bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis: absence of contact sensitivity to glucocorticoids, oestrogen and 17‐α‐OH‐progesterone
Authors: Stephens C. J. M. , McFadden J. P. , Black M. M. , Rycroft R. J. G.
Published: April 2006

Autoimmune progesterone dermatitis is a rare condition, characterized by recurrent premenstrual exacerbations of a dermatosis, in which sensitivity to progesterone can be demonstrated. The sensitizing mechanism is unknown. The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that cross‐sensitivity between steroid groups could induce allergy to endogenous progesterone in these patients. 5 patients with autoimmune progesterone dermatitis and 1 with oestrogen‐sensitive dermatitis have been patch tested with a corticosteroid series, conjugated oestrogen 1% in petrolatum (pet.), and 17‐α‐OH‐progesterone 2% pet. There were no immediate or delayed reactions at 2 and 4 days to any steroid group. We have therefore been unable to demonstrate steroid cross‐sensitivity, or a use for 17‐α‐OH‐progesterone in the investigation of oestrogen ‐ and progesterone‐sensitive dermatoses.
The incidence of cutting fluid dermatitis among metalworkers in a metal fabrication factory: a prospective study
Authors: Goh C. L. , Gan S. L.
Published: April 2006

We compared the incidence of occupational dermatitis and transepidermal water vapour loss (TEWL) changes from cutting fluids (neat mineral oils) in 24 new machinists with 27 armed forces paramedics (controls) over a 6‐month period. The cumulative incidence of occupational dermatitis in positive controls increased from 38% at week 3 to 77% at week 6. It then decreased to 50% at week 9 and thereafter remained constant at about 50% throughout the remaining study period. 2 workers sought medical treatment for their dermatitis. Only 1 worker had a job transfer because of his dermatitis. None of the paramedics developed dermatitis during the study period. The mean basal TEWL values on the hands of machinists and controls were 17.6 and 14.5 g/m2/h (n.s.) respectively. The mean TEWL values of machinists increased to 22 g/m2/h by week 3 and then remained fairly constant throughout the remaining study period. The mean TEWL of negative controls remained fairly constant (at about 14 g/m2/h) from the beginning to the end of the study period. The mean TEWL value of machinists was significantly higher than that of negative controls throughout the study period. There was no significant difference in the prevalence of cutting fluid dermatitis between machinists with high basal TEWL values (17 g/m2/h) and those with low basal TEWL values (< 17 g/m2/h).
Chromate‐allergic patients challenged orally with potassium dichromate
Authors: Veien Niels K. , Hattel Thais , Laurberg Grete
Published: April 2006

30 patients who had positive patch tests to potassium dichromate participated in a placebo‐controlled oral challenge with 2.5 mg chromium given as potassium dichromate. 17 reacted to chromate but not to the placebo, 2 reacted to both chromate and the placebo, and 4 reacted to the placebo but not chromate. 7 patients had no reaction. A specific reaction to chromate was most common among patients with dermatitis of the hands and/or feet.
Delayed‐type allergenicity of triforine (Saprol®)
Authors: Ueda Atsushi , Aoyama Kohji , Manda Fumi , Ueda Tadako , Kawahara Yoshihiro
Published: April 2006

The delayed‐type allergenicity of triforine (Saprol®), 1,4‐bis (2,2,2‐trichloro‐l‐formamidoethyl) piperazine, was studied. In a mass examination of chrysanthemum growers among whom triforine was commonly used, the highest rate of positive patch test reaction was seen to triforine (17%) among the 7 pesticides and chrysanthemum extracts tested. A higher prevalence rate of work‐related skin symptoms was seen in subjects with a positive patch test reaction to triforine (44%) than in those with negative reactions to all allergens tested (15%) (p < 0.05). 12 subjects (67%) with positive patch test reactions to triforine were also positive to dichlorvos (DDVP®), with a high × coefficient (0.65). The grading of guinea pig maximization test to triforine was grade IV (66%), defined as “strong”, Cross‐sensitization between triforine and dichlorvos was also shown. The present results confirm that triforine is capable of including delayed‐type allergy among chrysanthemum growers and of showing cross‐reactivity with dichlorvos.
Sesquiterpene lactone mix is not an adequate screen for Compositae allergy
Authors: Green Cathy , Ferguson James
Published: April 2006

70 patients suspected or known to have contact allergy to Compositae were patch tested with 0.1% sesquiterpene lactone mix (SL mix) and individual Compositae oleoresins. There were no apparent cases of active sensitization by, or irritancy from, the SL mix. 6 patients had allergic reactions to both SL mix and Compositae oleoresins, while 11 patients had allergic reactions to Compositae oleoresins with a negative reaction to the SL mix. In all but 2 of these, Compositae allergy was considered clinically relevant. As 0.1% SL mix picked up only 35% of cases of Compositae allergy, we do not consider it an adequate screen.
Efficacy of skin barrier creams (IV). The repetitive irritation test (RIT) with a set of 4 standard irritants
Authors: Frosch Peter J. , Kurte Antonius
Published: April 2006

An improved human model for the quantification of skin barrier creams (BCs) is described. In contrast to the previously published procedure, the back, instead of the forearm, and a total of 4 irritants are used. Due to the larger area, 3 BC formulations can be simultaneously compared to the control field, which receives the irritant only, without BC‐pretreatment. On 10 human volunteers, the irritants 10% sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), 1% sodium hydroxide (NaOH), 30% lactic acid (LA) and undiluted toluene (TOL) were applied via large Finn Chambers for 30 min, 5 × during the 1st week and 4 × during the 2nd week. Taktosan Salbe (water‐in‐oil emulsion) and RAWI Speerschutzcreme (oil‐in‐water emulsion) were applied 30 min before contact with the irritants. In order to asses reproducibility and interindividual variation, the BC RAWI was tested in duplicate. Irritant cutaneous reactions were quantified by 4 parameters: erythema score, transepidermal water loss, blood flow volume and stratum corneum hydration by measuring capacitance. The results showed marked differences in efficacy. Taktosan significantly suppressed irritation by SLS, NaOH and LA, which was apparent in nearly all parameters. RAWI caused significant inhibition of SLS irritation, and a positive trend against NaOH and LA was observed. Both BCs failed against TOL. The results of duplicate testing with RAWI showed good reproducibility. The dogma that oil‐in‐water emulsions are primarily effective against lipophilic irritants, and water‐in‐oil emulsions against hydrophilic irritants, needs to be re‐evaluated on the basis of our findings. This model seems to have potential for further studies on BCs and might elucidate the complex interaction of BCs with irritants.
High sensitization rate to emulsifiers in patients with chronic leg ulcers
Authors: Pasche‐Koo F. , Piletta P.‐A. , Hunziker N. , Hauser C.
Published: April 2006

Emulsifiers are common constituents of most topical preparations. To study the sensitization rate in a population with frequent use of these agents, we selected 47 patients with chronic or recurrent (> 1 year) inflammatory skin disease (leg ulcers, contact dermatitis, atopic dermatitis, psoriasis) for patch testing with the following emulsifiers: Tween 40 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monopalmitate), Tween 80 (polyoxyethylene sorbitan monooleate), Span 60 (sorbitan monostearate), Span 80 (sorbitan monooelate), Ariacel 83 (sorbitan sesquioleate), Atlas G 2162 (polyoxyethylene oxypropylene stearate), Atlas G 1441 (polyoxyethylene sorbitol lanolin derivative), triethanolamine, Lanette O (cetylstearyl alcohol), Lanette N. 12 patients had at least 1 positive reaction (25.5%) at 3 or 4 days. Among them, 10 had leg ulcers (43.4% of the leg ulcer group), and 2 had contact dermatitis (13.3% of the contact dermatitis group). No positive reaction was observed in the other patients. When the patients were tested with their own topical preparations or wound dressings, 6 of them, all with leg ulcers, had positive reactions. These results show a surprisingly high prevalence of sensitization to emulsifiers in patients with chronic leg ulcers, in contrast to patients with other inflammatory skin diseases.
The modulation of skin irritation
Authors: Berardesca Enzo , Distante Fernanda
Published: April 2006

Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) is a multifactorial disease, the onset and modulation of which depend on both endogenous and exogenous factors. Among the former, age, race, site, sex and history of dermatitis may all be important. Such variables can now readily be quantified by objective noninvasive techniques, such as measurement of transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Moreover, effects of irritants on the epidermis are related to the particular chemical properties of each molecule, contributing further to clinical heterogeneity. Release of cytokines and mediators may be initiated by a number of cells, including living keratinocytes and those of the stratum corneum, thus modulating inflammation and repair. Furthermore, differences in mechanisms of inflammation between acute and chronic ICD may exist, the former being characterized predominantly by inflammation, the latter by hyperproliferation and transient hyperkeratosis. These findings may explain the complexity and difficulty of investigating ICD. Better understanding and quantification of these mechanisms may lead to identification of high‐risk individuals and more effective prevention and treatment.
Sensitization to thimerosal (Merthiolate) is still present today
Authors: Van't Veen A. J. , van Joost TH.
Published: April 2006

The results on thimerosal (Merthiolate) hypersensitivity of a retrospective study, together with the relevant data on thimerosal hypersensitivity referred to in the literature up to 1993, are presented. Positive patch test reactions to thimerosal (0.1% pet.) were observed in 32 (1.3%) of 2461 adult patients with suspected contact allergy examined in the period 1987–1992. 20 (0.8%) patients had a solitary positive patch test to thimerosal. The observed incidence is low. Clinical symptoms related to thimerosal hypersensitivity were observed in only 3 patients. The collected results are discussed with emphasis on the clinical implications of sensitization to thimerosal. It appears that a positive patch test to thimerosal is frequently clinically irrelevant.
Immunohistochemical appearance of corticosteroid contact hypersensitivity reactions
Authors: Wilkinson S. M. , Andrew S. M. , Maseruka H. , Beck M. H.
Published: April 2006

We have studied, immunohistochemically, hypersensitivity reactions to corticosteroids and compared them with allergic contact dermatitis from nickel and appropriate controls. We could find no qualitative differences between nickel and corticosteroid contact reactions, providing further evidence that hypersensitivity to corticosteroids is an immunologically mediated reaction.
Food‐induced contact urticaria syndrome (CUS) in atopic dermatitis: reproducibility of repeated and duplicate testing with a skin provocation test, the skin application food test (SAFT)
Authors: Oranje Arnold P. , Gysel Dirk Van , Mulder Paul G. H. , Dieges Paul H.
Published: April 2006

IgE‐mediated contact urticaria syndrome (CUS) is one of the manifestations of allergy in childhood atopic dermatitis (AD). Allergens such as foods and animal products penetrate the skin easily. They can then cause urticarial reactions in sensitized individuals. A provocation test system for foods, called the skin application food test (SAFT), has been developed. Over more than 5 years, a group of 175 patients with AD was built‐up and investigated in a prospective follow‐up study with SAFT. SAFT was more frequently positive in AD children aged 6–2 years than in older children. In several children of this population (Group 1), we repeated SAFT within a period of 1 year. In another unrelated group of children (Group 2–1), we compared the results of ‘original’ SAFT and SAFT using square chambers (Van der Bend) or Silver patches. In the 3rd group (Group 2–2) we compared‘original' SAFT with SAFT using big Finn Chambers. The agreement between the tests was high: in Group 1, we observed 88 to 93% concordant scores, and in Group 2, the scores were 96% to 100%. Statistically, the K coefficient ranged from 0.71–0.87 in Group 1, and from 0.83–1.00 in Group 2. SAFT is therefore highly reproducible. Agreement was at least ≥88% between the scores (the lowest K value observed was at least 0.71).
Contact dermatitis due to a new fungicide used in the tulip bulb industry
Authors: Bruynzeel Derk P. , Tafelkruijer José , Wilks Martin F.
Published: April 2006

We describe an outbreak of contact dermatitis in a tulip bulb processing company Shortly after the introduction of a new pesticide, the fungicide fluazinam, employees started to complain of dermatitis of the arms and the face. 8 employees were investigated and showed positive patch tests to fluazinam. The dermatitis disappeared quickly when they stopped work, but returned as soon they restarted. Subsequent investigations showed that the fungicide had not been used according to the manufacturer's recommendations. Fluazinam was shown to be a strong; sensitizer under these circumstances.
Contact allergy to allergy to allyl glycidyl ether present as an impurity in 3‐glycidyloxypropyltrimethoxysilane, a fixing additive in silicone and polyurethane resins
Authors: Dooms‐Goossens A. , Bruze M. , Buysse L. , Fregert S. , Gruvberger B. , Stals H.
Published: April 2006

We present a 43‐year‐old man who worked in the plastics industry and who suffered from an occupational dermatitis on the hands and forearms. He was found to be allergic to an epoxy silane compound that was contaminated with allyl glycidyl ether, a reactive epoxy diluent. HPLC analysis and patch testing indicated that this impurity was probablyt the only sensitizer. Moreover, the gloves used provided absolutely no protection, as the inner side also generated strong positive reactions.
Nickel/magnesium interactions in nickel‐sensitive patients
Authors: Santucci B. , Cannistraci C. , Cristaudo A. , Picardo M.
Published: April 2006

Experimentally demonstrated interactions between Ni2+ and Mg2+ were examined in human beings. 110 subjects patch‐test‐positive to 10μl aq. NiSO4 0.1 M were solutions into groups of 30.50 and 30 people. Each subgroup was tested to 10μl NiSO4 0.1 M solution as a control and to mixed solutions containing NiSO4 0.1 M together with. respectively MgSO4 0.1 and 0.3. 0.3 and 0.5 and 0.5 and 1 M. On increasing the applied concentrations of MgSO4, the % of patients with reduced or suppressed nickel reactions, with 1 exception, proportionally increased. The exception concerned testing with 0.5 M. where a paradoxically exacerbating increase in nickel reactions was seen in a majority of nickel‐sensitive subjects. MgCl2 aq. at 0.3. 0.5 and 1 M concentrations was not able to reduce the cutaneous patch test positive reactions to NiCl2 0.1 M in 25 sensitive patients. On increasing the applied concentrations of MgCl2 both the number and intensity of patch test reactions to NiCl2 proportionally increased. A supposed role of the sulfate and chloride counterions in the penetration of nickel was examined in 30 NiSO4 5% patch‐test‐positive testing to 10μl of aq, NisO4 0.1 M. NiCl2 0.1 M. NiSO4 0.1 M + MgCl2 0.3 M, NiCl2 0.1 M + MgSO4 0.3 Na2SO4 0.3. NiSO4 0.1 M + Na2 SO4 0.3 M, NiSO4 0.1 M + Na2SO4 0.3 NiCl2 0.1 M+ NACl 0.3 M the findings suggest that the addition OF sulfate or chloride to nickel could determine the formation of different Ni complexes directed toward different targets, one Mg2+ ‐dependent, the other Mg2+ ‐independent.
An evaluation of the suitability of benzocaine as a positive control skin sensitizer
Authors: Basketter D. A. , Scholes E. W. , Wahlkvist H. , Montelius J.
Published: April 2006

Although they are subject to some limitations, sensitization tests such as the guinea pig maximization test (GPMT) have for many years provided a valuable basis for the identification of skin sensitization potential. Thus, they have been used widely by regulatory authorities such as those in Europe, as a means to identify significant sensitization hazards associated with new chemicals. However, the standard of performance of guinea pig sensitization assays has been demonstrated to the widely variable. Consequently, the OECD sensitization level guideline the de facto world standard) has been updated to incorporate recommendations for action whose aim is to achieve a minimum standard of test conduct. The principle is list a test laboratory should be able to demonstrate an acceptable level of response using a moderately sensitizing chemical. A list of 3 such chemicals is presided, hexyl cinnamic aldehyde, mercaptobenzothiazole and benzocaine. It is our experience that it whilst good result can readily be obtained with the first 2 of these, benzocaine much more difficult. Using both the GPMT and the local lymph node assay (LLNA), an OECD‐recommended screening test, benzocaine has given highly variable results. A range of from 0% to 60% positive in the GPMT was found and, in most tests, benzocaine should not classify as a skin sensitizer according to FU criteria. In the LLNA, from a series of 12 tests conducted in 2 laboratories, only occasional positive results were obtained. Furthermore, these positive results were not reproducible. Reasons for this variability are discussed. However, the main conclusion must be that benzocaine does not represent a useful moderately sensitizing positive control.
Skin problems among Danish dental technicians
Authors: Mürer Ann J. L. , Poulsen Otto Melchior , Roed‐Petersen Jyete , Tüchsen Finn
Published: April 2006

Our objective was to evaluate changes in the prevalence of skin problems on the hands among denial technicians during the last 10 years by comparison with results of a previous study, to study whether the presence and location of skin problem could be related to work with acrylates, and to study whether (ho use of gloves had am influence on the prevalence of the skin problems. A cross‐sectional questionnaire study among 192 dental technicians at work was performed using an expanded version of a questionnaire from a Danish survey 10 years ago. The cumulative prevalence of skin problems on the hands was 53%. The l‐year prevalence of skin problems on the hands was 43%. The point prevalence of skin problems on the hands was 36%. The prevalence figures were profoundly higher than the figures reported for the general population, and the figures did not differ from those obtained in the study 10 years ago. The point prevalence of the skin problems on the hands among individual‐ handling acrylates was 38% higher than among individuals who never worked with acrylates. No difference in the occurrence of skin problems was observed between individuals using gloves and individuals who did not use gloves while handling acrylates. The prevalence difference of skin problems on the fingertips was 7.3% between individuals handling acrylates daily or several times a week and individuals handling acrylates less frequently The present study repeals that working as a dental technician is associated with an increased risk of developing skin problems on the hands compared with the general population. This risk has not decreased during the last 10 years.
Assessment of skin irritancy by 2 short tests compared to acute irritation induced by sodium lauryl sulfate
Authors: Hinnen U. , Elsner P. , Burg G.
Published: April 2006

Irritant contact dermatitis is a very common disease that i. preventable by protective measures The development of screening methods to identify subject with increased susceptibility in irritants is essential in reduce the incidence of this disorder in the workplace On the outlook for such methods. 2 quick non‐invasive tests for irritability of the skin were compared to reliable, but time‐consuming, patch testing with sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) In 20 healthy volunteers, 0.5% SLS was applied on the medial 1/3 of the forearm for 23 h in order to induce experimental irritant contact dermatitis. On the same part of the forearm, 3 concentrations of dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO) and a solution of 0.2 mol/1 NaOH were applied for 5 min. Assessment of skin irritability was made by visual scoring and measurement of transepidermal water loss. No correlation between the “Quick tests” and SLS patch testing was found, indicating that tests assess different mechanisms of irritation.
Patch testing with preservatives at St John's from 1982 to 1993
Authors: Jacobs M.‐C. , White I. R. , Rycroft R. J. G. , Taub N.
Published: April 2006

We have reviewed our patch test results for preservative allergy from 1982 to W3. 8 preservatives were included: formaldehyde. 2‐bromo‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol (Bronopol™), quatenium‐15 (Dowicil 200™). Imidazolidinyl urea (Germall 115™). diazolidinyl urea (Germall 11™) and 1,2‐dibromo‐2,4‐dicyanpbutane (one of the constituents of Euxyl K 400™). Whereas the allergy rate to formaldehyde is quite stable, there is a slight increase in the imidazolidinyl urea allergy rate to formaldehyde is quite stable, there is a slight increase in the imidazolidinyl urea allergy rate. Quaternium‐15's rate a rapid rise seems to have stabilized. Although very important constituents of cosmetics, preservatives not only induce allergies on the face but also on the hands, and, as expected, the allergy rate in men and women generally differs. Among the 5 formaldehyde‐releasers, there are some favoured simultaneous reactions quaternium ‐15 and formaldehyde, and diazolidinyl urea or imidazolidinyl urea. Coccomitant reactions between 1‐brome‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol and formaldehyde are not common, and those between 2‐brome‐2‐nitropropane‐1,3‐diol and disazolidynl urea or imidazolidinyl urea very uncommon. Concomitant reactions between imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea, and formaldehyde are not very common. This supports the hypothesis that allergic reactions to the Germalls are directed toward the initial molecule rather than to formaldehyde.
Occupational allergic contact dermatitis from 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate and ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in a modified acrylic structural adhesive
Authors: Kanerva Lasse , Jolanki Riitta , Leino Timo , Estlander Tuula
Published: April 2006

Acrylates have a broad area of application in various products including glues, sealants and adhesives. Whereas anaerobic acrylic sealants arc well‐known sensitizers, acrylate glues that cure in air have only seldom been reported as allergens. Here a patient sensitized to such a glue, and developing hand dermatitis that spread to the lower arms, chest, neck and face, is presented. Her glue was analyzed by gas chroma tography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and contained 24,6% 2‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate (2‐HEMA) and 0.4% ethylene glyol dimethacrylate (EGDMA). These 2 acrylate compounds, as well as her glue, provoked an allergic patch test reaction. Also many other acrylate compounds, e.g., tetrahydrofurfuryl methacrylate, gave an allergic reaction indicating cross‐allergy. The patient could not continue in her previous workplace because of severely‐relapsing skin symptoms.
2‐methoxy‐6‐pentyl‐1,4‐dihydroxybenzene (miconidin) from Primula obconica: a possible allergen?
Authors: Krebs Marius , Christensen Lars P.
Published: April 2006

Miconidin (2‐methoxy‐6‐penlyl‐,4‐dihydroxybenzene) and the allergen primin (2‐methoxy‐6‐pentyl‐1,4‐benzoquinone) have been isolated from fresh unchopped plant material (leaves, stems and flowers together) of Primula obconica Miconidin and primin were obtained in approximately equal amounts and their structures determined by NMR and GC‐MS. Miconidin, which is biogenetically related to primin, has not previously been isolated from Primula species, and the possibility that miconidin is an allergen in P. obconica is discussed.
Contact allergens in toothpastes and a review of their hypersensitivity
Authors: Sainio Eeva‐Liisa , Kanerva Lasse
Published: April 2006

The present study summarizes information on toothpaste composition as supplied by the manufacturers. The survey covered 48 items, virtually all toothpastes offered for sale in Finland. It was concluded that the toothpastes are not entirely safe to use, because almost 50% of the products studied contained a total of some 30 compounds widely recognized as allergens. According to the literature, the most common allergens in toothpastes are flavours (e.g., cinnamic aldehyde, cinnamon oil and peppermint) and preservatives. Symptoms include stomatitis, cheilitis. glossitis, gingivitis, perioral dermatitis and immediate hypersensitivity.
Rapid increase in skin problems among dental technician trainees working with acrylates
Authors: Mürer Ann J. L. , Poulsen Otto Melchior , Tüchsen Finn , Roed‐Petersen Jytte
Published: April 2006

A panel of trainees at The Danish School of Dental Technicians was asked to fill in questionnaires 2 × a year, to elucidate whether the prevalence of skin problems on their hands increased during the study and to compare the results to the general population. At the beginning of the study, trainees had a prevalence of skin problems not statically significantly different from that in the general population. 8 months later, an increase of 23% in the prevalence was observed. Compared to the general population the stadardized prevalence ratio (SPR) increased to 4.78, and compared to dental technicians at work, and SPR of 0.71 was found after 1 year of study. Very few trainees experienced relief in symptoms during the 1st year of study (5%), whereas 33% developed worse symptoms. The results demonstrate that trainees shortly after beginning their education have the same very high magnitude of skin problems as dental technicians at work. Trainees were exposed to acrylates more extensively than dental technicians. It is far from acceptable that this educational experience involves such a great risk to individuals with no experience or knowledge of the hazards of their occupational environment. Preventive actions are called for, e.g., increased use of encapsulated systems, use of gloves with a well documented protective effect and mandatory courses on the hazardous effects of dental materials.
Occupational contact dermatitis in bakers, confectioners and cooks
Authors: Tacke J. , Schmidt A. , Fartasch M. , Diepgen T. L.
Published: April 2006

A population‐based study was performed to investigate incidence rates of occupational skin disease (OSD) in bakers, confectioners and cooks, as well as the rôle of endogenous and exogenous risk factors. In North Bavaria, all closed cases of OSD were recorded systematically in a 3‐year period and the total number of employees in the food industry was known over the same period of time, Incidence rates of OSD and relative risks of atopic skin diathesis (AD) and respiratory atopy (RA) were calculated. The overall incidence rate (I) of OSD (in 3 years per 10,000 employees) was 67 (95% CI 58:76) in these occupations. Bakers had a higher risk of OSD, with an incidence of 191 (95% CI 156:226) compared to confectioners with I=84 (95% CI 55;113) and cooks I=34 (95% CI 28;40). Incidence rates were sex‐and age‐related. Females developed OSD with an incidence rate of 74 (95% CI 64:84) compared to males with I= 58 (95% CI 48:70). OSD occurred mostly between the ages of 15 and 24 years. Irritant contact dermatitis (ICD) was the main type of OSD. 36% of the bakers had an occupationally relevant Type I allergy, while Type I allergies were less frequent in confectioners (16%) and cooks (9%). Assuming a prevalence of 10% of AD in the general population the relative risk (RR) of developing OSD in bakers, confectioners and cooks with AD was 9.7. 10.5 and 5.2, respectively. There were only small differences in calculating sex‐related RR of AD. The etiologic fraction of AD was nearly 50% in bakers and confectioners, whereas cooks had a smaller proportion of AD (30%). Respiratory atopy proved to be relevant in bakers (RR‐4.0). Preexistence of RA is important in bakers, since Type I reactions seem to be triggered. This is the first population‐based study which demonstrates clear differences between OSD in 3 occupations in the food industry, using incidence rate as a parameter. Females have a considerably higher risk of developing OSD. Since AD or RA do not explain sex differences in OSD, different skin sensitivity or different exposure between males and females may be important factors in the development of OSD. ICD is more important than allergic contact dermatitis (ACD). The role of AD and of RA is different in the 3 occupations.
The European standard series
Authors: Bruynzeel Derk P. , Andersen Klaus E. , Camarasa José G. , Lachapelle Jean‐Marie , Menné Torkil , White Ian R.
Published: April 2006

Changes to the European standard series which have taken place since the last officially recommended alterations in 1988, are explained. New to the series is the sesquiterpene lactone mix. The PPD black rubber mix and the quinoline mix have been replaced by single components: one of the p‐hydroxybenzoates has been left out of the paraben mix. Ethylenediamine dihydrochloride has been dropped from the series.
Screening for corticosteroid contact hypersensitivity
Authors: Boffa Michael J. , Wilkinson Stephen M. , Beck Michael H.
Published: April 2006

To evaluate which corticosteroids are most useful for the detection of corticosteroid contact allergy in our population, 2123 patients were patch tested with a series of 6 corticosteroids in parallel with a standard series, and other relevant investigations, 127 patients (5.98%) were allergic to one or more corticosteroids; 96 to tixocortol pivalate, 51 to hydrocortisone butyrate, 47 to budesonide, 11 to betamethasone valerate, 11 to clobetasone butyrate and 8 to clobetasol propionate, 511 patients with negative patch tests to the limited corticosteroid series were in addition tested to a further 12 corticosteroids; only 1 of these patients reacted to a corticosteroid. A combination of tixocortol pivalate and budesonide thus detected 91.3% of corticosteroid‐allergic subjects. We believe that both these allergens should be included in the standard series and that there may be a case for extending this further.
The allergens of nail polish
Authors: Hausen B. M. , Milbrodt M. , Koenig W. A.
Published: April 2006

Nail polish that has completely dried on the fingernails contains water‐soluble components that attain the skin during extensive but transient contact. This was proven by water extraction of thin layers of nail polish that had been painted onto glass plates and allowed to dry for 3 days. Comparing the isolated fractions and compounds with known nail polish ingredients revealed that the water‐soluble substances are para‐ and ortho‐toluenesulfonamide. Dihuty1 phthalate and 3 constituents of toluenesulfonamide‐formaldehyde resin (TS‐F‐R), which is the basic material of almost all nail polishes sold worldwide. 12 female patients with proven nail polish allergy were patch tested with 21 nail polish components, including those isolated. Only 2 fractions were positive. These contained a monomer and a dimer created during condensation of TS‐F‐R. Their structures were elucidated. The 3rd compound, a trimer, remained negative, except in 1 case.
Contact dermatitis caused by cetrimide in antiseptics*
Authors: Lee J. Yu‐Yun , Wang Bour‐Jr
Published: April 2006

Cetrimide and chlorhexidine are widely used antiseptics. Irritant contact dermatitis from cetrimide has been reported, but only rarely and without pathologic study. We report the clinical and pathologic findings from a series of 18 cases of contact dermatitis caused by antiseptic solutions containing 3% cetrimide and 0.3% chlorhexidine. The patients consisted of 10 males and 8 females, aged from 2 to 62 years. Most patients developed pruritic, burning or painful rashes over the flexors and genitalia after 1 to 4 weeks of daily use of undiluted antiseptics for an underlying pruritic dermatosis. The lesions varied from slight scaling with minimal erythema to fiery or dusky red patches with a glazed surface. The rashes resolved in 2 to 4 weeks after discontinuing the antiseptics. Concentric annular lesions were noted in some patients. Patch testing revealed negative reaction to chlorhexidine 0.5% aq. but irritant reaction to cetrimide 0.5. 1 or 2% aq. and Savlon at 1:3 or 1:6 dilution Light microscopy showed compact orthokeratosis and confluent parakeratosis without spongiosis. Our study suggests that the dermatitis was an irritant reaction to cetrimide after improper self‐application of the antiseptic liquids for underlying pruritic rashes or personal hygiene. Recognition of the characteristic xerosis‐ or chemical‐burn‐like features primarily involving the flexors or genital area is essential to the diagnosis.
The effects of protective occlusive gloves on stratum corneum barrier properties*
Authors: Graves C. J. , Edwards C. , Marks R.
Published: April 2006

Data suggests that protection From gloves is paradoxically reduced became of effects of occlusion on the skin. The aim of this study was to characterize these effects on physical and functional properties of stratum corneum. Volunteer trials were conducted using patches of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) glove material on the skin. Impairment of barrier function ‐was assessed by measuring transepidermal water loss (TEWL). Hydration and water sorption‐desorption was assessed using skin conductance. The major finding was a short‐term impairment of barrier function, measured as an increase in TEWL of 1.7 gn −2 h −1 (95% C.I. 0.4 to 2.6 gn −2, h −1, p < 0.01) Temporary increases in hydration and water sorption were also observed. On this basis, the effects of wearing PVC gloves over 2 days on stratum corneum barrier properties on the dorsum of the hand were studied. TEWL measurements remained elevated by 1.5 gn −2 h −1 the day after occlude glove removal (95% C.I 0.2 to 2.8 gn −2 h −1, p < 0.01), indicating a possible cumulative effect. In conclusion, our studies demonstrate a potential hazard resulting from the repeated use of protective gloves.
Isolation and quantification of a new tuliposide (tuliposide D) by HPLC in Alstroemeria
Authors: Christensen Lars P. , Kristiansen Kell
Published: April 2006

From aqueous extracts of flowers, stems and leaves of 1 Brazilian and 15 Chilean Alstroemeria species, the content of a new tuliposide, named tuliposide D, was determined by isocratic reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). using distilled watermethanol (80:20)as mobile phase. The compound was detected by a UV‐detector at 208 nm. Tuliposide D was found in almost all Alstroemeria species investigated, although in very different amounts. Most species contained relatively small amounts of tuliposide D, especially in the leaves. However, A. hookeri ssp. Cummingiana. A. Presliana ssp. Presliana. A. pseudospathulato and A. revolute contained large amounts of tuliposide D in all plant parts. Tuliposide D was identified as 1,6‐di‐(h‐hydroxy 2‐methylenebutaneoate)‐β‐D‐glucopyranose by UV, FAB‐MS. 1H‐ and 13C‐NMR. The content of the tuliposide D is a further causative agent of allergic contact dermatitis in Alstroemeria is discussed.
Textile dermatitis: an update
Authors: Hatch Kathryn L. , Maibach Howard I.
Published: April 2006

Cases of textile‐related dermatitis reported in the medical literature after the mid‐1980s are reviewed. Part I focuses on cases in which textile resins, fiber additives, or fibers were the causal agent. Studies which provide insight into understanding fabric‐induced prickle and itch are included.
Effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on in vitro percutaneous penetration of water, hydrocortisone and nickel
Authors: Frankild S. , Andersen K. E. , Nielsen G. D.
Published: April 2006

The dose‐ and time‐related effect of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) on in vitro percutaneous penetration was studied using 3 radiolabeled tracer compounds with different physicochemical properties: tritiated water, hydrocortisone and nickel. Human cadaver abdominal skin from caucasian women was used as membrane in static in vitro penetration cells. Simultaneous application of SLS together with 1 of the tracer compounds showed, after 48 h, a significant dose‐effect relationship between SLS concentration (0.25%, 2% and 10%) and penetration of tritiated water or nickel (p < 0.001, Spearman), whereas SLS had no significant effect on penetration of hydrocortisone. When 4% SLS was applied as pretreatment, a significant time‐effect relationship, after 48 h, was found between pretreatment time (0.5, 2 and 8 h) and penetration of tritiated water. A similar relationship was not found for penetration of nickel or hydrocortisone. Pretreatment of the skin with SLS for 2 h using 3 concentrations (0.25%, 4% and 10%) showed, after 48 h, a significant dose‐effect relationship between SLS treatment and penetration of tritiated water or nickel (p < 0.001, Spearman). Pretreatment had no effect on penetration of hydrocortisone. Pretreatment simulates a cleaning‐washing situation. The present in vitro skin penetration model, using human cadaver skin, described the dose‐effect and time‐effect relationships for SLS on the penetration profiles of 3 different compounds. The model may be extended to other compounds with suspected irritant/damaging effect on the skin barrier. It should be kept in mind that the model uses a dead skin membrane without the barrier repair mechanisms of live skin.
Exposure characteristics and cutaneous problems in operating room staff
Authors: Holness D. L. , Tarlo S. M. , Sussman G. , Nethercott J. R.
Published: April 2006

Health care personnel have exposure to a variety of cutaneous irritants and allergens and a high prevalence of cutaneous problems. The objectives of this exploratory study were to characterize the exposures and determine the prevalence of cutaneous symptoms and findings in operating room personnel, and to examine relationships between exposure characteristics and cutaneous outcomes. A questionnaire and standardized hand examination were used to assess the exposures and cutaneous status of operating room personnel. 184 operating room staff (90% of the eligible population) were assessed. Current skin problems were reported by 26%. Hand examination revealed that 9% had findings consistent with eczema and 10% changes of moderate dryness. A variety of preventive practices were being used by those with symptoms or findings. Cutaneous problems are common in operating room personnel. The use of preventive strategies (changing the type of gloves worn or the type of soap used for scrubbing, the use of glove liners and emollients) varied between different groups. These workers might benefit from more education regarding cutaneous hazards, preventive stategies and the importance of appropriate investigation of these problems.
Delayed systemic allergic reactions to corticosteroids
Authors: Whitmore S. Elizabeth
Published: April 2006

From the limited number of reports in the literature, it would appear that various types of delayed reactions from systemically, intralesionally, and intra‐articularly administered corticosteroids are rare, particularly given their widespread use. The purpose of this literature review is to summarize in table form the reported cases of generalized delayed systemic corticosteroid reactions with respect to patient presentation, methods of evaluation, and conclusions reached. In total, 24 cases of generalized delayed systemic corticosteroid reactions have been reported in the literature. Clinical presentation (timing and cutaneous manifestations) as well as evaluation of these patients has been variable; reactions reported include eczematous or exanthematous eruptions, with or without bullae or purpura. In 16 cases, the diagnoses have been supported by positive patch or intradermal testing. Overall, it appears that generalized delayed systemic reactions to corticosteroids show considerable variability and are infrequently reported. Patch and intradermal tests with standardized allergens appear to be the most useful tests currently available to support this clinical diagnosis.
Systemic nickel: the contribution made by stainless‐steel cooking utensils
Authors: Flint G. N. , Packirisamy S.
Published: April 2006

An extensive programme of cooking operations, using household recipes, has shown that, apart from aberrant values associated with new pans on first use, the contribution made by 19 Cr/9 Ni stainless‐steel cooking utensils to nickel in the diet is negligible. The amount of nickel (0 to 8 μg) derived from the utensils in standard portions of various “aggressive” foodstuffs tested was less than that to be found occurring in 1 square of a bitter‐sweet chocolate bar. New pans, if first used with acid fruits, can show a greater pick‐up of nickel, which, in the worst case observed, amounted to approximately 1/5 of the normal daily intake for the average person (ca. 200/ig). This situation does not recur in subsequent usage, even after the pan has been cleaned by abrasion. A higher rate of nickel release was observed in new pans on first use from 4 manufacturers located in different countries and appears to be a general phenomenon. This could provide a possible explanation for the high pick‐up of nickel by acid fruits reported in 1 instance in the literature.
The 12‐year prognosis of hand dermatosis in 896 Finnish farmers
Authors: Susitaival P. , Hannuksela M.
Published: April 2006

In all, 896 Finnish farmers (305 men and 587 women), representing 77% of those reporting hand or forearm dermatosis in a questionnaire survey in 1979, were asked again about their dermatosis and current work in 1991. More than 50% of the study population had left farming since 1979. In 1991, 26% of men and 21% of women had a current dermatosis on the hands or forearms, and altogether, 44% of men and 39% of women reported a hand dermatosis within the past 12 months. Significant determinants of persistent hand dermatosis, in a logistic regression model, were continuation of farm work, history of skin atopy, symptoms of metal allergy, and age under 45 years. Handling cattle, e.g., milking, was considered an exacerbating factor of the dermatosis by 37% of those who had milked sometimes in their lives. In this group, 75% of hand dermatoses in those who had finished milking work had healed. The results indicate that giving up or changing work improves the prognosis of hand dermatosis in farming.
The chemistry of contact allergy: why is a molecule allergenic?
Authors: Basketter David , Dooms‐Goossens An , Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Lepoittevin Jean‐Pierre
Published: April 2006

This review concentrates on some specific aspects of the chemistry of allergic contact dermatitis. The way low molecular weight chemicals react with skin proteins to form complete antigens will be discussed and the development of molecular modelling techniques to analyse molecular recognition presented. Subsequently, how knowledge of the chemical structure can be used to estimate the allergenic activity of a molecule will be considered. This aspect includes work with qualitative and quantitative structure‐activity relationships (SAR) in the field of contact allergy.
Cutaneous hypersensitivity reactions to vitamin K: 2 case reports and a review of the literature
Authors: Bruynzeel Ineke , Hebeda Christians L. , Folkers Elzo , Bruynzeel Derk P.
Published: April 2006

Between 1964 and 1994, at least 52 patients with cutaneous adverse effects of vitamin K have been described in the European and North American literature, A review of the details of these patients is given and 2 new cases reported. Adverse effects are seen not only in patients with liver‐function disturbances but also in patients without liver diseases, and occur mostly after intramuscular or subcutaneous administration of vitamin K1, independent of the total dose. Patch and intracutaneous tests often give positive reactions. The mechanism of action is probably in many patients a delayed‐type hypersensitivity reaction.
In vitro and in vivo evaluation of the effect of barrier gels in nickel contact allergy
Authors: Fullerton Ann , Menné Torkil
Published: April 2006

The protective effect of various ethylenediaminetetraacetate (EDTA) barrier gels on nickel skin penetration was investigated in an in vitro model using human skin. Application of the gels seemed to cause an increased release of nickel from nickel alloys. This nickel did not penetrate the skin barrier but was found to be immobilized on the skin surface. This emphasized the importance of washing the skin surface to remove any surplus of barrier formulation after use, since considerable amounts of nickel will be bound in this formulation. It was found that application of the barrier gels beneath the nickel alloy in contact with the skin significantly reduced the amount of nickel found in the epidermal skin layer. In vivo patch testing with a disc of nickel alloy, with and without use of barrier gel, was performed in 21 nickel‐sensitive patients. Patch testing with the nickel alloy without use of barrier gel resulted in positive patch test reactions in 11/21 (52.4%) of the patients tested. Application of a Carbopol gel with 10% CaNa2‐EDTA beneath the nickel disc completely abrogated the allergic contact response in all 21/21 (100%) patients. A Carbopol gel without CaNa2‐EDTA was less effective, inhibiting the response in 15/21 (71.4%). A high concordance was found between epidermal nickel levels found in vitro and the in vivo patch test.
Are opera‐house artistes afflicted with contact allergy to colophony and cosmetics?
Authors: Färm Gunilla , Karlberg Ann‐Therese , Lidén Cajrola
Published: April 2006

The frequencies of cosmetics intolerance and contact allergy to colophony were investigated among 116 singers and dancers and 16 make‐up artists. Participants were interviewed, examined and patch tested with a standard series and materials from the opera house. Common skin lesions were found in 1/3 of participants and more than 50% had a history of intolerance to cosmetics. Colophony gave positive patch test reactions in only 3 subjects. The prevalence of positive patch test reactions to fragrance mix and balsam of Peru was about the same as among dermatitis patients generally. Contact allergy to colophony did not seem to be a problem regarding cosmetics.
Contact sensitivity to menthol and peppermint in patients with intra‐oral symptoms
Authors: Morton C. A. , Garioch J. , Todd P. , Lamey P. J. , Forsyth A.
Published: April 2006

We report 12 cases of contact sensitivity to the flavouring agents menthol and peppermint oil in patients presenting with intra‐oral symptoms in association with burning mouth syndrome, recurrent oral ulceration or a lichenoid reaction. The patients were referred from the Glasgow Dental Hospital over a 4‐year period for assessment of the possible contribution of contact sensitivity to their complaints. 5 patients with burning mouth syndrome demonstrated contact sensitivity to menthol and/or peppermint, with 1 patient sensitive to both agents, 3 positive to menthol only and 1 to peppermint only. 4 cases with recurrent intra‐oral ulceration were sensitive to both menthol and peppermint. 3 patients with an oral lichenoid reaction were positive to menthol on patch testing, with 2 also sensitive to peppermint. 9 of the 12 cases demonstrated additional positive patch test results. After a mean follow‐up of 32.7 months (range 9–48 months), of the 9 patients that could be contacted, 6 patients described clearance or improvement of their symptoms as a consequence of avoidance of menthol/peppermint.