bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Actividad proteolítica de frutos silvestres de Bromelia karatas L. de Yucatán, México
Authors: Villanueva-Alonzo Hernán de J. , Polanco-Hernández Glendy M. , Lizama-Uc Gabriel , Acosta-Viana Karla Y. , Alvarado-Segura Arturo A.
Published: May 2019

Introducción: Las bromelias son fuente de proteasas que no se han estudiado totalmente.
Objetivos: Evaluar la actividad proteolítica de frutos silvestres de Bromelia karatas L. bajo distintas condiciones de temperatura, pH y NaCl, y estimar la estabilidad térmica de las proteasas.
Materiales y métodos: Se comparó el efecto del pH (6, 7, 8, 9, 10 y 12), temperaturas de incubación (30, 40, 50, 60 y 70 °C) y concentraciones de NaCl (5, 10 y 20 %) sobre la actividad proteolítica de los frutos. La estabilidad térmica de las proteasas se evaluó a 30, 50 y 70 °C durante 240 minutos. Los pesos moleculares y los puntos isoeléctricos de las proteasas se estimaron por zimografía bidimensional no reductora. Los datos se analizaron mediante un ANOVA de un factor y la prueba de comparaciones múltiples de medias de Tukey (α = 0.05).
Resultados y discusión: La actividad proteolítica del extracto de frutos de B. karatas (8.59 U·mg-1) fue mayor que la de Ananas comosus variedad piña miel (3.42 U·mg-1). La actividad fue mayor en valores de pH 6 y 7 y en concentraciones menores de 5 % de NaCl. Las proteasas se mantuvieron estables a 30 y 50 °C durante 210 minutos. El zimograma bidimensional, bajo condiciones no reductoras, mostró por lo menos 40 zonas claras con pesos moleculares aparentes entre 27.3 y 290 kDa, que representan potencialmente proteasas.
Conclusión: Las proteasas de B. karatas tienen potencial de aplicación en la industria alimentaria.
Influencia del método de árboles padres en la diversidad de la regeneración de bosques mixtos de Durango, México
Authors: Hernández Francisco J. , Deras-Ávila Ana G. , Deras-Ávila Nelson I. , Colín José G.
Published: May 2019

Introducción: El manejador forestal necesita conocer el impacto que las cortas de regeneración causan en la diversidad de especies arbóreas, para poder conservarla. 
Objetivo. Evaluar los cambios en riqueza y diversidad de especies arbóreas después de aplicar el método de árboles padres en seis localidades. 
Materiales y métodos. Las localidades Ciénega Grande, Las Ciénegas, La Colmena, El Venado, Los Bajíos y Pino Gordo del ejido Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, se dividieron en tres parcelas denominadas: a) regeneración en árboles padres (RAP); b) regeneración en arbolado adulto (RAA); y c) arbolado adulto (AA). Partiendo del centro de cada parcela de RAP, y siguiendo los puntos cardinales y subcardinales, se ubicaron ocho sitios de 25 m2 y 0.1 ha, para registrar las especies de la regeneración y las del arbolado adulto, respectivamente. Los indicadores de riqueza de especies, Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Pielou y Sørensen se estimaron para caracterizar las parcelas por localidad y se compararon con pruebas de t y análisis de rarefacción. 
Resultados y Discusión. Se registraron 12 especies presentes en el área de estudio, de las cuales 11 se encuentran como renuevo de árboles padres. La riqueza de especies en las parcelas de RAP con respecto a la de AA fue igual en las localidades Ciénega Grande, El Venado y La Colmena, y superior en Las Ciénegas y Los Bajíos. Los índices de Shannon-Wiener y Simpson fueron superiores en Pino Gordo, Los Bajíos y El Venado. El índice de Sørensen varía de 0.67 a 1.0, indicando alta semejanza de especies entre parcelas.
Conclusiones. El método de árboles padres garantiza la continuidad de la diversidad de especies arbóreas.
Percepción de factores de riesgo ocupacional en aserraderos de la región de El Salto, Durango, México
Authors: Aragón-Vásquez Alondra Y. , Silva-Lugo Edwin D. , Nájera-Luna Juan A. , Hernández-Díaz José C. , Hernández Francisco J. , De la Cruz-Carrera Ricardo
Published: May 2019

Introducción: En la industria del aserrío, la identificación y evaluación de agentes potencialmente peligrosos, así como la actitud del trabajador sobre la percepción de los factores de riesgo, son importantes en la prevención de accidentes laborales. 
Objetivo: Medir el nivel de percepción de los trabajadores hacia los factores de riesgo durante el desempeño laboral en 11 aserraderos de la región de El Salto, Pueblo Nuevo, Durango, México.
Materiales y métodos: Se aplicó un cuestionario exploratorio a 108 trabajadores, para determinar la frecuencia del uso de equipo de protección personal (EPP) y la percepción de seguridad ante la exposición al ruido, iluminación, humo, polvo y vibraciones.
Resultados y discusión: En promedio, la edad del trabajador es de 37 años con 15 de experiencia laboral, casado, con nivel de escolaridad de sexto de primaria, y la mayoría tiene exceso de peso. Solo 21 % de los trabajadores utilizan EPP en la jornada completa; los guantes y las mascarillas contra el polvo son los artículos más y menos utilizados, respectivamente. El ruido y las vibraciones son percibidos como los factores de riesgo más graves y, en general, la percepción de seguridad en el trabajo es de regular a buena. El uso de EPP se relaciona significativamente (prueba de Chi-cuadrado P < 0.05) con la edad y aserradero. La percepción de riesgo en las partes expuestas del cuerpo y al ruido dependen del puesto laboral (P < 0.05).
Conclusiones: Es necesaria la capacitación y supervisión de los trabajadores en el uso apropiado del EPP para minimizar riesgos laborales.
The influence of spatiality on shipping emissions, air quality and potential human exposure in the Yangtze River Delta/Shanghai, China
Authors: Feng Junlan , Zhang Yan , Li Shanshan , Mao Jingbo , Patton Allison P. , Zhou Yuyan , Ma Weichun , Liu Cong , Kan Haidong , Huang Cheng , An Jingyu , Li Li , Shen Yin , Fu Qingyan , Wang Xinning , Liu Juan , Wang Shuxiao , Ding Dian , Cheng Jie , Ge Wangqi , Zhu Hong , Walker Katherine
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the megacity of Shanghai are host to one of the busiest port
clusters in the world; the region also suffers from high levels of air
pollution. The goal of this study was to estimate the contributions of
shipping to regional emissions, air quality, and population exposure and to
characterize the importance of the geographic spatiality of shipping lanes
and different types of ship-related sources for the baseline year of 2015,
which was prior to the implementation of China's Domestic Emission Control
Areas (DECAs) in 2016. The WRF-CMAQ model, which combines the Weather
Research and Forecasting model (WRF) and the Community Multi-scale Air
Quality (CMAQ) model, was used to simulate the influence of coastal and
inland-water shipping, port emissions and ship-related cargo transport on air quality and on the
population-weighted concentrations (which is a measure of human
exposure). Our results showed that the impact of shipping on air quality in the YRD was
primarily attributable to shipping emissions within 12 NM (nautical miles)
of shore, but emissions coming from the coastal area between 24 and 96 NM
still contributed substantially to ship-related PM2.5 concentrations in
the YRD. The overall contribution of ships to the PM2.5 concentration in
the YRD could reach 4.62 µg m−3 in summer when monsoon winds
transport shipping emissions onshore. In Shanghai city, inland-water going
ships were major contributors (40 %–80 %) to the shipping impact on
urban air quality. Given the proximity of inland-water ships to the urban
populations of Shanghai, the emissions of inland-water ships contributed more
to population-weighted concentrations. These research results provide
scientific evidence to inform policies for controlling future shipping
emissions; in particular, in the YRD region, expanding the boundary of 12 NM
from shore in China's current DECA policy to around 100 NM from shore would
include most of shipping emissions affecting air pollutant exposure, and
stricter fuel standards could be considered for the ships on inland rivers
and other waterways close to residential regions.
Global atmospheric carbon monoxide budget 2000–2017 inferred from multi-species atmospheric inversions
Authors: Zheng Bo , Chevallier Frederic , Yin Yi , Ciais Philippe , Fortems-Cheiney Audrey , Deeter Merritt N. , Parker Robert J. , Wang Yilong , Worden Helen M. , Zhao Yuanhong
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Atmospheric carbon monoxide (CO) concentrations have been decreasing since 2000 as observed by both satellite- and ground-based instruments, but global bottom-up emission inventories surprisingly estimate increasing anthropogenic CO emissions concurrently. In this study, we use a multi-species atmospheric Bayesian inversion approach to attribute satellite-observed atmospheric CO variations to its sources and sinks in order to achieve a full closure of the global CO budget during 2000–2017. Our observation constraints include satellite retrievals of the total column mole fraction of CO, formaldehyde (HCHO), and methane (CH4) that are all major components of the atmospheric CO cycle. Three inversions (i.e., 2000–2017, 2005–2017, and 2010–2017) are performed to use the observation data to the maximum extent possible as they become available and assess the consistency of inversion results to the assimilation of more trace gas species. We identify a declining trend in the global CO budget since 2000 (three inversions are broadly consistent during overlapping periods), driven by reduced anthropogenic emissions in the U.S. and Europe (both likely from the transport sector), and in China (likely from industry and residential sectors), as well as by reduced biomass burning emissions globally, especially in Equatorial Africa (associated with reduced burned areas). We show that the trends and drivers of the inversion-based CO budget are not affected by the inter-annual variation assumed for prior CO fluxes. All three inversions estimate that surface CO emissions contradict the global bottom-up inventories in the world's top two emitters for the sign of anthropogenic emission trends in China (e.g., here −0.8 ± 0.5 % yr−1 since 2000 while the prior gives 1.3 ± 0.4 % yr−1) and for the rate of anthropogenic emission increase in South Asia (e.g., here 1.0 ± 0.6 % yr−1 since 2000 smaller than 3.5 ± 0.4 % yr−1 in the prior inventory). The posterior model CO concentrations and trends agree well with independent ground-based observations and correct the prior model bias. The comparison of the three inversions with different observation constraints further suggests that the most complete constrained inversion that assimilates CO, HCHO, and CH4 has a good representation of the global CO budget, therefore matches best with independent observations, while the inversion only assimilating CO tends to underestimate both the decrease in anthropogenic CO emissions and the increase in the CO chemical production. The global CO budget data from all three inversions in this study can be accessed from https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.c.4454453.v1 (Zheng et al., 2019).
Low-Noise Permalloy Ring-Cores for Fluxgate Magnetometers
Authors: Miles David M. , Ciurzynski Miroslaw , Barona David , Narod B. Barry , Bennest John R. , Kale Andy , Lessard Marc , Milling David K. , Larson Joshua , Mann Ian R.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Fluxgate magnetometers are important tools for geophysics and space physics providing high precision magnetic field measurements. Fluxgate magnetometer noise performance is typically limited by a ferromagnetic element that is periodically forced into magnetic saturation to modulate, or gate, the local magnetic field. The parameters that control the intrinsic magnetic noise of the ferromagnetic element remain poorly understood. Much of the basic research into producing low-noise fluxgate sensors was completed in the 1960s for military purposes and was never publicly released. Many modern fluxgates depend on legacy Infinetics S1000 ring-cores that have been out of production since 1996 and for which there is no published manufacturing process. We present a manufacturing approach that can consistently produce fluxgate ring-cores with a noise of ∼6–11 pT per square root Hertz – comparable to many of the legacy Infinetics ring-cores used worldwide today. As a result, we demonstrate that we have developed the capacity to produce the low-noise ring-cores essential for high-quality, science-grade fluxgate instrumentation. This work has also revealed potential avenues for further improving performance, and further research into low-noise magnetic materials and fluxgate magnetometer sensors is underway.
DETECTING EVENTS IN VIDEO SEQUENCE OF VIDEO-EEG MONITORING
Authors: Murashov D. , Obukhov Y. , Kershner I. , Sinkin M.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In this paper, an algorithm for automated detecting diagnostic events in video channel of video and electroencephalographic (EEG) monitoring data is presented. The analysis of video sequences is focused on identifying a group of frames with high or very low (depending on the type of seizure) dynamics of informative areas according to a criterion calculated during processing of the optical flow. The preliminary results of the analysis of real clinical data are given and compared with data obtained from the synchronous EEG. The results showed the possibility in principle of reliable diagnosing epileptic seizures and distinguishing them from non-epileptic events.
MOVING OBJECT DETECTION USING SPATIAL CORRELATION IN LAB COLOUR SPACE
Authors: Roshan A. , Zhang Y.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Background subtraction-based techniques of moving object detection are very common in computer vision programs. Each technique of background subtraction employs image thresholding algorithms. Different thresholding methods generate varying threshold values that provide dissimilar moving object detection results. A majority of background subtraction techniques use grey images which reduce the computational cost but statistics-based image thresholding methods do not consider the spatial distribution of pixels. In this study, authors have developed a background subtraction technique using Lab colour space and used spatial correlations for image thresholding. Four thresholding methods using spatial correlation are developed by computing the difference between opposite colour pairs of background and foreground frames. Out of 9 indoor and outdoor scenes, the object is detected successfully in 7 scenes whereas existing background subtraction technique using grey images with commonly used thresholding methods detected moving objects in 1–5 scenes. Shape and boundaries of detected objects are also better defined using the developed technique.
BLOOD VESSELS SEGMENTATION METHOD FOR RETINAL FUNDUS IMAGES BASED ON ADAPTIVE PRINCIPAL CURVATURE AND IMAGE DERIVATIVE OPERATORS
Authors: Thanh D. N. H. , Sergey D. , Surya Prasath V. B. , Hai N. H.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Diabetes is a common disease in the modern life. According to WHO’s data, in 2018, there were 8.3% of adult population had diabetes. Many countries over the world have spent a lot of finance, force to treat this disease. One of the most dangerous complications that diabetes can cause is the blood vessel lesion. It can happen on organs, limbs, eyes, etc. In this paper, we propose an adaptive principal curvature and three blood vessels segmentation methods for retinal fundus images based on the adaptive principal curvature and images derivatives: the central difference, the Sobel operator and the Prewitt operator. These methods are useful to assess the lesion level of blood vessels of eyes to let doctors specify the suitable treatment regimen. It also can be extended to apply for the blood vessels segmentation of other organs, other parts of a human body. In experiments, we handle proposed methods and compare their segmentation results based on a dataset – DRIVE. Segmentation quality assessments are computed on the Sorensen-Dice similarity, the Jaccard similarity and the contour matching score with the given ground truth that were segmented manually by a human.
DETECTING PROTRUSION LESION IN DIGESTIVE TRACT USING A SINGLE-STAGE DETECTION METHOD
Authors: Wang L. , Wang S. , Huang S. , Liu C.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The classification networks have already existed for a long time and achieve great success. However, in biomedical image processing, classifying normal and abnormal ones only is not enough clinically, the desired output should include localization, i.e., where the lesion is. In this paper, we present a method for detecting protrusion lesion in digestive tract. We use a deep learning-based model to build a computer-aided diagnosis system to help doctors examine the intestinal diseases. Learn from existing detection method, one-stage and two-stage detection algorithm, a new network suitable for protrusion lesion detection is proposed. We inherit the method of anchor generation in SSD, a fast single-stage object detector outperform R-CNN series in terms of speed. Multi-scale feature layers are assigned to generate different sizes of default anchor boxes. Different from the previous work, our method doesnt require additional preprocessing because the network can learn features autonomously. For the 256*256 input, our method achieves 73% AP, perform a novel way to detect protrusion lesions.
ANIMAL DETECTION USING A SERIES OF IMAGES UNDER COMPLEX SHOOTING CONDITIONS
Authors: Zotin A. G. , Proskurin A. V.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Camera traps providing enormous number of images during a season help to observe remotely animals in the wild. However, analysis of such image collection manually is impossible. In this research, we develop a method for automatic animal detection based on background modeling of scene under complex shooting. First, we design a fast algorithm for image selection without motions. Second, the images are processed by modified Multi-Scale Retinex algorithm in order to align uneven illumination. Finally, background is subtracted from incoming image using adaptive threshold. A threshold value is adjusted by saliency map, which is calculated using pyramid consisting of the original image and images modified by MSR algorithm. Proposed method allows to achieve high estimators of animals detection.
RAY-BASED SEGMENTATION ALGORITHM FOR MEDICAL IMAGING
Authors: Danilov V. V. , Skirnevskiy I. P. , Manakov R. A. , Kolpashchikov D. Y. , Gerget O. M. , Frangi A. F.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In this study, we present a segmentation algorithm based on ray casting and border point detection. The algorithm’s main parameter is the number of emitted rays, which defines the resolution of the object’s boundary. The value of this parameter depends on the shape of the target region. For instance, 8 rays are enough to segment the left ventricle with the average Dice similarity coefficient approximately equal to 85%. Having gathered the data of rays, the training datasets had a relatively high level of class imbalance (up to 90%). To cope with this issue, ensemble-based classifiers used to manage imbalanced datasets such as AdaBoost.M2, RUSBoost, UnderBagging, SMOTEBagging, SMOTEBoost were used for border detection. For estimation of the accuracy and processing time, the proposed algorithm used a cardiac MRI dataset of the University of York and brain tumour dataset of Southern Medical University. The highest Dice similarity coefficients for the heart and brain tumour segmentation, equal to 86.5 ± 6.9% and 89.5 ± 6.7%, respectively, were achieved by the proposed algorithm. The segmentation time of a cardiac frame equals 4.1 ± 2.3 ms and 20.2 ± 23.6 ms for 8 and 64 rays, respectively. Brain tumour segmentation took 5.1 ± 1.1 ms and 16.0 ± 3.0 ms for 8 and 64 rays respectively. By testing the different medical imaging cases, the proposed algorithm is not time-consuming and highly accurate for convex and closed objects. The scalability of the algorithm allows implementing different border detection techniques working in parallel.
DERMATOLOGICAL IMAGE DENOISING USING ADAPTIVE HENLM METHOD
Authors: Dogvanich A. , Mamaev N. , Krylov A. , Makhneva N.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In this paper we propose automatic image denoising method based on Hermite functions (HeNLM). It is an extension of non-local means (NLM) algorithm. Differences between small image blocks (patches) are replaced by differences between feature vectors thus reducing computational complexity. The features are calculated in coordinate system connected with image gradient and are invariant to patch rotation. HeNLM method depends on the parameter that controls filtering strength. To chose automatically this parameter we use a no-reference denoising quality assessment method. It is based on Hessian matrix analysis. We compare the proposed method with full-reference methods using PSNR metrics, SSIM metrics, and its modifications MSSIM and CMSC. Image databases TID, DRIVE, BSD, and a set of dermatological immunofluorescence microscopy images were used for the tests. It was found that more perceptual CMSC and MSSIM metrics give worse correspondence than SSIM and PSNR to the results of information preservation by the non-reference image denoising.
AUTOMATIC LIP-READING OF HEARING IMPAIRED PEOPLE
Authors: Ivanko D. , Ryumin D. , Karpov A.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Inability to use speech interfaces greatly limits the deaf and hearing impaired people in the possibility of human-machine interaction. To solve this problem and to increase the accuracy and reliability of the automatic Russian sign language recognition system it is proposed to use lip-reading in addition to hand gestures recognition. Deaf and hearing impaired people use sign language as the main way of communication in everyday life. Sign language is a structured form of hand gestures and lips movements involving visual motions and signs, which is used as a communication system. Since sign language includes not only hand gestures, but also lip movements that mimic vocalized pronunciation, it is of interest to investigate how accurately such a visual speech can be recognized by a lip-reading system, especially considering the fact that the visual speech of hearing impaired people is often characterized with hyper-articulation, which should potentially facilitate its recognition. For this purpose, thesaurus of Russian sign language (TheRusLan) collected in SPIIRAS in 2018–19 was used. The database consists of color optical FullHD video recordings of 13 native Russian sign language signers (11 females and 2 males) from “Pavlovsk boarding school for the hearing impaired”. Each of the signers demonstrated 164 phrases for 5 times. This work covers the initial stages of this research, including data collection, data labeling, region-of-interest detection and methods for informative features extraction. The results of this study can later be used to create assistive technologies for deaf or hearing impaired people.
CNOP based on ACPW for Identifying Sensitive Regions of Typhoon Target Observations with WRF Model
Authors: Mu Bin , Zhang Linlin , Yuan Shijin , Duan Wansuo
Published: May 2019

Abstract. In this paper, we rewrite the ACPW (adaptive cooperation co-evolution of parallel particle swarm optimization and wolf search algorithm based on principal component analysis) and applied it to solve conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) in the WRF-ARW for identifying sensitive areas of typhoon target observations, which is proposed by us in the study of Zhang et al. (2018), to investigate its feasibility and effectiveness in the WRF-ARW model. Fitow (2013) and Matmo (2014) are taken as two typhoon cases, and simulated with the 60 km horizontal resolution. The total dry energy is adopted as the objective function. The CNOP is also calculated by the method based on the adjoint model (ADJ-method) as a benchmark. To evaluate the ACPW-CNOP, five aspects are analysed, such as the pattern, energy, similarity, benefits from the CNOPs reduced in the whole domain and the sensitive regions identified, and the simulated typhoon tracks. The experimental results show that the temperature and wind patterns of ACPW-CNOP is similar to those of the ADJ-CNOP in all typhoons. And the similarity values of ADJ-CNOP and ACPW-CNOP of two typhoon cases are more than 0.5. When reducing CNOPs in the sensitive regions, the forecast income of ACPW-CNOP is greater than that of ADJ-CNOP in all typhoons. Moreover, the sensitive regions identified by the ACPW-CNOP has the similar influence with the ADJ-CNOP on the simulation of typhoon tracks, sometimes the ACPW-CNOP has more positive impact on the simulation of typhoon tracks. The ACPW is more efficient than the ADJ-method in this paper.
Cold vs. warm water route – sources for the upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation revisited in a high-resolution ocean model
Authors: Rühs Siren , Schwarzkopf Franziska U. , Speich Sabrina , Biastoch Arne
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The northward flow of the upper limb of the
Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) is fed by waters entering
the South Atlantic from the Indian Ocean mainly via the Agulhas Current (AC)
system and by waters entering from the Pacific through Drake Passage (DP),
commonly referred to as the “warm” and “cold” water routes, respectively.
However, there is no final consensus on the relative importance of these two
routes for the upper limb's volume transport and thermohaline properties. In
this study we revisited the AC and DP contributions by performing Lagrangian
analyses between the two source regions and the North Brazil Current (NBC) at
6∘ S in a realistically forced high-resolution (1∕20∘)
ocean model. Our results
agree with the prevailing conception that the AC contribution is the major
source for the upper limb transport of the AMOC in the tropical South
Atlantic. However, they also suggest a non-negligible DP contribution of
around 40 %, which is substantially higher than estimates from
previous Lagrangian studies with coarser-resolution models but now better
matches estimates from Lagrangian observations. Moreover, idealized analyses
of decadal changes in the DP and AC contributions indicate that the ongoing
increase in Agulhas leakage indeed may have induced an increase in the AC
contribution to the upper limb of the AMOC in the tropics, while the DP
contribution decreased. In terms of thermohaline properties, our study
highlights the fact that the AC and DP contributions cannot be unambiguously
distinguished by their temperature, as the commonly adopted terminology may
imply, but rather by their salinity when entering the South Atlantic. During
their transit towards the NBC the bulk of DP waters experiences a net density
loss through a net warming, whereas the bulk of AC waters experiences a
slight net density gain through a net increase in salinity. Notably, these
density changes are nearly completely captured by Lagrangian particle
trajectories that reach the surface mixed layer at least once during their
transit, which amount to 66 % and 49 % for DP and AC
waters, respectively. This implies that more than half of the water masses
supplying the upper limb of the AMOC are actually formed within the South
Atlantic and do not get their characteristic properties in the Pacific and
Indian Oceans.
Subglacial roughness of the Greenland Ice Sheet: relationship with contemporary ice velocity and geology
Authors: Cooper Michael A. , Jordan Thomas M. , Schroeder Dustin M. , Siegert Martin J. , Williams Christopher N. , Bamber Jonathan L.
Published: May 2019

Abstract. The subglacial environment of the Greenland Ice Sheet (GrIS) is poorly constrained, both in its bulk properties, for example geology, presence of sediment, and of water, and interfacial conditions, such as roughness and bed rheology. There is, therefore, limited understanding of how spatially heterogeneous subglacial properties relate to ice-sheet motion. Here, via analysis of two decades worth of radio-echo sounding data, we present a new systematic analysis of subglacial roughness beneath the GrIS. We use two independent methods to quantify subglacial roughness: first, the variability of along- track topography—enabling an assessment of roughness anisotropy from pairs of orthogonal transects aligned perpendicular and parallel to ice flow; and second, from bed-echo scattering—enabling assessment of fine-scale bed characteristics. We establish the spatial distribution of subglacial roughness and quantify its relationship with ice flow speed and direction. Overall, the beds of fast-flowing regions are observed to be rougher than the slow-flowing interior. Topographic roughness exhibits an exponential scaling relationship with ice surface velocity parallel, but not perpendicular, to flow direction in fast-flowing regions, and the degree of anisotropy is correlated with ice surface speed. In many slow-flowing regions both roughness methods indicate spatially coherent regions of smooth bed, which, through combination with analyses of underlying geology, we conclude is likely due to the presence of a hard flat bed. Consequently, the study provides scope for a spatially variable hard bed/soft bed boundary constraint for ice-sheet models.
Modeling snow slab avalanches caused by weak layer failure –
Part I: Slabs on compliant and collapsible weak layers
Authors: Rosendahl Philipp L. , Weißgraeber Philipp
Published: May 2019

Abstract. Dry-snow slab avalanche release is preceded by a fracture process within the snowpack. Recognizing weak layer collapse as an integral part of the fracture process is crucial and explains phenomena such as whumpf sounds and remote triggering of avalanches from low-angle terrain. In this two-part work we propose a novel closed-form analytical model for a snowpack under skier loading and a mixed-mode failure criterion for nucleation of weak layer failure. In the first part of this two-part series we introduce a closed-form analytical model of a snowpack accounting for the deformable layer. Despite the importance of persistent weak layers for slab avalanche release, no simple analytical model accounting for weak layer deformations is available. The proposed model provides deformations of the snow slab, weak layer stresses and energy release rates of cracks within the weak layer. It generally applies to skier-loaded slopes as well as stability tests such as the propagation saw test. A validation with a numerical reference model shows very good agreement of the stress and energy release rates results in several parametric studies including analyses of the bridging effect and slope angle dependence. The proposed model is used to analyze 93 propagation saw tests. Computed weak layer fracture toughness values are physically meaningful and in excellent agreement with finite element analyses. In the second part of the series we make use of the present mechanical model to establish a novel failure criterion crack nucleation in weak layers. The code used for the analyses in both parts is publicly available.
El humor gráfico en la publicidad: la campaña de Kiko da Silva para el Colegio de Dentistas de Pontevedra y Ourense
Authors: Caballero Wangüemert Félix , Román Portas Mercedes
Published: May 2019

Pese al creciente uso del humor en la publicidad, el humor gráfico sigue siendo un elemento extraño. Este trabajo analiza la campaña que el dibujante gallego Kiko da Silva hizo para el Colegio de Dentistas de Pontevedra y Ourense en 2015 con el fin de advertir a la población de los posibles riesgos de las nuevas franquicias dentales y promocionar como alternativa a los dentistas «de toda la vida». Se ha revisado parte de la bibliografía sobre el humor en la publicidad, se han analizado los dos anuncios de la campaña y se ha entrevistado tanto al humorista que la ejecutó como a los publicistas que la diseñaron. Se ha llegado a la conclusión de que las tiras ayudaron a fijar la atención del lector y a hacerle reflexionar sobre el tema tratado.
La radio en pijama. Origen, evolución y ecosistema del podcasting español
Authors: García-Marín David
Published: May 2019

Esta investigación representa la primera aproximación a la historia del podcasting en España a través de la descripción de su origen y las diferentes fases evolutivas que ha mantenido en sus primeros catorce años de vida. A través del análisis de fuentes documentales y mediante la realización de entrevistas en profundidad a pioneros del medio, usuarios, podcasters y expertos en comunicación digital, se estudian los factores tecnocéntricos y sociocéntricos decisivos para su desarrollo hasta alcanzar su estado actual, caracterizado por la presencia de una robusta comunidad de oyentes y creadores, un complejo ecosistema y la creciente tendencia hacia la producción de objetos narrativos de carácter transmedia que abandonan el formato exclusivamente sonoro de los inicios del medio.
Representación del medio ambiente en prensa y telediarios de México y España
Authors: Martínez Garza Francisco Javier , Herranz de la Casa José María
Published: May 2019

El cambio climático exige que las personas adopten una actitud favorable para contrarrestar ese problema y los medios de comunicación constituyen una valiosa herramienta para conseguirlo. Por lo anterior, se procedió a identificar la densidad, temática y tratamiento informativo que realizaron sobre el tema, nueve medios de comunicación de España y México durante los años 2015, 2016 y 2017. Entre las conclusiones se destaca que los medios de comunicación de ambos países, dispensan poca atención al tema y cuando lo hacen, suelen relacionarlo con eventos sensacionalistas, ofrecen una temática limitada y pocas veces recurren a expertos como fuentes periodísticas. Es de esperarse por lo tanto, que sus contenidos contribuyan poco a generar una cultura ambientalista.
Audiencias y redes: pautas de consumo de industria cultural en España
Authors: Núñez Ladevéze Luis , Torrecillas Lacave Teresa , Irisarri Núñez José Antonio
Published: May 2019

Desde que se registran datos las audiencias televisivas han aumentado progresivamente España. Se acusa una baja en el consumo medio diario de, aproximadamente, cuatro minutos anuales a partir de marzo de 2013. ¿Fenómeno coyuntural de saturación o anuncio de un cambio sustantivo?. Método. La investigación sitúa hermenéuticamente el caso español en el contexto de una sociedad unificada por la globalización de la industria cultural de entretenimiento masivo en un mercado unitario. Para apreciar tendencias, utiliza audiometría y fuentes estadísticas de acceso público o de institutos privados que comparan variables en intervalos a largo plazo. Se plantea si la tecnología digital promueve una nueva “cultura digital”, o si confirma la continuidad del consumo. Resultados: Hay pruebas de que otros medios se acoplan al televisor pero no hay signos de que este posible cambio pueda implicar una modificación de las pautas culturales caracterizada por un consumo masivo de industria cultural.
Tratamiento de la legalización del matrimonio homosexual en la prensa española desde la perspectiva del "framing". Análisis comparado de "ABC" y "El País"
Authors: Ramos-Arroyo Antonio , Díaz-Campo Jesús
Published: May 2019

La aprobación del matrimonio homosexual en España generó una fuerte polémica mediática y política. El objetivo principal es conocer el uso de los marcos informativos que han empleado los políticos y los medios de comunicación sobre dicha legislación. También se quiere revisar si los actores sociales atacaron o defendieron sus posturas con patrones de argumentación propios de los sectores sociales enfrentados en España. Tomando como referencia la teoría del framing, se ha empleado la técnica del análisis de contenido para estudiar los textos y las imágenes publicados por los periódicos ABC y El País sobre esta normativa durante la semana anterior y posterior a la aprobación del proyecto de ley. Las conclusiones corroboran el enfrentamiento de una corriente social laicista frente a otra católica, que sin embargo no se corresponde siempre con la postura de los partidos políticos más representativos de la izquierda (PSOE) y la derecha (PP) española, respectivamente.
Aproximación al estudio del consumo televisivo en el ecosistema audiovisual digital español: de la audiencia audimétrica a la audiencia poliédrica
Authors: Roel Marta
Published: May 2019

Se delimitan las modalidades lineales y no lineales y de distribución, gestión y consumo de contenidos televisivos en el actual ecosistema digital con objeto de identificar el comportamiento de la audiencia en un contexto de innovación tecnológica, multiplicidad de pantallas e interacción en las redes sociales.
SILICA-REINFORCED NATURAL RUBBER TIRE TREAD COMPOUNDS CONTAINING BIO-BASED PROCESS OILS. II: INFLUENCE OF EPOXIDE AND AMINO FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
Authors: Hayichelaeh C. , Reuvekamp L. A. E. M. , Dierkes W. K. , Blume A. , Noordermeer J. W. M. , Sahakaro K.
Published: May 2019

The feasibility of the use of epoxidized palm oil (EPO) and amine-modified epoxidized palm oil (mEPO) as process oils in silica-reinforced natural rubber compounds is studied. The chemical structures of EPO and mEPO are characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (1H-NMR). Amine modification for 3 and 5 h leads to mEPOs with 0.03 and 0.04 mmol of amine in 1 g of oil, referred to as 0.03 mEPO and 0.04 mEPO, respectively. The properties of rubber compounds containing modified palm oils are investigated by taking those with TDAE oil and those without oil as references. The use of process oils clearly enhances the processibility (i.e., lower mixing torque and complex viscosity) and mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of the rubber compounds as compared with compounds without oil. The rubber compounds with EPO and 0.03 mEPO show a lower Payne effect (i.e., less filler–filler interaction) than the rubber compound with TDAE because of the shielding effect of the oils on the silica surface. The use of mEPO boosts the vulcanization reaction, resulting in much better cure torque difference, which indicates a higher crosslink density due to the amino groups present in mEPO as compared with TDAE. Therefore, rubber compounds with mEPOs have better mechanical properties (i.e., reinforcement index, tensile strength, and elongation at break) and better elastic response under dynamic deformation, as indicated by a lower loss tangent at 60 °C as compared with the mix with TDAE.
The Boiling Pot: Pinter in Moscow 1970–2003
Authors: Evans Charles Elliott
Published: May 2019

The development of productions of Pinter's plays in Russia in the years 1970 to 1994 is briefly discussed with reference to six principal productions. Two new productions in 2000 that took a new direction are examined in detail through on-stage performance and personal interviews. The productions are sharply contrasted in their approach to Pinter text. The shared weakness of Russian interpretations of Pinter's work is identified and discussed.
Voicing Over: Power, Speech, and Performance in The Birthday Party, One for the Road, New World Order, and The Comfort of Strangers
Authors: Roof Judith
Published: May 2019

This article examines the ways characters talking over or for other characters in The Birthday Party, One for the Road, and New World Order become not only a move towards oppression and hegemony, but also gradually begin to reveal the apparatus within and yet beyond the stage that rules conduct and demands performance. This gradual revelation of the way language and the voice become the site of power and control is even more evident in the film, The Comfort of Strangers, for which Pinter wrote the screenplay. Deploying the voiceover as the complement to the hidden gaze of the character, Robert, plays out the ways the voice is finally that which observes and commands. This suggests that the theater plays with a power dynamic that always threatens to turn into terror.
The Impact of the Financial Flexibility on the Performance: An Empirical Study on a Sample of Jordanian Services Sector Firms in Period (2010-2017)
Authors: Abdel Fattah Al-Slehat Zaher
Published: May 2019

This study aims at investigating the impact of the financial flexibility on the performance on a sample of Jordanian services sector firms for the period 2010-2017.

The researcher used the analytical descriptive method on a sample consisted of 18 Jordanian firms listed in Amman Stock Exchange. The Multiple Linear Regression Analysis was used to examine the hypotheses of the study. The study revealed that there was an effect of the financial flexibility on the performance of the Jordanian services sector firms. The study recommended paying an increasing attention to the indicators of the financial flexibility by linking it with the performance to achieve a competitive advantage that could be reflected in the existence, development and continuity of the firms.
Is State Preemption Weakening the Authoritarian Resilience of Local Government in the United States?
Authors: Juergensmeyer Julian C. , Prater Andrew F.
Published: May 2019

W wielu krajach instytucje i wartości demokratyczne są zagrożone. Sprawiedliwy proces, ochrona praw obywatelskich, wolność słowa, wolność prasy, prawo do głosowania i inne demokratyczne ideały są głęboko zakorzenione w amerykańskiej kulturze prawnej. Tradycyjnie rząd federalny jest uważany za strażnika tych praw, zapewniając, że administracja stanowa przestrzega rządów prawa ustanowionych przez amerykańską Konstytucję. Podobnie uważa się, że administracja stanowa zapewnia te demokratyczne standardy wobec samorządów lokalnych. Amerykański system równowagi władz i trójpodział władzy oraz wynikające z tego wzajemne oddziaływanie między gałęziami administracji są uważane za zabezpieczenia, które chronią praworządność. Ten poziomy trójpodział władzy często przyćmiewa podobne funkcje realizowane przez pionowe rozdzielenie władzy pomiędzy system federalny, stanowy i lokalny. Jeśli władza federalna bądź stanowa działa wbrew przepisom prawa ustanowionym przez Konstytucję Stanów Zjednoczonych i konstytucjom stanowym, samorządy mogą, przynajmniej do pewnego stopnia, sprzeciwić się tym autorytarnym rządom. Celem tego artykułu jest pokazanie, w jaki sposób samorządy lokalne mogą przeciwstawić się antydemokratycznym działaniom administracji federalnej i stanowej, oraz omówienie zagrożeń, jakie stwarzane są w Stanach Zjednoczonych w wyniku ingerencji administracji federalnej lub stanowej w zakres działania władzy samorządowej – szczególnie w odniesieniu do miast sanktuariów, zmian klimatycznych, przepisów dotyczących posiadania broni, dostępu do tanich mieszkań oraz praw społeczności LGBT. Głównym celem stworzenia takiej pionowej równowagi i podziału władzy jest wzajemne monitorowanie się administracji na różnych poziomach, ale jeśli samorządy lokalne są pozbawione możliwości sprawowania władzy w odniesieniu do ważnych społecznie kwestii, ich odporność na autorytarne rządy federalne czy stanowe jest poważnie ograniczona.
Evaluation of early life experiences: the eles scale and its clinical use
Authors: León-Palacios María G. , Garrido-Fernández Miguel , Senín-Calderón Cristina , Perona-Garcelán Salvador , Gilbert Paul , Rodríguez-Testal Juan F.
Published: May 2019

Background: The Early Life Experiences Scale (ELES) evaluates the memory of threat and subordination perceived in childhood family relationships based on social rank theory. This scale was adapted to Spanish, its factor structure was tested by cross-validation, and its psychometric properties were explored. Method: 960 subjects participated (863 subjects from the general population and 97 patients). Results: Data confirm the factor structure of the original version by Authors (2003), obtaining a similar model with three factors: submission, threat, and devaluation, which explained 66.31% of the variance. The Spanish version of the ELES was comprised of the same number of items as in the original study and showed adequate indices of validity, internal consistency, retest and combined reliability. Conclusions: The Early Life Experiences Scale (ELES) can be a useful measure for evaluating early life experiences. Its application may be very relevant in studying the relationship between these experiences and psychopathological manifestations in constructing explanatory models.
Conducta de sexting en adolescentes: predictores de personalidad y consecuencias psicosociales en un año de seguimiento
Authors: Alonso Cristina , Romero Estrella
Published: May 2019

La relación entre el sexting y la personalidad en los adolescentes ha sido escasamente investigada. Además, es notoria la escasez de estudios longitudinales que aborden los predictores y consecuencias del sexting. Este estudio analiza los datos de 624 adolescentes que fueron evaluados en dos ocasiones (T1 y T2) distanciadas por un período de un año, y a los que se administraron cuestionarios para medir el sexting, los rasgos de personalidad del modelo de cinco factores (MCF), y posibles consecuencias psicosociales del sexting (acoso/ciberacoso, bienestar emocional). Los resultados indican que mayor extraversión y menor amabilidad y responsabilidad (T1) se relacionan con sexting (T2). El estudio permite también identificar qué facetas específicas de personalidad (T1) se asocian con el sexting registrado en T2. Además, los análisis de regresión muestran que la extraversión predice aumentos en sexting entre T1 y T2. En cuanto a las consecuencias, una alta implicación en sexting T1 predice descensos en la victimización y en las emociones positivas experimentadas entre T1 y T2. Por tanto, este estudio muestra que la personalidad permite predecir los cambios en sexting a lo largo de la adolescencia; el sexting, a su vez, parece asociarse a consecuencias psicosociales relevantes en este período del desarrollo.

The relationships between personality and sexting have been scarcely studied. In addition, the scarcity of longitudinal studies about predictors and consequences of sexting is notorious. This study analyzed the longitudinal data from 624 adolescents who were evaluated on two occasions (T1 and T2) separated by a period of one year, and to whom questionnaires were administered to measure sexting, the personality traits of the five factor model (FFM), as well as possible psychosocial consequences of sexting. The results indicate that high extraversion and low agreeableness and conscientiousness (T1) are related to sexting (T2). In addition, the study also allows us to identify which specific facets of personality (T1) are associated with sexting registered in T2. On the other hand, regression analyses indicate that extraversion predicts increases in sexting between T1 and T2. As for the outcomes of sexting, a high involvement in sexting T1 predicts decreases in victimization and in the positive emotions experienced between T1 and T2. Therefore, this study shows that personality allows for prediction of changes in sexting throughout adolescence; sexting, in turn, seems to be associated with relevant psychosocial consequences in this developmental period.
A meta-analytical answer to the crisis of confidence of Psychology
Authors: Botella Juan , Durán Juan I.
Published: May 2019

Meta-analysis is a firmly established methodology and an integral part of the process of generating knowledge across the empirical sciences. Meta-analysis has also focused on methodology and has become a dominant critic of methodological shortcomings. We highlight several problematic issues on how we research in psychology: excess of heterogeneity in the results and difficulties for replication, publication bias, suboptimal methodological quality, and questionable practices of the researchers. These and other problems led to a “crisis of confidence” in psychology. We discuss how the meta-analytical perspective and its procedures can help to overcome the crisis. A more cooperative perspective, instead of a competitive one, can shift to consider replication as a more valuable contribution. Knowledge cannot be based in isolated studies. Given the nature of the object of study of psychology the natural unit to generate knowledge must be the estimated distribution of the effect sizes, not the dichotomous decision on statistical significance in specific studies. Some suggestions are offered on how to redirect researchers' research and practices, so that their personal interests and those of science as such are better aligned.