bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
047 A review of reviews of emergency department interventions for older people: outcomes, costs and implementation factors
Authors: Oppen James van , Preston Louise , Ablard Suzanne , Woods Helen Buckley , Mason Suzanne , Conroy Simon
Published: April 2023

Background

Older people’s emergency care is an international public health priority and remains sub-optimal in the UK. Strategies are needed to manage older patients sensitively and effectively. We reviewed emergency care interventions, evaluating evidence for outcomes, costs, and implementation.

Method and results

We developed and registered (with PROSPERO, CRD42018111461) a review of reviews protocol. Screening was according to inclusion criteria for subject and reporting standards. Data were extracted and summarised in tabular and narrative form. Quality was assessed using AMSTAR2 and Joanna Briggs Institute tools. Due to intervention and outcome heterogeneity, findings were synthesised narratively. McCusker’s Elder-Friendly Emergency Department assessment tool was used as a classification framework.

Conclusions

Eighteen review articles and three conference abstracts fulfilled inclusion criteria. The majority were systematic reviews, with four using meta-analysis. Fourteen reviews reported interventions initiated or wholly delivered within the ED, and four focussed on quality indicators or patient preferences.

Confidence was limited to each review’s interpretation of primary studies. Descriptions of interventions were inconsistent, and there was high variability in reporting standards. Interventions mostly focussed on screening and assessment, discharge planning, referrals and follow-up, and multi-disciplinary team composition and professional activities. 26 patient and health service outcomes were reported, including admissions and readmissions, length of stay, mortality, functional decline, and quality of life.

Our review of reviews demonstrated that the current, extensive evidence base of review studies lacks complexity, with limited or no evidence for the effectiveness of interventions; reviews commonly called for more primary research using rigorous methods. There is little review evidence for factors influencing implementation.

There was evidence that among interventions initiated in ED, those continued into the community yielded better outcomes. Service metrics (as valued by care commissioners) were evaluated as intervention outcomes more frequently than person-centred attributes (as valued by older people). Interventions were broadly holistic in nature.
050 Introduction of a quality of trauma care patient reported experience measure during weekly trauma governance review meetings
Authors: Owen Matthew , Graham Blair , Smith Jason
Published: April 2023

The 2005 Darzi Report stated that Patient Safety, Clinical Effectiveness and Patient Experience should be afforded parity when evaluating services. Positive Patient Experience (PEx) is correlated with improved outcomes across a wide range of conditions. In our hospital, we conduct weekly governance review of trauma cases, but no PEx element was previously included.

This pilot study has the primary aim of evaluating PEx and incorporating this into weekly trauma meetings, specifically identifying strengths and vulnerabilities in service provision. A secondary aim was to stimulate improvement of the trauma system based on feedback received.

The setting for this pilot study was the Peninsula Trauma Network Major Trauma Centre at University Hospitals Plymouth NHS Trust. The 13-item validated Short Form Quality of Trauma Care Patient Reported Experience Measure (SF-QTACPREM), originally developed by Bobrovitzet al, was directly administered to trauma patients able to provide informed consent from November 2018 onwards. Items are equally weighted. A positive response is assigned 7.69%, a neutral response 3.85% and a negative response, 0%. By consensus, a target overall PEx score of >90% has been determined.

PEx data have been successfully incorporated into trauma meetings. Data are presented in meetings via a visual dashboard (figure 1). Cumulative data are compiled into an aggregate PEx data slide (figure 2).

Abstract 050 Figure 1

Patient experience dashboard

Abstract 050 Figure 2

Aggregate data

Current mean average PEx Score (n=30) is 81.79% (Range 46.15%–100%). Aggregate data reveal that communication domains tend to score lower whereas technical domains involving medical care score more highly. Provision of mental health support following injury has been identified as a priority area for improvement.

As a direct result of negative reported experience or a low PEx score, specialist trauma nurses return to address patient concerns, increasing service responsiveness in real-time. In the future, it is hoped that this pilot will be expanded to include all network trauma patients.
006 The inter-observer reliability of head injury assessment between clinicians and parents of head injured children
Authors: Kennedy Charlotte , Oliver Govind , Body Richard
Published: April 2023

Background

Paediatric head injury is common, yet 80% are mild and require no investigation or treatment. Decision-making around neuroimaging is guided by clinical decision rules. Whether parents and clinicians interpret questions within these algorithms in the same way is not known. Understanding this is fundamental for public facing algorithms and parental guidance.

We aimed to determine the inter-observer reliability of Pediatric Emergency Care Applied Research Network (PECARN) head injury algorithm completion between clinicians and parents of head injured children.

We conducted a prospective, observational, feasibility study. Children over 2 years old, presenting to the Royal Manchester Children’s Hospital within 24 hours of a head injury, were recruited. Children were excluded if they required immediate resuscitation or non-accidental injury was suspected. Parents were given a questionnaire to complete whilst awaiting assessment, with the PECARN criteria in lay-man’s language. Following assessment, the treating clinician completed a similar questionnaire, blinded to the parent’s answers.

57 children were included. The mean age was 5.8 years (SD 4.07). The most common mechanism of injury was a fall from standing (46%), with only 6 parents reporting a dangerous mechanism. Arrival Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) was 15/15 in 98% of children. The inter-rater reliability for individual PECARN criteria was highly variable, with kappa values ranging from −0.10 to 1.00. There was poor agreement on whether the child was alert and acting normally (K −0.10, SE 0.49) but perfect agreement on other features of altered mental state including agitation, repeated questioning and taking longer than normal to respond (all K 1.0).

The high variability in agreement between clinicians and parents when assessing PECARN criteria highlights differences in how these groups evaluate head injured children. This has significant implications for public facing algorithms, such as those used by NHS 111.
007 Variability in point of care ultrasound (POCUS) practices in paediatric emergency departments in the UK & ireland; a PERUKI study
Authors: Lyttle Mark , Magnus Dan , Kanani Anand , Kehler Lisa , Parri Niccolo , Jones Sarah
Published: April 2023

Background

Point Of Care Ultrasound (POCUS) is a potentially useful addition to the technical armamentarium of PEM clinicians. Evidence is accumulating on diagnostic and procedural applications; however despite widespread use in other countries, usage patterns are not clear in our setting. Given the lack of a standardised PEM POCUS curriculum, best practice standards, and formal training courses, we aimed to determine variability in PEM POCUS practices across our PEM research network.

Method and results

This online survey was distributed in March 2019, with content derived iteratively by the study team from existing literature and input from PERUKI members. One response was sought from each site, to describe department practices, hardware, and major enablers and obstacles. Results are presented using descriptive statistics.

Conclusions

59/63 (94%) sites responded, including a mix of site and department types (eg 40% tertiary hospital, 60% mixed adult/paediatric EDs, 30% major trauma centres). Almost all (90%) had access to POCUS, and 70% reported limited use by a small proportion of staff, with no named lead. Most (95%) did not have a teaching program or identified trainer. Approximately half (55%) routinely documented findings, most often in clinical notes, and most (65%) did not store images; most (68%) had no quality assurance measures. The greatest enablers of PEM POCUS were its need, funding for equipment, and clinician engagement; the greatest obstacles were availability of training courses and trainers, and time to learn and maintain skills due to service delivery needs.

Whilst hardware is available in most EDs, PEM POCUS is not yet widespread, with training being the greatest obstacle. Future work exploring clinician opinions will inform whether the specialty wishes to embrace POCUS, and training course content. However, if adopted, it must be coupled with implementation of best practice standards in domains including quality assurance and governance.
008 A qualitative exploration of the factors influencing patient flow in an emergency department
Authors: Freitas Loren De , Goodacre Steve , O’Hara Rachel , Thokala Praveen , Hariharan Seetharaman
Published: April 2023

Background

Emergency departments have been characterised as complex adaptive systems and patient flow is one area that affects the efficiency and quality of care in emergency departments. Complex systems may comprise complex processes but the system may still be effective if the processes have the least number of steps required to produce an outcome. Improving patient flow requires an understanding of how ED processes work. However, there is little existing qualitative literature exploring ED patient flow. This study aimed to understand the ED patient flow process and identify the factors that influence it.

Multiple qualitative methods were used to explore ED patient flow in a single case study site in Trinidad and Tobago. Data was collected from May 2017 to March 2018. Non-participant observations (48 hours), observational process mapping (155 hours) and informational conversational interviews (90) were used to explore patient flow. Observational process mapping involved directly observing patient journeys across all levels of urgency. Thematic analysis was used to analyse the data.

Six broad themes were identified as factors influencing ED patient flow- 1) ED organizational work processes, 2) ED design and layout, 3) Material resources within and outside the ED, 4) ED nursing staff levels, roles, skill mix and use, 5) ED non-clinical staff, 6) External clinical and non-clinical departments. Within the themes there were primary factors that influenced patient flow as well as secondary factors. The secondary factor represented the staff response to either enhance the primary factor or to compensate for limitations in the process. A conceptual model of the factors influencing ED patient flow was developed.

The conceptual model of ED patient flow developed in this study can be used to systematically examine the factors influencing ED patient flow and may be used by policy and decision makers to improve patient flow.
009 Decision-analysis modelling of the effects of thromboprophylaxis for people with lower limb immobilisation for injury
Authors: Davis Sarah , Goodacre Steve , Pandor Abdullah , Horner Daniel , Stevens John , Wit Kerstin de , Hunt Beverley
Published: April 2023

Background

Pharmacological thromboprophylaxis reduces the risk of symptomatic venous thromboembolism (VTE) in people with lower limb immobilisation due to injury but can increase the risk of bleeding. We used decision-analytic modelling to compare the risks and benefits of thromboprophylaxis and determine the overall benefit of treatment.

Method and results

A decision-analytic model was developed to simulate the management of a cohort of people with lower limb immobilisation due to injury according to different thromboprophylaxis strategies, including thromboprophylaxis for all and thromboprophylaxis for none. Costs were estimated from the perspective of the UK National Health Service and Personal Social Services. A six-month decision tree was used to model rates of prophylaxis, VTE events (pulmonary embolism [PE], deep vein thrombosis [DVT]) and major bleeds). A Markov model with a lifetime horizon was used to extrapolate costs and QALY losses associated with chronic complications following VTE or bleeding events. The health states included within the Markov model captured the risk of post-thrombotic syndrome (PTS) following VTE and the risk of chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH) following PE. QALYs were estimated by applying estimates of health utility to life expectancy after each of the events in the model.

Conclusions

The results suggest that the combined rate of serious acute adverse outcomes (intracranial haemorrhage [ICH], death from VTE or bleeding) would be around 1 in 4000 regardless of thromboprophylaxis use. As shown in table 1, the short-term benefits of thromboprophylaxis lie in reducing the rates of non-fatal PE, symptomatic DVT and asymptomatic DVT, with associated longer-term benefits of reduced risks of PTS and CTEPH. Overall, thromboprophylaxis is estimated to result in 0.015 additional QALYs per patient.

Abstract 009 Figure 1

Predicted clinical outcomes per 100,000 patients with lower limb immobilisation due to injury

Our findings suggest that the benefits of thromboprophylaxis lie in reducing long-term consequences of VTE rather than reducing the risk of acute serious adverse events.
Clinical evaluation of a deep-learning model for automatic scoring of the Alberta stroke program early CT score on non-contrast CT
Authors: Lee Seong-Joon , Park Gyuha , Kim Dohyun , Jung Sumin , Song Soohwa , Hong Ji Man , Shin Dong Hoon , Lee Jin Soo
Published: April 2023

Background

Automated measurement of the Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) can support clinical decision making. Based on a deep learning algorithm, we developed an automated ASPECTS scoring system (Heuron ASPECTS) and validated its performance in a prespecified clinical trial.

Methods

For model training, we used non-contrast computed tomography images of 487 patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS). For the clinical trial, 326 patients (87 with AIS, 56 with other acute brain diseases, and 183 with no brain disease) were enrolled. The results of Heuron ASPECTS were compared with the consensus generated by two stroke experts using the Bland–Altman agreement. A mean difference of less than 0.35 and a maximum allowed difference of less than 3.8 were considered the primary outcome target. The sensitivity and specificity of the model for the 10 regions of interest and dichotomized ASPECTS were calculated.

Results

The Bland–Altman agreement had a mean difference of 0.03 [95% confidence interval (CI): −0.08 to 0.14], and the upper and lower limits of agreement were 2.80 [95% CI: 2.62 to 2.99] and −2.74 [95% CI: −2.92 to −2.55], respectively. For ASPECTS calculation, sensitivity and specificity to detect the early ischemic change for 10 ASPECTS regions were 62.78% [95% CI: 58.50 to 67.07] and 96.63% [95% CI: 96.18 to 97.09], respectively. Furthermore, in a dichotomized analysis (ASPECTS >4 vs. ≤4), the sensitivity and specificity were 94.01% [95% CI: 91.26 to 96.77] and 61.90% [95% CI: 47.22 to 76.59], respectively.

Conclusions

The current trial results show that Heuron ASPECTS reliably measures the ASPECTS for use in clinical practice.
Plasma biomarkers for Alzheimer’s disease: a field-test in a memory clinic
Authors: Altomare Daniele , Stampacchia Sara , Ribaldi Federica , Tomczyk Szymon , Chevalier Claire , Poulain Géraldine , Asadi Saina , Bancila Bianca , Marizzoni Moira , Martins Marta , Lathuiliere Aurelien , Scheffler Max , Ashton Nicholas J , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Kern Ilse , Frias Miguel , Garibotto Valentina , Frisoni Giovanni B
Published: April 2023

Background

The key Alzheimer’s disease (AD) biomarkers are traditionally measured with techniques/exams that are either expensive (amyloid-positron emission tomography (PET) and tau-PET), invasive (cerebrospinal fluid Aβ42and p-tau181), or poorly specific (atrophy on MRI and hypometabolism on fluorodeoxyglucose-PET). Recently developed plasma biomarkers could significantly enhance the efficiency of the diagnostic pathway in memory clinics and improve patient care. This study aimed to: (1) confirm the correlations between plasma and traditional AD biomarkers, (2) assess the diagnostic accuracy of plasma biomarkers as compared with traditional biomarkers, and (3) estimate the proportion of traditional exams potentially saved thanks to the use of plasma biomarkers.

Methods

Participants were 200 patients with plasma biomarkers and at least one traditional biomarker collected within 12 months.

Results

Overall, plasma biomarkers significantly correlated with biomarkers assessed through traditional techniques: up tor=0.50 (p<0.001) among amyloid,r=0.43 (p=0.002) among tau, andr=−0.23 (p=0.001) among neurodegeneration biomarkers. Moreover, plasma biomarkers showed high accuracy in discriminating the biomarker status (normal or abnormal) determined by using traditional biomarkers: up to area under the curve (AUC)=0.87 for amyloid, AUC=0.82 for tau, and AUC=0.63 for neurodegeneration status. The use of plasma as a gateway to traditional biomarkers using cohort-specific thresholds (with 95% sensitivity and 95% specificity) could save up to 49% of amyloid, 38% of tau, and 16% of neurodegeneration biomarkers.

Conclusion

The implementation of plasma biomarkers could save a remarkable proportion of more expensive traditional exams, making the diagnostic workup more cost-effective and improving patient care.
Molecules of senescent glial cells differentiate Alzheimer’s disease from ageing
Authors: Dai Linbin , Gao Feng , Wang Qiong , Lv Xinyi , Cheng Zhaozhao , Wu Yan , Chai Xianliang , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj , Levey Allan I , Shi Jiong , Shen Yong
Published: April 2023

Background

Ageing is a major risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease (AD), which is accompanied by cellular senescence and thousands of transcriptional changes in the brain.

Objectives

To identify the biomarkers in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) that could help differentiate healthy ageing from neurodegenerative processes.

Methods

Cellular senescence and ageing-related biomarkers were assessed in primary astrocytes and postmortem brains by immunoblotting and immunohistochemistry. The biomarkers were measured in CSF samples from the China Ageing and Neurodegenerative Disorder Initiative cohort using Elisa and the multiplex Luminex platform.

Results

The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors p16/p21-positive senescent cells in human postmortem brains were predominantly astrocytes and oligodendrocyte lineage cells, which accumulated in AD brains. CCL2, YKL-40, HGF, MIF, S100B, TSP2, LCN2 and serpinA3 are biomarkers closely related to human glial senescence. Moreover, we discovered that most of these molecules, which were upregulated in senescent glial cells, were significantly elevated in the AD brain. Notably, CSF YKL-40 (β=0.5412, p<0.0001) levels were markedly elevated with age in healthy older individuals, whereas HGF (β=0.2732, p=0.0001), MIF (β=0.33714, p=0.0017) and TSP2 (β=0.1996, p=0.0297) levels were more susceptible to age in older individuals with AD pathology. We revealed that YKL-40, TSP2 and serpinA3 were useful biomarkers for discriminating patients with AD from CN individuals and non-AD patients.

Discussion

Our findings demonstrated the different patterns of CSF biomarkers related to senescent glial cells between normal ageing and AD, implicating these biomarkers could identify the road node in healthy path off to neurodegeneration and improve the accuracy of clinical AD diagnosis, which would help promote healthy ageing.
Unclassified clinical presentations of chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy
Authors: Doneddu Pietro Emiliano , Akyil Houseyin , Manganelli Fiore , Briani Chiara , Cocito Dario , Benedetti Luana , Mazzeo Anna , Fazio Raffaella , Filosto Massimiliano , Cosentino Giuseppe , Di Stefano Vincenzo , Antonini Giovanni , Marfia Girolama Alessandra , Inghilleri Maurizio , Siciliano Gabriele , Clerici Angelo Maurizio , Carpo Marinella , Schenone Angelo , Luigetti Marco , Lauria Giuseppe , Matà Sabrina , Rosso Tiziana , Minicuci Giacomo Maria , Lucchetta Marta , Cavaletti Guido , Liberatore Giuseppe , Spina Emanuele , Campagnolo Marta , Peci Erdita , Germano Francesco , Gentile Luca , Strano Camilla , Cotti Piccinelli Stefano , Vegezzi Elisa , Leonardi Luca , Mataluni Giorgia , Ceccanti Marco , Schirinzi Erika , Romozzi Marina , Nobile-Orazio Eduardo
Published: April 2023

Background

To assess the ability of the 2021 European Academy of Neurology/Peripheral Nerve Society (EAN/PNS) clinical criteria for chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) to include within their classification the whole spectrum of clinical heterogeneity of the disease and to define the clinical characteristics of the unclassifiable clinical forms.

Methods

The 2021 EAN/PNS clinical criteria for CIDP were applied to 329 patients fulfilling the electrodiagnostic (and in some cases also the supportive) criteria for the diagnosis of CIDP. Clinical characteristics were reviewed for each patient not strictly fulfilling the clinical criteria (‘unclassifiable’).

Results

At study inclusion, 124 (37.5%) patients had an unclassifiable clinical presentation, including 110 (89%) with a typical CIDP-like clinical phenotype in whom some segments of the four limbs were unaffected by weakness (‘incomplete typical CIDP’), 10 (8%) with a mild distal, symmetric, sensory or sensorimotor polyneuropathy confined to the lower limbs with cranial nerve involvement (‘cranial nerve predominant CIDP’) and 4 (1%) with a symmetric sensorimotor polyneuropathy limited to the proximal and distal areas of the lower limbs (‘paraparetic CIDP’). Eighty-one (65%) patients maintained an unclassifiable presentation during the entire disease follow-up while 13 patients progressed to typical CIDP. Patients with the unclassifiable clinical forms compared with patients with typical CIDP had a milder form of CIDP, while there was no difference in the distribution patterns of demyelination.

Conclusions

A proportion of patients with CIDP do not strictly fulfil the 2021 EAN/PNS clinical criteria for diagnosis. These unclassifiable clinical phenotypes may pose diagnostic challenges and thus deserve more attention in clinical practice and research.
Area-level sociodemographic differences in tobacco availability examined with nationwide tobacco product retail licence data in Finland
Authors: Pätsi Salla-Maaria , Toikka Arho , Ollila Hanna , Ruokolainen Otto
Published: April 2023

Background

Differences in tobacco retailer density between areas by sociodemographic composition have been observed. However, little research comes from European jurisdictions and from countries with a tobacco retail licensing system. In Finland, the system consists of criteria for retailers and supervision fees.

Methods

The tobacco product retail licence data and sociodemographic data were retrieved from corresponding Finnish authorities. Area-level tobacco availability was measured as the presence of a retailer and as the number of retailers per 1000 inhabitants by postcode area. Sociodemographic indicators included median income, percentage of inhabitants in the lowest income tertile, percentage of adults with higher education and unemployment rate. Analyses were based on logistic regression and Ordinary Least Squares regression with log-transformed density.

Results

Lower area-level sociodemographic composition was mainly associated with higher tobacco availability. Income was the strongest correlate of the tobacco retailer availability: areas with higher median income had lower odds of having a tobacco retailer (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.48 to 0.61 per €1000) and lower retailer density (−4.4% per €1000, Cohen’sf=0.51). Areas with a greater proportion of people in the lowest income category had higher densities of tobacco retailers (+2.8% per percentage point, Cohen’sf=0.07). Other sociodemographic indicators showed inconsistent associations with retailer presence and density.

Conclusion

Tobacco availability can be higher in areas with lower sociodemographic composition also in a country with a comprehensive tobacco retail licensing system and small income inequalities. Retailing policies should be further developed to reduce tobacco availability and narrow inequalities in tobacco use.
Tiling the Plane with a Set of Ten Polyominoes
Authors: Yang Chao
Published: April 2023

There exists a linear algorithm to decide whether a polyomino tessellates the plane by translation only. On the other hand, the problem of deciding whether a set of [Formula: see text] or more polyominoes can tile the plane by translation is undecidable. We narrow the gap between decidable and undecidable by showing that it remains undecidable for a set of [Formula: see text] polyominoes, which partially solves a conjecture posed by Ollinger.
From Entrepreneur to Investor: China’s Semiconductor Industrial Policies
Authors: MARUKAWA TOMOO
Published: April 2023

This study explores the nature and evolution of China’s developmental state through a detailed case study of the country’s semiconductor industrial policy. China, since the 1980s, can be described as an entrepreneurial developmental state due to its prioritizing of economic growth and use of direct investment in its industries. The country’s semiconductor industrial policy during the 1980s and 1990s fits neatly into this model due to the government’s focus on developing national champions. With the failure of these projects, however, the government was forced to adopt the policies of a general developmental state and use indirect incentives to promote the growth of its IC (integrated circuit) industry. Several hybrid and foreign firms began to develop as a result of these policies. The Chinese government launched a new industrial policy in 2014 to revitalize its IC industry, indicating a return to the entrepreneurial state model. China established National IC Funds which amassed huge sums of money from the state budget and state-owned enterprises (SOEs). Close scrutiny of the investments of these funds reveals that 54% was risked on two national champions while the rest was diversified among more than 300 firms when accounting for indirect investment through investment companies. This diversification is representative of the investor state model. The recent bankruptcy and ensuing scandals suggest that China’s entrepreneurial state suffers from serious deficiencies in its governance. This study concludes that the Chinese government should reconsider its development model and consider transforming itself into that of a more cautious investor state while improving its governance mechanisms.
The need for joined-up thinking in critical raw materials research
Authors: Stephenson Michael H. , Ludden John , McKinley Jennifer M. , Natarajan Ishwaran , Nash Susan , Leary David , Shi Yichuan , Wang Chengshan
Published: April 2023

Critical raw materials (CRMs) will be a cornerstone of the energy transition. CRMs were recognized early by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a prime part of the mitigation effort for climate change and, as such, research into the genesis of key metals, as well as the sustainability of their mining, should be a priority. However, research is geopolitically influenced by the security of supply concerns of nations or economic groups of nations such as the EU, Japan, the USA and China. Many research networks and programmes are aimed at resource security; and where collaboration does exist it is along geopolitical lines, potentially disadvantaging developing countries and their efforts to implement UN sustainable development goals (SDGs). This contrasts with efforts in research such as those of the IPCC that are more collaborative and suited to rising to global challenges. We suggest that international organizations such as the International Union of Geological Sciences with its long international history, SDG focus and new focus on data (through the Deep-time Digital Earth (DDE) programme) should be involved in research prioritization unhindered by geopolitical considerations. Like climate change, the challenge of CRMs is too big to tackle in a competitive, geopolitically influenced manner.

Thematic collection:
This article is part of the energy-critical metals for a low carbon transition collection available at:
https://www.lyellcollection.org/topic/collections/critical-metals
A Narrative Review of Factors Affecting the Implementation of Privacy and Security Practices in Software Development
Authors: Nurgalieva Leysan , Frik Alisa , Doherty Gavin
Published: April 2023

Privacy and security are complex topics, raising a variety of considerations and requirements that can be challenging to implement in software development. Determining the security and privacy related factors that have an influence on software systems development and deployment project outcomes has been the focus of extensive and ongoing research over the past two decades. To understand and categorize the factors that have an impact on developers’ adoption and implementation of privacy and security considerations and practices in software development, we carried out a narrative review of the literature. The resulting mapping of factors provides a foundation for future interventions targeting organizational and individual behavior change, to increase the adoption of privacy and security practices in software development.
Comparative Study on Chemical Constituents of Ginseng Flowers with Four Consecutive Cultivation Age
Authors: Du Lian-Yun , Zhang Hui-E. , Zhang Ye , Han Yan-Yan , Ye Ping , Meng Xiang-Ru , Shen Yan-Long , Chen Chang-Bao , Fan Mei-Ling , Wang En-Peng
Published: April 2023

The harvest period of cultivated ginseng is generally 4–6 years. Ginseng flowers (GFs), the nonmedicinal parts, are usually removed every autumn, in which components are generally believed to stay unchanged with the increasing cultivation age. Recently, few documents were reported on the variation of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and other components about ginseng flowers. This study had an insight into the variation of the chemical constituents with the cultivation ages through the comparison of the volatile organic compounds, gross ginsenosides, crude polysaccharide, and gross proteins of ginseng flowers from 3-, 4-, 5-, and 6-yr-old (GF3, GF4, GF5, and GF6) which were conducted by headspace solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (HS-SPME-GC-QQQ/MS) and spectroscopic analysis combined with multivariate statistical analysis, including one-way ANOVA analysis and T test. The results indicated that the crude polysaccharide contents raised significantly depending on cultivation age except 6-yr-old, whereas the gross ginsenosides and the gross protein content were indistinctive. According to the peak intensity of determined VOCs, the contents of most differential compounds arranged in an order from high to low are GF3, GF4, GF5, and GF6, such as the compounds 2–15, 17–19, 22, and 25–26, therefore, they can be inferred that they are important markers to identify the age of GFs. 461 common differential compounds were gained and 26 common volatile organic compounds were identified with RSI >800 and RI and RIx no more than 30, including alcohols (such as 11, 12, and 15), sesquiterpenes (such as 2, 3, and 4), esters (such as 1 and 26), naphthalene and naphthol (such as 7 and 20), which had potential effects on curing Alzheimer’s disease, inflammatory diseases, and prostate cancer based on network pharmacology analysis. This paper firstly revealed the variation rules of constitutions of GFs, which may provide a reference for the harvest and making rational application.
Clinical Presentation and Management of Acute Dystonia from Drug Abuse or Misuse in Adolescents and Young Adults: A Retrospective Cohort Study in Bangkok, Thailand
Authors: Wongveerasin Pootipong , Othong Rittirak , Pinchumponsang Akkasil , Hungspruke Warunya , Jongjaroenwit Peerarin
Published: April 2023

Objectives. To describe the clinical presentation of acute dystonia (AD) from drug abuse or misuse, as well as the emergency department (ED) management and outcomes in adolescents and young adults. Methods. This was a retrospective cohort study of patients aged 10–25 years who were admitted to the ED for AD due to intentional abuse or misuse from January 1, 2014, to June 30, 2017. Data were collected from electronic medical records by three investigators with excellent interrater reliability (0.87). Results. Sixty-two cases met the criteria with male predominance (85.5%); the mean age was 16.7 years. Perphenazine was the most common cause of AD (38.7%), followed by haloperidol (32.2%). The most common AD manifestations were torticollis (51.6%), oromandibular dystonia (45.2%), and oculogyric crisis (22.6%). Intravenous (IV) diazepam combined with oral trihexyphenidyl and IV diazepam alone were the most frequently used first treatment in our ED (41.7% and 35.0%, respectively). Overall, the improvement rates from IV diazepam alone or combined with trihexyphenidyl ranged from 46.2%–75.0%. These rates were inferior to those observed with IV benztropine (100%) alone or combined with trihexyphenidyl. All patients were treated on an outpatient basis, except for one who was admitted to a pediatric ward. Conclusions. In recent years, drug-induced AD caused by intentional abuse among adolescents and young adults has become a concern in Thailand. The most common suspected drugs of abuse were first-generation antipsychotics, perphenazine, and haloperidol. The most effective treatment was benztropine.
Multiobjective Collaborative Optimization Method for the Urban Rail Multirouting Train Operation Plan
Authors: Deng Lianbo , Peng Qi , Cai Li , Zeng Junhao , Bhatt Nava Raj
Published: April 2023

The Train Operation Plan (TOP) of urban rail transit (URT) is a comprehensive plan for the operation of trains, the use of facilities and equipment, and the organization of other operational tasks. The TOP should not only be formulated in terms of time-varying passenger flow periods, but it should also be arranged to consider the substitutability of trains between multiple routes combined with the passenger choice. Based on the principle of “operating by the flow” and the requirement for precise allocation of transport capacity for multiple routes, this article constructs a multiobjective nonlinear integer programming model by taking the minimized generalized travel cost of passengers, total running mileage of trains, fluctuation of trains for each route (as optimization targets), and the combination of requirements of both headways and fully loaded rates as constraints. A multiobjective genetic-based algorithm is designed to simultaneously optimize the TOP and the two-way train stopping time in each period. Finally, the proposed model and algorithm are validated with the real data from the Guangzhou Metro Line 2. The results show that the Pareto optimal TOP and dynamic train stopping time are significantly improved compared to the original values.
Motion Trajectory Error of Robotic Arm Based on Neural Network Algorithm
Authors: Xu Bin , Sem-Lin Chen
Published: April 2023

In order to solve the problems of unstable motion and large trajectory tracking error of the manipulator when it is disturbed by the outside world, the author proposes an adaptive neural network manipulator motion trajectory error method. The author gives the dynamic equation of the manipulator and uses the positive feedback neural network to study the dynamic characteristics of the manipulator. An adaptive neural network control system is designed, and the stability and convergence of the closed-loop system are proved by the Lyapunov function. A schematic diagram of the manipulator model is established, and MATLAB/Simulink software is used to simulate the dynamic parameters of the manipulator. At the same time, it is compared and analyzed with the simulation results of the PID control system. Simulation results show that in robot arm 3, the expected motion trajectory is θ3 = 0.4cos(2πt), the initial condition θ(0) = [000]τ, the control parameter K = diag(40,40),40), the disturbance parameter τ’ = 20cos(πt), robot arm link parameters l1 = 0.62 m, l2 = 0.41 m, l3 = 0.34 m, m1 = 3.5, m2 = 2.5 kg, m3 = 2 kg, g = 9.82 m/s2, under t = 2s, the motion trajectory of the robotic arm is disturbed by the outside world, and the adaptive neural network is used to control the motion trajectory with a small tracking error, input torque ripple is small. Conclusion. The manipulator adopts the adaptive neural network control method, which can improve the control accuracy of the motion trajectory and weaken the jitter phenomenon of the manipulator motion.
Reactive Oxygen Species Metabolism and Diacetoxyscirpenol Biosynthesis Modulation in Potato Tuber Inoculated with Ozone-Treated Fusarium sulphureum
Authors: Liu Zhiguang , Yang Xi , Xue Huali , Bi Yang , Zhang Qianqian , Liu Qili , Chen Jiangyang , Nan Mina , Dov Prusky
Published: April 2023

Potato dry rot, caused by Fusarium species, is a devastating fungal decay that seriously impacts the yield and quality of potato tubers worldwide. Fusarium sulphureum is a major causal agent causing potato tuber dry rot that leads to trichothecene accumulation in Gansu Province of China. Ozone (O3), a strong oxidant, is widely applied to prevent postharvest disease in fruits and vegetables. In this study, F. sulphureum was first treated with 2 mg L-1 ozone for 0, 30 s, 1 min, and 2 min, then inoculated with the potato tubers. The impact of ozone application on dry rot development and diacetoxyscirpenol (DIA) accumulation and the possible mechanisms involved were analyzed. The results showed that ozone treatment significantly inhibited the development of potato tuber dry rot by activating reactive oxygen species (ROS) metabolism and increased the activities of antioxidant enzymes NADPH oxidase (NOX), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and peroxidase (POD) by 24.2%, 13.1%, 45.4%, and 15.8%, respectively, compared with their corresponding control. The activities of key enzymes involved in ascorbate-glutathione cycle (AsA-GSH) of ascorbic peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), monodehydroascorbate reductase (MDHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR) also increased by 26.6%, 41.5%, 56%, and 24.1%, respectively, compared with the control group, and their corresponding gene expressions. In addition, ozone treatment markedly suppressed DIA accumulation in potato tubers by downregulating the expression of genes associated with DIA biosynthesis pathway. These results suggest that ozone treatment inhibited the occurrence of potato dry rot and the accumulation of DIA in potato tubers inoculated with F. sulphureum by promoting ROS metabolism and modulating DIA biosynthesis pathway.
[Retracted] Motion Control System of IoT Intelligent Robot Based on Improved ResNet Model
Authors: Farisi Zeyad
Published: April 2023

In order to further optimize the precision and efficiency of intelligent robot navigation system control, an IoT intelligent robot motion control system based on the improved ResNet model is proposed. Based on the deep learning method, using the Faster R‐CNN target detection architecture and the ResNet50 convolutional neural network, the network is trained according to the characteristics of the operation target of the distribution line maintenance robot system. On this basis, combined with the binocular vision ranging principle, the coordinates of the job target in the camera coordinate system are measured, and the coordinates are converted into the robot base coordinate system through hand‐eye calibration, so as to complete the spatial positioning of the job target. The results showed that the errors of the binocular measurement methods adopted by the system are all within 1%. Conclusion. The method can well adapt to the complex background of the operation scene, the change of illumination, and the partial occlusion of the target and can meet the requirements of the distribution line maintenance robot for the measurement and positioning of the target space.
Research on Network Resource Collection and Distribution Strategies in Big Data-Driven Multimedia Teaching
Authors: Han Jianping
Published: April 2023

The multimedia teaching information data generated in the era of big data are increasing at a huge scale, but the computing environment used before is difficult to meet users’ requirements for data integration. Multimedia information has the characteristics of diversity and structure diversity, which lead to the situation that the storage and processing methods are too complicated and time-consuming to varying degrees. This brings great challenges to big data analysis. Therefore, the fusion of this part of the data information requires a large-scale data parallel framework environment to ensure that multiple data calculation instructions can be executed each time, improve the range of problem solving, and essentially improve the complexity of multimedia teaching information. The main index of large-scale data fusion is computing speed. Aiming at the performance defects of the open source computing framework Hadoop, this paper intends to establish a new computing model. This model uses distributed data sets to replace the previous data structures and solve some problems in the process of data integration, thereby significantly improving the computation efficiency and reducing resource usage. Starting from the network’s perception of energy resources and considering that the randomness of energy available to nodes in the energy harvesting cognitive relay different systems will lead to different data volumes such as throughput and resource utilization, this paper takes the network’s throughput as the optimization network object for resource collection and allocation research. Experiment description: compared with the previous resource management, this model can reduce the total consumption of the system; compared with the single base station mode, the proposed method can extend the network life cycle to a greater extent; meanwhile, it ensures the use of users. Based on the stability analysis of the data, an optimal solution is obtained that can maximize the stable throughput of cognitive users and effectively improve resource collection and allocation.
Critical State-Based Mohr–Coulomb Bounding Surface Model for Sand under Monotonic Shearing
Authors: Woo Sang Inn
Published: April 2023

This study proposes a new constitutive model to describe the smooth transition from an elastic to a plastic response in sands under monotonic shearing. The model modifies the conventional Mohr–Coulomb model by considering the concept of a bounding surface and critical state soil mechanics. The friction angle consists of the critical state friction angle and a portion of the dilatancy angle, which is determined from the distance to the critical state line. Incorporating the bounding surface and the dilatancy angle into constitutive relationships for Toyoura sand produces numerical simulation results that have good agreement with the experimental results.
Data from The Mutational Signature Comprehensive Analysis Toolkit (musicatk) for the Discovery, Prediction, and Exploration of Mutational Signatures
Authors: Chevalier Aaron , Yang Shiyi , Khurshid Zainab , Sahelijo Nathan , Tong Tong , Huggins Jonathan H. , Yajima Masanao , Campbell Joshua D.
Published: April 2023

Abstract
Mutational signatures are patterns of somatic alterations in the genome caused by carcinogenic exposures or aberrant cellular processes. To provide a comprehensive workflow for preprocessing, analysis, and visualization of mutational signatures, we created the Mutational Signature Comprehensive Analysis Toolkit (musicatk) package. musicatk enables users to select different schemas for counting mutation types and to easily combine count tables from different schemas. Multiple distinct methods are available to deconvolute signatures and exposures or to predict exposures in individual samples given a pre-existing set of signatures. Additional exploratory features include the ability to compare signatures to the Catalogue Of Somatic Mutations In Cancer (COSMIC) database, embed tumors in two dimensions with uniform manifold approximation and projection, cluster tumors into subgroups based on exposure frequencies, identify differentially active exposures between tumor subgroups, and plot exposure distributions across user-defined annotations such as tumor type. Overall, musicatk will enable users to gain novel insights into the patterns of mutational signatures observed in cancer cohorts.
Significance:
The musicatk package empowers researchers to characterize mutational signatures and tumor heterogeneity with a comprehensive set of preprocessing utilities, discovery and prediction tools, and multiple functions for downstream analysis and visualization.
Supplementary Figure 2 from Interpreting Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Cell Growth Inhibition in a Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Nf1-Deficient Astrocytes
Authors: Banerjee Sutapa , Gianino Scott M. , Gao Feng , Christians Uwe , Gutmann David H.
Published: April 2023

Supplementary Figure 2 from Interpreting Mammalian Target of Rapamycin and Cell Growth Inhibition in a Genetically Engineered Mouse Model of Nf1-Deficient Astrocytes
Supplementary Methods from ATM and p53 Regulate FOXM1 Expression via E2F in Breast Cancer Epirubicin Treatment and Resistance
Authors: Millour Julie , de Olano Natalia , Horimoto Yoshiya , Monteiro Lara J. , Langer Julia K. , Aligue Rosa , Hajji Nabil , Lam Eric W.-F.
Published: April 2023

Supplementary Methods from ATM and p53 Regulate FOXM1 Expression via E2F in Breast Cancer Epirubicin Treatment and Resistance
Supplementary Figure 1 from Inhibition of Dynamin by Dynole 34-2 Induces Cell Death following Cytokinesis Failure in Cancer Cells
Authors: Chircop Megan , Perera Swetha , Mariana Anna , Lau Hui , Ma Maggie P.C. , Gilbert Jayne , Jones Nigel C. , Gordon Christopher P. , Young Kelly A. , Morokoff Andrew , Sakoff Jennette , O'Brien Terence J. , McCluskey Adam , Robinson Phillip J.
Published: April 2023

PDF file - 905K
Supplementary Figure 2 from A Molecular Screening Approach to Identify and Characterize Inhibitors of Glioblastoma Stem Cells
Authors: Visnyei Koppany , Onodera Hideyuki , Damoiseaux Robert , Saigusa Kuniyasu , Petrosyan Syuzanna , De Vries David , Ferrari Denise , Saxe Jonathan , Panosyan Eduard H. , Masterman-Smith Michael , Mottahedeh Jack , Bradley Kenneth A. , Huang Jing , Sabatti Chiara , Nakano Ichiro , Kornblum Harley I.
Published: April 2023

PDF File - (40K) - Growth kinetics of serum and sphere derived cells in screening (sphere) media reveals only minor differences in the degree of growth/proliferation between sphere and serum derived cultures of the same cell type Graph shows results of an ATP-based proliferation assay as measured 3 days after cell plating. Error bars depict SEM.
Supplementary Figure 1 from Triggering Fbw7-Mediated Proteasomal Degradation of c-Myc by Oridonin Induces Cell Growth Inhibition and Apoptosis
Authors: Huang Hui-Lin , Weng Heng-You , Wang Lu-Qin , Yu Chun-Hong , Huang Qiao-Juan , Zhao Pan-Pan , Wen Jun-Zhi , Zhou Hui , Qu Liang-Hu
Published: April 2023

PDF file - 72K, Efffects of oridonin on expression of mature miRNAs and pri-miRNAs in K562 cells.
Supplementary Figure 9 from Identification of Small-Molecule Inhibitors of the Colorectal Cancer Oncogene Krüppel-like Factor 5 Expression by Ultrahigh-Throughput Screening
Authors: Bialkowska Agnieszka B. , Crisp Melissa , Bannister Thomas , He Yuanjun , Chowdhury Sarwat , Schürer Stephan , Chase Peter , Spicer Timothy , Madoux Franck , Tian Chenlu , Hodder Peter , Zaharevitz Daniel , Yang Vincent W.
Published: April 2023

PDF file - 330K