bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Analysing the Relevance of Serious Game Elements for Effectively Teaching Innovation Processes
Authors: Ma Yiming , Vallet Flore , Cluzel François , Yannou Bernard
Published: July 2019

Serious games (SGs) as a new educational format have gained interest among many scholars from diverse fields. SGs seem to be useful tools for teaching innovation processes (IP) as they guarantee intrinsic motivation and provide situated learning. So far, there is no guideline on designing IP games and lowering their development time while ensuring their effectiveness. To fill this gap, we should first analyse the existing IP games with evaluation methods and synthesise their commonalities. Numerous methods have been put forward in the literature to assess digital SGs; however, most of the SGs for IP are board games. That is why we explore in this paper the use of Serious Game Design Assessment (SGDA) framework to analyse IP board games. According to the case study on an open innovation board game, we suggest applying this method to examine the a priori relevance of game elements (components that make up a game system). Moreover, we make recommendations to complement the SGDA framework with Game and Learning Mechanics, and real-world information. This contribution should help designers transform traditional educational supports into serious board games for teaching IP.
Capturing Prototype Progress in Digital Fabrication Education
Authors: Barhoush Yazan A M , Erichsen Jørgen Falck , Sjöman Heikki , Georgiev Georgi V. , Steinert Martin
Published: July 2019

The early (pre-requirement) stages of product development can provide relevant insights into the creative design process. At these stages, the communication of ideas during the prototyping process can serve as a rich source for information. In this paper, we attempt to document physical prototypes generated during the design process. We describe the design and preliminary testing of Protobooth Oulu: a system that can be used for documenting the process of prototyping products through capturing process output 'snapshots' in time at the early stages of product development. Our primary motivation is to facilitate documentation and reflection from an educational perspective. We tested the system during a course on digital fabrication in a FabLab environment, where ten teams documented their coursework over the course of six weeks. Managing to capture prototypes over time, analysis of the captured data showed evolution and major changes in the prototypes. Such data can be used for understanding the process of prototyping and consequently provide means to improve prototype and overall creative performance. We outline a future Protobooth system in terms of functionality.
Future Learning and Design Creativity Competency
Authors: Nagai Yukari , Shimogoori Akio , Ariga Minatsu , Georgiev Georgi V.
Published: July 2019

In this study, we discuss a structure for developing the skills and competencies required by the learning framework of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) for future education. Given the broad range of skills and the numerous competencies required to meet the demands of future society, the proposed wider and higher-level framework is based on STEAM (science, technology, engineering, art and design, and mathematics) and addresses the limitations of conventional computational thinking by tackling some of the skills and competencies. This is done by proposing the enrichment of STEAM educational approach with art thinking, which may be defined as a creative human-centred discovery process. To explore such enrichment, we conducted a workshop on art thinking. The motivation of the workshop was to explore whether art thinking can overcome some of the limitations of computational thinking regarding future education in the OECD learning framework. We discuss STEAM as focusing on design creativity competency, and we outline the development of educational activities such as workshops to promote competencies in the perspective of OECD framework.
Heuristic Evaluation of Ambient Devices Using Smart Materials
Authors: Marques-Lima Lucas , Faucheu Jenny
Published: July 2019

Teaching “calm technology” and “smart materials” as prospective trends in product design is the motivation of the educational workshop presented in this paper. Materials can trigger creative thinking. Indeed, concepts can be generated ideas that come from the encounter with a material showing the material's unexpressed potential. However, a smart material is a complex hybrid object. It is a highly technical matter that requires years of R&D to be developed and matured. It is also a highly social matter, that blurs the traditional boundary between matter and function in a product, creates an experience, and enhances sensations. The workshop presented in this paper is an opportunity for the students to analyze the complexity of user experience related to ambient devices using smart materials. In order to provide a guideline to perform this analysis, an approach based on heuristic evaluation is proposed to the students.
PhD Research Learning in Product Architecture Design
Authors: Sankowski Olga , Otto Kevin , Moon Seung Ki , Krause Dieter
Published: July 2019

The field of design research has been expanding into a wide diverse range of multidisciplinary topics. It takes substantial time for young researchers to attain a cumulative overview of state of the art on ever more complex methodologies. Teaching doctoral candidates in summer schools is an approach being taken by the design society to support them attaining an immersed understanding of a chosen research field as well as to help them formulate their own line of research. The aim for a new researcher is to form exchanges and collaborations with other researchers. The 'International Summer School on Product Architecture Design - PAD 2018' was such an effort, where 17 international PhD researchers and three international faculties met for a week and explored research in product architecture through hands-on exercises. We surveyed the researchers for effectiveness of the summer school and found that structure and concept of the summer school was effective for providing a background baseline of state of the art. We found there was a significant but less impact on individual participant´s research. We have yet to understand if the creation of collaborations among participants will occur.
An Integral Design Framework for Multi-Disciplinary Design
Authors: Zeiler Wim
Published: July 2019

A comprehensive domain independent system-level perspective of conceptualization of design is a major driver for successful product development. Such a general design model, Integral Design, was developed based on a specific Dutch design method, Methodical design, which was aimed specifically for applications in the Mechanical Engineering domain. The design method was specifically developed with the help of experiences designers and is meant for young students in a multi-disciplinary design context, such as building design. Integral design provides a suitable framework, existing of phases and specific steps, for guiding users through the design process. It support not only the designers but also helps them to make the process explicit and to communicate the actions and results to their stakeholders. The focus in this paper is on presenting the overall frame work of the design method. In the Netherlands in several bachelor and master educational programs at Technical High schools and the University of Technology Eindhoven use this model to teach students mechanical engineering design and building services design. As such it is one of the most popular design method in the Netherlands.
Exploitation of AM-Potentials by Linking Manufacturing Processes to Function-Driven Product Design
Authors: Reichwein Jannik , Kaspar Jerome , Vielhaber Michael , Kirchner Eckhard
Published: July 2019

Additive Manufacturing (AM) processes had an extensively and substantially technological growth over the past years that directly influences the continuously increased and manifold possibilities for processing new and innovative products. However, additively manufactured products mostly are still fabricated with only small adaptions compared to conventional parts, and thus waste many design potentials although specific design guidelines have been widely developed to restrict geometrical deficiencies or suggest improvements in component design.

As a result, this contribution furtherly aims to systematically consider AM potentials already on the functional level of product development offering significant but until now still not or just insufficiently exploited potentials. Therefore, the presented approach uses the already proven Design Pattern Matrix (DPM) approach for conventional technologies extended by a concurrent selection of materials and processes specifically for AM. Here, the DPM derives information about the manufacturing process in form of design elements and links them to the function carriers of the product including a methodological determination of requirements.
Mechatronics Enabling Kit for 3D Printed Hand Prosthesis
Authors: Wong Tat Hang , Asnaghi Davide , Leung Suk Wai Winnie
Published: July 2019

New advances in both neurosciences and computational approaches have changed the landscapes for smart devices design serving mobility-related disabilities. In this paper we present the integration of affordable robotics and wearable sensors through our mechatronic product platform, Sparthan, to enable accessibility of the technology in both the power prosthesis and neurorehabilitation space. Sparthan leverages 3rd party EMG sensors, Myo armband, to process muscles sensor data and translate user intention into hand movements. Key innovation includes the modularity, scalability and high degree of customization the solution affords to the target users. User-centered design approaches and mechatronic system design are detailed to demonstrate the versatility of integrative systems and design. What started off as an engineering research endeavor is also positioned to be deployed to deliver real-world impact, especially for prosthesis users in developing countries.
Optimization Approaches in Design for Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Rosso Stefano , Savio Gianpaolo , Uriati Federico , Meneghello Roberto , Concheri Gianmaria
Published: July 2019

Nowadays, topology optimization and lattice structures are being re-discovered thanks to Additive Manufacturing technologies, that allow to easily produce parts with complex geometries.

The primary aim of this work is to provide an original contribution for geometric modeling of conformal lattice structures for both wireframe and mesh models, improving previously presented methods. The secondary aim is to compare the proposed approaches with commercial software solutions on a piston rod as a case study.

The central part of the rod undergoes size optimization of conformal lattice structure beams diameters using the proposed methods, and topology optimization using commercial software tool. The optimized lattice is modeled with a NURBS approach and with the novel mesh approach, while the topologically optimized part is manually remodeled to obtain a proper geometry. Results show that the lattice mesh modelling approach has the best performance, resulting in a lightweight structure with smooth surfaces and without sharp edges at nodes, enhancing mechanical properties and fatigue life.
Design for Health 4.0: Exploration of a New Area
Authors: Bause Melania , Khayamian Esfahani Bahar , Forbes Hannah , Schaefer Dirk
Published: July 2019

Driven by networked Electronic Health Record systems, Artificial Intelligence, real-time data from wearable devices with an overlay of invisible user interfaces and improved analytics, Health 4.0 is changing the healthcare industry. The focus on collaboration, coherence, and convergence that will make healthcare more predictive and personalised. Furthermore, Health 4.0 realises the value of data more consistently and effectively. It can pinpoint areas of improvement and enable more informed decisions. What it also does is help move the entire healthcare industry from a system that is reactive and focused on fee-for-service to a system that is value-based, which measures outcomes and ensures proactive prevention.

In this paper, the authors will first explore the realm of the emerging area of Health 4.0 and identify its opportunities and challenges. This includes understanding the relevant base technologies as well as the design principles for the realization of smart healthcare product, systems and product-service-systems of the future. Following on from there, the authors focus on the role of design in the specific context of healthcare.
“Sacred Trust”: Rethinking Late British Decolonization in Indigenous Canada
Authors: Hebert Joel
Published: July 2019

This article considers the political activism of Canada's Indigenous peoples as a corrective to the prevailing narrative of British decolonization. For several decades, historians have described the end of empire as a series of linear political transitions from colony to nation-state, all ending in the late 1960s. But for many colonized peoples, the path to sovereignty was much less straightforward, especially in contexts where the goal of a discrete nation-state was unattainable. Canada's Indigenous peoples were one such group. In 1980, in the face of separatism in Quebec, Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau pledged to renew the Canadian Confederation by bringing home the constitution, which was still retained by the British Parliament. But many Indigenous leaders feared that this final separation of powers would extinguish their historic bilateral treaties with the British crown, including the Royal Proclamation of 1763 that guaranteed Indigenous sovereignty in a trust relationship with Britain. Indigenous activists thus organized lobbying campaigns at Westminster to oppose Trudeau's act of so-called patriation. This article follows the Constitution Express, a campaign organized by the Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs in 1981. Maneuvering around the nuances of British political and cultural difference, activists on the Constitution Express articulated and exercised their own vision of decolonization, pursuing continued ties to Britain as their best hope for securing Indigenous sovereignty in a federal Canada.
Acoustic microstreaming near a plane wall due to a pulsating free or coated bubble: velocity, vorticity and closed streamlines
Authors: Mobadersany Nima , Sarkar Kausik
Published: July 2019

Acoustic microstreaming due to an oscillating microbubble, either coated or free, is analytically investigated. The detailed flow field is obtained and the closed streamlines of the ring vortex generated by microstreaming are plotted in both Eulerian and Lagrangian descriptions. Analytical expressions are found for the ring vortex showing that its length depends only on the separation of the microbubble from the wall and the dependence is linear. The circulation as a scalar measure of the vortex is computed quantitatively identifying its spatial location. The functional dependence of circulation on bubble separation and coating parameters is shown to be similar to that of the shear stress.
Kinematics of vortex ring generated by a drop upon impacting a liquid pool
Authors: Saha Abhishek , Wei Yanju , Tang Xiaoyu , Law Chung K.
Published: July 2019

We herein report an experimental study on the morphological evolution of a vortex ring formed inside a liquid pool after it is impacted and penetrated by a coalescing drop of the same liquid. The dynamics of the penetrating vortex ring along with the deformation of the pool surface has been captured using simultaneous high-speed laser induced fluorescence and shadowgraph techniques. It is identified that the motion of such a vortex ring can be divided into three stages, during which inertial, capillary and viscous effects alternatingly play dominant roles to modulate the penetration process, resulting in linear, non-monotonic and decelerating motion in these three stages respectively. Furthermore, we also evaluate the relevant time and length scales of these three stages and subsequently propose a unified description of the downward motion of the penetrating vortex ring. Finally, we use the experimental data for a range of drop diameters and impact speeds to validate the proposed scaling.
Revisiting Bolgiano–Obukhov scaling for moderately stably stratified turbulence
Authors: Alam Shadab , Guha Anirban , Verma Mahendra K.
Published: July 2019

According to the celebrated Bolgiano–Obukhov (Bolgiano, J. Geophys. Res., vol. 64 (12), 1959, pp. 2226–2229; Obukhov, Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR, vol. 125, 1959, p. 1246) phenomenology for moderately stably stratified turbulence, the energy spectrum in the inertial range shows a dual scaling: the kinetic energy follows (i) ${\sim}k^{-11/5}$ for $kk_{B}$, where $k_{B}$ is the Bolgiano wavenumber. The $k^{-5/3}$ scaling, akin to passive scalar turbulence, is a direct consequence of the assumption that buoyancy is insignificant for $k>k_{B}$. We revisit this assumption, and using the constancy of kinetic and potential energy fluxes and simple theoretical analysis, we find that the $k^{-5/3}$ spectrum is absent. This is because the velocity field at small scales is too weak to establish a constant kinetic energy flux as in passive scalar turbulence. A quantitative condition for the existence of the second regime is also derived in the paper.
NAPOLEONIC FREEDOM OF WORSHIP IN LAW AND ART
Authors: Cooper Levi
Published: July 2019

Napoleon's most famous innovation in his legendary military career was the use of the daunting Grande Armée with an emphasis on speed, maneuverability, and maintaining the offensive. Yet Napoleon understood that while skirmishes were won or lost on the battlefield, the real war lay in public perception. To that end, Napoleon used art and cultural treasures as part of his arsenal in order to create the perception of victory, regardless of the outcome of any particular campaign. Examining contemporary French artistic representations of Napoleon granting freedom of worship to religious groups, this article analyzes artwork as a tool for fashioning and communicating legal narrative. Popular visual arts are mined for meaning, painting a portrait of the legal and cultural setting of these creative works. The partisan artwork demonstrates how Napoleon's artists depicted freedom of worship as the freedom—granted to all faiths—to worship Napoleon. It is noted that Jews feature disproportionately in the Empire period's depictions of freedom of worship. This is surprising, as the Jewish community was numerically insignificant and hardly influential in Napoleon's realm. This article argues that in addition to broadcasting religious tolerance, Napoleonic artwork used Jews and symbols like Moses and tablets of law to fashion a narrative of law that foregrounded the legal legitimacy of Napoleon's rule: Napoleon's regime is legally just; the enlightened ruler affords rights and liberties to all his subjects; divine Napoleon is the new lawgiver.
Fossil Carbon Load in Urban Vegetation for Debrecen, Hungary
Authors: Varga Tamás , Barnucz Petra , Major István , Lisztes-Szabó Zsuzsa , Jull A J Timothy , László Elemér , Pénzes János , Molnár Mihály
Published: July 2019

Deciduous tree leaf and grass samples were collected in Debrecen, the second largest city in Hungary. The aim of the study was to determine the rate of fossil fuel-derived carbon in urban vegetation. At the locations sampled, C3 and C4 plants close to roads were collected in September 2017. In total, 82 tree and grass leaf samples were gathered at 36 different sampling points all over the city of Debrecen. The radiocarbon (14C) results of the samples were compared to the local urban background atmospheric 14CO2 data to determine the percentage of the fossil fuel-derived carbon in the plants. Based on our results, the average fossil carbon content in the tree and grass leaf samples were 0.9 ± 1.2% and 2.5 ± 2.5%, respectively. The highest fossil carbon content was 9.6 ± 0.6% in a grass and 4.7 ± 0.7% in a tree leaf sample. It appears that the negative fossil carbon content results obtained at urban sampling areas reflect modern carbon emission, where radiocarbon content is higher than the corresponding local background, presumably due burning of recent wood containing bomb 14C in the suburbs as well as other possible sources such as litter decomposition or soil CO2 emission.
Concentrated Burdens: How Self-Interest and Partisanship Shape Opinion on Opioid Treatment Policy
Authors: DE BENEDICTIS-KESSNER JUSTIN , HANKINSON MICHAEL
Published: July 2019

When does self-interest influence public opinion on contentious public policies? The bulk of theory in political science suggests that self-interest is only a minor force in public opinion. Using nationally representative survey data, we show how financial and spatial self-interest and partisanship all shape public opinion on opioid treatment policy. We find that a majority of respondents support a redistributive funding model for treatment programs, while treatment funded by taxation based on a community’s overdose rate is less popular. Moreover, financial self-interest cross-pressures lower-income Republicans, closing the partisan gap in support by more than half. We also experimentally test how the spatial burden of siting treatment clinics alters policy preferences. People across the political spectrum are less supportive when construction of a clinic is proposed closer to their home. These results highlight how partisanship and self-interest interact in shaping preferences on public policy with concentrated burdens.
Optimal Control and Path Planning of a 3PRS Robot Using Indirect Variation Algorithm
Authors: Tourajizadeh H. , Gholami O.
Published: July 2019

In this paper, optimal control of a 3PRS robot is performed, and its related optimal path is extracted accordingly. This robot is a kind of parallel spatial robot with six DOFs which can be controlled using three active prismatic joints and three passive rotary ones. Carrying a load between two initial and final positions is the main application of this robot. Therefore, extracting the optimal path is a valuable study for maximizing the load capacity of the robot. First of all, the complete kinematic and kinetic modeling of the robot is extracted to control and optimize the robot. As the robot is categorized as a constrained robot, its kinematics is studied using a Jacobian matrix and its pseudo inverse whereas its kinetics is studied using Lagrange multipliers. The robot is then controlled using feedforward term of the inverse dynamics. Afterward, the extracted dynamics equation of the robot is transferred to state space to be employed for calculus of variations. Considering the constrained entity of the robot, null space of the robot is employed to eliminate the Lagrange multipliers to provide the applicability of indirect variation algorithm for the robot. As a result, not only are the optimal controlling signals calculated but also the corresponding optimal path of the robot between two boundary conditions is extracted. All the modeling, controlling, and optimization process are verified using MATLAB simulation. The profiles are then double-checked by comparing the results with SimMechanics. It is proved that with the aid of the proposed controlling and optimization method of this article, the robot can be controlled along its optimal path through which the maximum load can be carried.
Reunited after 1000 years. The development of definite articles in Icelandic
Authors: Pfaff Alexander
Published: July 2019

This article traces the diachronic development from the Proto Norse demonstrative hinn via the Old Icelandic definite article(s) to the Modern Icelandic article system. This demonstrative gave rise to two distinct article elements during the Viking period that are well-attested from Old Icelandic onwards, a freestanding and a suffixed article.

Based on evidence from Old Icelandic, I argue for a categorial distinction between an adjectival and a nominal article, which does not entirely coincide with a mere morpho-phonological distinction. The former, which mostly occurs as a freestanding element, is a genuine component of AP, not an immediate constituent of the nominal extended projection. The latter, which only occurs in suffixal form, heads a low projection in the extended nominal projection and has scope only over the noun. For Modern Icelandic, on the other hand, I will adopt the idea that free and suffixed articles are two surface manifestations of the same element.

The diachronic perspective is complemented by an examination of the development of seven adjectivally modified definite noun phrase patterns. This empirical survey reveals several surprising facts: The standard pattern of modification in Modern Icelandic was virtually non-existent prior to the 17th century, and double definiteness persisted until the early 20th century. Likewise, certain modificational patterns otherwise found in Mainland Scandinavian were dominant between the 16th and 19th century. This latter observation points to a competition between two adjectival articles hinn vs. sá similar to the one that had taken place earlier in Mainland Scandinavian. In Icelandic, however, sá did not replace hinn, and, in the long run, a pattern not comprising an adjectival article became the dominant one.
Expected Maximum Block Size in Critical Random Graphs
Authors: Rasendrahasina V. , Rasoanaivo A. , Ravelomanana V.
Published: July 2019

LetG(n,M) be a uniform random graph withnvertices andMedges. Let${\wp_{n,m}}$be the maximum block size ofG(n,M), that is, the maximum size of its maximal 2-connected induced subgraphs. We determine the expectation of${\wp_{n,m}}$near the critical pointM=n/2. Whenn− 2M≫n2/3, we find a constantc1such that$$c_1 = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \left({1 - \frac{2M}{n}} \right) \,\E({\wp_{n,m}}).$$Inside the window of transition ofG(n,M) withM= (n/2)(1 + λn−1/3), where λ is any real number, we find an exact analytic expression for$$c_2(\lambda) = \lim_{n \rightarrow \infty} \frac{\E{\left({\wp_{n,{{(n/2)}({1+\lambda n^{-1/3}})}}}\right)}}{n^{1/3}}.$$This study relies on the symbolic method and analytic tools from generating function theory, which enable us to describe the evolution of$n^{-1/3}\,\E{\left({\wp_{n,{{(n/2)}({1+\lambda n^{-1/3}})}}}\right)}$as a function of λ.
Rethinking Inadequacy: Constance Maynard and Victorian Autobiography
Authors: Green Laura
Published: July 2019

In 1881 two women who were to become part of the history of Victorian feminism met: Constance Maynard (1849–1935), graduate of one of the first cohorts of women to enter Girton College and founder in 1882 of Westfield College for Women, and Bessie Rayner Parkes Belloc (1829–1925), friend of Barbara Leigh Smith Bodichon and the “Langham Place” group of feminists, and former editor of the feminist English Women's Journal. In 1873 Maynard became the first woman in England to receive a degree in “moral sciences,” from Girton, and subsequently worked for six years as a headmistress and schoolmistress at two groundbreaking girls' schools, Cheltenham Ladies' College and the new St. Leonard's School in Scotland. When she met Belloc, she was living in London with her brother, taking art classes at the Slade School, and beginning discussions that would lead to the foundation of Westfield College, formed as an explicitly Evangelical-identified parallel to ecumenical Girton and also as the first college to prepare women for the examinations and degrees offered by the University of London.
Calibration of VaR models with overlapping data
Authors: Frankland Ralph , Smith Andrew D. , Sharpe James , Bhatia Rishi , Jarvis Stuart , Jakhria Parit , Mehta Gaurang
Published: July 2019

Under the European Union’s Solvency II regulations, insurance firms are required to use a one-year VaR (Value at Risk) approach. This involves a one-year projection of the balance sheet and requires sufficient capital to be solvent in 99.5% of outcomes. The Solvency II Internal Model risk calibrations require annual changes in market indices/term structure for the estimation of risk distribution for each of the Internal Model risk drivers. This presents a significant challenge for calibrators in terms of:

Robustness of the calibration that is relevant to the current market regimes and at the same time able to represent the historically observed worst crisis;

Stability of the calibration model year on year with arrival of new information.

The above points need careful consideration to avoid credibility issues with the Solvency Capital Requirement (SCR) calculation, in that the results are subject to high levels of uncertainty.

For market risks, common industry practice to compensate for the limited number of historic annual data points is to use overlapping annual changes. Overlapping changes are dependent on each other, and this dependence can cause issues in estimation, statistical testing, and communication of uncertainty levels around risk calibrations.

This paper discusses the issues with the use of overlapping data when producing risk calibrations for an Internal Model. A comparison of the overlapping data approach with the alternative non-overlapping data approach is presented. A comparison is made of the bias and mean squared error of the first four cumulants under four different statistical models. For some statistical models it is found that overlapping data can be used with bias corrections to obtain similarly unbiased results as non-overlapping data, but with significantly lower mean squared errors. For more complex statistical models (e.g. GARCH) it is found that published bias corrections for non-overlapping and overlapping datasets do not result in unbiased cumulant estimates and/or lead to increased variance of the process.

In order to test the goodness of fit of probability distributions to the datasets, it is common to use statistical tests. Most of these tests do not function when using overlapping data, as overlapping data breach the independence assumption underlying most statistical tests. We present and test an adjustment to one of the statistical tests (the Kolmogorov Smirnov goodness-of-fit test) to allow for overlapping data.

Finally, we explore the methods of converting “high”-frequency (e.g. monthly data) to “low”-frequency data (e.g. annual data). This is an alternative methodology to using overlapping data, and the approach of fitting a statistical model to monthly data and then using the monthly model aggregated over 12 time steps to model annual returns is explored. There are a number of methods available for this approach. We explore two of the widely used approaches for aggregating the time series.
White House, Black Mother: Michelle Obama and the Politics of Motherhood as First Lady
Authors: Ayee Gloria Y. A. , Johnson Carew Jessica D. , Means Taneisha N. , Reyes-Barriéntez Alicia M. , Sediqe Nura A.
Published: July 2019

In 2008, for the first time in the history of this country, a black woman became First Lady of the United States. During Barack Obama's presidency, Michelle Obama was ever present in the public eye for her advocacy on issues related to health, military families, education, and for promoting the interests of women and girls. This article contributes to ongoing scholarly discourse, as well as extensive media coverage and analysis, regarding Obama's role as wife and first lady by critically examining how the particular model of motherhood she embraced and exhibited, a model firmly rooted in the black American community, was designed to challenge negative stereotypes of black women, maternity, and families. We address the following questions in this work: How did Obama's identity as a black woman influence the policies she championed as first lady? Does Obama's mothering relate to stereotypes of black mothers and help (re)define black motherhood, and if so, how? What does it mean to be a black mater gentis or mother of the nation? Drawing on her speeches and policy initiatives, we reveal how Michelle Obama defied dominant and oppressive stereotypes of black women and mothers while simultaneously (re)defining black womanhood and motherhood for the nation.
Monitoring the VIIRS Sensor Data Records Reflective Solar Band Calibrations Using DCC With Collocated CrIS Measurements
Authors: Gong Xinya , Li Zhenglong , Li Jun , Moeller Christopher C. , Wang Wenhui
Published: July 2019

As uniform and stable objects, deep convective clouds (DCCs) are often used to monitor the calibration stabilities of the reflective solar bands (RSBs) of the Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite (VIIRS) onboard the Suomi National Polar‐orbiting Partnership. Traditionally, DCCs are identified by the legacy 11‐μm brightness temperature (BT11) threshold method. With the collocated Cross‐track Infrared Sounder (CrIS), a method of combining the BT difference between a water vapor absorption channel and a window channel to its measurement noise ratio (BNR) is adopted and applied to DCC identification. The BNR method improves the DCC detections over the legacy method because it is less contaminated with high clouds not thick and bright enough. Using observations from 2017 to 2018, the results show BNR has better performances than BT11 for identifying DCCs and monitoring RSBs. When comparing to BT11, BNR has more robust and invariant time series of monthly reflectance for all RSBs; that is, the standard deviation and total variation range (maximum‐minimum) are up to 47% smaller. Because BNR affects more on the left tails (less reflective) than the modes of the histograms of reflectance, the improvement is more significant on the mean reflectance than the mode. BNR detects fewer DCCs than BT11, but with more confidence. This allows the weekly and daily time series for monitoring RSBs in higher temporal frequencies. This method can be applied to other imagers with collocated advanced infrared sounders for detecting DCCs and monitoring the calibration stabilities of RSBs.
A Computational Channel Model for Magnetic Induction‐Based Subsurface Applications
Authors: Ayuso Natalia , Cuchí José Antonio , Lera Francisco , Villarroel José Luis
Published: July 2019

There are many underground applications based on magnetic fields generated by an oscillating magnetic source. For them, a magnetic dipole in a three‐layered region with upper semi‐infinite air layer can be a convenient idealization used for their planning, development, and operation. Solutions are in the form of the well‐known Sommerfeld integral expressions that can be evaluated by numerical methods. A set of field expressions to be numerically evaluated by an efficient algorithm are not collected comprehensively yet, or at least in a directly usable form. In this paper, the explicit magnetic field solutions for the vertical magnetic dipole and the horizontal magnetic dipole for a general source‐observer location are derived from the Hertz vector. They can be properly combined to model the problem of a tilted magnetic dipole source for horizontally or inclined stratified media. As a result, a complete set of integral equations of the Sommerfeld type valid from the near zone to the far zone are formulated. A method for numerical evaluation of the field expressions for high accurate computations is described. The numerical results are validated using the finite element method for all the possible source‐receiver configurations and three well‐spanned frequencies of typical subsurface applications. Both numerical solutions agree according to the normalized root‐mean‐square error‐based fit metric. Numerical results for two cases of study are presented to see its usefulness for subsurface applications. A MATLAB implementation of the mathematical description outlined in this paper and the proposed evaluation method is freely available for download.
Scattering of Plane Waves From an Infinite Dielectric Periodic Surface
Authors: Wei Yinyu , Wu Zhensen , Li Haiying , Qu Tan
Published: July 2019

In this paper, the scattering characteristics an infinite dielectric periodic surface are investigated in detail. The Fourier expression of scattering field of the periodic surface is obtained by using the Rayleigh hypothesis and the Floquet theorem. Using the extended boundary condition method and the T‐matrix method, the scattering amplitude factor is solved, and the correctness of the algorithm is verified by use of the law of energy conservation. The scattering cross section of the periodic surface in the infinitely long region is derived by improving the formula of the finite one as its length is increased. Furthermore, the effects of the incident wave parameters and geometric structure parameters on the scattering of the periodic surface are analyzed and discussed. The results show that the period and amplitude of the surface corrugations determine the number of scattering intensity peaks, and influence the scattering intensity distribution with permittivity significantly.
Reply to: Comment on “The Dominant Role of Energetic Ions in Solar Wind Interaction With the Moon” by Poppe
Authors: Omidi N. , Zhou X.‐Y. , Russell C. T. , Angelopoulos V.
Published: July 2019

In all kinetic simulations of the solar wind interaction with the moon, dayside absorption of the core solar wind protons results in the formation of a numerically unstable vacuum in the tail requiring a fix. In Omidi et al. (2019, https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JA026243) it was shown that replacing the vacuum with a cold plasma results in unacceptable magnetic fields when compared to observations. It was also demonstrated that when the presence of energetic ions in the solar wind is accounted for, the tail is no longer a vacuum but contains a low‐density plasma. In addition, the resulting magnetic fields are in excellent agreement with the observations including the presence of the compressional wake. Poppe (2019) shows results from the Amitis, which employs a different vacuum model and produces a magnetic field profile in the central tail that agrees with observations. However, the results do not account for the presence of low‐density plasma in the tail and the formation of the compressional wake. To explain these shortcomings, Poppe (2019) questions the existence of plasma in the tail and attributes the compressional wake to lunar crustal fields. Here we address the criticism of plasma observations and provide additional data from ARTEMIS spacecraft that demonstrates the compressional wake is an inherent part of the lunar tail structure. As such, the Amitis vacuum simulations do not capture the full physics of the interaction. In contrast, when the energetic protons are included in the model, all aspects of the lunar tail structure are accounted for.
What Drives the Life Cycle of Tropical Anvil Clouds?
Authors: Gasparini Blaž , Blossey Peter N. , Hartmann Dennis L. , Lin Guangxing , Fan Jiwen
Published: July 2019

The net radiative effects of tropical clouds are determined by the evolution of thick, freshly detrained anvil clouds into thin anvil clouds. Thick anvil clouds reduce Earth's energy balance and cool the climate, while thin anvil clouds warm the climate. To determine role of these clouds in climate change we need to understand how interactions of their microphysical and macrophysical properties control their radiative properties. We explore anvil cloud evolution using a cloud‐resolving model in three‐simulation setups of increasing complexity to disentangle the impacts of the various components of diabatic heating and their interaction with cloud‐scale motions. The first phase of evolution and rapid cloud spreading is dominated by latent heating within convective updrafts. After the convective detrainment stops, most of the spreading and thinning of the anvil cloud is driven by cloud radiative processes and latent heating. The combination of radiative cooling at cloud top, latent cooling due to sublimation at cloud base, latent heating due to deposition and radiative heating in between leads to a sandwich‐like, cooling‐heating‐cooling structure. The heating sandwich promotes the development of two within‐anvil convective layers and a double cell circulation, dominated by strong outflow at 12‐km altitude with inflow above and below. Our study reveals how small‐scale processes including convective, microphysical processes, latent and radiative heating interact within the anvil cloud system. The absence or a different representation of only one component results in a significantly different cloud evolution with large impacts on cloud radiative effects.
The Effects of Urbanization and Retention‐Based Stormwater Management on Coastal Plain Stream Nutrient Export
Authors: Gold Adam C. , Thompson Suzanne P. , Piehler Michael F.
Published: July 2019

Stormwater nutrient pollution can be more effectively managed if there is a predictable link between urbanization and pollutant export. The goal of this study was to determine the effects of increased watershed impervious surface cover (ISC) and retention‐based stormwater management on stream discharge and nutrient export from coastal plain streams in the southeastern United States. To quantify coastal plain stream nutrient export, measurements of stream discharge and concentrations of dissolved nutrients, particulate nitrogen, and algal biomass (as chlorophyll a) were collected during baseflow and stormflow for four years from five streams on Marine Corps Base Camp Lejeune near Jacksonville, North Carolina. The study streams had watersheds that spanned a range of ISC (1–38%) and included an urban watershed drained extensively by stormwater ponds. Urban streams had higher rates of annual discharge than less impacted streams due to elevated discharge at all rates of flow, more cumulative discharge at high flows, and dampened seasonal patterns. Streams with higher watershed ISC had higher rates of annual export of all measured nutrients due to increased stream discharge and concentrations of inorganic and particulate nitrogen. The relative importance of dissolved organic nitrogen decreased with watershed ISC, but it was still the dominant form of nitrogen export in every study stream except the stream that was dominated by particulate nitrogen export from stormwater pond algal production. Based on these findings, this study suggests that stormwater management emphasizing stormwater harvesting and evapotranspiration, increased wetland area, and decreased anthropogenic nutrient sources could reduce nutrient export from urban coastal plain streams.
A pharmacogenetic intervention for the improvement of the safety profile of antipsychotic treatments
Authors: Arranz Maria J. , Gonzalez-Rodriguez Alex , Perez-Blanco Josefina , Penadés Rafael , Gutierrez Blanca , Ibañez Laura , Arias Barbara , Brunet Mercè , Cervilla Jorge , Salazar Juliana , Catalan Rosa
Published: July 2019

Antipsychotic drugs fail to achieve adequate response in 30–50% of treated patients and about 50% of them develop severe and lasting side effects. Treatment failure results in poorer prognosis with devastating repercussions for the patients, carers and broader society. Our study evaluated the clinical benefits of a pharmacogenetic intervention for the personalisation of antipsychotic treatment. Pharmacogenetic information in key CYP polymorphisms was used to adjust clinical doses in a group of patients who started or switched treatment with antipsychotic drugs (PharmG+, N = 123), and their results were compared with those of a group of patients treated following existing clinical guides (PharmG−, N = 167). There was no evidence of significant differences in side effects between the two arms. Although patients who had their antipsychotic dose adjusted according to CYPs polymorphisms (PharmG+) had a bigger reduction in side effects than those treated as usual (PharmG−), the difference was not statistically significant (p > 0.05 for all comparisons). However, PharmG+ patients treated with CYP2D6 substrates that were carriers of CYP2D6 UMs or PMs variants showed a significantly higher improvement in global, psychic and other UKU side effects than PharmG− patients (p = 0.02, p = 0.05 and p = 0.01, respectively). PharmG+ clozapine treated patients with CYP1A2 or CYP2C19 UM and PMs variants also showed higher reductions in UKU scores than PharmG− clozapine patients in general. However, those differences were not statistically significant. Pharmacogenetic interventions may improve the safety of antipsychotic treatments by reducing associated side effects. This intervention may be particularly useful when considering treatment with antipsychotics with one major metabolic pathway, and therefore more susceptible to be affected by functional variants of CYP enzymes.
Maximum Entropy (Most Likely) Double Helical and Double Logarithmic Spiral Trajectories in Space-Time
Authors: Parker M. C. , Jeynes C.
Published: July 2019

The ubiquity of double helical and logarithmic spirals in nature is well observed, but no explanation is ever offered for their prevalence. DNA and the Milky Way galaxy are examples of such structures, whose geometric entropy we study using an information-theoretic (Shannon entropy) complex-vector analysis to calculate, respectively, the Gibbs free energy difference between B-DNA and P-DNA, and the galactic virial mass. Both of these analytic calculations (without any free parameters) are consistent with observation to within the experimental uncertainties. We define conjugate hyperbolic space and entropic momentum co-ordinates to describe these spiral structures in Minkowski space-time, enabling a consistent and holographic Hamiltonian-Lagrangian system that is completely isomorphic and complementary to that of conventional kinematics. Such double spirals therefore obey a maximum-entropy path-integral variational calculus (“the principle of least exertion”, entirely comparable to the principle of least action), thereby making them the most likely geometry (also with maximal structural stability) to be adopted by any such system in space-time. These simple analytical calculations are quantitative examples of the application of the Second Law of Thermodynamics as expressed in geometric entropy terms. They are underpinned by a comprehensive entropic action (“exertion”) principle based upon Boltzmann’s constant as the quantum of exertion.
HER2/HER3 regulates lactate secretion and expression of lactate receptor mRNA through the MAP3K4 associated protein GIT1
Authors: Garcia-Flores Alejandro E. , Sollome James J. , Thavathiru Elangovan , Bower Joseph L. , Vaillancourt Richard R.
Published: July 2019

One of the major features of cancer is Otto Warburg’s observation that many tumors have increased extracellular acidification compared to healthy tissues. Since Warburg’s observation, the importance of extracellular acidification in cancer is now considered a hallmark of cancer. Human MAP3K4 functions upstream of the p38 and JNK mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, MAP3K4 is required for cell migration and extracellular acidification of breast cancer cells in response to HER2/HER3 signaling. Here, we demonstrate that GIT1 interacts with MAP3K4 by immunoprecipitation, while cellular lactate production and the capacity of MCF-7 cells for anchorage independent growth in soft agar were dependent on GIT1. Additionally, we show that activation of HER2/HER3 signaling leads to reduced expression of lactate receptor (GPR81) mRNA and that both, GIT1 and MAP3K4, are necessary for constitutive expression of GPR81 mRNA. Our study suggests that targeting downstream proteins in the HER2/HER3-induced extracellular lactate signaling pathway may be a way to inhibit the Warburg Effect to disrupt tumor growth.