a mere means to fight for interests carried out with Islamic principles coupled with nationalism values in order to establish national integration and achieve the shared ideals. Muchith maintains that Pancasila along with its values is compatible with Islam and this is why the Indonesian Muslims should accept it as the state ideology.
Genealogi Keilmuan Muḥammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb
Authors: Chabibi Muhammad
Published: February 2020

Wahhabism is an Islamic ideological school attributed to a Muslim scholar named Muḥammad b. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb of Najd. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb has carried out religious preaching to promulgate his ideas into a number of regions within the Arabic Peninsula aiming at also spreading them throughout the world. In doing so he has been supported by political and military power provided by an Amīr named Muḥammad b. Sa‘ud. ‘Abd al-Wahhāb’s da‘wah sought to invite Muslims to purify their faith and promote Islamic revivalism (Islamic orthodoxy). Employing Michel Foucault’s “theory of genealogy”, this article attempts to look at the relational bond of knowledge and power. The historical analysis finds genealogy within ‘Abd al-Wahhab’s knowledge along with the earlier network of Ḥanbalī’s authorities in Damascus through the ijāzah he accepted from his teachers. Ijāzah is a symbol of the legitimacy of enthusiasm in Islamic scientific genealogy. The associations between religion and politics has been another important factor in the success of the Wahhabi movement.
Privatization of the British Oil Industry in the 1970s – 1980s
Authors: Shishikin Vitalii
Published: February 2020

Introduction. The relevance of the subject is proved by the interest in the activity of the fuel and energy complex which remains for Russia one of the economic system donors. In this regard, there is growing interest in the experience of the energy industry development in other states, for example to the oil industry reforms in the Great Britain in the last quarter of the 20th century.

Methods and materials. The basis of the research is made by works of foreign authors and sources in English. The complex structure of the object of study determines using general historical techniques and the system approach.

Analysis. The research of the evolution of the British oil industry is connected with considering the general economic situation in the country and the dominating ideological attitudes of the United Kingdom authorities concerning the economic system during the post-war period. It is possible to note that British authorities paid close attention to the oil industry. The privatization of oil enterprises, which began in the second half of the 1970s, became a reaction to the changes of the economic situation within the country and in the world. It was the tactical maneuver under the Labourists directed to stabilization of the economic system without its essential updating. The subsequent transformations of the oil industry under the Conservatives were based on the basis of the economic paradigm revision, with the expectation of reducing the state’s participation in the ownership of enterprise assets, forming a broad layer of owners, both among small and large holders of securities, as well as strengthening the independence of fuel companies.

Results. As a result of the reforms in the market, several fuel companies different in power, continued working. The authorities got an opportunity not only to replenish the budget, but also to fulfill the mechanisms of indirect impact on the oil industry that, on the one hand, allowed to differentiate the spheres of the parties’ responsibilities, and on the other hand, to maintain the influence of the state in the strategic segment of economy.
Situation of Leningrad Children Evacuated from the Besieged City in Yaroslavl Region (1941–1945)
Authors: Volkova Elena
Published: February 2020

Introduction. The siege of Leningrad is one of the most tragic pages in the history of the Great Patriotic War. The whole country took part in helping residents of the besieged city. Yaroslavl Region was one of the leading places where tens of thousands of children were evacuated.

Methods and materials. The author seeks to implement the principles of scientific objectivity and reliability. The article is based on the memories of eyewitnesses of those years and archival materials. The author had an invaluable help in understanding the atmosphere in which children lived through confidential conversations with survivors of the blockade. Their stories are shocking in their naked truth. The author uses the comparative historical method in disclosing new, qualitative aspects of the problem under study. The hermeneutic method is used in the analysis of various sources: archival materials, memories, letters, first of all, based on time and reasons for the appearance of a particular source. The anthropological approach to the problem makes it possible to create a socio-psychological portrait of children, who by fate turned out to be far from their home, to recreate a picture of their life and everyday life.

Analysis. It includes the problems associated with the children evacuation in July–August 1941 and especially in winter–spring 1942, raises the issue of child mortality and the perpetuation of their memory.

Results. A major role in the organization of children’s life was played by the party and the Soviet leadership. The article notes that ordinary workers and collective farms took the successful solution of domestic problems of orphans. They provided children with everything they needed: home, food, clothes, shoes, dishes, etc. In addition, citizens took children on patronage and adoption. The methods of educational work with them had changed, where one of the main directions was the inculcation of labour skills: children worked in their farms, helped collective farms, cleaned their homes, were engaged in needlework, worked in workshops, etc. The desire to live and create was instilled in Leningrad by attracting citizens to participate in art performances. Big problems are connected with statistical data, in particular, different sources give different numbers of children living on the territory of Yaroslavl region: from 90 to 150 thousand. It is almost impossible to count the number of dead children, so the established monuments to small Leningraders, as a rule, are nameless. After the lifting of the blockade some children returned to Leningrad, and some linked their destinies with Yaroslavl land.
THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE AND ITS MECHANISMS FOR PROTECTING AND GUARANTEEING HUMAN RIGHTS
Authors: Tanasescu Tudor
Published: February 2020

The Council of Europe represents the main regional/European international intergovernmental organization in which the most efficient mechanisms for guaranteeing and protecting human rights have been initiated and developed.The mechanisms implemented by this organization, aiming to protect and guarantee human rights, established through the conventional judicial tools adopted by the Council of Europe are: The European Court for Human Rights (jurisdictional mechanism), established by the European Convention on Human Rights, the conventional non-jurisdictional mechanisms for monitoring, as well as the system of regularly reporting and that of the collective complaints, employed by the European Committee for social rights, created based on the European Social Charter and its two protocols of 1991 and 1995, and the preventive control based on inquiries carried out by the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment, based on the European Convention of the Prevention of Torture.Added to these some extra-conventional mechanisms are considered, such as The European Commission against racism and intolerance and The Commissioner for Human Rights at the Council of Europe.
OBSERVATIONS ON PUBLIC INSTITUTIONS AND AUTHORITIES WITH THE PURPOSE OF PROTECTING INDIVIDUALS
Authors: Popa Carmen Teodora , Morozan Florina
Published: February 2020

The present work brings to the reader's attention the evolution concerning the regulation of institutions and public authorities with powers in the field of protection of the individual in Romania and, in particular, in the field of child care. Taken from the Family Code, the current tradition of civil code, through article 107, gave the Court the responsibility of guardianship and family proceedings relating to protection of the individual. Subsequently, law No. 71/2011 for the implementation of law No. 289/2009 allowed, on a temporary basis, until the entry into force of the regulation of the Board of Trustees, as courts to delegate, by closing certain tutelary authority powers. As a result of amendments to law No. 71/2011, many duties of the Board of Trustees with respect to the minor or legal forbidden were passed as the tutelary authority task.On the other hand, the special protection of the child, law No. 272/2004 on the promotion and protection of children's rights confer important directorates-general duties of social work and child protection and child protection committees. These authorities with important powers in matters of protection of the individual have a special quality in triggering procedural active civil action such as revocation of parental rights by a court or taking of a measure of special protection. Law No. 272/2004 has set up a special material competence and liable to give rise to numerous controversies in jurisprudence.The analysis of the development of institutions and public authorities with powers in this matter confer   the opportunity to observe how the powers of the blends and the conflicts they generate in the existing not clear regulations. This article examines and interpreted that the jurisprudence has given legal provisions.
CONSIDERATIONS OF CRIMINAL LAW AND FORENSIC SCIENCE REGARDING THE ILLEGAL ACCESS TO A COMPUTER SYSTEM
Authors: MOISE Adrian Cristian
Published: February 2020

Starting from the provisions of Article 2 of the Council of Europe Convention on Cybercrime and from the provisions of Article 3 of Directive 2013/40/EU on attacks against information systems, the present study analyses how these provisions have been transposed into the text of Article 360 of the Romanian Criminal Code.  Illegal access to a computer system is a criminal offence that aims to affect the patrimony of individuals or legal entities.The illegal access to computer systems is accomplished with the help of the social engineering techniques, the best known technique of this kind is the use of phishing threats. Typically, phishing attacks will lead the recipient to a Web page designed to simulate the visual identity of a target organization, and to gather personal information about the user, the victim having knowledge of the attack.
TERRORISM AND PARADIGM OF COMPARED CRIMINAL LAW
Authors: RUSU Ioana Raluca
Published: February 2020

The article is trying to briefly and generally present the philosophic and sociologic conceptions about paradigms regardless if these have been elaborated by specialists in the field of criminal law and how the influence of paradigm analyzed (paradigm of compared criminal law) reflects on terrorism by emphasizing the fact that a paradigm appears in the context of substituting the former ideas and acceptance without reserves of new.
THE NON BIS IN IDEM PRINCIPLE IN THE CASE LAW OF THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN UNION - CONSISTENCY OR INCONSISTENCY?
Authors: Pătrăuș Darius-Dennis
Published: February 2020

The non bis in idem principle was first established in the Hammurabi Code (2,500 BC), under the name of res judicata pro veritate habetur.According to the non bis in idem principle, "no one is allowed to be summoned again in court or punished in another criminal case for the same criminal offense for which he has already been convicted or acquitted under the law of a state". The non bis in idem principle has a broad field of application in the field of international judicial cooperation in criminal matters.The harmonization of Member States' laws and the abolition of borders at EU level created the premises for the widespread application of the non bis in idem principle.For this reason, the Court of Justice of the European Union has been charged with interpreting the rule, namely the non bis in idem principle, as regulated in art. 54 CISA.At the present stage of regulation, an interpretation contrary to the non bis in idem principle would be likely to erode the right and affect international judicial cooperation in criminal matters.
INTERNATIONAL TAX ISSUES UNDER THE NIGERIAN TAX LEGISLATION
Authors: ADAM K.I. , OLORUNGBEBE R.T.
Published: February 2020

The drive for global economic integration has necessitated the development and adoption of certain international standards to guarantee increased certainty in business environment across nations and reduce levels of risks in the market. Considering the prominence of tax legislation as a major index or infrastructural component of an enabling environment necessary for optimum investments and business growth, this paper attempts to give an overview of issues relevant to international taxation and examines their level of conformity to global standards.
EUROPEAN UNION LEGAL PROVISIONS ON THE ADMISSION OF THIRD-COUNTRY NATIONALS FOR THE PURPOSE OF EMPLOYMENTAS SEASONAL WORKERS
Authors: VÂLCU ELISE-NICOLETA
Published: February 2020

”The global approach in matters of migration and mobility”, adopted by the Commission in 2011, sets out a general framework for the relations of the European Union with the third countries in matters of migration. This approach is based on four pillars: legal immigration and mobility, illegal immigration and human trafficking, international protection and asylum policy, as well as maximization of the impact of migration and of mobility on development.On 13th May 2015, the Commission presented”The European Agenda on migration” proposing immediate measures and actions to perform in the following years for a better management of migration under all its aspects. Within it, the Commission proposes orientations in four directions: reduction of factors encouraging clandestine migration; a border management aiming at lifesaving and border security; development of a sounder asylum common policy; and establishment of a new policy in matter of legal migration by modernising and revising the ”blue card” regime, by establishing some new priorities of the integration policies and by optimising the advantages of the migration policy for the aimed persons and the countries of origin. In September 2018, the Commission published a report on the progress made in the implementation of the European Agenda on migration, examining the progress and deficiencies in its implementation.
CERTAIN CONSIDERATIONS ON THE “DESTINY” OF THE PRELIMINARY CHAMBER INSTITUTION IN THE CURRENT LEGAL FRAMEWORK
Authors: LORINCZ Anca-Lelia , MARIN Cătălin
Published: February 2020

The preliminary chamber is a stage preceding the ruling on the merits of the case. By regulating this institution, the purpose of the Romanian legislator was to eliminate the possibility to raise certain causes of unlawfulness of the criminal prosecution acts carried out during the trial phase. The aim of this scientific research is to highlight certain aspects concerning the purpose of the preliminary chamber procedure, while also militating for its maintenance in the Romanian Criminal Procedure Code.
UNION REGULATIONS ON PASSENGER RIGHTS IN CASE OF FLIGHT CANCELLATION, REFUSAL AT BOARDING OR LONG DELAY OF FLIGHTS
Authors: VÂLCU ELISE NICOLETA
Published: February 2020

The European Union is a "supranational governance" structured by its well-defined institutions. The decision-making triangle formed by the Commission, the Parliament and the Council legislate in agreement or consultation, covering the whole picture of policies developed at EU level and implemented at Member State level. Among the most important developed policies, it is necessary to mention the freedom of movement of the Union nationals, freedom of movement of goods and services, judicial cooperation in criminal matters, etc. Freedom of movement implies a series of segmental rights, such as the right to temporary or permanent residence, the right to work, to travel and study, etc. The Union law system identifies legal instruments to regulate the rights of passengers traveling within the Union, from the Union to a third country, or arriving in the territory of a Member State irrespective of the type of transport, air, rail, water or road.At present, in the field of air transport we identify Regulation no. 261/2004 on the right to compensation and assistance to passengers in the event of refusal of boarding and cancellation or long delay of flights, which is part of a comprehensive package of legislation aimed at protecting consumers in general across the European Union.
FUTILITY OF THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK ON THE ORGANIZATION AND OPERATION OF PUBLIC GATHERINGS – THE RIGHT TO PROTEST IN ROMANIA
Authors: Arva Marius-Adrian
Published: February 2020

If in the introductory part of the paper we present the constituent elements of the right to protest in relation to constitutional or conventional provisions and by analyzing some jurisprudential elements of the national courts and of the European Court of Human Rights, in the second part we carry out a detailed analysis of the solutions pronounced by the relevant national courts, based on which we concluded the uselessness of the sanctions regulation regarding the participation in protest actions carried out in a peaceful context.
JURISPRUDENTIAL PERSPECTIVES ON THE FOUNTAIN OF NIGERIA LEGAL SYSTEM
Authors: Ayinla Lukman Alabi
Published: February 2020

The basis of the Nigerian legal system appears multi-faceted, the fact that the country had contact with colonialism and the intervening military rule as against a truly democratic arrangement bequeathed at the independence of the country are source of concern. The paper adopts the doctrinal research method to attempt a critique of perspectives of the actual basis of the Nigeria legal system. The paper looks at some relevant concepts, the fountain in term of the grundnorm, customary law together with brief historical facts, and characteristic nature of Nigeria legal system to interrogate some perspectives. The paper founds that the fountain of the legal system is more of being jurisprudential in nature and concludes that the basis of Nigerian legal system is multi-faceted but ultimately founded on the constitution.
PERSONAL SAFETY. PROTECTION OF THE VICTIMS OF CRIME
Authors: Covalciuc Sorina-Alexandra
Published: February 2020

The impact of the crime phenomenon on the persons affected by it can be a profound one transposed into physical, mental, emotional and financial injuries, of which some victims can never recover. The actions that make up the criminal act can be harmed on the victims, witnesses or their families, and the most serious of the threats are those against the person's life. The paper focuses, first and foremost, on the measures to be taken to protect the victims of crime, as well as on the means of support offered to the victims so that they can enjoy the right of access to justice in order to cover their harm.
METHODOLOGIC DIRECTIONS IN CRIMINALISTIC RESEARCH FOR THE OFFENCE OF TRAFFICKING AND ILLICIT DRUG CONSUMPTION
Authors: Ferariu Petronela-Diana , Avrămescu Valentina
Published: February 2020

The criminal activity of trafficking and illicit drug use is developing rapidly, new psychoactive substances are emerging at a rapid pace and represent a major threat to the health and safety of individuals. The actual crime in the case of trafficking and illicit drug use offence must be determined in terms of size the participants and causes. The distinction between real crime and apparent crime is defined as the "dark number or hidden figure of crime" (Rădulescu S., 1999, 189) The use of this concept is specifically used in the case of the number of crimes committed and remained unknown to the society, for various reasons. In the forensic investigation of the crime of trafficking and illicit drug use, the research activity is carried out with great difficulties, because one of the forms of crime with the highest rate of the dark number of crime and almost impossible to estimate is the illicit trafficking and consumption of drugs, as victims are most often accomplice in this form of crime, and establishing the diversity of substances that fall into the narcotic sphere is relative.
THE PLEA AGREEMENT – A NEW WAY OF NEGOTIATED JUSTICE IN THE EUROPEAN JUDICIARIES
Authors: Lascu Liviu-Alexandru
Published: February 2020

The aim of this article is to emphasize the main features of the Plea Agreement procedure in the European traditional systems, common law and civil law, as well as the features of this concept as it has been implemented into the proceedings of some European countries and, accordingly, to analyse the reasons for which, the expertise of these already implemented procedures might be a pathway to solve many shortcomings of the national jurisdictions.
EUROPEAN CERTIFICATE OF SUCCESSION
Authors: Pătrăuș Mihaela
Published: February 2020

The newly created European Certificate of Succession is applicable in almost the entire EU. It is primarily used to verify an heir’s status and is designed to serve alongside the existing national inheritance certificates (such as the German Erbschein), making it easier for heirs to settle inheritance matters abroad. This EU Succession Regulation does not, however, affect the provisions of individual Member States in the areas of substantive inheritance law (e. g. the question of who is a legal heir) and inheritance tax law. This paper aims to analyze how the regulation of the European inheritance certificate interacts with the regulation of the national inheritance certificate. Thus it does not replace documents such as the Romanian inheritance certificate but is rather a supplementary inheritance document.
20 YEARS OF EUROPEAN FUNDS’ MANAGEMENT – WHAT WE HAVE LEARNED AND WHAT IS TO DO NEXT? A PRACTITIONER’S PERSPECTIVE
Authors: Marcu Elena , Corduneanu Marius Ștefan
Published: February 2020

The management of European funds was part of the public agenda, in a consistent manner, for the past 15 to 20 years. Although visible progress has been made since the moment Romania started to access pre-accession funds (Phare, ISPA, SAPARD), to date, with direct effects on the economic growth, the efficiency in implementing it suffered a lot due to the political spectrum intervention, the human resource involved, the volatile administrative framework or even due to the influence, sometimes unwelcomed, of the private sector. The present material tries to unveil some of the causes that affected the implementation of European projects, and also to offer a range of solutions for a better management of it, taking into consideration the fact that the new programming period, 2021-2027, is at our doorstep.
PROTECTION OF EXTRAPATRIMONIAL RIGHTS IN THE NEW CIVIL CODE
Authors: Chiper (Mihalcea) Valentina
Published: February 2020

The New Romanian Civil Code, entered into force on 1 October 200, adopted by LawNo. 287/2009 and implemented by Law No. 71/2011 integrates the personality rights in tonon-patrimonial rights. Considering that personality rights cannot be confused with personalrights and does not integrate the heritage of the person, shall be assessed better their namingextrapatrimonial rights.The measures which may be ordered by the Court for the protection of these rightsconsists either in the prohibition of unlawful deed, whether it is imminent, or cessation of theinfringement and the prohibition for the future if it lasts still or finding illicit character of thecommitted offence, if disturbing that produced it subsists. The exception to the rule is given incases of infringement of the rights of non-patrimonial rights by exercising the right to freespeech, according to which the Court cannot order banning of illicit acts.In the first part of the article we present a brief analysis of personality rights, and inthe second part we present the analysis of extrapatrimonial rights (non-patrimonial rights)defenses.
RECENT TRENDS REGARDING GOOD FAITH IN CONTRACT LAW
Authors: Titus Paveliu Liviu
Published: February 2020

The purpose of this article is to highlight the newly convergences between theRomanian legal system and that of other Member States of the European Union in the field ofgood faith.In the first part of the article, we try to establish the core values of good faith ingeneral and subsequently in the field of contract law, as perceived by the national scholarsand researchers. While good faith had merely the role of a general rule which was rathersimplistically associated with fairness and morale, in light of the recent developments broughtupon by the enactment of the new Civil Code, good faith has become a focal point in severalinstitutions in the field of contract law.The second part of the article aims to identify the origin of the rules set out in theRomanian legislation, by investigating the motifs behind the adhering to the line of thought asset out by the Principles of European Contract Law.In the last part we will illustrate the recent trends and goals of the European Union inthe field of contract law and also try to correlate how these actions will translate to theRomanian national legal system in theory and in practice in the years to come.
SUGGESTIBILITY IN INTERVIEW AND INTERROGATION – THE SMILE
Authors: Ion Olteanu Gabriel
Published: February 2020

The author develops a discourse on suggestibility, on how smile can be used to guidethe behaviour of people investigated, about how the presence of smile, jokes and laughter inthe conduct of the person interrogated can be interpreted.
THE IMPUTABLE DEED / THE IMPUTABLE ACTION
Authors: Brînză William
Published: February 2020

The criminal standards, meant to the protection of the social values, establish theobjectives and subjective conditions that must be fulfilled as a behavior to be illicit.Therefore, finding the illicit/the unlawful character of the behavior does not means that thiscan be already considered infringement of law, for the existence of the offense needful toestablish if the agent can be made responsible for that illicit behavior, in other words shouldbe analyzed if the deed is imputable.
THE QUALITIES OF THE PUNISHMENT
Authors: Diaconu Gheorghe
Published: February 2020

The punishment – measure of compulsion and mean of re-education for the convict – ithas to meet certain qualities in order to achieve its goals in an actual and efficient way. Thus,the punishment has to be right, it has to be adaptable, inflictive and moralizing, it mustn’toffend the good manners, it has to be equal for all persons and it has to be remissible andrepairable.
THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL IN PROCEEDINGS CHALLENGING THE MINUTES OF DISPUTING CONTRAVENTIONS
Authors: Bălăşoiu Adriana-Florina
Published: February 2020

The offenses field is assimilated to the criminal one from the perspective of theEuropean Court of Human Rights, in the sense of article 6 of the Convention, the personaccused of committing an act regarded in national law as an offense must benefit from theguarantees specific to criminal proceedings.
THE SOCIAL DIMENSION OF CIVIL LIABILITY. FUNDAMENTAL BENCHMARKS
Authors: Costache Mirela Paula
Published: February 2020

This study examines the concept of liability, as seen from a social perspective, whetherwe relate to civil liability as an essential form of manifestation of essential legal liability. Thecivil liability is not a creation of the law, but it finds the values that it defends in the socialnormativity, as the law emerged along with the society.
CONFISCATION OF CRIMINAL PROCEEDS IN THE EUROPEAN UNION CRIMINAL LAW
Authors: Agheniţei Mihaela
Published: February 2020

AbstractThe confiscation of proceeds of crime has long been seen within the European Unionand beyond as an important tool in the armory of weapons to fight organized crime. Therationale for focusing on the confiscation of criminal proceeds is at least two- fold. First itaddresses concerns that enormous criminal wealth, generated most notably by various formsof trafficking offences, risks destabilizing financial systems and corrupting. As such theconfiscation of criminal assets seeks ultimately to reduce and prevent crime by making knownthat criminals will not be allowed to legitimate society. Second it attempts to undermine the“raison d'être” behind most organized crime activity, namely the maximization of profit byillicit means. As such the confiscation of criminal assets seeks ultimately to reduce andprevent crime by making known that criminals will not be allowed to enjoy their illicit wealth.By the same token, focusing on confiscation of criminal wealth can send an importantmessage by removing negative role models from local communities.
THE CONCEPT OF OFFENSE IN THE NEW CRIMINAL CODE
Authors: Simionescu Elena-Giorgiana
Published: February 2020

As an important part of the general theory of crime, the concept of “crime” and generatescontinuously generated controversial discussions in the literature reflected differently incriminal law. The new Romanian Criminal Code, although deemed necessary legal definitionof the offense by listing its essential features, devotes a formally defined, giving the idea thatcrime is the fact that social threat.
THE LEGAL PRACTITIONERS ACT: A CODE FOR REGULATING THE CONDUCT OF LAWYERS IN NIGERIA*
Authors: Chukwujindu Ogwezzy Michael
Published: February 2020

The legal practitioner is an expert whose services and expertise are required bymembers of the public. He is expected to maintain the highest standards of professionalconduct, etiquette and discipline in the discharge of his duties. In addressing himself as a legalpractitioner he represents to those who depend on his professional advice and other servicesthat he has the requisite acumen and expertise. For this reason, under the general common lawand the rule in Hedley Byrne & Co Ltd v. Heller & Partners Ltd, the lawyer can be held liablefor professional negligence. This paper will address “the Relationship between a Lawyer andthe Client” in the Context of the Legal Practitioners Act and Case Law as negligence inhandling of a client’s affairs may be of such a nature as to amount to professional misconductand if sued by the client will warrant prosecution and punishment of the Legal Practitioner.This is because it is the duty of a lawyer to devote his attention, energy and expertise to theservice of his client and, subject to any rule of law, to act in a manner consistent with the bestinterest of his client. He shall consult with his client in all questions of doubt; and keep theclient informed of the progress and any important development in the matter as may bereasonably necessary and warn his client against any particular risk which is likely to occur inthe course of the matter.
CRIMINAL POLITICS: CHANGES IN THE SYSTEM OF PENALTIES THROUGH THE NEW HUNGARIAN CRIMINAL CODE
Authors: Sipos Ferenc
Published: February 2020

The new Hungarian Criminal Code came into force just recently. This paper isanalysing the trichotomical system of sanctions enlisting the most important penalties of theCriminal Code and highlighting on their possible effects and expectations towards a newpenal policy.
EU BORDER CONTROL FOR COMBATING CROSS BORDER CRIME
Authors: Mateaş Florian
Published: February 2020

One area of particular interest, both the European Union and Romania, is the borderissue, which requires the setting up of a common institutional framework that embodies allspecific courses of action across the EU.The area of border control and Schengen cooperation, which is very important and atthe same time very sensitive, imposed at Community level, a continuous development of legalregulations in order to ensure effective security of the EU's external borders.Romania's geo-strategic position makes the Black Sea an indispensable part of Euro-Atlantic security and prosperity. Many of transnational threats facing Europe come from thisregion. A big part of the area is dominated by economic stagnation, unsafe and insecureborders, organized crime activities and frozen ethnic conflicts.
MODERN SLAVERY
Authors: Popoviciu Laura-Roxana
Published: February 2020

This study aims to examine the extent to which slavery is a dangerous criminal offenseand unfortunately abundant in a society considered to be civilized and advanced in allrespects.Slavery is a crime which is part of the category of offenses against the freedom ofpersons, that is regulated in Chapter VII, Title I of the Special part of the Romanian NewCriminal Code, Article 209.This phenomenon has existed since ancient times. Placing and keeping the persons ina state of slavery, as well as trafficking in slaves, are well known.
REGULATION OF ENGAGEMENT IN THE NEW ROMANIAN CIVIL CODE1 AND OTHER INTERNATIONAL LEGISLATIONS
Authors: Ghilea Marta Cornelia
Published: February 2020

Engagement is making a comeback to the landscape of the new Romanian civillegislation, being known that it has deep roots in the history of Romanian law. Theinstitutionalization of engagement was justified by experts as a traditional reality in Romania.This article investigates aspects concerning the evolution of engagement, the content of thissui generis legal act, its legal nature, the substantive and procedural conditions, as well asconsiderable issues relating to the legal effects of engagement, particularly its rupture
SUPREMACY OF THE CONSTITUTION
Authors: Dragne Luminiţa
Published: February 2020

The Constitution is the fundamental law of a Member State governing the organizationand functioning of the relations between public authorities and citizens rights andfundamental freedoms, and ways to guarantee them.The Constitution is the supreme law in the state, it is at the top of the pyramid and it isthe source of all legal documents and legal regulations.Supremacy of the Constitution is ensured through an effective mechanism resulted in alegal institution called constitutionality of laws controls, including all procedures throughwhich achieve verification of low compliance with constitutional provisions
THE RIGHT TO A FAIR TRIAL: THE ROLE OF THE TRANSLATORINTERPRETER IN THE CRIMINAL TRIAL
Authors: Dănişor Diana-Domnica
Published: February 2020

The judicial dialogue, as an expression of judicial controversy, is organized in thenational language. In order to observe the principle of audi alteram partem, when a litigantspeaking another language is present, it is required that the dialogue should be reconstitutedwith the assistance of a translator-interpreter. The latter informs the litigant who speaksanother language of “all acts that may affect him to a certain extent”, in order to make thecounsel understand the proceedings and to protect the rights of the person he defends. Thetranslator-interpreter is thus the protector of the rights of the person for whom he translates,allowing the accused to participate in the debate. The presence of this occasionalcollaborator is a guarantee of good justice. Standing among the actors of a trial, theinterpreter is the faithful transmitter of each person’s words by the search of equivalencesbetween two utterances. The translation must render as accurately as possible the intentionsof the author of the translated utterance, thus becoming an “accurate re-creation”, a“creation of meaning”. Frequently based on “syntactical archaisms” and “stereotypedformulas”, these turns do not have an equivalent in other languages.