bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ectopic expression of Arabidopsis glutaredoxin AtGRXS17 enhances thermotolerance in tomato
Authors: Wu Qingyu , Lin Julie , Liu Jian‐Zhong , Wang Xiaofei , Lim Wansang , Oh Myungmin , Park Jungeun , Rajashekar C. B. , Whitham Steven A. , Cheng Ning‐Hui , Hirschi Kendal D. , Park Sunghun
Published: July 2012

While various signalling networks regulate plant responses to heat stress, the mechanisms regulating and unifying these diverse biological processes are largely unknown. Our previous studies indicate that the Arabidopsis monothiol glutaredoxin, AtGRXS17, is crucial for temperature‐dependent postembryonic growth in Arabidopsis. In the present study, we further demonstrate that AtGRXS17 has conserved functions in anti‐oxidative stress and thermotolerance in both yeast and plants. In yeast, AtGRXS17 co‐localized with yeast ScGrx3 in the nucleus and suppressed the sensitivity of yeast grx3grx4 double‐mutant cells to oxidative stress and heat shock. In plants, GFP‐AtGRXS17 fusion proteins initially localized in the cytoplasm and the nuclear envelope but migrated to the nucleus during heat stress. Ectopic expression of AtGRXS17 in tomato plants minimized photo‐oxidation of chlorophyll and reduced oxidative damage of cell membrane systems under heat stress. This enhanced thermotolerance correlated with increased catalase (CAT) enzyme activity and reduced H2O2 accumulation in AtGRXS17‐expressing tomatoes. Furthermore, during heat stress, expression of the heat shock transcription factor (HSF) and heat shock protein (HSP) genes was up‐regulated in AtGRXS17‐expressing transgenic plants compared with wild‐type controls. Thus, these findings suggest a specific protective role of a redox protein against temperature stress and provide a genetic engineering strategy to improve crop thermotolerance.
Luxury seafood consumption in China and the intensification of coastal livelihoods in Southeast Asia: The live reef fish for food trade in Balabac, Philippines
Authors: Fabinyi Michael , Pido Michael , Harani Babylyn , Caceres Jennelyn , Uyami‐Bitara Arselene , De las Alas Aileen , Buenconsejo Jose , Ponce de Leon Eva Marie
Published: July 2012

An important contemporary driver of livelihood change in coastal Southeast Asia is the growing demand for luxury seafood in China. Based on fieldwork in the municipality of Balabac in Palawan province, western Philippines, this paper takes stock of this trend, and investigates the implications of the relationship between Chinese patterns of luxury seafood consumption and the intensification of coastal livelihoods in Southeast Asia. The paper focuses mostly on the trade in live reef fish, with reference also to sea cucumber and shark fin. In the light of recent discussions of social and environmental change in Southeast Asia, the paper addresses how the intensification of coastal livelihoods has manifested in important trends, including an increasing reliance on high‐value commodity fisheries such as the trade in luxury seafood. Important consequences of this intensification of coastal livelihoods include environmental degradation, and social change due to the development of broader trading networks. The paper argues that the live reef fish for food trade is an important contemporary livelihood that highlights the ways in which Chinese consumption is having diverse social and environmental consequences for source countries in Southeast Asia.
A Proposed Approach to Informed Consent for Biobanks in China
Authors: Liu Min , Hu Qingli
Published: July 2012

Biobanks are potential goldmines for genomics research. They have become increasingly common as a means to determine the relationship between lifestyle, environmental exposures and predisposition to genetic disease. More and more countries are developing massive national scale biobanks, including Iceland, the UK and Estonia.

Now several large‐scale regional and national biobanks are planned in China, such as Shanghai Biobank, which is defined as a key‐element in Shanghai's twelfth five‐year Development Plan of Science and Technology. It is imperative that the authors who are in charge of the ethical aspect of Shanghai Biobank discuss the ethical aspects of these biobanks up front. Currently there is a great deal of heterogeneity in the approaches to informed consent taken by different countries. In the article, after briefly introducing the biobanks in China, we focus on the three most common approaches: classical informed consent, tiered consent, and one‐time general (or blanket) consent, and propose a version of the latter for China, based on compelling arguments.
A Cautionary Note on Data Inputs and Visual Outputs in Social Network Analysis
Authors: Conway Steve
Published: July 2012

Innovations in network visualization software over the last decade or so have been important to the popularization of social network analysis (SNA) among academics, consultants and managers. Indeed, there is a growing literature that seeks to demonstrate how ‘invisible social networks’ might be revealed and leveraged for ‘visible results’ through management interventions. However, the seductive power of the network graphic has distracted attention away from a variety of emerging and long recognized concerns in SNA. For example, weaknesses exist in data collection techniques that often rely on nominal boundary‐setting and respondent recall. Non‐response can also be highly problematic. Increasingly, email data are being employed, yet this represents a poor proxy for relationships and raises issues of privacy. In displaying relational data, visualizations typically reify and ossify the network. Yet, individual perceptions of a network can vary greatly from unified visualizations, and their structure is typically fleeting. The aim of this paper is to draw together the diffuse literature concerning data input and visual output issues in SNA, in order to raise awareness among management researchers and practitioners. In doing so, the nature and impact of such weaknesses are discussed, as are ways in which these might be resolved or mitigated.
Vortex–Wave Interactions/Self‐Sustained Processes in High Prandtl Number Natural Convection in A Vertical Channel with Moving Sidewalls
Authors: Hall Philip
Published: July 2012

Natural convection takes place when a temperature difference is maintained across a vertical channel filled with fluid. The horizontal temperature gradient drives a unidirectional flow in the vertical direction. This flow is augmented by sidewalls moving in equal and opposite directions. There is much interest in the generic turbulent structures that can occur both in shear flows and convection and here we give the basic structure associated with wavefields interacting with streamwise vortex structures. The high Grashof number limit is considered and it is shown how a self‐sustained process can occur with vortices interacting with a wave system in a manner similar to that discussed by Hall and Smith [1], hereafter referred to as HS1 and Hall and Sherwin [2], hereafter referred to as HS2. The waves occur as neutral modes of small amplitude riding on top of large amplitude vortices aligned with the direction of gravity. The waves then drive the vortex structure through nonlinear effects thus closing the self‐sustained process. The simplified interaction equations for the process differ significantly from the corresponding equations in Couette or Blasius flow and we derive the initial form of their solution. The results apply to natural convection without the motion of the sidewalls and indeed to Couette flow when there is no heating. Our analysis explains the origin of subharmonic self‐sustained processes which are known to occur in Couette flow.
Efficiency Wages and the Economic Effects of the Minimum Wage: Evidence from a Low‐Wage Labour Market*
Authors: Georgiadis Andreas
Published: July 2012

This article exploits a natural experiment provided by the 1999 introduction of the UK National Minimum Wage (NMW) to test for efficiency wage considerations in a low‐wage sector, the UK residential care homes industry. The empirical results provide support to the wage‐supervision trade‐off prediction of the shirking model and suggest that the NMW may have operated as an efficiency wage in the care homes sector, leading to a reduction in supervision costs. These findings can explain earlier evidence suggesting that although the NMW introduction increased wages dramatically in the care homes sector, it generated only moderate negative employment effects.
Origins of an Urban Crisis: The Restructuring of the San Francisco Bay Area and the Geography of Foreclosure
Authors: Schafran Alex
Published: July 2012

Communities on the fringes of the American metropolis have recently garnered attention as the centers of the foreclosure crisis and its aftermath. On the one hand, this attention to the urban nature of the crisis is welcome, as the metamorphosis of the mortgage fiasco into a financial crisis‐cum‐global economic meltdown turned popular attention away from the urban roots of this calamity. But this emphasis on the exurbs as the site of crisis lends itself to the misconception that they, rather than the restructuring of the metropolis as a whole, are the sole source of the crisis. This article works across multiple scales to examine how three interwoven factors — demographics, policy and capital — each reacted to the San Francisco Bay Area landscape inherited at the end of the 1970s, affecting the region in new ways, leaving some places thriving and others struggling with foreclosure, which leads to plummeting property values and the deep uncertainty of the current American metropolis. This restructuring can be seen as the convergence between the unresolved urban crisis of the postwar era and the various reactions in the neoliberal era. It demands a reimagining of both planning and geography, especially from the left.

Les communautés vivant à la périphérie des métropoles américaines ont récemment suscité l’attention comme pôles de la crise des saisies hypothécaires et de ses conséquences. Cet intérêt pour la nature urbaine de la crise est opportun, car la métamorphose du fiasco immobilier en crise financière alliée à un effondrement de l’économie mondiale a détourné l’attention des racines urbaines de ce désastre. Cependant, pointer ainsi les périphéries comme sites de la crise cautionne l’idée fausse selon laquelle elles seules en sont la source, et non la restructuration urbaine dans son ensemble. Cette analyse opère à plusieurs échelons afin d’examiner comment trois facteurs entrelacés (démographie, politique et capital) ont chacun réagi au paysage de Bay Area hérité de la fin des années 1970, dans la région métropolitaine de San Francisco. Celle‐ci a été affectée de façons nouvelles, laissant certains lieux florissants et d’autres aux prises avec les saisies hypothécaires, la situation conduisant à l’effondrement de l’immobilier et à une incertitude profonde de la métropole américaine actuelle. On peut envisager cette restructuration comme la convergence de la crise urbaine non résolue de l’après‐guerre avec les diverses réponses données à l’époque néolibérale. Cela implique de réimaginer à la fois l’urbanisme et la géographie, en particulier de la part de la Gauche.
Then I'll Huff, and I'll Puff, and I'll . . . : A Natural Experiment on Property Titling, Housing Improvement and the Psychology of Tenure Security
Authors: Van Gelder Jean‐Louis
Published: July 2012

The provision of tenure security for residents of informal settlements has been among the highest ranking and most debated topics on the development agenda. Some have fervently argued for the distribution of property title to establish security and generate incentives for investment in housing improvement. Others have argued that it is the security as perceived that determines whether and how much dwellers invest. This article examines the psychological pathways through which titling is supposed to work, hypothesizing that they operate largely through increases in perceptions of security. This is done by capitalizing on a natural experiment in which half of the residents of an informal settlement in Buenos Aires received property title, while allocation to the other half was delayed due to a legal restriction. The results show that perceptions of security partially mediated the titling–investment relationship and shed new light on the debate by laying bare the psychological mechanisms of dweller decision making.

Apporter la sécurité d’occupation aux habitants des logements informels fait partie des sujets prioritaires les plus débattus en matière de développement. Certains ont ardemment défendu la distribution de titres de propriété comme moyen de fournir une garantie et d’inciter à investir dans l’amélioration de l’habitat. D’autres avancent que c’est la sécurité subjective qui détermine la décision ou les modalités d’investissement chez la plupart des occupants. Ce travail examine les cheminements psychologiques grâce auxquels l’attribution de titres de propriété est censée fonctionner, en supposant qu’ils opèrent le plus souvent via un accroissement du sentiment de sécurité. Pour ce faire, il se sert d’un cas expérimental naturel dans lequel la moitié des habitants de logements informels de Buenos Aires ont reçu un titre de propriété, tandis qu’une contrainte légale retardait l’attribution à l’autre moitié. D’après les résultats, le sentiment de sécurité a facilité en partie la relation propriété‐investissement et a éclairé le débat en dévoilant les mécanismes psychologiques qui interviennent dans la décision des habitants.
‘Positive’ Gentrification, Social Control and the ‘Right to the City’ in Mixed‐Income Communities: Uses and Expectations of Space and Place
Authors: Chaskin Robert J. , Joseph Mark L.
Published: July 2012

Public policies supporting market‐oriented strategies to develop mixed‐income communities have become ascendant in the United States and a number of other countries around the world. Although framed as addressing both market goals of revitalization and social goals of poverty deconcentration and inclusion, these efforts at ‘positive gentrification’ also generate a set of fundamental tensions — between integration and exclusion, use value and exchange value, appropriation and control, poverty and development — that play out in particular concrete ways on the ground. Drawing on social control theory and the ‘right to the city’ framework of Henri Lefebvre, this article interrogates these tensions as they become manifest in three mixed‐income communities being developed to replace public housing complexes in Chicago, focusing particularly on responses to competing expectations regarding the use of space and appropriate normative behavior, and to the negotiation of these expectations in thecontext of arguments about safety, order, what constitutes ‘public’ space, and the nature and extent of rights to use that space in daily life.

Les politiques publiques favorables aux stratégies de marché pour constituer des communautés à revenus mixtes se propagent aux États‐Unis et dans plusieurs autres pays du monde. Conçues pour répondre à la fois à des objectifs de revitalisation associés au marché et à des objectifs sociaux de déconcentration de la pauvreté et d’inclusion, ces projets de ‘gentrification positive’ génèrent toutefois en ensemble de tensions élémentaires qui s’exercent concrètement sur le terrain (entre intégration et exclusion, valeur d’usage et valeur d’échange, appropriation et contrôle, pauvreté et développement). S’appuyant sur la théorie de la régulation sociale et sur le cadre du ‘droit à la ville’ d’Henri Lefebvre, l’article revient sur les tensions manifestées dans trois communautés à revenus mixtes de Chicago issues du réaménagement de complexes de logements sociaux. Il s’intéresse notamment aux réactions face aux attentes concurrentes quant à l’utilisation de l’espace et à un comportement normatif approprié, et face à la négociation de ces attentes dans un contexte antagoniste sur la sécurité, sur l’ordre, sur ce qui constitue l’espace ‘public’ ainsi que sur la nature et la portée des droits d’utilisation de cet espace au quotidien.
Industrial application of green chromatography – II. Separation and analysis of preservatives in skincare products using subcritical water chromatography
Authors: Yang Y. , Kapalavavi B. , Gujjar L. , Hadrous S. , Marple R. , Gamsky C.
Published: July 2012

Synopsis

Several high‐temperature liquid chromatography (HTLC) and subcritical water chromatography (SBWC) methods have been successfully developed in this study for separation and analysis of preservatives contained in Olay skincare creams. Efficient separation and quantitative analysis of preservatives have been achieved on four commercially available ZirChrom and Waters XBridge columns at temperatures ranging from 100 to 200°C. The quantification results obtained by both HTLC and SBWC methods developed for preservatives analysis are accurate and reproducible. A large number of replicate HTLC and SBWC runs also indicate no significant system building‐up or interference for skincare cream analysis. Compared with traditional HPLC separation carried out at ambient temperature, the HTLC methods can save up to 90% methanol required in the HPLC mobile phase. However, the SBWC methods developed in this project completely eliminated the use of toxic organic solvents required in the HPLC mobile phase, thus saving a significant amount of money and making the environment greener. Although both homemade and commercial systems can accomplish SBWC separations, the SBWC methods using the commercial system for preservative analysis are recommended for industrial applications because they can be directly applied in industrial plant settings.
The self‐choice effects on memory and individual differences in emotional intelligence
Authors: TOYOTA HIROSHI
Published: July 2012

The present study examined the self‐choice effects on intentional memory and the relation between individual differences in emotional intelligence, and the size of the self‐choice effects. Word pairs were supplied to the participants in either a self‐choice or forced‐choice condition. In the self‐choice condition the participants were asked to choose one of the words that elicited more pleasant or more unpleasant episodes, and to remember the chosen word. In the forced‐choice condition one of the paired words was underlined to signify that it was the word to remember. For participants who chose a word that elicited more pleasant episodes, self‐choice effects were observed in pleasant‐pleasant and pleasant‐unpleasant word pairs. However, for participants who were asked to choose a word that elicited more unpleasant episodes, the effects were found in unpleasant‐unpleasant and pleasant‐unpleasant word pairs. The size of the self‐choice effects was determined by the level of emotional intelligence.
Can the memory enhancement of the survival judgment task be explained by the elaboration hypothesis?: Evidence from a memory load paradigm1
Authors: NOUCHI RUI
Published: July 2012

Many reports have described a survival judgment task that requires participants to judge words according to their relevance to a survival situation, eliciting better recall than that obtained in other judgment tasks (e.g., semantic or self‐judgment tasks). Two explanatory hypotheses (the adaptive hypothesis and the elaboration hypothesis) have been proposed. Here we used the memory load paradigm to investigate whether the adaptive hypothesis or the combination hypothesis can better account for the memory enhancement of the survival judgment task. We used a survival judgment task and an autobiographical recall task with the condition of no memory load or memory load. The 48 participants performed four encoding conditions (memory load—survival, no memory load—survival, memory load—autobiographical, and no memory load—autobiographical). The results showed that memory enhancement of the survival judgment task occurred only in the no memory load condition, but not in the memory load condition. Our results support the elaboration hypothesis. We also discuss the validity of the elaboration hypothesis and future directions to be pursued in this research field.
In vivo visualization of the levator ani muscle subdivisions using MR fiber tractography with diffusion tensor imaging
Authors: Rousset Pascal , Delmas Vincent , Buy Jean‐Noël , Rahmouni Alain , Vadrot Dominique , Deux Jean‐François
Published: July 2012

Understanding the levator ani complex architecture is of major clinical relevance. The aim of this study was to determine the feasibility of magnetic resonance (MR) fiber tractography with diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) as a tool for the three‐dimensional (3D) representation of normal subdivisions of the levator ani. Ten young nulliparous female volunteers underwent DTI at 1.5 T MR imaging. Diffusion‐weighted axial sequence of the pelvic floor was performed with additional T2‐weighted multiplanar sequences for anatomical reference. Fiber tractography for visualization of each Terminologia Anatomica‐listed major levator ani subdivision was performed. Numeric muscular fibers extracted after tractography were judged as accurate when localized within the boundaries of the muscle, and inaccurate when projecting out of the boundaries of the muscle. From the fiber tracking of each subdivision the number of numeric fibers (inaccurate and accurate) and a score (from 3 to 0) of the adequacy of the 3D representation were calculated. All but two volunteers completed the protocol. The mean number of accurate fibers was 17 ± 2 for the pubovisceralis, 14 ± 6 for the puborectalis and 1 ± 1 for the iliococcygeus. The quality of the 3D representation was judged as good (score = 2) for the pubovisceralis and puborectalis, and inaccurate (score = 0) for the iliococcygeus. Our study is the first step to a 3D visualization of the three major levator ani subdivisions, which could help to better understand their in vivo functional anatomy.
The role of inhibition in action observation treatment
Authors: KRASKOV ALEXANDER
Published: July 2012

This commentary is on the original article by Buccino et al. on pages 822‐828 of this issue.
Naturally occurring variations in milk pH and ionic calcium and their effects on some properties and processing characteristics of milk
Authors: NIAN YINGQUN , CHEN BI YE , AIKMAN PATRICIA , GRANDISON ALISTAIR , LEWIS MIKE
Published: July 2012

Considerable variations were found for ionic calcium and pH in milk from individual cows. Milk with lower pH tended to have a higher Ca2+ concentration, although the relationship was weak. Milk samples with a higher Ca2+ concentration and lower pH produced less sediment during in‐container sterilisation, which was contrary to expectations. Rennet coagulation time was lower for milk with a higher Ca2+ concentration, but curd firmness was not related to Ca2+ concentration. There was a poor correlation between the pH reduction caused by acid addition and that resulting from increasing temperature. Sediment formation was related to pH change at high temperature.
Calpain‐cleaved type 1 inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor impairs ER Ca2+ buffering and causes neurodegeneration in primary cortical neurons
Authors: Kopil Catherine M. , Siebert Adam P. , Kevin Foskett J. , Neumar Robert W.
Published: July 2012

Disruption of neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis plays a well‐established role in cell death in a number of neurodegenerative disorders. Recent evidence suggests that proteolysis of the type 1 inositol 1,4,5‐trisphosphate receptor (InsP3R1), a Ca2+ release channel on the endoplasmic reticulum, generates a dysregulated channel, which may contribute to aberrant Ca2+ signaling and neurodegeneration in disease states. However, the specific effects of InsP3R1 proteolysis on neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis are unknown, as are the functional contributions of this pathway to neuronal death. This study evaluates the consequences of calpain‐mediated InsP3R1 proteolysis on neuronal Ca2+ signaling and survival using adeno‐associated viruses to express a recombinant cleaved form of the channel (capn‐InsP3R1) in rat primary cortical neurons. Here, we demonstrate that expression of capn‐InsP3R1 in cortical cultures reduced cellular viability. This effect was associated with increased resting cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), increased [Ca2+]i response to glutamate, and enhanced sensitivity to excitotoxic stimuli. Together, our results demonstrate that InsP3R1 proteolysis disrupts neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis, and potentially acts as a feed‐forward pathway to initiate or execute neuronal death.
Functions of L1 in the collaborative interaction of beginning and advanced second language learners
Authors: DiCamilla Frederick J. , Antón Marta
Published: July 2012

This study investigates the functions served by language in classroom interaction among learners of Spanish at different levels of language competency. Learners collaborated on the production of a writing task. We develop and illustrate a taxonomy of language functions. Our goals are to shed light on the general role of L1 in the L2 classroom and to gain insight into the use of L2 as a tool for thought. We find that the frequency of L2 use among advanced‐level participants far exceeds that of beginning‐level students. We discuss the implications of this with respect to the role of language in general as a psychological tool and the possibility of an L2 serving in this capacity. We also discuss the pedagogical implications of our findings.

Este estudio investiga las funciones que sirve el lenguaje en la interacción en el aula entre estudiantes de español a diferentes niveles de dominio lingüístico. Los estudiantes colaboraron en una tarea de expresión escrita. Se desarrolla e ilustra una taxonomía de las funciones identificadas con el propósito de esclarecer el papel que juega la primera lengua en el aula de segundas lenguas y de contribuir al entendimiento del uso de la segunda lengua como instrumento del pensamiento. Los resultados indican que la frecuencia de uso de la segunda lengua entre el grupo de nivel avanzado supera con creces al uso entre el grupo de principiantes. Se discuten las implicaciones de estos resultados con respecto al rol del lenguaje en general como instrumento sicológico y la posibilidad de que una segunda lengua pueda funcionar de este modo. Se discuten también implicaciones pedagógicas de los resultados.
Reading on LCD vs e‐Ink displays: effects on fatigue and visual strain
Authors: Siegenthaler Eva , Bochud Yves , Bergamin Per , Wurtz Pascal
Published: July 2012

Citation information: Siegenthaler E, Bochud Y, Bergamin P & Wurtz P. Reading on LCD vs e‐Ink displays: effects on fatigue and visual strain. Ophthalmic Physiol Opt 2012, 32, 367–374. doi: 10.1111/j.1475‐1313.2012.00928.x

Purpose:  Most recently light and mobile reading devices with high display resolutions have become popular and they may open new possibilities for reading applications in education, business and the private sector. The ability to adapt font size may also open new reading opportunities for people with impaired or low vision. Based on their display technology two major groups of reading devices can be distinguished. One type, predominantly found in dedicated e‐book readers, uses electronic paper also known as e‐Ink. Other devices, mostly multifunction tablet‐PCs, are equipped with backlit LCD displays. While it has long been accepted that reading on electronic displays is slow and associated with visual fatigue, this new generation is explicitly promoted for reading. Since research has shown that, compared to reading on electronic displays, reading on paper is faster and requires fewer fixations per line, one would expect differential effects when comparing reading behaviour on e‐Ink and LCD. In the present study we therefore compared experimentally how these two display types are suited for reading over an extended period of time.

Methods:  Participants read for several hours on either e‐Ink or LCD, and different measures of reading behaviour and visual strain were regularly recorded. These dependent measures included subjective (visual) fatigue, a letter search task, reading speed, oculomotor behaviour and the pupillary light reflex.

Results:  Results suggested that reading on the two display types is very similar in terms of both subjective and objective measures.

Conclusions:  It is not the technology itself, but rather the image quality that seems crucial for reading. Compared to the visual display units used in the previous few decades, these more recent electronic displays allow for good and comfortable reading, even for extended periods of time.
Comparison of Invasive Shrub Honeysuckle Eradication Tactics for Amateurs: Stump Treatment versus Regrowth Spraying of Lonicera maackii
Authors: Schulz Kurt E. , Wright Jessica , Ashbaker Sabrina
Published: July 2012

Elimination of Asiatic shrub honeysuckles (Lonicera spp.) from preserves and conservation areas in eastern North America is difficult because bird dispersal reintroduces seeds from shrubs in the neighborhood. To reduce this problem, honeysuckle control must be instituted on a broad scale and involve public participation. Many techniques for honeysuckle control are beyond the capabilities and inclinations of volunteers and local landowners. In a replicated study, we evaluated two suitable techniques and applied them in spring, early summer, late summer, fall, and winter 2009. These were stem cutting followed by painting with 18% glyphosate, and stem cutting followed by spraying of regrown shoots with 1% glyphosate about 40 days later. We regarded the spraying of regrown shoots as more practical for neophytes. Overall, cutting followed by stump treatment is more effective, killing 75–85% of individuals in spring and early summer, and >90% later in the year. Cutting and spraying regrowth was most effective in spring (56% killed), and poorer thereafter (20–40% killed). The result for spring was much lower than previously observed. Death rates for the cutting and regrowth spraying treatment were not affected by shrub size, but the amount of regrowth after spraying responded strongly to size. Cutting and regrowth spraying may be suitable in situations where reducing the competitive effects and reproduction of individuals is sufficient, or the resources to treat stumps with concentrated glyphosate are limited.
Bee Preference for Native versus Exotic Plants in Restored Agricultural Hedgerows
Authors: Morandin Lora A. , Kremen Claire
Published: July 2012

Habitat restoration to promote wild pollinator populations is becoming increasingly common in agricultural lands. Yet, little is known about how wild bees, globally the most important wild pollinators, use resources in restored habitats. We compared bee use of native and exotic plants in two types of restored native plant hedgerows: mature hedgerows (>10 years from establishment) designed for natural enemy enhancement and new hedgerows (≤2 years from establishment) designed to enhance bee populations. Bees were collected from flowers using timed aerial netting and flowering plant cover was estimated by species using cover classes. At mature hedgerow sites, wild bee abundance, richness, and diversity were greater on native plants than exotic plants. At new sites, where native plants were small and had limited floral display, abundance of bees was greater on native plants than exotic plants; but, controlling for floral cover, there was no difference in bee diversity and richness between the two plant types. At both mature and new hedgerows, wild bees preferred to forage from native plants than exotic plants. Honey bees, which were from managed colonies, also preferred native plants at mature hedgerow sites but exhibited no preference at new sites. Our study shows that wild bees, and managed bees in some cases, prefer to forage on native plants in hedgerows over co‐occurring weedy, exotic plants. Semi‐quantitative ranking identified which native plants were most preferred. Hedgerow restoration with native plants may help enhance wild bee abundance and diversity, and maintain honey bee health, in agricultural areas.
Landscape Ecology of Eastern Spotted Skunks in Habitats Restored for Red‐Cockaded Woodpeckers
Authors: Lesmeister Damon B. , Crowhurst Rachel S. , Millspaugh Joshua J. , Gompper Matthew E.
Published: July 2012

Although examples are rare, conflicts between species of conservation concern can result from habitat restoration that modifies habitat to benefit a single taxon. A forest restoration program designed to enhance habitat for endangered red‐cockaded woodpeckers (Picoides borealis) may be reducing available habitat for the eastern spotted skunk (Spilogale putorius), a forest‐adapted sympatric species of conservation concern that occurs in the Ouachita National Forest, Arkansas, U.S.A. At small scales, eastern spotted skunks select early successional forest with structural diversity, whereas red‐cockaded woodpeckers prefer mature pine (Pinus spp.) habitat. We surveyed for eastern spotted skunks at 50 managed forest stands, modeled occupancy as a function of landscape‐level habitat factors to examine how features of restoration practices influenced occurrence, and compared known occupied forest stands to those where active red‐cockaded woodpecker nesting clusters were located. The most‐supported occupancy models contained forest stand age (negatively associated) and size (positively associated); suggesting eastern spotted skunks primarily occupy large patches of habitat with dense understory and overhead cover. Red‐cockaded woodpecker nesting clusters were located in smaller and older forest stands. These results suggest that increased overhead cover, which can reduce risk of avian predation, enhances occupancy by small forest carnivores such as eastern spotted skunks. Management activities that increase forest stand rotation length reduce the availability of young dense forest. The practice may enhance the value of habitat for red‐cockaded woodpeckers, but may reduce the occurrence of eastern spotted skunks. Implementing plans that consider critical habitat and extinction risks for multiple species may reduce such conservation conflict.
The Effect of Multiple Firings on Microtensile Bond Strength of Core‐Veneer Zirconia‐Based All‐Ceramic Restorations
Authors: Zeighami Somayeh , Mahgoli Hoseinali , Farid Farzaneh , Azari Abbas
Published: July 2012

Purpose: Differences in core and veneer coefficients of thermal expansion, firing shrinkage, and speed of increasing and decreasing the temperature may generate stress in veneered all‐ceramic restorations. Given the necessity of performing multiple firing cycles to achieve improved contour, color, and esthetics, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of multiple firing cycles on the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) of zirconia core to the porcelain veneer in zirconia‐based all‐ceramic restorations.

Materials and Methods: Thirty blocks (12 × 12 × 4 mm3) of semi‐sintered zirconia were machined and sintered according to manufacturer's instruction. Specimens were placed in three groups based on the number of firing cycles (4, 6, 8) for the veneering process. After veneering, the specimens were sectioned into microbars with 8 mm length and 1 mm cross‐section. Twenty sound microbars in each group were stressed to failure in a microtensile tester machine at 1 mm/min. Fractured specimens were surveyed under a scanning electron microscope and classified as cohesive in core, cohesive in veneer, and mixed. MTBS data were analyzed using one‐way ANOVA and Tukey test (p < 0.05).

Results: The mean MTBS (MPa) after 4, 6, and 8 firing cycles were 30.33 ± 2.13, 27.43 ± 1.79, and 25.06 ± 1.76, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference between the bond strengths of each of the three groups (p < 0.001).

Conclusion: Increase in firing cycles decreased MTBS. Most of the failures (90–95%) in all three groups were cohesive in the veneering porcelain and did not change as the number of firing cycles increased.
Effect of Dentin Surface Modification on the Microtensile Bond Strength of Self‐Adhesive Resin Cements
Authors: Broyles Allison C. , Pavan Sabrina , Bedran‐Russo Ana Karina
Published: July 2012

Purpose: To explore the potential to modify human dentin surface as a means of improving the microtensile bond strength (μTBS) of resin cement to dentin.

Materials and Methods: Sound human molars were collected, and their occlusal surfaces were ground flat to expose polished dentin. Indirect composite resin cylinders were cemented to the teeth with RelyX Unicem or G‐Cem self‐adhesive cements following dentin surface treatments: 6.5% grape‐seed extract, 5% glutaraldehyde, or 25% polyacrylic acid and control (no pretreatment). After 24 hours, the teeth were sectioned into beams to produce a cross‐sectional area of 1.0 mm2. Specimens of each group (n = 25) were individually mounted on a jig and placed on a tensile testing machine. A tensile force was applied to failure at a 1 mm/min crosshead speed.

Results: The use of polyacrylic acid on dentin prior to cementation with RelyX Unicem resulted in a statistically significant increase in μTBS compared to the control group (p= 0.0282). Polyacrylic acid (p= 0.0016) or glutaraldehyde (p= 0.0043) resulted in a statistically significant increase in μTBS of G‐Cem to dentin when compared to the control group. Treatment with grape‐seed extract did not result in a statistically significant increase in μTBS for either cement (p > 0.05).

Conclusions: Priming dentin surfaces prior to the use of self‐adhesive resin cements may be a promising means of improving μTBS. In addition, it was concluded that the results of this study are material dependent as well as being dependent of the type of dentin primer.
Predoctoral Dental Students’ Perceptions and Experiences with Prosthodontics
Authors: Dhima Matilda , Petropoulos Vicki C. , Salinas Thomas J. , Wright Robert F.
Published: July 2012

Purpose: The aims of this study were to: (1) investigate the perceptions and experiences of predoctoral dental students and advanced standing students on mentorship, exposure to prosthodontics, and future need for the specialty, and (2) establish a baseline of students’ perceptions of the impact of prosthodontics on salary, personal and patient quality of life, and the profession of dentistry.

Materials and Methods: A survey was distributed to 494 predoctoral and advanced standing students at the University of Pennsylvania School of Dental Medicine. Questions focused on the perceptions and experiences with the specialty of prosthodontics. A total of 410 surveys were analyzed using Chi Square tests and univariate and multivariate analysis with statistical software.

Results: Response rate was 83%. A positive initial introduction to prosthodontics was reported by 57% of students. Most students had positive experiences with prosthodontic faculty and enjoyed laboratory work and challenging/complex dentistry. A greater need for prosthodontists in the future was perceived by 82% of respondents, with 63% reporting that the future of prosthodontics had been emphasized. Students reported (1) a preclinical course directed by prosthodontists and (2) working in the clinic with prosthodontic faculty (p < 0.006) as having the biggest impact on their introduction to prosthodontics. A desire to pursue training or a career in prosthodontics was reported by 3.4% of the respondents, with 1.7% of them pursuing prosthodontics. Enjoyment of providing care in prosthodontics was the most important factor for those who decided to pursue prosthodontic postgraduate training. When compared to other specialties, prosthodontics ranked low with regards to its impact on salary (7th), personal quality of life (5th), patient quality of life (4th), and strengthening of the dental field (7th).

Conclusion: Reasons few students are interested in prosthodontics as a career, despite a positive first introduction and high perceived future need for prosthodontists may be attributed to a number of factors. These include insufficient prosthodontically, trained faculty, lack of a mentorship program, lack of an advanced graduate program, a perception of feeling unprepared upon graduation, and misconception of potential income in prosthodontics.
One‐Way Valved Speech Bulb Obturator Using a Tracheoesophageal Prosthesis
Authors: Sutton Alan J. , Hansen Nancy A. , Myers Karen V.
Published: July 2012

This article describes the fabrication procedures to create a one‐way valved speech bulb obturator.
On Funtowicz and Ravetz's “Decision Stake—System Uncertainties” Structure and Recently Developed Risk Perspectives
Authors: Aven Terje
Published: July 2012

The Funtowicz and Ravetz model for classifying problem‐solving strategies into applied sciences, professional consultancy, and postnormal sciences is well known in the social science risk literature. The model is illustrated in a diagram based on the two axes: (i) decision stakes—the value dimension (costs, benefits) and (ii) the system uncertainties—the knowledge dimension. These axes resemble the same two dimensions that characterize some recently developed risk perspectives: (a) consequences and the severity of these consequences and (b) associated uncertainties. In this article, we make a detailed comparison of these two types of risk frameworks. We point to similarities and differences in motivation and use. A main conclusion of the article is that these risk perspectives all provide adequate scientific bases for the Funtowicz and Ravetz model. New insights are provided on the understanding of what the outcome stakes/consequences and uncertainty dimensions really capture in these perspectives and frameworks.
Assessment of Ecological Risks at Former Landfill Site Using TRIAD Procedure and Multicriteria Analysis
Authors: Sorvari Jaana , Schultz Eija , Haimi Jari
Published: July 2012

Old industrial landfills are important sources of environmental contamination in Europe, including Finland. In this study, we demonstrated the combination of TRIAD procedure, multicriteria decision analysis (MCDA), and statistical Monte Carlo analysis for assessing the risks to terrestrial biota in a former landfill site contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons (PHCs) and metals. First, we generated hazard quotients by dividing the concentrations of metals and PHCs in soil by the corresponding risk‐based ecological benchmarks. Then we conducted ecotoxicity tests using five plant species, earthworms, and potworms, and determined the abundance and diversity of soil invertebrates from additional samples. We aggregated the results in accordance to the methods used in the TRIAD procedure, conducted rating of the assessment methods based on their performance in terms of specific criteria, and weighted the criteria using two alternative weighting techniques to produce performance scores for each method. We faced problems in using the TRIAD procedure, for example, the results from the animal counts had to be excluded from the calculation of integrated risk estimates (IREs) because our reference soil sample showed the lowest biodiversity and abundance of soil animals. In addition, hormesis hampered the use of the results from the ecotoxicity tests. The final probabilistic IREs imply significant risks at all sampling locations. Although linking MCDA with TRIAD provided a useful means to study and consider the performance of the alternative methods in predicting ecological risks, some uncertainties involved still remained outside the quantitative analysis.
How a Nuclear Power Plant Accident Influences Acceptance of Nuclear Power: Results of a Longitudinal Study Before and After the Fukushima Disaster
Authors: Visschers Vivianne H. M. , Siegrist Michael
Published: July 2012

Major nuclear accidents, such as the recent accident in Fukushima, Japan, have been shown to decrease the public's acceptance of nuclear power. However, little is known about how a serious accident affects people's acceptance of nuclear power and the determinants of acceptance. We conducted a longitudinal study (N= 790) in Switzerland: one survey was done five months before and one directly after the accident in Fukushima. We assessed acceptance, perceived risks, perceived benefits, and trust related to nuclear power stations. In our model, we assumed that both benefit and risk perceptions determine acceptance of nuclear power. We further hypothesized that trust influences benefit and risk perceptions and that trust before a disaster relates to trust after a disaster. Results showed that the acceptance and perceptions of nuclear power as well as its trust were more negative after the accident. In our model, perceived benefits and risks determined the acceptance of nuclear power stations both before and after Fukushima. Trust had strong effects on perceived benefits and risks, at both times. People's trust before Fukushima strongly influenced their trust after the accident. In addition, perceived benefits before Fukushima correlated with perceived benefits after the accident. Thus, the nuclear accident did not seem to have changed the relations between the determinants of acceptance. Even after a severe accident, the public may still consider the benefits as relevant, and trust remains important for determining their risk and benefit perceptions. A discussion of the benefits of nuclear power seems most likely to affect the public's acceptance of nuclear power, even after a nuclear accident.
Quantifying Cyberinfrastructure Resilience against Multi‐Event Attacks
Authors: Zobel Christopher W. , Khansa Lara
Published: July 2012

This article introduces a general approach for characterizing cyberinfrastructure resilience in the face of multiple malicious cyberattacks, such as when a sequence of denial‐of‐service attacks progressively target an already weakened information system. Although loss assessment frequently focuses on a single overall measure such as cost or downtime, the proposed technique considers both the timing and the amount of loss associated with each individual attack, as well as whether this loss is incurred suddenly or is “slow‐onset.” In support of this, an underlying mathematical model is developed to represent the relative impact of each attack and the corresponding length of time that its effects persist within the system, as well as to illustrate the trade‐offs between these two factors. The model is extended to represent uncertainty in its parameters and thus to support comparative analyses among various security configurations with respect to a baseline estimate of resilience. Monte Carlo simulation is then used to illustrate the model's capabilities and to support a discussion of its ability to provide for more effective decision making in the context of disaster planning and mitigation. [Submitted: March 21, 2011. Revised: July 14, 2011; November 4, 2011. Accepted: December 19, 2011.]
Dynamic Pricing and Demand Estimation for a Single Unique Asset*
Authors: Meredith Jack R. , Akinc Umit
Published: July 2012

We address the situation of a firm that needs to dispose of a large, expensive asset (e.g., car, machine tool, earth mover, turbine, house, airplane), with or without a given deadline (and either known or unknown to the buyer). If a deadline exists, the asset is salvaged at a known value which may be zero, or even negative if there is a disposal cost. The asset has a known holding cost and may also have an initial nominal (undiscounted) price. The question is how, if at all, the price should be discounted as time progresses to maximize the expected proceeds. We use a dynamic recursion where each decision stage can be optimized based on classic economic monopoly pricing theory with a demand intensity function estimated from sales data, and show that the model is well‐behaved in the sense that the optimal price and optimal expected revenue monotonically decline as the deadline approaches. We test the model by comparing its optimal price pattern to the official pricing policy practiced at a used‐car dealer. We then extend the model to situations where the buyer knows the seller's deadline and thus may alter his behavior as the deadline approaches.