bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Molecular dynamics simulations of electrophoresis of polyelectrolytes in nano confining cylindrical geometries
Authors: Nedelcu S. , Sommer J.-U.
Published: March 2013

We consider molecular dynamics simulations of the electrophoretic motion of charged polymers in straight cylinders and cylinders with a periodic variation (or modulation) of the diameter. The electric field is always orientated along the axis of the cylinders, and it does not change direction. The fluid is modeled explicitly, also the co-ions, counterions, and the charged polymer monomers. In straight geometries, we observe no separation effect for a wide range of applied electric fields. In modulated geometries, the charged polymer chains can be separated only at low fields. At large fields, we observe separation effects in modulated geometries only if the applied field is a dc pulse electric field. A simple scaling theory to explain the observed behavior is presented.
Experimental and computational study of the HXeI⋯HY complexes (Y = Br and I)
Authors: Tsuge Masashi , Berski Slavomir , Räsänen Markku , Latajka Zdzislaw , Khriachtchev Leonid
Published: March 2013

The complexes of HXeI with hydrogen halides HY (Y = Br and I) are studied computationally and experimentally in a xenon matrix. The calculations at the CCSD(T)/def2-TZVPPD level of theory predict several energy minima for the HXeI⋯HY complexes with interaction energies from −4.69 to −0.23 kcal mol−1. We have identified three bands of the HXeI⋯HI complexes in the H−Xe stretching region with the monomer-to-complex blue shifts from +37 to +96 cm−1, and three bands of the HXeI⋯HBr complexes with blue shifts from +88 to +157 cm−1. The structural assignments are done on the basis of the strong H−Xe and HY stretching bands and the decomposition rates upon broadband IR irradiation. The experimental bands with larger shifts are assigned to the most stable structures of the HXeI⋯HY complexes with the Y−H⋯I hydrogen bond.
Analysis of various designs of a desiccant wheel for improving the performance using a mathematical model
Authors: Yadav Avadhesh , Bajpai V. K.
Published: March 2013

A mathematical model for predicting the performance of a desiccant wheel with various wheel designs has been used by considering heat and mass transfer for both moist air and the desiccant material. The model shows good agreement with experimental data. An experimental setup was fabricated using an evacuated tube solar air collector with a desiccant wheel. The hot air needed for regeneration is produced by the evacuated tube solar air collector, which has a collector surface area of 4.44 m2. The regeneration can be started from 40 °C. The temperature of outlet air obtained is in the range of 40–65 °C in this evacuated tube solar air collector. The experimental setup was installed at NIT Kurukshetra, India, 29° 58′ (latitude) North and 76° 53′ (longitude) East. This model is used to compare the performance of two sector and four sector desiccant wheels and found that the maximum moisture removal efficiency of both two sector and four sector is same but in the two sector, it is obtained at twice the rph of a four sector. This model is also used to analyze the performance of two sectors with heated and cooled purge at different regeneration temperature and found that the desiccant system with a higher purge angle and lower regeneration angle performs better at low rph as compared to a lower purge angle and higher regeneration angle.
Phase formation in rapid solidified Ag–Y alloys
Authors: Niyomsoan S. , Gargarella P. , Stoica M. , Khoshkoo M. S. , Kühn U. , Eckert J.
Published: March 2013

The phase formation in a rapidly solidified Ag–Y system was evaluated by means of two predictive amorphization criteria: the thermodynamic γ* parameter and the new λ + Δh1/2 criterion. The former considers only the thermodynamic contribution, while the latter combines the effect of an atomic size mismatch between elements and their electronic interaction. The results showed a marginal glass-forming ability (GFA) with the best composition region for glass formation located near the Y-rich eutectic region. The melt-spun ribbon contained an amorphous matrix with a distribution of Y solid solution nanocrystals. Two new metastable phases found in the study were identified. One with an orthorhombic structure was precipitated during crystallization of the highest GFA alloy. The other having a hexagonal structure was formed under rapid solidification of the near-eutectic alloy lying between the Ag51Y14 and Ag2Y phases. The results also showed no improvement in the predictability of the γ* and λ + Δh1/2 amorphization criteria when considering the metastable phases formed during crystallization.
Optical spin orientation in group-IV heterostructures
Authors: Ferrari Alberto , Bottegoni Federico , Cecchi Stefano , Isella Giovanni , Ciccacci Franco
Published: March 2013

We investigate the electron spin polarization upon photoemission from different Si1−xGex heterostructures by means of Mott polarimetry. We demonstrate the possibility to lower the vacuum energy level below the bottom of the conduction band at the Γ point of the Brillouin zone in compressively strained Si1−xGex alloys and we show that the optimization of the stoichiometry of group-IV heterostructures leads to a spin polarization of the electrons in the conduction band up to P=72%±3%. Such a value is not only greater than those attainable in compressively strained pure Ge heterostructures, but it is also comparable to the typical electron spin polarization values of III-V semiconductor heterostructures.
Effect of Ni substitution on Y-type barium ferrite
Authors: Hee Won Mi , Sung Kim Chul
Published: March 2013

Here, we have investigated the crystal structure and magnetic properties of Ni-substituted Y-type barium ferrite. The single-phased Ba2Co2−xNixFe12O22 (x = 0.0, 0.5, 1.0) samples were synthesized by solid-state reaction method. The crystal structure of samples was determined to be rhombohedral with R-3 m. The Rietveld refinement showed that the unit cell volume (Vu) of the samples decreased with increasing Ni contents because the ionic radius of the Ni2+ is smaller than that of Co2+. Saturation magnetization (Ms) and coercivity (Hc) of Ba2Co2−xNixFe12O22 were also decreased with Ni concentration. The temperature dependence of the magnetization curve of Ba2CoNiFe12O22 under 100 Oe showed the magnetic structure transitions from helimagnet to ferrimagnet around 204 K and from ferrimagnet to paramagnet around 720 K. While the spin transition temperature (TS) of the samples decreased with Ni substitution, the Curie temperature (TC) increased with increasing Ni contents. The Mössbauer spectra analysis showed the coexistence of Fe ions at six sub-lattices with different occupancy ratio. Also, from temperature dependence of isomer shift value and magnetic hyperfine field (Hhf), we determined that Fe ions were at high spin Fe3+ state. In addition, we have observed an abrupt change in Hhf around 204 K, corresponding to the helimagnet to ferrimagnet phase transition shown in zero-field-cooled curve. Also, the experimentally observed increase in Hhf with Ni contents can be attributed to the change in the super-exchange interaction.
Influence of particle size on the hydrogenation in La(Fe, Si)13 compounds
Authors: Zhang H. , Long Y. , Niu E. , Shao X. P. , Shen J. , Hu F. X. , Sun J. R. , Shen B. G.
Published: March 2013

The influence of particle size on the hydrogenation of La(Fe, Si)13 compounds is studied in detail. The average TC increases largely from 240 K to 308.5 K due to the enhancement of surface area by reducing the particle size. Besides, it is found that small particle size and narrow size range would improve the homogeneity of hydrogen distribution. The magnetic entropy change (ΔSM) decreases slightly after hydrogenation, but the maximum value of −ΔSM of small LaFe11.7Si1.3C0.2Hx still remains a relatively large value of 14.4 J/kg K for a low magnetic field change of 2 T. It is also noted that the hydrogen-saturated LaFe11.7Si1.3C0.2H1.7 exhibits a great stability under a high pressure of 1.36 GPa, and this result is favorable to the further processing and applications of La(Fe, Si)13 compounds.
Magnetic entropy change and refrigerant capacity of rapidly solidified TbNi2 alloy ribbons
Authors: Sánchez Llamazares J. L. , Sánchez-Valdes C. F. , Ibarra-Gaytan P. J. , Álvarez-Alonso Pablo , Gorria P. , Blanco J. A.
Published: March 2013

The magnetocaloric effect in TbNi2 alloy ribbons synthesized by rapid solidification was investigated. This material crystallizes in a superstructure of the cubic Laves phase structure type C15 (space group F-43m). The saturation magnetization and Curie temperature are MS = 134 ± 2 A m2 kg−1 and TC = 37 ± 1 K, respectively. For a magnetic field change of 5 T, the material shows a maximum magnetic entropy change |ΔSMpeak| = 13.9 J kg−1 K−1, with a full-width at half-maximum δTFWHM = 32 K, and a refrigerant capacity RC = 441 J kg−1. The RC value is similar to those reported for other magnetic refrigerants operating within the temperature range of 10-80 K. Finally, it is worth noting that the use of rapid solidification circumvents the necessity for long-term high-temperature homogenization processes normally needed with these RNi2 alloys.
Thermoelectric properties of polycrystalline NiSi3P4
Authors: May Andrew F. , McGuire Michael A. , Wang Hsin
Published: March 2013

The Hall and Seebeck coefficients, electrical resistivity, and thermal conductivity of polycrystalline NiSi3P4 were characterized from 2 to 775 K. Undoped NiSi3P4 behaves like a narrow gap semiconductor, with activated electrical resistivity ρ below room temperature and a large Seebeck coefficient of ∼400 μV/K at 300 K. Attempts to substitute boron for silicon resulted in the production of extrinsic holes, yielding moderately doped semiconductor behavior with ρ increasing with increasing temperature above ∼150 K. Hall carrier densities are limited to approximately 5 × 1019 cm−3 at 200 K, which would suggest the solubility limit of boron is reached if boron is indeed incorporated into the lattice. These extrinsic samples have a Hall mobility of ∼12 cm2/V/s at 300 K, and a parabolic band equivalent effective mass of ∼3.5 times the free electron mass. At 700 K, the thermoelectric figure of merit zT reaches ∼0.1. Further improvements in thermoelectric performance would require reaching higher carrier densities, as well as a mechanism to further reduce the lattice thermal conductivity, which is ∼5 W/m/K at 700 K. Alloying in Ge results in a slight reduction of the thermal conductivity at low temperatures, with little influence observed at higher temperatures.
Coupling of a single quantum emitter to end-to-end aligned silver nanowires
Authors: Kumar Shailesh , Huck Alexander , Chen Yuntian , Andersen Ulrik L.
Published: March 2013

We report on the observation of coupling a single nitrogen vacancy (NV) center in a nanodiamond crystal to a propagating plasmonic mode of silver nanowires. The nanocrystal is placed either near the apex of a single silver nanowire or in the gap between two end-to-end aligned silver nanowires. We observe an enhancement of the NV-centers’ decay rate in both cases as a result of the coupling to the plasmons. The devices are nano-assembled with a scanning probe technique. Through simulations, we show that end-to-end aligned silver nanowires can be used as a controllable splitter for emission from a dipole emitter.
Vortex annihilation in magnetic disks with different degrees of asymmetry
Authors: Huang Chao-Hsien , Wu Kuo-Ming , Wu Jong-Ching , Horng Lance
Published: March 2013

We investigate the influence of one-side-flat asymmetric degrees on vortex annihilation behavior in different chirality, clockwise or counterclockwise. The vortex annihilation fields are found to depend not only on the vortex chirality but also strongly on the degrees of asymmetry. The sequence of vortex annihilation from the flat to the round edges is observed in low asymmetric disks, and interestingly, the sequence is reversed in high asymmetric disks. Fast and non-contact vortex chirality detection can be realized in high asymmetric disks by analyzing hysteresis loop of focused magneto-optic Kerr effect on vortex annihilation. The experimental results agree well with the micromagnetic simulations.
Freezing of the octahedral tilt near ferromagnetic transition and appearance of a glassy phase at low temperature driven by the tilt instabilities in SrRuO3
Authors: Sow Chanchal , Samal D , Anil Kumar P. S. , Bera A. K. , Yusuf S. M.
Published: March 2013

The emergence of low temperature glassy phase in widely known itinerant ferromagnet SrRuO3 is remotely understood. In order to understand this aspect, we have undertaken a detailed temperature dependent (5–250 K) neutron diffraction study. We observe a freezing of the octahedral tilt near the ferromagnetic transition and an unusual deviation in the octahedral tilt near the onset of low temperature spin glass like phase. A reduction of the ordered magnetic moment and a decline in the total integrated magnetic intensity is observed around the temperature where the glassy behaviour starts to appear. The magnetotransport study also reveals the possibility for an additional magnetic ordering by demonstrating a peak in magnetoresistance at the low temperature side as well. The neutron diffraction study presented here provides useful information to understand the observed unusual low temperature magnetic phenomena in SrRuO3.
The synthesis of CuO nanoleaves, structural characterization, and their glucose sensing application
Authors: Ibupoto Z. H. , Khun K. , Lu J. , Willander M.
Published: March 2013

The present study describes the synthesis of well aligned and highly dense polyethylene glycol template assisted cupric oxide (CuO) nanoleaves on the gold coated glass substrate by hydrothermal growth method. The structural study based investigations of CuO nanoleaves were performed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), energy dispersive X-ray (EDX), infrared reflection-absorption spectroscopy (IRAS), and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). The glucose sensor based on the glucose oxidase immobilized CuO nanoleaves electrode detected the wide range of glucose concentrations with good linearity and exhibited high sensitivity of 61.9 ± 2.0 mV/decade. The linear detection range was observed from 1.0 × 10−5 to 2.0 × 10−2 M with detection limit of 5.0 × 10−6 M and a fast response time of less than 5 s was also observed. The glucose sensor electrode possesses good anti-interference ability, stability, repeatability, and reproducibility.
Surface morphology and atomic structure of thin layers of Fe3Si on GaAs(001) and their magnetic properties
Authors: Noor S. , Barsukov I. , Özkan M. S. , Elbers L. , Melnichak N. , Lindner J. , Farle M. , Köhler U.
Published: March 2013

The structural and magnetic properties of ultrathin near-stoichiometric Fe3Si layers on GaAs(001) are investigated after using scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) analysis to optimize the deposition process. This includes atomic resolution imaging of the surface as measured by STM revealing the atomic ordering and characteristic defects in the topmost layers. Emphasis is laid on connections between the layer morphology and its magnetic properties, which are analysed by in situ MOKE, FMR, and SQUID magnetometry. Upon nucleation, the Fe3Si islands behave like superparamagnetic nanoparticles where we find a quantitative agreement between the size of the nanoparticles and their superspin. At higher coverage, the Fe3Si layers show ferromagnetic behaviour. Here, we investigate the superposition of the magnetocrystalline and the uniaxial anisotropies where the latter can be excluded to be caused by shape anisotropy. Furthermore, an unexpected increase of the magnetic moment towards low coverage can be observed which apart from an increased orbital moment can be attributed to an increased step density.
Pressure induced phase transitions in TiH2
Authors: Gao Guoying , Bergara Aitor , Liu Guangtao , Ma Yanming
Published: March 2013

Recent room temperature experiments on TiH2 [Kalita et al., J. Appl. Phys. 108, 043511 (2010)], an important compound in hydrogen storage research, revealed a cubic (fcc, Fm-3m) to tetragonal (bct, I4/mmm) phase transition at around 0.6 GPa, which was suggested to remain stable up to at least 90 GPa. However, the simulated X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern of the I4/mmm structure cannot explain all the diffraction peaks observed at 90 GPa. In this article, we apply the recently developed particle swarm optimization algorithm for crystal structure prediction to propose that at 63 GPa TiH2 presents a further phase transition from I4/mmm to P4/nmm, which we have also confirmed is dynamically and enthalpically stable up to 294 GPa. Moreover, the XRD patterns and calculated lattice parameters of the P4/nmm structure are in good agreement with the experimental available data. Above 294 GPa, we predict a monoclinic P21/m structure to be stable.
Setting temperature effect in polycrystalline exchange-biased IrMn/CoFe bilayers
Authors: Fernandez-Outon L. E. , Araújo Filho M. S. , Araújo R. E. , Ardisson J. D. , Macedo W. A. A.
Published: March 2013

We study the effect of atomic interdiffusion on the exchange bias of polycrystalline IrMn/(57Fe + CoFe) multilayers due to the thermal setting process of exchange coupling during field annealing. Depth-resolved 57Fe conversion electron Mössbauer spectroscopy was used to quantify atomic interdiffusion. Vibrating sample magnetometry was used to monitor the variation of exchange bias and magnetisation. It was found that interface sharpness is only affected above ∼350 °C. Three different stages for the setting of exchange bias can be inferred from our results. At the lower setting temperatures (up to 350 °C), the effect of field annealing involves alignment of spins and interfacial coupling due to the setting of both antiferromagnetic (AF) bulk and interface without significant interdiffusion. At a second stage (350–450 °C), where AF ordering dominates over diffusion effects, atomic migration and increased setting of AF spins co-exist to produce a peak in exchange bias field and coercivity. On a third stage (>450 °C), severe chemical intermixing reduces significantly the F/AF coupling.
Origin of ultrafast Ag radiotracer diffusion in shear bands of deformed bulk metallic glass Pd40Ni40P20
Authors: Ngai K. L. , Bin Yu Hai
Published: March 2013

Measurements of Ag radiotracer diffusion in shear bands of deformed bulk metallic glass, Pd40Ni40P20 [Bokeloh et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 235503 (2011)], have found a colossal enhancement of diffusion coefficient by more than eight orders of magnitude than in undeformed Pd40Ni40P20. Suggestion was made by Bokeloh et al. that enhanced diffusion occurs in high-mobility pathways originating from some excess free volume distribution inside the shear bands. Although plausible, this qualitative suggestion does not allow quantitative calculation of the enhancement. The impasse is avoided by using the coupling model to calculate the maximum of the enhancement of diffusivity possible in high-mobility pathways of the shear bands. Within the range of eight to ten orders of magnitude, the calculated maximum enhancement is capable to account for the experimental observation.
Defects in N, O and N, Zn implanted ZnO bulk crystals
Authors: Stehr J. E. , Wang X. J. , Filippov S. , Pearton S. J. , Ivanov I. G. , Chen W. M. , Buyanova I. A.
Published: March 2013

Comprehensive characterization of defects formed in bulk ZnO single crystals co-implanted with N and Zn as well as N and O atoms is performed by means of optically detected magnetic resonance (ODMR) complemented by Raman and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopies. It is shown that in addition to intrinsic defects such as Zn vacancies and Zn interstitials, several N-related defects are formed in the implanted ZnO. The prevailed configuration of the defects is found to depend on the choices of the co-implants and also the chosen annealing ambient. Specifically, co-implantation with O leads to the formation of (i) defects responsible for local vibrational modes at 277, 511, and 581 cm−1; (ii) a N-related acceptor with the binding energy of 160 ± 40 meV that is involved in the donor-acceptor pair emission at 3.23 eV; and (iii) a deep donor and a deep NO acceptor revealed from ODMR. Activation of the latter defects is found to require post-implantation annealing in nitrogen ambient. None of these defects are detected when N is co-implanted with Zn. Under these conditions, the dominant N-induced defects include a deep center responsible for the 3.3128 eV PL line, as well as an acceptor center of unknown origin revealed by ODMR. Formation mechanisms of the studied defects and their role in carrier recombination are discussed.
Thermomicrocapillaries as temperature biosensors in single cells
Authors: Herth Simone , Giesguth Miriam , Wedel Waldemar , Reiss Günther , Dietz Karl-Josef
Published: March 2013

Temperature is an important physical parameter in biology and its deviation from optimum can cause damage in biosystems. Thermocouples based on the Seebeck effect can be structured on glass microcapillaries to obtain thermomicrocapillaries (TMCs) usable in a micromanipulation setup. The suitability of the setup was proven by monitoring the temperature increase upon illumination of leaves and single cells following insertion of the TMC. The increase was 1.5 K in green tissue and 0.75 K in white leaf sections due to lower absorption. In single cells of trichomes, the increase was 0.5 K due to heat dissipation to the surrounding air.
On the stochastic excitation of monostable and bistable electroelastic power generators: Relative advantages and tradeoffs in a physical system
Authors: Zhao S. , Erturk A.
Published: March 2013

Numerical and experimental investigations of broadband random vibrational energy harvesting using monostable and bistable piezoelectric cantilevers are presented along with relative performance comparisons. Simulations and experiments reveal that a linear-monostable energy harvester can outperform its bistable counterpart for very low and relatively high random excitation levels. The bistable configuration generates more power for a limited excitation intensity range slightly above the threshold of interwell oscillations. Under broadband stochastic excitation, a bistable energy harvester can potentially be preferred only if it is designed to operate at a known excitation intensity, otherwise using a monostable harvester can be more robust and practical.
Perpendicular magnetic anisotropic characteristics of amorphous [CoSiB/Pt]N multilayers
Authors: van der Heijden E. H. M. , Lee K. J. , Choi Y. H. , Kim T. W. , Swagten H. J. M. , You C.-Y. , Jung M. H.
Published: March 2013

The perpendicular magnetic anisotropic properties of amorphous multilayers of [CoSiB/Pt]N are investigated as functions of the thickness of magnetic layers (tCoSiB = 4 and 6 Å) and the number of repeated bilayers (N = 3 ∼ 20). Even though the magnetization reversal process is dominated by the wall motion of magnetic domains rather than the nucleation for all the values of tCoSiB and N in our experiment, the changes of magnetic properties are strongly dependent on the tCoSiB and N values. The effective anisotropy constant for the 6 Å sample is K1eff = 1.2 × 106 erg/cm3, which is a factor of 6 larger than that for the 4 Å sample. The coercivity variations as a function of N are explained by the Ruderman-Kittel-Kasuya-Yosida (RKKY) coupling between the magnetic layers considering the balance of domain wall energy and magnetostatic energy.
Structural and magnetic properties of L1-FePd/MgO films on GaAs and InP lattice mismatched substrates
Authors: Kohda M. , Iimori S. , Ohsugi R. , Naganuma H. , Miyazaki T. , Ando Y. , Nitta J.
Published: March 2013

Structural and magnetic properties of epitaxial L10-FePd/MgO films on GaAs and InP lattice mismatched substrates are investigated at different MgO and FePd growth temperatures. While c-axis lattice constants of MgO and FePd show similar values on both substrates, the remanent magnetization becomes larger on GaAs than that on InP. Since the ratio of FePd (002) tetragonal ordered phase and FePd (200) cubic disordered phase follows similar growth temperature dependence to the remanent magnetization and the long range chemical order parameter, the perpendicular magnetic anisotropy grown on the lattice-mismatched semiconductors is strongly affected by formation of the disordered phase.
Study of gate oxide traps in HfO2/AlGaN/GaN metal-oxide-semiconductor high-electron-mobility transistors by use of ac transconductance method
Authors: Sun X. , Saadat O. I. , Chang-Liao K. S. , Palacios T. , Cui S. , Ma T. P.
Published: March 2013

We introduce an ac-transconductance method to profile the gate oxide traps in a HfO2 gated AlGaN/GaN Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor High-Electron-Mobility Transistors (MOS-HEMTs) that can exchange carriers with metal gates, which in turn causes changes in analog and pulsed channel currents. The method extracts energy and spacial distributions of the oxide and interface traps under the gate from the frequency dependence of ac transconductance. We demonstrate the method using MOS-HEMTs with gate oxides that were annealed at different temperatures.
Culture, communication and service quality in health care administration: A tale of two hospitals
Authors: Harber Daphne G , Ashkanasy Neal M
Published: March 2013

This paper reports the results of a qualitative cross-case analysis of two medium-sized Australian general hospitals moving to a new era of service quality management. The analysis was based on a model of perceptions of organisational culture, communication and quality of patient care. Results showed that the prevailing culture at the two hospitals was quite different, but there was consistency in the relationships between the study variables. In particular, perceptions of culture and communication had an impact on perceptions of quality of care. The results are discussed within the context of previously reported findings.
GP clinic and community health centre approach to after hours and the role of Medicare Locals in educating and raising awareness
Authors: Rinehart Natalie E. , Smorgon Samantha , Holman Jessica
Published: March 2013

This article reviews a Quality Improvement Project concerning how GP clinics approach after hours (AH) primary care information for themselves and their patients. Medicare Locals have been given the responsibility of coordinating AH services in their catchments and supporting health systems and patients in accessing care appropriate to their needs. The AH project conducted by Inner North West Melbourne Medicare Local (INWMML) sought to explore how a range of GP clinics approached AH information before an educational forum, evaluation of its developed resources for increasing awareness of AH options and how clinics would choose to change their approach to AH following this process. The findings suggested that 46 participating clinic staff had a strong focus on hospitals and locum services as the main AH options despite telephone advice line options being available. Additionally, there was a lack of awareness for some clinic staff concerning services for mental health, dental health and residential aged care. The educational forum and the AH resources developed (i.e. brochures, posters and service directory) by INWMML were rated as valuable and would be used and shared with other health care providers and patients. Confidence that patients would be able to find appropriate care in the AH period after clinics had finished implementing planned changes, rose significantly in key areas after participating in the AH project.
Lexical Stress, Frequency, and Stress Neighbourhood Effects in the Early Stages of Italian Reading Development
Authors: Sulpizio Simone , Colombo Lucia
Published: March 2013

We examined the development of stress assignment in reading Italian aloud. We investigated frequency effects as a marker of the use of item-specific lexical knowledge in assigning stress together with stress dominance and stress neighbourhood (the number of words sharing both stress and ending) as markers of distributional information regarding properties of the lexicon extracted from spoken language. We tested second- and fourth-graders in a reading-aloud experiment including high- and low-frequency words and nonwords. Results show that despite the regularity of orthography–phonology mappings in Italian and the predominant use of phonological recoding procedures, item-specific lexical knowledge is also used, even by beginning readers. The frequency effect was significant and did not increase with age, while stress errors on low-frequency words decreased with increasing grade. Stress neighbourhood increasingly affected stress assignment on nonwords with older children. Taken together, our findings show that both item-specific knowledge and general information about stress distribution are relevant in children's reading, suggesting the simultaneous use of both lexical and sublexical information. Moreover, as the reading system develops, and knowledge about the relative distribution of stress neighbourhood increases, larger grain-size units are also exploited.
CCL21 is associated with fatal outcomes in chronic heart failure: data from CORONA and GISSI‐HF trials
Authors: Ueland Thor , Nymo Ståle H. , Latini Roberto , McMurray John J.V. , Kjekshus John , Yndestad Arne , Fucili Alessandro , Grosu Aurelia , Masson Serge , Maggioni Aldo P. , Gullestad Lars , Aukrust Pål ,   on behalf of the Investigators of the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Study in Heart Failure (CORONA) and GISSI‐Heart Failure (GISSI‐HF) trials
Published: March 2013

Aims

Chronic heart failure (HF) is in part characterized by immune activation and inflammation, and factors that regulate lymphocyte trafficking and inflammation may contribute to the progression of this disorder. The homeostatic chemokine CCL21 is a potent regulator of T‐cell migration into non‐lymphoid tissue and may exert inflammatory properties and influence tissue remodelling. We therefore investigated CCL21 levels and association with fatal outcomes in patients with chronic HF.

Methods and results

Plasma CCL21 was measured at randomization in 1456 patients enrolled in the Controlled Rosuvastatin Multinational Trial in HF (CORONA) and in 1145 from the GISSI‐HF trial. Association between CCL21 levels [given below as hazard ratio (HR) with 95% confidence interval (CI) for 1 SD increase] with all‐cause (n = 741) or cardiovascular (CV) mortality (n = 576) was evaluated with multivariable Cox proportional hazard models, adjusting for clinical risk factors, C‐reactive protein, and NT‐proBNP. In multivariable Cox models, CCL21 was associated with higher risk of all‐cause mortality (HR 1.16, 95% CI 1.02–1.32; P = 0.020) and CV mortality (HR 1.20, 95% CI 1.08–1.33; P < 0.001). When the two trials were analysed separately, CCL21 had a similar influence on risk prediction. Finally, CCL21 had a modest but significant impact on the discriminatory properties of the model (all‐cause mortality, change in Harrell's C‐statistic 0.004, P = 0.001; CV mortality, change in C‐statistic 0.002, P = 0.002).

Conclusion

Circulating CCL21 was associated with all‐cause and CV mortality in two large populations of contemporary patients with chronic HF.
Improved agreement of net and acoustical methods for surveying euphausiids by mitigating avoidance using a net-based LED strobe light system
Authors: Wiebe Peter H. , Lawson Gareth L. , Lavery Andone C. , Copley Nancy J. , Horgan Erich , Bradley Albert
Published: March 2013

Wiebe, P. H., Lawson, G. L., Lavery, A. C., Copley, N. J., Horgan, E., and Bradley, A. 2013. Improved agreement of net and acoustical methods for surveying euphausiids by mitigating avoidance using a net-based LED strobe light system. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 70: 650–664. Euphausiids are known for their ability to avoid capture by standard plankton nets. Repeat sampling was conducted in the Gulf of Maine with a 1 m2 MOCNESS equipped with a light-emitting diode (LED)-based strobe light concurrent to multifrequency acoustic data collection. On cruise one, the strobe light's efficacy in reducing euphausiid net avoidance was evaluated on two horizontal tows where four of the eight nets were sampled with the strobe flashing and four with the strobe off. With the strobe light on, there was a significant increase in euphausiid abundance by a factor of 4.5 at night and by a factor of 11.0 during the day. There was also a significant increase in biovolume catch of zooplankton when the strobe light was on by factors of 2.2 at night and 5.5 during the day due to a higher abundance of 10 and 35 mm euphausiids. Euphausiids caught with the strobe light on accounted for most of the observed backscattering, and acoustic and net estimates of their abundance agreed. Similar results were obtained on cruise two. Agreement of acoustic and net estimates when using the strobe light suggests that reduced avoidance enhanced the efficiency of catching euphausiids.
Internet Studies: The Foundations of a Transformative Field
Authors: Dutton William H.
Published: March 2013

This chapter offers a broad overview of Internet Studies. The key challenge of Internet Studies research focuses on the discovery of concepts, models, theories, and related frameworks that give a more empirically valid understanding of the factors influencing the Internet and its societal implications. The Internet can be used in everyday life and work, and in a converging media world. The study of Internet policy and regulation has focused on issues of freedom of expression, privacy, and ‘Internet governance’. Then, the chapter briefly discusses the issue on the definition of the Internet, and how its resolution is connected to how narrowly or broadly people draw the history of the Internet and the boundaries of the field. It is observed that studies of politics, relationships, news, and other phenomena are exploring the Internet within a larger ecology of information and communications technologies (ICTs). Also, the Internet and related ICTs are globally important.
Society on the Web
Authors: Thelwall Michael
Published: March 2013

This chapter, which argues that the structure of the Web reflects the offline world, making it a valuable lens for exploring society, introduces the theories and issues which make general observations about the Web and then provides examples of investigations into particular topics, such as academic web use. The Web offers unique entrée to free information from Wikipedia to news websites and from government information portals to search engines. Moreover, the two broad approaches to investigating society on the Web are reported, which are based around link analysis and Web 2.0 investigations. Web 2.0 has spawned broad research to probe its effect on several aspects of society. The publishing of personal information on the Web, particularly on the social web, appears likely to continue and expand.
Cross-National Comparative Perspectives from the World Internet Project
Authors: Cardozo Gustavo , Liang Guo , Lapa Tiago
Published: March 2013

This chapter reviews the diffusion, uses, and impacts of the Internet worldwide and over time. The World Internet Project has been intended to become the vehicle for tracking what happens as households and nations adopt and use the Internet. The study of the connection between the Internet and society presents a window onto contemporary societies. The Internet mediates social changes and social relations. The age of users, the institutional context, and media culture determine the Internet use in a given country. The Internet has been more of a complement to the traditional media than a competitor, and displacement effects are hard to find and are not general or universal across countries. It is important to keep a vital perspective in comparative approaches, being mindful of the theory that differences verified between countries or continenta can lose much of their analytical relevance.
Cultural, Legal, Technical, and Economic Perspectives on Copyright Online: The Case of the Music Industry
Authors: David Matthew
Published: March 2013

This chapter summarises the cultural, legal, technical, and economic approaches to enforcing copyright. It suggests that rights holders need to rethink their business models in the digital age, such as by concentrating on live performances, rather than simply trying to shore up old business models by criminalising copyright infringement. The link between pervasiveness and persuasiveness is complex and sometimes contradictory. It is noted that online sharing is not identity theft.The Pirate Baychose to embrace the term pirate despite disputing almost everything else being claimed by the recording and film industry lobbies about online sharing. The asymmetrical architecture of the Internet makes circulation easier than regulation. The Internet makes every computer an infinite copying machine and one hard to disconnect from every other. The music industry has been hit first and hardest by online sharing, and reveals the clearest signs of successful adaptation.
Privacy and Surveillance: The Multidisciplinary Literature on the Capture, Use, and Disclosure of Personal Information in Cyberspace
Authors: Bennett Colin J. , Parsons Christopher
Published: March 2013

This chapter covers the multidisciplinary literature on the protection of personal information in the online world, which extends back to the origins of social research on computing, and addresses the link between key structures of the Internet and the literatures on privacy and surveillance. Then, it turns to the literature on the role of international, legal, self-regulatory, and technological policy instruments in protecting personal information online. The nature of the Internet is entirely consistent with the metaphor of the ‘surveillant assemblage’. The Internet has become a fundamentally ‘surveillance-ready’ technology, and is becoming deeply integrated into the structures of social life. The rise of Internet-enabled surveillance and information control is significant. The story of privacy and surveillance is episodic and reflective of quite frenzied attempts to come to grips with unprecedented technological transformations in the light of the most recent scandal or controversy.
Religion and Violence in Christian Traditions
Authors: Steffen Lloyd
Published: March 2013

This chapter investigates the theological justifications for violence within the sources of the Christian traditions, and also reports the symbolic representations of violence in the history of the tradition. It then presents a consideration of some specific issues that have provoked Christian people, to condone or even resort to violence while believing themselves faithful to Christian teachings and values. The chapter introduces the theological justifications of St. Paul, Jesus of Nazareth, just war, Crusades, inquisition and heresy trials, and missionary movements. Christian people have acted in ways opposed to violence, and have also warranted violence over the centuries by referring to scripture and by developing theological interpretations. Additionally, they preserve connection to its history of involvement of violence in a variety of symbols, rites, and rituals. In general, Christian people are moral agents who have to make decisions about how to act and how to act religiously.
Muslim Engagement with Injustice and Violence
Authors: Lawrence Bruce
Published: March 2013

This chapter explores the role of violence in Islam, specifically contrasting Islam in 611 with the Islam associated with terrorism on 9/11. When several tribes attempted to draw from the treaty that bound them to Muhammad, Abu Bakr opposed them in what became known as the Ridda wars. The Ottomans succeeded in invoking Islam, and also the doctrine of jihad. Islam became an explicit ideology and building block of public prestige for the newest Turkish Muslim Empire, and also became an idiom of protest against the gradual contraction of internal and external trade. The association of Osama bin Laden with al-Jazeera proves to be almost as significant as his decision to wage jihad. There are many ways to connect Bin Laden to the early generation of Islam. Bin Laden's legacy is one of deviance and damage rather than persistence and profit in the cause of Islam.
Starvation and Self-Mutilation in Religious Traditions
Authors: Wilson Liz
Published: March 2013

This chapter investigates the place of destructive acts against oneself—such as starvation and self-mutilation—in the spectrum of violent actions performed in the name of religion. Self-starvation and self-mutilation share some of the ideological and performative features of violence in the name of religion. The self-sacrifice of Quang Duc was demonstrative of a time-tested Buddhist form of bodily practice known in Buddhist studies in the West as self-immolation. It is revealed that self-directed violence can be both an act of devotion and an act of protest. Self-immolation and hunger-striking employ the body as a means of resistance. Like self-conflagration, the hunger strike has become a global phenomenon used on every continent of the world.
Cosmic War in Religious Traditions
Authors: Aslan Reza
Published: March 2013

This chapter provides a discussion on cosmic war in religious traditions, focusing on the development and evolution of cosmic war in the Hebrew Bible. Cosmic war can allow belief in the direct intervention of a deity on the battlefield on behalf of the deity's tribe, nation, or peopl, and is a concept that is profoundly settled in the religious traditions of the ancient Near East. The major themes found in most cosmic war traditions are elaborated. The wars in Afghanistan and Iraq rapidly play the tenor of a cosmic conflict against demonic forces. It must be noted that behind the cosmic impulse, there often lurks very real and earthly grievances that must be considered if the drive toward cosmic war, which remains such a destructive factor in contemporary religious disputes, is to be stemmed.
Genocide and the Religious Imaginary in Rwanda
Authors: Taylor Christopher C.
Published: March 2013

This chapter, which concentrates on the violent imaginaries that informed the reports and deeds of the 1994 Rwandan genocide, reviews the perseverance of pre-colonial notions of a sacred king whose “wild sovereignty” and inability to promote the flow of imaana earns him fateful sacrifice. The term imaana denotes a supreme being and, in a more generalized way, a “diffuse, fecundating fluid” of celestial origin whose activity upon livestock, land, and people brought fertility and abundance. As imaana's earthly representative, the king channeled fertility to the rest of humanity. The chapter also discusses symbolism of the sovereign's body and its implicit link with the process of liquid flow. Habyarimana is an inadequate conduit of imaana and thus not a worthy king. He is the antithesis of Ruganzu Ndori.
Religion and Violence from a Sociological Perspective
Authors: Hall John R.
Published: March 2013

This chapter investigates the circumstances of violence in a way that identifies alternative “domains” in which religious concatenations of violence arise. Despite the fluidity of empirical trajectories and theoretical transitions among analytic types, diverse situations are not so idiosyncratically historicist as to prevent theorization of alternative patterns. Religious communities “contained” by a state may raise countercultural ideologies. The structural circumstances of violence have been modified by apocalyptic war. In social processes, the link of religion to political power differentiates a variety of hegemonic and counterhegemonic conditions in which religion and violence become concatenated. Theorizing relationships between religion and violence should not be an exercise in differentiating “ideal” and “material” causes but rather an effort to understand their complex interplay in social processes.
Religion and Violence from Literary Perspectives
Authors: Kitts Margo
Published: March 2013

This chapter investigates how violence gets into religious texts and how it gets out of them, into action. Religious literatures clearly help to provide archives of cosmologies, memories, personalities, and symbols for collective imagination. Trauma, terror, pain and the like are among the fundamental components of religious literature, and conjure a violent imaginary, which, by definition, takes shape in violent acts. It surely modifies wartime actions constituted within ancient literature, in some cases saturating warlike acts with sacrificial themes. Upon reading, hearing, or seeing, it is hard to imagine that any conscious being would not be focused by a spectacle of violent destruction, grasping immediately the specter of his or her own demise.
Introduction
Authors: Kitts Margo , Juergensmeyer Mark , Jerryson Michael
Published: March 2013

This Handbook describes four major dimensions: 1) overviews of major religious traditions; 2) patterns and themes relating to religious violence; 3) major analytic approaches; and 4) new directions in theory and analysis related to religion and violence. There is a much more nuanced interpretation of the presence of violence in so many different traditions. This chapter, which specifically presents overviews of traditions, patterns and themes, analytic approaches, and new directions in order to offer a roadmap to the academic field of studies in religion and violence, demonstrates both the range and diversity of areas of inquiry within this emerging field. The images and acts of destruction discussed in the chapters can be collectively described as “religious violence.” The study of religious violence and the religious dimensions of violent situations do much to shed light on the nature of religion itself.
Goffin cockatoos wait for qualitative and quantitative gains but prefer ‘better’ to ‘more’
Authors: Auersperg A. M. I. , Laumer I. B. , Bugnyar T.
Published: March 2013

Evidence for flexible impulse control over food consumption is rare in non-human animals. So far, only primates and corvids have been shown to be able to fully inhibit the consumption of a desirable food item in anticipation for a gain in quality or quantity longer than a minute. We tested Goffin cockatoos (
Cacatua goffini
) in an exchange task. Subjects were able to bridge delays of up to 80 s for a preferred food quality and up to 20 s for a higher quantity, providing the first evidence for temporal discounting in birds that do not cache food.
Sexual selection hinders adaptation in experimental populations of yeast
Authors: Reding L. P. , Swaddle J. P. , Murphy H. A.
Published: March 2013

Sexual selection, the suite of processes that lead to differential mating success among individuals, probably influences the evolutionary trajectory of populations. Because sexual selection often shifts traits away from their survival optima, strong sexual selection pressures are thought to increase potential for population extinction, especially during environmental change. Sexual selection pressures may also increase the opportunity for speciation by accelerating the generation of pre-zygotic isolation among populations. These relationships remain largely untested experimentally. Here, we allow populations of baker's yeast,
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
, to evolve for approximately 250 generations with altered sex ratios in order to test the effect of the strength of sexual selection on the fate of populations. We find that populations experiencing stronger sexual selection are less able to adapt to a novel environment compared with populations experiencing weaker sexual selection or no sex, and that strong sexual selection erases the benefits of sexual reproduction. This pattern persists when fitness is assayed in a closely related environment. We also identify a trend that may suggest the beginning of pre-zygotic isolation between populations experiencing stronger sexual selection, though this is not statistically significant. These results highlight the importance of sexual selection in shaping macroevolutionary patterns and biodiversity.