bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Durdnosa Sámi guovllu siiddat ja siiddaolbmot čálalaš gálduin 1500-logus 1900-lohkui
Authors: Labba Oula-Antti
Published: March 2024

Dán artihkkalis dutkkan siiddaid ja siiddaolbmuid. Mu dutkangažaldat lea makkár lei siiddaid ja siiddaolbmuid sajádat iešguđet áigodagas, got dat lea rievdan ja man dihte. Riektehistorjjálaš dutkamušat leat čájehan, ahte siiddaolbmot leat don dolin oamastan iežaset vearroeatnamiid ja siiddas lea leamašan solidáralaš ovddasvástádus máksit váldegoddái sámevearu eatnamiin ja čáziin. Siiddain lei vel nanu sajádat Ruoŧa váldegotti áigge. Siiddat jávke Suoma beale virggálaš áššegirjjiin maŋemustá Ruošša válddi áigge 1800-logus, vaikko siiddaolbmot mákse eananvearun meroštallojuvvon sámevearu eatnamiin ja čáziin gitta 1920-logu rádjai. Durdnosa Sámi Ohcejoga ja Deanu siiddaolbmot vuođđude vearroeatnamiiddáseaset dáluid 1800-logu gaskamuttus: dábálaččat álggos guolástandálu ja dan maŋŋel ođđadálu.
Clima organizacional: estudo de caso de uma instituição de ensino em Portugal
Authors: Catafesta Kelly Cristiane
Published: March 2024

O clima organizacional reflete as percepções e expectativas dos funcionários com relação à atmosfera do ambiente de trabalho e as pesquisas de clima devem abordar diferentes aspectos da organização para poder contextualizar com consistência o universo vivido na realidade organizacional, indo além dos fatores comumente estudados: bem-estar e satisfação. O presente trabalho objetiva apresentar um questionário composto com 10 dimensões para diagnóstico de clima organizacional: autonomia, inovação, pressão, relações interpessoais, valorização e reconhecimento, condições de trabalho, confiança na organização, justiça, bem-estar e satisfação. O questionário foi aplicado em uma instituição de ensino superior em Portugal e participaram da investigação 34 funcionários não docentes de diversos setores da organização. Os resultados demonstram características do clima organizacional da instituição de ensino portuguesa e apontam para um clima favorável na mesma, evidenciando seus pontos fortes e os pontos que necessitam de atenção por parte da gestão. Conclui-se, portanto, que o clima organizacional pode ser mensurado por meio das dimensões que foram propostas e que o questionário se destaca como uma ferramenta eficiente de diagnóstico, possibilitando visualizar intervenções específicas que poderão ser realizadas na instituição com vistas à sua melhoria contínua.
Investigating the Effect of Teacher Qualification on Students’ Performance in Mathematics Instruction in Asunafo North Municipality
Authors: Mensah Patrick Akwasi Anamuah , Acheampong Michael , Ansu Bismark , Junior Joseph Gurah , Karadaar Ishmael Besing
Published: March 2024

Mathematics has a positive impact on the world, but students' performance in the subject is declining. Many researchers believe that one of the causes of this decline is the lack of qualified teachers. To investigate this further, a study was conducted in the Asunafo North Municipality to examine the effect of teacher qualifications on students' performance in mathematics classrooms. A descriptive survey research design was utilized to conduct this study which included 76 respondents, consisting of 60 students (WASSCE candidates) and 16 final year mathematics teachers. This was done through a purposive sampling technique for the sample of teachers and a simple random sampling for the selecting of the WASSCE students. Data was collected through questionnaires and interviews, and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 23. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, mean, and standard deviation were used, as well as paired samples T-test to answer the hypothesis testing. The results of the study showed that students taught by highly qualified teachers performed better than those taught by less qualified teachers. This indicates that teacher qualification has a significant impact on students' performance in mathematics. The study concludes that teacher qualification is a major factor affecting students' academic performance in mathematics. Based on the findings, it is recommended that education stakeholders in Ghana, including the Ministry of Education, should employ only qualified teachers who are graduates or masters’ holders with teaching qualifications to teach mathematics at the SHS level.
A Study of Acreage Dynamics and Crop Variability in the Horticultural Sector of ODOP Scheme of Madhya Pradesh, India
Authors: Chaturvedi Poonam , Rajput Ankita , Rathore Veena , Singh Aditya
Published: March 2024

The objective of the present study was to analyse the dynamics of acreage of major horticultural crops included under the ODOP scheme in Madhya Pradesh. The research methodology used for the purpose of analysing the data includes absolute change, relative change, compound annual growth rate and coefficient of Variation. For analysis secondary data on area under various horticultural crops was collected from the official website of Directorate of Economics and Statistics, India for a period of 21 years (2000-01 to 2020-21). Nine major horticultural crops were selected in the study which were divided under spices (Chillies, Coriander, Ginger, Garlic, and Turmeric), vegetables (Potato, and Onion) and fruits (Mango and Banana). The change and growth rate of area under major crops were analysed by using absolute and relative change and compound annual growth rate and coefficient of variation. The analysis and research findings showed that area share under most of spices declined except for chillies in Khargone district. Highest growth rate in area under spices was for garlic in Mandsaur district. For vegetables onion showed increase in area in Shajapur and potato in Dewas and Ujjain, and positive growth rate was recorded for all districts in both crops except potato in Gwalior district. While in fruits banana showed considerable increase in share as well as growth rate in Burhanpur district. Mango showed positive growth rate in Anuppur district. The theoretical implications of the study was a decline in area share but a positive growth rate in majority of spices in Guna, Tikamgarh and Rewa. While the majority of vegetables showed positive growth in the state. The contribution of study is in bringing the attention of spice, vegetable and fruit growers towards the real potential of various districts for the growth of spices, fruit or vegetable in that region. This will ultimately contribute in profiting the farmers and increasing their production efficiency.
School Culture Management Based on Toraja Local Wisdom Model Mangka Dolo Na Masiang
Authors: Allolangi Roberto Patabang , Gani Hamsu Abdul , Ansar . , Kamaruddin Syamsu A. , Wahira .
Published: March 2024

This study aims to design a school culture management model based on Toraja local wisdom "mangka dolo na masiang". This research refers to the type and mechanism of research and development (R&D) from Borg & Gall. Data were collected using literature, documents, interviews, questionnaires, and observation techniques. The data obtained were analyzed by descriptive narrative. The results showed that: The design of the Toraja local wisdom-based school culture management model "mangka dolo na masiang" is a model product consisting of: a) planning; b) organizing; c) directing; d) and supervising. This Toraja local wisdom-based school culture management model "mangka dolo na masiang" can be used as a reference or guideline for school members in carrying out their duties and responsibilities and activities at school related to religious culture, social culture, work culture, environmental care culture, and culture of love for the Republic of Indonesia.
Digital Skills: The Unavoidable Tool for Use of Academic Libraries during Covid-19
Authors: Serkwem Awiye Sharon , Nalova Endeley Margaret , Martina Njungwa Zinkeng
Published: March 2024

Aims: This study set out to establish the relationship between digital skills and the use of academic libraries in the Anglo-Saxon State Universities in Cameroon during the covid-19 period.

Study Design:  The study adopted a sequential explanatory mixed method research design.

Place and Duration of Study: The study was carried out in the University of Bamenda Central Library and the University of Buea Library from 2020 to 2023.

Methodology: A sample of 377 was selected from library staff and users through simple random sampling. Instruments for data collection were an interview guide, an observation guide and a questionnaire. Validity of instruments was guaranteed with the help of subject and language experts. Reliability was guaranteed by the use of Cronbach’s alpha and a value of .83 was attained. The data collection process was achieved using both direct delivery and electronic methods (Google Forms and Phone calls). Response rate for the questionnaire was 92.16% and for the interviews, 80%. Data from interviews were analysed thematically, from observations narratively and data from the questionnaire analysed using both descriptively (frequencies and percentages) and inferentially (Pearson correlation and simple linear regression).

Results: The study found a positive correlation between use of academic libraries and digital skills (r(329) = .531, p < .01). Regression analysis showed that Digital Skills is statistically a significant predictor of the use of academic libraries (β = .632, t =7.269, p < .001). Challenges witnessed in relation to digital skills of library users and staff include technophobia, software, poor digital skills, and limited access to digital tools and insufficient equipment. The libraries under study made efforts to manage challenges through: networking, training, adopting new software and machines, and IT staff. These challenges therefore served as a barrier to the effective use of academic libraries.

Conclusion: The study concludes that digital skills is a significant predictor of use of academic libraries in crises periods and if such challenges identified are not properly addressed, libraries are likely to register lower rates of patrons’ use and satisfaction.
Learning Strategies and Readiness towards Blended learning in English Subjects as Predictors of Students’ Satisfaction during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Pregoner Joseph Dave M. , Baguio Josephine B.
Published: March 2024

This study aimed to determine the learning strategies and readiness towards blended learning in English subjects and their relationship with the satisfaction of senior high school learners during the COVID-19 pandemic. Using a descriptive-correlational research design, a total of 174 senior high school students of a secondary education institution in Davao City, Philippines, were surveyed using standardized questionnaires. In retrospect to the mandate of the IATF on the classification of Davao City, whereby physical and/or face-to-face survey conduct is not feasible, the researcher conducted an online survey. The data was analyzed using the mean, standard deviation (SD), Pearson product-moment correlation, and simple and multiple linear regression. The findings revealed that the level of learning strategies, readiness towards blended learning, and satisfaction of learners was high. Both learning strategies and blended learning readiness were significantly (p=0.000) positively correlated with student satisfaction. Students who had better learning strategies and are more prepared for blended learning tend to be more satisfied with it. Both factors also individually have a significant (p=0.000) positive influence on satisfaction. This suggested that each factor on its own contributes to higher satisfaction. Even when considered together, both factors still significantly (p=0.000) influence satisfaction. This indicated that they both play independent roles in determining student satisfaction.
Quality Stock Production of Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. Using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation: Restoration of Agarwood Source
Authors: Parkash Vipin , Kaundal Ranjna , Paul Supriti , Thapa Meghna
Published: March 2024

Aquilaria malaccensis Lamk. is a critically endangered and economically important forest tree species of North-east India. In the current study, a biotization experiment was performed to show the effect of arbuscular mycorrhizae on obtaining high-quality agarwood-producing plants. One-month-old seedlings were inoculated in a designed experiment with single and combined endomycorrhizal treatments. All inoculated seedlings showed significant biomass production than control seedlings. The Biovolume index (Bi) was higher in all inoculated plant seedlings than in non-inoculated control seedlings but Acaulospora spp. (EM2) treatment had a higher Bi (78.17±0.024) than the rest of the inoculation treatments. The Quality index (Qi) value was also high (1.22±0.024) in EM2 treatment followed by the Glomus spp. + Acaulospora spp. (EM1+EM2) treatment (1.10±0.031) and Glomus spp. (EM1) (0.83±0.014) treatment. Control seedlings had a lower value (0.14±0.021) of Qi than the rest of the treatments. The plastochrone interval index (Pi) of A. malaccensis after 60 days of inoculation was low in EM1+EM2 treatment as the time interval for initiation of 2nd leaf was 1 day than rest of the treatments in which the time interval was 4 days for initiation of the 2nd leaf primordia. Substantially, the leaf primordia appearance in the EM1+EM2 treatment was impetuous than rest of the treatments. In the control treatment, the 8th leaf primordia appeared on the 36th day and after that, there was no appearance of leaf primordia. Therefore, the EM2 treatment was the best single/alone treatment of mycorrhizal inoculation followed by EM1+EM2 synergistic treatment for quality stock production of A. malaccensis seedlings.
Integrated Nutrient and Weed Management on Nutrient Content, Uptake and Soil Fertility of Buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum L.) Production in Eastern Sub-Himalayan Plain of India
Authors: Patel Sone Lal , Paul Tarun
Published: March 2024

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 2019-20 at Uttar Banga Krishi Viswavidyalaya, West Bengal to study the effect of integrated nutrient and weed management on nutrient content, uptake and soil fertility of buckwheat production. Results indicated that nutrient content, uptake and soil fertility status were significantly influenced due to effect of integrated nutrient and weed management. Significantly highest nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium uptake recorded with 50% RDF + Vermicompost @ 1.5 t ha-1 × Rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1 applied at 2 DAS which was at par with 100% RDF × Rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1 applied at 2 DAS and 50% RDF + Vermicompost @ 1.5 t ha-1 × Oxyfluorfen 23.5 EC @ 0.2 kg ha-1 at 2 DAS + One Hoeing at 40 DAS. The lowest was observed with control. The highest available soil nitrogen was observed with Vermicompost @ 3.0 t ha-1× Rice straw mulch @ 5 t ha-1 applied at 2 DAS (198.7 kg ha-1). The lowest available soil nitrogen was recorded with control (176.0 kg ha-1). The available soil organic carbon content, soil phosphorus and exchangeable potassium observed non-significant in differences. Higher B:C ratio was observed with 100 % RDF combined with all the weed management treatment (3.87-3.52) followed by 50% RDF + Vermicompost @ 1.5 t ha-1 (2.43-2.62) and Vermicompost @ 3 t ha-1 (1.41-1.64) in combination with all the weed management treatment except control (1.84).
Nootropic Property of Punica grantum Extract as BDNF4 Stimulant for Treatment of Major Depressive Disorder
Authors: Alam Mudassir , Abbas Kashif , Dar Gowhar Ashiq , Nosaiba  , Ahmed Khursheed
Published: March 2024

In 2008, the World Health Organization (WHO) stressed major depressive disorder (MDD) as the third most important cause of disease burden worldwide. Based on their projections, it is expected that by 2030, MDD will take the lead among the rest of the world’s health concerns. Brain derived neurotrophic factor 4 (BDNF4), a protein of neurotrophins family play pivotal role in maintaining neural plasticity, and its reduced level in the hippocampus and plasma have been reported in patients with MDD. Nootropic drugs serve as therapeutic interventions in mitigating MDD through diverse molecular mechanisms. Punica granatum (pomegranate) is acknowledged for its nutritional and medicinal properties, currently under medical scrutiny for its potential as a natural antidepressant. Various computational methodologies, including molecular docking, pharmacokinetics, ADME (absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion) profile assessment, toxicological analysis, and prediction of biological activity, were employed to identify promising compounds among the phytochemicals present in Punica extract, focusing on their potential BDNF4-stimulating, nootropic, and antidepressant properties. The comprehensive examination of docking scores, interactions between proteins and ligands, pharmacological and toxicological attributes, along with the forecasting of biological activities, collectively underscores the potential attributes of M-Cymene, Flavylium, 2-(4-Methylphenyl)propan-2-ol, Thymol, and Pelletierine as prospective drug candidates targeting human BDNF4 for alleviating MDD.
Present State and Recent Developments of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Gastric Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Patel Rushin , Patel Mrunal , Patel Zalak , Kavani Himanshu , Onyechi Afoma , Ohemeng-Dapaah Jessica , Gadhiya Dhruvkumar , Patel Darshil , Yang Chieh
Published: March 2024

Objective: The objective of this study is to thoroughly investigate the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) techniques for diagnosing and predicting prognosis in gastric cancer, utilizing the latest available data.
Methods: Following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA)guidelines, a systematic review investigated AI and ML applications in gastric cancer diagnosis and prognostic prediction. PubMed and Google Scholar were searched from February 2019 to January 2024 using specific syntax. Eligible trials were selected based on inclusion criteria including recent publication, focus on AI and ML in gastric cancer, and reporting diagnostic or prognostic outcomes. Data were extracted and quality assessed independently, with discrepancies resolved through discussion. Due to design heterogeneity, detailed analysis was omitted, and descriptive summaries of included articles were provided.
Results: This review included a total of 8 articles. AI and ML techniques, including  convolutional neural networks (CNN) and deep learning models, have played pivotal roles in accurately diagnosing chronic atrophic gastritis, predicting postoperative gastric cancer prognosis, and identifying peritoneal metastasis in gastric cancer patients. These technologies offer potential advantages such as streamlining diagnostic procedures, guiding treatment decisions,  and enhancing patient outcomes in gastric cancer management.
Conclusion: In the near future, AI applications may have a significant role in the diagnosis and prognosis prediction of gastric cancer.
Requirements and Main Indicators for the Quality of Electrical Energy
Authors: Mehdiyeva A. M.
Published: March 2024

From the calculated results, it can be seen that the to different levels in different facilities differs to a certain extent. In this case, these differences are smaller for the 10-second period and larger for the 60-second period. In addition, the shape of the histogram and the character of the parameters of the deviation are the same for all facilities. In the case of a time period of 10 seconds, the value of the mathematical deviation differs from each other by ±0.5%, and in the period of 60 seconds, ±0.7%. However, the differences of the standard deviations do not exceed ±0.1%. Thus, when using the information obtained by the statistical analyzer of the quality of deviation, it is necessary to draw all the characteristics obtained by means of this facility: the shape of the histogram, the probability of falling into different levels, the average value and the standard deviation. As a lawyer, the most stable information about the road network is standard. Taking this into account, this quantity should be used when determining the quality of the change.

The following main results were obtained: The quality indicators of electric energy are determined by the distribution of voltage, waves, the symmetrical characteristic of the three-phase periodicity and the non-sinusoidal characteristic of the voltage. The proposed control system allows real-time monitoring of energy quality.
Assessment of Climate Change Financing Mechanisms in Cameroon: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Lueong Lovees Ahfembombi , Tume Suiven John Paul
Published: March 2024

Climate change is a development challenge, particularly for developing countries like Cameroon, characterised by heightened vulnerability due to socio-economic structures and reliance on climate-sensitive sectors. Mitigation and adaptation measures are imperative, making financing mechanisms a central focus of international cooperation. This review examines the intricate landscape of climate change financing in Cameroon, providing an in-depth understanding of existing mechanisms, their effectiveness, and the challenges hampering optimal implementation. The study scrutinizes diverse funding sources, encompassing international climate funds, bilateral agreements, and national budget allocations. Key challenges, including fragmented approaches, accessibility issues, and alignment with national development goals, are identified. The study underscores the critical importance of coordination, capacity building, and strategic alignment in navigating the complex climate financing landscape. By systematically addressing these challenges, Cameroon can enhance the utilization of climate finance, ensuring tangible benefits for local communities and substantial contributions to sustainable development goals.
Effect of Chemical Weed Management Practices on Weed Dynamics, Soil Microorganism and Nutrient Uptake in Blackgram [Vigna mungo (L.)]
Authors: Anusha S. , Patil D. H. , Rathod P. S. , Basavaraj K. , Dodamani B. M.
Published: March 2024

An investigation was carried out at Zonal Agricultural Research Station, Kalaburagi, India, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka, India during kharif 2021-22 to study the effect of pre and post emergent application of weedicides on seed yield, weed dynamics, microbial population and nutrient uptake by weeds in blackgram. The results revealed that, significantly lower weed density (grassy weeds, sedges and broad leaf weeds (0.71) and weed dry weight (0.71) was observed with hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS (control) followed by sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS [grassy weeds (1.08, 1.26 and 1.83) sedges (1.03, 1.57 and 1.47) and broad leaf weeds (1.72, 2.06 and 2.11 at 25, 50 DAS and at harvest respectively]. Weed control efficiency was significantly higher with sodium acifluorfen 16.5% + clodinafop propargyl 8% EC @ 1.0 kg a.i. ha-1 at 20-25 DAS (89.52, 90.31 and 91.17 at 25, 50 DAS and at harvest respectively) that was on par with hand weeding. Hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS recorded significantly higher population of bacteria, fungi and actinomycetes (13.82, 12.49 and 5.25 cfu x 106 g-1 soil respectively). All chemical weedicides applied either pre-emergent or post-emergent significantly reduced population of total bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes. Significantly higher nutrient uptake by weeds was recorded with weedy check (71.03, 32.00 and 56.67 kg ha-1 nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively). Where as, higher nutrient uptake by blackgram was with hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS (126.25, 28.20 and 109.30 kg ha-1 nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively). After the harvest, soil available nutrients status was higher with  hand weeding at 25-30 DAS and intercultivation at 45 DAS (141.38, 42.10 and 298.53 kg ha-1 nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively) and significantly lower nutrients were observed with weedy check (122.93, 30.17 and 220.10 kg ha-1 nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium respectively).
Study of the Operating Cost of the Electric Pump for Mine Dewatering: Case of the SOMAÏR Uranium Mine
Authors: Mahamadou Ousman , Abdoulkader Haladou Atto , Seibou Boureima , Abdourazakou Maman Hassan , Harouna Souley , Souleymane Illou Issoufa , Marou Idrissa Hamadou
Published: March 2024

This study focuses on the operating cost of the electric pump used to extract water from the Artois mine owned by Société des Mines de l'AÏR. Exploitation of the SOMAÏR Artois mine uranium deposit is to be increased from the 20 m level to the 80, 100 or 120 m level; in the current phase of certain pits, access to the uranium deposit can only be achieved by a means that can draw off the water encountered. It is therefore essential to set up a drainage system to manage and evacuate the various water inflows. The main source of incoming water is the nearby water table, which is drained directly onto the mining unit.  The current drainage system has two sumps capable of storing the various water inflows without incident. The energy balance for the three (3) years of pumping was drawn up using the electricity consumption data received. Peaks appear in August for the year 2021, followed by January 2020 and May 2022. The results show that specific energy is high, resulting in higher power consumption than water production. According to the graph of performance curves P = f(Q), the power ratings obtained for flows corresponding to the 24 m head are 25 kW at a flow rate Q = 49 l/s for pump 261; 35 kW, at a flow rate Q = 59 l/s for pump 259 and 35 kW at a flow rate Q = 105 l/s for pump 234.
Cold extends electromyography distinction between ion channel mutations causing myotonia
Authors: Fournier Emmanuel , Viala Karine , Gervais Hélène , Sternberg Damien , Arzel‐Hézode Marianne , Laforêt Pascal , Eymard Bruno , Tabti Nacira , Willer Jean‐Claude , Vial Christophe , Fontaine Bertrand
Published: June 2006

Objective

Myotonias are inherited disorders of the skeletal muscle excitability. Nondystrophic forms are caused by mutations in genes coding for the muscle chloride or sodium channel. Myotonia is either relieved or worsened by repeated exercise and can merge into flaccid weakness during exposure to cold, according to causal mutations. We designed an easy electromyography (EMG) protocol combining repeated short exercise and cold as provocative tests to discriminate groups of mutations.

Methods

Surface‐recorded compound muscle action potential was used to monitor muscle electrical activity. The protocol was applied on 31 unaffected control subjects and on a large population of 54 patients with chloride or sodium channel mutations known to cause the different forms of myotonia.

Results

In patients, repeated short exercise test at room temperature disclosed three distinct abnormal patterns of compound muscle action potential changes (I‐III), which matched the clinical symptoms. Combining repeated exercise with cold exposure clarified the EMG patterns in a way that enabled a clear correlation between the electrophysiological and genetic defects.

Interpretation

We hypothesize that segregation of mutations into the different EMG patterns depended on the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. Results allow us to suggest EMG guidelines for the molecular diagnosis, which can be used in clinical practice. Ann Neurol 2006
Three‐dimensional nonisothermal simulation of a coat hanger die
Authors: Wu Tingqi , Jiang Bo , Xu Shuhua , Huang Nabin
Published: June 2006

We studied the nonisothermal flow of Carreau fluid in a coat hanger die. A general three‐dimensional finite volume code was developed for the purpose of flow analysis. The pressure distribution and velocity distribution were obtained in addition to the temperature distribution. The results illustrated that the highest temperature occurred more by the center of manifold than by the die‐lip region. In the regions where the die gap was small relatively, the wall temperature played a key role in the determination of the temperature distribution in the melt. However, in the manifold, the viscous dissipation was the key factor that determined the temperature distribution in the melt where the heat conduction was relatively poor because of the thicker gap. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101:2911–2918, 2006
Determination of solution viscosity characteristics of rubber seed oil based alkyds resins
Authors: Ikhuoria E. U. , Aigbodion A. I.
Published: June 2006

Three medium oil alkyd samples of different oil length [(I) 45%, (II) 50%, and (III) 55%] were synthesized with rubber seed oil. Dilute solution viscosity measurements were carried out on the alkyd in acetone and in toluene. The parameters investigated include intrinsic viscosity [η], Huggins constant (kH), and Mark‐Houwink Sakurada constants (κ and α). The [η] values for the alkyd samples were found to be larger in acetone than in toluene. The KH values showed a regular order in acetone but not in toluene. The KH values showed no regular order in their variation with the oil content of the alkyd samples and the solvent, but the values obtained are higher in acetone than in toluene. Correlation of molecular weight (M) with [η] was also examined. [η] was observed to increase with the increase in the molecular weight of the resins. The α values obtained are in reasonable agreement with the reported ranges of α values in good solvent. The characteristics examined suggest that acetone is a better solvent for rubber seed oil alkyd resin than toluene. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 101: 3073–3075, 2006
Numerical simulation grounding system buried within horizontal multilayer earth in frequency domain
Authors: Li Zhong‐Xin , Chen Wei‐Jiang
Published: June 2006

A novel mathematical model for accurately calculating the currents flowing along the conductors of grounding system below high voltage a.c. substations and nearby floating metallic structure buried in horizontal multilayer earth model has been developed in this paper. Not only the mutual conductive and capacitive coupling influences of leakage currents, but also mutual inductive coupling influence of network currents flowing along the conductors of grounding system and nearby floating metallic structure in the horizontal multilayer earth model have been considered in this model, and only propagation effect of electromagnetic wave within limited area of the substation has been neglected. The quasi‐static complex image method and closed form of Green's function are introduced into this model to accelerate the calculation. The model is then implemented in a computer program, which can be used to calculate currents distribution along the conductors of any configuration of grounding system, and with or without floating metallic structure under some hundreds of kHz frequency harmonic wave. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Action minimization and sharp‐interface limits for the stochastic Allen‐Cahn equation
Authors: Kohn Robert V. , Otto Felix , Reznikoff Maria G. , Vanden‐Eijnden Eric
Published: June 2006

We study the action minimization problem that is formally associated to phase transformation in the stochastically perturbed Allen‐Cahn equation. The sharp‐interface limit is related to (but different from) the sharp‐interface limits of the related energy functional and deterministic gradient flows. In the sharp‐interface limit of the action minimization problem, we find distinct “most likely switching pathways,” depending on the relative costs of nucleation and propagation of interfaces. This competition is captured by the limit of the action functional, which we derive formally and propose as the natural candidate for the Γ‐limit. Guided by the reduced functional, we prove upper and lower bounds for the minimal action that agree on the level of scaling. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Development of off‐line and on‐line capillary electrophoresis methods for the screening and characterization of adenosine kinase inhibitors and substrates
Authors: Iqbal Jamshed , Burbiel Joachim C. , Müller Christa E.
Published: June 2006

Fast and convenient CE assays were developed for the screening of adenosine kinase (AK) inhibitors and substrates. In the first method, the enzymatic reaction was performed in a test tube and the samples were subsequently injected into the capillary by pressure and detected by their UV absorbance at 260 nm. An MEKC method using borate buffer (pH 9.5) containing 100 mM SDS (method A) was suitable for separating alternative substrates (nucleosides). For the CE determination of AMP formed as a product of the AK reaction, a phosphate buffer (pH 7.5 or 8.5) was used and a constant current (95 μA) was applied (method B). The methods employing a fused‐silica capillary and normal polarity mode provided good resolution of substrates and products of the enzymatic reaction and a short analysis time of less than 10 min. To further optimize and miniaturize the AK assays, the enzymatic reaction was performed directly in the capillary, prior to separation and quantitation of the product employing electrophoretically mediated microanalysis (EMMA, method C). After hydrodynamic injection of a plug of reaction buffer (20 mM Tris‐HCl, 0.2 mM MgCl2, pH 7.4), followed by a plug containing the enzyme, and subsequent injection of a plug of reaction buffer containing 1 mM ATP, 100 μM adenosine, and 20 μM UMP as an internal standard (I.S.), as well as various concentrations of an inhibitor, the reaction was initiated by the application of 5 kV separation voltage (negative polarity) for 0.20 min to let the plugs interpenetrate. The voltage was turned off for 5 min (zero‐potential amplification) and again turned on at a constant current of —60 μA to elute the products within 7 min. The method employing a polyacrylamide‐coated capillary of 20 cm effective length and reverse polarity mode provided good resolution of substrates and products. Dose–response curves and calculatedKivalues for standard antagonists obtained by CE were in excellent agreement with data obtained by the standard radioactive assay.
Glass–glass ceramic thermoseeds for hyperthermic treatment of bone tumors
Authors: Ruiz‐Hernández E. , Serrano M.C. , Arcos D. , Vallet‐Regí M.
Published: June 2006

Implantable thermoseeds are synthesised from mixtures of a melt‐derived glass with composition SiO2 (40)–CaO(40)–Fe2O3(20) (mol%) and a sol–gel glass with composition SiO2(58)–P2O5(6)–CaO(36) (mol%). Structural, textural and magnetic properties of the samples are evaluated. In vitro bioactivity is assessed in order to determine the potential capability to bond to living bone. In spite of the low textural properties of the material, a bioactive behavior is observed as a result of the sol–gel glass content. Although the crystallization of the glass ceramic provides the magnetic phase, the presence of sol–gel glass modifies the magnetic properties, improving the heating power. For the first time, hyperthermia heating experiments as well as preliminary biocompatibility assays have been carried out for this kind of material. The ability to reach hyperthermic temperature range together with the bioactive behavior makes this biomaterial a very promising candidate for bone cancer treatment. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res, 2006
Monoclonal antibody Rip specifically recognizes 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase in oligodendrocytes
Authors: Watanabe Masatomo , Sakurai Yoko , Ichinose Tatsuya , Aikawa Yoshikatsu , Kotani Masaharu , Itoh Kouichi
Published: June 2006

The antigen recognized with monoclonal antibody (mAb) Rip (Rip‐antigen) has been long used as a marker of oligodendrocytes and myelin sheaths. However, the identity of Rip‐antigen has yet to be elucidated. We herein identified the Rip‐antigen. No signal recognized by mAb‐Rip was detected by immunoblot analyses in the rat brain, cultured rat oligodendrocytes, or the oligodendrocyte cell line CG‐4. As this antibody worked very well on immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry, Rip‐antigen was immunopurified with mAb‐Rip from the differentiated CG‐4 cells. Eight strong‐intensity bands thus appeared on 5–20% SDS‐PAGE with SYPRO ruby fluorescence staining. To identify these molecules, each band extracted from the gel was analyzed by MALDI‐QIT/TOF mass spectrometry. We found an interesting molecule in the oligodendrocytes from an approximately 44‐kDa band as 2′,3′‐cyclic nucleotide 3′‐phosphodiesterase (CNP). To test whether CNP was recognized by mAb‐Rip, double‐immunofluorescence staining was performed by using Alexa Fluor 488‐conjugated mAb‐Rip and Alexa Fluor 568‐conjugated mAb‐CNP in the rat cerebellum, mouse cerebellum, cultured rat oligodendrocytes, and CG‐4 cells. The Rip‐antigen was colocalized with CNP in these cells and tissues. To provide direct evidence that CNP was recognized by mAb‐Rip, rat Cnp1‐transfected HEK293T cells were used for double‐immunofluorescence staining with mAb‐Rip and mAb‐CNP. The Rip‐antigen was colocalized with CNP in rat Cnp1‐transfected HEK293T cells, but the antigen was not detected by mAb‐Rip and mAb‐CNP in mock‐transfected HEK293T cells. Overall, we have demonstrated that the antigen labeled with mAb‐Rip is CNP in the oligodendrocytes. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel explant model to study mechanotransduction and cell–cell communication
Authors: Hoffler C. Edward , Hankenson Kurt D. , Miller Joshua D. , Bilkhu Sukhinderdeep K. , Goldstein Steven A.
Published: June 2006

To understand in situ behavior of osteocytes, we characterized a model of osteocytes in their native bone matrix and demonstrated real‐time biologic activity of osteocytes while bending the bone matrix. Using 43 male Sprague‐Dawley rats, dumbbell‐shaped explants were harvested from stainless steel femoral implants after 6–12 weeks and incubated in culture medium or fixed. Sixteen specimens were used to determine bone volume density (BV/TV), volumetric bone mineral density (BMD) and histology for different implantation periods. Osteocyte viability was evaluated by L‐lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity in 12 cultured explants. Confocal microscopy was used to assess tracer diffusion in three explants and changes in osteocyte pH of a mechanically loaded explant. From 6 to 12 weeks, explant BV/TV and volumetric BMD trended up 92.5% and 101%, respectively. They were significantly and highly correlated. Tissues were uniformly intramembranous and all bone cell types were present. Explants maintained LDH activity through culture day 8. Diffusion at 200 µM was limited to 1,209 Da. Explants appeared capable of reproducing complex bone biology. This model may be useful in understanding osteocyte mechanotransduction in the context of a physiologically relevant bone matrix. © 2006 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 24:1687–1698, 2006
Preliminary results of interstitial motexafin lutetium‐mediated PDT for prostate cancer
Authors: Du K.L. , Mick R. , Busch T.M. , Zhu T.C. , Finlay J.C. , Yu G. , Yodh A.G. , Malkowicz S.B. , Smith D. , Whittington R. , Stripp D. , Hahn S.M.
Published: June 2006

Background and Objectives

Interstitial photodynamic therapy (PDT) is an emerging modality for the treatment of solid organ disease. Our group at the University of Pennsylvania has performed extensive studies that demonstrate the feasibility of interstitial PDT for prostate cancer. Our preclinical and clinical experience is herein detailed.

Study Design/Materials and Methods

We have treated 16 canines in preclinical studies, and 16 human subjects in a Phase I study, using motexafin lutetium‐mediated PDT for recurrent prostate adenocarcinoma. Dosimetry of light fluence, drug level and oxygen distribution for these patients were performed.

Results

We demonstrate the safe and comprehensive treatment of the prostate using PDT. However, there is significant variability in the dose distribution and the subsequent tissue necrosis throughout the prostate.

Conclusions

PDT is an attractive option for the treatment of prostate adenocarcinoma. However, the observed variation in PDT dose distribution translates into uncertain therapeutic reproducibility. Our future focus will be on the development of an integrated system that is able to both detect and compensate for dose variations in real‐time, in order to deliver a consistent overall PDT dose distribution. Lasers Surg. Med. 38:427–434, 2006. © 2006 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.
Novel Polymerizable Sulfur‐Containing Benzophenones as Free‐Radical Photoinitiators for Photopolymerization
Authors: Wang Hongyu , Wei Jun , Jiang Xuesong , Yin Jie
Published: June 2006

Summary: Three novel polymerizable sulfur‐containing benzophenone photoinitiators, MAATPBP, CMAATPBP and BMAATPBP, were synthesized. These novel photoinitiators possess strongly red‐shifted maximum UV absorption and very weak fluorescence emission. The photopolymerization of two monomers with different functionality, bifunctional HDDA and trifunctional TMPTA, initiated by these three polymerizable photoinitiators, was studied by photo‐DSC using the unsaturated tertiary amine DMAEMA as the coinitiator. The results show that all the polymerizable photoinitiators were highly efficient and different photoinitiators exhibited different behaviors towards different monomers: BMAATPBP was the most efficient for HDDA; MAATPBP was the most efficient for TMPTA. They could also efficiently initiate the photopolymerization without the coinitiator because of photolysis at the CS bond.

Structures of the polymerizable sulfur‐containing photoinitiators synthesized.

magnified image

Structures of the polymerizable sulfur‐containing photoinitiators synthesized.
Magnetic Microcapsules with Low Permeable Polypyrrole Skin Layer
Authors: Andreeva Daria V. , Gorin Dmitry A. , Shchukin Dmitry G. , Sukhorukov Gleb B.
Published: June 2006

Summary: The paper describes a perspective approach to significantly decrease permeability of polyelectrolyte multilayered capsules and, therefore, to make them more efficient for encapsulation of small molecule species. The polyelectrolyte shell modification by a dense polymer (polypyrrole) provides the capsule shell with water‐resistant and sufficient barrier properties. However, high brittleness of polypyrrole coatings demands more gentle capsule processing conditions. Magnetite iron oxide nanoparticles were used as a shell constituent to provide the capsules with magnetic properties and, therefore, to propose a mild technological protocol for capsule treating.

CLSM image of TRITC filled PPy covered capsules prepared by magnetic sedimentation.

magnified image

CLSM image of TRITC filled PPy covered capsules prepared by magnetic sedimentation.
NMR spectroscopic structure elucidation of the products of the reaction of 3‐(3‐aryl‐3‐oxopropenyl)‐ chromen‐4‐ones with 1,2‐phenylenediamine
Authors: Tóth Gábor , Simon András , Gondos Tímea , Lévai Albert , Jekö József , Andrási Ferenc
Published: June 2006

The reaction of 3‐(3‐aryl‐3‐oxopropenyl)chromen‐4‐ones with 1,2‐phenylenediamine resulted in the unexpected formation of 10a‐aryl‐1,2,10,10a‐tetrahydrobenzo‐[4,5]‐imidazo[1,2‐a]pyridin‐3‐yl(2‐hydroxyphenyl)‐1‐methanones. Their structure elucidation and complete 1H and 13C assignments have been performed by a combination of various one‐ and two‐dimensional NMR experiments. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Realtime gesture recognition by selective control of visual interest points
Authors: Kirishima Toshiyuki , Sato Kosuke , Chihara Kunihiro
Published: June 2006

Techniques for recognizing gestures in realtime are indispensable when constructing an interactive system that responds to nonverbal information from a user. In particular, in a virtual reality system, information related to the user's position, posture, and actions must be reflected immediately. Many conventional gesture recognition techniques have the essential problem that the processing frame rate decreases when the number of gestures to be recognized increases or the load due to the virtual reality system increases. In this paper, the authors resolve this problem by introducing a selective control technique for the visual interest points in the Quadruple Visual Interest Point Strategy (QVIPS), which is a gesture recognition method using multiple visual interest points. In evaluation experiments, they connected the proposed technique with a virtual reality system to show that video‐rate interaction with arbitrary images could be implemented. In addition, they used 24 basic sign language actions to show that the proposed technique exhibited robust recognition performance under various conditions in which the processing frame rate differed. © 2006 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Syst Comp Jpn, 37(9): 100– 111, 2006; Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com). DOI 10.1002/scj.10217
The Design, Development, and Implementation of a Fully Automated Compound Distribution Center
Authors: Solomon Fredric J. , Dechard Collette S. , Donnenberg Robert
Published: June 2006

In the mid-1990s, HTS labs were built with high-end automation for screening 10,000s of compounds. Compound Management labs continued to manually pick samples and invest in standalone equipment. The bottleneck for screening shifted from testing samples to the distribution of compounds. To solve this problem, Merck & Co., Inc. developed an automated compound distribution center. The facility uses automation from The Automation Partnership and a Merck-developed compound ordering system to provide solid and solution samples to Merck scientists worldwide.
Titan's bright spots: Multiband spectroscopic measurement of surface diversity and hazes
Authors: Ádámkovics M. , de Pater I. , Hartung M. , Eisenhauer F. , Genzel R. , Griffith C. A.
Published: June 2006

Spatially resolved near‐infrared spectra of Titan, which simultaneously cover two CH4 absorption bands (from 1.45 to 2.45 μm), have been obtained using the SINFONI integral‐field spectrometer with adaptive optics at the Very Large Telescope (VLT) of the European Southern Observatory. We observe the enhancement in 2 μm surface albedo of the “5 μm bright spot” at 80°W and 24°S, and find an analogously bright region at 2 μm near 88°W and 6°S. Surface albedos are recovered at ∼60 mas (375 km) resolution in both 1.5 and 2.0 μm windows using a two‐stream, plane‐parallel, radiative transfer model to fit the observed spectra. The surface albedos near the center of the disk range from 8 to 15% at 1.5 μm and are generally ∼2% lower at 2.0 μm. Vertical (altitude) profiles of aerosol extinction that are consistent with the Huygens/DISR measurements are used to model these observations, and we retrieve latitudinal trends in both stratospheric and tropospheric aerosol extinction. On 28 February 2005 UT, the stratospheric aerosol extinction is measured to increase linearly at a rate of 0.65 ± 0.05% per degree latitude from 40°S to 60°N. Meanwhile, the tropospheric haze near the south pole is confined to southern latitudes above 40°S and is enhanced in extinction by a factor of ∼1.7 relative to the extinction measured at 10°S, the latitude where the Huygens probe landed.
The Antarctic stratospheric sudden warming of 2002: A self‐tuned resonance?
Authors: Esler J. G. , Polvani L. M. , Scott R. K.
Published: June 2006

The extraordinary Antarctic stratospheric warming event of 2002 was characterized by a remarkable vertical structure, with the vortex observed to divide at upper levels in the stratosphere but not at lower levels: such ‘partially’ split vortex events are relatively rare. A simple, yet fully three‐dimensional, model is constructed to investigate the dynamics of this unique event. Planetary waves are excited on the model vortex edge by a lower boundary forcing characterized by two parameters: an amplitude hF and a frequency ωF, measured relative to a stationary frame. For realistic forcing amplitudes, a partial vortex split resembling that observed during the 2002 event is found only within a specific, narrow band of forcing frequencies. Exploiting the relative simplicity of our model, these frequencies are shown to be those causing a ‘self‐tuning’ resonant excitation of the gravest linear mode, during which nonlinear feedback causes an initially off‐resonant forcing to approach resonance.