bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The role of supply management resilience in attaining ambidexterity: a dynamic capabilities approach
Authors: Eltantawy Reham A.
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– This study aims to explore the necessary role of supply management (SM) resilience capabilities in making effective trade-offs to attain an ambidextrous state, i.e. the state of attaining exploitation and exploration with dexterity, or achieving high levels of both. Sustainability requires effective trade-offs among economic, environmental and social outcomes while maintaining the longevity of the buying firm. Existing literature highlights the difficulty of making effective trade-offs due to likely tensions between divergent demands, i.e. tensions between exploitative and explorative performance goals.

Design/methodology/approach

– This conceptual study extends insights from the dynamic capabilities approach to explore the nature of SM resilience and its role in attaining ambidexterity.

Findings

– This study proposes SM resilience as a multifaceted dynamic capability that is determined by two contrasting aspects of stability (engineering and ecological resilience) that aid the buyer’s firm to ambidextrously adapt and transform in turbulent environments.

Practical implications

– The study highlights the competencies and resilience capabilities that managers need to develop and maintain in pursuing an effective balance of exploitation and exploration in SM.

Originality/value

– The proposed framework extends existing SM sustainability frameworks by examining the nature and dimensionality of resilience and linking it to ambidexterity. The proposed framework provides a platform for the integration of theoretical aspects from various research streams; socio-ecological literature, dynamic capabilities and organizational ambidexterity.
Organizational identity and behaviors in strategic networks
Authors: Kohtamäki Marko , Thorgren Sara , Wincent Joakim
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to develop and test a framework describing the interplay between collective organizational identity, network behaviors and performance in strategic networks.

Design/methodology/approach

– The study uses data from 141 firms that participated in strategic networks. Structural equation modeling is used to test the hypotheses.

Findings

– This study demonstrates how a firm’s collective organizational identity directs managerial perceptions toward partner’s opportunism in strategic networks; how these views shape interactions with network partners; and how these interactions facilitate firm adaptations within strategic networks. Moreover, it demonstrates how network adaptations affect the satisfaction with strategic network performance and how this ultimately loops back to influence organizational identity.

Research limitations/implications

– Given the limits of quantitative research to capture the mechanisms driving network collaborations, further case-based research on the role of organizational identity for network behaviors is needed.

Practical implications

– The results highlight the importance of collective organizational identity for network behaviors and positive performance outcomes. Firms that intend to engage in strategic networks should develop a collective organizational identity that supports implementing the network strategy. The results emphasize the importance of developing a collective organizational identity.

Originality/value

– Organizational identity in facilitating network behaviors.
Servant leadership, distributive justice and commitment to customer value in the salesforce
Authors: Schwepker Jr Charles H.
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this research is to further understand salesperson distributive justice judgments by examining two controllable factors that may influence these perceptions: sales leadership (i.e. servant leadership) and salesforce control (i.e. quota).

Design/methodology/approach

– The sample included 279 business-to-business salespeople from across the USA. Structural equation modeling was used to analyze the data.

Findings

– Servant leadership and salesperson participation in quota setting both positively impact distributive justice perceptions (i.e. fairness in reward allocation), which subsequently affect salespeople’s commitment to providing superior customer value.

Originality/value

– First study to empirically examine connections between servant leadership, distributive justice and commitment to customer value in the salesforce.
Ethical judgments in supply chain management: a scenario analysis
Authors: Ha Byoung-Chun , Nam Hyunjeong
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze managers’ ethical judgments in supply chain management. It investigated the influence of those judgments on trust and collaboration in relationships with suppliers.

Design/methodology/approach

– A scenario-based method was applied to measure managers’ ethical judgments using a sample of 341 data sets collected via survey. Structural equation modeling was utilized to test the proposed hypotheses associating ethical judgments with trust and collaboration in supply chains.

Findings

– This study illustrates that managers’ ethical judgments in bidding/contracting, information management and inventory management significantly increase trust, which in turn increases supply chain collaboration.

Originality/value

– The study extends our understanding of ethical judgments in the supply chain management context. Its findings on the causality among ethical judgment, trust and supply chain collaboration provide an effective approach to the management of supplier relationships.
Publishing personal information online
Authors: Hoek Janneke , O'Kane Paula , McCracken Martin
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to examine employers’ use of social networking sites (SNSs) within employee selection.

Design/methodology/approach

– In-depth interviews were conducted with 15 organisations to gain an understanding of how they accessed, observed and utilised data from SNSs in their selection procedures, as well as gaining an insight into employers’ perceptions of candidate privacy and discrimination.

Findings

– SNS profiles were either accessed as part of an organisation’s official selection process, through integrating internet screening as part of the formal process and obtaining candidate permission, or through covert (without consent) observation. Facebook was primarily used to identify a candidate’s organisation fit and make assessment of their soft skills, whereas LinkedIn distinguished their professional attributes and their job fit. Problems were associated with the extent to which SNSs were reflective of the person and whether a candidate’s personal life reflected their work persona. Respondents focused more upon the legality, rather than the ethics, of accessing “private” information via SNSs.

Research limitations/implications

– Further research is needed to consider the content and predictive validity of SNSs as a selection tool before their utility can be ascertained.

Practical implications

– Organisations should have a clear goal when utilising SNSs, be aware of the value of the information and consider how it complements other selection tools. Selectors should have integrity throughout the selection process, view SNSs as a support tool and use their common sense.

Originality/value

– The in-depth nature of this research enabled the authors to understand how and why organisations are currently utilising SNSs within selection.
Analysis of challenges for management education in India using total interpretive structural modelling
Authors: Mahajan Ritika , Agrawal Rajat , Sharma Vinay , Nangia Vinay
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of this paper is to identify challenges for management education in India and explain their nature, significance and interrelations using total interpretive structural modelling (TISM), an innovative version of Warfield’s interpretive structural modelling (ISM).

Design/methodology/approach

– The challenges have been drawn from literature and validated by an empirical study conducted through questionnaires administered electronically and personally to 250 management graduates. TISM has been applied to 14 finalised factors.

Findings

– All the identified factors, except accreditation, were found to be important. Ineffective regulatory bodies and ineffective leadership emerged as the biggest roadblocks. Several significant interrelations were found which were sometimes not revealed by plain observation.

Originality/value

– The existing literature has discussed the challenges for management education but not their interrelations. This paper uses TISM to demonstrate the relationships between different challenges and to explain the logic behind the relationships. The results would be useful for the owners (or managers) of management institutes faced with the same challenges.
Determinants of quality education in private universities from student perspectives
Authors: Ashraf Mohammad A. , Osman Abu Zafar Rashed , Ratan Sarker Rafij Ahmed
Published: January 2016

Purpose

– The purpose of the present study is to identify the determinants that potentially influence quality education in private universities in Bangladesh.

Design/methodology/approach

– To attain this objective, 234 data were collected through face-to-face interviews on campus during February-March 2013 from Bachelor of Business Administration students. The bootstrapping procedure through AMOS was applied to analyze the data apart from exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis.

Findings

– The bootstrap path coefficients suggest that seven factors are statistically significant among the eight postulated independent variables. The outcomes of the confirmatory factor analysis, such as factor loadings, eigenvalues and percentage of variance explained, as well as reliability coefficients, are observed to conform to the results of path analysis, such as item loadings and path coefficients, which consistently increased the robustness of the study.

Practical implications

– The overall results of the study would be beneficial to the planners to formulate the proper policy to ensure the quality excellence in the private higher educational institutes.

Originality/value

– The research is based on empirical evidence which deserves originality in terms of data and methods of analysis.
Development and Characterization of Edible Films Based on Fruit and Vegetable Residues
Authors: Andrade Roberta M. S. , Ferreira Mariana S. L. , Gonçalves Édira C. B. A.
Published: January 2016

Edible films were developed from the solid residue of the processing of whole fruits and vegetables. The solid residue, processed into flour (FVR flour) was chemically and structurally characterized by microstructure, elemental composition, structural links, and moisture sorption isotherm. Films were prepared by casting using aqueous extracts of 8% and 10% of flour (w/w) and characterized in terms of thickness, water solubility, mechanical properties, water vapor permeability, and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). The analysis of microstructure and elemental composition, performed on flour (mean particle size 350 μm), showed an essentially granular aspect, with the presence of fibrous particles having potassium as one of the most abundant elements. FTIR results showed similarity between the characteristic bands of other raw materials used in edible films. The sorption isotherm of FVR flour showed a typical profile of foods rich in soluble components, such as sugars. Dried films presented an average thickness of 0.263 ± 0.003 mm, a homogenous aspect, bright yellow color, pronounced fruit flavor, and high water solubility. The FTIR spectra of the edible films revealed that addition of potato skin flour did not change the molecular conformation. Moreover, the films presented low tensile strength at break when compared with fruit starch‐based films.
Effect of High Pressure Homogenization and Dimethyl Dicarbonate (DMDC) on Microbial and Physicochemical Qualities of Mulberry Juice
Authors: Yu Yuanshan , Wu Jijun , Xu Yujuan , Xiao Gengsheng , Zou Bo
Published: January 2016

In this study, the effect of high pressure homogenization (HPH) and dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC) on microbial and nutrient qualities of mulberry juice was evaluated. Results showed that repeated HPH passes at 200 MPa or adding DMDC at 250 mg/L significantly inactivated the indigenous microorganisms in mulberry juice (P < 0.05), whereas some surviving microorganisms recovered to grow during storage of 4 °C. The combined treatment with 3 passes of HPH and 250 mg/L of DMDC (HPH‐DMDC) decreased the population of surviving indigenous microorganisms to the level attained by heat treatment at 95 °C for 1 min (HT) with no significant increase (P > 0.05) in the population of microorganisms during subsequent storage at 4 °C. Moreover, no significant changes (P > 0.05) in the physical attributes, including pH, TSS (oBrix), L*, a*, and b* values were observed in the samples treated by the HPH‐DMDC or by HT. Compared with HT, HPH‐DMDC treatment resulted in a higher degree of retention in total phenolics, and α‐glucosidase inhibitory activity, although the treatment led to higher losses in cyanidin 3‐glucoside, cyanidin 3‐rutinoside, and antioxidant capacity. Overall, HPH‐DMDC treatment can be a useful alternative to conventional thermal pasteurization of mulberry juice, considering its ability to inactive, and inhibit indigenous microorganisms.
Handoff Practices in Emergency Medicine: Are We Making Progress?
Authors: Hern H. Gene , Gallahue Fiona E. , Burns Boyd D. , Druck Jeffrey , Jones Jonathan , Kessler Chad , Knapp Barry , Williams Sarah ,   Representing the Council of Residency Directors, Transitions of Care Task Force
Published: January 2016

Objectives

Transitions of care present a risk for communication error and may adversely affect patient care. This study addresses the scope of current handoff practices amongst U.S. emergency medicine (EM) residents. In addition, it evaluates current educational and evaluation practices related to handoffs. Given the ever‐increasing emphasis on transitions of care in medicine, we sought to determine if interval changes in resident transition of care education, assessment, and proficiency have occurred.

Methods

This was a cross‐sectional survey study guided by the Kern model for medical curriculum development. The Council of Residency Directors Listserv provided access to 175 programs. The survey focused on elucidating current practices of handoffs from emergency physicians (EPs) to EPs, including handoff location and duration, use of any assistive tools, and handoff documentation in the emergency department (ED) patient's medical record. Multiple‐choice questions were the primary vehicle for the response process. A four‐point Likert‐type scale was used in questions regarding perceived satisfaction and competency. Respondents were not required to answer all questions. Responses were compared to results from a similar 2011 study for interval changes.

Results

A total of 127 of 175 programs responded to the survey, making the overall response rate 72.6%. Over half of respondents (72 of 125, 57.6%) indicated that their ED uses a standardized handoff protocol, which is a significant increase from 43.2% in 2011 (p = 0.018). Of the programs that do have a standardized system, a majority (72 of 113, 63.7%) of resident physicians use it regularly. Significant increases were noted in the number of programs offering formal training during orientation (73.2% from 59.2%; p = 0.015), decreases in the number of programs offering no training (2.4% from 10.2%; p = 0.013), and no assessment of proficiency (51.5% from 69.8%; p = 0.006). No significant interval changes were noted in handoffs being documented in the patient's medical record (57.4%), the percentage of computer/electronic signouts, or the level of dissatisfaction with handoff tools (54.1%). Less than two‐thirds of respondents (80 of 126, 63.5%) indicated that their residents were “competent” or “extremely competent” in delivering and receiving handoffs.

Conclusions

An insufficient level of handoff training is currently mandated or available for EM residents, and their handoff skills appear to be developed mostly informally throughout residency training with varying results. Programs that have created a standardized protocol are not ensuring that the protocol is actually being employed in the clinical arena. Handoff proficiency most often goes unevaluated, although it is improved from 2011.
Central administration of the anorexigenic peptide neuromedin U decreases alcohol intake and attenuates alcohol‐induced reward in rodents
Authors: Vallöf Daniel , Ulenius Lisa , Egecioglu Emil , Engel Jörgen A. , Jerlhag Elisabet
Published: January 2016

By investigating the neurochemical mechanisms through which alcohol activates the brain reward systems, novel treatment strategies for alcohol use disorder (AUD), a chronic relapsing disease, can be developed. In contrast to the common view of the function of gut–brain peptides, such as neuromedin U (NMU), to regulate food intake and appetite, a novel role in reinforcement mediation has been implied. The anorexigenic effects of NMU are mediated via NMU2 receptors, preferably in the arcuate nucleus and paraventricular nucleus. The expression of NMU2 receptors is also expressed in several reward‐related areas in the brain, suggesting a role in reward regulation. The present experiments were therefore set up to investigate the effect of intracerebroventricular administration of NMU on alcohol‐mediated behaviors in rodents. We found that central administration of NMU attenuated alcohol‐induced locomotor stimulation, accumbal dopamine release and the expression of conditioned place preference in mice. In addition, NMU dose dependently decreased alcohol intake in high, but not in low, alcohol‐consuming rats. Central NMU administration did not alter the blood alcohol concentrations nor change the corticosterone levels in rodents. Given that AUD is a major health‐care challenge causing an enormous cost to society and novel treatment strategies are warranted, our data suggest that NMU analogues deserve to be evaluated as novel treatment of AUD in humans.
Periocular Mohs micrographic surgery in Western Australia 2009–2012: A single centre retrospective review and proposal for practice benchmarks
Authors: O'Halloran Louise , Smith Harvey , Vinciullo Carl
Published: January 2016

Background/Objectives

Periocular skin tumours pose management challenges with literature supporting a multidisciplinary approach. This retrospective review identifies trends in multidisciplinary management, ascertaining potential benchmarks for practice review.

Methods

A retrospective review of 720 patients with periocular tumours, treated with Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) at a single free standing Day Surgery Facility between 2009 and 2012.

Results

In all, 690 patients were included, with mean age 65 and slight male preponderance. Basal cell carcinoma was the most commonly excised tumour (85.4%) and lower eyelid most common tumour site (58%). Of the cases repaired by Mohs surgeons, 2% involved more than one cosmetic subunit, compared with 23% by oculoplastic surgeons. Of the cases repaired by MMS, 1% had eyelid margin involvement, compared with 64% of the cases by oculoplastic surgeons. Mean preoperative lesion size for cases repaired by Mohs and oculoplastic surgeons was 0.5 cm2. Mean postoperative defect size was smaller for cases repaired by Mohs surgeons compared with oculoplastic surgeons (1.5 and 1.9 cm2). Mean number of stages was less for Mohs surgeon repairs (n = 1.5) compared with oculoplastic surgeon repairs (n = 1.9). Cases repaired by oculoplastic surgeons were more often combination repairs.

Conclusions

This study identifies potential benchmarks for Mohs surgeons when reviewing or establishing a periocular Mohs surgery practice and for doctors referring periocular tumours for surgical removal. These include the proportion of periocular cases managed jointly and the location, size of defect and number of stages involved in tumors repaired by Mohs surgeon alone compared to those repaired by oculoplastic surgeons.
Confocal and dermoscopic features of basal cell carcinoma in Gorlin–Goltz syndrome: A case report
Authors: Casari Alice , Argenziano Giuseppe , Moscarella Elvira , Lallas Aimilios , Longo Caterina
Published: January 2016

Gorlin–Goltz (GS) syndrome is an autosomal dominant disease linked to a mutation in the PTCH gene. Major criteria include the onset of multiple basal cell carcinoma (BCC), keratocystic odontogenic tumours in the jaws and bifid ribs. Dermoscopy and reflectance confocal microscopy represent imaging tools that are able to increase the diagnostic accuracy of skin cancer in a totally noninvasive manner, without performing punch biopsies. Here we present a case of a young woman in whom the combined approach of dermoscopy and RCM led to the identification of multiple small inconspicuous lesions as BCC and thus to the diagnosis of GS syndrome.
Clinicopathological features of five unusual cases of intraosseous myoepithelial carcinomas, mimicking conventional primary bone tumours, including EWSR1 rearrangement in one case
Authors: Rekhi Bharat , Joshi Sujit , Panchwagh Yogesh , Gulia Ashish , Borges Anita , Bajpai Jyoti , Jambehekar Nirmala A. , Pant Vinita , Mandholkar Mahesh , Byregowda Suman , Puri Ajay
Published: January 2016

Primary intraosseous myoepithelial tumours, including carcinomas are rare tumours. The concept of histopathological spectrum of these tumours is evolving. We describe clinicopathological and immunohistochemical features of five myoepithelial carcinomas, including molecular cytogenetic results in one case. There were five male patients within age‐range of 8–40 years (median = 26). Four tumours occurred in the long bones, including two tumours, each, in the femur and fibula, respectively, while a single tumour occurred in the proximal phalanges. Tumour size (n = 3 cases) varied from 5.6 to 8.6 cm. On radiological imaging, most tumours appeared as expansile, lytic and destructive lesions. Two tumours appeared as sclerotic lesions. Two cases were referred with diagnoses of chondrosarcomas and a single case was referred with two different diagnoses, including an adamantinoma and an osteosarcoma. Histopathological examination in all these cases showed multinodular tumours comprising mostly polygonal cells, exhibiting moderate nuclear atypia and interspersed mitotic figures within a stroma containing variable amount of myxoid, chondroid, hyalinised and osteoid‐like material. Three tumours revealed prominent squamous differentiation. By immunohistochemistry, tumour cells were positive for EMA (5/5), pan CK (AE1/AE3) (3/3), CK5/6 (4/4), CK MNF116 (1/1), S100 protein (5/5) and GFAP (3/5). The first tumour revealed EWSR1 rearrangement. The first patient, 10 months after tumour resection and a simultaneous lung metastatectomy, is free‐of‐disease (FOD). The second patient, 11 months after tumour resection is FOD. The third and fourth patients underwent wide resections and are on follow‐up. The fifth patient underwent resections, including a lung metastatectomy. Primary intraosseous myoepithelial carcinomas are rare and mimic conventional primary bone tumours. Some primary intraosseous myoepithelial carcinomas display EWSR1 rearrangement. Squamous differentiation may be considered as an addition to their evolving histopathological spectrum. Immunohistochemical stains constitute as a necessary tool for arriving at the correct diagnosis in such cases, which has treatment implications. Surgical resection remains the treatment mainstay.
Kant on the Emotion of Love
Authors: Arroyo Christopher
Published: January 2016

Although recent Kant scholarship has focused on Kant's treatment of various emotions, one that has not received much attention is love. There are three main reasons for this. First, Kant does not have a single, sustained analysis of the emotion of love; what he does say appears scattered throughout his corpus. Second, Kant identifies a number of different kinds of love, and it is not always clear which kinds are emotions or how the different kinds of love are related. Finally, in general Kant is quite critical of the emotion of love, and his critical remarks seem not to fit with the intuitions of some people when it comes to some of the more positive instances of love (e.g., the love a parent has for a child). In this paper I pursue two related aims. First, I identify and sort out the different kinds of love in Kant's writings, and I address a particular difficulty of interpretation, namely the status of love of human beings (Menschenliebe) in Kant's writings. Second, I argue that, despite Kant's criticisms of the emotion of love, he views it as an expression of our unsocial sociability, and it plays a positive and indispensible role in the moral development of human beings.
Engaging clinicians in motivational interviewing: Comparing online with face‐to‐face post‐training consolidation
Authors: Clancy Richard , Taylor Andrew
Published: January 2016

Motivational interviewing (MI) is an evidence‐based intervention that has been widely recommended in clinical settings where consumer behaviour change is a goal of treatment. Training clinicians in MI, as with other translational endeavours, does not always result in changes to clinical practice. The present study compares two post‐training approaches to consolidate MI skills following a training workshop. We randomly assigned 63 clinicians working in mental health or drug and alcohol services to receive either face‐to‐face group consolidation sessions or to access a series of online consolidation resources. We compared clinician engagement and devised a new instrument to measure clinician outcomes. Participants who completed follow‐up consolidation retained knowledge, attitudes, and practices, regardless of consolidation method. Face‐to‐face consolidation sessions were superior to online materials in engaging participants (mean sessions attended was 2.1 (maximum possible = 3) compared to a mean of 1.38 sessions, respectively (t(61) = −2.73, P = 0.008, d = 0.72, 95% confidence interval: 0.19–1.25). Engagement to the completion of consolidation sessions was also influenced by previous training in MI. For every additional hour of previous MI training, there was a 10% increase in the odds that the participant would complete the final consolidation session.
Temporal patterns of change in vital signs and Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage scores over the 48 hours preceding fatal in‐hospital cardiac arrest
Authors: Oh HyunSoo , Lee KangIm , Seo WhaSook
Published: January 2016

Aim

To determine temporal patterns of vital sign and Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage score changes over the 48‐hour period preceding cardiac arrest in an ICU setting.

Background

Vital sign instability usually occurs prior to cardiac arrest. However, few studies have been conducted on the temporal patterns of individual vital signs preceding cardiac arrest.

Design

A retrospective case–control study.

Methods

The study subjects were 140 ICU patients (1 June 2011–31 December 2012): 46 died of cardiac arrest (case group), 45 died of other illnesses (control I group) and 49 were discharged after recovering (control II group).

Results

Initial detectable changes in blood pressure appeared 18‐20 hours and became dramatic at 5‐10 hours before cardiac arrest. Noticeable changes in heart rates began at 4 hours and became more prominent at 2 hours pre‐arrest. No apparent patterns in respiratory rate changes were observed. Body temperatures usually indicated a hypothermic state pre‐arrest. Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage scores were 16‐18 at 48 hours pre‐arrest and then continuously increased to 20. Only mean values of systolic blood pressures were significantly different between the three study groups. Mean diastolic blood pressures, heart rates, respiratory rates and Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage scores differed between the case and control II groups and between the control I and II groups.

Conclusion

The study demonstrates vital sign instability preceded cardiac arrest and that the temporal patterns of changes in individual vital signs and Cardiac Arrest Risk Triage scores differed between groups. The findings of this study may aid the development of management strategies for cardiac arrest.
Measuring maximum and standard metabolic rates using intermittent‐flow respirometry: a student laboratory investigation of aerobic metabolic scope and environmental hypoxia in aquatic breathers
Authors: Rosewarne P. J. , Wilson J. M. , Svendsen J. C.
Published: January 2016

Metabolic rate is one of the most widely measured physiological traits in animals and may be influenced by both endogenous (e.g. body mass) and exogenous factors (e.g. oxygen availability and temperature). Standard metabolic rate (SMR) and maximum metabolic rate (MMR) are two fundamental physiological variables providing the floor and ceiling in aerobic energy metabolism. The total amount of energy available between these two variables constitutes the aerobic metabolic scope (AMS). A laboratory exercise aimed at an undergraduate level physiology class, which details the appropriate data acquisition methods and calculations to measure oxygen consumption rates in rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss, is presented here. Specifically, the teaching exercise employs intermittent flow respirometry to measure SMR and MMR, derives AMS from the measurements and demonstrates how AMS is affected by environmental oxygen. Students' results typically reveal a decline in AMS in response to environmental hypoxia. The same techniques can be applied to investigate the influence of other key factors on metabolic rate (e.g. temperature and body mass). Discussion of the results develops students' understanding of the mechanisms underlying these fundamental physiological traits and the influence of exogenous factors. More generally, the teaching exercise outlines essential laboratory concepts in addition to metabolic rate calculations, data acquisition and unit conversions that enhance competency in quantitative analysis and reasoning. Finally, the described procedures are generally applicable to other fish species or aquatic breathers such as crustaceans (e.g. crayfish) and provide an alternative to using higher (or more derived) animals to investigate questions related to metabolic physiology.
Measuring respiration rates in marine fish larvae: challenges and advances
Authors: Peck M. A. , Moyano M.
Published: January 2016

Metabolic costs can be extremely high in marine fish larvae and gaining reliable estimates of the effects of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on those costs is important to understand environmental constraints on early growth and survival. This review provides an historical perspective of measurements of larval marine fish respiration (O2 consumption) including the methods (Winkler, manometric, polarographic, paramagnetic and optodes) and systems (closed system to intermittent‐flow) used. This study compares and systematically reviews the results (metabolic rates, ontogenetic changes and taxonomic differences) obtained from 59 studies examining 53 species from 30 families. Standard (anaesthetized or darkness), routine and active respiration rates were reported in 14, 94 and 8% of the studies and much more work has been performed on larvae of temperate (88%) compared with tropical (9%) and polar (3%) species. More than 35% of the studies have been published since 2000 owing to both advances in oxygen sensors and the growing emphasis on understanding physiological effects of environmental change. Common protocols are needed to facilitate cross‐taxa comparisons such as the effect of temperature (Q10: 1·47–3·47), body mass (slope of allometric changes in O2 consumption rate from 0·5 to 1·3) and activity level on metabolic costs as measured via respiration rate. A set of recommendations is provided that will make it easier for researchers to design measurement systems, to judge the reliability of measurements and to make inter‐comparisons among studies and species.
Oxygen consumption rate v. rate of energy utilization of fishes: a comparison and brief history of the two measurements
Authors: Nelson J. A.
Published: January 2016

Accounting for energy use by fishes has been taking place for over 200 years. The original, and continuing gold standard for measuring energy use in terrestrial animals, is to account for the waste heat produced by all reactions of metabolism, a process referred to as direct calorimetry. Direct calorimetry is not easy or convenient in terrestrial animals and is extremely difficult in aquatic animals. Thus, the original and most subsequent measurements of metabolic activity in fishes have been measured via indirect calorimetry. Indirect calorimetry takes advantage of the fact that oxygen is consumed and carbon dioxide is produced during the catabolic conversion of foodstuffs or energy reserves to useful ATP energy. As measuring [CO2] in water is more challenging than measuring [O2], most indirect calorimetric studies on fishes have used the rate of O2 consumption. To relate measurements of O2 consumption back to actual energy usage requires knowledge of the substrate being oxidized. Many contemporary studies of O2 consumption by fishes do not attempt to relate this measurement back to actual energy usage. Thus, the rate of oxygen consumption (O2) has become a measurement in its own right that is not necessarily synonymous with metabolic rate. Because all extant fishes are obligate aerobes (many fishes engage in substantial net anaerobiosis, but all require oxygen to complete their life cycle), this discrepancy does not appear to be of great concern to the fish biology community, and reports of fish oxygen consumption, without being related to energy, have proliferated. Unfortunately, under some circumstances, these measures can be quite different from one another. A review of the methodological history of the two measurements and a look towards the future are included.
Responses by fishes to environmental hypoxia: integration through Fry's concept of aerobic metabolic scope
Authors: Claireaux G. , Chabot D.
Published: January 2016

The problem of understanding the effect of the environment on fish activities and performance, in any generalized way, remains intractable. Solving this issue is, however, a key to addressing contemporary environmental concerns. As suggested 20 years ago by W. H. Neill, the authors returned to the drawing board, using as a background the conceptual scheme initially proposed by F. E. J. Fry. They revisited the effect of ambient oxygen availability upon fish metabolism and clarified the definitions of limiting, critical and incipient lethal oxygen (ILO) levels. The concepts of oxy‐conformer and oxy‐regulator are revisited, and P. W. Hochachka's idea of scope for survival is explored. Finally, how the cardiovascular system contributes to the capacity of fishes to respond to the reduced oxygen availability is considered. Various hands‐on recommendations and software (R scripts) are provided for researchers interested in investigating these concepts.
Modelling and interpreting fish bioenergetics: a role for behaviour, life‐history traits and survival trade‐offs
Authors: Jørgensen C. , Enberg K. , Mangel M.
Published: January 2016

Bioenergetics is used as the mechanistic foundation of many models of fishes. As the context of a model gradually extends beyond pure bioenergetics to include behaviour, life‐history traits and function and performance of the entire organism, so does the need for complementing bioenergetic measurements with trade‐offs, particularly those dealing with survival. Such a broadening of focus revitalized and expanded the domain of behavioural ecology in the 1980s. This review makes the case that a similar change of perspective is required for physiology to contribute to the types of predictions society currently demands,e.g. regarding climate change and other anthropogenic stressors.
Cerebral microglia activation in hepatitis C virus infection correlates to cognitive dysfunction
Authors: Pflugrad H. , Meyer G.‐J. , Dirks M. , Raab P. , Tryc A. B. , Goldbecker A. , Worthmann H. , Wilke F. , Boellaard R. , Yaqub M. , Berding G. , Weissenborn K.
Published: January 2016

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection may induce chronic fatigue and cognitive dysfunction. Virus replication was proven within the brain and HCV‐positive cells were identified as microglia and astrocytes. We hypothesized that cerebral dysfunction in HCV‐afflicted patients is associated with microglia activation. Microglia activation was assessed in vivo in 22 patients with chronic HCV infection compared to six healthy controls using [11C]‐PK11195 Positron Emission Tomography (PET) combined with magnetic resonance tomography for anatomical localization. Patients were subdivided with regard to their PCR status, Fatigue Impact Scale score (FIS) and attention test sum score (ATS). A total of 12 patients (54.5%) were HCV PCR positive [of which 7 (58.3%) had an abnormal FIS and 7 (58.3%) an abnormal ATS], 10 patients (45.5%) were HCV PCR negative (5 (50%) each with an abnormal FIS or ATS). Patients without attention deficits showed a significantly higher accumulation of [11C]‐PK11195 in the putamen (P = 0.05), caudate nucleus (P = 0.03) and thalamus (P = 0.04) compared to controls. Patients with and without fatigue did not differ significantly with regard to their specific tracer binding in positron emission tomography. Preserved cognitive function was associated with significantly increased microglia activation with predominance in the basal ganglia. This indicates a probably neuroprotective effect of microglia activation in HCV‐infected patients.
“Make Sure Somebody Will Survive from This”: Transformative Practices of Hope among Danish Organ Donor Families
Authors: Jensen Anja M. B.
Published: January 2016

Based on anthropological fieldwork among Danish organ donor families and hospital staff in neurointensive care units, this article explores the transformative practices of hope in Danish organ donation. Focusing on various phases of the organ donation process, I demonstrate how families and professionals practice hope in astounding ways: when hoping for organs, when hoping for the end of patient suffering, when hoping for the usability of the donor body, and when hoping to help future donor families by sharing painful experiences. By focusing on such practices and transformations of hope, this article sheds light on the social negotiations of life and death among families and staffs in medical contexts and describes how the dignity of the deceased donor and the usability of the donor body are closely connected in family attempts to make donation decisions meaningful during and after a tragic death.
Esophagogastric junction contractile integral (EGJ‐CI) quantifies changes in EGJ barrier function with surgical intervention
Authors: Wang D. , Patel A. , Mello M. , Shriver A. , Gyawali C. P.
Published: January 2016

Background

Esophagogastric junction contractile integral (EGJ‐CI) assesses EGJ barrier function on esophageal high resolution manometry (HRM). We assessed EGJ‐CI values in achalasia and gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) to determine if postoperative EGJ‐CI changes reflected surgical intervention.

Methods

Twenty‐one achalasia patients (42.8 ± 3.2 years, 62% F) with HRM before and after Heller myotomy (HM) and 68 GERD patients (53.9 ± 1.8 years, 66% F) undergoing antireflux surgery (ARS) were compared to 21 healthy controls (27.6 ± 0.6 years, 52% F). Esophagogastric junction contractile integral (mmHg.cm) was calculated using the distal contractile integral measurement across the EGJ, measured above the gastric baseline and corrected for respiration. Pre and postsurgical EGJ‐CI and conventional lower esophageal sphincter pressure (LESP) metrics were compared within and between these groups using non‐parametric tests. Correlation between EGJ‐CI and conventional LESP metrics was assessed.

Key Results

Baseline EGJ‐CI was higher in achalasia compared to GERD (p < 0.001) or controls (p = 0.03). Esophagogastric junction contractile integral declined by 59.2% after HM in achalasia (p = 0.001), and increased by 26.3% after ARS in GERD (p = 0.005). End‐expiratory and basal LESP decreased by 74.5% and 64.5% with HM, but increased by only 17.8% and 4.3% with ARS. Differences were noted between Dor vs Toupet fundoplication in achalasia (p = 0.007), and partial vs complete ARS in GERD (p = 0.03). Esophagogastric junction contractile integral correlated modestly with both end‐expiratory and basal LESP (Pearson's r of 0.8 for all), but was less robust in GERD (0.7).

Conclusions & Inferences

Esophagogastric junction contractile integral has clinical utility in assessing EGJ barrier function at baseline and after surgical intervention to the EGJ, and could complement conventional EGJ metrics.
Servicing academics and building relationships: the case of two university commercialisation offices in Australia
Authors: Gao Jennifer Hui‐Han , Haworth Nigel
Published: January 2016

Adopting the contingency perspective, we examine the strategic orientation of university commercialisation models by conducting an explorative multiple‐case study of two university commercialisation offices (UCOs). We base our study in Australia, a relatively small, open OECD trading economy, where universities are under strong pressures to commercialise. While existing literature mainly focussed on quantitative and revenue‐based measures of university commercialisation performance, we identify two different UCO strategic models: ‘service‐provider’ and ‘relationship‐builder’. We also find university leadership, CEO ideology and academic awareness and support as key factors that shape UCO strategic models.
Emerging seed enhancement technologies for overcoming barriers to restoration
Authors: Madsen Matthew D. , Davies Kirk W. , Boyd Chad S. , Kerby Jay D. , Svejcar Tony J.
Published: January 2016

Rangelands occupy over a third of global land area, and in many cases are in less than optimum condition as a result of past land use, catastrophic wildfire, and other disturbances, invasive species, or climate change. Often the only means of restoring these lands involves seeding desirable species, yet there are few cost effective‐seeding technologies, especially for the more arid rangeland types. The inability to consistently establish desired plants from seed may indicate that seeding technologies being employed are not successful in addressing the primary sources of mortality in the progression from seed to established plant. Seed enhancement technologies allow for the physical manipulation and application of materials to the seed that can enhance germination, emergence, and/or early seedling growth. In this article, we examine some of the major limiting factors impairing seedling establishment in North America's sagebrush steppe ecosystem and propose seed enhancement technologies that may have the potential to overcome these restoration barriers. We discuss specific technologies for: (1) increasing soil water availability; (2) enhancing seedling emergence in crusting soil; (3) controlling the timing of seed germination; (4) improving plantability and emergence of small‐seeded species; (5) enhancing seed coverage of broadcasted seeds; and (6) protecting seedlings from pre‐emergent herbicide. Concepts and technologies in this article for restoring the sagebrush steppe ecosystem may apply generally to semiarid and arid rangelands around the globe.
Prosthetic Mesh for Obliteration of the Nephrosplenic Space in Horses: 26 Clinical Cases
Authors: Burke Megan J. , Parente Eric J.
Published: January 2016

Objective

To report surgical complications, occurrence of post‐obliteration colic, long term outcome, and return to previous function for horses treated with prosthetic mesh obliteration of the nephrosplenic space.

Study Design

Retrospective study.

Animals

Horses (n = 26) having nephrosplenic space obliteration using prosthetic mesh.

Methods

Horses undergoing mesh obliteration between January 2006 and May 2013 were included. A Proxplast™ mesh was secured to the nephrosplenic space with titanium helical coils in standing horses using laparoscopic technique. Perioperative data were obtained from the medical record and by telephone followup. Tests of proportion were used to compare the study population to the hospital colic population. Occurrence of colic within 1 year of obliteration was compared between horses where the diagnosis was confirmed at laparotomy and those diagnosed by abdominal palpation per rectum using a Fisher's exact test.

Results

All 26 horses undergoing mesh obliteration during the study period survived to discharge. Long term followup was available for 25 horses, with 23 returning to their previous level of function, and 21 alive at the time of followup. Cause of death was not associated with the surgical procedure in any case. Geldings and Warmbloods were overrepresented compared to the hospital colic population. Ten horses (38%) demonstrated colic after mesh obliteration. All 10 horses were examined by a veterinarian and none were diagnosed with recurrence of nephrosplenic entrapment.

Conclusion

Mesh obliteration of the nephrosplenic space is an effective alternative to suture closure for preventing nephrosplenic entrapment of the large colon in horses. No complications related to mesh obliteration were reported in our study population.
An Inverse Parameter Estimation Method for Building Thermal Analysis
Authors: Moftakhari A. , Aghanajafi C.
Published: January 2016

The aim of this study is to introduce a new solution methodology for thermal parameter estimation in building engineering science. By defining a good numerical modeling, inverse algorithm provides us a chance to enhance design conditions in building thermal analysis. The definition of mathematical governing equations and a good solution method to solve them direct the analysis procedure to find temperature distribution using dynamic coding in the computational field. In fact, inverse algorithm utilizes known data resulted from numerical modeling in order to determine the unknown value of important thermal design properties in building problems. The results obtained from implementation of such algorithms demonstrate the accuracy and precision of this new thermal analysis methodology with those of real data resulted from experiments in building problems.
Regulators seek to tame brain training's ‘Wild West’
Authors: Underwood Emily
Published: January 2016

$2 million fine for Lumosity is latest shot at claims of cognitive benefits from games and apps.
Publishers embrace scheme to end name confusion
Authors: Bohannon John
Published: January 2016

ORCID gives every Smith and Wang a unique number.
Female organs revealed as weapons in sexual arms race
Authors: Pennisi Elizabeth
Published: January 2016

Researchers broaden their focus beyond male anatomy.
The social life of quarks
Authors: Cho Adrian
Published: January 2016

Particles consisting of four and five quarks make a comeback.
Comment on “Broken translational and rotational symmetry via charge stripe order in underdoped YBa
2
Cu
3
O
6+y
”
Authors: Fine B. V.
Published: January 2016

Comin
et al
. (Reports, 20 March 2015, p. 1335) have interpreted their resonant x-ray scattering experiment as indicating that charge inhomogeneities in the family of high-temperature superconductors YBa
2
Cu
3
O
6+y
(YBCO) have the character of one-dimensional stripes rather than two-dimensional checkerboards. The present Comment shows that one cannot distinguish between stripes and checkerboards on the basis of the above experiment.