bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Birkeland current effects on high‐latitude ground magnetic field perturbations
Authors: Laundal K. M. , Haaland S. E. , Lehtinen N. , Gjerloev J. W. , Østgaard N. , Tenfjord P. , Reistad J. P. , Snekvik K. , Milan S. E. , Ohtani S. , Anderson B. J.
Published: August 2015

Magnetic perturbations on ground at high latitudes are directly associated only with the divergence‐free component of the height‐integrated horizontal ionospheric current, J⊥,df. Here we show how J⊥,df can be expressed as the total horizontal current J⊥ minus its curl‐free component, the latter being completely determined by the global Birkeland current pattern. Thus, in regions where J⊥=0, the global Birkeland current distribution alone determines the local magnetic perturbation. We show with observations from ground and space that in the polar cap, the ground magnetic field perturbations tend to align with the Birkeland current contribution in darkness but not in sunlight. We also show that in sunlight, the magnetic perturbations are typically such that the equivalent overhead current is antiparallel to the convection, indicating that the Hall current system dominates. Thus, the ground magnetic field in the polar cap relates to different current systems in sunlight and in darkness.
First joint in situ and global observations of the medium‐energy oxygen and hydrogen in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Valek P. W. , Goldstein J. , Jahn J.‐M. , McComas D. J. , Spence H. E.
Published: August 2015

We present the first simultaneous observations of the in situ ions and global Energetic Neutral Atom (ENA) images of the composition‐separated, medium‐energy (~1–50 keV) particle populations of the inner magnetosphere. The ENA emissions are mapped into L shell/magnetic local time space based on the exospheric density along the line of sight (LOS). The ENA measurement can then be scaled to determine an average ion flux along a given LOS. The in situ ion flux tends to be larger than the scaled ENAs at the same local time. This indicates that the ion population is more concentrated in the Van Allen Probes orbital plane than distributed along the Two Wide‐angle Imaging Neutral‐atom Spectrometers LOS. For the large storm of 14 November 2012, we observe that the concentration of O (in situ ions and ENAs) increases during the storm's main phase with a relatively larger increase than H. The ratio of the O+/H+ can be measured both from the in situ observations and from the ENA images. During the main phase, this O+/H+ increase is initially seen near midnight, but when the storm reaches its peak value the O+/H+ ratio increases across all local times, with the largest at dusk and dawn.
Geographical and diurnal features of amine‐enhanced boundary layer nucleation
Authors: Bergman T. , Laaksonen A. , Korhonen H. , Malila J. , Dunne E. M. , Mielonen T. , Lehtinen K. E. J. , Kühn T. , Arola A. , Kokkola H.
Published: August 2015

Amines have recently been found to be an important ingredient in the nucleation and initial growth of atmospheric aerosols; however, global estimates of the spatial and temporal extent of amine‐enhanced nucleation are currently missing. We utilize two recently published laboratory data sets of amine‐sulfuric acid nucleation to evaluate the accuracy of previously published nucleation parameterizations and to produce a new amine‐enhanced new particle formation (NPF) parameterization that better reproduces the laboratory observations at atmospherically relevant sulfuric acid concentrations. We implement and compare the amine‐enhanced NPF parameterizations and a kinetic nucleation parameterization within the global aerosol‐climate model ECHAM‐HAMMOZ and find that the spatial features of amine‐enhanced and kinetic NPF are clearly different. Amine‐enhanced NPF is limited to areas near the source regions of amine due to its short gas phase residence time of 6.9 h, whereas kinetic nucleation (which depends only on sulfuric acid concentration) produces particles more uniformly across the globe due to long‐range transport of SO2. The notably stronger land‐sea contrast in amine‐enhanced nucleation simulations is in line with relatively rare atmospheric observations of NPF over open oceans. However, when the uptake of gas phase amine molecules to aerosol particles is limited according to previously published estimates (0.2% of collisions leading to uptake), the amine‐enhanced NPF parameterization predicts in some regions unrealistically high NPF rates (∼1000 cm−3 s−1) compared to typical observations. Our results indicate that amine‐enhanced nucleation may be an important particle formation mechanism near amine source regions but also highlights the need for more tightly defined constraints on the spatial and temporal distribution of amine emissions, gas‐to‐particle partitioning mechanisms of amines, and condensation and coagulation sinks in global models.
Kinetic study of 1‐butanol dehydration to di‐n‐butyl ether over Amberlyst 70
Authors: Pérez‐Maciá María Ángeles , Bringué Roger , Iborra Montserrat , Tejero Javier , Cunill Fidel
Published: August 2015

Kinetics of the catalytic dehydration of 1‐butanol to di‐n‐butyl ether (DNBE) over Amberlyst 70 was investigated. Experiments were performed in liquid phase at 4 MPa and 413–463 K. Three elementary reaction mechanisms were considered: a Langmuir–Hinselwood–Hougen–Watson (LHHW) formulation; an Eley–Rideal (ER) formulation in which DNBE remains adsorbed; an ER formulation in which water remains adsorbed. Two kinetic models explain satisfactorily the dehydration of 1‐butanol to DNBE: a LHHW formalism in which the surface reaction between two adjacent adsorbed molecules of 1‐butanol is the rate limiting step (RLS) and where the adsorption of water is negligible, and a mechanism in which the RLS is the desorption of water being the adsorption of DNBE negligible. In both models, the strong inhibiting effect of water was successfully taken into account by means of a correction factor derived from a Freundlich adsorption isotherm. Both models present similar values of apparent activation energies (122 ± 2 kJ/mol). © 2015 American Institute of Chemical Engineers AIChE J, 62: 180–194, 2016
Palladium‐Catalyzed Double Ullmann Reaction: An Approach towards Tetraphenylenes
Authors: Li Xin , Han Jian‐Wei , Wong Henry N. C.
Published: August 2015

A palladium‐catalyzed double Ullmann coupling reaction for the preparation of tetraphenylenes has been developed. With this protocol, twelve tetraphenylene derivatives were synthesized from the corresponding 2,2′‐diiodobiaryls directly with the yields ranging from 13–51 %. Insights into the mechanism of these palladium‐catalyzed double coupling reactions are discussed, and the findings are expected to increase the level of understanding of palladium‐catalyzed formation of carbon–carbon bonds within rigid molecular frameworks.
Simultaneous operation for cancer‐related sigmoid colon perforation and abdominal aortic aneurysm of 76 mm in diameter
Authors: Tsutsumi Ryosuke , Hiyoshi Yukiharu , Matsumoto Takuya , Oki Eiji , Morita Masaru , Maehara Yoshihiko
Published: August 2015

Case

A 92‐year‐old woman was emergently admitted to our hospital for peritonitis caused by sigmoid colon cancer perforation, with a coexistent abdominal aortic aneurysm of 76 mm in diameter.

Outcome

A 92‐year‐old woman was admitted to the hospital with a complaint of abdominal pain and fever of 24‐h duration. On physical examination, severe tenderness with muscular defense and a palpable, pulsating mass were detected in the upper abdomen. The patient was diagnosed as having panperitonitis caused by sigmoid colon perforation. Computed tomography also revealed an infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm of 76 mm in diameter. We performed endovascular aneurysm repair to prevent aneurysmal rupture in the perioperative period and simultaneously performed intra‐abdominal drainage and Hartmann's operation. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful.

Conclusion

Simultaneous endovascular aneurysm repair and operation for peritonitis is considered a possible treatment strategy for patients at high risk of abdominal aortic aneurysm rupture.
Early initiation of steroid pulse therapy for neuromyelitis optica in an emergency room setting
Authors: Yamada Saya , Oikawa Sayaka , Komatsu Teppei , Hirai Toshiaki , Dohi Kenji , Ogawa Takeki
Published: August 2015

Case

A 40‐year‐old man presented to the emergency room with visual impairment, dysesthesia of lower legs, and urinary retention. Two days before admission, he was consulted to the neurology department due to bilateral optic neuritis and scheduled the magnetic resonance imaging of spine. However, the urinary retention deteriorated acutely and he came to the emergency room. On arrival, the plain magnetic resonance image of his spine showed diffuse hyperintensity signals of the spinal cord in T2‐weighted images. He was diagnosed with neuromyelitis optica and steroid pulse therapy was initiated.

Outcome

We began treatment immediately in the emergency room, cooperating with the neurology team. After admission, plasmapheresis was added for his fluctuating symptoms. On hospital day 7, he was discharged without complication.

Conclusion

It is important to understand the various clinical manifestations of neuromyelitis optica. In emergency settings, immediate steroid therapy is necessary for better outcomes.
Successful treatment of non‐convulsive status epilepticus diagnosed using bedside monitoring by a combination of amplitude‐integrated and two‐channel simplified electroencephalography
Authors: Egawa Satoshi , Hifumi Toru , Kawakita Kenya , Manabe Arisa , Matumura Hikari , Okazaki Tomoya , Hamaya Hideyuki , Shinohara Natuyo , Shishido Hajime , Takano Koshiro , Abe Yuko , Hagiike Masanobu , Kuroda Yasuhiro
Published: August 2015

Case

A 66‐year‐old man developed disturbed consciousness and right hemiparesis with transient convulsions in the right arm. Bedside monitoring using a combination of amplitude‐integrated electroencephalography and two‐channel simplified electroencephalography revealed intermittent episodes of 1–3 Hz δ waves lasting for approximately 5 min, consistent with non‐convulsive status epilepticus. Fosphenytoin (22.5 mg/kg/day) and levetiracetam (1,000 mg) prevented right arm convulsions but did not restore consciousness. The two‐channel simplified electroencephalography also showed an intermittent periodic δ wave pattern in the Fp1‐C3 channel. Conventional electroencephalography revealed a polymorphic δ activity that was abolished by 2.5 mg diazepam, thus confirming the diagnosis of non‐convulsive status epilepticus.

Outcome

The patient recovered completely with the antiepileptic drug combination.

Conclusion

Immediate initiation of bedside monitoring using amplitude‐integrated electroencephalography and two‐channel simplified electroencephalography allows early detection of non‐convulsive status epilepticus in patients with disturbed consciousness, which considerably improves the prognosis.
Periodic Mesoporous Organosilica with Molecular‐Scale Ordering Self‐Assembled by Hydrogen Bonds
Authors: Mizoshita Norihiro , Inagaki Shinji
Published: August 2015

Nanoporous materials with functional frameworks have attracted attention because of their potential for various applications. Silica‐based mesoporous materials generally consist of amorphous frameworks, whereas a molecular‐scale lamellar ordering within the pore wall has been found for periodic mesoporous organosilicas (PMOs) prepared from bridged organosilane precursors. Formation of a “crystal‐like” framework has been expected to significantly change the physical and chemical properties of PMOs. However, until now, there has been no report on other crystal‐like arrangements. Here, we report a new molecular‐scale ordering induced for a PMO. Our strategy is to form pore walls from precursors exhibiting directional H‐bonding interaction. We demonstrate that the H‐bonded organosilica columns are hexagonally packed within the pore walls. We also show that the H‐bonded pore walls can stably accommodate H‐bonding guest molecules, which represents a new method of modifying the PMO framework.
Probing the interaction of caffeic acid with ZnO nanoparticles
Authors: Belay Abebe , Kim Hyung Kook , Hwang Yoon‐Hwae
Published: August 2015

The binding of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs) and caffeic acid (CFA) was investigated using fluorescence quenching, UV/vis absorption spectrscopy, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and dynamic light scattering (DLS) at different temperatures. The study results indicated fluorescence quenching between ZnO NPs and CFA rationalized in terms of a static quenching mechanism or the formation of non‐fluorescent CFA–ZnO. From fluorescence quenching spectral analysis, the binding constant (Ka), number of binding sites (n) and thermodynamic properties were determined. Values of the quenching (KSV) and binding (Ka) constants decrease with increasing temperature and the number of binding sites n = 2. The thermodynamic parameters determined using Van't Hoff equation indicated that binding occurs spontaneously involving the hydrogen bond, and van der Waal's forces played a major role in the reaction of ZnO NPs with CFA. The FTIR, TEM and DLS measurements also indicated differences in the structure, morphology and size of CFA, ZnO NPs and their corresponding CFA–ZnO. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Solid‐phase synthesis of graphene quantum dots from the food additive citric acid under microwave irradiation and their use in live‐cell imaging
Authors: Zhuang Qianfen , Wang Yong , Ni Yongnian
Published: August 2015

The work demonstrated that solid citric acid, one of the most common food additives, can be converted to graphene quantum dots (GQDs) under microwave heating. The as‐prepared GQDs were further characterized by various analytical techniques like transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, X‐ray diffraction, X–ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, fluorescence and UV‐visible spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity of the GQDs was evaluated using HeLa cells. The result showed that the GQDs almost did not exhibit cytotoxicity at concentrations as high as 1000 µg mL–1. In addition, it was found that the GQDs showed good solubility, excellent photostability, and excitation‐dependent multicolor photoluminescence. Subsequently, the multicolor GQDs were successfully used as a fluorescence light‐up probe for live‐cell imaging. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Salvage surgery after failure of endoscopic balloon dilatation versus surgery first for ileocolonic anastomotic stricture due to recurrent Crohn's disease
Authors: Li Y , Stocchi L , Shen B , Liu X , Remzi F H
Published: August 2015

Background

Both surgical resection and endoscopic balloon dilatation are treatment options for ileocolonic anastomotic stricture caused by recurrent Crohn's disease unresponsive to medications. Perioperative outcomes of salvage surgery owing to failed endoscopic balloon dilatation in comparison with performing surgery first for the same indication are unclear.

Methods

An analysis of a prospectively maintained Crohn's disease database was carried out to compare perioperative outcomes of patients who had surgery for failure of endoscopic balloon dilatation with outcomes in patients who underwent resection first for ileocolonic anastomotic stricture caused by recurrent Crohn's disease between 1997 and 2013.

Results

Of 194 patients, 114 (58·8 per cent) underwent surgery without previous endoscopic balloon dilatation. The remaining 80 patients had salvage surgery after one or more endoscopic balloon dilatations during a median treatment span of 14·5 months. Patients in the salvage surgery group had a significantly shorter length of anastomotic stricture (P < 0·001). Salvage surgery was associated with increased rates of stoma formation (P = 0·030), overall surgical-site infection (SSI) (P = 0·025) and organ/space SSI (P = 0·030). In multivariable analysis, preoperative endoscopic balloon dilatation was independently associated with both postoperative SSI (odds ratio 3·16, 95 per cent c.i. 1·01 to 9·84; P = 0·048) and stoma diversion (odds ratio 3·33, 1·14 to 9·78; P = 0·028).

Conclusion

Salvage surgery after failure of endoscopic balloon dilatation is associated with increased adverse outcomes in comparison with surgery first. This should be discussed with patients being considered for endoscopic balloon dilatation for ileocolonic anastomotic stricture due to recurrent Crohn's disease.
Arsenic trioxide rewires mantle cell lymphoma response to bortezomib
Authors: Zhao Ling‐Ling , Liu Yuan‐Fang , Peng Li‐Jun , Fei Ai‐Mei , Cui Wen , Miao Sheng‐Chao , Hermine Olivier , Gressin Remy , Khochbin Saadi , Chen Sai‐Juan , Wang Jin , Mi Jian‐Qing
Published: August 2015

Although most of the mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) patients initially responded well to bortezomib (BTZ), the dose‐dependent toxicities have greatly limited the application of BTZ to MCL. To investigate the efficacy and mechanism of arsenic trioxide (ATO) with BTZ in inducing apoptosis of MCL cells, two MCL cell lines, along with primary cells from MCL patients (n = 4), were used. Additionally, the NOD‐SCID mice xenograft model of Jeko‐1 cells was established to study the anti‐MCL mechanisms in an in vivo setting. ATO treatment highly improved BTZ capacity to inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis of MCL cells. Furthermore, the interaction of Noxa and Mcl‐1 leads Bak to release from Mcl‐1 or from Bcl‐xl, which could further activate Bak and Bax and then induce cell apoptosis. We also found that when lower doses of BTZ were used in combination with ATO, more effective proapoptotic effects in both the cell lines and the primary cells were obtained compared to the effects of BTZ used alone at higher doses. Simultaneously, the combination of these two drugs delayed the tumor growth in mice more effectively than BTZ alone. The cooperative anti‐MCL effects of this combination therapy both in vitro and in vivo strongly provided a new strategy to the clinical treatment of MCL.
A role for the dehydrogenase DHRS7 (SDR34C1) in prostate cancer
Authors: Seibert Julia K. , Quagliata Luca , Quintavalle Cristina , Hammond Thomas G. , Terracciano Luigi , Odermatt Alex
Published: August 2015

Several microarray studies of prostate cancer (PCa) samples have suggested altered expression of the “orphan” enzyme short‐chain dehydrogenase/reductase DHRS7 (retSDR4, SDR34C1). However, the role of DHRS7 in PCa is largely unknown and the impact of DHRS7 modulation on cancer cell properties has not yet been studied. Here, we investigated DHRS7 expression in normal human prostate and PCa tissue samples at different tumor grade using tissue microarray and immunovisualization. Moreover, we characterized the effects of siRNA‐mediated DHRS7 knockdown on the properties of three distinct human prostate cell lines. We found that DHRS7 protein expression decreases alongside tumor grade, as judged by the Gleason level, in PCa tissue samples. The siRNA‐mediated knockdown of DHRS7 expression in the human PCa cell lines LNCaP, BPH1, and PC3 significantly increased cell proliferation in LNCaP cells as well as cell migration in all of the investigated cell lines. Furthermore, cell adhesion was decreased upon DHRS7 knockdown in all three cell lines. To begin to understand the mechanisms underlying the effects of DHRS7 depletion, we performed a microarray study with samples from LNCaP cells treated with DHRS7‐specific siRNA. Several genes involved in cell proliferation and adhesion pathways were found to be altered in DHRS7‐depleted LNCaP cells. Additionally, genes of the BRCA1/2 pathway and the epithelial to mesenchymal transition regulator E‐cadherin were altered following DHRS7 knockdown. Based on these results, further research is needed to evaluate the potential role of DHRS7 as a tumor suppressor and whether its loss‐of‐function promotes PCa progression and metastasis.
Young People's Perspectives on Participatory Ethics: Agency, Power and Impact in Domestic Abuse Research and Policy‐Making
Authors: Houghton Claire
Published: August 2015

Children's perspectives literature repositions children and young people as active participants in surviving domestic abuse, protecting their family, opposing the violence and recovering from abuse. However, key tenets of safeguarding in relation to domestic abuse, both in practice and childhood research ethics, struggle to fully recognise children's agency and the need to empower children and young people as well as women. Children's right to participation now extends to national policy‐making in many countries, yet has not been explored in relation to the interdependency of women and children's rights, safety and wellbeing where both have been subject to abuse.

This paper challenges the current exclusion of young voices from the development of ethical praxis. It outlines a participatory ethical approach that promotes the inclusion and empowerment of young survivors in research and policy. Young expert advisors on Scottish domestic abuse policy (2009–11) co‐develop the approach (participatory action research) which is informed by a wider study (2004–11) about children's help‐seeking and solutions for practice. Mullenderet al.'saccepted model of three Cs and Ds (consent, confidentiality, child protection: danger, distress, disclosure) are adapted to focus on children's agency. Three Es are added focusing on children's power and impact: enjoyment, empowerment and emancipation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘This paper challenges the current exclusion of young voices from the development of ethical praxis’

Key Practitioner Messages

Children and young people have a distinct, essential voice in risk assessment and management.

They are competent and central decision‐makers, they can consent to participation.

Participation can be a powerful therapeutic tool.

Enjoyment, empowerment and emancipation are intrinsic to participation, alongside recognition of children's agency in safeguarding.

Access to power, equal voice and impact on children's lives are preconditions of participation to young survivors – to be worth the inherent risk of speaking out.

‘Participation can be a powerful therapeutic tool’

‘Access to power, equal voice and impact on children's lives are preconditions of participation to young survivors’
Eroded, Lost or Reconstructed? Security in Finnish Children's Experiences of Post‐Separation Stalking
Authors: Nikupeteri Anna , Tervonen Harriet , Laitinen Merja
Published: August 2015

The paper analyses children's experiences of (in)security in cases of post‐separation stalking and asks how children can be safeguarded under such circumstances. Children are at particular risk when the family is stalked by the biological father or stepfather. This qualitative study draws on data collected from 13 children using three different methods: therapeutically‐oriented group sessions, interviews with the children and a series of ten mother and child therapy sessions. Supplementing these data are insights gained from interviews with 18 women/mothers, the main targets of the stalking. The analysis of the narratives distinguishes three overlapping forms of security – eroded, lost and reconstructed – in which the degree of trust and extent of knowledge are the main elements. Children feel insecurity to different degrees and experiences of (in)security may vary even from child to child in the same family. The findings highlight the crucial importance of considering a child's relationship to his or her mother, siblings and trusted adults when intervening in stalking. Loved ones, day care and school staff, and social welfare workers have a significant role to play in reconstructing and strengthening children's security. The study suggests that this can be done through ‘safety talk’ with a mother and her children. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

‘Children are at particular risk when the family is stalked by their biological father or stepfather’

Key Practitioner Messages

In cases of post‐separation stalking of the family, children's security can appear in three forms: eroded, lost and reconstructed.

Feelings of insecurity vary and can appear to differing degrees within the same family.

It is important in safeguarding children to lighten the burden that they take upon themselves of reconstructing security for themselves and their loved ones.

Practitioners can play a significant role by providing space for and facilitating ‘safety talk’ between children and their mothers.

‘Children's security can appear in three forms: eroded, lost and reconstructed’
N‐Methylpyrrolidone Hydroperoxide/Cs2CO3 as an Excellent Reagent System for the Hydroxy‐Directed Diastereoselective Epoxidation of Electron‐Deficient Olefins
Authors: Victor Napoleon John , Gana Janardhanan , Muraleedharan Kannoth Manheri
Published: August 2015

This report introduces N‐methylpyrrolidone hydroperoxide (NMPOOH)/base as an excellent reagent system for hydroxy‐directed syn selective epoxidation of electron‐deficient olefins, characterized by high diastereoselectivity, short reaction times and remarkable chemoselectivity, especially in presence of oxidatively labile nitrogen or sulfur atoms. NMPOOH also proves efficient in the oxidation of electron‐deficient aromatic aldehydes, in the removal of oxazolidinone chiral auxiliary, and in the functionalization of alkenes and alkynes, showing wide application potential.
Development of a Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Chemoselective C(sp3)H Oxygenation
Authors: Lin Yun , Zhu Lei , Lan Yu , Rao Yu
Published: August 2015

We report the first example of RhII‐catalyzed chemoselective double C(sp3)H oxygenation, which can directly transform various toluene derivatives into highly valuable aromatic aldehydes with great chemoselectivity and practicality. The critical combination of catalyst Rh(OAc)2, oxidant Selectfluor, and solvents of TFA/TFAA promises the successful delivery of the oxidation with satisfactory yields. A possible mechanism involving a unique carbene–Rh complex is proposed, and has been supported by both experiments and theoretical calculations.
A Comparison of the Stability and Reactivity of Diamido‐ and Diaminocarbene Copper Alkoxide and Hydride Complexes
Authors: Collins Lee R. , Riddlestone Ian M. , Mahon Mary F. , Whittlesey Michael K.
Published: August 2015

The mononuclear N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC) copper alkoxide complexes [(6‐NHC)CuOtBu] (6‐NHC=6‐MesDAC (1), 6‐Mes (2)) have been prepared by addition of the free carbenes to the tetrameric tert‐butoxide precursor [Cu(OtBu)]4, or by protonolysis of [(6‐NHC)CuMes] (6‐NHC=6‐MesDAC (3), 6‐Mes (4)) with tBuOH. In contrast to the relatively stable diaminocarbene complex 2, the diamidocarbene derivative 1 proved susceptible to both thermal and hydrolytic ring‐opening reactions, the latter affording [(6‐MesDAC)Cu(OC(O)CMe2C(O)N(H)Mes)(CNMes)] (6). The intermediacy of [(6‐MesDAC)Cu(OH)] in this reaction was supported by the generation of Cu2O as an additional product. Attempts to generate an isolable copper hydride complex of the type [(6‐MesDAC)CuH] by reaction of 1 with Et3SiH resulted instead in migratory insertion to generate [(6‐MesDAC‐H)Cu(P(p‐tolyl)3)] (9) upon trapping by P(p‐tolyl)3. Migratory insertion was also observed during attempts to prepare [(6‐Mes)CuH], with [(6‐Mes‐H)Cu(6‐Mes)] (10) isolated, following a reaction that was significantly slower than in the 6‐MesDAC case. The longer lifetime of [(6‐Mes)CuH] allowed it to be trapped stoichiometrically by alkyne, and also employed in the catalytic semi‐reduction of alkynes and hydrosilylation of ketones.
Benzylic Functionalization of Anthrones via the Asymmetric Ring Opening of Oxabicycles Utilizing a Fourth‐Generation Rhodium Catalytic System
Authors: Loh Charles C. J. , Fang Xiang , Peters Brendan , Lautens Mark
Published: August 2015

While anthrones exist as privileged scaffolds in bioactive molecules, the enantioselective functionalization of anthrones is surprisingly scarce in the literature, with no asymmetric transition metal catalyzed example to date. Herein, we report the first asymmetric transition metal catalyzed benzylic functionalization of anthrones through the rhodium(I) catalyzed desymmetrization of oxabicycles. As previously developed rhodium(I) systems were found to be unsuitable for this substrate, a new robust fourth‐generation [Rh(cod)OH]2 based catalytic system was developed to address synthetic challenges in this protocol.
Formal Total Synthesis of (+)‐Cortistatins A and J
Authors: Kuang Liping , Liu Lok Lok , Chiu Pauline
Published: August 2015

An efficient formal total synthesis of (+) cortistatins A and J has been accomplished, by exploiting a highly diastereoselective intramolecular [4+3] cycloaddition of epoxy enolsilanes as the key reaction to construct rings B and C of the cortistatins in one step.
ChemInform Abstract: Double Salt Crystal Structure of Nonasodium Dihydrogen Nonavanadoplatinate(IV) Trihydrogen Nonavanadoplatinate(IV) Tetracontahydrate: Stepwise‐Protonated Nonavanadoplatinate(IV).
Authors: Joo Hea‐Chung , Park Ki‐Min , Lee Uk
Published: August 2015

Na9[H2PtV9O28] [H3PtV9O28]·40H2O is obtained by a hydrothermal reaction at pH 2 according to the literature.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chiral β‐Aminomalonates from 2‐Chlorotetrafluoroethanesulfinyl Aldimines Through the Mannich Reaction.
Authors: Yang Kai , Jiang Min , Liu Jin‐Tao
Published: August 2015

The Mannich reaction of aldimines (I) with malonate (II) proceeds with high diastereoselectivity to form β‐aminomalonates (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Asymmetric Michael Addition Reactions of Nitroalkanes to 2‐Furanones Catalyzed by Bifunctional Thiourea Catalysts.
Authors: Bai Zhushuang , Ji Ling , Ge Zemei , Wang Xin , Li Runtao
Published: August 2015

Highly functionalized γ‐lactones with two or three consecutive stereogenic carbons are synthesized with diastereoselectivities up to <20:1 dr and enantioselectivities up to <99% e.e.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalyst‐Controlled exo/endo Selectivity in a Post‐Ugi Intramolecular Hydroarylation: Synthesis of Pyrrolopyridinones, Pyrroloazepinones, and Benzothienopyridines.
Authors: Li Zhenghua , Kumar Amit , Sharma Sunil K. , Parmar Virinder S. , Van der Eycken Erik V.
Published: August 2015

The InCl3‐catalyzed cyclization of Ugi adducts (V) leads to pyrrolopyridinones (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Regioselective Ring Opening of Styrene Oxide Catalyzed by MoO2(acac)2.
Authors: Yang Hongwei , Xu Liming , Luo Cuicui , Lu Chunxu , Cheng Guangbin
Published: August 2015

Efficient and regioselective ring opening of styrene oxide with various N‐, O‐, and C‐nucleophiles is achieved using MoO2(acac)2 as catalyst.
ChemInform Abstract: Versatile and Chemoselective Transformation of Aliphatic and Aromatic Secondary Amides to Nitriles.
Authors: Geng Hui , Huang Pei‐Qiang
Published: August 2015

Dehydration of secondary amides by a combination of triflic anhydride and 2‐fluoropyridine leads to nitriles under mild reaction conditions while tolerating various functional groups.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed C—H Functionalization of Acyldiazomethane and Tandem Cross‐Coupling Reactions.
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Xiang , et al.
Published: August 2015

The oxidative Pd‐catalyzed C—H coupling of a variety of acyldiazomethanes with alkenyl and aryl iodides and bromides is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Cu‐Catalyzed Debrominative Cyanation of gem‐Dibromoolefins: A Facile Access to α,β‐Unsaturated Nitriles.
Authors: Ahuja Brij Bhushan , Sudalai Arumugam
Published: August 2015

An efficient conversion of gem‐dibromoolefins to α,β‐unsaturated nitriles is achieved by a copper catalyzed reductive cyanation with NaCN.
ChemInform Abstract: Nickel‐Catalyzed Regio‐ and Enantioselective Aminolysis of 3,4‐Epoxy Alcohols.
Authors: Wang Chuan , Yamamoto Hisashi
Published: August 2015

The regioselective aminolysis of 3,4‐epoxyalcohols using Ni‐perchlorate as catalyst is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Enabled Cross‐Coupling of C(sp3)—H Bonds with Arylsilanes.
Authors: He Jian , Takise Ryosuke , Fu Haiyan , Yu Jin‐Quan
Published: August 2015

The Pd‐catalyzed cross‐coupling of amides (I) and related carboxylic amides (IV) with arylsilicon compounds (II) is achieved at the methyl group in the presence of quinoline based ligands.
ChemInform Abstract: nBu4NI‐Catalyzed α‐Benzoxylation of Ketones with Terminal Aryl Alkenes.
Authors: Mondal Buddhadeb , Sahoo Subas Chandra , Pan Subhas Chandra
Published: August 2015

A facile procedure for the synthesis of α‐benzoxylated ketones through in situ oxidation of styrene derivatives and subsequent coupling with propiophenones or acetophenones is developed.
ChemInform Abstract: CuBr/Proline‐Catalyzed Cross‐Coupling of Unactivated Benzene with Aryl Halides.
Authors: Liu Wei , Hou Fanyi
Published: August 2015

Various biaryls are efficiently obtained by radical cross‐coupling reaction between unactivated benzene (II) and aryl iodides via homolytic aromatic substitution.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Aromatization of 2‐Amino‐4,5,6,7‐tetrahydrobenzo‐[b]thiophene‐3‐carboxylates in Dimethyl Sulfoxide Catalyzed by p‐Toluenesulfonic Acid.
Authors: Adib Mehdi , Soheilizad Mehd , Rajai‐daryasaraei Saideh , Mirzaei Peiman
Published: August 2015

The novel oxidation‐aromatization protocol furnishes benzo[b]thiophenes in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of 2‐Trifluoromethyl Indoles via Visible‐Light Induced Intramolecular Radical Cyclization.
Authors: Dong Xichang , Hu Yumin , Xiao Tiebo , Zhou Lei
Published: August 2015

of N‐(2‐alkynylphenyl)trifluoroacetimidoyl chlorides
ChemInform Abstract: Organocatalytic Asymmetric Michael Addition of Benzofuran‐2(3H)‐ones to Alkylideneindolenines Generated in situ from Arenesulfonylalkylindoles.
Authors: Wang Rongming , Jing Linhai , Qin Dabin
Published: August 2015

The title process allows the synthesis of a series of optically active indole derivatives with enantioselectivities up to 94%.
ChemInform Abstract: Iodine‐Catalyzed C3‐Formylation of Indoles via C—N Bond Cleavage of Tertiary Amines under Aerobic Conditions.
Authors: Lu Lin , Xiong Qiheng , Guo Shengmei , He Tianqiang , Xu Feng , Gong Jiuhan , Zhu Zheng , Cai Hu
Published: August 2015

The reaction yield depends on the electronic properties of the substrates′ substituents.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Photochemical Cyclization of Ethyl 3‐(Indol‐3‐yl)‐3‐oxo‐2‐phenylpropanoate Derivatives: Synthesis of Benzo[a]carbazoles.
Authors: Li Yinlong , Pang Zhonghua , Zhang Tianqi , Yang Jidong , Yu Wei
Published: August 2015

A series of benzo[a]carbazoles (IV) is readily prepared by oxidative photochemical cyclization of readily available ketones (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Diastereoselective Synthesis of Pyrroloindolines Using α,β‐Unsaturated N‐Aryl Ketonitrones and Activated Alkynes.
Authors: Huehls C. Bryan , Huang Jinhua , Yang Jiong
Published: August 2015

The de novo one‐step synthesis provides structurally complex pyrroloindolines in low to moderate yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis and Stereo‐Resolution of Chiral 1,2,3‐Triazoles.
Authors: Shi Ye , Ye Xiaohan , Gu Qiang , Shi Xiaodong , Song Zhiguang
Published: August 2015

Lipase‐catalyzed kinetic resolution of readily available functionalized triazoles (VI) and (VII) provides enantiomerically pure chiral triazoles, which are successfully applied as ligands in the asymmetric addition of Et2Zn to aromatic aldehydes (IX).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Rigid Analogues of Flavone by Intramolecular Heck Reaction.
Authors: Hou Chuanwei , Chen Hao , Xu Xing , Zhu Fangxia , Guo Lei , Jiang Min , Yang Chunhao , Deng Lianfu
Published: August 2015

The novel concise method for the synthesis of flavone analogues is based on an intramolecular Heck reaction of key precursors (I) and (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Prins Cyclization for the Stereoselective Synthesis of the 4,5‐Diaryl‐hexahydropyrano[3,4‐c]chromene Skeleton of Calyxins I and J.
Authors: Reddy Basi V. Subba , Reddy Mittapalli Ramana , Reddy Sama Gopal , Sridhar Balasubramanyan , Kumar Singarapu Kiran
Published: August 2015

This novel Prins bicyclization strategy allows the stereoselective synthesis of various trans‐fused chromene derivatives (III) and product (V) possessing the core structure of calyxins I and J.
ChemInform Abstract: Direct Access to Functionalized Benzotropones, Azepanes, and Piperidines by Reductive Cross‐Coupling of α‐Bromo Enones with α‐Bromo Enamides.
Authors: Beng Timothy K. , Sincavage Kayla , Silaire Ann Wens V. , Alwali Amir , Bassler Daniel P. , Spence Laura E. , Beale Oliver
Published: August 2015

under cobalt catalysis
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Arylation/Friedel—Crafts Reactions of o‐Acylanilines with Diaryliodonium Salts: A Modular Synthesis of Acridine Derivatives.
Authors: Pang Xinlong , Lou Zhenbang , Li Ming , Wen Lirong , Chen Chao
Published: August 2015

A modular method to synthesize acridine derivatives is developed with ortho‐acylanilines and diaryliodonium salts.
ChemInform Abstract: Palladium‐Catalyzed Three‐Component Cascade Reaction: Facial Access to Densely Functionalized Indolizines.
Authors: Liu Ren‐Rong , Lu Chuan‐Jun , Zhang Ming‐Di , Gao Jian‐Rong , Jia Yi‐Xia
Published: August 2015

Starting from 2‐(2‐enynyl)pyridines, allyl chlorides, and malonates or indole derivatives as nucleophiles a general route to 1,2,3‐trisubstituted indolizines is elaborated which provides the products in moderate to high yields.
ChemInform Abstract: Two New Flavonoids from Retama raetam.
Authors: Xu Wen‐Hui , Al‐Rehaily Adnan J. , Yousaf Muhammad , Ahmad Mohammad S. , Khan Shabana I. , Khan Ikhlas A.
Published: August 2015

The two new furanoflavonoids retamasin A (I) and B (II) are isolated from the aerial parts of Retama raetam together with five known compounds.
ChemInform Abstract: Structural Revision of Glabramycins B and C, Antibiotics from the Fungus Neosartorya glabra by DFT Calculations of NMR Chemical Shifts and Coupling Constants.
Authors: Li Yang
Published: August 2015

Complete relative configurations for glabramycin B (I) and C (II) are established.
ChemInform Abstract: Graphene‐Supported Metal/Metal Oxide Nanohybrids: Synthesis and Applications in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Cheng Yi , Fan Yiqiu , Pei Yan , Qiao Minghua
Published: August 2015

Review: 173 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: 1,8‐Diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undec‐7‐ene (DBU): A Versatile Reagent in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Nand Bhaskara , Khanna Garima , Chaudhary Ankita , Lumb Anshika , Khurana Jitender M.
Published: August 2015

Review: 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Methods of Synthesis and Properties of Thiazolopyridines
Authors: Chaban T. I.
Published: August 2015

Review: 75 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Recent Advances in the Use of Chiral Metal Complexes with Achiral Ligands for Application in Asymmetric Catalysis
Authors: Cao Zhong‐Yan , Brittain William D. G. , Fossey John S. , Zhou Feng
Published: August 2015

Review: 83 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Tris(pyrazol‐1‐yl)methane Metal Complexes for Catalytic Mild Oxidative Functionalizations of Alkanes, Alkenes and Ketones
Authors: Martins Luisa M. D. R. S. , Pombeiro Armando J. L.
Published: August 2015

Review: 85 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Glycerol‐Derived Renewable Polyglycerols: A Class of Versatile Chemicals of Wide Potential Application
Authors: Ciriminna Rosaria , Katryniok Benjamin , Paul Sebastien , Dumeignil Franck , Pagliaro Mario
Published: August 2015

Review: 32 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Peptide Self‐Assembly Triggered by Metal Ions
Authors: Zou Rongfeng , Wang Qi , Wu Junchen , Wu Jingxian , Schmuck Carsten , Tian He
Published: August 2015

Review: recent development of structures, functions, as well as strategies of a peptide self‐assembly induced by metal ions; 122 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Artificial Switchable Catalysts
Authors: Blanco Victor , Leigh David A. , Marcos Vanesa
Published: August 2015

Review: progress in the field of artificial switchable catalysts, where the rate acceleration, stereochemistry and/or chemoselectivity of catalyzed processes can be switched through external stimuli; 106 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Carbon Cycle in Advanced Coal Chemical Engineering
Authors: Yi Qun , Li Wenying , Feng Jie , Xie Kechang
Published: August 2015

Review: 359 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Solid‐State Materials and Molecular Cavities and Containers for the Supramolecular Recognition and Storage of NOX‐Species: A Review
Authors: Rudkevich Dmitry M. , Zyryanov Grigory V.
Published: August 2015

Review: 192 refs.
ChemInform Abstract: Progress and Prospects in Symmetrical Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with Two Identical Electrodes
Authors: Su Chao , Wang Wei , Liu Meilin , Tade Moses O. , Shao Zongping
Published: August 2015

Review: 174 refs.
Kinetically Tunable Photostability of Fluorogen‐Activating Peptide–Fluorogen Complexes
Authors: Saurabh Saumya , Zhang Ming , Mann Victor R. , Costello Andrea M. , Bruchez Marcel P.
Published: August 2015

Ease of genetic encoding, labeling specificity, and high photostability are the most sought after qualities in a fluorophore for biological detection. Furthermore, many applications can gain from the fluorogenic nature of fluoromodules and the ability to turn on the same fluoromodules multiple times. Fluorogen‐activating peptides (FAPs) bind noncovalently to their cognate fluorogens and exhibit enhanced photostability. Herein, the photostabilities of malachite green (MG)‐binding and thiazole‐orange‐binding FAPs are compared under limiting‐ and excess‐fluorogen conditions to establish distinct mechanisms for photostability that correspond to the dissociation rate of the FAP–fluorogen complex. FAPs with slow dissociation show evidence of dye encapsulation and protection from photo or environmental degradation and single‐step bleaching at the single molecule level, whereas those with rapid dissociation show repeated cycles of binding and enhanced photostability by exchange of bleached fluorogen with a new dye. A combination of generalizable selection pressure based on bleaching, flow cytometry, and site‐specific amino acid mutagenesis is used to obtain a modified FAP with enhanced photostability, due to rapid dissociation of the MG fluorogen. These studies shed light on the basic mechanisms by which noncovalent association can effect photostable labeling, and demonstrate novel reagents for photostable and intermittent labeling of biological targets.
State of the art systematic review of bone disease in anorexia nervosa
Authors: Misra Madhusmita , Golden Neville H. , Katzman Debra K.
Published: August 2015

Objective

Low bone mineral density (BMD) is a known consequence of anorexia nervosa (AN) and is particularly concerning during adolescence, a critical time for bone accrual. A comprehensive synthesis of available data regarding impaired bone health, its determinants, and associated management strategies in AN is currently lacking. This systematic review aims to synthesize information from key physiologic and prospective studies and trials, and provide a thorough understanding of impaired bone health in AN and its management.

Method

Search terms included “anorexia nervosa” AND “bone density” for the period 1995–2015, limited to articles in English. Papers were screened manually based on journal impact factor, sample size, age of participants, and inclusion of a control group. When necessary, we included seminal papers published before 1995.

Results

AN leads to low BMD, impaired bone quality and increased fracture risk. Important determinants are low lean mass, hypogonadism, IGF‐1 deficiency, and alterations in other hormones that impact bone health. Weight gain and menses restoration are critical for improving bone outcomes in AN. Physiologic estrogen replacement as the transdermal patch was shown to increase bone accrual in one study in adolescent females with AN; however, residual deficits persist. Bisphosphonates are potentially useful in adults with AN.

Discussion

To date, evidence suggests that the safest and most effective strategy to improve bone health in AN is normalization of weight with restoration of menses. Pharmacotherapies that show promise include physiologic estradiol replacement (as the transdermal estradiol patch), and in adults, bisphosphonates. Further studies are necessary to determine the best strategies to normalize BMD in AN.
Improving postoperative pain management in children by providing regular training and an updated pain therapy concept
Authors: Heinrich M. , Mechea A. , Hoffmann F.
Published: August 2015

Background

In recent years, children's hospitals have increasingly implemented postoperative pain management protocols to reduce postoperative pain and improve patient satisfaction. The effectiveness and long‐term sustainability of such protocols have rarely been studied. Therefore, we conducted a prospective intervention study to assess the impact of regular training and improvement of clinical processes on the quality of postoperative pain management.

Methods

We conducted an initial assessment of the status quo of postoperative pain management (Audit 1) followed by repeated training and improvement of clinical processes (analgesic pocket card, parents’ brochure, modification of the patient chart, bimonthly advanced trainings sessions) and a follow‐up review after 3 years (Audit 2). We used a data entry form, a patient survey, and an anonymous questionnaire for the nursing staff as measurement tools.

Results

Our analysis included a total of 93 and 85 patients in the initial and final audits. The return rates of the nursing staff questionnaire were 83% (Audit 1) and 77% (Audit 2). The training and process improvements resulted in significant improvement in the administration of analgesics for pain requiring treatment, the control of pain measurement after the administration of analgesics and the use of non‐pharmacological pain therapies. The patients reported faster administration of analgesics for acute pain and improved pain relief following the intervention.

Conclusions

Repeated training and improvement of clinical processes can significantly improve the long‐term quality of postoperative pain management in children with a tolerable amount of effort on the part of health care professionals and institutions.
Experimental study on the bidirectional inelastic deformation capacity of U‐shaped steel dampers for seismic isolated buildings
Authors: Ene Diana , Kishiki Shoichi , Yamada Satoshi , Jiao Yu , Konishi Yoshinao , Terashima Masao , Kawamura Norihisa
Published: August 2015

Hysteretic dampers are used to dissipate earthquake‐induced energy in base‐isolated structures by acquiring inelastic deformations, rendering their hysteretic behavior of vital importance. The present paper focuses on investigating the behavior of U‐shaped steel dampers under bidirectional loading; this is significantly different from their corresponding uniaxial behavior. Two main sets of loading tests on full‐scale specimens are conducted in this regard: (i) quasi‐static tests with simple histories and (ii) dynamic tests with realistic loading histories. Based on the results obtained in the quasi‐static tests, an interaction curve that accounts for the reduction of the cyclic deformation capacity is proposed. However, the fidelity of this relation must be assessed under loading conditions similar to those of a seismically isolated structure subjected to an earthquake, which represents the goal of the second set of tests. The results of the dynamic tests validate the proposed interaction curve for estimating the deformation capacity of U‐shaped steel dampers under bidirectional loading. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.