bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Legal Regulations Impact on Social Capital. The Case of Poland
Authors: Kurowski Lech , Szymaniec Piotr
Published: January 2021

The article’s goal is to examine the impact of legal regulations on social capital on example of Poland. Due to specific conditions of Poland’s history of the last 200 years, legal institutions were not supposed to contribute to creation of social capital and in fact made it difficult. Our objective is to investigate the role of positive law in social capital building process. In the authors’ view, the relationship between statutory law and social capital is a complex one. On the one hand, a large stock of social capital supports statutory law, which can therefore be applied more effectively. Moreover, in such a situation, legal regulations do not have to be too detailed and casuistic. On the other hand, inadequate legal regulations may reduce the resource and quality of social capital, while well thought-out regulations can, in turn, support social capital. After review of literature referring to the relationship between the law and social capital, factors influencing social capital are discussed. It is followed by a short history of social capital evolution in Poland. After WWII, Polish legal system contributed to stressing the differences between identified groups, each of them enjoying different privileges. Due to bureaucratic character of this law, it did not help to strengthen social capital. Final section deals with general issues of the law-making process. We are presenting a tentative proposal to expand regulatory impact assessment (RIA) methodology, used in Poland and other OECD countries, by aspects important from social capital perspective. In our opinion, social capital building aspects were formally and practically forgotten during legislative process. Our suggestions on how to deal with social capital in the law-making processes are meant to propose corrective measures.
Artificial Intelligence and Its Impact on Labour Relations in Estonia
Authors: Joamets Kristi , Chochia Archil
Published: January 2021

The third industrial revolution, the digital revolution, affected economy and thus labour relations, too. Now the so-called fourth revolution, the artificial intelligence (AI) revolution, will cause further massive changes in the labour market. This is not just about the caution that robots will replace all employees, but this also raises a question about new skills the labour market requires the employees to have. Scientific literature and the EU policy documents do not cover the AI – labour market issues in a unified approach, however welcoming the development of new technologies on the one hand, with concerns about weakening the labour force by jobs loses, on the other hand. The article elucidates the AI revolution and analyses the AI influence on labour market, specifically identifying the new skills required, based on relevant scientific literature and the EU policy documents. Considering the AI impact on labour relations, continuous alteration of skills and knowledge offered should be of special concern– it is not only about a labour relation per se, new models emerge all the time in the labour market. The authors also investigate the impact of AI on the Estonian labour market, i.e. whether the AI´s effects appear as disastrous as expected or simply a welcome development for the welfare of the state. The article discusses how AI impacts labour relations and which professions fall in a greater risk of disappearing and, more specifically, the AI´s influence on the Estonian labour market.
Strengthening the Development Partnership between the EU and South Asia: A Contemporary Analysis
Authors: Bharti Simant Shankar
Published: January 2021

The relations between European Union (EU) and South Asia are not new. However, South Asia is one of the fastest growing economies of the world; the EU’s development policy has given less attention to this region. This paper aims to elucidate and evaluate the EU engagement towards South Asia through development policy and generate an argument on reasons for the EU to strengthen its strategy in the region. Pursuing its comprehensive attention towards the region, the EU intends to address different development- related challenges under its ‘Agenda for Change’ initiation. The main question addressed in this research is ‘Why South Asia is important for the EU?’ The discussion below attempts to incorporate empirical analysis regarding challenges and prospects for the EU in the region. In terms of theoretical approach, this paper follows a neoliberal perspective to analyse the EU development policy. The main findings of the research is that however the EU has strengthened its development partnership with South Asia, the EU is still not considered as a main actor in the region.
Стратегічні пріоритети позиціонування та розвитку Національної академії державного управління при Президентові України
Authors: Karamyshev D. V.
Published: January 2021

Представлено стратегічні пріоритети позиціонування та розвитку Національної академії державного управління при Президентові України як головного закладу вищої освіти в системі підготовки та підвищення кваліфікації фахівців у галузі знань «Публічне управління та адміністрування». Зокрема, наголошується на тому, що стратегічне управління розвитком Академії передбачає інтегрування всіх наявних ресурсних можливостей щодо її розвитку відповідно до визначених цілей, забезпечення конкурентоздатності та відповідності запитам суспільства і стейкхолдерів, що має бути реалізовано завдяки визначенню конкретних заходів та використанню чітких інструментів  і засобів реалізації згідно з пріоритетними стратегічними напрямами діяльності.

Наголошується на високій особливій місії Академії, яка полягає у забезпеченні держави високопрофесійними кадрами, інноваційними підходами до підготовки нової генерації управлінців, які будуть працювати в принципово нових умовах Індустрії знань 4.0. Підкреслюється, що, зважаючи на статус Академії, її інтегрованість у публічно-управлінські процеси, вона має виконувати консолідуючу роль у фаховому обговоренні важливих, іноді навіть суперечливих проблемних питань, пов’язаних із необхідними змінами в державі і суспільстві.

Виходячи з цього, запропоновано десять стратегічних пріоритетів позиціонування та розвитку Академії, зокрема: здійснення фахового супроводу реформ та президентських ініціатив; модернізація професійної підготовки публічних управлінців; забезпечення безперервного циклу підготовки публічних управлінців; сприяння професіоналізації державної служби; здійснення проектно-командного співробітництва та навчання професіоналів; цифрової трансформації та розвитку; управління якістю; результативності та ефективності діяльності; міжнародної комунікативної спроможності та інтернаціоналізації; розвитку ресурсного потенціалу.
Забезпечення безпеки на повітряному транспорті: державно-управлінський аспект
Authors: Ferdman G. P.
Published: January 2021

Висвітлено особливу роль повітряного транспорту в єдиній транспортній системі України, наведено дані про його склад та особливості, статистику перевезень та аварійності за 2019 р. Визначено актуальність проблеми управління безпекою на повітряному транспорті, специфічні сфери діяльності повітряного транспорту України, а також організаційно-правові основи державного управління безпекою на повітряному транспорті України та рівні відповідальності при здійснені нагляду за безпекою польотів у системі організації повітряного руху з відповідними висновками.
Pemimpin Ideal Perspektif Al-Qur'an
Authors: Dozan Wely , Al Basir Qohar
Published: January 2021

Islamic leadership stands on divine leadership (ketauhidan), that every human being is only submissive and obedient to the leader of Allah SWT. The character of a leader in Islam has its own characteristics, because in Islam it carries a very large mission in bringing the values ​​of Islamic teachings. The Al-Qur'an has universally regulated various aspects of life, one of which is the concept of an ideal leader in order to create peace and tranquility in people's lives. Islam views that humans are born on earth to become caliphs according to the basis of the Al-Qur'an which has been outlined. This paper is here to explore several verses that specifically discuss leadership and provide the objectives and characteristics that must be possessed in realizing the concept of an ideal leader in the perspective of the Qur'an. The author formulates several concepts and characteristics possessed by ideal leaders including, First, Al-Ilm (People who are knowledgeable. Second, Mujahid (People who always struggle). Third, Mutay (People who always sacrifice. Fourth, a caliph has the potential even in a actually can keep lust in doing leadership Fifth, Mutajarrid (People who totality).
Sadd Al-Dzari'ah Sebagai Hukum Islam
Authors: Kawakib Kawakib , Syuhud Hafidz , Yusuf Yusuf
Published: January 2021

Fiqh merupakan hukum produk hasil ijtihad para ulamā sehingga menghasilkan hukum yang sesuai dengan tujuan syariat Islam untuk kemaslahatan umat manusia yang semakin berkembang seiring dengan situasi dan kondisi perubahan zaman. Para Ulamā dituntut untuk selalu peka terhadap problematika sosial di masyarakat. Akan tetapi, perbedaan latar sisial-kultural para fuqaha' menyebabkan perbedaan pendapat. Perbedaan tersebut tentunya menimbulkan konsekuwensi dalam pembentukan hukum Islam. sebagaimana perbedaan tersebut adalah tentang kehujjahan Sadd al-Dzarî’ah antara Ibnu al-Qayyim dan Ibnu Hazm.

 Ibnu al-Qayyim memandang bahwa konsep sadd al-dzarî’ah sebagai hujjah dalam Hukum Islam selain itu, Ibnu al-Qayyim selalu memberi memotivasi selalu berijtihad, karena pintu ijtihad tidak ditutup dan mengecam kepada orang yang melakukan taklid. Berpikiran rasional diutamakan agar tidak terpaku kepada teks. Dengan pemikiran ini beliau lebih longgar dalam menetapkan dasar-dasar  hukum meskipun tidak ada nash yang secara rinci mengakui kehujjahan sadd al-dzarî’ah.

Berbeda dengan Ibnu Hazm bahwa selama tidak ditemukan nash yang merubah ketentuan hukumnya sehingga kehujjahan sadd al-dzarî’ah tidak bisa diterima. Dengan demikian,Perbedaan pendapat ini berimplikasi kepada beberapa kasus yang tidak sama ketentuan hukumnya antara Ibnu al-Qayyim dan Ibnu Hazm. Contoh; jual beli secara tempo lalu si penjual membeli lagi barang tersebut secara kontan dengan harga yang lebih murah. Dalam masalah ini, jika di dekati dengan sadd al-dzarî’ah, maka transaksi ini haram karena praktek jual beli ini berorientasi untuk melakukan praktek riba yang diharamkan. Sedangkan menurut Ibnu Hazm, jual beli ini tidak dilarang karena sudah sesuai dengan ketentuan syara'.
Behavior Change Therapy Model for Improving Tooth Brushing Behavior among Children with Mental Retardation
Authors: Laily Rohisotul , Rasipin Rasipin , Supriyana Supriyana , Hadisaputro Suharyo , Santoso Bedjo
Published: January 2021

Dental health problems occur in many communities, including mental retardation in children with all of their intellectual limitations, social behavior, and sometimes the weakness in motor coordination. The study aimed to develop and to examine the effectiveness of the behavior change therapy model as an alternative to improving the tooth brushing behavior among children with mental retardation. The Research and Development (R&D) approach was applied in this study. The quasi-Experimental, Pre-test, and Post-test with the non-equivalent control group for examining the effect of the model on health outcome. The research subjects of mental retardation children were divided into the intervention group and the control group. Experts tested by the intervention group validated the model development. Expert validation of the behavior change therapy model gets an average of 86.67 (very decent) as an alternative to improving tooth brushing behavior among children with mental retardation with p-value<0.05. Other results found that the model effectively enhanced the knowledge, gesture, and tooth brushing skills in mental retardation children with p-value <0.05. The therapy model as an alternative strategy was useful and recommended improving tooth brushing behavior among mental retardation children
Application of Direct Integration Methods in the solution of a nonlinear beam problem
Authors: Rufato Raul Carreira , Enriquez-Remigio Santos Alberto , Morais Tobias Souza
Published: January 2021

This work applies different numerical methods involved in the solution of a nonlinear clamped beam problem. The methodology used in the discretization of the dynamic problem is based on the Finite Element Method (FEM), followed by mode superposition, where a localized nonlinearity is applied at the free end of the beam. The solution of the nonlinear problem is performed by five different integration methods. The solution code is implemented in FORTRAN language, validated with ANSYS and the dynamic response and the graphs are obtained with the help of MATLAB software. The work shows the convergence of the implemented methods with various validation problems.
ECONOMIC SECURITY ASSESSMENT SYSTEM OF ENTERPRISES IN EMERGENT SITUATIONS
Authors: BAZHENOVA OLENA , BELOUS NATALIIA , CHORNODID IHOR
Published: January 2021

The paper explores the economic security assessment system of enterprises in emergent states. The mechanism of economic security system evaluation that includes three stages (planning, implementation and results generating) has been proposed. At the stage of planning and preparation for the process of economic security system assessment the purpose and objectives of the evaluation system are formulated, the areas of assessment, methods and criteria of assessment are determined. The tasks of the assessment include the development of measures to respond to destabilizing phenomena and justify the possibilities of functioning in the new integrated environment. The next stage of evaluation that has been identified is an implementation of economic security assessment (evaluation of components and overall assessment of economic security system). In the paper, we have identified such components of enterprises’ economic security as information, political, legal, resource, market, interface, innovative, environmental, social, etc. To evaluate the economic security’ components we have proposed a score from 1 to 5 points, which characterizes the situation from poor (worst) to excellent (best). Finally, the last stage involves the evaluation and analysis of obtained results, protection of «weak» areas, working out of proposals for improving the efficiency of economic security system. Thus, economic security components of enterprises in emergent situations have been characterized. The proposed measures and proposals to eliminate the problematic aspects identified during the assessment will increase the level of economic security of the business as a whole and in emergencies in particular.
SYSTEMATIZATION OF THEORETICAL-METHODOLOGICAL APPROACHES TO NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICIES
Authors: LEKASHVILI EKA
Published: January 2021

Economic policy is a constant resistance between economic and theoretical perspectives and political expediency. Industrial policy arise more on the basis of a normative approach as it aims to improve the economic situation of the country. The new industrial policy means the formation of firms by the state, their aggregation, support of innovations and competitive advantages in frame of open economy.The goal of the research is to study the theoretical and methodological approaches of new industrial policies in order to form a theoretical framework for assessing practical industrial policy.In the concepts of new industrial policy, we consider the endogenous theory of growth, based on the level of knowledge and research activity in the country; National Competitive Advantage Theory; National Innovation Systems Concept, which is based on the impact of the national economic-political situation, trade policy, education sector and institutions on innovation. Furthermore, we will analyze the results of advanced research on new industrial policy issues
THE GOAL AND MODERN TENDENCIES OF THE LABOR MARKET POLICY
Authors: KOBAKHIDZE SALOME
Published: January 2021

Inclusive and well-functioning labor markets are a prerequisite for the economic strength of a country. This includes ensuring enough jobs and social justice protection. Having a job is an important factor for material well-being, security, equality and personal human development, but in Georgia the status of an employee is not associated with normal
living conditions. Due to high level of poverty in the country, the population agrees to work for an inadequate fee. The part of the informal sector in the labor market is quite high, this is mainly associated with low pay, unbearable conditions and the absence of safety standards. In such conditions, the main task of the government is to protect the social rights of workers, reduce the informal sector of the labor market, and implement effective and non-discriminatory labor market and
employment policies.
STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF THE KEY INDICATORS OF SMALL BUSINESS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF ADJARA)
Authors: SURMANIDZE IAMZE
Published: January 2021

The article aims at investigating and analyzing the changes trends of small business key indicators in the Adjara region and forecasting, as well as the disadvantages that impede small business development in the region on the background of such critical phenomena as unemployment, low revenue and lack of production, small business development helps to solve these problems through the creation of additional job places, through the overcoming of sectorial and territorial monopolies and introducing innovations to evaluate the economic potential of the region and properly determine the business strategy, the key indicators of small business should be studied and evaluated. In the research the section of the given article econometric-statistical analyses of small business key indicators in Adjara is conducted based on statistical data of 2006-2017 years. The study aims at underlining the government policy supporting an advantageous small business environment and conditions, which is a precondition for regional development.
THE IMPACT OF GLOBALIZATION ON THE SITUATION AND IMAGE OF UNIFORMED SERVICES AS EMPLOYERS ON THE POLISH LABOUR MARKET
Authors: KUREK DOROTA
Published: January 2021

The progressing globalization process is usually considered in economic, economic, socio-cultural, technical, political, demographic, anthropological and migration aspects. However, only an interdisciplinary approach to globalization allows for its full understanding and showing the real impact on i.a. the situation on the labour market. The indicated dimensions correspond directly to the labour market and the changes that take place on it. Globalization has a huge impact on work and employment, including labour market requirements, as well as changes in the perception of work, the value of work and young people›s approach to it. Factors intensifying globalization processes exert different impact on the image of an organisation as an employer, making some organisations more or less desired employers. The uniformed services are an important employer in Poland, due to the number of employees reaching over 330,000 people. The aim of this article is to show the influence of particular dimensions of globalization on the situation of uniformed services in Poland as employers, as well as on the image of these services. The author of the article analysed only selected uniformed services. This article was prepared, among others, on the basis of o the results of empirical tests carried out in 2019 using the diagnostic survey method.
BANKING CONCENTRATION IMPACT ON MARKET STRUCTURE OF POST-SOVIET AND EU MEMBER COUNTRY – ESTONIA
Authors: BOTSVADZE ILIA
Published: January 2021

The new wave of mergers and acquisitions after the global financial crisis intensified the interest of policy makers and academics in bank concentration and competition and the role of the state in competition policies and regulations (policies and laws that affect the market structure and degree of competition). It is important to not only make sure that banking sector is competitive, transparent and efficient, but also stable. The purpose of the study was to investigate and analyze the degree of concentration in Estonian banking market and its impact on competition and market structure of financial markets over the period of 2013-2017. Both the structural and the non-structural measurement approaches of concentration and competition, along with the desk research, a case study and interviews with the financial sector professionals and an independent expert was employed to address research purpose. The findings of the study indicate that, in the Post-Soviet and nowadays EU member country – Estonia, high concentration coexist with the high and moderate competition levels and relationship between concentration and stability seems to be positive, meaning that high concentration results high stability of this banking market. The monopolistically competitive Baltic banking market is based on the contestable market equilibrium as banking sector is prone to the existence of high segmentation and product differentiation. Large banks with high share of foreign capital operate as universal banks, providing various services to the different market segments at very competitive rates, while smaller banks concentrate on a specific range of services. The Scandinavian-connected banking system of EU member Baltic country is modern and efficient, with best-regulation and high level of transparency in the region.Estonian financial markets are bank dominated, characterized with monopolistic banking structure, with leading roles of a few universal profile banking institutions, dominating not only banking sector, but whole financial market.
REASONS OF WORKFORCE EMIGRATION FROM GEORGIA TO EUROPE AND EMPLOYMENT PROBLEMS
Authors: SUMBADZE KESO
Published: January 2021

If we consider unemployment level in Georgia and Europe, multitude of problems, that is visible in this regard, won’t be hard to be detected. Finding a job is a vitally important issue for a person. However, by looking at current job openings in labor market, requirements complexity and unreality will be noticed in fact. Besides, there are several problems that studying and elimination are essential for both job-seekers and employed people.Exited severe social-economic background, high level of unemployment and unfavorable employment conditions in Georgia, promote workforce migration. The closest job market for our country’s citizens is European countries, where they have to deal with too complicated situations. The purpose to this article is to draw attention for Georgia and European countries’ topical issues such as: Unemployment, jobs search and difficulties arisen it that process, workforce emigration caused by high level of unemployment, in Europe and came across employment problems. Problems, revealed as research results, and developed recommendation to solve them will be suggested in detail.
PROS AND CONS OF PENSION REFORM- GEORGIAN CASE
Authors: MUSHKUDIANI ZURAB , MAMRIKISHVILI DAVID , GACHECHILADZE IRAKLI
Published: January 2021

The paper studies pension reform in Georgia which has been going on since the 1990s, evolving over time and taking a modern look. The axiom is that the pension system in our country needed to be upgraded. The discussion on the current issue has been going on for a long time and the topic does not lose its relevance today. The establishment of a liberal economic environment can be considered as the basis for the accumulation of «accumulated pensions» in our country. Like all recent reforms, there are supporters and opponents of the reform, but unfortunately, for a number of reasons, the public expresses distrust and views the reform as a step backward. It is clear that pensioners› reliance on the basic state pension is a heavy burden for the country›s budget.
RESPONSIBLE LENDING - RESULTS AND PROSPECTS
Authors: TSINARIDZE RAMIN , BERIDZE LASHA
Published: January 2021

Research on financial sector activity is especially important for developing countries, including Georgia, as this sector is the main driving force of the country›s economy. Any economic reforms undertaken in the country have a significant impact on the general economic policy and economic growth.Under the new regulation from January 1, 2019 the lending procedure from the financial sector has been tightened. At present time, they operate by the principle of responsible lending, which means, that a potential customer of a bank product should not be subject to a financial obligation that he or she will not be able to pay without financial difficulties.The purpose of this study is to analyze the positive and negative effects of already existing responsible lending regulations, which is directing against indebtedness and to predict the expected future results. At the same time, the task of the research is to identify challenges, risks, results that accompany the reform based on the practices of developed and developing countries.The study uses a combination of quantitative and qualitative methods. Also, in the research are used methods of system analysis, analogy, forecasting, synthesis, processing of statistical data and other methods. The methodological of the research is the fundamental articles of economic science. The paper widely used scientific and popular works by local and foreign authors, scientific studies, methodological publications and articles. In the modern world any banking reform in developing and developed countries is linked to economic and political (often painful) changes, but this reform implementation is inevitable in all states, regardless of their level of development. The main reason for this is the reduction of indebtedness in the public and economic sectors, but this requires the introduction of a proper lending system that should not limit the development of the financial sector and, on the other hand, be an optimal source of replenishment of financial deficits.Interest rate cuts are likely to have a short-term effect, which will not only help tighten lending policy by itself, and will require other macro-prudential decisions, especially when the NBG has raised its refinancing rate from 6.5% to 7%, due to inflation targeting. It implements the monetary policy transmission mechanism and negatively impacts on the interest rate on loans issued by the banking sector and on aggregate demand itself, so economic growth is likely to be adjusted again.
IMPROVING TAX ADMINISTRATION IMPORTANT ELEMENTS
Authors: BEGIASHVILI REVAZ
Published: January 2021

The creation of an optimal tax system remains a challenge even in the developed world, and is a subject of constant debate and discussion among scholars as well as political and business circles. In this context, especially in the context of modern economic development in Georgia, it is important to identify and discuss one of the most important parts of the tax system - tax administration, ways to improve it and its effective implementation. In order to improve tax administration, it is important at the first stage to identify the elements that are vital for improving not only tax administration but also the overall tax system. This requires a coherent policy that ultimately will make a significant contribution to the country›s economy. Enhancing trust in tax system, constructive and trust-based dialogue, transparent procedures for conscientious (bona fide) taxpayer, as an encouragement of the “cornerstone” of the tax system, increasing efficiency of Revenue Service, developing an ascertainable and unambiguous legislation, reducing the time of tax disputes and enhancing the quality of decisions and, most importantly, raising the taxpayer’s payment culture as the part of the national self-consciousness, - this, in our opinion, is incomplete, however prioritized list of elements, that will provide a significant boost to the overall tax system and, ultimately, to the country’s economy. Taking into account the development problems of tax administration, the competent circles’ «proper interest», and our consistent and comprehensive implementation of the stressed instruments into the system development process will play an important role in establishing tax administration as a mechanism to stimulate economic development.
SHORT-RUN CONTRACTS ON EUROPEAN UNION MARKET AND GOOD FAITH PRINCIPLE IN THE REALITY OF GEORGIAN ECONOMY
Authors: MELITAURI NINO
Published: January 2021

How are transactions conducted on Georgian consumption market and the European Union internal market? During exportation of some agro products from Georgia to the EU it was found out that relevant trade habits in making a deal varies greatly for the ‘two Economies’ and the difference is significant. Apparently, this makes an issue for present-day commerce and, presumably, the disparities, which have just been noted, risk to pose a serious threat to trade relationships between the two economic Units. Therefore, this Article aims at looking around the differences. I will attempt to explain the flexibility of the contemporary ‘simplified-type transactions’ conducted in the EU, characterized by disappearance of traditional formal stages of contracting (negotiations, contract-signing, etc.). In this Article, I will also show out that these relationship-building (stemming from the ‘brand-new transactions’) is more consecutive, logical and dynamic, leaving less room for the breach of a contract or principle of good faith.
MAIN CHALLENGES OF STATE POLICY OF HIGHER EDUCATION IN GEORGIA
Authors: GIGUASHVILI GIULI , MAKASARASHVILI TAMAR
Published: January 2021

The proper education policy of the state and the efficiency of investment invested in the education system will ensure the success of the education system. Reforms in Georgia are going on as a continuous process. Despite some positive results, the state failed to provide sustainable development of the system under poor financing. The research aims to study the problems related to the quality of education, its financing and availability. Evaluation of the main directions of the state policy of education and elaboration of certain recommendations for the improvement of the system. In the paper opinions are expressed on higher education budgeting, promotion of education financing as part of social responsibility of business, main challenges of the new government initiative - ,,Education - Road to Freedom’’ are discussed.
GREEN TOURISM - A CONTRIBUTING FACTOR TO THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE GREEN ECONOMY
Authors: LOLUA DAVID , ALADASHVILI MANANA
Published: January 2021

The article discusses green tourism and notes that green tourism in the regions of Georgia is at an early stage of development, with the potential and desire of the local population as a major user of green services. The proposed system of indicators may be universal for express-evaluation of the state at the regional level. The existing system of green tourism has shown that the state has to change its approaches to the formation of green tourism products (lack of green certification, etc.). The study identified trends in the growth of domestic tourism flows that can be proposed as effective promotion of regional tourism. For the further successful development of green tourism, it is first and foremost necessary to educate the public on a clear understanding of the increase in the price of these tours. One must realize and be aware that the money he or she pays to achieve a high quality of tourism is to serve specific ecological measures, one must feel the result of their implementation. Directions for improving green tourism include management system, ecotourism transport support, infrastructure development and provision of a wide range of services to the population that do not harm the ecological condition of the area, enhances the general ecological culture of the population, introduces new technologies for resource consumption and for waste recycling.
SCIENCE AND ECONOMIC POLICY
Authors: DOLIDZE TAMAR
Published: January 2021

In modern society human existence depends largely on scientific knowledge. Moreover, the world of our surroundings, events and the things we need are partly the result of scientific knowledge. Science is a multifaceted social phenomenon. It is important to list some of the key science facets:• vision function;• Economic function of science;• Science is also an element of culture. In postindustrial society the fact that science and technology are intertwined is of particular importance since the development of technology without scientific knowledge is difficult to imagine. It should also be noted that science is at the core of everything in general: technology development, education, knowledge-based economics and human capital, published researches, published scientific articles, number of triad patents, innovations. In view of the foregoing, the issue is of very urgent and pragmatic importance. It is therefore advisable to discuss Holden and Russell›s views on science. Using the comparative analysis method, we will generalize three basic theories about science:• The theory of evolutionary development of scientific knowledge (cumulative theory);• The theory of revolutionary development of scientific knowledge;• Conciliatory concept. Using the comparative analysis method, we will identify one optimal theory and discuss it in the context of economic policy. The context of the relationship between science and economic policy implies many problems. In this article, we will discuss the main problems of science field and find ways to solve them using economic policy. We will analyze which economic policy approaches will be most optimal for solving problems in science (positive economics; normative economics; political economics;).In our opinion, it is important to consider whether it is appropriate to include education and science in the third sector of the economy. In the example of different countries of America we will analyze the statistics for 2010-2016. Specifically, what percentages of gross domestic product from the state budget are used to finance science and technology? Using the method of comparative analysis, we determine the trend formed in the given time series.
THE DEMAND TENDENCIES IN ECONOMIC EDUCATION AND CURRENT POLICY CHALLENGES
Authors: GVRITISHVILI ANA
Published: January 2021

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the importance of economic education for sustainable development of the country. Also, to study the tendencies of its demand in Georgia. The study analyzes a number of entrants willing to enroll in the Bachelor and Master degree economic programmes for 2013-2018 years. Also, it analyzes the average dynamics of scores of applicants in the same years. Analysis showed that the number of entrants, as well as graduates, selecting the profession of economics, is decreasing according to years. Furthermore, this analysis allows us to assume that the financing of the economic programme is less likely to determine the choice of applicants.
Los médicos cirujanos y la literatura
Authors: Taha Moretti Lientur
Published: January 2021

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Herida penetrante raquimedular por arma blanca: a propósito de dos casos
Authors: De Ramón Silva Raúl , Finschi Pérez Denisse , Diocares Quevedo Gonzalo , Moreno Roco Javier
Published: January 2021

Se describen dos casos operados por el autor: El 1° un paciente de 30 años que sufrió una agresión por terceros con arma blanca con penetración de columna y médula cervical a nivel de C2-C3, el cual ingresó consciente, tetrapléjico, con un Síndrome de Claude Bernard Horner izquierdo y con compromiso respiratorio leve. El 2° un paciente de 20 años que también sufrió agresión por terceros con arma blanca con penetración de columna y médula a nivel dorsal, el cual ingresó con compromiso motor distal en L5-S1 izquierda e hipoestesia distal bilateral. En ambos casos se procedió a operar de urgencia para la extracción del elemento extraño, comprobándose que éste transfixiaba la médula en los niveles descritos. En el postoperatorio los pacientes evolucionaron con recuperación parcial de su compromiso neurológico, siendo dados de alta el primero con una hemiplejia izquierda y el segundo solo con un área de hipoestesia distal en la pierna izquierda.
KNOWLEDGE OF PRE-PREGNANCY CARE AMONG WOMEN WITH HIGH RISK PREGNANCY IN PERAK, MALAYSIA: WHAT ARE THE FACTORS?
Authors: Jusoh Nazirah , Tengku Ismail Tengku Alina , A. Hamid Noor Aman
Published: January 2021

Pre-pregnancy care is an important approach for maternal and child health. This study aimed to determine the knowledge about pre-pregnancy care and factors associated with good pre-pregnancy care knowledge among women with high risk pregnancy in Kinta, Perak. A cross-sectional study was conducted among women diagnosed as high-risk pregnancy in governmental health clinics in Kinta. Stratified random sampling was applied and interviewer-guided questionnaires were administered. A proforma and the validated Pre-pregnancy Care Knowledge and Practice Questionnaire were used, consisting of 21 items on knowledge. Good pre-pregnancy care knowledge was defined as those with the total score of more than 12. Logistic regression analysis was conducted using SPSS software. Of the 490 women, their mean age was 29.98 (SD 5.51) years. Less than half (48.6%) had good knowledge of pre-pregnancy care. Education level and attended pre-pregnancy care services were significantly associated with good pre-pregnancy care knowledge. Compared to women with secondary and below education, those with tertiary education had two times odds of having good pre-pregnancy care knowledge (Adjusted odds ratio 2.06; 95% CI: 1.41, 3.03; p<0.001). Compared to women who never attended pre-pregnancy care services, those who had attended were almost 2.5 times higher odds of having good pre-pregnancy care knowledge (Adjusted odds ratio 2.46; 95% CI: 1.59, 3.83; p<0.001). The pre-pregnancy care knowledge of women with high risk pregnancy in this study was still unsatisfactory. The area with a lacking of knowledge and the significant factors should be focused to improve pre-pregnancy care knowledge and utilization.
COMPLICATIONS OF PREGNANCY AMONG ADOLESCENTS AND ADULT MOTHERS TREATED IN A PUBLIC HOSPITAL, THE REPUBLIC OF LIBERIA: A RETROSPECTIVE COMPARATIVE STUDY
Authors: Ahmad Sharoni Siti Khuzaimah , Konneh Alieu Sekou
Published: January 2021

Complications of pregnancy remain a serious threat in Sub-Saharan Africa despite efforts to minimise maternal mortality due to pregnancy complications, and achieve the Millennium Development Goal 5. This is a retrospective study to determine the most common pregnancy complications among adolescents compared to adults treated in a public hospital from 2015 to 2018. The researcher applied a convenience sampling method in selecting the medical records. The instrument used was adapted from previous studies and data were analysed with descriptive and chi-square test for the inferential statistics. A total of 1,265 patients met the eligibility criteria and 540 (42.7%) were adolescents. Low birth weight (n=478, 88.5%) and preterm delivery (n=496, 91.9%) were common among babies born to adolescent mothers. Pregnancy-related complications among adolescent mothers showing the prevalence of anaemia, hypertension, and malaria were 494 (84.9%), 149 (56.2%) and 193 (62.1%) respectively. Gestational diabetes was found to be high among adult mothers (n=98, 74.8%). Among adolescent mothers, the prevalence of eclampsia was 62 (78.5%) and hemorrhage 61 (53.0%). The prevalence of Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) was high among adolescent mothers (n=252, 80.5%). Comprehensive strategies are needed to keep girls in schools and to raise awareness and develop campaigns about using contraception properly to reduce the incidence of adolescent pregnancy as well as to minimise the incidence of pregnancy-related complications.
COMBINATION OF SGT (SMALL GROUP TEACHING) AND PAL (PEER ASSISTED LEARNING) APPROACH TO FACILITATE LEARNING AMONG MBBS STUDENTS FROM A PRIVATE UNIVERSITY IN MALAYSIA DURING PRE-CLINICAL YEARS
Authors: Neena Bhattacharya  , Habib Nasrin , Mamunur Rashid  , Sandeep Sugathan  , Tahmina Afrose  , Ebrahim Nangarath Kottakal
Published: January 2021

Didactic lecture promotes passive learning and fails to motivate students. Small group learning has been widely recommended as it helps to refine understanding of complex issues, to solve the problems, develop critical thinking and apply knowledge to new situations. PALS – a “peer assisted learning” mode where in students discuss in groups and learn from each other. They get motivated and set a platform, which encourages them to communicate and do problem solving. The present study was aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of small group teaching (SGT) and peer assisted learning (PAL) approach among pre clinical medical students. Small groups of students were selected for this study out of the big batch of students pursuing 2nd year MBBS program at AIMST University who were undergoing “respiratory system” block. At the end of lecture-based sessions, a few topics were selected for SGT- PAL session. Students were asked to complete the pretest questions on the selected topics and they were then explained the topics selected for this session. Students had SGT PAL on those selected topics. Then they completed the post test questions on the same topic. Responses obtained for the pre- test and post-test questions were analyzed using SPSS using paired t test and the perceptions on their own understanding using marginal homogeneity test, both showed a significant improvement. SGT and PAL approach helped students to improve understanding of important concepts and can be adopted more widely as an alternative to lectures.
AREAS OF INVESTMENT IN OMANI SPORT
Authors: Farouk Ahmed
Published: January 2021

Omani sport is still searching for new methods to identify its problems and achieve a vision regarding the economic problems in sport, the short-term solutions to revitalize it, and long-term solutions to maintain its stability. It hopes to rise and find an end to its funding problems in order to take off toward international winners’ podiums, especially after the good results achieved lately in several sports. Therefore, the researcher deems it necessary to identify the areas of investment in Omani sport, as potential for investment in the presence of self-finance that covers its financial needs. The researcher used the descriptive method as it is suitable to the nature of the study, and a sample of 273 subjects representing the research population. He used a questionnaire as a data collection instrument, and rank, frequency, percentage in statistical treatment. The main finding of the research was a list of the areas of investment in Omani sport in the following order: launching sports channels, TV streaming, sports professionalism, establishing sporting camps centers, academies of different games, and investment in sporting facilities. The main recommendations were to authorize Omani sporting authorities to launch TV channels to stream their matches, be based on competition with each other, and according to the rules stipulated by the Ministry of Sports Affairs and the Public Authority for Radio and Television
PREVALENCE AND PREDICTING RISK FACTORS OF OVERWEIGHT AND OBESITY AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL PUPILS IN RAMADI, IRAQ
Authors: Al-Delaimy Ahmed K. , Al-Taha Mahasin Ali , Al-Samarraie Mustafa Ali Mustafa
Published: January 2021

Childhood obesity is increasing at a dramatic rate that it can be considered a pandemic. The aim of this study is to address the prevalence of obesity among primary pupils in Ramadi City and to determine different risk factors associated with obesity among these children. A cross-sectional study was carried out and random selections of three primary schools were taken at the center of Ramadi City. A total of 512 pupils were included in this study (232 male and 280 female) to include all eligible children age 6 to 12 years. The study period was during the study year 2018-2019. Anthropometric measurements of height and body weight were carried out using standardized methods.The prevalence of overweight was 15.4% (85-97th percentile) and obese (=≥ 97th percentile) was 13.3%. The Mean BMI percentile of pupils was 17.8±3.9, range (11.3-37.5). Risk factors highly associated with overweight and obesity (P>0.05) were gender, increased age, mother education, taking breakfast and fruits, sitting in front of the TV. While daily vegetable intake and type of feeding at first 6 months after delivery were not found to be significantly associated with overweight and obesity in our study.The prevalence of overweight and obesity primary school children in this study are at an alarming level and the disease trends are growing in this country. Preventive pupils' health action is required for this age group.
SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF BRAIN AND OTHER CNS CANCERS INCIDENCE IN IRAQ DURING 2000-2015
Authors: Muzahem Mohammed AL-Hashimi  , Ahmed Naziyah Alkhateeb
Published: January 2021

Brain and other CNS cancers have evidenced increase in Iraq over the study period (2000-2015). Spatial variation of brain and CNS cancers in Iraq at the district level has not been explored. This study aimed to explore the spatial patterns of the Age-Standardized Incidence Rates (ASIRs) of brain and CNS cancers throughout Iraq (except Kurdish region) during 2000-2015 using spatial autocorrelation analyses. Data were obtained from the Iraqi Cancer Registry. The ASIRs were calculated according to geographical region (provinces and districts) for each period (2000-2004, 2005- 2009, and 2010-2015). spatial statistical tools were employed to evaluate hotspots, cold spots, spatial clustering and outliers for each period. Results showed a spatial correlation with hotspots, cold spots, and detecting spatial outliers. This study identified 7 districts as high-risk areas for brain and CNS cancers during 2010-2015,  including  Al-Sadir, Al-Kadhimiyah, Adhamia, Al-Karkh, Al-Rissafa, and Al-Madain districts in Baghdad province) and southern region (Abu-Al-Khaseeb district in Al-Basrah provinces, and we have evidenced an increase of brain and CNS cancers incidence rates during 2010-2015. The government efforts should focus on those regions, and the factors related to the spatial pattern of the brain and CNS cancers incidence in Iraq should be investigated.
FEASIBILITY AND OUTCOMES OF AUTOGENIC RELAXATION TRAINING IN ADDITION TO USUAL PHYSIOTHERAPY FOR STROKE SURVIVORS – A PILOT STUDY
Authors: Thazhakkattu Vasu Deepak , Mohd Nordin Nor Azlin , See Xiao Xu  , Ghazali Shazli Ezzat , Abu Zarim Siti Norfadilah
Published: January 2021

A significant percentage of stroke survivors are reported to have anxiety and depression.  Autogenic Relaxation Training (ART), a psychophysiological self-control therapy which aims to induce relaxation proved to be effective in reducing the anxiety and depression in some health conditions. However, there is lack of studies which evaluated the effects of ART in the rehabilitation of stroke survivors. The aim of this experimental pilot study is to evaluate the feasibility and outcomes of ART in addition to usual physiotherapy for stroke survivors. A total of 14 sub-acute stroke survivors from a teaching hospital were enrolled in this study. All participants received 20 minutes ART followed by 40 minutes usual physiotherapy once a week and they were requested to carry out the intervention at home for twice per week, for six weeks. Intervention outcomes were assessed using Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS-A and HADS-D), Barthel Index (BI), Timed Up and Go (TUG) and EuroQol 5-Dimension 5 Levels (EQ5D5L). Changes in all outcome measures were analysed using paired t-test and Wilcoxon signed rank test, with level of significance set at p<0.05. Post-intervention, there is statistically significant reduction of the HADS-A (p=0.04), HADS-D (p=0.02), TUG (p=0.004) and EQ5D5L (p=0.03) scores of the participants. Although not statistically significant, the mean score ± SD of BI increased from 95 ± 12.5 to 100 ± 6.25. The intervention is feasible and acceptable by the stroke survivors with no adverse events reported. In conclusion, ART in addition to usual physiotherapy is feasible and beneficial in reducing anxiety and depression, and improving functional ability, mobility and quality of life among stroke survivors.