bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Ethanol Alters Opioid Regulation of Ca2+Influx Through L‐Type Ca2+Channels in PC12 Cells
Authors: Gruol Donna L. , Nelson Thomas E. , Hao Christine , Michael Sarah , Vukojevic Vladana , Ming Yu , Terenius Lars
Published: October 2011

Background: Studies at the behavioral and synaptic level show that effects of ethanol on the central nervous system can involve the opioid signaling system. These interactions may alter the function of a common downstream target. In this study, we examined Ca2+channel function as a potential downstream target of interactions between ethanol and μ or κ opioid receptor signaling.

Methods: The studies were carried out in a model system, undifferentiated PC12 cells transfected with μ or κ opioid receptors. The PC12 cells express L‐type Ca2+channels, which were activated by K+depolarization. Ca2+imaging was used to measure relative Ca2+flux during K+depolarization and the modulation of Ca2+flux by opioids and ethanol.

Results: Ethanol, μ receptor activation, and κ receptor activation all reduced the amplitude of the Ca2+signal produced by K+depolarization. Pretreatment with ethanol or combined treatment with ethanol and μ or κ receptor agonists caused a reduction in the amplitude of the Ca2+signal that was comparable to or smaller than that observed for the individual drugs alone, indicating an interaction by the drugs at a downstream target (or targets) that limited the modulation of Ca2+flux through L‐type Ca2+channels.

Conclusions: These studies provide evidence for a cellular mechanism that could play an important role in ethanol regulation of synaptic transmission and behavior through interactions with the opioid signaling.
Ethanol Increases Glutamate Neurotransmission in the Posterior Ventral Tegmental Area of Female Wistar Rats
Authors: Ding Zheng‐Ming , Engleman Eric A. , Rodd Zachary A. , McBride William J.
Published: October 2011

Background:  The posterior ventral tegmental area (pVTA) mediates the reinforcing and stimulating effects of ethanol (EtOH). Electrophysiological studies indicated that exposure to EtOH increased glutamate synaptic function in the VTA. This study determined the neurochemical effects of both acute and repeated EtOH exposure on glutamate neurotransmission in the pVTA.

Methods:  Adult female Wistar rats were implanted with microdialysis probes in the pVTA. During microdialysis, rats received acute intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of saline or EtOH (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg), and extracellular glutamate levels were measured in the pVTA. The effects of repeated daily injections of EtOH (0.5, 1.0, or 2.0 g/kg) on basal extracellular glutamate concentrations in the pVTA and on glutamate response to a subsequent EtOH challenge were also examined.

Results:  The injection of 0.5 g/kg EtOH significantly increased (120 to 125% of baseline), whereas injection of 2.0 g/kg EtOH significantly decreased (80% of baseline) extracellular glutamate levels in the pVTA. The dose of 1.0 g/kg EtOH did not alter extracellular glutamate levels. Seven repeated daily injections of each dose of EtOH increased basal extracellular glutamate concentrations (from 4.1 ± 0.5 to 9.2 ± 0.5 μM) and reduced glutamate clearance in the pVTA (from 30 ± 2 to 17 ± 2%), but failed to alter glutamate response to a 2.0 g/kg EtOH challenge.

Conclusions:  The results suggest that the low dose of EtOH can stimulate the release of glutamate in the pVTA, and repeated EtOH administration increased basal glutamate transmission in the pVTA, as a result of reduced glutamate clearance.
Community Aging in Place, Advancing Better Living for Elders: A Bio‐Behavioral‐Environmental Intervention to Improve Function and Health‐Related Quality of Life in Disabled Older Adults
Authors: Szanton Sarah L. , Thorpe Roland J. , Boyd Cynthia , Tanner Elizabeth K. , Leff Bruce , Agree Emily , Xue Qian‐Li , Allen Jerilyn K. , Seplaki Christopher L. , Weiss Carlos O. , Guralnik Jack M. , Gitlin Laura N.
Published: October 2011

Objectives

To determine effect size and acceptability of a multicomponent behavior and home repair intervention for low‐income disabled older adults.

Design

Prospective randomized controlled pilot trial.

Setting

Participants’ homes.

Participants

Forty low‐income older adults with difficulties in one or more activities of daily living (ADLs) or two or more instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs).

Intervention

The Community Aging in Place, Advancing Better Living for Elders (CAPABLE), coordinated occupational therapy, nursing, and handyman visits, was compared with attention‐control visits. The intervention consisted of up to six visits with an occupational therapist, up to four visits with a nurse, and an average of $1,300 in handyman repairs and modifications. Each intervention participant received all components of the intervention clinically individualized to risk profile and goals. Each attention‐control participant received the same number of visits as the intervention participants, involving sedentary activities of their choice.

Measurement

Primary outcome: difficulty in performing ADLs and IADLs. Secondary outcomes: health‐related quality of life and falls efficacy.

Results

Thirty‐five of 40 adults (87%) completed the 6‐month trial, and 93% and 100% of the control and intervention group, respectively, stated that the study benefited them. The intervention group improved on all outcomes. When comparing mean change in the intervention group with mean change in the control group from baseline to follow‐up, the CAPABLE intervention had effect sizes of 0.63 for reducing difficulty in ADLs, 0.62 for reducing difficulty in IADLs, 0.89 for quality of life, and 0.55 for falls efficacy.

Conclusion

The CAPABLE intervention was acceptable to participants and feasible to provide and showed promising results, suggesting that this multicomponent intervention to reduce disability should be evaluated in a larger trial.
FRENCH LANGUAGE WORK IN COLLEGE
Authors: Gilman Margaret
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Our language teaching requires two qualities, variety and surprise. We need less artificiality and rigidity, and a large liberty.)
A PROGRAM FOR HONORS COURSES IN GERMAN
Authors: Hewitt Theodore B.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Suggestions for honors courses in German, which the author recommends as a desirable basis for all senior college work.)
ITINERANT AMERICA
Authors: Monroe R. E.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Increase in European touring since the war, educational aspects; tour vs. study; good and bad tours; the language teacher's problem.
SUMMER SCHOOL IN MEXICO1
Authors: Miller Wm. Marion
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Summer school at the University of Mexico deserves to attract more American visitors. Advantages and possibilities of a summer in Mexico; detailed suggestions for the prospective visitor, student or tourist.
STUDENT OPINION OF LANGUAGE TEACHING
Authors: Fairfield Virginia
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This article shows the various reasons that students give for studying foreign languages and some suggestions for improvement in teaching. If we wish to know why enrollments in language classes are decreasing in some sections of the country, perhaps we may find the answer in this compilation of student opinion.
COLLEGE TEACHING OF MODERN LANGUAGES1
Authors: Rockwell Leo L.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This paper, resting on the assumption that (1) measurement of language proficiency in terms of credits is anomalous and should give place to measurement by actual attainment, (2) language skills are differentiated and may be trained separately by properly chosen methods, and (3) modern testing methods permit the measurement of these skills, sets up a tentative program for the collegiate study of modern language.
A NEW “COMBINATION” METHOD OF TEACHING READING
Authors: Spendiaroff Eugene
Published: October 2011

“For conversation purposes, questions are at first more necessary than answers.” (Henry Sweet: “The Practical Study of Languages”).
WORD AND IDIOM FREQUENCY COUNTS IN FRENCH AND THEIR VALUE*
Authors: Fotos John T.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— This article presents a short review of word counts up to the present time and the results of a new and extensive French word count. The uses to which these word counts may be put have been discussed critically.
WHAT MAKES A LANGUAGE HARD?*
Authors: Holzwarth Charles
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— An attempt to bring out, in lighter vein, a practical difficulty in language teaching that is often overlooked or at least not appraised at its true value.
TEXTBOOK VOCABULARIES
Authors: FitzGerald Thos. A.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Owing to lack of uniformity in the material used in elementary classes and to the varying length of the “elementary period” (from about 90 recitations in Eastern and Southern colleges to something like 400 recitations in some high schools), vocabulary achievement at any point is very indefinite, and all texts needing vocabularies at all should have complete ones.
SELF‐DIAGNOSIS AS AN AID TO TEACHING FRENCH SOUNDS
Authors: McElroy Howard C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Careful planning for phonetic instruction is important, but pupil motivation is of greater importance. Self‐analysis is indicated as a possible aid.
SELF‐IMPROVEMENT AND INEXPENSIVE BOOKS FOR THE TEACHER OF GERMAN
Authors: Stroebe Lilian L.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The teacher of small means and little time to spare will find a well‐selected collection of good, short inexpensive books the greatest help in his work of self‐improvement.
EAR TRAINING IN THE TEACHING OF PRONUNCIATION
Authors: Gullette Cameron C.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— The teaching of pronunciation upon a physiological basis, plus consistent, continued ear training designed to develop ability in the diagnosis of aural and physical characteristics of sounds heard.
MULTUM IN PARVO
Authors: Gullette Cameron C.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The importance of focalization, repetition, and mind‐set, in learning a language, and the manner in which language exercises employ these principles.
LANGUAGE MASTERY
Authors: Schons Emily
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The Grammar Method, the Direct Method, and the Reading Method are all inadequate in themselves. They should be combined and supplemented by memorizing.
TALKING A LANGUAGE INTO CHILDREN VERSUS GIVING THEM AN EASY AND PLEASANT BOOK TO READ
Authors: Escher Erwin
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— John Locke suggested two ways of learning a foreign language: preferably through speaking, or else through reading with the help of a translation. Modern developments are foreshadowed in his statements and in methods practiced or advocated by some of his predecessors and followers.)
FRENCH NOUN ENDINGS AND VOCABULARY BUILDING
Authors: Grimes E. Margaret
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Concrete suggestions for Vocabulary building by the use of suffixes. A list of the most common und useful suffixes with meanings and examples.
MODERN LANGUAGE OBJECTIVES1
Authors: Vail Curtis C. D.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A discussion of the merits and faults of the Oral and Reading Objectives.
THE WORM TURNS
Authors: Coon Aaron Mac
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The pronunciation of foreign languages by American teachers and students seems to compare favorably with the English pronunciations of their foreign critics. Perhaps we are suffering from an unjustifiable sense of inferiority.
SALAVIN
Authors: Cros Suzanne
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Le personnage de Salavin prend une signification très claire et une incomparable valeur humaine, lorsqu'on l'étudie en le rattachant à l'œuvre entière de Duhamel, dont il développe l'idée essentielle: le vrai bonheur consiste à chercher et à trouver les beautés et les richesses que renferment le monde et surtout l'âme de nos semblables.
OUTSIDE READING*
Authors: Smith Hugh A.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— This is primarily a plea, made in connection with the subject of Outside Reading, for more widely prepared, and hence more enthusiastic French teachers. With the present tendencies toward mechanical efficiency, the author suggests a ten year moratorium on the study of methods while teachers devote themselves to this preparation.
SPANISH ON THE AIR IN WISCONSIN
Authors: Bolinger D. L.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The University of Wisconsin has for two years sponsored semi‐weekly broadcasts of Spanish lessons, and in 1932 adopted a series of weekly lectures on subjects of general interest relating to Spanish. Mr. Guillermo Guevara and Mr. V. R. B. Oelschläger have directed the broadcasts.
THE CASE FOR FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN THE HIGH SCHOOL
Authors: Duckles Myron E.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Though the three main objectives of Foreign Language study may not be attained satisfactorily in a two‐year high school course, the other derived values make it essential to the student's educational program.
THE USE OF MODERN LANGUAGE PLACEMENT TESTS AT THE UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH
Authors: Stevenson Mary Lou
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A study of those taking placement tests in modern languages shows the overlapping and deviation from national norms as well as the wide range of achievement among those presenting the same number of units of preparatory training. Placement according to achievement in the tests is vastly superior to and has proven more valid than the old system.
SOURCES AND DEVELOPMENT OF ORAL SELF EXPRESSION IN A FOREIGN LANGUAGE
Authors: Sparkman Colley F.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— Ability to express one's self, either in the vernacular or in a foreign language, probably the result of specific practice in the direction of concept‐to‐expression‐unit. Difficult to train in a foreign language because of the priority of neural paths, more or less worn by usage, leading from concepts to native‐language expression units. Analysis of forced training in self‐expression of an adult cast into a foreign environment. Conclusion is that school conditions should be made to motivate, in so far as possible, the environment just outlined.
“To Enjoy” and “Jouir de”
Authors: Faye Paul‐Louis
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The verb jouir de presents certain idiomatic difficulties which it is the aim of this article to analyze; this calls for an analysis of to enjoy, the difficulties of which are not always realized by the English speaker.
Modern Foreign Languages in a Changing Curriculum*
Authors: Smith Henry Lester
Published: October 2011

It is of paramount importance that the teacher of a modern foreign language should be acquainted with all the possible values that might be attained through the teaching of his subject. In order to develop the various by‐products which should ensue, every teacher needs a comprehensive understanding of the country whose language he is teaching and he needs to know the relation of the conditions and activities of the foreign people to those of the people of our own nation
Vitalizing the Seventeenth Century
Authors: Brock I. W.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary.— Survey and basic literary courses dealing with seventeenth‐century France frequently need new vitality. Some devices that have helped. Brain appeal should be supplemented by methods of proven pedagogical value.
Vagaries of the Modal Auxiliaries in German1
Authors: Vowles Guy R.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— One hundred quotations from forty authors illustrating a score of vagaries of the modal auxiliaries and kindred forms.
Azorín y Cervantes1
Authors: Balseiro José A.
Published: October 2011

Resumen del autor.— Establécese la apreciación que de Cervantes hace Azorín. Relaciónase a uno y otro por la psicología de su estilo que pinta con toques graduados y exactos, sin someterse a las normas literarias tradicionales en sus respectivas épocas. Y se asemejan por el sentido de justicia con que enmiendan sus juicios.
Sur l'Enseignement de la Littérature
Authors: Françon Marcel
Published: October 2011

In the teaching of literature, specifically French literature, to American students, literary production is best presented in relation to its time. It is therefore of the utmost importance to study men and their works within the framework of prevailing social and economic conditions. Literature is not a self‐contained realm with a life of its own, but is part of a larger whole, from which it should not be dissociated. When approached in this way literature and the teaching of literature assume a new meaning, interest, and value
Youth Problems and the Study of Modern Foreign Languages
Authors: Wann Harry Vincent
Published: October 2011

The problems which most seriously affect the lives of youth today are those of economic training, religious training, use of leisure, character‐development, and international relations. The study of modern foreign languages contributes definitely toward their solution
¿ Te simple o te completo?: A Method of Furthering Conversation in Spanish
Authors: Young Beatrice
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— A class in Spanish conversation has monthly teas; all talk must be in the foreign tongue; one student is hostess, others are informal guests, who help the hostess in preparing and serving the tea; conversation concerns pre‐assigned topics; each must take part in order to obtain class‐room grade for the day; games add merriment; extra‐campus interest aroused.
Two German Vocabulary Tests
Authors: Kurath William , Stalnaker John M.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— Two types of vocabulary test, each using the same words, are compared and analyzed. No significant differences in general behavior are found, although the analysis shows that the distributions of the difficulty and validity of the items vary considerably for the two tests. The conclusion is reached that the two tests, recall and recognition, measure very nearly the same ability. The tests are reproduced, and norms given.
A Decade of Declamation
Authors: Holzmann Albert W.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— To supplement the work of the classroom, the German department of Rutgers University has conducted an annual college declamation contest for ten years, an interscholastic contest for secondary school pupils for six years. Pronunciation, memorization and interpretation are judged. Individual book prizes are awarded, the best school wins a loving cup.)
An Introductory Study of German Idiomatic Speech: From the Standpoint of the Classroom Teacher
Authors: Radimersky George W.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The purpose is to attempt to locate the idiom‐bearing element in the idiomatic expression and to study the various degrees of accuracy in the interpretation of the same. The idioms are divided into three groups: one having distinctly grammatical value, one having a tendency to grow away from the rational into irrational speech, and a descriptive group.)
A New Kind of Spanish Club
Authors: Simpkinson Nancy J.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— This club, composed of non‐Spanish students, is a valuable preparation for formal language study. It acquaints the students with the language, literature, and culture of a foreign people, thus increasing the interest in foreign language, while paving the way for a more intensive study of that language, later on.)
The Main Objective in the Study of Foreign Languages
Authors: Greiner Otto A.
Published: October 2011

Author's Summary— The main objective in modern foreign language study today should be to become intelligent about language. What was once the by‐product should become the main object of pursuit. While the student is becoming intelligent about language, he can be learning some German, French, or Spanish, and other things.)
Comments on the Survey of Language Classes in the ASTP
Authors: Herman Abraham
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— The pronounced excellence of the results is not based on satisfactory, objective proof, notably in the case of speaking. 2. The results obtained by the different categories of trainees are not clearly distinguished. 3. Anxious as we are to know what real beginners have accomplished, the category of trainees without any “previous recognizable experience in hearing or speaking” cannot serve as a criterion. 4. In reading, more is made of the role of transfer than of the fact that in a good many institutions there was considerable training in this aspect of language study. 5. There is nothing surprising in the fact that trainees who had previously studied the language achieved a rather good reading knowledge; we cannot, however, be sure that the true beginners learned to read “with considerable facility.” 6. The superiority of intensive practice over distributed practice is not an established fact.
State Requirements for Language Teachers
Authors: Vail Curtis C. D.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A study of certification requirements for language teachers as of 1942 shows only three states have standards as high as Prof. Purin recommended for language teachers in the Modern Foreign Language Study. It is accordingly futile to expect the “Army method” to find anything like universal adoption in our high schools.
The Workshop Program: Demonstrating the Value of the Language Laboratory
Authors: Whitehouse Robert S.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— THE WORK SHOP was established by the writer at Birmingham‐Southern College, Birmingham, Alabama at the beginning of the school year 1943–44. Its purpose is to supplement and activate the program of language teaching. Its founding has been justified by proving the truth of its slogan: “It brings languages to life because it brings life to languages!”
Preparation of Foreign Language Teachers: Fact vs. Fiction
Authors: Potthoff Edward F.
Published: October 2011

Author's summary.— A correction of statements and points of view attributed to the writer and an appraisal of recommendations for the preparation of foreign language teachers which were presented earlier in the Journal by Professor M. S. Pargment.
Biohit: A Global, Family–Owned Company Embarking on a New Phase
Authors: Kontinen Tanja
Published: October 2011

This case concerns Biohit, a family–owned biotechnology company established in Finland in 1988, selling liquid handling and diagnostics products in the global market. The case also describes the entrepreneurial career of Biohit's CEO Osmo Suovaniemi, since the company is mainly based on the know–how that Osmo gained as owner–manager of his two earlier companies, Labsystems and Eflab, during the 1970s and 1980s. Hence, this case describes the prior and initial phases of Biohit, examining also its commitment to innovation and its management practices. The case ends with the situation as of March 2010 and includes the reflections of Biohit's managers on the future of the company. At this point, Osmo was intending to hand over his executive position to someone from outside the family, on the grounds that none of his three sons was able or willing to take up the position. However, he planned to continue as owner, inventor, and full–time board member of Biohit. The managers of Biohit had high hopes of making a breakthrough with diagnostics products that had been under intensive development over a long period.
Perceptions of Entrepreneurial Passion and Employees’ Commitment to Entrepreneurial Ventures
Authors: Breugst Nicola , Domurath Anne , Patzelt Holger , Klaukien Anja
Published: October 2011

Drawing on theories of emotional contagion and goal setting, we propose two mechanisms as to how employees’ perceptions of entrepreneurial passion influence their commitment to entrepreneurial ventures. Testing these mechanisms with data from a survey of 124 employees, we find that employees’ perceptions of their supervisors’ passion for inventing, founding, and developing differentially impact commitment. While perceptions of entrepreneurs’ passion for inventing and developing enhance commitment, passion for founding reduces it. Employees’ experiences of positive affect at work and their goal clarity mediate these effects. Our results have implications for the literature on entrepreneurial passion and leadership in entrepreneurial firms.
Physiological Relevance of Quantifying Segmental Contraction Synchrony
Authors: JOHNSON LAUREN , LAMIA BOUCHRA , KIM HYUNG KOOK , TANABE MASAKI , GORCSAN JOHN , SCHWARTZMAN DAVID , SHROFF SANJEEV G. , PINSKY MICHAEL R.
Published: October 2011

Background:

Most current indices of synchrony quantify left ventricular (LV) contraction pattern in terms of a single, global (integrated) measure. We report the development and physiological relevance of a novel method to quantify LV segmental contraction synchrony.

Methods:

LV pressure‐volume and echocardiographic data were collected in seven anesthetized, opened‐chest dogs under several pacing modes: right atrial (RA) (control), right ventricular (RV) (dyssynchrony), and additional LV pacing at either apex (CRTa) or free wall (CRTf). Cross‐correlation‐based integrated (CCSIint) and segmental (CCSIseg) measures of synchrony were calculated from speckle‐tracking derived radial strain, along with a commonly used index (maximum time delay). LV contractility was quantified using either Ees (ESPVR slope) or ESPVRarea (defined in the manuscript).

Results:

RV pacing decreased CCSIint at LV base (0.95 ± 0.02 [RA] vs 0.64 ± 0.14 [RV]; P < 0.05) and only CRTa improved it (0.93 ± 0.03; P < 0.05 vs RV). The CCSIseg analysis identified anteroseptal and septal segments as being responsible for the low CCSIint during RV pacing and inferior segment for poor resynchronization with CRTf. Changes in ESPVRarea, and not in Ees, indicated depressed LV contractility with RV pacing, an observation consistent with significantly decreased global LV performance (stroke work [SW]: 252 ± 23 [RA] vs 151 ± 24 [RV] mJ; P < 0.05). Only CRTa improved SW and contractility (SW: 240 ± 19 mJ; ESPVRarea: 545 ± 175 mmHg•mL; both P < 0.01 vs RV). Only changes in CCSIseg and global LV contractility were strongly correlated (R2= 0.698, P = 0.005).

Conclusion:

CCSIseg provided insights into the changes in LV integrated contraction pattern and a better link to global LV contractility changes. (PACE 2012; 35:174–187)
Compositional Dependence of R‐curve Behavior in Soft Pb(Zr1−xTix)O3 Ceramics
Authors: Seo Yo‐Han , Benčan Andreja , Koruza Jurij , Malič Barbara , Kosec Marija , Webber Kyle G.
Published: October 2011

The compositional dependent fracture behavior of soft PZT (Pb0.99Ba0.01(Zr1−xTix)0.98Nb0.02O3) ceramics in the vicinity of the morphotropic phase boundary was characterized using compact‐tension specimens. The compositions with 0.40 ≤ x ≤ 0.55 displayed an increasing fracture resistance with crack extension (R‐curve behavior). It was observed that the rhombohedral composition and the compositions near the morphotropic phase boundary showed the largest toughness enhancement. R‐curve behavior was found to be influenced by the ferroelastic coercive stress, saturated remanent strain, and elastic modulus, which were experimentally measured for each composition. X‐ray diffraction measurements were performed and compared to the fracture results to investigate the impact of phase and lattice distortion on ferroelastic toughening behavior.
Role of Secondary Phase in High Power Piezoelectric PMN‐PZT Ceramics
Authors: Yan Yongke , Cho Kyung‐Hoon , Priya Shashank
Published: October 2011

This study reports the dielectric and piezoelectric properties of 0.4Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.25PbZrO3‐0.35PbTiO3 (PMN‐PZT), 2 mol% MnO2‐doped 0.4Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.25PbZrO3‐0.35PbTiO3 (MnO2+PMN‐PZT), and 0.06Pb(Mn1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.34Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3‐0.25PbZrO3‐0.35PbTiO3 (PMnN+PMN‐PZT) ceramics. The results show that MnO2 modification results in the formation of MgO secondary phase which promotes grain growth and reduces the electromechanical properties. We conclusively demonstrate that Mn2+ acts as pervoskite stabilizer in Pb‐based (1:2) relaxors and leads to the formation of divalent oxide secondary phase. Modification with PMnN avoids the formation of MgO and provides combinatory doping effect with smaller grain sizes.
Direct Synthesis of TiN/Mesoporous Carbon Nanocomposite by Nitridation of a Hybrid Inorganic/Organic Mesostructured Material
Authors: Schlienger Sébastien , Ersen Ovidiu , Roiban Lucian , Parmentier Julien
Published: October 2011

A titanium nitride (TiN)/mesoporous carbon nanocomposite with a high surface area (320 m2/g) has been successfully synthesized by a direct route based on a concomitant polymerization of organic and inorganic species (phenol–formaldehyde resin and TiO2‐based oligomers, respectively). These polymers self‐assemble in the presence of a pore‐structuring agent, an amphiphilic copolymer ((poly(ethylene oxide))106–(poly(propylene oxide))70–(poly(ethylene oxide))106) during the solvent evaporation step and yield to an ordered mesostructured hybrid organic/inorganic materials. Its heat treatment in ammonia led to the carbonization of the organic part and to the nitridation of the TiO2‐based part. A TiN/mesoporous C nanocomposite constituted of TiN (61 wt%) nanocrystallites (from 10 to 50 nm in diameter) embedded into a mesoporous carbon matrix was obtained.
Large Dielectric Constant and Maxwell–Wagner Effects in BaTiO3/Cu Composites
Authors: Ning Xu , Yong Ping Pu , Zhuo Wang
Published: October 2011

Dense ceramic composites with ferroelectric BaTiO3 and metal Cu were prepared via the solid‐state reaction route at 1280°C in nitrogen atmosphere. The frequency and temperature dependence of impedance, resistance, and dielectric permittivity of BaTiO3/xCu in the range of 10−1–106 Hz have been investigated, respectively. It was found that the electrical conduction and dielectric behavior of the materials vary with the ratio of the two phases. The maximum permittivity of 1.0 × 105 at 1 kHz was obtained for the composites of BaTiO3/20 wt% Cu. Moreover, the BaTiO3/Cu composites exhibited high values of permittivity at low frequencies than at high frequencies due to Maxwell–Wagner polarization. The application of the Maxwell–Wagner polarization model in this system was briefly discussed.
Consumer Choices of Women in Residential Drug Treatment: An Analysis of Risk and Impulsivity1
Authors: KERWIN MARYLOUISE E. , FARRIS MAREN D. , HANTULA DONALD A.
Published: October 2011

The relationship between risk taking, impulsivity, temporal discounting, and shopping choices in an onsite token‐economy store was investigated with 10 women in a long‐term residential drug‐treatment center. Participants completed the Balloon Analogue Risk Task (BART), Eysenck Impulsivity Scale, and a delay discounting task, which were then correlated with the mean amount spent on slow‐ and fast‐moving consumer items for self, child, and household (cash‐and‐carry store items and catalog items). Of particular importance, purchases of slow‐ and fast‐moving items for the child seemed to mirror one another, suggesting that these women are valuing their children's well‐being (in terms of consumer goods) more highly than their own.
Spiritual Leadership, Follower Mediators, and Organizational Outcomes: Evidence From Three Industries Across Two Major Chinese Societies1
Authors: CHEN CHIN‐YI , YANG CHIN‐YUAN , LI CHUN‐I
Published: October 2011

Spiritual leadership process was investigated across 2 major Chinese societies (China and Taiwan) and 3 major Chinese industries (manufacturing, financial/banking, and retailing service industries). The leader's factors of spiritual leadership, vision, hope/faith, and altruistic love by Fry (2003) were found to be mediated by 3 types of follower's factors to influence organizational outcomes; namely, (a) employee spiritual attribute toward work—meaning/calling; (b) employee spiritual attribute toward organization/team—membership; and (c) employee spiritual attribute toward inner self—self‐esteem and self‐efficacy. The inner‐self aspect of spirituality was found, over and above the other 2 types of follower's factors, to impact on the organizational outcomes, including self‐career management behavior and productivity. This pattern was consistent across all Chinese samples and industries.
Does three‐dimensional imaging offer a financial benefit for treating maxillary molars with furcation involvement? – A pilot clinical case series
Authors: Walter Clemens , Weiger Roland , Dietrich Thomas , Lang Niklaus P. , Zitzmann Nicola U.
Published: October 2011

Aim

To assess the financial benefit of cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) for the treatment options of maxillary molars including periodontal surgery and extraction followed by implant placement.

Material and methods

Twelve patients with generalized chronic periodontitis were recruited, and CBCT was performed in maxillary molars (n = 22) with clinical furcation involvement and increased probing pocket depths. Treatment recommendations were either based on conventional periodontal diagnostics (clinical examinations and periapical radiographs), or based on the additional CBCT data. Clinical recommendations comprised a minimal (e.g. supportive periodontal treatment) and a maximal invasive therapy (e.g. extraction and implant placement), and these were compared with CBCT‐based recommendations. According to the Swiss dental tariff structure, the probabilities of saving costs or time, and the numbers needed to treat were analysed with an empirical cumulative distribution function.

Results

Average cost reduction from CBCT amounted to CHF 915 ± 1470 and saved 136 ± 217 min. Greatest reductions were found with maximal invasive clinically based treatment decisions (CHF 1566 ± 1840), particularly for second molars (CHF 2485 ± 2226). To compensate CBCT costs, 1.7 subjects were needed to treat to at least break even.

Conclusions

Data from CBCT facilitated a reduction in treatment costs and time for periodontally involved maxillary molars in Switzerland. Based on these cost analyses, however, CBCT as additional diagnostic measure is justified only when more invasive therapies are planned.
Matrix metalloproteinase‐8 expression in periodontal tissues surgically removed from diabetic and non‐diabetic patients with periodontal disease
Authors: Hardy Douglas C. , Ross Jonathan H. , Schuyler Corinne A. , Leite Renata S. , Slate Elizabeth H. , Huang Yan
Published: October 2011

Background

Although it is known that periodontal matrix metalloproteinase‐8 (MMP‐8) expression is associated with periodontal disease, the information concerning the periodontal MMP‐8 expression in diabetic patients with periodontal disease is insufficient.

Materials and Methods

Periodontal tissue specimens were collected from seven patients without periodontal disease and diabetes (Group 1), 15 patients with periodontal disease alone (Group 2) and 10 patients with both periodontal disease and diabetes (Group 3). The frozen sections were prepared and MMP‐8 protein expression was detected using immunohistochemistry and quantified. For in vitro study, human U937 mononuclear cells were pre‐exposed to normal or high glucose and then treated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS).

Results

The nonparametric Kruskal–Wallis test showed that the difference in MMP‐8 protein levels among the three groups were statistically significant (p = 0.003). Nonparametric analysis using Jonckheere–Terpstra test showed a tendency of increase in periodontal MMP‐8 levels across Group 1 to Group 2 to Group 3 (p = 0.0002). In vitro studies showed that high glucose and LPS had a synergistic effect on MMP‐8 expression.

Conclusion

Our current study showed an increasing trend in MMP‐8 protein expression levels across patients without both periodontal disease and diabetes, patients with periodontal disease alone and patients with both diseases.
OX40 and CD30 signals in CD4+ T‐cell effector and memory function: a distinct role for lymphoid tissue inducer cells in maintaining CD4+ T‐cell memory but not effector function
Authors: Withers David R. , Gaspal Fabrina M. , Bekiaris Vasileios , McConnell Fiona M. , Kim MiYeon , Anderson Graham , Lane Peter J.L.
Published: October 2011

Summary:  CD4+ effector and memory T cells play a pivotal role in the development of both normal and pathogenic immune responses. This review focuses on the molecular and cellular mechanisms that regulate their development, with particular focus on the tumor necrosis factor superfamily members OX40 (TNFRSF4) and CD30 (TNFRSF8). We discuss the evidence that in mice, these molecular signaling pathways act synergistically to regulate the development of both effector and memory CD4+ T cells but that the cells that regulate memory versus effector function are distinct, effectively allowing the independent regulation of the memory and effector CD4+ T‐cell pools.
Science gone translational: the OX40 agonist story
Authors: Weinberg Andrew D. , Morris Nicholas P. , Kovacsovics‐Bankowski Magdalena , Urba Walter J. , Curti Brendan D.
Published: October 2011

Summary:  OX40 (CD134) is a tumor necrosis factor (TNF) receptor expressed primarily on activated CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and transmits a potent costimulatory signal when engaged. OX40 is transiently expressed after T‐cell receptor engagement and is upregulated on the most recently antigen‐activated T cells within inflammatory lesions (e.g. sites of autoimmune destruction and on tumor‐infiltrating lymphocytes). Hence, it is an attractive target to modulate immune responses: OX40 blocking agents to inhibit undesirable inflammation or OX40 agonists to enhance immune responses. In regards to this review, OX40 agonists enhance anti‐tumor immunity, which leads to therapeutic effects in mouse tumor models. A team of laboratory and clinical scientists at the Providence Cancer Center has collaborated to bring the preclinical observations in cancer models from the bench to the bedside. This review describes the journey from in vitro experiments through preclinical mouse models to the successful translation of the first OX40 agonist to the clinic for the treatment of patients with cancer.
Involvement of carbonic anhydrases in the ocular hypotensive effect of melatonin analogue 5‐MCA‐NAT
Authors: Crooke Almudena , Huete‐Toral Fernando , Martínez‐Águila Alejandro , Martín‐Gil Alba , Pintor Jesús
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  We have previously demonstrated that melatonin and its analogue, 5‐methoxycarbonylamino‐N‐acetyltryptamine (5‐MCA‐NAT), reduce intraocular pressure (IOP) in New Zealand rabbits. More recently, we have shown that 5‐MCA‐NAT can also regulate ciliary adrenoceptor gene expression. Like adrenoceptors, carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzymes are involved in aqueous humour secretion by the ocular ciliary epithelium. Moreover, CA enzymes have been reported to be regulated by melatonin. Hence, the aim of this study was to investigate whether the hypotensive effect of 5‐MCA‐NAT is also because of a regulation of CA genes and enzymes. Time course of 5‐MCA‐NAT effect on rabbit IOP was followed for 7 hr every day for up to 144 hr (6 days). 5‐MCA‐NAT reduced IOP, maximally by 51.30 ± 2.41% (at 3 hr), and the hypotensive effect was maintained for up to 96 hr with a single application. IOP studies with 5‐MCA‐NAT plus Trusopt® and immunohistochemical analysis confirmed that CA are molecular targets of 5‐MCA‐NAT. In addition, real‐time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and immunocytochemical assays were performed to determine changes in CA2 (CAII) and CA12 (CAXII) expression in cultured rabbit nonpigmented ciliary epithelial cells (NPE) treated with 5‐MCA‐NAT. NPE cells showed a prominent decrease in both CA, at the mRNA and protein levels. These data confirm that the long‐term hypotensive effect of 5‐MCA‐NAT is also due, to a down‐regulation of CA2 (CAII) and CA12 (CAXII) expression.
Neurons from senescence‐accelerated SAMP8 mice are protected against frailty by the sirtuin 1 promoting agents melatonin and resveratrol
Authors: Cristòfol Rosa , Porquet David , Corpas Rubén , Coto‐Montes Ana , Serret Jofre , Camins Antoni , Pallàs Mercè , Sanfeliu Coral
Published: October 2011

Abstract:  The senescence‐accelerated prone 8 (SAMP8) mouse strain shows early cognitive loss that mimics the deterioration of learning and memory in the elderly and is widely used as an animal model of aging. SAMP8 mouse brain suffers oxidative stress, as well as tau‐ and amyloid‐related pathology. Mitochondrial dysfunction and the subsequent increase in cellular oxidative stress are central to the aging processes of the organism. Here, we examined the mitochondrial status of neocortical neurons cultured from SAMP8 and senescence‐accelerated‐resistant (SAMR1) mice. SAMP8 mouse mitochondria showed a reduced membrane potential and higher vulnerability to inhibitors and uncouplers than SAMR1 mitochondria. dl‐buthionine‐[S,R]‐sulfoximine (BSO) caused greater oxidative damage in neurons from SAMP8 mice than in those from SAMR1 mice. This increased vulnerability, indicative of frailty‐associated senescence, was protected by the anti‐aging agents melatonin and resveratrol. The sirtuin 1 inhibitor, sirtinol, demonstrated that the neuroprotection against BSO was partially mediated by increased sirtuin 1 expression. Melatonin, like resveratrol, enhanced sirtuin 1 expression in neuron cultures of SAMR1 and SAMP8 mice. Therefore, a deficiency in the neuroprotection and longevity of the sirtuin 1 pathway in SAMP8 neurons may contribute to the early age‐related brain damage in these mice. This supports the therapeutic use of sirtuin 1‐enhancing agents against age‐related nerve cell dysfunction and brain frailty.
The benefits and risks of stem cell technology
Authors: Leventhal A , Chen G , Negro A , Boehm M
Published: October 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 217–222

The potential impact of stem cell technology on medical and dental practice is vast. Stem cell research will not only provide the foundation for future therapies, but also reveal unique insights into basic disease mechanisms. Therefore, an understanding of stem cell technology will be necessary for clinicians in the future. Herein, we give a basic overview of stem cell biology and therapeutics for the practicing clinician.
Effect of GDF‐5 and BMP‐2 on the expression of tendo/ligamentogenesis‐related markers in human PDL‐derived cells
Authors: Inoue M , Ebisawa K , Itaya T , Sugito T , Yamawaki‐Ogata A , Sumita Y , Wadagaki R , Narita Y , Agata H , Kagami H , Ueda M
Published: October 2011

Oral Diseases (2012) 18, 206–212

Objectives:  The effect of growth differentiation factor 5 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 on human periodontal ligament‐derived cells was investigated with special reference to tendo/ligamentogenesis‐related markers.

Materials and Methods:  Effects of each factor were analyzed by quantitative PCR for scleraxis and tenomodulin and by western blotting for scleraxis. After exposure to those factors, STRO‐1‐positive and STRO‐1‐negative fractions of human periodontal ligament tissues were isolated with an immunomagnetic cell sorting system, and the expression of scleraxis in each fraction was analyzed by western blotting. Non‐separated crude cells were used as a control.

Results:  Growth differentiation factor 5 and bone morphogenetic protein 2 did not increase alkaline phosphatase activity in crude periodontal ligament‐derived cells. Growth differentiation factor 5, but not bone morphogenetic protein 2, increased the expression of scleraxis in crude, STRO‐1‐positive and STRO‐1‐negative periodontal ligament‐derived cells. The expression of scleraxis in STRO‐1‐positive periodontal ligament‐derived cells was significantly less compared to that in crude P2 and STRO‐1‐negative periodontal ligament‐derived cells.

Conclusion:  Growth differentiation factor 5 induced the expression of scleraxis and may enhance tendo/ligamentogenesis in human periodontal ligament‐derived cells. The expression of scleraxis was higher in STRO‐1‐negative fraction, suggesting more differentiated state of the cells.
Fairy rings caused by a killer fungus foster plant diversity in species‐rich grassland
Authors: Bonanomi Giuliano , Mingo Antonio , Incerti Guido , Mazzoleni Stefano , Allegrezza Marina
Published: October 2011

Questions

Does the fairy ring fungus Agaricus campestris affects spatial distribution of co‐existing plant species? Is ring development related to changes of soil physical, chemical, enzymatic and microbiological properties? What are the causes of weakening and subsequent luxuriance of vegetation during fairy ring dynamics in the soil?

Location

Species‐rich, mowed calcareous grassland, central Italy (43° 17′26″ N, 12° 51′29″ E).

Methods

Fairy rings were monitored for total plant biomass, species richness and composition in four zones: external grassland (OUT), fungal front (FF), area with flourishing vegetation (BELT) and internal grassland (IN). In each zone, 17 soil parameter were analysed: physical and chemical properties (water‐holding capacity, pH, electrical conductivity, organic C, Olsen P, total N, NH4+, NO3−, hydrophobicity and cyanide concentration), total enzyme activity (FDA) and microbiological features (community‐level physiological profile using BIOLOG EcoPlates™, microbial biomass, fungal mycelium, culturable actinomycetes, bacteria and fungi). A bioassay was performed to evaluate responses of three co‐existing species (Bromus erectus, Cynosurus echinatus and Centaurea ambigua) growing on soil collected from different fairy ring zones.

Results

Plant species composition dramatically changed in response to fairy ring development, with disappearance of most grassland species in the ring‐affected area. Plant biomass and species richness were higher in OUT and IN areas, and lowest in FF. Profound changes in soil properties occurred after fungal passage, with consistent reductions of C and N content and increases of FDA and microbial physiological profiles. Soil from the FF zone had remarkable increases of mineral N forms, electrical conductivity and hydrophobicity, with no trace of cyanide. The bioassay showed species‐specific responses to different soil types.

Conclusions

This study provides evidence that the spread of fairy ring fungi, coupled with a reduction of perennial plant cover, creates empty niches for many short‐lived species.
Field Investigation of Vapor‐Phase‐Based Groundwater Monitoring
Authors: Adamson David T. , McHugh Thomas E. , Rysz Michal W. , Landazuri Roberto , Newell Charles J.
Published: October 2011

The use of in‐field analysis of vapor‐phase samples to provide real‐time volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations in groundwater has the potential to streamline monitoring by simplifying the sample collection and analysis process. A field validation program was completed to (1) evaluate methods for collection of vapor samples from monitoring wells and (2) evaluate the accuracy and precision of field‐portable instruments for the analysis of vapor‐phase samples. The field program evaluated three vapor‐phase sample collection methods: (1) headspace samples from two locations within the well, (2) passive vapor diffusion (PVD) samplers placed at the screened interval of the well, and (3) field vapor headspace analysis of groundwater samples. Two types of instruments were tested: a field‐portable gas chromatograph (GC) and a photoionization detector (PID). Field GC analysis of PVD samples showed no bias and good correlation to laboratory analysis of groundwater collected by low‐flow sampling (slope = 0.96, R2 = 0.85) and laboratory analysis of passive water diffusion bag samples from the well screen (slope = 1.03; R2 = 0.96). Field GC analysis of well headspace samples, either from the upper portion of the well or at the water‐vapor interface, resulted in higher variability and much poorer correlation (consistently biased low) relative to laboratory analysis of groundwater samples collected by low‐flow sample or passive diffusion bags (PDBs) (slope = 0.69 to 0.76; R2 = 0.60 to 0.64). These results indicate that field analysis of vapor‐phase samples can be used to obtain accurate measurements of VOC concentrations in groundwater. However, vapor samples collected from the well headspace were not in equilibrium with water collected from the well screen. Instead, PVD samplers placed in the screened interval represent the most promising approach for field‐based measurement of groundwater concentrations using vapor monitoring techniques and will be the focus of further field testing.