bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of cropping system, residual nitrogen and phosphorus on yield and nutrient uptake by summer greengram (Phaseolus radiutus)
Authors: J. N. MEENA  , S. N. SHARMA  , S. SINGH
Published: December 2023

A field -experiment was conducted to cropping in standing wheat and on 27 April study the effect of cropping system, residual 1989 in wheat sole and potato--wheat nitrogenand phosphorus on yield and yield sequential cropping after the harvest of attributes and nutrient uptake by summer wheat crop. The mature pods of greengram greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.) at New were picked up in 2 flashes on 15 June 1989 Delhi, during summer season of 1989. The and 30 June 1989 in potato sole and potato + soil of experiniental field was a loam of pH wheat relay cropping and on 30 June 1989 7.8 (1 : 2.5 soil : water ratio). The and 15 July 1989 in wheat sole and experiment was laid out in split-plot design potato-wheat sequential cropping. with 4 croppping systems, viz. potato The crop sown after potato-sole cropping (Solanum tuberosum L.) sole, wheat produced significantly taller plants, more (Triticum aestivunl L. emend. Fiog & Paol.) number of branches and pods/plant and , sole, potato--wheat sequential and potato + higher number of seedslpod than that sown wheat relay, in main plots; 3 levels of after wheat sole, potato-wheat sequential nitrogen (0,60 and 120 kg Nha) to wheatin or after potato + wheat relay cropping subplots; and 2 levels of phosphorus (0 and system (Table l), which led to more seed 17.5 kg Pha) to greengram in sub-subplots. and straw yields and higher N and P uptake There were 3 replications. However, in the by greengram soon after potato sole case of sole cropping of potato where 3 cropping compared with that sown afler levels of N to wheat were not applied there other cropping systems (Table 1). Also, tlie were 9 replications. crop sown after potato + wheat relay In potato and wheat sole and cropping had significantly higher number of potato--wheat sequential cropping, branches and pods/plant, seedslpod and more greengram cultivar PS 16 was sown at 30 seed and straw yields and N and P uptake cm-row spacing after the harvest of potato than that sown after wheat sole and and or wheat, whereas in potato + wheat jpotato-wheat sequential cropping, which relay cropping, 2 rows of greengram were did not differ significantly in respect of sown in between 2 rows of wheat spaced at above-mentioned characters of greengram. 50 cm. The sowing of greengram was done The crop sown after potato sole and potato + on 30 March 1989 in sole cropping of potato, wheat relay cropping gave 124 and 26% on April 1989 in potato + wheat relay respectively more seed yield than the crop
Nodulation and rooting pattern of summer greengram (Phseolus radiatus) as influenced by irrigation variables
Authors: GAJENDRA PAL  , BANARASI LAL
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted with core (with 22.5 cm x 20.0 cm cross-section greengram (Phaseolus radiatus L.) during and 20 cm this purpose at depth) was dug for spring seasons of 1985 and 1986 at 45- and 60 day- stages. The acetylene Pantnagar. The soil of the experimental site reduction assay for nitrogenase activity was silty clay loam, having pH 7.4, organic (N,ase), modified method of Hardy et al. carbon content 1.14% available P 35.7 kg/ (1973), was used to determine the ha and available K 297.1 kg/ha in 0-30 cm- nitrogenase activity in the excised roots with soil depth. The treaanents consisting of 4 in tact nodules. greengram cultivars (Pusa Baisakhi, PS Number and dry weight of noduledplant 16. Pant Mung 1 and Pant Mung 2) in differed significantly due to cultivars only at main plots and 5 irrigation schedules [no 60 days after sowing during both the years post-sowing irrigation, single irrigation at 25 (Table 1). Gupta (1982) reported that K days after sowing, irrigation at 20, 15 and 10 851 variety of greengram had maximum cm cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) number of nodules, though the difference values] in subplots were laid out in split-plot among genotypes were not significant. design, with 4 replications. Cultivar effects with respect to root-dry The crop was sown on 26 March 1985 weight/plant were significant only at 45-day and 15 March 1986 in rows, 30 cm apart. stage when root-dry weight was highest in Plant spacing within the rows was .P!j 16 (0.19 g) in 1985 and Pant Mung 12 maintained at 7.5 cm by thinning. The crop (0.12 g) in 1986. was- harvested on 20 June during both the An increase in the nodule number, nodule seasons. It received a basal dose of 150 kg and root-dry weight was obtained with diammonium phosphatelha. Numbers of improvement in moisture supply over no irrigation needed were 3,4 and 6 under 20, post-sowing irrigation treatment, being 15 and 10 cm CPE treatments respectively, maximum under irrigation at 10 cm CPE in 1985, and 2, 3 and 3 irrigations in 1986. flable 1). Reduced carbohydrate supply The total rainfall received during the crop from top due to suppressed growth under season was 11.1 cm in 1985 and 23.1 cm in water stress possibly affected the root 1986. growth adversely ,and decreased the module For study of root and nodulation, 3 number and nodule-dry weight. Root-dry continuous plants were selected and a soil weight was also lowest under no post-sowing
Productivity of wheat (Triticum ae,rtivum)-based inter- cropping systems under limited irrigation
Authors: A. MALLICK  , U. N. VERMA  , R. THAKUR  , V. C. SRIVASTAVA
Published: December 2023

A field study was conducted during the winter seasons of 1987-88 and 1988-89 at Ranchi, to evaluate the suitability and benefits of intercropping of wheat (Triticum aestivurn L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) with mustard [Brarsica juricea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson], safflower (Carfhmnus tinctorius L.), linseed (Linum usilatissimium L.) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) under limited irrigation on a sandy-loam soil. Intercropping of wheat + lentil (4 : 2 row ratio) gave the maximum total grain yield, wheat-equivalent yield, energy output, protein yield, water-use efficiency, net return and net benefits. Wheat + mustard (8 : 2 row ratio) intercropping system was the next best one with higher wheat equivalent, energy outpuf net return and net benefits.
Effect of nitrogen and sulphur on dry matter, grain yield and nitrogen content at different growth stages of mustard (Brassica juncea) under irrigated Vertisol
Authors: O. P. DUBEY  , R. A. KHAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter seasons of 1988-89 and 1989-90 at Powarkheda, to study the effect of nitrogen and sulphur on yield of mustard [Brmsiea juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] under irrigated Vertisol. Nitrogen @ 90 kgha significantly increased the dry-matter production/plant, seed yield, nitrogent content in seed and plant of the mustard. Nitrogen had adverse effect on oil content of seed. Application of sulphur up to 30 kgha significantly increased the dry matter, seed yield, and N content in plant and seed, whereas S up to 40 kgha stimulated the oil content.
Effect of fertilizer application and green-manuring on physico- chemical properties of soil and grain yield in rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Titicum aestivum) crop sequence
Authors: R. C. THAKUR  , A. D. BINDRA  , R. D. SOOD PHD M.BHARGAVA
Published: December 2023

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Direct and residual effects of bio-organic and inorganic fertilizers in rice (Oryza sativa)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system
Authors: A. RATHORE  , S. J  , CHIPDE  , A. R. PAL:
Published: December 2023

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Intercropping of maize (Zea mays) and rice (Oryza sativa) with blackgram (Phaseolus mungo)
Authors: A. QUAYYUM  , A. F. M. MANIRUZZAMAN
Published: December 2023

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Effect of weed-control method on soybean (GZycine max)
Authors: MANJEET SINGH  , A. S. CHANDEL
Published: December 2023

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Economic feasibility of drip irrigation in garlic (Allium sativum)
Authors: B. G. PATEL  , V. D. KHANPARA  , D. D. MALAVIA  , R. B. MARAVIYA  , B. B. KANERIA
Published: December 2023

An investigation was carried out during inter- and intera-row spacing of 15 and 10 the winter season (rabi) of 1991-92 at cm respectively. The lateral pipe lines were Agronomy Farm, Junagadh, to test the eco- laid out in plot at 60 cm distance. The drop- nomic feasibility of drip-irrigation method pers were fitted on lateral line at the dis- in garlic (Allium sutivum L.) crop. The soil tance of 45 cm. of experimental plot was medium in avail- The maximum dry weight of weeds was able nitrogen and potassium and low in noticed under surface method of irrigation available phosphorus, with slightly alkaline and it was significantly higher over all the in reaction. The treatment comprising 5 lev- levels of drip-irrigation method (Table 1). - els of irrigation method in main plot and 3 The less dry weight of weeds recorded under levels of nitrogen in subplot (Table 1). The the drip-irrigation method may be due to experiment was laid out in split-plot design partial wetting of the soil. Significantly with 4 replications. Irrigation was applied at higher N uptake was recorded under drip ir- an interval of 8-10 days with 50 mm depth rigation method at 1.0 CPE (equal amount in surface method. In drip-irrigation of CPE) than surface method and all the method, irrigation was applied alternate day other levels of drip-irrigation method. The on the basis of cumulative pan evaporation increase in solubility of nutrients with in- (CPE). If cumulative pan evaporation is 1 crease in water content is responsible for mm, then 0.4,O.G and 0.8 fraction of CPE (1 higher content of N in plant and ultimately mm) and equal amount of water (1 .O) to that increase in the N uptake. The different of CPE were applied in respective treat- methods of irrigation did not differ statisti- ments, i.e. irrigation was applied @ 40 (0.4 cally for available N content in soil and bulk fraction of CPE), 60 (0.6 fraction of CPE), density of the soil after harvesting of the 80 (0.8 fraction of CPE) and 100 (1.0 CPE) crop. Different levels of drip-irrigation % of cumulative pan evaporation in respec- method saved the water 27.20-62.80% tive treatments. Crop was fertilized with ni- compared with surface method. This may be trogen as per treatments. Half the quantity due to the fact that in drip-irrigation method of N and entire quantity of P,O, (50 kglha) water was applied into the root zone of the and q O (50 kgha) were applied at the time crop in right quantity minimizes conven- of sowing. Remaining quantity of N was tional loss as deep percolation, run-off and top-dressed 1 month after sowing. Sowing soil-water evaporation. Drip irrigation at 1.0 was done on 30 October 1991 using recom- CRE (equal amount of CPE) was found sig- mended seedmte of 450 kgha and keeping niiicantly superior to surface method and
Evaluation of hybrid napier (Pennisetum purpureum) under different levels of nitrogen for forage ~roduction in rainfed condition
Authors: . N. K. PRASAD P. KUhlAR
Published: December 2023

Hybrid napier (Pennisetum purpureum with 17.6 kg Pfla and 25.0 kg K/ha were Schum.) undoubtedly is a higlr-tonnage applied basal to. all the treatments during forage crop. The cultivation of NB 21 each year before the onset of mbasoon. The cultivar is in practice since long. Hence it is stem cuttings were plant+ on 13 July 1987. essential to evaluate some new genotypes, After the establishment of crop, 1 uniform which can give higher yield than old one. cutting was taken before the onset of rain in Under Chotanagpur plateau conditions, June during 1988 and the N levels were IGFRI 6 and HGNIBN 1 are found applied accordingly after each cut. Total 3 phenotypically stable genotypes among cuts during each year between June and others (Singh et al., 1941). Therefore an October were taken. The green and dry- experiment was conducted to evaluate the forage yields were pooled for each year and performance of these 2 new cultivars analysed statistically. The economics of -- -- compared with old one under the different production and net returns under each agronomic management. treatment were also computed and analysed. The experiment was conducted at Ranchi The total rainfall received during the crop during rainy season of 1988-90 to evaluate periods of 1988, 1989 and 1990 was 879, the sustainable yield potential of newly 1,8 10 and 1,306 mm respectively. introduced genotypes of hybrid napier under Maximum yields of all the genotypes different nitrogen levels at each cut. The soil during the second year and reduction in of the experimental plot was sandy loam yield were recorded during the third year. with 23.0% clay. It was low in available Bhagat et al. (1992) also reported such trend nitrogen (124.0 kg Nlha) and phosphorus in herbage production of hybrid napier. (8.4 kg Pfla) and medium in exchangeable IGFRI 6 and HGNLBN 1 gave potassium (158.5 kg Klha), with pH 5.9. statistically equd yields during all the years Hybrid napier genotypes IGFRI 6, except the second year where IGFRI 6 HGNIBN 1 and NB 2 1 (control) in main outyielded the HGNLN 1. However,,in plots and 4 nitrogen levels (0, 20, 40 and 60 pooled yield (Table 1) of the 3 years, these 2 kg Nlhalcut) in subplot (5.0 m x 4.0 m), were equally good and superior to NB 21 thus making 12 treatment combinations (control), both in terms of green- and dry- were put in split-plot design and replicated matter yields. thrice. ~ a r m ~ & d manure @ 10 tonnesfla Linear response to N levels was recorded
Effect of foliage-applied plant nutrients on seed production of kanzungula grass (Setaria sphacelata)
Authors: G. K. DWIVEDI
Published: December 2023

Kanzungula grass [Setaria sphacelata . manual collection of seeds. (Sckimach.) Stapf & Hubbard ex Moss] cv. All the nutrients significantly increased Nandi is one of the nutritious grasses the seed yield compared with the control adapted to tropical and subtropical (Table I), indicating the need for these environments (Dwivedi, 1985; Dwivedi et nutrients during reproductive phase of seed al., 1991). The acute shortage of seed crop. The increase in seed yield over the material of this grass, however, poses great control due to individual nutrients was 55.1, problem in forage production. In view of its 45.3, 34.7, 15.0 and 12.4% for KNO,, urea, adaptability to marginal soil conditions, the ZnSO,, single superphosphate and MgSO, availability of nutrients to plant during respectively. The KNO, with urea or single reproductive stage is crucial for seed setting superphosphate resulted in 68.9 and 50.7% (Gray, 1977). Application of nutrients more seed than the control. It indicates through foliar spray accelerates the synergistic effect of nutrients in combination absorption and assimilation mechanism and on seed yield. Foliar application of KNO, + correct the nutritional deficiency quickly. urea significantly increased the plant height, Therefore the present experiment was tussock diameter, number and length of conducted to study the effect of foliar earslspike. Stover yield (tonneslha) was fertilization on seed yield of this grqss, found in order of KNO, > urea > ZnSO, > The experiment was conducted during single s~perphosphate MnSO,. Therefore > 1987 and 1988 in randomized block design KNO, + urea combination gave the highest with 3 replications at Jhansi. The soil of the stover yield, followed by urea + ZgSO,. The experimental field was sandy loam with highest seed and stover yields with KNO, + neutral pH. The 45-day-old grass seedlings urea were owing to its influence both on were transplanted in the second week of July vegetative growth (height, tiller and tussock 1987, at 50 cm x 50 cm spacing. Sixteen diameter) and reproductive organs (spike treatments consisted of foliar spray of KNO, length and ear numberlplant). These urea, single superphosphate, ZnSO, and results are in conformity with those of MgSO, indiSidually @ 2 kglha and their Dwivedi et al. (1991). combinations along with the control. The Application of KNO, and single , rainfall during 1987 was 828.2 mm in 43 superphosphate resulted in 1,000-seed rainy days and 815.9 mm during 1988 in 52 weight of 0.550 and 0.537 g respectively. rainy days. Crop was harvested in the first Application of KNO, either with single week of Octobdr in both the years after superphosphate or urea gave test weights of
Cultural and chemical weed control in Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) .
Authors: M. L. SHARMA  , Y. S. CHt$UHA!N
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was bamed put during 1990 and 1991 to study cultural and chemical weed control in Indian mustard [Brassica juncea (L.) Czemj. & Cosson] at Gwalior: All the herbicides and cultural treatments significantly reduced dry-matter production by weeds over the control. The highest seed yield was obtaind in weed-free treatment, followed by 2 hand-weedings (at 30 and 45 days after sowing) and in plots treated with fluchloralin @ 0.75 kg ailha at pre-planting.
Effect of seed rate and weed-management practice on nodulation and yield of chickpea (Cicer anetinum)
Authors: R. D. VAISHYA  , M. FAYAZ  , SHER SINGH  , A. L. RAJPW
Published: December 2023

A field trial was conducted during .the kgka of available N, P and K respectively, winter season of 1987-88 at Faizabad, to with pH 8.1. Chickpea Type 3 was sown in study the effect of 3 seed rates (75, 100 and rows, 45 cm apart. A uniform basal dose of 125 kglha) and 4 weed-management prac- 100 kglha as diammonium phosphate was tices (unweeded check, hand-weeding twice applied in furrows. The irrigation was given at .25 and 45 days after sowing, fluchloralin at 60 days after sowing. Fluchloralin was @ 1.0 kglha and fluchloralin @ 1.0 kgha + sprayed with the help of hand-operated hand-weeding at 25 days after sowing) on knapsack sprayer fitted with flat-fan nozzle nodulation and yield of chickpea. The ex- and incorporated into the soil just,before periment was laid out in randomized block sowing. design with 4 replications. The soil was silty Noduleslplant decreased significantly clay-loam containing 19 1 .O, 16.6 and 263.0 with increasing seed rate from 75 to 125 kg1
Nitrogen mtanagement in rice (Oryza sativa)-based food and fodder production system
Authors: B. S. SINSINWAR
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1987-88 to 1988-89 to study the effect of 6 fodder crops along with wheat (Triticum clestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.)dommon crop rotation used by the local farmers--on yield and nitrogen economy of succeeding rice crop (Oryzcl scltivcr L.). Six fodder crops were, viz. Egyptian clover (Trifidium c~lexcmdrinum L.), oat (Avenci sotivcr L.), Indian clover (Me1ilo1u.s crlbe~ Desr.), lucerne (Medicngo sntivcl L.), barley (Hordeum vul,qcrre L. sensu lato) and mustard (Brcrs.ricco cclmpestris L. var. Japan rape), along with wheat (grain) with recommended doses of fertilizcrs,with an ad- ditional treatment of fallow in main plots during winter season. Jaya rice was taken as succeeding rainy- season crop with 4 levels of nitrogen (0,40,80 and 120 kg Nlha) in subplots. The loamy soil was low in or- ganic carbon and nitrogen. Among the various rice-based forage-cropping systems, thc productivity of Egyptian clover-rice sequence was found maximum. This food-fodder cropping system also economized fertilizer N to the extent of 100 kglha with an additional amount of 20 kg P,O,/ha to legume colnponcnt compared with to rice-wheat cropping system. Moreover, this system also improved the fertility status of soil.
Effect of moisture conservation and weed control on pearlmillet (Pennisetum glaucum) under rainfed conditions
Authors: D. KUMAR  , S. K. KAUSHIK  , R. C. GAUTAM
Published: December 2023

A field experiment conducted during the rainy season of 1988 and 1989 showed that moisture conserva- tion practice suppressed the weed growth and improved the productivity and water-use efficiency of pearlmillet [Pennisetum glaucum (L.) R. Br. emend. Stuntz.] only in scanty rainfall year of 1989. The maximum reduction in weed density and dry weight was attained with flat bed + straw mulch, but crop pro- ductivity and water-use efficiency were the highest with ridge and furrow + straw mulch. In 1988, net re- turnlha and net returntrupee were highest with flat bed. In 1989, although highest net returnha was re- corded with ridge and furrow, noneof the moisture-~onservation treatments proved economical in respect of net returnlrupee invested. Weeding caused remarkable reduction in weeds in both years, especially with hand-weeding. However, crop productivity and water-use efficiency were influenced favourably by weed- control measures only in 1988. The highest values of yield and water-use efficiency were associated with atrazine @ 0.50 kgha followed by hand-weeding. The highest net returnha and net returdrupee were re- corded with atrazine @ 0.50 kgha in both years except that none of the weed-control treatments proved eco- nomical in respect of net retum/rupee invested in 1989.
Effect of pressmud and fertilizer on yield and quality of plant and ratoon sugarcane (Saccharurn officinarurn) in flood-prone areas
Authors: . P. SINGH G. SINGH  , B. B. SINGH  , M. S. SHARMA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during 1988-90 and 1989-91 to study the effect of fertilizer and pressmud on yield and quality of plant and ratoon sugarcane (Sacchrwn ofici~runr L.). Pressmud alone or in combination with nitrogen improved the cane yield and quality of plant and ratoon crops. Pressmud @ 39 tonrie* t q k g N ~ ~ i n c ~ ~ &3%n ~v,ei&o~~n&d.dosg10~-156kg + n Y ~ y Nha 60 kg ~,0+++5ekgK+fha. FIOwever, totit cane producGiii~5;5% higher with pressmud @ 30 -.- tonnesha + 120 kg Nha compared with 150 kgN/ha + 60 kg P,O,/ha + 50 kg K,Oha. Sucrose and sugar contents (%) of plant cane were higher in the control plot; however, pressmud @ 30 tonnesha + 120 kg NI ha recorded the highest sucrose and sugar content (%) in ratoon crop. The total production of commercial cane sugar was 13.1 % higher in pressmud @ 30 tonneslha + 120Q Nha compared with 150 kg Nha + 60 kg P,O,/ha + 30 kg K,O/ha. The highest net profit and benefn :,cos~ rauowere Rs 6,0636ha and 17.6 re- spectively under pressmud @ 30 tonnesha + 120 kg Nha.
Integrated nutrient supply on crop productivity and soil fertility in rice (Oryza sativa)-rice system
Authors: D. M. HEGDE
Published: December 2023

A study carried out at 4 locations in coastal area for the last 4-10 years in rice (Oryza sativa L.)- rice system indicated that 25-50% N need of rice in rainy season could be substituted by organic sources like farmyard manure (FYM) and green-manure at Bhubaneshwar and Marutem, whereas a part of fertilizer N could also be substituted by even rice straw at Karamana. However, at Kharagpur it was not possible to substitute N without any significant reduction in productivity. Continuous rice-rice cropping led to increase in organic carbon status, whereas it had variable impact on available P and K status at different locations. Integrated nutrient supply had favourable effect on organic carbon status only at Bhubaneshwar, but had no effect on available P and K status. There was positive N and P balance and negative K balance with the recommended levels of nutrient application. Integration of FYM and rice straw with chemical fertilizers had more favourabre effect on nutrient balance than with green-manures.
Yield advantage of wheat (Tnticum aestivum) and chickpea arietinum) under different spatial (Cicer arrangements in intercropping
Authors: BIJAN K. MANDAL  , DEBABRATA DAS  , ABHIJIT SAHA  , MD. MOHASIN
Published: December 2023

A 2-year experiment on 8 wheat (Triticurn nestivum L. emend. Fiori &.Paol.)-chickpea (Cicer ririetinurn L.)-based intercropping systems resulted in the highest yield advantage at 4 :2 sowing ratio . . of wheat and chickpea. However, sole crops of wheat and chickpea resulted in the highest grain or seed yields. Wheat equivalence, gross return. net return (Rsha), net return (Rsihalday), net retumldpee invested, land-equivalent mtio, monetary advantage, relative net return, area-time equivalent ratio, relative value total were recorded highest at 4 :2 sowing ratio of wheat and chickpea.
Evaluation of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea) varieties in association with lentil (Lens culinaris)
Authors: D. P. SINGH  , A. L. RAJPUT
Published: December 2023

In a 2-year field investigation Kranti proved the best among tested varieties of Indian mustard [Brr~ssicn juncen (L.) Czemj. & Cosson] when raised in association with lentil (Lens culinnris Medikus), as it gave the highest seed yield with a minimum decrease in the yield of lentil. The highest lentil-equivalent yield (/ha) and net profit (Rs 27.75 and 10,692ha) were obtained under lentil + Kranti Indian mustard at 6 : I row ratio and found significantly superior among all the combinations.
Effect of green-manuring on nitrogen management in lowland rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: H. D. MEHTA  , R. P. S. AHLAWAT  , P. P. CHAUDHARY  , Y. R. JADHAV
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted at Vyara (Gujaiat) during the rainy (kharij) season of 1988-91 on rice (Oryzn sntiva L.). Variety GR 3 grown after the incorporation of green-manure crops, viz. sunnhemp (Crotafaria juncea L.), clusterbean or guar [Cynmposis tetrngonolobn (L.) Taubert] and cowpea [Vignn unguiculatn (L.) Walp.], with 100.80 and 60% of recommended dose of nitrogen. No green-manuring + 100% recommended N was kept as the control. The highest rice yield (6.1 tonnesf ha) was obtained under sunnhemp + 100% recommended N, while no green-manuring + 100% recommended N recorded the lowest grain yield (4.3 tonnestha). Among the green-manure crops, sunnhemp gave the best results. The treatments of green-manuring + 60% of recommended dose of N were at par with no green-manuring + 100% recommended N, indicating that 40% (32 kg N h 3 inorganic nitrogen could be saved through green-manuring.
Integrated weed management in soybean (Glycine mar)
Authors: M. P. DUBEY  , R. S. SHARMA  , J. P. KHARE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted on JS 72-44 soybean [Glycine mar (L.) Merr.] to ascertain effective and economically viable weed management in clay soils of Saga during the rainy (kharif) sezson of 1990-1992. Application of fluchloralin I kglha as pre-planting and incorporation of butachlor 2.5 kglha as pre-emergence gave seed yield (10 16-1 1.17 qlha) as good as to 1 hand- weeding (1 1.17 qlha) at 30 days after sowing. Herbicidal weed control appeared more economical over hand-weeding Intercul 9 re with kulpa also gave good yield (10.05 qha) and proved more remunerative than hand-weeding. In egration of mechanical and chem~cal treatments had little effect in enhancing soybean yield.
Effect of foliar spray of micronutrients on yield and oil content of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: G. SUBBAIAHI  , B. N. MITTRA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the winter season (robi) of 1989-90 and 1990-91 to study the effect of Zn, B and Mo on the yield and quality of Indian mustard [Bmssica juncea (L.) Czemj. & Cosson] in acid lateritic soil of Kharagpur. Application of Zn and B along with recommended NPK increased the seed yield respectively by 26 and 18% in the first year and by 49 and 47% in the second year over NPK alone. The increase in seed yield was associated with the increase in siliquael plant, seedslsiliqua and 1,000-seed weight. Significant increase in the oil content was also noted by the application of both Zn and B. - 7 i Acid lateritic soils are deficient in Kharagpur, West Bengal, The soil was nutritional status and low in humus. The lateritic, sandy loam with 0.24% organic available micronutrients particularly Zn, B carbon, 0.025% total N, 4.1 ppm available and Mo are relatively low. Consequently P, 8.7 ppm available K, 28 ppm total Zn, application of the nutrient elements through 0.36 ppm totla B, 0.91 ppm Mo and pH 5.4. foliar spray at appropriate stages of growth The experiment was carried out in becomes important for their efficient randomized block design with 10 and 9 utilization and better performance of the treatments respectively in first and second crop. Hence an effort was made to find out years, replicated 3 times (Tables 1, 2). All - - the effect of Zn, B and Mo on growth, yield the treatments except the control received , and oil content of Indian mustard [Brassica the recommended dose of 80 40 : 20 kg N : : i juncea (L.) Czernj. & Cosson] . P : Wha through urea, superphosphate and muriate of potash respectively. Zinc as zinc
Irrigation and nitrogen effects on oil yield and nitrogen uptake by Ethiopian mustard ( Brassica carinata)
Authors: . S. C. PRAMANIK  , N. P. SINGH  , SUBEDAR SINGH  , L. M. GARNAYAK
Published: December 2023

An experiment conducted in sandy-loam soil of New Delhi during the winter season (rubi) . 1989-90 and 1990-91 rcvealed that oil cotent in seed of Ethiopian mustard (Bmssica carinatn A. . - Braun) increased up to irrigation water (IW) : cumulative pan evaporation (CPE) ratio of 0.6, but decreased with increasing levels of applied nitrogen. It was inversely related to seed N content. Crop irrigated at an 1W :CPE of 0.6 and fertilized with 100 kg Nlha gave the maximum yield (7.7 qha), but highest quantity of N (92.5 kgha) was accumulated in the plants which received 150 kg Nha Ethiopian mustard accumulated on an average 45.5 kg Niha in plant parts to produce 1 tonne seedsha, of which about 73% was harvested in seeds.
Effect of time of nitrogen application on irrigated sesame (Sesamum indicum)
Authors: P. BALASUBRAMANIYAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted to elicit information on the effect of time of N application in sesame (Sesamutn iindicum L.) varieties under irrigated condition. Nitrogen at 25 and 50 kgtha was applied all basal, 3 weeks after sowing (WAS) and 50 kg Nha applied in splits at basal + 3 WAS, basal + 6 WAS and w~th no N (control). Split application of 50 kg Nlha equally at basal and 3 WAS gave higher yield of sesame by promoting plant growth and producing more number of capsuledplant. Higher nutrient-use efficiency as well as economic returns were also obtained with the adoption of split application of N than all basal dressing.
Effect of plant density and drip irrigation on pre-monsoon cotton (Gossypium hirsutum)
Authors: W. N. NARKHEDE  , G. M. BHARAD  , S. K. KOHALE
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the pre-monsoon season of 1989 and 1990 to study the effect of plant densities and drip irrigation on yield, quality and economics of pre-monsoon cotton (Gossypium hirsuturn L.). Plants @ 2/hill recorded srgnificantly higher mean seed-corfon yield, lint, cotton-seed and oil yield/ha than 1 plant/hill at 1.5 m x 1.0 m spacing and the respective increase recorded was 31.99,36.49, 34.23 and 35.33%. The fibre-maturity coefficient recorded by 2 plantshill was significantly better than 4 plantdhill at 1.5 m x 2.0 m spacing system during both the seasons. The fibre-bundle strength and 2.5% span length were significantly better with 1 planthill than 2 plantshill at 1.5 m x 1.5 m spacing system. Two plantshill at 1.5 m x I .O m spacing recorded the maximum mean gross monetary return (Rs 17,332ha) and net returns (Rs 8,893ha).
Application of composted coirpith at different times on the nutrient uptake and yield of rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: T. THILAGAVATHY  , K K. MATHAN
Published: December 2023

Of the various organic agricultural (Typic Haplustalf), neutral in reactions (pH wastes, coirpith is one which has immense 7.9) having low soluble salts (electrical con- potential of supplementing the nutritional ductivity 0.1 dS/m). requirements of crops (Ramaswami and Ko- The experiment laid out in randomized thandaraman, 1985). Higher yield of rice block design with 4 replications consisted 8 with composted coirpith at 12.5 tonnestha treatments (Table 1). Coirpith was applied was reported by Clarson (1983), Nagarajan basally @ 12.5 tonnestha and incorporated et al. (1986), Kandiannan (1988) and Gana- well into the soil 2 days before planting. All pathi (1991), but there is lack of sufficient the plots received a cornmTn dose of 120 kg information on the pattern of yield and nu- Ntha through urea and 60 kg P,O,/ha as trient uptake by rice when coirpith compost- superphosphate and 60 kg K,O/ha in the ed for different periods is to be applied to the form of muriate of potash. Half of N and full soil. Therefore field experiment was con- dose of P20, and K20 were applied basally. ducted with ADT 36 rice (Oryza sativa L.) The remaining half of N was applied in 2 during the rainy season at Agricultural Col- equal splits (one at maximum tillering and lege Farm, Madurai, on sandy-clay loam soil the other at panick-initiation stage). At
Effect of herbicide and nitrogen on yield of scented rice (Oryza sativa) under different rice cultures
Authors: SUBHASH CHANDER  , JITENDRA PANDEY
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted to find out the effect of herbicides and nitrogen on yield of scented rice (Oryzo sorivo L.) under different rice cultures. Under transplanted rice, weed population and their dry weight were significantly lower, whereas effective tilleres/m2, grains1 panicle and grain yield of rice were significantly higher than under direct-seeded puddled rice. Application of 120 kg Nlha significantly increased the yield attributes and yield as well as weed population and their dry weight compared with 60 kg Nlha. Under both transplanted and direct- seeded puddled rice cultures hand-weeding caused maximum decrease in weed population and their dry weight and increase in yield attributes and yield. However, effect of herbicide treatments was not alike. Herbicides were found more effective under transplanted rice. Butachlor (1 .O kglha), anilofos (0.5 kg/ha) and clorimuron ethyl (0.012 kgha) caused almost identical decrease in weed population and their dry weight and resulted in significant increase in yield attributes and yield of rice compared with weedy check. Chlorimuron ethyl was found more effective against broad- leaved weeds. Effect of herbicides under direct-seeded puddled rice was not as palpable as in transplanted rice. Neither herbicides nor nitrogen caused noticeable change in the grain-quality characters, viz. hulling, milling and head-rice recovery (%), grain length, breadth and length : breadth ratio, before and after cooking in any year.
Effect of sowing condition on yield ofpaira crops grown after rainy-season rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: N. R. DAS  , N. BHANJA
Published: December 2023

In low-lying rice (Oryza sativa L.) lands 2 cm water depth above soil), fitting in split- under rainfed conditions in eastern part of plot design replicated 4 times, where soil- India, grasspea (Lathyrus sativa L.) is com- water conditions were in the main plot and monly grown as paira or piara or utera crop crops in the subplots. Soil was clayey loam (crop that is sown by broadcast, before har- having average soil fertility (0.62% organic vest pf preceding rice crop under muddy C, 0.06% total N, available P,O, 17 kglha, condition and raised under no-tillage rainfed available K,O 165 kglha and pH 6.9). Seeds relay system, with soil residual moisture) for of grasspea, lentil, Indian mustard and lin- higher yields and continuous crop (Das and seed @ 50, 30, 8 and 20 kg/ha respectively Sarkar, 1990). With the introduction of were broadcast over the standing transplant- short-duration rice varieties, it is now possi- ed rainfed rainy-season (kharij) rice (IR ble to grow other paira crops (Das and Sen, 36) 1 day before harvest in respective treat- 1992). But the conditions of soil and water ment conditions, created by addition of wa- at sowing of paira crop, are very important ter and drying at sowing. Only 20 kg Nlha for higher crop prosecution. Since such in- through urea was applied by broadcast over formation is not available, an experiment the standing paira crops 15 dayFafter sow- with 4 paira crops after transplanted in rainy ing (DAS). Rice was harvested on 28 Octo- season (kharlj) rice was initiated on 4 soil- ber 199 1; while grasspea, lentil, Indian mus- water conditions. tard and linseed were harvested on 15 The field experiment was conducted at March, 1 March, 15 February and 10 March, Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya 1992 respectively. Winter paira crops re- Farm, Kalyani, during the winter season ceived about 150 mm rainfall during their 1991-92, with 4 crops, viz. Nirmal growth period. grasspea (Lathyrus sativa L.) B 77 lentil The maximum seed and stover yields (Lens culinaris L.) B 9 Indian mustard were obtained from grasspea, followed by [Brassica junca (L.) czemj. & Cosson] and Indian mustard and lentil, whereas linseed Neelam linseed (Linum usitattisinurn L.); showed the poorest performance in respect and 4 soil-water conditions (hardy - of seed and stover yields, under rainfed no- no ex- cess moisture, hard soil, hair cracking (no tillage relay crop after transplanted kharif excess moisture, soil not so hard but hair rice. Among these 4 crops grasspea estab- c~acks), m.uddy (excess moisture slight here lished in a better way under different situa- and there, soil in soft muddy condition), and tions. Das and Sen (1992) reported that un-
Sustainable intercrop association of little millet (Panicum miliare) with groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) and pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan)
Authors: S. AHMAD  , N. K. PRASAD
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the rainy season (khariJ1989,1990 and 1991 to cvilluaie the economically and biologically sustainable intercmp,association of Birsa Gondlil littlc 111illet (IJaninrm miliare L.) with AK 12-24 groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) and little millet with BR 65 pigeonpea [Cajanus cajan (L.) Mcsp.]. Intercropping of either groundnut or pigeonpea with little millet was found beneficial to sole-stand-yield of little millet, but it was uneconomical to sole-stand yield of both the intercrops. Among the intercrops, associztion of little millet with groundnut in 2 :!, 2 :2 and 4 : 1 row ratios were found more remunerative, which gave higher monetary advantage of Rs 320llia and Rs 4891 ha respectively than sole little millet. These treatments also accounted for higher nct return (212%232%), net return to RslRe investments (Rs 1.27-1.49), net returnlday (Rs 16.72- 1 8.31) and finally relative net return (Rs 1.59-1.70) over sole little millet. Row ratio of 4:l also accounted for maximum land-equivalent ratio (1.26) and product of crowding coefficient (K 25.43).
Effect of row orientations, row spacings and weed-control methods on light interception, canopy temperature and productivity of wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: VINOD SHARMA  , N. N. ANGIRAS
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 1988-89 and IOXO -00 kj study the effect of row orientations, row spacings and weed-control methods on light i~iIcrccptio~~. caiiopy temperature and productivity ofwheat (Tnllcum aeslivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). It was I:~.id out in split-plot design with 3 replications by keeping the combinations of 3 row orientatio.1~ -S, I< -W and (N bi-directional) and 2 row specings (15 and 20 cm) +broadcast sowing in main plots al~d wccd-contro,l 4 treatments (unweeded check, isoproturon 0.75 kg/ha, isoproturon 1.50 kgha and hand-wccd~~ig twice) in sub-plots. Bi-directional row orientation resulted in increased light interception wllicl~ i~icrcnscd the crop yields because of higher photosynthetic activity. Between spacings, 15 cm specing rvirs Iound superior to 20 cm spacing in intercepting light, decreasing canopy temperature and i~~crci~sing Ihc grain yield of wheat. Control of weeds with chemical and physical methods increased the cilnopy lcllipcrature than unweeded check at bottom of canopy, but reverse was the trend at top of canolty. Illc ciinopy temperature below middle of canopy was higher by 4.43-5.40C over the air tempcri~tc~rc ill clkctive weed-control treatments. The canopy temperature in bidirectional row orientationwas Iiiglier ill lop a~id middle and was lower at the bottom the crop canopy in comparison to the uoidircclional row orientations. The total light interception and light interception below middle of canopy w:~s higher in unweeded than other weed-control treatnients.
Effect of fertilizer and AzospiriZZum on grain yield of rainfed wheat (Triticum aestivum)
Authors: S. D. SAWARKAR  , B. M. GOYDANI
Published: December 2023

An experiment was conducted during the winter season (rabi) of 1992-93 and 1993 94 on 1he effect of levels of fertilizer and biofertilizer (Azospirillurn) inoculation on grain yicld olraitiltd wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). Number of tillers and yield attribulcs wcrc improved on application of fertilizers and AzospiriNum. Highest mean grain yield of 14.43 qn~a and cost: hcnclit ratic, of 1 : 1.79 was found with full dose of N, Pand K @ 30, 8.73 and 8.33 kgtha. Howcvcr, il wits on par with 50% dose ofNPK + biofertilizer giving 12.59 qllia yield with a cost: benefit rntio of I : 1.54
Effect of row spacing, mulching and weed control on weed growth and yield of soybean (Glycine nznnc)
Authors: P.M. NIMJE
Published: December 2023

A field study carried out during the rainy season of 1992 and 1993 revealed lh;~l rcducliol~ in law spacing fiom 45 cm to 25 cm increased the weed-control efficiency by 21.7% and grain yicld hy 15.0%. The oil content was also increased but orotein content decreased. Though mulchinc al 5 ton~~csllio wns effective in controlling weeds (23%) and i~icreasing grain yield (9.3%), it wns Ibu~ld ~~~lccol~c~l~~ical. Weed control through rnaintcnance ofweed-he conditions up to 75 days after sott,il~g or i~l~l~lici~tic~~~ of llucl~loralin at 1.5 @ha preplanting incorporati011 r interculturing at 40 days attcr sowi~ig wcrc cclui~lly effective. However. tile latter was economically more viable. Combined a ~ p l i c i ~ ~ i o ~ ~ oli~ll ll~c i~l~ove treatments were found beneficial than their singAse.
Weed management in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea) as influenced by seed rate and weed-control methods
Authors: RAJ SINGH  , U.K. HAZARIKA  , G. C. MUNDA
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during the rainy (kharg season of 1992 and 1003 a1 Ijorapani, to study the effect of seed rate and weed-control treatments on the weed growth and pod yield of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Higher seed rate (I00 kg kernelha) significantly rcduccd the weed population and dry weight of weeds compared with the lower seed rate (70 kg kemcl/he) and c~lhanced the pod yield. Two hand-weedings and pendimethalin @ 1 kgha with 1 hand-weeding at 40 days were equally effective reducing weed population, dry weight of weeds and boosting up thc pod yield to the extent of 24.95 and 23.65 q h a respectively. The latter treatment was statistically at par with pre emergence application of butachlor @ Ikg/ha. with one hand weeding. However, the clicniicals + -- mechanical weeding was statistically inferior to those of supplemented with 1 Iiend-wccdi~ig. The -- maximum net returns (Rs. 17,540ha) were registered with pendimethalin @ I kglha + I II;III~-weeding, followed by butachlor @ I kg/ha+ 1 hand weeding (Rs. 16,790ha).
Effect of sowing date on growth, yield attributes and yield of Indian mustard (Brassica juncea)
Authors: D. D. DUDHADE  , B. N. GARE  , K K. KHADE  , D. G. RAMES
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during ihe winter (rabi) season of 1991-92 ulid 1902-93 to study the performance of 3 varieties (Seeta, Pusa Bold and Pusa Barani) of Indian ~iiustard [Brassica jtmcea (L.) Czernj & Cosson] under 5 sowing dates (1,15, 30 October; 15 and 30 November), Hlghest seed yield was recorded when the crop was sown on 1 Octobcr and subsequent sowing at an interval of 15 days induced significant reduction in seed yield during boll1 the years. Secd yield of Seeta was higher than PusaBold and Pusa Barani in both years.
Effect of weed control and time of nitrogen application in cumin (Cumin um cyminum)
Authors: D. R. GORAj N. L. MEENA  , P. L. SHIVRAN
Published: December 2023

A field experiment was conducted during compared with weedy check (Table 1). the winter season of 1991-92 at S K N Col- However, umbelslplant and umbelletslumbel lege of Agriculture, Jobner (Rajasthan), to were not significantly aflected by both the study the effect of weed control and time of levels of metolachlor when compared with N application in cumin (Cuminum cyminum the weedy check. Hand-weedings L.). The treatments comprised 6 weed-con- significantly increased ~~~iibelslplant trol treatments (weedy check, metolachlor at compared with other weed-control 0.5 and 1.0 kglha, oxyfluorfen at 0.15 and treatments. Oxyfluorfen at 0.5 kglha being 0.30 kgiha and hand-weeding twice) and 3 at par with its higher level recorded more times of application of 30 kg Nlha (at sow- umbelslplant as compared to both the levels ing, 30 days after sowing and half at sowing of metolachlor. Weed conlrol could not + half at 30 days after sowing) replicated affect 1,000-seed weight. thrice in randomized block design. The soil The maximum seed yield of 4.0 1 qlha was loamy sand with pH 8.5, organic carbon wasd obtained in twice hand-weeded plots, 0.23%, and available N, P and K 128, 7.3 being 4.15 and 5.25% higher than oxyfluor- and 122.0 kglha respectively. Cumin cv. fen at 0.15 and 0.30 kgllia and 24.53 and RZ 19 was sown in rows 30 cm apart on 4 31.04% higher than metolachlor at 1.O and December 199 1. Metolachlor and oxyfluor- 0.5 kglha respectively. I-land-weeding not fen were applied as pre-emergence. Hand- ony reduced the extent of crop-weed compe- weedings were done at 20 and 50 days as tition but may have also improved the physi- per treatments. cal environment in rhizospliere and thus The predominant weed species were helped the plant to achieve good growth and Chenopodium album L., Chenopodium mu- ultimately higher yield. Among the herbi- rale L., Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers., Cype- cidal treatments, oxyfluorfcn at 0. 5 kglha ! rus rotundus L., Heliotropium ellipticum L., was at par with its higher dose and recorded Melilotus alba, Desr., Argemone maxicana significantly higher seed yield being 25.8 L., Plantago pumila Wild. and Asphodelus and 19.6% higher than nietolachlor at 0.5 tenuifolius Cavan. and 1.0 kglha respectively. iland weeding Umbelslplant, umbelletslumbel, and seed and oxyfluorfen at 0.1 5 and 0.30 kglha be- and straw yields were significantly higher ing at par also recorded higher straw yield under all the weed-control treatments than both the levels of ~netolachlor and the
Sustainability of rice (Oryza satha)-wheat (Triticum aestivum) sequential cropping through introduction of legume crops and green-manure crop in the system
Authors: Y. SINGH; D. C. CHAUDHARY  , S. P. SINGH  , A. K. BHARDWAJ  , DHEER SINGH
Published: December 2023

A study was undertaken by replacing one of the cereal crops rice (Oryzn sarivn L.) or Xvheat (Trilicun~ nestivu~ii L. emend. Fiori & Paol.) by a grain legume crop or to introduce summer green- manure crop (Sesbarzin) in the sequence. Over 5 years period wheat yield was higher by 0.71 tonneha after pigeonpea [Cnjmlus cnjnr~ (L.) Millsp.] compared with that after rice. The fertilizer dose to rice after lentil (Lens culinaris Medikus) or wheat after pigeonpea should remain the same as in lice-wheat sequence. The overall productivity of the system in terms of wheat equivalent &as highest in pigeonpea-wheat sequence corhpared with rice-lentil or rice-wheat sequence. Introducing Sesbnnin green-manure in rice-wheat sequence increased its productivity by 1.08 tonneslha. Any reduction in fertilizer even with green-manunng brought reduction in system productivity. Inhoductio~~ of legume in the system increased soil organic carbon and available soil phosphorus. Thus replacement of rice with pigeonpea for some time or introduction of Sesbnrzin green-lilanuring may inhance the sustainability of rice-wheat system.
Performance of castor (Ricinus communis)-based intercropping under rainfed condition
Authors: R.L. RAJPUT  , U. K. SHRIVASTAVA
Published: December 2023

.:\ lield esperimcnt was conducted during 1990--91 and 1992-93 on sandy-loam soil to select a suitablc rainy-scason crop For intercropping with castor (Hionrcs commltnis I,.). The highest rncnn castor equivalent seed yield (25.10 qllia), net return (Rs 12,340ilia) and monetary advantage (Its 1.394lha) wzre obtaincd by intercropping 3 rows of early pigco~~pea [Cnjanus cajun (I,.) blillsp.] between the castor crop sown at 90 cm row spacing. However, the highest land-equivalent ratio (I ,602) \vas recorded in castor + sesame (Sesarnuni indicum I,.) intercropping system.