bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of trophoblast cell receptor expression in HIV‐1 passage across the placenta in pre‐eclampsia: an observational study
Authors: Dorsamy V , Vallen C , Haffejee F , Moodley J , Naicker T
Published: October 2016

Objective

To compare expression of markers of HIV and associated receptors (p24, CD4, CCR5 and ICAM‐2) in placentae and umbilical cords of HIV‐associated and pre‐eclamptic pregnancies to elucidate any association between these conditions in mother‐to‐child transmission.

Design

Cross‐sectional immunohistochemical analysis of target receptor expression.

Setting

Laboratory‐based study of primigravidae attending a district hospital in South Africa.

Population or sample

Retrospectively collected placental tissue (stratified into four groups according to HIV status of normotensive and pre‐eclamptic participants (n = 20/group).

Method

Immunohistochemistry utilising CD4 (1:1), p24 (1:10), CCR5 (1:80) and ICAM‐2 (1:100) antibodies was performed using light microscopy for image acquisition and analysis.

Main outcome measures

Evaluate the expression of receptors on syncytiotrophoblast involved in in utero transmission of HIV.

Results

Syncytiotrophoblast was immunopositive for CD4 and CCR5 antibody with greater expression of CCR5 in HIV‐positive versus HIV‐negative groups (F1,159 = 6.979, P = 0.009) and normotensive versus pre‐eclamptic groups (F1,159 = 8.803, P = 0.003). p24 was present in both placentae and umbilical cords of babies that were HIV‐negative at 6 weeks. ICAM‐2 immunostaining was observed in the syncytiotrophoblast across study groups and was significantly higher in the HIV‐negative pre‐eclamptic group (χ2 (3)  = 45.3; P < 0.001).

Conclusion

Concurrent CD4 and CCR5 receptor expression demonstrates possible in utero viral entry routes across the placental barrier. ICAM‐2 expression may influence HIV passage across the placenta or restoration of risk of pre‐eclampsia in HAART‐treated mothers. HIV was found in fetal circulation regardless of antiretroviral treatment. Further confirmatory ultrastructural and molecular work is warranted.

Tweetable abstract

CD4, CCR5 and ICAM‐2 on syncytiotrophoblast may facilitate HIV infection of passage across the placenta.
Two sides of a coin: host‐plant synchrony fitness trade‐offs in the population dynamics of the western spruce budworm
Authors: Régnière Jacques , Nealis Vincent G.
Published: October 2016

Conifer‐feeding budworms emerge from overwintering sites as small larvae in early spring, several days before budburst, and mine old needles. These early‐emerging larvae suffer considerable mortality during this foraging period as they disperse in search of available, current‐year buds. Once buds flush, surviving budworms construct feeding shelters and must complete maturation before fresh host foliage senesces and lignifies later in the summer. Late‐developing larvae suffer greater mortality and survivors have lower fecundity when feeding on older foliage. Thus, there is a seasonal trade‐off in fitness associated with host synchrony: early‐emerging budworms have a greater risk of mortality during spring dispersal but gain better access to the most nutritious foliage, while, on the other hand, late‐emerging larvae incur a lower risk during the initial foraging period but must contend with rapidly diminishing resource quality at the end of the feeding period. We investigate the balance that results from these early‐season and late‐season synchrony fitness trade‐offs using the concept of the phenological window. Parameters associated with the variation in the phenological window are used to estimate generational fitness as a function of host‐plant synchrony. Because defoliation modifies these relationships, it is also included in the analysis. We show that fitness trade‐offs characterizing the phenological window result in a robust synchrony relationship between budworm and host plant over a wide geographic range in southern British Columbia, Canada.
Quorum Sensing Involved in the Spoilage Process of the Skin and Flesh of Vacuum‐Packaged Farmed Turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) Stored at 4 °C
Authors: Zhang Caili , Zhu Suqin , Wu Haohao , Jatt Abdul‐Nabi , Pan Yurong , Zeng Mingyong
Published: October 2016

Fish skin has both positive and negative effects on the shelf‐life of the fish. This study aimed to investigate the spoilage process of the skin and flesh of refrigerated farmed turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) with vacuum packaging. Microbial community changes were analyzed by combining culture‐dependent and culture‐independent methods. The results indicated that the shelf‐life of vacuum‐packaged refrigerated turbot was 16 d; skin mucus was the interference factor of turbot quality. The culture‐dependent analysis demonstrated that the total viable counts and the population of H2S‐producing bacteria, Pseudomonas spp., Enterobacteriaceae spp., and lactic acid bacteria in skin had a range of 0.45 to 1.40 log (CFU/g) higher than the microbial numbers in flesh after 16 d in storage. 16S high throughout sequencing results demonstrated that the compositions of spoilage microbes were similar in skin and flesh. Shewanella spp., followed by Carnobacterium spp., was the dominant spoilage organism at day 16. Quorum sensing (QS) signaling activity increased during the storage. Exogenous N‐butanoyl‐L‐homoserinelactone(C4‐HSL) and N‐hexanoyl‐Lhomoserine lactone (C6‐HSL) significantly accelerated the spoilage process of refrigerated turbot, while the addition of 4, 5‐Dihydroxypentane‐2, 3‐dione (DPD) prolonged the lag phase duration. Therefore, QS may be involved in the spoilage process of refrigerated turbot.
Diversity and linkage disequilibrium in farmed Tasmanian Atlantic salmon
Authors: Kijas J. , Elliot N. , Kube P. , Evans B. , Botwright N. , King H. , Primmer C. R. , Verbyla K.
Published: October 2016

Farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) is a globally important production species, including in Australia where breeding and selection has been in progress since the 1960s. The recent development of SNP genotyping platforms means genome‐wide association and genomic prediction can now be implemented to speed genetic gain. As a precursor, this study collected genotypes at 218 132 SNPs in 777 fish from a Tasmanian breeding population to assess levels of genetic diversity, the strength of linkage disequilibrium (LD) and imputation accuracy. Genetic diversity in Tasmanian Atlantic salmon was lower than observed within European populations when compared using four diversity metrics. The distribution of allele frequencies also showed a clear difference, with the Tasmanian animals carrying an excess of low minor allele frequency variants. The strength of observed LD was high at short distances (<25 kb) and remained above background for marker pairs separated by large chromosomal distances (hundreds of kb), in sharp contrast to the European Atlantic salmon tested. Genotypes were used to evaluate the accuracy of imputation from low density (0.5 to 5 K) up to increased density SNP sets (78 K). This revealed high imputation accuracies (0.89–0.97), suggesting that the use of low density SNP sets will be a successful approach for genomic prediction in this population. The long‐range LD, comparatively low genetic diversity and high imputation accuracy in Tasmanian salmon is consistent with known aspects of their population history, which involved a small founding population and an absence of subsequent introgression. The findings of this study represent an important first step towards the design of methods to apply genomics in this economically important population.
The Bølling‐age Blomvåg Beds, western Norway: implications for the Older Dryas glacial re‐advance and the age of the deglaciation
Authors: Mangerud Jan , Briner Jason P. , Goslar Tomasz , Svendsen John Inge
Published: October 2016

Blomvåg, on the western coast of Norway north of Bergen, is a classical site in Norwegian Quaternary science. Foreshore marine sediments, named the Blomvåg Beds and now dated to the Bølling‐Allerød from 14.8 to 13.3 cal. ka BP, contain the richest Lateglacial bone fauna in Norway, numerous mollusc shells, driftwood, and flint that some archaeologists consider as the oldest traces of humans in Norway. The main theme of this paper is that the Blomvåg Beds are overlain by a compact diamicton, named the Ulvøy Diamicton, which was interpreted previously as a basal till deposited during a glacial re‐advance into the ocean during the Older Dryas (c. 14 cal. ka BP). Sediment sections of the Blomvåg Beds and the Ulvøy Diamicton were exposed in ditches in a cemetery that was constructed in 1941–42 and have subsequently not been accessible. A number of radiocarbon and cosmogenic 10Be exposure ages demonstrate that the diamicton is not likely to be a till because minimum deglaciation ages (14.8–14.5 cal. ka BP) from the vicinity pre‐date the Ulvøy Diamicton. We now consider that sea ice and icebergs formed the Ulvøy Diamicton during the Younger Dryas. The Scandinavian Ice Sheet margin was located on the outermost coastal islands between at least c. 18.5 and 14.8 cal. ka BP; however, no ice‐marginal deposits have been found offshore from this long period. The Older Dryas ice margin in this area was located slightly inside the Younger Dryas margin, whereas farther south it was located slightly beyond the Younger Dryas margin.
Self‐efficacy as a mediator of the relationship between parental closeness and suicidal ideation among Malaysian adolescents
Authors: Wu Shin Ling , Yaacob Siti Nor
Published: October 2016

Background

Suicide has become a serious worldwide mental health problem, including Asian countries. Suicidal ideation happens prior to the actual suicidal behaviour; thus, identifying the roots of suicidal ideation is vital. This study investigated the relationships between parental closeness, self‐efficacy and suicidal ideation among adolescents in Malaysia. The mediation effect of self‐efficacy on the relationship between parental closeness and suicidal ideation was also examined.

Method

A total of 684 school‐going adolescents aged 14–17 years old were recruited via multistage cluster sampling. Bivariate analysis was conducted using Pearson's correlation analysis. The mediation model was tested using SPSS macro developed by Preacher and Hayes.

Results

The results showed that mother closeness, father closeness and self‐efficacy had significant negative correlation with suicidal ideation. Specifically, self‐efficacy emerged as a partial mediator in the relation between mother closeness and suicidal ideation. Self‐efficacy also fully mediated the relationship between father closeness and suicidal ideation.

Conclusions

The findings implied that mother closeness had stronger correlation with adolescents' suicidal ideation compared to father closeness, while self‐efficacy plays an important role in the relationship between parental closeness and suicidal ideation. Prevention and intervention efforts by practitioners dealing with adolescents' mental health issues, specifically on suicidal ideation, should seriously consider providing them with skills to enhance mother–adolescent relationship and their self‐efficacy.
Fiscal rules in the Canadian provinces: Abject failure or qualified success?
Authors: Atkinson Michael M. , Mou Haizhen , Bruce Peter
Published: October 2016

Most Canadian provinces have introduced legislation to require politicians of all ideological stripes to meet annual balanced budget (BB) targets. Critics of this type of legislation argue that it is unnecessary, confining, and subject to manipulation. We examine provincial balanced budget legislation before and after the Great Recession and argue that the response of provinces needs to be evaluated taking into account the multiple objectives of fiscal policy and the behavioural changes that the rules introduce, including creative non‐compliance. Rules should be evaluated on their ability to contribute to good fiscal governance rather than on their stringency.
Clarifying binding difference of ATP and ADP to extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2 by using molecular dynamics simulations
Authors: Chen Jianzhong
Published: October 2016

Extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2 is a promising target for designs and development of anticancer drugs. Molecular dynamics simulations and molecular mechanics Poisson–Boltzmann method were applied to study binding difference of ADP and ATP to extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2. The results prove that the binding ability of ATP to extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2 is stronger than that of ADP. Principal component analysis performed by using molecular dynamics trajectories suggests that binding of ADP and ATP to extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2 change motion directions of two helices α1 and α2. Residue‐based free energy decomposition method was adopted to calculate contributions of separate residues to associations of ADP and ATP with extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2. The results show that ADP and ATP produce strong CH–π interactions with five residues Ile29, Val37, Ala50, Leu105, and Leu154. In addition, five hydrogen bonding interactions of ADP and ATP with residues Lys52, Gln103, Asp104, and Met106 also stabilize bindings of ADP and ATP to extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2. Overall, the CH–π interactions of ATP with five residues Ile29, Val37, Ala50, Leu105, and Leu154 are stronger than ADP. This study is expected to contribute a significant theoretical hint for designs of anticancer drugs targeting extracellular signal‐regulated kinase 2.
Evaluation of a population‐based approach to familial colorectal cancer
Authors: Parfrey P.S. , Dicks E. , Parfrey O. , McNicholas P.J. , Noseworthy H. , Woods M.O. , Negriin C. , Green J.
Published: October 2016

As Newfoundland has the highest rate of familial colorectal cancer (CRC) in the world, we started a population‐based clinic to provide colonoscopic and Lynch syndrome (LS) screening recommendations to families of CRC patients based on family risk. Of 1091 incident patients 51% provided a family history. Seventy‐two percent of families were at low or intermediate–low risk of CRC and colonoscopic screening recommendations were provided by letter. Twenty‐eight percent were at high and intermediate–high risk and were referred to the genetic counsellor, but only 30% (N = 48) were interviewed by study end. Colonoscopy was recommended more frequently than every 5 years in 35% of families. Lower family risk was associated with older age of proband but the frequency of screening colonoscopy recommendations varied across all age groups, driven by variability in family history. Twenty‐four percent had a high MMR predict score for a Lynch syndrome mutation, and 23% fulfilled the Provincial Program criteria for LS screening. A population‐based approach in the provision of colonoscopic screening recommendations to families at risk of CRC was limited by the relatively low response rate. A family history first approach to the identification of LS families was inefficient.
Pethidine hydrochloride is a better sedation method for pharyngeal observation by transoral endoscopy compared with no sedation and midazolam
Authors: Yamasaki Yasushi , Ishihara Ryu , Hanaoka Noboru , Matsuura Noriko , Kanesaka Takashi , Akasaka Tomofumi , Kato Minoru , Hamada Kenta , Tonai Yusuke , Yamamoto Sachiko , Takeuchi Yoji , Higashino Koji , Uedo Noriya , Ito Yuri , Yano Masahiko , Iishi Hiroyasu
Published: October 2016

Background and Aim

Standard surveillance methods for pharyngeal cancer have not been established. We conducted a randomized controlled trial to investigate the best sedation method for pharyngeal observation using transoral endoscopy.

Methods

In total, 120 patients who underwent surveillance or diagnostic examinations for esophageal cancer were enrolled and divided equally into three groups (no sedation, midazolam, or pethidine hydrochloride). In the midazolam group, midazolam was given i.v. maintaining a Ramsay score of 3. In the pethidine group, pethidine hydrochloride (35 mg) given i.v. Seven sites in five pharyngeal regions were observed on insertion of the endoscope, and graded (0 = poor, 1 = good). After examination, the five pharyngeal regions were scored using a seven‐point scale. Primary endpoint was the total score from the five pharyngeal regions. Secondary endpoints were the proportion of the perfect score using the seven‐point scale, discomfort score, and adverse events.

Results

Mean total scores for the no sedation group, the midazolam group and the pethidine group were 5.7, 5.5, and 6.8, respectively (P < 0.0001). Proportion of patients with a perfect score for the no sedation group, the midazolam group and the pethidine group were 53%, 35%, and 89%, respectively (P < 0.0001). The pethidine group had better results than the other two groups. Discomfort score and adverse events were low in the pethidine group.

Conclusion

Pethidine hydrochloride is a feasible and safe sedation method, and was superior to no sedation and midazolam regarding pharyngeal observation of esophageal cancer patients.
Research Involving Health Providers and Managers: Ethical Issues Faced by Researchers Conducting Diverse Health Policy and Systems Research in Kenya
Authors: Molyneux Sassy , Tsofa Benjamin , Barasa Edwine , Nyikuri Mary Muyoka , Waweru Evelyn Wanjiku , Goodman Catherine , Gilson Lucy
Published: October 2016

There is a growing interest in the ethics of Health Policy and Systems Research (HPSR), and especially in areas that have particular ethical salience across HPSR. Hyder et al (2014) provide an initial framework to consider this, and call for more conceptual and empirical work. In this paper, we respond by examining the ethical issues that arose for researchers over the course of conducting three HPSR studies in Kenya in which health managers and providers were key participants. All three studies involved qualitative work including observations and individual and group interviews. Many of the ethical dilemmas researchers faced only emerged over the course of the fieldwork, or on completion, and were related to interactions and relationships between individuals operating at different levels or positions in health/research systems. The dilemmas reveal significant ethical challenges for these forms of HPSR, and show that potential ‘solutions’ to dilemmas often lead to new issues and complications. Our experiences support the value of research ethics frameworks, and suggest that these can be enriched by incorporating careful consideration of context embedded social relations into research planning and conduct. Many of these essential relational elements of ethical practice, and of producing quality data, are given stronger emphasis in social science research ethics than in epidemiological, clinical or biomedical research ethics, and are particularly relevant where health systems are understood as social and political constructs. We conclude with practical and research implications.
Cross‐cultural validity of standardized motor development screening and assessment tools: a systematic review
Authors: Mendonça Bianca , Sargent Barbara , Fetters Linda
Published: October 2016

Aim

To investigate whether standardized motor development screening and assessment tools that are used to evaluate motor abilities of children aged 0 to 2 years are valid in cultures other than those in which the normative sample was established.

Method

This was a systematic review in which six databases were searched. Studies were selected based on inclusion/exclusion criteria and appraised for evidence level and quality. Study variables were extracted.

Results

Twenty‐three studies representing six motor development screening and assessment tools in 16 cultural contexts met the inclusion criteria: Alberta Infant Motor Scale (n=7), Ages and Stages Questionnaire, 3rd edition (n=2), Bayley Scales of Infant and Toddler Development, 3rd edition (n=8), Denver Developmental Screening Test, 2nd edition (n=4), Harris Infant Neuromotor Test (n=1), and Peabody Developmental Motor Scales, 2nd edition (n=1). Thirteen studies found significant differences between the cultural context and normative sample. Two studies established reliability and/or validity of standardized motor development assessments in high‐risk infants from different cultural contexts. Five studies established new population norms. Eight studies described the cross‐cultural adaptation of a standardized motor development assessment.

Interpretation

Standardized motor development assessments have limited validity in cultures other than that in which the normative sample was established. Their use can result in under‐ or over‐referral for services.
True morphology of mitral regurgitant flow assessed by three‐dimensional transesophageal echocardiography
Authors: Lombardero Martin , Henquin Ruth , Perea Gabriel , Corneli Mariana , Izurieta Carlos
Published: October 2016

Introduction

Quantification of mitral regurgitation (MR) by two‐dimensional (2D) transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) is based on the analysis of the proximal flow convergence (PFC) and the “vena contracta” (VC). This method assumes geometries and can be misleading. In contrast, three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography directly measures flow volumes and does not assume geometries, which allows for more accurate MR evaluation.

Aims

To report the 3D transesophageal echocardiography (3DTEE) feasibility for MR quantification and evaluate its concordance with 2D echo.

Methods

Twenty‐seven consecutive patients undergoing 2D and 3DTEE for presurgical MR evaluation were studied prospectively. MR quantification was performed by classical 2D methods based on PFC. Diameters of the VC in orthogonal planes by 3DTEE were estimated, establishing the VC sphericity index as well as VC area (VCA) by direct planimetry. In case of multiple jets, we calculated the sum of the VCA.

Results

MR assessment by 3DTEE was feasible. An adequate concordance between VC measurements by 2D methods (TTE and TEE) was observed; however, there was a poor correlation when compared with 3DTEE. The sphericity index of the VC was: 2.08 (±0. 72), reflecting a noncircular VC.

Conclusions

3DTEE is a feasible method for the assessment of the MR true morphology, allowing a better quantification of MR without assuming any geometry. This method revealed the presence of multiple jets, potentially improving MR evaluation and leading to changes in medical decision when compared to 2D echo assessment.
Atypical echocardiographic findings in traumatic aortic transection
Authors: Gerstein Neal S. , Jinkins Lindsay J. , Nguyen Liem C. , Maus Timothy M. , Dettmer Todd S. , Deriy Lev
Published: October 2016

Aortic rupture and transection are constituents of the acute aortic syndrome. Injury to the thoracic aorta during motor vehicle crashes is associated with blunt chest trauma and rapid deceleration mechanisms. Type A dissections and/or rupture of the aorta at the level of the aortic isthmus are the more common presentations of aortic injuries associated with motor vehicle crashes. We present the case of atypical echocardiographic findings of a nearly complete circumferential transection of the proximal ascending aorta injury after a motorcycle crash.
Trees as islands: canopy ant species richness increases with the size of liana‐free trees in a Neotropical forest
Authors: Adams Benjamin J. , Schnitzer Stefan A. , Yanoviak Stephen P.
Published: October 2016

The physical characteristics of habitats shape local community structure; a classic example is the positive relationship between the size of insular habitats and species richness. Despite the high density and proximity of tree crowns in forests, trees are insular habitats for some taxa. Specifically, crown isolation (i.e. crown shyness) prevents the movement of small cursorial animals among trees. Here, we tested the hypothesis that the species richness of ants (Sa) in individual, isolated trees embedded within tropical forest canopies increases with tree size. We predicted that this pattern disappears when trees are connected by lianas (woody vines) or when strong interactions among ant species determine tree occupancy. We surveyed the resident ants of 213 tree crowns in lowland tropical forest of Panama. On average, 9.2 (range = 2–20) ant species occupied a single tree crown. Average (± SE) Sa was ca 25% higher in trees with lianas (10.2 ± 0.26) than trees lacking lianas (8.0 ± 0.51). Sa increased with tree size in liana‐free trees (Sa = 10.99A0.256), but not in trees with lianas. Ant species composition also differed between trees with and without lianas. Specifically, ant species with solitary foragers occurred more frequently in trees with lianas. The mosaic‐like pattern of species co‐occurrence observed in other arboreal ant communities was not found in this forest. Collectively, the results of this study indicate that lianas play an important role in shaping the local community structure of arboreal ants by overcoming the insular nature of tree crowns.
Are myelodysplastic syndromes underdiagnosed in Poland? A report by the Polish Adult Leukaemia Group
Authors: Drozd‐Sokołowska Joanna E. , Mądry Krzysztof , Waszczuk‐Gajda Anna , Żółtak Tomasz , Sikorska Anna , Mital Andrzej , Wajs Jarosław , Semeńczuk Grażyna , Szmigielska‐Kapłon Anna , Szczepańska Magdalena , Wasilewska Ewa , Szwedyk Paweł , Hołojda Jadwiga , Wątek Marzena , Stella‐Hołowiecka Beata , Soroka‐Wojtaszko Maria , Homenda Wojciech , Polak Mirosław , Guzicka‐Kazimierska Renata , Porowska Agnieszka , Wiktor‐Jędrzejczak Wiesław , Dwilewicz‐Trojaczek Jadwiga
Published: October 2016

Objectives

The epidemiology of myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) differs among countries. Here, we present the first epidemiological indices determined for Poland.

Methods

Twenty‐one haematological centres participated in the study. Patients diagnosed with MDS and acute myeloid leukaemia (AML) with 20–29% blasts were enrolled. Data collection was conducted for strictly predefined period.

Results

The overall crude incidence rate for all MDS subtypes was 1.95 (95% CI, 1.81–2.09) per 100 000 person‐years: 2.46 (95% CI, 2.24–2.69) for males and 1.47 (95% CI, 1.31–1.65) for females; after excluding AML cases, the indices were as follows: 2.35 (95% CI, 2.08–2.66) for males and 1.27 (95% CI, 1.08–1.5) for females. Prevalence rate was 6.2 per 100 000 persons (95% CI, 5.96–6.45), that is 6.86 (95% CI, 6.49–7.24) for males and 5.58 (95% CI, 5.26–5.92) for females. Both incidence and prevalence increased with increasing age. The most frequently diagnosed MDS subtype was refractory cytopenia with multilineage dysplasia (RCMD), responsible for 30.3% of all newly diagnosed MDSs.

Conclusions

RCMD is the most frequent MDS subtype in Poland. Incidence and prevalence indices are lower than those reported for other populations, which probably results from inadequate diagnosis of potential cases of this disease.
Soil organic matter content controls gross nitrogen dynamics and N2O production in riparian and upland boreal soil
Authors: Figueiredo V. , Enrich‐Prast A. , Rütting T.
Published: October 2016

We investigated the pathways of gross soil nitrogen (N) transformations and nitrous oxide (N2O) production with 15N enrichment techniques in a boreal forest landscape by comparing organic (riparian) and mineral (upland) soil within two catchments in northern Sweden. The values of all soil properties evaluated for the riparin and upland zones were statistically different (P < 0.05). The rates of gross N transformation were larger in the riparian than in the upland soil (P < 0.05), which can be explained by the larger soil organic matter (SOM) content that provides energy and mineral N as a substrate for other processes. The riparian soil at one site shows a decoupling of nitrification from mineralization; the largest gross mineralization occurred in the soil at this site, but gross nitrification was relatively small. This was probably because of the low pH (2.7 ± 0.1), which inhibits the activity of autotrophic nitrifiers. Oxidation of organic N was the main source of N2O in the soil at all sites, probably because of low soil pH and large organic carbon content, which favours heterotrophic nitrification. The results of our study confirm that organic matter is the main regulating factor for gross N mineralization and nitrification; the latter are markedly different in the organic‐rich riparian soil and the upland soil in the boreal forest landscape.

Highlights

Which soil properties control gross N transformations and N2O production pathways in boreal soil?

Examined nitrogen dynamics in two boreal forest soils with 15N.

Considerable oxidation of organic N in boreal soil is the main source of N2O.

Soil organic matter is the main regulator of N transformations in boreal forest soil.
Cannabidiol as a new treatment for drug‐resistant epilepsy in tuberous sclerosis complex
Authors: Hess Evan J. , Moody Kirsten A. , Geffrey Alexandra L. , Pollack Sarah F. , Skirvin Lauren A. , Bruno Patricia L. , Paolini Jan L. , Thiele Elizabeth A.
Published: October 2016

Objective

Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal‐dominant genetic disorder with highly variable expression. The most common neurologic manifestation of TSC is epilepsy, which affects approximately 85% of patients, 63% of whom develop treatment‐resistant epilepsy. Herein, we evaluate the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of cannabidiol (CBD), a nonpsychoactive compound derived from the marijuana plant, as an adjunct to current antiepileptic drugs in patients with refractory seizures in the setting of TSC.

Methods

Eighteen of the 56 patients who have enrolled in our current expanded‐access study of cannabidiol for patients with treatment‐resistant epilepsy carry a diagnosis of TSC. After an initial baseline period of 1 month, patients began treatment with CBD. The initial dose of 5 mg/kg/day was increased by 5 mg/kg/day every week up to a maximum dose of 50 mg/kg/day, if tolerated. Weekly seizure frequencies, percent change in seizure frequencies, and responder rates were calculated during the 2nd, 3rd, 6th, 9th, and 12th month of treatment with CBD.

Results

The median weekly seizure frequency during the baseline period was 22.0 (interquartile range [IQR] 14.8–57.4), which decreased to 13.3 (IQR 5.1–22.1) after 3 months of treatment with cannabidiol. The median percent change in total weekly seizure frequency was −48.8% (IQR −69.1% to −11.1%) after 3 months of treatment. The 50% responder rates over the course of the study were 50%, 50%, 38.9%, 50%, and 50% after 2, 3, 6, 9, and 12 months of treatment with CBD, respectively. In patients taking clobazam concurrently with CBD (n = 12), the responder rate after 3 months of treatment was 58.3%, compared to 33.3% in patients not taking clobazam (n = 6). Twelve (66.7%) of 18 patients in this study experienced at least one adverse event thought possibly related to CBD; the most common adverse events were drowsiness (n = 8, 44.4%), ataxia (n = 5, 27.8%), and diarrhea (n = 4, 22.2%).

Significance

Although double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials are still necessary, these findings suggest that cannabidiol may be an effective and well‐tolerated treatment option for patients with refractory seizures in TSC.
Practical guide to single layer centrifugation of stallion semen
Authors: Morrell J. M. , Nunes M. M.
Published: October 2016

The technique of single layer centrifugation through species‐specific colloids has been gaining acceptance over the last few years as a practical method of improving the sperm quality of stallion semen for artificial insemination. This article explains the background to the technique and the different colloid formulations used, suggests some applications of the technique with particular reference to the equine breeding industry, describes the method in detail, and finally provides some guidance for problem solving. It is intended as a practical guide for those considering using the technique to improve sperm quality and pregnancy rates in equine artificial insemination and embryo transfer.
Using Diurnal Temperature Signals to Infer Vertical Groundwater‐Surface Water Exchange
Authors: Irvine Dylan J. , Briggs Martin A. , Lautz Laura K. , Gordon Ryan P. , McKenzie Jeffrey M. , Cartwright Ian
Published: October 2016

Heat is a powerful tracer to quantify fluid exchange between surface water and groundwater. Temperature time series can be used to estimate pore water fluid flux, and techniques can be employed to extend these estimates to produce detailed plan‐view flux maps. Key advantages of heat tracing include cost‐effective sensors and ease of data collection and interpretation, without the need for expensive and time‐consuming laboratory analyses or induced tracers. While the collection of temperature data in saturated sediments is relatively straightforward, several factors influence the reliability of flux estimates that are based on time series analysis (diurnal signals) of recorded temperatures. Sensor resolution and deployment are particularly important in obtaining robust flux estimates in upwelling conditions. Also, processing temperature time series data involves a sequence of complex steps, including filtering temperature signals, selection of appropriate thermal parameters, and selection of the optimal analytical solution for modeling. This review provides a synthesis of heat tracing using diurnal temperature oscillations, including details on optimal sensor selection and deployment, data processing, model parameterization, and an overview of computing tools available. Recent advances in diurnal temperature methods also provide the opportunity to determine local saturated thermal diffusivity, which can improve the accuracy of fluid flux modeling and sensor spacing, which is related to streambed scour and deposition. These parameters can also be used to determine the reliability of flux estimates from the use of heat as a tracer.
Designing emulsion droplets of foods and beverages to enhance delivery of lipophilic bioactive components – a review of recent advances
Authors: Raikos Vassilios , Ranawana Viren
Published: October 2016

Lipophilic bioactive compounds such as lipids, vitamins and phytochemicals serve important antioxidant, functional, nutritional and structural roles in the human body. Colloidal systems such as emulsions are particularly suitable matrices for the protection and delivery of these compounds. This article summarises the principal lipophilic bioactives important for human health and challenges associated with their delivery. It discusses the compositional and physical characteristics of emulsions in relation to bioactive delivery, and chemical stability aspects to consider when engineering efficient emulsion delivery systems. The literature shows that aspects such as oil type, droplet size, interfacial composition and solubilisation capacity impact bioactive availability and that their effects are bioactive specific. Therefore, emulsions must be tailored to the bioactives delivered. Much of the present knowledge is based on in vitro studies, and more data from animal and human models are required to better understand the relationship between emulsion characteristics and bioavailability of lipophilic bioactives.
Economic Integration of Skilled Migrants in Japan: The Role of Employment Practices
Authors: Holbrow Hilary J. , Nagayoshi Kikuko
Published: October 2016

Scholars argue that institutional arrangements shape migrants’ economic integration trajectories, and yet few studies empirically substantiate this. This study identifies employment institutions in Japan that affect skilled foreign workers. We demonstrate that practices ostensibly introduced to benefit these workers are associated with lower pay, after adjusting for human capital and firm characteristics. High levels of gender inequality also severely disadvantage female skilled migrants. These findings demonstrate that in the Japanese case, detrimental employment institutions often cancel out skilled foreign workers’ returns to human capital. The results may explain why Japan has failed to attract and retain more skilled migrants.
The Energy Transfer and Thermal Stability of a Blue‐Green Color Tunable K2CaP2O7:Ce3+,Tb3+ Phosphor
Authors: Ding Yi , Wang Luxiang , Xu Mengjiao , Jia Dianzeng , Zhou Rui
Published: October 2016

Novel blue‐green emitting Ce3+‐ and Tb3+‐activated K2CaP2O7 (KCPO) luminescent materials were synthesized via a solid‐state reaction method. X‐ray diffraction, luminescence spectroscopy, decay time, and fluorescent thermal stability tests have been used to characterize the prepared samples. The KCPO:Ce3+,Tb3+ luminescence spectra show broad band of Ce3+ ions and characteristic line of Tb3+ ion transition (5D4–7F5). The color variation in the light emitting from blue to green under UV excitation can be obtained by tailoring the Tb3+ content in KCPO:Ce3+. Besides, Ce3+ ions obviously intensify Tb3+ ion emission through an effective energy transfer process, which was confirmed from decay curves. The energy transfer efficiency was determined to be 82.51%. A resonant type mechanism via the dipole–quadrupole interaction can be proposed for energy transfer. As a whole, the KCPO:Ce3+,Tb3+ phosphor exhibits excellent performance in the range from 77 to 673 K, indicating the phosphors are highly potential candidates for solid‐state lighting.
Composition‐Controlled Synthesis of Bismuth Vanadate Photocatalysts via a Facile Electrochemical Method
Authors: Li Xuyun , Qian Bei , Li Jianzhong , Song Zuwei
Published: October 2016

Bismuth vanadate compounds including BiVO4, Bi25VO40, and the composite Bi25VO40/Bi7V11O9 with photocatalytic properties were firstly synthesized via a facile electrochemical strategy. The amount of NaOH in the electrolyte and electric currents were discovered to be crucial variables to the composition, morphology, and crystallinity of the products. Monoclinic phase BiVO4 and Bi25VO40 with sillenite structure can be obtained at 2 A with NaOH concentration of 0–10−4 and 0.1–0.4M, respectively. The acquirement of Bi25VO40/Bi7V11O9 can be achieved with electric current 3–5 A in an electrolyte containing 0.4M NaOH. All the electrosynthesized samples exhibit good visible‐light‐driven photocatalytic activity in the degradation of rhodamine B, much higher than that of the commercial TiO2 (P25).
Mycosis fungoides two decades after exposure to sulphur mustard: a follow‐up of 1100 victims
Authors: Emadi S.N. , Shiri M. , Shiri Z. , Emadi S.E. , Mortazavi H. , Nikoo A. , Akhavan‐Moghaddam J.
Published: October 2016

Background

Sulphur mustard (SM) is an alkylating chemical warfare agent which causes acute and chronic injuries to the eyes, skin, lung and respiratory tract.

Objective

We aimed to investigate the relationship between SM poisoning and Mycosis fungoides (MF) as a late consequence.

Material and Methods

In this retrospective study, the medical files of 1100 Iranian veterans confirmed to have exposure to SM agent during the Iraq–Iran war of the 1980s were reviewed.

Results

All 10 cases with MF were confirmed by clinical and histopathological examinations. The mean age of the studied subjects was 43.3 ± 9.8 (years). In comparison to MF incidence rate in Iranian general population (0.39/100 000 person‐years), we found an incidence rate of 0.799/100 000 person‐years for MF among those who had short‐term exposure to SM. The most common sites for SM lesions were flexural and thin skin areas. The main limitation was the retrospective design.

Conclusion

This study indicates that the risk of MF in those exposed to SM may increase over time. Therefore, their follow‐up is recommended.
Volunteering Is Associated with Lower Risk of Cognitive Impairment
Authors: Infurna Frank J. , Okun Morris A. , Grimm Kevin J.
Published: October 2016

Objectives

To examine whether psychosocial factors that can be a target for interventions, such as volunteering, are associated with risk of cognitive impairment.

Design

Health and Retirement Study (HRS) data from 1998 to 2012, a nationally representative longitudinal panel survey of older adults assessed every 2 years, were used.

Setting

The HRS interviews participants aged 50 and older across the contiguous United States.

Participants

Individuals aged 60 and older in 1998 (N = 13,262).

Measurements

Personal interviews were conducted with respondents to assess presence of cognitive impairment, measured using a composite across cognitive measures.

Results

Volunteering at the initial assessment and volunteering regularly over time independently decreased the risk of cognitive impairment over 14 years, and these findings were maintained independent of known risk factors for cognitive impairment. Greater risk of onset of cognitive impairment was associated with being older, being female, being nonwhite, having fewer years of education, and reporting more depressive symptoms.

Conclusion

Consistent civic engagement in old age is associated with lower risk of cognitive impairment and provides impetus for interventions to protect against the onset of cognitive impairment. Given the increasing number of baby boomers entering old age, the findings support the public health benefits of volunteering and the potential role of geriatricians, who can promote volunteering by incorporating “prescriptions to volunteer” into their patient care.
Relationship between physical performance and quality of life in Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease: a pilot study
Authors: Roberts‐Clarke Daniel , Fornusek Che , Saigal Nidhi , Halaki Mark , Burns Joshua , Nicholson Garth , Fiatarone Singh Maria , Hackett Daniel
Published: October 2016

Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth (CMT) is a rare inherited peripheral neuropathy in which quality of life (QoL) is reduced compared with the general population. This paper investigates the relationship between QoL and physical performance in people with CMT with the aim of identifying avenues for future research into rehabilitation strategies. Cross‐sectional data was obtained from 10 participants (5 men, 5 women, age 46 ± 13 years, height 1.7 ± 0.1 m, body mass 77 ± 17 kg) with CMT (CMT1A n = 5; CMT‐X n = 3; unknown genetic origin n = 2). Participants were evaluated for QoL, falls efficacy (FES), balance, mobility, muscle strength, and power. Physical component score (PCS) of the Short Form‐36 (SF‐36) was significantly and directly related to higher leg press power (r = 0.75, p = 0.02). Better FES scores were significantly related to faster habitual gait speed (r = −0.70, p = 0.02), left hip abduction, and seated row strength (r = −0.68, p = 0.03; r = −0.73, p = 0.03, respectively). Future research should aim to substantiate these preliminary findings in a larger cohort and investigate whether interventions targeting muscle strength and power can improve QoL and mobility outcomes in people with CMT.
Adipose tissue regulates insulin sensitivity: role of adipogenesis, de novo lipogenesis and novel lipids
Authors: Smith U. , Kahn B. B.
Published: October 2016

Obesity, the major cause of the current global epidemic of type 2 diabetes (T2D), induces insulin resistance in peripheral insulin target tissues. Several mechanisms have been identified related to cross‐talk between adipose tissue, skeletal muscle and liver. These mechanisms involve both increased free fatty acid release and altered secretion of adipokines from adipose tissue. A major determinant of metabolic health is the ability of subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) to store excess fat rather than allowing it to accumulate in ectopic depots including liver (i.e. in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease), muscle and heart, or in epicardial/pericardial and visceral fat depots which promote the metabolic complications of obesity. The ability to recruit and differentiate precursor cells into adipose cells (adipogenesis) in SAT is under genetic regulation and is reduced in high‐risk individuals who have first‐degree relatives with T2D. Early recruitment of new adipose cells is dependent on the cross‐talk between canonical WNT and BMP4 signalling; WNT enhances their undifferentiated and proliferative state whereas BMP4 induces their commitment to the adipogenic lineage. Dysregulation of these signalling pathways is associated with impaired adipogenesis and impaired ability to respond to the need to store excess lipids in SAT. This leads to hypertrophic, dysfunctional and insulin‐resistant adipose cells with a reduced content of GLUT4, the major insulin‐regulated glucose transporter, which in turn reduces adipose tissue glucose uptake and de novo lipogenesis. We recently identified that reduced GLUT4 and lipogenesis in adipocytes impairs the synthesis of a novel family of lipids secreted by adipose tissue (and potentially other tissues), branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids (FAHFAs). FAHFAs have beneficial metabolic effects, including enhancing insulin‐stimulated glucose transport and glucose‐stimulated GLP1 and insulin secretion, as well as powerful anti‐inflammatory effects. FAHFA levels are reduced in subcutaneous adipose tissue in insulin‐resistant individuals, and this novel family of lipids may become of future therapeutic use.
Integrin α11 is overexpressed by tumour stroma of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and correlates positively with alpha smooth muscle actin expression
Authors: Parajuli Himalaya , Teh Muy‐Teck , Abrahamsen Siren , Christoffersen Ingrid , Neppelberg Evelyn , Lybak Stein , Osman Tarig , Johannessen Anne Chr. , Gullberg Donald , Skarstein Kathrine , Costea Daniela Elena
Published: October 2016

Background

Cancer‐associated fibroblasts (CAFs) were shown to be important for tumour progression in head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs). Their heterogeneity and lack of specific markers is increasingly recognized. Integrin α11 was recently shown to be expressed by CAFs and might serve as a specific CAF marker.

Aim

To investigate integrin α11 expression and its correlation with the expression of a well‐known marker of CAF, alpha smooth muscle actin (α‐SMA), in HNSCC.

Methods

Fresh frozen (FF) and formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) samples from healthy volunteers (n = 24), oral lichen planus (OLP) (n = 32) and HNSCC (n = 106) were collected together with clinical data after ethical approval. Immunohistochemistry to detect integrin α11 and α‐SMA was performed on FF and FFPE samples. qPCR for integrin α11 (ITGA11) and α‐SMA (ACTA2) was performed on FF samples. Data were analysed using chi‐square test and Kaplan–Meier survival analysis.

Results

Significantly higher levels of integrin α11 and α‐SMA at both protein and mRNA levels were found in HNSCC vs. normal controls and OLP. A strong correlation was found between integrin α11 and α‐SMA expression, and double staining showed their colocalization. Both integrin α11 and α‐SMA were detected surrounding metastatic islands. Expression of α‐SMA at tumour front but not tumour centre correlated with patient survival.

Conclusion

Integrin α11 was overexpressed in HNSCC stroma and colocalized with α‐SMA. Expression of α‐SMA at tumour front but not tumour centre had prognostic value for survival, pinpointing the importance of assessing tumour front when evaluating stromal molecules as prognostic biomarkers.