bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
Transpupillary thermotherapy for occult subfoveal choroidal neovascularization: a 1‐year, prospective randomized pilot study
Authors: Gustavsson Carin , Agardh Elisabet
Published: March 2005

Purpose:  To evaluate the 1‐year effect of transpupillary thermotherapy (TTT) on occult choroidal neovascularization membranes (CNV).

Methods:  In this prospective, randomized, controlled pilot study of 28 patients with occult or minimally classic (< 10%) neovascularization membranes with a diameter less than 4500 µm, 19 patients were treated with TTT, while nine received sham treatment. Outcome measures were membrane diameter, visual acuity and reading ability.

Results:  The median age of patients randomized to TTT was 78 years (range 24 years); that of patients randomized to sham was 79 years (range 9 years). There was no difference regarding membrane diameter at baseline between the two groups; the median membrane diameters were 3400 µm (range 2400 µm) in the TTT group and 3200 µm (range 2300 µm) in the sham group (p = 0.639). Visual acuity (VA) was similar, with a median of 0.2 (minimum−maximum 0.08−0.5) in the TTT group and a median of 0.16 (min−max 0.10−0.32) in the sham group. A total of 21 patients were followed for 1 year, 13 in the TTT group (2.7 treatments/patient) and eight in the sham group. Membrane diameter increased in both groups, by a median of 350 µm (range 1600 µm) in the TTT group and 800 µm (range 1700 µm) in the sham group (p = 0.414), respectively, and there was a loss in VA of ≥ 15 letters in 5/13 patients (38%) in the TTT group compared with 2/8 patients (25%) in the sham group (p = 0.266). Reading ability deteriorated equally over time in both groups. Seven patients were lost to follow‐up due to reluctance to continue in the study (n = 4) or development of a classical component > 50% (n = 3) requiring photodynamic therapy (PDT).

Conclusion:  The results from this randomized, prospective pilot study of TTT for occult CNV did not indicate that TTT has a beneficial effect on visual outcome 1 year after treatment compared with the visual outcome that results from the natural course of the disease. The small study size limits statistical power and results from large control studies are needed.
Pharmacokinetics of intravitreal 5‐fluorouracil prodrugs in silicone oil: experimental studies in pigs
Authors: Schmidt Laugesen Caroline , Steffansen Bente , Scherfig Erik , La Cour Morten
Published: March 2005

Purpose:  To examine the in vivo pharmacokinetics of intravitreal 5‐Fluorouracil (5‐FU) following tamponade with 5‐FU prodrug silicone oil formulations.

Method:  Two different alkoxycarbonyl 5‐FU prodrugs denoted C12 and C18 were synthesized and formulated as silicone oil suspensions. A total of 26 pigs underwent conventional three‐port lens‐sparing pars plana vitrectomy. Approximately 1.6 ml of the prodrug‐silicone oil formulation was placed in the vitreous cavity. Operated eyes were enucleated between 20 min and 168 hours postoperatively, and analysed for their content of free 5‐FU by high performance liquid chromatography.

Results:  With the C12 prodrug silicone oil formulation, the concentration of free 5‐FU in the vitreous water phase 1 hour after surgery was 3.30 ± 1.62 µg/ml. After 4 hours this concentration had declined to 1 µg/ml. With the C18 prodrug, the concentration of free vitreal 5‐FU never reached 1 µg/ml during the 7 days these experiments lasted. A mathematical model is presented that can explain the measured data if the clearance of 5‐FU from the vitreous water phase follows first order kinetics with a half‐life of 20 min.

Conclusion:  These experiments, and the model analysis, suggest that the elimination half‐life of 5‐FU in the vitreous cavity of a vitrectomized, silicone oil‐filled eye is very fast. The model analysis indicates that an alkoxycarbonyl 5‐FU prodrug with a specific release rate constant of 10.7 µg/(

) can maintain an intravitreal 5‐FU concentration above 1 µg/ml for 5 days in the porcine eye.
Capsular bag distension syndrome after combined cataract and glaucoma surgery
Authors: Muñoz‐Negrete Francisco. J. , Rebolleda Gema
Published: March 2005

Purpose:  To report four cases of capsular bag distension syndrome (CBDS) after combined cataract and glaucoma surgery.

Methods:  We describe the clinical features and evolution of each case after individual treatment.

Case reports:  We report four cases of CBDS after phacoemulsification, combined with trabeculectomy in two cases and with an Ahmed aqueous drainage device implantation in the other two cases. The space between the intraocular lens (IOL) and the posterior capsule was occupied by an optically clear liquid in two cases and by a turbid liquid in the other two cases, with posterior bowing of the capsule into the anterior vitreous. A myopic shift and anterior chamber shallowing occurred in three cases. After posterior Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy, the CBDS resolved in three cases. In case 1, a surgical posterior capsulotomy and anterior vitrectomy were necessary.

Discussion:  Capsular bag distension syndrome should be included in the differential diagnosis of a shallow anterior chamber after combined cataract and glaucoma surgery.
Central corneal thickness and vascular risk factors in normal tension glaucoma
Authors: Doyle Aoife , Bensaid Ahmed , Lachkar Yves
Published: March 2005

Background:  Normal tension glaucoma (NTG) has been shown to be associated with reduced central corneal thickness (CCT). The association of NTG with vascular risk factors is well documented. It has been postulated that a subset of NTG patients are misclassified due to incorrect intraocular pressure measurements on thin corneas. The aim of this study was to establish whether corneal thickness in NTG differs between patients with vascular risk factors specific to NTG and those without.

Methods:  The study comprised a retrospective analysis of 108 eyes of 54 patients with NTG and 54 patients with primary open‐angle glaucoma (POAG). Corneal thickness was measured in all patients. Vascular risk factors were recorded. Patients with NTG were divided into two groups depending on the presence (group A) or absence (group B) of vascular risk factors.

Results:  The mean CCT was 549 ± 34 µm in patients with POAG and 528 ± 31 µm in patients with NTG (p = 0.001). Mean CCT was 512 ± 31 µm in group A (n = 13) and 533 ± 31 µm in group B (n = 41) (p = 0.034). A total of 40.9% of those with thin corneas (n = 22) had vascular risk factors versus only 12.5% of those with CCT within the normal range (n = 32) (p < 0.05).

Conclusion:  Central corneal thickness in NTG was significantly lower than in POAG and corneas were thinner in NTG patients with vascular risk factors than in those without. Vascular risk factors were significantly more common in patients with thin corneas. The finding of reduced corneal thickness in NTG does not obviate the need to consider vascular risk factors in the pathophysiology of the disease.
Protocol for mitomycin C use in glaucoma surgery
Authors: Maquet J. A. , Dios E. , Aragón J. , Bailez C. , Ussa F. , Laguna N.
Published: March 2005

Purpose:  To evaluate the results of a protocol described for mitomycin C (MMC) use in trabeculectomy or combined surgery (phacoemulsification and trabeculectomy).

Methods:  A total of 143 eyes (60 trabeculectomies and 83 combined surgeries) of 124 patients were divided into four groups: group 1 (without MMC); group 2 (with 0.1 mg/ml MMC); group 3 (with 0.2 mg/ml MMC), and group 4 (with 0.4 mg/ml MMC). Two‐minute MMC was used in every case in groups 2, 3 and 4. The results were analysed after 1 year of follow‐up. Intraocular pressure (IOP) and complications were evaluated. Successful IOP control was defined when IOP was <21 mmHg and <16 mmHg if advanced glaucoma was present, always without additional medical treatment.

Results:  Mean preoperative IOP decreased from 24.60 mmHg (SD 1.40 mmHg) to 13.47 mmHg (SD 0.37 mmHg) (p < 0.00001), 12 months postoperatively. Control in IOP was achieved in 79.02% of eyes. No significant differences were found in final mean IOP values (p > 0.196) or in postoperative complications (p > 0.120) in groups 2, 3 and 4.

Conclusion:  With the protocol described, a selection of concentration of MMC has been made in different clinical forms of glaucoma. No significant differences in IOP control and postoperative complications were noticed among the groups.
Fundus autofluorescence in acute and chronic‐recurrent central serous chorioretinopathy
Authors: Framme Carsten , Walter Andreas , Gabler Bernhard , Roider Johann , Sachs Helmut G. , Gabel Veit‐Peter
Published: March 2005

Purpose:  Central serous chorioretinopathy (CSC) affects mostly young and middle‐aged adults. Typically, a serous retinal detachment occurs with a focal leakage point in fluorescein angiography. Fundus autofluorescence (AF) is related to the lipofuscin within the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE). As CSC is thought to be associated with RPE disorders, AF measurements might be able to detect distinct changes within the RPE level. The purpose of this study was to compare AF patterns in acute and chronic‐recurrent CSC and to evaluate the potential value of AF as a non‐invasive monitoring tool.

Methods:  From 85 patients diagnosed with CSC (mean age 43 years), AF images were retrospectively evaluated and compared with angiographic and ophthalmoscopic findings. Fluorescein angiography and AF measurements were performed using a Heidelberg retina angiograph. Autofluorescence was excited at a wavelength of 488 nm and detected above 500 nm.

Results:  Acute CSC as determined by an acute decrease in visual acuity (VA) within the last 6 weeks, focal point leakage and neurosensory retinal detachment was diagnosed in 39 patients. In 36 of those patients (92%), a significantly decreased AF at the leakage point (72%) and/or decreased AF in the area of neurosensory detachment (77%) were observed. Regarding chronic‐recurrent CSC as determined by a decrease in VA for longer than 6 weeks and mottled hyperfluorescent appearance in angiography, abnormalities in AF were observed in 44/46 patients (96%). In those patients, decreased or mottled AF was observed at the leakage point itself (76%), whereas significantly increased AF was seen in the area of residual neurosensory retinal detachment (85%).

Conclusions:  In acute CSC, decreased AF is presumably due to a blockage caused by oedema, whereas in chronic‐recurrent forms, irregular and increased AF is observed, possibly reflecting reactive RPE changes secondary to RPE defects and neurosensory detachment. If these findings could be systematically underlined by prospective clinical studies, AF might be an interesting non‐invasive tool for monitoring RPE changes in CSC and for performing differential diagnosis.
Natural course of occult choroidal neovascularization in age‐related macular degeneration: development of classic lesions in fluorescein angiography
Authors: Schneider Ulrike , Gelisken Faik , Inhoffen Werner
Published: March 2005

Purpose:  To analyse the frequency of conversion from occult with no classic choroidal neovascularization (CNV) and occult with minimally classic CNV into predominantly classic CNV secondary to age‐related macular degeneration.

Methods:  Retrospective evaluation of baseline and repeat angiograms of 54 eyes with a follow‐up of 6−12 months.

Results:  In the group with initially occult with no classic CNV, nine of 40 eyes (23%) progressed to a predominantly classic lesion, whereas in the group of occult with a minimally classic CNV, 10 of 14 eyes (71%) eyes developed a predominantly classic CNV.

Conclusions:  The proportion of eyes that develop predominantly classic CNV is much higher in eyes with initially occult and minimally classic CNV, compared with eyes with initially occult and no classic CNV. Our data suggest that the natural course of CNV secondary to AMD begins as occult and progresses to classic CNV.
Basal cell carcinoma of the eyelid in Finland during 1953−97
Authors: Paavilainen Ville , Tuominen Juhani , Pukkala Eero , Saari K. Matti
Published: March 2005

Purpose:  To study the incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) of the eyelid in Finland.

Methods:  We studied 6241 cases of BCC of the eyelid reported to the nationwide Finnish Cancer Registry during 1953−97. We determined the age‐ and sex‐ specific incidence rates and overall rates adjusted for age to the world standard population, and social class‐ and occupation‐specific standardized incidence ratios, with the total Finnish population as reference.

Results:  The incidence rates of BCC of the eyelid varied between 0.7 and 3.0 per 100 000 person‐years in men and between 0.5 and 2.8 per 100 000 person‐years in women during the study period. The age‐adjusted incidence rates of BCC of the eyelid increased during 1953−87 (p < 0.0001). The incidence of BCC of the eyelid rose significantly with age. There were no significant differences in standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) for BCC of the eyelid between different social class and occupation categories.

Conclusion:  Age‐adjusted incidence rates showed that BCC of the eyelid was more than twice as frequent during 1978−97 than before 1968. Ageing may partly explain the increased incidence of BCC of the eyelid, whereas there were no differences in the SIRs for BCC of the eyelid between different social class and occupation categories in Finland.
Systemic leukocyte activation in patients with central giant cell lesions
Authors: de Souza Paulo Eduardo Alencar , Gomez Ricardo Santiago , Xavier Guilherme Machado , Coelho dos Santos Janete Soares , Gollob Kenneth John , Dutra Walderez Ornelas
Published: March 2005

Background:  Central giant cell lesion (CGCL) is a reactive lesion of the jaws with an associated inflammatory infiltrate. Since cell circulation allows for intense communication between different compartments in the body, we investigated whether the CGCL would lead to phenotypic and/or functional changes in circulating leukocytes.

Methods:  We obtained lymphocytes and monocytes from CGCL patients and control subjects, to evaluate cytokine and adhesion molecule expression using flow cytometry.

Results:  Our results revealed that CD4+ T cells and CD14+ monocytes from CGCL express elevated levels of CD11a and CD11b, respectively, when compared with controls. The frequencies of CD4+ T cells expressing interferon (IFN)‐γ and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α and the frequencies of CD4+ and CD14+ cells expressing interleukin (IL)‐10 were increased in CGCL group, when compared with controls.

Conclusions:  Our data indicate that, although CGCL is a localized lesion, the patients show systemic functional alterations in circulating leukocytes, suggesting their role in the inflammatory pathogenesis of CGCL.
Characterization of mast cell subpopulations in lip cancer
Authors: Rojas I. G. , Spencer M. L. , Martínez A. , Maurelia M. A. , Rudolph M. I.
Published: March 2005

Background:  Lip squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the most common form of oral cancer. Human mast cells (MCs), which are increased in lip SCC, are classified by their protease content in tryptase‐positive (MCT) and tryptase/chymase‐positive (MCTC). MC proteases are associated with tumor progression and angiogenesis. The aim of this study was to quantify and characterize MC subpopulations in lip SCC.

Methods:  Serial sections from lip SCC (n = 21) and normal lip vermilion (n = 8) biopsies were stained immunohistochemically for tryptase and enzymehistochemically for chymase to determine MC subpopulation density and distribution.

Results:  MCT and MCTC were increased in lip SCC when compared with normal lip (P < 0.0001), where MCT predominated over MCTC (P < 0.01). In lip SCC neither subpopulation predominated. Regarding distribution, MCT were higher than MCTC at the intratumoral stroma, whereas MCTC were higher than MCT at the peritumoral stroma (P < 0.01).

Conclusions:  The results suggest that MC subpopulations may contribute to lip SCC progression. While intratumoral MCT may stimulate angiogenesis, peritumoral MCTC may promote extracellular matrix degradation and tumor progression at the invasion front.
Oral health in prevalent types of Ehlers–Danlos syndromes
Authors: De Coster Peter J. , Martens Luc C. , De Paepe Anne
Published: March 2005

Background:  The Ehlers–Danlos syndromes (EDS) comprise a heterogenous group of heritable disorders of connective tissue, characterized by joint hypermobility, skin hyperextensibility and tissue fragility. Most EDS types are caused by mutations in genes encoding different types of collagen or enzymes, essential for normal processing of collagen.

Methods:  Oral health was assessed in 31 subjects with EDS (16 with hypermobility EDS, nine with classical EDS and six with vascular EDS), including signs and symptoms of temporomandibular disorders (TMD), alterations of dental hard tissues, oral mucosa and periodontium, and was compared with matched controls.

Results:  All EDS subjects were symptomatic for TMD and reported recurrent temporomandibular joint (TMJ) dislocations. Abnormal pulp shape (13%) and pulp calcification (78%) were observed in subjects affected with classical EDS. Caries experience was higher in EDS compared with controls and was related to poor oral hygiene, influenced by increased mucosal fragility and restraint of (wrist) joint mobility. The overall periodontal status in EDS was poor, with 62% of EDS subjects presenting high periodontal treatment needs (community periodontal index for treatment need, CPITN = II).

Conclusion:  Oral health may be severely compromised in EDS as a result of specific alterations of collagen in orofacial structures. When considering dental treatment in EDS, a number of tissue responses (mucosa, periodontium, pulp) and precautions (TMJ dislocation) should be anticipated.
CD34 expressing ameloblastic fibrosarcoma arising in the maxilla: a new finding
Authors: Lee Ok‐Jun , Kim Hyun Jung , Lee Bu Kyu , Cho Kyung‐Ja
Published: March 2005

Ameloblastic fibrosarcoma (AFS) is a rare malignant tumor of the jaw. The malignant mesenchymal component of AFS has been described as ‘fibroblast‐like’, although little is known about the immunophenotype, except for vimentin expression. Here, we present a case of AFS in a 62‐year‐old woman. The mesenchymal component displayed the features of either dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans or fibrosarcoma, and was positive for CD34. This is the first reported case of CD34 expressing AFS in the maxilla.
p21WAF1/CIP1 expression is a marker of poor prognosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Nemes Judit A. , Nemes Zoltán , Márton Ildikó J.
Published: March 2005

Background:  Previous research on the prognostic relevance of p21WAF1/CIP1 in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCC) yielded inconclusive and contradictory data.

Objectives:  To investigate the prognostic significance of p21WAF1/CIP1 expression, its relationship to p53 accumulation, proliferation‐associated proteins Ki‐67 and cyclin D1 in relation to survival and clinicopathological features in OSCC.

Methods:  Surgical specimens taken from 106 randomly selected patients were studied by immunohistochemistry. Expression of the protein of interest was correlated with clinical data.

Results:  p21WAF1/CIP1 expression was found in 61.3% of OSCCs. Expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 significantly correlated with tumor size (P = 0.005), lymph node involvement (P = 0.002), clinical stage (P < 0.001), and tumor site (P = 0.002). Patients with tumors showing p21WAF1/CIP1 immunopositivity had decreased 2‐year survival (P = 0.018). Expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 was not related to age, gender, risk factors (tobacco, alcohol), dental status, or tumor differentiation grade. The p21WAF1/CIP1 expression positively correlated with proliferation‐related variables Ki‐67 (P = 0.010) and cyclin D1 (P < 0.001), but not with p53 expression.

Conclusions:  The expression of p21WAF1/CIP1 was found to be associated with poorer prognosis and tumor aggressivity in OSCC.
Expression of tumor necrosis factor α, TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand, and their associated molecules in ameloblastomas
Authors: Kumamoto Hiroyuki , Ooya Kiyoshi
Published: March 2005

Background:  To clarify the roles of the apoptosis signaling pathway mediated by death receptors in oncogenesis and cytodifferentiation of odontogenic tumors, expression of tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), TNF‐related apoptosis‐inducing ligand (TRAIL), and their associated molecules was analyzed in ameloblastomas as well as in tooth germs.

Methods:  Tissue specimens of 10 tooth germs, 40 benign ameloblastomas, and five malignant ameloblastomas were examined by reverse transcriptase–polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR) and immunohistochemistry to determine the expression of TNFα, TNF receptor I (TNFRI), TRAIL, TRAIL receptor 1 (TRAIL‐R1), TRAIL‐R2, caspase‐8, and nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐κB).

Results:  Expression of TNFα, TNFRI, TRAIL, TRAIL‐R1, TRAIL‐R2, and NF‐κB mRNA was detected in most samples of normal and neoplastic odontogenic tissues. Expression of caspase‐8 mRNA was identified in six of 33 ameloblastomas, but not in 10 tooth germs or one malignant ameloblastoma. Immunohistochemical reactivity for TNFα, TRAIL, their receptors, and NF‐κB was detected in both normal and neoplastic odontogenic tissues. Epithelial expression of TNFα was focal in about 50% of tooth germs and ameloblastomas, and TNFα expression in neoplastic cells was significantly higher in follicular ameloblastomas than in plexiform ameloblastomas. TRAIL reactivity was evident in epithelial cells neighboring the basement membrane. Receptors for TNFα and TRAIL were diffusely expressed in both normal and neoplastic odontogenic epithelium. Expression of caspase‐8 was found in some neoplastic cells in three of 37 ameloblastomas, but not in 10 tooth germs or five malignant ameloblastomas. Nuclear NF‐κB expression was much lower than cytoplasmic expression in both normal and neoplastic odontogenic epithelium.

Conclusion:  Expression of TNFα, TRAIL, and their receptors in tooth germs and ameloblastomas suggests that these death factors might be involved in cytodifferentiation of odontogenic epithelium and tissue structuring of ameloblastomas. Expression of caspase‐8 and NF‐κB suggests that signaling of TNFα and TRAIL minimally affects the biological properties of odontogenic epithelial components.
Cell proliferation, apoptosis and apoptosis‐related factors in odontogenic keratocysts and in dentigerous cysts
Authors: Kichi Eisuke , Enokiya Yasunobu , Muramatsu Takashi , Hashimoto Sadamitsu , Inoue Takashi , Abiko Yoshihiro , Shimono Masaki
Published: March 2005

Background:  The purpose of this study was to elucidate why odontogenic keratocysts (OKC) can form cystic lesions but not tumor masses, notwithstanding their prominent proliferative activity.

Methods:  We investigated cellular proliferation, cell death, and expression of apoptosis‐related proteins in the lining cells of OKCs and of dentigerous cysts (DGCs).

Results:  TdT‐mediated dUTP‐biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL)‐positive cells were observed in the surface layers of OKCs and of DGCs. However, no TUNEL‐positive cells were seen in the basal or intermediate layers of both cysts. Ki67‐positive ratio in the intermediate layer was the highest in OKCs. The p53‐positive ratio of the intermediate layer was highest in OKCs. Bcl‐2‐positive cells were discernible exclusively in the basal layer of OKCs.

Conclusions:  These results suggest that cellular proliferation and death is regulated in association with apoptosis‐related proteins in the lining epithelia of OKCs, and subsequently those cysts are seen as cystic lesions but not as tumor masses.
Skin lesions segmentation and quantification from 3D body's models
Authors: Guillard G. , Lagarde J M.
Published: March 2005

Background/aims: Characterising large areas of the body has always been problematic. The aim of this article is to test a method to evaluate the developed surface areas of dermatological lesions from a 3D textured model of the body's envelope.

Method: We applied the active contour method to isolate the lesions. Then, by means of the 3D model obtained, we calculated the area. This was tested on standards of known areas.

Results: For the standards, the standard deviation between the calculated and theoretical surfaces was under 3%.

Conclusion: The results obtained indicate the feasibility of the method for studying the efficiency of dermatological treatment.
Ethical Dilemma and Moral Distress: Proposed New NANDA Diagnoses
Authors: Kopala Beverly , Burkhart Lisa
Published: March 2005

purpose. To propose two NANDA diagnoses—ethical dilemma and moral distress—and to distinguish between the NANDA diagnosis decisional conflict and the proposed nursing diagnosis of ethical dilemma.

sources used. Journal articles, books, and focus group research findings.

data synthesis. Moral/ethical situations exist in health care. Nurses’ experiences of ethical dilemmas and moral distress are extrapolated to the types and categories of ethical dilemmas and moral distress that patients experience and are used as the basis for development of two new nursing diagnoses.

conclusion. The two proposed NANDA diagnoses fill a void in current standardized terminology.

practice implications. It is important that nurses have the ability to diagnose ethical or moral situations in health care. Currently, NANDA does not offer a means to document this important phenomenon. The creation of two sets of nursing diagnoses, ethical dilemma and moral distress, will enable nurses to recognize and track nursing care related to ethical or moral situations.
Nursing‐Sensitive Outcome Reliability Testing in a Tertiary Care Setting
Authors: Behrenbeck Julia G. , Timm Jane A. , Griebenow Linda K. , Demmer Kathy A.
Published: March 2005

purpose.  To describe nursing outcomes classification (NOC) that are most relevant for, specialty acute care nursing practice, and to assess the adequacy of measures.

methods.  Data were collected on 434 patients during the 14‐month data collection period at a tertiary care center: cardiac surgery intensive care (n = 76), cardiac transplant unit (n = 153), and medical unit (n = 205).

findings.  Thirty‐six NOC outcomes were used 10 or more times during the study. Of those, 16 had an inter‐rater reliability of 75% or higher.

conclusions.  NOC outcomes show promise for accurately documenting the effectiveness of nursing interventions. Further study is needed to develop meaningful analysis of the documented NOC outcomes and efficiently integrate NOC into electronic documentation systems.

practice implications.  Increased familiarity with NOC allowed nursing staff to determine which outcomes comprise core nursing‐sensitive outcomes for their clinical setting.
THERMAL PROPERTIES OF PASSION FRUIT JUICE AS AFFECTED BY TEMPERATURE AND WATER CONTENT
Authors: GRATÃO ANA CAROLINA AMARAL , JÚNIOR VIVALDO SILVEIRA , POLIZELLI MARCOS ALEXANDRE , TELIS‐ROMERO JAVIER
Published: March 2005

The specific heat, thermal conductivity and density of passion fruit juice were experimentally determined from 0.506 to 0.902 (wet basis) water content and temperatures from 0.4 to 68.8C. The experimental results were compared with existing and widely used models for the thermal properties. In addition, based on empiric equations from literature, new simple models were parameterized with a subset of the total experimental data. The specific heat and thermal conductivity showed linear dependency on water content and temperature, while the density was nonlinearly related to water content. The generalized predictive models were considerably good for this product but the empiric, product‐specific models developed in the present work yield better predictions. Even though the existing models showed a moderate accuracy, the new simple ones would be preferred, because they constitute an easier and direct way of evaluating the thermal properties of passion fruit juice, requiring no information about the chemical composition of the product, and a reduced time of the estimation procedure, as the new empiric models are described in terms of only two physical parameters, the water content and the temperature.
TWO‐PHASE MODELING AND THE QUALITY OF SOYBEAN SEEDS DRIED IN A COUNTER‐CURRENT MOVING BED DRIER
Authors: LACERDA A.F. , LISBOA M.H. , OLIVEIRA M.S. , BARROZO M.A.S.
Published: March 2005

The purpose of the present work is to study the simultaneous heat and mass transfer between air and soybean seeds in a countercurrent moving bed dryer, based on the application of a two‐phase model to the drying process. The numerical solution of the model is obtained by using a computational code based on backwards differential formulae. The experimental data of air humidity and temperature and of seed moisture content and temperature at the dryer outlet are compared to the simulated values, showing a good agreement. This work also analyzes the effect of the main process variables (drying air temperature, air relative humidity, air velocity and solids flow rate) on the soybean seeds quality during drying. Empirical equations fitted to the experimental data are proposed for predicting the soybean seed quality (germination, vigor and fissures) as a function of the investigated variables.
PROCESS INTENSIFICATION OF MEMBRANE SYSTEM FOR CRUDE PALM OIL PRETREATMENT
Authors: IYUKE SUNNY ESAYEGBEMU , AHMADUN FAKHRU’L‐RAZI , MAJID RUSNANI ABD
Published: March 2005

In the study conventional refining, microfiltration and ultrafiltration processes have been used experimentally to pretreat crude palm oil (CPO) samples with the aim of moving from the usual huge refinery plant to a more process integrated membrane module at ultrascale size that will even perform better than the former. Reduction of phosphorus for the membrane‐permeate of 43.4% was higher than that of bleached oil of 34.4%. When ceramic membranes with pore diameters of 0.45 µm and 0.2 µm were used in microfiltration, it was found that membrane with pore size of 0.45 µm was able to reject 14% of phosphorus, while ceramic membrane with pore size of 0.2 µm showed better phosphorus rejection of 56.8%. Upon applying ceramic membrane with pore sizes of 20 nm and 50 nm, 78.1% and 60% of phosphorus were rejected, respectively. Attributed to the superior performance of the membrane with 20 nm pore size over other membranes and conventional refining method on phosphorus content, a simulation study thus made, showed that the average slurry volume after about 22‐min runs for membrane with pore sizes of 0.45 µm, 0.2 µm, 50 nm and 20 nm, and the average slurry volumes are 0.05, 0.09, 0.13 and 0.18 m

3

, respectively. The percentage decrease between membrane pore size of 0.45 µm and 0.2 µm; 0.45 µm and 50 nm; and 0.45 µm and 20 nm are 73, 49 and 24%, respectively. The ultrafiltration achieved order of process miniaturization of about 10

2

−10

3

, which is in accordance with literature. This is a considerable size reduction in the process size, which reflects the magnitude of slurry volume that can be produced within a given time and meets every standard for process intensification through simulated process miniaturization.
RECONDITIONING OF POULTRY CHILLER OVERFLOW BY ULTRAFILTRATION
Authors: MANNAPPERUMA JATAL D. , SANTOS MIGUEL R.
Published: March 2005

Poultry carcasses are chilled in water to lower the temperature rapidly. Water quality in the chiller is maintained by overflow and freshwater makeup. This in‐plant study evaluated reconditioning of chiller overflow by ultrafiltration for reuse in place of freshwater makeup. Trials with hollow fiber and spiral polymeric membrane modules were conducted to verify microbial rejection and to obtain flux characteristics.

Microbial challenge trials conducted by using chiller overflow with artificially enhanced microbial levels reduced microbial counts by more than 5.4 log cycles. The rejection of chemical oxygen demand was over 73% and the reduction in turbidity was over 99.2%. These results verified that ultrafiltration produces water acceptable for reuse in the chiller to partially replace freshwater makeup.

Concentration scans, pressure scans, velocity scans and time scans produced satisfactory permeate fluxes. Membranes cleaned easily after the trials. A 380‐L/min (100‐gal/min) spiral ultrafiltration system was designed assuming a 34‐L/m2h (20 gfd) average permeate flux based on flux characteristics observed during the trials. Economic assessment of the system operation indicated a 2.4‐year simple payback with possibilities for further improvement.
The Effect of Initial Cross Flow on the Cooling Performance of a Narrow Impingement Channel
Authors: Chambers Andrew C. , Gillespie David R. H. , Ireland Peter T. , Dailey Geoffrey M.
Published: March 2005

Impingement channels are often used in turbine blade cooling configurations. This paper examines the heat transfer performance of a typical integrally cast impingement channel. Detailed heat transfer coefficient distributions on all heat transfer surfaces were obtained in a series of low temperature experiments carried out in a large-scale model of a turbine cooling system using liquid crystal techniques. All experiments were performed on a model of a 19-hole, low aspect ratio impingement channel. The effect of flow introduced at the inlet to the channel on the impingement heat transfer within the channel was investigated. A novel test technique has been applied to determine the effect of the initial cross flow on jet penetration. The experiments were performed at an engine representative Reynolds number of 20,000 and examined the effect of additional initial cross flow up to 10 percent of the total mass flow. It was shown that initial cross flow strongly influenced the heat transfer performance with just 10 percent initial cross flow able to reduce the mean target plate jet effectiveness by 57 percent.
Unsteady Effects on Trailing Edge Cooling
Authors: Medic G. , Durbin P. A.
Published: March 2005

It is shown how natural and forced unsteadiness play a major role in turbine blade trailing edge cooling flows. Reynolds averaged simulations are presented for a surface jet in coflow, resembling the geometry of the pressure side breakout on a turbine blade. Steady computations show very effective cooling; however, when natural—or even moreso, forced—unsteadiness is allowed, the adiabatic effectiveness decreases substantially. Streamwise vortices in the mean flow are found to be the cause of the increased heat transfer.
Effect of Elevated Free-Stream Turbulence on Transitional Flow Heat Transfer Over Dual-Scaled Rough Surfaces
Authors: Wang Ting , Rice Matthew C.
Published: March 2005

The surface roughness over a serviced turbine airfoil is usually multiscaled with varying features that are difficult to be universally characterized. However, it was previously discovered in low free-stream turbulence conditions that the height of larger roughness produces separation and vortex shedding, which trigger early transition and exert a dominant effect on flow pattern and heat transfer. The geometry of the roughness and smaller roughness scales played secondary roles. This paper extends the previous study to elevated turbulence conditions with free-stream turbulence intensity ranging from 0.2% to 6.0%. A simplified test condition on a flat plate is conducted with two discrete regions having different surface roughness. The leading-edge roughness is comprised of a sandpaper strip or a single cylinder. The downstream surface is either smooth or covered with sandpaper of grit sizes ranging from 100 to 40 Ra=37-119 μm. Hot wire measurements are conducted in the boundary layer to study the flow structure. The results of this study verify that the height of the largest-scale roughness triggers an earlier transition even under elevated turbulence conditions and exerts a more dominant effect on flow and heat transfer than does the geometry of the roughness. Heat transfer enhancements of about 30–40%-over the entire test surface are observed. The vortical motion, generated by the backward facing step at the joint of two roughness regions, is believed to significantly increase momentum transport across the boundary layer and bring the elevated turbulence from the freestream towards the wall. No such long-lasting heat transfer phenomenon is observed in low free-stream turbulence cases even though vortex shedding also exists in the low turbulence cases. The heat transfer enhancement decreases, instead of increases, as the downstream roughness height increases.
Effects of Catalytic and Dry Low NOx Combustor Turbulence on Endwall Heat Transfer Distributions
Authors: Ames F. E. , Barbot P. A. , Wang C.
Published: March 2005

Endwall heat transfer distributions taken in a large-scale low speed linear cascade facility are documented for mock catalytic and dry low NOx (DLN) combustion systems. Inlet turbulence levels range from about 1.0% for the mock catalytic combustor condition to 14% for the mock dry low NOx combustor system. Stanton number contours are presented at both turbulence conditions for Reynolds numbers based on true chord length and exit conditions ranging from 500,000 to 2,000,000. Catalytic combustor endwall heat transfer shows the influence of the complex three-dimensional flow field, while the effects of individual vortex systems are less evident for the mock dry low NOx cases. Turbulence scales have been documented for both cases. Inlet boundary layers are relatively thin for both the mock catalytic and DLN combustor cases. Inlet boundary layer parameters are presented across the inlet passage for the three Reynolds numbers and both the mock catalytic and DLN combustor inlet cases. Both midspan and 95% span pressure contours are included. This research provides a well-documented database taken across a range of Reynolds numbers and turbulence conditions for assessment of endwall heat transfer predictive capabilities.
Path integral for the motion of a particle in a linear potential
Authors: Brown Lowell S. , Zhang Yan
Published: March 2005

The path integral method is used to construct the quantum propagator for a particle moving under a constant force.
Quantum cosmology for pedestrians
Authors: Atkatz David
Published: March 2005

The application of quantum theory to the description of the universe as a whole is known as quantum cosmology. A brief, self-contained introduction to this field, accessible to an upper-level undergraduate physics student is presented. Perhaps the most remarkable quantum-cosmological idea—that the universe originated ex nihilo via a quantum-mechanical tunneling process—is discussed, and the probability for such a quantum cosmogenesis is calculated.
On the thermodynamic efficiencies of reversible cycles with sloping, straight-line processes
Authors: Dickerson R. H. , Mottmann J.
Published: March 2005

Heat and efficiency calculations for negatively sloping, straight-line paths in PV diagrams seem to be consistently misleading or incorrect in many introductory physics texts. The source of the error is identified and thoroughly explored with several examples.
Stationary Fourier transform spectrometer for use as a teaching tool
Authors: Harvey A. R. , Begbie M. , Padgett M. J.
Published: March 2005

We report the design of a Fourier transform spectrometer with no moving parts. Its ease of alignment and inherent immunity to vibration make it an ideal instrument for use within the university teaching laboratory. A birefringent component is used to introduce a path difference which varies across the input aperture, and hence the interferogram is obtained in the spatial rather than the temporal domain. By way of example we present some spectra obtained from the instrument and suggest a number of experiments that give the student a heuristic appreciation of the Fourier transform function.
Near-field–far-field transition of a finite line source using incoherent light: A student laboratory experiment
Authors: Yan Xincheng , Yu Yixin , Shen Louis , Wanser Keith H.
Published: March 2005

A simple experiment employing low cost apparatus is presented which demonstrates the falloff of intensity with distance and the transition from the near field to the far field of a line source filament incandescent light bulb. A derivation of the Poynting vector as a function of the distance away from the filament is presented which shows an exact correspondence to the derivation for the electric field from a finite line charge source in electrostatics. The experimental data of power vs distance from the filament show an inverse first power of the distance falloff in the near field, with a smooth transition to an inverse square law behavior in the far field, in good agreement with the theoretical expression when corrections for the measured angular response of the detector are included. The experiment provides an illustration of the inverse square law falloff of intensity at large distances from the source, experience with simple concepts and techniques of optical radiometry and incoherent light sources, and the analogy between incoherent light sources and electrostatics in an undergraduate laboratory. An additional short experiment provides an illustration of electrical-to-optical power conversion efficiency and temperature dependent resistance associated with electron–phonon scattering in metals. A derivation of isotropic, unpolarized elementary radiators from anisotropic dipole radiation is presented in the Appendix.
Quantum and classical probability distributions for position and momentum
Authors: Robinett R. W.
Published: March 2005

The classical and quantum probability distributions for both position and momentum are compared for several model systems admitting bound states including the harmonic oscillator, the infinite well, and the linear confining potential (V(x)=F‖x‖). Examples corresponding to unbound systems, including the uniformly accelerating particle and the motion of a particle moving away from a point of unstable equilibrium, i.e., the ‘‘unstable oscillator’’ defined by V(x)=−kx2/2, are also considered. The quantum and classical distribution of kinetic and potential energy for the harmonic oscillator is briefly discussed.
Teaching physics with 670 nm diode lasers—construction of stabilized lasers and lithium cells
Authors: Libbrecht K. G. , Boyd R. A. , Willems P. A. , Gustavson T. L. , Kim D. K.
Published: March 2005

We describe the construction and operation of stabilized 670 nm diode lasers for use in undergraduate teaching labs. Because they emit low-power visible radiation, 670 nm lasers are safe and aesthetically pleasing, and thus are an attractive alternative to near-infrared diode lasers in the undergraduate laboratory. We also describe the fabrication of a robust and reliable lithium atomic vapor cell, which can be used with the 670 nm diode lasers to perform a variety of atomic physics experiments.
Understanding the chemical potential
Authors: Cook G. , Dickerson R. H.
Published: March 2005

When teaching thermal physics and statistical mechanics the authors find a lot of confusion among students about the meaning of the chemical potential μ. It seems particularly difficult for students to develop a physical picture of what μ is. In this paper some simple, pedagogical models are developed to make the meaning of μ clear, for a few selected systems.
A modeling method for high school physics instruction
Authors: Wells Malcolm , Hestenes David , Swackhamer Gregg
Published: March 2005

The design and development of a new method for high school physics instruction is described. Students are actively engaged in understanding the physical world by constructing and using scientific models to describe, explain, predict, and to control physical phenomena. Course content is organized around a small set of basic models. Instruction is organized into modeling cycles which move students systematically through all phases of model development, evaluation, and application in concrete situations—thus developing skill and insight in the procedural aspects of scientific knowledge. Objective evidence shows that the modeling method can produce much larger gains in student understanding than alternative methods of instruction. This reveals limitations of the popular ‘‘cooperative inquiry’’ and ‘‘learning cycle’’ methods. It is concluded that the effectiveness of physics instruction depends heavily on the pedagogical expertise of the teacher. The problem of cultivating such expertise among high school teachers is discussed at length, with specific recommendations for action within the physics community.
Determining the yield of the Trinity nuclear device via gamma-ray spectroscopy
Authors: Atkatz David , Bragg Christopher
Published: March 2005

A straightforward analysis (relying solely on publicly available information) of the γ-ray spectrum of a small piece of ‘‘trinitite,’’ the desert sand fused into glass by the world’s first nuclear explosion on July 16, 1945, allows a surprisingly accurate determination of the Trinity device’s explosive yield.
Entangled quantum systems and the Schmidt decomposition
Authors: Ekert Artur , Knight Peter L.
Published: March 2005

Quantum systems comprised of interacting subsystems become highly correlated and their individual identities become entangled. This entanglement can be described using the Schmidt decomposition, in which a pair of preferred orthonormal bases can be constructed to emphasize the tight correlations between two quantum subsystems. Examples are given of how the Schmidt basis can be exploited to shed new light on entangled subsystems in quantum optics, paying special attention to two-mode squeezed states and to atom–field interaction.
Ideal quantum gases in two dimensions
Authors: Viefers S. , Ravndal F. , Haugset T.
Published: March 2005

Thermodynamic properties of nonrelativistic bosons and fermions in two spatial dimensions and without interactions are derived. All the virial coefficients are the same except for the second, for which the signs are opposite. This results in the same specific heat for the two gases. Existing equations of state for the free anyon gas are also discussed and shown to break down at low temperatures or high densities.
Black hole as the ultimate energy source
Authors: Semiz İbrahim
Published: March 2005

We point out that baryon number violation is necessary for significant matter-to-energy conversion, which suggests that black holes may be used for this purpose. The classical mechanism for this is the well-known Penrose process. We describe an alternative mechanism, which is superior because the black hole acts as a catalyst and does not need to be rotating. The energy is extracted via the Hawking radiation, i.e., the process is quantum mechanical.
The Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation
Authors: Costella John P. , McKellar Bruce H. J.
Published: March 2005

The Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation of the Dirac Hamiltonian is generally taught as simply a mathematical trick that allows one to obtain a two-component theory in the low-energy limit. It is not often emphasized that the transformed representation is the only one in which one can take a meaningful classical limit, in terms of particles and antiparticles. We briefly review the history and physics of this transformation.
δ well with a reflecting barrier
Authors: Aslangul Claude
Published: March 2005

The influence of a reflecting barrier on the eigenstates of a Dirac potential well is analyzed in detail. This simple case provides a good example for discussing in a very simple way several basic features of quantum mechanics. First, it is shown that the presence of the barrier entails a destabilization of the bound state and can even suppress it; this is expected on physical grounds since the barrier acts in a repulsive way. Second, an image method is used to recover the results obtained in the conventional way. As regards the unbound states, it is seen that the presence of the barrier suppresses the twofold degeneracy always present in one dimension.