bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Atrophic Maxilla Reconstruction With Autogenous Iliac Graft and Guided Dental Implants
Authors: Cunha Giovanni , Rocha Audrey Foster Lefort , Filho Valfrido Antônio Pereira , Gabrielli Mario Francisco Real , Gabrielli Marisa Aparecida Cabrini
Published: October 2018

Oral rehabilitation with osseointegrated implants is frequently the best alternative for replacement of lost teeth. Several techniques and materials allow achievement of excellent function and esthetics. In the case of maxillary or mandibular atrophy, extensive grafting may be necessary before implants can be properly placed. This is a case of maxillary reconstruction with autogenous iliac crest bone grafts, followed by placement of guided implants. After integration of the grafts, planning and insertion of implants allowed installation of an implant-supported prosthesis, recovering the morphology, function, and esthetics.
Computer-Aided Design and Three-Dimensional–Printed Surgical Templates for Second-Stage Mandibular Reconstruction
Authors: Ren Yipeng , Xi Qing , Zhang Lei , Liu Huawei , Shi Yueyi , Zhang Ming
Published: October 2018

It is extremely difficult in clinical practice to accurately reset the physiologic positions of the mandibular condyle and ramus because of ongoing bone remodeling, muscle stretching, occlusal disorders, and other factors; this makes it difficult to obtain a good shape for a reconstructed mandible, as well as a good condylar position. The present study aimed to investigate a standardized method for mandibular reconstruction in cases of obsolete mandibular defects, using a 3-dimensional (3D)-printed surgical template enhanced by computer-aided design. We collected computed tomography data preoperatively to computerize the physiologic positions of the mandibular condyle and ramus on the sagittal, axial, and coronal planes. Surgical simulation and 3D-printed template preparation were then conducted to assist in the implementation of actual surgery. Postoperative review was performed to assess the repositioning of the condyle, where patients were found to regain a satisfactory condyle position. Reconstruction error was ±0.56 mm, fulfilling the preoperative design. No complications and discomfort were reported. Overall, the combined use of computer-aided design and 3D-printed surgical templates can standardize mandibular reconstruction in cases of obsolete mandibular body defects.
Algorithms that remember: model inversion attacks and data protection law
Authors: Veale Michael , Binns Reuben , Edwards Lilian
Published: October 2018

Many individuals are concerned about the governance of machine learning systems and the prevention of algorithmic harms. The EU's recent General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) has been seen as a core tool for achieving better governance of this area. While the GDPR does apply to the use of models in some limited situations, most of its provisions relate to the governance of personal data, while models have traditionally been seen as intellectual property. We present recent work from the information security literature around ‘model inversion’ and ‘membership inference’ attacks, which indicates that the process of turning training data into machine-learned systems is not one way, and demonstrate how this could lead some models to be legally classified as personal data. Taking this as a probing experiment, we explore the different rights and obligations this would trigger and their utility, and posit future directions for algorithmic governance and regulation.

This article is part of the theme issue ‘Governing artificial intelligence: ethical, legal, and technical opportunities and challenges’.
Deep structural brain lesions associated with consciousness impairment early after haemorrhagic stroke
Authors: Rohaut Benjamin , Doyle Kevin W. , Reynolds Alexandra S. , Igwe Kay , Couch Caroline , Matory Adu , Rizvi Batool , Roh David , Velasquez Angela , Megjhani Murad , Park Soojin , Agarwal Sachin , Mauro Christine M. , Li Gen , Eliseyev Andrey , Perlbarg Vincent , Connolly E. Sander , Brickman Adam M. , Claassen Jan
Published: October 2018

Background

The significance of deep structural lesions on level of consciousness early after intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) is largely unknown.

Methods

We studied a consecutive series of patients with spontaneous ICH that underwent MRI within 7 days of the bleed. We assessed consciousness by testing for command following from time of MRI to hospital discharge, and determined 3-months functional outcomes using the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E). ICH and oedema volumes, intraventricular haemorrhage (IVH), and midline shift (MLS) were quantified. Presence of blood and oedema in deep brain regions previously implicated in consciousness were assessed. A machine learning approach using logistic regression with elastic net regularization was applied to identify parameters that best predicted consciousness at discharge controlling for confounders.

Results

From 158 ICH patients that underwent MRI, 66% (N=105) were conscious and 34% (N=53) unconscious at the time of MRI. Almost half of unconscious patients (49%, N= 26) recovered consciousness by ICU discharge. Focal lesions within subcortical structures predicted persistent impairment of consciousness at discharge together with MLS, IVH, and ICH and oedema volumes (AUC 0.74; 95%-CI 0.73-0.75). Caudate nucleus, midbrain peduncle, and pontine tegmentum were implicated as critical structures. Unconscious patients predicted to recover consciousness had better 3-month functional outcomes than those predicted to remain unconscious (35% vs 0% GOS-E ≥4; p-value=0.02).

Conclusion

MRI lesions within key subcortical structures together with measures reflecting the mass effect of the haemorrhage (lesion volumes, IVH, MLS) obtained within one week of ICH can help predict early recovery of consciousness and 3-month functional outcome.
Genome structure and evolution ofAntirrhnum majusL
Authors: Li Miaomiao , Zhang Dongfen , Zhang Hui , Gao Qiang , Ma Bin , Chen Chunhai , Luo Yingfeng , Cao Yinghao , Li Qun , Zhang Yu’e , Guo Han , Li Junhui , Song Yanzhai , Zhang Yue , Copsey Lucy , Whibley Annabel , Li Yan , qi Ming , Wang Jiawei , Chen Yan , Wang Dan , Zhao Jinyang , Liu Guocheng , Wu Bin , Yu Lili , Xu Chunyan , Li Jiang , Zhao Shancen , Zhang Yijing , Hu Songnian , Liang Chengzhi , Yin Ye , Coen Enrico , Xue Yongbiao
Published: October 2018

Snapdragon (Antirrhinum majusL.), a member of Plantaginaceae, is an important model for plant genetics and molecular studies on plant growth and development, transposon biology and self-incompatibility. Here we report a high-quality genome assembly ofA. majuscultivated JI7 (A. majuscv.JI7) of a 510 Mb with 37,714 annotated protein-coding genes. The scaffolds covering 97.12% of the assembled genome were anchored on 8 chromosomes. Comparative and evolutionary analyses revealed that Plantaginaceae and Solanaceae diverged from their most recent ancestor around 62 million years ago (MYA). We also revealed the genetic architectures associated with complex traits such as flower asymmetry and self-incompatibility including a unique TCP duplication around 46-49 MYA and a near completeψS-locus of ca.2 Mb. The genome sequence obtained in this study not only provides the first genome sequenced from Plantaginaceae but also bring the popular plant model system ofAntirrhinuminto a genomic age.
Electrophilic PROTACs that degrade nuclear proteins by engaging DCAF16
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyu , Crowley Vincent M. , Wucherpfennig Thomas G. , Dix Melissa M. , Cravatt Benjamin F.
Published: October 2018

Ligand-dependent protein degradation has emerged as a compelling strategy to pharmacologically control the protein content of cells. So far, only a limited number of E3 ligases have been found to support this process. Here, we use a chemical proteomic strategy to discover that DCAF16 – a poorly characterized substrate recognition component of CUL4-DDB1 E3 ubiquitin ligases – promotes nuclear-restricted protein degradation upon modification by cysteine-directed heterobifunctional electrophilic compounds.
Persistence of microcystin production ofPlanktothrix agardhiiexposed to different salinity concentrations
Authors: Vergalli Julia , Combes Audrey , Franquet Evelyne , Fayolle Stéphanie , Comte Katia
Published: October 2018

Recent reports tend to predict the increase of harmful cyanobacteria in water systems worldwide due to the climatic and environmental changes, which would compromise water quality and public health. Among abiotic changes, the higher salinities are expected to promote the growth of some harmful species such asPlanktothrix agardhii, which is known to build up blooms in brackish areas. SinceP. agardhiiis a common cyanotoxin producer (microcystin-producing), we investigated here the growth and tolerance of this species when exposedin vitroto a range of salinity levels, while assessing its microcystins variation and production in batch cultures during a time-frame experiment of 18 days. The study revealed a salt acclimation of the brackishP. agardhiithat still produced microcystins in salty cultures while maintaining its growth ability in low to medium salinities (ranged from 0 to 7.5 g L−1). For higher salinity concentrations (10 to 12.5 g L−1), microcystins were still detected, while significantly lower growth rates were obtained during the exponential growth phase. This suggests that moderate to high salt ranges do not inhibit the microcystins production ofP. agardhiiat least for several weeks. Finally, the predicted remediation perspectives in a context of environment salinization assumed by environmental policies may be insufficient to eradicate this potential toxic cyanobacteria, especially when this species is already dominant in the waterbodies.
A computational framework to assess genome-wide distribution of polymorphic human endogenous retrovirus-K in human populations
Authors: Li Weiling , Lin Lin , Malhotra Raunaq , Yang Lei , Acharya Raj , Poss Mary
Published: October 2018

Human Endogenous Retrovirus type K (HERV-K) is the only HERV known to be insertionally polymorphic. It is possible that HERV-Ks contribute to human disease because people differ in both number and genomic location of these retroviruses. Indeed viral transcripts, proteins, and antibody against HERV-K are detected in cancers, auto-immune, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, attempts to link a polymorphic HERV-K with any disease have been frustrated in part because population frequency of HERV-K provirus at each site is lacking and it is challenging to identify closely related elements such as HERV-K from short read sequence data. We present an integrated and computationally robust approach that uses whole genome short read data to determine the occupation status at all sites reported to contain a HERV-K provirus. Our method estimates the proportion of fixed length genomic sequence (k-mers) from whole genome sequence data matching a reference set ofk-mersunique to each HERV-K loci and applies mixture model-based clustering to account for low depth sequence data. Our analysis of 1000 Genomes Project Data (KGP) reveals numerous differences among the five KGP super-populations in the frequency of individual and co-occurring HERV-K proviruses; we provide a visualization tool to easily depict the prevalence of any combination of HERV-K among KGP populations. Further, the genome burden of polymorphic HERV-K is variable in humans, with East Asian (EAS) individuals having the fewest integration sites. Our study identifies population-specific sequence variation for several HERV-K proviruses. We expect these resources will advance research on HERV-K contributions to human diseases.

Author summary

Human Endogenous Retrovirus type K (HERV-K) is the youngest of retrovirus families in the human genome and is the only group that is polymorphic; a HERV-K can be present in one individual but absent from others. HERV-Ks could contribute to disease risk but establishing a link of a polymorphic HERV-K to a specific disease has been difficult. We develop an easy to use method that reveals the considerable variation existing among global populations in the frequency of individual and co-occurring polymorphic HERV-K, and in the total number of HERV-K that any individual has in their genome. Our study provides a global reference set of HERV-K genomic diversity and tools needed to determine the genomic landscape of HERV-K in any patient population.
Brain-wide cellular resolution imaging of Cre transgenic zebrafish lines for functional circuit-mapping
Authors: Tabor Kathryn M. , Marquart Gregory D. , Hurt Christopher , Smith Trevor S. , Geoca Alexandra K. , Bhandiwad Ashwin A. , Subedi Abhignya , Sinclair Jennifer L. , Polys Nicholas F. , Burgess Harold A.
Published: October 2018

Decoding the functional connectivity of the nervous system is facilitated by transgenic methods that express a genetically encoded reporter or effector in specific neurons; however, most transgenic lines show broad spatiotemporal and cell-type expression. Increased specificity can be achieved using intersectional genetic methods which restrict reporter expression to cells that co-express multiple drivers, such as Gal4 and Cre. To facilitate intersectional targeting in zebrafish, we have generated more than 50 new Cre lines, and co-registered brain expression images with the Zebrafish Brain Browser, a cellular resolution atlas of 264 transgenic lines. Lines labeling neurons of interest can be identified using a web-browser to perform a 3D spatial search (zbbrowser.com). This resource facilitates the design of intersectional genetic experiments and will advance a wide range of precision circuit-mapping studies.
Operations reliability study of small aircraft powered by piston engines
Authors: Glowacki Pawel Jan , Loroch Leszek , Balicki Wlodzimierz
Published: October 2018

Purpose

Europe has adopted Flight Path 2050 (FP 2050) challenge with an objective of 90 per cent of the travelers being able to reach door-to-door European destinations within 4 hours by 2050. The aim can be achieved by reliable, well-organized small aircraft transport (SAT). Analysis of the currently operating small aircraft operational reliability data will support the development of future aircraft designs as well as reliability and safety requirements necessary for commercial operations.

Design/methodology/approach

The paper provides results of a statistical analysis of small aircraft current operations based on the reported events contained in the Database named European Coordination Centre for Aviation Incident Reporting Systems database. It presents identified safety indicators and focuses particularly on those related to the aviation technology.

Findings

It has been found that certain airframe and powerplant systems have the biggest influence on flight safety.

Practical implications

Multidisciplinary analysis of the operational and aircraft components reliability data will help in a proper preparation of the SAT supporting facilities, a design process of new aircraft and improvements of the existing airframe and powerplant systems.

Originality/value

Presented results are valuable for further developments of the statistical tools facilitating new product introduction.
Establishment and verification of a contact model of flowing fresh concrete
Authors: Zhao Yuan , Han Zhennan , Ma Yali , Zhang Qianqian
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to establish a new dynamic coupled discrete-element contact model used for investigating fresh concrete with different grades and different motion states, and demonstrate its correctness and reliability according to the rheological property results of flow fresh concrete in different working states through simulating the slump process and mixing process.

Design/methodology/approach

To accurately express the motion and force of flowing fresh concrete in different working states from numerical analysis, a dynamic coupled discrete-element contact model is proposed for fresh concrete of varying strength. The fluid-like fresh concrete is modelled as a two-phase fluid consisting of mortar and aggregate. Depending on the contact forms of the aggregate and mortar, the model is of one of the five types, namely, Hertz–Mindlin, pendular LB contact, funicular mucous contact, capillary LB contact or slurry lift/drag contact.

Findings

To verify the accuracy of this contact model, concrete slump and cross-vane rheometer tests are simulated using the traditional LB model and dynamic coupled contact model, for five concrete strengths. Finally, by comparing the simulation results from the two different contact models with experimental data, it is found that those from the proposed contact model are closer to the experimental data.

Practical implications

This contact model could be used to address issues such as (a) the mixing, transportation and pumping of fresh concrete, (b) deeper research and discussion on the influence of fresh concrete on the dynamic performance of agitated-transport vehicles, (c) the behaviour of fresh concrete in mixing tanks and (d) the abrasion of concrete pumping pipes.

Originality/value

To accurately express the motion and force of flowing fresh concrete in different working states from numerical analysis, a dynamic coupled discrete-element contact model is proposed for fresh concrete of varying strength.
Using structural equation modelling to assess the sustainable competitive advantages provided by the low-cost carrier model
Authors: Singh Vedant , Vaibhav S. , Sharma Somesh Kr.
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this study is to examine the relationships between the dimensions of sustainable competitive advantages in the Indian low cost airlines.

Design/methodology/approach

This study used structural equation modelling methods to identify the factors that significantly affect the sustainable competitive advantages enjoyed by Indian low-cost carriers (LCCs). Specifically, this study is based on the data from 208 airline experts that populate multiple structural equation models.

Findings

Results indicate that indigenous efficiency, the LCCs perceptions of threat, dexterity, strategic persuasion and the LCC adopting an enabling role positively affect LCCs’ competitive advantages. These five factors were all correlated with each other. The results also show that relative to an LCC’s dexterity, indigenous efficiency is a stronger predictor of an LCC’s competitive advantages.

Originality/value

This study provides low-cost airlines with valuable information for designing effective strategies for obtaining competitive advantages in the LCC sector. To conclude the paper, the authors offer practical recommendations for managers and suggest some avenues for future research in this area.
Leading an excellent preschool: what is the role of self-efficacy?
Authors: Fisher Yael , Seroussi Keren
Published: October 2018

Purpose

This study was carried out in 2013 and aims to define the professional self-efficacy of preschool teachers (PTSE); define preschool teachers' perception of preschool excellence (PTPPE); and investigate the relationship between the two.

Design/methodology/approach

Scales for PTPSE and PTPPE were developed especially for this study. Preschool teachers (N = 202) participated during the 2013 school year. Structural equation modelling was performed to test the fit between the research model and the obtained data.

Findings

PTPSE scale (a = 0.91) comprised three subscales: pedagogy (a = 0.84), organisation (a = 0.85) and staff (a = 0.72). The PTPPE scale (a = 0.92) is also composed of three subscales: organisation and pedagogy (a = 0.88), staff (a = 0.84) and parents (a = 0.83). The goodness of fit measures were RMSEA = 0.045, CFI = 0.97, NFI = 0.89, df = 173, χ² = 242.94, p = 0.000, showing GFI = 1.4 (<3) as a good fit.

Research limitations/implications

As the sample was relatively small, the results need to be replicated with larger samples. Therefore, the conclusions of this study are only partially applicable. Another limitation is that both the PTPSES and PTPPE were tested only in Israel and not in other environments.

Practical implications

Understanding self-efficacy of preschool teachers, preschool excellence and the relations between them could assist policymakers with decisions concerning continuing professional development (in service training) of preschool teachers.

Originality/value

Little is known about perceived self-efficacy of preschool teachers, their perception of preschool excellence or the relations between the two.
Professionals’ attitudes toward children’s participation: implementing educational reforms
Authors: Uziely Eran
Published: October 2018

Purpose

In Israel, the decision which educational framework is most suitable for pupils with special needs is made by a placement committee. In January 2005, the eighth amendment of the Israeli Special Education Law determined that all pupils have the legal right to participate in their placement committee’s deliberations. This paper aims to examine the implementation of this liberal reform that let young people’s voices be heard. Specifically, the focus is on the attitudes of involved professionals (committee chairs, educational supervisors, teachers, etc.) regarding the law, and whether and in what ways their views influence the extent to which this law is implemented.

Design/methodology/approach

The research used an eight-step linear scale to investigate both the desired and actual levels of children’s participation in the committee’s discussions, as evaluated by professionals. In addition, the pupils’ satisfaction with the discussion process was evaluated, based on the professionals’ perceptions. Furthermore, the research analyzed which socioeconomic, cultural and occupational variables correlated with the degree of students’ participation in and satisfaction with the process.

Findings

The major finding was that many of the adults responsible for the implementation of the reform do not believe in its principles and are even opposed to child participation. In their discussions, child participation was poor.

Originality/value

The conclusion drawn from the study is that legislation alone is not enough when implementing a controversial reform. Spreading of this new social norm must be accompanied by efforts to promote the concept of child participation among the professionals who implement it.
Investigating determinants of green consumption: evidence from Greece
Authors: Zavali Maria , Theodoropoulou Helen
Published: October 2018

Purpose

The purpose of this paper is to outline the green consumer’s profile in Greece, during a period in which the country faces economic difficulties because of crisis. A further investigation of the respondents’ attitude toward environment is attempted. Finally, the role of several socio-demographic characteristics is analyzed, along with the environmental principles in green consuming behavior.

Design/methodology/approach

Primary data were collected through door-to-door interviews of 250 residents in the metropolitan area of Athens by using a structured questionnaire. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 20.0 and qualitative analysis through NVivo 11.

Findings

The present study confirms that although consumers became more price sensitive after crisis, they maintain their environmental values. High environmental principles lead to green purchases and several socio-demographic characteristics are closely related to green consumption.

Research limitations/implications

The sample strictly originated in the metropolitan area of Athens. Several variables as a measure of behavioral intention might be questionable. The empirical findings could have significant implications in green government policies and in relevant campaigns

Originality/value

The study provides important evidence toward consumers’ participation in certain green habits and also confirms that the environmental values, along with several socio- characteristics, are a consistent predictor of the green consuming attitude. The above findings could contribute to the redefinition of green campaigns and policies, to improve the penetration of green products in the markets.
An early warning system for emerging drugs of concern in the emergency department: Protocol for the Western Australian Illicit Substance Evaluation (WISE) study
Authors: McCutcheon David , Raghavan Mohan , Soderstrom Jessamine , Oosthuizen Francois , Douglas Bianca , MacDonald Ellen , Fatovich Daniel
Published: October 2018

Objective

An ever‐increasing number of novel psychoactive substances are being detected worldwide. These emerging drugs have been demonstrated to cause toxicity in clusters, and deaths have been reported. We urgently need to learn more about their effects. We report the protocol for the Western Australian Illicit Substance Evaluation (WISE) study, a research project investigating illicit drug use in the ED.

Methods

Patients can be enrolled if the treating clinician strongly suspects they are currently intoxicated with a stimulant, hallucinogenic or cannabinoid drug; and an i.v. cannula or blood tests are required for routine clinical care. Patients are enrolled under a waiver of consent. A single additional blood tube is collected, de‐identified and frozen on site. A temporary link between patient identification number and study identification number is retained for up to 10 business days post‐hospital discharge to allow for clinical data collection, before this is destroyed and the patients become permanently de‐identified. Samples are transported for external liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry analysis in batches once de‐identified.

Results

The key outcome will be identification of any psychoactive drugs present in the blood sample, together with their respective concentration. This will be linked to the clinical effects, as well as being compared with the substance the patient believed they had taken.

Conclusion

We consider the novel approach outlined forms a template for an early warning system for emerging drugs of concern, while also providing vital and comprehensive information on current drugs of abuse, their clinical effects and their impact on the health system.
The role of brands in recruitment: mediating role of employer brand equity
Authors: Banerjee Pritha , Saini Gordhan K , Kalyanaram Gurumurthy
Published: October 2018

The role of corporate brand and product brand in consumer decisions is well documented in marketing literature. However, the application of these brands in human resource management has received little attention. In this paper, we examine the relationship between an organization's product brand and employer brand; and corporate brand and employer brand; and their subsequent impact on job seekers’ intention to apply. Using a standard questionnaire, we collected 619 responses about corporate brand, and product brand and employer brand of 11 organizations. We find that a strong corporate brand positively contributes to the employer brand dimensions, and employer brand fully mediates the relationship between corporate brand and intention to apply. However, a product brand may not provide sufficient information for making job‐related decisions; therefore, the efficacy of job advertisement showing great products/services by the employer need to be reassessed. Managerial implications, the results and future research directions are provided.
Indications for fluid resuscitation in patients with septic shock: Post‐hoc analyses of the CLASSIC trial
Authors: Bjerregaard Mads Rye , Hjortrup Peter Buhl , Perner Anders
Published: October 2018

Background

Fluid resuscitation is recommended in septic shock, but the specific indications for fluids have not been established. Our aim was to investigate the indications currently used for fluid resuscitation and the effect of fluid on these indications in patients with septic shock admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU).

Methods

This was a post‐hoc analysis of the CLASSIC trial, where patients with septic shock were randomized to fluid restriction or standard care. We recorded indications for and effect of each fluid bolus during the first 24 hours.

Results

In total, 256 fluid boluses were administered on 515 indications to the 76 patients in the standard care group. The most frequent indications were low blood pressure/increase in noradrenalin dose (199 boluses, 78%), high lactate (94, 37%), and low urinary output (68, 27%). While the analyses of all 418 fluid boluses given in all 151 patients failed to show any effect of fluid on these variables, the data did suggest that time from randomization altered the effect; fluid may have increased urinary output when given early and increased noradrenalin dose when given later. For 56% of the fluid boluses given on the most frequent indications, a second fluid bolus was given on the same indication.

Conclusions

In ICU patients with septic shock, low blood pressure, high lactate, and low urinary output were the most frequent indications for fluid. The effects of fluids when given on these indications were less clear, but may dependent on the time course of sepsis resuscitation.
Comparative hindlimb bone morphology in noctilionid fisher bats (Chiroptera: Noctilionidae), with emphasis onNoctilio leporinuspostnatal development
Authors: Celeita Juan Sebastian , Reyes‐Amaya Nicolás , Jerez Adriana
Published: October 2018

The hindlimbs allow bats to attach to the mother from birth, and roost during independent life. Despite the great morphological diversity in Chiroptera, the hindlimbs morphology and its postnatal development have been poorly studied. Postnatal development of hindlimbs inNoctilio leporinusis described, further comparing the morphology of adults with that ofNoctilio albiventrisand previously reported species (Desmodus rotundus,Artibeus lituratus,Molossus molossus). The ossification ending sequence at autopodium elements ofN. leporinusdoes not follow the distal to proximal directional sequence described forD. rotundus, exhibiting a heterochronic delayed ossification ending for the digits ofN. leporinusregarding other hindlimb elements, associated with the bigger relative autopodium size of this fisher bat regarding other bat species. Noctilionid bats share the same adult hindlimb bone morphology, except for differences at hindlimb proportions and calcar ossification degree. There are differences in the number and position of bony processes, slots and sesamoids of adult noctilionid fisher bats regarding previously reported species; most differences are concentrated at the autopodium and are related to an increased surface for muscular insertion and the structural support of claws. These facts seem to be closely associated with functional demands of the feeding strategy of noctilionid fisher bats.
The structure of the muscular and nervous systems of the male Intoshialinei (Orthonectida)
Authors: Slyusarev George S. , Nesterenko Maksim A. , Starunov Viktor V.
Published: October 2018

Orthonectida is a small group of parasites, which, according to recent studies, may be phylogenetically close to Annelida. Here, we describe the musculature and serotonin‐like immunoreactive (SLIR) nervous system of male adults of Intoshia linei (Orthonectida) using immunohistochemistry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The whole muscular system consists of four outer longitudinal and eight pairs of inner semicircular muscle fibres. Immunohistochemistry revealed six serotonin‐like cells at the anterior part of the body, and two backward lateral longitudinal nerves, merging at the posterior end. Compared to females, the organization of the nervous system is modified and its progenetic origin seems unlikely. The general neuromuscular organization corresponds to the pattern of small‐sized annelids, suggesting their possible phylogenetic affinity. Free‐living males and females of the orthonectid I. linei may present a good example of a highly simplified Bilaterian with fully functioning nervous and muscular systems. This simplicity is secondary and is caused by two factors—the parasitic life style and miniaturization of free‐living sexual stages.
Pushing the boundaries: Uterine transplantation and the limits of reproductive autonomy
Authors: O’Donovan Laura
Published: October 2018

Over the course of recent years, various scientific advances in the realm of reproduction have changed the reproductive landscape, enhancing women’s procreative rights and the choices available to them. Uterus transplants (UTx) are the latest of such medical innovations aimed at restoring fertility in women suffering from absolute uterine factor infertility, providing them with the possibility not only of conceiving a genetically related child but also of gestating their own pregnancies. This paper critically examines the primacy of reproductive liberty in the context of uterus transplantation. It questions whether and to what extent we should respect the reproductive autonomy of a woman who chooses UTx, given the significant risks that attach to the procedure and existing concerns that UTx may perpetuate potentially troubling gendered norms surrounding pregnancy and the role of women’s bodies in reproduction, which may place undue reproductive pressures on women.
Nuclear factor I/B promotes colorectal cancer cell proliferation, epithelial‐mesenchymal transition and 5‐fluorouracil resistance
Authors: Liu ZhengYi , Chen JinHuang , Yuan WenZheng , Ruan HaiLong , Shu Yan , Ji JinTong , Wu Liang , Tang Qiang , Zhou ZiLi , Zhang XuDan , Cheng YiFeng , He ShuYa , Shu XiaoGang
Published: October 2018

Nuclear factor I/B (NFIB) is a widely studied transcription factor that participates in tumor progression; nevertheless, studies on NFIB in colorectal cancer (CRC) are limited. In our study, Western blot and RT‐PCR analyses showed that NFIB was overexpressed in CRC tissues and cell lines, which was consistent with our bioinformatic analysis results. Furthermore, NFIB expression was closely related to the TNM stage of CRC. NFIB promoted cell proliferation and migration and inhibited cell apoptosis in vitro. Meanwhile, we discovered that NFIB accelerated xenograft tumor growth in vivo. In addition, NFIB weakened the sensitivity of CRC cells to 5‐fluorouracil (5‐FU). NFIB induced epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) by upregulating snail expression, which was accompanied by decreased E‐cadherin and Zo‐1 expression and increasedd Vimentin expression. Because the Akt pathway plays an important role in CRC progression, we examined whether there was a correlation between NFIB and the Akt pathway in cell proliferation and migration. Our results showed that NFIB promoted cell proliferation and increased 5‐FU resistance by activating the Akt pathway. In summary, our findings suggested that NFIB induced EMT of CRC cells via upregulating snail expression and promoted cell proliferation and 5‐FU resistance by activating the Akt pathway.
Spatial distribution of maxillofacial injuries caused by urban violence: An ecological analysis to identify high‐risk areas
Authors: de Macedo Bernardino Ítalo , da Nóbrega Lorena Marques , da Silva José Régis Cordeiro , de Medeiros Carmen Lúcia Soares Gomes , de Olinda Ricardo Alves , d’Ávila Sérgio
Published: October 2018

Objectives

To investigate the spatial and spatial‐temporal distribution of oral and maxillofacial injuries caused by urban violence, as well as to identify underlying disparities at regional level through a geostatistical approach.

Methods

This was a historical ecological cohort study of trauma cases caused by urban violence using aggregate data from victims assisted in a Brazilian medical‐forensic service between January 2012 and December 2015. The longitudinal patterns of change observed in each geographic area (neighbourhoods) were evaluated using the finite mixture model (FMM). The spatial autocorrelation of events was investigated using the Getis‐Ord Indicator (Gi*) to identify significant hot and cold spatial clusters. With a spatial regression model, it was also found when socioeconomic variables, residential infrastructure and neighbourhood infrastructure were associated with high incidence rates. The significance level was set at P ≤ 0.05.

Results

The finite mixture model revealed three different patterns of longitudinal trajectory of the incidence of oral and maxillofacial trauma caused by urban violence (TP1 to TP3, P < 0.05). TP1 was characterized by an incidence that remained stable and high over time, comprising 17.4% of the city's neighbourhoods. In TP2, it was observed that the incidence was moderate, with a slightly increasing trend in the last year evaluated, representing around 41.8% of the sample. In contrast, in TP3, it was found that the incidence was relatively low and remained stable over time, accounting for about 40.8% of the sample. The Getis‐Ord (Gi*) statistic identified significant high‐risk clusters in the western (P < 0.05), southern (P < 0.05), and eastern regions (P < 0.05) and low risk in the northern region (P < 0.05). The spatial regression model indicated significant association between areas with unfavourable socioeconomic conditions and higher incidence of events (β = 0.178, SE = 0.046, P < 0.001).

Conclusions

Clusters demarcating areas with high socio‐spatial vulnerability for urban violence and oral and maxillofacial injuries were identified. The findings highlight the need to improve living conditions in segregated urban areas and develop intersectoral actions to improve living conditions, employment, public safety, social support, health care and prevention.
Visual Statistical Learning With Stimuli Presented Sequentially Across Space and Time in Deaf and Hearing Adults
Authors: Giustolisi Beatrice , Emmorey Karen
Published: October 2018

This study investigated visual statistical learning (VSL) in 24 deaf signers and 24 hearing non‐signers. Previous research with hearing individuals suggests that SL mechanisms support literacy. Our first goal was to assess whether VSL was associated with reading ability in deaf individuals, and whether this relation was sustained by a link between VSL and sign language skill. Our second goal was to test the Auditory Scaffolding Hypothesis, which makes the prediction that deaf people should be impaired in sequential processing tasks. For the VSL task, we adopted a modified version of the triplet learning paradigm, with stimuli presented sequentially across space and time. Results revealed that measures of sign language skill (sentence comprehension/repetition) did not correlate with VSL scores, possibly due to the sequential nature of our VSL task. Reading comprehension scores (PIAT‐R) were a significant predictor of VSL accuracy in hearing but not deaf people. This finding might be due to the sequential nature of the VSL task and to a less salient role of the sequential orthography‐to‐phonology mapping in deaf readers compared to hearing readers. The two groups did not differ in VSL scores. However, when reading ability was taken into account, VSL scores were higher for the deaf group than the hearing group. Overall, this evidence is inconsistent with the Auditory Scaffolding Hypothesis, suggesting that humans can develop efficient sequencing abilities even in the absence of sound.
What is the risk of an overdiagnosis of malignancy in the preoperative assessment of noninvasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features? A review of the cytology and ultrasonography of 12 cases
Authors: Ng Kee Kwong Foon , Fenlon Clare , van der Horst Cynthia
Published: October 2018

This letter summarises what is in the literature on the cytology and ultrasound characteristics of non‐invasive follicular thyroid neoplasm with papillary‐like nuclear features (NIFTPs) and how they may overlap with papillary thyroid carcinoma. The authors present their findings from 12 NIFTP cases and assess the risk of over‐calling this lesion malignant preoperatively.
Valsalva maneuver to visualize the closed hypopharyngeal space during transoral endoscopy using a novel dedicated mouthpiece
Authors: Kato Minoru , Hayashi Yoshito , Takehara Tetsuo
Published: October 2018

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Interobserver reliability in the interpretation of three‐dimensional gait analysis in children with gait disorders
Authors: Wang Kemble K , Stout Jean L , Ries Andrew J , Novacheck Tom F
Published: October 2018

Aim

To assess interobserver reliability in the interpretation of three‐dimensional gait analysis (3DGA) of children with gait disorders within a single institution.

Method

Seven experienced interpreters in our institution participated in a quality‐assurance program reviewing one unique patient's 3DGA data every 3 months. Between 2014 and 2017, 15 patients’ data were interpreted (14 with spastic cerebral palsy, 1 with myelodysplasia). Interpreters were asked to select ‘yes’, ‘no’, or ‘indeterminate’ from a list of problems and treatment recommendations. Kappa and percent agreement calculations were performed to evaluate consistency.

Results

Average percentage agreement in problem identification and treatment recommendation was greater than 84 percent and 90 percent for all interpreters respectively. Average kappa for the 10 most consistently identified problems and recommended treatments were 0.69 and 0.59 respectively. Interpreter consistency was moderate or better for the most commonly performed operations at our institution (0.44–0.59). Sagittal plane abnormalities of the hip and knee had the highest consistency.

Interpretation

When institutional differences in data collection and regional variations in management philosophies are removed, interobserver consistency in 3DGA interpretation is moderate to substantial for many commonly selected items. Identification of areas with poor consistency may help address underlying causes and improve data processes.

What this paper adds

Consistency in three‐dimensional gait analysis interpretation and treatment recommendation is high within a single institution.

There is moderate or better consistency for most commonly identified problems and recommended treatments.

Sagittal plane problem identification of the hip and knee have the highest consistency.

Lower consistency is seen in areas with poor objective measures, such as dystonia and balance.
On structural change, the social stress of a farming population, and the political economy of farm support
Authors: Stark Oded , Fałkowski Jan
Published: October 2018

A rationale for providing support to the farm sector in the course of economic development and structural change is a growing gap between the incomes of non‐agricultural workers and the incomes of farmers. Drawing on a model that enables us to analyze the level of social stress experienced by farmers as employment shifts from the farm sector to other sectors, we find that even without an increasing gap between the incomes of non‐agricultural workers and the incomes of farmers, support to farmers might be needed/can be justified. This result arises because under well‐specified conditions, when the size of the farm population decreases, those who remain in farming experience increasing aggregate social stress. The increase is nonlinear: it is modest when the outflow from the farm sector is relatively small or when it is large, and it becomes more significant when the outflow is moderate. This finding can inform policymakers who seek to alleviate the social stress of the farming population as to the timing and intensity of that intervention.
Swimming performance of brown trout and grayling show species‐specific responses to changes in temperature
Authors: Taugbøl Annette , Olstad Kjetil , Bærum Kim Magnus , Museth Jon
Published: October 2018

Fishways have historically been constructed to restore and preserve the ecological connectivity for fish in fragmented rivers. However, the fishways are often selective on species due to different size and swimming capacity. As the proportion of dammed rivers is still increasing, there is a growing need for more information on wild fish and their migration potential. In this study, we compared the swimming capacity of wild caught brown trout (Salmo trutta) and European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) until the fish were exhausted in a critical swimming speed (Ucrit) test, under three different naturally occurring stream temperatures in Norway: 1.7, 5.5 and 10°C. The results indicated that trout swim better at the warmer temperatures than at colder temperatures. The grayling showed consistent swimming patterns with little variation across all tested temperatures. The results therefore signify the need to have operational fishways already early in the spring when the grayling migration starts and highlight the need for more studies on fish migration abilities across a wider range of species and seasons.
On the neglected behavioural variation among neighbouring primate groups
Authors: van de Waal Erica
Published: October 2018

Behavioural variation in primates has been well studied at the level of individuals by behavioural ecologists, and more recently at a population level by cultural biologists. Behavioural differences between groups of the same population, however, have rarely been considered. Here, I review intergroup variation in universally occurring behaviours between up to six neighbouring groups of vervet monkeys. Group differences have been found in several domains including foraging, conflicts, grooming and proximity. An exclusively ecological explanation for the observed variation appears implausible, as these monkey groups have overlapping home ranges, and their ecology is therefore very similar. The presence of a genetic bias underlying the observed group differences is also implausible, as males disperse between groups at sexual maturity and multiple times within their lives creating a continuous gene flow between the six groups. This leaves socially learned group‐level traditions as the most plausible explanation. I discuss ways in which this working conclusion can be tested. The likely presence of group‐level traditions in close proximity, well known in humans, has rarely been considered for non‐human primates and adds an important dimension to research on conformity in non‐human cultures.
Using dynamic relative climate impact curves to quantify the climate impact of bioenergy production systems over time
Authors: de Jong Sierk , Staples Mark , Grobler Carla , Daioglou Vassilis , Malina Robert , Barrett Steven , Hoefnagels Ric , Faaij André , Junginger Martin
Published: October 2018

The climate impact of bioenergy is commonly quantified in terms of CO2 equivalents, using a fixed 100‐year global warming potential as an equivalency metric. This method has been criticized for the inability to appropriately address emissions timing and the focus on a single impact metric, which may lead to inaccurate or incomplete quantification of the climate impact of bioenergy production. In this study, we introduce Dynamic Relative Climate Impact (DRCI) curves, a novel approach to visualize and quantify the climate impact of bioenergy systems over time. The DRCI approach offers the flexibility to analyze system performance for different value judgments regarding the impact category (e.g., emissions, radiative forcing, and temperature change), equivalency metric, and analytical time horizon. The DRCI curves constructed for fourteen bioenergy systems illustrate how value judgments affect the merit order of bioenergy systems, because they alter the importance of one‐time (associated with land use change emissions) versus sustained (associated with carbon debt or foregone sequestration) emission fluxes and short‐ versus long‐lived climate forcers. Best practices for bioenergy production (irrespective of value judgments) include high feedstock yields, high conversion efficiencies, and the application of carbon capture and storage. Furthermore, this study provides examples of production contexts in which the risk of land use change emissions, carbon debt, or foregone sequestration can be mitigated. For example, the risk of indirect land use change emissions can be mitigated by accompanying bioenergy production with increasing agricultural yields. Moreover, production contexts in which the counterfactual scenario yields immediate or additional climate impacts can provide significant climate benefits. This paper is accompanied by an Excel‐based calculation tool to reproduce the calculation steps outlined in this paper and construct DRCI curves for bioenergy systems of choice.