bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Antioxidant eugenosedin-A protects against lipopolysaccharide-induced hypotension, hyperglycaemia and cytokine immunoreactivity in rats and mice
Authors: Shen Kuo-Pyng , Lo Yi-Ching , Yang Rei-Cheng , Liu Hong-Wen , Chen Ing-Jun , Wu Bin-Nan
Published: December 2004

Eugenosedin-A has been demonstrated to possess α/β-adrenoceptor and serotonergic receptor blocking activities. We have investigated by what mechanisms eugenosedin-A prevents lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced hypotension, vascular hyporeactivity, hyperglycaemia, oxidative injury or inflammatory cytokines formation in rats. Intravenous administration of eugenosedin-A, trazodone, yohimbine (1 mg kg−1), aminoguanidine or ascorbic acid (15 mg kg−1) normalized LPS (10 mg kg−1)-induced hypotension. Pretreatment with eugenosedin-A or the other agents 30 min before LPS injection reduced aortic hyporeactivity. LPS-induced increases in plasma interleukin-1β (IL-β), IL-6, interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and blood glucose levels were significantly inhibited by eugenosedin-A (1 mg kg−1, i.v.). The same dose of trazodone, a chloropiperazinylbenzene-type antidepressant, and yohimbine, an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, reduced IL-1β and TNF-α, but it could not inhibit hyperglycaemia. Aminoguanidine, an inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) inhibitor, and ascorbic acid, an antioxidant, decreased IL-1β, TNF-α contents and hyperglycaemia. Eugenosedin-A and the other agents inhibited Fe2+-ascorbic acid-induced peroxidation in rat cortex, indicating that those agents had antioxidant effects, with the exception of aminoguanidine. In free radical scavenged experiments, eugenosedin-A and ascorbic acid eliminated peroxyl radicals. All test agents inhibited the LPS-induced increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) content in rat brain homogenates. When mice were administered an intraperitoneal injection of LPS alone, mortality occurred from 4 to 16 h, after which time all were dead. However, eugenosedin-A significantly prolonged the survival time after LPS injection, suggesting that eugenosedin-A protected against LPS-induced cardiovascular dysfunction, hyperglycaemia, tissue injury and inflammatory cytokine production. This was attributable mainly to the antioxidant and peroxyl radical scavenged effects of eugenosedin-A, and which may be, at least in part, due to its blockade on α/β-adrenergic and serotonergic receptors.
Chronic oral administration of Ocimum sanctum Linn. augments cardiac endogenous antioxidants and prevents isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis in rats
Authors: Sood S , Narang D , Dinda A K , Maulik S K
Published: December 2004

Wistar rats (200–250 g) of either sex were fed with fresh leaf homogenate of Ocimum sanctum by oral gavage in two different doses, 50 mg kg−1 (Os 50) and 100 mg kg−1 (Os 100), daily for 30 days. This was followed by isoproterenol administration (85 mg kg−1 s.c. two doses at 24 h intervals) in both control and O. sanctum-fed rats to induce myocardial necrosis. Hearts were isolated for estimation of endogenous myocardial antioxidants (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and myocardial lipid peroxidation) and light microscopic study. Increased basal myocardial antioxidant SOD (9.3 ± 1.2 vs 3.7 ± 0.7 units mg−1 protein; P < 0.05) and catalase activities (34.3 ± 5.4 vs 17.9 ± 5.1 units mg−1 protein; P < 0.05) were observed in the Os 50 group only without any evidence of cellular injury in both the groups. In control rats, isoproterenol administration caused significant depletion of myocardial SOD (1.7 ± 0.2 units mg−1 protein) and GPx (104 ± 2 mU mg−1 protein) activities and increase in GSH (551.7 ± 30.9 μg g−1 wet weight of tissue) level, with evidence of myocardial necrosis. Isoproterenol-induced changes in myocardial SOD, GPx and GSH were prevented by both the doses of O. sanctum, however cellular injury was minimal only with 50 mg kg−1. The results indicate that long-term feeding of O. sanctum offered significant protection against isoproterenol-induced myocardial necrosis through a unique property of enhancement of endogenous antioxidants.
Does feeding limit cardiovascular modulation in the Dungeness crabCancer magisterduring hypoxia?
Authors: McGaw Iain J.
Published: December 2004

Decapod crustaceans inhabit aquatic environments that are frequently subjected to changes in oxygen content. The physiological mechanisms that allow them to cope with periodic episodes of hypoxia have been well documented. Most crustaceans exhibit a bradycardia coupled with diversion of haemolymph from digestive organs towards ventral structures. However, all these experiments were conducted on animals that were starved prior to experimentation in order to avoid increases in metabolism associated with digestive processes. The present study sought to determine how the Dungeness crab Cancer magister balances the demands of physiological systems when they feed and digest in hypoxia. Cardiac parameters and haemolymph flow rates through each arterial system exiting the heart were measured using a pulsed-Doppler flowmeter. Scaphognathite beat frequency (ventilation rate) was calculated by recording changes in pressure in the branchial chamber. There was an increase in both cardiac and ventilatory parameters following feeding. Digestive processes were facilitated by an increase in haemolymph flow rates through the anterior aorta, hepatic arteries and sternal artery. Cancer magister showed a typical bradycardia during hypoxia (3.2 kPa). However,food intake caused a significant reduction in this response. Likewise,ventilation rate also showed effects of addivity, increasing in response to both food intake and hypoxia. Digestion during hypoxia was associated with a decrease in both stroke volume and cardiac output. Blood was diverted away from digestive structures, suggesting that blood flow events are prioritized during hypoxia. The changes in haemolymph flow rates paralleled those in previous reports on reductions in protein synthesis in the hepatopancreas during hypoxia. Haemolymph flow rates through the anterior aorta did not change; thus the blood supply to the supraoesophageal ganglion was maintained during feeding in hypoxia. The results show that the nutritional state of an animal is important in modulating its physiological responses to environmental perturbations. This underscores the importance of an integrative approach,studying physiological responses at the organismal level.
Probabilistic finite element analysis in heat transfer to a nuclear fuel rod bumper support
Authors: Reddy Gorla Rama Subba
Published: December 2004

Heat transfer from a nuclear fuel rod bumper support was computationally simulated by a finite element method and probabilistically evaluated in view of the several uncertainties in the performance parameters. Cumulative distribution functions and sensitivity factors were computed for overall heat transfer rates due to the thermodynamic random variables. These results can be used to identify quickly the most critical design variables in order to optimize the design and to make it cost effective. The analysis leads to the selection of the appropriate measurements to be used in heat transfer and to the identification of both the most critical measurements and the parameters.
Navigation as a tool to visualize bone-covered hidden structures in transfrontal approaches
Authors: Schipper Joerg , Maier Wolfgang , Arapakis Iakovos , Spetzger Uwe , Laszig R.
Published: December 2004

A retrospective analysis of 10 patients was performed to evaluate navigation systems in extranasal frontal skull base surgery. When performing a craniotomy following a bicoronal skin incision, the surgeon has to calculate the extent of the frontal sinus to avoid unnecessary damage to the dura or mucoceles later. Due to surgical morbidity including compression of the frontal lobe, many skull base surgeons have refused to use such an approach. Malformation or bone-destruction complicates the identification of the borders and increases the risk ofside-effects. Navigation systems can be an alternative for calculating the frontal sinus outlines during surgery. In the authors’ surgical procedure two different navigation systems were used. Conventional surgery using the transfrontal, transbasal or subcranial approach consisting of trepanation and craniotomy were performed, while the navigated surgical procedure was evaluated.

The analysis showed that computer-assisted surgery (CAS) is applicable to extranasal frontalskull base surgery. In comparison to X-ray beam-controlled craniotomy, CAS is beneficial as it constitutes a noninvasive instrument of quality management. Furthermore, the analysis indicatedthat under the guidance of a navigation system a precise pre-surgical simulation is available in order to perform an optimal craniotomy and reconstruction of the frontal skull base.
Diagnostic and therapeutic use of the flexible nasendoscope in the management of an impacted upper oesophageal food bolus
Authors: El-Hawrani A.S. , McCluney N.A. , Lee M.S.W. , Clarke J.K.V. , McKerrow W.S.
Published: December 2004

The flexible nasendoscope is now an integral tool in most otorhinolaryngology departments for visualizing the hypopharyngolarynx. A technique has been described using themodified Valsalva manoeuvre to improve visualization of the hypopharynx during flexible nasopharyngoscopy. The authors report an alternative technique for visualizing the upper oesophagus using the flexible nasendoscope, and highlight three cases where there was accurate visualization of an impacted oesophageal food bolus. Subsequently, these patients underwent flexible oesophagoscopy to dislodge the foreign body. The authors also describe three cases where the flexiblenasendoscope was successfully used to visualize and negotiate the impacted food bolus beyond the cricopharyngeus. This is a safe and simple procedure performed without any sedation and reduces the need for prolonged hospitalization.
Sudden sensorineural hearing loss during oral anticoagulant therapy
Authors: Mierzwa Kathleen , Schneider Gerlind , Müller Andreas
Published: December 2004

This study investigated the role of sudden sensorineural hearing loss (SSNHL) as a symptom in oral anticoagulant therapy with vitamin K antagonists (Phenprocoumon; Marcumar®, Falithrom®). Vascular compromise of the cochlea due to thrombosis, embolus, reduced blood flow or vasospasm is one of the four possible pathways that can lead to SSNHL. Oral anticoagulant therapy should prevent thrombosis; if it does not the question arises as to whether the anticoagulation is working, or the wrong hypothesis of vascular compromise has been made. Patients with SSNHL during oral anticoagulant therapy who were admitted tothe ENT Department of the University Hospital in Jena from 1998 to 2001 were included. The pure-tone audiograms and the prothrombin time (PT) values before and after the event of the SSNHL were evaluated. The study found 10 patients with SSNHL during oral anticoagulant therapy. Although the audiograms showed some improvement in the majority of cases, three cases showed almost no improvement in hearing. On admission, half of the patients showed a PT-value higher than 30 per cent and in nine cases a PT-value >30 per cent could be demonstrated at least once duringtesting. It was not possible to demonstrate a relationship between the SSNHL and oral anticoagulation. Vascular compromise cannot be excluded as a cause for sudden hearing loss in patients undergoing oral anticoagulant therapy. It is possible that oral anticoagulants influence the viscosity of the plasma leading to interference with the microcirculation in the inner ear. Further research into this area is currently being conducted.
Scope of International Hospital Pharmacy Practice
Authors: LeBlanc Jaclyn M , Dasta Joseph F
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE:

To review the published English literature regarding international hospital pharmacy practice.

DATA SOURCES:

A computer search of all English-language articles in MEDLINE (1966–June 2004) and other Internet sources and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts (1971–June 2004).

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

All studies that discussed hospital pharmacy or clinical hospital pharmacy activities outside of the US were considered for inclusion.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

The scope of international hospital pharmacy practice is quite varied, both inter- and intra-country, and varying degrees of specialization exist. Although clinical pharmacy is well developed in some countries, it is still in infancy stages in others. In addition, there is disparity in the actual definition of clinical pharmacy throughout the world.

CONCLUSIONS:

Since very few data have been published regarding hospital pharmacy practice on an international scale, we suggest a survey be conducted to objectively capture this information and increase awareness of clinical pharmacy in this setting.
Rifaximin: A New Treatment for Travelers' Diarrhea
Authors: Pakyz Amy L
Published: December 2004

OBJECTIVE:

To review the pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, clinical efficacy, adverse effects, drug interactions and precautions, and dosing recommendations of rifaximin, a new nonabsorbed antimicrobial agent for travelers' diarrhea.

DATA SOURCES:

A MEDLINE search (1966–July 2004) was conducted to extract human and animal research data in the English language on rifaximin.

STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION:

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials were reviewed and included to evaluate the efficacy of rifaximin in the treatment of travelers' diarrhea.

DATA SYNTHESIS:

Rifaximin is approved for the treatment of travelers' diarrhea in patients ≥12 years of age with diarrhea caused by noninvasive strains of Escherichia coli. Rifaximin was superior to placebo and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and equivalent to ciprofloxacin in the primary clinical endpoint of the time to the last unformed stool passed.

CONCLUSIONS:

Rifaximin is a viable alternative to ciprofloxacin for the treatment of travelers' diarrhea. As rifaximin is not systemically absorbed, it offers the advantage of leading to the development of less resistance compared with systemically absorbed antibiotics, in addition to fewer systemic adverse effects and drug interactions. However, the potential for cross-resistance between rifaximin and rifampin, as well as with other classes of antibiotics, is of concern and needs to be elucidated.
Step Training-Dependent Plasticity in Spinal Cutaneous Pathways
Authors: Côté Marie-Pascale , Gossard Jean-Pierre
Published: December 2004

Plasticity after spinal cord injury can be initiated by specific patterns of sensory feedback, leading to a reorganization of spinal networks. For example, proprioceptive feedback from limb loading during the stance phase is crucial for the recovery of stepping in spinal-injured animals and humans. Our recent results showed that step training modified transmission from group I afferents of extensors in spinal cats. However, cutaneous afferents are also activated during locomotion and are necessary for proper foot placement in spinal cats. We therefore hypothesized that step training would also modify transmission in cutaneous pathways to facilitate recovery of stepping. We tested transmission in cutaneous pathways by comparing intracellular responses in lumbar motoneurons (n= 136) in trained (n= 11) and untrained (n= 7) cats spinalized 3-5 weeks before the acute electrophysiological experiment. Three cutaneous nerves were stimulated, and each evoked up to three motoneuronal responses mediated by at least three different pathways. Overall, of 71 cutaneous pathways tested, 10 were modified by step training: transmission was reduced in 7 and facilitated in 3. Remarkably, 6 of 10 involved the medial plantar nerve innervating the plantar surface of the foot, including two of the facilitated pathways. Because the cutaneous reflexes are exaggerated after spinalization, we interpret the decrease in most pathways as a normalization of cutaneous transmission necessary to recover locomotor movements. Overall, the results showed a high degree of specificity in plasticity among cutaneous pathways and indicate that transmission of skin inputs signaling ground contact, in particular, is modified by step training.
Functional Mapping of the Auditory Midbrain during Mate Call Reception
Authors: Hoke Kim L. , Burmeister Sabrina S. , Fernald Russell D. , Rand A. Stanley , Ryan Michael J. , Wilczynski Walter
Published: December 2004

We examined patterns of neural activity as assayed by changes in gene expression to localize representation of acoustic mating signals in the auditory midbrain of frogs. We exposed wild-caught malePhysalaemus pustulosusto conspecific mating calls that vary in their behavioral salience, nonsalient mating calls, or no sound. We measured expression of the immediate early geneegr-1(also calledZENK, zif268,NGFI-A, andkrox-24) throughout the torus semicircularis, the auditory midbrain homolog of the inferior colliculus. Differentialegr-1induction in response to the acoustic stimuli occurred in the laminar, midline, and principal nuclei of the torus semicircularis, whereas the ventral region did not show significant effects of stimulus. The laminar nucleus differentially responded to conspecific mating calls compared with nonsalient mating calls, whereas the midline and principal nuclei responded preferentially to one of two conspecific calls. These responses were not explained by simple acoustic properties of the stimuli, and they demonstrate a functional heterogeneity of auditory processing of complex biological signals within the frog midbrain. Moreover, using analyses that assess the ability of the torus semicircularis as a whole to discriminate among acoustic stimuli, we found that activity patterns in the four regions together provide more information about biologically relevant acoustic stimuli than activity in any single region.
Protease-Resistant Human Prion Protein and Ferritin Are Cotransported across Caco-2 Epithelial Cells: Implications for Species Barrier in Prion Uptake from the Intestine
Authors: Mishra Ravi Shankar , Basu Subhabrata , Gu Yaping , Luo Xiu , Zou Wen-Quan , Mishra Richa , Li Ruliang , Chen Shu G. , Gambetti Pierluigi , Fujioka Hisashi , Singh Neena
Published: December 2004

Foodborne transmission of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) to humans as variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease (CJD) has affected over 100 individuals, and probably millions of others have been exposed to BSE-contaminated food substances. Despite these obvious public health concerns, surprisingly little is known about the mechanism by which PrP-scrapie (PrPSc), the most reliable surrogate marker of infection in BSE-contaminated food, crosses the human intestinal epithelial cell barrier. Here we show that digestive enzyme (DE) treatment of sporadic CJD brain homogenate generates a C-terminal fragment similar to the proteinase K-resistant PrPSccore of 27-30 kDa implicated in prion disease transmission and pathogenesis. Notably, DE treatment results in a PrPSc-protein complex that is avidly transcytosed in vesicular structures across anin vitromodel of the human intestinal epithelial cell barrier, regardless of the amount of endogenous PrPCexpression. Unexpectedly, PrPScis cotransported with ferritin, a prominent component of the DE-treated PrPSc-protein complex. The transport of PrPSc-ferritin is sensitive to low temperature, brefeldin-A, and nocodazole treatment and is inhibited by excess free ferritin, implicating a receptor- or transporter-mediated pathway. Because ferritin shares considerable homology across species, these data suggest that PrPSc-associated proteins, in particular ferritin, may facilitate PrPScuptake in the intestine from distant species, leading to a carrier state in humans.
GABAAReceptor-Associated Protein Traffics GABAAReceptors to the Plasma Membrane in Neurons
Authors: Leil Tarek A. , Chen Zi-Wei , Chang Chang-Sheng S. , Olsen Richard W.
Published: December 2004

The trafficking of GABAAreceptors is an important component of the pathway that regulates plasticity of inhibitory synapses. The 17 kDa GABAAreceptor-associated protein (GABARAP) has been implicated in the trafficking of GABAAreceptors because of its ability to interact not only with the γ2 subunit of the receptor but also with microtubules and theN-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor (NSF). To elucidate the role of GABARAP in the trafficking of GABAAreceptors, we have constructed a yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) fusion protein of GABARAP and expressed it in neurons using adenovirus, so that its function may be examined. YFP-GABARAP colocalized with γ2 subunit-containing GABAAreceptors and NSF to the perinuclear cytoplasm in cultured hippocampal neurons and to the proximal regions of dendrites that are making synaptic contact. Expression of YFP-GABARAP in Cos7 cells and cultured hippocampal neurons was able to increase the level of GABAAreceptors detected at the plasma membrane, even at low levels of YFP-GABARAP expression. This effect is specific to the function of GABARAP on GABAAreceptor trafficking, because point mutations in the γ2-binding domain of YFP-GABARAP interfered with the ability of YFP-GABARAP to increase GABAAreceptor surface levels. These mutations also disrupted the colocalization of YFP-GABARAP with the γ2 subunit and with NSF in hippocampal neurons. The results of this study show for the first time that GABARAP has a functional effect on the trafficking of GABAAreceptors and provide decisive evidence for the role of GABARAP in transporting GABAAreceptors to the plasma membrane in neurons.
Neuroglial Metabolism in the Awake Rat Brain: CO2Fixation Increases with Brain Activity
Authors: Öz Gülin , Berkich Deborah A. , Henry Pierre-Gilles , Xu Yuping , LaNoue Kathryn , Hutson Susan M. , Gruetter Rolf
Published: December 2004

Glial cells are thought to supply energy for neurotransmission by increasing nonoxidative glycolysis; however, oxidative metabolism in glia may also contribute to increased brain activity. To study glial contribution to cerebral energy metabolism in the unanesthetized state, we measured neuronal and glial metabolic fluxes in the awake rat brain by using a double isotopic-labeling technique and a two-compartment mathematical model of neurotransmitter metabolism. Rats (n= 23) were infused simultaneously with14C-bicarbonate and [1-13C]glucose for up to 1 hr. The14C and13C labeling of glutamate, glutamine, and aspartate was measured at five time points in tissue extracts using scintillation counting and13C nuclear magnetic resonance of the chromatographically separated amino acids. The isotopic13C enrichment of glutamate and glutamine was different, suggesting significant rates of glial metabolism compared with the glutamate-glutamine cycle. Modeling the13C-labeling time courses alone and with14C confirmed significant glial TCA cycle activity (\batchmode \documentclass[fleqn,10pt,legalpaper]{article} \usepackage{amssymb} \usepackage{amsfonts} \usepackage{amsmath} \pagestyle{empty} \begin{document} \(V_{\mathrm{PDH}}^{(\mathrm{g})},{\sim}0.5\) \end{document}μmol · gm-1· min-1) relative to the glutamate-glutamine cycle (VNT) (∼0.5-0.6 μmol · gm-1· min-1). The glial TCA cycle rate was ∼30% of total TCA cycle activity. A high pyruvate carboxylase rate (VPC, ∼0.14-0.18 μmol · gm-1· min-1) contributed to the glial TCA cycle flux. This anaplerotic rate in the awake rat brain was severalfold higher than under deep pentobarbital anesthesia, measured previously in our laboratory using the same13C-labeling technique. We postulate that the high rate of anaplerosis in awake brain is linked to brain activity by maintaining glial glutamine concentrations during increased neurotransmission.
Mutation of Glutamate 155 of the GABAAReceptor β2Subunit Produces a Spontaneously Open Channel: A Trigger for Channel Activation
Authors: Newell J. Glen , McDevitt Ross A. , Czajkowski Cynthia
Published: December 2004

Protein movements underlying ligand-gated ion channel activation are poorly understood. The binding of agonist initiates a series of conformational movements that ultimately lead to the opening of the ion channel pore. Although little is known about local movements within the GABA-binding site, a recent structural model of the GABAAreceptor (GABAAR) ligand-binding domain predicts that β2Glu155is a key residue for direct interactions with the neurotransmitter (Cromer et al., 2002). To elucidate the role of the β2Ile154-Asp163region in GABAAR activation, each residue was individually mutated to cysteine and coexpressed with wild-type α1subunits inXenopus laevisoocytes. Seven mutations increased the GABA EC50value (8- to 3400-fold), whereas three mutations (E155C, S156C, and G158C) also significantly increased the 2-(3-carboxypropyl)-3-amino-6-(4-methoxyphenyl) pyridazinium (SR-95531)KIvalue. GABA, SR-95531, and pentobarbital slowedN-biotinylaminoethyl methanethiosulfonate modification of T160C and D163C, indicating that β2Thr160and β2Asp163are located in or near the GABA-binding site and that this region undergoes structural rearrangements during channel gating. Cysteine substitution of β2Glu155resulted in spontaneously open GABAARs and differentially decreased the GABA, piperidine-4-sulfonic acid (partial agonist), and SR-95531 sensitivities, indicating that the mutation perturbs ligand binding as well as channel gating. Tethering thiol-reactive groups onto β2E155C closed the spontaneously open channels, suggesting that β2Glu155is a control element involved in coupling ligand binding to channel gating. Structural modeling suggests that the β2Ile154-Asp163region is a protein hinge that forms a network of interconnections that couples binding site movements to the cascade of events leading to channel opening.
Displaying and Celebrating the "Other": A Study of the Mission, Scope, and Roles of Ethnic Museums in Los Angeles
Authors: Loukaitou-Sideris Anastasia , Grodach Carl
Published: December 2004

In the last thirty years, ethnic museums have mushroomed in American cities. Although this is certainly a national phenomenon, it has been particularly evident in Los Angeles. In this paper we examine the genesis and evolution of these emerging institutions. We survey the mission, scope, and role of ethnic museums in Los Angeles, and we contrast them with the stated mission and scope of "mainstream" museums in the city. We further present case studies of three Los Angeles ethnic museums. The museums vary considerably in the ways they perceive their role in the community, the city, and the nation and in the preservation and display of ethnic culture. At their best, ethnic museums serve to make new art and histories more accessible and visible and provide a forum in which to debate contemporary issues of politics and identity. The paper highlights some of the tensions faced by ethnic museums as they seek to define their audience and role(s) in multi-ethnic, twenty-first century Los Angeles.
The asymptotes of loop reactors
Authors: Sheintuch Moshe , Nekhamkina Olga
Published: December 2004

Loop reactors extend the flow‐reversal concept to rotating port feeding in a loop‐shape system made of N units. To analyze its behavior two limiting models are derived for a system with an infinite number of units: The first one corresponds to an arbitrary switching velocity, whereas the second corresponds to large switching velocities and is essentially a cross‐flow model. Both models can admit, with a generic first‐order Arrhenius kinetics and typically large Pe and Le numbers, a rotating‐pulse solution with peak temperatures that significantly exceeds the increase in adiabatic temperature. Both solutions were corroborated by simulations of finite‐N systems that show convergence to the expected asymptotes in realistic system lengths. Rotating pulses emerge over a wide domain of parameters, when the ratio of switching velocity to front propagation velocity is properly tuned around unity, and in a relatively narrow domain of parameters, around the Hopf bifurcation to spatial oscillations, when that ratio is high. Between these two (slow‐ and fast‐switching) behaviors the system exhibits a complex structure of solutions. The asymptotic models enabled us to draw bifurcation diagrams and characterize the properties of emerging solutions. Future studies will apply the loop reactor concept to reversible reactions and endothermic–exothermic reactions. © 2004 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 51: 224–234, 2005
Bauliche Konzeptentwicklung für eine 3‐Liter‐Reihenhauszeile im Rahmen von Modernisierungsmaßnahmen in Mannheim‐Gartenstadt
Authors: Reiß Johann , Erhorn Hans
Published: December 2004

Im Wohngebiet Mannheim‐Gartenstadt erfolgen in den Jahren 2001 bis 2008 umfangreiche Teilmodernisierungs‐, Vollmodernisierungs‐ und Abbruchmaßnahmen sowie anschließende Neubebauung. Insgesamt werden 10 zweigeschossige Wohnbauten mit rund 230 Wohnungen aus den 1930er und 1950er Jahren modernisiert. Die Wohnungen sind sanierungsbedürftig, da sie sowohl baulich als auch anlagentechnisch nicht mehr dem heutigen Standard entsprechen. Mit den baulichen Maßnahmen verfolgt die GBG ndash; Mannheimer Wohnungsbaugesellschaft auch das Ziel, die Attraktivität des Wohnquartiers zu steigern. Bis Ende 2003 ist der Abschluß der Modernisierung von 3 Gebäuden mit insgesamt 68 Wohnungen geplant. Bei der bisherigen Sanierung wurden lediglich die gesetzlichen Anforderungen der Energieeinsparverordnung (EnEV) erfüllt. Künftig wird bei einer Wohnzeile mit 6 Wohnhäusern ein weit über diese Anforderungen hinausgehendes energetisches Niveau angestrebt. Diese Gebäude sollen energetisch zu 3‐Liter‐Häusern ertüchtigt werden. Im Bereich des Wohnungsneubaus wurde dies schon erfolgreich umgesetzt. Beim Bauen im Bestand stellt es noch eine Herausforderung dar. Als 3‐Liter‐Häuser werden Niedrigenergiehäuser bezeichnet, die für die Beheizung (einschließlich Hilfsenergie) einen jährlichen Primärenergiebedarf von weniger als 34 kWh/m2a aufweisen. Dies entspricht dem Primärenergieinhalt von 3 Litern Heizöl.
Feuerstätten in Häusern mit mechanischen Lüftungsanlagen ndash; Anforderungen und Lösungen
Authors: Sprung Joachim
Published: December 2004

Für raumluftunabhängige Feuerstätten für flüssige und feste Brennstoffe gibt es bauaufsichtliche Zulassungskriterien. Diese beziehen sich bei Festbrennstoff‐Feuerstätten auf höhere Dichtheitsanforderungen, geringere CO‐Emissionen und die Forderung nach einer selbstschließenden Tür. Bei kritischer Analyse der Zulassungskriterien ist festzustellen, daß die Grenzwerte von Leckagevolumenstrom und CO‐Emission einen Luftwechsel im Aufstellraum mittlerer Größe von über 1, 5 h‐1 bedingen. Diskontinuierlich beheizte Speicher‐Feuerstätten sind für solche Einsatzfälle vorteilhaft, weil Konzentrationsanreicherungen im Wohnraum außerhalb der Beheizungsphase der Feuerstätte durch die Lüftungsanlage abgebaut werden können. Besondere Aufmerksamkeit bedarf die Verbrennungsluftführung im nebeneinander liegenden und konzentrischen Luft‐Abgas‐System (LAS). Unter winterlichen Bedingungen entstehen außerhalb des Betriebs der Feuerstätte Zirkulationsströmungen, wenn der Strömungsweg Verbrennungsluftschacht‐Feuerstätte‐Abgasschacht nicht durch Absperreinrichtungen unterbrochen wird. Die Folgen sind Taupunktunterschreitungen, Feuchtebildung mit Vereisungserscheinungen im unbeheizten Unterdachbereich, aber auch an der Dach‐ und Deckendurchdringung in diesem Bereich. Hinsichtlich der Dichtheitsprüfung installierter Anlagen und deren Überwachung stehen Anforderungen und Lösungen aus.
Rechnerische Methoden zur Erfassung von Wärmebrücken im Hinblick auf einen möglichen Schimmelpilzbefall
Authors: Cziesielski Erich , Belaschk Hendrik
Published: December 2004

Schimmelpilzschäden stellen häufig zu beurteilende Schadensfälle dar. Die dabei im Rahmen von Gerichtsgutachten zu bearbeitende Problematik ist komplex. Unter anderem ist es erforderlich, vorhandene Konstruktionen rechnerisch auf eine mögliche Schimmelpilzbildung hin zu untersuchen. Die Berechnungsmethoden zur Beurteilung von Schimmelpilzbildung werden vorgestellt: das stationäre Berechnungsverfahren nach DIN 4108, das biohygrothermische Verfahren nach Sedlbauer und das instationäre Verfahren. Darüber hinaus wird der Einfluß einer fehlerhaft ausgeführten thermischen Entkoppelung im Bereich eines auskragenden Flachdaches auf die minimale Wandoberflächentemperatur nach stationären und instationären Berechnungsverfahren aufgezeigt.
Innovative Lehr‐ und Lernmethoden in der bauphysikalischen Ausbildung
Authors: Mehra Schew‐Ram , Sedlbauer Klaus
Published: December 2004

Neue Medien und Techniken bieten Möglichkeiten, durch die das Lehren und Lernen andere Dimensionen und Formen annimmt. Gerade Bauphysik bietet ideale Voraussetzungen dafür. Im Rahmen des “multimedialen Lernnetzes Bauphysik” wurden innovative Methoden für die bauphysikalische Lehre entwickelt und erprobt. Damit soll den Studierenden ergänzend zu der traditionellen Präsenzlehre ein zeit‐ und ortsunabhängiges Selbststudium ermöglicht werden. Um auch die Ausbildung in der bauphysikalischen Meßtechnik zu ermöglichen, wurde das virtuelle Labor “SonicLab” entwickelt, mit dem akustische Messungen durchgeführt werden können. Es erlaubt den Studierenden, sich mit den Prüfräumen, Meßgeräten und dem Ablauf der Messungen vertraut zu machen. Ingenieure und vor allem Handwerker sind oftmals mit neuen bauphysikalischen Fragestellungen konfrontiert. Als Möglichkeit ihrer Schulung wurde in Zusammenarbeit mit der Handwerkskammer Münster ein Kompetenz‐ und Demonstrationszentrum für energiesparendes und ökologisches Bauen erstellt. Dort werden Weiterbildungsseminare mit Zuhilfenahme von Online‐Messungen im Gebäude und Lern‐ und Lehrsoftwaretools durchgeführt.
Towards Enantioselective Nucleophilic Trifluoromethylation
Authors: Roussel Solveig , Billard Thierry , Langlois Bernard R. , Saint‐James Laurent
Published: December 2004

Various trifluoroacetamides and trifluoromethanesulfinamides, derived from chiral silylated amino alcohols, have been synthesized with the goal of achieving enantioselective nucleophilic trifluoromethylation. The best results were obtained with (R)‐phenylglycinol derivatives, but the ee values did not exceed 30 %.
A New Ternary Arsenide LaNi5As3: Preparation and Crystal Structure.
Authors: Babizhetskyy Volodymyr , Guerin Roland , Simon Arndt
Published: December 2004

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Chiolite, a Case Study for Combining NMR Crystallography, Diffraction and Structural Simulation.
Authors: Dutour Julien , Guillou Nathalie , Huguenard Clarisse , Taulelle Francis , Mellot‐Draznieks Caroline , Ferey Gerard
Published: December 2004

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Colloidal ZnSe, ZnSe/ZnS, and ZnSe/ZnSeS Quantum Dots Synthesized from ZnO.
Authors: Chen Hsueh‐Shih , Lo Bertrand , Hwang Jen‐Yu , Chang Gwo‐Yang , Chen Chien‐Ming , Tasi Shih‐Jung , Wang Shian‐Jy Jassy
Published: December 2004

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Crystal Structure and Lithium Insertion Properties of Orthorhombic Li2TiFe(PO4)3 and Li2TiCr(PO4)3.
Authors: Patoux Sebastien , Rousse Gwenaelle , Leriche Jean‐Bernard , Masquelier Christian
Published: December 2004

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Cm(III) Sorption onto Sapphire (α‐Al2O3) Single Crystals.
Authors: Rabung Th. , Schild D. , Geckeis H. , Klenze R. , Fanghaenel Th.
Published: December 2004

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Highly Enantioselective Dimerization of α,β‐Enones Catalyzed by a Rigid Quaternary Ammonium Salt.
Authors: Zhang Fu‐Yao , Corey E. J.
Published: December 2004

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Facile Removal of 4‐Phenyl‐oxazolidinethione Auxiliary with EtSH Mediated by DBU.
Authors: Wu Yikang , Hu Qi , Sun Ya‐Ping , Yang Yong‐Qing
Published: December 2004

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A New, Practical Access to Amidyl Radicals.
Authors: Moutrille Cecile , Zard Samir Z.
Published: December 2004

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Oxidation of Benzylic Alcohols to Carbonyl Compounds with Potassium Permanganate in Ionic Liquids.
Authors: Kumar Anil , Jain Nidhi , Chauhan S. M. S.
Published: December 2004

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A Mild and Efficient Method for Cleavage of C=N Using Imidazolium Dichromate.
Authors: De Surya Kanta
Published: December 2004

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A New, Iterative Strategy for the Synthesis of Unsymmetrical Polyynes: Application to the Total Synthesis of 15,16‐Dihydrominquartynoic Acid.
Authors: Kim Sanghee , Kim Shinae , Lee Taeho , Ko Hyojin , Kim Deukjoon
Published: December 2004

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Direct Organocatalytic Asymmetric Aldol Reactions of α‐Amino Aldehydes: Expedient Syntheses of Highly Enantiomerically Enriched anti‐β‐Hydroxy‐α‐amino Acids.
Authors: Thayumanavan Rajeswari , Tanaka Fujie , Barbas Carlos F. III
Published: December 2004

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Microwave‐Assisted Synthesis of Diaryl Ethers from Reactions of Phenols with Nitroaryl Fluorides under Solvent‐Free Conditions.
Authors: Lee Jong Chan , Choi Ju‐Hee , Lee Jin Seo
Published: December 2004

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One‐Pot Sequential Baylis—Hillman and Michael Reactions.
Authors: Wang Wengui , Yu Marvin
Published: December 2004

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A Simple and Efficient Synthesis of N‐[2‐{(4‐Propionyloxyphenyl)thio}ethyl]propionamide (DIPCAP), a Tyrosine‐Dependent Cytotoxic Agent as a Topical Antimelanoma Therapy.
Authors: Coutts Lisa D. , Meckler Harold , Popp Karl F.
Published: December 2004

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Asymmetric 1,4‐Addition of Triarylbismuths to Enones Catalyzed by Dicationic Palladium(II) Complexes.
Authors: Nishikata Takashi , Yamamoto Yasunori , Miyaura Norio
Published: December 2004

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General Facile Synthesis of 2,5‐Diarylheteropentalenes.
Authors: Vachal Petr , Toth Leslie M.
Published: December 2004

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Regioselective Pd‐Catalyzed Alkylative Lactonizations of 4‐Hydroxy‐2‐alkynecarboxylates with Organoboronic Acids.
Authors: Oh Chang Ho , Park Su Jin , Ryu Jin Hyang , Gupta Arun Kumar
Published: December 2004

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Enantioselective Synthesis of Functionalized γ‐Butyrolactones.
Authors: Samarat Ali , Amri Hassen , Landais Yannick
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Trifluoromethylated Pyrazoles from Trifluoromethylenaminones and Monosubstituted Hydrazines.
Authors: Touzot Aline , Soufyane Mustapha , Berber Hatice , Toupet Loic , Mirand Catherine
Published: December 2004

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1‐Phenyl‐3‐toluyl‐4‐ [ortho‐1′‐(N‐ethyl‐2′‐methylpropylamine)]phenylpyrazole, Synthesis and Evaluation of the in vitro Antifungal Activity Against Botrytis cinerea and Fusarium oxysporum.
Authors: Dardari Zainaba , Boudouma Mohammed , Sebban Abdelfatah , Bahloul Abdelmejid , Kitane Said , Berrada Mohamed
Published: December 2004

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A Convenient Synthesis of 3‐Amino‐4‐imino(thioxo)‐imidazolidin‐2‐ones.
Authors: Kurz Thomas , Widyan Khalid
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Secondary and Tertiary Aminofurazans.
Authors: Sheremetev A. B. , Andrianov V. G. , Mantseva E. V. , Shatunova E. V. , Aleksandrova N. S. , Yudin I. L. , Dmitriev D. E. , Averkiev B. B. , Antipin M. Yu.
Published: December 2004

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Preparation of Chromane Derivatives via Indium‐Mediated Intramolecular Allylation Reactions.
Authors: Cha Joo Hwan , Cho Yong Seo , Koh Hun Yeong , Lee Eun , Kim Yong‐Tae , Yang Hae‐Hun , Kang Han‐Young
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of Pyridine and 2,2′‐Bipyridine Derivatives from the Aza Diels—Alder Reaction of Substituted 1,2,4‐Triazines.
Authors: Stanforth Stephen P. , Tarbit Brian , Watson Michael D.
Published: December 2004

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Intramolecular Diels—Alder Reaction of 4‐(N‐Furfuryl)aminobut‐1‐enes. New Approach to the Synthesis of 6,8a‐Epoxyoctahydroisoquinoline (3‐Aza‐11‐oxatricyclo[6.2.1.01,6]undec‐9‐ene) Derivatives.
Authors: Zubkov F. I. , Nikitina E. V. , Turchin K. F. , Safronova A. A. , Borisov R. S. , Varlamov A. V.
Published: December 2004

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Optimized Synthesis of Tetrahydroisoquinoline‐Hydantoins.
Authors: Charton Julie , Gassiot Amaury Cazenave , Melnyk Patricia , Girault‐Mizzi Sophie , Sergheraert Christian
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and Biological Application of a New 1,2,5‐Oxadiazolo[3,4‐c]pyridine Moiety Fluorescent Marker.
Authors: Balasu Mihaela C. , Costea Ion , Fratila Raluca , Popescu Angela , Draghici Constantin , Szedlacsek Stefan E.
Published: December 2004

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Reactions of β‐Aminopropionic Acid N′‐Acylhydrazides with Carbonyl Compounds.
Authors: Smirnov G. A. , Sizova E. P. , Luk'yanov O. A.
Published: December 2004

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One Pot Synthesis of Thiazolodihydropyrimidinones and Evaluation of Their Anticancer Activity.
Authors: Holla B. Shivarama , Rao B. Sooryanarayana , Sarojini B. K. , Akberali P. M.
Published: December 2004

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A 1,3‐Diaza‐Claisen Rearrangement that Affords Guanidines.
Authors: Bowser Amy M. , Madalengoitia Jose S.
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and Structure—Activity Relationships of Uracil Derived Human GnRH Receptor Antagonists: (R)‐3‐[2‐(2‐Amino)phenethyl]‐1‐(2,6‐difluorobenzyl)‐6‐methyluracils Containing a Substituted Thiophene or Thiazole at C‐5.
Authors: Rowbottom Martin W. , et al. et al.
Published: December 2004

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Highly Regioselective Synthesis of Tetrahydro‐2H‐1,3‐thiazin‐2‐ones via Rhodium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of N‐Alkylisothiazolidines.
Authors: Dong Chune , Alper Howard
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of New Aromatic Perfluorovinyl Ether Monomers Containing Phosphonic Acid Functionality.
Authors: Souzy Renaud , Ameduri Bruno , Boutevin Bernard , Virieux David
Published: December 2004

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A New Triterpene from Salvia coccinea
Authors: Mukherjee K. S. , Mukhopadhyay B. , Brahmachari G.
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis of 6‐Hydroxy Derivatives of Steroidal Hormones by SeO2 Mediated Oxidation.
Authors: Strommer Rainer , Hoedl Claudia , Strauss Wolfgang , Sailer Reinhard , Haslinger Ernst , Schramm Hans Wolfgang , Seger Christoph
Published: December 2004

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A Novel Glycosidation of Glycosyl Fluoride Using a Designed Ionic Liquid and Its Effect on the Stereoselectivity.
Authors: Sasaki Kaname , Matsumura Shuichi , Toshima Kazunobu
Published: December 2004

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Aliphatic Alcohol and Iridoid Glycosides from Asystasia intrusa
Authors: Kanchanapoom Tripetch , Ruchirawat Somsak , Kasai Ryoji , Otsuka Hideaki
Published: December 2004

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Nucleic Acid Related Compounds. Part 124. Azoles as Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Leaving Groups: Syntheses of 6‐Arylpurine 2′‐Deoxynucleosides and Nucleosides from 6‐(Imidazol‐1‐yl)‐ and 6‐(1,2,4‐Triazol‐4‐yl)purine Derivatives.
Authors: Liu Jiangqiong , Robins Morris J.
Published: December 2004

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Synthesis and Antimicrobial Activity of New 7β‐(Benzo[a]dihydrocarbazolyloxyacetyl)‐Substituted Cephalosporins.
Authors: Rossello Armando , Orlandini Elisabetta , Nuti Elisa , Rapposelli Simona , Macchia Marco , Di Modugno Enza , Balsamo Aldo
Published: December 2004

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Reactions of 4‐Methylidenedioxolan‐2‐ones with 2‐Methyltryptamines. Synthesis of Core Analogues of Aurantioclavine.
Authors: Titov I. Yu. , Chernysheva N. B. , Bogolyubov A. A. , Semenov V. V. , Nenajdenko V. G. , Balenkova E. S.
Published: December 2004

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Magnetic Particles: Preparation, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Ozaki Masataka
Published: December 2004

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Understanding Nucleic Acids Using Synthetic Chemistry.
Authors: Benner Steven A.
Published: December 2004

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The Virtue of the Multifunctional Triazene Linkers in the Efficient Solid‐Phase Synthesis of Heterocycle Libraries.
Authors: Braese Stefan
Published: December 2004

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Current Trends in Quantitative Structure Activity Relationships on FXa Inhibitors: Evaluation and Comparative Analysis.
Authors: Kontogiorgis Christos A. , Hadjipavlou‐Litina Dimitra
Published: December 2004

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Chemical Synthesis in Micro Reactors
Authors: Watts Paul
Published: December 2004

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Cyclic, Modified and Conjugated Peptides
Authors: Davies John S.
Published: December 2004

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Mechanochemical Modification and Synthesis of Drugs
Authors: Boldyrev V. V.
Published: December 2004

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Why Biphenyl Configuration Still Matters
Authors: Kahr Bart , Kaminsky Werner , Claborn Kacey
Published: December 2004

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Approaches to the Solid‐Phase Extraction of Equine Urine
Authors: Wynne P. M. , Batty D. C. , Vine J. H. , Simpson N. J. K.
Published: December 2004

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Applications of Nuclear Shielding
Authors: Kuroki S. , Asakawa N. , Yasunaga H.
Published: December 2004

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Growth of Neodymium Oxide This Films by Liquid Injection MOCVD Using a New Neodymium Alkoxide Precursor
Authors: Aspinall H.C. , Gaskell J.M. , Loo Y.F. , Jones A.C. , Chalker P.R. , Potter R.J. , Smith L.M. , Critchlow G.W.
Published: December 2004

Thin films of gadolinium oxide, GdOx, have been deposited by liquid injection MOCVD using the volatile gadolinium alkoxide precursor, [Gd(mmp)3] (mmp = 1‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐2‐propanolate, OCMe2CH2OMe). Carbon‐free GdOx films were grown over a wide range of substrate temperatures (300–600 °C) on both Si(100) and GaAs(100) substrates. X‐ray diffraction (XRD) data indicated that GdOx films grown on Si(100) were amorphous at low deposition temperatures, and crystalline with a C‐type structure at growth temperatures of 450 °C and above. GdOx films grown on GaAs at 450 °C showed a strong preferred orientation, dominated by the (222) reflection.
Growth of Gadolinium Oxide This Films by Liquid Injection MOCVD Using a New Gadolinium Alkoxide Precursor
Authors: Loo Y.F. , Potter R.J. , Jones A.C. , Aspinall H.C. , Gaskell J.M. , Chalker P.R. , Smith L.M. , Critchlow G.W.
Published: December 2004

Thin films of neodymium oxide (Nd2O3) have been deposited on Si(100) and GaAs(100) substrates by liquid injection MOCVD using the new neodymium alkoxide, [Nd(mmp)3] (mmp = 1‐methoxy‐2‐methyl‐2‐propanolate, OCMe2CH2OMe). The films were grown over a wide range of substrate temperatures (250–550 °C) and were found to be of high purity, with no detectable carbon. The films exhibited the cubic C‐type Nd2O3 phase or were amorphous depending on substrate temperature.