bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Edward IV, King of England
Authors: Fletcher Stella
Published: April 2020

Richard, duke of York, made a serious challenge for the throne of England during the reign of the ineffectual Lancastrian Henry VI but was killed at the battle of Wakefield in December 1460. His cause was taken up by his eldest surviving son Edward, earl of March (b. 1442–d. 1483). Thereafter, Edward made gains against the Lancastrian forces and secured the throne in March 1461, with Richard Neville, earl of Warwick (known as “Warwick the Kingmaker”) as his right-hand man. In 1464 he defied Warwick’s plan for a French dynastic marriage by taking as his bride the widowed mother of two who is generally known by her maiden name, Elizabeth Woodville. She produced a large number of children for her second husband, but they were still young at the time of Edward’s death. Her natal family, on the other hand, took full advantage of her illustrious position, causing much resentment among the men who regarded themselves as the king’s natural counselors. His brother George, duke of Clarence, married Warwick’s daughter Isabel in 1469; together Warwick and Clarence rebelled against Edward’s rule, forcing him to flee to the Low Countries and bringing back Henry VI as their puppet monarch in 1470–1471, the period known as the “readeption.” Edward returned and defeated the rebels at the battles of Barnet and Tewkesbury, Warwick dying at the former. The temporary loss of his kingdom effectively taught Edward how to be a king, and his second reign was characterized by assertions of his power, both at home and against neighboring realms. Edward’s story has been told many times and in various genres, some of which appear here as Reference Works and Overviews. So many relevant Primary Sources exist that it is useful to consult Collections and Guides to them before delving into modern editions, which are here categorized as the Government (and Its Critics) and Letters and Chronicles. The biographical format (Lives and Times) is also popular for telling the story of 15th-century England, necessitating another artificial division, this time between the King himself, Yorkists, and Lancastrians. With regard to the King and His Subjects, the division is between Government, the English Regions, and Wales and Ireland, though in all cases Edward was obliged to rule through magnates and their power bases. Edward’s foreign relations are accounted for in the section on Popes and Princes. Culture is self-explanatory. Studies of all these areas can be found in Collections of Papers and Journals. The final section, Afterlives, is shorter than it would be for Edward’s youngest brother, Richard III, but demonstrates that he has not been immune to the attentions of poets and playwrights.
Democracy and Minority Language Recognition
Authors: Liu Amy H. , Medeiros Mike
Published: April 2020

Language is one of the most important markers of a distinct group identity: It brings members together from the inside, and it demarcates boundaries from the outside. Accordingly, it is a common assumption in the literature on the politics of language—whether it is political science, sociology, linguistics, anthropology, or area studies—that minority groups want their languages recognized (or, at a minimum, left alone and not eradicated) by the government. But recognition of minority languages is inherently a political process. It requires the government to acknowledge that the vernacular spoken by the minority group is distinct from that of the majority (i.e., it is a language). When governments dismiss a vernacular as simply a derivative of the majority’s (i.e., it is a dialect), it suggests that speakers of that vernacular are inferior. Moreover, recognition requires some awareness to the differing language ideologies (i.e., how society should be linguistically organized). When the ideology of the politically dominant group is the only ideology in consideration, this influences the type of language policies. And whether governments acknowledge minority language ideologies and minority demands for linguistic recognition depends on a number of factors. One factor is whether the minority group is concentrated in a regional territory. Another factor is whether the political institutions in the country are generally more power sharing (e.g., proportional electoral rules and federalism). How the government accommodates minority languages—if it does, and if so, to what extent—can have far-reaching implications. Failure to accommodate minority demands can lead to intergroup social tensions, if not outright violent conflicts. Moreover, expecting minorities to learn a language that is not native to them—and especially if it is linguistically distant—can have economic ramifications, including higher levels of poverty and lower levels of literacy. However, by recognizing minority languages, governments allow for trust to build. This can manifest between members of different ethnic groups or among minorities toward the state. How governments accommodate minority languages can also affect local attitudes toward immigrants (e.g., when are they more likely to hold nativist viewpoints) and the assimilation of immigrants (e.g., what explains why some immigrant communities struggle to learn the language of the host country).
Multiracial, Mixed-Race, and Biracial Identities
Authors: Brunsma David L. , Strmic-Pawl Hephzibah V.
Published: April 2020

Scholarship designed to ask questions about the meanings of, identities of, and experiences of the offspring of interracial unions has been around for almost a century but has only seriously and significantly developed since the 1990s. From the early days of theorizing such experience from the counselor’s chair, psychological models planted early seeds, yet the ground of multiracial experience was one fundamentally wrapped up with institutions, social structures, political movements, histories and stories, racialization and microaggressions, family and peer dynamics, and other important social, cultural, economic, historical, collective, and political realities. Multiracial scholarship developed early on from an interest in understanding how the offspring of interracial unions, whether white/black, black/Asian, Latinx/white, and so on, develop understandings of themselves, as well as how others influence that understanding; thus, identity was a crucial starting point. Appearances, phenotype, and the sociocultural models of racial classification and the role that these play in the complex process of multiracial identity formation, development, maintenance, and change have become staple research questions. The racial demographics of race and multiraciality, along with the politics of census categorization and the tracing of such demographic and policy shifts over time, have provided more-macro contexts that have played into the ways we both study and, therefore, understand multiraciality. In the 2010s, scholars really began to move outside the black-white binary, more intersectionally and transdisciplinarily, and across national and historical contexts to develop an even more nuanced and complex theoretical and empirical understanding of multiraciality. From early-21st-century developments in critical mixed-race theory to the political importance of multiraciality in social movements, and from the role of multiraciality in popular culture and marketing to the potential and pitfalls of multiraciality and its politics dismantling ideas of race, realities of racism, and the pursuit of racial and social justice, scholarship on multiraciality has given us deeply important understandings.
Teacher Collaboration in School Improvement
Authors: Weddle Hayley , Lockton Marie , Datnow Amanda
Published: April 2020

Research on teacher collaboration as a lever for capacity building is vast, spanning international contexts. To facilitate collaboration, many districts and schools have dedicated time for groups of teachers to meet and exchange ideas, with the goal of improving instruction and promoting student learning. Collaboration meetings serve as opportunities for teachers to shape ideas together through sharing perspectives, knowledge, and strategies. The potential benefits of collaboration are well researched and include decreased isolation, the development of supportive relationships, and increased understanding of content knowledge as well as pedagogical approaches. Engagement in formal collaboration is linked to changes in classroom practices, impacting learning environments in potentially transformative ways. Several studies exploring the impact of teachers’ collective work on student learning have found a strong relationship between collaboration and student achievement. Teachers’ collaboration experiences are influenced by a variety of factors, including leadership, interpersonal dynamics, external accountability pressures, and the availability of time and space. Close relationships with colleagues based on trust and respect are also pivotal for teachers navigating collaborative efforts to improve instruction. Such relationships must allow for disagreement and debate, as these characteristics are key to promoting growth and deprivatizing practice. This article explores the features and outcomes of teacher collaboration for instructional improvement and includes an overview of foundational literature shaping current research on teachers’ collective work. While teacher collaboration has the potential to improve both teacher practice and student learning, this review of literature demonstrates that achieving such outcomes is challenging. Given complexities related to policies, relationships, and infrastructure to support collective work, teachers’ collaborative efforts often fall short of espoused goals.
Stephen Foster
Authors: Root Deane L. , Spinner Codee
Published: April 2020

Stephen Collins Foster (b. Lawrence, near Pittsburgh, PA, 4 July 1826–d. New York, 13 January 1864) was the first professional songwriter in the United States, and the earliest to write songs whose images pervaded American culture and whose melodies endure into the 21st century. For his most familiar songs, he wrote both lyrics and music, though he also set poems that had appeared in household magazines, and toward the end of his life he partnered with poet George Cooper. His oeuvre includes principally songs for solo voice (or solo voice plus four-voice chorus) with piano accompaniment, four-voice hymns, and instrumental works (mostly dances, for piano). His songs for blackface minstrels (which provided him with the majority of his income, though they amount to less than one-tenth of his 287 authenticated compositions) were controversial from the start; they made Foster’s reputation, even as he attempted to create “refined” songs in a genre he considered to be rife with “trashy and really offensive words” (Foster letter to E. P. Christy, 25 May 1852). He was of Scots-Irish descent, and as a resident of a northern industrializing urban center that drew workers from throughout Western Europe, he was attuned to different national styles of song and common sentiments of lyric poetry not confined by ethnicity, race, or social class. His song structures and lyrics became models for other songwriters well into the Tin Pan Alley era; his inability to control copyrights (which were owned by his publishers) and his death in poverty (with 38 cents in his pocket) were factors in the establishment of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP) fifty years later. It is perhaps not coincidental that songs quoting Foster’s “Swanee River” (“The Old Folks at Home”) helped launch the careers of two of the most significant American songwriters of the 20th century, Irving Berlin (“Alexander’s Ragtime Band”) and George Gershwin (“Swanee”). This bibliography summarizes the major sources of archival, published, and online information about Foster’s life, career, music, and their interpretation and influence in the social and cultural history of the United States, Europe, and East Asia. It omits the sound recordings, plays, films, novels, and other creative works that reflect and contribute to that influence.
Hernán Cortés
Authors: Sorensen Peter
Published: April 2020

Hernán Cortés (b. 1485–d. 1547) was a central figure in the military, political, and economic colonization of Mesoamerica in the 16th century, and most notable for his role in the destruction of the Aztec Empire in 1521. Córtes’s role in colonial history and the conquest of Mexico has long been controversial. Some people laud his military expertise and political maneuvering as evidence that he was a brilliant tactician who won against incredible odds, while others consider him a ruthless (and sometimes lucky) conquistador who left a trail of destruction in his wake due to his obsession with gold; while more recent historiography has tended to marginalize his individual importance. The centrality of Córtes’s role in the narrative of Spain’s colonial empire, and the destruction of indigenous empires, means he has continued to play a central role in the development and expression of national identity in Mexico from independence until the present. When he is analyzed, Cortés is frequently paired with Moctezuma II, one of the last important Aztec emperors, or his translator and consort Malinche (or Malintzin). Relatively little is known about Cortés when he went to Honduras to crush a rebellion, or about his time in Algiers after he returned to Europe. Ultimately his descendants lost control of his considerable land holdings, tributary, and lordly rights south of Mexico City and died a lonely death. Cortés was born in Medellín, Extremadura, Spain, and died in Castilleja de la Cuesta, Andalusia, and against his last wishes was not buried in Mexico. Cortés’s bones were eventually moved to Mexico City and now reside in the Hospital de Jesús, assigned to a poorly lit corner with a simple plaque bearing his name, date of birth, and date of death.
International Community
Authors: Conklin William
Published: April 2020

This annotated bibliography, preoccupied with Anglo-American scholarship, analytically distinguishes several very different competing senses of an international community. The scholarship exemplifies a serious tension between the universalism of the international community and the particularism of state members, non-state organizations, the global markets, and excluded communities such as nomadic and indigenous peoples. A fundamental paradox has characterized the scholarship. On the one hand, the universalism of an international community includes everyone everywhere. And yet, on the other hand, historically contingent, context-specific particularities have fragmented the universality into a more realistic critique of the universality. Each of the five approaches to a sense of an international community has been preoccupied with this paradox. First, the international community has been considered a structure of texts and principles justifying judicial decisions. By grounding or taking for granted that a commonality, such as humanitas, dignity, human species, or shared values, is shared among human beings, the ambition has been to elaborate general principles and a rational methodology that intellectually transcend the contingent particularity of a state member of the community. A second image has continued this line of argument by portraying the international community as cosmopolitanism. Here, the particularism of state members in a cosmopolitanism has left the international community to be an “add-on” to the aggregate of the wills of the state members. A third image has highlighted a global civil society constituted from a network of regulatory treaties, contracts, corporations, cultural organizations, and adjudicative and administrative tribunal decisions. These three forms of an international community have led to a fourth sense of an international community. Here, there is a critique of the very idea of a universal international community. The critique has highlighted two themes: first, the exclusionary character of the international community; and second, the exclusionary international community has disguised the dark (or ant-universal human rights) moments manifested by the particularism of states. The fourth form of an international community has continued in a more affirmative tone by emphasizing how the particularity of a social-cultural ethos manifests shifts through time, raising the possibility of a universal international community grounded in a shared ethos. The final theme in recent scholarship has turned to an inquiry about the ontological character of a world before the existence of law and before the international community have taken form.
Noninternational Armed Conflict (“Civil War”)
Authors: Ntoubandi Faustin
Published: April 2020

A noninternational armed conflict (NIAC) or civil war—as it used to be called in the past—is an armed conflict that occurs within the territory of a particular state, between government armed forces and organized armed groups, or between such groups fighting each other. It is also often called “internal armed conflict,” as opposed to an international armed conflict involving at least two states. NIACs constitute the oldest form of armed conflicts and have become, since the end of the Cold War, more pervasive and more lethal than international armed conflicts. Conflicts since the late 20th century in Cambodia, the former Yugoslavia, and Rwanda, as well as the ongoing ones in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Libya, Yemen, Ukraine, and Syria, are just a few illustrations of the pervasive character of NIACs. International law has, for a long period of time, considered NIAC as a purely intrastate matter despite its external reverberations. However, this stance has evolved following the adoption of the four Geneva Conventions in 1949. The latter codify a corpus of customary rules, commonly known as jus in bello, which regulate the conduct of hostilities in the context of armed conflict by restraining the use by the warring parties of certain means and methods of warfare. Article 3 of each of the four Geneva Conventions introduces NIAC as “armed conflict not of an international character,” the victims of which must be subjected to the minimum standards of protection. In 1977 the Geneva Conventions of 1949 were supplemented by two protocols, which operate a clear distinction between international armed conflict (Additional Protocol I) and NIAC (Additional Protocol II or AP II). AP II defines humanitarian law rules that govern hostilities in internal conflicts. Such rules, together with other relevant treaty provisions and humanitarian principles, constitute the corpus of the jus in bello regulating the conduct of NIACs. A number of internal conflicts that erupted in various countries in the beginning of the 1990s have given ad hoc international tribunals, especially the 1993 International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia (ICTY) and the 1994 International Criminal Tribunal for Rwanda (ICTR), the opportunity not only to outline the nature and delimit the frontiers of NIACs, but also to set the conditions under which individual criminal liability may arise as a result of the crimes committed in the context of such conflicts.
Act of State Doctrine
Authors: Iglesias Alfonso
Published: April 2020

According to the act of state doctrine, national courts must refrain from prosecuting the validity of official acts carried out by a foreign state within its own territory, except if it commits violations of international norms with broad consensus of international society, such as, for example, a case of genocide. Both its judicial self-restraint character and its reflection in the judicial deference to the executive branch would justify the ex officio application of the act of state doctrine by the courts. This doctrine is neither a rule nor a legal obligation required by international law, although it arises from the relevance of the international rule of territorial sovereignty of the state. It was not introduced by a constitutional or legislative provision, but is a common law principle developed mainly by Anglo-Saxon jurisdictions on the basis of considerations of international comity, respect for the principles of sovereign equality and non-intervention in the internal affairs of other states, separation of powers, and the choice of law freedom. To some extent, the legal basis of the doctrine of immunity for acts of state was analogous to the basis of immunity granted to the foreign sovereign state and its agents. The underlying rationale of this doctrine consists in preventing domestic courts from issuing adverse judgments against foreign governments that could embarrass international relations and interfere with the conduct of foreign affairs by the executive branch power. The doctrine of the act of state (and that of the political question) has important differences with the immunity of the foreign state: (1) This immunity is per se a general rule of public international law of a customary nature accepted and applied universally—in addition to being regulated in various international conventions, one of them of universal vocation—unlike the doctrines cited, which are not regulated by national legislations or by international codification efforts. (2) The moment of operation is also different, since the immunity of the foreign state functions ex ante as a procedural exception to the exercise of jurisdiction by the court of the territorial state (or court of the forum), which for that reason is obliged to recognize its lack of competence to try the case before it, while the doctrines of the state act and the political question act later—only if the defendant does not enjoy immunity—when the court is already exercising its competence and knowing the merits of the case. (3) The application of the immunity of the foreign state requires that the foreign state be sued before the courts of the forum, whereas the act of state doctrine does not require that the foreign state itself be a party to the proceedings, but it is sufficient to question the validity of an internal act of the foreign state during the judicial proceedings.
Moral Sunk Costs in War and Self-Defence
Authors: Uzan Elad
Published: April 2020

The problem of moral sunk costs pervades decision-making with respect to war. In the terms of just war theory, it may seem that incurring a large moral cost results in permissiveness: if a just goal may be reached at a small cost beyond that which was deemed proportionate at the outset of war, how can it be reasonable to require cessation? On this view, moral costs already expended could have major implications for the ethics of conflict termination. Discussion of sunk costs in moral theorizing about war has settled into four camps: Quota, Prospect, Addition, and Discount. In this paper, I offer a mathematical model that articulates each of these views. The purpose of the mathematisation is threefold. First, to unify the sunk costs problem. Second, to show that these views differ in the nature of their justifications: some are justified qualitatively and others quantitatively. Third, to clarify the differential force of qualitative and quantitative critiques of these four views.
In silico Investigation of Curcumin as a Positive Allosteric Modulator of a7‐Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptors
Authors: Prytkova Tatiana , Kang Mirue , Tran Tri Ngoc Quang , You Jiwoo , Jeong Younji , Chun Ina Kathleen , Kim Serena , Kang Soy Yun
Published: April 2020

Polyphenolic compound curcumin isolated from turmeric, has been shown to exhibit antioxidant, anti‐inflammatory, anticancer, and antimicrobial effects. Nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptors are important members of the ligand‐gated ion channel family. Activation of neuronal a7‐nACh receptors produces analgesic effects in laboratory animal and human studies . Recently published experimental results of electrophysiological studies
1 indicate that curcumin tested on the function of the a7‐subunit of the human nicotinic acetylcholine (a7‐nACh) receptor caused a significant potentiation of currents induced by acetylcholine. It was suggested
1 that curcumin is a positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of a7‐nACh receptor and decreased desensitization of the receptor. Mechanism of action by which the curcumin interact with the nicotinic acetylcholine (a7‐nACh) receptor is not fully understood although research indicates it may bind to a currently unidentified allosteric binding site at the interface between the transmembrane region and the extracellular domain.

Using in silico techniques, such as molecular docking and recently published revised structural model2 of open and closed conformations of the receptor, we have identified sites of strong interaction of curcumin with particular functional groups in intersubunit transmembrane site. We used two independent docking programs to improve reliability of our predictions. Our results correlated well with previously identified key binding site residues of positive allosteric modulators of the nicotinic acetylcholine (a7‐nACh) receptor. We performed virtual screening of the set of structural analogs of curcumin and identified several compounds with high binding affinities and conserved key residues interaction similar to curcumin. This work provide explanation of molecular basis of the interactions between curcumin and curcumin analogs and nicotinic acetylcholine (nACh) receptor. It is likely that structure of curcumin analogs that we identified can aid design of future therapeutic agents with analgesic effects.
A Review for Medical Students and Student Doctors on Detecting and Reporting Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect (SCAN) from Clinical and Forensic Observations.
Authors: Ivanoff Athena E. , Einstein George P. , Tulp Orien Lee
Published: April 2020

Withdrawal: Ivanoff, A., Einstein, G. and Tulp, O.L. (2020) A Review for Medical Students and Student Doctors on Detecting and Reporting Suspected Child Abuse and Neglect (SCAN) from Clinical and Forensic Observations. The FASEB Journal,34:S1. https://faseb.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1096/fasebj.2020.34.s1.07600/. The above abstract, published online on April 22, 2020 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been withdrawn by agreement between the authors, FASEB, and Wiley Periodicals Inc. The withdrawal has been agreed due to a request made by the authors.
Relationship between Sport Type and Lifestyle in Young Athletes, Peruvian Sports Institute ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary
Authors: Rodríguez-Salvatierra Alvaro David , Bardales-Cahua Marco Antonio , Martin-Alva Enrique Aurelio , Rodríguez-Plasencia Cynthia Carolina , Bardales-Vásquez Cecilia Betzabet , León-Torres Carlos Alberto
Published: April 2020

Success in sports performance is guaranteed with good lifestyle practices, relaxation, diet, hydration, sleep, entertainment, etc. must be present in the daily routine. [
Burns et al., 2018]. We seek to identify the lifestyle related to the type of sport, according to physical activity, in young athletes. The sample size (n = 326) of athletes from the Peruvian Sports Institute (IPD) ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary and non‐athletes (n = 80) was selected. Were evaluated 11 types of sports, men and women (12 – 40 athletes) between 21.5 and 22.2 years old, with the exception of soccer and baseball whose members were only men formed the groups. To identify their physical activity we conducted a survey [
Bonet et al., 2016] taking into account the time (h) they spend to carry out their activities for 24 hours, from this data, we obtained the lifestyle. We found differences in lifestyles among athletes according to type of sport, where the most active are long‐distance runners (~78.9%) followed by taekwondo (~41%). In contrast, the major percentage of sedentary athletes are in the powerlifting (~40%) and next the swimmers (~38%). In addition, athletes consider a physical activity of 17.1% sedentary; 52.2% active and 30.7% very active unlike non‐athletes who were 65%, 22% and 13% respectively, therefore predominantly an active lifestyle compared to the sedentary lifestyle of non‐athletes. We conclude that the athletes of the IPD ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary present different lifestyles that are related to the type of sport practiced.

Support or Funding Information

Antenor Orrego Private University

Survey the Lifestyle according to Physical Activity in Young Athletes, Peruvian Sports Institute ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary. It includes the most frequent activities in the study sample.

Activity

Factor

Hours

Total

Lifestyle

NAF>1.4<1.6

NAF>1.6<1.9

NAF>1.9<2.5

Sedentary

Active

Very Active

Sleeping

1.0

Eating

1.2

Watch TV

1.3

Study sitting

1.3

Travel by bus or car

1.3

Walking/ running/ dancing

5.0

Hours total/ NAF

‐

24

Adapted from Cruz and Herrera. 2013

Percentage Distribution of the Lifestyle according to Physical Activity in Young Athletes, Instituto Peruano del Deporte ‐ Trujillo Subsidiary.

Sports

Evaluation of lifestyle according to physical activity (%)

Sedentary

Active

Very Active

Karate

00.00

62.50

37.50

Volleyball

09.60

57.10

33.10

Soccer

22.20

61.10

16.70

Baseball

37.50

50.00

12.50

Taekwondo

00.00

59.00

41.00

Athletics

03.00

18.10

78.90

Basketball

05.00

70.00

25.00

Gymnastics

08.00

54.00

38.00

Swimming

38.00

35.00

27.00

Rugby

25.00

57.00

18.00

Powerlifting

40.00

50.00

10.00

Average

17.10

52.20

30.70

Non‐Athletes

65.00

22.00

13.00
IL‐10 Neither Causes Direct Vasorelaxation Nor Reduces Vasoconstriction in Rat Mesenteric Resistance Arteries
Authors: Kumar Ramya Kalyana , Watts Stephanie
Published: April 2020

Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) is the fat that surrounds most of the peripheral blood vessels in the body. PVAT is protective and reduces contraction of blood vessels in health. We discovered that in health, PVAT around the rat small mesenteric resistance vessels (MRPVAT) contained a community of immune cells including T cells, B cells, macrophages, NK cells, neutrophils and mast cells. Interleukin (IL)‐10‐‐an anti‐inflammatory cytokine usually produced by T cells, B cells and macrophages‐‐was identified as one of the highly expressed (mRNA) cytokines in MRPVAT. One report suggests that IL‐10 causes relaxation of mouse mesenteric arteries. Hence, we hypothesized that IL‐10 directly causes vasorelaxation and/or reduces vasoconstriction in healthy rats. Male Sprague Dawley rats (12–14 weeks age) were used. Mesenteric resistance arteries expressed the receptor for IL‐10 (tunica intima and media) as determined by immunohistochemistry. Isolated tissue bath and third order mesenteric resistance arteries (without PVAT and with intact endothelium) were used for isometric contractility studies. Increasing concentrations [0.4–100 ng/mL] of recombinant rat (rr) IL‐10 or vehicle was directly added to half‐maximally constricted (phenylephrine PE or thromboxane A2 agonist U46619) vessels. IL‐10 did not reduce contraction, suggesting it was not a direct vasorelaxant. Further, the ability of rrIL‐10 to cause a rightward or downward shift of a vasoconstrictant‐response curve was tested. The vessels were incubated with rrIL‐10 [100 ng/mL or 10 ng/mL] or vehicle for 1.5 hours in the tissue bath followed by a cumulative PE [10−9–10−5 M] or U46619 [10−10–10−5 M] response curve. The maximal contractions or EC50 values (shown in table
) were not statistically different in rrIL‐10 incubated vessels vs vehicle. Thus, acute exposure of exogenous IL‐10 neither caused direct vasorelaxation nor reduced vasoconstriction. Further studies with neutralizing antibody for IL‐10 to vessels ± PVAT will help determine if IL‐10 produced in the PVAT causes vasorelaxation and/or reduction in local vasoconstriction indirectly, thus contributing to the anti‐contractile nature of PVAT.

Support or Funding Information

NIH HL70687

−Log EC50 ± SEM (n=6–10 arteries/3–5 rats/curve)

Vehicle

rrIL‐10 (100 ng/mL)

PE curve

5.7± 0.05

5.6±0.05

U46619 curve

7.6±0.28

7.2±0.59

Vehicle

rrIL‐10 (10 ng/mL)

PE curve

5.7±0.03

5.6±0.04

U46619 curve

7.1±0.12

7.2±0.13
Appropriate prescribing of dental prophylaxis in patients with orthopedic implants
Authors: Steinhour Amy , Hodder Jeremy
Published: April 2020

Total joint arthroplasty frequently is performed in the United States to treat degenerative hip and knee arthritis. Despite the routine nature of this procedure, recommendations about dental prophylaxis in patients with prosthetic joints have varied considerably over the past decade. In 2016, the American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) published appropriate use criteria for dental prophylaxis in patients with orthopedic implants. Despite these recommendations, discrepancies in prescribing practices persist, and controversy surrounding this topic remains prevalent in the medical literature. This article reviews the AAOS appropriate use criteria and discusses the ongoing controversy about the use of dental prophylaxis in patients with orthopedic implants.
Developing Consistency in Rhinoplasty
Authors: Dayan Erez , Rohrich Rod J.
Published: April 2020

This invited Special Topic article outlines the authors' evolution and technique to optimize consistent results in rhinoplasty.
Intraindividual comparison of cytokine and prostaglandin levels with and without low-energy, high-frequency femtosecond laser cataract pretreatment after single-dose topical NSAID application
Authors: Schwarzenbacher Luca , Schartmüller Daniel , Leydolt Christina , Menapace Rupert
Published: April 2020

Purpose:

To investigate interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and total prostaglandin (PG) levels in the anterior chamber in patients undergoing low pulse energy femtosecond laser–assisted cataract surgery.

Methods:

Forty patients undergoing immediate sequential cataract surgery received randomized low-energy femtosecond laser pretreatment in 1 eye and conventional phacoemulsification in the other. Aqueous humor was collected precisely 5 minutes after femtosecond laser pretreatment and before conventional phacoemulsification from all 80 eyes. IL-1β, IL-6, and total PG (including PGE1, PGE2; PGF1a, PGF2a) levels were analyzed using enzyme-linked immunoassay kits. One drop of ketorolac 0.5% was administered 30 minutes preoperatively.

Results:

Mean concentrations of IL-1β, IL-6, and total PG were 0.87, 0.67, and 32.19 pg/mL in the femto group compared with 0.10 (P = .36), 0.78 (P = .79), and 19.66 pg/mL (P < .05) in the nonfemto group. Levels of IL-1β and IL-6 were not statistically significantly different when compared between groups. There was a small but statistically significant increase of PG levels in the femto group. There were no statistically significant correlations between levels of 1β, IL-6, or total PG and suction time or lens density (P > .05).

Conclusions:

Low pulse energy femtosecond laser pretreatment did not trigger any additional IL and only a small but statistically significant increase of PG release in the anterior chamber after a single-dose of topical nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug administered 30 minutes before the start of cataract surgery. The findings indicated that the minor inflammatory reaction was due to the lower pulse energy concept applied by the femtosecond laser.
Expanding Indications of Liver Transplantation in Spain: Consensus Statement and Recommendations by the Spanish Society of Liver Transplantation
Authors: Rodríguez-Perálvarez Manuel , Gómez-Bravo Miguel Ángel , Sánchez-Antolín Gloria , De la Rosa Gloria , Bilbao Itxarone , Colmenero Jordi
Published: April 2020

Background.

The number of patients awaiting liver transplantation (LT) in Spain has halved from 2015 to 2019 due to the reduction of candidates with hepatitis C and the successful implementation of nonheart beating donation programs across the country. The Spanish Society for Liver Transplantation has committed to take advantage of this situation by developing consensus around potential areas to expand the current indications for LT. The consensus group was composed of 6 coordinators and 23 expert delegates, each one representing an LT institution in Spain.

Methods.

A modified Delphi approach was used to identify areas to expand indications for LT and to build consensus around paramount aspects, such as inclusion criteria and waitlist prioritization within each area. The scientific evidence and strength of recommendations were assessed by the “Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation” system.

Results.

The consensus process resulted in the identification of 7 potential areas to expand criteria in LT: recipient’s age, hepatocellular carcinoma, alcoholic hepatitis, acute-on-chronic liver failure, hilar and intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, and unresectable liver metastases of colorectal cancer.

Conclusions.

We present the main recommendations issued for each topic, together with their core supporting evidence. These recommendations may allow for expanding criteria for LT homogenously in Spain and may provide a guidance to other countries/institutions facing a similar scenario.
Microplastics disrupt hermit crab shell selection
Authors: Crump Andrew , Mullens Charlotte , Bethell Emily J. , Cunningham Eoghan M. , Arnott Gareth
Published: April 2020

Microplastics (plastics < 5 mm) are a potential threat to marine biodiversity. However, the effects of microplastic pollution on animal behaviour and cognition are poorly understood. We used shell selection in common European hermit crabs (Pagurus bernhardus) as a model to test whether microplastic exposure impacts the essential survival behaviours of contacting, investigating and entering an optimal shell. We kept 64 female hermit crabs in tanks containing either polyethylene spheres (n= 35) or no plastic (n= 29) for 5 days. We then transferred subjects into suboptimal shells and placed them in an observation tank with an optimal alternative shell. Plastic-exposed hermit crabs showed impaired shell selection: they were less likely than controls to contact optimal shells or enter them. They also took longer to contact and enter the optimal shell. Plastic exposure did not affect time spent investigating the optimal shell. These results indicate that microplastics impair cognition (information-gathering and processing), disrupting an essential survival behaviour in hermit crabs.
Genetic evidence of widespread variation in ethanol metabolism among mammals: revisiting the ‘myth' of natural intoxication
Authors: Janiak Mareike C. , Pinto Swellan L. , Duytschaever Gwen , Carrigan Matthew A. , Melin Amanda D.
Published: April 2020

Humans have a long evolutionary relationship with ethanol, pre-dating anthropogenic sources, and possess unusually efficient ethanol metabolism, through a mutation that evolved in our last common ancestor with African great apes. Increased exposure to dietary ethanol through fermenting fruits and nectars is hypothesized to have selected for this in our lineage. Yet, other mammals have frugivorous and nectarivorous diets, raising the possibility of natural ethanol exposure and adaptation in other taxa. We conduct a comparative genetic analysis of alcohol dehydrogenase class IV (ADH IV) across mammals to provide insight into their evolutionary history with ethanol. We find genetic variation and multiple pseudogenization events in ADH IV, indicating the ability to metabolize ethanol is variable. We suggest that ADH enzymes are evolutionarily plastic and show promise for revealing dietary adaptation. We further highlight the derived condition of humans and draw attention to problems with modelling the physiological responses of other mammals on them, a practice that has led to potentially erroneous conclusions about the likelihood of natural intoxication in wild animals. It is a fallacy to assume that other animals share our metabolic adaptations, rather than taking into consideration each species' unique physiology.
AB_SA: Accessory genes-Based Source Attribution – tracing the source of Salmonella enterica Typhimurium environmental strains
Authors: Guillier Laurent , Gourmelon Michèle , Lozach Solen , Cadel-Six Sabrina , Vignaud Marie-Léone , Munck Nanna , Hald Tine , Palma Federica
Published: April 2020

The partitioning of pathogenic strains isolated in environmental or human cases to their sources is challenging. The pathogens usually colonize multiple animal hosts, including livestock, which contaminate the food-production chain and the environment (e.g. soil and water), posing an additional public-health burden and major challenges in the identification of the source. Genomic data opens up new opportunities for the development of statistical models aiming to indicate the likely source of pathogen contamination. Here, we propose a computationally fast and efficient multinomial logistic regression source-attribution classifier to predict the animal source of bacterial isolates based on ‘source-enriched’ loci extracted from the accessory-genome profiles of a pangenomic dataset. Depending on the accuracy of the model’s self-attribution step, the modeller selects the number of candidate accessory genes that best fit the model for calculating the likelihood of (source) category membership. The Accessory genes-Based Source Attribution (AB_SA) method was applied to a dataset of strains of

Salmonella enterica

Typhimurium and its monophasic variant (

S

.

enterica

1,4,[5],12:i:-). The model was trained on 69 strains with known animal-source categories (i.e. poultry, ruminant and pig). The AB_SA method helped to identify 8 genes as predictors among the 2802 accessory genes. The self-attribution accuracy was 80 %. The AB_SA model was then able to classify 25 of the 29

S

.

enterica

Typhimurium and

S

.

enterica

1,4,[5],12:i:- isolates collected from the environment (considered to be of unknown source) into a specific category (i.e. animal source), with more than 85 % of probability. The AB_SA method herein described provides a user-friendly and valuable tool for performing source-attribution studies in only a few steps. AB_SA is written in R and freely available at https://github.com/lguillier/AB_SA.
Predicting the impact of asymptomatic transmission, non-pharmaceutical intervention and testing on the spread of COVID19
Authors: Schwartz Ira B. , Kaufman James , Hu Kun , Bianco Simone
Published: April 2020

We introduce a novel mathematical model to analyze the effect of removing non-pharmaceutical interventions on the spread of COVID19 as a function of disease testing rate. We find that relaxing interventions has a strong impact on the size of the epidemic peak as a function of intervention removal time. We show that it is essential for predictive models to explicitly capture transmission from asymptomatic carriers and important to obtain precise information on asymptomatic transmission by testing. The asymptomatic reservoir, reported to account for as much as 85% of transmission, will contribute to resurgence of the epidemic if public health interventions are removed too soon. Use of more basic models that fail to capture asymptomatic transmission can result in large errors in predicted clinical caseload or in fitted epidemiological parameters and, therefore, may be unreliable in estimating the risk of a second wave based on the timing of terminated interventions.
Presence of SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in COVID-19 patients and healthy donors
Authors: Braun Julian , Loyal Lucie , Frentsch Marco , Wendisch Daniel , Georg Philipp , Kurth Florian , Hippenstiel Stefan , Dingeldey Manuela , Kruse Beate , Fauchere Florent , Baysal Emre , Mangold Maike , Henze Larissa , Lauster Roland , Mall Marcus A. , Beyer Kirsten , Röhmel Jobst , Schmitz Jürgen , Miltenyi Stefan , Demuth Ilja , Müller Marcel A. , Witzenrath Martin , Suttorp Norbert , Kern Florian , Reimer Ulf , Wenschuh Holger , Drosten Christian , Corman Victor M. , Giesecke-Thiel Claudia , Sander Leif Erik , Thiel Andreas
Published: April 2020

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) has caused a rapidly unfolding pandemic, overwhelming health care systems worldwide1. Clinical manifestations of Coronavirus-disease 2019 (COVID-19) vary broadly, ranging from asymptomatic infection to acute respiratory failure and death2, yet the underlying mechanisms for this high variability are still unknown. Similarly, the role of host immune responses in viral clearance of COVID-19 remains unresolved. For SARS-CoV (2002/03), however, it has been reported that CD4+ T cell responses correlated with positive outcomes3,4, whereas T cell immune responses to SARS-CoV-2 have not yet been characterized. Here, we describe an assay that allows direct detection and characterization of SARS-CoV-2 spike glycoprotein (S)-reactive CD4+ T cells in peripheral blood. We demonstrate the presence of S-reactive CD4+ T cells in 83% of COVID-19 patients, as well as in 34% of SARS-CoV-2 seronegative healthy donors (HD), albeit at lower frequencies. Strikingly, S-reactive CD4+ T cells in COVID-19 patients equally targeted N-terminal and C-terminal epitopes of S whereas in HD S-reactive CD4+ T cells reacted almost exclusively to the C-terminal epitopes that are a) characterized by higher homology with spike glycoprotein of human endemic “common cold” coronaviruses (hCoVs), and b) contains the S2 subunit of S with the cytoplasmic peptide (CP), the fusion peptide (FP), and the transmembrane domain (TM) but not the receptor-binding domain (RBD). In contrast to S-reactive CD4+ T cells in HD, S-reactive CD4+ T cells from COVID-19 patients co-expressed CD38 and HLA-DR, indivative of their recent in vivo activation. Our study is the first to directly measure SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cell responses providing critical tools for large scale testing and characterization of potential cross-reactive cellular immunity to SARS-CoV-2. The presence of pre-existing SARS-CoV-2-reactive T cells in a subset of SARS-CoV-2 naïve HD is of high interest but larger scale prospective cohort studies are needed to assess whether their presence is a correlate of protection or pathology for COVID-19. Results of such studies will be key for a mechanistic understanding of the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, adaptation of containment methods and to support vaccine development.
Effectiveness of Intravenous Immunoglobulin for Children with Severe COVID-19: A Rapid Review
Authors: Zhang Jingyi , Yang Yinmei , Yang Nan , Ma Yanfang , Zhou Qi , Li Weiguo , Wang Xia , Huang Liping , Luo Xufei , Fukuoka Toshio , Ahn Hyeong Sik , Lee Myeong Soo , Luo Zhengxiu , Chen Yaolong , Liu Enmei , Yang Kehu , Fu Zhou
Published: April 2020

Background

Intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) is usually used as supportive therapy, but the treatment of COVID-19 by IVIG is controversial. This rapid review aims to explore the clinical effectiveness and safety of IVIG in the treatment of children with severe COVID-19.

Methods

We systematically searched the literature on the use of IVIG in patients with COVID-19, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS) or Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS), including both adults and children. We assessed the risk of bias and quality of evidence and reported the main findings descriptively.

Results

A total of 1519 articles were identified by initial literature search, and finally six studies, included one randomized controlled trial (RCT), four case series and one case report involving 198 patients. One case series showed the survival of COVID-19 patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) was not improved by IVIG. One case report showed high-dose IVIG could improve the outcome of COVID-19 adults. Three observational studies showed inconsistent results of the effect of IVIG on SARS patients. One RCT showed that IVIG did not reduce mortality or the incidence of nosocomial infection in adults with severe SARS. The quality of evidence was between low and very low.

Conclusions

The existing evidence is insufficient to support the efficacy or safety of IVIG in the treatment of COVID-19.