bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
MERS‐CoV, influenza and other respiratory viruses among symptomatic pilgrims during 2014 Hajj season
Authors: Hashem Anwar M. , Al‐Subhi Tagreed L. , Badroon Nassrin A. , Hassan Ahmed M. , Bajrai Leena Hussein M. , Banassir Talib M. , Alquthami Khalid M. , Azhar Esam I.
Published: February 2019

More than two million Muslims visit Makkah, Saudi Arabia, annually to perform the religious rituals of Hajj where the risk of spreading respiratory infections is very common. The aim here was to screen symptomatic pilgrims for Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS‐CoV) and other viral etiologies. Thus, 132 nasopharyngeal samples were collected from pilgrims presenting with acute respiratory symptoms at the healthcare facilities in the holy sites during the 5 days of the 2014 Hajj season. Samples were tested using real‐time reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions and microarray. Demographic data including age, sex, and country of origin were obtained for all participants. While we did not detect MERS‐CoV in any of the samples, several other viruses were detected in 50.8% of the cases. Among the detected viruses, 64.2% of the cases were due to a single‐virus infection and 35.8% were due to the coinfections with up to four viruses. The most common respiratory virus was influenza A, followed by non‐MERS human coronaviruses, rhinoviruses, and influenza B. Together, we found that it was not MERS‐CoV but other respiratory viruses that caused acute respiratory symptoms among pilgrims. The observed high prevalence of influenza viruses underscores the need for more effective surveillance during the Hajj and adoption of stringent vaccination requirements from all pilgrims.
External relational attributions: Attributing cause to others' relationships
Authors: Carson Jack
Published: February 2019

I present an attributional approach to understanding how people perceive and respond to the effects of others' relationships in the workplace by suggesting that people perceive others' relationships to be causal sources of workplace outcomes. Specifically, I suggest that individuals' responses to negative outcomes at work can be better understood by differentiating between two types of external attributional explanations: external relational attributions and external nonrelational attributions. This research focuses on the conceptual development of external relational attributions, which are defined as those attributional explanations made for outcomes or behaviors experienced or observed by a focal individual that locate the cause of an outcome within the relationship between two others (people, groups, organizations, or any combination), not including the focal individual. Further, I propose situational antecedents and behavioral outcomes of external relational attributions, with an emphasis on individuals' behaviors toward others' relationships. Lastly, I highlight the advantages of considering the role of others' relationships when applying attribution theory to a variety of organizational phenomena and present directions for future research.
Iron regulates hexose transporters in Schizosaccharomyces pombe
Authors: Özkan Egemen , Kartal Burcu , Yılmazer Merve , Palabıyık Bedia
Published: February 2019

This study focuses on the effect of iron on hexose transporters which perform glucose uptake. For this aim, we investigated the role of iron in glucose utilization and expression of hexose transporters in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. We applied different iron concentrations (1, 2, 5, 10 mM) to the cells grown up to mid‐logarithmic phase. According to analysis of cell viability and morphology, we determined 2 mM and 5 mM as non‐toxic and toxic doses, respectively. Besides, glucose consumption efficiency increased (1.5‐fold) in the cells which were exposed to these iron concentrations. qRT‐PCR analysis of hexose transporter genes showed that the expression of ght2 and ght8 genes were downregulated under both non‐toxic and toxic iron conditions, but that of ght5 gene was significantly decreased only by toxic iron dose. In conclusion, it was suggested for the first time in this study that the Ght5 protein, as being high affinity hexose transporter, might play a role in sensing and signaling of iron stress.
Standardization of relative centrifugal forces in studies related to platelet‐rich fibrin
Authors: Miron Richard J. , Pinto Nelson R. , Quirynen Marc , Ghanaati Shahram
Published: February 2019

Platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF), a second‐generation platelet concentrate, has been the focus of intensive research endeavors over the past 2 decades. Over the years, however, numerous reports have inaccurately reported relative centrifugal force (RCF) values, which has caused considerable confusion in the field. Furthermore, the use of trade names such as leukocyte and platelet‐rich fibrin (L‐PRF) and advanced platelet‐rich fibrin (A‐PRF) has further confused many readers, since studies have not always used centrifugation parameters with equal rotor sizes, angulation of tubes, and/or tube design. This has led to considerable misperception in the report of relative centrifugal force. Herein is described necessary parameters pivotal for the future report of RCF in studies related to PRF, which include: 1) dimensions of the rotor (radius at the clot and end of the tube); 2) rotor angulation for the tube holder; 3) revolutions per minute (RPM) and time; 4) RCF value calculated at either the RCF‐minimum, RCF‐clot, or RCF‐maximum; 5) composition and size of tubes used to produce PRF; and 6) centrifugation model used. This editorial aims to minimize confusion in the field and create more transparent research reporting RCF values in future studies.
Effects of orange essential oil on intestinal microflora in mice
Authors: Wang Lin , Zhang Yan , Fan Gang , Ren Jing‐Nan , Zhang Lu‐Lu , Pan Si‐Yi
Published: February 2019

BACKGROUND

The intestinal microbiota has a wide variety of functions in the host. A positive effect of plant extract on intestinal microbiota in animals has been reported. However, the effect of orange essential oil and its components limonene, linalool and citral on intestinal microflora in mice has seldom been reported. The effects of intragastric administration of orange essential oil and limonene, linalool and citral on intestinal microflora and biochemical indexes in mice were studied.

RESULTS

The effect of essential oil, linalool and citral on immune organ index (spleen and thymus index), IgM and IL‐2 was not significant (P > 0.05). A significant increase (P < 0.05) of H+K+‐ATPase activity, IgA, IgG, and IL‐2 in the limonene group was observed when compared with the control group. Orange essential oil, limonene, linalool and citral could significantly reduce the content of short‐chain fatty acids in the cecum and colon of mice. Principal coordinates analysis showed that intestinal bacterial structure of limonene group cecum and colon was apparently separated from other groups. The relative abundance of Lactobacillus in cecum and colon in essential oil, limonene, linalool and citral groups was higher than that in the control group.

CONCLUSIONS

Orange essential oil and limonene, linalool and citral could affect the intestinal microflora of mice, and enhance the relative abundance of Lactobacillus. The intestinal bacterial structure of cecum and colon in the limonene group was quite different from other groups. This indicated a more obvious effect of limonene on intestinal bacteria, also resulting in significant changes in blood immune index and short‐chain fatty acids in mice. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry
Resource limitation determines temperature response of unicellular plankton communities
Authors: Serra‐Pompei Camila , Hagstrom George I. , Visser André W. , Andersen Ken H.
Published: February 2019

A warmer ocean will change plankton physiological rates, alter plankton community composition, and in turn affect ecosystem functions, such as primary production, recycling, and carbon export. To predict how temperature changes affect plankton community dynamics and function, we developed a mechanistic trait‐based model of unicellular plankton (auto‐hetero‐mixotrophic protists and bacteria). Temperature dependencies are specifically implemented on cellular process rather than at the species level. As the uptake of resources and metabolic processes have different temperature dependencies, changes in the thermal environment will favor organisms with different investments in processes such as photosynthesis and biosynthesis. The precise level of investments, however, is conditional on the limiting process and is ultimately determined dynamically by competition and predation within the emergent community of the water column. We show how an increase in temperature can intensify nutrient limitation by altering organisms' interactions, and reduce relative cell‐size in the community. Further, we anticipate that a combination of temperature and resource limitation reduces ecosystem efficiency at capturing carbon due to strengthening of the microbial loop. By explicitly representing the effects of temperature on traits responsible for growth, we demonstrate how changes on the individual level can be scaled up to trends at the ecosystem level, helping to discern direct from indirect effects of temperature on natural plankton communities.
Violet Emission of ALD‐Grown ZnO Nanostructures on Confined Polymer Films: Defect Origins and Emission Control via Interface Engineering Based on Confinement of the Bottom Polymer Template
Authors: Mathur Aakash , Pal Dipayan , Singh Ajaib , Sengupta Amartya , Singh Rinki , Chattopadhyay Sudeshna
Published: February 2019

ZnO thin films on polymer templates (polystyrene, PST) show strong influence of the interface via degree of confinement of the bottom polymer template in introducing the controlled defect levels in the ZnO nanostructures and consequently yield significant variation at room temperature photoluminescence (PL). The thickness of the polymer thin film in terms of its radius of gyration (R
g) defines the degree of confinement of PST. Simultaneous growth of ZnO thin films by atomic layer deposition (ALD) with 150 cycles at 35 °C on spin‐coated polystyrene (PS) films of different thicknesses forms sets of ZnO/PST hybrid systems. The ZnO thin film exhibits a distinct/unusual violet emission (2.95 eV) along with the common near‐band‐edge and green emissions, when it grows on 6.5R
g PST. Such defect‐induced emissions disappear with increasing degree of confinement of the bottom PST from 6.5R
g to 1.5R
g, and sharper UV peak dominates the PL spectra along with a prominent redshift in near‐band‐edge. Furthermore, with increasing film thickness of the bottom PST template from 1.5R
g to 6.5R
g, the ALD growth rate of ZnO increases by 25%. The study offers new insights into the research on opto‐electronic applications of ZnO thin films in the emerging field of organic electronics.
Thermal Degradation Behavior and Kinetics of 3D Porous Polycarbonate Monoliths
Authors: Feng Yuezhan , Li Zhaoyang , Wang Yingke , Chen Weiwei , Wang Bo , Liu Chuntai , Shen Changyu
Published: February 2019

The thermal degradation behavior and kinetics are important to understand the nature of polymers. In this work, the thermal degradation behavior and kinetics of polycarbonate (PC) monoliths with a three dimension (3D) continuous interconnected porous structure is investigated. Thermogravimetric analysis reveals that the thermal stability of the PC monoliths shows a significant reduction compared to pristine PC due to its 3D porous structure, which drastically increases the heating surface area during the thermal degradation process. An interesting second degradation stage at 480–550 °C is observed for PC monoliths from the barrier effect formed by the collapse and coalescence of the porous structure at high temperature, which is further confirmed by volatile and solid char analyses. The kinetic analysis suggests that the PC monolith shows a low degradation activation energy (Eα
) at the first degradation stage, which increases rapidly and goes beyond the Eα
of pristine PC at the second degradation stage.
Ideal Polymer‐LC Composite Structure for Terahertz Phase Shifters
Authors: Inoue Yo , Kubo Hitoshi , Shikada Tateaki , Moritake Hiroshi
Published: February 2019

An ideal polymer/liquid crystal (LC) composite structure for terahertz phase shifters is proposed, and the fabrication method of the ideal structure using polymerization induced phase separation is reported. The ideal structure consists of four significant factors: i) the polymer structure surrounds LC droplets like polymer dispersed liquid crystals; ii) the size of the LC droplets is on the order of micrometers; iii) the polymer concentration is much lower than LC concentration like polymer‐stabilized liquid crystals; and iv) the nematic director both within and among the LC droplets has the same orientation. Such a structure is fabricated by photopolymerizing a nematic LC doped with 7 wt% mesogenic monomer under a critical temperature slightly lower than the clearing point of the LC mixture. The polymer/LC composite demonstrates both a short decay response time of 80 ms and a phase shift of 30° for terahertz wave at a frequency of 0.4 THz. Additionally, the transmission loss of the composite for the terahertz wave is discussed.
Tools and Methods Used for the Assessment of Body Composition in Patients With Cystic Fibrosis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Calella Patrizia , Valerio Giuliana , Brodlie Malcolm , Taylor Jake , Donini Lorenzo Maria , Siervo Mario
Published: February 2019

Background

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is characterized by changes in fat mass and lean body mass that may have important prognostic value. We aim to appraise the type and frequency of application of body composition (BC) methods in child and adult patients with CF.

Methods

We used 4 databases (Embase, PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science) to perform the literature search. The search was conducted from January 2017 to February 2017. Two independent reviewers selected articles based on titles and abstracts to check eligibility for inclusion. All study designs or types of articles (abstract, full text) were considered.

Results

Eighty‐four full‐text articles and 40 studies presented only as abstracts were selected. Sixty‐four studies included children and adolescents (age range of 0.1–18 years), and 41 studies recruited adults (range of 18–57 years); 13 studies included both age groups. Dual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) was used in 56 studies (33.9%), and bioelectric impedance analysis (BIA) was used in 12 studies (9.7%), whereas 38 studies (30.6%) combined different methods (up to 5 different methods) to assess BC.

Conclusions

The results show a large variability in the application of BC methods in patients with CF that makes the comparison between studies difficult. The only methods with a sufficient body of literature are DXA and BIA.
Project GOLD: A pilot randomized controlled trial of a novel psychoeducational HIV/STI prevention intervention for heterosexually‐active black youth
Authors: Brawner Bridgette M. , Jemmott Loretta Sweet , Wingood Gina , Lozano Alicia J. , Hanlon Alexandra L.
Published: February 2019

Black youth account for the largest number of new HIV infections among heterosexual youth. Mental illness and difficulties in emotion regulation contribute to increased reports of HIV/sexually transmitted infection (STI) risk‐related sexual behaviors in this group. Yet limited interventions exist to address this affective component of the sexual decision‐making process. The purpose of this paper was to describe the trial design, research challenges, and baseline characteristics from a study designed to fill this gap. Project GOLD was a pilot randomized controlled trial of a psychoeducational HIV/STI prevention intervention designed to address the role of mental illness and emotion regulation in HIV/STI risk among heterosexually‐active Black youth aged 14 to 17 (N = 108). Challenges encountered in the research process warrant further attention in future research (e.g., disagreement among the regulatory bodies on parental permission requirements). The most common mental health diagnoses were Recurrent Major Depressive Disorder (15.7%) and current substance abuse (7.4%). Participants reported higher levels of emotional suppression, and adaptive methods of emotion management, than culturally inappropriate expressions of anger or sadness. They also reported a mean age of 13.6 at first vaginal sex, used condoms 66% of the time for vaginal sex, and had an average of three sexual partners in the past 6 months. More than one‐quarter (26.9%) had sex with more than one person in the same day. These findings indicate intervention is crucial for this population. The forthcoming trial evaluation will indicate the promise of such interventions in reducing HIV/STI infections in this key population.
Sustaining eHealth engagement in a multi‐year weight gain prevention intervention
Authors: Tate D. F. , Crane M. M. , Espeland M. A. , Gorin A. A. , LaRose J. G. , Wing R. R.
Published: February 2019

Introduction

Digital tools are widely used and effective in weight management interventions; however, usage declines over time. Strategies to promote continued engagement should be explored. We examined the effects of offering additional modes of weight reporting as well as periodic online campaigns to promote engagement, assessed by frequency of weight reporting, in a weight gain prevention study for young adults.

Methods

Using an observational design, self‐reported weights obtained through digital tools were pooled across participants assigned to two interventions (n = 312). Analysis examined the effects before during and after introduction of an additional reporting modality (email) and for three time‐limited refresher campaigns over 2 years.

Results

Adding a new modality to the three existing modes (SMS, web, and mobile web) increased weight reporting as well as the number of modalities participants used to report weights. The use of several modes of reporting was associated with more weights submitted (p < 0.01). Refresher campaigns did not increase the proportion of participants reporting; however, the number of weights submitted during the 4‐week campaigns increased compared with the 4 weeks before the campaign (p's ≥ 0.45, <0.001, respectively).

Conclusion

Using multiple digital modalities and periodic campaigns shows promise for sustaining engagement with weight reporting in a young adult population, and incorporating such strategies may mitigate typical declines in eHealth and mHealth interventions.
Physical Function and Pre‐Amputation Characteristics Explain Daily Step Count after Dysvascular Amputation
Authors: Miller Matthew J. , Cook Paul F. , Kline Paul W. , Anderson Chelsey B. , Stevens‐Lapsley Jennifer E. , Christiansen Cory L.
Published: February 2019

Background

People with dysvascular lower limb amputation (LLA) achieve one‐third of the recommended steps per day and experience severe disability. Although physical function improves with rehabilitation after dysvascular LLA, physical activity remains largely unchanged, and factors contributing to limited daily step count are unknown.

Objectives

To identify factors that contribute to daily step count after dysvascular LLA.

Design

Cross‐sectional, secondary data analysis.

Setting

Outpatient rehabilitation facilities.

Participants

Fifty‐eight patients with dysvascular major LLA (age: 64 ± 9 years, body mass index: 30 ± 8 kg/m2, male: 95%, transtibial LLA: 95%).

Methods

Data were collected by a blinded assessor after dysvascular LLA. Candidate explanatory variables included (1) demographics, (2) LLA characteristics, (3) comorbidities and health behaviors, and (4) physical function. Variables with univariate associations with log steps/day (transformed due to non‐normality) were included in a multiple linear regression model using backward elimination to identify factors that explained significant variability in log steps/day.

Primary Outcome Measure

The primary outcome, daily step count, was measured with accelerometer‐based activity monitors worn by participants for 10 days.

Results

Participants took an average (± SD) of 1450 ± 1309 steps/day. After backward elimination, the final model included four variables explaining 62% of the overall daily step count (P < .0001): 2‐minute walk distance (32%), assistive device use (11%), cardiovascular disease (10%), and pre‐amputation walking time (11%).

Conclusions

Average daily step count of 1450 steps/day reflects the lowest category of sedentary behavior. Physical function, cardiovascular disease, and pre‐amputation walking time explain 62% of daily step count after dysvascular LLA. Although physical rehabilitation commonly focuses on improving physical function, interventions to increase daily step count after dysvascular LLA should also consider chronic disease and health behaviors that predate LLA.

Level of Evidence

III.
Physical Therapy–Based Exercise Protocol for Cancer Patients: Evaluating Outcomes for Cardiopulmonary Performance and Cancer‐Related Fatigue
Authors: Hutchison Nancy A. , Deval Nikita , Rabusch Stacey , Rich Holly , Kelley Tom , Flinn Nancy , Banerji Nilanjana
Published: February 2019

Background

Studies have shown that rehabilitation and fitness throughout cancer treatment interventions have been linked to improved outcomes for morbidity and mortality of cancer patients. This study serves to detail the efficacy of the Cancer Rehabilitation Physical Therapy Fitness and Debility (Ca PT) Program in cancer patients.

Objective

To describe the clinical population of cancer patients referred to the Ca PT Program and evaluate the efficacy of the program's therapy protocol in improving cardiopulmonary performance and cancer‐related fatigue and pain.

Design

Retrospective study.

Setting

Outpatient clinics.

Patients

One hundred two adults who had been referred from a variety of referral sources and supervised individualized exercise programs.

Methods

Participation in the Ca PT Program.

Main Outcome Measurements

The primary outcome measure was a change in baseline‐to‐discharge scores in the 6‐Minute Walk Test (6MWT), a cardiopulmonary performance measure. The secondary measures were changes in baseline‐to‐discharge scores of cancer‐related fatigue and general pain, measured by patient self‐report using a visual analogue scale.

Results

6MWT values were significantly higher at discharge (mean 523 yards) than at baseline (mean 436), (P < .001, r = 0.57). Ninety‐two percent of cases showed improvement and 58% of cases had a change on the 6MWT that met threshold for minimal important difference. Quality of life factors, fatigue (P < .001) and pain (P < .001) also significantly improved.

Conclusions

The results indicate the Ca PT Program yields significant improvement in cardiovascular fitness, fatigue, and pain in people with cancer history. Personalized physical therapy fitness programs for individuals recovering from cancer treatment should be a standard component of cancer intervention.

Level of Evidence

III
Balance Testing Following Concussion: Postural Sway versus Complexity Index
Authors: Purkayastha Sushmita , Adair Heather , Woodruff Amanda , Ryan Laurence J. , Williams Benjamin , James Eric , Bell Kathleen R.
Published: February 2019

Background

Although postural control deficits are common following a concussion, the current clinical assessments for postural control tend to resolve within 3 to 10 days after injury. There is a lack of sensitive tools to examine subtle changes in postural control during the recovery phase following sports‐related concussion. Only a limited number of studies have examined nonlinear dynamics of postural control; no study has examined this metric longitudinally during the recovery phase following a sports‐related concussion.

Objective

To examine sway and complexity index of postural control in collegiate athletes during day 3, day 21, and day 90 following a concussion and compare them with noninjured controls.

Design

Prospective longitudinal case‐control study.

Setting

University cerebrovascular research laboratory.

Participants

Thirty‐one male and female collegiate athletes on day 3 following a concussion. Twenty‐eight athletes returned on day 21, and 21 completed assessments on day 90. Twenty‐nine sports‐matched noninjured controls.

Methods

Center of pressure (COP) measurements obtained during 60‐second quiet standing on a force plate system with either eyes opened or closed. Postural sway was estimated as range and variability of COP in the anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral planes.

Main Outcome Measurements

Complexity index of AP COP utilizing multiscale entropy analysis.

Results

Postural sway measured as AP range (P = .03) and variability (P = .04) during quiet standing with eyes closed were higher on day 3 compared to the controls. Postural sway in the concussed group was comparable to the noninjured controls by day 21 postinjury. However, postural control dynamics utilizing complexity index was lower on day 3 (P < .001) and persisted on day 21 (P < .006) and day 90 (P < .02), despite resolution of abnormal postural sway 21 days postinjury.

Conclusion

Complexity index utilizing nonlinear dynamics might be a more sensitive objective biomarker for examining postural control following a concussion, with implications for return‐to‐play and interventions. Future studies with a larger sample size are needed to validate this finding.

Clinical Trial Number

NCT02754206.

Level of Evidence

III.
In Situ Synthesis of ZnO/Porous Carbon Microspheres and Their High Performance for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Gao Yang , Li Junfeng , Lai Xuefei , Hou Yi , Zhang Wentao , Yue Bo , Huang Xiaoli , Li Yanjun
Published: February 2019

The applications of ZnO anode material in lithium‐ion batteries are limited due to its large volume changes and low electric conductivity in discharge–charge cycles. In the study, the molecular‐level design is employed to develop a novel ZnO/porous carbon composite structure. With zinc citrate as the precursor, ZnO/porous carbon microspheres self‐assembled by nanosheets are successfully synthesized according to the carbonization method. ZnO particles with the size of 10–30 nm are uniformly dispersed inside porous carbon, which acts as a buffer layer. As the anode material, ZnO/porous carbon microspheres exhibit excellent cycle capacity (557 mAh g−1 at 100 mA g−1) and rate performance (304 mAh g−1 at 1 A g−1). The as‐prepared ZnO/porous carbon microspheres not only guarantee the structural integrity of electrode, but also directly solve the problem of capacity fading. The in situ composite structure may endow ZnO/porous carbon microspheres with wide application potentials in lithium‐ion batteries. The study may also pave a new way to design high‐performance anode materials for lithium‐ion batteries at the molecular scale.
Functional Non‐Volatile Memory Devices: From Fundamentals to Photo‐Tunable Properties
Authors: Wang Zhanpeng , Zhang Shi‐Rui , Zhou Li , Mao Jing‐Yu , Han Su‐Ting , Ren Yi , Yang Jia‐Qin , Wang Yan , Zhai Yongbiao , Zhou Ye
Published: February 2019

As one of the five basic components in a modern computer system, memory plays a key role in data storage while the Von Neumann architecture still occupies a principal position in modern digital era. With the rapid development of portable electronic devices, non‐volatile memories are of great importance in human's daily life. High‐performance memory devices are highly demanded, and novel materials applied to flash memory and resistive random access memory (ReRAM) have been widely investigated. The functionalities of memories can be broadened with the development of semiconductor technologies. As a facile and low‐power electromagnetic wave, light can be another modulation medium, which will not bring destructive operation and can enhance the device performance. In this review, the focus is on flash memory and ReRAM based on various functional materials as well as the recent development of photo‐tunable memories.
Introduction of Fluorine Into spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐xanthene]‐Based Hole Transport Material to Obtain Sensitive‐Dopant‐Free, High Efficient and Stable Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Guo Kunpeng , Wu Min , Yang Shaomin , Wang Zongtao , Li Jie , Liang Xiaozhong , Zhang Fang , Liu Zhike , Wang Zhongqiang
Published: February 2019

Despite the substantial development of efficient hole transporting materials (HTMs) for high‐performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs), optimization of the HTMs to sensitive‐dopant‐free HTMs for high efficient PSCs with prominent stability have rarely been reported. Herein, a low‐cost fluorinated spiro[fluorene‐9,9′‐xanthene] based HTM termed 2mF‐X59 is designed and synthesized. In comparison with its reported nonfluorinated counterpart X59, 2mF‐X59 shows lowered highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) level, improved hole mobility, and hydrophobicity. Aided by 2,3,5,6‐tetrafluoro‐7,7,8,8‐tetracyanoquinodimethane (F4TCNQ) to further lower the HOMO level of 2mF‐X59 and improve its hole transfer, the optimized 2mF‐X59 based PSCs show a maximum power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 18.13% without the use of any sensitive‐dopants (e.g., lithium salt/4‐tert‐butylpyridine), which is comparable to the Spiro‐OMeTAD based PSCs (18.22%) with sensitive dopants. More importantly, the sensitive‐dopant‐free 2mF‐X59 based PSCs maintain 95% of their initial performance for more than 500 h under air exposure, showing much better long‐term stability than control PSCs based on Spiro‐OMeTAD with sensitive dopanst. This is the first case that a sensitive‐dopant‐free HTM is demonstrated in PSCs with a high PCE (>18%) and good stability by optimizing the literature HTM. This work could pave a new way to develop low‐cost sensitive‐dopant‐free HTMs for highly efficient and stable PSCs for practical applications.
Strategies for Supporting Student Activists as Leaders
Authors: Linder Chris
Published: February 2019

This chapter synthesizes the strategies provided throughout this monograph for educators working with student activists as leaders. Interrupting the false dichotomy of leader and activist allows educators to support student leader‐activists in learning, growth, and development.
Hadronic corrections to μ-e scattering at NNLO with space-like data
Authors: Fael Matteo
Published: February 2019

Abstract

The Standard Model prediction for μ-e scattering at Next-to-Next-to-Leading Order (NNLO) contains non-perturbative QCD contributions given by diagrams with a hadronic vacuum polarization insertion in the photon propagator. By taking advantage of the hyperspherical integration method, we show that the subset of hadronic NNLO corrections where the vacuum polarization appears inside a loop, the irreducible diagrams, can be calculated employing the hadronic vacuum polarization in the space-like region, without making use of the R ratio and time-like data. We present the analytic expressions of the kernels necessary to evaluate numerically the two types of irreducible diagrams: the two-loop vertex and box corrections. As a cross check, we evaluate these corrections numerically and we compare them with the results given by the traditional dispersive approach and with analytic two-loop vertex results in QED.
Exotic holographic dispersion
Authors: Gran U. , Tornsö M. , Zingg T.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

For strongly interacting systems, where perturbation theory is not applicable, holographic duality is a powerful framework for computing e.g. dispersion relations. Using the standard Reissner-Nordström black hole as a holographic model for a (strange) metal, we obtain exotic dispersion relations for both plasmon modes and quasinormal modes for certain intermediate values of the charge of the black hole.

The obtained dispersion relations show dissipative behavior which we compare to the generic expectations from the Caldeira-Leggett model for quantum dissipation. Based on these considerations, we investigate how holography can predict higher order corrections for strongly coupled physics.
Universal aspects of U(1) gauge field localization on branes in D-dimensions
Authors: Freitas L. F. F. , Alencar G. , Landim R. R.
Published: February 2019

Abstract

In this work, we study the general properties of the D-vector field localization on (D − d − 1)-brane with co-dimension d. We consider a conformally flat metric with the warp factor depending only on the transverse extra dimensions. We employ the geometrical coupling mechanism and find an analytical solution for the U(1) gauge field valid for any warp factor. Using this solution we find that the only condition necessary for localization is that the bulk geometry is asymptotically AdS. Therefore, our solution has an universal validity for any warp factor and is independent of the particular model considered. We also show that the model has no tachyonic modes. Finally, we study the scalar components of the D-vector field. As a general result, we show that if we consider the coupling with the tensor and the Ricci scalar in higher co-dimensions, there is an indication that both sectors will be localized. As a concrete example, the above techniques are applied for the intersecting brane model. We obtain that the branes introduce boundary conditions that fix all parameters of the model in such a way that both sectors, gauge and scalar fields, are confined.
Benefit-Cost Analysis, Policy Impacts, and Congressional Hearings
Authors: Carlson Deven , Ripberger Joseph , Wehde Wesley , Jenkins-Smith Hank , Silva Carol , Gupta Kuhika , Jones Benjamin , Berrens Robert
Published: February 2019

Methods for identifying relevant policy impacts for valuation in benefit-cost analyses (BCAs) have received relatively little attention in academic research, applied policy analyses, and guidance documents. In this paper, we develop a systematic, transparent, and replicable process that draws upon information contained in records of Congressional hearings to identify relevant policy impacts for valuation in a BCA. Our approach involves classifying – and subsequently analyzing – statements from witnesses testifying in Congressional hearings on the topic of the BCA. By using Congressional hearings as the basis for our approach, we are identifying potential policy impacts from information provided during the very process the BCA is intended to inform. However, because this approach is quite resource-intensive and would be somewhat burdensome for agencies to implement, it may be best applied in the academic realm, with identified impacts resulting from such applications then made available to agency personnel for potential inclusion in BCAs. Using the case of the Glen Canyon Dam, we demonstrate the approach and its resulting improvements in the quality and transparency of the BCA it was intended to inform.
Lagrangian transport by vertically confined internal gravity wavepackets
Authors: van den Bremer T. S. , Yassin H. , Sutherland B. R.
Published: February 2019

We examine the flows induced by horizontally modulated, vertically confined (or guided), internal wavepackets in a stratified, Boussinesq fluid. The wavepacket induces both an Eulerian flow and a Stokes drift, which together determine the Lagrangian transport of passive tracers. We derive equations describing the wave-induced flows in arbitrary stable stratification and consider four special cases: a two-layer fluid, symmetric and asymmetric piecewise constant (‘top-hat’) stratification and, more representative of the ocean, exponential stratification. In a two-layer fluid, the Stokes drift is positive everywhere with the peak value at the interface, whereas the Eulerian flow is negative and uniform with depth for long groups. Combined, the net depth-integrated Lagrangian transport is zero. If one layer is shallower than the other, the wave-averaged interface displaces into that layer making the Eulerian flow in that layer more negative and the Eulerian flow in the opposite layer more positive so that the depth-integrated Eulerian transports are offset by the same amount in each layer. By contrast, in continuous stratification the depth-integrated transport due to the Stokes drift and Eulerian flow are each zero, but the Eulerian flow is singular if the horizontal phase speed of the induced flow equals the group velocity of the wavepacket, giving rise to a single resonance in uniform stratification (McIntyre, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 60, 1973, pp. 801–811). In top-hat stratification, this single resonance disappears, being replaced by multiple resonances occurring when the horizontal group velocity of the wavepacket matches the horizontal phase speed of higher-order modes. Furthermore, if the stratification is not vertically symmetric, then the Eulerian induced flow varies as the inverse squared horizontal wavenumber for shallow waves, the same as for the asymmetric two-layer case. This ‘infrared catastrophe’ also occurs in the case of exponential stratification suggesting significant backward near-surface transport by the Eulerian induced flow for modulated oceanic internal modes. Numerical simulations are performed confirming these theoretical predictions.
Creating Market Failure: Business-Government Relations in the British Paper-Pulp Industry, 1950–1980
Authors: MacKenzie Niall G.
Published: February 2019

This article examines the nuances and complexities of business-government relations in the British paper-pulp industry between 1950 and 1980 through the prism of interactions between Wiggins, Teape & Co., a paper company, and various U.K. government departments in the postwar period. It highlights the complexity of business-government and interdepartmental relations and tensions, set against the global and domestic paper industry competition and the United Kingdom's international economic position. Long-standing industry underinvestment and interdepartmental tensions in government are identified as principal contributors to the failing competitiveness of the industry and of British businesses more generally in the twentieth century.
Comparison of selective hydrolysis of α-lactalbumin by acid Protease A and Protease M as alternative to pepsin: potential for β-lactoglobulin purification in whey proteins
Authors: Lisak Jakopović Katarina , Cheison Seronei Chelulei , Kulozik Ulrich , Božanić Rajka
Published: February 2019

The experiments reported in this research paper examine the potential of digestion using acidic enzymes Protease A and Protease M to selectively hydrolyse α-lactalbumin (α-La) whilst leaving β-lactoglobulin (β-Lg) relatively intact. Both enzymes were compared with pepsin hydrolysis since its selectivity to different whey proteins is known. Analysis of the hydrolysis environment showed that the pH and temperature play a significant role in determining the best conditions for achievement of hydrolysis, irrespective of which enzyme was used. Whey protein isolate (WPI) was hydrolysed using pepsin, Acid Protease A and Protease M by randomized hydrolysis conditions. Reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography was used to analyse residual proteins. Regarding enzyme selectivity under various milieu conditions, all three enzymes showed similarities in the reaction progress and their potential for β-Lg isolation.
Embedding particle-in-cell simulations in global magnetohydrodynamic simulations of the magnetosphere
Authors: Walker Raymond J. , Lapenta Giovanni , Berchem Jean , El-Alaoui Mostafa , Schriver David
Published: February 2019

We have combined global magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the solar wind and magnetosphere interaction with an implicit particle-in-cell simulation (PIC) and used this approach to model magnetic reconnection at both the dayside magnetopause and in the magnetotail plasma sheet. In this approach, we first model the magnetospheric configuration driven by the solar wind using the MHD simulation. At a time of interest (usually when a thin current sheet has formed in the MHD simulation), we load a large particle-in-cell simulation with plasma and fields based on the MHD state. We use the MHD results to set the boundary conditions on the PIC simulation. The coupling between the two models is one way – the PIC results do not change the MHD results. In these calculations, we use the UCLA global MHD code and the iPic3D implicit particle-in-cell code. In this paper we describe this technique in detail. As an example of this approach, we present PIC results on reconnection in the magnetotail during a magnetospheric substorm.
Patient involvement in reflective multicriteria decision analysis to assist decision making in oncology
Authors: Badia Xavier , Aguarón Alfonso , Fernández Ana , Gimón Antonia , Nafria Begoña , Gaspar Bernard , Guarga Laura , Gálvez María , Fuentes Marta , Paco Noelia , Saldaña Roberto
Published: February 2019

Objectives

Patient involvement in drug evaluation decision making is increasing. The aim of the current study was to develop a multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) framework that would enable the inclusion of the patient perspective in the selection of appropriate criteria for MCDAs being used in the value assessments of oncologic drugs.

Methods

A literature review was conducted to identify and define criteria used in drug assessments from patient perspectives. The Evidence and Value: Impact on Decision Making methodology was used to develop a MCDA framework. Identified criteria were discussed by a sample of oncology patient association representatives who decided which criteria were important from patient perspectives. Selected criteria were rated by importance. The preliminary MCDA framework was tested through the assessment of a hypothetical oncology treatment. A discussion was carried out to agree on a final pilot MCDA framework.

Results

Twenty-two criteria were extracted from the literature review. After criteria discussion, sixteen criteria remained. The most important criteria were comparative patient reported outcomes (PRO), comparative efficacy and disease severity. After the discussion generated by the scoring of the hypothetical oncology treatment, the final pilot MCDA framework included seven quantitative criteria (“disease severity”, “unmet needs”, “comparative efficacy / effectiveness”, “comparative safety / tolerability”, “comparative PROs”, “contribution of oncological innovation”) and one contextual criterion (“population priorities and access”).

Conclusions

The present study developed a pilot reflective MCDA framework that could increase patient's capability to participate in the decision-making process by providing systematic drug assessments from the patient perspective.
Seafood intake and the development of obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes
Authors: Liaset Bjørn , Øyen Jannike , Jacques Hélène , Kristiansen Karsten , Madsen Lise
Published: February 2019

We provide an overview of studies on seafood intake in relation to obesity, insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Overweight and obesity development is for most individuals the result of years of positive energy balance. Evidence from intervention trials and animal studies suggests that frequent intake of lean seafood, as compared with intake of terrestrial meats, reduces energy intake by 4–9 %, sufficient to prevent a positive energy balance and obesity. At equal energy intake, lean seafood reduces fasting and postprandial risk markers of insulin resistance, and improves insulin sensitivity in insulin-resistant adults. Energy restriction combined with intake of lean and fatty seafood seems to increase weight loss. Marinen-3 PUFA are probably of importance throughn-3 PUFA-derived lipid mediators such as endocannabinoids and oxylipins, but other constituents of seafood such as the fish proteinper se, trace elements or vitamins also seem to play a largely neglected role. A high intake of fatty seafood increases circulating levels of the insulin-sensitising hormone adiponectin. As compared with a high meat intake, high intake of seafood has been reported to reduce plasma levels of the hepatic acute-phase protein C-reactive protein level in some, but not all studies. More studies are needed to confirm the dietary effects on energy intake, obesity and insulin resistance. Future studies should be designed to elucidate the potential contribution of trace elements, vitamins and undesirables present in seafood, and we argue that stratification into responders and non-responders in randomised controlled trials may improve the understanding of health effects from intake of seafood.
Neuropsychological Findings in Hamamy Syndrome: A Clinical Case Report
Authors: Roukoz Cynthia , Kanj Rama , Maalouf Fadi T. , Zeinoun Pia
Published: February 2019

This study, reports for the first time, the neuropsychological profile of a child with Hamamy syndrome—a rare genetic disorder with only five published cases (Buget, Canbolat, Akgul, & Kucukay, 2015). The patient was seen for a neuropsychological evaluation at ages 6 and 7, at the American University of Beirut Medical Center. Procedures included an extended clinical interview with the parent, behavioral observations, formal tests, and a series of parental rating scales. Patient was found to have relatively spared nonverbal intelligence, borderline-impaired language, and clinically impaired verbal reasoning, attention, and motor coordination. Additionally, he showed clinically significant concerns with behavioral regulation, metacognition, attention-deficit, and hyperactivity/impulsivity. The patient was diagnosed with a DSM-V Language Disorder, Speech Sound Disorder, and Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder, combined presentation, in the context of low-average intelligence. At follow-up, the neuropsychological profile was consistent, albeit improvement was noted following pharmacotherapy. This is the first published report that describes the neuropsychological functions of Hamamy syndrome. We make recommendations for early identification of cognitive strengths and weaknesses, and interventions to address them. Future research should evaluate additional functions such as memory and social/emotional development. (JINS, 2019,25, 336–342)
Combined Processing of Facial and Vocal Emotion in Remitted Patients With Bipolar I Disorder
Authors: Hoertnagl Christine M. , Biedermann Falko , Yalcin-Siedentopf Nursen , Welte Anna-Sophia , Frajo-Apor Beatrice , Deisenhammer Eberhard A. , Hausmann Armand , Kemmler Georg , Muehlbacher Moritz , Hofer Alex
Published: February 2019

Objectives:Bipolar disorder (BD) is associated with impairments in facial emotion and emotional prosody perception during both mood episodes and periods of remission. To expand on previous research, the current study investigated cross-modal emotion perception, that is, matching of facial emotion and emotional prosody in remitted BD patients.Methods:Fifty-nine outpatients with BD and 45 healthy volunteers were included into a cross-sectional study. Cross-modal emotion perception was investigated by using two subtests out of the Comprehensive Affective Testing System (CATS).Results:Compared to control subjects patients were impaired in matching sad (p< .001) and angry emotional prosody (p= .034) to one of five emotional faces exhibiting the corresponding emotion and significantly more frequently matched sad emotional prosody to happy faces (p< .001) and angry emotional prosody to neutral faces (p= .017). In addition, patients were impaired in matching neutral emotional faces to the emotional prosody of one of three sentences (p= .006) and significantly more often matched neutral faces to sad emotional prosody (p= .014).Conclusions:These findings demonstrate that, even during periods of symptomatic remission, patients suffering from BD are impaired in matching facial emotion and emotional prosody. As this type of emotion processing is relevant in everyday life, our results point to the necessity to provide specific training programs to improve psychosocial outcomes. (JINS, 2019,25, 336–342)