bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Kinetic investigation of CO2 and N2 clathrate hydrate formation using cyclopentane: Application in desalination
Authors: Paul Lagnajita , Gaikwad Namrata , Kumar Rajnish
Published: September 2022

Hydrate‐based desalination could be a promising technique for producing fresh water from saline water, as it is an eco‐friendly process and suitable for large‐scale implementation. To make the hydrate‐based desalination technology easily scalable, we looked at using air (or N2) or CO2 as a hydrate former, along with cyclopentane (CP). Hydrate former CP helps to reduce the operating conditions, as CP forms hydrate at ambient pressure. However, hydrate formation kinetics due to water‐insoluble CP is slow. In this work, the kinetics of hydrate formation in saline water were investigated and compared to identify the utility of CO2 and N2 as hydrate formers for desalination work. The addition of CP as a hydrate former should transform the structure of CO2 hydrate from structure I (sI) to structure II (sII), as CP occupies the large cages (51264) in the gas hydrate. A set of three similar reactors were used for this study to collect data quickly. Furthermore, the triple reactor setup is a unique reactor design mounted on a shaker, and a set of SS‐316 balls present inside the horizontal reactor imparts the mixing. Experiments with the CO2‐CP mixture and N2‐CP mixture have been studied in the presence or absence of 3 wt.% NaCl at 274 K and 3 MPa pressure. The gas uptake kinetics, water recovery, and separation efficiency have been investigated.
PROTOCOL: The support needs of families living with parental mental illness: A qualitative systematic review
Authors: Loudon Emma , Davidson Gavin , Higgins Kathryn , Grant Anne
Published: September 2022

This is the protocol for a Campbell systematic review. The objectives are as follows: To review existing qualitative research on the experiences of families living with parental mental illness from the perspective of (i) children, (ii) parents who have a mental illness) and (ii) the well parent. To synthesise qualitative evidence on the experience of living with parental mental illness and the experience of and attitude towards services from the perspective of (i) children, (ii) parents who have a mental illness and (ii) the well parent in order to develop the understanding of the needs of families and the implications for service provision.
Bibliometric analysis of rumor detection via web of science from 1989 to 2021
Authors: Rani Neetu , Bhardwaj Amit Kumar , Das Prasenjit , Sharma Anju
Published: September 2022

Through the enhancement of numerous social media sites, the rumor spread more rapidly among society and influences people in a very negative way. Nowadays, more attention is given by researchers to mitigating the threats produced by rumors. Bibliometric analysis is a prevalent and rigorous technique for discovering and investigating large volumes of systematic data. It assists us to identify the important aspects of that particular field. Motivated by earlier research we used this approach for our present study. The present study shows bibliometric analysis through VOSviewer software of 2935 records related to rumor dissemination by collecting the data from the web of science from 1989 to 2021. The bibliometric results have shown publication trends, main journals, most cited articles, most productive country, prominent authors, and institutions. Further net map analysis illustrates the growth of rumor detection in past, present, and future as well. Bibliometric and network analysis results from this research will significantly facilitate understanding the progress and trends in rumor detection.
Performance comparison of thermal power generation‐organic Rankine cycle combined cycle system for ships waste heat utilization under different bottom cycle ratios
Authors: Li Huaan , Liu Changxin , Xu Zhenhong , Liu Jianhao , Du Zhenyu , Li Mengze , Dong Jingming , Han Zhitao , Xu Minyi , Pan Xinxiang
Published: September 2022

Waste heat recovery technology has gained popularity due to its ability to save energy for both financial and environmental reasons. In this article, a new technology, thermal power generation (TEG)‐organic Rankine cycle (ORC) combined cycle system, is proposed to recycle cascaded waste heat of ships. The bottom cycle ratios are an important parameter affecting the combined cycle system, but its effect under more working conditions is unknown. Therefore, keeping the evaporator pressure at 0.7 MPa, the environmental‐friendly R245fa working fluid is employed to implement an experimental study on the variation law of the main performance parameters such as the system power output (Wnet), the system thermal efficiency (ηs), power‐production cost (Cg), and waste heat utilization of main engine flue gas (fg) under different TEG/ORC bottom cycle ratios (BCR). At the same time, the TEG‐ORC combined cycle system's performance of the R22 and R245fa is compared. With the increase of the BCR, the Wnet, ηs, and fg increase, but the Cg of the system decreases. When the BCR is 0.885, the Wnet, ηs, Cg, and the rate of fg is 688.4 W, 9.09%, 0.5194 $/kWh, and 85.07%, respectively. This study provides a reference for the clarification and further optimization of the TEG‐ORC combined cycle mechanism.
Lemna aequinoctialis migrates further into temperate continental Europe—A new alien aquatic plant for Ukraine
Authors: Fedoniuk Tetiana , Bog Manuela , Orlov Oleksandr , Appenroth Klaus Juergen
Published: September 2022

The article presents the results of studies of a series of species identifications of the genus Lemna (Lemnaceae) conducted in 2019. Duckweed samples were taken from eight localities in the northern regions of Ukraine and identified to species using morphological and molecular markers (barcoding). A new alien species of duckweed for Ukraine—lesser duckweed (Lemna aequinoctialis Welw.)—was discovered, to which this study is devoted. All other samples belonged to Lemna minor. The article presents the most complete description of the distribution of L. aequinoctialis Welw. in Europe, and also contains updated data on the species distribution of duckweeds in Ukraine. Six species of the genus Lemna are now known in Ukraine—three native and three alien. The ecological requirements of L. aequinoctialis are similar to those of L. minor. We examined the morphological similarities and differences between these species, and confirmed the results by molecular barcoding using the plastid regions of the atpF‐atpH and psbK‐psbI intergenic spacers.
Trauma Matters: Integrating Genetic and Environmental Components of PTSD
Authors: Marchese Shelby , Huckins Laura M.
Published: September 2022

Trauma is ubiquitous, but only a subset of those who experience trauma will develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). In this review, it is argued that to determine who is at risk of developing PTSD, it is critical to examine the genetic etiology of the disorder and individual trauma profiles of those who are susceptible. First, the state of current PTSD genetic research is described, with a particular focus on studies that present evidence for trauma type specificity, or for differential genetic etiology according to gender or race. Next, approaches that leverage non‐traditional phenotyping approaches are reviewed to identify PTSD‐associated variants and biology, and the relative advantages and limitations inherent in these studies are reflected on. Finally, it is discussed how trauma might influence the heritability of PTSD, through type, risk factors, genetics, and associations with PTSD symptomology.
Attentional M100 gain modulation localizes to auditory sensory cortex and is deficient in first‐episode psychosis
Authors: Curtis Mark T. , Ren Xi , Coffman Brian A. , Salisbury Dean F.
Published: September 2022

Selective attention is impaired in first‐episode psychosis (FEP). Selective attention effects can be detected during auditory tasks as increased sensory activity. We previously reported electroencephalography scalp‐measured N100 enhancement is reduced in FEP. Here, we localized magnetoencephalography (MEG) M100 source activity within the auditory cortex, making novel use of the Human Connectome Project multimodal parcellation (HCP‐MMP) to identify precise auditory cortical areas involved in attention modulation and its impairment in FEP. MEG was recorded from 27 FEP and 31 matched healthy controls (HC) while individuals either ignored frequent standard and rare oddball tones while watching a silent movie or attended tones by pressing a button to oddballs. Because M100 arises mainly in the auditory cortices, MEG activity during the M100 interval was projected to the auditory sensory cortices defined by the HCP‐MMP (A1, lateral belt, and parabelt parcels). FEP had less auditory sensory cortex M100 activity in both conditions. In addition, there was a significant interaction between group and attention. HC enhanced source activity with attention, but FEP did not. These results demonstrate deficits in both sensory processing and attentional modulation of the M100 in FEP. Novel use of the HCP‐MMP revealed the precise cortical areas underlying attention modulation of auditory sensory activity in healthy individuals and impairments in FEP. The sensory reduction and attention modulation impairment indicate local and systems‐level pathophysiology proximal to disease onset that may be critical for etiology. Further, M100 and N100 enhancement may serve as outcome variables for targeted intervention to improve attention in early psychosis.
Employee behavior in employee stock option plans: Why do some employees acquire company stock?
Authors: Pendleton Andrew , Robinson Andrew
Published: September 2022

The article focuses on decisions to exercise and hold company stock at the maturity of a broad‐based employee stock options plan. It investigates why some participants choose an uncertain and risky future reward when an immediate and certain increase in wealth could be secured at exercise. It draws on and expands the “mixed gambles” perspective in behavioral agency theory, utilizing a combination of stock price data and employee survey data from British companies with tax‐approved stock option plans. It is found that the decision to take a gamble is influenced (negatively) by the extent of stock price lows (relative to prices at exercise) in the year prior to exercise, and by the risk preferences of the option holder. The findings contribute to further development of the “mixed gambles” perspective as an explanation of stock option behavior, showing that individual characteristics as well as some stock price movements affect behavior.
Sediment concentrations and transport in icebergs, Scoresby Sound, East Greenland
Authors: Hasholt Bent , Nielsen Troels F. , Mankoff Kenneth D. , Gkinis Vasileios , Overeem Irina
Published: September 2022

Glaciers erode their beds and the adjacent landscape by abrasion and plucking and entraining sediment on their way downwards driven by gravity. Ice becomes a sediment transport agent. To determine glacial transport of sediment, measurements of both the ice flux and its concentration of sediment are needed. Once glaciers reach the ocean, ice and its entrained sediment is released into the ocean by calving. Further transport takes place by icebergs. Quantification of IRD (ice‐rafted debris) fluxes, which upon ultimate deposition on the ocean floor is an important climate indicator, becomes even more complicated as icebergs topple and differentially melt while being in transport. While the volume of tidewater glacier ice released by recent calving is quite well constrained by satellite measurements, there is a lack of measurements of the concentration of sediment within the moving ice. Here, we describe a method to collect samples of ice from icebergs systematically for the first time in Greenland together with a strategy to obtain representative samples. Our method is tested in Scoresby Sound, East Greenland in order to describe the transport of sediment into the fjord system related to calving from known glacial source areas. Our data clearly demonstrate that biased and sparse sampling potentially produces unrealistic values of sediment concentrations. Seventy‐two samples from 24 icebergs had an average concentration of sediment of 35.5 g/L of ice with a standard deviation of 97%, between the 24 individual icebergs. The origin of the sediment is related to specific source areas. Based on the samples, we present an estimate of the annual transport of sediment out of Scoresby Sound related to calving ~100 (0.3–200) million t year−1. Finally, we discuss the uncertainties of our estimate.
Monetary policy shock and impact asymmetry in bank lending channel: Evidence from the UK housing sector
Authors: Chowdhury Rosen Azad , Jahan Dilshad , Mishra Tapas , Parhi Mamata
Published: September 2022

Banks play a defining role in translating monetary policy shocks to pull or push‐effects in the housing market. The literature is ambiguous on the exact role of bank lending channel (BLC) in translating such effects into either moderation or acceleration of dynamics in the housing market. This paper argues that monetary policy shocks, of the same magnitude, can have asymmetric implications for a housing market via a state dependent BLC, particularly during expansion and recessionary phases of the business cycle. We test this hypothesis for the UK housing sector using a long quarterly data (1973Q1‐2015Q4) and employing Markov Switching Vector Auto Regression (MSVAR) models. Our results show that the magnitude of the bank lending channel is contingent upon the state of the economy, with a one standard deviation expansionary monetary policy shock producing a significant effect only in normal economic times. Further study on whether large cuts in policy rates could stimulate mortgage lending and whether there is impact asymmetry to dissimilar expansionary monetary policy shocks during financial crisis, we show that a sharp cut in policy rate indeed stimulates the BLC greater compared to smaller expansionary money policy shocks during recessions.
Prognosis determination of endocervical adenocarcinomas morphologically reclassified as HPV associated or HPV independent
Authors: Carvalho Carla Fabrine , Costa Larissa Bastos Eloy , Sanches Natasha Caroline , Damas Ingrid Iara , Andrade Liliana Aparecida Lucci De Angelo , Vale Diama Bhadra
Published: September 2022

Objective

To evaluate the prognosis of endocervical adenocarcinomas after reclassification according to the morphologic type based on the 2020 World Health Organization Classification.

Methods

A retrospective longitudinal study with cases admitted at the University of Campinas, Brazil, from 2013 to 2020. The sample included 140 cases morphologically reclassified: 100 cases as adenocarcinoma HPV‐associated (HPVA), 17 as HPV‐independent (HPVI), and 23 non‐HPVA/HPVI. Clinic and pathologic variables were evaluated. Analyses were performed by χ2, Fisher exact, and Mann–Whitney U tests, Kaplan–Meier curves, Log‐rank test, and Cox regression.

Results

Compared with the HPVA group, advanced stage (FIGO Stage II+) was more frequent in the HPVI group (P = 0.009), which also showed older patients (P = 0.032), and a higher proportion of deaths (P = 0.006). The median overall survival (OS) differed between groups: 73.3 months in HPVA and 42.4 months in HPVI (P = 0.005). At the multivariate analysis, the risk of death was 6.7 (95% confidence interval 1.9–23.0) times higher in patients diagnosed in advanced stages.

Conclusion

HPVI cases were more frequent in older patients, presenting at more advanced stages and with worse OS. The morphology‐based approach of the new WHO classification appears to be prognostically valuable and applicable in lower‐ and middle‐income settings.
In situ atomic‐scale observation of size‐dependent (de)potassiation and reversible phase transformation in tetragonal FeSe anodes
Authors: Cai Ran , Bao Lixia , Zhang Wenqi , Xia Weiwei , Sun Chunhao , Dong Weikang , Chang Xiaoxue , Hua Ze , Shao Ruiwen , Fukuda Toshio , Sun Zhefei , Liu Haodong , Zhang Qiaobao , Xu Feng , Dong Lixin
Published: September 2022

Potassium‐ion batteries (PIBs) are considered promising alternatives to lithium‐ion batteries owing to cost‐effective potassium resources and a suitable redox potential of −2.93 V (vs. −3.04 V for Li+/Li). However, the exploration of appropriate electrode materials with the correct size for reversibly accommodating large K+ ions presents a significant challenge. In addition, the reaction mechanisms and origins of enhanced performance remain elusive. Here, tetragonal FeSe nanoflakes of different sizes are designed to serve as an anode for PIBs, and their live and atomic‐scale potassiation/depotassiation mechanisms are revealed for the first time through in situ high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy. We found that FeSe undergoes two distinct structural evolutions, sequentially characterized by intercalation and conversion reactions, and the initial intercalation behavior is size‐dependent. Apparent expansion induced by the intercalation of K+ ions is observed in small‐sized FeSe nanoflakes, whereas unexpected cracks are formed along the direction of ionic diffusion in large‐sized nanoflakes. The significant stress generation and crack extension originating from the combined effect of mechanical and electrochemical interactions are elucidated by geometric phase analysis and finite‐element analysis. Despite the different intercalation behaviors, the formed products of Fe and K2Se after full potassiation can be converted back into the original FeSe phase upon depotassiation. In particular, small‐sized nanoflakes exhibit better cycling performance with well‐maintained structural integrity. This article presents the first successful demonstration of atomic‐scale visualization that can reveal size‐dependent potassiation dynamics. Moreover, it provides valuable guidelines for optimizing the dimensions of electrode materials for advanced PIBs.

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Effective Communication and the Osteoporosis Care Gap
Authors: Ralston Katherine A. P. , Hauser Barbara , Paskins Zoe , Ralston Stuart H.
Published: September 2022

Many pharmacological treatments are now available to prevent the occurrence of fragility fractures in patients with osteoporosis. Despite this, concerns persist that many individuals who might benefit from osteoporosis treatment do not receive it—the “osteoporosis treatment gap.” The underlying reasons for this gap are diverse and include those who are not identified as being eligible for treatment as well as those who intentionally choose not to take medications because of uncertainty, unanswered questions, or an inability to understand or do what is being asked of them. In this perspective article we highlight the importance of providing information on the causes and consequences of osteoporosis during encounters when treatment is being discussed as well as what osteoporosis treatment can achieve and what it cannot. We also review the importance of communicating the benefits and risks of treatment in absolute terms so that patients can understand what taking treatment will mean for them and discuss the utility of decision aids to assist in these conversations. We suggest it is not the treatment gap that is the problem but the care gap. This language acknowledges the importance of healthcare providers identifying those likely to benefit from treatment and increasing the quality of clinical conversations to promote patient engagement and involvement while respecting that treatment is not suitable or wanted by all. © 2022 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research (ASBMR).
Circ_0123996 promotes the proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis of mesangial cells by sponging miR‐203a‐3p to upregulate SOX6 in diabetic nephropathy
Authors: Qin Yan , Xu Yun , Peng Hua , Cao Meng , Zhao Kelei , Zhu Yunfeng
Published: September 2022

Circular RNA has been reported to participate in human diseases including diabetic nephropathy (DN). However, the role and mechanism of circ_0123996 in DN need to be further explored. Relative expression levels of circ_0123996, microRNA (miR)‐203a‐3p, SRY‐box 6 (SOX6), and inflammatory cytokines were determined using quantitative real‐time PCR. Western blot analysis was used to detect the protein expression of SOX6 and fibrosis‐related markers. Cell proliferation was measured using the Cell Counting Kit 8 assay. The interaction between miR‐203a‐3p and circ_0123996 or SOX6 was verified using the dual‐luciferase reporter assay. The circ_0123996 and SOX6 expression were increased and the miR‐203a‐3p expression was decreased in high glucose‐induced mesangial cells. Silenced circ_0123996 could hinder the proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis of mesangial cells. In terms of mechanism, circ_0123996 could sponge miR‐203a‐3p to positively regulate SOX6 expression. Function experiments revealed that miR‐203a‐3p inhibitor could abolish the regulation of circ_0123996 silencing on mesangial cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis. In addition, the knockdown of SOX6 could inhibit mesangial cell proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis. Also, SOX6 overexpression could reverse the regulation of circ_0123996 silencing on mesangial cell progression. In summary, our data revealed that circ_0123996 promoted the proliferation, inflammation, and fibrosis of mesangial cells via modulating the miR‐203a‐3p/SOX6 axis, suggesting that circ_0123996 might be a target for alleviating DN progression.
Mitochondrial respiratory complexes: Significance in human mitochondrial disorders and cancers
Authors: Vikramdeo Kunwar Somesh , Sudan Sarabjeet Kour , Singh Ajay P. , Singh Seema , Dasgupta Santanu
Published: September 2022

Mitochondria are pivotal organelles that govern cellular energy production through the oxidative phosphorylation system utilizing five respiratory complexes. In addition, mitochondria also contribute to various critical signaling pathways including apoptosis, damage‐associated molecular patterns, calcium homeostasis, lipid, and amino acid biosynthesis. Among these diverse functions, the energy generation program oversee by mitochondria represents an immaculate orchestration and functional coordination between the mitochondria and nuclear encoded molecules. Perturbation in this program through respiratory complexes' alteration results in the manifestation of various mitochondrial disorders and malignancy, which is alarmingly becoming evident in the recent literature. Considering the clinical relevance and importance of this emerging medical problem, this review sheds light on the timing and nature of molecular alterations in various respiratory complexes and their functional consequences observed in various mitochondrial disorders and human cancers. Finally, we discussed how this wealth of information could be exploited and tailored to develop respiratory complex targeted personalized therapeutics and biomarkers for better management of various incurable human mitochondrial disorders and cancers.
The prognostic value of a 4-factor neoimmunologic score system in non-small cell lung cancer
Authors: Yang Fan , Zeng Ziqing , Li Yuan , Zhang Dong , Wei Feng , Zhao Hua , Zhang Peng , Ren Xiubao
Published: September 2022

The role of distinct immune cell types in modulating cancer progression has recently gained attention. The immune context is indicated by the abundance of immune infiltration based on quantified lymphocytes in the core of tumors (CT) and invasive tumor margin (IM). Novel immune biomarkers could potentially complement tumor-node-metastasis (TNM) classification for non-small cell lung cancers (NSCLCs), thereby improving prognostic accuracy. This study evaluated the prognostic value of a newly established immunologic score (neo-IS) in patients with NSCLC. We detected 10 immune biomarkers, including CD45RO, CD3, CD8, CD68, CD163, CD66b, FoxP3, PD-1, PD-L1, and TIM-3, in 350 patients with NSCLC from 2 cohorts using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The 3- and 5-year survival and overall survival (OS) rates were evaluated. An immunologic prediction model specifically for NSCLC patients, the neo-immunologic score (neo-ISNSCLC), was constructed using a Cox proportional hazards regression model. In the discovery cohort (n = 250), the establishment of neo-ISNSCLC was based on 4 immune biomarkers: CD3+IM, CD8+CT, FoxP3+IM, and PD-1+IM. Significant prognostic differences were found upon comparing low-ISNSCLC patients and high-ISNSCLC patients. The OS rate in the high-ISNSCLC group was significantly longer than that in the low-ISNSCLC group (67.5 months vs. 51.2 months, p < 0.001). The neo-ISNSCLC was validated in the validation cohort (n = 100), and the results were confirmed. Multivariate analyses indicated that neo-ISNSCLC was an independent indicator of prognosis in patients with NSCLC. Finally, we combined neo-ISNSCLC with clinicopathologic factors to establish a tumor-node-metastasis-immune (TNM-I) staging system for clinical use, which showed better prediction accuracy than the TNM stage.
Advancements in Gradient System Performance for Clinical and Research MRI
Authors: Gudino Natalia , Littin Sebastian
Published: September 2022

In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), spatial field gradients are applied along each axis to encode the location of the nuclear spin in the frequency domain. During recent years, the development of new gradient technologies has been focused on the generation of stronger and faster gradient fields for imaging with higher spatial and temporal resolution. This benefits imaging methods, such as brain diffusion and functional MRI, and enables human imaging at ultra‐high field MRI. In addition to improving gradient performance, new technologies have been presented to minimize peripheral nerve stimulation and gradient‐related acoustic noise, both generated by the rapid switching of strong gradient fields. This review will provide a general background on the gradient system and update on the state‐of‐the‐art gradient technology.

Evidence Level

5

Technical Efficacy

Stage 1
Rapid structural characterization of human milk oligosaccharides and distinction of their isomers using trapped ion mobility spectrometry time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Rathahao‐Paris Estelle , Delvaux Aurélie , Li Meijie , Guillon Blanche , Venot Eric , Fenaille François , Adel‐Patient Karine , Alves Sandra
Published: September 2022

Oligosaccharides have multiple functions essential for health. Derived from the condensation of two to several monosaccharides, they are structurally diverse with many co‐occurring structural isomer families, which make their characterization difficult. Thanks to its ability to separate small molecules based on their mass, size, shape, and charge, ion mobility‐mass spectrometry (IM‐MS) has emerged as a powerful tool for separating glycan isomers. Here, the potential of such a technique for the rapid characterization of main human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) was investigated. Our study focused on 18 HMO standards. The IM‐MS analysis enabled to distinguish almost all the HMOs studied, in particular thanks to the single ion mobility monitoring acquisition using the trapped ion mobility spectrometry device, providing high ion mobility resolution and enhanced ion mobility separation. Alternatively, the combination of IM‐MS separation with MS/MS experiments has proven to increase performance in identifying HMOs and especially isomers poorly separated by ion mobility alone. Finally, collision cross‐section values are provided for each species generated from the 18 HMOs standards, which can serve as an additional identifier to characterize HMOs.
The fast‐changing climate reality of Arequipa, Peru
Authors: Moraes André Geraldo de Lima , Watkins Alec Hale , Brecheisen Zachary , Bowling Laura Christine , Pinto Cáceres José P. , Novoa Hector Mayol , Cherkauer Keith Aric
Published: September 2022

Despite the availability of global and continental climate datasets and climate change information, locally relevant quantification of historic trends in climate variables is still lacking in developing countries, especially at local scales. This is particularly true in the Department of Arequipa, Peru. An arid region with a booming population, substantial mining activities, and large irrigated agriculture, which is highly susceptible to climate change. This study aims to evaluate climate trends from 1988 to 2017 in the Arequipa Department and provide information that can facilitate stakeholders' adaptation to the rapid‐changing climate. The daily precipitation (Prec), and maximum (Tmax) and minimum (Tmin) daily air temperature data used in this study came from the Servicio Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología del Perú (SENAMHI) and the National Ocean and Atmospheric Administration's (NOAA) Global Summary of the Day (GSOD). Data passed through a quality checking process for removal of implausible data, data gap filling, and inhomogeneity detection. The Mann–Kendall test, at a significance level of 0.10, was used to determine trends and the Theil–Sen slope (Sen's slope) was used to estimate the magnitude of the change. Sen's slope was also calculated spatially, using the gridded Arequipa Climate Maps (ACM) dataset. Results indicate that precipitation seasonality has been increasing, as the observed increase in annual precipitation is happening mostly in the rainy season (December–March) and the start and end of the rainy season are delayed. Positive temperature trends were dominant in the whole region. Tmin is increasing more than Tmax, especially at higher altitudes. Exceptions to increasing temperatures were found in areas influenced by irrigation projects that underwent great expansion. The effect of increasing temperature on glaciers was evaluated by mapping the change in the area with average annual temperature below 0°C between the decades of 1988–1997 and 2008–2017, which reduced by 73.2%, with small areas disappearing and larger contiguous areas shrinking.
Thermostable ficin from jelly fig (Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang) latex: purification, identification and characterization
Authors: Srisai Parawee , Lin Hua‐Chian , Liu Chih‐Chen , Zeng Feng‐Jin , Yang Yuan‐Chang , Chou Wing‐Ming
Published: September 2022

BACKGROUND

The achenes/seeds of endemic jelly fig (Ficus pumila var. awkeotsang) fruit have been applied to prepare a traditional beverage in Taiwan. Upon fruit harvest, jelly fig latex exuded from stalks was discarded. Protease activity was monitored in its latex. Proteases capable of hydrolyzing proteins have many application aspects based on diverse characteristics. Commercial plant proteases are frequently from latex.

RESULTS

The latex protease of jelly fig, termed FaFicin, was purified to homogeneity with a molecular mass of ~32 kDa on sodium dodecyl sulfate–polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. According to liquid chromatographic–tandem mass spectrometric analyses, the expected protein band of protease was matched to ficin A, ficin B or chymopapain from common fig or papaya. Iodoacetamide, an inhibitor of cysteine protease, inhibited its protease activity completely. Hence FaFicin was identified as a papain‐like cysteine protease (PLCP), exhibiting more than 80% and 70% activity as assayed at pH 5–8 and 40–70 °C, respectively. It maintained ~89% of initial activity after 120 min at 55 °C and pH 7. Moreover, FaFicin could degrade the myosin and actin of meat, and clot milk.

CONCLUSION

The ficin FaFicin was obtained, purified and identified as a PLCP member from agricultural waste: jelly fig latex. It possessed activity under a wide range of pH values and temperature, and exhibited excellent thermostability. Based on its initial evaluation as a meat tenderizer and milk clotting reagent, the application of FaFicin was possible, which may extend utilization of jelly fig. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Possibility to use the different sizes and colors of carrots for the production of juices – comparison of bioactive compounds, nutritional quality, pro‐health properties, and sensory evaluation
Authors: Yusuf Emel Hasan , Wojdyło Aneta , Nowicka Paulina
Published: September 2022

Background

Carrot is a popular vegetable consumed by people of all age groups and is used in various food products because of its high nutritional content, especially vitamin A.

Results

In the present study, colorful fresh carrot juices of 12 carrot varieties were investigated for in vitro antidiabetic, anti‐aging, and anti‐obesity activities with antioxidant potential by ABTS (2,2'‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) and FRAP (ferric reducing ability of plasma) assays. The studied juices were also compared for physicochemical characteristics: titratable acidity, pH, pectin content, total soluble solids, dry mass, ash, viscosity, turbidity, osmolality, and color. The results of the study showed that normal purple carrot juice exhibited the best activities in all biological and antioxidant tests, except for anti‐α‐glucosidase activity. Normal purple carrot juice also had the highest total mineral content with elevated results for titratable acidity, pH, total soluble solids, dry mass, ash, viscosity, and osmolality.

Conclusion

Purple carrot juices demonstrated elevated health‐promoting activities and could be used in blended beverage recipes to attract children's attention. The results of sensorial characteristics (appearance, color, and taste) of juices, however, showed that people are more familiar with orange carrot products. © 2022 Society of Chemical Industry.
Recycling of dissolved iron in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Hawco Nicholas J. , Yang Shun‐Chung , Pinedo‐González Paulina , Black Erin E. , Kenyon Jennifer , Ferrón Sara , Bian Xiaopeng , John Seth G.
Published: September 2022

The importance of iron as a limiting nutrient in the open ocean is widely recognized, but there is substantial uncertainty about the rate that it cycles in the marine environment. Here, we combine measurements from the water column, sediment traps, and incubations to constrain Fe turnover during summer at Station ALOHA in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Using low levels of 57Fe–58Fe double spike, measured with high precision by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, we find Fe uptake rates of 30–60 pM d−1 throughout the euphotic zone. Dissolved Fe turnover times are estimated at 10–15 d in the mixed layer and 1–3 d near the deep chlorophyll maximum. Aerosol Fe supply inferred from a thorium isotope mass balance indicates that the dissolved Fe residence time is approximately 6 months in the upper euphotic zone (0–75 m), relative to external sources, and 2 months in the lower euphotic zone (75–150 m). To reconcile these observations, the average Fe atom must be recycled over 25 times at Station ALOHA in both the upper and lower euphotic zones (an “Fe ratio” equal to 0.04 and 0.03, respectively), a level of conservation that has only been documented in Fe‐limited regions thus far. At steady state, this scenario requires an aerosol Fe solubility of 4.5%, which is similar to dissolution experiments from Pacific Ocean aerosols. Our results suggest that the oligotrophic ocean is capable of recycling iron efficiently even when these ecosystems are not demonstrably iron‐limited.
Freezing of Rotation of P3HT Crystallites by PCBM Molecules during Thermal Relaxation of the Blend Thin Films
Authors: Kumar Manoj , Kumar Sunil , Velaga Srihari , Mishra Kuldeep , Singh Amarjeet
Published: September 2022

Poly(3‐hexylthiophene), or P3HT, is a semicrystalline polymer with charge conduction anisotropy with respect to its different axes, which calls for gaining better control of texture for targeted device applications. A blend system of P3HT and [6,6]‐phenyl C61‐butyric acid methyl ester (PCBM) is studied for understanding the role of PCBM in texture control of P3HT crystallites. 2D grazing incidence diffraction (2D‐GIXD) combined with high resolution grazing incidence X‐ray diffraction (1D‐GIXD) is performed on thin films of pristine P3HT and blend (P3HT/PCBM) thin films prepared by spin coating. Thermal annealing at 110 °C is used for relaxing the films. The lamellar P3HT crystallites preferably orient along the surface plane with lamellar stacking in a vertical direction and have a distribution of orientation with a limiting angle of 44°. In the pristine P3HT system, the rotations of crystallites are confirmed by the retreat of the limiting angle. The observed intensity cross‐over for precursor and annealed samples is again the signature of the rotations of crystallites. For the blend system, the intensity cross‐over is absent and there is no sign of retreat of the limiting angle, which explicitly confirms the blocking of rotation lamellar crystallites. This study provides, for the first time, the clear evidence with unambiguous analysis of blocking of rotation of crystallites due to presence of PCBM, which is explained with an analogy of the “ball‐and‐stick” mechanism. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies of surface morphology correlates with the above findings.
Cellular topology optimization on differentiable Voronoi diagrams
Authors: Feng Fan , Xiong Shiying , Liu Ziyue , Xian Zangyueyang , Zhou Yuqing , Kobayashi Hiroki , Kawamoto Atsushi , Nomura Tsuyoshi , Zhu Bo
Published: September 2022

Cellular structures manifest their outstanding mechanical properties in many biological systems. One key challenge for designing and optimizing these geometrically complicated structures lies in devising an effective geometric representation to characterize the system's spatially varying cellular evolution driven by objective sensitivities. A conventional discrete cellular structure, for example, a Voronoi diagram, whose representation relies on discrete Voronoi cells and faces, lacks its differentiability to facilitate large‐scale, gradient‐based topology optimizations. We propose a topology optimization algorithm based on a differentiable and generalized Voronoi representation that can evolve the cellular structure as a continuous field. The central piece of our method is a hybrid particle‐grid representation to encode the previously discrete Voronoi diagram into a continuous density field defined in a Euclidean space. Based on this differentiable representation, we further extend it to tackle anisotropic cells, free boundaries, and functionally‐graded cellular structures. Our differentiable Voronoi diagram enables the integration of an effective cellular representation into the state‐of‐the‐art topology optimization pipelines, which defines a novel design space for cellular structures to explore design options effectively that were impractical for previous approaches. We showcase the efficacy of our approach by optimizing cellular structures with up to thousands of anisotropic cells, including femur bone and Odonata wing.
Body image in adolescent survivors of childhood cancer: The role of chronic health conditions
Authors: Belle Fabiën N. , Sláma Tomáš , Schindera Christina , Diesch‐Furlanetto Tamara , Kartal‐Kaess Mutlu , Kuehni Claudia E. , Mader Luzius
Published: September 2022

Background

Cancer and its treatment may impair the body image of childhood cancer survivors during adolescence. We compared the body image between adolescent cancer survivors and their siblings, and determined whether survivors’ body image is associated with socio‐demographic characteristics, clinical characteristics and chronic health conditions.

Procedure

As part of the nationwide Swiss Childhood Cancer Survivor Study, we sent questionnaires to adolescents (aged 16–19 years), who survived >5 years after having been diagnosed with childhood cancer between 1989 and 2010. Siblings received the same questionnaire. We assessed the level of agreement with three body image statements referring to body satisfaction and preferences for changes. Chronic health conditions were classified into cardiovascular, pulmonary, endocrine, musculoskeletal, renal/digestive, neurological and hearing or vision impairment. We used ordered logistic regression models to identify determinants of a more negative body image.

Results

Our study included 504 survivors (48% female) with a median age at study of 17.7 years (interquartile range: 16.8–18.6) and 136 siblings. Survivors and siblings reported overall comparable levels of agreement with body image statements (all p > .05). Female survivors (all odds ratio [ORs] ≥1.7), survivors treated with haematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT; all ORs ≥2.2), and survivors with ≥2 chronic health conditions (all ORs ≥1.4) reported a more negative body image. This was particularly pronounced for survivors suffering from musculoskeletal or endocrine conditions.

Conclusion

Female survivors, survivors treated with HSCT or with chronic health conditions are at risk of body image concerns during adolescence. Increased awareness among clinicians and targeted psychosocial support could mitigate such concerns.
In situ assembled C3N4/SiO2 nanohybrids for high comprehensive performance solution polymerized styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber
Authors: Wang Zhongying , Wang Huan , Shen Xiaomei , Wang Qingfu , Wang Zhiqian , Wang Fanghui , Zhu Hong
Published: September 2022

In this work, a series of C3N4/SiO2 nanohybrids were prepared and incorporated to solution polymerized styrene‐butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber (SSBR/BR) to prepare “green tire” tread rubber. As expected, C3N4/SiO2 nanohybrids are uniformly dispersed in SSBR/BR, and SiO2 possesses a small average particle size of ~15 nm. In addition, the interfacial interaction between C3N4/SiO2 nanohybrids and rubber matrix are significantly enhanced. Hence, the mechanical properties of C3N4/SiO2‐SSBR/BR nanocomposites are greatly improved. The tensile strength of 5% C3N4/SiO2‐SSBR/BR nanocomposites (5 wt% C3N4 in C3N4/SiO2) improved 1580% compared to pristine SSBR/BR. Furthermore, dynamic mechanical analyses indicate the increasing wet skid resistance (10.8% higher) and decreasing rolling resistance (50.5% lower) of 5% C3N4/SiO2‐SSBR/BR nanocomposites compared with SiO2‐SSBR/BR. In addition, the wear volume and heat built‐up are reduced at the same time. This work paves the way to prepare high comprehensive performance “green tire” and could be extend to the reinforcement of elastomer composites.
Research on properties of composite based on polyether sulfone/cyanate ester semi‐interpenetrating resin system
Authors: Xu Peijun , Wu Fan , Han Lei , Li Zhao , Guo Xinliang , Liu Ronghai , Chen Xiaoming , Zhang Jie
Published: September 2022

Cyanate ester (CE) resin is usually used as high‐temperature resistant or microwave absorbing material in aerospace field because of its high‐glass transition temperature, low‐curing shrinkage, and excellent dielectric properties. However, CE resin has the disadvantages of high‐curing temperature, high brittleness, and poor toughness, which limits its application in the field of aerospace. In this article, CE resin is modified by high‐performance thermoplastic engineering plastic polyether sulfone (PES) to obtain a modified resin with excellent toughness. The thermoplastic/thermosetting semi‐interpenetrating network system formed by PES and CE resin can greatly improve the mechanical and thermal properties of PES modified CE resin. The results show that the flexural strength and impact toughness of CE resin castings modified with 10 wt% PES are 56% and 63% higher than those of CE resin castings. At 800°C, the retention weight of CE resin castings with 12.5 wt% PES content increased from 19.0% to 28.1%, which shows that the heat resistance of CE resin is greatly improved by PES. Compared with carbon fiber reinforced CE resin (CF/CE) unidirectional composite, the flexural strength of CF/CE‐P‐10 composite is increased from 1649.6 to 1959.8 MPa; the interlaminar shear strength is increased from 61.3 to 84.2 MPa; the impact strength is increased from 225.9 to 346.4 kJ/m2; and the interlaminar fracture toughness is increased from 5.34 to 11.38 J/m2.
Is DIA proteomics data FAIR? Current data sharing practices, available bioinformatics infrastructure and recommendations for the future
Authors: Jones Andrew R. , Deutsch Eric W. , Vizcaíno Juan Antonio
Published: September 2022

Data independent acquisition (DIA) proteomics techniques have matured enormously in recent years, thanks to multiple technical developments in, for example, instrumentation and data analysis approaches. However, there are many improvements that are still possible for DIA data in the area of the FAIR (Findability, Accessibility, Interoperability and Reusability) data principles. These include more tailored data sharing practices and open data standards since public databases and data standards for proteomics were mostly designed with DDA data in mind. Here we first describe the current state of the art in the context of FAIR data for proteomics in general, and for DIA approaches in particular. For improving the current situation for DIA data, we make the following recommendations for the future: (i) development of an open data standard for spectral libraries; (ii) make mandatory the availability of the spectral libraries used in DIA experiments in ProteomeXchange resources; (iii) improve the support for DIA data in the data standards developed by the Proteomics Standards Initiative; and (iv) improve the support for DIA datasets in ProteomeXchange resources, including more tailored metadata requirements.
Current advances in antibody‐based serum biomarker studies: From protein microarray to phage display
Authors: Qi Huan , Xue Jun‐biao , Lai Dan‐yun , Li Ang , Tao Sheng‐ce
Published: September 2022

Purpose

This review aims to summarize the technological advances in the field of antibody‐based biomarker studies by proteome microarray and phage display. In addition, the possible development directions of this field are also discussed.

Experimental design

We have focused on the antibody profiling by proteome microarray and phage display, including the technological advances, the tools/resources constructed, and the characteristics of both platforms.

Results

With the help of tools/resources and technological advances in proteome microarray and phage display, the efficiency of profiling antibody‐based biomarkers in serum samples has been greatly improved.

Conclusions

In the past few years, proteome microarray and phage display, especially the latter one, have already demonstrated their capacity and efficiency for biomarker identification. In the near future, we believe that more antibody‐based biomarkers could be identified, and some of them could eventually be developed into real clinical applications.
Improvement of a Conserved Current Density Versus Adding a Total Derivative to a Lagrangian Density
Authors: Gieres François
Published: September 2022

For classical relativistic field theory in Minkowski space‐time, the addition of a superpotential term to a conserved current density is trivial in the sense that it does not modify the local conservation law nor change the conserved charge, though it may allow us to obtain a current density with some improved properties. The addition of a total derivative term to a Lagrangian density is also trivial in the sense that it does not modify the equations of motion of the theory. These facts suggest that both operations are related and possibly equivalent to each other for any global symmetry of an action functional. We address this question following the study of two quite different (and well known) instances: the Callan‐Coleman‐Jackiw improvement of the canonical energy‐momentum tensor for scalar and vector fields (providing an on‐shell traceless energy‐momentum tensor) and the construction of a current density satisfying a zero curvature condition for two‐dimensional sigma models on deformed spaces (notably the squashed three‐sphere and warped AdS spaces). These instances correspond to fairly different implementations of the general results. An appendix addresses the precise relationship between the approaches to local conservation laws based on active and passive symmetry transformations, respectively.