bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Rewiring for a GIS/2
Authors: Sieber R.
Published: April 2007

Increasing numbers of activist non-profits and traditionally marginalized peoples are adopting gis as a tool for social change. Its use is scrutinized by academics who worry that gis embodies a mechanism for misrepresentation, diversion, control, and surveillance. This critique has not slowed adoption, and for the past decade researchers have been investigating the use and value of gis in a variety of non-profits and citizens' groups. Many of these new users are calling for a different kind of gis — a gis/2. This gis must be able to represent different measures and visions of place and integrate local knowledge, support cultural and multi-lingual distinctions, and preserve — rather than reduce — friction, disagreement, redundancy, and even error.

In this paper I argue that one must "rewire gis" — that is, engage the code and the coding directly — to build a gis/2. A literature review on the use and value of gis in social movements, activist non-profits, and citizens' groups illustrates the limitations of current gis and the necessary ingredients for a more inclusive gis/2. I present four approaches, which are framed materially and discursively. Three approaches modify existing gis to achieve a gis/2. A fourth systems design approach is proposed, which incorporates two innovations in computing science: Unified Modelling Language (uml) and eXtensible Markup Language (xml). This prototype is sensitized to the needs of social movement, nonprofit, and citizens' organizations. These four approaches, used separately or in conjunction, serve as blueprints for further discussions on the rewiring of gis.
Bertin's Theory Of Graphics / A Challenge To North American Thematic Cartography
Authors: Muller J C
Published: April 2007

The work that Bertin has published during the last fifteen years is examined and his theories studied in relation to the main issues concerning contemporary research in thematic cartography. It is demonstrated that Benin's particular views run counter to current theory postulated by North American cartographic schools and deny some of their research priorities.
MapTime: Software for Exploring Spatiotemporal Data Associated with Point Locations
Authors: Slocum Terry , Yoder Stephen , Kessler Fritz , Sluter Robert
Published: April 2007

We introduce MapTime, a software package for exploring spatiotemporal data associated with point locations. Three basic exploration methods are available in Map-Time: animation, small multiples, and change maps. Animated maps can be presented either automatically (at a specified frame rate) or under user control (by dragging a scroll box along a scroll bar). We found the user-controlled approach most effective, but this and other Map-Time features ultimately need to be evaluated by map users. Potential research issues related to animation include developing a temporal legend that can facilitate understanding animations (a key problem is associating the correct dates with changes in the spatiotemporal pattern) and selecting an appropriate frame rate for the automatic display of various phenomena. Small multiples involve presenting multiple temporal elements simultaneously; they are thus useful for comparing individual temporal elements with one another. We argue that small multiples could be particularly useful as guided discovery tools through which students learn about physical geography principles by comparing temporal map elements with one another. Change maps are single, static maps that display the change over time in one of three forms: raw magnitude, percent, or rate of change. Using change maps as individual elements of a small multiple is particularly interesting, as they permit users to "see" changes that may not be apparent during an animation. A limitation of MapTime is that only proportional circles can be used to symbolize point data. This is problematic because users may have difficulty (1) in interpreting the correct relation between circle areas, (2) in associating these abstract symbols with particular phenomena, and (3) in associating the areas of these circles with point locations of phenomena. Therefore, MapTime should ultimately include a greater variety of point symbols (for example, squares, pictographs, and three-dimensional bars).
Peter Thonning's Map of Danish Guinea and its Use in Colonial Administration and Atlantic Diplomacy, 1801–1890
Authors: HOPKINS DANIEL
Published: April 2007

The cartographic record of Denmark's one-hundred and-eighty-year colonial adventure on the Guinea Coast is completely dominated by more than a dozen manuscript versions and copies of a single map of the Danish African enclave sent in to the central colonial administration from Africa in 1802. This unusually rich and large-scale map was compiled by a natural historian named Peter Thonning, who had no prior experience with making maps and no connection to Danish cartographic institutions. Thonning's career carried him into the colonial administration in Copenhagen, and he deployed his map repeatedly, over the course of decades, in support of his efforts to persuade the government to expand the Danish colonial presence in West Africa. The map can be traced through the Danish archives into the hands of kings, ministers, diplomats, and colonial officers on the ground in Africa. Upon the death of King Frederik VI, Denmark abandoned its African colonial ambitions: Peter Thonning's map was finally laid before the British government, and the Danish colonial possessions in Africa passed under British rule in 1850.
Production Considerations In Isodensity Mapping
Authors: Eastman JR , Nelson W , Shields G
Published: April 2007

The authors discuss the manual production of a contiguous isodensity map or area cartogram. Three aspects of the isodensity mapping problem were found to have a considerable bearing on both the viability of a manual solution and on the readability of the final map. These included the selection of a hierarchy of shape priorities to enhance readability, the determination of a plottable error for areas to decrease production time, and the actual construction procedure used.
An update to ‘Numerical Map Generalization’
Authors: TOBLER W R
Published: April 2007

Mathematical procedures for the generalization of isarithmic maps are derived. It is shown that the level of generalization for different purposes may be specified in advance, and that under certain conditions the original map can be recreated from the generalized map. Les procédures mathématiques utilisées pour la généralisation des cartes d'isarithmes sont dérivées. L'article montre que le niveau de généralisation peut être spécifié à l'avance en fonction des buts visés et que, sous certaines conditions, la carte originale peut être recrée à partir de la carte généralisée.
A General Cartographic Labelling Algorithm
Authors: Edmondson Shawn , Christensen Jon , Marks Joe , Shieber Stuart
Published: April 2007

Some apparently powerful algorithms for automatic label placement on maps use heuristics that capture considerable cartographic expertise but are hampered by provably inefficient methods of search and optimization. On the other hand, no approach to label placement that is based on an efficient optimization technique has been applied to the production of general cartographic maps—those with labelled point, line, and area features—and shown to generate labellings of acceptable quality. We present an algorithm for label placement that achieves the twin goals of practical efficiency and high labelling quality by combining simple cartographic heuristics with effective stochastic optimization techniques.
CARTOGRAPHIE ET AMENAGEMENT DU TERRITOIRE
Authors: OTTMANN LIANE
Published: April 2007

The Bureau d'Aménagement de l'Est du Quebec (Eastern Quebec Planning Authority) has prepared a planning proposal for a portion of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands, the Gaspé and the Iles de la Madeleine. The proposal is intended to be an instrument to assist in the development of the area. Work done in preparing the proposal can, in part, be viewed as "applied cartography" or, more precisely, thematic cartography. The major cartographic efforts completed by the B.A.E.Q. are: work maps, portraying certain "social action" indicators, the result of research, and first attempts at synthesis of information; research maps, prepared at a large scale for specific physical and agricultural geographical data; and a Regional Atlas showing the actual problems of the study area and the solutions proposed for these problems. Each of the three kinds of cartographic efforts are discussed in detail. Le Bureau d'Aménagement de l'Est du Québec (Eastern Québec Planning Authority) a préparé une proposition de projet pour une partie des basses-terres du St. Laurent, de la Gaspésie et des Iles de la Madeleine. La proposition a été faite dans l'intention d'être un instrument qui puisse aider dans le développement de la région. Le travail déjà accompli dans la préparation de la proposition peut, en partie, être considéré comme 'cartographie appliquée' ou, plus strictement, comme cartographie thématique. Les efforts majeurs en cartographie, complétés par B.A.E.Q. sont: cartes de travail, traçant différents indicateurs "action sociale", le résultat des recherches et les premières tentatives à la synthèse d'informations; des cartes de recherche, préparées à grande échelle pour indications spéciales géographiques physiques et agricoles; ainsi qu'un Atlas régional, faisant ressortir les problèmes actuels de la région d'étude ainsi que les solutions proposées pour ces problèmes. Les trois genres d'efforts cartographiques sont discutés en détail.
Strategies For The Visualization Of Geographic Time-Series Data
Authors: MONMONIER MARK
Published: April 2007

Strategies for the visual display and analysis of geographic time-series data may be spatial or nonspatial, single-view or multiple-view, static or dynamic. Labels for place names or other geographic metaphors can describe symbols on aspatial time-series charts. Single-static-map strategies incorporate the temporal dimension through techniques ranging from complex point symbols, or temporal glyphs, to generalized trend-surface or flow-linkage maps focusing on movement. The multiple-static-maps strategy juxtaposes two or more maps for a simultaneous visual comparison of time units, whereas the single-dynamic-map strategy either presents maps in a temporal sequence or shows the evolution of a geographic pattern through a temporally sequenced accretion of symbols. In contrast, the multiple-dynamic-maps strategy provides programmed sequences of multiple views or allows the viewer to interact with maps and statistical diagrams representing different instants or periods of time. Electronic graphics systems have added time to the cartographer's list of visual variables. This paper addresses the graphic portrayal of geographic time-series data. It explores a variety of graphic strategies for the simultaneous symbolic representation of time and space, and summarizes these strategies in a conceptual framework of potential use to cartographers, geographers, and graphic designers. These strategies range from statistical diagrams to maps to video animations to interactive graphics systems with which the analyst might freely manipulate time as a variable.
The Topological Information Content of a Map / An Attempt At A Rehabilitation Of Information Theory In Cartography
Authors: Neumann Jan
Published: April 2007

This paper recalls promising attempts at the application of information theory in cartography and their denial by means of the concept of information increment generated in the course of map interpretation which is out of keeping with the principles of information theory. Critical analysis of the idea of information increment is presented, and applied information theory and topology are identified as a scientific environment facilitating explanation of this increment as an inherent attribute of a map. The paper introduces the topological information content of a map as an effective instrument for quantification of the increment mentioned and demonstrates its application in an experimental river basin map. Operation of this tool confirms that the concept of information increment is compatible with the principles of applied information theory which finds hardier usefulness in cartography.
Street Maps And Private-Sector Map Making / A Case Study Of Two Firms
Authors: Monmonier Mark S
Published: April 2007

The indexed urban street map is a cartographic medium used by many people for way-finding and route-planning. Communication models addressing only map design and cognition ignore the flow of geographic information from government agency to map publisher to advertiser or retailer to user. Competition and territorial expansion in private-sector map making also affect the cost, accuracy, and graphic quality of street maps. "Who maps what cities?" may be as significant a focus for cartographic investigation as traditional concerns about graphic symbolization. A case study of the Champion Map Corporation, a national multi-level firm, and Jimapco, a local firm, demonstrates the effects of spatial contiguity and distance decay on the geographic expansion of a map publisher's area of operations. Product diversification accompanies competition, and the services of the local firm complement more than they duplicate those of the national firm operating in the same city.
THE CANADIAN CARTOGRAPHER AND THE COMPUTER / PRESENT TRENDS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES
Authors: TAYLOR D R F
Published: April 2007

This paper examines the implications of the increasing importance of the computer in Canadian cartography. Basic distinction is made between automated cartography and computer mapping. Various Canadian systems are discussed, including those of the Surveys and Mapping Branch and Statistics Canada. A number of issues are considered, including the implications of automation for cartographic employment and education, confidentiality, costs, map perception, maps as planning tools, and issues relating to map types, design, content, presentation and scale. Arguments are made for a conceptual shift in Canadian cartography, and for a reexamination of basic cartographic assumptions. The greatest challenge for Canadian cartography will be the provision of a new conceptual and theoretical framework in response to the technological innovations brought by the advent of computer cartography.
CARTOGRAPHIC SOURCES FOR THE HISTORY OF RUSSIAN GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES IN THE PACIFIC OCEAN IN THE SECOND HALF OF THE 18TH CENTURY
Authors: MEDUSHEVSKAYA O M
Published: April 2007

The author, a specialist in the use of cartographic sources for Russian history, discusses various maps resulting from Russian exploration of the coasts and islands of the Bering Sea region during the second and third quarters of the 18th century. Her purpose is to demonstrate the priority of Russian discoveries, as well as the accuracy of the resultant maps, in the face of their underappreciation and even falsification by contemporary non-Russian scholars both within and without the country.
I A STRELBITSKY – THE FOREMOST RUSSIAN CARTOGRAPHER OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Authors: CHERNYAYEVA F A
Published: April 2007

The author highlights the career of Ivan Strelbitsky (1828–1900), whom she rates as the dominant figure of Russian cartography of the 19th century on the basis of his fundamental and voluminous work in surveying, mapping, and statistics. His greatest achievements were the "Special Map of European Russia," which went through several editions, and his cartometric work in the form of measurements of the surface areas of Russia and Europe. L'auteur raconte la carrière d'Ivan Strelbitsky (1828–1900), qu'elle considère comme la figure dominante de la cartographie russe au 19e siècle, en raison de l'ampleur de ses travaux fondamentaux dans les domaines de la topographie, de la cartographie et de la statistique. Ses oeuvres principales sont la "Carte spéciale de la Russie d'Europe", qui a été éditée à plusieurs reprises et ses travaux de cartométrie portant sur la mesure de l'aire de certaines étendues de Russie et d'Europe.
Nation or Estate?: Ideological Conflict in the Early Modern Mapping of England
Authors: HELGERSON RICHARD
Published: April 2007

The reign of Queen Elizabeth produced the first two county-by-county cartographic surveys of England and Wales: Christopher Saxton's atlas (1579) and John Norden's unfinished Speculum Britanniae (1592-1604). This paper explores the relation between the work Saxton and especially Norden did on these national projects and their work as estate surveyors, for by the 1590s significant ideological conflict had developed between these two activities. Norden's maps thus represent opposing sets of interests and values, whose effects are registered as well in early modern paintings and poems. Le règne de la reine Élisabeth a produit les deux premiers levés cartographiques, comté par comté, de l'Angleterre et du pays de Galles: l'adas de Christopher Saxton (1579) et l'inachevé Speculum Britanniae de John Norden (1592-1604). Cet article explore la relation entre l'ouvrage que Saxton et particulièrement Norden ont accompli sur ces projets nationaux et leur travail en tant qu'arpenteurs, puisque vers les années 1590, des conflits idéologiques significatifs s'étaient développés entre ces deux activités. Ainsi, les cartes de Norden représentent-elles des valeurs et des intérêts opposés, dont les effets apparaissent aussi dans les premiers poèmes et peintures modernes.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF AUTOMATED CARTOGRAPHY TO AN INFORMATION SOCIETY
Authors: WELLAR BARRY S
Published: April 2007

This paper examines the contribution of automated cartography to an Information Society and uses the measure of mass media reportage to assess the societal or real world significance of effort in teaching, research and its applications. After establishing that actual societal significance is far below potential insofar as mass media reportage involving automated cartography, and that much of the field's identified shortcoming is largely self-inflicted, several proposals are advanced whereby the field could expand its contributions to societal enhancement in the context of an Information Society.
VOYAGES OF DISCOVERY: HUGH SAY ALIAS JOHN DAY THE MEN OF BRISTOL AND JOAO FERNANDES
Authors: JOST T. P.
Published: April 2007

In the first part of the paper the author explains to the readers the story of the so-called John Day's letter, and informs them about a very valuable contribution to the history of discoveries by Dr. A. Ruddock, who, after prolonged research identified the mysterious John Day as an important English merchant, Hugh Say. In the second part, the author discusses the hypotheses of Dr. Ruddock concerning the achievement of the "men of Bristol" and the landfall of John Cabot, and presents his own views on these problems. The third part of the paper supports the hypothesis that the man who, in the auhor's opinion, visited the Canadian shores in about 1494 was the same person who later was the pilot of John Cabot's ship in 1497, and who is popularly known as "the Lavrador"—namely Joao Fernandes, Portuguese merchant and sailor of Terceira Island, Azores. Dans la première partie du mémoire, l'auteur explique l'origine de la fameuse lettre attribuée à un certain John Day, et fait ressortir la précieuse contribution apportée à l'histoire des découvertes par M. A. Ruddock qui, après des recherches prolongées, a identifié le mystérieux John Day comme étant un important marchand anglais du nom de Hugh Say. La deuxième partie du mémoire examine les hypothèses de M. Ruddock au sujet de l'exploit des "hommes de Bristol" et de la découverte de Jean Cabot, et donne l'opinion de l'auteur à ce sujet. La troisième partie corrobore l'hypothèse selon laquelle l'homme qui, de l'avis de l'auteur, a visité les rives du Canada vers 1494 était celui-là même qui pilota le navire de Jean Cabot en 1497, et qui est généralement connu sous le nom de "Lavrador", notamment Joao Fernandes, marchand et navigateur portugais de l'île Terceira, dans les Açores.
Maps and Mapmaking
Authors: WOOD DENIS
Published: April 2007

In much discourse about maps and mapmaking, confusion reigns between the undoubted and universal human ability to navigate and to store and represent routes and/or other information in conventional form, and mapmaking, that is, the regular social and taken-for-granted (if not universal) production of conventional artifacts - 'maps' - embodying such knowledge. Of the enormous number of human societies, only a few have been mapmaking and of these most have matured during the past five hundred years. That it is not 'traditional' but modern 'advanced' societies that are mapmaking reflects not differential abilities at any fundamental level, but different aims and goals. It is the territorial ambitions of modern states and their protostate predecessors, and the implicit resource exploitation and long-distance trade that preeminently call mapmaking into being. The development of science in general and cartography in particular occurs in these rapidly developing societies to further their goals and ambitions. Dans plusieurs traités sur les cartes et sur la cartographie, une confusion règne entre l'indubitable habileté universelle de l'homme de naviguer, d'entreposer et de représenter sous forme conventionnelle des parcours, d'autres informations, ou les deux, et la cartographie que l'on accepte normalement comme la production d'artefacts conventionnels représentant une telle connaissance, soit les cartes. Des nombreuses sociétés humaines qui ont existé, seulement quelques-unes ont confectionné des cartes et la plupart d'entre elles ne sont parvenues à leur maturité qu'au cours des cinq cents dernières années. Que ce ne soit pas des sociétés traditionnelles mais plutôt des sociétés modernes avancées qui fabriquent des cartes reflète non pas des habiletés différentielles à quelque niveau fondamental, mais bien des visées et des buts différents. Ce sont les ambitions territoriales des états modernes et des états primitifs qui les ont précédés, ainsi que l'exploitation explicite des ressources et le commerce déployé qui exigent, en tout premier lieu, l'existence de la cartographie. Le développement de la science en général, et de la cartographie en particulier, survient dans ces sociétés qui se développent rapidement dans le but de poursuivre leurs buts et leurs ambitions.
ANIMATED CARTOGRAPHY/THIRTY YEARS OF SCRATCHING THE SURFACE
Authors: CAMPBELL CRAIG S , EGBERT STEPHEN L
Published: April 2007

Animation as applied to thematic cartography is conspicuous by its absence. This article explores the reasons for the lack of incorporation of animation into cartography and the future prospects of animation methods. Examples of dynamic information as traditionally portrayed in static maps are reviewed as are some of the pioneering works in animated cartographic sequences. Techniques in computer animation are discussed, and difficulties associated with the dissemination of animated cartography are examined. Future research possibilities for animation are proposed in light of recent cartographic and technological developments such as bivariate choropleth mapping, digital video interactive, multimedia graphics, and scientific visualization.
THE CARTOGRAPHIC POTENTIAL OF TELIDON
Authors: TAYLOR D R F
Published: April 2007

Telidon is an advanced videotext developed by the Department of Communications and first released in 1978. This paper discusses the potential of Telidon as a means of displaying maps. Initial research with maps on Telidon has shown that there are two main problems: input to the system and design for the new medium. The paper discusses both issues. Map design research must concentrate on responding to the challenge of 1. effective cartographic communication and 2. design for television utilizing the alphageometric properties of Telidon. Research completed so far clearly demonstrates that although we can interface computer mapping programs with Telidon, it is not satisfactory to display existing digital maps without modification and, in some cases, total re-design. A number of specific sub-problems such as colour, text, animation and sequencing are discussed. Telidon can be an important means of delivering geographic information in map form directly to Canadian homes.
A Cross-Cultural Cosmographic Interpretation of Some Korean Geomancy Maps
Authors: NEMETH DAVID J
Published: April 2007

This paper provides a cosmographic interpretation for examples of some old Korean geomancy maps from Cheju Island. While it would be easy to dismiss geomancy maps from an outsider's cultural perspective as inscrutable, occult, Oriental oddities, or as examples of naive depictions of 'reality,' a cosmographic interpretation yields something more profound. The maps are presented as evidence of the idea that natural law governs the principles of self-organization in physical space: centrality, connectivity, hierarchy, symmetry (proportion), periodicity, similarity at different scales, and completeness. The mapmaker is the medium through which nature has revealed, in map symbolism, its 'hidden knowledge.' One implication of cosmographic interpretation is the idea that sustainable human productivity can only be attained by obeying laws of space that are also laws of nature. East Asian cultural perspectives, as revealed in maps, also have community design applications, and might help inform the search being conducted by Western scientists and scholars for a grand unified theory of ecological systems. Cet article offre une interprétation cosmographique d'exemples d'anciennes cartes coréennes de géomancie de l'île de Cheju. Alors qu'il serait facile d'écarter les cartes de géomancie en les qualifiant, selon la perspective culturelle d'un étranger, d'impénétrables, d'occultes, d'étrangetés orientales ou d'exemples de représentation naïve de la réalité, une interprétation cosmographique laisse filtrer une substance plus profonde. On y présente les cartes comme une évidence de l'idée que la loi naturelle gouverne les principes de l'auto-organisation dans l'espace physique: centralisme, connectivité, hiérarchie, symétrie et proportion, périodicité, similarité à différentes échelles et état complet. Le cartographe est le médium par lequel la nature a révélé, dans le symbolisme de la carte, son savoir caché. L'interprétation cosmographique implique, entre autres, l'idée qu'on ne peut atteindre une productivité humaine soutenue qu'en obéissant aux lois de l'espace, qui sont aussi des lois de la nature. Les perspectives culturelles d'Asie de l'est, telles que révélées sur les cartes, ont aussi des applications dans la conception de communautés et peuvent contribuer à la recherche menée par les scientifiques occidentaux sur la grande thérie unifiée des écosystèmes.
The Impact of Bivariate Symbol Design on Task Performance in a Map Setting
Authors: Nelson Elisabeth
Published: April 2007

Research conducted on the theory of selective attention suggests that varying the graphic combinations used when designing bivariate symbols affects the functionality of the symbol. Some graphic combinations appear to facilitate the ability to visualize correlation between the data sets represented by the symbol; others appear to be more effective at representing the data sets individually, some even at the expense of extracting correlational information. The purpose of the research described here was to test the strength of these findings in a map use context. Several bivariate symbol designs were tested using map use tasks designed to test participants' abilities to extract either correlational or individual information. Participant reaction times provided an assessment of the types and levels of interactions that occurred with each symbol set. Results corroborate previous research in both cartography and psychology, with several symbol designs falling into each of three interactional categories: separable, integral, and configural. By confirming and expanding previous research, this study provides further evidence of the strength of selective attention theory in aiding the design of bivariate thematic maps.
The User’s Influence in Specific Design Problems: Problems In Satisfying The Needs Of The Canadian 1:50,000 Map Users
Authors: Sebert L.M.
Published: April 2007

The 1:50,000 map series is very important in Canada because it is the largest scaled, most detailed mapping that exists for most of the country. Because of the size of Canada, the varying nature of its physical geography, and the uneven distribution of its population, special problems are being encountered in the production of the eventual 13, 150 sheets of this series. These problems and some of their solutions are covered in this paper. La série des cartes au 50,000e revêt une très grande importance au Canada car elle constitue la représentation la plus détaillée et à la plus grande échelle de la majeure partie du pays. L'immensité du territoire, sa topographie variée et la distribution inégale de sa population posent des problèmes particuliers lorsqu'il s'agit d'établir les cartes de cette série, dont le nombre atteindra éventuellement 13, 150. Le présent mémoire traite de ces problèmes et de quelques solutions.
CARTOGRAPHY IN ADVERTISING
Authors: MCDERMOTT PAUL D.
Published: April 2007

In recent years, advertisers have been making an increasing use of cartographic themes to advertise a variety of products and services. Globes, airphotographs, and maps are employed to show the spatial distribution or influence of a product, or as a device to attract the reader's attention, and frequently, new cartographic techniques are used. Photographs taken during space flights are currently popular as advertising illustrations. The writer concludes that this continuing use of the tools and products of the cartographer should result in an increasing awareness of the value of cartography by the general reader, and that some of the more effective design and graphic techniques of the commercial artist may well influence professional map makers.
MERCATOR, THE ANTIGUDERMANNIAN, AND A FLUKE
Authors: GRIDGEMAN N T , ZUKER M
Published: April 2007

Among methods of projecting the spherical surface onto a plane, Mercator's was fundamental and still flourishes. Here its historic setting is reexamined, and a new mathematical exposition, featuring the gudermannian function, is given. This leads to the observation that the Mercator projection of the (unit) sphere is extraordinarily close to an elliptic projection – one whose projection lines are the normals from the inner surface of a centred oblate spheroid whose semi-axes are 2/3 and 1/3.
Scented Cybercartography: Exploring Possibilities
Authors: Lauriault Tracey P. , Lindgaard Gitte
Published: April 2007

Olfactory cartography is part of the emerging discipline of cybercartography (Taylor 2003), a transdisciplinary endeavour that investigates, among other things, the integration of multimedia, multi-sensory, and multimodal data into digital atlases and maps. The physiology and psychology of the olfactory system, its special characteristics, its influence on performance and memory, and some of the issues that make the study of olfaction difficult are addressed. Characterizing, classifying, and labelling scents is problematic, and it is recommended that methods from other communities of practice be adopted and adapted by cartographers. Literature from a wide range of disciplines, including olfactory geography, is reviewed, and a number of innovative ideas are provided. In addition, olfactory applications in different areas such as marketing, art installations, film, and virtual environments are described, as are a range of currently available olfactory diffusion devices. These, however, have not been explored in a cartographic context, nor have they undergone usability testing. We conclude that it is too early to provide cartographic guidelines and methods but that scented applications, odour diffusion technologies, and olfactory data collection methods provide knowledge that can be applied toward developing a scented cartography.
Redating And Rethinking The Cassini Geodetic Surveys Of France, 1730–750
Authors: KONVITZ JOSEF V
Published: April 2007

The geodetic survey of France undertaken by Jacques Cassini and his son, Cassini de Thury, between 1733 and 1744 is conventionally treated as the prelude to the survey undertaken at a greater scale by Cassini de Thury after 1750. A fresh assessment of the available evidence, including the manuscript of a book which Cassini de Thury wrote but never published, leads to the conclusion that there are two Cassini maps of France, one finished in 1744, the other in 1788, each independently conceived and executed. This conclusion brings to light a fundamental, conceptual difference between the two maps.
THE HISTORICAL ATLAS OF CANADA/ THE PROJECT BEHIND THE PRODUCT
Authors: PITERNICK ANNEB
Published: April 2007

The Historical Atlas of Canada was the outcome of a major interdisciplinary research project involving scholars from across Canada and supported by public funds. This paper examines the time and resources required to produce the three volumes, and assesses the benefits to both the scholarly community and the lay public. In spite of the multiple problems of displaying historical information in cartographic form, the project succeeded admirably in providing a coherent geographical perspective on Canada's past.
What can the history of historical atlases teach? Some lessons from a century of putzger's 'historischer schul-atlas'
Authors: WOLF ARMIN
Published: April 2007

The history of cartography lacks an important chapter, namely, the history of historical atlases. The observations presented here are based on an analysis of 100 editions of Putzger's Historischer Schul-Atlas published from 1877 to the present. This German historical school atlas, which long served as the historical school atlas in Germany, had an enormous influence on generations of German schoolchildren and their understanding of history. History mapped at different times is mapped in very different ways in these atlases which pretend to map the past, but in reality map the historical consciousness of their time.
MAP PROJECTIONS FOR NON-SPHERICAL WORLDS / THE VARIABLE-RADIUS MAP PROJECTIONS
Authors: STOOKE PHILIP J , KELLER C PETER
Published: April 2007

Increasing interest in the exploration of other worlds in our solar system implies the growing need for extraterrestrial cartography. Conventional map projection techniques can be utilized to map bodies which are nearly spherical in shape. Numerous worlds that are far from spherical have, however, been discovered for which conventional projection techniques are not adequate. Different approaches adopted to map non-spherical worlds are discussed and criticized. A new set of projections, termed morphographic projections, based on the concept of variable radii, are introduced. The projection system is applied to map the non-spherical world Epimetheus, a satellite of Saturn.
GIMMS / AN EXAMPLE OF AN OPERATIONAL SYSTEM FOR COMPUTER CARTOGRAPHY
Authors: WAUGH T C , TAYLOR D R F
Published: April 2007

The computer is playing an increasing role in Canadian Cartography. Developments in the field of thematic computer cartography have been less spectacular than those in automated cartography. This paper describes an operational system for thematic computer cartography, GIMMS; now mounted at Carleton University. It is argued that the availability of systems of this type will help realize the potential of the computer in thematic mapping.
James White / Canada's Chief Geographer, 1899–1909
Authors: MACKAY DANIEL S C
Published: April 2007

James White, as Canada's Chief Geographer in the Department of the Interior from 1899 to 1909, was responsible for developing his office from a one-man operation into an active organization. This office was distinguished for three major accomplishments: the production of a standard base map of Canada for use by all government departments; the publication of the 50-sheet Chief Geographer's Series that was the forerunner of the National Topographic System; and the publication of the First Edition of the Atlas of Canada.
Protection of Geoprivacy and Accuracy of Spatial Information: How Effective Are Geographical Masks?
Authors: Kwan Mei-Po , Casas Irene , Schmitz Ben
Published: April 2007

Spatial analysis and mapping of georeferenced, individual-level data can help identify important geographical patterns or lead to knowledge significant for dealing with specific social issues in a particular area. However, given the need to protect personal privacy when using geospatial data, the possibility for undertaking geographical analysis on certain types of individual-level data is becoming increasingly circumscribed. This article addresses the need to protect geoprivacy while making georeferenced, individual-level data available in such a way that analytical results are not significantly affected. The effectiveness of three geographical masks with different perturbation radii (r) is examined using a data set for lung-cancer deaths in Franklin County, Ohio, in 1999. The findings reveal a rather consistent trade-off between data confidentiality and accuracy of analytical results. There seems to be a threshold r-value at which the results of analyses on masked data become substantially different from the original results. An r that produces an area about the average size of the study-area census-block groups achieves a desirable optimum trade-off between privacy protection and accuracy of results. The study shows that implementing appropriate geographical masks may help data managers or researchers establish the desirable trade-off, in a particular context, between privacy protection and accuracy of geographic information.
Inland Journeys, Native Maps
Authors: Belyea Barbara
Published: April 2007

Reading maps that are drawn according to conventions other than western scientific cartography usually involves translation of the foreign map signs into familiar equivalents. Eighteenth-century cartographers followed this procedure when they added Native "information" to their maps of North America, blurring the line between European surveys and Amerindian reports, anticipating the replacement of this dubious knowledge as civilization penetrated to the continental interior. Twentieth-century historians of cartography could discover the richness of mapping conventions very different from their own if they opted for intercultural dialogue rather than translation.
VIEWING TIME AND EXPERIENCE AS FACTORS IN MAP DESIGN RESEARCH
Authors: CASTNE HENRY W
Published: April 2007

Consideration is given to the implications for research in map design of two variables in map reading over which the map designer has very little control – the experience level of the map user and the amount of time he might allocate to solving the particular map-use task. This discussion is related to an organizational scheme which identifies five intellectual functions or stages in the overall processing of map images. The scheme enables distinctions to be made, for example, in the generality or specificity of map reading processes in cartographic communication. Use is made of one psychologist's distinction between perceptual and cognitive processes to suggest the merit of cartographic research into the action of the pre-attentive, perceptual processes in map reading, especially those that operate in the first few seconds of map viewing. Le présent document accorde une attention particulière aux répercussions qu'ont sur les recherches en matière de conception de cartes, deux variables propres à la lecture de cartes, sur lesquelles les responsables de la conception technique des cartes ont très peu de contrôle, soit le niveau d'expérience de l'utilisateur de cartes et le temps qu'il pourrait consacrer à résoudre un problème particulier d'utilisation de cartes. Cet exposé est associé à un schéma d'organisation que détermine cinq fonctions ou stades intellectuels dans le traitement global des images de cartes. Ce schéma permet de faire des distinctions, par exemple, sur la généralité ou sur la spécificité des procédés de lecture de cartes dans le contexte de la communication cartographique. L'auteur utilise la distinction faite par les psychologues entre les procédés de perception et de cognition pour faire transparaître les avantages des recherches cartographiques dans l'action des processus de perception, avant toute lecture attentive de cartes, spécialement ceux qui interviennent dans les premières secondes de l'observation d'une carte.
RASTER-MODE AREA GENERALIZATION FOR LAND USE AND LAND COVER MAPS
Authors: MONMONIER MARK STEPHEN
Published: April 2007

Raster mode is more appropriate than vector mode for the computer-assisted generalization of land use and land cover data. A raster-mode approach promotes the partitioning of thin or insignificant polygons and the growing or linking of others. If the scale is reduced substantially, partitioning and region growing are needed to guarantee a graphically stable image, which will resist misregistration during reproduction. The test examples presented here demonstrate the efficacy of a raster-mode approach in reducing 1 : 250,000-scale land use and land cover data in the U.S. Geological Survey's Geographic Information Retrieval and Analysis System (GIRAS) to 1 :2,000,000, the scale of the National Atlas series of regional reference maps. A variety of category weights and priority rankings and several nonmutually exclusive options for smoothing and data aggregation confront the map author, who must provide detailed specifications. With these techniques generalized land use and land cover maps can be biased to emphasize a category or a combination of categories.
The Development Of Cartography In Bendel State, Nigeria
Authors: IKHUORIA ISI A
Published: April 2007

The development of cartography in Bendel State, Nigeria is examined in two phases â€“ the colonial phase characterized by the production of regional and township maps from field survey data, and the post-colonial period when photogrammetric methodology came into use. Cartography as a discipline at university and polytechnic levels then became an area of specialization and is leading towards an expanding period of professionalism.
A Formalism for the Structural Description of Vector Maps, and its Use for Multi-Scale Representations: a Hydrographic Example
Authors: Molenaar Martien , Martinez Casasnovas Jose
Published: April 2007

A formalism is defined for the structural description of vector maps. This formalism is based on the use of six entity types. Three are the geometric elements node, edge, and face; the other three are the object types, point, line, and area. With this formalism, the structure of spatial terrain descriptions can be expressed in an abstracted sense, i.e., without any reference to the special constraints of a particular database implementation. Processes applied to the data can also be expressed with this formalism. The generalization of the description of a drainage system will serve as an example. This generalization can be seen as a transformation of the contents of a database. The basic operations in this process include

• the selection of objects that are to remain in the database and the elimination of those that will not be presented at a smaller scale;

• the aggregation of objects that will not play an individual role at the smaller scale; and

• the reclassification of the remaining objects.

The formalism will help us establish rules and check their effect on neighbourhood objects that are subjected to these operations. The basic hydrological structure in the example will be left intact by the transformation; however, some of the semantic aspects will be effected. [or, more likely, affected?]
AN ICA RESPONSE TO THE EDUCATIONAL CHALLENGES OF CARTOGRAPHY IN TRANSITION
Authors: DAHLBERG RICHARD E
Published: April 2007

The tasks and challenges of cartographic education have been compounded greatly during the present transitional stage of the discipline of cartography. This paper examines the growing and changing education needs emanating from this condition of flux as well as the role of ICA in responding to these needs. It outlines an evolving seminar program as one vehicle developed by the Association to meet these challenges. Such a seminar program needs to be built upon solid conceptual foundations and yet provide models that possess the flexibility needed to function in the diverse milieu that ICA serves. And, in order to meet a potentially global demand, the seminars must be transportable and designed as seed programs that would gradually shift from ICA management to a largely indigenous cadre.
RESEARCH NOTE / THE MAP AS INFORMATION CHANNEL: IGNORANCE BEFORE AND AFTER LOOKING AT A CHOROPLETH MAP
Authors: PIPKIN JOHN S
Published: April 2007

In this note, elementary concepts of information theory are applied to develop a measure of the information conveyed to a map reader by a map. For concreteness, a choropleth map is discussed though the framework is applicable to any map with a finite number of symbols colored in a finite number of ways. The measure takes account of prior and posterior ignorance of the map reader, summarized in a set of discrete subjective probability distributions. The framework presented permits empirical estimation of information content and map-reading performance. More important, from the viewpoint of cartographic design, is the potential for incorporating psychophysical relationships between subjective probabilities and map symbolism in order to maximize information conveyed. Cette étude démontre les concepts élémentaires de la théorie de l'information utilisés dans le but d'en arriver à connaître le degré de renseignements transmis au lecteur de la carte. Afin de donner un exemple concret, une carte établie selon la méthode statistique a été utilisée, bien que la méthode d'approche de cette étude peut s'appliquer à toute carte qui présente un nombre limité de symboles colorés d'un nombre limité de manières. Ce degré de renseignements tient compte des connaissances du lecteur avant et après son étude de la carte; le tout réparti suivant des probabilités admises. La méthode d'approche présentée permet une évaluation empirique des renseignements fournis et des résultats obtenus par la lecture de la carte. Plus important encore, considéré au point de vue de la représentation cartographique, est la possibilité d'établir des rapports psychophysiques entre les probabilités admises et le symbolisme cartographique en vue de porter l'information transmise au maximum.
Reconsidering Rules For Point-Feature Name Placement
Authors: WU CHYAN VICTOR , BUTTENFIELD BARBARA P
Published: April 2007

Existing guidelines for automated map name placement are usually based on Imhofâ€™s (1975) and Yoeli's (1972) research, guidelines for name placement that have not been verified empirically. This study addresses the validity of Yoeli's model concerning eight possible positions for labeling a name to a point feature and their priorities. Investigation is focused on how lettering is placed on road maps, and on the diversities in styles of name placement used by differing publishing houses. It is concluded that Yoeli's positional prioritization is not evident on the maps studied, and that the prioritization may be a matter of map publisher's preference. However, certain graphic constraints may confine these preferences into unique solutions. Lors du positionnement automatique de noms sur les cartes, on utilise prsentement des principes qui dcoulent des recherches de Imhof (1975) et de Yoeli (1972), mais qui n'on pas t vrifis empiriquement. Cette tude porte sur la validit du modle de Yoeli qui suggre huit positions possibles, ainsi que leurs priorits, pour accoler un nom   un lment ponctuel. L'enquªte s'est concentre sur le placement du lettrage sur les cartes routires ainsi que sur la diversit des styles de positionnement de noms selon la maison d'dition. L'on conclut que la priorisation des positions selon Yoeli n'est pas vidente sur les cartes tudies et qu'elle peut dpendre des prfrences de l'diteur de la carte. Certaines contraintes graphiques peuvent cependant confiner ces prfrences   des solutions uniques.