bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
The Mechanism of the First Hydration‐Dehydration Cycle of Pure α‐ and β‐CaSO4•0.5H2O
Authors: Abu Zeitoun E. , Pritzel C. , Sakalli Y. , Trettin R.
Published: July 2020

The objective of this research was to understand the dehydration mechanism of technical dihydrate and the variation of the physical properties of β‐hemihydrate after the first hydration‐dehydration process. In this study, the recycling mechanism of different hemihydrate types as raw material was investigated. The influence of the first hydration‐dehydration process on the hydration rate, microstructure, and mechanical properties of recycled hemihydrate were characterized by differential calorimetric analysis (DCA), calcium ion‐selective electrode (Ca2+‐ISE), conductivity, particle size distribution (PSD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). The results showed that the formed hemihydrate after the first hydration‐dehydration process differs in its properties than the unrecycled hemihydrate in some characteristics such as the morphological structure, number of surface, and side defects due to the grinding process after the first hydration step. In addition to the grinding step, the calcination process was responsible for increasing the number of defects on the crystal surface, which leads to a change in setting time and the microstructure of the recycled hemihydrate. Therefore, after the 1st reaction cycle of β‐HH, the compressive strength decreases due to a decrease in the hemihydrate crystal size, an increase in the surface area, and an increase in the amount of water required to perform the hydration reaction. The obtained hemihydrate after the first hydration‐dehydration process was in β form due to the applied calcination process after the first cycle.
A Network Pharmacology Approach to Investigate the Active Compounds and Mechanisms of Musk for Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Zhang Changlin , Liao Yingdi , Liu Lingling , Sun Yifan , Lin Shaoqin , Lan Jiaying , Mao Hui , Chen Haoxuan , Zhao Yuanqi
Published: July 2020

Objectives. This study aims to study the material basis and effective mechanism of musk for ischemic stroke (IS) based on the network pharmacology approach. Methods. We collected the chemical components and target gene of musk from the BATMAN‐TCM analytical platform and identified ischemic stroke‐related targets from the following databases: DisGeNET, NCBI‐Gene, HPO, OMIM, DrugBank, and TTD. The targets of musk and IS were uploaded to the String database to construct the protein‐protein interaction (PPI) network, and then, the key targets were analyzed by topological methods. At last, the function biological process and signaling pathways of key targets were carried out by Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis and cluster analysis by using the Database for Annotation, Visualization, and Integrated Discovery (DAVID) server and Metascape platform. Results. A total of 29 active compounds involving 1081 predicted targets were identified in musk and there were 1104 IS‐related targets. And 88 key targets of musk for IS were obtained including AKT1, MAPK1/3, TP53, TNF, SRC, FOS, CASP3, JUN, NOS3, and IL1B. The GO and KEGG enrichment analysis suggested that these key targets are mainly involved in multiple pathways which participated in TNF signaling pathway, estrogen signaling pathway, prolactin signaling pathway, neurotrophin signaling pathway, T‐cell receptor signaling pathway, cAMP signaling pathway, FoxO signaling pathway, and HIF1 signaling pathway. Conclusion. This study revealed that the effective mechanisms of musk against IS would be associated with the regulation of apoptosis, inflammatory response, and gene transcription.
Stability Characteristics of Wing Span and Sweep Morphing for Small Unmanned Air Vehicle: A Mathematical Analysis
Authors: Muhammad Umer Hafiz , Maqsood Adnan , Riaz Rizwan , Salamat Shuaib
Published: July 2020

Morphing aircraft are the flight vehicles that can reconfigure their shape during the flight in order to achieve superior flight performance. However, this promising technology poses cross-disciplinary challenges that encourage widespread design possibilities. This research aims to investigate the flight dynamic characteristics of various morphed wing configurations that can be incorporated in small-scale UAVs. The objective of this study was to analyze the effects of in-flight wing sweep and wingspan morphing on aerodynamic and flight stability characteristics. Longitudinal, lateral, and directional characteristics were evaluated using linearized equations of motion. An open-source code based on Vortex Lattice Method (VLM) assuming quasi-steady flow was used for this purpose. Trim points were identified for a range of angles of attack in prestall regime. The aerodynamic coefficients and flight stability derivatives were compared for the aforementioned morphing schemes with a fixed-wing counterpart. The results indicated that wingspan morphing is better than wing sweep morphing to harness better aerodynamic advantages with favorable flight stability characteristics. However, extension in wingspan beyond certain limits jeopardizes the advantages. Dynamically, wingspan and sweep morphing schemes behave in an exactly opposite way for longitudinal modes, whereas lateral-directional dynamics act in the same fashion for both morphing schemes. The current study provided a baseline to explore the advanced flight dynamic aspects of employed wing morphing schemes.
Combinatorial Optimization-Based Clustering Algorithm for Wireless Sensor Networks
Authors: Cao Yuxiao , Wang Zhen
Published: July 2020

As node energy of wireless sensor networks (WSN) is limited and cannot be supplemented after exhaustion, clustering algorithm is frequently taken as an effective method to prolong the lifetime of WSN. However, the existing clustering algorithms have some drawbacks, either consuming excessive energy as a result of exchanging too much controlling information between nodes, or lacking a comprehensive perspective in terms of the balance among several conflicting objectives. In order to overcome these shortcomings, a novel combinatorial optimization-based clustering algorithm (COCA) for WSN is proposed in this paper. Different from the above mentioned algorithms which take clustering as a continuous optimization problem, COCA solves the clustering problem from the perspective of combinatorial optimization. Firstly, the clustering of WSN is abstracted into a combinatorial optimization problem. Then, the binary particle coding scheme of cluster head is proposed, which is based on the corresponding relationship between nodes and particle position vectors, and the fitness function is designed according to the parameters used in the process of cluster formation. Finally, the binary particle swarm optimization algorithm is applied to implement the clustering. COCA is validated under different scenarios compared with three other clustering algorithms. The simulation results show that COCA has better performance than its comparable algorithms.
Archimedean Copula-Based Hesitant Fuzzy Information Aggregation Operators for Multiple Attribute Decision Making
Authors: Wu Ju , Mou Lianming , Liu Fang , Liu Haobin , Liu Yi
Published: July 2020

In view of the good properties of copulas and their effective use in various fuzzy environments, the goal of the current study is to develop a series of aggregation operators for hesitant fuzzy information based on Archimedean copula and cocopula, which are applied to the MADM problems. Firstly, operational laws of hesitant fuzzy elements on the basis of copulas and cocopulas are defined which can show the relevance between hesitant fuzzy values. Secondly, four aggregation operators (AC-HFWA, AC-GHFWA, AC-HFWG, and AC-GHFWG) under hesitant fuzzy environment are developed according to the proposed operational laws. The properties of these operators are also studied in detail, including idempotence, monotonicity, boundedness, etc. Subsequently, five special cases of copula are also given and the special forms of aggregation operator are obtained. In the end, an example is used to illustrate the application of the proposed approach in MADM problems. The influences of different generated functions and parameters are shown, and the feasibility of the proposed method is validated through comparative analyses.
The Study of Clustering Effects of Behavior Risk Factors in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome in Southern China: A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Han Huiwu , Zheng Fan , Dai Weiwei , Peng Hua , Zhou Shi , Tian Huixia
Published: July 2020

Objectives. Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is now becoming a serious public health threat. Some behaviors risk factors were considered to be associated with MetS and interacted to adversely affect MetS. However, the clustering effects of behavior risk factors of MetS among Chinese population remain unclear. The aim of this study is to observe the behavior risk factors and their clustering effects of MetS in China. Methods. A cross-sectional study design was used. Subjects were recruited in the departments of Cardiology Clinic, Endocrine Clinic, and Health Management from March to December 2019. A demographic sheet was designed to collect the demographic and clinical characteristics of the subjects. International Physical Activity Questionnaire-Short was applied to evaluate the level of PA in this study. Other behavior risk factors were observed by the questionnaire. The stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the determinants of MetS. The multiple logistic regression analysis was used to analyze the clustering effects of behavior risk factors in MetS. Results. There are a total of 532 eligible subjects (56.6% females; mean age was 48.4±15.3 years), and approximately 33.3% were diagnosed as MetS. The subjects with a smoking habit (heavy and long-time history) had a 1.833-fold higher risk for MetS than their counterparts (none and light smoking), and the subjects that preferred salty taste had a 1.626-fold higher risk for MetS than the comparison cohort. Smoking and alcohol drinking had the highest clustering effect on MetS among the behavior risk factors. Conclusions. The main finding of this study was that smoking and salty taste preference were the independent determinants of MetS. Smoking and alcohol consumption had the highest clustering effect on southern Chinese MetS.
Determination of Heavy Metals and Pesticides in Different Types of Fish Samples Collected from Four Different Locations of Aegean and Marmara Sea
Authors: Topal Tufan , Onac Canan
Published: July 2020

Heavy metals and pollutants cause serious damage to the ecological environment and accumulate in marine species in the seas. These pollutants and heavy metals accumulating in living species are a serious source of danger for human health. For this purpose, in this study, heavy metal (lead, mercury, copper, zinc, arsenic, cadmium, silver, manganese, and nickel) and pesticide (p-p′-DDE, α-BHC, endosulfan, endosulfan sulfate, endrin, aldrin, heptachlor, heptachlor epoxide, methoxychlor, p-p′-DDD, p-p′-DDT, β-BHC, cypermethrin, and dieldrin) analyses of four different fish species (Pomatomus saltatrix, Dicentrarchus labrax, Mugil cephalus, and Sparus aurata) collected from the Aegean and Marmara seas were carried out by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy and using an inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometer. We observed serious and remarkable arsenic, lead, and cadmium concentrations in the muscle meat of fish sample. p-p′-DDE and endosulfan were determined in every fish sample of each region. Heptachlor concentration was determined as 0.0598 μg/g in Dicentrarchus labrax sample from Marmara Sea, which is nearly nine thousand times more than the maximum allowable concentration of environmental quality standards biota of heptachlor listed in 2013/39/EU. The results show an indication of the significant health risks associated with the consumption of these contaminated fish in the Aegean and Marmara seas. In the Turkish food codex and in the 2013/39/EU directive, some heavy metals that do not have the maximum allowable concentration limits should be urgently indicated.
Prevalence of Anti-JC Virus Antibody Seropositivity in Patients with Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Hanaei Sara , Sahraian Mohammad Ali , Mohammadifar Mehdi , Ramagopalan Sreeram V. , Ghajarzadeh Mahyar , Ghajarzadeh Mahsa
Published: July 2020

Background: The John Cunningham virus (JCV) is the causative agent of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy. Anti-JCV antibody seropositivity is an important consideration in patients with multiple sclerosis (MS). The reported prevalence of JCV in MS patients has been conflicting. Objective: We aimed to conduct a systematic review and meta-analysis to estimate the pooled prevalence of anti-JCV antibody seropositivity in cases with MS. Methods: We searched PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, CINAHL, Web of Science, Ovid, ProQuest, Google Scholar, and gray literature including reference of included studies, and conference abstracts which were published up to April 2019. Two independent researchers independently assessed the articles. Results: The literature search found 181 articles. After eliminating duplicates, reviews, case reports, and trials, 15 articles remained. Finally, 8 articles were included for the final analysis (from Asia, Europe, the USA, and Canada). In total, 16,041 MS cases were analyzed. The prevalence of anti-JCV antibody seropositivity varied between 40 and 80%, and the pooled estimate was calculated as 60% (95% CI: 56–64%), though with significant heterogeneity (I2 = 95%, p = 0.01). Conclusion: The prevalence of anti-JCV antibody seropositivity is variable among MS patients in different countries, and the pooled estimate showed that this is 60% overall.
Long-Term Complications and Influence on Outcome in Patients Surviving Spontaneous Subarachnoid Hemorrhage
Authors: Gerner Stefan T. , Reichl Jonathan , Custal Christina , Brandner Sebastian , Eyüpoglu Ilker Y. , Lücking Hannes , Hölter Philip , Kallmünzer Bernd , Huttner Hagen B.
Published: July 2020

Background: While the short-term clinical outcome of patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is well described, there are limited data on long-term complications and their impact on social reintegration. This study aimed to assess the frequency of complications post-SAH and to investigate whether these complications attribute to functional and self-reported outcomes as well as the ability to return to work in these patients. Methods: This retrospective single-center study included patients with atraumatic SAH over a 5-year period at a tertiary care center. Patients received a clinical follow-up for 12 months. In addition to demographics, imaging data, and parameters of acute treatment, the rate and extent of long-term complications after SAH were recorded. The functional outcome was assessed using the modified Rankin Scale (mRS; favorable outcome defined as mRS = 0–2). Further outcomes comprised self-reported subjective health measured by the EQ-5D and return to work for SAH patients with appropriate age. Multivariable analyses including in-hospital parameters and long-term complications were conducted to identify parameters independently associated with outcomes in SAH survivors. Results: This study cohort consisted of 505 SAH patients of whom 405 survived the follow-up period of 12 months (i.e., mortality rate of 19.8%). Outcome data were available in 359/405 (88.6%) patients surviving SAH. At 12 months, a favorable functional outcome was achieved in 287/359 (79.9%) and 145/251 (57.8%) SAH patients returned to work. The rates of post-acute complications were headache (32.3%), chronic hydrocephalus requiring permanent ventriculoperitoneal shunting (VP shunt 25.4%) and epileptic seizures (9.5%). Despite patient’s and clinical characteristics, both presence of epilepsy and need for VP shunt were independently and negatively associated with a favorable functional outcome (epilepsy: adjusted odds ratio [aOR] (95% confidence interval [95% CI]): 0.125 [0.050–0.315]; VP shunt: 0.279 [0.132–0.588]; both p < 0.001) as well as with return to work (aOR [95% CI]: epilepsy 0.195 [0.065–0.584], p = 0.003; VP shunt 0.412 [0.188–0.903], p = 0.027). Multivariable analyses revealed presence of headache, VP shunt, or epilepsy to be significantly related to subjective health impairment (aOR [95% CI]: headache 0.248 [0.143–0.430]; epilepsy 0.223 [0.085–0.585]; VP shunt 0.434 [0.231–0.816]; all p < 0.01). Conclusions: Long-term complications occur frequently after SAH and are associated with an impairment of functional and social outcomes. Further studies are warranted to investigate if treatment strategies specifically targeting these complications, including preventive aspects, may improve the outcomes after SAH.
Consciência e sentimento no 'Emílio' de Rousseau
Authors: Kawauche Thomaz
Published: July 2020

Este artigo examina a ideia de consciência no Emílio de J.-J. Rousseau a partir de uma perspectiva que combina história da filosofia e história lexical. A análise é contextualizada tanto em relação a outros escritos do autor, sobretudo o Discurso sobre a origem da desigualdade, quanto no interior do quadro histórico das ciências nos séculos XVII e XVIII, com atenção para a teoria empirista de John Locke. Busca-se investigar o processo de constituição semântica de “conscience” e “sentiment intérieur” em língua francesa à luz de certos debates envolvendo o inatismo e o mecanicismo, destacando-se a contribuição do médico cartesiano Louis de la Forge. O objetivo do trabalho é mostrar as vias pelas quais a ideia de consciência no Emílio, combinada a uma interpretação do sentimento interior associada à fisiologia cartesiana, estabelece pilares significativos das estruturas mentais e institucionais que tornaram possível a emergência daquilo que passou a ser denominado subjetividade moderna.
A noção de ‘senso comum’ em Thomas Reid
Authors: Freitas Vinícius França
Published: July 2020

O objetivo do artigo é discutir a noção de ‘senso comum’ na filosofia de Thomas Reid. Duas hipóteses são apresentadas. A primeira delas afirma que o senso comum a que Reid recorre em questões filosóficas não é senão o conjunto de princípios originais da mente que determinam o ser humano no tocante às suas noções, crenças e inclinações, assim como os juízos e crenças que são devidos a estes princípios. A segunda hipótese afirma que Reid compreende uma espécie de ‘senso comum desenvolvido’, um senso comum que se desenvolve ao longo da vida humana pelo cultivo apropriado dos poderes da mente.
O sábio e o ignorante. Espinosa e a emenda da vida
Authors: David Antônio
Published: July 2020

Partindo das figuras do sábio e do ignorante tal como aparecem na obra de Espinosa, busca-se situá-las, na estratégia de exposição de Espinosa, como modelos ou imagens cujo conceito remete à prática. Com isso, procura-se mostrar o lugar central ocupado pelos conceitos de regra de vida e emenda da vida na concepção espinosana de liberdade.
O pensamento em conflito. Apresentação e tradução de 'Sobre a essência da crítica filosófica', de Hegel & Schelling
Authors: Repa Luiz
Published: July 2020

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Resenhas
Authors: Autores Vários
Published: July 2020

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Professional Ethics, Provenance, and Policies
Authors: Bonnie Rick , Goff Matthew , Jokiranta Jutta , Thomas Suzie , Tzoref Shani
Published: July 2020

This article presents and discusses the results of an online survey undertaken in 2018, which targeted scholars of the Dead Sea Scrolls and associated research fields. Respondents were asked questions on the state of knowledge in the field regarding provenance issues and related ethics and policies. The goal of the survey was to establish the levels of awareness within Qumran and related studies concerning the role of the antiquities market, the potential accountability (or not) of scholars as perceived by respondents, as well as their general awareness of relevant policies and codes of conduct. The article discusses the key points that the survey raised, with the aim of offering textual scholars tools to assess their role in provenance issues.
The Hidden Body as Literary Strategy in 4QWiles of the Wicked Woman (4Q184)
Authors: Quick Laura
Published: July 2020

The short sapiential poem known as 4QWiles of the Wicked Woman (4Q184) describes the body of an unnamed female who ensnares the righteous into sin and ultimately death. This poetic description of a body has sometimes been compared to the Waṣf, a type of poem which provides a thick description of the body, listing and describing body parts in a movement descending from head to toe. In this essay, I explore the description of the woman’s body in 4Q184 in light of the genre of the Waṣf. By playing with the characteristic structure of the Waṣf, 4Q184 highlights certain aspects of the woman’s body in order to say something specific about her role and activities. In so doing, I uncover an image of the woman which is more erotic than commentators have previously allowed.
Seasonal variation and vertical distribution of nematode communities and their relation to soil chemical property and rice productivity under triple rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam
Authors: Nguyen Sinh Van , Nguyen Phuong Kim Thi , Araki Masaaki , Perry Roland N. , Tran Linh Ba , Chau Khoi Minh , Min Yu Yu , Toyota Koki
Published: July 2020

Rice is an important agricultural crop in Vietnam. Nematodes are diverse in soil agroecosystems. However, little is known about their seasonal variation in extremely intensive rice cultivation in tropical regions. The objectives of this study were to investigate the seasonal variation and spatial distribution of the nematode community, and to assess its relationship with the soil chemical property and rice yield. Soils (0-10 cm and 10-20 cm deep) were collected at harvest in spring-summer (S-S), summer-autumn (S-A), and winter-spring (W-S) cultivation in 2017 and 2018. Plant-parasitic nematodes were the largest group and accounted for 47-80 and 79-92% of total nematode abundance in the topsoil and subsoil, respectively. Hirschmanniella was the most dominant taxon whose abundance in topsoil varied from 275-739 in W-S to 1010-1270 indiv. (100 g soil)−1 in the S-S season. Nematode assemblages differed between topsoil and subsoil, and those of topsoil had clear seasonal distribution patterns. Bacterivore nematodes were the predominant group of free-living nematodes, with increasing relative abundance in the topsoil of S-S (average 23.2% of total free-living nematodes) < S-A (average 41.9%) < W-S (average 57.3%). Furthermore, soil in the W-S season had the highest microbial activity in 2018. Soil pH, EC and abundance of Hirschmanniella spp. were significantly negatively related with rice yield. The present results suggest that the presence of Hirschmanniella spp. in soil may be involved in a reduction of rice yield in the triple rice system.
The Epistemology of the “Great Invisibles”
Authors: Nenzén Niklas
Published: July 2020

The central collective myth of surrealism, Les grands transparents, was designed by André Breton in 1947 as a means for imagining a desirable society through effecting a vitalizing sense of the unknown and a “decentering of man”. As a contribution to the recent re-examination of surrealism in view of theoretical developments in the field of Western esotericism, this article argues that Breton utilizes his mythic narrative to articulate a transformative knowledge, a surreality, that in certain ways correspond to the concepts of gnosis and clairvoyance in esoteric discourse. To substantiate this, similar mythic narratives about great imperceptible entities in texts of Anthroposophy (Rudolf Steiner) and Rosicrucianism (Lectorium Rosicrucianum) are examined. A comparativist model for describing popular approaches (or mythemes) to ineffable experience is applied. An underlying “gnostic” approach of considering such experiences as incomplete and as being co-created is discerned, highlighting each actor’s endeavours to validate imaginative perception.
Assessing the Consistency of Kurdish Democratic Autonomy with International Human Rights Law
Authors: Pentassuglia Gaetano
Published: July 2020

Large sectors of the Kurdish movement in Turkey have progressively come to discuss, develop and/or endorse models of so-called “democratic autonomy”. While there are several works in the field detailing and critiquing Turkey’s policies vis-à-vis the Kurds, the international legal dimension of the Kurdish democratic autonomy proposal in its own right has received far less attention to date. The present article seeks to fill this gap by reflecting upon the internal coherence and consistency of the democratic autonomy argument in light of international law standards and practice, with particular reference to internal self-determination in Turkey. I argue that any future settlement of the Kurdish question will require not only Turkey’s compliance with its own human rights obligations, but also the Kurdish movement’s ability to negotiate the accommodation of its aspirations in ways that are consistent with international human rights law.
R2P and the Arab Spring: Norm Localisation and the US Response to the Early Syria Crisis
Authors: Docherty Benedict , Mathieu Xavier , Ralph Jason
Published: July 2020

This article explains why R2P failed to motivate action to protect vulnerable Syrians in the first two years of the crisis. We focus on the United States and argue that official discourse ‘localised’ the meaning R2P by grafting it on to preconceived ideas of America’s role in supporting democratic revolutions, which is how the situation was understood. American ‘exemplarism’ demanded the US support democracy by calling on Assad to go while not corrupting the ‘homegrown’ revolution through foreign intervention. The call for political and criminal accountability aligned exemplarist democracy promotion to R2P, but it did nothing to protect vulnerable populations from the conflict that ensued. This refraction of the norm complicated the United Nations sponsored peace process, which provided an alternative means of protecting the Syrian population. We address a gap in the literature by examining Western localisation and draw policy lessons, namely the importance of examining national predispositions when implementing R2P.
Grotius’s Doctrine of Alliances with Infidels and the Idea of Respublica Christiana
Authors: Condorelli Orazio
Published: July 2020

In the framework of the issue of the observance of promises and agreements (De iure belli ac pacis, bk. ii), Grotius discusses the question of whether Christians should be allowed to conclude treaties or alliances (federa) with those who were named infideles in the canonical and theological terminology. The question was ancient: since the early Middle Ages, alliances of Christians with infidels had been labeled as ‘impious’ (impium fedus). Grotius’s solutions are based on the converging traditions of medieval canon law and theology: treaties and alliances with infidels are intrinsically lawful according to natural and positive divine law, although they should be avoided in certain circumstances. Grotius’s concern, however, was not so much to affirm the theoretical lawfulness of the fedus cum infidelibus. The outcome of his argument consists in promoting the cohesion of Christians: he thinks that a joint action of the Christian nations is a moral and juridical obligation in the face of the aggressions caused by the enemies of Christendom.
Making Use of the Testimonies: Suárez and Grotius on Natural Law
Authors: Penner Sydney
Published: July 2020

Thanks to Barbeyrac, Pufendorf and others, there is a long-familiar picture of Grotius as offering a groundbreaking account of natural law. By now there is also a familiar observation that there is no agreement what makes Grotius’s account innovative. Sometimes this leads to skepticism about how innovative Grotius’s account of natural law really is. Some scholars suggest that Grotius’s account of natural law resembles Suárez’s account. But others continue to argue that Barbeyrac is right to see Grotius as breaking the ice of previous philosophy and laying the groundwork for a distinctively modern moral philosophy. I plan to contribute to the debate by arguing that, properly understood, Grotius’s position is similar to Suárez’s on a range of fundamental questions, and, furthermore, that seeing Grotius as making a radical break with the past violates his own self-conception.
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Consent and the Ethics of International Law Revisiting Grotius’s System of States in a Secular Setting
Authors: Stumpf Christoph
Published: July 2020

In this article Grotius’s perception of the legal relevance of consent is analysed with respect to its ongoing importance for an ethical fundament of public international law. It is argued that Grotius views the function of consent as an aspect of human law, which is limited, but also supported by what he views as the overarching framework of divine law. This can be particularly illustrated by Grotius’s idea of a duty of granting consent: such duty reflects the ethical quality of individual interaction within international law.
Voltaire progressiste en Roumanie
Authors: Galleron Ioana
Published: July 2020

Partant de l’édition d’œuvres choisies de Voltaire publiée entre 1957 et 1960 aux éditions d’État pour la littérature et l’art, cet article étudie la transfor-mation de la perception de cet auteur dans la Roumanie communiste. Sur fond de soviétisation du pays et de propagande, on sélectionne attentive-ment les titres et on les accompagne de préfaces orientant la lecture dans un sens « progressiste ». Si, avant 1947, c’est surtout l’auteur des contes philosophiques et des tragédies qui a les faveurs des maisons d’édition et du public, le changement de régime fait tomber l’accent sur l’historien et le philosophe. Toutefois, autant que les points de convergence idéologiques, ce sont les « errances » du penseur de Ferney par rapport à la doctrine de Marx, Engels et Lénine qui sont soulignées par les critiques roumains de la période considérée.
Sade face à la censure en Hongrie. Expérience d’une traductrice
Authors: Kovács Ilona
Published: July 2020

Le problème complexe de la réception tardive de tout l’œuvre du marquis de Sade doit être considéré dans le contexte de l’histoire de la censure en Hongrie au cours de plusieurs siècles. Mon article se nourrit de mon expérience de traductrice, en particulier de ma traduction de La Philosophie dans le boudoir (1989). L’aperçu historique sur l’absence de réception de ses textes avant 1989 puis sur la période suivante qui a commencé avec le changement de régime et une grande liberté dans le domaine éditorial, illustre bien les limites et les avatars de la censure en Europe Centrale et Orientale.
Approche critique de la lecture des Lumières en Albanie
Authors: Tartari Kërtusha Ériona
Published: July 2020

Cet article aborde les questions soulevées par la circulation des textes des Lumières en Albanie à l’époque où le réalisme socialiste régnait en maître. Après un rappel du contexte politique, l’analyse porte sur les difficultés pour un traducteur de Rousseau de se montrer fidèle aux principes idéologiques d’un État dont l’ambition fut de construire un « homme nouveau ». Si la traduction n’échappe pas à ces impératifs, elle ne peut éviter non plus certains des éléments de la culture albanaise traditionnelle héritée de siècles de domination ottomane.
Third World Resistance as a Counter-hegemonic Phenomenon in Customary International Law
Authors: Okubuiro Joycelin Chinwe
Published: July 2020

The role of non-state actors in custom-making provokes divergent views, skewed by state practice and opinio juris and derived from a Western perspective, which promotes hegemony. This paper shines a new light on this perennial debate by presenting resistance of Third World non-state actors as a counter-hegemonic tool in the development of customary international law. It contributes to scholarship relating to non-state actors in the formation of custom from a Global South perspective by reflecting African reality. This has become relevant in the clamour for increased participation of the Third World in international affairs as post-colonial states are deemed ineffective in representing their interests. It is observed that non-state actors employ diverse mechanisms to assert their position in law-making, thereby expanding the frontiers of custom-making. This paper explores such roles by non-state actors in the development of international custom and recommends an inclusive system that accommodates these stakeholders in custom-making.
The Namibian Constitution, International Law and the Courts: a Critique
Authors: Ndeunyema Ndjodi
Published: July 2020

This article examines the Namibian position in relation to the domestic application of international law. Through an analysis of Article 144 as the primary Constitutional touchstone provision, the meaning and binding nature of international agreements is unpacked, in the process identifying how these sources become part of Namibian law. Moreover, the paper advances that Article 144’s phraseology renders both customary international law and general principles of law as sources of binding law in Namibia. A critique of the judicial application of international law, particularly by the Supreme Court, also reveals inconsistencies and errors. In addition to international law’s direct application, the paper identifies the parallel interpretative functionality of international law and enquires into the appropriate method for interpreting international law by domestic courts. The paper concludes by determining the relevance of soft law sources as deliberative, and potentially persuasive interpretative aids.
Customs and Imposition of Duties in the Emirate of Bukhara
Authors: Azizov Ikromjon
Published: July 2020

The article studies the customs policy of the Emirate of Bukhara in the second half of 19th and early 20th centuries. The Islamic legislation was the legal foundation for the customs policy of the emirate, therefore the author has disclosed the Shariat regulation of the customs affairs of this state. Changes in international economic relations of the Emirate of Bukhara, as well as in traditional customs regulation of the state, which occurred after its transformation into the Russian protectorate and their consequences are important issues of this article.
Scholarships of Emirs of Bukhara
Authors: Klichev Oybek
Published: July 2020

Based on the study of diplomatic correspondence between the Bukhara emirate and the Russian Empire, this article highlights the issues of granting scholarships issued at the expense of the Bukhara government to gifted and low-income students of secondary specialized, vocational educational institutions functioned in the regions of the Turkestan Governorate-General. Also, such important aspects of this problem as educational institutions that received scholarships of the Bukhara government, the conditions for their appointment, the size and terms of the scholarships, and the choice of scholarship holders, etc. were analyzed in detail.
The Question of the Legitimacy of the Hashemite Regime in Jordan: the Islamic Radical Organizations, the Western Territories and Israel
Authors: Yitzhak Ronen
Published: July 2020

This article explores the question of the legitimacy of the Hashemite regime in Jordan. Jordanian public opinion, on the one hand, recognizes the regime, in large part because of its genealogical descent from the Prophet Muhammad. Radical Islamic organizations, on the other hand, reject it for its ties to the West and Israel. The article examines how the views of Islamic movements towards the Hashemite regime have evolved. The Muslim Brotherhood originally recognized the legitimacy of the Hashemite regime, but changed that position in response to Jordan’s 1994 peace treaty with Israel. al-Qāʿidah and ISIS have never recognized Hashemite rule as legitimate. They have tried to undermine its political stability and, indeed, to overthrow it, rejecting its secularism and cooperation with Israel and the West.

The terrorist organizations al-Qāʿidah and ISIS find support and sympathy among Jordanians, but as they committed more terrorist attacks, the Jordanian public has turned away from them and its support for the Hashemite regime has grown. The Hashemite regime thus remains stable and strong and enjoys legitimacy in the eyes of the majority of Jordanians.
Examining Middle School Students’ Gestures on Geological Field Trips
Authors: Choi Yoon-Sung , Choe Seung-Urn , Kim Chan-Jong
Published: July 2020

The purpose of this study was to examine middle school students’ gestures during a geological field trip. Previous research on gestures has focused on understanding human development and exploring students’ gestures can be helpful in improving understanding of students’ communication in learning environments. In this study, middle school students from a gifted education center engaged in fieldwork along the Hantan-River to learn about and explain river formation processes. Using hermeneutics to interpret meaning from student gestures, researchers identified three types of frequently used gestures: deictic, imageable, and depictive, which served either a social communication purpose (explaining, asking, insisting, and giving evidence) or science communication purposes (visualization and temporal or spatial). Researchers offer implications about the role of gestures for helping novice learners communicate geoscience content and about the potential for gestures to be used by educators as an instructional resource for learners.
United States Law, Marine Protected Areas, and Challenges to “Lasting Protection”
Authors: Telesetsky Anastasia
Published: July 2020

This contribution to this special edition focuses on United States practice in relation to marine protected areas (MPAs) particularly in relation to the protection of large marine ecosystems. The article describes how MPAs are designated under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act, the Antiquities Act, and the Magnuson-Stevens Fisheries Act. The article also identifies interactions between state and federal government in the management of MPAs as well as among nations. The article concludes with a discussion of the vulnerability of MPAs in the United States to resource development focused political forces.
Lepiotaceous fungi of West Bengal, India: the genus Chlorophyllum

Authors: DUTTA ARUN KUMAR , BERA SOUMILI , PALOI SOUMITRA , RAKSHIT SHOVAN , TARAFDER ENTAJ , SHERPA ANG RINZING , ACHARYA KRISHNENDU
Published: July 2020

The state West Bengal, India was thoroughly investigated and a total of ten specimens belonging to the genus Chlorophyllum was collected. Detailed morphological and molecular studies revealed that the collected specimens were distributed over three species among which two viz. Chlorophyllum hortense and C. molybdites were previously known from the region, and one, Chlorophyllum squamulosum sp. nov., is described herein as new to science. The new species is distinguished by its small plate-like squamules over the pileus coloured greyish brown to reddish brown or dark brown; truncate, hyaline basidiospores with a prominent germ-pore; relatively small (17–25 × 7.5–11.5 μm), clavate or spheropedunculate cheilocystidia; and a tightly packed hymeniderm type pileus covering. A comprehensive morphological description, field photographs of the basidiocarps, comparisons with phenotypically similar and phylogenetically related species and a phylogram showing the placement of each of the collected species are provided. Besides, earlier records of Chlorophyllum species from West Bengal as well as in India are consulted and information related to diversity of the genus in the country are discussed with notes on the previous records. An artificial dichotomous key is provided to aid in the identification of the presently available Chlorophyllum species in India.
New species of Bertawolia Blocker and Momoria Blocker (Cicadellidae: Iassinae: Hyalojassini) from Brazil, including notes about host plants
Authors: DOMAHOVSKI ALEXANDRE CRUZ
Published: July 2020

Two new species of Bertawolia and one of Momoria are described and illustrated from Brazil: Bertawolia grazielia sp. nov. from Paraná and Santa Catarina; B. lata sp. nov. from Paraná and Momoria albohabena sp. nov. from Paraná and Minas Gerais. The female genitalia of Bertawolia and Momoria species are described and illustrated by the first time. In addition, host plants for B. grazielia sp. nov. and M. albohabena sp. nov. are recorded and a key to species of Bertawolia is given.
From Cancer Cells in Cerebrospinal Fluid and Meninges to Medulloblastoma Cells: Primary Tumors and Metastatic Cancers of the Central Nervous System
Authors: Zhao Ying , Ding Sheng-Le
Published: July 2020

Objective: This study aims to explore the diagnostic methods for tumors of the central nervous system (CNS) based on different morphological characteristics of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cells. Methods: Through the case analysis of meningeal carcinoma, medulloblastoma and glioma,
combined with computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), as well as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) staining and other staining methods, the morphological characteristics of CSF cells in different tumors of the central nervous were found. Results: Through CT and CEA staining,
it was found that the detection rate of primary tumors except for medulloblastoma was generally low (15%–30%), while that of secondary tumors was relatively higher, reaching up to 30%–75%. Measurement data were expressed as mean±standard deviation (x ± SD).
Intergroup comparison was conducted using t-test. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Conclusion: In addition to the major morphological features of primary and secondary tumors, in the process of diagnosis, physicians should be aware that the pia matter is
a very thin layer of connective tissue, its density is close to the surrounding tissues, and it is very difficult for CT and MRI to distinguish between the pia mater and lesions in it. The determination on whether tumor cells can be detected via CSF cytology depends on whether the tumor invades
the subarachnoid space and pia mater. This requires a high degree of responsibility in the diagnosis. Furthermore, the previous examination results should be in contrast, suspected meningeal cancer patients should undergo repeated examinations, and more smears should be made in one examination,
in order to improve the positive rate.
A Novel Noninvasive Topological Mathematical Nomogram for Diagnosing Male Bladder Outflow Obstruction
Authors: Chen Hu , Song Bo , Li Longkun
Published: July 2020

Currently the pressure–flow (P/Q) study is considered as the golden standard for diagnosing bladder outflow obstruction (BOO), with clear invasion. In this study we established a novel topological mathematical nomogram with noninvasive free uroflow metry for predicting
BOO. Based on the Hill model of topological mathematics, the detrusor contractility (DC) and, the rates of detrusor contraction velocity variation (RDCVV) of the bladder were acquired. An RDCVV less than 0.2 were considered suitable for the DC/maximum uroflow (C/Q) study. A C/Q
nomogram was established via 233 cases (22 unobstructed, 49 equivocal, and 162 obstructed according to an invasive pressure/ uroflow study) with an RDCVV less than 0.2. Moreover, the C/Q nomogram was verified with 522 suitable cases with RDCVV less than 0.2 (328 obstructed, 106 equivocal,
and 88 unobstructed according to an invasive pressure/uroflow study). A C/Q nomogram was successfully established and verified that have a high precision. A novel topological mathematical C/Q nomogram with noninvasive free uroflowmetry was successfully established for predicting
BOO in male, with relatively high accuracy.
Interleukin-6 Promotes Osteogenic Differentiation of Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells by Activating Wnt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Nan Hai , Zhang Yun
Published: July 2020

Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can differentiate into adipocytes, osteoblasts. Osteoporosis is closely related to BMSCs osteogenic differentiation, and IL-6 is closely related to osteoporosis. This study assessed the effect of IL-6 on BMSCs osteogenic differentiation. Rat
BMSCs were cultured and osteogenic induction of BMSCs was performed in the presence of different concentrations (0, 10, 100 ng/ml) of IL-6 followed by analysis of IL-6 level by ELISA, ALP activity by the instructions of the alkaline phosphatase (ALP) detection kit, IL-6, Runx2 and OCN mRNA
level, and level of β-catenin by Western blot. Compared with 0 d, IL-6 protein content and IL-6 mRNA expression in cell culture medium was increased significantly on day 7 d, 14 d and 21 d. Compared with 0 ng/ml group, 10, 100 ng/ml IL-6 group showed significantly increased ALP
activity and Runx2 and OCN mRNA level in a dose-response relationship. β-catenin was increased significantly in 100 ng/ml IL-6 group. No difference of ALP activity and the expression of osteogenic differentiationmarkers was found between blocking group and control group, which
was significantly lower than those in experimental group. IL-6 can promote BMSCs osteogenic differentiation through Wnt signaling.
Expression and Correlation Analysis of Clinical Pathological Characteristics of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor, Matrix Metalloproteinases and Microvessel Density in Lung Cancer with Bone Metastasis
Authors: Qi Xuefei , Liu Hong , Liu Ruiyun , Sun Lixin , Yu Xinjuan , Liu Tongshang , Li Jun , Han Wei
Published: July 2020

Lung cancer is a common malignant tumor in clinic and easy to have bone metastases. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is an angiogenic factor. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is associated with invasion and metastases. This study was to detect VEGF, microvessel density (MVD),
MMP-2 and MMP-9 (MMP-2/9) levels in the serum and tissues of lung cancer patients with bone metastases to analyze the relaitonship between these changes and lung cancer with bone metastases. 60 patients with metastatic tumor of lung cancer were selected as experimental group, primary malignant
tumor of bone and benign osteoma were regarded as control group, the contents of VEGF, MMP-2/9 in blood and tissues were analyzed by ELISA and IHC, respectively. VEGF, MVD, MMP-2/9 levels in serum and tissues of lung cancer bone metastasis group were significantly higher than that of primary
bone tumor group and benign bone tumor group and their changes were significantly associated with pathological types of lung cancer, numbers and sizes of primary foci, numbers of bone metastases, other organ metastases and whether or not receiving radiotherapy and chemotherapy (P <
0.05). In conclusion, the level of VEGF, MVD, MMP-2/9 is significantly elevated in lung cancer patients with bone metastases, suggesting that these molecules might be involved in the pathogenesis of lung cancer with bone metastases.
Application of Intraoperative Vascular Intervention and Three-Dimensional Printing Technology in Paprosky III Revision Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Wumanerjiang Aikebaier , Zhao Wei , Julaiti Tayierjiang , Wang Li
Published: July 2020

Due to rich vascular tissues in the pelvic cavity, in complex hip replacement surgery, the hip prosthesis protruding into the pelvic cavity would cause damage to adjacent vessels, increasing the complexity of the surgery, and the possibility of vascular injury and mortality. We report
a case of a 68-year-old woman who underwent Paprosky III hip arthroplasty with vascular intervention in conjunction with three-dimensional (3D) printing. Due to careful preoperative planning, the use of 3D printing technology to design hip prosthesis, interdisciplinary cooperation, the intraoperative
by contrast placement of the balloon and stent, and other preventive measures, patient morbidity and mortality was significantly avoided.