bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A 2–4 keV multilayer mirrored channel for the NIF Dante system
Authors: Rubery M. S. , Ose N. , Schneider M. , Moore A. S. , Carrera J. , Mariscal E. , Ayers J. , Bell P. , Mackinnon A. , Bradley D. , Landen O. L. , Thompson N. , Carpenter A. , Winters S. , Ehrlich B. , Sarginson T. , Rendon A. , Liebman J. , Johnson K. , Merril D. , Grant G. , Shingleton N. , Taylor A. , Ruchonnet G. , Stanley J. , Cohen M. , Kohut T. , Issavi R. , Norris J. , Wright J. , Stevers J. , Masters N. , Latray D. , Kilkenny J. , Stolte W. C. , Conlon C. S. , Troussel Ph. , Villette B. , Emprin B. , Wrobel R. , Lejars A. , Chaleil A. , Bridou F. , Delmotte F.
Published: November 2022

During inertial confinement fusion experiments at the National Ignition Facility (NIF), a capsule filled with deuterium and tritium (DT) gas, surrounded by a DT ice layer and a high-density carbon ablator, is driven to the temperature and densities required to initiate fusion. In the indirect method, 2 MJ of NIF laser light heats the inside of a gold hohlraum to a radiation temperature of 300 eV; thermal x rays from the hohlraum interior couple to the capsule and create a central hotspot at tens of millions degrees Kelvin and a density of 100–200 g/cm3. During the laser interaction with the gold wall, m-band x rays are produced at ∼2.5 keV; these can penetrate into the capsule and preheat the ablator and DT fuel. Preheat can impact instability growth rates in the ablation front and at the fuel–ablator interface. Monitoring the hohlraum x-ray spectrum throughout the implosion is, therefore, critical; for this purpose, a Multilayer Mirror (MLM) with flat response in the 2–4 keV range has been installed in the NIF 37° Dante calorimeter. Precision engineering and x-ray calibration of components mean the channel will report 2–4 keV spectral power with an uncertainty of ±8.7%.
Foreword to the tribute issue for Dr Graeme Batley
Authors: Apte Simon C.
Published: November 2022

Environmental context This special issue is a tribute to Graeme Batley’s career and his many contributions to the field of environmental chemistry.
Catalan sociolinguistics
Authors: Pradilla Cardona Miquel Àngel
Published: November 2022

Almost five decades after its foundation, Catalan sociolinguistics is a vigorous discipline. It should be said, however, that the magnitude of the research carried out reveals a knowledge area with extremely vague limits. On the whole, Catalan sociolinguistics still presents a clearly sociological bias. The sociology of language is still the object of most of the scientific output by a critical mass of researchers who largely insist on empathising with the communicative viability of Catalan. Of course, the initial militancy following its foundation has been toned down, but even so, controversial approaches persist.

Despite the emphasis I have given to the section on macrosociology, Catalan sociolinguistics has also been active in the fields of variationism, the ethnography of communication and, in particular, pragmatics. The contributions made by microsociolinguistics show that Catalan sociolinguistics is a multidimensional entity with an ever-increasing diversity of interests.
Linguistic ecology
Authors: Comellas Casanova Pere
Published: November 2022

In Catalan sociolinguistics, ecolinguistics emerged early on and has recently undergone considerable development. The article briefly reexamines the history of this sphere of linguistics and the main areas of interest stemming from it. These areas are based on the adaptation of the epistemological model of ecology to sociolinguistics, with the adoption of concepts such as ecosystem or emergency and with a criticism of mechanical and analytical conceptions, being replaced by a holistic perspective. They are also based on the acceptance of certain proposals from ecology such as conservation and diversophilia. Finally, other areas are mentioned, such as catastrophe theory or ecological analogy in discourse analysis.
Legitimation in revolutionary discourse
Authors: Ganaah John , Nartey Mark , Bhatia Aditi
Published: November 2022

This paper analyzes the legitimation strategies used by Jerry John Rawlings, a Ghanaian revolutionary leader, to
license his revolutionary actions, including political enemy executions and a crackdown on corrupt practices. It adapts and
extends van Leeuwen’s legitimation framework by demonstrating how Rawlings exploited historical memory and the notion of sacrifice
in conjunction with the strategies of authorization, rationalization and moralization to formulate his revolutionary rhetoric. The
analysis reveals that the legitimation strategies enabled Rawlings to project a patriot-cum-nationalist identity as well as
construct himself as a noble revolutionary mandated by the people of Ghana to represent their interests, protect them from
evildoers and lead the process of social transformation. The study illustrates the persuasive power of revolutionary discourses in
terms of how they function ideologically in the message they communicate (or exaggerate) and conceal.
Rapid calculation of part scale residual stresses in powder bed additive manufacturing
Authors: Khan Kajal , Mohan L. Srinivasa , De Amitava , DebRoy Tarasankar
Published: November 2022

Numerical modelling of thermo-mechanical residual stresses for laser powder bed fusion is complex and computationally intensive. A novel analytical model is presented here that can compute the residual stress distributions through a printed part and the baseplate quickly and reliably using phenomenological modelling. The peak residual stress for each deposited layer, needed in the model, is computed using scaling analysis. The computed residual stress distributions are tested with the corresponding independent experimentally measured and numerically computed results. The analytically calculated residual stress distributions are shown to be in good agreement with the corresponding independent results. The analytical model is shown to be 10,000 times faster than the numerical models.
Physical effects of gravitational waves: pedagogical examples
Authors: Motohashi Hayato , Suyama Teruaki
Published: November 2022

General relativity describes gravitation in terms of the geometry of spacetime. It predicts the existence of gravitational waves (GWs) that stretch and compress spacetime and were detected recently by state-of-the-art interferometer observations. Yet, for those who are not familiar with general relativity, it may be difficult to understand how the GWs actually stretch and compress spacetime. In this paper, after reviewing the fact that the effects of GWs can be understood as a force in Newtonian mechanics, we consider extreme and readily perceivable situations where large-amplitude GWs pass through the human body and the Earth, and demonstrate that GWs cause phenomena that commonly occur in daily life by back-of-the-envelope calculations. Our analysis provides intellectual and pedagogical materials for understanding the nature of GWs for nonexperts in general relativity.
An inelastic neutron scattering investigation of holmium orthoferrite
Authors: Stewart G A , Iles G N , Mole R A , Yamani Z
Published: November 2022

The inelastic neutron scattering spectra recorded in this study and elsewhere provide a useful set of crystal-field (CF) energy levels for the ground J = 6 term of Ho3+ in HoFeO3. The resolution of the low-energy, temperature-dependent pseudo-quadrupole ground state splitting and magnon peaks is consistent with the self-ordering of the Ho3+ sublattice at T
Ho ∼ 8–10 K and supports earlier electron spin resonance investigations of the Ho3+ magnon behaviour. Systematic analysis of the grouped singlet CF levels of Ho3: HoFeO3, in conjunction with the CF Kramers doublet levels of the neighbouring Er3+: ErFeO3, has yielded possible sets of CF parameters for the two systems.
Dicarbon nitride and Janus transition metal chalcogenides van der Waals heterojunctions for photocatalytic water splitting
Authors: Yan Su , Chen Weiguang , Xiong Wen , Yang Liang , Luo Ronghui , Wang Fei
Published: November 2022

Two-dimensional graphene-like dicarbon nitride (C2N) is a newly synthesized metal-free material, which has attracted significant research interest owing to the direct band gap, high carrier mobility, thermal stability, and great tunable properties. However, their application in photocatalytic water splitting has not been well explored. In this work, the properties of photocatalytic water decomposition in heterojunctions composed of C2N and transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) with Janus structure MoXY (X, Y = S, Se, Te) are systematically studied by the first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. The results show that except for MoTeS/C2N, the other five heterojunctions have type-II band alignment, which causes electrons and holes to gather in the C2N and MoXY layer separately. Because the coupled built-in electric field at the intra-layer and inter-layer of asymmetric TMDs with Janus structure forms van der Waals heterojunction, the external electric field is an effective means of modulating the electronic properties of the heterojunction. Under the imposition of an external electric field, the MoSeS/C2N, MoTeSe/C2N, and MoTeS/C2N heterojunctions meet the band edge requirements for the photocatalytic decomposition of water. Detailed analysis demonstrates that the MoSeS/C2N heterojunction could effectively improve the optical absorption properties of monolayer C2N, making it a potential photocatalytic water decomposition material.
Combined radiation burn injuries: A note
Authors: Sharma Ajay Kumar , Prasad Ayushi , Kalonia Aman , Shaw Priyanka , Kumar Rishav , Shukla Sandeep Kumar
Published: November 2022

Combined radiation injury occurs when radiation is accompanied by any other form of trauma. The past experiences of Hiroshima, Nagasaki, and Chernobyl have revealed that a large number of victims of such nuclear accidents or attacks suffer from combined radiation injuries. The possibility of a nuclear attack seems very far-fetched, but the destruction that would occur in such an event would be massive, with a huge lossof lives. Therefore, preparedness for the same should be done beforehand. The severity of combined radiation depends upon various factors, such as radiation dose, type, tissues affected, and traumas. The article focuses on combined radiation burn injury (CRBI) which may arise due to the combination of ionising radiation with thermal burns. CRBI can have varied effects on different organs like the hematopoietic, digestive, lymphatic, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems. Some of the most profound lethal effects are hematopoietic dysfunction, gastrointestinal leakage, bacterial translocation to other organ sites, pulmonary fibrosis, and pneumonitis. In this article, we have attempted to accumulate the knowledge of ongoing research on the functioning of different organ systems, which are affected due to CRBI and possible countermeasures to minimize the effects, thus improving survival.
A planetary gearbox fault diagnosis method based on time-series imaging feature fusion and a transformer model
Authors: Wu Rui , Liu Chao , Han Te , Yao Jiachi , Jiang Dongxiang
Published: November 2022

As a crucial component in the transmission system, a planetary gearbox has a relatively complicated structure and usually operates under complex working conditions and a severe noisy environment, making it challenging to achieve precise and efficient fault diagnosis. Along with the development of artificial intelligence techniques, end-to-end fault diagnosis frameworks have been widely studied, among which convolutional and recurrent neural networks are the mainstream backbone networks. However, these networks have shortcomings in computational efficiency and feature extraction, which lead to the application of a self-attention mechanism. This paper presents a fault diagnosis method based on frequency domain Gramian angular field (GAF) and Markov transition field (MTF) features for planetary gearboxes by combining the characteristics of vibration signal fault diagnosis and transformer network structure. The experiments show that the frequency domain GAF-MTF features can effectively reduce the influence of time shifting between samples and improve diagnostic accuracy. Furthermore, comparisons with other mainstream models indicate that the proposed method can obtain competitive results and achieve more accurate and robust performance under noisy conditions.
Zero surface tension limit of the free-boundary problem in incompressible magnetohydrodynamics*
Authors: Gu Xumin , Luo Chenyun , Zhang Junyan
Published: November 2022

We show that the solution of the free-boundary incompressible ideal magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations with surface tension converges to that of the free-boundary incompressible ideal MHD equations without surface tension given the Rayleigh–Taylor sign condition holds initially. This result is a continuation of the authors’ previous works (Gu et al 2020 arXiv:2105.00596; Gu and Wang 2019 J. Math. Pures Appl.
128 1–41; Luo and Zhang 2021 SIAM J. Math. Anal.
53 2595–630). Our proof is based on the combination of the techniques developed in our previous works (Gu et al 2020 arXiv:2105.00596; Gu and Wang 2019 J. Math. Pures Appl.
128 1–41; Luo and Zhang 2021 SIAM J. Math. Anal.
53 2595–630), Alinhac good unknowns, and a crucial anti-symmetric structure on the boundary.
Theory of sleep/wake cycles affecting brain elastography
Authors: Ge Gary R , Song Wei , Nedergaard Maiken , Rolland Jannick P , Parker Kevin J
Published: November 2022

As elastography of the brain finds increasing clinical applications, fundamental questions remain about baseline viscoelastic properties of the brain in vivo. Furthermore, the underlying mechanisms of how and why elastographic measures can change over time are still not well understood. To study these issues, reverberant shear wave elastography using an optical coherence tomography scanner is implemented on a mouse model, both under awake conditions and in a sleep state where there are known changes in the glymphatic fluid flow system in the brain. We find that shear wave speed, a measure of stiffness, changes by approximately 12% between the two states, sleep versus awake, in the entire cortical brain imaging volume. Our microchannel flow model of biphasic (fluid plus solid) tissue provides a plausible rheological model based on the fractal branching vascular and perivascular system, plus a second parallel system representing the finer scale glymphatic fluid microchannels. By adjusting the glymphatic system fluid volume proportional to the known sleep/wake changes, we are able to approximately predict the measured shear wave speeds and their change with the state of the glymphatic system. The advantages of this model are that its main parameters are derived from anatomical measures and are linked to other major derivations of branching fluid structures including Murray’s Law. The implications for clinical studies are that elastography of the brain is strongly influenced by the regulation or dysregulation of the vascular, perivascular, and glymphatic systems.
Review of magnetic islands from the divertor perspective and a simplified heat transport model for the island divertor
Authors: Feng Y
Published: November 2022

Magnetic islands in toroidal confinement devices are reviewed from the viewpoint of their divertor potential. Divertor-relevant geometric parameters are derived analytically, and the relationships among them are revealed. We explain how the island geometry limits the target length and demonstrate the importance of an appropriate numerical tool to minimize the risk of thermal overload of plasma-facing components in the divertor design. The currently available three-dimensional (3D) models are briefly discussed, and their strengths and weaknesses are evaluated. The highlight will be the introduction of a new energy transport model recently developed within the framework of the EMC3 code (Feng et al 2004 Contrib. Plasma Phys.
44 57)—the so-called EMC3-Lite version—primarily for the design and optimization of 3D divertors involving thermal overload concerns. While still undergoing experimental validation with the current graphite divertor of W7-X, it is already being used to develop a subsequent tungsten divertor for W7-X.
Differential triboelectric nanogenerator for transmission line vibration suppression and energy harvesting in the grid
Authors: Tan Yisong , Cao Yubao , Tong Xunwei , Wang Yuqi , Li Xiang , Ren Limin , Cheng Tinghai
Published: November 2022

The large vibration of the transmission line caused by wind and ice has brought about significant damage to the grid. The transmission line maintenance has a huge demand on energy supply. Therefore, a differential triboelectric nanogenerator (Di-TENG) for suppressing line vibration and energy harvesting is proposed, designed, analyzed and tested. The Di-TENG mainly consists of two fixed pulleys, two flexible steel cables, two pull springs, one generator unit and two guide rails. A model of the line covered with ice is established and theoretical analysis of the transmission line vibration suppression is implemented. The energy harvesting performance of the Di-TENG is also investigated. An energy harvesting performance testing platform and a transmission line oscillation system were built in the laboratory environment. A practical experiment was conducted on a real transmission line system. The experimental results show that the Di-TENG can decrease the vibration of an ice-covered transmission line by up to 28%. The Di-TENG can generate an open-circuit voltage of 180 V, a short-circuit current of 6.6 μA and a transfer charge of 73 nC, and a peak power of 0.73 mW. This study demonstrates the potential application of the Di-TENG for vibration suppression and energy harvesting in the grid. The Di-TENG provides new ideas for self-powered systems based on transmission lines.
Review and viability of a Dyson Swarm as a form of Dyson Sphere
Authors: Smith Jack
Published: November 2022

First conceptualised in Olaf Stapledon’s 1937 novel ‘Star Maker’, before being popularised by Freeman Dyson in the 1960s, Dyson Spheres are structures which surround a civilisation's sun to collect all the energy being radiated. This article presents a discussion of the features of such a feat of engineering, reviews the viability, scale and likely design of a Dyson structure, and analyses details about each stage of its construction and operation. It is found that a Dyson Swarm, a large array of individual satellites orbiting another celestial body, is the ideal design for such a structure as opposed to the solid sun-surrounding structure which is typically associated with the Dyson Sphere. In our solar system, such a structure based around Mars would be able to generate the Earth's 2019 global power consumption of 18.35 TW within fifty years once its construction has begun, which itself could start by 2040 using biennial launch windows. Alongside a 4.17 km2 ground-based heliostat array, the swarm of over 5.5 billion satellites would be constructed on the surface of Mars before being launched by electromagnetic accelerators into a Martian orbit. Efficiency of the Dyson Swarm ranges from 0.74–2.77% of the Sun’s 3.85 × 1026 W output, with large potential for growth as both current technologies improve, and future concepts are brought to reality in the time before and during the swarm’s construction. Not only would a Dyson Swarm provide a near-infinite, renewable power source for Earth, it would also allow for significant expansions in human space exploration and for our civilisation as a whole.
Robust valley filter induced by quantum constructive interference in graphene with line defect and strain
Authors: Du L , Ren C D , Cui L , Lu W T , Tian H Y , Wang S K
Published: November 2022

In this paper, we theoretically investigate the manipulation of valley-polarized currents and the optical-like behaviours of Dirac fermions in graphene with single line defect. After the introduction of a local uniaxial strain, the valley transmission probability increases and transmission plateau emerges in a large angle range. Such phenomenon originates from resonant tunnelling, and the strain act as an antireflective coating for the valley states, analogous to the antireflective coating in an optical device. This indicates that perfect valley polarization can occur in a larger incident angle range compared with solely line defect. Interestingly, in the presence of Anderson disorder, even though the transmission decreases, the valley polarization is still robust. Our theoretical findings may be experimentally observable and valuable for valleytronic applications based on graphene.
Fabrication and morphological, optical, and electrical characterisation of Cu-doped ZnO nanorod/coronene nanowire hybrid heterojunctions
Authors: Aktas Sitki , Unal Fatih , Kurt Mustafa Sukru , Kabaer Mehmet
Published: November 2022

The electrochemical deposition technique was employed to grow 1% and 3% Cu-doped ZnO nanorods on glass/ITO substrate. Then, coronene nanowire was deposited on the 1% and 3% Cu-doped ZnO surfaces via the thermal evaporation technique as an interfacial layer of hybrid heterojunctions. Structural analyses of different ratios of the Cu-doped ZnO layers revealed that they contain ZnO, CuZn, Cu2O and Cu16O14.15 phases, and further that a monoclinic coronene crystal structure could be detected from the XRD spectrum of ITO/coronene thin film. The elemental composition of the1% and 3% Cu-doped ZnO layers was investigated via SEM-EDX from which it was observed that the proportions of the elemental weight of Zn, O, and Cu were 73.4%, 23.5% and 3.1%, respectively, for 1% Cu- doped ZnO, and 71.2%, 21.1%, 7.7% for 3%Cu-doped ZnO. The surface morphological analyses revealed that the inorganic layer crystallised as hexagonal pillar nanorods and the organic layer as nanowires. It was also observed that the nanorod thickness increased from 130–230 nm to 270–450 nm with increasing Cu ratio. As a result of the optical analyses of the hybrid heterojunctions, it was found that the maximum absorption region of the heterojunctions was in the near-ultraviolet region and that they had very low transmittances (0.6%–0.77%). In addition, the absorption coefficients and the band gap energy were ≈ 107 (m−1) and were 3.09–3.25 eV, respectively, while the band gap energy of coronene thin film on ITO was 2.90 eV. Electrical analyses of Ag/ZnO:1%Cu/coronene/Ag and Ag/ZnO:3%Cu/coronene/Ag heterojunctions were performed in the ±0.4 V potential range in a dark environment at room temperature, and diode parameters were determined using various methods. It was found that Ag/ZnO:1%Cu/coronene/Ag and Ag/ZnO:3%Cu/coronene/Ag diodes had high rectification ratios with the values of 250 and 1140, respectively. It is also obvious that while the increase in Cu doping ratio increased the diode ideality factor, series resistances and barrier heights ranged from 1.31 to 13.7, 17 to 3283 Ω, and 0.43 to 0.55 eV, respectively, it decreased the reverse saturation current from 8.1 × 10–3 A to 8.2 × 10–5 A.
Influence of absorption, energy band alignment, electric field, recombination, layer thickness, doping concentration, temperature, reflection and defect densities on MAGeI3 perovskite solar cells with Kesterite HTLs
Authors: Jan Shayan Tariq , Noman Muhammad
Published: November 2022

Over the past decade, perovskite materials have emerged as a promising absorber layer in photo voltaic (PV) cells. Germanium (Ge) based perovskite layers have attracted the attention of scientists because of its excellent photovoltaic properties and nontoxic nature. Selecting the right material for charge transport layers (CTL) can further enhance the performance and stability of the cell. Kesterite materials are chalcogenides quaternary compound with high conductivity and tunable bandgap. They have exhibited excellent performance when employed in thin film PV cells as the active material and hence emerged as an option to be used as hole transport layer (HTL) in perovskite solar cells. In this work the Ge based perovskite solar cell (PSC) of methyl ammonium germanium tri-iodide (MAGeI3) is numerically modelled with 6 kesterite quaternary compounds as HTLs and 4 oxide/sulphide materials as electron transport layers (ETL). Henceforth, a total of 24 unique structures are numerically modelled and optimized using SCAPS-1D. A systematic methodology is adopted to analyze the effect of the charge transport materials on the absorption, quantum efficiency, energy band alignment, electric field intensity, recombination rate, carrier density, thickness, doping concentration, temperature, reflection and interface defect densities of the PSC in detail. The optimization of the PSC structures enhanced the performance of the cells up to 7% more. Based on the simulation results the best performing perovskite structures were TiO2/Per/CZTS and SnO2/Per/CZTS with PCE of 24.57% and 24.87%, Jsc of 16.13 mA cm−2 and 16.32 mA cm−2, Voc of 1.730 V and 1.733 V and F.F of 88.10% and 88.101% respectively.
Optical forces on neutral atoms in the presence of fluctuating laser fields: numerical analysis
Authors: Bozorgzadeh Forough , Yousefi Masoud , Akbari Mohsen
Published: November 2022

Doppler cooling of 88Sr atoms is studied in the presence of off-resonant red-detuned fluctuating laser fields. Using a semi-classical approach, we show that the relevant physical quantities in the cooling process, such as optical forces, the damping coefficient, Doppler temperature, and atom number in the trap, are strongly affected by the laser amplitude and phase fluctuations. We find that the Doppler cooling limit is higher than the predicted Doppler theory for non-fluctuating lasers. This implies an additional heating mechanism exists due to the laser fluctuations. Furthermore, our numerical analysis shows that the effect of laser power stability on reducing the number of trapped atoms in a magneto-optical trap is more substantial than the effect of laser linewidth.
High-order Hamiltonian obtained by Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation up to the order of mα
8
Authors: Chen Tong , Mei Xuesong , Zhou Wanping , Qiao Haoxue
Published: November 2022

Complete relativistic corrections of an effective Hamiltonian for a single-particle system in an external electromagnetic field and their unitary equivalent form up to the order of mα
8 are obtained. The derivation is based on two approaches applying Foldy–Wouthuysen (FW) transformation to the Dirac Hamiltonian for a particle in an external electromagnetic field. The results are consistent with the previous work at the mα
6 and mα
8 order correction [Phys. Rev. A 71 012503 (2005); Phys. Rev. A 100 012513 (2019)]. We also further consider the effect of anomalous magnetic moments, namely, the Dirac–Pauli equation, and obtain FW-Hamiltonians at the same order. The results obtained can be used for the subsequent calculation of relativistic and radiation effects in simple atomic and molecular systems.
Merging History of Massive Galaxies at 3 < z < 6
Authors: Li Kemeng , Jiang Zhen , He Ping , Guo Qi , Wang Jie
Published: November 2022

The observational data of high redshift galaxies become increasingly abundant, especially since the operation of the James Webb Space Telescope, which allows us to verify and optimize the galaxy formation model at high redshifts. In this work, we investigate the merging history of massive galaxies at 3 < z < 6 using a well-developed semi-analytic galaxy formation catalog. We find that the major merger rate increases with redshift up to 3 and then flattens. The fraction of wet mergers, during which the sum of the cold gas mass is higher than the sum of the stellar mass in two merging galaxies, also increases from ∼34% at z = 0 to 96% at z = 3. Interestingly, almost all major mergers are wet at z > 3. This can be attributed to the high fraction (>50%) of cold gas at z > 3. In addition, we study some special systems of massive merging galaxies at 3 < z < 6, including the massive gas-rich major merging systems and extreme dense proto-clusters, and investigate the supermassive black hole–dark matter halo mass relation and dual active galactic nuclei. We find that the galaxy formation model reproduces the incidence of those observed massive galaxies, but fails to reproduce the relation between the supermassive black hole mass and the dark matter halo mass at z ∼ 6. The latter requires more careful estimates of the supermassive black hole masses observationally. Otherwise, it could suggest modifications of the modeling of the supermassive black hole growth at high redshifts.
Bio-inspired flapping wing robots with foldable or deformable wings: a review
Authors: Zhang Jun , Zhao Ning , Qu Feiyang
Published: November 2022

Traditional flapping-wing robots (FWRs) obtain lift and thrust by relying on the passive deformation of their wings which cannot actively fold or deform. In contrast, flying creatures such as birds, bats, and insects can maneuver agilely through active folding or deforming their wings. Researchers have developed many bio-inspired foldable or deformable wings (FDWs) imitating the wings of flying creatures. The foldable wings refer to the wings like the creatures’ wings that can fold in an orderly manner close to their bodies. Such wings have scattered feathers or distinct creases that can be stacked and folded to reduce the body envelope, which in nature is beneficial for these animals to prevent wing damage and ensure agility in crossing bushes. The deformable wings refer to the active deformation of the wings using active driving mechanisms and the passive deformation under the aerodynamic force, which functionally imitates the excellent hydrodynamic performance of the deformable body and wings of the creatures. However, the shape and external profile changes of deformable wings tend to be much smaller than that of folding wings. FDWs enable the FWRs to improve flight degree of flexibility, maneuverability, and efficiency and reduce flight energy consumption. However, FDWs still need to be studied, and a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art progress of FDWs in FWR design is lacking. This paper analyzes the wing folding and deformation mechanisms of the creatures and reviews the latest progress of FWRs with FDWs. Furthermore, we summarize the current limitations and propose future directions in FDW design, which could help researchers to develop better FWRs for safe maneuvering in obstacle-dense environments.
A surface temperature dipole pattern between Eurasia and North America triggered by the Barents–Kara sea-ice retreat in boreal winter
Authors: Hou Yurong , Cai Wenju , Holland David M , Cheng Xiao , Zhang Jiankai , Wang Lin , Johnson Nathaniel C , Xie Fei , Sun Weijun , Yao Yao , Liang Xi , Yang Yun , Chang Chueh-Hsin , Xin Meijiao , Li Xichen
Published: November 2022

The Arctic has experienced dramatic climate changes, characterized by rapid surface warming and sea-ice loss over the past four decades, with broad implications for climate variability over remote regions. Some studies report that Arctic warming may simultaneously induce a widespread cooling over Eurasia and frequent cold events over North America, especially during boreal winter. In contrast, other studies suggest a seesaw pattern of extreme temperature events with cold weather over East Asia accompanied by warm weather in North America on sub-seasonal time scales. It is unclear whether a systematic linkage in surface air temperature (SAT) exists between the two continents, let alone their interaction with Arctic sea ice. Here, we reveal a dipole pattern of SAT in boreal winter featuring a cooling (warming) in the Eurasian continent accompanied by a warming (cooling) in the North American continent, which is induced by an anomalous Barents–Kara sea-ice decline (increase). The dipole operates on interannual and multidecadal time scales. We find that an anomalous sea-ice loss over the Barents–Kara Seas triggers a wavenumber one atmospheric circulation pattern over the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere, with an anomalous high-pressure center over Siberia and an anomalous low-pressure center over high-latitude North America. The circulation adjustment generates the dipole temperature pattern through thermal advection. Our finding has important implications for Northern Hemisphere climate variability, extreme weather events, and their prediction and projection.
Linking Lyme disease ecology and epidemiology: reservoir host identity, not richness, determines tick infection and human disease in California
Authors: MacDonald Andrew J , McComb Sofie , Sambado Samantha
Published: November 2022

Understanding the community ecology of vector-borne and zoonotic diseases, and how it may shift transmission risk as it responds to environmental change, has become a central focus in disease ecology. Yet, it has been challenging to link the ecology of disease with reported human incidence. Here, we bridge the gap between local-scale community ecology and large-scale disease epidemiology, drawing from a priori knowledge of tick-pathogen-host ecology to model spatially-explicit Lyme disease (LD) risk, and human Lyme disease incidence (LDI) in California. We first use a species distribution modeling approach to model disease risk with variables capturing climate, vegetation, and ecology of key reservoir host species, and host species richness. We then use our modeled disease risk to predict human disease incidence at the zip code level across California. Our results suggest the ecology of key reservoir hosts—particularly dusky-footed woodrats—is central to disease risk posed by ticks, but that host community richness is not strongly associated with tick infection. Predicted disease risk, which is most strongly influenced by the ecology of dusky-footed woodrats, in turn is a strong predictor of human LDI. This relationship holds in the Wildland-Urban Interface, but not in open access public lands, and is stronger in northern California than in the state as a whole. This suggests peridomestic exposure to infected ticks may be more important to LD epidemiology in California than recreational exposure, and underlines the importance of the community ecology of LD in determining human transmission risk throughout this LD endemic region of far western North America. More targeted tick and pathogen surveillance, coupled with studies of human and tick behavior could improve understanding of key risk factors and inform public health interventions. Moreover, longitudinal surveillance data could further improve forecasts of disease risk in response to global environmental change.
Characteristics of the plasma sheath in helium discharge within dielectric tubes
Authors: WU Shuqun , GUO Yue , OUYANG Fan , ZHOU Baowei , HU Biao , CHENG He
Published: November 2022

To understand the characteristics of the plasma sheath within small tubes, a 2D numerical model of He discharge within dielectric tubes is developed. During plasma propagation for a tube diameter of 0.05 mm, the sheath thickness in the plasma head is almost equal to the tube radius. It decreases rapidly to several micrometers at an axial distance of 0.05 mm behind the plasma head, and then slightly increases and saturates at the axial position far behind the plasma head. A plasma-gas sheath surrounding the central plasma column is observed for a tube diameter equal to or greater than 0.8 mm. It is replaced by a plasma-wall sheath for smaller tubes. With the decrease in the tube diameter, the sheath thickness far behind the plasma head decreases while the ion flux increases significantly. However, when O2 gas with a proportion of 2% is added, both the sheath thickness and ion flux decrease.
Mass spectroscopy of excited light mesons using truncated overlap fermions
Authors: Murakami Yuko , Sekiguchi Motoo , Wada Hiroaki , Wakayama Masayuki
Published: November 2022

We study excited light mesons by quenched lattice quantum chromodynamics (QCD) simulations with a truncated overlap fermion formalism based on domain wall fermions. Truncated overlap fermions satisfy lattice chiral symmetry instead of chiral symmetry in continuum field theory, as for domain wall fermions, but offer lower simulation costs. Our results show good agreement with the experimental values for the excited state of a
1, ρ, and π mesons, and demonstrate that a
1(1260) and a
1(1640) are simple two-quark states, whereas a
1(1420) may have a more complicated structure. The results are similar to those of previous dynamical studies using clover-Wilson fermions or chirally improved fermions, even though our lattice QCD calculations are performed with the quenched approximation. The study shows that lattice QCD simulations using truncated overlap fermions are essential in lattice studies of excited states.
P01 The landscape of intra-tumour heterogeneity in endocrine resistant metastatic breast cancer
Authors: Ola M , Crowley K , Keelan S , Young LS
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed malignancy in women worldwide. Heterogeneity is a characteristic of tumour aggression and metastatic progression in breast cancer. With the power of single-cell analysis we uncovered key subpopulations within this heterogeneous landscape and specific progressive metastatic characteristics.

Methods

Single cell RNA sequencing was carried on three endocrine resistant ER positive xenograft tumours with varying levels of metastatic burden. Data analysis was performed using the Seurat pipeline for filtering, horizontal data integration, cell cycle regression and unsupervised clustering. Individual clusters were characterized through differentially expressed markers and PAM50 molecular subtypes distribution.

Results

Data integration of scRNA sequencing from primary tumours revealed seven unsupervised clusters, six of which are present in all three mice, highlighting the strong heterogeneity of breast cancer independent of metastatic outcome. PAM50 classification showed a higher distribution of luminal A cells associated with good metastatic outcome. We observed a significant difference in PAM50 distributions between the individual clusters. One cluster diverges significantly from all others and shows a decrease in luminal subtype and an increase in basal like cells. Further analysis of this cluster shows an association of selected differentially expressed markers to metastatic progression. Co-occurrence and decreased expression of several EMT markers was observed with disease progression.

Conclusion

High tumour heterogeneity is independent of metastatic outcomes. Downregulation of EMT related genes can be essential in metastatic progression when selected markers are co-occurring in a subpopulation.

Take-home message

High tumour heterogeneity is present in breast cancer independent of metastatic outcomes. Downregulation of EMT related genes can be essential in metastatic progression when selected markers are co-occurring in a subpopulation.
P03 The effects of haem on perfusion parameters and the activation of innate immune system in human kidneys during ex vivo normothermic machine perfusion
Authors: Elliott TR , Hosgood SA , Jordan NP , Nicholson ML
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Normothermic machine perfusion (NMP) of kidneys, using an oxygenated red blood cell (RBC) based solution has been developed to restore cellular metabolism and minimise effects of cold ischaemia. During NMP RBCs become damaged releasing haem activating inflammatory signalling pathways. This study aimed to measure levels of haem during NMP and determine the association with perfusion parameters and transcriptional changes in gene expression.

Methods

Levels of haem were measured in the perfusate before and after 1h NMP in 43 transplanted and 15 research human kidneys. Levels of haem were correlated with the age of RBCs and parameters during NMP. Human research kidneys were used to examine the changes in transcriptional gene expression using Nanostring nCounter technology.

Results

In transplanted and research kidneys, levels of haem increased significantly (P <0.05) during NMP. Older units of pRBCs were associated with higher levels of haem, pre-/post-NMP. High levels of haem were associated with higher levels of potassium and lactate but not functional parameters during NMP. NanoString analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of 17 differentially expressed genes including those associated with apoptosis, inflammation and oxidative stress. qPCR analysis of targeted genes demonstrated increased expression of FOS (P<0.0001), IL-6 (P=0.0001), JUN (P=0.0001) and TLR-4 (P=0.035).

Conclusion

Older units of RBCs contain high levels of haem which increases during NMP. Although, this did not affect perfusion parameters, transcriptional analysis demonstrated significant upregulation of genes involved with apoptotic, inflammatory and oxidative pathways. Activation of these pathways may be associated with high levels of haem.

Take-home message

Older units of packed red blood cells release increased levels of haem during normothermic machine perfusion of kidneys. Higher levels of haem are linked to increased activation of damage pathways.
P04 Bibliometric study in global sugery
Authors: Soh TCF , Yip HM , Ong QJ , Lim ZZ , Azam B
Published: November 2022

Background

In 2015, The Lancet Commission on Global surgery (LCoGS) published a report highlighting the growing burden of surgical disease worldwide. The need for Global surgery research was emphasised in developing high-quality surgical care, especially in lower and middle-income countries (LMICs). We aim to assess the current state of global surgery research, illuminate trends within and discuss the impact of the report.

Methods

A literature search identified all clinical research in the global surgery field published between 2015 and 2019. Three databases - MEDLINE, Web of Science and the Cochrane Library were used to identify articles screened by a minimum of two independent authors against eligibility criteria, using a method adapted from the PRISMA guidelines. These articles were categorised to describe trends including number of articles published, surgical conditions, study types, and geographical author distribution. All methods utilised have adhered to an a-priori protocol.

Results

1,495 from 5,272 eligible articles were analysed. The number of global surgery research articles increased from 288 in 2015 to 314 articles in 2019. 65% focused on surgical conditions treatable with basic interventions. 49% of Global surgery research articles involved authors from high income countries.

Conclusion

We have summarised the current state of global surgery research since publication of the LCoGS 2015 report. Though research output is still minimal from countries with greatest clinical need, the overall trend highlights progression in research made by LMICs, notably through establishing global research collaborations. Our findings demonstrate additional efforts are necessary to further improve research output in LMICs.

Take-home message

Research output is still minimal from countries with greatest clinical need, the overall trend highlights progression in research made by LMICs, notably through establishing global research collaborations.
P05 Quality of surgical post take ward round documentation by on-call team
Authors: Angamuthu N , Chowdhury S , Brothwood K , Boyle D
Published: November 2022

Introduction

Documentation of clinical assessment and care plans is integral to patient safety, continuity of care and has medico legal implications.

Methods

A retrospective study of the quality of documentation of post take ward rounds (PTWR) by the on-call surgical team was performed.

Results

Among the key factors reviewed (18 randomly selected emergency admissions), history of presenting complaints, past history and medical history were recorded in 66%, 72% and 44% of the records respectively. National early warning score (NEWS) was recorded in 66% notes and clinical findings in 88% of patients. The key lab and imaging findings were entered in a subset of patients only (27% and 33% respectively). Based on the initial audit, the PTWR quality could be improved with increased compliance of NEWS score entry, medical history, key lab and imaging results. A standardised ward round template was designed and circulated. This was disseminated to the surgical team by email. Posters were displayed in the surgery office. A presentation was made during teaching session for the junior doctors. The re-audit (34 emergency admissions) showed that the quality had improved based improvement noted in all the key parameters. Documentation of presenting history improved from 66% to 100%. Similarly medical history (44% to 85%), vital signs (66% to 79%), key lab results (27% to 55%), and key imaging (33% to 78%), the management plan was documented in all patients (94% to 100%).

Conclusion

In summary, a standardised PTWR entry ensures better quality and compliance; this should be reiterated during junior doctor change over phase.

Take-home message

Standardised post take ward round entry ensures quality and better compliance during a busy surgical ward round.
P06 A quality improvement project to improve use of bowel charts in surgical wards
Authors: Bharmal A
Published: November 2022

Introduction

To improve the documentation of bowel movements.

Methods

We performed a closed loop audit examining how well patients’ bowel movements are documented in nursing and medical notes across all adult surgical wards at a district general hospital. We collected snapshot data on whether a bowel chart was present, whether bowel movements were recorded regularly and whether doctors documented bowel movements during ward rounds. We then changed the colour of bowel chart paper from white to yellow, with identical contents. This data was prospectively collected again 5 weeks later.

Results

The sample size included 62 inpatients. Prior to the change in bowel chart, 79% of patients’ nursing folders had a bowel chart. Documentation of bowel movements in nursing and medical notes was 25% and 30% respectively. Following the introduction of yellow coloured charts, 90% of patients’ nursing notes had a bowel chart present, with an increase in documentation in nursing and medical notes to 74% and 69% respectively.

Conclusion

In a surgical patient, the importance of good bowel movements is essential to management decisions and discharge planning. Locally, this has been inhibited by the difficulties of locating white bowel charts in a folder of white paper, leading to incomplete documentation and poor recognition of problems in bowel movements. Changing the colour of the bowel charts made it easier to recognise the charts, allowing nurses and doctors to use the bowel chart more efficiently, hopefully improving patient care. This change has been recognised as effective and has been rolled out trust-wide.

Take-home message

Bowel movements are vital to surgical decision making, but are frequently overlooked in practice; impacting patient care. Hence, the need for better recognition made by a simple intervention.