bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Sensitivity of Convective Self‐Aggregation to Subsidence
Authors: Bellon Gilles , Coppin David
Published: November 2022

Simulations using the convection‐permitting MesoNH model with imposed vertical motion document the influence of large‐scale circulation on convective self‐aggregation. Results show that subsidence favors self‐aggregation in this model and that this sensitivity includes a hysteresis: for weak subsidence, only one stationary state is found, without aggregation; for moderate subsidence, two stationary states are found, one with aggregation and one without; for large subsidence, only the aggregated stationary state is found. In that state, the area covered by deep convection decreases with subsidence. Using the variance of column moist static energy (MSE) as a metric for aggregation, we detail the role of physical processes in the development or maintenance of aggregation. Solar radiation always contributes positively to aggregation. The effect of terrestrial radiation results from a competition between the effects of the top‐of‐atmosphere and surface fluxes, and can therefore vary in amplitude and change sign both with time in transient simulations and with subsidence intensity in stationary state. The effect of turbulent surface fluxes also result from a competition between the effect of air‐sea thermodynamic contrast and the wind‐induced contribution, and it can also vary very significantly. The contribution of MSE transport within the model domain also changes from negative to positive as the intensity of subsidence is increased because the shallow circulation accelerates and causes a change of sign in the gross moist stability associated with the internal circulation.
The Carbon Sink Potential of Southern China After Two Decades of Afforestation
Authors: Zhang X. M. , Brandt M. , Yue Y. M. , Tong X. W. , Wang K. L. , Fensholt R.
Published: November 2022

Afforestation and land use changes that sequester carbon from the atmosphere in the form of woody biomass have turned southern China into one of the largest carbon sinks globally, which contributes to mitigating climate change. However, forest growth saturation and available land that can be forested limit the longevity of this carbon sink, and while a plethora of studies have quantified vegetation changes over the last decades, the remaining carbon sink potential of this area is currently unknown. Here, we train a model with multiple predictors characterizing the heterogeneous landscapes of southern China and predict the biomass carbon carrying capacity of the region for 2002–2017. We compare observed and predicted biomass carbon density and find that during about two decades of afforestation, 2.34 PgC have been sequestered between 2002 and 2017, and a total of 5.32 Pg carbon can potentially still be sequestrated. This means that the region has reached 73% of its aboveground biomass carbon carrying capacity in 2017, which is 12% more than in 2002, equal to a decrease of 0.77% per year. We identify potential afforestation areas that can still sequester 2.39 PgC, while old and new forests have reached 87% of their potential with 1.85 PgC remaining. Our work locates areas where vegetation has not yet reached its full potential but also shows that afforestation is not a long‐term solution for climate change mitigation.
Benthic Dissolved Silicon and Iron Cycling at Glaciated Patagonian Fjord Heads
Authors: Ng Hong Chin , Hawkings Jon R. , Bertrand Sebastien , Summers Brent A. , Sieber Matthias , Conway Tim M. , Freitas Felipe S. , Ward James P. J. , Pryer Helena V. , Wadham Jemma L. , Arndt Sandra , Hendry Katharine R.
Published: November 2022

Glacier meltwater supplies silicon (Si) and iron (Fe) sourced from weathered bedrock to downstream ecosystems. However, the extent to which these nutrients reach the ocean is regulated by the nature of the benthic cycling of dissolved Si and Fe within fjord systems, given the rapid deposition of reactive particulate fractions at fjord heads. Here, we examine the benthic cycling of the two nutrients at four Patagonian fjord heads through geochemical analyses of sediment pore waters, including Si and Fe isotopes (δ30Si and δ56Fe), and reaction‐transport modeling for Si. A high diffusive flux of dissolved Fe from the fjord sediments (up to 0.02 mmol m−2 day−1) compared to open ocean sediments (typically <0.001 mmol m−2 day−1) is supported by both reductive and non‐reductive dissolution of glacially‐sourced reactive Fe phases, as reflected by the range of pore water δ56Fe (−2.7 to +0.8‰). In contrast, the diffusive flux of dissolved Si from the fjord sediments (0.02–0.05 mmol m−2 day−1) is relatively low (typical ocean values are >0.1 mmol m−2 day−1). High pore water δ30Si (up to +3.3‰) observed near the Fe(II)‐Fe(III) redox boundary is likely associated with the removal of dissolved Si by Fe(III) mineral phases, which, together with high sedimentation rates, contribute to the low diffusive flux of Si at the sampled sites. Our results suggest that early diagenesis promotes the release of dissolved Fe, yet suppresses the release of dissolved Si at glaciated fjord heads, which has significant implications for understanding the downstream transport of these nutrients along fjord systems.
Whole‐Mantle Tomography of Southeast Asia: New Insight Into Plumes and Slabs
Authors: Toyokuni Genti , Zhao Dapeng , Kurata Kenkichi
Published: November 2022

We present detailed 3‐D images of the whole mantle P wave velocity structure beneath Southeast Asia and surrounding regions. The results are obtained by applying an improved method of global seismic tomography to invert ∼8 million P, pP, PP, PcP, and Pdiff arrival times from 23,587 earthquakes recorded at 14,136 stations distributed all over the world. Our tomographic model reveals a continuous, thin low‐velocity (low‐V) zone from the surface to the core‐mantle boundary beneath the Hainan hotspot, which may reflect the Hainan plume that exists in the whole mantle. Beneath the Australian slab that has subducted into the lower mantle, a strong low‐V anomaly is detected, which may reflect subslab hot mantle upwelling (SHMU) due to return flow of the slab subduction. Our model also clearly reveals the subducted slabs in the upper mantle and slab remnants in the lower mantle. In particular, a hole in the subducting Australian slab is revealed at depths of 280–460 km beneath eastern Java. The low‐V anomaly in the mantle wedge above the Australian slab is connected with the SHMU through the slab hole, suggesting that mixture of the island arc magma and the SHMU may have caused huge eruptions of the Tambora and Rinjani volcanoes in eastern Java.
Earthquake Detection Using a Nodal Array on the San Jacinto Fault in California: Evidence for High Foreshock Rates Preceding Many Events
Authors: Shearer Peter M. , Meng Haoran , Fan Wenyuan
Published: November 2022

We use a dense seismic array of 1,108 vertical‐component geophones within a 600‐m footprint to detect thousands of small earthquakes near an active strand of the San Jacinto fault zone in southern California during a 26‐day period. We first correct site effects using multichannel cross‐correlations of the P‐waves of 256 cataloged earthquakes, and then perform beamforming analysis on the continuous waveforms in a slowness range from −0.4 to 0.4 s/km in both the east and north directions. At each time step, we identify the beam slowness with maximum amplitude and apply a picking algorithm to identify 13,408 events. These detections include over 55.6% of the events in the Quake Template Matching (QTM) catalog for all of southern California during the same time period and 70% of those within 100 km of the array. In addition, we detect over 10,000 new events, not in the QTM catalog. Many of these events can also be seen in records from nearby borehole seismic stations. Measured slownesses for the catalog and newly‐discovered events group into clusters that can be associated with QTM earthquake locations, but with slowness values considerably distorted from predictions based on a 1‐D velocity model, presumably owing to strong velocity heterogeneity near the San Jacinto Fault. Amplitudes of the detected events obey a Gutenberg‐Richter distribution with a b‐value close to one. Foreshocks are common among these detected events, increasing in rate before mainshocks following an inverse Omori's law.
Thermal Structure of the Martian Upper Mesosphere/Lower Thermosphere From MAVEN/IUVS Stellar Occultations
Authors: Gupta Sumedha , Yelle Roger V. , Schneider Nicholas M. , Jain Sonal K. , González‐Galindo Francisco , Verdier Loic , Braude Ashwin S. , Montmessin Franck , Mayyasi Majd , Deighan Justin , Curry Shannon
Published: November 2022

We report the first detailed study of the diurnal thermal structure of upper mesosphere/lower thermosphere (∼80 to 160 km) of Mars from stellar occultation observations by the Imaging Ultraviolet Spectrograph (IUVS) aboard the NASA Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft. Due to stray light contamination, analyses of this data set to date have been confined to the nighttime events. This study makes use of a revised algorithm for removal of stray light from occultation spectra to retrieve the dayside events as well. The dayside is observed to be warmer than the nightside, with the maximum day/night difference of ∼30 K in the lower thermosphere, ∼20 K around the mesopause, with little diurnal variations at lower altitudes. This is consistent with the radiative time constant which is of the order of 1 Mars day in the to Pa region. The data also shows that the regions at pressure less than Pa are under strong solar control with no prominent migrating tidal signatures. In contrast, on Earth, the radiative time constant near the mesopause is ∼10 Earth days and the temperature variations due to tides are quite large. The Mars Climate Database shows a diurnal trend opposite to the data in the mesosphere, with the dayside mesopause predicted to be cooler than the nightside by ∼10 K along with signatures of a vertically propagating tide. The IUVS data set provides an unprecedented constraint on the structure of the Martian mesosphere.
On Oceanic Initial State Errors in the Ensemble Data Assimilation for a Coupled General Circulation Model
Authors: Chen Yihao , Shen Zheqi , Tang Youmin
Published: November 2022

In the construction of an ensemble‐based data assimilation system for a complex fully coupled general circulation model (CGCM), the model state errors at initial time of assimilation have an important influence on assimilation quality. In this study, with the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and Data Assimilation Research Testbed (DART), we found that the influence of initial states errors persists throughout a vicious cycle and cannot be automatically remedied via consequent assimilations. As such, two strategies were applied to alleviate the initial state errors, and a reliable assimilation system was developed. Data assimilation experiments using oceanic observations were conducted over the period from 2005 to 2014 to investigate the impact of these different strategies. The evaluation revealed that the assimilation of observation‐derived climatological data is an effective approach to reduce initial state errors and preserve the balance between different variables to the largest extent, which significantly improved the performance of the assimilation system in the investigated time period. It was further found that the developed assimilation system can produce high‐quality oceanic analysis results comparable to the ECDA and GODAS, two widely used reanalysis products. Perspectives toward further improvement of coupled data assimilation are also outlined.
From Salt‐Bearing Rifted Margins to Fold‐And‐Thrust Belts. Insights From Analog Modeling and Northern Calcareous Alps Case Study
Authors: Santolaria P. , Granado P. , Wilson E. P. , de Matteis M. , Ferrer O. , Strauss P. , Pelz K. , König M. , Oteleanu A. E. , Roca E. , Muñoz J. A.
Published: November 2022

Analog modeling is used to study the role played by the inherited salt‐sediment architecture of a salt‐bearing rifted margin, developed by minibasin downbuilding and margin‐scale gliding, and then incorporated into a fold‐and‐thrust belt system influenced by surface processes. Inherited salt bodies localize contractional deformation at different scales and the salt‐sediment architecture determines structural styles of fold‐and‐thrust belts. In our analog models, a large‐transport thrust detached along allochthonous model salt (silicone polymer) accumulated in a former distal raft system. And the squeezing of salt walls, together with the tilting of minibasins, accounted for most of the shortening in a salt wall‐minibasin province. Shortening and surface processes promote the extrusion and erosion of about 75% of the original model salt. The role played by salt tectonics during the contraction of salt‐bearing rifted margins could be underestimated because of the low salt‐sediment ratio found in fold‐and‐thrust belts. Our modeling results are compared with and assist in the interpretation of a section along the Northern Calcareous Alps.
Perineural invasion and perineural spread in periocular squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Tong Jessica Y. , Huilgol Shyamala C. , James Craig , Rajak Saul , Selva Dinesh
Published: November 2022

Perineural invasion (PNI) in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) of the periocular region is a prognostic marker of adverse tumour outcomes. PNI carries a well-established risk of tumour recurrence, regional metastasis and higher likelihood of mortality. This review will explore and stratify the risks conferred by histological PNI parameters. The radiological features of perineural spread (PNS) and the imaging sequences that delineate these findings will also be highlighted. Surgical excision with en face margin control is the preferred technique for achieving histological clearance. Adjuvant radiotherapy improves treatment outcomes in the setting of concomitant high-risk features. For locally advanced or metastatic cutaneous SCC, immunotherapy represents a novel treatment alternative. This review will provide an algorithm for the diagnosis and management of periocular SCC with PNI and PNS.
UV-laser-machined stretchable multi-modal sensor network for soft robot interaction
Authors: Ham Jooyeun , Han Amy Kyungwon , Cutkosky Mark R. , Bao Zhenan
Published: November 2022

Soft robotic hands can facilitate human–robot interaction by allowing robots to grasp a wide range of objects safely and gently. However, their performance has been hampered by a lack of suitable sensing systems. We present a flexible and stretchable multi-modal sensor network integrated with a soft robotic hand. The design of wired sensors on a flexible metalized film was embodied through a manufacturing approach that uses both UV laser metal ablation and plastic cutting simultaneously to create sensor electrode and stretchable conductive wires in a Kirigami pattern into a single network. We evaluated the interconnects and sensors by measuring an impedance change to each external stimulus and showed that are not substantially affected by stretching the network. With the sensor sheet wrapped around a soft robotic gripper, we demonstrated several interaction scenarios, including a warm burrito for food handling, and a warm baby doll for medical applications.
A comprehensive suite of earthquake catalogues for the 2016-2017 Central Italy seismic sequence
Authors: Chiaraluce Lauro , Michele Maddalena , Waldhauser Felix , Tan Yen Joe , Herrmann Marcus , Spallarossa Daniele , Beroza Gregory C. , Cattaneo Marco , Chiarabba Claudio , De Gori Pasquale , Di Stefano Raffaele , Ellsworth William , Main Ian , Mancini Simone , Margheriti Lucia , Marzocchi Warner , Meier Men-Andrin , Scafidi Davide , Schaff David , Segou Margarita
Published: November 2022

The protracted nature of the 2016-2017 central Italy seismic sequence, with multiple damaging earthquakes spaced over months, presented serious challenges for the duty seismologists and emergency managers as they assimilated the growing sequence to advise the local population. Uncertainty concerning where and when it was safe to occupy vulnerable structures highlighted the need for timely delivery of scientifically based understanding of the evolving hazard and risk. Seismic hazard assessment during complex sequences depends critically on up-to-date earthquake catalogues—i.e., data on locations, magnitudes, and activity of earthquakes—to characterize the ongoing seismicity and fuel earthquake forecasting models. Here we document six earthquake catalogues of this sequence that were developed using a variety of methods. The catalogues possess different levels of resolution and completeness resulting from progressive enhancements in the data availability, detection sensitivity, and hypocentral location accuracy. The catalogues range from real-time to advanced machine-learning procedures and highlight both the promises as well as the challenges of implementing advanced workflows in an operational environment.
Ultra-diluted gas transmittance revisited
Authors: Ratajczak Jakub M.
Published: November 2022

The paper analyzes a model of optical transmittance of ultra-diluted gas, considering gas particles’ non-locality and the quantum effect of their wave function spreading derived from solving the Schrödinger equation for a free particle. The analysis does not depend on a particular form of the wave function, but it assumes the reality of wave function. Among others, we show conserved mass gas clouds may become significantly more transparent than predicted by classic transmittance laws. This unexpected phenomenon is possible because mass conservation is governed by the sum of probabilities, while the Markov chain’s product of probabilities controls the transmittance. Furthermore, we analytically derive the upper limit the closed system transmittance may grow and demonstrate a boundless, open gas cloud transmittance may grow up to 100%. Finally, we show the impact on interpretations of quantum mechanics. The model is naturally applicable in deep space conditions, where the environment is sparse. Furthermore, the model responds to dark matter requirements.
Anticalcification effects of DS-1211 in pseudoxanthoma elasticum mouse models and the role of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase in ABCC6-deficient ectopic calcification
Authors: Soma Kaori , Watanabe Kengo , Izumi Masanori
Published: November 2022

Pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) is a multisystem, genetic, ectopic mineralization disorder with no effective treatment. Inhibition of tissue-nonspecific alkaline phosphatase (TNAP) may prevent ectopic soft tissue calcification by increasing endogenous pyrophosphate (PPi). This study evaluated the anticalcification effects of DS-1211, an orally administered, potent, and highly selective small molecule TNAP inhibitor, in mouse models of PXE. Calcium content in vibrissae was measured in KK/HlJ and ABCC6-/- mice after DS-1211 administration for 13–14 weeks. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic effects of DS-1211 were evaluated, including plasma alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity and biomarker changes in PPi and pyridoxal-phosphate (PLP). Anticalcification effects of DS-1211 through TNAP inhibition were further evaluated in ABCC6-/- mice with genetically reduced TNAP activity, ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/+ and ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/-. In KK/HlJ and ABCC6-/- mouse models, DS-1211 inhibited plasma ALP activity in a dose-dependent manner and prevented progression of ectopic calcification compared with vehicle-treated mice. Plasma PPi and PLP increased dose-dependently with DS-1211 in ABCC6-/- mice. Mice with ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/- phenotype had significantly less calcification and higher plasma PPi and PLP than ABCC6-/-/TNAP+/+ mice. TNAP plays an active role in pathomechanistic pathways of dysregulated calcification, demonstrated by reduced ectopic calcification in mice with lower TNAP activity. DS-1211 may be a potential therapeutic drug for PXE.
Comparative transcriptomics reveals unique pine wood decay strategies in the Sparassis latifolia
Authors: Yang Chi , Ma Lu , Xiao Donglai , Liu Xiaoyu , Jiang Xiaoling , Lin Yanquan
Published: November 2022

Sparassis latifolia is a valuable edible mushroom, growing on fresh pine wood sawdust substrate. However, the mechanistic bases are poorly understood. The gene expression profiles of S. latifolia were analyzed from submerged cultures with fresh pine wood sawdust substrate for different time (0 h, 1 h, 6 h, 1 day, 5 days, and 10 days, respectively). The total number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) identified under pine sawdust inducing was 2,659 compared to 0 h (CK). And 1,073, 520, 385, 424, and 257 DEGs were identified at the five time points, respectively. There were 34 genes in common at all inoculated time points, including FAD/NAD(P)-binding domain-containing protein, glucose methanol choline (GMC) oxidoreductase, flavin-containing monooxygenase, and taurine catabolism dioxygenase. Weighted gene co-expression analysis (WGCNA) was then used to compare the molecular characteristics among the groups and identified that the blue module had the highest correlation with the time induced by pine wood sawdust. There were 102 DEGs out of 125 genes in the blue model, which were most enriched in nitronate monooxygenase activity, dioxygenase activity, and oxidation–reduction process GO terms (p < 0.05), and peroxisome in KEGG pathway. This may provide clues into mechanisms that S. latifolia can grow on fresh pine wood sawdust substrate.
Minimal climate change impacts on the geographic distribution of Nepeta glomerulosa, medicinal species endemic to southwestern and central Asia
Authors: Karami Sahar , Ejtehadi Hamid , Moazzeni Hamid , Vaezi Jamil , Behroozian Maryam
Published: November 2022

Medicinal plants are valuable species, but their geographic distributions may be limited or exposed to extinction by climate change. Therefore, research on medicinal plants in the face of climate change is fundamental for developing conservation strategies. Distributional patterns for a semi-endemic medicinal plant species,Nepeta glomerulosa,distributed in southwestern and central Asia was determined based on a maximum–entropy algorithm. We evaluated potential geographic shifts in suitability patterns for this species under two Shared Socioeconomic Pathways scenarios (SSP2-4.5 and SSP5-8.5) of climate change for 2060. Our models based on climatic features indicate that the species occupies montane areas under current conditions; transfer of the model to future climate scenarios indicated that suitable areas for the species will increase in general, and the species will likely track its favored set of climate conditions. But the types and degrees of these changes differ among areas. Our findings can be used to inform conservation management programs for medicinal, endemic, and endangered species that probably respond similarly to climate change in southwestern and central Asia.
Disentangling the North Pacific Meridional Mode from tropical Pacific variability
Authors: Richter Ingo , Stuecker Malte F. , Takahashi Naoya , Schneider Niklas
Published: November 2022

Variations of sea-surface temperature (SST) in the subtropical North Pacific have received considerable attention due to their potential role as a precursor of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events in the tropical Pacific as well as their role in regional climate impacts. These subtropical SST variations, known as the North Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM), are thought to be triggered by extratropical atmospheric forcing and amplified by air-sea coupling involving surface winds, evaporation, and SST. The PMM is often defined through a statistical technique called maximum covariance analysis (MCA) that identifies patterns of maximum covariability between SST and surface winds. Here we show that SST alone is sufficient to reproduce the MCA-based PMM index with near-perfect correlation. This dominance of the SST suggests that the MCA-based definition of the PMM may not be ideally suited for capturing two-way wind-SST interaction or, alternatively, that this interaction is relatively weak. We further show that the MCA-based PMM definition conflates intrinsic subtropical and remote ENSO variability, thereby undermining its interpretation as an ENSO precursor. Our findings indicate that, while air-sea coupling may be important for variability in the subtropical North Pacific, it cannot be reliably identified by the MCA-based definition of the PMM. This highlights the need for refined tools to diagnose variability in the subtropical North Pacific.
An interpretable RL framework for pre-deployment modeling in ICU hypotension management
Authors: Zhang Kristine , Wang Henry , Du Jianzhun , Chu Brian , Arévalo Aldo Robles , Kindle Ryan , Celi Leo Anthony , Doshi-Velez Finale
Published: November 2022

Computational methods from reinforcement learning have shown promise in inferring treatment strategies for hypotension management and other clinical decision-making challenges. Unfortunately, the resulting models are often difficult for clinicians to interpret, making clinical inspection and validation of these computationally derived strategies challenging in advance of deployment. In this work, we develop a general framework for identifying succinct sets of clinical contexts in which clinicians make very different treatment choices, tracing the effects of those choices, and inferring a set of recommendations for those specific contexts. By focusing on these few key decision points, our framework produces succinct, interpretable treatment strategies that can each be easily visualized and verified by clinical experts. This interrogation process allows clinicians to leverage the model’s use of historical data in tandem with their own expertise to determine which recommendations are worth investigating further e.g. at the bedside. We demonstrate the value of this approach via application to hypotension management in the ICU, an area with critical implications for patient outcomes that lacks data-driven individualized treatment strategies; that said, our framework has broad implications on how to use computational methods to assist with decision-making challenges on a wide range of clinical domains.
Improving the repeatability of deep learning models with Monte Carlo dropout
Authors: Lemay Andreanne , Hoebel Katharina , Bridge Christopher P. , Befano Brian , De Sanjosé Silvia , Egemen Didem , Rodriguez Ana Cecilia , Schiffman Mark , Campbell John Peter , Kalpathy-Cramer Jayashree
Published: November 2022

The integration of artificial intelligence into clinical workflows requires reliable and robust models. Repeatability is a key attribute of model robustness. Ideal repeatable models output predictions without variation during independent tests carried out under similar conditions. However, slight variations, though not ideal, may be unavoidable and acceptable in practice. During model development and evaluation, much attention is given to classification performance while model repeatability is rarely assessed, leading to the development of models that are unusable in clinical practice. In this work, we evaluate the repeatability of four model types (binary classification, multi-class classification, ordinal classification, and regression) on images that were acquired from the same patient during the same visit. We study the each model’s performance on four medical image classification tasks from public and private datasets: knee osteoarthritis, cervical cancer screening, breast density estimation, and retinopathy of prematurity. Repeatability is measured and compared on ResNet and DenseNet architectures. Moreover, we assess the impact of sampling Monte Carlo dropout predictions at test time on classification performance and repeatability. Leveraging Monte Carlo predictions significantly increases repeatability, in particular at the class boundaries, for all tasks on the binary, multi-class, and ordinal models leading to an average reduction of the 95% limits of agreement by 16% points and of the class disagreement rate by 7% points. The classification accuracy improves in most settings along with the repeatability. Our results suggest that beyond about 20 Monte Carlo iterations, there is no further gain in repeatability. In addition to the higher test-retest agreement, Monte Carlo predictions are better calibrated which leads to output probabilities reflecting more accurately the true likelihood of being correctly classified.
UnMICST: Deep learning with real augmentation for robust segmentation of highly multiplexed images of human tissues
Authors: Yapp Clarence , Novikov Edward , Jang Won-Dong , Vallius Tuulia , Chen Yu-An , Cicconet Marcelo , Maliga Zoltan , Jacobson Connor A. , Wei Donglai , Santagata Sandro , Pfister Hanspeter , Sorger Peter K.
Published: November 2022

Upcoming technologies enable routine collection of highly multiplexed (20–60 channel), subcellular resolution images of mammalian tissues for research and diagnosis. Extracting single cell data from such images requires accurate image segmentation, a challenging problem commonly tackled with deep learning. In this paper, we report two findings that substantially improve image segmentation of tissues using a range of machine learning architectures. First, we unexpectedly find that the inclusion of intentionally defocused and saturated images in training data substantially improves subsequent image segmentation. Such real augmentation outperforms computational augmentation (Gaussian blurring). In addition, we find that it is practical to image the nuclear envelope in multiple tissues using an antibody cocktail thereby better identifying nuclear outlines and improving segmentation. The two approaches cumulatively and substantially improve segmentation on a wide range of tissue types. We speculate that the use of real augmentations will have applications in image processing outside of microscopy.
Stem cell homeostasis regulated by hierarchy and neutral competition
Authors: Nakamuta Asahi , Yoshido Kana , Naoki Honda
Published: November 2022

Tissue stem cells maintain themselves through self-renewal while constantly supplying differentiating cells. Two distinct models have been proposed as mechanisms of stem cell homeostasis. According to the classical model, there is hierarchy among stem cells, and master stem cells produce stem cells by asymmetric division; whereas, according to the recent model, stem cells are equipotent and neutrally compete. However, the mechanism remains controversial in several tissues and species. Here, we developed a mathematical model linking the two models, named the hierarchical neutral competition (hNC) model. Our theoretical analysis showed that the combination of the hierarchy and neutral competition exhibited bursts in clonal expansion, which was consistent with experimental data of rhesus macaque hematopoiesis. Furthermore, the scaling law in clone size distribution, considered a unique characteristic of the recent model, was satisfied even in the hNC model. Based on the findings above, we proposed the criterion for distinguishing the three models based on experiments.
Temperature-dependent broadening of coherent current peaks in InAs double quantum dots
Authors: Dani Olfa , Hussein Robert , Bayer Johannes C. , Kohler Sigmund , Haug Rolf J.
Published: November 2022

Quantum systems as used for quantum computation or quantum sensing are nowadays often realized in solid state devices as e.g. complex Josephson circuits or coupled quantum-dot systems. Condensed matter as an environment influences heavily the quantum coherence of such systems. Here, we investigate electron transport through asymmetrically coupled InAs double quantum dots and observe an extremely strong temperature dependence of the coherent current peaks of single-electron tunneling. We analyze experimentally and theoretically the broadening of such coherent current peaks up to temperatures of 20K and we are able to model it with quantum dissipation being due to two different bosonic baths. These bosonic baths mainly originate from substrate phonons. Application of a magnetic field helps us to identify the different quantum dot states through their temperature dependence.
Brown adipose tissue-derived Nrg4 alleviates endothelial inflammation and atherosclerosis in male mice
Authors: Shi Lingfeng , Li Yixiang , Xu Xiaoli , Cheng Yangyang , Meng Biying , Xu Jinling , Xiang Lin , Zhang Jiajia , He Kaiyue , Tong Jiayue , Zhang Junxia , Xiang Lingwei , Xiang Guangda
Published: November 2022

Brown adipose tissue (BAT) activity contributes to cardiovascular health by its energy-dissipating capacity but how BAT modulates vascular function and atherosclerosis through endocrine mechanisms remains poorly understood. Here we show that BAT-derived neuregulin-4 (Nrg4) ameliorates atherosclerosis in mice. BAT-specific Nrg4 deficiency accelerates vascular inflammation and adhesion responses, endothelial dysfunction and apoptosis and atherosclerosis in male mice. BAT-specific Nrg4 restoration alleviates vascular inflammation and adhesion responses, attenuates leukocyte homing and reduces endothelial injury and atherosclerosis in male mice. In endothelial cells, Nrg4 decreases apoptosis, inflammation and adhesion responses induced by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. Mechanistically, protein kinase B (Akt)–nuclear factor-κB signaling is involved in the beneficial effects of Nrg4 on the endothelium. Taken together, the results reveal Nrg4 as a potential cross-talk factor between BAT and arteries that may serve as a target for atherosclerosis.
Towards net-zero phosphorus cities
Authors: Metson Geneviève S. , Brownlie Will J. , Spears Bryan M.
Published: November 2022

Cities are central to improving natural resource management globally. Instead of reinventing the wheel for each interlinked sustainability priority, we suggest synergising with, and learning from existing net-zero carbon initiatives to explicitly tackle another vital element: phosphorus. To achieve net-zero phosphorus actors must work together to (1) minimise loss flows out of the city, (2) maximise recycling flows from the city to agricultural lands, and (3) minimise the need for phosphorus in food production.
A chemical threshold controls nanocrystallization and degassing behaviour in basalt magmas
Authors: Scarani Alex , Zandonà Alessio , Di Fiore Fabrizio , Valdivia Pedro , Putra Rizaldi , Miyajima Nobuyoshi , Bornhöft Hansjörg , Vona Alessandro , Deubener Joachim , Romano Claudia , Di Genova Danilo
Published: November 2022

An increasing number of studies are being presented demonstrating that volcanic glasses can be heterogeneous at the nanoscale. These nano-heterogeneities can develop both during viscosity measurements in the laboratory and during magma eruptions. Our multifaceted study identifies here total transition metal oxide content as a crucial compositional factor governing the tendency of basalt melts and glasses towards nanolitization: at both anhydrous and hydrous conditions, an undercooled trachybasalt melt from Mt. Etna readily develops nanocrystals whose formation also hampers viscosity measurements, while a similar but FeO- and TiO2-poorer basalt melt from Stromboli proves far more stable at similar conditions. We therefore outline a procedure to reliably derive pure liquid viscosity without the effect of nanocrystals, additionally discussing how subtle compositional differences may contribute to the different eruptive styles of Mt. Etna and Stromboli.
Gasification of Bio-oil and Torrefied Biomass: An Overview
Authors: Sanchez Natalia Montoya , Link Felix , Halmenschlager Cibele Melo , Chauhan Garima
Published: November 2022

Current energy policies seek to decrease the dependence on fossil resources by supporting the production of fuels and chemicals, with a lower carbon footprint, from alternative feedstocks. Conversion of biomass to synthetic fuels and chemicals, using gasification followed by Fischer–Tropsch synthesis and refining, is of interest. Entrained flow gasification of coal and heavy oil is commercially practiced and can be used for the conversion of biomass feedstocks. Moreover, intermediates such as bio-oil and torrefied biomass can be used in entrained flow gasifiers with little modification. Bio-oils are produced from raw biomass via pyrolysis or hydrothermal liquefaction, while torrefied biomass is obtained via torrefaction. The use of these more homogeneous and energy-dense feedstocks can reduce biomass transport costs and allows decoupling of biomass availability from end-use application scale and location. This chapter discusses feedstocks, production processes and bio-oils and torrefied biomass properties, as well as their conversion to syngas via entrained flow gasification. Technical challenges and scale-up activities are presented. Concepts for decentralized bio-oil and torrefied biomass production, followed by centralized gasification, are compared to centralized raw biomass gasification. Required technological developments toward the implementation of syngas production from biomass feedstocks and for high-capacity Fischer–Tropsch processes are highlighted.
Syngas Conditioning (Catalyst, Process: Sulfur and Tar Cl, F)
Authors: Kiani Parvin , Meshksar Maryam , Makarem Mohammad-Amin , Rahimpour Mohammad-Reza
Published: November 2022

Synthesis gas (usually referred to as syngas) is a gaseous energy carrier that generally consists of H2 and CO, which is produced widely via natural gas or biomass reforming and gasification. Based on the feedstock used and also the condition of the gasification method, the syngas produced contains some impurities, including particulate matter, acidic gases (CO2, H2S, etc.), nitrogen-containing compounds (N2, NH3, HCN), halogen-containing derivatives (HCl, HBr, HF), tar compounds, etc. These should be eliminated stepwise, in order to avoid catalyst poisoning or reducing subsequent conversion processes that use syngas as a feedstock. This chapter introduces different syngas impurities and the associated elimination methods, especially those used for removing sulfur-containing and tar compounds that are based on absorption technology for sulfur compounds or physical and thermal methods used for the removal of tar.
BTL-FT Products Refining Downstream Options and Processes
Authors: Zhao Y. , Masuku C. M.
Published: November 2022

Fischer–Tropsch (FT) synthesis is a well established process that can accommodate various carbon-based feedstocks to produce synthetic fuels, instead of using conventional petroleum refining processes. This synthesis produces fuel products, but various chemicals can also be targeted. Biomass is a renewable feedstock that can be used in the biomass-to-liquids process via FT conversion, which provides a promising method for sustainable development. Downstream refining options are abundant due to the wide range of FT effluents and product types. Refining technologies are introduced in this chapter, along with the refining options for FT products with different carbon numbers.
Application of Fischer–Tropsch Synthesis and Hydroformylation in Syngas Conversion to Oxygenates
Authors: Chang Jianli , Yao Yali , Liu Xinying , Gorimbo Joshua , Hildebrandt Diane
Published: November 2022

The production of alcohols and aldehydes using biomass to oxygenate via Fischer–Tropsch synthesis (FTS) has been gaining increasing attention. The products of FTS are mainly paraffins and olefins, as well as oxygenates (such as alcohols and aldehydes). The product spectrum could be steered toward products of interest, such as short- or long-chain oxygenates. This chapter mainly focuses on the catalysis and optimization of the conversion of syngas via FTS and hydroformylation to produce more oxygenates. The highly selective catalysts for FTS and hydroformylation are reviewed and discussed. A case study for the application of FTS and hydroformylation in syngas to oxygenates is investigated.
Temperature driven charge transfer process in quantum confined two-dimensional Mn-doped CsPbBr3 perovskite nanoplatelets
Authors: Babu Kaliyamoorthy Justice , Shukla Ayushi , Kaur Gurpreet , Kaur Arshdeep , Bhatt Himanshu , Ghosh Hirendra N.
Published: November 2022

Understanding of the energy/charge transfer processes in Mn–CsPbBr3 NPLs is achieved using temperature-dependent femtosecond TA spectroscopy. Charge transfer process which is efficient at 300 K is seen to be inhibited at 5 K.
AIE-active aurones for circularly polarized luminescence and trace water detection
Authors: Duan Wenzeng , Liu Wenjing , Liu Houting , Ji Honghan , Huo Yanmin , Wang Huaiwei , Gong Shuwen
Published: November 2022

AIE-active phenyl- and [2.2]paracyclophanyl-based aurones (2-Ph and 2-PCP) are prepared and 2-PCP exhibit high sensitivity in trace water detection and AICPL with enhanced quantum yields and luminescence dissymmetry values.
Metal-dependent glycosylation in recombinant metallothioneins
Authors: García-Risco Mario , González Ana , Calatayud Sara , Lopez-Jaramillo Francisco J. , Pedrini-Martha Veronika , Albalat Ricard , Dallinger Reinhard , Dominguez-Vera José M. , Palacios Òscar , Capdevila Mercè
Published: November 2022

Glycosylation of recombinant metalloproteins by means of Escherichia coli has been reported for the first time. This process is switched off by Cd2+ ions and modulated by the proteins’ metal-binding preference towards Zn2+ or Cu+ ions.
A close-packed Ti6 and Ti12 nanocluster superstructure
Authors: Li Huan , Cui Xiaoqin , Li Xin , Dong Jing , Wang Yuan , Zhang Xian-Ming
Published: November 2022

A close-packed superstructure consisting of Ti12 and Ti6 clusters has shown a similar stacking sequence to that of FCC metals.
Acid-directed synthesis of three Cd-based metal–organic frameworks with luminescence and catalytic CO2transformation properties
Authors: Zhang Zhen-Wei , Hu Hui , Wang Ming-Zhen , Zhang Qing , Zhou Wen-Feng , Zhang Yan-Kai , Yang Xin-Yi , Liu Xue-Ying , Zhang Yong-Zheng , Geng Longlong , Liu Zhong-Min , Zhang Da-Shuai , Zhuang Shujuan , Wei Rong-Min , Zhang Xiuling
Published: November 2022

This paper shows an example of acid-directed hydrothermal synthesis of three different Cd(ii)-MOFs based on the same mixed ligands. Two of them show blue fluorescence emissions and high activities in the CO2cycloaddition with epoxybutanes.
Visible light-driven H2O2 synthesis over Au/C3N4: medium-sized Au nanoparticles exhibiting suitable built-in electric fields and inhibiting reverse H2O2 decomposition
Authors: Song Mengzhen , Shao Huijuan , Chen Yi , Deng Xiangyang , Chen Yanyan , Yao Yue , Lu Shuxiang , Liao Xiaoyuan
Published: November 2022

A series of different sized Au NPs over C3N4 were investigated for H2O2 production. The results show that H2O2 yield follows a volcanic trend with the decrease of Au particle size, and the highest production rate of 1052 μmol g−1 h−1 was obtained.
Chemical approaches for electronic doping in photovoltaic materials beyond crystalline silicon
Authors: Wei Xueyuan , Zhang Pengxiang , Xu Tailai , Zhou Huanping , Bai Yang , Chen Qi
Published: November 2022

This review highlights the recent advances of chemical approaches for electronic doping to aid the future development of next-generation photovoltaic materials.
Synthesis and structure of a pyridine-stabilized silanone molybdenum complex and its reactions with PMe3and acetone
Authors: Muraoka Takako , Suzuki Yuzuki , Tsuchimoto Masato , Trigagema Gama , Ueno Keiji , Koyama Shinji
Published: November 2022

The synthesis, structure and reactivity of a pyridine-stabilized silanone molybdenum complex are described.
Decomposition and mineralization of glyphosate herbicide in water by radical and non-radical pathways through peroxymonosulfate activation using Co3O4/g-C3N4: a comprehensive study
Authors: Dung Nguyen Trung , Hanh Phung Thi Hong , Thao Vu Dinh , Ngan Le Viet , Thuy Nguyen Thi , Thanh Dinh Thi Mai , Phuong Nguyen Thu , Lin Kun-Yi Andrew , Huy Nguyen Nhat
Published: November 2022

Mechanism for the degradation of glyphosate herbicide in water by peroxymonosulfate activation using Co3O4/g-C3N4.
Plasma-assisted nitrogen fixation: the effect of water presence
Authors: Gromov Mikhail , Kamarinopoulou Nefeli , De Geyter Nathalie , Morent Rino , Snyders Rony , Vlachos Dionisios , Dimitrakellis Panagiotis , Nikiforov Anton
Published: November 2022

This study compares dry plasma and plasma/liquid systems in terms of their energy efficiencies for guiding researchers and engineers in selecting reactors and intensifying the plasma-based “zero CO2” nitrogen fixation process toward NOx production.
Label-free microRNA detection using a locked-to-unlocked transforming system assembled by microfluidics
Authors: Liu Xuting , Zhen Yi , Ye Nengsheng , Zhang Lu
Published: November 2022

We introduced a microfluidics-assembled tool for microRNA detection in complex samples based on the regulation of DNA locked/unlocked states.
Synthesis of bis-furyl-pyrrolo[3,4-b]pyridin-5-ones via Ugi–Zhu reaction and in vitro activity assays against human SARS-CoV-2 and in silico studies on its main proteins
Authors: Morales-Salazar Ivette , Montes-Enríquez Flora P. , Garduño-Albino Carlos E. , García-Sánchez M. A. , Ibarra Ilich A. , Rojas-Aguirre Yareli , García-Hernández Montserrat Elemi , Sarmiento-Silva Rosa Elena , Alcaraz-Estrada Sofía Lizeth , Díaz-Cervantes Erik , González-Zamora Eduardo , Islas-Jácome Alejandro
Published: November 2022

Six polyheterocycles were studied in vitro against human SARS-CoV-2 finding that one of them exhibited significant activity at initial infection stages, showing prophylactic potential. A second one showed both, prophylactic and therapeutic activity.
Self-induced transformation of raw cotton to a nanostructured primary cell wall for a renewable antimicrobial surface
Authors: Nam Sunghyun , Hillyer Matthew B. , He Zhongqi , Chang SeChin , Edwards J. Vincent
Published: November 2022

Raw cotton can self-transform into a nanostructured primary cell wall by synthesizing silver nanoparticles by itself. The embedded nanoparticles are leach-resistant, creating an antimicrobial surface that regenerates through multiple washings.
2D Ruddlesden–Popper perovskite sensitized SnP2S6 ultraviolet photodetector enabling high responsivity and fast speed
Authors: Zhang Yue , Wang Fakun , Zhao Xuan , Feng Xin , Zhang Na , Xia Fangfang , Ma Ying , Li Huiqiao , Zhai Tianyou
Published: November 2022

A hybrid SnP2S6/(PEA)2PbI4 photodetector with high responsivity and fast response time is developed, which is promising for multiple optoelectronic applications.
Mononuclear Zn(ii) compounds supported by iminophenolate proligands binding in the bidentate (N, O) and tridentate (N, O, S) coordination mode: synthesis, characterization and polymerization studies
Authors: Roy Sourav Singha , Sarkar Sriparna , Antharjanam P. K. Sudhadevi , Chakraborty Debashis
Published: November 2022

We synthesized eight Zn(ii) compounds containing unsymmetrical phenoxy–imine ligands with a thiophen-2-ylmethanimine side arm and used them towards the ROP of rac-LA and ROCOP of epoxides with CO2.
Remarkable static and dynamic nonlinear optical responses of Al13-TCNQ/F4-TCNQ complexes: a quantum chemical study
Authors: Hou Na , Liu Ting-Ting , Fang Xiao-Hui
Published: November 2022

Al13-TCNQ/F4-TCNQ complexes, which exhibit excellent stability and first hyperpolarizabilities, can be considered as candidates for UV and IR NLO materials.
Correction: Enhanced energy harvester performance by a tension annealed carbon nanotube yarn at extreme temperatures
Authors: Hu Xinghao , Bao Xianfu , Wang Jian , Zhou Xiaoshuang , Hu Hongwei , Wang Luhua , Rajput Shailendra , Zhang Zhongqiang , Yuan Ningyi , Cheng Guanggui , Ding Jianning
Published: November 2022

Correction for ‘Enhanced energy harvester performance by a tension annealed carbon nanotube yarn at extreme temperatures’ by Xinghao Hu et al., Nanoscale, 2022, 14, 16185–16192, https://doi.org/10.1039/D2NR05303A.
Sub- and supercritical water conversion of organic-rich shale with low-maturity for oil and gas generation: using Chang 7 shale as an example
Authors: Zhao Qiuyang , Dong Yu , Zheng Lichen , Xie Tian , Bawaa Baercheng , Jin Hui , Guo Liejin
Published: November 2022

Organic-rich shale resources are large reserves with high hydrocarbon generation potential but are difficult to exploit due to their high solid kerogen content.