bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Neue Tendenzen der Düngeberatung in Ungarn
Authors: LOCH Jakab
Published: December 2023

Die Düngeempfehlungen eines Landes dienen zu jeder Zeit den agrarpolitischen Zielen, die mit Berücksichtigung der aktuellen Bedingungen erreicht werden sollen, wie z.B. Intensivierung oder Extensivierung der Produktion. Ziel der in den 1970er Jahren ausgearbeiteten Beratung war die Anreicherung der Böden mit Phosphor und Kalium,  Verbesserung des Versorgungsgrades der Böden, Intensivierung der Produktion. Die Ziele wurden erreicht, mit steigendem Mineraldüngerverbrauch und Einführung der Intensivsorten stiegen die Weizen- und Maiserträge, auf das zwei- bis dreifache. Nach 1990 sank  der Düngemittelverbrauch auf das Niveau der 60-iger Jahre. Den starken Rückgang verursachten: Mangel an Kapital der Produzenten, die verzögernd vor sich gehende Umstrukturierung der Landwirtschaft, die Unsicherheiten der Produktion bzw. Vermarktung der Produkte, sowie die hohen Düngemittel- und Pflanzenschutzmittelpreise. Die Weizen und Maiserträge nahmen ab, der Nährstoff-versorgungsgrad der Böden ließ nach. Die neue gesellschaftliche und wirtschaftliche Situation, Anstieg der vorher unterstützten Düngemittelpreise, die veränderten Absatzmöglichkeiten erforderten neue Überlegungen in der Nährstoffwirtschaft. Es wurden die Grundlagen einer neuen, wirtschaftlichen und umweltschonenden Düngeberatung geschaffen. Die neue Beratung beruht, ebenso, wie die frühere auf dem Bilanzprinzip. Die differenzierten Empfehlungen ermöglichen eine Anpassung an die ökologischen und ökonomischen Bedingungen. Durch die Neubearbeitung der Bodengrenzwerte aufgrund von langjährigen Düngungsversuchen werden allgemein kleinere Düngergaben empfohlen. Nach den bisherigen Ergebnissen der vergleichen-den Versuche können mit den niedrigeren Gaben – ohne Gefahr der Umweltbelastung – ähnliche Erträge, mit bedeutenden Ersparnissen erreicht werden.
Bilanzierung von Stickstoffflüssen im landwirtschaftlichen betrieb zur Bewertung und Optimierung der Düngungsstrategien
Authors: GUTSER Reinhold
Published: December 2023

Der in landwirtschaftlichen Betrieben über Bilanzierungsmethoden feststellbare Stickstoff-Überschuss stellt unbestritten einen Schlüsselindikator für die Bewertung der N-Effizienz sowie der bewirtschaftungsbedingten Umweltbelastung dar. Die verschiedenen Methoden der Nährstoffbilanzierung werden hinsichtlich ihrer Ergebnissicherheit und –verwendbarkeit beurteilt. Für die inner- und außerbetrieb-liche Verwendung der Bilanzierungsergebnisse eignet sich in erster Linie die Betriebs- und Flächen-Bilanz nach Hoftor-Methode, kombiniert mit der Schlag-Bilanz zur Analyse der Schwachstellen für die Optimierung der Düngung. In einem Langzeitversuch wird aufgezeigt, dass aus dem Stickstoffsaldo das Verlustpotenzial nur bei Berücksichtigung der Veränderung des N-Vorrates der Böden zu prognostizieren ist. Die neugefasste Düngeverordnung für Deutschland enthält Richtwerte für N-Überschüsse einer Flächen-Bilanz. Diese werden mit bekannten Bewertungsmaßstäben aus dem Bereich der Landwirtschaft und des Umweltschutzes diskutiert.
Die Weise der Nährstoffbilanz, die Beratung und Kontrolle der Düngung in der Slowakei
Authors: KOTVAS Frantisek
Published: December 2023

Die Nährstoffbilanz tritt in die Evidenz der Düngemittelverbrauch der landwirtschaftlichen Farm zum ersten Mal in 2006 ein. Alle Bauern, die die Subventionen aus der EU nehmen, sind pflichtig die Nährstoffbilanz zu berechnen. Die Bilanz ermöglicht den Saldo des Nährstoffregimes werten. Dazu ist nötig die Evidenz über Düngemittelverbrauch, Ernteerträge des Haupt- und Nebenproduktes in dem konkreten Produktionsteil führen. Die langjährige Evidenz bietet die Geschichte des Feldes nicht nur aus dem Hinblick der Fruchtfolge, aber auch wie die Vorfrüchte (besonders die Hülsenfrüchte) die Bodeneigenschaften verbessern können. Die Nährstoffbilanz ist funktionsfähige Ergänzung der Bodenuntersuchung. Das funktioniert in der Slowakei schon seit 40 Jahre, und zu Zeit läuft die Untersuchung in 6-jährigem Zyklus. Eben die Nährstoffbilanz kann den relativ langen Kenntnismangel über Bodeneigenschaften (P und K Gehalt im Boden) überwölben. Bei der Stickstoffdüngung bietet die Bilanz die Kenntnisse über Stickstoffeintritt in den Boden mit dem Hinblick der Nitratdirektive.
Urban landscape as a restorative environment: preferences and design considerations
Authors: SIMONIČ Tanja
Published: December 2023

In this paper, the idea of considering public preferences in design of urban landscapes as restorative environments is explored. A visual landscape preference research was conducted among user groups in Slovenia. In the study, a questionnaire was used, which was based on a selection of landscape scenes. These represented different types of naturalistic and natural landscapes. Possibilities of applying findings about public visual preference for landscape scenes and preferences for selected uses of those landscapes to the landscape design process are discussed. A particular attention is given to restorative and experiential quality of landscapes. Findings clearly suggest that the particular character, spatial organisation, and the character of present natural elements in the landscape influence preference for certain uses and selection of landscape scenes as restorative environments.
Effect of powdery mildew attack on quality parameters and experimental bread baking of wheat
Authors: SAMOBOR Vesna , VUKOBRATOVIĆ Marija , JOŠT Marijan
Published: December 2023

The research of powdery mildew impact on bread making quality of wheat was conducted on seven divergent wheat cultivars/lines, in factorial treatment designs (T0 - untreated and T1 - with fungicide Duett treated variants) at Križevci, Croatia. Test weight, grain protein content, wet gluten, sedimentation value and rheological parameters, as well as experimental breadbaking were examined during two years (2000 and 2001). Two years average test weight and grain protein content readings are significantly lower at untreated (T0) variants (diff. = 1.01 kg/hl** and 0.5 %** respectively). In wet gluten content there was no significant difference between the two variants, while average sedimentation value was significantly higher at untreated (T0) variant (diff. = 2.6 ml**). Farinographic indicators of quality (dough development and stability, resistance, degree of softening) as well as indicators of extensograph (energy and resistance) were also better at untreated (T0) variants. Dough yield, one of test-baking parameters, was bigger in treated (T1) variants, while the volume contribution was higher in untreated (T0) variants. Contrary to expectations, untreated resistant, moderately infected, or even susceptible variants had better quality parameters, offering speculation about eventual negative side-effect of applied fungicide Duett (epoxiconazole 12.5% + carbendazim 12.5%). Due to an interaction between numbers of different factors the speculation should be additionally checked and revised.
Absolutna in relativna plodnost, masa iker ter vpliv mase iker na maso larv in zaroda pri kalifornijski postrvi (Onchorynchus mykiss) v prvi in drugi drsti
Authors: POHAR Jurij
Published: December 2023

Od kalifornijskih postrvi iste plemenske jate smo pridobili ikre v prvi in drugi drsti. Za vsako samico smo pri vsaki od drsti določili maso telesa (MPlm) ter absolutno plodnost (PAbs). Na podlagi teh podatkov smo izračunali relativno plodnost (PRel). Od vsake plemenke smo individualno stehtali 50 iker v fazi iker z očmi, ter tri vzorce po 50 potomcev v različnih fazah rasti. Potomce smo tehtali 11 dni po izvalitvi (T1), nato pa öe 6 tednov (T2) ter 10 tednov po izvalitvi (T3). Na ta način smo dobili podatke o povprečni masi iker (MIker) ter podatke o masah potomcev pri tehtanju T1, T2 in T3 (MRib1, MRib2 in MRib3). Na podlagi teh podatkov smo s statističnim modelom parcialne regresije, ki je kot neodvisni spremenljivki vključeval relativno plodnost in povprečno maso iker, ocenili vpliv MIker na MRib1, MRib2 in MRib3. Rezultati kaûejo, da se iz teûjih iker izvalijo teûje larve. Vpliv MIker je relativno kratek, saj parcialni regresijski koeficient MIker na MRib3 ni statistično značilen ne pri ikrah iz prve ne pri ikrah iz druge drsti. Rezultati kaûejo, da je za produkcijo smiselno uporabljati tudi ikre iz prvi drsti, čeprav so majhne. Deset tednov po izvalitvi se povprečna masa rib, izvaljenih iz majhnih iker, pridobljenih pri prvi drsti, ne razlikuje bistveno od povprečne mase rib, izvaljenih iz večjih iker, pridobljenih v drugi drsti.
Crop management systems and endomycorrhiza effects on endive (Cichorium endivia L.) growth
Authors: BAN Dean , OPLANIĆ Milan , ILAK PERŠURIĆ Anita Silvana , NOVAK Bruno , ŽUTIĆ Ivanka , BOROŠIĆ Josip , ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan
Published: December 2023

The goal of this research was to determine the influence of crop management systems, (organic, sustainable and conventional) and endomycorrhiza on vegetative growth of endive (Cichorium endivia L.) grown on fields in order to use PE mulch after lettuce crop. During 2002 and 2003 a two-factor trial with three repetitions and split-plot design was set up in Pula (Croatia). Main factor “crop management” had three levels (organic, sustainable and conventional); while the sub factor “mycorrhiza” had two levels (endive seedlings inoculated with endomycorrhizal fungus and non-inoculated seedlings). Endive was planted after lettuce harvesting on the set PE mulch in conventional and integrated management, while in organic management it was planted after tilling lettuce rests and plant mulch (fodder pea and common vetch). Fertilization (by fertirigation) and crop protection were performed according to basic principles of organic, sustainable and conventional crop management system. Neither mycorrhiza nor production systems had no significant influence on plant density, diameter and mass of heads, and marketable yields. The biggest endive head diameter had non-inoculated endive plants in first year of research, while in the second year this feature was not significant. Production system had no significant influence on head diameter. The sustainable production system had the most marketable endive heads, while the organic system had most non-marketable heads in the first research year, while in the second this feature was not significant. Mycorrhiza had no influence on this feature.
Regulacija prevodnosti listnih rež
Authors: HLADNIK Jože , VODNIK Dominik
Published: December 2023

Kopenske rastline se soočajo s problemom, kako sprejeti iz ozračja ustrezno količino CO2 in pri tem omejiti oddajanje vode. Rešitev tega problema je uravnavanje prevodnosti listnih rež. Da je v danih razmerah dosežena optimalna prevodnost rež, se celice zapiralke odzivajo na mnoge signale iz okolja in na signale iz rastline. V članku predstavljamo odzive listnih rež na glavne abiotske dejavnike in pri prikazu učinkov teh dejavnikov uporabimo lastne rezultate porometričnih meritev. Opisan je prenos signalov v regulaciji listnih rež, v opisu so vključene nekatere nedavne ugotovitve na tem področju.
Ocena dveh različnih skupin slovenskih populacij koruze s pomočjo morfoloških lastnosti in Hbr (MITE) markerjev
Authors: ROZMAN Ludvik , KAVAR Tatjana , MEGLIČ Vladimir
Published: December 2023

Analizirali smo dve skupini slovenskih populacij koruze iz genske banke Oddelka za agronomijo Biotehniške fakultete v Ljubljani. V prvo skupino smo uvrstili enajst populacij koruze iz Bohinja (B1-B9 in B11-B12), v drugo štirinajst štajerskih populacij, z okolice Vojnika in Laškega (Š1-Š14). Petintrideset morfoloških lastnosti rastlin, storžev in zrnja smo izvrednotili v skladu z mednarodnimi deskriptorji IPGRI v času rastne dobe na polju in v laboratoriju. Genetski opis je temeljil na 161 Heartbreaker (Hbr) markerjih, pri čemer je bila analiza izvedena na skupnih vzorcih DNA, po 25 rastlin iz vsake populacije. Populacije iz Bohinja so se na splošno dobro razlikovale od štajerskih populacij, tako po morfoloških lastnostih kot na osnovi genetskih markerjev. Izjemi sta le populaciji B1 in B8, ki sta po morfoloških znakih še najbolj podobni štajerskim populacijam. Glede na posamezne morfološke lastnosti B1 odstopa od drugih bohinjskih populacij le po barvi zrnja, ki je ob brezbarvnem perikarpu pogojena z barvo alevrona. Je edina bohinjka z rumenim zrnjem, vse ostale bohinjske populacije imajo bakreno barvo zrnja, medtem ko imajo štajerske populacije rumeno ali belo zrnje. Glede na vse analize, še posebej glede na prisotnost/odsotnost Hbr elementov ter njihove frekvence v populacijah, lahko kljub nekaterim podobnostim med posameznimi populacijami trdimo, da gre za različne populacije, čeprav nekatere izhajajo iz lokacij, ki so si geografsko zelo blizu. Torej so posamezni pridelovalci s svojim vzdrževanjem in ponovno setvijo lastnega semena uspeli obdržati karakteristične lastnosti svoje populacije, s tem da so preprečili nekontrolirano skrižanje z drugimi populacijami.
Examination of AI-2 quorum sensing System in Prevotella bryantii and Prevotella ruminicola-like strains by using bioluminiscence assay
Authors: GORENC Gregor , LUKÁŠ Filip , AVGUŠTIN Gorazd
Published: December 2023

Rumen is an example of a complex microbial ecosystem where extensive intraspecies as well as interspecies cell-cell cross-communication is expected, but little is known about. Four ruminal Prevotella strains, Prevotella bryantii B14, TC1-1 and TF1-3, and P. ruminicola-like strain 223/M2/7A were examined for the presence of AI-2 type quorum sensing systems. Vibrio harveyi BB170 autoinducer bioassay was used in order to detect the production of AI-2 autoinducer in examined strains. Optimization of autoinducer bioassay was made to test the influence of sampling time and the substrate used in chemically defined medium CD on reporter strain luminescence signal. We discovered that AI-2 type qurum sensing system is present in P. ruminicola-like strain 223/M2/7A, which induced more than 74% of reporter strain bioluminescence, regardless of the presence of glucose in chemically defined medium CD. Such induction of bioluminescence was not observed in P. bryantii strains, however.
General and specific combining ability studies for leaf area in some maize inbreds in agroecological conditions of Kosovo
Authors: ALIU Sali , FETAHU Shukri , ROZMAN Ludvik , SALILLARI Adem
Published: December 2023

In maize breeding one of the most important roles belongs to selection of parents with good combining abilities. The data associated with combining ability and heritability of particular characters can be obtained from diallels. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the leaf area (LA) of 10 inbred lines and their F1 hybrids. Based on a diallel (without reciprocals) GCA and SCA were calculated. The components of the genetic variance were calculated using Griffing's (1956) method 2. The maximum LA value was determined for the combination L6×L10 (788.6 cm2), whereas the minimum for the combination L4×L5 (558.9 cm2). The average value of F1 generation was 678.8 cm2 and the variation range was from +109.8 cm2 to -119.9 cm2. Both, the GCA and SCA for LA were significant at p=0.01. The highest value of GCA was obtained for L2 (+31.33), whereas the lowest for L4 (-38.07). The highest value of SCA was determined for L6×L10 (+156.73).
Geni za odpornost proti škodljivim organizmom pri rastlinah
Authors: KOZJAK Petra , JAVORNIK Branka
Published: December 2023

Pri rastlinah so znani različni mehanizmi obrambe proti škodljivim organizmom, med katerimi so nekateri pogojeni z izražanjem genov za odpornost proti škodljivim organizmom, ki jih krajše imenujemo R geni. R geni kodirajo proteine (R proteine) za odpornost proti virusom, bakterijam, ogorčicam in glivam. Večina kloniranih R genov kodira proteine, ki spadajo v NBS-LRR razred, za katere je značilna domena za vezavo nukleotidov (NBS domena) in domena bogata z levcini (LRR domena). Za delovanje R proteinov so postavljeni modeli receptor-ligand interakcij, ki predvidevajo, da produkti R genov delujejo kot receptorji za posredno ali neposredno prepoznavanje patogena. Večina R genov in R genom podobnih sekvenc je izoliranih z insercijsko mutagenezo, pozicijskim kloniranjem in z verižno reakcijo s polimerazo.
Epicuticular wax content in the leaves of cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata) as a mechanical barrier against three insect pests
Authors: ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan , VALIČ Nevenka , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

Flea beetles (Phyllotreta spp.), cabbage stink bugs (Eurydema ventrale) and onion thrips (Thrips tabaci) cause significant economic problems to cabbage growers in Slovenia. The aim of our study was to assess the potential effect of the epicuticular wax on leaves as defence mechanism against these three cabbage pests. The impact of epicuticular wax content in relation to damage levels of cabbage pests was studied under field conditions at the Experimental Field of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana on 12 cabbage cultivars (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata). These insect pests showed weak preference on cabbage heads with high epicuticular wax. There was a strong negative relationship between epicuticular wax content and the level of plants infested (r2 = -0.8399 for flea beetles, r2 = -0.7413 for cabbage stink bugs and r2 = -0.7042 for onion thrips). The cv.'Holandsko pozno rdeče', showed itself to be the most resistant to the cabbage stink bugs and onion thrips, while cv. 'Red Dinasty' was the most resistant against flea beetles.
Ob 100-letnici rojstva zasl. prof. dr. Franca Janežiča
Authors: Oddelek za agronomijo Biotehniške  fakultete Sodelavci Katedre za entomologijo in  fitopatologijo,
Published: December 2023

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In Memoriam: Professor Remzi I. BAKALLI, Ph.D.
Authors: DOVČ Peter
Published: December 2023

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Influence of raw matter origin and production period on fatty-acid composition of dry-cured hams
Authors: ŽLENDER Božidar , POLAK Tomaž , ŠPACAPAN Dajana , ANDRONIKOV Darko , GAŠPERLIN Lea
Published: December 2023

We have here investigated the fatty acid composition in the muscle (Mm. biceps femoris, semitendinosus and semimembranosus) of Vipava and Vipava-style hams made from fresh pork legs that originate from Slovenia, and from Germany and Italy, respectively. Dry-cured hams are produced under technology protected according to recognized geographical indications for Vipava ham, a salt-cured ham that is air-dried rather than smoked. The fatty acid compositions of samples were determined by gas-liquid chromatography following in-situ transesterification. On average, hams contained 6.89% of intramuscular and intermuscular fat, with the fatty-acid composition as 50.0% monounsaturated, 11.8% polyunsaturated (PUFA) and 38.0% saturated fatty acids. The origin of the raw matter has significant influence the PUFAs in hams, which were 2.0% lower in products from pigs of Slovenian (own) rearing. The important indicators of lipid nutritive value, as P/S ratio (0.31), content of n-3 (0.68%) and n-6 (9.02%) PUFAs, and ratio of n-6/n-3 PUFAs (14.1), are similar to those cited in the literature for other types of dry-cured hams from south European regions produced from pigs reared under intensive systems.
Effect of temperature on cannibalism rate between green lacewings larvae (Chrysoperla carnea [Stephens], Neuroptera, Chrysopidae)
Authors: ROJHT Helena , BUDIJA Franc , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

Paper presents a larval cannibalism of green lacewings (Chrysoperla carnea), which was observed during the laboratory bioassay on non-target effect of entomopathogenic nematodes against green lacewings larvae. The most probable reason for larval cannibalism were undersized Petri dishes in which the bioassay was performed. Due to large number of larvae per surface unit, frequent crossing of green lacewings larvae appeared and this consequently lead to cannibalism. In most cases larger, elder larvae consumed smaller, younger larvae. Cannibalism increased with temperature rise and was the most intensive at 25 °C. At this temperature the larval mortality was 22.0 % after two days, while after four days the larval mortality reached 31.0 %.
Heterorhabditis bacteriophora (Poinar) - the first member from Heterorhabditidae family in Slovenia
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , TÓTH Tímea , LAKATOS Tamás , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In August 2008, we examined 95 soil samples for the occurrence of entomopathogenic nematodes in eastern part of Slovenia. 11 samples from 9 different locations were positive to entomopathogenic nematodes, but to this time only sample D54 was analysed. This soil sample was collected in Dravograd. Genetic studies proved that the nematode species in this sample was Heterorhabditis bacteriophora. This is the first record of Heterorhabditis nematode in Slovenia. Until now we confirmed the presence of four entomopathogenic nematode species in Slovenia; Steinernema affine, Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae and Steinernema kraussei. We expect that in Slovenia the use of these biological agents against insect pests will become important alternative to insecticides as it is known in many other countries of the world.
Fosfor v zemlji in zelinju kraškega pašnika
Authors: VIDRIH Matej , VIDRIH Anton , POGAČNIK Milan , KOMPAN Drago
Published: December 2023

Predstavljeni so rezultati 7-letne raziskave o vplivu dodanega P na njegovo dostopnost v tleh, na vsebnost P v zelinju kraškega pašnika in na povečanje mase razpoložljivega zelinja pri stopnjujočem se odmerku uporabljenega gnojila (0, 90, 270 in 540 kg P2O5 ha-1 skupno v 3 letih). Koncentracija dostopnega P v tleh je bila v obravnavanju nizek odmerek (30 kg P2O5 ha-1 letno) večja za 2,4 mg P2O5 100 g-1 tal od kontrolnega obravnavanja. S trikrat večjim odmerkom gnojila je bila vsebnost P v tleh povečana za 4,4-krat. Vzorčenje zemlje do dveh globin (0 - 3 cm in 3 - 6 cm) je pokazalo, da je večji del razpoložljivega P za rast rastlin v vrhnji, zelo plitvi plasti zemlje. V petih rastnih sezonah po zadnjem gnojenju s P se je zmanjšala koncentracija dostopnega P v tleh od 0,4 mg do 3,6 mg P2O5 100 g-1 tal, odvisno od skupno uporabljenega gnojila. Zaradi izredne siromašnosti zemlje kraškega pašnika s P, je tudi njegova vsebnost v zelinju ruše zelo nizka. Zadošča le za polovično pokritje potreb pašnih živali po tej rudnini, zato je povečanje vsebnosti P v zelinju pri gnojenju s fosfati pomembnejše od povečanja pridelovalne zmogljivosti zemljišča. Z letnim odmerkom 90 kg P2O5 ha-1 se je v treh rastnih sezonah v povprečnem vzorcu zelinja koncentracija P povečala na 2,1 g P kg-1 SS. Uporabljen P je imel na maso zelinja razpoložljivega za pašo in na delež izkoriščenosti ruše majhen vpliv, najverjetneje zaradi kisle reakcije tal in počasnega izboljšanja floristične sestave ruše.
Ob 80-letnici dolgoletnega urednika Zbornika Biotehniške fakultete, akademika zaslužnega profesorja dddr. Jožeta Mačka
Authors: TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

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Reproductive and growth performances of four rabbit genotypes
Authors: KERMAUNER Ajda , POHAR Jurij
Published: December 2023

The insemination rate, probability of culling of does after the insemination, weight of does and weight of young, litter size, as well as litter weight were measured in groups of rabbits with different genotype. Four groups were formed: 30 multiparous does of SIKA maternal line (line A) were inseminated with males from the same line (A×A group), 23 multiparous does of SIKA sire line (line C) were inseminated with the males from the same line (C×C group), 30 multiparous does of line A were inseminated with the males from line C (A×C group) and 30 multiparous does of line A were inseminated with the males from Californian breed (A×Cal group). The young were individually weighed once a week from birth to weaning (at the age of 35 days). Considering insemination rate, probability of culling and litter size from birth to weaning there were no heterosis effect found. There were no differences between groups A×C and A×Cal in the majority of studied traits as well, except for the number of stillborn which was in group A×C significantly higher than in A×A and A×Cal group. Live weight of young in group A×C was significantly higher than of group A×A at each weighting from birth to weaning, and higher than of group C×C at each weighting from birth to 21st day of age. Live weight of young in A×C group was significantly higher than live weight of young in A×Cal at each weighting.
Use of herbs and spices and their extracts in animal nutrition
Authors: FRANKIČ Tamara , VOLJČ Mojca , SALOBIR Janez , REZAR Vida
Published: December 2023

The ban on nutritive antibiotic use in Europe and the increased awareness of the consumers triggered a need for natural and safe feed additives to achieve better production results of farm animals. Plant extracts are used in animal nutrition as appetite and digestion stimulants, stimulants of physiological functions, for prevention and treatment of certain pathological conditions, as colorants and antioxidants. This article is a review of present literature data on the usage of plant extracts in poultry, pig and ruminant nutrition.
Effects of dietary pectin on protein digestion and metabolism in growing rats
Authors: PIRMAN Tatjana , PATUREAU MIRAND Philippe , OREŠNIK Andrej , SALOBIR Janez
Published: December 2023

In an attempt to clarify the relationships between the digestive and metabolic effects of additional feeding of citrus pectin, the intestinal contents, tissues weights, nitrogen excretion and retention were studied in laboratory rats. Twenty-four growing male Wistar rats (98.8 g ± 5.3 g of body weight) were fed ad libitum for 20 days with balanced diets containing casein as the source of protein. In the experimental diet 96 g of wheat starch was replaced by 80 g of citrus pectin and 16 g of vegetable oil. Apparent digestibility and apparent protein biological value were calculated, the weights of digestive tissues and digestive organ content weights were also determined. All tissues of different parts of the digestive tract were heavier in the pectin fed group, and small intestine and caecum were statistically significant different as compared to control group. The contents of the small intestine and caecum were significant heavier in the pectin group. Pectin significantly lowered dry matter intake and growth rate and significantly increased faecal excretion of nitrogen and significantly decreased urinary nitrogen excretion. The consequence of alteration in the nitrogen excretion route was significantly lower apparent protein digestibility and apparent net protein utilisation, but apparent protein biological value was unchanged.
Isolation and use of Prevotella ruminicola TC18 plasmid pTC18 in Escherichia coli-P. ruminicola shuttle vector construction
Authors: ACCETTO Tomaž
Published: December 2023

A cryptic plasmid of approximately 3 kilobases named pTC18 was discovered in a ruminal Prevotella ruminicola TC18 strain and cloned into Escherichia coli. Based on pTC18, several shuttle vectors, containing Prevotella/Bacteroides tetQ selection marker and E. coli vector pUC19 inserted at two different positions in pTC18 were constructed. The shuttle vectors, protected with HaeIII methylase against the P. ruminicola 23 restriction were electroporated into P. ruminicola. Despite numerous attempts a tetracycline resistant recombinant strain 23 was not obtained. The possible causes for electroporation failure are discussed.
Strain and placement density effects on welfare, haematological and serum biochemical indices of broilers in north central Nigeria
Authors: YAKUBU Abdulmojeed , GWASKA Jafaru Ari , SALAKO Adebowale Emmanuel
Published: December 2023

This study aimed at evaluating the influence of strain and stocking density on welfare, haematological and serum biochemical indices of broilers in a 28-day trial. Two hundred and seven 4-week old birds each of Anak Titan and Arbor Acre genetic provenience were randomly allocated to three housing densities of 8.3, 11.1 and 14.3 birds/m2.These corresponded to 17, 22 and 30 birds per pen ( 2.01 × 1.00 m ) in a 2x3 factorial experiment. Each treatment group was replicated three times. The welfare parameters estimated were gait score, feather score, foot and hock burns, pecking, pushes, chases, fights and mortality. Blood samples were tested for packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC), haemoglobin (Hb), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular haemoglobin (MCH) and mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration (MCHC). Similarly, sera were utilized for the determination of total protein, albumin, globulin, glucose, cholesterol, and creatinine contents. There were no genotype-associated differences (P > 0.05) in the welfare indicators examined. However, placement density significantly (P < 0.05) influenced incidence of pushes, chases and fights, with higher values in most cases recorded for birds housed at the highest density. The strains and population densities were similar (P > 0.05) in haematological profile. Strain and stocking density also exerted no influence (P > 0.05) on serum biochemical components. Strain × stocking density interaction effects were not observed in all the parameters. Consequently, the two strains could be reared at a density of 14.3 birds/m2 since density did not lead to a great degree of stress.
effect of diatomaceous earth of different origin, temperature and relative humidity against adults of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae [L.], Coleoptera, Curculionidae) in stored wheat
Authors: ROJHT Helena , ATHANASSIOU Christos G. , VAYIAS Bill J. , KAVALLIERATOS Nickolas , TOMANOVIĆ Željko , VIDRIH Matej , KOS Katarina , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

Laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the impact of diatomaceous earth (DE) samples of different origin with their insecticidal properties to control one of the most important primary pest in stored grain. We tested the efficacy of three local DE, from Serbia, Greece and Slovenia, and commercial formulation SilicoSec against the rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, adults in stored wheat. The experiments were carried out at three temperatures (20, 25 and 30 °C) and two relative humidity (RH) levels (55 and 75 %). Mortality of pest was counted 7, 14 and 21 days after exposure (DAT) at the following DE dose rates: 100, 300, 500 and 900 ppm. The mortality of adults normally increased with increasing dose rates and DAT. In all samples the mortality of rice weevil adults (dose rate 900 ppm, 21 DAT) was above 90 %, except at Slovenian DE (at 20 °C and 55 % RH) and Greek DE (at 25 °C and 75 % RH), when the mortality was 85.3 and 67.6 %, respectively. With 100 % mortality (14 DAT and at 900 ppm) the most effective was SilicoSec.
Intraspecific variability of Steinernema feltiae (Filipjev) (Rhabditida: Steinernematidae) as biological control agent of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae [L.], Coleoptera, Curculionidae) adults
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

The efficacy of three strains (B30, B49 in 3162) of Steinernema feltiae to control adults of rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) was tested in a laboratory experiment in 2009. The activity of entomopathogenic nematodes was assessed at five different concentrations (125, 250, 500, 1000 and 2000 infective juveniles/individual) and four different temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30 ?C). Results demonstrated that all strains acted most effective at 25 ?C and at highest concentration of nematode suspension, meanwhile the lowest mortality of rice weevil adults was attained at 30 ?C. The results of our research showed that at high concentrations entomopathogenic nematodes are an effective biological agent for controling the studied primary stored products pest.
Spremembe agro-klimatskih spremeljivk v Sloveniji v zadnjih desetletjih
Authors: KAJFEŽ-BOGATAJ Lučka , POGAČAR Tjaša , CEGLAR Andrej , ČREPINŠEK Zalika
Published: December 2023

Kmetijstvo je v veliki meri odvisno od vremena oz. od podnebnih razmer. Kmetijstvo ima ob vse izrazitejših podnebnih spremembah pomembno vlogo pri njihovem blaženju, hkrati pa se mora nanje tudi prilagajati. Za razvoj strategij prilagajanja je potrebno poznavanje vzorcev spreminjanja različnih agro-meteoroloških kazalcev, zato je namen tega prispevka ovrednotiti spremembe ključnih agro-meteoroloških spremenljivk nad območjem Slovenije. Obravnavali smo spremembe temperatur, števila hladnih, toplih ter vročih dni, evapotranspiracije, količine padavin in drugih izvedenih spremenljivk. Za izračun sprememb smo niz meteoroloških podatkov razdelili v izhodiščno obdobje (1961 - 1990) ter primerjalno obdobje (1991 - 2007), za izračun trendov pa smo uporabili kar celoten niz meteoroloških podatkov med leti 1961 ter 2007. Povprečna letna temperatura zraka se je v primerjalnem obdobju povečala med 0,7 °C ter 1,4 °C, izrazit pa je tudi dvig povprečne maksimalne temperature zraka. Izrazito je tudi povečanje števila vročih dni ter zmanjšanje števila hladnih dni. Pri padavinah so opazne spremembe izrazito sezonsko ter regionalno pogojene; tako se je količina padavin zmanjšala pozimi, jeseni pa povečala. Izrazito pozitiven trend je razviden pri poletni evapotranspiraciji, pri čemer so vrednosti trenda najvišje julija (na Goriški ter Obalno-kraški regiji celo 30 mm/10 let).
Odločitveni dejavniki pri nakupu živil v Sloveniji
Authors: POGAČNIK Marijan , ŽNIDARČIČ Dragan
Published: December 2023

V spletni anketni raziskavi nas je zanimalo, kateri dejavniki so odločilni za nakup živil v osrednjem in SZ delu Slovenije (Gorenjska). Anketni vzorec je sestavljalo 249 anketirancev. Ugotovili smo, da 79 % anketirancev prideluje pretežno sadje in zelenjavo na svojem vrtu. Pri tem jih večina uporablja le organska gnojila (76 %), kar kaže na visoko ozaveščenost ljudi v zvezi z ohranjanjem okolja. Kar 94 % vprašanih nakupuje v večjih trgovinah (supermarketih), 88 % pa jih ni nikoli kupovalo živil prek interneta. Pri nakupu potrošniki na pomembno mesto dajejo poznan oziroma slovenski izdelek in ekološki izdelek, medtem ko cena izdelka ne sodi med pomembnejše motive za nakup. Rezultati so pokazali, da se za nakup ekološkega proizvoda anketiranci raje odločajo v ekoloških trgovinah kot v supermarketih.
Antimicrobial activity of essential oils of three herbs against Listeria monocytogenes on chicken frankfurters
Authors: GHASEMI PIRBALOUTI Abdollah , RAHIMI Ebrahim , MOOSAVI Sayed Ali
Published: December 2023

Listeria monocytogenes is a foodborne pathogen responsible for listeriosis. The inhibitory effect of essential oils (1% v/w) of Thymus daenensis Celak (Lamiaceae), Thymbra spicata L. (Lamiaceae) and Satureja bachtiarica Bunge (Lamiaceae) applied to the surface of chicken frankfurters was determined on L. monocytogenes inoculated at low (103 CFU/g) and high (106 CFU/g) populations and stored for seven and 14 days. The results showed that L. monocytogenes populations increased during seven and 14 days of storage at 4 °C on control frankfurters without essential oil. The application of 1 % essential oil (v/w) of herbs to frankfurter surfaces can significantly reduce (p<0.05) the L. monocytogenes populations as compared to control in two inocula treatments after seven and 14 days of storage at 4 °C.
Im memoriam PROF. DR. JOŽE SPANRING (1923 - 2010)
Authors: TAJNŠEK Anton
Published: December 2023

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Prebavna mikrobiota kot dejavnik pri razvoju debelosti
Authors: JERMAN Vesna , AVGUŠTIN Gorazd
Published: December 2023

Porast debelosti v moderni družbi je povezan z večjo pojavnostjo z debelostjo povezanih bolezni in predstavlja veliko finančno breme za javno zdravstvo. Pomembno odkritje na področju mikrobiologije prebavnega trakta sesalcev je povezano z vlogo prebavne mikrobiote pri razvoju debelosti. Z novimi molekularnimi metodami in poskusi z gnotobiotskimi živalmi so do neke mere pojasnili udeležbo prebavne mikrobiote pri uravnavanju telesne mase in energijskega ravnovesja gostitelja. Prebavna mikrobiota vpliva na vnos hranil in porabo energije iz hrane in pospešuje shranjevanje le-te v maščobna tkiva s procesi fermentacije, olajšane absorpcije in tudi z vplivom na izražanje gostiteljevih genov (protein Fiaf) ter na aktivnost gostiteljevih encimov (proteinska kinaza AMPK). Pri debelih miših in ljudeh je prebavna mikrobiota dokazano bolj učinkovita pri izkoriščanju energije iz hrane kot pri suhih. osebkih. Obstajajo značilne razlike v sestavi mikrobne združbe glede na debel oz. suh fenotip. V prebavilih debelih živali in ljudi se dosledno kaže povišan delež predstavnikov bakterij iz debla Firmicutes na račun zmanjšanja predstavnikov debla Bacteroidetes, obe prevladujoči debli pa v prebavilih sesalcev skupaj predstavljata do 90 % vseh bakterij. Izkazalo se je, da je prebavna mikrobiota udeležena tudi pri patofiziologiji debelosti preko dejavnikov, kot je mikrobni LPS. Rezultati raziskav kažejo, da lahko spremembe deleža maščob v hrani vplivajo na sestavo mikrobne združbe ter da te spremembe vplivajo na pojavnost metabolnih bolezni. Odpira se novo področje manipulacije prebavne mikrobiote za zdravljenje debelosti in z njo povezanih bolezni.
Methylmercury inhibits growth and induces membrane changes in Pseudomonas putida
Authors: VODOVNIK Maša , BISTAN Mirjana , ZOREC Maša , MARINŠEK LOGAR Romana
Published: December 2023

A bacterial model system (Pseudomonas putida DSM 50026) was used in this research to assess toxicity of the environmentally relevant concentrations of mercury species (MeHg and Hg(II)) that represent important pollutants of aquatic ecosystems at sites of industrial or mining activities. In addition to direct monitoring of bacterial growth, we also analyzed fatty acid profiles of exposed and non-exposed cultures to determine possible toxic effects manifested on membrane level. The results showed that exposure of P. putida to Hg(II) in concentrations of 0.2–200 µg/L did not have any significant effects on growth nor fatty acid composition of exposed bacterial culture. On the other hand, when bacteria were exposed to up to 1600-times lower concentrations of MeHg (0.12–12.5 µg/L), growth inhibition as well as significant changes in fatty acid composition were detected. Observed adaptive membrane changes due to MeHg exposure were similar to those associated with responses to organic solvents and some other membrane-disrupting compounds.
Efficacy of three natural substances against apple aphid (Aphis pomi De Geer, Aphididae, Homoptera) under laboratory conditions
Authors: LAZNIK Žiga , CUNJA Vlasta , KAČ Milica , TRDAN Stanislav
Published: December 2023

In 2008 the efficacy of three environmentally friendly substances against apple aphid (Aphis pomi) was tested. The selected substances were cinnamic acid and two plant extracts, namely glicolic extract of comfrey (Symphytum officinale) and fluid extract of marigold (Calendula officinalis). All of the substances were tested at 0.5, 1 and 5 % concentrations. The individuals of apple aphids were collected in the organic orchard of the Biotechnical Faculty in Ljubljana; 10 aphids were then transferred to an apple tree leaf, which was previously sprinkled with water, treated with selected substance and put in a Petri dish. The efficacy was assessed at 15, 20 and 25 °C with relative humidity being 75 %. The mean corrected mortality rate was determined on the first, second and third day after treatment. In general all of the tested substances showed aphicidal properties, and the highest mean corrected mortality rates were determined on the third day at 25 °C. Only marigold extract exceeded a 50 % aphicidal efficacy at 15 °C and at 5 % concentration of the suspension used, while other treatments showed aphicidal efficacy between 4 ± 4 % (cinnamic acid, 15 °C, 0.5 %) and 39 %±12 % (cinnamic acid, 25 °C, 1 %). In general, the best mean efficacy (mean corrected mortality rate (15 % ± 2) % of the substances tested was found at highest concentration.
Primerjava modelov FOCUS PELMO in PEARL pri ocenjevanju izpiranja herbicidov v treh izbranih vrstah tal na območju Apaške doline
Authors: ŠINKOVEC Marjan , ŠTANGELJ Ana , BUKOVEC Primož , SUHADOLC Marjetka
Published: December 2023

Modela PELMO 3.3.2 in PEARL 3.3.3 sta uveljavljena modela za ocenjevanje izpiranja fitofarmacevtskih sredstev (FFS) in se uporabljata tudi za namen registracije FFS v državah članicah EU. Medsebojno smo primerjali rezultate obeh modelov in sicer ocene izpiranja izbranih herbicidov (Lumax, Primextra Gold 720 SC in Primextra 500 tekoči) za standardne t. im. scenarije FOCUS, kot tudi za specifične okoljske scenarije, ki so značilni za Apaško dolino. Uporabili smo dolgoletne dnevne podatke z meteorološke postaje Murska Sobota in pedološke podatke treh izbranih profilov na območju Apaške doline: obrečnih tal, hipogleja in psevdogleja. Ugotovili smo, da so pri standardnih scenarijih FOCUS ocene izpiranja izbranih FFS v modelu PEARL v splošnem večje kot pa v modelu PELMO, v specifičnih (realnih) scenarijih iz Apaške doline za obdobje 1984-2009 pa se je ta ugotovitev potrdila le v izbranih (najobčutljivejših) plitvih obrečnih tleh, medtem ko so v drugih dveh talnih profilih nekoliko višje ocene izpiranja izbranih herbicidov pokazali rezultati PELMO modela.
Ohranjanje medgeneracijske kontinuitete kot pogoj za zagotavljanje socialne varnosti starejše generacije kmečkega prebivalstva
Authors: KERBLER Boštjan
Published: December 2023

V prispevku izhajamo iz spoznanja, da je eden od temeljnih pogojev za zagotavljanje socialne varnosti starejše generacije kmečkega prebivalstva uspešen prenos kmetij na mlajšo generacijo. Ker se mladi vse redkeje odločajo za prevzeme kmetij, kar je v Sloveniji značilno predvsem za hribovska območja, smo preučili, kateri dejavniki vplivajo na nasledstvo na kmetijah. Raziskava je pokazala, da imajo najbolj izrazit vpliv dejavniki, skozi katere se odražajo tradicija oziroma tradicionalni vzorci mišljenj in ravnanj ter stališča, percepcije in mnenja gospodarjev, predvsem pa dejavniki, ki izražajo ekonomsko moč kmetij. V zaključku prispevka so navedeni nekateri predlogi, na podlagi katerih bi se mladi za prevzemanje kmetij in ohranjanje kmetijske dejavnosti na njih pogosteje odločali, s tem pa tudi za zagotavljanje ustrezne socialne varnost nekdanjih gospodarjev in njegovih partnerjev po predaji kmetij naslednikom.
NaCl salinity and Zn foliar application influence essential oil composition of basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)
Authors: HASSANPOURAGHDAM Mohammad Bagher , GOHARI Gholam Reza , TABATABAEI Seied Jalal , DADPOUR Mohammad Reza , SHIRDEL Mehdi
Published: December 2023

Essential oils composition of hydroponically grown Ocimum basilicum L. plant was evaluated in response to salinity (control and 50 mM NaCl) and Zn foliar application (control, 100 and 200 mg l-1). Essential oil constituents were quantified and identified by GC/EI-MS. In total, fifty seven components were identified in the six treatment combinations. Methyl chavicol (43.9–61.2 %) and linalool (11.4-16%) were the major components of all treatments. Salinity had deteriorative effect on methyl chavicol biosynthesis and accumulation. In contrast, integrated levels of salinity and 200 mgl-1 Zn had increment effects on linalool content. Germacrene D (2.2-3.9 %), 1,8-cineole (2.4-3.8 %), (Z)-α-bergamotene (0.1-2.6 %), (E)-β-farnesene (1.4-2.6 %), α-bulnesene (0.9-2.4 %), camphor (0.7-1.3 %) and  (E)-β-ocimene (0.2-1.3 %) were the other main common constituents of oil. Considering the constant levels of zinc foliar application, salinity had raising effects on the contents of most above mentioned constituents. In conclusion, it seems that moderate salinity stress along with balanced levels of Zn foliar application changed the primary metabolites pathways in favor of major volatile oil components biosynthesis and that basil plant has the production potential under prevalent semi-saline conditions.
Monilinia pathogens of cultivated and native Vaccinium species in Slovenia
Authors: MUNDA Alenka
Published: December 2023

The fungal genus Monilinia comprises several aggressive and economically important plant pathogens. The aim of this study was to examine Monilinia species that belong to the Disjunctoriae group and are specifically pathogenic to Vaccinium hosts. 23 samples of Vaccinium hosts showing symptoms of infection with Monilinia sp. were collected in the years 2004 – 2009. Monilinia species were isolated and identified using morphological and molecular methods. Three species from the Disjunctoriae group were identified: M. baccarum, M. urnula and M. vaccinii-corymbosi. Morphology of the encountered species is briefly described. Their distribution and host range are presented and the diseases they cause on their respective hosts are described.
Vpliv selena in izključitve UV-B sevanja na pridelek semen buč golic
Authors: JELEN Lucija Glorija , ŠKRABANJA Vida
Published: December 2023

Raziskan je bil vpliv okoljskega sončnega sevanja z in brez UV-B dela spektra ter foliarnega gnojenja z raztopino selenata na pridelek bučnic buče golice (Cucurbita pepo L.) Pridelek semen na enoto površine je bil večji, ko je bil s filtriranjem UV-B sevanja odstranjen vpliv tega dela spektra na rastline, v primerjavi z vplivi celotnega sončnega spektra. Na osnovi rezultatov se ugotavlja, da je manjši pridelek v razmerah celotnega sončnega spektra odvisen od antioksidativnih poškodb, ki jih povzroča UV-B sevanje, saj je foliarno tretiranje z raztopino selenata zmanjšalo negativen vpliv tega sevanja.
Selenium uptake and distribution in chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) grown in an aeroponic system
Authors: STIBILJ Vekoslava , SMRKOLJ Polona , JAĆIMOVIĆ Radojko , OSVALD Jože
Published: December 2023

Cultivated plants generally are a poor source of dietary selenium (< 0.1 mg/kg wet weight). In this work the influence of sodium selenate on selenium distribution in the chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) cultivars ‘Anivip’ and ‘Monivip’ was studied in an aeroponic system in a greenhouse. The plants roots were moistened every fifteen minutes with a Resh nutrient solution with added selenium (10 mg L-1) in the form of sodium selenate. The content of total selenium in chicory roots and leaves was studied after different periods of time and different temperatures of exposure to the selenium enriched nutrient solution. In two separate experiments chicory was treated with selenium enriched nutrient solution for 40 days at 10 ºC in the slow growing phase, and for 5, 7 and 10 days at 20 ºC in the developmental phase at the beginning of formation of the flower stem. The concentration in leaves increased with time during plant growth, and in Se treated groups was 370 and 139 mg kg-1 in ‘Anivip’ and 460 and 205 mg kg-1 in ‘Monivip’ leaves after 40 and 10 days of exposure, respectively. A smaller increase in selenium content was obtained in roots, namely to 73 and 46 mg kg-1 in ‘Anivip’ roots and to 87 and 46 mg kg-1 in ‘Monivip’ roots after 40 and 10 days of exposure, respectively. All results are expressed on a lyophilised matter basis. In long and short term treatment, the selenium content in ‘Monivip’ cultivar was higher than in ‘Anivip’. No visible toxic effects on the chicory plants were observed.