bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ruptured Dissecting Vertebrobasilar Aneurysm in Childhood: What Is the Therapeutic Strategy?
Authors: Rizzi Michele , De Benedictis Alessandro , Marras Carlo Efisio , Palma Paolo , Desiderio Flora , Rollo Massimo
Published: July 2013

Background/Aims: Pediatric aneurysms are rare, accounting for 0.5-4.6% of all intracranial aneurysms. Dissecting vertebrobasilar aneurysms (DVBA) are more frequently observed among children than adults. Cases acutely presenting with subarachnoid hemorrhage need a prompt treatment because of the higher mortality related to untreated cases. Options for an active DVBA management depend on the features of the malformation and include endovascular and surgical approaches. Methods: We refer to an 8-year-old healthy female, who presented with a sudden severe headache and vomit, followed by a half-hour loss of consciousness. A CT scan revealed subarachnoid hemorrhage, and brain MR angiography showed a lesion with mass effect on bulbar structures, suggestive of an aneurysm of the vertebrobasilar junction. The intracranial angiography confirmed this diagnosis and showed a relevant revascularization coming from the anterior cerebral circulation. Results: Endovascular treatment was considered as a suitable option and occlusion of both vertebral arteries, saving the left posterior inferior cerebellar artery, was performed. No neurological deficits appeared after embolization, and the patient was clinically stable at 18 months of follow-up. Conclusion: In the ‘stent era', parent vessel deconstruction throughout endovascular balloon or coil occlusion could be considered in patients with a sound collateral circulation and when cerebellar hemisphere and encephalic trunk feeding is not compromised.
A Novel Plantar Stimulation Technology for Improving Protective Sensation and Postural Control in Patients with Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: A Double-Blinded, Randomized Study
Authors: Najafi Bijan , Crews Ryan T. , Wrobel James S.
Published: July 2013

Background: Many diabetes-related peripheral neuropathy (DPN) patients also experience postural instability. Objective: This study examined the effect of electrical stimulation therapy on DPN patients' postural control as well as recovery of plantar sensation. Methods: 54 patients with mild to moderate DPN were enrolled into this study evaluating treatment of DPN with electrical stimulation provided via aqueous solution. The subjects were randomized into either sham or active stimulation. Treatments were administered 5 times per week for 6 weeks. Changes in neuropathy severity were assessed via Semmes-Weinstein monofilament tests and vibration perception threshold (VPT) tests. The potential benefit in postural control was assessed in a subsample of 13 subjects by measuring the area of center of mass (COM) sway. Results: The active group saw a significant (p < 0.05) improvement in VPT at treatment week 6 in comparison to the sham group. The difference did not remain significant at follow-up visits. There were no significant differences between groups for the Semmes-Weinstein monofilament test. However, time was a significant main effect, with both groups improving over the course of the study. The area of COM sway was significantly reduced on average by 36% at treatment week 2 compared to the baseline. Although at treatment week 6 an additional 7% reduction in COM sway was observed compared to treatment week 2, the improvement from treatment week 2 to treatment week 6 was not significant (p > 0.6). Interestingly, no significant difference was observed in the sham group during the study (p > 0.7). Conclusion: This randomized pilot study provides preliminary data on the potential of electrical stimulation via aqueous solution to improve protective sensation and postural stability in DPN patients.
Association of HER2 Overexpression and Prognosis in Small (T1N0) Primary Breast Cancers
Authors: Rom Joachim , Schumacher Claudia , Gluz Oleg , Höfler Josef , Eidt Sebastian , Domschke Christoph , Marmé Frederik , Nitz Ulrike , Sohn Christof , Schneeweiss Andreas
Published: July 2013

Background: There is some controversy regarding the precise role and need for adjuvant therapy in patients with pT1a/pT1bN0 breast cancer, although studies have indicated that a HER2-positive status is one of the most powerful poor prognostic factors. Patients and Methods: We retrospectively evaluated disease-free survival (DFS), distant disease-free survival (DDFS), and overall survival (OS) among 960 patients diagnosed between 2000 and 2008 with T1N0 primary breast cancer treated at 3 German centers, and determined prognostic risk factors. Univariate analysis was used to determine associations with potential risk factors. Results: With a median follow-up of 23 months, DFS was 94.8%, DDFS 96.3%, and OS 97.5%. Risk factors for decreased 1-year DFS were: peritumoral lymphatic invasion (L1) (p = 0.031), negative hormone receptor status (p = 0.003), non-use of hormonal therapy (p = 0.001), and a positive HER2 status (p = 0.003). Amongst the HER2-positive patients only 2.7% (n = 1/37) of those treated with trastuzumab had a DFS event compared with 20% (n = 10/50) without trastuzumab. Conclusion: Patients with HER2-positive T1 breast cancer should be considered for inclusion in prospective trials of trastuzumab in combination with chemotherapy to determine the risk-to-benefit ratio and association with other prognostic factors.
High-Grade Glioma: Refined Diagnostics Steering Stratified Therapy
Authors: Uhl Martin , Hau Peter
Published: July 2013

An adequately sampled tumor histology that is evaluated by an experienced neuropathologist is the current international standard for the diagnosis of high-grade gliomas. We present the case of a 30-year-old female for whom clinical and radiological information dramatically changed the histological diagnosis. We suggest a new algorithm including these parameters to refine the accuracy of histological diagnosis both for standard treatment and centrally reviewed clinical trials.
Neuromyelitis Optica: An Often Forgotten Cause of Intractable Nausea and Vomiting
Authors: Enweluzo Chijioke , Enweluzo Chijioke , Yarra Pradeep
Published: July 2013

Neuromyelitis optica, also known as Devic's disease, is a rare autoimmune disorder in which a patient's immune system affects the optic nerves and the spinal cord, leading to loss of vision and spinal cord dysfunction. We present our experience with a 38-year-old female who presented to our facility with complaints of intractable nausea and vomiting. After extensive evaluation, she was found to have neuromyelitis optica. Her symptoms completely resolved following institution of appropriate therapy. She made a significant recovery and has since been placed on chronic immunosuppressive therapy. Through this article we hope to bring attention to a significant cause of intractable nausea and vomiting that may often be forgotten in general medicine or gastroenterology services.
Phospholamban Knockout Breaks Arrhythmogenic Ca
2+
Waves and Suppresses Catecholaminergic Polymorphic Ventricular Tachycardia in Mice
Authors: Bai Yunlong , Jones Peter P. , Guo Jiqing , Zhong Xiaowei , Clark Robert B. , Zhou Qiang , Wang Ruiwu , Vallmitjana Alexander , Benitez Raul , Hove-Madsen Leif , Semeniuk Lisa , Guo Ang , Song Long-Sheng , Duff Henry J. , Chen S.R. Wayne
Published: July 2013

Rationale
:

Phospholamban (PLN) is an inhibitor of cardiac sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca
2+
ATPase. PLN knockout (PLN-KO) enhances sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca
2+
load and Ca
2+
leak. Conversely, PLN-KO accelerates Ca
2+
sequestration and aborts arrhythmogenic spontaneous Ca
2+
waves (SCWs). An important question is whether these seemingly paradoxical effects of PLN-KO exacerbate or protect against Ca
2+
-triggered arrhythmias.

Objective
:

We investigate the impact of PLN-KO on SCWs, triggered activities, and stress-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias (VTs) in a mouse model of cardiac ryanodine-receptor (RyR2)-linked catecholaminergic polymorphic VT.

Methods and Results
:

We generated a PLN-deficient, RyR2-mutant mouse model (PLN
−/−
/RyR2-R4496C
+/−
) by crossbreeding PLN-KO mice with catecholaminergic polymorphic VT–associated RyR2-R4496C mutant mice. Ca
2+
imaging and patch-clamp recording revealed cell-wide propagating SCWs and triggered activities in RyR2-R4496C
+/−
ventricular myocytes during sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca
2+
overload. PLN-KO fragmented these cell-wide SCWs into mini-waves and Ca
2+
sparks and suppressed the triggered activities evoked by sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca
2+
overload. Importantly, these effects of PLN-KO were reverted by partially inhibiting sarco(endo)plasmic reticulum Ca
2+
ATPase with 2,5-di-tert-butylhydroquinone. However, Bay K, caffeine, or Li
+
failed to convert mini-waves to cell-wide SCWs in PLN
−/−
/RyR2-R4496C
+/−
ventricular myocytes. Furthermore, ECG analysis showed that PLN-KO mice are not susceptible to stress-induced VTs. On the contrary, PLN-KO protected RyR2-R4496C mutant mice from stress-induced VTs.

Conclusions
:

Our results demonstrate that despite severe sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca
2+
leak, PLN-KO suppresses triggered activities and stress-induced VTs in a mouse model of catecholaminergic polymorphic VT. These data suggest that breaking up cell-wide propagating SCWs by enhancing Ca
2+
sequestration represents an effective approach for suppressing Ca
2+
-triggered arrhythmias.
A Role for the Endothelium in Vascular Calcification
Authors: Yao Yucheng , Jumabay Medet , Ly Albert , Radparvar Melina , Cubberly Mark R. , Boström Kristina I.
Published: July 2013

Rationale:

Vascular calcification is a regulated process that involves osteoprogenitor cells and frequently complicates common vascular disease, such as atherosclerosis and diabetic vasculopathy. However, it is not clear whether the vascular endothelium has a role in contributing osteoprogenitor cells to the calcific lesions.

Objective:

To determine whether the vascular endothelium contributes osteoprogenitor cells to vascular calcification.

Methods and Results:

In this study, we use 2 mouse models of vascular calcification, mice with gene deletion of matrix Gla protein, a bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)-inhibitor, and
Ins2

Akita/+

mice, a diabetes model. We show that enhanced BMP signaling in both types of mice stimulates the vascular endothelium to contribute osteoprogenitor cells to the vascular calcification. The enhanced BMP signaling results in endothelial–mesenchymal transitions and the emergence of multipotent cells, followed by osteoinduction. Endothelial markers colocalize with multipotent and osteogenic markers in calcified arteries by immunostaining and fluorescence-activated cell sorting. Lineage tracing using
Tie2
-
Gfp
transgenic mice supports an endothelial origin of the osteogenic cells. Enhancement of matrix Gla protein expression in
Ins2

Akita/+

mice, as mediated by an
Mgp
transgene, limits the generation of multipotent cells. Moreover, matrix Gla protein–depleted human aortic endothelial cells in vitro acquire multipotency rendering the cells susceptible to osteoinduction by BMP and high glucose.

Conclusions:

Our data suggest that the endothelium is a source of osteoprogenitor cells in vascular calcification that occurs in disorders with high BMP activation, such as deficiency of BMP-inhibitors and diabetes mellitus.
Stratified Meta-Analysis of Intermittent Pneumatic Compression of the Lower Limbs to Prevent Venous Thromboembolism in Hospitalized Patients
Authors: Ho Kwok M. , Tan Jen Aik
Published: July 2013

Background—

Optimal thromboprophylaxis for patients at risk of bleeding remains uncertain. This meta-analysis assessed whether intermittent pneumatic compression (IPC) of the lower limbs was effective in reducing venous thromboembolism and whether combining pharmacological thromboprophylaxis with IPC would enhance its effectiveness.

Methods and Results—

Two reviewers searched MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane controlled trial register (1966—February 2013) for randomized, controlled trials and assessed the outcomes and quality of the trials independently. Trials comparing IPC with pharmacological thromboprophylaxis, thromboembolic deterrent stockings, no prophylaxis, and a combination of IPC and pharmacological thromboprophylaxis were considered. Trials that used IPC <24 hours or compared different types of IPC were excluded. A total of 16 164 hospitalized patients from 70 trials met the inclusion criteria and were subjected to meta-analysis. IPC was more effective than no IPC prophylaxis in reducing deep vein thrombosis (7.3% versus 16.7%; absolute risk reduction, 9.4%; 95% confidence interval [CI], 7.9–10.9; relative risk, 0.43; 95% CI, 0.36–0.52;
P
<0.01;
I
2
=34%) and pulmonary embolism (1.2% versus 2.8%; absolute risk reduction, 1.6%; 95% CI, 0.9–2.3; relative risk, 0.48; 95% CI, 0.33–0.69;
P
<0.01;
I
2
=0%). IPC was also more effective than thromboembolic deterrent stockings in reducing deep vein thrombosis and appeared to be as effective as pharmacological thromboprophylaxis but with a reduced risk of bleeding (relative risk, 0.41; 95% CI, 0.25–0.65;
P
<0.01;
I
2
=0%). Adding pharmacological thromboprophylaxis to IPC further reduced the risk of deep vein thrombosis (relative risk, 0.54; 95% CI, 0.32–0.91;
P
=0.02;
I
2
=0%) compared with IPC alone.

Conclusions—

IPC was effective in reducing venous thromboembolism, and combining pharmacological thromboprophylaxis with IPC was more effective than using IPC alone.
Role of Brain Corticosterone and Aldosterone in Central Angiotensin II–Induced Hypertension
Authors: Huang Bing S. , White Roselyn A. , Ahmad Monir , Leenen Frans H.H.
Published: July 2013

Circulating angiotensin II (Ang II) activates a central aldosterone–mineralocorticoid receptor neuromodulatory pathway, which mediates most of the Ang II–induced hypertension. This study examined whether specific central infusion of Ang II also activates this central aldosterone–mineralocorticoid receptor pathway. Intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang II at 1.0, 2.5, and 12.5 ng/min for 2 weeks caused dose-related increases in water intake, Ang II concentration in the cerebrospinal fluid, and blood pressure. Intracerebroventricular Ang II, at 2.5 and 12.5 ng/min, increased hypothalamic aldosterone and corticosterone, as well as plasma aldosterone and corticosterone without affecting plasma Ang II levels. Intracerebroventricular infusion of the aldosterone synthase inhibitor FAD286—but not the mineralocorticoid receptor blocker eplerenone—inhibited by ≈60% the Ang II–induced increase in hypothalamic aldosterone. Both blockers attenuated by ≈50% the increase in plasma aldosterone and corticosterone with only minimal effects on hypothalamic corticosterone. By telemetry, intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang II maximally increased blood pressure within the first day with no further increase over the next 2 weeks. Intracerebroventricular infusion of FAD286 or eplerenone did not affect the initial pressor responses but similarly prevented 60% to 70% of the chronic pressor responses to intracerebroventricular infusion of Ang II. These results indicate distinctly different patterns of blood pressure increase by circulating versus central Ang II and support the involvement of a brain aldosterone–mineralocorticoid receptor–activated neuromodulatory pathway in the chronic hypertension caused by both circulating and central Ang II.
Novel Role of NOD2 in Mediating Ca
2+
Signaling
Authors: Han Huirong , Wang Yupeng , Li Xiang , Wang Ping-An , Wei Xinbing , Liang Wei , Ding Guohua , Yu Xiao , Bao Chanchan , Zhang Yan , Wang Ziying , Yi Fan
Published: July 2013

Although hyperhomocysteinemia (hHcys) has been recognized as an important independent risk factor in the progression of end-stage renal disease and in the development of cardiovascular complications related to end-stage renal disease, the mechanisms triggering the pathogenic actions of hHcys are not yet fully understood. The present study was designed to investigate the contribution of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain containing 2 (NOD2), an intracellular innate immunity mediator, to the development of glomerulosclerosis in hHcys. Our results showed that NOD2 deficiency ameliorated renal injury in mice with hHcys. We further discovered the novel role of NOD2 in mediating Ca
2+
signaling and found that homocysteine-induced NOD2 expression enhanced transient receptor potential cation channel 6 (TRPC6) expression and TRPC6-mediated calcium influx and currents, leading to intracellular Ca
2+
release, ultimately resulting in podocyte cytoskeleton rearrangement and apoptosis. Moreover, we found that nephrin expression was downregulated dependently by NOD2, and overexpression of nephrin attenuated homocysteine-induced TRPC6 expression in podocytes. The results add evidence to support the essential role of nephrin in mediating NOD2-induced TRPC6 expression in hHcys. In conclusion, our results for the first time establish a previously unknown function of NOD2 for the regulation of TRPC6 channels, suggesting that TRPC6-dependent Ca
2+
signaling is one of the critical signal transduction pathways that links innate immunity mediator NOD2 to podocyte injury. Pharmacological targeting of NOD2 signaling pathways at multiple levels may help design a new approach to develop therapeutic strategies for treatment of hHcys-associated end-stage renal disease.
Neural and Psychological Maturation of Decision-making in Adolescence and Young Adulthood
Authors: Christakou Anastasia , Gershman Samuel J. , Niv Yael , Simmons Andrew , Brammer Mick , Rubia Katya
Published: July 2013

We examined the maturation of decision-making from early adolescence to mid-adulthood using fMRI of a variant of the Iowa gambling task. We have previously shown that performance in this task relies on sensitivity to accumulating negative outcomes in ventromedial PFC and dorsolateral PFC. Here, we further formalize outcome evaluation (as driven by prediction errors [PE], using a reinforcement learning model) and examine its development. Task performance improved significantly during adolescence, stabilizing in adulthood. Performance relied on greater impact of negative compared with positive PEs, the relative impact of which matured from adolescence into adulthood. Adolescents also showed increased exploratory behavior, expressed as a propensity to shift responding between options independently of outcome quality, whereas adults showed no systematic shifting patterns. The correlation between PE representation and improved performance strengthened with age for activation in ventral and dorsal PFC, ventral striatum, and temporal and parietal cortices. There was a medial-lateral distinction in the prefrontal substrates of effective PE utilization between adults and adolescents: Increased utilization of negative PEs, a hallmark of successful performance in the task, was associated with increased activation in ventromedial PFC in adults, but decreased activation in ventrolateral PFC and striatum in adolescents. These results suggest that adults and adolescents engage qualitatively distinct neural and psychological processes during decision-making, the development of which is not exclusively dependent on reward-processing maturation.
Blue Light Stimulates Cognitive Brain Activity in Visually Blind Individuals
Authors: Vandewalle Gilles , Collignon Olivier , Hull Joseph T. , Daneault Véronique , Albouy Geneviève , Lepore Franco , Phillips Christophe , Doyon Julien , Czeisler Charles A. , Dumont Marie , Lockley Steven W. , Carrier Julie
Published: July 2013

Light regulates multiple non-image-forming (or nonvisual) circadian, neuroendocrine, and neurobehavioral functions, via outputs from intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs). Exposure to light directly enhances alertness and performance, so light is an important regulator of wakefulness and cognition. The roles of rods, cones, and ipRGCs in the impact of light on cognitive brain functions remain unclear, however. A small percentage of blind individuals retain non-image-forming photoreception and offer a unique opportunity to investigate light impacts in the absence of conscious vision, presumably through ipRGCs. Here, we show that three such patients were able to choose nonrandomly about the presence of light despite their complete lack of sight. Furthermore, 2 sec of blue light modified EEG activity when administered simultaneously to auditory stimulations. fMRI further showed that, during an auditory working memory task, less than a minute of blue light triggered the recruitment of supplemental prefrontal and thalamic brain regions involved in alertness and cognition regulation as well as key areas of the default mode network. These results, which have to be considered as a proof of concept, show that non-image-forming photoreception triggers some awareness for light and can have a more rapid impact on human cognition than previously understood, if brain processing is actively engaged. Furthermore, light stimulates higher cognitive brain activity, independently of vision, and engages supplemental brain areas to perform an ongoing cognitive process. To our knowledge, our results constitute the first indication that ipRGC signaling may rapidly affect fundamental cerebral organization, so that it could potentially participate to the regulation of numerous aspects of human brain function.
The Effect of Moist Convection on the Tropospheric Response to Tropical and Subtropical Zonally Asymmetric Torques
Authors: Boos William R. , Shaw Tiffany A.
Published: July 2013

Tropospheric winds can be altered by vertical transfers of momentum due to orographic gravity waves and convection. Previous work showed that, in dry models, such zonally asymmetric torques produce a pattern of tropical ascent that is well described by linear dynamics, together with meridional shifts of the midlatitude jet. Here a series of idealized models is used to understand the effects of moisture on the tropospheric response to tropical and subtropical zonally asymmetric, upper-tropospheric torques.

The vertical motion response to a torque is shown to be amplified by the reduction in effective static stability that occurs in moist convecting atmospheres. This amplification occurs only in precipitating regions, and the magnitude of subsidence in nonprecipitating regions saturates when clear-sky radiative cooling balances induced adiabatic warming. For basic states in which precipitation is concentrated in an intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), most of the vertical motion response is thus confined within the basic-state ITCZ, even when the torque is remote from the ITCZ. Tropical and subtropical torques perturb the extratropical baroclinic eddy field and the convectively coupled equatorial wave field. Resulting changes in momentum flux convergence by transient eddies induce secondary meridional overturning circulations that modify the zonal-mean response to a torque. The net effect allows tropical torques to merge a double ITCZ into a single equatorial ITCZ. The response of tropical transient eddies is highly sensitive to the representation of convection, so the zonal-mean response to a torque is similarly sensitive, even when the torque is located in the subtropics.
Internal Gravity Waves in a Saturated Moist Neutral Atmosphere
Authors: Muraki David J. , Rotunno Richard
Published: July 2013

This work is motivated by an unusual feature associated with the start-up of a moist nearly neutral atmospheric flow over a mountain ridge that was previously observed in a full-physics numerical model. In that study, the upstream propagation of a wave of subsidence precluded the establishment of upward-displaced and saturated flow that might be expected upstream of the topography. This phenomenon was hypothesized to be a consequence of the peculiar property of saturated moist neutral flow: an upward air parcel displacement produces zero buoyancy, while a downward displacement desaturates the air parcel and produces a positive buoyancy anomaly. In the present study, this hypothesis is confirmed within numerical solutions to a reduced system of equations that incorporates the saturated-atmosphere property in a particularly simple manner. The relatively uncomplicated nature of these solutions motivates the numerical solution of a further simplified initial-value problem for both nonhydrostatic and hydrostatic flow. Exact analytic solutions are developed for the latter hydrostatic case, which explains the upstream-propagating wave of subsidence as a shock phenomenon.
A patient with the rare alpha-1-antitrypsin variant Zbristol in compound heterozygosity with the Z mutation
Authors: Bates KJ , Puxley M , Hill M , Kalsheker N , Barlow A , Clark BE , Sherwood RA
Published: July 2013

Alpha-1-antitrypsin (AAT) is a protease inhibitor (PI), deficiency of which is associated with emphysema and liver disease. The most common deficiency alleles are the S (p.Glu288Val) and Z (p.Glu366Lys) alleles. The Z allele predisposes the AAT protein to polymerization with accumulation in hepatocytes leading to liver disease in PIZ individuals. Most AAT variants have a characteristic pattern of isoforms by isoelectric focusing (IEF). A novel AAT variant called PIZbristol (p.Thr109Met) with an unusual pattern on IEF was described in 1997. We report a patient with the PIZZbristol phenotype that has not been previously described. A 43-year-old man was referred by his GP to a respiratory clinic for breathlessness. His AAT concentration was 0.50 g/L (reference range 1.0–2.0 g/L). An unusual pattern on IEF was seen and sequencing revealed the presence of the rare variant Zbristol in combination with the Z mutation. This is the second reported case of Zbristol and the first in combination with the Z mutation. The patient maintained plasma AAT concentrations around 0.50–0.70 g/L which suggested that the Zbristol protein contributed to the low plasma concentration of AAT. The clinical symptoms associated with PIZ are usually attributed to the plasma deficiency, but his only respiratory complaint was that of breathlessness. This suggests that the PIZZbristol phenotype may confer an effect on respiratory function but is not involved in liver disease.
The evolution of the European Union’s ‘fight against terrorism’ discourse: Constructing the terrorist ‘other’
Authors: Baker-Beall Christopher
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this article is to explore the ways in which the European Union (EU)’s counter-terrorism discourse, the ‘fight against terrorism’, is constructed, and the ways in which it functions both rhetorically and in practice. It argues that ‘EU identity’ is constituted through and is central to the constitution of EU counter-terrorism policy. The approach taken is constructivist in nature, drawing on a discourse analysis of primarily European Council policy documents, as well as the reports and speeches of the EU Counter-Terrorism Co-ordinator. In particular, it identifies three strands of the discourse that, it is argued, play a key role in the construction of a terrorist ‘other’. These three strands include terrorism as crime and as an emotive act of violence; terrorism as an act perpetrated solely by non-state actors; and terrorism as a ‘new’ and ‘evolving’ threat. The article proceeds in three steps. First, it outlines the theoretical considerations that underpin this research, including its empirical application. Second, it demonstrates how each strand of the discourse is constructed. Third, it discusses the functioning of the discourse, including the contested nature of the ‘terrorism knowledge’ that underpins the EU’s counter-terrorism approach. The article concludes by reflecting on what this case study contributes to our understanding of EU counter-terrorism policy, as well as explaining how the notion of the terrorist ‘other’ could provide the basis for a future research agenda that deepens our understanding of how the identity of the EU is constituted.
Age-Sensitive Effect of Adolescent Dating Experience on Delinquency and Substance Use
Authors: Kim Ryang Hui
Published: July 2013

This study uses a developmental perspective and focuses on examining whether the impact of adolescent dating is age-sensitive. Dating at earlier ages is hypothesized to have a stronger effect on adolescent criminal behavior or substance use, but the effect would be weaker as one ages. The data obtained from the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 are used to investigate this research question. The age-sensitive effect is measured by the interaction term between dating and age in the fixed effects modeling. The results show that when an adolescent changes from nondating to dating, the probability of committing criminal activities or using substances increases, but the influence of adolescent dating decreases as one ages. In addition, the dating effect decreases more rapidly among female adolescents than male adolescents.
Early Response-to-Intervention Measures and Criteria as Predictors of Reading Disability in the Beginning of Third Grade
Authors: Beach Kristen D. , O’Connor Rollanda E.
Published: July 2013

We explored the usefulness of first and second grade reading measures and responsiveness criteria collected within a response-to-intervention (RtI) framework for predicting reading disability (RD) in third grade. We used existing data from 387 linguistically diverse students who had participated in a longitudinal RtI study. Model-based predictors of RD were analyzed using logistic regression; isolated measure/criteria combinations for predicting RD were analyzed using classification analysis. Models yielded superior classification rates compared to single measure approaches and did not systematically misclassify English learners. However, particular first and second grade measure/criteria combinations also showed promise as isolated predictors of RD in word reading/text fluency. Model-based approaches were required for acceptable classification of students with RD in comprehension. Although the former finding is promising for early identification of students in need of more intensive instruction in lexical or fluency-based skills, the latter finding reaffirms literature attesting to the complexity of RD in comprehension and difficulty of predicting deficits using early measures of reading, which primarily assess word reading skill. Results replicated well with an independent sample, thus enhancing confidence in study conclusions. Implications regarding the use of RtI for predicting RD are discussed.
Trends in Vocational Rehabilitation Services and Outcomes of Youth With Autism
Authors: Migliore Alberto , Butterworth John , Zalewska Agnieszka
Published: July 2013

As the number of adults with a diagnosis of autism continues to grow, attention is drawn to whether they receive adequate services and achieve satisfactory employment outcomes, compared with their peers with other disabilities. After examining data from the U.S. state vocational rehabilitation programs from the years 2006–2010, we found that youth with autism received similar levels of services and reported similar employment outcomes compared with their peers with other disabilities. However, these outcomes were modest, declining, and substantially different across states, regardless of the types of disabilities. We recommend continuous monitoring of services and outcomes of people with autism and other disabilities as a means to promote their economic self-sufficiency and inclusion in society.
About the collinear four-point probe technique´s inability to measure the resistivity of anisotropic electroconductive fabrics
Authors: Kazani I , De Mey G , Hertleer C , Banaszczyk J , Schwarz A , Guxho G , Van Langenhove L
Published: July 2013

The sheet resistance of electrically conducting screen-printed surfaces can be measured with different techniques such as Van Der Pauw or four-point probe. As electroconductive textile materials show anisotropic behaviour we investigate the possibility of using the four-point probe method to measure the anisotropic properties of the electric conductivity. It was proved both theoretically and experimentally that no anisotropy can be detected with the collinear contacts of the four-point probe.
Development of indirect method for clothing pressure measurement using three-dimensional imaging
Authors: Lee Yejin , Hong Kyunghi
Published: July 2013

A direct measurement method using an air-pack-type pressure sensor has been used widely to obtain clothing pressure, but this method still has many limitations. For instance, it gives only pointwise information and is inherently inconvenient and error-prone. Therefore, we suggest an indirect method for measuring the clothing pressure of various positions at once without touching the subject by using three-dimensional (3D) deformations of a reference shape (i.e., a circle grid) printed on clothing. The clothing pressure can be obtained with a simple analysis of tensile stress and the curvature data extracted from the 3D deformation of circle grids on the clothing surface. Specifically, the tensile stress of the fabric was obtained from a tensile tester and the direction of the principal stress and the radius of curvature in the principal direction were measured from 3D imaging data to obtain an accurate value. The clothing pressure from the indirect method was verified by comparing the results from direct pressure measurements using an air-pack-type pressure sensor. The indirect method was found to successfully estimate the clothing pressure.
The effect of laser technological parameters on the color and structure of denim fabric
Authors: Jucienė Milda , Urbelis Virginijus , Juchnevičienė Žaneta , Čepukonė Lina
Published: July 2013

The effect of laser technological parameters on the color of denim fabric is a topic of research for scientists in various countries. More detailed investigations, which would estimate the effect of several main laser technological parameters on the color, taking into account morphological fabric modifications, have been yet to be performed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to define the effect of laser technological parameters on the color of denim fabric. In the research, denim fabric was used with the following fiber content: 98% cotton and 2% EL, surface density 357 g/m2, weave – twill 3/1. The specimens were treated using a CO2 laser, with changing beam power and motorized drive parameters – the speed and step. Using a spectrophotometer, the change of the fabric surface color, Δ E, and color system, HSB, were determined both before and after laser treatment. Morphological analysis of the fabric was carried out uing a scanning electron microscope. The research showed that the color change, Δ E, of the laser-treated specimens is different in the warp and weft directions. The highest Δ E was reached while changing the beam power. The largest effect on the change of color hue, H, and color saturation, S, amongst all tested laser technological parameters was found for laser power. Color brightness, B, was mostly affected by laser step size, when laser energy density is ∼6 mJ/cm2.
Modeling of selected electric properties of textile signal lines using neural networks
Authors: Leśnikowski Jacek , Tokarska Magdalena
Published: July 2013

Research into new textile transmission lines is currently being conducted. Thanks to the flexibility of textile material used for their construction, these lines can become elements of a textronic system incorporated in modern smart garments to considerably enhance the comfort of its use. Textile transmission lines are required, however, to meet some specific requirements. A properly designed line should assure the minimum of signal losses and reflections. The normalized characteristic impedance of lines is assumed to be 50 ohms. This paper presents a new type of textile transmission lines. A method for measuring the line impedance is discussed. The construction of a measuring stand to be used for testing the electric properties of textile transmission lines is shown. Using artificial neural networks, a model for selected electric properties of textile transmission lines was obtained. The results of a sensibility analysis carried out based on the three-layer perceptron indicates a significant influence of selected model input quantities, such as the width of the inner conductive path, the distance between paths, path surface resistance, path thickness, and the number of warp and weft yarns occurring in a conductive path on the electric properties of textile transmission lines.
Fabrication of self-cleaning textiles by TiO2-carbon nanotube treatment
Authors: Lee Hyun Jung , Kim Jooyoun , Park Chung Hee
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this study is to fabricate self-cleaning textiles with photocatalyst excited by sunlight irradiation. Self-cleaning textiles were realized by coating carbon nanotube (CNT)-TiO2-acrylate copolymer on cotton and nylon fabrics using the dip-pad-dry process. The effect of CNT addition to TiO2 was observed on the self-cleaning performance and tensile stress of the treated fabrics. The morphology, chemical structure and particle size of acrylate copolymer with CNT-TiO2 and treated fabrics were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and a dynamic particle-size analyzer. The self-cleaning efficiency of the treated samples was examined by decomposition rates of methylene blue in aqueous solution and that of a wine stain under sunlight irradiation. It was found that the decomposition rates both for methylene blue and the wine stain were improved by CNT addition to TiO2 treatment on fabrics. When tensile degradation by photocatalytic reaction was monitored for TiO2 and CNT-TiO2-treated fabrics, the tensile deterioration after 48 hours of irradiation appeared to be mitigated by CNT addition to TiO2 treatment.
Experimental analysis of tensile behaviors of polytetrafluoroethylene-coated fabrics subjected to monotonous and cyclic loading
Authors: Yingying Zhang , Qilin Zhang , Ke Lei , Bei-lei Kuai
Published: July 2013

This paper presents the tensile behaviors of polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE)-coated fabrics subjected to monotonous and cyclic loading. First, uniaxial tensile tests are conducted to study the uniaxial cyclic behaviors, in which the effects of stress amplitude and temperature on the fabrics are studied. Then, biaxial tests are carried out to analyze the biaxial cyclic behaviors with different stress ratios. Finally, the mechanical properties of PTFE-coated fabrics without initial loading and after cyclic loading are compared. The results show that the tensile behaviors of PTFE-coated fabrics are asymmetric and affected obviously by loading protocols, which are concerned with the woven structure of substrate and properties of yarns. After cyclic loading, the significant stiffness strengthening and the linearity of tensile behaviors becomes obvious, while the discrepancy between the elastic modulus of the warp and the weft decreases. Compared with the new material without initial loading, the material tensile strength after cyclic loading remains almost unchanged, which may be related with fewer cycle numbers. The tensile behaviors under cyclic loading are mainly related with stress amplitude, temperature and woven structure of substrate. With temperature increasing, the degree of stiffness strengthening after cyclic loading increases. The effect of loading history on the mechanical properties of PTFE-coated fabric is obvious, and different constitutive constants should be conducted regarding different design stages.
Capital of the Amazon Rainforest: Constructing a Global City-region for Entrepreneurial Manaus
Authors: Kanai Juan Miguel
Published: July 2013

This paper fosters dialogue between neoliberal urbanism and post-colonial research, drawing attention to city-regional formation in the global South. It critiques the Manaus Metropolitan Region (RMM) initiative as a state-space remapping guided by ecological entrepreneurialism. In 2007, Amazonas state created the framework to spearhead growth in an extensive territory construed as both urban and pristine. RMM mobilises infrastructure investments and forceful zoning to reconcile the expansion of tax-exempted manufacturing, with exclusive ‘global city’ redevelopment, and heightened conservation measures seeking to leverage both the symbolic value of peri-urban rainforests and their potential to generate carbon-credit revenues. Focusing on the Manaus–Iranduba Bridge and its socio-spatial impacts, the paper problematises visions of sustainable urbanisation that circulate transnationally and exacerbate territorialised patterns of geographically uneven development. Hence, top–down global city-regional construction spearheads political reactions, social mobilisation and territorial conflicts of complex resolution and important implications for translocal activism and coalition building.
Family and Relationship Benefits of Travel Experiences
Authors: Durko Angela M. , Petrick James F.
Published: July 2013

The purpose of this review was to examine existent research on the benefits of travel applicable to working adults, couples, families, and extended family members. While travel is often perceived as an outlet for relaxation, education, and a chance to escape the mundane, recent research suggests that travel has several deeper benefits for families, relationships, and the individual. Findings from an extensive review of literature revealed that tourism provides positive benefits for adults, children, and couples. Several studies cited time allotted for family bonding is decreasing, likely attributed to increased career demands and changing family structures. These studies further showed travel as a means to utilize limited family time to help improve communications within a relationship, reduce the possibility of divorce, strengthen lifelong family bonds, and increase a sense of well-being in adults and children. Gaps in the existent research were noted, and potential suggestions for future research are addressed.
“I Know Your Pain”
Authors: Ruben Mollie A. , Hall Judith A.
Published: July 2013

The aim of this research was to examine predictors of pain detection accuracy. In Study 1 ( n = 160, undergraduates), the predictors were distal factors (empathy, emotion recognition, family history, and past experiences with pain), and in Study 2 ( n = 104, undergraduates), the predictor was a proximal factor (an experimentally induced experience of pain). Results showed that having past and an immediate experience with pain as well as being more empathic were associated with higher pain detection accuracy scores. Men were more accurate at detecting pain than women in both studies. Our findings contribute to a growing literature on pain detection and empathy.
The Prevalence of Abnormal Metabolic Parameters in Obese and Overweight Children
Authors: Salvatore Deborah , Satnick Ava , Abell Rebecca , Messina Catherine R. , Chawla Anupama
Published: July 2013

Background: This retrospective study aimed to determine the prevalence of abnormal metabolic parameters in obese children and its correlation to the degree of obesity determined by body mass index (BMI). Methods: In total, 101 children seen at the Pediatric Gastroenterology Obesity Clinic at Stony Brook Children's University Hospital were enrolled in the study. The degree of obesity was characterized according to the following formula: (patient's BMI/BMI at 95th percentile) × 100%, with class I obesity >100%–120%, class II obesity >120%–140%, and class III obesity >140%. A set of metabolic parameters was evaluated in these patients. Frequency distributions of all study variables were examined using the χ2 test of independence. Mean differences among the obesity classes and continuous measures were examined using 1‐way analysis of variance. Results: Within our study population, we found that 80% of our obese children had a low high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol level, 58% had elevated fasting insulin levels, and 32% had an elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. Class II obese children had a 2‐fold higher ALT value when compared with class I children (P = .036). Fasting insulin, ALT, HDL cholesterol, and triglyceride levels trended with class of obesity. Conclusion: Obese children in classes II and III are at higher risk for developing abnormal laboratory values. We recommend obese children be further classified to reflect the severity of the obesity since this has predictive significance for comorbidities. Obesity classes I, II, and III could help serve as a screening tool to help communicate risk assessment.
Predictors of Depressive Symptoms Among Hispanic Women in South Florida
Authors: Vermeesch Amber L. , Gonzalez-Guarda Rosa M. , Hall Rosemary , McCabe Brian E. , Cianelli Rosina , Peragallo Nilda P.
Published: July 2013

U.S. Hispanics, especially women, experience a disproportionate amount of disease burden for depression. This disparity among Hispanic women necessitates examination of factors associated with depression. The objective of this study was to use an adaptation of the Stress Process Model to test whether self-esteem mediated the relationship between Hispanic stress and depressive symptoms. Data for this secondary analysis were from a previous randomized-control HIV prevention trial.  Participants were 548 Hispanic women (19-52 years). Data collection measures included the Center for Epidemiological Studies–Depression Scale, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Hispanic Stress Scale. The bootstrap method in Mplus 6 was used to test mediation. Results indicated that self-esteem was inversely related to depression, and Hispanic stress was found to be positively related to depression. Self-esteem partially mediated the relationship between stress and depression. Strategies to improve/maintain self-esteem should be considered in future interventions for Hispanic women with depression.
A Simple and Reproducible Surgical Technique for the Management of Preauricular Sinuses
Authors: Shim Hyung‐Sup , Ko Young‐Il , Kim Min‐Cheol , Han Ki‐Taik , Lim Jin‐Soo
Published: July 2013

Preauricular sinus is a relatively common congenital anomaly that mainly exists on the anterior aspect of the anterior limb of the ascending helix. Although many surgical techniques have been developed, extirpation of the sinus is not easy because of the ramifications of the sinus, remnants of the sinus wall, and infection with or without formation of abscesses, which can all lead to disease recurrence. In our institution, we have surgically treated a total of 141 cases of congenital preauricular sinuses. Instead of using the conventional lacrimal probe and methylene blue method, we used a gentian violet–soaked Cottonoid, which has antibacterial effects against the main pathogen responsible for causing infection of the preauricular sinus. Results have been very favorable, with a zero recurrence rate. We present here a simple and reproducible surgical technique using a gentian violet–soaked Cottonoid that even beginning surgeons can easily follow.
Familial Religiosity, Family Processes, and Juvenile Delinquency in a National Sample of Early Adolescents
Authors: Li Spencer D.
Published: July 2013

Personal religiosity has been identified as a protective factor against juvenile delinquency. However, the influence of familial religiosity on delinquent behavior is less known. This study addresses this gap by investigating how family participation in organizational religious activities is related to delinquent involvement in early adolescence. Based on a structural equation modeling analysis of data from two waves of the National Longitudinal Survey of Youth 1997 (NLSY97), this study finds an overall negative association between familial religiosity and juvenile delinquency. It also finds that much of the relationship between familial religiosity and juvenile delinquency is mediated by the mechanisms of marital relationship, parenting practice, and attachment to parents.