bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
‘I am in blood Stepp'd in so far…’: ethical dilemmas and the sports team doctor
Authors: Devitt Brian Meldan , McCarthy Conor
Published: December 2009

There are many ethical dilemmas that are unique to sports medicine because of the unusual clinical environment of caring for players within the context of a team whose primary objective is to win. Many of these ethical issues arise because the traditional relationship between doctor and patient is distorted or absent. The emergence of a doctor–patient–team triad has created a scenario in which the team’s priority can conflict with or even replace the doctor’s primary obligation to player well-being. As a result, the customary ethical norms that provide guidelines for most forms of clinical practice, such as patient autonomy and confidentiality, are not easily translated in the field of sports medicine. Sports doctors are frequently under intense pressure, whether implicit or explicit, from management, coaches, trainers and agents, to improve performance of the athlete in the short term rather than considering the long-term sequelae of such decisions. A myriad of ethical dilemmas are encountered, and for many of these dilemmas there are no right answers. In this article, a number of ethical principles and how they relate to sports medicine are discussed. To conclude, a list of guidelines has been drawn up to offer some support to doctors facing an ethical quandary, the most important of which is ‘do not abdicate your responsibility to the individual player.’

‘I am in blood Stepp’d in so far that,

should I wade no more,

Returning would be as tedious as to go o’er’

—Macbeth: Act III, Scene IV, William Shakespeare
Catheter exchange technique for the Wingspan stent: technical note
Authors: Lesley W S , Rangaswamy R
Published: December 2009

Background and purpose

The only Food and Drug Administration-approved implant for managing intracranial stenosis is the Wingspan stent. Modification of the standard Wingspan stent delivery procedure has not been previously reported.

Material and methods

Retrospective, single-patient, technical report.

Results

Following uneventful balloon angioplasty, a symptomatic intracranial vertebral artery stenosis was inaccessible to Wingspan stent delivery using standard procedural protocol because of poor proximal guide catheter purchase. After placing a Renegade Hi-Flo microcatheter across the stenosis, the Wingspan stent was transferred to this catheter and advanced to the lesion using a Neuroform stabilizer. Unsheathing of the stent yielded uncomplicated, precise placement of the stent with a good clinical result.

Conclusion

The Wingspan stent transfer technique can be used successfully in the management of intracranial stenotic disease.
Tandem duplication of thefabp1bgene and subsequent divergence of the tissue-specific distribution offabp1b.1andfabp1b.2transcripts in zebrafish (Danio rerio)
Authors: Karanth Santhosh , Denovan-Wright Eileen M. , Thisse Christine , Thisse Bernard , Wright Jonathan M.
Published: December 2009

We describe a fatty acid-binding protein 1 (fabp1b.2) gene and its tissue-specific expression in zebrafish embryos and adults. The 3.5 kb zebrafish fabp1b.2 gene is the paralog of the previously described zebrafish fabp1a and fabp1b genes. Using the LN54 radiation hybrid mapping panel, we assigned the zebrafish fabp1b.2 gene to linkage group 8, the same linkage group to which fabp1b.1 was mapped. fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2 appear to have arisen by a tandem duplication event. Whole-mount in situ hybridization of a riboprobe to embryos and larvae detected fabp1b.2 transcripts in the diencephalon and as spots in the periphery of the yolk sac. In adult zebrafish, in situ hybridization revealed fabp1b.2 transcripts in the anterior intestine and skin, and reverse transcription PCR (RT-PCR) detected fabp1b.2 transcripts in the intestine, brain, heart, ovary, skin, and eye. By contrast, fabp1b.1 transcripts were detected by RT-PCR in the liver, intestine, heart, testis, ovary, and gills. The tissue-specific distribution of transcripts for the tandemly duplicated fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2 genes in adult tissues and during development suggests that the duplicated fabp1b genes of zebrafish have acquired additional functions compared with the ancestral fabp1 gene, i.e., by neofunctionalization. Furthermore, these functions were subsequently divided between fabp1b.1 and fabp1b.2 owing to subfunctionalization.
Ribosomal DNA, heterochromatin, and correlation with genome size in diploid and polyploid North American endemic sagebrushes (Artemisia,Asteraceae)
Authors: Garcia Sònia , Garnatje Teresa , Pellicer Jaume , McArthur E. Durant , Siljak-Yakovlev Sonja , Vallès Joan
Published: December 2009

Subgenus Tridentatae ( Artemisia , Asteraceae) can be considered a polyploid complex. Both polyploidy and hybridization have been documented in the Tridentatae. Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) and fluorochrome banding were used to detect and analyze ribosomal DNA changes linked to polyploidization in this group by studying four diploid-polyploid species pairs. In addition, genome sizes and heterochromatin patterns were compared between these populations. The linked 5S and 35S rRNA genes are confirmed as characteristic for Artemisia, and a pattern at the diploid level of three rDNA loci located at telomeric positions proved to be typical. Loss of rDNA loci was observed in some polyploids, whereas others showed additivity with respect to their diploid relatives. Genome downsizing was observed in all polyploids. Banding patterns differed depending on the pair of species analysed, but some polyploid populations showed an increased number of heterochromatic bands. FISH and fluorochrome banding were useful in determining the systematic position of Artemisia bigelovii , for which a differential pattern was found as compared with the rest of the group. Additionally, FISH was used to detect the presence of the Arabidopsis-type telomere repeat for the first time in Artemisia.
POLIOMYELITIS IN CANADIAN ESKIMOS: LABORATORY STUDIES. V. TYPE 1 AND TYPE 3 POLIOMYELITIS ANTIBODY LEVELS IN BAFFIN ISLAND ESKIMOS
Authors: Wood W. , Clark Eina M. , Shimada F. T. , Rhodes A. J.
Published: December 2009

Studies on the basic immunology of poliomyelitis in Canadian Eskimos have been continued. Some 87 sera collected from Eskimos at Pangnirtung, Baffin Island, have been examined for the presence of Type 1 and Type 3 poliomyelitis antibody by quantitative tests in tissue cultures. The same sera were previously examined for Type 2 antibody by quantitative tests in mice. The results of the three determinations are now presented together for comparison. These sera came from Eskimos aged 2 to 72 years of age. None of the Eskimos showed any evidence of paralysis. Examination of the medical records did not suggest that any paralytic disease had been present in this part of Baffin Island. Very few of the sera showed the presence of poliomyelitis antibody; thus, Type 1 antibody was demonstrated in the sera of 8%, Type 2 antibody in the sera of 9%, and Type 3 antibody in the sera of 14%. No significant number of Eskimos below the age of 45 years had acquired poliomyelitis antibody. The antibody titers mostly ranged between 10−1.0 and 10−2.0, and were significantly lower than the titers customarily found in recently paralyzed cases. These findings suggest that poliomyelitis infection occurred in Pangnirtung Eskimos many years before the date on which the samples were taken (1951). These results point to the worldwide prevalence of the three types of poliomyelitis virus.
ADSORPTION OF ORANGE II BY CYTOCHROME c AND RIBONUCLEASE
Authors: Colvin J. Ross
Published: December 2009

The adsorption isotherms of Orange II on cytochrome c and ribonuclease at pH 5.5 in 0.05 M acetate buffer are sigmoid. They may be interpreted by a previously described theory of interacting hydration effects. Adsorption of methyl orange or sodium flavianate by either protein was negligible.
MOLECULAR WEIGHT AND HYDRODYNAMIC PROPERTIES OF SODIUM ALGINATE
Authors: Cook W. H. , Smith David B.
Published: December 2009

Sedimentation, diffusion, and viscosity measurements were made on five unfractionated samples of sodium alginate ranging in intrinsic viscosity from 3.1 to 17.5. Diffusion coefficients were subject to large errors and are believed to be overestimated.Though the molecular weights obtained from sedimentation–diffusion (Svedberg equation) and sedimentation – intrinsic viscosity (Perrin–Simha equations) showed good agreement and yielded values of 3 to 21 × 104, higher values (4.6 to 37 × 104) from sedimentation–viscosity (Mandelkern–Flory equation) appear to be the better estimates. A linear relation between intrinsic viscosity and molecular weight was found with a slope (Mandelkern–Flory equation values) equivalent to Km = 13.9 × 10−3. The results indicate that sodium alginate has a relatively high extension ratio.
URINARY EXCRETION PRODUCTS OF MENADIONE (VITAMIN K3)
Authors: Hoskin F. C. G. , Spinks J. W. T. , Jaques L. B.
Published: December 2009

Radioactive vitamin K3 (2-methyl-C14-1,4-naphthoquinone) was administered to rats and the radioactive urinary products separated by paper chromatography and identified by ultraviolet absorption spectra and chemical analyses. Over the dosage range of 2.6 to 11.0 mgm. per kgm. of body weight, 2-methyl-C14-1,4-naphthoquinone was excreted, in order of decreasing relative concentrations as the diglucuronide (Product 1), the monosulphate (Product 2), and a third partially identified derivative of the vitamin (Product 3). Following the administration of vitamin K3, these products were excreted by normal rats, a dicoumarol-poisoned rat, and a guinea pig. The relative concentrations in the urine of Products 1 and 2 varied directly with the size of dose of vitamin K3. At these dosages, little or no vitamin K3 is excreted in urine as such.
STUDIES ON THE PRESERVATION OF BLOOD: II. THE GLYCOLYTIC BEHAVIOR OF BLOOD DURING STORAGE
Authors: Pappius Hanna M. , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: December 2009

The chemical changes that occur in erythrocytes when blood is admixed with isotonic sodium citrate and stored at 5 °C have been studied. When the residual glucose content of the red cells is depleted, about the fifth day of storage, the continuity of the glycolytic system is interrupted, as indicated by an abrupt decrease in the concentration of diphosphoglycerate and a rise in pyruvate. These changes can be retarded by the addition of glucose to the preservative medium at the beginning of storage or at any time before the residual glucose content becomes depleted. The nature and sequence of the chemical changes that occur during storage are the same whether the blood specimen is preserved in the defibrinated state or in the presence of citrate. Also these changes are the same, except in rate, at temperatures between 5° and 37 °C.
NUTRITION OF ANIMAL CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE: VIII. DESOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID PHOSPHORUS AS A MEASURE OF CELL MULTIPLICATION IN REPLICATE CULTURES
Authors: Healy George M. , Fisher Dorothy C. , Parker Raymond C.
Published: December 2009

A chemical method of estimating the size of cell populations in replicate cultures has been devised for use with certain cell strains from the mouse and rat. The method is based upon the determination of desoxyribonucleic acid phosphorus (DNAP). Although the method may be used as an alternative to the procedure of counting isolated, stained nuclei in a hemocytometer, it actually supplements such measurements and provides useful information on the DNA-content per cell. The method consists of a modified Schmidt and Thannhauser separation of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and desoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) followed by the spectrophotometric estimation of the orthophosphate. The present communication describes the procedures in detail and reports recoveries of RNAP and DNAP from mixtures of highly polymerized nucleic acids and various types of biological material. Good correlation was found between nuclear counts and DNAP values in natural media (containing horse serum and chick embryo extract) and in synthetic (chemically-defined) media. Finally, the efficiency of the dispensing apparatus most frequently employed in preparing replicate cultures from continuously stirred, washed cell suspensions has been determined by measuring the DNAP content of serially dispensed samples.
NUTRITION OF ANIMAL CELLS IN TISSUE CULTURE: IX. SYNTHETIC MEDIUM No. 703
Authors: Healy George M. , Fisher Dorothy C. , Parker Raymond C.
Published: December 2009

Previous reports from this laboratory described a synthetic medium, solution 199, that contained 60 ingredients and supported cell life for an average period of four to five weeks. The assays were carried out in roller tubes in which chick embryo mesenchyme tissues were cultivated directly on the glass. More recently, the synthetic media have been improved very considerably, and Earle's replicate culture assay procedures have been adapted for use in testing them. By means of these techniques, it has been possible to make accurate quantitative experiments with new synthetic solutions some of which are capable of yielding, in one week, five- and sixfold increases in the population of replicate cultures prepared from washed suspensions of Earle's L strain mouse cells. This was acommplished by omitting the purines and pyrimidines from solution 199, by adding greatly increased levels of cysteine, ascorbic acid, and glutathione, and by the addition of certain purified coenzymes. In solution 703, which is described in detail, cultures of L strain cells have been maintained in a healthy, active state for over five months, with renewal of the medium twice a week.
INTRACELLULAR DISTRIBUTION OF PHOSPHOMONOESTERASES IN RAT LIVER HOMOGENATE
Authors: Allard Claude , Lamirande Gaston de , Faria Hugo , Cantero Antonio
Published: December 2009

Acid phosphatase or phosphomonoesterase II activity of rat and mouse liver homogenates, prepared in 0.25 M sucrose, was found mainly in the cytoplasmic granules. Since the small percentage of activity of the nuclear fraction activity could be explained by the presence of mitochondria (which were actually counted in this fraction) it is concluded that rat and mouse liver nuclei do not contain acid phosphatase activity.A rather broad range of acid phosphatase activity was observed in rat and mouse livers depending on the time elapsed between the preparation of homogenate and the activity determinations. However, a preincubation of the tissues or isolated fractions at 37° C. for 60 min. was sufficient to increase the activity to an optimal value, and thus eliminate variations due to the latency of this enzyme.Alkaline phosphatase or phosphomonoesterase I activity was also found to be latent in rat liver homogenates. The phenomenon was less apparent than for acid phosphatase and seemed to depend mostly on the nature of the buffer employed in the assay system.Some evidence for the presence of two forms of alkaline phosphatase in rat liver cells is presented. One form of the enzyme was found to have an absolute requirement of magnesium for activity and was present in the soluble fraction, whereas the other which was not activated by magnesium seemed firmly linked to the nuclei and microsomes and was absent in the soluble fraction. The activity in the mitochondrial fraction was small and seemed of doubtful significance.
TISSUE GLYCOGEN AND GLUCOSE ABSORPTION IN RATS ADAPTED TO COLD
Authors: Pagé Edouard , Babineau Louis-Marie
Published: December 2009

Fasted rats previously fed a high fat ration and adapted to cold maintain their liver glycogen as efficiently as their controls kept at room temperature. On a high carbohydrate diet, fasting liver glycogen is markedly higher in the cold adapted animals. Glucose absorption rate on the high fat regime is nearly 70% higher following adaptation to cold.
STUDIES ON THE ISOLATION AND NATURE OF THE 'TERREGENS FACTOR'
Authors: Burton M. O. , Sowden F. J. , Lochhead A. G.
Published: December 2009

A procedure is described for the production and concentration of the 'terregens factor' (TF), a bacterial growth promoting substance synthesized by Arthrobacter pascens and essential for the growth of Arthrobacter terregens. From culture filtrates of A. pascens cultivated in a medium of inorganic salts and sucrose, concentrates of TF may be obtained that are active at 0.001 μgm. Per ml., heat stable and contain about 12.7% nitrogen. Acid hydrolysis yielded a number of amino acids, including glutamic acid, glycine, α–alanine, valine, leucine, proline, lysine, and arginine, as well as some unidentified compounds; however, TF does not appear to be a low molecular weight straight chain peptide.Although TF contains no iron, it combines readily with ferrous or ferric iron to form reddish-brown complexes with this metal. Activity for A. terregens is shown by certain iron containing complexes as hemin, coprogen, and ferrichrome. On the other hand none is shown by cytochrome or pulcherrimin; however, aspergillic acid, structurally related to the latter, possesses some growth promoting activity for the test organism.
EFFECT OF INSULIN ON ETHANOL METABOLISM
Authors: Masoro E. J. , Abramovitch Henry
Published: December 2009

The role of insulin in ethanol metabolism was investigated with the aid of C14-labeled ethanol. Surviving kidney and liver slices prepared from insulized rats oxidized ethanol to carbon dioxide at approximately the same rate as slices prepared from control rats. The data on the effect of insulin on the conversion of ethanol to lipids are equivocal since the P value is 0.036. There appears to be some increase in lipogenesis but not of an appreciable magnitude. The possibility that the beneficial effects noted in the treatment of acute alcohol intoxication with insulin may be the result of an increased synthetic metabolism is discussed.
ADENOSINE TRIPHOSPHATASE, ELECTROLYTES, AND OXYGEN UPTAKE RATES OF HUMAN NORMAL AND EPILEPTOGENIC CEREBRAL CORTEX
Authors: Pappius Hanna , Elliott K. A. C.
Published: December 2009

The magnesium-activated and the calcium-activated adenosine triphosphatase activities, the potassium and sodium content, and the oxygen uptake rate in a medium containing glucose, pyruvate, glutamate, and fumarate have been determined in human cerebral cortex excised from epileptic patients. No differences between focal epileptogenic and normal tissue were detected.
EFFECT OF VITAMIN E ON CARBOHYDRATE METABOLISM OF RAT DIAPHRAGM
Authors: Gray Doris E. , Luca H. A. De
Published: December 2009

A study was made of the carbohydrate metabolism of diaphragm isolated from rats maintained on diets containing deficient, sufficient, or excessive quantities of vitamin E, respectively. No effect was observed on glycogen formation, glucose uptake, lactic acid accumulation, or oxygen consumption as a result of differences in vitamin E intake. The data suggested, however, that diaphragm from rats receiving a diet deficient in vitamin E may have a slightly decreased capacity to form pyruvic acid or else a slightly increased ability to utilize it. The addition of insulin to the incubation medium counteracted this effect of the vitamin lack.
THE PHARMACOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF THE INSECTICIDE DIELDRIN
Authors: Gowdey C. W. , Graham A. R. , Seguin J. J. , Stavraky G. W.
Published: December 2009

The effects of dieldrin (hexachloro-epoxy-octahydro-dimethanonaphthalene) were studied in acute experiments on cats and rabbits. When injected intravenously or intra-arterially, it caused excitation of the central nervous system, which resulted in increased reflex excitability, convulsions, bradycardia, and some vasodepression. Dieldrin potentiated the effects of acetylcholine on the central nervous system and on the circulatory system as well as on intestinal motility. These latter manifestations were abolished by section of the vagus nerves, indicating a central action. Dieldrin had no effect on salivary secretion produced either by stimulation of the chorda tympani or by injections of acetylcholine in the decentralized submaxillary gland. Thus, although dieldrin has a marked parasympathomimetic action, this effect is exerted through stimulation of central mechanisms and not peripherally.
DIRECT CURRENT POTENTIAL AND pH OF SEVERAL VARIETIES OF SKIN NEOPLASMS
Authors: Inch W. R.
Published: December 2009

A study of 36 subjects having skin neoplasms of three degrees of malignancy is described. The hydrogen ion concentration was determined using a Beckman model G pH meter with glass and calomel electrodes while d-c. potentials were measured using a d-c. vacuum tube amplifier and silver – silver chloride electrodes.The results indicate that there is no correlation between malignancy and absolute value of potential, but a correlation between malignancy and pH difference (pH neoplasm − pH normal) and between malignancy and the 'extra positivity' (absolute d-c. potential − 0.059 pH difference) does exist.
CYTOCHROME OXIDASE ACTIVITY OF CELL NUCLEI
Authors: Rubinstein David , Denstedt Orville F.
Published: December 2009

The presence of cytochrome oxidase in the nuclear material from chicken erythrocytes and rat-liver cells has been demonstrated with the aid of p-phenylenediamine as the agent for reducing cytochrome c. The three reagents p-phenylenediamine, ascorbate, and hydroquinone are effective in the estimation of cytochrome oxidase in mitochondrial preparations, but only the first mentioned agent can effect the reduction of endogenous cytochrome c. The addition of cytochrome c will increase the oxidase activity of the liver-cell mitochondria but not of the nuclear fraction from the erythrocytes or the liver cells, presumably because of the impermeability of the nuclear membranes to added cytochrome c.
UROPEPSIN AND PLASMA PEPSINOGEN AFTER THE INJECTION OF HISTAMINE DIHYDROCHLORIDE IN DOSES PROVOKING ACUTE GASTRIC ULCERS IN GUINEA PIGS
Authors: Kowalewski Konstanty
Published: December 2009

The effect of an injection of histamine dihydrochloride on the endocrine activity of gastric peptic cells in guinea pigs was investigated. The endocrine activity of the stomach was measured by the determination of an enzyme present in urine (uropepsin) and in the blood (plasma pepsinogen). The dose of histamine injected into the animals in this experiment induced gastric ulcers, found in all sacrificed guinea pigs four hours after the administration of histamine. Uropepsin and plasma pepsinogen were significantly increased in the animals treated with histamine. There appeared to be an analogy between the response to histamine and the results obtained by other writers studing the effect of stress and ACTH on the endocrine activity of the stomach. The possibility is considered that the increase of both uropepsin and pepsinogen in stress or after ACTH is mediated by endogenous histamine.
THE ADSORPTION OF VITAMIN A BY SODIUM BENTONITE
Authors: Laughland D. H. , Phillips W. E. J.
Published: December 2009

A study has been made of the reaction whereby a blue adsorption complex is formed when an organic solvent solution of vitamin A is added to sodium bentonite. In addition to a physical adsorption of the vitamin on sodium bentonite a chemical alteration occurs in the vitamin A molecule which results in the formation of anhydro vitamin A. The adsorbed material may be removed from the sodium bentonite by extraction with diethyl ether but the blue color is dissipated and a secondary reaction product is formed. This latter compound exhibits the characteristics of triene conjugation and exhibits maximum absorption at about 290 mμ. Equations have been developed for the spectrophotometric analysis of the binary mixtures encountered in the reaction and satisfactory agreement has been obtained between calculated and observed values.
THE EFFECT OF CODEINE ON RAT SERUM AMYLASE
Authors: Wiberg G. Stuart , Tuba Jules
Published: December 2009

Adult male rats did not display an elevated serum amylase following injection of codeine. Mice, on the other hand, showed significantly increased values of the enzyme after treatment with codeine. The significance of these findings are discussed from the standpoint of the tonus of the sphincter of Oddi, and the presence or absence of a gall bladder.
THE EFFECTS OF ANTIBIOTICS ON THE SYNTHESIS OF VITAMIN B12 IN THE CHICK
Authors: Jenkins K. J. , Bell J. M. , O'Neil J. B. , Spinks J. W. T.
Published: December 2009

The effects of aureomycin, terramycin, penicillin, and streptomycin on the synthesis of vitamin B12 in the gastrointestinal tract of the chick fed a vitamin B12-free diet have been studied by means of radiocobalt. Cobalt had no effect by itself but in the presence of an antibiotic resulted in a definite increase in weight. Chicks receiving antibiotics excreted more cobalt and less vitamin B12 than those without supplementation. Synthesis of vitamin B12 in the gastrointestinal tract occurs as early as the proventriculus. Both the rate and the site of synthesis are influenced by the antibiotic fed. A higher concentration of cobalt is found in the tissues of chicks not receiving antibiotics. Antibiotics appear to have no marked effect on vitamin B12 concentration in the tissues except in the blood and gall bladder. The relatively large amount of vitamin B12 in the blood of chicks not supplemented with antibiotics suggests the poor utilization of this vitamin or the synthesis of a physiologically ineffective form.
A COMPARISON OF DEXTRAN, POLYVINYLPYRROLIDONE, AND ISOTONIC SALINE INFUSION IN THE HUMAN
Authors: Armstrong John B. , Downey John A. , Ferguson Marion H. , Williams Hugh R.
Published: December 2009

Dextran or polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) was administered to 24 normal subjects. Dextran or isotonic saline was administered to 14 subjects following venesection. The effects of venesection only were studied in an additional 10 subjects. Dextran and PVP remain in appreciable quantities in the circulation for 72 hr. and are much superior to saline in the maintenance of blood dilution following venesection. Systemic allergic reactions occurred in 6 of 19 subjects that received dextran and in none of 12 that received PVP. As considerable discrepancy was found between hematocrit and plasma protein dilution following modest hemorrhage, it is problematic which if either of these two elements should be used as an index of changes in plasma volume.
ASSAY OF ADRENOCORTICAL HORMONES ON THE THYMUS OF THE WEANLING RAT
Authors: Stephenson N. R.
Published: December 2009

Involution of the thymus gland of intact weanling rats has been used as the criterion of the response to 11-oxycorticosteroids. Other substances known to cause thymus atrophy exhibited dosage–response relationships which differed significantly from those observed with 11-oxycorticosteroids. Thymus involution was produced at a faster rate and at smaller dose levels by adrenal corticoids than by any of the other steroid hormone preparations examined. The slope of the dosage–effect line obtained with an 11-oxycorticosteroid may be increased by using (a) adrenalectomized rats, (b) female rats, and (c) vegetable oil as the injection medium. The error term of the assay may be reduced by (a) using littermates in each treatment group, (b) maintaining the weight range within dosage groups as small as possible, and (c) equalizing the total weight of the rats in each dosage group at the start of the assay. The standard error of the potency ratio was usually less than ± 15% when 40 intact female rats of the Wistar strain, 21–23 days old, were employed in a two-dose assay design. This method provided estimates of potency of commercial adrenal cortical extracts which did not differ significantly from those obtained by a procedure using deposition of reducing substances in the liver of adrenalectomized male rats as the criterion of the response. The chief advantages of the thymus involution method are: (a) intact rats may be employed and (b) chemical analyses of tissues are not required.
Benzimidazole quinoline derivatives — An effective green fluorescent dye for bacterial imaging
Authors: Malathi Mahalingam , Mohan Palathurai Subramaniam , Butcher Raymond J. , Venil Chidambaram Kulandaisamy
Published: December 2009

A one-pot synthesis of benzimidazoles by condensing naphthyl or quinoline aldehyde with benzene-1,2-diamine has been reported. IR, 1H and 13C NMR, mass spectral, and CHN analyses were used to elucidate the structures of the products. The molecular structural correlation in the optical properties of the quinoline and naphthalene benzimidazoles was explored. The fluorescence quantum yield ([Formula: see text]) and time-resolved fluorescent lifetime of the quinoline benzimidazoles derivatives were estimated. The influence of solvent polarity and pH on the optical property of quinoline derivatives was illustrated. To explore the bioanalytical applicability, the thermal stability by TG–DTA analysis and the cytogenetic analysis of 3-(1H-benzoimidazol-2-yl)-2-chloro-8-methyl-quinoline (1b) compound were carried out. The fluorescent staining ability of 1b was analyzed and also compared with the normal Gram staining in the bacterium.
Theoretical investigation of the oxidation pathways of HO•-initiated reactions of acrolein, methacrolein, and trans-crotonaldehyde
Authors: El-Taher Sabry
Published: December 2009

Ab initio molecular-orbital calculations have been performed to investigate the reaction mechanisms of the HO•-initiated reactions of the α,β-unsaturated aldehydes: acrolein (ACR), methacrolein (MACR), and trans-crotonaldehyde (CROT). All geometries were fully optimized at the MP2(Full)/6–31G(d,p) level. The correlation energy corrections were introduced by carrying out single-point calculations using both spin-projected second-order Møller–Plesset perturbation theory (PMP2) and coupled-cluster theory (CCSD(T)) using basis sets of different sizes. All reaction pathways studied proceed via a barrierless formation of a loosely bound pre-reactive complex in the entrance channel. The transition-state structures of the HO• additions to the terminal (β) and to the central (α) carbon atoms of the C=C double bond are found to be reactant-like structures. The lowest-energy barrier pathways are found to be the aldehydic H-atom abstraction. The β-addition pathways are found to be energetically more favored than the α-addition pathways. The HO• addition and aldehydic H-atom abstraction pathways are found to be highly exoergic, with the H-atom abstraction pathway being more exoergic than the addition pathways. Although the methyl substitution at the C=C double bond of methacrolein and crotonaldehyde lowers the energies of the transition-state structures of both α- and β-addition pathways, it destabilizes the energies of the transition-state structures of the corresponding aldehydic H-atom abstraction pathways, compared with that of acrolein.
A facile method for the preparation of sugar orthoesters promoted by anhydrous sodium bicarbonate
Authors: Wei Shanqiao , Zhao Jinzhong , Shao Huawu
Published: December 2009

A facile and eco-friendly method for the preparation of sugar orthoesters by using anhydrous sodium bicarbonate is described. Various sugar orthoesers, including sugar–sugar orthoesters, were synthesized in good-to-excellent yields by the reaction of a protected glycosyl bromide with an alcohol or sugar.
Designing Project-Based Courses with a Focus on Group Formation and Assessment
Authors: Richards Debbie
Published: December 2009

The value and the pitfalls of project and group work are well recognized. The principles and elements which apply to projects in general, apply to project-based courses. Thoughtful and detailed planning, understanding of the stakeholders and their needs, a good design, appropriate testing, monitoring and quality control and continual management can maximize the benefits and minimize the negatives. In this article we draw together the literature to consider key design choices of project-based courses considering: type, length, size, management, participants, and content with a particular focus on the composition of groups and the issues surrounding assessment.
Creating a Game Development Course with Limited Resources
Authors: Ritzhaupt Albert D.
Published: December 2009

This article provides an overview of the challenges in implementing a game development course with limited resources in computing curricula. An approach to a holistic game development course is outlined in terms of its organization, software, and instructional methods. The course had 23 students enrolled in its first offering and was systematically evaluated in light of the approach using multiple sources of data. Descriptive statistics and measures of internal consistency reliability are provided. Three important findings resulted from this research: 1) a game development course can be implemented with limited institutional monetary support for a reasonable cost per student, 2) cooperation and competition can be effectively integrated into a game development course as instructional strategies, and 3) integrated lecture and computer lab sessions with cooperative learning is an effective instructional method for a game development course. Finally, insights and lessons learned are provided to assist educators in creating their own game development courses.
Editorial
Authors: Rößling Guido , Velázquez-Iturbide J. Ángel
Published: December 2009

This special issue presents extended versions of six papers presented at the 5th Program Visualization Workshop (PVW’08). The articles deal with many of the issues relevant to program and algorithm visualization in education. This foreword introduces these issues to better understand the challenges addressed by every article, and their relevance, as well as the articles featured. These issues are evaluation of program and algorithm visualization, integration of visualization and narratives into hypertextbooks, embedding of interactive quizzes into visualizations, and several classes of program visualization.
A Survey of Successful Evaluations of Program Visualization and Algorithm Animation Systems
Authors: Urquiza-Fuentes Jaime , Velázquez-Iturbide J. Ángel
Published: December 2009

This article reviews successful educational experiences in using program and algorithm visualizations (PAVs). First, we survey a total of 18 PAV systems that were subject to 33 evaluations. We found that half of the systems have only been tested for usability, and those were shallow inspections. The rest were evaluated with respect to their educational effectiveness. Script-based systems seem to be well suited for the viewing, responding, and changing engagement levels, while compiler-based systems do well for the construction and presenting engagement levels. Finally, we analyze additional PAV features of successful evaluations and hypothesize that they are relevant.
Robust Generation of Dynamic Data Structure Visualizations with Multiple Interaction Approaches
Authors: Cross James H. , Hendrix T. Dean , Umphress David A. , Barowski Larry A. , Jain Jhilmil , Montgomery Lacey N.
Published: December 2009

jGRASP has three integrated approaches for interacting with its dynamic viewers for data structures: debugger, workbench, and text-based interactions that allow individual Java statements and expressions to be executed/evaluated. These approaches can be used together to provide a complementary set of interactions with the dynamic viewers. Data structure identification and rendering were tested by examining examples from 20 data structure textbooks. Controlled experiments with CS2 students indicate that the viewers can have a significant positive impact on student performance. The overall result is a flexible environment for interacting with effective dynamic data structure visualizations generated by a robust structure identifier.
Compiler Optimization Pass Visualization
Authors: Schaeckeler Stefan , Shang Weijia , Davis Ruth
Published: December 2009

There is an active research community concentrating on visualizations of algorithms taught in CS1 and CS2 courses. These visualizations can help students to create concrete visual images of the algorithms and their underlying concepts. Not only
fundamental algorithms
can be visualized, but also algorithms used in compilers. Visualizations that exist for use in compiler courses are mostly for the
frontend
, though. In this article we propose the use of visualizations for understanding optimization passes. Optimization passes are complex algorithms that operate on large amounts of code and it is not obvious when, where and how often each optimization is applied to the code. We show in this article how visualizations for a procedural abstraction optimization pass can capture the effect of all instances of this optimization over an entire program to make it easier for students to comprehend procedural abstraction.
Values and Objectives in Computing Education Research
Authors: Pears Arnold , Malmi Lauri
Published: December 2009

What is Computing Education Research (CER), why are we doing this type of research, and what should the community achieve? As associate editors to this special edition we provide our perspectives and discuss how they have influenced the evolution of the Koli Calling International Conference on Computing Education Research over the last nine years. The two articles in the special issue have been selected from among the twenty eight conference contributions for their originality and contribution to CER in the areas the Koli Calling Conference aims to emphasize. We hope that you find them inspiring reading.
PatternCoder
Authors: Paterson J. H. , Cheng K. F. , Haddow J.
Published: December 2009

PatternCoder is a software tool to aid student understanding of class associations. It has a wizard-based interface which allows students to select an appropriate binary class association or design pattern for a given problem. Java code is then generated which allows students to explore the way in which the class associations are implemented in a programming language. This article describes the rationale behind the tool, gives a description of the tool itself, and reports on our experiences of using the tool in our teaching.
Pattern-based process description and process support
Authors: Zimmermann Birgit , Steinmetz Ralf , Haake Jörg M.
Published: December 2009

Creating high quality E-Learning material is a time and cost consuming task. Reusing existing material could reduce these costs. But often a one-to-one reuse of the existing material is not possible, as the new usage scenario differs from the original one. If, for example, a learning resource created for company A has to be reused in company B, it is likely that the layout and the terminology have changed. In this case it is necessary to adapt the learning resource to the new usage scenario.
Representing information collections for visual cognition
Authors: Koh Eunyee , Kerne Andruid , Furuta Richard , Gutierrez-Osuna Ricardo , Ding Yu , Taylor Valerie E.
Published: December 2009

The importance of digital information collections is growing. Collections are typically represented with text-only, in a linear list format, which turns out to be a weak representation for cognition. We learned this from empirical research in cognitive psychology, and by conducting a study to develop an understanding of current practices and resulting breakdowns in human experiences of building and utilizing collections. Because of limited human attention and memory, participants had trouble finding specific elements in their collections, resulting in low levels of collection utilization. To address these issues, this research develops new collection representations for visual cognition. First, we present the image+text surrogate, a concise representation for a document, or portion thereof, which is easy to understand and think about. An information extraction algorithm is developed to automatically transform a document into a small set of image+text surrogates. After refinement, the average accuracy performance of the algorithm was 90%. Then, we introduce the composition space to represent collections, which helps people connect elements visually in a spatial format. To ensure diverse information from multiple sources to be presented evenly in the composition space, we developed a new control structure, the ResultDistributor. A user study has demonstrated that the participants were able to browse more diverse information using the ResultDistributor-enhanced composition space.
Novel techniques for audio music classification and search
Authors: West Kristopher , Cox Stephen , Milner Ben , Reiss Josh
Published: December 2009

This thesis presents a number of modified or novel techniques for the analysis of music audio for the purposes of classifying it according genre or implementing so called 'search-by-example' systems, which recommend music to users and generate playlists and personalised radio stations. Novel procedures for the parameterisation of music audio are introduced, including an audio event-based segmentation of the audio feature streams and methods of encoding rhythmic information in the audio signal. A large number of experiments are performed to estimate the performance of different classification algorithms when applied to the classification of various sets of music audio features. The experiments show differing trends regarding the best performing type of classification procedure to use for different feature sets and segmentations of feature streams.
Duplication of the Gallbladder. A Case Report
Authors: Desolneux G. , Mucci S. , Lebigot J. , Arnaud J. P. , Hamy A.
Published: December 2009

Gallbladder duplication is a rare anatomic malformation, which can now be detected by preoperative imaging study. We report a case of a symptomatic duplicated gallbladder, successfully treated by laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This anomaly is important to know for surgeons because of associated anatomical variations of main bile duct and hepatic artery and increased risk of common bile duct injury.
Peroxisome Proliferator‐Activated Receptor Gamma Polymorphisms and Coronary Heart Disease
Authors: Dallongeville Jean , Iribarren Carlos , Ferrières Jean , Lyon Liisa , Evans Alun , Go Alan S. , Arveiler Dominique , Fortmann Stephen P. , Ducimetière Pierre , Hlatky Mark A. , Amouyel Philippe , Southwick Audrey , Quertermous Thomas , Meirhaeghe Aline
Published: December 2009

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor γ (PPARG) gene have been associated with cardiovascular risk factors, particularly obesity and diabetes. We assessed the relationship between 4 PPARG SNPs (C‐681G, C‐689T, Pro12Ala, and C1431T) and coronary heart disease (CHD) in the PRIME (249 cases/494 controls, only men) and ADVANCE (1,076 cases/805 controls, men or women) studies. In PRIME, homozygote individuals for the minor allele of the PPARG C‐689T, Pro12Ala, and C1431T SNPs tended to have a higher risk of CHD than homozygote individuals for the frequent allele (adjusted OR [95% CI] = 3.43 [0.96–12.27], P = .058, 3.41 [0.95–12.22], P = .060 and 5.10 [0.99–26.37], P = .050, resp.). No such association could be detected in ADVANCE. Haplotype distributions were similar in cases and control in both studies. A meta‐analysis on the Pro12Ala SNP, based on our data and 11 other published association studies (6,898 CHD cases/11,287 controls), revealed that there was no evidence for a significant association under the dominant model (OR = 0.99
[0.92–1.07], P = .82). However, there was a borderline association under the recessive model (OR = 1.29 [0.99–1.67], P = .06) that became significant when considering men only (OR = 1.73 [1.20–2.48], P = .003). In conclusion, the PPARG Ala12Ala genotype might be associated with a higher CHD risk in men but further confirmation studies are needed.
DNA, RNA, and Protein Extraction: The Past and The Present
Authors: Tan Siun Chee , Yiap Beow Chin
Published: December 2009

Extraction of DNA, RNA, and protein is the basic method used in molecular biology. These biomolecules can be isolated from any biological material for subsequent downstream processes, analytical, or preparative purposes. In the past, the process of extraction and purification of nucleic acids used to be complicated, time‐consuming, labor‐intensive, and limited in terms of overall throughput. Currently, there are many specialized methods that can be used to extract pure biomolecules, such as solution‐based and column‐based protocols. Manual method has certainly come a long way over time with various commercial offerings which included complete kits containing most of the components needed to isolate nucleic acid, but most of them require repeated centrifugation steps, followed by removal of supernatants depending on the type of specimen and additional mechanical treatment. Automated systems designed for medium‐to‐large laboratories have grown in demand over recent years. It is an alternative to labor‐intensive manual methods. The technology should allow a high throughput of samples; the yield, purity, reproducibility, and scalability of the biomolecules as well as the speed, accuracy, and reliability of the assay should be maximal, while minimizing the risk of cross‐contamination.
Desmoplastic Melanoma: Report of 5 Cases
Authors: Manganoni A. M. , Farisoglio C. , Bassissi S. , Braga D. , Facchetti F. , Ungari M. , Calzavara-Pinton P. G.
Published: December 2009

Background.The clinical presentation of desmoplastic melanoma is often challenging. We report the experience of the Melanoma Unit of Spedali Civili University Hospital of Brescia, Italy.Method.Study subjects were drawn from 1770 patients with histologica confirmed melanoma. Within this group, desmoplastic melanoma developed in 5 patients. For each diagnosed melanoma, histological characteristics, treatment, and outcomes were evaluated.Results.Of the 5 patients described in this study, 2 were males and 3 females. The average age was 62.4 years ranging from 56 to 68 years. Breslow thickness ranged from 2.1 to 12 mm with a mean thickness of 5.8 mm. Primary treatment of 5 patients included a wide local excision of their primary lesions.Conclusions.Desmoplastic melanoma is a rare neoplasm which clinically may mimic other tumours or cutaneous infiltrate of uncertain significance. The diagnosis is hiastopathological and radical resection is necessary.
Hill Problem Analytical Theory to the Order Four: Application to the Computation of Frozen Orbits around Planetary Satellites
Authors: Lara Martin , Palacián Jesús F.
Published: December 2009

Frozen orbits of the Hill problem are determined in the double‐averaged problem, where short and long‐period terms are removed by means of Lie transforms. Due to the perturbation method we use, the initial conditions of corresponding quasi‐periodic solutions in the nonaveraged problem are computed straightforwardly. Moreover, the method provides the explicit equations of the transformation that connects the averaged and nonaveraged models. A fourth‐order analytical theory is necessary for the accurate computation of quasi‐periodic frozen orbits.
Phthriasis Palpebrarum Mimicking Lid Eczema and Blepharitis
Authors: Turgut Burak , Kurt Julide , Çatak Onur , Demir Tamer
Published: December 2009

Phthiriasis palpebrarum (PP) is a rare eyelid infestation caused by phthirus pubis. We report a case of PP mimicking lid eczema and blepharitis. A 68-year-old woman had moderate itching in both eyes. Her initial diagnosis was considered to be lid eczema or blepharitis because of findings similar to exfoliative lesions and color changes in eyelids and to excretions over eyelashes. Careful observation revealed many lice and translucent nits, protuberances and hyperpigmentary changes, and the buried lice in both eyelids. No hyperemia or secretion was observed on the lids and in the conjunctiva in both eyes. The patient was treated with pilocarpine hydrochloride 4% drops. At the end of the first week, no louse or nit was present. Although it was known that PP is a rare cause of blepharoconjunctivitis, it might observe as an isolated infestation of the eyelids and this condition can easily be misdiagnosed as lid eczema and blepharitis.