bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Caecal fermentation characteristics of commonly used feed ingredients
Authors: Ochonski Patricia , Drouillard James S. , Douthit Teresa L. , Vahl Christopher , Lattimer James M.
Published: November 2020

Background

Commercial horse feeds use cereal grains and by‐products; however, their effects on the caecal environment remain poorly characterised.

Objective

Characterise the effect of commonly used feed ingredients on caecal pH and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration.

Study design

6 × 6 Latin square.

Methods

Two days prior to the start of the study, 6 caecally cannulated Quarter horses were moved into individual stalls where Smooth bromegrass hay (brome) was offered at 2.0% BW/d split between 2 feedings (0600 and 1800). On day 0, caecal digesta was collected every 2 h for 12 h relative to the 0600 feeding to establish control values for horses consuming only brome (HAY). On day 1, horses began consuming their respective treatments which consisted of beet pulp (BP), maize (M), dehydrated alfalfa (A), oats (OAT), soybean hulls (SBH), or wheat middlings (WM) at 0.25% BW/d split into 2 feedings. On day 7 of each treatment period, caecal digesta was collected every 2 h for 12 h and analysed for pH and VFA. Data were analysed using mixed ANOVA with repeated measures, fixed effects of treatment and time and random effects of horse and period.

Results

There was a main effect of hour (P ≤ .05) indicative of post‐prandial shifts in caecal metabolites. There were no main effects of treatment on pH or VFA concentration (P ≥ .3). Effects of hour × treatment (P ≤ .04) were observed for all response variables. Regardless of treatment or hour, caecal pH remained well within normal limits. Three horses exhibited signs of lower oesophageal choke immediately after consumption of BP pellets.

Limitations

Interactions between ingredients when mixed for formulation of a concentrate warrant further research. Furthermore, a short adaptation period was chosen to mimic common management practices.

Conclusion

Minimal differences in caecal fermentation parameters were detected when ingredients were fed at a common inclusion level.
Inflammatory cytokines in horses with cervical articular process joint osteoarthritis on standing cone beam computed tomography
Authors: Brown Kara A. , Davidson Elizabeth J. , Johnson Amy L. , Wulster Kathryn B. , Ortved Kyla
Published: November 2020

Background

Standing cone beam computed tomography (CT) provides cross‐sectional imaging of the caudal cervical articular process joints (CAPJs) in the sedated horse, though the clinical implications of osteoarthritis (OA) identified on CT in this location are unknown. Increases in concentrations of intra‐synovial cytokines could lend support to the clinical significance of CAPJ OA identified on this imaging modality.

Objectives

Investigate the presence and concentration of intra‐synovial inflammatory cytokines in CAPJs with and without standing cone beam CT evidence of OA using an equine specific multiplex assay.

Study design

Prospective clinical study.

Methods

Standing cone beam CT of C5‐6 and C6‐7 was performed on horses with CAPJ OA and control horses. Synovial fluid samples of the CAPJs of C5‐6 and C6‐7 were obtained bilaterally using ultrasound guidance and analysed for concentrations of IFN‐γ, IL‐1β, IL‐6, IL‐10, IL‐17 and TNFα with the Milliplex® multi‐analyte profiling kit. CT Images were retrospectively graded using a novel grading scheme. Significant differences between concentrations of inflammatory cytokines between joints with different categories of osteoarthritis severity were explored using a Wilcoxon rank‐sum test or Kruskal‐Wallis test.

Results

Concentrations of intra‐synovial cytokines were higher in joints with moderate to severe OA when compared to joints with no or mild OA, with differences in concentrations of IL‐17 reaching statistical significance (P = .007).

Main limitations

Limitations include discrepancy in number, age, and breed between control and OA populations, use of a novel grading scheme, and lack of a histologic gold‐standard to confirm the presence and severity of CAPJ OA.

Conclusions

Differences in inflammatory cytokines between caudal CAPJs with and without evidence of moderate to severe osteoarthritis on standing cone beam CT exist. This finding lends support to the clinical relevance of a diagnosis of moderate to severe CAPJ OA in the caudal cervical vertebral column as identified with this imaging modality.
How do large river zooplankton communities respond to abiotic and biotic drivers over time? A complex and spatially dependent example
Authors: Chará‐Serna Ana M. , Casper Andrew
Published: November 2020

Recent evidence shows that in lotic, physically‐dominated ecosystems like large rivers, zooplankton can develop spatially structured assemblages and fulfill functionally important roles. While refuting the long‐standing notion that riverine zooplankton communities are numerically depauperate and spatially homogeneous, this also shows that the importance of abiotic and biotic drivers and the consistency of ecological patterns are still poorly understood for these communities.

We collected zooplankton along 300 km of the Illinois River for 5 years to test the influence of a suite of biotic and abiotic variables on zooplankton density, biomass, and diversity. We hypothesized abiotic variables such as temperature, turbidity, and velocity would be predominant predictors, with biotic variables like planktivory becoming important when physical factors do not constrain them.

Results showed basin‐wide declines in zooplankton taxonomic richness as planktivory from the invading silver carp (Hypophthalmichthys molitrix) increased. In contrast, density and biomass were explained by abiotic factors at the basin scale, with velocity, turbidity, and pH driving biomass and velocity driving density. We also found that both the driving factors and the plankton responses varied among the upper, middle, and lower sections of the Illinois River.

We conclude that while zooplankton communities of the Illinois River are highly structured in space, the driving forces behind their distribution patterns are not simple. Instead, there is a complex spatio‐temporal template of biological, chemical, and hydraulic factors shaping these communities in the Illinois River. Along with emphasizing the importance of spatial heterogeneity in large river ecosystems, these results also support a growing view that invasive species interactions can supersede the well‐established role of abiotic factors in explaining global freshwater diversity losses. This also highlights the importance of including long‐term zooplankton sampling in ecological monitoring programs in diverse and productive large river systems like the Illinois.
The heritability of insomnia: A meta‐analysis of twin studies
Authors: Barclay Nicola L. , Kocevska Desi , Bramer Wichor M. , Van Someren Eus J. W. , Gehrman Philip
Published: November 2020

Twin studies of insomnia exhibit heterogeneity in estimates of heritability. This heterogeneity is likely because of sex differences, age of the sample, the reporter and the definition of insomnia. The aim of the present study was to systematically search the literature for twin studies investigating insomnia disorder and insomnia symptoms and to meta‐analyse the estimates of heritability derived from these studies to generate an overall estimate of heritability. We further examined whether heritability was moderated by sex, age, reporter and insomnia symptom. A systematic literature search of five online databases was completed on 24 January 2020. Two authors independently screened 5644 abstracts, and 160 complete papers for the inclusion criteria of twin studies from the general population reporting heritability statistics on insomnia or insomnia symptoms, written in English, reporting data from independent studies. We ultimately included 12 papers in the meta‐analysis. The meta‐analysis focussed on twin intra‐class correlations for monozygotic and dizygotic twins. Based on these intra‐class correlations, the meta‐analytic estimate of heritability was estimated at 40%. Moderator analyses showed stronger heritability in females than males; and for parent‐reported insomnia symptoms compared with self‐reported insomnia symptoms. There were no other significant moderator effects, although this is likely because of the small number of studies that were comparable across levels of the moderators. Our meta‐analysis provides a robust estimate of the heritability of insomnia, which can inform future research aiming to uncover molecular genetic factors involved in insomnia vulnerability.
The critical turn of resilience: Mapping thematic communities and modes of critical scholarship
Authors: Smirnova Vera , Lawrence Jennifer L. , Bohland James
Published: November 2020

This paper explores the structures of the critical literature on resilience by mapping the ways in which critical trajectories developed and travelled across thematic communities. We use bibliometric analysis to examine 49 years of scholarship on resilience from international relations, geography, political ecology, and other social science disciplines that foremost focused on questions of power, inequality, and social justice. As a result, this paper delves into the composition of different types of critique mobilised in resilience scholarship and identifies the interdependencies between modes of critical thought and their degree of interdisciplinary connectivity.
How white is the global elite? An analysis of race, gender and network structure
Authors: YOUNG KEVIN L. , GOLDMAN SETH K. , O'CONNOR BRENDAN , CHULUUN TUUGI
Published: November 2020

Research on elites often utilizes network analysis to describe and analyse the interrelationships among elites and how their prominence varies by demographic characteristics. We examine the diversity of global elites through an analysis of the board members of large corporations, think tanks, international organizations, and transnational policy planning groups. Using new data, we provide the first descriptive picture of global elite networks in terms of race and gender. We also test the ‘core–periphery’ hypothesis, which predicts that as non‐whites and women achieve elite positions they will be marginalized to the periphery of elite networks, while the core remains significantly more white and male. We find consistent evidence for the core–periphery hypothesis across a range of empirical tests, from simple k‐coring to various core–periphery models. Most groups decline in their representation in the core, and this includes white women. White men are the only group that increases in representation in the core compared to the periphery.
On the relationship between brand scandal and consumer attitudes: A literature review and research agenda
Authors: Kapoor Sunaina , Banerjee Saikat
Published: November 2020

A brand scandal impacts not just the brand, but also different stakeholders in the society. However, there is not enough literature in the domain of brand scandals and consumers’ attitudes. This thematic literature review provides a holistic view of previous studies related to the relationship between brand scandal and consumer attitudes. The present literature review is confined to journals covering 40 years’ of research, that is, articles published from 1980 to 2020. The present study’s theoretical description follows the antecedents, decisions and outcomes (ADO) framework. This study attempts to theorize the antecedents and outcomes of brand scandal in shaping consumers’ attitudes towards scandalized brands. Along with identifying and theorizing antecedents of brand scandal, this literature review identifies the behavioural outcomes of consumers' attitudes towards brand scandal. It also comments on retailers’ moderating role and the mediating effect of corporate action on the same. Moreover, it posits that media amplification influences consumers’ behaviour during the brand scandal. The review concludes the discussion with theoretical and managerial implications and directions for future research using the Theory, Context, Characteristics and Methodology (TCCM) framework. The conceptual model proposed here may be empirically tested to validate the theoretical framework, which may help academic researchers understand the impact of the brand scandal on consumer attitudes. The review makes significant contributions to the field by providing practical guidelines to marketers. They can examine and address the sequences of events during the brand scandal in a productive manner. The theoretical model may serve as a foundation by which companies can shape effective scandal response strategies. The study instils marketers to plan and execute scandal response strategies concerning retailers and the media’s role to mitigate a brand scandal’s impact on consumer attitudes. It also provides insights for marketers to take corrective action and rebuild their brand’s reputation by catering to consumer’s behavioural outcomes in the event of a scandal.
In vitro assessment of antimicrobial efficacy of the D‐tagatose and lactobacilli‐based synbiotic preparations against the pathogenic Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium
Authors: Roy Sohini , Samanta Ashis Kumar , Dhali Arindam , Kolte Atul Purushottam , Chikkerur Jayaram , Bhatta Raghavendra
Published: November 2020

The study aimed to investigate the utilisation of prebiotic D‐tagatose by probiotic lactobacilli (L. rhamnosus GG, L. casei, L. acidophilus and L. fermentum) and enteric pathogens (E. coli and S. typhimurium) to determine synbiotic potential of D‐tagatose and lactobacilli combination. The antimicrobial efficacy of the synbiotic preparations (D‐tagatose with lactobacillus) was assessed against selected pathogens in co‐culture assays. Evidently, D‐tagatose supported growth of selected lactobacilli, especially the L. rhamnosus GG and L. casei, but not the enteric pathogens. The tested synbiotic preparations completely inhibited growth of both the pathogens, even in the presence of D‐glucose in co‐cultures. The well‐diffusion assay demonstrated the presence of antimicrobial activity as recorded by drop of culture pH. The study substantiated that D‐tagatose could be an effective prebiotic component for formulation of potential synbiotic combinations with L. rhamnosus GG or L. casei that can be used as an alternative to antibiotics against enteric pathogens.
Release properties of cinnamaldehyde loaded by montmorillonite in chitosan‐based antibacterial food packaging
Authors: Cui Rui , Yan Jiatong , Cao Jianxin , Qin Yuyue , Yuan Minglong , Li Lin
Published: November 2020

This work aimed to prepare a controlled‐release antibacterial food packaging film by solvent volatilisation using chitosan (CS) and acidified modified montmorillonite (MMt) loaded with CIN (acid‐MMt‐CIN). MMt was successfully acidified and CIN was successfully loaded into acid‐MMt, which had been confirmed by X‐ray diffraction. The coordination of acid‐MMt‐CIN significantly increased the barrier properties of CS film to water vapour, as well as the rigidity and ductility of the film. Furthermore, the CS/acid‐MMt‐CIN film could significantly improve their UV resistance. It was found that the CIN release time of CS/acid‐MMt‐CIN film in isooctane (simulated fatty food) could reach 168 h, which was 72 h longer than that of CS/CIN film. The addition of acid‐MMt‐CIN had a significant inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. In short, CS/acid‐MMt‐CIN film could potentially be used as an antibacterial active food packaging film.
Clinical consequences of untreated dental caries and school performance in low‐income adolescents
Authors: Quadros Larissa Neves , Rebelo Maria Augusta Bessa , de Queiroz Adriana Corrêa , Pereira Juliana Vianna , Vettore Mario Vianna , Rebelo Vieira Janete Maria
Published: November 2020

Background

The possible link between dental status and school performance has been investigated. The influence of the clinical consequences of untreated dental caries in this association, however, has been minimally explored.

Aim

To assess the relationship between clinical consequences of untreated dental caries and school performance in adolescents, and to examine the demographics and socioeconomic status pathways by which clinical consequences of untreated dental caries is associated with school performance.

Design

A cross‐sectional study involving 363 low‐income school adolescents was conducted in the city of Manaus, Brazil. Dental clinical measures were registered by five calibrated examiners to evaluate dental caries experience (decayed, missing, and filled teeth index [DMFT]) and clinical sequelae of dental caries (PUFA/pufa index). School performance was assessed using school grade history obtained from official records. Statistical analysis was conducted using pathway analysis to estimate beta coefficients (β) of the direct and indirect effects between variables.

Results

DMFT and PUFA/pufa mean were 1.93 and 0.30, respectively. PUFA/pufa scores (β = −0.19) and male sex (β = 0.35) directly predicted poor school performance. DMFT was indirectly linked to poor school performance via PUFA/pufa scores (β = −0.03).

Conclusions

Dental caries and clinical consequences of dental caries were important predictors of poor school performance in low‐income adolescents via direct and indirect effects.
Odontoblast markers and dentine reactions in carious primary molars with and without hypomineralised enamel defects
Authors: Shah Janita , Manton David J. , McCullough Michael J. , Rajan Sadna
Published: November 2020

Background

Wnt/β‐Catenin signalling and DMP1 have key roles in tertiary dentinogenesis.

Aim

To compare the relationship between remaining dentine thickness (RDT), tertiary dentine thickness (TDT), β‐catenin and dentine matrix protein 1 (DMP1) in carious second primary molar teeth with normal (SPM) and hypomineralised enamel (HSPM).

Design

Extracted carious SPM and HSPM were fixed, sectioned (5 μm) and stained with haematoxylin and eosin or with indirect immunofluorescence for β‐catenin and DMP1. Image analysis was performed to determine RDT, TDT, β‐catenin and DMP1 intensity in the odontoblast layer and dentine‐pulp complex.

Results

Carious SPM (n = 11; mean RDT = 1536.1 μm) and HSPM (n = 12; mean RDT = 1179.9 μm) had mean TDT 248.6 μm and 518.1 μm, respectively (P = .02). There were no significant differences in intensity values in the odontoblast layer and dentine‐pulp complex for β‐catenin and DMP1 for both groups.

Conclusion

There was no observable variation in Wnt/β‐catenin and DMP1 expression between HSPM and SPM despite a statistically significant twofold increased TDT in HSPM compared with SPM that had similar RDT. Thus, the observed increased TDT in HSPM is more likely due to an earlier onset of repair processes rather than an amplified response to caries.
Medical and dental characteristics of children with chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome at the Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne
Authors: Wong Deborah H. , Rajan Sadna , Hallett Kerrod B. , Manton David J.
Published: November 2020

Background

Chromosome 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) is a multifaceted syndrome with a variable phenotype. Few studies have described the associated dental characteristics and their relationship with medical co‐morbidities; and no Australian data exist.

Aim

To determine the clinical manifestations and correlations between oral and medical conditions in children with 22q11.2DS.

Design

A retrospective observational study. Children genetically diagnosed with 22q11.2DS at the Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne were selected; their medical and dental characteristics were collated and analysed.

Results

The study population (n = 57; mean age 11.5 years, range 2‐27 years) experienced a range of medical conditions involving multiple medical systems; of whom 44 (77.2%) had caries experience, 7 (12.3%) developmentally missing teeth, and 31 (54.4%) developmental defects of enamel (DDE). Smaller proportions of primary teeth were affected by DDE in children with congenital heart disease (2.2% vs 9.7%;P = .02), and cardiac surgery (0.2% vs 9%;P = .001). Conversely, children with hypoparathyroidism (n = 2) had significantly higher proportions of primary teeth affected by DDE (27.5% vs 4%;P = .02).

Conclusions

Significant associations existed between medical conditions (congenital heart disease, history of cardiac surgery, and hypoparathyroidism) and primary dentition DDE in children with 22q11.2 DS.
Thermal depolarization and electromechanical hardening in Zn2+‐doped Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3‐BaTiO3
Authors: Kodumudi Venkataraman Lalitha , Zhu Tingting , Pinto Salazar Monica , Hofmann Kathrin , Iqbal Waidha Aamir , Jaud J. C. , Groszewicz Pedro B. , Rödel Jürgen
Published: November 2020

Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3‐based materials have been earmarked for one of the first large‐volume applications of lead‐free piezoceramics in high‐power ultrasonics. Zn2+‐doping is demonstrated as a viable route to enhance the thermal depolarization temperature and electromechanically harden (1‐y)Na1/2Bi1/2TiO3‐yBaTiO3 (NBT100yBT) with a maximum achievable operating temperature of 150 °C and mechanical quality factor of 627 for 1 mole % Zn2+‐doped NBT6BT. Although quenching from sintering temperatures has been recently touted to enhance TF‐R, with quenching the doped compositions featuring an additional increase in TF‐R by 17 °C, it exhibits negligible effect on the electromechanical properties. The effect is rationalized considering the missing influence on conductivity and therefore, negligible changes in the defect chemistry upon quenching. High‐resolution diffraction indicates that Zn2+‐doped samples favor the tetragonal phase with enhanced lattice distortion, further corroborated by 23Na Nuclear Magnetic Resonance investigations.
Enhanced luminescence properties of Eu3+ in La2MoO6 by nonsensitization of Bi3+
Authors: Zhu Yi , Liu Yun , Tan Guoqiang , Liu Wenlong , Ren Huijun , Liu DingHan , Wang Rong , Ye Sen , Zhang Jin
Published: November 2020

It was unusual for Bi3+ ions to enhance the emission intensity of phosphors via nonsensitization. Here, La2MoO6:Eu3+, Bi3+ phosphors were successfully synthesized by a high temperature solid‐state reaction method in air atmosphere. As the increase of doping concentration of Bi3+, the emission spectra of La2MoO6:Eu3+, Bi3+ phosphors had obvious shifts, splits and the enhancement of intensities, which indicated that the characteristics of the phosphors were modified. To analyze these phenomena, the crystal structure refinements, spectral characteristic analyze and Judd‐Ofelt theoretical calculation were mainly performed. Bi3+ ions played the role of the nonsensitizer and affected the distortion of the crystal, the sites of Eu3+ ions, the field splitting energy and the internal quantum yield. Moreover the nephelauxetic effects of Bi3+ ions and the ET process caused synergistically the life times of La2MoO6:Eu3+, Bi3+ phosphors to increase and then gradually decrease. The CIE coordinates of phosphors changed within a small range. This study might be instrumental in promoting the further application of Bi3+ ions in rare earth luminescent materials.
Assessing the efficacy and feasibility of providing metacognitive training for patients with schizophrenia by mental health nurses: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: de Pinho Lara Manuela Guedes , Sequeira Carlos Alberto da Cruz , Sampaio Francisco Miguel Correia , Rocha Nuno Barbosa , Ozaslan Zeynep , Ferre‐Grau Carmen
Published: November 2020

Aim

To evaluate the efficacy of metacognitive group training in reducing psychotic symptoms and improving cognitive insight and functions in people with schizophrenia.

Design

Randomized controlled trial. It was carried out between July 2019 ‐February 2020.

Methods

Fifty‐six patients with schizophrenia were enrolled and randomly assigned to either a control group (N = 29) or a metacognitive training group (N = 27). Blinded assessments were made at baseline, 1‐week post‐treatment and at follow‐up 3 months after treatment. The primary outcome measure was psychotic symptoms based on the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales (PSYRATS). Secondary outcomes were assessed by the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale (BCIS), the Personal and Social Performance (PSP) scale and the World Health Organization Disability Assessment Schedule (WHODAS).

Results

Completion at follow‐up was high (92.86%). The intention‐to‐treat analyses demonstrated that patients in the metacognitive training group had significantly greater improvements of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales delusion score and total score and the Personal and Social Performance Scale, after 3 months, compared with the control group. The effect size was medium to large. The intention‐to‐treat analyses also demonstrated that patients in the metacognitive training group had significantly greater reductions of the Psychotic Symptom Rating Scales hallucination score and Beck Cognitive Insight Scale self‐certainty score post‐treatment, compared with the control group. The effect size was medium to large.

Conclusion

The metacognitive training administered by psychiatric and mental health nurses was effective in ameliorating delusions and social functioning over time and it immediately reduced hallucinations post‐treatment.

Impact

Metacognitive training for treating psychosis in patients with schizophrenia is efficacious and administration is clinically feasible in the Portuguese context.

Trial Registration Number

ClinicalTrials.gov ID NCT03891186.
Registered nurses in expanded roles improve care in nursing homes: Swiss perspective based on the modified Delphi method
Authors: Basinska Kornelia , Wellens Nathalie I. H. , Simon Michael , Zeller Andreas , Kressig Reto W. , Zúñiga Franziska
Published: November 2020

Aim

To define both competencies and envisaged outcomes for registered nurses in expanded roles in Swiss nursing homes to be implemented and evaluated within a new model of care.

Background

In regions where Advanced Practice Nurses are rare or absent, registered nurses take up clinical leadership and expanded roles. To allow effective implementation, monitoring and evaluation of these nurses, stakeholders need a shared understanding of the competencies they require and what outcomes they should achieve.

Design

RAND/UCLA Appropriateness Method – a modified Delphi method.

Methods

A critical literature review and case studies were conducted to identify possible competencies and outcomes for registered nurses in expanded roles. In 2017, a two‐round rating process and an in‐person panel discussion was completed by a group of multi‐professional stakeholders.

Findings

Two rounds generated 190 competencies and 72 outcomes relevant to registered nurses in expanded roles.

Conclusion

The relevant competencies and outcomes of registered nurses in expanded roles indicate their support for care teams and development of nursing care in nursing homes. Their geriatric expertise allows them to function as role models and innovators, reinforcing overall perceptions of nursing as a profession. These nurses are especially important in countries and settings where Advanced Practice Nurses are scarce or unavailable.

Impact

The identified competencies clarify the duties of expanded‐role registered nurses, thereby differentiating them from other care providers. Although conducted in the Swiss healthcare system, our methods and findings can be adapted to other healthcare settings. The results of this study will guide the development of an educational programme in a multi‐centre study to reduce avoidable hospitalizations, while the defined outcomes guide the evaluation of their impact.
Living at the boundary between life and death: A qualitative study of how patients' lives are impacted by the implantable cardioverter defibrillator
Authors: Sert Mediha , Turan Kavradim Selma , Canli Özer Zeynep
Published: November 2020

Aims

To examine the effect on patients' lives of implantable cardioverter defibrillator implantation and their experiences of worry about death.

Design

A descriptive phenomenological design.

Methods

Participants with implantable cardioverter defibrillators were recruited through purposive sampling with maximum variation in Antalya, Turkey. Data collection included individual semi‐structured interviews conducted between September 2018 ‐ May 2019. Interviews were audio recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed by Giorgi's descriptive phenomenology method.

Results

Twenty‐six individuals with implantable cardioverter defibrillators participated in the study. Analysis of the data resulted in three themes and 10 subthemes. The first theme was the physical impact of the device on the body with the subthemes changes in physical functioning and like part of the body; the second theme was social impact in daily life and adaptation to restrictions with the subthemes necessary for life, restrictive behaviours of day‐to‐day life and Seeking social support and the third theme was the emotional impact of the experience of shock and worry about death with the subthemes inevitable truth, living at the boundary, every shock is like you are going to die, advancing on an uncertain path, and trust in life insurance.

Conclusion

It was found in this study that the implantation of implantable cardioverter defibrillators affected patients physically, socially, and emotionally in many ways. It is thought that this study will raise the awareness of health professionals and will support a holistic approach, increasing the quality of care.

Impact

Although the implantation of the cardioverter defibrillator is greatly effective in protecting against sudden cardiac death, for patients it brings with it many physical, social, and emotional problems. This study can contribute to health professionals planning individual education in coping with changes, an increase in group‐based counselling to support the sharing of experience, social networks, and monitoring programs to improve care.
Transition programs for adolescents and young adults with spina bifida: A mixed‐methods systematic review
Authors: Choi Eun Kyoung , Bae Eunjeong , Jang Mina
Published: November 2020

Aims

To identify the components of transition programs for the successful transition of adolescents and young adults with spina bifida and to synthesize the literature findings on the transition outcomes of the programs.

Design

Mixed‐methods systematic review.

Data sources

PubMed, CINAHL, PsycINFO, and Web of Science (January 2010‐June 2019).

Review methods

The methodological quality was appraised using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool and Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool. Extracted data were summarized as tables. For data synthesis, a sequential explanatory design was used.

Results

Eight studies were selected. The main components of the transition programs identified the participants’ characteristics and intervention strategies. Quantitative studies reported only positive transition outcomes, including independence and satisfaction with social support and transition experience, whereas negative outcomes such as negative experiences communicating with providers and uncertainty were further reported in qualitative studies.

Conclusion

For development and implementation of a successful transition program, it is necessary to assess the characteristics and needs of the participants and incorporate their needs with input from parents and trained healthcare providers.

Impact

When planning transition programs, a comprehensive effort that encompasses program development, implementation, and evaluation, based on developmental tasks and long‐term perspectives, is needed. Transition program that reflect the cultural characteristics of Eastern and developing countries are needed.
Practice nurses’ perceptions of their immunization role and strategies used to promote measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine uptake in 2014 – 2018: A qualitative study
Authors: Hill Marie C. , Salmon Debra , Chudleigh Jane , Aitken Leanne M.
Published: November 2020

Aim

The aim of this study was to explore which aspects of their role practice nurses perceive to be most influential and the strategies they employ to promote the MMR vaccine.

Design

Qualitative study employing in depth interviews.

Method

Fifteen London based practice nurses, nine in 2014 and six in 2018, took part in semi‐structured interviews that were audio recorded and transcribed verbatim. Qualitative content analysis was used to systematically manage, analyse, and identify themes.

Results

Analysis of data identified aspects of their role practice nurses perceived to be most influential (the themes) including: promoting vaccination, assisting parents’ to make informed decisions, and provided insight into how they used specific strategies to achieve these in practice. These themes were consistent over both phases of the study.

Conclusion

The findings provide an understanding of: (i) the practice nurses perceptions of the most important aspects of their role when promoting the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine; and (ii) the strategies they implemented in practice to achieve these. The latter included assisting parents in their immunization decisions and was facilitated by practice nurses engaging with parents to provide relevant evidence to address parent queries, dispel misconceptions and tailor strategies to promote the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine.

Impact

This study addresses the paucity of literature available that specifically explores practice nurses’ perceptions of their role concerning the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine. The findings reveal how practice nurses promote the measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine by identifying strategies to enable parents to make informed decisions. At a time of an increasing incidence of measles, practice nurses have an important public health role in achieving herd immunity levels for measles, mumps, and rubella.
Critical ethnography of outreach nurses– perceptions of the clinical issues associated with social disaffiliation and stigma
Authors: Paradis‐Gagné Etienne , Pariseau‐Legault Pierre
Published: November 2020

Aims

The aim of this study was to gain a better understanding of how nurses experience their practice with homeless people. More specifically, we wanted to consider the role as it is practised and certain clinical characteristics associated with social disaffiliation and stigma.

Background

Previous research has shown the need to implement adapted nursing interventions to address the problems homeless people encounter in obtaining health services. According to the literature, such interventions have positive health outcomes for homeless people, who exhibit complex health needs.

Design

We chose critical ethnography as our research method.

Method

Semi‐structured interviews were conducted with 12 nurses who work with people experiencing homelessness in Eastern Canada. They were selected using the convenience sampling method. Recruitment was conducted between June–October 2019.

Findings

Four categories emerged from the qualitative analysis of the data: (1) the professional role and identity of nurses; (2) the social function of outreach nursing; (3) clinical realities; and (4) disaffiliation and stigmatization. In this article, we will present the findings associated with the fourth category.

Conclusion

Nursing practice with this population is conducted in non‐traditional settings such as shelters, community groups, camps, and the street. Nurses must be able to gain acceptance in these environments in order to forge trusting relationships with disaffiliated and stigmatized patients. Our analysis of the data also indicates that nurses who care for homeless people may be subject to stigma by association or “courtesy stigma.”

Impact

The results of this critical ethnography are useful in that they highlight the clinical interventions and health policies best suited to a highly marginalized clientele that is poorly served by traditional health services.
Disentangling the latitudinal and altitudinal shifts in community composition induced by climate change: The case of riparian birds
Authors: Gaget Elie , Devictor Vincent , Frochot Bernard , Desbrosses Régis , Eybert Marie‐Christine , Faivre Bruno
Published: November 2020

Aim

This study investigates whether, and how, the composition of riparian bird communities has been affected by climate warming and habitat change. Although these two forces act separately, their respective contributions are rarely examined. Moreover, while the response of a given community may be a function of latitude and altitude, most studies have focused on these gradients separately. Riparian ecosystems are an opportunity to investigate community change along latitudinal and elevational gradients.

Location

France, three major rivers (the Doubs, the Allier and the Loire)

Taxon

Birds.

Methods

Drawing upon bird community monitoring data over a period of 31 years (1982–2013, n = 1,286 point counts), we assessed community adjustment to temperature increase with the Community Temperature Index (CTI), and the homogenization pattern following habitat conversion with the Community Specialization Index (CSI). We evaluated the spatial climatic debt accumulated by communities, and the interaction between CTI and CSI trends. Furthermore, we tested differences in trends for lowland and highland elevations.

Results

Over the study period, the temperature increased by 1.17°C, and the CTI by 0.12°C, which corresponds to a spatial climatic debt of 4.9 km/year. Lowland communities adjusted to warming but not highland communities, which have experienced a decline in species abundance. CSI trends revealed biotic homogenization in both lowland and highland communities. This finding was uncorrelated with the CTI increase, and is thought to be due to the pressure from land use change on community composition.

Main conclusions

Riparian breeding bird communities have been affected by a temperature increase and, potentially, habitat change. Highland communities are most vulnerable to climate warming. Both climate warming and habitat change appear to have rapidly affected the composition of local communities, with expectable concerns on their diversity and specificity in the long term.
Revisiting a speciation classic: Comparative analyses support sharp but leaky transitions betweenBombinatoads
Authors: Dufresnes Christophe , Suchan Tomasz , Smirnov Nazar A. , Denoël Mathieu , Rosanov Juriy M. , Litvinchuk Spartak N.
Published: November 2020

Aim

The amount of gene flow between parapatric species can be greatly variable depending on how species boundaries are maintained in respect to numerous genetic and ecological factors that affect the strength of reproductive isolation. We quantified this variability to understand its effect on the genetic integrity of a well‐studied pair of hybridizing amphibians.

Location

Central and Eastern Europe.

Taxa

The fire‐ and yellow‐bellied toadsBombina bombinaandB. variegata.

Methods

We first complemented the mitochondrial phylogeography of EuropeanBombinaby barcoding additional populations and built MaxEnt species distribution models to identify the routes of post‐glacial colonization that led to hybrid zone formation. Second, we targeted the areas of parapatry in Poland and Ukraine to assess nuclear admixture by population genetics (PCA, Bayesian clustering) of allozyme and genomic markers (RAD‐seq). Third, we harvested the richBombinaliterature to thoroughly compare the extent of geographical introgression across 11 transitions altogether, using cline analyses when possible.

Results

We found sharp (2–11 km wide) but leaky transitions (geographically extensive traces of introgression) in all parapatric areas, either measured from a few allozymes or thousands of species‐diagnostic SNPs, and irrespective of the intraspecific lineages involved or the relative ages since first contact.

Main conclusion

Bombinaspecies are permeable to gene flow despite selection against hybrids that retards but cannot ultimately prevent putatively neutral introgression into the parental gene pools. Although local hybrid swarms face genetic assimilation, the species’ integrities remain intact due to their large geographical ranges and ecological differentiation that enforces tight boundaries regardless of the biogeographical attributes of the contacts. Opposing the great variability of introgression patterns found between cryptic species, these results support that gene flow should not be viewed as a force of despeciation when reproductive isolation involves multiple intrinsic and extrinsic barriers.
Improving biological relevance of model projections in response to climate change by considering dispersal amongst lineages in an amphibian
Authors: Boyer Igor , Cayuela Hugo , Bertrand Romain , Isselin‐Nondedeu Francis
Published: November 2020

Aim

When modelling future or past geographic distributions of a species, attention should be paid to the possible differentiated responses to climate changes between lineages. Dispersal also plays an important role in the capacity of species to track suitable climate, which is particularly relevant for amphibians with limited dispersal ability. In this study, we included different lineages and dispersal distances into species distribution models to make them more biologically relevant in face of climate change scenarios.

Location

Europe.

Taxa

Bombina variegata and its lineages.

Methods

Using MaxEnt, we fitted correlative niche models for B. variegata lineages and also for the species level (B. variegata sensu lato) that we projected under Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) and future climate scenarios (RCP2.6, RCP8.5). A comparison of projections was conducted considering both unlimited and limited dispersal abilities.

Results

We found that the B. variegata lineages differed in their bioclimatic niches. In general, models run without discriminating the lineages showed reduced suitable areas compared to models run at each lineage, especially those for B. variegata pachypus and B. variegata scabra (southern lineages). Suitable areas identified for the LGM match with the climatic refugia identified in phylogeographic studies. Projections for the mid‐Holocene showed the increase of suitable areas for the lineages B. variegata variegata “Carpathians” and “Western” while they decreased for the southern lineages. In the future (2040–2080), only models under limited dispersal predict the extinction of the Carpathian lineage and a reduction in suitable areas for the other lineages, regardless of periods and scenarios.

Main conclusions

We demonstrated important shifts in habitat suitability in Europe suggesting range‐shifts about hundreds of kilometres in response to past climate changes. However, rapid and unprecedented changes in suitability are expected in the future due to the accelerated climate warming during the 21st. According to their limited dispersal abilities, the persistence of all B. variegata lineages over time appears uncertain. We further recommend to integrate the intraspecific levels, when available, in modelling process to catch local variations and obtain more accurate results.
24‐h ambulatory blood pressure variability and hypertensive nephropathy in Han Chinese hypertensive patients
Authors: Hung Ming‐Hui , Huang Chin‐Chou , Chung Chia‐Min , Chen Jaw‐Wen
Published: November 2020

Blood pressure (BP) is characterized by spontaneous oscillation over time, which is described as BP variability (BPV). The current study aimed to investigate whether short‐term BPV was correlated with hypertensive nephropathy in Han Chinese individuals with hypertension. A single‐center prospective cohort study of 300 Han Chinese participants with hypertension was conducted in Taiwan. Five different BPV parameters were derived from ambulatory BP monitoring (ABPM), including standard deviation (SD), weighted SD (wSD), coefficient of variation (CoV), successive variation (SV), and average real variability (ARV). Renal event was defined as > 50% reduction in baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR). The average age of the participants was 63.5 years. The baseline eGFR was 84.5 mL/min/1.73 m2. The participants were divided into two groups according to the wSD of systolic BP (SBP). Survival was assessed via a Kaplan‐Meier analysis. During the 4.2‐year follow‐up, the participants with the highest SBP wSD tertile had a greater number of renal events (6.0%) than their counterparts (0.5%) (log‐rank test, p = .007). The Cox proportional hazard regression model was used to assess the independent effects of BPV, and results showed that 24‐h SBP (HR = 1.105; 95% CI = 1.020–1.197, p = .015) and 24‐h DBP (HR = 1.162; 95% CI = 1.004–1.344, p = .044) were independently associated with renal events. However, BPV parameters were only associated with renal events univariately, but not after adjusting for baseline characteristics, 24‐h mean BP, and office BP. Therefore, the risk of hypertensive nephropathy was independently associated with 24‐h mean BP, but not with ambulatory BPV, in Han Chinese participants with hypertension.
Improved protection of outdoor workers from solar ultraviolet radiation: position statement
Authors: John S.M. , Garbe C. , French L.E. , Takala J. , Yared W. , Cardone A. , Gehring R. , Spahn A. , Stratigos A.
Published: November 2020

The vast majority of non‐melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is attributable to excessive exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR). Outdoor workers are exposed to an UVR dose at least 2 to 3 times higher than indoor workers and often to daily UVR doses 5 times above internationally recommended limits. The risk of UVR workplace exposure is vastly neglected, and the evident future challenges presented in this statement are contrasted with the current situation regarding legal recognition, patient care and compensation. While prevention is crucial to reduce cancer risks for outdoor workers, it is as much of relevance to better protect them through legally binding rules and regulations. Specific actions are outlined in five recommendations based on a Call to Action (table 1). The role of health professionals, including dermatologists, in this context is crucial.
Description of Phaeobolaaeris gen. nov., sp. nov (Rhizaria, Cercozoa, Euglyphida) Sheds Light on Euglyphida’s Dark Matter
Authors: Dumack Kenneth , Duckert Clément , Meinhardt Raphaela , Lara Enrique , Bonkowski Michael
Published: November 2020

The majority of Euglyphida species are characterised by shells with imbricated silica scales. Environmental surveys indicate a large unexplored diversity and recent efforts hinted at a certain diversity of yet undescribed, inconspicuous, scale‐lacking Euglyphida. Here we describe Phaeobola aeris gen. nov., sp. nov. that shows a variety of morphological characters typical for the Euglyphida but lacks silica scales‐instead, this species bears an agglutinated test. Neither its morphology nor phylogenetic placement allows its assignment to any currently described family. We erected the yet monospecific genus Phaeobola gen. nov., which with yet available data remain Euglyphida incertae sedis.