bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025 huggingface dataset:
A simple and fast DNA compressor
Authors: Manzini Giovanni , Rastero Marcella
Published: August 2004

In this paper we consider the problem of DNA compression. It is well known that one of the main features of DNA sequences is that they contain substrings which are duplicated except for a few random mutations. For this reason most DNA compressors work by searching and encoding approximate repeats. We depart from this strategy by searching and encoding only exact repeats. However, we use an encoding designed to take advantage of the possible presence of approximate repeats. Our approach leads to an algorithm which is an order of magnitude faster than any other algorithm and achieves a compression ratio very close to the best DNA compressors. Another important feature of our algorithm is its small space occupancy which makes it possible to compress sequences hundreds of megabytes long, well beyond the range of any previous DNA compressor. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Implementation of a TMO‐structured real‐time airplane‐landing simulator on a distributed computing environment
Authors: Lee Min‐Gu , Lee Sunggu , Kim K. H. (Kane)
Published: August 2004

In real‐time simulation, the simulated system should display the same (or very close) timing behavior as the target system. The simulation accuracy is increased as the simulation time unit is decreased. Although there are several models for such systems, the TMO model is particularly appropriate due to its natural support for real‐time distributed object‐oriented programming. This paper discusses the results of the implementation of a real‐time airplane‐landing simulator on a distributed computing environment using the TMO model. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Biochemical reaction engineering for redox reactions
Authors: Wandrey Christian
Published: August 2004

Redox reactions are still a challenge for biochemical engineers. A personal view for the development of this field is given. Cofactor regeneration was an obstacle for quite some time. The first technical breakthrough was achieved with the system formate/formate dehydrogenase for the regeneration of NADH2. In cases where the same enzyme could be used for chiral reduction as well as for cofactor regeneration, isopropanol as a hydrogen source proved to be beneficial. The coproduct (acetone) can be removed by pervaporation. Whole‐cell reductions (often yeast reductions) can also be used. By proper biochemical reaction engineering, it is possible to apply these systems in a continuous way.

By cloning a formate dehydrogenase and an oxidoreductase “designer bug” can be obtained where formate is used instead of glucose as the hydrogen source. Complex sequences of redox reactions can be established by pathway engineering with a focus on gene overexpression or with a focus on establishing non‐natural pathways. The success of pathway engineering can be controlled by measuring cytosolic metabolite concentrations. The optimal exploitation of such systems calls for the integrated cooperation of classical and molecular biochemical engineering. © 2004 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 4: 254–265; 2004: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20016
Development of catalytic asymmetric reactions via chiral palladium enolates
Authors: Hamashima Yoshitaka , Sodeoka Mikiko
Published: August 2004

This article describes the generation of chiral palladium enolates and their application to several kinds of catalytic asymmetric reactions. Two methods to generate chiral enolates were developed using novel cationic palladium complexes 1 and 2. In these processes, water or a hydroxo ligand on palladium metal plays an important role as a nucleophile to promote the transmetallation or as a Brønsted base to abstract an acidic α‐proton of the carbonyl group. These enolates showed sufficient reactivity with various electrophiles. Using a chiral Pd enolate as a key intermediate, highly enantioselective reactions such as catalytic aldol reactions, Mannich‐type reactions, Michael reactions, and fluorination reactions were developed. The unique structures of the palladium enolate complexes were elucidated and reaction mechanisms are proposed. © 2004 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 4: 231–242; 2004: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20017
Smart materials based on self‐assembled hydrogen‐bonded comb‐shaped supramolecules
Authors: Brinke Gerrit Ten , Ikkala Olli
Published: August 2004

Block copolymer self‐assembly and supramolecular chemistry can be combined most naturally to prepare smart polymer nanomaterials. An attractive route is based on comb‐shaped supramolecules, obtained by attaching side chains to (co)polymers by physical (non‐covalent) interactions. Hydrogen bonding is a key element of our approach. It combines an ease of synthesis with other important approach‐specific elements, such as hierarchical self‐assembly, strongly enhanced processability, swelling, and cleaving. Functional properties discussed include anisotropic proton conductivity, switching proton conductivity, electronically conducting nanowires, polarized luminance, dielectric stacks (optical reflectivity), functional membranes, and nano objects. © 2004 The Japan Chemical Journal Forum and Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Chem Rec 4: 219–230; 2004: Published online in Wiley InterScience (www.interscience.wiley.com) DOI 10.1002/tcr.20018
A longitudinal study of the educational and career trajectories of female participants of an urban informal science education program
Authors: Fadigan Kathleen A. , Hammrich Penny L.
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this longitudinal case study is to describe the educational trajectories of a sample of 152 young women from urban, low‐income, single‐parent families who participated in the Women in Natural Sciences (WINS) program during high school. Utilizing data drawn from program records, surveys, and interviews, this study also attempts to determine how the program affected the participants' educational and career choices to provide insight into the role informal science education programs play in increasing the participation of women and minorities in science, math, engineering, and technology (SMET)‐related fields. Findings revealed 109 participants (93.16%) enrolled in a college program following high school completion. Careers in medical or health‐related fields followed by careers in SMET emerged as the highest ranking career paths with 24 students (23.76%) and 21 students (20.79%), respectively, employed in or pursuing careers in these areas. The majority of participants perceived having staff to talk to, the job skills learned, and having the museum as a safe place to go as having influenced their educational and career decisions. These findings reflect the need for continued support of informal science education programs for urban girls and at‐risk youth. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 835–860, 2004
Teaching evolutionary biology: Pressures, stress, and coping
Authors: Griffith Joyce A. , Brem Sarah K.
Published: August 2004

Understanding what teachers need to be more comfortable and confident in their profession is crucial to the future of effective teachers and scientific literacy in public schools. This study focuses on the experiences of Arizona biology teachers in teaching evolution, using a clinical model of stress to identify sources of pressure, the resulting stresses, and coping strategies they employ to alleviate these stresses. We conducted focus groups, one‐on‐one interviews, and written surveys with 15 biology teachers from the Phoenix area. On the basis of their responses, teachers were clustered into three categories: “Conflicted,” who struggle with their own beliefs and the possible impact of their teaching, “Selective,” who carefully avoid difficult topics and situations, and “Scientists,” who see no place for controversial social issues in their science classroom. Teachers from each group felt that they could be more effective in teaching evolution if they possessed the most up‐to‐date information about evolution and genomics, a safe space in which to reflect on the possible social and personal implications with their peers, and access to richer lesson plans for teaching evolution that include not only science but personal stories regarding how the lessons arose, and what problems and opportunities they created. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Res Sci Teach 41: 791–809, 2004
Uniqueness of motion by mean curvature perturbed by stochastic noise
Authors: Yip N.K , Souganidis P.E
Published: August 2004

We present some uniqueness (non-fattening) results for the motion by mean curvature perturbed by stochastic noise. It is well known that for special initial data, the deterministic motion has multiple solutions, i.e., it develops interior. Our result for a particular evolution of curves in

ℝ^2

illustrates that stochastic perturbations can select a unique solution in a natural way. The noise we use is white in time and constant in space. The results are formulated both almost surely and in probability law.

Nous présentons des résultats d’unicité pour le mouvement par courbure moyenne, perturbé par un bruit stochastique. Il est bien connu que pour certaines conditions initiales, le mouvement a plusieurs solutions, i.e. il acquiert un intérieur. Notre résultat pour l’évolution de courbes spécifiques dans

ℝ^2

illustre le fait que les perturbations stochastiques peuvent sélectionner une unique solution de manière naturelle. Le bruit utilisé ici est blanc dans le temps et constant dans l’espace. Nous donnons nos résultats en termes presque sũrs ainsi qu’en loi de probabilité.
Regularity results for parabolic systems related to a class of non-Newtonian fluids
Authors: Seregin G.A , Acerbi E , Mingione G
Published: August 2004

We consider a class of parabolic systems of the type:

u_t-\mathrm{div}\, a (x,t,Du)=0

where the vector field

a (x,t,F)

exhibits non-standard growth conditions. These systems arise when studying certain classes of non-Newtonian fluids such as electrorheological fluids or fluids with viscosity depending on the temperature. For properly defined weak solutions to such systems, we prove various regularity properties: higher integrability, higher differentiability, partial regularity of the spatial gradient, estimates for the (parabolic) Hausdorff dimension of the singular set.

Nous étudions une classe de systèmes paraboliques du type :

u_t-\mathrm{div}\, a (x,t,Du)=0

où le champ vectoriel

a (x,t,F)

possède des conditions de croissance non standard. Ces systèmes se présentent dans l’étude de certaines classes de fluides non Newtoniens comme les fluides electro-rhéologiques ou les fluides dont la viscosité dépend de la température. Nous prouvons différentes propriétés de régularité pour des solutions faibles convenables de tels systémes : intégrabilité et différentiabilité améliorées, régularité partielle du gradient spatial et estimations pour la dimension de Hausdorff (parabolique) de l’ensemble des points singuliers.
On planar selfdual Electroweak vortices
Authors: Chae Dongho , Tarantello Gabriella
Published: August 2004

By perturbation techniques, we obtain a new class of selfdual Electroweak vortices in

ℝ^2

, whose asymptotic behavior we control in an “optimal” way to yield a sort of “quantization” property for the corresponding flux.

Our class of vortex-solutions complements that constructed by Spruck and Yang [Comm. Math. Phys. 144 (1992) 215–234].

En utilisant des techniques de perturbation, nous obtenons une nouvelle classe de vortex Électrofaibles autoduaux dans

ℝ^2

, dont nous pouvons contrôler de façon « optimale » le comportement asymptotique en donnant une propriété de « quantisation » pour le flot correspondant.

Notre classe de solutions complète celles construites par Spruck et Yang [Comm. Math. Phys. 144 (1992) 215–234].
Blow-up solutions for the Schrödinger equation in dimension three with a concentrated nonlinearity
Authors: Figari Rodolfo , Teta Alessandro , Adami Riccardo , Dell'Antonio Gianfausto
Published: August 2004

We present some results on the blow-up phenomenon for the Schrödinger equation in dimension three with a nonlinear term supported in a fixed point. We find sufficient conditions for the blow-up exploiting the moment of inertia of the solution and the uncertainty principle. In the critical case, we discuss the additional symmetries of the equation and construct a family of explicit blow-up solutions.

On présente des résultats sur le phénomène de l’explosion pour l’équation de Schrödinger en trois dimensions avec un terme nonlinéaire concentré en un point fixé. On trouve des conditions suffisantes pour l’explosion en utilisant le moment d’inertie de la solution et le principe d’indétermination. Dans le cas critique, on met en évidence l’existence de quelques symétries supplémentaires et l’on construit une famille de solutions explosives explicites.
Droplet spreading under weak slippage: the waiting time phenomenon
Authors: Grün Günther
Published: August 2004

We prove the occurrence of a waiting time phenomenon in space dimensions
N
<4 for the thin film equation subjected to Navier’s slip condition or even weaker slip conditions. We state a sufficient criterion on the smoothness of initial data which guarantees a local delay of the onset of spreading wherever the support of initial data locally satisfies an exterior cone condition. Our method combines a Hardy-type inequality valid on infinite cones with recently established weighted energy estimates and a novel iteration technique developed in [R. Dal Passo, L. Giacomelli, G. Grün, Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa 30 (2001) 437–463]. On account of formal considerations, we conjecture our criterion to be optimal.

Dans cet article nous nous intéressons au comportement qualitatif de la frontière libre des solutions de l’équation des films minces soumise aux conditions de glissement de type Navier ou aux conditions de glissement plus faibles. Nous montrons l’apparition d’un phénomène de temps d’attente dans les dimensions d’espace

N<4

. Nous formulons un critère suffisant pour la régularité des données initiales, qui garantit un délai local pour le début de la propagation, où que soit satisfaite localement une condition cônique extérieure par le support des données initiales. Notre méthode combine une inégalité de type Hardy valide sur un cône infini avec des estimations récentes pondérées d’énergie, et avec une nouvelle technique d’itération développée dans [R. Dal Passo, L. Giacomelli, G. Grün, Ann. Scuola Norm. Sup. Pisa 30 (2001) 437–463]. En raison de considérations formelles, nous formons la conjecture que notre critère est optimal.
Nonexistence of local solutions to semilinear partial differential inequalities
Authors: Pohozaev Stanislav I , Tesei Alberto
Published: August 2004

We investigate nonexistence of local nonnegative solutions for some semilinear elliptic and parabolic inequalities with first order terms and singular coefficients. In contrast with previous investigations of the subject, no use of the maximum principle is made. Instead, a direct bootstrap argument is used, which relies on a suitable choice of the functions used to test the differential inequalities.

Nous étudions la non existence de solutions locales non négatives pour quelques inégalités elliptiques et paraboliques avec termes du premier ordre et coefficients singuliers. Au lieu de méthodes faisant appel au principe du maximum, on utilise une méthode directe de “bootstrap” basée sur un choix convenable des fonctions test.
Existence by minimisation of solitary water waves on an ocean of infinite depth
Authors: Buffoni B
Published: August 2004

The abstract minimisation method introduced in a recent work by E. Séré, J.F. Toland and the author [Minimisation methods for quasi-linear problems, with an application to periodic water waves, preprint] gives a new proof of the existence of capillary-gravity solitary water waves on the surface of a two-dimensional ocean of infinite depth. This problem was first studied by Iooss and Kirrmann [Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 136 (1998) 1–19] in the setting of normal form theory for reversible infinite-dimensional “spatial” dynamical systems.

La méthode de minimisation abstraite introduite dans un travail récent de E. Séré, J.F. Toland et l’auteur, donne une nouvelle preuve de l’existence d’ondes solitaires à la surface d’un océan infiniment profond, sous l’action de la gravité et de tension superficielle. Ce problème a été étudié par Iooss et Kirrmann [Arch. Rational Mech. Anal. 136 (1998) 1–19] à l’aide de la théorie des formes normales pour les systèmes dynamiques “spatiaux”, réversibles et de dimension infinie.
Fatherhood and the Meaning of Children: An Ethnographic Study Among Puerto Rican Partners of Adolescent Mothers
Authors: Foster Jennifer
Published: August 2004

This study of the male partners of adolescent mothers was conducted in a small urban city in the northeastern United States where adolescent birth rates remain high despite declining national trends. Despite stated opposition to adolescent birth, one third of the fathers interviewed planned their pregnancies with their partners for more than a year. Because poverty and violence were part of life in the community of these fathers, the experience of having children initiated self‐reflection. Men did not value absence from their children's lives, and they recognized their own agency in constructing a fatherless reality for their children. Thus, having children gave men an opportunity to consider alternative possibilities for their lives. This study suggests that despite widespread efforts to prevent teenage pregnancy, children born to adolescent mothers provide the fathers of these children with an affirming and valued component of self‐identity.
Use of Phenytoin in Pregnancy for Epileptic Seizure Prevention: A Case Report
Authors: Fitzgerald Kelly E.
Published: August 2004

Epilepsy is the most common neurological disorder in women of reproductive age. Phenytoin is one of the most frequently prescribed antiepileptic drugs. Although the vast majority of women with epilepsy have normal pregnancy outcomes, certain fetal anomalies and pregnancy complications are associated with epilepsy and phenytoin use. Appropriate midwifery care of women with epilepsy includes consultation and co‐management with an obstetrician and a neurologist. The clinical course of a woman with epilepsy taking phenytoin is presented.
Supportive Counseling Before and After Elective Pregnancy Termination
Authors: Harris Amy A.
Published: August 2004

Midwives are likely to encounter women seeking care before or after an elective abortion. National estimates of abortion rates suggest that 43% of women in the United States will have at least one abortion by the time they are 45 years old. By not asking women about abortion experiences, providers risk perpetuating women's guilt, shame, and silence. This article describes the emotional consequences of elective abortion, identifies women at high risk for negative reactions, and offers approaches to counseling about the psychosocial effects of abortion both before and after the procedure. Through the provision of counseling for women who have abortions, providers will be able to assist with coping, identify women who might be at greater risk for psychological sequelae, and offer referrals to those in need.
Women's Exercise Beliefs and Behaviors During Their Pregnancy and Postpartum
Authors: Downs Danielle Symons , Hausenblas Heather A.
Published: August 2004

Limited research examines women's beliefs about the value of exercise and their actual exercise behaviors during pregnancy and postpartum. A retrospective study of 74 postpartum women was conducted to examine women's behavioral, normative, and control beliefs about exercising during pregnancy and postpartum and to determine their most salient beliefs. In addition, women's prepregnancy, pregnancy, and postpartum exercise behavior was examined. We found that 1) the most common exercise beliefs during pregnancy were that exercise improves mood and physical limitations (e.g., nausea) obstructed exercise participation; 2) the most common exercise beliefs during postpartum were that exercise controls weight gain and a lack of time obstructed exercise participation; 3) women's husband/partner and family members most strongly influenced their pregnancy and postpartum exercise behavior; and 4) women exercised more before they were pregnant than during pregnancy and postpartum. Researchers and health care professionals are encouraged to examine and understand women's beliefs about exercising during their pregnancy and postpartum and design their interventions accordingly, in an attempt to increase women's exercise behavior during their childbearing years.
CEU Managing Menopausal Symptoms After the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Hackley Barbara , Rousseau Mary Ellen
Published: August 2004

Until the results of the Women's Health Initiative (WHI) were released in July 2002, hormone replacement therapy (HRT) had been thought to be the most effective way to manage unwanted menopausal symptoms and to prevent long‐term health problems associated with aging. The results of the WHI, showing that HRT is less beneficial and associated with more risks than previously thought, has complicated the management of unwanted menopausal symptoms. This article discusses the effectiveness of HRT and other modalities used to relieve menopausal symptoms and discusses how to choose an HRT product to match specific menopausal complaints and provide maximum safety.
Delayed Lactogenesis II: A Comparison of Four Cases
Authors: Betzold Christine M. , Hoover Kathleen L. , Snyder Cathy L.
Published: August 2004

Lactogenesis II is the onset of copious milk production (i.e., the milk “coming in”), which usually occurs between 30 to 40 hours postpartum. When lactogenesis II fails to occur or is delayed, it may be due to a number of underlying hormonal or non‐hormonal conditions. Of the various hormonal etiologies, many can be identified with the aid of a few standard blood tests. Gestational ovarian theca lutein cysts may cause delayed lactogenesis II and are fairly easily detected by ordering testosterone levels. Although this condition can delay lactogenesis II for as long as 31 days, with proper management women affected by these cysts have established breastfeeding. Three of the four women reviewed in this article were eventually able to produce 100% of their infants'caloric requirements.
Mary Breckinridge Meets Healthy People 2010: A Teaching Strategy for Visioning and Building Healthy Communities
Authors: Jesse D. Elizabeth , Blue Carolyn
Published: August 2004

In both midwifery and nursing education, it is essential to include innovative teaching strategies that address the health of communities. This article presents a creative learning activity for midwifery and/or nursing education that integrates Mary Breckinridge's historical example with today's national goals for building communities. The establishment of the Frontier Nursing Service in 1925 is an excellent example of the Mobilize, Assess, Plan, Implement, and Track (MAP‐IT) framework for building health communities. Advanced practice nursing and midwifery students can use this historical template to implement their ideas for building healthy communities today.
Complementary Therapies as Adjuncts in the Treatment of Postpartum Depression
Authors: Weier Kira M. , Beal Margaret W.
Published: August 2004

Postpartum depression affects an estimated 13% of women who have recently given birth. This article discusses several alternative or complementary therapies that may serve as adjuncts in the treatment of postpartum depression. The intent is to help practitioners better understand the treatments that are available that their clients may be using. Complementary modalities discussed include herbal medicine, dietary supplements, massage, aromatherapy, and acupuncture. Evidence supporting the use of these modalities is reviewed where available, and a list of resources is given in the appendix.
Somali Refugee Women Speak Out About Their Needs for Care During Pregnancy and Delivery
Authors: Herrel Nathaly , Olevitch Laura , DuBois Diana K. , Terry Paul , Thorp Deborah , Kind Elizabeth , Said Abdi
Published: August 2004

More than half of all Somali refugees in the United States live in Minnesota. To obtain information to develop culturally sensitive health education materials, we conducted two focus groups with 14 Somali women who had each given birth to one child in Minnesota. Overall, women thought that their childbirth experience was positive. They also reported racial stereotyping, apprehension of cesarean births, and concern about the competence of medical interpreters. Women wanted more information about events in the delivery room, pain medications, prenatal visits, interpreters, and roles of hospital staff. The most desirable educational formats were a videotape, audiotapes, printed materials, and birth center tours. To increase their attendance at prenatal appointments, participants said they needed reminder telephone calls, transportation, and childcare.
Polyethylene Glycol Electrolyte Solution (Isocolan) for Constipation During Pregnancy: An Observational Open‐Label Study
Authors: Neri Isabella , Blasi Immacolata , Castro Paola , Grandinetti Giuseppe , Ricchi Alba , Facchinetti Fabio
Published: August 2004

To evaluate the efficacy of a polyethylene glycol electrolyte solution (PEG‐4000) in pregnant women affected by constipation, 40 consecutive pregnant women from 6 to 38 weeks' gestation were enrolled in this preliminary study. Constipation was defined as spontaneous evacuation less than four times a week or the presence of symptoms such as defecation pain, rectal urgency, tenesmus, anal injury, or abdominal pain. A PEG‐4000 solution (Isocolan, also marketed in the United States as Golitely/Nulitely) was administered for 15 days at a dose of 250 mL by mouth once or twice a day. The number of bowel movements per week, the presence or absence of liquid stools, tenesmus, urgency, defecation pain, anal lesions, and abdominal pain were evaluated before and after 15 days of treatment. Treatment with PEG‐4000 significantly increased the evacuation episodes per week (from 1.66 ± 0.48 to 3.16 ± 1.05; P <.01), and constipation was resolved in 27 of 37 women (73%). Defecation pain, anal injury, and abdominal pain significantly improved after PEG‐4000 administration. Improvement occurred in both patients with new‐onset constipation during pregnancy as well as patients with a history of constipation before pregnancy. These preliminary findings indicate that PEG‐4000 may be an effective choice for the treatment of constipation during pregnancy.
Pathways of Decision Making Among Yucatan Mayan Traditional Birth Attendants
Authors: Anderson Barbara A. , Anderson E. N. , Franklin Tracy , de Cen Aurora Dzib‐Xihum
Published: August 2004

In rural, developing world communities, women are often isolated from biomedical services. Frequently, traditional birth attendants (TBAs) are the only caregivers during childbirth, both normal and complicated. Women trust their TBAs to manage their births. Globally, government and non‐governmental organizations (NGOs) have sought to upgrade TBAs'skills and to encourage them to refer complications. However, most training programs have failed to change TBAs' practice substantially. Logistical barriers in reaching biomedical services in a timely manner are a key issue. Another is the difference between biomedical and traditional practitioners in the cognitive frameworks that shape decision making and management behaviors. The purpose of this study, conducted in Quintana Roo State, Mexico, was to listen to the voices of practicing Yucatec Maya TBAs (parteras) as they described decision making and management of complicated births. In‐depth interviews with six practicing parteras in rural, isolated communities revealed that the parteras used traditional Maya ethnomedicine while valuing biomedical approaches. We isolated themes in decision making and mapped management of birth complications. Integrating TBAs' traditional knowledge into biomedical training programs is one way to honor their knowledge and make training relevant.
Does Traditional Birth Attendant Training Increase Use of Antenatal Care? A Review of the Evidence
Authors: Sibley Lynn M. , Sipe Theresa Ann , Koblinsky Marge
Published: August 2004

A combined narrative review and metanalytic review was conducted to summarize published and unpublished studies completed between 1970 and 2002 on the relationship between traditional birth attendant (TBA) training and increased use of professional antenatal care (ANC). Fifteen studies (n = 15) from 8 countries and 2 world regions were analyzed. There are, to varying degrees, positive associations between TBA training and TBA knowledge of the value and timing of ANC services, TBA behavior in offering advice or assistance to obtain ANC, and compliance and use of ANC services by women cared for by TBAs or living in areas served by TBAs. There is a serious lack of information about TBA training program characteristics. Although the findings cannot be causally attributed to TBA training, the results suggest that training may increase ANC attendance rates by about 38%. This magnitude of improvement could contribute to a reduction in maternal and perinatal mortality in areas where women have access to quality antenatal and emergency obstetric care. There is an urgent need to improve capacity for evaluation and research of the effect of TBA training programs and other factors that influence women's use of ANC services.
CEU: Prevention and Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage: New Advances for Low‐Resource Settings
Authors: Miller Suellen , Lester Felicia , Hensleigh Paul
Published: August 2004

Postpartum hemorrhage due to uterine atony is the primary direct cause of maternal mortality globally. Management strategies in developed countries involve crystalloid fluid replacement, blood transfusions, and surgery. These definitive therapies are often not accessible in developing countries. Long transports from home or primary health care facilities, a dearth of skilled providers, and lack of intravenous fluids and/or a safe blood supply often create long delays in instituting appropriate treatment. We review the evidence for active management of third‐stage labor and for the use of specific uterotonics. New strategies to prevent and manage postpartum hemorrhage in developing countries, such as community‐based use of misoprostol, oxytocin in the Uniject delivery system, the non‐inflatable antishock garment to stabilize and resuscitate hypovolemic shock, and the balloon condom catheter to treat intractable uterine bleeding are reviewed. New directions for clinical and operations research are suggested.
Safe Motherhood Program Evaluation: Theory and Practice
Authors: Milne Lesley , Scotland Graham , Tagiyeva‐Milne Nargiz , Hussein Julia
Published: August 2004

Debate on the evaluation of safe motherhood programs has mainly focused on the outcome or process measure to be used. Less attention is paid to the application of different approaches to evaluation. This article reviews current theories of evaluation and provides examples of the extent to which these theories have been applied in the actual practice of evaluation. Most evaluations use multiple methods and approaches, but the rationale and intention behind these choices are often not made explicit. Factors are identified that need to be taken into consideration when planning and conducting safe motherhood program evaluations. Safe motherhood programs are complex interventions, requiring evaluation by different theoretical approaches and multiple methods. Awareness of these approaches will allow health professionals to plan for evaluation and to use evaluation findings more effectively. If cognizant of the different approaches to evaluation, evaluation frameworks can be developed to improve assessment of the effectiveness of these programs.
Mucolipidosis Type IV a Rare Genetic Disorder: New Addition to the Ashkenazi Jewish Panel
Authors: Gordon Roxann M. , Marchese Teresa
Published: August 2004

Mucolipidosis type IV (MLIV) is a rare genetic disorder that primarily affects persons of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Current information available about testing options and the Ashkenazi Jewish Screening panel, including the addition of screening for MLIV, is presented. The importance of genetic screening and counseling is emphasized.
Perceptions Matter: Barriers to Treatment of Postpartum Hemorrhage
Authors: Thaddeus Sereen , Nangalia Rachna , Vivio Donna
Published: August 2004

Postpartum hemorrhage is the leading cause of maternal deaths in developing countries. This report highlights the social and cultural factors that influence the decision to seek care in cases of postpartum bleeding. Survey data on awareness of danger signs in the postpartum period and findings from the anthropologic literature describing beliefs about bleeding in childbirth and the postpartum period are presented. Findings point to a mismatch between actual and perceived risks of danger in the postpartum period. This may reflect a viewpoint that there are few risks remaining after the baby is born. This may, in turn, shape the perception that the postpartum period is one in which less vigilance is required compared with labor and birth. Such beliefs are important to consider, as they may influence timely seeking of emergency obstetric care. Efforts to reduce the incidence of postpartum hemorrhage as a major cause of maternal death must progress on two fronts: on the supply side to ensure the provision of skilled care and on the demand side to ensure that women and their families accept the view that bleeding after birth is dangerous and that skilled care is preferable to traditional care.
Pregnancy and Childbirth Care Following Conflict and Displacement: Care for Refugee Women in Low‐Resource Settings
Authors: O'Heir Judith
Published: August 2004

Women in developing countries experience the same problems during pregnancy and childbirth and die of the same complications, regardless of whether they live in stable situations or in situations of conflict and displacement. They need services and/or care during pregnancy and childbirth wherever they are and in whatever circumstances prevail. This article provides an overview of the Safe Motherhood Initiative, including the recent directions taken to prevent maternal and neonatal mortality and morbidity. In addition, pregnancy and childbirth care in complex humanitarian emergencies is examined, highlighting the experiences in refugee settings. In some of these settings, pregnancy outcomes have been better than in host or home countries. The challenge remains to ensure that good‐quality pregnancy and childbirth care, in line with the global standards set for achieving safe motherhood, is consistently available and accessible to women affected by complex humanitarian emergencies.
Status of Women and Infants in Complex Humanitarian Emergencies
Authors: Gasseer Naeema Al , Dresden Elissa , Keeney Gwen Brumbaugh , Warren Nicole
Published: August 2004

Women and children bear the greatest burden in the midst of war and long‐term disasters. Complex humanitarian emergencies are characterized by social disruption, armed conflict, population displacement, collapse of public health infrastructure, and food shortages. Humanitarian assistance for refugees and internally displaced populations requires particular attention to the common issues affecting morbidity and mortality in women and infants. Gender‐based violence and reproductive health concerns are discussed within the context of populations affected by conflict and forced migration. Recommendations for midwives and women's health care providers engaging in care for women and children in complex humanitarian emergencies are discussed.
Disaster Preparedness: What Do We Do Now?
Authors: Keeney Gwen Brumbaugh
Published: August 2004

Disasters are events that exceed the capacity of the people affected to recover from the adverse affects. Understanding types of disasters and components of disaster responses provides a basis for developing disaster preparedness plans. Disaster preparedness is a process for assessing risks and capacities for responding when disasters occur. Planning can mitigate damages and facilitate rapid and effective disaster response services. Health care workers, including midwives and women's health care providers, can access resources to be prepared as competent responders in disaster contexts to meet the needs of women and their communities.
Providing a Nurturing Environment for Infants in Adverse Situations: Multisensory Strategies for Newborn Care
Authors: White‐Traut Rosemary
Published: August 2004

Giving birth in dangerous settings, such as natural disasters and war, can have long‐lasting consequences on infant growth and development. It is during birth and the neonatal period that mother and baby are particularly vulnerable to environmental stressors. This article explores the neurohormonal aspects of stress and social bonding and offers strategies aimed at reducing maternal and infant stress and improving the mother‐infant relationship. Low‐tech interventions, such as massage, Kangaroo Mother Care, and multisensory intervention (maternal voice, massage, eye‐to‐eye contact, and rocking) are described for their use in adverse environments.
In vitro biocorrosion of CoCrMo implant alloy by macrophage cells
Authors: Lin Hsin‐Yi , Bumgardner Joel D.
Published: August 2004

We hypothesized that macrophage cells and their released reactive chemical species (RCS) affect CoCrMo alloy's corrosion properties and that alloy corrosion products change macrophage cell behavior. A custom cell culture corrosion cell was used to evaluate how culture medium, cells, and RCS altered alloy corrosion in 3‐day tests. Corrosion was evaluated by measuring total charge transfer at a constant potential using a potentiostat and metal ion release by atomic emission spectroscopy. Viability, proliferation, and NO (nitric oxide) and IL‐1β (interlukin‐1β) release were used to assess cellular response to alloy corrosion products. In the presence of activated cells, total charge transfers and Co ion release were the lowest (p< 0.05). This was attributed to an enhancement of the surface oxide by RCS. Cr and Mo release were not different between cells and activated cells. Low levels of metal ions did not affect cell viability, proliferation, or NO release, though IL‐1β released from the activated cells was higher on the alloy compared to the controls. These data support the hypothesis that macrophage cells and their RCS affect alloy corrosion. Changes in alloy corrosion by cells may be important to the development of host responses to the alloy and its corrosion products. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published y Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Gliding resistance of the extensor pollicis brevis tendon and abductor pollicis longus tendon within the first dorsal compartment in fixed wrist positions
Authors: Kutsumi Keiji , Amadio Peter C. , Zhao Chunfeng , Zobitz Mark E. , An Kai‐Nan
Published: August 2004

Purpose: While the etiology of de Quervain's disease is unknown, repetitive motion coupled with awkward wrist position and septation within the first dorsal compartment are considered causative factors. We hypothesize that these conditions might produce high gliding resistance, which could then induce micro‐damage of the tendons and retinaculum. The purpose of this study was to measure the gliding resistance of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons within the first dorsal compartment in a human cadaver model.

Methods: Fifteen human cadaver wrists, which included eight septation and seven non‐septation wrists in the first dorsal compartment, were used. Gliding resistance of the extensor pollicis brevis and abductor pollicis longus tendons was measured in seven wrist positions: 60° extension, 30° extension, 0°, 30° flexion, 60° flexion in neutral deviation and 30° ulnar deviation, 15° radial deviation in neutral extension/flexion.

Results: The overall gliding resistance was not different between septation and non‐septation wrists (0.21 versus 0.19 N for abductor pollicis longus and 0.21 versus 0.15 N for extensor pollicis brevis, respectively), but there was a significant effect on gliding resistance due to wrist position (p < 0.05) in both tendons. Interaction between wrist position and septation status was observed in the extensor pollicis brevis tendon (p < 0.05). With septation, the gliding resistance of the extensor pollicis brevis was significantly higher in 60° wrist flexion (0.51 N) compared to all other wrist positions tested (all less than 0.26 N) (p < 0.05). In the non‐septation group, gliding resistance was significantly higher in 60° flexion (0.20 N) and 60° extension (0.22 N) compared to the other five wrist positions (all less than 0.15 N) (p < 0.05). Although no significant difference was observed, the extensor pollicis brevis tendon with septation tended to have higher gliding resistance than that without septation in wrist flexion. In 60° of wrist flexion the abductor pollicis longus tendon had significantly higher gliding resistance (0.33 N) than the other wrist positions (all less than 0.26 N) (p < 0.05).

Conclusions: A combination of septation and wrist position significantly affected extensor pollicis brevis tendon gliding resistance in this cadaver model. These factors may contribute to the development of de Quervain's disease. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Detection of changes in articular cartilage proteoglycan by T1ρ magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: Wheaton Andrew J. , Dodge George R. , Borthakur Arijitt , Kneeland J. Bruce , Schumacher H. Ralph , Reddy Ravinder
Published: August 2004

The purpose of this work is to demonstrate the feasibility of T1ρ‐weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to quantitatively measure changes in proteoglycan content in cartilage. The T1ρ MRI technique was implemented in an in vivo porcine animal model with rapidly induced cytokine‐mediated cartilage degeneration. Six pigs were given an intra‐articular injection of recombinant porcine interleukin‐1β (IL‐1β) into the knee joint before imaging to induce changes in cartilage via matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) induction. The induction of MMPs by IL‐1 was used since it has been extensively studied in many systems and is known to create conditions that mimic in part characteristics similar to those of osteoarthritis. The contralateral knee joint was given a saline injection to serve as an internal control. T1ρ‐weighted MRI was performed on a 4 T whole‐body clinical scanner employing a 2D fast spin‐echo‐based T1ρ imaging sequence. T1ρ relaxation parameter maps were computed from the T1ρ‐weighted image series. The average T1ρ relaxation rate, R1ρ (1/T1ρ) of the IL‐1β‐treated patellae was measured to be on average 25% lower than that of saline‐injected patellae indicating a loss of proteoglycan. There was an average reduction of 49% in fixed charge density, measured via sodium MRI, of the IL‐1β‐treated patellae relative to control corroborating the loss of proteoglycan. The effects of IL‐1β, primarily loss of PG, were confirmed by histological and immunochemical findings. The results from this study demonstrate that R1ρ is able to track proteoglycan content in vivo. © 2004 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Russian geopolitical storylines and public opinion in the wake of 9–11: a critical geopolitical analysis and national survey
Authors: O’Loughlin John , Tuathail Gearoid Ó , Kolossov Vladimir
Published: August 2004

Examination of the speeches, writings and editorials by the Putin Administration in the aftermath of the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks showed a consistent storyline that equated Russia’s war against Chechen terrorists with the subsequent US attack on the Taliban and Al Qaeda. The storyline made a strong case for a Russian alliance with the US and the West against those who were attacking the ‘civilized world’. Two alternative storylines also emerged. The centrist-liberal storyline was skeptical of the benefits accruing to Russia from its support of the Bush Administration’s policy, while the national patriotic-Communist storyline concentrated on the ‘imperialist’ drive of the United States to control the resources of Eurasia. The resonance of the dominant Putin storyline and its skeptical and suspicious alternatives among the Russian public is tested by analysis of the responses to a representative national survey of 1800 adults conducted in April 2002. Significant socio-demographic differences appear in responses to eight questions. The Putin storyline is accepted by the rich supporters of the Edinstvo party, males, ‘Westernizers’, residents of Siberia, singles and young adults, while the oppositional storylines are supported by Communist party supporters, the elderly, Muslims, women, the poor, and residents of Moscow and St. Petersburg.
Good governance or muddling through? Layoffs and employment reform in socialist China☆
Authors: Chiu Stephen W.K. , Hung Eva P.W.
Published: August 2004

China’s socialist employment system has undergone radical changes since the 1990s along with enterprise restructuring. Surplus workers have been laid off from state-owned enterprises in large numbers. China’s policy program for the management of layoffs in this process of enterprise restructuring has been evaluated as an example of ‘good practices in labor administration’. In this paper, we use original field data collected in Beijing, supplemented by additional information from recent Chinese studies, to assess this evaluation. We apply for this purpose the criteria often used by development agencies to evaluate governance systems, namely, accountability, transparency, consistency, participation, and information flow. Using these criteria as a yardstick, we argue that the Chinese experience in reforming their employment system through massive layoffs and re-employment is better characterized as a classic case of ‘muddling through’ rather than a shining example of ‘good governance’.
Statistical characteristics of gravity waves observed by an all‐sky imager at Darwin, Australia
Authors: Suzuki S. , Shiokawa K. , Otsuka Y. , Ogawa T. , Wilkinson P.
Published: August 2004

An all‐sky airglow imager with a cooled charge‐coupled device camera in place at Darwin (12.4°S, 131.0°E), Australia, since October 2001 has been used to obtain two‐dimensional gravity wave images in the mesopause region. Using airglow images of the OI (557.7 nm, emission altitude ∼96 km) and OH band (720–910 nm, ∼86 km) emissions obtained for October 2001 to August 2002, we investigated the wavelengths, phase velocities, and propagation directions of gravity waves. Wave occurrence in OH images (60–90%) is higher than in OI images (30–70%) for all seasons. The waves have wavelengths of less than 90 km (peak: 30–50 km) and phase velocities of less than 90 m/s (peak: 30–60 m/s). Most of the waves propagate in the meridional direction, and the directionality strongly depends on the season. In winter, waves propagate both poleward and equatorward, while in summer almost all waves propagate poleward. An examination of airglow‐imaging statistics at Adelaide (35°S, 138°E), Australia, obtained by Walterscheid et al. [1999], leads us to conclude that this clear directionality is caused by the location of the wave sources and by the wave ducting processes; that is, poleward waves in summer come from an equatorial convective source through a thermal duct structure. The effect of wind filtering on the waves is also discussed for zonal wave propagation.