bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Design and Optimisation of a Three Layers Thermal Neutron, Fast Neutron and Gamma-Ray Imaging System
Authors: Al Hamrashdi H. , Monk S. D. , Cheneler D.
Published: January 2020

The design and configuration of a multi-layered imaging system with the ability to detect thermal neutrons, fast neutrons and gamma rays has been developed and its efficacy demonstrated. The work presented here numerically determines the systems efficiency and spatial resolution, using252Cf and137Cs as a case study. The novelty of this detection system lies in the use of small form factor detectors in a three-layer design, which utilises neutron elastic scattering and Compton scattering simultaneously. The current configuration consists of 10 mm thick natural lithium glass (GS10) scintillator integrated with a 20 mm thick plastic scintillator (EJ-204) in the first layer, a 15 mm thick lithium glass (GS10) scintillator in the second and a 30 mm thick CsI(Tl) scintillator forming the final layer. Each of these layers is backed with an 8 x 8 silicon photomultiplier diode (SiPM) array. The overall size of the imaging system is 27 mm x 27 mm x 135 mm. MCNPv6.1 and Geant4-10.04 were alternatively used to optimise the overall configuration and to investigate detection modalities. Results show promising performance with high precision source localisation and characterization abilities. Measurements were virtually obtained of two gamma-ray sources within steel enclosures at angles of 15°, 30° and 50° separation in order to test spatial resolution ability of the system. With the current active size of the system and the 8x8 SiPM configuration, the results estimate the spatial resolution to be close to 30°. The ability of the system to characterise and identify sources based on the type and energy of the radiation emitted, has been investigated and results show that for all radiation types the system can identify the source energy within the energy range of typical reported sources in literature.
A Novel Portable Device For Gamma And Neutron Spectroscopy With Special Nuclear Material Identification
Authors: Morichi Massimo , Fanchini Erica , Mangiagalli Giacomo
Published: January 2020

The development of new types of detectors and the increased performance of the electronics have paved the way for developing advanced systems for the measurement and identification of radioactive material that can be involved, for example, in illicit trafficking. Radioactive isotope identifiers are today commercially available. Nowadays those systems make use of inorganic scintillators as Sodium Iodide (NaI(Tl)) or, for enhanced resolution, Lanthanum Bromide (LaBr3) to identify the gamma emitters through their characteristic gamma lines. The most complete systems usually include an additional 3He proportional counter for neutron detection and counting. The performances of such devices are compliant with standards as the IEC 62327 Hand Held Instruments for the Detection and Identification of Radionuclides. This paper presents a new type of portable radioactive isotope identifier. This device, based on an organic liquid scintillator with excellent Pulse Shape Discrimination (PSD) proprieties for the simultaneous detection of gamma rays and neutrons, detects radioactive source as Special Nuclear Material (SNM), medical, industrial and Naturally Occurring Radioactive Material. The exclusive feature of this instrument is the identification of neutron sources with discrimination between fission sources (like Californium 252Cf) and alpha-n type sources (like Americium Beryllium Am-Be) from Plutonium and Uranium through an innovative dedicated algorithm. Individual thresholds for neutron and gamma counts are calculated to allow detection with 95% detection probability for a dose rate on the front face of the scintillator of at least 50 nSv/h. Alarms are triggered separately when the respective rate exceed these thresholds. The neutron source detection has also been proved in a gamma ray field up to 100 μSv/h. The electronics is equipped with two analog inputs and two high voltage power supplies in a small form factor thus becoming an enabling technology for higher performance yet portable radioactive isotope identifier devices, which can include more detectors and perform data fusion analysis. The addition of a second detector allows to detect a masked neutron source through the PSD algorithm performed by the liquid scintillator detector while the added inorganic scintillator identifies the masking gamma emitters. The inorganic scintillator allows also the calculation of Pu and U enrichment grade through characteristic gamma emission line.
Characterization of Neutron Detection Systems with Confidence via Statistical Parameter Correction
Authors: Boone Phillip
Published: January 2020

Neutron detection systems utilize statistical alarm techniques where a measured false alarm rate (FAR) can vary drastically from the FAR predicted by a theoretical model. The ability to set an alarm threshold that results in a practically controlled FAR is crucial to characterize detector sensitivity with both accuracy and precision. A generalized and automated method is presented to statistically evaluate FAR performance by assuming that the FAR itself is not deterministic, but a normal stochastic process over a specific parameter to be corrected that will hereafter be referred to as the correction. In this manner, a specific correction results in not only a point estimate of FAR, but also a confidence interval. The central objective is focused exclusively on characterization assuming that experiments are executed in a tightly controlled environment so that an accurate comparison is enabled across detectors. Once a correction is calculated, the estimated FAR is only assumed accurate in a similar environment for sensitivity evaluation. Initially, the calculated correction factor was used to compare FARs across various distributions including normal, corrected normal, Poisson, and a simplified normal distribution. Later verification data sets were used to empirically demonstrate the rate of containment of measured confidence coefficients using two detectors of different technology. A second application uses the correction method to improve the signal-to-noise ratio metric to agree more with dynamic sensitivity results. Finally, a third application studies the effect of altering the duration of background acquisition on FAR performance.
Event Reconstruction in the Tracking System of the CBM Experiment
Authors: Friese Volker
Published: January 2020

The Compressed Baryonic Matter experiment (CBM) will investigate strongly interacting matter at high net-baryon densities by measuring nucleus-nucleus collisions at the FAIR research centre in Darmstadt, Germany. Its ambitious aim is to measure at very high interaction rates, unprecedented in the field of experimental heavy-ion physics so far. This goal will be reached with fast and radiation-hard detectors, self-triggered read-out electronics and streaming data acquisition without any hardware trigger. Collision events will be reconstructed and selected in real-time exclusively in software. This puts severe requirements to the algorithms for event reconstruction and their implementation. We will discuss some facets of our approaches to event reconstruction in the main tracking device of CBM, the Silicon Tracking System, covering local reconstruction (cluster and hit finding) as well as track finding and event definition.
Renormalization Group in Non-Relativistic Quantum Statistics
Authors: Honkonen Juha , Komarova M. V. , Molotkov Yu. G. , Nalimov M. Yu. , Zhavoronkov Yu. A.
Published: January 2020

Dynamic behaviour of a boson gas near the condensation transition in the
symmetric phase is analyzed with the use of an effective large-scale model derived from time-dependent Green functions at finite temperature. A renormalization-group analysis shows that the scaling exponents of critical dynamics of the effective multi-charge model coincide with those of the standard model A. The departure of this result from the description of the superfluid transition by either model E or F of the standard phenomenological stochastic models is corroborated by the analysis of a generalization of model F, which takes into account the effect of compressible fluid velocity. It is also shown that, contrary to the single-charge model A, there are several correction exponents in the effective model, which are calculated at the leading order of the ɛ= 4 − d expansion.
Computing Four-Center Two-Electron Coulomb Integrals Using Exponential Transformations and Trapezoidal Rule
Authors: Lovrod Jordan , Safouhi Hassan
Published: January 2020

The numerical evaluations of the four-center two-electron Coulomb integrals are among the most time-consuming computations involved in molecular electronic structure calculations. In the present paper we extend the double exponential (DE) transform method, previously developed for the numerical evaluation of threecenter one-electron molecular integrals [J. Lovrod, H. Safouhi, Molecular Physics (2019) DOI:10.1030/0026867.2019.1619854], to four-center two-electron integrals. The fast convergence properties analyzed in the numerical section illustrate the advantages of the new approach.
Construction of Multivariate Interpolation Hermite Polynomials for Finite Element Method
Authors: Chuluunbaatar Galmandakh , Gusev Alexander A. , Chuluunbaatar Ochbadrakh , Gerdt Vladimir P. , Vinitsky Sergue I. , Derbov Vladimir L. , Góźdź Andrzej , Krassovitskiy Pavel M. , Le Hai Luong
Published: January 2020

A new algorithm for constructing multivariate interpolation Hermite polynomials in analytical form in a multidimensional hypercube is presented. These polynomials are determined from a specially constructed set of values of the polynomials themselves and their partial derivatives with continuous derivatives up to a given order on the boundaries of the finite elements. The effciency of the finite element schemes, algor thms and programs is demonstrated by solving the Helmholtz problem for a cube.
Anomalous Scaling in the Kinematic Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence
Authors: Jurčišinová Eva , Jurčišin Marián , Remecký Richard
Published: January 2020

The problem of the anomalous scaling in the kinematic magnetohydrodynamic turbulence is investigated using the field theoretic renormalization group method and the operator product expansion technique. The anomalous dimensions of all leading composite operators, which drive the anomalous scaling of the correlation functions of a weak passive magnetic field, are determined up to the second order of the perturbation theory (i.e., in the two-loop approximation in the field theoretic terminology) in the presence of a large scale anisotropy for physically the most interesting three-dimensional case. It is shown that the leading role in the anomalous scaling properties of the model is played by the anomalous dimensions of the composite operators near the isotropic shell, in accordance with the Kolmogorov’s local isotropy restoration hypothesis. The importance of the two-loop corrections to the anomalous dimensions of the leading composite operators is demonstrated.
Parallel Numerical Simulation of the Magnetic Moment Reversal within the φ0-Josephson Junction Spintronic Model
Authors: Panayotova Stefani , Bashashin Maxim , Zemlyanaya Elena , Atanasova Pavlina , Shukrinov Yury , Rahmonov Ilhom
Published: January 2020

The φ0-Josephson Dushanbe, Tajikistanjunction model with a coupling between the magnetic moment and the Josephson current in the “superconductor–ferromagnet–superconductor” system has been investigated. Numerical solution of the respective system of nonlinear differential equations is based on the two-stage Gauss–Legendre algorithm. For numerical simulation in a wide range of parameters which requires a significant computer time, a parallel MPI=C++ computer code has been developed. Results of numerical study of the magnetization effect depending on physical parameters, as well as results of methodological calculations demonstrating the efficiency of the parallel implementation, are presented. Calculations have been carried out at the Heterogeneous Platform “HybriLIT” and on the supercomputer “Govorun” of the Multifunctional Information and Computing Complex of the Laboratory of Information Technologies, JINR (Dubna).
Efficient and Scalable Approach to Equilibrium Conditional Simulation of Gibbs Markov Random Fields
Authors: Žukovič Milan , Hristopulos Dionissios T.
Published: January 2020

We study the performance of an automated hybrid Monte Carlo (HMC) approach for conditional simulation of a recently proposed, single-parameter Gibbs Markov random field. This is based on a modified version of the planar rotator (MPR) model and is used for efficient gap filling in gridded data. HMC combines the deterministic over-relaxation method and the stochastic Metropolis update with dynamically adjusted restriction and performs automatic detection of the crossover to the targeted equilibrium state. We focus on the ability of the algorithm to efficiently drive the system to equilibrium at very low temperatures even with sparse conditioning data. These conditions are the most challenging computationally, requiring extremely long relaxation times if simulated by means of the standard Metropolis algorithm. We demonstrate that HMC has considerable benefits in terms of both computational efficiency and prediction performance of the MPR method.
Track Reconstruction in the BM@N Experiment
Authors: Baranov Dmitriy , Batyuk Pavel , Gertsenberger Konstantin , Merts Sergei
Published: January 2020

The BM@N experiment (Dubna, JINR) within the NICA complex is a running fixed target experiment. This paper mainly discusses the software support of the experimen and presents the status of the development and testing algorithms to be used for the reconstruction of heavy-ion collisions. Algorithms of reconstruction are described and tested with Monte Carlo input demonstrating a reasonable level of quality assurance. First results on particle identification being a good probe to estimate quality of reconstruction are also mentioned.
Architecture of a Compact Data GRID Cluster for Teaching Modern Methods of Data Mining in the Virtual Computer Lab
Authors: Belov Mikhail , Korenkov Vladimir , Tokareva Nadezhda , Cheremisina Eugenia
Published: January 2020

This paper discusses the architecture of a compact Data GRID cluster for teaching new methods of Big Data analytics in the Virtual Computer Lab. Its main destination is training highly qualified IT-professionals able to solve efficiently problems of distributed data storage and processing, drawing insights, data mining, and mathematical modeling based on these data. The Virtual Computer Lab was created and successfully operated by the experts of the System Analysis and Control Department at the Dubna State University in collaboration with the Laboratory of Information Technologies (Joint Institute for Nuclear Research).
Connections Between Nuclear Physics and the Origin of Life - Examining the Origin of Biomolecular Chirality
Authors: Famiano Michael , Boyd Richard , Kajino Toshitaka , Chiba Satoshi , Mo Yirong , Onaka Takashi , Suzuki Toshio
Published: January 2020

The discovery of bio-molecules in meteorites with an excess of one chiral state has created one of the biggest questions in astrobiology today. That is, what is the origin of bio-molecular homochirality? Studies of this question are highly interdisciplinary, and while several phenomenological models exist, we examine the relationship between fundamental symmetries at the particle level and the macroscopic formation of bio-molecules. A model has been developed which couples fundamental interactions with the formation of molecular chirality. In this magneto-chiral model atomic nuclei bound in amino acids interact via the weak interaction in stellar environments. Nuclei are coupled to the molecular geometry (chirality) via the shielding tensor, the same interaction responsible for NMR identification. Associated with this is the fact that isotopic abundances vary from solar system values. Interactions with leptons can selectively destroy one chiral state over the other while changing isotopic values. Possible sites are proposed in which this model may exist.
Einfluss zentralnervös dämpfender Arzneimittel auf Stürze mit Verletzungsfolgen bei Menschen mit Demenz in Pflegeheimen
Authors: Lippert Theresa , Maas Renke , Fromm Martin F. , Luttenberger Katharina , Kolominsky-Rabas Peter , Pendergrass Anna , Gräßel Elmar
Published: January 2020

Ziel der Studie Ziele der Studie waren einerseits die Erstellung einer Skala zur Erfassung zentral dämpfender bzw. aktivierender Wirkungen von Arzneimitteln sowie andererseits die Analyse der Fragestellung, ob dieser Summenwert bei Demenzerkrankten einen signifikanten Zusammenhang mit behandlungsbedürftigen Sturzereignissen aufweist. Explorativ wurde zusätzlich das Verschreibungsverhalten im Pflegeheim hinsichtlich PRISCUS-Liste, Anticholinergic Cognitive Burden List (ACB-Liste) und Psychopharmaka untersucht.

Methodik Es wurden Daten einer randomisiert-kontrollierten Studie zur Untersuchung der Wirksamkeit der nicht-medikamentösen multimodalen Gruppentherapie MAKS® bei 139 Personen mit degenerativer Demenz in 5 Pflegeheimen evaluiert. Alle zum Zeitpunkt Studienbeginn verschriebenen Arzneimittel wurden hinsichtlich ihrer dämpfenden bzw. aktivierenden Wirkung auf einer 5-stufigen Skala von 2 klinisch-pharmakologischen Experten bewertet: Von stark aktivierend (Wert+2) bis stark dämpfend (Wert − 2). Die so ermittelten Werte aller verschriebenen Arzneimittel wurden für jede Person zu einem „Dämpfungsscore“ aufaddiert. Der Zusammenhang zwischen „Dämpfungsscore“ und Sturzereignissen mit Verletzungsfolge in einem Zeitraum von 12 Monaten wurde mithilfe der binär-logistischen Regressionsanalyse untersucht.

Ergebnisse Knapp 30% aller Personen erhielten Arzneistoffe der PRISCUS-Liste, 50% bekamen einen Wirkstoff der ACB-Liste, 55% erhielten Psychopharmaka und 66% wurden mit mindestens fünf Arzneimitteln behandelt. 62% der Demenzerkrankten erhielten zentralnervös dämpfende Wirkstoffe. Im Beobachtungszeitraum kam es bei 36 der 139 Bewohnerinnen und Bewohner zu Sturzereignissen mit Verletzungsfolge. Der „Dämpfungsscore“ steht, multivariat analysiert, in signifikantem Zusammenhang (p=0,045) mit Sturzereignissen mit Verletzungsfolge. Eine stärkere zentralnervöse Dämpfung führte zu häufigeren Sturzereignissen.

Schlussfolgerung Der „Dämpfungsscore“ ist ein geeignetes Maß, um das Ausmaß der zentralnervösen Dämpfung zu beschreiben. Aufgrund des signifikanten Einflusses der Dämpfung auf Sturzereignisse mit Verletzungsfolge sollte bei der Medikation von Demenzerkrankten stärker darauf geachtet werden, möglichst wenig zentral dämpfende Arzneimittel einzusetzen, um das Risiko für relevante unerwünschte Wirkungen zu reduzieren.
Zur statistischen Untererfassung von Norovirus-Infektionen:
Erkenntnisse aus Daten von zwei Gesundheitsämtern
Authors: Hofmann Felix Martin , Michaelis Martina , Stößel Ulrich , Hofmann Friedrich
Published: January 2020

Hintergrund Seit 2011 müssen dem Robert Koch-Institut (RKI) nach dem
Infektionsschutzgesetz (IfSG) regelhaft nur noch labordiagnostisch bestätigte
Norovirus (NoV)-Gastroenteritisfälle, nicht aber z. B. klinisch-
epidemiologische gemeldet werden, weshalb sich die ohnehin schon bestehende
Untererfassung von NoV-Fällen in Deutschland deutlich verstärkt haben dürfte.
Fragestellung Um das Ausmaß der Untererfassung zu diskutieren, wird in diesem
Beitrag fallbeispielhaft dargestellt, inwieweit bei Gastroenteritisausbrüchen in
Krankenhäusern und Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen überhaupt labordiagnostische
Nachweise zur Klärung des Infektionsauslösers erfolgen. Interessant für die
Abschätzung der arbeitsmedizinischen Bedeutung von NoV-Gastroenteritis ist auch
der Anteil des erkrankten Personals.

Material und Methoden Von allen pseudonymisierten
Gastroenteritis-Ausbruchsdaten, die 2 lokalen Gesundheitsämtern zwischen 2011
und 2015 gemeldet wurden, wurde retrospektiv der Anteil labor-diagnostisch
bestätigter NoV-Ausbrüche und -Fälle einschließlich gemeldeter Beschäftigter in
Krankenhäusern und Gemeinschaftseinrichtungen (Altenpflegeheime,
Kindertagesstätten, Schulen) errechnet.

Ergebnisse Es wurde nur bei wenigen Gastroenteritisausbrüchen in
Kindertagesstätten eine ätiologische Erregerabklärung durchgeführt, weshalb nur
6% und weniger als NoV-Ausbrüche klassifiziert werden konnten. In
Altenpflegeheimen wurde rund die Hälfte der Ausbrüche NoV-klassifiziert, in
Krankenhäusern fast alle. Beschäftigte machten bei NoV-Ausbrüchen bis zu 23% der
Erkrankten aus.

Schlussfolgerungen Der geringe Umfang labordiagnostischer Untersuchungen
bei Gastroenteritisausbrüchen in Kindertagesstätten und Schulen impliziert eine
erhebliche Anzahl an versteckten NoV-Fällen. Aufgrund des Anteils infizierter
Beschäftigter in Ausbrüchen sollten NoV auch als arbeitsmedizinische
Fragestellung stärker in den Fokus gerückt werden. Weitere, größer angelegte
Prospektivstudien sind erforderlich, um diese ersten Erkenntnisse empirisch zu
untermauern.
Politische Umsetzung von Verhältnisprävention auf
Bevölkerungsebene: Herausforderungen und Erfolgsfaktoren
Authors: von Philipsborn Peter , Garlichs Dietrich , Wildner Manfred , Loss Julika
Published: January 2020

Politische Rahmensetzungen können wesentlich zur Schaffung
gesundheitsförderlicher Lebensbedingungen beitragen. Lobbyismus,
fachpolitische Silos und kulturelle Gräben zwischen Wissenschaft und
Politik können eine Umsetzung ensprechender Maßnahmen
erschweren. Eine verbesserte Kommunikation und Zusammenarbeit zwischen
Wissenschaft und Politik, die Einbindung der Öffentlichkeit und der
Aufbau zivilgesellschaftlicher Allianzen können helfen, diese
Hindernisse zu überwinden.
Efficacy of Homeopathy in Addition to a Multidisciplinary Intervention for Overweight or Obesity in Mexican Adolescents: Study Protocol for a Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial
Authors: Macías-Cortés Emma , Arellano-Álvarez Saraí , Vega-Monroy Sandra , Vera-Pérez Violeta , Llanes-González Lidia , Sánchez-Navarrete Pilar , Enciso-González Dolores
Published: January 2020

Background Current recommendations for treating obesity in adolescence include a comprehensive approach (nutritional, behavioral, and exercise). Calcarea carbonica ostrearum (CCO) is a homeopathic medicine usually prescribed in obese individuals, but its effects on weight and body fat are not completely known.

Objective The aim of this study will be to evaluate the efficacy of homeopathic CCO, in addition to a multidisciplinary intervention (diet, motivational support, and exercise program), on body fat and weight in obese adolescents.

Methods/Design A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, parallel-group, superiority trial with 3-month study duration will be undertaken. The study will be conducted in a public research hospital in Mexico City, Hospital Juárez de México, in the outpatient services of homeopathy and sports medicine. Eighty non-diabetic adolescents, 12 to 19 years old, who are overweight or obese, will be included. The primary outcome: change in body fat percentage at week 12. The secondary outcomes: change in mean total weight, total body mass index, fat mass index, waist–hip ratio, lean muscle mass, fasting glucose, insulin, insulin resistance, lipid profile, score of Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale Revised (CESD-R) and score of Screen for Child Anxiety-Related Emotional Disorders (SCARED) at week 12. Efficacy data will be analyzed in the intention-to-treat sample. To determine the difference in the outcomes between groups at baseline and week 12, data will be analyzed using Student's t-test.

Discussion This is the first randomized controlled trial aimed to determine the fat-reducing efficacy in obese adolescents of a homeopathic medicine, CCO, given in addition to a multidisciplinary intervention, compared with placebo plus the same intervention. It is an attempt to support scientific evidence in homeopathy for one of the most common chronic diseases, which causes high mortality due to its complications.

ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT03945396 https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03945396?term=homeopathy+for+obesity+in+Mexican+adolescents&rank=1
Elongated styloid process - a cause for cervical pain
Authors: Sumathi S. , Sivakami T.
Published: January 2020

The normal length of the styloid process is 20-25 mms. A diagnosis of Eagle's syndrome is made when the styloid process measures more than 30 mms.The symptomatology associated with an elongated styloid process is called Eagle's syndrome. Abnormal elongation of styloid process causes compression of important neurovascular structures situated in close relation to it resulting in chronic neck pain, referred pain to the ear, jaw and orbit, and globus hystericus. We report here two cases of elongated styloid processes found during our routine osteology demonstrations. The etiopathogenesis and clinical implications of an elongated styloid process are discussed.
Rehumanizing the migrant: the translated past as a resource for refashioning the contemporary discourse of the (radical) left
Authors: Baker Mona
Published: January 2020

This study examines conceptions of outsiders to the polity, focusing on the lexical items migrant(s), refugee(s), and exile(s) in both internet- and print-based sources. Drawing primarily on a subsection of the Genealogies Internet Corpus consisting of left-wing sources, I argue that left-wing politics is currently caught up in the rhetoric of the right and of mainstream institutions in society, largely reproducing the same discursive patterns even as it sets out to challenge them. Dominant patterns in left-wing Internet sources reveal, for example, that the economic migrant vs. political refugee distinction enforced by mainstream institutions remains largely intact, that the assumption of a “refugee crisis” unfolding in Europe is accepted at face value, and that the left is entangled in the same politics of labeling imposed by the right, reproducing designations such as “undocumented migrants” uncritically. Refugees and migrants, moreover, are represented as victims with no agency, are discussed in legal terms that serve to dehumanize them, and are repeatedly “quantified” as a homogenous and potentially problematic category. Acknowledging the contagious nature of dominant discourses and the difficulty of finding an alternative language with which to argue against established institutional rhetoric, the study further explores historical models that appear more consistent with the values espoused by left-wing politics today. It examines a subcorpus of modern English translations of ancient Greek texts such as Thucydides’ The Peloponnesian War and Herodotus’s Histories to demonstrate the viability of adopting a different conceptualization of refugees and other outsiders to the polity that may be drawn from classical antiquity—and/or from nineteenth- and early twentieth-century receptions of texts originating in classical antiquity—and the possibility of developing an alternative discourse with which to speak about migrants in the present.
Experimental investigation of vortex shedding past a circular cylinder in the high subcritical regime
Authors: Desai Aditya , Mittal Sanchit , Mittal Sanjay
Published: January 2020

Vortex shedding in the near wake of a circular cylinder is investigated using surface pressure measurements and two component Particle Image Velocimetry (2C PIV) for 1.49 × 105 ≤ Re ≤ 5 × 105. Space-time distribution of surface pressure shows that regular vortex shedding is interspersed with bursts of weakened activity. Its occurrence increases with an increase in Re. As a result, the rms of the lift coefficient decreases significantly in the subcritical regime with an increase in Re. Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) of the surface pressure data and the 2C PIV data at the midspan of the cylinder shows that most of the energy is contained within the antisymmetric (AS) and symmetric (S) modes. The AS mode is responsible for the regular von Karman vortex shedding, while the S mode is related to intermittent expansion and contraction of the vortex formation region. The energy of the AS mode decreases at a faster rate as compared to that of the S mode with an increase in Re. The S mode is the most dominant mode beyond Re ∼ 3.2 × 105. In the critical regime, the POD modes are modified due to the presence of the intermittent Laminar Separation Bubble (LSB). 2C PIV at the midspan of the cylinder reveals that the weakening of the AS mode is accompanied by an increase in the formation length, Lf. (Lf/d) increases from 1.4 in the low subcritical to 2.0 in the high subcritical regime, where d is the diameter of the cylinder. The weakening of the AS mode and increase in Lf/d collectively lead to a significant decrease in fluctuating lift with an increase in Re. 2C PIV of a spanwise section shows that weakening of vortex shedding is nearly uniform along the span of the cylinder.
Holographic fiducial marks: A system for precise alignment of x-ray optics
Authors: Herring G. K. , Yusuf M. , Neustock L. T. , Hesselink L.
Published: January 2020

This Letter covers the design and implementation of a generalizable system for the precise alignment of X-ray gratings. Next-generation high-energy grating-based Differential Phase Contrast (gDPC) X-ray imaging systems require precise alignment of the X-ray gratings as low as 1 mrad in rotation and 0.5 mm in translation. In this work, we designed holographic fiducial marks, consisting of four reflective Fresnel zone plates, each placed in a separate quadrant of the mark. When illuminated with a collimated laser beam, each mark creates a predefined pattern of four points, which changes quantitatively for any misalignment in each of the three translational and three rotational degrees of freedom. We fabricated the designed fiducial marks using photolithography and etching processes. The experimental system is implemented using a HeNe laser and an optical imaging system, which includes a beam expander, a plate beam splitter, and a CMOS camera, suitable for aligning practical gratings in gDPC X-ray imaging systems. Our experimental results demonstrate the rotational precision capabilities of the reported alignment system down to 0.42 mrad around the optical axis and 0.03 mrad around the axes perpendicular to the optical axis. The translational precision of 83.64 μm along the optical axis and 1.22 μm along the axes perpendicular to the optical axis is also demonstrated.
Reorientational dynamics of trimethoxyboroxine: A molecular glass former studied by dielectric spectroscopy and 11B nuclear magnetic resonance
Authors: Hoffmann Lars , Beerwerth Joachim , Greim Dominik , Senker Jürgen , Sternemann Christian , Hiller Wolf , Böhmer Roland
Published: January 2020

In this work, trimethoxyboroxine (TMB) is identified as a small-molecule glass former. In its viscous liquid as well as glassy states, static and dynamic properties of TMB are explored using various techniques. It is found that, on average, the structure of the condensed TMB molecules deviates from threefold symmetry so that TMB’s electric dipole moment is nonzero, thus rendering broadband dielectric spectroscopy applicable. This method reveals the super-Arrhenius dynamics that characterizes TMB above its glass transition, which occurs at about 204 K. To extend the temperature range in which the molecular dynamics can be studied, 11B nuclear magnetic resonance experiments are additionally carried out on rotating and stationary samples: Exploiting dynamic second-order shifts, spin-relaxation times, line shape effects, as well as stimulated-echo and two-dimensional exchange spectroscopy, a coherent picture regarding the dynamics of this glass former is gained.
Hydrogen generation from water splitting by catalysts of platinum-based clusters Pt3X (X=Al, Si, Cu) and CO oxidation by their by-products
Authors: Xie Wen-Li , Sun Zhen-Dong
Published: January 2020

Reducing sizes of precious metals and utilization of the mixed small clusters of them as catalysts in reactions are important methods due to more active sites for higher catalytic efficiency. Based on first-principles calculations in this work, we found that the platinum-based clusters of Pt3X (X=Al, Si, Cu) which have the magic number 4 can effectively catalyze the water decomposition and hydrogen production in just one-step reaction process. The adsorbates of the H2O@Pt3X clusters have strong absorption in the ultraviolet and visible regions with wavelength from 300 nm to 760 nm, indicating the sunlight can be used to drive catalytic hydrolysis for producing clean hydrogen. In addition, the O atom remains on the clusters after hydrolysis and can react with CO to form CO2 in activation barrier of 0.34−0.58 eV, showing the recycling ability of the products after hydrolysis for eliminating the “poisoning” CO by oxidation. Moreover, the formed CO2 molecule can be detached from the Pt3X clusters at 323 K. Our results provide interesting guidance for practical designing the useful photocatalysts.
Evidence For a Water-Stabilised Ion Radical Complex: Photoelectron Spectroscopy and Ab Initio Calculations
Authors: Corkish Timothy R. , Haakansson Christian T. , McKinley Allan J. , Wild Duncan A.
Published: January 2020

A photoelectron spectrum corresponding to an unknown 174m/z anion complex has been recorded. Initially believed to be I−…CH3CH2OH (173m/z), the spectrum has been assigned as belonging to that of an I−…H2O…CH3CH2 radical anion complex. The major peaks in the photoelectron spectrum occur at 3.54eV and 4.48eV as the 2P3/2 and 2P1/2 spin-orbit states of iodine respectively. Ab initio calculations were performed in order to rationalise the existence of the complex, with all structures converging to a ‘ring-like’ geometry, with the iodide anion bound to both the water molecule as well as a hydrogen of the ethyl radical, with the other hydrogen of water bound to the unpaired electron site of the ethyl. Simulated vertical detachment energies of 3.59eV and 4.53eV were found to be in agreement with the experimental results.
A bibliography of Australian mathematics to 1960 with observations relating to the history of Australian mathematics
Authors: Cohen Graeme L.
Published: January 2020

In the Supplementary Material of this issue, I give a bibliography of books and pamphlets in, or related to, mathematics in Australia, to 1960. It is as complete as possible, except for those omissions (notably, school books after 1900) that are described fully in the text. In particular, all higher degree theses in mathematics awarded by an Australian university (to 1960) are listed. This article describes the background to the compilation of the bibliography and observations drawn from it (and expanded upon) which relate to the history of Australian mathematics. In some respects, this article and its Supplementary Material may be considered to be an addendum to my book Counting Australia In: the People, Organisations and Institutions of Australian Mathematics (2006) published by Halstead Press, Sydney, for the Australian Mathematical Society.
Ferdinand von Mueller’s phytochemical laboratory
Authors: Rae Ian D. , Maroske Sara
Published: January 2020

Victoria’s government botanist and, at the time, Director of the Botanic Garden, Ferdinand von Mueller had a strong interest in the possible industrial and medicinal uses of plant products (economic botany), for which he established a phytochemical laboratory and engaged the services of qualified chemists to conduct experiments on wood distillation, paper-making, essential oils, alkaloids, ash of woods and seaweeds, dyes and tanning materials, and the strength of Australian timbers. The careers of Mueller’s laboratory chemists, George Christian Hoffmann, Ludwig Rummel, and Johann Georg Luehmann, and their interactions with other members of the colonial science and technology community are also described in this article.
Chlamydia-induced curvature of the host-cell plasma membrane is required for infection
Authors: Hänsch Sebastian , Spona Dominik , Murra Gido , Köhrer Karl , Subtil Agathe , Furtado Ana Rita , Lichtenthaler Stephan F. , Dislich Bastian , Mölleken Katja , Hegemann Johannes H.
Published: January 2020

Significance

We describe a mechanism by which the obligate intracellular pathogen
Chlamydia pneumoniae
induces curvature of the host-cell plasma membrane and recruits a central component of the endocytotic machinery. We demonstrate that a type III-secreted
C. pneumoniae
effector protein named CPn0678 binds via its N-terminal amphipathic helix to negatively charged phospholipids in the inner leaflet of the host plasma membrane at the site of entry, and induces membrane curvature. Its proline-rich region then recruits SNX9 (sorting nexin 9), a key regulator of endocytosis, and the complex facilitates uptake of
C. pneumoniae
into host cells.
Functional variants of
DOG1
control seed chilling responses and variation in seasonal life-history strategies in
Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Martínez-Berdeja Alejandra , Stitzer Michelle C. , Taylor Mark A. , Okada Miki , Ezcurra Exequiel , Runcie Daniel E. , Schmitt Johanna
Published: January 2020

The seasonal timing of seed germination determines a plant’s realized environmental niche, and is important for adaptation to climate. The timing of seasonal germination depends on patterns of seed dormancy release or induction by cold and interacts with flowering-time variation to construct different seasonal life histories. To characterize the genetic basis and climatic associations of natural variation in seed chilling responses and associated life-history syndromes, we selected 559 fully sequenced accessions of the model annual species
Arabidopsis thaliana
from across a wide climate range and scored each for seed germination across a range of 13 cold stratification treatments, as well as the timing of flowering and senescence. Germination strategies varied continuously along 2 major axes: 1) Overall germination fraction and 2) induction vs. release of dormancy by cold. Natural variation in seed responses to chilling was correlated with flowering time and senescence to create a range of seasonal life-history syndromes. Genome-wide association identified several loci associated with natural variation in seed chilling responses, including a known functional polymorphism in the self-binding domain of the candidate gene
DOG1.
A phylogeny of
DOG1
haplotypes revealed ancient divergence of these functional variants associated with periods of Pleistocene climate change, and Gradient Forest analysis showed that allele turnover of candidate SNPs was significantly associated with climate gradients. These results provide evidence that
A. thaliana
’s germination niche and correlated life-history syndromes are shaped by past climate cycles, as well as local adaptation to contemporary climate.
Declines in an abundant aquatic insect, the burrowing mayfly, across major North American waterways
Authors: Stepanian Phillip M. , Entrekin Sally A. , Wainwright Charlotte E. , Mirkovic Djordje , Tank Jennifer L. , Kelly Jeffrey F.
Published: January 2020

Significance

The annual appearance of massive mayfly swarms is a source of public fascination and spectacular natural phenomenon that plays a key role in regional food webs. Alarming reports of insect declines motivate efforts to uncover long-term and large-scale invertebrate population trends. Monitoring aquatic insect abundance across ecosystems continues to be logistically infeasible, leaving the vulnerability of these communities to intensifying anthropogenic impacts unknown. We apply radar remote sensing to quantify aquatic insect abundance at scales that have been previously impossible, revealing persistent declines in biomass flux from aquatic to terrestrial habitats. As ecological indicators, these losses may signal deterioration in water quality and, if current population trends continue, could cascade to widespread disappearance from some of North America’s largest waterways.
In pancreatic islets from type 2 diabetes patients, the dampened circadian oscillators lead to reduced insulin and glucagon exocytosis
Authors: Petrenko Volodymyr , Gandasi Nikhil R. , Sage Daniel , Tengholm Anders , Barg Sebastian , Dibner Charna
Published: January 2020

Circadian clocks operative in pancreatic islets participate in the regulation of insulin secretion in humans and, if compromised, in the development of type 2 diabetes (T2D) in rodents. Here we demonstrate that human islet α- and β-cells that bear attenuated clocks exhibit strongly disrupted insulin and glucagon granule docking and exocytosis. To examine whether compromised clocks play a role in the pathogenesis of T2D in humans, we quantified parameters of molecular clocks operative in human T2D islets at population, single islet, and single islet cell levels. Strikingly, our experiments reveal that islets from T2D patients contain clocks with diminished circadian amplitudes and reduced in vitro synchronization capacity compared to their nondiabetic counterparts. Moreover, our data suggest that islet clocks orchestrate temporal profiles of insulin and glucagon secretion in a physiological context. This regulation was disrupted in T2D subjects, implying a role for the islet cell-autonomous clocks in T2D progression. Finally, Nobiletin, an agonist of the core-clock proteins RORα/γ, boosted both circadian amplitude of T2D islet clocks and insulin secretion by these islets. Our study emphasizes a link between the circadian clockwork and T2D and proposes that clock modulators hold promise as putative therapeutic agents for this frequent disorder.
Paleomagnetism indicates that primary magnetite in zircon records a strong Hadean geodynamo
Authors: Tarduno John A. , Cottrell Rory D. , Bono Richard K. , Oda Hirokuni , Davis William J. , Fayek Mostafa , Erve Olaf van ’t , Nimmo Francis , Huang Wentao , Thern Eric R. , Fearn Sebastian , Mitra Gautam , Smirnov Aleksey V. , Blackman Eric G.
Published: January 2020

Determining the age of the geomagnetic field is of paramount importance for understanding the evolution of the planet because the field shields the atmosphere from erosion by the solar wind. The absence or presence of the geomagnetic field also provides a unique gauge of early core conditions. Evidence for a geomagnetic field 4.2 billion-year (Gy) old, just a few hundred million years after the lunar-forming giant impact, has come from paleomagnetic analyses of zircons of the Jack Hills (Western Australia). Herein, we provide new paleomagnetic and electron microscope analyses that attest to the presence of a primary magnetic remanence carried by magnetite in these zircons and new geochemical data indicating that select Hadean zircons have escaped magnetic resetting since their formation. New paleointensity and Pb-Pb radiometric age data from additional zircons meeting robust selection criteria provide further evidence for the fidelity of the magnetic record and suggest a period of high geomagnetic field strength at 4.1 to 4.0 billion years ago (Ga) that may represent efficient convection related to chemical precipitation in Earth’s Hadean liquid iron core.
Tradeoffs in the evolution of plant farming by ants
Authors: Chomicki Guillaume , Kadereit Gudrun , Renner Susanne S. , Kiers E. Toby
Published: January 2020

Significance

In human cultivation systems, farmers increasingly use technology to gather data for evaluating tradeoffs between diverse—and sometimes conflicting—crop requirements to maximize yield. Some social insects have also evolved agricultural practices, but it is unknown how they evaluate local conditions to balance conflicting crop requirements. In the obligate farming symbiosis between ants and plants in Fijian rainforests, we show how ant farmers also face key tradeoffs in crop cultivation. While ants cannot simultaneously maximize all services to their crops, our work demonstrates that they cultivate crops in high-light conditions to maximize floral food rewards, despite the nitrogen costs of this strategy. Evaluation of crop tradeoffs plays a key role in the evolution of farming strategies.
A computational modelof phonotactic acquisition
Authors: Szabó Ildikó Emese
Published: January 2020

This paper presents a model that connects phonotactic exceptionality to perceptibility, more specifically to functional load and acoustic detail. I identify two patterns in exceptionality: lexical exceptions and phonotactic vacillation, where the former is restricted to specific lexical items, while the latter affects two contrastive sound categories as a whole. Through the example of Hungarian word-final phonotactics, the Model of Perceptual Categorization associates these two patterns with different functional load and acoustic properties of contrasts, that lead to two categorizational malfunctions. On the one hand, phonotactic vacillation is a result of a frequent failure to categorize ambiguous tokens: low functional load coinciding with little acoustic difference. On the other hand, lexical exceptions are systematic categorizational mistakes brought about by salient categories – in this case distributional generalizations are hindered by interference from mislabeled tokens.
Conditions on the variable interpretation of |U| in Japanese
Authors: Backley Phillip , Nasukawa Kuniya
Published: January 2020

This paper examines the historical and phonological properties of h in Japanese. It shows that,
by analysing a specific case of segmental variation, we not only deepen our understanding of the sound which varies but also shed
light on some general characteristics of the sound system as a whole. Using an Element Theory approach (Anderson and Jones 1974; Kaye et al. 1985;
Harris and Lindsey 1995; Scheer 1999;
Nasukawa 2005; Cyran 2010; Backley 2011), the discussion focuses on the distribution of the element |U|, arguing
that |U| is naturally weak in Japanese. This helps explain two idiosyncrasies in Japanese phonology – the restricted distribution
of labial consonants and rounded vowels, and the patterning of h with labials.

In modern Japanese, labiality is phonologically and phonetically weak. In vowels, u and
w are produced without lip rounding, as unrounded [ɯ] and [ɰ]. And in consonants, the labial stop
p is banned from certain contexts. These facts point to the inherent weakness of |U| in Japanese, where
weakness refers to structural headedness; following Backley and Nasukawa (2009), it is
assumed that labials are represented by headed |U| (cf. non-headed |U| in velars). To account for the restricted distribution of
labials, it is argued that labiality (headed |U|) is only realised in Japanese if a specific structural
condition is met: |U| must co-occur with (i.e. be supported by) another element from the same sub-group of ‘dark’ elements. Thus,
the paper exploits the natural division between dark elements {|A|, |U|, |L|} and light elements {|I|, |H|, |Ɂ|}.
Dynamics of Auxilin 1 and GAK in clathrin-mediated traffic
Authors: He Kangmin , Song Eli , Upadhyayula Srigokul , Dang Song , Gaudin Raphael , Skillern Wesley , Bu Kevin , Capraro Benjamin R. , Rapoport Iris , Kusters Ilja , Ma Minghe , Kirchhausen Tom
Published: January 2020

Clathrin-coated vesicles lose their clathrin lattice within seconds of pinching off, through the action of the Hsc70 “uncoating ATPase.” The J- and PTEN-like domain–containing proteins, auxilin 1 (Aux1) and auxilin 2 (GAK), recruit Hsc70. The PTEN-like domain has no phosphatase activity, but it can recognize phosphatidylinositol phosphate head groups. Aux1 and GAK appear on coated vesicles in successive transient bursts, immediately after dynamin-mediated membrane scission has released the vesicle from the plasma membrane. These bursts contain a very small number of auxilins, and even four to six molecules are sufficient to mediate uncoating. In contrast, we could not detect auxilins in abortive pits or at any time during coated pit assembly. We previously showed that clathrin-coated vesicles have a dynamic phosphoinositide landscape, and we have proposed that lipid head group recognition might determine the timing of Aux1 and GAK appearance. The differential recruitment of Aux1 and GAK correlates with temporal variations in phosphoinositide composition, consistent with a lipid-switch timing mechanism.