bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Christianity saved? Comments on Swinburne's apologetic strategies in the tetralogy
Authors: SCHELLENBERG J. L.
Published: September 2002

This paper begins by surveying some of the problems facing Swinburne's general approach, finding unfortunate the absence from his tetralogy of a strategy (suggested at the end of the previous trilogy) that might have helped to alleviate them, namely an attempt to show that a traditional Christian creed is more probable than the creed of any other religion. It then discusses certain particular arguments of the tetralogy – arguments offered in defence of the traditional Christian doctrine of the Atonement – which are central to the detailed working out of the approach, concluding that they are unacceptable.
Response to my commentators
Authors: SWINBURNE RICHARD
Published: September 2002

This is my response to the critical commentaries by Hasker, McNaughton and Schellenberg on my tetralogy on Christian doctrine. I dispute the moral principles invoked by McNaughton and Schellenberg in criticism of my theodicy and theory of atonement. I claim, contrary to Hasker, that I have taken proper account of the ‘existential dimension' of Christianity. I agree that whether it is rational to pursue the Christian way depends not only on how probable it is that the Christian creed is true and so that the way leads to the Christian goals, but (in part) on how strongly one wants those goals. Hasker is correct to say that I need to give arguments in favour of the historical claims of Christianity, and I outline how I hope to do that.
Religious experience and the evidential argument from evil
Authors: SILVER DAVID
Published: September 2002

This paper examines Alvin Plantinga's defence of theistic belief in the light of Paul Draper's formulation of the problem of evil. Draper argues (a) that the facts concerning the distribution of pain and pleasure in the world are better explained by a hypothesis which does not include the existence of God than by a hypothesis which does; and (b) that this provides an epistemic challenge to theists. Plantinga counters that a theist could accept (a) yet still rationally maintain a belief in God. His defence of theism depends on the epistemic value of religious experience. I argue, however, that Plantinga's defence of theism is not successful.
On the problem of hell
Authors: CAIN JAMES
Published: September 2002

There is a conception of hell that holds that God punishes some people in a way that brings about endless suffering and unhappiness. An objection to this view holds that such punishment could not be just since it punishes finite sins with infinite suffering. In answer to this objection, it is shown that endless suffering, even intense suffering, is consistent with the suffering being finite. Another objection holds that such punishment is contrary to God's love. A possible response to this objection is developed.
EROS AND THANATOS: A FICINIAN AND LAURENTIAN READING OF VERDELOT'S
SÌ LIETA E GRATA MORTE
Authors: La Via Stefano
Published: September 2002

The literary origins of the Italian sixteenth-century madrigal, as well as the presumed inexpressive nature of the so-called prima pratica as compared with the seconda pratica, perhaps represent two of the most abused commonplaces of modern musical historiography. Most scholars still believe that the linguistic, rhetorical and stylistic principles codified by Petrarchist humanists such as Pietro Bembo directly stimulated the birth of the new literary-musical genre. Even more problematic is the attitude of those who extract the dichotomy prima/seconda pratica from its specific cultural context - the Artusi-Monteverdi controversy - and apply it to an extended historical period, largely covering the whole history of the madrigal itself.
CATHOLIC MUSIC IN THE DIOCESE OF AUGSBURG c.1600: A RECONSTRUCTED TRICINIUM ANTHOLOGY AND ITS CONFESSIONAL IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Leitmeir Christian Thomas
Published: September 2002

After decades of suffering and agony, Catholicism in Augsburg entered a phase of gradual recovery around 1550. The first half of the sixteenth century was characterised by the rapid expansion of the Reformation and the marginalisation of the Catholics in the town. At the zenith of Protestant predominance, the Lutherans even managed to force the entire Catholic clergy into exile from 1537 to 1547 and for a few months in 1552. The episcopate of Cardinal Otto Truchsess von Waldburg (1543-73), however, marked a turning point for Catholics in Augsburg. The Peace of Augsburg (1555) conceded political parity to the Catholic minority in town. Due to Otto von Waldburg's zealous activities, his severely decimated flock even managed to grow again slowly over the years.
THE CARDONA AND FERNÁNDEZ DE CÓRDOBA COATS OF ARMS IN THE CHIGI CODEX
Authors: Ros-Fábregas Emilio
Published: September 2002

The Chigi Codex occupies a place of honour among music manuscripts of the Renaissance; thirteen masses by Ockeghem along with L'homme armé masses by Josquin, Busnoys, Brumel and Compère figure prominently among its contents. According to Herbert Kellman, it was copied between 1498 and 1503 for the Burgundian nobleman Philippe Bouton. Several coats of arms of the Spanish families Cardona and Fernández de Córdoba appear in different places in the manuscript and Kellman suggested that the transfer of the Chigi Codex to the Spaniards occurred after the death of its first owner in 1515. Seven works, the foliation in the upper right margin of the recto folios and a table of contents with a heading that reads Tabla de missas y motetes were added by a Spanish scribe. Since Mouton's motet Quis dabit oculis, written on the death of Anne of Brittany in 1514, is also among the added works, Kellman concluded that these additions to the Chigi Codex were made after that date. The assumption that the manuscript travelled to Spain is further supported by a seventeenth-century inscription written in Italian on the flyleaf of the manuscript, which affirms that the book was used in Spain.
Advanced gain scheduledH∞controller for robotic manipulators
Authors: Yu Zhongwei , Chen Huitang , Woo Peng-Yung
Published: September 2002

A conservatism-reduced design of a gain scheduled output feedbackH∞controller for ann-joint rigid robotic manipulator, which integrates the varying-parameter rate without their feedback, is proposed. The robotic system is reduced to a 1inear parameter varying (LPV) form, which depends on the varying-parameter. By using a parameter-dependent Lyapunov function, the design of a controller, which satisfies the closed-loopH∞performance, is reduced to a solution of the parameterized linear matrix inequalities (LMIs) of parameter matrices. With a use of the concept of “multi-convexity”, the solution of the infinite LMIs in the varying-parameter and its rate space is reduced to a solution of the finite LMIs for the vertex set. The proposed controller eliminates the feedback of the varying-parameter rate and fixes its upper boundary so that the conservatism of the controller design is reduced. Experimental results verify the effectiveness of the proposed design.
A mathematical model for a pneumatically actuated robotic fibre placement system
Authors: Alici Gürsel , Shirinzadeh Bijan , McConville Andrew , Foong Chee W. , Ang Marcelo
Published: September 2002

In this paper, a lumped parameter model of a robotic fibre placement system consisting of a Motoman SK-120 robot, a force/torque sensor, a pneumatic actuator and a stiff workpiece holder is developed and experimentally verified for the purpose of predicting and characterising the dynamic behaviour of the fibre placement system. Special attention has been given to the dynamics of the actuator which is represented as a mass confined to move between two non-linear springs and dampers. The overall model containing manipulator, force sensor, pneumatic actuator and the workpiece holder dynamics is of the tenth order. Step response experiments were conducted to verify the model and to determine the approximate values of the parameters in the mathematical model. The results prove that the established model is accurate enough to explain the dynamic behaviour of the fibre placement system and it can be employed to quantify the influence of the dynamics of the pneumatic actuator on the constant force-based fibre placement. The well-known fact that the dynamics of the pneumatic actuator varies with the piston position has also been experimentally demonstrated.
Research at the MEC
Authors: Pham D. T. , Dimov S. S. , Pham P. T. N.
Published: September 2002

This article focuses on research at the MEC, giving three examples of areas of concerted activities at the Centre: intelligent manufacturing, concurrent engineering and rapid manufacturing.
The identification of joint parameters for modular robots using fuzzy theory and a genetic algorithm
Authors: Li Yangmin , Liu Xiaoping , Peng Zhaoyang , Liu Yugang
Published: September 2002

This paper discusses a technique for identifying the joint parameters of a modular robot in order to study the dynamic characteristics of the whole structure and to realise dynamic control. A method for identifying the joint parameters of the structure applying fuzzy logic combined with a genetic algorithm has been studied using a 9-DOF modular redundant robot. A Genetic Algorithm was used in the fuzzy optimisation, which helped to avoid converging to locally optimal solutions and made the results identified much more reasonable. The joint parameters of a 9-DOF modular redundant robot have been identified.
Orientation capability representation and application to manipulator analysis and synthesis
Authors: Shah Paresh , Dai Jian S.
Published: September 2002

This paper proposes a new orientation representation of planar manipulators by resorting to polar coordinates. Connecting the end-effector point to the first joint of a manipulator with a virtual adjustable link, the length of the adjustable link corresponds to a workspace point and is related to the orientation of the end effector link by a virtual angle in the form of a transcendental equation. Plotting this link length against the virtual angle in polar coordinates, the orientation of a manipulator can be represented in a compact form, and the range of partial dexterity can be identified. The characteristics of the new representation is hence revealed and related to the assessment of an orientation capability of a manipulator. Based on this representation, a desirable task can be presented and a manipulator can be synthesised with the required orientation.
Dynamic bipedal walking assisted by learning
Authors: Chew Chee-Meng , Pratt Gill A.
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a general control architecture for bipedal walking which is based on a divide-and-conquer approach. Based on the architecture, the sagittal-plane motion-control algorithm is formulated using a control approach known as Virtual Model Control. A reinforcment learning algorithm is used to learn the key parameter of the swing leg control task so that speed control can be achieved. The control algorithm is applied to two simulated bipedal robots. The simulation analyses demonstrate that the local speed control mechanism based on the stance ankle is effective in reducing the learning time. The algorithm is also demonstrated to be general in that it is applicable across bipedal robots that have different length and mass parameters.
DMiner-I: A software tool of data mining and its applications
Authors: Yang Jie , Ye Chenzhou , Chen Nianyi
Published: September 2002

A software tool for data mining (DMiner-I) is introduced, which integrates pattern recognition (PCA, Fisher, clustering, HyperEnvelop, regression), artificial intelligence (knowledge representation, decision trees), statistical learning (rough set, support vector machine), and computational intelligence (neural network, genetic algorithm, fuzzy systems). It consists of nine function models: pattern recognition, decision trees, association rule, fuzzy rule, neural network, genetic algorithm, HyperEnvelop, support vector machine and visualization. The principle, algorithms and knowledge representation of some function models of data mining are described. Nonmonotony in data mining is dealt with by concept hierarchy and layered mining. The software tool of data mining is realized byVisual C++under Windows 2000. The software tool of data mining has been satisfactorily applied in the prediction of regularities of the formation of ternary intermetallic compounds in alloy systems, and diagnosis of brain glioma.
Residual vibration reduction for a flexible structure using a modified input shaping technique
Authors: Lee Ki-Seong , Park Youn-sik
Published: September 2002

This paper presents a modified input shaping method to reduce the motion-induced vibration of a linear time-varying system after a rest-to-rest motion. Shaping parameters were obtained using the concept of modal-filtered impulse response. The conventional shaping method can be said just a special case of the proposed shaping method. The effectiveness of this proposing method was checked using some examples of both moderate and considerably fast time-varying systems. With a rest-to-rest motion control of a two-link flexible manipulator, this study also demonstrates that this method can be expanded to nonlinear cases.
The English of shop signs in Europe
Authors: Schlick Maria
Published: September 2002

A case study of foreign and especially English influence on the language of shop signs and shop windows in three European cities.

PEOPLE have always worried about language purity: ‘No greater harm can be done to a
nation than taking away its national character and the idiosyncrasies of its language’
(Immanuel Kant, over 200 years ago). ‘Kein Denglisch in deutschen Wörterbüchern’
is a citation of the German Verein zur Wahrung der deutschen Sprache e.V. (‘Association for
the Protection of the German Language’)1, founded in 1997. Theirs is a struggle to keep German
free of too much foreign-language influence: most notably English.
People's English, codification, function, and logic
Authors: Titlestad Peter
Published: September 2002

A response to Pearl Ntlhakana, ‘People's English’, on the language situation in South Africa, in ET62 (16:2), Apr 2000.

If you have a non-standard local form of English, what do you do with it?

Pearl Ntlhakana gives a bold answer, supporting her arguments by reference to an article by Chick and Wade (1997), also on the South African situation. By “People's English”, Ntlhakana means what is usually referred to as Black South African English (BSAE), the English that is said to be characteristic of the indigenous African population of South Africa. What she suggests is that “a restandardised variety would actually replace the current standard (White South African English with Southern British English as its model), performing the whole range of formal functions”.
Singaporeans' reactions to Estuary English
Authors: Boh Peng Chia , Brown Adam
Published: September 2002

A consideration of whether EE could conceivably be an alternative to RP as a teaching model.

Since David Rosewarne first coined the term in
1984, much has been written about Estuary
English (EE). The definition usually given of
Estuary English is that if we can imagine a continuum
with Received Pronunciation (RP) at
one end and Cockney (an urban accent of London)
at the other, then Estuary English is in the
middle. This definition is restated by Wells
(1998-9) as ‘Standard English spoken with the
accent of the southeast of England. This highlights
two chief points: that it is standard
(unlike Cockney) and that it is localized in the
southeast (unlike RP)’. The book English Language
for Beginners (Lowe & Graham 1998)
contains on p. 156 a diagram giving the actress
Joanna Lumley as an example of RP, the boxer
Frank Bruno for Cockney, and the comedian
and writer Ben Elton for EE. This is ironic, in
that Ben Elton himself denies that he is a
speaker of EE (John Wells, personal communication).
In search of a home: identities in transition in post-colonial Hong Kong
Authors: Jackson Jane
Published: September 2002

Excerpts from the cultural identity narratives and follow-up interviews of a group of ethnic Chinese majors in English at the Chinese University of Hong Kong, identifying recurrent issues and metaphors.

IN HONG KONG, how have recent political
events such as the Handover (change of sovereignty
from Britain to China) in 1997 impacted
on young people's sense of self? What cultural
groups do they now identify with and why? What
self-labels do they prefer? This article reports on
a qualitative, sociocultural investigation that
took place at the Chinese University of Hong
Kong, a bilingual English/Chinese institution.
Hong Kong have had a significant impact on
shaping and sometimes changing students' cultural
identities. The Handover, in particular,
caused them to reflect on and even question
their place in the world. Just before the change
of sovereignty, many applied for passports
whose nature sometimes brought them into
conflict with their parents and grandparents.
What's in a name?: Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable: Millennium
edition, revised by Adrian Room, 1999, Cassell (pp. xxiv + 1298). Brewer's Dictionary of
Modern Phrase and Fable, compiled by Adrian Room, 2000, Cassell (pp. xxiv + 773). The
Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable, edited by Elizabeth Knowles, 2000, Oxford (pp. viii + 1224)
Authors: Allen Robert
Published: September 2002

Review of Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable; Brewer's Dictionary of Modern Phrase and Fable; The Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable
Louis Alexander: We looked, listened and learned
Authors: McArthur Tom
Published: September 2002

Tom McArthur reflects on the life and indefatigable work of the English-language
materials writer L.G. Alexander, who died on June 17th this year at the age of 70, after a long and patient struggle with leukemia.
Cultural images and different varieties of English in French television commercials
Authors: Martin Elizabeth
Published: September 2002

A report on the impact of English on media advertising in France.

English (in all of its creative manifestations) and images associated with English are
extremely popular advertising strategies in France. In order to explore the stereotypical
images that French consumers commonly associate with different varieties of English and
the reasons for such perceptions, this study compares television data collected in France
during the summer of 2000 with data featured in an earlier study (Martin 1998).
Translation, International English, and the Planet of Babel
Authors: Reeves Nigel
Published: September 2002

A review of the challenges faced by professional translators both in Asia Pacific and worldwide. Translating is a key service in the knowledge economy, an enabler that uses and relies on the new technology of information and communication. But we know that translation and interpreting are processes that can often be by-passed by those who are bi- or multilingually competent. Indeed, if translation and interpreting were always needed, and always used, the sheer cost of global communication in money and time would act as a serious brake on growth.
‘New English’ words in international English dictionaries
Authors: Hung Tony T. N.
Published: September 2002

How such words are–and might be–handled

The author argues that, with the development of English as a world language and the burgeoning of new varieties of English (‘New Englishes’, or NE's), and with the inclusion of more and more NE words in international English dictionaries, there is a need for systematic and principled solutions to the proper phonetic representation of these words, instead of arbitrarily imposing the same transcription conventions on them as for ‘Old’ varieties of English (‘Old Englishes’, or OE's).
On English, its simplicity and great usefulness
Authors: Hook Donald D.
Published: September 2002

A dissertation on the essentially easy nature of the English language and in praise of learning tougher tongues.

THROUGHOUT my now rather long life I have
frequently heard said, seen written, and even
myself somewhat seriously contended, that
English is the world's most difficult language.
Let me now go on record as saying quite the
opposite: English is the world's easiest known
[major] language.
English in private letters in India
Authors: Mehrotra Raja Ram
Published: September 2002

Some aspects of a corpus of personal correspondence.

English as used in business letters, job applications and different types of bureaucratic communication in India has become more or less standardized and is not much different from the language of similar letters written elsewhere in the English-speaking world. But this is not the case with private letters, which are intimate, informal and often lax. Since a personal letter is written to a friend, spouse or relative, the writer comes out with his/her ‘real self’ in the use of language. It may therefore be taken as an authentic indication of the extent to which one is proficient in English and also the extent to which nativised features of English in this specific genre are attributable to native socio-cultural factors.
The world's lingua franca of science
Authors: Sano Hikomaro
Published: September 2002

A survey of English as the universalizing language of chemistry.

In recent decades the use of English has extended greatly in various fields, including both science and engineering, where it is now more widely used than in any other scientific fields. However, only a few papers have been published (cf. Sano, 1986) to demonstrate the trend in a quantitative manner. In order to discuss this trend here, a bibliometric approach has been adopted in order to retrieve the relevant information from a large scientific database.
Hitting a moving target
Authors: Bauer Laurie
Published: September 2002

How rapidly our vocabulary can change, and how yesterday's expressions
can vanish without trace. Even words which were used by people the age of the author's
children just a few years ago have vanished without trace: untold had a brief flourishing in Wellington as a term of approval, but has vanished completely; grouse, a rather older term, still survives but again not among the young. If old words go, new words come. In a recent survey of the language of primary school children in New Zealand, a word was discovered that all the children knew and virtually none of the teachers knew. To understand the expression, one has to understand something about the games played by children in English-speaking countries.
Maîtriser la norme sociolinguistique en interlangue française: le cas de l'omission variable de ‘ne’
Authors: Dewaele Jean-Marc , Regan Vera
Published: September 2002

L'acquisition de la norme sociolinguistique française pose des problèmes considérables aux locuteurs non-natifs. L'analyse de la variation dans l'omission du ne dans un corpus d'interlangue avancée de 27 apprenants néerlandophones interviewés dans une situation informelle et formelle confirme que l'instruction formelle est insuffisante pour la maîtrise de la norme sociolinguistique native. Une majorité de locuteurs omettent le ne un peu moins souvent dans une situation formelle mais la variation va dans le sens opposé pour une minorité de locuteurs. L'observation et surtout la participation à des interactions authentiques avec des locuteurs natifs stimulent l'acquisition de la norme sociolinguistique. Une analyse statistique révèle que différentes variables socio-biographiques, psychologiques et situationnelles déterminent la variation intra- et interindividuelle dans les taux d'omission du ne.
L'exemplarité de ‘par exemple’. Un cas de pragmaticalisation en français québécois
Authors: Dostie Gaétane
Published: September 2002

Le marqueur par exemple présente en français québécois des usages qui le distinguent de ceux qu'il possède actuellement en français de référence. L'article a deux objectifs.

1) Il vise d'abord à faire ressortir un certain nombre de caractéristiques sémantiques propres aux différentes acceptions de par exemple et à dégager les liens qui les unissent.

2) Il vise ensuite à mettre en relief quelques aspects relatifs à l'organisation sémantique de marqueurs à valeur pragmatique issus d'un processus de pragmaticalisation. Ainsi, les différents sens de par exemple présentent une organisation sémantique graduelle. De manière générale, ce type d'organisation s'expliquerait par la présence dans les sens lexicaux / grammaticaux de composantes qui généreraient des sens pragmatiques. Ceux-ci généreraient d'autres sens pragmatiques, de sorte qu'il en résulterait souvent une chaîne (sur cette notion, v. Heine, 1992) où un sens pragmatique initial serait lié à un sens lexical/ grammatical, mais où le sens pragmatique final n'aurait pas nécessairement de lien direct avec un sens lexical / grammatical.

L'étude fait suite à une série de travaux sur les marqueurs discursifs (sur tiens, v. Dostie et Léard, 1997; sur écoute/ regarde, v. Dostie, 1998; sur t'sais, v. Dostie et de Sève, 1999; sur dis donc et dis-moi pas, v. Dostie, 2001)
Etude du verbe ‘commencer’ en contexte
Authors: Frath Pierre
Published: September 2002

Le verbe commencer pose un problème particulier: lorsqu'il est employé avec un syntagme nominal (SN) non procédural, il semblerait que nous restituions mentalement un processus qui indique de quelle manière le SN est commencé. Dans Elle commence une pomme, nous comprenons par exemple manger ou dessiner selon le contexte. Comment est-ce possible? Pour certains auteurs, il s'agirait d'une construction elliptique; pour d'autres, commencer serait accompagné d'un prédicat abstrait; pour d'autres encore, ce seraient des règles prédicatives ou cognitives qui permettraient la construction commencer + SN-objet. En étudiant les occurrences des verbes commencer et begin dans des corpus, nous avons constaté que la problématique traditionnelle ne correspondait pas aux faits; en particulier, les théories elliptiques et celles qui postulent un prédicat abstrait ne semblent pas pertinentes. Quant aux explications par règles prédicatives ou cognitives, elles nécessitent une description détaillée du lexique. Nous avançons que, dans ce cas, les règles sont inutiles: une analyse sémiotique du lexique suffit.
Contexte et acquisition du langage: un cas de narration
Authors: Kern Sophie
Published: September 2002

Le but principal de cette contribution est de revisiter la notion de contexte à la lumière de travaux portant sur la mise en place de la référence personnelle chez des enfants francophones monolingues d'âge préscolaire et scolaire au cours d'une production narrative.

Les résultats montrent que les enfants apprennent progressivement à gérer 3 types de contraintes de manière simultanée: les contraintes communicatives afin de réaliser une interaction dans des conditions optimales, les contraintes textuelles dans le but de construire un texte multipropositionnel d'un genre particulier, et enfin, les contraintes linguistiques, à savoir respecter les caractéristiques structurelles et fonctionnelles de la langue utilisée.
Double categories: a modular model of
multiplicative linear logic
Authors: MELLIÈS PAUL-ANDRÉ
Published: September 2002

We construct a double category [Dscr ] of proof-nets in multiplicative linear logic (MLL). Its
horizontal arrows are MLL modules (subnets of well-formed nets), its vertical arrows model
side-effects, and its double cells interpret the cut-elimination procedure. The categorical
model is modular in the sense that every computation of a composite module (π1;
π2) factors out as the separate and interacting computations of the two
subcomponents π1 and π2. This enables us to trace
MLL modules in the course of cut-elimination, and analyze their behaviour in time.
Concurrency and loose semantics of open graph
transformation systems
Authors: HECKEL REIKO , LLABRÉS MERCÉ , EHRIG HARTMUT , OREJAS FERNANDO
Published: September 2002

Graph transitions represent an extension of the DPO approach to graph transformation for
the specification of reactive systems. In this paper, we develop the theory of concurrency for
graph transitions. In particular, we prove a local Church–Rosser theorem and define a
notion of shift-equivalence that allows us to represent both intra-concurrency (within the
specified subsystem) and inter-concurrency (between subsystem and environment). Via an
implementation of transitions in terms of DPO transformations with context rules, a second,
more restrictive notion of equivalence is defined that captures, in addition, the
extra-concurrency (between operations of the environment). As a running example and
motivation, we show how the concepts of this paper provide a formal model for distributed
information systems.
An event structure based semantics for high-level
message sequence charts
Authors: HÉLOUËT LOÏC , JARD CLAUDE , CAILLAUD BENOÎT
Published: September 2002

This paper details a partial order semantics for families of scenarios represented by
High-Level Message Sequence Charts (HMSCs): graph grammars generating event
structures are used to represent HMSCs. A decision procedure for HMSC equivalence is
then described. This can be considered as a first step towards the formal manipulation of
scenarios.
Universal aspects of probabilistic automata
Authors: SCHRÖDER LUTZ , MATEUS PAULO
Published: September 2002

Frequently, mathematical structures of a certain type and their morphisms fail to form a
category for lack of composability of the morphisms; one example of this problem is the
class of probabilistic automata when equipped with morphisms that allow restriction as well
as relabelling. The proper mathematical framework for this situation is provided by a
generalisation of category theory in the shape of the so-called precategories, which are
introduced and studied in this paper. In particular, notions of adjointness, weak adjointness
and partial adjointness for precategories are presented and justified in detail.
This makes it possible to use universal properties as characterisations of well-known basic
constructions in the theory of (generative) probabilistic automata: we show that accessible
automata and decision trees, respectively, form coreflective subprecategories of the
precategory of probabilistic automata. Moreover, the aggregation of two automata is
identified as a partial product, whereas restriction and interconnection of automata are
recognised as Cartesian lifts.
The logic of linear functors
Authors: BLUTE R. , COCKETT J. R. B. , SEELY R. A. G.
Published: September 2002

This paper describes a family of logics whose categorical semantics is based on functors
with structure rather than on categories with structure. This allows the consideration of
logics that contain possibly distinct logical subsystems whose interactions are mediated by
functorial mappings. For example, within one unified framework, we shall be able to handle
logics as diverse as modal logic, ordinary linear logic, and the ‘noncommutative logic’ of
Abrusci and Ruet, a variant of linear logic that has both commutative and noncommutative
connectives.

Although this paper will not consider in depth the categorical basis of this approach to
logic, preferring instead to emphasise the syntactic novelties that it generates in the logic, we
shall focus on the particular case when the logics are based on a linear functor, in order to
give a definite presentation of these ideas. However, it will be clear that this approach to
logic has considerable generality.
Quickselect and the Dickman Function
Authors: HWANG HSIEN-KUEI , TSAI TSUNG-HSI
Published: September 2002

We show that the limiting distribution of the number of comparisons used by Hoare's
quickselect algorithm when given a random permutation of n elements for finding the
mth-smallest element, where m = o(n), is the Dickman function. The limiting distribution
of the number of exchanges is also derived.
Bonferroni-Type Inequalities
via Chordal Graphs
Authors: DOHMEN KLAUS
Published: September 2002

Let {Av}v∈V be a finite collection of events and G = (V, E) be a chordal graph. Our main
result – the chordal graph sieve – is a Bonferroni-type inequality where the selection of
intersections in the estimates is determined by a chordal graph G. It interpolates between
Boole's inequality (G empty) and the sieve formula (G complete). By varying G, several
inequalities both well-known and new are obtained in a concise and unified way.
Pattern Avoidance
and Overlap in Strings
Authors: MÅNSSON MARIANNE
Published: September 2002

Consider a finite alphabet Ω and patterns which consist of characters from Ω. For a given
pattern w, let cor(w) denote its autocorrelation, which can be seen as a measure of the
amount of overlap in w. Letting aw(n) denote the number of strings over Ω of length n
which do not contain w as a substring, the main result of this paper is: If cor(w) > cor(w′)
then aw(n)−aw′(n) > (|Ω|−1)(aw(n−1)−aw′(n−1)) for n [ges ] N, and the value of N is
given. This result confirms a conjecture by Eriksson [2], which was previously proved to be
true by Cakir, Chryssaphinou and Månsson [1] when |Ω| [ges ] 3.
A Note on Rough Isometry
Invariance of Resistance
Authors: TELCS ANDRÁS
Published: September 2002

In this note it is shown that resistance and resistance dimension are rough isometry
invariant.
Asymptotic Enumeration of Graphs
with a Given Upper Bound
on the Maximum Degree
Authors: McKAY BRENDAN D. , WANLESS IAN M. , WORMALD NICHOLAS C.
Published: September 2002

Consider the class of graphs on n vertices which have maximum degree at most 1/2n−1+τ,
where τ [ges ] −n1/2+ε for sufficiently small ε > 0. We find an asymptotic formula for the
number of such graphs and show that their number of edges has a normal distribution
whose parameters we determine. We also show that expectations of random variables
on the degree sequences of such graphs can often be estimated using a model based on
truncated binomial distributions.
Random Regular Graphs
of Non-Constant Degree:
Independence and Chromatic Number
Authors: COOPER COLIN , FRIEZE ALAN , REED BRUCE , RIORDAN OLIVER
Published: September 2002

Let r = r(n) → ∞ with 3 [les ] r [les ] n1−η for an arbitrarily small constant η > 0, and let Gr
denote a graph chosen uniformly at random from the set of r-regular graphs with vertex
set {1, 2, …, n}. We prove that, with probability tending to 1 as n → ∞, Gr has the following
properties: the independence number of Gr is asymptotically 2n log r/r and the chromatic
number of Gr is asymptotically r/2nlogr.
EDITORIAL
Authors: Myatt Tony
Published: September 2002

As part of the evolution of our editorial structures for Volume 6 we were delighted to be able to establish a post on our Editorial Board for a representative of the International Computer Music Association (ICMA). We hoped to support

the ICMA in a fruitful way, and I am now delighted once again to be able to announce that Organised Sound will be devoting its third issue annually to an ICMA theme and the work of the association's members (from Volume 7 Number 3). We hope that this will provide an additional dissemination vehicle for the organisation, allow its conference papers to be developed and expanded, provide an opportunity to publish work based upon the ICMA special interest groups and the association's affiliates. A representative of the ICMA will become a Guest Editor alongside the Organised Sound team of Editors and international referees for the third issue in each year.
12k: between two points
Authors: Sherburne Philip
Published: September 2002

K-k-k-k-k-k. Boof. Chhhhhhh. Hiss, whirr, pfing: 12k's is an onomatopoeic music. The audio equivalent of concrete poetry perhaps, where the sign (there, a letter or a word; here, a click or thud or tone) is elephantised, blown out of proportion, simultaneously stripped of reference and fraught with multivalent meaning. (Is it any coincidence that 12k founder Taylor Deupree is a graphic designer? You can almost hear the flip of a serif in 12k's grainy whoosh, or the nuzzling of kiss-kerned type in the cool brush of two bleeps.) In the releases of this Brooklyn label, notes, pulses, textures bear no immediate relation to the world around them, to a language of melody or tonal narrative, but in their careful melding of pulse and grain, they sketch an abstracted narrative of the development of several phenomena: electronic music, desktop DIY, and -especially -minimalism.
No more mind games
Authors: Trax Shirt
Published: September 2002

The Spring sunshine makes the blind a perfect glowing square, clearly much later than the twenty-three minute duration
of the live recording I set in motion, as I lay on my friend's bed alone, drunk on vodka and tonic and giddy with big city kicks after the very . . . Manhattan evening I was taken on. It was dark, I was too full of it to take the subway back to Brooklyn, I remember the cab ride over the bridge, no dog to greet me as I unlocked the heavy steel door. I
was laughing at Alan Vega complaining about not being allowed to smoke, there was booing . . . ‘Frankie Teardrop’ had been glitching over Brussels for hours.
Noise threshold: Merzbow and the end of natural sound
Authors: Hegarty Paul
Published: September 2002

When we ask what noise is, we would do well to remember that no single definition can function timelessly - this may well be the case with many terms, but one of the arguments of this essay is that noise is that which always fails to come into definition. Generally speaking, noise is taken to be a problem: unwanted sound, unorganised sound, excessively loud sound. Metaphorically, when we hear of noise being generated, we understand it to be something extraneous. Historically, though, noise has just as often signalled music, or pleasing sound, as its opposite. In the twentieth century, the notion of a clear line between elements suitable for compositional use (i.e. notes, created on instruments) and the world of noises was broken down. Russolo's ‘noisy machines’, Varèse and Satie's use of
ostensibly non-musical machines to generate sounds, musique concrète,
Cage's rethinking of sound, noise, music, silence . . .
Milch, 2000
Authors: Nicolai Carsten
Published: September 2002

Milch is taken from Nicolai's first solo exhibition in the UK (shown in 2001) and is a special commission for Milch's industrial space. The minimal installation is a repetition of the same groups of objects four times over. There is a CD and amplifier connected to four 9″ speaker cones by thick coils of black cable. A shallow 2 × 1 m tray containing water is placed on top of the speaker cones and sonic frequencies constantly stretch and bend the water's molecules. The surface shifts from absolute flatness through spirographic swirls to geometric grids, effects which are recorded in a series of photographs hung around the gallery.
Auto-synthesis
Authors: Trowell Ian
Published: September 2002

This article attempts to place the dynamic of popular electronic music, evident since the late 1970s and extending to the current situation, at the forefront of developing both a strategy of critique and a medium for critical reflection. The genres covered include electronic music in and around the time of punk rock, subsequent moves to the forcing ground of pop music with the era of synth-pop, the dynamic upheavals created through the surging form of techno, up to the prevalent genres of micro-sound and electronica. The essence of both the body of critique formulated by the music, and the critical reflection of such critique (as developed in works when a genre of music is said to have ‘passed’) is not pinned to a rigid model of assessment. Instead, the strength of popular music's ability to strategise and conduct a critique is considered in the self-same music's ability to subvert the definition and ‘metric spaces’ of critique as accumulated through previous genres.
A Mille Plateaux manifesto
Authors: Szepanski Achim
Published: September 2002

The label Mille Plateaux focuses on concepts like virtuality, noise, machinism and digitality. In the most simple case, digital music simulates something that does not exist as a reality; it generates something new. It is the result of the teamwork of numerous authorities such as the 'musician', the programmer and the authority of the software program. Today, computer digital music can be seen as screen-based music, i.e. sounds become visible and images audible, but one can often forget that there is no mutual correspondence; and that this is simply a mechanism whereby a given program secretly directs the programmer towards significant ways of performing, creating apparently absolute relationships between image and sound. On the other hand, with the increasing complexity of software, the programmer loses insight into internal communication structures. Such complex programs are full of errors and can even act on their own initiative. Programmers and musicians who navigate through today's systems function as designers. But this is less a question of the design of a program's operation surfaces but of the programming of software and the navigation by its logic. One has to discuss the medial conditions of digital music, the more user-friendly the software, the less transparent is the medium itself; i.e. the more transparent the functions of a computer or a synthesizer (say, with the use of preset sounds), the stronger the medium proves to be non-transparent. Digital music is more about opening up given program structures; internal ramifications and program hierarchies are to be discovered.
Occupancy frequency distributions: patterns, artefacts and mechanisms
Authors: McGEOCH MELODIE A. , GASTON KEVIN J.
Published: September 2002

Numerous hypotheses have been proposed to explain the shape of occupancy frequency distributions (distributions of the numbers of species occupying different numbers of areas). Artefactual effects include sampling characteristics, whereas biological mechanisms include organismal, niche‐based and metapopulation models. To date, there has been little testing of these models. In addition, although empirically derived occupancy distributions encompass an array of taxa and spatial scales, comparisons between them are often not possible because of differences in sampling protocol and method of construction. In this paper, the effects of sampling protocol (grain, sample number, extent, sampling coverage and intensity) on the shape of occupancy distributions are examined, and approaches for minimising artefactual effects recommended. Evidence for proposed biological determinants of the shape of occupancy distributions is then examined. Good support exists for some mechanisms (habitat and environmental heterogeneity), little for others (dispersal ability), while some hypotheses remain untested (landscape productivity, position in geographic range, range size frequency distributions), or are unlikely to be useful explanations for the shape of occupancy distributions (species specificity and adaptation to habitat, extinction–colonization dynamics). The presence of a core (class containing species with the highest occupancy) mode in occupancy distributions is most likely to be associated with larger sample units, and small homogenous sampling areas positioned well within and towards the range centers of a sufficient proportion of the species in the assemblage. Satellite (class with species with the lowest occupancy) modes are associated with sampling large, heterogeneous areas that incorporate a large proportion of the assemblage range. However, satellite modes commonly also occur in the presence of a core mode, and rare species effects are likely to contribute to the presence of a satellite mode at most sampling scales. In most proposed hypotheses, spatial scale is an important determinant of the shape of the observed occupancy distribution. Because the attributes of the mechanisms associated with these hypotheses change with spatial scale, their predictions for the shape of occupancy distributions also change. To understand occupancy distributions and the mechanisms underlying them, a synthesis of pattern documentation and model testing across scales is thus needed. The development of null models, comparisons of occupancy distributions across spatial scales and taxa, documentation of the movement of individual species between occupancy classes with changes in spatial scale, as well as further testing of biological mechanisms are all necessary for an improved understanding of the distribution of species and assemblages within their geographic ranges.
Snake phylogeny based on osteology, soft anatomy and ecology
Authors: LEE MICHAEL S. Y. , SCANLON JOHN D.
Published: September 2002

Relationships between the major lineages of snakes are assessed based on a phylogenetic analysis of the most extensive phenotypic data set to date (212 osteological, 48 soft anatomical, and three ecological characters). The marine, limbed Cretaceous snakesPachyrhachis and Haasiophisemerge as the most primitive snakes: characters proposed to unite them with advanced snakes (macrostomatans) are based on unlikely interpretations of contentious elements or are highly variable within snakes. Other basal snakes include madtsoiids andDinilysia– both large, presumably non‐burrowing forms. The inferred relationships within extant snakes are broadly similar to currently accepted views, with scolecophidians (blindsnakes) being the most basal living forms, followed by anilioids (pipesnakes), booids and booid‐like groups, acrochordids (filesnakes), and finally colubroids. Important new conclusions include strong support for the monophyly of large constricting snakes (erycines, boines, pythonines), and moderate support for the non‐monophyly of the ‘trophidophiids’ (dwarf boas). These phylogenetic results are obtained whether varanoid lizards, or amphisbaenians and dibamids, are assumed to be the nearest relatives (outgroups) of snakes, and whether multistate characters are treated as ordered or unordered. Identification of large marine forms, and large surface‐active terrestrial forms, as the most primitive snakes contradicts with the widespread view that snakes arose via minute, burrowing ancestors. Furthermore, these basal fossil snakes all have long flexible jaw elements adapted for ingesting large prey (‘macrostomy’), suggesting that large gape was primitive for snakes and secondarily reduced in the most basal living foms (scolecophidians and anilioids) in connection with burrowing. This challenges the widespread view that snake evolution has involved progressive, directional elaboration of the jaw apparatus to feed on larger prey.