bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Effect of Slip Time in Forming Neo‐Esophageal Stenosis After Replacement of a Thoracic Esophagus With Nitinol Artificial Esophagus
Authors: Liang Xian‐Liang , Liang Jian‐Hui
Published: March 2015

Attempts have been made to investigate the effect of slip time of nitinol artificial esophagus for forming neo‐esophageal stenosis after replacement of a thoracic esophagus with nitinol artificial esophagus in 20 experimental pigs. The pigs whose slip time was less than 90 days postoperatively had severe dysphagia (Bown's III) immediately after they were fed, and the dysphagia aggravated gradually later on (Bown's III–IV). The pigs whose slip time was more than 90 days postoperatively had mild/moderate dysphagia (Bown's I–II) immediately after they were fed, and the dysphagia relieved gradually later on (Bown's II‐I‐0). The ratios between the diameter of neo‐esophagus in different slip time and normal esophagus were 25% (at 2 months postoperatively), 58% (at 4 months postoperatively), and 93% (at 6 months postoperatively), respectively. The relationship between nitinol artificial esophagus slip time and neo‐esophageal stenosis showed a positive correlation. After replacement of a thoracic esophagus with nitinol artificial esophagus, the artificial esophageal slip time not only affected the original diameter of the neo‐esophagus immediately, but also affected the neo‐esophageal scar stricture forming process later on. The narrowing of neo‐esophagus is caused by overgrowth of scar tissue. But there is the positive correlation between artificial esophagus slip time and neo‐esophageal stenosis, so this can be a way of overcoming neo‐esophageal stenosis by delaying slip time of artificial esophagus.
Numerical and In Vitro Investigation of a Novel Mechanical Circulatory Support Device Installed in the Descending Aorta
Authors: Rezaienia Mohammad Amin , Rahideh Akbar , Alhosseini Hamedani Borhan , Bosak Dawid Emanuel Maximilian , Zustiak Silviya , Korakianitis Theodosios
Published: March 2015

Traditional implantation techniques of assist devices from the apex of left ventricle to the ascending or descending aorta are highly invasive and carry substantial complications for end‐stage heart failure patients. This study has shown that the descending aorta can be a promising location to install an implantable mechanical circulatory support with minimally invasive surgery. Herein, the hemodynamic effect of an in‐house prototyped pump implanted in the descending aorta was investigated numerically as well as experimentally. The objective of the experimental study is met by using the in‐house simulator of the cardiovascular loop replicating congestive heart failure conditions. The objective of the numerical study was met by using the modified version of the concentrated lumped parameter model developed by the same team. The results show that the pump placement in the descending aorta can lead to an improvement in pulsatility. The pressure drop, generated at the upstream of the pump, facilitates the cardiac output as a result of after‐load reduction, but at the same time, it induces a slight drop in the carotid as well as the coronary perfusion. The pressure rise, generated at the downstream of the pump, improves the blood perfusion in the renal circulation.
Optimal Design of Litz Wire Coils With Sandwich Structure Wirelessly Powering an Artificial Anal Sphincter System
Authors: Ke Lei , Yan Guozheng , Yan Sheng , Wang Zhiwu , Li Xiaoyang
Published: March 2015

Transcutaneous energy transfer system (TETS) is widely used to energize implantable biomedical devices. As a key part of the TETS, a pair of applicable coils with low losses, high unloaded Q factor, and strong coupling is required to realize an efficient TETS. This article presents an optimal design methodology of planar litz wire coils sandwiched between two ferrite substrates wirelessly powering a novel mechanical artificial anal sphincter system for treating severe fecal incontinence, with focus on the main parameters of the coils such as the wire diameter, number of turns, geometry, and the properties of the ferrite substrate. The theoretical basis of optimal power transfer efficiency in an inductive link was analyzed. A set of analytical expressions are outlined to calculate the winding resistance of a litz wire coil on ferrite substrate, taking into account eddy‐current losses, including conduction losses and induction losses. Expressions that describe the geometrical dimension dependence of self‐ and mutual inductance are derived. The influence of ferrite substrate relative permeability and dimensions is also considered. We have used this foundation to devise an applicable coil design method that starts with a set of realistic constraints and ends with the optimal coil pair geometries. All theoretical predictions are verified with measurements using different types of fabricated coils. The results indicate that the analysis is useful for optimizing the geometry design of windings and the ferrite substrate in a sandwich structure as part of which, in addition to providing design insight, allows speeding up the system efficiency‐optimizing design process.
Simulation of Ventricular, Cavo‐Pulmonary, and Biventricular Ventricular Assist Devices in Failing Fontan
Authors: Di Molfetta Arianna , Amodeo Antonio , Fresiello Libera , Trivella Maria Giovanna , Iacobelli Roberta , Pilati Mara , Ferrari Gianfranco
Published: March 2015

Considering the lack of donors, ventricular assist devices (VADs) could be an alternative to heart transplantation for failing Fontan patients, in spite of the lack of experience and the complex anatomy and physiopathology of these patients. Considering the high number of variables that play an important role such as type of Fontan failure, type of VAD connection, and setting (right VAD [RVAD], left VAD [LVAD], or biventricular VAD [BIVAD]), a numerical model could be useful to support clinical decisions. The aim of this article is to develop and test a lumped parameter model of the cardiovascular system simulating and comparing the VAD effects on failing Fontan. Hemodynamic and echocardiographic data of 10 Fontan patients were used to simulate the baseline patients’ condition using a dedicated lumped parameter model. Starting from the simulated baseline and for each patient, a systolic dysfunction, a diastolic dysfunction, and an increment of the pulmonary vascular resistance were simulated. Then, for each patient and for each pathology, the RVAD, LVAD, and BIVAD implantations were simulated. The model can reproduce patients’ baseline well. In the case of systolic dysfunction, the LVAD unloads the single ventricle and increases the cardiac output (CO) (35%) and the arterial systemic pressure (Pas) (25%). With RVAD, a decrement of inferior vena cava pressure (Pvci) (39%) was observed with 34% increment of CO, but an increment of the single ventricle external work (SVEW). With the BIVAD, an increment of Pas (29%) and CO (37%) was observed. In the case of diastolic dysfunction, the LVAD increases CO (42%) and the RVAD decreases the Pvci, while both increase the SVEW. In the case of pulmonary vascular resistance increment, the highest CO (50%) and Pas (28%) increment is obtained with an RVAD with the highest decrement of Pvci (53%) and an increment of the SVEW but with the lowest VAD power consumption. The use of numerical models could be helpful in this innovative field to evaluate the effect of VAD implantation on Fontan patients to support patient and VAD type selection personalizing the assistance.
Codeine should not be prescribed for breastfeeding mothers or children under the age of 12
Authors: Lazaryan Moran , Shasha‐Zigelman Chen , Dagan Zachi , Berkovitch Matitiahu
Published: March 2015

Medical regulatory authorities, including the Food and Drug Administration and European Medicine Agency, have published restrictions regarding the use of codeine in paediatric patients and breastfeeding mothers. This review explored the various parameters that are involved in the metabolism and toxicology of codeine in these two populations.

Conclusion

The growing volume of data on potential serious adverse events and questionable efficacy indicates that codeine should not be prescribed for children under 12 years of age and breastfeeding mothers.
Decreased stress resilience in young men significantly increases the risk of subsequent peptic ulcer disease – a prospective study of 233 093 men in Sweden
Authors: Melinder C. , Udumyan R. , Hiyoshi A. , Brummer R. J. , Montgomery S.
Published: March 2015

Background

Psychosocial stress may influence peptic ulcer disease (PUD) risk, but it can be difficult to identify reliably whether stressful exposures pre‐dated disease. The association of stress resilience (susceptibility to stress) with subsequent PUD risk has been incompletely investigated.

Aim

To assess if stress resilience in adolescence is associated with subsequent PUD risk.

Methods

The participants comprised of 233 093 men resident in Sweden, born 1952–1956 and assessed for compulsory military conscription during 1969–1976, with data provided by national Swedish registers. Stress resilience was evaluated through semi‐structured interviews by a certified psychologist. Cox regression assessed the association between stress resilience in adolescence and the risk of PUD from 1985 to 2009, between ages 28 and 57 years, with adjustment for parental socioeconomic index, household crowding and number of siblings in childhood, as well as cognitive function and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in adolescence.

Results

In total, 2259 first PUD diagnoses were identified. Lower stress resilience in adolescence is associated with a higher risk of PUD in subsequent adulthood: compared with high resilience, the adjusted hazard ratios (and 95% CI) are 1.84 (1.61–2.10) and 1.23 (1.09–1.38) for low and moderate stress resilience, respectively.

Conclusion

Stress may be implicated in the aetiology of PUD and low stress resilience is a marker of risk.
Multiple Structural Breaks and Inflation Persistence: Evidence fromChina
Authors: Li Tianfeng , Wei June
Published: March 2015

The degree of inflation persistence fluctuates more in developing countries than in industrialized countries. This is because there are more economic reforms in developing countries than in industrialized countries. Hence, it is important to study the inflation persistence in developing countries. The present paper investigates the pattern of inflation persistence inChina, a developing and transitional economy. Specifically, the paper studies statistically the number of structural breaks inChina's inflation persistence based on the monthly retail price index (MRPI) and the quarterly retail price index (QRPI) inflation series from 1983 to 2011. The findings show that there are five and three structural breaks in theMRPIandQRPIinflation persistence, respectively. The present paper also exposes a high degree of persistence over the whole sample period and a slight decline in the level of the persistence since 1994. Furthermore, the persistence of two inflation series does not change monotonously but with obvious cyclical patterns. Using these derived estimated structural breakpoints, likely causes of the breakpoints in inflation persistence are investigated. Finally, theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
Price Rigidity and Industrial Concentration: Evidence from the Indonesian Food and Beverages Industry
Authors: Setiawan Maman , Emvalomatis Grigorios , Oude Lansink Alfons
Published: March 2015

This paper investigates the relationship between industrial concentration and price rigidity in the Indonesian food and beverages industry. A Cournot model of firm behavior is used in which prices adjust according to a partial adjustment mechanism. The model is applied to panel data of the Indonesian food and beverages industry over the period 1995–2006. The results suggest that industrial concentration has a positive effect on percentage price changes. Furthermore, the speed of price adjustment is higher when the per unit cost of production rises.
Dynamic Relationships between Exchange Rates and Foreign Direct Investment: Empirical Evidence from Korea
Authors: Lee Jung Wan
Published: March 2015

This paper examines the short‐run and long‐run dynamic relationships between exchange rates and foreign direct investment (FDI) in Korea. Monthly data retrieved from the Bank of Korea from January 1999 to March 2012 are examined. A cointegration test, a vector error correction model, the Wald test and impulse responses techniques are applied to analyze the data. The present study finds that, first, long‐run causation between exchange rates and FDI flows exists, which implies that a change in exchange rates negatively affects FDI flows in the long run. Second, short‐run causation between exchange rates and FDI flows exists, which confirms that there is reciprocal feedback between the two variables. Finally, the study finds evidence of a structural break from the global financial crisis of 2007–2009 shock to FDI flows in Korea. An external shock affects changes in the endogenous variables and, thus, causes instability in the cointegrating vector in the system.
The pharmacokinetics of peginterferon lambda‐1a following single dose administration to subjects with impaired renal function
Authors: Hruska Matthew W. , Adamczyk Robert , Colston Elizabeth , Hesney Michael , Stonier Michele , Myler Heather , Bertz Richard
Published: March 2015

Aims

This open label study was conducted to assess the effect of renal impairment (RI) on the pharmacokinetics (PK) of peginterferon lambda‐1a (Lambda).

Methods

Subjects (age 18–75 years, BMI 18–35 kg m–2) were enrolled into one of five renal function groups: normal (n = 12), mild RI (n = 8), moderate RI (n = 8), severe RI (n = 7), end‐stage renal disease (ESRD, n = 8) based on estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) calculated using the Modification of Diet in Renal Disease (MDRD) equation. Subjects received a single dose of Lambda (180 µg) subcutaneously on day 1 followed by PK serum sample collections through day 29. Safety, tolerability and immunogenicity data were collected through day 43. PK parameters were estimated and summarized by group. Geometric mean ratios (GMR) and 90% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated between normal and RI groups.

Results

With decreasing eGFR, Lambda exposure (Cmax, AUC) increased while apparent clearance (CL/F) and apparent volume of distribution (V/F) decreased. Relative to subjects with normal renal function (geometric mean AUC = 99.5 ng ml–1 h), Lambda exposure estimates (AUC) were slightly increased in the mild RI group (geometric mean [90% CI]: 1.20 [0.82, 1.77]) and greater in the moderate (1.95 [1.35, 2.83]), severe RI (1.95 [1.30, 2.93]) and ESRD (1.88 [1.30, 2.73]) groups. Lambda was generally well tolerated.

Conclusions

The results demonstrated that RI reduces the clearance of Lambda and suggests that dose modifications may not be required in patients with mild RI but may be required in patients with moderate to severe RI or ESRD.
Protein binding characteristics and pharmacokinetics of ceftriaxone in intensive care unit patients
Authors: Schleibinger Michael , Steinbach Cathérine L. , Töpper Christoph , Kratzer Alexander , Liebchen Uwe , Kees Frieder , Salzberger Bernd , Kees Martin G.
Published: March 2015

Aims

The aim of the present study was to assess the pharmacokinetics of total and unbound ceftriaxone in intensive care unit (ICU) patients and its protein binding characteristics.

Methods

Twenty patients (m/f 15/5, age 25–86 years, body weight 60–121 kg, APACHE II 7–40, estimated glomerular filtration rate 19–157 ml min–1, albumin 11.7–30.1 g l–1, total bilirubin <0.1–36.1 mg dl–1) treated with intravenous ceftriaxone were recruited from two ICUs. Timed plasma samples were obtained using an opportunistic study protocol. Ceftriaxone concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography; unbound concentrations were determined after ultrafiltration using a new method which maintains physiological pH and temperature. The pharmacokinetics was described by a one‐compartment model, the protein‐binding characteristics by Michaelis–Menten kinetics.

Results

For total drug, the volume of distribution was 20.2 l (median; interquartile range 15.6–24.5 l), the half‐life 14.5 h (10.0–25.5 h) and the clearance 0.96 l h–1 (0.55–1.28 l h–1). The clearance of unbound drug was 1.91 l h–1 (1.46–6.20 l h–1) and linearly correlated with estimated glomerular filtration rate (slope 0.85, y‐intercept 0.24 l h–1, r2 = 0.70). The unbound fraction was higher in ICU patients (33.0%; 20.2–44.5%) than reported in healthy volunteers, particularly when renal impairment or severe hyperbilirubinaemia was present. In all patients, unbound concentrations during treatment with ceftriaxone 2 g once daily remained above the EUCAST susceptibility breakpoint (≤1 mg l–1) throughout the whole dosing interval.

Conclusions

Protein binding of ceftriaxone is reduced and variable in ICU patients due to hypoalbuminaemia, but also to altered binding characteristics. Despite these changes, the pharmacokinetics of unbound ceftriaxone is governed by renal function. For patients with normal or reduced renal function, standard doses are sufficient.
When votes depend on who's listening: Voters' intragroup status and voting procedure predict representative endorsement in intergroup contexts
Authors: Teixeira Catia P. , Demoulin Stephanie , Yzerbyt Vincent
Published: March 2015

Three experiments investigated whether the selection of a representative in intergroup interdependence settings can reflect group members' strategic behaviour. We tested the impact of an individual's intragroup status (normative vs. pro‐out‐group deviant, Experiments 1–3) and of voting procedure (Experiments 2 and 3) on the choice of an in‐group representative. Experiment 1 shows that normative members prefer normative representatives, whereas pro‐out‐group deviant members equally like normative and pro‐out‐group deviant representatives. Experiment 2 extends these results and shows that voting procedure (private vs. in‐group audience) moderates this effect. Pro‐out‐group deviant members' preferences and behaviours appear more strategic and context‐sensitive than normative ones. Specifically, pro‐out‐group deviants vote more for normative representatives than for pro‐out‐group deviants when facing an in‐group audience, whereas the reverse pattern emerges in private. Experiment 3 shows that this moderation effect is specific to in‐group audiences compared to out‐group ones, reinforcing the idea that normative members ‘stick to their guns’. Implications of these findings for leader endorsement and intergroup relations are discussed.
The Motivational Fabric of Gamified Idea Competitions: The Evaluation of Game Mechanics from a Longitudinal Perspective
Authors: Scheiner Christian W.
Published: March 2015

Idea competitions are a highly important tool for integrating insiders and outsiders in the idea generation and evaluation activities of organizations. Previous research on motives for participation has demonstrated that organizers need to design idea competitions that create a positive experience for participants. To address this challenge, organizations have started to include games mechanics (e.g., points, levels, badges) into idea competitions, a measure that has been termed gamification. However, there is a lack of scientific studies focusing on the longitudinal evaluation and perception of game mechanics. This study thus evaluates game mechanics in a gamified idea competition through two independent panel studies. The quantitative results are complemented with data from qualitative surveys. The findings of this study indicate that there are differences in game mechanics with respect to their motivational evaluation, and that game mechanics with reference to social aspects in particular are more highly appreciated.
Agreement between questionnaire report of allergy‐related outcomes in school‐age children and objective measures of atopy: the Saskatchewan rural health study
Authors: Chu L. , Rennie D. , Cockcroft D. , Pahwa P. , Dosman J. , Hagel L. , Karunanayake C. , Lawson J.
Published: March 2015

Background and Objectives

In population‐based studies, questionnaires remain the most efficient tool to assess the presence of allergy and atopic conditions, but the quality of the information obtained needs to be validated. We sought to evaluate the agreement and predictive values of a questionnaire to assess atopy in rural children, an understudied population with regard to atopy and allergic disease.

Methods

A total of 480 schoolchildren (grades 1–8) from rural Saskatchewan completed a questionnaire report of allergy and atopic outcomes and participated in skin prick testing (SPT). SPT for 6 common allergens (local grasses, wheat dust, cat dander, house dust mite mixed, Alternaria, and Cladosporium) was completed. Subjects with at least one positive SPT (≥ 3 mm) compared to the negative control were considered to be atopic. We considered per cent concordance, Kappa, sensitivity, specificity, and the positive predictive value and negative predictive value (NPV, PPV) of reported allergies or allergic conditions in comparison with SPT as the gold standard.

Results

We found that 25.0% of children reported a history of any allergy and 19.4% were atopic based on SPT. The agreement between questionnaire report of allergic triggers and atopy measured by SPT was high (83.0–89.5%). The agreement between atopy and report of allergic conditions ranged from 67.1% to 79.6%. Individual allergic conditions demonstrated high specificity but low sensitivity. The questionnaire report of any allergy had a low PPV in detecting atopy (47.3%) and high NPV (86.3%). The PPV of reported allergic conditions was low (24.8–43.9%), but the NPV was again high (82.0–82.9%).

Conclusions

We found that the standardized questionnaire report of allergy and atopic conditions was shown not to efficiently and reliably predict atopy. However, given the good specificity and the NPV, the questionnaire may be an efficient tool for epidemiological studies that involve the differential inclusion of subjects without atopy.
Mechanisms of immunological tolerance in central nervous system inflammatory demyelination
Authors: Mari Elisabeth R. , Moore Jason N. , Zhang Guang‐Xian , Rostami Abdolmohamad
Published: March 2015

Multiple sclerosis is a complex autoimmune disease of the central nervous system that results in a disruption of the balance between pro‐inflammatory and anti‐inflammatory signals in the immune system. Given that central nervous system inflammation can be suppressed by various immunological tolerance mechanisms, immune tolerance has become a focus of research in the attempt to induce long‐lasting immune suppression of pathogenic T cells. Mechanisms underlying this tolerance induction include generation of regulatory T cell populations, anergy and the induction of tolerogenic antigen‐presenting cells. The intravenous administration of encephalitogenic peptides has been shown to suppress experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and induce tolerance by promoting the generation of regulatory T cells and inducing apoptosis of pathogenic T cells. Safe and effective methods of inducing long‐lasting immune tolerance are essential for the treatment of multiple sclerosis. By exploring tolerogenic mechanisms, new strategies can be devised to strengthen the regulatory, anti‐inflammatory cell populations thereby weakening the pathogenic, pro‐inflammatory cell responses.
Structural and Qualitative Bone Remodeling Around Repetitive Loaded Implants in Rabbits
Authors: Kuroshima Shinichiro , Yasutake Munenori , Tsuiki Kotaro , Nakano Takayoshi , Sawase Takashi
Published: March 2015

Background

Bone mechanical function is regulated by bone quality and bone mineral density (BMD) that reflect bone strength. The preferential alignment of biological apatite (BAp) c‐axis/collagen fibers and osteocytes is a determinant factor of bone quality. However, the effect of mechanical loading on bone quality around dental implants is unclear.

Purpose

The aim of this study was to clarify the effects of mechanical loading on osseointegration, bone volume BMD, and bone quality around dental implants.

Materials and Methods

Twenty anodized Ti‐6Al‐4V alloy implants (KYOCERA Co., Kyoto, Japan) were placed in the proximal tibial metaphysis of 10 rabbits. Twelve weeks after surgery, mechanical loading was applied along the long axis of the implant (50 N, 3 Hz, 1,800 cycles, 2 days/week) for 8 weeks. Osseointegration, bone volume, BMD, and bone quality were evaluated using light microscopy, microcomputed tomography, polarized light microscopy, and microbeam X‐ray diffractometer.

Results

Mechanical loading increased osseointegration, bone volume, and BMD. Bone quality around dental implant was altered with increased osteocyte numbers and the preferential alignment direction and degree of BAp c‐axis/collagen fibers.

Conclusions

These findings suggest that mechanical loading effectively induces bone anabolic responses around dental implants. Altered bone quality may upregulate bone strength, contributing to long‐term implant stability.
Validation of the English translation of the low anterior resection syndrome score
Authors: Juul T. , Battersby N. J. , Christensen P. , Janjua A. Z. , Branagan G. , Laurberg S. , Emmertsen K. J. , Moran B. ,   the UK LARS Study Group
Published: March 2015

Aim

Many patients having anterior resection for rectal cancer suffer from severe long‐term bowel dysfunction, known as low anterior resection syndrome (LARS). The LARS score was developed in Denmark, and Swedish, Spanish and German versions have been validated. The aim of this study was to validate the English translation of the LARS score in British rectal cancer patients.

Method

Rectal cancer patients who underwent an anterior resection in 12 UK centres received the LARS score questionnaire, the EORTC QLQ‐C30 and a single ad hoc quality of life question. A subgroup of patients received the LARS score questionnaire twice.

Results

The response rate was 80% and 451 patients were included in the analyses. A strong association between LARS score and quality of life (convergent validity) was found (P < 0.01), discriminative validity was good (P < 0.02) and the test–retest reliability was high (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.83).

Conclusion

The English translation of the LARS score has shown good psychometric properties comparable with recently published results from an international multicentre study. Thus, the English translation of the LARS score can be considered a valid and reliable tool for measuring LARS.
Small carcinomas involving less than one‐quarter of the rectal circumference: local excision is still associated with a high risk of nodal positivity
Authors: Ferko A. , Orhalmi J. , Dusek T. , Chobola M. , Hovorkova E. , Hadzi Nikolov D. , Dolejs J.
Published: March 2015

Aim

A study was carried out to determine the relationship between mesorectal lymph nodal involvement and T stage in a group of patients with a rectal cancer involving less than one‐quarter of the rectal circumference, such as might be selected for local excision.

Method

The data of patients having rectal resection between 2010 and 2014 were prospectively entered in a rectal carcinoma registry. A model for describing tumours involving less than one quadrant of the rectal circumference was created to facilitate the evaluation process.

Results

In all, 304 patients were included in the study. In 68 (22.4%) a small tumour (< 1 quadrant involved) was found. Of these, 26.5% had positive mesorectal lymph nodes (N+). In lesions of Stage ypT0 cancer 12.5% patients were node positive, in Stage Tis and T1 tumours there was no case of node positivity, but in Stage T2 and Stage T3 cancers the incidence of node positivity was 27.5% and 64%.

Conclusion

The study demonstrated that, even for small tumours involving only one rectal quadrant, the risk of lymph nodal involvement was about 25%. Had the patients undergone local excision the treatment would have been incomplete.
Family Firm Governance and Financial Policy Choices in Newly Public Firms
Authors: Jain Bharat A. , Shao Yingying
Published: March 2015

Manuscript Type

Empirical

Research Question/Issue

Using agency theory and socioemotional wealth perspective as the theoretical framework, we evaluate the extent to which financing choices subsequent to going public and their economic consequences differ for family firms relative to non‐family firms.

Research Findings/Insights

Our results suggest that family firms maintain higher post‐IPO leverage and longer debt maturity structure relative to non‐family firms. Further, family firms raise less external capital subsequent to going public relative to non‐family firms. The reluctance of family firms to raise post‐IPO capital, however, results in higher investment sensitivity to internal cash flows and consequently inefficient investment. In addition, family firm financing choices differentially influence various facets of post‐IPO performance.

Theoretical/Academic Implications

This study suggests that agency conflicts among firm stakeholders as well as socioemotional wealth considerations are important determinants of family firm financing behavior subsequent to going public. Further, ownership structure is an important determinant of the extent IPO firms capitalize on the opportunity to raise capital subsequent to going public to finance investments.

Practitioner/Policy Implications

Our results offer insights to entrepreneurs, managers, venture capitalists, and other capital market participants with regard to the link between firm ownership structure and the economic benefits of going public
Nedd4 E3 ubiquitin ligase promotes cell proliferation and autophagy
Authors: Li Yuyin , Zhang Li , Zhou Jie , Luo Shenheng , Huang Rui , Zhao Changcai , Diao Aipo
Published: March 2015

Objectives

Nedd4 (neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down‐regulated protein 4) is a member of the HECT E3 ubiquitin ligases, and is elevated in prostate, bladder and colorectal cancers, and promotes colonic cell population expansion. Up to now, molecular mechanisms of how Nedd4 functions, have not been well understood.

Materials and methods

In this study, shRNA was used to reduce expression of Nedd4 in the human prostate carcinoma cell line DU145. To analyse effects of Nedd4 on cell proliferation, MTT and colony formation assays were performed. DAPI staining and FACS analysis were used to investigate outcomes of Nedd4 activity, on apoptosis. Results of Nedd4 expression on lysosomal membrane permeabilization and autophagy were further investigated using acridine orange (AO) staining, immunofluorescence and western blot analysis.

Results

We found that in HeLa cells, expression of Nedd4 promoted cell proliferation, whereas its knockdown inhibited colony formation and induced apoptosis in DU145 cells. Furthermore, down‐regulation of Nedd4 in DU145 cells promoted lysosomal membrane permeabilization. We also found that down‐regulation of Nedd4 inhibited autophagy in both DU145 and A549 cells. Investigation into mechanisms involved revealed that knockdown of endogenous Nedd4 expression notably increased activated mTOR (p‐mTOR) levels, which suggests that mTOR signalling was involved in the Nedd4‐mediated autophagy.

Conclusions

Our results indicate that expression of Nedd4 promoted cell proliferation and colony formation but prevented apoptosis. Moreover, Nedd4 promoted autophagy and was associated with the mTOR signalling pathway.
United Network for Organ Sharing regional variations in appeal denial rates with non‐standard Model for End‐Stage Liver Disease/Pediatric End‐Stage Liver Disease exceptions: support for a national review board
Authors: Gish Robert G. , Wong Robert J. , Honerkamp‐Smith Gordon , Xu Ronghui , Osorio Robert W.
Published: March 2015

Although it has been generally recognized that there are inconsistencies among Regional Review Boards in the assignment of points for model for end‐stage liver disease (MELD)/pediatric end‐stage liver disease (PELD) exception patients with resulting considerable variation in appeal denial rates, data to actually prove this have been limited. We reviewed 6533 MELD/PELD exception applications submitted between 2005 and 2008, calculated the variation in approval/denial rates, and followed these cases through mid‐2013 to assess the effects on patient outcomes. We found highly significant regional variations in denial rates for appeals by exception patients and in transplantation rates. The odds of transplant for patients whose appeals are approved is 2.45 times that of patients not approved; that this effect does not vary by region suggests that the variation in transplant rates is driven, at least in part, by the variation in appeal denial rates. Health deterioration or death accounts for more than two‐thirds of wait list removals among patients removed for reasons other than transplant. Our findings add to the weight of evidence that a national review board that uses current clinical expertise, peer review literature, and data to consistently assign priority could reduce regional inequities and move toward equitable allocation of organs and compliance with the United States Department of Health & Human Services Final Rule.
Cytopathologists can reliably perform ultrasound‐guided thyroid fine needle aspiration: a 1‐year audit on 3715 consecutive cases
Authors: Bellevicine C. , Vigliar E. , Malapelle U. , Pisapia P. , Conzo G. , Biondi B. , Vetrani A. , Troncone G.
Published: March 2015

Objective

In our Pathology Department, fine needle aspiration (FNA) of palpable thyroid nodules is performed by cytopathologists who ensure correct sample management and rapid on‐site evaluation (ROSE). Conversely, ultrasound (US)‐guided FNAs have traditionally been carried out by endocrinologists and radiologists in outside clinics, where the presence of a cytopathologist is not always feasible. To overcome this limitation, cytopathologists have started to perform US‐guided FNAs themselves. This study retrospectively evaluates 1 year of this novel practice.

Methods

A total of 2225 US‐guided FNAs were performed in our clinic by cytopathologists, whereas 1490 aspirates were taken by a group of non‐cytopathologists. Among these, 756 FNAs were taken by a single experienced endocrinologist. The distribution of the Bethesda classification categories was evaluated in each of these groups.

Results

FNAs performed by cytopathologists were more often diagnostic and better prepared than those taken by non‐cytopathologists, including those taken by the experienced endocrinologist (P < 0.01). The latter operator yielded a higher rate of suspicious and malignant FNAs, reflecting a more appropriate clinical triage of worrisome nodules.

Conclusion

Although the endocrinologist's evaluation is crucial to select clinically relevant thyroid nodules, cytopathologists can reliably perform US guidance in addition to their traditional expertise in sampling, specimen preparation and ROSE.
Helicobacter pylori‐negative gastric cancer: Characteristics and endoscopic findings
Authors: Yamamoto Yorimasa , Fujisaki Junko , Omae Masami , Hirasawa Toshiaki , Igarashi Masahiro
Published: March 2015

Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) leads to chronic gastritis and eventually causes gastric cancer. The prevalence of H. pylori infection is gradually decreasing with improvement of living conditions and eradication therapy. However, some reports have described cases of H. pylori‐negative gastric cancers (HpNGC), and the prevalence was 0.42–5.4% of all gastric cancers. Diagnostic criteria of HpNGC vary among the different reports; thus, they have not yet been definitively established. We recommend negative findings in two or more methods that include endoscopic or pathological findings or serum pepsinogen test, and negative urease breath test or serum immunoglobulin G test and no eradication history the minimum criteria for diagnosis of HpNGC. The etiology of gastric cancers, excluding H. pylori infection, is known to be associated with several factors including lifestyle, viral infection, autoimmune disorder and germline mutations, but the main causal factor of HpNGC is still unclear. Regarding the characteristics of HpNGC, the undifferentiated type (UD‐type) is more frequent than the differentiated type (D‐type). The UD‐type is mainly signet ring‐cell carcinoma that presents as a discolored lesion in the lower or middle part of the stomach in relatively young patients. The gross type is flat or depressed. The D‐type is mainly gastric adenocarcinoma of the fundic gland type that presents as a submucosal tumor‐like or flat or depressed lesion in the middle and upper part of the stomach in relatively older patients. Early detection of HpNGC enables minimally invasive treatment which preserves the patient's quality of life. Endoscopists should fully understand the characteristics and endoscopic findings of HpNGC.
The role of socio‐economic status and perinatal factors in racial disparities in the risk of cerebral palsy
Authors: Durkin Maureen S , Maenner Matthew J , Benedict Ruth E , Van Naarden Braun Kim , Christensen Deborah , Kirby Russell S , Wingate Martha , Yeargin‐Allsopp Marshalyn
Published: March 2015

Aim

To determine whether racial disparities in cerebral palsy (CP) risk among US children persist after controlling for socio‐economic status (SES) (here indicated by maternal education) and perinatal risk factors.

Method

A population‐based birth cohort study was conducted using the Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network surveillance and birth data for 8‐year‐old children residing in multi‐county areas in Alabama, Georgia, Missouri, and Wisconsin between 2002 and 2008. The birth cohort comparison group included 458 027 children and the case group included 1570 children with CP, 1202 with available birth records. χ2 tests were performed to evaluate associations and logistic regression was used to calculate relative risks (RR) and adjusted odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI).

Results

The risk of spastic CP was more than 50% higher for black versus white children (RR 1.52, 95% CI 1.33–1.73), and this greater risk persisted after adjustment for SES (OR 1.35, 95% CI 1.18–1.55), but not after further adjustment for preterm birth and size for gestational age. The protective effect of maternal education remained after adjustment for race/ethnicity and perinatal factors.

Interpretation

Maternal education appears to independently affect CP risk but does not fully explain existing racial disparities in CP prevalence in the US.
A Political‐Economic Account of Global Tariffs
Authors: Gawande Kishore , Krishna Pravin , Olarreaga Marcelo
Published: March 2015

The objective of this paper is to evaluate the relative importance of three distinct factors that motivate redistributive government policy: tariff revenues, consumer welfare, and producer profits. We generalize Grossman and Helpman's (1994, American Economic Review 84: 833–850). protection‐for‐sale model by positing that government places different weights on these components of the welfare of its polity when it decides which industries to protect and to what extent. Employing tariff data from 40 countries, the predictions from this model are used to estimate these weights. The results are surprising in their range and variety. Developing countries with weak tax systems often weigh tariff revenue heavily, while more developed countries weigh producer interests the most. Very few hold consumer welfare dear.
Feeding behaviour of a virus‐vector leafhopper on host and non‐host plants characterised by electrical penetration graphs
Authors: Tholt Gergely , Samu Ferenc , Kiss Balázs
Published: March 2015

Many sap‐feeders are vectors of plant diseases, acquiring and inoculating pathogens at various stages of the feeding process. In oligophagous species, certain aspects of probing behaviour on hosts and non‐hosts may have implications for the range of both pathogens and plants that can be inoculated. We addressed the question of which probing phases (including ingestion) occur on non‐host plants in the case of the common leafhopper Psammotettix alienus (Dahlbom) (Hemiptera: Cicadellidae). This species is a pest on cereals, a vector of the Wheat dwarf virus, and possible carrier of other pathogens. It is regarded as oligophagous on grasses, but has been reported also on other plant families. In a combined electrical penetration graph (EPG) video observation study, we aimed to give a description of the waveforms during the probing process. EPG recordings were made on a suitable host, barley, Hordeum vulgare L. (Poaceae), and on two non‐host plants, the sedge Carex tomentosa L. (Cyperaceae) and the ragweed Ambrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae). We demonstrated that P. alienus probes on plants other than Poaceae, including dicotyledons. Univariate and multivariate analyses of general probing variables revealed that total and maximal probe durations were shorter and probing progress less advanced on non‐host plants. Waveforms of the pathway phase were stereotypical and statistically not different between the host and non‐host plants. On sedge, the waveform signifying insertion through the plant epidermis was shortened but much more frequent, indicating penetration difficulties and retrials. Most importantly, waveforms indicating phloem ingestion were not present on either of the non‐host plants. Non‐host probing events terminating during the pathway phase suggested that rejection occurred when the stylets were in the mesophyllum. Overall, the EPG signals reflected the unsuitability of A. artemisiifolia and C. tomentosa compared to barley, but the occurrence of probing and the demonstrated level of probing progress imply that pathogen transmission cannot be excluded in the case of many non‐host plants and non‐specific pathogens.
Enhancing resistance in Pinus radiata seedlings to terminal crook (Colletotrichum acutatum) using methyl jasmonate and ultraviolet‐C radiation
Authors: Reglinski T. , Taylor J. T. , Ah Chee A. , Spiers M.
Published: March 2015

Colletotrichum acutatum is a fungal pathogen that causes terminal crook disease in radiata pine (Pinus radiata) seedlings in New Zealand forest nurseries. Symptoms of infection include malformation or death of the growing tip and a stiffening and thickening of the stem. Although the disease can be managed effectively using fungicides, the New Zealand forest industry is interested in alternative control options such as induced resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate spray application of chitosan (1.4 g/l) or 2.25 mm methyl jasmonate (MeJA) and irradiation with UV‐C (2.16 kJ/m2) for their potential to induce resistance to terminal crook. The treatments were applied to 4‐month‐old seedlings at 1 week before pathogen inoculation. By the end of the experimental period (42 days after inoculation), there was 80% disease incidence in the controls, with 48% of seedlings exhibiting severe terminal crook symptoms. The most effective treatment (p < 0.05) was MeJA with 16% disease incidence and none with severe symptoms. UV‐C also significantly (p < 0.05) reduced infection with 52% incidence and 20% of seedlings exhibiting severe symptoms. Chitosan did not reduce disease incidence (72%) compared with the control (80%) but did significantly reduce (p < 0.05) disease severity with 28% exhibiting severe symptoms. MeJA was the only treatment that significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the detrimental effects of infection on seedling apical growth and stem diameter. To our knowledge, this is the first report demonstrating the potential for MeJA and UV‐C to control terminal crook in radiata pine.
Thiotepa‐based versus total body irradiation‐based myeloablative conditioning prior to allogeneic stem cell transplantation for acute myeloid leukaemia in first complete remission: a retrospective analysis from the Acute Leukemia Working Party of the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation
Authors: Eder Sandra , Labopin Myriam , Arcese William , Or Reuven , Majolino Ignazio , Bacigalupo Andrea , de Rosa Gennaro , Volin Liisa , Beelen Dietrich , Veelken Hendrik , Schaap Nicolaas P. M. , Kuball Jurgen , Cornelissen Jan , Nagler Arnon , Mohty Mohamad ,   the Acute Leukemia Working Party
Published: March 2015

Thiotepa is an alkylating compound with an antineoplastic and myeloablative activity and can mimic the effect of radiation. However, it is unknown whether this new regimen could safely replace the long‐established ones. This retrospective matched‐pair analysis evaluated the outcome of adults with acute myeloid leukaemia in first complete remission who received myeloablative conditioning either with a thiotepa‐based (n = 121) or a cyclophosphamide/total body irradiation‐based (TBI; n = 358) regimen for allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation from an HLA‐matched sibling or an unrelated donor. With a median follow‐up of 44 months, the outcome was similar in both groups. Acute graft‐versus‐host disease grade II‐IV was observed in 25% after thiotepa‐containing regimen versus 35% after TBI (P = 0.06). The 2‐yr cumulative incidence of chronic graft‐versus‐host disease was 40.5% for thiotepa and 41% for TBI (P = 0.98). At 2 yrs, the cumulative incidences of non‐relapse mortality and relapse incidence were 23.9% (thiotepa) vs. 22.4% (TBI; P = 0.66) and 17.2% (thiotepa) vs. 23.3% (TBI; P = 0.77), respectively. The probabilities of leukaemia‐free and overall survival at 2 yrs were not significantly different between the thiotepa and TBI groups, at 58.9% vs. 54.2% (P = 0.95) and 61.4% vs. 58% (P = 0.72), respectively. Myeloablative regimens using combinations including thiotepa can provide satisfactory outcomes, but the optimal conditioning remains unclear for the individual patient in this setting.
Identification of efficient transport pathways from the soil surface to field drains by smoke injection
Authors: Nielsen M. H. , Petersen C. T. , Hansen S.
Published: March 2015

Surface‐applied agrochemicals have been measured soon after application in drainage water from agricultural fields in various studies. The bypass flow from the soil surface into drains may result from direct macropore connections. In order to identify such macropores, smoke was injected into three 1.15‐m deep tile drains in a sandy loam soil using ‘smoke oil’ and an air blower. Smoke‐emitting macropores (SEM) at the soil surface were characterized as having either strong or weak plumes when compared with reference plumes from 3‐ and 6‐mm wide tubes. A total drain length of 93 m, at three separate sub‐drain lines, was investigated after harvest of wheat in autumn 2010 and in spring 2011. Smoke only reached the soil surface layer via earthworm burrows, located in a 1‐m wide belt directly above the drain lines. The distributions of SEM across the drain line were similar in autumn and spring. The average number of SEM along the drain lines was 2.3 SEM m−1 drain line. Ponded water in 6‐cm wide rings was applied above 52 burrows, including 17 reference burrows that did not emit smoke, and 13 pathways in the soil were examined with dye tracer. Strong SEM marked the entrance of efficient transport pathways conducting surface‐applied water and dye tracer into the drain. Water infiltration rates were significantly larger (P < 0.05) in strong SEM (geometric mean, 195 ml minute−1; n = 19) than in weak SEM (geometric mean, 63 ml minute−1; n = 16) and for the reference burrows (geometric mean, 39 ml minute−1; n = 17). The results suggest that the smoke injection technique is a valuable means of identifying potentially efficient pathways for surface‐applied contaminants to enter drains, such pathways being associated primarily with strong SEM.